bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genomic Regions Targeted by DNA Topoisomerase IIβ Frequently Interact With a Nuclear Scaffold/Matrix Protein hnRNP U/SAF‐A/SP120
Authors: Miyaji Mary , Furuta Ryohei , Sano Kuniaki , Tsutsui Kimiko M. , Tsutsui Ken
Published: November 2014

Type II DNA topoisomerases (topo II) play critical roles in some cellular events through repeated cleavage/rejoining of nuclear DNA. The β isoform (topo IIβ) is essential for the transcriptional induction of neuronal genes in terminal differentiation. Genomic sites targeted by the enzyme are nonrandom. Although previous studies have claimed that topo II cleavage sites are close to the nuclear scaffold/matrix attachment region (S/MAR), it is still unclear whether this view can be generalized. We report here that a library of cloned genomic DNA fragments targeted by topo IIβ in vivo frequently contains S/MAR and binding sites for hnRNP U/SAF‐A/SP120. Binding assays in vitro showed that a large proportion of the target DNAs bound to SP120 but their affinity to the nuclear scaffold/matrix varied significantly. Topo IIβ targets were extremely AT‐rich and often located in gene‐poor long intergenic regions (so‐called gene desert) that are juxtaposed to long genes expressed in neurons under differentiation. Sequence analysis revealed that topo IIβ targets are not just AT‐rich but are enriched with short tracts of A's and T's (termed A/T‐patches). Their affinity to the nuclear scaffold/matrix showed a moderate positive correlation with the coverage rate of A/T‐patches. The results suggest that the interaction of topo IIβ/SP120 with target regions modulates their proximity to the nuclear scaffold/matrix in a dynamic fashion and that A/T‐patch is a sequence motif assisting this process. J. Cell. Biochem. 116: 677–685, 2015. © 2014 The Authors. Journal of Cellular Biochemistry published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Role of Notch Receptors in Transcriptional Regulation
Authors: Wang Hongfang , Zang Chongzhi , Liu X. Shirley , Aster Jon C.
Published: November 2014

Notch signaling has pleiotropic context‐specific functions that have essential roles in many processes, including embryonic development and maintenance and homeostasis of adult tissues. Aberrant Notch signaling (both hyper‐ and hypoactive) is implicated in a number of human developmental disorders and many cancers. Notch receptor signaling is mediated by tightly regulated proteolytic cleavages that lead to the assembly of a nuclear Notch transcription complex, which drives the expression of downstream target genes and thereby executes Notch's functions. Thus, understanding regulation of gene expression by Notch is central to deciphering how Notch carries out its many activities. Here, we summarize the recent findings pertaining to the complex interplay between the Notch transcriptional complex and interacting factors involved in transcriptional regulation, including co‐activators, cooperating transcription factors, and chromatin regulators, and discuss emerging data pertaining to the role of Notch‐regulated noncoding RNAs in transcription. J. Cell. Physiol. 230: 982–988, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company
Anaerobic fluidized membrane bioreactor polishing of baffled reactor effluent during treatment of dilute wastewater
Authors: Lee Ryunkyung , McCarty Perry L. , Bae Jaeho , Kim Jeonghwan
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

In this study an anaerobic fluidized bed membrane bioreactor (AFMBR) is added as a second stage to an operating anaerobic baffled bioreactor (ABR) to form a staged anaerobic baffled‐fluidized membrane bioreactor (SAB‐FMBR) operating at ambient temperature.

RESULTS

The ABR first stage was operated at 3 h hydraulic retention time (HRT) and was followed by the AFMBR operated at 0.93 to 1.16 h HRT. The SAB‐AFMBR system was fed with complex synthetic wastewater with COD averaging 250 mg L−1. GAC fluidization increased the critical flux of the AFMBR due to fouling reduction associated with the cleaning action of the GAC particles on membrane surfaces. However, sustainable flux for long‐term operation of the AFMBR was lower than the critical flux determined in short‐term tests. Overall COD removal by the SAB‐FMBR system when operating at a sustainable flux (8–9 L m−2 h−1) was 96% with effluent COD of about 11 mg L−1 and suspended solids concentration near zero. The electrical energy required for system operation in the AFMBR was 0.0087 kWh m−3, much less than that of an anaerobic MBR using biogas sparging to control membrane fouling.

CONCLUSION

The AFMBR was applied successfully as a second stage polishing system for an ABR treating complex synthetic wastewater at a temperature of 25 °C. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Introduction: The Social Sciences in a Cross‐Disciplinary Age
Authors: Fontaine Philippe
Published: November 2014

As studies of the history of social science since 1945 have multiplied over the past decade and a half, it has not been unusual for commentators to present cross‐disciplinary ventures as a byproduct of the disciplinary system and to contrast the stability of disciplines with the highs and lows of interdisciplinary relationships. In contrast, this special issue takes the view that cross‐disciplinary ventures should be considered not so much as efforts to loosen up the disciplinary yoke, but as an alternative form of production and dissemination of social scientific knowledge. Paradoxically, the relationship between cross‐disciplinary ventures and the disciplinary system appears as one of complementarity and not of dependence. The essays in the special issue provide examples of ways to reconsider what can be called theinterdisciplinary chaos.
Organizing Complexity: The Hopeful Dreams and Harsh Realities of Interdisciplinary Collaboration at the Rand Corporation in the Early Cold War
Authors: Bessner Daniel
Published: November 2014

