bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Povidone Iodine Ointment vs Cadexomer Iodine Ointment in Management of the Chronic Wound: A Study Protocol
Authors: Gupta Shubham , Shinde Raju Kamalrao , Shinde Sangita
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Chronic wound and its care has always been a health burden for patient, health care professionals and the entire health care system. There have been certain topical preparations available in market today for application in chronic wound management. In our study, we are comparing effects of cadexomer and povidone iodine ointment in context of reduction in bacterial overload, slough reduction, facilitations of granulation tissue formation, reduction in size of the wound and ultimately in percentage of wound healing and its cost of management.

Aim: Comparison of outcome of Povidone Iodine Ointment and Cadexomer iodine Ointment in management of the wound.

Methodology: This cross section observational study has been conducted among 40 patients diagnosed as chronic wound with 20 patients in each group. Student’s paired t-test and Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient is being used as statistical analysis.

Results: The percentage of patient treated with cadexomer iodine ointment shows significantly (p<0.05) higher rate of wound healing along with significant reduction in bacterial overload and promotion of granulation tissue formation.

Conclusion: Cadexomer as a vector with iodine ointment shows higher rate of reduction of biofilm, slough and debris with better rate of promotion of granulation tissue formation, thus leading to increased and effective rate of healing of wound as well as cost effective management of chronic wounds.
Seed Germination of Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong. (Fabaceae) under Different Temperatures and Drying Method
Authors: Crisóstomo Natália Marinho Silva , Santos Lorraynne Gabrielly Vieira dos , Melo Luan Danilo Ferreira de Andrade , Junior João Luciano de Andrade Melo , Soares Larice Bruna Ferreira , Paes Reinaldo de Alencar , Oliveira Vanuze Costa de , Chaves Lívia Francyne Gomes , Costa Jaqueline Figueredo de Oliveira , Silva Erika Elias da
Published: November 2021

Enterolobium contortisiliquum (Vell.) Morong a tree commonly known as anglerfish, monkey ear and timbaúva. Due to its wood quality, this tree species is widely used in naval and civil constructions, toys and furniture frames, and can also be used for urban afforestation and restoration of degraded areas. The objective of this work was to standardize the best temperature conditions for conducting the germination tests of E. contortisiliquum seeds under laboratory conditions, considering the fact that the seeds come from coastal tropical Brazil, and to evaluate the desiccation tolerance. The experiments were carried out at the Plant Propagation Laboratory of the Agricultural Engineering and Sciences Campus (CECA) of the Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), located in the municipality of Rio Largo, Alagoas, Brazil. The design of the experiment was fully randomized, with four repetitions of 25 seeds per treatment. In test I: The newly harvested seeds were subjected to constant temperatures of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40ºC and alternating temperatures of 20-30ºC, with an eight-hour photoperiod, simulated by four fluorescent lamps 20W daylight type. In trial II: The seeds were divided into two lots. The first was the control (initial moisture content). The second was subjected to slow drying on silica gel. A constant temperature of 30ºC is recommended for the germination and vigor test of E. contortisiliquum seeds. The critical means water content for seeds of this species is below 5%.
The Effect of Good Corporate Governance on the Market Value of Financial Sector Companies in Indonesia
Authors: Adinegara Galih , Sukamulya Sukmawati
Published: November 2021

Corporate governance is an interesting topic to discuss recently. Governance builds trust and predictability, hence generating comfort to investors. Companies that implement good corporate governance are expected to have a good financial performance to minimize agency problems and provide more benefits to shareholders. A corporate governance framework can determine the agency problem and its effect on shareholders' value.  This study uses a random effect model estimation method. Good corporate governance in this study is measured with the corporate governance index (CGI) score and formed based on five sub-indexes. The company's market value is calculated by Tobin's Q ratio. The results of statistical tests show a positive relationship between the implementation of good corporate governance and its market value. Furthermore, this research shows how Indonesian banks listed in IDX from 2010 to 2019 implement good corporate governance practices as the index continues to increase every year.
Transfer RNA Synthesis and Regulation
Authors: Hori Hiroyuki , Hirata Akira , Ueda Takuya , Watanabe Kimitsuna , Tomikawa Chie , Tomita Kozo
Published: November 2021

Transfer ribonucleic acid (tRNA), which is primarily transcribed from tRNA genes by RNA polymerase, matures via several steps: processing, splicing, CCA addition and posttranscriptional modifications. Primary transcripts of tRNA genes contain extra 5′ and 3′ sequences, which are removed by a set of nucleases. In addition, some primary transcripts contain introns, which are spliced out by specific endonucleases or in self‐splicing reactions. The ligation of exons generally requires a tRNA ligase. In some species, the CCA sequences present at the 3′‐termini of all mature tRNAs are not encoded in the tRNA genes but are added posttranscriptionally by a CCA‐adding enzyme. All mature tRNA molecules contain modified nucleotides, generated by specific tRNA modification enzymes or guide RNA systems. Recent studies have revealed that tRNA‐derived fragments act on biological phenomena such as regulation of translation. Furthermore, numerous tRNA‐like small RNAs have been found by genome sequencing.

Key Concepts

tRNA is transcribed from tRNA genes by RNA polymerase and matures through processing, splicing, CCA addition and posttranscriptional modification.

Synthesis of tRNA is regulated by promoter activity and specific factors, depending on the nutrient conditions of the cell.

The relative amounts of tRNA are regulated by several factors: copy number of tRNA genes, transcriptional activity and degradation by various nucleases.

