bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
143 A Youth-Led Digital Education Intervention to Improve Blood Pressure for Adults Who Present to the Emergency Department with Hypertension
Authors: Heinert Sara , Escalante Victoria , Chen Annie , Penugonda Ananya , Crabtree Benjamin , Greene Kathryn , Heckman Carolyn , Ohman-Strickland Pamela , Hudson Shawna
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: To describe a study to develop, test, and collect implementation data on a youth-led hypertension (HTN) education digital intervention that acts as an electronic tool to guide youth through learning and then teaching adults on how to achieve better HTN control. Adults with uncontrolled HTN are recruited from a New Jersey emergency department (ED). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Adults with HTN and youth (15-18 years) participate in a remote user-centered design session focus group to provide input in the development of the youth-led HTN education digital intervention. 100 adult ED patients with uncontrolled HTN (blood pressure (BP) â‰¥130/80 mm Hg) who live with a youth (15-18 years) and the youth themselves are recruited for a randomized control trial (RCT). The adult-youth dyad is randomized to one of two arms, each a 6-week program with youth earning a digital badge: 1) intervention- youth-led HTN education with the adult, or 2) control- youth learn life skills (such as job readiness/resume building). Implementation metrics are collected through a post-intervention survey and qualitative interviews on the digital badge intervention including acceptability, feasibility, and fidelity. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We completed two youth focus groups (total of 8 participants) and data collection is ongoing. Youth have shown great interest in the intervention prototype and thought their peers would find it acceptable. They suggested additions to nutrition education activities, such as adding a sodium tracker and examples of high sodium foods. For the RCT, the primary study outcome is adult BP change (from baseline to 1 week and 2-months post-intervention), with secondary outcomes of HTN knowledge and youth self-efficacy. We anticipate that intervention arm adults will have a more significant decrease in BP than control arm adults. We also expect that HTN knowledge and youth self-efficacy will be higher for the intervention arm. Implementation data collected will allow for improvements to future renditions of the intervention. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Bringing health education home while simultaneously empowering youth is an innovative technology-driven model for improving BP for patients with uncontrolled HTN who may lack access to care. Outcomes of this project will result in a scalable and easily adoptable model to reach an otherwise difficult to reach adult population.
146 Health equity approach to statewide outreach to under-resourced communities during COVID
Authors: AuYoung Mona , Espinosa Patricia Rodriguez , Chen Wei-ting , Juturu Preeti , De Trinidad Young Maria-Elena , Casillas Alejandra , Adkins-Jackson Paris , Hopfer Suellen , Hopfer Suellen , Alo Audrey Kawaiopua , Vargas Roberto A. , Brown Arleen F.
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Despite a disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on minority and under-resourced communities, nearly all COVID-19 resources have only been online in English. A statewide coalition of community and academic partners used community-engaged strategies to provide tailored outreach to diverse populations. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The STOP COVID-19 CA statewide team had a workgroup focused on communications. Members of this group represented different sectors, racial/ethnic groups, disciplines, and regions across the state. They had regular meetings to discuss and strategize how to overcome the impact of historic and structural racism on access to COVID-19 resources, including testing, vaccines, and protective equipment. The team also shared regular updates about changes in community concerns and needs as well as new, tailored resources. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Together, the team has been able to reach diverse populations across the state, including providing information about COVID-19 in multiple languages and formats, from radio to virtual town halls to local health fairs. The multiple sites also increased access to vaccines and testing through trusted community leaders and locations, including church-based locations to bringing vaccines and testing directly to workplaces. These community pop-up vaccination sites have helped to vaccinate large numbers of diverse populations, some of whom were initially unsure about getting the vaccine, which has helped to reduce the gaps in community vaccination rates by race/ethnicity. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This network of community-engaged strategies utilized for rapid COVID-19 response could also be used to for responses to future public health emergencies, addressing chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes, hypertension), or even other complex issues that affect society and health (e.g., climate change).
147 Transition Across Care Boundaries: Opportunities to Improve Medication Safety for Children with Medical Complexity
Authors: Abebe Ephrem , Wiehe Sarah , Holden Richard J.
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Children with medical complexity (CMC) experience frequent transitions of care (e.g., hospital to home) and are at increased risk for medication-related harm. This study aimed to identify transition-related medication safety barriers experienced by family caregivers, as they shoulder most of the caregiving responsibility following discharge. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We conducted semi-structured qualitative research interviews of 6 family caregivers and 10 healthcare professionals with roles assisting families during hospital discharge. Interviews focused on identifying key stages of the hospital-to-home transition period as well as medication-related tasks, decisions, and contexts. Transcribed audio interviews and research meeting notes were content analyzed to develop journey maps visually depicting key phases of the families experiences managing medication at home and their decision points and unmet needs. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Journey mapping identified key decision points, medication management needs, and way points navigated by family caregivers during the hospital-to-home transition. Findings were salient for each phase of the family journey: 1) initial admission/intra-unit transfer; 2) in-patient care; 3) peri-discharge planning; 4) discharge; 5) immediate post discharge period (we termed post-discharge configuration); and 6) period of ongoing tasks and needs. Illustrative examples will be presented and discussed. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Family caregivers of CMC have needs that evolve throughout the medication use journey, suggesting a need for interventions that account for the time variant nature of this work. Findings lay a foundation for the next step of our study which aims to develop a prototype medication safety intervention that will be evaluated with family caregivers.
150 Engagement to Reduce COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy - The Value of Investments In Long Term Community Relationships
Authors: Nease Donald , Tamez Montelle , Barrientos-Ortiz Charlene , Fisher Mary , Brewer Sarah , Zittleman Linda
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The Colorado Community Engagement Alliance Against COVID-19 Disparities (CO-CEAL) Team has worked with 5 racial/ethnic communities in Colorado to understand COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and develop messages, materials and dissemination strategies to impact vaccine hesitancy. Relationships have been key facilitators of this work. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: CO-CEAL was funded for one year as a part of the national CEAL Teams effort. CO-CEAL engaged urban Hispanic/LatinX, rural Hispanic/LatinX, urban African/American, rural African Immigrant and urban American Indian/Alaska Native communities through Community Connectors in each community. Our Community Connectors led recruitment of community members for our community survey data collection (goal of 200 surveys from each community) and participation in our 5 Community (Boot Camp) Translations. Where possible we worked with Community Connectors and leveraged community relationships with whom we had worked over multiple years and projects. In two communities we worked to quickly build and establish new relationships with Community Connectors and their communities. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The rapid nature of the CO-CEAL project, its timeline and the unusual nature of the funding mechanism required adaptations to usual ways of working on both the academic and community side.In our CO-CEAL partner communities where there was a history of working together, concerns, possible barriers and other issues tended to be rapidly addressed. The prior existing, long-standing relationships fostered trust that enabled open airing of concerns and an ability to address issues as they arose. In CO-CEAL partner communities where new relationships were being forged, trust needed to be build from the ground up. This made adaptations more challenging and the ability to address concerns and issues as they arose more problematic. Although the work has moved forward in all communities, extra care has been required in some. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: When crises necessitate rapid action in communities, the depth of prior investments in building and maintaining relationships makes a difference in how rapidly and successfully partners can work together to address a crisis like the COVID-19 pandemic. Funders and Academic researchers should invest broadly in communities to enable rapid responses.
154 Development and Validation of a Survey Measuring Over-the-counter Medication Protection Motivation
Authors: Reddy Apoorva , Chui Michelle
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: A major barrier to older adult (65+) over-the-counter (OTC) safety is the lack of actionable research on factors affecting older adult decisions during OTC selection. This goal of this study is to develop and validate a survey instrument based on the Protection Motivation Theory to measure older adults perceived risk of OTCs. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The 24-item OTC Protection Motivation survey underwent revision using a consult from the UW Survey Center as well as rigorous cognitive interviewing and pilot testing with 8 older adults. It was administered to 103 community-dwelling older adults. OTC misuse data was gathered from 15 of the participants. OTC misuse evaluated by three pharmacy experts on the basis of OTC appropriateness given participants age, existing conditions, concurrent medication use, and intention to adhere to label guidelines. Multivariate linear regression was used to examine the relationship between OTC misuse and protection motivation. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to determine a model of best fit to describe the factor structure of the OTC Protection Motivation survey. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The EFA yielded a 5-factor model of protection motivation, which included the components of deliberative risk perception, a combination of experiential and affective risk perception, threat severity, protective behavior intent, and perceived efficacy in protective behavior engagement. The EFA-based item reduction resulted in a final 18-item OTC Protection Motivation survey. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Older adults, who have the lowest health literacy levels, are responsible for 30% of OTC medication use and 61.5% of emergency department visits due to adverse drug events. This study is the first to characterize the relationship of OTC protection motivation and OTC misuse to inform patient-centered interventions for older adult OTC safety.
