bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NDUFA9 point mutations cause a variable mitochondrial complex I assembly defect
Authors: Baertling F. , Sánchez‐Caballero L. , van den Brand M.A.M. , Fung C.‐W. , Chan S.H.‐S. , Wong V.C.‐N. , Hellebrekers D.M.E. , de Coo I.F.M. , Smeitink J.A.M. , Rodenburg R.J.T. , Nijtmans L.G.J.
Published: July 2017

Mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I consists of 44 different subunits and contains 3 functional modules: the Q‐, the N‐ and the P‐module. NDUFA9 is a Q‐module subunit required for complex I assembly or stability. However, its role in complex I biogenesis has not been studied in patient fibroblasts. So far, a single patient carrying an NDUFA9 variant with a severe neonatally fatal phenotype has been reported. Via exome sequencing, we identified a novel homozygous NDUFA9 missense variant in another patient with a milder phenotype including childhood‐onset progressive generalized dystonia and axonal peripheral neuropathy. We performed complex I assembly analysis using primary skin fibroblasts of both patients. Reduced complex I abundance and an accumulation of Q‐module subassemblies were present in both patients but more pronounced in the severe clinical phenotype patient. The latter displayed additional accumulation of P‐module subassemblies, which was not present in the milder‐phenotype patient. Lentiviral complementation of both patient fibroblast cell lines with wild‐type NDUFA9 rescued complex I deficiency and the assembly defects. Our report further characterizes the phenotypic spectrum of NDUFA9 deficiency and demonstrates that the severity of the clinical phenotype correlates with the severity of the effects of the different NDUFA9 variants on complex I assembly.
To shame or not to shame—that is the sanitation question
Authors: Bateman Myles , Engel Susan
Published: July 2017

The Community‐Led Total Sanitation (CLTS) programme aims to end open defecation through facilitating activities that evoke a sense of shame, shock and disgust. The programme's initial success and low‐cost design has seen it become hegemonic in donor‐supported rural sanitation. However, the theoretical basis of the use of shame has not been critically evaluated. Supporters claim that shame helps form and maintain social relationships, yet contemporary psychosocial literature highlights that it is a volatile and often harmful emotion, particularly in conditions of poverty. Using a case study of Cambodia, which rejected the coercive elements of shame in CLTS, we explore the problems of shame and limits of local ownership of development.
Seasonal and individual predictors of diet in a free‐ranging population of mandrills
Authors: Nsi Akoue Gontran , Mbading‐Mbading Wilfried , Willaume Eric , Souza Alain , Mbatchi Bertrand , Charpentier Marie J. E.
Published: July 2017

Deciphering the dietary habits of a species is central to understanding its ecology, resource requirements, and the evolution of its life history traits. Detailed information on how primates use their environment to address their nutritional needs is available for many primate species. Such basic, but necessary data are, however, fragmented for secretive primates, especially regarding direct behavioral observations of individuals. In this study, we evaluated the impact of seasonality and demographic characteristics on diet and feeding habits in the only free‐ranging population of habituated mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx), a forest‐dwelling species inhabiting the dense humid forests of Central Africa. We collected fine‐grained quantitative data on feeding behavior of 57 individually‐recognized animals of both sexes and different age classes during a 17‐month period. We identified most consumed plant species and determined their abundance in the habitat of the studied mandrills. We showed that diet in this species was extremely diverse and included approximately 150 different plant species, but also mushrooms, invertebrates, and vertebrates. This omnivorous and highly diverse diet presented, however, a clear frugivorous tendency. While we identified three food items largely consumed throughout the year, we also found a strong seasonal signature on diet that was partly, but not only, related to food availability. Age and sex also influenced feeding habits with some feeding specializations according to the individual categories considered and their associated nutritional needs. Our quantitative data provide a basis for future studies examining the nutritional and mineral content of food items, which will further elucidate important aspects of the ecology of this little studied forest primate.
What the past tells us about the future of Pacific salmon research
Authors: Beamish Richard J
Published: July 2017

The Larkin lectures are held every two years at the University of British Columbia in recognition of Dr. Peter Larkin's contributions to fisheries science. The lecture I presented in November 2015 coincided with an announcement that the Institute of Fisheries that Peter Larkin founded in the 1960s would be restructured as the “Institute for Oceans and Fisheries” with an emphasis on fisheries and oceans issues important to British Columbia as well as the rest of the world. I decided to look back at research issues that Peter Larkin thought would be important for Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) in the future and see what has happened as a way of identifying the complexity that the Institute for Oceans and Fisheries in particular and the science community in general will face. I chose five themes from Peter Larkin's talks: 1 understanding marine survival, 2 ocean carrying capacity, 3 aquaculture, 4 climate, Pacific salmon and climate change and 5 informing the public, and then added my opinion about research priorities for the future. Peter Larkin recognized the future relevance of these examples, but he probably could not have imagined how these and related issues will challenge his renamed institute and the rest of the research community over the next 50 years.
Functional response to food limitation can reduce the impact of global change in the deep‐sea benthos
Authors: Gambi Cristina , Corinaldesi Cinzia , Dell'Anno Antonio , Pusceddu Antonio , D'Onghia Gianfranco , Covazzi‐Harriague Anabella , Danovaro Roberto
Published: July 2017

Aim

A key paradigm of deep‐sea ecology is that the ocean interior is a food‐limited environment, which limits the faunal growth. Here, we estimated the efficiency of deep‐sea fauna in exploiting resources to assess the potential response of deep‐sea organisms to changes in the food inputs expected with global change.

