bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inflammatory prognostic markers in clear cell renal cell carcinoma – preoperative C‐reactive protein does not improve predictive accuracy
Authors: Bedke Jens , Chun Felix K.‐H. , Merseburger Axel , Scharpf Marcus , Kasprzyk Kathrin , Schilling David , Sievert Karl‐Dietrich , Stenzl Arnulf , Kruck Stephan
Published: November 2012

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add?

White blood cell count and C‐reactive protein are reliable prognostic RCC Biomarkers.Nevertheless, accepted cut‐offs for risk stratifications are missing.

Therefore, both parameters were re‐evaluated and multivariable analyses revealed an optimal CRP breakpoint at 0.25 mg/dL to be best to stratify patients at risk of cancer‐specific mortality. However, this CRP‐based prediction added no additional information compared to a clinico‐pathological based model.

Objective

To re‐evaluate the prognostic and predictive significance of the preoperative white blood cell (WBC) count and C‐reactive protein (CRP) that independently predicts patient prognosis and to determine optimal threshold values for CRP.

Patients and Methods

From 1996 to 2005, 327 patients with surgery for clear cell renal cell carcinoma were retrospectively evaluated.

Cox proportional hazard models were used, adjusted for the effects of tumour stage, size, Fuhrman grade and Karnofsky index, to evaluate the prognostic significance of WBC count and CRP and to identify threshold values.

Identified thresholds were correlated with clinicopathological parameters and used to estimate cancer‐specific survival.

To prove any additional predictive accuracy of the identified threshold it was compared with a clinicopathological base model using the Harrell concordance index (c‐index).

Results

In univariable analyses WBC count was a significant prognostic marker at a concentration of 9.5/μL (hazard ratio [HR] 1.83) and 11.0/μL (HR 2.09) and supported CRP values of 0.25 mg/dL (HR 6.47, P < 0.001) and 0.5 mg/dL (HR 7.15, P < 0.001) as potential threshold values.

If adjusted by the multivariable models WBC count showed no clear breakpoint, but a CRP value of 0.25 mg/dL (HR 2.80, P = 0.027) proved to be optimal.

Reduced cancer‐specific survival was proved for CRP 0.25 mg/dL (median 69.9 vs 92.3 months). Median follow‐up was 57.5 months with 72 (22%) tumour‐related deaths.

The final model built by the addition of CRP 0.25 mg/dL did not improve predictive accuracy (c‐index 0.877) compared with the clinicopathological base model (c‐index 0.881) which included TNM stage, grading and Karnofsky index.

Conclusions

Multivariable analyses revealed that an optimal breakpoint of CRP at a value of 0.25 mg/dL was best to stratify patients at risk of cancer‐specific mortality, but CRP 0.25 mg/dL added no additional information in the prediction model.

Therefore we cannot recommend measuring CRP as the traditional parameters of TNM stage, grading and Karnofsky index are already of high predictive accuracy.
The Basic Formal Ontology as a Reference Framework for Modeling the Evolution of Administrative Units
Authors: Gantner Felix , Waldvogel Bettina , Meile Rolf , Laube Patrick
Published: November 2012

In information systems, ontologies promise advantages such as enhanced interoperability, knowledge sharing, and integration of data sources. In this article, we show that the upper ontology Basic Formal Ontology can facilitate the modeling of an evolution of administrative units. This is demonstrated by creating a spatiotemporal ontology for the administrative units of Switzerland. The ontology tackles the problem that the geometric data is typically captured by taking snapshots at regular intervals while the thematic data is continually updated. The ontology presented merges time‐stamped geometries with a formally described history of administrative units, allowing for complex spatiotemporal queries neither standard approach would support. The resulting populated knowledge base was evaluated against a set of spatiotemporal test queries. The evaluation showed that this knowledge base supports a wide range of queries on the evolution of the administrative units of Switzerland between 1960 and 2010.
Improving Representation of Land‐use Maps Derived from Object‐oriented Image Classification
Authors: Gao Wenxiu , Stein Alfred , Yang Li , Wang Ying , Fang Hui
Published: November 2012

Object‐oriented (OO) image analysis provides an efficient way to generate vector‐format land‐cover and land‐use maps from remotely sensed images. Such image‐derived vector maps, however, are generally presented with congested and twisted polygons with step‐like boundaries. They include unclassified polygons and polygons with geometric conflicts such as unreadable small areas and narrow corridors. The complex and poorly readable representations usually make such maps not comply well with the Gestalt principle of cartography. This article describes a framework designed to improve the representation by resolving these problematic polygons. It presents a polygon similarity model integrating semantic, geometric and spectral characteristics of the image‐derived polygons to eliminate small and unclassified polygons. In addition, an outward‐inward‐buffering approach is presented to resolve the narrow‐corridor conflicts of a polygon and improve its overall appearance. A case study demonstrates that the implementation of the framework reduces the number of the polygons by 32% and the length of the polygon boundaries by 20%. At the same time, it does not cause distinct changes the distribution of land‐use types (less than 0.05%) and the overall accuracy (decreased only 0.02%) as compared with the original image‐derived land‐use maps. We conclude that the presented framework and models effectively improve the overall representation of image‐derived maps without distinct changes in their semantic characteristics and accuracy.
From Counter‐terrorism to Criminal Justice: Transformation or Business as Usual?
Authors: Tomlinson Mike
Published: November 2012

