bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Relationship of the human salivary peroxidase system to oral health
Authors: Tenovuo J. , Pruitt K. M.
Published: April 2006

The human salivary peroxidase system (SPS) contributes in several ways to the maintenance of good oral health. The SPS is one of the non‐immunoglobulin defense factors which regulate the quantity and species distribution of oral microorganisms. The SPS also prevents toxic accumulations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and it inactivates many carcinogenic and mulagenic compounds. The salivary glands secrete a peroxidase enzyme (salivary peroxidase) as well as the thiocyanate ion (SCN‐ derived from diet). The enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of SCN‐ by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The H2O2 is excreted by oral bacteria and by host cells in amounts which vary with the state of cellular metabolism, the diet and other factors. Oxidized forms of SCN‐ temporarily inhibit the growth, respiration and metabolism of most species of oral bacteria. The major oxidized form generated in the mouth is the hypothiocyanite ion (OSCN‐) which must reach a minimum threshold concentration before bacterial inhibition occurs. This threshold concentration varies from species to species. The concentration of OSCN‐ in the mouth rises and falls with the availability of H2O2. This natural rise and fall, together with bacterial variation in sensitivity to OSCN‐ inhibition, suggests a role for the SPS in the regulation of the oral microflora. As a result of the rapid consumption of H2O2 by the SPS, host cells are protected from a toxic build up of this potent oxidizing agent. The major product of the reaction, OSCN‐, does not harm human cells. Many carcinogenic and mutagenic compounds may serve as substrates for the SPS and be oxidized to less harmful compounds.
Amyloidosis of the tongue: a clinical and postmortem study
Authors: Van Der Wal N. , Henzen‐Logmans S. , Van Der Kwast W. A. M. , Van Der Waal I.
Published: April 2006

Based on the limited number of reports and our own experience, amyloid involvement of the oral tissues seems to be rather rare, the tongue apparently being the most favoured site. Three such patients have been described in the present treatise. All 3 patients proved to be suffering from multiple myeloma or its prestage. In a previous postmortem study, more than 35% overall incidence of amyloid involvement of the tongue has been reported. In our own postmortem study of 100 tongues not a single case of amyloidosis was encountered. This inconsistency can probably be explained by the different use of stains and their interpretation. Limited experience with immunoliistocliemical methods for subtyping amyloid has been presented.
Surgicel®: its fate following implantation
Authors: Pierce A. M. , Wiebkin O. W. , Wilson D. F.
Published: April 2006

Surgicel®, a loeal haemostatic gauze, is claimed to consist of oxidised regenerated cellulose. It is a polyanion, the functional unit of which is termed polyan‐hydroglucuronic acid. The ability of tissues to absorb Surgicel® and its inherent haemostatic properties have been extensively investigated. This study was undertaken a) to determine the time required for absorption of Surgicel® from implantation sites in the chest wall muscles of rats, and b) to establish mechanisms for its removal. Data derived from sequential uronic acid assays, histochemistry using the stain alcian blue, and transmission electron microscopy of implanted Surgicclwwerc interpreted to reveal that Surgicel® consists of at least two active components. These are a soluble uronic acid component which is lost after 6 h, and a fibrous component which persists. The latter material resembles Surgicel® in the electron microscope and is still evident at the implantation site at 48 h post‐implantation. Moreover, Surgicel8 can be characterized in vitro into at least two components according to its solubility under dissociative salt conditions (4M guanidinium chloride). A residual fibrous material could then be hydrolysed with 0.3N sodium hydroxide. We postulate that the absorption of the former salt soluble uronate in vivo is by early degradation and/or systemic clearance, whilst removal of the fibrous material requires phagocytosis.
Ultrastructural cytochemistry of oxytalan fibers in the periodontal ligament and microfibrils in the aorta with the periodic acid‐thiocarbohydrazide‐silver proteinate method
Authors: Takagi M. , Parmley R. T. , Yagasaki H. , Toda Y.
Published: April 2006

Fullmer's oxytalan fibers are special connective tissue fibers in periodontal ligaments and some non‐dental sites of certain animal species, and, ultrastructurally appear to resemble microfibrils related to clastogenesis. The present study has ultrastructurally examined the applicability of Thiéry's periodic acid‐thiocarbohydrazide‐silver proteinate (PA‐TCH‐SP) method for vicinal glycol‐containing complex carbohydrates to the study of oxytalan fibers in rat periodontal ligaments and microfibrils of the tunica adventitia in the rat aorta, where microfibrils are often associated with amorphous elastin and are thought to be oxytalan fibers. In the periodontal ligaments, the PA‐TCH‐SP method weakly to moderately stained collagen fibrils, moderately stained thin fibrils composing the oxytalan fibers, and intensely stained cytoplasmic granules of fibroblasts. In the aortic adventitia, the PA‐TCH‐SP method moderately stained collagen fibrils. Heavier staining was observed in microfibrils, whereas the amorphous elastin lacked staining. The most intense staining was seen in cytoplasmic granules and glycogen of mural cells. These studies demonstrate that oxytalan fibers in the periodontal ligament of rats and microfibrils in the aorta of rats contain vicinal glycol‐containing glycoproteins and the PA‐TCH‐SP method is a useful tool in ultrastructural studies of oxytalan fibers and microfibrils of rats.
Blood flow in maxilla and mandible of normal and atherosclerotic rhesus monkeys
Authors: Brennise C. V. , Squier C. A.
Published: April 2006