Location

Mediterranean Sea.

Time period

1989–2010.

Major taxa studied

Viruses, prokaryotes, meiofauna, macrofauna and megafauna.

Methods

Using the largest data set spanning from microbes to megafauna produced synoptically so far, we investigated patterns of abundance, biomass and ecosystem efficiency across depth‐related and longitudinal gradients of food availability in both Western and Eastern Basins of the Mediterranean Sea.

Results

Our results revealed that prokaryotes dominated benthic biomass at depths > 2,000 m. Contrary to what has been reported at a global scale, meiofaunal biomass decreased with increasing water depth more rapidly than macrofauna and megafauna. Meiofauna showed a significant negative log‐linear relationship with increasing water depth in the whole Mediterranean Sea, whereas the other benthic components, from viruses to megafauna, did not decrease significantly, decreased or even increased (e.g., prokaryotes) with increasing water depth. Taking all components together, the efficiency of benthic ecosystems in exploiting organic carbon (OC) inputs increased with increasing depth, in both mesotrophic and ultra‐oligotrophic conditions of the deep Mediterranean Sea.

Main conclusions

Changes in ecological efficiency in exploiting the energy available in food‐limited conditions suggest that deep‐sea ecosystems can show a responsive adaptation to changes in OC inputs from the photic zone. Our results contribute to explaining the high efficiency of resource exploitation by consumers in limited trophic conditions and allow us to hypothesize that the consequences of a potential reduction of food supply in deep‐sea ecosystems induced by global changes could be less severe than expected.
Using n‐dimensional hypervolumes for species distribution modelling: A response to Qiao et al. ()
Authors: Blonder Benjamin , Lamanna Christine , Violle Cyrille , Enquist Brian J.
Published: July 2017

Hypervolume approaches are used to quantify functional diversity and quantify environmental niches for species distribution modelling. Recently, Qiao et al. () criticized our geometrical kernel density estimation (KDE) method for measuring hypervolumes. They used a simulation analysis to argue that the method yields high error rates and makes biased estimates of fundamental niches. Here, we show that (a) KDE output depends in useful ways on dataset size and bias, (b) other species distribution modelling methods make equally stringent but different assumptions about dataset bias, (c) simulation results presented by Qiao et al. () were incorrect, with revised analyses showing performance comparable to other methods, and (d) hypervolume methods are more general than KDE and have other benefits for niche modelling. As a result, our KDE method remains a promising tool for species distribution modelling.
Death in nineteenth‐century Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Fraser Lyndon
Published: July 2017

The history of death, grief and remembrance is a significant aspect of the human past for it “takes us to the heart of any culture and sharpens our understanding of the meaning of our lives.” Historians have really only begun to explore how people struggled to come to terms with mortality and shape its meanings in nineteenth‐century Australia and New Zealand. Recent studies have refined our understanding of death and underlined its value for casting new light on aspects of the past. Scholars have also demonstrated how much we can learn about death and bereavement in the period by examining a wide range of sources—visual and material, as well as documentary. This essay highlights two key areas in the investigation of Australasian “deathways,” a term that historians have used to capture the diversity of mortuary beliefs and practices, including ideas about the afterlife, relations with the dead, the preparation of corpses, funerary commerce, burial ceremonies, and rites of commemoration and remembrance. The first section surveys the scholarship surrounding indigenous practices before engaging with new work that places death at the centre of cross‐cultural encounters on the colonial frontier. These recent histories reveal the importance of mortuary politics but they also raise thorny questions about sources and voice. The second section shifts attention to the great waves of migration to New Zealand and Australia during the nineteenth century. It considers debates about the Victorian “cult of death” and explores the key features of colonial ways of death.
Subcutaneous mycoses in Peru: a systematic review and meta‐analysis for the burden of disease
Authors: Ramírez Soto Max Carlos , Malaga German
Published: July 2017

Background

There is a worrying lack of epidemiological data on the geographical distribution and burden of subcutaneous mycoses in Peru, hindering the implementation of surveillance and control programs.

Objectives

This study aimed to estimate the disease burden of subcutaneous mycoses in Peru and identify which fungal species were commonly associated with these mycoses.

Methods

We performed a meta‐analysis after a systematic review of the published literature in PubMed, LILACS, and SciELO to estimate the burden of subcutaneous mycoses in 25 regions in Peru. The disease burden was determined in terms of prevalence (number of cases per 100,000 inhabitants) and the number of reported cases per year per region.

Results

A total of 26 studies were eligible for inclusion. Results showed that sporotrichosis was the most common subcutaneous mycosis (99.7%), whereas lobomycosis, chromoblastomycosis, and subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis were rare. Cases of eumycetoma and subcutaneous zygomycosis were not found. Of the 25 regions, the burden of sporotrichosis was estimated for four regions classified as endemic; in nine regions, only isolated cases were reported. The highest burden of sporotrichosis was in Apurimac (15 cases/100,000 inhabitants; 57 cases/year), followed by Cajamarca (3/100,000 inhabitants; 30/year), Cusco (0.5/100,000 inhabitants; 4/year), and La Libertad (0.2/100,000 inhabitants; 2/year). In two regions, the mycoses predominantly affected children.

