bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of prilocaine HCl in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulation by GC-NPD method
Authors: Atila Alptug , Kadioglu Yucel
Published: June 2012

The novel analytical method was developed and validated for determination of
prilocaine HCl in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulation by gas
chromatography-nitrogen phosphorus detection (GC-NPD). The chromatographic
separation was performed using a HP-5MS column. The calibration curve was
linear over the concentration range of 40-1000 ng ml-1 with a correlation
coefficient of 0.9998. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ)
of method were 10 ng ml-1 and 35 ng ml-1, respectively. The within-day and
between-day precision, expressed as the percent relative standard deviation
(RSD%) was less than 5.0%, and accuracy (percent relative error) was better
than 4.0%. The developed method can be directly and easily applied for
determination of prilocaine HCl in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulation
using internal standard methodology.
Mandatory IFRS Adoption and Institutional Investment Decisions
Authors: Florou Annita , Pope Peter F.
Published: June 2012

We examine whether the mandatory introduction of International Financial Reporting Standards leads to an increase in institutional investor demand for equities. Using a large ownership database covering all types of institutional investors from around the world, we find that institutional holdings increase for mandatory IFRS adopters. Changes in holdings are concentrated around first-time annual reporting events. Second, we document that the positive IFRS effects on institutional holdings are concentrated among investors whose orientation and styles suggest they are most likely to benefit from higher quality financial statements, including active, value, and growth investors. These results are consistent with holdings changes being associated with the financial reporting regime change. Finally, we show that increased institutional holdings are concentrated in countries in which enforcement and reporting incentives are strongest, and where the differences between local GAAP and IFRS are relatively high. Overall, our study helps shed new light on the channels by which IFRS information becomes impounded in market outcomes.

JEL Classifications: G11; K22; M41; M42.

Data Availability: The data used in this study are available from the commercial sources identified in the paper.
Government Ownership, Accounting-Based Regulations, and the Pursuit of Favorable Audit Opinions: Evidence from China
Authors: Chan K. Hung , Lin Kenny Z. , Wang Ray R.
Published: June 2012

This research finds that local government-controlled companies are able to obtain more favorable audit opinions from local auditors when they face the need for new equity financing or the threat of exchange delisting. We capture this ability by comparing the observed opinions that companies receive from local auditors with those that we predict they would receive if they used a Big 4 auditor. Our empirical results highlight the importance of understanding political and economic institutions when analyzing the reporting behavior of managers and auditors in a transition economy, and suggest that regulators should be aware of the unintended consequences of basing capital market resource allocation decisions on reported accounting earnings, which can be subject to significant managerial discretion.
Potential and prospects for development of academic entrepreneurship in Poland
Authors: Wyrwa Joanna , Piątyszek-pych Alina
Published: June 2012

The development of knowledge-based economy has forced - especially in countries with advanced industries - profound changes in the operation of all scientific institutions, including higher education, which is one of the most important intellectual assets available to national economies. Triggering the entrepreneurial potential of academic staff and opening to business of university research laboratories has become a primary objective of scientific and technical policy in many countries, including Poland.

This article aims to present the state of academic entrepreneurship in Poland, including the factors determining its development. The first section discusses the theoretical issues related to the essence of academic entrepreneurship and the results of selected research and analytical work on issues of development of academic entrepreneurship in Poland. In the further part of the article, in relation to the discussed research, presented are conclusions and recommendations on how to best support the development of academic entrepreneurship. The article uses the reports and expertise resulting from research conducted in this field.
Application of quantitative metrics for assessing the investment risk
Authors: Kozaryn Maciej , Wasilewski Wiesław
Published: June 2012

Identification and assessment of risk-especially in small and medium-sized enterprises - from the beginning were the part of the topics of research scientists. Significant investments are also related to the implementation and correct application of quantitative measures of risk assessment. The article compares the important quantitative measures of risk and presents their practical calculation. The paper shows the correct interpretation of the results of calculations, that should be helpful in decision-making by managers.
EU Funds for Subsidizing Polish Businesses: Procedural Analysis
Authors: Haber Lesław , Osikowicz Marcin
Published: June 2012

For many Polish enterprises subsidies from EU funds are an important source of investment financing. Obtaining these funds must meet a number of procedural requirements. This applies to both phases of the grant application and settlement phase of the project. This article presents a role in the enterprise information system and clearing the grant sample project settlement procedure.
Carbon Content of Tree Tissues: A Synthesis
Authors: Thomas Sean C. , Martin Adam R.
Published: June 2012

