bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Doctors as managers: investors and reluctants in a dual role
Authors: Forbes Tom , Hallier Jerry , Kelly Lorna
Published: July 2004

Government reform of the NHS in the UK has sought to increase the involvement of doctors (clinicians) in hospital management. Using frameworks from the psychological contract and organisational misbehaviour literatures, this paper examines the processes involved when clinicians assume management roles. This literature seeks to explain breaches to expectations regarding prior agreements with management and subsequent actions of 'getting even' as a result of breaches to the employment relationship. A qualitative methodology using interviews was undertaken, which identified two distinct groups of clinician-manager. Investors actively pursued a management opportunity as an alternative to clinical medicine, whilst reluctants tended to assume a management role to protect particular specialities from outside influence or from those they thought would be inappropriate clinician-managers. Investors and reluctants often had very little prior experience of management and managers and had problems reconciling their dual clinician-management role. Poor relationships with hospital managers who often had no understanding of their dual responsibilities led to tensions and conflict, which questions continued developments in this important area of UK health policy. Suggestions for improving this process are outlined.
Biomimetic co-assembly of Gibbsite and mesophases: A novel synthesis route by devitrification of gel derived from hydrothermal aluminosilicate/CTAB solution
Authors: Fahn Yauh-Yarng , Shen Pouyan , Su An-Chung
Published: August 2004

The effect of an amphiphilic surfactanton the co-assembly of gibbsite and low-dimensional-order, liquid-crystalline mesophases using a hydrothermal-gelafion-devitrification route was examined. Crystal growth by this method occurred either in three dimensions or was limited to only two dimensions. Gibbsite and mesophases were synthesized using a cationic surfactant, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), as template and a commercial mineral sample as inorganic precursor. The commercial mineral sample contained pyrophyllite, α-quartz, and minor kaolinite. The syntheses were made at pH 10 under hydrothermal conditions followed by equilibration at room temperature. The hydrothermally soluble portion settled at room temperature to form a translucent hydrous gel. This translucent gel turned white after drying on a glass substrate because of the following events based on chemical analysis, X-ray diffraction, and optical/electron microscopy: (1) gibbsite preferentially nucleated at the gel/air and gel/glass interfaces to form spherulites of tabular gibbsite crystals with entrapped droplets; (2) a ∼26 Å basal-spacing, aluminate-encased, lamellar mesophase formed by 2D growth near the edge of the drying gel; and (3) residual solution in entrapped droplets within the gibbsite phase later devitrified abruptly into an optically isotropic material (an aluminosilicate gel possibly with minor mesophases) with a dendritic morphology. Formation of gibbsite and the lamellar mesophase was initially interface controlled, but later became 2D diffusion-controlled as CTAB concentrations and micelle lengths were increased with crystallization time. A relatively high surfactant/water ratio of the drying gel might account for predominant crystallization of an aluminate-encased lamellar mesophase rather than the hexagonal mesophase known as the Mobil Composition Material MCM-41.
Characteristics of a Mg-palygorskite in Miocene rocks, Madrid Basin (Spain)
Authors: García-Romero E. , Suárez Barrios M. , Bustillo Revuelta M. A.
Published: August 2004

Palygorskite in Miocene mudstones, palustrine limestones and calcretes from the Esquivias locality (Madrid Basin, Spain) has been analyzed by X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and analytical electron microscopy to determine its characteristics and chemical composition. Other palygorskites from the literature are used as references. The mean structural formula obtained from the analysis of isolated particles is (Si7.87Al0.13)O20(<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:c="http://cambridge.org/core/content" xmlns:core="http://cambridge.org/core" xmlns:m="http://cambridge.org/core/metadata" xmlns:cup="http://contentservices.cambridge.org" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mnf="http://cambridge.org/core/manifest">(Al1.04Fe0.203+Mg3.11□0.65))(OH)2(OH2)4(Ca0.02K0.05Na0.08). This palygorskite has the largest Mg content reported in the literature, and it seems that, chemically, it fills the ‘compositional gap’ existing between sepiolite and palygorskite. Infrared spectroscopy reveals the absence of trioctahedral Mg and therefore the possibility of the existence of magnesic clusters in the ribbons is discounted. An homogeneous distribution of the octahedral cations (Al, Fe3+ and Mg) along the ribbons is proposed.
Older people's well‐being as a function of employment, retirement, environmental characteristics and role preference
Authors: Warr Peter , Butcher Vicky , Robertson Ivan , Callinan Militza
Published: July 2004

The life satisfaction and affective well‐being of employed, unemployed and retired men and women aged between 50 and 74 were examined as a function of characteristics of their environment and the degree to which their current role was personally preferred. Early‐retired and late‐employed individuals had particularly high affective well‐being. Role preference (e.g. to be in a job) was significantly associated with both indicators, with better well‐being in those individuals who wanted to be in their current role. Both forms of well‐being were a function of the features experienced in a role (opportunity for control, clarity, etc.), over and above the identification of role membership on its own, with the relationship between older people's role occupancy (employed, unemployed or retired) and well‐being being mediated by perceived environmental characteristics.
Development of an ELISA for Measurement of BCAR1 Protein in Human Breast Cancer Tissue
Authors: Grebenchtchikov Nicolai , Brinkman Arend , van Broekhoven Simone P J , de Jong Danielle , Geurts-Moespot Anneke , Span Paul N , Peters Harry A , Portengen Henk , Foekens John A , Sweep C G J (Fred) , Dorssers Lambert C J
Published: July 2004

Background: High concentrations of breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance 1 (BCAR1) protein measured by Western blotting in primary breast tumor cytosols are associated with early disease progression and failure of tamoxifen therapy. The aim of the present study was to develop an ELISA to measure BCAR1 quantitatively in extracts of human breast cancer tissue.

