bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of heat setting on dimensional stability and dyeing properties of poly(lactic acid) fibres
Authors: Phillips Duncan , Suesat Jantip , Wilding Mike , Farrington David , Sandukas Sophocles , Bone John , Dervan Steve
Published: June 2006

A study has been conducted into the effect of heat setting on the dimensional stability and dyeing properties of spun and false‐twist texturised poly(lactic acid) yarn. It has been shown that acceptable levels of dimensional stability can be achieved after heat setting for 30–45 s at 130 °C, false‐twist texturised yarn exhibiting greater shrinkage than spun yarn. The exhaustion level and visual colour yield of a number of disperse dyes have been evaluated on each type of poly(lactic acid) yarn and shown to be essentially independent of the time of heat setting.
One‐bath dyeing of a polyester/cotton blend with reactive disperse dyes from 2‐hydroxypyrid‐6‐one derivatives
Authors: Lee J J , Han N K , Lee W J , Choi J H , Kim J P
Published: June 2006

A series of temporarily solubilised reactive disperse dyes based on 1‐substituted derivatives of 2‐hydroxypyrid‐6‐one were applied to a 65;35 polyester/cotton blend using a one‐bath dyeing method without dispersing agent. The dyeing behaviour of these dyes on polyester and cotton fabrics, and polyester/cotton blend fabric, were studied. The colour yields of the dyes on the polyester/cotton blend were found to be highly dependent on the initial pH, optimum results being obtained at pH 5. Good levelling and good to excellent fastness properties were obtained on the blend, with the exception of lightfastness, which was moderate.
Adsorption of dyes to cotton and inhibition by polymers
Authors: Oakes John , Dixon Sarah
Published: June 2006

This paper addresses some key factors that control the transfer of dyes between garments during detergency. It is shown that adsorption of a series of substituted arylazo‐2‐naphthol dyes to cotton under simulated detergency conditions is influenced by the log P fragment value of the dye substituent; this suggests that hydrophobic interactions make an important contribution to the binding free energy. The comparative effectiveness of nonionic, zwitterionic and cationic polymers in inhibiting adsorption of dye to cotton was also investigated. Increase in polymer concentration reduces dye adsorption to cotton; increase in polymer molecular weight at constant polymer concentration also inhibits dye adsorption up to a molecular weight of ca. 20000, above which there is no further change. Anionic surfactants reduce the efficacy of polymers by displacing dyes from polymers. Surprisingly, certain dyes become relocated in polymer/surfactant complexes; binding is much more effective than in corresponding surfactant micelles.
Monoazo disperse dyes. Part 2; Colour–constitution relationships of some novel blue disperse dyes†
Authors: Singh Kamaljit , Singh Sarbjit , Taylor John A
Published: June 2006

Bright blue monoazo disperse dyes have been prepared by coupling diazonium salts derived from 2‐amino‐5‐nitrothiazoles on to 3‐acylamino‐N,N‐dialkylaniline based coupling components. Colour–constitution relationships of the dyes in solution and on polyester have been examined in terms of the electronic and steric substituent effects. Also the solution spectral and colorimetric data have been compared.
Effect of mercerisation and crosslinking on the dyeing properties of ramie fabric
Authors: Zhou L M , Yeung K W , Yuen C W M , Zhou X
Published: June 2006

The dyeing of ramie fabrics crosslinked with 1,2,3,4‐butanetetracarboxylic acid has been studied using a typical direct dye CI Direct Red 81. Adsorption time curves from finite baths of untreated ramie, tension‐mercerised ramie, slack‐mercerised ramie and cotton fabrics have been compared. It has been found that mercerisation improved the equilibrium adsorption and dyeing rate, while it reduced the maximum dye adsorption and equilibrium constant on ramie fabric. Crosslinking with butanetetracarboxylic acid decreased most of these parameters related to the dyeing profile, although the activation energy of dyeing was increased. A pore model approach has been used to explain the changes in dyeing properties arising from the crosslinking of ramie using butanetetracarboxylic acid.
Control of structured white textiles
Authors: Steen Daniel , Dupont Daniel
Published: June 2006

The aim of this article was to study the instrumental measurement of whiteness related specifically to structured textiles. Both brightened and unbrightened white textiles have been investigated. A method of controlling the acceptability of whites is proposed specifically for highly structured textiles.
Grading textile fastness. Part 2; Development of a new staining fastness formula
Authors: Cui G , Luo M R , Rhodes P A , Rigg B , Dakin J
Published: June 2006

In the first paper in this series, the results obtained showed that the present ISO standard for assessing staining fastness gave a poor performance with the experimental data accumulated. This paper describes the development of new formulae to fit not only the new data sets described earlier but also another set which was used to derive a previous UK staining formula. The results show that the new formulae developed can fit all these data sets very well. It even out‐performed the panel of observers from different laboratories.
Dyeing of nylon 6 and silk fabrics with a model disulphide bis(ethylsulphone) reactive disperse dye
Authors: Mousa A A , Youssef Y A
Published: June 2006

