bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measurement of infection efficiency of a major wheat pathogen using time‐resolved imaging of disease progress
Authors: Karisto P. , Dora S. , Mikaberidze A.
Published: August 2018

Infection efficiency is a key epidemiological parameter that determines the proportion of pathogen spores able to infect and cause lesions once they have landed on a susceptible plant tissue. In this study, an improved method to measure infection efficiency of Zymoseptoria tritici using a replicated greenhouse experiment is presented. Zymoseptoria tritici is a fungal pathogen that infects wheat leaves and causes septoria tritici blotch (STB), a major disease of wheat worldwide. A novel experimental setup was devised, where living wheat leaves were attached to metal plates, allowing for time‐resolved imaging of disease progress in planta. Because lesions were continuously appearing, expanding and merging during the period of up to 3 weeks, daily measurements were necessary for accurate counting of lesions. Reference membranes were also used to characterize the density and spatial distribution of spores inoculated onto leaf surfaces. In this way, the relationship between the number of lesions and the number of viable spores deposited on the leaves was captured and an infection efficiency of about 4% was estimated from the slope of this relationship. This study provides a proof of principle for accurate and reliable measurement of infection efficiency of Z. tritici. The method opens opportunities for determining the genetic basis of the component of quantitative resistance that suppresses infection efficiency. This knowledge would improve breeding for quantitative resistance against STB, a control measure considered more durable than deployment of major resistance genes.
Time‐frequency approaches to investigating changes in feedback processing during childhood and adolescence
Authors: Bowers M. E. , Buzzell G. A. , Bernat E. M. , Fox N. A. , Barker T. V.
Published: August 2018

Processing feedback from the environment is an essential function during development to adapt behavior in advantageous ways. One measure of feedback processing, the feedback negativity (FN), is an ERP observed following the presentation of feedback. Findings detailing developmental changes in the FN have been mixed, possibly due to limitations in traditional ERP measurement methods. Recent work shows that both theta and delta frequency activity contribute to the FN; utilizing time‐frequency methods to measure change in power and phase in these frequency bands may provide more accurate representation of feedback processing development in childhood and adolescence. We employ time‐frequency power and intertrial phase synchrony measures, in addition to conventional time‐domain ERP methods, to examine the development of feedback processing in the theta (4–7 Hz) and delta (.1–3 Hz) bands throughout adolescence. A sample of 54 female participants (8–17 years old) completed a gambling task while EEG was recorded. As expected, time‐domain ERP amplitudes showed no association with age. In contrast, significant effects were observed for the time‐frequency measures, with theta power decreasing with age and delta power increasing with age. For intertrial phase synchrony, delta synchrony increased with age, while age‐related changes in theta synchrony differed for gains and losses. Collectively, these findings highlight the importance of considering time‐frequency dynamics when exploring how the processing of feedback develops through late childhood and adolescence. In particular, the role of delta band activity and theta synchrony appear central to understanding age‐related changes in the neural response to feedback.
Geology and Skarn Cu–Bi–Au Mineralization at Shwe Min Bon Area, Kalaw Township, Southern Shan State, Myanmar
Authors: Sint Nyein N. , Yonezu Kotaro , Tindell Thomas , Aye May T. , Win Htay , Imai Akira , Watanabe Koichiro
Published: August 2018

The Shwe Min Bon Cu–Au skarn deposit lies within one of the largest Au–Cu belts in Myanmar. The deposit is situated along the Shan scarp zone, which marks the boundary between the Myanmar central basin to the west and the Shan plateau to the east. The Shwe Min Bon deposit comprises skarn‐type metasomatic alteration, and the Cu–Au mineralization occurs along the contact face between the Nwabangyi Dolomite and Shweminbon Formation and the Cretaceous dioritic rocks. The metasomatic process resulted in pro‐ and retrograde mineral assemblages in exoskarn. Hydrothermal activities in the Shwe Min Bon deposit are classified into prograde, retrograde stage I, and retrograde stage II. The prograde skarn is classified into a proximal garnet skarn with minor clinopyroxene and a distal wollastonite skarn. Chlorite, epidote, and tremolite–actinolite were formed during the retrograde stage I. Cu–Au mineralization mainly occurred in retrograde stage I, which was characterized by moderate temperatures (260–320 °C) and fluid with a moderate salinity (5.0–6.0% NaCl equiv.). Low temperature (180–200 °C) and low salinity (2.0–3.0% NaCl equiv.) were responsible for retrograde stage II. Au mineralization is mainly associated with chalcopyrite and tennantite in retrograde stage I and with tellurobismuthite in retrograde stage II.
Do big countries always win a tariff war? A reappraisal
Authors: Kilolo Jean‐Marc Malambwe
Published: August 2018