Primary transcripts of tRNA genes contain extra 5′ and 3′ sequences, which are removed by a set of nucleases.

In some cases, tRNA transcripts contain introns, which are spliced out by specific endonuclease or the group I intron reaction. The two resultant fragments are joined by RNA ligase or the self‐splicing reaction.

CCA‐adding enzyme regulates the amount of active tRNA by introducing the CCA sequence at the
C
‐terminus of tRNA.

tRNA possesses a variety of modified nucleotides, which are introduced by specific tRNA modification enzymes.

Several modifications of tRNA play important roles in the translation process: promotion, expansion, restriction, and/or alteration of codon–anticodon interactions; stabilisation of tRNA structure; recognition by translation factors and aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases; etc.

Several modified nucleotides in tRNA are involved in RNA quality control systems, regulation of tRNA transport, infection and immune responses.

Fragments derived from tRNA are not degradation products of tRNA but function as regulator molecules for translation and gene expression.

In living cells, tRNA‐like small RNAs, which are often aminoacylated, have been found and may possess several physiological functions.
Messel
Authors: Smith Krister T
Published: November 2021

The Messel Pit, located near Frankfurt am Main, Germany, is inscribed on the list of UNESCO World Heritage sites due to the breathtaking quality of its fossils and the wealth of detail they reveal about life in an ancient ecosystem. Its age, about 48 million years old, places it in the last sustained greenhouse phase of Earth's climate, the Eocene. Fossils of most major terrestrial groups of organisms are preserved together, from freshwater algae to fungi, plants and animals. Species diversity in many groups is higher than in the same area today. Extraordinary details of organismic anatomy are preserved, from iridescent insect colouration to bird plumage and reptile scales. Furthermore, stunning specimens record organismic interactions, from predator–prey relations to reproductive behaviour. Messel arguably holds the greatest promise to elucidate a terrestrial ecosystem in a greenhouse climate.

Key Concepts

Messel is an ancient maar lake that resulted from volcanic eruptions 48 Ma.

Climate at the time was warm and equable, a so‐called ‘greenhouse climate’.

The sediment in which the fossils are preserved is an ‘oil shale’ with a high water and organic content.

A special transfer method developed in the mid‐twentieth century made possible the long‐term conservation of vertebrate fossils from Messel.

Messel preserves an exceptional taxonomic range of fossils, from algae to plants and animals.

Soft‐tissue preservation at Messel gives unparalleled insight into the anatomy of ancient organisms.

Extraordinary specimens from Messel document organismic interactions, from trophic relations to reproductive behaviour.
Atomic‐Level Insight into the Formation of Subsurface Dislocation Layer and Its Effect on Mechanical Properties During Ultrafast Laser Micro/Nano Fabrication
Authors: Xie Jiawang , Yan Jianfeng , Zhu Dezhi , He Guangzhi
Published: November 2021

Micro/nano processing technologies have been extensively studied since micro/nano structures are used in different area such as microelectronics and microdevices. As a high‐precision processing technology, ultrafast laser has been applied in the fabrication of different types of metallic micro/nano structures. However, the knowledge about the materials response of metals at atomic scale during laser processing is still necessary to explore. Herein, the femtosecond laser processing of metals from the atomic structure perspective is revealed. Three different layers named recast layer, high density dislocation layer, and unaffected layer are found after femtosecond laser irradiation. The recast layer is on the surface, which is generated from the resolidification of melting materials. The high density dislocation layer, consisting of dislocations and stacking faults, is observed beneath the irradiated surface. The dislocation layer is produced by the laser‐induced stress wave, and the mechanical properties of irradiated surface are affected by the laser‐induced subsurface dislocation layer. The unaffected layer is not affected by laser irradiation, and maintains the initial atomic structure. The research gives new information about the ultrafast laser processing of metals at atomic‐level, which is helpful to the fabrication of functional micro/nano devices for wide applications.
Sequential Activation of Molecular and Macroscopic Spin‐State Switching within the Hysteretic Region Following Pulsed Light Excitation
Authors: Ridier Karl , Nicolazzi William , Salmon Lionel , Molnár Gábor , Bousseksou Azzedine
Published: November 2021

Molecular spin‐crossover (SCO) compounds constitute a promising class of photoactive materials exhibiting efficient photoinduced phase transitions (PIPTs). Taking advantage of the unique, picture‐perfect reproducibility of the spin‐transition properties in the compound [Fe(HB(1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)3)2], the spatiotemporal dynamics of the PIPT within the thermodynamic metastability (hysteretic) region of a single crystal is dissected, using pump–probe optical microscopy. Beyond a threshold laser‐excitation density, complete PIPTs are evidenced, with conversion rates up to 200 switched molecules per absorbed photon. It is shown that the PIPT takes place through the sequential activation of two (molecular and macroscopic) switching mechanisms, occurring on sub‐microsecond and millisecond timescales, governed by the intramolecular and free energy barriers of the system, respectively. The main finding here is that the thermodynamic metastability has strictly no influence on the sub‐millisecond switching dynamics. Indeed, before this millisecond timescale, the response of the crystal to the laser excitation involves a gradual, molecular conversion process, as if there were no hysteresis loop. Consequently, in this regime, even a 100% photoinduced conversion may not give rise to a PIPT. These results provide new insight on the intrinsic dynamical limits of the PIPT, which is an important issue from a technological perspective.
Progress and Challenges for Memtransistors in Neuromorphic Circuits and Systems
Authors: Yan Xiaodong , Qian Justin H. , Sangwan Vinod K. , Hersam Mark C.
Published: November 2021

