bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF VARIOUS FACTORS ON THE LOCAL DISTRIBUTION AND DENSITY OF COCCINELLID ADULTS ON CORN (COLEOPTERA: COCCINELLIDAE)
Authors: Smith B. C.
Published: December 2009

The adult densities of Hippodamia tredecimpunctata tibialis (Say), Coccinella novemnotata Hbst., and Coccinella transversoguttata richardsoni Brown, on corn fluctuated in July and August and reached their maxima at pollination, whereas the density of Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake fluctuated much less. C. maculata, H. tredecimpunctata, and C. transversoguttata were more numerous on plants with a liver diet applied to their foliage than on untreated plants. H. tredecimpunctata, C. novemnotata, and C. transversoguttata were less numerous on plants that had their tassels removed and produced no pollen than on intact plants. C. maculata, H. tredecimpunctata, and C. transversoguttata were more numerous on plants exposed to the maximum amount of sunshine than on plants that were shaded for part of each day. H. tredecimpunctata was more numerous on plants situated at low elevation than at high elevation, whereas C. transversoguttata was more numerous at high than at low elevation. C. maculata and H. tredecimpunctata were more numerous on plants near the middle of a corn field than on plants at the perimeter of a field adjacent to buckwheat, whereas C. novemnotata and C. transversoguttata were most numerous on plants near the perimeter. Two-species associations of C. maculata and H. tredecimpunctata, C. novemnotata and H. tredecimpunctata, C. novemnotata and C. transversoguttata, and C. novemnotata and H. tredecimpunctata occurred on individual plants. Plant density and time of planting affected coccinellid density. Adult density was greatest at a plant density of 3.2 plants per square metre and adults were more numerous on early than on late planted corn.
ASPECTS OF MATING IN THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Outram I.
Published: December 2009

Normal matings of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) resulted in the transfer of single, persistent spermatophores. The mean duration of copulation was 4 hours with a range from 21/2 to 81/2 hours. All the first matings of males were fertile and the spermatophores were large, while an increasing proportion of the subsequent matings were infertile and the spermatophores became progressively smaller. Only fertilized females laid normal numbers of eggs. There was no evidence to show that insemination can be accomplished without the transfer of a spermatophore. However, the presence of a spermatophore in the bursa of the female was not always indicative of successful insemination.Males mated only once within a 24-hour period; they were least responsive to females just after emergence (< 0.5 day old) and most responsive when 2 to 4 days old. Females mated most readily when < 0.5 day old and became progressively less attractive or less receptive with age. Mated females were not as attractive as unmated females.
A NEW GENUS OF A HOMONEUROUS MOTH AND THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES (LEPIDOPTERA: NEOPSEUSTIDAE)
Authors: Mutuura Akira
Published: December 2009

A new genus, Archepiolus, and a new species, schmidi, belonging to the family Neopseustidae and suborder Dacnonypha are described in this paper. This genus and species occupy a very primitive position in the Neopseustidae. The venation shows the most primitive features in all the Dacnonypha; also the male genitalia show a more primitive condition than that of Neopseustis meyricki Hering. Some aspects of the male genitalia are close to Mnesarchaea paracorma Meyrick of the Mnesarchaeidae.The discovery of this moth provides new morphological evidence on the problem of the ancestors of the Dacnonypha and of all Lepidoptera.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) OF THE MAINSTREAM OF THE CROWSNEST–OLDMAN RIVER SYSTEM OF SOUTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: Depner K. R.
Published: December 2009

Thirteen species of black flies in two genera were found in the Crowsnest and Oldman rivers of southern Alberta. Of these, 11 were in the genus Simulium and 2 were in the genus Prosimulium. The two species of Prosimulium were found only in the Crowsnest River. Three species of Simulium were found only in the Oldman River, three only in the Crowsnest River, and 5 were found in both rivers.
PSYLLA PYRICOLA (HEMIPTERA: PSYLLIDAE) VECTOR RELATIONSHIPS WITH ERWINIA AMYLOVORA
Authors: Wilde W. H. A. , Carpenter J. , Liberty J. , Tunnicliffe J.
Published: December 2009

Psylla pyricola Foerster (pear psylla) transmitted Erwinia amylovora Winslow (fireblight) in 7 of 596 tests made from 1964 to 1969 at the University of Guelph, Guelph, Ont., Canada. Confirmation of transmission was by symptom expression and phage increase in Pyrus test tissue.
VIRUSES OF TRICHOPLUSIA NI (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) AND PIERIS RAPAE (LEPIDOPTERA: PIERIDAE) IN SOIL IN FIELDS OF CRUCIFERS IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Jaques R. P. , Harcourt D. G.
Published: December 2009

In 1968 and 1969 soil samples were collected and bioassayed from 116 fields of crucifers from 14 counties in southern Ontario. Residues of T. ni viruses (nuclear-polyhedrosis (NPV) and granulosis (GV)) were found in soil from 12 counties, being detected in 68 and 45% of soil samples in the respective years. P. rapae granulosis virus (GV) occurred in soil from 7 counties, being found in 18 and 19% of samples. T. ni NPV was more common than T. ni GV. The concentration of viruses of both host species in soil was influenced by density of the host population, crop rotation, soil pH, and month of sampling.
THE CONTROL OF WINTER EGGS OF PANONYCHUS ULMI (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE) AND BRYOBIA RUBRIOCULUS (ACARINA: TETRANYCHIDAE) BY M2060 (2-FLUOROETHYL (4-BIPHENYLYL) ACETATE) AND OTHER PRODUCTS IN LEBANON
Authors: Musa Sami , Dosse Gudo
Published: December 2009