In their seminal paper, Kennan and Riezman () show that a “sufficiently” big country is better off under a tariff war compared to free trade. This prediction derived in a setting where market power stems from differences in factor endowments, is somehow puzzling, as the majority of free trade agreements notified to the GATT/WTO are initiated by large rather than small economies. To resolve this puzzle, I use a modified version of the Kennan and Riezman () model to show that the outcomes of a tariff war depend not only on countries’ endowment sizes, but also on consumption requirements. In particular, free trade benefits two asymmetric countries if the subsistence level of consumption in the large country is sufficiently higher than in the small country. In addition, free trade between symmetric countries may harm the country with a lower subsistence level of consumption. The theoretical framework presented in this paper supports the idea that even small countries enjoy some market power and thus helps understand why large economies seek free trade in natural resources with smaller commercial partners.
Examining Patterns of Change in the Acquired Capability for Suicide Among Eating Disorder Patients
Authors: Velkoff Elizabeth A. , Smith April R.
Published: August 2018

Objective

Several models of suicidal behavior posit that, to transition from suicidal ideation to attempting suicide, individuals must have an acquired capability for suicide (ACS), comprised of fearlessness about death (FAD) and pain tolerance. ACS is hypothesized to increase monotonically through exposure to painful and provocative experiences. However, recent research suggests that ACS can decrease, bringing into question the hypothesis of monotonic increase. This study examined the nature of change in ACS over time within a sample of patients with eating disorder (ED). We predicted that there would be two classes of change in ACS: one high and increasing and one moderate and stable.

Method

One hundred female patients with ED reported on ACS at admission and weekly during treatment.

Results

Growth mixture modeling to test models of FAD and pain tolerance identified that, for both factors, a one‐class intercept‐only model was the best‐fitting model, suggesting that patients entered treatment with midlevel ACS and experienced no significant linear change over the course of treatment.

Conclusions

Acquired capability for suicide demonstrated stability in this study; results highlight the need for additional research examining ACS across different timescales and in varied populations.
Reexamining the Mental Pain–Suicidality Link in Adolescence: The Role of Tolerance for Mental Pain
Authors: Becker Gideon , Orbach Israel , Mikulincer Mario , Iohan Maya , Gilboa‐Schechtman Eva , Grossman‐Giron Ariella
Published: August 2018

Objective

In this study, we reexamine the mental pain–suicidality link in adolescence, by focusing on mental pain tolerance as a critical factor in explaining youth suicidal behavior.

Method

In a series of three studies, participants completed measures of mental pain (tolerance and intensity), emotional regulation, depression, and suicidality. Study 1 included a nonclinical sample of 183 Israeli adolescents. Study 2 included a nonclinical sample of 139 Israeli adolescents, who completed additional measures of self‐esteem, optimism, mindfulness, meaning in life, positive affectivity, and life satisfaction. Study 3 included suicidal psychiatric inpatients (N = 24), nonsuicidal psychiatric inpatients (N = 24), and nonclinical adolescents (N = 24).

Results

In Study 1, mental pain tolerance was significantly associated with depression, suicidality, and emotion‐regulation skills. In Study 2, mental pain tolerance was significantly associated with measures of psychological resources. In Study 3, we found that suicidal psychiatric inpatients reported significantly lower levels of mental pain tolerance than nonsuicidal psychiatric inpatients and nonclinical adolescents. No significant group difference was found in the reported intensity of mental pain.

Conclusions

Findings imply that mental pain tolerance may be a better indicator for suicidal behavior during adolescence than reported pain intensity.
Damage detection in a laboratory wind turbine blade using techniques of ultrasonic NDT and SHM
Authors: Yang Kai , Rongong Jem A. , Worden Keith
Published: August 2018

This paper presents a case study in the use of ultrasonic NDE/SHM techniques for detecting and locating damage in a real (but small) wind turbine blade. Two techniques are considered: (1) non‐linear acoustics, and (2) guided‐wave “pitch‐catch” SHM. While the non‐linear acoustics approach proved disappointingly insensitive to damage induced experimentally in the blade, the guided‐wave approach not only detected the damage but also proved capable of locating it, using a “network of novelty detectors” methodology. A first, slightly ill‐conceived, programme of guided‐wave tests actually provided valuable insight into attenuation of waves in the structure of interest and supported the idea that actuator‐sensor networks of a feasible density could be used for wind turbine blade SHM.
Time‐domain imaging system in the terahertz range for immovable cultural heritage materials
Authors: Giovannacci David , Cheung Hoi Ching , Walker Gillian C. , Bowen John W. , Martos‐Levif Dominique , Brissaud Didier , Cristofol Lilian , Mélinge Yannik
Published: August 2018

In the field of cultural heritage science, the use of non‐destructive and contact‐free techniques has increased sharply over the past 10 years. Compared with conventional spectroscopic and imaging techniques such as X‐ray, ultraviolet, infrared, and laser spectroscopy, terahertz time‐domain imaging (THz‐TDI) is an innovative, non‐invasive, and safe technique, which provides good penetration depth (~1 cm) and broad spectral bandwidth (0.1–10 THz). This paper sets out the protocol and methodology for the application of THz‐TDI to immovable cultural heritage, illustrated by a series of case studies. The case studies demonstrate the efficacy of the technique in providing structural and material information for conservators.
Grappling with flying as a driver to climate change: Strategies for critical scholars seeking to contribute to a socio‐ecological revolution
Authors: Baer Hans A.
Published: August 2018

