bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A qualitative study of perioperative nursing students' experiences of interprofessional simulation‐based learning
Authors: Kaldheim Hege Kristin Aslaksen , Fossum Mariann , Munday Judy , Johnsen Kjersti Marie Frivoll , Slettebø Åshild
Published: October 2020

Aim

To explore perioperative nursing students' experiences of interprofessional simulation‐based learning to gain a deeper understanding of how this educational tool can be used to support students' learning and enable them to achieve the intended learning outcomes.

Background

Despite extensive research, it remains unclear what and how participants learn from interprofessional simulation‐based learning. There is a need to specify how interprofessional simulation‐based learning should be organised to support and promote learning processes, especially for postgraduate learners. In particular, there seems to be little evidence in the existing literature in the field of educating perioperative nurses, where advanced technical skills and high‐quality nursing care are required.

Design

The study's qualitative and explorative design is reported in accordance with the COREQ guideline.

Method

Between May–October 2019, thirty‐four perioperative nursing students from four educational institutions participated in six focus group interviews, with four to eight students in each. All participants had previous experience of interprofessional simulation‐based learning in acute settings. Data were transcribed verbatim and were then subjected to phenomenological hermeneutical analysis involving three steps: naïve reading, structural analysis and comprehensive understanding.

Results

Three themes were identified the following: customised interprofessional simulation‐based learning; reality of the experience of interprofessional simulation‐based learning; and preparedness for clinical practice.

Conclusion

Customised interprofessional simulation‐based learning was found to be of value to the participants and reflected their feeling of mental preparedness entering interprofessional simulation‐based learning. Furthermore, participants' experience of reality when using the tool was a key theme that also impacted how prepared participants felt for clinical practice.

Relevance to clinical practice

The study findings contribute to the further expansion of interprofessional simulation‐based learning in perioperative nursing education as a means of developing students' professional competence. This is essential knowledge, as professional practitioners must reflect on practice to further enhance that practice and patient safety.
Transvaginal natural orifice endoscopic surgery for extremely obese patients with early‐stage endometrial cancer
Authors: Mat Emre , Kale Ahmet , Gundogdu Elif Cansu , Basol Gulfem , Yildiz Gazi , Usta Taner
Published: October 2020

Aim

The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and efficacy of transvaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (v‐NOTES) staging surgery for extreme obese patients with early‐stage type‐1 endometrial cancer.

Methods

Study included cases of extreme obese patients with early‐stage endometrial cancer who underwent v‐NOTES between January 2019 and June 2019 at a tertiary referral medical center. The following parameters were noted: patient age, body mass index (BMI), operating time, conversion to conventional laparoscopy or laparotomy, any intraoperative or postoperative complications, estimated blood loss, pre‐ and postoperative hemoglobin levels, postoperative pain scores of the patients using visual analogue scale (VAS) at 6th, 12th and 24th h, length of hospital stay and final pathology report.

Results

Six cases of extreme obese patients with early‐stage endometrial cancer underwent hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy via the transvaginal NOTES. These six patients had a mean body mass index of 51.4 kg/m2 (SD = 6,13). No conversion to conventional laparoscopy or even laparotomy was needed in any of these patients. No adjuvant therapy was needed since all of the patients had early‐stage endometrial carcinoma.

Conclusion

Given the increased risk of surgical morbidity and mortality associated with increasing BMI, it is paramount importance to establish safe surgical approaches to gynecological pathologies. We think that v‐NOTES offers greater benefit to obese patients when performed by an experienced surgeon and v‐NOTES is a safe, effective and feasible minimally invasive surgery in extreme obese patients with early endometrial cancer.
A uterine pseudotumor of immunoglobulin G4‐related disease
Authors: Senda Yasutaka , Ikeda Yoshiki , Tamauchi Satoshi , Yoshikawa Nobuhisa , Kikkawa Fumitaka , Kajiyama Hiroaki
Published: October 2020

Immunoglobulin G4‐related disease (IgG4‐RD) is characterized by systemic lesions presenting as swellings, nodules and wall thickenings. The first‐line therapy is glucocorticoids. This disease is common among middle‐aged and elderly men, and its uterine mass formation is uncommon. We encountered a 39‐year‐old nulliparous woman with an IgG4‐related uterine mass and enlarged pelvic lymph nodes. Complete remission was achieved by fertility‐sparing resection of the uterine mass without glucocorticoids. This case showed that IgG4‐RD can present as a uterine mass and we need to be careful of its diagnostic and therapeutic strategies because an IgG4‐related uterine mass is difficult to distinguish from sarcoma or malignant lymphoma. Our case also demonstrated that IgG4‐related lymphadenopathy could regress spontaneously without complete lymphadenectomy or glucocorticoids when IgG4‐RD does not affect vital organs. A pelvic mass with hyperproteinemia may be a hint to remind us of IgG4‐RD and may trigger a preoperative immunoglobulin test.
Understanding value in oral health: the oral health value‐based care symposium
Authors: Boynes Sean , Nelson Joni , Diep Vuong , Kanan Christine , Pedersen Da‐Nell , Brown Carolyn , Mathews Rebekah , Tranby Eric , Apostolon Danielle , Bayham Mary , Minter‐Jordan Myechia
Published: October 2020

Objective

There are both opportunities and challenges with the implementation of oral health value‐based care (OHVBC). To tackle concerns and advance conversation, a symposium was convened with subject matter experts to develop a gap analysis and capture insights into professional readiness for value‐based care design.

