bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Baboon (Papio ursinus) Heart (Coronary Blood Supply, Muscle Function and Metabolism)
Authors: Brink A. J. , Lewis C. M. , Bosman A. R. , Lochner A. , Rehder B. , Theron M. J.
Published: September 2008

The sub-human primate baboon (Papio ursinus) was subjected to cardiac catheterisation studies and pathologic injection techniques with a view to establishing baseline values pertaining to coronary artery morphology, coronary blood flow and myocardial energetics and metabolism. The similarities to the human situation (and minor differences) are considered in the light of possible extrapolation to clinical conditions in contemplated future experimental studies of myocardial physiology.
Urate Oxidase in Primates
Authors: Christen P. , Peacock W. C. , Christen Anita E. , Wacker W. E. C.
Published: September 2008

Several genera of New World monkeys have high uric acid concentration in serum and urine comparable to man and the great apes. Like man these animals lack urate oxidase activity in liver tissue. The purine metabolism of these nonhuman primates appears to be similar to that of man as exemplified by fasting-induced hyperuricemia.

Old World monkeys and prosimians have low uric acid concentration in serum and urine. The urate oxidase activity of prosimian liver is remarkably stable whereas that of Old World monkeys was found to be quite unstable, perhaps reflecting the gradual degeneration of this enzyme in primate phylogenesis.
Geschmacksschwellenwerte von verschiedenen Zuckerarten bei Callithricidae (Platyrrhina)
Authors: Glaser D.
Published: September 2008

‘Taste thresholds for common sugars in Callithricidae (Platyrrhina)’. In Cebuella pygmaea and Leontocebus tamarind (Callithricidae, Platyrrhina) the threshold of taste were ascertained for seven common sugars. These physiological data were compared with those in Homo sapiens. The observations are being discussed with regard to the possibility if enzymes may be involved in the initial reaction of the stimulus with the taste-receptor.
Quantitative Studies on Scent Marking in the Marmoset
Authors: Epple Gisela
Published: September 2008

The frequencies per time unit of scent marking, aggressive threat, attacking another monkey and fighting it, were recorded in three Callithrix jacchus groups under different conditions: I-A: In un-disturbed situations. I-B: In the presence of strange males and immediately following encounters with these males. I-C: In the presence of strange females and immediately following encounters with these females. II-A: When a new perch was introduced into the monkeys’ cage. II-B: When a perch, scent marked previously by strange conspecifics, was introduced into the monkeys’ cage. The results, especially the role of pheromones in sexual, territorial and social behavior of Callithrix jacchus are discussed.
Effects of Median Nerve Injury on Some Digital Tissues of the Hand of the Macaque
Authors: Wong W. C. , Kanagasuntheram R.
Published: September 2008

Median nerve injury experiments in Macaca fascicularis showed a reciprocal decrease and increase in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (ChE) activity in the digital Meissner’s corpuscles during degeneration and regeneration. During degeneration AChE activity was absent but became abundant during early regeneration of the nerve endings and slowly declined to normal during late regeneration. In contrast, ChE activity remained unchanged during early degeneration but showed a progressive decline during early regeneration and became intense in late regeneration. Experiments involving arterial and nerve section gave results that suggest the presence of a small periarterial neural contribution to the digital sweat glands.
Discrimination of Young in Galagos
Authors: Klopfer P. H.
Published: September 2008

Females of both Galago crassicaudatus and senegalensis require some days before discriminating their own new-born young from those of other females. Smell and vocalizations apparently suffice for the discrimination. The temporary removal of her infant does not increase a mother’s receptivity towards aliens.
Sleep of Unrestrained Chimpanzee: Differences Between First and Last Rapid Eye Movement Periods
Authors: Freemon F. R. , Mcnew J. J. , Adey W. R.
Published: September 2008

Sleep is not a unique entity but can be divided into 2 separate states called REM (rapid eye movement) and nonREM sleep stages. The present study describes REM sleep in the unrestrained chimpanzee and compares the first REM period which occurs during the night with the last REM period. The last REM period is longer, has more eye movements, more body movements, and possibly a different type of posture than early REM periods. These differences suggest that REM sleep, as is already known for nonREM sleep, changes during the course of the night.
Bornean Orang-Utan Twins Born in Captivity
Authors: Heinrichs W. L. , Dillingham L. A.
Published: September 2008

A twin pregnancy in a primigravid Bornean orang-utan in captivity ended successfully. Examinations of the placentas and the karyotypes (peripheral blood) of the neonates failed to establish an etiology for a disparity in their weights.
Haptoglobins and Acid Phosphatases of Galago
Authors: Buettner-Janusch J. , Wiggins R. C.
Published: September 2008

Haptoglobin and red cell acid phosphatase phenotypes of Galago crassicaudatus crassicaudatus and G. c. argentatus were determined by starch-gel electrophoresis. In samples of plasma from 55 animals, a single haptoglobin phenotype, with a pattern similar to human Hp 1-1, was found. In red cell hemolysates of 55 animals, three different acid phosphatase phenotypes were distinguished. It is probable that red cell acid phosphatases of G. crassicaudatus are the products of nondominant autosomal alleles. The enzymatic activity of red cell acid phosphatase of G. crassicaudatus was compared with the activity of human enzyme; hemolysates from Galago have two to three times the activity of hemolysates prepared from human blood.
Cerebral Fissural Patterns in Platyrrhine Monkeys
Authors: Hershkovitz P.
Published: September 2008

