bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PANAGRELLUS DUBIUS N. SP. (NEMATODA:TURBATRICINAE GOODEY, 1943), FROM FRASS OF BEETLE STERNOCHETUS LAPATHI (L.), WITH REMARKS ON REDESCRIPTIONS OF ANGUILLULA REDIVIVA (L., 1767)
Authors: Sanwal K. C.
Published: August 2008

Panagrellus dubius n. sp., collected from frass of Sternochetus lapathi (L.) from Victoria, British Columbia, is described and figured. The new species differs from others of this genus in extent of bifurcation of the spicules and in having a lightly sclerotized supporting core in the velum of each spicule.Redescriptions of "Anguillula" rediviva (Linnaeus, 1767) by Goodey (1922) and Ruehm (1956) are critically compared and the possibility of their dealing with two species is discussed. P. dubius is compared with redivivus as redescribed by Goodey and by Ruehm. Ruehm's synonymizing of P. Pycnus Thorne, 1938, P. leucocephalus (Steiner, 1936) Goodey, 1945, and P. silusiae (de Man, 1913) Goodey, 1945 with "Anguillula rediviva" is not accepted.
SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING THE FLIGHT ACTIVITY OF HYMENOPTEROUS PARASITES
Authors: Juillet J. A.
Published: August 2008

Analysis of the average captures of diurnal parasitic Hymenoptera in a pine plantation in relation to some weather elements showed that ichneumonids were most active at average temperatures (70–75° F), high relative humidity, and low wind velocity; braconids at high, temperature, low relative humidity, and low wind velocity; and chalcids at high temperature and low relative humidity, hut were unaffected by wind.
THE SUBSPIRACULAR GLANDS OF HYALOPHORA CECROPIA (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA:SATURNIDAE): HISTOLOGY AND CYTOLOGY
Authors: Harmsen R. , Beckel W. E.
Published: August 2008

A histological and cytological study of the subspiracular glands of the giant silkworm Hyalophora cecropia is reported. These glands are true organs, situated in the first eight abdominal segments, one gland under each spiracle. The glandular tissue is made up of extremely large cells varying from 15 to 25 μ by 8 to 18 μ in the first instar, and from 150 to 600 μ by 60 to 150 μ in the fifth instar and pupa. A cellular sheath encloses the glands in the later instars. Many tracheoles penetrate this sheath and disperse among the glandular tissue.The glands appear to secrete before each larval molt, before and after pupation and after the breaking of diapause in the pharate imago. After the last secretion the cells break down. All secretions are preceded by an enlargement of the nucleus in the earlier instars and by a profuse branching of the nucleus in the later instars. A nucleolus is observed prior to, and during each secretion, except for the secretions before and after pupation. The secretion appears to begin in the nucleus and extend through the cytoplasm to the blood. In the later larval instars, the gland cells increase in number by means of amitotic division.A comparison of this study with the literature makes it possible to conclude that in all holometabolous insects, a glandular structure can be found which is homologous to the subspiracular gland of Lepidoptera.A brief description of the subepidermal glands of Hyalophora is given to illustrate the distinction between the subepidermal gland cells which are often given the name oenocytes and the subspiracular gland cells which also have been called oenocytes.
THE CORAL REEFS AND CORAL COMMUNITIES OF BARBADOS, W.I.
Authors: Lewis John B.
Published: August 2008

Actively growing, fringing coral reefs are developed along the western coast of Barbados. The form of these reefs, from the shore to depths of about 30 meters, is described. Montastrea annularis is the dominant shallow water species while Madracis asperula is dominant beyond depths of 10 meters. The development of the reefs in terms of coral growth is described.
THE EFFECT OF DDT ON OVIPOSITION, AND ON BEHAVIOR, IN THE EUROPEAN RED MITE, PANONYCHUS ULMI (KOCH)
Authors: Pielou D. P.
Published: August 2008

It has not been possible to confirm the statement that DDT brings about increased egg production in the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch). Newly emerged females were allowed to oviposit individually on single, whole, isolated apple leaves for their entire lifetime. On leaves sprayed with DDT, with mean deposits of 3.1 and 10.6 μg per sq. cm, the total egg production per female, the length of life, and the daily rate of oviposition were not significantly different from those on nonsprayed leaves. Females were also placed on isolated leaves, one-half of which had been sprayed with DDT. These females subsequently spent 3.4 times as much time on the unsprayed halves of the leaves as on the sprayed halves; they laid 5.6 times more eggs on the former than on the latter. This species, therefore, is evidently irritated and repelled by DDT.
TYROSINASE AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE EGG SHELL OF ACHETA DOMESTICUS (L.)
Authors: McFarlane J. E.
Published: August 2008

The endochorion of the egg of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L.), is composed, in part, of imbricated scales. These scales are revealed in the pattern of melanization of the chorion that results on immersing eggs in aqueous tyrosine before they have begun to absorb water. Such treatment prevents the normal breaking up of the endochorion, but does not prevent water absorption or normal development of the eggs. Failure of the endochorion to fragment in the usual way affects the structure of the underlying lipoid layer of the serosal cuticle.
THE B VITAMIN REQUIREMENTS OF THE HOUSE CRICKET
Authors: Ritchot Claude , McFarlane J. E.
Published: August 2008

