bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Young Adults’ Perceptions of Warnings and Risks Associated with Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Patterson Larry T. , Hunnicutt Garland G. , Stutts Mary Ann
Published: January 2019

Young adults ages 16 to 24 were surveyed regarding their perceptions of alcohol warnings and the risks associated with alcohol consumption. Respondents who reported consuming larger quantities of alcohol perceived alcohol consumption to be significantly less risky than respondents who reported consuming smaller quantities of alcohol. There were no significant differences between males and females and between Hispanics and Anglos in the perceived risk of consuming alcoholic beverages.
Determining the Appropriate Response to Evidence of Public Concern: The Case of Food Safety
Authors: Finn Adam , Louviere Jordan J.
Published: January 2019

With social issues again close to the top of the research agenda for marketers, policy makers are increasingly likely to be presented public opinion research findings that suggest the public is very concerned about issues within their jurisdiction. Such findings have some shortcomings as a basis for policy decision making however. It is often difficult to interpret the practical importance of consumers’ expressed levels of concern, and concern alone tells nothing about what actions will be seen as ameliorating the problem. Alternative methods, borrowed from more mainstream marketing research, can readily overcome these shortcomings. To illustrate, the authors report the findings of a low cost study designed to identify what citizens want a government department to do in response to polling suggesting high levels of concern about food safety.
The Production, Marketing, and Consumption of Sexually Explicit Material in Our Sexually Conflicted Society: A Public Policy Dilemma
Authors: Gould Stephen J.
Published: January 2019

The production, marketing, and consumption of sexually explicit materials are contested issues for marketers, consumers, policymakers, and the general public. Analysis of the current controversies about sexually explicit material is provided through consideration of (1) the nature of such materials in their various forms, (2) the consumer-protecting versus the choice-enhancing dilemma posed by them, (3) the value-based segments involved in this dilemma, and (4) the available research on the material's alleged “harms” and “benefits.” Finally, alternative policy formulations and remedies are considered in terms of seeking the appropriate degree of legal/regulatory invasiveness and applying various marketing-derived and/or related options.
Effects of Alternative Nutrition Label Formats and Nutrition Reference Information on Consumer Perceptions, Comprehension, and Product Evaluations
Authors: Burton Scot , Biswas Abhijit , Netemeyer Richard
Published: January 2019

The authors examine some potential effects of changes in nutrition labels associated with the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act of 1990. They report a study in which effects of basic label format, inclusion of nutrition reference values, perceived nutritiousness of the product, and nutrition knowledge are examined. As hypothesized, results indicate that awareness of whether the product contains more than recommended amounts of negative nutrients (e.g., cholesterol, saturated fat) differs across formats. Also as postulated, inclusion of reference values and higher levels of nutrition knowledge results in higher reported purchase likelihood for a product that is perceived as highly nutritious and lower purchase likelihood for a product with low perceived nutritiousness. They conclude with implications of these results for public policy.
Trademark Infringement from the Buyer Perspective: Conceptual Analysis and Measurement Implications
Authors: Simonson Itamar
Published: January 2019

Trademarks such as brand names may be the most important assets of many companies, but their value depends on the ability to protect them from infringement. In this research, two key tests of trademark infringement are examined: likelihood of confusion and genericness. On the basis of a conceptual analysis, the author evaluates several alternative measures of trademark confusion and genericness, including both existing and new techniques. These measures are contrasted in two large-scale field studies with about 1500 consumers. The results indicate that estimates of likelihood of confusion and genericness are highly sensitive to the particular method employed, partly because the underlying states of consumer confusion and genericness are fuzzy and not well defined. The author concludes with a discussion of the research implications for (1) our understanding of consumer trademark confusion and genericness, (2) the measurement of trademark infringement, and (3) the use of survey-based measures in public policy and legal disputes.
Information, Policy, and the Sources of Fat and Cholesterol in the U.S. Diet
Authors: Ippolito Pauline M. , Mathios Alan D.
Published: January 2019

Increasing empirical evidence indicates that consumers are incorporating information linking fat and cholesterol consumption to heart disease and cancer into their basic dietary decisions. The authors analyze food consumption data for individuals to determine which food categories were involved in the overall reductions in fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol consumption and whether these categories differed during the periods before and after the change in regulations governing producer health claims. The results indicate that reductions occurred in more food groups during the 1985–1990 period compared with the 1977–1985 period. The evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that producer claims are an important source of detailed information and inconsistent with the hypothesis that the health claims policy led to sufficient deception to slow dietary improvements underway prior to the change.
Exchange Governance: The Role of Legal and Nonlegal Approaches across the Exchange Process
Authors: Gundlach Gregory T.
Published: January 2019