Historians argue that in the early Cold War an interdisciplinary research culture defined the RAND Corporation. However, a significant epistemological gap divided the members of RAND's Social Science Division (SSD) from the rest of the organization. While the social scientists used qualitative methods, most RAND researchers embraced quantified approaches and derided the social sciences as unscientific. This encouraged RAND's social scientists to develop a political‐military simulation that embraced everything—politics, culture, and psychology—that RAND's other analysts largely ignored. Yet the fact that the SSD embraced gaming, a heuristic practiced throughout RAND, suggests that the political simulation was nonetheless inspired by social scientists’ engagement with their colleagues. This indicates that the concept of interdisciplinarity should move beyond its implication of collaboration to incorporate instances in which research agendas are defined against but also shaped by colleagues in other disciplines. Such a rethinking of the term may make it possible to trace how varieties of interdisciplinary interaction historically informed knowledge production.
The Pedagogical Purposes of Interdisciplinary Social Science: A View from Area Studies in the United States
Authors: Engerman David C.
Published: November 2014

“Interdisciplinarity” is widely praised in modern academe for its apparent ability to generate important research results and contribute to scholarly innovation. This essay examines a crucial case of interdisciplinary work in the humanities and social sciences: the area studies complex that emerged in the United States after World War II. Examining both celebrations and critiques of area studies, this essay concludes that the enterprise made a major contribution to national life not through the production of scholarship (the usual focus of historians of higher education) but through the innovative model of undergraduate teaching and graduate training that expanded the geographic and linguistic horizons of American undergraduate and graduate life. A final section of the essay suggests the relevance of this pedagogical focus for contemporary debates about the future of area studies.
Patient preferences regarding pharmacologic venous thromboembolism prophylaxis
Authors: Wong Adrian , Kraus Peggy S. , Lau Brandyn D. , Streiff Michael B. , Haut Elliott R. , Hobson Deborah B. , Shermock Kenneth M.
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

The 2012 American College of Chest Physicians venous thromboembolism prevention guidelines emphasized the importance of considering patient preferences when ordering venous thromboembolism prophylaxis.

OBJECTIVE

Determine patient preferences regarding pharmacologic venous thromboembolism prophylaxis.

DESIGN

Single‐center, mixed‐methods survey.

SETTING

Academic medical center.

PATIENTS

Consecutive hospitalized patients on surgical and medical units.

MEASUREMENTS

Patients were asked about their preferences regarding the route of administration for pharmacologic venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and the rationale for their preference. Qualitative analyses of themes were determined from patient rationale.

RESULTS

Of the 227 patients, a majority (60.4%) preferred an oral medication, if equally effective to subcutaneous options. Dislike of needles (30.0%) and pain from injection (27.7%) were identified as rationales for their preference. Patients favoring subcutaneous administration (27.5%) identified a presumed faster onset of action (40.3%) as the primary reason for their preference. Patients with a preference for subcutaneous injections were less likely to refuse prophylaxis than patients who preferred an oral route of administration (37.5% vs 51.3%, P < 0.0001).

LIMITATION

Only medical and surgical patients participated.

CONCLUSION

In a sample of consecutive medical and surgical patients, a majority preferred an oral route of administration for prophylaxis. Patients preferring subcutaneous injections were less likely to refuse doses of ordered pharmacologic prophylaxis. These results indicate use of an oral agent for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis may improve adherence and that integrating patient preferences into care may increase delivery of effective prophylaxis and reduce the incidence of venous thromboembolism. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2015;10:108–111. © 2014 Society of Hospital Medicine
On the covariability of seasonal temperature and precipitation in Spain, 1956–2005
Authors: Rodrigo F. S.
Published: November 2014

In this work, the covariability between the standardized anomalies of seasonal mean temperature and total rainfall in four Spanish sites during the periods 1956–1980 and 1981–2005 is analysed. Original data are standardized using the reference period 1971–2000. Using the hypothesis of bivariate normal distribution, the climate states corresponding to each period may be characterized by the confidence ellipses at the 95% confidence level. Movements of the ellipses indicate changes in the vector mean (translations), changes in the sign of the correlation coefficient (rotations) and in the variance–covariance matrix (deformations). Significance of these changes is assessed by Hotelling's, difference between correlation coefficients, and Barlett's tests, respectively. Results indicate a general translation towards higher (lower) mean temperature (precipitation) in the second period. Significant changes in the variance–covariance matrix did not show a clear pattern. Future developments of this methodology are outlined.
Functionally deficient mesenchymal stem cells reside in the bone marrow niche with M2‐macrophages and amyloid‐β protein adjacent to loose total joint implants
Authors: Margulies Bryan S. , DeBoyace Sean D. , Parsons Adrienne M. , Policastro Connor G. , Ee Jessica﻿ S.S. , Damron Timothy﻿ S.
Published: November 2014

