bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
I Want To Suck Your …
Authors: Marks Laura Helen
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the status, meaning, use, and conflation of gendered orifices and bodily fluids in pornographic adaptations of Bram Stoker’s Dracula. In speaking the supposed silences of Dracula, porn adaptations of the novel must carefully navigate gender and sexuality. These adaptations reveal how hardcore film as a whole operates on anxious ground similar to that of Stoker’s novel, simultaneously invoking and resisting sexual anxieties concerning gendered penetration, gendered fluids, and consumption. Dracula, as a culture text, mobilizes queered, gendered, and raced reformulations of consumer and consumed, queering ostensibly straight pornographies, destabilizing supposedly rigid gender dynamics, and resituating the colonial Other. Dracula adaptations invoke and redeploy the racialized implications of nineteenth-century vampirism, channeling racial and sexual subjectivity through vampirism. Dracula penetrates a supposedly sanctified pornotopia, enabling diverse and perverse sexual representations that are instructive in understanding pornography as erotically engaged with sexual fluidity, genre instability, and oscillating power dynamics.
I’m Grown up now
Authors: Marks Laura Helen
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores pornographic constructions of female sexual agency through the character of Lewis Carroll’s Alice. These films use the Alice narrative to play out fantasies of womanly sexual authority through humor and sadomasochism. These films constitute recuperative projects that rescue Alice from her pawn status and position her as object, subject, and author within the pornographic text. I demonstrate the ways in which cultural understandings of the Alice stories are used by pornographic filmmakers to depict Wonderlands as joyful fantasy spaces for re-visionings of the normative and for developing and directing a particular pornographic female sexual subjectivity.
Radically Both
Authors: Marks Laura Helen
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses transformation and duality in pornographic adaptations of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Hardcore adaptations of Robert Louis Stevenson’s Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde utilize the concept of dual selves to explore crises in queer sexual subjectivity and female sexual desire. Through an analysis of the gay comedies Heavy Equipment (1977) and Dr. Jerkoff and Mr. Hard (1997), and the Vivid Video hetero drama Jekyll and Hyde (1999), this chapter demonstrates the different ways gay and straight pornographers draw on the erotic pleasures of transformation as a way of exploring sexual crisis and a desire to break free from rigid and illusory formulations of identity and desire.
Melville by Design
Authors: Kelley Wyn
Published: May 2019

Wyn Kelley describes how students in her seminar Mapping Melville use tools developed in MIT’s HyperStudio to make new and surprising discoveries of deeply canonical texts. As students experimented with digital tools for reading, mapping, editing, and comparing texts, they expanded their power to track verbal patterns, share comments, and develop reports and essays. Kelley thinks of her pedagogical methods as a platform for design thinking in the humanities classroom, and she demonstrates how nineteenth-century American literature is especially hospitable to such an approach.
Reading Macro and Micro Trends in Nineteenth-Century Theater History
Authors: Best Blair , Cella Madeleine G. , Choudhary Rati , Coleman Kayla C. , Davis Robert , Gill Ella L. , Grimm Clayton , Jörnvi Malin , Kenner Philip , Korkuch Patrick , Laurence Mahayla , Pisano Joanna , Rabuano Teagan , Richardson Lawrence G. , Sakamoto Haley , Sprowls Victoria K.
Published: May 2019

This essay co-authored by Robert Davis and his students in a theater class at New York University describes the interdependence of close and distant reading practices in their creation and analysis of a representative corpus of nineteenth-century drama. With irregular scholarly and theatrical attention given to nineteenth-century American theatre, the archive of plays and productions is frustratingly fragmented with few playbooks and only limited accounts of their staging. This chapter demonstrates how students used corpus linguistic and spatial analysis tools like Voyant, Antconc, and Tagxedo to recover a neglected century of American theater. Students found that the use of digital tools to perform text analysis, mapping, and network visualization sparked new scholarly ideas about nineteenth-century theatre.
Teaching the Politics and Practice of Textual Recovery with DIY Critical Editions
Authors: Woidat Caroline M.
Published: May 2019

In this chapter, Caroline M. Woidat describes how classroom “archival explorations” transform the ways that students think about literary texts, American history, and their roles as scholars. Animated by feminist scholarship and pedagogy, Woidat describes a course that aims to recover the roles that literary editors, critics, and communities perform—the vital work that is often effaced or demeaned as “secondary” and peripheral—along with “primary” texts by women authors. Students in Woidat’s class become editors engaged in literary recovery to reevaluate the canon and its primacy.
DH and the American Literature Canon in Pedagogical Practice
Authors: Earhart Amy E.
Published: May 2019

