bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Binary Solid Lipid Nanosuspension Containing Cefixime: Preparation, Characterization and Comparative In-vivo Evaluation
Authors: Kamran Mahwish , Khan Mir Azam , Rehman Maqsood ur , Shafique Muhammad , Khan Abdullah , Ahmad Sajjad
Published: September 2019

Current study focused on resolution of poor oral bioavailability issues of cefixime through fabrication of its freeze dried binary solid lipid nano particles (SLNs). The nano formulation fabricated via hot melt encapsulation (HME) method was optimized using numerous formulation variables. Optimized nano formulation (CFX-4) showed particle size 206.6±2.3 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) 0.271±0.03, zeta potential (ZP) -30.7±3.1 mV, encapsulation efficiency (EE%) 88.2±2.3% along with drug loading capacity (DLC%) 4.83±0.16%. Micrograph of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) represented spherical shaped particles. Reduction in drug’s crystalline nature was acknowledged through differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and x-ray powder diffraction (P-XRD) analysis. Drug-excepient compatibility was established through fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FT-IR) analysis. During in-vitro studies; sustained drug release was favored by increased drug payload. Stability studies exposed that refrigerated temperature imparts maximum stability to binary SLNs. In-vivo pharmacokinetic studies revealed the desired enhancement in oral bioavailability compared to the marketed product (Cefiget®). Presented investigations established the dominance of binary SLNs for improvement of oral bioavailability with sustained drug release characteristics. Based on the reported outcomes, binary SLNs can be employed as an advanced drug delivery system for other hydrophobic drugs.
Effect of Ag Loading Location on the Photocatalytic Performance of a TiO2 Nanocolumn Array
Authors: Xu Jinghan , Zhao Yan , Liu Yanqi
Published: September 2019

The evaluation of the photocatalytic performance of Ag-loaded TiO2 nanocolumn (Ag-TNC) arrays prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD) and vacuum evaporation is described. The effects of Ag loading position and deposition thickness on the morphology, structure, composition, and optical and photocatalytic properties of the Ag-TNC arrays were studied by controlling the preparation process and vacuum evaporation time. The Ag-filled samples were found to maintain high catalytic efficiency, whereas that of the Ag-coated samples decreased with the increase of Ag deposition thickness. The reasons for the influence of the loading position on the catalytic efficiency are discussed, and the conclusions were verified by simulation.
The Association between Obesity and Severity of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Children at Wangaya General Hospital
Authors: Kurnia Bella , Suryawan I Wayan Bikin
Published: September 2019

BACKGROUND: Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease caused by any one of four closely related Dengue virus (DENV 1-4). The clinical sign Dengue virus infection can vary from mild (mild febrile illness), Dengue Fever (DF), Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) to Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever with shock (Dengue Shock Syndrome, DSS).
AIM: This study was designed to determine the relationship of obesity with the severity of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in children.
METHODS: It is a case-control study. The data of patients were retrospectively collected from the Department of Child Health at the Wangaya General Hospital between March 2019 to May 2019. It uses consecutive sampling. The total sample of 22 children with DHF with shock and 22 children with DHF without shock were investigated. Statistical analysis has been performed by SPSS Statistics 20.0 for Mac (IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, USA). DHF positive results were compared by the Chi-square test and binary logistic regression.
RESULTS: Prevalence of DHF with shock is fifty per cent's and DHF without shock is 50%. Prevalence of obesity is 40.9%. The result of binary logistic regression analysis of obesity in children and the severity of DHF was significantly correlated with P-value 0.004 and OR = 7.734.
CONCLUSION: Obesity is associated with the severity of Dengue Hemorrhagic fever in children.
Les Sciences de l’artificiel : une conceptualisation révolutionnaire de sciences fondamentales à parachever
Authors: Avenier Marie-José
Published: September 2019

Bien que la notion de sciences de l’artificiel soit apparue dans les années 1960, elle n’a pas encore reçu toute l’attention qu’elle mérite compte tenu de l’adaptation remarquable que cet archétype de science offre à de nombreuses disciplines scientifiques pour leur conceptualisation comme des sciences. Probablement leur appellation – sciences de l’artificiel – ainsi que le caractère révolutionnaire et non abouti de la conceptualisation que Simon en avait initiée ont-ils constitué des freins à leur diffusion. Les chercheurs qui se sont saisi des idées pionnières de Simon pour donner corps à cette notion ainsi qu’à celle de sciences de conception qui lui est associée, et pour poursuivre le travail de conceptualisation que Simon avait engagé, ont emprunté des chemins divers. Ce faisant, certains ont parfois fait perdre l’âme que Simon leur avait initialement insufflée : le caractère fondamental des sciences de l’artificiel au même titre que celles de la nature.
Measuring Preceptor Selection in Long-Term Care
Authors: Burt Susan C.
Published: September 2019

Orienting new nursing staff is costly for health care organizations. Identifying preceptor characteristics and structuring preceptor education to support those characteristics may improve the orientation process and decrease orientation cost. A descriptive, observational study identified preferred characteristics of potential preceptors (
N
= 39) in a long-term care/subacute facility. Results showed that mean ranks of three items on the preceptor instrument were significant, thus providing insight regarding content and desired outcome of preceptor education.

