bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Idiographically Desirable Responding: Individual Differences in Perceived Trait Desirability Predict Overclaiming
Authors: Ludeke Steven G. , Weisberg Yanna J. , Deyoung Colin G.
Published: May 2013

Objective

Conventional measures of self–report bias implicitly assume consistent patterns of overclaiming across individuals. We contrast this with the effects of individual differences in views of trait desirability on overclaiming, which we label idiographically desirable responding (IDR).

Method

We obtained self–reports and peer reports of trait levels on mixed–sex samples of undergraduates (N = 352) and middle–aged community members (N = 541), with an additional performance–based assessment in the latter sample.

Results

Compared to conventional measures of bias, individual differences in trait desirability ratings identified an independent and comparatively large amount of the variance in overclaiming for personality and physical attractiveness. The importance of IDR was confirmed by the replication of these results for intelligence, for which both peer–ratings and performance data were available. Individuals differed in the extent to which they rely on IDR, with these differences indexed by the correlation between views of the desirability of a given trait and the extent to which one overclaimed that trait. Individuals who were more prone to overclaim in this fashion exhibited higher self–esteem as well as higher scores on questionnaire measures of socially desirable responding.

Conclusion

Overclaiming of traits resulted both from the patterns of biases identified by conventional overclaiming measures and from individual differences in perceptions of what traits are most desirable. Copyright © 2013 European Association of Personality Psychology
Abacavir Pharmacogenetics – From Initial Reports to Standard of Care
Authors: Martin Michael A. , Kroetz Deanna L.
Published: May 2013

Abacavir is a nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitor indicated for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infection as part of a multidrug, highly active antiretroviral therapy regimen. Despite its efficacy, approximately 5% of individuals who receive abacavir develop an immune‐mediated hypersensitivity reaction (HSR) that warrants immediate discontinuation of abacavir and switching to an alternative antiretroviral regimen. Abacavir HSR is associated with individuals who carry the *57:01 variant in the human leukocyte antigen B (HLA‐B) gene. There is a large volume of evidence to show that those who carry HLA‐B*57:01 are at significantly increased risk of developing HSR and should not receive abacavir. Pharmacogenetic screening to ensure individuals who carry HLA‐B*57:01 do not receive abacavir can reduce the incidence of HSR and is now considered the standard of care before prescribing abacavir. Genetic testing to prevent abacavir HSR is currently one of the best examples of integrating pharmacogenetic testing into clinical practice.
Effect of Transdermal Isopropyl Alcohol on the International Normalized Ratio in Five Warfarin‐Treated Patients
Authors: Pitcock James J. , Oluyemi Olubusola O. , Pitcock Margaret B.
Published: May 2013

Warfarin, an anticoagulant with a narrow therapeutic window, is largely metabolized by cytochrome P450 2C9. Isopropyl alcohol has been shown to inhibit the activity of this enzyme. Use of topical isopropyl alcohol as a rubefacient may place patients at risk for systemic exposure. Isopropyl alcohol's effect on the international normalized ratio (INR) has not been well characterized. We describe five patients who experienced INR elevations after topical application of isopropyl alcohol. Each patient's INR was therapeutic for at least seven visits prior to becoming supratherapeutic. All patients confirmed drug adherence and denied medication or dietary changes. Seventy percent isopropyl alcohol was used in all cases over a large body surface area of intact skin multiple times daily for several days. All patients experienced a 10% or greater increase in their INR compared to previous levels. On discontinuation of isopropyl alcohol, each patient's INR returned to and remained in therapeutic range for the next 2 months. Prediction of isopropyl alcohol's effect of the INR is confound by several factors, notably the BSA covered, concentration of alcohol in the product, contact time with the skin, and skin integrity. It is important that clinicians inquire about the use of isopropyl alcohol and educate patients about its potential risk in those receiving warfarin therapy.
Reconstruction of a robust glycodiagnostic agent supported by multiple lectin‐assisted glycan profiling
Authors: Kuno Atsushi , Sato Takashi , Shimazaki Hiroko , Unno Sachiko , Saitou Kozue , Kiyohara Katsue , Sogabe Maki , Tsuruno Chikayuki , Takahama Youichi , Ikehara Yuzuru , Narimatsu Hisashi
Published: May 2013

Purpose

Wisteria floribunda agglutinin positive human Mac‐2‐binding protein (WFA+‐hM2BP) was recently validated as a liver fibrosis glycobiomarker with a fully automated lectin–antibody sandwich immunoassay. In this study, we supplied recombinant WFA+‐hM2BP as the standard glycoprotein and the overlaid antibody to enhance the robustness of WFA+‐hM2BP quantification.

Experimental design

The optimum conditions for producing recombinant WFA+‐hM2BP were selected by cell glycome analysis based on a lectin microarray. Interlot variability of recombinant WFA+‐hM2BP was determined using an antibody‐overlay lectin microarray. Screening of anti‐M2BP mAb was completed by incorporating a WFA–antibody sandwich ELISA and an antibody‐overlay lectin microarray.

