bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Nanomaterials on Soil Microbial Community and Functionality
Authors: Upadhayay Viabhav Kumar , Chitara Manoj Kumar , Sharma Adita , Chaudhary Parul , Jaiswal Aman , Kumari Geeta , Mishra Dhruv
Published: July 2024

Advances in nanotechnology have transformed various fields, including agriculture. Nanomaterials (NMs) ranging in size from 1 to 100 nm are used as nanofertilizers and nanopesticides to increase agricultural yield. However, although the application of NMs has a strong effect on plant growth, it can also have an impact on the soil ecosystem and its functional properties. In addition, soil microbial communities, essential components of the soil ecosystem, perform various tasks, from forming soil structure to supporting plant growth. In this context, it becomes necessary to elucidate the role of the effects of NMs on soil microbial communities, enzymatic activities and nutrient cycling. However, some studies show positive effects, while others indicate negative effects on soil microbes. Therefore, selecting appropriate NMs is crucial for optimal performance in broader applications while maintaining the vitality of the soil ecosystem. This chapter focuses on the diverse impacts on soil microbial communities, enzymatic activities and nutrient cycling.
Utilizing Nanotechnology in Agriculture
Authors: Singh Abhishek , Tomar Bhavana , Harutyunyan Anna , Rajput Priyadarshani , Minkina Tatiana , Mandzhieva Saglara , Elshikh Mohamed S. , Chena Shen-Ming , Singh Rupesh Kumar , Ragab El-Ramady Hassan , Ghazaryan Karen
Published: July 2024

The forthcoming decade is poised to present myriad challenges across various spheres of life. Adverse meteorological and environmental conditions affecting agricultural output will escalate the demand for enhanced supplies. Additionally, the burgeoning need for superior quality industrial products, including smart automobiles, among other factors, poses significant hurdles. In recent years, nanotechnology has garnered considerable attention due to its recognized potential across critical sectors such as medicine, pharmaceuticals, plant science research, catalysis, energy, and materials. Nanoparticles (NPs), characterized by their minute size and expansive surface area (ranging from 1 to 100 nanometers), boast a plethora of fascinating applications. These remarkable properties find application in sustainable agriculture through the production of nano-enhanced products like insecticides, pesticides, and fertilizers.
Assessing the Utilization Level of Metaverse
Authors: Alali Rommel , Wardat Yousef
Published: July 2024

The integration of metaverse technology within the educational domain is progressing swiftly, owing to its advanced technological features. This technology has the ability to captivate learners and empower teachers by offering unique learning opportunities and capabilities. Hence, the present study sought to identify the extent of Metaverse technology utilization in primary-level mathematics instruction, as perceived by both supervisors and teachers of Gifted Students. The study employed a descriptive survey method and utilized a questionnaire as the primary research tool. The study's results indicated that teachers of gifted students acknowledged and utilized Metaverse technology to a significant extent in the context of teaching mathematics at the primary level Perspectives of Supervisors and Teachers themselves. This suggests that Metaverse technology has been effectively integrated into their instructional practices, enabling them to provide enhanced learning experiences for their students.
Review of Connected Autonomous Vehicles Platooning: Technologies, Challenges, and Future Directions
Authors: Oargă Ioan Tudor , Varga Bogdan Ovidiu , Barabás István , Prunean Gabriel
Published: July 2024

The introduction of Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) is bringing a significant transformation in the field of transportation, presenting unparalleled prospects for enhancing road safety, mitigating traffic congestion, and optimizing energy efficiency. Platooning, as one of the pioneering applications of Connected and Autonomous Vehicles, emerges as a very promising approach to enhance traffic flow and mitigate ecological consequences. This review examines the integration of advanced technology and the multifaceted obstacles associated with CAV platooning. Commencing with a comprehensive examination of the fundamental technologies involved, such as sensor fusion, vehicle-to-vehicle communication, and artificial intelligence algorithms, this article explores the essential elements that facilitate the smooth coordination of CAV platoons.
ICOS-expressing Regulatory T Cells Influence the Composition of Antitumor CTL Populations
Authors: Diamantopoulos Nikoletta , Li Joanna , Bouchard Antoine , Joumier Loick , Mohammaei Saba , Panneton Vincent , Chang Jinsam , Malleshaiah Mohan , Suh Woong-Kyung
Published: July 2024

The role of ICOS in antitumor T cell responses and overall tumor progression has been controversial. In this study, we compared tumor progression in mice lacking ICOS selectively in regulatory T (Treg) cells or in all T cells. Using an experimental melanoma lung metastasis model, we found that Treg cell–specific ICOS knockout reduces the overall tumor burden compared with Cre control mice, with increased CD4+-to-Treg cell and CD8+-to-Treg cell ratios in the tumor. In contrast, there was no difference in the tumor burden in mice lacking ICOS in all of the T cell compartments. This suggests a dual role of ICOS costimulation in promoting protumor and antitumor T cell responses. Consistent with reduced tumor burden, we found that Treg cell–specific deletion of ICOS leads to an increase of CD8+ CTLs that express high levels of granzyme B and perforin. Moreover, single-cell transcriptome analysis revealed an increase of Ly108+Eomeshi CD8+ T cells at the cost of the Ly108+T-bethi subset in Treg cell–specific knockout mice. These results suggest that ICOS-expressing Treg cells suppress the CTL maturation process at the level of Eomes upregulation, a critical step known to drive perforin expression and cytotoxicity. Collectively, our data imply that cancer immunotherapies using ICOS agonist Abs may work better in Treg cell–low tumors or when they are combined with regimens that deplete tumor-infiltrating Treg cells.
Flip-Chip-Based Dual-Polarized Antenna-on-Package Arrays for 5G mmWave Modules
Authors: Le Thi Huyen , Ndip Ivan
Published: July 2024