Methods: A recombinant fragment of BCAR1 (the human homolog of murine p130Cas) was produced in bacterial M15 cells, purified, and injected into chickens and rabbits. The generated antibodies were affinity-purified and used for the construction of an ELISA. After validation, the results obtained with the ELISA were compared with Western blot findings on primary breast tumors.

Results: The detection limit the BCAR1 ELISA was 0.0031 μg/L, and the within-run imprecision (CV) was <20% at concentrations down to 0.004 μg/L. The within-run imprecision (CV) was 1.0–7.2%, and the between-run CV was 3.6–5.4%. There was no cross-reactivity with family member HEF1. The assay exhibited parallelism of results between serial dilutions and a mean recovery (range) of 96 (79–118)%.

Conclusions: The ELISA measures BCAR1 in human breast cancer cytosols with high sensitivity and specificity. The assay can be used to confirm and to quantitatively extend previous semiquantitative Western blot data on the prognostic and predictive value of BCAR1 in human breast cancer; it can also be applied for other diseases.
Shape memory effect of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(ethylene glycol) copolymer cross‐linked with glycerol and sulfoisophthalate group and its application to impact‐absorbing composite material
Authors: Park Chul , Yul Lee Joon , Chul Chun Byoung , Chung Yong‐Chan , Whan Cho Jae , Gyoo Cho Bong
Published: July 2004

Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) copolymers crosslinked with glycerol and sulfoisophthalate (SP) were prepared to investigate the feasibility of fabricating smart vibration‐controlling composite laminate. The composition of glycerol and SP was varied to get a copolymer with the best mechanical and shape memory properties. The highest shape recovery was observed for the copolymer with 2.5 mol % of glycerol and 2.5 mol % of SP. With the high shape‐recovery copolymer in hand, sandwich‐type copolymer composites were made with epoxy beam laminate, and the copolymer composite, in the best case, showed improved impact strength (3.5 times) and damping effect (2.6 times) compared to epoxy laminate beam alone. The sandwich‐type epoxy composite, together with the advantage of control of glass transition temperature by PET, PEG, or the additives, can be applied to structural composite material requiring vibration control. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 308–316, 2004
Hydroxyalkylation of parabanic acid. II. Reactions of parabanic acid with oxiranes
Authors: Zarzyka‐Niemiec Iwona , Lubczak Jacek
Published: July 2004

Reactions of parabanic acid with ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, or glycerin epichlorohydrin were studied at the initial molar ratios of reagent ranging from 1 : 1 to 1 : 8. The effects of catalyst presence and temperature on the course of reaction were analyzed. The conditions were established at which the parabanic acid ring was preserved and those at which it opened to form polymeric products. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 317–326, 2004
Spontaneous copolymerization of N‐butyl maleimide and ethyl α‐phenyl acrylate with high alternating tendency
Authors: Liu Chao , Xu Xuewei , Huang Junlian
Published: July 2004

The copolymerization of N‐butyl maleimide (BMI) and ethyl α‐phenyl acrylate (EPA) was successfully carried out without an initiator. A high alternating tendency was observed. The Q, e values were derived by Alfrey–Price equations: Q = 0.09, e = 0.81 for BMI and Q = 0.21, e = −0.5 for EPA, and the monomer reactivity ratios were rBMI = 0.15 ± 0.01 and rEPA = 0.18 ± 0.08, respectively. In this system BMI was donor and EPA was acceptor. The maximum copolymerization rate and molecular weight appeared at 70 mol % (BMI) in the feed ratio. The spontaneous alternating copolymerization was considered to be completed by a contact‐type charge‐transfer complex formed by the monomer pairs. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 355–360, 2004
Comorbidity in bipolar disorder: a framework for rational treatment selection
Authors: McIntyre Roger S. , Konarski Jakub Z. , Yatham Lakshmi N.
Published: July 2004

