bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Food Allergy Prevalence in Two Population‐Based UK Cohorts Born 12 Years Apart
Authors: Fong William , Pickett‐Nairne Kaci , Venter Manzi , Patil Veeresh , Arshad Syed Hasan , Roberts Graham C. , Dean Tara , Kurukulaaratchy Ramesh J. , Venter Carina
Published: January 2025

Background

Adverse food reactions include food allergy (FA; immune‐mediated) and food intolerances (non‐immune‐mediated). FA are classified into IgE‐ and non‐IgE‐mediated FA. There is limited information available about changes in FA prevalence over time.

Methods

Two cohorts of children were evaluated, born on the Isle of Wight (IOW) 12 years apart, the IOW birth cohort (IOWBC; 1989–1990) and the FA and Intolerance Research birth cohort (FAIRBC; 2001–2002). We compared the prevalence of parental reported reactions to foods (adverse food reactions), allergic sensitisation to foods and FA between the IOWBC and FAIRBC, at ages 1, 2, 3–4 and 10 years. FA included both IgE‐ and non‐IgE‐mediated FA.

Results

Reported adverse reactions to food and sensitisation rates remained stable between the two cohorts. For example, FA at age 3–4 years was reported in 9.1% (95% CI: 7.5, 10.7) in IOWBC and 8.3% (95% CI: 6.5, 10.1) in FAIRBC (p = 0.57) and food sensitisation by skin prick test at age 3–4 years was found in 3.2% (95% CI: 2.1, 4.3) in IOWBC and 4.5% (95% CI: 2.9, 6.1) in FAIRBC (p = 0.20). Confirmed FA prevalence was lower in FAIRBC than IOWBC at ages 1, 2 and 3–4, but these differences were not significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. For example, FA at age 3–4 years was confirmed in 5.0% (95% CI: 3.8, 6.2) in IOWBC and 3.0% (95% CI: 1.9, 4.2) in FAIRBC (p = 0.03, significance threshold after Bonferroni correction p < 0.004). Confirmed cow's milk allergy rate was higher in IOWBC than FAIRBC at 3 years (< 0.001) but not at other time points.

Conclusion

Our data show no evidence of changes in rates of adverse reactions to foods, food sensitisation or food allergy during the first 10 years of life between two cohorts born in England in 1989–1990 and 2001–2002.
N‐Demethylsinomenine Relieves Neuropathic Pain in Male Mice Mainly via Regulating α2‐Subtype GABAA Receptors
Authors: Rong Weiwei , Qian Xunjia , Yin Yujian , Gu Yipeng , Su Weiyi , Li Jie‐Jia , Xu Yue , Zhu Hongyan , Li Junxu , Zhu Qing
Published: January 2025

Aims

N‐Demethylsinomenine (NDSM) demonstrates good analgesic efficacy in preclinical pain models. However, how NDSM exerts analgesic actions remains unknown.

Methods

We examined the analgesic effects of NDSM using both pain‐evoked and pain‐suppressed behavioral assays in two persistent pain models. Then western blot assay and immunofluorescence staining were used to investigate the effects of NDSM on the expression of the GABAA receptor α2 subunit (GABRA2) and inflammatory factors in the spinal cord and brain tissues of male spared nerve injury (SNI) mice. Finally, the individual subtypes of GABAARs (α1, α2, α3, and α5) were respectively silenced by viral‐mediated knockdown to explore the involvement of subtypes of GABAARs in the effects of NDSM on the pain‐like behaviors in male SNI mice.

Results

NDSM demonstrated significant analgesic effects against chronic pain both in pain‐evoked and pain‐suppressed behavioral assays. NDSM treatment significantly reversed the SNI induced down‐regulation of GABRA2 and up‐regulation of TNF‐α and IL‐1β. The analgesic effects of NDSM were completely blocked by silencing GABRA2 or partially blocked by silencing GABRA3.

Conclusion

This study provided the first evidence that the analgesic effects of NDSM are mediated primarily by GABRA2 and partially by GABRA3, and the inhibition of neuroinflammation also contributes to the analgesic effects of NDSM.
At First Sight: Fetal Eye Movements Reveal a Preference for Face‐Like Configurations From 26 Weeks of Gestation
Authors: Ronga Irene , Poles Karol , Pace Carlotta , Fantoni Marta , Luppino Josephine , Gaglioti Pietro , Todros Tullia , Garbarini Francesca
Published: January 2025

Previous research indicates that both adults and newborns show enhanced electrophysiological and behavioral responses to schematic face‐like configurations (FCs—three dots composing a downward‐pointing triangle), as compared to the inverted configurations (ICs). Even fetuses, when exposed to light stimuli projected through the uterine wall, preferentially orient their heads toward FCs rather than ICs. However, when this effect emerges along the third trimester of pregnancy and in relation to the maturation of which brain structures is still unknown. Here, to provide a sensitive measure of fetal preference for FCs along the whole third trimester, fetal lens movements in response to FCs and ICs was monitored with 2D‐ultrasound. In a series of three experiments, fetuses were recruited at 26, 31, and 37 weeks of gestational age and were presented with both flashing and continuous light stimuli. Our results showed that significantly more lens movements were observed in response to continuous as compared to flashing light stimuli. Furthermore, lens movements linearly increased within the third trimester and, regardless of the time‐point, significantly more lens movements were observed in response to FCs versus ICs. We also found a significant correlation in the first time‐point, wherein the greater the FCs versus ICs differential response the larger the thalamic nuclei dimension. These findings suggest that FC preference is already present at the beginning of the third trimester, as soon as thalamocortical projections are established.
The adoption of alternatives: Alternative justice in cases of compulsory adoption of children
Authors: Rosenberg‐Lavi Shira
Published: January 2025