In this article, we present and illustrate a flip-chipbased

antenna-on-package (AoP) concept for the development of 5G

mmWave massive MIMO antenna arrays and frontend modules.

Unlike conventional Antenna-in-Package concepts, our concept provides

the flexibility to choose suitable and separate layer stack-ups

and packaging materials for enabling the antennas and the frontend

components to meet their respective specifications. To illustrate this

concept, we designed, fabricated, and measured novel dual-polarized

broadband AoP arrays in the 39 GHz frequency band for 5G

mmWave MIMO applications. The array consists of 16 identical

stacked patch elements. Each single antenna possesses a driven

patch, which is vertically stacked to a parasitic element to improve

the antenna performance. It is excited by two orthogonal probe-feds

for dual polarization. Furthermore, we designed and optimized

antenna arrays together with the solder interconnects used for

mounting the antennas onto the multilayered interposer. Our results

show that these interconnects could cause up to about 0.5 dB reduction

in the realized gain of the antenna array. The fabricated

antenna arrays were measured from 33 to 41 GHz. A peak gain of

approximately 16 dBi was measured. Excellent correlation was

obtained between all the measurement and simulation results.
Exploration of Interfacial Materials Chemistry Control to Improve Cu Wire-Bonding Reliability
Authors: Durai Kevin Antony Jesu , Kumaravel Dinesh Kumar , Alptekin John , Estridge Logan , Nair Shyam , Chyan Oliver
Published: July 2024

Copper (Cu) wire bonding, with its advantages of

higher electrical conductivity and better mechanical strength, has

replaced gold wire bonding as a proven, cost-effective electrical

interconnection solution for integrated circuit packaging for the

past 15 y. Early Cu wire-bonding development required overcoming

several technical challenges, including bond pad damage

caused by copper’s hardness and brittleness relative to gold. A

more chemistry-related challenge of using Cu as a bonding wire is

its well-known reactivity with oxygen. An inert atmospheric envelope

of forming gas surrounding bonding capillary was developed

to prevent the oxidation of Cu wire during electronic flame off

to enable a strong bonding. Another more elusive materialschemistry-

related reliability challenge, with a typical low ppm

occurrence, has been the chloride-induced corrosion defects

between the Cu wire and Al bond pad. The opportunistic lowlevel

chloride contaminations can originate from various points of

the packaging manufacturing process flow, often rendering it

untrackable. In this paper, we present recent efforts to systematically

control interfacial materials chemistry across Cu-bonding

wire, Cu-Al bimetallic contacts, and CuxAly intermetallic compounds

to eliminate corrosion defects and improve the overall

bonding reliability. The prevailing manufacturing solution is to

utilize Pd-coated Cu-bonding wire that can only partially mitigate

the CuxAly intermetallic corrosion vulnerability. We utilized a

real-time corrosion screening metrology to explore the underlying

interfacial materials chemistry that drives vigorous corrosion

between Cu wire and Al bond pad when exposed to a trace level of

chloride contaminant. Combined with scanning electron microscope,

sensitive IR spectroscopy, and electrochemical characterization,

our data show that strategic surface modification on both

Cu-bonding wire and exposed CuxAly intermetallic can have a significant

impact on reducing corrosion defect rates. The obtained

mechanistic insights provide several new strategies enabled by a

novel Cu-selective passivation coating technology to effectively

mitigate Cu wire-bonding corrosion defects. Implications for

improving overall Cu wire-bonding reliability will be presented

based on these new approaches with low-cost and packagingfriendly

advantages.
Improved Throughput with Dynamic “Real-Time” Dual Head Dispensing in Electronics Assembly
Authors: Agarwal Sunny
Published: July 2024

