bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PERIPHERAL GENRES OF CHUVASH LITERATURE: TESTAMENT
Authors: Геворкян Валентина Владимировна , Фомин Эдуард Валентинович , Чернова Лия Васильевна , Якимова Екатерина Романовна
Published: September 2020

Работа посвящена осмыслению завещания как жанра чувашской художественной литературы в историческом аспекте. Анализируемые в статье тексты входят в состав классической чувашской словесности. Им посвящено значительное число научных работ, однако пока еще данные произведения не становились объектом специального рассмотрения с точки зрения жанровой специфики, которая выделяет их в одно целое. Основу завещания в первую очередь составляют инолитературные аналоги и затем - фольклорные тексты (благословения и собственно предсмертные завещания). В литературе чаще встречаются эпизоды, описывающие акт духовного завещания, в частности, в произведениях П. Хузангая, В. Митты, Е. Лисиной, но сам жанр за всю историю современной письменной культуры чувашского народа в чистом виде был реализован лишь считанное количество раз - в виде завещания чувашскому народу просветителя И. Я. Яковлева и стихотворения «Как умру…» М. Сеспеля. Отличительными чертами завещания как жанра являются императивность и высокий пафос, формируемые особыми условиями создания завещательных текстов в ожидании скорой кончины. Остальные параметры носят идиостилевой характер и варьируются в широких пределах - достаточно сказать, что имеющиеся в чувашской литературе завещания написаны в разных формах: эпической и лирической.

The work is devoted to understanding the testament as a genre of the Chuvash fiction in historical perspective. The authors analyzed the texts of the Chuvash classical literature. A significant number of scientific works has been devoted to the texts of the Chuvash classical literature. However, those texts have never been investigated from the point of view of genre specificity, which distinguishes them as a whole. The testamentis primarily based on analogue ethnic literature and also on folklore texts (blessings and testaments as such). The most frequent episodes describing the testament are in the works of P. Khuzangay, V. Mitta, E. Lisina. Nevertheless, the genre itself in its pure form was implemented only a few times in the entire history of the modern written culture of the Chuvash people:in the testament to the Chuvash people by I. Yakovlev and the poem «When I die ...» by M. Sespel. The distinguishing features of the testament as a genre are the imperative and high pathos, due to the peculiar conditions for creating the texts of the testament in anticipation of impending death. Otherfeatures are individual and vary widely. The testaments in the Chuvash literature are written in different forms: epic and lyrical.
PECULIARITIES OF ENGLISH HEADLINES AND THEIR TRANSLATION INTO RUSSIAN
Authors: Мозжегорова Елена Николаевна , Засецкова Елена Николаевна
Published: September 2020

Настоящая статья посвящена исследованию проблемы перевода англоязычного заголовка на русский язык с целью выявления его особенностей и привлекаемых переводческих приемов. Авторами подчеркивается актуальность проведенного исследования ввиду растущей потребности быстрого и качественного перевода публицистических текстов и собственно заголовков как ключевого элемента публикации. В работе приводятся определения понятия «заголовок»; выделяются его функции; подчеркивается противоречивый характер заголовка: он может выступать как самостоятельная речевая единица и как равноправный элемент произведения; раскрываются особенности англоязычного заголовка, а также особенности газетно-информационного стиля современного английского языка. Авторы подробно рассматривают переводческие трансформации, привлекаемые для перевода англоязычных заголовков на русский язык, на примере заголовков периодических изданий Великобритании и США. На основе сравнительно-сопоставительного анализа текстов оригинала и перевода авторам удалось выявить лексические, грамматические и стилистические особенности, используемые в англоязычных газетных изданиях. В статье отмечается ключевая роль заголовка в произведении, а также факт особой ответственности в части перевода данного элемента произведения, поскольку именно корректно составленный и переведенный заголовок обеспечивает привлекательность и конкурентоспособность публикации в целом.

The article is devoted to the problem of translation of English headlines into Russian to identify headline peculiarities and employed translation shifts. The authors stress the relevance of the conducted study due to the growing need for quick and high quality translation of social-political texts and headlines playing a key role in them. The paper provides a number of definitions for the term «headline»; points out the functions of the headline; stresses the controversial character of the headline: on the one hand, it is an independent speech unit, and on the other hand, it can be treated as an equal element of a text; identifies the peculiarities of English headlines as well as the peculiarities of the newspaper style of the modern English language. The authors look into the translation transformations employed when translating English headlines into Russian as exemplified by the British and American periodicals. Basing on the comparative analysis of the source texts and translations, the authors managed to identify some lexical, grammar, and stylistic peculiarities employed in the English newspapers. The article also notes the key role of the headline and the significance of its translation since it is a correctly composed and then translated headline which provides the attractiveness and competitiveness of a published work.
The Relationship of Mean Perfusion Pressure (MPP) With Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) on Patients in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital Medan
Authors: Rahmadhona Sri , Lubis Asmin , Wijaya Dadik Wahyu , Nasution Akhyar Hamonangan
Published: September 2020

