bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanical properties and strengthening mechanism of SiC particle reinforced porcelain
Authors: Zhou Yizhao , Li Yueming , Sun Yi , Li Kai , Wan Detian , Bao Yiwang
Published: December 2023

Mechanical properties of porcelain based on feldspar porcelain as a matrix with SiC particles as a reinforcing phase were studied in terms of the effects of SiC content, firing temperature, and holding time. A maximum flexural strength of 122 ± 4 MPa was achieved for a sample with 8 wt% SiC content treated at 1260°C for 30 min, which is 90.6% as high as than that of the unmodified matrix (64 ± 5 MPa). The fracture toughness and elastic modulus of the former sample were 1.71 MPa · m1/2 and 89.975 GPa, respectively. Because the thermal expansion coefficient of SiC (4.40 × 10−6/°C) is smaller than that of the glass phase (6.60 × 10−6/°C), the SiC particles remain in a state of compressive stress after the porcelain cooling. This characteristic restricts crack growth and offsets the tensile stress of the glass phase, restraining crystal growth owing to the tensile stress pinning the grains, such that the mechanical properties are improved.
A science‐based mixed oxide property model for developing advanced oxide nuclear fuels
Authors: Kato Masato , Oki Takumi , Watanabe Masashi , Hirooka Shun , Vauchy Romain , Ozawa Takayuki , Uwaba Tomoyuki , Ikusawa Yoshihisa , Nakamura Hiroki , Machida Masahiko
Published: December 2023

Herein, a science‐based uranium and plutonium mixed oxide (MOX) property model is derived for determining the properties of MOX fuel and analyzing their performance as functions of Pu content, minor‐actinide content, oxygen‐to‐metal ratio, and temperature. The property model is constructed by evaluating the effect of phonons and electronic defects on the heat capacity and thermal conductivity of MOX fuels. The effect of phonons was evaluated based on experimental datasets related to lattice parameters, thermal expansion, and sound speeds. Moreover, the effect of electronic defects was determined by analyzing oxygen‐potential data based on defect chemistry. Furthermore, the model evaluated the effect of the Bredig transition on the thermal properties of MOX fuel by analyzing the irradiation test results. The derived property model is applied to the performance code to analyze fast reactor fuel pins.
Introducing dislocations in ceramics by mechanical rolling: A first demonstration using SrTiO3 crystal
Authors: Wang Xiaomei , Chen Zeji , Liu Xiaowei , Li Yingwei
Published: December 2023

It has long been known that dislocations can be used to tune the functional and mechanical properties of ceramics. However, introducing dislocations with controllable networks and densities into ceramics is difficult. In this study, a mechanical rolling technique was proposed to introduce dislocations into ceramics. Using a hard SiC ball with a diameter of 5 mm as a roller, plastic zones and dislocations were successfully produced in a SrTiO3 (STO) single crystal. The plastic zone area and dislocation densities were determined by the applied force (F) and number of rolling cycles. A force of 10 N produced a scalable plastic zone with an area of 140 µm × 5000 µm without crack formation after 100 rolling cycles. The dislocation density at the center of the plastic deformation zone can reach ∼1014 m2, which is an order of magnitude higher than that achieved previously by others. Increasing the applied force increased the density of the introduced dislocations, for example, ∼2 × 1014 m−2 under F = 30 and 35 N, however, lead to crack nucleation in the sample. The dislocations introduced significantly enhanced the mechanical properties of the STO crystal. The measured Vickers’ hardness and fracture toughness increased by 55%–60% and 23%–24%, respectively, compared to the crystal before rolling. This method can serve as a robust technique for engineering dislocations in ceramics, fulfilling the requirements of dislocation‐tuned mechanical and functional investigations.
The function of the feeding groove of ‘typical excavate’ flagellates
Authors: Suzuki‐Tellier Sei , Kiørboe Thomas , Simpson Alastair G. B.
Published: December 2023

Phagotrophic flagellates are the main consumers of bacteria and picophytoplankton. Despite their ecological significance in the ‘microbial loop’, many of their predation mechanisms remain unclear. ‘Typical excavates’ bear a ventral groove, where prey is captured for ingestion. The consequences of feeding through a ‘semi‐rigid’ furrow on the prey size range have not been explored. An unidentified moving element called ‘the wave’ that sweeps along the bottom of the groove toward the site of phagocytosis has been observed in a few species; its function is unclear. We investigated the presence, behavior, and function of the wave in four species from the three excavate clades (Discoba, Metamonada, and Malawimonadida) and found it present in all studied cases, suggesting the potential homology of this feature across all three groups. The wave displayed a species‐specific behavior and was crucial for phagocytosis. The morphology of the feeding groove had an upper‐prey size limit for successful prey captures, but smaller particles were not constrained. Additionally, the ingestion efficiencies were species dependent. By jointly studying these feeding traits, we speculate on adaptations to differences in food availability to better understand their ecological functions.
Transitional care model for older adults with multiple chronic conditions: An evaluation of benefits utilising an umbrella review
Authors: Berthelsen Connie , Møller Nicoline , Bunkenborg Gitte
Published: December 2023

Aims

To synthesise and describe the combined evidence from systematic reviews of interventions using elements from the Transitional Care Model, on the content and timeframe of the interventions and the related improvement of outcomes for older patients with multiple chronic conditions.