In this chapter, Amy Earhart shows how the connection between digital humanities and American literature is intimately linked to the historical development of activist DIY digital projects built by scholars to provide alternatives to a predominantly white, Eurocentric canon. Earhart’s students construct a digital archive that puts Texas’s 1868 Millican race “riot” in broader cultural context by using historical newspaper articles about lynchings and editorials about voter rights. As students curate materials related to the Millican “riot,” they help to revive a period in African American literature and history that is being recovered by scholars as a period of resistance. Earhart’s essay shows how structural hierarchies, in the biases of historical newspapers and in the technologies we employ today, can limit access to the literary voices that once animated the period.
After 1850
Authors: Pinsker Matthew
Published: May 2019

This chapter reexamines the legal and sometimes violent contest between antislavery and proslavery forces regarding enforcement of the federal fugitive slave code in the urban North. It argues that recent scholarship on this subject has made clearer that northern vigilance committees and abolitionists were remarkably successful in pursuing various legal and political strategies on the ground, even in cities with strong anti-black, proslavery sentiment and even after passage of the draconian Fugitive Slave Act of 1850. Relying on personal liberty statutes, sympathetic juries, targeted mobbing, and a host of other tactics, the vigilance movement largely succeeded not only in frustrating slave catchers on northern territory but also in protecting their own operatives from violence and legal repercussions.
Writing into Modernity
Authors: Nichols John
Published: May 2019

Chapter 3 situates Edith Wharton’s guidebook The Writing of Fiction within a culture of advice that traverses the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The essay argues that Wharton’s text formulates relational, comparative aesthetics that place contemporary modernist experimentation (such as stream of consciousness narration) within novelistic traditions developed the nineteenth century. Additionally, The Writing of Fiction emphasizes twentieth-century novelistic investigation of character subjectivity that challenges nineteenth-century novels’ portrayals of characters in relation to their historical conditions. While Wharton’s guidebook has often been read as a reflection upon her own writing practices, this essay submits that within a genre of advice about writing, Wharton’s guidebook addresses a wider conceptual field: the novel’s exploration of character identity within modernity.
Jessie Fauset’s Not-So-New Negro Womanhood
Authors: Goldsmith Meredith L.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 8 responds to two prevailing arguments about the fiction of Jessie Fauset—the one labeling her work retrograde, the other regarding it as subtly subversive—by viewing the writer’s work as part of a history of long nineteenth-century representation. Countering the dominant perception of the Harlem Renaissance as a break from the past—a view that has shunted Fauset’s work to the sidelines—the essay argues that Fauset’s work explores the legacy of late-nineteenth-century US culture in the emergent modernity of the early twentieth century. Excavating the literary, cultural, and scientific tropes of feminine representation that burst from the pages of Fauset’s fiction, the essay identifies a recent literary past that informs Fauset’s constructions of her modern urban heroines.
Introduction
Authors: Dawson Melanie V. , Goldsmith Meredith L.
Published: May 2019

Across the period from 1880 to 1930, the processes of rethinking the past can be read as a historical gesture as significant as the consideration of wholly new works of art, resulting in a period of experimentation, negotiation, hybridity, and historical dualities. Despite pressures to valorize the modern and thus separate literary eras at the century’s dividing mark, authors from the turn of the century, or the T-20 period, explore their historical legacies as well as anticipatory inscriptions of the new. Calling for a reading practice that encourages both forward and backward glancing, essays collected in this volume attest to the irreducibility of the century’s turn, which can be read as an era of historical complexity rather than as a period shaped by a decisive teleological march into new intellectual territory. Exploring the permeable boundaries and elastic categories of a literary history rich in multiple investments, essays here stress American literature’s navigation of moving boundaries that encompass not only temporal markers but intersecting literary and cultural traditions.
A New Approach to Pre-Columbian Pottery
Authors: Arnold Dean E. , Huntington Yumi Park , Minich Johanna
Published: May 2019

Clay is the most malleable raw material used by many cultures across the world. Its fired product, ceramics, are commonly studied by archaeologists, art historians, and anthropologists. This introductory chapter describes the various perspectives and how these disciplines study the ceramics of ancient America and the cultures that produced them. Bringing together a variety of approaches and terminologies used by these three disciplines, this chapter reveals the complementarity of the differences of these varied approaches. Since ceramic objects constitute part of the history and identity of a specific group of people, it is also important to consider the archaeological ethics of studying Pre-Columbian ceramics, especially how archaeologists and art historians perform authentication and respect cultural heritage. Summarizing the unique properties of ceramics, the operational sequences of their production, and considerations of both human and material agency, the chapter also shows how recognizing various ceramic production sequences (chaîn opératoire) enables reconstruction of ancient societies through different disciplines. This multidisciplinary approach provides a more comprehensive understanding of ceramics than possible with any single discipline.
Intertextuality in Classic Maya Ceramic Art and Writing
Authors: Carrasco Michael D. , Wald Robert F.
Published: May 2019