The article explores the extent to which criminal justice in Northern Ireland has been reconstructed over the past 15 years. The focus is on the framework provided in the Good Friday Agreement (1998) and the range of transition processes that followed. Post‐Agreement Inquiries are reviewed and the findings demonstrate the institutional rigidities facing the transformation of criminal justice. While the ideologies and practices of counter‐terrorism no longer dominate the business of criminal justice, the extent of change in terms of social representativeness, scale and expenditure is variable, with the prison service proving the least changed.
Unlocking a Locked‐down Regime: The Role of Penal Policy and Administration in Northern Ireland and the Challenges of Change
Authors: Wahidin Azrini , Moore Linda , Convery Una
Published: November 2012

The aim of this article is to examine the impact of the Conflict on the development and character of the prison system in Northern Ireland. It traces the use of imprisonment to repress challenges to the legitimacy of the State, and the ways in which prisoners and communities have resisted oppressive penal policies. Evidence is presented that notwithstanding the peace process and early release of most politically‐motivated prisoners, regimes within the North's three prison establishments remain heavily influenced by the experience of violence, with a prioritisation of security over care and rehabilitation. The establishment, in 2010, of an independent Prison Review led by Dame Anne Owers, has presented an opportunity to address the underlying problems within the prison system. The article concludes by exploring the implications of the Northern Ireland experience for other transitional jurisdictions undergoing penal reform.
Caught between cultures: cultural norms in Jungian psychodynamic process
Authors: Heyer Gretchen
Published: November 2012

Abstract:  In our increasingly mobile world, more of us are caught between cultures rather than in one culture. We straddle different ethnic, racial, political, geographical, and religious groups, forced into awareness of the precarious nature of our self‐definition, involuntarily gazing at the constructed nature of our cultural norms, unable to avoid reckoning with the choices of which collective to honour. The impossibility of separating individual from collective is foundational to work as Jungian practitioners, but a paradox of individuation is becoming free of the control of collective norms while simultaneously living within those very norms. In such a conflict it becomes easy to overlook the fact that when the norms we have incorporated into ourselves are from cultures vastly different from the one in which we live, the cacophony can be overwhelming. In this paper, I will draw from postmodern theorists such as Derrida, Foucault and Irigaray in an effort to re‐imagine the role of culture in psychodynamic process. The case of a Muslim Iranian man working with a Christian American woman analyst will be used to explore the complexity of a multitude of cultural norms present in the consulting room.
‘Soul Murder’1 and ‘The Birth of Intersubjectivity’2 in David Cronenberg's A Dangerous Method3
Authors: Heuer Gottfried M.
Published: November 2012

Translations of Introduction

« A Dangerous Method » (2011), le nouveau film dirigé par David Cronenberg, avec un scénario de Christopher Hampton, a fait sensation dans la culture populaire et a été un sujet de controverse dans les cercles jungiens du monde entier. Quatre analystes jungiens proposent leurs critiques et perspectives basées sur la vision du film : deux sont écrites comme des compte‐rendus ; les deux autres sont de brefs essais inspirés par le film. Beverley Zabriskie fait un commentaire sur Cronenberg : « Un scénariste et directeur de film ne peut entrer pleinement dans le cadre des fantasmes intérieurs, la tonalité des dynamiques relationnelles, et le contexte des réalités extérieures. Même quand le dialogue est tiré des paroles écrites par les protagonistes concernés, ils sont marqués par l’évaluation et les intonations de l’interprète. » Dans le même ordre d’idée, Sharn Waldron dit : « Dans A Dangerous Method il s’agit moins de comprendre Jung, Freud, Spielrein et les débuts de la psychanalyse que d’être invité dans les fantasmes personnels de Cronenberg, mis en scène sous couvert d’un moment critique de l’histoire de la psychanalyse. » A l’opposé, Jan Wiener choisit « de ne pas entrer dans l’arène de l’exactitude historique au sujet d’un fait acquis, mais se focalise sur les dynamiques transférentielles et contre transférentielles telles qu’elles sont décrites dans le film. » Et Gottfried Heuer souligne l’importance du moment intersubjectif qui se joue entre Jung et Spielrein et le mouvement vers une psychologie à deux,. Plus loin, il fait remarquer que Spielrein avait été bien plus que seulement « une muse pour ces grands hommes » ; elle a contribué aux débuts de la psychanalyse de l’enfant et continua àécrire et à exercer au‐delà du cadre donné par le temps du film et au‐delà des limites de ses maîtres.
Euroscepticism Re‐galvanized: The Consequences of the 2005 French and Dutch Rejections of the EU Constitution
Authors: STARTIN NICK , KROUWEL ANDRÉ
Published: November 2012

