bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Denominators: An attempt to adjust for cancer incidence and mortality rates and its role in cancer registries
Authors: Kalita Manoj , Nirmolia Tulika
Published: January 2015

Cancer is an important public health burden in India and around the Globe. Incident cases of cancer are reported continuously, and trends in incidence rates vary among five yearly age group. In India National census is carried out after every 10 years since 1951, the latest census is carried out in 2011. As Incident cases of cancer are reported continuously for 5 year age group and estimation of rates and trends for a given year of interest fall in-between two census period population estimation of five yearly age group, which serves as Denominator sense importance. Denominator serves as the most essential part of any cancer registry program as it used for calculation of various rates for five yearly age group such as age-standardized rate, crude rate, truncated rate, cumulative risk etc., Calculated by different registries and Individual Researchers, Government organizations, etc. Currently most of the registries used individual exponential growth rate and differential distribution method to estimate the growth rate. However, it is found that the calculated rates and risk be suffering from bias most of the time since some method over and underestimate the growth rate while some does not able to maintain consistency. Here, an attempt is made to adjust the world standard population with two census period to estimate the five yearly age group for a given year of interest of a geographical region falls in-between two census period. It is also shown here that how the proposed model "age-adjusted population growth model" maintain the overall growth as in exponential growth model and difference distribution method also maintains the estimated growth rate is as found in difference distribution method. Further, it is tried to highlight the points how these method overcomes the problems compared with other methods that are currently used by registries.
Grannies, Midwives, and Colonial Encounters
Authors: Barros Juanita De
Published: January 2015

In the years after the end of slavery, the image of the “granny” midwife, described as practitioners of bush medicine, persisted in the British Caribbean. Traditional midwives were considered ignorant and superstitious women who inadvertently killed newborns and their mothers. In late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Jamaica, Guyana, and Barbados, officials deemed it necessary to replace the grannies with formally trained and certified midwives. As a result, race and class tensions arose. This chapter explores the introduction of infant and maternal welfare measures, including midwife training programs, as part of the Caribbean response to concerns about population health and size. White, British women were recruited to train granny midwives about modern, hygienic methods of childbirth and child rearing.
Infant Welfare, Maternal Education, and Uplifting the Race
Authors: Barros Juanita De
Published: January 2015

This chapter examines the role of certified, trained colonial midwives in the effort to tackle the problem of infant mortality and to deal with the population anxieties in the British Caribbean during the early twentieth century. Seen as the better alternative to the dangerous granny midwives who were considered a threat to the health of infants and mothers, these trained midwives also played an important role in promoting maternal education. Along with health visitors, physicians, and the volunteer members of baby-saving leagues, these midwives were charged with instructing mostly non-white, poor women in modern, hygienic methods of child rearing. This chapter looks at the infant and maternal welfare measures, particularly midwife training programs, that were introduced in the Caribbean colonies to tackle concerns about infant mortality and child rearing.
International Public Health and Caribbean Child-Saving
Authors: Barros Juanita De
Published: January 2015

