bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonfullerene Acceptors for Organic Photovoltaics: From Conformation Effect to Power Conversion Efficiencies Prediction
Authors: Sui Ming-Yue , Yang Zi-Rui , Geng Yun , Sun Guang-Yan , Hu LiHong , Su Zhong-Min
Published: July 2019

Theoretical predictions of macroscopic performance (power conversion efficiencies [PCEs]) and experimental analyses for microscopic material (conformation) have always urged for organic photovoltaics. A series of acceptors based on multi‐conformation bistricyclic aromatic enes core have been designed. The results suggested that A4‐2, A5‐2, and T4‐2 show the full folded conformation, fitting, and exhibiting advantageous properties of various parts for acceptors effectively, thus getting high VOC and JSC (kCS/kCR exceeds 1012) as well. Their PCEs of devices matching different donors were predicted through machine learning (ML). In traditional device structures and crude environments, a maximum PCE is about seven times higher than original. Herein, a comprehensive investigation, ranging for conformations → donor/acceptor interfaces → morphology → PCEs, is carried out by pure theoretical methods. Therefore, this quantitative micro‐analysis combined with the ML intelligent prediction leads to a new approach in the development of the next generation of nonfullerene acceptors.
Dispersion relations for γ∗γ∗ → ππ: helicity amplitudes, subtractions, and anomalous thresholds
Authors: Hoferichter Martin , Stoffer Peter
Published: July 2019

Abstract

We present a comprehensive analysis of the dispersion relations for the doubly-virtual process γ
∗
γ
∗ → ππ. Starting from the Bardeen-Tung-Tarrach amplitudes, we first derive the kernel functions that define the system of Roy-Steiner equations for the partial-wave helicity amplitudes. We then formulate the solution of these partial-wave dispersion relations in terms of Omnès functions, with special attention paid to the role of subtraction constants as critical for the application to hadronic light-by-light scattering. In particular, we explain for the first time why for some amplitudes the standard Muskhelishvili-Omnès solution applies, while for others a modified approach based on their left-hand cut is required unless subtractions are introduced. In the doubly-virtual case, the analytic structure of the vector-resonance partial waves then gives rise to anomalous thresholds, even for space-like virtualities. We develop a strategy to account for these effects in the numerical solution, illustrated in terms of the D-waves in γ
∗
γ
∗ → ππ, which allows us to predict the doubly-virtual responses of the f
2(1270) resonance. In general, our results form the basis for the incorporation of two-meson intermediate states into hadronic light-by-light scattering beyond the S-wave contribution.
Sterile neutrino dark matter via GeV-scale leptogenesis?
Authors: Ghiglieri J. , Laine M.
Published: July 2019

Abstract

It has been proposed that in a part of the parameter space of the Standard Model completed by three generations of keV…GeV right-handed neutrinos, neutrino masses, dark matter, and baryon asymmetry can be accounted for simultaneously. Here we numerically solve the evolution equations describing the cosmology of this scenario in a 1+2 flavour situation at temperatures T ≤ 5 GeV, taking as initial conditions maximal lepton asymmetries produced dynamically at higher temperatures, and accounting for late entropy and lepton asymmetry production as the heavy flavours fall out of equilibrium and decay. For 7 keV dark matter mass and other parameters tuned favourably, ∼ 10% of the observed abundance can be generated. Possibilities for increasing the abundance are enumerated.
Alprostadil attenuates LPS-induced cardiomyocyte injury by inhibiting the Wnt5a/JNK/NF-κB pathway
Authors: Yu T. , Dong D. , Guan J. , Sun J. , Guo M. , Wang Q.
Published: July 2019

Background

Clinical research has demonstrated that alprostadil has an anti-inflammatory effect; however, to date, its molecular mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to examine the anti-inflammatory activity and related mechanisms of alprostadil in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated H9c2 cells.

Methods

Cell morphology was observed under an inverted light microscope, while cell viability was assessed with the 3‑(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were conducted to study biochemical indicators of cellular damage, such as released lactate dehydrase (LDH) and troponin, and inflammatory cytokine levels including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-17, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The mRNA expression levels of Wnt5a, c‑jun N‑terminal kinase (JNK), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) were further investigated by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The effects of alprostadil on the Wnt5a/JNK/NF-κB pathway in H9c2 cells was examined by Western blotting.

Results

Alprostadil increased the cell viability of LPS-stimulated H9c2 cells, reduced LDH and troponin production, and attenuated IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α secretion. Moreover, alprostadil reduced the mRNA expression of Wnt5a, JNK, and NF-κB and decreased the expression of Wnt5a, NF-κB, and the ratio of p‑JNK/JNK in H9c2 cells treated with LPS. The siWnt5a or JNK inhibitor SP600125 significantly augmented the inhibitory effects of alprostadil on the Wnt5a/JNK/NF-κB pathway.