Methods

The symposium was convened as a private event for 46 participants over the course of one and a half days in December 2019. Thematic analyses utilized the OHVBC Readiness Framework (DentaQuest Partnership, 2019) to further codify conversations as part of the gap‐analysis process. Poll Everywhere, a text messaging application that allows participants to answer questions in real time, was also employed to solicit responses.

Results

Attendees of the symposium felt that OHVBC would have a large portion of market share within the next 10 years. A qualitative assessment of multiple table discussions determined that the participants developed more consensus around themes for the current state and the future‐desired state than the action‐planning needed to close the gap between the two. This may relate to individual ideology, and the siloed environment is still prevalent in the oral health realm. In a postsymposium survey, respondent attendees did not perceive that COVID‐19 would delay or negatively impact the adoption of OHVBC and may result in accelerating its utilization.

Conclusion

The oral health community is experiencing multiple drivers to adopt more OHVBC within business and care models. However, there is still a lack of uniformity on how to execute this delivery model.
Social media conversations about community water fluoridation: formative research to guide health communication
Authors: Mackert Michael , Bouchacourt Lindsay , Lazard Allison , Wilcox Gary B. , Kemp Deena , Kahlor Lee Ann , George Caren , Stewart Beth , Wolfe Josefine
Published: October 2020

Objectives

Community water fluoridation (CWF) is one of the greatest public health achievements of the 20th century. Despite this achievement, there are still misunderstandings about the safety of water fluoridation. Previous communication campaigns advocating CWF have been unsuccessful in combating these misunderstandings, suggesting a need for a new way to promote CWF. The goal of this article is to guide research for future campaigns by analyzing the digital conversation regarding community water fluoridation and other forms of fluoride in the state of Texas.

Methods

NUVI software extracted tweets from Twitter, and SAS Text Miner 12.1 software revealed topics related to water fluoridation.

Results

The results uncovered eight topics related to water fluoridation. Overall, the analysis showed mixed reactions toward water fluoridation, fluoride toothpaste, and children's dental health.

Conclusions

The findings of the text analysis will guide future research, with the goal of building a pro‐CWF effort in Texas.
Optimising sleep and performance during night float: A systematic review of evidence and implications for graduate medical education trainees
Authors: Sholtes David , Kravitz Howard M. , Deka Aniruddha , Westrick Jennifer , Fogg Louis F. , Gottlieb Michael
Published: October 2020

Graduate medical education (GME) training commonly requires residents and fellows to engage in night float shift work. This review aims to assess the effectiveness of interventions for trainees when preparing for, completing, and recovering from working night float shifts. We reviewed all available studies published prior to September 2019 using PubMed, Scopus, CINAHL, the Cochrane library, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar databases. We included all original, primary research articles assessing either non‐pharmacological or pharmacological interventions on the chronobiological and physiological effects of night float shift work among GME trainees. Five studies (n = 179 patients) met inclusion criteria. Interventions included melatonin in the morning before sleep after night float shifts, napping during night float shifts, modafinil after a night of sleep deprivation, and caffeinated energy drinks after 6 consecutive night float shifts. Melatonin improved one measure of attention. A 2‐hr nap was associated with improved speed related to task switching. Modafinil improved performance in tests of cognition. Caffeinated energy drinks led to improvement in select driving performance variables and reaction time. Effect sizes for outcome variables were calculated. Heterogeneity among the studies precluded combining the data in a meta‐analysis. According to GRADE criteria, the quality of the evidence in these studies was low or very low. Our findings suggest GME trainees may benefit from utilising a limited number of interventions when preparing for or recovering from night float shift work. More investigation is needed to identify interventions that could help GME trainees adapt to and recover from working night float shifts.
Altered balance between collagen formation and degradation after successful direct‐acting antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Laursen Tea Lund , Villesen Ida Falk , Leeming Diana Julie , Karsdal Morten Asser , Sølund Christina , Tarp Britta , Kristensen Lena Hagelskjær , Holmboe Charlotte Henneberg , Leutscher Peter , Laursen Alex Lund , Gudmann Natasja Stæhr , Grønbæk Henning
Published: October 2020

The effect of direct‐acting antiviral (DAA) therapy on extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover, a prominent feature of chronic hepatitis C (CHC), is unknown. ECM protein degradation and formation generate fragments reflecting the tissue turnover balance when quantified in the blood. PRO‐C3 and PRO‐C4 reflect type III and IV collagen formation; C3M and C4M are degradation markers of type III and IV. We aimed to assess the markers’ dynamics with DAA therapy in CHC patients. Plasma PRO‐C3, PRO‐C4, C3M and C4M were assessed before, during and up till one year after 12‐24 weeks of DAA therapy in 77 CHC patients with advanced fibrosis (n = 14) or cirrhosis (n = 63). Liver stiffness was evaluated using transient elastography. PRO‐C3, C3M and C4M levels decreased significantly (P < .00001) while PRO‐C4 was unchanged (P = .20) during the study period. There was a steep decrease in the PRO‐C3/C3M ratio during DAA therapy and follow‐up (P < .02). The PRO‐C4/C4M ratio was unchanged (P > .27). The dynamics of the collagen markers behaved similarly between patients with advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis. However, the cirrhosis patients had >20% higher levels of C3M, PRO‐C4 and C4M at all time points (P < .05). The collagen markers correlated with liver stiffness at baseline and follow‐up.Markers of type III and IV collagen formation and degradation decreased during and after successful DAA therapy in CHC patients with advanced liver disease, and associated with disease severity. These results indicate an altered balance between collagen formation and degradation after viral clearance suggesting favourable effects on liver fibrosis.
Gender and Racial Wage Differentials in Nonprofit Hospitals*
Authors: Courey Gabriel
Published: October 2020

