bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A clinical and microbiological evaluation of systemic and local metronidazole delivery in adult periodontitis patients
Authors: Noyan Üikü , Yilmaz Selçuk , Kuru Bahar , Kadir Tanju , Acar Okan , Büget Ergene
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present study describes results on selected clinical and microbiological parameters obtained by treatment with local (Elyzol®) and systemic (Flagyl®) use of metronidazole alone and/or mechanical subgingival debridement in adult periodontitis. Patients were randomly divided into local and systemic treatment groups each comprising 5 individuals in each of whom 4 sites (one site/quadrant) with a probing depth of mm were selected and treated with separate treatment modalities. The overall treatment design provided 6 different test groups. Groups of quadrants received: (1) scaling and root planing; (2) local metronidazole treatment: (3) systemic metronidazole treatment; (4) local melronidazole combined with scaling and root planing; (5) systemic metronidazole combined with scaling and root planing; (6) no treatment. The microbiological and clinical effects of treatment modalities were monitored over a period of 42 days. All treatments resulted in clinical improvements (gingivitis, probing pocket depth, attachment level) except for the untreated group. Parallel to the clinical changes, all treatments reduced the number of total bacteria and proportions of obligately anaerobic microorganisms. Although both of the combined treatment groups responded to therapy with better resolution of infection than the pure mechanical and pure metronidazole treatments, local metronidazole in combination with scaling and root planing seems to be more effective in terms of producing both clinical and microbial improvements.
The achievement and maintenance of inter‐examiner consistency in the assessment of plaque and gingivitis during a multicentre study based in general dental practices
Authors: Eaton K.A. , Rimini F.M. , Zak E. , Brookman D.J. , Newman H.N.
Published: December 2005

Abstract This study set out lo demonstrate that it was possible to train general dental pracitioners (gdps) to achieve and maintain high levels of inter‐examiner consistency in the use of simple periodontal indices over a 12‐month period. The gdps were trained by one trainer in the use of the plaque index (PlI) and a modified version of the gingival index (mGI) which assessed gingival bleeding only. All the gdps underwent intensive training and employed a technique, when assessing inter‐examiner consistency in the use of the PlI, such that the 1st examiner did not disturb in situ plaque from 50% of the circumference of a tooth. The problem of variation due to repeat probing, when assessing inter‐examiner consistency for mGI, was overcome by one examiner lightly probing gingival margins and both examiners scoring the results. The problems relating to the multicentre nature of the study included: distance between the centres, the need for strict adherence to the study protocol, consistency in the use of forms arid instruments, in the application of periodontal indices, and of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Techniques for overcoming these problems included: the planning and application of a coherent study design, which employed simple indices, a detailed protocol, the recruitment of very well‐motivated gdps of similar age and experience as examiners, the recruitment of an experienced trainer who trained the gdps thoroughly and monitored their performance throughout the study, and repeat visits to the practices involved to explain the nature of the study to all their staff members. Initially, the gdps achieved inter‐examiner K scores of 0.78–0.85 (mean 0.81) for PlI and of 0.73–0.94 (mean 0.87) for mGI when assessing 168 sites for each variable. During the following 12 months, individual κ scores, assessed every 3 months at 42 sites, ranged from 0.51–0.90 for P1I and from 0.73–1.00 for mGL Mean κ for PlI scores achieved by the five gdps fell during the study from 0.81 to 0.76, whereas that for mGI rose from 0.87 to 0.92. It is concluded that it is possible lo train gdps to achieve high levels of inter‐examiner consistency in the use of P1I and mGI and for these high levels to be maintained during a 12‐month multicentre study.
The oral hygiene and gingival health of paraplegic inpatients ‐a cross‐sectional survey
Authors: Lancashire P. , Janzen J. , Zach G.A. , Addy M.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Physical and/or mental handicaps are known to directly or indirectly compromise hygiene habits including oral hygiene. It is recommended that handicapped patients, their parents or care workers require from an early stage dental health education and active involvement in preventive programmes. This study surveyed the oral hygiene of paraplegic patients in a specialised centre to determine their oral hygiene needs. Most patients had moderate to poor oral hygiene and gingivitis was prevalent and severe. Plaque and gingivitis was increased in quadriplegic compared to hemiplegic patients. The data indicate that as part of rehabilitation of paraplegic patients there is a need for oral hygiene programmes to be established.
Reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in inflammatory diseases
Authors: Chapple I. L. C.
Published: December 2005

This paper aims to review the role of free radical‐induced tissue damage and antioxidant defence mechanisms in inflammatory diseases that involve pathogenic processes similar to the periodontal diseases. There is a clearly defined and substantial role for free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS) in periodontitis. but little research has been performed in this area. This paper reviews the considerable data available relating ROS activity and antioxidant deference to inflammatory diseases and attempts to draw parallels with periodontitis. in an effort to stimulate more periodontal research in this important area. The recent discovery of the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB) is reviewed and several potential pathways for cytokine‐induced periodontal tissue damage, mediated by NF‐κB, are discussed. Emphasis is placed on cytokines that have been studied in periodontitis. principally TNF‐α IL‐I, IL‐6. IL‐8 and β‐interferon. The link between cellular production of such important mediators of inflammation and the antioxidant (AO) thiols. cysteine and reduced glutathione (GSH), is discussed and it is hypothesised that NF‐κB antagonists may offer important therapeutic benefits.
Marginal bone level buccal to mandibular molars in digital radiographs from charge‐coupled device and storage phosphor systems
Authors: Borg Eva , Gröndahl Kerstin , Gröndahl Hans‐Göran
Published: December 2005

