bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aqueous developable dual switching photoresists for nanolithography
Authors: Chen Lan , Goh Yong Keng , Cheng Han Hao , Smith Bruce W. , Xie Peng , Montgomery Warren , Whittaker Andrew K. , Blakey Idriss
Published: July 2012

Photon‐mediated switching of polymer solubility plays a crucial role in the manufacture of integrated circuits by photolithography. Conventional photoresists typically rely on a single switching mechanism based on either a change in polarity or, molecular weight of the polymer. Here we report a photoresist platform that uses both mechanisms. The molecular weight switch was achieved by using a poly(olefin sulfone) designed to undergo photo‐induced chain scission. The polarity switch was achieved using pendant groups functionalized with o‐nitrobenzyl esters. These are hydrophobic photosensitive‐protecting groups for hydrophilic carboxylic acids. On irradiation, they are cleaved, making the polymer soluble in aqueous base. Importantly, the resists do not contain photoacid generator, so do not suffer from problems associated with acid diffusion that are detrimental to pattern fidelity. The 193 nm photochemistry of polymer thin films was followed using grazing angle attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry, and measurements of solubility in aqueous base. The nanoscale patterning performance of the polymers was also assessed using 193 nm interference lithography and electron‐beam lithography. The implications of using dual switching mechanisms are discussed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Biohybrid nanogels by crosslinking of ovalbumin with reactive star‐PEGs in W/O emulsions
Authors: Singh Smriti , Blöhbaum Julia , Möller Martin , Pich Andrij
Published: July 2012

This article reports the synthesis of biohybrid nanogels by crosslinking six‐arm acrylate functionalized star shaped P(EO‐stat‐PO) with the amine groups of various amino acids of a hen egg ovalbumin in W/O emulsion. PEG Poly(ethylene glycol)‐diamines of different molecular weights (368.5 g/mol, 897.1 g/mol, 3000 g/mol, and 6000 g/mol) were used to optimize the crosslinking reactions in aqueous droplets. The increase of molecular weight of the PEG‐diamine led to decrease of the nanogel size due to better stabilization by longer PEG chains. The size of the ovalbumin nanogels was independent of the acrylate‐sP(EO‐stat‐PO):ovalbumin ratio in the reaction mixture. The bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay proved that the ovalbumin has been effectively crosslinked by reactive prepolymers. From the results of BCA assay, it can also be established that there exists a limiting amount of ovalbumin which can be incorporated into the nanogels. Both Diamine and ovalbumin‐based nanogels exhibit amphoteric behavior and display a positive charge in acidic and a negative charge in basic environment. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Comprehensive identification of erythrocyte membrane protein deficiency by 2D gel electrophoresis based proteomic analysis in hereditary elliptocytosis and spherocytosis
Authors: Demiralp Duygu Ozel , Peker Selen , Turgut Burhan , Akar Nejat
Published: July 2012

Purpose

Sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (1DE) may reveal qualitative or quantitative defects in red blood cell (RBC) membrane proteins, two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE) can be used for determination of the protein changes caused by the disease process in a relatively high‐throughput manner, because it permits an analysis of thousands of modified or unmodified proteins simultaneously. The principal aim of this study was to compare hereditary elliptocytosis (HE), hereditary spherocytosis (HS), and control RBC membrane protein profiles and identify proteins as a clinical marker by the sensitive methods.

Experimental design

RBC membrane proteins of HE, HS, and control groups were compared by 2DE and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight (MALDI‐TOF) MS analysis was obtained using peptide mass fingerprint for protein identification.

Results

Twenty proteins were identified with peptide mass fingerprint analysis and different expression levels were found in HE, HS, and controls for some proteins that includes three biomarker proteins (ankyrin, spectrin, band 3) that may have prognostic or predictive importance.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

2DE of RBC proteins is a potentially valuable method for studying heritable disorders such as HE and HS. By identifying a deficiency in membrane proteins associated with the RBC cytoskeleton, the diagnosis of HE and HS can be confirmed.
Ability of NIRS technology to determine pesticides in liquid samples at maximum residue levels
Authors: Arias Nerea , Arazuri Silvia , Jarén Carmen
Published: July 2012

BACKGROUND: Pesticide residues remaining on food represent a potential risk to consumer's health. Determination of these pesticide residues involves tedious procedures of analysis with regard to time and laboratory work. Near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a possible alternative to these methods. The aim of this research was to evaluate the ability of NIRS to classify two pesticides used for controlling apple fruit pests according to their concentration. Different solutions were prepared, based on the dose recommended by the pesticide producers for apple pest treatments. Spectra were acquired on a spectrophotometer from liquid samples belonging to these solutions.

RESULTS: Calibration models were developed from liquid samples, following the soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) analysis method. These models classified between 99 and 100% of the validation samples belonging to different pesticide concentration solutions even at the maximum residue limit level of these products in apple fruit.