Evolution of cerebral fissural patterns pursues the same pathway in all primates. As body mass increases, the brain becomes larger, the cerebral fissures more numerous. All primary fissures of a given locus are homologous, and each fissure arises in the same order in all phyletic lines. Implications of cerebral fissural patterns in platyrrhine evolution and systematics are discussed.
Vibrissae Structure in the Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Van Horn R. N.
Published: September 2008

Most mammals and all primates, except man, develop vibrissae on the face. Histologically, the sinus hairs around the mouth and across the brow ridges of rhesus monkeys resemble those of nonprimate mammals except for their smaller size and follicles lack of skeletal muscle attachments. These follicles grow in especially great density along the glabrous borders of the mouth. Unlike the linearly arranged vibrissae on the muzzles of more primitive mammals, the sinus hairs of the rhesus monkeys are distributed in less clearly defined patterns around the facial disc. Studies of vibrissae in nonprimate species indicate that these sensory hairs function in relation to eye- blinking, orienting, and biting reflexes, or in conjunction with olfaction.
Luteinizing Hormone Levels in Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Blakley G. A.
Published: September 2008

Luteinizing hormone (LH) levels were measured, using a bio-assay system, for three species of non-human primates. All experimental subjects were mature, depletion cycling, non-pregnant females. Following several base line cycles, daily vaginal smears and urine were collected. Gonadotropins were extracted by the kaolin-acetone method. Ovarian ascorbic acid depletion test was used to determine the μg equivalents of LH in 32 h urine samples.

Cyclic range of LH for M. mulatto was 1.4 to 6.3 μg, for Papio papio 0.4 to 5.5 μg, and Pongo pygmaeus 1.2 to 3.6 μg. Luteinizing hormone peaks appeared after ovulation as determined by the vaginal cytology in the P. pygmaeus and the M. mulatto. The midcycle peak of LH correlated well with the eosinophilic cell peak in the P. papio.
Hematology of Prosimian Primates
Authors: Bergeron J. A. , Buettner-Janusch J.
Published: September 2008

Standard hematological techniques were used to determine total erythrocyte counts, total leukocyte counts, hemoglobin concentrations, and differential counts for several species of Lemuriformes maintained in captivity in Tananarive, Madagascar. The hematological values for these animals were compared with values for animals maintained in captivity in Durham, North Carolina. Significant differences in total leukocyte counts and in differential counts were found. These differences may be accounted for by different environmental conditions, including climate, housing, and infectious agents.
The Histology of the Primate Urethra
Authors: Roberts J. A. , Seibold H. R.
Published: September 2008

The urethra of Old and New World monkeys and the chimpanzee is essentially similar to that of man. It is suggested that transitional cell tumors in the distal urethra would thus only arise by implantation metastasis.
Extinction: A Comparative Primate Study of Lemur and Cercopithecus
Authors: Arnold R. C. , Rumbaugh D. M.
Published: September 2008

The extinction performances of groups of Cercopithecus and Lemur were compared subsequent to criterional training and to 100 reinforcements with two projected problems in a totally automated situation. On the assumption that rate of extinction might be a positive correlate of discrimination learning, it was predicted that Cercopithecus would extinguish more rapidly than Lemur for its discrimination-reversal (DR) skills were known to be superior. This prediction was confirmed. Cercopithecus in contrast to Lemur also tended to shift in choice from the stimulus that was correct in training, & point consistent with its superior DR skills. Only with regard to daily performance expressed as a proportion of total responses emitted during extinction were the patterns of extinction the same for the two groups.
Amygdalectomy and Social Behavior in the Caged Stump-tailed Macaque (Macaca speciosa)
Authors: Kling A. , Cornell R.
Published: September 2008

Species specific patterns of social behavior and environmental factors may be influential in determining the effects of amygdalectomy in subhuman primates. Amygdalectomy seems to produce less social disorganization in Macaca speciosa than in M. mulatto or Cercopithecus aetliiops. This may be related to their characteristically greater degree of positive social interactions than in the other species studied.
Serum Chemistry in the Chimpanzee and the Gorilla
Authors: Planas J. , Grau M.
Published: September 2008

In 72 chimpanzees and 12 gorillas various serum chemical values have been determined. The results obtained have been compared with the human species. The great similarity in many values and in the variations caused by age can be appreciated.
Die phylogenetische Entwicklung der Hüft- und Oberschenkelmuskulatur der Primaten
Authors: Uhlmann K.
Published: September 2008

The present paper, a supplement to the author’s article in ‘Primatologia, Handbook of Primatology’, gives a synopsis of the most important data of the hip and thigh muscles of the recent primates and a discussion of the phylogenetic importance and age of distinct muscular features. On this base the questions are discussed of the structural pattern of the hip and thigh region in the earliest simians and prosimians, the later stages in the development of this muscular group to the conditions in the different recent simian groups and in man, and the difficulty in reconstructing the evolution of the muscular system of hip and thigh in prosimians.
The Anatomy of the Resonating Mechanism in Howling Monkeys
Authors: Schön M. A.
Published: September 2008