Ceramic texts and imagery have been critically important tools in the study of Maya iconography and epigraphy. However, how these narratives coordinate with those in other media as coherent, media-specific compositions has been little explored. This chapter presents a single case study to address issues of intertextuality. In particular, it focuses on the iconography and textual composition of the Regal Rabbit Vase (K1398) with the imagery found on Naranjo Stela 22. That the royal house of Naranjo commissioned both objects makes this a useful comparison, because it provides historical links between the vessel and the stela. Taking advantage of this fortuitous pairing of contemporaneous objects, we look to the visual rhetoric through which K’ahk Tiliw Chan Chahk’s (688–726? A.D.) military and youth rites were presented in each medium. Then, these rites are placed in conversation with the extensive iconographic and textual record at Palenque to contextualize the pan-Maya significance of youth rites involving the deity B’olon Okte’ K’uh and their mythological underpinnings. Through this example, we explore why ceramics were a preferred medium for the presentation of certain genres of imagery (e.g. mythological narratives) that are rarely presented in the monuments and how this choice is itself meaningful.
Symmetry Analysis of Step Fret Patterns on Ceramics and Other Media from Mesoamerica and the American Southwest
Authors: Washburn Dorothy K.
Published: May 2019

The step fret motif is pervasive in ceramic design and other media throughout Mesoamerica and the American Southwest. Through both design structure and symmetry analysis, I show how the plane pattern symmetries that repeat the step fret motif reveal contact between the two areas from the Formative through the Postclassic periods in the form of shared pattern systems. The analysis highlights a profound change at the end of the Classic from one-color, one-dimensional designs to two-color, two-dimensional patterns that seems to correlate with changes in the nature of spheres of political dominance.
A Diachronic Perspective on the Prehispanic Ceramic Tradition of the Valley of Oaxaca
Authors: Feinman Gary M.
Published: May 2019

For the prehispanic Valley of Oaxaca (Mexico), including Monte Albán and other sites, the 1967 volume by Alfonso Caso, Ignacio Bernal, and Jorge Acosta has long served as the key guide and reference for ceramic typology and chronology. Although this classic archaeological tome remains the essential source, nevertheless five decades of fieldwork and analysis has led to important temporal expansions in the pottery record as well as refinements, new observations on pottery production, and the extension of relevant research issues, which all enhance the original schema of Caso and his colleagues. This chapter synthesizes and cites many of these new ceramic developments as a basis to take stock of what we have learned during the intervening years and to establish a foundation to investigate shifts in the region’s ceramic complex over three prehispanic millennia.
Migration, Part 1
Authors: Roller Michael P.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 4 examines the material dimensions of structural violence underpinning the explicit subjective violence of the massacre. The chapter outlines the history of migration to the Anthracite region’s company towns, explicating the material and spatial factors creating and maintaining the racialized labor hierarchy. Specifically, the chapter describes the development of shanty towns on the periphery of company-built housing around the last two decades of the nineteenth century. This chapter concludes that these ethnic enclaves mark out new spaces of exception in the landscape of the town. Their presence materializes ownership’s new dependence upon immigrant surplus labor pools and mechanized work processes to capitalize upon the exigencies of the industry, economic depression, stiff competition, and an increasingly organized craft labor force.
The Archaeology of Machinic Mass Consumerism and the Logistics of the Factory Floor in Everyday Life
Authors: Roller Michael P.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 5 examines the rise of what I describe as machinic mass consumerism on a national context as well as its materialization in the local community. The chapter outlines a context for its rise in the latter half of the twentieth century, beginning with structural changes in political economy and national infrastructure during the Interwar Period. Specifically, the chapter connects the efforts of industrialists and social scientists concerned with the suppression of radical behavior and the profiteering of surplus production by the development of a consumer democracy. The archaeological evidence used in the chapter, from a shanty in Lattimer No. 2, contributes to a multiscalar analysis examining the implications of mass consumerism for the class positions of these most prototypical of producers, immigrant laborers and their families.
The Power of Villages
Authors: Thompson Victor D. , Birch Jennifer
Published: May 2019

While the settings for village formation in eastern North America differ widely, the cultural materials that peoples used to craft village communities and the social processes that played out within them were not so different. The power of villages to create new societal forms developed through processes of emplacement, negotiation, cooperation, and competition at multiple social and spatial scales. As such, the way individuals and groups expressed power operated under different societal constraints than under other kinds of social formations. In this chapter, we consider the several key themes that are important to understanding village coalescence and operation, including social relations, cooperation, power dynamics, kinship, hierarchy, and the rise of large and powerful villages, among others. While we have centered this discussion on eastern North America, we have also situated this regional analysis in a global context in order to illustrate how our understanding of village societies in the area contributes to a broader understanding of world archaeology.
Size Matters
Authors: West Shaun E. , Pluckhahn Thomas J. , Menz Martin
Published: May 2019

