bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐Butyl‐3‐methyl Imidazolium Acetate Catalyzed Synthesis of N‐Substituted‐5‐arylidene‐rhodanines
Authors: Singh Sarangthem Joychandra , Ahmad Sohail , Chauhan S. M. S.
Published: February 2015

by one‐pot four‐component domino Knoevenagel condensation of primary amine, carbon disulfide, ethyl acetoacetate, and aromatic aldehyde without any solvent
ChemInform Abstract: Benzoxazinone Synthesis via Passerini—Smiles Couplings.
Authors: Martinand‐Lurin Elodie , El Kaim Laurent , Grimaud Laurence
Published: February 2015

Carboxamides [(I), (III), and (V)], obtained from o‐nitrophenol derivatives, undergo Pd catalyzed flow hydrogenation and further cyclization reaction to give benzoxazinones.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Optically Active 1,4‐Oxazepan‐7‐ones.
Authors: Kamimura Akio , Yamane Yu , Yo Ryuichiro , Tanaka Toshiyuki , Uno Hidemitsu
Published: February 2015

A novel one‐step synthesis of enantioenriched 1,4‐oxazepan‐7‐ones is achieved by cyclization of optically active alkynyl esters in the presence of Ph3PAuCl and Cu(OTf)2 as the catalysts.
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorinated Alkynylphosphonates in C,C‐Cyclizations: Regioselective Formation of Polysubstituted Fluorinated Arylphosphonates.
Authors: Duda Blazej , Tverdomed Sergey N. , Ionin Boris I. , Roeschenthaler Gerd‐Volker
Published: February 2015

1,4‐Bipolar substrates of type (I) and (IV) having an acidic CH2‐group react with internal alkynes (II) to produce naphthalenes or polyfunctionalized benzenes, resp., containing a ‐CF2‐X group.
ChemInform Abstract: Expeditious, Nano‐BF3·SiO2‐Catalyzed Michaelis—Arbuzov Reaction in an Ionic Liquid: Synthesis of Privileged Aryl/Heterocyclic Phosphonates.
Authors: Rasheed Syed , Rao Devineni Subba , Subramanyam Chennamsettty , Basha Shaik Thaslim , Raju Chamarthi Naga
Published: February 2015

An efficient, environmentally benign methodology for the synthesis of privileged aryl/heteroaryl phosphonates (III) (15 examples) is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: A Short Access to the Skeleton of Elisabethin A and Formal Syntheses of Elisapterosin B and Colombiasin A.
Authors: Preindl Johannes , Leitner Christian , Baldauf Simon , Mulzer Johann
Published: February 2015

A rapid and stereocontrolled synthesis of elisabethin A skeleton (III) is presented, which opens a formal access to the diterpenes elisapteroside B (I) and colombiasin A (II) as well.
ChemInform Abstract: Short Asymmetric Synthesis of Phenanthroindolizidines Through Chiral Homoallylic Sulfinamines.
Authors: Anton‐Torrecillas Cintia , Gonzalez‐Gomez Jose C.
Published: February 2015

The enantioselective synthesis of phenanthroindolizidines using an indium‐mediated aminoalkylation with chiral tert‐butylsulfinamide as key step is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Emergence of Highly Elaborated π‐Space and Extending Its Functionality Based on Nanocarbons: New Vistas in the Fullerene World
Authors: Yamada Michio , Akasaka Takeshi
Published: February 2015

Review: [151 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Amine‐Functionalized Silica‐Based Mesoporous Materials: An Update of Syntheses and Catalytic Applications
Authors: Rath Dharitri , Rana Surjyakanta , Parida K. M.
Published: February 2015

Review: 176 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in Chemistry of γ‐Lactams. Part 2. Functionalization by C—C or C—Heteroatom Bond Formation
Authors: Martelli Gianluca , Monsignori Antonella , Orena Mario , Rinaldi Samuele
Published: February 2015

Review: 186 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanoparticle Catalysts for Nitrile Hydration
Authors: Downs Emma L. , Tyler David R.
Published: February 2015

Review: 55 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Asymmetric Syntheses of Alkaloids and Medicinally Relevant Molecules Based on Heterocyclic Chiral Building Blocks
Authors: Wang Ai‐E. , Huang Pei‐Qiang
Published: February 2015

Review: 83 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Bioactive Benzofuran Derivatives: Moracins A—Z in Medicinal Chemistry
Authors: Naik Ravi , Harmalkar Dipesh S. , Xu Xuezhen , Jang Kyusic , Lee Kyeong
Published: February 2015

Review: 79 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reemergence of Chloroquine (CQ) Analogues as Multi‐Targeting Antimalarial Agents: A Review
Authors: Md. Mushtaque Shahjahan
Published: February 2015

Review: 116 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: A Green Route to Chemical Synthesis
Authors: Awasthi Rita , Shikha Deepti
Published: February 2015

Review: 19 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanoporous Catalysts for Biomass Conversion
Authors: Wang Liang , Xiao Feng‐Shou
Published: February 2015

Review: 257 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Understanding Catalysis
Authors: Roduner Emil
Published: February 2015

Review: 44 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reading Polymers: Sequencing of Natural and Synthetic Macromolecules
Authors: Mutlu Hatice , Lutz Jean‐Francois
Published: February 2015

Review: [81 refs.
Detect structural‐connected communities based on BSCHEF in C‐DBLP
Authors: Ma Tinghuai , Rong Huan , Ying Changhong , Tian Yuan , Al‐Dhelaan Abdullah , Al‐Rodhaan Mznah
Published: February 2015