The howler monkeys are notorious for the low pitched but high volume howls emitted in particular circumstances. The mechanism for achieving such high voice intensities is still little understood. The present study is based on the dissection of the hyolaryngeal apparatus in 6 Alouatta seniculus, supplemented by the observation of these organs in whole block serial sections (30-40 μm) obtained from 3 A.seniculus and 6 A. caraya.
Goeldi’s Monkey Callimico goeldii Thomas 1904 Preying on Snakes
Authors: Lorenz R.
Published: September 2008

Two wild-born adult Callimico males showed a skillful performance in killing a small eastern ribbon snake (Thamnophis s. sauritus); in both instances the snake was eaten; to date only capuchins (Cebus spec.) were known to kill and eat snakes. The killing action was very similar to the killing of lizards but differed from preying on frogs. This gives us evidence that small snakes may represent relationship a source of protein for some Callimico in the wild. At the same time a new aspect of the relationship between snakes and noahuman primates is indicated.
Evidence of Tool-using by Chimpanzees in the Ivory Coast
Authors: Struhsaker T. T. , Hunkeler P.
Published: September 2008

Indirect evidence was collected in Ivory Coast for the use of sticks and stones by chimpanzees to open the nuts of Coula edulis and Panda oleosa. 26 nut-smashing places at 15 different sites are described.
Communication about the Environment in a Group of Young Chimpanzees
Authors: Menzel E. W.
Published: September 2008

One chimpanzee can convey to others, who have no other source of information, the presence, direction, quality, and relative quantity or preference value of distant hidden objects that he himself has not seen for several minutes. Exchange of information about objects and events probably requires no human training, or specialized ethological displays, or language.
Observations on Copulation and Seasonal Reproduction of Two Species of Spider Monkeys, Ateles belzebuth and A. geoffroyi
Authors: Klein L. L.
Published: September 2008

Observations on the sexual behavior of 2 species of spider monkeys, Ateles belzebuth and A. geoffroyi indicate that primary sexual behavior is diurnal and, in contrast to groups of Saimiri sciureus sympatric with A. belzebuth at a South American study site, non-seasonal. The copulatory posture taken by the male spider monkey during penile insertion is different from that described for any other primate. Behavioral data strongly support the hypothesis that the transmission of information concerning female sexual receptivity is via chemical stimuli, and that the primary function of the female spider monkey’s hypertrophied clitoris is the deposition of urinary scents.
The Chromosomes of Aotus trivirgatus Humboldt 1812
Authors: Brumback R. A. , Staton R. D. , Benjamin S. A. , Lang C. M.
Published: September 2008

The karyotypes of 22 South American owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) are surveyed. Animals were assigned on the basis of coat color variation to two previously described subspecies, Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra and Aotus trivirgatus trivirgatus. A Robertsonian polymorphism, distributed consistent with a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, was found among 17 Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra, whose diploid numbers were 54, 53, and 52. The 5 Aotus trivirgatus trivirgatus all had diploid numbers of 54. Their karyotypes are significantly different from those of Aotus trivirgatus griseimembra, however, and may indicate the need for taxonomic reclassification.
Pulmonary Embolus and Testicular Atrophy in a Gorilla
Authors: Antonius J. I. , Ferrier Simone A. , Dillingham L. A.
Published: September 2008

A 16½ year-old male gorilla died unexpectedly and suddenly. He had thrombophlebitis, estimated at one month duration, involving his left leg, pelvic veins and inferior vena Testicular atrophy cava. Death was due to fracture of the larynx with hemorrhage into the neck, resulting in asphyxia. A most important finding was immaturity and atrophy of the spermatogenic portion of the testes with normal or increased interstitial cells. Bobo did not have a proven sex chromosome abnormality but he did have a few cells with a 49 chromosome count, suggesting mosaicism for an autosomal chromosome. Testicular atrophy in gorillas has been reported frequently. It is suggested that further investigation of testicular abnormality in the gorilla may offer some explanation for their relative infertility.
Le régime alimentaire des Primates de Plie de Barro-Colorado (Panama)
Authors: Hladik C. M. , Hladik A. , Bousset J. , Valdebouze P. , Viroben G. , Delort-Laval J.
Published: September 2008

Food samples representing the natural diet of 4 species of New World monkeys have been analyzed. The results, integrated according to field observations, show clear differences between species, especially in the manner of balancing amino-acids composition and proportion of reducing glucids. The ‘complementary fraction’ of these diets mostly correlates feeding behavior which involves, for certain species, detection of foodstuffs spread over large home ranges, following conditioning by soluble components.
The Sexual Behavior of a Confined Troop of Japanese Macaques
Authors: Hanby Jeannette P. , Robertson L. T. , Phoenix C. H.
Published: September 2008

The sexual behavior of a confined troop of 69 Japanese macaques was observed throughout its 5 months breeding season. Males 2½ years of age and older mounted adult females but only males 4½ years and older ejaculated. All females 3½ years of age and older were sexually receptive and all but two of the adult females conceived. The frequency and intensity of mating was somewhat related to dominance in males, to age in both sexes and to the recency of an offspring in females. All males mated, some of the most active being low in rank; however, the most dominant males ejaculated more frequently. Middle-aged females were very active throughout the season; females with recent infants were least active. The frequency, the intensity, and the types of behaviors exhibited by females during the season showed no consistent cyclic fluctuations. The continued sexual activity of pregnant females, the higher numbers of ejaculations and the displays of high-ranking males, and the repeated mounting of mature females by nonejaculating males demonstrate the social nature and essentially nonprocreative functions of much breeding season activity. The interaction between hormonal and social factors must be considered in the approach to an eventual understanding of sexual behavior in primate species.
Supernumerary Nipples in the Baboon (Papio cynocephalus)
Authors: Buss D. H. , Hamner J. E.
Published: September 2008

Of 463 baboons (Papio cynocephalus) examined, 1 had a twin nipple and 4 had supernumerary nipples on the milk line’ posterior to one or other of the normal nipples.