This chapter examines the influence of the ideas and institutions of tropical medicine on perceptions of Caribbean populations, at a time when migration and tropical diseases were considered obstacles to population growth. Imperial and colonial officials, together with members of the multiethnic West Indian middle and professional classes, believed that the main solutions to shrinking and weakened populations were to increase immigration and eradicate diseases. Concerns about venereal diseases, infant mortality, and the moral calculations about the value of children's lives led to a variety of public health initiatives. However, many Caribbean men and women saw child-saving as an economic and a moral imperative that had major implications for their reputation as civilized people.
Understanding atmospheric peroxyformic acid chemistry: observation, modeling and implication
Authors: Liang H. , Chen Z. M. , Huang D. , Wu Q. Q. , Huang L. B.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. The existence and importance of peroxyformic acid (PFA) in the atmosphere has been under controversy. We present here, for the first time, the observation data for PFA from four field measurements carried out in China. These data provided powerful evidence that PFA can stay in the atmosphere, typically in dozens of pptv level. The relationship between PFA and other detected peroxides was examined. The results showed that PFA had a strong positive correlation with its homolog, peroxyacetic acid, due to their similar sources and sinks. Through an evaluation of PFA production and removal rates, we proposed that the reactions between peroxyformyl radical (HC(O)O2) and formaldehyde or the hydroperoxyl radical (HO2) were likely to be the major source and degradation into formic acid (FA) was likely to be the major sink for PFA. Based on a box model evaluation, we proposed that the HC(O)O2 and PFA chemistry was a major source for FA under low NOx conditions. Furthermore, it is found that the impact of the HC(O)O2 and PFA chemistry on radical cycling was dependent on the yield of HC(O)O2 radical from HC(O) + O2 reaction. When this yield exceeded 50%, the HC(O)O2 and PFA chemistry should not be neglected for calculating the radical budget. To make clear the exact importance of HC(O)O2 and PFA chemistry in the atmosphere, further kinetic, field and modeling studies are required.
Intercomparison of fast response commercial gas analysers for nitrous oxide flux measurements under field conditions
Authors: Rannik Ü. , Haapanala S. , Shurpali N. J. , Mammarella I. , Lind S. , Hyvönen N. , Peltola O. , Zahniser M. , Martikainen P. J. , Vesala T.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Four gas analysers capable of measuring nitrous oxide (N2O) concentration at a response time necessary for eddy covariance flux measurements were operated from spring until winter 2011 over a field cultivated with reed canary grass (RCG, Phalaris arundinacea, L.), a perennial bioenergy crop in eastern Finland. The instruments were TGA100A (Campbell Scientific Inc.), CW-TILDAS-CS (Aerodyne Research Inc.), N2O / CO-23d (Los Gatos Research Inc.) and QC-TILDAS-76-CS (Aerodyne Research Inc.). The period with high emissions, lasting for about 2 weeks after fertilization in late May, was characterized by an up to 2 orders of magnitude higher emission, whereas during the rest of the campaign the N2O fluxes were small, from 0.01 to 1 nmol m−2 s−1. Two instruments, CW-TILDAS-CS and N2O / CO-23d, determined the N2O exchange with minor systematic difference throughout the campaign, when operated simultaneously. TGA100A produced the cumulatively highest N2O estimates (with 29% higher values during the period when all instruments were operational). QC-TILDAS-76-CS obtained 36% lower fluxes than CW-TILDAS-CS during the first period, including the emission episode, whereas the correspondence with other instruments during the rest of the campaign was good. The reasons for systematic differences were not identified, suggesting further need for detailed evaluation of instrument performance under field conditions with emphasis on stability, calibration and any other factors that can systematically affect the accuracy of flux measurements. The instrument CW-TILDAS-CS was characterized by the lowest noise level (with a standard deviation of around 0.12 ppb at 10 Hz sampling rate) as compared to N2O / CO-23d and QC-TILDAS-76-CS (around 0.50 ppb) and TGA100A (around 2 ppb). We identified that for all instruments except CW-TILDAS-CS the random error due to instrumental noise was an important source of uncertainty at the 30 min averaging level and the total stochastic error was frequently of the same magnitude as the fluxes when N2O exchange was small at the measurement site. Both instruments based on continuous-wave quantum cascade laser, CW-TILDAS-CS and N2O / CO-23d, were able to determine the same sample of low N2O fluxes with a high mutual coefficient of determination at the 30 min averaging level and with minor systematic difference over the observation period of several months. This enables us to conclude that the new-generation instrumentation is capable of measuring small N2O exchange with high precision and accuracy at sites with low fluxes.
Soil moisture influenced the interannual variation in temperature sensitivity of soil organic carbon mineralization in the Loess Plateau
Authors: Zhang Y. , Guo S. , Zhao M. , Du L. , Li R. , Jiang J. , Wang R. , Li N.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Temperature sensitivity of SOC mineralization (Q10) determines how strong the feedback from global warming may be on the atmospheric CO2 concentration, thus understanding the factors influencing the interannual variation in Q10 is important to accurately estimate the local soil carbon cycle. In situ SOC mineralization was measured using an automated CO2 flux system (Li-8100) in long-term bare fallow soil in the Loess Plateau (35° 12' N, 107° 40' E) in Changwu, Shaanxi, China form 2008 to 2013. The results showed that the annual cumulative SOC mineralization ranged from 226 to 298 g C m−2 y−1 (mean =253 g C m−2 y−1; CV =13%), annual Q10 ranged from 1.48 to 1.94 (mean =1.70; CV =10%), and annual soil moisture content ranged from 38.6 to 50.7% WFPS (mean =43.8% WFPS; CV =11%), which were mainly affected by the frequency and distribution of precipitation. Annual Q10 showed a negative quadratic correlation with soil moisture. In conclusion, understanding of the relationships between interannual variation in Q10 of SOC mineralization, soil moisture and precipitation is important to accurately estimate the local carbon cycle, especially under the changing climate.
Multi-model climate impact assessment and intercomparison for three large-scale river basins on three continents
Authors: Vetter T. , Huang S. , Aich V. , Yang T. , Wang X. , Krysanova V. , Hattermann F.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Climate change impacts on hydrological processes should be simulated for river basins using validated models and multiple climate scenarios in order to provide reliable results for stakeholders. In the last 10–15 years, climate impact assessment has been performed for many river basins worldwide using different climate scenarios and models. However, their results are hardly comparable, and do not allow one to create a full picture of impacts and uncertainties. Therefore, a systematic intercomparison of impacts is suggested, which should be done for representative regions using state-of-the-art models. Only a few such studies have been available until now with the global-scale hydrological models, and our study is intended as a step in this direction by applying the regional-scale models. The impact assessment presented here was performed for three river basins on three continents: the Rhine in Europe, the Upper Niger in Africa and the Upper Yellow in Asia. For that, climate scenarios from five general circulation models (GCMs) and three hydrological models, HBV, SWIM and VIC, were used. Four representative concentration pathways (RCPs) covering a range of emissions and land-use change projections were included. The objectives were to analyze and compare climate impacts on future river discharge and to evaluate uncertainties from different sources. The results allow one to draw some robust conclusions, but uncertainties are large and shared differently between sources in the studied basins. Robust results in terms of trend direction and slope and changes in seasonal dynamics could be found for the Rhine basin regardless of which hydrological model or forcing GCM is used. For the Niger River, scenarios from climate models are the largest uncertainty source, providing large discrepancies in precipitation, and therefore clear projections are difficult to do. For the Upper Yellow basin, both the hydrological models and climate models contribute to uncertainty in the impacts, though an increase in high flows in the future is a robust outcome ensured by all three hydrological models.
Building and design defects observed in the residential sector and the types of damage observed in recent earthquakes in Turkey
Authors: Tolga Çöğürcü M.
Published: January 2015