167 Implementing a Community Researcher IRB Certification Through a Community-Engaged Approach
Authors: Ott Mary , Lynch Dustin , Claxton Gina
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: A collaboration among Indiana CTSI community health partnerships (CHeP), bioethics, and regulatory programs identified and reviewed human research protection training programs targeting community engaged research, and pilot tested CIRTification with community partners working across a range of contexts. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We searched community human research protection training programs from across the county, identified three, examined each based upon criteria identified by community partners (time, relevance, online delivery) and our Human Research Protection Program (HRPP), and selected CIRTification (CIRT) to pilot. Ten community research partners volunteered to complete CIRT and a debriefing interview. Four completed CITI training previously. Participants included local and state-wide organizations, a resident, a state agency, and a hospital, and came from rural and urban communities. Interviews covered practical issues (ease of use, language, time), relevance, and comparison to CITI. Results were shared with HRPP for approval. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Most felt CIRT was easy to navigate and engaging, and those who had done CITI felt CIRT was more relevant and engaging. The sections on historical background and recruitment were cited as most valuable. Suggestions were made to increase the diversity of examples beyond health care research. Community members mentioned several applications for CIRT including: (1) helping their own community work; (2) empowering them to be an advocate; (3) referring others to CIRT; (4) influencing approaches to recruitment and community engagement; and (5) applying ethics principles to their other community work. The Human Research Protection Program approved CIRT in place of CITI for community researchers. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Our process represents collaboration across the Indiana CTSI, HRPP and community partners, and use of best practices. Exemplifying “nothing about us without us”, actions were based on direct input from community partners, with the goal of decreasing barriers to engaging communities in research.
172 Factors affecting rural residents willingness to share personal data for COVID-19 contact tracing
Authors: McCormick Jennifer B , Hopkins Margaret , Lehman Erik B , Green Michael J
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The goal of this study was to examine the attitudes of central Pennsylvania rural residents toward data sharing in the setting of the COVID-19 pandemic. We determined their willingness to provide cell phone data and personal information to public health staff investigating COVID-19 cases, as well as their concerns about sharing this information. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We used the electronic medical records of an academic healthcare institution in central Pennsylvania to obtain names and addresses of patients who had visited an outpatient clinic or been an inpatient within the prior three years, were 18 years or older, and who resided in a community defined as rural by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The survey included four statements about contact tracing, three statements about intent to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, and validated scales for general trust and for distrust in healthcare organizations. All study variables were summarized to determine their distributions, and bivariate binomial logistic regression was conducted. A multivariable model including all of the independent variables was then fit for each outcome variable. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The response rate was 19.5%. 95 % of respondents were white, 56% were female, and nearly two-thirds were older than 60 years. Binomial logistic regression showed that both distrust in healthcare organizations and political values influenced respondents willingness to share information with contact tracers as well as their concerns about sharing. In multivariate analysis, political values were a consistent predicator of willingness to share and concerns about sharing. Respondents who indicated that they wanted to get vaccinated as soon as possible were significantly more likely than those who did not want to be vaccinated to be willing to share their cell phone location data and personal data. Conversely, they were less likely to be concerned with these data being shared without their permission. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Understanding rural residents concerns about sharing personal information is critical if we are to develop successful strategies for lessening the impact of COVID-19 and managing future pandemics. This study is a first step in eliciting such concerns in the context of COVID-19and has implications for directing a successful pandemic response.
174 Developing Strategies to Address Health Disparities For First Generation Regenerative Medicine Treatments
Authors: Addani Mohamed , Master Zubin
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The objective of this research is to begin documenting barriers to regenerative care to proactively address issues of accessibility and determine and implement interventions in anticipation of equitable care. We will explore the accessibility of Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) for the treatment of knee osteoarthritis (Knee OA) METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: This research has two components. First, retrospective chart analysis using electronic databases to gather factors such as sex, race, ethnicity, disease severity, price, insurance, and treatments. Second. Prospective survey to gather the information (income, employment, education level) that are not found in the chart. Patients with knee OA conditions who received standard care will be compared to knee OA patients who received the novel PRP treatment. Statistical prediction modeling will be employed to determine the probability of receiving novel regenerative PRP treatment based on gathered explanatory variables. Our sample size is about 1000 patients per group (PRP group vs standard care group). Patients are from the three Mayo sites (Rochester, Arizona, Florida) as well as Detroit Medical Center. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Our preliminary analysis shows that only a homogenous of patients (white) are receiving the novel PRP regenerative care to treat knee OA even though African Americans suffer from knee OA at a much greater rate. However, we still don’t know what is the main driver of this homogeneity. We anticipate that insurance coverage and out-of-pocket cost of care for PRP to be a huge barrier. Also, we are anticipating the lack of knowledge about PRP and its level 1 meta-analysis efficacy, as well as physician bias for not recommending PRP to certain underrepresented populations could play a role as well. We plan to order the level of influence of each barrier for each sex, race, and ethnicity, so intervention can be personalized and targeted for each population of interest. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Almost half of Americans live with at least one chronic medical condition and regenerative medicine holds tremendous promise to address many disease categories. To design any intervention to increase access requires knowledge about barriers in regenerative care, which is why this research is very critical now before the wide implementation of care.
185 Stroke and COVID Population: A Health Equity Analysis
Authors: Assefa Ethan , Hutcherson Esau , Apatira Suliah , Milton Dahnielle , Javaid Rehan , Brown Don , Sharma Suchetha , Loomba Johanna
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Observational studies suggest unequal effects of COVID-19 on the population of the U.S. distinguished by race and ethnicity. Our primary research question: what are the demographic differences among patients identified with concurrent ischemic stroke and COVID-19 positivity? METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The National Covid Cohort Collaboration (N3C) data was used to identify patients with concurrent COVID-19 and stroke, operationally defined as those with a COVID diagnosis and inpatient admission for ischemic stroke 1 week before or 6 weeks after their COVID diagnosis. The data was further age restricted (18-65 years) and a categorical variable was created representing payer plans (Medicaid, Medicare, Other insurance). Data on patients race/ethnicity, comorbidities, treatments administered (Remdesivir and ECMO) and insurance information was analyzed using various exploratory data methods and visualizations. Logistic regression was implemented to model the relationship between variables (dependent/independent) in the cohorts. Model complexity was analyzed using the F test of significance. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Taken as a whole, the data contained over 7 billion rows and around 6.4 million persons (~ 2.15 million of whom were COVID+). The main cohort of individuals with concurrent COVID positivity and ischemic stroke made up around 0.29% of the original COVID+ group, and the payer plan sub-cohort consists of around 29.26% of our main cohort. Black/African American (AA) and the Hispanic/Latino any Race have younger distributions (median ~ 65 years), while the White Non-Hispanic group has the oldest distribution (median ~ 70 years). Black/AA had the highest average number of comorbidities per patient (4.49), compared to white non-Hispanic (3.39) and Asian non-Hispanic (2.59). In our analysis, Medicaid patients had lower odds of obtaining ECMO (p < .01), there was no significant difference in Remdesivir treatment. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: We found the N3C data to be useful in studying a distinct group of patients, and exploring COVID-19 and ischemic stroke treatment across patients’ race/ethnicity identities and insurance status. Our exploratory analysis provides a foundation for further insight into demographic trends and discrepancies in apportionment of treatment.
196 Assessment of Learning Modules Promoting Team Science Practices to the Translational Scientist
Authors: Ragon Bart , Hernandez Belinda , Novicoff Wendy M. , Given Morgan , Bradshaw Catherine P.
Published: April 2022

