bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Postcolonial Feminist Social Work Perspective on Global Food Insecurity
Authors: Deepak Anne C.
Published: January 2014

A postcolonial feminist social work (PCFSW) perspective is an essential theoretical framework with which to analyze global food insecurity and proposed solutions to this urgent social problem. In this article, the PCFSW perspective is elaborated, and the arguments of two groups of global stakeholders that identify women’s empowerment and gender equity as crucial to the solution are presented and analyzed. The analysis concludes that food sovereignty aided by agroecology is most suited to social work as it is grounded in the concerns of peasant women, the group most affected by food insecurity and the proposed policies to combat this problem.
Brain Network Dysfunction in Late-Life Depression
Authors: Tadayonnejad Reza , Ajilore Olusola
Published: January 2014

As a common psychiatric disorder in the growing geriatric population, late-life depression (LLD) has a negative impact on the cognitive, affective, and somatic domains of the lives of the elderly individuals. Accumulating evidence from the structural and functional imaging studies on LLD supports a “network dysfunction model” rather than a “lesion pathology model” for understanding the underlying biological mechanism in this mental disorder. In this work, we used network dysfunction model as a conceptual framework for reviewing recent neuroimaging findings in LLD. Our focus was on 4 major neurocircuits that have been shown to be involved in LLD: default mood network, cognitive control network, affective/frontolimbic network, and corticostriatal circuits. Findings of LLD-related gray and white matter structural abnormalities and resting-state and task-based functional changes were discussed for each network separately. We extended our review by summarizing the latest works that apply graph theory–based network analysis techniques for testing alterations in whole-brain network properties associated with LLD.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Predictors of Treatment Response in Late-Life Depression
Authors: Aizenstein Howard J. , Khalaf Alexander , Walker Sarah E. , Andreescu Carmen
Published: January 2014

In older adults, depression not only results in more years lived with disability than any other disease but it also carries additional risks of suicide, medical comorbidities, and family caregiving burden. Because it can take many months to identify an effective treatment regimen, it is of utmost importance to shorten the window of time and identify early on what medications and dosages will work effectively for individuals having depression. Late-life depression (LLD) has been associated with greater burden of age-related changes (eg, atrophy, white matter ischemic changes, and functional connectivity). Depression in midlife has been shown to alter affective reactivity and regulation, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in LLD have replicated the same abnormalities. Effective treatment can normalize these alterations. This article provides a review of the current literature using structural and functional neuroimaging to identify MRI predictors of treatment response in LLD. The majority of the literature on structural MRI has focused on the vascular depression hypothesis, and studies support the view that loss of brain volume and white matter integrity was associated with poorer treatment outcomes. Studies using fMRI have reported that lower task-based activity in the prefrontal cortex and limbic regions was associated with poorer outcome. These imaging markers may be integrated into clinical decision making to attain better treatment outcomes in the future.
A Review of Longitudinal Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Abbott Christopher C. , Gallegos Patrick , Rediske Nathan , Lemke Nicholas T. , Quinn Davin K.
Published: January 2014

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the most effective treatment for a depressive episode but the mechanism of action and neural correlates of response are poorly understood. Different theories have suggested that anticonvulsant properties or neurotrophic effects are related to the unique mechanism of action of ECT. This review assessed longitudinal imaging investigations (both structural and functional) associated with ECT response published from 2002 to August 2013. We identified 26 investigations that used a variety of different imaging modalities and data analysis methods. Despite these methodological differences, we summarized the major findings of each investigation and identified common patterns that exist across multiple investigations. The ECT response is associated with decreased frontal perfusion, metabolism, and functional connectivity and increased volume and neuronal chemical metabolites. The general collective of longitudinal neuroimaging investigations support both the anticonvulsant and the neurotrophic effects of ECT. We propose a conceptual framework that integrates these seemingly contradictory hypotheses.
Prolonged Cholestatic Jaundice Associated With Flurbiprofen
Authors: Dogan Serkan , Celikbilek Mehmet , Demirkan Kutay , Yilmaz Semih , Deniz Kemal , Gursoy Sebnem , Yucesoy Mehmet
Published: January 2014

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely consumed drugs throughout the world for pain relief. Although the adverse effects of NSAIDs to the liver are well known, flurbiprofen-induced liver cholestasis is extremely rare. Herein, we present a patient with prolonged icterus that is associated with the use of flurbiprofen without causing ductopenia.
Drug Interaction Between Phenytoin and Valproic Acid in a Child With Refractory Epilepsy
Authors: Carvalho Indira Valadê , Carnevale Renata Cavalcanti , Visacri Marília Berlofa , Mazzola Priscila Gava , de Fátima Lopes Ambrósio Rosiane , Reis Marcelo Conrado dos , de Queiroz Rachel Alvarenga , Moriel Patricia
Published: January 2014

Introduction:

There are no published reports on pediatric phenytoin toxicity, resulting from the drug interaction between phenytoin and valproic acid.

