bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Law of Incidental Findings in Human Subjects Research: Establishing Researchers' Duties
Authors: Wolf Susan M. , Paradise Jordan , Caga-Anan Charlisse
Published: June 2008

Technology has outpaced the capacity of researchers performing research on human participants to interpret all data generated and handle those data responsibly. This poses a critical challenge to existing rules governing human subjects research. The technologies used in research to generate images, scans, and data can now produce so much information that there is significant potential for incidental findings (IFs), findings generated in the course of research but beyond the aims of the study. Neuroimaging scans may visualize the entire brain and even the entire head; computed tomography (CT) colonography research may visualize the entire torso, from the base of the lungs to the pubis; genetics studies may reveal “extra” and sometimes unwanted information about the family, such as misattributed paternity and undisclosed adoption; and genomic microarray research increasingly involves whole-genome analysis (WGA) revealing an individual’s complete genotype, with enormous potential for uncovering unexpected information about an individual’s genetics and risks of developing future conditions.
Assessing Mandatory HPV Vaccination: Who Should Call the Shots?
Authors: Javitt Gail , Berkowitz Deena , Gostin Lawrence O.
Published: June 2008

The human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted infection worldwide. In the United States, more than six million people are infected each year. Although most HPV infections are benign, two strains of HPV cause 70 percent of cervical cancer cases. Two other strains of HPV are associated with 90 percent of genital warts cases.

In June 2006, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the first vaccine against HPV. Sold as Gardasil, the quadrivalent vaccine is intended to prevent four strains of HPV associated with cervical cancer, precancerous genital lesions, and genital warts. Following FDA approval, the national Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommended routine vaccination for girls ages 11-12 with three doses of quadrivalent HPV vaccine. Thereafter, state legislatures around the country engaged in an intense effort to pass laws mandating vaccination of young girls against HPV. This activity was spurred in part by an intense lobbying campaign by Merck, the manufacturer of the vaccine.
The 2007 WHO Classification of Tumors of the Nervous System: Controversies in Surgical Neuropathology
Authors: Scheithauer Bernd W. , Fuller Greg N. , VandenBerg Scott R.
Published: June 2008

Controversy surrounds the recent 2007 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Nervous System. A number of nosologic issues remain to be resolved, some a reflection of conceptual disagreement, others the result of inadequate data to permit their definitive resolution. Among these and discussed herein are (i) the nosologic place of highly anaplastic oligoastrocytic tumors, (ii) the forms and significance of microvascular changes in high‐grade gliomas, (iii) the makeup of the glioneuronal tumors category, (iv) the subclassification of pineal parenchymal tumors of intermediate type, and (v) the classification of principle forms of mesenchymal neoplasms, specifically hemangiopericytoma and solitary fibrous tumor. These issues and others are the substance of this and an upcoming companion article.
The Occurrence of Dental Pain and Extractions over a 3‐Year Period in a Cohort of Children Aged 3‐6 Years
Authors: Tickle M. , Blinkhorn A. S. , Milsom K. M.
Published: June 2008

Objectives: To describe the occurrence of dental pain and extractions in young children in relation to the caries and restoration history of their primary molar teeth. Methods: A prospective cohort study of 739 children aged 2.8 to 6.2 years attending 50 dental practices in the North West of England followed for 3 years. Incidence rates for pain and extraction in primary molar teeth were calculated for children with and without dental caries. Tooth years at risk of extraction or pain were calculated for each primary molar according to whether they were caries‐free, carious and unrestored, or restored. Results: A total of 119 (16.1 percent) children had caries at recruitment and 157 developed caries during follow‐up. Each year approximately one in five children with caries, but only one in 100, who was caries‐free, presented with dental pain. In the whole population, each year, approximately one in 40 children had a primary molar tooth extracted but in children with caries it was one in 10. In the total cohort, incidence of pain was higher in unrestored carious teeth than restored, but incidence of extraction was higher in restored than in unrestored teeth. Conclusion: The majority of children attending general dental practice remained caries‐free and did not experience pain or extraction over 3 years. Children with caries had a substantial risk of developing pain or having an extraction. The study was unable to demonstrate that restoring carious primary molar teeth prevents pain and extraction.
Time Absent from School due to Dental Conditions and Dental Care in Thai Schoolchildren
Authors: Pongpichit B. , Sheiham A. , Pikhart H. , Tsakos G.
Published: June 2008