Background

The population of older patients with multiple chronic conditions is increasing worldwide and trajectories are often complicated by risk factors. The Transitional Care Model may contain elements to support transitions between hospital and home.

Design

An umbrella review.

Review Methods

A comprehensive search in five electronic databases was performed in April 2021 based on the search terms: ‘Patients ≥60 years,’ ‘multi‐morbidity,’ ‘Transitional care model,’ ‘Transitional care,’ and ‘Systematic review.’ PRISMA guidelines was used.

Results

Five systematic reviews published from 2011 to 2020 comprising 62 intervention studies (59 randomised controlled trials and three quasi‐experimental trials) were included in the review. The synthesis predominantly revealed significant improvements in decreasing re‐admissions and financial costs and increasing patients' quality of life and satisfaction during discharge.

Conclusion

The results of the review indicate that multiple elements from the Transitional Care Model have achieved significant improvements in older patients' transitions from hospital to home. Especially a combination of coordination, communication, collaboration and continuity of care in transitions, organised information and education for patients and pre‐arranged structured post‐discharge follow‐ups.

Impact

The transition from hospital to home is a complex process for older patients with multiple chronic conditions. A specific focus on coordination, continuity, and patient education should be implemented in the discharge process. Nurses with specialised knowledge in transitional care are needed to ensure safe transitions.

Patient and Public Contribution

The umbrella review is part of a larger research program which involved a patient expert advisory board, which participated in discussing the relevance of the elements within the umbrella review.
Healthcare providers' experiences in providing sexual health care to breast cancer survivors: A mixed‐methods systematic review
Authors: Pimsen Apiradee , Lin Wen‐Hua , Lin Chung‐Ying , Kuo Yao‐Lung , Shu Bih‐Ching
Published: December 2023

Aims

To analyse healthcare providers' (HCPs) experiences in sexual health care through the mixed‐methods systematic review (MMSR).

Background

Sexual health for breast cancer survivors (BCSs) is becoming increasingly important as survivors live longer. HCPs are critical in providing sexual health care.

Design

A mixed‐methods systematic review.

Methods

Literature searches were conducted in databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, Psychology & Behavioral Sciences Collection, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov and reference lists were searched from inception to 30 December 2022. Two independent reviewers extracted and analysed the data using the JBI guidelines for MMSR.

Results

After screening for 2849 citations, 19 studies were eligible for MMSR, involving 2068 HCPs. Most HCPs believe that sexual health care is their responsibility. However, sexual health was not adequately addressed. A lack of knowledge was the most significant barrier to providing sexual health care. Moreover, HCPs would like to acquire more knowledge and felt that current sexual healthcare training was inadequate.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that HCPs did not frequently address sexual health in BCSs and that lack of knowledge was the most common barrier. Healthcare session administrators should allocate resources for sexual healthcare training that offer multiple formats, accessible content and convenience. They should also be multifaceted and proactive, meet the diverse needs of BCS at different stages and focus on effective communication.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study highlights the importance of addressing sexual health in BCSs and the need for HCPs to receive training in this area. Training should be multifaceted, proactive and meet the diverse needs of BCSs at different stages, with a focus on effective communication. By addressing this issue, HCPs will be better equipped to support the sexual health needs of BCSs, ultimately improving their overall well‐being and quality of life.

PROSPERO Registration Number: CRD42022327018 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=327018).
Fall status and risk factors in older Chinese adults: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Wen Peiting , Sun Lili , Cheng Lijuan , Zhou Chunxia , Wang Zhejia , Wang Zhaodi
Published: December 2023

Aim

To analyse the risk factors and incidence of falls in geriatric outpatients in a university hospital ward in Hangzhou, China.

Methods

From May 2020 to August 2022, 1712 geriatric outpatients in a university hospital ward in Hangzhou, China, were screened using a socio‐demographic questionnaire (e.g. gender, age, living arrangement, etc.) and assessment scales. The correlation between each factor and falls was preliminarily analysed by chi‐squared tests. Finally, binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to further analyse the risk factors of falls. The STROBE checklist was used in reporting this study.

