bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Classical American Philosophy's Invisible Women
Authors: Haddock Seigfried Charlene
Published: March 2011

In 1910 an American author wrote: Humanity, thus considered, is not a thing made at once and unchange- able, but a stage of development; and is still... 'in the making.' Our humanness is seen to lie not so much in what we are individually as in our relations to one another; and even that individuality is but the result of our relations to one another. It is in what we do and how we do it, rather than in what we are. Some, philosophically inclined, exalt 'being' over 'doing.' To them this question may be put: 'Can you mention any forms of life that merely "is," without doing anything?' (Gilman [1910] 1914, 16-17)1 This passage captures such characteristic pragmatist themes as process, evolutionary development, the self defined in relation to others, and praxis as determinative of being.2 It could have been written by any of the classical American pragmatists. What follows it, however, could not have been: during the comparatively short period of written history, "we have had almost universally what is here called an Androcentric Culture. The history, such as it was, was made and written by men. The mental, the mechanical, the social development, was almost wholly theirs. We have, so far, lived and suffered and died in a man-made world" (Gilman [1910] 1914, 17).
Out of Order: The Challenge of Outsider Jurisprudence and Eudora Welty's (Extra) Legal Vision to the American Rule of Law
Authors: Kornfeld Eve
Published: March 2011

What we saw last night and the night before in Los Angeles is not about civil rights. It's not about the great cause of equality that all Americans must uphold .... It's been the brutality of a mob, pure and simple .... What is going on in L.A. must and will stop. As your president, I guar- antee you, this violence will end.
Zora Neale Hurston and Talking Between Cultures
Authors: O'Connor Mary
Published: March 2011

The glamour of Barnard college was still upon me .... I went about asking, in carefully accented Barnardese, 'Pardon me, but do you know any folk-tales or folk-songs?' The men and women who had whole treasuries of material just seeping through their pores looked at me and shook their heads. No, they had never heard of anything like that around there. (Hurston [1942] 1991, 128) Zora Neale Hurston, novelist and anthropologist, learned soon after her first anthropological field trip to the American south in 1927 that she would have to talk in other accents if she was ever to collect and document the rich treasuries of African-American culture.1 Her Barnardese and scientific notebooks would get her nowhere. She herself had been born in the all- black town of Eatonville, Florida, had lived in fact with people who told their tales and sang their songs in the very dialect she was now trying to document objectively, but she had been away for fifteen years learning the language of another class and another race. She studied literature at Howard University, in Washington, and then anthropology at Barnard and Columbia, in New York. Having published stories in the Howard literary magazine, Stylus, and some poetry in the Negro World, she arrived in New York in 1925 with, she claimed, $1.50 in her purse, ready to become an author (Hemenway 1977, 3).2 She made friends with both the African- American artists of the Harlem Renaissance and their white patrons, and succeeded eventually in publishing four novels, two books of folklore, one autobiography, some plays and theatre revues, and numerous newspaper articles.3 She also continued her field work, long after she had abandoned academic anthropology, collecting examples of African-American and Car- ibbean culture in Florida, Louisiana, South Carolina, Haiti, Jamaica, and Honduras.
Ten Year Checkup: Feminist Criticism and the American Literary Canon
Authors: Redl Carolyn
Published: March 2011

The space marked out as feminist criticism of American literature is shared, often polemically, by critics who bring into the field particular analytical tools from linguistics, history, sociology, psychology, and anthropology, for example, and from different schools for viewing the world such as modern- ism, structuralism, deconstruction, and reader response. Perhaps no field of current critical thinking is as all encompassing in scope as feminist literary criticism. Not only is there conflict for space between different schools of thought, but the spaces are constantly shifting as feminist perspectives change. On the heels of the backlash against feminism, the terms "feminist criticism" and, hence, "feminist literary criticism" have become both radical- ized and euphemized. As we push into the 1990s, we might ask, what is the state of feminist criticism and, more specifically, what is the state of femin- ist criticism of American literature? Feminist literary criticism has made, and continues to make, progressive and definitive changes in the American literary canon and on procedures for interpreting literature. Furthermore, feminist literary criticism has itself become both a topic for reinterpretation and an integral aspect of the canon and of the literary theoiy generated by the canon. While the body of feminist criticism of American literature has been evolving, some of its practitioners have looked introspectively for clari- fication and definition of the discipline's essence and boundaries. However, critics often explicitly or implicitly draw upon British and French as well as Anglo-American theoretical approaches. The preoccupation with definition and clarification has led to complex dissension, particularly with regard to concepts as disconnected as pluralism and essentialism. That feminist criti- cism combines many conceptual models, is asserted by those captured by what Annette Kolodny (1980) advocated and innocently termed "playful pluralism." Women's writing differs from men's, assert those adhering to the concept of "l'écriture feminine" outlined by Hélène Cixous in 1976. Separating these two germinal approaches, one general and one specific, are many diverse and often dialectically opposed modes which have, in turn, brought us today to the position where feminist criticism is institutionalized and those processes of institutionalization and canonization are themselves integrated into the feminist critic's agenda.
Veblen's Anti-Anti-Feminism
Authors: Eby Clare Virginia
Published: March 2011