Kolomoki was one of the largest villages of the Middle and Late Woodland periods in the American Southeast. Located in southwestern Georgia, the site features a circular village plan nearly a kilometer in diameter which is centered on a large open plaza. This chapter introduces the term “hypertrophic village” to describe Kolomoki and, by extension, villages of similarly exaggerated size. New insights from recent excavations covering Kolomoki's transition from Swift Creek to Weeden Island pottery suggest that Kolomoki grew from a relatively compact to hypertrophic village beginning around the sixth century A.D. and culminating a century or two later. The wide spacing between domestic units both enabled and constrained social cohesion, and may have afforded the community at Kolomoki unrivalled symbolic power. The construction of Kolomoki's hypertrophic village may have been a strategy related to settlement shifts that recent work suggests took place throughout the region in the seventh century A.D.
When Villages Do Not Form
Authors: Jones Eric E.
Published: May 2019

From AD 800 to 1300, Piedmont Village Tradition (PVT) settlements were characterized by small numbers of loosely arranged households. In the Late Woodland period (after AD 1300) in the Dan, Eno, and Haw River valleys, these households coalesced into villages with planned layouts and cooperatively built structures. However, in the upper Yadkin River Valley, the pattern of loosely arranged households appears to have continued until out-migration from the valley in the 1600s. Through the examination of regional settlement ecology and site-level spatial patterning, this chapter explores how the environment and the sociopolitical and economic landscapes that resulted from the formation of PVT and Mississippian villages influenced the distinctive cultural patterns in the upper Yadkin River valley and the North Carolina peidmont.
The Village Remains the Same
Authors: Cook Robert A.
Published: May 2019

Villages are one of the most ubiquitous and enduring site forms in the Eastern United States and beyond. In this chapter, I examine the dynamics associated with village formation in the Middle Ohio Valley. Integration of mortuary data with biodistance and isotope analyses from human burials with environmental data is key to unlocking the processes and histories at play. The central argument is that the basic structure of the Fort Ancient village developed in close connection and early interactions with Mississippian migrants and remained relatively constant through time despite major shifts in certain aspects of material culture and diet. Village origins are linked to a series of general processes and specific historical developments involving exploitation of a particular type of environmental niche, reuse of ancient monuments, and referencing mythic Mississippian events. Examination of the Fort Ancient village pattern in comparison with potential descendant communities also allows for heretofore unrecognized connections to be explored, particularly with Dhegiha Siouan tribes.
From Nucleated Villages to Dispersed Networks
Authors: Jordan Kurt A.
Published: May 2019

Members of the Seneca Nation of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy resided in a surprising variety of settlement forms during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Seneca communities in what is now western New York State lived in sequentially occupied sites that ranged from nucleated to fully dispersed, with and without defensive palisades. The regional Seneca settlement pattern also changed from one with two large core sites and surrounding satellites to a network of evenly spaced smaller sites arrayed across their territory. While earlier scholars viewed these transformations as decline away from a precontact cultural climax, the changes were non-linear and corresponded quite tightly to the dynamics of the regional political economy known in detail from documentary sources. This chapter reviews the details of 1669-1779 changes in Seneca community forms, and examines the lived experience of community relocation as a dynamic time for negotiation, reimagination, assessment of political-economic conditions, and the exercise of power.
Transnational Chinese Masculinity in Film Representation
Authors: Lu Sheldon
Published: May 2019

The chapter traces the evolution of the depiction of transnational Chinese masculinity in selected films directed by Hong Kong directors from the early 1990s to the present time.  It focuses particularly on three films: Farewell China (Ai zai bie xiang de jijie 爱在別鄉的季節‎,1990), directed by Clara Law 罗卓瑶‎; Comrades Almost a Love Story (Tian mimi 甜蜜蜜‎, 1996), directed by Peter Chan 陈可辛‎; and American Dreams in China (Zhongguo hehuoren 中國合夥人‎, 2013), also directed by Peter Chan.  Although the directors are Hong Kong directors and some of the films are classified as Hong Kong films, the films themselves portray male figures originating from mainland China.  All these films tell the stories of Chinese nationals and their attempted journeys overseas in pursuit of some dream.
“North American Despicable Man”
Authors: Zhang Xia
Published: May 2019

