bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Generation of Roll Vortices due to the Inflection Point Instability of the Hurricane Boundary Layer Flow
Authors: Gao Kun , Ginis Isaac
Published: June 2014

Horizontal roll vortices, or rolls, are frequently observed in the hurricane boundary layer (HBL). Previous studies suggest that these rolls can be generated by the inflection point instability of the HBL flow. In this study we investigate the formation of rolls due to this mechanism in the axisymmetric HBL using a numerical approach that explicitly resolves rolls. The effects of mean HBL wind and stratification distributions on rolls are evaluated. We identify two important factors of the mean HBL wind that affect the characteristics of rolls. The dynamical HBL height affects the wavelength of rolls, and the magnitude of the mean wind shear affects the growth rate of rolls. As a result, under neutrally stratified HBL, the wavelength of rolls increases with the radius (out of the radius of maximum wind), while the growth rate of rolls decreases. The stratification also plays an important role in the generation of rolls. The stable stratification suppresses the growth of rolls because of the negative work done by the buoyancy force. Nonuniform stratification with a mixed layer has less suppressing effect on rolls. Rolls can trigger internal waves in the stably stratified layer, which have both vertically propagating and decaying properties. We derive analytical solutions for the internal waves, which relate the properties of the internal waves to the boundary layer rolls. We find the properties of the internal waves are affected by the mixed-layer height.
The Indian Ocean Dipole: A Monopole in SST
Authors: Zhao Yongjing , Nigam Sumant
Published: June 2014

The claim for a zonal-dipole structure in interannual variations of the tropical Indian Ocean (IO) SSTs—the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD)—is reexamined after accounting for El Niño–Southern Oscillation’s (ENSO) influence. The authors seek an a priori accounting of ENSO’s seasonally stratified influence on IO SSTs and evaluate the basis of the related dipole mode index, instead of seeking a posteriori adjustments to this index, as common.

Scant observational evidence is found for zonal-dipole SST variations after removal of ENSO’s influence from IO SSTs: The IOD poles are essentially uncorrelated in the ENSO-filtered SSTs in both recent (1958–98) and century-long (1900–2007) periods, leading to the breakdown of zonal-dipole structure in surface temperature variability; this finding does not depend on the subtleties in estimation of ENSO’s influence. Deconstruction of the fall 1994 and 1997 SST anomalies led to their reclassification, with a weak IOD in 1994 and none in 1997.

Regressions of the eastern IOD pole on upper-ocean heat content, however, do exhibit a zonal-dipole structure but with the western pole in the central-equatorial IO, suggesting that internally generated basin variability can have zonal-dipole structure at the subsurface.

The IO SST variability was analyzed using the extended-EOF technique, after removing the influence of Pacific SSTs; the technique targets spatial and temporal recurrence and extracts modes (rather than patterns) of variability. This spatiotemporal analysis also does not support the existence of zonal-dipole variability at the surface. However, the analysis did yield a dipole-like structure in the meridional direction in boreal fall/winter, when it resembles the subtropical IOD pattern (but not the evolution time scale).
Simulation Model for Transcervical Laryngeal Injection Providing Real-time Feedback
Authors: Ainsworth Tiffiny A. , Kobler James B. , Loan Gregory J. , Burns James A.
Published: June 2014

Objective:

This study aimed to develop and evaluate a model for teaching transcervical laryngeal injections.

Methods:

A 3-dimensional printer was used to create a laryngotracheal framework based on de-identified computed tomography images of a human larynx. The arytenoid cartilages and intrinsic laryngeal musculature were created in silicone from clay casts and thermoplastic molds. The thyroarytenoid (TA) muscle was created with electrically conductive silicone using metallic filaments embedded in silicone. Wires connected TA muscles to an electrical circuit incorporating a cell phone and speaker. A needle electrode completed the circuit when inserted in the TA during simulated injection, providing real-time feedback of successful needle placement by producing an audible sound. Face validation by the senior authorconfirmed appropriate tactile feedback and anatomical realism. Otolaryngologists pilot tested the model and completed presimulation and postsimulation questionnaires.

Results:

The high-fidelity simulation model provided tactile and audio feedback during needle placement, simulating transcervical vocal fold injections. Otolaryngology residents demonstrated higher comfort levels with transcervical thyroarytenoid injection on postsimulation questionnaires.