[
J Contin Educ Nurs.
2019;50(10):455–462.]
Effect of Thin Femtosecond LASIK Flaps on Corneal Sensitivity and Tear Function
Authors: Barequet Irina S. , Hirsh Ami , Levinger Samuel
Published: September 2019

Purpose

To evaluate changes in corneal sensitivity and tear function following myopic LASIK with thin femtosecond flaps.

Methods

A retrospective study was performed to compare corneal sensitivity (filament), tear breakup time, and anesthetized Schirmer test preoperatively and at 1 week and 2 and 6 months postoperatively.

Results

Seventy-two eyes of 38 consecutive patients (20 women and 18 men) who underwent LASIK for myopia or myopic astigmatism with thin femtosecond flaps (IntraLase femtosecond laser system and Technolas 217 PlanoScan V2.9992 or wavefront-guided Zyoptix 3.1 excimer laser) were evaluated. Preoperative mean corneal sensitivity was 5.3±1.5 mm, which decreased to 4.6±1.7 mm at 1 week, increased to 5.0±1.3 mm at 2 months, and returned to baseline values at 6 months postoperatively. Mean Schirmer score was 13.7±5.7 mm preoperatively and 12.1±5.1, 13.1±4.8, and 13.0±5.1 mm at 1 week and 2 and 6 months postoperatively, respectively. Mean tear breakup time was 7.7±2.6 seconds preoperatively and 7.8±3.5, 9.2±4.6, and 8.8±4.5 seconds at 1 week and 2 and 6 months postoperatively, respectively. No significant increase in fluorescein staining was observed throughout follow-up.

Conclusions

Reductions in corneal sensitivity and tear function tests were minimal after myopic LASIK with thin femtosecond flaps. Despite the relatively narrow hinge, the thin, uniform femtosecond flap does not appear to have an adverse effect on corneal sensitivity and dry eye signs at 6 months postoperatively. [
J Refract Surg.
2008;24:897–902.]
Seven-year Follow-up of LASIK for Moderate to Severe Myopia
Authors: Liu Zhaoqiang , Li Yan , Cheng Zhenying , Zhou Fang , Jiang Hua , Li Jinghai
Published: September 2019

Purpose

To evaluate long-term refractive outcomes of LASIK for correcting moderate to severe myopia.

Methods

A long-term (7-year) prospective follow-up study of visual and refractive outcomes in patients who underwent myopic LASIK surgery in 1998 and 1999. Fifty-nine patients (104 eyes) of the original cohort of 75 patients underwent detailed clinical assessment at 1 and 7 years postoperatively. The main outcome measures were predictability, efficacy, safety, and stability. Topography, corneal thickness, and postoperative complications were recorded at 7 years. All patients completed a questionnaire assessing their satisfaction with the procedure.

Results

At 7 years postoperatively, 89.4% of eyes were within 0.50 diopters (D) of attempted correction, and 90.4% were within 1.00 D. All eyes had 20/40 or better vision and 94.2% had 20/20 or better. Best spectacle-corrected visual acuity was unchanged or improved in 80.8% of eyes. Eyes did not regress in refraction between 1 and 7 years postoperatively. Complications were rare and patient satisfaction with the surgery was high.

Conclusions

LASIK surgery has predictable and stable results in refractive and visual outcomes in correcting moderate to high myopia on long-term follow-up. Refractive stability is maintained over 7 years, with no evidence of progressive late-onset complications. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:935–940.]
Aspheric Intraocular Lens Selection Based on Corneal Wavefront
Authors: Packer Mark , Fine I. Howard , Hoffman Richard S.
Published: September 2019

Purpose:

To determine the feasibility of selectively targeting zero total postoperative spherical aberration by selecting the best fit aspheric intraocular lens (IOL) based on preoperative topographically derived corneal spherical aberration.

Methods:

Candidates for cataract surgery were offered selection of aspheric IOLs based on corneal spherical aberration. The target postoperative total wavefront spherical aberration Z4,0 was set at zero. Corneal topographic spherical aberration Z4,0 was measured at the 6-mm optical zone, and one of three aspheric IOLs was chosen so the arithmetic sum of the corneal spherical aberration and pseudophakic spherical aberration came closest to zero. Postoperatively, total ocular wavefront was measured and statistical analysis performed to ascertain the accuracy of customized aspheric IOL selection.

Results:

Thirty eyes of 18 patients were available for analysis. The SofPort Advanced Optics (Bausch & Lomb) lens was implanted in 1 eye, the AcrySof IQ (Alcon Laboratories Inc) in 11 eyes, and the Tecnis Z9000 or Z9002 (Advanced Medical Optics [AMO]) in 18 eyes. Total postoperative ocular spherical aberration for the entire population measured −0.013±0.072 µm (SofPort: +0.025 µm; AcrySof IQ: +0.010±0.053 µm; and Tecnis: −0.015±0.052 µm [
P
=.22]). For the entire population, mean absolute predictive error measured 0.058±0.056 µm (SofPort: 0.040 µm; AcrySof IQ: 0.052±0.040 µm; and Tecnis: 0.063±0.066 µm [
P
=.63]).

Conclusions:

Customized selection of aspheric IOLs based on corneal wavefront is feasible and produces favorable results compared with studies of unselected patient populations implanted with aspheric IOLs. [
J Refract Surg.
2009;25:12–20.]
Induced Astigmatism With 2.2- and 3.0-mm Coaxial Phacoemulsification Incisions
Authors: Masket Samuel , Wang Li , Belani Shaleen
Published: September 2019

Purpose:

To evaluate the difference between 2.2-mm incision micro-coaxial phacoemulsification and traditional 3.0-mm coaxial phacoemulsification with respect to surgically induced astigmatism after temporally oriented clear corneal incision cataract surgery.