Due to the increasing importance of artificial intelligence (AI), significant recent effort has been devoted to the development of neuromorphic circuits that seek to emulate the energy‐efficient information processing of the brain. While non‐volatile memory (NVM) based on resistive switches, phase‐change memory, and magnetic tunnel junctions has shown potential for implementing neural networks, additional multi‐terminal device concepts are required for more sophisticated bio‐realistic functions. Of particular interest are memtransistors based on low‐dimensional nanomaterials, which are capable of electrostatically tuning memory and learning behavior at the device level. Herein, a conceptual overview of the memtransistor is provided in the context of neuromorphic circuits. Recent progress is surveyed for memtransistors and related multi‐terminal NVM devices including dual‐gated floating‐gate memories, dual‐gated ferroelectric transistors, and dual‐gated van der Waals heterojunctions. The different materials systems and device architectures are classified based on the degree of control and relative tunability of synaptic behavior, with an emphasis on device concepts that harness the reduced dimensionality, weak electrostatic screening, and phase‐changes properties of nanomaterials. Finally, strategies for achieving wafer‐scale integration of memtransistors and multi‐terminal NVM devices are delineated, with specific attention given to the materials challenges for practical neuromorphic circuits.
Stabilization of Exposed Metal Nanocrystals in High‐Temperature Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Zhu Zhijie , Feng Kai , Li Chaoran , Tang Rui , Xiao Mengqi , Song Rui , Yang Di , Yan Binhang , He Le
Published: November 2021

Colloidal metal nanocrystals with uniform sizes, shapes, compositions, and architectures are ideal building blocks for constructing heterogeneous catalysts with well‐defined characteristics toward the investigation of accurate structure–property relationships and better understanding of catalytic mechanism. However, their applications in high‐temperature heterogeneous catalysis are often restricted by the difficulty in maintaining the high metal dispersity and easy accessibility to active sites under harsh operating conditions. Here, a partial‐oxide‐coating strategy is proposed to stabilize metal nanocrystals against sintering and meanwhile enable an effective exposure of active sites. As a proof‐of‐concept, controlled partial silica coating of colloidally prepared Pd0.82Ni0.18 nanocrystals with the size of 8 nm is demonstrated. This partially coated catalyst exhibits excellent activity, selectivity, and stability, outperforming its counterparts with fully coated and supported structures, in reverse water gas shift (RWGS) catalysis particularly at high operating temperatures. This study opens a new avenue for the exploration of colloidal metal nanocrystals in high‐temperature heterogeneous catalysis.
Dichroic Dipole Antenna Membranes from Aligned Linear BOPHY Dyes
Authors: Hupfer Maximilian L. , Ghosh Soumik , Wang Yingchun , Opsomer Tomas , Mayerhöfer Thomas G. , Dehaen Wim , Presselt Martin
Published: November 2021

Linear dyes are molecular mimics of dipole antennas that receive UV–vis light. In this work the assembly of linear dyes via the Langmuir technique to achieve uniform dye alignment for optically anisotropic molecular dipole antenna arrays is presented. The molecular orientations in these arrays are quantified from Langmuir isotherms, topography data, and from polarization‐ and angle‐dependent UV–vis transmission spectra. It is achieved the smallest angles by which the transition dipole moment orientation deviates from vertical alignment (16°–30°) in the antenna arrays that have been reported in literature so far. The resulting maximum absorption contrast between grazing and vertical incidence amounts to 75%. This high optical anisotropy enables application as anisotropic receiver arrays in optical communication, as optical layers for privacy applications, or other applications building on dichroic dye layers.
Device Simulation of Ag2SrSnS4 and Ag2SrSnSe4 Based Thin‐Film Solar Cells from Scratch
Authors: Srivastava Ashutosh , Tripathy Susanta Kumar , Lenka Trupti Ranjan , Hvizdos Pavol , Menon P. Susthitha , Lin Fen , Aberle Armin Gerhard
Published: November 2021

The structural, optoelectronic and elastic properties of quaternary chalcogenide materials Ag2SrSn(S/Se)4 in kesterite (Kes) and stannite (Sta) phases are studied using the HSE hybrid functional within the density functional theory. Ag2SrSnSe4 in kesterite and stannite phases is found to have direct bandgap of 1.13 and 1.38 eV, respectively, along the high symmetry Γ points. To analyze the electronic properties, PDOS for Ag2SrSn(S/Se)4 in kesterite and stannite phases are studied and explained. To get more insights into the optical behavior of the materials the authors also investigate the dielectric function, refractive function, absorption spectrum, extinction coefficient, reflectivity, and optical conductivity. They also calculate the single‐layer absorber efficiency of Ag2SrSn(S/Se)4 in kesterite and stannite phases using the spectroscopic limited maximum efficiency (SLME) approach to predict their potential as an efficient absorber layer material in thin‐film solar cells (TFSC). The SLME for Ag2SrSnSe4 in kesterite and stannite phases is found to be 31.4% and 32.4%, respectively. Further, a complete solar cell device analysis with these materials as an absorber layer is carried out using the SCAPS‐1D software. They found that devices with the kesterite and stannite structure of Ag2SrSnSe4 have a predicted efficiency of 20.04% and 18.59%, respectively.
Computational Search to Find Efficient Red/Near‐Infrared Emitting Organic Molecules Based on Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence for Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Eskandarian Parvin , Fallah Hamidreza , Hajimahmoodzadeh Morteza , Zabolian Hossein
Published: November 2021