Results

The lectin microarray analysis revealed that human embryonic kidney 293 cells efficiently and stably produced WFA+‐hM2BP in DMEM containing 10% FCS without any variation in the M2BP glycosylation level. A spiking experiment with recombinant WFA+‐hM2BP was mostly effective for antibody screening. The reconstituted sandwich immunoassay was useful for the continuous quantification and cutoff index expression of serum WFA+‐hM2BP.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

The multiple use of lectin‐assisted glycan profiling enabled us to construct a reliable sandwich assay kit for monitoring liver fibrosis in patients with viral hepatitis. This will assist in the development pipeline for other glycodiagnostic agents.
Impact of correlation on predictive ability of biomarkers
Authors: Demler Olga V. , Pencina Michael J. , D'Agostino Ralph B.
Published: May 2013

In this paper, we investigate how the correlation structure of independent variables affects the discrimination of risk prediction model. Using multivariate normal data and binary outcome, we prove that zero correlation among predictors is often detrimental for discrimination in a risk prediction model and negatively correlated predictors with positive effect sizes are beneficial. A very high multiple R‐squared from regressing the new predictor on the old ones can also be beneficial. As a practical guide to new variable selection, we recommend to select predictors that have negative correlation with the risk score based on the existing variables. This step is easy to implement even when the number of new predictors is large. We illustrate our results by using real‐life Framingham data suggesting that the conclusions hold outside of normality. The findings presented in this paper might be useful for preliminary selection of potentially important predictors, especially is situations where the number of predictors is large. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A latent factor linear mixed model for high‐dimensional longitudinal data analysis
Authors: An Xinming , Yang Qing , Bentler Peter M.
Published: May 2013

High‐dimensional longitudinal data involving latent variables such as depression and anxiety that cannot be quantified directly are often encountered in biomedical and social sciences. Multiple responses are used to characterize these latent quantities, and repeated measures are collected to capture their trends over time. Furthermore, substantive research questions may concern issues such as interrelated trends among latent variables that can only be addressed by modeling them jointly. Although statistical analysis of univariate longitudinal data has been well developed, methods for modeling multivariate high‐dimensional longitudinal data are still under development. In this paper, we propose a latent factor linear mixed model (LFLMM) for analyzing this type of data. This model is a combination of the factor analysis and multivariate linear mixed models. Under this modeling framework, we reduced the high‐dimensional responses to low‐dimensional latent factors by the factor analysis model, and then we used the multivariate linear mixed model to study the longitudinal trends of these latent factors. We developed an expectation–maximization algorithm to estimate the model. We used simulation studies to investigate the computational properties of the expectation–maximization algorithm and compare the LFLMM model with other approaches for high‐dimensional longitudinal data analysis. We used a real data example to illustrate the practical usefulness of the model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Café 3440 am Pitztaler Gletscher – Wildspitzbahn, Österreich
Authors: Aste Christian , Weissteiner Thomas
Published: May 2013

Die Seilbahnen in den Ostalpen – vor allem die Tiroler Seilbahnen, zeigen sich ihrer Tradition entsprechend wieder zunehmend architekturbewusst und konstruktiv kühn. Die Billigstperiode mit den vorgefertigten Einheitsstationen ist überwunden, es gibt zum Glück wieder – wie in den 1930er Jahren – auskragende Felsennester mit herrlichem Panorama, welche zum Verweilen einladen, die weißglänzende Einsamkeit der Berge andächtig und ehrfurchtsvoll zu betrachten. Wir können stolz auf unsere Bergwelt sein – auch ohne Schneesicherheit und Sonnengarantie – ist sie Ehrfurcht gebietend und erlebnisreich, anstrengend und fordernd sowie immer wieder zu philosophischer und auch religiöser Sammlung und Einkehr einladend. Diese dritte Qualität des Bergtourismus wurde bereits 2002 beim 2. Future Mountain Symposium in Sölden und bei der VTK‐Tagung 2004 in Arosa definiert.

Das gegenständliche Projekt Wildspitze 3440, die höchste Bergstation der Pitztaler Gletscherbahnen und der Ostalpen, wurde von Arch. Baumschlager (Dornbirn) entworfen und von aste | weissteiner (Innsbruck) konstruktiv bearbeitet. Unterbau und Fundierung wurden im Permafrost verankert in Beton ausgeführt, die Stations‐ und Restauranthülle in Stahl und teilweise in Stahl‐Beton‐Verbund errichtet. Die kurze Bauzeit im Hochgebirge, die schwierigen Transportwege und die ausgesetzte Montage waren Herausforderung für alle Beteiligten.

Café 3440 at the Pitztaler Glacier – Wildspitzbahn, Austria. Today the new Tyrolean cableways become aware of their architectural and constructional tradition. Brave rocky nest constructions allow overwhelming views to the surrounding mountain tops and glaciers. The project Wildspitze 3440 of the Pitztaler Gletscherbahnen reaches the highest cableway station of the Eastern Alps. Designed by Architekt Baumschlager, Dornbirn, and constructed by aste | weissteiner, Innsbruck, the erection was marked by short schedule, difficult transport of materials up to 3440 m above sea level, overhanging steel structures and erections and permafrost foundations.
The description of electronic processes inside proteins from Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics: chemical transformations
Authors: Rovira Carme
Published: May 2013

Used in the past mainly to solve problems in the field of physics, ab initio (Car–Parrinello) molecular dynamics (CPMD) is taking its place in the study of problems in chemistry and biochemistry. In particular, with regard to electronic processes in the interior of proteins that are either too subtle or too rapid to be studied by conventional structural biology tools, and too complex landscapes that cannot be resolved with either standard quantum chemical or traditional force‐field methods. The availability of faster and more powerful supercomputers has facilitated the usage of CPMD, whereas the development of methods to investigate complex landscapes (such as metadynamics) has opened significantly the range of biological problems that can be afforded. Here, we overview the progress in this field from the first studies of biological systems in the late 90s, with some illustrative examples in the area of enzymatic reactions.

