bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sudden hearing loss due to fibromuscular dysplasia
Authors: Kunstmann E , Eickelmann A , Sudhoff H , Pearson M , Brors D
Published: October 2008

Objective:

This case is reported in order to demonstrate the importance of detailed clinical analysis, including evaluation of personal and family history, in the differential diagnosis of sudden sensorineural hearing loss.

Case report:

A 50-year-old woman presented with a sudden onset of sensorineural hearing loss in her right ear. She had experienced three previous episodes of sudden sensorineural hearing loss in her left ear, at the ages of 35, 48 and 50 years. She also reported suffering two strokes with left hemiparesis due to fibromuscular dysplasia of her right internal carotid artery. A positive family history of stroke among maternal relatives suggested autosomal dominant inheritance. The patient's personal and family history suggested a rare cause of sudden sensorineural hearing loss, for which alternative therapeutic modalities may be applicable in selected cases.

Conclusions:

Careful follow up of any patient with sudden sensorineural hearing loss and evaluation of their personal and family history is essential, in order to uncover evidence of rare underlying causes of sudden sensorineural hearing loss. For patients with such rare diagnoses, alternative therapy and surveillance modalities may be useful in disease management, depending on pre-existing pathology. Those patients should be managed via a multidisciplinary approach, including genetic counselling, in order to achieve the best possible outcome.
Case of perilymphatic fistula caused by medially displaced tympanostomy tube
Authors: Hajiioannou J K , Bathala S , Marnane C N
Published: October 2008

Objective:

We present a rare case of perilymphatic fistula which occurred due to bony erosion by a tympanostomy tube that had migrated into and become interred in the middle-ear space.

Method:

We present a case report and a literature review concerning migration of tympanostomy tubes into the middle ear as a complication of tubes insertion.

Conclusion:

Medial migration of tympanostomy tubes into the middle-ear space is a rare complication of tympanostomy tubes insertion. To our knowledge, this is the first report of perilymphatic fistula caused by a tympanostomy tube which had migrated into the middle ear. This case highlights the need for early removal of tympanostomy tubes which migrate into the middle ear.
Invited Response to Jock Wong
Authors: Schneider Edgar W.
Published: October 2008

First, I would like to thank Dr. Wong for his insightful and supportive review of my book. At the same time, I am grateful to the editor for being given an opportunity to clarify a few minor points of disagreement.
Conversational POLITICS
Authors: Parlee Mary Brown
Published: October 2008

Research into social roles and conversational gambits is steadily building up a picture of how people behave while talking. Interruptions, pauses, shifts in topic all reflect cultural and social attitudes and can express patterns of dominance, while the picture also includes such linguistic novelties as ‘diffident declaratives’ and ‘genderlects’.
Surfing e-mails
Authors: Yongyan Li
Published: October 2008

A survey of styles in e-mailing and an e-invitation to interested readers
English pronunciation in sub-Saharan Africa as illustrated by the NURSE vowel
Authors: Bobda Augustin Simo
Published: October 2008

A comprehensive and innovative review of speech patterns in West, East and Southern Africa
Banning Pidgin English in Cameroon?
Authors: Charles Alobwede D'Epie
Published: October 2008

An overview of language status in Cameroon which calls for the integration of Pidgin English into national life
Estuary English: tomorrow's RP?
Authors: Rosewarne David
Published: October 2008

A discussion of recent developments in the speech of millions in and around London and the lower Thames
Lexicon
Authors: Paikeday Thomas M.
Published: October 2008

THOMAS M. PAIKEDAY lists some more neologisms that do not yet apper in mainstream dictionaries.
Australian circus language
Authors: St Leon Mark
Published: October 2008

A report on the nature, origin and circumstances of Aussie argot under the big top
Poetic Nonsense?
Authors: McArthur Tom
Published: October 2008

On the 3rd November 1984 there appeared in The Guardian newspaper (London and Manchester) an article entitled ‘The earth lay gloog, the cattle bollowed deep’. It was the work of MAGGIE COOK, the founder of the Boscobel Poets of Hastings, and lies squarely in the tradition of English literate nonsense. The article is reproduced below, with a commentary by TOM McARTHUR.
A multilingual Max und Moritz
Authors: Görlach Manfred
Published: October 2008

Below we celebrate both a German anniversary and a coming together not just of languages but of language varieties. In this issue, KALEIDOSCOPE looks at the unusual, world-girdling hobby of MANFRED GÖRLACH, Professor of English at the University of Köln, West Germany, editor of the specialist journal English World-Wide, and co-editor of the one-volume survey English as a World Language.
Skunks, squash and Yankees
Authors: Claiborne Robert
Published: October 2008

English draws heavily from other languages for its vocabulary. A recent book that gives plenty of room to this propensity for borrowing is ROBERT CLAIBORNE's Our Marvelous Native Tongue: The Life and Times of the English Language (Times Books, New York, 1983, $17.25; available in the UK from Abner Stein, Roland Gardens, London SW7 3PH). Excerpted from it here are Claiborne's observations on words of Native American origin, in the chapter entitled ‘English leaps the Atlantic’.
An endangered language?
Authors: Marshall David F
Published: October 2008