Past studies have found that economy‐wide gender and racial wage differentials are smaller in the nonprofit sector than in the for‐profit sector. I show that the massive US hospital industry exhibits a different pattern. Gender and racial differentials in nonprofit hospitals are larger than in the for‐profit hospitals. These findings are robust to various model specifications and appear throughout the earnings distribution and in most subsamples. Critically, the findings remain even after controlling for individual fixed effects. I argue this may reflect weakened monitoring in nonprofit hospitals and contrast this with the traditional theory that nonprofits must emphasize wage equality to motivate their workers.
Management of legacy nutrient stores through nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization, catch crops, and gypsum treatment
Authors: Sihvonen Matti , Lintunen Jussi , Valkama Elena , Hyytiäinen Kari
Published: October 2020

We develop a modeling framework, based on discrete‐time dynamic optimization, to study the effect of legacy nutrient stores and soil nutrient dynamics on optimal nutrient management and agri‐environmental policy in crop production. Three alternative measures are studied to reduce nutrient loss: reduced fertilization, nonlegume catch crop cultivation and gypsum amendment. According to our results, landowner can bring down excessively high phosphorus stocks causing environmental damage within decades, by simultaneous optimization of the nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers on the economic basis of profit maximization. Our results suggest that nitrogen loss abatement with catch crops is socially optimal, whereas the use of gypsum is well justified as a temporary measure on soils with high soil phosphorus levels. A dynamic tax‐subsidy‐scheme, which takes into account the current soil nutrient levels and field attributes such as soil texture, can enforce the socially optimal outcome. The welfare losses of the static steady‐state‐based tax‐subsidy‐schemes are increasing functions of the legacy nutrient stores and soil's ability to hold nutrients.

Recommendations for Resource Managers

We develop a modeling framework to study the effect of the legacy nutrient stores and the soil nutrient dynamics on the optimal nutrient management and agri‐environmental policy in crop production.

Nonlegume catch crop cultivation is a socially optimal long‐term measure for nitrogen loss abatement, whereas phosphorus loss abatement with gypsum is socially optimal on soils with high soil phosphorus levels.

A dynamic tax‐subsidy‐scheme, which is adjusted annually according to the soil nutrient stocks, leads to social optimum. Although this can be difficult to implement in practice, it can be useful in the derivation of the simpler, static tax‐subsidy‐schemes.

If a gypsum subsidy is paid for those years, where the soil P level is above the threshold level for the gypsum application, the welfare loss of the static steady‐state‐based tax‐subsidy‐schemes is almost zero.

Simultaneous adjustment of the N and P fertilizer rates enables the use of simple, static and soil‐texture‐ignorant tax‐subsidy schemes, without a notable social welfare loss
Performance of pacemaker leads in alternative lead positions after tricuspid valve replacement
Authors: Michaelis Anna , Wagner Franziska , Riede Frank‐Thomas , Schroeter Thomas , Daehnert Ingo , Pfannmueller Bettina , Gebauer Roman Antonin , Paech Christian
Published: October 2020

Background

Bradycardic arrhythmias requiring pacemaker (PM) implantation are still common in patients in need of tricuspid valve replacement (TVR). Leaving an existing PM lead in an extravalvular position may represent a helpful alternative in special situations like the implantation of a mechanical TV. This study aimed to examine the short‐ to mid‐term outcome of paravalvular leads concerning lead survival and prosthesis dysfunction in patients after TVR.

Methods

A retrospective case‐control study of patients with TVR and ventricular pacing was conducted. Patients from the database of the Leipzig Heart Center were included. Data of the paravalvular lead group (PVG) and coronary sinus lead group (CSG) were compared to a control group with conventional transvalvular leads (TVG).

Results

Eighty patients with TVR and cardiac PM (TVG [n = 13], PVG [n = 40], and CSG [n = 27]) were included. The mean follow‐up was 2.8 years. The rate of lead revisions (TVG 15.4%, PVG 2.5%, and CSG 7.5%) was lower in PVG but without significance (P = .286). The CSG demonstrated significantly higher pacing thresholds (1.4 V/0.8 ms) than TVG (0.5 V/0.4 ms), P = .004. However, the deterioration of threshold amplitudes during follow‐up was similar in CSG (7.4%) and PVG (7.5%) compared with controls (7.7%). Function of TV prosthesis regarding development of stenosis or regurgitation showed a similarity between the groups (regurgitation PVG P = .692, CSG P = 1; stenosis PVG P = .586, CSG P = 0.69).

