bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contrasting Temperature Sensitivity of CO2 Exchange in Peatlands of the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada
Authors: Helbig M. , Humphreys E. R. , Todd A.
Published: June 2019

It remains uncertain how the net ecosystem CO2 exchange (NEE) of diverse peatlands will respond to warming. Here we compare five years of eddy covariance measurements of NEE and estimates of gross primary productivity and ecosystem respiration between a fen dominated by deciduous vegetation and an adjacent bog with evergreen vegetation in the Canadian Hudson Bay Lowlands. At the bog, daily net CO2 uptake lasted from snowmelt to snow cover onset, while at the fen, net CO2 uptake was delayed in spring and ended earlier in fall. Greater midsummer net CO2 uptake at the fen compensated for shoulder season net CO2 losses resulting in similar annual NEE at the two sites (fen: −52 ± 16 g C m−2, bog: −80 ± 14 g C m−2). Observations of a satellite‐based productivity index also suggest lower shoulder season and higher peak vegetation productivity at these deciduous versus evergreen plant‐dominated peatlands. The response of NEE to warmer weather differed between sites. Warming during the shoulder seasons increased net CO2 uptake at the evergreen plant‐dominated bog, while it increased net CO2 losses at the fen where deciduous leaves had not yet emerged or had senesced. In contrast, warmer weather during the peak growing season appeared to reduce net CO2 uptake more at the bog than the fen resulting from both increasing ecosystem respiration and decreasing gross primary productivity. In the short term, warming will likely decrease annual net CO2 uptake of these and similar peatlands, although the magnitude will depend on factors including vegetation dynamics and seasonality of warming.
Identification of metabolic vulnerabilities of receptor tyrosine kinases-driven cancer
Authors: Jin Nan , Bi Aiwei , Lan Xiaojing , Xu Jun , Wang Xiaomin , Liu Yingluo , Wang Ting , Tang Shuai , Zeng Hanlin , Chen Ziqi , Tan Minjia , Ai Jing , Xie Hua , Zhang Tao , Liu Dandan , Huang Ruimin , Song Yue , Leung Elaine Lai-Han , Yao Xiaojun , Ding Jian , Geng Meiyu , Lin Shu-Hai , Huang Min
Published: June 2019

One of the biggest hurdles for the development of metabolism-targeted therapies is to identify the responsive tumor subsets. However, the metabolic vulnerabilities for most human cancers remain unclear. Establishing the link between metabolic signatures and the oncogenic alterations of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK), the most well-defined cancer genotypes, may precisely direct metabolic intervention to a broad patient population. By integrating metabolomics and transcriptomics, we herein show that oncogenic RTK activation causes distinct metabolic preference. Specifically, EGFR activation branches glycolysis to the serine synthesis for nucleotide biosynthesis and redox homeostasis, whereas FGFR activation recycles lactate to fuel oxidative phosphorylation for energy generation. Genetic alterations of EGFR and FGFR stratify the responsive tumors to pharmacological inhibitors that target serine synthesis and lactate fluxes, respectively. Together, this study provides the molecular link between cancer genotypes and metabolic dependency, providing basis for patient stratification in metabolism-targeted therapies.
Substrate-induced conformational dynamics of the dopamine transporter
Authors: Nielsen Anne Kathrine , Möller Ingvar R. , Wang Yong , Rasmussen Søren G. F. , Lindorff-Larsen Kresten , Rand Kasper D. , Loland Claus J.
Published: June 2019

The dopamine transporter is a member of the neurotransmitter:sodium symporters (NSSs), which are responsible for termination of neurotransmission through Na+-driven reuptake of neurotransmitter from the extracellular space. Experimental evidence elucidating the coordinated conformational rearrangements related to the transport mechanism has so far been limited. Here we probe the global Na+- and dopamine-induced conformational dynamics of the wild-typeDrosophila melanogasterdopamine transporter using hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. We identify Na+- and dopamine-induced changes in specific regions of the transporter, suggesting their involvement in protein conformational transitions. Furthermore, we detect ligand-dependent slow cooperative fluctuations of helical stretches in several domains of the transporter, which could be a molecular mechanism that assists in the transporter function. Our results provide a framework for understanding the molecular mechanism underlying the function of NSSs by revealing detailed insight into the state-dependent conformational changes associated with the alternating access model of the dopamine transporter.
Conformational manipulation of scale-up prepared single-chain polymeric nanogels for multiscale regulation of cells
Authors: Chen Xiaoyu , Li Rui , Wong Siu Hong Dexter , Wei Kongchang , Cui Miao , Chen Huaijun , Jiang Yuanzhang , Yang Boguang , Zhao Pengchao , Xu Jianbin , Chen Heng , Yin Chao , Lin Sien , Lee Wayne Yuk-Wai , Jing Yihan , Li Zhen , Yang Zhengmeng , Xia Jiang , Chen Guosong , Li Gang , Bian Liming
Published: June 2019

