bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tumor‐infiltrating gamma delta T‐cells reveal exhausted subsets with remarkable heterogeneity in colorectal cancer
Authors: Yu Linyan , Wang Zhaozhong , Hu Yuan , Wang Yanan , Lu Nan , Zhang Cai
Published: August 2023

The γδT‐cells recognize infected or transformed cells. However, unlike αβT‐cells, γδT‐cells are innate‐like immune cells, with no major histocompatibility complex restriction requirements. γδT‐cells are the main population of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs) and are associated with the antitumor immune response, particularly in colorectal cancer (CRC). Although CD8+T‐cells exhibit dysfunction and even exhaustion in the tumor microenvironment (TME), which contributes to tumor immune escape, whether the same applies to tumor‐infiltrating (TI)‐γδT‐cells is not completely understood. Here, we sought to investigate the expression pattern of inhibitory receptors and functional state of TI‐γδT‐cells, and reveal the features of exhausted TI‐γδT‐cells in the CRC TME. We demonstrated that TI‐γδT‐cells exhibited exhaustion phenotypes and displayed more severe functional exhaustion than TI‐CD8+T‐cells or NK‐cells in the TME of CRC. In addition, scRNA‐seq analysis of TI‐γδT‐cells revealed three exhausted subsets with remarkable heterogeneity. The presence of three heterogeneous exhausted γδT‐cell (Tex) populations, including Texprog, Textran and Texterm were further confirmed by flow cytometry, on the basis of PD‐1 and TIM‐3 expression. Finally, we revealed that c‐Maf not only contributed to γδT‐cell exhaustion via upregulation of inhibitory receptors, but also involved in the exhaustion of CD8+T and NK‐cells. c‐Maf may also be an important contributor to γδT‐cell exhaustion in CRC patients. These findings indicated that TI‐γδT‐cells exhibit phenotypic and functional exhaustion in the CRC TME. The revealed features of exhausted TI‐γδT‐cells may provide help for understanding the mechanisms and the association of γδT‐cell exhaustion with tumor development and pathogenesis.
Redox‐Responsive Macrocyclic Hosts Based on Calix[4]arene and Calix[4]resorcinarene Scaffolds
Authors: Azov Vladimir A. , De Beer Francois J.
Published: August 2023

Calix[4]arenes and calix[4]resorcinarenes are well‐known macrocyclic hosts that can be tailored to bind guests of very different natures, including anions, cations, and various neutral molecules. The molecular architectures of the hosts can be altered in many ways: by attaching polar or hydrophilic groups, extending inner cavities with enlarged aromatic side walls, and adding H‐bonding sites to promote the formation of molecular capsules. The attachment of different types of redox‐active moieties renders calix[4]arene and calix[4]resorcinarene derivatives electrochemically active, enabling them to either control the guest‐binding properties of the receptors or be used as electrochemical sensors. This review will focus on calix[4]arene and calix[4]resorcinarene macrocyclic hosts with appended redox‐active groups, such as ferrocene, tetrathiafulvalene, and quinone. We will discuss molecular receptors that can serve as redox sensors for cations or electron‐deficient molecules or can bind and release their guests controlled by redox or electrochemical stimuli.
Retinomorphic hardware for in‐sensor computing
Authors: Feng Guangdi , Zhang Xiaoxu , Tian Bobo , Duan Chungang
Published: August 2023

Rapid developments in the Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence trigger higher requirements for image perception and learning of external environments through visual systems. However, limited by von Neumann's bottleneck, the physical separation of sense, memory, and processing units in a conventional personal computer‐based vision system tend to consume a significant amount of energy, time latency, and additional hardware costs. By integrating computational tasks of multiple functionalities into the sensors themselves, the emerging bio‐inspired neuromorphic visual systems provide an opportunity to overcome these limitations. With high speed, ultralow power and strong adaptability, it is highly desirable to develop a neuromorphic vision system that is based on highly precise in‐sensor computing devices, namely retinomorphic devices. We here present a timely review of retinomorphic devices for visual in‐sensor computing. We begin with several types of physical mechanisms of photoelectric sensors that can be constructed for artificial vision. The potential applications of retinomorphic hardware are, thereafter, thoroughly summarized. We also highlight the possible strategies to existing challenges and give a brief perspective of retinomorphic architecture for in‐sensor computing.

image
Colmation and Depth Filtration within Streambeds: Retention of Particles in Hyporheic Interstices
Authors: Brunke Matthias
Published: August 2023

Colmation refers to the retention processes that can lead to the clogging of the top layer of channel sediments and decolmation refers to the resuspension of deposited fine particles. Internal colmation, clogging of the interstices directly below the armor layer, may form a thin seal that disconnects surface water from hyporheic water by inhibiting exchange processes. The settling of particles under low flow conditions can cause external colmation. Colmated channel sediments are characterized by reduced porosity and hydraulic conductivity as well as by a consolidated texture. The term ‘depth filtration’ refers to the transport and storage of fine matrix sediments in interstitial layers. Depth filtration is of significance for the transport of colloidal and fine particulate inorganic as well as organic matter within the hyporheic interstices and into the alluvial aquifer. The role of depth filtration is assessed for the content (given in mg per liter) of matrix fine particles retained in the coarse framework sediment of a gravel‐bed river in Switzerland. Sediment samples were taken by freeze‐coring with liquid nitrogen down to 70 cm depth and by piezometers down to 150 cm depth. Seventy‐two percent of the mobile matrix fine particles were smaller than 0.1 mm and 50% were smaller than 0.03 mm. The content of fines tended to increase with depth, although higher accumulations were found at intermediate depths in sediments influenced by exfiltrating ground water. Interstitial detrital particles >90 μm showed vertical distribution patterns opposing those of total particles. These relationships revealed a differential significance of import, storage, and transport within three types of hydrological exchange zones (infiltration, horizontal advection, exfiltration) in the cross‐section of the stream.
The role of climatic similarity and bridgehead effects in two centuries of trade‐driven global ant invasions
Authors: Mwebaze Paul , Liebhold Andrew M. , Bertelsmeier Cleo , Kellenberg Derek , Bates Olivia K. , Springborn Michael R.
Published: August 2023