Compulsory adoption of children is an extreme solution for caring for at‐risk children or those who are neglected within their own family. Such proceedings are initiated by welfare authorities who file a claim for the Family Court to decide to terminate parental rights and declare the child eligible for adoption. The parents are judged and measured by the accepted cultural and gender standards, even though some of them are strangers to the society they live in. Those who criticize the adversarial legal system point to the blurring of particular dimensions in the lives of those whose cases are discussed in court. The purpose of this article is to present four principles of alternative justice, which are common to alternative law movements, as a theoretical basis for discussion in the decision‐making process that may promote healing, balance power gaps, and improve relationships, and all in accordance with the unique aspects of each case. Each of the four principles will be demonstrated through a review of court rulings that dealt with compulsory adoptions of children in Israel, and which reflected the ideas inherent in those principles. The picture that emerges is that judges who act in the spirit of these principles, albeit unconsciously, improve the well‐being of the parties and promote therapeutic solutions. Since these principles are universal, they can be applied elsewhere.
Pre‐stroke patient characteristics that influence skeletal muscle quality: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Honma Keisuke , Honda Yosuke , Nagase Masahiro , Nakao Yuta , Sota Koichiro , Sasanuma Naoki , Igeta Masataka , Uchiyama Yuki , Domen Kazuhisa
Published: January 2025

Aim

One of the parameters that is measurable using bioelectrical impedance is the phase angle (PhA), which is an indicator of skeletal muscle quality. The PhA reflects cellular health and nutritional status and is an important parameter for monitoring recovery after stroke. However, the factors affecting skeletal muscle quality remain unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the factors associated with skeletal muscle quality in patients with acute stroke.

Methods

A total of 505 consecutively hospitalized patients with acute stroke were included in this study. The primary outcome was the PhA measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis, which evaluates muscle quality. Multiple regression analysis was performed to identify the factors affecting PhA.

Results

The mean age of the participants was 75.1 years, and 44% were female. The median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score upon admission was 4, and the mean length of stay was 18 days. The mean PhA for skeletal muscle quality was 4.9° in males and 3.9° in females. Multiple regression analysis showed that age, sex, pre‐stroke modified Rankin Scale (pre‐mRS), Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index, type 2 diabetes mellitus, atrial fibrillation, and chronic kidney disease had independent effects on PhA (R2 = 0.575; P = 0.001). Age, pre‐mRS, NIHSS, dementia, and PhA independently associated with functional independence measure at discharge (R2 = 0.657; P = 0.001).

Conclusions

This study identified determinants contributing to the deterioration of muscle quality upon admission in acute stroke patients. Further investigation is needed to ascertain whether modulation of these factors improves muscle quality. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2025; 25: 213–219.
Revitalizing Cities: The 5R Framework Approach to Urban Retrofitting and Big Data Insights
Authors: Ma Xinlin , Song Yan , Lyu Fangzheng , Yang Yang , Wang Yuhua , Li Xijing , Zhong Shaopeng
Published: January 2025

Urban retrofitting is a fundamental approach for achieving sustainable and resilient urban development in the face of contemporary challenges. The increasing prevalence of urban big data presents an opportunity to establish a robust analytical framework for urban retrofitting, enabling more effective comparative studies and informed decision‐making. This paper introduces a comprehensive 5R framework—Re‐inhabitation, Re‐building, Re‐transportation, Re‐capitalization, and Re‐greening—to provide a multidimensional perspective on urban retrofitting. The 5R framework facilitates a holistic understanding of urban transformation processes and establishes standardized metrics for analyzing urban retrofitting initiatives using diverse urban big data sources. To demonstrate the adaptability and effectiveness of the 5R framework in a real‐world context, we conduct a case study of Charlotte, North Carolina. By applying innovative methods for the integration and analysis of extensive datasets, our study offers new insights into the evaluation of urban retrofitting efforts, such as transportation accessibility, micro‐scale building improvements, investment patterns, green space enhancements, and overall livability. This approach addresses existing research gaps by providing a structured set of indicators that assess each dimension of urban transformation comprehensively. Beyond academic advancements, the 5R framework offers practical tools for policymakers and urban planners to evaluate retrofitting interventions, quantify their outcomes, and understand the dynamics of evolving urban spaces. The insights gained through our research highlight the importance of using big data to enhance the scope and impact of urban development strategies, ultimately bridging the gap between theoretical concepts and real‐world urban retrofitting applications. Our findings demonstrate the potential of the 5R framework to serve as a guiding model for more sustainable, data‐driven urban growth and revitalization.
Chorotypes, zones for the conservation of Scarabaeoidea, and representativity in protected areas of El Salvador
Authors: Pablo‐Cea José D. , Ramírez‐Ponce Andrés , Moreno Claudia E. , Cave Ronald D. , Moctezuma Victor , Rojas‐Soto Octavio
Published: January 2025

Ecological niche models and species distribution models (SDMs) are tools that can define a species' niche based on presence records and identify those areas where appropriate ecological conditions converge as zones of potential distribution for the species. SDMs help to optimise conservation efforts, particularly important in countries with ecological and economical problems.