Airplane flights are one of the fastest, perhaps even the fastest, growing source of greenhouse gas emissions, even though there is much discussion of mitigating emissions to stave off a global climate change disaster. While business people, politicians, celebrities, and highly affluent people appear to be the most frequent flyers, the demands of an increasingly corporatised university sector have placed much pressure on academics, including anthropologists, to fly to attend conferences and meetings and conduct research. I seek to grapple with the dilemmas involved in the academic use of aircraft, particularly on the part of those academics who accept the gravity of anthropogenic climate change spurred on by the demands of global capitalism, and propose some strategies for mitigating climate change on the part of anthropologists in particular as part of the larger project of creating a socio‐ecological revolution that will contribute to a safe climate.
Intense silicification of Ordovician carbonates in the Tarim Basin: Constraints from fluid inclusion Rb–Sr isotope dating and geochemistry of quartz
Authors: Dong Shaofeng , You Donghua , Guo Zenghui , Guo Chuan , Chen Daizhao
Published: August 2018

An unconventional porous silicified carbonate reservoir was unveiled in the Middle Ordovician fractured limestone within a strike‐slip fault zone in the Tarim Basin, NW China. The silicified carbonates are mainly composed of fine‐ to medium‐crystalline fascicular quartz matrix and coarse crystalline bladed to columnar quartz cement. Fluid inclusion leachate‐residue paired Rb–Sr isotopic dating of the quartz cement yields an isochron age of 167 ± 15 Ma, attesting to a causal link to the Jurassic (Yanshanian) orogeny. Pervasive replacement of matrix quartz and subsequent precipitation of cement quartz through nonisothermal effervescence probably induced by episodic influxes of the hot silica‐ and 87Sr‐rich basinal brines from the neighbouring deeper Manjiaer depression. This study thus signifies the usefulness of using Rb–Sr isotope dating method in constraining the timing of carbonate alteration, enabling to establish the deterministic relationship of basinal fluid evolution with the major tectonic activity.
Stakeholder participation on the path to universal health coverage: the use of evidence‐informed deliberative processes
Authors: Baltussen Rob , Jansen Maarten , Bijlmakers Leon
Published: August 2018

Les systèmes de santé sont complexes, non seulement dans les types de choix de politiques nécessaires pour parvenir à la couverture santé universelle, mais aussi dans l’éventail des parties prenantes à impliquer dans leur conception et leur implémentation. Les parties prenantes ont souvent des intérêts différents par lesquels elles valorisent et hiérarchisent les choix politiques. Ce point de vue soutient que l’équité des processus de prise de décision, c'est‐à‐dire la prise en compte des intérêts des parties prenantes, est essentielle à la fois pour la légitimité et la faisabilité des stratégies visant à atteindre la couverture santé universelle. Nous expliquons comment des processus délibératifs fondés sur des données probantes peuvent être utiles pour promouvoir la participation des parties prenantes aux choix politiques relatifs à la couverture santé universelle. Les processus délibératifs fondés sur des données probantes fournissent un processus structuré pour faire des choix et des compromis entre différents choix politiques, de manière à refléter les différentes perspectives des parties prenantes. La façon dont ces étapes du processus délibératif fondé sur des données probantes peuvent être appliquées dépend des défis spécifiques du système de santé et du processus de prise de décision existant.
Lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cell death
Authors: Wang Fengjuan , Gómez‐Sintes Raquel , Boya Patricia
Published: August 2018

Lysosomes are membrane‐enclosed organelles that mediate the intracellular degradation of macromolecules. They play an essential role in calcium regulation and have emerged as key signaling hubs in controlling the nutrient response. Maintaining lysosomal integrity and function is therefore crucial for cellular homeostasis. Different forms of stress can induce lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), resulting in the translocation to the cytoplasm of intralysosomal components, such as cathepsins, inducing lysosomal‐dependent cell death (LDCD). Here, we review recent advances that have furthered our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of LMP and the methods used to detect it. We discuss several endolysosomal damage‐response mechanisms that mediate the repair or elimination of compromised lysosomes and summarize the role of LMP and cathepsins in LDCD and other cell death pathways. Finally, with the emergence of lysosomes as promising therapeutic targets for several human diseases, we review a variety of therapeutic strategies that seek to either destabilize lysosomes or to maintain, enhance or restore lysosomal function.
An approach to induction of tolerance to pig cardiac xenografts in neonates
Authors: Cooper David K. C. , Hara Hidetaka , Iwase Hayato , Banks Charles Adam , Cleveland David C.
Published: August 2018

There is a continuing need for donor hearts for infants with complex congenital heart defects. The transplantation of hearts from neonatal pigs would be an alternative to human organs, particularly if donor‐specific immunological tolerance could be achieved. The great majority of infant humans do not make natural (preformed) antibodies against triple‐knockout (TKO) pigs (that do not express any of the three known pig antigens against which humans have natural anti‐pig antibodies). The transplantation of a heart from a TKO pig into an infant would therefore minimize any risk of early antibody‐mediated rejection, and, with adequate immunosuppressive therapy, prolonged graft survival may well be achieved. Total host thymectomy (commonly carried out at the time of orthotopic heart transplantation in this age group) ± residual T‐cell depletion and donor‐specific pig thymus tissue transplantation might induce T‐cell tolerance and allow immunosuppressive therapy to be discontinued (if there is in vitro evidence of T‐cell and B‐cell nonresponsiveness to donor‐specific pig cells). Even if tolerance were not achieved, with continuing immunosuppressive therapy, the graft would likely “bridge” the patient until a suitable allograft became available or be associated with prolonged xenograft function.
An EPIC journey to locate single‐copy nuclear markers in sea anemones
Authors: Brugler Mercer R. , González‐Muñoz Ricardo E. , Tessler Michael , Rodríguez Estefanía
Published: August 2018