Marketing's emphasis of exchange relationships versus transactions has prompted interest in approaches for regulating the conduct of participants in these associations. Because growing scholarship in law has questioned the theoretical and practical consistency of legal approaches for governing exchange relationships, increasing attention has been given to nonlegal approaches. However, empirical and anecdotal evidence suggests that the law remains a key mechanism of regulation in exchange. The author investigates the safeguarding nature of legal and nonlegal governance approaches. Examining exchange as a process, he proposes a model of governance that contrasts the role of these approaches. Implications for the management and research of exchange relationships and public policy are discussed.
An Evaluation of the Alcohol Warning Label: A Comparison of the United States and Ontario, Canada in 1990 and 1991
Authors: Graves Karen L.
Published: January 2019

To evaluate the impact of the introduction of a health warning label on alcoholic beverage containers, national household telephone interview surveys of adults were conducted in the United States (N = 2000) in 1989, 1990, and 1991 and in the Province of Ontario, Canada (N = 1000) in 1990 and 1991. In 1991 in the U.S., the proportion reporting awareness of the label increased to 27% and the following subgroups were more likely to have seen the label: men, 18 to 29 year olds, heavy drinkers, and the more educated. The pattern of early outcome results is consistent with a very modest impact of exposure to the warning labels.
A Method for Evaluating the Ethics of Fear Appeals
Authors: Duke Charles R. , Pickett Gregory M. , Carlson Les , Grove Stephen J.
Published: January 2019

The key issue of ethical applications of fear appeals, which has been generally avoided in marketing literature, is reviewed. The authors develop an evaluation framework, the ethical effects-reasoning matrix (ERM), using multiple interest groups (stakeholders) and multiple ethical reasoning perspectives. The framework is intended to aid in isolating and identifying conflicts that may arise when fear appeals are considered from a variety of ethical perspectives involving many interested publics. An example is provided to indicate application of the framework as well as conflict resolution techniques.
Gender Differences for Appearance-Related Attitudes and Behaviors: Implications for Consumer Welfare
Authors: Burton Scot , Netemeyer Richard G. , Lichtenstein Donald R.
Published: January 2019

Drawing from a sociocultural perspective, the authors examine the influences of gender and concern and perception of appearance on a variety of dependent variables in four different studies. Although appearance concern affects the attitudes and behaviors of both men and women, gender often moderates the strength of these relationships. Several of the authors’ findings have important consumer welfare implications. Specifically, they argue that sociocultural norms pertaining to appearance encourage women to engage in potentially harmful behaviors, such as eating disorders, cosmetic surgery, and intentional sunbathing, to a larger degree than men.
Marketing Cancer Care to Rural Residents
Authors: Franzak Frank J. , Smith Thomas J. , Desch Christopher E.
Published: January 2019

The authors address two issues related to cancer care: (1) the rural population is more vulnerable to cancer than the general population and (2) proper care is often not available locally, and public policy efforts have hurt, more than helped, this situation. The authors examine the environment of rural health care to establish a better understanding of this complex situation and present a model for improving health care delivery based on an existing outreach alliance program and guided by interorganizational service delivery concepts. They also provide areas for further research that can guide public policy toward improving rural cancer delivery.
Mothers’ Attitudes toward 900-Number Advertising Directed at Children
Authors: Laczniak Russell N. , Muehling Darrel D. , Carlson Les
Published: January 2019

Although advertising directed at children has been a highly researched topic, no published studies to date have specifically investigated advertisements that encourage children to call 900-telephone numbers. As a result, the authors study parents’ attitudes toward such advertisements (and other promotional activities) directed at children. Their findings on the basis of responses from over 370 mothers in three distinct regions of the United States suggest that parents are extremely negative toward advertisers’ use of 900-numbers in children's advertising. In fact, their results indicate that maternal attitudes toward these advertisements are substantially more negative than other controversial promotional activities directed at children (e.g., toy-based programs). The authors also find that parental attitudes were largely unaffected by demographic, media usage, and parental style factors.
The Marketing of Guns to Women: Factors Influencing Gun-Related Attitudes and Gun Ownership by Women
Authors: Blair M. Elizabeth , Hyatt Eva M.
Published: January 2019

The authors examine factors that influence women's attitudes toward guns and the ownership of firearms. They investigate the recent promotion of guns and gun-related products to women within the framework of the current problems facing American women (e.g., safety). The authors conduct two studies; the first tests the effect of gun-related advertisements on women's and men's attitudes toward owning guns or firearms, in general. The second examines how social and personal experiences influence women's attitudes toward guns. The authors apply their results to public policy and marketing concerns by addressing issues of legality and ethics in the sale and promotion of firearms.
A Contextualist Proposal for the Conceptualization and Study of Marketing Ethics
Authors: Thompson Craig J.
Published: January 2019