Conclusion

Paravalvular positioning of PM leads seems to represent a reasonable alternative to the conventional transvalvular lead positioning concerning the lead and Tricuspid Valve prosthesis's function and durability in selected patients.
Peripheral Nerve Blockade with Combined Standard and Liposomal Bupivacaine in Major Lower‐Extremity Amputation
Authors: Dumitrascu Catalina I. , Warner Nafisseh S. , Stewart Thomas M. , Amundson Adam W. , Bruns Danette L. , Hanson Andrew C. , Schulte Phillip J. , Smith Mark M. , Brown Michael J. , Niesen Adam D. , Mantilla Carlos B. , Warner Matthew A.
Published: October 2020

Background and Objectives

Optimizing perioperative analgesia for patients undergoing major lower‐extremity amputation remains a considerable challenge. The utility of liposomal bupivacaine as a component of peripheral nerve blockade for lower‐extremity amputation is unknown.

Methods

We conducted an observational study comparing three different perioperative analgesic techniques for adults undergoing major lower‐extremity amputation under general anesthesia between 2012 and 2017 at an academic medical center: (1) no regional anesthesia, (2) peripheral nerve blockade with standard bupivacaine, and (3) peripheral nerve blockade with a mixture of standard and liposomal bupivacaine. The primary outcome of cumulative opioid oral morphine milligram equivalent utilization in the first 72 hours postoperatively was compared across groups utilizing multivariable linear regression.

Results

A total of 631 unique anesthetics were included for 578 unique patients, including 416 (66%) without regional anesthesia, 131 (21%) with peripheral nerve blockade with a mixture of standard and liposomal bupivacaine, and 84 (13%) with peripheral nerve blockade with standard bupivacaine alone. Cumulative morphine equivalents were lower in those receiving peripheral nerve blockade with combined standard and liposomal bupivacaine compared with those not receiving regional anesthesia (multiplicative increase 0.67; 95% CI 0.50 to 0.90; P = 0.007). There were no significant differences in opioid utilization between peripheral nerve blockade groups (P = 0.59).

Conclusions

Peripheral nerve blockade is associated with reduced opioid requirements after lower‐extremity amputation compared with general anesthesia alone. However, the incorporation of liposomal bupivacaine is not significantly different to blockade employing only standard bupivacaine.
Impact of governmental regulations on compliance with MMR immunizations in Northern California
Authors: Blackshire La Cole , Iyiegbuniwe Emmanuel
Published: October 2020

Objective

California's Senate Bill 277 (SB277) was mandated to reduce the prevalence of measles by eliminating personal belief exemptions. This study evaluated seven county‐level records to determine the impact of SB277 on immunizations among kindergarteners in Northern California.

Design

This study used a quantitative postintervention secondary data analysis.

Sample

This study included three kindergarten schools in seven Northern California counties during three academic years from 2015 to 2019.

Measurements

Sixty‐three previously collected school measurements involving 4,626 students were included in a secondary analysis. The study used grouped logistic regression to evaluate the variations in immunization compliance records (2015–16 vs. 2017–18 and 2018–19) among kindergartners in seven counties.

Results

This study found no significant differences in (1) overall county‐level measures and (2) the likelihood that kindergartners would be current with measles–mumps–rubella (MMR; OR = 1.12, CI = 0.79–1.62) or be up‐to‐date with five immunizations (OR = 1.08, CI = 0.77–1.52) post‐SB277 versus pre‐SB277.

Conclusion

This study showed that SB277 had a small clinical but nonstatistically significant impact on kindergartners' up‐to‐date with up‐to‐date rates of compliance with five immunizations and those current with two doses of MMR in seven Northern California counties. Despite the passing of SB277, vaccine‐hesitant parents have continued to seek alternatives to immunizations.
Congenital ocular malformations in dogs and cats: 123 cases
Authors: Saraiva Inês Q. , Delgado Esmeralda
Published: October 2020

Objective

Provide epidemiological data regarding the prevalence of congenital ocular malformations in dogs and cats.

Animals studied

A population of 32 974 dogs and 13 977 cats that presented for consultation at the veterinary teaching hospital.

Procedures

Medical records from 2011 to 2018 were reviewed. A retrospective and prospective epidemiological clinical study addressing congenital ocular malformations was conducted. Signalment, medical history, reason for presentation, clinical findings, vision impairment, and treatment options were analyzed.

Results

From the total of cases analyzed, 103 dogs (0.3%) and 20 cats (0.1%) met the inclusion criteria. The majority of dogs were mixed breed, the most common breed being the French Bulldog, while the majority of cats were European domestic shorthair. The median age of diagnosis was 12 months for dogs and 6 months for cats. Sex predisposition was not found. The most frequently identified abnormalities were as follows: congenital cataract (dogs: 31.1%; cats: 30.0%), microphthalmia (dogs: 35.0%, cats: 25.0%), and persistent pupillary membrane (dogs: 27.2%, cats: 40.0%). Some of the concurrently observed malformations were significantly associated. A statistically significant association was found between ocular dermoids and the French Bulldog breed (P < .001).