Case description:

A 12-year-old patient with refractory epilepsy syndrome presented with phenytoin toxicity, following a concomitant treatment with phenytoin, valproic acid, and lamotrigine. The phenytoin concentration detected in the capsules used by the patient was in accordance with the prescribed dose and was appropriate for the age and weight of the patient. However, a supratherapeutic phenytoin serum concentration was observed (21.92 µg phenytoin/mL of blood). Consequently, the phenytoin dose was reduced, and the patient was monitored; 24 hours later the patient did not present with any signs/symptoms of toxicity.

Discussion:

Despite the appropriate phenytoin concentration in the capsules, the patient presented with phenytoin toxicity. This toxicity likely resulted from the drug interaction between phenytoin and valproic acid that leads to phenytoin displacement from plasmatic proteins and inhibits phenytoin metabolism, thereby increasing the concentration of free drug in the serum.
Evaluation of Differences in Percentage of International Normalized Ratios in Range Between Pharmacist-Led and Physician-Led Anticoagulation Management Services
Authors: Gupta Vasudha , Kogut Stephen J. , Thompson Sarah
Published: January 2014

Background:

The safety and efficacy of warfarin depend on maintaining the international normalized ratio (INR) in an established range.

Objective:

The purpose was to determine whether a coordinated pharmacist-led approach improved percentage of INRs in therapeutic range in comparison to a physician-led anticoagulation management service (AMS).

Methods:

A retrospective chart review was conducted for patients at a multisite primary care organization. INR data for patients receiving warfarin management by a physician were collected from December 1, 2009 to May 31, 2010. These were compared to INR results from December 1, 2010 to May 31, 2011, during which patients received warfarin management from a pharmacist. The primary end points were percentage of INRs within a goal range of 2.0 to 3.0 and an expanded goal range of 1.8 to 3.2 for the physician-led group versus the pharmacist-led group.

Results:

The percentage of INR results within the goal range (2.0-3.0) was greater among patients in the pharmacist-led group (n = .130) than the physician-led group (n = 96; 57.5% vs 50.0%, respectively; P = .0004). The percentage of INR results <1.5 (7.3% vs 5.1%) and >3.5 (11.4% vs 7.1%) was also statistically significant in favor of the pharmacist-led AMS, with P values of .03 and .0004, respectively.

Conclusion:

A pharmacist-led AMS improved the percentage of INRs in range, with significantly less out-of-range results.
Azithromycin and the Risk of Cardiovascular Complications
Authors: Maisch Nicole M. , Kochupurackal Jenny G. , Sin Jonathan
Published: January 2014

The purpose of this review was to evaluate the literature to assess the incidence and true clinical relevance of recent Food and Drug Administration warnings regarding QT prolongation with azithromycin, given its widespread use, with over 40 million US outpatient prescriptions written in 2011. A literature search of MEDLINE (1946 to May 2013) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1970 to May 2013) was conducted using the terms azithromycin, QT prolongation, torsades de pointes, arrhythmia, and cardiovascular death. A bibliographic search was also performed. Several relevant studies and case reports were identified and reviewed. One cohort study revealed an increased risk of cardiovascular death with azithromycin compared to no antibiotic, especially in those with higher cardiovascular risk. Another cohort study comparing azithromycin, penicillin V, and no antibiotic in a younger Danish population with less cardiac risk found no increased cardiovascular death associated with azithromycin use. The majority of case reports involved ill and/or elderly patients with multiple comorbidities and concomitant medications who were already at a higher risk of cardiovascular events. Although there is evidence that azithromycin may induce QT prolongation and adverse cardiac events, the incidence is fairly limited to patients with high baseline risk, including those with preexisting cardiovascular conditions and concomitant use of other QT-prolonging drugs.
Levomilnacipran (Fetzima)
Authors: Saraceni Megan M. , Venci Jineane V. , Gandhi Mona A.
Published: January 2014

In July 2013, the US Food and Drug Administration approved levomilnacipran extended release (ER; Fetzima), a serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, for the treatment of adults with major depressive disorder. Levomilnacipran is an active enantiomer of the racemic drug milnacipran that is currently approved in the United States for the treatment of fibromyalgia. This article provides an overview of the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetic properties, clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability of levomilnacipran ER. Relevant information was identified through a search of databases using the key word levomilnacipran. Additional information was obtained from fda.gov, by a review of the reference lists of identified articles, and from posters and abstracts from scientific meetings. Levomilnacipran ER, dosed once daily, is generally well tolerated and has demonstrated favorable effects compared to placebo in clinical trials of patients with major depressive disorder. The increased potency for norepinephrine reuptake inhibition is a characteristic that may represent a novel contribution for levomilnacipran. Additional studies comparing levomilnacipran ER to other commonly prescribed antidepressants are needed to further evaluate its place in therapy.
Advancing Scholarship on Membership Associations
Authors: Tschirhart Mary , Gazley Beth
Published: January 2014

