bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Niche construction
Authors: Fuentes Agustín
Published: October 2018

Niche construction is the modification by organisms of the functional relationship between themselves and their environment through an active change of one of the factors in that environment. It impacts/alters energy flows in ecosystems through ecosystem engineering. It holds that organisms modify their, and other, organisms' selective environments, creating an ecological inheritance, including modified selection pressures, for subsequent populations. Niche construction is a process, in addition to natural selection, that contributes to changes over time in the relationship between organisms and environments. Given that high social density and complexity, and a tendency to actively manipulate social and ecological contexts are widespread patterns among primates, a niche construction approach can facilitate better understandings of the evolution of primate and human social structures and systems. For hominin evolution, particularly the evolution of the genusHomo, niche construction is a core evolutionary force.
Nishida,Toshisada
Authors: Nakamura Michio
Published: October 2018

Toshisada Nishida (1941–2011) was a Japanese primatologist who led a long‐term study site of wild chimpanzees at the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania. His most important achievement was the elucidation of the social structure of the chimpanzee, the “unit‐group.” He held academic positions at the University of Tokyo, Kyoto University, and the Japan Monkey Centre. He served as the president of the International Primatological Society (1996–2000), and was awarded the Leakey Prize and the IPS Lifetime Achievement Award in 2008.
Orrorin
Authors: Senut Brigitte
Published: October 2018

The discovery ofOrrorin tugenensisforced scientists to change their views about our origins. For the first time, a bipedal hominid was known in strata as old as 6 million years. It indicated that our remote ancestors lived in a wooded environment and that bipedalism did not evolve later in an open environment as previously thought. Highly debated when it was first published in 2001,Orrorinis today accepted as a hominid, but there is still no consensus regarding its phylogenetic position.
Orthogenesis
Authors: Grehan John R.
Published: October 2018

Orthogenesis refers to a concept of evolution involving biological processes that establish and spread new variations without requiring differential survival and reproduction. Orthogenesis was originally based on the observation that evolutionary reversals were limited and rare. Some evolutionists applied the concept to teleological modes of evolution, but this usage was at variance with the original meaning. Darwinian theorists successfully cast orthogenesis as teleological or mystical, but new developments in genetics and developmental biology are generating mechanisms that are generally consistent with the concept. Evolutionary models such as molecular drive and mutation‐driven evolution share with orthogenesis the view that natural selection alone is neither sufficient nor essential to understand evolutionary differentiation and divergence.
Phrenology
Authors: Erickson Paul A.
Published: October 2018

Phrenology was an early nineteenth‐century doctrine purporting that the brain is the seat of the mind and is divided into some 30 cerebral organs each governing a distinct sentimental or intellectual faculty. The doctrine shared with contemporary biological anthropology a distinctly hereditarian outlook on individual character and race. Phrenology and biological anthropology were historically linked through craniologists in the United States, Britain, and France. Most biological anthropologists ultimately rejected phrenology as misguided science.
Phylogeography
Authors: Richards Martin B. , Torroni Antonio , Soares Pedro
Published: October 2018

Phylogeography uses the geographical nesting of lineages within the phylogenetic tree of a nonrecombining genetic locus to infer the timing and direction of migrations. In the case of modern humans, the distributions of variation in the maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA and the paternally inherited Y‐chromosome have been used to infer important aspects of the settlement of the world. These inferences have been tested and refined in recent years by the increasing inclusion of ancient DNA in the analyses, and will very likely soon make use of the untapped potential of nonrecombining blocks in the rest of the genome.
Polygenic
Authors: Comuzzie Anthony G.
Published: October 2018

Polygenic traits are those that by definition are controlled by multiple genes, with each of these genes thought to contribute in an additive, and incremental, fashion to the expression of the trait. Such polygenic control results in phenotypes that have a continuous, and quantifiable, mode of expression, such as is seen for body weight and height.
Postcranial morphology (primates)
Authors: McGraw W. Scott
Published: October 2018

Many features of the primate postcranial skeleton are interpretable in terms of differences in locomotor and postural behavior. Most primates are medium‐sized tree dwellers that move primarily by walking and running on the tops of branches. Examining the skeletal adaptations of these so‐called generalized arboreal quadrupeds (GAQs), and then exploring deviations from this basic template, provides an overview of the postcranial morphology of primates specializing in terrestrial quadrupedalism (including knuckle‐walking), leaping, suspension, and climbing. In addition to gross skeletal features, differences in primate postcranial morphology include those related to cross‐sectional geometry, material stiffness, and histology.
Retroposons/retrotransposition
Authors: Nevell Lisa
Published: October 2018

A
retrotransposon
is a segment of DNA that can replicate itself within genomes through the process of
retrotransposition
. The reverse transcriptase enzyme is used by retroviruses to integrate a copy of their RNA sequence into a host genome. Seventy percent of the human genome is derived from transposable elements, compared with just 2 percent which actually codes for a protein. LINE1 elements and
Alu
elements are two of the most common types of retrotransposons in the human genome and novel LINE‐1 and
Alu
insertions continue to accumulate. Active retrotransposition provides one of the mechanisms by which populations acquire novel genetic variation, novel patterns of gene regulation, and novel phenotypes.
Robust australopithecines
Authors: Cofran Zachary
Published: October 2018