The size of the extra nipples appeared related to the size of, but not the distance from, the normal nipples. No other relationships were found. The histologic picture of 1 supernumerary nipple and its associated mammary tissue was normal for a non-Iactating female baboon.
Grooming Behaviour in a Troop of Free-ranging Chacma Baboons (Papio ursinus)
Authors: Saayman G. S.
Published: September 2008

The frequency and duration of grooming interactions were studied for more than 400 h in relation to the menstrual and reproductive cycles in a troop of free-ranging baboons (Papio ursinus). Adult males and cycling females were proportionately more active as groomers and groomees than other classes of baboons. Adult males groomed only adult female consorts when their sexual skins were maximally swollen at mid-cycle. Females with flat sexual skins in the late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle groomed other cycling females and non-consorting adult males at high levels. The role of grooming in relation to ejaculatory mechanisms in those species in which copulation consists of an extended series of mounts by the male and which exhibit prolonged periods of sexual consortship is discussed.
Adult Male-Infant Relations among Baboons (Papio anubis)
Authors: Ransom T. W. , Ransom B. S.
Published: September 2008

Among nonhuman primate social groups there exist long-lasting relationships between individual animals. These relationships, or bonds, are expressed in both friendly and antagonistic interactions, and include consort preferences, supportive relationships, and mother-infant, sibling, pair and peer bonds. The field observer has available information on certain classes of developing relationships, those of the maturing infant with members of the troop. These relationships appear to be highly influential in directing the processes of social development and ultimately, adult bond formation.

Based on over 2,500 h of observation of two troops of free-ranging, forest-living baboons in the Gombe National Park, this paper presents a discussion of several types of repetitive, intense interactions which can occur between infants and adult males. The timing, frequency and emotional affect of these interactions suggest that they may be most influential in directing the maturing infant into appropriate roles and relationships as an adult.
The Annual Reproductive Cycle of an African Monkey (Cercopithecus mitis kolbi Neuman)
Authors: Omar A. , Vos A. De
Published: September 2008

Reproductive activities in the sykes monkey are seasonal and associated with changes in the amount of rainfall. Conceptions and births were confined to discrete dry periods of the year while pregnancy and lactation proceeded when rainfall was high.

54.5% of the population was breeding.
The Contrasting Morphology Found in the Wrist Joints of Semibrachiating Monkeys and Brachiating Apes
Authors: Lewis O. J.
Published: September 2008

The anatomy of the wrist joint is described in specimens of Ateles geoffroyi, Ateles sp., Lagothrix lagotricha, Pongo pygmaeus and Gorilla gorilla gorilla. It is demonstrated that the semibrachiating monkeys retain a primitive quadrupedal type of articulation with the ulnar styloid process contacting both pisiform and triquetral; the fundamentally different structure of this articulation in Pongidae is confirmed. The implications of these findings for the interpretation of hominoid evolution are briefly discussed.
Revision of the Subfossil Indriinae
Authors: Tattersall I.
Published: September 2008

Morphological and statistical re-examination of all known cranial material of the subfossil Malagasy lemurs Mesopropithecus Standing and Neopropithecus Lamberton indicates that there is no justification for generic separation of these forms. Similarly, ‘N’ globiceps and ‘N’ platyfrons are considered to be conspecific. Revised diagnoses are provided for the genus Mesopropithecus and for the species M. pithecoides and M. globiceps.
Evolution of the Marked Chromosomes of Primates Experimental Evidence for Pericentric Inversion
Authors: Egozcue J.
Published: September 2008

A study of the marked chromosomes in a culture of amniotic tissue from Macaca mulatta provided experimental evidence that the metacentric marked chromosomes now found in Alouatta and Aouts may have originated by pericentric inversion of marked chromosomes of the type seen in Ateles, Saimiri and several genera of Old World monkeys.

The use of the term ‘marked’ is also discussed. Some authors prefer to define these chromosomes as ‘markers’. However, the term ‘marker’ is usually applied to chromosomes with structural abnormalities. For that reason, it is proposed that the term ‘marked’ be retained to define normal chromosomes with such morphological characteristics so they can always be identified.
Tissue Enzyme Studies in Macaca nemesirina Monkeys
Authors: Hubbard R. W. , Hoffman R. A. , Jenkins D.
Published: September 2008

Total enzyme activities in fresh tissue specimens from major organs of Macaca nemestrina were analyzed for lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine phosphokinase (CPK), and aldolase. The concentration of these enzymes varied among the different tissue with skeletal muscle, heart, and brain having the highest activities. LDH isozymes determinations for the various tissues were also made. The spectrum of LDH isozyme distribution appears to be quite specific and characteristic for at least some of the tissues analyzed.
Serological Reactions with Treponemal Antigens in Nonhuman Primates and the Natural History of Treponematosis in Man
Authors: Felsenfeld O. , Wolf R. H.
Published: September 2008