In a world where English threatens many other languages it is hard to imagine the English language under attack, but some campaigners in the United States insist that it is – and needs constitutional protection.
Seeking the philosopher's stone
Authors: Tomalin Barry
Published: October 2008

Barry Tomalin presenter of BBC English by Radio's weekly magazine Speaking of English, talks to L G (Louis) Alexander, doyen of EFL coursebook writers.
Managing the media
Authors: Masterman Len
Published: October 2008

Should young people be trained in the English classroom to understand and assess television, cinema, radio and the press? If so, what form should that training take?
The politics of dialect
Authors: Claiborne Robert
Published: October 2008

‘Scholars’ views on which dialects are worth studying, even on what is and what isn't a dialect, almost invariably embody some sort of hidden ideological agenda.' Is it so?
Anglo-Scottish ambiguities
Authors: Marshall Jane
Published: October 2008

In the first issue of ET we took a look at the many uses of ‘Anglo’. Now, on behalf of fellow Scots, the Welsh and the Northern Irish, freelance writer JANE MARSHALL argues for less ambiguity and more accuracy in the British use of an ancient affix.
The ultimate purist
Authors: Gachelin Jean-Marc
Published: October 2008

The most venerable purism of them all in English has been resistance to Latinate words, and the most vigorous resistance fighter was William Barnes of Dorset.
On the writing of grammars
Authors: Greenbaum Sidney
Published: October 2008

Grammar books are written for many purposes and with different users in mind. What are the particular problems of the scholarly reference grammar towards the end of the 20th century?
The redoubtable Roget
Authors: McArthur Tom
Published: October 2008

Elizabeth Kirkpatrick, recently editor of the Chambers Twentieth Century Dictionary, has just completed the latest revision of Roget's Thesaurus for Longman. What is the history and purpose of this now venerable tome?
The view from China
Authors: Hao Keqi
Published: October 2008

A professor at Jiaotong University, in Shaanxi Province of the People's Republic of China, outlines her views on the need for an adequately standardized international English.
‘Native speakers’ and world English
Authors: Christophersen Paul
Published: October 2008

Do both the public and the scholarly uses of the phrases ‘native language’ and ‘native speaker’ need to be revised or even superseded?
Words of War
Authors: Hughes Geoffrey
Published: October 2008

A historical review of the vocabulary of warfare.
The grammarians reply
Authors: Greenbaum Sidney
Published: October 2008

In ET17, Tony Fairman claimed that some descriptive grammarians are becoming prescriptive and that they risk presenting ‘Standard English’ as if it were all of English or at least the only English that matters. ET asked four professional grammarians to respond to his observations. Sidney Greenbaum and John Sinclair were specifically named by Tony Fairman.
Webster’s New World Dictionary
Authors: Gates Edward
Published: October 2008

THE THIRD College Edition of Webster's New World Dictionary was published by Simon & Schuster in September 1988. The work contains 170,000 entries and 800 illustrations in 1600 pages. Recent college dictionaries have contained about 150,000 entries. The increase is due in part to the steady proliferation of the vocabulary and in part to competition among the four rivals. The others are American Heritage Dictionary, College Edition (Houghton Mifflin, published in 1982); Random House College Dictionary (1984), and Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (Merriam-Webster, 1983). By comparison, Noah Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language, published in 1828, contained 70,000 words. The college dictionary is one of a family of New World dictionaries that have sold more than 80 million copies since 1951.
English: the collected works
Authors: Simpson John
Published: October 2008

A co-editor of the revised and integrated ‘Oxford English Dictionary’ describes his work during the last five years.
The Doolittling of English
Authors: Bolinger Dwight
Published: October 2008

Trends in the language that ‘come from below’
Real and unreal teachers
Authors: Clayton Thomas
Published: October 2008

A reprint of the main part of the editorial of‘Cross Currents: An International Journal of Language Teaching and Cross-Cultural Communication’, a Publication of the Language Institute of Japan, Vol. XVI, No. 2, 1989. Both ‘Cross-Currents' and ‘English Today’ welcome readers' comments, which could appear in future issues of both periodicals.
CmC
Authors: Murray Denise E
Published: October 2008

A report on the nature and evolution of on-line e-messages
E pluribus boojum
Authors: Mermin N. David
Published: October 2008

A physicist's account of how he launched a scientific snark.
Dialects of Canadian English
Authors: Bailey Richard W.
Published: October 2008

Following Elizabeth Anne Malischewski's report on the English of Newfoundland (ET24, Oct 90), a review of the many kinds of English in mainland Canada
The suckerpunches of the SAT
Authors: Ostarch Valerie
Published: October 2008

VALERIE OSTARCH considers the ways in which a major American English test works against the interests and morale of those whose competence it is meant to assess
CmC and e-mail: casting a wider net
Authors: Bolton Whitney
Published: October 2008

Further to Denise Murray's report on CmC in ET23 (Jul 90) and Fraida Dubin's account of e-mail in ET 25 (Jan 91), an update on such matters as electronic networks, list servers and on-line academic journals.
A versatile suffix
Authors: Chapman Raymond
Published: October 2008

An account of the history and current uses of the suffix -ee
Literature, political correctness and cultural equity
Authors: Johnson Jeff
Published: October 2008

A consideration of recent attitudes to teaching the traditional literary canon of English within the cultural tradition of the Western world
Towards a multilingual society: a German view
Authors: Green Jens-Peter
Published: October 2008