Conclusion:

This is the first study to describe a simulator for developing transcervical vocal fold injection skills. The model provides real-time tactile and auditory feedback that aids in skill acquisition. Otolaryngologists reported increased confidence with transcervical injection after using the simulator.
Disposable Diaper Absorbency
Authors: Helmes C. Tucker , O’Connor Robert , Sawyer Larry , Young Sharon
Published: June 2014

Absorbency effectiveness in diapers has improved significantly in recent years with the advent of new ingredient combinations and advanced design features. With these features, many leading products maintain their dryness performance overnight. Considering the importance of holding liquid away from the skin, ongoing research in diaper construction focuses on strategies to increase the effectiveness to capture liquid and help avoid rewetting of infant skin. The layout and design of a disposable diaper allows for distribution of absorbency features where they can provide the optimal benefit. Clinical evidence indicates materials can keep moisture away from the skin in the diapered area, helping maintain proper skin hydration, minimizing irritation, and contributing to reduced rates of diaper rash.
Safety of Disposable Diaper Materials
Authors: Dey Swatee , Helmes C. Tucker , White Jeffrey C. , Zhou Shaoying
Published: June 2014

Disposable diapers are primarily composed of polymers, such as cellulose, polypropylene, polyester, and polyethylene, which are biologically inert and not bioavailable. They are used in clothes, fabrics, personal hygiene products, and other materials that are commonly in contact with the skin. Each component used throughout the production process must undergo rigorous safety evaluations and assessments and are proven to be well tolerated and safe for their intended uses. No materials are incorporated into a diaper until their safety is confirmed through robust assessments, and additional factors are integrated into the process to compensate for the uncertainty associated with extrapolating toxicity data. After a thorough assessment of the materials and final product, extensive skin compatibility evaluations are conducted as appropriate. This rigorous safety process provides reassurance that consumers can rely on the safety of these diapers.
Colors in Disposable Diapers
Authors: Evans Eric B. , Helmes C. Tucker , Kirsch Taryn , Ruble Karen M.
Published: June 2014

Colors are frequently added to disposable diapers to enhance the diapering experience. The colors in the interior of diapers are composed of nonsensitizing pigments that are bound during the fiber-making process into the fibers of the nonwoven that covers the absorbent core materials. In the past, the use of color in diapers has been called into question based on the presumed use of disperse dyes, known sensitizers in the textile industry, and erroneous reports in literature. In fact, disperse dyes are not used in leading disposable diapers; the colors used in these disposable diapers are nonsensitizing pigments with favorable safety profiles. Numerous safety tests, such as skin patch tests with pigments used on diaper backsheets, have found no evidence of skin irritation or sensitization.
Setting the Record Straight on Diaper Rash and Disposable Diapers
Authors: Clark-Greuel Jocelyn N. , Helmes C. Tucker , Lawrence Ann , Odio Mauricio , White Jeffrey C.
Published: June 2014

Skin in the diapered area is continuously threatened by exposure to changes in pH levels, overhydration, mechanical friction, and fecal enzymes, making diaper rash a common occurrence among babies. Up to one third of infants may exhibit clinical symptoms of diaper rash at any time, and more than half of babies between the ages of 4 and 15 months develop diaper rash at least once in a 2-month period. Despite misperceptions that disposable diapers are related to an increase in diaper rash, the incidence of diaper dermatitis is on the decline, largely due to significant improvements in disposable diaper construction and materials. Modern-day disposable diapers are specifically designed to limit exposure to irritants in the diaper area, reduce overhydration, inhibit skin barrier compromise, and help maintain normal skin pH levels and have been thoroughly evaluated for safety and skin compatibility.
Using the Picture Exchange Communication System With Students With Visual Impairment
Authors: Ivy Sarah E. , Hatton Deborah D. , Hooper Jonathan D.
Published: June 2014

Students with visual impairment (VI) were taught to request using the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) and tangible symbols. Participants were four males with additional disabilities, 5 to 11 years old, who had little to no functional vision. A functional relation between PECS Phase 1 and requesting was established using a multiple baseline single subject design. All students learned to request independently within 7 to 14 sessions in Phase 1. Students maintained requesting above criterion for 1 to 5 months. All students generalized requesting to a new communication partner (CP); however, only two students reached criterion during generalization sessions. Two students learned to seek out a CP 5 feet away to request; however, no functional relation was established for Phase 2. More research is needed to establish PECS as an evidence-based practice for children with VI.
Using Antecedent Physical Activity to Increase On-Task Behavior in Young Children
Authors: Luke Sara , Vail Cynthia O. , Ayres Kevin M.
Published: June 2014

A withdrawal design was used to investigate how physical activity affects on-task behavior of young children with significant developmental delays in a special education preschool classroom. Five preschool age children with significant developmental delays engaged in either physical activity or seated center activities for 20 min prior to a 15-min teacher-directed group activity. Momentary time sampling was used to calculate the percentage of intervals the participants were on-task using 15-s intervals. Results indicated all of the participants’ on-task behavior was higher during the physical activity condition. These findings suggest physical activity may be used as a proactive behavioral intervention to improve the on-task behavior of young children with significant developmental delays during teacher-directed group activities.
Research on Giftedness and Gifted Education
Authors: Plucker Jonathan A. , Callahan Carolyn M.
Published: June 2014

Gifted education has a rich history and a solid if uneven research base. As policy makers and educators increasingly turn their attention to advanced students and educational excellence, the time is ripe for a dispassionate analysis of the field’s conceptual and empirical strengths and weaknesses. The purpose of this special feature article is to highlight advances in theories and research related to giftedness and gifted education, note the promising areas for additional research, and propose next steps for improving the quality and utility of empirical work in this important area.
Associations between beliefs about medicines and medicines education: A survey among Finnish comprehensive school teachers
Authors: Siitonen Piia , Vainio Kirsti , Keinonen Tuula , Kiviniemi Vesa , Hämeen-Anttila Katri
Published: June 2014

Objective:

To describe the association between teachers’ beliefs about medicines and teaching about illnesses and medicines-related topics by Finnish comprehensive school teachers.

