bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Accuracy Matters: A Cross-Market Assessment of Newspaper Error and Credibility
Authors: Maier Scott R.
Published: December 2011

A survey of 4,800 news sources cited in fourteen newspapers provides a cross-market assessment of newspaper accuracy and the effect of errors on newspaper credibility. Sources found errors in 61% of local news and feature stories, an inaccuracy rate among the highest reported in nearly seventy years of accuracy research. Newspaper credibility, as perceived by news sources, significantly declined in relation to frequency and severity of errors. Inaccuracy negatively affected source willingness to cooperate with the press. Subjective errors were considered most egregious, suggesting that how a story is conveyed is at least as important as getting the facts straight.
New Technologies, Old Practices: The Conservative Revolution in Communication Between Reporters and News Sources in the Israeli Press
Authors: Reich Zvi
Published: December 2011

The study explores to what extent new communication technologies have played a revolutionizing role in the ways in which news reporters acquire information. Reporters reconstructed how they used different technologies in order to obtain each of their sampled items, both before and after the introduction of new communication technologies into the Israeli daily press. Changes appear to be minor. Reporters continued to contact sources directly, negotiate their versions orally, and use technologies to replace physical presence at news scenes and face-to-face interviews. This relative stability might reflect the fact that, in the interplay between forces for continuity (represented by the ongoing patterns of newswork) and forces for change (suggested by the new technologies), the role of the former has been dominant.
Photographic Coverage During the Persian Gulf and Iraqi Wars in Three U.S. Newspapers
Authors: King Cynthia , Lester Paul Martin
Published: December 2011

The United States has engaged in military conflicts both honorable and questionable. Journalists have traveled to the front lines to produce stories and pictures both supportive and critical. A content analysis of images published in three U.S. newspapers during the start of the 1991 and 2003 wars with Iraq reveals that the military probably received the type of coverage it hoped for when it initiated the embedding program.
Mass Communication Research and the Invisible College Revisited: The Changing Landscape and Emerging Fronts in Journalism-Related Studies
Authors: Chang Tsan-Kuo , Tai Zixue
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study is twofold: first, to chart the changing landscape of mass communication research in journalism-related studies over the past two decades and, second, to determine the contemporary form and content of the invisible college in the field through its intellectual configuration and structural interaction. A simple citation count is inadequate; the analysis of co-citation networks should be a better indication of the field's effort to build on its theoretical foundation. The findings suggest that there is some sort of theoretical and methodological convergence in contemporary journalism-related studies.
How Newspaper Sources Trigger Gender Stereotypes
Authors: Armstrong Cory L. , Nelson Michelle R.
Published: December 2011

News stories rely on sources to convey information. Official sources are often titled and typically male. This study outlines how such source cues can trigger gender stereotypes to varying degrees in two experimental studies. When the unofficial source cue offered ambiguous gender information, individual differences in propensity to stereotype were shown. Those people who score high on an ethic of caring were less likely to attribute a gender to the source. Results are explained in terms of processing differences and gender stereotyping.
Exploring Culture's Influence on Standardization Dynamics of Creative Strategy and Execution in International Advertising
Authors: Wei Ran , Jiang Jing
Published: December 2011

This study modeled and tested the dynamic relationship between standardization in creative strategy and execution in two culturally distinct countries. It also examined the influence of culture on standardization of creative strategy and execution. Results show that culture impacts execution more than creative strategy. The study suggests that it makes sense for international advertisers to develop a single creative strategy to use globally so long as execution accounts for culture. The more culturally different the target market is from the home country, the more localized the execution should be.
Within the Boundaries of Politics: News Framing of Sars in China and the United States
Authors: Luther Catherine A. , Zhou Xiang
Published: December 2011

This research examined news frames in coverage of SARS by newspapers in China and the United States. The assumption was that with the adoption of Western news values and practices, the Chinese press would exhibit news frames similar to those found in Western news. The results showed the presence of economic consequences, responsibility, conflict, leadership, and human-interest news frames in both the U.S. and Chinese newspapers. Depending on the newspaper's country of origin, however, the degree and manner of the frame uses varied.
What do Communication Managers Do? Defining and Refining the Core Elements of Management in a Public Relations/Corporate Communication Context
Authors: Moss Danny , Newman Andrew , DeSanto Barbara
Published: December 2011

This article presents the findings of the second stage of an international collaborative research program designed to map, explicate, and compare the main elements of the managerial role performed by communication/public relations practitioners working in a range of organizational settings and different cultural contexts. It builds on earlier qualitative research among U.K. and U.S. public relations practitioners designed to uncover the nature of the managerial roles they perform. In this study, a survey distributed to 900 U.K.-based communication practitioners was factor analyzed, revealing a five-factor interpretation, which suggests a more contemporary, empirically based conceptualization of key dimensions of the communication manager's role than currently offered by the traditional manager role typology advocated within the existing public relations roles literature.
The Effects of Issue Advocacy Advertising on Voters' Candidate Issue Knowledge and Turnout
Authors: An Soontae , Jin Hyun Seung , Pfau Michael
Published: December 2011