Results

Of the 1712 geriatric outpatients recruited, 1626 participants (60–79 and ≥ 80 years old) with complete questionnaire and assessment data were included. The occurrence of falls for those in the 60–79 age group was 8.4%, and for those in the ≥80 age group it was 13.4%. Age (p = .007), use of a walking assistance device (p < .001), the Stay Independent Brochure Questionnaire (SIB) (OR = 7.751, 95% CI = 5.089–11.806, p < .001), living arrangement (p = .004), timed up and go test (TUGT) (p = .007) and three diseases or above (OR = 2.496, 95% CI = 1.358–11.4.586, p = .003) reached statistical significance.

Conclusions

Older people have a high incidence of falls. In this study, age, disease history, SIB scores (≥4 points), living arrangement, TUGT and walking assistance device increased the probability of falls in older Chinese adults. Personalised interventions should be carried out according to the specific situation of older people to effectively reduce their incidence of falls and improve their quality of life.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

The basic characteristics and fall risk factors of the older can help nurses identify fall risk, and early intervention by caregivers can reduce fall‐related injuries, which has practical significance for promoting healthy aging.

Patient or Public Contribution

The subjects of this study were older patients ≥60 years old, and the demographic characteristics and fall‐related information of patients were obtained by questionnaire. The team worked closely with a team of experts in the field of health care. Some researchers collect data and rewrite them, while other researchers analyse the information and write a paper. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
A High-Speed Air and Gas Washer
Authors: Alden John L.
Published: December 2023

Nearly all of the recent improvements in air washers have been modifications of the standard form of spray-chamber washer. The author describes a new type of washer embodying a new combination of old principles. This has resulted in a very small washer with unusually high washing efficiency. Three of these washers have been built and the paper gives a brief description of the first and smallest of these.
Investigation of the Uses of Steam in the Canning Factory
Authors: Smallwood Julian C.
Published: December 2023

The increased demand for American food products coming coincidently with a scarcity of fuel has created a condition in packing houses calling for a more exact knowledge of steam distribution and consumption than the packer has hitherto deemed necessary. Although very little is known about either the actual or necessary steam consumed in the various units of the canning factory, it is certain that large wastes are prevalent. Furthermore, the subject is timely, not only because of the necessity for economizing fuel, but because of the shortage of all classes of equipment. Many packers are called upon to increase their output by 50 to 100 per cent. This means, besides the extra special apparatus required, more boilers and power-plant units; and the question then arises how much steam is definitely needed for a given output.

This paper analyzes the different heat processes in the canning of food and points out actual and ideal steam consumptions and methods of minimizing wastes.
Moisture Reabsorption of Air-Dried Douglas Fir and Hard Pine and the Effect on the Compressive Strengths
Authors: Cowdrey Irving H.
Published: December 2023

Under ordinary atmospheric conditions air-dried timber quickly reabsorbs moisture and undergoes certain changes in its characteristic properties.

In order to determine how much greater would be the response and the consequent change in properties if the timber timber introduced into a saturated atmosphere at a reasonably high temperature or if completely submerged in water, a series of investigations was conducted during the past year at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology on two important structural timbers — Douglas fir and southern hard pine. These tests are described in detail in the paper and the results obtained presented in the form of graphs.

While these tests were made on a limited number of small specimens and the results are confessedly comparative and qualitative rather than quantitative, the author is nevertheless of the opinion that an analysis of the data given will justify the following statements:

In the air-dry condition with approximately equal moisture contents the compressive strength of hard pine is about 25 per cent greater than that of Douglas fir.

When exposed to air saturated with water vapor at 120 deg. fahr., and when immersed in fresh water at 70 deg. fahr., the moisture reabsorption of air-dried fir is greater and more rapid than that of pine.

The temperature effect on strength decrease is of more importance on pine than on fir.

Pine shows a more rapid decrease in strength with the moisture increase than does fir. (The more rapid reabsorption by fir tends to offset this effect when the time element is used as a basis, so that for a given time of treatment the pine remains the stronger although the strengths tend to approach each other with more extended treatment.)

For moisture contents above 11 per cent when due to reabsorption from air saturated at 120 deg. fahr., the fir is stronger in compression than the pine. The same relation appears for moisture contents greater than 20 per cent when due to soaking in fresh water at 70 deg. fahr.
The Elastic Indentation of Steel Balls under Pressure
Authors: Briggs C. A. , Chapin W. C. , Heil H. G.
Published: December 2023

This paper reports the results of experiments recently carried out at the Bureau of Standards, Washington, D. C., in connection with the adjustment and standardization of precision apparatus incidental to the testing of munition gages.

For the case of balls pressing against flat surfaces, which was the one considered in the experiments, the results obtained show that the indentation is not directly proportional to the pressure but to the two-thirds power of the pressure. This is of importance in the design of ball bearings as it indicates what effects are produced on the distribution of the load by slight variations in the size of the balls in a bearing.