JENS-PETER GREEN comments on Paul Christophersen's article ‘A bilingual Denmark’ in ET27 (Jul 91), considering Christophersen's points about Danish and English in terms of German and English
The corpus revolution
Authors: Rundell Michael , Stock Penny
Published: October 2008

A consideration of the prospects and potential of corpus-and-concordance lexicography (third article of three)
The truth about Singapore English
Authors: Gupta Anthea Fraser
Published: October 2008

A rebuttal of the article ‘Singlish’ by Duncan Forbes in a recent issue of ET
Lexicon
Authors: Paikeday Thomas M.
Published: October 2008

THOMAS M. PAIKEDAY lists some more neologisms that do not yet appear in mainstream dictionaries.
Dubbing American in Italy
Authors: Ross Nigel J.
Published: October 2008

There are some subtle influences from English at work on other languages, graphically demonstrated by this account of how mainly American movies and TV programmes are dubbed into Italian
MUM's the word
Authors: Allen Robert
Published: October 2008

Following on from Michael Rundell's article on the spoken component of the British National Corpus (ET43, Apr 95), an account of MUM, the BNC Collection of Miscellaneous Unpublished Material
Rushdie's language
Authors: Langeland Agnes Scott
Published: October 2008

An analysis of how Salman Rushdie destabilizes the Western bias in English
Colons descending: an interim assessment
Authors: Erard Michael
Published: October 2008

MICHAEL ERARD discusses the role of the colon in a major aspect of academic life
The printed word in the English-speaking world
Authors: McArthur Tom
Published: October 2008

A discussion of the role of print in defining and sustaining International Standard English
Pronouncing English in Brazil
Authors: Mompean Annick Rivens
Published: October 2008

The impact and implications of British and American pronunciation models in South America's largest country
English in Hongkong: the future
Authors: Hamlett Tim
Published: October 2008

AT FIRST glance the status of English in Hongkong appears as a traditional legacy of colonialism. English is the language of laws and government documents, of schools and universities, of place and street names, of courts and councils. A variety of subtle inducements, and some not so subtle, encourage intercourse with Britain for educational, legal and business purposes, and the language of such intercourse is English. But at the end of June that will all be over. Hongkong will be returned to Chinese sovereignty and the advantages of English will disappear. What next?
Correct pronunciation and the Millennium
Authors: Gupta Anthea Fraser
Published: October 2008

ANTHEA FRASER GUPTA reflects on accents, pronunciation, spelling reform, and linguistic moralizing from England in 1775 to present-day Singapore
Further demystifying word stress
Authors: Bobda Augustin Simo
Published: October 2008

A reply to and development of David Taylor's ‘Demystifying word stress’ (ET48, Oct 96)
Langscape 2: Surveying contemporary English usage
Authors: Peters Pam
Published: October 2008

LANGSCAPE is a Cambridge University Press project associated with both ‘English Today’ and a new international usage guide for the year 2000 by Pam Peters, author of the ‘Cambridge Australian English Style Guide’ (1995). Like the Australian publication, the international work will be distinctive in its use of empirical evidence from computer corpora as well as data elicited from surveys of users of English round the world. Because English is a world language, any account of usage that is limited to one person's views and resources is inadequate. The first topic and questionnaire (‘The ubiquitous letter e’) appeared in ET53 (Jan 98). See the accompanying box for further information on the Survey.
English in Liberia
Authors: Ngovo Bernard L.
Published: October 2008

A discussion of the historical and social complexities involving English in this West African country
Medical eponyms revisited
Authors: Brunt Richard
Published: October 2008

A detailed further inquiry into the nature, use and prospects of medical technical terms based on personal names
CanOD can do: an e-mail interview
Authors: Barber Katherine
Published: October 2008

The editor of ‘English Today’ talks electronically to KATHERINE BARBER, the editor of the ‘Canadian Oxford Dictionary’, just out. (See also p. 20.)
Using fuzzy tree fragments to explore English grammar
Authors: Aarts Bas , Nelson Gerald , Wallis Sean
Published: October 2008

A report from the Survey of English Usage at the Department of English Language and Literature, University College London
Langscape 4: Surveying contemporary English usage
Authors: Peters Pam
Published: October 2008

LANGSCAPE is a Cambridge University Press project associated with both ‘English Today’ and a new international usage guide for the year 2000 by Pam Peters, author of the ‘Cambridge Australian English Style Guide’ (1995). Like the Australian publication, the international work will be distinctive in its use of empirical evidence from computer corpora as well as data elicited from surveys of users of English round the world. Because English is a world language, any account of usage that is limited to one person's views and resources is inadequate. The first topic and questionnaire (‘The ubiquitous letter e’) appeared in ET53 (Jan 98), the second (‘To capitalize or not to capitalize’) in ET54 (Apr 98) and the third (‘Differing on agreement’) in ET55 (Jul 98). See the accompanying box for further information on the Survey.
Malay loan words across different dialects of English
Authors: Tan Peter
Published: October 2008

An explanation of how words from Malay are used in English and exhibited in various dictionaries, particularly with regard to Malaysia and Singapore
It isn't /hæt/, it's /hat/!
Authors: Bulley Michael
Published: October 2008