Panonychus ulmi (Koch) and Bryobia rubrioculus (Scheuten) are very serious pests on apple trees in Lebanon. The effectiveness of M2060 (2 fluoroethyl (4-biphenylyl) acetate), Ovamort, Diotol, Genite, and Citronol plus parathion was investigated on the winter eggs of these two mites in the laboratory and in the field. M2060-oil was highly effective and superior to all products at early and late dormant stages of tree growth. The nearer to egg hatch the other products were applied, the more effective they were.
A NEW PROCEDURE FOR RAPIDLY ESTIMATING EUROPEAN PINE SAWFLY (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE) POPULATION LEVELS IN YOUNG PINE PLANTATIONS
Authors: Wilson Louis F. , Gerrard Douglas J.
Published: December 2009

A method is proposed for rapidly estimating the population levels of European pine sawfly in young red and Scotch pine plantations. On the hypothesis that the numbers of larval colonies per tree are distributed within a stand according to a negative binomial series, it is shown that an estimate Y of the mean sawfly count per tree in any relevant pine stand may be predicted from knowledge of the proportion p of trees infested, by means of the equation

in which k is an estimate of a distribution parameter. The estimate k is derived beforehand, by Maximum Likelihood from a series of insect populations representative of those in which predictions are contemplated.Approximate 95% confidence limits for estimated densities are computed from a variance estimator reflecting two sources of error. The plotted confidence bands pertaining to samples of various size furnish a simple criterion for judging directly from the proportion of infested trees whether or not suppression measures are needed in a plantation.
SURVIVAL AND FECUNDITY OF DENDROCTONUS PONDEROSAE (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE) AFTER LABORATORY STORAGE
Authors: Watson J. A.
Published: December 2009

Adults of Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins were stored at 1 °C in 2-mil polyethylene bags containing moistened excelsior. Under these conditions, 85% of the beetles survived after 30 days. Stored adults showed no decrease in fecundity but the percentage of females in their broods increased with storage duration. Handling prior to storage and interruptions in the storage period resulted in a decrease in survival. Female adults survived storage better than males.
FIVE NEW SPECIES OFMEGAPENTHESFROM THE SOUTHWESTERN UNITED STATES, WITH A KEY TO THE NEARCTIC SPECIES (COLEOPTERA: ELATERIDAE)
Authors: Becker Edward C.
Published: December 2009

Five new species ofMegapenthesare described:apacheorumfrom Arizona and New Mexico;texanusfrom Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona;fuscusfrom Arizona;antennatusfrom Arizona and Durango (Mexico); andelongatusfrom Arizona and New Mexico. Four species are redescribed:longicornisSchaeffer,variolatusVan Dyke,megalopsVan Dyke, andobtususVan Dyke. The male genitalia of these species are illustrated, and a key to the 29 nearctic species is included. The position ofaterrimusMotschulsky is discussed,DolopiosomusMotschulsky is considered as anomen oblitumunderMegapenthes, andcaprella californicusBrown is synonymized undercaprellaLeConte.
THE INFLUENCE OF LAND USE AND VEGETATION ON THE POPULATION DENSITY OF HYPHANTRIA CUNEA
Authors: Morris R. F.
Published: December 2009

The objects of this study were to determine whether the population density of Hyphantria cunea Drury is dependent on land use, vegetation pattern, and plant species; and to compare the extensive methods designed for this work with more intensive, single-plot designs.In two separate gradations, covering a period of 12 years, density was positively correlated with agricultural land use, open rather than closed patterns of vegetation, and the occurrence of only a few of the principal host species. The analysis showed how these variables affected density both within and between different climatic areas, and suggested how cultural methods might be used in population management.Extensive designs permit the development and testing of holistic models designed to explain both spatial and temporal differences in population density, and provide the replication required for the latter purpose. It is important to model spatial differences in density because such variables as vegetation pattern and composition are sometimes subject to cultural modification. Very intensive designs, based on sampling only a few trees at one point, do not permit the development of complete models and, because of plant host and dispersal phenomena affecting insects and their parasites, produce data that may be unreliable even for sub-models, such as those dealing with host–parasite interactions.
LIFE HISTORY AND BIOLOGY OF EINFELDIA SYNCHRONA (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)
Authors: Danks H. V.
Published: December 2009

Einfeldia synchrona Oliver is univoltine in a small, shallow, highly eutrophic pond near Ottawa (45°N.). Adult emergence is synchronized with slight protandry in May, and from this small pond exceeded 145,000 individuals in 1970. Emergence is inhibited experimentally at short photoperiods. More than one egg mass is produced, during a period of several days following emergence. First instar larvae, which lack ventral tubules, are at first pelagic but build cases before moulting. The remaining three larval instars possess 1 pair of ventral tubules. Larvae show a preference for central areas of the pond over 40 cm deep, and show some mobility in response to seasonal depth changes. There are arrests in the development of larvae both in winter and during summer, with cessation of feeding, penetration into the mud, and construction in winter of special sealed cocoons. Marked year to year differences in the stage reached by winter, and in the larval population level, were detected. Many of these biological features are probably widespread in Chironomini and hence of some importance in the interpretation of studies of the bottom fauna.
PINE ROOT COLLAR WEEVIL DAMAGE TO RED PINE PLANTATIONS IN MICHIGAN RELATED TO HOST AGE, TEMPERATURE, AND STAND LOCATION
Authors: Kennedy Patrick C. , Wilson Louis F.
Published: December 2009