CONCLUSIONS: NIRS technology shows a high potential for identifying pesticides in liquid samples, according to their concentration, at the levels required by the legislation. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Efficacy of attract‐and‐kill devices for the control of Ceratitis capitata
Authors: Navarro‐Llopis Vicente , Primo Jaime , Vacas Sandra
Published: July 2012

BACKGROUND: The control of Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann traditionally has relied on chemical control with organophosphate insecticides. The use of many of these substances has been banned by new European directives; therefore, the development of new control methods is essential to manage this pest. Bait sprays with spinosad, mass trapping and lure‐and‐kill techniques have been the base for new integrated pest management programmes. In this study, a 2 year field trial was conducted in two citrus areas to test the efficacy of attract‐and‐kill devices against mass trapping and spinosad‐plus‐bait treatments.

RESULTS: The Magnet® MED attract‐and‐kill device, Spintor® treatments and mass trapping achieved good control of C. capitata populations, as confirmed by low percentages of damaged fruit in the assessments performed during the harvest period. On the other hand, fly population levels on plots treated with other attract‐and‐kill prototype devices increased more than threefold by comparison with the populations recorded in the rest of the treated plots. The same effect was observed for fruit damage, with 6–8 times less damage with Magnet® MED and spinosad treatments, respectively, than with the attract‐and‐kill prototype devices.

CONCLUSION: By using an effective attractant, conventional trapping systems can be replaced with cheaper and easier‐to‐handle attract‐and‐kill devices. The efficacy of these devices and their advantages over conventional mass trapping systems are discussed. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Theoretical studies of the band structure and optoelectronic properties of ZnOxS1−x
Authors: Khan Imad , Ahmad Iftikhar
Published: July 2012

In the present article, we have revisited the electronic band gap nature of ZnOxS1−x (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) with the recently developed modified Becke and Johnson exchange potential and the calculated band gaps are found consistent with the experimental results. We expect that the band gap bowing parameter obtained in the present work will be close to the experimental one. As the optical properties of ZnOxS1−x (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) are very important, therefore different optical parameters like dielectric functions, refractive index and reflectivity are also calculated. The results are illustrated in terms of band structures, band gap energy as a function of oxygen composition, total and partial density of states. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Partial likelihood ratio tests for the Cox model under complex sampling
Authors: Lumley Thomas , Scott Alastair
Published: July 2012

We develop an analog of the likelihood ratio test for Cox proportional hazards models fitted to sample survey data. We look at methods for computing the asymptotic distribution and at ways of improving the small‐sample performance. The methods are illustrated with examples using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and from a stratified case–cohort study. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microscopic Origin of the Fast Blue‐Green Luminescence of Chemically Synthesized Non‐oxidized Silicon Quantum Dots
Authors: Dohnalová Kateřina , Fučíková Anna , Umesh Chinnaswamy P. , Humpolíčková Jana , Paulusse Jos M. J. , Valenta Jan , Zuilhof Han , Hof Martin , Gregorkiewicz Tom
Published: July 2012

The microscopic origin of the bright nanosecond blue‐green photoluminescence (PL), frequently reported for synthesized organically terminated Si quantum dots (Si‐QDs), has not been fully resolved, hampering potential applications of this interesting material. Here a comprehensive study of the PL from alkyl‐terminated Si‐QDs of 2–3 nm size, prepared by wet chemical synthesis is reported. Results obtained on the ensemble and those from the single nano‐object level are compared, and they provide conclusive evidence that efficient and tunable emission arises due to radiative recombination of electron–hole pairs confined in the Si‐QDs. This understanding paves the way towards applications of chemical synthesis for the development of Si‐QDs with tunable sizes and bandgaps.
Highly Luminescent–Paramagnetic Nanophosphor Probes for In Vitro High‐Contrast Imaging of Human Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Gupta Bipin Kumar , Narayanan Tharangattu N. , Vithayathil Sajna Antony , Lee Yean , Koshy Shyny , Reddy Arava Leela Mohana , Saha Avishek , Shanker V. , Singh V. N. , Kaipparettu Benny Abraham , Martí Angel A. , Ajayan Pulickel M.
Published: July 2012

Highly luminescent–paramagnetic nanophosphors have a seminal role in biotechnology and biomedical research due to their potential applications in biolabeling, bioimaging, and drug delivery. Herein, the synthesis of high‐quality, ultrafine, europium‐doped yttrium oxide nanophosphors (Y1.9O3:Eu0.13+) using a modified sol–gel technique is reported and in vitro fluorescence imaging studies are demonstrated in human breast cancer cells. These highly luminescent nanophosphors with an average particle size of ≈6 nm provide high‐contrast optical imaging and decreased light scattering. In vitro cellular uptake is shown by fluorescence microscopy, which visualizes the characteristic intense hypersensitive red emission of Eu3+ peaking at 610 nm (5D0–7F2) upon 246 nm UV light excitation. No apparent cytotoxicity is observed. Subsequently, time‐resolved emission spectroscopy and SQUID magnetometry measurements demonstrate a photoluminescence decay time in milliseconds and paramagnetic behavior, which assure applications of the nanophosphors in biomedical studies.
OIntEd: online ontology instance editor enabling a new approach to ontology development
Authors: Wibisono Adianto , Koning Ralph , Grosso Paola , Belloum Adam , Bubak Marian , de Laat Cees
Published: July 2012

