bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wetgeving in de responsieve rechtsstaat
Authors: Scheltema M.
Published: June 2018

Wetgeving in de responsieve rechtsstaat

De burger is niet een altijd rationeel handelende persoon, zoals de wetgever veronderstelt. Zijn doenvermogen, zoals de WRR het noemt, verschilt soms sterk van dat beeld. Doordat de wetgever van het verkeerde beeld uitgaat, bouwt hij een rechtsstaat op die op papier klopt (bureaucratische rechtsstaat) maar voor de echte burger geen werkelijkheid wordt (geen responsieve rechtsstaat is). Zoals economen inmiddels afstand hebben genomen van het rationele-actormodel, zullen juristen dat ook moeten doen. Wanneer rechtsstaat, recht en overheidsbeleid worden gebaseerd op een beeld van de burger zoals die echt is, wordt de rechtsstaat responsief, en worden wet en beleid doeltreffender.

In dit artikel wordt geschetst hoe de wetgever invulling kan geven aan de responsieve rechtsstaat. De inzichten uit het recente WRR-rapport en het denken over procedurele rechtvaardigheid leiden daarbij tot een benadering die – in drie lagen verdeeld – aangeeft hoe dat zou kunnen.
Empathie in het sociaal domein
Authors: Tollenaar A.
Published: June 2018

Empathie in het sociaal domein

Aan wetgeving ligt altijd een mensbeeld ten grondslag. Het mensbeeld bestaat uit het geheel aan eigenschappen (voorkeuren, vaardigheden, motieven) van degene die door de wet wordt geraakt of beschermd. De mensbeelden kunnen worden onderscheiden in een drietal dimensies: zelfredzaam, bureaucratische vaardigheden en calculerend gedrag. De analyse van de totstandkoming van de wetgeving in de sociale zekerheid leert dat de mensbeelden van verschillende recente wetten verschillend scoren op deze dimensies. Onduidelijk is waar de wetgever zijn mensbeeld op baseert. Bij wetgeving lijken mensbeelden vooral te worden gebruikt om wettelijke voorschriften te legitimeren. Bij de uitvoering van de wetten blijken weer andere mensbeelden te domineren. Dit is ingegeven door enerzijds meer specifieke kennis van de normadressaat (voorschriften worden niet zo streng gehandhaafd als de wetgever zou willen, omdat de handhaving ongewenste effecten heeft) en anderzijds bezuinigingsdrift (waardoor procedurele barrières worden opgeworpen die de wetgever niet voor ogen stonden). Dit geconstateerde verschil tussen uitvoering en wetgeving leidt tot de aanbeveling om bij wetgeving meer kennis over de mensbeelden in de uitvoeringspraktijk te betrekken.
De Holocaustwet en alternatieve feiten in Polen
Authors: Ranchordás S.H.
Published: June 2018

De Holocaustwet en alternatieve feiten in Polen

In februari 2018 heeft de Poolse senaat een nieuwe wet aangenomen die het illegaal maakt om Polen te beschuldigen van medeplichtigheid bij de vervolging van Joodse burgers tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog. De Poolse regering wil met name een einde maken aan de verwijzingen naar ‘Poolse concentratiekampen’ en de Poolse rol in de ondersteuning van Duits beleid tijdens de Tweede Wereldoorlog.
Comprensión del valor esperado y variabilidad de la proporción muestral por estudiantes de educación secundaria obligatoria
Authors: Begué Nuria , Batanero Carmen , Gea María
Published: June 2018

Se analiza la comprensión intuitiva de la relación entre la proporción en una población y el valor esperado de la proporción muestral, y de la variabilidad de dicha proporción, en función del tamaño de la muestra, de estudiantes de educación secundaria obligatoria. Se propusieron a 302 estudiantes cuatro ítems en los que se piden cuatro valores probables del número de ocurrencias de un suceso, variando la proporción poblacional y el tamaño muestral. El análisis estadístico de los valores proporcionados por los estudiantes indica una buena comprensión de la relación entre proporción muestral y poblacional. La variabilidad de la proporción muestral se sobreestima en muestras grandes y depende del contexto del problema en muestras pequeñas. Se observan los sesgos de equiprobabilidad, recencia positiva y negativa.
ACCIDENTS AND RESCUE INTERVENTIONS DURING THE HOLIDAY SEASON IN THE POLISH TATRA MOUNTAINS – ANALYSIS FOR 2014 AND 2015
Authors: Gawlas Marta
Published: June 2018

Purpose. Analysis of mountain accidents in the Polish Tatra Mountains during the holiday season 2014-2015, their spatial distribution and indication of objective (natural) and subjective (human) reasons.

Method. Analysis of mountain accident chronicles from the 1.07-31.08.2014 holiday season, available on the official website of the Tatra Volunteer Rescue Service.

Findings. Mountain accidents happened in the High Tatras and in the Western Tatras. Most mountain accidents in the High Tatras occurred on the alpine species, and in the West Tatras - on the forest species. The greatest impact on the occurrence of mountain accidents in the High Tatras was biotic - an objective factor, and in the Western Tatras – lithological-morphological and meteorological-climatic.

Research and conclusion limitations. Empirical studies concern the analysis of mountain accidents in the Tatra National Park and all types of tourist activities undertaken before a mountain accident.

Practical implications. The study presents the impact of man and the mountain environment on mountain accidents.

Originality. The presented results may help to determine environmental risk zones, tourists will be informed about them before going on the Tatra trails during the holiday season.