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) is a common complication in patients with critical illness or multiple comorbid conditions who are hospitalized, especially at the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). AKI is associated with increased in short and long term mortality and morbidity. The connection between MAP and CVP on alteration of AKI causes researcher interested to investigate the correlation between Mean Perfusion Pressure (MPP) as a difference between MAP and CVP on the progression of AKI.  Methods: Forty-two patients treated in the ICU who met inclusion criteria (ages 18-65 years and signed informed consent) and exclusion criteria (chronic kidney disease, refused to have Central Venous Catheters (CVC) installed, and heart disease). After CVC installation, we perform hemodynamic examination, MAP and CVP measurements, and serum creatinine examination after installation, 6 hours, 12 hours, and 48 hours after installation.  Results: Significant differences were obtained during 12- hour observation between MPP values in the AKI group with lower values than the non-AKI group (p=0.009) and also obtained a significant difference during 48- hours observation between MPP values in the AKI group with a lower value than the non-AKI group (p=0.001). MAP values showed a significant difference at 12-hour observation time with creatinine serum in the MAP group<65mmHg higher than the MAP 65mmHg group (p=0.035). MPP values showed significant differences 12-hours observation with creatinine serum in the MPP group<55mmHg was higher than the MPP group 55mmHg (p=0.044). In addition, there was a correlation between creatinine serum increase with MPP decrease (r=-0.476; p=0.001).  Conclusion: Lower MPP tend to increase AKI occurence contrary higher MPP decrease AKI occurence at the observation. The mean MPP of AKI group was 90.6 ( 24.2) mmHg at T0, 78.2 ( 22.6) mmHg at T1, 67.2 ( 20.9) mmHg at T3, and 57, 0 ( 20,2) mmHg at T4 observation.
Effect of Geogebra on Pre-Service Teachers' Achievement and Perception of Circle Theorems at E. P. College of Education, Bimbilla-Ghana
Authors: Salifu Anas Seidu
Published: September 2020

The study determined the effects of Geogebra on pre-service teacher's achievement and perception in circle theorems. The study was carried out in Evangelical Presbyterian (E.P.) College of Education, Bimbilla. Three research questions were formulated to guide the study. A sample size of 88 pre-service teachers (PSTs) was used. The control and experimental groups had 45 and 43 pre-service teachers respectively. The study used a quasi-experimental design. Data were collected from the subjects and analyzed quantitatively using SPSS version 18 on the close-ended questionnaire and the achievement pre-test and post-test. The pretest and post-test were analyzed using an independent sample t-test while the perception questionnaire used percentages, mean, and standard deviation in the analysis. Results from the study revealed that students taught circles theorem with Geogebra teaching strategy achieved a higher mean score than those taught through the conventional method with large effect size. The experimental group showed a positive interest in the Geogebra teaching strategy of teaching circles. The paired sample t-test also confirmed that the experimental group gained a mean difference of 9.83 in post-test with a large effect size too. The study recommends the integration of Geogebra into the teaching of circle concepts and theorems at the colleges of education in Ghana.
Information Leakage Prevention Model using MultiAgent Architecture in a Distributed Environment
Authors: Kayode Alese Boniface , Sunday Adewale Olumide , Dayo Alowolodu Olufunso , Uthman Adekunle Adewale
Published: September 2020

Various cases of leakage of sensitive files such as confidential report and privacy documents of customers and staff have been reported mistakenly sent via email, leaked through unprotected USB Sticks and mobile devices. Multi-agent systems have experienced growing acceptance and importance as distributed systems become more widespread. The most common issues of this system are security in term of vulnerability of documents. This research address the security issues of a multi-agent in a distributed environment providing a data leakage prevention model that effectively control data leakage, data loss and data theft from an insider.
Analysis of Blockchain Based Prototype for Electronic Payments
Authors: Baltoi Ion-Costel-Marius
Published: September 2020

Technological development offers more and more opportunities for people to make electronic payments. From payments via credit / debit cards, then payments via mobile or IoT devices to payments via blockchain technology, they are constantly evolving and becoming simpler, faster, more convenient and more secure. This paper aims to address a number of issues such as the benefits and challenges of payments through blockchain technology. Also, based on the analysis of a developed prototype, the paper will present the sequence of blockchain money transfer operations, the possible states of a transaction, as well as the information that will be processed and stored so that the transfer is successfully completed. The research methodology is qualitative; In this sense, we conducted a research of the resources available at this time and addressing the subject of electronic payments based on blockchain technology and, in parallel, the paper will follow the analysis of the prototype developed so that the results are as objective and consistent with practical use.
African Traditional Oath-Swearing: An Evaluation from a Ghanaian Pentecostal Perspective
Authors: Tsekpoe Christian
Published: September 2020