Chinese Digital Bibliography & Library Project (C‐DBLP) is a huge and real‐life co‐author social network in China, rarely cited by published paper. It contains a large amount of ground‐truth community structure with distinguished research topics. Despite the fact that rich studies on community detection have been conducted with gains of practically fruitful algorithms, unfortunately, with the coming of ‘Big Data’ era and speedy development of mobile devices, social networks like C‐DBLP have incredibly expanded on nodes and edges, as a result, because of massive data cardinality, a large portion of community detection methods consume memory resource excessively. Therefore, in this work, we select Based on Structural Connection Hierarchical Exploration (BSCHE) algorithm to partition nodes in C‐DBLP because of its O(n) time cost, fast enough to process massive data, and its novel physical meaning of similarity between nodes defined by structural connection and availability. In addition, in order to avoid huge memory resource consumption caused by ‘Big Data’ of C‐DBLP, we strengthen BSCHE as a framework (BSCHEF) by our proposed ‘count‐pointer‐strategy’ imitated from incremental batch process to detect co‐author communities on C‐DBLP. The experiment results show that BSCHEF can find sets of communities on C‐DBLP more effectively with the highest modularity value and the least execution time compared to other clustering algorithm. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
β‐Selective One‐Pot Fluorophosphorylation of d,d‐Heptosylglycals Mediated by Selectfluor
Authors: Vincent Stéphane P. , Tikad Abdellatif
Published: February 2015

This study describes the development of a novel procedure of glycal fluorophosphorylation applied to the synthesis of a fluorinated analogue of an important bacterial metabolite. This procedure was applied to several heptose‐derived glycals, and the stereochemical outcome of the reaction was analyzed. Under optimized conditions, the reaction is β‐gluco selective, but a significant amount of the α‐gluco diastereomer is also generated.
Dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI: Use in predicting pathological complete response to neoadjuvant chemoradiation in locally advanced rectal cancer
Authors: Tong Tong , Sun Yiqun , Gollub Marc J. , Peng Weijun , Cai Sanjun , Zhang Zhen , Gu Yajia
Published: February 2015

Purpose

To determine the ability of dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) to predict pathological complete response (pCR) before preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in locally advanced rectal cancer.

Materials and Methods

In a prospective clinical trial, 38 enrolled patients underwent pre‐ and post‐CRT DCE‐MRI at 3.0T. The tumor length and the following perfusion parameters (Ktrans, kep, ve) were measured for the tumor and compared between the pCR group and the non‐pCR group, as well as before and after CRT. For categorical variable comparison, the Kruskal‐Wallis test was used. P < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

No difference in tumor length was found between the pCR and non‐pCR group pre‐ and post‐CRT (P = 0.26 (0.15,0.45), 0.35 (0.21,0.52), respectively). Before CRT, the mean tumor Ktrans in the pCR group was significantly higher than in the non‐pCR group (P = 0.01). A Ktrans of 0.66 emerged as the best cutoff for distinguishing pCR from non‐pCR. Regarding kep and ve, significant differences were also observed between the pCR and non‐pCR groups (P = 0.02, 0.01, respectively). The mean Ktrans, kep, and ve values post‐CRT were lower in the pCR group than in the non‐pCR group, although there was no significant difference (P = 0.10 (0.04,0.16), 0.11 (0.07,0.26), 0.10 (0.06,0.23), respectively).

Conclusion

Before neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer, DCE‐MRI can distinguish between complete and incomplete response using a Ktrans threshold of 0.66 with a sensitivity of 100%. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015;42:673–680.
Evolution of simeprevir‐resistant variants in virological non‐responders infected with HCV genotype 1b
Authors: Akuta Norio , Suzuki Fumitaka , Sezaki Hitomi , Hosaka Tetsuya , Kobayashi Masahiro , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Saitoh Satoshi , Kobayashi Mariko , Ikeda Kenji , Kumada Hiromitsu
Published: February 2015

The present study was designed to assess the evolution of simeprevir‐resistant variants (amino acid substitutions of aa80, aa155, aa156, and aa168 positions in HCV NS3 region) over time in virological non‐responders (patients with positive HCV‐RNA during and at end of treatment). The study enrolled 136 patients infected with HCV genotype 1b who received 12‐week simeprevir‐PEG‐IFN‐ribavirin therapy, and data of 87 patients were available for analysis. Twelve patients (14%) were considered virological non‐responders, including 9 (75%) who showed absolute no‐response (HCV RNA: ≥3.0 log IU/ml at 12 weeks after start of therapy). Multivariate analysis of these patients identified lack of response to prior treatment, use of low ribavirin dose, and old age as independent and significant determinants of virological non‐response. Using ultra‐deep sequencing, de novo variants of D168 were detected in all of 9 absolute non‐responders. The majority of these variants emerged within 5 weeks of triple therapy. In comparison, de novo variants of Q80 were detected in only 3 of 9 absolute non‐responders and emerged at 6–12 weeks. Variants of Q80 detected at baseline increased during the course of treatment in 5 of 9 absolute non‐responders, while no such increase was noted in variants of R155 and/or A156 detected at baseline during the 12‐week course. De novo variants of R155 and/or A156 were not detected in this study. The results demonstrated the emergence of simeprevir‐resistant variants during the early stage of triple therapy. J. Med. Virol. 87:609–618, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
On the determination of noise parameters of low‐noise transistor devices
Authors: Seelmann‐Eggebert M. , Aja B. , Baldischweiler B. , Moschetti G. , Massler H. , Bruch D. , Schlechtweg M. , Ambacher O.
Published: February 2015

