bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Religion And Community
Authors: Ward Keith
Published: November 2023

Religion is an important social force, both for good and evil, in the modern world. In the final volume of his comparative theology, Keith Ward considers the main ways in which religion and society interact, and the ways in which the major world religions need to adapt themselves in the modern world. These religions are examined as forms of social life, ranging from communities which seek to renounce the world, to those which seek to embody the laws of God in society, those which see religions in critical dialogue with social structures, and those which see religion as a primarily individual matter. The ideas of eretz Yisrael, the umma of Islam, the Buddhist sangha, the Christian church, and the Hindu sampradaya are critically analysed. Ward also considers the doctrine of the church in Aquinas, Calvin, Schleiermacher, and Tillich, and develops a view of the church in a global perspective by means of both a historical and thematic approach. He proposes a radical vision of the church as a person-affirming, world-transforming society in the emerging global community of many faiths and cultures. The relation of religious belief and morality, and the ambiguous role of religion in society, is investigated, and the need for a new religious paradigm is defended, expressing a global perspective without insistence on uniformity.
The New New Unionism
Authors: Heery Edmund
Published: November 2023

Twenty years ago Coates and Topham published The New Unionism (1974). They argued in the book that the established forms and policies of trade unions were increasingly irrelevant to the needs of British workers and that, in consequence, a new unionism was emerging. This, they claimed, was based on the mobilization and direct participation of rank and file union members and was oriented towards challenging management control, both in the work-place and beyond. Coates and Topham’s book was openly prescriptive in intent and was subtitled The Case for Workers’ Control. Other, less didactic analyses of trade unions in the 1970s, however, shared their view that the labour movement was shedding old baggage and changing rapidly both in terms of its internal structures and relationships and in the face it showed to other actors on the industrial relations stage (cf. Crouch 1979; Hyman 1983; Terry 1983; Undy et al. 1981).
Militarism and radical nationalism
Authors: Chickering Roger
Published: November 2023

In October 1906 Wilhelm Voigt, a petty criminal who had recently been released from prison, visited several used-clothes stores in Berlin in order to piece together the uniform of a captain in the Prussian army. Attired in it, he commandeered a squad of soldiers off the street and led them into the town hall of Köpenick, a suburban district of the capital, where he placed the mayor under military arrest and ordered the cashier to hand over nearly 4,000 Marks. Then he fled with the loot. The incident created a worldwide sensation. It subsequently provided the material for a famous play — and a movie adaptation — from the pen of Carl Zuckmayer; and to this day, the adventures of this ‘Captain of Köpenick’ stand as a symbol of the slavish deference to the military uniform that reigned in Imperial Germany.
Humanist Chronology (II): Towards the History of Calendars
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

In August 1573 Scaliger set out to edit the Saturnalia of Macrobius, the Noctes Atticae of Aulus Gellius, and the De die natali of Censorinus. These three texts differed considerably in content and form. But they summarized the researches of late Republican and Augustan scholars on the technical terminology, early history, and astronomical basis of the Roman calendar. Censorinus and Macrobius sketched the development of the calendar from its crudest, early form and compared it with what they called the ‘Greek’—i.e. Attic—lunar calendar on which Numa modelled his own.
Dates, Dynasties, and Chronicles: Scaliger and the World Historians
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

Chronological problems of another kind crop up in Scaliger’s early work, and reveal his acquaintance with another tradition of chronological scholarship—perhaps the oldest, and certainly the most widely practised, of all. In his Ausonianae lectiones of 1573 Scaliger discussed Baptista Pio’s view that Ausonius had written that late antique and medieval best seller, the Disticha Catonis. He dismissed Pio’s work as worthy only of use in the privy, arguing on stylistic grounds that the Disticha, though elegant, were quite unlike Ausonius’ verse, and on substantive grounds that the Christian Ausonius could not have written this obviously pagan text.
The Chronologer and Ancient History
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

Scaliger was in no better position to overthrow the standard chronology for Greece and Rome than he was for the Bible. The basic epochs used by ancient scholars and astronomers—the era of the Olympics, the era of the Foundation of Rome, era Nabonassar, era Alexander, the Seleucid era—were established facts by the 1570s, and the only room for major innovation was that soon to be occupied by learned madmen like Johann Herwart von Hohenburg and Thomas Lydiat, who would rewrite all of ancient history to fit purely hypothetical astronomical chronologies.
The Ancient Near East from Nabonassar to Jesus
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