Pine root collar weevil damage is least on red pine plantations in cooler areas of northern Lower Michigan, and is inversely related to distance of the host from the nearest weevil infestation. Three hazard zones are suggested based on temperature. A high hazard zone occurs in the western part, a moderate zone in the central, and a low zone in the eastern part of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan.
THE LIFE HISTORY AND BIOLOGY OFHYSSOPUS THYMUS(HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE), A PARASITE OF THE EUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE) IN ONTARIO
Authors: Syme Paul D.
Published: December 2009

A technique for rearingHyssopus thymusis described by which easy observation of behaviour and development is possible. The life history and observations on paralysis, oviposition, host-feeding, and mating in this species are given. Complete development takes about 17 days at a constant temperature of 24 °C. BecauseH.thymusis common and widespread, shows no selection for attack at different tree crown levels, and has been responsible for up to 37% parasitism of overwinteringRhyacionia buolianalarvae, it is concluded that it is the most effective native parasite ofR.buolianain Ontario.
FOUR NEW AND UNUSUAL CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA)
Authors: Saether Ole A.
Published: December 2009

One new genus,Phycoidella, and four new species,Cricotopus macraei,Cricotopus flannagani,Phycoidella dentolatens, andLenziella crusculaare described in all stages. The genusLenziellaKieff. is emended. The described species, three Orthocladiinae and one Tanytarsini, have many aberrant, but not necessarily apomorphic features.
A SEX PHEROMONE IN THE INSECT RHODNIUS PROLIXUS (HEMIPTERA: REDUVIIDAE)
Authors: Baldwin W. F. , Knight A. G. , Lynn K. R.
Published: December 2009

In Rhodnius, a volatile substance produced by mating pairs is attractive to male insects. The pheromone acts also as a sexual stimulant; males respond in the absence of females by attempting copulation with other males. Air swept over mating pairs and conducted to a cage at a considerable distance proved to be highly attractive to males. Proximity of the sexes, without opportunity for actual contact, does not stimulate production of the pheromone. Since males and females will copulate only after a blood meal, feeding is a prerequisite to pheromone production. Also, unfed males will not respond to the attractant. Males of this nocturnal species were stimulated only in complete darkness.
THE RYE JOINTWORM (HYMENOPTERA: EURYTOMIDAE), A NEW INSECT PEST IN WESTERN CANADA
Authors: Holmes N. D. , Blakeley P. E.
Published: December 2009

The rye jointworm, Harmolita secale (Fitch), caused economic damage to fall rye in Alberta in 1968, 1969, and 1970, a first such record for Canada. Infested stems reached an average of 21 galls. Individuals in the laboratory required added moisture for pupation and to facilitate emergence of adults, which occurred during the first week of June in 1970. In 1970, the reproductive potential of about 70 was more than counterbalanced by the failure of almost 90% of the galls to produce adults.
MAXILLARY AND PREMENTAL PATTERNS IN CHIRONOMINAE AND ORTHOCLADIINAE (DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE)
Authors: Mozley Samuel C.
Published: December 2009

The maxillae and prementa ofTrissocladius grandis(Kieff.),Chironomus anthracinusZett. and a tanytarsine species nearLauterborniaare figured and the fine details of their external morphology are discussed. The results of a review of larvae in other genera in the Chironominae and Orthocladiinae are briefly stated to illustrate the value of these morphological characters in comparisons among higher taxa within the Chironomidae.
THE DELIMITATION OF GENERA AMONG THE CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA)
Authors: Lindeberg B.
Published: December 2009

Some aspects of the characterization and delimitation of the chironomid genera are presented. The size and composition of the taxa and different types of splitting are discussed, with examples from Chironomus. Some opinions regarding the practical value of the category subgenus are weighed. Ideas about the relationship between phylogeny and classification are put forward, and some problems concerning the ecological characterization of genera are discussed.
INTRODUCTION AND EVALUATION OF PREDATORS FROM INDIA AND PAKISTAN FOR CONTROL OF THE BALSAM WOOLLY APHID (HOMOPTERA: ADELGIDAE) IN NORTH CAROLINA
Authors: Amman Gene D. , Speers Charles F.
Published: December 2009

Between 1961 and 1965, 15 species of predators from India and Pakistan were introduced into North Carolina for use in biological control experiments on the balsam woolly aphid. Recovery studies of these species have been made, but to date there is no evidence that any has become established. Lack of establishment is attributed largely to important differences in climate between the old and new environment and also to poor prey acceptance on the part of predator larvae and ovipositing adults.
OVERWINTERING OF SOME NORTH TEMPERATE AND ARCTIC CHIRONOMIDAE: I. THE WINTER ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Danks H. V.
Published: December 2009

This paper is the first of two concerning overwintering of shallow-pond Chironomidae in regions with cold winters, and deals with winter habitat conditions as a background to a later report on chironomid biology.

Some observations on winter temperatures and factors affecting them, especially in terms of whether freezing occurs, are given for shallow ponds near Ottawa, Ont. (45° N.), where mean air temperatures are about −10 °C for the 3 months of midwinter. Ice thickness was inversely proportional to the depth of overlying snow. The high snow cover on a sheltered pond prevented thick ice from forming and the bottom temperature at a depth of 25 cm remained near +2 °C throughout the winter. Up to 40 cm ice occurred on an exposed pond where snow was largely blown away. Maximum ice thickness was not reached until mid-January. The mud surface at a depth of 15 cm froze only on 22 December and at a depth of 25 cm not until 11 January. The minimum temperature near the margin (at a depth of 15 cm) at the mud surface was −2.6 °C, and 5 cm into the mud was −1.7 °C. In 1969 abnormal rainfall in November increased the pond level by over 30 cm just prior to freezing. Of the area subsequently frozen down to the bottom, three-quarters had been dry in the summer. The frozen portion represented 61% of the total pond area.