Treponemal reagins were studied in the sera of 125 nonhuman primates belonging to 9 species. Seven sera were reactive, and 13 were weakly reactive. Spinal fluids available from the reactive group yielded negative results. The animals did not show clinical signs of treponemal disease. Most of the species with positive reactions have had little or no contact with man. All primates except one with positive serology came from wet tropical forest areas. If the positive results were actually due to treponemal infection, the causative agent may be related to that of yaws rather than to those of syphilis or pinta. The presence of enzootic treponematosis in apes and monkeys is suspected.
Rumpfskelettlänge, Allometrien und Körperproportionen bei catarrhinen Primaten
Authors: Biegert J. , Maurer R.
Published: September 2008

For comparisons of recent and fossil catarrhine primates a new parameter for body size, the skeletal trunk length (RS), is introduced. Investigations of intergeneric allometries and proportions of long bones and pelvis of cercopithecoids and hominoids are described.
Unilateral Renal Aplasia in an African Baboon (Papio sp.)
Authors: Kim C. S. , Kalter S. S.
Published: September 2008

Unilateral renal aplasia in the African baboon (Papio sp.) is first time reported.
Protocultural Aspects of Chimpanzees’ Responsiveness to Novel Objects
Authors: Menzel E. W. , Davenport R. K. , Rogers C. M.
Published: September 2008

19 juvenile chimpanzees, most of them with extremely limited previous social and object experience, were housed together in 17 successive groupings of 3 animals: the 1st trio consisted of indivduals A, B and C ; the 2nd of B, C and D ; the 3rd of C, D and E, and so on. Each such ‘social generation’ was tested with the same two toys. Initially both objects were avoided or approached with caution. In the 3rd trio, however, individual E habituated to one object and in the 5th trio individual F habituated to the other object. An enduring tradition of boldness and play then ensued for each object separately. The traditions were more stable across groups as a whole than within individuals.
Properties of the Hemoglobins of Newborn and Adult Prosimians (Prosimii: Lemuriformes and Lorisiformes)
Authors: Buettner-Janusch J. , Buettner-Janusch Vina , Coppenhaver D.
Published: September 2008

The results of histological, electrophorelic, chromatographic, and chemical studies of hemoglobins of newborn and adult Lemur, Galago, Hapalemur, and Propithecus indicate that major hemoglobins of newborn Prosimii, unlike those of newborn Anthropoidea, cannot be distinguished from the major hemoglobins of adults of the same species. Hemoglobins of newborn and adult Prosimii, like human fetal hemoglobin, are not eluted from red cells after incubation at acid pH and are alkali-resistant. Galago crassicaudarus, Lemur catta, and Hapalemur griseus normally have two major hemoglobins; in each species, both of the major hemoglobins are alkali-resistant. Differences between hemoglobins of Prosimii and Anthropoidea are discussed.
Transferrins in Macaca irus
Authors: Lai L.Y.C.
Published: September 2008

Various transferrin phenotypes have been found in Macaca irus and their distribution conforms to the Hardy-Weinberg law. The genetics of these phenotypes is discussed. A survey of published studies shows that there are several systems of naming transferrins, and consequently, comparison of gene frequencies is not possible. For this reason, the nomenclature proposed for macaque red acid phosphatases in a previous study has been adopted for use here.
Comparaison du sommeil de deux macaques (Macaca radiata et Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Bert J. , Pegram V. , Balzano E.
Published: September 2008

The comparison of sleep EEG between 2 species of macaca (Macaca radiata and Macaca mulatto) shows some important differences. The light sleep (stages 1 and 2) is more important in Macaca radiata, the deep sleep (stages 3 and 4) more important in Macaca mulatta. Such differences show that the sleep pattern is not a genus particularity. In fact the species of one genus can have different sleep patterns. A study of these differences factors is attempted.
Lung Function in Cynomolgus Monkeys and Baboons
Authors: Binns R. , Clark G. C.
Published: September 2008

Some physiological characteristics of the pulmonary system of cynomolgus monkeys and baboons have been investigated. Lung mechanics tests included determination of tidal volume, frequency, respiratory minute volume, dynamic compliance and pulmonary resistances. The efficiency of lung ventilation of cynomolgus monkeys was assessed using a nitrogen washout technique. Values are given for a lung clearance index, functional residual capacity, and lung specific compliance which have not previously been reported for primates.
Le comportement social de la Mone de Lowe (Cercopithecus camp belli lowei)
Authors: Hunkeler C. , Bourlière F. , Bertrand M.
Published: September 2008

The social position of the various age and sex categories within a wild troop of Cercopithecus campbellilowei has been studied, and quantitative data on the occurrence of some behavior patterns are provided.

