bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organic viticulture elements development
Authors: Klimenko O E , Klimenko N I , Klimenko N N
Published: February 2021

The results of a two-factor field experiment on the application of two elements of organic planting: sowing of inter-row spacing and introduction of biofertilizers – microbial preparations for increasing soil fertility, growth and productivity of grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) of Chardonnay cultivar on rootstock cultivar Berlandieri x Riparia Kober 5BB (Kober 5BB) are presented. Study was carried out in 2016-2018. The intercropping factor has two options: natural overgrowing (NO) and sowing a mixture of grasses (MG) – pasture ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and meadow bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) in a ratio of 1:1:1. For the factor microbial preparations (MP): Diazofit – Agrobacterium radiobacter 204 strain, associative nitrogen-fixer, and a complex of microbial preparations (CMP). It has been established that use of organic methods positively influenced the growth, productivity and quality of Chardonnay grapes in the foothill zone of the Crimea. MP provided the most significant effect on these indicators against the intercropping with a mixture of grasses. The applied methods of biologization contributed to an increase in the sugar content of the grapes, to a greater extent the MP and reduced the acidity of the berries juice, where intercropping played a significant role. The increasing in soil fertility under the vineyard with the application of intercropping and MP on its background has been revealed. Model of Chardonnay variety productivity on rootstock cultivar Kober 5BB in the conditions of the foothill Crimea by organic viticulture methods was constructed.
Modeling the production activity of personal subsidiary plots in the regional food security system
Authors: Zhichkin K A , Nosov V V , Zhichkina L N , Pavlyukova A V , Korobova L N
Published: February 2021

The article deals with the state support optimization for the personal subsidiary plots activities as the state food security system element. In the context of counter-sanctions and a pandemic, the country’s self-sufficiency in food is the most important aspect of state policy. And to solve this problem it is necessary to involve all types of agricultural producers, including households. The paper proposes to improve state support for personal subsidiary plots, taking into account the distance to sales markets and the manufactured products marketability. The proposed mathematical apparatus makes it possible to calculate the subsidies amount, both for individual settlements and for individual households. The subsidies calculated amounts for the Kinel-Cherkassky district showed that their value, depending on the location of settlements, should increase by 16% in the whole district. The state support funds distribution to private households will require additional subsidies in the Samara region in the amount of 1.2 billion rubles and will ensure the growth of the region’s self-sufficiency in agricultural products at the level of 80% or more. Agricultural production in the personal subsidiary plots sector of the region will increase by 18 billion rubles and will amount to 53080.7 million rubles. Growth will be noted not only in the subsidized livestock sector, but also in crop production due to the synergistic effect (the need to grow fodder, crop rotation observance, free capacities use, etc).
Mapping and forecasting of changes of eroded soils (Central-chernozem region of Russia)
Authors: Zhidkin A P
Published: February 2021

The paper presents assessment of the current state and risk of soil degradation of arable land (area ~800 sq. km.) from erosion. The rates of soil erosion were calculated by the WATEM/SEDEM. The obtained rates of soil erosion were converted into erosion losses of the soil profile and compared with the current thickness of the humus horizons (according to field survey data). The calculated and actual (according to the field survey) soil losses correspond to each other. The rate of soil erosion in the southern section is almost twice higher than in the northern section, however, the difference in the area of eroded soils is 4.4 times higher. The forecast was calculated for each pixel with respect to the current thickness of the humus horizons. With the stable rate of erosion in the next 50 years, the area of eroded soils will almost double on the studied territory, and in 200 years will grow almost 3 times relative to the current state. After 200 years of plowing without soil protection measures, the share of eroded soils in the northern section will only reach the current level of soil degradation in the southern section, while the share of eroded soils on south section will reach almost 35%. These results clearly demonstrate that the areas of priority application of soil conservation measures should be determined not by the rate of erosion, but by the rate of degradation of the soil cover from erosion.
Digital technologies in food preparation and distribution
Authors: Priporov I E , Kurasov V S , Priporov E V , Shepelev A B
Published: February 2021

The article considers the analytical review of digital technologies (smart farming) in agro-industry. Such digital technologies include computer programs for calculating the farm animal diet, their advantages and disadvantages are given. The analysis and disadvantages of foreign robotic systems for feeding animals are presented. The results of correlation and regression analysis of the impact of the herd size of farm animals on labor input for their feeding are presented. The impact of the number of feed loading cycles in the hopper and its capacity on the uneven feed distribution by the “Free Stall Feeder” robotic feed distributor using the Mathcad 15 program is shown.
Theoretical background of road landscape zoning
Authors: Skrypnikov A V , Kozlov V G , Samtsov V V , Nikitin V V , Denisenko V V , Boltnev D E
Published: February 2021