Conclusions

Sporotrichosis is the most common subcutaneous mycosis in Peru, with a high disease burden in Apurimac. Chromoblastomycosis, lobomycosis, and subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis are rare mycoses in Peru.
Adoptive transfer of murine T cells expressing a chimeric‐PD1‐Dap10 receptor as an immunotherapy for lymphoma
Authors: Lynch Adam , Hawk William , Nylen Emily , Ober Sean , Autin Pierre , Barber Amorette
Published: July 2017

Adoptive transfer of T cells is a promising cancer therapy and expression of chimeric antigen receptors can enhance tumour recognition and T‐cell effector functions. The programmed death protein 1 (PD1) receptor is a prospective target for a chimeric antigen receptor because PD1 ligands are expressed on many cancer types, including lymphoma. Therefore, we developed a murine chimeric PD1 receptor (chPD1) consisting of the PD1 extracellular domain fused to the cytoplasmic domain of CD3ζ. Additionally, chimeric antigen receptor therapies use various co‐stimulatory domains to enhance efficacy. Hence, the inclusion of a Dap10 or CD28 co‐stimulatory domain in the chPD1 receptor was compared to determine which domain induced optimal anti‐tumour immunity in a mouse model of lymphoma. The chPD1 T cells secreted pro‐inflammatory cytokines and lysed RMA lymphoma cells. Adoptive transfer of chPD1 T cells significantly reduced established tumours and led to tumour‐free survival in lymphoma‐bearing mice. When comparing chPD1 receptors containing a Dap10 or CD28 domain, both receptors induced secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines; however, chPD1‐CD28 T cells also secreted anti‐inflammatory cytokines whereas chPD1‐Dap10 T cells did not. Additionally, chPD1‐Dap10 induced a central memory T‐cell phenotype compared with chPD1‐CD28, which induced an effector memory phenotype. The chPD1‐Dap10 T cells also had enhanced in vivo persistence and anti‐tumour efficacy compared with chPD1‐CD28 T cells. Therefore, adoptive transfer of chPD1 T cells could be a novel therapy for lymphoma and inclusion of the Dap10 co‐stimulatory domain in chimeric antigen receptors may induce a preferential cytokine profile and T‐cell differentiation phenotype for anti‐tumour therapies.
An exploration of clinical psychology's response to parental bereavement in adults with intellectual disability
Authors: Irwin Lynn , O'Malley Grace , Neelofur Shazia , Guerin Suzanne
Published: July 2017

Background

The dearth of literature regarding how or when to intervene when an adult with intellectual disability is bereaved may impede clinical practice; this study therefore aimed to explore the current clinical psychology response, so as to enhance understanding of the role of the profession in supporting grief within this population.

Method

A collective case study design was used. Data for six persons with intellectual disability, including interviews with parentally bereaved persons and involved staff members, were integrated into individual case stories for cross‐case synthesis.

Results

Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Five overarching themes illustrated that the clinical psychology role is broadly distributed and identified potentially complicating factors such as “gatekeeping” and “staff uncertainty.”

Conclusions

A model of bereavement supports reflecting that by Read (Learning Disability Practice, 8, 2005, 31) is being approximated in clinical practice; further research is required to determine how best to implement this, and whether this meets the true needs of the population.
Modeling time‐to‐event (survival) data using classification tree analysis
Authors: Linden Ariel , Yarnold Paul R.
Published: July 2017

Rationale, aims, and objectives

Time to the occurrence of an event is often studied in health research. Survival analysis differs from other designs in that follow‐up times for individuals who do not experience the event by the end of the study (called censored) are accounted for in the analysis. Cox regression is the standard method for analysing censored data, but the assumptions required of these models are easily violated. In this paper, we introduce classification tree analysis (CTA) as a flexible alternative for modelling censored data. Classification tree analysis is a “decision‐tree”–like classification model that provides parsimonious, transparent (ie, easy to visually display and interpret) decision rules that maximize predictive accuracy, derives exactPvalues via permutation tests, and evaluates model cross‐generalizability.

Method

Using empirical data, we identify all statistically valid, reproducible, longitudinally consistent, and cross‐generalizable CTA survival models and then compare their predictive accuracy to estimates derived via Cox regression and an unadjusted naïve model. Model performance is assessed using integrated Brier scores and a comparison between estimated survival curves.

Results

The Cox regression model best predicts average incidence of the outcome over time, whereas CTA survival models best predict either relatively high, or low, incidence of the outcome over time.

Conclusions

Classification tree analysis survival models offer many advantages over Cox regression, such as explicit maximization of predictive accuracy, parsimony, statistical robustness, and transparency. Therefore, researchers interested in accurate prognoses and clear decision rules should consider developing models using the CTA‐survival framework.
Green tea extract: A natural antimicrobial with great potential for controlling native microbiota, Listeria innocua and Escherichia coli in fresh‐cut beet leaves
Authors: Fernández María Verónica , Agüero María Victoria , Jagus Rosa Juana
Published: July 2017

Antimicrobial effect of green tea (GTE), nisin (Ni), natamycin (Na), and their combinations on native mesophilic bacteria (MAB), Enterobacteriaceae (EB), and molds and yeast (M&Y) of fresh‐cut beet leaves and on inoculated Listeria innocua (LI) and Escherichia coli (EC) were determined during storage at 15 °C. Individual treatments with Ni and Na were not effective in reducing nor controlling native microbiota. Conversely, treatments containing GTE 5% reduced MAB and EB initial counts to values below detection limit (DL = 1 log UFC/g) for 24 hr. The most effective treatment for M&Y was the combination of GTE with Na, which maintained the counts in undetectable values (<DL) for 48 hr. Ni and GTE were very effective in controlling LI and their combination presented a significant improvement, it reduced by 4.4 log the initial count and maintained them around 4 log below control samples along storage. For EC control, only GTE treatments were effective presenting a concentration dependent behavior.