Methods:

This prospective, randomized, intra-patient controlled study comprised 22 patients who underwent clear corneal cataract surgery in both eyes. One eye received 2.2-mm incision micro-coaxial phacoemulsifi-cation with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation and the fellow eye received traditional 3.0-mm coaxial incision phacoemulsification with IOL implantation. The 2.2-mm incisions were created with a diamond keratome after a 200-µm groove was constructed in clear cornea at the temporal limbus. The 3.0-mm incisions were created without a pre-cut groove, using a metal keratome. All cases were uncomplicated. Pre- and postoperative keratometric astigmatism at 6 weeks was measured using a hand held Nikon Retinomax K-plus 2 Autorefractor. Three methods were used to analyze the surgically induced astigmatism (SIA) data: 1) algebraic analysis of the magnitude of keratometric astigmatism induced by the surgery, 2) magnitude of SIA by vector analysis, and 3) aggregate analysis of astigmatism using vector analysis.

Results:

The mean change in the magnitude of keratometric astigmatism was 0.10±0.08 diopters (D) with the 2.2-mm micro-coaxial incisions and 0.32±0.20 D with the 3.0-mm traditional incisions (
P
=.0002). Using vector analysis, the mean magnitude of SIA was 0.35±0.21 D with the 2.2-mm incisions and 0.67±0.48 D (
P
=.006) with the 3.0-mm incisions.

Conclusions:

Surgically induced astigmatism with 2.2-mm micro-coaxial incisions and traditional 3.0-mm clear corneal incisions with intra-patient control resulted in statistically and clinically significant reduction in surgically induced astigmatism with the smaller incision size.

[
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:21–24.]
Thin LASIK Flap Creation Using the SCHWIND Carriazo-Pendular Microkeratome
Authors: Kymionis George D. , Portaliou Dimitra M. , Tsiklis Nikolaos S. , Panagopoulou Sophia I. , Pallikaris Ioannis G.
Published: September 2019

Purpose:

To study the outcomes of LASIK after intended thin flap creation using the SCHWIND Carriazo-Pendular microkeratome with the 90-µm head.

Methods:

Forty-seven eyes of 26 patients (mean age 28.78±6.98 years) underwent LASIK with a superior hinge flap using the 90-µm head of the SCHWIND Carriazo-Pendular microkeratome. Evaluation included flap parameters (thickness, diameter, hinge size), complications, and visual outcome.

Results:

No intraoperative or early postoperative complications were observed. The mean flap thickness was 79.88±6.94 µm (range: 70 to 93 µm). Mean flap diameter was 9.25±0.45 mm (range: 8.5 to 11 mm) whereas mean hinge size was 4.63±0.66 mm (range: 3 to 6.5 mm). No eye lost lines of best spectacle-corrected visual acuity, and all eyes were emmetropic within one diopter postoperatively.

Conclusions:

The SCHWIND Carriazo-Pendular microkeratome with the 90-µm head seems to have increased accuracy in intended creation of thin flaps. [
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:33–36.]
Variability of Higher Order Wavefront Aberrations After Blinks
Authors: Hagyó Krisztina , Csákány Béla , Németh Zsolt Lang; János
Published: September 2019

Purpose:

To investigate the rapid alterations in value and fluctuation of ocular wavefront aberrations during the interblink interval.

Methods:

Forty-two volunteers were examined with a WASCA Wavefront Analyzer (Carl Zeiss Meditec AG) using modified software. For each subject, 150 images (about 6 frames/second) were registered during an inter-blink period. The outcome measures were spherical and cylindrical refraction and root-mean-square (RMS) values for spherical, coma, and total higher order aberrations. Fifth order polynomials were fitted to the data and the fluctuation trends of the parameters were determined. We calculated the prevalence of the trends with an early local minimum (type 1). The tear production status (Schirmer test) and tear film break-up time (BUT) were also measured.

Results:

Fluctuation trends with an early minimum (type 1) were significantly more frequent than trends with an early local maximum (type 2) for total higher order aberrations RMS (
P
=.036). The incidence of type 1 fluctuation trends was significantly greater for coma and total higher order aberrations RMS (
P
=.041 and
P
=.003, respectively) in subjects with normal results in the BUT or Schirmer test than in those with abnormal results. In the normal subjects, the first minimum of type 1 RMS fluctuation trends occurred, on average, between 3.8 and 5.1 seconds after blink.

Conclusions:

We suggest that wavefront aberrations can be measured most accurately at the time after blink when they exhibit a decreased degree of dispersion. We recommend that a snapshot of wavefront measurements be made 3 to 5 seconds after blink. [
J Refract Surg.
2009;25:59–68.]
Endothelial Decompensation Following Epithelial LASIK With Loss of Epithelial Flap
Authors: Kaushal Sameer , Prakash Gaurav , Sharma Namrata , Titiyal Jeewan S.
Published: September 2019

Purpose:

To report a case that showed endothelial decompensation after epithelial LASIK (epi-LASIK).