The importance of 10 B vitamins for growth and survival of the nymphs of Acheta domesticus (L.) was tested by single omission. Thiamine, pyridoxine, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, choline, and biotin were found to be essential, the omission of any one of them resulting in very poor growth and in little or no survival to the adult stage. The absence of riboflavin or inositol retarded growth significantly, but a large percentage of the nymphs still reached the adult stage. The lack of folic acid resulted in a significantly longer nymphal stage and in greater mortality towards the end of that period. Only the omission of p-aminobenzoic acid had no significant effect on the nymphs.
ON THE SPECIFICITY AND TRANSMISSION OF SOME AVIAN TRYPANOSOMES
Authors: Bennett Gordon F.
Published: August 2008

Trypanosomes, originating from different species of birds from Algonquin Park, Ontario, multiplied and produced infective stages in ornithophilic simuliids. These insects are considered natural vectors in Algonquin Park. Using ornithophilic simuliids and Aedes aegypti as intermediate hosts, trypanosomes from one bird were transmitted to a number of species of birds, indicating that the parasites had little specificity for the vertebrate hosts. Development of flagellates in other kinds of biting Diptera was not consistent. Experiments indicate that the parasite is probably transmitted by the penetration or flagellates (in the feces of infected flies) through breaks in the host skin.
THE EFFECT OF ELECTRICAL STIMULATION AT LOW TEMPERATURES ON THE LARVAE OF PHOCANEMA DECIPIENS
Authors: Bradley Clare
Published: August 2008

Observations were made on the effect of low temperatures (down to 0° C) on the response of Phocanema to external polarizing stimuli. The response to anodal stimulation (contraction) was not affected by a fall in temperature. The response to a cathodal stimulus varied with the temperature, and whereas at room temperature the response was a relaxation, at low temperatures it was either a contraction or it was blocked altogether. Storage of the worm at low temperature for several hours had a similar effect. In some cases spontaneous rhythmical activity ceased as the temperature fell; this effect was shown to be independent of the effect of low temperature on the response to cathodal stimulation. No associated morphological changes in the neuromuscular system were observed.
RECORDS OF DECAPOD CRUSTACEA FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Butler T. H.
Published: August 2008

Axiopsis spinulicauda was taken in Holberg Inlet and Barkley Sound at 50 to 70 fathoms, and is a new record for British Columbia. The typically oceanic Eualus macrophthalmus was taken in Howe Sound at 60 to 75 fathoms and Lopholithodes foraminatus at localities north to Hecate Strait. Cancer gracilis was found in deeper water (74 to 78 fathoms) than heretofore and C. magister, at 58 to 98 fathoms.
SWANGERIA BISEXUALIS N. SP. (BELONDIRIDAE:NEMATODA) FROM FLORIDA
Authors: Hopper Bruce E.
Published: August 2008

A second species of the genus Swangeria Thorne, 1939, S. bisexualis n. sp., is described.
AN ECOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE HARE LEPUS AMERICANUS
Authors: Bider J. Roger
Published: August 2008

This paper deals with the ranges of hares in an area of the Quebec Laurentians which is characterized by a heterogeneity of vegetation structure. The vegetation structures are described, and the relation of the hares to this environment is shown in terms of utilization. Modifications of rates and areas of movements of the hares are correlated to physical and climatic factors. By expanding trap lines from main study areas, and by gang-trapping, social aspects of individuals are studied. Conclusions reached are: (a) vegetation structure plays an important role in determining the ranges of hares; (b) climatic and physical factors dampen or activate movements within the ranges; (c) female hares are consistent in their choice of browse and cover areas whereas males are not; (d) daily ranges of males and females in summer and winter are found to be about 4 acres; (e) modifications of daily ranges of hares are decreases when females care for young, and increases when males move from one female's range to another; (f) the total ranges of males is ultimately determined by the sum of the ranges of the female hares which they court.
DISTOMIASIS IN TOKELAU ISLANDERS
Authors: Laird Marshall
Published: August 2008

Embryonated eggs of a trematode, presumably a heterophyid acquired by eating raw or inadequately cooked fish, were found in faecal concentrates from 13 (4%) of 324 Tokelauans. Positive samples originated from all three atolls of the New Zealand dependency, Atafu (08° 33′ 30″ S., 172° 30′ W.), Nukunono (09° 10′ S., 171° 50′ W.), and Fakaofo (09° 23′ S., 171° 14′ W.). Eleven of those concerned had never travelled beyond the Tokelau Group, making this the first center of autochthonous distomiasis known in the South Pacific.
THE IN VITRO HATCHING OF ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES EGGS
Authors: Fairbairn Donald
Published: August 2008

The stimulus leading to in vitro hatching of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs consisted of four components as follows: (1) a temperature similar to that of homoiothermic animals, (2) pCO2 approximating 5 vol.%, (3) pH near 7.0, (4) non-specific reducing conditions such as are established by cysteine, glutathione, sodium hydrosulphite, sodium bisulphite, or sulphur dioxide. Application of this stimulus resulted in 80–95% hatching in 3 hours, the observed morphological changes corresponding to those occurring during intestinal hatching. The stimulus was not effective when applied to preinfective stages of embryonic development, or to infective eggs which were embryonated in 2% potassium dichromate solution. Maximal hatching was obtained when the stimulus was applied continuously. One of the first results of stimulation may be increased permeability of the vitelline membrane sufficient to permit the outward passage of enzymes such as chitinase which digest the chitinous shell. There is no reason to believe that the in vitro stimulus differs significantly from the natural stimulus, which is common to many homoiothermic animals and may account in part for the low degree of host-specificity in Ascaris infections.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE LIFE CYCLE OF CAPILLARIA HEPATICA (BANCROFT, 1893) WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE ADULT
Authors: Wright K. A.
Published: August 2008