Assessing the potential for forest carbon (C) capture and storage requires accurate assessments of C in live tree tissues. In the vast majority of local, regional, and global assessments, C content has been assumed to be 50% of tree biomass; however, recent studies indicate that this assumption is not accurate, with substantial variation in C content among tree species as well as among tissue types. Here we conduct a comprehensive literature review to present a global synthesis of C content in tissues of live trees. We found a total of 253 species-specific stem wood C content records in 31 studies, and an additional 34 records of species with C content values of other tissues in addition to stem wood. In all biomes, wood C content varied widely across species ranging from 41.9–51.6% in tropical species, 45.7–60.7% in subtropical/Mediterranean species, and 43.4–55.6% in temperate/boreal species. Stem wood C content varied significantly as a function of biome and species type (conifer, angiosperm). Conifer species exhibited greater wood C content than angiosperm species (50.8 ± 0.7% (95% C.I.) and 47.7 ± 0.3%, respectively), a trend that was consistent among all biomes. Although studies have documented differences in C content among plant tissues, interspecific differences in stem wood appear to be of greater importance overall: among species, stem wood C content explained 37, 76, 48, 81, and 63% respectively of the variation in bark, branch, twig, coarse root, and fine root C content values, respectively. In each case, these intraspecific patterns approximated 1:1 linear relationships. Most published stem wood C content values (and all values for other tree tissues) are based on dried wood samples, and so neglect volatile C constituents that constitute on average 1.3–2.5% of total C in live wood. Capturing this volatile C fraction is an important methodological consideration for future studies. Our review, and associated data compilation, provides empirically supported wood C fractions that can be easily incorporated into forest C accounting, and may correct systematic errors of ~1.6–5.8% in forest C assessments.
Synthesis of Main-Chain Chiral Quaternary Ammonium Polymers for Asymmetric Catalysis Using Quaternization Polymerization
Authors: Haraguchi Naoki , Ahamed Parbhej , Parvez Md. Masud , Itsuno Shinichi
Published: June 2012

Main-chain chiral quaternary ammonium polymers were successfully synthesized by the quaternization polymerization of cinchonidine dimer with dihalides. The polymerization occurred smoothly under optimized conditions to give novel type of main-chain chiral quaternary ammonium polymers. The catalytic activity of the polymeric chiral organocatalysts was investigated on the asymmetric benzylation of N-(diphenylmethylidene)glycine tert-butyl ester.
A Computational Model for Early Events in B Cell Antigen Receptor Signaling: Analysis of the Roles of Lyn and Fyn
Authors: Barua Dipak , Hlavacek William S. , Lipniacki Tomasz
Published: June 2012

BCR signaling regulates the activities and fates of B cells. BCR signaling encompasses two feedback loops emanating from Lyn and Fyn, which are Src family protein tyrosine kinases (SFKs). Positive feedback arises from SFK-mediated trans phosphorylation of BCR and receptor-bound Lyn and Fyn, which increases the kinase activities of Lyn and Fyn. Negative feedback arises from SFK-mediated cis phosphorylation of the transmembrane adapter protein PAG1, which recruits the cytosolic protein tyrosine kinase Csk to the plasma membrane, where it acts to decrease the kinase activities of Lyn and Fyn. To study the effects of the positive and negative feedback loops on the dynamical stability of BCR signaling and the relative contributions of Lyn and Fyn to BCR signaling, we consider in this study a rule-based model for early events in BCR signaling that encompasses membrane-proximal interactions of six proteins, as follows: BCR, Lyn, Fyn, Csk, PAG1, and Syk, a cytosolic protein tyrosine kinase that is activated as a result of SFK-mediated phosphorylation of BCR. The model is consistent with known effects of Lyn and Fyn deletions. We find that BCR signaling can generate a single pulse or oscillations of Syk activation depending on the strength of Ag signal and the relative levels of Lyn and Fyn. We also show that bistability can arise in Lyn- or Csk-deficient cells.
Biochemical and Biologic Characterization of Exosomes and Microvesicles as Facilitators of HIV-1 Infection in Macrophages
Authors: Kadiu Irena , Narayanasamy Prabagaran , Dash Prasanta K. , Zhang Wei , Gendelman Howard E.
Published: June 2012

Exosomes and microvesicles (MV) are cell membranous sacs originating from multivesicular bodies and plasma membranes that facilitate long-distance intercellular communications. Their functional biology, however, remains incompletely understood. Macrophage exosomes and MV isolated by immunoaffinity and sucrose cushion centrifugation were characterized by morphologic, biochemical, and molecular assays. Lipidomic, proteomic, and cell biologic approaches uncovered novel processes by which exosomes and MV facilitate HIV-1 infection and dissemination. HIV-1 was “entrapped” in exosome aggregates. Robust HIV-1 replication followed infection with exosome-enhanced fractions isolated from infected cell supernatants. MV- and exosome-facilitated viral infections are affected by a range of cell surface receptors and adhesion proteins. HIV-1 containing exosomes readily completed its life cycle in human monocyte-derived macrophages but not in CD4− cells. The data support a significant role for exosomes as facilitators of viral infection.
Specialized Proresolving Mediators Enhance Human B Cell Differentiation to Antibody-Secreting Cells
Authors: Ramon Sesquile , Gao Fei , Serhan Charles N. , Phipps Richard P.
Published: June 2012