Methods:

A 23-year-old woman underwent epi-LASIK surgery to correct refractive error of −4.00 −3.00 × 165° in the right eye and −2.50 −2.00 × 15° in the left eye. Preoperatively, the specular count was 2896 cells/mm
2
in the right eye and 3046 cells/mm
2
in the left eye. Central corneal thickness (CCT) was 490 µm and 493 µm in the right and left eyes, respectively.

Results:

Examination on the first postoperative day revealed diffuse corneal edema with radiating Descemet's folds in the right eye with best spectacle-corrected visual acuity of 20/80. Central corneal thickness was 493 µm and 373 µm in the right and left eyes, respectively, 1 week after surgery. Corneal edema resolved over a period of 3 weeks with healing of the epithelial defect. Endothelial cell count 3 weeks after surgery was 1310 cells/mm
2
in the right eye.

Conclusions:

Epi-LASIK can cause significant endothelial cell loss with development of corneal edema. [
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:74–76.]
Assessing Visual Quality With the Point Spread Function Using the NIDEK OPD-Scan II
Authors: Ligabue Edoardo A. , Giordano Cristina
Published: September 2019

Purpose:

To present the use of the point spread function (PSF) metric pre- and postoperatively for the assessment of visual quality in cataract and refractive surgery.

Methods:

Case examples of cataract and refractive surgery and the effect of accommodation are presented. All PSF measurements were obtained using the NIDEK OPD-Scan II, and corneal internal and total aberrations were simulated using the NIDEK OPD-Station software. All eyes underwent corneal topography, wavefront aberrometry, autorefraction, keratometry, and pupillometry measurements pre- and postoperatively using the OPDScan II. The PSF was used to assess visual quality.

Results:

Four case examples including refractive surgery, aspheric multifocal intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, toric IOL implantation, and the difference in PSF due to accommodation are presented.

Conclusions:

The PSF in refractive and cataract surgery is a clinically valuable metric to evaluate the patient's visual quality pre- and postoperatively. The OPD-Scan II can measure the effect of accommodation and distant fixation providing an assessment of changes in visual quality. [
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:S104–S109.]
A New Transepithelial Phototherapeutic Keratectomy Mode Using the NIDEK CXIII Excimer Laser
Authors: Buzzonetti Luca , Petrocelli Gianni , Laborante Antonio , Mazzilli Emilio , Gaspari Mario , Valente Paola , Francia Elisa
Published: September 2019

Purpose:

To evaluate epithelial healing, postoperative pain, and best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) after transepithelial photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) performed with a new phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK) mode using the NIDEK CXIII excimer laser.

Methods:

Fifteen eyes from 10 patients with myopia underwent transepithelial PRK using a multistage program to perform PTK followed by PRK. The PTK incorporated Flex Scan, which accounts for the loss of radial ablation efficiency on the peripheral cornea. The epithelium was removed with the excimer laser by monitoring the disappearance of blue fluorescence during the ablation. Epithelial healing was evaluated by taking slit-lamp photographs every 24 hours until complete reepithelialization. Postoperative pain was measured according to the Faces Pain Rating Scale. All outcomes are reported for 3 months postoperatively. Haze was graded by two ophthalmologists, each masked to the other's result.

Results:

Mean reepithelialization took 3.50±0.85 days, mean pain score was 3.00±1.20, and BSCVA was 20/20 for 9 eyes, 20/30 for 3 eyes, and 20/40 for 3 eyes. All patients had haze below grade 2.

Conclusions:

The outcomes of the preliminary study show that the incorporation of the Flex Scan algorithm in the PTK mode is as safe and effective as conventional PTK algorithms. The primary advantage of this new PTK mode may be more consistent epithelial removal. Additional studies are needed to determine long-term outcomes. [
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:S122–S124.]
The Pseudoaccommodative Cornea Multifocal Ablation With a Center-distance Pattern: A Review
Authors: Telandro Alain
Published: September 2019

Purpose:

To describe an excimer laser ablation architecture called the pseudoaccommodative cornea (PAC) that uses ocular aberrometry and aspheric ablation profiles to create a multifocal cornea.

Methods:

A descriptive article outlining the theory of the PAC algorithm.

Results:

The topographic changes induced by PAC produce corneal multifocality.

Conclusions:

PAC-treated eyes have progressive concentric rings of center-distance and midperipheral-near power that enable functional vision at near, intermediate, and distance. [
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:S156–S159.]
Correlation of Anterior Chamber Angle and Ciliary Sulcus Diameters With White-to-White Corneal Diameter in High Myopes Using Artemis VHF Digital Ultrasound
Authors: Reinstein Dan Z. , Archer Timothy J. , Silverman Ronald H. , Rondeau Mark J. , Coleman D. Jackson
Published: September 2019

Purpose:

To determine whether horizontal angle diameter and sulcus diameter can be accurately estimated by conventional external measurements in high myopic eyes.

Methods:

Ten horizontal anterior segment scans were obtained with the Artemis 1 very high-frequency (VHF) digital ultrasound arc-scanner in 40 eyes of 20 patients. Angle and sulcus diameters were measured and descriptive statistics and within-eye repeatability were calculated. Linear regression was performed between each permutation of white-to-white, angle diameter, and sulcus diameter. Multivariate regression also included anterior chamber depth (ACD), age, manifest refraction, keratometry, and central corneal thickness (CCT). The standard deviation and 95% confidence interval (CI) of the residuals were calculated.