Abstract. Turkey is situated in a very active earthquake region. In the last century, several earthquakes resulted in thousands of deaths and enormous economic losses. In 1999, the Marmara earthquake had an approximate death toll of more than 20 000, and in 2011, the Van earthquake killed 604 people. In general, Turkish residential buildings have reinforced concrete structural systems. These reinforced concrete structures have several deficiencies, such as low concrete quality, non-seismic steel detailing, and inappropriate structural systems including several architectural irregularities. In this study, the general characteristics of Turkish building stock and the deficiencies observed in structural systems are explained, and illustrative figures are given with reference to Turkish Earthquake Code 2007 (TEC, 2007). The poor concrete quality, lack of lateral or transverse reinforcement in beam-column joints and column confinement zones, high stirrup spacings, under-reinforced columns and over-reinforced beams are the primary causes of failures. Other deficiencies include weak column-stronger beam formations, insufficient seismic joint separations, soft story or weak story irregularities and short columns. Similar construction and design mistakes are also observed in other countries situated on active earthquake belts. Existing buildings still have these undesirable characteristics, so to prepare for future earthquakes, they must be rehabilitated.
New agents for thromboprotection
Authors: Labberton L. , Kenne E. , Renné T.
Published: January 2015

Blood coagulation is essential for hemostasis, however excessive coagulation can lead to thrombosis. Factor XII starts the intrinsic coagulation pathway and contact-induced factor XII activation provides the mechanistic basis for the diagnostic aPTT clotting assay. Despite its function for fibrin formation in test tubes, patients and animals lacking factor XII have a completely normal hemostasis. The lack of a bleeding tendency observed in factor XII deficiency states is in sharp contrast to deficiencies of other components of the coagulation cascade and factor XII has been considered to have no function for coagulation in vivo. Recently, experimental animal models showed that factor XII is activated by an inorganic polymer, polyphosphate, which is released from procoagulant platelets and that polyphosphate-driven factor XII activation has an essential role in pathologic thrombus formation. Cumulatively, the data suggest to target polyphosphate, factor XII, or its activated form factor XIIa for anticoagulation. As the factor XII pathway specifically contributes to thrombosis but not to hemostasis, interference with this pathway provides a unique opportunity for safe anticoagulation that is not associated with excess bleeding.

The review summarizes current knowledge on factor XII functions, activators and inhibitors.
Clinical Performance of Hybrid Capture 2 Human Papillomavirus Testing for Recurrent High-Grade Cervical/Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasm in Patients With an ASC-US Papanicolaou Test Result During Long-Term Posttherapy Follow-up Monitoring
Authors: De Vivar Andrea Diaz , Dawlett Marilyn , Wang Jian-Ping , Jack Annie , Gong Yun , Staerkel Gregg , Guo Ming
Published: January 2015

Context

Women who have been treated for high-grade cervical or vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN or VAIN) or invasive carcinoma are at risk for recurrent/persistent disease and require long-term monitoring. The role of human papillomavirus (HPV) testing in this setting is unclear.

Objective

To evaluate the clinical performance of the Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) HPV test for recurrent/residual high-grade CIN or VAIN in patients with a posttherapy abnormal squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) Papanicolaou test result.

Design

We reviewed the follow-up data on 100 patients who had an ASC-US Papanicolaou test and HC2 HPV results after treatment for high-grade CIN/VAIN or carcinoma. Human papillomavirus genotyping was performed for women with a negative HC2 result whose follow-up biopsy revealed CIN/VAIN 2+.

Results

The patients' mean age was 47 years. The HC2 test result was positive in 33% of the patients. Follow-up biopsy was available for 17 of these patients (52%) and for 25 of the 67 patients (37%) with a negative HC2 result. A total of 5 of the patients (29%) with a positive HC2 result and 2 of the patients (8%) with a negative HC2 result had CIN/VAIN 3 on follow-up biopsy, a statistically insignificant difference (P = .10). Human papillomavirus 16/18 genotypes were detected in the CIN/VAIN 2+ lesions of 5 patients with a negative HC2 result.

Conclusion

HC2 yielded a false-negative rate of 8% for CIN 3. HC2 testing therefore may not be sufficient for triage of patients with an ASC-US Papanicolaou test result. Patients with ASC-US during long-term posttherapy follow-up need close monitoring, with colposcopic evaluation if clinically indicated.
The Empire of Value
Authors: Orléan André
Published: January 2015

An argument that conceiving of economic value as a social force makes it possible to develop a new and more powerful theory of market behavior.

With the advent of the 2007–2008 financial crisis, the economics profession itself entered into a crisis of legitimacy from which it has yet to emerge. Despite the obviousness of their failures, however, economists continue to rely on the same methods and to proceed from the same underlying assumptions. André Orléan challenges the neoclassical paradigm in this book, with a new way of thinking about perhaps its most fundamental concept, economic value.