International trade continues to drive biological invasions. We investigate the drivers of global nonnative ant establishments over the last two centuries using a Cox proportional hazards model. We use country‐level discovery records for 36 of the most widespread nonnative ant species worldwide from 1827 to 2012. We find that climatic similarity combined with cumulative imports during the 20 years before a species discovery in any given year is an important predictor of establishment. Accounting for invasions from both the native and previously invaded “bridgehead” regions substantially improves the model's fit, highlighting the role of spatial spillovers. These results are valuable for targeting biosecurity efforts.
Postacute coronavirus disease‐2019 syndrome: Review of the literature and role of the pharmacist
Authors: Kokoy Shahristan R. , Stollings Joanna L.
Published: August 2023

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2) has resulted in over 500 million confirmed cases of coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) worldwide, causing over 6 million deaths. A wide disease spectrum has been described for COVID‐19 infections with a newer focus on the long‐term impacts termed Postacute COVID‐19 syndrome (PACS). PACS is not formally defined but occurs 4 weeks to 6 months after the acute infection impacting the neurologic, cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal, endocrine, renal, dermatologic, and hematologic organ systems to varying degrees. Nearly one third of patients will experience a neuropsychiatric manifestation within 6 months of a COVID‐19 diagnosis with anxiety, depression, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) being the most common symptoms. There is much similarity between PACS and Postintensive care syndrome (PICS). Long‐term follow‐up is necessary to ensure intensive care unit (ICU) survivors are cared for appropriately. The development of PICS clinics across the world has set a groundwork for better managing PACS. The inclusion of clinical pharmacists in these clinics has repeatedly improved outcomes. Implementation of the ABCDEF Bundle prevents the occurrence of PICS and PACS, making it an important discussion point for the entire health care team. Epidemiologic data is still emerging with the National Institute of Health (NIH) researching COVID to enhance recovery (RECOVER) research initiative contributing to our understanding of PACS and how to best manage it. The purpose of this review paper is to characterize PACS and recommend prevention, potential monitoring, and treatment, as well as to highlight the role of the clinical pharmacist in the management of this population.
Trajectories of parental posttraumatic stress disorder and children's mental health following Super Typhoon Lekima: The mediating role of feeling of safety
Authors: Wang Xuan , Huang Jiali , Yang Xima , Liu Zhengyi , Zhou Xiao
Published: August 2023

Introduction

Several studies have examined the impact of parents' posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) on their children's mental health, but few have evaluated the role of parents' specific PTSD trajectories. The aim of this study was to assess the mechanisms underlying distinct trajectories of parental PTSD that affect children's PTSD and depression through the feeling of safety.

Methods

The final sample comprised 242 dyads of parents and their children who experienced Super Typhoon Lekima in 2019. All participants were surveyed at three time points after the typhoon: 3 months (T1), 15 months (T2), and 27 months (T3). Parental PTSD symptoms at three time points and children's PTSD, depression, and feeling of safety at T3 were analyzed.

Results

Four parental PTSD trajectories were identified: recovery, resilience, delayed, and coping. Compared with the resilient group, children of parents with delayed PTSD trajectories reported higher levels of depression at T3, while children of parents in the coping group were more likely to experience severe PTSD at T3. Children of parents in the recovery group, with a reduced feeling of safety, exhibited more severe depression and PTSD at T3, whereas children of parents in the delayed group were at an increased risk of PTSD at T3.

Conclusions

These findings highlight the heterogeneity of parental PTSD trajectories following natural disasters and their distinct effects on children's PTSD and depression. Furthermore, feeling of safety emerges as a crucial mechanism in this process.
The review of genetic screening services and common BRCA1/2 variants among South African breast cancer patients
Authors: Makhetha Mpoi , Walters Sarah , Aldous Colleen
Published: August 2023

The South African genetic screening services for breast cancer comprise targeted and comprehensive tests that screen for the presence of genetic alterations. Clinically, these variants determine the risk of disease development as well as treatment approaches best suited for carriers. The current targeted tests screen for seven pathogenic sequence variants, which are mainly common among Whites, a population that constitutes 9.1% of South Africa. However, these tests are offered to all patients despite consistent negative results observed among Blacks, Indians, and Mixed ancestry (known as Coloreds in South Africa). Consequently, Blacks, White, and Colored patients who potentially carry other variants receive unbefitting treatment, resulting in poor clinical response, recurrence, and high mortality. This review aimed to identify the presence and incidence of pathogenic variants in BRCA1/2 previously reported in all South African populations. We selected literature using a scoping review approach, from which we included eight articles and two reports. Overall, we identified 59 BRCA1 and 60 BRCA2 pathogenic sequence variants from a cohort of 5709 patients and unknown patients from 90 families. The most reported variant was BRCA2 c.7943delG, which was common in White and Colored patients. None of the seven common variants was reported in either Blacks or Indians, which demonstrates the urgency to tailor genetic tests which are optimal for all South African patients and present a range of variants which could serve as diagnostic targets for Black, Indian, and Colored patients.
Factors influencing applicants' rank order in the Genetic Counseling Admissions Match
Authors: West Brayden , Selig James P. , Simonson Melinda , Lepard‐Tassin Tiffany
Published: August 2023