Design:

A nationwide postal survey.

Setting:

Finnish primary and lower secondary school teachers.

Method:

Data were collected using a nationwide postal survey from a representative sample ( n = 1700) of Finnish primary and lower secondary school teachers in spring 2010. A response rate of 56% ( n = 928) was achieved, from which 667 teachers had taught health-related topics. Logistic regression multivariate analysis was used to measure key associations.

Results:

Among primary school teachers, stronger beliefs about the harmfulness of medicines were associated with teaching basic knowledge about what medicines are (odds ratio [OR] 1.86, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.01–3.45). Although an association was detected, other explanatory factors, for example, teachers’ experience of medicating a long-term illness in their own child, their teaching experience and a qualification in health education and perceived teaching skills, seemed to predict the teaching more than teachers’ beliefs about medicines.

Conclusion:

Findings have important implications for teacher training and continuing education. If teachers can become more aware of the beneficial aspects of teaching about the rational use of medicines, this may lead to greater inclusion of medicines-related education in school health education.
Critical analysis of adhesive layer behavior in patch-repaired carbon fiber-reinforced polymer panel involving digital image correlation
Authors: Kashfuddoja Mohammad , Ramji M
Published: June 2014

In the present work, critical strain field in thin adhesively layer of double-sided (symmetrical) patch-repaired carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composite panel under tensile load is investigated using digital image correlation technique. Longitudinal, peel, and shear-strain distribution in adhesive layer is analyzed thoroughly in repaired panel by performing global cum local strain field analysis involving digital image correlation. Effective load/shear transfer length in repair configuration is estimated based on global strain analysis, and further, it is compared with the one predicted from finite-element analysis. Localized strain analysis using magnified optics provides higher resolution, and it is found useful in revealing complex strain field in small but critical zones responsible for failure initiation. The global and local-strain analyses are found complementary to one another, and therefore both are essential to fully characterize the strain field in thin-adhesive layer. The critical failure mechanism is also investigated and correlated with the load–displacement behavior. DIC is found to be suitable and accurate for analyzing the global and local strain field over small but critical locations and helps in predicting the damage-initiation location based on strain anomalies. Finally, the experimental results are compared with the numerical predictions, and they are found to be in good correlation.
The Treatment of the Mentally Ill in Supermax Facilities
Authors: Butler H. Daniel , Johnson W. Wesley , Griffin O. Hayden
Published: June 2014

As a criminal justice policy, researchers have encountered numerous problems attempting to evaluate whether supermax confinement achieves its desired goals. Among the many goals of supermax confinement is the incapacitation of the “worst of the worst” inmates. This type of custody, however, has been widely criticized for worsening inmate mental health. In an effort to better understand the treatment of the mentally ill in supermax confinement, we performed a content analysis on 42 state correctional policies. We found considerable variation exists regarding the treatment of the mentally ill as prescribed by official policies and that the majority of correctional policies dictate some level of treatment or intervention for supermax inmates. As criticism regarding the indefinite use of lockdown increases, we argue it is important correctional departments have a foundation that protects inmates and the agency itself, which begins with official policies.
Amsterwarm: Mapping the landuse, health and energy-efficiency implications of the Amsterdam urban heat island
Authors: van der Hoeven Frank , Wandl Alexander
Published: June 2014

The Amsterwarm project investigates the urban heat island of Amsterdam, the vulnerability of its population, the energy efficiency of its buildings and landuse. A novel mapping approach provides insights into the questions of what causes the urban heat island and who will be affected by it. Landuse does affect the surface temperature. The difference between the areas in the city with the least and the greatest impervious surface coverage accounts for an average land surface temperature difference of 11.6℃ per hectare. The study demonstrates furthermore that the vulnerability of people and buildings to the urban heat island effect is a local condition in which the energy efficiency of buildings, quality of life and demographic factors should all be considered in an approach that is sensitive to place.