Orléan argues that value is not bound up with labor, or utility, or any other property that preexists market exchange. Economic value, he contends, is a social force whose vast sphere of influence, amounting to a kind of empire, extends to every aspect of economic life. Markets are based on the identification of value with money, and exchange value can only be regarded as a social institution. Financial markets, for example, instead of defining an extrinsic, objective value for securities, act as a mechanism for arriving at a reference price that will be accepted by all investors. What economists must therefore study, Orléan urges, is the hold that value has over individuals and how it shapes their perceptions and behavior.

Awarded the prestigious Prix Paul Ricoeur on its original publication in France in 2011, The Empire of Value has been substantially revised and enlarged for this edition, with an entirely new section discussing the financial crisis of 2007–2008.
A 2‐Week Elective Experience Provides Comparable Training as Longitudinal Exposure During Residency for Pelvic Sonography
Authors: Jang Timothy B. , Kaji Amy H.
Published: January 2015

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of first‐trimester pelvic sonography done by physicians after a 2‐week emergency ultrasound elective to similarly numbered examinations done by physicians longitudinally over several years of residency training.

Methods

We conducted a secondary analysis of a previously reported prospective study of pelvic sonography for symptomatic first‐trimester pregnancy. The 21st through 40th examinations were compared between those who completed an emergency ultrasound elective and those who did not. The reference standard was pelvic sonography done by the department of radiology.

Results

Eighty‐six examinations (34%) were done by 12 operators who did not participate in an emergency ultrasound elective, and 171 examinations (67%) were done by 13 operators who completed an emergency ultrasound elective. There was no statistical difference between the groups with regard to identifying an intrauterine pregnancy, molar pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, or adnexal mass.

Conclusions

The accuracy of pelvic sonography for first‐trimester pregnancy was comparable between physicians who participated in a 2‐week emergency ultrasound elective and those who performed the same number of examinations over a longer period during residency training.
Classification of Breast Tumors Using Sonographic Texture Analysis
Authors: Ardakani Ali Abbasian , Gharbali Akbar , Mohammadi Afshin
Published: January 2015

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to evaluate a computer‐aided diagnostic system with texture analysis to improve radiologists' accuracy in identification of breast tumors as malignant or benign.

Methods

The database included 20 benign and 12 malignant tumors. We extracted 300 statistical texture features as descriptors for each selected region of interest in 3 normalization schemes (default, μ − 3σ, and μ + 3σ, where μ and σ were the mean value and standard deviation, respectively, of the gray‐level intensity and 1%–99%). Then features determined by the Fisher coefficient and the lowest probability of classification error + average correlation coefficient yielded the 10 best and most effective features. We analyzed these features under 2 standardization states (standard and nonstandard). For texture analysis of the breast tumors, we applied principle component, linear discriminant, and nonlinear discriminant analyses. First–nearest neighbor classification was performed for the features resulting from the principle component and linear discriminant analyses. Nonlinear discriminant analysis features were classified by an artificial neural network. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used for examining the performance of the texture analysis methods.

Results

Standard feature parameters extracted by the Fisher coefficient under the default and 3σ normalization schemes via nonlinear discriminant analysis showed high perform‐ancefor discrimination between benign and malignant tumors, with sensitivity of 94.28%, specificity of 100%, accuracy of 97.80%, and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.9714.

Conclusions

Texture analysis is a reliable method and has the potential to be used effectively for classification of benign and malignant tumors on breast sonography.
Can Renal Sonography Be a Reliable Diagnostic Tool in the Assessment of Chronic Kidney Disease?
Authors: Lucisano Gaetano , Comi Nicolino , Pelagi Elena , Cianfrone Paola , Fuiano Laura , Fuiano Giorgio
Published: January 2015

Objectives

Kidney size has been found to be correlated with anthropometric features and kidney function. Therefore, we postulate that if the conventionally measured renal sonographic parameters (pole‐to‐pole length, width, and parenchymal thickness) are taken according to standardized rules and corrected for body height, their association with kidney function could be strengthened, thus helping validate renal sonographic information for a better assessment of chronic kidney disease (CKD) status.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study included 72 stable adult patients with stage 1 to 4 CKD. Sonographic parameters were obtained from both kidneys and averaged, and the measurements obtained were further corrected for patients' body height. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was estimated by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration equation.

Results

Parenchymal thickness and renal length showed the highest correlation level with the GFR. This significant correlation, however, was greatly ameliorated by the correction for patients' body height (r = 0.537; P < .001; r = 0.510; P < .001, respectively). Of note, the product of these two parameters corrected for body height showed the best degree of correlation with the GFR (r = 0.560; P < .001), as confirmed by analysis of variance after subdivision of the population into CKD stage groups according to the GFR. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for discrimination of a GFR of less than 60 mL/min indentified the combined parameter as the one with the highest area under the curve (0.78; 95% confidence interval, 0.66–0.89), followed renal length corrected for height (area under the curve, 0.77; 95% confidence interval, 0.66–0.88).