Book iv of the De emendatione, as Scaliger readily admitted, dealt with topics completely traditional in Christian chronology: the life of Jesus and the prophecy of Daniel. Yet like book v—which Scaliger had treated, not quite accurately, as a new departure in the field—it began with a radical attack on past authority and a striking assertion of Scaliger’s own originality. The ecclesiastical writers who had dealt with the Weeks of Daniel, he declared, left the reader feeling like Terence’s Phormio, more uncertain when he had finished them than when he began.
Scaliger and the Tropical Year: The Earthly Basis of the annus caelestis
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

In books iv and viii Scaliger set out his own proposal for a calendar which would—unlike the Julian—exactly match the motions of the sun and moon, so far as a civil calendar could. In book iv he discussed some of the best evidence known to him about the length of the year—chiefly the equinox observations by Hipparchus and Ptolemy himself recorded in Almagest 3. 1. He criticized the ancients’ results as unsatisfactory and offered as his own a value for the tropical year and a 648-year cycle based on this.
Reticences and Silences
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

Scaliger’s chronology covered a vast range of subjects: dates from the Creation to his own time, calendars from Cuba to Japan, and many, many technical details in history, astronomy, and other fields. Even the foregoing survey, broad though it may seem, touches only a limited number of Scaliger’s bases. Yet his interests, though wide, were not universal.
Texts, Tests, and Authenticity: Berosus, Manetho, and Ptolemy
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

Syncellus confronted Scaliger with a number of texts far stranger than ordinary Christian chroniclers and Greek historians. Near the outset of the work, Scaliger’s dragoman introduced him to a strange storyteller from the ancient Near East: Berosus, priest of Bel, who described Babylonian religion and antiquities to Scaliger as he had in the third century bc to Antiochus Soter.
Missing Foundation: The Bible as History and as Mystery
Authors: Grafton Anthony
Published: November 2023

If Scaliger showed stout confidence in his pagan witnesses, he seemed sometimes diffident and sometimes critical about what one might have expected to be his firmest resource in times of chronological trouble: the Bible. Since his thirties, he had argued that the Old and New Testaments could not stand on their own as complete records of human history. And he had insisted in both editions of the De emendatione that, just as he told the Vassani, only ‘Cathars and prophets’ would deny the utility of pagan sources or try to correct the pagan histories to make them match the Bible.
A Science for Polite Society: British Dissent and the Teaching of Natural Philosophy in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Reid David A
Published: November 2023

With these words Joseph Priestley, English chemist, Unitarian minister, political philosopher. public intellectual, and educator reemphasized an intellectual attitude that had become fundamental for Rational Dissenters and by extension. their academies of collegiate education.3 Arguably the foremost promoters of Enlightenment ideals of rationalism and religious tolerance in eighteenth-century England, Rational Dissenters had done much to encourage reform in higher education.
Finnegans Wake
Authors: Stewart Bruce
Published: November 2023

The most conspicuous innovation of Finnegans Wake is its use of ‘dream-language’. After Ulysses Joyce believed that he had ‘come to the end of English’, and his last novel is a pervasive layering of multilingual puns in successive drafts which produces a fabric rich in semantic possibilities but almost impenetrable to the general reader. Joyce’s method is demonstrably modern, having more to do with philology and psychoanalysis than with symbolism and magic, but it is none the less informed by a sacral relation to language as a kind of ‘broken heaventalk’ in which truth subsists in a dismembered way.
The world as word
Authors: Stewart Bruce
Published: November 2023

In view of the uniquely complex development of James Joyce’s literary texts in notebooks, manuscripts, and typescripts, along with the author’s practice of composing extensively on the printers’ galleys, the study and appreciation of his art calls for an exacting examination of the written and printed materials involved at every stage. Voluminous materials of this kind have been dispersed throughout libraries and collections in Ireland, Britain, and the USA. Many of Joyce’s papers are now held at the Lockwood Memorial Library of the State University of New York at Buffalo, together with the Joyce family portraits.
Unfairness and the Consumer Contract Regulations
Authors: Bright Susan
Published: November 2023

The Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts Regulations have now been in force for more than a decade and have had considerable impact on the content of consumer contracts. The focus of this chapter will be on the meaning of unfairness and its inter-relationship with the chosen method of implementation and enforcement of the Regulations. Crucial to the success of the Regulations has been the adoption of an administrative model of enforcement, giving the Office of Fair Trading (OFT) and certain other consumer bodies the power to investigate complaints about unfair terms drawn up for general use. The OFT has seized upon this as an opportunity to conduct a pro-active campaign against the use of unfair terms in consumer contracts. Following complaints about individual contract terms, the OFT has not limited its response to a review of the offending terms but has undertaken reviews of entire contracts, even negotiating industry-wide changes with trade associations.
External Effects from Power Production and the Treatment of Wind Energy (and other Renewables) in the Danish Energy Taxation System
Authors: Andersen Mikael Skou , Frohn Lise Marie , Brandt Jørgen , Jensen* Steen Solvang
Published: November 2023