Type of paper. An article presenting the results of empirical research.
DISHES AND DRINKS WORTH A TRIP, CONCERNING THE LOANWORDS IN CULINARY REPORTAGES
Authors: Kowalonek-Janczarek Monika
Published: June 2018

Purpose. Culinary reportages are informative and, at the same time, persuasive texts addressed to a large variety of readers potentially interested in visiting different parts of the world. The following paper investigates selected texts excerpted from the travel magazine National Geographic Traveler Polska (October, 2016). Every issue is devoted to a different topic. The issue submitted to analysis concentrates on one common theme, namely traditional foods of selected European, Asian, South American and African countries. The main focus of the study is on analyzing the occurrence of loan words used to describe traditional dishes, beverages and foodstuffs. The loanwords have been classified on a semantic level. The process of their adaptation in Polish has also been studied.

Method. In order to obtain objective results, all 10 reportages were examined with the same method of content analysis. Firstly, 95 names of traditional dishes, beverages and foodstuffs have been excerpted from each text and the second step was analysis on semantic and adaptive levels.

Findings. The results show a few possible semantic groups (material, genetic, synonymous, sensory names). As far as the extent of adaptation is concerned, out of 95, 41 uncommon foreign words have been identified whereas 54 are partially or fully assimilated in Polish. Moreover, 81 loanwords have an extra comment, which is being introduced by using different punctuation marks and/or conjunctions.

Research and conclusion limitations. Out of 16 reportages 10 representing traditional African (2), South American (2), Asian (3) and European (3) cuisine have been chosen. The extensive range of texts combined with the fact that the reportages are written by a variety of journalists and concern different countries, provides a reliable and differentiated source material, though to some extent, it is limited. In view of this, further investigations on larger corpora are needed.

Practical implications. Besides the cognitive character of the conducted study (names of traditional African, Asian, South American and European meals), the research can be of significance for further studies about language in the tourism industry.

Originality. Culinary reportages are a subgenre of travel reportages, which so far, has not been extensively examined in Polish academic papers dealing with the tourism industry.

Type of paper. The article presents the results of empirical research.
The Ideology of Meat-Eating
Authors: Fox Michael Allen ,   The Harvard Review of Philosophy
Published: June 2018

A network of beliefs and values (an ideology) underlies much of our behavior. While meat-eaters may not acknowledge that they have an ideology, I argue that they do by attempting to identify and deconstruct its elements. I also include numerous historical and philosophical observations about the origins of meat-eaters’ ideology. Explaining and examining ideologies may encourage discussion about a particular area of life (for example, dietary choice) and stimulate change in relation to it. Both adherents to vegetarian/vegan approaches and meat-eaters who wish to become less dependent on animal food sources (for ethical and environmental reasons) can benefit from the broader understanding that such an analysis provides.
Narrativa como acontecimento no filme Central do Brasil
Authors: Calhado Cyntia Gomes
Published: June 2018

O objetivo deste artigo é realizar uma leitura da narrativa audiovisual a partir do conceito de acontecimento, buscando oferecer nova visada para além de seus aspectos representacionais tradicionalmente enfocados. Utilizaremos como objeto da análise a cena da romaria do longa-metragem Central do Brasil (1998) de Walter Salles, filme que tem sido pensado primordialmente no campo representacional. Como instrumental teórico, adotaremos o texto “As virtualidades da narrativa cinematográfica” (2013), em que André Parente apresenta uma crítica interna ao sistema-cinema de Gilles Deleuze. Pretendemos demonstrar que a narrativa como acontecimento intensifica a experiência cinematográfica, pois o tempo da imagem e o do espectador se identificam.
O que há de política no Facebook? Uma análise sobre o perfil dos estudos na área
Authors: Carreiro Rodrigo
Published: June 2018

Esse artigo faz um levantamento de caráter exploratório das pesquisas que tratam da interface Facebook e política, envolvendo dimensões diversas deste último campo. O objetivo final é estabelecer agendas de pesquisa, identificar padrões de investigação e apontar lacunas existentes na literatura – trabalho feito a partir de levantamento bibliográfico e análise de uma amostra de artigos publicados nas principais revistas acadêmicas das áreas de ciências sociais, ciência política e comunicação. Ao final, foram analisados 108 trabalhos, posteriormente categorizados em parâmetros pré-estabelecidos a fim de sistematizar a pesquisa e oferecer subsídios para uma avaliação das agendas, padrões e lacunas.
Materialidades em trânsito: a circulação de práticas estético-expressivas entre o livro e televisão, investigações acerca de Primo Basílio, Os Maias e Mad Maria
Authors: Wajnman Solange
Published: June 2018

No exercício deste estudo apontamos para as possibilidades do percurso teórico-metodológico sob a ótica dos estudos das materialidades no campo audiovisual. Assim, ao nos determos diante da questão da transposição literária de alguns romances para minisséries de televisão encontramos um caminho diverso daqueles pautados pela intertextualidade e pelos estudos culturais. Ao voltar o olhar para as possibilidades tecnológico-estéticas do meio televisivo e na esteira de conceitos como materialidade, produção de presença, ambiência e intermedialidade acreditamos propor um desafio metodológico  promissor para o campo, inclusive para o estudo de suas consequências midiáticas.
Videogame: mais que um entretenimento, um agente estimulador da criatividade
Authors: Da Rosa Simone Carvalho , Júnior Norberto Kuhn , Pinheiro Cristiano Max
Published: June 2018