MICHAEL BULLEY considers that the time has come for a small but significant change in the phonetic representation of Standard British English
Where have all the Celtic words gone?
Authors: Todd Loreto
Published: October 2008

A consideration of whether there has been more Celtic influence on English than commentators have traditionally conceded
Tongue slips and Singapore English pronunciation
Authors: Brown Adam
Published: October 2008

The nature and significance of slips of the tongue, especially in multilingual Singapore
Purist
Authors: Mansbridge Ronald
Published: October 2008

Following up Fred Parrott's article ‘The word-watchers’, in ET 13, a retired publisher looks hard at changing usage.
Mascaraed and muumuu-ed: the spelling of imported words
Authors: Abbott Gerry
Published: October 2008

Leading dictionaries do not always provide guidance on the incorporation of exotic words into the English spelling system, as this article abundantly demonstrates.
Human papillomavirus vaccination: what is the best choice? A comparison of 16 strategies by means of a decisional model
Authors: GASPARINI R. , AMICIZIA D. , MANFREDI P. , ANSALDI F. , LUCIONI C. , GALLELLI G. , PANATTO D.
Published: October 2008

Some European countries decided to include human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines in national immunization schedules. In order to help decision makers choose the best vaccination policy for females, a decisional model has been developed. The study was performed from the National Health Service perspective. Several hypotheses of multi-cohort vaccination policies were compared. ‘Potentially avoidable infections’ were chosen as the outcome. The model envisioned a short-term scenario (2008–2011). The best policy was that of vaccinating 12-year-olds and, a year later, those aged 14–16 years; the most expensive strategy was that of vaccinating 12-year-old females and, after 1 year, vaccinating those aged 15, 18 and 25 years. The sensitivity analysis showed that coverage rate has a great effect on the cost of avoidable infections. The study offers stake-holders an important datum-point for the choice of the best HPV policy vaccination in the short term. Indeed, it could generate interesting savings for the National Health Service and a rapid HPV immunization of young girls.
A combined treatment with ethanol and 6-dimethylaminopurine is effective for the activation and further embryonic development of oocytes from Sprague-Dawley and Wistar rats
Authors: Sano Daisuke , Yamamoto Yuki , Samejima Tomo , Seita Yasunari , Inomata Tomo , Ito Junya , Kashiwazaki Naomi
Published: October 2008

In nuclear-transferred or round spermatid-injected oocytes, artificial activation is required for further development in mammals. Although strontium chloride is widely used as the reagent for inducing oocyte activation in mice, the optimal method for oocyte activation remains controversial in rats because ovulated rat oocytes are spontaneously activated in vitro before artificial activation is applied. In our previous study, we found that cytostatic factor activity, which is indispensable for arrest at the MII stage, is potentially low in rats and that this activity differs greatly between two outbred rats (Slc: Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Crj: Wistar). Therefore, it is necessary to establish an optimal protocol for oocyte activation independent of strains. Given that comparative studies of the in vitro development of oocytes activated by different activation protocols are very limited, we compared four different protocols for oocyte activation (ethanol, ionomycin, strontium and electrical pulses) in two different SD and Wistar rats. Our results show that oocytes derived from SD rats have significantly higher cleavage and blastocyst formation than those from Wistar rats independent of activation regimes. In both types of rat, ethanol treatment provided significantly higher developmental ability at cleavage and blastocyst formation compared to the other activation protocols. However, the initial culture in a fertilization medium (high osmolarity mR1ECM) for 24 h showed a detrimental effect on the further in vitro development of parthenogenetic rat oocytes. Taken together, our results show that ethanol treatment is the optimal protocol for the activation of rat oocytes in SD and Wistar outbred rats. Our data also suggest that high-osmolarity media are inadequate for the in vitro development of parthenogenetically activated oocytes compared with fertilized oocytes.
Wastewater pollution abatement across an international border
Authors: FERNANDEZ LINDA
Published: October 2008

A differential game model is developed to compare incentives for wastewater pollution abatement of upstream and downstream countries under cooperative and noncooperative strategies. The Tijuana River is the empirical setting of water flow from south (Mexico) to north (US) where pollution stock accumulates. Asymmetry between the upstream and downstream countries for costs, damages, and emissions influences incentives to abate pollution. Cost minimization is achieved as the US can finance pollution abatement in Mexico. Game sharing rules (Shapley value, Chander–Tulkens rule, Helsinki rule, egalitarian rule) are analyzed. Financial transfers from two North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) institutions are examined. In most cases of cooperation, transfer payments are positive from downstream to upstream for reductions in flow and stock of pollution. Transfer size varies according to the rule and sensitivity analysis of changes in abatement costs and damages. The two institutions follow a variation of the Helsinki rule.
Non-renewable resource depletion and reinvestment: issues and evidence for an oil-exporting country
Authors: YOUSIF BASSAM
Published: October 2008

This essay offers a limited study of income sustainability for one oil-exporting country: Iraq. The nature of the study motivates a discussion of some theoretical issues concerning levels of non-renewable resource depletion and re-investment as well as related questions about the substitutability of man-made and natural capital and critical natural capital. The results of the study, which decomposes oil revenues into consumption and capital portions, suggest that the re-investment in physical capital offset the depletion of natural assets arising from oil extraction in the period under consideration. Because of the lack of data, a complete study of the capital balance is not feasible. Consequently the findings are tentative.
Interactions between diatom aggregates, minerals, particulate organic carbon, and dissolved organic matter: Further implications for the ballast hypothesis
Authors: De La Rocha Christina L. , Nowald Nicolas , Passow Uta
Published: October 2008