Although it has been acknowledged that the early European Christian missionaries to Africa have contributed significantly to the emergence and growth of Christianity on the continent, it is also obvious that the ethnocentric tendencies that accompanied their missionary zeal caused them to demonize many aspects of the African cultures. This demonization led to a long-standing debate among African Christians themselves on whether one can be truly African and truly Christian. Despite the fact that the situation seems to have improved greatly in contemporary times, one of the key areas of contention within African Christianity, which has persisted to date, is the chieftaincy institution. To the best of my knowledge however, not much has been researched in this field from Pentecostal perspectives. Using personal observations and participation in Christian Royal conferences as well as personal conversations with some Pentecostal church leaders and some royals in Ghana, this paper examines the functions of the traditional oath swearing for Christians who are chiefs. The paper argues that although, the oath swearing by itself is not inimical to Christian beliefs, Christians who swear oaths should be mindful of the deity invoked in the swearing process. The paper also recommends that to be able to transform unethical and unscriptural aspects of traditional practices and make disciples of all nations, Pentecostal Christians should not be ignorant of traditional practices within their communities. These include the traditional oath swearing, which is the focus of this paper. The paper is therefore an attempt to initiate an important dialogue among African Pentecostals, both scholars and practitioners, on the subject of Christianity and chieftaincy within contemporary times.
VITALITY AND CONTINUITY OF FAMILY BUSINESSES
Authors: Rydvalova Petra , Antlova Klara
Published: September 2020

The article aims to explain the reasons and the methods for evaluating the vitality of the family businesses with a focus on a country where family businesses were violently interrupted by forty years of the socialist regime. The intention is to find out, in connection with the vitality of family businesses, whether it is possible to define the factors that enabled the subsequent continuity of this type of business, for instance, the sector that is relevant to the region. The authors draw on a resource-based view as well as the specifics of the family-owned business in an institutional context. They comment on the behaviour of family business from three perspectives – legal, managerial and economic. The intention of knowledge/evaluation system presented is to find the weaknesses in the family business structures in the Czech Republic, which opens the opportunity for the succession process and the subsequent professionalization of their solutions. The methodology is presented in ten case studies. The results of the evaluation showed considerable compliance with those assumptions defined in the literature on those family businesses that continued uninterrupted.
Spectral Diagnostics of Solar Photospheric Bright Points
Authors: Hao Q. , Fang C. , Ding M. D. , Li Z. , Cao Wenda
Published: September 2020

Through the use of the high-resolution spectral data and the broadband imaging obtained with the Goode Solar Telescope at the Big Bear Solar Observatory on 2013 June 6, the spectra of three typical photospheric bright points (PBPs) have been analyzed. Based on the Hα and Ca ii 8542 Å line profiles, as well as the TiO continuum emission, for the first time, the non-LTE semiempirical atmospheric models for the PBPs are computed. The attractive characteristic is the temperature enhancement in the lower photosphere. The temperature enhancement is about 200–500 K at the same column mass density as in the atmospheric model of the quiet-Sun. The total excess radiative energy of a typical PBP is estimated to be 1 × 1027–2 × 1027 erg, which can be regarded as the lower limit energy of the PBPs. The radiation flux in the visible continuum for the PBPs is about 5.5 × 1010 erg cm−2 s−1. Our result also indicates that the temperature in the atmosphere above PBPs is close to that of a plage. It gives clear evidence that PBPs may contribute significantly to the heating of the plage atmosphere. Using our semiempirical atmospheric models, we estimate self-consistently the average magnetic flux density B in the PBPs. It is shown that the maximum value is about 1 kG, and it decreases toward both higher and lower layers, reminding us of the structure of a flux tube between photospheric granules.
Magnetic Flux of Active Regions Determining the Eruptive Character of Large Solar Flares
Authors: Li Ting , Hou Yijun , Yang Shuhong , Zhang Jun , Liu Lijuan , Veronig Astrid M.
Published: September 2020

We establish the largest eruptive/confined flare database to date and analyze 322 flares of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite class M1.0 and larger that occurred during 2010–2019, i.e., almost spanning all of solar cycle 24. We find that the total unsigned magnetic flux (

) of active regions (ARs) is a key parameter governing the eruptive character of large flares, with the proportion of eruptive flares exhibiting a strong anticorrelation with

. This means that an AR containing a large magnetic flux has a lower probability that the large flares it produces will be associated with a coronal mass ejection (CME). This finding is supported by the high positive correlation we obtained between the critical decay index height and

, implying that ARs with a larger

have a stronger magnetic confinement. Moreover, the confined flares originating from ARs larger than

Mx have several characteristics in common: stable filament, slipping magnetic reconnection, and strongly sheared post-flare loops. Our findings reveal new relations between the magnetic flux of ARs and the occurrence of CMEs in association with large flares. The relations obtained here provide quantitative criteria for forecasting CMEs and adverse space weather, and have important implications for “superflares” on solar-type stars and stellar CMEs.
On the Diversity of Jet Production Efficiency in Swift/BAT AGNs
Authors: Rusinek Katarzyna , Sikora Marek , Kozieł-Wierzbowska Dorota , Gupta Maitrayee
Published: September 2020