The resolution of inflammation is an active and dynamic process critical in maintaining homeostasis. Newly identified lipid mediators have been recognized as key players during the resolution phase. These specialized proresolving mediators (SPM) constitute separate families that include lipoxins, resolvins, protectins, and maresins, each derived from essential polyunsaturated fatty acids. New results demonstrate that SPM regulate aspects of the immune response, including reduction of neutrophil infiltration, decreased T cell cytokine production, and stimulation of macrophage phagocytic activity. The actions of SPM on B lymphocytes remain unknown. Our study shows that the novel SPM 17-hydroxydosahexaenoic acid (17-HDHA), resolvin D1, and protectin D1 are present in the spleen. Interestingly, 17-HDHA and resolvin D1, but not protectin D1, strongly increase activated human B cell IgM and IgG production. Furthermore, increased Ab production by 17-HDHA is due to augmented B cell differentiation toward a CD27+CD38+ Ab-secreting cell phenotype. The 17-HDHA did not affect proliferation and was nontoxic to cells. Increase of plasma cell differentiation and Ab production supports the involvement of SPM during the late stages of inflammation and pathogen clearance. The present study provides new evidence for SPM activity in the humoral response. These new findings highlight the potential applications of SPM as endogenous and nontoxic adjuvants, and as anti-inflammatory therapeutic molecules.
Development of a malaria knowledge test for student travelers
Authors: Hartjes Laurie B. , Baumann Linda C.
Published: June 2012

This paper describes a malaria knowledge test (MKT) developed to evaluate a web-based game for students who increasingly travel to malariarisk regions of the world. The 18-item MKT was structured according to the dimensions of the self-regulation model (SRM) to measure the accuracy of students’ beliefs about malaria. An experimental design was used to compare three game versions. Students (N=482) participated in 2010 by completing a pre-test, playing a Webbased game simulating student travel to malaria- endemic destinations, and completing a posttest. Study data support the validity and reliability of the MKT for the evaluation of malaria education interventions and for student self-assessment. Use of the MKT to evaluate an educational game about malaria revealed a strong overall learning effect and discrimination by game version, travel experience, and SRM dimension. This 5-min test may also be adapted for educational outreach purposes among health care providers globally, residents of malaria-endemic regions, and other high risk travel groups (e.g., elderly, chronic health conditions, pregnant, or returning to malaria-endemic regions to visit friends/relatives).
Diabetic Neuropathic Pain: Real World Treatment Options
Authors: Lindsay Tammy J. , Vitrikas Kirsten , Temporal Michael , Herndon Christopher M.
Published: June 2012

Diabetes is associated with numerous complications. One of the most debilitating microvascular sequelae is painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy (PDPN). PDPN results from a multi-faceted pathogenesis involving direct axonal degeneration; free radical mediated cellular apoptosis, and microvascular perfusion abnormalities. While tight glycemic control has been shown to modulate the history of this diabetic complication, practicing clinicians have access to numerous published practice recommendations for treatment. Of the frequently utilized medication classes, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, anesthetics, and the neuromodulators are perhaps the most widely understood. The gabapentinoids are considered by many as first line therapy. Others recommend tricyclic antidepressants first-line. The provider treating PDPN must consider the medication side effects and monitoring parameters, the co-morbid disease states, and the ultimate effects on diabetic control. Finally, the clinician must address patient expectations of treatment. Goals may include increased functionality, decreased pain and improved sleep. Here multiple treatment modalities and evidence-based guidelines are reviewed.
Modeling the seasonal cycle of the oxygen minimum zone over the continental shelf off Concepción, Chile (36.5° S)
Authors: Charpentier J. , Mediavilla D. , Pizarro O.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. We analyze the seasonal dynamics of oxygen concentrations in the southernmost part of the Eastern South Pacific oxygen minimum zone (ESP's OMZ), offshore of Concepción, Chile (~37° S). We use data from a time series over the continental shelf off Concepción, as well as other hydrographic data and measurements from moored instruments and ocean gliders to evaluate temporal and spatial variability in this region. We identify two extreme modes (winter and summer) that characterize the seasonal variability. A simple model that account for the main physical and biological processes that influences the oxygen concentration was developed. According to our results, the seasonal variability of the dissolved oxygen in the study region is mainly driven by lateral (advective and diffusive) transport that connect the waters over the shelf with poorly oxygenated water from the slope, which is in turn, advected southward by the Peru-Chile Undercurrent.
COnstructing Proxy-Record Age models (COPRA)
Authors: Breitenbach S. F. M. , Rehfeld K. , Goswami B. , Baldini J. U. L. , Ridley H. E. , Kennett D. , Prufer K. , Aquino V. V. , Asmerom Y. , Polyak V. J. , Cheng H. , Kurths J. , Marwan N.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. Reliable age models are fundamental for any palaeoclimate reconstruction. Interpolation procedures between age control points are often inadequately reported, and available modeling algorithms do not allow incorporation of layer counted intervals to improve the confidence limits of the age model in question. We present a modeling approach that allows automatic detection and interactive handling of outliers and hiatuses. We use Monte Carlo simulation to assign an absolute time scale to climate proxies by conferring the dating uncertainties to uncertainties in the proxy values. The algorithm allows us to integrate incremental relative dating information to improve the final age model. The software package COPRA1.0 facilitates easy interactive usage.
The chemical transport model Oslo CTM3
Authors: Søvde O. A. , Prather M. J. , Isaksen I. S. A. , Berntsen T. K. , Stordal F. , Zhu X. , Holmes C. D. , Hsu J.
Published: June 2012