Bipolar disorders are heterogeneous disorders often requiring multimodality treatment. The expanding pharmacopeia for bipolar disorders invites the need for a treatment framework that both recognizes and anticipates the multidimensionality and comorbidity of the illness. No available neurotherapeutic agent is singularly efficacious for the complete mélange of bipolar symptomatology. An apparent paradox has emerged in the management of bipolar disorder; whilst results from rigorous controlled monotherapy trials suggest that a disparate assortment of neurotherapeutic agents are efficacious in distinct phases of bipolar disorder, the majority of tertiary‐treated bipolar patients receive polypharmacotherapeutic regimens. The evidentiary base for polypharmacotherapy is sparse and has recently become an area of active research focus. In the interim, clinicians are encouraged to invoke an organizational schema for the treatment of bipolar disorder that considers the spectrum of effectiveness of putative and established mood stabilizers. This schema should be further informed by the treatment data for comorbid and accessory conditions. The authors propose a schema to provide the impetus for further work in the area. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prostate carcinoma and green tea: (−)epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate inhibits inflammation‐triggered MMP‐2 activation and invasion in murine TRAMP model
Authors: Sartor Luigi , Pezzato Elga , Donà Massimo , Dell'Aica Isabella , Calabrese Fiorella , Morini Monica , Albini Adriana , Garbisa Spiridione
Published: July 2004

Green tea infusion has been shown to inhibit metastatic spreading of the transgenic adenocarcinoma of mouse prostate (TRAMP). Investigation on the molecular mechanisms triggered by the main green tea flavonoid, (−)epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), shows that EGCG restrains TRAMP‐C1 cell proliferation in a dose‐dependent manner, at concentrations (IC50 < 0.2 μM) equivalent to those measured in the plasma of moderate green‐tea drinkers. Up to 10 μM, EGCG does not modify the cell‐surface immuno‐localization of MMP‐2, one of the invasion‐instrumental proteinases; but while in default culture conditions these cells secrete mainly pro‐MMP‐2, in the presence of reconstituted basement membrane (Matrigel) they release almost exclusively pro‐MMP‐9. In contrast, when stimulated to traverse Matrigel toward a chemo‐attractant, in addition to pro‐MMP‐9, they secrete pro‐MMP‐2. In the presence of 0.2 μM EGCG, only the level of the latter is markedly lowered in the conditioned medium, in parallel with the invasive behavior (>50%). In vivo, s.c. injection of TRAMP‐C1 cells dispersed in Matrigel gives origin to a tumor mass, whose growth is not inhibited by green‐tea regimen. This growth is contained greater than two‐thirds by LPS‐triggered polymorpho‐nuclear phagocyte (PMN) recruitment but this effect is abolished by green tea. Nevertheless, while tumor‐released pro‐MMP‐2 is activated by co‐incubation of TRAMP‐C1 cells with PMNs, in the presence of 10 μM EGCG the activation is almost abolished. These results suggest that inflammatory involvement of prostate carcinoma could be efficaciously prevented by green tea with a concomitant lowering of the invasive potential. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patch antenna with T‐square probe for bandwidth control
Authors: Lee Mike W. K. , Chow Y. Leonard
Published: July 2004

The long “stub” of the T‐square probe moves the Smith‐chart locus and thus broadens the band of a patch antenna. The T‐square “handle” then provides the extra control for a specific bandwidth. An equivalent circuit for the patch‐probe assembly is constructed for accurate and convenient design by the ADS software. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 3–7, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20357
Design of a broadband WR‐to‐CPWG millimeter‐wave transition
Authors: Takacs A. , Lillonga D. , Aubert H. , Tao J. W. , Pons P. , Crampagne R. , Plana R. , Cayrou J. Ch.
Published: July 2004

A rectangular waveguide‐to‐coplanar waveguide (WR‐to‐CPWG) transition is proposed. This original structure cascades two low‐loss transitions: a ridged waveguide‐to‐microstrip line transition and a membrane‐supported microstrip line‐to‐CPWG tapered transition. Electromagnetic simulations indicate that the insertion loss in the Ka‐band is less than 0.5 dB in a 2.5‐GHz bandwidth. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 11–14, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20360
V‐band novel broadband microstrip line‐to‐integrated waveguide transition
Authors: Choi Sung Tae , Yang Ki Seok , Tokuda Kiyohito , Kim Yong Hoon
Published: July 2004

A novel wideband design of a microstrip line‐to‐integrated waveguide (IWG) transition is proposed and demonstrated at the V‐band. The transition is implemented by using a quarter wavelength grounded coplanar waveguide (GCPW) transformer and two short‐circuited slots. The measurements of the back‐to‐back connected transitions show an insertion loss of 0.7 dB and a return loss better than 15 dB with a bandwidth of 50% at 60 GHz. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 21–23, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20362
Guided‐wave microlens array applications to compact 1 × 8 planar waveguide splitters
Authors: Chang Chun‐Wen , Hsieh Wen‐Feng
Published: July 2004

A compact 1 × 8 waveguide splitter using a guided‐wave microlens array is presented and analyzed to show low insertion loss and output imbalance of 0.28 and 0.15 dB, respectively. The analysis results show that the proposed equal‐power splitter with insensitive wavelength responses and acceptable fabrication tolerances is applicable for compact and wide‐bandwidth integrated optical devices. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 29–33, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20365
Compact and low‐insertion‐loss dual‐mode patch filter with spur‐lines
Authors: Sung Y. , Kim B. Y. , Ahn C. S. , Kim Y.‐S.
Published: July 2004

