bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical Analysis of Impulse Turbine for Isolated Pilot OWC System
Authors: Liu Zhen , Jin Jiyuan , Cui Ying , Fan Haiwen
Published: September 2013

Oscillating water column (OWC) is the most widely used wave energy converting technology in the world. The impulse turbine is recently been employed as the radial turbine in OWC facilities to convert bidirectional mechanical air power into electricity power. 3D numerical model for the impulse turbine is established in this paper to investigate its operating performance of the designed impulse turbine for the pilot OWC system which is under the construction on Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. The proper mesh style, turbulence model, and numerical solutions are employed to study the velocity and air pressure distribution especially around the rotor blade. The operating coefficients obtained from the numerical simulation are compared with corresponding experimental data, which demonstrates that the 3D numerical model proposed here can be applied to the research of impulse turbines for OWC system. Effects of tip clearances on flow field distribution characteristics and operating performances are also studied.
H2Fuels from Photocatalytic Splitting of Seawater Affected by Nano-TiO2Promoted with CuO and NiO
Authors: Simamora A.-J. , Chang Fang-Chih , Wang H. Paul , Yang T.-C. , Wei Y.-L. , Lin W.-K.
Published: September 2013

To enhance H2yields from the photocatalytic splitting of seawater, better photocatalysts such as nanostructured TiO2promoted with NiO (2.5%) and CuO (2.5%) have been studied in the present work. The accumulated H2yielded from the photocatalytic splitting of seawater containing oxalic acid (50 mM) as the sacrificial reagents on CuO/nano-TiO2is 8.53 μmol/gcatafter the 5 h radiation. On the NiO/nano-TiO2photocatalyst, the H2yield is relatively low (i.e., 1.46 μmol/gcat). Note that the hole scavenging with chlorides in seawater may be associated with the less H2yielded from the seawater photocatalysis (on CuO/nano-TiO2) if compared with that from water (42.4 μmol/gcat).
Addressing the Younger Age at Onset in Breast Cancer Patients in Asia: An Age-Period-Cohort Analysis of Fifty Years of Quality Data from the International Agency for Research on Cancer
Authors: Mousavi-Jarrrahi Seyed Houssein , Kasaeian Amir , Mansori Kamyar , Ranjbaran Mehdi , Khodadost Mahmoud , Mosavi-Jarrahi Alireza
Published: September 2013

Introduction. There is an established fact that Asian breast cancer patients are, on average, younger than their European counterparts. This study aimed to utilize the data from the Cancer Incidence in Five Continents I through XIII (published by the International Agency for Research on Cancer) to examine what contributes to the younger age at onset in the Asian population.Material and Methods. Data (number of breast cancer cases and corresponding population figures) for 29 registries in Europe and 9 registries in Asia for the period of 1953–2002 was accessioned and pooled to form two distinct populations, Asia and Europe. The age specific rates were defined and analyzed cross-sectionally (period wise) and longitudinally (cohort wise). The magnitude and the pattern of age specific rates were analyzed using the age-period-cohort analysis. The constrained generalized linear model with a priority assumption of cohort effect as contributing factor to changing rates was used to analyze the data.Result. During the last 50 years, the rate of breast cancer increased for both populations with an estimated annual percent change of 1.03% (with 95% CI of 1.029, 1.031) for Asia and 1.016% (95% CI of 1.015, 1.017) for Europe. There were stronger cohort effects in the magnitude of rates among the Asian population compared to the European population. The cohort effects, expressed as the rate ratio with cohort born in 1970 as reference, ranged from 0.06 (95% CI 0.05, 0.08) to 0.94 (95% CI 0.93, 0.96) for Asians and 0.35 (95% CI 0.33, 0.36) to 1.03 (95% CI 1.02, 1.04) for Europeans. The estimated longitudinal age specific rates (adjusted for cohort and period effects) showed similar patterns between the two populations.Conclusion. It was concluded that a strong cohort effect contributes to the younger age at onset among Asian breast cancer patients.
Vector and Ordered Variational Inequalities and Applications to Order-Optimization Problems on Banach Lattices
Authors: Xie Linsen , Li Jinlu , Yang Wenshan
Published: September 2013

We investigate the connections between vector variational inequalities and ordered variational inequalities in finite dimensional real vector spaces. We also use some fixed point theorems to prove the solvability of ordered variational inequality problems and their application to some order-optimization problems on the Banach lattices.
Solving Fuzzy Fractional Differential Equations Using Zadeh′s Extension Principle
Authors: Ahmad M. Z. , Hasan M. K. , Abbasbandy S.
Published: September 2013

We study a fuzzy fractional differential equation (FFDE) and
present its solution using Zadeh’s extension principle. The proposed study extends the
case of fuzzy differential equations of integer order. We also propose a numerical method
to approximate the solution of FFDEs. To solve nonlinear problems, the proposed
numerical method is then incorporated into an unconstrained optimisation technique. Several
numerical examples are provided.
The Effectiveness and Mechanism ofToona sinensisExtract Inhibit Attachment of Pandemic Influenza A (H1N1) Virus
Authors: You Huey-Ling , Chen Chung-Jen , Eng Hock-Liew , Liao Pei-Lin , Huang Sheng-Teng
Published: September 2013