Abstract. We present here the global chemical transport model Oslo CTM3, an update of the Oslo CTM2. The update comprises a faster transport scheme, an improved wet scavenging scheme for large scale rain, updated photolysis rates and a new lightning parameterization. Oslo CTM3 is better parallelized and allows for stable, large time steps for advection, enabling more complex or high resolution simulations. Thorough comparisons between the Oslo CTM3, Oslo CTM2 and measurements are performed, and in general the Oslo CTM3 is found to reproduce measurements well. Inclusion of tropospheric sulfur chemistry and nitrate aerosols in CTM3 is shown to be important to reproduce tropospheric O3, OH and the CH4 lifetime well. Using the same meteorology to drive the two models, shows that some features related to transport are better resolved by the CTM3, such as polar cap transport, while features like transport close to the vortex edge are resolved better in the Oslo CTM2 due to its required shorter transport time step. The longer transport time steps in CTM3 result in larger errors e.g. near the jets, and when necessary, this can be remedied by using a shorter time step. An additional, more accurate and time consuming, treatment of polar cap transport is presented, however, both perform acceptably. A new treatment of the horizontal distribution of lightning is presented and found to compare well with measurements. Vertical distributions of lighting are updated, and tested against the old vertical distribution. The new profiles are found to produce more NOx in the tropical middle troposphere, and less at the surface and at high altitudes.
Review of Plant Species Diversity in Managed Forests in Japan
Authors: Nagaike Takuo
Published: June 2012

The effects of conifer plantation management and forest fragmentation on plant species diversity in Japan were reviewed. While most studies have demonstrated that the practice of thinning in coniferous plantations can enhance species diversity of naturally regenerated trees, such as broad-leaved trees, some have shown that thinning reduces plant species diversity through the direct physical disturbance to forests. In addition, plant species diversity in plantations has also been shown to be dependent on the distance from seed sources. Extensive forest fragmentation due to land use changes has occurred, particularly in forests near urban and suburban areas. Although the number of species per unit area in abandoned coppice forests is not clearly related to the extent of forest fragmentation, most species attributes (such as rare species) are negatively influenced by forest fragmentation. Some of the forests owned by shrines and temples in urban areas are similar to island forests and are relatively well protected from human disturbance. To more clearly understand and evaluate changes in biodiversity through forest management, elucidating the interactions between management and plant species diversity, species composition, and the ecological traits of various species is therefore necessary.
Cost of allergy immunotherapy: sublingual vs subcutaneous administration
Authors: Seiberling Kristin , Hiebert Jared , Nyirady Janice , Lin Sandra , Chang Dennis
Published: June 2012

Background:

Allergy immunotherapy is an effective way to manage the allergic patient and may be administered either through the subcutaneous route (SCIT) or the sublingual route (SLIT). Both have been proven efficacious; however, SLIT is currently not covered by insurance companies and is an out‐of‐pocket expense. The goal of the current study is to compare the costs of SCIT to SLIT.

Methods:

For SCIT, a total of 9 different insurance groups were studied including 8 preferred provider organizations (PPOs) and Medicare. Costs were broken down according to the percentage of coverage for the injections, serum vial fees, weekly co‐pay, and deductibles. Total yearly cost for SCIT was calculated for the varying insurance plans and compared to the yearly cost of SLIT.

Results:

PPO plans covered between 60% and 100% of allergy immunotherapy treatment with a range of weekly co‐pay between $0 and $50. Deductibles ranged between $0 and $7000. Medicare had a flat rate of 80% coverage costing the insurer $807.20 for the year of therapy. None of the above costs include loss of work productivity and travel expense. The cost of SLIT ranged from $500 to $2100 depending on the allergy practice and number on antigens treated.

Conclusion:

The cost of SCIT varies dramatically according to insurance plan whereas the cost of SLIT varies between practices. When loss of productivity and travel expense are added into the cost of SCIT, SLIT might be comparable in cost and more convenient for the patient. Although the lack of insurance coverage for SLIT currently makes it more expensive than SCIT, we have found that the financial gap is much smaller than initially thought, especially when indirect costs and plans with less than 80% coverage or high weekly co‐pay are factored into the equation.
President's page
Authors: Sonnenwald Diane H.
Published: June 2012

Editor's Summary

Numerous benefits can be gained by promoting the value of information professionals to employers, students, funding agencies and the general public. Sandy Hirsh, Prudence Dalrymple and Marcia J. Bates have pointed out several ways that ASIS&T can spearhead these advocacy efforts, starting with the need to clearly define the term information professionals. A dedicated website illustrating the work, skills and value of the information professional might include testimonials, top 10 lists and interviews and be reinforced through social media marketing. The global Library 2.012 virtual conference of October 2012 can feature panels on the roles, benefits and advocacy of professional organizations such as ASIS&T. Additional advocacy opportunities are available by adding content to the ASIS&T site, establishing an advisory board and developing a long term strategic advocacy plan. Members are invited to get actively involved in advocating for information professionals by submitting suggestions for site content or participating in panels.
Advancing the practice of data citation: A to‐do list
Authors: Hourclé Joseph A.
Published: June 2012