This study examined the effects of issue advocacy ads on voters' candidate issue knowledge and turnout, using the 2000 National Election Study survey combined with ad tracking data by Campaign Media Analysis Group. The results showed that those who lived in an area where more issue ads were aired had higher candidate issue knowledge than those in an area with fewer issue ads. Those in an area with more issue ads were more likely to vote than those with fewer issue ads.
Network News Coverage of Breast Cancer, 1974 TO 2003
Authors: Cho Sooyoung
Published: December 2011

This study content analyzed 602 news story abstracts on breast cancer from the three major TV networks during the past three decades (1974 to 2003). The amount of news coverage on breast cancer increased during the time period. Some topics, such as prevention and treatment, increased significantly, whereas other issues, such as surgery and celebrities, decreased. The use of thematic frames and discussion of research developments increased across time, whereas other characteristics of the coverage did not change, such as the dominant citation of medical doctors as sources.
Stepping Back from the Gate: Online Newspaper Editors and the Co-Production of Content in Campaign 2004
Authors: Singer Jane B.
Published: December 2011

In their coverage of the 2004 political campaign, editors of Web sites affiliated with major U.S. newspapers continued to emphasize their role as providers of credible information. But they moved toward seeing that information less as an end product than as a basis for user engagement, participation, and personalization. This study, which builds on a similar study conducted after the 2000 election, suggests journalists may be taking steps toward reshaping their gatekeeping role to accommodate the interactive nature of the Internet.
A Cross-Lagged Analysis of Agenda Setting among Online News Media
Authors: Lim Jeongsub
Published: December 2011

This study examined the causal relationships among the issue agendas of three online news media in South Korea during two time periods. The issue agendas of the two online newspapers at Time 1 influenced the issue agendas of the online wire service at Time 2. The online wire service did not influence the issue agendas of the two newspapers during the same time periods. The leading online newspaper influenced the issue agendas of both the secondary online newspaper and the online wire service. The findings extend intermedia agenda-setting studies to the online environment.
Network TV News' Affective Framing of the Presidential Candidates: Evidence for a Second-Level Agenda-Setting Effect through Visual Framing
Authors: Coleman Renita , Banning Stephen
Published: December 2011

This study expands the theory of second-level agenda setting to include affective framing of candidates conveyed through visual information during the 2000 presidential campaign. Network TV news coverage included nonverbal behavior for Al Gore that was more positive than George Bush's, and those who watched more were significantly more likely to hold attitudes that mirrored the media portrayals.
The Roles of Perceived “Shared” Involvement and Information Overload in Understanding How Audiences make Meaning of News about Bioterrorism
Authors: Aldoory Linda , Van Dyke Mark A.
Published: December 2011

This study integrated the situational theory of publics with theories in risk communication to explore reactions to simulated media coverage of food terrorism. Focus group participants, given news scenarios about a terrorist threat on a U.S. food product, discussed problem recognition, level of involvement, constraint recognition, fear, risk, and social connections. Findings revealed a sense of “shared” involvement that influenced how participants perceived risk. When participants perceived the source of information was in “the same boat” as them, they were more likely to pay attention. Also, news coverage increased feelings of “information overload,” which led participants to shut down cognitively and deny the need for protective action.
It's Gametime: The Maslach Burnout Inventory Measures Burnout of Sports Journalists
Authors: Reinardy Scott
Published: December 2011

A survey (N = 236) of newspaper sports journalists utilized the Maslach Burnout Inventory to examine burnout of sports editors, sports writers, and desk personnel (copy editors and page designers). Overall, sports journalists suffer moderate rates of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization and have a high rate of personal accomplishment, which can be interpreted as a degree of job satisfaction. Sports editors suffer from a higher rate of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization than sports writers or desk personnel and have a lower rate of personal accomplishment. Younger, less experienced sports journalists working at smaller newspapers suffer a higher rate of emotional exhaustion and depersonalization.
The Framesetting Effects of News: An Experimental Test of Advocacy versus Objectivist Frames
Authors: Aday Sean
Published: December 2011

This study merges framing and agenda-setting research by focusing on the relative power of certain news frames to limit audience cognition and influence attitudes. It proposes a cognitive-based model for understanding when news stories are likely to have the dual effect of transferring both object and frame salience to audiences, an effect here called “frame-setting,” that is more likely to occur when the press employs advocacy frames using consensus cues as opposed to objectivist frames based on the journalistic norm of two-sidedness. Data from a controlled experimental test show that advocacy frames had a stronger framesetting effect than objectivist framed crime stories, transferring both object and frame salience to audiences and limiting audience cognition.
Third-Person Effects on Political Participation
Authors: Banning Stephen A.
Published: December 2011

