bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHRYSOLINA QUADRIGEMINA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) INTRODUCED FROM CALIFORNIA TO BRITISH COLUMBIA AGAINST THE WEED HYPERICUM PERFORATUM: COMPARISON OF BEHAVIOUR, PHYSIOLOGY, AND COLOUR IN ASSOCIATION WITH POST-COLONIZATION ADAPTATION
Authors: Peschken D. P.
Published: December 2009

Adults of Chrysolina quadrigemina (Suffr.) from Westbank, British Columbia, were compared with those from Lotus, California, for differences in behaviour, physiology, and colour in association with adaptation to the long, cold winters at the former location. It was found that the Westbank beetles tend to seek shelter more readily from freezing temperatures than do those from California. They also lay more eggs, as measured during 41/2 months of their oviposition period. Most eggs from both populations probably hatch in spring. The proportion of bronze beetles in the total population correlated with high mean and mean minimum temperatures in the coldest months of the year at 11 collection areas in France, Australia, U.S.A., and Canada.
A NEW SPECIES OF TARSONEMUS FROM STORED GRAIN (ACARINA: TARSONEMIDAE)
Authors: Lindquist Evert E.
Published: December 2009

The female and male of Tarsonemus granarius n. sp. are described and illustrated. This mite occurs in granaries in Canada, Japan, and the British Isles. It feeds on, and perhaps disseminates, fungi that deteriorate grain stored for prolonged periods. Similarities and differences in the morphology and ecology of adults of this species and of T. fusarii Cooreman are discussed.
INSECTS AND MITES ASSOCIATED WITH WESTERN WHITE PINE BLISTER RUST CANKERS IN IDAHO
Authors: Furniss Malcolm M. , Hungerford R. D. , Wicker E. F.
Published: December 2009

Insects present in western white pine blister rust cankers in northern Idaho were: two weevils, Cylindrocopturus n. sp. and Pissodes sp. near swartzi Hopk.; two bark beetles, Pityophthorus sp. near nitidulus (Mann.), and Procryphalus ? sp.; a drosophilid fly, Paracacoxenus guttatus Hardy and Wheeler; and a phycitid moth, Dioryctria abietivorella (Grote). Mites associated with insect infestation were: Lasioseius ? n. sp., Ameroseius longitrichus Hirschmann, and Histiogaster arborsignis Woodring.
POPULATION DYNAMICS AND RECOGNITION OF BIOTYPES IN THE PEA APHID (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Frazer B. D.
Published: December 2009

Five biotypes of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), from four hosts were recognized by their differential survival and rates of population increase on broom, white clover, alfalfa and broad beans, by body size, colour, and rates of natural increase (rm) on broad beans. A simple method is described which can verify that the differences between rm values measured by life table analysis are not due to chance.

Four of the biotypes were sympatric. It is suggested that biotypes in the pea aphid result from annual adaptations to various species of leguminous host plants and therefore other characteristics of the biotypes may vary from year to year. For this reason, only fundatrices and their immediate offspring which have not been subjected to this selection should be used as test organisms in assaying plants for resistance to pea aphids. The use of a biotype of a single year for screening plant varieties may lead to the production of varieties which are highly acceptable to other biotypes.
EMERGENCE OF CADDISFLIES (TRICHOPTERA) AND MAYFLIES (EPHEMEROPTERA) FROM HEMING LAKE, MANITOBA
Authors: Flannagan John F. , Lawler G. H.
Published: December 2009

Forty-nine 0.1 m2 emergence traps positioned over several substrate types and a range of water depths 0.9 to 5.5 m, from 2 June to 7 September 1967, collected 979 caddisflies and 195 mayflies. The caddisfly emergence was restricted to the period 24 June −27 August, and mayfly emergence to the period 2–30 July.The sex ratio for the caddisflies showed, in almost every case, a preponderance of females and no male Neureclipsis bimaculatus (Linn.) and N. validus Walk, were collected. Most of the caddisflies showed preference for a particular depth and/or substrate type. The few caddisflies which were present both in large numbers and distributed over a fairly wide depth range indicated that there is a relationship between depth distribution (temperature) and emergence time, heat perhaps being involved both in control of rate of maturation and as a releasing agent for the actual emergence.Male Stenonema interpunctatum canadense (Walker) showed peak emergence about 5 days before the females and also outnumbered the females by about 3:1. No relationship seemed to exist between depth distribution and emergence time for any of the mayfly species. However, the emergence of one species, Caenis forcipata (McD.) may be related to weather conditions.
PICROMERUS BIDENS IN CANADA (HETEROPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE)
Authors: Kelton Leonard A.
Published: December 2009

A European bug Picromerus bidens (L.) is reported from Quebec feeding on larvae of the introduced sawfly Gilpinia frutetorum (F.) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae). A colour photograph of the bug and an illustration of the anterior femur and tibia are included.
RESIDUES OF METHOMYL IN RAPE PLANT AND SEED FOLLOWING ITS APPLICATION FOR THE CONTROL OF BERTHA ARMYWORM, MAMESTRA CONFIGURATA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Lee Y. W. , Ford R. J. , McDonald H. , McKinlay K. S. , Putnam L. G. , Saha J. G.
Published: December 2009