Sea anemones (Order Actiniaria) are among the most diverse members of the subclass Hexacorallia and are an emerging model system. Unfortunately, defining species and creating robust phylogenies remain a serious challenge due to simple body plans that reduce the number of available morphological characters, slow mitochondrial sequence evolution and a complete absence of nuclear markers in the actiniarian molecular toolkit other than the ribosomal cistron. Defining species boundaries and phylogenetic relationships is imperative for advancing our understanding of sea anemone taxonomy and systematics. Herein, we utilized EPIC (exon‐priming intron‐crossing) primers, in addition to non‐standard PCR profiling conditions, to obtain sequence data for seven nuclear introns located within Calmodulin, Calpain, Nck Associated Protein 1 Homolog, Pescadillo Homolog, Signal Recognition Particle 54‐kDa Subunit, Transferase and Vacuolar ATP Synthase Subunit B. These new markers were employed to evaluate whether morphological variability in marginal tentacle protuberances is indicative of intraspecific variation or cryptic species in the shallow‐water anemone Phymanthus crucifer. Variability within these nuclear introns was compared to mitochondrial 12S, 16S and cox3, and nuclear 18S and 28S. PCR products of all nuclear introns were cloned to determine copy number and the resulting variability among clones was consistent with single‐copy markers. We also amplified and sequenced six of the seven introns in a sister species, Phymanthus loligo, to determine the degree of interspecific variation. In addition, we evaluate the applicability of a subset of these markers within Actinostola and conclude with a review of putative single‐copy markers used in octocoral and scleractinian phylogenetics.
On the concept of Total Institution
Authors: Serpa Sandro
Published: August 2018

This conceptual paper puts forward Goffman’s concept of total institution, a classic of sociology. It is concluded that this concept holds heuristic capacity, notwithstanding the great constraint of the action of its members, which, however, does not determine each actor’s margins of freedom, at least in the study carried out. Even in extreme situations, organisational actors discover or create spaces of (some) autonomy, in which they exercise their (even if highly regulated) freedom beyond the structure of the organisation, a fact that is acknowledged by Goffman himself.
Consumer Behavior’s New Hierarchy Model: Perspective on Cross Application of Behavioral Intention and Social Propensity
Authors: Kim Chulho
Published: August 2018

Based on Kim’s research (2017), this paper newly organizes consumer behavior’s new process model. The model is based on a cross-applicative perspective on ‘behavioral intention’ and ‘social propensity’ while considering environmental factors such as consumer behavior, media, technology, communication, society, culture, etc. Consumers’ behavioral intentions are divided into voluntary and involuntary behavioral intentions. Also, consumers’ social propensities are divided into individualistic propensity and communalistic propensity. Two perspectives about seeing consumer behavior, the interdisciplinary background influencing changes in consumer behavior processes, the interdisciplinary phenomena related to individualism and communalism in modern society, and etc. are reviewed. Conclusively, the hierarchy model of consumer behavior was divided into four groups’ processes. Following this, a different consumer behavior process considering factors such as expectation, empathy, searching, spreading, sharing, and etc. is introduced for each group.
Management of full thickness rotator cuff tears in the elderly: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Nganga Michael , Lizarondo Lucylynn , Krishnan Jegan , Stephenson Matthew
Published: August 2018

Review question/objective:

The objective of this review is to synthesize the best available evidence on the effectiveness of non-surgical and surgical treatment on the clinical and functional outcomes of elderly patients with full thickness rotator cuff tear.
Prevalence of mental disorders in Uganda: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Opio John Nelson , Tufanaru Catalin , Aromataris Edoardo
Published: August 2018

Review question:

The questions to be addressed by this systematic review are:

i) What is the prevalence of mental disorders in children under 18 years in Uganda?

ii) What is the prevalence of mental disorders in adults 18 years and over in Uganda?

iii) What are the common mental disorders among children and adults in Uganda?
Characterization of an Aircraft Auxiliary Power Unit Test Rig for Cycle Optimization Studies
Authors: Zanger Jan , Krummrein Thomas , Siebel Teresa , Roth Jürgen
Published: August 2018