TSL-1 is a fraction of the aqueous extract from the tender leaf ofToona sinensis Roem, a nutritious vegetable. The pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus is a recently described, rapidly contagious respiratory pathogen which can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and poses a major public health threat. In this study, we found that TSL-1 inhibited viral yields on MDCK plaque formation by pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus on infected A549 cells with high selectivity index. Meanwhile, TSL-1 also suppressed viral genome loads in infected A549 cells, quantified by qRT-PCR. This study further demonstrated that TSL-1 inhibited pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus activity through preventing attachment of A549 cells but not penetration. TSL-1 inhibited viral attachment through significant downregulation of adhesion molecules and chemokines (VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E-selectin, IL-8, and fractalkine) compared to Amantadine. Our results suggest that TSL-1 may be used as an alternative treatment and prophylaxis against pandemic influenza A (H1N1) virus.
Genetic and Biochemical Diversity ofPaenibacillus larvaeIsolated from Tunisian Infected Honey Bee Broods
Authors: Hamdi Chadlia , Essanaa Jihène , Sansonno Luigi , Crotti Elena , Abdi Khaoula , Barbouche Naima , Balloi Annalisa , Gonella Elena , Alma Alberto , Daffonchio Daniele , Boudabous Abdellatif , Cherif Ameur
Published: September 2013

Paenibacillus larvaeis the causative agent of American foulbrood (AFB), a virulent disease of honeybee (Apis mellifera) larvae. In Tunisia, AFB has been detected in many beekeeping areas, where it causes important economic losses, but nothing is known about the diversity of the causing agent. Seventy-five isolates ofP. larvae, identified by biochemical tests and 16S rRNA gene sequencing, were obtained from fifteen contaminated broods showing typical AFB symptoms, collected in different locations in the northern part of the country. Using BOX-PCR, a distinct profile ofP. larvaewith respect to relatedPaenibacillusspecies was detected which may be useful for its identification. SomeP. larvae-specific bands represented novel potential molecular markers for the species. BOX-PCR fingerprints indicated a relatively high intraspecific diversity among the isolates not described previously with several molecular polymorphisms identifying six genotypes on polyacrylamide gel. Polymorphisms were also detected in several biochemical characters (indol production, nitrate reduction, and methyl red and oxidase tests). Contrary to the relatively high intraspecies molecular and phenotypic diversity, thein vivovirulence of three selectedP. larvaegenotypes did not differ significantly, suggesting that the genotypic/phenotypic differences are neutral or related to ecological aspects other than virulence.
Analysis of the Magnetic Field Influence on the Rheological Properties of Healthy Persons Blood
Authors: Marcinkowska-Gapinska Anna , Nawrocka-Bogusz Honorata
Published: September 2013

The influence of magnetic field on whole blood rheological properties remains a weakly known phenomenon. Anin vitroanalysis of the magnetic field influence on the rheological properties of healthy persons blood is presented in this work. The study was performed on blood samples taken from 25 healthy nonsmoking persons and included comparative analysis of the results of both the standard rotary method (flow curve measurement) and the oscillatory method known also as the mechanical dynamic analysis, performed before and after exposition of blood samples to magnetic field. The principle of the oscillatory technique lies in determining the amplitude and phase of the oscillations of the studied sample subjected to action of a harmonic force of controlled amplitude and frequency. The flow curve measurement involved determining the shear rate dependence of blood viscosity. The viscoelastic properties of the blood samples were analyzed in terms of complex blood viscosity. All the measurements have been performed by means of the Contraves LS40 rheometer. The data obtained from the flow curve measurements complemented by hematocrit and plasma viscosity measurements have been analyzed using the rheological model of Quemada. No significant changes of the studied rheological parameters have been found.
Simulation of Suspensions, Torsion Bars, and Fifth Wheel for Semitrailers Using Finite Elements
Authors: Miralbes R. , Abad J. , Valladares D.
Published: September 2013

The objective of this paper is the simulation of some different types of elements for semitrailers, like the suspension, both mechanical with springs and pneumatic with a spring anddiapresses; other parts like the wheels, the torsion bars, the fifth wheel and the suspension of the tractor unit have also been simulated. Then, the numerical simplified FE model of these elements that allows simulating the real behavior of the suspension to apply adequately the boundary conditions of a heavy vehicle has been obtained for a structural simulation using numerical tools with a good accuracy of the local and global behavior of the vehicle.
Reliability of Calf Bioelectrical Impedance Spectroscopy and Magnetic-Resonance-Imaging-Acquired Skeletal Muscle Hydration Measures in Healthy People
Authors: Sawant Anuradha , House Andrew A. , Chesworth Bert M. , Gati Joseph , Lindsay Robert , Connelly Denise M. , Bartha Robert , Overend Tom J.
Published: September 2013

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate the test-retest reliability, relative variability, and agreement between calf bioelectrical impedance-spectroscopy (cBIS) acquired extracellular fluid (ECF), intracellular fluid (ICF), total water and the ratio of ECF : ICF, magnetic-resonance-imaging (MRI) acquired transverse relaxation times (T2), and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of calf muscles of the same segment in healthy individuals. Methods. Muscle hydration measures were collected in 32 healthy individuals on two occasions and analyzed by a single rater. On both occasions, MRI measures were collected from tibialis anterior (TA), medial (MG), and lateral gastrocnemius (LG) and soleus muscles following the cBIS data acquired using XiTRON Hydra 4200 BIS device. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2,1), coefficient of variation (CV), and agreement between MRI and cBIS data were also calculated. Results. ICC2,1 values for cBIS, T2, and ADC ranged from 0.56 to 0.92, 0.96 to 0.99, and 0.05 to 0.56, respectively. Relative variability between measures (CV) ranged from 14.6 to 25.6% for the cBIS data and 4.2 to 10.0% for the MRI-acquired data. The ratio of ECF : ICF could significantly predict T2 of TA and soleus muscles. Conclusion. MRI-acquired measures of T2 had the highest test-retest reliability of muscle hydration with the least error and variation on repeated testing. Hence, T2 of a muscle is the most reliable and stable outcome measure for evaluating individual muscle hydration.
An Alternative Approach to Protein Folding
Authors: Kang Yeona , Fortmann Charles M.
Published: September 2013