Residues of methomyl in rape plants and seed were determined after its application for bertha armyworm control. In one experiment application of 3 oz of methomyl per acre left 17 p.p.m. residue on the rape plants immediately after application. This level rapidly declined to 1.5, 1.0, 0.4, and 0.2 p.p.m. 1, 2, 5, and 9 days later, respectively, and no residue was detected (less than 0.02 p.p.m.) in seed harvested 22 days after application of the toxicant. Rape plant samples collected from several farms immediately after the application of 3 to 4 oz of methomyl per acre had 2.5 to 16 p.p.m. residues, indicating inefficient application of the insecticide in some cases. Analysis of rape seed samples collected from 36 farms showed little residue in three samples (0.02 to 0.03 p.p.m.) and none in 33, indicating that the use of methomyl for bertha armyworm control is not likely to contaminate rape seed with undesirable levels of residues.
NOTES ON CANADIAN ARCTIC SPIDERS (ARANEIDA), MAINLY FROM DEVON ISLAND, N.W.T.
Authors: Leech R. E. , Ryan J. K.
Published: December 2009

Eight species of spiders belonging to two families were collected on northeastern Devon Island, N.W.T., in connection with the Canadian International Biological Program, Tundra Biome. They are Lycosidae: Tarentula exasperans Pickard-Cambridge; Erigonidae: Acartauchenius pilifrons (Koch), Collinsia spetsbergensis (Thorell), Diplocephalus barbatus (Koch), Erigone psychrophila Thorell, Hilaira vexatrix (Pickard-Cambridge), Minyriolus pampia Chamberlin, and Typhochraestus latithorax (Strand). The three most commonly collected species were E. psychrophila, T. exasperans, and H. vexatrix, in that order. New distributional data from other arctic localities for the above-mentioned species are given. A. pilifrons is recorded for the first time from the Nearctic Region and is described and figured in detail.
A STUDY OF THE SOIL FAUNA IN A MATURE STAND OF RED SPRUCE (PICEA RUBENS) IN THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW BRUNSWICK FOREST
Authors: Smith T. D. , Brown N. R. , Carter N. E.
Published: December 2009

This investigation was concerned with fauna above and within the litter, fermentation, and humus layers of the soil in a mature stand of red spruce (Picea rubensSarg.). The following six microsites were designated for sampling: "open" and "closed" hollows, flats, and hummocks. "Open" and "closed" referred to the space among the tree crowns directly above the microsites. Three sampling techniques, namely core samplers, pitfalls and Tullgren funnels, were employed. Samples were collected weekly from spring to winter in 1966 and 1967 by all methods except that in 1966 Tullgren funnel samples were collectell biweekly. Collected fauna comprised five Phyla, 11 classes, 28 orders, and approximately 124 families. The transformed core sample and Tullgren funnel data were analyzed using an ANOVA (2-way classification) procedure. Transformed pitfall data required an ANOVA (2-way classification, with sampling) procedure. The core sample and Tullgren funnel methods indicated a significant difference (α = 0.10) among microsites based on total weekly (or biweekly) faunal catches in all but one case (which approached significance). In 1966 there were no significant differences (α = 0.10) among the pitfall microsites but in 1967 there were. In all cases there were significant differences (α = 0.10) in the total weekly or biweekly catches of fauna from the various microsites.
ALTERNATE GENERATIONS OF GALL CYNIPIDS (HYMENOPTERA: CYNIPIDAE) ON GARRY OAK
Authors: Evans David
Published: December 2009

The alternate generations of five species of gall-making cynipids on Garry oak, Quercus garryana Douglas, have been newly ascertained. Bisexual and agamic generations of each species have been reared through complete life cycles. All have been identified to species; three generations are described for the first time; two new synonyms and one new combination are given.

Morphology of the adults is relatively consistent between alternate generations, but specific characteristics, habitat, and gall-form may differ widely. Distinguishing features of the generations are presented, including life histories, descriptions and photographs of galls, and comments on associate insects. Taxonomic bibliographies are given, and references are listed.
TEMPORAL PATTERNS IN LIFE HISTORY AND FLIGHT BEHAVIOUR OF PYCNOPSYCHE GENTILIS, P. LUCULENTA, AND P. SCABRIPENNIS (TRICHOPTERA: LIMNEPHILIDAE)
Authors: Mackay Rosemary J.
Published: December 2009

Three species of Pycnopsyche occur in West Creek, the larvae inhabiting allochthonous organic materials. The rapid growth, and early aestivation and emergence of the rarest species, P. scabripennis (Rambur), diminishes interspecific interactions between larvae. P. gentilis (McLachlan) and P. luculenta (Betten) are contemporaneous and the larvae are similar in size but differ in case materials and habitat preferences. Adult males of each species differ in the peak time of arrival at light when active on the same night. The life history and behaviour patterns are discussed in relation to the coexistence of congeneric species.
VOLTINISM IN MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA (MEGACHILIDAE: HYMENOPTERA) IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: Krunic M. D.
Published: December 2009

Almost 40% of the cells of Megachile rotundata (F.) from the earliest completed tunnels in the hives produced as second-generation bees. This percentage rapidly decreased in the later completed tunnels. The difference between wing venation of bees that emerged in spring and of second-generation bees that emerged in summer appears to be related to voltinism.
IDENTITY OF LEUCOPIS ARGENTICOLLIS AND DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES (DIPTERA: CHAMAEMYIIDAE)
Authors: McAlpine J. F. , Tanasijtshuk V. N.
Published: December 2009

The identity of Leucopis (Leucopis) argenticollis Zetterstedt, an adelgid predator described from Sweden, is established and a lectotype is designated for it; L. orbitalis Malloch, described from Illinois is placed as a synonym of it. Another species (predator of the mealy plum aphid) that was formerly confused with argenticollis, is described as Leucopis (Leucopis) conciliata McAlpine and Tanasijtshuk, new species. Both species are shown to be holarctic and are treated from the standpoints of adult and larval morphology, biology, and distribution. The paper contains 33 figures.
HOST FINDING BY HEAT PERCEPTION IN COELOIDES BRUNNERI (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE)
Authors: Richerson J. V. , Borden John H.
Published: December 2009