In the spring of 2005, the European Union was plunged into a state of crisis when two of the Union's founding members (France and the Netherlands) rejected the proposed EU Constitution in two separate referendums. In this article, it is argued that the ‘no’ votes in both countries, despite the support of mainstream political elites and the bulk of the media, should not be viewed with surprise. The article begins by examining the background debate to the referendums in both countries before considering the major issues that dominated the ‘no’ campaigns as well as the issues that motivated the two countries' electorates in their decisions to reject the EU Constitution. From here, the article examines the significance of the 2005 ‘no’ votes in the current context within France and the Netherlands and argues that the clear polarization of the ‘no’ vote among those from socio‐economically less well‐off backgrounds is not only the sign of a further widening of the gap between mainstream political elites and their supporters with regard to European integration, but that in turn it is also having a significant impact at a party level in terms of the galvanization of Eurosceptic political parties – particularly the radical right. The article concludes with the argument that 2005 has contributed to the growing salience of Euroscepticism within both countries, which in the context of the crisis in the eurozone is likely to lead to further re‐evaluation of the European project among political elites.
Mutation detection in Croatian patients with Familial Hypercholesterolemia
Authors: Pećin Ivan , Whittall Ros , Futema Marta , Sertić Jadranka , Reiner Željko , Leigh Sarah E. A. , Humphries Steve E.
Published: November 2012

Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is caused by mutations in the genes for LDLR, APOB or PCSK9, and identification of the causative mutation provides definitive diagnosis so that the patient can be treated, their relatives tested and, therefore, premature heart disease prevented.

DNA of eight unrelated individuals with clinically diagnosed FH were analyzed using a High‐Resolution Melting method (HRM) for the LDLR gene (coding region, promoter and intron/exon boundaries), the APOB gene (part exon 26) and the PCSK9 gene (exon7). Variations found were sequenced and the effect on function of confirmed variants examined using predictive algorithms. Gross deletions and insertions were analysed using MLPA.

Three novel LDLR variants were found, p.(S470C), p.(C698R) and c.2312–2A>C. All were predicted to be pathogenic using predictive algorithms. Three previously reported disease‐causing mutations were identified (p.(G20R), p.(N272T) and p.(S286R); the latter was also carried by a hypercholesterolaemic relative. One patient carried the pathogenic APOB variant p.(R3527Q). No large LDLR deletions nor insertions were found, neither were any PCSK9 variants identified.

HRM is a sensitive method for screening for mutations. While the causative mutation has been identified in 88% of these clinically defined FH patients, there appears to be a high degree of allelic heterogeneity in Croatian patients.
Task difficulty and self‐repair behavior in second language oral production
Authors: Ahmadian Mohammad Javad , Abdolrezapour Parisa , Ketabi Saeed
Published: November 2012

This study investigated how the degree of task difficulty, operationalized as the existence of a loose or tight storyline structure, affects self‐repair behavior in L2 oral speech. Thirty Iranian female lower‐intermediate EFL learners performed two oral narrative tasks, with loose and tight storyline structures. Then, they listened to the audio‐tapes of their own performances and were asked to report their thoughts at the time they were performing the task, retrospectively. Results of the analyses revealed that there is a relationship between task difficulty and self‐repair behavior such that with the difficult task, participants mostly effectuated appropriacy and different‐information repairs. However the participants who performed the less difficult task were predominantly concerned with rectifying their ungrammatical or lexically inappropriate utterances and therefore executed error‐repairs more frequently.
Effects of authority: voicescapes in children's beliefs about the learning of English
Authors: Aro Mari
Published: November 2012

This paper examines learner beliefs from a dialogical point of view. Drawing on the writings of the Bakhtin circle, it sees beliefs as shared and recycled viewpoints that are multivoiced: they echo the voices of others as well as the voice of the speaker. A longitudinal interview study was conducted among a group of young Finnish learners of English. The analysis of the data focused on the voicework present in the learners' answers: how they, on the one hand, echoed or even repeated the voices of authority, and, on the other hand, brought forward their own insights. The results indicate that the authoritative voices strongly influence how the individual viewpoints are formed and presented and may consequently also influence learner actions.

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan oppijoiden käsityksiä dialogisesta näkökulmasta. Dialogisuus perustuu ns. Bahtinin piirin kirjoituksiin, ja sen valossa käsitykset nähdään jaettuina ja kierrätettyinä näkökulmina, jotka ovat moniäänisiä: niissä kaikuvat sekä toisilta haltuunotetut äänet että puhujan oma ääni. Artikkelissa esiteltävässä pitkittäisessä haastattelututkimuksessa tarkasteltiin suomalaisten englannin oppijoiden käsityksiä. Analyysissä keskityttiin oppijoiden vastauksissa kaikuviin ääniin: sekä kaiutettaviin tai toistettaviin autoritäärisiin ääniin että oppijoiden omalla äänellään esittämiin näkemyksiin. Tulokset osoittavat, että autoritääristen äänien edustamat näkökulmat vaikuttavat vahvasti siihen, miten omat näkemykset muodostetaan ja esitetään, ja niillä saattaa näin olla vaikutusta myös oppijoiden toimintaan.
A variationist study of compliment responses in Chinese
Authors: Guo Hong‐jie , Zhou Qin‐qin , Chow Daryl
Published: November 2012

Building upon the foundation of variationist sociolinguistics and politeness theory, this paper examines the norms and patterns of compliment responses in Mandarin Chinese, and explores the constraints of sociolinguistic variables on the pragmatic variation of this speech act. This study is built on a corpus of 1,190 naturally occurring compliment exchanges collected in the speech community of Shanghai, in conjunction with the interlocutors' ethnographic information. Variable rule analysis is used to identify the factors that contribute to compliment response patterns. The most striking diachronic change revealed by this study lies in the fact that Chinese speakers considerably tend towards the acceptance of compliments while strategies of non‐acceptance are on the decline, as exhibited by the Shanghai speech community. The study also suggests that Chinese speakers appear to be situated in a transitional period from the modesty maxim to the agreement maxim. In addition, the results demonstrated that the pragmatic variable of compliment response varies systematically with social variables such as gender, age, social status, education, social class, social distance, and the use of English.