Today’s unique assembly challenges are comprised

of complex printed circuit board (PCB) panelization, involving

identical PCBs with a goal of increased production capability, due

to a reduced footprint of the production floor. Identical PCBs that

are within the same panel, with uniform spacing in an array or

carrier, need to be dispensed at the same time. All these high-mix

challenges have gone mainstream and affect real productivity and

throughput. Existing manual dual-head dispensing systems do not

consider the rotational correction for the second head, which

leads to yield loss. To eliminate the yield loss on the second head,

there is a mini XY drive system incorporated that provides fast

and accurate dispensing to double the process capabilities over

the same work area. Dynamic dual-head (DDH) dispensing uses a

unique mini XY drive system on the left head, mounted on a separate

Z-axis, to dynamically control the position of the head for

accurately aligning to a second part, while synchronously dispensing

both parts. The machine vision system performs the substrate

alignment for each identical PCB that is individually placed in a

carrier, which provides greater potential for variation in offset

and skew. During synchronous dispensing for the second part

with the DDH all the kinematic adjustment is performed with calculated

values, from the skew angle and scaling factor. This technique

guarantees increased productivity whilst maintaining yields

through unsurpassed accuracy. DDH also provides the same level

of adjustment and rotational correction for all step and repeated

PCBs, flex circuits, and panel designs. If a product contains an

odd number of units, then either of the heads can be programmed

for dispensing while the others cannot. This paper examines

proven methods to determine the dot/line positional accuracy

along with the mass flow rate for both heads during synchronous

dispensing. This paper will also address the challenges faced, and

how the rotational correction can achieve up to 23 higher

throughput than existing single/dual head dispensing systems.
Noupoort: 'n Oorsig van die dorp en distrik
Authors: Marais J.J.
Published: July 2024

Noupoort was established as a railway station on the farm Hartebeesthoek when the railway line from Port Elizabeth was extended to Colesberg in 1883-84. Since then the station has developed into one of South Africa's major railway junctions. The expansion of the railway facilities was responsible for a growing population and stimulated town development. A village management board was constituted in 1937 and in 1942 Noupoort became a municipality. It now has a population of more than 7 000, consisting of Whites, Coloureds and Blacks, and is the-principal town of the Noupoort district.
Gekleurdes en Pretoria se sypaadjies: 1900-1925
Authors: Nöthling F.J.
Published: July 2024

Before the year 1900 Coloureds were not allowed on Pretoria’s sidewalks. After the British takeover of Pretoria this policy was changed when first respected Asians and later on Coloureds and Blacks were permitted on the sidewalks. During British crown colony government the extension of this concession evoked strong reaction from the Whites. They wanted a return to the pre-Anglo Boer War period and up to 1912 several attempts were made to secure this. After Union was established in 1910 the government worked on a law for urban Blacks, but to bar the Coloureds from the sidewalks was not considered. This attitude of the Whites of Pretoria can be attributed to their unwillingness to associate socially with Coloureds and to their fears that these privileges will lead to equal rights for Coloureds. In opposition to this some Whites regarded it as recognition of the Coloureds’ progress if they were to be allowed to use the sidewalks. The Coloureds themselves, however, looked upon this prohibition as unnecessary discrimination against them.
Tharfield - the story of an Eastern Cape farm and its inhabitants (1822-1977)
Authors: Thorpe C.
Published: July 2024

The story of the farm Tharfield is also that of the families Bowker and Webb. As one of the loveliest and most unspoiled farms in the Settler country it is not only a treasure house of Settler history: the wide variety of habitat it offers for bird and beast also makes it of interest to the conservationist and the ecologist, and a study of the farming methods practised from the time the farm was granted to its original owner in 1822 might prove most informative to the agriculturist. Tharfield was in the possession of the Bowkers for just over a century when in 1925 it became the property of Thomas Webb. Ever since the present owner of Tharfield took over the farm, he has concentrated on the production of commercial beef cattle and has continued the Webb tradition of improving the quality of grazing by planting more palatable grasses. In modernising the farm the owner, however, kept in mind the contribution the individual farmer can make to the cause of conservation. Therefore, in 1973, a portion of Tharfield was set aside as a nature reserve.
Streekgeskiedenis van die historikus
Authors: Oberholster A.G.
Published: July 2024

Although local and regional history forms the basis for a composite national history, it did not come into its own in South African historiography until the Section for Regional History gave its attention to it. Some of the pressing issues that needed examination related to the substance, the field and the method of regional historical research. With these in mind the Section for Regional History divided the RSA into administrative, historical and socioeconomic Regions, on which the Section's research programme was to be based. In this programme, whose object is to make a preliminary historical study and to explore the regional sources of all the regions of the RSA, two projects are under way, i.e. the Eastern Free State Border Area and the Eastern Transvaal Highveld. In order to coordinate regional historical research, to promote interest in it and to create publication facilities for interim research results, the journal Contree was established.
Meerhoffkasteel - historiese heuwel in die Hardeveld
Authors: Scholtz P.L.
Published: July 2024

Meerhofftasteel is a pyramid-shaped hill in the area known as the Hardeveld and is situated approximately fifteen kilometres west of the town of Nuwerus in the Cape Province. Today it lies far from the mainstream of civilization, but in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries pioneer travellers often visited this spot. In 1662 the expedition of Pieter Cruijthoff, and in the following year that of Pieter Meerhoff and Jonas de la Guerre explored the Hardeveld area north of the Olifants River and in their notes referred to "a mountain of marble", probably Meerhofftasteel. The first definite reference to the name Meerhofftasteel was made in 1682 by Oloff Bergh in his diary. In September 1685, when the expedition of Simon van der Stel visited the hill, the commander had his name chiselled out in one of the caves. Among those who later visited Meerhoffkasteel were J.T. Rhenius (1721, 1722 and 1724) and I.P. Giebeler (1739). During 1739 an important battle was fought in this area between troops of the Dutch East India Company and the Bushmen which resulted in the Bushmen’s influence disappearing from the region. Farms were then allocated to farmers, and in 1792 J. Jorssen became the first owner of the loan farm MeerhoffkasteeI. In 1978 the National Monuments Council unveiled a plaque at this historical site.
Quantification and Clinical Correlation of Posterior Cranial Fossa Cerebrospinal Fluid Volume in Primary Hemifacial Spasm Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Anudeep DDS , Kulanthaivelu Karthik , Holla Vikram V. , Kamble Nitish , Yadav Ravi , Pal Pramod Kumar , Mahale Rohan R.
Published: July 2024