Detailed information of the thermodynamic parameters, system performance, and operating behavior of aircraft auxiliary power units (APU) cycles is rarely available in literature. In order to set up numeric models and study cycle modifications, validation data with well-defined boundary conditions is needed. Thus, the paper introduces an APU test rig based on a Garrett GTCP36-28 with detailed instrumentation, which will be used in a further step as a demonstration platform for cycle modifications. The system is characterized in the complete feasible operating range by alternating bleed air load and electric power output. Furthermore, simulations of a validated numerical cycle model are utilized to predict the load points in the operating region which were unstable during measurements. The paper reports and discusses turbine shaft speed, compressor air mass flow, fuel mass flow, efficiencies, compressor outlet pressure and temperature, turbine inlet and outlet temperature as well as exhaust gas emissions. Furthermore, the results are discussed with respect to the difference compared to a Hamilton Sundstrand APS3200. Though the efficiencies of the GTCP36-28 are lower compared to the APS3200, the general behavior is in good agreement. In particular, the effects of separate compressors for load and power section are discussed in contrast to the GTCP36-28 system design comprising a single compressor. In general, it was shown that the GTCP36-28 is still appropriate for the utilization as a demonstration platform for cycle modification studies.
Experimental Investigation of the Effects of Winglets on the Tip Vortex Behavior of a Model Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Using Particle Image Velocimetry
Authors: Ostovan Yaşar , Akpolat M. Tuğrul , Uzol Oğuz
Published: August 2018

This study presents an experimental investigation on the effects of winglets on the near wake flow around the tip region and on the tip vortex characteristics downstream of a 0.94 m diameter three-bladed horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) rotor. Phase-locked 2D particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements are performed with and without winglets covering 120 deg of azimuthal progression of the rotor. The impact of using winglets on the flow field near the wake boundary as well as on the tip vortex characteristics such as the vortex convection, vortex core size, and core expansion as well as the resultant induced drag on the rotor are investigated. Results show that winglets initially generate an asymmetric co-rotating vortex pair, which eventually merge together after about ten tip chords downstream to create a single but nonuniform vortex structure. Mutual induction of the initial double vortex structure causes a faster downstream convection and a radially outward motion of tip vortices compared to the baseline case. The wake boundary is shifted radially outward, velocity gradients are diffused, and vorticity and turbulent kinetic energy levels are significantly reduced across the wake boundary. The tip vortex core sizes are three times as big compared to those of the baseline case, and within the vortex core, vorticity and turbulent kinetic energy levels are reduced more than 50%. Results show consistency with various vortex core and expansion models albeit with adjusted model coefficients for the winglet case. The estimated induced drag reduction is about 15% when winglets are implemented.
Predictive Compressor Wash Optimization for Economic Operation of Gas Turbine
Authors: Hanachi Houman , Liu Jie , Ding Ping , Yong Kim Il , Mechefske Chris K.
Published: August 2018

Gas turbine engines (GTEs) are widely used for power generation, ranging from stationary power plants to airplane propulsion systems. Compressor fouling is the dominant degradation mode in gas turbines that leads to economic losses due to power deficit and extra fuel consumption. Washing of the compressor removes the fouling matter and retrieves the performance, while causing a variety of costs including loss of production during service time. In this paper, the effect of fouling and washing on the revenue of the power plant is studied, and a general solution for the optimum time between washes of the compressor under variable fouling rates and demand power is presented and analyzed. The framework calculates the savings achievable with optimization of time between washes during a service period. The methodology is utilized to optimize total costs of fouling and washing and analyze the effects and sensitivities to different technical and economic factors. As a case study, it is applied to a sample set of cumulative gas turbine operating data for a time-between-overhauls and the potential saving has been estimated. The results show considerable saving potential through optimization of time between washes.
Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers as Simple Heuristic for Topology Optimization of a Truss With Uniformed Member Cross Sections
Authors: Kanno Yoshihiro
Published: August 2018

This paper presents a simple and effective heuristic for topology optimization of a truss under the constraint that all the members of the truss have the common cross-sectional area. The proposed method consists of multiple restarts of the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) with random initial points. It is shown that each iteration of the ADMM can be carried out very easily. In the numerical experiments, the efficiency of the proposed heuristic is compared with the existing global optimization method based on the mixed-integer second-order cone programming (MISOCP). It is shown that even for large-scale problem instances that the global optimization method cannot solve within practically acceptable computational cost, the proposed method can often find a feasible solution having a fairly good objective value within moderate computational time.
Interdisciplinary Research on Designing Engineering Material Systems: Results From a National Science Foundation Workshop
Authors: Arroyave Raymundo , Shields Samantha , Chang Chi-Ning , Fowler Debra , Malak Richard , Allaire Douglas
Published: August 2018

We present the results from a workshop on interdisciplinary research on design of engineering material systems, sponsored by the National Science Foundation. The workshop was prompted by the need to foster a culture of interdisciplinary collaboration between the engineering design and materials communities. The workshop addressed the following: (i) conceptual barriers between materials and engineering design research communities; (ii) research questions that the interdisciplinary field of materials design should focus on; (iii) processes and metrics to be used to validate research activities and outcomes on materials design; and (iv) strategies to sustain and grow the interdisciplinary field. This contribution presents a summary of the state of the field—elicited through extensive guided discussions between representatives of both communities—and a snapshot of research activities that have emerged since the workshop. Based on the increasing level of sophistication of interdisciplinary research programs on design of materials it is apparent that the field is growing and has great potential to play a key role in a vibrant interdisciplinary materials innovation ecosystem. Sustaining such efforts will contribute significantly to the advancement of technologies that will impact many industries and will enhance society-wide health, security, and economic well-being.
A New Surface Topography-Based Method to Quantify Axial Error of High Speed Milling Cutters
Authors: Chen Wanqun , Lu Lei , Xie Wenkun , Huo Dehong , Yang Kai
Published: August 2018