本篇文章基于社会语言学的变异观和和礼貌理论，探讨汉语恭维回应语的模式和准则，并分析了多个社会语言学变量对其语用变异的制约作用。本研究共收集上海言语社区1,190个自然语言状态下的恭维语及恭维回应语用例，同时还收集了有关语言使用者的相关社会背景信息。研究采用变项规则分析法来分析不同语境因素对汉语恭维回应语的影响。研究结果揭示，恭维回应语模式的历时性显著变化是接受型模式越来越普遍，而不接受型模式则使用得越来越少，这是上海言语社区的一个真实写照。研究表明，中国人的礼貌准则正在经历一个由谦虚准则到一致准则过渡的阶段。研究结果还发现，恭维语回应语受到各种社会因素，如年龄、性别、社会地位、教育程度、社会阶层、社会关系、英语熟练程度等因素的制约，而且呈现出一定的系统性。
‘World English’ or ‘World Englishes’? Does it make any difference?
Authors: Rajagopalan Kanavillil
Published: November 2012

As the English language spreads across the world like wildfire, many scholars find themselves speculating about its future. Many have claimed that the language is destined to undergo significant changes even to the point of becoming unrecognizable. Just what to call it from now on is however a matter of dispute. At first blush, it might appear that this is matter of splitting hairs, since the name itself is believed to be not all that important. This paper, however, defends the idea that the name does matter a lot. This is so because the appellation we choose often carries with it associations and implications that have major consequences for the way we approach the very phenomenon. It even predisposes us in one way or another.

Na medida em que a língua inglesa se espalha com rapidez ao redor do mundo, muitos estudiosos especulam sobre seu futuro. Muitos argumentam que a língua está fadada a passar por mudanças significativas ao ponto de se tornar irreconhecível. Exatamente como denominá‐la daqui em diante é, contudo, uma questão aberta a disputas. À primeira vista, pode parecer que se trata de uma questão de se fazer distinções demasiado sutis, já que se supõe que o nome em si não é tão importante assim. Este trabalho, todavia, defende a idéia de que o nome importa, sim, e muito. Isso porque o nome que escolhemos frequentemente carrega consigo associações e implicações que têm conseqüências maiores para a forma como abordamos o próprio fenômeno. Ele até nos predispõe em uma direção ou outra.
Impaired neurovascular coupling to ictal epileptic activity and spreading depolarization in a patient with subarachnoid hemorrhage: Possible link to blood–brain barrier dysfunction
Authors: Winkler Maren K. L. , Chassidim Yoash , Lublinsky Svetlana , Revankar Gajanan S. , Major Sebastian , Kang Eun‐Jeung , Oliveira‐Ferreira Ana I. , Woitzik Johannes , Sandow Nora , Scheel Michael , Friedman Alon , Dreier Jens P.
Published: November 2012

Spreading depolarization describes a sustained neuronal and astroglial depolarization with abrupt ion translocation between intraneuronal and extracellular space leading to a cytotoxic edema and silencing of spontaneous activity. Spreading depolarizations occur abundantly in acutely injured human brain and are assumed to facilitate neuronal death through toxic effects, increased metabolic demand, and inverse neurovascular coupling. Inverse coupling describes severe hypoperfusion in response to spreading depolarization. Ictal epileptic events are less frequent than spreading depolarizations in acutely injured human brain but may also contribute to lesion progression through increased metabolic demand. Whether abnormal neurovascular coupling can occur with ictal epileptic events is unknown. Herein we describe a patient with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in whom spreading depolarizations and ictal epileptic events were measured using subdural opto‐electrodes for direct current electrocorticography and regional cerebral blood flow recordings with laser‐Doppler flowmetry. Simultaneously, changes in tissue partial pressure of oxygen were recorded with an intraparenchymal oxygen sensor. Isolated spreading depolarizations and clusters of recurrent spreading depolarizations with persistent depression of spontaneous activity were recorded over several days followed by a status epilepticus. Both spreading depolarizations and ictal epileptic events where accompanied by hyperemic blood flow responses at one optode but mildly hypoemic blood flow responses at another. Of note, quantitative analysis of Gadolinium‐diethylene‐triamine‐pentaacetic acid (DTPA)–enhanced magnetic resonance imaging detected impaired blood–brain barrier integrity in the region where the optode had recorded the mildly hypoemic flow responses. The data suggest that abnormal flow responses to spreading depolarizations and ictal epileptic events, respectively, may be associated with blood–brain barrier dysfunction.
Blood–brain barrier dysfunction–induced inflammatory signaling in brain pathology and epileptogenesis
Authors: Kim Soo Young , Buckwalter Marion , Soreq Hermona , Vezzani Annamaria , Kaufer Daniela
Published: November 2012