Folded single chain polymeric nano-objects are the molecular level soft material with ultra-small size. Here, we report an easy and scalable method for preparing single-chain nanogels (SCNGs) with improved efficiency. We further investigate the impact of the dynamic molecular conformational change of SCNGs on cellular interactions from molecular to bulk scale. First, the supramolecular unfoldable SCNGs efficiently deliver siRNAs into stem cells as a molecular drug carrier in a conformation-dependent manner. Furthermore, the conformation changes of SCNGs enable dynamic and precise manipulation of ligand tether structure on 2D biomaterial interfaces to regulate the ligand–receptor ligation and mechanosensing of cells. Lastly, the dynamic SCNGs as the building blocks provide effective energy dissipation to bulk biomaterials such as hydrogels, thereby protecting the encapsulated stem cells from deleterious mechanical shocks in 3D matrix. Such a bottom-up molecular tailoring strategy will inspire further applications of single-chain nano-objects in the biomedical area.
Establishing microbial composition measurement standards with reference frames
Authors: Morton James T. , Marotz Clarisse , Washburne Alex , Silverman Justin , Zaramela Livia S. , Edlund Anna , Zengler Karsten , Knight Rob
Published: June 2019

Differential abundance analysis is controversial throughout microbiome research. Gold standard approaches require laborious measurements of total microbial load, or absolute number of microorganisms, to accurately determine taxonomic shifts. Therefore, most studies rely on relative abundance data. Here, we demonstrate common pitfalls in comparing relative abundance across samples and identify two solutions that reveal microbial changes without the need to estimate total microbial load. We define the notion of “reference frames”, which provide deep intuition about the compositional nature of microbiome data. In an oral time series experiment, reference frames alleviate false positives and produce consistent results on both raw and cell-count normalized data. Furthermore, reference frames identify consistent, differentially abundant microbes previously undetected in two independent published datasets from subjects with atopic dermatitis. These methods allow reassessment of published relative abundance data to reveal reproducible microbial changes from standard sequencing output without the need for new assays.
Brain leptin reduces liver lipids by increasing hepatic triglyceride secretion and lowering lipogenesis
Authors: Hackl Martina Theresa , Fürnsinn Clemens , Schuh Christina Maria , Krssak Martin , Carli Fabrizia , Guerra Sara , Freudenthaler Angelika , Baumgartner-Parzer Sabina , Helbich Thomas H. , Luger Anton , Zeyda Maximilian , Gastaldelli Amalia , Buettner Christoph , Scherer Thomas
Published: June 2019

Hepatic steatosis develops when lipid influx and production exceed the liver’s ability to utilize/export triglycerides. Obesity promotes steatosis and is characterized by leptin resistance. A role of leptin in hepatic lipid handling is highlighted by the observation that recombinant leptin reverses steatosis of hypoleptinemic patients with lipodystrophy by an unknown mechanism. Since leptin mainly functions via CNS signaling, we here examine in rats whether leptin regulates hepatic lipid flux via the brain in a series of stereotaxic infusion experiments. We demonstrate that brain leptin protects from steatosis by promoting hepatic triglyceride export and decreasing de novo lipogenesis independently of caloric intake. Leptin’s anti-steatotic effects are generated in the dorsal vagal complex, require hepatic vagal innervation, and are preserved in high-fat-diet-fed rats when the blood brain barrier is bypassed. Thus, CNS leptin protects from ectopic lipid accumulation via a brain-vagus-liver axis and may be a therapeutic strategy to ameliorate obesity-related steatosis.
IL-33 drives group 2 innate lymphoid cell-mediated protection during Clostridium difficile infection
Authors: Frisbee Alyse L. , Saleh Mahmoud M. , Young Mary K. , Leslie Jhansi L. , Simpson Morgan E. , Abhyankar Mayuresh M. , Cowardin Carrie A. , Ma Jennie Z. , Pramoonjago Patcharin , Turner Stephen D. , Liou Alice P. , Buonomo Erica L. , Petri William A.
Published: June 2019

Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) incidence has tripled over the past 15 years and is attributed to the emergence of hypervirulent strains. While it is clear that C. difficile toxins cause damaging colonic inflammation, the immune mechanisms protecting from tissue damage require further investigation. Through a transcriptome analysis, we identify IL-33 as an immune target upregulated in response to hypervirulent C. difficile. We demonstrate that IL-33 prevents C. difficile-associated mortality and epithelial disruption independently of bacterial burden or toxin expression. IL-33 drives colonic group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) activation during infection and IL-33 activated ILC2s are sufficient to prevent disease. Furthermore, intestinal IL-33 expression is regulated by the microbiota as fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) rescues antibiotic-associated depletion of IL-33. Lastly, dysregulated IL-33 signaling via the decoy receptor, sST2, predicts C. difficile-associated mortality in human patients. Thus, IL-33 signaling to ILC2s is an important mechanism of defense from C. difficile colitis.
Methylation and transcription patterns are distinct in IDH mutant gliomas compared to other IDH mutant cancers
Authors: Unruh Dusten , Zewde Makda , Buss Adam , Drumm Michael R. , Tran Anh N. , Scholtens Denise M. , Horbinski Craig
Published: June 2019

Mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenases 1 and 2 (IDHmut) are present in a variety of cancers, including glioma, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), melanoma, and cholangiocarcinoma. These mutations promote hypermethylation, yet it is only a favorable prognostic marker in glioma, for reasons that are unclear. We hypothesized that the patterns of DNA methylation, and transcriptome profiles, would vary among IDHmut cancers, especially gliomas. Using Illumina 450K and RNA-Seq data from The Cancer Genome Atlas, we show that of 365,092 analyzed CpG sites, 70,591 (19%) were hypermethylated in IDHmut gliomas compared to wild-type (IDHwt) gliomas, and only 3%, 2%, and 4% of CpG sites were hypermethylated in IDHmut AML, melanoma, and cholangiocarcinoma, relative to each of their IDHwt counterparts. Transcriptome differences showed pro-malignant genes that appear to be unique to IDHmut gliomas. However, genes involved in differentiation and immune response were suppressed in all IDHmut cancers. Additionally, IDHmut caused a greater degree of hypermethylation in undifferentiated neural progenitor cells than in mature astrocytes. These data suggest that the extent and targets of IDHmut-induced genomic hypermethylation vary greatly according to the cellular context and may help explain why IDHmut is only a favorable prognostic marker in gliomas.
Analysing the evolutional and functional differentiation of four types of Daphnia magna cryptochrome in Drosophila circadian clock
Authors: Nitta Yohei , Matsui Sayaka , Kato Yukine , Kaga Yosuke , Sugimoto Kenkichi , Sugie Atsushi
Published: June 2019

Cryptochrome (CRY) plays an important role in the input of circadian clocks in various species, but gene copies in each species are evolutionarily divergent. Type I CRYs function as a photoreceptor molecule in the central clock, whereas type II CRYs directly regulate the transcriptional activity of clock proteins. Functions of other types of animal CRYs in the molecular clock remain unknown. The water flea Daphnia magna contains four Cry genes. However, it is still difficult to analyse these four genes. In this study, we took advantage of powerful genetic resources available from Drosophila to investigate evolutionary and functional differentiation of CRY proteins between the two species. We report differences in subcellular localisation of each D. magna CRY protein when expressed in the Drosophila clock neuron. Circadian rhythm behavioural experiments revealed that D. magna CRYs are not functionally conserved in the Drosophila molecular clock. These findings provide a new perspective on the evolutionary conservation of CRY, as functions of the four D. magna CRY proteins have diverse subcellular localisation levels. Furthermore, molecular clocks of D. magna have been evolutionarily differentiated from those of Drosophila. This study highlights the extensive functional diversity existing among species in their complement of Cry genes.
Mechanical characterization of squid giant axon membrane sheath and influence of the collagenous endoneurium on its properties
Authors: Montanino Annaclaudia , Deryckere Astrid , Famaey Nele , Seuntjens Eve , Kleiven Svein
Published: June 2019

To understand traumas to the nervous system, the relation between mechanical load and functional impairment needs to be explained. Cellular-level computational models are being used to capture the mechanism behind mechanically-induced injuries and possibly predict these events. However, uncertainties in the material properties used in computational models undermine the validity of their predictions. For this reason, in this study the squid giant axon was used as a model to provide a description of the axonal mechanical behavior in a large strain and high strain rate regime $$({\boldsymbol{\varepsilon }}={\bf{10}}{\boldsymbol{ \% }},\,\mathop{{\boldsymbol{\varepsilon }}}\limits^{\cdot }={\bf{1}}{{\boldsymbol{s}}}^{-{\bf{1}}})$$
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, which is relevant for injury investigations. More importantly, squid giant axon membrane sheaths were isolated and tested under dynamic uniaxial tension and relaxation. From the lumen outward, the membrane sheath presents: an axolemma, a layer of Schwann cells followed by the basement membrane and a prominent layer of loose connective tissue consisting of fibroblasts and collagen. Our results highlight the load-bearing role of this enwrapping structure and provide a constitutive description that could in turn be used in computational models. Furthermore, tests performed on collagen-depleted membrane sheaths reveal both the substantial contribution of the endoneurium to the total sheath’s response and an interesting increase in material nonlinearity when the collagen in this connective layer is digested. All in all, our results provide useful insights for modelling the axonal mechanical response and in turn will lead to a better understanding of the relationship between mechanical insult and electrophysiological outcome.
Predictive Value of Pretherapeutic Maximum Standardized Uptake Value (Suvmax) In Laryngeal and Hypopharyngeal Cancer
Authors: Werner Jonas , Hüllner Martin W. , Rupp Niels J. , Huber Alexander M. , Broglie Martina A. , Huber Gerhard F. , Morand Grégoire B.
Published: June 2019