Conclusions

Even though congenital ocular malformations are uncommon, knowledge about their prevalence is important, since they can cause vision impairment or even blindness. Moreover, some human ocular disease phenotypes are similar to the ones presented by dogs and cats, so they can be used as models to investigate pathophysiology and therapeutic approaches.
Introducing Preservice Teachers to Family-Centered Practices: A Scoping Review
Authors: Daczewitz Marcus , Meadan Hedda , Cooper Swanson Terri , Sands Michelle
Published: October 2020

Parental involvement in P-12 education could lead to social and academic success for students; however, parents often experience barriers to their involvement. Different or additional barriers exist for parents of children with a disability. School staff can positively influence parents to become involved in their children’s education. Family-centered practices, common in early intervention under special education law (Part C of IDEIA), may foster parent involvement in P-12 schools. In this scoping literature review, we examined 17 studies of teacher preparation programs (TPPs) in higher education in the US who have implemented programs to prepare preservice teachers (PSTs) to collaborate with parents/families. Studies varied by analytic method, participants, purposes, format, and measures. We present a synthesis of the included articles and discuss recommendations for teacher preparation programs.
August Krogh's theory of muscle microvascular control and oxygen delivery: a paradigm shift based on new data
Authors: Poole David C. , Pittman Roland N. , Musch Timothy I. , Østergaard Leif
Published: October 2020

August Krogh twice won the prestigious international Steegen Prize, for nitrogen metabolism (1906) and overturning the concept of active transport of gases across the pulmonary epithelium (1910). Despite this, at the beginning of 1920, the consummate experimentalist was relatively unknown worldwide and even among his own University of Copenhagen faculty. But, in early 1919, he had submitted three papers to Dr Langley, then editor ofThe Journal of Physiologyin England. These papers coalesced anatomical observations of skeletal muscle capillary numbers with O2diffusion theory to propose a novel active role for capillaries that explained the prodigious increase in blood‐muscle O2flux from rest to exercise. Despite his own appraisal of the first two papers as “rather dull” to his friend, the eminent Cambridge respiratory physiologist, Joseph Barcroft, Krogh believed that the third one, dealing with O2supply and capillary regulation, was“interesting”. These papers, which won Krogh an unopposed Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1920, form the foundation for this review. They single‐handedly transformed the role of capillaries from passive conduit and exchange vessels, functioning at the mercy of their upstream arterioles, into independent contractile units that were predominantly closed at rest and opened actively during muscle contractions in a process he termed ‘capillary recruitment’. Herein we examine Krogh's findings and some of the experimental difficulties he faced. In particular, the boundary conditions selected for his model (e.g. heavily anaesthetized animals, negligible intramyocyte O2partial pressure, binary open‐closed capillary function) have not withstood the test of time. Subsequently, we update the reader with intervening discoveries that underpin our current understanding of muscle microcirculatory control and place a retrospectroscope on Krogh's discoveries. The perspective is presented that the imprimatur of the Nobel Prize, in this instance, may have led scientists to discount compelling evidence. Much as he and Marie Krogh demonstrated that active transport of gases across the blood‐gas barrier was unnecessary in the lung, capillaries in skeletal muscle do not open and close spontaneously or actively, nor is this necessary to account for the increase in blood‐muscle O2flux during exercise. Thus, a contemporary model of capillary function features most muscle capillaries supporting blood flow at rest, and, rather than capillaries actively vasodilating from rest to exercise, increased blood‐myocyte O2flux occurs predominantly via elevating red blood cell and plasma flux in already flowing capillaries. Krogh is lauded for his brilliance as an experimentalist and for raising scientific questions that led to fertile avenues of investigation, including the study of microvascular function.

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Robot Collision Detection Without External Sensors Based on Time-Series Analysis
Authors: Zhang Tie , Ge Peizhong , Zou Yanbiao , He Yingwu
Published: October 2020

To ensure the human safety in the process of human–robot cooperation, this paper proposes a robot collision detection method without external sensors based on time-series analysis (TSA). In the investigation, first, based on the characteristics of the external torque of the robot, the internal variation of the external torque sequence during the movement of the robot is analyzed. Next, a time-series model of the external torque is constructed, which is used to predict the external torque according to the historical motion information of the robot and generate a dynamic threshold. Then, the detailed process of time-series analysis for collision detection is described. Finally, the real-machine experiment scheme of the proposed real-time collision detection algorithm is designed and is used to perform experiments with a six degrees-of-freedom (6DOF) articulated industrial robot. The results show that the proposed method helps to obtain a detection accuracy of 100%; and that, as compared with the existing collision detection method based on a fixed symmetric threshold, the proposed method based on TSA possesses smaller detection delay and is more feasible in eliminating the sensitivity difference of collision detection in different directions.
1-Bromonaphthalene, by near-ambient pressure XPS
Authors: Dietrich Paul
Published: October 2020

Near ambient pressure-x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (NAP-XPS) is a less traditional form of XPS that allows samples to be analyzed at relatively high pressures, i.e., at greater than 5000 Pa. With NAP-XPS, liquids, biological samples, porous materials, and/or polymeric materials that outgas significantly can be studied. In this submission, we show survey, C 1s, Br 3p, and Br 3d NAP-XPS spectra of 1-bromonaphthalene. Small O 1s and N 1s signals from background gas (N2 and air) are also observed.
Parylene micropillars coated with thermally grown SiO2
Authors: Liu Xiaocheng , Fecko Peter , Fohlerová Zdenka , Karásek Tomáš , Pekárek Jan , Neužil Pavel
Published: October 2020