The aim of this in vitro study was to compare bone loss measurements in the furcation area of mandibular molars in digital radiographs from a CCD‐(Sens‐A‐Ray®) and a storage phosphor (Digora®) system. 10 1st and 7 2nd mandibular molars, with intact lingual but reduced buccal bone with furcation involvements, were used. Radiographs were first taken with lead markers at the most apical part of the buccal bone and at the cemento‐enamel junction. These radiographs were used to establish a radiographically true distance between the CEJ and the buccal bone level. The lead marker at the CEJ served as a reference point for the observers' subsequent estimates of the extent of bone removed, which were made in radiographs without lead markers at the bone level. 1 exposure (400 ms) for the CCD‐ and 5 (160 ms, 200 ms, 250 ms, 320 ms, 400 ms) for the storage phosphor system were used. Measurements were made in unprocessed (original) and processed images (contrast enhanced and/or high pass filtered). The results showed underestimation of bone loss, but smaller than previously reported for film radiographs. No significant difference was found between the 2 systems when compared at the same exposure. Nor were any significant differences found between unprocessed and processed images or between storage phosphor images from different exposures. We conclude that digital radiographs are comparable to film based radiographs for measurement of buccal bone loss but that lower exposures can be used, especially with the storage phosphor system.
Self‐concept and dental health behaviours in adolescents
Authors: Macgregor I. D. M. , Regis D. , Balding J.
Published: December 2005

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the relation between some dental health behaviours and 2 measures of self‐concept in adolescents. Data from a survey of 41142, 12–16–year‐old children from 244 secondary schools though out England were analysed to obtain information about their frequencies of toothbrushing. use of dental floss and dental attendance, and whether they recalled advice about toothbrushing. in relation to self‐esteem and health locus of control (HLOC). Subjects completed a questionnaire, anonymously, in school class. The results showed a significant positive correlation (Spearman) between the frequencies of flossing and toothbrushing, in both sexes, and between social group and toothbrushing frequency, where brushing frequency increased as socio‐ economic status improved. Some association between use of floss and social group emerged, but this was smaller and less consistent than that observed with toothbrushing brushing frequency. Self‐esteem was positively correlated with toothbrushing frequency at ages 12–15 years, while HLOC showed correlations at some ages but not others. Use of dental floss showed no relation to self‐concept. Subjects with more favourable self‐concept were more likely to make more frequent dental visits than those with a poorer self‐view. There was a strong and consistent correlation between recalled advice about toothbrushing and lower self‐ esteem and external locus of control. The results are in agreement with our earlier reports and suggest that self‐concept may play a significant role in mediating changes in dental health behaviour.
Periodontal regeneration of intrabony defects with resorbable and non‐resorbable membranes: 30‐month results
Authors: Christgau M. , Schmalz1 G. , Wenzel A. , Hiller K.‐A.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of this prospective split‐mouth‐study was to compare the healing results in intrabony defects 12 and 30 months after placement of resorbable (polyglactin‐910) and non‐resorbable (e‐PTFE) GTR‐membranes. 11 healthy patients with 30 defects participated. 10 patients with 10 pairs of contralateral lesions, which were treated with both membrane types, were included in the split‐mouth‐design. Furthermore, in an additional group‐design all 30 (16 polyglactin‐910 and 14 e‐PTFE) treated sites were evaluated. Clinical examinations (PBI, REC, PPD, PAL) and radiographic examinations were carried out under standardized conditions immediately before as well as 12 and 30 months after surgery. Additionally, for the assessment of the effectiveness of the 2 membranes by comparing the regeneration results of different defects, the vertical relative attachment gain (V‐rAG) was calculated as a% of the PAL gain related to the maximum possible attachment gain (expressed by the baseline depth of the osseous defect intraoperatively measured). Digital subtraction radiography (DSR) was carried out for the quantitative assessment of bone density changes due to GTR. In the split‐mouth‐design, both types of membranes provided significant V‐rAGs (median) after 12 months (polyglactin: 81.7%: e‐PTFE: 100.0%) and after 30 months (polyglactin: 69.1%: e‐PTFE: 83.8%) compared to baseline. In 90.0% of the polyglactin and e‐PTFE sites, a probing attachment gain of at least 2 mm was maintained over the 30‐month period. However, in 2 polyglactin treated sites, and 5 e‐PTFE treated sites, a new attachment loss was found between 12 and 30 months. DSR showed bone density gain 12 and 30 months postsurgically. No statistically significant differences could be observed between the 2 membrane materials with regard to clinical and radiographic findings. This was confirmed when considering the total number of defects (group‐design). In conclusion, based on this 30‐month‐study resorbable polyglactin membranes may be regarded as a useful alternative to the well established e‐PTFE membranes for the treatment of intrabony defects.
The relationship between life‐events and periodontitis A case‐control study
Authors: Croucher Ray , Marcenes Wagner Segura , Torres Maria Cynesia M. B. , Hughes Francis , Sheiham Aubrey
Published: December 2005