Background and Objective:

Primary hemifacial spasm (HFS) is caused by neurovascular conflict (NVC) at the root entry zone of the facial nerve. Whether reduction of posterior cranial fossa (PCF) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume is a risk factor for HFS is not clear. The study aims at the radiologic assessment of PCF CSF volume and its clinical correlation.

Methods:

A cross-sectional, hospital-based, case–control study was conducted, in which 50 cases of primary HFS and 50 age- and sex-matched controls were recruited. PCF CSF volume was quantified in 3-T brain magnetic resonance imaging.

Results:

The mean age at presentation of cases was 50.7 ± 10.7 years (42–69 years) and controls was 52.4 ± 8.7 years (45–68 years). The mean duration of symptoms was 3.5 ± 1.3 years (1.5–8 years). About 52% of patients had grade 2 (mild) severity of HFS. The mean PCF CSF volume of patients was 13,725.1 ± 909.5 mm3 and controls was 14,458.5 ± 973.5 mm3 (P < 0.001). The mean PCF CSF volume of females with HFS was 13,714.8 ± 852.5 mm3 and female controls was 14,521.8 ± 973.5 mm3 (P = 0.006). PCF CSF volume was significantly associated with the presence of HFS (P = 0.007), the severity of HFS (P < 0.001), and the presence of NVC (P = 0.02).

Conclusion:

PCF CSF volume was lesser in HFS patients and was associated with the presence of HFS, the severity of HFS, and the presence of NVC. Females with HFS had smaller PCF CSF volume. Small PCF CSF volume is a risk factor for HFS, particularly in females with HFS.
Evaluation of the effects of probiotic pills on the oral plaque indices: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Nilchian Firoozeh , Esrafili Mohammadreza , Hosseini Nafiseh
Published: July 2024

Background:

Clinical trials investigating the efficacy of oral health prevention materials have conventionally used indices to evaluate the amount of plaque on tooth surfaces. Various methods, including the use of probiotics, have been suggested to prevent oral disease. The present study was conducted to investigate the probiotic products available in Iranian pharmacies that are used for the prevention of dental disease.

Materials and Methods:

In this double-blind randomized clinical trial, 40 students of medicine and pharmacy were randomly allocated into two equal groups of intervention and control using random allocation software. The intervention group used a probiotic pill containing Streptococcus salivarius M18 and K12 bacteria every night before going to bed. The control group used a mouth freshener tablet with the same flavor as the probiotic tablet every night before going to bed. The mean number of Streptococcus mutans bacteria in both the groups was calculated before and after using probiotic pills. The data were staticali analyzed by descriptive statistics (central tendency and dispersion) and inferential statistics (paired t-test and independent t-test) and Kolmogorov-Smironove tests (P<0.05).

Results:

The plaque index values at the beginning of the study showed no statistical differences between the intervention and control groups (P = 0.85). The plaque index values in the intervention group before and after the intervention were 0.41 and 0.75, respectively, which showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). The plaque index values in the control group before and after the intervention were 0.42 and 0.42, respectively, which indicated no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05).

Conclusion:

The mean plaque index in the group using probiotic tablets was significantly increased compared to those of the control group. However, further studies are suggested to evaluate these products.
Evaluation of the effects of Streptococcus salivarius M18 and K12 probiotic bacteria on the Streptococcus mutans in saliva: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Nilchian Firoozeh , Esrafili Mohammadreza , Hosseini Nafiseh
Published: July 2024

Background:

Various methods, including the use of probiotics, have been suggested to prevent caries. Caries, which is mainly caused by Streptococcus mutans, is one of the bacterial diseases that imposes a heavy cost on society. The present study was conducted to investigate the probiotic products available in Iranian pharmacies that are used for caries prevention.

Materials and Methods:

In this double-blind randomized clinical trial, 40 students of medicine and pharmacy were randomly allocated to two equal groups of intervention and control using random allocation software. The intervention group used a probiotic pill containing Streptococcus
salivarius M18 and K12 bacteria every night before going to bed. The control group used a mouth freshener tablet with the same flavor as the probiotic tablet every night before going to bed. The data were analyzed by SPSS (version 24) software using descriptive statistics (central tendency and dispersion) and inferential statistics (paired t-test and independent t-test). Data were collected using Excel software, and statistical analyses were performed by SPSS software (version 24).