The third-person perception is the tendency for people to believe others are more affected by media messages than they are themselves. Analysis of a probability sample telephone survey revealed a significant relationship between having voted in the 2004 presidential election and third-person perception level. This empirical evidence supports a link between past voting behavior and the third-person perception, which expands third-person perception and behavioral domains beyond censorship issues. Republicans were also found to have a significantly greater third-person perception level than Democrats.
Media use and the Perceived Justice of Local Science Authorities
Authors: Besley John C. , McComas Katherine A. , Waks Leah
Published: December 2011

This study uses a mail survey (N = 1,305) conducted in two Upstate New York counties to explore relationships between media use and individual fairness judgments regarding local scientists. It extends previous work in organizational justice to a community setting, with local scientists evaluated according to four social-psychological dimensions of justice—distributive, procedural, interpersonal, and informational. Results show science news attention positively related to perceived distributive, procedural, and interpersonal justice of local scientists. The conclusions argue that justice constructs can help media researchers better understand society's relationship with authorities.
The Narrative of Core Traditional Values in Reiman Magazines
Authors: Webb Sheila M.
Published: December 2011

Reiman Publications represent a singular model—80% of content is submitted by readers and the magazines are ad-free. This study places the magazines within the broader American cultural landscape, showing how the role of suburban middle-class white women is tied to traditional values, religion, and a valorization of country taste as “authentic” expression. Through depth interviews, close textual reading, and narrative and rhetorical analysis, the study demonstrates how an imagined community is constructed, depicts readers' shared social space, and suggests how the magazines frame and build core values, binding readers into a community by voicing a shared lifestyle and self-image.
Audience Taste Divergence over Time: An Analysis of U.S. Movies' Box Office in Hong Kong, 1989–2004
Authors: Lee Francis L. F.
Published: December 2011

Foreign media products often go through processes of local reception when they travel to another culture. This article provides a quantitative and longitudinal analysis of local reception by focusing on the notion of cross-culture predictability, or the degree to which the performance of a set of media products in a foreign market can be predicted by their performance in the domestic market. Analysis of box office performance of U.S. movies in Hong Kong from 1989 to 2004 finds that the tastes of Hong Kong and U.S. audiences have diverged over the years, a trend particularly robust among certain types of movies.
Exploring Internet Influence on the Coverage of Social Protest. Content Analysis Comparing Protest Coverage in 1967 and 1999
Authors: Jha Sonora
Published: December 2011

This study examined the coverage of two social protests set three decades apart. Findings showed that journalists covering anti-WTO protests in 1999 relied on official and authoritative sources more than journalists covering anti-Vietnam war protests in 1967, despite today's Internet-enabled access to alternative sources and thematic analyses. No change was seen in use of protester sources or thematic versus episodic frames in story valence. Providing a backdrop to today's emerging study of online information seeking by journalists, this study suggests that conventional strategies in news sourcing and framing may endure despite the resourcefulness facilitated today by the Internet.
TV News Coverage of Plastic Surgery, 1972-2004
Authors: Cho Sooyoung
Published: December 2011

This study content analyzed all of the 265 news story abstracts on various types of plastic surgery from the five major TV networks during the past three decades. Coverage increased during the time periods, concentrating in the 1990s when public health controversy about breast implants erupted. Overall, TV network news coverage was most concerned with the issue of safety and health risk and framed coverage with an emphasis on risk. Unlike traditional health reporting, which relies mostly on doctors in the field, news coverage about plastic surgery extensively used experts from other fields.
A Natural History of Foreign Correspondence: A Study of the Chicago Daily News, 1900-1921
Authors: Cole Jaci , Hamilton John Maxwell
Published: December 2011

This longitudinal study combines quantitative and qualitative techniques to document and explain the evolution of foreign news in the Chicago Daily News, the newspaper that virtually invented the ideal of a quality, professional American foreign news service. Foreign news at the newspaper began as an experiment and evolved over time, adapting to factors such as cost, ownership, competition, and the urgency of events abroad. This study, through its focus on change over time and on conditions that shaped change, attempts to articulate a dynamic, historical approach to studying foreign correspondence.
Racial Profiling in the Newsroom
Authors: Pritchard David , Stonbely Sarah
Published: December 2011