Conclusions

Correction of renal sonographic parameters for body height strengthens the degree of the correlation of renal sonography with the GFR. The improved correlation with the GFR makes renal sonography a reliable tool for a more complete assessment of patients with CKD.
New geophysical constraints on a failed subduction initiation: The structure and potential evolution of the Gagua Ridge and Huatung Basin
Authors: Eakin Daniel H. , McIntosh Kirk D. , Van Avendonk H. J. A. , Lavier Luc
Published: January 2015

We modeled the velocity structure of the Huatung Basin and Gagua Ridge using offshore wide‐angle seismic data along four ∼E‐W transects. These transects are accompanied by several multichannel seismic reflection (MCS) profiles that highlight the shallow deformation in this area east of Taiwan. Although it is agreed that the Gagua Ridge was the product of a transient compressional episode in the past, relatively few data have been collected that reveal the deeper structure resulting from this enigmatic process. The velocity models show evidence for normal, to thin, oceanic crustal thicknesses in the Huatung Basin and West Philippine Basin. Moho reflections from the associated MCS profiles confirm the thickness observed in the velocity models. The velocity models indicate significant crustal thickening associated with the Gagua Ridge, to 12–18 km along its entire length. Most importantly, the two central velocity models also show a significant asymmetry in the crustal thickening, suggesting a westward underthrusting of >20 km of WPB oceanic crust beneath that of the Huatung Basin. This geometry is extremely unexpected given interpretations that indicate the Huatung Basin could be significantly older than the West Philippine Basin (Early Cretaceous versus Eocene). Our observations, along with recent geophysical data concerning the age of the Huatung Basin, indicate that the Gagua Ridge was the result of a failed subduction event during the Miocene that may have existed simultaneously and for a short time, competed with the Manila subduction zone to the west in accommodating convergence between the Eurasia and Philippine Sea plates. In this scenario, the present‐day Gagua Ridge represents a snapshot of a failed subduction initiation preserved in the geologic record.
Cross‐polarization geophysical model function for C‐band radar backscattering from the ocean surface and wind speed retrieval
Authors: Hwang Paul A. , Stoffelen Ad , van Zadelhoff Gerd‐Jan , Perrie William , Zhang Biao , Li Haiyan , Shen Hui
Published: January 2015

The wind speed sensitivity of cross‐polarization (cross‐pol) radar backscattering cross section (VH) from the ocean surface increases toward high winds. The signal saturation problem of VH, if it exists, occurs at a much higher wind speed compared to the copolarization (copol: VV or HH) sea returns. These properties make VH a better choice over VV or HH for monitoring severe weather. Combined with high spatial resolution of the synthetic aperture radar (SAR), the development of hurricane wind retrieval using VH is advancing rapidly. This paper describes a cross‐pol C‐band radar backscattering geophysical model function (GMF) with incidence angle dependence for the full wind speed range in the available data sets (up to 56 m/s). The GMF is derived from RADARSAT‐2 (R2) dual‐polarization (dual‐pol) ScanSAR modes with 300 and 500 km swaths. The proposed GMF is compared to other published algorithms. The result shows that the simulated VH cross section and the retrieved wind speed with the proposed GMF is in better agreement with measurements. With careful treatment of noise, the VH‐retrieved wind speeds may extend to mild or moderate conditions. The higher fraction of non‐Bragg contribution in VH can be exploited for analysis of surface wave breaking.
Dielectric breakdown weathering of the Moon's polar regolith
Authors: Jordan A. P. , Stubbs T. J. , Wilson J. K. , Schwadron N. A. , Spence H. E.
Published: January 2015

Galactic cosmic rays and solar energetic particles (SEPs) can charge the Moon's subsurface, a process expected to be particularly important in the polar regions. Experiments have shown that sufficient fluences (i.e., time‐integrated fluxes) of energetic charged particles can cause dielectric breakdown, in which the electric field rapidly vaporizes small, filamentary channels within a dielectric. Lunar regolith has both the characteristics and, in some polar locations, the environment needed to make breakdown likely. We combine the Jet Propulsion Laboratory proton fluence model with temperature measurements from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter's (LRO's) Diviner instrument and related temperature modeling to estimate how often breakdown occurs in the polar regions. We find that all gardened regolith within permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) has likely experienced up to 2×106 SEP events capable of causing breakdown, while the warmest polar regions have experienced about 2 orders of magnitude fewer events. We also use measurements from the Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation on LRO to show that at least two breakdown‐inducing events may have occurred since LRO arrived at the Moon in 2009. Finally, we discuss how such “breakdown weathering” may increase the percentage of fine and monomineralic grains within PSRs; explain the presence of so‐called “fairy castle” regolith structures; and contribute to other low‐albedo features detected by LRO's Lyman Alpha Mapping Project, possibly establishing a correlation between these features and the average temperatures within craters that are only partly in permanent shadow.
Torrent Frog‐Inspired Adhesives: Attachment to Flooded Surfaces
Authors: Iturri Jagoba , Xue Longjian , Kappl Michael , García‐Fernández Luis , Barnes W. Jon P. , Butt Hans‐Jürgen , del Campo Aránzazu
Published: January 2015

Anatomic differences on the toe pad epithelial cells of torrent and tree frogs (elongated versus regular geometry) are believed to account for superior ability of torrent frogs to attach to surfaces in the presence of running water. Here, the friction properties of artificial hexagonal arrays of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) pillars (elongated and regular) in the presence of water are compared. Elongated pillar patterns show significantly higher friction in a direction perpendicular to the long axis. A low bending stiffness of the pillars and a high edge density of the pattern in the sliding direction are the key design criteria for the enhanced friction. The elongated patterns also favor orientation‐dependent friction. These findings have important implications for the development of new reversible adhesives for wet conditions.
MoS2/Graphene Composite Anodes with Enhanced Performance for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: The Role of the Two‐Dimensional Heterointerface
Authors: Xie Xiuqiang , Ao Zhimin , Su Dawei , Zhang Jinqiang , Wang Guoxiu
Published: January 2015