This chapter investigates the cultural politics involved in the emergence and prevalence of the online epithet of “North American despicable man” (or “beimei weisuo nan” in Chinese and “NAWSN” in short). Combining virtual ethnography and off-line fieldwork research and informed by critical theories of masculinity studies and new media studies, this chapter explores the ways in which race, class, and nationality intersect in constructing and negotiating the cultural meanings of “NAWSN” within overseas Chinese online community. It argues that the emergence and popularity of the notion of “NAWSN” should be understood as a social process of “double emasculation” that feminizes and emasculates well-educated recent Chinese immigrant men with non-elite backgrounds in the United States. A full understanding of the cultural construction of newly emerging forms of Chinese masculinity requires us to attend to not just the gender ideological field in both China and the United States, but also to the transnational dimensions of its construction. Through confronting the “NAWSN” image online, the Chinese immigrant men attempt to compensate for the lack or loss of power in real life, but ironically reinforce the social prejudice against Chinese men and help perpetuate male dominance in the United States.
Civility in China
Authors: Schak David C.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the level of civil and uncivil behavior in China with examinations of tourist’s conduct, road behavior, how people treat strangers, conceptions of and attitudes toward disturbing others, treatment of public space and public goods, observance of rules and laws, acts of charity, compassion toward and consideration of others, and egregious actions of the rich, the powerful, and the privilege. Chinese tourists are notorious for their boorishness and breaches of propriety and are a cause of shame and consternation at home; other causes of shame are the treatment of strangers in distress such as the Little Yueyue incident and attempts to extort money from Good Samaritans, the defining case being that of Peng Yu. Driver behavior is influenced by China being at a very young stage of mass car ownership as well as by notions of loss of face and the desire to be first, and behavior toward others by the dichotomizing of society into those with whom one is familiar and strangers and the lack of concern with the latter, though response to disasters is impressive. Civility is hindered by a strong sense of the self, wealth and status inequality, and a casual attitude toward laws and rules.
Electoral Politics and the Chinese in Post-Suharto Indonesia
Authors: Chong Wu-Ling
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on the involvement of Chinese Indonesians in electoral politics in post-Suharto Medan and Surabaya and how this intersects with their stereotypical position as businesspeople. The opening up of a democratic environment in post-Suharto Indonesia has prompted many Chinese Indonesians to get involved in electoral politics. Some of them become electoral candidates in order to push for reform and positive changes in Indonesia and reject approaches of support for their campaigns in return for political and business favours. But there are also those who become actively involved in politics with the aim of gaining political protection for their business instead of fighting for the interests of the general public. Ironically, the latter often have a higher chance of getting elected, because of the increased cost of campaigning in direct elections introduced during the democratisation process. Their own wealth, or the willingness to accept support from corrupt businesspeople, often Chinese, ensures enough funds to obtain party support and to bribe voters. In this way, Chinese businesspeople continue to establish corrupt and patrimonial relationships with aspiring politicians in exchange for political favours for their business.
Alternative Readings of Bigger Thomas
Authors: Zirakzadeh Cyrus Ernesto
Published: May 2019

Bigger Thomas, one of Richard Wright’s most memorable and distinctive fictional creations, has been interpreted in vastly different ways. This is partly because readers bring to Native Son different sets of beliefs about US capitalism, about the psychology of US racism, about the spiritual resources of black communities, and about the commitments and priorities of the United States government. This chapter, by Cyrus Ernesto Zirakzadeh, compares how Irving Howe, Ralph Ellison, James Baldwin, and Richard Wright interpreted Bigger’s story. The comparison reminds us of the variety of political projects to which the story can be put to use, and the possible futures for the United States—from working-class fascism, to state-led progressivism, to black communalism, to interracial fantasies and nightmares—that Bigger’s tale can illuminate.
Richard Wright
Authors: Haile James B.
Published: May 2019

Richard Wright is an African American writer traditionally read within the American (and Western) literary realist framework. There is, though, a growing body of scholarship around his later haiku nature writing. Within this scholarship, scholars have theorized the ways in which his political thinking influenced his adaptation of the Japanese haiku form. Little of the scholarship, traditional or burgeoning, has focused on the ways in which the “nature thinking” present in his later haiku was already present throughout his early, middle, and late writing. But, what is more, little of the scholarship focuses on the ways in which his nature thinking was formative to the development of his “literary realism.” This chapter by James B. Haile III not only demonstrates the linkage between “nature thinking” and politics in his prose but also argues that Wright himself both participated in and was formative to the development of black nature writing in the United States.
Reading Richard Wright beyond the Carceral State
Authors: Grattan Laura
Published: May 2019

This chapter by Laura Grattan offers an alternative to critics and admirers who equate Wright’s resistance to white supremacy and capitalism with either ressentiment or violence. Drawing on Native Son,
Black Boy, and 12 Million Black Voices, the essay argues that Wright constructs a multifaceted politics of refusal that puts the regeneration of the body and its aesthetic senses at the center of struggles to create “new and strange way[s] of life.” Individual and collective transformation entails repertories of refusal that lessen attunement to an antiblack social order and that make possible generative practices necessary for freedom. The essay concludes by evaluating the creative potential of refusal in movements to abolish policing and prisons.
The Creation of an Identity for the Modern Polish Nation in the First World War, 1914–1915
Authors: Szlanta Piotr
Published: May 2019

Jörg Baberowski introduces the subjects and themes of the essays in part 2, “The Battlefields of Concepts / Concepts of the Battlefields: The Eastern Front of the First World War and Perceptions of the Enemy,” discussing how the multiethnic peoples of the combatants on the eastern front interpreted and changed their world amid conditions of war.
August 1914
Authors: Menzel Birgit
Published: May 2019