A diffusion theory-based, all-physicalab initioprotein folding simulation is described and applied. The model is based upon the drift and diffusion of protein substructures relative to one another in the multiple energy fields present. Without templates or statistical inputs, the simulations were run at physiologic and ambient temperatures (including pH). Around 100 protein secondary structures were surveyed, and twenty tertiary structures were determined. Greater than 70% of the secondary core structures with over 80% alpha helices were correctly identified on protein ranging from 30 to 200 amino-acid sequence. The drift-diffusion model predicted tertiary structures with RMSD values in the 3–5 Angstroms range for proteins ranging 30 to 150 amino acids. These predictions are among the best for an allab initioprotein simulation. Simulations could be run entirely on a desktop computer in minutes; however, more accurate tertiary structures were obtained using molecular dynamic energy relaxation. The drift-diffusion model generated realistic energy versus time traces. Rapid secondary structures followed by a slow compacting towards lower energy tertiary structures occurred after an initial incubation period in agreement with observations.
Freely Solvable Graphs in Peg Solitaire
Authors: Beeler Robert A. , Gray Aaron D.
Published: September 2013

In a 2011 paper, the game of peg solitaire is generalized to arbitrary boards, which are treated as graphs in the combinatorial sense. Of particular interest are graphs that are freely solvable, that is, graphs that can be solved from any starting position. In this paper we give several examples of freely solvable graphs including all such trees with ten vertices or less, numerous cycles with a subdivided chord, meshes, and generalizations of the wheel, helm, and web.
An Eco-Friendly Improved Protocol for the Synthesis of Bis(3-indolyl)methanes Using Poly(4-vinylpyridinium)hydrogen Sulfate as Efficient, Heterogeneous, and Recyclable Solid Acid Catalyst
Authors: Banothu Janardhan , Gali Rajitha , Velpula Ravibabu , Bavantula Rajitha , Crooks Peter A.
Published: September 2013

Highly efficient and eco-friendly protocol for the synthesis of bis(3-indolyl)methanes by the electrophilic substitution reaction of indole with aldehydes catalyzed by poly(4-vinylpyridinium)hydrogen sulfate was described. Excellent yields, shorter reaction times, simple work-up procedure, avoiding hazardous organic solvents, and reusability of the catalyst are the most obvious advantages of this method.
HBsAg Positive Patient Characteristics in Hospital and Blood Donation Camps
Authors: Sachan Deepti , Varghese Joy , Joseph Jensingh , Srinivasan Vijaya , Jayanthi Venkataraman , Rela Mohamed
Published: September 2013

Background. Prevention of the residual risk of transfusion transmitted hepatitis B virus infection (HBV) is mostly dependant on serological screening of blood donors for HBsAg and antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti-HBc Ab). This study aimed to study the prevalence of HBsAg and anti-HBc Ab and to compare the profile of blood donors attending a blood donation camp and people attending a hospital based camp. Methods. In the blood donor camp, all the blood units were screened for HBV, (HBsAg and anti-HBc), and in the hospital based camp, screening was done for HBsAg alone. Baseline demographic characteristics were noted. Results. The number of blood bank donors was 363 (47.5%) and hospital camp attendees was 402 (52.5%). Prevalence of HBsAg positivity was similar in both the groups at 1.7% and 1.9%, respectively. Anti-HBc Ab positivity (Total) was 6% among the blood donors; Overall prevalence of HBV infection in this group was 3.2%. Conclusion. Policy for checking the collected blood unit by 3 tests for anti-HBc, anti-HBsAb, and HBsAg should be reconsidered to possibly achieve the zero risk goal of transfusion transmitted HBV infection. Blood obtained from a vaccinated donor may give an added protection to the recipient.
Interaction ofVeratrum nigrumwithPanax ginsengagainst Obesity: A Sang-ban Relationship
Authors: Park Jinbong , Jeon Yong-Deok , Kim Hye-Lin , Lim Hara , Jung Yunu , Youn Dong-Hyun , Jeong Mi-Young , Kim Hyun-Ju , Kim Sung-Hoon , Kim Su-Jin , Hong Seung-Heon , Um Jae-Young
Published: September 2013

Obesity has become a major health threat in developed countries. However, current medications for obesity are limited because of their adverse effects. Interest in natural products for the treatment of obesity is thus rapidly growing. Korean Medicine (KM) is characterized by the wide use of herbal formulas. However, the combination rule of herbal formulas in KM lacks experimental evidence. According toShennong’s Classic of Materia Medica, the earliest book of herbal medicine,Veratrum nigrum(VN) has antagonistic features againstPanax ginseng(PG), and the PG-VN pair is strictly forbidden. In this study, we have shown the effects of PG, VN, and their combination on obesity in high-fat (HF) diet-induced obese mice and in 3T3-L1 cells. PG, VN, and PG-VN combination significantly reduced weight gain and the fat pad weight in HF diet-induced obese mice. They also significantly decreased lipid accumulation and the expressions of two major adipogenesis factors, PPARγand C/EBPα, in 3T3-L1 cells. In addition, the PG-VN combination had synergistic effects compared with the mixture of extracts of PG and VN on inhibition of PPARγand C/EBPαexpressions at lower doses. These results indicate a new potential anti-obese pharmacotherapy and also provide scientific evidence supporting the usage of herbal combinations instead of mixtures in KM.
Unsteady Aerodynamic Investigation of the Propeller-Wing Interaction for a Rocket Launched Unmanned Air Vehicle
Authors: Zhang G. Q. , Yu S. C. M. , Chien A. , Xu Y.
Published: September 2013