It was not Thorstein Veblen's way to make public statements of belief. Circuitous, cumbersome, barbed, Veblen's prose evades rather declares. Many readers have found his values difficult to pin down; debates continue over such critical issues as the extent of his agreement with Marx and whether Veblen's works foretell change or more of the same. Rick Tilman sums up decades of scholarship by noting that "no consensus now exists on the value or even the meaning of Veblen's work" (1992, 13). The lack of consensus has only been aggravated by the general impression that Veblen's earliest and most famous book, The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899), says everything he has to say. The preoccupation of many readers with this single text has obscured a number of his reiterated ideas and rhetorical strategies. One of Veblen's most consistent strategies throughout his writings, at least as consistent as his often-noted satirical pose, is the binary opposition. Although he disparages invidious comparisons made by others, it is within these binary oppositions that Veblen inscribes his own values. Indeed, determining his values becomes almost monotonously simple once one know how to read the contrasting terms. Veblen values everything that he claims his culture despises. The following list is partial:
Transnational History: Temperance Women and the World
Authors: Hohner Robert A.
Published: March 2011

Ian Tyrrell. Woman's World/Woman's Empire: The Woman's Christian Temperance Union in International Perspective, 1880-1930. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991. xiii + 381 pp. In the American Historical Review of October 1991, Ian Tyrrell offered a provocative critique of American exceptionalism and called for a new approach to historical analysis. The new genre, which he labels "trans- national history," would employ a comparative blend of the local, the national, and the international. This broader perspective, appropriate to an increasingly interconnected world, would thus transcend the parochial boundaries of national historiography. By viewing events in an international framework, he argues, historians may illuminate interconnections which remain neglected or obscured when studied in the isolation of national contexts.
"Challenging Times": Complexities of Feminism and the Women's Movement
Authors: Mancini Billson Janet
Published: March 2011

Constance Backhouse and David H. Flaherty, eds. Challenging Times: The Women's Movement in Canada and. the United States. Montreal: McGill- Queen's University Press, 1992. Naomi Black says that "shared history as well as geographical and cultural closeness make Canadian-American comparisons both logical and illumi- nating." Indeed, this volume, based on presentations at a conference held at the University of Western Ontario in 1989, takes a giant step toward comparing the women's movements on either side of the world's longest undefended border. Editors Constance Backhouse and David H. Flaherty have done a laudable job of pulling together essays into seven sections: The Origins of the Contemporary Women's Movement in Canada and the United States; Development and Interactions of the Women's Movement in Canada and the United States; The Interrelationship of Academic and Activist Feminism; Racism and the Women's Movement; Violence Against Women; Women and the Economy; and Reproductive Rights. These sections reflect the varied foci of the original conference.
The Failure of Jesse Jackson's Vice-Presidential Quest: Sailing Against Political Tradition
Authors: Riser George C.
Published: March 2011

Introduction. During the summer of 1988, many Americans suggested that the Reverend Jesse Jackson's quest for the Democratic vice-presidential nomination that year was quite viable. Some of the reasoning behind their conclusion was plausible, but, on balance, it was flawed because they failed to take into account a host of well-established traditions regarding the selection of vice-presidential nominees. Jackson's approach violated so many of those traditions that, from beginning to end, he was a most unlikely nominee. What is surprising is not that he failed to get the nomination, but that so many Americans, including virtually all of the news media, totally ignored these historical clues.
Postcolonialism, Politics of Gender, and American Studies: An Introduction
Authors: Bold Christine
Published: March 2011

Versions of the following papers were presented at "North America and the Pacific Rim," the 1991 conference of the Canadian Association for American Studies, organized by professors Ann Cowan and Peter Buitenhuis of Simon Fraser University. In different ways, these essays challenge traditional assumptions about the territory and methodologies of American Studies. Each author engages what Henry Louis Gates Jr. calls "the colonial paradigm,"1 situating the United States within a larger framework of political and cultural colonization and resistance, in order to conduct textual readings and argue interpretive strategies. At times the writers' gaze is trained on U.S. subject matter, as conventionally conceived; at other times, they traverse the "rim" of U.S. culture, as Helen Buss puts it, dwelling on the rich complications and hybridities which occupy cross-cultural spaces.
The Autobiographies of Han Suyin: A Female Postcolonial Subjectivity
Authors: Buss Helen M.
Published: March 2011