The “robust” australopithecines are a group of extinct hominins from both South and East Africa, whose craniodental fossils suggest adaptation for powerful and prolonged mastication. Despite these superficial similarities, recent studies demonstrate that each of the three robust species are likely to have occupied distinct niches. This chapter reviews the discovery, site distribution, and biology of each species in turn, and ends with a discussion of the difficulties in resolving their evolutionary relationships.
Sheldon,WilliamH.
Authors: Little Michael A.
Published: October 2018

William H. Sheldon established the system of physique classification known assomatology, whereby an individual'ssomatotypeor physique characterization was documented. An individual's somatotype included three values—for endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy components—on a scale of 1–7, and was based on observations and measurements on a set of three standardized nude photographs. Sheldon'sconstitutional somatologyincluded also a personality and temperament framework that was less well received than his attempts to characterize physique.
Skin color
Authors: Jablonski Nina G.
Published: October 2018

Skin color in humans varies by latitude and the intensity of ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Darker skin contains the natural sunscreen, eumelanin, which protects against multiple deleterious effects of UVR. When modern humans dispersed out of the Old World tropics, they evolved depigmented skin under natural selection in order to make possible the production of vitamin D in the skin under conditions of low and highly seasonal UVB. Similar skin colors have evolved numerous times independently under similar UVR conditions, and skin color thus cannot be used as a marker of unique genetic identity.
Transposable elements (
Alu
s,
LTRs
,
LINEs
,
SINEs
)
Authors: Watkins W. Scott
Published: October 2018

Transposable elements play a key role in the evolution of most genomes. Class 1 transposable elements, which include
Alu
elements, long terminal repeats (LTRs), long interspersed elements (LINEs), and short interspersed elements (SINEs), have risen to a high copy number in the genomes of primates and other mammals. In humans, an estimated 42 percent of the genome is composed of LINEs, SINEs, and LTR transposable elements. Propagation of transposable elements is, in general, a parasitic process that is detrimental to the host, and host mechanisms have evolved to limit the activity of retrotransposons. Previous and ongoing retrotransposition has produced genetic differences within and among species, giving rise to genetic markers that are particularly useful for phylogenetic analyses.
Weiner,J. S.
Authors: Meier Robert J.
Published: October 2018

Joseph Sidney Weiner was internationally renowned for his contributions to the development of the discipline of human biology in the United Kingdom, for his exposure of the Piltdown forgery, and for his seminal role in organizing and administering the International Biological Program/Human Adaptability Section. Weiner's primary research interests centered upon physiological functioning, especially in individuals subjected to heat stress, but his work also encompassed studies of human ecology and adaptability, and of paleoanthropology.
International organizations in biological anthropology
Authors: Little Michael A.
Published: October 2018

There are at least 24 national societies of biological anthropology found worldwide that incorporate the subfields of the discipline. These national societies range from memberships of nearly 2,000 to memberships of fewer than 60. Europe is represented by the largest number of national societies of biological anthropology, but there are many general anthropological societies around the world that include components of biological anthropology as a part of their societies' structures. When specialized societies of biological anthropology (e.g., molecular anthropology, osteology, forensic anthropology, primatology, paleoanthropology) are added to the professional society mix, it is almost certain that there are more than 100 associations worldwide. It is clear that biological anthropology has expanded enormously since the end of World War II and that the science is healthy and moving forward.
S
ussman,
R
obert
W
ald
Authors: Tattersall Ian
Published: October 2018

Robert Wald Sussman (Brooklyn, 1941–St. Louis, 2016) was a leading primatologist and pioneer in studies of the lemurs of Madagascar. With his BA and MA from the University of California, Los Angeles, and a Ph.D. from Duke University, he spent most of his career at Washington University, St. Louis, where he mentored some 30 Ph.D. students and conducted seminal research. His fieldwork was principally in Madagascar, but ranged as far afield as Mauritius and Guyana. He published over 150 scientific papers and wrote and/or edited some 14 books. These were mainly on subjects in primatology, but they also embraced human and primate origins, and larger social questions such as race and the essentially cooperative nature of humanity. He was instrumental in the establishment of the Beza‐Mahafaly Special Reserve in Madagascar in 1986.
Concurrent Infection of Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis and Ranavirus among Native Amphibians from Northeastern Oklahoma, USA
Authors: Watters Jessa L. , Davis Drew R. , Yuri Tamaki , Siler Cameron D.
Published: October 2018

