bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Longitudinal and Vertical Changes in Lake Estuarine Sediments
Authors: Amano Koji , Fukushima Takehiko
Published: May 2018

In order to obtain environmental information about lake water and watersheds, the vertical and longitudinal distributions of physical and chemical properties in lake sediments were investigated. The concentrations of several substances (e.g., nutrients, metals, and chemicals) in the sediments were determined at fifty sampling sites in sixteen shallow lakes in Japan. The vertical profiles of particle size, particle organic carbon, particle organic nitrogen, total phosphorus, some metals (Ti, Mn, Fe, Zn, and Cu), and LAS were analysed. Various sediment properties, such as the sedimentation conditions and the redox conditions, were related to the vertical profiles observed, and traces of historical changes in the water and watersheds were found in the sediments. Longitudinal changes in the sediments between the mouths of the rivers and the deepest points of the lakes were clearly observed, and it was expected that these changes would correlate with one of the estuarine characteristics since they reflect the spatial variation in average composition of the particulate matter and in the average water quality. Some significant relationships between the lake sediments and the lake or watershed type were observed, indicating the possibility that lake sediments may be one of the most important indices for understanding lake environments.
Study on Transport and Material Balance of Nutrients in Yamaguchi Estuary (Japan)
Authors: Ukita Masao , Nakanishi Hiroshi , Sekine Masahiko
Published: May 2018

The transport and material balance of nutrients in the Yamaguchi Estuary were studied using environmental impact assessment (EIA), in order to investigate the effects of the reclamation of tidal marshes. The main methods utilized were: 1. a topographical survey; 2. pollutant load analysis; 3. water sampling during one tidal cycle; 4. sediment quality analysis; 5. box model analysis of water quality; 6. modelling of the ecological system including fish.

The main results obtained were as follows: 1. after the reclamation of 348 ha, the volume of the estuary, tidal prism, and tidal marsh area decreased by 6.5%, 12%, and 11%, respectively; 2. pollutant loads have increased from 1.38 to 1.69 t/d for N and from 0.09 to 0.18 t/d for P; 3. upward transport of suspended solids (SS) was observed under fine weather conditions, especially in the summer; 4. sediments in marsh areas exhibited higher values of oxygen consumption rate and nutrient recycling rate; 5. the net settling velocity of SS in the river mouth area was 1 to 3 m/d; 6. most of the SS transported up the estuary seemed to be flocculent organic matter; 7. the results of the box ecosystem model simulation indicated that there will be a net input of fish from the open sea area.
Susceptibility of U.S. Estuaries to Pollution
Authors: Beasley E. L. , Hiller M. A. , Biggs R. B.
Published: May 2018

Utilizing data primarily from the U.S. Department of Commerce, both estuaries and watersheds for 78 U.S. systems are analyzed. Watersheds are classified according to total population and discrete subpopulations. The Vollenweider approach, which compares hydraulic loading to nutrient loading of lakes, is adapted to estuaries. By considering total population as a surrogate of point source nutrients, agricultural workers as a surrogate of non-point source toxics and nutrients and chemical + metal workers as a surrogate of point source toxics, we can estimate potential anthropogenic impacts on watersheds. When these surrogates are plotted against hydraulic loading, managers have a tool to identify estuaries most likely to be under greatest anthropogenic presaure. The estuaries with highest susceptibility from total population, as well as the estuaries with the the highest susceptibility to toxic stress, are identified. On a Vollenweider diagram, the phosphorous loadings of freshwater bodies are plotted as a function of hydraulic loading. The permissible-excessive phosphorous loadings have been both theoretically and empirically determined. We have replotted the freshwater data and added 33 U.S. estuary P loadings that were previously unavailable. Estuaries plot on the Vollenweider diagram as a continuum of fresh waterbodies, both in terms of hydraulic loading and phosphorus loading. Most estuaries appear to have permissible P loadings. Analysis of nutrient loading (normalized to hydraulic loading) versus water quality parameters like chlorophyll a indicates that estuaries are more efficient users of nutrients than are freshwater bodies, and that they reach a “nutrient saturation point”. Perhaps this is due to grazing or turbidity. It appears that, in general, the OECD eutrophication modeling approach is applicable to estuarine systems as well as lakes and impoundments.
Water Quality Management of the Hooghly Estuary – A Linear Programming Model
Authors: Bose S. K. , Ray P. , Dutta B. K.
Published: May 2018

Rapid and widespread deterioration of water quality in surface water systems has rendered mathematical modelling for predicting water quality indispensable especially in terms of bio-chemical oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) under various system parameters. Model output under a prescribed set of conditions indicates the degree of treatment necessary to make the waste load acceptable. It also analyses the consequences of changes in water quality objectives from a cost/benefit viewpoint. The most appropriate model in this regard would be the one which takes into account the cost of treatment plant installations and their locations. This paper proposes a linear programming model for water quality management of the Hooghly estuary. The linear objective function for the total cost of treatment at selected terminals has been expressed in terms of quantity of BOD removed. Computed data have been presented under reasonably wide range of parameters.
Some Studies to Reduce Sedimentation in a Port on a Tidal River
Authors: Müller K.-D. , Schwarze H.
Published: May 2018

Sedimentary material containing harmful substances dredged from seaports has become an increasing problem over the past few years. A main part of the sediment, mostly silt, contaminated with heavy metals, settles out in the region of harbour entrances. The reasons for this problem are explained.