This article is categorized under:

Molecular and Statistical Mechanics > Molecular Interactions
Phosphorylations of Sds23/Psp1/Moc1 by stress‐activated kinase and cAMP‐dependent kinase are essential for regulating cell viability in prolonged stationary phase
Authors: Jang Young‐Joo , Won Misun , Yoo Hyang‐Sook
Published: May 2013

Under nutritional deprivation caused by prolonged culture, actively growing cells prepare to enter stationary phase. We showed here that Sds23/Psp1/Moc1 was phosphorylated by both cAMP‐dependent kinase and stress‐activated MAP kinase Sty1 upon entry into stationary phase. Overexpression of the phosphorylation‐defective mutant Sds23/Psp1/Moc1 induced cell death in prolonged culture and blocked re‐entry into the cell division cycle. These phosphorylations are likely to be required for cell survival during stationary phase and for binding of Ufd2, a Schizosaccharomyces pombe homologue of multi‐ubiquitin chain assembly factor E4. Deletion of the Ufd2 gene and overexpression of Sds23/Psp1/Moc1 increased cell viability in prolonged stationary phase. These results suggested that Ufd2 induces cell death in prolonged nutrient deprivation, that Sds23/Psp1/Moc1 may be a target protein of the ubiquitin‐fusion degradation pathway for regulation of cell viability under this stress condition, and that Sty1 and PKA activity in stationary phase is essential for interaction between Sds23/Psp1/Moc1 and Ufd2. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extended Lymphadenectomy in Esophageal Cancer is Crucial
Authors: Tong Daniel , Law Simon
Published: May 2013

Surgery with lymphadenectomy remains the mainstay of treatment for esophageal cancer. The optimal extent of nodal dissection is controversial. Evidence is accumulating, however, that could demonstrate the benefits of extended lymphadenectomy, which include more accurate disease staging, better locoregional disease control, and improved survival. Except in very early disease where nodal metastases are rare, extended lymphadenectomy is indicated. Data from a randomized controlled trial comparing transhiatal and transthoracic resection have shown better survival in patients with limited nodal burden. Other investigations on en bloc resection, three‐field lymphadenectomy, and large‐scale international collaborative studies have all provided evidence for the more extensive approach to enhance cure for esophageal cancer. The more extended surgery does lead to potentially higher morbidity rates, and thus surgeons should be versatile in applying such techniques in carefully selected patients, so that postoperative survival and quality of life of patients are not compromised. The challenge in the future is how to tailor surgical strategies for individual patients in order to achieve the best outcome.
Farmer innovation diffusion via network building: a case of winter greenhouse diffusion in China
Authors: Wu Bin , Zhang Liyan
Published: May 2013

Farmer innovation diffusion (FID) in the developing world is not simply the adoption of an innovation made by farmers, but a process of communication and cooperation between farmers, governments, and other stakeholders. While increasing attention has been paid to farmer innovation, little is known about how farmers’ innovations are successfully diffused. To fill this gap, this paper aims to address the following questions: What conditions are necessary for farmers to participate in FID? How is a collaborative network built up between farmers and stakeholders for this purpose? And what roles can government play? The above questions are addressed through analysis of the diffusion of winter greenhouse technology in China. A framework for analyzing a FID system is developed, and the conclusion is drawn that building mutual trust and collaborative networks is crucial for the success of FID. Furthermore, this network building can be broken down into various levels with different scales, speeds and consequences for FID: informal networks among farmers themselves, farmer-led networks, and government-facilitated networks. The success of government intervention depends upon building and enhancing the collaborative networks in which farmer leadership is crucial.
Genetic Counseling Services and Development of Training Programs in Malaysia
Authors: Lee Juliana Mei‐Har , Thong Meow‐Keong
Published: May 2013

Genetic counseling service is urgently required in developing countries. In Malaysia, the first medical genetic service was introduced in 1994 at one of the main teaching hospitals in Kuala Lumpur. Two decades later, the medical genetic services have improved with the availability of genetic counseling, genetic testing and diagnosis, for both paediatric conditions and adult‐onset inherited conditions, at four main centers of medical genetic services in Malaysia. Prenatal diagnosis services and assisted reproductive technologies are available at tertiary centres and private medical facilities. Positive developments include governmental recognition of Clinical Genetics as a subspecialty, increased funding for genetics services, development of medical ethics guidelines, and establishment of support groups. However, the country lacked qualified genetic counselors. Proposals were presented to policy‐makers to develop genetic counseling courses. Challenges encountered included limited resources and public awareness, ethical dilemmas such as religious and social issues and inadequate genetic health professionals especially genetic counselors.
Integrating Interventions after Traumatic Brain Injury: A Synergistic Approach to Neurorehabilitation
Authors: Dams-O'Connor Kristen , Gordon Wayne A.
Published: May 2013