The protection of the brain from blood‐borne toxins, proteins, and cells is critical to the brain’s normal function. Accordingly, a compromise in the blood–brain barrier (BBB) function accompanies many neurologic disorders, and is tightly associated with brain inflammatory processes initiated by both infiltrating leukocytes from the blood, and activation of glial cells. Those inflammatory processes contribute to determining the severity and prognosis of numerous neurologic disorders, and can both cause, and result from BBB dysfunction. In this review we examine the role of BBB and inflammatory responses, in particular activation of transforming grown factor β (TGFβ) signaling, in epilepsy, stroke, and Parkinson’s disease.
P‐glycoprotein imaging in temporal lobe epilepsy: In vivo PET experiments with the Pgp substrate [11C]‐verapamil
Authors: Feldmann Maria , Koepp Matthias
Published: November 2012

Overexpression of the multidrug efflux transporter P‐glycoprotein (Pgp) at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) is thought to be involved in pharmacoresistance in epilepsy by extruding antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) from their target site. To explore this hypothesis, positron emission tomography (PET) scans were performed with the Pgp substrate–verapamil (VPM) in animal models before and after status epilepticus (SE) and in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and healthy controls. In addition to baseline scans, a second VPM‐PET scan was performed after administration of the Pgp inhibitor tariquidar (TQD), showing that VPM uptake at baseline and its increase after Pgp inhibition are reduced in animals following SE compared to baseline, and in refractory TLE relative to healthy controls. In animal models, brain regions with increased Pgp expression (cerebellum, thalamus, and hippocampus) showed reduced influx rate constants from blood to brain, K1, of the radiolabeled Pgp substrate relative to control animals. In human studies, preliminary findings are lower K1 values in refractory compared to seizure‐free patients and attenuated increase of K1 for temporal lobe regions in patients with TLE compared to healthy controls. In summary, there is lower brain uptake of the Pgp substrate VPM in Pgp‐rich areas of animals 2 days following SE, as well as lower increase in VPM brain uptake after TQD in patients with refractory TLE compared to healthy controls, supporting the hypothesis of increased cerebral Pgp function following prolonged seizures and as a mechanism contributing to drug resistance in refractory epilepsy. The observation of reduced VPM uptake in refractory compared to seizure‐free patients with TLE is consistent with multiple mechanisms affecting Pgp function, including uncontrolled seizures.
Effect of Incorporation of Silane‐Treated Silver and Aluminum Microparticles on Strength and Thermal Conductivity of PMMA
Authors: Yadav Pratibha , Mittal Reena , Sood Vijay Kumar , Garg Rishabh
Published: November 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to study the effect of addition of metal filler particles on different strengths of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and to evaluate the thermal perception in vivo.

Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in two parts. Part 1 of the study was an in vitro investigation regarding the effect of addition of metal fillers (aluminum and silver) in concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30%, by volume on the tensile, compressive, and flexural strength of PMMA. Part 2 of the study comprised the clinical evaluation of the thermal perception by 10 edentulous patients provided with two sets of complete dentures, one fabricated with unfilled PMMA and another with 20% aluminum particle filled PMMA on the palatal portion of the maxillary denture. Recorded data were subjected to Student's t‐test and ANOVA test.

Results: The mean tensile and flexural strength values among control and other groups were found to have statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) except for Al1 and Al2 groups. Mean compressive strength values among control and other groups were statistically significant (p < 0.05). In the clinical study, all 10 participants reported higher perception of hot and cold sensations in dentures with a metalized palatal portion.

Conclusions: Compressive strength increased progressively on increasing the filler concentration for both silver‐ and aluminum‐filled PMMA. Silane‐treated metalized PMMA showed reduction in tensile and flexural strength at 30% concentration. Metalized dentures led to an appreciable increase in thermal perception by the participants of this study.
Assessment of Occlusion Curriculum in Predoctoral Dental Education: Report from ACP Task Force on Occlusion Education
Authors: Lee Damian J. , Wiens Jonathan P. , Ference John , Donatelli David , Smith Rick M. , Dye Bryan D. , Obrez Ales , Lang Lisa A.
Published: November 2012

Purpose: The purposes of this report were to (1) assess the current occlusion curriculum in the predoctoral prosthodontic education of US dental institutions and (2) to examine the opinions of faculty, course directors, and program directors on the contents of occlusion curriculum.

Materials and Methods: The Task Force on Occlusion Education from the American College of Prosthodontists (ACP) conducted two surveys using a web‐based survey engine: one to assess the current status of occlusion education in predoctoral dental education and another to examine the opinions of faculty and course directors on the content of occlusion curriculum. The sections in the surveys included demographic information, general curriculum information, occlusion curriculum for dentate patients, occlusion curriculum for removable prosthodontics, occlusion curriculum for implant prosthodontics, temporomandibular disorder (TMD) curriculum, teaching philosophy, concepts taught, and methods of assessment. The results from the surveys were compiled and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results from the two surveys on general concepts taught in occlusion curriculum were sorted and compared for discrepancies.

Results: According to the predoctoral occlusion curriculum surveys, canine guidance was preferred for dentate patients, fixed prosthodontics, and fixed implant prosthodontics. Bilateral balanced occlusion was preferred for removable prosthodontics and removable implant prosthodontics. There were minor differences between the two surveys regarding the occlusion concepts being taught and the opinions of faculty members teaching occlusion.