Objectives: To assess the number of school hours missed for dental reasons per 1,000 grade 5 primary school children in 1 school year and compare dentally related school absences with those related to medical and social reasons. Methods: A longitudinal study using a multistage sampling technique was carried out on a sample of 1,211 children attending schools in Lampang province, Thailand. Data on absence were collected from daily school attendance records for 1 year and from children and parents questionnaires and school dental clinic records. Clinical examinations were done using the World Health Organization criteria. Results: A total of 1,158 children (response rate: 95.7 percent) aged 9 to 13 years were examined and returned completed questionnaires. Their caries level was relatively low (DMFT 1.4 ± 1.7). The children (22.5 percent) reported school absence for any dental reason. The mean number of hours of school absence per year for dental care was 434 hours per 1,000 children (613 hours per 1,000 children when dental screening was included). Among those who actually missed school for dental reasons, the numbers of hours missed were 1,923 hours per 1,000 children. Conclusions: The level of school absence for dental‐related conditions and care was low per child but cumulatively was considerable. The time missed because of dental reasons was substantially less than the time missed because of other health and social reasons.
Pilot Study of Rapid Caries Treatment Needs Screening – A Brief Communication
Authors: Sgan‐Cohen Harold D. , Livny Alon , Yavnai Nirit , Fichtenholz Roberto
Published: June 2008

Objective: To evaluate a newly developed screening method for caries‐related treatment needs. Methods: The Rapid Caries Treatment Needs Screening (RCTNS) Index includes five ordinal nominal scores. Comparisons with conventional examinations were conducted among 565 young Israeli adults (aged 23 ± 5.3 years) by the same dentist. Results: According to conventional examination, 79.5 percent demonstrated caries‐related treatment needs as compared to 54.9 percent according to RCTNS. The sensitivity of RCTNS was 68.1 percent; specificity was 96.5 percent; positive predictive value was 98.7 percent; and negative predictive value was 43.9 percent. The calculated percentage of explained variance (R2) of the conventional examination results according to RCTNS was 55.6 percent. Conclusions: The data reveal the relevance of a rapid visual screening method for caries‐related treatment needs. This is a pilot study that demands further methodological refinement. Preliminary results revealed a potential, which should be further investigated.
Children's School Performance: Impact of General and Oral Health
Authors: Blumenshine Stephanie L. , Vann William F. , Gizlice Ziya , Lee Jessica Y.
Published: June 2008

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to examine: a) the sociodemographic and health factors associated with poor school performance among North Carolina children; and b) the impact of poor oral health status on school performance while controlling for other health and sociodemographic factors. Methods: We used data from the 2005 Child Health Assessment and Monitoring Program, a follow‐back telephone survey to the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System involving parents/guardians of children 0 to 17. This project includes sections on oral health and school performance. Our principal outcome variable was school performance and our major explanatory variable was children's oral health status, based upon parental report. Results: Our sample consisted of 2,871 school children, weighted to reflect the North Carolina census. Bivariate analysis revealed that sex, race, parental education, low socioeconomic status, poor general health, poor oral health, and the interaction of poor oral health and general health were significantly related to school performance (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis demonstrates the effects of poor oral health and general health on school performance. Children with both poor oral health and general health were 2.3 times more likely to report poor school performance. Children with either poor oral health or general health were only 1.4 times more likely to report poor school performance. Conclusions: Our results show that children who have both poor oral health and general health are more likely to have poor school performance. Our findings suggest that the improvement of children's oral health may be a vehicle to improve their educational experience.
Evaluation of the ADVIA 120 for analysis of canine cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Ruotsalo Kristiina , Poma Roberto , Da Costa Ronaldo C. , Bienzle Dorothee
Published: June 2008

Background: Conventional techniques for canine cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis require large sample volumes and are labor intensive and subject to operator variability.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ADVIA120 CSF assay for analysis of canine CSF samples.

Methods: CSF samples collected from 36 healthy control dogs and 17 dogs with neurologic disease were processed in parallel using the automated assay and established manual methods using a hemocytometer and cytocentrifugation. Results for WBC (total nucleated cell) count, RBC count, and differential nucleated cell percentages were compared using Spearman rank correlation coefficients and Bland–Altman bias plots.

Results: Correlation coefficients for WBC and RBC counts were 0.57 and 0.83 for controls, and 0.92 and 0.94 for ill dogs, respectively. Coefficients for the percentages of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes were 0.53, 0.26, and 0.12 for controls and 0.77, 0.92, and 0.70 for dogs with neurologic disease. When data were combined (n=53), correlation coefficients were 0.86 and 0.91 for WBC and RBC counts, and 0.63, 0.43, and 0.30 for neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte percentages. A 9.5% positive bias and 7.0% negative bias were obtained for the ADVIA 120 CSF assay for lymphocytes and macrophages in dogs with neurologic disease with Bland‐Altman analysis. A 12.2% positive bias was found for lymphocyte percentage in dogs with neurologic disease.