Este artigo objetiva evidenciar que o videogame é mais que um entretenimento, e atua como um agente estimulador da criatividade. Para embasar o raciocínio, são apresentadas conceituações teóricas sobre criatividade, jogos e videogames; na sequência, realiza-se a análise dos estudos ligados às áreas da Psicologia e Neurociência, de Stošić e Stošić (2014), Sabrina Schenk, Robert K. Lech, Boris Suchan (2015) e Gregory D. Clemenson and Craig E.L. Stark (2015), Daphne Bavelier (2015-2016) e C. Shawn Green (2015-2016), publicados de 2014 a 2016, onde, através de pesquisas, visavam identificar e analisar os benefícios dos videogames relacionados à criatividade, através das habilidades motoras e cognitivas. Observou-se que os videogames estimulam os processos cognitivos, incluindo a visão espacial, emocional e motivacional, além do pensamento crítico, rapidez na tomada de decisão, e também a resolução de problemas e o aumento da memória .
Prioritizing bona fide bacterial small RNAs with machine learning classifiers
Authors: Eppenhof Erik JJ , Peña-Castillo Lourdes
Published: June 2018

Bacterial small non-coding RNAs (sRNAs) are involved in the control of several cellular processes. Hundreds of putative sRNAs have been identified in many bacterial species through RNA sequencing. The existence of putative sRNAs is usually validated by Northern blot analysis. However, the large amount of novel putative sRNAs reported in the literature makes it impractical to validate in the wet lab each of them. In this work, we applied five machine learning approaches to construct twenty models to discriminate bona fide sRNAs from random genomic sequences in five bacterial species. Sequences were represented using seven features including free energy of their predicted secondary structure, their distances to the closest predicted promoter site and Rho-independent terminator, and their distance to the closest open reading frames (ORFs). To automatically calculate these features, we developed an sRNA Characterization Pipeline (sRNACharP). All sevens features used in the classification task contributed positively to the performance of the predictive models. The five best performing models obtained a median precision of 100% at 10% recall and of 60% at 40% recall across all five bacterial species. Our results suggest that even though there is limited sRNA sequence conservation across different bacterial species, there are intrinsic features of sRNAs that are conserved across taxa. We show that these features are exploited by machine learning approaches to learn a species-independent model to prioritize bona fide bacterial sRNAs.
Avoiding CRISPR: Plasmid design for genetic engineering
Authors: Ng Wenfa
Published: June 2018

Clustered regularly interspersed short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) is a natural defense system for bacteria and archaea against foreign DNA and RNA. Specifically, short snippets of foreign DNA or RNA are incorporated into protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) repeats sequences in the genome of the bacterial species, and serve as molecular memory of past infections by viruses. These repeats are transcribed by RNA polymerases and perform constant surveillance of the bacterial cell cytoplasm for foreign DNA. Once detected, PAM sequences would bind to the foreign DNA leading to the recruitment of Cas endonuclease protein that cut the foreign DNA. Plasmids are double stranded DNA vectors that serve to carry foreign genes into the cell for genetic engineering. Hence, plasmids are also foreign DNA with respect to the CRISPR system of the cell. To avoid destruction by the Cas protein, plasmid should not contain sequences that would bind to any of the PAM sequences encoded in the genome of the bacterial species. Thus, the PAM sequences of each bacterial species where genetic engineering is to be performed should be sequenced, and the knowledge gained utilized in the design of plasmid vectors that do not carry any of the sequences encoded by PAM repeats. Such an approach would help reduce the chances of destruction of plasmid vector once it was introduced to the cell, and would help improve the efficiency of plasmid transduction and genetic engineering. Collectively, CRISPR is a natural cellular defense system that could destroy introduced plasmid vector through recognition by PAM repeat sequences encoded in the cell’s genome. Sequencing of the PAM sequence of the bacterial species followed by careful design of the plasmid DNA sequence would significantly reduce the chances of destruction of the vector by CRISPR once it was introduced into the cell.
The AMPK signaling pathway is associated with the intramuscular fat trait in pigs
Authors: Yao Chaogang , Pang Daxin , Lu Chao , Xu Aishi , Huang Peixuan , Ouyang Hongsheng , Yu Hao
Published: June 2018

Background. Intramuscular fat (IMF) is an important economic trait for pork quality and a complex quantitative trait regulated by multiple genes. The objective of this work was to investigate the novel transcriptional effects of a multigene pathways on IMF deposition in the longissimus dorsi(LD) muscles of pigs.

Methods. Potential signaling pathways were screened by mining data from three gene expression profiles in the GEO database. We designed quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) arrays for the candidate signaling pathways to verify the results in the LD muscles of three pig breeds with different IMF contents(Large White, Berkshire and Min).

Results. The AMPK signaling pathway was screened via bioinformatic analysis. Ten key hub genes of this signaling pathway(AMPK, ADIPOR1, ADIPOR2, LKB1, CAMKKβ, CPT1A, CPT1B, PGC-1α, CD36 and ACC1) were differentially expressed. Statistical analyses revealed that AMPK pathway activity clearly varied among the three pig breeds.