Coeloides brunneri Viereck females were interrupted in the act of oviposition into Douglas-fir logs and the oviposition site marked. Thermistor probe temperature readings revealed that C. brunneri invariably oviposited over "hotspots" on the bark surface associated with subcortical Douglas-fir beetle larvae. Artificial hotspots were created by placing heated resistance wire probes underneath the bark of an uninfested log. In the absence of all other stimuli, these artificial hotspots induced the parasites to exhibit normal search behavior and to make ovipositional probes, the final phase of host finding. These data augment observations of antennal posture of a searching parasite and the discovery of a possible infrared radiation receptor on the antennae, and support the argument that C. brunneri locates its host through perception of infrared radiation.
INDUCTION AND TERMINATION OF DIAPAUSE IN WYEOMYIA SMITHII (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE), AND LARVAL SURVIVAL STUDIES AT LOW AND SUBZERO TEMPERATURES
Authors: Evans K. W. , Brust R. A.
Published: December 2009

Diapause in Wyeomyia smithii (Coquillett) was shown to be a function of photoperiod, and independent of temperature. The critical daylength for a population from Pinawa, Man., was 15 hr light per diem. The photoperiodic cues are monitored by the early instars, with diapause being expressed in the third instar. Development is also limited by temperatures below 15 °C even when the critical daylength is exceeded.

Survival at low and subzero temperatures is aided by the diapause state. However, larvae are unable to withstand extended periods of subzero temperatures, even in the diapause condition. At −5 °C, 60% mortality occurred after 8 weeks under laboratory conditions. In the field, where ground temperatures averaged −3.7 °C during the five coldest months, larval mortality averaged 45% after four winter months.

Once diapause is established, larvae consume very little food. Diapause larvae appear to be as active as non-diapause larvae, and also appear to be feeding constantly. However, the amount of food ingested is negligible compared to non-diapause larvae.
SPIDER–ANT SYMBIOSIS: COTINUSA SPP. (ARANEIDA: SALTICIDAE) AND TAPINOMA MELANOCEPHALUM (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE)
Authors: Shepard Merle , Gibson Flash
Published: December 2009

Salticid spiders of the genus Continusa were present in 61% of the nests of dolichoderine ants (Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius)) which build their nests on the undersides of leaves in the lower forest canopy on the Osa peninsula of Costa Rica. Cutting and displacement of the supporting leaves caused abandonment of 80% of the nests within 4 days and experiments carried out by marking and displacing the spider indicated their tenacity to the ant nest. T. melanocephalum nests which contained spiders were more successful in terms of the brood to adult ratio.
AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR PRODUCING LARGE NUMBERS OF SECOND-INSTAR SPRUCE BUDWORM LARVAE, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Grisdale Dail
Published: December 2009

A method for weekly production in excess of 100,000 second-instar larvae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura jumiferana (Clem.), is described. It depends on adherence to specific regimes of physical conditions and manipulation for the different immature stages. Standard, easily obtained utensils and materials are used in the rearing technique.
PHEROMONE EFFECTS OF CIS-9 LONG CHAIN ALKENES ON THE COMMON HOUSE FLY — AN IMPROVED SEX ATTRACT ANT COMBINATION
Authors: Mansingh Ajai , Steele Robert W. , Smallman B. N. , Meresz Otto , Mozogai Cecilia
Published: December 2009

The effects on the house fly, Musca domestica (L.), of a series of cis-9 alkenes containing 19–25 carbon atoms were investigated. An unexpectedly wide spectrum of these homologous hydrocarbons showed biological activity. Synergism and interesting changes in behavioural responses (excitement, mating, and orientation) varying with structure and concentration were observed.
SCOLYTID FLIGHT IN WHITE SPRUCE STANDS IN ALASKA
Authors: Beckwith Roy C.
Published: December 2009

Within white spruce stands near Fairbanks, Alaska, and on the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, Dendroctonus rufipennis, Ips spp., and Trypodendron lineatum disperse in late May and early June; other scolytids fly during June and July. Flight in interior Alaska precedes by about 2 weeks that on the Kenai Peninsula. Mean daily temperatures during spring and early summer are generally warmer in the interior than in coastal areas. There was a large increase in the total number of beetles in a thinned area, mostly of Dryocoetes affaber.
DEVELOPMENTAL VARIABILITY AMONG LABORATORY REARED BALSAM WOOLLY APHID (HEMIPTERA: CHERMIDAE)
Authors: Atkins Michael D.
Published: December 2009

Neosistentes reared from eggs of the final generation of the year only developed under a regime of fluctuating temperature. Progeny of the first generation the following spring developed under both constant and fluctuating temperature. In addition, the latter group displayed developmental variability that might provide a basis from which distinct ecological races could develop. Those individuals that developed rapidly showed little variability in the time required to complete development. On the other hand, those that developed slowly displayed more variability. There was no evidence of two distinct developmental groups among individuals reared under a regime of temperature cycling between 55°F and 75°F as the entire group developed rapidly; this treatment also produced the lowest mortality.
OVIPOSITION RESTRAINT OF SPALANGIA CAMERONI (HYMENOPTERA: PTEROMALIDAE) ON PARASITIZED HOUSEFLY PUPAE
Authors: Wylie H. G.
Published: December 2009