Correlations of particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral fluxes into sediment traps in the deep sea have previously suggested that interactions between organic matter and minerals play a key role in organic matter flux to the deep. Here experiments were carried out in rolling tanks to observe the incorporation of suspended biogenic minerals (calcium carbonate coccoliths or silica diatom frustules) into diatom aggregates and examine their influence on aggregate character. Addition of higher concentrations of suspended minerals to tanks resulted in a decrease in aggregate volume and mass and in an increase in aggregate number. POC to dry weight ratios also declined as mineral concentrations increased, saturating at 2–5 weight percent POC. Large amounts of suspended particulate material, consisting of miniscule aggregates of both inorganic material and organic matter, formed during the experiments. This suggested sizable scavenging of dissolved organic matter into the particulate phase during the experiment in general, and in particular associated with the presence of suspended minerals. Some of the increase in particulate inorganic matter may have been tied to cation crosslinking of the polymerized organic matter. The C to N ratio of this scavenged material was lower in the opal experiments than in the calcium carbonate experiments, suggesting differences in the compounds being formed.
Is liver fat detrimental to vessels?: intersections in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and atherosclerosis
Authors: Loria Paola , Lonardo Amedeo , Targher Giovanni
Published: October 2008

NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) encompasses the spectrum of fatty liver disease in insulin-resistant individuals who often display T2DM (Type 2 diabetes mellitus) and obesity. The present review highlights the pathophysiological basis and clinical evidence for a possible causal linkage between NAFLD and CVD (cardiovascular disease). The role of traditional and non-traditional CVD risk factors in the pathophysiology of NAFLD is considered in the first part of the review, with the basic science shared by atherogenesis and hepatic steatogenesis discussed in depth in the second part. In conclusion, NAFLD is not an innocent bystander, but a major player in the development and progression of CVD. NAFLD and CVD also share similar molecular mechanisms and targeted treatment strategies. On the research side, studies should focus on interventions aimed at restoring energy homoeostasis in lipotoxic tissues and at improving hepatic (micro)vascular blood supply.
A critical literature review of focused electron beam induced deposition
Authors: van Dorp W. F. , Hagen C. W.
Published: October 2008

An extensive review is given of the results from literature on electron beam induced deposition. Electron beam induced deposition is a complex process, where many and often mutually dependent factors are involved. The process has been studied by many over many years in many different experimental setups, so it is not surprising that there is a great variety of experimental results. To come to a better understanding of the process, it is important to see to which extent the experimental results are consistent with each other and with the existing model. All results from literature were categorized by sorting the data according to the specific parameter that was varied (current density, acceleration voltage, scan patterns, etc.). Each of these parameters can have an effect on the final deposit properties, such as the physical dimensions, the composition, the morphology, or the conductivity. For each parameter-property combination, the available data are discussed and (as far as possible) interpreted. By combining models for electron scattering in a solid, two different growth regimes, and electron beam induced heating, the majority of the experimental results were explained qualitatively. This indicates that the physical processes are well understood, although quantitatively speaking the models can still be improved. The review makes clear that several major issues remain. One issue encountered when interpreting results from literature is the lack of data. Often, important parameters (such as the local precursor pressure) are not reported, which can complicate interpretation of the results. Another issue is the fact that the cross section for electron induced dissociation is unknown. In a number of cases, a correlation between the vertical growth rate and the secondary electron yield was found, which suggests that the secondary electrons dominate the dissociation rather than the primary electrons. Conclusive evidence for this hypothesis has not been found. Finally, there is a limited understanding of the mechanism of electron induced precursor dissociation. In many cases, the deposit composition is not directly dependent on the stoichiometric composition of the precursor and the electron induced decomposition paths can be very different from those expected from calculations or thermal decomposition. The dissociation mechanism is one of the key factors determining the purity of the deposits and a better understanding of this process will help develop electron beam induced deposition into a viable nanofabrication technique.
Dynamics of hydrogen-bonded OH stretches as revealed by single-mode infrared-ultraviolet laser double resonance spectroscopy on supersonically cooled clusters of phenol
Authors: Doi Atsushi , Mikami Naohiko
Published: October 2008

The hydrogen-bonded (H-bonded) OH stretching vibrations in the electronic ground state of jet-cooled phenol-H2O, phenol-methanol, and phenol-NH3 clusters have been measured with high-resolution double resonance spectroscopy using single-mode IR and UV lasers. All the observed H-bonded OH bands are homogeneously broadened, and the corresponding bandwidths are obtained by curve fitting the observed spectra to Lorentzian functions. In comparison with the result of time-resolved experiments [Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 9, 1170 (2007)], it is found that there is a quantitative correlation between the bandwidth and the vibrational frequency shift upon the complex formation. It seems that the observed phenomena can be explained by considering the potential coupling between the intramolecular and intermolecular vibrational modes.
Realization of defect-free epitaxial core-shell GaAs/AlGaAs nanowire heterostructures
Authors: Tambe Michael J. , Lim Sung Keun , Smith Matthew J. , Allard Lawrence F. , Gradečak Silvija
Published: October 2008