The results are given in the form of alignment charts and in both metric and English units.
The Workman’s Home: Its Influence upon Production in the Factory and Labor Turnover
Authors: Allen Leslie H.
Published: December 2023

Recent investigations have shown that one of the most important causes of the present abnormal labor turnover is the lack of sufficient homes for the population around industrial plants. A questionnaire, prepared and circulated by the company with which the author is connected, elicited 840 replies, from which many interesting and valuable extracts are given. From a study of these replies, the general impression is gained that the causes of the labor turnover today are improper or insufficient housing, inadequate transportation, the general restlessness usual in war times, and a lack of care in placing men in positions for which they are best fitted.

One point that an investigation of housing conditions has brought out is that the type of house in which the workingman is generally lodged is not suited to his needs and is often beyond his earning power to support. Three- and four-room apartments and four- and five-room houses are an experimental type meeting with considerable success. A certain minimum requirement must be met, which should include a good-sized living room for general use, sleeping rooms of sufficient number and size to meet health demands, and adequate plumbing facilities.
Some Economic Aspects of Fire-Protection Problems and Hazards in War Times
Authors: Pryor J. Donald , Sackett Frank V.
Published: December 2023

This paper seeks to point out the hazards involved at the present time in the war work of five great essential classes of industry, namely:

1 Metal Workers

2 Textile Mills

3 Shipyards

4 Flour Mills and Grain Elevators

5 Piers, Wharves and Docks.

The engineering problems in connection with the adequate protection of such properties have to a large extent been solved but the necessary safeguards are lacking, due either to a failure to grasp the necessity for such safeguards or to economic conditions.

Standard automatic-sprinkler protection is the most dependable means of safeguarding these various classes of risks, but in shipyards and piers that protection alone is not enough, but must be reinforced by hydrant systems, certain structural changes and the organization and careful training of private fire brigades.
Factory Stairs and Stairways
Authors: Arnold G. L. H.
Published: December 2023

Considerations on the design of factory stairs containing an account of the code requirements, a résumé of the best practice and a number of suggestions in reference to the various details of construction, the selection of building materials and the manner of providing adequate illumination.

The safety of the occupants of the building, the possibility of overcrowding and the avoidance of loss of time are the factors controlling the permissible number of stairways. Main stairs should never be less than 44 in. to 48 in. between handrails. Spiral stairs and winders are objectionable in a factory; straight reinforced-concrete runs with a good fillet between tread and riser make the most satisfactory stairs. There are no special limitations in the size of the pitch, and it is possible to make a safe and reasonably comfortable stair at almost any pitch if due regard is paid to the relation of rise and length of run. All landings should be rectangular and at least as deep as the stair is wide.

In the artificial illumination of the shaft, complete distribution of the light is more important than brilliancy.

Dangerous locations of the doors leading to the stairs are illustrated and suitable arrangements are recommended.
The Cooling Losses in Internal-Combustion Engines as Affecting Design
Authors: Norman C. A.
Published: December 2023

From experiments by Dugald Clerk and others the author derives a formula giving the cooling loss during the expansion stroke of internal-combustion engines in terms of the surface-to-volume ratio, the revolutions per minute and the piston speed of the engine. With the aid of this formula the effect of varying dimensions, stroke-to-bore ratio, expansion ratio and piston speed is investigated. Great expansion combined with a low stroke-to-bore ratio is found in general conducive to best efficiency. Large size, as well as very high speed, will in general reduce efficiency: large size by necessitating a low number of revolutions and extremely efficient cooling; very high speed by delayed combustion. The best speed and dimensions to be used in every individual case can be estimated by the aid of the formula.

The author’s formula is based on certain simple theoretical considerations. It derives its practical justification, however, from the fact that it gives results in close agreement with the only published experiments on the subject which have been thoroughly criticised. Further experiments are highly desirable, but under present conditions will probably be long delayed and for high-speed engines will be found extremely difficult to carry out. Under these circumstances, the formula is offered merely as a basis for estimating as closely as can be done, at the present time, the extent to which cooling losses depend upon engine speeds and dimensions. The importance of such information for intelligent judgment about possible engine performance and intelligent design for high efficiency need not be dilated upon.
Recovery of Gasoline from Casing-Head and Natural Gas
Authors: Diserens Paul
Published: December 2023

In this paper the author describes in detail two methods of recovering casing-head gasoline, or that passing off in the form of vapor with natural gas from oil wells where both oil and gas are found in the same field. It is stated that the value of the recoverable gasoline in the gas is often as much as 20 per cent of the value of the oil produced.