In this paper, we discuss the experimental determination of noise parameters for high‐electron‐mobility transistor (HEMT) devices and analyze the problems encountered with conventional extraction techniques. HEMT devices are distinguished by a very small minimum noise figure of only a fraction of a dB, and this minimum noise is accomplished with a source reflection coefficient very close to the edge of the Smith chart. These properties impede a direct experimental determination of the optimum noise impedance by means of a tuner, and it has to be extrapolated from measurements of a large number of tuner states. Common linear regression techniques are found to yield erroneous results and even may fail completely to determine the noise parameters. We develop criteria to check the uncertainty of the result from the linear regression and show that, in general, the result needs to be examined for consistency. The occasional failure of extraction is traced back to a consistency violation in the conditions the elements of the correlation matrix need to satisfy. A new iterative technique is suggested for the extraction of noise parameters that warrants consistency. Moreover, a correction of the receiver gain is found to be necessary to obtain a good reproduction of the measured power patterns by the extracted noise parameters. This fact was attributed to thermal drift of the receiver. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spatial pattern characteristics of water footprint for maize production in Northeast China
Authors: Duan Peili , Qin Lijie , Wang Yeqiao , He Hongshi
Published: February 2015

BACKGROUND

Water footprint (WF) methodology is essential for quantifying total water consumption of crop production and making efficient water management policies. This study calculated the green, blue, grey and total WFs of maize production in Northeast China from 1998 to 2012 and compared the values of the provinces. This study also analyzed the spatial variation and structure characteristics of the WFs at the prefecture level.

RESULTS

The annual average WF of maize production was 1029 m3 per ton, which was 51% green, 21% blue and 28% grey. The WF of maize production was highest in Liaoning Province, moderate in Heilongjiang Province and lowest in Jilin Province. The spatial differences of the WFs calculated for the 36 major maize production prefectures were significant in Northeast China. There was a moderate positive spatial autocorrelation among prefectures that had similar WFs. Local indicator of spatial autocorrelation index (LISA) analysis identified prefectures with higher WFs in the southeast region of Liaoning Province and the southwest region of Heilongjiang Province and prefectures with lower WFs in the middle of Jilin Province.

CONCLUSION

Spatial differences in the WF of maize production were caused mainly by variations in climate conditions, soil quality, irrigation facilities and maize yield. The spatial distribution of WFs can help provide a scientific basis for optimizing maize production distribution and then formulate strategies to reduce the WF of maize production. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Fabrication of a novel electrospun molecularly imprinted nanomembrane coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography for the selective separation and determination of acesulfame
Authors: Moein Mohammad Mahdi , Javanbakht Mehran , Karimi Mohammad , Akbari‐adergani Behrouz
Published: February 2015

A novel in situ molecularly imprinted sol–gel nanomembrane using nylon 6 as backbone was prepared by the electrospinning technique and coupled on‐line with high‐performance liquid chromatography. The prepared electrospun membrane exhibited extensive selectivity toward acesulfame in the presence of some selected sweeteners in a beverage sample, while the porosity and mechanical stability remained. The prepared electrospun membrane could be applied for 35 consequence extractions without a significant change in extraction recovery, swelling, and flooding. To achieve the best condition and efficiency for on‐line extraction, the effect of influential parameters was investigated. The limit of detection (signal/noise = 3:1) and limit of quantification (signal/noise = 10:1) were 0.6 and 2.0 ng/mL for acesulfame in the beverage samples, respectively. The linearity for the acesulfame was in the range of 2.0–250 ng/mL in beverage samples. The coefficients of determination values were ≥0.997 for all runs. The extraction recoveries of acesulfame in the beverage samples were between 80 and 85%.
Influence of the frequency of laser toning for melasma on occurrence of leukoderma and its early detection by ultraviolet imaging
Authors: Sugawara Jun , Kou Seiko , Kou Sousei , Yasumura Kazunori , Satake Toshihiko , Maegawa Jiro
Published: February 2015

Background and Objective

Laser “toning” with a Q‐switched neodymium‐doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser has recently been described to be effective for the treatment of melasma. Leukoderma is a refractory complication of laser toning for melasma, but it can be detected early with ultraviolet (UV) imaging. We assessed the relationship between leukoderma and the frequency or total number of laser toning sessions, as well as the effectiveness of UV imaging for detecting leukoderma.

Materials and Methods

The subjects included 147 patients who received at least five laser toning sessions. Subjects were classified into three groups according to the frequency of treatment (weekly for Group A1, fortnightly for Group A2, and monthly for Group B), and the incidence of leukoderma was compared among the three groups. In patients who developed leukoderma, the interval between clinical diagnosis and leukoderma detection on UV images (obtained with a Visia Evolution during every laser toning session) was determined to evaluate the effectiveness of UV imaging for the early detection of leukoderma.

Results

The overall incidence of leukoderma was 2% (3/147 patients): 3.8% (1/26 patients) in Group A1, 4% (2/49 patients) in Group A2, and 0% (0/72 patients) in Group B. There were no significant differences in the incidence of leukoderma relative to the frequency of laser toning. In two of the three patients who developed leukoderma, it was diagnosed clinically at the 20th and 21st laser toning session, whereas it was diagnosed by UV imaging at the 12th and 13th session. In the remaining 1 patient, leukoderma was detected clinically and by UV imaging at the 7th session.