Abstract This case‐control study (n=100 dental patients, matched for age and sex) investigated the rôle of life‐events in periodontitis. Data collected included life events, tobacco use, oral health behaviours and socio‐demographics. The results of conditional simple logistic regression analysis showed that periodontitis was associated with the negative impact of life‐events (p<0.01), the number of negative life‐events (p<0.05), high levels of dental plaque (p<0.01), tobacco smoking (p<0.01) and being unemployed (p<0.05). These associations remained statistically significant after adjusting for oral health behaviour and socio‐demo‐graphic variables, but not tobacco smoking (p>0.05). Marital status became statistically significant after adjusting for the other variables (p<0.05). A model is suggested to explain the pathways through which life events may affect periodontal health. It was concluded that psychosocial factors and oral health risk behaviours cluster together as important determinants of periodontitis.
Subpedicle connective tissue graft versus free gingival graft in the coverage of exposed root surfaces A 5‐year clinical study
Authors: Paolantonio1 Michele , Murro Carlo di , Cattabriga Alessia , Cattabriga Marcello
Published: December 2005

Abstract The authors compared the clinical results obtained in gingival recession correction treatment using free gingival and bilaminar connective subpedicle grafts. 35 patients were treated with free gingival grafts (Group A) and 35 with subpedicle grafts (Group B). Class I and II Miller gingival recessions were chosen for treatment by the 2 procedures. The degree of gingival recession (GR), keratinized tissue (KT) and the exposed root surface area (ERSA) were measured preoperatively and again 5 years post‐surgery. Bilaminar connective grafting showed better results in reducing the amount of GR while both techniques significantly increased the width of KT (p>0.05). The mean % of root coverage obtained in patients in group A was 53.19%±21.48, whereas for the group B. 85.23%±17.86 of exposed root surface was covered post surgical intervention (p<0.001). In group A. only 3 patients (8.75%) showed a complete resolution of gingival recession after treatment, whereas in group B. 17 subjects (48.57%) presented with complete coverage. On the basis of these results, the authors conclude that the subpedicle graft promises better results in the coverage of exposed root surfaces when compared with the free gingival graft.
Gingival phenotypes in young male adults
Authors: Müller Hans‐Peter , Eger Thomas
Published: December 2005

Abstract In a previous study on 42 young adult, periodontally healthy subjects without any attrition, abrasion or crown restoration, gingival thickness (GTH) was determined at facial aspects of premolars, canines and incisors by a novel ultrasonic device. GTH strongly depended on periodontal probing depth, width of gingiva (WG), and tooth type. Whereas the ratio of crown width to its length (CW/CL) was not identified as an explanatory variable, a significant influence of the subject was ascertained. The aim of the present study was to extend these analyses in order to identify subjects with different morphological characteristics of gingiva, i.e., gingival phenotypes. When employing cluster analysis on standardized parameters mean GTH, WG and CW/CL of upper canines, lateral and central incisors, 3 clusters were identified. Cluster A comprised 2/3 of subjects, displaying “normal” GTH, WG and CW/CL. Cluster B (n=9, 21%) had a significantly thicker and wider gingiva, and a more quadratic form of upper front teeth. A 3rd cluster (cluster C, n=5, 12%) was identified showing “normal” GTH, high CW/CL, but a narrow zone of keratinized tissue. Some characteristics of gingival phenotype of the upper front tooth region were also found at upper premolars (WG, CW/CL) but in general not at mandibular teeth. Present results clearly indicate evidence for the existence of different gingival phenotypes. Clinical relevance of these observations has to be tested in longitudinal studies.
Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid concentrations in gingival crevicular fluid
Authors: Tenenbaum H. , Jehl F. , Gallion C. , Dahan M.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The β‐lactams are bactericidal antibiotics, but some of them may be inactivated by bacterial β‐lactamases which destroy the β‐lactam ring. The inactivation of amoxicilhn by β‐Iactamases of gram negative anaerobic bacteria can be circumvented by the addition of clavulanic acid, a β‐lactamases inhibitor. Thus, most of these bacteria are susceptible to this combination. The aim of this study was to investigate the concentrations of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). These concentrations were measured in 20 patients with rapidly progressive periodontitis 1 h after a dose of 500 mg (1 tablet Augmentin®) on day 0 and 1 h after the 10th intake on day 3. For the sampling of GCF, Periopapers® were introduced in 16 gingival sites per subject and time. The GCF volumes collected were estimated using the Periotron 6000®. A high performance liquid chromatography method has been developed for the determination of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid in microsamples (1 to 10 μl) of GCF. The concentrations of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid were respectively, 14.05 μg ml‐1 and 0.40 μg ml‐1 at day 0.13.93 μg ml‐1 and 0.37 μg ml‐1 at day 3. Effective levels of amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, well above the minimal inhibitory concentrations of some susceptible periodontal anaerobes (P. intermedia) involved in destructive periodontal diseases, are achieved following the multiple administration of amoxicillin combined with clavulanic acid.
Loss of deciduous teeth and germs of permanent incisors in a 4‐year‐old child. An atypic prepubertal periodontitis? A clinical, microbiological, immunological and ultrastructural study
Authors: Sixou J. L , Robert J. C. , Bonnaure‐Mallet M.
Published: December 2005