The modification of surface properties frequently requires the binding of suitable compounds to the original surface. Silanes or thiols can be directly covalently bonded to either Si-based materials or Au, thus ruling out polymers. Here, we show the utilization of a layer of SiO2 with a thickness of a few nanometers that serves as a cross-linker between polymers and silanes providing covalent bonding to the surface. We deposited a polymer onto a thermally oxidized microstructured Si surface followed by subsequent Si removal. We demonstrated a Si-based nanotechnology fabrication method that can be generally used to modify the surface properties of practically any polymer via SiO2 cross-linking. This can produce any topology, including microstructures, nanostructures, or composite microstructure/nanostructures terminating in different shapes, since all the steps involving polymer deposition are conducted at room temperature after the Si surface has been thermally oxidized. This technique opens a broad field of new applications for polymers in microstructures and nanostructures that have stable water surface contact angle values with the contact angle set by demand for gecko-mimicking structures or lotus leaf inspired surfaces.
Reconstruction of nonstationary sound fields based on a time domain angular spectrum method
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Zheng , Bi Chuan-Xing , Zhang Yong-Bin , Xu Liang
Published: October 2020

A time domain angular spectrum method is proposed to reconstruct nonstationary sound fields. In this method, the sound field is expressed as a superposition of a series of plane wave bases, and the plane wave basis is constructed by an impulse response function that relates the time domain angular spectrum to the field point pressure. The impulse response function consists of two parts, the propagating plane waves and the evanescent plane waves, and their physical interpretation is provided. By discretizing the time convolution between the plane wave strength and the impulse response function, the reconstruction can be carried out at each time step, thus providing the advantage of real-time reconstructing sound fields. Since the real-time reconstruction process is non-recursive, it can provide a stable reconstruction. In the reconstruction process, the Tikhonov regularization is introduced at each time step to obtain an appropriate estimation of the plane wave strength. Numerical simulations with an unsteady excitation plate and an experiment with an impacted plate were carried out to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed method on reconstructing nonstationary sound fields. The effect of numerical parameters on the reconstruction accuracy was also investigated in the numerical simulations.
Europe builds ‘digital twin’ of Earth to hone climate forecasts
Authors: Voosen Paul
Published: October 2020

Ingesting more data than ever before, exascale model will simulate the impact of climate change on humans.
China's bold climate pledge earns praise—but is it feasible?
Authors: Normile Dennis
Published: October 2020

Plan to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060 would make China a global leader, but abandoning coal will be hard.
Official inaction
Authors: Piller Charles
Published: October 2020

A
Science
investigation shows that FDA oversight of clinical trials is lax, slow moving, and secretive—and that enforcement is declining.
An adhesion code ensures robust pattern formation during tissue morphogenesis
Authors: Tsai Tony Y.-C. , Sikora Mateusz , Xia Peng , Colak-Champollion Tugba , Knaut Holger , Heisenberg Carl-Philipp , Megason Sean G.
Published: October 2020

Convergence of paradigms yields patterns

In embryo development, spatial patterns of distinct cell types arise reproducibly. In the zebrafish spinal cord, neural progenitors form stereotypic stripe patterns despite the noisy instructive signals and large-scale cellular rearrangement required during morphogenesis. Tsai
et al.
show that a cell type–specific adhesion code, regulated by a Shh morphogen gradient composed of three adhesion molecules, provides adhesion specificity for three neural progenitor types and mediates patterning robustness in the zebrafish spinal cord. Although insufficient on their own, the integration of the morphogen gradient and differential adhesion mechanisms enables robust pattern formation during tissue morphogenesis.

Science
, this issue p.
113
Integrated terrestrial-freshwater planning doubles conservation of tropical aquatic species
Authors: Leal Cecília G. , Lennox Gareth D. , Ferraz Silvio F. B. , Ferreira Joice , Gardner Toby A. , Thomson James R. , Berenguer Erika , Lees Alexander C. , Hughes Robert M. , Mac Nally Ralph , Aragão Luiz E. O. C. , de Brito Janaina G. , Castello Leandro , Garrett Rachael D. , Hamada Neusa , Juen Leandro , Leitão Rafael P. , Louzada Julio , Morello Thiago F. , Moura Nárgila G. , Nessimian Jorge L. , Oliveira-Junior José Max B. , Oliveira Victor Hugo F. , de Oliveira Vívian C. , Parry Luke , Pompeu Paulo S. , Solar Ricardo R. C. , Zuanon Jansen , Barlow Jos
Published: October 2020

Consider both water and land

When designing terrestrial reserves, it is common to consider the needs of species and systems from a terrestrial perspective, with an assumption that any freshwater systems will benefit as well. Leal
et al.
tested this assumption by analyzing data from two locations in the Brazilian Amazon and found that it is far from accurate: Terrestrial systems confer little benefit to freshwater systems (see the Perspective by Abell and Harrison). However, the authors also found that integrating the needs of freshwater species into overall reserve planning increased freshwater benefits by 600% while only decreasing terrestrial outcomes by 1%. They argue that reserve planning must take freshwater systems into account if they are to protect across both realms.