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: The overarching objective is to assess the value of promoting team science practices across a diverse clinical translational science community through the development of learning modules. We aim to share lessons learned to help inform best practices for CTSA hubs interested in promoting team science. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We recently created a series of self-paced learning modules focused on the science of team science, which include a variety of text and multimedia content. A preliminary assessment was conducted to determine the perceived value of six video team science Learning Shots and to identify areas for improvement. Significant content revisions are underway based on respondent feedback. In early 2022, a follow up survey will solicit feedback from a larger sample of researchers to reassess the learning modules and to ensure that desired improvements were achieved. We will incorporate continuous improvement cycles to gather future feedback, track improvements, and identify potential future direction for new content. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The preliminary assessment identified the most effective aspects of the modules to be the variety and knowledge of speakers, diversity of topics, organization of the content, and appropriateness of length. Least effective aspects included a desire for more information in some content areas and not enough focus on the challenges of team science for junior faculty. Suggested areas for improvement include a desire for supplemental descriptive text, links to tools that enable teams to be productive, and additional examples from researchers. The follow up study is expected to yield more detailed information on the impacts of the improvements and the overall effectiveness of the modules. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: This project provides insights for CTSA Hubs interested in promoting team science and best practices when developing learning modules. Results contribute to what is known about researchers interest in learning about team science and the effectiveness of using online formats for delivery.
A greedy data collection scheme for linear dynamical systems
Authors: Cherifi Karim , Goyal Pawan , Benner Peter
Published: April 2022