This article examines patterns of story assignments at a metropolitan daily newspaper. The study's content analysis documents a form of racial profiling in which African American reporters write stories mostly about minority issues, while white reporters write stories mostly about government and business. Interviews with journalists documented the widespread belief that experience as a member of a racial minority helps the newspaper provide better coverage of minority issues. However, journalists of all races spoke of racial diversity only when they were talking about minority reporters and minority-oriented topics. The hegemony of whiteness was such that none of the journalists appeared to have thought about the role of whiteness in the coverage of the largely white realms of politics and business.
Media-based Strategies to Reduce Racial Stereotypes Activated by News Stories
Authors: Ramasubramanian Srividya
Published: December 2011

This study focuses on the role of media in facilitating and inhibiting the accessibility of stereotypes primed by race-related news stories. Specifically, it examines experimentally the effects of two strategies for reducing stereotype accessibility: an audience-centered approach that explicitly instructs audiences to be critical media consumers, a goal of media literacy training; and a message-centered approach using stereo-type-disconfirming, counter-stereotypical news stories. Participants viewed either a literacy or control video before reading stereotypical or counter-stereotypical news stories about African Americans or Asian Indians. Implicit stereotypes were measured using response latencies to hostile and benevolent stereotypical words in a lexical decision task. Results suggest that a combination of audience-centered and message-centered approaches may reduce racial stereotypes activated by news stories.
When News Reporters Deceive: The Production of Stereotypes
Authors: Lasorsa Dominic , Dai Jia
Published: December 2011

News stories and news columns revealed as deceptive were more likely than presumably authentic ones to treat members of social groups as identical, especially when referring to nationalities (e.g., Iraqis) and regions larger than a nation (e.g., Europeans). Deceptive articles also were more negative in overall tone. Findings support the theory of auto-maticity of stereotyping—unless a perceiver is able and motivated not to stereotype, stereotyping tends to occur. Implications for journalists are discussed.
News Story Descriptions and the Public's Opinions of Political Candidates
Authors: Kim Kihan , McCombs Maxwell
Published: December 2011

Combining a telephone survey of a probability sample of residents in the Austin, Texas, metropolitan area and a content analysis of the local daily newspaper, this study replicates and extends prior research on attribute agenda setting with an emphasis on the attribute priming consequences of agenda-setting effects for opinions about candidates in the 2002 Texas gubernatorial and U.S. senatorial elections. Correlation and regression analyses support the central proposition of attribute agenda setting and indicate that attributes positively or negatively covered in the news are related to opinions about each candidate. Attributes receiving extensive media attention were more likely to affect attitudinal judgments for heavy newspaper readers than for light newspaper readers.
Media Use, Social Structure, and Belief in 9/11 Conspiracy Theories
Authors: Stempel Carl , Hargrove Thomas , Stempel Guido H.
Published: December 2011

A survey of 1,010 randomly selected adults asked about media use and belief in three conspiracy theories about the attacks of September 11, 2001. “Paranoid style” and “cultural sociology” theories are outlined, and empirical support is found for both. Patterns vary somewhat by conspiracy theory, but members of less powerful groups (racial minorities, lower social class, women, younger ages) are more likely to believe at least one of the conspiracies, as are those with low levels of media involvement and consumers of less legitimate media (blogs and grocery store tabloids). Consumers of legitimate media (daily newspapers and network TV news) are less likely to believe at least one of the conspiracies, although these relationships are not significant after controlling for social structural variables. Beliefs in all three conspiracies are aligned with mainstream political party divisions, evidence that conspiracy thinking is now a normal part of mainstream political conflict in the United States.
Male Body Image and Magazine Standards: Considering Dimensions of Age and Ethnicity
Authors: Pompper Donnalyn , Soto Jorge , Piel Lauren
Published: December 2011

This study contributes to two theory streams by examining magazine use among males, along dimensions of age and ethnicity. First, social comparison theory (SCT) is invoked to examine how males use magazine images to benchmark the “ideal” male. Second, a developing theory of magazines as standard bearers for “the ideal woman” is modified to suggest that magazines also set standards for “the ideal man.” Findings of focus groups and interviews with two generations of males—Generation X and Baby Boomers (BBs)—posit that such images tend to fuel males' eventual ambivalence toward their body. Two significant patterns were identified among the data: (1) authority of magazine standards and (2) competition.
U.S. Elite and Non-elite Newspapers' Portrayal of the Iraq War: A Comparison of Frames and Source Use
Authors: Carpenter Serena
Published: December 2011

Stories from two elite and four non-elite newspapers were content analyzed for the use of sources and frames over a three-year period during and after the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003. The study used frames previously applied in studies conducted on elite publications. Results indicate that the use of frames and the inclusion of international, national, and local sources differed significantly; however, the inclusion of military sources was nearly balanced in elite and non-elite newspapers.
The 360° News Experience: Audience Connections with the Ubiquitous News Organization
Authors: Vishwanath Arun
Published: December 2011