Computational screening is highly fruitful for initial studies of unknown molecules due to the capability of this tool in molecular discovery and the continuous improvement of computational methods. This article reports how computational studies on more than 300 organic molecules can identify thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) emitters that emit light within the range of red up to near‐infrared (NIR) with high TADF rates. According to time‐dependent density functional theory (TD‐DFT) computations, the best compounds exhibit a low singlet‐triplet energy gap of 0.03 eV and oscillator strength of 0.0425, leading to a high rate of delayed fluorescence decay of 1.4483 μs−1. Additionally, an experimental‐theory calibration approach is used as an adjunct to experimental research in the future, and emission wavelengths in promising charge‐transfer compounds are estimated as large as 689 nm.
Nanomotor‐Derived Porous Biomedical Particles from Droplet Microfluidics
Authors: Liu Yuxiao , Cheng Yi , Zhao Cheng , Wang Huan , Zhao Yuanjin
Published: November 2021

Porous particles have found widespread applications in therapeutic diagnosis, drug delivery, and tissue engineering due to their typical properties of large surface area, extensive loading capacity, and hierarchical microstructures. Attempts in this aspect are focusing on the development of effective methods to generate functional porous particles. Herein, a simple droplet microfluidics for continuously and directly generating porous particles by introducing bubble‐propelled nanomotors into the system is presented. As the nanomotors can continuously generate gas bubbles in the unsolidified droplet templates, the desirable porous microparticles can be obtained after droplet polymerization. It is demonstrated that the generation process is highly controlled and the resultant microparticles show excellent porosity and monodispersity. In addition, the obtained porous microparticles can serve as microcarriers for 3D cell culture, because of their characteristic porous structures and favorable biocompatibility. Moreover, owing to the existence of oxygen in these microparticles, they can be used to improve the healing effects of wounds in the type I diabetes rat models. These remarkable features of the generation strategy and the porous microparticles point to their potential values in various biomedical fields.
Narrow Band Red Emission Fluorophore with Reasonable Multiple Resonance Effect
Authors: Naveen Kenkera Rayappa , Hwang Soon Jae , Lee Hyuna , Kwon Jang Hyuk
Published: November 2021

Developing boron‐based emitters in red region with a narrow band spectrum is crucial and challenging for optoelectronic applications. Herein the authors report novel emitters with reasonable multiple resonance (MR) effect by utilizing a CC bond type connection instead of conventional CN bond. The designed emitters BP‐2DPA and DBP‐4DPA exhibit narrowband pure red emissions with photoluminescence (PL) maxima of 599, 605 nm with a full width half maximum (FWHM) of 34 nm and high PL quantum yield of 91.3, 96.4%, respectively. Moreover, compared to reported MR emitters, the synthesis of BP‐2DPA and DBP‐4DPA has resulted in a high yield near to 40% with ease to scale in grams. The designed rigid moieties show reasonable MR effect with atomically highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital separations. The fabricated organic light‐emitting diodes based on BP‐2DPA and DBP‐4DPA possessed an external quantum efficiency of 11.3% and 15.1%, pure red emission with electroluminescence maxima at 605 and 617 nm, a narrow FWHM of 42 and 44 nm respectively. The corresponding CIE coordinates are well approaching near to red color NTSC requirements. This is the first work reported with this strategy for achieving narrow emission spectrum for pure red color emitters.
Defining well‐being: A case‐study among emergency medicine residents at an academic center: A qualitative study
Authors: Deutsch Amanda J. , Sangha Hareena , Spadaro Anthony , Goldenring Jacob , Mamtani Mira , Scott Kevin R. , Conlon Lauren W. , Agarwal Anish K.
Published: November 2021

Background

Healthcare‐associated burnout is linked to reduced quality of care, decreased patient experience, and higher cost. The National Academy of Medicine has emphasized the importance of supporting clinician well‐being across healthcare; however, well‐being is poorly defined, especially early in emergency medicine training.

Objectives

The primary objective of this study was to explore and understand the attitudes, beliefs, and perspectives of emergency medicine (EM) resident physicians surrounding well‐being. A secondary objective was to identify priority areas of focus to promote a culture of well‐being for EM trainees.

Approach

We conducted semi‐structured focus groups of EM resident physicians at an urban, academic institution with a 4‐year training curriculum. Focus group interviews were transcribed and constructivist aggregated themes were identified using content analysis with a constant comparative coding approach.

Results

Seventeen EM residents participated in semi‐structured qualitative focus groups (PGY1 = 6, PGY2 = 6, PGY3 = 2, PGY4 = 3). Six key themes related to well‐being emerged spanning clinical and nonclinical areas: (1) a focus on basic needs being met, (2) on‐shift operational structure, (3) individual feedback, (4) feeling valued for clinical contributions, (5) a sense of community within the clinical environment, and (6) a sense of personal ownership over time.

Conclusions

Shifting the focus for medical trainees away from mitigating burnout and toward proactively promoting well‐being is important. Understanding the perspectives and key themes in how EM residents define well‐being can help support trainees early in their careers. Using qualitative methods, this study identified six key themes that can guide trainees, educational leaders, and academic hospital systems as they work toward building a culture of well‐being early in graduate medical education.
Longitudinal Pancreaticojejunostomy for Pancreaticodigestive Tract Anastomotic Stricture After Pancreaticoduodenectomy
Authors: Matsumoto Ippei , Kamei Keiko , Kawaguchi Kohei , Yoshida Yuta , Matsumoto Masataka , Lee Dongha , Murase Takaaki , Satoi Shumpei , Takebe Atsushi , Takeyama Yoshifumi
Published: November 2021

Aim

Pancreaticodigestive tract anastomotic stricture is a long‐term complication of pancreticoduodenectomy (PD). However, optimal treatment has not yet been defined. We conducted longitudinal pancreaticojejunostomy (LPJ) in symptomatic patients with anastomotic stricture after PD. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of this procedure.