We address the very large diversity of jet production efficiency in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) by using data on low-redshift AGNs selected from the Swift/BAT catalog and having black hole (BH) masses larger than 108.5
M
⊙. Most of these AGNs accrete at intermediate rates and have bolometric luminosities dominated by mid-IR radiation. Our sample contains 14% radio-loud (RL), 6% radio-intermediate, and 80% radio-quiet (RQ) AGNs. All RL objects are found to have extended radio structures, and most of them have classical FR II morphology. Converting their radio loudness to jet production efficiency, we find that the median of this efficiency is on the order of (ϵ

d
/0.1)%, where

is the radiation efficiency of the accretion disk. Without knowing the contribution of jets to the radio emission in RQ AGNs, we are only able to estimate their efficiencies using upper limits. Their median is found to be 0.002(ϵ

d
/0.1)%. Our results suggest that some threshold conditions must be satisfied to allow the production of strong, relativistic jets in RL AGNs. We discuss several possible scenarios and argue that the production of collimated, relativistic jets must involve the Blandford–Znajek mechanism and can be activated only in those AGNs whose lifetime is longer than the time required to enter the magnetically arrested disk (MAD). Presuming that MAD is required to collimate relativistic jets, we expect that the weak nonrelativistic jets observed in some RQ AGNs are produced by accretion disks rather than by rotating BHs.
Chandra Survey of Nearby Galaxies: An Extended Catalog
Authors: Bi Sheng , Feng Hua , Ho Luis C.
Published: September 2020

She et al. (Paper I) assembled a catalog of nearby galaxies observed with the Chandra X-ray observatory, by cross-matching galaxies in the NASA Extragalactic Database within 50 Mpc and the Chandra archive. That sample has enabled searches of low-mass black holes associated with late-type, bulgeless galaxies and studies of the accretion physics related to low-luminosity active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Using a similar approach, here we construct an extended catalog up to 150 Mpc and make a cross-correlation with a catalog of nearby galaxy groups. The new catalog consists of 1964 galaxies, out of which 1692 have a redshift-independent distance, 1557 are listed in the galaxy group catalog with group properties available, and 782 are identified to be X-ray AGN candidates. Compared with the AGN sample in Paper I, the new sample is 2.5 times larger in size (782 versus 314), with ∼80% of the new members having an Eddington ratio less than 10−4. We confirm that the conclusions based on the previous sample remain. With the new sample, we compare AGN fractions between early-type and late-type galaxies, and between central and satellite galaxies in groups, and find no significant difference. This suggests that the secular process is not the dominant mechanism feeding AGNs in the local universe.
Near-horizon Structure of Escape Zones of Electrically Charged Particles around Weakly Magnetized Rotating Black Hole. II. Acceleration and Escape in the Oblique Magnetosphere
Authors: Kopáček Ondřej , Karas Vladimír
Published: September 2020

Strong gravity and magnetic fields are key ingredients that power processes of accretion and ejection near compact objects. While the particular mechanisms that operate here are still discussed, it seems that the presence of an ordered magnetic field is crucial for the acceleration and collimation of relativistic jets of electrically charged particles on superhorizon length scales. In this context, we further study the effect of a large-scale magnetic field on the dynamics of charged particles near a rotating black hole. We consider a scenario in which the initially neutral particles on regular geodesic orbits in the equatorial plane are destabilized by a charging process (e.g., photoionization). Some charged particles are accelerated out of the equatorial plane, and they follow jetlike trajectories with relativistic velocities. In our previous paper, we investigated this scenario for the case of perfect alignment of the magnetic field with the axis of rotation; i.e., the system was considered axisymmetric. Here we relax this assumption and investigate nonaxisymmetric systems in which the magnetic field is arbitrarily inclined with respect to the black hole spin. We study the system numerically in order to locate the zones of escaping trajectories and compute the maximum (terminal) escape velocity. It appears that breaking the axial symmetry (even by small inclination angles) substantially increases the fraction of escaping orbits and allows the acceleration to ultrarelativistic velocities that were excluded in the axisymmetric setup. The presence of transient chaotic dynamics in the launching region of the relativistic outflow is confirmed with chaotic indicators.
Phase-resolved Analyses of Millihertz Quasi-periodic Oscillations in 4U 1636-53 using the Hilbert–Huang Transform
Authors: Hsieh Hung-En , Chou Yi
Published: September 2020

We present phase-resolved spectroscopy based on the Hilbert–Huang transform (HHT) for millihertz quasi-periodic oscillations (mHz QPOs) in 4U 1636-53. The ∼8 mHz QPO can be detected approximately several thousand seconds before a type-I X-ray burst. It has been interpreted as marginally stable burning on the neutron-star surface. In this study, we use the HHT to analyze the data collected by XMM-Newton between 2007 and 2009. The HHT is a powerful tool that enables us to obtain instantaneous frequency, amplitude, and phase of phenomena with nonstationary periodicity, such as QPOs. With well-defined phases, the oscillation profile of the ∼8 mHz QPO for 4U 1636-53 can be precisely revealed. In addition to the oscillation profile, phase-resolved spectra for the complete cycle are constructed. From the correlation between spectral parameters and fluxes, we find that the oscillation is mainly attributed to variations in the area emitting blackbody radiation in three out of four observations with mHz QPO detections, whereas the other one shows a concurrent variation of temperature and flux with a constant emitting area. Although the cause of the difference is not clear, it might be related to the spectral state of the source that can be observed from a hard color difference in the color–color diagram.
Spectral Anisotropy in 2D plus Slab Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence in the Solar Wind and Upper Corona
Authors: Zank G. P. , Nakanotani M. , Zhao L.-L. , Adhikari L. , Telloni D.
Published: September 2020