Conclusion

Our results show that alprostadil has anti-inflammatory effects and could attenuate LPS-induced injury in H9c2 cardiomyocytes via the Wnt5a/JNK/NF-κB pathway.
Neutrophil extracellular traps and fibrocytes in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Hofbauer Thomas M. , Mangold Andreas , Scherz Thomas , Seidl Veronika , Panzenböck Adelheid , Ondracek Anna S. , Müller Julian , Schneider Matthias , Binder Thomas , Hell Lena , Lang Irene M.
Published: July 2019

Leukocyte-mediated inflammation is central in atherothrombosis and ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) have been shown to enhance atherothrombosis and stimulate fibroblast function. We analyzed the effects of NETs on cardiac remodeling after STEMI. We measured double-stranded (ds)DNA and citrullinated histone H3 (citH3) as NET surrogate markers in human culprit site and femoral blood collected during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (n = 50). Fibrocytes were characterized in whole blood by flow cytometry, and in culprit site thrombi and myocardium by immunofluorescence. To investigate mechanisms of fibrocyte activation, isolated NETs were used to induce fibrocyte responses in vitro. Enzymatic infarct size was assessed using creatine-phosphokinase isoform MB area under the curve. Left ventricular function was measured by transthoracic echocardiography. NET surrogate markers were increased at the culprit site compared to the femoral site and were positively correlated with infarct size and left ventricular dysfunction at follow-up. In vitro, NETs promoted fibrocyte differentiation from monocytes and induced fibrocyte activation. Highly activated fibrocytes accumulated at the culprit site and in the infarct transition zone. Our data suggest that NETs might be important mediators of fibrotic remodeling after STEMI, possibly by stimulating fibrocytes.
Added diagnostic value of 16S rRNA gene pan-mycobacterial PCR for nontuberculous mycobacterial infections: a 10-year retrospective study
Authors: Andenmatten Simon , Opota Onya , Mazza-Stalder Jessica , Nicod Laurent , Greub Gilbert , Jaton Katia
Published: July 2019

The diagnosis of mycobacterial infections has been dramatically improved by the introduction of molecular methods aimed to reduce the time to diagnosis as compared with culture. The broad range pan-mycobacterial PCR can detect all the mycobacterial species directly from clinical specimens. We aimed to evaluate its usefulness and its clinical added value for the diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections. We performed a retrospective study (2003–2013) including 952 samples taken from 639 patients with clinical suspicion of NTM infection. The performance of smear microscopy, PCR and culture was established using clinical data to investigate discrepant results. We also compared the time to microbial diagnosis between the direct PCR and culture. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of the PCR were 61.6% (53.5–69.1), 99.1% (98.2–99.6), 92.8% (85.8–96.5) and 93.4% (91.6–94.9), respectively, when considering all specimens. When considering smear-positive specimens and smear-negative specimens, the sensitivity was 81.6% and 40%, respectively. The sensitivity for pulmonary and extra-pulmonary smear-positive specimens was 85.2% versus 72.7%. The median time to identification at species level was 35 days (SD, 17.67) for culture and 6 days (SD, 2.67) for the PCR (when positive), which represents a 29-day shorter time to results (p < 0.0001). The 16S rRNA gene pan-mycobacterial PCR displays a substantial benefit in terms of time to diagnose NTM infections when compared with culture. Despite an excellent specificity, its sensitivity is yet limited in particular for smear-negative specimens, which might be improved by relying onto real-time PCRs.
Long-read sequencing in human genetics
Authors: Kraft Florian , Kurth Ingo
Published: July 2019

Sanger sequencing revolutionized molecular genetics 40 years ago. However, next-generation sequencing technologies became further game changers and shaped our current view on genome structure and function in health and disease. Although still at the very beginning, third-generation sequencing methods, also referred to as long-read sequencing technologies, provide exciting possibilities for studying structural variations, epigenetic modifications, or repetitive elements and complex regions of the genome. We discuss the advantages and pitfalls of current long-read sequencing methods with a focus on nanopore sequencing, summarize respective applications and provide an outlook on the potential of these novel methods.
Pragmatism and the Importance of Interdisciplinary Teams in Investigating Personality Changes Following DBS
Authors: Kubu Cynthia S. , Ford Paul J. , Wilt Joshua A. , Merner Amanda R. , Montpetite Michelle , Zeigler Jaclyn , Racine Eric
Published: July 2019

Gilbert and colleagues (2018) point out the discrepancy between the limited empirical data illustrating changes in personality (and related concepts of identity, agency, authenticity, autonomy, and self, i.e., PIAAAS) following implantation of deep brain stimulating (DBS) electrodes and the vast number of conceptual neuroethics papers implying that these changes are widespread, deleterious, and clinically significant. Their findings are reminiscent of C. P. Snow’s essay on the divide between the two cultures of the humanities (representing the conceptual publications) and the sciences (representing the empirical work). This division in the literature raises significant ethical concerns surrounding unjustified fear of personality changes in the context of DBS and negative perceptions of clinician-scientists engaged in DBS. These concerns have real world implications for funding future innovative, DBS trials aimed to reduce suffering as well as hampering true interdisciplinary scholarship. We argue that the philosophical tradition of pragmatism and the value it places on empirical inquiry, experiential knowledge, and inter-disciplinary scholarship – reflecting diverse ways of knowing – provides a framework to start to address the important questions Gilbert and colleagues raise. In particular, we highlight the importance of expert clinician knowledge in contributing to the neuroethical questions raised by Gilbert and colleagues. Finally, we provide illustrative examples of some of our interdisciplinary empirical research that demonstrate the iterative cycle of inquiry characteristic of pragmatism in which conceptual neuroethics questions have led to empirical studies whose results then raise additional conceptual questions that give rise to new empirical studies in a way that highlights the contributions of the humanities and the sciences.
“Breaking New Ground”: The National Enterprise Board, Ferranti, and Britain’s Prehistory of Privatization
Authors: BILLINGS MARK , WILSON JOHN
Published: July 2019