We sought to demonstrate whether there is a difference in the local mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) niche obtained from patients undergoing their first total joint replacement surgery versus those patients undergoing a revision surgery for an failing total joint implant. Bone marrow aspirates collected from patients undergoing revision total joint arthroplasty were observed to be less clonal and the expression of PDGFRα, CD51, ALCAM, endoglin, CXCL12, nestin, and nucleostemin were decreased. Revision MSC were also less able to commit to an osteoblast‐lineage or an adipocyte‐lineage. Further, in revision MSC, OPG, and IL6 expression were increased. Monocytes, derived from revision whole marrow aspirates, were less capable of differentiating into osteoclasts, the cells implicated in the pathologic degradation of bone. Osteoclasts were also not observed in tissue samples collected adjacent to the implants of revision patients; however, the alternatatively activated M2‐macrophage phenotype was observed in parallel with pathologic accumulations of amyloid‐β, τ‐protien and 3‐nitrotyrosine. Despite the limited numbers of patients examined, our data suggest that nucleostemin may be a useful functional marker for MSC while the observation of M2‐macrophage infiltration around the implant lays the foundation for future investigation into a novel mechanism that we propose is associated with loose total joint implants. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:615–624, 2014.
Autologous implantation of BMP2‐expressing dermal fibroblasts to improve bone mineral density and architecture in rabbit long bones
Authors: Ishihara Akikazu , Weisbrode Steve E. , Bertone Alicia L.
Published: November 2014

Cell‐mediated gene therapy may treat bone fragility disorders. Dermal fibroblasts (DFb) may be an alternative cell source to stem cells for orthopedic gene therapy because of their rapid cell yield and excellent plasticity with bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (BMP2) gene transduction. Autologous DFb or BMP2‐expressing autologous DFb were administered in twelve rabbits by two delivery routes; a transcortical intra‐medullar infusion into tibiae and delayed intra‐osseous injection into femoral drill defects. Both delivery methods of DFb‐BMP2 resulted in a successful cell engraftment, increased bone volume, bone mineral density, improved trabecular bone microarchitecture, greater bone defect filling, external callus formation, and trabecular surface area, compared to non‐transduced DFb or no cells. Cell engraftment within trabecular bone and bone marrow tissue was most efficiently achieved by intra‐osseous injection of DFb‐BMP2. Our results suggested that BMP2‐expressing autologous DFb have enhanced efficiency of engraftment in target bones resulting in a measurable biologic response by the bone of improved bone mineral density and bone microarchitecture. These results support that autologous implantation of DFb‐BMP2 warrants further study on animal models of bone fragility disorders, such as osteogenesis imperfecta and osteoporosis to potentially enhance bone quality, particularly along with other gene modification of these diseases. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1455–1465, 2015.
The effect of disc degeneration on anterior shear translation in the lumbar spine
Authors: Melnyk Angela D. , Kelly Adrienne , Chak Jason D. , Wen Tian Lin , Cripton Peter A. , Dvorak Marcel F. , Oxland Thomas R.
Published: November 2014

Many pathologies involving disc degeneration are treated with surgery and spinal implants. It is important to understand how the spine behaves mechanically as a function of disc degeneration. Shear loading is especially relevant in the natural and surgically stabilized lumbar spine. The objective of our study was to determine the effect of disc degeneration on anterior translation of the lumbar spine under shear loading. We tested 30 human cadaveric functional spinal units (L3–4 and L4–5) in anterior shear loading. First, the specimens were imaged in a 1.5 T magnetic resonance scanner. The discs were graded according to the Pfirrmann classification. The specimens were then loaded up to 250 N in anterior shear with an axial compression force of 300 N. Motion of the vertebrae was captured with an optoelectronic camera system. Inter‐ and intra‐observer reliability for disc grading was determined (Cohen's and Fleiss' Kappa), and a non‐parametric test was performed on the translation data to characterize the effect of disc degeneration on this parameter. We found fair to moderate agreement between and within observers for the disc grading. We found no significant effect of disc degeneration on anterior shear translation (Kruskal‐Wallis ANOVA). Our results indicate that disc degeneration, as classified with the Pfirrmann scale, does not predict lumbar spinal motion in shear. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:450–457, 2015.
Effect of medial opening wedge high tibial osteotomy on intraarticular knee and ankle contact pressures
Authors: Suero Eduardo M. , Sabbagh Yaman , Westphal Ralf , Hawi Nael , Citak Musa , Wahl Friedrich M. , Krettek Christian , Liodakis Emmanouil
Published: November 2014

High tibial osteotomy (HTO) is a commonly used surgical technique for treating moderate osteoarthritis (OA) of the medial compartment of the knee by shifting the center of force towards the lateral compartment. Previous studies have documented the effects of HTO on the biomechanics of the knee. However, the effects of the procedure on the contact pressures within the ankle joint have not been as well described. Seven cadavers underwent an HTO procedure with sequential 5° valgus realignment of the leg up to 15° of correction. An axial force of up to 550 N was applied and the intraarticular pressure was recorded. Minor valgus realignment of the proximal tibia does not significantly alter the biomechanics of the ankle. However, moderate‐to‐large changes in proximal tibial alignment result in significantly decreased tibiotalar contact surface area and in changes in intraarticular ankle pressures. These findings are clinically relevant, as they provide a biomechanical rationale for the diagnosis and treatment of ankle symptoms in the setting of lower limb malalignment or after alignment correction procedures. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:598–604, 2015.
Nanoemulsions as an effective medium for encapsulation and stabilization of cholesterol/β‐cyclodextrin inclusion complex
Authors: Kaur Khushwinder
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

Inclusion complex formation between β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) and suitable guest molecules such as cholesterol (Ch) has regularly been exploited to design self‐assembled structures. In the present study an effective nanoemulsion medium (lecithin/Tween 80/ethyl oleate/water) was selected for solubilizing and stabilizing Ch and Ch/β‐CD inclusion complex. Phase solubility, spectroscopic, thermodynamic, Z‐average diameter and morphological analyses were conducted.