The current research extends propositions from uses and gratifications, the technology acceptance model, and the expectancy-value perspective and attempts to explain audience connections to the 360° or multimodal content provider (news organization). The findings suggest a strong connection between surveillance gratifications and ritualistic media use on attitudes or perceptual orientations toward the news organization; this in turn mediates and best predicts satisfaction with the 360° news experience. The overall findings also suggest a branding effect or an extension of the audience's television news perceptions to the multimodal content provided by the news organization.
Effects of News Deviance and Personal Involvement on Audience Story Selection: A Web-Tracking Analysis
Authors: Lee Jong Hyuk
Published: December 2011

This study examined how deviance of news stories and context influence audience selection of the stories. In addition, a moderating effect of personal involvement on the deviance effect was investigated. An online experiment—4 (four levels of story deviance) x 2 (low and high contextual deviance) mixed-factor design—involved 111 participants, who browsed Web stories. Their behaviors were recorded by a Web-tracking program. Story deviance was a strong predictor of story selection. In addition, personal involvement interfered with the influence of story deviance.
Value Systems and Decision-Making Styles of Newspaper Front-Line Editors
Authors: Sylvie George , Huang J. Sonia
Published: December 2011

As American newspapers face declining readership, quality concerns, and changing technology and public tastes, newspaper decision-making style remains relatively unexamined. This study re-examines national survey data on U.S. editors charged with choosing, justifying, editing, and publishing the news. In a search for values that underlie decision-making styles, the study uncovers five style predictors: gender, experience, social values, journalistic values, and organizational values. Audience-related values were not significant predictors.
Credibility and the Use of Blogs among Professionals in the Communication Industry
Authors: Sweetser Kaye D. , Porter Lance V. , Chung Deborah Soun , Kim Eunseong
Published: December 2011

This study examines use, credibility, and impact on the communication industry of blogs as seen by professional journalists and public relations practitioners. Informed by the uses and gratifications perspective and using an online survey, the study used factor analysis to reveal simplistic blog use categorizations as being either interactive or noninteractive. Results also indicate that those who are labeled “high users” in both factors assign more credibility to the medium. Differences between journalism and public relations professionals were examined.
Reclaiming Copyright from Privacy: Public Interest in Use of Unpublished Materials
Authors: Carter Edward L.
Published: December 2011

Although the primary justification for Anglo-American copyright law is a utilitarian economic incentive, copyright law is sometimes invoked to protect privacy in unpublished materials. These efforts may present obstacles to those seeking to access and convey information about matters of public interest. While the U.S. Copyright Act's fair use doctrine has generally been protective of access and expression interests relating to copyright-protected unpublished materials, some deficiencies in treatment are noted in this study of U.S. appellate court opinions. A companion doctrine, the public interest defense from the United Kingdom, is examined for what it could add to U.S. copyright jurisprudence.
Finding News Stories: A Comparison of Searches Using Lexisnexis and Google News
Authors: Weaver David A. , Bimber Bruce
Published: December 2011

This study compares Google News to LexisNexis for finding stories in the New York Times, eight large-circulation U.S. newspapers, and all English-language news outlets in each database. Inter-database agreement between Google News and LexisNexis ranged from 29% to 83%, with much of the discrepancy due to wire service exclusions: LexisNexis missed half or more of stories appearing in major papers and in broad searches of English-language news because it is blind to wire stories. Wire-service blind spots in news archives can be a substantial limitation.
Access Attitudes: A Social Learning Approach to Examining Community Engagement and Support for Press Access to Government Records
Authors: Cuillier David
Published: December 2011

This survey-based study examines public attitudes toward press access to government records, deriving a political model predicting support for freedom of information based on social learning theory and testing whether support for press access is best explained by societal power, media importance, or political attitudes. Findings indicate that support is tied most closely to political attitudes such that the strongest predictors are community engagement and support for press rights, regardless of age, income, education, newspaper reading, or other variables. The results offer insights to help journalists, scholars, and citizens understand—and perhaps influence—public attitudes toward freedom of information.
Provocations in Public Relations: A Study of Gendered Ideologies of Power-Influence in Practice
Authors: Aldoory Linda , Reber Bryan H. , Berger Bruce K. , Toth Elizabeth L.
Published: December 2011

Responses from 869 public relations practitioners were examined to see how female and male practitioners perceive and enact power-influence in public relations, including perceptions of power-influence, resources, preferred influence tactics, constraints on power, persuasive appeals, and what it means to “do the right thing” in public relations. Male and female practitioners shared similar definitions of power-influence in practice and similar beliefs in the value of personal advocacy and ethical appeals to influence decision making. Practitioners illustrated differences in the value of influence resources, choice of influence tactics, perceptions of constraints on practice, and style and vocabulary of dissent.
Breaking down the Stakeholder Environment: Explicating Approaches to the Segmentation of Publics for Public Relations Research
Authors: Kim Jeong-Nam , Ni Lan , Sha Bey-Ling
Published: December 2011