As environmental taxation is extended to more and more areas, and increases its signifi cance in relation to overall tax revenues, the need for more transparent and just rationales for the imposed tax levels seems to be increasing. In the public view there is widespread scepticism whether environmental or fi scal motives dominate environmental taxation, although the objective from an economics perspective should ideally be one of effi ciency and consistency.
The Right to Vote
Authors: Gearty Conor
Published: November 2023

The right to vote is the most important of all the civil liberties possessed by an individual in a representative democracy. It marks a temporary endpoint in the process of debate and discussion that is the hallmark of a free society, the moment at which the voter puts to use the information, feelings, and instincts that the fact of his or her situated humanity and which the exercise of other freedoms has allowed him or her to accumulate. The multiple exercise of the individual right to vote creates the assembly of law-makers whose collective will is thenceforth to determine right from wrong, justice from injustice, and the sensible from the irrational. The job of such an assembly is to sketch out the truth of the moment on a canvas with tools provided by the very people who are the subjects of the drawing. The effect of the exercise of an individual right to vote is not necessarily precisely to choose one’s rulers (a preferred candidate and/or party can be defeated) but rather to participate in the process of electing a government that is, broadly speaking, representative of the people. It is hard to imagine a civil libertarian culture without the right to vote, just as it has always been obvious that the right to vote without the support of the other civil liberties is bound to be a sham. The two exist in a necessary symbiosis, operating together to produce a system of representative decisionmaking which is open-minded about the content of the choices that are made, the shape of the drawing on the community canvas, but fervently determined that whatever is put down there should be done by the right artists, be the result, to shake free of metaphor, of a proper, democratic process.
Beyond Employment
Authors: Supiot Alain
Published: November 2023

This book is the English edition of what has become widely known as 'The Supiot Report' - a bold and far-reaching look at the changing nature of work initiated by the EC. It takes as its starting point the profound changes that have taken place in the underlying employment relationship and associated human resource practices over the past twenty years. These developments are placed in their economic, social, and institutional contexts, while also providing a valuable comparative study of labour law in the main European countries. Competitive pressures on firms, the search for greater efficiency and effectiveness in the delivery of public services, the changing role of women in society, and the desire for greater choice on the part of individuals are all important motives for change. The legal framework and the structures and organizations which represent the interests of workers and employers must respond to these changes. Drawing on illustrations from a number of European countries, the book suggests that the legal framework should encourage greater collaboration in the workplace, particularly over issues such as training. But it should also place work within its social context and facilitate genuine choices by individuals.
The Gospels and Jesus
Authors: Stanton Graham
Published: November 2023

Jesus of Nazareth and the four New Testament gospels continue to fascinate people from many cultural and religious backgrounds. Who was Jesus? Are Christian claims about him supported by solid historical evidence? How reliable are the evangelists' portraits of Jesus which were written some fifty years after his crucifixion? These questions can be explored only on the basis of a sound grasp of the intentions and methods of the four evangelists. Professor Stanton insists that the evangelists are concerned with both the story and the significance of Jesus of Nazareth. Part I of this book examines the distinctive emphases of all four evangelists and discusses the apocryphal gospels, with special reference to the Gospel of Thomas. Part II deals with the ways of assessing the evidence for Jesus and explores his teaching, intentions, and the reasons for his downfall. This book pays particular attention to appropriate methods for careful study of the gospels and the historical Jesus to provide an excellent textbook and a penetrating study for the general reader. NEW TO THIS EDITION: - Every chapter updated to take account of recent scholarly developments - Fuller discussion of literary criticism (chapter 2); the Gospel of Thomas (chapter 7); archaeological evidence (chapter 8); and methods for reconstructing the teaching of Jesus (chapter 9) - Bibliography is extended, updated, and partly annotated - New cross-references added to increase usability - Map now included - Material within some chapters and sub-sections has been reorganised to increase accessibility - Biblical quotations are now taken from the NRSV text - New larger format and text design
CareerCraft: Engaging with, Energizing, and Empowering Career Creativity
Authors: Poehnell Gray , Amundson Norman
Published: November 2023

It is our intention in this chapter to explore the value of looking at career issues from the perspective of ‘craft’-the ‘art of career’ more than just the ‘management of career’. Such an approach emphasizes the synergism of creativity, skill, and practicality as essential components in ‘crafting’ careers.
Do Good Governance Recommendations Change the Rules for the Board of Directors?
Authors: Rickford Jonathan
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines questions surrounding the relationship between “good governance recommendations”, or “codes on corporate governance” and the law, addressing: the extent to which such recommendations have become formal or de facto rules; whether the results are beneficial; the extent to which such recommendations depend on other rules for their effectiveness; and the extent to which the phenomenon belongs to company or capital market regulation.
Harmonization in the Future of Company Law in Europe
Authors: Timmermans Chrtstiaan
Published: November 2023