The article considers the main study, methodological provisions in the field of road landscape zoning, as well as the theory and practice of physical and geographical zoning. A new definition of the road landscape is proposed including the main taxonometric units of road landscape zoning, accept the road landscape and road micro landscape. The relationships between various physical and geographical units and the “monosystem model” of the natural complex are analyzed. An assessment is given of the degree of influence of the components of the geographical environment and the engineering structure, which made it possible to determine territorial complexes with varying complexity of road construction conditions. The problem of ensuring ergonomic and aesthetic requirements and changes in the natural complex as a result of the inclusion of an engineering structure in it are also considered. Since the geographical environment and the engineering structure were considered as the object of study, respectively, as a model for the study we chose a set of information about the geographical environment and the design of the engineering structure. One of the important issues of road-landscape zoning is touched upon - the problem of classification of territorial complexes. The recommendations are given on the use of statistical methods of study while substantiating the role and influence of the characteristics of components in the system “Geographical environment - engineering construction”.
Justification of the parameters and operating modes of the disinfecting system
Authors: Levshin A , Gasparyan I , Sychev V , Bitsoev B , Shchigolev S
Published: February 2021

Increasing yields is an important task for our country. This is possible due to removing the tip of the shoot, which stimulates the potential of the plant itself, and such products can be sold as organic since no other chemicals are used to increase yields. When the shoot tip is removed, a wound is formed through which pathogens can enter. To reduce the likelihood of plant contamination, the device provides a system for applying a disinfectant solution (hydrogen peroxide) to the knife blade. The settings of the injector are taken into account. When choosing a spray gun, it is necessary to take into account the average working pressure, equal to P = 0.28 MPa, which provides a solution flow rate щa Q = 0.8 l • min-1 with a nozzle diameter of 0.1 mm. These requirements can be met by spray guns of caliber 04 or 05. At a spray angle of 800, the recommended spray angle is 300; the mounting distance is 0.3 m below the plane of rotation of the cut-off wheel. The initial flow rate of the liquid of 17.33 m • s-1 will provide stable droplet formation, providing the recommended dispersion of the solution of 150-200 microns.
Soybean harvesting using current dedicated headers and adapters
Authors: Chaplygin M E , Tronev S V , Davydova S A
Published: February 2021

The article describes the basic agrotechnical requirements for soybean combine harvesting. The current model range of adapters and headers used by agricultural producers for harvesting is analyzed. The design features and purpose of the headers and adapters to be used are studied. The results of experimental studies using dedicated soybean harvesting headers manufactured by Rostselmash in the real economic conditions of the Southern Federal District of the Russian Federation and a theoretical calculation of the optimal length of the header table are presented. Studies of combine harvesters from Rostselmash (Nova 340, Vector, TORUM) having various designs of threshers (single-drum; axial-flow) have shown that RSM-181 TORUM 750+ZhSU-900 and RSM-181 TORUM 740+ZhSU-700 combine harvesters have high productivity per hour of the main period equal to 5.20 and 4.80 ha / h respectively. This can be explained by the presence of a large working width header, a high speed of movement and an axial-flow thresher used on the combine. When harvesting long-stalked soybeans, the length of the header table is of great importance, which determines the reliability of the header auger, the uniformity of the plant mass supply to the combine thresher. As a result of theoretical calculations, it was established that the header table length should be L_ht≥0.81 m. Manufacturers of current headers recommend replacing a serial length table with a table having an extended length when harvesting long-stalked soybeans.
The efficiency of applying soil hydrogel to the light-chestnut soils of the Volga and Don inter stream area to stimulate seed sprouting for agricultural crops
Authors: Tibirkov A P , Tibirkova N N , Filin V I , Kuzin A G
Published: February 2021

The conducted research reveals that the introduction of hydrogel into the topsoil using conventional grain seeders facilitates the retention, accumulation, absorption, and differentiated distribution of soil moisture, and stimulates and accelerates the seed sprouting for agricultural crops. The use of a scientifically calculated hydrogel dosage (80 kg/ha) during the seeding period led to a 2.08-3.77 mm increase in the productive moisture content in the topsoil as compared to the plots without hydrogel. The plants in the field treated with polymer agents used 3.54-7.35 mm less soil moisture to sprout, which led to a 44.25-61.40% economy of water as compared to the untreated reference plots. The hydrogel plantings began sprouting earlier, between the 2nd and the 4th days, and their field survival was 7.2-28.6% higher, which influenced the further vegetation of the plants.
Development of a comprehensive mathematical model of the dependence of the performance of front loader attachments on technical condition of hydraulic drive elements
Authors: Golhstein G Y , Pitukhin E A
Published: February 2021