This special issue on membership associations publishes eight articles from a variety of disciplines that illustrate the continuing advancement of scholarship related to member-based nonprofit organizations. Each addresses one or more enduring questions about the existence and influence of associational activity. The articles are ordered according to the level of analysis from the cognitive/intrapersonal to the systemic/societal. Taken together, they demonstrate the scholarly and practical value of explicitly addressing membership dynamics and associational structures within the broad field of nonprofit studies. They also suggest important areas for future study. After introducing the special issue and articles, to further build understanding of membership association dynamics, we review recent publications that complement the issue and offer ideas for additional research.
Choice or necessity: do immigrants and their children choose self-employment for the same reasons?
Authors: Abada Teresa , Hou Feng , Lu Yuqian
Published: January 2014

Using a generational cohort method and the 1981 and 2006 Canadian Census 20 per cent sample files, this study examines whether the effects of three important determinants of self-employment – expected earnings differentials between paid and self-employment, difficulties in the labour market, and ethnic enclave – differ between immigrants and non-immigrants. Unemployment had a stronger push effect on self-employment among immigrant fathers than among Canadian-born fathers. Expected earnings differential had a stronger effect among Canadian-born fathers than among immigrant fathers. Sons of both immigrants and the Canadian-born were more strongly affected by expected earnings differentials than were their fathers, while unemployment was not a significant factor for them. Ethnic enclave was not positively associated with the self-employment rates among both immigrants and their children.
Theoretical investigation into balancing high-speed flexible shafts, by the use of a novel compensating balancing sleeve
Authors: Knowles Grahame , Kirk Antony , Stewart Jill , Bickerton Ron , Bingham Chris
Published: January 2014

Traditional techniques for balancing long, flexible, high-speed rotating shafts are inadequate over a full range of shaft speeds. This problem is compounded by limitations within the manufacturing process, which have resulted in increasing problems with lateral vibrations and hence increased the failure rates of bearings in practical applications. There is a need to develop a novel strategy for balancing these coupling shafts that is low cost, robust under typically long-term operating conditions and amenable to on-site remediation. This paper proposes a new method of balancing long, flexible couplings by means of a pair of balancing sleeve arms that are integrally attached to each end of the coupling shaft. Balance corrections are applied to the free ends of the arms in order to apply a corrective centrifugal force to the coupling shaft in order to limit shaft-end reaction forces and to impart a corrective bending moment to the drive shaft that limits shaft deflection. The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the potential of this method, via the mathematical analysis of a plain, simply supported tube with uniform eccentricity and to show that any drive shaft, even with irregular geometry and/or imbalance, can be converted to an equivalent encastre case. This allows for the theoretical possibility of eliminating the first simply supported critical speed, thereby reducing the need for very large lateral critical speed margins, as this requirement constrains design flexibility. Although the analysis is performed on a sub 15 MW gas turbine, it is anticipated that this mechanism would be beneficial on any shaft system with high-flexibility/shaft deflection.
Essential reformulations for optimization of highly conductive inserts embedded into a rectangular chip exposed to a uniform heat flux
Authors: Hajmohammadi MR , Moulod M , Shariatzadeh O Joneydi , Nourazar SS
Published: January 2014

Optimization of a highly conductive insert embedded into a heated rectangular chip has been lately investigated. The role of the insert was to gather the heat current within the chip body and remove it to a minimum temperature heat sink. The central goal of this paper is to invoke several reconsiderations, which result in excessive reduction of the peak temperature in the heated chip in comparison with the lowest peak temperature existed in the archival literature. It is proved that for the configuration under study with its bottom surface receiving a heat flux, the branching patterns of the insert must be avoided, in case the appropriate revisions in the architecture (width, location and cross section area) of the simple branchless patterns are considered. An analytical solution for predicting the peak temperatures in the chip is also addressed. It is demonstrated that under the same volume fraction and thermal conductivity of the cooling insert, the peak temperature is reduced to 2.9℃, which is 94% below the lowest temperature existed in the archival literature, which was around 50℃.
Evaluation of tribological properties on PEEK + CA30 sliding against 17-4PH for water hydraulic axial piston motor
Authors: Zhang Anqing , Nie Songlin , Yang Lijie
Published: January 2014