Privatization is closely associated with the ideological turn to neoliberalism and regarded as a cornerstone of Britain’s “Thatcherite project.” Margaret Thatcher’s Conservative government did not undertake its major privatizations of state-owned businesses until its second term began in 1983. We argue in this article, however, that the 1980 disposal by the National Enterprise Board of its controlling interest in the engineering and electronics company Ferranti offers significant insights into the development of privatization policy and practice, as well as the changing role of the state in British business. This disposal reflected the early caution of some of the Thatcher government’s actions but contributed to fulfillment of an electoral commitment and provided valuable privatization experience in addressing difficult financial, industrial, and political issues.
What should global mental health do about violent extremism?
Authors: Weine S. , Kansal S.
Published: July 2019

To prevent radicalization to violence and to rehabilitate returned foreign terrorist fighters, new programs which go by the name of ‘preventing and countering violent extremism’ are being implemented globally, including in low- and middle-income countries. In some of these countries, global mental health strategies are also being implemented so as to deliver mental health care or psychosocial support to individuals and populations in need. This commentary addresses what global mental health should considering doing about violent extremism. Global mental health should be open to addressing the challenges of violent extremism but should do so based upon existing mental health and public health values, practices, and evidence. Global mental health could help by critically appraising preventing and countering violent extremism practices and by working with multidisciplinary stakeholders to develop new evidence-based and best practice models that are rooted in civil society ownership, community collaboration, broader prevention programing, and non-securitized approaches.
Supply-Side Liberalism: Fiscal Crisis, Post-Industrial Policy, and the Rise of the New Democrats
Authors: Cebul Brent
Published: July 2019

A new generation of liberals emerged in the 1970s, a decade of stagflation, deindustrialization, global capital flight, and public sector fiscal crises. Prevailing interpretations of New Democrats like Bill Clinton and Michael Dukakis explain their emphasis on entrepreneurialism and post-industrial sectors as the byproduct of cynical electoral strategies of “triangulation,” that is, primarily as a reaction to the rise of Reagan Republicanism. This article instead positions their political economy as part of a much longer history of liberals’ efforts to restructure the economy in order to stimulate new jobs and tax revenues that might also generate public revenue and support a progressive policy agenda. With roots in local, state, and regional industrial policies inspired by the New Deal, “supply-side liberalism” reemerged with force in the 1970s and 1980s, revealing heretofore unappreciated continuities that contextualize and clarify the origins of New Democrats’ promotion of a set of seemingly “neoliberal” economic policies.
Building permanence: fire outbreaks and emergent tenure security in urban Ghana
Authors: Paller Jeffrey W.
Published: July 2019

Fire outbreaks are common sources of anxiety and insecurity in informal settlements, but they can also provide new opportunities for claim making and governance of urban space. This article examines how a series of four fires in Accra, Ghana – three of which took place in its largest squatter settlement – offered new opportunities to experiment with governance, or a new way for residents and leaders to imagine and construct the future. Empirically, I document how, in the process of reconstruction, residents redrew property lines and reshaped social relations. They did this through the emergent political action I call building permanence, or a physical claim to the urban space one inhabits, as well as a new existential state of being and living in environs that will last and remain unharmed. The article offers a possible way towards achieving more secure tenure beyond formalization and infrastructure upgrades, and focuses attention on how institutions change in the context of daily life after a moment of crisis.
Molecular screening of traditional rice varieties using tsv1-linked simple sequence repeat markers
Authors: Caguiat X. G. I.
Published: July 2019

Genebanks offer vast amounts of traditional germplasm with potential sources of novel genes against biotic and abiotic stresses. In order to utilize the germplasm in rice breeding programmes, there should be a fast screening approach such as the use of molecular markers. Thus, the current study aimed to evaluate the use of tsv1 resistance-linked simple sequence repeat markers (SSR) for the preliminary screening of Philippine traditional rice germplasm against rice tungro spherical virus (RTSV). The tsv1 resistance-linked SSR markers consisted of two to four repeat motifs with 5–24 base repeats. Expected sizes ranged from 123 to 465 base pairs (bp) with polymorphism information content ranging from 0.23 to 0.73. Genetic analysis showed six major clusters at 50%: Clusters A, B and C had individual accessions, Cluster D had three accessions, Cluster E had 55 and Cluster F had 42 accessions. The study showed the germplasm with alleles linked to tsv1 but should be validated in the future with induced screening. In general, the material consisted of selected germplasm showing the presence of alleles linked to the tsv1 gene. These rice accessions could be a source of resistance to RTSV following further validation. Furthermore, molecular markers provide a useful tool to accelerate the screening of genetic resources for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance.
Ethnic distinctions in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes: a focus on black African-Caribbean populations
Authors: Goff Louise M. , Ladwa Meera , Hakim Olah , Bello Oluwatoyosi
Published: July 2019