Cutting tool rotation errors have significant influence on the machined surface quality, especially in micromilling. Precision metrology instruments are usually needed to measure the rotation error accurately. However, it is difficult to directly measure the axial error of micromilling tools due to the small diameters and ultra-high rotational speed. To predict the axial error of high speed milling tools in the actual machining conditions and avoid the use of expensive metrology instruments, a novel method is proposed in this paper to quantify the cutting tool error in the axial direction based on the tool marks generated on the machined surface. A numerical model is established to simulate the surface topography generation, and the relationship between tool marks and the cutting tool axial error is then investigated. The tool axial errors at different rotational speeds can be detected by the proposed method. The accuracy and the reliability of the proposed method are verified by machining experiments.
A State-of-the-Art Review on Solid-State Metal Joining
Authors: Cai Wayne , Daehn Glenn , Vivek Anupam , Li Jingjing , Khan Haris , Mishra Rajiv S. , Komarasamy Mageshwari
Published: August 2018

This paper aims at providing a state-of-the-art review of an increasingly important class of joining technologies called solid-state (SS) welding, as compared to more conventional fusion welding. Among many other advantages such as low heat input, SS processes are particularly suitable for dissimilar materials joining. In this paper, major SS joining technologies such as the linear and rotary friction welding (RFW), friction stir welding (FSW), ultrasonic welding, impact welding, are reviewed, as well as diffusion and roll bonding (RB). For each technology, the joining process is first depicted, followed by the process characterization, modeling and simulation, monitoring/diagnostics/ nondestructive evaluation (NDE), and ended with concluding remarks. A discussion section is provided after reviewing all the technologies on the common critical factors that affect the SS processes. Finally, the future outlook is presented.
New Exploration on TMSR: Redesign of the TMSR Lattice
Authors: Zhao J. K. , Si S. Y. , Chen Q. C. , Bei H.
Published: August 2018

Molten salt reactor (MSR) has been recognized as one of the next-generation nuclear power systems. Most MSR concepts are the variants evolved from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL's) molten-salt breeder reactor (MSBR), which employs molten-salt as both fuel and coolant, and normally graphite is used as moderator. Many evaluations have revealed that such concepts have low breeding ratio and might present positive power coefficient. Facing these impediments, thorium molten salt reactor (TMSR) with redesigned lattice is proposed in this paper. Based on comprehensive investigation and screening, important lattice parameters including molten salt fuel composition, solid moderator material, lattice size, structure and lattice pitch to channel diameter (P/D) ratio are redesigned. In this paper, a fuel composition without BeF2 is adopted to increase the solubility for actinides (ThF4, UF4), and BeO is introduced as moderator to improve neutron economy. Moreover, lattice size and structure with cladding to separate fuel and moderator were also optimized. With these lattice parameters, TMSR has a high breeding ratio close to 1.14 and a short doubling time about 15 years. Meanwhile, a negative power coefficient is maintained. Based on this lattice design, TMSR can have excellent performance of safety and sustainability. SONG/TANG-MSR codes system is applied in the simulation, which is independently developed by Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research & Design Institute (SNERDI).
Verification Studies for the Noh Problem Using Nonideal Equations of State and Finite Strength Shocks
Authors: Burnett Sarah C. , Honnell Kevin G. , Ramsey Scott D. , Singleton Robert L.
Published: August 2018

The Noh verification test problem is extended beyond the commonly studied ideal gamma-law gas to more realistic equations of state (EOSs) including the stiff gas, the Noble-Abel gas, and the Carnahan–Starling EOS for hard-sphere fluids. Self-similarity methods are used to solve the Euler compressible flow equations, which, in combination with the Rankine–Hugoniot jump conditions, provide a tractable general solution. This solution can be applied to fluids with EOSs that meet criterion such as it being a convex function and having a corresponding bulk modulus. For the planar case, the solution can be applied to shocks of arbitrary strength, but for the cylindrical and spherical geometries, it is required that the analysis be restricted to strong shocks. The exact solutions are used to perform a variety of quantitative code verification studies of the Los Alamos National Laboratory Lagrangian hydrocode free Lagrangian (FLAG).
Effect of Rolling Strain on the Mechanical and Tribological Properties of 316 L Stainless Steel
Authors: Qin Wenbo , Li Jiansheng , Liu Yaoyao , Yue Wen , Wang Chengbiao , Mao Qingzhong , Li Yusheng
Published: August 2018