The synthesis of a new reactive disperse dye containing the disulphide bis(ethylsulphone) group is described. The dye has been applied to nylon 6 and silk fabrics at a variety of pH and temperature conditions. Optimum dye exhaustion and fixation were achieved at pH 8 and 130 °C. The results of dyeings on both substrates indicate that the model disulphide bis(ethylsulphone) reactive disperse dye shows a higher degree of exhaustion and fixation on silk than on nylon 6. The fastness and levelling properties on both fabrics were good.
Seam penetration in the dyeing of garments using reactive yes. Part 1; Establishment of an instrumental method for the assessment of seam penetration
Authors: Rashid A , Taylor J A
Published: June 2006

A simple method has been developed to replicate, on the laboratory scale, the effects of seam penetration in the dyeing of garments using reactive dyes. Additionally, an instrumental method to assess quantitatively the efficacy of seam penetration has been devised which utilises ImageMaster technology. The results obtained instrumentally were compared with the mean visual assessments of a panel of 15 observers. Results of the two techniques were in excellent agreement.
Surface treatment of cotton fabrics with chitosan
Authors: Öktem Tülin
Published: June 2006

Antibacterial activities of cotton and polyester/cotton fabrics treated with chitosan or chitosan/DMDHEU have been investigated. The washing durability properties of the aforementioned fabrics were also studied. Another group of fabric samples produced from mature and immature cotton fibres were dyed with reactive dyes and the colour yields and colour differences of the dyed fabrics assessed. The surfaces of the treated and untreated cotton fabrics were observed by scanning electron microscopy to compare the morphology.
Electrochemical and photochemical reduction of a series of azobenzene dyes in protic and aprotic solvents
Authors: Podsiadły R , Sokołowska J , Marcinek A , Zielonka J , Chrześcijańska E , Socha A
Published: June 2006

The electrochemical and photochemical reduction in ethanol of a series of azobenzene dyes containing tertiary amine groups has been investigated. It has been shown that the two mechanisms are of parallel importance and an explanation suggested using quantum chemical calculations (AM1, DFT). The solvation of these dyes in protic (methanol) and aprotic (dimethylformamide) solvents has also been studied and the effect of solvation on their electrochemical and photochemical reduction is discussed.
Diffusion of disperse dyes into super‐microfibres
Authors: Park K H , Koncar V
Published: June 2006

The disperse dyeing process for polyester fibres is complex. It is characterised by the diffusion‐controlled sorption of dyes and depends on dye concentration, dyebath temperature, dye liquor flow rate and fibre count. Moreover, the dyeing properties of super‐microfibres are also quite different from those of microfibres or conventional polyester fibres. In this paper the influence of dyebath temperature, initial dye concentration and fibre count on the diffusion coefficient and the sorption isotherms has been studied. The analysis of kinetic properties has been restricted to infinite dyebath conditions. All experimental results have been compared terms of fibre count and dyebath temperature.
Quaternary reactive dyes containing a thioether‐ethylsulphone group. Part 1; Synthesis of a trimethylammonium ethylsulphide–ethylsulphone dye
Authors: Lewis D M , Sun L J
Published: June 2006

This paper describes the synthesis of a reactive dye containing a thioether‐ethylsulphone group. The dye was prepared by reaction of a specially synthesised vinylsulphone dye with β‐thiolethyltrimethylammonium chloride. The latter was synthesised by the reaction of choline dichloride with sodium thiosulphate; the Bunte salt thus formed was hydrolysed with aqueous hydrochloric acid to give the required thiol derivative. This reacted readily with a model vinylsulphone dye to give the desired compound.
Sonochemical destruction of textile dyestuff in wasted dyebaths
Authors: Tezcanli‐Güyer Gökce , Ince Nilsun H , Alaton Izzet A
Published: June 2006

Ultrasonic degradation at 300 kHz of basic azo and reactive anthraquinone dyes was investigated in dyebath wastewater at acidic and near‐acidic pH. For all conditions, it was found that colour decay was exponential, levelling off at a non‐zero plateau and slowing down with increased acidity. It was also found that the bleaching rate of a dyebath was more sensitive to the dye structure than to the dyebath matrix. The rate of azo dye bleaching was slower than that of anthraquinone dyes at both test pH levels regardless of the unfavourable conditions in the latter dyebath against oxidation by hydroxyl radicals. The addition of hydrogen peroxide to the dyebaths rendered a slight enhancement in the degree of colour decay and a significant increase in the overall degradation of the dyestuff.
Adsorption of dyes to cotton and inhibition by surfactants, polymers and surfactant–polymer mixtures
Authors: Oakes John , Dixon Sarah
Published: June 2006

A wide‐ranging investigation has been made of the adsorption of direct dyes to cotton and of inhibition by surfactants, polymers and polymer–surfactant mixtures. Generally, the selected polymers are extremely effective at inhibiting adsorption of most of the direct dyes to cotton but are less effective at inhibiting adsorption of small, model azo dyes. Micellar solutions of zwitterionic and cationic surfactants can inhibit adsorption of both small dyes and commercial dyes. It is shown that anionic surfactants at sub‐micellar concentrations can inhibit polymer‐dye interactions due to displacement of dye and/or relocation into micelle‐like polymer–surfactant complexes. New insights have been obtained into the interactions of dyes with cotton and with polymers, surfactants or their mixtures, particularly into observed dye selectivities.
Effect of temperature on the correlation between the oxidative‐bleach fading observed in the ISO 105;C09 test and that after multiple domestic laundering cycles for dyed wool fabrics
Authors: Phillips D , Scotney J , Bevan G , Riley L
Published: June 2006