The aim of the study was to evaluate whether pretherapeutic metabolic tumor parameters from 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) imaging could predict larynx preservation in laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer patients prior to primary chemoradiation. Tumor metabolic parameters [maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG)] were retrospectively assessed in a consecutive cohort of laryngeal and hypopharyngeal cancer patients undergoing primary (chemo-)radiation. Main outcome measures were larynx preservation and survival. The study included 97 patients with a median follow-up of 32 months (IQR 20–54.5). For hypopharyngeal cancer, multivariable analysis showed that patients with a primary tumor’s SUVmax > 9.5 entailed a higher risk of undergoing salvage pharyngolaryngectomy after chemoradiation (HR = 8.64, 95% CI = 1.1–67.3, P = 0.040). In laryngeal cancer, SUVmax did not predict the need for salvage laryngectomy. The only predictor for larynx preservation in laryngeal cancer patients was T-classification at initial diagnosis (HR = 6.67, 95% CI = 0.82–53.9, P = 0.039). In conclusion, SUVmax of primary tumor could be used as a predictor of larynx preservation prior to primary chemoradiation in hypopharyngeal cancer patients. This information may be important for patient counseling, as high SUVmax was correlated with reduced probability of larynx preservation. However, in laryngeal cancer patients, SUVmax does not seem to be predictive of outcome.
Midterm prognosis of type B aortic dissection with and without dissecting aneurysm of descending thoracic aorta after endovascular repair
Authors: Wang Jian , Zhao Jichun , Ma Yukui , Huang Bin , Yuan Ding , Yang Yi
Published: June 2019

Few studies support guidelines for the use of thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) to address type B aortic dissection (TBAD) coexisting with descending thoracic aortic dissection and aneurysm (dTADA). This cohort study investigated midterm outcomes of TBAD with dTADA (dTADA group, n = 31) and without dTADA (non-dTADA group, n = 98) after TEVAR. Compared with the non-dTADA group, the dTADA group exhibited higher incidences of type Ia endoleak (29.0% vs. 3.1%, P < 0.001) and reintervention (16.1% vs. 5.1%, P = 0.045). The completely thrombosed rate of the thoracic false lumen was significantly lower in the dTADA group than in the non-dTADA group (45.2% vs. 80.6%, P < 0.001). Although the two groups exhibited similar mortality rates, TBAD coexisting with no regressive dTADA after TEVAR was an independent predictor of mortality (HR: 15.52, 95% CI: 1.614–149.233, P = 0.018). Moreover, the change percentages of false lumen retraction and true lumen re-expansion in the dTADA group were significantly inferior to those of the non-dTADA group at levels of 4th, 6th, 8th and 10th thoracic vertebra throughout follow-up. In conclusion, in the presence of preexisting dTADA, the failure of the dTADA to regress after TEVAR is associated with lower survival and a higher risk of reintervention.
Tuning of the para-position of pyridyl ligands impacts the electrical properties of a series of Cd(ii) ladder polymers
Authors: Dutta Basudeb , Dey Arka , Sinha Chittaranjan , Ray Partha Pratim , Mir Mohammad Hedayetullah
Published: June 2019

This work describes the tuning of electrical nature of three Cd(ii)-based 1D coordination polymers by the modifications of para-substituent of pyridyl ligands.
Predictive chirality sensing via Schiff base formation
Authors: Pilicer Samantha L. , Mancinelli Michele , Mazzanti Andrea , Wolf Christian
Published: June 2019

Determination of ee and absolute configuration of chiral amines is achieved with a sterically crowded Schiff base sensor.
Synthesis of chain end acyl-functionalized polymers by living anionic polymerization: versatile precursors for H-shaped polymers
Authors: Takahata Kazuki , Uchida Satoshi , Goseki Raita , Ishizone Takashi
Published: June 2019

Well-defined chain end acyl-functionalized polymers were obtained by a 1 : 1 addition reaction between a new DPE derivative and living anionic polymers.
Fabrication of nitrogen-rich three-dimensional porous carbon composites with nanosheets and hollow spheres for efficient supercapacitors
Authors: Liu Jinghua , Ren Xiaohui , Kang Xu , He Xiong , Wei Peicheng , Wen Yan , Li Xin
Published: June 2019

N-Rich 3D porous carbon composites with nanosheets and hollow spheres have been fabricated for efficient supercapacitors.
New synthetic approaches for hexacene and its application in thin-film transistors
Authors: Han Jian , Liu Xinbang , Li Yu , Lou Zihao , Yi Mingdong , Kong Huihui , Luo Jun
Published: June 2019

Hexacene was synthesized at the single molecule level and macroscopic scale, respectively. The film mobility of hexacene was observed at 0.123 cm2 V−1 s−1.
Making an ultralow platinum content bimetallic catalyst on carbon fibres for electro-oxidation of ammonia in wastewater
Authors: Pourrahimi A. M. , Andersson R. L. , Tjus K. , Ström V. , Björk A. , Olsson R. T.
Published: June 2019