This article reviews approaches to the segmentation of organizational stakeholders, recommending specifically that in the early (stakeholder) stage of strategic management, publics should be segmented using cross-situational approaches grounded in the notions of “consequences” and “resources.” In the later (public and issue) stages, publics should be segmented using situational approaches, derived from notions of “problem” and “issue.” The review and synthesis seeks to help scholars theorize more systematically about segmenting publics in public relations and to enable practitioners to more strategically segment and prioritize their organizational stakeholders.
Health News Agenda Building: Journalists' Perceptions of the Role of Public Relations
Authors: Len-Ríos María E. , Hinnant Amanda , Park Sun-A , Cameron Glen T. , Frisby Cynthia M. , Lee Youngah
Published: December 2011

This study uses a nationwide survey of health journalists (N = 774) to explore the agenda-building process in health news, examining how journalists develop story ideas, value expert source characteristics, and perceive the acceptability of using public relations materials. Results indicate that intermedia agenda setting may be a stronger influence on agenda building than are information subsidies, and that journalists rate characteristics associated with public relations training as important in expert sources. Also, journalists who take an audience advocate role are more accepting of news releases than those who take a skeptic role.
Enhancing Perceived Credibility of Citizen Journalism Web Sites
Authors: Johnson Kirsten A. , Wiedenbeck Susan
Published: December 2011

This study examined whether information about a writer and hyperlinks on a citizen journalism Web site affected the perceived credibility of stories. Participants read stories from a popular citizen journalism Web site and rated the stories in terms of perceived credibility. Results show that hyperlinks and information about the writer do enhance perceived story credibility. Credibility is enhanced most greatly when both hyperlink and writer information are included and, to a lesser extent, when just hyperlink or writer information is present.
Competing for Attention: Information Subsidy Influence in Agenda Building during Election Campaigns
Authors: Kiousis Spiro , Kim Soo-Yeon , McDevitt Michael , Ostrowski Ally
Published: December 2011

This study adopts the agenda-building perspective to compare contributions of political news releases and advertisements on media content during political campaigns, scrutinizing their relative linkages with news content within a single analysis. Newspapers, news releases, and candidates' ads in nine 2006 statewide campaigns were analyzed. Findings revealed that the salience of issues in news releases and ads was correlated with their salience in the news media. However, news releases were more effective in building the agenda of issues, while ads appeared somewhat more consequential in forming the attribute agenda for the news media.
Online Information Sources of Political Blogs
Authors: Leccese Mark
Published: December 2011

Bloggers claim to be crucial providers of information in American elections and policy debates, usurping the role of mainstream media. This study coded more than 2,000 hypertext links to different sources on six widely read political blogs during seven consecutive days. Less than 15% of hyperlinks were to primary sources. Almost half were to mainstream media reports. Thus, political blogs may be comparable to a newspaper comprised of only op-ed pages and opinion columnists. The findings call into question the role of political blogging and raise concerns about how blog readers are learning about public policy and political debates.
Individualism or Collectivism? Cultural Orientations in Chinese TV Commercials and Analysis of Some Moderating Factors
Authors: Zhang Yuan
Published: December 2011

Are traditionally collectivist cultures shifting to individualism due to economic and cultural globalization? This study addresses the question from a media message perspective by analyzing manifest individualism and collectivism in Chinese advertising. Drawing on the cross-cultural theory of Individualism-Collectivism, the study develops a measurement instrument and applies it in a content analysis of 523 TV commercials aired in 2003 in China. Results show that the predominant cultural orientation reflected in local-product Chinese TV commercials is still collectivism, but not in foreign-product commercials.
The Effectiveness of Stratified Constructed Week Sampling for Content Analysis of Electronic News Source Archives: AP Newswire, Business Wire, and PR Newswire
Authors: Connolly-Ahern Colleen , Ahern Lee A. , Bortree Denise Sevick
Published: December 2011

This study extends the content analysis sampling literature through exploration of sample size requirements for electronic news source archives. Significantly larger samples are required to achieve representativeness for AP Newswire, Business Wire, and PR Newswire than for more traditional sources of news content. When sampling press releases, constructing weeks on a quarterly basis provides more representative samples than constructing weeks on a full-year basis for some categories, particularly those tied to a fixed business cycle. The results support the idea that as information passes through more media gatekeepers, who limit and standardize content, the sample sizes required for content analysis diminish.
Intelligently Designed: Creationism's News Appeal
Authors: Caudill Edward
Published: December 2011