The European Community and Company law: the ambitious start, the mediocre achievements, the much more modest approach of the present. The reason for this downgrading of ambitions: completion of the internal market which appears to function without further harmonization of company law.
Issues of Decision-making in the European Union after Nice
Authors: Dasbwood Alan
Published: November 2023

The shape and substance of this chapter have been inspired not so much by the Treaty of Nice itself as by what may be termed ‘the post-Nice process’. The debate that was invited by the Declaration of Nice on the Future of the Union, and given a more substantial agenda by the Declaration ofLaeken,2 gathered momentum within and around the Convention brought together under the chairmanship of Mr Valery Giscard d’Estaing. The developments in the law and practice of decision-making which are discussed here are thought to be interesting in themselves, but even more so because they shed light on issues at the heart of that debate, and about which the IGC, scheduled to foregather in 2004, wi11 have to make up its mind.
History, Memory, and Identity in Post-Soviet Estonia
Authors: Rausing Sigrid
Published: November 2023

Sigrid Rausing describes the changing world of the Estonian Swedes, and the way in which this minority identity was constructed in the various ideologies that have dominated the region since the early twentieth century. In particular she is concerned with the latest of these changes: the post-Soviet attempt to 'restore' Swedish cultural identity. Rausing touches on a wide range of issues, debates, and insights: the relationship between ideology and form, nationalist and Soviet notions of ethnicity and traditional culture and historically-framed notions of an imagined normality. The ethnographic location for these discussions is a particular former collective farm, now subject to economic decline, the Estonian nation-building ideological project, and new relationships of dependency with Sweden. One of the author's central arguments is that these changes reflect a conscious attempt to 'reform habitus' so as to match that of the local image of the West, but that the location of ethnic culture and many of the operative concepts still reflect the tropes of the Soviet era.
Breach of Contract, Restitution for Wrongs, and Punishment
Authors: Mckendrick Ewan
Published: November 2023

The decision of the House of Lords in A-G v Blake (Jonathan Cape Ltd, Third Party)  2 is one of some significance for the law of civil wrongs generally and the law of contract in particular. The extent of its significance is, at present, difficult to discern.
EC Law In Judicial Review
Authors: Gordon Richard
Published: November 2023

This book provides guidance to practitioners on how to act effectively when encountering EC problems in the context of judicial review. Divided into three Parts, the first Part takes as its starting point domestic judicial review procedure, grounds, and remedies and analyses them from an EC standpoint. Part Two turns to the fundamental rights and principles of law which underpin EC law. Finally, it considers in detail those key substantive areas in which judicial review and EC law interact, such as competition law, state aid, public procurement, and the free movement of goods, services, and persons.
Reflections on Method: What constitutes the Use of the Writings that later formed the New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers?
Authors: Gregory Andrew F
Published: November 2023

When the members of the Oxford Society of Historical Theology published their account of the use of the New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers, they expressed the hope that ‘their labours will not be wholly without fruit in this important Weld of Biblical study’. In this respect, their hopes have been met, and the work has served as a useful tool for 100 years. Readers may not always agree with the judgements that its authors have made, but the volume has given subsequent generations of scholars and students convenient and easy access to the primary texts in order that they may assess them for themselves.1 Yet scholarship moves on, and one very significant difference between the content of the 1905 volume The New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers and that of at least some subsequent discussions of the same topic has been apparent for some time. This striking diVerence concerns the amount of space that is devoted to the explicit discussion of methodological questions.
1 Clement and the Writings that later formed the New Testament
Authors: Gregory Andrew F
Published: November 2023

Writing in 1973,1 Donald Hagner could observe that there was as yet no fullscale monograph on the subject of the use of the New Testament in 1 Clement, although there were available a number of works which discussed 1 Clement in the context of the use of the New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers.2 Thus Hagner refers to a number of studies of the early use of some or all of the writings which were later canonized as the New Testament, singling out The New Testament in the Apostolic Fathers as the standard work on its subjectmatter.3 Other works have since appeared which consider 1 Clement in the context of more wide-ranging studies of the reception of particular texts or bodies of texts than those with which Hagner was able to engage,4 and the present survey takes into account their discussions. There are a number of
Social Locators As A Bridge Between The Didache And Matthew
Authors: Jevord Clayton N
Published: November 2023