The article presents a comprehensive mathematical model that describes the dependence of the performance of front loader attachments on technical condition of hydraulic drive elements. The mathematical model is implemented as an algorithm for performing calculations of a hydraulic system conditionally consisting of two elements. The main criterion for ensuring high performance is the prime cost of work performed by a front loader to move loads, such as loading loose hay or bales, wood chips, silage, etc. According to the developed method, calculations were performed to implement a deterministic model in the Mathcad system and the acceptable level of performance was determined at lowest prime cost of work performed. Additionally, simulation of the dependence of the prime cost on the nominal level of performance was carried out. The developed comprehensive mathematical model allows us to determine the optimal frequency of replacement or restoration of the first and the second elements of a hydraulic drive according to the criterion of ensuring minimum costs, and, as a consequence, minimizing the prime cost.
Substantiation and calculation of gaps of the separating working bodies of machines for cleaning the tubers
Authors: Bayboboev N G , Goyipov U G , Hamzayev A X , Akbarov Sh B , Tursunov A A
Published: February 2021

The article considers the issue of improving the quality indicators of the separating working bodies of potato harvesting machines by substantiating the clearance of the elevator bars. In connection with these, a probably static analysis is given of the dimensional variation characteristics of potato tubers from tuber measurements, which allows substantiating the rational sizes of the gaps of bar elevators in the design of potato harvesters, taking into account the loss of potato tubers in this or that gap of the bar elevator. It is known that one of the main requirements for the design of potato digging machines is to reduce the rate of loss and damage to the potato tuber without reducing the efficiency of this separation. When harvesting potatoes in the machine, the maximum loss is 3%, the damage is 5%.This study aims to study and minimize the impact of a potato digging machine on a tuber.
Use of centrifugal pumps with canned asynchronous motors in irrigation systems
Authors: Chernykh A G
Published: February 2021

In most cases, taking into account the local geology and hydrology, water entering the system of humidified mobile irrigation from underground sources, such as from the depth of artesian wells, has an initial temperature below 12 degrees. Low temperature of irrigation water adversely affects the growth and absorption activity of plant roots, and the life of microorganisms, impairing the supply of plants with nutrients, mainly nitrogen. As a result, the use of water from aquifers in irrigation systems requires its preliminary settling in barrels or special storage ponds. Given that the water from the well rises to the surface using a pump (group of pumps), the choice of the type of pumping unit has a significant impact on the structure and composition of the equipment of the irrigation plant. The paper shows the features of using special-shaped centrifugal pumps in terms of increasing the water temperature at the outlet of the pumping unit due to its indirect heating in the design elements of the pump drive motor. Using the heat balance equation for the secondary conductive shells of the pump motor, the interval values of the water temperature at its outlet are calculated, proving the possibility of its further use for its intended purpose in the irrigation system without additional technical water treatment.
Study of efficiency of feeding fodder bioproduct based on seedlings of hydroponic greens in quail diets
Authors: Petenko A I , Aniskina M V , Gneush A N , Danilova A A , Yurin D A , Yurina N A
Published: February 2021

An environmentally friendly and cost-effective method of grain germination for fodder purposes with content of probiotic strains has been developed. A cost-effective scheme of application of fodder bioproduct in diets for quail is proposed. The results of studies can be used to increase the productivity and safety of agricultural poultry, reduce the incidence rate and obtain high-quality products. When examining the product at various dosages in the scientific and economic experience, the best result was obtained by administering it at a dose of 2% to the weight of compound feed. The introduction of the product at this dose increased the live weight of quails by 8.6%, increased their safety by 5% and reduced feed consumption by 15.1%.
Wear resistance of the main friction pairs of serial and upgraded plate type vacuum pumps
Authors: Zakharin A V , Lebedev A T , Pavlyuk R V , Lebedev P A , Iskenderov R R
Published: February 2021

Plate type vacuum pumps are used in various industries and agriculture due to their high specific efficiency and simple design. The disadvantage of this type of pump is a low inter-repair resource, which is caused by an increase in internal gas flows due to wear of the main friction pair “cast iron-textolite”. To modernize the design of a plate-type vacuum pump, the authors proposed using an anti-friction material PTFE, and as a result, replacing the main friction pair “cast iron-textolite” with friction pairs “cast iron-PTFE” and “textolite - PTFE”. Therefore, this article presents the results of a comparative experiment to determine the wear resistance of friction pairs of a serial and upgraded pump. Analysis of the experiment results showed that the “cast iron-PTFE” and “textolite-PTFE” friction pairs are more wear-resistant when changing the speed of relative movement and pressure in the contact zone than the “cast iron-textolite” friction pair, but they are more demanding to the presence of abrasive in the contact zone. The use of PTFE material is promising as a material for the surfaces of friction pairs of vacuum pumps. However, it requires protection measures and cleaning of the contact zone from wear products of the pump friction pairs themselves and the abrasive coming from the pumped medium.
Modeling the dispensing process for chopped stalk fodder
Authors: Globin A N , Krasnov I N
Published: February 2021