Water hydraulic axial piston motor (WHAPM) is one of the key components in water hydraulic system. It is essential to identify the desired engineering materials and material combinations for improving the WHAPM, which are featured by strong wear and erosion resistance. As the candidate materials of friction pairs in WHAPM, the tribological characteristics of 30 wt% carbon fiber-reinforced PEEK (PEEK + CA30) sliding against 17-4PH precipitation-hardening stainless steel under fresh water lubrication were investigated. The friction experiments were conducted on MCF-10 ring-on-ring test rig. With the help of metallographic microscope, an attempt was made to approach the tribological properties of friction pair. The experimental results showed that the ideal sliding velocity is also about 1 m/s when the applied load is between 200 and 600 N. It can be concluded that the slipper designed based on the principle of residual pressure coefficient bearing with auxiliary supporting area is an effective way to decrease the actual pv value in the prototype of WHAPM. The research outcomes will lay the foundation for the design of key friction pairs in the water hydraulic components and system.
A typology of trade union websites with evidence from Portugal and Britain
Authors: Rego Raquel , Alves Paulo Marques , Naumann Reinhard , Silva Jorge
Published: January 2014

Information and communication technologies can provide an important contribution to revitalizing trade unions, since the internet is faster, cheaper and more far-reaching than traditional communication methods. We propose a typology for analysing trade union websites, and apply this by comparing two national cases. The empirical research is limited to the websites of Portuguese and British civil service trade unions. We find that British unions take more advantage of the internet than those in Portugal; not only do they enable interactivity but above all promote the website as a space for sociability. We believe this typology opens up enhanced capacity to monitor, diachronically and synchronically, the relationship between trade unions and the internet.
“My love–hate relationship”
Authors: Grundy Quinn
Published: January 2014

Background:

Ethical issues associated with nurses’ interactions with industry have implications for the safety, quality, and cost of healthcare. To date, little work has explored nurse–industry interactions and their associated ethical issues empirically.

Design and participants:

A phenomenological study was conducted to explore registered nurses’ interactions with industry in clinical practice. Five registered nurses working in direct patient care were recruited and individual, in-depth interviews were conducted. The University’s Committee on Human Research approved the study.

Findings:

Nurses frequently interacted with industry in their practice and felt ambivalent about these interactions. Nurses described systemic cuts to multiple “goods” central to nursing practice, including patient support, but paradoxically relied on industry resources to deliver these “goods.” They relied on a particular conception of trust to navigate these interactions but were left to do so individually on the basis of their experience. Conflicts of interest arose as a result of multiple competing interests, and were frequently mediated through nurses’ superiors.

Conclusion:

Nursing as a profession requires a guiding narrative to aid nurses in interpreting and navigating interactions with industry. A conception of trust that incorporates both the work of caring and attention to social justice could form the basis of these interactions, but would require that nursing take a much more critical stance toward marketing interactions.
Perspectives on good preceptorship
Authors: Hilli Yvonne , Salmu Marita , Jonsén Elisabeth
Published: January 2014

Background:

Clinical education is an essential part of the Bachelor’s program in Nursing and a keystone of professional nursing education. Through clinical experiences, the student nurses acquire nursing knowledge and essential skills for professional practice. The preceptor plays a vital role in the development of student nurses becoming professional nurses.

Aim:

The aim of this Nordic qualitative study was to explore the experiences of good preceptorship in relation to undergraduate student nurses in clinical education from the perspective of the preceptors themselves.

Method:

Data were collected by narrative interviews with 27 preceptors in Finland and Sweden and analyzed using a hermeneutical approach.

Findings:

A caring relationship, based on caring ethics, is seen as the foundation for learning and development. Moreover, a mutual respect is a prerequisite for fellowship and a good atmosphere. As such, encounters are characterized by reciprocity and mutuality. The preceptors have a deep sense of responsibility toward the students and the profession. Furthermore, the preceptors have an inner responsibility to guide the students into working life and to share their knowledge by acting as role models.

Conclusion:

The findings suggest that preceptorship should be examined through new lenses. Moreover, preceptorship is an ethical issue that should be recognized by all stakeholders.
Transnationalisation of development strategies in East Central European cities: A survey of the shortlisted Polish European Capital of Culture candidate cities
Authors: Tölle Alexander
Published: January 2014