The 2D + slab superposition model of solar wind turbulence has its theoretical foundations in nearly incompressible magnetohydrodynamics (NI MHD) in the plasma beta ∼1 or ≪1 regimes. Solar wind turbulence measurements show that turbulence in the inertial range is anisotropic, for which the superposition model offers a plausible explanation. We provide a detailed theoretical analysis of the spectral characteristics of the Elsässer variables in the 2D + NI/slab model. We find that (1) the majority 2D component has a power spectrum

in perpendicular wavenumber k
⊥; (2) the strongly imbalanced minority NI/slab turbulence has power spectra

and

, where k

z
is aligned with the mean magnetic field; (3) NI/slab turbulence can exhibit a double-power-law spectrum, with the steeper part being G*(k) ∼ k
−5/3 and corresponding to strong turbulence and the flatter spectrum satisfying G*(k) ∼ k
−3/2 and corresponding to weak turbulence; (4) there is a critical balance regime for NI/slab turbulence that satisfies

and

; and (5) the forward and backward Elsässer power spectra can have different spectral forms provided that the triple-correlation times for each are different. We use the spectral analysis to compute the total power spectra in frequency parallel to the solar wind flow for the superposition model, showing that strongly imbalanced turbulence yields an f
−5/3 spectrum for all angles between the mean flow and magnetic field, and that double power laws are possible when the nonlinear and Alfvén timescales are both finite.
Antibiotic prescribing and the risk of antibiotic–associated diarrhoea in Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Ghana: a pilot study
Authors: Fredua-Agyeman Mansa , Onwukwe Blessing , Adu-Aryee Nii Armah
Published: September 2020

Introduction: This study sought to identify the association of antibiotic prescribing and the risk of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) in Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH) in Ghana.

Methodology: Patients from the Male Urology Ward and Treatment Room of the Surgical Department of KBTH were followed up over three months to determine if they had experienced any unusual diarrhoeal illness after antibiotic therapy. 81 eligible patients (adults) were included in the study but a total of 70 patients (mean age of 56.71 years) were successfully followed up during the study period.

Results: The top conditions presented by patients were urological infection (66.7%), cancer (15.3%) and leg ulcer (18.1%). Ciprofloxacin (50%) and ceftriaxone (28.5%) were the most prescribed antibiotics. Eleven patients (more than 1 in 7) developed diarrhoea that could be associated with their use of antibiotics. The occurrence of AAD was significantly associated with type of antibiotic used by patient. 73% of patients who developed symptoms of AAD had received Clindamycin. Risk of AAD was not significantly associated with age and comorbidities.

Conclusions: The rate of AAD in the Male Urology Ward and the Treatment Room of the Surgical Department of KBTH during the period of this study was 15.7%. Clindamycin was identified as the most implicated antibiotic.
Characteristics of HIV-positive pregnant women and HIV- and antiretroviral therapy-exposed fetuses: A case-control study
Authors: Hung Tung-Che , Lu Li-Cheng , Lin Mei-Hui , Hu Yu-Chia , Cheng Chien-Yu , Cheng Shu-Hsing , Lee Chien-Yu
Published: September 2020

Introduction: This study determined risk factors, obstetric comorbidities, and fetal conditions among HIV-positive mothers to improve their maternal care.

Methodology: This retrospective case-control study included HIV-positive pregnant women 18 years of age or older and age-, parity-, and delivery method-matched HIV-negative controls between 2011 and 2018. Those who had stillbirth were excluded. Baseline demographics, labor process, CD4 count, plasma HIV viral load, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimen were recorded. Fetal conditions were recorded as well.

Results: Forty HIV-positive women (45 parities; 22 via NSD, 23 via C/S) were included, with 45 HIV-negative parities as controls. Twenty-nine (72.5%) HIV-positive women had illicit drug use. In the HIV-positive group, 17% received ART prior to first perinatal visit, and 75.6% reached viral suppression pre-delivery. Zidovudine and ritonavir-boosted lopinavir were the majorly prescribed ART. Mild perineal lacerations via NSD were observed in HIV-positive women. Fetal body weight was lower in HIV- and ART-exposed fetuses (2665 vs 3010 g, p < 0.001). Preterm delivery PTB (28.9% vs 8.9%, p= 0.015) and small-for gestational age SGA (28.9% vs 8.8%, p = 0.003) rates were higher in the HIV-positive group. There was no vertical transmission of HIV.

Conclusions: HIV-positive women tend to deliver fetuses with low body weight and have higher SGA and PTB rates. Given that most women received zidovudine and protease inhibitors, benefits of newer agents for HIV-positive pregnancies should be studied.
Effect of social development in reducing tuberculosis mortality In northeastern Brazil areas
Authors: Rêgo Queiroz Ana Angélica , Zamboni Berra Thaís , Inomata Bruce Alexandre Tadashi , da Cunha Garcia Maria Concebida , Dos Santos Danielle Talita , Moraes Arcoverde Marcos Augusto , Seles Alves Luana , Yamamura Mellina , Scatena Villa Tereza Cristina , Fredemir Palha Pedro , Chiaravalloti-Neto Francisco , Arcêncio Ricardo Alexandre
Published: September 2020

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is the primary cause of death among infectious diseases affecting groups in extreme poverty. Social improvements could reverse this situation in Brazil. This study aims to demonstrate the spatial relationship between social development (SD) and TB mortality in Natal, a city in northeastern Brazil.