The morphology of adult Capillaria hepatica, (Bancroft, 1893) Travassos, 1915 is described in detail from a collection of two entire specimens and 16 fragments. Experiments are reported which indicate that eggs of C. hepatica obtained from Peromyscus maniculatus in Algonquin Park, Ontario, when embryonated, unembryonated, or in various stages of development, are resistant to the low temperatures they might encounter during northern winters. The morphology of the larval stages is also described and evidence is cited indicating a direct larval migration to the liver of the host probably through the hepatic portal system.
THE SALIVARY GLANDS OF AEDES AEGYPTI HISTOLOGICAL–HISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES
Authors: Orr C. W. M. , Hudson Anne , West A. S.
Published: August 2008

The maturation of the salivary glands in adult mosquitoes was studied from histological preparations. A striking sexual dimorphism in the glands apparently reflects the blood-feeding habits of the female. The glands of the female undergo a dramatic development, following emergence, whereas those of the male remain small and show little change. Three main regions of secretory activity differentiate in the female: the necks and the acini proper of the lateral lobes and the acinus of the central lobe. These areas are characterized by histochemical criteria. A cycle of secretory activity occurs after ingestion of blood. The possible functions of the secretion products are discussed.
ON SOME TREMATODES FROM THE INTESTINE OF THE MARINE TURTLE, CHELONE MYDAS, FROM THE CARIBBEAN SEA
Authors: Gupta S. P.
Published: August 2008

The following trematodes were recovered from Chelone mydas from Trinidad, T.W.I.: Cricocephalus albus (Kuhl and Hasselt), Pleurogonius mehrai (Ruiz) of the family Pronocephalidae, Neoctangium travassosi (Ruiz), Deuterobaris chelonei sp. nov. of the family Angiodictyidae, and Schizamphistomoides chelonei sp. nov. of the family Paramphistomidae.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF PECTINASE IN PLANT PENETRATION BY APHIDS
Authors: McAllan J. W. , Adams J. B.
Published: August 2008

The feeding punctures of 36 examples of forms of 19 species of aphids on their host plants were examined histologically. The types of plant penetration by the aphids' stylets were compared with the occurrence of pectinase in the saliva of these insects. In 17 cases the aphids penetrated only between cells, and all these insects possessed pectinase; in 9 cases the aphids penetrated directly through cells, and all these aphids lacked pectinase. In five instances aphids possessing pectinase penetrated directly through cells; and there were five examples, all possessing pectinase, that penetrated both between and through cells in the same probe. No aphid lacking pectinase penetrated between cells in the pectic middle lamella. It is suggested that pectinase aids intercellular penetration by its hydrolytic action, but that the enzyme is not necessary when the aphid penetrates directly through cells.
STUDIES ON THE LIFE CYCLE AND DEVELOPMENTAL MORPHOLOGY OF DOCHMOIDES STENOCEPHALA (RAILLIET 1884) (ANCYLOSTOMIDAE: NEMATODA)
Authors: Gibbs H. C.
Published: August 2008

The life history and developmental morphology, from egg to adult, of Dochmoides stenocephala were investigated. Special attention is given to the development of the buccal structures, nervous system, and genitalia. Marked homology of development with that of other strongylines was observed. By the oral route, infection occurred without somatic migration. Percutaneous infection was largely unsuccessful. After infection, larvae migrated along the intestinal tract with increase in age, and the adult worms appeared to favor a location in the latter third of the small intestine.
A COMPARISON OF INJURY AND SURVIVAL OF LARVAE OF CEPHUS CINCTUS NORT. AFTER INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR FREEZING
Authors: Salt R. W.
Published: August 2008

Extracellular freezing of larvae of the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort., was produced at −2.5 °C by a new method. Slow further cooling to −10, −15, or −20 °C added to extracellular ice with no intracellular freezing. Other larvae that were supercooled to and frozen at −10, −15, or −20 °C froze intracellularly. Comparisons of the effects of these two types of freezing were therefore possible at equivalent temperatures. Level of activity after freezing was used as the criterion of injury.Intracellular freezing was more injurious than extracellular freezing at −15 and −20 °C, but not at −10 °C. Injuries, as well as differences in injury due to type of freezing, decreased gradually to insignificance above −10 °C. Although larvae frozen extracellularly held an initial advantage over those frozen intracellularly, survivors of the latter group retained their vitality better, probably because they lost weight more slowly.Differences in injury and in activity level after freezing at −15 and −20 °C were insufficient to justify the use of freezing site (intracellular or extracellular) as a principal basis for explaining freezing injury. The same conclusion applies to ice crystal size and configuration, which differed vastly in the two types of freezing.These conclusions depend on whether freezing was actually intracellular or extracellular as represented. Strong evidence is presented that freezing was in fact as specified.
THIN PREPARATIONS OF HEMOPOIETIC TISSUES
Authors: Engelbert Vibeke E.
Published: August 2008

Previous papers dealing with behaviors and activities of blood cell nuclei have been recording mainly results with the imprint method and observations of blood cells cultured in vitro. The present paper demonstrates that the Feulgen "gentle squash" method as well as digestion with N HCl followed by toluidine blue staining at pH 4 reveals the same nuclear behaviors as the imprint method. Imprinting on millipore filters with subsequent fixation in Zenker's acetic solution followed by the Feulgen or toluidine blue staining method (the latter with or without previous N HCl digestion) is reported for the first time. The millipore imprint preserves a thicker layer of cells than imprinting on glass slides. Also cell stages which may not easily stick to glass seem to adhere well to the millipore filter. The filter imprint may in places present as many cell layers as a thin slice cut on the microtome, but without the disadvantage of having large or elongated cell stages cut into pieces by the microtome knife.
THREE TREMATODES FROM THE HARLEQUIN DUCK
Authors: Ching Hilda Lei
Published: August 2008