The winter features of shallow pond environments as winter habitats in north temperate regions and in the arctic are reviewed. In north temperate regions, there is great variability in terms of freezing, produced by a complex of interactions between local topography, precipitation, and air temperatures. The minimum in the least favoured areas, maintained for a relatively short period, is only a few degrees Centigrade below freezing, and often considerable areas remain unfrozen especially in sheltered habitats. Part of most summer-permanent habitats remains unfrozen except in unusually severe years. Winter conditions are ameliorated beneath ice and snow insulation by heat stored in the earth below; solar radiation is probably of little importance. Winter stagnation with exhaustion of oxygen may occur in unfrozen areas beneath ice cover, together with increase of concentration of solutes. In the arctic, ponds up to about 1½ to 2 m deep are frozen to the bottom. Minima in the bottom mud may reach −20 °C or −30 °C for several months depending on latitude and on local topography.
THE LIFE CYCLES OF SOME STREAM INSECTS (EPHEMEROPTERA, PLECOPTERA) IN ALBERTA
Authors: Radford D. S. , Hartland-Rowe R.
Published: December 2009

The life histories of Nemoura besametsa, Epeorus deceptivus, Epeorus longimanus, and Ephemerella coloradensis are described as "fast seasonal" types and Arcynopteryx aurea, Nemoura cinctipes, Nemoura columbiana, Nemoura oregonensis, Cinygmula ramaleyi, Ephemerella doddsi, and Rhithrogena doddsi as "slow seasonal" types according to Hynes’ (1961) classification. All of the species are univoltine with the exception of N. cinctipes which may be bivoltine. There seems to be a correlation between life cycles and food availability. A means of ecological separation in the four Nemoura species is elucidated. Stream temperature was found to influence growth rates.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONE CROP SIZE AND CONE DAMAGE BY INSECTS IN RED PINE SEED-PRODUCTION AREAS
Authors: Mattson William J.
Published: December 2009

Annual cone abundance and insect damage to cones are highly variable in red pine seed-production areas. Cone crop size fluctuates almost unpredictably from year to year, but the number of insect-attacked cones tends to increase annually unless limited by cone abundance. Sixty-six per cent of the variation in cone damage can be associated with variations in cone abundance. This information, coupled with the fact that red pine cone insects are almost entirely dependent on red pine cones for food, implies that crop size is highly important in regulating populations of cone insects. Insects will be most devastating in areas where crop size varies little from year to year.
STUDIES OF PHYSIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE ARTHROPOD SECRETIONS: VI. EVIDENCE FOR A SEX PHEROMONE IN FEMALEORGYIA LEUCOSTIGMA(LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIDAE)
Authors: Percy Miss J. E. , Gardiner Miss E. J. , Weatherston J.
Published: December 2009

The results of behavioural, chemical, and histological studies are reported showing the presence of a sex attractant in femaleOrgyia leucostigmaJ. E. Smith. A method of bioassaying the attractancy of the female moths by the use of 4-ft-long glass tubes is given. Extraction of female abdominal tips with dichloromethane yields material biologically active when tested against maleO.leucostigma.The pheromone-producing gland is a dorsally situated, crescent-shaped structure formed by modification of the epidermal cells in the intersegmental membrane between the eighth and ninth abdominal segments. The glandular cells are goblet-shaped and are arranged in an unusual manner.
MAJOR FACTORS IN SURVIVAL OF THE IMMATURE STAGES OF HYLEMYA BRASSICAE (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) ON CABBAGE
Authors: Mukerji M. K.
Published: December 2009

Studies on the population dynamics of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché), on cabbage were carried out at two locations in Ontario from 1967 to 1970. Analysis of life-table data for nine generations showed that extensive mortalities occurred during the following age intervals: (1) egg stage; (2) between hatching and the second moult; (3) third-instar larvae; (4) pupal stage. Density dependent mortality occurred only during the latter period. The analysis of age interval survivals and graphical key factor analysis showed that "misadventure" of the larvae between hatching and the second moult was the key factor. The overall mortality process from egg to adult eclosion was density dependent, revealing the importance of pupal parasitism as a stabilizing factor. A predictive model based on density relationships was found to explain 62% of the variance in generation survival. The remainder of the variance is unexplained and may be due to sampling error and/or the influence of factors not measured.
NINE NEW SPECIES OF FORCIPOMYIA (DIPTERA: CERATOPOGONIDAE) DESCRIBED IN ALL STAGES
Authors: Chan K. L. , Leroux E. J.
Published: December 2009

Nine new species of Forcipomyia are described in all stages, two belonging to the subgenus Proforcipomyia, five to Forcipomyia s. str., and two to Trichohelea.
MEDETERA ALDRICHII(DIPTERA: DOLICHOPODIDAE) IN THE BLACK HILLS: II. BIOLOGY AND DENSITIES OF THE IMMATURE STAGES
Authors: Schmid J. M.
Published: December 2009