Finding a literary placement for a writer such as Han Suyin—a novelist/autobiographer/historian, of Chinese and Belgian parentage, Chinese upbringing, European and British education, who holds a Hong Kong passport and resides in Switzerland with her Indian husband—is the kind of challenge which will in the future more frequently present itself to the literary critic concerned with the phenomenon of postcolonial literature in English. While writers such as Salman Rushdie and the Bharati Mukherjee (151) have commented on what Mukherjee calls the "deep sense of marginality" of such writers, neither of these represents quite so many margins as does Han. For the critic, finding a venue for work on such a writer presents new margins, since Han has no location in the politics of postcoloniaiism, where a writer's direct ties to the ideological, geographical, racial, and historical struggles within the old British empire, still tends to mandate if his or her work is considered worthy of academic attention.
Myth, Memory, and Tradition in American Culture
Authors: Meyer Donald B.
Published: March 2011

Michael Kammen. Mystic Chords of Memory: The Transformation of Tradition in American Culture. New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1991. In recent years Michael Kammen has been writing about memory. How do Americans remember their past? When? Why? In three previous books, he has examined memories of the American Revolution and the Constitution, and historians themselves remembering in their "selvages" and biases. A fifth book is already announced, on memory in art and literature. None of this makes reviewing Mystic Chords of Memory easier. Kammen himself warns that the book is not designed to "stand alone" but to "follow and complement" its predecessors and, presumably, to anticipate its successor. But, a book is a book, and I must treat this one alone, particularly as Kammen offers no guide to its complementarity.
British North America and American Expansionism
Authors: Carroll Francis M.
Published: March 2011

Reginald C. Stuart. United States Expansionism and British North America, 1775-1871. Chapel Hill and London: The University of North Carolina Press, 1988. Pp. xvi + 374. Jane Errington. The Lion, the Eagle, and Upper Canada: A Developing Colonial Ideology. Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1987. Pp. x + 272. Martin Crawford. The Anglo-American Crisis of the Mid-Nineteenth Century: The Times and America, 1850-1862. Athens and London: The University of Georgia Press. 1987. Pp. x + 178. Each of these three books attempts to revise to some degree the conventional views of Anglo-Canadian-American relations in the century from the 1770s to the 1870s. The first two books deal with broad issues of expansionism and national character, topics that have not been ignored by historians, while the third, more limited in scope, looks closely at that still sensitive topic of British public opinion about the United States in the Civil War era.
Columbus, Seville, Europeans, and Canadians: The Biennial Conference of the European Association for American Studies
Authors: Daniels Bruce C.
Published: March 2011

President, Canadian Association for American Studies The European Association for American Studies (EAAS) met in Seville, 3-7 April 1992, two weeks before the opening of Expo 92, the world's fair. The City of Oranges probably never looked more beautiful or busier as workers put on the final coats of paint in the sprucing-up process and contractors worked around the clock to get pavilions ready for opening day. The conference of scholars meeting to mark the 500th anniversary of the Columbiad proved to be a worthy warm-up act for the international exposition to follow. Unfortunately, the five hundred or so students of American culture that came to Seville knew that the fair was on deck: otherwise, we might have thought the Spanish to be the world's most enthusiastic hosts to build a new airport, railway station, and river-front esplanade just for a crew of penny-pinching—albeit distinguished—visiting professors.
Evolving Approaches to U.S. Culture in the American Studies Movement: Consensus, Pluralism, and Contestation for Cultural Hegemony
Authors: Hulsether Mark
Published: March 2011

Some differences are playful; some are poles of world historical systems of domination. Epistemology is about knowing the difference. Donna Haraway1 At one extreme [scholars of culture] have seen a resistance to theory, an anti-intellectual dismissal of new methods and approaches.... At the other extreme, they have seen a reificationof theory into a 'magic bullet' that can itself position scholars outside the oppressions and exploitations of history. The tragedy of this debate—as is often the case in such moments of antagonism—is that each side misses what the other has to offer. George Lipsitz2 This essay interprets major methodological trends in the history of the movement known as "American Studies," and argues for a particular current approach—a focus on the ways cultural traditions are contested within a framework of struggles for hegemony—which is informed by that history and represents one major trend in the present context. Theories of cultural hegemony highlight how ideas, attitudes, and cultural practices legitimating unequal power relationships come to be accepted as common sense, and how the nature of such common sense is continually renegotiated in specified pragmatic situations involving conflict over cultural and sociopolitical resources. I argue that the most useful approaches to hegemony stress the limits of dominant culture (without ignoring its disproportionate power) and highlight how a variety of culturally plural subcultures engage in such renegotiation as part of complex, often informal, processes of building hegemonic and counterhegemonic coalitions.
1960s Counterculture and the Legacy of American Myth: A Study of Three Films
Authors: Murphy Bren Ortega , Harder Jeffery Scott
Published: March 2011