Conclusions: Manual and automated CSF assays had moderate to excellent correlation for WBC and RBC concentrations, but results were more variable for differential cell percentages. The ADVIA assay may be more useful for assessment of canine CSF with adjustment of cell differentiation algorithms.
A case‐controlled retrospective study of the causes and implications of moderate to severe leukocytosis in dogs in South Africa
Authors: Weltan Sandra M. , Leisewitz Andrew L. , Goddard Amelia
Published: June 2008

Background:Previous studies showed that dogs with extreme leukocytosis had specific types of diseases, long hospitalization times, and high mortality rates.

Objectives:The aim of this study was to determine whether dogs with moderate to severe leukocytosis are likely to have similar results compared with age‐matched control dogs.

Methods:Records at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital, University of Pretoria, were examined retrospectively from dogs with ≥35 × 109 WBC/L (Leukocytosis Group) and dogs with ≤30 × 109 WBC/L and ≤0.5 × 109band neutrophils/L (Control Group). Hematologic and serum protein data, final diagnosis, and effect of glucocorticoid treatment were compared between groups.

Results:One hundred eighty‐two dogs were included in the Leukocytosis Group and 179 in the Control Group. Compared with dogs in the Control Group, significantly more dogs in the Leukocytosis Group had infections, babesiosis, immune‐mediated hematologic disease, and necrosis. Hospitalization time and neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts were significantly higher and HCT, eosinophil count, platelet count, and serum albumin concentration were lower in dogs in the Leukocytosis Group (P<.0001). There was no difference in leukocyte counts between glucocorticoid‐treated and non‐glucocorticoid‐treated dogs. Survival did not differ between Leukocytosis and Control Groups; however, a significant relationship was found between total neutrophil (mature+band) count and survival (P=.01).

Conclusions:Dogs with leukocytosis of ≥35 × 109/L are more likely to have bacterial and fungal infections, complicated babesiosis, immune‐mediated hematologic disease, and necrosis. The total neutrophil count has a significant impact on outcome.
Evaluation of three methods for measurement of hemoglobin and calculated hemoglobin parameters with the ADVIA 2120 and ADVIA 120 in dogs, cats, and horses
Authors: Bauer Natali , Moritz Andreas
Published: June 2008

Background: Besides flow cytometric detection of cellular hemoglobin (HGB) concentration, the ADVIA 2120 uses a novel cyanide‐free colorimetric method to determine extracellular total HGB concentration. In human samples, the results are equivalent to those of the cyanmethemoglobin method on the ADVIA 120. Cyanide‐free HGB measurement has not been evaluated in animal samples.

Objectives: The aim of this prospective study was to compare the 3 methods of HGB analysis on the ADVIA 2120 and ADVIA 120 in blood samples from dogs, cats, and horses.

Methods: Consecutive fresh K3EDTA blood samples from 119 dogs, 113 cats, and 151 horses submitted to the Central Laboratory, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Justus‐Liebig University Giessen, were included. A CBC was performed on each sample using the ADVIA 2120 and ADVIA 120. Colorimetric and cellular HGB concentrations and all calculated variables based on HGB measurement were compared using linear regression, Passing Bablok regression, and Bland Altman plots, using the ADVIA 120 as the reference method

Results: In samples from all species, an excellent correlation was found for colorimetric HGB results (r=0.99). HGB measured with the cyanide‐free method was overestimated on the ADVIA 2120 compared with the cyanide‐based method on the ADVIA 120, with a mean proportional bias of −21.0% (dog), −22.0% (cat), and −19.4% (horse). The correlation of cellular HGB concentration between analyzers was excellent (r=0.99); however, imprecision was higher than for colorimetric methods. Excellent to fair agreement was found for all calculated variables.

Conclusion: The cyanide‐free method of HGB determination is appropriate for use in blood samples from animals, provided the proportional bias is considered.
Clinical chemistry values and tissue enzyme activities in western barred bandicoots (Perameles bougainville)
Authors: Bennett Mark D. , Woolford Lucy , O'Hara Amanda J. , Nicholls Philip K. , Warren Kristin S.
Published: June 2008

Background:The western barred bandicoot,Perameles bougainville, is an endangered Australian marsupial species whose survival is threatened by a papillomatosis and carcinomatosis syndrome. Investigations to characterize this syndrome would benefit from species‐specific clinical chemistry data.

Objectives:The purpose of this study was to determine plasma biochemical reference values and to determine enzyme activities in various tissues ofP. bougainville.

Methods:Heparinized blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture from 53 clinically healthy bandicoots of both sexes and at 3 geographic locations. Plasma was analyzed for routine clinical chemistry variables using an automated biochemistry analyzer. Tissues obtained following humane euthanasia of 3 bandicoots were analyzed for alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatine kinase (CK), α‐amylase (AML), and γ‐glutamyltransferase (GGT) activities.