Using a set of dyed wool fabrics, the oxidative‐bleach fading observed in ISO 105;C09 tests carried out at 40, 50 and 60 °C have been compared with that after 20 domestic wash cycles. It has been shown that the C09 test carried out at 50 °C is suitable for predicting the fading encountered after repeated domestic laundering.
Dyeing of natural fibres from perfluoro‐polyether reverse micelles in supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Sawada K , Jun J H , Ueda M
Published: June 2006

The dyeing of natural fibres from a reverse‐micellar system in supercritical carbon dioxide has been investigated using ammonium carboxylate perfluoropolyether as surfactant. Protein fibres such as silk and wool were satisfactorily dyed in deep shades with conventional acid dyes without special pretreatment. Exhaustion was excellent. It was however found that on these fibres the performance of acid dyes was strongly influenced by temperature and carbon dioxide density. Conventional reactive dyes in this system were adsorbed on cotton, even in the absence of dyeing auxiliaries, but the fixation of the dye was not satisfactory. Compared with supercritical dyeing methods reported previously, it was found in this study that the temperature and pressure required were significantly lower.
Photostability of a range of azobenzene dyes and their benzothiazolyl analogues in the presence of air
Authors: Podsiadły R , Sokołowska J
Published: June 2006

Irradiation of a range of azobenzene dyes and their benzothiazolyl analogues with visible light in the presence of air has been shown to give rise to the conversion of a triplet oxygen to the singlet state. As proof of the presence of a singlet oxygen, its reaction with tetraphenylcyclopentadienone was studied. The formation of the oxidation product cis‐α,α′‐dibenzoylstilbene by a singlet oxygen has been confirmed by chemical ionisation mass spectrometry, both in ethyl benzoate solution and on polyester fabric. Inhibition of photodegradation of the dyes by a singlet oxygen quencher (DABCO) has also been demonstrated.
Theoretical study on the use of collars and outer wrapping to improve liquor flow in fabric beam dyeing
Authors: Karst David , Rapp W Alex , Yang Yiqi
Published: June 2006

It is often difficult to obtain shade levelness in beam dyeing due to non‐uniform liquor flow, owing to the fabric remaining stationary while dye liquor is pumped through it. The flow profile of liquor through the fabric affects how uniformly dye is applied to the fabric. In this study, computational fluid dynamics was applied to model liquor flow in the beam dyeing of highly permeable fabrics. It was found that there are areas of fabric that receive appreciably less liquor flow than others. When the outer layer of the fabric beam is wrapped with a less permeable material, liquor flow uniformity improves. The use of collars to block perforations in the beam covered by the edges of the fabric also improved liquor flow uniformity. Some data from this paper was presented at the Industrial Simulation Conference, Valencia, Spain (2003).
Light fastness of naturally occurring anthraquinone dyes on nylon
Authors: Gupta D , Gulrajani M L , Kumari S
Published: June 2006

Nylon fabric has been dyed with two purified components of Indian madder, purpurin (1,2,4‐trihydroxyanthraquinone) and munjistin (1,3‐dihydroxy‐2‐carboxyanthraquinone). The light and wash fastness of dyed and mordanted samples has been studied. Purpurin showed much better resistance to photofading than munjistin. It was found that the type of mordant and the method of mordanting significantly affected the rate and extent of photofading. The use of copper or ferrous sulphate gave high resistance to fading, whereas stannous chloride or alum did not. On the other hand, light fastness was improved when postmordanting was conducted with copper or ferrous iron, but pre‐mordanting was superior in the case of stannous chloride or alum.
Studies toward a universal dye for textile fibres
Authors: Suwanruji Potjanart , Freeman Harold S , Zhao Defeng
Published: June 2006

A new organic dye was synthesised as part of an approach to producing a dye that could be applied to any of a variety of widely used fibre types. The dye synthesised is best described as a disperse‐reactive dye and was obtained from a sequence of reactions that used an acid yellow dye as a starting compound. Dichlorotriazine was used as the reactive group in the target dye and the chemical structures of the new dye and its precursors were confirmed using 1H NMR, mass spectrometry and FTIR analyses. In the neutral form, the dye was suitable for polyester, nylon and wool fibres. When the pH was adjusted to 9 it dyed cotton, albeit in a pastel shade only. By adding N, N‐dimethylethylenediamine to the dyebath, the dye could be applied to acrylic fabric at pH 5. The fastness of the dyed fibres was also evaluated.
Catalyst systems for crease recovery finishing prior to pigment printing
Authors: Uddin F , Lomas M
Published: June 2006