We are all shaped by the times in which we live. I came of age in a time of turbulent social change. Some of it good, such as civil rights, much of it was questionable. But remember, not everyone joined the counterculture. Not everyone demon- strated, dropped out, took drugs, joined in the sexual revolut- ion or dodged the draft.... The majority of my generation lived by the credo our parents taught us. (Marilyn Quayle, Republican National Convention, 1992) During the 1960s, it was common for critics of the political counterculture to characterize the strands of that movement as products of an ominous external threat. In some cases the threat was specifically linked to communism. In others, it remained vague in terms of ideology except that it was definitely anti-American in nature.1 This characterization reemerged in U.S. mass media's accounts of various sixties' anniversaries (i.e., the twentieth anniversary of the Chicago Democratic Presidential Convention), in the coverage of antiwar protest during the Gulf War, as well as in Republican attacks on Bill Clinton in the 1992 U.S. presidential campaign.
Changing Attitudes to Death: Nineteenth-Century Parlour Songs as Consolation Literature
Authors: Atkinson Colin B. , Atkinson Jo B.
Published: March 2011

In 1839, a new parlour song, "Near the Lake Where Droop'd the Willow,"1 became an immense success. Sung in homes and public concerts all over America, it long remained a favourite,2 and for the next twenty years the subject—that of a young man forever mourning his dead sweetheart—was the inspiration for numerous songs. Like all popular songs, "Near the Lake Where Droop'd the Willow" is incomplete without its lovely music to heighten its emotional impact, but the words show the pattern of ideas which so captivated its audience: On the lake where drooped the willow, long time ago, Where the rock threw back the billow, brighter than snow; Dwelt a maid, beloved and cherished, by high and low; But with autumn's leaf she perished, long time ago. Rock and tree and flowing water, long time ago; Bird and bee and blossom taught her, love's spell to know. While to my fond words she listened, murmuring low, Tenderly her blue eyes glistened, long time ago. Mingled were our hearts forever, long time ago; Can I now forget her? Never! No, lost one, no! To her grave these tears are given, ever to flow, She's the star I missed from heaven, long time ago. Between 1839 and the Civil War "Near the Lake" became the model for a flood of songs which focused on dead or (occasionally) dying girls (Tawa 134). Most of these songs had girls' names in the title, often with the word "grave" as well, as in "Nelly's Grave" and "Mary's Grave." While death has been a preeminent subject for poets as far back as written records go, these songs treated it in a new way, a way which paralleled contemporary changing attitudes to death. In the eighteenth century, songs about the deaths of young women (and young men) were written in third person about artificial, idealized creatures in a pastoral world (Tawa 133-34). But "Near the Lake," and the similar songs that followed, represented the perspective of the bereaved young man himself. His sweetheart was a real girl, closely associated with nature—indeed, a part of nature—which has taught her how to love. Living in a remote setting, she is surrounded by such organic elements as flowers, bees, birds, rocks, and flowing water, and she dies when the year dies, no other reason being necessary for her death. Her forlorn suitor, mourning at her grave, feels forever bereft. She is identified with heaven and angels, either before death or afterwards. That the images in "Near the Lake" had wide appeal is shown by their recurrences in the song's successors, evidence that they encapsulated popular attitudes.3
Representing Regionalism
Authors: Jordan David
Published: March 2011

Over half a century ago, John Crowe Ransom defended regionalism against accusations of artistic naiveté by suggesting that critics might examine what he referred to as an "aesthetic of regionalism." A few of his Fugitive-Agrarian colleagues took up the subject by hinting at how regionalism might mean more than just dressing up fiction with colourful local details. Robert Penn Warren, for example, praised Southern writers who "have not been content with the routine process of penetrating the surface of reported actuality," but who instead strove to portray the South "from the inside out" (xvi); and Donald Davidson referred to the "error" of "assuming that the character of a regional art is determined principally by its subject matter, which must be local and special," suggesting instead that critics might consider different modes of expression as evidence of distinct regional sensibilities (268).
Television in an Age of Transition: Closet Monsters and other Double Codings
Authors: McGregor Gaile
Published: March 2011