RESULTS

Phase solubility data analysis demonstrated an increase in Ch solubility at low β‐CD concentrations (0.01–0.35 mmol L−1). Transmission electron microscopy and Z‐average diameter data indicated the spherical nature of the droplets and confirmed the formation of nanoemulsions with an average size of less than 50 nm. The negative value of ΔG obtained during analysis further indicated that the binding was spontaneous in nature.

CONCLUSION

Primarily, this research demonstrates the use of nanoemulsions as a medium in food matrices, instead of water, for hosting Ch in β‐CD. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Analysis of the bacterial community in aged and aging pit mud of Chinese Luzhou‐flavour liquor by combined PCR‐DGGE and quantitative PCR assay
Authors: Liang Huipeng , Li Wenfang , Luo Qingchun , Liu Chaolan , Wu Zhengyun , Zhang Wenxue
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

The community structure of bacteria in aged and aging pit mud, which was judged according to their sensory and physicochemical characteristics, was analysed using polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR‐DGGE) and quantitative real‐time PCR (qPCR).

RESULTS

The phyla Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Synergistetes and Unclassified Bacteria were detected and the fermentative Firmicutes was predominant in both types of pit mud in the PCR‐DGGE analysis. Among Firmicutes, Clostridiales was dominant in aged pit mud while Bacillales and Lactobacillales were dominant in aging pit mud. The diversity of bacterial communities in aged pit mud was higher than that in aging pit mud. In the qPCR analysis the abundance of Clostridium IV in aged pit mud was higher than that in aging pit mud and there were significant differences in the quantity of Clostridium IV between aged and aging pit mud of the same cellar (P < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

There were some significant differences in the microbial community structure between aged and aging pit mud. The differences in the quantity of Clostridium IV might be involved in the distinction that the aged pit mud has a strong aroma while the aging pit mud does not. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
The etiology of oxidative stress in the various species of animals, a review
Authors: Puppel Kamila , Kapusta Aleksandra , Kuczyńska Beata
Published: November 2014

Oxidative stress is the consequence of an imbalance of pro‐oxidants and antioxidants leading to cell damage and tissue injury. The exhaustion of antioxidant systems is one of the reasons for the occurrence of oxidative stress, which results in avalanche production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or free radicals. High oxidative stress is common in organs and tissues with high metabolic and energy demands, including skeletal and heart muscle, liver and blood cells. Stress arises in animals in response to unavoidable or adverse environmental conditions. In the external environment, which affects the body of the cow, there are four main groups of stressors: physical, chemical, biological and psychological. Physical stressors include fluctuations in ambient temperature as well as mechanical injuries. High ambient temperature is one of the factors affecting the productivity of cows. Biological stressors are conditioned by errors and irregularities in habits. Both of these phenomena have an adverse impact on both the resistance of animals and fertility and are the etiological agent of oxidative stress. Various mechanisms may be responsible for metal‐induced oxidative stress: direct or indirect generation ofROS, depletion of glutathione and inhibition of antioxidant enzymes are well known for all redox‐active and redox‐inactive metals. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of condensed tannin fractions of different molecular weights from a Leucaena leucocephala hybrid on in vitro methane production and rumen fermentation
Authors: Saminathan Mookiah , Sieo Chin Chin , Abdullah Norhani , Wong Clemente Michael Vui Ling , Ho Yin Wan
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

Molecular weights (MWs) and their chemical structures are the primary factors determining the influence of condensed tannins (CTs) on animal nutrition and methane (CH4) production in ruminants. In this study the MWs of five CT fractions from Leucaena leucocephala hybrid‐Rendang (LLR) were determined and the CT fractions were investigated for their effects on CH4 production and rumen fermentation.

RESULTS

The number‐average molecular weight (Mn) of fraction F1 (1265.8 Da), which was eluted first, was the highest, followed by those of fractions F2 (1028.6 Da), F3 (652.2 Da), F4 (562.2 Da) and F5 (469.6 Da). The total gas (mL g−1 dry matter (DM)) and CH4 production decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing MWs of the CT fractions, but there were no significant (P > 0.05) differences between the CT fractions and control on DM degradation. However, the in vitro N disappearance decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with the inclusion of CT fraction F1 (highest MW) compared with the control and other fractions (F2–F5). The inclusion of CT fraction F1 also significantly decreased (P < 0.05) total volatile fatty acid and acetic acid concentrations compared with the control. The acetic/propionic acid ratio was significantly decreased (P < 0.05) by fraction F1 but not by the control and other fractions (F2–F5).