Practical application: The typological maps will allow local authorities to prioritise adaptive actions in urban planning in response to the urban heat island, an emerging climate-related challenge that has a significant impact on the comfort and health of its citizens and on the (future) energy use required for cooling buildings. Raising the albedo in those areas of the city that are dominated by impervious surface cover seems an effective adaptation strategy, suitable to a city such as Amsterdam that no longer builds on green field sites but only builds as possible within the envelope of the existing city. Improving the quality of life in neighbourhoods and the energy efficiency/climate proofing of the building stock could also be prioritised in the identified neighbourhoods.
Radical or Incremental Innovations
Authors: Xu Crystal , Yan Meng
Published: June 2014

We study the impact retirement has on how CEOs spend R&D funds. Consistent with retiring CEOs’ short horizons and growing conservatism, we find evidence that CEOs tend to prefer incremental innovations as they approach retirement. Using patent data to measure firms’ innovation outputs, we find that firms receive fewer patent grants for applications filed toward the end of CEO tenures, and these patent grants receive fewer subsequent citations. Moreover, we find that large amounts of vested, in-the-money option holdings exacerbate retiring CEOs’ preference for incremental innovations, and founder CEOs pursue incremental innovations to a greater extent than non-founder CEOs close to retirement. However, a normal “relay process” of managerial succession and higher stock ownership by independent directors mitigate retiring CEOs’ preference for incremental innovations. We find no evidence that the documented incremental innovations before retirement are driven by either poor firm performance or a general shift from innovation to stability as CEO tenures increase or as CEOs age. Overall, the study identifies a new type of myopic behavior related to CEO retirement and highlights the importance of looking beyond R&D spending in future studies on the managerial investment myopia.
Low‐Dose Intravenous Soybean Oil Emulsion for Prevention of Cholestasis in Preterm Neonates
Authors: Levit Orly L. , Calkins Kara L. , Gibson L. Caroline , Kelley‐Quon Lorraine , Robinson Daniel T. , Elashoff David A. , Grogan Tristan R. , Li Ning , Bizzarro Matthew J. , Ehrenkranz Richard A.
Published: June 2014

Background: Premature infants depend on intravenous fat emulsions to supply essential fatty acids and calories. The dose of soybean‐based intravenous fat emulsions (S‐IFE) has been associated with parenteral nutrition (PN)–associated liver disease. This study's purpose was to determine if low‐dose S‐IFE is a safe and effective preventive strategy for cholestasis in preterm neonates. Materials and Methods: This is a multicenter randomized controlled trial in infants with a gestational age (GA) ≤29 weeks. Patients <48 hours of life were randomized to receive a low (1 g/kg/d) or control dose (approximately 3 g/kg/d) of S‐IFE. The primary outcome was cholestasis, defined as a direct bilirubin ≥15% of the total bilirubin at 28 days of life (DOL) or full enteral feeds, whichever was later, after 14 days of PN. Secondary outcomes included growth, length of hospital stay, death, and major neonatal morbidities. Results: In total, 136 neonates (67 and 69 in the low and control groups, respectively) were enrolled. Baseline characteristics were similar for the 2 groups. When the low group was compared with the control group, there was no difference in the primary outcome (69% vs 63%; 95% confidence interval, −0.1 to 0.22; P = .45). While the low group received less S‐IFE and total calories over time compared with the control group (P < .001 and P = .03, respectively), weight, length, and head circumference at 28 DOL, discharge, and over time were not different (P > .2 for all). Conclusion: Compared with the control dose, low‐dose S‐IFE was not associated with a reduction in cholestasis or growth.
Strategy for ventricular septal defect closure after prior gastric pull-through
Authors: Sivalingam Sivakumar , Krishnasamy Sivakumar , Yakub Mohd Azhari
Published: June 2014

A 9-year-old boy was referred with a perimembranous ventricular septal defect. At birth, he had undergone a right thoracotomy with ligation of a tracheoesophageal fistula, cervical esophagostomy, and feeding gastrostomy. At 2 years of age, he had gastric tube reconstruction with a pull-through retrosternally, anterior to the heart, and an end-to-end esophagogastric anastomosis. Via a right anterolateral thoracotomy through the previous scar, the entire gastric tube was mobilized away from the sternum to facilitate a median sternotomy. With the patient supine, a median sternotomy was performed without difficulty, and the ventricular septal defect was closed under cardiopulmonary bypass.
Young pianists exploring improvisation using interactive music technology
Authors: Rowe Victoria , Triantafyllaki Angeliki , Anagnostopoulou Xristina
Published: June 2014

The use of music technology in the enhancement of young pianists’ musical improvisations has been scarcely explored in instrumental music teaching and learning research. In the present study, 19 piano pupils aged 6–10 from the UK and Greece used an interactive improvisation system called Musical Interaction Relying On Reflexion (MIROR)-Impro for six weeks in order to enhance their improvisational skills. This system engages pupils in a musical dialogue, answering in the same style as the pupil’s input, creating a reflection of the user’s own musical ideas. Children participating in the study were drawn from a notation-based and classical piano education background, and had various levels of piano expertise. Four case studies are presented here in detail. Results indicate that the system enhances young pianists’ capability musically to explore and improvise, and several further questions are raised regarding the possible ways the system can be used in practice in the piano lesson.
Reappraising the World Bank responses to rapid urbanisation: Slum improvements in Nigeria
Authors: Pugalis Lee , Giddings Bob , Anyigor Kelechi
Published: June 2014