As the study of marketing ethics continues to expand and develop, marketing researchers are increasingly confronted by conceptual and empirical dilemmas long debated by moral philosophers and researchers in other disciplines. These debates offer a rich legacy of insights that can facilitate efforts in developing more robust theoretical models of marketing ethics. The author draws on the widely noted debate between Kohlberg and Gilligan concerning the development of moral reasoning during the course of life and presents an analysis of the philosophical assumptions that underlie their competing theoretical accounts. The author also notes the relevance of these assumptions to several important models of marketing ethics and incorporates key implications deriving from the Kohlberg-Gilligan debate into a contextualist model of marketing ethics. He then describes the components of this model and notes their respective implications for the conceptualization of marketing ethics. The author proposes that naturalistic research approaches are particularly well-suited for exploring these conceptual issues. In a closing discussion, the author addresses the common criticism that a contextualist orientation equates to cultural moral relativism and explores some of the normative implications that derive from the contextual model.
Reader Categorization of a Controversial Communication: Advertisement versus Editorial
Authors: Wilkinson J. B. , Hausknecht Douglas R. , Prough George E.
Published: January 2019

Using a disguised, structured technique, the authors collected consumer judgments regarding an editorial advertisement entitled “Of cigarettes and science” sponsored by R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company. Respondents were shown an actual newspaper section that contained different types of editorials and advertisements, including the “Of cigarettes and science” item. After the respondents indirectly classified each item as either an editorial or advertisement, they were asked to list at least two characteristics about the appearance or wording of the “Of cigarettes and science” item that caused them to classify it as they did. The majority of respondents thought the item was an advertisement because it looked different from editorial items, was sponsored by R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company, and seemed to have a persuasive or promotional content. Over one-fourth of the respondents, however, identified the communication as an editorial because of its lack of direct sales information and its extensive wording. The authors contend that legal and regulatory bodies should consider the effects of both source and intent of the message when arguing consumer impact.
The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988: Did They Change Corporate Behavior?
Authors: Sheffet Mary Jane
Published: January 2019

The author examines the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA), the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, and some of the cases decided under each bill. A survey of the Chief Legal Counsels of Fortune 500 companies was done to determine whether U.S. corporations had adopted new codes of ethics and/or conduct to ensure their firms’ compliance with the FCPA and its amendments. The survey also studied whether the firms had changed their sales and marketing practices after these laws were passed. The results indicate that many of the responding firms made some changes; however, new allegations of foreign bribery by American firms probably indicate that vigorous enforcement of the FCPA must be continued.
‘Unfair’ Advertising and the FTC: Structural Evolution of the Law and Implications for Marketing and Public Policy
Authors: Simonson Alexander
Published: January 2019

The Federal Trade Commission's power over ‘unfair’ advertising (and other marketing practices) is of major importance to marketers, advertising agencies, and public policymakers. This power has undergone two major structural changes. First, the definition of unfairness is now codified. Second, the ban on industry-wide regulations is now lifted. The author analyzes the structural evolution of the law, namely, the background, debate, and changes to the law, and concludes with implications for public policy and marketing.
Performance Characteristics of Seven Nutrition Label Formats
Authors: Levy Alan S. , Fein Sara B. , Schucker Raymond E.
Published: January 2019

The authors evaluate seven nutrition label formats to determine consumer comprehension and acceptance of displayed information. They test comprehension on five tasks: comparing two products, judging healthfulness, verifying claims, estimating servings needed to meet the daily requirement for a nutrient, and balancing nutrients in a daily diet. Performance scores were higher on some tasks—particularly dietary management ones—for formats that displayed nutrient amounts in percentages than for those that displayed nutrient amounts in metric units, even when interpretational aids were included on the metric formats. The two most preferred formats were metric formats with an interpretational aid. The findings have an important impact on decisions about the final nutrition label format required by the Food and Drug Administration.
Exchange Relationships and the Efficiency Interests of the Law
Authors: Gundlach Gregory T.
Published: January 2019

Understanding marketing's trend toward long-term exchange relationships and the practice of relationship marketing is important for both marketing and public policy. The author examines the implications this form of exchange can pose for the interests of exchange participants and society. Focusing on the legal foundations of exchange as found in the law of property and contract, the principle values that constitute this infrastructure of law provide the basis of the author's inquiry. These values are considered to stand for and reflect basic societal interests and therefore furnish an important basis from which to assess the implications of this increasingly prevalent exchange form. Results of the analysis suggest that exchange relationships can enhance the internal efficiency of participants’ interaction in exchange. However, the nature of long-term exchange also can challenge aspects of external efficiency or the allocation of resources to their best possible use in society. Employing the economic criteria of social wealth, the author finds that the benefits of enhanced internal efficiency outweigh concerns posed by these exchanges for external efficiency. Implications for public policy and marketing practice and research are discussed.
The Impact of a Localized Antidrug Media Campaign on Targeted Variables Associated with Adolescent Drug Use
Authors: Kelly Kathleen J. , Swaim Randall C. , Wayman Jeffrey C.
Published: January 2019