For a huge harbour basin of the Port of Hamburg investigations in a physical model had been carried out to find measures for reducing the sediment intrusion into the harbour basin. The following shows possible reconstructions of the harbour entrance in consideration of the navigation and their expected influence on the sedimentation transport into the harbour basin.
Effect of Chelating Agents on the Growth of Blue-Green Algae and the Release of Geosmin
Authors: Miwa M. , Morizane K.
Published: May 2018

The effect of chelating agents on the growth of Anabaenamacrospora, a planktonic blue-green algae, and on its production of geosmin was studied.

When A.macrospora was cultured in CT medium containing EDTA (an artificial chelator), the maximum cell numbers were about 1×106 cells/ml. However, in an EDTA-free CT medium, the maximum cell numbers were a tenth of the normal growth level in the complete medium. In addition the chlorophyll-a content was reduced almost a fourth and the color of the algal cell bodies changed from green to yellow. These results showed that growth of this alga in a chelator-free medium was not healthy. At this time, though the geosmin content was constant and in the same range of 1.0-4.0×10−5 ng/cell as in the complete medium, the ratio of the extracellular geosmin concentration in the medium to the gross concentration was 2:10 to 3:10 and 2 to 3 times its normal level. It was considered that the deterioration of alga's physiological condition increased the release of geosmin to the medium. These results suggested that the extracellular concentration of geosmin produced by A.macrospora was affected by the alga's physiological condition. Finally EDTA can be substituted by humic acid. When this alga was grown in a medium containing humic acid instead of EDTA, the maximum cell numbers and the release ratio of geosmin was of the same level as in the case of the complete medium.
Estimation of Unbalanced Bacterial Growth in Inhibitory Environments by Physiological Assessment
Authors: Chohji Tetsuji
Published: May 2018

The kinetic response of bacterial growth to an inhibitor concentration and/or environmental temperature changes was investigated. Microorganisms have a physiological state which adapts to a given environment, and they need a process to transfer to a new physiological state when the environmental condition changes. As an index of the physiological state, the cellular mass at the time of the initiation of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication was chosen. From this viewpoint, a simple relation between the unbalanced growth behavior and the physiological state is proposed as being able to describe unbalanced growth under inhibitory and temperature changes. Applying this relation and using ethanol as an inhibitor, the calculated values of unbalanced growth after changes of ethanol concentration and/or temperature could simulate the experimental data with high accuracy. This method might also be applicable for forecasting profiles of unbalanced growth in environmental water or wastewater, which contains complex or unknown materials.
Dissimilative Iron Reduction by the Marine Eubacterium Alteromonas putrefaciens Strain 200
Authors: DiChristina Thomas J. , Arnold Robert G. , Lidstrom Mary E. , Hoffmann Michael R.
Published: May 2018

The ability of microorganisms to mediate the transformation of iron coupled with the participation of iron as a reactive redox species in natural waters and sediments has prompted recent speculation that such bacteria play an important role in such activities as global iron cycling, biologically induced mineral formation, and localized competition for available organic substrates. Microaerophilic soil bacteria dominate the list of microorganisms capable of iron reduction. However, screening experiments have shown that the marine eubacterium Alteromonas putrefaciens strain 200 is one of the most efficient iron reducers yet isolated. Respiratory inhibitor studies have suggested that a branched respiratory chain and two ferri-reductases (one constitutive and one induced by growth under microaerophilic conditions (2 µM O2)) are involved in iron reduction. Further complementary biochemical and genetic studies have concentrated on characterizing the components of the induced iron reduction system. Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) has been used to develop mutagenesis procedures for A.putrefaciens 200; under optimal conditions, the frequency of total auxotrophy for EMS-treated cultures is approximately 0.4%. Tests for specific auxotrophic requirements have indicated the presence of a complex distribution of loci required for biosynthetic pathways. Mutants in both high-rate and low-rate ferri-reductase activity have been identified via a newly developed technique for screening EMS-treated A.putrefaciens 200 cultures. Ferri-reductase-deficient mutants generated by these techniques have been shown to contain reduced cytochrome content. Preliminary results indicate that the broad host range cloning vector pVK100 (Inc P) is mobilizable into A.putrefaciens 200. Current work is aimed at construction of an A.putrefaciens 200 clone bank, and complementation of the ferri-reductase mutants.
Multiplication of a Klebsiella pneumoniae Strain in Water at Low Concentrations of Substrates
Authors: van der Kooij D. , Hijnen W. A. M.
Published: May 2018

A K.pneumoniae strain, isolated from a water treatment system, was tested in growth measurements for its ability to multiply at substrate concentrations of a few micrograms per liter. The organism multiplied on mixtures of carbohydrates and amino acids at a substrate concentration of 1 µg of C of each compound per liter. Tests with individual compounds revealed that especially carbohydrates were utilized at low concentrations. The Ks values obtained for maltose and maltopentaose were 53 µg of C/l and 114 µg of C per liter, respectively. The significance of the growth of K.pneumoniae at low substrate concentrations is discussed.
The Impact of a Chemostat Discharge Containing Oil Degrading Bacteria on the Biological Kinetics of a Refinery Activated Sludge Process
Authors: Wong A. D. , Goldsmith C. D.
Published: May 2018