Graphene has been widely used as conformal nanobuilding blocks to improve the electrochemical performance of layered metal sulfides (MoS2, WS2, SnS, and SnS2) as anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries. However, it still lacks in‐depth understanding of the synergistic effect between these layered sulfides and graphene, which contributes to the enhanced electroactivity for sodium‐ion batteries. Here, MoS2/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) nanocomposites with intimate two‐dimensional heterointerfaces are prepared by a facile one‐pot hydrothermal method. The heterointerfacial area can be effectively tuned by changing the ratio of MoS2 to RGO. When used as anode materials for sodium‐ion batteries, the synergistic effect contributing to the enhanced reversible capacity of MoS2/RGO nanocomposites is closely related with the heterointerfacial area. The computational results demonstrate that Na prefers to be adsorbed on MoS2 in the MoS2/RGO heterostructure rather than intercalate into the MoS2/RGO heterointerface. Interestingly, the MoS2/RGO heterointerfaces can significantly increase the electronic conductivity of MoS2, store more Na ions, while maintaining the high diffusion mobility of Na atoms on MoS2 surface and high electron transfer efficiency from Na to MoS2. It is expected that the efforts to establish the correlation between the two‐dimensional heterointerface and the electrochemical sodium‐ion storage performance offer fundamental understanding for the rational design of layered metal sulfides/graphene composites as high‐performance electrode materials for sodium‐ion batteries.
The Palladium Slow‐Release Pre‐Catalysts and Nanoparticles in the “Phosphine‐Free” Mizoroki–Heck and Suzuki–Miyaura Reactions
Authors: Sigeev Alexander S. , Peregudov Alexander S. , Cheprakov Andrei V. , Beletskaya Irina P.
Published: January 2015

The Mizoroki–Heck reaction of electron‐rich aryl iodides was studied using a phosphine‐free catalytic system with a broad range of pre‐catalysts of varied stability and structure based on organoselenium chelators. The application of the “mercury test” by observing the response of the catalytic systems studied not only to the addition, but also to the withdrawal of Hg allowed us to establish a critical role of nanoparticles in the operation of the phosphine‐free catalytic systems. A three‐stage mechanistic scheme involving a slow stage served by mononuclear Pd species, and the main fast stage served by Pd nanoparticles, and terminated by the nanoparticle decay is proposed as a general mechanistic paradigm for the phosphine‐free Mizoroki–Heck and the related Suzuki–Miyaura reactions.

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Metal‐Organic Polyhedra: Catalysis and Reactive Intermediates
Authors: Vardhan Harsh , Verpoort Francis
Published: January 2015

The catalytic nature of self‐assembled metal‐organic polyhedra gives an entirely new dimension to the reactivity and properties of molecules within a well‐defined confined space. Encapsulation of a range of guests brings about not only host‐guest interactions but also gives rise to unusual reactivities with selectivity and stabilization of various reactive intermediates. This review briefly covers the synthesis of self‐assembled metal‐organic polyhedra and elaborates their influence in different chemical reactions as well as in the stabilization of unstable chemical species.

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Moving ion fronts in mixed ionic‐electronic conducting polymer films
Authors: Feicht Sarah E. , Degen George D. , Khair Aditya S.
Published: January 2015

The aim of this paper is to analyze moving front dynamics of ions and holes in a planar, mixed ionic‐electronic conducting polymer film. As cations invade the film, holes evacuate; thus, an ionic current is converted to an electronic signal. Recent experiments show that the location of the advancing ion front increases as the square‐root of time, a scaling typically associated with diffusive transport, which is surprising given the large driving voltages utilized. Ionic and electronic transport is modeled via the drift‐diffusion equations. A similarity transformation reduces the governing partial differential equations to ordinary differential equations that are solved numerically. The similarity transformation elucidates the origin of the square‐root‐of‐time front scaling. The similarity solution is then compared to the numerical solution of the full drift‐diffusion equations, finding excellent agreement. When compared with experimental data, our model captures the front location; however, qualitative differences between the ion profiles are observed. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 1447–1454, 2015
Tuning the Excited State of Water‐Soluble IrIII‐Based DNA Intercalators that are Isostructural with [RuII(NN)2(dppz)] Light‐Switch Complexes
Authors: Stimpson Sasha , Jenkinson Dan R. , Sadler Andrew , Latham Mark , Wragg Dr Ashley , Meijer Anthony J. H. M. , Thomas Jim A.
Published: January 2015

The synthesis of two new IrIII complexes which are effectively isostructural with well‐established [Ru(NN)2(dppz)]2+ systems is reported (dppz=dipyridophenazine; NN=2,2′‐bipyridyl, or 1,10‐phenanthroline). One of these IrIII complexes is tricationic and has a conventional N6 coordination sphere. The second dicationic complex has a N5C coordination sphere, incorporating a cyclometalated analogue of the dppz ligand. Both complexes show good water solubility. Experimental and computational studies show that the photoexcited states of the two complexes are very different from each other and also differ from their RuII analogues. Both of the complexes bind to duplex DNA with affinities that are two orders of magnitude higher than previously reported Ir(dppz)‐based systems and are comparable with RuII(dppz) analogues.
Micelle‐enhanced spectrofluorimetric determination of amlexanox in bioadhesive buccal tablets: application to content uniformity testing
Authors: Walash M. I. , Belal F. , Tolba M. M. , Halawa M. I.
Published: January 2015