A compact microstrip dual‐mode bandpass filter with inserted spur‐lines at the edge of the patch is proposed. In order to obtain a low insertion loss, the proposed filter has no coupling gaps. Also, it has a size reduction of about 45% at the same resonant frequency as compared conventional dual‐mode bandpass filters. Feed lines with offset are applied to ensure a minimal mismatch. From the measured results, the dual‐mode filter has a 0.58‐dB insertion loss at 1.27 GHz with 12% bandwidth. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 33–34, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20366
Low‐cross‐polarized wideband V‐slot microstrip antenna
Authors: Rafi Gh. Z. , Shafai L.
Published: July 2004

The performance of a V‐slotted microstrip patch antenna, with and without additional edge slots, is investigated. It is shown that the V‐slotted patch is broadband, but its cross polarization increases with frequency. Placing two additional rectangular slots at the patch edges, parallel to its shorter side, eliminates the problem without affecting the bandwidth. The cross‐polarization becomes independent of frequency. It remains low over a bandwidth, which is wider than the antenna‐impedance bandwidth. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 44–47, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20370
High‐frequency scattering on a semi‐infinite dielectric slab with a rising ground: TM case
Authors: Volski Vladimir , Vandenbosch Guy A. E.
Published: July 2004

The scattering of electromagnetic fields at the edge of a semi‐infinite dielectric slab on a rising ground is considered. The solution procedure is reduced to the solution of an aperture integral equation (A‐IE) for magnetic currents at the edge in the plane normal to the ground plane. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 52–55, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20373
Estimation of the patch‐array‐coupling model through radiated‐field measurements
Authors: Fernández J. M. , Masa J. L. , Sierra‐Castañer M. , Castellanos D. , Sierra‐Pérez M.
Published: July 2004

In the design process of array antennas, coupling is one of the most important elements to be considered. The real feeding‐radiated coefficients can be quite different from the theoretical ones because of this effect. In this paper, a characterization method is presented that allows each element to be matched from the array. All the parameters of the array‐coupling model are obtained through the measurement of scattering parameters and radiation patterns. Two practical applications for a linear patch array are presented. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 59–64, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20375
DC to 6‐Ghz high‐gain low‐noise GaInp/GaAs HBT direct‐coupled amplifiers with and without emitter‐capacitive peaking
Authors: Meng C. C. , Wu T. H. , Lu S. S.
Published: July 2004

High‐gain shunt‐series shunt‐shunt wideband amplifiers with and without emitter‐peaking capacitors are demonstrated by using GaInP/GaAs HBT technology. Experimental results show that the power gain is 28 dB from DC to 6 GHz for a wideband amplifier without emitter‐peaking capacitors. On the other hand, a wideband amplifier with emitter‐peaking capacitors can increase the gain bandwidth up to 8 GHz at the cost of lower input/output return loss. Both circuits have similar power and noise performance. The noise figures of both designs are less than 2.8 dB for frequencies below 6 GHz. OP1dB and OIP3 are 7 and 20 dBm at 2 GHz, respectively. Total current consumption is 67 mA at 5‐V supply voltage for both wideband amplifiers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 43: 67–69, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20377
Encapsulation of air‐filled poly(dimethylsiloxane) microballoons in polyimide as a polymeric low ε dielectric
Authors: Tiwari Atul , Gupta Manoj Kumar , Pandey Kailash Nath , Mathur Gyanesh Narain , Nema Suresh Kumar
Published: July 2004

Air‐filled microballoons of poly(dimethylsiloxane), ie PDMS, have been encapsulated in polyimide. The molecular assembly so formed has shown surface dominance by PDMS while analytical techniques, such as X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy, have confirmed a similar distribution in the bulk. The electrical properties of the resultant polymer have been studied and the relative permittivity has been found to be very low while other beneficial attributes of the polyimide have been retained. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
A molecular gate: control of free intramolecular rotation by application of an external signal
Authors: Annunziata Rita , Benaglia Maurizio , Cinquini Mauro , Raimondi Laura , Cozzi Franco
Published: July 2004

Control of internal movement in a conformationally free pentiptycene derivative is achieved by complexation of two phenanthroline units by copper(I) cation. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stereochemical studies by molecular palpation
Authors: Locci E. , Bartik K. , Segebarth N. , Luhmer M. , Reisse J.
Published: July 2004

The conformational equilibrium of cyclohexanol was investigated by 129Xe NMR spectroscopy. While the classical NMR approach focuses on a carbon or proton atom belonging to the molecule under investigation, in our 129Xe NMR methodology we use the xenon atom as an external spy. Xenon is able to monitor the interconversion between the axial and the equatorial isomers of cyclohexanol. The conformational equilibrium constant was estimated and is in excellent agreement with the values obtained by 1H and 13C NMR. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of free fatty acids in chocolate by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Perret Daniela , Gentili Alessandra , Marchese Stefano , Sergi Manuel , Caporossi Lidia
Published: July 2004