Ontology development involves people with different background knowledge and expertise. It is an elaborate process, where sophisticated tools for experienced knowledge engineers are available. However, domain experts need simple tools that they can use to focus on ontology instantiation. In this paper, we propose a methodology with a separation of concern between domain experts and knowledge engineers. This separation allows domain experts to focus on information processing and ontology instantiation while providing immediate feedback to the knowledge engineers on usability of the ontology being developed. We have designed and implemented OINTED, an adaptive online ontology instance editor that supports this methodology. We present usage examples of OINTED that highlight three main features: the intuitive visualization of concepts, instances, and relationships within an ontology; the seamless integration in pre‐existing problem solving environment; and the assistance in ontology evolution. OINTED complements existing tools suited for knowledge engineers by enabling immediate feedback and a shorter ontology development life cycle. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Research Paper: Providing E‐Learning Support to Part‐Time Students in Business Disciplines Using Facebook from the Multi‐Perspective, Systems‐Based (MPSB) Perspective
Authors: Ho Joseph Kim‐keung
Published: July 2012

By design, Facebook is a social networking facility. The writer, as a part‐time teacher in management subjects, adapted his Facebook account into an e‐learning facility to support his students in business studies. This paper reviews the current venture by the writer of using Facebook‐based e‐learning system to support his students. Seventeen academic forums on various management subjects have been set up to provide the learning resources to students on a virtual basis. Such forums are also intended to foster interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary learning and research by their users. The experience of this e‐learning system venture is reflected on in terms of a few contemporary systems thinking notions in general and in terms of the Multi‐perspective, Systems‐based (MPSB) thinking in particular. The MPSB research was mainly conducted in the mid‐1990 by the writer and was reported in refereed journals at that time. The present research paper provides an illustration on one of the MPSB concepts, known as ‘Enlightening management education’—a concept that was least discussed in the published MPSB research. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of dronabinol on morphine‐induced dopamine‐related behavioral effects in animals
Authors: Mori Tomohisa , Shibasaki Masahiro , Abe Minako , Udagawa Yuya , Suzuki Tsutomu
Published: July 2012

The present study examined the effects of dronabinol, a United States FDA‐approved synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist, on morphine (a prototypic μ‐opioid receptor agonist)‐induced dopamine‐related behaviors in animals. Dronabinol suppressed the rewarding effects of morphine in rats and its emetic effects in ferrets. Furthermore, the morphine‐induced increase in dopamine release from the nucleus accumbens was significantly attenuated by dronabinol, which indicated that the suppressive effects of dronabinol on morphine‐induced behaviors are at least in part mediated by regulation of the dopaminergic system. Since cannabinoid receptor agonists have been shown to enhance the antinociceptive effects of morphine, the use of dronabinol as an adjuvant could be useful for preventing the adverse effects of μ‐opioid receptor agonists when used to control pain. Synapse 66:931–937, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simulation study of temperature sensitivity of silicon nanowire transistors with different types of orientations
Authors: Hashim Yasir , Sidek Othman
Published: July 2012

This paper presents the temperature characteristics of a silicon nanowire transistor and its use as a temperature sensor. The OMEN nanowire simulation tool was used to investigate the temperature characteristics of the transistor. Current–voltage characteristics with different values of temperature for three orientations were simulated. The metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) diode connection suggests the use of the silicon nanowire transistor as a temperature nanosensor. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effects of growth hormone therapy on exercise performance in men
Authors: Triay Jessica M. , Ahmad Bushra N.
Published: July 2012

Although growth hormone is considered to have anabolic benefits and abuse is widespread, there is little evidence that it actually improves exercise performance. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons
How to stay fit without wearing out fast
Authors: Cobb Justin
Published: July 2012

Professor Cobb addresses some of the common issues that affect our quality of life as we get older and our joints deteriorate. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons
The testosterone story
Authors: Tomlinson John M.
Published: July 2012

John Tomlinson outlines the history of testosterone, from the early experiments demonstrating its masculinising effects to the modern‐day use of testosterone for treatment of hypogonadism. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons
Opening Spaces for Critical Literacy: Introducing Books to Young Readers
Authors: Labadie Meredith , Wetzel Melissa Mosley , Rogers Rebecca
Published: July 2012

How might book introductions open up spaces for critical literacy? This is the research question we asked while examining the records of teaching and learning within a yearlong teacher‐research project in a second grade classroom. We designed a series of literacy units focused on themes of human rights, freedom, peace, and civil rights. Our focus in this paper is on one slice of the classroom's literacy life: book introductions. Our findings indicate that spaces for critical literacy were opened up through the teachers' careful selection of books; the teachers' use of purposeful prompts, and the teachers' willingness to let silence reign during the book introduction. We display three important findings through “telling examples” of what critical literacy book introductions sound and look like.
Prospective study evaluating performance of first‐trimester combined screening for trisomy 21 using repeat sampling of maternal serum markers PAPP‐A and free β‐hCG
Authors: Ekelund C. , Wright D. , Ball S. , Kirkegaard I. , Nørgaard P. , Sørensen S. , Friis‐Hansen L. , Jørgensen F. S. , Tørring N. , Bech B. H. , Petersen O. B. , Tabor A.
Published: July 2012

Objective

To prospectively evaluate the performance of first‐trimester combined screening for trisomy 21 using the biochemical markers pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A (PAPP‐A) and free beta‐human chorionic gonadotropin (free β‐hCG) obtained before and at the time of the nuchal translucency (NT) scan.