Results:

The population mean ±standard deviation (95% CI) was 12.88±0.42 mm [12.74, 13.02] for angle diameter and 12.85±0.69 mm [12.63, 13.07] for sulcus diameter. Within-eye repeatability was 0.13 mm for angle diameter and 0.23 mm for sulcus diameter. A weak correlation was noted between white-to-white and angle diameter (r
2
=0.59) with a 95% Cl of ±0.53 mm. Multivariate regression found white-to-white, CCT, and minimum keratometry predicted angle diameter (r
2
=0.69) with a 95% Cl of ±0.46 mm. For predicting sulcus diameter, there were weak correlations between white-to-white (r
2
=0.32) with a 95% Cl of ±1.11 mm and angle diameter (r
2
=0.46) with a 95% Cl of ±0.99 mm. Multivariate regression found angle diameter and ACD predicted sulcus diameter (r
2
=0.57) with 95% Cl of ±0.88 mm.

Conclusions:

Regression modeling found weak correlations among all combinations of white-to-white, angle diameter, and sulcus diameter. Given the relative accuracy of direct measurement of angle and sulcus diameter compared to the potential accuracy of these regression equations, it appears that direct measurement would increase the safety of anterior and posterior chamber phakic intraocular lens sizing. [
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:185–194.]
LASIK for Myopia of −9.00 to −17.00 D With the VISX STAR S2: 2- to 5-year Follow-up
Authors: Lindbohm Nina , Tuisku Ilpo S. , Tervo Timo M.
Published: September 2019

Purpose:

To evaluate long-term results of LASIK in the correction of high myopia.

Methods:

Preoperative and early postoperative data, including uncorrected and best spectacle-corrected visual acuity and refraction, were collected retrospectively from 77 eyes of 47 patients who underwent LASIK for myopia of at least −9.00 diopters (D) performed with the VISX STAR S2 excimer laser in our hospital from 1999 to 2003. An additional examination with a satisfaction query was performed 2 to 5 years postoperatively.

Results:

After 2- to 5-year follow-up, 40% of eyes has a spherical equivalent refraction within 1.00 D of the original intended refraction, 70% within 2.00 D, and 91% within 3.00 D. Only one eye lost two Snellen lines of visual acuity, whereas three eyes gained two lines and the remainder had no significant change. Regression was mild but significant in the long-term, with mean spherical equivalent refraction being −1.21 D at 1 month, −1.82 D at 6 months, and −1.95 D at 2 to 5 years. Stability was similar in a subgroup of eyes followed for at least 4 years. Nine eyes had mild postoperative complications, which resolved without permanent consequences. All patients, except one, were very satisfied with the results and would have chosen the surgery again.

Conclusions:

With careful patient selection and safety precautions, LASIK is a safe alternative with moderate stability but limited predictability in the treatment of myopia of −9.00 to −17.00 D. [
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:195–200.]
Topical Bromfenac 0.09% vs Ketorolac 0.4% for the Control of Pain, Photophobia, and Discomfort Following PRK
Authors: Sher Neal A. , Golben Mikhail P. , Bond William , Trattler William B. , Tauber Shachar , Voirin Terry G.
Published: September 2019

Purpose:

To compare the efficacy of two topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs with regards to the control of pain, burning, photophobia, foreign body sensation, and epithelial healing rates in patients who underwent photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).

Methods:

Two hundred twelve eyes were randomized to receive topical postoperative ketorolac 0.4% four times daily (Acular LS, Allergan) or bromfenac 0.09% twice daily (Xibrom, ISTA Pharmaceuticals) in an open label trial. Patients having both eyes treated received ketorolac in one eye and bromfenac in the other. The epithelium was removed using the 8.4-mm Amoils brush (Innovative Excimer Solutions), and various laser beam platforms were permitted for the surgery. Investigated drugs were applied after a bandage contact lens (Acuvue Oasys, Johnson & Johnson Vision Care) was fitted. All patients received postoperative cold saline (balanced saline solution [BSS]), prednisolone acetate 1.0 % (Pred Forte, Allergan), gatifloxacin ophthalmic solution 0.3% (Zymar, Allergan), and in some cases, mitomycin C 0.02% (MMC). Patients recorded postoperative results for pain, photophobia, burning, and foreign-body sensation on a visual linear analog scale. During postoperative follow-up, the corneal epithelial defect was measured.

Results:

Two hundred twelve eyes from 149 patients were enrolled in the study. Of these eyes, 105 received bromfenac and 107 received ketorolac. No significant differences were noted in postoperative pain, burning, foreign-body sensation, and photophobia between the two drug populations at any time during the study or overall. There were no drug-related adverse events or differences in epithelial healing rates for either drug.

Conclusions:

No significant differences were observed between the use of bromfenac (twice daily) and ketorolac (four times daily) with regard to postoperative PRK discomfort and safety when combined with postoperative measures such as cold BSS and a bandage contact lens. [
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:214–220.]
Effect of LASIK and Contact Lens Corneal Refractive Therapy on Higher Order Aberrations and Contrast Sensitivity Function
Authors: Anera Rosario G. , Villa César , Jiménez José R. , Gutierrez Ramón
Published: September 2019

Purpose:

Corneal and total higher order eye aberrations and their effects on visual function were compared in two groups subjected to different emmetropization techniques—refractive surgery (LASIK) and corneal refractive therapy (CRT).