Abstract A 4‐year‐old child was referred, in April 1988, to Rennes Dental School (France) for deciduous tooth mobility with premature loss of 4 deciduous teeth and germs of 2 permanent incisors. Microbiological examinations by culture revealed the presence of the periodontal pathogen Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Immunofluorescence of plaque samples revealed the presence of Porphyromonas gingivalis that had not been isolated by culture. Neutrophil functions were within normal ranges. Transmission electron microscopy of gingiva showed a disorganised epithelium. The connective tissue was infiltrated by inflammatory cells. The basement membranes were normal, but the connective tissue‐epithelium interface was mainly composed of short rete pegs. Scanning electron microscopy of extracted deciduous teeth revealed lack of cementum, lacunae in the cementum and lack of fibrillar insertion on the middle part of the root. Skin lesions, mainly situated on face, were observed. Treatment was by extraction of mobile deciduous teeth combined with 3‐week courses of metronidazole. Clinical and microbiological follow‐up was continued over a 7‐year period. No periodontal lesions have been detected since eruption of the permanent teeth. The present subgingival and lingual microflora (December 1995) is composed of bacteria associated with periodontal health. However, the future appearance of a hitherto undetected systemic disease is still possible.
The use of a triclosan/copolymer dentifrice may retard the progression of periodontitis
Authors: Rosling B. , Wannfors B. , Volpe A. R. , Furuichl Y. , Ramberg P. , Lindhe J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present investigation was performed to examine if triclosan and a copolymer, incorporated in a dentifrice and used by periodontitis‐susceptible subjects could influence clinical symptoms characteristic of recurrent periodontitis. 60 subjects, 34 to 67 years of age, were recruited for the study. They were randomly selected from a group of patients previously treated for advanced periodontal disease. This treatment had included oral hygiene instruction, subgingival debridement, but no surgical therapy. The patients had, during a 3‐5 year period following active therapy, been enrolled in a maintenance care program but had, at various intervals, exhibited signs of recurrent periodontitis. The patients were stratified into 2 balanced groups with respect to mean probing pocket depth. The test group, included 30 individuals who used a dentifrice containing triclosan/copolymer/fluoride, i.e. 0.3% triclosan, 2% copolymer and 1100 ppm F from 0.243% sodium fluoride (Colgate Total®). The control group also included 30 subjects who used a dentifrice identical to the one used in the test group but without the triclosan/copolymer content. Following the baseline examination, including clinical and radiographical assessments, all volunteers received detailed information on how to brush their teeth in a proper way. This information was repeated on an individual need basis during the course of the subsequent 36 months. No professional subgingival therapy was delivered between the baseline and the 36‐month examinations, but the subjects were recalled every 3 months. Re‐examinations were performed after 6, 12, 24, and 36 months of the trial. A 2nd set of radiographs was obtained at the final examination, i.e., at 36 months. The restilts demonstrated that in subjects susceptible to periodontal disease, meticulous, self‐performed, supragingival plaque control maintained over a 3‐year period failed to prevent recurrent periodontitis. In a similar group of subjects and plaque control program, however, the daily use of a triclos‐an‐containing dentifrice reduced (i) the frequency of deep periodontal pockets, and (ii) the number of sites that exhibited additional probing attachment and bone loss.
The regenerative potential of oxytalan fibers An experimental study in the monkey
Authors: Sculean A. , Karring T. , Theilade J. , Lioubavina N.
Published: December 2005

AbstractAlthough a number of studies have described the oxytalan fibers as being a natural component of the periodontal ligament, little information exists about the regenerative potential of these connective tissue fibers. The aim of the present study was to examine whether oxytalan fibers have the capacity to reform after regenerative periodontal therapy, Intrabony defects were produced surgically at the mesial aspects of teeth 37, 35, 45, 47 and at the distal aspects of teeth 11, 21, 31, 41 in one monkey(Macaca faseicularis).After 3 months, the defects were exposed using a full‐thickness flap procedure. The root surfaces were debrided and subsequently PDGF‐growth factors were placed in the defects. 4 of the 8 sites were covered with a bioresorbable membrane before closure of the wound. Post‐surgically, antibiotics were given systemically for 1 week, and tooth cleaning was carried out 1 × a week during the entire experimental period. After 5 months, the animal was sacrificed and the oral tissues were fixed by perfusion with 10% buffered formalin. Specimens containing the defects and surrounding tissues were dissected free and histological sections were cut in the mesio‐distal direction, parallel to the long axes of the teeth. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin or with the oxone‐aldehyde‐fuchsin‐Halmi staining method and subsequently examined in the light and in the electron microscope. The results revealed that new oxytalan fibers oriented mainly in an apico‐occlusal direction had developed in the regenerated periodontal ligament. Many of the newly‐formed fibers were inserted into the new cementum, thus suggesting a strong relationship between this tissue and the oxytalan fibers. It is concluded that the regenerated periodontal ligament connective tissue formed after surgery contains oxytalan fibers similar to those present in the original tissue. These results demonstrate that oxytalan fibers develop de novo in the newly‐formed periodontal ligament.
Attachment loss and serum antibody levels against autologous and reference strains of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in untreated localized juvenile periodontitis patients
Authors: Tinoco Eduardo M. B. , Lyngstadaas Ståle P. , Preus Hans R. , Gjermo Per
Published: December 2005