Methods

Three fetal medicine departments in Denmark participated in the study. Screening for trisomy 21 was set up as a two‐step approach with blood sampling performed before the NT scan (early sample) and again at the time of the NT scan (late sample). PAPP‐A and free β‐hCG were measured on both the early and late samples. Age‐standardized detection and false‐positive rates for different screening protocols were calculated.

Results

We collected two blood samples in 27 pregnancies affected by trisomy 21 and in 3891 control pregnancies. The early samples were taken between gestational ages 8 + 0 and 13 + 6 weeks, and the late samples between 11 + 3 and 14 + 6 weeks. The median interval between the samples was 17 (range, 1–40) days. We found a significantly better estimated screening performance when using early sampling vs late sampling (P < 0.05). With a risk cut‐off of 1 in 100, at the time of the risk assessment the estimated detection and false‐positive rates when using the early sample were 91% (95% CI, 81–98%) and 1.6% (95% CI, 1.3–2.0%), respectively. For fixed false‐positive rates the highest detection rates were achieved using both blood samples. When comparing early sampling vs double sampling there was no significant difference in screening performance.

Conclusion

In combined first‐trimester screening for trisomy 21, use of early sampling with measurement of PAPP‐A and free β‐hCG before the time of the NT scan can optimize screening performance. Using maternal serum markers obtained both before and at the time of the NT scan has the potential to further improve performance, but larger studies are needed to confirm this potential. Copyright © 2012 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigation of the addition of nano‐CaCo3 at dry mixing or onset of fusion on the dispersion, torque, and mechanical properties of compounded PVC
Authors: Sajjadi Jazi S.H. , Nasr Esfahany M. , Bagheri R.
Published: July 2012

A Brabender torque rheometer equipped with an internal mixer was used to study the influence of compounding method on the properties of (rigid PVC)/(treated and untreated nano‐CaCO3) nanocomposites. Two different methods were studied for the addition of surface treated and untreated nano‐CaCO3 during the melt mixing of rigid PVC. Direct dry mixing of rigid PVC and nano‐CaCO3, and addition of nano‐CaCO3 at the onset of PVC fusion were investigated. Dispersion of treated and untreated nano‐CaCO3 was studied by X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Results showed that using direct dry mixing improved the dispersion of nano‐CaCO3 in the PVC matrix by lowering the fusion time. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposite samples such as impact strength, tensile strength, and elongation at break were improved by using this method. The addition of treated nano‐CaCO3 at the onset of fusion caused a simultaneous decrease in torque. Also, rigid PVC nanocomposites prepared with treated nano‐CaCO3 showed better mechanical properties than those of nanocomposites prepared with the untreated nano‐CaCO3. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 18:153–160, 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Intelligence
Authors: Sternberg Robert J.
Published: July 2012

Intelligence is the ability to learn from past experience and, in general, to adapt to, shape, and select environments. Aspects of intelligence are measured by standardized tests of intelligence. Average raw (number‐correct) scores on such tests vary across the life span and also across generations, as well as across ethnic and socioeconomic groups. Intelligence can be understood in part in terms of the biology of the brain—especially with regard to the functioning in the prefrontal cortex. Measured values correlate with brain size, at least within humans. The heritability coefficient (ratio of genetic to phenotypic variation) is between 0.4 and 0.8. But genes always express themselves through environment. Heritability varies as a function of a number of factors, including socioeconomic status and range of environments. Racial‐group differences in measured intelligence have been reported, but race is a socially constructed rather than biological variable. As a result, these differences are difficult to interpret. Different cultures have different conceptions of the nature of intelligence, and also require different skills in order to express intelligence in the environment. WIREs Cogn Sci 2012 doi: 10.1002/wcs.1193

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making
Comparison of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy for Acute Cholecystitis within and Beyond 72 h of Symptom Onset During Emergency Admissions
Authors: Zhu Bin , Zhang Zhanzhi , Wang Yan , Gong Ke , Lu Yiping , Zhang Nengwei
Published: July 2012

Background

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) performed for acute cholecystitis (AC) is usually advised within 72 h of symptom onset. It can be difficult to accommodate all these patients within 72 h. LC beyond this early phase potentially increases the chances of LC‐related complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes of LC both within and beyond 72 h of presentation during the emergency admission.

Methods

A retrospective clinical study was performed from February 2004 to December 2009. A total of 133 patients underwent LC for AC during the emergency admission according to the protocol: 34 patients underwent early LC (ELC) (i.e., operation within 72 h of symptom onset) and 99 underwent late LC (LLC) (i.e., operation beyond 72 h of symptom onset). Pathologic type of cholecystitis, duration of the procedure, conversion rate, complications, length of hospital stay (LOS), and total charges were compared between the two groups.