Methods:

Twenty eyes of 11 patients and 22 eyes of 13 patients were examined in the CRT and LASIK groups, respectively. Mesopic contrast sensitivity function (CSF) was studied monocularly and binocularly in the two groups of patients undergoing CRT and LASIK who had approximately the same mean refractive error. Corneal asphericity and corneal and total aberrations were calculated, and the differences were analyzed between groups. Visual acuity, corneal and total ocular aberrations, corneal asphericity, and mesopic CSF were determined before and 3 months after treatment.

Results:

In both groups, corneal and total higher order aberrations increased after treatment, and the change in some Zernike coefficients was significant. Mesopic CSF diminished after treatment under monocular as well as binocular conditions, with the greatest decline being found in the CRT group under binocular conditions. Corneal asphericity also increased significantly in both groups, which was more accentuated in the CRT group.

Conclusions:

Both emmetropization techniques increased higher order ocular aberrations, implying a decline in the mesopic CSF. The increase in aberrations and the consequent deterioration in visual function was more marked in the CRT group. [
J Refract Surg.
2009;25:277–284.]
Pentacam and Orbscan II Measurements of Posterior Corneal Elevation Before and After Photorefractive Keratectomy
Authors: Ha Byoung Jin , Kim Sun Woong , Kim Sang Woo , Kim Eung Kweon , Kim Tae-im
Published: September 2019

Purpose:

To compare the measurements of posterior corneal elevation above the best-fit sphere before and after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) using two different technologies—Scheimpflug imaging using Pentacam (Oculus) and scanning slit combined with Placido imaging using Orbscan II (Bausch & Lomb).

Methods:

In a retrospective observational case series study, 60 eyes measured using Orbscan II and Pentacam before or after PRK were evaluated. The data were analyzed as three groups: preoperative, early postoperative (from 1 to 3 months after surgery), and late postoperative (>3 months postoperatively but not exceeding 1 year). Anterior chamber depth, posterior best-fit float sphere, posterior central elevation (PCE) above the best-fit sphere, and posterior maximum elevation (PME) above the best-fit sphere in the 6.0-mm zone were analyzed.

Results:

Posterior central elevation and PME values measured using Orbscan II were greater than those measured using Pentacam (
P
<.001). Anterior chamber depth values measured using Orbscan II were smaller than those measured using Pentacam in all three groups (
P
<.001). Using Orbscan II, PCE and PME values for the two postoperative groups were greater than for the preoperative group. Using Pentacam, the PCE values for the three groups were similar, and the PME values for the preoperative and late postoperative groups were similar.

Conclusions:

These findings indicate that Orbscan II measurements of posterior corneal elevation before and after excimer laser refractive corneal surgery may not be valid. Pentacam measurement showed no significant change in posterior corneal elevation from before to after excimer laser corneal surgery. [
J Refract Surg
. 2009;25:290–295.]
Self-activation of slag-cements with glass waste powder
Authors: Trezza M. A. , Rahhal V. F.
Published: September 2019

The aim of this study is to evaluate the behavior of glass powder waste as alkaline activator of slag when both are used in blended cement. The slag blended cement was prepared with 70% slag, and then the slag was replaced with 10-20% glass powder by mass. The self-activation concept is here introduced. Ground glass releases alkalis through dissolution in a slow and sustained way over time. This would activate slag. Ground glass improves fluidity of mortars and the compressive strength overcomes dilution and increases with age due to the combined pozzolanic action of slag and glass. The proposed blended cement has better mechanical properties than slag-cement. The proposed blended cement has better mechanical properties than slag-cement and due to less use of slag, it becomes more sustainable and it contributes to waste management.
Closing the Distance in Distance Learning
Authors: Waltemeyer Shaunna , Cranmore Jeff
Published: September 2019

This chapter will outline various best practices to assist instructors in closing the distance for online students. Topics include the theory of transactional distance as well as creating an engaging learning environment and overall student satisfaction. Best practices include live conferencing, instant communication tools, effective feedback, group discussions, announcements and reminders, the ease of using an online learning platform, and establishing personal connections. This chapter also provides examples and practical applications for technology in the online learning environment.
Relationships in Online Learning Experiences
Authors: Emde Robyn J. , Doherty Erin Kathleen , Ellis Bradley ‘Scott' , Flynt Dina
Published: September 2019

A relationship is documented as a personal investment in another's life. Relationships add to learning environments as substantial to the growth of students. In an online learning environment, a relationship is defined by the mutual agreement between an educator and a learner in which expectations of increased knowledge gained through the education experience provided by the educator. It is evident that in an online environment it is vital to consistently evaluate in order to have the enrichment of relationships between student to professors and student to student. Research has shown that the creation of such environments results in a feeling of community and social presence for the students. Student satisfaction extends to the relationship students feel toward their professors. The strength of the student to professor relationship results in a key component in student retention. The method in which the relationships are established and built in an online environment are vital for student satisfaction and retention of students within a program of study.
A Framework for Student Engagement
Authors: Caldwell Desiree' , Cresswell-Yeager Tiffany J. , Aucoin Jennifer , Budenz Danielle
Published: September 2019