Conclusion. Based on these results, we concluded that the activation of the AMPK signaling pathway plays a positive role in reducing IMF deposition in pigs.
Chimeric antigen receptors that trigger phagocytosis
Authors: Morrissey Meghan A , Williamson Adam P , Steinbach Adriana M , Roberts Edward W , Kern Nadja , Headley Mark B , Vale Ronald D
Published: June 2018

Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are synthetic receptors that reprogram T cells to kill cancer. The success of CAR-T cell therapies highlights the promise of programmed immunity and suggests that applying CAR strategies to other immune cell lineages may be beneficial. Here, we engineered a family of Chimeric Antigen Receptors for Phagocytosis (CAR-Ps) that direct macrophages to engulf specific targets, including cancer cells. CAR-Ps consist of an extracellular antibody fragment, which can be modified to direct CAR-P activity towards specific antigens. By screening a panel of engulfment receptor intracellular domains, we found that the cytosolic domains from Megf10 and FcRɣ robustly triggered engulfment independently of their native extracellular domain. We show that CAR-Ps drive specific engulfment of antigen-coated synthetic particles and whole human cancer cells. Addition of a tandem PI3K recruitment domain increased cancer cell engulfment. Finally, we show that CAR-P expressing murine macrophages reduce cancer cell number in co-culture by over 40%.
Determining Stressors among Dentistry Students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in Educational Environments and its Relationship with their General Health Condition
Authors: Pourlak Tannaz , Yazdani Javad , Dehnad Seyyed Vahid , Ghoreishizadeh Arezou , Ahmad Arta Seyed , Dabagh Fatemeh , Ghavimi Mohammad Ali , Amani Masoume
Published: June 2018

Background: It is believed that medical students are more faced with stressors during their academic studies. The highest rate of stress and anxiety in clinical education settings may negatively affect the learning and success of these students. The aim of the current study is investigating the stressors dentistry students face within educational settings and its relationship with their general health condition. Materials and Methods: The current statistical-analytic study performed upon 180 dentistry students of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences in 2014. A 54-item Student Stressors Questionnaire was used to assess the students stress and a 28-item Goldberg Questionnaire was used to evaluate the general health of the students. Likert 4-item scale (0 to 3) was used for scoring both questionnaires. Results: Mean age of the participants was 24.37±2.84. 6.65% of students were female and the mean stress level was 1.2±0.6. 36.7%, 48.3% and 15% of students had low, average and high stress level, respectively. There was no significant relationship between students’ stress and sex or their marital status. 50%, 23.3%, 20.6% and 6.1% of students had high, average, poor and very poor general health, respectively. There was no significant relationship between students’ gender and their general health. There was also no significant relationship between students’ stress and their general health. Conclusion: Almost half of dentistry students had average stress and 15% had high stress in which levels its pressure may get sever with increased academic period and difficulty level of the academic units. Correct educational programs, periodic counseling meetings and use of skilled counselors at universities can play influential roles to reduce stress level of dentistry students.
Quality of Speech Following Cleft Palate Surgery in Children
Authors: Abdollahi Fakhim Shahin , Shahidi Nikzad , Karimi Javan Gelavizh
Published: June 2018

Background: Surgical treatment of cleft palate is accompanied with speech problems. Speech therapy in these children after surgery can improve their speech. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the quality of speaking in operated cleft palate patients and speech therapy effects in a small group of these patients. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, speech quality of 55 children with operated cleft palate was assessed regarding resonance, audible nasal emission, consonant production and speech acceptability. Speech outcomes after therapy were evaluated in 19 patients. Results: Cleft palate types were unilateral cleft and lip palate in 18 cases, bilateral cleft and lip palate in 4 cases, secondary cleft palate type in 30 cases and of mere-soft palate in 3 cases. Thirty-five children were operated during the first year of life and 20 were operated after the first year. More than 55% of patients had normal hypernasality with few cases of severe hypernasality and less than 45% had error in consonant production. Patients operated during first year of life had more speech problems. Speech parameters were improved in 19 patients after speech therapy. Conclusion: In conclusion, children with cleft palate have some degrees of speech disorders after repair surgery than could be improved by the speech therapy. Speech therapy should be considered as one of the main treatment protocols along with repair surgery in children with cleft palate.
Evaluating the Accuracy of Dental Space Prediction as a Simple Visual Observation Compared to the Standard Prediction Method in Mixed Dentition Period
Authors: Salehi-Vaziri Abbas , Sabzijati Mojtaba , Nuri-Sari Mohsen , Merati Mohsen , Rahbar Mahdi , Karimi Hannaneh
Published: June 2018

Background: Investigating and analyzing the dental artery space during a mixed dentition period is very important because it is used in orthodontic treatments planning. The main purpose of this study is to compare the standard Tanaka-Johntson method and simple visual observation in the space analysis in a mixed dentition period and realizing the accuracy of the simple visual observation. Methods Materials: The present study follows a double blind cross-sectional study. Three patients who were in the mixed compare period were selected and six samples were collected from the upper and lower Maxilla duplicate casts. Data were analyzed using ICC and correlation and paired t-test with SPSS 22 software. Results: The general analysis result of the estimated sizes by specialists and residents and the obtained sizes from the Tanaka-Johntson method shows only 28% of the agreement between these two methods. The announced agreement for the sizes was 31% by residents and 22 % by specialists. According to the obtained data, the average difference between specialists and residents was at least one hundredth of a millimeter and the maximum difference was ninety-seven hundredths of a millimeter. Conclusion: The results of the present study show that the estimation of space difference in a simple visual observation method has not an acceptable accuracy in comparison with the Tanaka-Johntson method. In addition, the conducted estimations by residents were also slightly more accurate than that of the specialists.
Evaluation of Patients’ Satisfaction with the Complete Denture made in Prosthodontics Department of Dentistry Faculty, Tabriz, Iran 2017
Authors: Musavi Seyed Amin , Eslami Hosein , Fakhrzadeh Vahid , Dabaghi-Tabriz Fatemeh , Rahbar Mahdi , Khadem-Neghad Sahar , Salami Siamak
Published: June 2018