The effect of discharging specific oil degrading bacteria from a chemostat to a refinery activated sludge process was determined biokinetically. Plant data for the kinetic evaluation of the waste treatment plant was collected before and during treatment. During treatment, the 500 gallon chemostatic growth chamber was operated on an eight hour hydraulic retention time, at a neutral pH, and was fed a mixture of refinery wastewater and simple sugars. The biokinetic constants k (days−1), Ks (mg/L), and K (L/mg-day) were determined before and after treatment by Monod and Lineweaver-Burk plots. Solids discharged and effluent organic concentrations were also evaluated against the mean cell retention time (MCRT). The maximum utilization rate, k, was found to increase from 0.47 to 0.95 days−1 during the operation of the chemostat. Subsequently, Ks increased from 141 to 556 mg/L. Effluent solids were shown to increase slightly with treatment. However, this was acceptable due to the polishing pond and the benefit of increased ability to accept shock loads of oily wastewater. The reason for the increased suspended solids in the effluent was most likely due to the continual addition of bacteria in exponential growth that were capable of responding to excess substrate. The effect of the chemostatic addition of specific microbial inocula to the refinery waste treatment plant has been to improve the overall organic removal capacity along with subsequent gains in plant stability.
Morphology, Physiology, and Nutrition of a Sulphur-Oxidizing Filamentous Organism Isolated from Activated Sludge
Authors: Kohno T.
Published: May 2018

A chief causative filamentous organism of sewage sludge bulking was examined in this study. The organism was very similar to 021N in many morphological and physiological features. Its filaments were Gram-negative, and had a thin fragile sheath-like structure outside the cells. All its isolates were oxidase-positive, but were positive or negative for catalase. The organism grew under strictly aerobic conditions, and grew well under slightly alkaline pH at temperatures of 20 – 30 °C. Good carbon sources were glucose, fructose, α-glycoside oligosaccharides of glucose and/or fructose, acetic acid, and β-hydroxybutylic acid. Ammonia was a good nitrogen source. This organism could utilize thiosulphate as an energy source, but failed to oxidize the compound when acetic acid was available in batch culture.
Development of Multi-Stage Reversing-Flow Bioreactor (MRB) for Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Takahashi M. , Kyosai S.
Published: May 2018

The Multi-stage Reversing-flow Bioreactor (MRB) which utilizes new biological interaction for organic substrate removal in wastewater has been developed. MRB has several stages, one stage consists of a downflow aeration vessel (AV) and an upflow biological reaction vessel (BV). Successful accumulation of self granulated sludge (SGS) can be achieved in BV. The biological interaction between sulfate reducing bacteria and sulfide oxidizing bacteria (Beggiatoa) is considered to contribute to SGS formation. The SGS is 2-10 mm in diameter and can be maintained in BV with upflow space velocity of 144 ro/day. Pilot plant study was conducted to demonstrate the performance of the MRB. The influent was municipal primary effluent. The total hydraulic retention time was 4.5 hours including the final solid-liquid separation in the last BV. The effluent quality was as fine as that of the conventional activated sludge process. The MRB has several advantages over the conventional biological wastewater treatment such as lower energy requirement, less sludge production, and no necessity for a final settling tank.
F-Specific RNA-Bacteriophages as Model Viruses in Water Hygiene: Ecological Aspects
Authors: Havelaar A. H. , Pot-Hogeboom W. M.
Published: May 2018

Model organisms can be used to detect the possible presence of pathogens (index-function) or to assess the performance of a treatment process (indicator-function). To evaluate the index-function of FRNA-phages their ecology was studied. These phages were shown to be absent from feces of humans, dogs, cows, horses and to occur in relatively low numbers only in feces of pigs and calves. High counts were obtained from feces of broiler chickens (103-107 pfu/g). In various types of wastewater, counts were usually between 103 and 104 pfu/ml. These high counts could not be explained by direct fecal input. Multiplication of FRNA-phages in the environment seemed unlikely because of the necessity of bacterial host-strains to bear F-pili. These are only produced at temperatures above 30°C. It was shown however, that multiplication of FRNA-phages can also occur if a host-cell pregrown at 37°C (e.g. in the warm-blooded intestine) is transferred to environmental temperatures. Hence, the presence of FRNA-phages in environmental samples is indirectly associated with fecal pollution
Floc-Load as It Relates to Enzymatic Transfer of Soluble Substrate and Sludge Bulking Control
Authors: Goronszy M. C. , Eckenfelder W. W.
Published: May 2018

Floc-load and enzymatic transfer of soluble substrate from a wastewater into microorganisms in an activated sludge floe are related. In the absence of other metabolic selectivity pressures, this rapid sequestering of available soluble organics is required for the avoidance of filamentous sludge bulking in various reactor configurations. The specific oxygen utilization rate response to floc-loading is a measure of the magnitude of the enzymatic transfer capacity of a biomass and can be used to determine its maximum sorptive capacity. During the transfer process the biomass Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content undergoes a rapid depletion for 20-30 minutes before increasing again. Relevant parameters associated with soluble substrate removal and floc-forming selectivity mechanisms are summarized.
The Sewage Treatment and Disposal Problem in Cyprus in the Absence of Sewerage Systems: Limassol Case Study – Evaluation of Compromise Solutions
Authors: Malikides E.
Published: May 2018