Practical applications

Consumers' demand for healthy, nutritious, minimally processed, free of additives and environmentally friendly products has markedly increased in recent years. In response to these demands, the application of green tea extract, nisin, natamycin, and their combinations, as natural antimicrobials against beet leaves native microbiota and inoculated L. innocua and E. coli, was evaluated in fresh‐cut beet leaves; an underutilized by‐product with high nutritional value. The results of this study showed that nisin, widely applied in dairy products, could be also highly effective against Listeria spp. on leafy vegetables. Moreover, green tea extract, either alone or combined, is a highly promising option with potential for reducing or preventing the growth of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms (gram‐negatives included) present in leafy vegetables, specifically in fresh‐cut beet leaves.
Effect of Mentha spicata essential oil on chemical, microbial, and sensory properties of minced camel meat during refrigerated storage
Authors: Shahbazi Yasser , Karami Negin , Shavisi Nassim
Published: July 2017

The aim of the present study was incorporation of Mentha spicata essential oil (MSO) at three different concentrations (0.5, 1, and 1.5% vol/wt) into raw minced camel meat to extend shelf life and evaluate its antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes for 12 days at refrigerated temperature. Final microbial population (total mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria, Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacteriaceae, and L. monocytogenes) decreased approximately 1–4 log CFU/g in treated samples compared to control. The initial total volatile base nitrogen was 8.86 ± 0.33 mg/100 g and after 12 days reached to 39.2 ± 0.13 mg/100 g in control, while it was lower than 25 mg/100 g for treated samples with 1 and 1.5% MSO. At the end of storage time in control samples peroxide value reached to 2.57 ± 0.01 meq peroxide/1,000 g lipid, while the values for the treated samples remained lower than 2 meq peroxide/1,000 g lipid. Moreover, during 12 days of storage, odor, color and also appearance of the minced camel meat treated with 0.5% MSO were superior.

Practical applications

Today as people tend to consume natural foods due to health concerns, the use of natural preservatives such as essential oils is increasing. Around the different parts of Iran Mentha spicata plant is known as a popular flavoring ingredient in home food making. In the present study, M. spicata essential oil as a natural substance could successfully extend the shelf life and control Listeria monocytogenes in fresh minced camel meat stored at refrigerated temperature for 12 days of storage. M. spicata essential oil can be used as a replacement to synthetic preservatives as well as synthetic flavorings in minced camel meat.
An improved method of DNA preparation for PCR‐based detection of Brucella in raw camel milk samples from Riyadh region and its comparison with immunological methods
Authors: Khan Shams Tabrez , Ahmad Javed , Wahab Rizwan , Hirad Abdurahman H. , Musarrat Javed , Al‐Khedhairy Abdulaziz A. , Bahkali Ali H.
Published: July 2017

Brucellosis a zoonotic disease is endemic in Saudi Arabia especially in the Najed region due to the customary consumption of raw milk. For a detailed investigation of brucellosis in camel milk, 80 samples were collected from Riyadh region. Twenty‐four and sixteen percentage of the samples were positive for Brucella when tested with Rose Bengal test and ELISA, respectively. Genomic DNA from the milk samples was prepared using a modified method presented in this study. Brucella was detected in camel milk using three different primer sets targeting Brucella 16S rRNA gene, omp2, and IS711 genes. Among the three primer sets, an F4/R2 set of primers targeting Brucella 16S rRNA gene was most sensitive and yielded PCR products from nine milk samples. Finally, the 16S rRNA gene sequences of these isolates confirmed the contamination of Brucella spp. in nine milk samples. This study, therefore, suggests a high incidence of Brucella in camels of Riyadh.

Practical applications

This manuscript describes a modified method for the isolation of DNA from camel milk. The DNA was subsequently used successfully for the amplification of various genes for detecting Brucella. Furthermore, there was no report from Riyadh region on the detection of Brucella from camel milk. This report, therefore, points out toward an important health issue associated with consumption of raw camel milk. If published, this report will be helpful in educating the local population about the health risk associated with the consumption of raw milk.
Fatal SV40‐associated pneumonia and nephropathy following renal allotransplantation in rhesus macaque
Authors: Song M. , Mulvihill M.S. , Williams K.D. , Collins B.H. , Kirk A.D.
Published: July 2017

Recrudescence of latent and dormant viruses may lead to overwhelming viremia in immunosuppressed hosts. In immunocompromised hosts, Simian virus 40 (SV40) reactivation is known to cause nephritis and demyelinating central nervous system disease. Here, we report SV40 viremia leading to fatal interstitial pneumonia in an immunosuppressed host following renal allotransplantation.
A human scFv antibody that targets and neutralizes high molecular weight pathogenic amyloid‐β oligomers
Authors: Sebollela Adriano , Cline Erika N. , Popova Izolda , Luo Kevin , Sun Xiaoxia , Ahn Jay , Barcelos Milena A. , Bezerra Vanessa N. , Lyra e Silva Natalia M. , Patel Jason , Pinheiro Nathalia R. , Qin Lei A. , Kamel Josette M. , Weng Anthea , DiNunno Nadia , Bebenek Adrian M. , Velasco Pauline T. , Viola Kirsten L. , Lacor Pascale N. , Ferreira Sergio T. , Klein William L.
Published: July 2017