Previous studies have identified factors that influence genetic counseling applicants' decisions to initially apply to certain schools. However, research on the factors that influence their Genetic Counseling Admissions Match (GCAM) rank order preferences are limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate these factors via an online survey sent to current students and recent graduates who participated in the GCAM. Participants (N = 415) were asked to rank factors within six categories (faculty, students, didactic curriculum, clinical training, cost of attendance, and general program information) on a 7‐point Likert scale. Factors related to clinical training were most influential to applicants (M = 5.68), while factors related to didactic training were least influential to applicants (M = 4.63). Several significant differences existed between underrepresented and overrepresented applicants; overrepresented was defined as White, non‐Hispanic female. Underrepresented applicants were more influenced by the diversity of program faculty (p = 0.016), students (p ≤ 0.001), and the location/patient population (p = 0.003), while overrepresented applicants are more influenced by program graduation and board pass rates (p = 0.021). The results of our study suggest that GCAM rank preferences are influenced by a large number of factors. Additionally, by demonstrating significant differences in the influence of program diversity on underrepresented applicants, the results of our study suggest that JEDI efforts of genetic counseling training programs should continue to be an area of focus, in order to create a more welcoming environment for all students and to further diversify the genetic counseling profession.
Aromatic l‐amino acid decarboxylase deficiency in Taiwan
Authors: Hwu Wuh‐Liang , Hsu Rai‐Hseng , Li Mei‐Hsin , Lee Hui‐Min , Chen Hui‐An , Lee Ni‐Chung , Chien Yin‐Hsiu
Published: August 2023

Aromatic l‐amino acid decarboxylase (AADC) deficiency is a rare inherited disorder that affects neurotransmitter biosynthesis. A DDC founder mutation c.714 + 4A > T (IVS6 + 4A > T) is prevalent in the Chinese population. This study investigated the epidemiology of AADC deficiency in Taiwan by analyzing data from National Taiwan University Hospital (NTUH), a central institution for diagnosing and treating the disease. From January 2000 to March 2023, 77 patients with AADC deficiency visited NTUH. Among them, eight were international patients seeking a second opinion, and another two had one or both non‐Chinese parents; all others were ethnically Chinese. The c.714 + 4A > T mutation accounted for 85% of all mutated alleles, and 94% of patients exhibited a severe phenotype. Of the 77 patients, 31 received gene therapy at a mean age of 3.76 years (1.62–8.49) through clinical trials, and their current ages were significantly older than those of the remaining patients. Although the combined incidence of AADC deficiency in this study (1:66491 for 2004 and later) was lower than that reported in newborn screening (1:31997 to 1:42662), case surges coincided with the launch of clinical trials and the implementation of newborn screening. Currently, many young patients are awaiting for treatment.
Reference Ranges of Ventricular Morphology and Function in Healthy Chinese Adults: A Multicenter 3 T MRI Study
Authors: Xu Ziqian , Li Weihao , Wang Jiaqi , Wang Fei , Sun Bin , Xiang Shifeng , Luo Xiao , Meng Yanfeng , Wang Xiang , Wang Ximing , Song Jianxun , Zhang Min , Xu Dinghu , Zhou Xiaoyue , Ju Zhiguo , Sun Jiayu , Han Yuchi , Chen Yucheng
Published: August 2023

Background

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reference ranges for ventricular morphology and function in the Chinese population are lacking.

Purpose

To establish the MRI reference ranges of left and right ventricular (LV and RV) morphology and function based on a large multicenter cohort.

Study Type

Prospective.

Population

One thousand and twelve healthy Chinese Han adults.

Field Strength/Sequence

Balanced steady‐state free procession cine sequence at 3.0 T.

Assessment

Biventricular end‐diastolic, end‐systolic, stroke volume, and ejection fraction (EDV, ESV, SV, and EF), LV mass (LVM), end‐diastolic and end‐systolic dimension (LVEDD and LVESD), anteroseptal wall thickness (AS), and posterolateral wall thickness (PL) were measured. Body surface area (BSA) and height were used to index biventricular parameters. Parameters were compared between age groups and sex.

Statistical Tests

Independent‐samples t‐tests or Mann–Whitney U test to compare mean values between sexes; ANOVA or Kruskal–Wallis test to compare mean values among age groups; linear regression to assess the relationships between cardiac parameters and age (correlation coefficient, r). A P value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

The biventricular volumes, LVM, LVEDD, RVEDV/LVEDV ratio, LVESD, AS, and PL were significantly greater in males than in females, even after indexing to BSA or height, while LVEF and RVEF were significantly lower in males than in females. For both sexes, age was significantly negatively correlated with biventricular volumes (male and female: LVEDV [r = −0.491; r = −0.373], LVESV [r = −0.194; r = −0.184], RVEDV [r = −0.639; r = −0.506], RVESV [r = −0.270; r = −0.223]), with similar correlations after BSA normalization. LVEF (r = 0.043) and RVEF (r = 0.033) showed a significant correlation with age in females, but not in males (P = 0.889; P = 0.282).