The level of integration of a city into transnational networks has become widely interpreted as the decisive factor of urban development in a globalising world. Hence, the building of transnational links has become a vital aspect of city development strategies. This applies in a particular way also to the “latecomer” cities in East Central Europe aspiring to overcome marginality. Here, the analysis of final European Capital of Culture applications allows for definition of the state-of-the-art of such transnationalisation strategies in this part of Europe. As the cases of the five cities shortlisted in the contest to become the Polish European Capital of Culture 2016 show (i.e. Gdańsk, Katowice, Lublin, Warsaw, and the eventual laureate city of Wrocław), transnational networking on the level of innovative regions, metropolitan areas or cross-border regions is rather poorly developed. The cases also show that the lack of transnational urban societies, which is interpreted as a disadvantage in the quest to build and market attractive and creative cities, can be compensated for by the rediscovery of a multiethnic past.
Cultural clusters and social interaction dynamics
Authors: Zarlenga Matías I. , Ulldemolins Joaquim Rius , Morató Arturo Rodríguez
Published: January 2014

Analysing the territorial dynamics of culture, particularly its tendency to form clusters, has become a study area that draws the attention of various social science disciplines. It has grown steadily in importance over the last 20 years alongside the increasing interest in creative industries and cultural institutions as factors in socio-economic development and urban regeneration. Most of today’s literature on the subject takes cultural clusters as a single type and focuses on aspects linked to their urban planning or economic impact. However, there is a growing awareness of the importance of the social dimension of cultural clusters. This paper aims to differentiate between various cultural clusters in the city of Barcelona by constructing models or types of cluster, taking into account the predominant interaction dynamics and the type of social ties generated between the cultural agents participating in these groupings. Following these criteria we distinguish three types of cultural cluster according to whether a bureaucratic, associative or community dynamic predominates. These social dynamics enable us to understand the success or failure of a cluster policy.
Health Beliefs Related to Salt-Restricted Diet in Patients on Hemodialysis
Authors: Kara Belgüzar
Published: January 2014

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Beliefs about Dietary Compliance Scale (BDCS-T). Methods: This methodological study enrolled a sample of 140 patients. Data were collected by using a questionnaire form, the BDCS-T, and the Dialysis Diet and Fluid Restrictions Nonadherence Questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, the one-sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, Mann–Whitney U test, correlation coefficients, and psychometric tests were used for the analysis of data. Results: The factor analysis confirmed that the BDCS-T had a two-factor structure (perceived benefits and perceived barriers) explaining 58.7% of the total variance. The BDCS-T had acceptable internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha coefficients: perceived benefits = .91; perceived barriers = .66), test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients: perceived benefits = .93; perceived barriers = .79), concurrent validity with the Dialysis Diet and Fluid Restrictions Nonadherence Questionnaire scores, and known group validity with intensity of diet nonadherence. Conclusions: The BDCS-T was found to be a reliable and valid tool for assessing the beliefs related to salt-restricted diet in patients on hemodialysis. Implications for Practice: Nurses are recommended to make tailored interventions by taking the benefits and barriers that the patients perceive toward low-salt dietary adherence into account.
Examining the Use of Dietary Fiber in Reducing the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Latino Youth
Authors: Pcsolyar Nika S. , De Jonghe Bart C.
Published: January 2014

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a steadily growing epidemic in the United States, especially for overweight Latino youth who are among the highest at-risk for T2DM development. Although dietary interventions are not often inferred to patients prior to T2DM diagnosis, they may be implicated in risk reduction. The purpose of this review is to examine the use of dietary fiber in reducing the risk of T2DM in Latino youth. The main results of this examination found that a wide variation in use of dietary fiber intake or supplementation resulted in an overall inverse relationship and association with visceral adipose tissue, metabolic syndrome, and insulin resistance. However, due to inconsistencies in fiber definition and/or implementation, dietary and supplemental fiber intake must be further explored in randomized controlled trials so that more agreement may be reached on fiber recommendations, especially in populations at high risk for T2DM such as Latino youth.
Attitudes of Turkish Nursing and Medical Students Toward Elderly People
Authors: Ayoǧlu Ferruh Niyazi , Kulakçı Hülya , Ayyıldız Tülay Kuzlu , Aslan Gülbahar Korkmaz , Veren Funda
Published: January 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the attitudes of nursing and medical students toward older people in Turkey. Method: This was a cross-sectional and comparative descriptive study. The Turkish version of Kogan’s Old People Scale was used to evaluate attitudes toward older people among 618 students. Results: Medical students showed more positive attitudes toward older people than nursing students. Students who were females, whose economic income was less than expenditure, and who were not interested in working with older people after graduation showed less positive attitudes. Conclusion: The results suggested that positive attitudes toward older people exist; despite this, it is obvious that more efforts are required to enhance these attitudes. Implications for Practice: Revision and improvement in curricula are needed to enhance the attitudes of students toward older people, and lecturers in schools should further consider the need to prepare students for their roles as caregivers for this particular group.
Concepts of Illness Among the Swahili of Lamu, Kenya
Authors: Gearhart Rebecca , Abdulrehman Munib Said
Published: January 2014