This paper describes a rapid extraction method, based on a matrix solid‐phase dispersion technique using diatomaceous earth as solid support and 50:50 (v/v) chloroform/methanol as extracting solvent, that can determine 11 free fatty acids in chocolate. The extraction procedure is followed by reversed‐phase liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) using a normal‐bore (4.6 mm i.d.) C‐18 column and an electrospray interface operating in the negative ion mode. The tandem mass spectra of selected compounds show that charge‐remote fragmentation (CRF) mechanisms are occurring; the intensities of the CRF reactions increase with the carbon number and degree of unsaturation of the fatty acids. Average recoveries, evaluated by the standard addition method, vary between 79–103%, and the estimated quantification limits are less than 153 ng/g. The proposed method has been used to analyse nine chocolate samples from various price ranges, bought from supermarkets. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of an unmanned ground vehicle, bearcat III, theory and practice
Authors: Ghaffari Masoud , Ali Souma M. Alhaj , Murthy Vidyasagar , Liao Xiaoqun , Gaylor Justin , Hall Ernest L.
Published: July 2004

The purpose of this paper is to describe the design and implementation of an unmanned ground vehicle, called the Bearcat III, named after the University of Cincinnati mascot. The Bearcat III is an electric powered, three‐wheeled vehicle that was designed for the Intelligent Ground Vehicle Competition and has been tested in the contest for 5 years. The dynamic model, control system, and design of the sensory systems are described. For the autonomous challenge line following, obstacle detection and pothole avoidance are required. Line following is accomplished with a dual camera system and video tracker. Obstacle detection is accomplished with either a rotating ultrasound or laser scanner. Pothole detection is implemented with a video frame grabber. For the navigation challenge waypoint following and obstacle detection are required. The waypoint navigation is implemented with a global positioning system. The Bearcat III has provided an educational test bed for not only the contest requirements but also other studies in developing artificial intelligence algorithms such as adaptive learning, creative control, automatic calibration, and internet‐based control. The significance of this effort is in helping engineering and technology students understand the transition from theory to practice. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of amphetamine on [18F]fallypride in vivo binding to D2 receptors in striatal and extrastriatal regions of the primate brain: Single bolus and bolus plus constant infusion studies
Authors: Slifstein Mark , Narendran Raj , Hwang Dah‐Ren , Sudo Yasuhiko , Talbot Peter S. , Huang Yiyun , Laruelle Marc
Published: July 2004

[18F]fallypride is a new positron emission tomography (PET) dopamine D2 receptor radiotracer that provides visualization of D2 receptors in both striatal and extrastriatal areas. Here, the vulnerability of [18F]fallypride binding to endogenous dopamine (DA) levels was evaluated by examining the effect of amphetamine on [18F]fallypride binding in striatal and extrastriatal regions. Data were acquired in three male baboons at three different doses of i.v. amphetamine, using two different [18F]fallypride administration protocols (single bolus and bolus plus constant infusion). Scans were performed following a single bolus of [18F]fallypride under control conditions and following 1 mg/kg i.v. amphetamine and with an [18F]fallypride bolus plus constant infusion design under control, 0.5 mg/kg, and 0.3 mg/kg amphetamine i.v. conditions. Significant decreases in [18F]fallypride binding potential were seen in striatum (–49%, –18%, and –14%), thalamus (–25%, –23%, and –14%), and hippocampus (–36%, –24%, and –12%) following 1 mg/kg, 0.5 mg/kg, and 0.3 mg/kg doses of amphetamine, respectively. Additional analyses were performed suggesting that these results were not artifacts of nonreceptor‐related effects such as regional flow changes or partial volume effects. In conclusion, [18F]fallypride binding is vulnerable to endogenous competition by DA in striatum as well as extrastriatal regions, suggesting that this ligand may be suitable for the study presynaptic DA function in striatal and extrastriatal areas. Synapse 54:46–63, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The psychosocial needs of young offenders and adolescents from an inner city area
Authors: Carswell Kenneth , Maughan Barbara , Davis Hilton , Davenport Franscesca , Goddard Nick
Published: July 2004

To date, assessments of the prevalence of mental health problems in young offenders have largely focused on incarcerated samples. This paper describes a quantitative study of a sample of 47 male young offenders under the supervision of an inner city Youth Offending Team. A semi‐structured interview, modified from previous studies, was used to investigate the type and frequency of psychosocial and health problems they experienced. The results were compared with data from a random community sample of 38 male adolescents interviewed in a comparable way. Young offenders reported more psychosocial problems at a statistically significant level (including depression/misery, excessive worry and problematic substance use), as well as higher life‐time rates of head injury, than adolescents in the community sample. Levels of problematic substance use and exposure to head injury continued to differentiate the groups when offenders in custody were removed from the analyses. The findings are discussed in relation to previous research and implications for service delivery.
Differentiation and test anxiety in adolescents
Authors: Peleg‐Popko Ora
Published: July 2004