Medetera aldrichiiWheeler larvae enter galleries ofDendroctonus ponderosaeHopkins through the beetle entrance holes. Observed larval densities of the fly were greatest in the May–June period following beetle attack. Densities were consistently greatest in the portion of the tree 5–10 ft aboveground; averaging around 3–4/sq. ft. The fly larvae probably cause a major share of the beetle mortality between August and the following May. The fly larvae pupate near beetle-created openings that lead from the galleries to the exterior.
MULTIPLE PARASITISM OF ARMORED COCCIDS (HOMOPTERA) BY HOST-REGULATIVE APHELINIDS (HYMENOPTERA); ECTOPARASITES VERSUS ENDOPARASITES
Authors: Flanders S. E.
Published: December 2009

When a host-regulative ectoparasite and a host-regulative endoparasite compete for the same host population (multiple parasitism) the former largely replaces the latter when the host’s density is high, the ectoparasite then being relatively numerous and the endoparasite scarce. However, after the ectoparasite has reduced the host population to a low density the converse is true, the endoparasite being more numerous. This difference is an effect of the endoparasite being able to operate at lower host densities; an essential adaptation if it is to survive competition with a host-regulative ectoparasitic population. The above conclusions are based (1) on the statistical analyses of numerous population samples of ectoparasitic and endoparasitic species of the family Aphelinidae (Chalcidoidea: Hymenoptera) imported into California while inhabiting host coccids (Diaspididae: Homoptera); (2) on field observations by the writer and the reports of others on the numerical status of such hosts and their specific parasites in gardens and orchards in various countries, those in which the species are indigenous as well as in those where they are exotic; (3) on the principles of multiple parasitism as elucidated by Harry S. Smith; and (4) on multiple parasitism by an ectoparasite and a host-specific endoparasite being characterized by the ectoparasite always destroying the endoparasite when both are attacking the same host individual and the endoparasite replacing the ectoparasite when populations of both are subsisting on a low density host population.
THE POTENTIATION BY CURARE OF THE ACTION OF ACETYLCHOLINE ON THE HOUSE CRICKET HEART (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE)
Authors: McFarlane J. E. , Fong Katy Ting-Ya
Published: December 2009

Curarized house cricket hearts in semi-isolated preparation are from 10 to 100× more sensitive to the accelerating action of acetylcholine than control hearts. This potentiating effect of curare is similar to that of eserine, and probably acts through inhibition of cholinesterase.
A REMARKABLE FOSSIL HOMOPTERAN FROM CANADIAN CRETACEOUS AMBER REPRESENTING A NEW FAMILY
Authors: Hamilton K. G. A.
Published: December 2009

A nymph of an homopteran preserved in Cretaceous amber from Cedar Lake, Man., is described. It presents features of two recent families, Cercopidae and Cicadellidae, and so is recognized as a new family of intermediate position. Jascopidae new family contains only Jascopus notabilis n. gen., n. sp.
REVIEW OF THESOLIDAGO-INHABITING APHIDS IN CANADA WITH DESCRIPTIONS OF THREE NEW SPECIES (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

The following 14 aphids are known to feed on species ofSolidagoin Canada:Cachryphora serotinae(Oestlund),Dactynotus caligatusRichards,Dactynotus canadensisnew species,Dactynotus erigeronensis(Thomas),Dactynotus gravicornis(Patch),Dactynotus lanceolatus(Patch),Dactynotus macgillivrayaeOlive,Dactynotus nigrotibiusOlive,Dactynotus nigotuberculatusOlive,Dactynotus pielouinew species,Dactynotus pseudochrysanthemiOlive,Dactynotus tissotiBoudreaux,Dactynotus solirostratusnew species, andMacrosiphum goldamaryae(Knowlton). A key and a list of associated host plants are given.
THREE NEW SPECIES OF AULACORTHUM FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA, WITH A KEY TO THE CANADIAN SPECIES (APHIDIDAE: HOMOPTERA)
Authors: Richards W. R.
Published: December 2009

Aulacorthum clavicornis, A. pterinigrum, and A. scabrosum are described and illustrated and a key to Canadian species is given.
THE APPLE APHID APHIS POMI (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE) ON APPLE UNDER SUMMER CONDITIONS IN A CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT CABINET
Authors: Specht H. B.
Published: December 2009

The apple aphid was reared on 1-year-old trees in a controlled environment cabinet with simulated mid-June through October 1968 daylengths and temperatures. Maximum rates of increase (ca. 2.7-fold per week) were observed during the first 5 weeks of the experiment and maximum populations were obtained in 7 weeks at the time the trees stopped growth when the diel photoperiod was 14.8 hr, and light/dark temperature was 20.5°/15.5 °C. The ratio of nymphs to adults increased from 5:1 to 10:1 from week 2 to week 8, followed by a rapid decline. At week 12 there were more adults than nymphs and the nymph:adult ratio remained 1:3 through the remainder of the experiment. Alate aphids appeared 2 weeks following infestation, increased very rapidly, ca. 6-fold per week, and maximum abundance was noted at the end of 6 weeks. Their numbers declined nearly as rapidly at ca. 0.35-fold per week and they were not seen after week 11. As the numbers of alate aphids decreased, apterous adults increased to week 12, remained constant to week 15, and slowly decreased in an environment of shorter daylengths and lower temperatures. The rate of apterous adult aphid increase was similar to the rate of accumulated degree days during the first 8 weeks and again in the 10- to 15-week period.Aphids were concentrated on the tree tops during the first 6 weeks of the experiment. A gradual migration followed and the aphids became dispersed over the trees with minor concentrations near the centers of the trees.
PREDATION BY INSECTS AND SPIDERS INHABITING COLONIAL WEBS OF HYPHANTRIA CUNEA
Authors: Morris R. F.
Published: December 2009