Conductive high surface area carbon fibres with a bimetallic copper–platinum coating are used as electrode for electro-oxidation of wastewater ammonia. The metal alloy is presented as a novel inexpensive catalyst for the generation of hydrogen gas.
Mechanism of gut microbiota and Axl/SOCS3 in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Li Xiao-Ling , Zhang Bo , Sun Meng-Jiao , Bao Cai-Cai , Yuan Bo-Yao , Xie Qin-Fang , Wang Li-Juan , Wang Man-Xia
Published: June 2019

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system (CNS). The present study explored the role of intestinal microbiota in the initiation and propagation of mice induced by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis. 48 C57BL/6 were randomly divided into control group and EAE group. The changes of body weight and the scores of neurological function were recorded. The mRNA expression of the receptor tyrosine kinase subfamily (AXL) was detected by real-time quantitative PCR. The levels of IL-17 and IFN-γ in blood samples were examined by ELISA. The intestinal microbial composition of mice at different time points during the EAE induction was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene-based sequencing. In EAE group, the body weight began to reduce at day 3 and neurological symptoms began to appear at day 7 after EAE induction. The levels of IL-17 and IFN-γ in EAE group reached the peak at day 21 and then decreased gradually. However, the expression of Axl and SOCS3 reached the lowest level at day 21 and then increased gradually. The microbiome analyses revealed that the abundances of Alistipes, Blautia, and Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group were significantly changed at day 14, whereas the abundances of Allobaculum, Eubacterium and Helicobacter were significantly changed at day 30 of EAE induction. The prevotellaceae_NK3B31_group may be key bacteria that contribute to the development of MS. Regulation of intestinal microbiota composition can become a new therapeutic target for the treatment of MS.
CaMKII/proteasome/cytosolic calcium/cathepsin B axis was present in tryspin activation induced by nicardipine
Authors: Xiao Juan , Lin Houmin , Liu Binggang , Jin Junfei
Published: June 2019

Premature trypsinogen activation is the early event of acute pancreatitis. Therefore, the studies on the processes of trypsinogen activation induced by compounds are important to understand mechanism underly acute pancreatitis under various conditions. Calcium overload in the early stage of acute pancreatitis was previously found to cause intracellular trypsinogen activation; however, treatment of acute pancreatitis using calcium channel blockers did not produced consistent results. Proteasome activity that could be inhibited by some calcium channel blocker has recently been reported to affect the development of acute pancreatitis; however, the associated mechanism were not fully understood. Here, the roles of nicardipine were investigated in trypsinogen activation in pancreatic acinar cells. The results showed that nicardipine could increase cathepsin B activity that caused trypsinogen activation, but higher concentration of nicardipine or prolonged treatment had an opposite effect. The effects of short time treatment of nicardipine at low concentration were studied here. Proteasome inhibition was observed under nicardipine treatment that contributed to the up-regulation in cytosolic calcium. Increased cytosolic calcium from ER induced by nicardipine resulted in the release and activation of cathepsin B. Meanwhile, calcium chelator inhibited cathepsin B as well as trypsinogen activation. Consistently, proteasome activator protected acinar cells from injury induced by nicardipine. Moreover, proteasome inhibition caused by nicardipine depended on CaMKII. In conclusion, CaMKII down-regulation/proteasome inhibition/cytosolic calcium up-regulation/cathepsin B activation/trypsinogen activation axis was present in pancreatic acinar cells injury under nicardipine treatment.
Endothelin receptor antagonism during preeclampsia: a matter of timing?
Authors: Hitzerd Emilie , Neuman Rugina I. , Mirabito Colafella Katrina M. , Reiss Irwin K.M. , van den Meiracker Anton H. , Danser A.H. Jan , Visser Willy , Versmissen Jorie , Saleh Langeza
Published: June 2019

Preeclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy complication, featuring elevated blood pressure and proteinuria, with no appropriate treatment. Activation of the endothelin system has emerged as an important pathway in PE pathophysiology based on experimental PE models where endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs) prevented or attenuated hypertension and proteinuria. Hence, ERAs have been suggested as potential therapy for PE. However, developmental toxicity studies in animals have shown severe teratogenic effects of ERAs, particularly craniofacial malformations. Nonetheless, sporadic cases of pregnancy in women using ERAs to treat pulmonary hypertension have been described. In this review we give an overview of cases describing ERA use in pregnancy and critically address their possible teratogenic effects. A systematic search in literature yielded 18 articles describing 39 cases with ERA exposure during human pregnancy. In most cases there was only exposure in the first trimester, but exposure later or throughout pregnancy was reported in five cases. Elective termination of pregnancy was performed in 12 pregnancies (31%), two ended in a spontaneous miscarriage (5%) and no fetal congenital abnormalities have been described in the remaining cases. These preliminary findings support the idea that ERA treatment for severe, early onset PE might be an option if applied later in pregnancy, when organogenesis is completed to avoid teratogenic risks. However, third trimester toxicology studies are warranted to evaluate drug safety. Subsequently, it remains to be established whether ERA treatment is effective for alleviating maternal symptoms, as demonstrated in preclinical PE models, allowing pregnancy prolongation without leading to adverse neonatal outcomes.
Locating the source node of diffusion process in cyber-physical networks via minimum observers
Authors: Hu Z. L. , Wang L. , Tang C. B.
Published: June 2019