Editor's Summary

The citation of research data sources is gaining momentum with buy‐in from several influential institutions. The groundwork has been laid, including guidelines for suggested data attributes, identifier systems, easy creation of digital object identifiers (DOIs) and standards for data reuse and exchange. But significant work remains, starting with cataloging archived resources, facilitating the citation process for scientists and building a culture where citing data is the norm. Collaborative efforts will speed success, which deserves recognition, and the researchers, librarians and IT specialists involved deserve credit. Implementing these steps will support the fundamental goal of sharing valuable data while reinforcing the process.
Dissonance, resistance and commitment: A pilot analysis of moderated mediation relationships
Authors: Draycott Simon
Published: June 2012

Background

Encouraging engagement is a challenge in forensic services. A model of behaviour change suggests that dissatisfaction with the self may express itself either as resistance to or commitment to engagement in treatment, and that this expression may be moderated by the individual's attributional style.

Aims/Hypotheses

It was hypothesised that there would be relationships between measures of dissonance, resistance to treatment and commitment to treatment, and that these relationships would be moderated by locus of control.

Method

Thirty‐two patients from within a high secure dangerous and severe personality disorder service completed assessments measuring dissonance, locus of control, resistance and commitment. These measures were analysed for a moderated mediation using techniques outlined by Preacher et al. (2007).

Results

There were significant indirect relationships between dissonance and both resistance and commitment. These relationships were moderated by locus of control. However, the specifics of the relationships were not as expected – both internal and external locus of control interfered with therapy, but in different ways.

Conclusions/Implications for practice

A patient who experiences dissonance may translate this into either commitment to or resistance to treatment, depending on features of the patient such as attributional style. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular Arrangement and Assembly Guided by Hydrophobic Cavities inside DNA
Authors: Takada Tadao , Otsuka Yumiko , Nakamura Mitsunobu , Yamana Kazushige
Published: June 2012

DNA is a unique yet useful material to organize nanoscale molecular arrays along the helix axis. In this study, we demonstrate a useful approach for creating molecular arrays inside a double helical DNA. Our approach is based on a host–guest system. Introducing abasic sites into DNA afforded a hydrophobic cavity that serves as a host. A planar aromatic molecule (cationic perylenediimide, PDI) was used as the guest molecule. In an aqueous solution, the PDI molecules tend to aggregate with themselves due to the strong hydrophobicity. In the presence of DNA with the cavity, the binding of the PDI was found to site‐specifically occur in the hydrophobic cavity. The unique assembly and arrangement for more than two PDI molecules was achieved by controlling the sizes and positions of the cavities. Our approach would provide a simple and convenient way to construct one‐dimensional aromatic arrays in DNA.
Genetic and epigenetic variation of the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) in placenta and infant neurobehavior
Authors: Bromer Cailey , Marsit Carmen J. , Armstrong David A. , Padbury James F. , Lester Barry
Published: June 2012

The intrauterine environment can impact the developing infant by altering the function of the placenta through changes to the epigenetic regulatory features of this tissue. Genetic variation, too, may impact infant development or may modify the relationship between epigenetic alterations and infant outcomes. To examine the associations of these variations with early life infant neurodevelopment, we examined the extent of DNA methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1) promoter and a common single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region in a series of 186 placentas from healthy newborn infants. We associated these molecular features with specific summary measures from the NICU Network Neurobehavioral Scales. After controlling for genotype and confounders, we identified significant associations of NR3C1 methylation with infant quality of movement (p = .05) and with infant attention (p = .05), and a potential interaction between methylation and genotype on infant attention score. These results suggest that epigenetic alteration of the NR3C1 gene in the placentas of genetically susceptible infants can have impacts on neurodevelopment which may have lifelong impact on neurobehavioral and mental health outcomes. Further research is needed to more precisely define these relationships and the interaction between epigenetic alterations and genetic variations on infant health. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 55: 673–683, 2013.
2,6‐Dimethoxyphenyl‐Substituted N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs): A Family of Highly Electron‐Rich Organocatalysts
Authors: Schedler Michael , Fröhlich Roland , Daniliuc Constantin‐G. , Glorius Frank
Published: June 2012

Based on our recent finding that 2,6‐dimethoxyphenyl‐substituted NHCs show superior reactivity in the hydroacylation reactions of electron‐neutral olefins compared with known NHCs, we now report the syntheses and crystal structures of four highly electron‐rich 2,6‐dimethoxyphenyl‐substituted NHCs and show the increase in efficiency caused by the electron‐rich aryl substituent in hydroacylation reactions.
Control of reactivity of phosphine imides by intramolecular coordination with an organoboryl group
Authors: Kano Naokazu , Yanaizumi Kazuhide , Meng Xiangtai , Kawashima Takayuki
Published: June 2012

Phosphine imides with a boryl substituent 3–5 were synthesized. Their structures were revealed to have a tetracoordinated boron and a phosphorus atom, featuring the N–B coordination by X‐ray crystallographic analysis and NMR spectroscopy. The phosphine imide moiety was persistent to hydrolysis, methylation, and the aza‐Wittig reaction. The N–B coordination remained intact upon treating with pyridine or fluoride ion. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 23:429–434, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/hc.21033
Prognostic significance of tumor volume in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma undergoing intensity‐modulated radiation therapy
Authors: Wu Zheng , Zeng Rui‐Fang , Su Yong , Gu Mo‐Fa , Huang Shao‐Min
Published: June 2012

Background

This study was undertaken to analyze the correlation between primary gross tumor volume (GTVp) and prognosis in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) undergoing intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT).