Results:

The mean number of S.
mutans in the intervention group was 754.5 cfu/mm before the intervention and 1701.5 cfu/mm after the intervention, which showed a statistically significant difference (P < 0.05). In the control group, the mean S. mutans was 683 cfu/mm at the beginning of the intervention and 659 cfu/mm at the end of the intervention, which did not indicate a statistically significant difference (P > 0.05). Moreover, the normality of data was checked by the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test.

Conclusion:

The mean number of S. mutans bacteria in the group using probiotic tablets was significantly increased compared to those of the control group. However, further studies are suggested to evaluate these products.
In vitro assessment of push-out bond strength of cold ceramic and mineral trioxide aggregate to root dentin
Authors: Mokhtari Fatemeh , Akhondzadeh-Kashani Laleh , Modaresi Jalil
Published: July 2024

Background:

To provide a continuous seal of the root canal, root-filling material should bond to the root canal dentin, ensuring the integrity of both the root-filling material and dentin remains in a static and functional state. The present study assessed the push-out bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and cold ceramic (CC).

Materials and Methods:

In this laboratory trial study, 20 single-rooted, extracted human teeth without caries and cracks were selected. Each tooth was mounted in cold-curing resin. Then, 3 mm slices of mid-root dentin were obtained from each tooth. The specimens were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10) and filled with MTA ProRoot and CC. All specimens were stored for 30 days in an incubator at 37°C and 100% humidity. The push-out bond strength of the test materials was measured using a cylindrical punch with a 1-mm diameter. The punch was pushed against the test specimen at a speed of 1.0 mm/min using a universal material testing machine, extruding the filling test material. The push-out force during the test was recorded, and then, the internal surface of the teeth was examined to evaluate the mode of failure. Independent t-test and Chi-square were used to analyze the data. P < 0.05 was considered a significance threshold.

Results:

The mean push-out bond strength in the CC group was 24.58 (MPa), and in MTA ProRoot, it was 23.77. No significant difference was observed between the two groups. The most frequent mode of failure in both groups was adhesive failure.

Conclusion:

The two materials have adequate push-out bond strength to root dentin, and there is no difference between the bond strength and mode of failure of the two materials.
Urinary Cadmium in Relation to Neonatal Anthropometric Indices during Pregnancy
Authors: Taheri Ensiyeh , Goodarzi-Khoigani Masoomeh , Riahi Roya , Daniali Seyede Shahrbanoo , Kelishadi Roya
Published: July 2024

Aim:

This study aims to determine the concentrations of urinary Cadmium (Cd) in a group of pregnant women and its association with neonatal anthropometric Indices.

Materials and Methods:

This cross-sectional study was conducted, involving 136 pregnant women in the first trimester, as a sub-study of the PERSIAN Birth Cohort in Isfahan in 2020. Cadmium exposure was assessed by urinary concentrations using atomic absorption spectrometry. The socioeconomic information and neonatal anthropometric indices were documented. Data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical package. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:

The results of the study revealed the mean (standard deviation) concentration of urinary Cd (U-Cd) was 0.16 (0.11) μg/L. The U-Cd by Creatinine ranged from 0.06 to 1.24 with a median (interquartile range) of 0.18 (0.12–0.26) (μg/g creatinine). The mean age of participants was 30.26 (4.92) years. Although the association between birth height and birth head circumference was inverse, it was not significant after using the adjusted model for confounder variables, including maternal anthropometric measurements, maternal body mass index, passive smoking status, and socioeconomic demographic.

Conclusion:

The current findings show that maternal Cd exposure was reversely associated with physical growth at birth. Hence, reduction of maternal Cd exposure is essential to improve infant health. Further research is required to investigate the effect of maternal exposure to Cd on adverse health outcomes in long-term periods considering other cofounders and metal pollutants.
Readiness for self-directed learning among basic sciences medical students
Authors: Dehghani Gholamali , Ghaffarifar Saeideh
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND:

Self-directed learning is a required skill for medical students for remaining lifelong learners. This study focuses on measuring the readiness for self-directed learning of basic sciences medical students.

MATERIALS AND METHOD:

In the second half of 2022, a descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 288 basic sciences medical students at Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in Iran. The students were selected using convenience sampling. The instrument used was Fisher’s self-directed learning readiness (SDLR) scale consisting of “self-management”, “desire for learning”, and “self-control” domains. The data were analyzed by SPSS-25 and also by using descriptive statistics [mean, standard deviation (SD), median, frequency, and percentage] and inferential statistics techniques (Chi-square test and t-test, ANOVA, and MANOVA). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

RESULT:

The results revealed that the scores of 63.9% students were more than 150. Also, the mean total score of self-directed learning readiness was 152.98 (SD = 16.76), suggesting that the self-directed learning readiness of the students was high level. The highest score was for “self-control” (59.99 ± 6.95), followed by “desire for learning” (46.99 ± 5.64) and “self-management” (46.01 ± 7.07). The total SDLR score and its three sub-scales did not show any notable interdependence with student contextual factors (age, gender, marital and residential status). However, a higher cumulative grade point average (>17) showed a significant higher mean in the “self-management” domain of SDLR among medical students (F = 3.730; P = 0.025).