The authors report a study designed to determine whether antidrug campaigns that have been localized can affect variables associated with adolescent drug use. An experiment was conducted with sets of matched communities with populations between 5000 and 30,000 distributed throughout the United States. Seventh- through twelfth-grade students in experimental communities were exposed to a year-long media campaign followed by a survey. The targeted variables were perceived influence of media messages on “favorability” toward substance use and drug-related intentions, perceived harm of substance use, parental sanctions against substance use, parent-child communication about substance use, peer encouragement to use substances, and peer sanctions against substance use. Recall of the media campaign was low. However, adolescents with low and moderate levels of drug use who recalled individual campaign flights showed beneficial effects on targeted variables in comparison with students who did not recall the campaigns and control students who were not exposed to the campaigns. The implications of the findings for further research and public policy are discussed.
Using Individual Differences to Segment the “Market” for an Attribution-Based Substance Abuse Intervention Program
Authors: Rose Randall L. , Bearden William O. , Manning Kenneth C.
Published: January 2019

Prior research has shown that young people are more likely to say no to a peer group's drug or alcohol consumption when they also ask why. That is, being able to explain peer substance abuse, especially in terms of normative motives, has been associated with reduced conformity. The authors show that individual differences based on prior attitudes toward illicit consumption and susceptibility to social influence are useful for segmenting young people to better target and design effective intervention strategies. Results from Studies 1 and 2 indicate that prior attitude toward marijuana consumption and reported marijuana usage affect the explanations made to account for a peer group's substance abuse. In Study 2, the association between normative explanations for peer marijuana use and intentions to smoke marijuana is shown to depend on susceptibility to social influence. The implications of these findings for future research and for public policy are also discussed.
The Birth of Modern Entitlement Programs: Reports from the Field and Implications for Welfare Policy
Authors: Hill Ronald Paul , Hirschman Elizabeth C. , Bauman John F.
Published: January 2019

One of the most controversial public policy debates of the present decade involves entitlement programs for the poor. Many of these programs originated during the widespread poverty of the Great Depression. The authors reconstruct what consumers experienced during the Great Depression through a primary analysis of observations of consumer behavior, which are preserved in archival reports, and a secondary analysis of letters expressing the consumers’ plight that the consumers themselves authored and sent to various government officials. The four themes resulting from the analyses of these data are (1) consumption conditions, (2) labor as an expendable resource, (3) class and ethnic conflict, and (4) return to self-sufficient modes of production. The broader implications of these historic events for consumer researchers interested in current poverty issues and public policy are provided in the conclusion.
Industry Self-Regulation: A Review and Extension to a Global Setting
Authors: Wotruba Thomas R.
Published: January 2019

The author proposes a framework for self-regulation in a global setting, concentrating on the industry level of economic activity. He first reviews industry self-regulation in a domestic setting and then extends the discussion to the global setting. He concludes with a discussion of his framework, which can serve as a springboard for further theory development and research.
Export Controls: Marketing Implications of Public Policy Choices
Authors: Erickson G. Scott
Published: January 2019

The author contrasts two types of export controls: systematic regulation and economic sanctions. Updated information on the former shows considerable liberalization in the wake of widespread criticism during the past decade. Hypothetical and applied examples suggest that the impact of the two on exporters marketing their products abroad is very different, a difference that would presume a business preference for using systematic controls as the policy tool of choice.
A Proposed Model of the Use of Package Claims and Nutrition Labels
Authors: Szykman Lisa R. , Bloom Paul N. , Levy Alan S.
Published: January 2019

The authors propose a conceptual model of the use of nutrition labels and on-package claims. Knowledge, perceived diet effectiveness, health status, and skepticism toward claims are all hypothesized to be significant in explaining the use of package claims and nutrition labels. Results from a preliminary investigation of the relationships among these constructs show that a person's perception of how effective diet is in the fight against disease is related positively to the use of nutrition panel information and package claims. In addition, diet-disease knowledge is related positively to the use of package nutrition information in the forms of both package claims and panel information. Finally, being at risk for a diet-related disease is related positively to knowledge about the dietary links to the disease. The authors discuss policy implications of these findings.
The Effects of Nutrition Package Claims, Nutrition Facts Panels, and Motivation to Process Nutrition Information on Consumer Product Evaluations
Authors: Keller Scott B. , Landry Mike , Olson Jeanne , Velliquette Anne M. , Burton Scot , Andrews J. Craig
Published: January 2019