The spontaneous departure of troop members was observed 3 times in 2 years. It appeared to be correlated with the physical and social maturation of subadult males and the occurrence of the birth season.
On the Question of Vagal Tone in Monkeys (Macaca mulatto)
Authors: Cherkovich G. M. , Tatoyan S. K.
Published: September 2008

Radiotelemetrical registration of the ECG in monkeys enabled us to obtain new data on their vagal tone by means of elimination of different environmental stimuli as well as strain of defense and orientating responses which diminish the tone of vagal center. On the background of that resting condition, atropin action was investigated. The reasons preconditioning the former wrong opinion of a mildly-expressed tone of cardiac innervation vagal center are discussed here.
A Comparative Histochemical Study of the Mucins of the Nasal Fossa in Four Primates
Authors: Loo S. K. , Kanagasuntheram R. , Took E. P. C.
Published: September 2008

A histochemical study of the mucins of the nasal fossa was carried out in 4 primates, Tupaia, Nycticebtis, Macaca, and Hylobates. Acid mucins were found in the respiratory epithelium of all 4 animals, while the olfactory epithelium of Nycticebus and Macaca contained some PAS positive granules. No mucins were present in the olfactory epithelium of Tupaia and Hylobates. Subepithelial glands of the olfactory area contained acid mucins, in all the animals investigated, while neutral mucin secreting glands were present in the respiratory area of Tupaia, Nycticebus and Hylobates.
XX Male Presbytis entellus? A Retrospective Study
Authors: Egozcue J.
Published: September 2008

A chromosome abnormality in a male Presbytis entellus, resulting from a mechanism of centromeric fission, and its implications on the concepts of chromosomal evolution are described.
Creative Responsiveness to Objects: A Report of a Pilot Study with Young Apes
Authors: Rumbaugh D. M. , Riesen A.H. , Wright Sue C.
Published: September 2008

A study with 6 young great apes suggests that problem-solving skills and creative responsiveness in play with new materials is in part a reflection of experience that entails the use of a variety of test materials for each of a series of tasks. Great ape infants are promising candidates for research that explores parameters of cognitive development, generic learning, and the development of complex learning skills.
Ossa suprasternalia der Primaten und die Spezialanpassungen des Manubrium sterni bei den Brüllaffen (Alouatta)
Authors: Klima M.
Published: September 2008

The suprasternal ossicles were found in 21 specimens and 15 species of primates in a relative high frequency of 9,6 % of the material examined. They occur both in prosimians and in simians. A description is given of their shape, dimensions and position. The special bilateral processes in the manubrium sterni of howling monkeys are not homologous with the ossa suprasternalia. They are equivalent with a partial fissura sterni.
A Biomechanical Interpretation of the Pelvis of Australopithecus
Authors: Zihlman Adrienne L. , Hunter W.S.
Published: September 2008

Dart’s model of the Makapan ilium in a Bushman pelvis showed their morphological similarities in size and shape. The structural differences of the ilia have important implications for locomotion that are revealed by biomechanical reconstruction. These features relate to the ability of the anterior of the gluteus medius-minimus muscle complex to produce internal rotation. Combined with abduction, internal rotation is a fundamental motor element necessary for efficient bipedal gait; consequently, the muscle complex had important survival value. In the evolution of Australopithecus to Homo, selection was less for a particular gait than for the improvement of a joint motion element in gait as an essential part of a hunting/gathering and tool-using way of life.
Untersuchungen über die Geschmackswirkung von Phenylthiocarbamid (PTC) bei Primaten
Authors: Glaser D.
Published: September 2008

The taste thresholds of 28 subjects from 7 species of non-human primates (Tupaia glis, Loris tardigradus, Nycticebus coucang, Galago senegalensis, Callithrix pygmaea, Saguitius tamarin, Saimiri sciureits) were ascertained with a two-tube continuous intake procedure. These physiological values were completed with earlier data from other authors and compared with results of a human population from Switzerland.
Gonadotrophin Concentrations in the Placentae of Man, the Rhesus Monkey and the Marmoset
Authors: Hobson B.M.
Published: September 2008

Chorionic gonadotrophin (CG) is present in the placentae of man and rhesus monkey throughout pregnancy. In man the concentration of gonadotrophin is highest, and in the rhesus monkey it is lowest in early pregnancy. In man the concentration of placental CG falls as gestation proceeds; in the rhesus monkey there is a significant increase in monkey chorionic gonadotrophin (MCG) as the placenta ages. The marmoset term placenta has less gonadotrophin in it than either that of man or rhesus monkey.
Note on Blonde Chimpanzee
Authors: Rosen S. I. , Rich K. , Ommaya A.K
Published: September 2008

A preliminary investigation of the biology of a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes verus) with unusual pelage coloration is reported. Characteristics of this animal are an unusually high number of segmented neutrophils, a very low lymphocyte count and the appearance of secondary constrictions on the number 1 chromosome. Further biological studies of this chimpanzee are planned.
Social Relations within Troops of Red Howler Monkeys (Alouatta seniculus)
Authors: Neville M. K.
Published: September 2008

This report on the intratroop social behavior of Alouatta seniculus, based on field work in Trinidad and Venezuela, emphasizes the importance of apparently matrifocal groupings. Comparisons are made with other species, particularly to A. villosa, and red howlers are found to do more allogrooming then the latter and differ in sexual and other behavior patterns. The interest of juvenile, subadult and adult females in recent infants is emphasized.
Some Comparisons between Siamang and Gibbon Behaviour
Authors: Fox Greysolynne J.
Published: September 2008