Methods

Between February 2001 and December 2006, 305 patients with NPC treated with IMRT were analyzed retrospectively. GTVp was calculated from treatment planning CT scans.

Results

Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that GTVp had a statistically significant correlation to local control, distant metastasis, and overall survival in patients with NPC, whereas T classification was not an independent prognostic factor. Among patients classified with N0–1 and N2–3, there were significant differences in the rates of distant metastasis between those with GTVp smaller and larger than 25 mL (p < .001 and p = .002, respectively).

Conclusions

GTVp is highly significant in evaluating local control, distant metastasis, and overall survival of patients with NPC treated with IMRT. Therefore, it is recommended that GTVp be included in the new TNM classification system. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
Multilevel models for binary data
Authors: Powers Daniel A.
Published: June 2012

This chapter discusses multilevel models for binary outcomes. Models for categorical data analysis and their multilevel extensions have been used extensively in biostatistics, psychometrics, sociology, and economics but are used somewhat less in other branches of the behavioral and social sciences. After a brief overview of models for binary data and a discussion of multilevel models, two example analyses on institutional data are presented.
Molecular analysis of hepatitis B virus associated with vaccine failure in infants and mothers: A case–control study in Thailand
Authors: Sa‐nguanmoo Pattaratida , Tangkijvanich Pisit , Tharmaphornpilas Piyanit , Rasdjarmrearnsook Aim‐orn , Plianpanich Saowanee , Thawornsuk Nutchanart , Theamboonlers Apiradee , Poovorawan Yong
Published: June 2012

Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been controlled incompletely despite adequate immunoprophylaxis in infants. The aim of this study was to characterize virological factors of HBV associated with vaccine failure in Thailand. Sera of 14 infected infants (13 HBeAg‐positive and one HBeAg‐negative) with vaccine failure and their respective mothers (group M1) were tested quantitatively for HBV DNA by real‐time PCR, HBV genotypes and mutations were characterized by direct sequencing. Sera collected from 15 HBeAg‐positive (group M2) and 15 HBeAg‐negative (group M3) mothers whose infants had been vaccinated successfully served as controls. The results showed that group M1 and group M2 mothers had equal titers of HBV DNA but higher titers than group M3. All infected infants and their respective mothers had the same HBeAg status and HBV genotypes. DNA analysis in a pair of HBeAg‐negative infant and mother revealed that both were infected with an HBV precore mutant (G1896A). Escape mutants in the “a” determinant region (residues 144 and 145) were detected in two (14%) infected infants. The prevalence of BCP mutations/deletions in groups M2 and M3 was higher significantly than in group M1 (P = 0.022 and P < 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, instead of the HBeAg status, a high titer of HBV DNA in mothers was the major contributor to perinatal transmission of HBV. Escape mutants might be associated with vaccine failure in some infants. BCP mutations/deletions in mothers might contribute to the prevention of mother‐to‐infant transmission of HBV. J. Med. Virol. 84: 1177–1185, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Early anemia and rapid virological response improve the predictive efficiency of IL28B‐genotype for treatment outcome to antiviral combination therapy in patients infected with chronic HCV genotype 1
Authors: Amanzada Ahmad , Schneider Simon , Moriconi Federico , Lindhorst Alexander , Suermann Thomas , van Thiel David H. , Mihm Sabine , Ramadori Giuliano
Published: June 2012

IL28B genotypes and virological response within 4 weeks are predictors of sustained virological response in patients infected with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 treated with antiviral dual combination therapy. The predictive value of “early” anemia (within 4 weeks) alone or in combination with the two other predictors has not been studied yet. A total of 305 pegylated interferon‐α and ribavirin‐treated patients with HCV genotype 1 were included in this study. Hemoglobin values at week 0, 4, 8, and 12 as well as the predictive efficiency of early anemia (hemoglobin value below the gender‐specific lower limit: female < 11.5; male < 13.5 g/dl) during therapy were assessed with IL28B genotypes and rapid virological response. Forty‐eight percent of treated patients developed early anemia. In both females and males (64%), a decrease of hemoglobin concentration of 3 g/dl (female: 14.7 ± 1.1 to 11.4 ± 1.3; male: 15.2 ± 1.2 to 12.2 ± 1.5) significantly correlated with sustained virological response. 64% of IL28B‐CC patients showed a sustained virological response. Seventy‐eight percent of patients with rapid virological response definitively eliminated the virus. Early anemia (81:48:41%) and rapid virological response (83:91:92%) increased the predictive efficiency of IL28B rs12979860 genotype distribution (CC:CT:TT). IL28B‐CC and early anemia as well as IL28B‐CC and rapid virological response had an Odds ratio of 42.4 or 75 to achieve a sustained virological response compared to TT without early anemia or rapid virological response. This finding may help to early identify responders to standard PEG‐IFN‐α and ribavirin treatment even within those with unfavorable IL28B genotype. J. Med. Virol. 84: 1208–1216, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fully adiabatic 31P 2D‐CSI with reduced chemical shift displacement error at 7 T — GOIA‐1D‐ISIS/2D‐CSI
Authors: Chmelík M. , Just Kukurová I. , Gruber S. , Krššák M. , Valkovič L. , Trattnig S. , Bogner W.
Published: June 2012