Methodology: Ecological study. The study population comprised TB deaths recorded in the Mortality Information System between 2008 and 2014. The units of analysis were 59 human development units (HDUs). Raw and smoothed mortality rates were calculated using the global empirical Bayes method. Primary components analysis was used to develop the SD indicators. An association between TB mortality and SD was verified using multiple linear regression analysis. Spatial autocorrelation was verified using models with global spatial effects. Analyses were performed using Statistica version 12.0, ArcGIS version 10.2, Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 20.0, and OpenGeoDa 1.0.1. The significance level was established at 5% (p < 0.05).

Results: The TB mortality rate with non-random spatial distribution ranged between 0.52 and 8.90 per 100,000 inhabitants. The spatial lag model was chosen because it presented the highest log-likelihood value, lowest AIC, and highest R2. A negative association was found between TB mortality and SD (R2 = 0.207; p = 0.03).

Conclusions: The results show a negative association between TB mortality and the high SD indicator. This study can support decision-making in terms of collective projects within public health in order to link the health field to other sectors, aiming for social well-being and human development.
Prevalence, risk factors and treatment outcomes of isoniazid resistant TB in Bulawayo city, Zimbabwe: A cohort study
Authors: Manyame-Murwira Barbara , Takarinda Kudakwashe Collins , Thekkur Pruthu , Payera Bright , Mutunzi Herbert , Simbi Raiva , Siziba Nicholas , Sibanda Edwin , Banana Catherine , Muleya Norbert , Makombe Evidence , Jongwe Paula Littia , Bhebhe Regina , Mangwanya Douglas , Dzangare Janet , Mudzengerere Fungai Hamilton , Timire Collins , Wekiya Enock , Sandy Charles
Published: September 2020

Introduction: The isoniazid-resistant TB poses a threat to TB control efforts. Zimbabwe, one of the high TB burden countries, has not explored the burden of isoniazid resistant TB. Hence among all bacteriologically-confirmed TB patients diagnosed in Bulawayo City during March 2017 and December 2018, we aimed to assess the proportion with isoniazid resistant TB and associated factors. Also, we aimed to describe the TB treatment outcomes.

Methodology: A cohort study involving routinely collected data by the National TB Reference Laboratory (NTBRL) in Bulawayo City and National TB programme of Zimbabwe. The percentage with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to express the proportion with isoniazid-resistant TB. The modified Poisson regression was used to assess the association of demographic and clinical characteristics with isoniazid mono-resistant TB.

Results: Of 2160 bacteriologically-confirmed TB patients, 1612 (74.6%) had their sputum received at the NTBRL and 743 (46.1%) had culture growth. Among those with culture growth, 34 (4.6%, 95% CI: 3.5-6.7) had isoniazid mono-resistant TB, 25 (3.3%, 95% CI: 2.2-4.9) had MDR-TB. Thus, 59 (7.9%, 95% CI: 6.1-10.1) had isoniazid-resistant TB. Children < 15 years had a higher prevalence of isoniazid mono-resistant TB (aPR= 3.93; 95% CI: 1.24-12.45). Among those with rifampicin sensitive TB, patients with isoniazid-sensitive TB had higher favourable treatment outcomes compared to those with isoniazid-resistant TB (86.3% versus 75.5%, p = 0.039).

Conclusions: The prevalence of isoniazid-resistant TB was low compared to neighbouring countries with high burden of TB-HIV. However, Zimbabwe should consider reviewing treatment guidelines for isoniazid mono-resistant TB due to the observed poor treatment outcomes.
Après le COVID-19 : une terre démondialisée ?
Authors: Moreau Defarges Philippe
Published: September 2020

Après une poussée sans précédent de mondialisation depuis 1945, le xxi e  siècle amorce un choc en retour que vient démultiplier la crise sanitaire, puis économique, produite par le COVID-19. Mais entre exigences de re-localisation, mirages d’auto-suffisance, et contraintes de l’internationalisation, l’avenir de la planète mondialisée n’est pas écrit : on peut souhaiter que l’avenir voie l’émergence d’une mondialisation réformée, voire maîtrisée.
L’action internationale des villes et des collectivités territoriales
Authors: Viltard Yves
Published: September 2020

L’épidémie de COVID-19 a mis en lumière les défaillances de certains États et, a contrario , la capacité de collectivités territoriales à jouer un rôle actif dans la gestion de crise. L’action extérieure de ces collectivités est en pleine transformation. Villes, régions et autres États fédérés tendent à s’affirmer comme des acteurs à part entière des relations internationales. Certaines mégalopoles recrutent des diplomates de carrière et de nouvelles formes de « paradiplomatie » émergent.
El Área 11 de Giribaile. Estructura arquitectónica y materiales de construcción de un almacén ibérico de los siglos IV-II a. C.
Authors: Ortiz Villarejo Antonio Jesús , Gutiérrez Soler Luis María , Alejo Armijo María
Published: September 2020