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a global public health priority, particularly for populations of black African-Caribbean ethnicity, who suffer disproportionately high rates of the disease. While the mechanisms underlying the development of T2D are well documented, there is growing evidence describing distinctions among black African-Caribbean populations. In the present paper, we review the evidence describing the impact of black African-Caribbean ethnicity on T2D pathophysiology. Ethnic differences were first recognised through evidence that metabolic syndrome diagnostic criteria fail to detect T2D risk in black populations due to less central obesity and dyslipidaemia. Subsequently more detailed investigations have recognised other mechanistic differences, particularly lower visceral and hepatic fat accumulation and a distinctly hyperinsulinaemic response to glucose stimulation. While epidemiological studies have reported exaggerated insulin resistance in black populations, more detailed and direct measures of insulin sensitivity have provided evidence that insulin sensitivity is not markedly different to other ethnic groups and does not explain the hyperinsulinaemia that is exhibited. These findings lead us to hypothesise that ectopic fat does not play a pivotal role in driving insulin resistance in black populations. Furthermore, we hypothesise that hyperinsulinaemia is driven by lower rates of hepatic insulin clearance rather than heightened insulin resistance and is a primary defect rather than occurring in compensation for insulin resistance. These hypotheses are being investigated in our ongoing South London Diabetes and Ethnicity Phenotyping study, which will enable a more detailed understanding of ethnic distinctions in the pathophysiology of T2D between men of black African and white European ethnicity.
Evaluation of Ethical Analyses in Seven Reports from the European Network for Health Technology Assessment
Authors: Ekmekci Perihan Elif , Güner Müberra Devrim
Published: July 2019

Objectives

Ethics has been considered among the core domains of health technology assessment (HTA), but there are still disputes regarding ethical analysis. This study aimed to examine full final reports of the European Network for Health Technology Assessment (EUnetHTA) in terms of their compliance with the ethical methodology and ethical perspective of the HTA Core Model®.

Methods

The study examines seven full final HTA reports of EUnetHTA written based on the methodology proposed in the HTA Core Model®. The reports were analyzed using the following parameters: competency of the person/group who conducted ethical analysis, assessment elements, and the methodology of ethical analysis.

Results

The results show that, although the HTA Core Model® helped to standardize the final reports of the assessment, there are still concerns regarding the competency of the ethical analysis team, the perspectives on the purpose of ethical analysis, data sources and viewpoints of various stakeholders, use of ethical analysis methodology, and the evaluation of the ethical appropriateness of the entire HTA process.

Conclusions

The HTA Core Model® helped to standardize the final reports on the HTA; however, not all issues with the content and outcomes were solved. The lack of expertise in ethics and insufficiency of the teams regarding ethical analysis are other existing problems. This study also demonstrated that stakeholder viewpoints in general and patient perspectives, in particular, have been overlooked in the HTA process.
The ecology of prelinguistic vocal learning: parents simplify the structure of their speech in response to babbling
Authors: ELMLINGER Steven L. , SCHWADE Jennifer A. , GOLDSTEIN Michael H.
Published: July 2019

What is the function of babbling in language learning? We examined the structure of parental speech as a function of contingency on infants’ non-cry prelinguistic vocalizations. We analyzed several acoustic and linguistic measures of caregivers’ speech. Contingent speech was less lexically diverse and shorter in utterance length than non-contingent speech. We also found that the lexical diversity of contingent parental speech only predicted infant vocal maturity. These findings illustrate a new form of influence infants have over their ambient language in everyday learning environments. By vocalizing, infants catalyze the production of simplified, more easily learnable language from caregivers.
The semantics and pragmatics of Norwegian sentence-internal jo
Authors: Berthelin Signe Rix , Borthen Kaja
Published: July 2019

The paper proposes a refined analysis of the semantics and pragmatics of the Norwegian non-truth-conditional adverbjo‘after all, of course’. According to the literature,joindicates that the proposition is ‘given’ in some sense or other. Based on new empirical investigations, we argue that the Relevance-theoretic notion mutual manifestness (Sperber & Wilson 1986/1995, Blass 2000) accurately captures the givenness aspect ofjo, and we demonstrate through authentic examples what it means for a proposition to be mutually manifest. In addition to mutual manifestness,josignals that the proposition is a premise for deriving a conclusion. The conclusion often – but not always – opposes someone’s view. We argue that the frequent opposition interpretations are a consequence of the nature of the procedures encoded byjo. In addition to clarifying the semantic and pragmatic properties ofjo, the paper sheds light on the Relevance-theoretic notion procedural semantics as well as illustrating its usefulness in the study of pragmatic particles.
Middlemen: good for resources and fishermen?
Authors: Thủy Phạm Thị Thanh , Flaaten Ola , Skonhoft Anders
Published: July 2019

This paper studies the role of middlemen in open-access fisheries and how the organization of the supply chains affects resource exploitation and the level and distribution of economic rent. Imperfect competition among middlemen can help ensure that fish stocks are not depleted, which is typically the case in open-access fisheries with competitive markets. Middlemen with market power can also induce higher economic rent for the supply chain in total, but these rents mainly benefit the middlemen. The supply chains of inshore anchovy and offshore skipjack tuna fisheries in Vietnam are used as empirical examples. The analysis shows that in the anchovy supply chain, the middlemen have insignificant market power and the stock is being overexploited. In the skipjack tuna supply chain, the middlemen have oligopsony power and the stock is higher than the level that produces maximum sustainable yield.
CHARACTERIZING O-MINIMAL GROUPS IN TAME EXPANSIONS OF O-MINIMAL STRUCTURES
Authors: Eleftheriou Pantelis E.
Published: July 2019