The Swahili of Lamu, Kenya, understand illness as the result of a spiritual imbalance caused by personal transgression or an attack by harmful forces directed by an envious person. Another underlying component of the Swahili concept of illness is that each person’s physical body operates in conjunction with personal attributes that are fixed at birth and determine moral character, behavior, and predisposition to ailments. When physical symptoms occur, the Swahili focus on identifying the human or supernatural entity that caused the illness in consultation with a range of healers who specialize in a variety of curing strategies. Two case studies illustrate how culturally congruent nursing care can be achieved when health care providers understand the Swahili framework of diagnosing and treating illness.
Influence of structural architecture on linear shape memory alloy actuator performance and morphing system layout optimisation
Authors: Concilio Antonio , Ameduri Salvatore
Published: January 2014

In this work, a design strategy is presented, addressed to adaptive structural systems, driven by shape memory alloy actuators. The peculiar behaviour of shape memory alloy materials, non-linear and fully dependent on three parameters (stress, strain and temperature), and the load path itself complicate the numerical simulation process. This is even more evident if those active elements are integrated within complex structures. Actuators generate forces. Integrated shape memory alloy–based structural actuator capability is strongly influenced by the hosting structure stiffness. It does in turn depend on the geometrical configuration. The structural architecture may be then said to modulate the performance of the aforementioned devices. The layout modifies in fact the structural resistance that opposes the action of a generic shape memory alloy actuator, even if the same topological point is referred to. This opposition affects the change of phase process (martensite ↔ austenite) regulating shape memory alloy peculiar phenomena and then impacts its performance. For simple, linear shape memory alloy actuators, the structure may be represented as an oriented spring where all the information of the parent structure is concentrated in its scalar stiffness property. This value is a function of the specific layout. A way to compute this equivalent structural stiffness comes directly by its definition: the ratio between the generated actuation force and the derived homologue structural displacement, that is, displacement occurring along the same force direction. Because such stiffness is what the shape memory alloy actuator feels, in this article it is referred as ‘perceived stiffness’. In this article, the structural layout effect on linear shape memory alloy actuator performance is initially evaluated for a simple spring. The approach is then extended to a complex active structural system, element of an aircraft wing morphing architecture. The referred device is capable of deforming wing regions while resisting the aerodynamic and the structural loads and recovering the original shape, once the actuation stops. Structural actuator geometry is optimised as a function of the attained structural displacement (figure of merit). The work is concluded with a discussion on the achieved results, namely, rotation, vertical displacement, internal stress (strain) levels and activation temperature.
Experiment and analysis of morphing skin embedded with shape memory polymer composite tube
Authors: Chen Shanbo , Chen Yijin , Zhang Zhichun , Liu Yanju , Leng Jinsong
Published: January 2014

In this study, a kind of morphing skin composed of silicon rubber and shape memory polymer composite tube is designed, manufactured, and investigated. Significant stiffness variation for the morphing skin can be obtained through changing its environment temperature. First, in order to investigate the basic elastic properties of the morphing skin, the Rule of Mixture is used to predict the effective engineering modulus and modulus ratio with different matrix volume fractions. The tensile test is conducted on the skin in two states (cold state and heated state) to validate the accuracy of the theoretical method. Second, the temperature distribution of shape memory polymer composite tube heated by the hot fluid is obtained through the finite element analysis. Moreover, a corresponding heating system is designed and manufactured to provide heat for the morphing skin. Based on the heating system, the deflection and recovery performances are also investigated through the stress-bearing capability and thermal cycling tests, respectively. Finally, the infrared test is carried on the morphing skin to show the temperature distribution during the heating process.
A cycle-dependent phase diagram to investigate the thermomechanical behavior of shape memory alloy wires under cyclic loadings
Authors: Abrishami Omid Hossein , Kadkhodaei Mahmoud
Published: January 2014

Thermomechanical coupling in shape memory alloys causes temperature variations during cyclic loading, especially at high strain rates. This leads to dependence of response in each cycle to those in the previous ones until the stabilized response is attained. In this article, a fully coupled thermomechanical model is used to study either stress- or strain-controlled cyclic loadings on shape memory alloy wires. Experiments are carried out to verify the numerical results of this model. Instead of considering temperature changes, the material’s temperature is taken to be constant, but parameters in the shape memory alloy phase diagram are assumed to vary cycle by cycle. By introducing a cycle-dependent phase diagram, any specified cycle can be deemed as a quasi-static loading–unloading whose response is achieved independently from the previous cycles. Moreover, the number of cycles to reach stabilized hysteresis loops is achieved with no need to solve the transient cycles. Variations in the phase diagram parameters and the number of cycles to reach stabilization are studied at different conditions for two types of stress- and strain-controlled cyclic loadings.
Hypercontextualized Learning Games
Authors: Islas Sedano Carolina , Leendertz Verona , Vinni Mikko , Sutinen Erkki , Ellis Suria
Published: January 2014