We report the controlled growth of vertically aligned GaAs/AlGaAs core-shell nanowires. By optimizing the shell deposition temperature and catalyst density we maintain high temperature stability and achieve defect-free epitaxial AlGaAs shell deposition with high aluminum incorporation. Energy dispersive x-ray analysis determines the shell composition to be Al0.9Ga0.1As and measures the uniformity of the shell thickness. Lattice-resolved high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy images confirm the core-shell interface to be defect-free, epitaxial, and atomically sharp. The ability to realize GaAs/AlGaAs core-shell nanowires with precise control over the morphology and composition is essential to the development of nanowire-based high mobility electronics.
Effect of rapid thermal annealing on optical and interfacial properties of atomic-layer-deposited Lu2O3 films on Si (100)
Authors: Lu H. L. , Scarel G. , Lamagna L. , Fanciulli M. , Ding Shi-Jin , Zhang David Wei
Published: October 2008

Lu 2 O 3 films have been grown on Si(100) by atomic layer deposition using Lu(iPrO)3 (iPrO=OCH(CH3)2) and H2O. Optical properties and surface/interface evolution of the Lu2O3/Si system during rapid thermal annealing process have been studied using spectroscopic ellipsometry. The refractive index at 632.8 nm and optical band gap for as-deposited sample are determined to be 1.88 and 4.88 eV, respectively. It is revealed that interfacial Lu-silicate growth upon annealing is the dominant factor affecting the refractive index and optical band gap of Lu2O3 films. For all samples, the surface roughness decreases with increasing annealing temperature.
Extending the Snoek’s limit of single layer film in (Co96Zr4∕Cu)n multilayers
Authors: Chai Guozhi , Xue Desheng , Fan Xiaolong , Li Xiling , Guo Dangwei
Published: October 2008

The present work investigates the high frequency characteristics of (Co96Zr4∕Cu)n multilayers. The results reveal that the Snoek’s limit of (Co96Zr4∕Cu)n multilayers (revised Acher’s limit) are much larger (as a fact 1.76 for some samples) than that of single layer {Acher’s limit [O. Acher and A. L. Adenot, Phys. Rev. B 62, 11324 (2000)]} by comparing their static and dynamic magnetism. It is found that the differences of Acher’s limit between multilayers and single layers are caused by magnetic interface anisotropy. This work might facilitate search for new materials with high permeability at high frequency.
Vaccinia virus lacking the Bcl-2-like protein N1 induces a stronger natural killer cell response to infection
Authors: Jacobs Nathalie , Bartlett Nathan W. , Clark Richard H. , Smith Geoffrey L.
Published: October 2008

The vaccinia virus (VACV) N1 protein is an intracellular virulence factor that has a Bcl-2-like structure and inhibits both apoptosis and signalling from the interleukin 1 receptor, leading to nuclear factor kappa B activation. Here, we investigated the immune response to intranasal infection with a virus lacking the N1L gene (vΔN1L) compared with control viruses expressing N1L. Data presented show that deletion of N1L did not affect the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells infiltrating the lungs or the cytotoxic T-cell activity of these cells. However, vΔN1L induced an increased local natural killer cell activity between days 4 and 6 post-infection. In addition, in the absence of N1 the host inflammatory infiltrate was characterized by a reduced proportion of lymphocytes bearing the early activation marker CD69. Notably, there was a good correlation between the level of CD69 expression and weight loss. The implications of these findings are discussed.
ITCH is a putative target for a novel 20q11.22 amplification detected in anaplastic thyroid carcinoma cells by array‐based comparative genomic hybridization
Authors: Ishihara Takaya , Tsuda Hitoshi , Hotta Akiko , Kozaki Ken‐ichi , Yoshida Akira , Noh Jaeduk Yoshimura , Ito Koichi , Imoto Issei , Inazawa Johji
Published: October 2008

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is one of the most virulent of all human malignancies, with a mean survival time among patients of less than 1 year after diagnosis. To date, however, cytogenetic information on this disease has been very limited. During the course of a program to screen a panel of ATC cell lines for genomic copy‐number aberrations using array‐based comparative genomic hybridization, we identified a high‐level amplification of the ITCH gene, which is mapped to 20q11.22 and belongs to the homologous to the E6‐associated protein carboxylterminus ubiquitin ligase family. The expression of ITCH was increased in 4 of 14 ATC cell lines (28.6%), including 8305C in which there was a copy‐number amplification of this gene, and six of seven primary cases (85.7%). Among the primary thyroid tumors, a considerable number of ITCH high expressers was found in ATC (40/45, 88.9%), papillary thyroid carcinoma (25/25, 100%), and papillary microcarcinoma (25/25, 100%). Furthermore, knockdown of ITCH by specific small interfering RNA significantly inhibited the growth of ITCH‐overexpressing cells, whereas ectopic overexpression of ITCH promoted growth of ATC cell lines with relatively weak expression. These observations indicate ITCH to be the most likely target for 20q11.22 amplification and to play a crucial role in the progression of thyroid carcinoma. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 1940–1949)
Establishment of an ovarian metastasis model and possible involvement of E‐cadherin down‐regulation in the metastasis
Authors: Kuwabara Yoshiko , Yamada Taketo , Yamazaki Ken , Du Wen‐Lin , Banno Kouji , Aoki Daisuke , Sakamoto Michiie
Published: October 2008