Results:Significant differences in the results were found for animals based on geographic location and sex; hence, results were expressed as minimum and maximum values. A population reference interval was calculated for AST activity (20–283 U/L). ALT was found mainly in the liver, with lower levels in cardiac and skeletal muscle and kidneys. AST was detectable in many tissues, including the heart, liver, kidneys, and central nervous system; CK was found in skeletal and cardiac muscle and central nervous system; AML was found in the pancreas; and GGT was found mainly in kidneys with lower levels in the intestines and pancreas.

Conclusions:These findings will facilitate the interpretation of clinical chemistry results fromP. bougainvilleand thereby inform population management and clinical decision‐making.
The Liminous Environment and Human Behavior
Authors: Bartholomew Robert
Published: June 2008

From these two pilot studies, it appears that there is minimal effect of artificial lighting on human behavior, at least under the conditions and with the subjects in this investigation.

It is possible that a longitudinal study may have shown some behavioral responses to varying lighting conditions. However, a methodology has now been developed f o rfurther work in investigating luminous environment and behavior relationships.
France's Pompidou Center: A Case for User Evaluation
Authors: McGraw Eugene T.
Published: June 2008

This paper is concerned specifically with the attitudinal values held by employee–users toward the interior physical settings of the recently completed Centre National d'Art et de Culture Georges Pompidou in Paris. It identifies the ten major aspects of the interior physical environment which, according to the employees interviewed, have contributed in diminishing human performance and in creating a feeling of antipathy towards the Center. The paper also attempts to analyze the underlying causes which have allowed this antipathy to arise by examining the organizational structure responsible for bringing the Center into existence. It places the responsibility for the present levels of employee dissatisfaction directly on the organizational arrangement. Finally, the paper recommends a thorough post–evaluation study be undertaken to determine the full extent of the dissatisfaction so that remedial action can possibly be initiated.
Developing a Common Language between the Architect and Client
Authors: Sherman Michael P.
Published: June 2008

In summary, before the architect can begin to design, he must be capable of developing a common language between himself and his client. This common language must be able to translate the verbal descriptors of the client into identifiable cues for the architect to use in order to establish design parameters. In essence there are three specific stages that must transpire for the formation of a successful common

1. Regeneration of the sensory perceptors.

2. Development of the sensory perceptors and expansion of the scope of the verbal descriptors.

3. The insertion of the tacit communion into the common language.

If the architect is proficient in making buildings that are wonderful places, and has accomplished the development of the common verbal language, it is certain that the resulting dialogue will produce a final design that fully reflects the needs of the client.
Housing Types in Webster County, Nebraska 1870–1920
Authors: Skjelver Mabel R.
Published: June 2008

Editor's Note: Due to the length of the article “Housing Types in Webster County, Nebraska 1870–1920,” and the decision by the editorial committee to publish it in its entirety, the introduction and section I & II are being printed in this issue. Part III and the conclusion will be printed in Vol. 8, Number 2, Fall 1982, of JIDER. We regret any inconvenience that this decision may bring to our readers.

The first settlers arrived in Webster County, Nebraska in the spring of 1870. In recent years due to the current recognition of the early writings of Willa Cather (1873–1947), Webster County has come to stand as the prototype of the pioneer settlement of the plains. However, a casual look by the traveler at other Nebraska locations indicates that housing in Webster County is typical of early housing in other parts of the state. The original study of Webster County housing was partially funded by the Nebraska State Historical Society, The Center for Great Plains Studies and the patrons of the Webster County Historical Museum.
A Methodology for Teaching Interior Illumination: A Paper Presented at the Annual Conference of the Interior Design Educators Council, April 1982
Authors: Rey–Barreau Joseph A.
Published: June 2008

Ultimately, the most important objective for the student is to develop a good understanding of the need to balance all the factors that can influence any lighting installation. For the designer, the engineering calculations should never become the primary consideration, but they must be considered as a major part of the final solution.

Thus lighting becomes a matter of balance between quantity and quality, that is between science and art. The teaching procedures should make the student aware that through good lighting design he can not only provide a sufficient quantity of lighting, devoid of glare and veiling reflections, but also he/she should realize that lighting can be a useful tool; with the capacity for influencing interior environments as much as color, material textures, furnishings, and spatial forms.
Adaptation to the Demands of the Post–Industrial Society
Authors: Friedmann Arnold
Published: June 2008

Editors Note: This is a copy of the address by Arnold Friedmann presented at the International Federation of Interior Architects/Interior Designers (IFI), in Madrid, Spain 1982. In the Spring Issue of JIDER, Vol. 9, #1, Liesbeth Hardenberg's address was reprinted from the same conference.
Homeowner Satisfaction in Earth Sheltered Housing: A Study
Authors: Hays Denny
Published: June 2008