In this study, sulphonic acid‐based zwitterions are evaluated as an alternative catalyst system for the crease recovery finishing, using dimethyloldihydroxyethylene urea, of cotton fabric prior to pigment printing. Crease recovery finishing using a conventional catalyst, magnesium chloride, induces loss of pigment print definition attributed to the electrolytic thinning of polyacrylate‐based synthetic thickener. However, such electrolytic thinning can be prevented by using aminomethane‐ or aminoethane‐sulphonic acid. A combined catalyst of the latter with ammonium chloride is identified as an alternative catalyst for crease recovery finishing prior to pigment printing. The properties of finish and pigment print evaluated using this catalyst are improved without the loss of print definition.
Influence of different preparation and dyeing processes on the physical strength of the Ingeo† fibre component in an Ingeo fibre/cotton blend. Part 2; Bleaching followed by dyeing with disperse and reactive dyes‡
Authors: Phillips Duncan , Suesat Jantip , Wilding Mike , Farrington David , Sandukas Sophocles , Sawyer Dan , Bone John , Dervan Steve
Published: June 2006

A study has been conducted to examine the effect of a vigorous alkaline scour–bleaching preparation, followed by high temperature dyeing, reduction clearing and a reactive dyeing process on the physical strength of the Ingeo fibre component of an Ingeo fibre/cotton blend. The results indicate that the physical strength will be retained at a technically‐ and commercially‐acceptable level provided that prolonged high temperature processing times are not employed.
Alkaline dissolution monitoring of sea–island type polyester microfibre fabrics by a cationic dye staining method
Authors: Koh Joonseok
Published: June 2006

The alkaline dissolution behaviour of sea–island type polyester microfibres were successfully monitored using a cationic dye staining method. Weight reduction behaviour of the alkali‐treated microfibre fabrics and the treated fabrics stained with cationic dye were investigated in a comparative manner. The termination of dissolution monitored by both methods was also confirmed by scanning electron microscopy.
Effect of steaming conditions on colour and consistency of ink‐jet printed cotton using reactive dyes
Authors: Yang Yiqi , Naarani Vamshi
Published: June 2006

The influence of steaming time, temperature, presence of wrapping paper and the position of the fabric in the steamer have been investigated as factors influencing the colour strength and consistency of ink‐jet printed cotton fabrics using reactive dyes. Two commonly used steamers, the high temperature and the atmospheric type, were examined. Differences in shade were attributed to variability in reactive dye fixation and degree of hydrolysis of the dye. Recommended conditions for both types of steamer have been established and guidance is available for textile designers and producers, and for the manufacturers of steamers for this application. Some data from this paper were presented at the 2003 AATCC International Conference and Exhibition, Greenville, South Carolina, USA, and at the 2003 Conference of the International Textile and Apparel Association, Savannah, Georgia, USA.
Colorimetric properties of wool dyed with natural dyes after treatment with ammonia
Authors: Montazer Majid , Parvinzadeh Maziar , Kiumarsi Amir
Published: June 2006

An evaluation has been carried out of the effect of ammonia on the colouristic properties of wool dyed with a range of natural dyes containing anthraquinone, naphthaquinone, flavone and tannin structures. It was found in all cases that after‐treatment with ammonia caused a decrease in the lightness (L*) values. The reasons for this are discussed, as is the fact that the colour change is not reversible on subsequent treatment with acid.
Synthesis of triethanolamine trisulphate and its application to cellulosic fabrics
Authors: Lewis D M , Zhao X F
Published: June 2006

Triethanolamine trisulphate (TES) was synthesised in good yield. The synthesis was monitored by capillary electrophoresis and this technique was also used to follow its hydrolysis and to analyse the residual products formed during its application to cellulose. In the presence of sodium hydroxide, TES was found to react covalently with cotton. Fabrics treated with alkaline TES solutions by a pad–cure method at elevated temperatures gave high wrinkle recovery angles, confirming that crosslinking with the cellulose molecular chains had occurred. Some yellowing was observed but whiteness of the fabric was improved by including a reducing agent. Despite the fact that the latter gave a slight decrease in wrinkle recovery values, it is clear that TES is highly promising as a crosslinking agent in the production of easy care cotton garments. Unlike most other agents used for this purpose, it has the advantage of avoiding the possibility of formaldehyde release.
Use of fluorescent dyes for developing latent lip prints
Authors: Castelló Ana , Alvarez‐Seguí Mercedes , Verdú Fernando
Published: June 2006

Advances in the sensitivity of techniques used to examine latent prints (finger or labial) make it necessary to find more effective methods of locating prints on different surfaces. The most difficult surfaces are those which are porous or multicoloured, in which case the developed print may not be easily seen. This study analyses the effectiveness of two fluorescent dyes, Nile Blue and Nile Red, in developing both recent and older latent lip prints on porous and multicoloured surfaces. The results indicate that Nile Red is a very effective reagent for the development of latent lip prints on difficult surfaces of this type.
Decolorisation and mineralisation of homo‐ and hetero‐bireactive dyes under Fenton and photo‐Fenton conditions
Authors: Torrades Francesc , García‐Montaño Julia , García‐Hortal José Antonio , Núñez Lluís , Domènech Xavier , Peral José
Published: June 2006