Reinhard Nachtigal addresses the fate of the nearly 7 million prisoners of war in Russia, Germany, and Austria-Hungary and the challenges they both encountered and created in the early phase of the First World War. Among the issues discussed in this comparative analysis of prisoner of war camps are the different treatment prisoners were accorded based on nationality or ethnicity, the incidence of epidemics, housing shortages for inmates, enemy combatants used as a workforce for the custodial country, and abuse of prisoners.
Introduction
Authors: McDonald Andrew T. , McDonald Verlaine Stoner
Published: May 2019

The introduction portrays the scene at the Paul Rusch Festival Yatsugatake County Fair. Initially, it appears to be like any other American harvest festival, but the event takes place in the highlands 120 miles northwest of Tokyo. It explains why the Japanese would honor the Kentuckian Rusch, someone they called the “red-headed foreigner,” outlining the arc of Rusch’s life, from an altar boy in Louisville, Kentucky, to a military intelligence officer who walked the halls of the Imperial Palace and interacted with royalty, prime ministers, captains of industry, and the rich and powerful in both America and Japan. Rusch took stands on racial injustice and worked to uplift the poor people of rural Japan, but at some points he compromised his religious principles as he became involved in the dark intrigue of America’s Cold War policy. Rusch was also something of a con man, a kind of Robin Hood who bent and broke the rules to forward the cause of helping people or promoting his own pet projects. Rusch was instrumental in the rebuilding of the postwar Episcopal Church in Japan.
A Nonnegotiable Right
Authors: Fitzgerald Joseph R.
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses Richardson’s decision to boycott a referendum vote initiated by white Cambridge residents to maintain segregated public accommodations. She argued that the referendum was a tyrannical action by the white majority over the black minority and that it undermined the latter’s constitutional rights. She advocated a boycott of the vote, and most black voters agreed with her. Black and white critics of the boycott alleged that Richardson behaved irresponsibly by encouraging voters to stay away from the polls, a stance they considered unnecessarily radical and ultimately counterproductive to the national civil rights movement. The chapter also covers Richardson’s participation in the March on Washington and one of the speeches she gave a few weeks before the march in which she outlined in detail her social, economic, and political philosophies concerning black liberation.
Nonsurgical Options for the Treatment of Basal Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Paoli John , Dahlén Gyllencreutz Johan , Fougelberg Julia , Johansson Backman Eva , Modin Maja , Polesie Sam , Zaar Oscar
Published: May 2019

Objectives: The aim of this review article is to summarize the effectiveness, potential adverse events, and indications of the main nonsurgical treatment alternatives for basal cell carcinoma.

Methods: An extensive literature review was carried out. The most relevant articles were discussed and selected by the authors in order to provide a brief but evidence-based overview of the most common nonsurgical methods used for treating basal cell carcinoma.

Results: Although surgery and Mohs micrographic surgery are often considered the optimal treatment options for basal cell carcinoma, these tumors can also be treated successfully with destructive techniques (eg, curettage alone, cryosurgery, or electrodesiccation), photodynamic therapy, topical drugs (eg, 5-fluorouracil, imiquimod, or ingenol mebutate), radiotherapy, or hedgehog pathway inhibitors. When choosing between these alternatives, physicians must take into consideration the tumor’s size, location, and histopathological subtype. Special care should be taken when treating recurrent tumors. Furthermore, physician experience is of great importance when using destructive techniques. Finally, patient preference, potential adverse events, and cosmetic outcome should also be considered.

Conclusions: Dermatologists and physicians treating basal cell carcinoma should have knowledge of and experience with the large arsenal of therapeutic alternatives available for the successful, safe, and individualized management of patients with basal cell carcinoma.
Friendship versus the Normativity of Truth
Authors: Gamache Joseph ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: May 2019

According to some contemporary epistemologists, truth is a norm of belief: for any proposition p, one ought to believe that p only if p is true. It is sometimes also held that the evaluation of beliefs in terms of their truth-value is universal: truth is a norm of all, and not merely some, of one’s beliefs. Taken together, these claims have inspired the “friendship objection” to the truth-norm. According to this objection, friendship sometimes requires that friends violate the truth-norm when it comes to their beliefs about each other. I begin by discussing how the friendship objection poses a potential problem for the Catholic philosophical tradition. Then, I attempt to resolve the objection by arguing that it is committed to a false dilemma about friendship. Drawing on insights of Gabriel Marcel and Dietrich von Hildebrand, I sketch a virtue by which friends negotiate the demands of both friendship and truth.
If You Wish to Invent Then Follow the Half-Causation Method
Authors: Abolkheir Mo ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: May 2019