Deficits in attention, processing speed and executive functioning are among the most commonly reported and functionally limiting cognitive impairments among individuals with TBI. Changes in mood can exacerbate cognitive deficits and reduce life quality. Contemporary hierarchical models of cognitive functioning suggest that attention/arousal processes underlie and support higher-order functions. Building on decades of clinical research, a synergistic, integrative approach to neurorehabilitation is described, which combines bottom-up and top-town cognitive interventions in addition to psychotherapeutic interventions for mood. This approach is intended to address directly impairments in both foundational (i.e., attention) and higher-order (i.e., executive functions) processes. Executive dysfunction is addressed in a top-down fashion through the application of a series of problem-solving and emotional regulation modules that teach and integrate strategies that can be generalised across situations with practice. Attention, arousal and information processing are necessary prerequisites of successful higher-order thinking, attention skills, and are addressed in a bottom-up fashion through intensive individualised attention and processing training tasks. Combining top-down and bottom-up approaches within a comprehensive day-treatment programme can effect a synergistic improvement of overall functioning.
Effects of dietary energy density and digestible protein:energy ratio onde novolipid synthesis from dietary protein in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) quantified with stable isotopes
Authors: Ekmann Kim S. , Dalsgaard Johanne , Holm Jørgen , Campbell Patrick J. , Skov Peter V.
Published: May 2013

The effects of varying dietary digestible protein (DP) and digestible energy (DE) content on performance, nutrient retention efficiency and thede novolipogenesis of DP origin were examined in triplicate groups of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata), fed nine extruded experimental diets. In order to trace the metabolic fate of dietary protein, 1·8 % fishmeal was replaced with isotope-labelled whole protein (>98 %13C). The experiment was divided into a growth period lasting 89 d, growing fish from approximately 140 to 350 g, followed by a 3 d period feeding isotope-enriched diets. Isotope ratio MS was applied to quantify the13C enrichment of whole-body lipid from dietary DP. Between 18·6 and 22·4 % of the carbon derived from protein was recovered in the lipid fraction of the fish, and between 21·6 and 30·3 % of the total lipid deposited could be attributed to dietary protein. DP retention was significantly improved by reductions in dietary DP:DE ratio, while the opposite was true for apparent digestible lipid retention. Both overall DE retention and whole-body proximate composition of whole fish were largely unaffected by dietary treatments, while feed conversion ratios were significantly improved with increasing dietary energy density. The present study suggests that gilthead sea bream efficiently utilises dietary nutrients over a wide range of DP:DE ratios and energy densities. In addition, they appear to endeavour a certain body energy status rather than maximising growth, which in the present trial was apparent from inherently highde novolipogenesis originating from DP.
CITIZENS FOR EISENHOWER AND THE REPUBLICAN PARTY, 1951–1965
Authors: MASON ROBERT
Published: May 2013

Founded in support of Dwight D. Eisenhower's 1952 presidential candidacy, Citizens for Eisenhower took on an ambitious mission to revitalize the Republican party by expanding its activist ranks and by supporting the moderation of its conservative policy agenda. The organization proved unable to sustain the impressive momentum that it achieved during the 1952 campaign, however, instead helping to fuel factional opposition that informed the intraparty upsurge of conservatism during the 1950s and afterwards. The Eisenhower administration's efforts to encourage Citizens activists to join the party were flawed, and existing Republican activists often viewed such newcomers with hostility. More significantly, despite recruitment initiatives, in most cases activism in support of Eisenhower did not translate into enthusiasm for the party cause. The history of Citizens for Eisenhower therefore demonstrates the seriousness of Eisenhower's interests as president in boosting the Republican party's fortunes, but also the shortcomings of ‘amateur’ political activity in support of the party cause. It also sheds light on goals and activities of this era's moderate Republicans, together with their role in fostering the conservative resurgence that characterized the post-Eisenhower Republican party.
ROYALISM, PRINT, AND THE CLERGY IN BRITAIN, 1639–1640 AND 1642
Authors: BOWEN LLOYD
Published: May 2013

Charles I and his clerical supporters are often said to have been wary of print and public discussion, only entering the public sphere reluctantly and to comparatively little effect during the political crisis of 1642. This article challenges such views by focusing on the neglected role of official forms of print such as proclamations, declarations, and state prayers and their promulgation in the nation's churches. It traces the ways in which the king utilized the network of parish clergy to broadcast his message and mobilize support during the Scottish crisis of 1639–40 and again in the ‘paper war’ of 1642. The article argues that traditional forms of printed address retained their potency and influence despite the proliferation of polemical pamphlets and newsbooks. The significance of these mobilizations is demonstrated by the profound disquiet they caused among the king's Covenanter and parliamentarian opponents as well as the ‘good effects’ they had in generating support for the royalist cause.
The Redistributive Impact of ‘Old’ and ‘New’ Social Spending
Authors: VAALAVUO MARIA
Published: May 2013