This study was initiated to seek information concerning 1) homeowners’ involvement in the initiation and design of their earth sheltered home and, 2) earth sheltered homeowners’ levels of satisfaction with their homes. In–person interviews with 22 earth sheltered homeowners was done in Southern Illinois. Interview questions were designed for maximum freedom of response by owners. The answers indicated homeowners’ levels of satisfaction and provided insight into issues surrounding earth sheltered living. It appears that the more professional assistance used in design and construction the fewer the problems encountered, and overall level of acceptance with earth sheltered living remained high regardless of the problems. Personal accomplishment, pride of ownership, or the inability of homeowners to distinguish between the concept of earth sheltered housing, and satisfaction with their specific living conditions could not be ruled out as probable influences on the overall high level of acceptance of earth sheltered living.
Patterns of Furniture Consumption: Three Eastern North Carolina Counties, 1800–1899
Authors: Casto Marilyn D.
Published: June 2008

Beaufort, Chowan, and Edgecomb counties were quite similar in patterns of furniture consumption. Types of advertisements were comparable and stemmed from three sources: local or regional cabinetmakers, wholesale and retail dealers who offered merchandise or catalogues, and merchants who operated general stores. In addition, local residents were able to obtain furniture from trust, estate, and other sales and by direct order through manufactureres or commission merchants.

During the nineteenth century the frequency of advertisments by local cabinetmakers declined. By the middle of the century furniture advertisements from general stores were dominant. The tone of the notices suggested that consumers had no steady supply of particular items, but were dependent on varying shipments. Advertisements for furniture occurred far less frequently than those for other goods and services, particularly textiles. It was not until the end of the century that merchants began to emphasize furniture in their advertisements.

Few advertisements from outside the counties appeared in newspapers. Other towns which were represented were Halifax, New Bern, Wilmington, and Murfreesboro. Most were from New Bern and Wilmington which were larger and more cosmopolitan towns. Dealers from Norfolk, Petersburg, Baltimore, and New York also advertised in newspapers from all three counties. A large portion of North Carolina's trade was with those areas, so it was logical that imported furniture would come from those regions.

It was difficult to determine furniture styles from advertisements. However, it was clear that cabinetmakers and merchants were concerned with presenting the most fashionable styles. New York was often cited as the source of influence and materials.
A Study of Student Work in FIDER–Reviewed First Professional Degree Programs
Authors: Jackman Dianne , James Dennis C.
Published: June 2008

Findings from the content analysis of FIDER Accreditation Reports to 91 first–professional degree programs in interior design are presented. The objectives of the study were to identify differences in FIDER evaluations of student work in relation to 1) academic setting (architecture, fine–arts, home economics/human ecology), 2) accreditation status, and 3) baccalaureate and professional school programs.

The findings show that evaluation of student work is based on specific and professional concerns for effective interior design practice, and provide reliable indications of the Foundation's decision to award or deny accreditation.
Energy Conservation Practices in Alabama Residences
Authors: Roper Lydia L. , Darden Leatha A. , McLean Frances P.
Published: June 2008

The reduction of energy costs related to heating homes is a concern of consumers. Interior designers are challenged to help their clients solve this problem in creative and aesthetically pleasing ways. It is important for designers to know what steps clients have taken to make homes more energy efficient. Such knowledge can provide a basis for interior design solutions which may not have been considered by clients.

A random survey of 445 Alabama households showed the majority of homes were heated by either natural gas or electricity. Supplementary heat was used by one–third of the residents and one–third had added insulation. The most common method of conserving energy was to reduce thermostat settings. It was concluded that many clients have taken basic steps toward conserving energy. To realize additional savings professional knowledge of interior designers will be required.
Instruction in Lighting Design
Authors: Stumpe Ruth
Published: June 2008

A technique for teaching interior design lighting at the introductory level is described including the development of instructional objectives, a student project, and the analysis of the assigned course project. The objective of this teaching method was to focus on coordinating aesthetic and environment/behavior criteria, using an architectural programming technique.
Quality of Personal Computer Work Settings: Assessment in Facilities with Decentralized Control
Authors: Eshelman Paul
Published: June 2008

The use of personal computers is increasing dramatically, and the users are the primary ones who are creating the work settings, particularly in organizations that practice decentralized control of facilities. This is a study of the quality of work settings being created in a typical organization which practices decentralized control (i.e., Cornell University). Data on personal computer use patterns, fit between use patterns and work settings, and process for creating work settings were collected using a questionnaire, informal interviews and photo documentation. A total of sixty personal computer work settings were surveyed. The findings show that the majority of work settings are prepared by the individual or group using the computer, and that most of these settings conflict with, rather than support, the use of computers. The findings from the survey clearly indicate a responsibility on the part of the interior designer in facilitating user control in the work setting. The findings have implications for interior design education and practice.
Effects of Solar Control Window Films on Color Changes of Upholstery Fabrics Exposed to Sunlight
Authors: Epps Helen H.
Published: June 2008