We establish the first global results for groups definable in tame expansions of o-minimal structures. Let
${\mathcal{N}}$
be an expansion of an o-minimal structure
${\mathcal{M}}$
that admits a good dimension theory. The setting includes dense pairs of o-minimal structures, expansions of
${\mathcal{M}}$
by a Mann group, or by a subgroup of an elliptic curve, or a dense independent set. We prove: (1) a Weil’s group chunk theorem that guarantees a definable group with an o-minimal group chunk is o-minimal, (2) a full characterization of those definable groups that are o-minimal as those groups that have maximal dimension; namely, their dimension equals the dimension of their topological closure, (3) as an application, if
${\mathcal{N}}$
expands
${\mathcal{M}}$
by a dense independent set, then every definable group is o-minimal.
A Square Deal in Lake County: Anderson v. Mathews (1917), California Indian Communities, and Indian Citizenship
Authors: Schneider Khal
Published: July 2019

In 1917, California's Supreme Court upheld the Eastern Pomo man Ethan Anderson's right to vote. The court recognized that Anderson lived and worked like his white neighbors and, most importantly, did not live in “tribal relations” and was subject to local jurisdiction. But Anderson, his lawyers, the opposing counsel, and the court never denied that he was a member of an Indian community. In fact, local authorities and the federal government had long acknowledged that Indian communities existed in Lake County, and they had both legitimized small Indian community landholdings as the homes of self-sufficient Indian laborers. Now, as Indian citizenship seemed to signal to local and federal authorities more claims on the state, both denied responsibility for those communities. Although citizenship seemed to stand as the categorical opposite of “Indians, not taxed,” Anderson's vindicated voting rights was not an end point of a successful program of assimilation, but one aspect of Indians’ ongoing pursuit of community security through their engagements with local and federal authorities.
Cognitive behavioural therapy for worry in young individuals with at-risk mental states: a preliminary investigation
Authors: Pozza Andrea , Domenichetti Sandro , Dèttore Davide
Published: July 2019

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is a first-line strategy in reducing or delaying risk of transition to psychosis among young individuals with at-risk mental states (ARMS). However, there is little knowledge about its effects on other outcomes associated with ARMS. No study on CBT for ARMS has assessed worry, an important process associated with this condition. The present study investigated changes in worry at immediate post-treatment and 14-month follow-up after CBT for young individuals with ARMS seeking psychiatric care in mental health services. Thirty-seven young individuals (mean age = 26 years, SD = 6.07; 22.20% female) seeking psychiatric care in mental health services and classified as reporting ARMS through the Comprehensive Assessment of At-Risk Mental States were included. The Positive And Negative Syndrome Scales (PANSS) and Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) were administered at baseline, post-treatment, and follow-up. CBT consisted of 30 weekly individual 1-hour sessions based on a validated CBT for ARMS manual enriched with components targeting worry [psychoeducation, problem-solving, (meta)cognitive restructuring, behavioural experiments]. Seven participants (18.91%) at follow-up had cumulatively made transition to psychosis. Repeated measures ANOVA with post-hoc pairwise comparisons showed significant changes in PSWQ scores from baseline to post-treatment and from baseline to follow-up; PSWQ scores remained stable from post-treatment to follow-up. This is the first study investigating changes in worry after CBT for ARMS, which appears to be a promising strategy also for this outcome. Future research with a larger sample size and control group may determine whether changes in worry are also associated with reduced transition risk.

Key learning aims

(1)

To understand CBT evidence and procedures for young individuals with ARMS.

(2)

To reflect on the current limitations in the literature on CBT for ARMS.

(3)

To understand the importance and clinical implications of assessing worry in ARMS.

(4)

To focus on changes in worry as an outcome after CBT for ARMS.

(5)

To reflect on future research directions on the role of worry in CBT for ARMS.
Kinder im Einsatz als Simulationspatienten
Authors: Bachmann Monika , Sroka Carola
Published: July 2019

Zusammenfassung. Fanny und Florian leiden an Diabetes und liegen mit gebrochenem Bein im Spitalbett. Dieser Fall ist konstruiert und wird am Berner Bildungszentrum Pflege erstmals von Kinder-Simulationspatienten gespielt. Berufsschullehrerin Carola Sroka spricht über erstaunliche Erfahrungen und wertvolle Lernschritte.
Male-Dominated Occupations, Employment Status, and Suicidal Behaviors Among Australian Men
Authors: Milner Allison J. , Shields Marissa , Currier Dianne , King Tania L.
Published: July 2019