Mathematical models are essential to analyze and understand the dynamics of complex systems. Recently, data-driven methodologies have gotten a lot of attention which is leveraged by advancements in sensor technology. However, the quality of obtained data plays a vital role in learning a good and reliable model. Therefore, in this paper, we propose an efficient heuristic methodology to collect data both in the frequency domain and the time domain, aiming at having more information gained from limited experimental data than equidistant points. In the frequency domain, the interpolation points are restricted to the imaginary axis as the transfer function can be estimated easily on the imaginary axis. The efficiency of the proposed methodology is illustrated by means of several examples, and its robustness in the presence of noisy data is shown.
Reducing ventriculoperitoneal shunt infection with intraoperative glove removal
Authors: Walek Konrad W. , Rajski Michal , Sastry Rahul A. , Mermel Leonard A.
Published: April 2022

Background:

Contamination of ventriculoperitoneal shunts (VPS) by cutaneous flora, particularly coagulase-negative staphylococci, is a common cause of shunt infection and failure, leading to prolonged hospital stay, higher costs of care, and poor outcomes. Glove contamination may occur during VPS insertion, increasing risk of such infections.

Methods:

We performed a systematic search of the PubMed database for studies published January 1, 1970, through August 31, 2021 that documented VPS infection rates before and after implementing a practice of double gloving with change or removal of the outer glove immediately prior to shunt insertion.

Results:

Among 272 reports screened, 4 were eligible for review based on our inclusion criteria. The incidence of VPS infection was reduced in all 4 quasi-experimental studies with an aggregate incidence of VPS infection of 11.8% before the change in intraoperative protocol and 4.9% after protocol change. One study documented reduced hospital stay with this change in protocol.