CONCLUSION

The CT fractions of different MWs from LLR could affect rumen fermentation and CH4 production, and the impact was more pronounced for the CT fraction with a higher MW. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Glycopolymer Polyelectrolyte Multilayers Composed of Heparin and Maltose‐Modified Poly(ethylene imine) as a Strong/Weak Polyelectrolyte System for Future Drug Delivery Coatings: Influence of pH and Sugar Architecture on Growth of Multilayers and Multilayer Swelling and Stability
Authors: Salem Samaa , Müller Martin , Torger Bernhard , Janke Andreas , Eichhorn Klaus‐Jochen , Voit Brigitte , Appelhans Dietmar
Published: November 2014

Establishing highly sophisticated polymer films for delivery systems in a biological environment and bioanalytical tasks, the formation, thickness, swelling behavior, and (physiological) stability of highly biocompatible polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) are described. These PEMs are composed of the very weak polycation maltose‐modified hyperbranched poly(ethylene imine) (PEI‐Mal) and the strong polyanion heparin sodium salt (HE−Na+) deposited on Si wafer substrates . Two different glyco architectures for PEI‐Mal are used, characterized by two different degrees of maltose decoration on a PEI scaffold. Using two pH‐dependent deposition approaches for optimizing the (physiological) PEM stability and swelling, PEMs are characterized by (in situ) ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and (in situ) attenuated total reflection‐Fourier‐transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR). Thus, PEMs reveal significantly different thicknesses, growth mechanisms (linear versus exponential), and swelling behavior in dependence of both the polycation architectures and the deposition protocol. These PEMs will allow the study of their complexation and release properties as preswollen PEMs against anionic drug molecules, especially under physiological conditions in the future.

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The E. coli sirtuin CobB shows no preference for enzymatic and nonenzymatic lysine acetylation substrate sites
Authors: AbouElfetouh Alaa , Kuhn Misty L. , Hu Linda I. , Scholle Michael D. , Sorensen Dylan J. , Sahu Alexandria K. , Becher Dörte , Antelmann Haike , Mrksich Milan , Anderson Wayne F. , Gibson Bradford W. , Schilling Birgit , Wolfe Alan J.
Published: November 2014

Nε‐lysine acetylation is an abundant posttranslational modification of thousands of proteins involved in diverse cellular processes. In the model bacterium Escherichia coli, the ε‐amino group of a lysine residue can be acetylated either catalytically by acetyl‐coenzyme A (acCoA) and lysine acetyltransferases, or nonenzymatically by acetyl phosphate (acP). It is well known that catalytic acCoA‐dependent Nε‐lysine acetylation can be reversed by deacetylases. Here, we provide genetic, mass spectrometric, structural and immunological evidence that CobB, a deacetylase of the sirtuin family of NAD+‐dependent deacetylases, can reverse acetylation regardless of acetyl donor or acetylation mechanism. We analyzed 69 lysines on 51 proteins that we had previously detected as robustly, reproducibly, and significantly more acetylated in a cobB mutant than in its wild‐type parent. Functional and pathway enrichment analyses supported the hypothesis that CobB regulates protein function in diverse and often essential cellular processes, most notably translation. Combined mass spectrometry, bioinformatics, and protein structural data provided evidence that the accessibility and three‐dimensional microenvironment of the target acetyllysine help determine CobB specificity. Finally, we provide evidence that CobB is the predominate deacetylase in E. coli.
Regulation of nitrite resistance of the cytochrome cbb3 oxidase by cytochrome c ScyA in Shewanella oneidensis
Authors: Yin Jianhua , Jin Miao , Zhang Haiyan , Ju Lili , Zhang Lili , Gao Haichun
Published: November 2014

Cytochrome c proteins, as enzymes to exchange electrons with substrates or as pure electron carriers to shuttle electrons, play vital roles in bacterial respiration and photosynthesis. In Shewanella oneidensis, a research model for the respiratory diversity, at least 42 c‐type cytochromes are predicted to be encoded in the genome and are regarded to be the foundation of its highly branched electron transport pathways. However, only a small number of c‐type cytochromes have been extensively studied. In this study, we identify soluble cytochrome c ScyA as an important factor influencing the nitrite resistance of a strain devoid of the bd oxidase by utilizing a newly developed transposon mutagenesis vector, which enables overexpression of the gene(s) downstream of the insertion site. We show that when in overabundance ScyA facilitates growth against nitrite inhibition by enhancing nitrite resistance of the cbb3 oxidase. Based on the data presented in this study, we suggest two possible mechanisms underlying the observed effect of ScyA: (1) ScyA increases electron flow to the cbb3 oxidase; (2) ScyA promotes nitrite resistance of the cbb3 oxidase, possibly by direct interaction.
Optimizing IgG therapy in chronic autoimmune neuropathies: A hypothesis driven approach
Authors: Berger Melvin , Allen Jeffrey A.
Published: November 2014