The influence of semi–transparent Mylar® solar control window films on color changes of three upholstery fabrics was investigated through exposure of the fabrics in outdoor chambers. Comparisons were made among fabrics exposed in racks equipped with window glass without film and identical fabrics exposed in racks containing window glass onto which three different solar control films were applied. Changes in color of the fabrics were assessed at two–week intervals over a 24–week exposure period.
Analysis of Three Dimensional Computer Graphics Animation to Teach Spatial Skills to Interior Design Students
Authors: Zavotka Susan Lee
Published: June 2008

Spatial skills necessary to design and analyze orthographic drawings are sometimes lacking in interior design students. It was hypothesized that viewing computer generated and animated graphics could be useful in the instruction of such skills by replicating mental images of object rotation and dimensional transformation. The major purpose of this study was to investigate this effect and additionally to determine if particular types of visual presentations were more effective than others. Changes in scores on the Vandenburg/Kuse Mental Rotations Test, and an orthographic views identification test were used to determine these effects. The treatments consisted of viewing films of three architectural type graphic representations, in both color and wire frame form, rotating to top and side views, and changing from three to two dimensions. Statistical analysis consisted of a multivariate analysis of variance and Fishers’ LSD post hoc. Results indicated that viewing the animated images did have a significant effect on increasing scores on the orthographic view identification test, but not the mental rotation tests. The order in which subjects viewed the films significantly affected their orthographic scores but viewing wire frame images first had a significant negative effect on subjects first mental rotation score.
Parameters Affecting Service Life of Carpeting
Authors: Raheel Mastura
Published: June 2008

Current developments in the carpet industry which have an impact on carpet aesthetics, cost, and performance are presented. Essential criteria for appearance retention and wear resistance of carpets are discussed in relation to expected traffic loads in residential and commercial interiors. Parameters such as constructional variables, fiber and yarn type, pile density and weight, color, texture, and functional finishes are reviewed. These parameters essentially define appearance retention and are directly related to service life of carpeting. The importance of a maintenance program is emphasized.
Michael Graves’ Carlos Hall Reviewed
Authors: Harwood Buie , Hing Allan
Published: June 2008

Editor's comment

This review is one in a continuing series published by “the journal of interior design education and research.‘ This particular interior, the museum of art & Archaeology in Michael c. Carlos hall, was an adaptive reuse of an existing building at Emory university in Atlanta, Georgia, designed by Michael graves and completed in 1985.
Determining the Significance of Standardized Tests Administered to Entering Interior Design Majors
Authors: Kolar Jane , Gorman Mary Anne
Published: June 2008

The Interior Design Program at Texas Christian University utilizes three differential aptitude tests and one art judgment test to measure a student's perceptual, mechanical, and art reasoning skills. The results of these texts are then used to illustrate strengths and weaknesses for each student.

The purpose of this research was to statistically analyze the results of the test scores collected over the period of 1980–84 to determine if they could serve as predictors of those individuals who successfully entered the Interior Design Program.

The results indicated that only the Art Judgement Test and an individual's GPA were significant predictors of entrance into the Interior Design Program. These findings support previous research that theorizes that perceptual and art ability can be taught to an individual regardless of previous experience in these skills.
Housing in Post–War Poland: The Effect of State Policy on Interior Space Utilization and Finishing
Authors: Carll M. Allison , Szymborski Grazyna , Sherman Michael P.
Published: June 2008

The purpose of this study is to examine Poland's response to a severe housing shortage resulting from extensive damage during World War II. The State has assumed principal responsibility for satisfying the housing needs of its citizens, and a policy of maximum and minimum standards has been developed which dictates interior space utilization, finishing, and equipment. Various aspects of this policy are discussed, including limitations such as the inability of various spatial arrangements to correspond with user needs and lifestyles. Despite these limitations, however, Polish families manage to personalize their dwelling spaces and make their houses into homes.
Memories of Childhood Homes: Some Contributions of Environmental Autobiography to Interior Design Education and Research
Authors: Boschetti Margaret A.
Published: June 2008