Atherosclerotic vascular disease affects many individuals, particularly in an elderly population. This study examined alterations in the vasculature and blood flow in the maxilla and mandible in rhesus monkeys fed an atherogenic (high fat) diet. No significant difference was found in blood flow between different regions of the bone (anterior mandible, posterior mandible and maxilla) in animals on either a normal or a high fat diet but overall blood flow in the monkeys on the atherogenic diet was significantly lower (p < 0.001) than in the control group. Histologic examination of tissue from the animals fed an atherogenic diet revealed minimal changes within the intrabony vasculature and measurements of these vessels showed no significant difference in the percentage of tissue occupied by vessel lumina or in average wall thickness between the groups of animals On the other hand, tissue from the tongue exhibited gross atherosclerotic vascular lesions and examination of the carotid arteries revealed not only intimal plaques but extensive calcification. It thus appears that the decreased flow measured in the maxilla and mandible may he related to the severely involved afferent vessels rather than to functional changes in the local vasculature.
Immunocytochemical and biochemical characterization of the connective tissue component of fibrous papular lesions of oral mucosa
Authors: Sauk J. J. , Kivens R. , Johnson D. , Vickers R.
Published: April 2006

In an attempt to define the fibroblastic components of fibrous papular lesions of oral mucosa. 21 cases representing these lesions were selected for study. Paraffin or frozen sections of the lesions were stained, using the immunoperoxidase technique, with antibodies to: alpha‐l‐antitrypsin. alpha‐l‐antichymotrypsin. lysozyme. fibro‐nectin. act in. myosin, and for Clq binding Three of these cases were biochemically analyzed for collagen Types 1. III. and V. This study demonstrated the presence of cytochemical markers in fibrous papules that were similar to those observed for the compartment of circumvascular fibroblasts in control normal mucosa. Analysis of the collagens present indicated that in addition to histologic similarities, the gene products of these extracellular matrices were similar to those reported for angiofibromas and Shagreen patches in tuberous sclerosis. The cells in these lesions appear to be distinct from myofibroblasts and the high affinity complement binding fibroblasts characterized by Bordin et al. (1).
Product definition of pleomorphic adenoma of minor salivary glands
Authors: Toto P. D. , Hsu D. J.
Published: April 2006

Thirteen cases of pleomorphic adenoma were studied by both immunohistochemical and other histochemical methods. The exocrine cells and myoepithelial cells appear to produce similar cell products as their normal salivary gland counterparts. Keratin was found in both exocrine cells and myoepithelial cells. CEA, secretory component, and lactoferrin were detected only in the tumor exocrine cells with adenoid differentiation S‐100 protein, ferritin. fibronectin. laminin and elastin were detected only in the myoepithelial cells. The residual sugars glucosyl, mannosyl, Galactosyl and fucosyl were identified in both cell, types, in variably detectable amounts
Identification of basement membrane components and intermediate filaments in calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumors
Authors: Sauk J. J. , Cocking‐Johnson D. , Warings M.
Published: April 2006

An immunohistochemical technique was used on paraffin‐embedded tissues of four cases of calcifying epithelial odontogenic tumors (CEOT). These studies were performed to gain an additional understanding of the nature of amyloid‐like deposits in these tumors. For these studies antibodies to Type IV collagen, laminin. and the five classes of intermediate filament proteins were employed. In all of the tumors examined basement membrane components and intermediate filament proteins (cytokeratin) were demonstrated both in the epithelial tumor islands and within the extracellular amyloid‐like deposits. Antibodies to vimentin intermediate filaments were localized only in the stromal fibroblasts. Limited proteolysis or the use of a chaotropic agent was required to express the antigenic determinants present. These studies substantiate the presence of basement membrane components in the amyloid‐like deposits of CEOT. In addition, these extracellular deposits are shown to be heterogenous in composition by the immunohistochemical demonstration of cytokeratin intermediate filament proteins.
Gingivitis and oral ulceration in patients with neutrophil dysfunction
Authors: Charon J.A. , Mergenhagen S. E. , Gallin J. I.
Published: April 2006

In this study, the gingival condition of patients with neutrophil dysfunction has been evaluated. The data demonstrate increased gingival disease as well as oral ulcerations in patients with neutrophil dysfunction syndromes and are consistent with a critical role of neutrophils in oral health.
Effects of smokeless tobacco on the periodontal, mucosal and caries status of adolescent males
Authors: Offenbacher S. , Weathers D. R.
Published: April 2006

The use of smokeless tobacco (ST) products, such as snuff and chewing tobacco, was investigated in a school population of 565 males with a mean age of 13.8 years. All students completed a tobacco usage questionnaire and were given intraoral examinations by a team of dentists to determine the possible relationship of ST usage to the presence of gingivitis, gingival recession, mucosal pathology and caries. The overall prevalence of ST usage was 13.3%, which was much higher than the 1.4% prevalence of cigarette smoking. Pairwise chi square analysis revealed that there was no relationship between ST usage and the prevalence of gingivitis, but that the prevalence of gingival recession was significantly elevated in ST users, P < 0.001. The odds of having gingival recession were 9 times greater in the students using smokeless tobacco as compared to healthy, non‐user cohorts. ST usage did not affect the prevalence of gingival recession in students without gingivitis. The frequency of occurrence of soft tissue pathology was significantly elevated, about 6‐fold in students who used smokeless tobacco, as compared to non‐users. P < 0.01. This was principally due to the increased prevalence of while mucosal lesions in smokeless tobacco users. However, there was no attributable risk for mucosal pathology in ST users who were free of gingivitis. Similarly, the use of smokeless tobacco was associated with a 1.6‐fold elevation in mean DMF in students with gingivitis, P < 0.001, but this increase in caries experience was not seen in ST users who were free of gingivitis. In summary, in students with clean mouths that were free of gingivitis, the use of smokeless tobacco was not associated with a change in the prevalence of gingival recession, mucosal pathology, or in the mean DMF score. In contrast, smokeless tobacco usage was a significant risk factor in individuals with co‐existing gingivitis, associated with a marked increase in the prevalence of gingival recession, mucosal pathology and caries experience.
Vitamin D and skeletal tissues
Authors: Finkelman R. D. , Butler W. T.
Published: April 2006