The degradation of two commercial reactive dyes, CI Reactive Red 141 (homo‐bireactive) and CI Reactive Red 238 (hetero‐bireactive), using Fenton's reagent in the dark and under either artificial or solar irradiation, has been investigated. The main parameters that govern the complex reactive system, i.e. type of irradiation, temperature and initial concentrations of iron(II) and hydrogen peroxide, have been studied at pH 3. Temperature and the use of light have beneficial effects on the removal of colour, aromatic compounds, total organic carbon, acute toxicity, given as changes in EC50 values (against the marine photobacteria Vibrio fischeri) and changes in the biodegradability. The advanced oxidation processes used in this study have proven to be highly effective for the treatment of such types of reactive dyes and several advantages concerning the technique application arise from the study. The possibility of a combined advanced oxidation process‐biological treatment is proposed.
Acid dyeing isotherms of cotton fabrics pretreated with mixtures of reactive cationic agents
Authors: El‐Shishtawy Reda M , Youssef Y A , Ahmed Nahed S E , Mousa A A
Published: June 2006

Reactive cationic agents, phenylmonochlorotriazinyl and epoxypropyl, are used for cotton pretreatment using a pad–dry–curing technique. The dyeability of cationised cotton fabrics using CI Acid Red 1, determined spectrophotometrically for the residual dyebath, has been dependent on the cationic agent concentration and the appropriate mixture used. Comparative sorption isotherms, rate of dyeing at different temperatures, standard affinity, entropy and heat of dyeing for three different pretreated fabrics have been calculated and discussed. The equilibrium data obtained were fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model, allowing the corresponding sorption parameters to be determined.
Solubilisation of dyes by surfactant micelles. Part 5: Durability of dye fixatives
Authors: Oakes John , Gratton Pete , Dixon Sarah
Published: June 2006

A number of direct and indirect techniques have been used to explore the durability of dye fixatives on laundering with anionic detergent formulations. The most useful technique for quantifying fixative loss was found to be UV spectroscopy but this is not applicable in every case. Overall, it was found that the fixatives examined were durable to six washes in a typical colour‐care detergent formulation at 40 °C. It is concluded that a major contribution to dye loss from fixed cloth at low temperature is the displacement by anionic surfactant of dye bound to the fixative. In addition to being more substantive, good quality fixatives may compete more effectively for dye and may physically entrap the dye within the fibre.
Improvement of inter‐instrumental agreement for reflectance spectrophotometers
Authors: Chung Y S , Xin J H , Sin K M
Published: June 2006

The repeatability and inter‐instrumental agreement of reflectance spectrophotometers have been investigated in this study. Both glossy and matt types of standard tiles were used and it was found that the different spectrophotometers differed considerably with one another. A new mathematical model for inter‐instrumental agreement (the R‐model) was developed. The improvement of the inter‐instrumental agreement after applying the model was 82–90% with the appropriate measurement settings. The concept of using an instrumental profile for a spectrophotometer against a reference instrument was tested and the results of the inter‐instrumental agreement after applying the profiles also showed significant improvement. The performance of the R‐model was compared with the two previously published models and the results showed that the R‐model outperformed the other two models based on the measurements of both standard tiles and textile samples.
Cross‐linking agents for the protection of lyocell against fibrillation: synthesis, application and technical assessment of 2,4‐diacrylamidobenzenesulphonic acid
Authors: Bates I , Maudru E , Phillips D A S , Renfrew A H M , Su Y , Xu J
Published: June 2006

A novel, colourless, water soluble, anionic cross‐linking agent, 2,4‐diacrylamidobenzenesulphonic acid, has been synthesised, applied to lyocell by a pad–steam method and the wet abrasion resistance measured. The agent furnished cross‐linked lyocell fibres with good wet abrasion resistance and stable lyocell–agent bonds to subsequent hot exhaust reactive dyeing conditions. Surprisingly, the fibre–agent bonds showed some instability to polyester dyeing conditions at pH 4.5 and 5.0. This is rationalised in terms of hydrolysis of the amide bond ortho to the sulphonic acid group via a neighbouring group participation mechanism.
One‐bath dyeing of wool/acrylic blends with reactive cationic dyes based on monofluorotriazine
Authors: Xie Kongliang , Hou Aiqin
Published: June 2006

A series of reactive cationic dyes containing the monofluorotriazine structure has been synthesised and their dyeing behaviour on wool, acrylic and a 50:50 wool/acrylic blend studied using a one‐bath method. The results indicate that reactive cationic dyes having this structure give a high level of exhaustion and fixation on these fibres. Fastness properties on the wool/acrylic blend were also in general very good.
Study of the factors influencing colour yield of an ink‐jet printed cotton fabric
Authors: Yuen C W M , Ku S K A , Choi P S R , Kan C W
Published: June 2006

In this study, the factors influencing the final colour yield of an ink‐jet printed cotton fabric were investigated. The factors included the content of the pretreatment paste (the amounts of sodium alginate, sodium bicarbonate and urea) and the steaming time. Four different inks – cyan, magenta, yellow and black – were used in this study and the influences of these factors on the four different colours were studied through experimental design. The results showed that apart from the influence of individual factors, the final colour yield also depended on the interaction effect of the factors.
Bleaching of indigo‐dyed denim fabric by electrochemical formation of hypohalogenites in situ
Authors: Bechtold Thomas , Maier Peter , Schrott Wolfgang
Published: June 2006