A Hypercontextualized Game (HCG) is a locally designed game that supports its players in gathering context-specific information and in-depth understanding and knowledge regarding the context of a site. LIEKSAMYST, an exciting mobile application, with which visitors can play various games based on stories, was originally developed for the open-air section of the Pielinen Museum and is an example of such a hypercontextualized game. Each individual game (which together make up LIEKSAMYST) was developed in, for and with the co-operation of the Pielinen Museum. In its design, LIEKSAMYST purposefully attempts to connect users to the local history and thus promote affective engagement. With the co-operation of both a local school (Lieksan Keskuskoulu) and the museum authorities, we set out to discover how LIEKSAMYST guides the informal learning experience of Grade 7 pupils. We gathered information from 101 pupils on-site (through questionnaires) and used this data, as well as the pupils’ academic grades, to elucidate our study by investigating the relationship between engagement and motivation. The data were analyzed using a quantitative method guided by a qualitative interpretational approach and we found a significant correlation between (a) fantasy and (b) affective and cognitive engagement. The study highlighted the importance of evoking and harnessing both affective and cognitive engagement, through the fundamental element of fantasy, in the game narrative.
Effects of School-Based Interventions With U.S. Military-Connected Children
Authors: Brendel Kristen Esposito , Maynard Brandy R. , Albright David L. , Bellomo Mary
Published: January 2014

Objective:

To examine the effects of school-based interventions on the well-being of military-connected children (i.e., dependents of U.S. military service members, veterans, or reserve component members) who attend public or private elementary or secondary schools with parental deployment, parental reintegration, parental military-related trauma or death, or frequent moves.

Method:

Systematic review methods were employed to search, retrieve, select, and analyze studies that met inclusion criteria.

Results:

Over 1,400 citations were reviewed and 22 full-text reports were screened. One study met criteria for inclusion in this review. Effects on anxiety, self-esteem, and internalizing and externalizing behaviors were not significant.

Discussion:

The paucity of intervention research in this area is surprising, given the increased awareness and research on the stresses and impacts of military deployment and other unique stressors related to military life on children. The results of this systematic review support the need for further development and testing of school-based interventions that address the needs of military-connected children.
Quality Guidelines for Social Work PhD Programs
Authors: Harrington Donna , Petr Christopher G. , Black Beverly M. , Cunningham-Williams Renee M. , Bentley Kia J.
Published: January 2014

The Group for the Advancement of Doctoral Educationin Social Work (GADE) adopted a new version of quality guidelines for PhD social work programs at its annual meeting in April 2013. These guidelines are reprinted in this article, together with a discussion of the context in which they were developed and approved. They are offered with the aim of advancing excellence in research-focused doctoral education and continuing the decades-long conversation about what constitutes excellence in those programs.
Gender Invariance of Family, School, and Peer Influence on Volunteerism Scale
Authors: Law Ben , Shek Daniel , Ma Cecilia
Published: January 2014

Objective: This article examines the measurement invariance of Family, School, and Peer Influence on Volunteerism Scale (FSPV) across genders using the mean and covariance structure analysis approach. Method: A total of 2,845 Chinese high school adolescents aged 11 to 15 years completed the FSPV scale. Results: Results of the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) are consistent with those of previous studies and support the four-factor model of the FSPV scale in each gender. Multiple-group CFA demonstrates the gender invariance of factor pattern, factor loadings, factor covariances, and intercepts of the measured variables across samples. The empirical findings indicate that male adolescents perceive more influences on volunteerism from families, schools, and peers than female counterparts. Both groups perceive extrinsic influence to be similar. Conclusion: The FSPV scale is gender invariant and can be used in assessing the perceived influence of social systems on volunteer service participation among Chinese adolescents for both genders.
Utilizing Mutual Aid in Reducing Adolescent Substance Use and Developing Group Engagement
Authors: Mogro-Wilson Cristina , Letendre Joan , Toi Hiroki , Bryan Janelle
Published: January 2014

Objective: This study assessed the effectiveness of mutual aid groups for high school students. Methods: A quasi-experimental design was applied to 242 adolescents, where every other adolescent was assigned to the intervention or the control condition. The study evaluated the influence of implementing mutual aid groups in decreasing perceived risk of substance use, favorable attitudes toward substance use, and reducing substance use while increasing group engagement. Participants were assessed at baseline, during Sessions 2 and 7, and treatment exit. General linear mixed-effects models were used to detect significant differences between treatment and control conditions. Results: Findings indicated mutual aid groups significantly reduced favorable attitudes toward drug use and decreased alcohol and marijuana usage compared to the control group. In addition, the adolescents in treatment significantly increased their group engagement. Conclusions: Results support mutual aid group work models for reducing alcohol use and increasing group engagement for high school youth.
Rhetorical Work in the Age of Content Management
Authors: Andersen Rebekka
Published: January 2014