This paper reappraises a specific slum improvement programme in Nigeria that received financial backing from the World Bank. Utilising a large body of bespoke quantitative and qualitative primary research material, rarely available for slum settlements, critical attention is directed towards the mismatch between official project goals and the needs of inhabitants. The findings suggest that considerable funds have been misdirected and, arguably, wasted. It is contended that participation is not only important to identify the most crucial needs and potentialities of slum dwellers and communities – it is a major requirement for the ongoing maintenance and sustainability of urban change, which is the crux of place-based strategies. The proposition developed from this research is that considerably smaller sums of support could be channelled towards particular contexts, in a variety of place-based manners that account for spatial particularity, reflecting the specific needs and opportunities of particular communities. Of broader significance, this paper contributes to a reappraisal of slum improvement programmes, challenges some perceived wisdoms and suggests alternative approaches to the way that the issues raised could be tackled.
Closure and its myths
Authors: Eaton Judy , Christensen Tony
Published: June 2014

In the United States, when an offender on death row is about to be executed, family members of the victim(s) (i.e. co-victims) are permitted to witness the execution. A common justification for this practice is that it provides closure for the victims’ families (the ‘closure argument’); however, there is little empirical research to either refute or support this claim. This study examined the statements that co-victims who had attended an execution made to the press immediately following the execution, in order to learn more about their feelings about closure. The relationship between aspects of the crime, the offender’s last words, and the co-victim’s statements was also examined. Generally, results indicated that victims’ family members expressed their views on closure in various ways, and that the 23 percent who did mention closure were evenly divided on whether they felt the execution provided closure or not. Co-victims were more likely to mention some type of closure when they felt that justice had been served, and when the offender asked for forgiveness and stated a hope that the execution would bring the co-victim closure. Overall, qualitative and quantitative results did not support the closure argument.
Characterization of Vascular Lesions in Pigs Affected by Porcine Circovirus Type 2–Systemic Disease
Authors: Resendes A. R. , Segalés J.
Published: June 2014

Vascular lesions and their association with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) were evaluated in multiple organs from 10 pigs affected with PCV2–systemic disease (PCV2-SD). Animals had vascular lesions in multiple organs, consisting of lymphohistiocytic lymphangitis and/or phlebitis, mild to severe necrotizing arteritis, and thrombosis within splenic arterioles and choroid plexus capillaries. Variable amounts of PCV2 nucleic acid detected by in situ hybridization were present within endothelial cells, tunica media myocytes, and perivascular and/or intralesional inflammatory cell infiltrates. PCV2 nucleic acid was detected within endothelial cells of both lymphatic and blood vessels without lesions in the associated tissues. Necrotizing arteritis was principally present in lymph nodes and kidney and consisted of degeneration, necrosis, and pyknosis of myocytes, often with intracytoplasmic, brightly eosinophilic inclusion bodies that were strongly positive for PCV2 nucleic acid. Segmental or circumferential fibrinoid necrosis was mainly present in vessels of the lymph node, spleen, and choroid plexus and was variably associated with PCV2 nucleic acid. Severe lymphangitis associated with strong intralesional PCV2 labeling was frequently detected within the mesenteric and mediastinal lymph nodes and the lamina propria of the ileum. In most tissues, medium and large lymphatics and/or veins often had disruption of the intima and mild mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltration that was variably associated with PCV2 nucleic acid. The present study indicates that vasculitis is a frequent finding in natural cases of PCV2-SD and that PCV2 may have a direct cytopathic effect on tunica media myocytes of small- and medium-sized arteries as well as endothelium.
In Vivo Kinematic Evaluation of Anatomic Double-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Authors: Kopf Sebastian , Musahl Volker , Bignozzi Simone , Irrgang James J. , Zaffagnini Stefano , Fu Freddie H.
Published: June 2014

Background:

There is controversy regarding the functional role of the posterolateral (PL) bundle of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL).

Purpose:

To evaluate the in vivo function of the PL and anteromedial (AM) bundles of the ACL during anatomic double-bundle (DB) ACL reconstruction for acute, isolated ACL tears utilizing a computer navigation system to track intraoperative knee kinematics.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Fifteen patients with acute, isolated ACL tears who underwent anatomic DB ACL reconstruction formed the sample for this study. During surgery, knees were examined by a clinician preoperatively, after fixation of the PL bundle, and after fixation of both the PL and AM bundles. An image-free computer navigation system with custom-made software recorded the data during kinematic tests. The examination consisted of the Lachman and anterior drawer tests, internal-external rotation at 30° of knee flexion, and varus-valgus rotation at 30° of knee flexion. Paired Wilcoxon tests were performed to evaluate the effects of each bundle. The comparisons included ACL-deficient to PL bundle–reconstructed knees, ACL-deficient to DB ACL–reconstructed knees, and PL bundle–reconstructed to DB ACL–reconstructed knees. Significance was set at P < .017 to account for the multiple comparisons.