Locating the source node that initiates a diffusion process is an increasingly popular topic that contributes new insights into the maintenance of cyber security, rumor detection in social media, digital surveillance of infectious diseases, etc. Existing studies select the observers randomly or select them heuristically according to the network centrality or community measures. However, there still lacks a method to identify the minimum set of observers for accurately locating the source node of information diffusion in cyber physical networks. Here, we fill this knowledge gap by proposing a greedy optimization algorithm by analyzing the differences of the propagation delay. We use extensive simulations with both synthetic and empirical networks to show that the number of observers can be substantially decreased: Our method only uses a small fraction of nodes (10%–20%) as observers in most networks, whereas the conventional random selection methods have to use 2–3 times more nodes as observers. Interestingly, if a network has a large proportion of low-degree nodes (e.g., karate network), it is necessary to recruit more observers. In particular, the periphery nodes that are only connected with one edge must be observers. Combining our greedy optimization algorithm with the diffusion-back method, the performance of source localization is robust against noise.
Collision and reconnection of viscous elliptic vortex rings
Authors: Cheng M. , Lou J. , Lim T. T.
Published: June 2019

It is well known that head-on collision of two identical circular vortex rings at moderate Reynolds numbers generates secondary vortex ringlets that propagate radially away from the center of the primary rings. In this paper, we show through numerical simulations that deforming vortex ring shape from a circle to an ellipse can lead to drastic changes in flow topology during the collision. The computations are performed for a range of flow parameters, including the aspect ratio of elliptic rings, the core size ratio (η), and the azimuthal angle between their major axes (θ). Results show that if two elliptic rings are identical and in the absence of azimuthal perturbation, the collision leads to the generation of two subelliptic vortex rings that propagate away from each other along a line approximately perpendicular to the original direction of approach of the primary rings. If, however, azimuthal perturbation is present, besides the two subelliptic rings, secondary vortex ringlets are generated on the remaining perimeter of the primary rings. On the other hand, if two primary elliptic rings are of unequal core sizes or if their major axes are not aligned to each other, the orientation and direction of travel of the two subelliptic rings generated deviate significantly from those involving two identical primary rings. If azimuthal perturbation is also present in these scenarios, more fine scale structures are generated and superimposed on the two subelliptic rings as well as the formation of secondary vortex ringlets. These findings may help us to explain some of the experimental observations reported in the literature and provide useful insights into the mixing processes of two directly opposed impinging elliptic jets.
Reactive species in cold atmospheric-pressure He+Air plasmas: The influence of humidity
Authors: Sun Bowen , Liu Dingxin , Wang Xiaohua , Liu Zhichao , Iza Felipe , Yang Aijun , Rong Mingzhe
Published: June 2019

A He+Air mixture is a common working gas for cold atmospheric-pressure plasmas which compromises the discharge stability of helium and the chemical reactivity of air. Water vapor is an important component in the gas mixture which can be either introduced as a precursor for reactive species or inevitably entrapped in the plasma system from the surroundings, and the presence of water can cause a profound change on the characteristics of the plasma and consequently its application efficacy. A global model of cold atmospheric-pressure He+Air plasmas is presented in this paper so as to study the influence of humidity. The densities of reactive species and power dissipation are studied as a function of water concentration spanning from 10 to 10 000 ppm. It is found that the dominant cation changes from NO+ to H3O+, and the dominant anion changes from NO2− to OH− with the increasing water concentration. HNO2 and O2(a) are the most abundant reactive nitrogen species and reactive oxygen species, respectively. When the water concentration is above 100 ppm, the electronegativity of the plasma increases dramatically, which has a significant effect on the way of power dissipation in the plasma. Also, the plasma chemistry under different air contents (100, 1000, and 10 000 ppm) is studied as a function of the water concentration. Among different cases of air concentration, the presence of water can enrich the density of most hydrogen-containing species (OH, H2O2, HO2, H3O+, and HNO3) except for HNO2, and it can also enrich the density of hydrogen-free species [O, O3, O2−, and O2(a)] at a low air concentration (100 ppm) while running it down at a high air concentration (1000 and 10 000 ppm).
Formation of relativistic electromagnetic solitons in over-dense plasmas
Authors: Wu D. , Yu W. , Fritzsche S. , Zheng C. Y. , He X. T.
Published: June 2019