The aerodynamic characteristics of propeller-wing interaction for the rocket launched UAV have been investigated numerically by means of sliding mesh technology. The corresponding forces and moments have been collected for axial wing placements ranging from 0.056 to 0.5 D and varied rotating speeds. The slipstream generated by the rotating propeller has little effects on the lift characteristics of the whole UAV. The drag can be seen to remain unchanged as the wing's location moves progressively closer to the propeller until 0.056 D away from the propeller, where a nearly 20% increase occurred sharply. The propeller position has a negligible effect on the overall thrust and torque of the propeller. The efficiency affected by the installation angle of the propeller blade has also been analyzed. Based on the pressure cloud and streamlines, the vortices generated by propeller, propeller-wing interaction, and wing tip have also been captured and analyzed.
On the Tapping Mode Measurement for Young’s Modulus of Nanocrystalline Metal Coatings
Authors: Ahmed H. S. Tanvir , Brannigan Eric , Jankowski Alan F.
Published: September 2013

Young’s modulus of nanocrystalline metal coatings is measured using the oscillating, that is, tapping, mode of a cantilever with a diamond tip. The resonant frequency of the cantilever changes when the diamond tip comes in contact with a sample surface. A Hertz-contact-based model is further developed using higher-order terms in a Taylor series expansion to determine a relationship between the reduced elastic modulus and the shift in the resonant frequency of the cantilever during elastic contact between the diamond tip and sample surface. The tapping mode technique can be used to accurately determine Young’s modulus that corresponds with the crystalline orientation of the sample surface as demonstrated for nanocrystalline nickel, vanadium, and tantalum coatings.
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: Effect and Mechanisms of Acupuncture for Ovulation Induction
Authors: Johansson Julia , Stener-Victorin Elisabet
Published: September 2013

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the most common endocrine disorder among women of reproductive age, is characterized by the coexistence of hyperandrogenism, ovulatory dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries (PCO). PCOS also represents the largest part of female oligoovulatory infertility, and the management of ovulatory and menstrual dysfunction, comprises a third of the high costs of PCOS treatment. Current pharmacological and surgical treatments for reproductive symptoms are effective, however, associated with negative side effects, such as cardiovascular complications and multiple pregnancies. For menstrual irregularities and ovulation induction in women with PCOS, acupuncture has indicated beneficial effects. This review will focus on the results from randomized controlled acupuncture trials for regulation of menstrual dysfunction and for inducing ovulation in women with PCOS although there are uncontrolled trials with nonetheless interesting results. Animal experimental studies will be further discussed when they can provide a more mechanistic explanatory view.
Stretta Radiofrequency Treatment for GERD: A Safe and Effective Modality
Authors: Franciosa Mark , Triadafilopoulos George , Mashimo Hiroshi
Published: September 2013

Gastroesophageal reflux disease is one of the leading gastrointestinal disorders. Current treatments include lifestyle modifications, pharmacological therapies, surgical fundoplications, and, more recently, endoscopic procedures. The rising concern of long-term side effects of the popular proton-pump inhibitors and the more recent evidence raising doubts about the durability of fundoplication have spurred reinterest in endoscopic procedures to treat reflux disorders. In the aftermath of several innovative antireflux procedures that were introduced and failed clinically or financially over the past decade, there is lingering confusion regarding the merits of the presently available interventions. This paper focuses on one endoscopic procedure, Stretta, which now enjoys the longest experience, a recent meta-analysis, and robust data supporting its safety, efficacy, and durability. Stretta reduces esophageal acid exposure, decreases the frequency of transient lower esophageal relaxation, increases patient satisfaction, decreases medication use, and improves quality of life. As such, this procedure remains a valuable nonsurgical treatment option in the management of gastroesophageal reflux disease.
The Numerical Simulation of Shallow Water: Estimation of the Roughness Coefficient on the Flood Stage
Authors: Khrapov Sergey S. , Pisarev Andrey V. , Kobelev Ivan A. , Zhumaliev Artur G. , Agafonnikova Ekaterina O. , Losev Alexander G. , Khoperskov Alexander V.
Published: September 2013

The results of the numerical simulations of the dynamics of shallow waters for Volga-Akhtuba Floodplain are discussed. The mathematical model is based on the system of Saint-Venant equations. Numerical solution applies a combined Lagrangian-Eulerian (cSPH-TVD) algorithm. We have investigated the features of the spring flood in 2011 and found the inapplicability of the hydrodynamical model with the constant roughness coefficient [Formula: see text]. We have found a good agreement between the results of numerical simulations and the observational data at gauging stations which allows us to estimate [Formula: see text] in low water [Formula: see text] and the maximum water level in the river Volga [Formula: see text] 0.06–0.07.
β-Lactamase-Producing Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Pathogens from Tracheal Aspirates of Intensive Care Unit Patients at National Institute of Neurological and Allied Sciences, Nepal
Authors: Khanal Santosh , Joshi Dev Raj , Bhatta Dwij Raj , Devkota Upendra , Pokhrel Bharat Mani
Published: September 2013