Optimization of the parameters of mechanized processes of dosed delivery of crushed stalk fodder is given, which required the development of programs for modeling these technological processes with a quantitative assessment of the functional indicator of the quality of their implementation. This made it possible to substantiate the solutions of technological processes that ensure their implementation within the specified requirements. The use of a KTU-10A fodder dispenser and a stalk fodder dispenser for dispensing stalk fodder in production lines allows reducing the unevenness of the dispensed fodder flow by 3.6 times compared to using the KTU-10A fodder dispenser. It is advisable to accept the following kinematic parameters of the working bodies of the batcher: rotation frequency of the conveyor drive drum n = 120 min-1; the circumferential speed of movement of the ends of the fingers of the scraping drum is 1.8 m/s with a drum diameter D = 0.68 m; the maximum installation height of the stripping drum above the conveyor belt h = 0.3 m; conveyor belt width b = 0.6 m; power for the batcher drive is 1.5 kW, which ensures uneven delivery of ±5%. The dispenser provides a stable dosing of roughage (with a minimum mass flow rate of 0.2 kg/animal) in accordance with zootechnical requirements.
Experimental studies to identify ultraviolet radiation impact on tomato seeds ‘Rozoviy Novichok” seeding quality
Authors: Ponomareva N E , Stepanchuk G V , Gracheva N N , Yudaev I V , Yakovenko N N , Rudenko N B
Published: February 2021

Nowadays, organic farming is one of the innovative directions for the development of agricultural production. Its implementation is based on the principles of not using chemically synthesized fertilizers and plant protection products, but applying natural organic substances and creating conditions identical to the ones for natural plants growth. The most popular in this case are physical effects based on the conversion of electrical energy including conversion into light energy. It is well known that the use of optical radiation of the required intensity and duration makes it possible to stimulate intracellular processes in the seed and the plant itself. Such influencing factors primarily include ultraviolet radiation. Experimental studies to research the effect of pre-sowing treatment of tomato seeds “Rozoviy novichok” with radiation with a wavelength of 302, 313, 334 and 365 nm, exposure dose of 48; 72; 96 and 120 W s/m2 and a treatment time of 60 seconds revealed a positive effect. The highest germination of seeds, lengths of shoots and seed roots as well as the diameter of the stem and the dry weight of stems, leaves and roots were obtained at the indicated values of the wavelength and radiation dose. It should also be noted that at these values of the wavelength and radiation dose, the height of the seedlings is minimal, which means that the seedlings will be more stocky, and their survival rate will be maximum. This approach enables to formulate requirements for the design and development of a specialized electrotechnical installation for pre-sowing stimulation of such vegetable crops as tomatoes.
Balance of heat flows in autonomous bio-vegetation complex as basis for its design
Authors: Yudaev I V , Popov M Yu , Seregin A A , Popova R V , Daus Yu V
Published: February 2021

Economic assessment, analysis and forecast of developing organic farming for the next ten years indicates the rapid growth of technologies for greenhouse vegetable growing in Russia. These positive trends are supported by factors such as worsening epidemiological situation in the world due to COVID-19 and transition to self-isolation of the majority of population, which requires providing healthy green products for a functional purpose. It is the need to strengthen the immune system that makes people consume vegetable products in accordance with the recommendations for rational consumption of vegetables that meet modern requirements for a healthy diet. To effectively solve the problem and in connection with the limitation of the imported products supply, the most rational solution is to modernize our domestic production of functional vegetable crops. The design of modern small-scale cultivation facilities makes it possible to ensure food security of various segments of the population living in any part of the Russian Federation. The structure autonomy and energy-saving technologies enable to operate the bio-vegetation complex all year round without being connected to an external power system. This is achieved due to the rational distribution of energy flows in the complex itself, and enables to efficiently operate it all the year round without serious additional financial costs for energy supply in the cold season. The paper presents energy-saving solutions and describes a thermophysical model of energy flows movement being an indispensable element in the design of such structures.
Investigation of infrared drying of carrot chips
Authors: Ochirov V D , Altukhov I V , Bykova S M , Tsuglenok N V
Published: February 2021

The work investigates the process of making chips from carrot root crops. Now fruit and vegetable chips are very popular due to their high concentration of nutrients which significantly increases the calorie content, biological value and assimilation of the product. The lowered moisture content provides the chips with good preservation of concentrates for a long time. Experimental studies were carried out on an experimental infrared drying plant, developed by the staff of the Department of Power Supply and Heat Power Engineering of Irkutsk State Agrarian University. Drying of carrots was carried out in an oscillating mode “heating - cooling” which allows intensifying the drying process and shortening its duration. Recording results on the change in weight and size of carrot slices along the length was carried out every ten minutes. Based on the data taken it was done graphs of the relative mass dependence from the time of infrared drying and we presented the results of studies on the shrinkage of chips.
The advanced rational process flowsheets for cropping spiked cereals
Authors: Maslov G G , Palapin A V , Yudina E M , Ushakov D A , Samurganov G E
Published: February 2021