Conclusion: Two surveys were conducted regarding the current concepts being taught in occlusion curriculum and the opinions of educators on what should be taught in occlusion curriculum. An updated and clearly defined curriculum guideline addressing occlusion in fixed prosthodontics, removable prosthodontics, implant prosthodontics, and TMD is needed.
The Forsaken‐Liberty Syndrome: Looking at Published Judgments to Say Whether Economists Reach a Conclusion
Authors: Klein Daniel B.
Published: November 2012

Do economists reach a conclusion on a given policy issue? One way to answer the question is to survey economists at large. Another is to look at the published judgments of economists who have gone on the record. Relative to an anonymous survey, going on the record makes for much greater accountability, and presumably more personal responsibility. I discuss 11 studies of economists’ published judgments. Several of them show greater support for liberalization than found among economists at large. This is offered as evidence of what I call the forsaken‐liberty syndrome. I discuss the nature of this test of such syndrome and point to some of the larger questions to which it relates.
Economic Methodology and Nobel Laureates: Confirmation of a Methodological Paradigm Shift
Authors: Douglass Brian
Published: November 2012

Meir Kohn () argues that two methodologies, the “value paradigm” and the “exchange paradigm,” dominate modern economics with the equilibrium‐focused value paradigm increasingly replaced by the more successful exchange paradigm. This article examines the question of modern economic methodologies and seeks to determine if the shift described by Kohn can be seen in the winners of the Nobel Prize in Economics (1969–2010). Trends in Nobel laureates suggest that Kohn's depiction of the two paradigms and their relationship appears accurate.
Structure and Protein Composition of a Basal‐Body Scaffold (“Cage”) in the Hypotrich Ciliate Euplotes
Authors: Kloetzel John A. , Brann Terrence W.
Published: November 2012

Cilia on the ventral surface of the hypotrich ciliate Euplotes are clustered into polykinetids or compound ciliary organelles, such as cirri or oral membranelles, used in locomotion and prey capture. A single polykinetid may contain more than 150 individual cilia; these emerge from basal bodies held in a closely spaced array within a scaffold or framework structure that has been referred to as a basal‐body “cage”. Cage structures were isolated free of cilia and basal bodies; the predominant component of such cages was found on polyacrylamide gels to be a 45‐kDa polypeptide. Antisera were raised against this protein band and used for immunolocalizations at the light and electron microscope levels. Indirect immunofluorescence revealed the 45‐kDa polypeptide to be localized exclusively to the bases of the ventral polykinetids. Immunogold staining of thin sections of intact cells further localized this reactivity to filaments of a double‐layered dense lattice that appears to link adjoining basal bodies into ordered arrays within each polykinetid. Scanning electron microscopy of isolated cages reveals the lower or “basal” cage layer to be a fine lacey meshwork supporting the basal bodies at their proximal ends; adjoining basal bodies are held at their characteristic spacing by filaments of an upper or “medial” cage layer. The isolated cage thus resembles a miniature test‐tube rack, able to accommodate varying arrangements of basal‐body rows, depending on the particular type of polykinetid. Because of its clear and specific localization to the basal‐body cages in Euplotes, we have termed this novel 45‐kDa protein “cagein”.
Natural fragmentation in river networks as a driver of speciation for freshwater fishes
Authors: Dias Murilo S. , Cornu Jean‐François , Oberdorff Thierry , Lasso Carlos A. , Tedesco Pablo A.
Published: November 2012

Although habitat fragmentation fosters extinctions, it also increases the probability of speciation by promoting and maintaining divergence among isolated populations. Here we test for the effects of two isolation factors that may reduce population dispersal within river networks as potential drivers of freshwater fish speciation: 1) the position of subdrainages along the longitudinal river gradient, and 2) the level of fragmentation within subdrainages caused by natural waterfalls. The occurrence of native freshwater fish species from 26 subdrainages of the Orinoco drainage basin (South America) was used to identify those species that presumably arose from in‐situ cladogenetic speciation (i.e. neo‐endemic species; two or more endemic species from the same genus) within each subdrainage. We related subdrainages fish diversity (i.e. total, endemic and neo‐endemic species richness) and an index of speciation to our two isolation factors while controlling for subdrainages size and energy availability. The longitudinal position of subdrainages was unrelated to any of our diversity measures, a result potentially explained by the spatial grain we used and/or the contemporary connection between Orinoco and Amazon basins via the upstream Casiquiare region. However, we found higher neo‐endemic species richness and higher speciation index values in highly fragmented subdrainages. These results suggest that habitat fragmentation generated by natural waterfalls drives cladogenetic speciation in fragmented subdrainages. More generally, our results emphasize the role of history and natural waterfalls as biogeographic barriers promoting freshwater biodiversity in river drainage basins.
When Does Knowledge Become Intent? Perceiving the Minds of Wrongdoers
Authors: Mueller Pam A. , Solan Lawrence M. , Darley John M.
Published: November 2012