It is now accepted that vitamin D is an integral part of a complex endocrine system, one with far‐reaching implications in mineral metabolism. Reviews of the sources, functions and metabolism of vitamin D, as currently understood, are presented as a prelude to discussions of the role of vitamin D in calcium and phosphorous homeostatis and possible specific roles for vitamin D in mineralized tissues. Data describing a possible regulatory function for vitamin D in bone and bone protein metabolism are presented. Some of the controversy which presently exists regarding the biochemical mechanism of the action of this vitamin is discussed. Finally, the possible relationship of vitamin D and disorders of skeletal tissues is described.
Parotid gland basement membrane variation in diabetes mellitus
Authors: Murrah V. A. , Crosson J. T. , Sauk J. J.
Published: April 2006

Post‐mortem samples of parotid gland were obtained from IS patients with a history of diabetes mellitus for a minimum of 5 years, and from 15 age‐ and sex‐matched controls. The tissue was studied, by direct immunofluorescence for abnormal binding of selected serum proteins, including IgG, IgM, IgA, C3 fibrinogen, polyvalent immunoglobulin and albumin, to acinar and ductal basement membranes of the gland. Thickness of these basement membranes was also assessed using a calibrated magnifier on uniformly enlarged photomicrographs of the tissue which had been stained by the chromotrope silver methenamine method to highlight basement membranes. Results of this investigation revealed parotid gland basement membrane abnormalities in all diabetic subjects as indicated by the binding of IgG, albumin and polyvalent immunoglobulins to ductal and acinar basement membranes. These basement membranes were uniformly negative in control subjects for the binding of all serum proteins tested. Binding of IgA was also noted in 7 of 15 experimental subjects, with 6 of these representing Type I diabetics. Basement membrane measurements revealed no difference in thickness between diabetic and non‐diabetic subjects. Variations in parotid diabetic basement membranes evidenced in this study further substantiate the idea that membranopathy in this disease is systemic in nature.
Lichen planus: review and update on pathogenesis
Authors: Scully C. , El‐Kom M.
Published: April 2006

Lichen planus (LP) is a common oral disorder which may represent the manifestation of a mucosal reaction to a variety of aetiological factors. Of the many immunological changes described in LP several may he epiphenomena although a cell‐mediated immune response to unidentified antigens or antigenic changes clearly is involved. Associations with drugs or systemic disorders are well‐defined in some, patients but may, in others, be aleatoric, Finally, the prognosis of oral LP not only differs from that of cutaneous LP but there is little doubt that in a few instances LP is a premalignant condition.
Disturbed expression of ribonucleotide reductase and cytokeratin polypeptides in focal epithelial hyperplasia
Authors: Rozell B. , Stenman G. , Magnusson B. , Lekholm U. , Nagle R. B. , Hansson H.‐A.
Published: April 2006

Four cases of focal epithelial hyperplasia (FEH) were studied immunohistochemically, using monoclonal antibodies against the M1 subunit of ribonucleotide reductase and different cytokeratin polypeptides. The FEH lesions showed, compared to normal oral mucosa, extensive alterations in their staining patterns. This included ectopic suprabasal M1 staining and the novel expression of cytokeratin polypeptides differing from those previously reported for other HPV infections. The results arc discussed in relation to the causative agent, human papillomuvirus, and its expression in focal epithelial hyperplasia.
Ameloblastoma with myofibroblasts: first report
Authors: Smith S. M. , Bartov S. A.
Published: April 2006

Abstract A recurrent infiltrative ameloblastoma of the mandible with a predominantly “follicular pattern” of the epithelial component is studied. The stroma contains abundant myofibroblasts; these cells have been described in benign and malignant infiltrative processes. This raises the question of the relationship between the presence of myofibroblasts and the aggressive behavior of a neoplasm.
The relationship between the keratocyst antigen (KCA) and keratin
Authors: Kuusela P. , Ylipaavalniemi P. , Thesleff I.
Published: April 2006

The relationship of the keratocyst antigen (KCA), the soluble component present in most keratocyst fluids, and keratin, was studied with immunofluorescence microscopy comparing their distribution in developing mouse embryonic teeth and in human ameloblastomas. In these tissues both molecules showed a strong codistribution in epithelial cells. In the embryonic teeth both molecules were present in the stratum intermedium cells between the stellate reticulum cells and ameloblasts, but the secretory ends of the ameloblasts showed fluorescent staining only for keratin. The relationship was further investigated by comparing the physicochemical characteriatics of KCA and keratin. Results on immunoblotting and two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis showed that KCA existed in keratocyst fluid as a 60–68,000 dalton polypeptide with an isoelectric point of pi 6.8. Immunoblotting analysis of various isolated keratins revealed a typical polypeptide pattern of each keratin when anti‐KCA antiserum was used for staining. These findings suggest that KCA and keratin arc related molecules and that KCA may be a soluble component of keratin.
Detection of papillomavirus DNA in oral papillomas and carcinomas: application of in situ hybridization with biotinylated HPV 16 probes
Authors: Milde K. , Löning T.
Published: April 2006