The welfare state literature has recently identified a shift from the protection against traditional risks to social investment. In this new future-oriented and activation-based social policy, the focus is on the redistribution of opportunities instead of income. Even if vertical redistribution from the rich to poor may be only one rationale of social action, it should not be overlooked when directing social policy from insurance to investment. This article has two objectives: first, it investigates how real this shift is in macro-economic terms, and, secondly, whether the increased focus on new social risks and social investment has possibly changed welfare states’ commitment to redistribute from the rich to poor. I compare the distribution of benefits from ‘old’ spending categories (such as retirement or unemployment) with those from ‘new’ ones (such as having care responsibilities). Analysing six European countries representing different welfare state regimes, I find no evidence that new social spending would mean necessarily renouncing egalitarian ambitions. On the contrary, in all countries the distribution of new spending is more equal or pro-poor than the spending on old social risks. Different households benefit in distinct ways: the elderly benefiting the most from traditional spending (with the exception of elderly care that is categorised here as ‘new’ social spending) and families with children and single parents from new spending.
Application of picosecond terawatt laser pulses for fast ignition of fusion
Authors: Hora H. , Miley G.H. , Ghoranneviss M. , Salar Elahi A.
Published: May 2013

In this research, we presented the application of picosecond terawatt laser pulses for ultrahigh acceleration of plasma blocks for fast ignition of fusion. Ultrahigh acceleration of plasma blocks after irradiation of picosecond laser pulses of around terawatt power in the range of 1020 cm/s2was discovered by Sauerbrey (1996) as measured by Doppler effect where the laser intensity was up to about 1018W/cm2. This is several orders of magnitude higher than acceleration by irradiation based on thermal interaction of lasers has produced. This ultrahigh acceleration resulted from hydrodynamic computations at plane target interaction in 1978 at comparable conditions where the interaction was dominated by the nonlinear (generalized ponderomotive) forces where the laser energy was instantly converted into plasma motion in contrast to slow and delayed thermal collision processes. After clarifying this basic result, the application of the plasma blocks for side-on ignition of solid density or modestly compressed fusion fuel following the theory of Chu (1971) is updated in view of later discovered plasma properties and the ignition of deuterium tritium and of proton-11B appeared possible for a dozen of PW-PS laser pulses if an extremely high contrast ratio avoided relativistic self-focusing. A re-evaluation of more recent experiment confirms the acceleration by the nonlinear force, and the generation of the fusion flame with properties of Rankine-Hugoniot shocks is reported.
A regressor-free adaptive controller for robot manipulators without Slotine and Li's modification
Authors: Kai Chen-Yu , Huang An-Chyau
Published: May 2013

Similar to the traditional adaptive strategies for robot manipulators, the regressor-free adaptive controller design also requires applying Slotine and Li's modification to avoid the feedback of joint accelerations. In this paper, a simple method is proposed to construct a regressor-free adaptive controller for robot manipulators without Slotine and Li's modification. In the new design, the joint acceleration vector is lumped into an unknown time-varying function and the function approximation technique is utilized to cover its effect; therefore, its implementation is free from joint acceleration feedback. The closed-loop stability and boundedness of internal signals are justified by the Lyapunov-like technique. Both simulation and experimental results for a two-link robot are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed design.
A review on agent-based technology for traffic and transportation
Authors: Bazzan Ana L. C. , Klügl Franziska
Published: May 2013

In the last few years, the number of papers devoted to applications of agent-based technologies to traffic and transportation engineering has grown enormously. Thus, it seems to be the appropriate time to shed light over the achievements of the last decade, on the questions that have been successfully addressed, as well as on remaining challenging issues. In the present paper, we review the literature related to the areas of agent-based traffic modelling and simulation, and agent-based traffic control and management. Later we discuss and summarize the main achievements and the challenges.
A survey of commonly used ensemble-based classification techniques
Authors: Jurek Anna , Bi Yaxin , Wu Shengli , Nugent Chris
Published: May 2013

The combination of multiple classifiers, commonly referred to as a classifier ensemble, has previously demonstrated the ability to improve classification accuracy in many application domains. As a result this area has attracted significant amount of research in recent years. The aim of this paper has therefore been to provide a state of the art review of the most well-known ensemble techniques with the main focus on bagging, boosting and stacking and to trace the recent attempts, which have been made to improve their performance. Within this paper, we present and compare an updated view on the different modifications of these techniques, which have specifically aimed to address some of the drawbacks of these methods namely the low diversity problem in bagging or the over-fitting problem in boosting. In addition, we provide a review of different ensemble selection methods based on both static and dynamic approaches. We present some new directions which have been adopted in the area of classifier ensembles from a range of recently published studies. In order to provide a deeper insight into the ensembles themselves a range of existing theoretical studies have been reviewed in the paper.
A Hobbesian Approach to Cruelty and the Rules of War
Authors: MAY LARRY
Published: May 2013