In a series of experimental studies, we asked people to assign appropriate civil and/or criminal liability to individuals who cause harm with various culpable states of mind and kinds of knowledge. The studies are principally aimed at two related issues. First, do people actually separate the various states of mind conceptually? How much knowledge, and what kind of knowledge, regarding something that may go wrong (understanding risk) is sufficient to count as knowing that something will go wrong (having knowledge legally equivalent to intent)? Second, to the extent that people distinguish among the states of mind that help define normative behavior, how much do those distinctions contribute to people's judgments of civil liability? Our studies show that people are able to make explicit distinctions about the states of mind of others that more or less correspond to legally relevant categories. Yet, when asked to assign consequences, their “hot” moral judgments play a larger role than do their “cold” cognitive categorizations.
In Situ Quantitative Measurement of Rare Earth Elements in Uranium Oxides by Laser Ablation‐Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Lach Philippe , Mercadier Julien , Dubessy Jean , Boiron Marie‐Christine , Cuney Michel
Published: November 2012

Advances in the quantification of rare earth elements (REE) at the micrometric scale in uranium oxides by laser ablation‐inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry are described. The determination of the best analytical conditions was tested using a uranium oxide (Mistamisk) the concentrations of REE in which were previously estimated by other techniques. Comparison between the use of U or Pb as an internal standard clearly showed a diameter‐dependent fractionation effect related to Pb at small crater diameters (16 and 24 μm), which was not found for U. The quantification of REE contents in uranium oxide samples using both matrix‐matched (uranium oxide) and non‐matrix‐matched (NIST SRM 610 certified glass) external calibrators displayed no significant difference, demonstrating a limited matrix effect for REE determination by LA‐ICP‐MS. Moreover, no major interferences on REEs were detected. The proposed methodology (NIST SRM 610 as external calibrator and U as internal standard) was applied to samples from uranium deposits from around the world. The results showed that LA‐ICP‐MS is a suitable analytical technique to determine REE down to the μg g−1 level in uranium oxides at the micrometre scale and that this technique can provide significant insights into uranium metallogeny.
GGR Biennial Critical Review: Analytical Developments Since 2010
Authors: Wiedenbeck Michael , Bugoi Roxana , Duke M. John M. , Dunai Tibor , Enzweiler Jacinta , Horan Mary , Jochum Klaus Peter , Linge Kathryn , Košler Jan , Merchel Silke , Morales Luiz F.G. , Nasdala Lutz , Stalder Roland , Sylvester Paul , Weis Ulrike , Zoubir Arnaud
Published: November 2012

Advances in the chemical and isotopic characterisation of geological and environmental materials can often be ascribed to technological improvements in analytical hardware. Equally, the creation of novel methods of data acquisition and interpretation, including access to better reference materials, can also be crucial components enabling important breakthroughs. This biennial review highlights key advances in either instrumentation or data acquisition and treatment, which have appeared since January 2010. This review is based on the assessments by scientists prominent in each of the given analytical fields; it is not intended as an exhaustive summary, but rather provides insight from experts of the most significant advances and trends in their given field of expertise. In contrast to earlier reviews, this presentation has been formulated into a unified work, providing a single source covering a broad spectrum of geoanalytical techniques. Additionally, some themes that were not previously emphasised, in particular thermal ionisation mass spectrometry, accelerator‐based methods and vibrational spectroscopy, are also presented in detail.
Hoya longipedunculata sp. nov. (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae) from Quang Nam, central Vietnam
Authors: Pham Van The , Averyanov Leonid V.
Published: November 2012

A new species, Hoya longipedunculata (Apocynaceae, Asclepiadoideae), discovered in Quang Nam Province in central Vietnam is described and illustrated. It is morphologically similar to H. fusca, but differs by having a weak and shorter stem, thin leaf blade, umbel‐like inflorescence, longer hairy peduncle and long pedicel, as well as broad, narrowly‐ovate to triangular sepals, and wider, white opalescent (sometime abaxially with purple tint) corolla with strongly reflexed segments.
Migrant health in New Zealand: exploring issues concerning medicines access and use
Authors: Babar Zaheer-Ud-Din , Pengelly Kelly , Scahill Shane L , Garg Sanjay , Shaw John
Published: November 2012

Objectives

Every year a cohort of new migrants enters New Zealand (NZ), bringing challenges that impact on medicines use and health outcomes. The prescribing of medicines is a common therapeutic intervention and access to medicines and optimal use cannot be assumed for these populations. Internationally the literature exploring issues relating to medicines access and use by migrants in high-income countries is scarce. This study aims to explore attitudes, beliefs and perceptions of a cohort of migrants about medicines access and use in NZ.

Methods

A qualitative research methodology was employed with participants being recruited through snowballing techniques and interviewed (seven Indian and four Chinese). Following consent, a semi-structured guide was used for discussions. Themes were developed from codes based on the guide. These themes were developed by two members of the research team and reviewed by a third member.

Results

Emergent themes reflected the following dialogue: (a) financial barriers: paying doctor and pharmacist, lack of affordability of over-the-counter medicines, sharing medicines with family and friends; (b) information transfer and knowledge of rules, systems and initiatives, particularly regarding subsidies and brand switching; (c) misconceptions due to culture and language barriers, including not understanding information and lack of compliance in symptom-free disease; (d) perceptions of high quality in prescription medicines; (e) non-disclosure of traditional medicine use and (f) variability of community pharmacy service provision, especially counselling.