Due to lack of central sewerage systems in coastal towns of Cyprus, temporary measures have been imposed to protect health and environment. As a result sewage is treated in small biological plants serving individual residential units. Effectiveness of treatment methods employed were examined and the method of extended aeration has been proved to be the most suitable for Cyprus conditions. Design standards have to be modified taking into account Cyprus specific conditions, especially that of temperature. Statistical results from 54 small treatment plants operating in the town of Limassol showed that the vast majority of the plants failed to meet either performance standards in terms of BOD5, SS, or bacteriological requirements in terms of faecal coliforms. It was identified that the main reason for this was the lack of proper maintenance. The bacteriological quality of bathing waters has not been affected by temporary measures although many secondary problems have arisen from the operation of about 90 small treatment plants at Limassol town. The per capita cost of construction, operation and maintenance of this decentralized system has been proved extremely high compared with that of centralized system. Improvement of the situation, in the short term, includes reconsideration of temporary measures, modification of design standards relying on reliable and high efficiency treatment methods and rising of plants maintenance level. Radical solution of the problem is the construction of the central sewerage system.
Urease as a Possible Tracer for Sewage Effluent Plumes
Authors: Sadler R.
Published: May 2018

The suitability of sedimentary urease activity as a potential tracer for sewage outfall plumes has been examined. Enzyme activity is readily measured in the sediments by a relatively simple procedure and results may be obtained within a few hours of sampling. The results of urease measurements in areas around point source discharges were compared with bacteriological data for the same areas. Three areas were selected for study: a discharge of untreated sewage into a harbour, a discharge from a sewage treatment plant to a river and a discharge from a contaminated drain to a small beach. In all cases, positive correlation between the distribution of the two parameters was observed. Urease activity probably reflects the movement of soluble products from the outfall whereas E.coli represents the particulate phase of the discharge. Although further work will be required, urease activity does offer a potential alternative to E.coli for tracing plumes of faecal pollution.
Lake Tinaroo (Australia) – Towards a Management Plan
Authors: Souter W. D. , Flanders J. D.
Published: May 2018

Tinaroo Falls Dam provides a water supply for irrigated agricultural production, primarily tobacco, rice, tree and horticultural crops, near Mareeba in Far Northern Queensland.

The increasing popularity of Lake Tinaroo as a recreation and tourist venue is providing impetus for a management plan to be prepared for the lake. Urban and agricultural use of the catchment has caused a change in the trophic state of the lake.

The competing uses and emerging issues in relation to a sustainable, healthy lake are discussed.

The QWRC is desirous of establishing a management plan for the catchment. Progress in implementing such a plan is discussed.
Swimming Pools – Brief Outline of Water Treatment and Management
Authors: Powick D. E. J.
Published: May 2018

A brief history of the development of swimming pool water treatment and management has been discussed, applicable to both large and small pools. An outline of typical bathing loads and current methods of water treatment has been presented with particular emphasis being given to disinfection. Chlorine has been the traditional sole disinfectant used since the 1920's but alternatives are continually being sought. Chief amongst the alternatives to date has been ozone, used in conjunction with chlorine. Ozone acts as a powerful oxidiser and disinfectant but has little residual effect. Chlorine is therefore used to provide a residual in the pool. Current British trends in pool design and treatment have been noted.
The Importance of High Aesthetic Quality Potable Water in Tourist and Recreational Areas
Authors: Sly L. I. , Hodgkinson M. C. , Arunpairojana Vullapa
Published: May 2018

Tourists have high expectations of the living standards in tourist and recreational areas and are usually less tolerant of substandard services than are local residents. One of the most obvious services experienced by tourists is the drinking water quality. Whereas the microbiological quality of drinking water is usually well controlled with respect to public health risk, many communities experience problems with the aesthetic quality of their water supplies. Such problems include colour and turbidity, taste and odour, and overchlorination. In areas where raw water sources contain manganese and iron it is essential that these nuisance metals are treated out to low levels. Failure to do so results in the accumulation of metal oxides in biofilm or chemical coatings on the surfaces of water mains. When this material sloughs off, consumers receive “dirty water” which causes irreversible staining of laundry and recreational facilities such as swimming pools. Communities which rely on tourism as their major industry must pay serious attention to the treatment of their potable water or face the economic consequences of having a poor reputation. Current research on the relationship between manganese concentration and consumer acceptability has indicated that WHO and NHMRC recommended levels for manganese in drinking water are not sufficiently low to meet the high aesthetic quality requirements of water in tourist and recreational areas.
Assessment of the Impact of Land Use on Recreational Waters Using Mathematical Models
Authors: Bennett J. C.
Published: May 2018

Mathematical models were used to assist in quantifying the impact of changing land use on the recreational waters of Pumicestone Passage. Runoff, washoff, hydrodynamic and water quality models were firstly calibrated and then used to predict levels of dissolved oxygen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and E.coli in the Passage for two future land development scenarios. The models provided valuable tools for understanding the system response to non-point source pollutant loadings and assessing alternative scenarios. They indicated that planned development to the year 2000 would not result in significant water quality deterioration while extreme development is likely to do so to the extent of prejudicing some water uses.
Water, Health, Recreation and Tourism
Authors: Wade Alan
Published: May 2018

Tourists and holiday makers have a closer than “normal living” association with the water cycle. Tourists are particularly sensitive to the effects of changing water quality as almost any traveller can attest to.