Females of Spalangia cameroni Perk, use the ovipositor to differentiate between unparasitized and parasitized housefly (Musca domestica L.) pupae; and prefer to lay on unparasitized hosts instead of those attacked by S. cameroni, Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.), or Muscidifurax zaraptor K. & L. (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). The intensities of oviposition restraint on the three kinds of attacked hosts are similar. Changes in parasitized pupae to which the female parasites react probably involve "venoms" injected by each species during oviposition.
TRANSPLANTING FORMICA OBSCURIPES AND DOLICHODERUS TASCHENBERGI (HYMENOPTERA: FORMICIDAE) COLONIES IN JACK PINE STANDS OF SOUTHEASTERN MANITOBA
Authors: Bradley G. A.
Published: December 2009

Colonies of Formica obscuripes Forel and Dolichoderus taschenbergi (Mayr), two of the most common and widespread species of predacious ants in jack pine stands of the Sandilands Provincial Forest of southeastern Manitoba, were transplanted to new locations in three young jack pine plantations. When nests of the two species were alternated and spaced at intervals of 20 m, little migration occurred; a spacing of 5 m resulted in excessive movement subsequent to the transplant.
STATUS OF PREDATORS OF THE ADULT APPLE MAGGOT, RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE), IN ONTARIO
Authors: Monteith L. G.
Published: December 2009

Adult apple maggots, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), were relatively free from attacks by predators in southern Ontario. The main reason for this was the flies’ alert avoidance of approaching objects. In addition to this protection from predators, the flies appeared to be avoided by hunting spiders. Adults of the cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cinqulata (Loew), were equally alert and apparently free from predation while they were in apple trees.
MATING BEHAVIOR IN RHAGOLETIS POMONELLA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE): III. MALE AGGREGATION IN RESPONSE TO AN ARRESTANT
Authors: Prokopy Ronald J. , Bush Guy L.
Published: December 2009

Male apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), were present on ceresin wax domes (the site of oviposition and the site of assembly for mating) in much greater relative frequency when caged with 1 or more females or with several other males than when caged alone. Field and laboratory experiments subsequently revealed that a principal stimulus eliciting this greater degree of male assembly was an unidentified chemical(s) deposited on the surface of apples and ceresin domes by both sexes (but in greater amount by mature females) causing arriving males to spend up to twice as much time there as on untreated fruit. The presence of the chemical did not elicit any greater attraction of males to the fruit. The consequence of the longer male residency on domes with the chemical was male aggregation and an ensuant higher frequency of mutual encounter and attempted copulation than on untreated domes. While the chemical acts to arrest males, we theorize that mere detection of its presence may be sufficient to cause males to remain in the vicinity and watch for females.
THE EFFECT OF PHOTOPERIOD ON DIAPAUSE INDUCTION AND INHIBITION IN HIPPODAMIA TREDECIMPUNCTATA (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE)
Authors: Storch R. H. , Vaundell W. L.
Published: December 2009

Diapause in Hippodamia tredecimpunctata (Linnaeus) can be inhibited by exposing adult females to photoperiod regimens of LD 16:8 or 14:10 hours. Exposing adult females to a photoperiod of LD 12:12 hours initiates diapause. The photoperiod to which the egg, larval, and pupal stages are exposed has no effect on the developmental rate and has little effect on adult diapause status.
A NEW SPECIES OF PROSIMULIUM FROM ALBERTA (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: Peterson B. V. , Depner K. R.
Published: December 2009

Prosimulium albertense new species is described from southern Alberta, Canada, and is differentiated from the closely related species P. clavatum Peterson.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE HAEMOCYTES (BLOOD CELLS) OF COCKROACHES (INSECTA: DICTYOPTERA: BLATTARIA), WITH A VIEW OF THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN TAXONOMY
Authors: Arnold J. W.
Published: December 2009

Haemocytes are described and illustrated for 16 species of cockroaches, and data are given on haemocyte size and numbers. Each family in the suborder Blattaria is represented. In all of the species, the haemocyte complex comprises plasmatocytes and granular haemocytes in addition to mainly germinal elements, the prohaemocytes. Spherule cells, a distinctive form of granular haemocyte, occur in most "modern" species (superfamily Blaberoidea), but are absent from most species in the more primitive group (superfamily Blattoidea). Taxonomic relationships at other levels are reflected particularly in morphological features of granular haemocytes. Although the haemocyte complex alone offers insufficient evidence for systematic arrangement, it provides additional characters for classifying species.
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR IN THE ADULT APPLE MAGGOT (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE)
Authors: Biggs James D.
Published: December 2009

Both males and females of Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) showed three distinct modes of aggressive behavior: (1) a wing-waving display, (2) charging headlong into another fly, and (3) "pawing" with the prothoracic legs. The flies were aggressive toward their own and the opposite sex. The aggressive patterns were similar to those of R. suavis (Loew) and R. completa Cresson.
FACTORS INFLUENCING RECOGNITION OF THE NEST ENTRANCE BY RETURNING BUMBLE BEE FORAGERS (HYMENOPTERA: APIDAE)
Authors: Eshelman C. W. , Plowright R. C.
Published: December 2009

The relative importance of position and color in nest-entrance recognition was tested in two bumble bee species, Bombus griseocollis (Degeer) and B. occidentalis Greene, using two identical sheds, each bearing a horizontal row of four nest-entrances marked with colored discs to which workers returned after foraging in the field. The bees were trained successively to either a yellow or a green disc on each of the four positions (alternating between the sheds), the other three positions being marked with black discs during each training period. The positions to which bees returned after moving the colored disc to each of the other three positions following each training period were recorded.The results indicate: (1) that the importance of position relative to color was greater at the end positions than in the inner positions; (2) that whereas B. griseocollis relied more on color relative to position than did B. occidentalis when the bees had been trained to the outer positions, the converse held true for inner positions; (3) that position was more important relative to color when the bees were homing than when they were choosing a position at which to alight or enter. Ecological and behavioral implications of the results are discussed.
FECUNDITY AND COLONY SIZE IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF HYPHANTRIA CUNEA
Authors: Morris R. F.
Published: December 2009