Three trematodes from the digestive tract of two harlequin ducks, Histrionicus histrionicus pacificus, were collected at Friday Harbour, Washington. They are Paramonostomum histrionici, n. sp. (Notocotylidae), and two microphallids, Pseudospelotrema japonicum Yamaguti, 1939 (new locality record) and Spelotrema pygmaeum (Levinsen, 1881) Jagerskiold, 1901 (new host and locality record).
XIPHINEMA BAKERI N. SP. (NEMATODA: LONGIDORINAE) FROM THE FRASER RIVER VALLEY, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA
Authors: Williams T. D.
Published: August 2008

Xiphinema bakeri n. sp. is described from soil associated with the roots of raspberry and strawberry plants. The specimens were collected near Hatzic, in the South Fraser River Valley, British Columbia. This species most closely resembles X. index Thorne and Allen, 1950, but is distinguished from the latter by its greater length, longer spear, more anteriorly placed vulva, and the presence in the female of only two pairs of caudal pores.
THE ACTION OF FUMIGANTS ON INSECTS: II. THE EFFECT OF HYDROGEN CYANIDE ON THE ACTIVITY AND RESPIRATION OF CERTAIN INSECTS
Authors: Bond E. J.
Published: August 2008

Studies have been made on the mode of entry and the effect of hydrogen cyanide on the respiration of insects and have shown that cyanide caused complete respiratory inhibition in S. granarius but not in the other insects studied. The response of S. granarius to anoxic conditions differed from its reaction to cyanide, and insects paralyzed with cyanide were more resistant to methyl bromide than those which were active. Insects died when the amount of cyanide absorbed, calculated as a molar concentration of their total body water, was about the same as the concentration at which it combines with sugars to form cyanhydrins.
HYBRIDIZATION EXPERIMENTS IN RHODEINE FISHES (CYPRINIDAE, TELEOSTEI): THE INTERSPECIFIC HYBRIDS OF RHODEUS OCELLATUS FROM JAPAN AND KOREA, AND RHODEUS SPINALIS FROM TAIWAN
Authors: Wit J. J. Duyvené de
Published: August 2008

In an attempt to elucidate the phylogenetic relations between rhodeine species a number of interspecific and intergeneric crossings have been performed. This publication deals with the progenies obtained from the combinations Rhodeus ocellatus (Japanese strain) × Rhodeus spinalis, Rhodeus ocellatus (Korean strain) × Rhodeus spinalis, and Rhodeus ocellatus (Japanese strain) × Rhodeus ocellatus (Korean strain).With the exception of one F1 in which no males were produced, the progenies of the other five combinations consisted of fertile males and females, representing fertile interbreeding populations by producing fry in the presence of freshwater mussels.In all combinations more females than males were present.
SOMATIC CHROMOSOMES OF HIGHER DIPTERA: V. INTERSPECIFIC AND INTRASPECIFIC VARIATION IN THE CALLIPHORIDAE
Authors: Boyes J. W.
Published: August 2008

Somatic complements of 12 chromosomes have now been reported for 20 species of Calliphoridae, including Callitroga macellaria, Protocalliphora aenea, P. avium, P. hirundo, P. metallica, P. n. sp. near sialia, P. sialia, Phaenicia eximia, Eucalliphora lilaea, Cynomyopsis cadaverina, and Pollenia rudis, added in this report. Idiograms are presented of the karyotypes of most of these 11 species and several others concerning which only limited data were previously available. The sex chromosomes of certain species appear to have features common to the genera, tribes, and superfamilies to which they belong, but these features, and others involving autosomal pairs, cannot be considered as characteristic of the larger groups until data are available for the chromosomes of more of the species included in them. Data presented for different collections of six species suggest that some species have progressed further than others in the accumulation of intraspecific chromosomal differences of the kinds that are characteristic of interspecific chromosomal variations in higher Diptera.
THE LIFE HISTORY OF MOLINEUS BARBATUS CHANDLER, 1942
Authors: Gupta S. P.
Published: August 2008

Using the ferret as an experimental host, the life cycle of Molineus barbatus was shown to be direct. All stages are described. The third-stage larva infects the host orally or percutaneously and subsequent stages develop in the mucosa of the small intestine. The male matures earlier than the female and eggs are laid in 8 to 13 days after infection. The parasite is highly pathogenic to ferrets but apparently less so to skunks and racoons.
THE DISTRIBUTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ESTERASES IN THE DEVELOPING EMBRYO AND YOUNG NYMPH OF THE LARGE MILKWEED BUG, ONCOPELTUS FASCIATUS (DALL.)
Authors: Salkeld E. H.
Published: August 2008

Aromatic esterase (A esterase, organophosphate-resistant esterase), aliesterase (B esterase, organophosphate-sensitive esterase), and acetylcholinesterase were localized in the developing embryo and in the young nymph of the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dall.). The esterase complex varied qualitatively with embryonic development. Aromatic esterase occurred in the 3-day-old embryo, aromatic esterase and acetylcholine-esterase were found in the 4-day-old embryo, while all three esterases occurred in the 5-day-old embryo and in the young nymph. The distribution of each esterase remained fairly constant during embryonic development; aromatic esterase was located in many tissues and cells, aliesterase occurred in the pericardial cells, and acetylcholinesterase was found only in the neuropile of the nerve cord and brain. In the young nymph, the number of sites of aromatic esterase activity was reduced while additional sites of aliesterase occurred; acetylcholinesterase activity remained in the neuropile.
EFFECTS OF REPEATED EXPOSURES OF HYPERSENSITIVE HUMANS AND LABORATORY RABBITS TO MOSQUITO ANTIGENS
Authors: McKiel J. A. , West A. S.
Published: August 2008