Four oral papillomas and 7 carcinomas were studied for the presence of HPV DNA by means of in situ hybridization. Hybridization was carried out with a HPV 16 probe labelled with biotin under different conditions (nick translation/photobiotin). Subsequently, a modified biotin‐avidin‐alkaline phosphatase procedure was used to visualize virus infected cells. Four/4 papillomas and 4/7 carcinomas were seen to contain HPV harbouring cells. Positive cells were located at intermediate and superficial cell layers in papillomas and in keratinized zones in carcinomas. Analogous results were found with nick translated and photobiotinylated probes. DNA‐biotinylation in conjunction with the biotin‐avidin‐alkaline phosphatase detection system proved lo be a sensitive, convenient and rapid modification of in situ hybridization.
Ultrastructural study of Sjögren's syndrome‐like disease in MRM mice
Authors: Tanaka A. , O'Sullivan F.X. , Koopman W. J. , Gay S.
Published: April 2006

Salivary glands of autoimmune MRL/1 mice were examined ultrastructurally and by immunoelectron microscopy to further characterize the Sjögren's syndrome‐like disease in these animals. Major salivary glands from 12 female and 7 male MRL/1, two female MRL/n, and one female BALB/c mice were examined by electron microscopy and the glands from 4 female MRL/1 mice were subjected to immunoelectron microscopy in order to detect Lyt‐1 and Lyt‐2 positive lymphoid cells. Mononuclear cell infiltrates were not seen in the salivary gland from the BALE mouse and occurred rarely in glands of MRL/n mice. However, in MRL/1 mice, numerous lymphoid cells were present and acinar cells displayed low cytoplasmic density, cytoplasmic vacuolization and cellular lysis. Lymphoid cells were predominantly Lyt‐1 positive although some Lyt‐2 positive cells were observed. These results suggest that the MRL/1 mouse represents a useful model for the study of the pathogenesis of Sjogren's syndrome in man.
Unusual HPV types in oral warts in association with HIV infection
Authors: Greenspan D. , de Viliers E. M. , Greenspan J. S. , De Souza Y. G. , zur Hausen H.
Published: April 2006

Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are associated with certain oral soft tissue lesiona, such as papillomas, warts, condylomata, and focal epithelial hyperplasia (FEH). HPV types 2, 6, 11, 16, and 18 have been identified in some of these oral lesions, while HPV 13 and 32 are associated with FEH. Little is known about the HPV types in oral warts of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In this study, oral warts in 17 HIV‐seropositive individuals were biopsied. Southern blot analyses were performed and the HPV types found were HPV 7 (7/17), 13 (1/17), 32 (1/17), and 18 (1/17). The presence of HPV type 7 is unusual in that it normally is found only in butcher's warrs. There was no correlation between HPV type, histopathology, and clinical appearance of the lesions examined, except that the flat (FEH type) warts contained HPV types 13, 18 and 32 (1 of each). HIV infection appears to predispose individuals to oral infection with unusual HPV types.
Synthesis of proteoglycans in rat mucosal keratinocytes
Authors: Arnlaugsson S. , Birkedal‐Hansen H. , Rodén L.
Published: April 2006

The synthesis of hyaluronic acid and proteoglycans by rat mucosal keratinocytes of an established cell line (CCL‐10) has been investigated. Proliferating cultures at or near confluency were grown in the presence of [35S] sulfate or D‐[1‐3H] glucosamine for 24 h, and the glycosaminoglycan composition of cells and medium was determined. Characterization of the 35S‐laballed

glycosaminoglycans showed that heparan sulfate was the major component (∼90%) and that small amounts (∼10%) of galactosaminoglycans had also been synthesized. Analysis of cultures labelled with D‐[1‐3H] glucosamine demonstrated that hyaluronic acid was also present, most prominently in the medium where approximately one third of the radioactivity in the glycosaminoglycan pool was found in the hyaluronic acid fraction. [35S]‐labelled proteoglycans extracted from the cell layer in the presence of protease inhibitors showed substantial heterogeneity upon chromatography on Sepharose CL‐6B. In contrast, the proteoglycans in the medium gave a major peak which was eluted at a Kav of 0.28. Gel chromatography of the glycosaminoglycan chains in the latter, isolated after proteolytic digestion, indicated a molecular weight of 17,000.
Local infusion of prostaglandin E1 stimulates mandibular bone formation in vivo
Authors: Marks S. C. , Miller S.
Published: April 2006

The maintenance of alveolar bone is a major clinical objective in dentistry. This is particularly difficult following such local inflammatory episodes as those of periodontitis or the loss of dentition (residual ridge resorption). We present evidence from beagle dogs that local infusion of prostaglandin E1 (PGE) for 3 weeks at doses of 500 to 2000μg per week produces a dramatic, localized formation of alveolar bone in the mandible which exhibits a normal lamellar architecture and mineralization pattern when evaluated by fluorescence microscopy and microradiography. Whether this newly formed bone becomes functionally integrated into the skeleton and can replace bone lost from surgical resections or trauma remains to be established. Nevertheless, these data indicate that predictable local osteogenesis may eventually be produced by infusions of PGE.
Sequential expression of carbohydrate antigens with precursor‐product relation characterizes cellular maturation in stratified squamous epithelium
Authors: Mandel U. , Clausen H. , Vedtofte P. , Sorensen H. , Dabelsteen E.
Published: April 2006