Advocates of “intelligent design” have gained media coverage for their cause despite having little support in the scientific community. This study of news about ID—specifically, the 2005 controversy and trial in Dover, Pennsylvania—shows the story's appeal to press values such as conflict, drama, balance, and fairness. News was framed in terms of politics and culture wars, which appealed to the press impulse toward balance and fairness. The coverage illustrates how an idea or movement of questionable motive or dubious value could win coverage when media adhere to professional standards such as fairness and balance.
Ethics Codes of Public Relations Firms in the United States and South Korea
Authors: Ki Eyun-Jung , Kim Soo-Yeon
Published: December 2011

This study was designed to determine universal ethical values by examining ethics codes of public relations firms in the United States and South Korea. The contents of 1, 969 ethical statements (1, 891 United States and 78 Korea) were reviewed. “Respect to clients” and “expertise” were the most frequently mentioned values, and “honesty” and “openness” were the ethical values least frequently mentioned in statements in both countries. Statements showed similar patterns in both countries, though they were more often aimed at promoting the agencies' services to attract future clients, rather than presenting legitimate ethical values.
Reports, Inferences, and Judgments in Deceptive and Legitimate News Stories
Authors: Lasorsa Dominic L. , Lewis Seth C.
Published: December 2011

A fundamental tenet of journalism is that news articles are based on facts, not assumptions or evaluations. A content analysis of recent deceptive news articles found that they contain a lower proportion of report statements (facts) and a higher proportion of both inferential statements (assumptions) and judgment statements (evaluations) than a random sample of ostensibly legitimate articles produced by the same major news organizations during the same timeframe. Implications for the practice and future of journalism are discussed.
From Eisenhower to Obama: Lexical Characteristics of Winning versus Losing Presidential Campaign Commercials
Authors: Lowry Dennis T. , Naser Md. Abu
Published: December 2011

This longitudinal study of fifteen presidential campaigns used lexical analysis to isolate differences between winning and losing commercials. The availability sample of 1,227 commercials from 1952–2008 campaigns was analyzed with Diction 5.0 lexical analysis software. Results indicated striking lexical differences between the commercials of presidential winners versus losers. Winners were significantly higher on positive terms and other-directed references to groups, while losers were higher on self-related I/me/my words.
Frame and Blame: An Analysis of How National and Local Newspapers Framed the Jena Six Controversy
Authors: Holt Lanier Frush , Major Lesa Hatley
Published: December 2011

This study analyzed local and national news-papers to determine how each framed the Jena Six controversy and to determine if either broke from traditional episodic coverage in framing crime and African Americans. Local papers more frequently put a human face on the issue, while national papers more frequently framed it as a moral wrong. However, unlike previous studies, this analysis found that both local and national papers used more thematic than episodic coverage, suggesting that sometimes the circumstances surrounding a crime can be so egregious that societal factors must be included in coverage.
The Third-person Effect of Tainted Food Product Recall News: Examining the Role of Credibility, Attention, and Elaboration for College Students in Taiwan
Authors: Wei Ran , Lo Ven-Hwei , Lu Hung-Yi
Published: December 2011

This study examines third-person effect of news of tainted food product recalls on oneself relative to others. The survey (N = 1,213) found that respondents tended to think the influence of the news on others was greater than on themselves (the study used reactions to a milk powder scandal in China). Message credibility and attention to and elaboration of the recall news were found to reduce the third-person perceptual gap. Furthermore, the perceived effect of news on oneself, not on others, was positively associated with the behavioral intention of information-seeking and taking protective action.
Shining a Calcium Light: The WCTU and Public Relations History
Authors: Lamme Meg Opdycke
Published: December 2011

Annie Wittenmyer was elected the first president of the national Woman's Christian Temperance Union in 1874, followed by Frances Willard in 1879. Both came to the leadership as well-known Christian women, seasoned by a range of communication experiences and committed to temperance reform. Using their books and speeches as primary sources, this study examines how their faith influenced their communication strategies in conducting their advocacy work. Their ideas reflected principles of evangelicalism, home missionary work, and the Social Gospel, offering a new perspective on the role of religion in public relations history.
Friends of the Bureau: Personal Correspondence and the Cultivation of Journalist-Adjuncts by J. Edgar Hoover's FBI
Authors: Cecil Matthew
Published: December 2011

Beginning in the mid-1930s and continuing throughout his tenure, FBI Director J. Edgar Hoover used staff-written letters to convert his fame and his bureau's authority into a powerful public relations tool. Journalists like The American Magazine's Courtney Ryley Cooper, Fulton Oursler of Reader's Digest, and Jack Carley of the Memphis Commercial Appeal came to believe that they were close confidantes of the iconic FBI director. The relationships built and maintained through personal correspondence provided the FBI with a community of journalist-adjuncts, friends of the bureau who stood ready to promote and defend the FBI in their publications.
Women Matter in Newsrooms: How Power and Critical Mass Relate to the Coverage of the HPV Vaccine
Authors: Correa Teresa , Harp Dustin
Published: December 2011