Prolonged intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy is used for the chronic autoimmune neuropathies chronic idiopathic demyelinating polyneuropathy and multifocal motor neuropathy, but the doses and treatment intervals are usually chosen empirically due to a paucity of data from dose–response studies. Recent studies of the electrophysiology and immunology of these diseases suggest that antibody‐induced reversible dysfunction of nodes of Ranvier may play a role in conduction block and disability which responds to immunotherapy more rapidly than would be expected for demyelination or axonal damage per se. Clinical reports suggest that in some cases, the effects of each dose of IVIG may be transient, wearing‐off before the next dose is due. These observations lead us to hypothesize that that therapeutic IgG acts by competing with pathologic autoantibodies and that individual patients may require different IgG levels for optimal therapeutic effects. Frequent IVIG dosing and weekly subcutaneous IgG have been tried as ways of continuously maintaining high serum IgG levels, resulting in stabilization of neuromuscular function in small case series. Frequent grip strength and disability measurements, performed by the patient at home and reported electronically, can be used to assess the extent and duration of responses to IgG doses. Individualization of IgG treatment regimens may optimize efficacy, minimize disability, and identify nonresponders. Muscle Nerve 51: 315–326, 2015
CHILD MALTREATMENT IDENTIFICATION AND REPORTING BEHAVIOR OF SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGISTS
Authors: Lusk Victoria L. , Zibulsky Jamie , Viezel Kathleen
Published: November 2014

A majority of substantiated maltreatment reports are made by educators and thus, teacher knowledge of child maltreatment reporting mandates and reporting behavior has been a focus of research. The knowledge and behavior of school psychologists, however, has not received similar attention. This study investigated the child maltreatment reporting behavior and knowledge of school psychologists. Practicing school psychologists (N = 274) responded to scenarios from the Crenshaw Abuse Reporting Survey—Form S (CARS‐S) that required respondents to recognize reportable child maltreatment and answer factual questions regarding the reporting mandate. A significant correlation was found between school psychologists’ accuracy in deciding whether to report and their overall knowledge of the reporting mandate. Results highlight the knowledge and behavior of school psychologists working in varied settings when presented with cases focused on differing types of maltreatment issues. Practical implications for school psychology practice and training are discussed.
Long‐term Dynamics of Large‐bodied Fishes Assessed from Spatially Intensive Monitoring of a Managed Desert River
Authors: Franssen N. R. , Durst S. L. , Gido K. B. , Ryden D. W. , Lamarra V. , Propst D. L.
Published: November 2014

Imperilment of native fishes worldwide, and particularly in the American Southwest, has prompted management actions to protect and recover threatened populations. Implementation of management activities, however, often proceeds without clear understandings of ecological interactions between native fishes and other biotic and physical components of the environment. Using data obtained in a 19‐year, intensive monitoring effort across 288 km of the San Juan River in NM and UT, USA, we quantified relationships among large‐bodied fishes and longitudinal environmental gradients, tested for faunal breaks of fishes and habitat structure along the river's course, and assessed the response of fishes to mechanical removal of non‐native fishes and stocking of endangered fishes. Mesohabitat variation was not strongly linked to densities of large‐bodied fishes, but we found strong and temporally consistent longitudinal patterns of native and non‐native fishes: Native fish densities were highest upstream while non‐native fish densities where highest downstream, potentially driven by differential responses to temperature regimes. Two breaks in the longitudinal structure of large‐bodied fishes were identified and were associated with a man‐made barrier and changes in the width of the river's floodplain. While densities of common native fishes were relatively constant during the study, non‐native fish removal apparently reduced densities of one of two targeted species and densities of two endangered fishes increased as a result of stocking hatchery‐reared fish. Results of this study suggest that large‐bodied fishes of the San Juan River are responding to large‐scale longitudinal gradients rather than small‐scale habitat variation and management activities have altered densities of target species with limited responses by other fishes in the system. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fatty Acid Profiles Distinguish Channel Catfish from Three Reaches of the Lower Kaskaskia River and its Floodplain Lakes
Authors: Young M. P. , Whitledge G. W. , Trushenski J. T.
Published: November 2014

Despite the increasing use of fatty acids (FAs) as biomarkers in aquatic food web analysis, little information is available regarding differences in FA profiles of fish among habitat types in river–floodplain ecosystems. The objectives of this study were to (i) test whether the FA profiles of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) differed among three reaches of the lower Kaskaskia River and its floodplain lakes, and (ii) to compare FA profiles among muscle, liver, and adipose fin tissues collected from these fish. Profiles differed significantly among sites, especially between upper and lower river sites, and between river channel and oxbow lake sites, suggesting differences in FA availability for channel catfish occupying different habitats and river reaches in the Kaskaskia River system. Specifically, the essential FAs 18:2n‐6 and 18:3n‐3 increased in catfish tissues from upstream to downstream reaches, which could reflect increased floodplain connectivity and decreasing impoundment effects downstream. Ratios of n‐3 to n‐6 FAs were higher in fish from oxbow lakes, perhaps suggesting increased use of autochthonous production in the floodplain relative to the main river channel. Muscle and adipose fin FA profiles exhibited similar location‐related trends, whereas liver FA profiles were markedly different from the other tissue types. These results suggest that adipose fin tissue samples may be a viable, less‐invasive alternative to muscle tissue for analysis of FA profiles in channel catfish. Our study supports the use of tissue FA profiles in identifying habitat utilization by channel catfish, and perhaps habitat‐specific energy contributions to riverine consumers. Furthermore, our work highlights floodplain habitat as a potential source of essential n‐3 FA and the associated importance of maintaining river–floodplain connectivity to support aquatic food webs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An effective behavior‐based Android malware detection system
Authors: Zou Shihong , Zhang Jing , Lin Xiaodong
Published: November 2014