The use of hypochlorite, formed in situ by anodic oxidation of sodium chloride solution, for bleaching indigo‐dyed denim has been studied at room temperature and at 50 °C. A direct relationship between the charge flow applied and the bleaching effect was observed. This enables consistent oxidative bleaching to be achieved by controlling the electrochemical process. The use of mixed anolytes containing small concentrations of bromide ions enhanced the bleaching effect considerably, even after lowering the temperature to room temperature. The molar concentration of bromide ions required was much lower than that of chloride in the anolyte.
Dyeing behaviour of cotton fabric bioscoured with pectate lyase and polygalacturonase
Authors: Calafell M , Klug‐Santner B , Guebitz G , Garriga P
Published: June 2006

Bioscouring of cotton is normally carried out using pectinases having pectate lyase activity. The present study has examined the influence of pectate lyase and hydrolase on the surface of cotton fibre. Dye uptake by cotton scoured with polygalacturonase is found to be much lower than that scoured with pectate lyase, Pectate lyase gave better dye exhaustion at 90 °C. The difference in dye exhaustion after scouring with sodium hydroxide, polygalacturonase or pectate lyase, may be due to variation in the amount of surfactant retained by the fibre, as this hinders dye uptake. This was particularly the case with polygalacturonase. Reduced numbers of free carboxy groups on the fibre surface could indicate lower pectin content. On the other hand it could, however, be due to the esterification of carboxy groups in the pectin by hydroxy groups in the surfactant.
Decolorisation of a monoazo disperse dye with Candida tropicalis
Authors: Arora Sucharita , Saini Harvinder Singh , Singh Kamaljit
Published: June 2006

Decolorisation of a heterocyclic monoazo disperse dye by the yeast species Candida tropicalis growing in mineral salt medium has been investigated. The effects of nutritional as well as environmental factors on the decolorisation efficiency were studied. Though Candida tropicalis displayed good growth in aerobic conditions, the colour removal was best under anoxic conditions. The degradation products of the decolorisation experiments under aerobic, as well as anoxic, conditions have also been identified.
Development of a bioprocess combined with membrane technology for the treatment and recycling of textile effluent
Authors: Do Thuy , Shen Jinsong , Cawood Gordon , Jenkins Richard
Published: June 2006

A mixed culture of dye‐decolorising Pseudomonas spp. was immobilised on polyurethane foam, and used in a bench‐scale continuous culture bioreactor to treat textile effluent for colour removal. The provision of soluble wheat starch (0.2% w/v) to the culture medium promoted growth of biomass and enhanced decolorisation of effluent in the bioreactor. The bioprocess was further combined with membrane filtration technology to improve the quality of treated effluent. The treated effluent showed 90, 82 and 60% reduction in COD, BOD5 and toxicity levels, respectively, and had potential for re‐use in dyeing processes. The colour difference of the cotton fabrics dyed using the treated effluent samples compared to those dyed using normal supply water was found to be industrially acceptable. The described process could improve treatment efficiency and allow water recycling within the textile factory.
Dyeing of N‐modified viscose rayon fibres with acid and metal‐complex dyes
Authors: Bairagi N , Gulrajani M L , Deopura B L , Shrivastava A
Published: June 2006

Viscose rayon N‐modified by the incorporation of polydiallyldimethyl ammonium chloride gave good dye exhaustion and colour yield on dyeing with acid or metal complex dyes. The amount of additive present in the fibre was assessed from its nitrogen content, and percentage exhaustion was found to increase with increasing quantity of additive. Changes in hue, in addition to an increase in the light fastness of deeper shades, are attributed to aggregation of dye within the fibre. The light fastness of metal complex dyes on N‐modified fibre was very good but acid dyes gave poor results. Wash fastness was improved after treating with a dye fixing agent.
Dyeing of cationised cotton using nanoscale pigment dispersions
Authors: Fang Kuanjun , Wang Chaoxia , Zhang Xia , Xu Yi
Published: June 2006

Cotton modified with a cationic reagent has been dyed by an exhaustion process using nanoscale pigment dispersions. Pigment uptake, colour yield and fastness properties on cotton were measured. Uptake of pigment was found to be closely related to the concentration of cationic reagent, pH of the pretreatment bath, pretreatment temperature and time of cationisation. These factors also influenced the fastness properties of the fabric. Nanoscale pigment dispersions gave a much higher colour yield than conventional pigment dispersions on cotton. Fastness properties were acceptable for wash‐down effects. It is clear that exhaust dyeing using nanoscale pigment dispersions offers a number of advantages in terms of pigment requirement, improved handle and appearance, and also in environmental protection.
Refractive and visual outcome of paediatric cataract surgery in the Ukraine
Authors: Agervi Pia , Kugelberg Ulla , Kugelberg Maria , Zetterström Charlotta
Published: June 2006

Purpose:  To describe the refractive and visual outcomes after surgery for congenital or developmental cataract in the Ukraine.

Methods:  Cataract surgery was performed in 65 children aged 3–15 years. The cataracts were bilateral in 44 children and unilateral in 21. Examinations, including visual acuity (VA) and objective refraction using retinoscopy, were performed preoperatively and at 1 day, 6 months and 2 years postoperatively. Neither occlusion therapy nor spectacles were prescribed.