We constructed SDMs by means of the Maxent algorithm for 160 species of scarab beetles (Scarabaeoidea) to identify chorotypes and important zones for conservation in El Salvador, and to evaluate richness representativity within the System of Protected Natural Areas (SANP).

The chorotypes were identified with UPGMA method, with a matrix of presence‐absence in ≈3 km2, and important zones for conservation were identified with the Zonation algorithm. The richness representation in the SANP was done with EstimateS, comparing the estimated by Chao 2 ± confidence intervals (95%) in the same number of cells (n = 811).

We identified five chorotypes: (C1) lowland and middleland species, (C2) species widely distributed, (C3) species with an affinity for mid‐elevations, (C4) species limited to lowlands, and (C5) species limited to high montane areas.

Most important conservation zones are located in montane regions. As in other tropical areas, the volcanic and montane slopes of El Salvador represent key areas for conserving biodiversity.

Species richness in the SANP was not significantly greater than that outside the system; therefore, we recommend continuous prioritisation and amplification of the protected natural heritage of the country, with emphasis on the mountainous area of the territory.
Generational Differences in Financial Well‐Being: Understanding Financial Knowledge, Skill, and Behavior
Authors: Fan Lu , Henager Robin
Published: January 2025

This study investigated generational differences in financial knowledge, skill, behavior, and consumers' financial well‐being (FWB) among Millennials, Gen‐Xers, and Boomers. It examined generational differences as a moderating factor in the associations between financial knowledge, skill, and behavior and FWB. Using a national dataset and a series of hierarchical multiple regressions, the findings demonstrated that financial knowledge, skill, and responsible behavior were positively connected to consumer FWB across all generations. Generational variations were found in FWB, financial knowledge, and responsible financial behavior. Furthermore, generational differences moderated the links between objective financial knowledge, financial goal commitment, and consumer FWB in distinct ways across generational cohorts. Implications for educators, researchers, policymakers, and practitioners are discussed.
Boosting the melting point record to 4431 K: Simulated with machine learning potential at SCAN accuracy
Authors: Dai Fu‐Zhi , Xu Yifen , Hu Jidong , Zhu Shipeng , Gu Xin‐Fu
Published: January 2025

Carbides or carbonitrides in the Hf‐Ta‐C‐N system are believed to exhibit the highest melting point, attracting significant interest for both scientific and engineering means. In this study, we developed a machine learning potential model for Hf‐Ta‐C‐N carbonitrides at Strongly Constrained and Appropriately Normed (SCAN) semi‐local density functional accuracy. In addition, we proposed a novel critical equilibrium method for simulating melting points. Utilizing these two advancements, we successfully simulated solidus and liquidus lines in phase diagrams of HfC1−x and TaC1−x, demonstrating excellent agreement with experimental results. We then discovered new compounds with even higher melting points by employing Bayesian global optimization. The compound with the highest melting point found is Hf0.956Ta0.044C0.600N0.338, which has a melting point of 4431 K, surpassing the experimental record by approximately 150 K. We conducted an in‐depth thermodynamic analysis in the HfC–HfN pseudo‐binary system and found that the addition of N has a dual effect: on the one hand, it increases the enthalpy change due to melting () with a maximum value at ∼15 at% N in the anion site; on the other hand, it reduces the entropy of the liquid phase and increases the entropy of the solid phase (). This results in a maximum melting point at a specific N content. Furthermore, we discussed the effects of N alloying on thermal expansion and mechanical properties, which are invaluable for the ongoing development of carbonitrides. This research not only advances our understanding of Hf‐Ta‐C‐N carbonitrides but also provides a promising framework for future materials research and the development of materials with exceptional properties.
Non‐Pharmacological Interventions Targeting Sense of Coherence Among Older Adults and Adults With Chronic Conditions: A Meta‐Analysis With Trial Sequential Analysis
Authors: Liu Yaqian , Zhang Bohan , Montayre Jed , Koduah Adwoa Owusuaa , Leung Angela Y. M.
Published: January 2025

Background

Sense of coherence (SoC) is a core concept of ‘salutogenesis’ in positive psychology, correlated with emotional distress and disease development in adults with chronic disease and older adults. A diversity of non‐pharmacological interventions (NPIs) has been developed to enhance SoC, but research findings are conflicting and the adequacy of sample sizes is uncertainty.

Objective

This paper aimed to explore appropriate interventions, evaluate the effectiveness of these SoC interventions and verify the statistical robustness and reliability of pooled results.

Methods

Search terms including ‘sense of coherence’ and ‘randomised controlled trial (RCT)’ were performed in nine electronic databases. Publications were written in English from January 1979 to February 2024. A narrative synthesis was performed to determine intervention details, and classical meta‐analysis was used to analyse available data on SoC using RevMan. Besides, trial sequential analysis (TSA) was conducted to verify the robustness of pooled effect size.