Global amphibian decline continues to be a great concern despite our increased understanding of the causes behind the observed patterns of the decline, such as habitat modification and infectious diseases. Although there is a large body of literature on the topic of amphibian infectious diseases, pathogen prevalence and distribution among entire communities of species in many regions remain poorly understood. In addition to these geographic gaps in our understanding, past work has focused largely on individual pathogens, either Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) or ranavirus (RV), rather than dual infection rates among host species. We sampled for prevalence and infection load of both pathogens in 514 amphibians across 16 total sites in northeastern Oklahoma. Amphibians were caught by hand, net, or seine; they were swabbed to screen for Bd; and liver tissue samples were collected to screen for RV. Overall results of quantitative PCR assays showed that 7% of screened individuals were infected with RV only, 37% were infected with Bd only, and 9% were infected with both pathogens simultaneously. We also documented disease presence in several rare amphibian species that are currently being monitored as species of concern due to their small population sizes in Oklahoma. This study synthesizes a growing body of research regarding infectious diseases among amphibian communities in the central United States.
GammaKnife versus VMAT radiosurgery plan quality for many brain metastases
Authors: Potrebko Peter S , Keller Andrew , All Sean , Sejpal Samir , Pepe Julie , Saigal Kunal , Kandula Shravan , Sensakovic William F , Shridhar Ravi , Poleszczuk Jan , Biagioli Matthew
Published: October 2018

The purpose of this work was to compare dose distributions between two radiosurgery modalities, single‐isocenter volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT), and GammaKnife Perfexion (GK), in the treatment of a large number (≥7) of brain metastases. Twelve patients with 103 brain metastases were analyzed. The median number of targets per patient was 8 (range: 7–14). GK plans were compared to noncoplanar VMAT plans using both 6‐MV flattening filter‐free (FFF) and 10‐MV FFF modes. Parameters analyzed included radiation therapy oncology group conformity index (CI), 12, 6, and 3 Gy isodose volumes (V12 Gy, V6 Gy, V3 Gy), mean and maximum hippocampal dose, and maximum skin dose. There were statistically significant differences in CI (2.5 ± 1.6 vs 1.6 ± 0.8 and 1.7 ± 0.9, P < 0.001, P < 0.001), V12 Gy (2.8 ± 6.1 cc vs 3.0 ± 5.2 cc and 3.1 ± 5.4 cc, P = 0.003, P < 0.001), and V3 Gy (323.0 ± 294.8 cc vs, 880.1 ± 369.1 cc and 937.9 ±  vs 361.9 cc, P = 0.005, P = 0.001) between GK versus both 6‐MV FFF and 10‐MV FFF. No significant differences existed for maximum hippocampal or skin doses. In conclusion, highly optimized VMAT produced improved conformity at the expense of a higher V12 Gy and V3 Gy volume when compared with highly optimized GK.
Does implementation of reforms authorized in Section 28 of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act affect the complexity of the questions asked of young alleged victims in court?
Authors: Henderson Hayden M. , Lamb Michael E.
Published: October 2018

This study examined whether the implementation of Section 28 (S28) of the Youth Justice and Criminal Evidence Act and the introduction of mandatory ground rules hearings reduced the complexity of the questions English lawyers asked when examining child witnesses. This study compared cases with (n = 43) and without (n = 43) the S28 special measures and involved children aged 6–15 testifying as alleged victims of sexual abuse. Defense lawyers' questions in the S28 condition comprised fewer words, clauses, false starts, multiple negatives, and temporal and numeric attributes than in the non‐S28 condition. When questioning younger children, lawyers used fewer words, clauses, references to “before/after,” and passive voice. These results demonstrated that S28 successfully reduced the complexity of the questions and that lawyers in both conditions partially adjusted the complexity of their questions to accommodate children's developmental capabilities.
A visualization technique for Bayesian reasoning
Authors: Starns Jeffrey J. , Cohen Andrew L. , Bosco Cara , Hirst Jennifer
Published: October 2018

We tested a method for solving Bayesian reasoning problems in terms of spatial relations as opposed to mathematical equations. Participants completed Bayesian problems in which they were given a prior probability and two conditional probabilities and were asked to report the posterior odds. After a pretraining phase in which participants completed problems with no instruction or external support, participants watched a video describing a visualization technique that used the length of bars to represent the probabilities provided in the problem. Participants then completed more problems with a chance to implement the technique by clicking interactive bars on the computer screen. Performance improved dramatically from the pretraining phase to the interactive‐bar phase. Participants maintained improved performance in transfer phases in which they were required to implement the visualization technique with either pencil‐and‐paper or no external medium. Accuracy levels for participants using the visualization technique were very similar to participants trained to solve the Bayes theorem equation. The results showed no evidence of learning across problems in the pretraining phase or for control participants who did not receive training, so the improved performance of participants using the visualization method could be uniquely attributed to the method itself. A classroom sample demonstrated that these benefits extend to instructional settings. The results show that people can quickly learn to perform Bayesian reasoning without using mathematical equations. We discuss ways that a spatial solution method can enhance classroom instruction on Bayesian inference and help students apply Bayesian reasoning in everyday settings.
CDC guide to preventing opioid overdose reinforces role of harm reduction
Authors: Enos Gary
Published: October 2018

A new report from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) identifies 10 evidence‐based opioid overdose prevention strategies that the text says “states and municipalities can take today to prevent new overdoses tomorrow.” In including on the list items such as Good Samaritan bystander laws and syringe exchange programs, and in suggesting that initiatives should meet opioid‐affected individuals where they are on the continuum of change, the tone of the report indicates a clear embracing of harm reduction as a critical component of overdose prevention.
The Analysis in In Situ Preparation, Mechanics, and Tribology of TiAl–SnAgCu/Graphene Composites
Authors: Yang Kang , Ma Hongru , Li Xiaoxue , He Qiang
Published: October 2018