In this paper, we will be looking not at drinking water but at the health effects of water-based recreational pursuits. These pursuits range from taking a spa to eating shellfish in a polluted estuary (Table 1). Attention will be drawn to the very substantial costs to the tourist industry of not paying attention to water quality problems. Water quality problems are often easily dealt with, so their continued existence can reflect badly on the leisure industries.TABLE 1Recreational WatersClosed or Controlled Recreational WatersSwimming pools, spas, slides, float tanks, wavepools and hydrotherapy pools.Open Recreational WatersBeaches, estuaries, lakes and streams.
Occurrence of Bacteriophages Infecting Bacteroides fragilis and Other Viruses in Polluted Marine Sediments
Authors: Jofre J. , Blasi M. , Bosch A. , Lucena F.
Published: May 2018

Numbers of B.fragilis bacteriophages in comparison to coliphages, enteroviruses and rotaviruses were evaluated by different methods in sediments of a coastal area near Barcelona which receives substantial amounts of pollution of domestic origin. Phages infecting B.fragilis should be eluted from sediments prior to their enumeration, in the same way as solid-associated animal viruses have to.Phages infecting B.fragilis were better eluted by glycine buffer at alkaline pH than by a caotropic agent (beef extract-sodium nitrate). Such differences between glycine buffer and sodium nitrate were not evident when enteroviruses and rotaviruses were eluted from sediments. This suggests that elution with glycine buffer is preferable for bacteriophages, while the use of caotropic agents is advisable for animal viruses, because of the simplicity of the methodology. In the studied area, coliphages were the more abundant viruses. Also, B.fragilis phages outnumbered rotaviruses and enteroviruses by a factor of more than ten. The ratios between phages active against B.fragilis and either enteroviruses or rotaviruses in marine sediments were similar to the ratios found in sewage, thus indicating that they have a similar fate.
Removal of Viruses from Tapwater by Fiberglass Filters Modified with a Combination of Cationic Polymers
Authors: Preston D. R. , Farrah S. R. , Bitton G.
Published: May 2018

This paper describes the development of an inexpensive electropositive filter capable of adsorbing enteroviruses from waters at pH 5 to 9. We have previously reported that electronegative microporous filters composed of epoxy-fiberglass (Filterite) treated with the cationic polymers polyethylenimine (PEI) and Nalco 7111 cationic polymer (Nalco) were found to adsorb a greater percentage of enteroviruses and indigenous bacteriophages from water than untreated filters (Preston etal. 1988). However, no single polymer treated filter was capable of adsorbing poliovirus type 1 from buffer pH 5, 7, and 9. When PEI and Nalco 7111 cationic polymer treated filters were combined as a series of different filters or on the same filter, Poliovirus-1 was subsequently removed from buffer at pH 5, 7, and 9. Filterite filters modified with a combination of PEI and Nalco polymers were found to adsorb echovirus type 1, echovirus type 5, coxsackievirus type B5, and poliovirus type 1 from tap water at least as well as Virasorb 1-MDS microporous filters.
The Occurrence of Enteric Viruses in Polluted Water, Correlation to Indicator Organisms and Factors Influencing their Numbers
Authors: Geldenhuys J. C. , Pretorius P. D.
Published: May 2018

Samples from a stream polluted with treated domestic effluent were examined for the presence of enteric viruses and indicator organisms viz. total and faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci and coliphages. Strong seasonal patterns in both the occurrence and number of enteric viruses, coliphages, and to a lesser extent faecal streptococci, were observed. The incidence of the highest and lowest number of enteric viruses and coliphages plotted on a time scale followed a sine curve as opposed to the variations of temperature which followed an inverted sine curve. Indications are that the survival of these organisms is inversely proportional to temperature with lower temperatures (below 13°C) being conducive to a slower die-off rate. The square of the correlation coefficient between the viral numbers and temperature was calculated at R2 = 0.4. This coefficient of determination only improved to R2 = 0.46 by combining data from other physical and physico-chemical and biological determinations. Temperature may be considered a useful aid in predicting the possible presence or absence of enteric viruses in raw water.

Of all the indicator organisms examined only results on coliphages behaved similar to that of enteric viruses and should therefore be considered the best biological indicator for viral behaviour under these circumstances.
Rapid, Specific Autoanalytical Method for the Simultaneous Detection of Total Coliforms and E. Coli from Drinking Water
Authors: Edberg S. C. , Allen M. J. , Smith D. B.
Published: May 2018

The Autoanalysis Colilert (AC) test is a modification of the defined substrate technology designed to enumerate specific target microbe(s) from a mixture of bacteria. The AC test simultaneously enumerates total coliforme and Escherichia coli directly from a water sample. A national United States evaluation of the method, covering a wide range of surface and subsurface water sources and water processing modalities, was conducted. The AC test was compared with Multiple Tube Fermentation (MTF) (quantitative) and presence-absence (P-A) (qualitative) Standard Methods procedures. The quantitative comparison showed that the AC test was slightly more sensitive than MTF. For two of the five sites it was more precise; for the other three it was equal. For the qualitative P-A the AC and Standard Methods analyses agreed 94%. Specificity of the AC method was established by subculturing a species of total coliform or E. coli from positives. The Autoanalysis Colilert method showed equivalent sensitivity and specificity to currently available standard methods.
Disinfection of Sewage Effluent with Peracetic Acid
Authors: Baldry M. G. C. , French M. S.
Published: May 2018

Novel products based on peracetic acid (PAA) have recently been developed for the disinfection of sewage and sewage effluents. The efficacy of such products has been assessed under both laboratory and operational conditions.