Remember "Beauty and the Beast?" One of the most surprising successes of the 1987-88 television season. Or perhaps not so surprising. The neonihilist would no doubt see this series as an exemplary telefable for the postmodern era. Vincent—tall, primitive, powerful (albeit a little stooped as he roams his underground kingdom)—is clearly the father-become-child, the phallus reclaimed by the womb. The message, then, is a timely one: in Baudrillard's simulacrum world, we all share the woman's lot.1 "Unmanned" by the incessant replications of spectacle that assault us from every direction ("the repetitiveness, the self-sameness, and the ubiquity of modem mass culture," as Adorno put it a quarter century ago2), we conspire in our own disenablement. Like Vincent, with his feminine alter ego, his cultivated tastes, his obsessive, horrified attempts to repudiate his animality, we are conditioned not only to settle for but actually to prefer substitutes: substitutes for freedom (the male on call, running through the tunnels), substitutes for love (it's all in the mind), substitutes for potency (when Catherine conceived Vincent's child in December 1989, flowers unfolded, volcanoes erupted—but the father himself slept through the whole thing). As the sign denied its signified, Vincent is the postmodern subject par excellence. According to this reading anyway. The trouble is, such a reading only works if one is careful to ignore context. For all his angst, it is made clear by the structure and even more the inter- and extra-textual reference of the series as a whole (I'll be returning to this later) that Vincent bespeaks something above and beyond emasculation. More to the point for present purposes, there are good reasons for suspecting the validity of generalizations based on one, even so striking, representation. If any television protagonist represented the phallus in 1987, in fact, one would have to say it was Hawk, the tall, cold-eyed, philosophy-spouting, osten- tatiously undomesticated Afro-American enforcer from "Spenser For Hire," with his bare, shining skull and very large gun. It matters not that his spin- off lasted only one season—the character itself had enough audience appeal that the network thought it worthwhile to keep him on when his home program was cancelled. Any explanation for "Beauty and the Beast," then, has to explain Hawk as well. And Wiseguy—a loose phallus if there ever was one. Not to mention the new western, the new war drama, and the new "Star Trek."
Dos Passos and the 'Middle-Class Liberal'
Authors: Heinimann David
Published: March 2011

When John Dos Passos wrote The Big Money, the third novel of his trilogy USA., he was undergoing a radical reorientation of his already radical politics. He had come to find communism and socialism unsatisfactory solutions to socioeconomic problems in America and was searching for and defining alternatives. His journalism of the time shows the definition he arrived at, personified in his concept of the middle-class liberal. He promoted the solution in The Big Money to engage middle-class liberals with him in reforming America.1
Two Fictions: Mark Twain and Samuel Clemens
Authors: Kleiman Ed
Published: March 2011

Michael J. Kiskis, ed. Mark Twain's Own Autobiography: The Chapters from the North American Review. Madison, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin Press, 1990. Pp. xi + 301 and appendices. Guy Cardwell. The Man Who Was Mark Twain: Images and Ideologies. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1991. Pp. xv + 267. Although portions of Mark Twain's Own Autobiography have appeared elsewhere—notably in works edited by Albert Bigelow Paine, Bernard DeVoto, and Charles Neider—this is the first reprinting of all the twenty- five chapters originally published in the North American Review in 1906-07. In his introduction, Michael J. Kiskis expertly guides us through the larger and still more diverse collection of manuscript materials, composed between 1870 and 1910, that Mark Twain chose to think of as his complete "autobiography" (xvi). It includes character sketches, remembrances, occasional essays, diaries, dictations and even letters. Previous attempts at selecting from these manuscripts—attempts valuable in their own right—have nevertheless resulted in "editorial intrusions]" that have shaped the "material to suit a particular purpose" (xix, xxii). Here, there are no such intrusions. Instead, excellent notes, together with a comprehensive index, maintain an objectivity which insures that the work will become a new and important resource for scholars. What should also prove useful is an appendix providing detailed lists of those particular passages from the chapters in the North American Review that have also appeared in the works of Paine, DeVoto, and Neider. But in Mark Twain's Own Autobiography, we gain the advantage of having Mark Twain himself select, revise, order, and emphasize those materials that were to be his one sustained effort at presenting a portrait to the public.
"Cultivation" and the Middle-Class Self in Nineteenth-Century America
Authors: Holman Andrew
Published: March 2011

Christopher Mulvey. Transatlantic Manners: Social Patterns in Nineteenth- Century Anglo-American Travel Literature. Cambridge: CambridgeUniversity Press, 1990. Pp. vii + 243 and illustrations. John F. Kasson. Rudeness and Civility: Manners in Nineteenth-Century Urban America. New York: Hill and Wang, 1990. Pp. v + 305 and illustrations. Marlene Deahl Merrill, ed. Growing Up in Boston's Gilded Age: The Journal of Alice Stone Blackwell, 1872-1874. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990. Pp. ix + 270, appendices and illustrations. Harvey Levenstein. Revolution at the Table: The Transformation of the American Diet. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. Pp. vii + 275 and illustrations. "Manners are the mirror of a people's mind," wrote Unitarian minister Orville Dewey in an 1844 Christian Examiner essay responding to European criticism of American national character. And we believe that each class in this country as compared with its respective class abroad, will be found from its relative position, to have manners more manly and sincere and more just, as between man and man; the higher less assumption, the lower less syco- phancy; the middling classes decidedly more cultivation.1 Throughout the Victorian era, a handful of American journalists engaged in a heated debate with their British counterparts over the character and quality of their respective middle classes. The debate reached its pinnacle, perhaps, in 1883, when the announced American tour of British writer Matthew Arnold (who had unceremoniously branded the British and Ameri- can middle classes alike as "philistine") served as a new catalyst. "What Mr. Arnold has not yet seen . . . E. L. Godkin's The Nation offered in some pretravel advice, "is a middle class which feels itself as good as any class."
The Illiberal Lincoln
Authors: Fellman Michael
Published: March 2011