Numerous studies have appeared since the rediscovery of the Didache which have sought to explain the historical or literary relationships between that text and the Gospel of Matthew. Such eVorts have provided various solutions that, under the assumption that there was indeed some relationship between the two writings, may be classed into three broad possibilities.
History of Universities
Authors: Courtenay William J
Published: November 2023

Volume XIX/1 of History of Universities contains the customary mix of learned articles, book reviews, conference reports and bibliographical information, which makes this publication such an indispensible tool for the historian of higher education. Its contributions range widely geographically, chronogically, and in subject-matter. The volume is, as always, a lively combination of original research and invaluable reference material.
An Introduction To Family Law
Authors: Douglas Gillian
Published: November 2023

Gillian Douglas examines family law in England and Wales within a broad social context. The book explores how the law regulates family life, beginning with a discussion of the main social changes and influences on family law in modern society. It then examines which family relationships are legally recognised and the legal consequences that flow from recognition and non-recognition. Family Law provides a detailed account of how children’s interests are viewed and protected in family law, and concludes with a consideration of how the law handles the ending of family relationships. Throughout, the book draws out the linkages between different aspects of the subject and its relationship with other areas of the law and with other disciplines. Gillian Douglas also takes full account of the influence of international law, particularly human rights law under the newly incorporated European Convention on Human Rights.
The Silicon Valley—Hsinchu Connection: Technical Communities and Industrial Upgrading
Authors: Saxenian Annalee , Hsu Jinn-Yuh
Published: November 2023

Silicon Valley in California and the Hsinchu-Taipei region of Taiwan are among the most frequently cited ‘miracles ‘ of industrialization in the information technology (IT) era. Since the region ‘s transformation from an agricultural valley into the birthplace of the semiconductor industry in the 1950s, Silicon Valley firms have pioneered a wide range of new, technology-related industries. The regional economy has adapted flexibly to fast changing markets, and local producers continue to define the state-of-the-art in successive generations of technology-from semiconductor equipment, personal computers (PCs), and networking hardware and software, to biotechnology, multimedia software, and Internet-related infrastructure and services.
Social Networks and the Persistence of Clusters: Evidence from the Computer Workstation Industry
Authors: Sorenson Olav
Published: November 2023

Organizations of like kind often cluster geographically into a few, relatively concentrated regions, frequently referred to as industrial districts or agglomerations. Hence, for example, the automobile industry in the United States resides in and around Detroit, film production and distribution companies generally call Los Angeles home, and the shoe industry concentrates heavily around the cities of Boston, Milwaukee, and St. Louis (for a lengthy list of additional examples, see Porter, 1990). Though people have long been aware of this spatial clustering of production - consider for example the centuries long reputations of particular regions for artisan products, such as Geneva for watches or Porto and Madeira for sweet wines - scholars first became interested in understanding these patterns in the mid-1800s.
Towards a Knowledge-Based Theory of the Geographical Cluster
Authors: Maskell Peter
Published: November 2023

One of the most significant consequences of the present process of globalization is the way in which it continues to turn inputs, previously crucial to the competitiveness of firms, into ubiquities. Ubiquities are inputs equally available to all firms at more or less the same cost almost regardless of location (Weber, 1909). A large domestic market is, for instance, no longer an unquestioned advantage when global transport costs are becoming negligible; when the loyalty of customers toward national suppliers is dwindling; and when most trade barriers have eroded. Domestic suppliers of the most efficient production machinery are, similarly, no longer a solid competitive advantage, when the sales and marketing strategies of the suppliers reach across borders, and their equipment becomes available world-wide at essentially the same cost.
Systemic Perspectives on Business Practices and Institutions. A Plea Beyond Comparative Statics
Authors: Sorge Arndt
Published: November 2023

Business system authors have mainly claimed to provide explanations within a comparative statics framework; the approach thus explains interdependencies between types on different system dimensions. This is useful for a first rough-and-ready explanation of diversity as it can be summarized for the present, and following general characteristics of a trajectory as it is reinterpreted from a recent vantage point. Its capacity for explaining change and evolution to more fine-grained varieties of business systems, in a systemic way, is however limited. This chapter argues that this can be improved, but requires going beyond comparative statics, to develop a dynamic perspective.
Rethinking Path Dependency: The Crooked Path of Institutional Change in Post-War Germany
Authors: Djelic Marie-Laure , Quack* Sigrid
Published: November 2023