Comparative laboratory studies of the effects of peracetic acid, chlorine dioxide and chlorine on indicator bacteria in secondary sewage effluent have shown peracetic acid to be a viable alternative to these halogen biocides.

In a trial carried out at two small rural works, PAA was dosed into secondary effluent from either an activated sludge plant or a percolating filter bed prior to tertiary lagoon treatment. LOW levels of PAA greatly enhanced the natural decline in coliform levels across the lagoon, enabling much lower concentrations of bacteria to be discharged into the receiving streams.

In another trial, secondary effluent from an activated sludge plant was treated before discharge into a stream leading to the sea. Coliform concentrations were greatly reduced along the watercourse downstream from the plant.
Effect of Suspended Solids on Inactivation of Poliovirus and T2-Phage by Ozone
Authors: Kaneko Mitsumi
Published: May 2018

This study was conducted to quantify the effects of suspended solids on virus inactivation by ozone and to develop guidelines for ozone dosages in disinfection using poliovirus and T2-phage. The curve of virus count reduction could be divided into three phases: an initial large reduction which occurred within 30 seconds of contact between the viruses and ozone; a subsequent logarithmic reduction; and finally, a slow reduction in response to decreasing ozone concentrations. The reduction of the viruses by ozone is expressed well by the Collins-Selleck Model.

The presence of suspended solids significantly reduced the rate of virus inactivation. Using data obtained in this study, the model equation gives the following estimates: if 99.99% inactivation is required with a contact time of 5 minutes, an ozone residual of 0.6 mg/l is necessary when suspended solids are not present; with kaolin levels of 1 and 10 mg/l, ozone residuals of at least 0.9 and 3.7 mg/l, respectively, are necessary for 99.99% inactivation in 5 minutes. If more than 1 mg/l of an autoclaved activated sludge is added to the water, the commonly applied dose of ozone is not sufficient to produce more than a 4 log10 reduction in 5 minutes.
Viruses Isolated from Activated Sludges, 1984–1986
Authors: Nashida M. , Shimohara E. , Sugishima S. , Kaneko M.
Published: May 2018

In a 3-year survey of viruses in activated sludges from sewage treatment plants, during 1984-1986, enteroviruses (polio, coxsackie B and echo), adenoviruses and reoviruses have been detected. Viruses were eluted frctn sludges by the method using 3% beef extract (pH 9). Viruses (663 in total) were isolated from 276 samples tested. Of these samples, 266 (96%) were positive for one or more viruses. The number of viruses isolated could be identified as 104 polioviruses, 188 coxsackie B viruses, 65 echoviruses, 150 adenoviruses, 137 reoviruses and 19 unidentified viruses. Seasonal fluctuations of enteroviruses isolated were observed. The cell culture systems for isolation of viruses were BGM, Vero, FL, HeLa, primary African green monkey kidney and RD-18S (clone cell line of RD cells); BGM cells were useful for isolation of polioviruses and coxsackie B viruses; Vero cells were of use for isolation of reoviruses; RD-18S cells were useful for echoviruses; FL and HeLa cells could be effectively used for adenoviruses. Virus concentrations in sludges were assayed by the plaque method using BGM cells. Mean concentration values for enteroviruses were 1.4 and 7.4 pfu/ml for 1985 and 1986 respectively with ranges of 0.2-3.8 and 0.7-21.1 pfu/ml, respectively.
Rapid Detection of Poliovirus from Waters Using Monoclonal Antibodies
Authors: Sellwood Jane , Smith Lynn
Published: May 2018

Poliovirus is present in many types of water in the environment. A rapid detection method for the presence of Poliovirus could be relevant to water management. Virus components are present in cell culture from 6-18 hours after infection. The indirect immunofluorescent staining technique can be used to detect the components. Monoclonal antibodies may provide specific and sensitive reagents for this test. Two of over 50 mouse monoclonal antibodies screened were able to recognise and attach to Poliovirus 3 infected cells. The time at which fluorescence was detected was dependent on the initial virus concentration. These two monoclonals recognise ‘early' produced structural protein before its configuration into a mature capsid.
Microbiological Examination of Omi-Ebo Stream and Pipeborne Water Supply in Ile-Ife for Potability
Authors: Shonykan O. , Adekunle U. A. , Obiallor N. N.
Published: May 2018