The number of predators inhabiting nests of Hyphantria cunea Drury was recorded annually for 13 years in four areas in New Brunswick and two areas on the coast of Nova Scotia. The most common groups were the pentatomids and spiders, which sometimes reproduced within the nests, but the mean number per nest was low in relation to the number of H. cunea larvae in the colonies. The rate of predation on fifth-instar larvae was low. Small or timid predators appeared to prey largely on moribund larvae or small saprophagans during the principal defoliating instars of H. cunea.No relationship could be detected between the number of larvae reaching the fifth instar and the number of predators in the colony; nor could any functional or numerical response of the predators to either the initial number of larvae per colony or the population density of colonies be found. It is concluded that the influence of the nest-inhabiting predators is small and relatively stable, and may be treated as a constant in the development of models to explain the population dynamics of H. cunea.H. cunea is a pest in parts of Europe and Asia, where it has been accidentally introduced from North America. The introduction to other continents of the North American predator, Podisus maculiventiis (Say), is discussed briefly.
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF FOOD CONSUMPTION, ASSIMILATION, AND GROWTH IN LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) ON TWO HOST PLANTS
Authors: Latheef M. A. , Harcourt D. G.
Published: December 2009

Larvae of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) reared on tomato fed longer, consumed more foliage, and had a lower survival rate than when reared on potato, its principal host. On both plants, a direct linear relationship was obtained between food consumption and larval growth. Potato was the more efficient of the two plants in terms of food conversion to body matter. This was reflected by increased weight gain of the larvae and greater pupal size.

Adults from larvae reared on tomato were smaller and less fecund than those from larvae reared on potato. Half of them rejected tomato as food. However, egg-laying increased when they were transferred to potato after 50 days. The present investigation indicates that L. decemlineata can survive and attain maturity on tomato in the absence of its principal host plant. However, when potato is once again available, it is able to increase growth, accelerate development, and achieve a greater reproductive potential.
BEHAVIOR OF THE PARASITOIDPLEOLOPHUS BASIZONUS(HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE) IN RESPONSE TO CHANGES IN HOST AND PARASITOID DENSITY
Authors: Price Peter W.
Published: December 2009

A synthesis of observations on density-dependent interactions in parasitoid populations is attempted, working from the particular aspects of discrimination against parasitized hosts and detailed observations on parasitoid behavior, to more general aspects of parasitoid ecology, dispersal, distribution, and response to host populations. Females ofPleolophus basizonus(Gravenhorst) are able to discriminate against parasitized hosts ofNeodiprion swaineiMiddleton between narrow limits (mean densities of 0.4 to 1.4 eggs per cocoon) set by the probability of a female finding an unparasitized host. They show mutual interference in egg laying at high parasitoid:host ratios, and a density-dependent escape reaction to adult parasitoid density. These behaviors all result from the recognition of repellent trail odors left by searching females. Response of individual females to high parasitoid densities may therefore lead to dispersal, the occupation by the population of more, but not so favorable habitats, and an apparent density-independent response to host populations.
SEQUENTIAL SAMPLING FOR EGG CLUSTERS OF THE SWAINE JACK PINE SAWFLY, NEODIPRION SWAINEI (HYMENOPTERA: DIPRIONIDAE)
Authors: Tostowaryk W. , McLeod J. M.
Published: December 2009

A sequential sampling method for egg clusters of the Swaine jack pine sawfly, Neodiprion swainei Middleton, is described.
THE POTENTIAL NORTHERN DISPERSAL OF THE GYPSY MOTH, PORTHETRIA DISPAR (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE)
Authors: Sullivan C. R. , Wallace D. R.
Published: December 2009

Overwintering eggs of Porthetria dispar increase their capacity to supercool during exposure to non-lethal conditioning temperatures. Measurements of supercooling points of eggs collected in Quebec and Massachusetts indicate that the gradual movement of the insect north and west from the initial point of introduction into North America has not been accompanied by natural selection for a more cold-hardy population. The protection afforded eggs by cold-hardening is, however, greatly enhanced by the placement of egg masses, typically at or near ground level, where they are subject to maximum insulation by snow cover.

Examination of climatic regimes within the current area of distribution of the gypsy moth in Eurasia indicates that temperature may not be a key factor limiting its northward spread. In central Canada, in the presence of abundant snow cover, the insect may spread as far north as suitable food plants exist. This would favour extension of the range of the gypsy moth throughout the Great Lakes – St. Lawrence Forest Region and much of the Boreal Forest Region of Ontario and Quebec south of James Bay.
CODLING MOTH POPULATIONS UNDER NATURAL, INTEGRATED, AND CHEMICAL CONTROL ON APPLE IN NOVA SCOTIA (LEPIDOPTERA: OLETHREUTIDAE)
Authors: MacLellan C. R.
Published: December 2009

Codling moth populations on natural apple fruit trees scattered throughout Nova Scotia are compared with those in commercial orchards. In natural fruit, failure of crop, crop size, degree of isolation, amount of crowding by native trees, and natural enemies determine the level of codling moth numbers. Young commercial orchards require artificial control measures within a few years of first bearing fruit to prevent severe crop losses. In older commercial orchards natural controls require an occasional assist by chemical treatment to contain the codling moth below economically tolerable levels. Such treatment is applied to interfere as little as possible with known natural controls.
COMBINED EFFECTS OF EGG AGE AND RADIATION DOSAGE ON EGG HATCH OF TENEBRIO MOLITOR (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE)
Authors: Brower John H.
Published: December 2009