Conclusions

Significant barriers to access and optimal use of medicines by new migrants in NZ were identified. Policy change and educational interventions are likely to be required to improve medicines-related health care to migrant New Zealanders. Future research will need to quantify the extent of the issues and interventions should be developed and evaluated as ongoing research.
How “American” is Barack Obama? The Role of National Identity in a Historic Bid for the White House
Authors: Devos Thierry , Ma Debbie S.
Published: November 2012

Against the backdrop of the 2008 presidential election, we examined the extent to which the American identity was implicitly and explicitly associated with Barack Obama compared to Tony Blair (Study 1), Hillary Clinton (Study 2), and John McCain (Studies 3 and 4). When conscious control was relatively limited and targets were categorized based on race, the American identity was less strongly associated with Obama than with the other candidates. This effect was stronger than when the candidates were categorized based on their personal identity (Studies 1–4), gender (Study 2), political affiliation (Study 3), or age (Study 4). In addition, the extent to which candidates were differentiated in terms of implicit and explicit associations with the American identity predicted the relative willingness to actively support them.
The effect of periodontal treatment in improving erectile dysfunction: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Eltas Abubekir , Oguz Fatih , Uslu Mustafa Ozay , Akdemir Ender
Published: November 2012

Objective

The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in the International Index of Erectile Dysfunction (IIEF) score following periodontal treatment in patients who had severe or moderate erectile dysfunction (ED) and chronic periodontitis (CP).

Materials and methods

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. The study population consisted of 120 patients with severe or moderate ED and CP. The treatment group (n = 60) comprised patients who received periodontal treatment, whereas the control group (n = 60) comprised patients who did not receive periodontal treatment. The clinical assessments were recorded at baseline, and at 1 month (R1) and 3 months (R2) after intervention for both groups. The periodontal examination involved assessment of the plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth and clinical attachment level. The IIEF questionnaire was used to assess the severity of ED.

Results

In the treatment group, the improvement in all clinical periodontal parameters was greater than that in the control group, at both R1 and R2 (p < 0.05). The increase in the IIEF scores of the treatment group at R2 was higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05), whereas the IIEF scores were similar for both groups at R1 (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

The findings of the study suggest that periodontal treatment can provide additional benefits in the improvement of ED. However, further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms of interaction between these diseases.
Full‐mouth disinfection as a therapeutic protocol for type‐2 diabetic subjects with chronic periodontitis: Twelve‐month clinical outcomes. A randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Santos Vanessa R. , Lima Jadson A. , Miranda Tamires S. , Gonçalves Tiago E. D. , Figueiredo Luciene C. , Faveri Marcelo , Duarte Poliana M.
Published: November 2012

Aim

The aim of this randomized controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the clinical effects of chlorhexidine (CHX) application in a full‐mouth disinfection (FMD) protocol in poorly controlled type‐2 diabetic subjects with generalized chronic periodontitis.

Material and Methods

Thirty‐eight subjects were randomly assigned into FMD group (n=19): full‐mouth scaling and root planing (FMSRP) within 24 h + local application of CHX gel + CHX rinses for 60 days or Control group (n = 19): FMSRP within 24 h + local application of placebo gel + placebo rinses for 60 days. Clinical parameters, glycated haemoglobin and fasting plasma glucose were assessed at baseline, 3, 6 and 12 months post‐therapies.

Results

All clinical parameters improved significantly at 3, 6 and 12 months post‐therapies for both groups (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between groups for any clinical parameters, and glycemic condition at any time‐point (p > 0.05).

Conclusions

The treatments did not differ with respect to clinical parameters, including the primary outcome variable (i.e. changes in clinical attachment level in deep pockets), for up to 12 months post‐treatments.
Optimization and field evaluation of the sex pheromone of Trichophysetis cretacea (Lepidoptera, Crambidae) for pest monitoring
Authors: Gu P , Peng C.‐L. , Li J. , Feng C.‐H. , Li P. , Du Y.‐J.
Published: November 2012

Field studies using the synthetic sex pheromone of Trichophysetis cretacea, a trinary blend of (Z)‐11‐hexadecenyl acetate (Z11‐16:OAc), (Z)‐11‐hexadecenal (Z11‐16:Ald) and (Z)‐11‐hexadecenol (Z11‐16:OH), were performed in Sichuan to determine operational parameters for detection and control, such as dispenser type, blend ratio, dosage, and trap type, height and density. Of three pheromone dispensers tested, grey halo‐butyl isoprene elastomeric septa were significantly more effective than polyvinyl chloride capillary tubing or silicone rubber septa. The ratio of the three components in the blend significantly affected moth catch. In the halo‐butyl isoprene septa, the most effective ratio was 5 : 2 : 1 Z11‐16:OAc:Z11‐16:Ald:Z11‐16:OH. Sticky wing traps caught significantly more moths than water, noctuid moth or cone funnel traps. The most effective height at which wing traps were hung was 20 cm above the jasmine plants. Optimum trap density was 45 traps per hectare. Addition of volatile jasmine compounds did not increase the attractiveness of the sex pheromone. A dosage of 50 μg Z11‐16:OAc per lure was most effective in the autumn weather conditions of Quanwei. These data provide sufficient information to develop effective protocols for using the T. cretacea pheromone to detect and monitor this pest in the jasmine fields.