Results:

Fixation of the PL bundle significantly improved knee laxity during the Lachman and anterior drawer tests as well as internal-external rotation at 30° of knee flexion ( P < .017 for all tests). The addition of the AM bundle further improved knee laxity during the Lachman and anterior drawer tests compared with PL bundle fixation as well as during varus-valgus rotation at 30° of knee flexion compared with ACL-deficient knees ( P < .017 for all tests).

Conclusion:

This in vivo study demonstrates that isolated PL bundle reconstruction improves laxity in an ACL-deficient knee and that the addition of the AM bundle improves laxity parameters further.

Clinical Relevance:

Abnormal knee kinematics is known to be linked to the earlier onset of osteoarthritis and lower rates of return to sport. This study suggests that both the AM and PL bundles are important to stabilize ACL-deficient knees.
The Importance of Motherhood and Fertility Intentions among U.S. Women
Authors: McQuillan Julia , Greil Arthur L. , Shreffler Karina M. , Bedrous Andrew V.
Published: June 2014

Fertility intentions are associated with achieved fertility; therefore, understanding the factors associated with fertility intentions is important. Considerable research has examined factors associated with fertility intentions, but no one has explored the importance of motherhood to women. Guided by life course and identity theories, we use the National Survey of Fertility Barriers, a data set collected from a random sample of U.S. women aged 25–45 in 2004 through 2007, to assess the relationship between importance of motherhood and fertility intentions. Adding importance of motherhood to a model including other variables associated with fertility intentions increases the variance explained by 6.4 percent. Importance of a motherhood identity mediates the association of fertility intentions with such demographic and social correlates of fertility intentions as gender attitudes, valuing leisure, valuing career, religiosity, and family pro-fertility messages. It is therefore helpful to explicitly include the importance of the motherhood identity in models of fertility intentions.
Utilization of biogas produced by anaerobic digestion of agro-industrial waste: Energy, economic and environmental effects
Authors: Hublin Andrea , Schneider Daniel Rolph , Džodan Janko
Published: June 2014

Anaerobic digestion of agro-industrial waste is of significant interest in order to facilitate a sustainable development of energy supply. Using of material and energy potentials of agro-industrial waste, in the framework of technical, economic, and ecological possibilities, contributes in increasing the share of energy generated from renewable energy sources. The paper deals with the benefits arising from the utilization of biogas produced by co-digestion of whey and cow manure. The advantages of this process are the profitability of the plant and the convenience in realizing an anaerobic digestion plant to produce biogas that is enabled by the benefits from the sale of electric energy at favorable prices. Economic aspects are related to the capital cost (€ 2,250,000) of anaerobic digestion treatment in a biogas plant with a 300 kW power and 510 kW heating unit in a medium size farm (450 livestock units). Considering the optimum biogas yield of 20.7 dm3 kg−1 of wet substrate and methane content in the biogas obtained of 79%, the anaerobic process results in a daily methane production of 2,500 kg, with the maximum power generation of 2,160,000 kWh y−1 and heat generation of 2,400,000 kWh y−1. The net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and payback period for implementation of profitable anaerobic digestion process is evaluated. Ecological aspects related to carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) emission reduction are assessed.
Effects of Implementing School-Wide Positive Behavioural Interventions and Supports on Problem Behaviour and Academic Achievement in a Canadian Elementary School
Authors: Kelm Joanna L. , McIntosh Kent , Cooley Sharon
Published: June 2014

Although there is much research on School-Wide Positive Behavioural Interventions and Supports (PBIS) in the United States, there is little such research in Canada. The purpose of the current study was to provide a case study example of the relation between implementing PBIS and student academic and behavioural outcomes, as well as student perceptions of the school environment. Data were collected in one school as it moved from partial to full implementation of PBIS. The results of the study indicated positive academic and behavioural outcomes for students, as well as increased perceptions of safety, understanding of school expectations, and decreased perceptions of bullying. The results of this study are discussed with implications regarding PBIS in Canada and the importance of fidelity of implementation of school-based interventions.
Role of Nutrition in the Treatment and Prevention of Pressure Ulcers
Authors: Thomas David R.
Published: June 2014

Undernutrition has been associated with pressure ulcers in epidemiological studies over several decades. Accumulating evidence from recent systematic reviews and randomized controlled trials has shown that nutrition therapy has only modest effects on prevention and treatment of pressure ulcers. Since undernutrition should be responsive to the provision of adequate nutrients, the poor response suggests a different nutrition construct is required. Weight loss and changes in acute inflammatory reactants may reflect the syndrome of cachexia rather than simple undernutrition. Nutrition prescriptions should be individually tailored to persons with pressure ulcers with regard to both macro‐ and micronutrients. This review evaluates effects of malnutrition on pressure ulcers and analyzes effects of nutrition on pressure ulcer prevention and healing.
Cigarette Trafficking, Smurfing, and Volume Buying
Authors: Pelfrey William V.
Published: June 2014