The necessity of energy‐reducing and material‐saving in aviation drives the further optimization in mechanics and tribology of TiAl alloys. TiAl‐based materials are prepared using the spark plasma sintering (SPS). On a ball‐on‐disk tribometer and the nano‐mechanical tester, the mechanical and tribological properties of TiAl‐based materials are measured. TiAl–19.0 wt% SnAgCu–1.0 wt% Graphene (TASG) obtains the mechanical and tribological properties to be more excellent, in comparison to the TiAl–19.0 wt% SnAgCu (TAS) and TiAl alloy (TA). The graphene nanosheets with an excellent mechanical behavior are well‐combined with TiAl‐based material. It results in the more excellent property in mechanics than those of TA and TAS. An excellent tribological property of the TASG is mainly attributed to the formation of lubrication film containing SnAgCu and graphene. An intra‐lamellar separation of graphene can help the SnAgCu to produce a better deformation, that is, more helpful in acquiring of smaller friction coefficients and lower wear rates.
Spore Carbon from Aspergillus Oryzae for Advanced Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Zhong Yu , Xia Xinhui , Deng Shengjue , Xie Dong , Shen Shenghui , Zhang Kaili , Guo Weihao , Wang Xiuli , Tu Jiangping
Published: October 2018

Development of novel advanced carbon materials is playing a critical role in the innovation of electrochemical energy storage technology. Hierarchical porous spore carbon produced by Aspergillus oryzae is reported, which acts as a biofactory. Interestingly, the spore carbon not only shows a porous maze structure consisting of crosslinked nanofolds, but also is intrinsically N and P dual doped. Impressively, the spore carbon can be further embedded with Ni2P nanoparticles, which serve as porogen to form a highly porous spore carbon/Ni2P composite with increased surface area and enhanced electrical conductivity. To explore the potential application in lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs), the spore carbon/Ni2P composite is combined with sulfur, forming a composite cathode, which exhibits a high initial capacity of 1347.5 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C, enhanced cycling stability (73.5% after 500 cycles), and better rate performance than the spore carbon/S and artificial hollow carbon sphere/S counterparts. The synergistic effect on suppressing the shuttle effect of intermediate polysulfides is responsible for the excellent LSBs performance with the aid of a physical blocking effect arising from the electrical maze porous structure and the chemical adsorption effect originating from N, P dual doping and polarized compound Ni2P.
Tough Particle‐Based Double Network Hydrogels for Functional Solid Surface Coatings
Authors: Takahashi Riku , Shimano Kouichi , Okazaki Haruka , Kurokawa Takayuki , Nakajima Tasuku , Nonoyama Takayuki , King Daniel R. , Gong Jian Ping
Published: October 2018

Coating solid surfaces with tough hydrogels is necessary for the practical application of hydrogels in various fields. Here a simple yet versatile method for coating tough double network (DN) hydrogels onto a wide range of solid surfaces, including various materials and geometries is reported. Particle‐based double network (P‐DN) gels that combine ease‐of‐use and significantly strong mechanical properties are utilized. The P‐DN gel coating process involves two steps. First, the solid surface (plastic, rubber, ceramic, and/or metal) is treated to form a thin, physically bound primer layer containing radical initiators. The pre‐gel solution is then applied to the treated surface, followed by photo‐induced polymerization. The P‐DN gel coatings show high toughness, with one notable formulation reaching over 1000 J m‐2 in a 90º peeling test. The coatings also show high stability against long‐term water‐storage, elevated temperatures, and solvent exposure. Moreover, it is demonstrated that the P‐DN gel‐coated surfaces exhibit low friction properties with high wear resistance, by pin‐on‐flat tests. The simple coating process can be used even on surfaces with complex geometries, including 3D shapes. This work will enable the use of DN gels in applications such as biocompatible lubricants, scratch resistance coatings, and anti‐fouling paints.
Tuning Geometry of SWCNTs by CO2 in Floating Catalyst CVD for High‐Performance Transparent Conductive Films
Authors: Liao Yongping , Hussain Aqeel , Laiho Patrik , Zhang Qiang , Tian Ying , Wei Nan , Ding Er‐Xiong , Khan Sabbir A. , Nguyen Nguyen Ngan , Ahmad Saeed , Kauppinen Esko I.
Published: October 2018

Optimized geometry of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) is vital to high‐performance transparent conductive films (TCFs). Herein, the geometry of SWCNTs, i.e., tube diameter, bundle length, and bundle diameter, are successfully tuned by introducing carbon dioxide (CO2) into floating catalyst chemical vapor deposition (FC‐CVD), where carbon monoxide (CO) is used as a carbon source and ferrocene as a catalyst precursor. Both tube diameter and bundle length increase with an increment of CO2 concentration, and the yield of SWCNTs can be significantly promoted with the appropriate amount of CO2. The role of CO2 in this behavior is further rationalized as enhancing CO decomposition or carbon dissolution into catalysts. The TCFs based on SWCNTs with optimized geometry by CO2 exhibit improved performance up to 86.8 Ω sq−1 at 90% transmittance after AuCl3 doping, achieving about 50% reduction of sheet resistance compared to the TCFs without CO2. The use of CO2 for directly tuning growth of SWCNTs blazes a new trail in the field of SWCNT based TCFs.
Electron Affinity Control of Amorphous Oxide Semiconductors and Its Applicability to Organic Electronics
Authors: Kim Junghwan , Yamamoto Koji , Iimura Soshi , Ueda Shigenori , Hosono Hideo
Published: October 2018