The highly-effective process flowsheets for cropping spiked cereals have been proposed, representing the operation sequence and cycle performed, interconnected with the effective operations technical support, supported by highly productive technical-economic indicators. Cultivation sheets are based on many years of research in machine technologies for grain crop cultivation, a scientifically grounded farming system, working knowledge of serial equipment design features produced by the machine-building industry in Russia and the Republic of Belarus, as well as the climatic conditions of the Krasnodar Krai. The proposed process flowsheets consider a new scientific direction for the creation of multifunctional machine units that perform several types of farming operations in one pass through the field, due to which high efficiency is ensured. A labor productivity doubles in field husbandry, a metal consumption in production process performance is reduced 1.3 times, an energy consumption – 1.6 times compared to the basic process flowsheets for grain farming, contributing to the growth of the product competitiveness.
Determination of balanced plow movement for diamond plowing
Authors: Chupin P V , Golovin A Yu , Soyunov A S , Kirasirov O M , Kuzmin D E
Published: February 2021

Wider furrow of the diamond-shaped plow bottom allows the energy-intensive tractor to move with right wheels along it and due to it to shift the line of plow traction to the right, unloads side support and reduces the traction resistance of the plow. Replacing field boards on all plow bottoms with common field board, installed on the last plow bottom, changes the application place of the balancing reaction of the furrow side and its size as a result the plough traction resistance changes. In vertical plane of the projections, this corresponds to displacement of the friction force of field board along the action line. The diamond-shaped plow bottom as a result of other form of the cut slice, the application place of resultant soil pressure moved in the horizontal plane closer to the tip of the ploughshare in comparison with the ordinary plow bottom. The investigated diamond-shaped plow bottom is mounted on the tractor according to the two-point scheme with horizontal projection of the central traction through attachment point of the lower traction to the tractor. When considering the scheme of the plough with similar field boards on all bottoms (production), we will represent it with one field board on the medium plow bottom that facilitates theoretical analysis. Efforts are considered as the stationary random time functions and statistic method based on the theories of stationary random processes are used for studying dynamic objects under their influence.
Comparative analysis of operation indicators of flat sieve vibrating in horizontal plane
Authors: Golovin A Yu , Chupin P V , Soyunov A S , Prokopov S P , Abdylmanova R H
Published: February 2021

Possible ways to develop the sieves of cleaning machines due to indicators improvements, increasing the quality of separation are presented. Sieve vibration modes in the horizontal plane applied to the sieve-cleaning machine are considered. Regularities of the grain separation process of the flat sieves vibrating in the horizontal plane are also presented. The dependences between grain material parameters and the uniform seed distribution over the sieve area with different directions of sieve vibrations are given. It is revealed that the complication of law results of sieves vibrations increases the probability of the sieve hole that particle are entering which allows one to increase the quality of grain heap separation, thereby significantly affecting the performance of the grain machine. Circular vibrations of punching sieves with the holes set at an angle to the direction of gathering to produce grain movement on the cycloid relative to the sieve surface and spin on its axis relative to the sieve hole. This movement of grain improves the quality of its separation from weeds.
Production potential in sunflower cultivation
Authors: Belikina A V
Published: February 2021

Sunflower oilseed production is a profitable activity for agricultural enterprises. Volgograd region specific natural and climatic conditions for growing oilseeds and a developed material and technical base. The share of oilseeds in the production of crop products is about 20%. Comparable national and world prices for sunflower oilseeds, we will determine the competitiveness of oilseeds, applying the OECD methodology, that in the Volgograd region the equality coefficient is 0.62, which means that agricultural producers sell their products at lower prices than prices than traders in foreign food markets [3,6]. In the open market, the domestic producer will be non-competitive foreign [12]). One of the ways to increase the competitiveness of oilseeds produced in the region will be the rational use of production potential. Economy is studied in modern economic conditions by foreign and domestic agricultural scientists [1, 13]. It was determined that the results of the statistical analysis of the average yield of sunflower according to the data of 23 favourable crops. The model included the following production factors: capital supply, energy efficiency, tractor supply, labour productivity, soil score, which influence their competitiveness. It has been established that the most influential factors of the production factor are the soil and climatic conditions of the region, strategic (y controlled) factor - productivity, depending on the level of technological development of production.
Justification of parameters of asymmetric flat-cutting paws with a bionic approach
Authors: Babitsky L F , Sobolevsky I V , Kuklin V A
Published: February 2021

The article presents the methods and results of bionic modeling in agricultural mechanics, which made it possible to substantiate models of the working bodies of asymmetric flat-cutting paws adapted to the soil environment using the simulation of the burrowing foot of the common dung beetle (Geotrupes stercorarius). The solution of problems of improving the shapes of flat-cutting working bodies is proposed on the basis of the use of a mechanic-bionic approach, which allows analytically describe the geometric shape of their blade and rational values of oscillations in the horizontal plane. The experimental model of the working body with asymmetric flat-cutting paws reduces the traction resistance by 8 … 12%, in comparison with the serial model CFA-3.8. This is ensured by the optimal ratio of the working widths of the left and right flat-cutting knives, which ensure the stability of the course in depth and in the horizontal plane with the best agricultural performance.
Resource-saving grain husking technology
Authors: Nevzorov V N , Matskevich I V , Salykhov D V , Bezyazikov D S
Published: February 2021