The widespread use of tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation to support the critically ill patients increases the risk of development of tracheobronchitis and bronchopneumonia. This cross-sectional study was conducted with an aim to isolate and identify bacterial pathogens from tracheal aspirates producing extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), AmpC β-lactamase, and metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) from August 2011 to April 2012 at National Institute of Neurological and Allied Sciences (NINAS), Kathmandu, Nepal. ESBL was detected by combined disk assay using cefotaxime and cefotaxime with clavulanate, AmpC β-lactamase by inhibitor-based method using cefoxitin and phenylboronic acid, and MBL by Imipenem-EDTA combined disk method. 167 bacterial strains were isolated from 187 samples and majority of them were Acinetobacter spp. followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae with 32.9% and 25.1%, respectively. 68.8% of isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) and Acinetobacter spp. constituted 85.4%. ESBL, AmpC β-lactamase, and MBL were detected in 35 (25%), 51 (37.2%), and 11 (36.7%) isolates, respectively. Pseudomonas spp. (42.8%) were the predominant ESBL producer while Acinetobacter spp. were the major AmpC β-lactamase producer (43.1%) and MBL producer (54.5%).
Indigenous Infection withFrancisella tularensis holarcticain The Netherlands
Authors: Maraha Boulos , Hajer Gerhard , Sjödin Andreas , Forsman Mats , Paauw Armand , Roeselers Guus , Verspui Ellen , Frenay Ine , Notermans Daan , de Vries Maaike , Reubsaet Frans
Published: September 2013

We report here the first case of indigenous tularemia detected in The Netherlands, a nonendemic country, since 1953. Whole genome DNA sequence analysis assigned the isolate BD11-00177 to the genomic group B.FTNF002-00, which previously has been exclusively reported from Spain, France, Italy, Switzerland, and Germany. The patient had not been abroad for years, which implies that this is an indigenous infection. The current case might predict an upcoming distribution ofFrancisella tularensis holarcticagenomic group B.FTNF002-00 in Europe.
Speed Tracking and Synchronization of a Dual-Motor System via Second Order Sliding Mode Control
Authors: Chen Wei , Wu Yifei , Du Renhui , Chen Qingwei , Wu Xiaobei
Published: September 2013

Dual-motor systems have been widely used in industrial applications, and speed synchronization of the motors can always be deteriorated by system parameter uncertainties and load torque perturbations. In this paper, a new robust control strategy for the dual-motor systems is developed by incorporating second order sliding mode control (2-SMC) techniques. The strategy is to design chatting-free control laws to stabilize speed tracking of each motor while synchronizing their velocity. In the proposed scheme, firstly, speed controller for a single motor is designed to eliminate the effects of system parameter variations and load torque perturbations. Secondly, a cross-coupled architecture based synchronous controller is designed to reduce speed error of the motors caused by characteristic inconsistency and unbalanced load torque. Stability of the closed loop system is analyzed by Lyapunov theory; it is proven that both speed tracking errors and synchronous error can converge to zero. Finally, experiments are performed to examine the effectiveness of the developed controllers. Experimental results will show the good performance of the proposed control scheme.
Influence of Oil Viscosity on Alkaline Flooding for Enhanced Heavy Oil Recovery
Authors: Du Yong , Zhang Guicai , Ge Jijiang , Li Guanghui , Feng Anzhou
Published: September 2013

Oil viscosity was studied as an important factor for alkaline flooding based on the mechanism of “water drops” flow. Alkaline flooding for two oil samples with different viscosities but similar acid numbers was compared. Besides, series flooding tests for the same oil sample were conducted at different temperatures and permeabilities. The results of flooding tests indicated that a high tertiary oil recovery could be achieved only in the low‐permeability (approximately 500 mD) sandpacks for the low‐viscosity heavy oil (Zhuangxi, 390 mPa·s); however, the high‐viscosity heavy oil (Chenzhuang, 3450 mPa·s) performed well in both the low‐ and medium‐permeability (approximately 1000 mD) sandpacks. In addition, the results of flooding tests for the same oil at different temperatures also indicated that the oil viscosity put a similar effect on alkaline flooding. Therefore, oil with a high‐viscosity is favorable for alkaline flooding. The microscopic flooding test indicated that the water drops produced during alkaline flooding for oils with different viscosities differed significantly in their sizes, which might influence the flow behaviors and therefore the sweep efficiencies of alkaline fluids. This study provides an evidence for the feasibility of the development of high‐viscosity heavy oil using alkaline flooding.
An Insight into the “-Omics” Based Engineering of Streptomycetes for Secondary Metabolite Overproduction
Authors: Chaudhary Amit Kumar , Dhakal Dipesh , Sohng Jae Kyung
Published: September 2013

Microorganisms produce a range of chemical substances representing a vast diversity of fascinating molecular architectures not available in any other system. Among them,Streptomycesare frequently used to produce useful enzymes and a wide variety of secondary metabolites with potential biological activities.Streptomycesare preferred over other microorganisms for producing more than half of the clinically useful naturally originating pharmaceuticals. However, these compounds are usually produced in very low amounts (or not at all) under typical laboratory conditions. Despite the superiority ofStreptomyces, they still lack well documented genetic information and a large number of in-depth molecular biological tools for strain improvement. Previous attempts to produce high yielding strains required selection of the genetic material through classical mutagenesis for commercial production of secondary metabolites, optimizing culture conditions, and random selection. However, a profound effect on the strategy for strain development has occurred with the recent advancement of whole-genome sequencing, systems biology, and genetic engineering. In this review, we demonstrate a few of the major issues related to the potential of “-omics” technology (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) for improving streptomycetes as an intelligent chemical factory for enhancing the production of useful bioactive compounds.
Effects of Nicorandil in Neuroprotective Activation of PI3K/AKT Pathways in a Cellular Model of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Kong Jingjing , Ren Guiru , Jia Ning , Wang Yanfu , Zhang Hua , Zhang Wei , Chen Bingkun , Cao Yunpeng
Published: September 2013