Abstract Immunological data have been suggested to be a potential tool in the diagnosis, classification and monitoring of periodontal diseases. However, the role of circulating antibodies in periodontal patients is poorly understood. Patients suffering from localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) are often reported to show high titers of serum IgG antibodies against Aetinobaeillus actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcotnitans), but several affected patients do not. Most studies use well‐known reference strains of the bacterium for testing against the patients' sera. The aim of the present investigation was to study the relationship between serum IgG antibody levels to autologous A. actinomycetemcomitans strains and clinical attachment loss (CAL). In addition, we wanted to assess the patients’serum titers against 4 well‐known reference strains of the bacterium as well as their general potential immunoglobulin response. Intravenous blood samples were taken from 23 LJP patients and 10 healthy individuals, and autologous A. actinomycetemcomitans strains were cultured from 18 of the L.JP patients. CAL was measured at 4 different sites around ail present teeth and assessed as a % of teeth with at least 1 site moderately ≥2<5 mm) or severely (≥5 mm) involved. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to evaluate the serum titers of IgG antibodies to A. actinomycetemcomitans antigens. No significant correlation was found between serum IgG antibody titers to autologous strains and CAL. However, there was a trend that low responders had more moderately affected teeth than had high responders and patients with undetectable A. actinomycetemcomitans levels, which is in agreement with a hypothetically protective role of the antibodies. The total counts of immunoglobulin assessed in all participants showed that the predominant class was IgG and the reference group displayed significantly less (p<0.05) IgG and IgG1 counts than the LJP patients. Both the reaction pattern against reference and autologous strains varied widely. We conclude that the specific antibody response against A. actinomycetemcomitans shows a weak correlation to clinical attachment levels in LJP patients.
Behavioral risk indicators of attachment loss in adult Floridians
Authors: Dolan Teresa A. , Gilbert Gregg H. , Ringelberg Melvin L. , Legler Donals W. , Antonson Donald E. , Foerster Ulrich , Heft Marc W.
Published: December 2005

Abstract This study investigated behavioral and sociodemographic risk indicators of attachment loss (AL) at baseline in subjects of the Florida Dental Care Study. 873 subjects with at least 1 tooth, and who were 45+ years or older, participated for an in‐person interview and dental examination; 761 subjects were probed for AL. Calibrated examiners used a modified NIDR protocol from the 1985–86 Survey of US Employed Adults and Seniors. Results were weighted to reflect actual population proportions. 92% of subjects had at least 1 site of 4+ mm AL, and 35% had at least 1 severe site (7+ mm AL). In a single multivariate regression, not having a recent dental check‐up, not using dental floss, being a current smoker, and being diabetic were significantly associated with a higher probability of having 1 or more severe sites. Blacks were less likely than whites to be regular users of dental care, use dental floss, and be non‐smokers. Similar findings were found for low income adults and rural residents. Risk groups (low income, blacks, rural residents) were more likely to present with modifiable risk indicators for AL, suggesting the need for targeted interventionss
A clinical comparison of 2 electric toothbrush designs
Authors: Shibly Othman , Schifferle Robert E. , Ciancio Sebastian G. , Tarakji Majd , Mather Maryanne L.
Published: December 2005