The paper presents technical solutions aimed at increasing the efficiency of the technological process of grain seed husking by the method of step-by-step removal of fruit and seed coats. For grain seeds, it is not required to perform calibration. The author resource-saving technology and new equipment are described. They involve a multi-stage effect on grain seeds by changing the working technological gap created by the lined elastic material of the inner surface of the body and rotating movable husking hemispheres lined with elastic material, combined into one unit of patented technological equipment. A comparison of the developed resource-saving technology with the technology used for the active action of an abrasive tool by stripping fruit and seed casings is carried out. Key technical solutions were identified. They increase the production efficiency of using a multi-stage process of husking grain seeds by 14%, reduce energy consumption by reducing the amount of equipment used for calibrating seeds by 15%, reduce the amount of waste in the form of bran with a multi-stage resource-saving effect of lined elastic materials for fruit and seed casings by 18%, and increase the yield of uncrushed hulled grain to 91%. The technical devices developed are intended for implementation schemes for processing grain seeds by micro and small farms. The use of the resource-saving technology reduces the cost of grain seed husking by 8-10%, depending on the variety of grain seeds.
Nutrients digestibility and productivity of lactating cows consuming energy supplements
Authors: Sycheva L V , Yunusova O Yu , Pastukhov S V , Popov A N
Published: February 2021

The article provides the data of the scientific and economic experience in studying the influence of energy supplements included in the diet of lactating cows of black-motley breed during milking time on digestibility of basic nutrients and milk production. During the research period all experimental animals were kept in the same conditions corresponding to zoohygienic parameters. The differences were the following: in addition to the main silage consisting of alfalfa haylage, grass silage, grain turf and salt the animals of the experimental group I received “Cow Energy” supplement in a dose of 200 g/animal unit/per day; the animals of the experimental group II – “Ketostop-El” energy supplement at a dose of 200 g/animal unit/per day. Both supplements are of Russian production. Animals of the control group had only the main diet. Only clinically healthy animals participated in the experiment. It was found that the inclusion of energy supplements into the diet of lactating cows of the experimental groups compared with the ones of the control group during the milking period led to an improvement of the dry matter digestibility by 1.15–2.02 %, organic matter – by 0.92–2.19 %, raw protein – by 1.79–2.31 %, crude fat – by 1.88–2.35 %, crude fiber – by 0.80–1.88 % and nitrogen-free extractives – by 2.15–2.94 %. Also, it contributed to an increase in milk productivity and an increase in the qualitative composition of milk.
Wastewater treatment from agricultural enterprises using sprinkler irrigation and utilizing sludge as a fertilizer
Authors: Ovchinnikov A S , Denisova M A , Bocharnikova O V , Bocharnikov V S , Kuznetsova N V , Kuznetsov Yu V , Repenko T V , Meshcheryakov M P
Published: February 2021

The article presents the studies of a sorption-mechanical filter with a combined loading of zeolite and activated charcoal. As a result of the study, the sorption properties of this load in relation to the chemical elements in the wastewater were studied. The experiment showed that the optimal filtration time was 12 hours, and during the chemical analysis, data were obtained on reducing the concentration of impurities to the maximum permissible. Therefore, the use of sewage sludge makes it possible to use it as fertilizer. We propose the introduction of mineral fertilizers (activated sludge) with irrigation water on irrigated crop rotation areas using sprinkler irrigation. The implementation of the above measures will make it possible, with great economic effect, to completely utilize the sludge from the treatment facilities of agricultural enterprises as fertilizer, which indicates great opportunities to use this method of treatment in the national economy.
The grain parameters determination based on elements of the elasticity theory
Authors: Trotsenko V V , Trotsenko I V , Komendantova N V , Babariko A A
Published: February 2021

The grain of agricultural crops during the machine process undergoes loads exceeding the permissible ones, as a result of which, under the influence of the mechanisms’ units, the grain material becomes damaged. The paper is devoted to search of the solution for the problem of reducing the grain mechanical damages which appears when the seeds pass through the machining. Using buckwheat as an example, the author considers the application of methods of the theory of elasticity in order to assess the magnitudes of stresses arising in caryopses under their force loading. In this regard, it is recommended to represent the grain model of this crop in the form of a cylindrical trihedron. The text of the work contains the experimentally proven correspondence of the volume of the proposed model to the real one, depending on the humidity conditions, the value of the elastic modulus is determined. The considered method for assessing the magnitudes of stresses at a known value of the compressive force and the shape of the seed makes it possible to take into account the design parameters when designing agricultural machines.
Determining the theoretical trajectory of the centre of tractor’s mass when turning in a combined way
Authors: Belyaev A N , Shatsky V P , Trishina T V , Vysotskaya I A
Published: February 2021