Two methods of altering reactivity to mosquito bites were studied, viz., repeated exposures of hypersensitive human volunteers to mosquito bites, and injections of bite-sensitive rabbits with mosquito extracts.In one of the seven participating human volunteers, the delayed reaction was eliminated entirely while in three others certain aspects of this reaction were altered. Although pruritus was reduced in all subjects, no other feature of the immediate reaction became altered.The level of hypersensitivity in rabbits remained unchanged following use of graded doses of mosquito extract as a desensitization procedure. However, a single intravenous injection completely desensitized rabbits temporarily. Extracts of Aedes atropalpus, A. pionips, and Culex pipiens were as effective in this procedure as was A. aegypti extract in desensitizing aegypti-sensitive animals.
ACTIVITY OF TWO SPECIES OF CALLIPHORA (DIPTERA) DURING BAROMETRIC PRESSURE CHANGES OF NATURAL MAGNITUDE
Authors: Edwards D. K.
Published: August 2008

The amount of flight activity of Calliphora vicina R.D. was monitored during (a) natural, diurnal, barometric pressure changes, and (b) experimental pressure changes of natural amounts and rates. Activity was increased by a change in trend from rising or level to falling pressure, or by two step-like drops of 1 millibar, each lasting 15 minutes, separated by 1 hour of level pressure. The change to falling pressure, not falling pressure per se. stimulated activity in C. vicina. Activity was little, if at all, affected by a change to rising pressure from a previous condition of falling or level pressure. With Calliphora vomitoria (L.) no effects of a changing pressure trend on activity were observed. These findings indicate that natural, and particularly prefrontal, pressure drops under certain conditions can influence the amount of activity of some insect species.
NOTES ON POLYCHAETA FROM CALIFORNIA TO PERU
Authors: Berkeley E. , Berkeley C.
Published: August 2008

Twenty-two species of Polychaeta are recorded, of which eleven were taken in the plankton, but some of these are certainly swimming forms of benthic species. The remainder were either dredged, collected intertidally, or by diving. Thirteen species come from Peru, six from California, and one each from Mexico, Panama, and Cocos Island. Three of them are new to science.
THE RELATION BETWEEN NEUROSECRETION AND CELL DIFFERENTIATION IN THE OVOTESTIS OF SLUGS (GASTEROPODA: PULMONATA)
Authors: Pelluet D. , Lane Nancy Jane
Published: August 2008

Cytodifferentiation in the germinal epithelium of the ovotestis of slugs is approached experimentally. The tentacles of the slugs were cut off and the animals maintained for different lengths of time before the ovotestis was examined. In both species of slug used, Arion subfuscus and Arion ater, the experimental animals showed a noticeable increase in the number of eggs, when compared with the control. Solutions of brain homogenate and tentacle homogenate were then injected separately into intact animals. The brain solution apparently stimulated the production of eggs, the numbers being nearly equal to that produced by cutting the tentacles. The tentacle solution injected into the animals produced no increase in the number of eggs, and in young animals the normal growth of the ovotestis was inhibited. Cytological study of the brain and tentacles reveals neurosecretory cells and a close association with the blood system of the animal, suggesting a basis for a hormonal system. In this case, a theoretical concept of a dual hormonal control is put forward, to explain the production of male cells first by the tentacle hormone, followed by egg production under the control of a brain hormone.
THE MONONCHIDAE: A FAMILY OF PREDACEOUS NEMATODES: II. GENUS ANATONCHUS (ENOPLIDA: MONONCHIDAE)
Authors: Mulvey Roland H.
Published: August 2008

Anatonchus ginglymodontus n. sp., A. subacutus n. sp., A. alleni n. sp., and Anatonchus sp., near alleni, are described and figured. The female of Anatonchus gracilicaudatus (Cobb, 1917) is described and figured for the first time. The development of the head and tail structures in juvenile stages of Anatonchus tridentatus (de Man, 1876) and A. dolichurus (Ditlevsen, 1911) is described and figured. A key to the species of the genus Anatonchus is provided.
THE RELATION BETWEEN CONCENTRATION OF FOOD AND FEEDING RATE OF DAPHNIA MAGNA STRAUS
Authors: Rigler F. H.
Published: August 2008

Saccharomyces cerevisiae labelled with P32 was fed to Daphnia magna and Feeding rate of Daphnia was calculated from uptake of P32. Errors inherent in the method were measured and discussed. An unexpected source of error was due to a rapid uptake of P32 during the first few minutes in high concentrations of yeast. An hypothesis is presented to explain this phenomenon.In concentrations of yeast below 105 cells/ml, feeding rate of Daphnia magna is proportional to concentration of food. As concentration of yeast is increased above 105 cells/ml the feeding rate increases very slightly or not at all. These results are discussed in relation to the supposed inhibition of feeding by high concentrations of log-phase Chlorella suggested by Ryther, and Cushing's 'encounter theory' of grazing.
THE CUTICLES OF THE EGG OF THE HOUSE CRICKET
Authors: McFarlane J. E.
Published: August 2008