Conclusions

There was no significant difference in the incidence of leukoderma related to the frequency of laser toning. This study showed that there are two types of leukoderma associated with laser toning. UV imaging was effective for the early detection of type 1 leukoderma, which seems to be related to the cumulative laser energy delivered, but not for detecting type 2 leukoderma, which may be due to direct phototoxicity. Lasers Surg. Med. 47:161–167, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Design of Optimal Experiments for Terpolymerization Reactivity Ratio Estimation
Authors: Kazemi Niousha , Duever Thomas A. , Penlidis Alexander
Published: February 2015

A model‐based design of experiments is implemented for the problem of reactivity ratio estimation in terpolymerizations for the first time in the literature. Optimal terpolymerization feed compositions are calculated using a design criterion, based on the Error‐in‐Variables‐Model (EVM) approach. The results show that there are three optimal feed compositions with their locations naturally dependent on the values of the reactivity ratios. However, the interesting observation is that in almost all cases the optimal feed compositions are located close to the corners of the terpolymerization composition triangular plot. In addition, the impact of the reactivity ratio values on the location of the optimal feed compositions is explored and “practical heuristics” are presented.
Traffic signal optimization using cyclically expanded networks
Authors: Köhler Ekkehard , Strehler Martin
Published: February 2015

Traditionally, the coordination of multiple traffic signals and the traffic assignment problem in an urban street network are considered as two separate optimization problems. However, it is easy to see that the traffic assignment has an influence on the optimal signal coordination and, vice versa, a change in the signal coordination changes the optimal traffic assignment. In this article, we present a cyclically time‐expanded network and a corresponding mixed integer linear programming formulation for simultaneously optimizing both the coordination of traffic signals and the traffic assignment in an urban street network. Although the new cyclically time‐expanded network provides a model of both traffic and signals close to reality, it still has the advantage of a linear objective function. Using this model, we compute optimized signal coordinations and traffic assignment on real‐world street networks. To evaluate the practical relevance of the computed solutions, we conduct extensive simulation experiments using two established traffic simulation tools that reveal the advantages of our model. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 65(3), 244–261 2015
Facile creation of superoleophobic and superhydrophilic surface by using perfluoropolyether dicarboxylic acid/silica nanocomposites
Authors: Sumino Eisaku , Saito Tomoya , Noguchi Tsuyoshi , Sawada Hideo
Published: February 2015

Perfluoropolyether dicarboxylic acid [HO(O)CCF(CF3){OCF2CF(CF3)}nO(CF2)5O{CF(CF3)CF2O}m―CF(CF3)C(O)OH; n + m = 6–12; PFPE‐DAcD] was applied to the preparation of PFPE‐DAcD/SiO2 nanocomposites by the sol–gel reactions of the corresponding diacid with tetraethoxysilane in the presence of silica nanoparticles under alkaline conditions. PFPE‐DAcD/SiO2 nanocomposites thus obtained were found to exhibit a good dispersibility and stability in not only water but also the traditional organic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, 2‐propanol, tetrahydrofuran, and 1,2‐dichloroethane. Field emission scanning electron micrograph (FE‐SEM) and dynamic light‐scattering (DLS) measurements show that these fluorinated composites are nanometer size‐controlled very fine particles. Dodecane and water contact angle measurements on the modified glass, filter paper, and polyester fabric surfaces treated with these fluorinated nanocomposites were found to exhibit the superoleophobicity and superhydrophilicity. Especially, the modified polyester fabric swatch was applied to the oil/water separation to give the high separation efficiency. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving diagnosis of dementia in primary care
Authors: Benbow Susan Mary , Jolley David , Greaves Ian Charles
Published: February 2015

Our commentaries from the Primary Care Neurology Society (P‐CNS) provide a primary care perspective on neurology articles featured in Progress. Here, Drs Susan Mary Benbow, David Jolley and Ian Greaves consider ‘Speed versus accuracy in cognitive assessment’ (see page 21).
Effect of atomic order on the phase transitions of melt‐spun Ni50Mn35In15 ribbons
Authors: Liu Jun , Liao Zhiqin , Xu Feng , Tan Weishi
Published: February 2015

The phase transitions of melt‐spun Ni50Mn35In15 ribbons are modulated with post‐annealing. Both the martensitic transformation temperatures and Curie temperature of the austenitic phase increase after post‐annealings. However, the maxima of phase transition temperatures are obtained after 873 K annealing, instead of higher‐temperature annealings. The nonmonotonic dependences exclude Mn volatilization and grain growth from the dominant reason. The superlattice reflections in Heusler structure indicate that the increases of phase transition temperatures should be related to the increment of L21 atomic order.
Improving initial condition perturbations for MOGREPS‐UK
Authors: Tennant Warren
Published: February 2015