Brain accumulation of soluble oligomers of the amyloid‐β peptide (AβOs) is increasingly considered a key early event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A variety of AβO species have been identified, both in vitro and in vivo, ranging from dimers to 24mers and higher order oligomers. However, there is no consensus in the literature regarding which AβO species are most germane to AD pathogenesis. Antibodies capable of specifically recognizing defined subpopulations of AβOs would be a valuable asset in the identification, isolation, and characterization of AD‐relevant AβO species. Here, we report the characterization of a human single chain antibody fragment (scFv) denoted NUsc1, one of a number of scFvs we have identified that stringently distinguish AβOs from both monomeric and fibrillar Aβ. NUsc1 readily detected AβOs previously bound to dendrites in cultured hippocampal neurons. In addition, NUsc1 blocked AβO binding and reduced AβO‐induced neuronal oxidative stress and tau hyperphosphorylation in cultured neurons. NUsc1 further distinguished brain extracts from AD‐transgenic mice from wild type (WT) mice, and detected endogenous AβOs in fixed AD brain tissue and AD brain extracts. Biochemical analyses indicated that NUsc1 targets a subpopulation of AβOs with apparent molecular mass greater than 50 kDa. Results indicate that NUsc1 targets a particular AβO species relevant to AD pathogenesis, and suggest that NUsc1 may constitute an effective tool for AD diagnostics and therapeutics.

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Ki67, CD105, and α‐SMA expressions better relate the binary oral epithelial dysplasia grading system of World Health Organization
Authors: Gadbail Amol Ramchandra , Chaudhary Minal S. , Sarode Sachin C. , Gawande Madhuri , Korde Sheetal , Tekade Satyajit Ashok , Gondivkar Shailesh , Hande Alka , Maladhari Rupesh
Published: July 2017

Background

The binary system of oral epithelial dysplasia (OED) has never been investigated with reference to the carcinogenesis‐related biomarkers. Hence, Ki67, CD105, and α‐SMA immune‐expressions were studied in oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) to assess their relationship with the binary OED grading system of World Health Organization.

Methods

The study was carried out on paraffin‐embedded tissues of 30 normal oral mucosa (NOM) and 140 OPMD cases. OPMD cases were classified into two groups “no/questionable/hyperkeratosis/mild”=low‐risk epithelial dysplasia (LRED) and “moderate or severe”=high‐risk epithelial dysplasia (HRED). The immunohistochemistry was carried out to evaluate the expression of Ki67, CD 105, and α‐SMA antigen.

Results

According to the binary grading system of WHO, 69 (49.28%) cases were LRED, while 71 (50.71%) case showed HRED. There was significant increase in Ki67 labeling index (LI) from NOM to LRED to HRED (P=.000). Similarly, mean vascular density (MVD) also increased significantly from NOM to LRED to HRED (P=.000). The α‐SMA expression was significantly higher in HERD compared to LRED and NOM (P=.000). A positive correlation was noted among Ki67 LI, MVD, and α‐SMA expressions in NOM, LRED, and HRED (P=.000).

Conclusion

The expressions of ki67, CD105, and α‐SMA markers compliment binary grading system of OED in OPMDS, thus justifying its use in clinical practice.
Valence of Ti, V, and Cr in Apollo 14 aluminous basalts 14053 and 14072
Authors: Simon Steven B. , Sutton Stephen R.
Published: July 2017

The valences of Ti, V, and Cr in olivine and pyroxene, important indicators of the fO2 of the source region of their host rocks, can be readily measured nondestructively by XANES (X‐ray absorption near edge structure) spectroscopy, but little such work has been done on lunar rocks, and there is some uncertainty regarding the presence of Ti3+ in lunar silicates and the redox state of the lunar mantle. This is the first study involving direct XANES measurement of valences of multivalent cations in lunar rocks. Because high alumina activity facilitates substitution of Ti cations into octahedral rather than tetrahedral sites in pyroxene and Ti3+ only enters octahedral sites, two aluminous basalts from Apollo 14, 14053 and 14072, were studied. Most pyroxene contains little or no detectable Ti3+, but in both samples relatively early, magnesian pyroxene was found that has Ti valences that are not within error of 4; in 14053, this component has an average Ti valence of 3.81 ± 0.06 (i.e., Ti3+/[Ti3+ + Ti4+ = 0.19]). This pyroxene has relatively low atomic Ti/Al ratios (<0.4) due to crystallization before plagioclase, contrary to the long‐held belief that lunar pyroxene with Ti/Al > 0.5 contains Ti3+ and pyroxene with lower ratios does not. Later pyroxene, with lower Mg/Fe and higher Ti/Al ratios, has higher proportions of Ti (all Ti4+) in tetrahedral sites. All pyroxene analyzed contains divalent Cr, ranging from 15 to 30% of the Cr present, and all but one analysis spot contains divalent V, accounting for 0 to 40% (typically 20–30%) of the V present. Three analyses of olivine in 14053 do not show any Ti3+, but Ti valences in 14072 olivine range from 4 down to 3.70 ± 0.10. In 14053 olivine, ~50% of the Cr and 60% of the V are divalent. In 14072 olivine, the divalent percentages are ~20% for Cr and 20–60% for V. These results indicate significant proportions of divalent Cr and V and limited amounts of trivalent Ti in the parental melts, especially when crystal/liquid partitioning preferences are taken into account. These features are consistent with an fO2 closer to IW − 2 than to IW − 1. Apollo 15 basalt 15555, analyzed for comparison with A‐14 materials, has olivine with strongly reduced Cr (Cr2+/(Cr2+ + Cr3+) ~0.9). Basalts from different sites may record redox differences between source regions.
Determination of the equilibrium fO2 in bulk samples of H, L, and LL ordinary chondrites by solid‐state electrochemistry
Authors: Osadchii Valentin O. , Fedkin Mark V. , Osadchii Evgeniy G.
Published: July 2017