We report the formation of electromagnetic solitons in over-dense plasmas in the relativistic transparency regime. By using one-dimensional and two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations, the formation and basic properties of these long-lived relativistic electromagnetic solitons are studied. The predicted mechanism of soliton formation is different from the existing investigations. The latter ones are found to exist in the wake of the high-intensity laser pulse during the interaction with a low density plasma, and such solitons are made of low-frequency, spatially localized electromagnetic fields. While for the former ones, frequency of solitons formed in the relativistic transparency regime is comparable to incident laser frequency. Moreover, a threshold of plasma density under which stable solitons can be formed is analyzed. These newly predicted solitons are expected to be observed in the present-day laser-plasma experiments.
Nonlinear dynamics used to examine ternary model of laser phase mode locking
Authors: Liebendorfer Adam
Published: June 2019

Nonlinear dynamics shows hysteresis in first-order transitions in both Gaussian and uniform disorder.
Spatial ecology of the quokka (Setonix brachyurus) in the southern forests of Western Australia: implications for the maintenance, or restoration, of functional metapopulations
Authors: Bain Karlene , Wayne Adrian Francis , Bencini Roberta
Published: June 2019

We used radio-telemetry to investigate the home-range size and movement patterns of the quokka (Setonix brachyurus) in the southern forests of Western Australia to assess the ability of animals to move between increasingly segregated habitat patches and to identify implications for metapopulation function. We found that quokkas in this region have a much larger home range (71 ± 5.8 ha) and move larger distances (up to 10 km per night) than previously reported for this species in other regions. Temporal and sex variations in home-range size, overlap and movement patterns provided insights into the social structure, reproductive strategies and resource availability for the species in this part of its range. Quokkas moved up to 14 km between habitat patches, where these patches were connected by dense riparian vegetation. While riparian vegetation was used exclusively for movement between habitat patches, quokkas spent only 40% of their time in this ecotype. The current management paradigm of protecting linear riparian vegetation as habitat for quokkas is important for maintaining habitat connectivity, but is unlikely to meet broader habitat and spatial requirements. Management of preferred habitat as well as riparian corridors is necessary for the maintenance of a functional metapopulation.
Creep-resistant aeroengine shaft steels: Precipitates and consequences
Authors: Huang Zixin
Published: June 2019

Creep resistant steels must be stable over long periods of time under severe operating conditions. This paper reviews precipitation in Cr–Mo steels and maraging steels destined for elevated temperature applications. It also covers aspects of structural evolution, strengthening and degradation, all of which are essential for alloy design. Two classes of steels are emphasised, those with origins in the power generation industries, and a novel approach based on intermetallic precipitates.

This review was submitted as part of the 2019 Materials Literature Review Prize of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining run by the Editorial Board of MST. Sponsorship of the prize by TWI Ltd is gratefully acknowledged.
Enhanced tensile properties of 316L steel via grain refinement and low-strain rolling
Authors: Mao Qingzhong , Gao Bo , Li Jiansheng , Huang Zhaowen , Li Yusheng
Published: June 2019

Excellent strength–ductility synergy of metallic materials is significant for their industrial applications. This study presents a fine-grained 316L stainless sheet (average grain size of ∼5 µm) with a good combination of strength and ductility achieved via low-strain cold rolling (rolling strain of 30%). The fabricated steel sheet exhibits maximum yield strength and ultimate tensile strength values of 1045 and 1080 MPa, respectively, with a uniform elongation of 7%. Experimental results confirm that the high density of dislocations, strain-induced martensitic phase, and deformation twins together contribute to the high strength of the rolled stainless steel. Moreover, its good ductility is attributable to the strain-induced martensitic transformation and deformation twins.
Geophysical, evolutionary and ecological processes interact to drive phylogenetic dispersion in angiosperm assemblages along the longest elevational gradient in the world
Authors: Qian Hong , Sandel Brody , Deng Tao , Vetaas Ole R
Published: June 2019

Ecologists have embraced phylogenetic measures of assemblage structure, in large part for the promise of better mechanistic inferences. However, phylogenetic structure is driven by a wide array of factors from local biotic interactions to biogeographical history, complicating the mechanistic interpretation of a pattern. This may be particularly problematic along elevational gradients, where rapidly changing physical and biological conditions overlap with geological and biogeographical history, potentially producing complex patterns of phylogenetic dispersion (relatedness). We focus on the longest elevational gradient of vegetation in the world (i.e. c. 6000 m in Nepal) to explore patterns of phylogenetic dispersion for angiosperms (flowering plants) along this elevational gradient. We used the net relatedness index to quantify phylogenetic dispersion for each elevational band of 100 m. We found a zig-zag pattern of phylogenetic dispersion along this elevational gradient. With increasing elevation, the phylogenetic relatedness of species decreased for the elevational segment between 0 and c. 2100 m, increased for the elevational segment between 2100 and c. 4200 m, and decreased for the elevational segment above c. 4200 m. We consider this pattern to be a result of the interaction of geophysical (e.g. plate tectonics) and eco-evolutionary processes (e.g. niche conservatism and trait convergence). We speculate on the mechanisms that might have generated this zig-zag pattern of phylogenetic dispersion.
Assessing the Potential for Interaction in Insecticidal Activity Between MON 87751 × MON 87701 Produced by Conventional Breeding
Authors: Levine Steven L , Fridley Jennifer M , Uffman Joshua P
Published: June 2019