One of the ways to increase the stability of movement and improve the manoeuvrability and controllability of a wheeled universal row-crop tractor in curvilinear motion is the choice of a rational turning method. To solve the tasks, the authors proposed a combined method of turning the tractor, which consists in crabbing in the entry into the rotation, after which the rear wheels automatically return to the neutral position and then the direction of movement in the established rotation and exit from the rotation uses front steering wheels. The article developed a methodology for determining the theoretical trajectory of the centre of mass of a wheeled tractor with a combined method of rotation for the three distinct sections of the movement included in it. Based on the conditions of smoothness and continuity, we glued together three characteristic sections of the curvilinear trajectory of the centre of mass and obtained a continuous non-linear piecewise smooth function of the investigated combined rotation method. It is possible to apply the research results for theoretical calculations of the parameters for the curvilinear motion of tractors, as well as other wheeled vehicles, that allows choosing rational laws to change the speed and control modes of turning the wheels, to identify the patterns of change for ensuring the necessary stability, manoeuvrability and controllability and confirming effectiveness in comparison with known and previously investigated laws.
Mathematical model for studying the operation of a machine-tractor unit with a tractor «DT-175S» with an elastic element in the linkage system
Authors: Kuznetsov N G , Shatokhin A A , Nekhoroshev D D , Fomin S D , Nekhoroshev D A
Published: February 2021

The increase in engine power and the speed of movement of the machine-tractor unit leads to an increase in the amplitude and frequency of oscillations of the hook force. At the same time, the magnitude of these effects depends on fluctuations in the hook load, the nature of the work process, the dynamics of operating modes and the frequency properties of the transmission. Reducing the nature of transient dynamic loads can be achieved by using elastic connections in the tractor structure. The issues of a rational combination of increased operating power of the engine with a simultaneous decrease in dynamic loads in the transmission exacerbate the problem of choosing rational modes of operation of the machine-tractor unit. Uneven hook load causes fluctuations in the engine crankshaft rotation speed, an increase in the load on the transmission parts and, consequently, a decrease in power and an increase in engine fuel consumption. Therefore, to protect the transmission from vibrations that occur in the engine-transmission system, special damping devices are used. A characteristic feature of the device, which is the possibility of using elastic - damping elements, allowing to reduce the frequency of natural vibrations of the transmission.
Structural and process parameters and operation principles of a precision watering device to be used on seeds during the sowing
Authors: Olgarenko V. Ig. , Babichev A. N. , Monastyrskiy V. A. , Sukharev D. V.
Published: February 2021

The objective of the research is in providing justification to application of precision watering technology with intermittent stream under pressure that falls onto a seedbed when sowing various crops. A possibility to precisely regulate the dose of water or solution under pressure determines its efficient and uniform use together with arrangement for independent operation of equipment. The paper details the mechanism, algorithm and method of operation, as well as gives conclusions on its use. Field experience is provided from studying germination rate and yield of garden beet with stream subsurface watering simultaneous with sowing. Increased concentration were considered for watering the seedbed, from 0.05 to 0.3% in five variants (0.05, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0%) with the sixth variant being the control without subsurface watering. It has been established that when changing the solution concentration from 0.05 to 0.3%, yield and field germination rate on average increased by 18.2% and 14.1 % respectively through the years of the research. Application of the sowing machine facilitates shortening of the sowing-sprouts period, optimizing the operation of the agricultural machine.
Development of automatic milking systems and their classification
Authors: Sharipov D R , Yakimov O A , Gainullina M K , Kashaeva A R , Kamaldinov I N
Published: February 2021

The paper presents the history of the development of automatic milking systems and their classification. The objects of study were automatic milking systems that are used in world practice. The analysis of automatic milking systems showed that they have technological and design differences. Technological and design features of automatic milking systems such as “Astronaut A4”, “VMS”, “M2erlin”, “MR-S2”, “MR-D2”, “RDS FutureLine”, “Galaxy Starline” and “Mlone” were considered in working out of this classification. The studies have shown that the existing automatic milking systems differ in the number of milking boxes and their location, type of robot arm, drive control of robot arm, robot arm location, decision of cleaning the teats and stimulating milk flow, decision of entry and exit of cows from the milking boxes.
Mathematical model of passive withdrawal of a tractor unit
Authors: Troyanovskaya I P , Zhakov A O , Starunova I N
Published: February 2021