At the end of the Second World War, American occupying forces denounced the German tradition of cartelization and its contribution to the building up of Nazi power. While Germany was far from being the only European country with a tradition of cartelization, it was probably the country where the systematic organization of markets had gone furthest by the mid-1940s. Fifty years later, cartels have been all but formally outlawed from the German economy through, in particular, the double effect of a national anti-cartel act and of European competition law. At first sight, this suggests that, over a period of fifty years or so, the German regime governing competition has been radically reoriented. It has moved away from a deep mistrust of market competition (defined here as opposed to any form of collusion between competitors) and a marked preference for systematic inter-firm cooperation towards an overall endorsement of the liberal competition principle and a negative perception of cartelization.
The Impact of the Human Rights Act 1998 On Uk Copyright Law
Authors: QC Kevin Garnett
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the relatively narrow question of how the Human Rights Act 19981 has impacted on UK copyright law and, in particular, the extent to which any pre-existing restraints on freedom of expression unde UK copyright law have been altered. The Act received the Royal Assent on 9 November 1998 and the relevant provisions came into force on 2 October 2000. In general terms, it gives statutory force to the European Convention on Human Rights. When this conflict is examined today in Canada, and especially from a Quebec perspective, one is immediately confronted with the federal nature of the country.
Contracting out of copyright in the information society: the impact on freedom Of expression
Authors: Dreier Thomas
Published: November 2023

Digital and networking technologies have substantially altered the world that copyright seeks to regulate in at least two ways. On the one hand, copyright material is much more vulnerable to unauthorized taking, copying, and dissemination than ever before. From the perspective of authors and right holders, this is very unappealing. However, from the perspective of users, there is a positive side to these developments because new technologies overcome restrictions upon the dissemination of copyright material that existed in an analogue world. On the other hand, the controlling grip of both copyright law and digital technology on both intermediate and end users has the potential to become much tighter in the digital and networked environment. This is because, when obtaining access to copyright material in digital.
Ambiguous Agreement, Cumulative Change: French Social Policy in the 1990s
Authors: Palier Bruno
Published: November 2023

The French welfare system is characteristic of those ‘immovable objects’ (Pierson 1998) often found in Continental Europe. As in the German and other Continental European cases, French social policies are usually considered to be not only the most in need of reform, but also the most difficult to change (Esping-Andersen 1996; Scharpf, Schmidt 2000; Pierson 2001). The resistance to change demonstrated by welfare programs is commonly analyzed as a consequence of path dependence phenomena (Pierson 1998, 2000). Most of what has happened in French social policy since the 1980s can be related to the field of path dependence (blockages, strikes and demonstrations, limited and difficult cutbacks; Palier 2000). One can argue that it is the institutional design of the French welfare system that explains why it is so difficult to change (Bonoli and Palier 2000). However, the data on welfare state development in France also show that a series of deep, even transformative changes have occurred, emerging first in the late 1980s and manifesting their full impact and significance during recent years (Palier 2000, 2001a, 2002).
Institutional Resettlement: The Case of Early Retirement in Germany
Authors: Trampusch Christine
Published: November 2023

The implicit model that informs a great deal of theorizing on the welfare state sees most advances in welfare state development as something which states (and often, specifically, left political parties in power) presided over, usually in times of relative prosperity (Huber and Stephens 2001), and which states (even under conservative governments) are now finding more resistant to change than previously thought (Pierson 1996; Myles and Pierson 2001). Indeed, Germany is often singled out as particularly reform-resistant, combining the usual entrenched constituencies and vested interests cited by Pierson with a political system that seems especially, if not uniquely, ill-suited to undertake reform (Scharpf 2000; Streeck 2003).
Adaptation, Recombination, and Reinforcement: The Story of Antitrust and Competition Law in Germany and Europe
Authors: Quack Sigrid , Djelic Marie-Laure
Published: November 2023

We consider, in this chapter, national business system change in relation to transnational institution building. Our field of exploration is antitrust regulation and competition law, its emergence and development both in Germany and at the European level. It is increasingly acknowledged that legal frameworks structure market economies and constrain economic behavior (Laporta et al. 1998; De Soto2000; Fligstein 2001; Bergl6f, Rosenthal, and von Thadden 2001). We see the legaltreatment of competition issues as important in that respect (Dobbin and Dowd 2000; Djelic 2002).
Controlling Strategy
Authors: Chapman Christopher S
Published: November 2023

The chapters that follow develop our understanding of the relationship between management control systems (MCS) and strategy through the synthesis of a considerable range of work in the fields of strategy and management accounting. As will be seen, such an easy labelling here belies the breadth and complexity of ideas underlying those labels (Miller 1998; Whittington 2003). A part of the motivation for this volume is to demonstrate something of the range of perspectives from which controlling strategy can be seen to be important. This volume does not attempt a complete inventory of possible perspectives, however. Instead, a common thread unites the diverse theoretical syntheses and analyses of field material presented in the contributions that follow.
Capital Budgeting, Coordination, and Strategy: A Field Study of Interfirm and Intrafirm Mechanisms
Authors: Miller Peter B , O’Leary Ted
Published: November 2023