The mechanical and tribological performances of 316 L stainless steel subjected to different cold rolling (CR) strains were investigated. The microhardness and strength of 316 L stainless steel were improved attributed to the formation of high-density defects, such as dislocations and parallel lamellar structures. Furthermore, the tribology tests were conducted under dry sliding at room temperature. With the increase in rolling strain, the wear rate of 316 L stainless steel gradually decreased due to the improvements in microhardness and strength. For the as-received specimen, the strong adhesive wear leads to the maximum wear rate compared with the cold rolled specimens. Under higher rolling strain conditions, the grain boundary embrittlement caused by oxygen reaction leads to the formation of oxidative abrasive under dry sliding conditions, and then the oxidative abrasive could serve as the third body at the siding interface. Consequently, there is a transition phase where the wear mechanism gradually shifts from adhesive to abrasive wear.
Free and Forced Vibrations of Monolithic and Composite Rectangular Plates With Interior Constrained Points
Authors: Chattopadhyay Arka P. , Batra Romesh C.
Published: August 2018

The restriction of deformations to a subregion of a system undergoing either free or forced vibration due to an irregularity or discontinuity in it is called mode localization. Here, we study mode localization in free and forced vibration of monolithic and unidirectional fiber-reinforced rectangular linearly elastic plates with edges either simply supported (SS) or clamped by using a third-order shear and normal deformable plate theory (TSNDT) with points on either one or two normals to the plate midsurface constrained from translating in all three directions. The plates studied are symmetric about their midsurfaces. The in-house developed software based on the finite element method (FEM) is first verified by comparing predictions from it with either the literature results or those computed by using the linear theory of elasticity and the commercial FE software abaqus. New results include: (i) the localization of both in-plane and out-of-plane modes of vibration, (ii) increase in the mode localization intensity with an increase in the length/width ratio of a rectangular plate, (iii) change in the mode localization characteristics with the fiber orientation angle in unidirectional fiber reinforced laminae, (iv) mode localization due to points on two normals constrained, and (iv) the exchange of energy during forced harmonic vibrations between two regions separated by the line of nearly stationary points that results in a beats-like phenomenon in a subregion of the plate. Constraining translational motion of internal points can be used to design a structure with vibrations limited to its small subregion and harvesting energy of vibrations of the subregion.
Growth of S-doped MoO2 nanosheets with a controlled bandgap by chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Feng Long , Yan Hui , Zhang Rukang , Liu Jiwen
Published: August 2018

In this work, an investigation of MoO2 nanosheets grown on an SiO2/Si substrate using MoO3 and S powders as the raw materials by chemical vapor deposition was carried out. The HRTEM, XPS, and Raman results revealed that the S-doped MoO2 nanosheets were synthesized at a large scale, and the proportion of S and MoO3 precursors influenced the morphology of the nanosheets. Photoluminescence spectra exhibited fluorescent emissions from the MoO2 nanosheets at room temperature from defects and electron transitions between the valence and conduction bands. UV–visible absorption spectra showed that the bandgap of the MoO2 nanosheets can be controlled by the S doping concentration.
Taking a crack at card stacks: Tips and resources for getting started
Authors: Frank Brian W.
Published: August 2018

The goal of this paper is to illustrate different ways that card-sorting activities (or “card stacks”) can be implemented in the introductory physics classroom, along with various tips and resources for getting started. My first attempt at developing a card stack came about from simply wanting to try out a fun way to change student groups. With 24 students in one of my classes, I made cards for six different situations of constant velocity (each with four different representations as shown in Fig. 1). At the start of class, students were given a single card and asked to find their matches. Chaos ensued as students began, but this was soon followed by lots of productive talk among students about who was and wasn’t a match and why. After things settled down, students were asked to draw the velocity vs. time graph for their situation and to then see if any other groups had drawn the exact same graph. Upon finding that another group did, they were asked, “Why are you a match now, but not before?”
An experimental study of the atmospheric-driven variability of impulse sounds
Authors: Cheinet Sylvain , Cosnefroy Matthias , Königstein Florian , Rickert Winfried , Christoph Marcus , Collier Sandra L. , Dagallier Adrien , Ehrhardt Loïc , Ostashev Vladimir E. , Stefanovic Alexandre , Wessling Thomas , Wilson D. Keith
Published: August 2018

Propagating impulse sounds are sensitive to the varying near-surface atmosphere. This study reports on an experimental assessment of this sensitivity under well-controlled outdoor conditions. The experiment, conducted over a flat terrain, features 14 synchronous acoustic sensors at ranges up to 450 m from reproducible, transient sources. It scanned over the upwind, crosswind, and downwind propagations, and also documents the temporal and spatial coherences of the acoustic field. Concurrent atmospheric measurements documented the near-surface, essentially wind-driven atmosphere, and included turbulence monitoring. The analysis reveals how the environmental propagation processes combine to form the large variety of recorded signatures. The deterministic versus stochastic variations of the signatures are distinguished, and both are shown to affect the time of arrival (wander) and the shape (spread) of the pulses. The study also discusses the potential impacts of these variations on acoustic sensing of transient signals like gun shots and explosions.
Evaluation of a model of temporal weights in loudness judgments
Authors: Oberfeld Daniel , Jung Lorenz , Verhey Jesko L. , Hots Jan
Published: August 2018

The onset of a sound receives a higher weight than later portions in time when its loudness is assessed, an effect commonly referred to as primacy effect. It is investigated if this effect can be predicted on the basis of an exponentially decaying function where the weight assigned to a temporal portion of a sound is the integral of this function over the segment duration. To test this model, temporal loudness weights were measured for sounds with different segment durations and total durations. The model successfully predicted essential aspects of the data.
The Demise of an Australian Physical Activity Alliance
Authors: Reynolds Rebecca , Santhya  , Menzies David
Published: August 2018