In the first method the vapor-laden gas is alternately compressed and cooled, causing the gasoline to be thrown down as a condensate. In the second, used when the gasoline content is small, the gas is forced into intimate contact with a mineral oil that absorbs the gasoline vapor and the gasoline is later recovered from the oil by distillation. A combined absorption and compression method is also proposed.
Valves and Fittings for High Hydraulic Pressures: Their Design and Maintenance in Operation for Pressures of from 1000 to 8000 Lb. per Sq. in.
Authors: Gaylord Wm. W.
Published: December 2023

This paper suggests a method of figuring the strength of hydraulic pipe, valves and fittings based on the maximum-shear theory modified to conform to the results of the experiments of Cooke and Robertson published in “Engineering,” December 15, 1911, and shows it applied to a system to use 7500 lb. per sq. in. working pressure. It describes the joints, fittings and valves used on this system, both those that proved satisfactory and those that failed in operation.

It also shows and describes a multiple cam-operated valve for use with a three-cylinder press, so arranged that a continued rotation of the valve-operating wheel in one direction operates the individual cylinders of the press through a complete cycle of operations, thus largely eliminating the personal equation of the operator. An auxiliary valve used to speed up the return stroke of the large cylinder of this press is also described.

The design of a system in which an accumulator is used is discussed and the special precautions required to avoid water hammer considered.
The Large Steam Turbine
Authors: Johnson J. F.
Published: December 2023

The development of the large steam turbine, which has taken place within recent years, is largely attributable to the rapid growth of the electric-power industry, and the records of performance of fourteen turbines varying in capacity from 30,000 to 70,000 kw. which the author presents and which cover a period of four years, are accordingly of interest in showing the reliability of such large units and exceedingly valuable as evidence of the service to be expected.

The design of such large units naturally presents many problems, and those relating to steam areas, rotor speed, blade proportion, number of stages and rotor dimensions are dealt with by the author at some length. The construction of such large units also involves many problems, and those dealing with exhaust chambers, cylinders, bearings, oil-circulating and cooling systems, couplings, etc., are briefly discussed.
Relation of Efficiency to Capacity in the Boiler Room
Authors: Phillips Victor B.
Published: December 2023

By typical cost figures the author shows that 90 per cent of the cost of producing steam is for fuel and fixed charges (including labor). He states that these two charges are of almost equal importance, and that their reduction depends respectively on the attainment of efficiency and capacity. He then sets about to establish the procedure for determining the relation of maximum efficiency at various loads to those variables of operation which the fireman may observe and over which he must exercise control. Test data on a B. & W. boiler equipped with a Taylor stoker for a very wide range of operating conditions are used to illustrate the procedure and to show the validity of the selection of variables.

The data applying to the furnace and boiler are shown respectively in charts having efficiency and capacity as coordinates, and the interrelation of the operating variables is indicated, as on steam charts, by lines of constant values. These two charts are then combined into a single chart having as coordinates overall efficiency and capacity of the steam-generating plant, and which graphically represents the two objects to be sought — efficiency and capacity — in terms of the variables of operation through the manipulation of which they may be obtained.

The striking test results shown in the furnace operation chart are discussed in an appendix, which also gives details of the procedure employed.
Test of a Motor Fire Engine
Authors: Judd Horace
Published: December 2023

The paper contains the results of a test of a Seagrave motor fire engine having a 4-cycle, water-cooled, six-cylinder motor, 5¾ in. cylinder bore by 6½ in. stroke, 79.3 hp. by A.L.A.M. rating. The motor operated a four-stage centrifugal pump with balanced end thrust.

The maximum capacity was found to be 745 gal. per min. at 122 lb. pressure at discharge of pump, with 2-in. smooth nozzle and 250-ft. hose line with Siamese union. Gasoline used per hour, 0.218 gal. per hp. at rated load.

With coal at $2 per ton (2000 lb.) and gasoline at 25 cents per gal., the cost of producing a fire stream with the motor fire engine is four times that with a steamer. As compared with the horse-drawn engine the motor engine can reach a fire in half the time, is readily converted from locomobile to pumping engine, is more easily and economically operated, and eliminates entirely the expense of maintaining horses for transportation. Its duty is nearly six times that of a steamer.
Plotting Blower-Test Curves
Authors: Anderson A. H.
Published: December 2023

To the several methods of plotting blower-test curves another method is here added, whose utility is demonstrated by the solution of problems from graphically recorded test data. Diagrams are given for impellers with blades tilted forward, with blades radial, and with blades tilted backward, the coordinates used being revolutions per minute and static pressure in inches of water. Two series of curves are given, one showing various rates of discharge in cubic feet per second, and the other the volumes discharged per second per horsepower.
The Submarine
Authors: Bedell C. H.
Published: December 2023