There has been remarkably little systematic study of the processes and practices through which capital budgeting decisions are made within and between organizations. The complex strategic and organizational phenomena created by capital budgeting have been similarly neglected. Such issues have fallen between the gaps that separate the distinct yet related literatures of accounting, finance, and strategy. Recent largescale surveys of practice have demonstrated trends in the use of particular valuation techniques, and advances in real-options modelling have identified ways in which valuation practices might be modified and extended.
China Agreements
Authors: Furse Mark
Published: November 2023

Chapter II of the AML, which contains only four articles, relates to ‘monopoly agreement’, although the word monopoly has no particular significance here. The term ‘monopoly agreement’ is defined as referring to ‘agreements, decisions or other concerted actions which eliminate or restrict competition’.1 The Law first provides for proscriptions of certain categories of horizontal and vertical agreements, then sets out certain exemption criteria, and also contains a specific provision relating to the activities of trade associations.
The Taiwan Antitrust Law Regime
Authors: Furse Mark
Published: November 2023

The core legislation governing antitrust law in Taiwan is the Fair Trade Act (‘TFTA’), which was first enacted on 4 February 1991, entering into force on 4 February 1992. The Act has since been amended generally on two occasions, in 1999 and most recently on 6 February 2002. The Enforcement Rules were also amended in June 2002. The body charged with the implementation of the Act is the Fair Trade Commission (‘TFTC’), which came into existence on 27 January 1992, and whose function is discussed further below.
Korea Agreements
Authors: Furse Mark
Published: November 2023

There are a number of different areas of the MRFTA which relate to what may be classed as multilateral anti-competitive conduct, or the law of anti-competitive agreements. The part of the law which bears the closest relationship in terms of subject matter to the standard prohibitions of the Sherman Act s 1, or art 81 EC is set out in Chapter 4 of the MRFTA, although this is applied exclusively in relation to horizontal agreements.
The vietnamese antitrust law regime
Authors: Furse Mark
Published: November 2023

On 3 December 2004 the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam enacted the Law on Competition (hereinafter ‘VLOC’),1 and other provisions relevant to the application of this law have been brought forward. The commitment to competition as a dominant mode of economic activity is evident from the words of art 4(1), which states that ‘enterprises enjoy freedom to competition within the legal framework’.
Brands, Boundaries, and Bandwagons: A Critical Reflection on Critical Management Studies
Authors: Thompson Paul
Published: November 2023

Perhaps we can interpret the above as indicating that postmodernists know how to be in the right place at the right time. Certainly, critical management studies has been a major growth area, now with its own conference in the UK and a lively US-based discussion list. While any new forums for radical exploration of management and organisation are welcome, appearances can be deceptive. The diversity of people attending conferences and even contributing to discussions is not entirely indicative of the nature of the beast. For critical management studies is also Critical Management Studies, and for its adherents a brand of sorts.
From Oral to Written Examinations: Cambridge, Oxford and Dublin 1700–1914
Authors: * Christopher Stray
Published: November 2023

The history of examinations in Britain remains a relatively unexplored field. The standard works by Montgomery and Roach are largely con- cerned with the great expansion of examinations in the nineteenth cen- tury: the period when the examination seemed to be almost a miracle cure for social ills, though its rampant spread generated a backlash in the second half of the century. In this paper I have chosen to focus on the development of examinations in the two ancient English universit- ies from the beginning of the eighteenth century: the period which wit- nessed the emergence from an oral context of the written forms of assessment which were taken for granted by the late nineteenth century. The paper concentrates on Cambridge and Oxford because in this period, their practices were central to English educational practice as a whole. Evidence is also adduced from Trinity College Dublin, an influential, if marginal institution which at the beginning of the nineteenth century had as many students as Cambridge. Other institutions could, and should, be investigated, if overall patterns of examination are to be explored, rather than just those in universities. To take a single example, the Royal Military Academy at Woolwich employed both oral and written examina- tions in the eighteenth century. Monthly and termly written exams were held to fix places in classes, and a final one of several days determining rank in the promotion order. Public viva voce exams are recorded from 1764; by the 1850s they had become rehearsed exhibitions.
Martinus Hortensius, Oration on the Dignity and the Usefulness of the Mathematical Sciences (1634)
Authors: Imhausen Annette , Remmert Volker R
Published: November 2023