El Área 11 se ubica junto a una de las puertas laterales de acceso a la ciudad de Giribaile. El contexto de destrucción por incendio ha permitido conservar un conjunto de evidencias de materiales de construcción, clavos, carbones e improntas de vegetación, básicamente, que permiten plantear una hipótesis de restitución de la cubierta del almacén. En el Área 11 también se ha documentado una importante cantidad de adobes o ladrillos conformados en frío, fabricados con un alto contenido de cal, que abre un debate sobre su posible localización en las paredes e, incluso, con función de solería de un segundo piso. Del interior del almacén se ha recuperado un importante conjunto de ánforas y también elementos relacionados con otras actividades domésticas, entre ellas un conjunto de fusayolas y pesas para tejer.
Escultura de emperador sedente en colonia Patricia
Authors: Márquez Carlos , Gasparini Massimo
Published: September 2020

En este artículo presentamos los resultados de la investigación desarrollada sobre un grupo de cuatro fragmentos escultóricos en mármol almacenados en el Museo Arqueológico y en el Museo de Bellas Artes de Córdoba que pertenecen a la misma escultura. El trabajo de investigación se ha enfocado por una parte sobre la digitalización 3D de los fragmentos a través de levantamiento fotogramétrico, sobre la restauración virtual y el ensamblaje virtual de los mismos. Por otra parte, la investigación se ha centrado sobre el análisis estilístico, la técnica escultórica y una hipótesis de identificación del personaje representado en la escultura.
Determinación de la distribución actual y potencial del águila real (Aquila chrysaetos) en el sector occidental de Álava (País Vasco)
Authors: Lozano Valencia Pedro José , Murua Alzola Peio
Published: September 2020

El águila real (Aquila chrysaetos) es una de las aves más grandes y emblemáticas de la península Ibérica. En dicho territorio se ha llegado a calcular la existencia de 1.500 parejas, población muy reducida y, por ello, catalogada bajo diversas figuras de protección. El objetivo del trabajo es realizar una estimación de sus contingentes poblacionales dentro del sector occidental de Álava. Estos nuevos datos serán cotejados con otros inventarios anteriores. A través de un complejo y contrastado proceso metodológico derivado de transectos regulares, realizados durante dos años y acompañados de visitas a lugares sensibles junto a estaciones de vigilancia, se ha realizado la estimación poblacional a la vez que se han estudiado otras variables como la dieta, la ubicación de los nidos y las parejas, los movimientos de dispersión y las posibilidades de distribución potencial dentro de este ámbito territorial. Los resultados hablan de densidades relativamente altas y de una distribución en aquellos sectores con gran cantidad de presas, poco impactados por el ser humano, con poca presión antrópica y con un paisaje en el que alternan bosques bien conservados y paisaje de campiña y pastos. Seis han sido los territorios y parejas confirmadas mientras que podría haber otras dos parejas más.
Tumbling Down the Green
Authors: Kirmani Mubina Hassanali , Grodzinsky Ilene B. , Vasanth Nicole M. , Steele Barbara M.
Published: September 2020

Interactions with natural surroundings provide young children with an opportunity to build knowledge, promote social skills, develop emotional dispositions, and can help them develop a caring and positive attitude toward themselves and the environment. This chapter focuses on the partnership between Towson University College of Education and the campus-based University Child Care Center and their concerted effort to bring nature-based experiences to children in spaces both outside and inside their classrooms. The authors also provide specific examples of how recycled waste is used to create instructional materials and games that help the classroom community to become more eco-conscious. The chapter also includes suggestions for future educational research into how children interact and gain knowledge from the environment and the impact this has on children's growth and development. Recommendations are provided for early childhood educators to advocate for green spaces and include environmental activities for children, families, schools, and communities.
Atmospheric Chemistry
Authors: Kern Donald J.
Published: September 2020

The complex chemistry and basic physics of Earth's atmosphere will be reduced to three main sections within the context of the chemical reactivities of predominant chemical species and the additional role of photochemistry from solar radiation. The three areas of chemical interactions and photochemical reactions in the atmosphere discussed are (1) the reactivities and relationships between chemical species that can affect tropospheric and stratospheric ozone concentrations, (2) reactions between chemical species that create acid rain, and (3) the chemical species, sources, and reactions that are believed to be contributing to climate change. These three areas in atmospheric dynamics will comprise this chapter along with some of the documented effects on ecological systems, human health, and infrastructure.
An Approach Towards Intelligent Traffic Environment Using Machine Learning Algorithms
Authors: Pandey Kavita , Narula Akshansh , Pandey Dhiraj , Raw Ram Shringar
Published: September 2020

To make an optimal movement of vehicles and to reduce the accident rate, the government has installed traffic lights at almost every intersection. Traffic lights are intended to decrease congestion. However, the dynamic nature of traffic movement causes congestion always. This congestion leads to increased waiting times for every vehicle. In this chapter, two machine learning-based approaches used to improve in the congested traffic environment. The first part of the work is Deep-Learning based traffic signaling, which identifies the congestion on all sides of the intersection with the help of image processing techniques. By analyzing the congestion, the algorithm proposes dynamic green-light times rather than the traditional fixed lighting system. In the second part, a Q-learning-based approach has been suggested in which an agent decides the state of the traffic light based on a cumulative reward. Further, these algorithms have been tested on different traffic simulated environments using SUMO, and detailed analysis has been carried out.
Evaluation of Topology-Based Routing Protocols for Dissemination of Emergency Messages in Urban Vehicular Traffic Scenarios in India
Authors: Singh Pawan , Khan Suhel Ahmad , Goyal Pramod Kumar
Published: September 2020