Energy level matching is a key factor for realizing efficient optoelectronics, such as organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). Transition metal oxides (TMOs) are widely used as hole‐injection layers (HILs) because of their large electron affinities, corresponding to conduction band minimum levels (ECBM). However, the poor electrical properties and chemical instabilities of TMOs restrict device performance and fabrication processes. Conversely, amorphous oxide semiconductors (AOSs) exhibit superior electrical properties and chemical stability but cannot be applied to HILs because of their small electron affinities. In this study, a novel method is proposed to tune the electron affinity of conventional AOSs and an example material design of AOSs for HILs. The electron affinity deepening phenomenon that is attributable to the higher oxidation states of transition metal cations achieves a very deep ECBM of 5.7 eV for the proposed amorphous In–Mo–O (a‐IMO). Furthermore, an a‐IMO exhibits a high mobility of ≈1 cm2 V−1 s−1 and high chemical stability against various solvents. As a result, it is demonstrated that a very thick a‐IMO layer is applicable to OLEDs as an HIL with no operating‐voltage increase. This study provides a new approach for efficient organic optoelectronics by tuning the electron affinity of AOSs.
Ambipolar Graphene–Quantum Dot Phototransistors with CMOS Compatibility
Authors: Zheng Li , Zhou Wenjia , Ning Zhijun , Wang Gang , Cheng Xinhong , Hu Weida , Zhou Wen , Liu Zhiduo , Yang Siwei , Xu Kaimin , Luo Man , Yu Yuehui
Published: October 2018

The hybridization of 2D materials and colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) has been demonstrated to be an ideal platform for infrared photodetectors due to the high mobility of 2D materials and the excellent light harvesting capability of CQDs. However, the realization of ambipolar, broadband, and room‐temperature graphene–quantum dot phototransistors with complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) compatibility remains challenging. Here N, S codecorated graphene is deposited with PbS CQDs to fabricate a hybrid phototransistor on a silicon dioxide/silicon gate. The resulting device demonstrates a gate‐tuneable ambipolar feature with a low gate bias of less than 3.3 V at room temperature in ambient. Broadband spectra from visible to near‐infrared and to short wave infrared (SWIR) light can be detected with gain value of up to 105 and a fast response of 3 ms. Upon illumination by SWIR light at 1550 nm, the phototransistor exhibits an ultrahigh responsivity that is on the order of 104 AW−1 and a specific detectivity that is on the order of 1012 Jones with a low driving voltage of 1 V. This decorated hybrid architecture illustrates the potential of graphene and CQDs to be integrated with silicon integrated circuits and opens a new path toward ambipolar photodetector fabrication.
Synergistic Effects of Double Cation Substitution in Solution‐Processed CZTS Solar Cells with over 10% Efficiency
Authors: Hadke Shreyash H. , Levcenko Sergiu , Lie Stener , Hages Charles J. , Márquez José A. , Unold Thomas , Wong Lydia H.
Published: October 2018

The performance of many emerging compound semiconductors for thin‐film solar cells is considerably lower than the Shockley–Queisser limit, and one of the main reasons for this is the presence of various deleterious defects. A partial or complete substitution of the cations presents a viable strategy to alter the characteristics of the detrimental defects and defect clusters. Particularly, it is hypothesized that double cation substitution could be a feasible strategy to mitigate the negative effects of different types of defects. In this study, the effects of double cation substitution on pure‐sulfide Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) by partially substituting Cu with Ag, and Zn with Cd are explored. A 10.1% total‐area power conversion efficiency (10.8% active‐area efficiency) is achieved. The role of Cd, Ag, and Cd + Ag substitution is probed using temperature‐dependent photoluminescence, time‐resolved photoluminescence, current–voltage (IV), and external quantum efficiency (EQE) measurements. It is found that Cd improves the photovoltaic performance by altering the defect characteristics of acceptor states near the valence band, and Ag reduces nonradiative bulk recombination. It is believed that the double cation substitution approach can also be extended to other emerging photovoltaic materials, where defects are the main culprits for low performance.
Is There a Neurologist in the House? A Summary of the Current State of Neurovascular Rotations for Emergency Medicine Residents
Authors: Wira Charles R. , Madsen Tracy E. , Chang Bernard P. , Nomura Jason T. , Marcolini Evie , Gentile Nina T. , Schreyer Kraftin E. , Merck Lisa H. , Siket Matthew , Greenberg Karen , Zammit Christopher G. , Jauch Edward C. , Fernanda Bellolio M. ,   from the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine Neurological Emergencies Interest Group
Published: October 2018

Objectives

Neurovascular and neurocritical care emergencies constitute a leading cause of morbidity/mortality. There has been great evolution in this field, including but not limited to extended time‐window therapeutic interventions for acute ischemic stroke. The intent of this article is to evaluate the goals and future direction of clinical rotations in neurovascular and neurocritical care for emergency medicine (EM) residents.