Data Conclusion

MRI reference ranges for biventricular morphology and function in Chinese adults are presented and show significant associations with age and sex.

Level of Evidence

2

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2
LSTM based deep neural network model of power system stabilizer for power oscillation damping in multimachine system
Authors: Sarkar Devesh Umesh , Prakash Tapan
Published: August 2023

Power system oscillation is an unavoidable threat to the stability of an interconnected modern power system. The reliable operation of a modern power system is widely related to the dampening of electromechanical low‐frequency oscillations (ELFOs). These ELFOs must be dampened appropriately to maintain the stability and reliability of the system. However, it is relatively difficult to resolve the problem of ELFOs completely with traditional power system stabilizers (PSSs). Consequently, research should be directed towards the development of efficient damping controllers, or PSSs, for power oscillation damping. Motivated from the aforementioned fact, this article presents the design of a proportional integral derivative power system stabilizer (PID‐PSS) via a long short‐term memory neural network (LSTM) based deep neural approach for damping power system oscillations in interconnected power systems. LSTM is used to train the parameters of PID‐PSS. To evaluate the performance of the proposed LSTM based PID‐PSS, diverse test cases under different operating conditions are examined. Further, the performance of the proposed LSTM based PID‐PSS is compared with traditional PSSs through time‐domain simulations. The test cases reveal the desired efficiency achieved by the proposed LSTM based PID‐PSS under diverse loading conditions.
Guidelines for interpreting the results of bibliometric analysis: A sensemaking approach
Authors: Lim Weng Marc , Kumar Satish
Published: August 2023

While bibliometric analysis is inherently quantitative and objective, it necessitates interpretation, thereby introducing an element of subjectivity. This article proposes a sensemaking approach that transitions researchers from mere description to proactive interpretation of bibliometric results, transforming raw information into informed insights. We discuss the applicability of sensemaking in bibliometric analysis and offer practical guidelines for its integration into systematic literature reviews. These guidelines revolve around a three‐stage sensemaking process—that is, scanning, sensing, and substantiating—each crucial to deriving meaningful interpretations. As such, this article serves as a valuable guide for researchers seeking to utilize bibliometric analysis as a potent analytical tool in their review studies.
Blueberry anthocyanins extract inhibits advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs) production and AGEs‐stimulated inflammation in RAW264.7 cells
Authors: Peng Jinming , Liang Guiqiang , Wen Wenjun , Huang Wenye , Qiu Yuanxin , Xiao Gengsheng , Wang Qin
Published: August 2023

BACKGROUND

Pharmacological interference is considered to be a successful approach to inhibit advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs) production and to block AGEs‐induced diseases. Some synthetic medicines are effective for inhibiting the glycation reaction, but they cannot be widely applied in clinical as a result of their side effects and security concerns. The present study uses blueberry anthocyanins extract (BAE) to attenuate AGEs formation and AGEs‐induced inflammatory response in vitro.

RESULTS

In a bovine serum albumin‐glucose model, BAE showed similar inhibitory activity on AGEs compared to the synthetic anti‐glycation agent (aminoguanidine). The results showed that BAE exhibit strong anti‐glycative action by scavenging glycosylated intermediates (Schiff base, fructosamine and α‐dicarbonyl compounds), attenuating the molecular aggregation and amyloid‐like fibrils formation, and preventing conformational modification. Additionally, BAE was found to dose‐dependently inhibit the AGEs‐induced secretions of nitric oxide and pro‐inflammatory cytokines (interleukin‐6, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 and tumor necrosis factor‐α) in RAW264.7 cells. The anti‐inflammation activity of BAE was mediated by down‐regulating the expressions of critical inflammatory markers, inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase‐2, through nuclear factor‐kappa B signaling pathways inhibition.

CONCLUSION

BAE could serve as a natural inhibitor for controlling AGEs and AGEs‐induced chronic inflammation. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
High‐speed counter‐current chromatography assisted preparative isolation of phenolic compounds from the flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Fubaiju
Authors: Dong Xiaowei , Huang Hongping , Wang Rong , Luo Shiyu , Mi Yahui , Pan Yuqing , Shen Wei , Cui Jiamin , Hu Xiaolong , Cheng Xuexiang , Shi Xinhong , Wang Hao
Published: August 2023

Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Fubaiju is rich in phenolic compounds with various benefits such as anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, and cardiovascular protection. In this study, 12 phenolic compounds, including five flavonoid glycosides and seven quinic acid derivatives, were successfully separated from the flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Fubaiju by high‐speed counter‐current chromatography and preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography. Ethyl acetate‐n‐butanol–acetonitrile–water–acetic acid (5:0.5:2.5:5:0.25, v/v/v/v/v) was selected as solvent system to separate six fractions from the flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium cv. Fubaiju, and 20% aqueous acetonitrile (containing 0.1% formic acid) was chosen to be the elution solvent in preparative high‐performance liquid chromatography for purifying the fractions above. Luteolin‐7‐O‐β‐D‐glucoside (1), luteolin‐7‐O‐β‐D‐glucuronide (2), apigenin‐7‐O‐β‐D‐glucoside (3), luteolin‐7‐O‐β‐D‐rutinoside (4), diosmetin‐7‐O‐β‐D‐glucoside (5), chlorogenic acid (6), 1,5‐dicaffeoylquinic acid (7), 1,4‐dicaffeoylquinic acid (8), 3,4‐dicaffeoylquinic acid (9), 3,4‐dicaffeoyl‐epi‐quinic acid (10), 3,5‐dicaffeoylquinic acid (11), and 4,5‐dicaffeoylquinic acid (12) were isolated with purities all above 95%, respectively. In addition, all isolates were evaluated for their protective effects on H2O2‐induced oxidative damage in adult retinal pigment epithelial cells.
Editorial time management: Peer review dates and other key dates of Spanish Communication journals
Authors: Segarra‐Saavedra Jesús , Hidalgo‐Marí Tatiana , Tur‐Viñes Victoria
Published: August 2023

The main objective of this study was to identify editorial practices related to time management in Spanish Communication journals and determine whether their time management is homogeneous, as well as to evaluate which journals are more agile, discover the differences between general and special issues, and identify practices that could streamline the publication process. To this end, we worked with an exploratory‐type methodology focused on content analysis. The sample analysed included 1,581 articles published in 2021 by the 62 Communication journals included in the Índice Dialnet de Revistas (IDR) 2020, differentiating between those published in general and special issues, with the aim of focusing attention on the time elapsed from when journals receive articles until their final publication. The results reveal little homogeneity in policies regarding information on dates and confirms average times of more than 6 months for the duration of the process, with the publication process for special issues being more agile. The strength of this work lies in the demonstration of the need to work on common policies that enable the publication process to be streamlined while accelerating the availability of research results for the benefit of academia as well as society.
Models of VTC0$\mathsf {VTC^0}$ as exponential integer parts
Authors: Jeřábek Emil
Published: August 2023

We prove that (additive) ordered group reducts of nonstandard models of the bounded arithmetical theory are recursively saturated in a rich language with predicates expressing the integers, rationals, and logarithmically bounded numbers. Combined with our previous results on the construction of the real exponential function on completions of models of , we show that every countable model of  is an exponential integer part of a real‐closed exponential field.
Well‐posedness and asymptotic behavior for a p‐biharmonic pseudo‐parabolic equation with logarithmic nonlinearity of the gradient type
Authors: Zhang Mengyuan , Liu Zhiqing , Zhang Xinli
Published: August 2023

This paper is concerned with the well‐posedness and asymptotic behavior for an initial boundary value problem of a pseudo‐parabolic equation with p‐biharmonic operator and logarithmic nonlinearity of the gradient type. The existence of the global weak solution is established by combining the technique of potential‐well and the method of Faedo–Galerkin approximation. Meantime, by virtue of the improved logarithmic Sobolev inequality and modified differential inequality, we obtain the results on infinite and finite time blow‐up and derive the lifespan of blow‐up solutions in various energy levels. Furthermore, the extinction phenomenon with extinction time is presented.
Word maps with constants on symmetric groups
Authors: Schneider Jakob , Thom Andreas
Published: August 2023

We study word maps with constants on symmetric groups. Even though there are non‐trivial mixed identities of bounded length that are valid for all symmetric groups, we show that no such identities can hold in the limit in a metric sense. Moreover, we prove that word maps with constants and non‐trivial content, that are short enough, have an image of positive diameter, measured in the normalized Hamming metric, which is bounded from below in terms of the word length. Finally, we also show that every self‐map on a finite non‐abelian simple group is actually a word map with constants from G.
Evaluation of inverse treatment planning for gamma knife radiosurgery using fMRI brain activation maps as organs at risk
Authors: Abramian David , Blystad Ida , Eklund Anders
Published: August 2023

Background

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) can be an effective primary or adjuvant treatment option for intracranial tumors. However, it carries risks of various radiation toxicities, which can lead to functional deficits for the patients. Current inverse planning algorithms for SRS provide an efficient way for sparing organs at risk (OARs) by setting maximum radiation dose constraints in the treatment planning process.

Purpose

We propose using activation maps from functional MRI (fMRI) to map the eloquent regions of the brain and define functional OARs (fOARs) for Gamma Knife SRS treatment planning.

Methods

We implemented a pipeline for analyzing patient fMRI data, generating fOARs from the resulting activation maps, and loading them onto the GammaPlan treatment planning software. We used the Lightning inverse planner to generate multiple treatment plans from open MRI data of five subjects, and evaluated the effects of incorporating the proposed fOARs.

Results

The Lightning optimizer designs treatment plans with high conformity to the specified parameters. Setting maximum dose constraints on fOARs successfully limits the radiation dose incident on them, but can have a negative impact on treatment plan quality metrics. By masking out fOAR voxels surrounding the tumor target it is possible to achieve high quality treatment plans while controlling the radiation dose on fOARs.