A family of captive siamangs at the Milwaukee County Zoo was observed for 100 h during an 8-month period. The adults were originally feral animals which have been mated in captivity. All of the offspring, a subadult female, a juvenile male and an infant are theirs. They exhibit a family composition known to exist in the wild. Behavioural similarity to wild gibbons was noted, particularly in the peripheralization of the subadult female, whose isolation is both spatial and social. She was almost never the object of grooming activity and she was allowed to eat only when the family had finished eating. Aggression at feeding time, particularly by the adult male, was both covert and overt. This isolation of the maturing young seems to be but one of the indicators of the similarity between gibbon and siamang behaviour in the wild and in captivity.
A Comparative Study on the Oro-Nasal Region of the External Face of the Gorilla as a Contribution to Cranio-Facial Biology of Primates
Authors: Hofer H. O.
Published: September 2008

This paper describes the external morphology of the oro-nasal region of Gorilla, in comparison with Pan. The pattern of furrows involved in certain movements of this region is described. There is a basic pattern of furrows common to man and pongids.
Encephalization in Australopithecines: a New Estimate
Authors: Leutenegghr W.
Published: September 2008

Analysis of brain-body size relationships in australopithecines based on the regression equation y (brain weight) = bx (body weight)0.23 indicates that gracile and robust australopithecines were equally advanced in the degree of encephalization and clearly above the pongid level of brain evolution.
The Topography of the Premaxillary-Frontal Region in Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Swindler D. R. , Tarrant L. H.
Published: September 2008

The premaxillary-frontal articulation has been reported as a common feature in Old World monkeys, while the absence of this contact has been described in New World monkeys. In the present study, it was observed in only 2 of 551 Old World monkey skulls and was never found in the New World specimens. The nasomaxillary bone described by Ashley-Montagu in 1935 was absent in all monkeys studied. The premaxillary-frontal articulation is shown to have limited taxonomic value in separating Old and New World monkeys.
Chromosomal Evolution in a Rhesus Cell Line
Authors: Pasztor L. M. , Hu Funan
Published: September 2008

Chromosomal evolution was examined in a long-term cell culture derived from Macaca mulatta eye tissue. In addition to the ‘marked’ chromosome that characterizes the rhesus karyotype, other chromosomes that may have originated from it by inversions and translocations were identified at each subculture sampled. Our observations do not warrant the conclusion that all the achromatically distinguished chromosomes observed were ‘marked’ rather than ‘marked’ chromosomes; some, however, resembled the ‘marked’ chromosomes found in Aotus and Cercopithecus.
Social Behavior Comparison in Laboratory-Reared Stumptail and Rhesus Macaques
Authors: Chamove A. S.
Published: September 2008

No differences in social behavior during the first year of life were found in comparisons of two quadrats of each macaque type when controlling for adult-related differences by rearing infants with one another.

No support was found for reports of feral stumptails being more affiliative or less assertive. Another group of rhesus tested in a larger enclosure were more assertive and more fearful when compared with rhesus in a small test cage.
Adult Male Replacement in One-Male Troops of Purple-Faced Langurs (Presbytis senex senex) and its Effect on Population Structure
Authors: Rudran R.
Published: September 2008

Populations of two subspecies of Presbytis senex were studied for nearly two years in two different areas in Ceylon. Within the high density population of P. s. senex, social changes involving the replacement of the leader male and infant deaths were observed in five one-male troops. Evidence to indicate that such changes may also be occurring in the lower density population of the other subspecies, P. s. monticola, is given. A possible scheme of long-term population changes in these two subspecies is proposed and its applicability to several other langur species is discussed. Explanations for certain aspects of mother-infant relationship and territorial behaviour among langurs are suggested.
Contribution to the Ecology of Colobus polykomos satanas (Waterhouse, 1838) of Rio Muni, Republic of Equatorial Guinea
Authors: Sabater Pi J.
Published: September 2008

Some aspects of the ecology of black colobus monkeys in nature are described in relation to their exploitation of their ecological niche and their association with other primates. The ‘jumping-roaring display’ of this species is compared with that of other colobus that have been studied up to the present in their natural biotop. Its possible social significance is evaluated. Some aspects of alimentation and reproduction are also described.
Cyclic Changes in Cervical Mucus and LH Levels in the Bonnet Macaque (Macaca radiata)
Authors: Kanagawa H. , Hafez E.S.E. , Mori J. , Kurosawa T. , Kothari L.
Published: September 2008

Vaginal cytology, cervical mucus, and serum LH were studied in adult female bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata). Ovulation was observed by laparoscopy. The cytology of vaginal smears and ferning pattern of cervical mucus were not well demarcated. Water content of cervical mucus increased gradually before ovulation and decreased soon after ovulation. The disc gel electro-Serum LH phoresis of cervical mucus revealed four bands. A single mid-cycle peak in concentration was detected in most cases. Basal LH concentration of approximately 500 ng/ml and LH surge of 2,000-2,500 ng/ml were observed between days 14 and 16.
Ovarian Steroid Patterns in Peripheral Plasma during the Menstrual Cycle in the Rhesus Monkey
Authors: Bosu W.T.K , Johansson E.D.B , Gemzell C.
Published: September 2008

The plasma patterns of ocstrogens, progesterone and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone were studied during 18 normal menstrual cycles in 15 rhesus monkeys. Radioimmunoassays and competitive protein binding were used for the determination of the plasma levels of the steroids. The average patterns of the steroids in plasma and their relation to ovulation, menstruation and normality of the cycles studied are described.
Chimpanzee Copulatory Behaviour
Authors: Tutin C.E.G. , Mcgrew W.C.
Published: September 2008