With the rapid growth of Android applications and malware, it has become a challenge to distinguish malware from a huge number of applications. The use of behavioral analytics is one of the most promising approaches because of its accuracy and resilience to malware variants. In this paper, we propose a behavior‐based malware detection system. Firstly, it uses Android APIs and libc (Bionic libc) function calls along with their arguments to describe sensitive application behaviors. Secondly, it conducts behavior analysis and malware detection using machine learning techniques, including Support Vector Machine, Naïve Bayes, and Decision Tree. The experiments are conducted with 1136 real‐world samples that are composed of various types of malware and benign applications. The evaluation results show that our system can effectively detect Android malware. In addition, we compare our system with the other behavior‐based malware detection system, and the comparison results show the advantage of our system on malware detection. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Anterior and posterior complexes: a step towards improving neurosonographic screening of midline and cortical anomalies
Authors: Viñals F. , Correa F. , Gonçalves‐Pereira P. M.
Published: November 2014

Objective

To describe the anatomical structures that form the anterior (AC) and posterior (PC) complexes of the fetal brain and to categorize their anomalies in fetuses with cerebral abnormalities.

Methods

We analyzed retrospectively volume datasets from 100 normal fetuses between 20 and 30 weeks' gestation. On the axial transventricular plane, our analysis of the AC included the interhemispheric fissure (IHF), the callosal sulcus (CS), the genu of the corpus callosum (CC), the cavum septi pellucidi (CSP) and the anterior horns (AH) of the lateral ventricles. The PC included the splenium of the CC, the medial wall of the lateral ventricles, the CS and the parieto‐occipital fissure (POF). We then categorized AC/PC findings in 32 fetuses with agenesis of the septi pellucidi, schizencephaly, callosal dysgenesis, cortical malformation and hypoxic‐ischemic brain injury.

Results

The structures forming the AC and PC were visible in 100% and 92%, respectively, of normal cases. In the AC, the CSP was square‐shaped in 73% of cases and it was triangular in 27%; the AH was comma‐shaped in 92% of cases and triangular in the remainder. In the PC, the splenium of the CC interrupted and bridged the midline and was delimited posteriorly by the CS and the IHF. The POF was visible posteriorly. We categorized AC and PC abnormalities according to the main deviation from normality in their anatomical structures. The AC was abnormal in 30/32 cases and the PC was abnormal in 16/32 cases. In the two cases with normal AC, the PC was abnormal.

Conclusion

Normal appearance of AC and PC seems to be a strong indicator of fetal central nervous system normality. Morphological abnormalities in both complexes are robust markers of midline defects, but not exclusively so. The majority of fetuses with cortical malformations showed a defect in the AC. Copyright © 2014 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Multi‐label learning: a review of the state of the art and ongoing research
Authors: Gibaja Eva , Ventura Sebastián
Published: November 2014

Multi‐label learning is quite a recent supervised learning paradigm. Owing to its capabilities to improve performance in problems where a pattern may have more than one associated class, it has attracted the attention of researchers, producing an increasing number of publications. This study presents an up‐to‐date overview about multi‐label learning with the aim of sorting and describing the main approaches developed till now. The formal definition of the paradigm, the analysis of its impact on the literature, its main applications, works developed, pitfalls and guidelines, and ongoing research are presented.WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov2014, 4:411–444. doi: 10.1002/widm.1139

This article is categorized under:

Technologies > Classification

Technologies > Machine Learning
Comparative Efficacy of Alcohol‐Based Surgical Scrubs: The Importance of Formulation
Authors: Macinga David R. , Edmonds Sarah L. , Campbell Esther , McCormack Robert R.
Published: November 2014

Alcohol‐based surgical scrubs (ABSSs) are used to prevent surgical site infections. Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG) often is added to enhance persistent germicidal activity. The aim of this study was to determine the influence of ABSS product formulation on efficacy. We evaluated three commercially available ABSS formulations and one control alcohol formulation according to the surgical scrub methodology specified by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Only one ABSS formulation met FDA efficacy requirements when tested at the manufacturer's recommended dosage. In contrast, two ABSS formulations, one of which contained CHG, failed to meet the FDA acceptance criteria for a 3‐log10 reduction on day 5, meaning the formulations did not sufficiently reduce bacteria levels on hands on the fifth day of product application. The data suggest that recommendations to include CHG in ABSS formulations should be reconsidered, and product efficacy, skin tolerability, and user acceptability should be evaluated on a case‐by‐case basis.
Effectiveness of Transmucosal Sedation for Special Needs Populations in the Ambulatory Care Setting
Authors: Tetef Sue
Published: November 2014

Transmucosal is an alternative route for administering medications (ie, dexmedetomidine, midazolam, naloxone) that can be effective for procedural or moderate sedation in patients with special needs when other routes are not practical or are contraindicated. Special needs populations include children, older adults, pregnant and breast‐feeding women, and people with disabilities or conditions that limit their ability to function and cope. Understanding the perioperative nurse's role in the care of patients receiving medications via the transmucosal route can lead to better clinical outcomes. Successful use of the transmucosal route requires knowledge of when to administer a medication, how often and how much of a medication should be administered, the onset and duration of action, the adverse effects or contraindications, and the key benefits. In addition, a case study approach suggests that transmucosal sedation can decrease patient stress and anxiety related to undergoing medical procedures or surgery in the ambulatory care setting.
Clinical Issues
Authors: Spruce Lisa , Van Wicklin Sharon A. , Brubaker Scott A.
Published: November 2014

This Month

Wearing eyelash extensions in the perioperative area

Key words: eyelash extensions, eye infections, allergic blepharitis, keratoconjunctivitis.