Results:  Almost all children (96%) gained in VA. In all, 40% of the bilateral cases achieved a corrected Snellen VA ≥ 0.5 and 44% of the unilateral cases obtained a corrected VA ≥ 0.2. The difference between VA (logMAR) preoperatively and 2 years postoperatively was statistically significant (p < 0.05). The bilateral cases showed a postoperative reduction in mean astigmatism from 3.9 D (1 day postoperatively) to 0.6 D (2 years postoperatively) (p < 0.001), while the unilateral cases showed a reduction from 4.2 D (1 day postoperatively) to 0.4 D (2 years postoperatively) (p < 0.001).

Conclusion:  Good postoperative VA was achieved in the group with bilateral cataract. Surprisingly, even in the group with unilateral cataract, an increase in VA was obtained, despite the lack of postoperative correction with glasses or occlusion therapy.
The prevalence of age‐related maculopathy (ARM) in an urban Norwegian population: the Oslo Macular Study
Authors: Björnsson Ólafur M. , Syrdalen Per , Bird Alan C. , Peto Tundo , Kinge Bettina
Published: June 2006

Purpose:  To examine the prevalence of early and late age‐related maculopathy (ARM) in citizens aged 51 years and older in the city of Oslo and its surroundings.

Methods:
  We selected a random sample of 800 subjects, using a cross‐sectional study design. A total of 459 of the 770 eligible subjects agreed to participate, giving an attendance rate of 59.6%. Stereoscopic colour digital photographs were obtained and graded at a certified reading centre using the International Classification Grading System for ARM.

Results:  Early ARM in either eye was found in 43.1% (95% CI 38.5–47.7) of subjects aged 51 years and older. This was due to a much higher prevalence of pigmentary changes, predominantly hyperpigmentation in all age groups, than previously reported; 37.5% of people aged 51–60 years of age had pigmentary changes ≥ 63 µm, increasing to 66.0% in the oldest age group. In people aged 71 years and older, geographic atrophy (GA) was found in either eye in 3.6% (95% CI 0.4–6.8) and exudative macular degeneration (AMD) was found in either eye in 2.9% (95% CI 0.0–5.7) of subjects.

Conclusion:  To our knowledge, this is the first published study to rely solely on digital photography for grading purposes in a population‐based study. Early ARM was found to have a higher prevalence than previously reported in other populations. Exudative AMD and GA had similar prevalences to those described in the literature, although the prevalence of GA tended to be higher than previously reported in some surveys.
Intravitreal steroids in the management of macular oedema
Authors: Sivaprasad Sobha , McCluskey Peter , Lightman Susan
Published: June 2006

The use of intravitreal corticosteroids in the management of macular oedema has recently gained widespread acceptance. New long‐acting steroid preparations and methods of delivery have facilitated the use of these new modalities. This review describes the various types of macular oedema for which this therapeutic option is used and the results.
Refractive error after triple and non‐simultaneous procedures: is the application of a standard constant keratometry value in IOL power calculation advisable?
Authors: Gruenauer‐Kloevekorn Claudia , Kloevekorn‐Norgall Kristian , Duncker Gernot I. W. , Habermann Anke
Published: June 2006

Purpose:  The purpose of this investigation was to determine whether or not the use of a standard constant keratometry value in cases of preoperative abnormal keratometry values in biometry for triple procedures is advisable.

Methods:  Cataract surgery and penetrating keratoplasty were performed in 82 eyes; 53 eyes underwent triple procedures and 29 eyes underwent non‐simultaneous procedures. A standard constant keratometry value of 42.50 D was applied in 18 triple‐procedure eyes because the preoperative measured keratometry values were outwith the normal range (41−47 D). The spherical equivalent and expected values were compared after a mean follow‐up of 20.5 months.

Results:  Cases in the triple‐procedure group that achieved spherical equivalent within ± 2.0 D of expected values included nine of 18 eyes (50%) in which a standard constant keratometry value of 42.50 D was applied, three of 17 eyes (18%) in which keratometry values outwith the normal range were applied (p = 0.044), and eight of 18 eyes (45%) in which keratometry values within the normal range were applied (p = 0.862). Cases in the non‐simultaneous procedure group that achieved spherical equivalent within ± 2.0 D of expected values included 22 of 24 eyes (92%) in which keratometry values within the normal range were applied (p = 0.0025), and five of five eyes (100%) in which a standard constant keratometry value was applied.

Conclusions:  The application of a standard constant keratometry value of 42.50 D for intraocular lens power calculation in triple procedures can be recommended if abnormal keratometry values were measured previously. If possible, non‐simultaneous procedures should take priority.
Ophthalmological follow‐up at 2 years of age of all children previously screened for retinopathy of prematurity: is it worthwhile?
Authors: Hård Anna‐Lena , Hellström Ann
Published: June 2006

Purpose:  To evaluate the extent to which ophthalmological follow‐up at 2 years of age of children born before 32 weeks gestation identifies obvious visual problems, strabismus and significant ametropia (target conditions).

Methods:  Of 172 children born during a period of 2.5 years from January 2000, 142 underwent an ophthalmological examination at a median age of 2.33 years. This included evaluation of visual behaviour, cover testing and autorefractometry in cycloplegia. For children with the target conditions, we investigated whether the child had been followed in the eye clinic or referred before 2 years of age, or whether the abnormality was detected as a result of the follow‐up examination.