Conclusions

The proposed method can effectively reduce the radiation dose incident on the eloquent brain areas during Gamma Knife SRS of brain tumors.
Using survey results to direct future extension efforts in annual bluegrass management
Authors: Kowalewski Alec R. , Mattox Clint M. , Brosnan J. T. , Kaminski J. E. , Patton Aaron J. , McCurdy Jay D. , Bowling Rebecca G. , Gannon Travis W. , Askew Shawn D. , McElroy J. Scott , Unruh J. Bryan , Elmore Matthew T. , Carroll D. E. , De Castro Edicarlos B.
Published: August 2023

Controlling unwanted annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) in desirable turfgrass species often relies heavily on herbicide use. As a result, increasing populations of herbicide‐resistant annual bluegrass have become a concern. In 2018, a university research and extension initiative began addressing the increasing herbicide‐resistant annual bluegrass epidemic. Preliminary findings produced by this research initiative were presented to golf course employees at the 2022 Golf Course Superintendents Association of American Educational Conference in San Diego, California. Findings were presented by a panel of scientists working on various annual bluegrass research sub‐objectives. A survey was designed to match the sub‐objectives within this panel presentation and determine what recommendations the attendees were most likely to use. The survey also identified environmental zones where participants originated and what turfgrass species they are managing in various areas of the golf course. The goal of sharing these survey findings is to assist turfgrass extension specialists and managers interested in designing annual bluegrass management programs that match stakeholder needs. Survey results determined that extension material pertaining to controlling annual bluegrass with cultural practices would interest the largest stakeholder cross section regardless of environmental turfgrass zone. Another major topic was annual bluegrass emergence patterns for herbicide timing, which was the most important or interesting topic for golf course employees in the warm‐season turfgrass environmental zone.
Nutritional status of Vietnamese infants assessed by Fenton growth chart and related factors: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Nguyen Lieu Thu Thi , Tran Cuong Danh , Nguyen Ha Thu Thi , Phan Hai Thanh , Nguyen Linh Thuy , Nguyen Huong Lan Thi , Ta Anh Hoai Thi , Pho Chau Quynh Thi , Do Khanh Nam , Dang Anh Kim , Le Huong Thi
Published: August 2023

Importance

Nutritional status of infants, measured by birth weight and length, is an essential factor in neonatal development. Malnutrition in newborns may lead to a higher risk of mortality, neurological and cognitive impairment, and poor language development.

Objective

This study aims to assess the nutritional status of infants and related factors regarding maternal anthropometric characteristics and medical history.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted at the National Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Vietnam from May 2021 to May 2022 on 340 infants and mothers. Low birth weight was defined following the Intergrowth‐21 standards. Stunting was evaluated using the Fenton growth chart when the length was below the 10% percentile line of the gestational week. Multivariate regression models were applied to identify factors associated with the nutritional status of infants.

Results

We found that 12.4% and 14.1% of infants in our study fell into stunted and underweight categories, respectively. Infants of mothers over 35 years old, having a height lower than 150 cm or experiencing anemia during pregnancy were more likely to be stunted or have low birth weight. Serum albumin deficiency during pregnancy was strongly associated with the infant being underweight (odds ratio [OR]  =  2.8, 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.1–7.3). Newborns were more likely to be stunted if their mothers had a history of preterm birth (OR = 3.3, 95%CI 1.1–10.2).

Interpretation

Maternal nutritional status is closely related to infant malnutrition, particularly in preterm infants. Improving the understanding of mothers regarding prenatal care, reproductive healthcare, adequate nutritional diet, and multi‐micronutrient supplements during pregnancy is therefore important.
Rational design of hyper‐crosslinked polymers for biomedical applications
Authors: Liao Qian , Kim Eun Ji , Tang Yunxin , Xu Hailang , Yu Deng‐Guang , Song Wenliang , Kim Bumjoon J.
Published: August 2023

Hyper‐crosslinked polymers (HCPs) are a family of polymers that possess several desirable characteristics, including high specific surface area, excellent stability, tunable porous structures, and low‐cost reagents. As a result, HCPs have gained significant attention in the areas of gas storage, adsorption, catalysis, separation, and carbon precursors, exhibiting advanced performances in catalytic and energy‐related applications. Recently, researchers have explored the potential of HCPs in biomedical engineering. In this review, we discuss classical synthesis strategies and morphological assembly methods used to create HCPs with unique biological properties. We also highlight the latest advances in emerging biomedical areas of HCPs, such as drug delivery, antimicrobial, bioimaging, and biosensing. By providing various examples, we further discuss the correlations between the structures, morphologies, and enhanced biomedical properties of the HCPs. Finally, we summarize the key applications of HCPs and provide an outlook on the research direction to encourage further development of biomedically available HCPs. Overall, HCPs offer promising potential as a new class of materials for use in biomedical applications, and continued research in this field will lead to exciting discoveries and breakthroughs.
Underwater superoleophobic polyvinylidene fluoride membranes using sulfonated dopamine and polyethyleneimine as additives for the separation of oily water
Authors: Ma Houying , Yang Yuling , Wang Jianqiang , Zeng Zhixiang , Zhu Lijing
Published: August 2023

Oil‐fouling of the membranes limits further application in the separation and purification of oil‐in‐water emulsions. Here, anti‐oil fouling membranes are engineered by the method of non‐solvent induced phase separation (NIPS) which enriches the polysulfonated dopamine (PSDA) and polyethyleneimine (PEI) (PSDA‐PEI) to the top surface from mixed casting solution. The obtained membrane achieves excellent anti‐oil fouling property as high as 98.2% oil rejection, yet it still possesses good flux of 2362.5 ± 110.9 and 1252.3 ± 71.8 L m−2 h−1 for the separation of 1,2‐dichloroethane‐in‐water and toluene‐in‐water emulsions. This can be attributed to outstanding hydrophilicity and super underwater superoleophobicity for mussel‐inspired PSDA‐PEI layer. In addition, the membrane also has excellent stability in acid (pH 1, 3, and 5) or alkali (pH 10 and 12) solutions. This work provides a facile method to engineer underwater superoleophobic membranes with excellent anti‐oil fouling by mussel‐inspired chemistry for oily water treatment.
Protein aggregation and neurodegenerative disease: Structural outlook for the novel therapeutics
Authors: Arar Sharif , Haque Md Anzarul , Kayed Rakez
Published: August 2023