Aim: In this study, patient’s satisfaction with complete denture made in prosthodontics department of Tabriz dentistry faculty was evaluated based on the residual alveolar ridge.Materials and methods: This retrospective study was carried out on 60 patients referred to the Prosthodontics Department of Tabriz Dentistry School by through completing questionnaires and clinical examination. Data from the study were analyzed using SPSS 17 software. In this study, p-value less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: In this retrospective study, 61.5 % of participants were male and mostly in the age group of 30 to 40 years. 43.3 % of patients had Ridge Class II, 56.7 % Class had ridge class III. None of the studied patients, had class four or one ridge. The results of present study showed well that satisfaction of patients, in some cases, has a significant relation according to the residual ridge conditions of the patient one and three months after delivery of prosthesis. Satisfaction rate was higher in patients with ridge class II. Moreover, satisfaction of patients showed an increase in three-month intervals.Conclusion: 38.4 % of patients sowed satisfaction with their new teeth three months after prosthesis delivery. Satisfaction of patients was because of chewing soft food; overall capability of chewing, talking easily, the retention of dentures and denture satisfaction was higher in patients with Class II boats.
Feasibility of Macroporous CeO2 Photocatalysts for Removal of Lead Ions from Water
Authors: Nozaki Takuya , Shoji Ryo , Kobayashi Yasukazu , Sato Kazunori
Published: June 2018

Removal of lead ions from water was conducted by a coupling approach of adsorption and photoelectrodeposition over a macroporous CeO2 photocatalyst loaded with ZnO. The photocatalyst was prepared by the hard template method and the impregnation method. The various size of silica spheres (0.05-0.4 µm) were used as a template for the photocatalyst, and the highest BET surface area (73.8 m2/g) was given in the sample prepared with the smallest silica sphere (0.05 µm). In the removal of lead ions, the porous sample showed a large amount of removal of lead ions. In addition, the ZnO loaded catalysts showed a larger amount of removal for lead ions than an unloaded catalyst under the UV light irradiation. In the reaction, since zinc ions were simultaneously dissolved to the solution, it was suggested that this reaction was the ion-exchange reaction between lead ions and zinc ions and was promoted by the UV light irradiation.
Triglycerides Hydrocracking Reaction of Nyamplung Oil with Non-sulfided CoMo/γ-Al2O3 Catalysts
Authors: Rasyid Rismawati , Malik Rahmaniah , Kusuma Heri Septya , Roesyadi Achmad , Mahfud Mahfud
Published: June 2018

The purpose of this research are to study the temperature influence in hydrocracking process of the nyamplung oil (Calophyllum inophyllum) using a non-sulfided CoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst and to develop a simple kinetic model in interpreting the data of hydrocracking products. The experiment was carried out in a pressurized batch reactor operated pressure up 30 bar. The CoMo catalyst supported with γ-Al2O3 was prepared through impregnation method without sulfidation process. The operating temperature varied from 200 to 350 oC. The results show that the non-sulfided CoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalysts, nyamplung oil triglycerides can converted into gasoil and gasoline-like hydrocarbons. The triglyceride hydrocracking reaction of nyamplung oil followed a several stages, i.e., hydrogenation, dehydrogenation, and cracking. Based on the compounds contained in liquid product, hydrocracking reaction was dominated by decarboxylation. The products obtained in hydrocracking process of nyamplung oil are classified to gasoil (C11-C18) and gasoline (C5-C10).  The triglycerides hydrocracking reaction of nyamplung oil was assumed by following a series reaction mechanism and a simple kinetic model used for determined the kinetics constants. The highest reaction conversion is 99.10% obtained at temperature of 350 °C for 160 minutes reaction time.
Nanostructured Dielectric Fractals on Resonant Plasmonic Metasurfaces for Selective and Sensitive Optical Sensing of Volatile Compounds
Authors: Fusco Zelio , Rahmani Mohsen , Bo Renheng , Verre Ruggero , Motta Nunzio , Käll Mikael , Neshev Dragomir , Tricoli Antonio
Published: June 2018

Advances in the understanding and fabrication of plasmonic nanostructures have led to a plethora of unprecedented optoelectronic and optochemical applications. Plasmon resonance has found widespread use in efficient optical transducers of refractive index changes in liquids. However, it has proven challenging to translate these achievements to the selective detection of gases, which typically adsorb non‐specifically and induce refractive index changes below the detection limit. Here, it's shown that integration of tailored fractals of dielectric TiO2 nanoparticles on a plasmonic metasurface strongly enhances the interaction between the plasmonic field and volatile organic molecules and provides a means for their selective detection. Notably, this superior optical response is due to the enhancement of the interaction between the dielectric fractals and the plasmonic metasurface for thickness of up to 1.8 μm, much higher than the evanescent plasmonic near‐field (≈30 nm) . Optimal dielectric–plasmonic structures allow measurements of changes in the refractive index of the gas mixture down to <8 × 10−6 at room temperature and selective identification of three exemplary volatile organic compounds. These findings provide a basis for the development of a novel family of dielectric–plasmonic materials with application extending from light harvesting and photocatalysts to contactless sensors for noninvasive medical diagnostics.
The gut microbiome of nonhuman primates: Lessons in ecology and evolution
Authors: Clayton Jonathan B. , Gomez Andres , Amato Katherine , Knights Dan , Travis Dominic A. , Blekhman Ran , Knight Rob , Leigh Steven , Stumpf Rebecca , Wolf Tiffany , Glander Kenneth E. , Cabana Francis , Johnson Timothy J.
Published: June 2018

The mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) tract is home to trillions of bacteria that play a substantial role in host metabolism and immunity. While progress has been made in understanding the role that microbial communities play in human health and disease, much less attention has been given to host‐associated microbiomes in nonhuman primates (NHPs). Here we review past and current research exploring the gut microbiome of NHPs. First, we summarize methods for characterization of the NHP gut microbiome. Then we discuss variation in gut microbiome composition and function across different NHP taxa. Finally, we highlight how studying the gut microbiome offers new insights into primate nutrition, physiology, and immune system function, as well as enhances our understanding of primate ecology and evolution. Microbiome approaches are useful tools for studying relevant issues in primate ecology. Further study of the gut microbiome of NHPs will offer new insight into primate ecology and evolution as well as human health.
Quantification of hair cortisol concentration in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and tufted capuchins (Cebus apella)
Authors: Phillips Kimberley A. , Tukan Alyson N. , Rigodanzo Anna D. , Reusch Ryan T. , Brasky Kathleen M. , Meyer Jerrold S.
Published: June 2018

Quantifying cortisol concentration in hair is a non‐invasive biomarker of long‐term hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) activation, and thus can provide important information on laboratory animal health. Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) and capuchins (Cebus apella) are New World primates increasingly used in biomedical and neuroscience research, yet published hair cortisol concentrations for these species are limited. Review of the existing published hair cortisol values from marmosets reveals highly discrepant values and the use of variable techniques for hair collection, processing, and cortisol extraction. In this investigation we utilized a well‐established, standardized protocol to extract and quantify cortisol from marmoset (n = 12) and capuchin (n = 4) hair. Shaved hair samples were collected from the upper thigh during scheduled exams and analyzed via methanol extraction and enzyme immunoassay. In marmosets, hair cortisol concentration ranged from 2,710 to 6,267 pg/mg and averaged 4,070 ± 304 pg/mg. In capuchins, hair cortisol concentration ranged from 621 to 2,089 pg/mg and averaged 1,092 ± 338 pg/mg. Hair cortisol concentration was significantly different between marmosets and capuchins, with marmosets having higher concentrations than capuchins. The incorporation of hair cortisol analysis into research protocols provides a non‐invasive measure of HPA axis activity over time, which offers insight into animal health. Utilization of standard protocols across laboratories is essential to obtaining valid measurements and allowing for valuable future cross‐species comparisons.
Reliability of Digitized Quantum Annealing and the Decay of Entanglement
Authors: Peterson John P. S. , Sarthour Roberto S. , Souza Alexandre M. , Oliveira Ivan S. , Brito Frederico , de Melo Fernando
Published: June 2018

A banged‐digital‐analog simulation of a quantum annealing protocol is performed in a two‐qubit nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) quantum computer. The experimental simulation employs up to 235 Trotter steps, with more than 2000 gates (pulses), and a protocol success above 80% is obtained. Given the exquisite control of the NMR quantum computer, the simulation is also performed with different noise levels. Thus, the reliability of the quantum annealing process is is analyzed, and it is related to the level of entanglement produced during the protocol. Although the presence of entanglement is not a sufficient signature for a better‐than‐classical simulation, the level of entanglement achieved relates to the fidelity of the protocol.
Cross‐Coupling of Alkyl Redox‐Active Esters with Benzophenone Imines: Tandem Photoredox and Copper Catalysis
Authors: Mao Runze , Balon Jonathan , Hu Xile
Published: June 2018

Alkyl amines are an important class of organic compounds in medicinal and materials chemistry. Until now very have been very few methods for the synthesis of alkyl amines by metal‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of alkyl electrophiles with nitrogen nucleophiles. Described here is an approach to employ tandem photoredox and copper catalysis to enable the cross‐coupling of alkyl N‐hydroxyphthalimide esters, readily derived from alkyl carboxylic acids, with benzophenone‐derived imines. Hydrolysis of the coupling products furnish alkylated primary amines. Primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl groups can be transferred, and the coupling tolerates a diverse set of functional groups. The method allows rapid functionalization of natural products and drugs, and can be used to expedite syntheses of pharmaceuticals from readily available chemical feedstocks.
Polyvalent Spherical Nucleic Acids for Universal Display of Functional DNA with Ultrahigh Stability
Authors: Liu Biwu , Huang Zhicheng , Liu Juewen
Published: June 2018

For nanomaterials that are difficult to functionalize by covalent attachment of DNA, we herein communicate a general method taking advantage of the high avidity of polyvalent binding and the 3D structure of densely functionalized spherical nucleic acids (SNAs). Using DNA‐functionalized gold nanoparticles, simple mixing leads to the formation of highly stable conjugates on 11 different materials including metals, metal oxides, metal–organic frameworks, transition‐metal dichalcogenides, nanocarbons, and polymers. The adsorption affinity of SNAs can be over thousand‐fold higher than that of free DNA of the same sequence, and practically irreversible conjugates are formed withstanding various denaturing agents. The surface attachment and molecular recognition functions of DNA are spatially separated, showing a key advantage of SNAs. The functionalized materials possess the properties of both the substrate and the SNA, allowing specific DNA hybridization in buffer and in serum.
Singlet Fission for Photovoltaics with 130 % Injection Efficiency
Authors: Kunzmann Andreas , Gruber Marco , Casillas Rubén , Zirzlmeier Johannes , Stanzel Melanie , Peukert Wolfgang , Tykwinski Rik R. , Guldi Dirk M.
Published: June 2018