Results

Patients undergoing ELC experienced a significantly shorter operating time (44.1 ± 5.32 vs. 66.4 ± 3.05 min, p < 0.01). Most of the AC (95/133, 71 %) was pathologically simple cholecystitis. There was no significant difference regarding wound infection rates [1/34 (2.94 %) vs. 2/99 (2.02 %), p > 0.05] or postoperative hospital stay (6.50 ± 1.31 vs. 6.67 ± 0.73, p > 0.05) between groups. There were no conversions to open cholecystectomy, no biliary tract injury or biliary leak, no other complications, and no 30‐day readmission rates in either group. ELC was less costly than LLC (6,692 ± 794 vs. 8,378 ± 802 RMB, p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Both ELC and LLC are safe for treating of AC, but the operative difficulty of LLC is greater. ELC is superior to LLC as it tends to shorten the total LOS and is less expensive.
A proactive personalised mobile recommendation system using analytic hierarchy process and Bayesian network
Authors: Yeung Kam Fung , Yang Yanyan , Ndzi David
Published: July 2012

With the growth, ready availability and affordability of wireless technologies, proactive context-aware recommendations are a potential solution to overcome the information overload and the common limitations of mobile devices (inconvenience of data input and Internet browsing). The automatic provision of just-in-time information or recommendations tailored to each user’s needs/preferences contextualised from the user’s activities, location, usage patterns, time, and connectivity may not only facilitate access to information but also remove barriers to the adoption of current and future services on mobile devices. This paper describes a hybrid P2P context-aware framework called JHPeer which supports a variety of context-aware applications in mobile environments. Any context-aware information services such as recommendation services could use the collected and shared contextual information in JHPeer network. An analytic hierarchy process based multi-criteria ranking (AHP-MCR) approach has been developed and used to rate recommendations in a variety of domains. The weights of the contexts criteria can be assigned by the user or automatically adjusted via individual-based and/or group-based assignment. Additionally, a Bayesian network algorithm is applied to solve the cold-start problem in recommendation systems. The paper also proposes a strategy for using Bayesian networks for recommendation services. A news recommendation application has been implemented on the developed JHPeer framework, which proactively pushes relevant news based on the users’ contextual information. Evaluation studies show that the system can push relevant recommendations to mobile users appropriately.
The Changing Impact of Family Size on Adolescents’ Schooling: Assessing the Exogenous Variation in Fertility Using Twins in Brazil
Authors: Marteleto Letícia J. , de Souza Laetícia R.
Published: July 2012

Researchers have long been interested in the influence of family size on children’s educational outcomes. Simply put, theories have suggested that resources are diluted within families that have more children. Although the empirical literature on developed countries has generally confirmed the theoretical prediction that family size is negatively related to children’s education, studies focusing on developing societies have reported heterogeneity in this association. Recent studies addressing the endogeneity between family size and children’s education have also cast doubt on the homogeneity of the negative role of family size on children’s education. The goal of this study is to examine the causal effect of family size on children’s education in Brazil over a 30-year period marked by important social and demographic change, and across extremely different regions within the country. We implement a twin birth instrumental variable approach to the nationally representative 1977–2009 PNAD data. Our results suggest an effect of family size on education that is not uniform throughout a period of significant social, economic, and demographic change. Rather, the causal effect of family size on adolescents’ schooling resembles a gradient that ranges from positive to no effect, trending to negative.
Integrating Research and Education into Clinical Practice: The Multi-Organ Transplant Student Research Training Program
Authors: Famure Olusegun , Li Anna , Ross Heather , Kim S. Joseph
Published: July 2012

Given the increased student interest in health research and the need to implement health research initiatives, the Multi-Organ Transplant Student Research Training Program provides student trainees with the opportunity to contribute to health research initiatives in transplant care. Program quality initiatives achieved include the development of a clinical research database, knowledge exchange, performance measurement tools, and health research projects. The program promotes collaboration between academic and healthcare institutions to integrate research and education into clinical practice.
Consonance and Dissonance in Visual Music
Authors: Alves Bill
Published: July 2012

The concepts of consonance and dissonance broadly understood can provide structural models for creators of visual music. The application of words such as ‘harmony’ across both music and visual arts indicates potential correspondences not just between sensory elements such as pitch and colour but also with the manipulation of tension and resolution, anticipation and stability in visual music. Concepts of harmony have a long history in proportions of space, colour and motion as well as music that artists can now exploit with new technologies. I will offer examples from my own work as well as techniques from artists such as Oskar Fischinger and John Whitney.
The Evolution of Notational Innovations from the Mobile Score to the Screen Score
Authors: Vickery Lindsay
Published: July 2012

This article examines the evolution of music notational practices from avant-garde-era experiments in ‘mobility’ to the advent of the digital ‘screen score’. It considers the varied goals of the composers who initiated these developments and the dissonance between these goals and the practical possibilities actually afforded by the paper score.

