Parapneumonic effusions related toStreptococcus pneumoniae: serotype and disease severity trends from 2006 to 2018 in Bristol, UK
Authors: Hyams Catherine , Arnold David T , Heath Robyn , Amin-Chowdhury Zahin , Hettle David , Ruffino Gabriella , North Paul , Grimes Charli , Fry Norman K , Williams Philip , Challen Robert , Danon Leon , Williams O Martin , Ladhani Shamez , Finn Adam , Maskell Nick A 
Published: March 2022

Rationale

Streptococcus pneumoniaeepidemiology is changing in response to vaccination and some data suggest empyema incidence is increasing. However, differences exist between UK and USA studies. We describe trends in the clinical phenotype of adult pneumococcal pleural infection, including simple parapneumonic effusions (SPE) in the pneumococcal conjugate vaccination (PCV) era.

Objectives

To determine whether there were differences in pneumococcal disease presentation and severity associated with pleural infection.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study, all adults ≥16 years admitted to three large UK hospitals, 2006-2018 with pneumococcal disease. 2477 invasive pneumococcal cases were identified: 459 SPE and 100 pleural infection cases. Medical records were reviewed for each clinical episode. Serotype data were obtained from the UK Health Security Agency national reference laboratory.

Results

Incidence increased over time, including non-PCV-serotype disease. PCV7-serotype disease declined following paediatric PCV7 introduction, but the effect of PCV13 was less apparent as disease caused by the additional six serotypes plateaued with serotypes 1 and 3 causing such parapneumonic effusions from 2011 onwards.

Patients with pleural infection had a median survival 468 days (95% CI 340-590), versus 286 days (95% CI 274-335) in those with SPE. Pleural infection associated with frank pus had lower 90-day mortality than pleural infection without pus (0% versus 29%,P<0.0001). 90-day mortality could be predicted by baseline increased RAPID (Renal, Age, Purulence, Infection source, and Dietary factors) score (HR15.01, 95% CI 1.24-40.06,P=0.049).

Conclusions

Pneumococcal infection continues to cause severe disease despite the introduction of PCVs. The predominance of serotype 1 and 3 in this adult UK cohort is in keeping with previous studies in paediatric and non-UK studies. Rising non-PCV serotype disease and limited impact of PCV13 on cases caused by serotypes 1 and 3 offset the reductions in adult pneumococcal parapneumonic effusion disease burden observed following introduction of the childhood PCV7 programme.

KEY MESSAGES

What is already known on this topic

The epidemiology of pneumococcal infection is changing in both adults and children following pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) introduction, as a result of direct and indirect vaccine effects. Other studies have reported that serotypes 1 and 3 disproportionately cause pneumococcal pleural disease; however, the clinical phenotype of parapneumonic effusions associated with pneumococcal infection in adults following PCV introduction is not well described.

What this study adds

In this study which presents the largest cohort of patients with a single-organism pleural infection, we demonstrate an increasing incidence of parapneumonic effusions related toStreptococcus pneumoniaein adults, attributable to serotype 1 and 3 disease, despite the introduction of PCV13 in the UK childhood vaccination programme. Interestingly, our data suggest that pneumococcal pleural infection is associated with improved survival up to one-year compared to patients with pneumococcal simple parapneumonic effusions.

How this study might affect research, practice or policy

Careful assessment of the need for specialist respiratory and thoracic surgical intervention in the context of increasing incidence of adult parapneumonic effusions related toStreptococcus pneumoniaewill be required, in addition to ongoing monitoring of the effect on serotype distribution and clinical phenotype of current and future vaccines against pneumococcus.