Three different methods to initialise the Met Office limited‐area convection‐permitting ensemble prediction system (MOGREPS‐UK) are investigated. The first method, which forms the baseline for this study, is the current operational downscaling method where each 2.2 km high‐resolution ensemble member is nested within a corresponding 33 km resolution global ensemble member out to 36 h lead‐time. The second method is centring large‐scale perturbations, which are interpolated from the global ensemble, on an analysis interpolated from the operational UKV model, which is a 1.5 km high‐resolution convective‐scale model running a 3‐hourly data assimilation cycle. The third method is a perpetual cycling run where the 6 h forecast of each high‐resolution ensemble member is used to initialise the subsequent cycle, with only the lateral boundary conditions being updated to the new driving global ensemble model forecast. Each of the three methods have their own advantages, but the method that centres large‐scale perturbations on a high‐resolution analysis performs best as measured by standard objective verification measures and is shown to perform well in three case‐studies. Results from the perpetual cycling trial show that some forecast parameters, such as visibility, would appear to benefit from separate high‐resolution initial perturbations.
HIBaSS: hierarchical identity‐based signature scheme for AMI downlink transmission
Authors: Ye Feng , Qian Yi , Hu Rose Qingyang
Published: February 2015

The advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) is the key to demand‐side management system in smart grid. The communication over AMI consists of plenty important data, which have different security requirements. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical identity‐based signature scheme (HIBaSS) to enhance the sender authentication for downlink transmission of AMI. The downlink in AMI mainly distributes control messages such as price and tariff information to the smart meters. Unlike the metering data in the uplink transmission that requires confidentiality, most of the control messages in downlink only require data integrity and sender authentication. Moreover, since most of the control messages are valid for a relatively long time period (e.g., an hour), more complicated but stronger cryptographic schemes can be applied in downlink AMI. In our proposed HIBaSS, each smart meter does not trust a signature from a single data aggregate point (DAP) although it includes the original signature from the authentication server (AS), because a smart meter has no way to verify a message or a DAP directly with the AS. Instead, a smart meter receives a group signature created by all the DAPs with certificates from the AS that prevents the messages from forgery, manipulation and repudiation. The performance evaluation also shows that HIBaSS is efficient enough to be applied in the AMI downlink transmission. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Doping GaP Core–Shell Nanowire pn‐Junctions: A Study by Off‐Axis Electron Holography
Authors: Yazdi Sadegh , Berg Alexander , Borgström Magnus T. , Kasama Takeshi , Beleggia Marco , Samuelson Lars , Wagner Jakob B.
Published: February 2015

The doping process in GaP core–shell nanowire pn‐junctions using different precursors is evaluated by mapping the nanowires' electrostatic potential distribution by means of off‐axis electron holography. Three precursors, triethyltin (TESn), ditertiarybutylselenide, and silane are investigated for n‐type doping of nanowire shells; among them, TESn is shown to be the most efficient precursor. Off‐axis electron holography reveals higher electrostatic potentials in the regions of nanowire cores grown by the vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) mechanism (axial growth) than the regions grown parasitically by the vapor–solid (VS) mechanism (radial growth), attributed to different incorporation efficiency between VLS and VS of unintentional p‐type carbon doping originating from the trimethylgallium precursor. This study shows that off‐axis electron holography of doped nanowires is unique in terms of the ability to map the electrostatic potential and thereby the active dopant distribution with high spatial resolution.
Aiming for Equity: Preparing Mainstream Teachers for Inclusion or Inclusive Classrooms?
Authors: Coady Maria R. , Harper Candace , de Jong Ester J.
Published: February 2015

Mainstream teachers throughout the world are increasingly expected to differentiate instruction for primary‐grade students with diverse learning needs, including second or English language learners (ELLs). Does teacher preparation translate into instructional practices for English language development? What do graduates of those programs do differently, if anything, forELLs in their classrooms? This mixed‐methods study examined the beliefs and practices of two focal teacher graduates of a teacher preparation program that included second language training. Findings show that teacher graduates working withELLs in primary classrooms with low numbers ofELLs used some generic accommodation strategies and just‐in‐time scaffolding techniques, but they rarely instituted specificELLpractices to facilitate the English language development ofELLs. The authors discuss implications for second language educators.
Age and Obesity are Independent Predictors of Bile Duct Injuries in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy
Authors: Aziz Hassan , Pandit Viraj , Joseph Bellal , Jie Tun , Ong Evan
Published: February 2015

Introduction

Iatrogenic bile duct injury is a serious complication of cholecystectomy. The aim of this study was to assess predictors of bile duct injury using a national database.

Methods

The Nationwide Inpatient Sample (2010–2012) was queried for laparoscopic cholecystectomy. We used a) diagnoses for bile duct injury and b) bile duct injury repair procedure codes as a surrogate marker for bile duct injuries.

Results

A total of 1,015 patients had bile duct injury. The mean age was 58.2 ± 19.7 years, 53.5 % were males, and median Charlson co‐morbidity score was 2 [2, 3]. Multivariate analysis revealed morbid obesity [2.8 (2.1–4.3); p = 0.03] and age >65 [1.5 (1.05–2.1); p = 0.01] as the independent predictors for bile duct injury in patients undergoing cholecystectomy.