The advent of graphical computing is charted along with the consequent expansion of possibilities afforded by screening the score from a platform that also provides the potential for performer coordination, sound synthesis and transformation. The performative, interactive and formal implications of these possibilities are considered.
Audiovisual Harmony: The realtime audiovisualisation of a single data source in Construction in Zhuangzi
Authors: Ikeshiro Ryo
Published: July 2012

This paper explores the context and technical and aesthetic considerations behind the author's generative and improvisational audiovisual work, Construction in Zhuangzi (2011), and in particular the approach of ‘audiovisualising’ the same source of data and its validation, and its possibilities as an artistic practice. First, the origins of integrated audiovisual art in the output of John Whitney are explored. Then, metaphors based on musical textures are used to describe different approaches to the audiovisual medium. Research into perception and auditory displays are next used to justify the simultaneous representation of the same data in both the audio and the video. The aesthetic potential of this practice is then corroborated using Michel Chion's theory of sound in cinema. In concluding, its possibilities for providing an appropriate form and aesthetic approach to the audiovisual material are discussed.
Acousmate: History and de-visualised sound in the Schaefferian tradition
Authors: Kane Brian
Published: July 2012

The word ‘acousmatic’ has a strange and complicated history. Recent Schaefferian accounts have replicated François Bayle's sketch of the ‘histoire du mot’ from hisMusique acousmatique– in particular, the assumed synonymy between ‘acousmatique’ and ‘acousmate’. However, this synonymy is mistaken. The word ‘acousmate’ was first coined in an article from 1730 to describe a strange noise heard one evening in the small French village of Ansacq. A discussion of the article follows, which shows how the word is unrelated to the Pythagorean acousmatics, and how its author understood his ‘acousmate’ in the context of contemporary natural science. Additionally, a sketch of the term's changing signification in three discourses – scientific, psychological and literary – is presented. The goal of this article is to articulate a set of problems concerning the historiography of acousmatic listening in the Schaefferian tradition. These problems include: 1) the need to authorise a practice ofmusique acousmatique, which has limited historical investigation to moments where the word ‘acousmate’ or ‘acousmatique’ appear in the archive; 2) a mistaken assumption that ‘acousmate’ and ‘acousmatique’ are synonymous, which has forced together historical moments that are not in fact affiliated; 3) an adherence to this affiliation, which has foreclosed the opportunity to consider acousmatic listening as a set of culturally and historically specific practices concerning the relationship of seeing and hearing.
Microsatellite markers reveal promising genetic diversity and seed trait associations in common bean landraces (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) from Nicaragua
Authors: Jiménez O. R. , Korpelainen H.
Published: July 2012

Nicaragua is located in the Mesoamerican diversity centre for common beans (Phaseolus vulgarisL.). Yet, there is insufficient knowledge of the molecular characteristics of most common bean landraces in Nicaragua. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the genetic diversity of common bean landraces and to identify promising sources of genetic variation for breeding purposes. Two cultivars and 40 landraces never studied before were selected from a collection based on the geographic origin, seed coloration and information provided by farmers. Fourteen microsatellite markers distributed in different linkage groups were analysed. The study revealed that there is a high genetic diversity (mean 8.9 alleles per locus). The populations showed structuring into three groups where seed weight had a strong relationship with population clustering. At least 20% of the populations hold promising allelic variation and potential for good market acceptance that could be maximized in breeding programmes. Additionally, four markers revealed a high correlation with seed length, width and weight, suggesting that marker-assisted selection for these yield-determinant traits could be straightforward. Nonetheless, more marker–trait associations should be addressed in order to enforce this practice.
Phospho-regulation of KIBRA by CDK1 and CDC14 phosphatase controls cell-cycle progression
Authors: Ji Ming , Yang Shuping , Chen Yuanhong , Xiao Ling , Zhang Lin , Dong Jixin
Published: July 2012

KIBRA (kidney- and brain-expressed protein) is a novel regulator of the Hippo pathway, which controls tissue growth and tumorigenesis by regulating both cell proliferation and apoptosis. In mammals, KIBRA is associated with memory performance. The physiological function and regulation of KIBRA in non-neuronal cells remain largely unclear. We reported recently that KIBRA is phosphorylated by the mitotic kinases Aurora-A and -B. In the present study, we have expanded our analysis of KIBRA's role in cell-cycle progression. We show that KIBRA is also phosphorylated by CDK1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1) in response to spindle damage stress. We have identified KIBRA Ser542 and Ser931 as main phosphorylation sites for CDK1 both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we found that the CDC (cell division cycle) 14A/B phosphatases associate with KIBRA, and CDK1-non-phosphorylatable KIBRA has greatly reduced interaction with CDC14B. CDC14A/B dephosphorylate CDK1-phosphorylated KIBRA in vitro and in cells. By using inducible-expression cell lines, we show further that phospho-regulation of KIBRA by CDK1 and CDC14 is involved in mitotic exit under spindle stress. Our results reveal a new mechanism through which KIBRA regulates cell-cycle progression.
Dilation x-ray imager a new/faster gated x-ray imager for the NIF
Authors: Nagel S. R. , Hilsabeck T. J. , Bell P. M. , Bradley D. K. , Ayers M. J. , Barrios M. A. , Felker B. , Smith R. F. , Collins G. W. , Jones O. S. , Kilkenny J. D. , Chung T. , Piston K. , Raman K. S. , Sammuli B. , Hares J. D. , Dymoke-Bradshaw A. K. L.
Published: July 2012