In a laboratory experiment using a between-subjects design, the authors examine the effects on nutrition and product evaluations of nutrition claims made (e.g., “99% fat free; ” “low in calories ”) on a product package, product nutrition value levels, and enduring motivation to process nutrition information. Enduring motivation is shown to moderate the effects of product nutrition value on consumer evaluations. Also, nutrition claims interact with product nutrition value in affecting consumer perceptions of manufacturer credibility. Given the availability of nutrient levels in the Nutrition Facts panel on the back of the mock package, nutrition claims on the front of the package generally did not affect positively consumers’ overall product and purchase intention evaluations. The authors discuss some implications of these findings, suggestions for further research, and study limitations. 1

1. The generalizability of the findings from this laboratory study may be restricted because the mock package used as the stimulus was examined outside of an actual in-store purchase environment. Because consumers in store settings may spend less time and care examining Nutrition Facts panels and are subject to a variety of other influences (Cole and Balasubramanian 1992), findings from this study may not generalize to such settings.
Trademark Protection of Product Characteristics: A Predictive Model
Authors: Burgunder Lee B.
Published: January 2019

Marketing professionals, in their quests to find new ways to distinguish products, now seek trademark protection for a wide array of product attributes, such as colors, odors, sounds, and shapes. Public policymakers have been willing to expand trademark protection to these realms, but unfortunately without formulating a coherent philosophical approach to guide their decisions. The author provides a conceptual model that enables marketers to predict how the Patent and Trademark Office and the courts will resolve specific questions regarding the applicability of trademark protection for product characteristics.
The Product Liability Responsibilities of Successor Corporations
Authors: Morgan Fred W. , Saviers Allen B.
Published: January 2019

The liability of firms that merge with, take over the assets of, or acquire the products of other companies is governed by the terms of the asset purchase agreement and the behavior of the firms subsequent to the agreement. Here, the authors review these two aspects of mergers and acquisitions and discuss the public policy and managerial implications of holding successor firms liable. The authors show that courts recently have expanded corporate liability under two of the six approaches available for making organizations take responsibility for injuries associated with the predecessor firm's products.
The Rent-to-Own Industry and Pricing Disclosure Tactics
Authors: Hill Ronald Paul , Ramp David L. , Silver Linda
Published: January 2019

The authors investigate the retail pricing tactics of the rent-to-own (RTO) industry through an examination of a recent court ruling and primary data. More specifically, the authors describe a typical RTO transaction and analyze a recent court case that is representative of current rulings. Next, the authors conduct a qualitative investigation of consumers’ experiences with RTO retailers that is grounded in public/social policy theory involving impoverished consumers. The article ends with a discussion of retail pricing options and disclosure requirements, as well as grass-roots opportunities for consumer protection.
The Modest Impact of the Alcohol Beverage Warning Label on Drinking during Pregnancy among a Sample of African-American Women
Authors: Hankin Janet R. , Sloan James J. , Sokol Robert J.
Published: January 2019

Time-series analysis examines the impact of the alcohol warning label on in-pregnancy drinking by 21,127 African-American pregnant women between 1986 and 1995. Controlling for patient characteristics and unemployment rate, the authors find that the label had a significant, modest impact on drinking. The results suggest that more intensive interventions are needed to reduce in-pregnancy drinking.
Comprehension Testing for OTC Drug Labels: Goals, Methods, Target Population, and Testing Environment
Authors: Morris Louis A. , Lechter Karen , Weintraub Michael , Bowen Debra
Published: January 2019

Drug products may be switched from precription (Rx) to over-the-counter (OTC) status if labeling can be written that ensures that the label information is comprehensible to ordinary consumers, including persons with low literacy ability, under normal conditions of purchase and use. The Food and Drug Administration has been working with sponsors to develop methods to test consumer comprehension of proposed OTC product labels. The authors discuss several conceptual and operational elements of comprehension testing, focusing on the goals, methods, appropriate target audience, and testing environment. The authors also examine areas in need of further research and debate. As more complex products are considered for OTC status, it is even more important to ensure that OTC labels are comprehensible. As understanding and the validity of methods to evaluate consumer comprehension improve, so should the quality of labels offered to consumers.
Earthquakes and Aftershocks: Implications for Marketers and Advertisers in Reno v. ACLU and the Litigation of the Communications Decency Act
Authors: Cook Don Lloyd
Published: January 2019

The author investigates the court cases raised to contest sections of the Communications Decency Act (1996) and thereby examines the issue of First Amendment rights and the Internet.
Liquor Advertisements on Television: Just Say No
Authors: Hacker George A.
Published: January 2019