After a few brief historical notes on early hand-propelled submarines, the author describes Holland’s first practical submarine, a construction made possible by employing the gasoline engine, storage batteries and electric motors — all then in process of development. He then deals with the construction, equipment and operation of the U. S. Submarine M-1, a boat 200 ft. in length, discussing such topics as the periscope, Diesel submarine engines, diving, balancing, the rescue of men from a sunken submarine, etc. Incidentally, several misconceptions under which the author of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea labored, are pointed out.
Accident Prevention in the Textile Industry
Authors: Beyer David S.
Published: December 2023

The author emphasizes the fact that the textile plants have an abnormally high proportion of mechanical accidents. This condition arises from the combination of (1) a relatively large number of machines in operation in textile plants, (2) female and child labor, much of which is non-English-speaking, and (3) an ever-present temptation to clean the machines while they are in operation.

As a means of accident prevention interlocking guards, gear guards, belt guards and belt shifters are discussed fully, and other safety provisions such as the elimination of all protruding set screws, keys, bolls or other dangerous projections from revolving parts, and the guarding of projecting shaft ends, are touched upon.

The process of guarding existing and new machinery is then taken up and a set of safety standards in actual use in a textile plant is given, specifying the safety equipment for gears, sprockets, dangerous projections, pickers, cards, lap machines and doublers, drawing, winding, ring spinning and twisting frames, looms, etc.
Fast and accurate wideband sparse spatial spectrum estimation in an underwater strong interference environment
Authors: Fan Qing , Yu Yun , An Liang , Cao Hongli , Zhu Chuanqi
Published: December 2023

Wideband sparse spatial spectrum estimation is an important direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation method that can obtain a high resolution with few snapshots and a low signal-to-noise ratio. However, in an underwater strong interference environment, the accuracy of DOA estimation may be seriously affected, and even the weak targets could be completely masked. In this paper, we propose a fast matrix filter design method based on truncated nuclear norm regularization to attenuate strong interferences while passing weak targets. The matrix filter operator and the exact covariance matrix after filtering can be obtained simultaneously by solving a convex optimization problem that contains the output power term and non-Toeplitz error propagation control term. Then the modified sparse spectrum fitting algorithm based on the matrix filter is used to estimate spatial spectrum over closely spaced wideband signals. Compared with existing methods, the proposed method achieves higher DOA estimation accuracy and lower computational time for matrix filter design. Meanwhile, the estimation accuracy of the proposed method is verified with the experimental results.
Bifidobacterium animalis
subsp.
lactis
Probio-M8 alleviates abnormal behavior and regulates gut microbiota in a mouse model suffering from autism
Authors: Miao Zhuangzhuang , Chen Lin , Zhang Yong , Zhang Jiachao , Zhang Heping
Published: December 2023

Probiotics can effectively improve a variety of neurological diseases, but there is little research on autism, and the specific mechanism is unclear. In this study, shotgun metagenomics analysis was used to investigate the preventive and therapeutic effects of
Bifidobacterium animalis
subsp.
lactis
Probio-M8 on autism. The results showed that Probio-M8 treatment significantly alleviated valproate (VPA)-induced autism in mice, with autistic symptoms characterized by increased stereotyped behaviors such as grooming, reduced learning ability, and decreased desire to socialize. Further studies have found that Probio-M8 can alleviate autism by optimizing gut microbiota diversity and regulating metabolic levels. Probio-M8 regulates gut microbiota structure by increasing the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as
Bifidobacterium globosum
and
Akkermansia muciniphila
. In addition, Probio-M8 regulates metabolic activity by increasing levels of choline, which corrects CAZy disorders. In conclusion, Probio-M8 is therapeutic in the VPA-induced autism mouse model by regulating the gut microbiome and metabolic levels.

IMPORTANCE

Individuals with autism often exhibit symptoms of social invariance, obsessive-compulsive tendencies, and repetitive behaviors. However, early intervention and treatment can be effective in improving social skills and mitigating autism symptoms, including behaviors related to irritability. Although taking medication for autism may lead to side effects such as weight gain, probiotics can be an ideal intervention for alleviating these symptoms. In this study, we investigated the effects of Probio-M8 intervention on the behavior of autistic mice using an open-field test, a three-chamber sociability test, and a novel object recognition test. Metagenomic analysis revealed differences in gut microbiota diversity among groups, predicted changes in metabolite levels, and functionally annotated CAZy. Additionally, we analyzed serum neurotransmitter levels and found that probiotics were beneficial in mitigating neurotransmitter imbalances in mice with autism.
The Technique of Tribological Studies of SiSiC High-Speed Thrust Bearings
Authors: Erofeev M. N. , Splavskiy I. S.
Published: December 2023