Mark E. Neely, Jr. The Fate of Liberty: Abraham Lincoln and Civil Liberties. New York: Oxford University Press, 1991. Without much doubt, the grossest misrepresentation of the history of war by traditional military historians is expressed in their maps. There, one sees neat ranks of opposing bars, representing battlefield positioning of troop units, and a series of arrows, representing troop movements. Such is calm and detached armchair "post hoc-erism"—while the reality of an battles is haze, confusion, and extreme fear punctuated by almost random moments of bravery (or perhaps foolishness). During the mid-nineteenth century, wars like the American Civil War, after two minutes of firing rifles loaded with black gunpowder, the battlefield became so clouded that few knew with much certainty what was happening.
'Exchange Economies': A Review Essay of A "Brand" New Language, The Rule of Money, and Doing Literary Business
Authors: Redl Carolyn
Published: March 2011

Monroe Friedman. A "Brand" New Language: Commercial Influences in Literature and Culture. New York: Greenwood Press, 1991. Peggy MeCormack. The Rule of Money: Gender; Class, and Exchange Economics in the Fiction of Henry James. Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1990. Susan Coultrap-McQuin. Doing Literary Business: American Women Writers in the Nineteenth Century. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1990. Each of these three books, in one way or another, addresses the topic of capitalism and its effects on American culture. All three are concerned, at least in part, with economics in the literary world. Here, the similarities between the three cease. In both approach and content, A "Brand" New Language (BNL) is a sociological study of advertising in literature and in culture. It is gender neutral whereas the other two studies are feminist. The Rule of Money (RM) is literary criticism: it is, to borrow McCormack's own terminology, a study of "exchange economics," this time, the business or exchange economics of five American women writers working in the nine- teenth century.
'Reality in America' Revisited: Modernism, the Liberal Imagination and the Revival of Henry James
Authors: Nowlin Michael E.
Published: March 2011

For over two decades now, the concept of an exclusive "canon" of texts grounding literary study has been under fire, and perhaps no literature has shown the effects of this more obviously than American literature. At stake in the debates over what counts as America's "literary" heritage, so the argument usually goes, is either a vision of American culture as essentially Anglo-Saxon and Protestant in character or a vision of American culture as "multicultural" to the extent of eluding any "essentialist" definition. In the academic world, at least, the multiculturalists have won considerable ground from traditionalists, enough ground to have made "multiculturalism" a negative buzz word among politically ambitious American conservatives like William Bennett and Patrick Buchanan, both of whom tirelessly express their concern that the founding values of the nation are being betrayed by too many of the nation's educators.
Health Maintenance Organizations: Good or Bad for Canada?
Authors: Gold Marsha
Published: March 2011

Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) as an organizational form have a number of features potentially attractive in Canada as elsewhere. Because HMOs integrate financing and delivery, they offer the potential to strengthen incentives for efficiency, encourage prevention and patient- centred clinical management, and develop a system-wide perspective con- ducive to innovation and the reallocation of resources to address most ef- fectively the health needs of a population. On the other hand, HMOs were developed in the United States, which has a considerably different health care environment and financing system from Canada's. While these differ- ences probably do not detract from the potential benefits to Canada of the HMO organizational form, they create considerable difficulties in determin- ing how HMOs could best be introduced in Canada, where pluralism, entrepreneurship, and competition play substantially less central roles in a health care system which, while under challenge and stress, is perceived to per- form generally well with widespread support.
Health Care and Aging Populations: Canada and the United States
Authors: Blomqvist Âke G.
Published: March 2011

Health Care Policy in the United States: Lessons for Canada At first blush, the suggestion that the American experience in health care policy may contain some helpful lessons for Canada may seem surprising. For one thing, there is a large body of opinion in the United States (and also in Canada) which holds that the adoption of a system closely modelled on the Canadian one represents a promising type of reform for the United States, as that country tries to repair some of the worst deficiencies in its system of health insurance and health services provision. By the same token, most Canadians consider their health care system as vastly superior to the American one, and would argue that any change inspired by the American example is bound to be a change for the worse.
Comparative Constitutional Rights to Publicly Funded Health Care in Canada and the United States
Authors: Martin Sheilah L.
Published: March 2011

Introduction It is sometimes said that the newly entrenched Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms1 has taken over legal discourse in Canada. In this paper, I will discuss the constitutional dimensions of publicly funded health care, under the American and Canadian constitutions. While my perspective will be a comparative one, my main focus will be on whether the Charter gives Canadians a constitutionally protected right to publicly funded health care. Any Charter-based claim to government-sponsored medical services will be a matter of first instance. Canadian courts can be expected to turn to Amer- ican case law in an attempt to benefit from its longer experience and to learn from its mistakes. It is my argument that American authorities which deny the existence of an obligation on American governments to use public funds for health care should not be imported into Canada. In my view, the important differences in our health care systems, the text of our constitu- tions, our distinct histories and divergent political philosophies combine to make the free trade of jurisprudence on this important matter highly inap- propriate.
Doctors or Professors? Late Victorian Physicians and the Culture(s) of Professionalism
Authors: More Ellen S.
Published: March 2011