Results

Meta‐analysis was carried out with 27 RCTs involving 2178 patients. It showed significant effects on SoC compared to usual care among this population for all NPIs at post‐intervention and 3‐month follow‐up. Of these follow‐up durations, the effective NPIs were salutogenic‐based intervention, self‐management intervention, while no significant difference was observed at 6‐month or > 6‐month follow‐up. TSA showed that the significant finding of meta‐analysis in salutogenic‐based intervention was stable and reliable, while the pooled sample size on self‐management intervention was insufficient.

Conclusions

Non‐pharmacological (salutogenic‐based) interventions could improve SoC among older adults and adults with chronic conditions within 3 months after‐intervention. However, its effects were not sustained over a longer period, which further studies will need larger sample sizes to draw definitive conclusions.

Implications for Practice

This meta‐analysis provided the evidence that salutogenic‐based interventions could improve SoC among the target population within 3 months after‐intervention, providing a solid foundation for healthcare professionals to base their therapeutic strategies.

Reporting Method

The searching results were reported in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐analysis checklist.

No Patient or Public Contribution

This study is a systematic review with meta‐analysis and trial sequential analysis, and the aforementioned details are not applicable to our research.

Trial Registration: PROSPERO: CRD42023401215
Family Caregivers' Experiences of Long‐Term Care Residents Living With Dementia During the COVID‐19 Pandemic: An International Grounded Theory Study
Authors: Abbott‐Anderson Kristen , Higami Yoko , Yamauchi Saika , Chung Pat , Ho Ken Hok Man , Thaqi Qëndresa , Naef Rahel
Published: January 2025

Aims

Caution around the COVID‐19 pandemic resulted in visitation restrictions to prevent the spread of the virus among vulnerable older persons living in long‐term care (LTC), which posed a threat to individual well‐being and family togetherness across the globe. The purpose of this study was to explore family caregiver's experience of having a person who is living with dementia residing in a long‐term care facility during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Design

Qualitative descriptive study using constructivist grounded theory (GT) methodology.

Methods

The study was carried out in five countries: the United States, Switzerland, Hong Kong (China), United Kingdom and Japan. Data were collected between June 2021 and August 2022. In‐depth understanding and initial theorising about experiences and social interactions between family members, residents and long‐term care staff across cultural contexts, strategies from constructive GT were used. Data were collected through 15 semi‐structured, in‐depth interviews with 16 family members. Analysis included individual and team‐based coding, memo‐writing, constant comparison and category generation.

Results

Due to visit restrictions, families faced upsetting situations of exclusion. The caregiver participants experienced inequality, felt isolated and witnessed residents' despair and helplessness. Analysis revealed four subthemes to the basic social process of ‘negotiating for access to maintain relational continuity’: (1) Feeling excluded, isolated and upset; (2) facing depersonalising situations; (3) navigating challenging interactions; and (4) living with (post‐) pandemic circumstances.

Conclusion

This study highlights the suffering experienced by family caregivers and their loved ones living with dementia in long‐term care during COVID‐19, demonstrating the key role that relationships play in family care. During similar public health crises, policies and infection prevention measures that depict family and close caregivers as visitors whose access needs to be regulated need to be altered into policies that enable a culture of partnership and inclusion acknowledging the importance of social interactions for health and well‐being.

Reporting Method

The COREQ checklist was followed.

Patient or Public contribution

No patient or public contribution.

Protocol Registration

Not applicable due to study design.
Impact of selenium supplementation on antioxidant enzyme activity and liver gene expression in juvenile pangasius catfish (Pangasius pangasius)
Authors: Thangarani Albin Jemila , Felix Nathan , Suresh Arul Victor , Shanmugam Seerappalli Aran , Kathirvelpandian Ayyathurai , Suresh Eswaran , Ramya Rajagopal , Ranjan Amit , Prabu Elangovan , Suman Thodhal Yoganandham
Published: January 2025

This study examined the effect of dietary selenium (Se) fortification on growth efficiency, antioxidant status, and liver gene expression in juvenile pangasius catfish. Sodium selenite was incorporated into a basal diet at incremental levels of 0–2.0 mg Se/kg. This resulted in final Se concentrations of 0.63, 0.85, 1.15, 1.68, 2.10, and 2.65 mg Se/kg, respectively. A total of 15 fish, with an average individual weight of 5.6 ± 0.1 g, were subjected to one of six dietary treatments and fed in triplicate over a 60‐day period. A significant dose‐related enhancement in growth performance was observed, with the optimal dietary Se requirement estimated at 1.75 mg Se/kg. Se‐fortified diet significantly increased the activities of digestive enzymes (lipase and protease) as well as antioxidant enzymes, including catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase in the liver. Notably, the group fed 1.68 mg Se/kg displayed the highest levels of these enzymes. Additionally, selenium supplementation resulted in an upregulation of the relative expression of insulin‐like growth factor 1X1 and 1X2 in the liver, highlighting its pivotal role in growth regulation. Blood parameters showed significant improvements in mean corpuscular hemoglobin and hemoglobin levels with Se supplementation. Proximate analysis showed increasing Se intake resulted in a significant rise in muscle protein content. In pangasius catfish, our results indicate that dietary selenium supplementation can enhance growth efficiency, antioxidant capacity, and hepatic gene expression.
Long‐term lifetime trends of large appliances since the introduction in Norwegian households
Authors: Krych Kamila , Pettersen Johan Berg
Published: January 2025