Before the controversial approval of humanized monoclonal antibody lecanemab, which binds to the soluble amyloid‐β protofibrils, all the treatments available earlier, for Alzheimer's disease (AD) were symptomatic. The researchers are still struggling to find a breakthrough in AD therapeutic medicine, which is partially attributable to lack in understanding of the structural information associated with the intrinsically disordered proteins and amyloids. One of the major challenges in this area of research is to understand the structural diversity of intrinsically disordered proteins under in vitro conditions. Therefore, in this review, we have summarized the in vitro applications of biophysical methods, which are aimed to shed some light on the heterogeneity, pathogenicity, structures and mechanisms of the intrinsically disordered protein aggregates associated with proteinopathies including AD. This review will also rationalize some of the strategies in modulating disease‐relevant pathogenic protein entities by small molecules using structural biology approaches and biophysical characterization. We have also highlighted tools and techniques to simulate the in vivo conditions for native and cytotoxic tau/amyloids assemblies, urge new chemical approaches to replicate tau/amyloids assemblies similar to those in vivo conditions, in addition to designing novel potential drugs.
Intravenous ibuprofen in postoperative pain and fever management in adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Zhou Pengxiang , Chen Lu , Wang Ente , He Lanzhi , Tian Shuxia , Zhai Suodi
Published: August 2023

This study aims to evaluate the efficacy and safety of multiple or single‐dosage intravenous ibuprofen (IVIB) in managing postoperative pain and fever in adults who are unable to take oral medications. A systematic review and meta‐analysis was conducted based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing IVIB with placebo or other analgesic and antipyretic medications for postoperative pain and fever management. Data were collected from 8 main databases from the inception to June 2022. Risk of bias assessment was performed, and the GRADE methodology was used to assess the certainty of pooled evidence. Primary outcomes included visual analogue scale (VAS) scores within 24 h postoperative and reduction of temperature. Meta‐analyses were conducted to calculate the mean difference (MD) or risk ratios (RR) and 95% CIs. As a result, a total of twenty‐three RCTs with 3716 participants were included. For postoperative pain, with moderate‐to‐low certainty evidence, IVIB was associated with lower postoperative VAS scores than placebo, with MD ranging from −3.53 (95% CI, −4.32 to −2.75) at 0 min to −0.96 (95% CI, −1.35 to −0.57) at 24 h. Compared with intravenous acetaminophen, IVIB demonstrated lower VAS scores (MD, −1.54 at 0 min; −0.36 at 24 h). For fever, IVIB showed satisfactory antipyretic efficiency in a short period of time, but no difference was observed between IVIB and intravenous acetaminophen. IVIB was well‐tolerated for both pain and fever management. In conclusion, moderate‐to‐low certainty evidence supports the use of IVIB for adults with postoperative pain and fever who are unable to take oral medications.
Solving the geometric reliability index for a case involving multivariate random variables in the original physical space
Authors: Wang Rui‐kai , Wu Xing Zheng
Published: August 2023

An effective interpretation of the complex reliability theory will promote its application in engineering practice. Based on an algorithm for solving the geometric reliability index for cases involving two or three random variables in the original physical space, an advanced algorithm for multivariate random variables is further developed by using a hypersphere model and inverse Nataf transformation. The main components of the algorithm include the definition of limit state surface, the construction of a hypersphere model, the determination of probability density iso‐contour points, the identification of limit state of these points, and the definition of an actual reliability index. Several typical practical problems associated with two to five variables are analyzed, and the results are compared with those obtained using the first‐order reliability method (FORM) and the copula‐based sampling method (CBSM), thus validating the accuracy of the proposed algorithm. With the help of the powerful and open‐source R language platform, the visualization of a reliability index in low dimensions and the solvability in high dimensions are implemented, which makes the interpretation of reliability theory more intuitive.
A lean additive frailty model: With an application to clustering of melanoma in Norwegian families
Authors: Brathovde Mari , Moger Tron A. , Aalen Odd O. , Grotmol Tom , Veierød Marit B. , Valberg Morten
Published: August 2023

Additive frailty models are used to model correlated survival data. However, the complexity of the models increases with cluster size to the extent that practical usage becomes increasingly challenging. We present a modification of the additive genetic gamma frailty (AGGF) model, the lean AGGF (L‐AGGF) model, which alleviates some of these challenges by using a leaner additive decomposition of the frailty. The performances of the models were compared and evaluated in a simulation study. The L‐AGGF model was used to analyze population‐wide data on clustering of melanoma in 2 391 125 two‐generational Norwegian families, 1960‐2015. Using this model, we could analyze the complete data set, while the original model limited the analysis to a restricted data set (with cluster sizes ). We found a substantial clustering of melanoma in Norwegian families and large heterogeneity in melanoma risk across the population, where 52% of the frailty was attributed to the 10% of the population at highest unobserved risk. Due to the improved scalability, the L‐AGGF model enables a wider range of analyses of population‐wide data compared to the AGGF model. Moreover, the methods outlined here make it possible to perform these analyses in a computationally efficient manner.
Synthesis of IR‐415 Derivatives and Evaluation of their Antiviral Activity Against Hepatitis B Virus
Authors: Singh Ankita , Kumar Jitendra , Verma Jyoti , Subbarao Naidu , Sapra Shivani , Kumar Prasad Ashok , Kumar Vijay , Sharma Deepti
Published: August 2023