Cell surface carbohydrates are excellent markers for cellular differentiation and maturation due to great structural and antigenic diversity and to known precursor/product relations. Several blood group related carbohydrate antigens were analyzed in human labial stratified non‐keratinized epithelium from 16 healthy individuals by immunohistology using monoclonal antibodies. The expression of these antigens was correlated with erythrocyte phenotype and saliva secretor status. Three distinct compartments of the epithelium were found and defined by the sequential expression of derivatives of Type 2 chain structures: lower, confined to basal cell layers (N‐acetyllactosamine), middle, to parabasal cell layers(H)and upper, to spinous cell layers (Ley/Lex). Although the antigens are related to blood group antigens they are largely expressed independently of the ABO, Lewis and secretor types, and may therefore serve as “universal” markers in differentiation studies of normal and pathological epithelium.
Penetration pathways different compounds through epidermis and oral epithelia
Authors: Squier C. A. , Lesch C. A.
Published: April 2006

The permeability of skin and oral mucosa to various compounds has been measured but the actual pathways substances take in traversing the epithelia have not been identified. In this study, radiolabelled cholesterol, ethanol or water were placed on the surface of porcine skin, keratinized gingiva, or nonkeratinized floor of mouth mucosa, and incubated at 37°C for 2 h. The tissue was then snap‐frozen, and sectioned in a cryostat, picked up on precoated slides and exposed at ‐20°C for 40 days for light microscopic autoradiography. Some tissues were freeze‐dried and directly embedded in low viscosity resin and prepared for electron microscopic autoradiography Examination of autoradiographs revealed silver grains over, or adjacent to, intercellular spaces. Counts of the grains over the extra‐ and intracellular compartments were made in random light and electron microscope fields. For all compounds and tissue regions, there were significantly more (p<0.05) grains over the intercellular spaces than over the cells. The results indicate that the intercellular compartment is the predominant route for compounds moving across the superficial barrier layer of epidermis and oral epithelia. The nature of the intercellular material is, thus, a primary determinant of epithelial permeability.
In vivo effects of Sn‐1,2‐dioctanoylglycerol, TPA and A23187 on hamster cheek pouch epithelium
Authors: Singh B. B. , McKinney R. V. , Schuster G. S. , Erbland J. F. , Baker R. L.
Published: April 2006

Cheek pouches of male Syrian golden hamsters were topically treated with a single dose of TPA (.5 μg), calcium ionophore A23187 (75 μgs) or Sn‐1,2‐dioctanoylglycerol (DiC8) (500 μg) dissolved in 0.25 ml acetone. Acetone‐treated animals served as controls. After 48 h the mitotic index for the control group was 1.1 ± 0.1 per 1 mm of the basement membrane length. All the test congeners exhibited higher mitotic indices than controls: TPA (4.8 ± 0.4), A23187 (3.9 ± 0.3), DiC8 (2.1 ± 0.2). All groups exhibited an increase in the epithelial thickness manifested by cellular hyperplasia. The treatment of the pouches with the anti‐inflammatory agent fluocinolone acetonide inhibited the milogenic and hyperplasiogenic affects on the epithelium induced by the various test chemicals. These studies indicate a possible role of calcium‐phospholipid dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C) in the mediation of oral epithelial cell proliferation.
Control of angiogenic activity in carcinogen‐initiated and neoplastic hamster pouch keratinocytes and their hybrid cells
Authors: Polverini P. J. , Shimizu K. , Solt D. B.
Published: April 2006

This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that deregulated expression of the angiogenic phenotype by tumor cells is due to loss or inactivation of an angiogenesis suppressor gene(s). We used the technique of somatic cell hybridization to test the ability of untreated or chemical carcinogen‐initiated hamster pouch keratinocytes, when fused to squamous epithelial neoplasms, to suppress tumor angiogenic activity by assaying hybrid‐conditioned media (CM) in the avascular cornea of rat eyes. A non‐angiogenic keratinocyte line, CL‐2, derived from cultures of untreated epithelium and 3 lines of carcinogen‐initiated keratinocytes, PN3, 5, and 7, of varying angiogenic potential were fused, using polyethylene glycol, to 3 tumorigenic, potently angiogenic, drug‐resistant, hamster Serum‐free 48‐h CM from hybrid clones was prepared and assayed for angiogenic activity in rat corneas. CM from 5 hybrid clones derived from normal × neoplastic keratinocytes failed to induce an angiogenic response in 28 of 29 (97%) corneas tested. In contrast, CM from 4 hybrid clones derived from fusions between carcinogen‐initiated and tumor cells were potently angiogenic in 24 of 25 (96%) corneas tested. Two angiogenesis suppressed hybrids clones were propagated in culture for an extended period of time, to permit chromosome segregation, and were found to re‐express the angiogenic phenotype. These result indicate that angiogenesis is a recessive trait in normal hamster keratinocytes which is regulated in trans in these hybrid cells. It would also appear that loss or inactivation of angiogenesis suppressor function occurs early in the neoplastic process.
Na+/Ca2+ antiports in membranes of rat incisor odontoblasts
Authors: Lundgren T. , Linde A.
Published: April 2006