Abstract A single blind 30 day study compared the reduction of plaque and gingivitis for the Hapika® Powerbrush to the Interplak® ultra 10 tuft. A longitudinal parallel group design was utilized and screening evaluation was performed to determine patient eligibility prior to study enrollment. 66 subjects were entered into the study and assigned to 1 of 2 groups, each using one of the toothbrushes. At baseline, subjects received an oral soft tissue exam, a dental hard tissue exam, and were scored by the Lobene modification of the Löe and Silness gingival index (GI). Plaque was then disclosed and scored both pre and post brushing using the modified Turesky plaque/debris examination and an interproximal bleeding examination was performed post‐brushing. On days 15 and 30, after an oral soft tissue and GI examination, plaque was graded by the Modified Turesky plaque/debris exam. Subjects then brushed and were graded by the Modified Turesky plaque/debris examination and an interproximal bleeding index examination. The results showed that both brushes provided a similar change in clinical indices. All produced a statistically significant reduction from baseline to day 30 for the gingival index (26.5‐29.1%), the bleeding index (13.8‐24.1%), and the plaque index (16.9‐19.4%), A comparison of pre and post brushing scores for the plaque index at 30 showed that both brushes reduced plaque similarly with a statistically significant reduction (P<0.05) from their pre‐brushing plaque index scores at all time periods.
Factors related to Periotest values in endosseal implants: a 9‐year follow‐up
Authors: Salonen M. A. M. , Raustia A. M. , Kainulainen V. , Oikarinen K. S.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Periotest values (PTV) of successful endosseal implants of 2 one‐stage implant systems, TPS and ITI, were followed from 3 months to 9 years in order to determine the factors that contribute to the values. 128 TPS screw implants were inserted in the lower jaw of 34 subjects, (mean age 55 years), for retaining overdentures. 108 ITI implants were inserted in the upper and lower jaws in 50 subjects (mean age 42 years), for retaining overdentures, crowns and bridges. PTVs were first measured after the osseointegration period and thereafter annually. First of all, there was a difference between the 2 implant systems. Mean PTVs of TPS bicortical screws were significantly lower (p<0.05) than those of ITI implants (screws, hollow‐screws, hollow‐cylinders). Factors which significantly contributed to PTVs of ITI implants were jaw (upper/lower), implant length and region of the jaw in which the implant was inserted. PTVs of ITI implants in the lower jaw were lower than in the upper jaw (p<0.05). The length of implant had no effect on PTVs in the lower jaw, but in the upper jaw, PTVs of ITI 8–10‐mm implants were lower than 12‐mm implants (p<0.05). PTVs of implants inserted in the anterior region of the upper jaw were higher than those in the posterior region (p<0.05). In conclusion, bone quality and implant length had a statistically significant effect on implant mobility in long‐term follow‐up. PTVs of various implant systems, however, differ, a fact that must be taken into account in evaluating the success of implants.
The Mechanism of Salmonella Entry Determines the Vacuolar Environment and Intracellular Gene Expression
Authors: Drecktrah Dan , Knodler Leigh A. , Ireland Robin , Steele‐Mortimer Olivia
Published: December 2005

Macrophages are an important intracellular niche for Salmonella particularly for systemic infection. The interaction of Salmonella with these cells is mediated by two type III secretion systems (TTSS), encoded on Salmonella pathogenicity islands 1 and 2 (SPI1, SPI2), which mediate distinct phases of the pathogen–host cell interaction. The SPI1 TTSS mediates invasion whereas the SPI2 TTSS is required for intramacrophage survival. Importantly, however, Salmonella can enter macrophages by either SPI1‐dependent invasion or host cell‐mediated phagocytosis. Here, we investigated how the mechanism of internalization affects the intracellular environment and TTSS gene expression. Intracellular bacterial survival depended on the method of entry, because complement‐opsonized and SPI1‐induced Salmonella initiated replication within 8 h whereas immunoglobulin G (IgG)‐opsonized and non‐opsonized Salmonella were initially killed. Analysis of vacuolar pH showed that acidification of the Salmonella‐containing vacuole occurred more rapidly for non‐opsonized or SPI1‐induced Salmonella compared with IgG‐opsonized or complement‐opsonized Salmonella. Finally, quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to compare the transcriptional profiles of selected SPI1 and SPI2 regulon genes. We found that the magnitude of SPI2 gene induction depended on the mechanism of internalization. Unexpectedly, SPI1 genes, which are rapidly downregulated following SPI1‐mediated invasion, were induced intracellularly following phagocytic uptake. These results reveal another level of complexity in pathogen–macrophage interactions.
Mouse strain differences in autonomic responses to stress
Authors: Van Bogaert M. J. V. , Groenink L. , Oosting R. S. , Westphal K. G. C. , Van Der Gugten J. , Olivier B.
Published: December 2005

In humans, anxiety disorders are often accompanied by an overactive autonomic nervous system, reflected in increased body temperature (BT) and heart rate (HR). In rodents, comparable effects are found after exposure to stress. These autonomic parameters can give important information on stress and anxiety responses in mice. In the present experiments, stress reactivity of three frequently used mouse strains [129 Sv/Ev, Swiss Webster (SW) and C57 BL/6] was assessed using their autonomic stress responses. BT, HR and activity were telemetrically measured. Undisturbed circadian rhythms already showed clear differences between the mouse strains. Hereafter, autonomic responses to stressors with increasing intensity were measured. Strain differences were found in magnitude and duration of the stress responses, especially after high‐intensity stressors. Generally, C57BL/6 mice showed the largest autonomic response, SW the lowest and the 129Sv/Ev the intermediate response. Interestingly, the observed ranking in autonomic stress response does not match the behavioral stress responsivity of these strains. Finally, sensitivity to the anxiolytic diazepam (0, 1, 2, 4 and 8 mg/kg) was tested using the stress‐induced hyperthermia paradigm. Pharmacological sensitivity to diazepam differed between the strains with the 129Sv/Ev being most sensitive. These studies show that simultaneous measurement of behavioral and autonomic parameters under stressful conditions contributes considerably to a better interpretation of anxiety and stress levels in mice.
Synaptic hyperexcitability of deep layer neocortical cells in a genetic model of absence seizures
Authors: D'Antuono M. , Inaba Y. , Biagini G. , D'Arcangelo G. , Tancredi V. , Avoli M.
Published: December 2005