A novel pentacene dimer (P2) and a structurally analogous monomer (P1) were synthesized for use in n‐type dye‐sensitized solar cells. In P2, the triplet excited states formed by the rapid, spin‐allowed process singlet fission were expected to enable carrier multiplication in comparison to the slow, spin‐forbidden intersystem crossing seen in P1. A meta‐positioning of the two pentacenes and the carboxylate anchor were chosen in P2 to balance the intramolecular dynamics of singlet fission and electron injection. Electron injection from energetically low‐lying triplet excited states of pentacene units necessitated the intrinsic and extrinsic lowering of the Fermi level of the semiconductor. Indium‐zinc oxide in the presence of Li+ was found to be the optimum choice for the photoelectrodes. Efficient electron injection from the triplet excited states of P1 and P2 was found, with a carrier multiplication of nearly 130 %.
Copper‐Catalyzed Formal [4+2] Cycloaddition of Enoldiazoimides with Sulfur Ylides
Authors: Cheng Qing‐Qing , Massey Lynée A. , Willett Brook S. , Deng Yongming , Arman Hadi , Doyle Michael P.
Published: June 2018

Enoldiazoimides, a new subclass of enoldiazo compounds, generate enol‐substituted carbonyl ylides whose reactions with sulfur ylides enable an unprecedented formal [4+2] cycloaddition. The resulting multifunctionalized indolizidinones, which incorporate sulfur, are formed in good yields under mild reaction conditions. The uniqueness of this transformation stems from the role of the silyl‐protected enol, since the corresponding acetyldiazoimide failed to provide any cross‐products in metal‐catalyzed reactions with sulfur ylides. This copper‐catalyzed cycloaddition is initiated with the generation of enol‐substituted carbonyl ylides and sulfur ylides from enoldiazoimides and sulfonium salts, respectively, and proceeds through stepwise six‐membered ring formation, C−O and C−S bond cleavage, and silyl and acetyl group migration.
Radical Cation Salt‐initiated Aerobic C−H Phosphorylation of N‐Benzylanilines: Synthesis of α‐Aminophosphonates
Authors: Jia Xiaodong , Liu Xiaofei , Yuan Yu , Li Pengfei , Hou Wentao , He Kaixuan
Published: June 2018

A radical cation salt‐initiated phosphorylation of N‐benzylanilines was realized through an aerobic oxidation of the sp3 C−H bond, providing a series of α‐aminophosphonates in high yields. An investigation of the reaction scope revealed that this mild catalyst system is superior in good functional group tolerance and high reaction efficiency. The mechanistic study implied that the cleavage of the sp3 C−H bond was involved in the rate‐determining step.
Towards Reproducible Fabrication of Nanometre‐Sized Carbon Electrodes: Optimisation of Automated Nanoelectrode Fabrication by Means of Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Wilde Patrick , Quast Thomas , Aiyappa Harshitha B. , Chen Yen‐Ting , Botz Alexander , Tarnev Tsvetan , Marquitan Miriam , Feldhege Stephan , Lindner Armin , Andronescu Corina , Schuhmann Wolfgang
Published: June 2018

The reproducible fabrication of nanometre‐sized carbon electrodes poses great challenges. Especially, the field of single entity electrochemistry has strict requirements regarding the geometry of these electrochemical probes. Herein, an automated setup for the fabrication of carbon nanoelectrodes based on the pyrolysis of a propane/butane gas mixture within pulled quartz capillaries by means of a moving heating coil is presented. It is shown that mere electrochemical characterisation with conventional redox mediators does not allow for a reliable assessment of the electrode's geometry and quality. Therefore, high‐throughput transmission electron microscopy is used in parallel to evaluate and optimise preparation parameters. Control of the latter gives access to three different electrode types: nanopipettes, nanosamplers and nanodisks.
Photogeneration of Microporous Amorphous Coordination Polymers from Organometallic Ionic Liquids
Authors: Ueda Takahiro , Tominaga Takumi , Mochida Tomoyuki , Takahashi Kazuyuki , Kimura Seiji
Published: June 2018

Ruthenium‐containing organometallic ionic liquids with the B(CN)4 anion were developed that generate microporous amorphous coordination polymers upon UV irradiation. UV light irradiation of [Ru(C5H5)(C6H5R)][B(CN)4] (R=butyl, ethyl, octyl) quantitatively generated a yellow powder of a coordination polymer with the formula [Ru(C5H5){B(CN)4}]n. In this reaction, the arene ligand is eliminated by UV irradiation and coordination polymer is formed by coordination of the cyano groups of the anion to the Ru ion. The photogenerated solids exhibited nitrogen absorption properties due to their microporous structure. This paper proposes a method to fabricate functional coordination polymers by photoirradiation of liquids.
Expeditious Preparation of Open‐Cage Fullerenes by Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloaddition of Diynes and C60: An Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Artigas Albert , Pla‐Quintana Anna , Lledó Agustí , Roglans Anna , Solà Miquel
Published: June 2018