When teaching online, many instructors are provided with a master course that contains the learning materials, discussion forums, assignments, and assessments. With more higher education institutions opting to offer master course shells, it can be difficult for instructors to know how to incorporate their personality, experiences, and insights into a pre-designed course. Faculty who teach online may be searching for ideas on how to personalize their master course and increase student engagement. Many faculty express concerns about students who are disconnected. Personalization of master courses increases student engagement while allowing students and instructors to feel more connected during the course. The authors will explore best practices to increase student engagement and provide a framework to implement these strategies that assist online instructors in demonstrating their personalities and expertise in master courses.
Meaning Equivalence Reusable Learning Objects (MERLO) Access to Knowledge in Early Digital Era and Development of Pedagogy for Conceptual Thinking
Authors: Shafrir Uri
Published: September 2019

This chapter describes the effects of availability of digital knowledge on teaching, learning, and assessment, and the emergence of pedagogy for conceptual thinking with meaning equivalence in different knowledge domains in early digital era. It includes three proof-of-concept implementations of meaning equivalent reusable learning objects (MERLO) in three different contexts: 1) Course ‘Risk management in the Supply Chain' at Material and Manufacturing Ontario (MMO) Centre of Excellence, in 2002, to evaluate the potential of MERLO to assess and improve learning outcomes in workplace workshops to be offered jointly by MMO and University of Toronto Innovation Foundation; 2) in 2004, secondary school courses in mathematics, physics, and chemistry at Russian Academy of Sciences, Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, Lycee ‘Physical-Technical High School' at St. Petersburg, to train teachers in administering MERLO formative assessments and evaluate learning outcomes in STEM courses (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics); 3) in 2006, implementing MERLO pedagogy, including development of MERLO databases for grades 9 – 12 mathematics courses at Independent Learning Center (ILC) of TVOntario.
Teachers Involved in Designing MERLO Items
Authors: Robutti Ornella , Carante Paola , Prodromou Theodosia , Kenett Ron S.
Published: September 2019

This chapter looks at an in-depth application of meaning equivalence reusable learning objects (MERLO) to mathematics education and teacher professional development. The study has been conducted during professional development courses for in-service teachers and is focused on mathematics teachers' praxeologies, namely their didactical techniques and theoretical aspects embraced to accomplish a task. Specifically, the task given to the teachers consists in designing MERLO items to be used in their classrooms, working in groups or individually, after having been trained by researchers in mathematical education. The chapter presents two case studies with data, one dealing with secondary school teachers in Italy and one concerning primary teachers in Australia. One of the main aims of the study is the analysis of the praxeologies of these teachers when they are engaged in designing MERLO items during professional development programs. The chapter demonstrates, with these examples, the generalizability potential of MERLO items and that they can be used in different cultural and institutional ecosystems.
University L2 Learners' Voices and Experience in Making Use of Dictionary Apps in Mobile Assisted Language Learning (MALL)
Authors: Ma Qing
Published: September 2019

Language learners can now access language learning information anywhere and anytime with handheld mobile devices connected to unlimited online information. Searching the meaning of unknown language items encountered online may be the first step for language learning to take place. Making good use of e-dictionaries and dictionary apps is a key factor that affects learning efficiency. Using a survey questionnaire completed by more than 200 participants and examining both quantitative and qualitative data, this study investigated how Hong Kong university L2 learners make use of dictionary apps and probed into what dictionary functions they actually use and what functions they desire when they engage in MALL. Four categories of dictionary functions, including lexical information, extra resources, lexical tutors, and lexical tools, are used to describe all dictionary functions that students accessed or desired. The results show that dictionary apps have become essential tools for Hong Kong university students to learn an L2 as well as facilitate their academic studies; bilingual dictionaries with multiple functions and rich resources are meaning decoders that help students engage in learning both in their subject courses and English learning. Some discrepancies exist in learners' actual use and desired use of dictionary functions, which deserve the further attention of both app developers and language teachers to improve learners' efficiency of vocabulary learning. In addition, teachers play an important role in guiding students' lexical learning. Based on the findings, a framework for understanding Hong Kong university students' choice and use of dictionary apps is provided, based on which implications are offered and discussed.
The Mediating Role of Perceived Value in the Effect of Multi-Dimensional Risk in Mobile Banking
Authors: Pham Long , Williamson Stan , Mohebbi Cyrus , Nguyen Binh , Nguyen Hien
Published: September 2019

This study examines which risk factors contribute most to perceived risk in Vietnam's mobile banking environment; explores the relationships among perceived risk, perceived value and intention to use mobile banking in Vietnam's mobile banking environment; and investigates any mediating role perceived value may have in the relationship between perceived risk and intention to use mobile banking in Vietnam's mobile banking environment. A convenience sample of 403 respondents who were customers of one of the largest joint stock commercial banks in Vietnam was used. The results of this study indicated that perceived risk is negatively related to intention to use mobile banking; that perceived value is positively associated with intention to use mobile banking; that perceived risk is negatively related to perceived value; and that perceived value plays a partial mediating role in the relationship between perceived risk and intention to use mobile banking.
Factors Influencing the Adoption of Mobile Application Development Platforms
Authors: Daradkeh Mohammad Kamel , Sabbahein Haneen Ahmad Saleh
Published: September 2019