The microbiological quality of a surface water source without any form of treatment and that of a selected treated pipe-borne water supply, all used for domestic purposes by the Ile-Ife community, were investigated to present baseline data on potability before the commencement of the new Ede water works. Water samples from Omi-ebo stream were taken from two types of sites viz: undisturbed surface water and agitated water from the stream edge and areas of decaying organic matter. The total bacterial count and coliform density of the agitated water were higher than those of the undisturbed surface water indicating that most of the micro-organisms are associated with decomposing organic matter. The coliform density (MPN method) and the total bacteria count showed gross faecal contamination of this water source. Isolation of E. coli type I and the presence of Clostridium melchii pointed to recent faecal and_remote pollution of this source. The presence of other heterotrophic bacteria with varying pigmentations was noted. The pipe-borne water samples indicated some degree of faecal pollution and did not meet the WHO standards for potable water. The baseline data suggest that the water supply sources io this community do not meet the acceptable standard. Efforts should be made by the local government to facilitate the completion of the Ede water works in order to fulfill the primary healthcare objective of providing an adequate potable water supply to the Ile-Ife community.
Investigation of an Innovative Technology for Oil-Field Brine Treatment
Authors: Mišković D. , Dalmacija B. , Hain Z. , Karlović E. , Marić S. , Uzelac N.
Published: May 2018

Various aspects of an innovative technology for oil field brine treatment were investigated on a laboratory scale. The both free and dispersed oily matter were separated by gravitation and sedimentation. Apart from the physico-chemical oil removal process, special attention was paid to different variants of improved microbiological treatment: dilution with fresh water and application of powdered activated carbon (PAC). Advanced treatment was carried out on granular biological activated carbon (GBAC). A technological scheme for complete treatment was proposed.
Production of Protein for Animal Feed Stuff Using Organic Wastewaters from Wine Distilleries
Authors: Wetter C. , Poeppinghaus K. , Morais H. , Dias M. , Mendes B. , Santana F. , Oliveira J. F. S.
Published: May 2018

In the course of a German-Portuguese research project, the possibilities of protein production from wine distillation wastewaters have been investigated. The method used is a single stage aeration system preceded by sedimentation. The process is characterized by good pollution removal efficiency and a high production of biosludge of high quality for animal feed stuff. The project can be regarded as promising.
Outflows of Organic Halide Precursors from Forest Regions
Authors: Saito S. , Hattori K. , Okumura T.
Published: May 2018

Outflows of organic halide precursors (OXPs) from forest regions were studied in relation to water quality monitoring in the Yodo River basin. Firstly, the contribution of outflows from forest regions relative to the total was roughly estimated. Then equations for flows of these substances were formulated, divided into four different subflow categories: precipitation; throughfall; surface soil layer; and, deep soil layer. Finally, annual outflow loads were calculated for a test forest area.
An Anaerobic Fixed Bed Reactor with a Porous Ceramic Carrier
Authors: Kawase Mitsuo , Nomura Tadashi , Majima Tsuyoshi
Published: May 2018

To date, a large number of studies on anaerobic fixed bed reactors have been reported, but there have been few studies on the application of this technology to thermophilic anaerobic treatment. One of the reasons for the small number of applications is the difficulty of attaching thermophilic anaerobic organisms to carriers. The study reported in this paper was conducted to examine the thermophilic treatment performance of an anaerobic fixed bed reactor containing a porous ceramic carrier (‘microbe immobilized ceramic', MIC) developed for the immobilization of anaerobic organisms. When boiled soybean wastewater (55,000 mg/l COD) was treated anaerobically at a high temperature (54°C) in a reactor where 31% of the volume was filled with the MIC carrier, it was found that highly loaded operation with up to 65 kg COD/m3/d was possible. The COD load per unit area of carrier surface under these operational conditions reached 0.397 kg COD/m3/d, and the performance of the reactor was excellent. Stable anaerobic treatment was achieved when the COD loading rate fluctuated from 26 to 51 kg COD/m3/d.
Treatment of Landfill Leachate with an Upflow Anaerobic Reactor Combining a Sludge Bed and a Filter
Authors: Chang Juu-En
Published: May 2018

The operational characteristics, efficiency of treatment of landfill leachate, and recovery of energy in a laboratory scale hybrid bioreactor were investigated. The reactor was a continuous upflow system combining a sludge bed and a filter and was operated at 35°C. This modified anaerobic sludge bed filter (SBF) reactor was found to provide efficient treatment of the organic constituents of the leachate. Removal of soluble COD was greater than 92% at organic loading rates less than 13 kg COD/m3/d, and removal decreased to 70% with an organic loading rate of 21.77 kg COD/m3/d. A solids balance indicated that 0.041 g volatile suspended solids (VSS) were produced per gram of COD removed. The removal of sulfate and soluble Fe was as high as 90% and 96.9%, respectively. An accumulation of Fe was observed. When the influent concentration of total Fe ranged from 160 to 515 mg/l, the total Fe concentration in the sludge was as high as 7,100 mg/l after a 185 day period of operation. The sulfate loading of the system affected energy recovery. When the sulfate loading rate increased from 102 to 683 mg/l/d, energy recovery decreased from 90% to 52%. The biogas conversion factor for methane was 0.31 1 at STP per gram of COD removed.
Characterization, Digestibility and Anaerobic Treatment of Leachates from Old and Young Landfills
Authors: Méndez R. , Lema J. M. , Blázquez R. , Pan M. , Forjan C.
Published: May 2018