Observations were made of a group of adolescent chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) living in one-acre field enclosure. In 1,200 h of observation, we observed 341 copulations involving six individuals. 34 elements of copulatory behaviour were described and recorded, including facial expressions, vocalisations, gestures, postures and locomotion. Frequencies, combinations and sequences of the elements were extracted in analysis. The results emphasise individual differences and the rapid ontogeny of copulatory behaviour elements.
Notes on Reproduction in Captive Squirrel Monkeys (Saimitri sciureus)
Authors: Lorenz R. , Anderson C.O. , Mason W.A.
Published: September 2008

Over a 6-year period, a colony of Saimiri was established for experimental behavioral research. Heterosexual pair housing prevailed, and a number of offspring was produced. Females apparently underwent a lengthy adjustment process, inasmuch as viable infant production was infrequent until the female had been paired for three breeding seasons. Males required only a short period of adjustment, if any, to become effective breeders. Breeding was seasonal and births occurred during the summer. The mean maximum gestation for five females who delivered in one year was 162.6 days (range 152-168 days, n = 5). The short gestations for some of these females relative to those previously reported by other investigators suggest a broad range of variability in gestation for this species. The possibility that some of these five females conceived very soon after being paired with males is discussed with regard to social and coital influences on ovulation.
Anatomy of the Temporal Bone in the Oligocène Anthropoid Apidium and the Origin of Anthropoidea
Authors: Gingerich P. D.
Published: September 2008

An associated group of cranial fragments and upper teeth of Apidium phiomense from the Oligocene of Egypt includes two fragments of the right temporal bone. The petrosal fragment preserves part of a large unbranched carotid canal similar to that of all Anthropoidea. The squamosal fragment demonstrates that there was no ossified ectotympanic lateral to the bulla, and that the anterior crus of the tympanic annulus was not fused to the squamosal. This suggests the presence in Apidium of a free tympanic ring within the bulla similar to that of Eocene lemuroid primates. Osteological and paleontological evidence favors the view that Anthropoidea evolved directly from lemuroid ancestors, without passing through an intermediate tarsioid stage.
Age Changes, Variability and Generic Differences in Body Proportions of Recent Hominoids
Authors: Schultz Adolph H.
Published: September 2008

The averages and ranges of variations of 9 absolute and 12 relative body measurements of a few fetal, 55 newborn, and 165 adult hominoid primates are recorded and compared in regard to their relative changes with age, variability, and intergeneric differences.
Feeding Levels and Feeding Sites of Red Colobus (Colobus badius tephrosceles) in the Combe National Park
Authors: Clutton-Brock T
Published: September 2008

The height above ground at which red colobus in the Gombe National Park were observed to feed varied between seasons and between times of day. The feeding sites used by the animals varied between different age/sex categories of animals as well as between seasons and times of day. Comparisons of feeding niches in other primate species may need to take this kind of variation into account.
The Distribution of the White-coilared Mangabey, Cercocebus torquatus, in Nigeria
Authors: Schlitter D. A. , Phillips J. , Kemp G.E.
Published: September 2008

The distribution of the white-collared mangabey, Cercocebus torquatus, is shown to extend west-ward as far as the Igangan Forest Reserve near the Dahomey border in southwestern Nigeria. Additional Nigerian specimens deposited in the British Museum (Natural History) are reported for the first time. Neither the Cross nor Niger Rivers seem to have any effect on the distribution of Cercocebus torquatus in Nigeria.
Preliminary Observations of Cebus nigrivittatus (Primates: Cebidae) on the Venezuelan Llanos
Authors: Oppenheimer J. R. , Oppenheimer E. C.
Published: September 2008

Brief observations were made of Cebus nigrivittatus in a dry forest on the Venezuelan llanos. Data were obtained on the social behavior of one troop of 33 individuals, which included 4 adult males and 8 adult females. Eleven vocal and seven visual displays were noted and the associations between them were analyzed. Functions for these displays are tentatively presented.
Further Observations on the Use of Ladders in a Group of Young Chimpanzees
Authors: Menzel E. W.
Published: September 2008

Although no comparable behaviors have as yet been reported in wild chimpanzees, most captive chimpanzees easily learn to stand a loose branch or other elongated object vertically, and use it for vaulting or climbing. The present animals went beyond this: they also learned to brace the top of the branch against a vertical structure (wall, tree, etc.), and thus create a ‘ladder’ which would remain standing indefinitely and which could be used simultanously by several animals. An earlier paper described the origin and first varieties of ladder using; the present paper describes a new variety, namely escape over the 5.5 m high fence. No deliberate training was involved at any stage of our research.
Wrist Mechanism and Locomotor Behavior of Dryopithecus (Proconsul) africanus
Authors: Schön M. A. , Ziemer Linda K.
Published: September 2008

A study of the conarticular surfaces in the reconstructed wrist of Dryopithecus (Proconsul) africanus reveals that they most probably attained their close-packed and habitual position when its hand was dorsiflexed as it occurs in the palmigrade quadrupedal stance and locomotion of Alouatta and Ateles. This report, therefore, denies knuckle-walking as a possible locomotive habitus for D. (Proconsul) africanus, and proposes Alouatta and Ateles as the best available models for the locomotor behavior of D. (Proconsul) africanus.