When incubated in the presence of Na+ ions, dissected rat incisor odontoblasts extruded Ca2+ ions, as detected by tetracycline fluorimetry. Also odontoblast mitochondria, obtained by subcellular fractionation and monitored by ion‐specific mini‐electrode technique, were found to extrude Ca2+ upon addition of Na+ ions. These findings demonstrate the presence of Na+/Ca2+ antiports in the odontoblast plasma membrane as well as in the odontoblast mitochondrial inner membrane. In addition, evidence was found for an ATP‐dependent Ca2+ ion extrusion across the plasma membrane in these cells.
Clinical and chemical properties of a novel mucosal bioadhesive agent
Authors: Rodu B. , Russell C. M. , Desmarais A. J.
Published: April 2006

Through clinical observations and known chemical properties, this series of studies delineates properties of a new bioadhesive agent available commercially (Zilactin). Using a previously published protocol, we determined that the duration of the film formed on mucosa was not altered after exposure to extremes in temperatures encountered in drinking hot and cold liquids. In addition, through dissection of the agent into several component parts, we were able to determine a specific role for each of the acidic ingredients. It is clear that the solubility of hydroxypropyl cellulose (Klucel®) is altered by esterification of the polymer by tannic and salicylic acids and that boric acid effectively crosslinks these to form Zilactin's characteristic clinical film. Other fine points of the chemical reactions are detailed. These studies are intended to serve as a foundation for the future manipulation and application of this agent in oral mucosal diseases.
Clinical appearance of lesions associated with the use of loose and portion‐bag packed Swedish moist snuff: a comparative study
Authors: Andersson Gunilla , Axèll Tony
Published: April 2006

The aim of this study was to register and compare clinical oral mucosal lesions and gingival recessions associated with the use of two different smokeless tobacco products, loose snuff and portion‐bag packed snuff. Selected for the study were 252 men (mean age 36.3 yr) of whom 184 (mean age 36.0 yr) used exclusively loose snuff and 68 (mean age 36.9 yr) exclusively portion‐bag snuff. Oral mucosal lesions were registered according to a four‐grade clinical scale. There was a significantly larger proportion of less pronounced lesions, Degrees 1 and 2, among the users of portion‐bag snuff compared with the users of loose snuff. This was also valid when differences in consumption data were considered. Smokeless tobacco‐associated gingival recessions were found in 42 (23.5%) subjects among the users of loose snuff and in 2 (2.9%) subjects among the users of portion‐bag snuff. The results of this study support previous preliminary assessments that clinical changes of the oral mucosa and the gingival margin are less pronounced among those who use portion‐bag snuff than among those who use loose snuff.
Leukoplakia and incidence of oral cancer
Authors: Gupta Prakash C.
Published: April 2006

Reports from India showing comparatively lower prevalence rates of oral leukoplakia and lower malignant transformation rates than in western countries appear paradoxical because of high incidence rates of oral cancer in India. On a closer examination of available data however, it becomes clear that there is no inconsistency.
Oral hairy leukoplakia is not a specific sign of HIV‐infection but related to immunosuppression in general
Authors: Syrjänen S. , Laine P. , Niemelä M. , Happonen R‐P
Published: April 2006

Oral hairy leukoplakia (HL) has been regarded as an early sign of HIV infection, and its clinical importance related to the poor outcome of the patients has been emphasized. Initially, HL was observed exclusively among male homosexuals, but subsequently demonstrated in all risk groups of HIV infection. The patient described in this article suggests that oral HL is not specific for HIV infection per se, but may be associated with immunosuppression also due to other causes. We describe an HIV‐seronegative, heterosexual man suffering from an acute myeloblastic leukemia, who developed clinically and histologically typical HL while on cytostatics. Biopsy showed areas with characteristic ballooning cells, and hyphae of yeasts were demonstrated with PAS–stain. Using the in situ hybridization technique, Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) DNA with high copy numbers was disclosed in the superficial and intermediate cells, whereas human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA (types 6, 11, 16, 18) was not present.
Oral manifestations of HIV infection in 75 Dutch patients
Authors: Schulten E.A.J.M. , ten Kate R.W. , van der Waal I.
Published: April 2006

Seventy‐five consecutive HIV‐infected patients, including 33 AIDS cases were examined. One or more oral mucosal lesions were observed in 57 (76%); candidiasis was the most common finding (52%). Others included hairy leukoplakia (16%), periodontal disease (16%) and Kaposi's sarcoma (4%). Diversity of study design and methods allowed no reliable comparison with other reports.
Orofacial manifestations of a group of British patients infected with HIV‐1
Authors: Porter Stephen R. , Luker Jane , Scully Crispian , Glover Stuart , Griffiths Mark J.
Published: April 2006

The orofacial manifestations of 44 HIV‐infected individuals from the South West of England are reported. Oral candidiasis, periodontal disease and cervical lymphadenopathy were the most commonly observed disorders although hairy leukoplakia was also present in 15% of patients. The orofacial features of this group of British patients are similar to those of HIV‐infected individuals from other parts of Europe, North America and Scandinavia.
T‐lymphocyte subsets in recurrent aphthous ulceration
Authors: Pedersen Anne , Klausen Bjarne , Hougen Hans Petter , Stenvang Jens Peter
Published: April 2006