Methods

Pancreticoduodenectomy was performed in 605 patients at our institution between January 2005 and April 2020. Of these, 15 patients (2.5%) developed symptomatic pancreaticodigestive tract anastomotic stricture after PD. Three patients were referred to our institution owing to recurrent pancreatitis with anastomotic stricture after PD. LPJ was indicated for these 18 patients, and they were enrolled in this study.

Results

The median time from the initial operation to LPJ was 2.0 y. Preoperative clinical presentations included obstructive pancreatitis in 10 patients, a rapid deterioration of glucose tolerance in nine, and severe steatorrhea in two. Surgical morbidity ≥grade III defined by the Clavien–Dindo classification was not observed. After LPJ, preoperative symptoms improved in 16 patients (89%) during a median follow‐up of 39 mo. Nine of the 10 patients with obstructive pancreatitis achieved complete pain relief. All nine patients with a rapid deterioration of glucose tolerance showed improved endocrine function. Daily insulin requirement was significantly decreased after LPJ (11.6 ± 3.3 vs 3.4 ± 4.3 units, P = .0239). Four of the seven patients who required insulin injections were free of insulin after LPJ.

Conclusion

LPJ is a safe and effective surgical procedure for symptomatic patients with stricture of the pancreaticodigestive tract anastomosis after PD.
Advances in Synthesis of Enantioenriched Chiral Sulfones by Enantioselective Conjugate Addition Reactions
Authors: Liang Xiayu , Shen Yongcun
Published: November 2021

Chiral sulfones, a class of organic compounds with broad application prospects in organic synthesis and pharmaceutical chemistry, are an important part of building bioactive molecules or functional materials. In this paper, the advances and the state of synthesizing chiral sulfones by addition reactions are reviewed. The methods described in the manuscript are classified according to the types of reaction. Moreover, each chapter is arranged in chronological order.
Synthesis, Optical and Electrochemical Properties of Isomeric Dibenzophenanthroline Derivatives
Authors: Ghosh Animesh , Li Tianjiao , Ni Wenjun , Wu Tong , Liang Caihong , Budanovic Maja , Morris Samuel A. , Klein Maciej , Webster Richard D. , Gurzadyan Gagik G. , Grimsdale Andrew C.
Published: November 2021

Acid‐catalysed Friedländer cyclization of 2‐aminobenzophenones with 1,2‐, 1,3‐, and 1,4‐cyclohexadiones, followed by aromatization, has been used to prepare dibenzophenanthrolines (DBPs) containing 1,10‐, 1,7‐ and 4,7‐phenanthroline units, whose optoelectronic properties have been compared. The LUMO energies for all isomers were similar but the 4,7‐isomers possessed significantly higher HOMOs than the other isomers, resulting in them having smaller HOMO‐LUMO energy gaps. Compared with 1,10‐DBP isomers, the emission of 1,7‐DBPs is strongly quenched due to efficient charge transfer. The 4,7‐DBP isomers show strongly enhanced photoluminescence due to excimer formation but appear to be less photostable due to their higher HOMO levels. Bis(phenylethynyl)‐substituted derivatives demonstrated improved solubility and stronger luminescence properties than their unsubstituted analogues.
High flexibility in diet and ranging patterns in two golden monkey (Cercopithecus mitis kandti) populations in Rwanda
Authors: Tuyisingize Deogratias , Eckardt W. , Caillaud D. , Kaplin B. A.
Published: November 2021

Many primates exhibit behavioral flexibility which allows them to adapt to environmental change and different habitat types. The golden monkey (Cercopithecus mitis kandti) is a little‐studied endangered primate subspecies endemic to the Virunga massif and the Gishwati forest in central Africa. In the Virunga massif, golden monkeys are mainly found in the bamboo forest, while in the Gishwati forest they live in mixed tropical montane forest. Here we describe and compare the diet of golden monkeys in both fragments. Over 24 consecutive months from January 2017 we used scan sampling to record feeding and ranging behavior of two Virunga groups and one Gishwati group totaling ca. 240 individuals. We also examined the phenology of bamboo and fruit trees, key seasonal food plant species for the monkeys. Golden monkeys fed on more than 100 plant species. The Virunga groups were mostly folivorous (between 72.8% and 87.16% of the diet) and fed mostly on young bamboo leaves and bamboo shoots, while 48.69% of the diet of the Gishwati group consisted of fruit from 22 different tree and shrub species. Bamboo shoots and fruit are seasonally available foods and were consumed regularly throughout the period when they were available. Despite being the smallest of the three study groups, the Gishwati group had a larger home range area (150.07 ha) compared to both Virunga groups (25.24 and 91.3 ha), likely driven by the differences in availability and distribution of fruit and bamboo in the habitats. Like other blue monkey subspecies, golden monkeys appear to have a flexible dietary strategy enabling them to adjust diet and ranging behavior to local habitats and available food resources. Additional studies and continuing conservation efforts are needed to better understand how variation in feeding and ranging ecology affects reproduction, population growth, and carrying capacity.
Folic acid‐induced animal model of kidney disease
Authors: Yan Liang‐Jun
Published: November 2021