The Half-Causation Method is a metaphysical-epistemic model for developing industrialised technological inventions. It consists of five phases of reasoning through which methodological success is achieved. The Method is named after its first phase, which consists of a methodological idealisation of the causal process, by pinpointing half of a possible causal relation while ignoring everything else. Following this, the Method prescribes how the reasoning should proceed, which ultimately constructs a complete and novel causal process. Each phase terminates with an epistemic justification which the inventor (or inventors) can share with other knowers and have them deliberated and scrutinised. As such, the entire process of developing industrialised technological inventions, including the early stages which are traditionally regarded as mysterious can be understood as a sequence of epistemic justifications. In this paper, the Half-Causation Method is presented as a detailed practical prescription for future projects which aim to develop industrialised technological inventions. Throughout the paper two case studies from the recent history of technology are used as exemplars, namely: the invention of the microwave oven and the invention of the centrifugal vacuum cleaner. First, a definition of the ‘technological invention’ is proposed. Following that, the prescription is presented as fifteen methodological instructions: three instructions that repeat at each phase. The prescription is supplemented by a set-theoretic diagram. Although this is a philosophy paper, it is spoken directly to the scientists and engineers who aim to direct part of their research towards the development of inventions.
Studying Integration: Ethnic Minority and Majority Youth in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Jonsson Jan O. , Kalter Frank , van Tubergen Frank
Published: May 2019

We introduce our comparative study on minority and majority youth in four European countries by presenting the problem, basic concepts, theoretical starting points and our strategy of analysis. We address differences in integration across (i) immigrant generations (exposure), (ii) immigrant origin groups and (iii) receiving countries, for several indicators of structural, cultural and social integration. We find few and unsystematic differences in integration across receiving countries. Integration is quite remote for some aspects of social and cultural integration and slowest for those originating in poorer regions at greater cultural and socioeconomic distances, such as the Middle East and Africa. Exposure to the host country leads to decreasing differences in language proficiency and host country identification, but not in liberal attitudes and tolerance, religion and religiosity, or inter-ethnic friendships. We conclude that lingering differences should partly be understood against a backdrop of deeply entrenched structural phenomena such as socialisation, stratification and segregation.
Immigration and Integration: Key Characteristics of Host Countries and their Immigrants
Authors: Jonsson Jan O.
Published: May 2019

This chapter provides a context to the integration of children of immigrants and their families by outlining key characteristics of our four survey countries, England, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden. For many immigrants, these countries are arguably very similar: affluent, safe, modern, democratic and predominantly secular. There are however differences: For example, the Netherlands and Sweden appear to be more ‘child friendly’, and Sweden has more ‘immigrant-friendly’ policies and shows less immigrant-sceptic popular attitudes, while England hosts more highly qualified immigrants. A substantial difference between our four countries lies in the composition of the immigrant population, with large heterogeneity in arriving groups (for example, in their human capital and host country language skills) and their reasons for migrating (labour migrants or refugees). In perspective of such differences, it is a challenge to assign inter-country differences in immigrant integration to receiving countries' differences in policy or other characteristics.
Keeping Up with the Joneses, Müllers, De Jongs and Svenssons: The Economic Situation of Minority and Majority Youth
Authors: Mood Carina
Published: May 2019

This chapter studies how economic conditions differ between youth of immigrant background and majority youth in England, Germany, Netherlands and Sweden, with economic resources defined both in terms of family resources and the resources that children command themselves. We find that while immigrant parents tend to have lower incomes and more often suffer from non-employment and economic deprivation, their economic disadvantage does not carry over strongly to their children’s economic and material conditions: Children of immigrants have a similar situation to majority youth in terms of cash margin and material possessions, and they even tend to receive more money from their parents. Youth with immigrant background do however lack an own room more often and are less likely to earn own money from work, and those belonging to the first generation are somewhat more at risk of missing out on activities with friends, due to a lack of money. In general, poorer parents (immigrant as well as majority) tend to give equal amounts of money to their children as other parents, which suggests that they seek to shield their children from the consequences of a worse economy.
Making Friends across Ethnic Boundaries: Are Personal Networks of Adolescents Diverse?
Authors: van Tubergen Frank , Smith Sanne
Published: May 2019

How ethnically diverse are the social networks of adolescents in Europe? The present study finds that ethnic majority youth in England, Germany, Netherlands and Sweden have very few ties to ethnic minority peers, either in the neighbourhood or at school. The networks of ethnic minorities are more mixed, because the groups to which they belong are smaller in size. Such structural opportunities for meeting members of other groups also plays a key role in understanding why some ethnic minority groups—being smaller in size—are more ‘open’ than other groups. Next to opportunities, also in-group preferences appear important. Both majority and minority groups exhibit a preference to befriend peers from their own ethnic group. Possibly, parents play a role in overcoming these ethnic boundaries. Findings suggest that having more ethnically mixed personal networks and more-positive attitudes towards other ethnic groups is transmitted from parents to their children.
Commons Governance, Normative Pluralism and the Enduring Role of Custom
Authors: Rodgers Christopher
Published: May 2019