Contrary to the way Hobbes has been interpreted for centuries, I will argue that Hobbes laid the groundwork for contemporary international law and for a distinctly moral approach to the rules of war. The paper has the following structure. First, I will explain the role that the laws of nature play in Hobbes's understanding of the state of war. Second, I will explain Hobbes's views of self-preservation and inflicting cruelty. Third, I reconstruct Hobbes's important insight that rationality governs all human affairs, even those concerning war. Fourth, I explicate the idea of cruelty moving from what Hobbes says to a plausible Hobbesian position. Fifth, I address recent philosophical writing on how best to understand the rules of war. Sixth, I then turn to legal discussions of cruelty's place in debates about the laws of war, showing how my Hobbesian approach can ground these laws.
Beyond advanced stages in high-level spoken L2 French
Authors: LUNDELL FANNY FORSBERG , BARTNING INGE , ENGEL HUGUES , GUDMUNDSON ANNA , HANCOCK VICTORINE , LINDQVIST CHRISTINA
Published: May 2013

The aim of this study is twofold: first, to find evidence for additional advanced stages in L2 French. The continuum of Bartning and Schlyter (2004) is taken as a point of departure. It is hypothesized that a number of linguistic criteria will account for high-level proficiency. It was earlier found that besides morpho-syntax, formulaic sequences and information structure are interesting phenomena for highly proficient learners (Bartning, Forsberg and Hancock, 2009). Three more measures are now added, i.e. perceived nativelikeness, lexical richness and fluency.

The second aim of this study is to contribute to the debate on the possibility of nativelike attainment. The study shows that several measures are prone to characterise nativelike performance in highly proficient users among whom some attain nativelikeness.
Effect of Hydroxocobalamin on Surface Oximetry in Nonexposed Humans
Authors: Cashin Brian V. , Matlock Aaron G. , Kang Chris , Reynolds Penny S. , Wills Brandon K.
Published: May 2013

Introduction

The newer cyanide antidote, hydroxocobalamin, due to its pigmentation, has been found to cause interferences in some laboratory assays. Co-oximetry may also be affected by hydroxocobalamin, leading to false elevations in hemoglobin concentration, methemoglobin, carboxyhemoglobin, and false decreases in oxyhemoglobin. The Masimo Radical-7 is a medical device that performs noninvasive oximetry and estimates hemoglobin (Hb) concentration and percent carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), methemoglobin (MetHb), and oxyhemoglobin saturation (O2Hb).

Study Objectives

The study sought to determine the effect of hydroxocobalamin on noninvasive measurement of hemoglobin indices using the Masimo Radical-7 monitor.

Methods

Seven asymptomatic volunteers who were unexposed to cyanide had baseline heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and oximeter measurements recorded followed by an infusion of five grams of hydroxocobalamin over 15 minutes. The above parameters were subsequently recorded at: 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 minutes post infusion. Data were analyzed by calculating the area under the curve (AUC) for each variable and comparing the results to expected values by pairedttests. Expected AUC values were calculated by extrapolating baseline values across the entire time period.

Results

The mean differences from baseline values with 95% confidence intervals andttests of mean difference were: SBP: 11 mm Hg (95% CI, 0-22;P= .051); HR: -9 (95% CI, -15 to -3;P= .01); Hb: -0.1 (95% CI, -0.7 to 0.4;P= .57); O2Hb: 0 g/dL (95% CI, -1 to 1;P= .41); COHb: -1 (95% CI, -3 to 1;P= .25); MetHb: -0.2 (95% CI, -0.3 to 0;P= .03).

Discussion

After infusion of hydroxocobalamin there was a significant elevation of systolic blood pressure and decrease in heart rate. There were no significant differences in Hb, O2Hb, and COHb. Although percent methemoglobin concentrations were statistically lower, the authors feel this difference is of trivial clinical significance.

Conclusion

The administration of hydroxocobalamin does not significantly impact noninvasive oximetry.

CashinB,MatlockA,KangC,ReynoldsP,WillsB.Effect of hydroxocobalamin on surface oximetry in nonexposed humans.Prehosp Disaster Med.2013;28(4):1-3.
COHERENCE, EVIDENCE, AND LEGAL PROOF
Authors: Amaya Amalia
Published: May 2013

The aim of this essay is to develop a coherence theory for the justification of evidentiary judgments in law. The main claim of the coherence theory proposed in this article is that a belief about the events being litigated is justified if and only if it is a belief that an epistemically responsible fact finder might hold by virtue of its coherence in like circumstances. The article argues that this coherentist approach to evidence and legal proof has the resources to meet some of the main objections that may be addressed against attempts to analyze the justification of evidentiary judgments in law in coherentist terms. It concludes by exploring some implications of the proposed version of legal coherentism for a jurisprudence of evidence.
Quantitative Evaluation of Spinodal Decomposition in Fe-Cr by Atom Probe Tomography and Radial Distribution Function Analysis
Authors: Zhou Jing , Odqvist Joakim , Thuvander Mattias , Hedström Peter
Published: May 2013

Nanostructure evolution during low temperature aging of three binary Fe-Cr alloys has been investigated by atom probe tomography. A new method based on radial distribution function (RDF) analysis to quantify the composition wavelength and amplitude of spinodal decomposition is proposed. Wavelengths estimated from RDF have a power-law type evolution and are in reasonable agreement with wavelengths estimated using other more conventional methods. The main advantages of the proposed method are the following: (1) Selecting a box size to generate the frequency diagram, which is known to generate bias in the evaluation of amplitude, is avoided. (2) The determination of amplitude is systematic and utilizes the wavelength evaluated first to subsequently evaluate the amplitude. (3) The RDF is capable of representing very subtle decomposition, which is not possible using frequency diagrams, and thus a proposed theoretical treatment of the experimental RDF creates the possibility to determine amplitude at very early stages of spinodal decomposition.
Extravascular CX3CR1+Cells Extend Intravascular Dendritic Processes into Intact Central Nervous System Vessel Lumen
Authors: Barkauskas Deborah S. , Evans Teresa A. , Myers Jay , Petrosiute Agne , Silver Jerry , Huang Alex Y.
Published: May 2013