A fully adiabatic phosphorus (31P) two‐dimensional (2D) chemical shift spectroscopic imaging sequence with reduced chemical shift displacement error for 7 T, based on 1D‐image‐selected in vivo spectroscopy, combined with 2D‐chemical shift spectroscopic imaging selection, was developed. Slice‐selective excitation was achieved by a spatially selective broadband GOIA‐W(16,4) inversion pulse with an interleaved subtraction scheme before nonselective adiabatic excitation, and followed by 2D phase encoding. The use of GOIA‐W(16,4) pulses (bandwidth 4.3–21.6 kHz for 10–50 mm slices) reduced the chemical shift displacement error in the slice direction ∼1.5–7.7 fold, compared to conventional 2D‐chemical shift spectroscopic imaging with Sinc3 selective pulses (2.8 kHz). This reduction was experimentally demonstrated with measurements of an MR spectroscopy localization phantom and with experimental evaluation of pulse profiles. In vivo experiments in clinically acceptable measurement times were demonstrated in the calf muscle (nominal voxel volume, 5.65 ml in 6 min 53 s), brain (10 ml, 6 min 32 s), and liver (8.33 ml, 8 min 14 s) of healthy volunteers at 7 T. High reproducibility was found in the calf muscle at 7 T. In combination with adiabatic excitation, this sequence is insensitive to the B1 inhomogeneities associated with surface coils. This sequence, which is termed GOIA‐1D‐ISIS/2D‐CSI (goISICS), has the potential to be applied in both clinical research and in the clinical routine. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Method for in situ characterization of radiofrequency heating in parallel transmit MRI
Authors: Alon Leeor , Deniz Cem Murat , Brown Ryan , Sodickson Daniel K. , Zhu Yudong
Published: June 2012

In ultra‐high‐field magnetic resonance imaging, parallel radiofrequency (RF) transmission presents both opportunities and challenges for specific absorption rate management. On one hand, parallel transmission provides flexibility in tailoring electric fields in the body while facilitating magnetization profile control. On the other hand, it increases the complexity of energy deposition as well as possibly exacerbating local specific absorption rate by improper design or delivery of RF pulses. This study shows that the information needed to characterize RF heating in parallel transmission is contained within a local power correlation matrix. Building upon a calibration scheme involving a finite number of magnetic resonance thermometry measurements, this work establishes a way of estimating the local power correlation matrix. Determination of this matrix allows prediction of temperature change for an arbitrary parallel transmit RF pulse. In the case of a three transmit coil MR experiment in a phantom, determination and validation of the power correlation matrix were conducted in less than 200 min with induced temperature changes of <4°C. Further optimization and adaptation are possible, and simulations evaluating potential feasibility for in vivo use are presented. The method allows general characteristics indicative of RF coil/pulse safety determined in situ. Magn Reson Med, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
UPLC–PDA–ESI–MS/MS Analysis of Compounds Extracted by Cardiac h9c2 Cell from Polygonum orientale
Authors: Liao Shang‐Gao , Li Yue‐Ting , Zhang Li‐Juan , Wang Zhen , Chen Teng‐Xiang , Huang Yong , Li Jing , Wang Ai‐Min , Li Yong‐Jun , Lan Yan‐Yu , Wang Yong‐Lin
Published: June 2012

Introduction

A flavonoid‐enriched extract (FEE) of Polygonum orientale was reported to show cardioprotective effect but only very few compounds were reported to contribute to the effect. Identification of compounds interacting with the target cardiac cell is important for the understanding of active compounds.

Objective

To develop an efficient method for the screening of potential active compounds directly acting on the target cardiac cell in FEE and to structurally characterise these compounds.

Methodology

Flavonoid‐enriched extract was prepared by extraction of the plant with water, addition of ethanol to the solution to remove polysaccharides and proteins, and removal of tannins by a polyamide column chromatography. Cell extraction was conducted on a cardiac h9c2 cell and the solution containing compounds released from the cell were desalted by solid phase extraction. Compounds present in the cell extract were detected by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and targeted multi‐reaction monitoring (MRM), while their structures were characterised by UPLC–photodiodide array (PDA)–electrospray ion source (ESI)–MS/MS investigations of the FEE.

Results

Twenty‐three potentially active phenolics including ten flavonoid C‐glycosides and six flavonoid O‐glycosides have been identified from the 40 compounds screened in the cell extract. Among these compounds, three were new and nine were identified from this plant for the first time. Strategies for the structural characterisation of flavonoid glycosides were also discussed.