The kidneys are a vital organ that is vulnerable to both acute kidney injury (AKI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) which can be caused by numerous risk factors such as ischemia, sepsis, drug toxicity and drug overdose, exposure to heavy metals, and diabetes. In spite of the advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis of AKI and CKD as well AKI transition to CKD, there is still no available therapeutics that can be used to combat kidney disease effectively, highlighting an urgent need to further study the pathological mechanisms underlying AKI, CKD, and AKI progression to CKD. In this regard, animal models of kidney disease are indispensable. This article reviews a widely used animal model of kidney disease, which is induced by folic acid (FA). While a low dose of FA is nutritionally beneficial, a high dose of FA is very toxic to the kidneys. Following a brief description of the procedure for disease induction by FA, major mechanisms of FA‐induced kidney injury are then reviewed, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial abnormalities such as impaired bioenergetics and mitophagy, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and increased expression of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23). Finally, application of this FA‐induced kidney disease model as a platform for testing the efficacy of a variety of therapeutic approaches is also discussed. Given that this animal model is simple to create and is reproducible, it should remain useful for both studying the pathological mechanisms of kidney disease and identifying therapeutic targets to fight kidney disease.
Detection of Bacterial Rhamnolipid Toxin by Redox Liposome Single Impact Electrochemistry
Authors: Luy Justine , Ameline Dorine , Thobie‐Gautier Christine , Boujtita Mohammed , Lebègue Estelle
Published: November 2021

The detection of Rhamnolipid virulence factor produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa involved in nosocomial infections is reported by using the redox liposome single impact electrochemistry. Redox liposomes based on 1,2‐dimyristoyl‐sn‐glycero‐3‐phosphocholine as a pure phospholipid and potassium ferrocyanide as an encapsulated redox content are designed for using the interaction of the target toxin with the lipid membrane as a sensing strategy. The electrochemical sensing principle is based on the weakening of the liposomes lipid membrane upon interaction with Rhamnolipid toxin which leads upon impact at an ultramicroelectrode to the breakdown of the liposomes and the release/electrolysis of its encapsulated redox probe. We present as a proof of concept the sensitive and fast sensing of a submicromolar concentration of Rhamnolipid which is detected after less than 30 minutes of incubation with the liposomes, by the appearing of current spikes in the chronoamperometry measurement.
Physical and chemical properties of five different clear thermoplastic materials
Authors: Kwok Man‐Hin , Porto Betina , Mohebi Shadi , Zhu Lei , Hans Mark
Published: November 2021

In this in‐vitro experimental study, we assessed the physical and chemical properties of five different thermoplastic transparent aligner materials as follows: SmartTrack (ST), Zendura, Essix Ace (Ace), Essix C+ (C+), and Tru‐Tain DX30‐25 (DX30). Dissolution property, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), nuclear magnetic resonance, and attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were measured for chemical evaluation. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) were measured for physical evaluation. We found that C+ was not soluble in any of the tested solvents. Ace and DX30 were soluble in chloroform. ST showed a two‐stage degradation according to the TGA results. These results suggest that the core of ST, Ace, and DX30 are PETG or PCT type thermoplastics, while the skin of ST and Zendura are TPU. From the DSC studies, only C+ shows more crystalline characteristic, which is consistent with its lower transparency. The flexural moduli measured by DMA of all 5 aligners are between 0.9 and 1.7 GPa, with Zendura being the stiffest.
Assay technologies facilitating drug discovery for ADP‐ribosyl writers, readers and erasers
Authors: Glumoff Tuomo , Sowa Sven T. , Lehtiö Lari
Published: November 2021

ADP‐ribosylation is a post‐translational modification catalyzed by writer enzymes – ADP‐ribosyltransferases. The modification is part of many signaling events, can modulate the function and stability of target proteins, and often results in the recruitment of reader proteins that bind to the ADP‐ribosyl groups. Erasers are integral actors in these signaling events and reverse the modification. ADP‐ribosylation can be targeted with therapeutics and many inhibitors against writers exist, with some being in clinical use. Inhibitors against readers and erasers are sparser and development of these has gained momentum only in recent years. Drug discovery has been hampered by the lack of specific tools, however many significant advances in the methods have recently been reported. We discuss assays used in the field with a focus on methods allowing efficient identification of small molecule inhibitors and profiling against enzyme families. While human proteins are focused, the methods can be also applied to bacterial toxins and virus encoded erasers that can be targeted to treat infectious diseases in the future.
Simultaneous determination of periplocin, periplocymarin, periplogenin, periplocoside M and periplocoside N of Cortex Periplocae in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Wang Shuyao , Yu Xin , Wu Siyang , Yang Wei , Gao Yang , Wang Weihua , Wang Qiutao , Wei Mengmeng , Zhu Mingying , Wu Jiarui , Yuan Zheng , Li Yingfei
Published: November 2021