Abstract. Background: Suicide rates are higher among unemployed men as well as those employed in male-dominated occupations such as construction. There has been less research on whether these patterns are similar for suicide ideation and attempt. Aims: In a cohort of 13,892 Australian males, this study examined the relationship between employment status and occupational gender ratio on reported thoughts of suicide and suicide attempts. Method: Men reporting suicide ideation or attempts at Wave 1 were removed from the sample. Logistic regression was used to examine Wave 1 employment status and occupational gender ratio and Wave 2 reported suicide ideation and attempts, controlling for confounders (measured in Wave 1). We conducted a sensitivity analysis controlling for mental health status. Results: Those who were unemployed or not in the labor force had elevated rates of suicide ideation (unemployed OR = 1.91, 95% CI [1.30, 2.82], p = .001; not in the labor force OR = 1.68, 95% CI [1.09, 2.60], p = .020). Those who were not in the labor force had greater odds of attempts ( OR = 2.32, 95% CI [1.05, 5.12], p = .037). There was no association between occupational gender ratio and suicide ideation or attempt. Limitations: We only had single item measures of ideation and attempts. Conclusion: There is a need for further investigation into risk factors for suicide among males, both when they are in and out of employment.
Quantifying the Effect of Irrigation on Nonlocal Aspects of the Atmosphere
Authors: Nauert C. J. , Ancell B. C.
Published: July 2019

Irrigation‐induced effects on weather have been studied for several decades using observations and numerical weather prediction models. However, few have ventured to investigate nonlocal, downstream effects on convective weather produced during the passage of strongly forced synoptic systems, or as we refer to as high‐impact weather. One reason for this discrepancy is the influence of chaos seeding (Ancell et al., 2018, https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS‐D‐17‐0129.1) from the model physics in areas where precipitation or convection are occurring, causing unrealistic changes in precipitation far downstream in a matter of hours. The effects of chaos seeding have made it difficult to distinguish what downstream weather modifications are irrigation‐induced feedbacks and what are products of chaos seeding itself—a distinction at the center of this work. The authors investigate whether atmospheric perturbations produced by land‐surface feedbacks from local irrigation in the Texas Panhandle can significantly modify downstream atmospheric structure on time and space scales across days and thousands of kilometers using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting Model Version 3.5.1. Irrigation is represented by perturbing the grid point variable of soil moisture with an ensemble of 75 members per 9 case studies for 96‐hr simulations, with 25 members representing unrealistic perturbations applied in New York accounting for chaos seeding. The authors find irrigation influences downstream and nonlocally elsewhere beyond the modification of chaos seeding, with effects shown in three of nine cases amid precipitation shifts occurring around cyclone, dryline, and cold front tracks with changes of 50 mm or more.
Spatial‐Temporal Assessment of Environmental Factors Related to Dengue Outbreaks in São Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Ogashawara I. , Li L. , Moreno‐Madriñán M. J.
Published: July 2019

Dengue fever, a disease caused by a vector‐borne flavivirus, is endemic to tropical countries, but its occurrence has been reported worldwide. This study aimed to understand important factors contributing to the spatial and temporal patterns of dengue occurrence in São Paulo, the largest municipality of Brazil. The temporal assessment of dengue occurrence covered the 2011–2016 time period and was based on climatological data, such as the El Niño indices and time series statistical tools such as the continuous wavelet transformation. The spatial assessment used Landsat 8 data for years 2014–2016 to estimate land surface temperature and normalized indices for vegetation, urban areas, and leaf water. Results from a cross correlation for the temporal analysis found a relationship between the sea surface temperature anomalies index and the number of reported dengue cases in São Paulo (r = 0.5) with a lag of +29 (weeks) between the climatic event and the response on the dengue incidence. This relationship, initially nonlinear, became linear after correcting for the lag period. For the spatial assessment, the linear stepwise regression model detected a low relationship between dengue incidence and minimum surface temperature (r = 0.357) and no relationship with other environmental parameters. The poor relationship might be due to confounding effects of socioeconomic factors as these seem to influence the spatial dynamics of dengue incidence. More testing is needed to validate these methods in other locations. Nevertheless, we presented possible tools to be used for the improvement of dengue control programs.
Injection‐Induced Propagation and Coalescence of Preexisting Fractures in Granite Under Triaxial Stress
Authors: Ye Zhi , Ghassemi Ahmad
Published: July 2019

The dilatant shear slip of preexisting fractures/faults by injection at pressures below the minimum in situ stress has been recognized as an important permeability creation mechanism during reservoir stimulation. However, interconnected fracture network generation through the propagation and coalescence of preexisting fractures during shear stimulation has been rarely studied through laboratory experiments. To examine permeability enhancement through the propagation and coalescence of preexisting fractures, we conducted novel triaxial‐injection experiments under representative crustal stress conditions on cylindrical granite samples containing single or double preexisting fracture(s)/flaw(s). In the sample with a single fracture, SW‐1, new cracks propagated from the preexisting fracture due to injection. In the sample with two fractures, SW‐2, a highly conductive fracture network was created by the coalescence of newly formed cracks with preexisting fractures. As a result, the equivalent permeability of the sample was enhanced by 17 to 35 times. Both tensile wing cracks and shear and/or mixed‐mode secondary cracks were detected from the scanning electron microscope images of the tested samples. Our results suggest that in addition to dilatant shear slip, propagation and coalescence of preexisting fractures significantly contribute to reservoir permeability creation during low injection pressure stimulation in fractured rocks. Although the experiments focused on reservoir stimulation, the results have relevance to crustal permeability evolution and induced seismicity.
Asian Summer Monsoon‐Related Relative Humidity Recorded by Tree Ring δ18O During Last 205 Years
Authors: Liu Yu , Wang Lu , Li Qiang , Cai Qiufang , Song Huiming , Sun Changfeng , Liu Ruoshi , Mei Ruochen
Published: July 2019