Methods

A panel of 13 board‐certified emergency physicians from the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) neurologic emergencies interest group (IG) convened in response to a call for publications—three with fellowship training/board certification in stroke and/or neurocritical care; five with advanced research degrees; three who have been authors on national practice guidelines; and six who have held clinical duties within neurology, neurosurgery, or neurocritical care. A mixed‐methods analysis was performed including a review of the literature, a survey of Council of Emergency Medicine Residency Directors (CORD) residency leaders/faculty and SAEM neuro‐IG members, and a consensus review by this panel of select neurology rotations provided by IG faculty.

Results

Thirteen articles for residency neurovascular education were identified: three studies on curriculum, three studies evaluating knowledge, and seven studies evaluating knowledge after an educational intervention. Intervention outcomes included the ability to recognize and manage acute strokes, manage intracerebral hemorrhage, calculate National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and interpret images. In the survey sent to CORD residency leaders and neuro‐IG faculty, response was obtained from 48 programs. A total of 52.1% indicated having a required rotation (6.2% general neurology, 2% stroke service, 18.8% neurologic intensive care unit, 2% neurosurgery, 22.9% on a combination of services). The majority of programs with required rotations have a combination rotation (residents rotate through multiple services) and evaluations were positive.

Conclusions

Variability exists in the availability of neurovascular/neurocritical care rotations for EM trainees. Dedicated clinical time in neurologic education was beneficial to participants. Given recent advancements in the field, augmentation of EM residency training in this area merits strong consideration.
Inventory policies and safety stock optimization for supply chain planning
Authors: Brunaud Braulio , Laínez‐Aguirre José M. , Pinto Jose M. , Grossmann Ignacio E.
Published: October 2018

In this article, traditional supply chain planning models are extended to simultaneously optimize inventory policies. The inventory policies considered are the (r,Q) and (s,S) policies. In the (r,Q) inventory policy an order for Q units is placed every time the inventory level reaches level r, while in the s,S policy the inventory is reviewed in predefined intervals. If the inventory is found to be below level s, an order is placed to bring the level back to level S. Additionally, to address demand uncertainty four safety stock formulations are presented: (1) proportional to throughput, (2) proportional to throughput with risk‐pooling effect, (3) explicit risk‐pooling, and (4) guaranteed service time. The models proposed allow simultaneous optimization of safety stock, reserve, and base stock levels in tandem with material flows in supply chain planning. The formulations are evaluated using simulation. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 99–112, 2019
Multi‐model sensor fault detection and data reconciliation: A case study with glucose concentration sensors for diabetes
Authors: Feng Jianyuan , Hajizadeh Iman , Yu Xia , Rashid Mudassir , Samadi Sediqeh , Sevil Mert , Hobbs Nicole , Brandt Rachel , Lazaro Caterina , Maloney Zacharie , Littlejohn Elizabeth , Quinn Laurie , Cinar Ali
Published: October 2018

Erroneous information from sensors affect process monitoring and control. An algorithm with multiple model identification methods will improve the sensitivity and accuracy of sensor fault detection and data reconciliation (SFD&DR). A novel SFD&DR algorithm with four types of models including outlier robust Kalman filter, locally weighted partial least squares, predictor‐based subspace identification, and approximate linear dependency‐based kernel recursive least squares is proposed. The residuals are further analyzed by artificial neural networks and a voting algorithm. The performance of the SFD&DR algorithm is illustrated by clinical data from artificial pancreas experiments with people with diabetes. The glucose‐insulin metabolism has time‐varying parameters and nonlinearities, providing a challenging system for fault detection and data reconciliation. Data from 17 clinical experiments collected over 896 h were analyzed; the results indicate that the proposed SFD&DR algorithm is capable of detecting and diagnosing sensor faults and reconciling the erroneous sensor signals with better model‐estimated values. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 629–639, 2019
Global country‐level estimates of associations between adult height and the distribution of income
Authors: Auld M. Christopher
Published: October 2018

Objectives

This article presents the first estimates of global associations between adult height and the distribution of income, and considers the roles of regional heterogeneity, heterogeneity across low‐ and high‐income countries, and of infant mortality as a potential mediator.

Methods

Linear parametric and semiparametric regressions predicting mean height and sexual dimorphism in height are estimated using data on one cohort born in 1996 with height measured in 2016. Measurement error in income inequality is addressed using an instrumental variables method.

Results

Across countries higher income per capita is strongly associated with higher mean height, and higher income inequality is associated with lower mean height after holding mean income constant. These relationships vary with mean income: at low incomes, higher mean income strongly predicts greater height but income inequality has no statistically significant effect, whereas for high‐income countries, only higher income inequality predicts lower height, and only in Europe. Sexual dimorphism in height is positively associated with mean income at low incomes, but it is not related to income inequality.