A sensitive and specific ultra‐performance liquid chromatographic–tandem mass spectrometric method was developed and validated to simultaneously determine periplocin, periplocymarin (PM), periplogenin (PG), periplocoside M (PSM) and periplocoside N (PSN) in rat plasma. Acetonitrile was employed to precipitate plasma with appropriate sensitivity and acceptable matrix effects. Chromatographic separation was performed using a Waters HSS T3 column with a gradient elution using water and acetonitrile both containing 0.1% formic acid and 0.1 mm ammonium formate within 8 min. Detection was performed in positive ionization mode using multiple reaction monitoring. The method was fully validated in terms of selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery, matrix effects and stability. Using this method, the concentrations of periplocin, PM, PG, PSM and PSN were established after oral administration of Cortex Periplocae extract to rats, and the pharmacokinetic characteristics of periplocin, PM, PG, PSM and PSN were assessed. Generally, PM, PG, PSM and PSN were eliminated slowly and their half‐lives were all >8 h. In addition, the systemic exposure of PSM showed significant differences between genders with more than 10 times higher area under the concentration–time curve in female rats than in male rats. The findings of this study provide useful information for further research on Cortex Periplocae.
At what age should the Uyghur minority initiate cervical cancer screening if screened using careHPV
Authors: Abulizi Guzhalinuer , Mijiti Patiman , Naizhaer Gulimire , Tuerxun Gulixian , Abuduxikuer Guzhanuer , Zhang Yuan‐Yuan , Li Hua , Abulimiti Tangnuer , Abudurexiti Guligeina , Aierken Kailibinuer , Lu Ling , Maimaiti Anaerguli
Published: November 2021

Background

The careHPV test as a primary screening method for cervical cancer has been proven to be the best option for Uyghur women in Xinjiang in a previous study. In this research, we aim to discuss the appropriate age for Uyghur women in Xinjiang to be screened for cervical cancer using careHPV.

Methods

Eleven thousand women aged 20–69 years old (mean age 38.93 ± 9.74) from South Xinjiang were screened using careHPV and liquid‐based cytology, and the positive results were referred for colposcopy and cervical biopsy. A questionnaire regarding basic social characteristics, sexual practices, and reproductive history was administered to each woman. The age‐specific prevalence of HPV positivity, cytology abnormality, and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2+ in ≥25, ≥30, and ≥35 age groups were analyzed, and the diagnostic value of careHPV in the three age groups was evaluated. The chi‐squared test was used to compare the differences between age groups. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve were calculated.

Results

The women were mostly married (76.3%) and delivered at 15–19 years of age (61.4%). The HPV infection rate was 9.15% and detection rates of CIN2+ and invasive cervical cancer were 1.53% (1530/100,000) and 0.25% (250/100,000), respectively. The first peak of HPV(+) appeared at the age of 30–34, while CIN2+ appeared at 35–39. CareHPV performed similarly well in the three age groups.

Conclusion

Based on the results of our study, Uyghur women in Xinjiang should be recommended to initiate cervical cancer screening at the age of 30 years when screened using careHPV.
Silencing of α‐N‐acetylgalactosaminidase in the gastric cancer cells amplified cell death and attenuated migration, while the multidrug resistance remained unchanged
Authors: Jafari Mahbube , Rahimi Nasibeh , Jami Mohammad‐Saeid , Hashemzadeh Chaleshtori Morteza , Elahian Fatemeh , Mirzaei Seyed Abbas
Published: November 2021

Although the elevated level of the α‐N‐acetylgalactosaminidase enzyme (encoded by the NAGA gene) is a well‐recognized feature of cancer cells; little research works have been undertaken on the cancer malignancy mechanisms. The effects of NAGA gene downregulation on cancer cells' features such as drug resistance, impaired programmed cell death, and migration were analyzed in this study. The cells grew exponentially with a doubling time of 30 h in an optimal condition. Toxicity of daunorubicin chemotherapy drug on NAGA‐transfected EPG85.257RDB cells was evaluated in comparison to control cells and no significant change was recorded. Quantitative transcript analyses and protein levels revealed that the MDR1 pump almost remained unchanged during the study. Moreover, the NAGA gene downregulation enhanced the late apoptosis rate in EPG85.257RDB cells at 24 h posttransfection. The investigated expression level of genes and proteins involved in the TNFR2 signaling pathway, related to cancer cell apoptosis, showed considerable alterations after NAGA silencing as well. MAP3K14 and CASP3 genes were downregulated while IL6, RELA, and TRAF2 experienced an upregulation. Also, NAGA silencing generally diminished the migration ability of EPG85.257RDB cells and the MMP1 gene (as a critical gene in metastasis) expression decreased significantly. The expression of the p‐FAK protein, which is located in the downstream of the α2β1 integrin signaling pathway, was reduced likewise. It could be concluded that despite drug resistance, NAGA silencing resulted in augmentative and regressive effects on cell death and migration.
HMGB1/Foxp1 regulates hypoxia‐induced inflammatory response in macrophages
Authors: Hu Jing , Liu Xiaojun , Tang Yu
Published: November 2021

Forkhead box protein P1 (Foxp1) is a kind of tumor suppressor gene, and the role of Foxp1 in the macrophages of myocardial infarction (MI) has not been studied yet. Here, we verified the role of the transcription factor high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and its target gene Foxp1 in the inflammatory response. In this study, the key genes HMGB1 and Foxp1 in the macrophages of mouse MI model were screened out through single‐cell transcriptome analysis of GSE136088 (GEO database). In vitro experiment indicated that hypoxia induced the inflammatory response in RAW264.7 macrophages, promoted the secretion of inflammatory factors (tumor necrosis factor α [TNF‐α], interleukin 6 [IL‐6], and IL‐1β) and the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome (NLRP3, ASC, and pro‐caspase‐1). Meanwhile, HMGB1 increased while Foxp1 decreased in hypoxia‐treated RAW264.7 macrophages. HMGB1 bound to the upstream promoter region of Foxp1 as demonstrated by the dual‐luciferase reporter assay, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)‐quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and agarose gel electrophoresis. As a transcription factor, HMGB1 regulated Foxp1 expression. The secretion of inflammatory factors and the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome protein were changed when the expression of HMGB1 and Foxp1 was regulated in the hypoxia‐treated RAW264.7 macrophages. This study verified that HMGB1 could aggravate the hypoxia‐treated inflammatory response of macrophages through downregulating Foxp1, which not only provides evidence to support the role of HMGB1/Foxp1 in macrophages but also offers another angle for the treatment of MI.
A Photo‐Responsive Charge‐Assisted Hydrogen‐Bonded Organic Network with Ultra‐Stable Viologen Radicals
Authors: Li Shi‐Li , Shen Yuan , Yang Wen , Wang Yu‐Jie , Qi Zhikai , Zhang Jian , Zhang Xian‐Ming
Published: November 2021