Peripheral T‐lymphocyte subsets: T‐helper (OKT4) and T‐suppressor (OKT8) cells were studied quantitatively in 20 patients with recurrent aphthous ulceration (RAU) in ulcerative, as well as inactive, stages of the disease. The figures were compared with T‐lymphocyte subsets from matched control donors with no history of RAU. The ratio of T‐helper: T‐suppressor cells was significantly lower in both stages in the patients compared with controls due to a significantly increased number of T‐suppressor cells in RAU patients. The number of T‐helper cells in the patients did not differ significantly in either stage compared with controls. The study support the hypothesis of recurrent aphthous ulceration being a disorder of immunodeficiency.
Secondary retention of permanent molars: a histologic study
Authors: Raghoebar G. M. , Boering G. , Jansen H.W.B. , Vissink A.
Published: April 2006

The etiology of secondary retention is not well understood, but ankylosis is often considered to be an important factor in primary molars. Data concerning the mechanism of secondary retention in the permanent dentition are insufficient, although a possible role of ankylosis has been suggested. In order to analyze the frequency of occurrence and localization of ankylosis in secondarily retained permanent teeth, 26 secondarily retained molars and for comparison six normal molars were studied histologically. These data were compared with the clinical and radiographic findings. Areas of ankylosis were observed along the roots of all secondarily retained molars. In 81% of the cases these areas were located at the bifurcation and interradicular root surface. No signs of ankylosis were found in normal molars. When these results were compared with the clinical and radiographic data, it was obvious that the latter gave many false negative results, because the areas of ankylosis were often too small to be detected clinically or radiographically.
Lectin binding patterns in squamous epithelium in experimentally induced hamster buccal pouch carcinoma
Authors: Jin Y.T. , Lin L.M.
Published: April 2006

The distribution pattern of certain monosaccharides in the epithelial cells of the hamster buccal pouch was studied during carcinoma development induced by 9,10–dimethyl‐l,2–benzathrancene (Dmba). An avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex (ABC) immunohistochemical technique with high affinity biotinylated lectins was employed to identify monosaccharides. Lectins used in this experiment included Concanavalin A (Con A), for identifying mannose or glucose, Ricinus communis agglutinin I(RCA‐I), for identifying galactose, and Ulex europaeus agglutinin I(UEA‐I), for identifying fucose. The results show that in normal buccal pouch epithelial cells, fucose or galactose were concentrated predominantly on the cellular membrane, while mannose and glucose were distributed in the cytoplasm. In the epithelial cells undergoing neoplastic transformation induced by Dmba, most cells showed decreased staining of the above‐mentioned monosaccharides, while in other areas the cells were heavily stained. However, the most striking change which occurred was that galactose and fucose shifted from the cellular membrane to the intracytoplasmic area during the malignant transformation. Thus, the changes of anatomic location and intensity of staining of monosaccharides in the buccal pouch epithelium may be used as a criteria for early histochemical diagnosis of malignant transformation.
Longitudinal evaluation of major salivary gland function in HIV‐1 infected patients
Authors: Atkinson Jane C. , Yeh Chih‐Ko , Bermudez Debra , Fox Philip C. , Baum Bruce J.
Published: April 2006

Parotid and submandibular gland function were evaluated in 12 HIV‐1 antibody‐positive men at two visits separated by a median interval of 14.5 months (range 6–22 months). Unstimulated and stimulated flow rates, and the concentrations of total protein, lysozyme, albumin and lactoferrin in these secretions, were determined. Parotid and submandibular gland secretions changed in a specific fashion with time. Lysozyme levels in both glandular stimulated secretions showed significant changes (∼40% and 70% elevated, between visits, in parotid and submandibular saliva, respectively). In addition, the frequency with which albumin was detected in unstimulated parotid secretions increased with time. These findings support earlier results suggesting the presence of alterations in major salivary gland function following HIV‐1 infection. Submandibular gland function appears to manifest these alterations earlier, but with time the parotid secretions show similar changes.
Central papillary atrophy of the tongue among bidi smokers in India: a 10–year study of 182 lesions
Authors: Mehta Fall S. , Bhonsle R. B. , Murti P. R. , Daftary D. K. , Gupta P. C. , Pindborg J. J.
Published: April 2006

The occurrence of central papillary atrophy of the tongue among tobacco users, its clinical characteristics and the long term behavior in relation to changes in tobacco use was studied in 182 individuals in Ernakulam district, Kerala, India. Almost all (98%) lesions occurred among bidi smokers. Clinically, about 31% occurred in combination with bidi smoking associated lesions such as palatal erythema (14%), leukoplakia (8%) or both (3%). Histologic evaluation in 12 biopsies using single PAS stained sections showed candidal hyphae in 67%. A 10–yr follow‐up (mean: 6.7 yr) of the 182 lesions showed that the regression was highest (87%) among those who stopped their smoking habit and persistence among those who did not reduce or stop their smoking habits. The findings from this study confirm a strong link between bidi smoking and central papillary atrophy of the tongue in rural Indian populations.
Effect of phenytoin on intracellular 45Ca2+ accumulation in gingival fibroblasts in vitro
Authors: Brunius Gustaf , Modáer Thomas
Published: April 2006