Numerous histories of American medicine describe the efforts of late- Victorian physicians to incorporate the epistemologies, goals, and methods of laboratory science into their teaching and practice of medicine. Especial- ly during the last third of the century, many travelled to European labora- tories and clinics for postgraduate training (Ludmerer 1985, Warner 1986 and 1991). Summarizing this trend, James Cassedy writes, "Following their European studies, these [medical practitioners] came back to positions in colleges, universities, medical schools, and public health agencies. They rapidly built up teaching programs in their respective scientific specialties and undertook their own research" (1991, 78). This straightforward sum- mary, however, belies a more complex reality. After all, as John Harley Warner has shown, many different meanings were imputed to the term "medical science," varying as greatly as the professional settings and sub- cultures in which a physician might choose to work (1994, 21, 24; see also Ludmerer 1985, 118).
Dorothea Dix and the English Origins of the American Asylum Movement
Authors: Gollaher David L.
Published: March 2011

In January 1843, Dorothea Lynde Dix, an obscure, middle-aged Boston spinster, known, if at all, as a schoolteacher and sometime author of re- ligious books, submitted a sensational petition to the Massachusetts Gen- eral Court. In its pages she claimed to expose the appalling condition of pauper lunatics throughout the state, county by county, town by town. "I proceed, Gentlemen," she announced, "briefly to call your attention to the present state of Insane Persons confined within this Commonwealth, in cages, closets, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience!" (Dix, Memorial, 1843, 4). These words are from the opening of Dix's Memorial to the Legislature of Massachusetts, long recognized as the touchstone of the American asylum movement, and among the most power- ful documents ever written in the history of American social reform. Sam- uel Gridley Howe, who had just the month before won a seat in the lower house of the assembly, admiringly likened its impact to a discharge of "red- hot shot into the very hearts of the people" (Howe to Dix, n.d./January/ 1843, as quoted in Tiffany 1890, 89).
The Venturous, The Conservative, and the Hard-Pressed in the American Countryside
Authors: Hanyan Craig
Published: March 2011

Christopher Clark. The Roots of Rural Capitalism: Western Massachusetts, 1780-1860. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1990. Pp. xi + 339. Wayne Franklin. A Rural Carpenter's World: The Craft in a Nineteenth- Century New York Township. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1990. Pp. x + 301 and illustrations. J. Ritchie Garrison. Landscape and Material Life in Franklin County, Massachusetts, 1770-1860. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1991. Pp. xix + 314 and illustrations. Robert D. Mitchell, ed. Appalachian Frontiers: Settlement, Society & Development in the Preindustrial Era. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1991. Pp. x + 350 and illustrations. Over thirty years ago Marvin Meyers drew on Alexis De Tocqueville and other European observers of American ways to sketch the "venturous con- servative" of Andrew Jackson's agrarian republic. That conflicted hustler defined a "national order of instinctive traders" and left only odd corners for the ideal yeoman in the record of Americans who change places and careers to find the quickest and largest reward: who adapt business and industrial practices to the shifting requirements of efficiency and profit: who force their new communities into the market current while the wilderness still surrounds them; who treat land 'like any other kind of merchandise,' freely mixing real estate with fanning interest. (I960, 136)
Empire, Conflict, and the Shaping of American Identities
Authors: Sainsbury John
Published: March 2011

Bernard Bailyn and Philip D. Morgan, eds. Strangers within the Realm: Cultural Margins of the First British Empire. Chapel Hill and London: University of North Carolina Press, 1991. Pp. xii + 456. John Morgan Dederer. War in America to 1775: Before Yankee Doodle. New York and London: New York University Press, 1990. Pp. x + 323. William C. Dowling. Poetry and Ideology in Revolutionary Connecticut. Athens and London: University of Georgia Press, 1990. Pp. xxii +167. Harold E. Selesky. War and Society in Colonial Connecticut. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1990. Pp. xviii + 278. David S. Shields. Oracles of Empire: Poetry, Politics, and Commerce in British America, 1690-1750. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1990. Pp. xiv + 295. Though the books under review here might appear disparate in theme— collectively ranging over warfare, poetry, and ethnocultural encounters— they find a common focus in the problem of empire's relationship to early American life. As such they speak to a question of lengthy, though scarcely resolved, historiographical debate: How did empire and imperial conflict, as reality or image, shape the culture of colonial and revolutionary America and the emergence within it of self-conscious identities?
The Design and Redesign of the Rule of Exclusion: Search-and-seizure Law in the United States and Canada
Authors: Machado Priscilla H.
Published: March 2011