The three cuticles of the egg—maternal, serosal, and embryonic cuticles—are basically similar, and two primary layers may be distinguished in each of them. These layers, which correspond to the principal layers of typical post embryonic cuticle, are called epicuticle and endocuticle. The new term maternal cuticle is to be preferred to the old term "chorion". Chromatographic analysis of hydrolyzates of the cuticles has shown the following amino acids to be present in each of them: alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, serine, cystine(eine), threonine, lysine, histidine, arginine, proline, valine, leucine(s). Tyrosine and phenylalanine are present in the serosal and embryonic cuticles, but are absent from or present only in traces in the maternal cuticle. Tryptophan is present in the maternal and embryonic cuticles, but absent from the serosal endocuticle. Glucosamine was found in acid hydrolyzates of the serosal and embryonic cuticles, adding confirmatory evidence for the presence of chitin demonstrable by the chitosan test of Campbell. Positive Liebermann–Burchardt tests are given by chloroform extracts of the embryonic cuticle and of the vacated shell. These findings are discussed in relation to the function of the cuticles.
THE EMBRYONIC CUTICLE OF THE HOUSE CRICKET, ITS SCALES, AND THEIR RELATION TO THE SCALES OF OTHER CUTICLES
Authors: McFarlane J. E.
Published: August 2008

The embryonic cuticle is described. Its probable role in development and in hatching is discussed. Its scales are compared with those of other cuticles of the house cricket.
MORPHOLOGY OF BLAST CELL NUCLEI IN VIVO AND IN VITRO
Authors: Engelbert Vibeke E. , McMillan Donald B.
Published: August 2008

This paper describes and illustrates the behavior of blast cell nuclei recorded by a motion picture camera through a phase contrast microscope. This behavior includes extension and contraction of the nuclei to present the classically accepted patterns of a rounded nucleus at one moment and an elongated often twisted shape a few seconds later. The motion involved is not amoeboid action. The elongated nucleus is not accepted in the literature as a normal pattern of a blast cell nucleus but it obviously should be. After an extension the nucleus contracts again presenting the classical rounded form commonly associated with blast cells.The authors believe that this nuclear behavior is a natural function of the blast cell and that it occurs many times during the life history of this cell. It is especially characteristic of the time when the blast cell is releasing most of its nuclear contents to form free basic nuclear units and other components of the blood. A comparison is made with similar blast cells and their nuclear variations in a Feulgen "gentle squash" preparation which is lightly counterstained with fast green F.C.F.
INTRAOCULAR VASCULARIZATION IN SOME FISHES
Authors: Hanyu I.
Published: August 2008

In the elasmobranchs, no vessel is found either in the vitreous cavity or on the retina. The iris artery proceeds through the ventral choroid and sends off a branch to the small lens muscle papilla. Most occurrences in the teleosts are classified into four types: the higher falciform process, the low falciform process, the low falciform process with branches on the retina, and the vitreal vessels, depending upon the vascular development of the hyaloid artery either in the vitreous cavity along the persisting embryonic fissure or onto the retina. In the vitreal vessels type, the numerous branches on the retina join a peripheral annular vessel, while the main vessel proceeding from the optic disc to the lens muscle tends to be indistinct. In the holosteans, the arterial entry near the ventral ora is associated with the ventralward elongation of the optic disc. In the Actinopterygii, vascularization of the falciform process type may have arisen because the vitreal vessels type is affected by the development of the accommodatory lens muscle.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE AND PHOTOPERIOD ON THE RESPIRATORY METABOLISM OF RAINBOW TROUT (SALMO GAIRDNERI)
Authors: Evans R. M. , Purdie F. C. , Hickman Jr. C. P.
Published: August 2008

Mid-winter spawning rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were acclimated for a minimum of 43 days to one of four temperature–photoperiod conditions: 16 °C–16L (hours daily photoperiod), 16 °C–8L, 8 °C–16L, 8 °C–8L. Oxygen consumption of the intact fish and of samples of liver, gill, and brain were measured at acclimation temperature.Brain showed complete metabolic compensation to temperature ([Formula: see text] at [Formula: see text] at 16 °C) and liver showed overcompensation ([Formula: see text] at [Formula: see text] at 16 °C). No compensation occurred in gill respiration. Total respiration showed partial temperature compensation. It is suggested that complete compensation in brain would maintain nervous co-ordination and motor conduction at optimal levels, thus permitting a large degree of temperature independence of locomotor activity.[Formula: see text] values of the tissue showed a trend for the 8L tissues to metabolize more rapidly than the 16L group, except for gill at 16 °C. Photoperiod did not significantly affect total metabolic rates, but in the larger fish (> 40 g) at 16 °C, the 8L group tended to show a higher metabolic rate than the 16L group.
NEMATODE PARASITES FROM VERTEBRATES TAKEN ON LAN YÜ, FORMOSA: II. NEMATODES FROM FISH, AMPHIBIANS, REPTILES, BIRDS
Authors: Myers Betty J. , Kuntz Robert E.
Published: August 2008

This paper records seven species of nematodes, none of which are new, and a number of immature forms from Lan Yü, Formosa.
THE ANTERIOR TENTORIAL ARMS IN INSECTS AND THEIR SIGNIFICANCE IN INTERPRETING THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE CRANIUM OF THE CICADAS
Authors: DuPorte E. Melville
Published: August 2008