Conclusion:

The risk of VPS infection is reduced by removal or replacement of the outer surgical gloves immediately prior to intraoperative insertion of a VPS as part of an infection control bundle.
De palacios a mausoleos: Nuevas evidencias e interpretaciones sobre los accesos de los conjuntos amurallados de Chan Chan, Perú
Authors: Gayoso Rullier Henry L. , Gamarra Carranza Nadia V.
Published: April 2022

En este artículo se describe y analiza los últimos hallazgos realizados durante la investigación del conjunto amurallado Gran Chimú, en la ciudad de Chan Chan, capital del reino de Chimo (900-1470 dC), en la costa norte de Perú. Después de analizar las características arquitectónicas de las entradas y la presencia de hornacinas con estatuillas de madera en Gran Chimú y en otros conjuntos de Chan Chan, planteamos que las hornacinas y estatuas son adiciones arquitectónicas tardías. Proponemos que los personajes representados están asociados con los rituales funerarios y el culto al ancestro representado por la momia del rey. A partir de ello, reforzamos la idea de los conjuntos amurallados como palacios que se trasforman en mausoleos reales a la muerte de los reyes chimúes.
Place Relations of Mobile People: National and Local Identification of Highly Skilled Migrants in Wrocław, Poland
Authors: Bielewska Agnieszka
Published: April 2022

This article discusses the difference between the construction of national and local identifications related to the new place of residence. It shows that local identification is more inclusive than national, and therefore may be a key to strengthening social cohesion. National and local identities can both be seen as forms of place identification (i.e., of spatial or territorial identity). The article builds on qualitative research on highly skilled migrants living in Wrocław, Poland. The empirical data shows that these migrants would rather obtain a city identification and call themselves Wrocławianie (inhabitants of Wrocław), and do not want, or only partially want, Polish national identity. Living in and experiencing Wrocław makes them feel like insiders, while experiencing Poland positions them as outsiders. While national identity is built around the difference between “us” and “them”, local identity focuses on gaining knowledge about the particularity of a place and therefore allows for acceptance of heterogeneity and is easier for migrants to obtain.
Asymptotic behaviour in a doubly haptotactic cross-diffusion model for oncolytic virotherapy
Authors: Wang Yifu , Xu Chi
Published: April 2022

This paper considers a model for oncolytic virotherapy given by the doubly haptotactic cross-diffusion system
\[ \left\{\begin{array}{@{}ll} u_t=D_u\Delta u-\xi_u\nabla\cdot(u\nabla v)+\mu_u u(1-u)-\rho uz,\\ v_t={-} (\alpha_u u+\alpha_w w)v,\\ w_t=D_w\Delta w-\xi_w\nabla\cdot(w\nabla v)- w+\rho uz,\\ z_t=D_z\Delta z-\delta_z z- \rho uz+\beta w, \end{array}\right. \]with positive parameters $D_u,D_w,D_z,\xi _u,\xi _w,\delta _z,\rho$, $\alpha _u,\alpha _w,\mu _u,\beta$. When posed under no-flux boundary conditions in a smoothly bounded domain $\Omega \subset {\mathbb {R}}^{2}$, and along with initial conditions involving suitably regular data, the global existence of classical solution to this system was asserted in Tao and Winkler (2020, J. Differ. Equ. 268, 4973–4997). Based on the suitable quasi-Lyapunov functional, it is shown that when the virus replication rate $\beta <1$, the global classical solution $(u,v,w,z)$ is uniformly bounded and exponentially stabilizes to the constant equilibrium $(1, 0, 0, 0)$ in the topology $(L^{\infty }(\Omega ))^{4}$ as $t\rightarrow \infty$.
ACCELERATOR MASS SPECTROMETRY DATING OF MEADOWCROFT ROCKSHELTER MAIZE
Authors: Hart John P , Adovasio J M
Published: April 2022

The Meadowcroft Rockshelter in southwestern Pennsylvania is best known for its pre-Clovis occupation. Potentially important for later times is the recovery of maize macrobotanical remains from higher strata dating as early as the 4th century BC based on radiometric radiocarbon (14C) dates on wood charcoal. These remains have been considered to be potentially as old as the earliest microbotanical evidence for maize in Michigan, New York and Québec recovered from directly dated charred cooking residues adhering to pottery. The results of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dating 17 samples from maize specimens from all Meadowcroft strata producing maize, indicate that the specimens originated from historical use of the shelter, most likely after AD 1800. These results further emphasize the need to obtain direct dates on maize macrobotanical remains recovered from early contexts prior to the development and common use of AMS dating.
ON FINE SELMER GROUPS AND SIGNED SELMER GROUPS OF ELLIPTIC MODULAR FORMS
Authors: LEI ANTONIO , LIM MENG FAI
Published: April 2022

Letfbe an elliptic modular form andpan odd prime that is coprime to the level off. We study the link between divisors of the characteristic ideal of thep-primary fine Selmer group offover the cyclotomic$\mathbb {Z}_p$extension of$\mathbb {Q}$and the greatest common divisor of signed Selmer groups attached tofdefined using the theory of Wach modules. One of the key ingredients of our proof is a generalisation of a result of Wingberg on the structure of fine Selmer groups of abelian varieties with supersingular reduction atpto the context of modular forms.
Phenotypic plasticity, genetic structure and systematic position ofNeoechinorhynchus emyditoidesFisher, 1960 (Acanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae): a parasite of emydid turtles from the Nearctic and Neotropical regions
Authors: Sereno-Uribe Ana Lucia , López-Jiménez Alejandra , González-García Marcelo Tonatiuh , Pinacho-Pinacho Carlos Daniel , Macip Ríos Rodrigo , García-Varela Martín
Published: April 2022