A novel methodology to transform C60 into a variety of open‐cage fullerene derivatives by employing rhodium(I) catalysis has been developed. This transformation encompasses a partially intermolecular [2+2+2] cycloaddition reaction between diynes 1 and C60 to deliver a cyclohexadiene‐fused fullerene, which concomitantly undergoes a formal [4+4]/retro‐[2+2+2] rearrangement to deliver open‐cage fullerenes 2. Most notably, this process occurs without the need of photoexcitation. The complete mechanism of this transformation has been rationalized by DFT calculations, which indicate that, after [2+2+2] cycloaddition, the cyclohexadiene‐fused intermediate evolves into the final product through a Rh‐catalyzed di‐π‐methane rearrangement followed by a retro‐[2+2+2] cycloaddition. The obtained open‐cage fullerenes can be derivatized by Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling or subjected to ring expansion to deliver a 12‐membered ring orifice in the fullerene structure. Overall, the methodology presented constitutes a straightforward entry to functional open‐cage C60 fullerene derivatives by employing catalytic methods.
The development of biphasic chiral recognition in chiral separation
Authors: Huang Xin‐Yi , Quan Kai‐Jun , Pei Dong , Liu Jian‐Fei , Di Duo‐Long
Published: June 2018

In chiral separation, enantioseparation factor is an important parameter which influences the resolution of enantiomers. In this current overview, a biphasic chiral recognition method is introduced to the readers. This method can significantly improve the enantioseparation factor in two‐phase solvent through adding lipophilic and hydrophilic chiral selectors which have opposite chiral recognition ability to organic and aqueous phases, respectively. This overview presents the development and applications of biphasic chiral recognition in liquid‐liquid extraction and counter current chromatography. It mainly focuses on the topics of mechanism, advantages and limitations, applications, and key factors of biphasic chiral recognition. In addition, the future outlook on development of biphasic chiral recognition also has been discussed in this overview.
Investigation of NH3 Influence on Adsorptive H2S Removal from Biogas for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Application
Authors: Weinlaender Christof , Neubauer Raphael , Hauth Martin , Schroettner Hartmuth , Hochenauer Christoph
Published: June 2018

The generation of electrical energy from biogas is state of the art. One option is the application of fuel cells for generating electrical energy. Due to their construction, the materials used and their mode of operation, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are particularly suitable. The primary problem in the operation of SOFCs using biogas is H2S. The goal of this work is to investigate the possible effects of ammonia on different sorbents that have already successfully been used for the desulfurization of biogas. The H2S adsorption capacity of four commercially available sorbents in the presence of NH3 was investigated as well as the influence of an upstream NH3 removal. The CuO‐MnO‐based sorbent showed the best performance related to sulfur uptake.
Applications of Dissipative Supramolecular Materials with a Tunable Lifetime
Authors: Rieß Benedikt , Boekhoven Job
Published: June 2018

Supramolecular materials are materials in which molecular building blocks are held together by non‐covalent interactions. These materials exist in equilibrium with their environment. In contrast, most biological materials exist out of equilibrium. They require constant dissipation of energy and consumption of nutrients to be sustained. As a result of their non‐equilibrium nature, biological materials have superior properties compared to their in‐equilibrium counterparts. These properties include spatial and temporal control over their presence, the ability to self‐heal and even the ability to self‐replicate. Inspired by biology, researchers have developed analogs of such dissipative supramolecular materials. This Focus Review introduces the crucial differences between in‐equilibrium and dissipative supramolecular materials. We focus on one unique property of the emerging materials: their tunable lifetime. With recent examples, we show the principles involved and how these materials can be applied in the future.
Naphthalenediimide (NDI)‐Conjugated Foldable Polyurethanes: Impact of Chromophoric Location on Hierarchical Supramolecular Assembly and Conductivity
Authors: Mukherjee Anurag , Sakurai Tsuneaki , Seki Shu , Ghosh Suhrit
Published: June 2018

The manuscript reports supramolecular assembly and photophysical properties of two polyurethanes (P1, P2) with appended naphthalene‐diimide (NDI) chromophore which serves as a n‐type semiconductor. P1 and P2 are constitutional isomers and they differ in the location of the NDI moiety. In P1, NDI is a part of the polymer backbone (placed between the two urethane groups in each repeating unit) while in P2, it remains as a pendant group. In a non‐polar solvent like tetra‐chloroethylene (TCE), both adopt a pleated structure driven by intra‐chain H‐bonding among the urethane groups. Subsequently the secondary structure of P2 assembles to a meta‐stable spherical structure (similar to polymersome) which after 70–75 h transforms to nanotubes with the folded polymer chains constructing the wall of the tube. In sharp contrast, the intra‐chain folded conformation of P1, owing to its enhanced rigidity contributed by the synergistic π‐stacking and H‐bonding, does not get trapped in the spherical intermediate, but spontaneously grows to fibrils leading to macroscopic gelation within 30 min. Flash‐photolysis time‐resolved microwave conductivity (FP‐TRMC) measurements together with transient absorption spectroscopy studies revealed remarkably high charge carrier mobility (3×10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1) which can be attributed to the long range stacking order of the NDI chromophores in the fibrillar assembly of P1 while for the nanotubular structure of P2, the value was almost an order of magnitude less reflecting importance of the mesoscopic structure on generation of percolated pathway for efficient charge transport.