Longer lifetimes of consumer products are promoted as an element of sustainable consumption, yet there is a widespread notion that lifetimes are currently in decline, often attributed to planned obsolescence or throwaway mentality. However, empirical evidence is inconclusive and often subject to high uncertainties. Here, we explore long‐term trends in the lifetimes of large household appliances using dynamic material flow analysis. We investigate the sales and ownership of these products since their introduction in Norwegian households and use this co‐evolution to estimate the lifetimes. By combining two model types with uncertainty analysis, we show that a significant lifetime decrease was likely experienced only by washing machines (–45%) and ovens (–39%) around the 1990s–2000s. This finding challenges the narratives about planned obsolescence despite their prevalence decreasing consumer incentives for longer product use and repair. We suggest multiple technical, economic, and social factors that could be responsible for the decrease, for example, a reduction in relative prices of appliances or changes in habits surrounding laundry and kitchen use. Our results suggest that factors affecting product lifetimes are not uniform but context‐dependent, which has implications for lifetime extension policy. The presented method could help monitor the long‐term effectiveness of such a policy. This article met the requirements for a gold‐gold JIE data openness badge described at http://jie.click/badges.
Perspective on the Potential Vertical Transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 Through Breast Milk
Authors: Le Nam Phuong , Cravo Emma , Burke Tyler , Brooks Benjamin , Tucker Andrew
Published: January 2025

Aim

SARS‐CoV‐2 is highly transmissible, having infected ~16 million children in the United States. Symptom severity is higher in infants compared to older children, possibly due to their ineligibility for vaccination. Concerns persist that mothers transmit infectious viral loads of SARS‐CoV‐2 through breast milk. In this review, we discuss the mechanism by which viruses transmit through breast milk, weigh the specific virulence and infectivity of SARS‐COV‐2, and review current guidelines for minimizing transmission in neonates.

Methods

Through available literature, we propose a stepwise pathway for vertical transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2. The level of risk and probability of infection is assessed based on established mechanisms, reported viral loads, and presence of transmembrane receptors.

Results

To successfully transmit viruses through breast milk, the virus must infect the mother's breast cells, replicate in the mammary gland, be secreted into breast milk, survive contact with the infant's oral mucosa and digestive tract, infect enterocytes, replicate while evading the infant's immune system, exit the gastrointestinal tract, and enter the bloodstream for systemic infection.

Conclusions

We conclude that SARS‐CoV‐2 infection through breast milk has limited transmission risk, and benefits for infants far outweigh the risks, aligning with current AAP/WHO/CDC guidelines. Though close contact during breastfeeding and exposure to respiratory droplets pose a higher transmission risk.
Inconsistent geographical patterns of phylogenetic relatedness among different plant growth forms: A case study in woody and herbaceous angiosperms of China
Authors: Liu Yang‐Yang , Qian Hong , Zhou Ya‐Dong
Published: January 2025

Plants exhibiting different growth forms possess different capabilities in adapting to their respective environments, consequently displaying distinct geographical patterns of phylogenetic relatedness across a broad environmental gradient. Here, we compare the geographical patterns of phylogenetic relatedness between woody and herbaceous angiosperms in China, based on three phylogenetic relatedness metrics, namely, the standardized effect sizes of phylogenetic diversity (PDses), mean pairwise distance (MPDses), and mean nearest taxon distance (MNTDses). Additionally, we explore the effects of three categories of environmental variables (current climate, historical climate change, and environmental heterogeneity) on the geographical patterns of phylogenetic relatedness of both plant groups. Our results indicate that the geographical patterns of phylogenetic relatedness of herbaceous and woody plants are inconsistent, and the deviations of phylogenetic relatedness between woody and herbaceous angiosperms have geographical patterns and vary along environmental gradients. Our study found that environmental variables have a greater influence on the phylogenetic relatedness of herbaceous plants than on that of woody plants, emphasizing that environmental variables, especially current climatic variables, are the primary drivers of the deviations of phylogenetic relatedness between woody and herbaceous angiosperms. In summary, we illustrate the distinct differences in phylogenetic relatedness among plants of different growth forms, providing valuable insights into the driving factors of species coexistence at various spatial scales.
The Distributional Effects of Expansionary Monetary Policy
Authors: Gmeiner Robert
Published: January 2025

Monetary expansion can lead to inflation. Using economy‐wide measures, such as the all item CPI or the GDP deflator, these effects can be quantified, but this leaves open the question of which prices are inflating more, and thus whether monetary expansion is more harmful to the rich or poor, depending on their respective consumption patterns. This paper constructs quarterly consumer price indices specific to each income quintile in the United States from 1990 to 2022. Using transfer function autoregressive moving average models with exogenous regressors (ARMAX), significant inflationary effects of monetary expansion CPIs for the lowest income quintile are observed that are independent of changes in the CPI for higher income quintiles. More generally, households that are likely to spend a higher proportion of income on goods with inelastic demand experience higher inflation rates. These effects, which are robust to specification, are caused by monetary expansion from Federal Reserve purchases of government debt, but not other assets.
Thrushes in Love: Extensive Gene Flow, With Differential Resistance and Selection, Obscures and Reveals the Evolutionary History of a Songbird Clade
Authors: Delmore Kira E. , DaCosta Jeffrey M. , Winker Kevin
Published: January 2025