Conclusions

Controlling for income inequality has modest effects on a positive height‐income gradient. Greater inequality predicts lower height after holding income per capita constant, suggesting that mean height should be used with caution as a proxy for standard of living in some contexts. The extent to which these associations reflect causality running from economic conditions to height cannot be determined from these results.
Cost‐benefit analysis of investment in occupational health and safety in Colombian companies
Authors: Riaño‐Casallas Martha I. , Tompa Emile
Published: October 2018

Objective

To determine whether investment in preventive measures by a Colombian insurer reduces rates of work‐related injuries and results in positive returns from these investments.

Methods

The study is based on monthly panel data of 2011‐2015 of 303 medium and large companies affiliated with a private insurer in Colombia. We undertook regression modeling analysis to assess the effectiveness of incremental investments in occupational health and safety (OHS) prevention measures. The cost‐benefit analysis is from the insurer's perspective.

Results

Investment in OHS per full‐time equivalent was statistically significant at the 1% level. We estimated that 4919 injuries were averted through these investments, resulting in the avoidance of $3 949 957 in costs. Our results suggest that the investments were worth undertaking from the insurer's perspective.

Conclusions

This paper provides new empirical evidence on the effectiveness and cost‐benefit of OHS investments in a middle‐income country. Incremental investment in OHS can be effective and cost‐beneficial.
Dental and craniofacial characteristics caused by the p.Ser40Leu mutation in IFITM5
Authors: Dagdeviren Didem , Tamimi Faleh , Lee Brendan , Sutton Reid , Rauch Frank , Retrouvey Jean‐Marc
Published: October 2018

Severe forms of osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) are usually caused by mutations in genes that code for collagen Type I and frequently are associated with craniofacial abnormalities. However, the dental and craniofacial characteristics of OI caused by the p.Ser40Leu mutation in the IFITM5 gene have not been reported. We investigated a 15‐year‐old girl with severe OI caused by this mutation. She had marked deformations of extremity long bones. There were no clinical or radiological signs of dentinogenesis imperfecta, but one tooth was missing and several teeth were impacted. Cone beam computed tomography revealed a generalized osteopenic appearance of the craniofacial skeleton, bilateral enlargement of mandibular bodies, and areas of cortical erosions. The cranial base and skull showed a generalized granular bone pattern with a mixture of osteosclerosis and osteolysis. Sphenoid and frontal sinuses were congenitally missing. Cephalometric analysis indicated a Class III growth pattern. In this case, the IFITM5 p.Ser40Leu mutation did not affect tooth structure but was associated with deformities in craniofacial bones that resemble those in the other parts of the skeleton.
A de novo in‐frame deletion of CASK gene causes early onset infantile spasms and supratentorial cerebral malformation in a female patient
Authors: Bozarth Xiuhua , Foss Kimberly , Mefford Heather C.
Published: October 2018

We report a female patient with a novel, heterozygous, de novo in‐frame deletion in the CASK gene (c.2179–2181 del GTA, p.Val727del) who presents with early onset infantile spasms, hypsarrhythmia on electroencephalogram (EEG), and frontal lobe abnormalities on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) without microcephaly and pontocerebellar hypoplasia. This is the first case report of an in‐frame deletion in the CASK gene causing early onset infantile spasms and supratentorial focal brain malformation on brain MRI in the literature. This is also the first report of a female with CASK‐related disorder with hypsarrhythmia pattern on EEG. This report expands the clinical phenotypic spectrum in CASK‐related disorders in female patients. A heterozygous de novo variant in RORA (c.88 C>G, p.Gln 30Glu) was reported in this patient as a variant of uncertain significance.
Risk of hepatic neoplasms in Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome (4p‐): Four new cases and review of the literature
Authors: Battaglia Agatino , Calhoun Amy R.U.L. , Lortz Amanda , Carey John C.
Published: October 2018

Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a rare contiguous gene deletion disorder characterized by distinctive craniofacial features, prenatal/postnatal growth deficiency, intellectual disability, and seizures. Various malformations of internal organs are also seen. Neoplasia has not been documented as a typical feature of WHS. We review the three prior reports of hepatic neoplasia in WHS and add four previously unreported individuals. We propose that, in the context of the rarity of WHS, these seven cases suggest that hepatocellular neoplasia may be a feature of WHS.
Copy number variations in a population with prune belly syndrome
Authors: Iqbal Nida S. , Jascur Thomas A. , Harrison Steven , Chen Catherine , Arevalo Michelle K. , Wong Daniel , Sanchez Emma , Grimsby Gwen , Wilson Kathleen , Baker Linda A.
Published: October 2018