The anterior tentorial pits in the orthopteran type of head lie in the ventral ends of the frontogenal sutures at their junction with the frontoclypeal and subgenal sutures, immediately dorsal to the anterior mandibular condyle and, with few exceptions, they always maintain this position. The base of the tentorial arms may expand vertically on the frontogenal ridge, horizontally on the frontoclypeal or subgenal ridge, or on both, but it always retains its connection with the end of the frontogenal ridge when this is present.When the genae descend ventrally, along the sides of the clypeus, the pits lie in the laterofacial sutures at the junction of their frontogenal and clypeogenal components. A transverse line drawn between the ventral ends of the pits always marks the boundary between the frons and clypeus.Laterofacial sutures border the dorsal region of the large median facial plate in the cicadas and the tentorial pits lie near the middle of the sutures. The region of the plate dorsal to the pits is therefore the frons, that ventral to the pits, the postclypeus.It is suggested that the cranium of the cicada is derived from one resembling that of the psocids by dorsoventral compression of the frontoparietal region and the postgenae. The mandibles have migrated inwards and the definitive form of the cranium is completed by the incorporation in it of the lateral walls of the hypopharynx and the basal plates of the maxillae.
THE INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE ON THE GROWTH OF EXPERIMENTAL POPULATIONS OF MYZUS PERSICAE (SULZER) AND MACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE (THOMAS) (APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Barlow C. A.
Published: August 2008

Innate capacities for increase of the aphids Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) were determined by demographic analysis of experimental parthenogenetic populations at constant temperatures between 5° and 30 °C. Both species showed capacities for increase between 5° and 25 °C as indicated by calculated values of intrinsic and finite rates of increase. Upper temperature threshold for growth of populations of both species was estimated as between 25° and 30 °C, and the lower temperature threshold as below 5 °C. Optimum temperatures for increase were 25 °C for M. persicae and 20 °C for M. euphorbiae. Innate capacity for increase of M. persicae was generally higher than that of M. euphorbiae, particularly at temperatures between 15° and 25 °C, because of more rapid development and earlier attainment of maximum fecundity rate by M. persicae. Temperature influenced the innate capacity for increase by modification of developmental time, survival rate, and fecundity rate. Age at which maximum fecundity occurred was more important in determining the innate capacity for increase than total fecundity. Intrinsic rates of increase were largely determined by the first one or two weeks of adult life of the members of a population.
DIAPAUSE IN THE EGGS OF GRYLLUS PENNSYLVANICUS BURMEISTER (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE)
Authors: Rakshpal R.
Published: August 2008

Eggs of Gryllus pennsylvanicus enter diapause after about 100 hours of incubation at 23–26 °C when the embryos are in the postanatrepsis stage. The diapause is obligatory, but the so-called 'intensity' of diapause varies greatly in different eggs. Some hatch 28 days after oviposition while others require 140 days when incubated continuously at 23–26 °C.In eggs exposed to 6–7 °C for varying periods, the effect of cold treatment is to reduce the 'intensity' of diapause. Cold treatment for 90 days or more results in virtually complete termination of diapause. Such eggs require further incubation at 23–26 °C for about 15 days to complete their development.One physiological effect of the cold treatment appears to be that the yolk becomes semifluid, thus possibly allowing its easier assimilation by the embryos so that growth is speeded up, with the result that almost all eggs hatch within a relatively short period of time. It is suggested that non-availability of suitable food for the embryo may be one of the causes of diapause in G. pennsylvanicus.
ECHINOCOCCUS GRANULOSUS FROM ENGLISH DOGS
Authors: Wright A. I.
Published: August 2008

Echinococcus granulosus from dogs in England is described. It normally has four or five segments and closely resembles E. cameroni from the English fox.
THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEMS OF THE MIDGE, CHIRONOMUS PLUMOSUS L.
Authors: Wensler Rita J. D. , Rempel J. G.
Published: August 2008

In both the male and female adult midge, the posterior three abdominal segments are modified for the reproductive function, and the musculature of these segments is modified accordingly. Main features of the male internal reproductive system are testes consisting of one sperm tube each, in which spermatogenesis is complete, and a glandular ejaculatory duct of four sections. The muscles of the posterior pregenital segments are modified for torsion. The muscles of the terminalia are described. Those of the ninth segment are greatly modified for the genital function. The female has numerous three-chambered polytrophic ovarioles extending radially from a common central egg passage in the ovary, and there is a single accessory gland. The muscles of the female terminalia are described. The reproductive system of several specimens parasitized by a nematode worm is discussed.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF MERISTIC VARIATION IN A POPULATION OF THREESPINE STICKLEBACKS, GASTEROSTEUS ACULEATUS
Authors: Lindsey C. C.
Published: August 2008

Eggs of 21 pairs of wild sticklebacks from Hobson's Brook near Cambridge, England, were reared under various controlled temperatures and salinities. Two hundred and fifty-three young were examined for counts of abdominal and caudal vertebrae, dorsal and anal spines and soft fin rays and basal supports, segmented and simple caudal rays, and pectoral rays. Lateral plates were counted on 95 young. Rearing in conditions of crowding or high temperature produced high proportions of females. Curves of vertebral count against rearing temperature in freshwater were V-shaped, but position of the apex differed markedly between different genotypes. Low temperature optimum, low temperature for producing minimal vertebral count, and high plate count were associated, and were largely inherited from the mother. Phenotypic vertebral variation occurred mostly in the anterior half of the body. All other meristic characters studied were also subject to both phenotypic and genotypic modification. Variation in each series was largely independent of other series. Maintenance of high variability despite selection is postulated to characterize temperate freshwater fish populations. Relation of these findings to sampling problems, and to clinal variation, is discussed.
AN ANALYSIS OF AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR, GROWTH, AND COMPETITION FOR FOOD AND SPACE IN MEDAKA (ORYZIAS LATIPES (PISCES, CYPRINODONTIDAE))
Authors: Magnuson John J.
Published: August 2008