The study tested several propositions about an important construct in Bowen's (Family Therapy in Clinical Practice, Aronson, New York, 1978; Family Evaluation, Norton, New York, 1988) theory of differentiation, using an Israeli sample of adolescents to examine relationships between differentiation of self, family differentiation, test anxiety, trait anxiety and cognitive performance. The main findings were that family differentiation (specifically, adolescents’ relationships with their mothers) was negatively correlated with levels of test and trait anxiety and positively correlated with cognitive performance. All scales of differentiation of self, particularly emotional reactivity and I‐position, were negatively correlated with both types of anxiety. Results suggest that differentiation is a meaningful construct for Israeli adolescents, and that less differentiated adolescents may be at risk for high levels of test anxiety and low levels of cognitive performance. Treatment of test‐anxious adolescents therefore requires consideration of possible difficulties in individuating and differentiating from their families of origin.
Nitric oxide spatial distribution in single cultured hippocampus neurons: investigation by projection of reconstructed 3‐D image and visualization technique
Authors: Yang Yong , Ning Gang‐Min , Kutor John , Hong Di‐Hui , Zhang Mu , Zheng Xiao‐Xiang
Published: July 2004

Recent studies have revealed a non‐homogeneous distribution of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in neurons. However, it is not yet clear whether the intracellular distribution of NOS represents the intracellular nitric oxide (NO) distribution. In the present study, software developed in our laboratory was applied to the reconstructed image obtained from confocal slice images in order to project the 3‐D reconstructed images in any direction and to cut the neuron in different sections. This enabled the spatial distribution of NO to be visualized in any direction and section. In single neurons, NO distribution was seen to be heterogeneous. After stimulation with glutamate, the spatial changes in different areas of the neuron were different. These findings are consistent with immunocytochemical data on the intracellular localization of nNOS in hippocampus neurons, and will help to elucidate the specificity of nitric oxide signaling. Finally, the administration of SNAP and l‐NAME was used to examine DAF‐2 distribution in the neurons. The results showed this distribution to be homogenous; therefore, it did not account for the NO distribution results.
A1 Pulley Release of Locked Trigger Digit by Percutaneous Technique
Authors: PARK M. J. , OH I. , HA K. I.
Published: July 2004

We performed 118 percutaneous releases of the locked trigger digits in an office setting using a specially designed knife. Thirty-five digits were locked in flexion, 79 digits in extension and the remaining four were fixed in a semiflexed position. Successful percutaneous release was achieved for 107 digits (91%), with the remaining 11 digits requiring an open surgical procedure. Although there were no persistent triggering in 98 digits with a follow-up of at least 6 months, painful stiffness at the interphalangeal joints remained in ten digits despite of physical therapy. No neurovascular injury occurred. We suggest that a locked trigger digit can be successfully released with the percutaneous technique.
Gravity, magnetic, and high‐precision relocated seismicity profiles suggest a connection between the Hayward and Calaveras Faults, northern California
Authors: Ponce D. A. , Simpson R. W. , Graymer R. W. , Jachens R. C.
Published: July 2004

Gravity, magnetic, and seismicity data profiled across the Hayward Fault Zone were generated as part of ongoing studies to help determine the geologic and tectonic setting of the San Francisco Bay region. These data, combined with previous geophysical studies that indicate that the Hayward Fault Zone dips 75°NE near San Leandro and follows a preexisting structure, reveal a possible direct connection between the seismogenic portion of the Hayward and Calaveras Faults at depth. Although the relocated seismicity data are regional in nature, they suggest that the dip of the Hayward Fault Zone may vary from near vertical in the northwestern part of the fault to about 75°NE at San Leandro in the central part of the fault to about 50°NE in the southeastern part of the fault. Gravity and magnetic data, profiled across the Hayward Fault Zone, were processed using standard geophysical techniques. Cross sections of high‐precision relocated hypocenters were constructed along each profile from the northwestern to the southeastern end of the Hayward Fault Zone. Profiles and cross sections are referenced to Pinole Point, where the Hayward Fault enters San Pablo Bay, and are spaced 2.5 km apart. Topographic profiles shown on the seismicity cross sections were generated using U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5‐min, 30‐m digital elevation models. Relocation of seismicity data was accomplished using a regional double‐difference method. The double‐difference method incorporates ordinary travel time measurements and cross correlation of P and S wave differential travel time measurements. Relative locations between earthquakes have hypocentral errors of about 100 m horizontally and 250 m vertically. Absolute location uncertainties were not determined but are probably dramatically improved compared to the USGS's Northern California Seismic Network catalog data.
Prediction of theDstindex using multiresolution wavelet models
Authors: Wei H. L. , Billings S. A. , Balikhin M.
Published: July 2004

A new identification approach is introduced for predicting theDstindex using multiresolution B‐spline wavelet models based on an observational data set consisting ofVBs, the solar wind parameter, as the input and theDstindex as the output. The relationship between the inputVBsand outputDstis initially described using a B‐spline wavelet model. This model is then simplified using an orthogonal least squares and error reduction ratio (OLS‐ERR) algorithm by selecting the significant model terms to produce a parsimonious wavelet model. Forecasts of theDstindex are then computed based on this model.
Wave rafting and the equilibrium pancake ice cover thickness
Authors: Dai Mingrui , Shen Hayley H. , Hopkins Mark A. , Ackley Stephen F.
Published: July 2004