The taxonomy of the 10 recognizedNeoechinorhynchusspecies associated with emydid turtles is complex due to the morphological conservatism. In the present study, specimens ofN. emyditoidesfrom northern and southeastern Mexico exhibit great phenotypic plasticity on its diagnostic characteristics. We sequenced three molecular markers: the internal transcribed spacers ITS1, ITS2 and 5.8S gene, the D2 + D3 domains of the large subunit from nuclear DNA and cytochromecoxidase subunit I (cox1) from mitochondrial DNA. Sequences of the nuclear molecular markers were aligned and compared with other congeneric species associated with emydids available in GenBank. Phylogenetic analyses supported the polyphyly ofNeoechinorhynchus. The species from emydids formed a clade, which was subdivided into five subclades that correspond with each species analysed (N. pseudemydis,N. chrysemydis,N. emydis,N. schmidtiandN. emyditoides). To understand better the genetic structure ofN. emyditoidesa haplotype network was inferred with 29cox1sequences, revealing the presence of 13 haplotypes, two of which were shared and 11 were unique. The high values of fixation index,Fst(0.4227–0.8925) detected between the two populations from southeastern and the two from northern Mexico indicated low genetic flow among the populations. Our data suggest that theNeoechinorhynchusspecies associated with emydid turtles diversified in the eastern USA and that ofN. emyditoidesexpanded its distribution range reached southeastern Mexico.
AN ANALYSIS OF THE ‘CLOSED HARBOURS’ IN STRABO'S GEOGRAPHY: BACKGROUND, NATURE AND MEANING OF THE EXPRESSION
Authors: Mauro Chiara Maria
Published: April 2022

The expression λιμὴν κλειστός appears 29 times in ancient Greek literary sources; however, it has prompted four different interpretations and three possible English translations. As a contribution to the ongoing discussion of the expression's meaning, this paper analyses its appearances in Strabo's Geography; this work, with its nine references, is, in fact, the source in which it appears second most often. In particular, focus will be placed upon two issues: the extent to which the expression is employed consistently in the Geography and its possible origin; and what meaning(s) – if any – can be assigned to it. To gain further insight into the expression's meaning(s), the aforementioned cases of ‘closed harbours’ will be compared with the available archaeological and geomorphological evidence.
Moving ‘out’ to be ‘in’: the suburbanization of London Jewry, 1900–1939
Authors: Ewence Hannah
Published: April 2022

Between 1900 and 1939, Jewish Londoners departed the East End for the suburbs. Relocation, however, was not always the result of individual agency. Many Jews became the object of institutional strategies to coerce and persuade them to disperse away from inner-city areas. Simultaneous to this was the emergence of a dominant pro-suburban rhetoric within and beyond Jewish cultural circles, which aimed to raise aspirations towards middle-class lifestyles. This striking suburban ‘urge’ amongst London Jewry, managed by the community's elite institutions and leaders, was far more than a phenomenon running parallel to wider British society. As this article argues, it was a decisive response to an insidious culture of intolerance and antisemitism.
Radiographic and histologic characterisation of white matter injury in a sheep model of CHD
Authors: Lawrence Kendall M. , Radaelli Enrico , McGovern Patrick E. , Licht Daniel J. , Davey Marcus G. , Flake Alan W. , Gaynor J. William , Vossough Arastoo
Published: April 2022

Nearly one in five children with CHD is born with white matter injury that can be recognised on postnatal MRI by the presence of T1 hyperintense lesions. This pattern of white matter injury is known to portend poor neurodevelopmental outcomes, but the exact aetiology and histologic characterisation of these lesions have never been described. A fetal sheep was cannulated at gestational age 110 days onto a pumpless extracorporeal oxygenator via the umbilical vessels and supported in a fluid environment for 14.5 days. The fetus was supported under hypoxic conditions (mean oxygen delivery 16 ml/kg/day) to simulate the in utero conditions of CHD. At necropsy, the brain was fixed, imaged with MRI, and then stained to histologically identify areas of injury. Under hypoxemic in utero conditions, the fetus developed a T1 hyperintense lesion in its right frontal lobe. Histologically, this lesion was characterised by microvascular proliferation and astrocytosis without gliosis. These findings may provide valuable insight into the aetiology of white matter injury in neonates with CHD.
Enacting a depoliticised alterity: law and traditional medicine at the World Health Organization
Authors: Ashworth Michael , Cloatre Emilie
Published: April 2022

This paper interrogates the depoliticising effects of a seemingly neutral regulatory drive at the heart of the World Health Organization (WHO)'s promotion of traditional medicine. Emerging at WHO in the late 1960s against a political backdrop of decolonisation and pan-Africanism, traditional medicine has continued to be promoted in subsequent decades, culminating in the latest global Traditional Medicine Strategy (2014 to 2023). Yet WHO's promotion and acceptance of traditional medicine have also become increasingly conditional upon its standardisation and regulation – something that appears fundamentally at odds with traditional medicine's heterogeneity. Drawing on insights from critical law and science and technology studies, we suggest that such a process at WHO has done more than simply disqualify the toxic and the dangerous. Rather, it has implicitly and explicitly marginalised and excluded those aspects of traditional medicine that deviate from scientific, biomedical ways of seeing, knowing and organising.
Preventing the mental health consequences of war in refugee populations
Authors: Barbui Corrado , Purgato Marianna , Acarturk Ceren , Churchill Rachel , Cuijpers Pim , Koesters Markus , Sijbrandij Marit , Välimäki Maritta , Wancata Johannes , White Ross G.
Published: April 2022