Fecundity and colony size of Hyphantria cunea Drury were measured in six census areas for 13 years, and wing length was measured in one area. Colony size in the fifth instar was closely correlated with fecundity, and the percentage mortality from the egg stage to the fifth instar was an inverse function of fecundity. Wing length was not a sensitive index of fecundity where there was insufficient competition for food to cause severe reduction in moth size.Seasonal differences in fecundity and colony size within years, as well as differences between areas and between years, followed patterns expected from laboratory studies. Decreases during each season, proximately attributable to the age of foliage available to the larvae and ultimately attributable to genetic differences in the heat requirements for diapause termination, made it difficult to estimate mean fecundity for any area or year. Fecundity seemed slightly higher in coastal than in inland areas. Both population quality and weather appeared to influence annual differences, but because of the complex interaction between them and the high variability in fecundity and colony size, the relationships could not be modeled effectively with the available data.Differences in fecundity and colony size associated with both time and place were negligible in comparison to the changes in the population density of colonies, as measured in the same areas over the same period of years. It is concluded that priority should be given to survival rather than fecundity in the development of population models for H. cunea, at least in areas where competition for food is not severe.
PREY CONSUMPTION BEHAVIOR OF AMBLYSEIUS LARGOENSIS IN RELATION TO HUNGER
Authors: Sandness J. N. , McMurtry J. A.
Published: December 2009

A series of constant observations on Amblyseius largoensis (Muma) on excised avocado leaves in the laboratory revealed that the hunger level of this predator directly affected the time spent feeding on individual prey, the relative aggressiveness, the frequency of successful captures, the length of digestive pause, and the speed of movement. Feeding and nonfeeding periods occurred in constantly recurring cycles. Hungry predators captured 2–4 prey in succession; after each capture a digestive pause followed, the length of which increased (up to 7–8 h) as the predator became increasingly satiated. This cycle was repeated 2–3 times in 24 h. Several thresholds appeared to be responsible for this behavior pattern.
A REVISION OF THE NEW WORLD EXORISTINI (DIPTERA: TACHINIDAE): I. PHOROCERA SUBGENUS PSEUDOTACHINOMYIA
Authors: Wood D. M.
Published: December 2009

The genus Phorocera Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830, is shown to be holarctic, divisible into a palaearctic element, the subgenus Phorocera, with three species, and its nearctic sister-group, the subgenus Pseudotachinomyia Smith. 1917, with eight, of which four, angustiforceps, auriceps, convexa and exigua, are described as new. P. webberi Smith, the type species of Pseudotachinomyia, is removed from the synonymy of slossonae (Townsend) and longiforceps Brooks is synonymized with slossonae. Keys, descriptions and figures are provided for the adults and eggs of the eight nearctic species, and oviposition in P. webberi is described. Relationships of Pseudotachinomyia with the s.g. Phorocera and with other exoristine genera are discussed.
STUDIES ON VITAMIN E IN THE HOUSE CRICKET, ACHETA DOMESTICUS (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE): I. NUTRITIONAL ALBINISM
Authors: McFarlane J. E.
Published: December 2009

Addition of DL-α-tocopherol (vitamin E) at a level of 17.2 μg/g to an artificial diet containing casein, glucose, cellulose powder, salts, cholesterol, and a mixture of B-vitamins results in a loss of pigmentation in 30–50% of males on adult emergence. These albino males are of a light amber colour, apparently lacking melanin, although their cuticle appears to be sclerotized, and their sexual behaviour is normal.
ANNOTATED LIST OF APHIDS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) COLLECTED IN THAILAND, WITH DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES
Authors: Robinson A. G.
Published: December 2009

A list is given of 32 species of aphids, with their host plants, from Thailand. Males and oviparae of Aphis craccivora Koch, a male of Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), and an ovipara of Tinocallis kahawaluokalani (Kirkaldy) were collected. Tritrichosiphum thailandicum new genus, new species is described.
THE EFFECT OF PREY DEFENSE ON THE FUNCTIONAL RESPONSE OF PODISUS MODESTUS (HEMIPTERA: PENTATOMIDAE) TO DENSITIES OF THE SAWFLIES NEODIPRION SWAINEI AND N. PRATTI BANKSIANAE (HYMENOPTERA: NEODIPRIONIDAE)
Authors: Tostowaryk Walter
Published: December 2009

Experiments were carried out to determine the functional response of Podisus modestus (Dallas) to densities of two colonial species of jack pine sawfly, Neodiprion swainei (Middleton) and N. pratti banksianae (Rohwer). Two types of functional response curve were exhibited by the pentatomids, a domed response curve and a negatively accelerated curve.The domed response was caused by the more effective defense reactions of the sawfly larvae at higher densities.An equation is proposed for the domed response curve. The implications of the domed functional response are discussed in relation to the social behavior of these sawflies.
LOW-VOLUME AND CONVENTIONAL NON-THERMAL AEROSOLS AGAINST INSECTICIDE SUSCEPTIBLE AND RESISTANT HOUSE FLIES (DIPTERA: MUSCIDAE)
Authors: Bailey Donald L. , LaBrecque G. C. , Whitfield T. L.
Published: December 2009

Seven of 17 insecticides tested as conventional aerosols were effective against a susceptible strain of house flies, Musca domeslica L., producing 90% or more mortality at a distance of 150 ft from the generator. Of the seven, three were equally effective as low-volume aerosols. Diazinon was the most effective of the conventional aerosols, and Dursban® (0,0-diethyl 0-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate) was the most effective low-volume aerosol. However, none of the compounds was effective as a conventional or low-volume aerosol against an insecticide resistant strain of flies.
SEASONAL EMERGENCE OF SOME HIGH ARCTIC CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA)
Authors: Danks H. V. , Oliver D. R.
Published: December 2009