Effect of 5,5 diphenylhydantoin (phenytoin; PHT) alone or in combination with epidermal growth factor (EOF) on the intracellular accumulation of the radio–isotope 45Ca2+ (4 min labelling period) was determined in gingival fibroblasts. EOF as well as PHT increased the intracellular accumulation of the radioisotope in normal gingival fibroblasts by approximately 2 and 1.6‐fold, respectively. In contrast, in fibroblasts derived from the phenytoin–induced gingival overgrowth, neither EGF nor PHT stimulated intracellular accumulation of 45Ca2+. When normal gingival fibroblasts were treated in vitro with EGF in combination with PHT, the EGF‐induced increase in intracellular accumulation of the radioisotope 45Ca2+ was abolished. The rate of efflux of the radioisotope 45Ca2+ in prelabelled normal gingival fibroblasts was decreased by PHT treatment in vitro to a level already present in fibroblasts derived from PHT–induced gingival overgrowth. This study indicates that PHT influences the cellular calcium metabolism in fibroblasts which may contribute to the pathogenesis of gingival overgrowth.
Vesiculobullous mucocutaneous disease: pemphigus vulgaris
Authors: Williams D.M.
Published: April 2006

Pemphigus vulgaris is a potentially fatal autoimkmune mucocutaneousdisease in which oral lesions maybe the initial and predominant manifestation. The disease is characterized by acantholysis in the immediately suprabasal layer of the stratified squamous epithelium, giving rie to blisters which readily rupture leaving erosions which show little tendency to heal. Immunogenetic studies indicate a marked genetic susceptibility to the disease, with the immune response‐associated HLA‐DR4 and DRw6 alleles being especially important. The triger for autoantibody formation is unknown. The antigen in pemphigus vulgaris is probably a 130–140 kD cell adhesion molecule located in the cell membrane of basal and immediately suprabasal keratinocytes. Antibody binding to this antigen is likely to interfere with normal intercellular adhesion, leading to desmosomal detachment. Propagation of acantholysis and cell damage are attributable to complement activation, with deposition of the membrane attack complexd on the keratinocyte cell membrane, and proteolysis due to increased plasminogen activator production. Steriod therapy is the treatment of choice, but significant mortality is still associated with the disease.
Langerhans cells expressing HLA‐DQ, HLA‐DR and T6 antigens in normal oral mucosa and lichen planus
Authors: Chou M. J. , Daniels T. E.
Published: April 2006

We compared Langerhans cells (LC) expressing HLA‐DQ, HLA‐DR and T6 antigens in biopsies from the same oral mucosal site in 12 patients with oral lichen planus and eight healthy volunteers. LC expressing each antigen were observed in all the specimens, but in lichen planus the cells were located in higher levels of the epithelium than in controls. Compared with controls, lichen planus contained significantly more HLA‐DQ‐positive LC (P= 0.04) and fewer HLA‐DR‐positive LC (P= 0.05), but there was no such difference in T6‐positive LC. In lichen planus specimens, there were significantly more LC expressing HLA‐DQ and T6 than HLA‐DR (P= 0.0001 and 0.02 respectively); no such differences were found in normal mucosa. Epithelial cells in lichen planus expressed HLA‐DR antigen, but not HLA‐DQ or T6 antigens. We conclude that in lichen planus there is modulation of HLA‐DR and HLA‐DQ antigen expression by LC, or differences in the number of LC expressing those antigens.
Salivary and serum antibodies to gliadin in the diagnosis of celiac disease
Authors: AI‐Bayaty H.F. , AIdred M.J. , Walker D.M. , Newcombe R.G. , Swift G. , Smith P. M. , Ciclitira P.J.
Published: April 2006

Salivary IgA and serum IgA and IgG antibodies to crude gliadin and alpha‐gliadin were measured in adult patients with untreated celiac disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease and normal controls. Antibody levels in saliva and serum in untreated celiac disease were significantly higher than in other groups. Alpha‐gliadin antibodies appeared to be a better discriminator for serum but not for saliva. The assay of salivary IgA antibodies to gliadin offers a non‐invasive test which would be particularly useful in the investigation of celiac disease and for monitoring compliance with a gluten‐free diet.
Iron deficiency reduces cytochrome concentrations of mitochondria isolated from hamster cheek pouch epithelium
Authors: Ranasinghe A.W. , Johnson N.W. , Scragg M.A. , Williams R. A. D.
Published: April 2006

The effects of iron deficiency on the aerobic pathway of energy metabolism were studied using mitochondria isolated from epithelial cells from the hamster cheek pouch. A statistically significant reduction in the concentrations of cytochromes aa3, b and c (P < 0.05), a reduction (P= 0.064) in cytochrome c1 and altered cytochrome ratios were found in the mitochondria of iron deficient compared to normal animals. State 4 respiration was demonstrated in the mitochondria of both normal and iron deficient animals but state 3 respiration could not be demonstrated; this suggests uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation which may be an artefact associated with the separation of epithelium from its connective tissue. Nevertheless we conclude that the reduction in cytochrome concentration is a real effect of iron deficiency which may explain, at least in part, the reduction of both energy production and cell proliferation seen in oral epithelia under these conditions.
Dental and jaw changes in primary hyperoxaluria
Authors: Hedemark A. , Bang G. , Gammeltvedt A. T. , Anda S.
Published: April 2006

A case of teeth and jaw changes in primary hyperoxaluria is described. The patient, a 25‐yr‐old man, was treated by kidney transplantation twice, and finally by combined liver and kidney transplantation. The teeth and jaw changes consisted of deposition of oxalate crystals in the gingiva, in the pulp and in the vicinity of bone and dentin. The resorption of bone and dentin was extensive.