Clinical observations of cases of ovarian metastasis suggest that there may be a unique mechanism underlying ovarian‐specific metastasis. This study was undertaken to establish an in vivo model of metastasis to the ovary, and to investigate the mechanism of ovarian‐specific metastasis. We examined the capacity for ovarian metastasis in eight different human carcinoma cell lines by implantation in female NOD/SCID mice transvenously and intraperitoneally. By transvenous inoculation, only RERF‐LC‐AI, a poorly differentiated carcinoma cell line, frequently demonstrated ovarian metastasis. By intraperitoneal inoculation, four of the eight cell lines (HGC27, MKN‐45, KATO‐III, and RERF‐LC‐AI) metastasized to the ovary. We compared E‐cadherin expression among ovarian metastatic cell lines and others. All of these four ovarian metastatic cell lines and HSKTC, a Krukenberg tumor cell line, showed E‐cadherin down‐regulation and others did not. E‐cadherin was then forcibly expressed in RERF‐LC‐AI, and inhibited ovarian metastasis completely. The capacity for metastasizing to the other organs was not affected by E‐cadherin expression. We also performed histological investigation of clinical ovarian‐metastatic tumor cases. About half of all ovarian‐metastatic tumor cases showed loss or reduction of E‐cadherin expression. These data suggest that E‐cadherin down‐regulation may be involved in ovarian‐specific metastasis. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 1933–1939)
Allergic asthma: a tale of many T cells
Authors: Afshar R. , Medoff B. D. , Luster A. D.
Published: October 2008

Asthma is a common immune‐mediated disorder characterized by reversible airway inflammation, mucus production, and variable airflow obstruction with airways hyperresponsiveness (AHR). In most cases the airway inflammation characteristic of asthma is thought to result from an allergic‐type reaction to an inhaled substance from the environment (so‐called allergic asthma). In allergic asthma, allergen exposure stimulates eosinophilic inflammation of the airways associated with infiltration of T cells. Although the recruitment of eosinophils into the airways is an important component in the pathogenesis of asthma, the trafficking of T lymphocytes into the airways is now believed to establish and orchestrate the asthmatic inflammatory response. This review explores the roles of various T cell subsets in the pathogenesis of allergic airway inflammation and highlights the contributions of these cells in regulating asthma.
Cutting Through Topologies: Crossing Lines at the School of the Americas
Authors: Koopman Sara
Published: October 2008

Abstract:  The School of the Americas (SOA) is a U.S. Army school that trains Latin American military officers. Manuals released detail torture techniques once taught at the school, and thousands of graduates have been linked to human rights abuses. The annual vigil in front of Fort Benning is the largest ongoing protest and civil disobedience against U.S. imperialism being held within the U.S. The movement to close the SOA traces the twisted lines of the topology that shapes spaces of exception in Latin America. It traces those lines back to the SOA, and cuts through them with its own counter‐topographical lines of connection to those Latin Americans that are made into ‘bare life’ by those topologies. This essay looks at the doings of protest space as a form of resistance to the space of exception, and how personal stories, and mourning, can put us beside ourselves, with one another.
Fibrinolysis‐independent role of plasmin and its activators in the haematopoietic recovery after myeloablation
Authors: Tjwa Marc , Moura Rute , Moons Lieve , Plaisance Stephane , Mol Maria De , Jansen Sandra , Dewerchin Mieke , Verfaillie Catherine , Carmeliet Peter
Published: October 2008

Proteinases have been implicated in the mobilization of haematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) from the bone marrow (BM). Here, we report the involvement of the plasminogen (Plg) system in the haematopoietic recovery following chemotherapy. By using gene‐deficient mice, we found that plasmin and its activators tPA and uPA play a role in the haematopoietic recovery upon delivery of the cytotoxic agent 5‐fluoro‐uracil (5‐FU). The impaired haematopoietic recovery of Plg‐deficient (Plg−/−) mice after 5‐FU was not rescued by depletion of fibrinogen, indicating that it was not due to defective fibrinolysis. Instead, loss of Plg impaired breakdown of fibronectin, VCAM‐1 and laminin‐BM matrix proteins involved in adhesion of HPCs to their BM microenvironment and in transendothelial migration of HPCs. These findings provide novel insights in how plasmin regulates haematopoietic recovery upon cytotoxic myeloablation.
Shakedown and Ratcheting Directives of ASME B&PV Code and Their Execution
Authors: Kalnins Arturs
Published: October 2008