We used sharp‐electrode, intracellular recordings in an in vitro brain slice preparation to study the excitability of neocortical neurons located in the deep layers (>900 µm from the pia) of epileptic (180–210‐days old) Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) and age‐matched, non‐epileptic control (NEC) rats. Wistar Albino Glaxo/Rijswijk rats represent a genetic model of absence seizures associated with generalized spike and wave (SW) discharges in vivo. When filled with neurobiotin, these neurons had a typical pyramidal shape with extensive apical and basal dendritic trees; moreover, WAG/Rij and NEC cells had similar fundamental electrophysiological and repetitive firing properties. Sequences of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and hyperpolarizing inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) were induced in both the strains by electrical stimuli delivered to the underlying white matter or within the neocortex; however, in 24 of 55 regularly firing WAG/Rij cells but only in 2 of 25 NEC neurons, we identified a late EPSP that (1) led to action potential discharge and (2) was abolished by the N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist 3,3‐(2‐carboxypiperazine‐4‐yl)‐propyl‐1‐phosphonate (20 µM; n = 8/8 WAG/Rij cells). Finally, we found that the fast and slow components of the stimulus‐induced IPSPs recorded during the application of glutamatergic receptor antagonists had similar reversal potentials in the two strains, while the peak conductance of the fast IPSP was significantly reduced in WAG/Rij cells. These findings document an increase in synaptic excitability that is mediated by NMDA receptors, in epileptic WAG/Rij rat neurons located in neocortical deep layers. We propose that this mechanism may be instrumental for initiating and maintaining generalized SW discharges in vivo.
Association study of eight circadian genes with bipolar I disorder, schizoaffective disorder and schizophrenia
Authors: Mansour H. A. , Wood J. , Logue T. , Chowdari K. V. , Dayal M. , Kupfer D. J. , Monk T. H. , Devlin B. , Nimgaonkar V. L.
Published: December 2005

We hypothesize that circadian dysfunction could underlie, at least partially, the liability for bipolar 1 disorder (BD1). Our hypothesis motivated tests for the association between the polymorphisms of genes that mediate circadian function and liability for BD1. The US Caucasian patients with BD1 (DSM‐IV criteria) and available parents were recruited from Pittsburgh and surrounding areas (n = 138 cases, 196 parents) and also selected from the NIMH Genetics Collaborative Initiative (n = 96 cases, 192 parents). We assayed 44 informative single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from eight circadian genes in the BD1 samples. A population‐based sample, specifically cord blood samples from local live births, served as community‐based controls (n = 180). It was used as a contrast for genotype and haplotype distributions with those of patients. US patients with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder (SZ/SZA, n = 331) and available parents from Pittsburgh (n = 344) were assayed for a smaller set of SNPs based on the results from the BD1 samples. Modest associations with SNPs at ARNTL (BmaL1) and TIMELESS genes were observed in the BD1 samples. The associations were detected using family‐based and case–control analyses, albeit with different SNPs. Associations with TIMELESS and PERIOD3 were also detected in the Pittsburgh SZ/SZA group. Thus far, evidence for association between specific SNPs at the circadian gene loci and BD1 is tentative. Additional studies using larger samples are required to evaluate the associations reported here.
Recombinant inbreeding in mice reveals thresholds in embryonic corpus callosum development
Authors: Wahlsten D. , Bishop K. M. , Ozaki H. S.
Published: December 2005

The inbred strains BALB/cWah1 and 129P1/ReJ both show incomplete penetrance for absent corpus callosum (CC); about 14% of adult mice have no CC at all. Their F1hybrid offspring are normal, which proves that the strains differ at two or more loci pertinent to absent CC. Twenty‐three recombinant inbred lines were bred from the F2cross of BALB/c and 129, and several of these expressed a novel and severe phenotype after only three or four generations of inbreeding – total absence of the CC and severe reduction of the hippocampal commissure (HC) in every adult animal. As inbreeding progressed, intermediate sizes of the CC and the HC remained quite rare. This striking phenotypic distribution in adults arose from developmental thresholds in the embryo. CC axons normally cross to the opposite hemisphere via a tissue bridge in the septal region at midline, where the HC forms before CC axons arrive. The primary defect in callosal agenesis in the BALB/c and 129 strains is severe retardation of fusion of the hemispheres in the septal region, and failure to form a CC is secondary to this defect. The putative CC axons arrive at midline at the correct time and place in all groups, but in certain genotypes, the bridge is not yet present. The relative timing of axon growth and delay of the septal bridge create a narrow critical period for forming a normal brain.
The molecular genetics of cognition: dopamine, COMT and BDNF
Authors: Savitz J. , Solms M. , Ramesar R.
Published: December 2005