Conclusion

Our study finds a new association between obesity, aging, and bile duct injuries which has never been reported in literature before.
Oxidative Stability and Changes in Chemical Composition of Extra Virgin Olive Oils After Short‐Term Deep‐Frying of French Fries
Authors: Akil Emília , Castelo‐Branco Vanessa Naciuk , Costa André Mesquita Magalhães , do Amaral Vendramini Ana Lúcia , Calado Verônica , Torres Alexandre Guedes
Published: February 2015

We aimed at investigating oxidative stability and changes in fatty acid and tocopherol composition of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) in comparison with refined seed oils during short‐term deep‐frying of French fries, and changes in the composition of the French fries deep‐fried in EVOO. EVOO samples from Spain, Brazil, and Portugal, and refined seed oils of soybean and sunflower were studied. Oil samples were used for deep‐frying of French fries at 180 °C, for up to 75 min of successive frying. Tocopherol and fatty acid composition were determined in fresh and spent vegetable oils. Tocopherol, fatty acid, and volatile composition (by SPME–GC–MS) were also determined in French fries deep‐fried in EVOO. Oil oxidation was monitored by peroxide, acid, and p‐anisidine values, and by Rancimat after deep‐frying. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis was used as a proxy of the quality of the spent oils. EVOOs presented the lowest degree of oleic and linoleic acids losses, low formation of free fatty acids and carbonyl compounds, and were highly stable after deep‐frying. In addition, oleic acid, tocopherols, and flavor compounds were transferred from EVOO into the French fries. In conclusion, EVOOs were more stable than refined seed oils during short‐term deep‐frying of French fries and also contributed to enhance the nutritional value, and possibly improve the flavor, of the fries prepared in EVOO.
How Do Zoos ‘Talk’ to Their General Visitors? Do Visitors ‘Listen’? A Mixed Method Investigation of the Communication Between Modern Zoos and Their General Visitors
Authors: Roe Katie , McConney Andrew , Mansfield Caroline F.
Published: February 2015

Modern zoos utilise a variety of education tools for communicating with visitors. Previous research has discussed the benefits of providing multiple education communications, yet little research provides an indication of what communications are being employed within zoos today. This research is a two-phased, mixed-methods investigation into the communication between zoos and their general visitors. Phase 1 involved an online questionnaire to which 176 zoos from 50 countries reported on the types of education communications they typically use for their general visitors. The second phase comprised nine zoo case studies, enabling direct observation and face-to-face interviews on site with zoo staff and zoo visitors. The findings of this research provide a snapshot of education communications offered to zoo visitors, and indicate that zoo exhibit signage remains the most prevalent medium. The findings further indicate that 95% of visitors read at least some exhibit signs and that more than 70% of participating zoos utilise person-to-person education. The implications of these findings for improving zoos’ educational communication are discussed.
Targeted temperature management: It is not yet time to change your target temperature
Authors: Clinkard David , Cameron Andrew , Howes Daniel , Ball Ian
Published: February 2015

Clinical question

In unconscious patients of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, does targeted temperature management to 36°C (96.8°F) improve outcomes compared to the standard target of 32°C–34°C (89.6°F–93.2°F)?

Article chosen

Nielson N, Wetterslev J, Cronberg T, et al. Targeted temperature management at 33°C versus 36°C after cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med 2013;369:2197-2206.

Objective

To determine which temperature, 33°C (91.4°F) or 36°C (96.8°F), is associated with lower mortality and better neurologic function after cardiac arrest.
IN DEFENCE OF TRANSMISSION
Authors: Wright Stephen
Published: February 2015

According totransmissiontheories of testimony, a listener's belief in a speaker's testimony can be supported by the speaker's justification for what she says. The most powerful objection to transmission theories is Jennifer Lackey'spersistent believercase. I argue that important features about the epistemology of testimony reveal how transmission theories can account for Lackey's case. Specifically, I argue that transmission theorists should hold that transmission happens only if a listener believes a speaker's testimony based on the presumption that the speaker has justification for what she says. If this does not happen in thepersistent believercase, then the case is no counterexample to transmission. If this does happen in thepersistent believercase, then there is an available framework for rejecting the idea that the listener's belief is in fact justified.
Linear and nonlinear modelling of a theoretical travelling-wave thermoacoustic heat engine
Authors: Scalo Carlo , Lele Sanjiva K. , Hesselink Lambertus
Published: February 2015

We have carried out three-dimensional Navier–Stokes simulations, from quiescent conditions to the limit cycle, of a theoretical travelling-wave thermoacoustic heat engine (TAE) composed of a long variable-area resonator shrouding a smaller annular tube, which encloses the hot (HHX) and ambient (AHX) heat exchangers, and the regenerator (REG). Simulations are wall-resolved, with no-slip and adiabatic conditions enforced at all boundaries, while the heat transfer and drag due to the REG and HXs are modelled. HHX temperatures have been investigated in the range 440–500 K with the AHX temperature fixed at 300 K. The initial exponential growth of acoustic energy is due to a network of travelling waves thermoacoustically amplified by looping around the REG/HX unit in the direction of the imposed temperature gradient. A simple analytical model demonstrates that such instability is a localized Lagrangian thermodynamic process resembling a Stirling cycle. An inviscid system-wide linear stability model based on Rott’s theory is able to accurately predict the operating frequency and the growth rate, exhibiting properties consistent with a supercritical Hopf bifurcation. The limit cycle is governed by acoustic streaming – a rectified steady flow resulting from high-amplitude nonlinear acoustics. Its key features are explained with an axially symmetric incompressible model driven by the wave-induced stresses extracted from the compressible calculations. These features include Gedeon streaming, Rayleigh streaming in the resonator, and mean recirculations due to flow separation. The first drives the mean advection of hot fluid from the HHX to a secondary heat exchanger (AHX2), in the thermal buffer tube (TBT), necessary to achieve saturation of the acoustic energy growth. The direct evaluation of the nonlinear energy fluxes reveals that the efficiency of the device deteriorates with the drive ratio and that the acoustic power in the TBT is balanced primarily by the mean advection and thermoacoustic heat transport.
A new protein evaluation system for horse feed from literature data
Authors: Zeyner Annette , Kirchhof Susanne , Susenbeth A. , Südekum K.-H. , Kienzle Ellen
Published: February 2015