The author addresses the end of the hard liquor industry's voluntary ban on televised advertising and argues that such advertising will have adverse effects on viewers, especially youths. The author also suggests that the controversy might lead to the end of all televised alcohol advertising.
A Longitudinal Analysis of Income-Based Tax Regressivity of State-Sponsored Lotteries
Authors: Miyazaki Anthony D. , Hansen Ann , Sprott David E.
Published: January 2019

Government-sponsored lotteries have been criticized for disproportionately generating revenues from lower-income consumers. Prior academic research on this aspect of government-sponsored lotteries reveals a set of conflicting findings: Many studies conclude that lotteries represent a form of regressive revenue production, whereas others conclude that lotteries represent proportional or even progressive revenue generation. Examination of the overall body of prior research suggests that lottery regressivity levels are not constant over time. With this research, the authors provide a more focused exploration of this issue by analyzing longitudinal sales data from six lottery states to determine patterns of change in lottery tax regressivity. The analyses provide preliminary evidence that lotteries become less regressive as they progress through their individual life cycles and as new marketing efforts—such as anonymous methods of play—become more prevalent. The authors explore implications for further lottery-related policy research, with particular emphasis on likely contributions from a relatively unexplored marketing perspective.
Sexual Consumption in the Time of AIDS: A Study of Prostitute Patronage in Thailand
Authors: Belk Russell W. , Østergaard Per , Groves Ronald
Published: January 2019

On the basis of short-term, qualitative fieldwork, the authors provide a culturally embedded portrait of AIDS knowledge, attitudes, and risk-taking behaviors in prostitute patronage by students and tourists in the most heavily HIV-infected region of Thailand. The authors find that the mix of cultural values, rituals, sex roles, and emotions in this Thai context challenge the underlying assumptions of belief-based Western models of behavior. This may help explain the limited effectiveness of prior research and prevention efforts in stopping the spread of HIV and AIDS. Although the findings are preliminary, they pose provocative challenges to consumer information processing models and existing public policy efforts in this milieu of sex and death.
Consumer Evaluations of Price and Promotional Restrictions—A Public Policy Perspective
Authors: Sinha Indrajit , Chandran Rajan , Srinivasan Srini S.
Published: January 2019

The authors investigate the effect of price and promotional restrictions on consumer perceptions of deal value and show empirically how such evaluations can be affected adversely when deal qualifications become excessively restrictive. They examine the reasons for the pervasive use of restrictions by marketers to limit their offers, discuss the Federal Trade Commission guidelines that govern this practice, and develop a typology of deal restrictions. The authors also propose a framework explicating the mechanism by which consumers process restrictions in conjunction with varying deal sizes and test its salient hypotheses through afield experiment. Results show that consumers negatively evaluate restrictions that they view as causing excessive inconvenience, that they perceive as misleading, and/or that lock them into binding commitments. In addition, such restrictive stipulations aggravate consumers’ evaluations even when paired with relatively attractive deal offers. Finally, the authors discuss several important public policy implications resulting from this study and illustrate with some recent examples.
Effects of the Arizona Alcohol Warning Poster
Authors: MacKinnon David P. , Williams-Avery Rhonda M. , Wilcox Kathryn L. , Fenaughty Andrea M.
Published: January 2019

An Arizona law, effective January 1, 1992, requires establishments that sell alcohol to display a poster that warns of the risk of drinking alcohol while pregnant. In Study 1, the authors measure the effects of this warning poster on college students before (N = 362), 3 months after (N = 332), 9 months after (N = 369), 12 months after (N = 337), and 18 months after (N = 336) the legislation became effective. After the introduction of the law, students reported more exposure to the poster and greater recognition for the content of the poster, along with some suggestive evidence for stronger beliefs about the risks of drinking while pregnant and less tolerance for alcohol consumption during pregnancy. All the positive effects were small, and there were no significant effects found on intentions to avoid drinking alcohol while pregnant. In Study 2, the positive associations of the poster on exposure and beliefs about the risk of drinking alcohol while pregnant were replicated in a representative sample of Arizona high school students measured before (N = 5396), 18 months after (N = 2058), and 42 months after (N = 2,318) the introduction of the warning poster. In both the high school and college samples, there was evidence that the initial positive effects of the warning poster leveled off over time.
The Impact of Health Claims on Consumer Search and Product Evaluation Outcomes: Results from FDA Experimental Data
Authors: Roe Brian , Levy Alan S. , Derby Brenda M.
Published: January 2019