Nicorandil, an ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channel opener, is known to have protective effects on ischemic injury in heart and brain. One of the most important protective mechanisms is the anti-apoptotic effect on cardiomyocytes and neurons. This study explored the anti-apoptotic effect of nicorandil against neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing the Swedish mutant APP (APPsw) and the possible mechanisms involved. We used SH-SY5Y cells transiently transfected with APPsw as a cellular model of Alzheimer's disease. Cells were treated with nicorandil (0.1, 0.5, 1 mM) for 24 h with and without glibenclamide (10 μM), a KATP channel inhibitor. The cells were then collected for MTT, apoptosis assay, and Western blot. In addition, we also investigated the potential involvement of the PI3K/Akt pathway in nicorandil-mediated neuroprotection of APPsw cells. Our results showed that nicorandil dose-dependently increased cell viability and reduced the rate of apoptosis as measured by MTT assay and annexin V/PI staining. Western blot showed that nicorandil could upregulate Bcl-2 levels and downregulate Bax and caspase-3 expression. Further studies showed that nicorandil increased the levels of phospho-Akt and upregulated element-binding protein activity by PI3K activation. Applying a PI3K inhibitor, LY294002 blocked the protection. All these findings suggest that nicorandil might be a potential treatment option for Alzheimer's disease.
Clonal Mast Cell Proliferation in Pruriginous Skin in Hypereosinophilic Syndrome
Authors: Wiednig M. , Beham-Schmid C. , Kranzelbinder B. , Aberer E.
Published: September 2013

Background: Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is defined as a high eosinophilic granulocyte count in peripheral blood and other tissues. It can be associated with clonal and non-clonal haematological neoplastic diseases. Methods: Here we present a patient with a 27-year history of pruritus, urticarial lesions, recurrent diarrhoea, depression and a monoclonal gammopathy in the setting of HES. Results: The patient presented with erythemas, disseminated plaques, papules and scaling. Eosinophils continuously increased from 14% in 2002 to 65% in 2011. Tryptase levels were >20 µg/l. Skin biopsies were unspecific. In the bone marrow biopsy 30% of eosinophilic differentiated precursors and 10% plasma cells were noticed. Skin and bone marrow initially not indicative for mast cell proliferation were investigated for clonal mast cell proliferation. By immunostaining, single tryptase-, CD117c- and CD25-positive mast cells were detected not only in bone marrow, but also in the skin. Molecular investigations revealed a D816V exon 17 mutation of the c-KIT gene in bone marrow and skin biopsies. Conclusion: In this patient HES was associated with high tryptase levels with 2 underlying clonal cell populations - IgGκ-positive plasma cells and single clonal mast cells with a high percentage of eosinophils in the bone marrow with symptoms of a clonal mast cell activation syndrome. Because of 3 minor criteria the patient finally fulfilled the criteria for systemic mastocytosis (according to the WHO). Patients with high tryptase levels and symptoms of mast cell activation syndrome should be investigated for clonal mast cell disease even in the absence of increased mast cells in the skin and bone marrow.
Freedom and Mystery: An Intellectual History of Jaspersʼ General Psychopathology
Authors: Bormuth Matthias
Published: September 2013

The Kantian idea of freedom was introduced to psychiatry methodologically by Karl Jaspers. It influenced the genesis and design of his doctrine of understanding, General Psychopathology, even more decisively than Nietzsche's topos of resentment did. This article places Jaspers' work in the framework of a history of ideas. It begins by pursuing Nietzsche's perspective in the context of Darwinism, then focuses on the role concealed resentment played for Jaspers' genealogical concept of understanding in the first (1913) edition of General Psychopathology, which is primarily oriented towards Max Weber, before examining the idea of Kantian freedom, which was to become crucial for Jaspers' later work. The antinomy of freedom already shapes the suicidology contained in Jaspers' Philosophy of 1931. The idea gains prominence in the final, philosophically grounded revision of GeneralPsychopathology published in 1941/1942. Jaspers' reception of Kantian idealism leads him to develop a concept of critical understanding that clearly distinguishes itself from speculative understanding, whose hazards Jaspers illustrates on the basis of Viktor von Weizsäcker's theory of medicine. This goes far beyond Kant, embracing Schelling and Hegel philosophically. As it were, Jaspers and von Weizsäcker represent critical and postcritical thought in psychopathology and psychosomatics. The epilogue sums up by placing the inquiry in the context of Jaspers' life and work.
Prognostic Role of Serum Lactate Dehydrogenase Beyond Initial Diagnosis: A Retrospective Analysis of Patients with Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma
Authors: Hong Junshik , Yoon Hyun-Hwa , Ahn Hee Kyung , Sym Sun Jin , Park Jinny , Park Pil-Whan , Ahn Jeong Yeal , Park Sanghui , Cho Eun Kyung , Shin Dong Bok , Lee Jae Hoon
Published: September 2013

Background/Aims: Baseline serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level is a well-known prognostic factor in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; however, its role beyond initial diagnosis has not yet been defined. Methods: This study was conducted as a retrospective analysis of patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) treated with R-CHOP21, who had undergone regular checks for LDH during immunochemotherapy (n = 119) and during the posttreatment follow-up period after complete remission (CR; n = 100). The 119 patients were classified into 4 groups according to their baseline and change in LDH level during treatment, and an analysis of tumor response and survival was performed. The value of LDH as a predictor for relapse was evaluated among the patients with regular follow-up visits after achieving CR. Results: An increased LDH level during immunochemotherapy had no impact on tumor response or survival, and only the LDH status ‘before' treatment was a prognostic marker. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of serum LDH for detecting relapse after CR were 47.4, 86.5, 9.3 and 98.3%, respectively. Conclusion: The measurement of LDH level beyond initial diagnosis has no clear benefit in predicting disease progression or relapse in patients with DLBCL treated with R-CHOP21.
Antimikrobielle Peptide und die Haut: Ein Paradigma der translationalen Medizin
Authors: Korting Hans Christian , Schöllmann Claudia , Stauss-Grabo Manuela , Schäfer-Korting Monika
Published: September 2013