The role and consequences of aggressive behavior in competition for food and space were studied among laboratory populations of juvenile medaka. Growth rate, used to measure the success of an individual fish in different competitive situations, was followed for 648 fish in populations of 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 fish in 1-, 4-, or 8-liter baskets.Aggressive behavior was initiated by internal state of "hunger" and the presence of food stimuli and smaller medaka. Aggression was at a low level when food was supplied in excess and large fish had no competitive advantage over small fish. Reducing the amount of space from 1 to 1/16 liter per fish did not alter the growth consequences of competition as long as the accumulation of waste products was prevented and food was supplied in excess.When food supply was limited, large medaka were socially dominant, chased small fish away from food, and grew faster than small fish. If food was spatially localized the social hierarchical societies changed into territorial societies in which the dominant defended the food area, but aggression only dispersed the subordinates throughout the habitat when food was evenly distributed. The advantage of social dominance was less if population size was large, if food was evenly distributed, and visual isolation between competitors was great. The advantage was high if food was contagiously distributed and visual isolation between competitors was great.
PHOSPHORUS IN THE NUTRITION OF TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM DUVAL
Authors: Chaudhary Kapil Dev , Lemonde Andre
Published: August 2008

A synthetic diet has been devised for a study of the effects of 13 different levels of phosphorus on the larval growth of Tribolium confusum Duval. This insect appears to be insensitive to phosphorus changes in the diet over a wide range, optimum level varying from 0.125% to 0.475%. The effects of phosphorus deficiency are evident at a phosphorus level as low as 0.075% while toxic effects are observed at 3.075% level. No significant difference has been observed between the phosphorus requirements of both sexes. The imaginal emergence was normal on all the diets containing different phosphorus levels.
A NEW SPECIES OF GALATHEALINUM (POGONOPHORA) FROM THE CANADIAN ARCTIC
Authors: Southward Eve C.
Published: August 2008

Galathealinum arcticum sp. nov. is described from Thetis Bay, Herschell Is., Yukon.
PARATYLENCHUS BREVIHASTUS N. SP. (CRICONEMATIDAE: NEMATODA)
Authors: Wu Liang-Yu
Published: August 2008

Male and female specimens of Paratylenchus brevihastus n. sp. were collected in Ontario, Canada, from soil around the roots of blue violets (Viola cucullata Ait.) and grass, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), oats (Avena sp.), and red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) during 1958 to 1961. This species has characters close to those of Paratylenchus microdorus, but differs from it in having spear knobs with rather flat anterior surfaces and front of lip region with truncate appearance. Males present.
A COMPARISON OF THE GROWTH OF THE HOUSE CRICKET (ORTHOPTERA:GRYLLIDAE) REARED SINGLY AND IN GROUPS
Authors: McFarlane J. E.
Published: August 2008

The larvae of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus (L.), grow more rapidly when reared in groups of 10 than when reared singly.
INFLUENCE OF LIGHT INTENSITY ON RETINAL ADAPTATION IN ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO SALAR) YEARLINGS
Authors: Ali M. A.
Published: August 2008

Retinae of fish exposed to 9 × 102 ft-c are more fully adapted to light than those of fish exposed to 10−1 ft-c. Retinae of the former group take a shorter time to attain the same state of adaptation as that of the latter. However, they take a longer time than the latter to attain their own maximum state of adaptation. Retinae of fish subjected to darkness after exposure to 9 × 102 ft-c are not dark-adapted even after 70 minutes. The retinal epithelial pigment of fishes placed in darkness from light of 10−1 ft-c dark-adapts in 45 minutes while the cones do so in 25 minutes. The retinal index indicates that dark-adaptation occurs 45 minutes after subjection to dark. Hypotheses presented in a previous paper are discussed in the light of these results.
PERIODICITY OF GROWTH IN UNGULATES AS SHOWN BY DEER OF THE GENUS ODOCOILEUS
Authors: Wood A. J. , Cowan I. McT. , Nordan H. C.
Published: August 2008

A study of growth in four racial stocks of the black-tailed deer, Odocoileus hemionus, has, under captive circumstances with ideal diet, revealed that the traditional expressions of the growth patterns of a species are inadequate. Graphic expression of growth in this species requires the use of four curves; one describes prepubertal growth, a second the actual course of weight change through an annual cycle of growth rate; the third describes the annual progression of maximum weights reached; and the fourth the progression of minimum weights reached. Each of these conveys information essential to an understanding of growth in the species. The formulas of lines 1, 3, and 4 are presented for representative males in each of the experimental stocks. Racial characteristics are demonstrated.
THE EFFECT OF PROPYLTHIOURACIL ON THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND IODINE METABOLISM OF THE FROG, RANA PIPIENS, IN WINTER
Authors: Meisner Herman M.
Published: August 2008

A study was made of the physiological importance of the thyroid gland in the adult frog, Rana pipiens, in winter. Male frogs were chemically thyroidectomized by oral administration of propylthiouracil three times a week from December 21 to February 23. Oxygen consumption was measured weekly with volumetric respirometers at a temperature of 16 ± 0.1 °C.Treatment with propylthiouracil for 9 weeks did not significantly alter the metabolic rate, although thyroid radioiodine uptake and blood conversion ratio were immediately blocked. Secretion of thyroid hormone was shown to be reduced from August to December, followed by reactivation in late February. This reduction of activity in December, together with the failure of propylthiouracil to alter the metabolic rate or eliminate thyroid iodine stores after 9 weeks of treatment, suggests that the frog thyroid is of no calorigenic importance during early winter.