Environmental autobiography is a written memoir of one's own life with emphasis on environmental aspects. This article proposes that environmental autobiography, in addition to its value as a self–learning process, can generate useful concepts for the programming phase in designing children's environments. Much of the limited knowledge about children's use of interior space is based on observational studies by adults. Environmental autobiography is a method for understanding more directly children's feelings about the places they inhabit. As self–reported data, environmental autobiography may yield insights into child–environment behaviors that might otherwise be ignored. Reentering the childhood experience can be a rich source of inspiration for interior design students. This article presents examples from students’ environmental autobiographies collected over a 4–year period. A central theme of these accounts is the preference for small, enclosed spaces. This theme is discussed as it supports children's need for seclusion, exploration, and imagination.
A Regional Survey of Lighting Education Resources among Colleges and Universities
Authors: Kesner Christine Wilson
Published: June 2008

A study was conducted to survey the state of lighting education resources among colleges and universities offering lighting related programs within a 275 mile radius of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. A 19–item questionnaire was mailed to 70 schools in eight states and the District of Columbia. Twenty–nine questionnaires (41%) were returned. Of the respondents teaching lighting, the majority (72%) felt teaching resources were inadequate. The two greatest needs were a modelmaking/testing facility and measurement equipment. The least needed resources were library references and a mainframe computer. The major obstacle to resource adequacy was combinations of money, space, and equipment. It is suggested that greater communication between educators, businesses, and professional organizations as to the availability of low cost solutions and the development of a consortium to share expensive resources might contribute to a solution.
A Theoretical Base for Interior Design: A review of four approaches from related fields
Authors: Loustau Jennifer
Published: June 2008

There is presently no body of literature comprising the theory of interior design. There are, however, many theoretical approaches from related fields that have application to the field of interior design. In response to the need stated by others for a body of interior design theory, this paper reviews four theoretical approaches and gives examples of existing literature within each approach. This paper focuses on theory as an organizational tool and is limited to theories that are relevant to “concept” and “form”. Examples of each theory point toward a potential area of exploration in the development of interior design theory, with the intention that such a body of literature would hold meaning for both students and practitioners of interior design.
Designing Housing for the Future: An Interdisciplinary Approach
Authors: Gabb Betsy S. , Combs E. Raedene , Lodl Kathleen , Schriever Lee
Published: June 2008

The project is a cooperative research endeavor involving an interdisciplinary effort to design homes to meet the needs of rural home owners. A questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of 1,600 Nebraska residents. Results received were analyzed to discover the needs and preferences of these residents with regard to the importance of design characteristics, in August 1986, a daylong workshop was held. The objectives of the workshop included a review of the housing survey results and the development of recommendations for the design of single family housing for the midwest region of the United States. Information gained from the survey and the symposium was then used as the basis of a design program. Teams of students in interior design and architecture used the program to create design solutions which represent housing that is adaptable to a wide variety of typical users.
Victorian Women's Roles and the Concept of Home as Expressed through Aesthetics
Authors: Casto Marilyn
Published: June 2008

The purpose of this article was to examine correlations between the roles of Victorian women in the home and aesthetics of the home environment. Methodology was historical using a variety of primary and secondary sources. Conclusions of the study indicated that furnishings in the near environment were selected as symbols for prevailing beliefs and attitudes about women's roles. Handmade furnishings were emphasized by Victorians as evidence that the wife cared enough about home and family to invest considerable time in adornment of the home. The materials and motifs of both handmade and purchased accessories were consciously selected to convey messages, such as respect for nature, primacy of family life, and cultural interests. Victorians regarded interiors as expressions of a woman's ability to make appropriate decisions. Since motherhood was idealized as the center of a family's well–being, her creation and selection of furnishings represented the entire family's social position.
Preliminary Evaluation of Computer Aided Instruction in Historic Interiors
Authors: Dumesnil Carta D.
Published: June 2008

A computer–aided instruction (CAI) software package was developed for a History of Interiors course using Macintosh (512K) and all upgrades. The purpose of this study was to test the CAI during development in order to determine whether to continue the project. The first four discs, which are comparable to chapters of a book, divided the material into Ancient Times, Middle Ages, European Renaissance, and Emerging America. These discs were presented to two different college classes: a history of interiors class with 12 students and a liberal education class with 20 students (the control group). The students in each course did the exercises on all four discs and took an examination on both the disc material and similar non–disc material. This provided a 2times2 experimental design with Repeated Measures ANOVA (RMA) used for statistical analysis. The results indicate that while both groups improved their scores between the pre–and post–test, the history of interiors class showed significantly greater improvement in their scores.
CAD Education in Interior Design: Computers and the Creative Process
Authors: McLain–Kark Joan , Rawls Sandra
Published: June 2008

Computer–Aided Design (CAD) has become important in interior design education, yet there are varied opinions on whether the computer inhibits the creative process. This article examines the relevant theoretical and empirical research on creativity and learning styles and applies it to CAD technology. Ways in which the computer can enhance creativity and problem solving are also explored.
A Universal Kitchen Design for the Low–Vision Elderly: Research Applied in Practice
Authors: Null Roberta L.
Published: June 2008