CONCLUSION:

To become life-long learners, self-directed learning is crucial for medical students. The basic sciences medical students participating in this study showed a high level of SDL readiness. Even though the students obtained the highest score for the self-control sub-scale, the desire for learning and self-management skills needs further improvement, which can be achieved through multi-disciplinary approaches.
Psychometric analysis and validation of the Persian translation of the systemic sclerosis questionnaire (SySQ)
Authors: Parniyan Razieh , Pasyar Nilofar , Rambod Masoume , Momennasab Marzieh , Nazarinia MohammadAli
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND:

Scleroderma is a complex multisystem disorder that could have effects on the quality of patients’ lives. This study was conducted by determining the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the systemic sclerosis questionnaire (SySQ) that specifically assesses indications and functional limitations of scleroderma patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

In the present cross-sectional study, the method included: translation and back translation. Psychometric properties of the questionnaire including its content and face validity were assessed. Internal consistency with the SySQ (Cronbach’s alpha) and reproducibility was by test–retest method. The factor structure of the questionnaire was evaluated using exploratory factor analysis. The convergent validity of the SySQ was assessed using the General Health Assessment Scale (HAQ).

RESULTS:

Altogether 32 SySQ items, the internal consistency coefficient (Cronbach’s alpha) of the whole tool was 0.906. The content validity index was 0.98 and the content validity ratio was 0.796, there was a significant relationship between the questions and the relevant factors in the factor analysis. The correlation coefficient = 0.953 for the instrument. The correlation of SySQ dimensions with HAQ questionnaire dimensions in convergent validity showed that musculoskeletal dimensions, general condition, and cardiorespiratory of the questionnaire are correlated with all dimensions of the HAQ questionnaire.

CONCLUSION:

The Persian version of the questionnaire SySQ with competency is valid and reliable and is suitable for measuring specific changes in Persian systemic sclerosis patients.
Investigating knowledge, attitude, and self-care behavior concerning Aedes mosquito bites and the knowledge of dengue fever among Hormozgan residents in the south of Iran
Authors: Asadian Ali , Zakeri Abdoljabbar , Dadras Masoud , Mahdavi Sheila
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND:

In recent years, with the identification of the Aedes mosquito as a vector of dengue fever (DF) in Hormozgan province, this southern province was recognized nationwide at a great risk of DF. The present study was conducted on the Aedes mosquito prevention and DF knowledge in this province.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

An online survey was conducted using a self-administered questionnaire for 1 month in 2022. The sampling method was snowball. A total number of 4,004 questionnaires were completed online by the residents of Hormozgan province. Finally, the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, statistical tests, and statistical software SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Science) version 22.

RESULTS:

The level of knowledge, attitude, and behavior concerning the self-care behavior of Aedes mosquito bites was as follows. Most participants were knowledgeable and correctly answered the questions related to the preventive ways of Aedes mosquito bites. The average rate of correct answers was 94.5%. They also mostly held a positive attitude. Regarding the attitude items, most participants (more than 85%) strongly agreed and agreed with the statements. Regarding the behavioral items, most participants (70.4%) stated they showed the aforementioned preventive behaviors to impede Aedes mosquito bites. As for the state of participants’ knowledge of how the DF is transmitted, overall, in the nine examined items, on average, 40.6% answered “I do not know” and “false”.

CONCLUSION:

As the education level of the participants showed, they did not know adequately about the DF. Judging the state of knowledge, attitude, and behavior of the less privileged and less educated social classes in Hormozgan province requires further investigation of the public living in this province after some time passes since the implementation of educational and preventive interventions. It is also necessary to enrich population-based educational interventions aiming to improve knowledge and preventive behaviors of the DF and Aedes mosquito.
Translation and validation of Persian version of resilience evaluation scale (RES): A cross-cultural methodological research
Authors: Aghababaeian Hamidreza , Ostadtaghizadeh Abbas , Zareian Armin , Olff Miranda , van der Meer Christianne , Araghi Ahvazi Ladan
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND:

The Resilience Evaluation Scale (RES) is a new, free and short self-report questionnaire for measuring psychological resilience. This study aims to translate and assess the psychometric properties of the RES.

MATERIALS AND METHOD:

In the present methodological study, after the translation process, face and content validity were conducted through qualitative and quantitative methods. To determine the construct validity, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used, and for the reliability, Cronbach’s α test and inter-counter coefficient test were calculated. Persian version of the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale was used to determine the convergent validity of the questionnaire.