Science
, this issue p.
117
; see also p.
38
Microglia modulate neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases
Authors: Bartels Tim , De Schepper Sebastiaan , Hong Soyon
Published: October 2020

Dementia is a rapidly rising global health crisis that silently disables families and ends lives and livelihoods around the world. To date, however, no early biomarkers or effective therapies exist. It is now clear that brain microglia are more than mere bystanders or amyloid phagocytes; they can act as governors of neuronal function and homeostasis in the adult brain. Here, we highlight the fundamental role of microglia as tissue-resident macrophages in neuronal health. Then, we suggest how chronic impairment in microglia-neuron cross-talk may secure the permanence of the failure of synaptic and neuronal function and health in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Understanding how to assess and modulate microglia-neuron interactions critical for brain health will be key to developing effective therapies for dementia.
Neurodegeneration
Authors: Hurtley Stella , Alderton Gemma
Published: October 2020

A cruel end to too many lives
The Inhaled Steroid Ciclesonide Blocks SARS-CoV-2 RNA Replication by Targeting the Viral Replication-Transcription Complex in Cultured Cells
Authors: Matsuyama Shutoku , Kawase Miyuki , Nao Naganori , Shirato Kazuya , Ujike Makoto , Kamitani Wataru , Shimojima Masayuki , Fukushi Shuetsu
Published: October 2020

The outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, the cause of COVID-19, is ongoing. New and effective antiviral agents that combat the disease are needed urgently. Here, we found that an inhaled corticosteroid, ciclesonide, suppresses the replication of coronaviruses, including betacoronaviruses (murine hepatitis virus type 2 [MHV-2], MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) and an alphacoronavirus (human coronavirus 229E [HCoV-229E]), in cultured cells. Ciclesonide is safe; indeed, it can be administered to infants at high concentrations. Thus, ciclesonide is expected to be a broad-spectrum antiviral drug that is effective against many members of the coronavirus family. It could be prescribed for the treatment of MERS and COVID-19.
Late Quaternary slip rate of the Aksay segment and its rapidly decreasing gradient along the Altyn Tagh fault
Authors: Liu Jinrui , Ren Zhikun , Zheng Wenjun , Min Wei , Li Zhigang , Zheng Gang
Published: October 2020

Constraining the fault slip rate on a fault can reveal the strain accumulation and partitioning pattern. The Aksay segment, the eastern segment of the Altyn Tagh fault, as the starting area where the slip rate of the Altyn Tagh fault decreases, is a strain partitioning zone. The spatial and temporal distribution of its fault slip rate is of great significance to clarify the strain-partitioning pattern of the eastern Altyn Tagh fault. In this study, we determined the slip rates at four sites along the Aksay segment. The results demonstrated that the slip rate decreases dramatically, with an overwhelmingly high slip gradient of ∼9.8 mm/yr/100 km (a 9.8 mm/yr reduction of slip rate occurs over a distance of 100 km) within a distance of ∼50 km. The slip rate gradient along strike at the Aksay segment is four times that of the Subei segment to the eastward termination of the Altyn Tagh fault. Our results indicate that the slip rate gradient along the Altyn Tagh fault is not uniform and decreases eastward with variable slip rate gradients on different segments, resulting in the uplift of the mountains oblique to the Altyn Tagh fault.
Huntingtin-associated protein 1 plays an essential role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes by regulating the translocation of GLUT4 in mouse adipocytes
Authors: Gong Yan-Ju , Feng Ying , Cao Yuan-Yuan , Zhao Jia , Wu Wei , Zheng Ya-Yun , Wu Jia-Rui , Li Xin , Yang Gui-Zhi , Zhou Xue
Published: October 2020

Objective

Glucose disposal by insulin-responsive tissues maintains the body glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance leads to a risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Insulin stimulates the translocation of glucose transporter isoform 4 (GLUT4) vesicles from intracellular compartments to the plasma membrane to facilitate glucose uptake. However, the underlying mechanisms of GLUT4 vesicle translocation are not well defined. Here we show the role of huntingtin-associated protein 1 (HAP1) in GLUT4 translocation in adipocytes and the pathogenesis of T2DM.

Research design and methods

The parameters for glucose metabolism including body weight, glucose tolerance and insulin tolerance were assessed in wild-type (WT) andHap1+/-mice. HAP1 protein expression was verified in adipose tissue.Hap1mRNA and protein expression was monitored in adipose tissue of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced diabetic mice. Insulin-stimulated GLUT4 vesicle translocation and glucose uptake were detected using immunofluorescence techniques and quantified in primary adipocytes fromHap1-/-mice. The interaction between HAP1 and GLUT4 was assessed by immunofluorescence colocalization and co-immunoprecipitation in HEK293 cells and adipose tissue. The role of sortilin in HAP1 and GLUT4 interaction was approved by co-immunoprecipitation and RNA interference.

Results

The expression ofHap1mRNA and protein was detected in WT mouse adipose tissue and downregulated in adipose tissue of HFD-induced diabetic mice.Hap1+/-mice exhibited increased body weight, pronounced glucose tolerance and significant insulin intolerance compared with the WT mice. HAP1 colocalized with GLUT4 in mouse adipocytes and cotransfected HEK293 cells. Furthermore, the insulin-stimulated GLUT4 vesicle translocation and glucose uptake were defective inHap1-/-adipocytes. Finally, sortilin mediated the interaction of HAP1 and GLUT4.