Comprehensive Summary

Hydrogen‐bonded organic networks (HONs) have attracted intense research interest due to their mild synthesis conditions, good solvent processability and strong reproducibility. Most HONs are constructed by electrically neutral organic ligands through intermolecular interactions such as weak hydrogen bonding, π‐π stacking. But there are a few charge‐assisted hydrogen‐bonding networks (CAHONs) constructed by oppositely charged organic components. Under hydrothermal conditions, we successfully synthesized a 3D CAHON (H2CV)(H2BTEC) (1) constructed by H2CV (CV =N,N′‐4,4′‐bipyridine dipropionate) and H4BTEC (H4BTEC = 1,2,4,5‐benzenetetracarboxylic acid) through multiple charge‐assisted hydrogen bonding. Upon soft X‐ray, ultraviolet light or sunlight irradiation under ambient conditions, 1 quickly changes from colorless to blue (1P), and kinetic calculations show that its photochromism meets first‐order dynamics. Interestingly, the colored crystals 1P with long‐lived colored radicals will not fade after being placed for more than two months at room temperature in air, owing to the fact that the photogenerated viologen radicals can be stabilized by the abundant hydrogen bonds, the coplanar pyridinium rings and the slow electron‐hole recombination. Moreover, 1 is a typical direct band gap semiconductor, evidenced by the calculated band gap of 3.24 eV, in agreement with the experimental value of 3.40 eV. In view of its strong colored stability, 1 is designed for distinctive inkless printing.
A Blockwall‐Type Layered Bis(dithiolato)nickelate Radical Salt Exhibiting High‐ and Two‐Dimensional Antiferromagnetic Coupling Feature
Authors: Yao Wan‐Wan , Qian Yin , Chen Xuan‐Rong , Ren Xiao‐Ming
Published: November 2021

Comprehensive Summary

The family of [M(dmit)2]‐ salts (dmit2‐ = 2‐thioxo‐1,3‐dithiole‐4,5‐dithiolate; M = Ni, Pd and Pt) generally show novel magnetic, electric, magnetoelectric and photoelectric properties. Herein, a blockwall‐type layered [Me3S][Ni(dmit)2] radical salt (1; Me3S+ = trimethylsulfonium) was prepared and characterized by microanalysis, IR spectroscopy, thermal analysis, powder and single crystal X‐ray diffraction techniques. Salt 1 crystalizes in triclinic space group P‐1, with two pairs of [Ni(dmit)2]‐ and Me3S+ ions in an asymmetric unit. The anions form blockwall‐type monolayer, being parallel to crystallographic (0 1 1) plane, and the cations are accommodated in the spaces of anion monolayer. Salt 1 features a two‐dimensional S = ½ antiferromagnetic (AFM) spin system with θ = ‐97.8(1) K and a semiconductor with σ ≈ 10‐4 S·cm‐1 and activation energy Ea = 0.24(1) eV in 308—368 K. 1 shows two‐step dielectric relaxations ranged from 173—373 K and 1—107 Hz for the dipole motions of two different polar cations. Most importantly, the dielectric constant of 1 reaches to ~17, with high‐κ nature. This study suggests the possibility of achieving high‐κ materials by introducing polar and low rotation barrier components into van der Waals crystal and high‐κ [Ni(dmit)2]‐‐based electrode materials for applications in supercapacitors.
Direct TGF‐ß signaling via alk4/5/7 pathway is involved in gut bending in sea urchin embryos
Authors: Suzuki Haruka , Yaguchi Shunsuke
Published: November 2021

Background

Precise gastrulation is essential for formation of functional bodies in cnidarians and bilaterians. Previously, by using an alk4/5/7‐specific inhibitor, we showed that transforming growth factor‐beta (TGF‐ß)‐alk4/5/7 signaling pathway is important for correct gut bending in sea urchin embryos. However, it is still unclear where functional TGF‐ß signals are received in embryos for correct gut bending because details of the spatiotemporal expression pattern of alk4/5/7 have not been reported.

Results

We revealed that alk4/5/7 are expressed from the 2‐cell to early pluteus stage throughout the entire body, including the invaginating gut. To investigate whether TGF‐ß signals directly received in endoderm are required for correct gut bending, we made chimeras in which alk4/5/7 translation was inhibited only in endomesoderm lineage. As a result, the gut of the chimeric embryos did not bend precisely, in contrast to the control chimeras.

Conclusion

We conclude that direct TGF‐ß signaling to the endoderm via alk4/5/7 pathway regulates correct gut bending. However, TGF‐ß‐alk4/5/7 pathway is not related to mouth opening because the mouth is formed without TGF‐ß signaling to the endoderm. This research contributes to understanding the mechanisms leading to the proper positioning of the end of the archenteron for forming a through‐gut, which is commonly needed for bilaterians.