High‐temperature solid‐state electrochemistry techniques (EMF method) were used to measure the oxygen fugacity (fO2) of the ordinary chondrites Ochansk (H4), Savtschenskoje (LL4), Elenovka (L5), Vengerovo (H5), and Kharkov (L6). The fO2 results are presented in the form of the following equations:urn:x-wiley:10869379:media:maps12919:maps12919-math-0001urn:x-wiley:10869379:media:maps12919:maps12919-math-0002urn:x-wiley:10869379:media:maps12919:maps12919-math-0003urn:x-wiley:10869379:media:maps12919:maps12919-math-0004urn:x-wiley:10869379:media:maps12919:maps12919-math-0005

It was found that fO2 regularly increases from H chondrites to LL chondrites. Measured fO2 are ~1.5 higher than those previously calculated from mineral assemblages. Kharkov (L6) is a little more oxidized than Elenovka (L5) in agreement with the progressive oxidation model. At the same time, Ochansk (H4) is more oxidized than Vengerovo (H5) and exhibits a slightly different slope compared to other chondrites and at T > 1200 K, becomes more reduced than Kharkov (L6) or Elenovka (L5). Measured oxygen fugacity values of meteorites fall within (0.1–1.0)·log fO2 of one another. The possible explanation of discrepancies between measured and calculated values is discussed.
Informing infant and young child feeding programming in humanitarian emergencies: An evidence map of reviews including low and middle income countries
Authors: Prudhon Claudine , Benelli Prisca , Maclaine Ali , Harrigan Paige , Frize Jacqueline
Published: July 2017

Around 200 million people were affected by conflict and natural disasters in 2015. Whereas those populations are at a particular high risk of death, optimal breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices could prevent almost 20% of deaths amongst children less than 5 years old. Yet, coverage of interventions for improving infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices in emergencies is low, partly due to lack of evidence. Considering the paucity of data generated in emergencies to inform programming, we conducted an evidence map from reviews that included low‐ and middle‐income countries and looked at several interventions: (a) social and behavioural change interpersonal and mass communication for promoting breastfeeding and adequate complementary feeding; (b) provision of donated complementary food; (c) home‐based fortification with multiple micronutrient powder; (d) capacity building; (e) cash transfers; (f) agricultural or fresh food supply interventions; and (g) psychological support to caretakers. We looked for availability of evidence of these interventions to improve IYCF practices and nutritional status of infants and young children. We identified 1,376 records and included 28 reviews meeting the inclusion criteria. The highest number of reviews identified was for behavioural change interpersonal communication for promoting breastfeeding, whereas no review was identified for psychological support to caretakers. We conclude that any further research should focus on the mechanisms and delivery models through which effectiveness of interventions can be achieved and on the influence of contextual factors. Efforts should be renewed to generate evidence of effectiveness of IYCF interventions during humanitarian emergencies despite the challenges.
Lifecycle of Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides under laboratory conditions
Authors: DIYES G. C. P. , APANASKEVICH D. A. , RAJAKARUNA R. S.
Published: July 2017

Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides Supino, 1897 (Ixodida: Ixodidae) is a three‐host hard tick widely distributed in Sri Lanka. The lifecycle of the R. haemaphysaloides population in Sri Lanka was studied under laboratory conditions using fully engorged females collected from dogs. Larvae, nymphs and adults were reared on New Zealand rabbits. Engorged females weighed a mean ± standard deviation (SD) of 470.1 ± 106.5 mg and laid a mean ± SD of 4067.4 ± 3136.2 eggs within 16.1 ± 3.7 days. The mean ± SD preoviposition period was 6.5 ± 1.1 days. The mean ± SD reproductive efficiency index was 8.5 ± 4.1, and was higher in heavier females (Pearson correlation, r = 0.8; P = 0.001). The incubation period of eggs was shorter at higher temperatures. The majority (86.9%) of larvae successfully moulted after a mean ± SD premoulting period of 7.9 ± 0.7 days following a parasitic period of 3.2 ± 0.5 days. Unfed larvae survived a mean ± SD of 103.4 ± 19.8 days. Nymphs completed the bloodmeal after 3.7 ± 0.9 days, weighed 5.7 ± 1.7 mg and demonstrated a premoulting period of 15.1 ± 1.9 days. Unfed nymphs survived a mean ± SD of 45.8 ± 3.8 days. Heavier nymphs moulted into females, whereas lighter nymphs moulted into males (two‐sample t‐test, P < 0.001). The bodyweight of adult females increased more than 100‐fold after feeding. The lifecycle of R. haemaphysaloides was successfully completed on rabbits within a mean of 91.3 days (range: 69–117 days) under laboratory conditions.
The desert plant Phoenix dactylifera closes stomata via nitrate‐regulated SLAC1 anion channel
Authors: Müller Heike M. , Schäfer Nadine , Bauer Hubert , Geiger Dietmar , Lautner Silke , Fromm Jörg , Riederer Markus , Bueno Amauri , Nussbaumer Thomas , Mayer Klaus , Alquraishi Saleh A. , Alfarhan Ahmed H. , Neher Erwin , Al‐Rasheid Khaled A. S. , Ache Peter , Hedrich Rainer
Published: July 2017

Date palm Phoenix dactylifera is a desert crop well adapted to survive and produce fruits under extreme drought and heat. How are palms under such harsh environmental conditions able to limit transpirational water loss?