Results:  None of the target conditions were found in 117 children. None of four children with obviously abnormal visual behaviour, two of 10 children with strabismus and four of 11 with large refractive errors were detected in the follow‐up examination. Thus the target conditions were detected at the follow‐up examination in only six of 142 children (4.2%).

Conclusions:  Although ophthalmic abnormalities are common in children born prematurely, most of them are identified because high‐risk children are followed regularly in eye clinics and because parents and primary health care personnel detect strabismus. Ophthalmological follow‐up of all children born before 32 weeks appears not to be worthwhile and is therefore only recommended for high‐risk children.
The relationships between risk factors and the distribution of retinopathy lesions in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Hove Marianne Nørgård , Kristensen Jette Kolding , Lauritzen Torsten , Bek Toke
Published: June 2006

Purpose:  Previous studies have shown that the progression of diabetic retinopathy to vision‐threatening lesions may be related to the development of retinopathy lesions in specific retinal areas. The purpose of the present study was to examine whether the occurrence of retinopathy in these retinal areas is related to known risk factors for progression of retinopathy in type 2 diabetes.

Methods:  A total of 377 randomly selected patients with type 2 diabetes underwent examinations which included measurement of blood pressure, haemoglobin A1c and cholesterol, and a full eye examination including fundus photography. The fundus photographs were digitized and a computer‐assisted technique was used to quantify retinopathy lesions in the macular area, around the vascular arcades and in the retinal periphery. Only the number of microaneurysms/haemorrhages was sufficient for statistical analysis.

Results:  Patients with retinopathy had significantly longer diabetes duration, and higher blood pressure and HgbA1c than patients without retinopathy. However, among the patients with retinopathy there was no correlation between these risk factors and the overall number of microaneurysms/haemorrhages or the number of these lesions in the local areas of the fundus studied.

Conclusions:  The localized distribution of retinopathy lesions does not correlate with known risk factors and background factors for the development of diabetic retinopathy in the early stages of the disease. Future improvements of grading systems for diabetic retinopathy should focus on a quantification of the overall number and dynamics of retinopathy lesions in the early stages of retinopathy and the regional distribution and dynamics of lesions in more advanced stages of retinopathy.
New therapies for neovascular age‐related macular degeneration: critical appraisal of the current evidence
Authors: Virgili Gianni , Do Diana V. , Bressler Neil M. , Menchini Ugo
Published: June 2006

During the past 20 years, several multicentre clinical trials have investigated different therapies for neovascular age‐related macular degeneration (AMD). These landmark studies have provided the scientific community with powerful data regarding the ability of laser photocoagulation, verteporfin therapy, pegaptanib sodium and submacular surgery to treat particular choroidal neovascular lesion types. Accurate interpretation of data from these trials is essential to enable clinicians to make informed decisions about therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, several new treatment options are likely to become available in the next few years and clinicians will have to decide how effective these therapies may be, and how (or if) they should be used in clinical practice. It is therefore timely to review the strengths and weaknesses of the body of evidence for the currently available therapeutic options for patients with choroidal neovascularization due to AMD. Evaluation of the quality of reporting in past clinical trials will also enable critical review of new studies that will be published in the future. This review summarizes the design, reporting and results of key randomized clinical trials, in addition to evaluating the available evidence for new therapies and identifying the important issues that need to be considered when evaluating their efficacy.
Melatonin is a safe and effective treatment for chronic pulmonary and extrapulmonary sarcoidosis
Authors: Pignone Alberto Moggi , Rosso Angela Del , Fiori Ginevra , Matucci‐Cerinic Marco , Becucci Aureliano , Tempestini Alessio , Livi Riccardo , Generini Sergio , Gramigna Leonardo , Benvenuti Chiara , Carossino Anna Maria , Conforti Maria Letizia , Perfetto Federico
Published: June 2006

Abstract:   Chronic sarcoidosis (CS) is often unresponsive to usual treatments. Melatonin, an immunoregulatory drug, was employed in CS patients in whom usual treatments were ineffective or induced severe side effects. Melatonin was given for 2 yr (20 mg/day in the first year, 10 mg/day in the second year) to 18 CS patients. Pulmonary function tests, chest X rays, pulmonary computed tomography, Ga67 scintigraphy and angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) were assayed at baseline and in the follow‐up. Normalization of ACE, improvement of pulmonary parameters and resolution of skin involvement were found in the patients given melatonin. After 24 months of melatonin therapy, hylar adenopathy completely resolved in eight patients and parenchymal lesions were markedly improved in all patients; in the five patients with reduced diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide, the values normalized after 6 months of therapy and remained stable until month 24. After 24 months, Ga67 pulmonary and extra‐pulmonary uptake was totally normalized in seven patients and, at month 12 months, ACE was normalized in six patients in which the values were high at the baseline. Skin lesions, present in three patients, completely disappeared at month 24 months. No side effects were experienced and no disease relapse was observed during melatonin treatment. Melatonin may be an effective and safe therapy for CS when other treatments fail or cause side effects.