The important contribution of genetic factors to the development of cognition and intelligence is widely acknowledged, but identification of these genes has proven to be difficult. Given a variety of evidence implicating the prefrontal cortex and its dopaminergic circuits in cognition, most of the research conducted to date has focused on genes regulating dopaminergic function. Here we review the genetic association studies carried out on catechol‐O‐methyltransferase (COMT) and the dopamine receptor genes, D1, D2 and D4. In addition, the evidence implicating another promising candidate gene, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in neuropsychological function, is assessed. Both the COMT val158met polymorphism and the BDNF val66met variant appear to influence cognitive function, but the specific neurocognitive processes involved continue to be a matter of debate. Part of the difficulty is distinguishing between false positives, pleiotropy and the influence of a general intelligence factor, g. Also at issue is the complexity of the relevant neuromolecular pathways, which make the inference of simple causal relationships difficult. The implications of molecular genetic cognitive research for psychiatry are discussed in light of these data.
Tissue‐specific alternative splicing of BK channel transcripts in Drosophila
Authors: Yu J. Y. , Upadhyaya A. B. , Atkinson N. S.
Published: December 2005

BK‐type calcium‐activated potassium channels are large conductance channels that respond to changes in intracellular calcium and membrane potential. These channels are used in a wide variety of cell types and have recently been linked to drug sensitivity and tolerance. In both Drosophila and mammals, BK channels are encoded by the slowpoke gene. The Drosophila slowpoke gene includes 14 alternative exons distributed among five sites of alternative splicing. Presumably, the purpose of alternative processing is to provide transcripts tailored to the needs of the cell. The slowpoke gene is expressed in nervous, muscle and epithelial tissues. To determine whether splicing is controlled in a tissue‐ and/or developmental‐specific manner, we built tissue‐ and developmental‐specific cDNA libraries that preserved the relative frequency of various slowpoke splice variants. These libraries were screened by colony hybridization using alternative exon‐specific DNA probes to document the frequency of individual alternative exons in different developmental stages and distinct tissue types. We demonstrate that slowpoke transcripts undergo tissue‐ and developmental‐specific splicing in Drosophila and some exons are diagnostic for specific tissues.
Cultural Diversity: Reflections of the First Asian‐Pacific Regional Congress of IASSID
Authors: Wang Kuo‐yu
Published: December 2005

Abstract  The author makes the point that there were two aims for considering cultural and social aspects with respect to the extant research on inellectual disabilities. The first is to compare how different societies perceive the value of life for people with intellectual disabilities and to recognize the presence of basic societal traditional values. The second is to raise the awareness and perception of the differences evident in various societies’ policies toward their populations of persons with intellectual disabilities and to focus on the reality of daily life for people with intellectual disabilities. These two facets, cultural diversity and national social aspects, were foundational to the structure of the 2005 Asia‐Pacific IASSID conference program, both by how these themes were integrated into the keynote addresses and focal presentations, and how they were promoted through the social program and delegate activities. Within this context, the author describes how these themes, addressed at the conference, could be used to help develop a better understanding of how cultural differences affect research.
People with Intellectual Disabilities Sentenced to Preventive Supervision – Mandatory Care outside Jails and Institutions
Authors: Nøttestad Jim Aage , Linaker Olav M.
Published: December 2005

Abstract  In Norway, certain adults with intellectual disabilities who were arrested were not held responsible for their crimes. Instead of receiving a conviction and a prison term, they were sentenced to preventive supervision. In January 2002, Norwegian law changed and these types of adults are now sentenced to “mandatory care” in their municipalities. As little research had been carried out on the characteristics of these offenders and the services they received, the authors studied the characteristics of this group and compared them with the results of other studies. Study subjects were 27 persons assigned to preventive supervision during 2002. Using questionnaires, the authors collected data from four sources of information: the supervised persons’ key carers, the care managers, the probation officers, and the criminal register. Common offenses included sexual behavior offenses, arson, and violence. Many of the subjects had coincident mental health and behavioral problems and most received specialist health services. Both carers and probation officers rated the original preventive supervision model as satisfactory. The authors conclude that preventive supervision, now termed “mandatory care,” can provide offenders with intellectual disabilities with a secure and supervised community‐residential placement while giving them access to specialized health and counseling services and providing safety for the community. As mandatory care is a new service, further follow‐up and research are needed to investigate its long‐term outcomes.
Quality of Life Versus Quality of Care: Implications for People and Programs
Authors: De Waele Isabel , Van Loon Jos , Van Hove Geert , Schalock Robert L.
Published: December 2005

Abstract  The authors focus on the differences between a quality of care and a quality of life approach to services and supports for persons with intellectual disabilities. They distinguish between quality of care and quality of life program foci, present an example of how one large agency in the Netherlands converted from a quality of care to a quality of life‐focused organization, and discuss the consequences of such a conversion. They note that organizations that have transitioned successfully to a quality of life emphasis focus on measuring person‐referenced outcomes related to personal experiences and circumstances that reflect an increase in the person's independence, productivity, community integration, and satisfaction. The authors conclude that in the future more agencies and organizations will move from a quality of care to a quality of life‐oriented service and supports system and suggest a number of fundamental principles and change strategies that could facilitate this transition process.