Conclusion

The study has shown that FEE contains the flavonoid as its major principles and the coupling of UPLC–PDA–ESI‐MS/MS and targeted UPLC–MRM with target cell extraction is an efficient method for the screening and structural characterisation of potential active compounds. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Defining the spatial relationships between eight anatomic planes in the 11+6 to 13+6 weeks fetus: a pilot study
Authors: Abu‐Rustum Reem S. , Ziade M. Fouad , Abu‐Rustum Sameer E.
Published: June 2012

Objective

Our study aims at investigating the spatial relationships between eight anatomic planes in the 11+6 to 13+6 weeks fetus.

Methods

This is a retrospective pilot study where three‐dimensional and four‐dimensional stored data sets were manipulated to retrieve eight anatomic planes starting from the midsagittal plane of the fetus. Standardization of volumes was performed at the level of the transverse abdominal circumference plane. Parallel shift was utilized and the spatial relationships between eight anatomic planes were established. The median and the range were calculated for each of the planes, and they were evaluated as a function of the fetal crown–rump length. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

A total of 63 volume data sets were analyzed. The eight anatomic planes were found to adhere to normal distribution curves, and most of the planes were in a definable relationship to each other with statistically significant correlations.

Conclusion

To our knowledge, this is the first study to describe the possible spatial relationships between eight two‐dimensional anatomic planes in the 11+6 to 13+6 weeks fetus, utilizing a standardized approach. Defining these spatial relationships may serve as the first step for the potential future development of automation software for fetal anatomic assessment at 11+6 to 13+6 weeks. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Incidence of osteonecrosis of the jaw among users of bisphosphonates with selected cancers or osteoporosis
Authors: Tennis Patricia , Rothman Kenneth J. , Bohn Rhonda L. , Tan Hiangkiat , Zavras Athanasios , Laskarides Constantinos , Calingaert Brian , Anthony Mary S.
Published: June 2012

Purpose

To quantify the incidence of osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ) by bisphosphonate exposure among two cohorts of patients.

Methods

In a retrospective cohort study, we identified cohort members via health insurance claim diagnosis codes and identified potential cases of ONJ that were confirmed with medical record review. One cohort included patients aged ≥40 years with breast or prostate cancer or multiple myeloma; the other cohort included men aged ≥60 years and women ≥50 years with osteoporosis. For each cohort, we calculated sex‐ and age‐standardized incidence of ONJ by exposure to oral bisphosphonates and intravenous bisphosphonates.

Results

In the cancer cohort (n = 46 542), sex‐ and age‐standardized incidence of ONJ (n = 26 probable or possible cases) adjusted for abstraction proportion was 0.29 per 1000 person‐years (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.07–0.52) among those unexposed to bisphosphonates and 5.3 (95%CI, 1.9–8.7) after intravenous bisphosphonate use. Controlling for covariates, the rate ratio for intravenous use versus no use was 8.8 (95%CI, 2.0–38). Patients with multiple myeloma had a rate 4.5 times that of patients with breast cancer.

In the osteoporosis cohort (n = 31 244), sex‐ and age‐standardized ONJ (n = 11 probable or possible cases) incidence was 0.26 per 1000 person‐years (95%CI, 0.06–0.47) among those unexposed to bisphosphonate and 0.15 (95%CI, 0.00–0.36) after oral bisphosphonate use.

Conclusion

Among patients with selected cancers, incidence of ONJ was higher among those with multiple myeloma and users of intravenous bisphosphonates. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supportive care needs in Hong Kong Chinese women confronting advanced breast cancer
Authors: Au Angel , Lam Wendy , Tsang Janice , Yau Tsz‐kok , Soong Inda , Yeo Winnie , Suen Joyce , Ho Wing M. , Wong Ka‐yan , Kwong Ava , Suen Dacita , Sze Wing‐Kin , Ng Alice , Girgis Afaf , Fielding Richard
Published: June 2012

Background

Women with advanced breast cancer (ABC) are living longer, so understanding their needs becomes important. This cross‐sectional study investigated the type and extent of unmet supportive care needs in Hong Kong Chinese women with advanced breast cancer.

Methods

Face‐to‐face interviews were conducted among women with stage III or stage IV disease mostly awaiting chemotherapy (76%) to identify unmet needs using the Supportive Care Needs Survey Short Form, psychological morbidity using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, symptom distress using the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale, and satisfaction with care using the Patient satisfaction questionnaire (PSQ‐9).

Results

About 27–72% of 198/220 (90%) women (mean age = 53.4 ± 9.74 (standard deviation) years) identified needs from the health system, information, and patient support (HSIPS) domain as the top 15 most prevalent unmet needs. ‘having one member of hospital staff with whom you can talk to about all aspect of your condition, treatment, and follow‐up’ was most cited by 72% of the patients, with remaining unmet needs addressing mostly desire for information. Unmet need strength did not differ between women with stage III and stage IV disease, whereas women with first time diagnosis reported greater health system and information unmet needs compared with women with recurrent disease. Stepwise multiple regression analyses revealed that symptom distress was consistently positively associated with all but sexuality need domains, whereas low satisfaction with care was associated with HSIPS (β = 3.270, p < 0.001) and physical and daily living (β = 2.810, p < 0.01) domains.

Discussions

Chinese women with ABC expressed need for continuity of care and improved information provision. High symptom distress was associated with lower levels of satisfaction with care. These unmet needs appear to reflect current care services shortcomings. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.