Few data on apparent pre-caecal digestibility (APCD) of crude protein (CP) and particularly amino acids (AA) are available from studies with horses. Protein bound in cell walls (i.e. neutral detergent insoluble CP (NDICP)) is unlikely to be decomposed by digestive enzymes in the small intestine. In contrast the corresponding analytical fraction of neutral detergent soluble CP (NDSCP) (NDSCP = CP−NDICP) is likely to be available for auto-enzymatic digestion. A literature analysis on the relationship between NDICP/NDSCP and pre-caecal indigestible/digestible CP was carried out. There was a strong positive relationship between NDICP and pre-caecal indigestible CP, which suggests that NDICP can be used to estimate the part of protein that is not available for digestion in the small intestine. There was also a correlation between NDSCP and pre-caecal digestible protein. The slope of the linear regression line between NDICP and pre-caecal digestible CP was 0·9, suggesting an APCD of NDSCP of 90 %. Thus pre-caecal digestible CP may be predicted by multiplying NDSCP by 0·9. Because the literature identifies a similar AA profile in NDICP and NDSCP within a given feed the presented concept may preliminarily be transferred to AA. The proposed system can at any time be adapted to the scientific progress without altering its structure. Such adaptations would be necessary particularly when new knowledge exist on the distribution of AA onto NDICP/NDSCP, the APCD of individual AA from NDSCP, and the impact of feed processing and chewing on particle sizes and protein digestibility.
Senegal
Authors: Villalón Leonardo A.
Published: February 2015

Within Muslim Africa, Senegal has long been characterized by the striking dominance of Sufi forms of Islamic practice and social organization, with important consequences for Senegalese politics and society. While the Sufi model remains centrally important, it has been increasingly rivaled since the 1980s by reformist, or “Islamist,” groups and ideologies. In the wake of the historic Senegalese democratic alternation in power in 2000, and in an international context of apparent conflict between the West and the Muslim world, the growing public discourse about religion in Senegal is resulting in reinterpretations and dynamic transformations that have further blurred the boundaries between Sufism and Islamism.
The presence of biofilm-producing bacteria on tonsils is associated with increased exhaled nitric oxide levels: preliminary data in children who experience recurrent exacerbations of chronic tonsillitis
Authors: Torretta S , Marchisio P , Drago L , Capaccio P , Baggi E , Pignataro L
Published: February 2015

Background:

It has been suggested that bacterial biofilms may be a causative factor in the aetiopathogenesis of chronic tonsillitis. Involvement of exhaled nitric oxide has been previously considered, with conflicting findings.

Objective:

A pilot study was performed to investigate the relationship between exhaled nitric oxide levels and the presence of tonsillar biofilm-producing bacteria in children with chronic tonsillitis.

Method:

Tonsillar biofilm-producing bacteria on bioptic specimens taken during tonsillectomy were assessed by means of spectrophotometry.

Results:

Analysis was based on 24 children aged 5–10 years (median, 7.5 years). Biofilm-producing bacteria were found in 40.9 per cent of specimens. The median exhaled nitric oxide level was 11.6 ppb (range, 3.2–22.3 ppb). There was a significant relationship between the presence of biofilm-producing bacteria and increased exhaled nitric oxide levels (p = 0.03). Children with exhaled nitric oxide levels of more than 8 ppb were at three times greater risk of developing tonsillar biofilm-producing bacteria than those with lower levels.

Conclusion:

Our findings suggest the possibility of discriminating children with chronic biofilm-sustained tonsillar infections on the basis of exhaled nitric oxide levels.
Transnational Dynamics of Contention in Contemporary Cuba
Authors: GEOFFRAY MARIE LAURE
Published: February 2015

This article explores the example of Cuba in order to understand how a contentious politics has evolved since the 2000s and especially after the semi-liberalisation of internet access in 2008. My aim is to analyse how use of new technologies impact the fragmented arenas of contention that already existed in Cuba. My argument is that they have reinforced existing dynamics, while creating new channels of expression and linkage, between contentious spaces within Cuba and with specific segments of the Cuban diaspora. Those dynamics have in turn allowed for the emergence of a transnational Cuban public arena and a more intricate contentious space in Cuba itself.
Numerical methods used in fusion science numerical modeling
Authors: Yagi M.
Published: February 2015

The dynamics of burning plasma is very complicated physics, which is dominated by multi-scale and multi-physics phenomena. To understand such phenomena, numerical simulations are indispensable. Fundamentals of numerical methods used in fusion science numerical modeling are briefly discussed in this paper. In addition, the parallelization technique such as open multi processing (OpenMP) and message passing interface (MPI) parallel programing are introduced and the loop-level parallelization is shown as an example.
From Sepoy to Film Star: Indian interpreters of an Afghan mythic space
Authors: HAKALA WALTER N.
Published: February 2015