The annual emergence of 11 chironomid species from more or less shallow ponds in the area of Hazen Camp (81°49′ N., 71°18′ W.) is considered. Features of emergence are very similar in all these arctic species, although different species emerge at slightly different times in the same habitat.In the deeper habitats, emergence from a deep site is slightly later than that from a shallower one in the same pond. There are very marked differences in times of emergence from pond to pond: emergence of 50% of the annual total for a given species may be reached in different ponds up to 3 weeks apart. These differences from habitat to habitat mean that adults are present over the general Hazen area throughout the arctic summer.The time at which emergence begins in a given pond (or given site within a deeper pond) is primarily dictated by the temperature required for pre-emergence development, but also by other features of individual ponds. Pond temperatures near 4° or 5 °C are most important in this respect. The time of first emergence differs between years in the same pond according to year-to-year temperature differences.Emergence of a given species is basically highly synchronized within a pond, but the emergence period may be prolonged by lowered temperatures acting as a threshold for adult emergence at about 7 °C. The emergence pattern is less regular in shallow ponds in which the temperature fluctuates greatly, and it is more regular with lower peaks in deeper ponds.Males of a number of species generally emerge slightly before the females.Emergence of given species within given ponds is synchronized because only larvae which are ready to pupate without further feeding in spring emerge in any year. There must therefore be control of a ’diapause’ type.Aquatic insect species are characterized as ’absolute spring species’ if all potential émergents overwinter as mature larvae (i.e. larvae in which no further growth is necessary before emergence) and also ’diapause’ is present at this stage. To this category all of these high arctic species belong. They are apparently derived from ’absolute spring species’ farther south, the life-cycles of which are pre-adapted to the shortness of the arctic season. Despite the potential for highly synchronized emergence which such species possess, this potential is not fully realized in the arctic because the irregular fluctuations of temperature there operate near values which may directly inhibit development and emergence.
THE CONIFEROUS FEEDING SPECIES OF ARGYRESTHIA IN CANADA (LEPIDOPTERA: YPONOMEUTIDAE)
Authors: Freeman T. N.
Published: December 2009

Fourteen coniferous feeding species of Argyresthia in Canada are dealt with. The following seven species are described as new: canadensis n. sp., Quebec; mariana n. sp., Ontario; columbia n. sp., British Columbia; picea n. sp., Ontario, Quebec, Yukon Territory; abies, n. sp., Ontario; tsuga n. sp., British Columbia; pseudotsuga n. sp., British Columbia. Two species, confused under the name freyella Walsingham, are distinguished. A key is given to the species.
COURTSHIP BEHAVIOR OF THE MIGRATORY GRASSHOPPER,MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES(ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Pickford R. , Gillott C.
Published: December 2009

Studies on the courtship behavior ofMelanoplus sanguinipes(Fabr.) clearly indicated that the male played the dominant role. The conspicuous waving of antennae and vibrating of hind femora, which form an integral part of the male’s behavioral pattern, did not appear essential for normal coupling. Visual stimuli proved to be of primary importance for ’homing in’ on the female prior to the mounting leap. Blinding the male caused all courtship activities to cease. Males clearly were able to select mature females from immature ones and virgin from mated females. Although further experimental evidence is required for corroboration, it is suggested that this selectivity may have been accomplished by some form of chemical stimulus emitted by the females.
OBSERVING INSECT EMBRYOS WITH A SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Authors: Craig D. A.
Published: December 2009

The preparation of Simulium venustum embryos for Scanning electron. microscopy is described.
A NEW SPECIES OFPARATRICHOBIUS(DIPTERA: STREBLIDAE) FROM ARIZONA
Authors: Peterson B. V. , Ross A.
Published: December 2009

Paratrichobius americanusnew species is described and illustrated from specimens collected in Arizona, from the host batChoeronycteris mexicanaTschudi It is most closely related to theP.longicrus(Miranda Ribeiro) complex of species, but is easily differentiated from all the known species by details of the chaetotaxy of the profemur, mesonotum and gonapophyses, and by the small eyes. This is the first species of the genus to be recorded from the bat subfamily Glossophaginae, all others are known only from the Stenoderminae (family Phyllostomidae).
INSECTS AND ARACHNIDS OF BATHURST ISLAND, CANADIAN ARCTIC ARCHIPELAGO
Authors: Danks H. V. , Byers J. R.
Published: December 2009

Terrestrial arthropods collected from Bathurst Island in 1969 are listed: 78 species (4 spiders, 13 mites, and 61 insects, 30 of which are chironomids) have now been collected in this area of the high arctic. Notes on the overwintering of some of the commoner insect species are given. Although the collecting season was a poor one in 1969 because of adverse weather conditions, the list probably represents half or more of the island’s arthropod fauna. The nature of the list indicates that this fauna is impoverished compared to some other areas of the Queen Elizabeth Islands. This impoverishment may be largely explained by climatic factors.
THE MANITOBAN FAUNA OF LEAFHOPPERS (HOMOPTERA: CICADELLIDAE): I. DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW SPECIES AND COLOUR FORMS
Authors: Hamilton K. G. A.
Published: December 2009