Within the central nervous system (CNS), antigen-presenting cells (APCs) play a critical role in orchestrating inflammatory responses where they present CNS-derived antigens to immune cells that are recruited from the circulation to the cerebrospinal fluid, parenchyma, and perivascular space. Available data indicate that APCs do so indirectly from outside of CNS vessels without direct access to luminal contents. Here, we applied high-resolution, dynamic intravital two-photon laser scanning microscopy to directly visualize extravascular CX3CR1+APC behavior deep within undisrupted CNS tissues in two distinct anatomical sites under three different inflammatory stimuli. Surprisingly, we observed that CNS-resident APCs dynamically extend their cellular processes across an intact vessel wall into the vascular lumen with preservation of vessel integrity. While only a small number of APCs displayed intravascular extensions in intact, noninflamed vessels in the brain and the spinal cord, the frequency of projections increased over days in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model, whereas the number of projections remained stable compared to baseline days after tissue injury such as CNS tumor infiltration and aseptic spinal cord trauma. Our observation of this unique behavior by parenchyma CX3CR1+cells in the CNS argues for further exploration into their functional role in antigen sampling and immune cell recruitment.
Lipin1 regulates PPARγ transcriptional activity
Authors: Kim Hee Eun , Bae Eunju , Jeong Deok-yoon , Kim Min-Ji , Jin Won-Ji , Park Sahng-Wook , Han Gil-Soo , Carman George M. , Koh Eunjin , Kim Kyung-Sup
Published: May 2013

PPARγ (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ) is a master transcription factor involved in adipogenesis through regulating adipocyte-specific gene expression. Recently, lipin1 was found to act as a key factor for adipocyte maturation and maintenance by modulating the C/EBPα (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α) and PPARγ network; however, the precise mechanism by which lipin1 affects the transcriptional activity of PPARγ is largely unknown. The results of the present study show that lipin1 activates PPARγ by releasing co-repressors, NCoR1 (nuclear receptor co-repressor 1) and SMRT (silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid hormone receptor), from PPARγ in the absence of the ligand rosiglitazone. We also identified a novel lipin1 TAD (transcriptional activation domain), between residues 217 and 399, which is critical for the activation of PPARγ, but not PPARα. Furthermore, this TAD is unique to lipin1 since this region does not show any homology with the other lipin isoforms, lipin2 and lipin3. The activity of the lipin1 TAD is enhanced by p300 and SRC-1 (steroid receptor co-activator 1), but not by PCAF (p300/CBP-associated factor) and PGC-1α (PPAR co-activator 1α). The physical interaction between lipin1 and PPARγ occurs at the lipin1 C-terminal region from residues 825 to 926, and the VXXLL motif at residue 885 is critical for binding with and the activation of PPARγ. The action of lipin1 as a co-activator of PPARγ enhanced adipocyte differentiation; the TAD and VXXLL motif played critical roles, but the catalytic activity of lipin1 was not directly involved. Collectively, these data suggest that lipin1 functions as a key regulator of PPARγ activity through its ability to release co-repressors and recruit co-activators via a mechanism other than PPARα activation.
FoxO6 and PGC-1α form a regulatory loop in myogenic cells
Authors: Chung Shih Ying , Huang Wei Chieh , Su Ching Wen , Lee Kuan Wei , Chi Hsiang Cheng , Lin Cheng Tao , Chen Szu-Tah , Huang Kai Min , Tsai Mu Shiun , Yu Hui Peng , Chen Shen Liang
Published: May 2013

Transcription factors of the FoxO (forkhead box O) family regulate a wide range of cellular physiological processes, including metabolic adaptation and myogenic differentiation. The transcriptional activity of most FoxO members is inhibitory to myogenic differentiation and overexpression of FoxO1 inhibits the development of oxidative type I fibres in vivo. In this study, we found that FoxO6, the last discovered FoxO family member, is expressed ubiquitously in various tissues but with higher expression levels in oxidative tissues, such as brain and oxidative muscles. Both the expression level and promoter activity of FoxO6 were found to be enhanced by PGC-1α (peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α), thus explained its enriched expression in oxidative tissues. We further demonstrated that FoxO6 represses the expression of PGC-1α via direct binding to an upstream A/T-rich element (AAGATATCAAAACA,−2228–2215) in the PGC-1α promoter. Oxidative low-intensity exercise induced PGC-1α but reduced FoxO6 expression levels in hind leg muscles, and the binding of FoxO6 to PGC-1α promoter was also prevented by exercise. As FoxO6 promoter can be co-activated by PGC-1α and its promoter in turn can be repressed by FoxO6, it suggests that FoxO6 and PGC-1α form a regulatory loop for setting oxidative metabolism level in the skeletal muscle, which can be entrained by exercise.
Structural and Dialectal Characteristics of the Fictional and Personal Narratives of School-Age African American Children
Authors: Mills Monique T. , Watkins Ruth V. , Washington Julie A.
Published: May 2013

Purpose

To report preliminary comparisons of developing structural and dialectal characteristics associated with fictional and personal narratives in school-age African American children.