The authors report results of a mall-intercept study regarding the effects of health claims on consumer information search and processing behavior. Results suggest that the presence of health and nutrient-content claims on food packages induces respondents to truncate information search to the front panel of packages. Respondents who either truncate information search or view claims provide more positive summary judgments of products and give greater weight to the information mentioned in claims than to the information available in the Nutrition Facts panel. The presence of a claim also is associated with a halo effect (rating the product higher on other health attributes not mentioned in the claim) and, for one of the three products tested, a magic-bullet effect (attributing inappropriate health benefits to the product). The authors discuss the policy implications of these results for Food and Drug Administration health claim regulations.
Can the Educationally Disadvantaged Interpret the FDA-Mandated Nutrition Facts Panel in the Presence of an Implied Health Claim?
Authors: Mitra Anu , Hastak Manoj , Ford Gary T. , Ringold Debra Jones
Published: January 2019

The authors conduct afield experiment to investigate whether fears regarding the misleading effects of implied health claims, especially in educationally disadvantaged populations, are well founded. Results show that, regardless of educational attainment, consumers seem capable of evaluating the nutrition facts panel, even in the presence of a contradictory implied health claim.
The South African TRC as Neoliberal Reconciliation: Victim Subjectivities and the Synchronization of Affects
Authors: Bowsher Josh
Published: January 2019

This article brings new insights from critical neoliberalism studies into dialogue with recent critical human rights scholarship to develop a theoretically driven analysis of South Africa’s post-apartheid transition. With South Africa’s post-apartheid settlement becoming increasingly fragile, there is a growing need to revisit the purported miracle of transition. Recognizing this need, the article critically explores the relationships between the social transformations wrought by South Africa’s neoliberal transition and the parallel processes of the country’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC). Understanding neoliberalism as a modality of governing concerned with producing subjects as individualized enterprises, I analyse the TRC as a mechanism which supported this objective by ‘de-collectivising’ the social and making it more amenable to the demands of post-apartheid neoliberalism. To do so, I explore how the TRC’s use of public testimony and mass-media broadcasting displaced collective struggles against apartheid with a range of subjectivities organized around human rights victimhood. The overall effect of the TRC, I conclude, was to constitute post-apartheid society as a thin, individualized and ultimately fragile ‘community of emotion’ that comfortably sits within the limits of South African neoliberalism. I conclude by reflecting on the implications of this analysis for other transitional contexts.
Book Review: D. A. Shepherd and H. Patzelt, Entrepreneurial Cognition
Authors: Jafary Maziar
Published: January 2019

D. A. Shepherd and H. Patzelt, Entrepreneurial Cognition, Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2018, 281 pp.
Book Review: Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert (Eds.), Social Entrepreneurship: An Affirmative Critique
Authors: Trivedi Chitvan
Published: January 2019

Pascal Dey and Chris Steyaert (Eds.), Social Entrepreneurship: An Affirmative Critique, Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing, 2018, 311 pp.
IgG4-related dacryocystitis and aortitis: A new association
Authors: España-Gregori Enrique , Rahhal-Ortuño Miriam , Benavent-Corai Véronique , Fernández-Santodomingo Alex Samir , Aguilar-González Marina
Published: January 2019

A 73-year-old woman with a history of muscular weakness and dyspnoea of unknown etiology was referred to our Ophthalmology Department for dacryocystitis. Lacrimal sac biopsy revealed IgG4 plasma cell infiltration and systemic diagnosis was done based on this, allowing an appropriate treatment to be established. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of IgG4-related dacryocystitis associated to aortitis.
Silicone oil droplets in repackaged anti–vascular endothelial growth factors for intravitreal injections: In search of the main source of contamination
Authors: Olea José Luis , Gómez-Resa María , Cervera-Peris María Mercedes , Aragón Juan Antonio
Published: January 2019

Introduction:

Repackaging of anti–vascular endothelial growth factors in polypropylene syringes lubricated with silicone oil for intravitreal use is associated with the presence of intravitreal silicone oil droplets. The objective of this study is to assess how the use of silicone-free syringes (for storage and/or administration) would reduce the amount of silicone oil droplets in the product to be administered.

Methods:

Two 16 mL vials of bevacizumab were repackaged at the compounding pharmacy to obtain four sets of product, each consisting of three 1.2 mL tubes of the drug repackaged in different ways. Set A was repackaged according to routine practice, that is, the drug was placed into 1 mL siliconized syringes and 60 µL aliquots were extracted with 0.5 mL insulin siliconized syringes until reaching 1.2 mL. In set B, a 1-mL silicone-free syringe was used, followed by a 0.5 mL siliconized syringe. In set C, only 0.5 mL siliconized syringes were used. In set D, only the 1-mL silicone-free syringe was used. Micro-Flow Imaging technology was used for quantifying silicone oil droplet–like particles below 25 µm.

Results:

Silicone oil droplet–like particles were absent in set D. Set C had the highest average frequency of these particles, which was much lower in sets A and B. Set B had the lowest frequency.