Eight new species of Cicadellidae are described, largely from Manitoban material: Macropsis feminis, M. sauront, M. vinea, Gyponana gracilis, Cicadula junea, Laevicephalus bison, Macrosteles (Sagatus) flavalis, and Paraphlepsius varispinus. The male genitalia of Fitchana twiningi (Uhler) is described for the first time. Colour forms of Macropsis nigricans Van D. and Balclutha punctata (Thunb.) are illustrated.
COUPLING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MIGRATORY GRASSHOPPER, MELANOPLUS SANGUINIPES (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)
Authors: Pickford R. , Gillott C.
Published: December 2009

The mechanics of coupling in Melanoplus sanguinipes (Fabr.) are described and differences between some species of Acrididae discussed. A high level of coupling activity was revealed with the most active male and female mating 56 and 46 times, respectively. In addition, multiple daily matings, to a maximum of five, were common. The majority of copulations occurred during the morning in both laboratory and field; however, in the latter, unfavourable weather restricted sexual activity. Coupling did not appear to occur at random; significant preferences were shown by certain males for certain females.
BIRD FLEAS (SIPHONAPTERA) OF NEW MEXICO
Authors: Haas Glenn E. , Martin Richard P. , Swickard Martha , Wilson Nixon
Published: December 2009

Only two species of bird fleas were known from New Mexico:Ceratophyllus celsus celsusJordan andC.petrochelidoniWagner, both from the southeastern part of the state. Four new records of the latter species from northcentral New Mexico are added. An unpublished old record and seven new records ofC.nigerFox are presented. Records of three rodent fleas,Catallagia decipiensRothschild,Monopsyllus wagneri(Baker), andM.eumolpi(Rothschild), found in bird nests also are given.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND OF TEMPERATURE PRETREATMENT ON DIAPAUSE AND ON THE SYNCHRONIZATION OF ADULT EMERGENCE IN MEGACHILE ROTUNDATA (HYMENOPTERA: MEGACHILIDAE)
Authors: Krunic M. D. , Hinks C. F.
Published: December 2009

The effect of temperature on prepupal diapause development in the hymenopteran Megachile rotundata (F.) was investigated by storing prepupae at various temperatures from −20° to 28 °C prior to final incubation at 28 °C. Preincubation temperatures of 5°, 10°, and 15 °C proved equally effective for diapause development and for the synchronization of adult emergence. Lower temperatures resulted in less synchronous emergence and higher mortality. When prepupae were exposed to more moderate temperature regimes prior to storage at lower temperatures, adult emergence became more synchronized and mortality declined. A high percentage of bees emerged after storage at 20 °C but their emergence was poorly synchronized. Over 50% of the prepupae stored at 28 °C developed without prior treatment at lower temperature but emergence was even less synchronized. The results of these experiments show that all prepupae diapause but the rate of diapause development becomes increasingly variable above and below an optimal range of 5° to 15 °C.
DISPERSAL AND LONGEVITY OF MOSQUITOES TAGGED WITH 32P
Authors: Chant G. D. , Baldwin W. F.
Published: December 2009

Mature mosquito larvae of Aedes communis (De Geer) were collected from woodland pools and treated in solutions of 32P. Adults from these larvae were captured using 20 traps employing battery operated lights, and dry ice producing CO2. Trapping was continued for 13 weeks, and a total of 31 radioactive flies were captured during the period. The majority of the radioactive mosquitoes were recovered at the outer limits of the study area of 1 mile, most of them east and south from the release point, and the last tagged individual was trapped 44 days after emergence. Thus, it seems probable that most of the tagged mosquitoes dispersed further than the limits of our study area and that they survived for more than 1 month in the field.
THE RELATION OF SONG STRUCTURE TO TEGMINAL MOVEMENT INMETRIOPTERA SPHAGNORUM(ORTHOPTERA: TETTIGONIIDAE)
Authors: Morris Glenn K. , Pipher Robert E.
Published: December 2009

Flash photography of the wings of a decticine katydid,Metrioptera sphagnorum(F. Walker), during stridulation, indicates that major trains of sound pulses of both song modes coincide with wing closures. The song mode characterized by intense ultrasonics is generated by tooth–scraper interactions over an interval of approximately 60 teeth at the lateral end of the file. A more medial file region is employed for the audio-dominated mode. Tooth removal confirms the role of different file regions in mode generation. Each pulse of the ultrasonic mode closure is a wave train of 10–15 waves of uniform amplitude, approximating a pure tone frequency of 33 kHz.
THE BIOLOGICAL CONTROL ATTEMPT AGAINST THE EUROPEAN WHEAT STEM SAWFLY, CEPHUS PYGMAEUS (HYMENOPTERA: CEPHIDAE), IN ONTARIO
Authors: Beirne Bryan P.
Published: December 2009

There are no valid reasons to believe that the allegedly successful biological control attempt against Cephus pygmaeus (L.) in Ontario was in fact a success. There are definite indications that it was a failure.
THE EFFECT OF MICRO-CAUTERIZING THE ALPPM ("GOLD SPOT" OF AUTHORS) OF THE PUPA OF THE MONARCH BUTTERFLY,DANAUS P.PLEXIPPUS(LEPIDOPTERA: DANAIDAE)
Authors: Urquhart F. A.
Published: December 2009

By a method of micro-cauterization, in which a small area of tissue may be destroyed without bleeding, it is indicated that the pigmented areas on the pupa of the monarch butterfly,Danaus p.plexippus(Linnaeus), are involved in the distribution or formation of wing scale colouration. The paper deals with experiments involving one pair of such areas, namely the alar (Al) pigmented macula which, like the median notai macula, effects apical wing colour on the prothoracic wings.
DIFFERENCE IN RADIOSENSITIVITY OF TWO COLONIES OF TOBACCO BUDWORMS, HELIOTHIS VIRESCENS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE)
Authors: Proshold F. I. , Bartell J. A.
Published: December 2009