Pancake ice, the circular floes formed during ice growth in a wave field, forms in many polar and subpolar seas. Vertical thin sections of cores taken from the ice cover in these regions show distinct layering structure. These observations suggest wave rafting could play a significant role in defining the ice cover thickness, much more so than thermodynamic growth. Although wave rafting is intuitively apparent, no previous study relating the resulting ice cover to wave characteristics has been conducted. In this study we utilize both laboratory experiments and numerical simulations to determine the rafting process. We propose a theory that predicts a final equilibrium thickness, provided that the incoming wave is kept constant. The equilibrium thickness from the theory is proportional to the square of the wave amplitude and the square of the floe diameter and is inversely proportional to the cube of the wavelength. This theory relates the final ice cover thickness to the wave characteristics and the size and surface properties of the pancake ice floes. This theory also provides a way to calculate the speed with which the boundary between the single‐layer pancake ice floes and the equilibrium rafted ice cover propagates. We conduct laboratory experiments with plastic model pancake ice to create rafting. We perform computer simulations with a three‐dimensional discrete element model that simulates the movement of disc‐shaped floes in the wave field. We compare the theoretical result with the laboratory experiments and a numerically simulated rafting process. Both the laboratory and the computer simulation results compare favorably with the theory.
A geostatistical approach to surface flux estimation of atmospheric trace gases
Authors: Michalak Anna M. , Bruhwiler Lori , Tans Pieter P.
Published: July 2004

Inverse modeling methods have been used to estimate surface fluxes of atmospheric trace gases such as CFCs, CH4, and CO2 on the basis of atmospheric mass fraction measurements. A majority of recent studies use a classical Bayesian setup, in which prior flux estimates at regional or grid scales are specified in order to further constrain the flux estimates. This paper, on the other hand, explores the applicability of using a geostatistical approach to the inverse problem, a Bayesian method in which the prior probability density function is based on an assumed form for the spatial and/or temporal correlation of the surface fluxes, and no prior flux estimates are specified. The degree to which surface fluxes at two points are expected to be correlated is defined as a function of the separation distance in space or in time between the two points. Flux estimates obtained in this manner are not subject to some of the limitations associated with traditional Bayesian inversions, such as potential biases created by the choice of prior fluxes and aggregation error resulting from the use of large regions with prescribed flux patterns. In essence, they shed light on the information contained in the measurements themselves. The geostatistical algorithm is tested using CO2 pseudodata at 39 observation locations to recover surface fluxes on a 3.75° latitude by 5.0° longitude grid. Results show that CO2 surface flux variations can be recovered on a significantly smaller scale than that imposed by inversions that group surface fluxes into a small number of large regions.
Aircraft measurements of high average charges on cloud drops in layer clouds
Authors: Beard Kenneth V. , Ochs Harry T. , Twohy Cynthia H.
Published: July 2004

The first reliable aircraft measurements of characteristic cloud drop charges were obtained by utilizing a counterflow virtual impactor to substantially increase charge sensitivity and eliminate spurious contact charging that contaminated previous aircraft measurements. We find average drop charges more than an order of magnitude larger than expected from mountain surface measurements in similar clouds. Our evaluation of the data indicates that the high average charges on cloud drops originate in charge layers at the cloud boundaries and are carried into the cloud layer by vertical motions. These initial aircraft results demonstrate that cloud drop charges in layer clouds may be high enough to influence microphysical processes that promote precipitation.
Linear dependence of the postsunset equatorial anomaly electron density on solar flux and its relation to the maximum prereversal E × B drift velocity through its dependence on solar flux
Authors: Whalen James A.
Published: July 2004

The postsunset equatorial ionization anomaly, with maximum F layer electron density, Nemax, occurring near 2100 LT, has been found during solar maximum to be a linear function of the maximum prereversal E × B drift velocity (E × B drift). In order to examine this relation at all levels of solar flux, Nemax is measured during 13 years of an entire solar cycle by eight ionospheric sounders located in the anomaly in both north and south dip latitudes and in eastern Asia, the Pacific, and South America. At each location the monthly median Nemax increases linearly with the monthly average solar flux, Sa, over the range from 70 to 285 sfu. The linear function varies markedly with location and by month at each location. The relation to E × B drift, which is also a linear function of Sa, is determined using measurements of Nemax versus Sa measured at Bogota in the anomaly plotted as a function of E × B versus Sa measured at Jicamarca at the dip equator. The result is that Nemax is a linear function of E × B, which is in agreement with that found previously during solar maximum. Accordingly, the Nemax versus E × B relation is independent of Sa. The fact that Nemax is linear in Sa at each site implies Nemax is linear in E × B at each but with a functional dependence that varies with latitude and longitude.
Hydrographic response of Holandsfjord to changed freshwater runoff
Authors: Green J. A. M. , Molvaer J. , Stigebrandt A.
Published: July 2004