This study explored how female journalists affect news content when holding positions of power, reaching a critical mass in the newsroom, and covering an issue that appeals to them. The study compared a male-dominated news organization's coverage of the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine with coverage by a more gender-balanced organization in terms of news executives and reporters. It also explored whether content produced by female reporters from both organizations differed. The more gender-balanced organization covered the vaccine more frequently and more prominently, and used more diverse themes than its counterpart. The content created by female reporters at different outlets also diverged.
Who Will Own the Press in 1975?
Authors: Nixon Raymond B.
Published: December 2011

Responsible private ownership can solve its economic problems by following the example of other successful industries in the utilization of research, the author believes. Dr. Nixon is professor of journalism at the University of Minnesota and has been editor of the Journalism Quarterly since 1945.
Information Theory and Mass Communication
Authors: Schramm Wilbur
Published: December 2011

The Director of the Institute of Communications Research at the University of Illinois discusses the nature of information theory and some of its possible applications to research on mass communications. There is an appendix on formulas, how to compute them, and suggested readings.
Prospective Teachers' Attitudes toward Freedom of Information
Authors: Rogers James L.
Published: December 2011

Only half of a representative group of prospective high school teachers in Texas have attitudes favorable to newspapers, and their attitudes toward freedom of information show even less understanding and stability. Nine out of 10 would approve licensing of newspaper reporters by the state
Are Two Competing Dailies Necessarily Better than One?
Authors: Willoughby Wesley F.
Published: December 2011

The oft-made assertion that a city with competing dailies is automatically better served than one with a single newspaper is refuted by this study of two dailies in an Indiana city which show no essential content differences. The article is a summary of a master's thesis in journalism at Stanford University
A Philosophy of Advertising Education
Authors: Sandage C. H.
Published: December 2011

The why and philosophy of advertising should come first, and the teaching of technical skills second, in a university advertising sequence. The author, professor of journalism at the University of Illinois, adapted this article from a talk given at the annual 4-As central region meeting in Chicago.
Libel Laws and South Carolina Newspapers
Authors: Montgomery Reid H.
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter articles and notes on research in the communications field, either completed or in progress. Readers are invited to submit reports on investigative studies which might prove useful to other students because of content, method, or implications for further research.
Articles on Mass Communications in Magazines of the U. S. A.
Authors: Higbie Charles E. , Baker Dean C. , Brown Donald E. , Duncan Charles T. , Pride Armistead S.
Published: December 2011

A verdict of guilty was returned against the Kansas City Star and its advertising director after a trial on an indictment charging violation of anti-trust laws in relations with advertisers. Publisher Roy Roberts was dropped from the suit shortly before the start of the trial hearings. Second Jelke trial was held in New York with press representatives in attendance during the quarter. Also in the field of courts and the press, Walter Winchell and the Hearst interests publicly apologized to the N. Y. Post for Communist-sympathy remarks as part of settlement of a million dollar libel suit.

In the management field, the Brooklyn Eagle announced suspension of the newspaper after 47 days of a strike by Newspaper Guild. Efforts to find a new publisher were being made at the end of the period. The Toronto Globe-Mail was sold to a Montreal industrialist as part of an estate settlement but was announced as continuing under the same editor and policies.
A Selected Bibliography from Foreign Journals
Authors: Haiderer F. , Alisky Marvin , Martin L. John , Fenkart E.
Published: December 2011

This quarter has seen the celebration of several newspaper anniversaries. Among them are the Neue Zürcher Zeitung (175 years), El Comercio of Ecuador (50 years), the Daily Herald (25 years), and the Schweizerische Depeschen Agentur (60 years). In Germany the Neue Zeitung, published by the U. S. High Commissioner, folded on January 30. Attempts to continue publishing with German capital failed. The general conference of UNESCO, held at Montevideo, has adopted a resolution calling for plans to coordinate and stimulate the study of the science of the press.
Two Responsibilities of Journalism Schools
Authors: Smart M. Neff
Published: December 2011

Journalism schools are charged with producing effective men and women for the media. But they also should be playing a key role in research which would maintain the economic competency of newspapers. The author is a lecturer in journalism at the University of Utah and a former weekly owner-editor
Advertise to the Negro Market? A Case Study
Authors: Mullen J.J.
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter articles and notes on research in the communications field, either completed or in progress. Readers are invited to submit reports on investigative studies which might prove useful to other students because of content, method, or implications for further research.
What Effect When TV Covers a Congressional Hearing?
Authors: Tannenbaum Percy H.
Published: December 2011

In one of the few experimental studies dealing with a bona fide telecast, changes in information and meanings were investigated in connection with the televising of a congressional sub-committee hearing. The author is research assistant professor in the Institute of Communications Research at Illinois