Tenebrio molitor L. eggs in 15 age groups ranging from 0.5 to 7.5 days were irradiated with 10 dosages of gamma radiation ranging from 0.5 to 160 krad. The study showed that age had a pronounced effect on radiation-induced egg mortality. There was a 250-fold increase in resistance as eggs matured from 0.5 to 7.5 days as measured by the dosage required to produce an LD50.
SUSCEPTIBILITY OF SOME FOREST INSECTS TO MIXTURES OF COMMERCIAL BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS AND CHEMICAL INSECTICIDES, AND SENSITIVITY OF THE PATHOGEN TO THE INSECTICIDES
Authors: Morris Oswald N.
Published: December 2009

Experiments were designed to determine the effects of low doses of some insecticides on the viability and physiological characteristics of commercial Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) as a prelude to studies on the susceptibility of lepidopterous forest defoliators to mixtures of bacteria and insecticides.

The results show that the insecticides tested had no effect on viability or physiological integrity of the bacteria.

Bacteria–insecticide combination effects varied from strongly antagonistic to strongly supplemental depending on insecticide or Thuricide® formulations and concentrations and on the relative susceptibility of the test species to either agent applied separately. Pyrethrum at 10−3 was highly potentiating to BT at 10−1 against third instar Halisidota argentata. Among Hyphantria cunea, a supplemental effect always resulted from combining Thuricide® at 10−2 with low concentrations of malathion, phosphamidon, or pyrethrum.

There was generally a drastic reduction in feeding activity among BT-treated insects and a further reduction among BT-chemical-insecticide-treated ones compared with controls.
EVALUATION OF CEREAL CULTIVARS FOR FEEDING VALUE WITH THE CONFUSED FLOUR BEETLE, TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM (COLEOPTERA: TENEBRIONIDAE)
Authors: Metcalfe D. R. , Loschiavo S. R. , McGinnis A. J.
Published: December 2009

Based on rate of larval development, the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum (Duval), consistently differentiated among selected cereal cultivars provided as food. Although variations occurred in ranking order from test to test, some cultivars always permitted faster larval development than others. There was good correlation between results from tests with the beetles and from those with chicks fed the same rations. Addition of minerals and micronutrients to the cereals changed the nutritional value for the beetles but the extent of change was not uniform among the cultivars.
EFFECTS OF CARBOFURAN ON ARTHROPOD POPULATIONS AND CROP YIELD IN HAYFIELDS
Authors: Dondale C. D.
Published: December 2009

Carbofuran was applied to three hayfields at a rate of 0.56 kg/ha in early June. This caused significant reductions of Thysanoptera, phytophagous Coleoptera larvae (including the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyl.)), and Cicadellidae. It caused similar reductions in Araneida and parasitoids. The differences between treated and untreated plots were no longer significant by September. Carbofuran did not significantly affect the yield of air-dried hay or of crude protein.
SCOLYTIDS (COLEOPTERA) ON SNOWFIELDS ABOVE TIMBERLINE IN OREGON AND WASHINGTON
Authors: Furniss Malcolm M. , Furniss Robert L.
Published: December 2009

Scolytids were collected from snowfields above timberline in Oregon and Washington. The most productive location was Collier Glacier on Middle Sister Mountain, Ore., where 334 specimens representing 20 species were collected on 4 August 1968. Collections from seven mountains comprised 476 specimens, 12 genera, and 26 species. Hylastes nigrinus (Mann.) made up 63% of the specimens collected. The collections demonstrated that bark beetles had been dispersed vertically and horizontally thousands of feet from the nearest possible source. Phloeosinus chamberlini Blkm. was found 15 miles from the closest known host tree. Behavioral and meteorological factors involved in the dispersal of scolytids to snowfields are known only circumstantially. Certain species are thought to fly skyward initially. Some individuals presumably are carried aloft by warm updrafts and their fallout occurs when the air becomes too cool for flight.
AN UNUSUAL NEW SPECIES OF ASCA FROM NORTH AMERICA (ACARINA: ASCIDAE)
Authors: Lindquist Evert E.
Published: December 2009

The female and male of Asca acornis n. sp. are described and illustrated. This species occurs in arboreal habitats in the southern United States. The absence of the most salient diagnostic character of the genus Asca on adults of this species is discussed.
CONTROL OF THE EUROPEAN CORN BORER (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) ON SWEET CORN AND PEPPERS IN SOUTHWESTERN ONTARIO
Authors: McClanahan R. J. , Founk J.
Published: December 2009

Parathion was the most effective ovicide for European corn borer eggs. Six other materials gave at least 50% mortality at 100 p.p.m., but 17 had little or no activity. Corn borer larvae were more susceptible to insecticides, and probit-mortality data was determined for 17 materials.