The observed hydrographic conditions in the upper layers of the Norwegian Holandsfjord are analyzed as functions of the location and strength of the freshwater discharge. The data sets were sampled over 21 years and consist of mostly fortnightly observations of salinity and temperature at several stations along the fjord and daily estimates or observations of the freshwater supply. The freshwater runoff to Holandsfjord was regulated and relocated to a hydroelectric power plant at the innermost end of the fjord in 1993, and by transfer of water from neighboring watersheds the yearly average freshwater discharge increased by a factor greater than 2. Before the regulation the freshwater content in the fjord was hydraulically controlled somewhere in the outer part of the fjord, and this control remains after the regulation and has been located. When the power plant is in operation a hydraulic control appears at Enganes, the narrow contraction between the outer and inner parts of the fjord. The present investigation also shows that the surface layer responds to the regulated freshwater supply with a decreased surface layer salinity, an increased freshwater content, and an increased rate of flushing. The mean value of the wind power mixing buoyancy in the surface layer is estimated to be 6–7 mW m−2.
Multicellular microorganisms: laboratory versus nature
Authors: Palková Zdena
Published: July 2004

Our present in‐depth knowledge of the physiology and regulatory mechanisms of microorganisms has arisen from our ability to remove them from their natural, complex ecosystems into pure liquid cultures. These cultures are grown under optimized laboratory conditions and allow us to study microorganisms as individuals. However, microorganisms naturally grow in conditions that are far from optimal, which causes them to become organized into multicellular communities that are better protected against the harmful environment. Moreover, this multicellular existence allows individual cells to differentiate and acquire specific properties, such as forming resistant spores, which benefit the whole population. The relocation of natural microorganisms to the laboratory can result in their adaptation to these favourable conditions, which is accompanied by complex changes that include the repression of some protective mechanisms that are essential in nature. Laboratory microorganisms that have been cultured for long periods under optimized conditions might therefore differ markedly from those that exist in natural ecosystems.
Variational approach to gas flows in microchannels
Authors: Cercignani Carlo , Lampis Maria , Lorenzani Silvia
Published: July 2004

Gas flow rates in microchannels have been rigorously evaluated by means of a variational technique which applies to the integrodifferential form of the Boltzmann equation based on the Bhatnagar, Gross, and Krook model. The Maxwell scattering kernel has been used to describe the gas-wall interactions in the most general case of two surfaces with different accommodation coefficients.
Multiresolution quantum chemistry in multiwavelet bases: Analytic derivatives for Hartree–Fock and density functional theory
Authors: Yanai Takeshi , Fann George I. , Gan Zhengting , Harrison Robert J. , Beylkin Gregory
Published: July 2004

An efficient and accurate analytic gradient method is presented for Hartree–Fock and density functional calculations using multiresolution analysis in multiwavelet bases. The derivative is efficiently computed as an inner product between compressed forms of the density and the differentiated nuclear potential through the Hellmann–Feynman theorem. A smoothed nuclear potential is directly differentiated, and the smoothing parameter required for a given accuracy is empirically determined from calculations on six homonuclear diatomic molecules. The derivatives of N2 molecule are shown using multiresolution calculation for various accuracies with comparison to correlation consistent Gaussian-type basis sets. The optimized geometries of several molecules are presented using Hartree–Fock and density functional theory. A highly precise Hartree–Fock optimization for the H2O molecule produced six digits for the geometric parameters.
Infrared spectrum and stability of a π-type hydrogen-bonded complex between the OH and C2H2 reactants
Authors: Davey James B. , Greenslade Margaret E. , Marshall Mark D. , Lester Marsha I. , Wheeler Martyn D.
Published: July 2004

A hydrogen-bonded complex between the hydroxyl radical and acetylene has been stabilized in the reactant channel well leading to the addition reaction and characterized by infrared action spectroscopy in the OH overtone region. Analysis of the rotational band structure associated with the a-type transition observed at 6885.53(1) cm−1 (origin) reveals a T-shaped structure with a 3.327(5) Å separation between the centers of mass of the monomer constituents. The OH (v=1) product states populated following vibrational predissociation show that dissociation proceeds by two mechanisms: intramolecular vibrational to rotational energy transfer and intermolecular vibrational energy transfer. The highest observed OH product state establishes an upper limit of 956 cm−1 for the stability of the π-type hydrogen-bonded complex. The experimental results are in good accord with the intermolecular distance and well depth at the T-shaped minimum energy configuration obtained from complementary ab initio calculations, which were carried out at the restricted coupled cluster singles, doubles, noniterative triples level of theory with extrapolation to the complete basis set limit.
Modeling velocity autocorrelation functions for confined fluids using γ distributions
Authors: Krishnan S. H. , Ayappa K. G.
Published: July 2004

We propose a model for the short-time dynamics of fluids confined in slit-shaped pores. The model has been developed from the observation that the real lobe of the instantaneous normal mode density of states (INM DOS) closely follows a γ distribution. By proposing that the density of states of the confined fluid can be represented by a γ distribution, the resulting velocity autocorrelation function (VACF) is constructed such that it is accurate upto the fourth frequency moment. The proposed model results in an analytical expression for the VACF and relaxation times. The VACFs obtained from the model have been compared with the VACFs obtained from molecular dynamic simulations and INM analysis for fluids confined in slit-shaped pores over a wide range of confinement and temperatures. The model is seen to capture the short-time behavior of the VACF extremely accurately and in this region is superior to the predictions of the VACF obtained from the real lobe of the INM DOS. Although the model predicts a zero self-diffusivity, the predicted relaxation times are in better agreement with the molecular dynamics results when compared with those obtained from the INM theory.