The paucity of sources documenting the role of Indians in the nineteenth-century British imperial engagement with Afghanistan has resulted in significant lacunae within later cultural artefacts documenting the period. The South Asians who formed the bulk of British expeditionary forces in the first Anglo-Afghan war (1837–1842) were, however, indispensable as cultural intermediaries, translating little-studied Afghan languages into patterns of South Asian speech that had become familiar to colonial officials through a gradual and ongoing process of exposure in India proper and, in the presence of comprador agents, beyond. For English-language authors writing in the aftermath of the traumatic retreat of the British army from Afghanistan in 1842, British India and its subject populations provided a convenient and long-established set of topoi through which to produce convincingly authentic representations of Afghanistan as an exotic and alien ‘mythic space’. Following George Steiner and Richard Slotkin, this article argues that the narrative memorials to the first Anglo-Afghan War become possible only through the activation of a particular set of stable, yet portable, South Asian literary figures which stand in for Afghanistan itself.
Lest We Forget: HIV/AIDS and Queer Theatre and Performance in Canada
Authors: GINDT DIRK
Published: February 2015

Lest We Forget, my current research project at Concordia University, critically analyses the history of queer theatre and performance as it intersects with the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Canada. Stretching over three decades and taking the country's bilingualism into consideration, its objectives are to study the aesthetic variety and political complexity of plays and performances that attend to the epidemic and to identify the multiple challenges faced by theatre artists and activists. Furthermore, the project explores the methodological and historiographical challenges when studying HIV/AIDS theatre and performance in a Canadian context.
A priori bounds and global existence of solutions of the steady-state Sel'kov model
Authors: Davidson F. A. , Rynne B. P.
Published: February 2015

We consider the system of reaction-diffusion equations known as the Sel'kov model. This model has been applied to various problems in chemistry and biology. We obtain a priori bounds on the size of the positive steady-state solutions of the system defined on bounded domains in Rn, 1 ≤ n ≤ 3 (this is the physically relevant case). Previously, such bounds had been obtained in the case n = 1 under more restrictive hypotheses. We also obtain regularity results on the smoothness of such solutions and show that non-trivial solutions exist for a wide range of parameter values.
Special Issue on Run-Time Systems and Target Platforms for Functional Languages: Editorial
Authors: Sperber Michael , Augustsson Lennart
Published: February 2015

Compiling functional languages to the existing variety of platforms calls for sophisticated implementations of run-time systems. This special issue focuses on this often-neglected aspect. We volunteered to compile this special issue in 2012 and immediately started soliciting papers. The original call for papers covered native-code platforms as well as run-time systems originally designed for non-functional languages such as the Java Virtual Machine or the .NET Common Language Runtime.
Ten-year all-cause mortality in hospitalized non-surgical patients based on nutritional status screening
Authors: Kissova Viera , Rosenberger Jaroslav , Goboova Maria , Kiss Adrian
Published: February 2015

Objective

Malnutrition is common in patients admitted to hospital due to acute illness and contributes to negative patient outcomes. In Slovakia there is a lack of relevant data on malnutrition in hospitalized patients, particularly based on chronic co-morbidity and survival. The aim of the present study was to explore the prevalence of malnutrition in hospitalized chronic patients, its relationship to co-morbidity and its impact on 10-year survival.

Design

Retrospective cohort study.

Setting

Nutritional status was estimated by Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), BMI and serum albumin level. Survival was assessed from the National Insurance Registry over a 10-year period. The association between nutritional status measured by SGA and 10-year survival controlling for age, gender, BMI and serum albumin was analysed using Cox regression.

Subjects

Data were taken from the medical records of 202 consecutively admitted chronic patients.

Results

Median age was 63·5 years; 55·4 % were males; median BMI was 25·9 kg/m2; median serum albumin level was 39·0 g/l. Based on SGA evaluation, 38·1 % did not have sufficient nutritional status (SGA classification B and C). Malnutrition was more common in patients who were older (P=0·023), with lower BMI (P<0·001), who had gastrointestinal (P=0·049) and oncologic co-morbidity (P=0·021) and lower albumin level (P=0·049). In-hospital mortality was 3 %, but during the following 10 years 52 % died. Cox regression analysis controlling for age, gender, BMI and serum albumin showed that SGA was an independent predictor of death (hazard ratio=1·55; 95 % CI 1·04, 2·32; P=0·031).

Conclusions

SGA is a simple screening tool that can be routinely used in hospitalized Slovak medical patients to predict the risk of death. Improving patient nutrition could thus reduce mortality.
245 GHz SiGe sensor system for gas spectroscopy
Authors: Schmalz Klaus , Wang Ruoyu , Debski Wojciech , Gulan Heiko , Borngräber Johannes , Neumaier Philipp , Hübers Heinz-Wilhelm
Published: February 2015

A 245 GHz sensor system for gas spectroscopy is presented, which includes a SiGe receiver (RX), a SiGe transmitter (TX), and a 0.6 m long gas absorption cell between the TX and RX. The integrated local oscillators of the RX and the TX are controlled by two external phase locked loops (PLLs), whose reference frequencies are swept with constant frequency offset for a low IF of the RX. The RX consists of a differential low noise amplifier (LNA), an integrated 122 GHz local oscillator (LO) with 1/64 divider, a 90° differential hybrid, and active subharmonic mixer. The TX consists of an integrated 122 GHz LO with 1/64 divider, and a frequency doubler. The RX and TX are fabricated in 0.13 µm SiGe BiCMOS with ft/fmax of 300/500 GHz. Using external dielectric lenses for the TX and RX, the absorption spectrum of gaseous methanol has been measured. The reference frequency of the TX-PLL is modulated for frequency-modulation spectroscopy. The performance of the sensor system is demonstrated by measuring the 2f absorption spectrum (second harmonic detection) of gaseous methanol.