Here, we analysed the cuticular waxes, stomata structure and function, and molecular biology of guard cells from P. dactylifera.

To understand the stomatal response to the water stress phytohormone of the desert plant, we cloned the major elements necessary for guard cell fast abscisic acid (ABA) signalling and reconstituted this ABA signalosome in Xenopus oocytes. The PhoenixSLAC1‐type anion channel is regulated by ABA kinase PdOST1. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDXA) demonstrated that date palm guard cells release chloride during stomatal closure. However, in Cl− medium, PdOST1 did not activate the desert plant anion channel PdSLAC1 per se. Only when nitrate was present at the extracellular face of the anion channel did the OST1‐gated PdSLAC1 open, thus enabling chloride release. In the presence of nitrate, ABA enhanced and accelerated stomatal closure.

Our findings indicate that, in date palm, the guard cell osmotic motor driving stomatal closure uses nitrate as the signal to open the major anion channel SLAC1. This initiates guard cell depolarization and the release of anions together with potassium.
Prognostic factors of hydrops fetalis with pleural effusion
Authors: Nakayama Atsushi , Oshiro Makoto , Yamada Yasumasa , Hattori Tetsuo , Wakano Yasuhiro , Hayashi Seiji , Kokubo Minoru , Takemoto Koji , Honda Shigeru , Ieda Kuniko , Yamamoto Hikaru , Kouwaki Masanori , Yokoi Kyoko , Shinohara Osamu , Kato Takenori , Miyata Masafumi , Tanaka Taihei , Hayakawa Masahiro
Published: July 2017

Background

Hydrops fetalis (HF) has a low survival rate, particularly in the case of preterm birth. In addition, the severity index of HF has not been fully investigated yet. The aim of this study was to clarify the prognostic factors of HF with pleural effusion.

Methods

All live‐born HF patients with pleural effusion, except for chromosomal abnormality or complex congenital heart disease, born from 2009 to 2013 in Aichi Prefecture in Japan were included. Prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal information was obtained from the medical records and was retrospectively analyzed.

Results

Forty‐one HF patients with pleural effusion were included, and 28 patients (68%) survived. On multivariate logistic stepwise analysis, gestational birth week (OR, 0.71; 95% CI: 0.52–0.96, P = 0.027) and standard deviation (SD) score of the birthweight (OR, 1.74; 95% CI: 1.01–2.99, P = 0.045) were significant factors for postnatal death. All patients with both ≥32 gestational weeks and <3.0 birthweight SD score survived.

Conclusions

Combined with the gestational weeks data, birthweight SD score may be useful to estimate the prognosis of HF with pleural effusion.
Sooner or Later? Health Information Technology, Length of Stay, and Readmission Risk
Authors: Oh Jeong‐ha (Cath) , Zheng Zhiqiang (Eric) , Bardhan Indranil R.
Published: July 2017

Adequate length of stay (LOS) during hospitalization is not only a critical determinant of quality of care, but can be a useful predictor of the risk of future readmissions. Recent studies have shown alarming evidence that the United States leads developed nations in terms of shorter hospital stays, rendering patients with greater risk of future readmissions. We focus on deviation between hospital LOS and the geometric mean LOS (GMLOS), a guideline for care delivery stipulated by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Our objective is to establish the relationship between LOS and readmission risk, examine the role of health IT in reducing the deviation of LOS, and address cost trade‐offs between early discharges and readmissions. Based on a large panel of congestive heart failure (CHF) patients during a 4‐year period, we find that implementation of health IT applications is associated with a reduction in the deviation between LOS and GMLOS. This deviation is associated with a significant increase in future 30‐day readmission risk. Patients whose inpatient stays are shorter than the GMLOS guideline, by 1 day or more, are likely to exhibit a 1.1% greater risk of readmission, and even shorter stays are likely to further exacerbate their readmission risk. Further, we find that the total readmission costs are much higher than the costs incurred in keeping patients longer during their initial hospital visit. Our results have important policy implications for providers and hospital administrators with respect to their discharge policies of CHF patients.
Effect of initial darkness duration on the pathogenicity of Calonectria pseudonaviculata on boxwood
Authors: Marine S. C. , Baudoin A. , Hong C. X.
Published: July 2017