Prune Belly Syndrome (PBS) is a congenital multisystem myopathy with mild to lethal severity. While of uncertain etiology, 95% male predominance and familial occurrence suggest a genetic basis. As copy number variations (CNVs) can cause unexplained genetic disorders, we tested for novel CNVs in a large PBS population. We genotyped 21 unrelated PBS patients by high‐resolution array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and phenotyped using a novel PBS severity scoring system. Available parents were screened for detected CNV via quantitative PCR (qPCR). We additionally screened for recurrence of identified novel candidate CNVs on 106 PBS probands by qPCR. We identified 10 CNVs in 8 of 21 PBS patients tested (38%). Testing confirmed inheritance from an unaffected biological parent in six patients; parental samples were unavailable in two probands. One candidate CNV includes duplication of the X‐chromosome AGTR2 gene, known to function in urinary tract development. Subsequent screening of the larger PBS cohort did not identify any recurrent CNVs. Presence of CNV did not correlate with PBS severity scoring. CNVs were uncommon in this large PBS population, but analysis of identified variants may inform disease pathogenesis and reveal targets for therapeutic intervention for this rare, severe disorder.
Copy number variants in hypoplastic right heart syndrome
Authors: Giannakou Andreas , Sicko Robert J. , Kay Denise M. , Zhang Wei , Romitti Paul A. , Caggana Michele , Shaw Gary M. , Jelliffe‐Pawlowski Laura L. , Mills James L.
Published: October 2018

Hypoplastic right heart syndrome (HRHS) is a rare congenital defect characterized by underdeveloped and malformed structures of the right heart. Familial recurrence of HRHS indicates genetic factors contribute to its etiology. Our study investigates the presence of copy number variants (CNVs) in HRHS cases. We genotyped 42 HRHS cases identified from live births throughout California (2003–2010) using the Illumina HumanOmni2.5‐8 array. We identified 14 candidate CNVs in 14 HRHS cases (33%) based on the genes included in the CNVs and their functions. Duplications overlapping part of ERBB4 were identified in two unrelated cases. ERBB4 is a neuregulin receptor with a pivotal role in cardiomyocyte differentiation and heart development. We also described a 7.5 Mb duplication at 16q11‐12. Multiple genes in the duplicated region have previously been linked to heart defects and cardiac development, including RPGRIP1L, RBL2, SALL1, and MYLK3. Of the 14 validated CNVs, we identified four CNVs in close proximity to genes linked to the Wnt signaling pathway. This study expands on our previous work supporting the role of genetics in HRHS. We identified CNVs affecting crucial genes and signaling pathways involved in right heart development. ERBB4 and duplication of the 16q11‐12 region are important areas for future investigation.
Group movements in response to competitors’ calls indicate conflicts of interest between male and female grey‐cheeked mangabeys
Authors: Brown Michelle , Waser Peter M.
Published: October 2018

Long‐distance vocalizations mediate spacing patterns by allowing groups to choose whether to draw close enough to a neighbor to initiate a short‐range interaction. It is unclear, however, whether the patterning of calls and the resulting movements are invariant or change in response to social and ecological variables. In this study, we compare the impact of long‐distance calls on neighboring groups’ movements in two populations of grey‐cheeked mangabeys (Lophocebus albigena) in Uganda, which differed widely in group density and food availability. We monitored movement responses of target groups to both naturally occurring and experimentally simulated “whoop‐gobble” vocalizations of neighboring adult males to test whether responses indicated mate and food defense. When defending access to fertile females, males might coerce group members to move away from neighboring males; when defending fitness‐limiting food resources, however, groups might approach and attempt to evict neighbors. Controlling for pre‐call movement prior to the vocalization, we found no difference in group responses between the low‐ and high‐density populations, and little support for either form of defense. Mangabey groups generally continued moving in their original direction, albeit at a slower pace, and deviations from this pattern were predictable: they avoided nearby callers but approached distant callers; they approached if the caller was in the area where home ranges overlapped; and approached when their own group contained multiple peak‐estrous females. The effect of multiple fertile females potentially indicates a breakdown of male control as a result of within‐group intrasexual mating competition, and greater‐than‐expected female control over travel movements. As suspected, grey‐cheeked mangabeys use neighbors’ long‐distance calls to maintain a spatial buffer between groups but changes in group movements indicate a conflict between male and female interests.
Dispersal and female philopatry in a long‐term, stable, polygynous gibbon population: Evidence from 16 years field observation and genetics
Authors: Hu Naiqing , Guan Zhenhua , Huang Bei , Ning Wenhe , He Kai , Fan Pengfei , Jiang Xuelong
Published: October 2018

Gibbons are generally reported to live in small socially monogamous family groups in which both sexes disperse when they reach maturity. For the first time, we documented the dispersal pattern in a population of gibbons living in stable polygynous groups (Nomascus concolor) integrating 16 years’ field observation and genetic information from fecal DNA. All subadult males except for one dispersed at 9.8 ± 1.4 years of age (range: 8–12, N = 10). The last male remained in his natal group and obtained the breeding position at age 11 by evicting the original dominant male. Females reached sexual maturity (as evidenced by the change in body color from black to yellow) at 8 years (N = 4). Three of them dispersed and one obtained a position as a breeding female and bred in her natal group. We also observed one female returning to her natal group with her infant after her presumed father was taken over by a neighboring male. We identified only three mtDNA haplotypes from 22 individuals at Dazhaizi. Individuals in one group shared the same haplotype, with only one exception. Genetic results showed that the two breeding females were mother‐daughter pairs in all three study groups at the end of this study, implying some degree of female philopatry. We argue that in the case of black crested gibbons, dispersal decisions appear to represent highly opportunistic events in response to reproductive opportunities in their natal and neighboring groups.