The application of high‐throughput sequencing to phylogenetic analyses is allowing authors to reconstruct the true evolutionary history of species. This work can illuminate specific mechanisms underlying divergence when combined with analyses of gene flow, recombination and selection. We conducted a phylogenomic analysis of Catharus, a songbird genus with considerable potential for gene flow, variation in migratory behaviour and genomic resources. We documented discordance among trees constructed for mitochondrial, autosomal and sex (Z) chromosome partitions. Two trees were recovered on the Z. Both trees differed from the autosomes, one matched the mitochondria, and the other was unique to the Z. Gene flow with one species likely generated much of this discordance; substantial admixture between ustulatus and the remaining species was documented and linked to at least two historic events. The tree unique to the Z likely reflects the true history of Catharus; local genomic analyses recovered the same tree in autosomal regions with reduced admixture and recombination. Genes previously connected to migration were enriched in these regions suggesting transitions between migratory and non‐migratory states helped generate divergence. Migratory (vs. nonmigratory) Catharus formed a monophyletic clade in a subset of genomic regions. Gene flow was elevated in some of these regions suggesting adaptive introgression may have occurred, but the dominant pattern was of balancing selection maintaining ancestral polymorphisms important for olfaction and perhaps, by extension, adaptation to temperate climates. This work illuminates the evolutionary history of an important model in speciation and demonstrates how differential resistance to gene flow can affect local genomic patterns.
Microarchitecture and Crystalline Composition: A Comprehensive Exploration of Salivary Gland Stones
Authors: Qu Liu‐Yang , Zheng Dan‐Ni , Ling Xiao‐Tong , Liu Guan‐qi , Xu Xiao‐Yun , Liu Deng‐Gao
Published: January 2025

Objective

To investigate the microarchitecture and crystalline composition of sialoliths and to explore their formation mechanisms.

Methods

Sixty‐six sialolith samples (51 from the submandibular glands and 15 from the parotid glands) were retrospectively collected. Their diameter and quality were measured. Micro‐computed tomography, scanning electron microscopy, and polycrystalline X‐ray diffractometer (XRD) were utilized to determine their microstructure and crystalline composition.

Results

Stone diameter and weight averaged at 9.6 mm and 0.31 g, respectively. Submandibular stones showed larger size and weight than parotid stones. Microstructurally, the main stones were concentric (n = 51) or mixed (n = 15). Most concentric stones occurred at submandibular glands, while 80% of the mixed stones were parotid stones. Stone surface exhibited three microscopic structures: lamellar, grape‐like, and porous, indicating their differences in mineralization process and composition. XRD revealed that all stones contained hydroxyapatite, with 57 containing whitlockite. Concentration of hydroxyapatite in concentric stones was significantly higher than that in mixed stones (p = 0.036) and correlated positively with stone diameter (p = 0.001). The microstructure and crystalline composition of multiple and recurrent stones were similar to that of single stones.

Conclusion

Sialoliths display pronounced diversity in microarchitecture and crystalline composition, reflecting the differences in mineralization process and local microenvironments among stones.
The Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974: Form Over Substance
Authors: Redburn Steve
Published: January 2025

The Budget Act created a congressional budget process in form but not in substance, ignoring the inherent analytical and political limitations of Congress as an institution. The 1974 Act fails to give Congress a budgetary role within its competence and is consistent with the role of a body whose members represent subnational geographic jurisdictions. The attempt to create a counterweight to Presidential power has ironically blurred accountability, making it harder for Congress and the voters to hold a President with a strong electoral mandate responsible for the results of his policies.
The origin of island dolostones: Novel insights from in situ Mg isotope, major and minor elements analyses of Miocene dolostones on Shidao, the Xisha Islands
Authors: Li Rong , Jones Brian , Chen Wei , Yao Zhuosen , Shao Lei
Published: January 2025

Zoned dolomite crystals, characterized by their dirty core and clear outer rim, are common in most island dolostones. The conditions under which these dolostones formed, however, remains controversial. To explain the origin of island dolostones, here, in situ determinations of Mg isotopic compositions, major (Ca, Mg) and trace (Fe, Mn, Sr, Na) elemental concentrations are carried out for the cores and rims of zoned dolomite crystals for dolostone samples from the Sanya Formation (Lower Miocene) and Meishan Formation (Middle Miocene) of well XK‐1 drilled on Shidao Island, the Xisha Islands. For all of the dolomite crystals, both cores and rims are formed of high‐Ca calcian dolomite, but the cores have higher %Ca, Sr and Na concentrations than the rims. Moreover, the cores (−3.85 to −2.95‰) have ca 0.2 to 0.5‰ lower δ26Mg values than the rims (−3.34 to −2.60‰). The difference in δ26Mg values between the dolomite crystal core and the rim cannot be explained by the presence of calcite inclusions or dolomite recrystallization, but rather reflect the nature of Mg isotopic fractionation due to the growth of the dolomite crystals during different stages of replacement. For zoned dolomite crystals, the progressive decrease in Ca and trace element concentrations but increase in δ26Mg values from dirty core to clear rim demonstrate that: (i) the dolomite crystal cores grow via a diffusion‐limited process; and (ii) the rims form through an incremental process (interface‐controlled) whereby the zone of dissolution/dolomite precipitation was very thin and simply repeated many times until it had fully developed. This growth model of zoned dolomite crystals may be applied to dolostones that share similar zoned patterns in petrography and geochemistry throughout the world.
HEUA‐SDI: Usability Assessment of Spatial Data Infrastructures
Authors: Silva Priscila de Lima e , Santos Afonso de Paula dos , Lisboa Filho Jugurta
Published: January 2025