The refugee experience is associated with several potentially traumatic events that increase the risk of developing mental health consequences, including worsening of subjective wellbeing and quality of life, and risk of developing mental disorders. Here we present actions that countries hosting forcibly displaced refugees may implement to decrease exposure to potentially traumatic stressors, enhance subjective wellbeing and prevent the onset of mental disorders. A first set of actions refers to the development of reception conditions aiming to decrease exposure to post-migration stressors, and a second set of actions refers to the implementation of evidence-based psychological interventions aimed at reducing stress, preventing the development of mental disorders and enhancing subjective wellbeing.
Effects of Substrate Composition and Subsurface Fluid Pathways on the Geochemistry of Seafloor Hydrothermal Deposits at the Lucky Strike Vent Field, Mid‐Atlantic Ridge
Authors: Sánchez‐Mora Dennis , Jamieson John , Cannat Mathilde , Escartín Javier , Barreyre Thibaut
Published: April 2022

The Lucky Strike vent field, located on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge (MAR), is hosted on enriched mid‐ocean ridge basalt associated with the nearby Azores hotspot. In this study, we present bulk rock geochemistry coupled with in situ sulfur isotope analysis of hydrothermal samples from Lucky Strike. We assess the geological controls on the differences in the major and trace element content and sulfur isotopic composition of the hydrothermal deposits within the vent field. The hydrothermal deposits contain elevated concentrations of elements typically enriched in mid‐ocean basalt (E‐MORB), such as Mo, Ba, and Sr, compared to typical values for other hydrothermal deposits hosted on the MAR. The range in sulfur isotope compositions of hydrothermal marcasite and chalcopyrite (−2.5 to 8.7‰) is similar to the range recorded at other sediment‐free basalt‐hosted seafloor hydrothermal sites. However, at Lucky Strike, the Capelinhos vent, situated 1.4 km east of the main field, is enriched in 34S (by ∼3.5‰ for both marcasite and chalcopyrite), relative to the main field. This difference reflects contrasting subseafloor fluid/rock interactions at these two sites, including subseafloor sulfide precipitation at the main field that results in <20% of reduced sulfur within the upwelling hydrothermal fluid reaching the seafloor. We also compare the geochemistry of the hydrothermal deposits at Lucky Strike to other hydrothermal sites along the MAR and show that the average hydrothermal deposit Ba/Co is useful to discriminate between E‐MORB and other mafic/ultramafic hosted deposits.
NASA GEOS Composition Forecast Modeling System GEOS‐CF v1.0: Stratospheric Composition
Authors: Knowland K. E. , Keller C. A. , Wales P. A. , Wargan K. , Coy L. , Johnson M. S. , Liu J. , Lucchesi R. A. , Eastham S. D. , Fleming E. , Liang Q. , Leblanc T. , Livesey N. J. , Walker K. A. , Ott L. E. , Pawson S.
Published: April 2022

The NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) Composition Forecast (GEOS‐CF) provides recent estimates and 5‐day forecasts of atmospheric composition to the public in near‐real time. To do this, the GEOS Earth system model is coupled with the GEOS‐Chem tropospheric‐stratospheric unified chemistry extension (UCX) to represent composition from the surface to the top of the GEOS atmosphere (0.01 hPa). The GEOS‐CF system is described, including updates made to the GEOS‐Chem UCX mechanism within GEOS‐CF for improved representation of stratospheric chemistry. Comparisons are made against balloon, lidar, and satellite observations for stratospheric composition, including measurements of ozone (O3) and important nitrogen and chlorine species related to stratospheric O3 recovery. The GEOS‐CF nudges the stratospheric O3 toward the GEOS Forward Processing (GEOS FP) assimilated O3 product; as a result the stratospheric O3 in the GEOS‐CF historical estimate agrees well with observations. During abnormal dynamical and chemical environments such as the 2020 polar vortexes, the GEOS‐CF O3 forecasts are more realistic than GEOS FP O3 forecasts because of the inclusion of the complex GEOS‐Chem UCX stratospheric chemistry. Overall, the spatial patterns of the GEOS‐CF simulated concentrations of stratospheric composition agree well with satellite observations. However, there are notable biases—such as low NOx and HNO3 in the polar regions and generally low HCl throughout the stratosphere—and future improvements to the chemistry mechanism and emissions are discussed. GEOS‐CF is a new tool for the research community and instrument teams observing trace gases in the stratosphere and troposphere, providing near‐real‐time three‐dimensional gridded information on atmospheric composition.
The Impact of Horizontal Resolution on Projected Sea‐Level Rise Along US East Continental Shelf With the Community Earth System Model
Authors: Li Dapeng , Chang Ping , Yeager Stephen G. , Danabasoglu Gokhan , Castruccio Frederic S. , Small Justin , Wang Hong , Zhang Qiuying , Gopal Abishek
Published: April 2022