A highly sensitive, simple and rapid spectrofluorimetric method was developed for the determination of Amlexanox (AMX) in its bioadhesive buccal tablets. The proposed method is based on measuring the native fluorescence of the methanolic solution of AMX at 400 nm after excitation at 242 nm in 0.2 M borate buffer (pH 10) and 0.5% w/v sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) solution. The interaction of AMX with SDS was studied, and the enhanced fluorescence intensity was exploited to develop an assay method for the determination of AMX. The relative fluorescence intensity–concentration plot was rectilinear over the range 5.0–80.0 ng/mL, with a lower detection limit of 0.57 ng/mL and a lower quantification limit of 1.74 ng/mL. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of AMX in its commercial tablets. Moreover, content uniformity testing was conducted by applying official USP guidelines. Statistical evaluation and comparison of the data obtained using the proposed and comparison methods revealed good accuracy and precision for the proposed method. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The preparation of ethylenediamine‐modified fluorescent carbon dots and their use in imaging of cells
Authors: Dong Wei , Zhou Siqi , Dong Yan , Wang Jingwen , Ge Xin , Sui Lili
Published: January 2015

In this work, fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) were synthesized using a hydrothermal method with glucose as the carbon source and were surface‐modified with ethylenediamine. The properties of as‐prepared CDs were analyzed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible light (UV/vis) absorption and fluorescent spectra. Furthermore, CDs conjugated with mouse anti‐(human carcinoembryonic antigen) (CEA) monoclonal antibody were successful employed in the biolabeling and fluorescent imaging of human gastric carcinoma cells. In addition, the cytotoxicity of CDs was also tested using human gastric carcinoma cells. There was no apparent cytotoxicity on human gastric carcinoma cells. These results suggest the potential application of the as‐prepared CDs in bioimaging and related fields. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Luminescence of Eu and Ce in K3Ca2(SO4)3F fluoride material
Authors: Poddar Anuradha , Gedam S. C. , Dhoble S. J.
Published: January 2015

A new halophosphor K3Ca2(SO4)3 F activated by Eu or Ce and K3Ca2(SO4)3 F:Ce,Eu co‐doped halosulfate phosphor has been synthesized by the co‐precipitation method and characterized for its photoluminescence (PL). The PL emission spectra of the K3Ca2(SO4)3 F :Ce phosphor show emission at 334 nm when excited at 278 nm due to 5d → 4f transition of Ce3+ ions. In the K3Ca2(SO4)3 F:Eu lattice, Eu2+ (440 nm) as well as Eu3+ (596 nm and 615 nm) emissions have been observed showing 5D0 → 7 F1 and 5D0 → 7 F2 transition of the Eu3+ ion, which is in the blue and red region of the visible spectrum respectively. The trivalent europium ion is very useful for studying the nature of metal coordination in various systems owing to its non‐degenerate emitting 5D0 state. K3Ca2(SO4)3 F:Ce,Eu is suitable for Ce3+ → Eu2+ → Eu3+ energy transfer in which Ce3+and Eu2+ play the role of sensitizers and Eu2+ and Eu3+ act as the activators. The observations presented in this paper are relevant for lamp phosphors. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoluminescence enhancement in Na3SO4Cl:X (X = Ce3+, Eu3+ or Dy3+) material
Authors: Shinde Nita , Dhoble N. S. , Gedam S. C. , Dhoble S. J.
Published: January 2015

The compound Na3SO4Cl X (X = Ce3+, Eu3+ or Dy3+) prepared by the wet chemical method was studied for its photoluminescence (PL) and energy transfer characteristics. The PL from Na3SO4Cl:Ce3+ shows strong emission at 322 nm at an excitation of 272 nm. Therefore, an efficient Ce3+ → Dy3+, Eu2+ → Dy3+ and Eu2+ → Eu3+ energy transfer had taken place in this host. The Dy3+ emission caused by Ce3+ → Dy3+ energy transfer under ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths peaked at around 477 nm and 572 nm due to 4 F9/2 → 6H15/2 and 6H13/2 transitions with yellow–orange emission in the Na3SO4Cl lattice. An intense Dy3+ emission was observed at 482 and 576 nm caused by the Eu2+ → Dy3+ energy transfer process and due to 4 F9/2 → 6H15/2 and 4 F9/2 → 6H13/2 transitions respectively. The Eu3+ blue to red light emission caused by the Eu2+ → Eu3+ energy transfer peaked at 593 nm and 617 nm due to 5D0 → 5D3 transitions. The presence of trivalent Eu in Na3SO4Cl suggested the presence of Eu3+ in the host compound that occupied two different lattice sites and that peaked at 593 and 617 nm due to 5D0 → 7 F1 and 5D0 → 7 F2 transitions respectively. The trivalent europium ion is very useful for studying the nature of metal coordination in various systems due to its non‐degenerate emitting 5D0 state. The present paper discusses the photoluminescence characteristics of Eu2+ → Dy3+ and Eu2+ → Eu3+ energy transfer. This compound may be useful as a lamp phosphor. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Purkinje cell responses during visually and vestibularly driven smooth eye movements in mice
Authors: Katoh Akira , Shin Soon‐Lim , Kimpo Rhea R. , Rinaldi Jacob M. , Raymond Jennifer L.
Published: January 2015