This paper is devoted to model tribological experiments and analysis of the research results obtained for new materials and coatings, such as SiSiC, with the aim to rank them and to make recommendations for use in thrust hydrodynamic friction units operating at high speeds and loads.
Development of a statistical analysis software for determining effectiveness of a comprehensive fall risk management protocol
Authors: Attanayake Pavitra Manjari , Reither Jonathon
Published: December 2023

Introduction

As the leading cause of fatal injuries in geriatric populations, falls are a serious health concern with a predicted rate of seven fall-related deaths per hour by 2030. The Timed Up and Go (TUG) test is a screening tool proposed by the Center for Disease Control for evaluating patients’ risk of falling (‘fall risk’). However, there exist no current protocols on how to use the test results to decrease fall risk. The Fall Prevention Protocol (FPP) is a new comprehensive fall prevention programme created to address the lack of standardised TUG test follow-up in an Advanced Primary Care (APC) clinical setting. The programme provides a comprehensive approach for identifying fall risk and creating an individualised intervention plan to reduce the likelihood of falls. Due to the recent creation and implementation of FPP, there have been no efforts made to quantitatively prove that the FPP is more effective at reducing falls than the use of the TUG test alone without an established protocol for intervention.

Methods

This quality improvement project focuses on creating a user-friendly statistical analysis software for determining the effectiveness of the FPP compared with just using the TUG test without a standardised post-test protocol in reducing the number of falls in geriatric patients in an APC setting. The software—created using MATLAB R2022b and finalised as a stand-alone computer application—takes in data sets of patient fall history, determines the best statistical test for comparing the data, then analyses and provides users with a conclusion regarding which protocol is more beneficial for reducing falls.

Results

The developed software was proven to be user-friendly, able to be used in a healthcare setting with minimal necessary training, and deemed appropriate for data analysis of future fall risk protocol effectiveness testing.
Community cancer screening at primary care level in Northern India: determinants and policy implications for cancer prevention
Authors: Sharma Priyanka , Khanna Divya , Pradhan Satyajit , Birur Praveen
Published: December 2023

Objective

Despite the established cancer screening programme for oral, breast and cervical cancer by the Government of India, the screening coverage remains inadequate. This study aimed to describe the determinants for oral, breast and cervical cancer prevention in a rural community at the primary care level of Northern India and its policy implications.

Design

This was a camp-based project conducted for 1 year, using oral visual examination, clinical breast examination and visual inspection of cervix by application of 5% acetic acid according to primary healthcare operational guidelines. During the project, screen-positive participants were followed through reverse navigation. Information about socio-demographic profile, clinical and behavioural history and screening were collected. Predictors for screen-positivity and follow-up compliance were identified through multivariable analysis.

Settings

Based on the aim of project, one of the remotely located and low socioeconomic rural blocks, having 148 villages (estimated population of 254 285) in Varanasi district, India was selected as the service site. There is an established healthcare delivery and referral system as per the National Health Mission of Government of India. Oral, breast, gallbladder and cervical cancers are the leading cancers in the district.

Participants

We invited all men and women aged 30–65 years residing in the selected block for the last 6 months for the screening camps. Unmarried women, women with active vaginal bleeding, those currently pregnant and those who have undergone hysterectomy were excluded from cervical cancer screening.

Results

A total of 14 338 participants were screened through 190 camps and the majority (61.9%) were women. Hindu religion, tobacco use, intention to quit tobacco and presence of symptoms were significantly associated with screen-positivity. Nearly one-third (220; 30.1%) of the screened-positives complied with follow-up. Young age and illiteracy were significantly associated with lower compliance.

Conclusion

Poor follow-up compliance, despite the availability of tertiary cancer care, patient navigation, free transportation and diagnostic services, calls for research to explore the role of contextual factors and develop pragmatic interventions to justify ‘close the care gap’. Community cancer screening needs strengthening through cancer awareness, establishing referral system and integration with the National Tobacco Control and Cancer Registry Programmes.
Application of cloud server-based machine learning for assisting pathological structure recognition in IgA nephropathy
Authors: Huang Yu-Lin , Liu Xiao Qi , Huang Yang , Jin Feng Yong , Zhao Qing , Wu Qin Yi , Ma Kun Ling
Published: December 2023

Background

Machine learning (ML) models can help assisting diagnosis by rapidly localising and classifying regions of interest (ROIs) within whole slide images (WSIs). Effective ML models for clinical decision support require a substantial dataset of ‘real’ data, and in reality, it should be robust, user-friendly and universally applicable.

Methods

WSIs of primary IgAN were collected and annotated. The H-AI-L algorithm which could facilitate direct WSI viewing and potential ROI detection for clinicians was built on the cloud server of matpool, a shared internet-based service platform. Model performance was evaluated using F1-score, precision, recall and Matthew’s correlation coefficient (MCC).