A candidate molecule 1‐(3‐(1H‐imidazol‐1‐yl) propyl)‐3‐(2,4‐difluorophenyl) thiourea (coded as ‘IR‐415’) exhibiting excellent antiviral efficacy in cell culture model was identified after a high‐throughput screening of the Maybridge library.[7] Twenty derivatives of IR‐415 hereafter referred to as DSA‐00 were synthesized and evaluated for their antiviral activity against hepatitis B virus (HBV) in cell culture. The HBV‐expressing HepG2.2.15 cells or HBV‐permissive HepG2‐hNTCP‐C4 cells were treated with DSA‐00 or its new derivatives. A significant and improved inhibition in viral DNA replication and secretion of hepatitis B surface antigen were observed in the presence two derivatives, viz., 1‐(2,4‐Difluoro‐phenyl)‐3‐(4‐imidazol‐1‐yl‐butyl)‐thiourea and 1‐(3,5‐Difluoro‐phenyl)‐3‐(4‐imidazol‐1‐yl‐butyl)‐thiourea. Consistent with these antiviral properties, our molecular docking studies predicted a high affinity interaction of these derivatives with HBx protein. Importantly, DSA‐00 and its derivatives exhibited minimal toxicity at higher concentrations. Thus, these derivatives have the potential to be developed as new therapeutics for mono or combination therapy for the management of HBV infection.
Solubility of Mono‐Aminoacridines
Authors: Ghiami‐Shomami Ali , Tshepelevitsh Sofja , Tammekivi Eliise , Ilisson Mihkel , Mastitski Anton , Kütt Agnes , Toom Lauri , Leito Ivo
Published: August 2023

Solubilities of mono‐aminoacridines (AAs) in a variety of solvents were studied computationally using COSMO‐RS method and selectively confirmed by experiment (liquid chromatography and gravimetry). The results confirm the reliability of COSMO‐RS for ranking solvents on the basis of dissolving a specific AA, but not ranking the solubilities of different AAs in the same solvent. Pyrrolidine and some pyrrolidine‐based mixtures were predicted to deliver outstandingly high solubilities of AAs (10–30 % by mass, depending on the compound). Hydrogen bonding was found to have a considerable role in the solubility of AAs, which can act as hydrogen bond donors and acceptors. The obtained data and conclusions can facilitate solvent selection for purification of AAs, sample preparation for MALDI‐MS if an AA is used as a matrix, and can be helpful for solubility‐related applications involving other compounds.
i‐Indigo‐Based Self‐assembled Microparticles and Their Conversion to Nanoparticles
Authors: Singh Anup Kumar , Swain Gitanjali
Published: August 2023

Microscopic particles (MPs) are used to scatter and reflect UV light. It is well established that inorganic MPs such as TiO2 and ZnO produce carcinogens. Therefore, organic MPs are explored for UV absorption. Conjugated chromophores with differing lipophilicity usually self‐assemble into nanoscopic structures. In our previous experiments, unsymmetrical i‐Indigo was found to self‐assemble into 500 nm particles. We hypothesized that the size of the self‐assembled particles can be increased by increasing the lipophilicity difference between the side chains. Toward this objective, we have chosen the i‐Indigo core with TEG and alkyl chains as side chains. As a result, the i‐Indigo molecules were found to self‐assemble into 3 μ spheres in solution. By substituting side chains with different lipophilicity, i‐Indigo microparticles with the size of 5 μ are prepared. A careful analysis showed that the spheres are similar to a soccer ball, and they deflate upon drying on the substrate surface. The judiciously chosen side chain binds with a metal‐ion (Cs+) and forms nanoscopic assemblies. After Cs+ binding, the size of the particles is decreased drastically to 100 nm. The simple addition of ions converts microscopic assemblies into nanoscopic assemblies.
Magnetic MOF‐199‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐f]phenanthridines and Their Analogues by Tandem C(sp2)−C Coupling and Cyclization Followed by Aromatization
Authors: Kim Min Jeong , Lee Seong Weon , Dao Pham Duy Quang , Cho Chan Sik
Published: August 2023

Treatment of 2‐(2‐bromoaryl)‐ and 2‐(2‐bromovinyl)benzimidazoles with cyclohexane‐1,3‐diones in DMF in the presence of reusable Fe3O4@SiO2@MOF‐199 along with L‐proline and Cs2CO3 afforded 2,3‐dihydrobenzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐f]phenanthridin‐4(1H)‐ones and 2,3‐dihydrobenzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐a]quinolin‐4(1H)‐ones, respectively, in moderate to good yields. Such C(sp2)−C coupled and cyclized scaffolds were aromatized to benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐f]phenanthridines and benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐a]quinolines in good yields by a one‐pot sequential treatment with NaBH4, POCl3/pyridine, and DDQ.