To deeply understand the Asian summer monsoon (ASM) strength variation in its fringe region, we established a 205‐year stable oxygen isotope (δ18O) chronology based on four individual Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. from Ordos Plateau, China. First, we found that δ18O in tree rings inherits the signals of summer (June to August) monsoonal precipitation δ18O (δ18OP). Second, relative humidity (RH) was observed to have a large effect on the δ18O of pine trees. The tree ring δ18O series significantly correlates with the observed local RH from June to August (RHJJA) with r = −0.65 (N = 56, p < 0.001). The RH over Ordos Plateau is greatly influenced by ASM‐related precipitation. As such, it could well reflect the variations of ASM intensity. Thus, we reconstructed the RHJJA over Ordos, the center of the ASM fringe region (ASMFR), for the last two centuries. Our reconstructed RHJJA series has a large geographical and spatial representativeness, which is well compared with other precipitation reconstructions in ASMFR and jointly reflects ASM variations in the past. The RHJJA reconstruction showed that the 1870s–1890s were the wettest years in the entire reconstruction, while the middle‐late 1920s were the driest. From 1930 to 2012, the RH of the study area continuously decreased. We found significantly negative correlations between RHJJA and the Central Pacific sea surface temperature. This finding means that if the El Niño–Southern Oscillation of the Central Pacific continues to increase in the future, the aridification in the ASMFR will be intensified.
Historical Drought Assessment Over the Contiguous United States Using the Generalized Complementary Principle of Evapotranspiration
Authors: Kim Daeha , Lee Woo‐Seop , Kim Seon Tae , Chun Jong Ahn
Published: July 2019

As drought involves diverse natural and human‐made processes in hydrologic cycles, it is necessary to track a process‐specific variable for efficient drought risk management. In this study, we employed a state‐of‐the‐art formulation of the generalized complementary relationship (GCR) to estimate terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET). The GCR ET estimates were used to assess historical droughts over the contiguous United States (CONUS) in relation to long‐term natural fluctuations. Results showed that the GCR provided strong performance in reproducing water balance ET estimates and correlations to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation, when compared to observation‐driven estimates and land surface models. For 1982‐2011, the GCR yielded better performance than land surface models even with estimated radiation inputs and no wind speed variations. The Standardized Evapotranspiration Deficit Index (SEDI) based on the GCR provided a consistent drought assessment with precipitation‐based drought identification and remotely sensed vegetation conditions. The SEDI seems to capture the heat wave‐driven flash drought together with water deficit‐driven droughts. In the CONUS, the La Niña‐like conditions were likely to trigger extensive vegetation droughts with extreme severity. This study found the three long‐term environmental factors that affect the general trend of ET deficits over the CONUS, which are the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, the mean air temperature, and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation. Especially, the Atlantic Oscillation seems to be the most significant predictor that could explain the long‐term variation of vegetation droughts over the CONUS. This study highlights that the GCR‐based SEDI could be useful for monitoring and assessment of drought risks at a continental scale.
Precocious activation of APC/C-Cdh1 at pre-anaphase causes genome instability
Authors: Yamamoto Ayumu , Ushimaru Takashi , Ohyoshi Takanori , Suzuki Asuka , Toda Kazuhiro , Ueno Masaru , Uritani Masahiro
Published: July 2019

Faithful chromosome segregation and thereby accurate gene transmission are crucial for all organisms. Until proper attachment of the mitotic spindle to the kinetochore is established, the ubiquitin ligase (E3) Cdc20-activated APC/C (anaphase promoting complex/cyclosome) is repressed by the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) and sister chromatin cohesion is protected. Mutants defective in SAC fail to arrest at metaphase even in the presence of damaged microtubules. Interestingly, a similar phenomenon occurs in yeast cells defective in Bub2, a negative factor of the mitotic exit network (MEN), which is required for telophase onset, although its precise molecular mechanism is unknown. Here, we show that chromosome missegregation occurs frequently in bub2&x2206; cells in the presence of damaged microtubules. The loss of Bub2 caused precocious activation of APC/C-Cdh1/Hct1 at pre-anaphase, leading to securin degradation and then separase-mediated cohesin cleavage. Overexpression of CDH1 and CDC14, encoding Cdc14 phosphatase, at pre-anaphase similarly caused chromosome missegregation. Thus, sequential activation of APC/C-Cdc20 and then APC/C-Cdh1 is critical for precise chromosome segregation and precocious activation of APC/C-Cdh1 at pre-anaphase causes genomic instability. Since degradation of human securin is also mediated by APC/C-Cdc20 and APC/C-Cdh1, this study predicts that precocious activation APC/C-Cdh1 in human cells similarly causes genomic instability, and thereby cell death or tumorigenesis.
Ancient Trephinations in Neolithic People - Evidence for Stone Age Neurosurgery?
Authors: Piek Juergen , Lidke Gundula , Terberger Thomas
Published: July 2019