While discussing mathematics and philosophy in Proclus’s Commentary on Book I of Euclid’s Elements Ian Mueller observed that ‘Plato lived at a time when mathematical knowledge was expanding rapidly, and technical advance mingled with philosophical speculation to create a sense of unlimited possibility.
Electronic centres in a vibrating crystalline environment
Authors: Henderson B , Imbusch G F
Published: November 2023

An optical centre in a crystal participates in the vibrational motion of that crystal, and this motion affects the optical properties of the centre. It is now appropriate to consider how lattice vibrations can modify such properties.
Molecular Theory of Solutions
Authors: Ben-Naim Arieh
Published: November 2023

This book presents new and updated developments in the molecular theory of mixtures and solutions. It is based on the theory of Kirkwood and Buff which was published more than fifty years ago. This theory has been dormant for almost two decades. It has recently become a very powerful and general tool to analyze, study and understand any type of mixtures from the molecular, or the microscopic point of view. The traditional approach to mixture has been, for many years, based on the study of excess thermodynamic quantities. This provides a kind of global information on the system. The new approach provides information on the local properties of the same system. Thus, the new approach supplements and enriches our information on mixtures and solutions.
Introduction
Authors: Ben-Naim Arieh
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we first present some of the notation that we shall use throughout the book. Then we summarize the most important relationship between the various partition functions and thermodynamic functions. We shall also present some fundamental results for an ideal-gas system and small deviations from ideal gases. These are classical results which can be found in any textbook on statistical thermodynamics. Therefore, we shall be very brief. Some suggested references on thermodynamics and statistical mechanics are given at the end of the chapter.
Floating Charges: The Use and Abuse of Doctrinal Analysis
Authors: Worthington Sarah
Published: November 2023

Perhaps predictably, this chapter does not challenge the detailed doctrinal analysis delivered by the House of Lords in Spectrum. That is dealt with in several other chapters in this book. This chapter seeks to make two relatively discrete contributions to the learning and analysis in this area. The flrst concerns the implications of the House of Lords’ decision for the future characterization of security agreements and for the theory that underpins their practical impact.
Defending The Indefensible: The Global Asbestos Industry and its Fight for Survival
Authors: McCulloch Jock , Tweedale Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

In the early twentieth century, asbestos had a reputation as a lifesaver. In 1960, however, it became known that even relatively brief exposure to asbestos can cause mesothelioma, a virulent and lethal cancer. Yet the bulk of the world’s asbestos was mined after 1960. Asbestos usage in many countries continued unabated. This is the first global history of how the asbestos industry and its allies in government, insurance, and medicine defended the product throughout the twentieth century. It explains how mining and manufacture could continue despite overwhelming medical evidence as to the risks. The argument advanced in this book is that asbestos has proved so enduring because the industry was able to mount a successful defense strategy for the mineral - a strategy that still operates in some parts of the world. This defence involved the shaping of the public debate by censoring, and sometimes corrupting, scientific research, nurturing scientific uncertainty, and using allies in government, insurance, and medicine. The book also discusses the problems of asbestos in the environment, compensating victims, and the continued use of asbestos in the developing world. Its global focus shows how asbestos can be seen as a model for many occupational diseases - indeed for a whole range of hazards produced by industrial societies. The book is based on a wealth of documentary material gained from legal discovery, supplemented by evidence from the authors’ visits and researches in the US, the UK, Canada, Kazakhstan, Zimbabwe, Australia, Swaziland, and South Africa.
Bridging comparative politics and comparative constitutional law: Constitutional design in divided societies
Authors: Choudhry* Sujit
Published: November 2023

The Human Development Report (HDR), published annually by the United Nations Development Programme, is an unlikely stimulus for reflection upon the state of the field of comparative constitutional law. Although the Human Development Reports take a broad understanding of development, constitutional law has never occupied center stage. However, the HDR 2004 is different. Entitled Cultural Liberty in Today’s Diverse World, the HDR 2004 opens up by stating that “[m]anaging cultural diversity is one of the central challenges of our time”. The report supports this contention by drawing on a wide range of examples, from disputes over official languages in Afghanistan and Sri Lanka, to the political representation of ethnic and religious minorities in Iraq and Fiji, to demands for asymmetric regimes of regional autonomy in Quebec and Catalonia, to the competing nationalisms of Northern Ireland, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Cyprus.
Rival nationalisms in a plurinational state: Spain, Catalonia, and the Basque Country
Authors: Keating Michael
Published: November 2023

Two principal mechanisms for constitutional accommodation of national and ethnic diversity are recognized in the literature: territorial autonomy and consociational power sharing at the center. Territorial autonomy is often seen as appropriate where the groups in question are spatially concentrated without significant internal minorities (as in Scotland), while consociationalism is seen as preferable where groups contend for control of the same territory (as in Northern Ireland).