This paper presents a systematic literature review and proposes a method, called HEUA‐SDI, to evaluate the usability of spatial data infrastructures (SDI). This new approach jointly considers the subjectivity of users' opinions, assessing satisfaction, and usability heuristics, and assessing effectiveness and efficiency. The analysis is performed remotely, where, through tasks, the users themselves analyze the adequacy of the infrastructure to the usability heuristics. This enables the calculation of quantitative metrics and the qualitative identification of problems and solutions. This differs from traditional methods, generally based only on users' opinions or quantitative metrics obtained by evaluations from the perspective of system developers. The application of pilot questionnaires in 16 Brazilian SDIs demonstrated the effectiveness of HEUA‐SDI, evidencing that the proposed method is comprehensive and can be applied to evaluate the usability of SDIs of various formats and purposes.
The Effect of Adherence to a Tai Chi Intervention on Quality of Life of Older People Living With Dementia
Authors: Bibi Iram , Polman Remco , Nyman Samuel R.
Published: January 2025

Background/Objectives: Adherence to exercise programs is required to reap their established benefits and to sustain Quality of Life (QoL). This study explored People Living with Dementia’s (PLWD) adherence to a Tai Chi exercise program and its effects on their QoL. The study included assessment of factors affecting adherence to a Tai Chi exercise intervention, causes of nonadherence, and effect of adherence on PLWD’s QoL. Methods: This study was part of a randomized controlled trial where 41 community-dwelling PLWD received a Tai Chi exercise intervention in addition to usual care for 20 weeks. The measures used in this study included PLWD’s QoL, global cognitive function, moderate physical activity, intention and confidence to attend classes, record of PLWD’s and their carers’ health conditions, and percentages of PLWD’s Tai Chi class attendance and home practice during the intervention phase. Multiple linear regression, bivariate correlation, and independent sample t-test analyses were conducted to evaluate associations between these variables. Results: PLWD’s overall percentage of class attendance, M (SD) = 69.19 (29.95), demonstrated high adherence. Moreover, QoL of highly adherent PLWD was significantly higher than low adherents. Among all variables, PLWD’s and carers’ health conditions (β = −0.64; p < .001, β = −0.38; p < .001, respectively) were the dominating factors that reduced PLWD’s Tai Chi adherence, while PLWD’s moderate physical activity at baseline (β = 0.27; p = .02) was significant positive predictor. Significance/Implications: PLWD’s and their carers’ health issues must be addressed to enhance PLWD’s exercise adherence and sustain good QoL.
Comprehensive characterization of the transcriptional landscape in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brains
Authors: Chen Chengxuan , Zhang Zhao , Liu Yuan , Hong Wei , Karahan Hande , Wang Jun , Li Wenbo , Diao Lixia , Yu Meichen , Saykin Andrew J. , Nho Kwangsik , Kim Jungsu , Han Leng
Published: January 2025

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading dementia among the elderly with complex origins. Despite extensive investigation into the AD-associated protein-coding genes, the involvement of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) and posttranscriptional modification (PTM) in AD pathogenesis remains unclear. Here, we comprehensively characterized the landscape of ncRNAs and PTM events in 1460 samples across six brain regions sourced from the Mount Sinai/JJ Peters VA Medical Center Brain Bank Study and Mayo cohorts, encompassing 33,321 long ncRNAs, 92,897 enhancer RNAs, 53,763 alternative polyadenylation events, and 900,221 A-to-I RNA editing events. We additionally identified 25,351 aberrantly expressed ncRNAs and altered PTM events associated with AD traits and further identified the corresponding protein-coding genes to construct regulatory networks. Furthermore, we developed a user-friendly data portal, ADatlas, facilitating users in exploring our results. Our study aims to establish a comprehensive data platform for ncRNAs and PTMs in AD to advance related research.
Deciphering neutrophil dynamics: Enhanced phagocytosis of elastic particles and impact on vascular-targeted carrier performance
Authors: Lee Jonathan K. , Guevara M. , Akanbi Oluwaseun D. , Hoff J. Damon , Kupor Daniel , Brannon Emma R. , Eniola-Adefeso Omolola
Published: January 2025

Particle elasticity has widely been established to substantially influence immune cell clearance and circulation time of vascular-targeted carriers (VTCs). However, prior studies have primarily investigated interactions with macrophages, monocytic cell lines, and in vivo murine models. Interactions between particles and human neutrophils remain largely unexplored, although they represent a critical aspect of VTC performance. Here, we explore the impact of particle elasticity on primary human neutrophil phagocytosis using polyethylene glycol–based particles of different elastic moduli. We found that neutrophils effectively phagocytose deformable particles irrespective of their modulus, indicating a departure from established phagocytosis trends seen with other types of immune cells. These findings highlight the observed phenotypic difference between different types of phagocytes and underscore the need to characterize VTC performance using various cell types and animal models that represent human systems closely.
Klp2-mediated Rsp1-Mto1 colocalization inhibits microtubule-dependent microtubule assembly in fission yeast
Authors: Nie Lingyun , Liu Wenyue , Liang Zhuobi , Zheng Fan , Liu Xing , Yao Xuebiao , Xiang Shengqi , Jiang Kai , Zheng Shengnan , Fu Chuanhai
Published: January 2025