VANET is a subclass of MANET that makes the dream of intelligent transportation systems come true. As per the report of the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, India, 1.5 million people were killed in road accidents in 2015. To reduce casualty and provide some kind of comfort during the journey, India must also implement VANETs. Applicability of VANET in Indian roads must be tested before implementation in reality. In this chapter, the real maps of Connaught Place, New Delhi from Open Street maps websites is considered. The SUMO for traffic and flow modeling is used. Many scenarios have been used to reflect real Indian road conditions to measure the performance of AODV, DSDV, and DSR routing protocols. The CBR traffic is used for the dissemination of emergency messages in urban vehicular traffic scenarios. The throughput, packet delivery ratio, and end-to-end delay are considered for performance analysis through the NS-2.35 network simulator.
Software-Defined Vehicular Adhoc Network
Authors: Raw Ram S. , Kumar Manish , Singh Nanahay
Published: September 2020

Vehicular adhoc networks (VANETs) and software-defined networking (SDN) are the key enablers of 5G technology in developing intelligent vehicle networks and applications for the next generation. In recent years, many studies have been concentrated on SDN and VANET incorporation, and many researchers worked at various architecture-related issues along with the advantages of software-defined VANET services and features to adapt them. This chapter discusses the current state of the art of SD-VANET with the directions of future research work. This chapter presents a theoretical approach of architectures of software-defined VANET for its networking infrastructure design, functionalities, benefits, and challenges of future generation networks.
Routing in Vehicular Delay Tolerant Networks
Authors: Chauhan Anamika , Sharma Kapil , Aggarwal Alka
Published: September 2020

With the ever-escalating amount of vehicular traffic activity on the roads, the efficient management of traffic and safety of the drivers and passengers is of paramount gravity. Vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) have emerged as the systems where vehicles would be perceptive of the locality and can supply the driver with required inputs to take necessary actions to alleviate the various issues. The system is designed to detect and identify essential traffic events and inform all concerned entities and take appropriate action. The characteristics of VANET are the topology is highly mobile, depends on city infrastructure, and the high speed of vehicles. These challenges result in frequent disruption of connections, long delays in delivering the messages. The challenges are overcome through the vehicular delay-tolerant network (VDTN) routing protocols are used that can facilitate communication under these network challenges. In this chapter, the authors evaluate the effect of the node density and message sizes on the performance of the various VDTN routing protocols.
Reversible Watermarking Techniques
Authors: Velpuru Muni Sekhar
Published: September 2020

Digital content security gained immense attention over past two decades due rapid digitization of industries and government sectors, and providing security to digital content became a vital challenge. Digital watermarking is one prominent solution to protect digital content from tamper detection and content authentication. However, digital watermarking can alter sensitive information present on cover-content during embedding, then the recovery of exact cover-content may not be possible during extraction process. Moreover, certain applications may not allow small distortions in cover-content. Hence, reversible watermarking techniques of digital content can extract cover-content and watermark completely. Additionally, reversible watermarking is gaining popularity by an increasing number of applications in military, law enforcement, healthcare. In this chapter, the authors compare and contrast the different reversible watermarking techniques with quality and embedding capacity parameters. This survey is essential due to the rapid evolution of reversible watermarking techniques.
A Machine Learning Approach for Anomaly Detection to Secure Smart Grid Systems
Authors: Singh Richa , Singh Arunendra , Bhattacharya Pronaya
Published: September 2020

The rapid industrial growth in cyber-physical systems has led to upgradation of the traditional power grid into a network communication infrastructure. The benefits of integrating smart components have brought about security issues as attack perimeter has increased. In this chapter, firstly, the authors train the network on the results generated by the uncompromised grid network result dataset and then extract valuable features by the various system calls made by the kernel on the grid and after that internal operations being performed. Analyzing the metrics and predicting how the call lists are differing in call types, parameters being passed to the OS, the size of the system calls, and return values of the calls of both the systems and identifying benign devices from the compromised ones in the test bed are done. Predictions can be accurately made on the device behavior in the smart grid and calculating the efficiency of correct detection vs. false detection according to the confusion matrix, and finally, accuracy and F-score will be computed against successful anomaly detection behavior.
Factors Impacting Behavioral Intention of Users to Adopt IoT In India
Authors: Chatterjee Sheshadri
Published: September 2020

The purpose of this study is to identify the factors that impact on the behavioral intention of the Indian consumers to use devices embedded with the internet of things (IoT). While identifying the factors, due attention has been given on the security and privacy issues. With the inputs from the studies of available literature and with the help of technology adoption model (TAM) and of innovation diffusion theory (IDT), some hypotheses have been formulated and a conceptual model has been developed. The hypotheses have been tested and the conceptual model has been validated statistically with the help of survey works using 232 usable respondents. The result shows that perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, compatibility and cost affect the behavioral intention of the consumers to use IoT enabled devices in India.