Antimikrobielle Peptide (AMPs) sind kleine, kationische, amphiphile Peptide mit breiter mikrobizider Aktivität sowohl gegen Bakterien als auch gegen Pilze. Bei Säugetieren bilden die AMPs die vorderste Verteidigungslinie des Wirts gegen Infektionen und sie spielen allgemein eine wichtige Rolle als Effektoren des angeborenen Immunsystems. Die Ära der AMPs wurde vor mehr als 60 Jahren eingeläutet, als mit den Polymyxinen und Tyrothricin die ersten kationischen zyklischen Peptidantibiotika Eingang in die klinische Anwendung fanden. Die guten klinischen Erfahrungen in der Behandlung von beispielsweise Schleimhautinfektionen und das spätere Verständnis des Wirkmechanismus haben dazu geführt, dass die AMPs heute zur Behandlung entzündlicher Hauterkrankungen und zur Verbesserung der Heilung infizierter Wunden in Betracht gezogen werden. Auf Grundlage der präklinischen Ergebnisse, darunter Pathobiochemie und molekulare Medizin, werden gezielte Therapiestrategien entwickelt, und ersten Ergebnissen zufolge beeinflussen AMPs die Prozesse in der erkrankten Haut. Wichtig ist, dass AMPs im Gegensatz zu anderen Antibiotika offenbar nicht die Entwicklung antibiotikaresistenter Mikroorganismen fördern. Daher sollten AMPs in klinischen Studien auf ihre Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit bei entzündlichen Hauterkrankungen und chronischen Wunden untersucht werden. Abgesehen von möglichen Anwendungsfeldern scheinen diese Peptide ein geeignetes Beispiel für das Paradigma der translationalen Medizin für Hautkrankheiten zu sein, das heute als «Straße mit Verkehr in beiden Richtungen» gesehen wird - aus dem Labor ans Krankenbett und umgekehrt vom Krankenbett ins Labor.
Haarausfall nach Varicella-Zoster-Virusinfektion
Authors: El Hayderi Lara , Nikkels-Tassoudji Nazli , Nikkels Arjen F.
Published: September 2013

Die kutane Varicella-Zoster-Virus(VZV)-Infektion tritt überwiegend in epidermalen und infundibulären Keratinozyten sowie in dermalen dendritischen Zellen auf. Letztere spielen bei Vernarbungsprozessen eine Rolle.Zwei Patienten mit lokalisierter Alopezie nach VZV-Infektion werden vorgestellt. Ein 4-jähriges Mädchen zeigte lokalisierten Haarausfall, der etwa 20% der Wimpern am rechten Oberlid betraf und unmittelbar nach Abheilung der Varicella-Hautläsionen auftrat. Nach 3 Monaten war kein Nachwachsen zu beobachten. Eine 80-jährige Frau mit lokalisierter Alopecia areata der linken Okzipitalregion in der Vorgeschichte stellte sich mit schwerem linksseitigen Herpes zoster im Bereich der Dermatome V1 und V2 vor. An der exakt gleichen Stelle wie bei der vorherigen Episode trat erneut ein lokalisierter Alopecia-areata-Herd auf. Nach topischer Kortikosteroidtherapie kam es nach etwa 3 Monaten zu einem zunehmenden Nachwachsen der Haare. Diese Fallberichte stellen erstmals einen ursächlichen Zusammenhang zwischen einer kutanen VZV-Infektion und permanenter vernarbender Alopezie sowie transitorischer Alopecia areata her. Lokalisierter Haarausfall sollte zu den kutanen Komplikationen der kutanen VZV-Infektion hinzugefügt werden.
Effect of Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate on Function and Gene Expression of P-Glycoprotein in Adriamycin-Resistant K562/ADM Cells
Authors: Li Yuhua , Bi Huichang , Zhong Guoping , Huang Ling , Li Gelin , Xia Yanzhe , Chen Xiao , Huang Min
Published: September 2013

Background/Aims: Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a critical issue during chemotherapy of cancers. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a diester of phorbol, is a typical activator of protein kinase C (PKC). In the present study, we investigated the effect of PMA on MDR and P-glycoprotein (P-gp) gene expression in K562/ADM cells. Methods: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay was used to assess adriamycin (Adr)-induced cytotoxicity towards K562/ADM cells in the absence or presence of PMA. The intracellular accumulation of Adr was measured by determining the mean fluorescence intensity. The effect of PMA on P-gp activity was investigated by rhodamine-123 accumulation and efflux experiment. Protein expression and mRNA expression of P-gp in K562/ADM cells were determined by Western blot analysis and real-time qPCR, respectively. Results: Adr-induced cytotoxicity towards K562/ADM cells was significantly decreased by PMA at 5 μmol/l. Furthermore, intracellular Adr-associated mean fluorescence intensity was attenuated by 53.8% 1 h after exposure to PMA at 5 μmol/l compared with the control group (p < 0.05). A dose-dependent decrease of intracellular rhodamine-123 and increase of efflux activity of P-gp were also observed in K562/ADM cells incubation with PMA. In addition, P-gp mRNA and protein expression were significantly induced by PMA. Conclusion: Activation of PKC pathway by PMA can significantly induce expression and activity of P-gp, and thus decrease intracellular Adr level and strengthen MDR in K562/ADM cells.
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy in an Immunocompetent Patient
Authors: Johansen Krisztina K. , Torp Sverre H. , Rydland Jana , Aasly Jan O.
Published: September 2013