Cigarette trafficking represents a growing but poorly understood criminal activity. There are several modes of trafficking, ranging from small-time smugglers to sophisticated criminal networks. Tax disparities make trafficking cigarettes, often purchased legally in southern states and resold illicitly in northern locations, an immensely profitable yet low-risk enterprise. This article represents a case study of cigarette trafficking and is designed to identify modes of trafficking, key inflection points, and establish a predicate for discussion. Policy recommendations for legislation and law enforcement are proposed and avenues for studying this issue are described.
The Heterogeneity of Family Firms in CSR Engagement
Authors: Marques Pilar , Presas Pilar , Simon Alexandra
Published: June 2014

This study addresses the heterogeneity of family firms in their engagement with corporate social responsibility (CSR). We build on stewardship theory and socioemotional wealth to explore the foundations of CSR in family firms and to examine whether the extent of engagement is based on values, and how and why this happens. We use the interpretative method of grounded theory to address these questions. Based on 12 case studies of Spanish family firms, this article illustrates the patterns of influence of family involvement and values in explaining the extent and scope of CSR.
Mechanical properties and machinability of 6061 aluminum alloy produced by equal-channel angular pressing
Authors: Bayat Asl Yashar , Meratian Mahmood , Emamikhah Afshin , Mokhtari Homami Rasool , Abbasi Alireza
Published: June 2014

Equal-channel angular pressing is a process used for the effective improvement of certain mechanical properties of various metallic alloys by producing an ultrafine-grained microstructure, although subsequent machining may be necessary in some cases for practical applications. The objective of this article was to investigate the mechanical properties and machinability of a 6061-T6 aluminum alloy produced by equal-channel angular pressing on different routes. Equal-channel angular pressing was found to improve not only hardness in certain specimens tested but also the strength of others as revealed by tensile tests. Moreover, the two most important machinability criteria, that is, cutting forces and surface roughness, were measured to find a significant reduction in cutting forces. The specimens produced by the process indeed exhibited better machinability properties as required by the cutting force criteria. Finally, a significant improvement was observed in the surface roughness of equal-channel angular pressing–produced specimens.
Energy harvesting from limit cycle oscillation of a cantilever plate in low subsonic flow by ionic polymer metal composite
Authors: Jamshidi Shahab , Dardel Morteza , Pashaei Mohammad Hadi , Alashti Reza Akbari
Published: June 2014

In this work, energy harvesting from limit cycle oscillation of low aspect ratio rectangular cantilever plates in low subsonic flow by ionic polymer metal composite is considered. The plate is modeled in according to classic plate theory with Von-Karman strain–displacement relations for modeling large deflections due to midplane stretching. Aerodynamics flow is modeled based on modified vortex lattice aerodynamics model. Linear and nonlinear aeroelastic characteristics of the considered model are accurately examined and the effects of ionic polymer metal composite energy harvesting properties on flutter margin and limit cycle oscillation amplitudes are investigated. The obtained results show that output power of [Formula: see text] is generated when the flow velocity reaches to [Formula: see text] , and position of ionic polymer metal composite on the plate has great effect on the amount of power produced. The extraction of energy from plate vibration in conjunction with large strain characteristics of ionic polymer metal composite materials produces static deflection of plate. This static deflection produces stiffness hardening of the entire system, accordingly reduces the amplitude of limit cycle oscillation. Obtained results show that ionic polymer metal composite actuator has more influence on limit cycle oscillation of plate, while its effect on flutter instability is negligible.
A new method for design of fixed wing micro air vehicle
Authors: Hassanalian Mostafa , Khaki Hamed , Khosravi Mehrdad
Published: June 2014

This study attempts to present a new and comprehensive cycle for the design of fixed wing micro air vehicles. The idea is to propose a complete cycle containing all micro air vehicles design subjects such as aerodynamics, stability, structure, and navigation. The main aim of the cycle is to decrease the designing time for an optimum design. In this method, the sizing process is started simultaneously, which involves the following cases: specification of mission and aviation plan; determination of planform and aspect ratio; constraint analysis; estimation of plane weight. Completion of these four phases results in the specification of the geometry and dimensions of the wing in an optimum manner. After determination of the planform geometry, selection of the airfoil is carried out by complying with the defined criteria. After this stage, the wing of micro air vehicle is designed completely and analysis is carried out to determine the aerodynamics coefficients. Next step is designing the fuselage for the airplane. Then micro air vehicle and aerodynamic center of wing are calculated and stability equations for micro air vehicle are simulated. The results of these processes are determination of surfaces, dimensions and airfoils of the tails and center of gravity of the plane. After calculation of the control surfaces, the designed micro air vehicle is analyzed in XFLR5 software. Next step is selection of electric equipment such as motor, batteries, servo, etc. The final step of design is the optimization of the micro air vehicle for increasing its performance and endurance. After the design, steps of manufacturing will be started.
Evaluation of the stress distribution change at the adjacent facet joints after lumbar fusion surgery: A biomechanical study
Authors: Ma Jianxiong , Jia Haobo , Ma Xinlong , Xu Weiguo , Yu Jingtao , Feng Rui , Wang Jie , Xing Dan , Wang Ying , Zhu Shaowen , Yang Yang , Chen Yang , Ma Baoyi
Published: June 2014