Results

The F1-score of glomerular localisation in WSIs was 0.85 and 0.89 for the initial and pretrained models, respectively, with corresponding recall values of 0.79 and 0.83, and precision scores of 0.92 and 0.97. Dichotomous differentiation between global sclerotic (GS) and other glomeruli revealed F1-scores of 0.70 and 0.91, and MCC values of 0.55 and 0.87, for the initial and pretrained models, respectively. The overall F1-score of multiclassification was 0.81 for the pretrained models. The total glomerular recall rate was 0.96, with F1-scores of 0.68, 0.56 and 0.26 for GS, segmental glomerulosclerosis and crescent (C), respectively. Interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy lesion similarity between the true label and model predictions was 0.75.

Conclusions

Our results underscore the efficacy of the ML integration algorithm in segmenting ROIs in IgAN WSIs, and the internet-based model deployment is in favour of widespread adoption and utilisation across multiple centres and increased volumes of WSIs.
Impact of gun violence
Authors: Eze Anthony Nnaemeka
Published: December 2023

In our societal focus on gun mortality, we lose sight of the long-term effects of these injuries, including the cost and treatment burden that victims and their families incur and, in fact, the nation at large. Measuring the impact of gun violence by mortality rate alone is a gross underestimation of its true impact. While the debate on how to reduce rate of gun violence continues, it is imperative that we make every endeavor to ensure that victims of gun violence receive the care they need to reduce disability and morbidity. It is crucial that we prevent firearm-related deaths, and we must address the sequelae of these injuries and the casualties that these injuries bring the opportunities and livelihoods of the survivors of gun violence.
Analysis of the late Hirnantian and early Rhuddanian unconformities of southern Ontario: evidence for far-field glacioeustatic effects
Authors: Farnam C.A. , Brett C.E.
Published: December 2023

Several unconformities have been previously recognized in the Late Ordovician and early Silurian strata of southern Ontario. We examined the Georgian Bay, Queenston, Whirlpool, Manitoulin, Power Glen, and Cabot Head formations and associated unconformities. Detailed sequence stratigraphic and chemostratigraphic analysis of Late Ordovician and early Silurian outcrops between Niagara, New York, and Manitoulin Island, Ontario, reveals new insights on the timing of the erosional unconformities and the Ordovician–Silurian boundary. We recognize three significant lowstand unconformities in this interval, which are referred to as the Cherokee, S1B, and S2 unconformities. Additional small-scale surfaces are present but do not reflect any major change in sea level or pause in sedimentation. Using δ13Ccarb chemostratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and sequence stratigraphy, we tentatively correlate units and the mentioned unconformities from southern Ontario to other eastern North American sections of comparable age, showing how glacioeustasy had a widespread effect on the deposition and removal of strata in far-field, subtropical basins. The Cherokee unconformity appears to be a composite erosion surface found across eastern North America that formed during the two or more episodes of glacioeustatic sea level fall in the early to middle Hirnantian. The overlying S1B and S2 unconformities can also be found across eastern North America and appear to be the result of glacioeustatic sea level falls occurring during the early Silurian. These new insights on the timing of erosional unconformities help better constrain the placement of the Ordovician/Silurian boundary in Ontario. It appears that the boundary does not correspond to a lowstand-related disconformity as previously suggested but can be tentatively placed within the Power Glen or lower Cabot Head formations.
Disjunctive Product of Soft Directed Graphs
Authors: Jose Jinta , George Bobin , Thumbakara Rajesh K.
Published: December 2023

D. Molodtsov proposed the soft set theory as a mathematical framework to handle uncertain data, which has now become a popular approach for solving decision-making problems. A directed graph is a type of graph where edges have a specific direction. Directed graphs are useful for analyzing social connections, and electrical circuits, and finding the shortest paths. Soft directed graphs were introduced to extend the concept of soft set theory to directed graphs. Soft directed graphs provide a parameterized perspective on directed graphs. This study examines the disjunctive product and restricted disjunctive product of soft directed graphs and their properties.
Safety-Critical Stabilizing Design of Switched Linear Autonomous Systems
Authors: Wang Miaomiao , Sun Zhendong
Published: December 2023

For continuous-time switched linear autonomous systems, this work addresses the stabilization problem under safety-critical constraints. Given an origin-symmetric region that any state trajectory should be stayed, we seek to design a switching law to achieve both stability and safety. The main approach is to characterize, both theoretically and algorithmically, the safe initial set that any initial state within the set could stay in the given safety region with a properly designed switching law. Technically, we develop a design procedure that could approximate the safe initial set with the help of the pathwise state feedback switching strategy. A third-order example is presented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.