Changing the wound classification for organ transplantation procedures

Key words: organ transplantation, wound classification, sterile technique.

Separating allografts and autografts

Key words: allograft, autograft, tissue, storage, American Association of Tissue Banks.

Using swab cultures for determining microbial identity and growth on allograft and autograft tissue surfaces

Key words: swab cultures, tissue cultures, allograft, autograft, microbial growth.

Storing autologous human skin autografts

Key words: autografts, storage media, tissue wash, swab cultures, American Association of Tissue Banks.
Results of the 2014 AORN Salary and Compensation Survey
Authors: Bacon Donald R. , Stewart Kim A.
Published: November 2014

AORN conducted its 12th annual compensation survey for perioperative nurses in June and July 2014. A multiple regression model was used to examine how a number of variables, including job title, education level, certification, experience, and geographic region, affect nurse compensation. Comparisons between the data from 2014 and data from previous years are presented. The effects of other forms of compensation (eg, on‐call compensation, overtime, bonuses, shift differentials) on base compensation rates also are examined. Additional analyses explore the effect of the economic downturn on the perioperative work environment.
RP Implementation: Specimen Management
Authors: Graybill‐D'Ercole Patricia
Published: November 2014

Effective specimen management in the perioperative setting is essential for accurate patient diagnosis and intervention. AORN's “Recommended practices for specimen management” provides guidance to help perioperative nurses, in collaboration with a multidisciplinary team, implement a specimen management process that includes a needs assessment, site identification, collection and handling, transfer from the sterile field, containment, specimen identification and labeling, preservation, transport, disposition, and documentation. Accurate specimen management requires effective multidisciplinary communication and an awareness of the potential opportunities for error. Specimens discussed in the recommended practices document include breast cancer specimens, amputated digits and limbs to be reattached, forensic and radioactive specimens, and explanted medical devices and orthopedic hardware. The recommendations are applicable to both hospital and ambulatory settings.
Possible levetiracetam induced encephalopathy presenting as electrical status epilepticus: An unknown occurrence
Authors: Mahale Rohan , Mehta Anish , Javali Mahendra , Sharma Suryanarayana , Madhusudhan Byadaralli , Srinivasa Rangasetty
Published: November 2014

Levetiracetam is a novel, broad spectrum anti-epileptic drug with proven efficacy in generalized as well as focal onset seizures. It has renal elimination with no hepatic metabolism. Levetiracetam induced encephalopathy is rarely reported in literature. Triphasic waves in the electroencephalogram are seen in toxic-metabolic encephalopathies of various aetiology like hepatic encephalopathy, uraemia. We report a patient who was on levetiracetam for acute symptomatic seizures and developed encephalopathy with electroencephalogram showing generalised triphasic waves. These triphasic waves disappeared with intravenous lorazepam but without clinical improvement in sensorium. The electroencephalographic abnormality appeared as electrical status epilepticus which got normalised on discontinuation of levetiracetam. This is the first report of levetiracetam induced encephalopathy presenting as electrical status epilepticus and also depicts electroencephalographic correlate of levetiracetam induced encephalopathy.
Investigations on contribution of glial inwardly‐rectifying K+ current to membrane potential and ion flux: An experimental and theoretical study
Authors: Wu Sheng‐Nan , Huang Yan‐Ming , Kao Ching‐An , Chen Bing‐Shuo , Lo Yi‐Ching
Published: November 2014

The inwardly rectifying K+ current [IK(IR)] allows large inward K+ currents at potentials negative to K+ equilibrium potential (EK) and it becomes small outward K+ currents at those positive to EK. How changes of such currents enriched in glial cells can influence the functions of glial cell, neurons, or both is not clearly defined, although mutations of Kir4.1 channels have been demonstrated to cause serious neurological disorders. In this study, we identified the presence of IK(IR) in human glioma cells (U373 and U87 cells). The amplitude of IK(IR) in U373 cells was subject to inhibition by amitriptyline, arecoline, or BaCl2. The activity of inwardly rectifying K+ channels was also clearly detected, and single‐channel conductance of these channels was calculated to be around 23 pS. Moreover, based on a simulation model derived from neuron–glial interaction mediated by ion flux, we further found out that incorporation of glial IK(IR) conductance into the model can significantly contribute to regulation of extracellular K+ concentrations and glial resting potential, particularly during high‐frequency stimulation. Glial cells and neurons can mutually modulate their expression of ion channels through K+ ions released into the extracellular space. It is thus anticipated that glial IK(IR) may be a potential target utilized to influence the activity of neuronal and glial cells as well as their interaction.