Microtubule assembly takes place at the centrosome and noncentrosomal microtubule–organizing centers (MTOCs). However, the mechanisms controlling the activity of noncentrosomal MTOCs are poorly understood. Here, using the fission yeast
Schizosaccharomyces pombe
as a model organism, we demonstrate that the kinesin-14 motor Klp2 interacts with the J-domain Hsp70/Ssa1 cochaperone Rsp1, an inhibitory factor of microtubule assembly, and that Klp2 is required for the proper localization of Rsp1 to microtubules. In addition, we demonstrate that Klp2 is not required for the localization of Mto1, a factor promoting microtubule assembly, to microtubules. Moreover, Rsp1-Ssa1 inhibits the interaction of Mto1-Mto2 with the gamma-tubulin small complex. The absence of Klp2 reduces the colocalization of Rsp1 and Mto1 foci on preexisting microtubules, resulting in an increased microtubule-dependent microtubule assembly. Our results suggest that Klp2 regulates the activity of noncentrosomal MTOCs by targeting Rsp1 to the sites of Mto1 activity and reveal a mechanism for the inhibition of noncentrosomal microtubule assembly by a kinesin-14 motor.
Wide-ranging predictions of new stable compounds powered by recommendation engines
Authors: Griesemer Sean D. , Baldassarri Bianca , Zhu Ruijie , Shen Jiahong , Pal Koushik , Park Cheol Woo , Wolverton Chris
Published: January 2025

The computational search for new stable inorganic compounds is faster than ever, thanks to high-throughput density functional theory (DFT). However, stable compound searches remain highly expensive because of the enormous search space and the cost of DFT calculations. To aid these searches, recommendation engines have been developed. We conduct a systematic comparison of the performance of previously developed recommendation engines, specifically ones based on elemental substitution, data mining, and neural network prediction of formation enthalpy. After identifying ways to improve the recommendation engines, we find the neural network to be superior at recommending stable Heusler compounds. Armed with improved recommendation engines, we identify tens of thousands of compounds that are stable at zero temperature and pressure, now available in the Open Quantum Materials Database. We summarize this diverse pool of compounds, including the elusive mixed anion compounds, and two of their many applications: thermoelectricity and solar thermochemical fuel production.
Imaging interlayer exciton superfluidity in a 2D semiconductor heterostructure
Authors: Cutshall Jacob , Mahdikhany Fateme , Roche Anna , Shanks Daniel N. , Koehler Michael R. , Mandrus David G. , Taniguchi Takashi , Watanabe Kenji , Zhu Qizhong , LeRoy Brian J. , Schaibley John R.
Published: January 2025

Excitons, which are Coulomb bound electron-hole pairs, are composite bosons and thus at low temperature can form a superfluid state with a single well-defined amplitude and phase. We directly image this macroscopic exciton superfluid state in an hBN-separated MoSe
2
-WSe
2
heterostructure. At high density, we identify quasi-long-range order over the entire active area of our sample, through spatially resolved coherence measurements. By varying the exciton density and sample temperature, we map out the phase diagram of the superfluid. We observe the superfluid phase persisting to a temperature of 15 K, which is in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. This works paves the way to realizing on chip superfluid structures capable of studying fundamental physical behaviors and quantum devices that use superfluidity.
Ubiquitination of OsCSN5 by OsPUB45 activates immunity by modulating the OsCUL3a-OsNPR1 module
Authors: Zhang Chongyang , Fang Liang , He Feng , You Xiaoman , Wang Min , Zhao Tianxiao , Hou Yanyan , Xiao Ning , Li Aihong , Yang Jian , Ruan Jue , Francis Frédéric , Wang Guo-Liang , Wang Ruyi , Ning Yuese
Published: January 2025

The COP9 signalosome (CSN) is a highly conserved protein complex in eukaryotes, with CSN5 serving as its critical catalytic subunit. However, the role of CSN5 in plant immunity is largely unexplored. Here, we found that suppression of
OsCSN5
in rice enhances resistance against the fungal pathogen
Magnaporthe oryzae
and the bacterial pathogen
Xanthomonas oryzae
pv.
oryzae
(
Xoo
) without affecting growth. OsCSN5 is ubiquitinated and degraded by the E3 ligase OsPUB45. Overexpression of
OsPUB45
increased resistance against
M. oryzae
and
Xoo
, while dysfunction of
OsPUB45
decreased resistance. In addition, OsCSN5 stabilized OsCUL3a to promote the degradation of a positive regulator OsNPR1. Overexpression of
OsPUB45
compromised accumulation of OsCUL3a, leading to stabilization of OsNPR1, whereas mutations in
OsPUB45
destabilized OsNPR1. These findings suggest that OsCSN5 stabilizes OsCUL3a to facilitate the degradation of OsNPR1, preventing its constitutive activation without infection. Conversely, OsPUB45 promotes the degradation of OsCSN5, contributing to immunity activation upon pathogen infection.