RESULTS:

Results show that the face and content validity of 9 items of RES were acceptable and they were all approved [Impact scores (IS) >1.5, S-CVI/Ave = 0.97, I-CVI = 0.93]; the Internal consistency of the scale was confirmed by the Cronbach’s α coefficient (0.82) and McDonald’s omega (0.83). The reliability of the scale also was confirmed by the Spearman’s correlation coefficient and intra-group correlation coefficient (ICC), with results obtained above 0.8 for all items. The factor analysis identified two factors that accounted for about 56% of the variance. Also, the CFA model fitted well according to the results of the fitting indices (RMSEA = 0.084, CFI = 0.98, SRMR = 0.064, and TLI = 0.97). In addition, the convergent validity of the scale was equal to 0.65 (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSION:

Development of a valid and reliable psychological resilience scale may bring great benefits to the Persian society. Our findings suggest that the Persian RES has good psychometric properties, and it may serve as a valuable instrument in research and clinical practice.
Predictive influence of disease knowledge and hope on self-care behavior among adults with heart failure
Authors: Mehri Zahra , Kheiry Fatemeh , Rakhshan Mahnaz
Published: July 2024

Background:

Self-care, disease knowledge, and hope are critical concepts in health-related studies. Therefore, all three are considered solutions for controlling heart failure (HF) and reducing its complications. This study aimed to identify the predictive influence of disease knowledge and hope on self-care behavior among adults with HF.

Materials and Methods:

This descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional study examined the data of 113 HF patients referred to the Imam Reza Clinic in Shiraz, Iran, in 2021. This study used HF patients’ self-care instruments based on Orem’s self-care theory, the HF Knowledge Scale-Persian version, and the Heart Hope Index-Persian version. The data were analyzed using the general linear model (GLM) and Pearson’s correlation coefficients.

Results:

Of the 113 HF patients, 54.90% (n = 62) were male, and 45.10% (n = 51) were female. The analysis of the Pearson correlation coefficient indicated the presence of a positive and significant correlation between “self-care and hope” (r = 0.532, P = 0.0001), “HF knowledge and hope” (r = 0.432, P = 0.0001), and “self-care and HF knowledge” (r = 0.410, P = 0.0001). GLM showed that HF knowledge symptoms (P = 0.0001), hope (P = 0.0001), unemployed patients (P = 0.042), and housewife patients (P = 0.0001) predicted self-care behavior of HF patients.

Conclusion:

Considering the positive and significant correlation between “self-care and HF knowledge,” “self-care and hope,” and “HF knowledge and hope,” it seems necessary for doctors and nurses should pay attention to providing educational programs to increase HF knowledge to improve self-care and hope in HF patients.
Developmental outcome of neonates underwent exchange transfusion due to hyperbilirubinemia: A single-center experience
Authors: Najib Khadije Sadat , Ostovar Leila , Rezaei Mehrdad , Barzegar Hamide
Published: July 2024

BACKGROUND:

Exchange transfusion due to hyperbilirubinemia is performed in neonates with signs of encephalopathy or if the level of bilirubin is more than the exchange threshold and not responding to intensive phototherapy. Bilirubin passage through the blood–brain barrier can cause injury to different sites of the brain and may have long-life effects. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the neonates who underwent exchange transfusion and investigated their developmental problems. By recognizing their developmental delay, we can recommend screening time and early occupational therapy if needed.

METHODS AND MATERIAL:

This is a retrospective study on neonates who underwent exchange transfusion due to hyperbilirubinemia in Namazi and Hafez hospitals, in Shiraz, Iran, between 2016 and 2021. The exclusion criteria were the unwillingness of the parents to participate in the study or incomplete data. Children who died were also excluded from the study. Demographic and clinical data were obtained from hospital records. Children were invited to the clinic for examination, and development was assessed by Ages and Stages Questionnaires (ASQ). All neonates had done auditory brainstem response. The result was obtained. Quantitative data are reported as mean standard deviation (SD) and qualitative data with frequency and percentage. Spearman’s correlation coefficient and Chi-square test were used, and the P value was significant below 0.05.

RESULTS:

Eighty-seven neonates were enrolled. Forty-nine (56.3%) were female, and 38 (43.7%) were male. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(G6PD) deficiency was the most prevalent hematologic cause of hyperbilirubinemia (23%). Auditory disorder, speech disorder, motor disorder, and encephalopathy were seen in four (4.6%), two (2.3%), three (3.4%), and four infants (4.6%), respectively.

CONCLUSION:

Bilirubin neurotoxicity can cause developmental impairment including auditory, speech, and motor disorders besides encephalopathy. Early recognition and proper early intervention can lead to better outcomes for the child, family, and society.
Hydroxychloroquine-Induced Neutropenia in an Infant with Coronavirus-19 Disease
Authors: Alhanshani Ahmad Ali
Published: July 2024

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)-induced neutropenia is very rare in children. Even though idiosyncratic HCQ-induced neutropenia is mentioned as a possible side effect reported in the adult population, no pediatric cases have been published in the literature. We present an infant with severe neutropenia after HCQ therapy during the early COVID-19 pandemic. A 2-month-old infant with severe neutropenia after HCQ therapy during the early COVID-19 pandemic. After the neutrophil count returned to normal within a week of stopping the HCQ, and all other possible causes were ruled out, the diagnosis of HCQ-induced neutropenia was made. This case appears to be the first reported pediatric patient with severe neutropenia following the administration of HCQ. HCQ should be used with caution in young infants and only when strongly indicated. Idiosyncratic drug-induced neutropenia is typically serious in infants and mandates prompt diagnosis and management. When patients begin treatment with a drug that can cause neutropenia, neutrophil counts must be carefully monitored, especially in the first 2 days. Furthermore, if neutropenia occurs, we recommend neutrophil monitoring until complete recovery.
Knowledge and Awareness among Parents in the Aseer Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Regarding Complications of Recurrent Adenotonsillitis in Children and Its Surgical Treatment
Authors: Musleh Abdullah , Alshamrani Nawaf Saleh Mana , Asiri Khalid Ali Mohammed , Alshahrani Abdullrahman Saeed Abdullah , Alahmari Meshal Saeed , Alqathanin Muath Abdullah , Al-Shamrani Ziyad Saleh Mana , Alqahtani Abdulaziz Abdullah Ojiman , Alkhurais Mohammed Ali Abdullah
Published: July 2024