Introduction Balancing the rights of the accused with government's concern for security and the rights of the whole is a timeless challenge which all democratic societies face. This struggle to achieve a proper balance within citizen- police confrontations is evident in the changes in search-and-seizure law in Canada and the United States. Since the early 1980s, both countries have significantly altered their posture in citizen-police encounters. Canadians, in 1982, through Sections 8 and 24 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, began to shy away from the British tradition of the treatment of evidence, which is essentially always to admit it into court regardless of how it was obtained. Americans began to move away from a strict exclusionary rule, as suggested by Supreme Court decisions such as Massachusetts v. Sheppard (1984) and United States v. Leon (1984), which admit illegally seized evi- dence only if acquired under a "reasonable good faith error." Current American search-and-seizure law now reflects the policy considerations of pre-Charter Canada, whereas Canadians have leaned toward adopting the earlier American standards for what constitutes a legal search. While the United States has become disenchanted with the exclusionary rule, Canada, somewhat ironically, has taken to emulating many American interpretations of the rights of defendants with regard to illegally obtained evidence. These alterations in American and Canadian search-and-seizure law comprise more than a shift in policy; they reveal changes in the basic premises of their respective criminal justice systems.
Women with Children: Evangelical Ministers' Views of the Role of Women in Society
Authors: Langenbach Lisa
Published: March 2011

Introduction Over the past decade, increasing attention has been paid to both the role of evangelicals in the political process and the attitudes which shape such acti- vity, particularly evangelicals' attitudes toward family concerns and tradi- tional values. Thus, the role of women in American society is an important issue in the study of evangelicals and their role in the political process.
Nativist American Humour: Sam Slick and the Defense of New England Whig Culture
Authors: Laird Matthew R.
Published: March 2011

When Professor Cornelius Conway Felton of Harvard was laid to rest in the spring of 1862, he was remembered as a man of warmth and wit, with a sense of humour which, though easily animated, never undermined the "manliness of his character" (Woolsey 1862, 16). "The spirit of Aristopha- nes lodged in Professor Felton," remarked Theodore Woolsey, president of Yale College; "he had the same sense of the ludicrous, the same keen judgment of character, the same underlying earnestness of patriotism, the same political conservatism" (8). Like many of his Harvard colleagues, Fel- ton was also a "reverent and devout" Unitarian, a conservative Whig, and a lively and prolific contributor to the staid organ of the Boston intellectual aristocracy, the North American Review (19).
Ambiguities of a Newly Fashionable Concept
Authors: Matthews Fred
Published: March 2011

Michael Kammen. Meadow of Memory: Images of Time and Tradition in American Art and Culture. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1992. Pp. xxv + 192. John Bodnar. Remaking America: Public Memory, Commemoration, and Patriotism in the Twentieth Century. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 1992. Pp. xiii + 296. A couple of generalizations about these two intelligent and interesting books seem as uncontroversial as anything can be today. Beginning from sharply divergent sets of assumptions, they converge to suggest the impor- tance of the protean concept, "memory," in contemporary approaches to cultural history. And, their sharply contrasting approaches suggest the per- sistence of interpretive differences, which seem also to be generational and political, within the notional community of professional historians. Beyond these points, agreement is likely to vanish, and reactions will follow the readers' own axia of understanding.
Lessons for Canadians: Ratification of the American Constitution
Authors: Patterson Stephen E.
Published: March 2011

Michael Allen Gillespie and Michael Lienesch, eds. Ratifying the Consti- tution. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 1989. John P. Kaminski and Gaspare J. Saladino, eds. Ratification of the Consti- tution by the States: Virginia. The Documentary History of the Ratification of the Constitution Series, Volumes 8-9. Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin. 1988-90. "I must confess I see many objections to the Constitution submitted to the Conventions of the States," wrote Joseph Jones of Richmond, Virginia, in the fall of 1787 shortly after the famous meeting in Philadelphia which created the present federal constitution of the United States. His greatest concern was the proposed Senate in which he feared "the State Spirit" would be preserved "as they are to have equal numbers and equal votes" (cited in Kaminski and Saladino 1981, 508-10). Jones was only one of the hundreds of Americans who reacted critically to the new federal arrange- ment and who participated in what was to become the most democratically comprehensive and wide-ranging constitutional debate in history up to that time. Ironically, the originators of the constitution-making process were wary of democracy, perceiving it as one of the weaknesses in the system they sought to change. These critics of the original American constitution, the Articles of Confederation, were largely from the political and economic elite, and they called themselves federalists while labelling those who clung to the articles, antifederalists. Strictly speaking, the federalists were nation- alists who believed that only a more centralized system could resolve the numerous problems of the young republic. Both sides were represented among the fifty-five delegates chosen by the legislatures of twelve of the thirteen states to meet in Philadelphia, but it was the federalists who dom- inated. Instead of revising the articles, they insisted on bringing in a com- pletely new system.