ASME B&PV Code directives for shakedown and ratcheting evaluation are reviewed. The objective is to assess their effectiveness when executed with plastic finite element analysis (FEA) and to propose procedures when they are inadequate. At first, they are applied to cases involving cyclic primary loading only, for which shakedown is evaluated. It is found that FEA is not suitable to determine whether plastic shakedown is achieved for a given loading. An alternate approach based on physical grounds leads to the conclusion that if only primary loading is cycled, and if the loading does not exceed the design limit load, plastic shakedown is always achieved. Then the directives are applied to cases in which cyclic thermal or other displacement-controlled loading is superimposed on primary loading with a mean, which may lead to ratcheting. Three ratcheting measures are applied to a thermal transient example. It is found that FEA is not suitable for establishing the absence of ratcheting of a vessel for a given loading by requiring zero growth of its dimensions. The ratcheting check is modified by specifying an acceptable limit on the increments of the ratcheting measure that are predicted by plastic FEA within a specified number of cycles, which makes it practical for design purposes. A decision is required on an acceptable growth of the diameter of a vessel that would not endanger the serviceability of the vessel during its life.
Utilizing Finite Element Analysis to Accurately Predict Fatigue Life of Autofrettaged Ultra High Pressure Components
Authors: Ni Weishun W. , Tucker Christopher L. , Able Steve D. , Mann Michael D.
Published: October 2008

Computer Aided Design and Finite Element Analysis packages that have been developed are capable of providing a relatively accurate fatigue life prediction. These software packages have made nonlinear analysis more reliable in forecasting a component’s fatigue life. A safe-life (in which the components are safe from failure during the estimated service life) can be predicted during the design process. The autofrettage technique has long been applied in high-pressure industries in order to extend the components’ life. The critical parameters that must be understood during a fatigue life analysis are material properties, including cyclic loading properties and stress excursion during the service cycle. In this paper, a three-dimensional finite element analysis of an autofrettaged manifold is presented. This assessment investigated an ANSI 316 stainless steel Tee-fitting, which was exposed to different cyclical loading conditions (two autofrettage conditions at a normal operation level). This was done in order to compare finite element analysis results to actual laboratory experimental results.
Transverse Impact of CFRP Laminates Under Static Load of Axial Compression With Scanned Image Microscopy
Authors: Kasano Hideaki , Miyasaka Chiaki
Published: October 2008

The effect of an initial compressive load on the impact-induced damage of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) laminated composites was experimentally studied. Four kinds of test specimens having laminate configurations of (06/θ10/06) were employed, wherein their ply angles (denoted as “θ”) are 30°, 45°, 60°, and 90°. The test specimens were statically loaded, and under the load, they were impacted with an air-gun type of impact apparatus. First, the impact-damaged specimens were inspected by a mechanical scanning acoustic reflection microscope (SAM). The SAM images revealed that the initially applied load gave an increase of delaminated area. Second, for obtaining detailed information on micro-fracture mechanism, vertically cross-sectioned specimens were inspected by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The highly resolved SEM image showed that the initial load had statically suppressed the generation of the transverse cracks.
ADIMEW Project: Ductile Tearing Prediction of a Cracked 16" Dissimilar Metal Weld Junction
Authors: Gilles Philippe , Devaux Josette , Cipie`re Marie-France
Published: October 2008

ADIMEW (Assessment of aged piping DIssimilar MEtal Weld integrity) EC project aimed to quantify the accuracy of structural integrity procedures used in the European nuclear industry to ensure the safety of defect-containing dissimilar metal welds in aged PWR Class 1 piping. A 16 inch diameter DMW weld junction containing a large machined crack has been tested successfully under bending at 300°C to determine the actual behaviour of cracks close to the interface. The 16” Dissimilar Metal Weld mock-up (Pressurizer DMW type) has been manufactured according to nuclear industry specifications by FRAMATOME-ANP and the four point bending test has been performed by EDF. The fracture behaviour of the cracked pipe test is rather complex since the crack is not located where large yielding develops in the pipe, the crack surface is conical but its front is straight, the crack is loaded under mixed mode and is parallel to the interface between ferritic and austentic weld metal where strain concentration develops. Furthermore the welding process induces residual stresses only partially released by the post weld heat treatment. This paper presents ductile fracture analyses of the test and comparisons to experimental measurements. Framatome-ANP and ESI performed a J based analysis up to initiation and a ductile crack growth simulation using the Rice and Tracey criterion.
Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Immune Responses in Relation to the
TLR4
(
Asp299Gly
) Gene Polymorphism
Authors: Lundberg Anna , Wikberg Lars Andersson , Ilonen Jorma , Vaarala Outi , Böttcher Malin Fagerås
Published: October 2008

Altered microbial exposure is a possible explanation for the increase of allergies in the Western world. However, genetic factors influence microbially induced immune responses. We have investigated the
TLR4
(
Asp299Gly
) gene polymorphism and its possible association with receptor expression of circulating peripheral blood monocytes and the in vitro cytokine responses and phosphorylation of intracellular signaling proteins in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from
Escherichia coli
and
Salmonella enterica
serotype Typhimurium. We studied 34 of the predominant haplotype TLR4 Asp299 (AA) and 8 heterozygote Asp299Gly (AG) individuals. TLR4 expression levels were similar in the two genotype groups. Serovar Typhimurium LPS induced interleukin-12p70 from PBMC, and the degree of phosphorylation of the intracellular signaling protein IκBα in PBMC was lower in the AG than the AA group (
P
= 0.03 and
P
= 0.04, respectively). These results were not seen, however, when PMBC were stimulated with
E. coli
-derived LPS. Based on these results, we propose that
TLR4
(
Asp299Gly
) gene polymorphism and the bacterial origin of LPS should be considered when environmental LPS exposure is evaluated in disease risk or protection.