The article reveals the construction of a mathematical model for pulling a tractor unit under the influence of external off-centre forces. The model describes the movement of the tractor and takes into account the force interaction of the tractor propulsion with the soil, as well as the properties of the soil. The construction of a mathematical model of passive removal is based on a combination of two types of movement: controlled and uncontrolled. External forces distort the straight-line trajectory of the tractor. The machine operator is forced to make changes to the control constantly. This entails increased operator fatigue. A mathematical model can be used to design an automated control system. Such a system will automatically correct the rectilinear movement of the tractor. Correcting rectilinear movement is to automatically return the machine to a straight path. The mathematical model allows the analysis of passive withdrawal factors. Such factors include: the modulus of the external resistance force, its direction, and the point of application. Thus, the aim of the study is to build a mathematical model for the removal of the tractor unit under the influence of external off-centre forces. Note that the mathematical model can be applied to the following cases: ploughing operation, dozer blade angle, lying of roadsides with a grader. Improvement of this mathematical model may open up possibilities for studying other issues of passive removal.
Use of technical means to increase the productivity of poultry meat products
Authors: Vyazenen G N , Gritsai E N , Razaev S V , Vyazenen A G , Barashkov A E , Foschenkova V T
Published: February 2021

When raising broiler chickens of the Hubbard cross at 35 days with a large-group cage method of keeping, it is possible to increase the usefulness of diets and feeding due to optimal levels of metabolic energy (MJ/100g) depending on age and body weight: 1.25 – on 0-10 day, 1.28 – on 11-20 day, 1.30 – on 21-33 day and 1.33 – on 34 day and before slaughter. When they are grown, the content of raw organic nutrients in the diet changes: fat – from 3.79 to 6.85%, fiber – from 2.87 to 4.02% and protein – from 21.74 to 18.62%, respectively. To improve metabolism, Complevit, Selmevit and BioMax were used, which were subjected to laser radiation in the area of a bird’s chest. In meat chickens of the experimental groups, in comparison with the control group, the intensity of growth and development is due to better digestibility of nutrients in the diets: dry matter (by 3.4-5.9%), organic matter (by 2.6-5.9%, P-0.001), raw fiber (by 6.4-16.3%). These studied biologically active complexes (BAC) are freely available in the regions of the country, are not expensive and should not be included in the diets of broiler chickens. They are subjected to mandatory laser radiation with an exposure of 8 sec and 15 sec in the chest area. To increase the energy of their growth, there is no need to harvest large, expensive various feed resources. Laser-irradiated components significantly reduce feed consumption at high body weight of broilers.
Potato selection achievements in the Central Caucasus
Authors: Basiev S S , Lazarov T K , Gaplaev M Sh , Gerieva F T , Shishkhaev I Ya
Published: February 2021

The main selection methods used for potato production are intraspecific hybridization, interspecific hybridization, production of polyploid, special parental, haploid varieties, multiple selection of hybrids. As a result of selection, hybrids 10.11/765 and 10.3/228 named “Ossetian” and “Gorsky 17” were produced. Hybrids 10.11/770, 10.11/926, 10.11/927, 10.11/1136 were tested for cancer and golden potato nematodes and are being prepared for the first field test. Hybrids 10.11/181, 10.4/316, 11.26/274 are being tested for cancer and the second year potato nematodes.
Ontogenesis peculiarities to aboriginal Chechen shapes of willow-leaf pear under intensification of pear breeding process
Authors: Dolmatov E A , Hamurzaev S M , Gaplaev M Sh , Borzaev R B , Shaipov A N
Published: February 2021

The article presents the results of some experimental studies aimed at identifying the duration of the juvenile period that the aboriginal Chechen shapes of a willow-leaf pear have (PyrussalicifoliaPall.) under the acceleration of a breeding process, the goal of which is to achieve plants’ high early-maturity properties. The studies were carried out at Scientific Center “Gardens of Chechnya” within 2016–2019 in accordance with the Agreement on creative cooperation between All Russian Scientific Institute on Horticultural Crops Breeding and Scientific Center “Gardens of Chechnya”. The experiments were carried out in line with the Program for Breeding of Horticultural Crops, Berry and Walnut Fruits (1995) and the Program for Varieties-Study of Horticultural Crops, Berry and Walnut Fruits (1999). As a study object we used seeds of bred dwarf and weak-growing local Chechen shapes of the willow-leaf pear, generating fruit buds on one-year plants, and seeds of the Caucasian pear (PyruscaucasicaFed.) – 20500 pieces were taken of each shape. In April 2017, stratified seeds were sown in the sowing department of the Nursery Garden under the control of Gardens of Chechnya. Seedlings were grown according to generally accepted technology in rainfed conditions in a field with chestnut soil. Plants’ blossoming was observed in the spring of 2019. As an experiment result, based on a large amount of samplings, it was found that in rising plants among a great number of shapes of the aboriginal Chechen willow-leaf pear, the seedlings’ breeding is possible in the amount of a little more than 2 %, which have a very short juvenile period (2 years). The phenomenon is becoming an issue to study practically and scientifically with the aim to accelerate the breeding process and breed new varieties of pears with high early-maturity property. For further use and as source of a short juvenile period, 20 shapes of the willow-leaf pear were selected.