As the yield on implosion shots increases it is expected that the peak x-ray emission reduces to a duration with a FWHM as short as 20 ps for ∼7 × 1018 neutron yield. However, the temporal resolution of currently used gated x-ray imagers on the NIF is 40–100 ps. We discuss the benefits of the higher temporal resolution for the NIF and present performance measurements for dilation x-ray imager, which utilizes pulse-dilation technology [T. J. Hilsabeck et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 81, 10E317 (2010)10.1063/1.3479111] to achieve x-ray imaging with temporal gate times below 10 ps. The measurements were conducted using the COMET laser, which is part of the Jupiter Laser Facility at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.
Static dielectric constants and molecular dipole distributions of liquid water and ice-Ih investigated by the PAW-PBE exchange-correlation functional
Authors: Rusnak Andrew J. , Pinnick Eric R. , Calderon Camilo E. , Wang Feng
Published: July 2012

The static dielectric constants, ɛs, of ice-Ih and liquid water were calculated using density functional theory with the Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) exchange-correlation functional and the projector-augmented-wave (PAW) approach. Proton disordered ice configurations and uncorrelated liquid configurations were sampled with the electrostatic switching method using force fields specially designed to facilitate the ab initio free energy perturbation calculations. Our results indicate that PAW-PBE underestimates the ɛs of both ice-Ih and liquid water but predicts the ratio of ice and water ɛs in good agreement with experimental measurements. PAW-PBE gives average water dipole moments of 2.50 D in ice-Ih and 2.48 D in the liquid. Our results show that the fixed-charge water models developed by adaptive force matching can reproduce the PAW-PBE dipole moments with an error of approximately 5%. The ice and liquid models created in this work have polarizabilities of 1.32 Å3 and 1.30 Å3, respectively, along the HOH bisector direction.
A realistic design of three-dimensional full cloak at terahertz frequencies
Authors: Bao Yongjun , He Cheng , Zhou Fan , Stuart Colin , Sun Cheng
Published: July 2012

This paper presents a realistic design of a three-dimensional invisibility full cloak device at Terahertz frequency, consisting of radially arranged polymer slabs covered with III-V semiconductor materials featuring Drude-like resonance. By applying high order optical transformation, it is possible to constrain the semiconductor layer of constant thickness for the convenience in practical fabrication. The anisotropic and spatially variant material constants are realized by adjusting the filling ratio of the polymer slabs. Such a structure can be readily fabricated using high-aspect ratio three-dimensional microfabrication of polymeric slabs in combine with conformal deposition of the semiconductor cladding layer.
Phase and coherence extraction from a phased vertical cavity laser array
Authors: Johnson Matthew T. , Siriani Dominic F. , Sulkin Joshua D. , Choquette Kent D.
Published: July 2012

The relative coherence and phase are extracted from two-element, coherently coupled, vertical cavity surface emitting laser arrays. The array elements are defined optically by a photonic crystal pattern and electrically by ion implantation. We obtain the near and far fields experimentally under varying current injection. The Fraunhofer approximation is used to simulate propagation from the near to far field. The phase and coherence are extracted as fitting parameters to match the experimental and propagated far field patterns. The phase and coherence will aid in future array designs and in elucidating the phase-shifting mechanism.
Tuning the wavelength of amplified spontaneous emission coupled to localized surface plasmon
Authors: Murai S. , Tokuda Y. , Fujita K. , Tanaka K.
Published: July 2012

Amplified spontaneous emissions (ASEs) with a tuned wavelength have been observed in a thin film composite made by spin-coating a dye-doped polymer layer (thickness ∼80 nm) on Ag nanoparticles deposited on a SiO2 substrate. The samples having a varied wavelength of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) are excited with second harmonic pulses from a Nd3+ doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser. When the pump energy exceeds a threshold, a spectrally narrow peak appears on a broad emission from dye molecules with a nonlinear increase in emission intensity, indicating an onset of ASE. It is found that the peak wavelength of ASE shifts with the change of the wavelength of LSPR.
Local rotational symmetry effects on Fano resonances with constant non-resonant transmission channel
Authors: Li Bo-Hong , Liu Houfang , Cheng Fei , Han Jing , Xiao Hong , Han Xiufeng , Gu Changzhi , Qiu Xianggang
Published: July 2012

Three kinds of 12-fold quasi-periodic subwavelength hole arrays have been designed using the same dodecahedral supercell arranged with different local rotational symmetries. Fano resonances associated with spoof surface plasmons in these structures have been studied by far-infrared transmission measurements. The resonant transmission channels of the lowest-order Fano resonance mode have been compared directly between these structures, benefitting from constant non-resonant transmission channel. It is found that the higher is the local rotational symmetry of the supercell array, the higher the transmission intensity and the narrower the linewidth of the Fano resonance.
Temperature dependence of 1/f noise in Ni/n-GaN Schottky barrier diode
Authors: Kumar Ashutosh , Asokan K. , Kumar V. , Singh R.
Published: July 2012