Introduction

An essential complement to molecular‐genetic approaches for analyzing the function of the oculomotor circuitry in mice is an understanding of sensory and motor signal processing in the circuit. Although there has been extensive analysis of the signals carried by neurons in the oculomotor circuits of species, such as monkeys, rabbits and goldfish, relatively little in vivo physiology has been done in the oculomotor circuitry of mice. We analyzed the contribution of vestibular and nonvestibular signals to the responses of individual Purkinje cells in the cerebellar flocculus of mice.

Methods

We recorded Purkinje cells in the cerebellar flocculus of C57BL/6 mice during eye movement responses to vestibular and visual stimulation.

Results

As in other species, most individual Purkinje cells in mice carried both vestibular and nonvestibular signals, and the most common response across cells was an increase in firing in response to ipsiversive eye movement or ipsiversive head movement. When both the head and eyes were moving, the Purkinje cell responses were approximated as a linear summation of head and eye velocity inputs. Unlike other species, floccular Purkinje cells in mice were considerably more sensitive to eye velocity than head velocity.

Conclusions

The signal content of Purkinje cells in the cerebellar flocculus of mice was qualitatively similar to that in other species. However, the eye velocity sensitivity was higher than in other species, which may reflect a tuning to the smaller range of eye velocities in mice.
The effects of WW2/WW3 domains of Smurf2 molecule on TGF‐β signaling and arginase I gene expression
Authors: Ganji Ali , Roshan Hani Mosayebzadeh , Varasteh Abdolreza , Moghadam Malihe , Sankian Mojtaba
Published: January 2015

Smad ubiquitination regulatory factor 2 (Smurf2) consists of multiple WW domains which can interact with Smad7 molecule and inhibit signaling of transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐β) cytokine. Arginase I (ArgI) is one of the main products of TGF‐β signaling that plays important roles in tumor escape and airway tissue fibrosis and remodeling in asthma. In this study, the effects of TAT fused to WW2/WW3 (TAT‐WW2/WW3) recombinant protein on TGF‐β signaling and ArgI gene expression were evaluated on J774A.1 cell culture. For this purpose, interaction of TAT‐WW2/WW3 with Smad7, mRNA expression of ArgI, and phosphorylated Smad3 (P‐Smad3) were analyzed in TAT‐WW2/WW3‐treated J774A.1 cell. The results showed interaction of TAT‐WW2/WW3 with Smad7, downregulation of ArgI gene expression (P < 0.05), and higher amount of P‐Smad3 in the TAT‐WW2/WW3‐treated cells. In conclusion, we suggest that TAT‐WW2/WW3 could interfere with TGF‐β signaling and reduce ArgI gene expression. Since, ArgI has important effects on tissue remodeling in asthma and cancer progression, so these findings could be used to develop a new approach in the treatment of asthma and cancers.
Comparison between one‐stent versus two‐stent technique for treatment of left main bifurcation lesions: A large single‐center data
Authors: Gao Zhan , Xu Bo , Yang Yuejin , Qiao Shubin , Wu Yongjian , Chen Tao , Xu Liang , Yuan Jinqing , Chen Jue , Gao Run‐lin
Published: January 2015

Background

Comparisons between one‐ and two‐stent strategies for unprotected left main (UPLM) coronary bifurcation disease have yielded inconsistent results. This large‐sample, long‐term follow‐up study comparatively assessed stenting strategy impact in patients with distal left main disease.

Methods

Totally, 1,528 consecutive patients underwent left main percutaneous coronary intervention in a single center from January 2004 to December 2010 were enrolled; among them, 1033 patients with distal UPLM lesions treated by one (n = 661) or two (n = 372) drug‐eluting stent (DES) technique were comparatively analyzed. Primary outcome was rate of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), defined as a composite of death, myocardial infarction (MI), and target vessel revascularization (TVR).

Results

Overall, baseline SYNTAX score was low‐intermediate (one stent: 25 ± 6 vs. two stents: 26 ± 5, P = 0.02), and mean clinical SYNTAX score was similar between groups (one stent: 30 ± 22 vs. two stents: 31 ± 22, P = 0.47). Final kissing balloon was successfully achieved in most of the patients treated with two‐stent technique (one stent: 30.9% vs. two stents: 96.0%, P < 0.01), and use of intravascular ultrasound was also more common in them (one stent: 32.2% vs. two stents: 53.8%, P < 0.01). At mean 4 years follow‐up, rates of MACE (one stent: 9.2% vs. two stents: 11.6%, P = 0.23), death, MI, and TVR were similar between groups. In multivariate propensity‐matched regression analysis, two‐stent technique was not predictive of MACE.

Conclusions

For patients with distal UPLM disease and low‐intermediate SYNTAX score treated with DES, clinical outcomes appear similar between optimal two‐stent implantation and one‐stent strategy. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.