Spinal fusion surgery has been widely applied in clinical treatment, and the spinal fusion rate has improved markedly. However, its postoperative complications, especially adjacent segment degeneration, have increasingly attracted the attention of spinal surgeons. The most common pathological condition at adjacent segments is hypertrophic degenerative arthritis of the facet joint. To study the stress distribution changes at the adjacent facet joint after lumbar fusion with pedicle screw fixation, human cadaver lumbar spines were used in the present study, and electrical resistance strain gauges were attached on L1–L4 articular processes parallel or perpendicular to the articular surface of facet joints. Subsequently, electrical resistance strain gauge data were measured using anYJ-33 static resistance strain indicator with three types of models: the intact model, the laminectomy model, and the fusion model with pedicle screw fixation. The strain changes in the measurement sites indirectly reflect the stress changes. Significant differences in strain were observed between the normal and laminectomy state at all facet joints. Significant differences in strain were observed between the normal and the pedicle screw fixation fusion state at the L1/2 and L3/4 facet joints. The increased stress on the facet joints after lumbar fusion with pedicle screw fixation may be the cause of adjacent segment degeneration.
Experimental validation of finite element modelling of a modular metal-on-polyethylene total hip replacement
Authors: Hua Xijin , Wang Ling , Al-Hajjar Mazen , Jin Zhongmin , Wilcox Ruth K , Fisher John
Published: June 2014

Finite element models are becoming increasingly useful tools to conduct parametric analysis, design optimisation and pre-clinical testing for hip joint replacements. However, the verification of the finite element model is critically important. The purposes of this study were to develop a three-dimensional anatomic finite element model for a modular metal-on-polyethylene total hip replacement for predicting its contact mechanics and to conduct experimental validation for a simple finite element model which was simplified from the anatomic finite element model. An anatomic modular metal-on-polyethylene total hip replacement model (anatomic model) was first developed and then simplified with reasonable accuracy to a simple modular total hip replacement model (simplified model) for validation. The contact areas on the articulating surface of three polyethylene liners of modular metal-on-polyethylene total hip replacement bearings with different clearances were measured experimentally in the Leeds ProSim hip joint simulator under a series of loading conditions and different cup inclination angles. The contact areas predicted from the simplified model were then compared with that measured experimentally under the same conditions. The results showed that the simplification made for the anatomic model did not change the predictions of contact mechanics of the modular metal-on-polyethylene total hip replacement substantially (less than 12% for contact stresses and contact areas). Good agreements of contact areas between the finite element predictions from the simplified model and experimental measurements were obtained, with maximum difference of 14% across all conditions considered. This indicated that the simplification and assumptions made in the anatomic model were reasonable and the finite element predictions from the simplified model were valid.
High-resolution measurement and analysis of the transient secondary flow field in a turbine cascade
Authors: Wang Shun-sen , Sun Hao , Di Juan , Mao Jing-ru , Li Jun , Cai Liu-xi
Published: June 2014

Combining an improved particle image velocimetry technique with a far-field microscope, a high-resolution quantitative measurement of the transient secondary flow field in an annular turbine cascade is conducted through moving the laser light sheet to follow the primary flow. The measuring results revealed the transient behavior and strong unsteadiness of the secondary flow in a cascade for the first time. It is confirmed that the suction side leg of the horseshoe vortex rotates around the passage vortex along the rotating direction of passage vortex. In the secondary flow of cascade, the formation, development and decay of Hopf bifurcations caused by the competition between the tensile deformation and the dissipation, have become a major behavior of vortex evolution. Driven by the interaction between the passage vortex and the suction side leg of the horseshoe vortex as well as the transverse pressure gradient, the passage vortex was pushed to the suction surface and ultimately formed the wall vortex. Furthermore, the strength of secondary vortex was enhanced with the increase of aerodynamic parameters, though the scale of vortex was gradually shrinking and the limit cycle concentrated at the core of vortex. However, no change happened to the location of vortex core and the structure of vortex. The computational fluid dynamics results revealed that the results using the SST k- ω model was the closest to the experiment results in the topological structure, the evolution process of secondary flow and the magnitude estimation, followed by those with the RNG k- ɛ model. The results with standard k- ɛ model were clearly inconsistent with the experimental results.