The authors present the case of a late neolithic skull (14C dating: 1940 calBC) found 1921 at Bölkendorf, 60 km north-easterly of Berlin. It shows a left frontal trephination (53 x 50 mm) and additionally a left temporo-occipital depressed skull fracture (both survived). Microscopic and 3D-CT analyses strongly suggest that the trephination has been performed for medical purposes.
Geometrical-topological correlation in structures
Authors: Bucknum Michael , Castro Eduardo
Published: July 2019

The topology of polyhedra, tessellations and networks is described as to their mapping in Schlaefli space. A description of the topological form index is given and it is applied to these structural classes in terms of their geometries.
Biodiversity shapes tree species aggregations in tropical forests
Authors: Wu Shan-Huah , Chao Wei-Chun , Hsieh Chang-Fu
Published: July 2019

Spatial patterns of conspecific trees are considered as the consequences of biological interactions and environmental influences. They also reflect species interactions in plant communities. However, biological attributes are often neglected while deliberating the factors shaping species distributions. As rising attentions are paid to spatial patterns of tropical forest trees, we noticed that seven Center of Tropical Forest Sites and four Forest Dynamic Plots in Asia and America have presented analogously high proportions of species with aggregated conspecific individuals coincidently. This phenomenon is distinctive and repudiates fundamental ecology hypotheses which suggested dispersed distributions of conspecific tropical trees due to intensive density and natural enemy pressures in tropical forests. We believe that similar aggregation patterns shared by these tropical forests implies the existence of structuring forces in biogeographical scale instead of habitat heterogeneity in local community scales as scientists have considered. To approach the factors contributing to this cross-continent spatial pattern of trees, we obtained and reviewed ecosystem attributes, including topography, temperature, precipitation, biodiversity, density, and biomass, of these forests. Here we show that the proportions of aggregated species are actually constants independent of any ecosystem attributes regardless the nature of these tropical forests. However, local biodiversity are the major factor determining the number of aggregated species and the aggregation of large individuals of these forests. Aggregation of large trees declines along rising biodiversity, while the numbers of aggregated species increase permanently along lifting biodiversity. We propose a possible equilibrium and saturated status of the tropical forests in accommodating aggregated species. Furthermore, the tight correlations of biodiversity and species aggregation strongly imply the importance of overlooked biological interactions in shaping the spatial patterns in the tropical forests.
Sequence-specific Solution Structures of the Four Isosequential Pairs of Single-stranded DNAs and RNAs
Authors: Chatterjee Subhrangsu , Pathmasiri Wimal , Chattopadhyaya Jyoti
Published: July 2019

The role of the sequence-context in the self-organization of four single-stranded (ss) isosequential pairs of DNAs (1 – 4) and RNAs (5 – 8), [d/r-(5'C^1^A^2^X^3^G^4^Y^5^A^6^C^7^): X^3^ = A or C, Y^5^ = A or C; sequence variations: 2^2^ = 4], has been elucidated by NMR-constrained Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations (2 ns). Following sequence-specific observations have been made from the solution NMR and the NMR constrained MD simulation study: (i) Analysis of the NOESY footprints, mainly (H8/H6)~n~ to (H1' and H3')~n-1~ contacts, of ssDNAs (1 - 4) and ssRNAs (5 – 8) in the aqueous medium have shown that all ssDNAs (1 - 4) and ssRNAs (5 - 8) adopt right handed stacked helical structures in the NMR time scale. (ii) Intra-residual cross-peak intensities for the H(8/6)~n-~ H(1'/2'/2''/H3')~n~ contacts in ssDNAs and ssRNAs are stronger at the 3'-ends in comparison with those at the 5'-ends, suggesting that the dynamics of the nucleobases at the 3'-end are more restricted, whereas those at the 5'-end are more flexible. (iii) This relative NMR found mobility is consistent with the final RMSd calculations of the final NMR-MD structures of ssDNAs and ssRNAs. They show that the 5'-end nucleobases have higher RMSd values compared to those at the 3'-end, except for the sequence d/r(5'C^1^A^2^A^3^G^4^A^5^A^6^C^7^). (iv) Relative nOe intensities of inter-residual H(8/6)~n~ - H(1')~n-1~ and H(8/6)~n~ - H(3')~n-1~ contacts, as well as NMR observed fluctuations in the sugar conformations, for ssDNAs (1 – 4) and ssRNAs (5 – 8) show that no ssDNA or ssRNA adopts either a typical B-type DNA or A-type RNA form. (v) In the final NMR-MD structures all the [H8/6N~(n)~ — H1'N~(n-1)~/ H3'N~(n-1)~, N = A, G, C] distances in different isosequential pairs of ssDNA (1 – 4) and ssRNA (5 – 8) change depending upon the sequence context of the single-stranded nucleic acids. Both in the deoxy and ribo series, it is the purine-rich sequences [d/r-(5'C^1^A^2^A^3^G^4^A^5^A^6^C^7^) which form the most stable self-organized right-handed helical structures because of the favorable purine-purine stacking interactions. (vi) Stacking pattern at each of the dinucleotide steps show that the base-base nearest neighbor stacking interactions depend solely upon the sequence contexts of the respective ssDNAs (1 – 4) and ssRNAs (5 – 8). See pages 47 – 145 for Supplementary Information for detailed spectroscopic data.