The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report lists sea‐level rise as one of the major future climate challenges. Based on pre‐industrial and historical‐and‐future climate simulations with the Community Earth System Model, we analyze the projected sea‐level rise in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean with two sets of simulations at different horizontal resolutions. Compared with observations, the low resolution (LR) model simulated Gulf Stream does not separate from the shore but flows northward along the entire coast, causing large biases in regional dynamic sea level (DSL). The high resolution (HR) model improves the Gulf Stream representation and reduces biases in regional DSL. Under the RCP8.5 future climate scenario, LR projects a DSL trend of 1.5–2 mm/yr along the northeast continental shelf (north of 40° N), which is 2–3 times the trend projected by HR. Along the southeast shelf (south of 35° N), HR projects a DSL trend of 0.5–1 mm/yr while the DSL trend in LR is statistically insignificant. The different spatial patterns of DSL changes are attributable to the different Gulf Stream reductions in response to a weakening Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. Due to its poor representation of the Gulf Stream, LR projects larger (smaller) current decreases along the north (south) east continental slope compared to HR. This leads to larger (smaller) trends of DSL rise along the north (south) east shelf in LR than in HR. The results of this study suggest that the better resolved ocean circulations in HR can have significant impacts on regional DSL simulations and projections.
A Novel Fusion Method for Generating Surface Soil Moisture Data With High Accuracy, High Spatial Resolution, and High Spatio‐Temporal Continuity
Authors: Huang Shuzhe , Zhang Xiang , Chen Nengcheng , Ma Hongliang , Fu Peng , Dong Jianzhi , Gu Xihui , Nam Won‐Ho , Xu Lei , Rab Gerhard , Niyogi Dev
Published: April 2022

Surface soil moisture (SSM) has a considerable impact on land‐atmosphere exchanges of water and energy fluxes. However, due to the inherent deficiencies of remotely sensed data (e.g., cloud contamination in thermal remote sensing and coarse resolutions for microwave remote sensing), none of the current algorithms alone can provide daily and seamless field‐scale (30 m) SSM information. To fill the gap, we proposed a novel SSM fusion framework to Generate high Resolution, Accurate, Seamless data using Point‐Surface fusion (GRASPS) based on remotely sensed, reanalysis, and in‐situ data sets. First, 30 m seamless continuous SSM correlated variables (land surface temperature, NDVI, and albedo) were downscaled by enhanced spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model. Then, downscaled auxiliary variables and other background variables were input into a deep learning model to produce 30 m daily and seamless SSM fields. To further improve the SSM estimation accuracy, a pixel classification‐based bias correction method was developed. The GRASPS method was validated over an in situ soil moisture sensor network (HOAL network) in Austria. The average Pearson correlation coefficient, root mean square error (RMSE), unbiased RMSE (ubRMSE), bias, and mean absolute error (MAE) over all validation sites achieved 0.78, 0.048, 0.033, −0.001, and 0.041 , respectively. After bias correction, RMSE, ubRMSE, bias, and MAE decreased by 13%, 7%, 22%, and 18%, respectively. The proposed method maximizes the potential of data fusion and deep learning in generating field‐scale seamless SSM, which is promising for fine‐scale studies and applications in agricultural, hydrological, and environmental domains.
Exploring Predictive Uncertainty at a Double‐Source Managed Aquifer Recharge Site via Stochastic Modeling
Authors: Rudnik G. , Rabinovich A. , Siebner H. , Katz Y. , Kurtzman D.
Published: April 2022

In Menashe Streams managed aquifer recharge (MAR) site (Israel) desalinated seawater (DSW) is recharged since 2015, alongside ephemeral stream flows. This study quantifies the uncertainty of predictions of the mixing of these two water sources in the aquifer. Mixing estimations are based on the significant difference in the content of stable water isotopes between the water sources. Uncertainties driven from aquifer heterogeneity and climate variability are compared. We use realistic flow and isotope‐transport models in a multiple‐realization stochastic approach considering space and time for the two drivers of uncertainty. Predictive uncertainty is evaluated via comparison of the temporal coefficient of variation of four realization ensembles. Results show that the impact of subsurface structure uncertainty on the predictions is small, compared to the uncertainty resulting from variability related to future hydrometeorological conditions. A generalized conclusion from this result is the difficulty to make long‐term predictions of the mixing ratios, regardless of the level of certainty in the subsurface structure interpretation, when one source of recharge water has significant annual fluctuations. Implication on prediction of magnesium concentration is demonstrated as an example for prediction uncertainty of concentration of a solute of interest in one of the MAR sources. Furthermore, we show that considering a single source MAR site, uncertainty in mixing of the MAR water and native groundwater in wells upgradient of the recharge location is higher than prediction uncertainty in wells located downgradient. Insights are also drawn regarding the change in uncertainty with distance from the recharge pond of the DSW.