1/f noise measurements were performed on Ni/n-GaN Schottky barrier diode under forward bias over a wide temperature range from 80 to 300 K. The noise spectra exhibited frequency dependence proportional to 1/f′ with γ varying between 0.8 and 1.1 down to 1 Hz. The spectral power density of current fluctuations, SI, was found to decrease with increase in temperature. Current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the diodes have been measured, and metal-semiconductor interface was found to be spatially inhomogeneous in the temperature range 80–300 K. The decrease in 1/f noise with increase in temperature is explained within the framework of spatial inhomogeneities model.
Top-down fabrication of single crystal silicon nanowire using optical lithography
Authors: Za’bah Nor F. , Kwa Kelvin S. K. , Bowen Leon , Mendis Budhika , O’Neill Anthony
Published: July 2012

A method for fabricating single crystal silicon nanowires is presented using top-down optical lithography and anisotropic etching. Wire diameters as small as 10 nm are demonstrated using silicon on insulator substrates. Structural characterization confirms that wires are straight, have a triangular cross section and are without breakages over lengths of tens of microns. Electrical characterization indicates bulk like mobility values, not strongly influenced by surface scattering or quantum confinement. Processing is compatible with conventional silicon technology having much larger critical dimensions. Integrating such nanowires with a mature CMOS technology offers an inexpensive route to their exploitation as sensors.
Organic bistable devices utilizing carbon nanotubes embedded in poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Sleiman A. , Mabrook M. F. , Nejm R. R. , Ayesh A. , Al Ghaferi A. , Petty M. C. , Zeze D. A.
Published: July 2012

The electrical and memory behavior of organic bistable memory devices in the form of metal-embedded insulator-metal (MIM) structure are described. The devices utilize layer-by-layer (LbL) deposited single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) as charge traps embedded between two polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) insulating layers. The stack was sandwiched between two aluminium electrodes to form an Al/PMMA/SWCNTs/PMMA/Al structure. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the devices exhibit electrical bistability and non-volatile memory characteristics in terms of switching between high conductive (ON) and low conductive (OFF) states. The different conductive states were programmed by application of a positive and negative voltage pulse for the ON and OFF states, respectively. A maximum ON/OFF ratio of 2 × 105 is achieved at low reading voltage of 1 V. Space-charge-limited-current (SCLC) conduction model was used to describe the carriers transport and the electrical bistability in the devices, which was attributed to the trapping and detrapping of electrons inside the SWCNTs.
Au nanoparticle-decorated graphene electrodes for GaN-based optoelectronic devices
Authors: Choe Minhyeok , Cho Chu-Young , Shim Jae-Phil , Park Woojin , Lim Sung Kwan , Hong Woong-Ki , Hun Lee Byoung , Lee Dong-Seon , Park Seong-Ju , Lee Takhee
Published: July 2012

We studied GaN-based optoelectronic devices such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and solar cells (SCs) with graphene electrodes. A decoration of Au nanoparticles (NPs) on multi-layer graphene films improved the electrical conductivity and modified the work function of the graphene films. The Au NP-decorated graphene film enhanced the current injection and electroluminescence of GaN-based LEDs through low contact resistance and improved the power conversion efficiency of GaN-based SCs through additional light absorption and energy band alignment. Our study will enhance the understanding of the role of Au NP-decorated graphene electrodes for GaN-based optoelectronic device applications.
Reduction of persistent photoconductivity in ZnO thin film transistor-based UV photodetector
Authors: Ivanoff Reyes Pavel , Ku Chieh-Jen , Duan Ziqing , Xu Yi , Garfunkel Eric , Lu Yicheng
Published: July 2012

We report a ZnO-based thin film transistor UV photodetector with a back gate configuration. The thin-film transistor (TFT) aspect ratio W/L is 150 μm/5 μm and has a current on-off ratio of 1010. The detector shows UV-visible rejection ratio of 104 and cut-off wavelength of 376 nm. The device has low dark current of 5 × 10−14 A. The persistent photoconductivity is suppressed through oxygen plasma treatment of the channel surface which significantly reduces the density of oxygen vacancy confirmed by XPS measurements. The proper gate bias-control further reduces recovery time. The UV-TFT configuration is particularly suitable for making large-area imaging arrays.
Scattering reduction for an acoustic sensor using a multilayered shell comprising a pair of homogeneous isotropic single-negative media
Authors: Xu Tao , Zhu Xue-Feng , Liang Bin , Li Yong , Zou Xin-Ye , Cheng Jian-Chun
Published: July 2012

We have designed a cylindrical multilayered structure to reduce scattering for an acoustic sensor while allowing it to receive external information. The proposed structure consists of two alternately arranged complementary media with homogeneous isotropic single-negative parameters. Numerical results show that the acoustic scattering from the sensor is suppressed considerably when the number of bilayers is large enough and the thickness of each bilayer is much smaller than the incident wavelength. This may be particularly significant for practical applications where acoustic measurements would otherwise be disturbed by the insertion of sensors.