Background: Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rapidly progressive, potentially fatal, demyelinating disease affecting immunosuppressed patients. PML is rarely reported in cases with no underlying disease or immunosuppression-associated condition. Case Report: We present a 72-year-old previously healthy woman who developed a progressive neurological condition affecting the entire nervous system which led to her death within 5 months. PML was diagnosed at autopsy. Conclusion: PML should be considered in patients with progressive neurological disorders involving the white matter, even in the absence of previous immunomodulatory treatment or immunosuppression.
New and little known pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Laos
Authors: YAO ZHIYUAN , LI SHUQIANG
Published: September 2013

Fourteen new species belonging to five pholcid genera are reported from Laos: Belisana champasakensis sp. nov. (male), B. crystallina sp. nov. (male and female), B. gigantea sp. nov. (male and female), B. khanensis sp. nov. (male and female), B. lancea sp. nov. (male), B. martensi sp. nov. (male), B. tadetuensis sp. nov. (male), B. xiangensis sp. nov. (male and female), Calapnita longa sp. nov. (male), Khorata circularis sp. nov. (male and female), K. dupla sp. nov. (male and female), Pholcus arcuatilis sp. nov. (female), P. sublaksao sp. nov. (male and female) and Spermophora falcata sp. nov. (male and female). The genera Belisana and Spermophora are reported from Laos for the first time.
Six new species of oonopid spiders from Champasak, Laos (Araneae, Oonopidae)
Authors: TONG YANFENG , LI SHUQIANG
Published: September 2013

Five genera and nine species of oonopid spiders are recorded from Laos, including six new species: Gamasomorpha comosa Tong & Li, 2009, Ischnothyreus corollacous sp. nov., Ischnothyreus tadetu sp. nov., Ischnothyreus tadfane sp. nov., Opopaea cornuta Yin & Wang, 1984, Opopaea lemniscata sp. nov., Opopaea tumida sp. nov., Xestaspis loricata (L. Koch, 1873), and Xyphinus pakse sp. nov.
Nine new species of the genus Rosalba (Coleptera, Cerambycidae, Lamiinae, Apomecynini) from South America
Authors: GALILEO MARIA HELENA M. , MARTINS UBIRAJARA R.
Published: September 2013

New species of Rosalba Thomson, 1864 are described: from Venezuela, R. jolyi sp. nov. (Aragua); from Colombia, R. maculosa sp. nov. (Santander); from Ecuador, R. mediovittata sp. nov. (Manabi), R. cacapyra sp. nov. (Orellana) and R. parvula sp. nov. (province unknown); from Bolívia, R. tanimbuca sp. nov. (Santa Cruz-); from Brazil, R. amazonica sp. nov. and R. gounellei sp. nov. (Amazonas) and R. vanini sp. nov. (Rondônia). R. malleri (Melzer, 1934) and R. digna (Melzer, 1934) are illustrated and new records are provided.
Formation and Subduction of North Pacific Tropical Water and Their Interannual Variability
Authors: Katsura Shota , Oka Eitarou , Qiu Bo , Schneider Niklas
Published: September 2013

Formation and subduction of the North Pacific Tropical Water (NPTW), its interannual variability, and its associated mechanisms were investigated by using gridded Argo-profiling float data and various surface flux data in 2003–11. The NPTW has two formation sites in the center of the North Pacific subtropical gyre, corresponding to two regional sea surface salinity maxima. Mixed layer salinity variations in these two NPTW formation sites were found to be significantly different. While seasonal variation was prominent in the eastern formation site, interannual variation was dominant in the western site. The mixed layer salinity variation in the eastern site was controlled mainly by evaporation, precipitation, and entrainment of fresher water below the mixed layer and was closely related to the seasonal variation of the mixed layer depth. In the western site, the effect of entrainment is small due to a small vertical difference in salinity across the mixed layer base, and excess evaporation over precipitation that tended to be balanced by eddy diffusion, whose strength varied interannually in association with the Pacific decadal oscillation. After subduction, denser NPTW that formed in the eastern site dissipated quickly, while the lighter one that formed in the western site was advected westward as far as the Philippine Sea, transmitting the interannual variation of salinity away from its formation region.
Performance Assessment of a Heat Wave Vulnerability Index for Greater London, United Kingdom
Authors: Wolf Tanja , McGregor Glenn , Analitis Antonis
Published: September 2013

This study reports on the assessment of a multivariate heat wave vulnerability index (HVI) developed for London, United Kingdom. The HVI is assessed in terms of its ability to predict whether mortality and ambulance callout attain above average levels during heat wave events. Three approaches to assessment were adopted: 1) calculation of categorical statistics and associated skill scores for the dichotomous situation that above average mortality or ambulance callout occurred or not, 2) the degree to which relative risk of the aforementioned health outcomes changed with an increase in heat vulnerability as established using Poisson regression analysis, and 3) an independent samples test of the difference of mean mortality and ambulance callout between census units with and without high heat exposure and high vulnerability. The assessment results reveal that the HVI and a simple single variable index that represents age as a heat risk factor (the elderly index) offer potential as a priori indicators of the level of ambulance callout and mortality for all summer days and heat wave events, respectively. Based on the assessment results the utility of the HVI for heat risk management is discussed.