Objective:

The study emphasizes the importance of parental awareness regarding complications and surgical procedures associated with pediatric adenotonsillar hypertrophy.

Methodology:

A descriptive cross-sectional survey was used targeting parents of children aged 1–14 years in the Aseer region of Saudi Arabia. The sample size was 301 individuals. It includes parents of children between the ages of 1 and 14 years who are living in the Aseer region. Exclusion criteria involve anyone who does not live in the Aseer region, <18 years, and nonparents of children between the ages of 1 and 14 years.

Results:

The data presented are based on 301 people who volunteered to participate in the survey; a considerable majority of participants, 71.4%, correctly identified that recurrent adenotonsillitis could induce tonsil and adenoidal enlargement. However, 28.6% of respondents answered this question incorrectly.

Conclusions:

Our findings emphasize the necessity of parental education on the risks and surgical procedures related to adenotonsillar hypertrophy in pediatric patients. While some areas of knowledge were well recognized, there is an obvious need for additional education.
Pharmacological targeting cGAS/STING/NF-κB axis by tryptanthrin induces microglia polarization toward M2 phenotype and promotes functional recovery in a mouse model of spinal cord injury
Authors: Fan Ziwei , Jia Mengxian , Zhou Jian , Zhu Zhoule , Wu Yumin , Lin Xiaowu , Qian Yiming , Lian Jiashu , Hua Xin , Dong Jianhong , Fang Zheyu , Liu Yuqing , Chen Sibing , Xue Xiumin , Yue Juanqing , Zhu Minyu , Wang Ying , Huang Zhihui , Teng Honglin
Published: July 2024

JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202511000-00031/figure1/v/2024-12-20T164640Z/r/image-tiff

The M1/M2 phenotypic shift of microglia after spinal cord injury plays an important role in the regulation of neuroinflammation during the secondary injury phase of spinal cord injury. Regulation of shifting microglia polarization from M1 (neurotoxic and proinflammatory type) to M2 (neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory type) after spinal cord injury appears to be crucial. Tryptanthrin possesses an anti-inflammatory biological function. However, its roles and the underlying molecular mechanisms in spinal cord injury remain unknown. In this study, we found that tryptanthrin inhibited microglia-derived inflammation by promoting polarization to the M2 phenotype in vitro. Tryptanthrin promoted M2 polarization through inactivating the cGAS/STING/NF-κB pathway. Additionally, we found that targeting the cGAS/STING/NF-κB pathway with tryptanthrin shifted microglia from the M1 to M2 phenotype after spinal cord injury, inhibited neuronal loss, and promoted tissue repair and functional recovery in a mouse model of spinal cord injury. Finally, using a conditional co-culture system, we found that microglia treated with tryptanthrin suppressed endoplasmic reticulum stress–related neuronal apoptosis. Taken together, these results suggest that by targeting the cGAS/STING/NF-κB axis, tryptanthrin attenuates microglia–derived neuroinflammation and promotes functional recovery after spinal cord injury through shifting microglia polarization to the M2 phenotype.
Enhanced autophagic clearance of amyloid-β via histone deacetylase 6-mediated V-ATPase assembly and lysosomal acidification protects against Alzheimer’s disease in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Long Zhimin , Ge Chuanhua , Zhao Yueyang , Liu Yuanjie , Zeng Qinghua , Tang Qing , Dong Zhifang , He Guiqiong
Published: July 2024

JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202509000-00025/figure1/v/2024-12-31T000210Z/r/image-tiff

Recent studies have suggested that abnormal acidification of lysosomes induces autophagic accumulation of amyloid-β in neurons, which is a key step in senile plaque formation. Therefore, restoring normal lysosomal function and rebalancing lysosomal acidification in neurons in the brain may be a new treatment strategy for Alzheimer’s disease. Microtubule acetylation/deacetylation plays a central role in lysosomal acidification. Here, we show that inhibiting the classic microtubule deacetylase histone deacetylase 6 with an histone deacetylase 6 shRNA or thehistone deacetylase 6 inhibitor valproic acid promoted lysosomal reacidification by modulating V-ATPase assembly in Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, we found that treatment with valproic acid markedly enhanced autophagy, promoted clearance of amyloid-β aggregates, and ameliorated cognitive deficits in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. Our findings demonstrate a previously unknown neuroprotective mechanism in Alzheimer’s disease, in which histone deacetylase 6 inhibition by valproic acid increases V-ATPase assembly and lysosomal acidification.