Mobile application development platforms (MADPs) vary in terms of their development capabilities and competency to fulfill the specific needs of organizations. Therefore, acknowledging the most appropriate MADP to adopt remains a challenging task for many organizations. Aiming to investigate the key factors of MADPs adoption in organizations, this study analyzed 1200 online evaluation reviews for six widely used MADPs posted by mobile applications developers. Based on the content analysis of online reviews, 26 factors emerged as significant contributors to the adoption decision of MADPs from the standpoint of developers. These factors were integrated into a conceptual framework of MADPs adoption based on the technology-organization-environment (TOE) framework. The results of this study indicate that in addition to the technological capabilities, the adoption decision of MADPs depends on several organizational and environmental factors. These results provide not only a theoretical foundation for further research on MADPs adoption but also offers actionable guidance for practical implementation.
Willingness to Use Electronic Revenue Collection System
Authors: Haruna Sulaiman , Kassim Normalini Md
Published: September 2019

The current study examines accounting staff willingness in state-owned tertiary institutions in Nigeria to use a e-revenue collection system. Specifically, e-collection training was employed as a moderating variable to explore its effect towards technology acceptance model (TAM). In accomplishing the above, a survey method was used by distributing a set of questionnaires to users of the e-collection system in nine state-owned tertiary institutions in Nigeria. The statistical results from the Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) analysis demonstrated that perceived usefulness, computer self-efficacy and attitude were all significant influences on the willingness to use. More so, e-collection training was found only to moderate the relationship between attitude and willingness to use. As such, it is recommended that the government needs to provide adequate training opportunities to encourage the use of technological devices among the accounting staff, most importantly, e-collection system training.
Research on Online Reservation Preference of Hotel Consumers Based on Joint Analysis Method
Authors: Meng Yi , Gao Yuan
Published: September 2019

With the rapid development of e-commerce, the online booking of hotel websites has become a very common way of booking. With a large number of tourists booking hotels online, with huge turnover, many online travel agencies pay more and more attention to the development, operation. and maintenance of the websites. For those online booking websites which provide hotel reservation information services, it is very important for their survival and development that they can satisfy customers, reduce their risk perception, and enhance their repeated purchase behavior in the process of hotel booking. Therefore, it is necessary to study the quality and operation efficiency of online hotel booking website. Based on the theory of consumer behavior, consumer preference, and product attributes, this article determines that the consumer preference for online hotel booking can be studied through consumer preferences for movie attributes. The basic theory of joint analysis method is studied, and the online reservation consumer preference theory is analyzed. Finally, a case study is carried out, and the results show that preferences of a consumer online reservation hotel can provide a favorable basis for making proper measurements.
A Hybrid Context Aware Recommender System with Combined Pre and Post-Filter Approach
Authors: Sharma Mugdha , Ahuja Laxmi , Kumar Vinay
Published: September 2019

The domain of context aware recommender approaches has made substantial advancement over the last decade, but many applications still do not include contextual information while providing recommendations. Contextual information is crucial for various application areas and should not be ignored. There are generally three algorithms which can be used to include context and those are: pre-filter approach, post-filter approach, and contextual modeling. Each of the algorithms has their own drawbacks. The proposed approach modifies the post filter approach to rectify its shortcomings and combines it with the pre-filter approach based on the importance of contextual attribute provided by the user. The results of experimental setup also demonstrate that the proposed system improves the precision and ranking of the recommendations provided to user. With the help of this hybrid approach, the proposed system eliminates the problem of sparsity which is present in the pre-filter algorithm, and has performance improvement over the traditional post-filter approach.
An Investigation of the Development of Shared Leadership on the Six Sigma Project Life Cycle
Authors: Galli Brian J , Kaviani Mohamad Amin , Bottani Eleonora , Murino Teresa
Published: September 2019

The purpose of this study is to map out the relationship between shared leadership (SL) and Six Sigma (6S) project lifecycle. More specifically, the impact of SL and team members' perceived challenges in each of the five phases of the DMAIC (define, measure, analyze, improve, and control) 6S methodology is studied. Furthermore, general organizational issues that affect both SL development and the 6S model are identified. The results demonstrate that several factors, namely, change management, communication, phase deliverables, coaching style, and decision-making methods, affect usage performance of SL throughout the phases. This study helps managers to look at the 6S projects from an SL perspective and shows how to manage the 6S project lifecycle more efficiently.
Impact of Stakeholders' Analysis on Organizational Performance
Authors: Agwu Edwin M.
Published: September 2019

Businesses have grown to the realization that no individual sector can make a significant, sustainable difference alone. Also, several studies have indicated the extensive use of stakeholder analysis within most organizations to improve their businesses. However, this depends on how well organizations can align and fulfill the needs of most if not all stakeholder concerns. This paper is based on a comparative case study of two organizations in the Nigeria financial sector in relation to their stakeholder management practices. The aim is to study the impact of stakeholder analysis on the performance of these selected organizations. The stakeholders of each organization were identified based on their respective mission and vision statements, including their core values and how their stakeholder management practices have impacted on each of their financials and social performances were also examined. The study confirms the importance of stakeholder analysis in the improvement of organization performance and also asserts that the achievement of an organization's set objectives is dependent on how well the organization can represent the interest of its key stakeholders. It was thus concluded that if an organization can align and fulfill the needs of all its stakeholders successfully, its performance can be improved significantly. It is recommended that management of organizations should not only ensure that their business activities are committed to addressing their stakeholder concerns and needs effectively, but must also be committed to the long-term survival of the organizational goals.