The governance of common land in England and Wales is shaped by a mixture of customary and legal norms that can shift and change. Notwithstanding the introduction of legislation for the registration of common land and common rights, custom retains an important role in the governance of common land. This chapter situates custom alongside the other normative rules used to structure the governance of common land. It considers reforms introduced by the Commons Act 2006, including provision for the formation of self-regulating commons councils. It concludes that a legal pluralist analysis that focuses on the functionality of differing customary and legal norms, but which is also sensitive to the sources from which rules derive normativity, is essential if we are to position custom in the hierarchy of norms relevant to the governance of common land, to understand their respective roles and how these can change over time and space, and to appraise their effectiveness.
Community Rights in Scots Property Law
Authors: Combe Malcolm
Published: May 2019

Since the establishment of the Scottish Parliament by the Scotland Act 1998, Scottish legislators have embarked on a programme of community-oriented land reform to allow for redistribution of land to communities. Eligible community bodies have rights of acquisition of varying strengths under the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2003, and will soon benefit from a further suite of rights as a result of the Community Empowerment (Scotland) Act 2015 and the Land Reform (Scotland) Act 2016. The community approach that has been introduced to Scotland makes Scots law an interesting comparator for other land law regimes. This chapter explains the background to, the operation of and the future scope of such community rights in Scots property law.
The Ghost in the Machine? The Government of England
Authors: Gallagher Jim
Published: May 2019

The asymmetry of the UK as a union means that England, unlike Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland, not only has no domestic legislature but no executive of its own either. Westminster is England’s Parliament and the UK Government is England’s Government. Much attention has been devoted to the (parliamentary) anomaly of the West Lothian Question, but there has been little discussion of England’s Government. This chapter asks whether the UK Government contains a ghost in the machine: an embryonic English Government, perhaps in English departments or cabinet committees, or shown in social or economic policy or in taxation and spending. It notes how deeply entangled UK and English economic and fiscal policy are, notably via the Barnett formula, and considers the options for more explicit English governance such as a ‘Minister for England’, but questions how politically salient this would be when the main issue is England’s relations with Europe.
Produtos naturais anti - Helicobacter pylori: revisão
Authors: Aleixo Mariana Lenina Menezes , Galbiati Carla , Scalon Lemos Larissa Maria
Published: May 2019

A infecção pela bactéria Helicobacter pylori é considerada um problema de saúde pública, com intrínseca relação saúde e ambiente, a infecção bacteriana crônica mais comum no mundo, com alta prevalência em países em desenvolvimento. O uso de produtos naturais voltados a inovação medicamentosa, aumenta o interesse por novos princípios ativos a base de produtos naturais, contudo, a atividade antibacteriana forte ainda é controversa quanto a concentração inibitória mínima desses produtos, principalmente no que tage à H. pylori. Este trabalho realizou uma revisão sistemática dos produtos naturais com atividades anti-Helicobacter pylori disponíveis na literatura tendo como parâmetro inicial a revisão de plantas medicinais anti-H. pylori analisadas por Wang (2014) e como critério de classificação a concentração inibitória mínima. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida por meio da busca de artigos nas bases de dados online BVS, BDENF, LILACS, MEDLINE, PUBMED, Scielo, Bireme e ScienceDirect., os descritores utilizados foram: Helicobacter pylori, anti-Helicobacter pylori, produtos naturais, atividade antibacteriana, própolis e mel, traduzidos para o inglês. A busca resultou no total de 138 artigos, dos quais 59 artigos são da revisão de Wang (2014) e outros 79 foram encontrados nas bases de dados, que proporcionou um acréscimo de 57 artigos de plantas medicinas, 12 artigos de produtos distintos de plantas medicinais (mel, própolis, iogurte e cogumelo) e 10 artigos de estudos clínicos e in vivo. Foram encontrados 162 produtos naturais distintos, a maioria deles plantas medicinais, resultando na avaliação de 128 produtos naturais anti-Helicobacter pylori. Segundo a classificação de Wang somente 16 produtos apresentam atividade forte, e a maioria deles são frações. Com atividade forte-moderada mostra 45 produtos; com atividades moderada-fraca e fraca mostram 37 e 30 produtos, respectivamente. A nova classificação de produtos naturais com atividade anti-H. pylori proposta nessa pesquisa apresenta 5 classes de acordo com a sua concentração inibitória mínima: produtos com atividade forte, boa, moderada, fraca e sem atividade. Pela nova classificação proposta, apresentamos 43 produtos naturais com atividade forte, com 19 frações e 24 extratos; 40 produtos com atividade boa; 18 com atividades moderada e 15 produtos com fraca; na classificação sem atividade quatro produtos. A revisão ampliou os produtos naturais anti- Helicobacter pylori com novas plantas medicinais, produtos de origem animal e estudos clínicos e pré-clínicos. A nova classificação permitiu a inclusão de outros extratos vegetais, produtos de origem animal e fungos com atividade anti-Helicobacter pylori, e ampliou a faixa de produtos considerados com forte atividade.