We have evaluated the utility of applying anaerobic digestion treatment to the leachates from two landfill sites receiving solid urban refuse from populations of similar standards of living. Both tips are located in the same area and have very similar climates, but they differ as regards the length of time they have been operated. The leachates from the older tip have much lower levels of organic load, 40% of which was refractory to the anaerobic digestion treatment applied. The digestibility of leachates was studied by using a semicontinuous suspended sludge system.It was possible to remove up to 65% of the soluble COD of leachates from the young tip by means of an anaerobic filter working at HRTs less than 2 days. This system proved to be highly stable when its operating conditions were subjected to perturbations similar to those likely to be suffered by a full-scale plant.
Influence of Seeding Conditions on Initial Biofilm Development during the Startup of Anaerobic Fluidized Bed Reactors
Authors: Ehlinger F. , Audic J. M. , Faup G. M.
Published: May 2018

The characterization of the biofilm of an anaerobic fluidized-bed reactor was completed under standard conditions. The distribution of the fixed protein concentration depended on the level in the reactor. The protein concentration reached 1520 µg.g−1 of support at the top of the reactor and only 1200 µg.g−1 at the bottom after 504 hours of operation but the specific activity of the biofilm was 33×10−4 µM acetate.h−1.mg−1 proteins at the bottom and only 26×10−4 µM.h−1.mg−1 at the top. The efficiency of a fluidized bed reactor and the composition of the biofilm changed with an increase of the pH from 7 to 8.5 during the seeding of the support material. Future development of the biofilm and the specific activity of the support were affected.
Full-Scale Studies with an Anaerobic/Aerobic RBC Unit Treating Brewery Wastewater
Authors: Ware A. J. , Pescod M. B.
Published: May 2018

A full-scale combined anaerobic random packed-cage and aerobic disc rotating biological contactor was operated under fluctuating organic loading rates treating a brewery wastewater. The robustness of the combined system in coping with greatly fluctuating influent COD's and pH 's is demonstrated. Excessive turbulence along with the variable operating conditions are identified as the major reasons for the failure to establish a significant anaerobic biofilm attached to the media. The importance of suspended sludge and its retention within the anaerobic RBC is demonstrated by the changing biological population in the suspended solids.
Effects on Soil and Crops of Irrigation with Primary and Secondary Effluents
Authors: Marecos do Monte H. , Silva e Sousa M. , Silva Neves A.
Published: May 2018

The results of two years of experiments about irrigation of sorghum, maize and sunflower with municipal wastewater treated by primary sedimentation and high-rate biofiltration are described. Control plots were irrigated with potable water and given commercial fertilizers. Identical crop yields were obtained for the three treatments,which leads to the conclusion that the nitrogen content of wastewater can replace the nitrogen from commercial fertilizers; subsequent fertilizer savings ranged from US$67/ha up to US$184/ha. No significant crop composition changes were noticed. Soil contamination was negligible at harvest.
Particle Destabilization in Turbulent Pipe Flow
Authors: Döll B.
Published: May 2018

Silica suspensions (pH = 6.8) and three different cationic polymers were used to study the kinetics of charge neutralization by polyelectrolyte adsorption. The experiments were performed in a continuous flow pipe reactor under steady state turbulent flow conditions. The charge neutralization was monitored by electrophoretic mobility (EPM) measurements of the suspended particles as a function of time after polyelectrolyte audition. The results show the dependency of the destabilization reaction rate on flow and polymer characteristics.
Estimating Adsorption Equilibria of Phenolics on Synthetic Resins from the Polar and Nonpolar Properties of the Molecule
Authors: Groff K. A. , Kim B. R. , Gould J. P.
Published: May 2018

The adsorption of aromatic compounds on synthetic resins from aqueous solution was studied in order to develop a methodology by which adsorption equilibria, in a single- solute system, can be predicted from the physical-chemical properties of a compound of interest, and the adsorption isotherm of a reference compound.

To develop this methodology, physical properties of 13 substituted phenols were described by linear free energy relationships (LFER) (Hammett polar constant and molar attractive constant) and were correlated with parameters in the Freundlich adsorption isotherm.

The methodology was tested using data extracted from the literature and was found to be able to predict adsorption equilibria within a median percent deviation between the experimental and predicted data of 35.73%.
Effect of Wastes Quality on Treatment Efficiency with Duckweed
Authors: Oron Gideon , Willers Hans
Published: May 2018

Outdoor experiments with Lemnagibba (a duckweed species) grown in mini-ponds were conducted for several months during summer 1986. Duckweed was grown on two different types of wastes: (a) Digested sludge after an anaerobic phase of the settled fraction of domestic sewage mixed with the supernatant (experiment A); and (b) supernatant of domestic sewage at three different salinity levels defined by electrical conductivity (EC) (control, 4.0 dS/m and 6.6 dS/m) (experiment B).

The results indicate that duckweed can grow well on a mixture of digested sludge and supernatant. Dry yield (experiment A) was in the range of 10 to 15 g/m2 per day with a protein content close to 30 percent. Effluent quality meets agricultural irrigation criteria. Duckweed growth on saline waste was mostly negatively affected when the electrical conductivity of the influent exceeded 4 dS/m.