Conclusions

Our study showed that HAP1 formed a protein complex with GLUT4 and sortilin, and played a critical role in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation in adipocytes. Its downregulation may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetes.
Raised inflammatory markers as a predictor of one-year mortality: a cohort study in primary care in the UK using electronic health record data
Authors: Watson Jessica , Whiting Penny , Salisbury Chris , Banks Jonathan , Hamilton Willie
Published: October 2020

Objectives

Identification of patients at increased mortality risk is important in the context of increasing multimorbidity and an ageing population, to help facilitate the planning and delivery of services. The aim of this study was to examine 1-year all-cause mortality in a cohort of primary care patients in whom inflammatory markers including C reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and plasma viscosity (PV), had been tested.

Design

Observational cohort study using general practitioner Electronic Health Records from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, with linkage to Office for National Statistics (ONS) Death Registry.

Setting

UK Primary Care.

Participants

159 325 patients with inflammatory marker tests done in 2014 and 39 928 age, sex and practice-matched controls without inflammatory marker testing. ONS Death registry data were available for 109 966 participants.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

One-year mortality in those with raised inflammatory markers compared with normal inflammatory markers and untested controls. Subanalyses stratified 1-year mortality by age group, gender and cause of death.

Results

Patients with a raised inflammatory marker (n=47 797) had an overall 1-year all-cause mortality of 6.89%, compared with 1.41% in those with normal inflammatory markers (p<0.001) and 1.62% in untested controls. A raised CRP is associated with the highest mortality rate at 8.76% compared with 4.99% for ESR and 4.66% for PV. One-year mortality is higher in men with a raised inflammatory marker compared with women (9.78% vs 5.29%). The C-statistic of a simple mortality prediction model containing age, sex and CRP test result is 0.89.

Conclusions

Inflammatory markers are a strong predictor of all-cause mortality in primary care, with a C-statistic comparable to several previously developed frailty indices. Future research should consider the added value of CRP testing, in combination with other risk factors, to improve prediction of mortality in primary care. Evidence- based interventions for frailty are needed alongside predictive tools.
Psychiatric epidemiological survey of university students in Botswana: rationale and methods of the Youth Mental Health Study (YMHS)
Authors: Maphisa J Maphisa , Mogotsi Opelo Petunia , Machola Olorato Khumo , Maswabi Keamogetse Metlha , Motsamai Tiro Bright , Mosupiemang Boitshepo
Published: October 2020

Background

While the burden of disease attributable to mental disorders in low/middle-income countries (LMICs) is lower than high-income countries, there is recognition that the dearth of evidence from the LMICs may underestimate the actual prevalence and burden associated with mental disorders. Such is likely the case for Botswana where there has been no nationally representative data on the prevalence of symptoms of mental disorders or even a subgroup estimation of mental disorders in the country. Thus, the Youth Mental Health Study (YMHS) aims to estimate the prevalence and identify predictors of symptoms of mental disorders among university students in Botswana to add to the evidence and contribute to the country’s health service planning.

Methods

The YMHS is a cross-sectional study of youth (18–29 years) attending six large universities (accounting for nearly half of the tertiary student population) in Botswana. A stratified sampling procedure with proportionate allocation and selection is used to select a representative sample of 1308 participants. An online survey comprising of a battery of reliable and validated self-report measures of symptoms of mental disorders is used. A developmental psychopathology framework is used in identifying the risk factors of mental disorders. Participant recruitment will span over 4 months beginning in February 2020.

Ethics and dissemination

The study has received ethics approval from the University of Botswana Institutional Review Board, and the Ministry of Health and Wellness. Participants will be provided with feedback of their own results. Aggregated findings will be disseminated to stakeholders in the tertiary education and health sector in Botswana, and through peer-reviewed journals, conference presentations and the media.
Expression and clinical significance of a new neuroendocrine marker secretagogin in cervical neuroendocrine carcinoma
Authors: Yu Li , Suye Suye , Huang Rui , Liang Qinchun , Fu Chun
Published: October 2020

Aims

To explore the expression of secretagogin (SCGN) in neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix and analyse its relationship with clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis.

Methods

From January 2010 to December 2017, 44 patients with cervical neuroendocrine carcinoma undergoing surgery were included in the study group, and 55 patients with cervical non-neuroendocrine carcinoma (including 30 cases of cervical squamous cell carcinoma and 25 cases of cervical adenocarcinoma) undergoing surgery were included in the control group. Immunohistochemical staining of SCGN was performed in both groups and compared with three common neuroendocrine markers, chromogranin A, synaptophysin (Syn) and CD56 in the study group. Detailed clinicopathological data of the two groups were analysed, and the patient survival in the study group was followed up.

Results

The positive expression of SCGN in cervical neuroendocrine carcinoma, cervical adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma was 65.9% (29/44), 8% (2/25) and 0%, respectively. The positive expression of SCGN in cervical neuroendocrine carcinoma was significantly higher than that in cervical adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma (χ2=44.5, p<0.001). There were no statistical differences among the positive expression of SCGN and three common neuroendocrine markers (p>0.05 for all). The intensity of SCGN staining in patients with cervical neuroendocrine carcinoma with lymph node metastasis was significantly higher than that in patients without lymph node metastasis (p=0.020). However, there was no significant association between SCGN expression and survival among patients with cervical neuroendocrine carcinoma (p=0.633).

Conclusions

SCGN is a new neuroendocrine marker for cervical neuroendocrine carcinoma, whose expression correlates with lymph node metastasis.