Sterility induced by gamma irradiation of the adult male tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.), was studied in two colonies, one was reared in the laboratory for more than 60 generations (laboratory strain) and the other reared for fewer than 9 generations (wild strain). When irradiated males were crossed with untreated females, the percentage egg hatch for each dose was lower with the laboratory than with the wild strain. When laboratory and wild females were crossed reciprocally with irradiated males, the fertilities were similar to those of the laboratory and wild strains, respectively. When irradiated males were crossed with female progeny from reciprocal crosses, the percentage egg hatch was similar to that of the wild strain.Wild strain females were nearly monogamous for the first several generations, but F0 females mated nearly as frequently as females of the laboratory strain.
EFFECTS OF PRE-STORAGE TREATMENT ON SURVIVAL OF DIAPAUSING LARVAE OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: McMorran Arlene
Published: December 2009

At a constant temperature of 1 °C, survival of diapausing second-instar larvae of C. fumiferana (Clem.) for any given period is, to a large extent, determined by pre-storage treatment. At a pre-storage temperature of 20 °C larval survival was 80% or higher following storage periods ranging from 169 to 290 days. Survival of larvae pre-stored at 24 °C was never as high as at 20 °C, and the survival began to decrease after 225 days storage. At 28 °C this decrease had occurred before 169 days of storage. Larvae held at high pre-storage temperatures had almost normal survival when the pre-storage period was shorter. Mean time for larvae to emerge from diapause was increased by longer diapause periods and by high pre-storage temperatures. There was a corresponding decrease in larval vigour.
A REVISION OF THE GENUS TACHIISOMORPHUS (COLEOPTERA: STAPHYLINIDAE) OF NORTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA
Authors: Campbell J. M.
Published: December 2009

The species of the genus Tachinomorphus (Staphylinidae: Tachyporinae) of North and Central America are revised. Five species are recognized as valid. Two species are described as new: arizonensis from the Huachuca and Chiricahua Mountains of Arizona and Durango in Mexico and sharpi from Texas and northern Mexico. Tachinomorphus remotus (Sharp) is placed in synonymy with grossulus (Leconte). Lectotypes are designated for grossulus (Leconte), remotus (Sharp), and major (Sharp). The distribution of each species is mapped and all major diagnostic characters illustrated either with line drawings or scanning electron photomicrographs. The habitat, if known, is discussed for each species. A key is included as an aid to distinguishing the species.
TREE CRICKET (ORTHOPTERA: OECANTHIDAE) DAMAGE TO YOUNG PEACH TREES
Authors: Elliott W. M. , Dhanvantari B. N.
Published: December 2009

Black-horned tree crickets (Oecanthus nigricornis F. Walker) were reared from rows of eggs laid in the twigs of recently planted peach trees in Essex County, Ontario. Eggs were laid in September and hatched the following June. Egg laying injury was most frequent at the edges of peach blocks. The injuries did not become infection sites for peach canker fungi (Cytospora cincta Sacc. and C. leucostoma Sacc). Twenty-one per cent of the twigs died above the injury and eggs then hatched, but if the injuries healed and the twigs survived, very few eggs hatched.
THE IDENTITY OF SOME GENERA OF SYRPHINI (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE) DESCRIBED BY MATSUMURA
Authors: Vockeroth J. R.
Published: December 2009

A study of the type specimens of species of Syrphini described by Matsumura in 1917 shows that Macrosyrphus is a junior synonym of Metasyrphus Matsumura, Mesosyrphus is a junior synonym of Melangyna Verrall, and Parasyrphus is a senior synonym of Phalacrodira Enderlein. Incorrect designations of type-species for Episyrphus and Stenosyrphus are noted.
A NEW SPECIES OF TRISCHISTOGNATHA FROM VENEZUELA (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE: EVERGESTINAE)
Authors: Munroe Eugene
Published: December 2009

Trischistognatha yepezi n. sp. is described from Rancho Grande, Venezuela. The species is remarkable for the distortion and hairy vestiture of the male forewing.
TIMING SPRAYS FOR CODLING MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE) CONTROL ON APPLE
Authors: Hagley Elmer A. C.
Published: December 2009

Effective codling moth control was obtained by timing the application of insecticidesito coincide with the period of greatest larval emergence in the orchard. This occurred 6–10 days after first emergence and the latter could be predicted by heat unit summations. In 1971 and 1972 144 and 137 degree-days accumulated from the date on which the first male moth was taken in pheromone traps and the first larvae emerged, respectively.
THE IMMATURE STAGES OFPTYCHOPTERA LENIS LENIS(DIPTERA: PTYCHOPTERIDAE) WITH NOTES ON THEIR BIOLOGY
Authors: Hodkinson I. D.
Published: December 2009

The four larval instars and the pupa ofPtychoptera lenis lenisOsten Sacken are described. Instars 2 to 4 are very similar morphologically but instar 1 is markedly different. Both a pharate pupal and a pharate adult stage were observed. Larvae are found in stagnant marginal areas of ponds where water depth does not exceed 4 cm and where benthic deposits of plant detritus exceed 8 cm. Fourth instar larvae, under experimental conditions, survived up to 45 days without contact with atmospheric oxygen but development was arrested.P.lenishas a 1 year life cycle with an extended adult emergence season from late May to the end of July.
THREE ADDITIONAL SYNONYMS OF ALLOGRAPTA (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE)
Authors: Vockeroth J. R.
Published: December 2009

The nominal genera Neoscaeva Frey, Rhinoprosopa Hull and Antillus Vockeroth, all from the Neotropical Region, are synonymized with Allograpta Osten Sacken. The previously unknown male of the type-species of Antillus is described.