Light is an important environmental stimulus that regulates many physiological activities within plants and pathogenic fungi. Boxwood blight (causal agent: Calonectria pseudonaviculata) is a newly emergent disease in the United States and a significant threat to the boxwood industry. A disease‐forecasting model has been developed to aid boxwood growers in their management decisions, but light is not included as a variable within the programme. Growth chamber experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of an initial dark period on disease severity, mycelial growth and conidial germination of C. pseudonaviculata. Treatments varied by darkness duration (0, 6, 12 or 24 h dark), and were followed by a 14 h day length at a 25/21 °C day/night temperature. Neither boxwood blight severity nor fungal colony development was enhanced by an initial dark period. However, darkness duration was associated with a significant increase in conidial germination in vitro. This study suggests the predictive performance of the current boxwood blight disease‐forecasting model would not be improved by inclusion of photoperiod.
Specific and Cross‐reactive Plasmablast Response in Humans after Primary and Secondary Immunization with Vi Capsular Polysaccharide Typhoid Vaccine
Authors: Pakkanen S. H. , Kantele J. M. , Rombo L. , Kantele A.
Published: July 2017

Secondary immunization with polysaccharide vaccines may imply a risk of hyporesponsiveness. Despite the wide use of typhoid Vi capsular polysaccharide vaccine, its potential tendency to hyporesponsiveness has been inadequately addressed. While previous studies have explored serum antibody responses, we applied a more sensitive approach, a single‐cell assay for circulating plasmablasts, to compare primary and secondary responses. Twelve subjects received primary and booster doses of the Vi vaccine (Typherix®) at 30‐ to 37‐month intervals. Plasmablasts specific to the Vi or typhoidal O antigens or cross‐reactive with paratyphoid and non‐typhoidal Salmonella strains were identified as antibody‐secreting cells (ASC) with ELISPOT. Before vaccinations, none had plasmablasts specific to the antigens tested. Twelve of 12 subjects showed a Vi‐specific response after primary, but only eight of 12 after booster vaccination. All responded to typhoidal O‐9,12 antigen after both immunizations. The geometric mean of plasmablasts specific to the Vi antigen was 59 (95% CI 24–119) and 1 (0‐54) IgA + IgG + IgM‐ASC/106 peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) after primary and booster immunizations, respectively, and 20 (9–49) and 56 (29–103) to the O‐9,12 antigen. We detected 1 (0–28) and 17 (6–36) ASC/106 PBMC cross‐reactive with Salmonella Paratyphi A; 3 (0–30) and 22 (8–48) with S. Paratyphi B; 3 (0–29) and 18 (7–47) with S. Paratyphi C; 19 (10‐34) and 51 (26‐94) with Salmonella Enteritidis; and 1 (0–35) and 23 (9–52) with Salmonella Typhimurium, respectively. One‐third of the vaccinees, although responding to the O‐9,12 antigen, failed to respond to the Vi antigen after booster immunization, suggesting hyporesponsiveness in part of the vaccinees. The findings warrant further investigation.
“It's Hardly Fair to Bring a Child Into the World With the Way Things Look…”: Anomie, Mistrust, and the Impact of Race, SES, and Gender
Authors: Thomas Melvin
Published: July 2017

This article examines the impact of race, socioeconomic status (SES), and gender on subjective outlook using anomie and general mistrust as indicators. Specifically, this study addresses the following questions: (1) How do African Americans and whites compare with respect to anomie and mistrust? (2) Do racial differences in anomie and mistrust vary by SES? (3) Do African American women have higher levels of anomie and mistrust than whites and African American men? and (4) Are African Americans becoming more or less trusting and anomic over time? Using data from the General Social Survey (GSS) (1972–2014), the analysis reveals significant racial differences in social outlook as measured by anomie and mistrust. African Americans indicate higher levels of both anomie and mistrust than whites even after controls for SES and the other variables. The racial gap in anomie and mistrust increases with increases in SES. Being African American and female is associated with higher levels of anomie but not mistrust. African American mistrust decreases relative to whites over time. More affluent African Americans’ anomie levels slightly increase relative to similar whites over time. Explanations using the “rage of a privileged class” and “intersectionality” ideas are evaluated.
Context and social perceptions of blood donation in donors found positive for human immunodeficiency virus in France
Authors: Duquesnoy Alice , Danic Bruno , Santos Aurélie , Martinaud Christophe , Woimant Geneviève , Laperche Syria , Tiberghien Pierre , Jauffret‐Roustide Marie , Pillonel Josiane ,   for the Steering Committee
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUND

In France, information collected during postdonation interviews showed that a majority of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected donors were not eligible to donate as per donor selection criteria. In the interest of blood safety, this study aimed to explore the mechanisms of noncompliance with blood donor selection criteria, notably the permanent deferral of men who have sex with men (MSM).

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Semistructured individual interviews were conducted with 32 blood donors found positive for HIV between mid‐2011 and 2014. Topics such as the experience and motivations for donating blood, understanding of selection criteria, sexual risk management, and opinions on donor selection were discussed. Transcripts were analyzed inductively.

RESULTS

More than 50% of study participants were noncompliant with donor selection criteria. Reasons for nondisclosure of risk factors in the predonation questionnaire or the predonation interview included stigma, test‐seeking motivations, symbolic attachment to blood donation, and context of donation. Compliance to donor criteria was seen as secondary by donors who reaped personal benefits from the symbolism of their donation. Donors lacked self‐reflexivity in their assessment of risky sexual behavior. The “window period” and the underlying epidemiologic arguments for donor selection criteria were poorly understood. Nearly all participants disapproved of the permanent ban on blood donations from MSM.

CONCLUSION

This study demonstrated the need for more communication on the epidemiologic basis for donor selection criteria and on the window period to facilitate donor compliance. These findings have already advanced improvements to predonation documents, in a larger context of 2016 donor selection criteria revision.