This article provides background information on the aging population and describes a design program which applied research on specialized facility design and combined the talents of student and professional designers to meet the needs of the low–vision elderly in San Diego, California. Universal design criteria adopted for the prototype training facility are described in detail.
The Significance of the Educational Philosophies of Walter Gropius for Interior Design Curricula
Authors: Dunbar Brian H.
Published: June 2008

The faculty of the much maligned Bauhaus produced a manifesto filled with timeless, applicable directives for an all–encompassing design curriculum. The powerful principles and objectives were carefully laid out by Walter Gropius during and after his tenure as director of the Bauhaus. His philosophies can be applied directly to interior design curricular development.

A separation of Gropius’ writings from the design work of Bauhaus associates, an easier task now than in the past, unlocks a realm of deep and thoughtful statements that pertain to and can have a powerful influence on the future of interior design education. The original manifesto of the Bauhaus and twelve of Gropius’ more profound edicts are examined for their potential application in course and program methodology in interior design education.
Supportive Home Environments for People with AIDS
Authors: Leibrock Cynthia , Birdsong Craig
Published: June 2008

Simple, low technology design modifications believed to be relevant to individuals suffering from AIDS were investigated. Twelve health care providers (doctors, nurses, and home health workers) experienced in assisting people with AIDS in Fort Collins, Colorado and the metropolitan Denver area rated 159 design modification items grouped into II categories of physical limitations imposed by AIDS–related symptoms. Each item was rated for its usefulness to AIDS patients; 113 items were considered to be useful, and 80 of these were directly related to the furnishings, fixtures, and equipment within the home.

Of the II categories of limitations, the health care providers considered those items grouped into the categories of respiratory limits, increasing reaction time, bowel incontinence, pain reduction, coordination limits, and reach limits to be most problematic. Those items grouped into the categories of limits of sight, strength, one–handed use, concentration, and hearing were considered to be important but less problematic.

Interior designers can effectively improve the quality of life for people with AIDS through design prescriptions for supportive home environments. Such design prescriptions, personalized to the needs of the individual patient, can result from the design modification items investigated and offer people with AIDS the opportunity to live more creative and independent lives.
Color Change in Upholstery–Weight Fabrics as Affected by Aftermarket Flame Retardant Finishes
Authors: Watson Stephanie A. , Munson Deanna M.
Published: June 2008

This study was designed to investigate color changes in upholstery–weight fabrics following the custom commercial application of flame retardant finishes. The specific finishes studied were a saline solution and metallic salt–base solution. Fabrics tested were upholstery–weight cottons, linens, wools, and silks. Colorfastness was measured by the L*, a*, b* reflectance value of each of the 216 color change specimens using a Hunterlab D25–M Color Difference Meter. The average of the reflectance values was used as the base value from which delta Es were calculated. Analysis of variance and t–tests were used to determine significant effects. Results concerning L*, a*, b* and delta E values indicate that both the saline solution and metallic salt–base solution caused significant color change among most of the flame retardant treated test fabrics.
Interpreting the Arts and Crafts Movement in America through Content Analysis
Authors: Peatross Frieda D.
Published: June 2008

This article explains the use of content analysis as a methodological tool for analyzing art movements, styles, or trends. It describes how the method was used to identify key themes and presentation modes of the American Arts and Crafts movement as disseminated by two mass–circulation journals between 1901 and 1910. Findings indicate that the thematic content of House Beautiful and The Craftsman centered on the architectural expression of desired national characteristics and the moral and aesthetic aspects of architecture, and that they differed significantly in their publication of design and decorative themes. An instructional case study example shows how content analysis, in conjunction with traditional research methods, can be used by design historians, social historians, and material culturalists to derive quantitative data capable of providing a “cultural contour” of the past.
Portfolio Reviews as a Means of Quality Control in Interior Design Programs
Authors: Whiteside–Dickson Ann , Rothgeb Terry D.
Published: June 2008

This study was developed to create a data base on the use of portfolio reviews to control enrollment in interior design programs in North America. Data identified those programs with portfolio reviews, length of existence of review, level of occurrence, composition of jury, knowledge and/or skills reviewed, expected student performance, and options resulting from the review. Questionnaires were sent to 324 interior design program directors; there was a 61% return response. A statistical analysis system was used for treatment of the data. Ninety–three schools were identified as having a portfolio review. Statistics indicated that the most frequent point of review occurred in the second year and that the jury consisted primarily of interior design faculty. The review items identified as having the most importance in a portfolio review included creativity, drawing, drafting, design elements and principles, design concept, and rendering. Other data dealt with various optional results of portfolio review participants.