In 1970 and 1971 heavy populations of borer were controlled on sweet corn and peppers by twice-weekly sprays of carbaryl, Lannate, and Phosvel. Furadan applied weekly provided good control, and several of the experimental compounds were effective.
PREDATION BY WASPS, BIRDS, AND MAMMALS ON HYPHANTRIA CUNEA
Authors: Morris R. F.
Published: December 2009

Predation by birds and social wasps (Vespula spp.) on larval colonies of Hyphantria cunea Drury was studied in both natural and artificial populations, and predation by mammals on overwintering pupae in the ground was studied in artificial populations. The species of predators are listed and some important differences in their habits of attack are described. Per cent predation by birds is directly related to the population density of H. cunea over a range of densities, but inversely related after density exceeds this range. When habitat and weather favor rapid population growth, H. cunea "escapes" from the population range in which predation exerts a regulatory influence.
POSTEMBRYONIC GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF F1 AND F2 TOBACCO BUDWORMS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) FROM PARTIALLY STERILE MALES
Authors: Proshold F. I. , Bartell J. A.
Published: December 2009

Tobacco budworms, Heliothis virescens (F.), with inherited sterility caused by irradiation of the male parent were smaller than progeny from normal parents and developed more slowly throughout the larval and pupal periods. In the second generation the population segregated into two groups, those with normal and those with delayed development. Also, when the P1 male received 15.0 krad, 8% of the F1 larvae had more than the normal five instars. Moreover, when those F1 progeny that had only five larval instars were outcrossed to normal moths, this tendency for supernumerary molts increased nearly 3-fold. The slower development of progeny of treated moths would have to be considered in field tests made to evaluate the effect of inherited sterility on the tobacco budworm. However, with continuous release of irradiated males, the delayed development or smaller size of the progeny should not lessen the possibility that this method could successfully suppress field populations.
FERTILITY AND SURVIVAL OF ACHAEARANEA TEPIDARIORUM (ARANEIDA: THERIDIIDAE) ON A DIET OF CHEMOSTERILIZED MOSQUITOES
Authors: Bracken G. K. , Dondale C. D.
Published: December 2009

Fertility of Achaearanea tepidariorum (C. L. Koch) that were fed mosquitoes chemosterilized by pupal exposure to thiotepa was significantly reduced. Mortality was excessive for spiders fed mosquitoes treated topically with thiotepa. Maximal weekly dosages, estimated by residue analysis, were 12 and 21 ng/male and female respectively for spiders fed mosquitoes treated as pupae and over 3 times greater for spiders fed mosquitoes treated topically as adults. The susceptibility of this predator to small chronic dosages of chemosterilant suggests that mass releases of chemosterilized insects are potentially hazardous to food chain components.
LIFE TABLES AND INTRINSIC RATES OF INCREASE OF APTEROUS BLACK BEAN APHIDS AND PEA APHIDS, ON BROAD BEAN (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Frazer B. D.
Published: December 2009

Life tables were prepared from daily fecundity and survival data on 69 apterous black bean aphids, Aphis fabae Scopoli, and 47 apterous pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). Both were on broad beans in 20° ± 0.5 °C, 70–80% R.H., and 16 hr light per day. The intrinsic rates of natural increase (rm) computed from the life tables were 0.359 ♀/♀ day for the bean aphid and 0.404 ♀/♀ day for the pea aphid. Mortality was not important in determining the rates of increase because very few aphids died during their reproductive periods. Only 5 of 116 reproducing aphids died, all from inability to extrude nymphs which had died before bursting their embryonic membranes. These nymphs became covered with a discharge from the mother which cemented them in place and prevented the birth of succeeding nymphs. The resulting engorged females died in 3–4 days.

An analysis of and comparison with life tables of two other aphid species in addition to those produced here showed that the differences in rm were due almost entirely to differences in fecundity. Two fecundity patterns, correlated with aphid phylogeny, were recognized.
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE AND MOON PHASE ON THE ACTIVITY OF NOCTUID MOTHS
Authors: Hardwick D. F.
Published: December 2009

On the basis of data obtained during a light-trapping survey in western North America, noctuid moth activity appears to be influenced by nightly temperatures but not by lunar periodicity.
THE APHID-ATTACKING GENERA OF APHELINIDAE (HYMENOPTERA), INCLUDING THE DESCRIPTION OF A NEW GENUS
Authors: Mackauer Manfred
Published: December 2009

The species of the chalcidoid genera Aphelinus Dalman, Mesidia Foerster, Mesidiopsis Nowicki, and Protaphelinus, new genus, are solitary endophagous parasites of aphids. Their classification is discussed. And a key to the genera is given based on adult characters.

Special emphasis in the revision is on the known Canadian representatives and species that are likely to be found in Canada. The first part of the revision deals with genus Protaphelinus. The type-species, P. nikolskajae (Jasnosh), is described in detail and illustrated. New information on distribution and host ranges is provided.
BIOLOGY OF THE BLUEBERRY THRIPS FRANKLINIELLA VACCINII AND CATINATHRIPS KAINOS IN MAINE (THYSANOPTERA: THRIPIDAE)
Authors: Langille Ranald H. , Forsythe H. Y.
Published: December 2009

Catinathrips kainos O’Neill and Frankliniella vaccinii Morgan overwinter as adults in the soil and first appear on lowbush blueberry plants in mid- to late May. C. kainos was the predominant species on the plants in the spring in six Maine locations. The peak of nymphal abundance occurred in mid-July. It is believed that C. kainos migrates into the soil to complete development while F. vaccinii becomes an adult on the blueberry plant before migrating into the soil. F. vaccinii adults were found to be much more numerous on the plants in late July and August than C. kainos. Although only a few C. kainos males and no F. vaccinii males were noted in the spring, a 3:4 ratio of male to female F. vaccinii adults was present on the plants in August and about the same adult ratio of C. kainos was discovered in the soil in mid-August. The depth at which C. kainos winters in the soil appeared to be centered at 2.5–3.5 in.
A NEW SPECIES OF THE GENUS STEMMATOSTERES (ENCYRTIDAE: CHALCIDOIDEA)
Authors: Yoshimoto Carl M.
Published: December 2009

Stemmatosteres kuchari n. sp. from Alberta, Canada, is described and illustrated.