Conclusion:

0.5 mL insulin syringes with staked-in needles used for supplying the product seem to be the main source of silicone oil contamination in repackaged anti–vascular endothelial growth factors. Silicone-free insulin syringes with staked-in needles would be strongly recommended for supplying anti–vascular endothelial growth factor intravitreal injections from compounding pharmacies.
Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Relapsing in Leukaemic Phase Presenting as Acute Leukaemia
Authors: Balasubramanian Priyavadhana , Ramteke Prashant , Mallick Saumyaranjan , Kumar Lalit , Tanwar Pranay
Published: January 2019

Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) accounts for 30% to 40% of the newly diagnosed adult non-Hodgkin lymphomas, but rarely presents in leukaemic phase. Here in, we report a case of DLBCL presenting in leukaemic phase and masquerading as acute leukaemia. A 28-year-old woman presented to our outpatient department with complaints of fever for 1 week. Her peripheral blood smear showed 5% to 8% blasts. Bone marrow aspirate showed an infiltration by ~30% blasts. Flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry confirmed relapse of DLBCL. Also, patient’s poor response to therapeutic regimen for DLBCL prompted to consider second differential diagnosis of acute leukaemia. This case is a learning case, as it emphasizes the combined role of diagnostic ancillary techniques along with clinical judgments for management. The case also makes us more vigilant towards the pathobiology of DLBCL and dynamics of personalized individual treatment response.
Issue dimensionality and party competition in turbulent times
Authors: Rovny Jan , Whitefield Stephen
Published: January 2019

We start from the premise that the content of political competition is regularly remade by shifting contexts and by the strategic activity of political actors including parties. But while there are naturally thousands of potential issues on which politics can be contested, there are in practice and for good reasons ways in which structure and limits come to reduce the competition to more cognitively manageable and regularized divisions—in short, to issue dimensions. It is highly timely to return to these questions since, we argue, the social, political, and economic turbulence of recent years raises the possibility that the ideological structure of how parties present themselves to voters may be radically shifting. The papers in this special issue, therefore, each tackle an important aspect of the shifting character of the issues that underlie party competition in various European settings. In this article, we provide an overview of the relevant “state of the art” on issue dimensionality and how the subject is situated within the broad framework of understanding party competition.
Embedding integration: How European integration splits mainstream parties
Authors: Whitefield Stephen , Rohrschneider Robert
Published: January 2019

While newly contested issues connected with internationalism, such as European integration and migration, have become more politically salient, much of the literature sees these as largely the domain of ideologically extremist and challenger parties. By contrast, building on work by Kriesi et al, this article argues that international issues are far more embedded in party stances across the left- right spectrum than the niche and extremist models or Kriesi et al suggest. Accordingly, we develop a typology for categorizing parties according to their stances on left-right ideology and their positions on integration. Our analysis employs expert surveys on the stances of all electorally significant parties conducted in 24 European countries in 2013. The results have important implications for understanding the impact of international issues on how parties now appeal to voters.
On-board online evaluation of the charge density in internal combustion engines through electrical discharge characteristics
Authors: Druker Nir , Goldwine Gideon , Sher Eran
Published: January 2019

We propose here a new method to evaluate the mixture charge density inside the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine. This is an important parameter that is needed to optimize the spark timing and the amount of fuel that is introduced to the cylinder at each cycle, thus optimizing the engine operation for higher power, lower brake-specific fuel consumption, or lower pollutants’ emission at any altitude/ambient conditions. The evaluation of the charge density is performed at each cycle (on a cycle-to-cycle basis) by using the voltage–current characteristics of the spark plug gap. This real-time evaluation method may save two of the present in-use temperature and pressure gages, thus considerably increasing the reliability of the propulsion unit. Owing to the expected higher system reliability and system simplicity, small unmanned aerial vehicles, as well as small automotive engines of various types, may significantly benefit from this proposed method. The method principles, rationale, and some preliminary results are presented.
A comparison of generalised linear models and compositional models for ordered categorical data
Authors: Vencálek Ondřej , Hron Karel , Filzmoser Peter
Published: January 2019

Ordered categorical data occur in many applied fields, such as geochemistry, econometrics, sociology and demography or even transportation research, for example, in the form of results from various questionnaires. There are different possibilities for modelling proportions of individual categories. Generalised linear models (GLMs) are traditionally used for this purpose, but also methods of compositional data analysis (CoDa) can be considered. Here, both approaches are compared in depth. Particularly, different assumptions of the models on variability are highlighted. Advantages and disadvantages of individual models are pointed out. While the CoDa model may be inappropriate when the variability of the compositional coordinates depends on the regressors, for example, due to different total counts on which the coordinates are based, the GLM may underestimate the uncertainty of the predictions considerably in case of large-scale data.