Drawing on a survey of the content management (CM) discourse, the author highlights CM trends and articulates best practices in content strategy that CM thought leaders are helping organizations adopt. These trends and practices are changing the nature and location of rhetorical work in organizations that produce intelligent content. In these contexts, rhetorical work is located primarily in the complex activity of building content strategy frameworks that govern text-making activities. The author highlights the need for a praxis-based collaborative model for technical communication education and research, and she offers some preliminary considerations for ways that the field might move in this direction.
Finite element analysis and elimination of wrinkling in auto-body panels based on universal formability technology
Authors: Zhang Jianwei , Zhang Xiangkui , Yan Jie , Hu Ping , Zheng Guojun
Published: January 2014

Wrinkling is one of the major defects in forming processes of auto-body panels. This paper focuses on the application of universal formability technology (UFT) to analyze and eliminate wrinkling defect. To analyze refinedly and eliminate efficiently, UFT is introduced into finite element environment. This paper presents a procedure of formability simulation analysis for wrinkles appeared on an auto fender model. The analysis results provide the approach to eliminating wrinkles, which demonstrates the effectiveness of UFT to analyze wrinkling phenomenon. The study also shows the feasibility of UFT introduced into finite element environment.
Media Literacy, News Literacy, or News Appreciation? A Case Study of the News Literacy Program at Stony Brook University
Authors: Fleming Jennifer
Published: January 2014

This case study provides practical and theoretical insights into the Stony Brook news literacy program, which is one of the most ambitious and well-funded curricular experiments in modern journalism education and media literacy. Analysis of document, interview, and observation data indicates that news literacy educators sought to teach students how to access, evaluate, analyze, and appreciate journalism. Students responded favorably to the approach that was designed for all undergraduates, instead of just journalism majors. Implications and future directions include looking at the preferred readings of news texts found in the Stony Brook curriculum in the same way one would contextualize lessons in college-level music appreciation courses.
Cultivating a Professional Ethic in Covering Marginalized Populations
Authors: Motley Phillip , Sturgill Amanda
Published: January 2014

As communications students learn to tell stories, the curriculum should teach them to cover diverse groups accurately. Scholars have studied coverage of diversity in gender, nationality, ethnicity, and race. One area that has seen less attention is economic diversity, in particular, coverage of the poor. This paper examines how service-learning might affect students’ ideas about poor people and about communicators’ responsibility to tell their stories accurately. Students who encountered the poor directly through service-learning changed their attitudes about the poor and the causes of poverty. They also expressed concern about the need for fair and accurate representation of poor people.
Let Us Rank Journalism Programs
Authors: Weber Joseph
Published: January 2014

Unlike law, business, and medical schools, as well as universities in general, journalism schools and journalism programs have rarely been ranked. Publishers such as U.S. News & World Report, Forbes, Bloomberg Businessweek, and Washington Monthly do not pay them much mind. What is the best journalism school in the country? The top ten undergraduate and graduate schools? It is impossible to know. That should change, and the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) should lead the way. It should develop a ranking system that would be helpful to anyone interested, especially because federal policy makers soon will rate universities overall on affordability and value.
Fast multi-processor multi-GPU based algorithm of tomographic inversion for 3D image reconstruction
Authors: Bajpai Manish , Gupta Phalguni , Munshi Prabhat
Published: January 2014

Tomographic image reconstruction has a wide variety of applications ranging from engineering applications to medical applications. Algebraic reconstruction methods, used to obtain the solutions of tomographic image reconstruction problems, are very slow in nature. This performance bottleneck has been discussed in detail in the present work. This paper encompasses a parallel (multi-processor based and multi-processor multi-GPU based) single-view coded multiplicative algebraic reconstruction technique. It has been found that parallel implementation of this algorithm helps in removing the performance bottleneck without compromising with quality of reconstruction. It has been also found that if one uses four processors to reconstruct an image of 512 × 512 × 512 volume size, then the multi-processor based algorithm takes 1997 s to perform one swap of 200 projections taken over a span of 360°. The use of four processors leads to an increase in speed of 2.39 in comparison with a single processor. Further, the proposed multi-processor multi-GPU based algorithm takes 186 s to perform the same reconstruction by using four GPUs, resulting in an increase in speed of 25.7 in comparison with a single processor. We are able to process 42 projections per minute by using the multi-processor multi-GPU based algorithm. The algorithm is applicable to online laminographic applications.