Method

Forty-three children, Grades 2–5, generated a fictional narrative and a personal narrative in response to a wordless-book elicitation task and a story-prompt task, respectively. Narratives produced in these 2 contexts were characterized for macrostructure, microstructure, and dialect density. Differences across narrative type and grade level were examined.

Results

Statistically significant differences between the 2 types of narratives were found for both macrostructure and microstructure but not for dialect density. There were no grade-related differences in macrostructure, microstructure, or dialect density.

Conclusion

The results demonstrate the complementary role of fictional and personal narratives for describing young children's narrative skills. Use of both types of narrative tasks and descriptions of both macrostructure and microstructure may be particularly useful for characterizing the narrative abilities of young school-age African American children, for whom culture-fair methods are scarce. Further study of additional dialect groups is warranted.
A statistical model approximation for perovskite solid-solutions: A Raman study of lead-zirconate-titanate single crystal
Authors: Frantti J. , Fujioka Y. , Puretzky A. , Xie Y. , Ye Z.-G. , Glazer A. M.
Published: May 2013

Lead titanate (PbTiO3) is a classical example of a ferroelectric perovskite oxide illustrating a displacive phase transition accompanied by softening of a symmetry-breaking mode. The underlying assumption justifying the soft-mode theory is that the crystal is macroscopically sufficiently uniform that a meaningful free energy function can be formed. In contrast to PbTiO3, experimental studies show that the phase transition behaviour of lead-zirconate-titanate solid solution (PZT) is far more subtle. Most of the studies on the PZT system have been dedicated to ceramic or powder samples, in which case an unambiguous soft-mode study is not possible, as modes with different symmetries appear together. Our Raman scattering study on titanium-rich PZT single crystal shows that the phase transitions in PZT cannot be described by a simple soft-mode theory. In strong contrast to PbTiO3, splitting of transverse E-symmetry modes reveals that there are different locally ordered regions. The role of crystal defects, random distribution of Ti and Zr at the B-cation site and Pb ions shifted away from their ideal positions, dictates the phase transition mechanism. A statistical model explaining the observed peak splitting and phase transformation to a complex state with spatially varying local order in the vicinity of the morphotropic phase boundary is given.
Five-field simulations of peeling-ballooning modes using BOUT++ code
Authors: Xia T. Y. , Xu X. Q.
Published: May 2013

The simulations of edge localized modes (ELMs) with a 5-field peeling-ballooning (P-B) model using BOUT++ code are reported in this paper. In order to study the particle and energy transport in the pedestal region, the pressure equation is separated into ion density and ion and electron temperature equations. Through the simulations, the length scale Ln of the gradient of equilibrium density ni0 is found to destabilize the P-B modes in ideal MHD model. With ion diamagnetic effects, the growth rate is inversely proportional to ni0 at medium toroidal mode number n. For the nonlinear simulations, the gradient of ni0 in the pedestal region can more than double the ELM size. This increasing effect can be suppressed by thermal diffusivities χ∥, employing the flux limited expression. Thermal diffusivities are sufficient to suppress the perturbations at the top of pedestal region. These suppressing effects lead to smaller ELM size of P-B modes.
Experimental validation of enhanced heat capacity of ionic liquid-based nanomaterial
Authors: Tiznobaik Hani , Shin Donghyun
Published: May 2013

Enhanced heat capacities of molten salts and oxide nanoparticle mixtures (“nanomaterials”) have been recently reported. These molten salts are used as thermal energy storage in solar thermal power, and the enhancement of their heat capacities are expected to significantly decrease the cost of electricity. However, the mechanism for the enhanced heat capacity of these nanomaterials is unknown. Different phase transition of molten salts near nanoparticles has been recently proposed to be primarily responsible for the enhanced heat capacity of this type of nanomaterials. Hence, we present an experimental validation of the proposed mechanism for the enhanced heat capacity of nanomaterials.
Perspective: Stochastic algorithms for chemical kinetics
Authors: Gillespie Daniel T. , Hellander Andreas , Petzold Linda R.
Published: May 2013

We outline our perspective on stochastic chemical kinetics, paying particular attention to numerical simulation algorithms. We first focus on dilute, well-mixed systems, whose description using ordinary differential equations has served as the basis for traditional chemical kinetics for the past 150 years. For such systems, we review the physical and mathematical rationale for a discrete-stochastic approach, and for the approximations that need to be made in order to regain the traditional continuous-deterministic description. We next take note of some of the more promising strategies for dealing stochastically with stiff systems, rare events, and sensitivity analysis. Finally, we review some recent efforts to adapt and extend the discrete-stochastic approach to systems that are not well-mixed. In that currently developing area, we focus mainly on the strategy of subdividing the system into well-mixed subvolumes, and then simulating diffusional transfers of reactant molecules between adjacent subvolumes together with chemical reactions inside the subvolumes.