Background: Physical activity health promotion coalitions are uncommon but important for beneficial collective impact on public health. The authors sought to obtain the viewpoints of member organizations of an Australian physical activity alliance, the National Physical Activity Alliance. Methods: The authors conducted an online survey regarding member agenda, commitment, and vision for the alliance. Questions were mostly open ended (eg, “What are the 3 areas of priority related to physical activity that you would like The Alliance to focus on?”). A total of 11 Australian organizations involved in physical activity public health (eg, the nongovernment organization Alzheimer’s Australia and the professional fitness association Fitness Australia). Results: 82% of members responded to the survey. Member programs and goals were diverse and overlapping. There was agreement among members that the main priority area for alliance focus was a national exercise referral scheme. Barriers for members achieving their own goals as well as alliance goals focused on governmental issues, including inadequate government funding for physical activity public health. Conclusions: This novel survey highlights the promise and difficulties of a physical activity coalition, with the difficulties, namely lack of governmental funding, resulting in a stagnation of the alliance’s activities since the study was carried out.
Tide of lies
Authors: Kupferschmidt Kai
Published: August 2018

The researcher at the center of an epic scientific fraud remains an enigma to the scientists who exposed him.
Suppressing spatiotemporal lasing instabilities with wave-chaotic microcavities
Authors: Bittner Stefan , Guazzotti Stefano , Zeng Yongquan , Hu Xiaonan , Yılmaz Hasan , Kim Kyungduk , Oh Sang Soon , Wang Qi Jie , Hess Ortwin , Cao Hui
Published: August 2018

Taming laser instabilities

Broad-area and high-power lasers often suffer from instabilities owing to the chaotic interference of multiple modes within the cavity. Such instabilities can ultimately limit the operation of the laser or damage the cavity. The usual approach to minimizing such instabilities is to limit the number of modes in the cavity. Bittner
et al.
designed a chaotic cavity that disrupts the formation of self-organized structures that lead to instabilities (see the Perspective by Yang). This approach of fighting chaos with chaos by using the boundary condition of the cavity shape may provide a robust route to stabilizing lasers at high operating powers.

Science
, this issue p.
1225
; see also p.
1201
Fragile X mental retardation 1 gene enhances the translation of large autism-related proteins
Authors: Greenblatt Ethan J. , Spradling Allan C.
Published: August 2018

Fragile X and fragile translation in flies

Mutations in the fragile X mental retardation 1 (
FMR1
) gene underlie fragile X syndrome and fragile X–associated primary ovarian insufficiency, which are prominent intellectual disability and reproductive disorders, respectively. FMR1 is thought to reduce protein synthesis (translation) at synapses. In
Drosophila
oocytes, Greenblatt and Spradling found that
Fmr1
loss leads to oocytes that generate embryos exhibiting neural defects (see the Perspective by Aryal and Klann). Ribosome profiling of oocytes identified a specific role for FMR1 in enhancing the translation of large proteins, including many associated with autism. FMR1 seems to help maintain translation of large mRNAs that otherwise condense into inactive ribonucleoprotein particles. This mechanism may underlie other causes of autism and mental dysfunction.

Science
, this issue p.
709
; see also p.
648
Stereodivergent synthesis of 1,4-dicarbonyls by traceless charge–accelerated sulfonium rearrangement
Authors: Kaldre Dainis , Klose Immo , Maulide Nuno
Published: August 2018

Four varieties of carbonyl sandwich

Compounds with adjacent carbons sandwiched between two carbonyl (C=O) centers turn up frequently in organic chemistry. When these central carbons each have a substituent, there are four possible mutual geometries, all with potentially distinct biochemical properties. Kaldre
et al.
present a single method to access each stereoisomer individually. The outcome depends on the straightforwardly tunable configuration of a sulfoxide group in a precursor, which guides a rearrangement. The versatility of the method should facilitate selective access to 1,4-dicarbonyl motifs in pharmaceutical research.

Science
, this issue p.
664
A mechanism for preventing asymmetric histone segregation onto replicating DNA strands
Authors: Yu Chuanhe , Gan Haiyun , Serra-Cardona Albert , Zhang Lin , Gan Songlin , Sharma Sushma , Johansson Erik , Chabes Andrei , Xu Rui-Ming , Zhang Zhiguo
Published: August 2018

How cells ensure symmetric inheritance

Parental histones with modifications are recycled to newly replicated DNA strands during genome replication, but do the two sister chromatids inherit modified histones equally? Yu
et al.
and Petryk
et al.
found in mouse and yeast, respectively, that modified histones are segregated to both DNA daughter strands in a largely symmetric manner (see the Perspective by Ahmad and Henikoff). However, the mechanisms ensuring this symmetric inheritance in yeast and mouse were different. Yeasts use subunits of DNA polymerase to prevent the lagging-strand bias of parental histones, whereas in mouse cells, the replicative helicase MCM2 counters the leading-strand bias.

Science
, this issue p.
1386
, p.
1389
; see also p.
1311