Pyramiding (combining) of plant incorporated protectants (PIPs) with insecticidal activity in genetically engineered crops is a strategy used to improve efficacy as well as delay potential resistance for a specific group of targets. In some countries, a regulatory risk assessment is required for breeding “stacks” expressing multiple PIPs and these countries may require an assessment of potential interaction among the PIPs. This study evaluated whether combining soybean events MON 87551 and MON 87701 results in a toxicological interaction that effects a species that is controlled by each event. MON 87751 coexpresses the Cry1A.105 and Cry2Ab2 proteins and MON 87701 expresses the Cry1Ac protein. EC50 values for MON 87751 and MON 87701 were comparable in diet-incorporation bioassays using corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae, Helicoverpa zea) and the observed combined activity of the stack was consistent with predictions of additivity (i.e., no interaction). Under the concentration and response addition models, predicted and observed median effect levels differed by <10%. These results demonstrate independent action at the median effect level between the insecticidal activity of MON 87751 and MON 87701. Taken together, no interaction between these PIPs and acceptable margins of safety for the individual proteins to nontarget organisms, it is appropriate to bridge back to the risk assessments for the individual products that demonstrated environmental safety of stack products containing both MON 87751 and MON 87701.
Diagnostic score of cardiac involvement in AL amyloidosis
Authors: Nicol Martin , Baudet Mathilde , Brun Stephanie , Harel Stephanie , Royer Bruno , Vignon Marguerite , Lairez Olivier , Lavergne David , Jaccard Arnaud , Attias David , Macron Laurent , Gayat Etienne , Cohen-Solal Alain , Arnulf Bertrand , Logeart Damien
Published: June 2019

Aims 

Early diagnosis of cardiac involvement is a key issue in the management of AL amyloidosis. Our objective was to establish a diagnostic score of cardiac involvement in AL amyloidosis and to compare it with the current consensus criteria [i.e. left ventricular hypertrophy >12 mm and N-terminal pro b-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) >332 ng/L].

Methods and results 

We carried out a prospective and multicenter study on AL amyloidosis patients who underwent cardiac evaluation including clinical examination, electrocardiography (ECG), cardiac biomarkers, transthoracic echocardiography (TTE), and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR). Cardiac involvement was based on CMR and/or endomyocardial biopsy. In a derivation cohort of 114 patients (82 with cardiac involvement), the highest diagnostic accuracy was observed with NT-proBNP and troponin blood levels, TTE-derived global longitudinal strain (LS), and apical to basal LS gradient. By using multivariate analysis, we established a diagnostic score including global LS ≥−17% (1 point), apical/(basal + median) LS ≥0.90 (1 point), and troponin T >35 ng/L (1 point). A score >1 was associated with sensitivity of 94% and specificity of 97%, an area under the curve of 0.98 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.93–0.99] as well as a net reclassification index of 0.39 (95% CI 0.28–0.46) when compared with consensus criteria. In a validation cohort of 73 AL amyloidosis patients, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the diagnostic score was 0.97 (95% CI 0.90–0.99).

Conclusion 

Combining T troponin blood levels and two echo-derived strain parameters leads to very high accuracy for diagnosing cardiac involvement in AL amyloid patients.
PCSK9 and inflammation: a review of experimental and clinical evidence
Authors: Momtazi-Borojeni Amir Abbas , Sabouri-Rad Sarvenaz , Gotto Antonio M , Pirro Matteo , Banach Maciej , Awan Zuhier , Barreto George E , Sahebkar Amirhossein
Published: June 2019

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin Type 9 (PCSK9) is now identified as an important and major player in hypercholesterolaemia and atherosclerosis pathophysiology. PCSK9, through promoting lysosomal degradation of hepatic low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor, can decrease the clearance of plasma LDLs, leading to hypercholesterolaemia and consequent atherosclerotic plaque formation. Hypercholesterolaemia has been found to promote systemic and vascular inflammation, which can cause atherosclerotic lesion formation and progression and subsequent incidence of cardiovascular disease. Recent studies have shown the involvement of PCSK9 in the inflammatory pathway of atherosclerosis. Although trials with PCSK9 inhibitors have not shown any alteration in plasma C-reactive protein levels, there is accumulating evidence showing lessened inflammatory response in the arterial wall that could attenuate atherosclerotic plaque development beyond the established LDL-lowering effect of PCSK9 inhibition. In this review, we represent mounting evidence indicating that PCSK9 can locally increase vascular inflammation and contribute to atherosclerotic plaque progression in patients with hypercholesterolaemia.
Long-term measurements of fish backscatter from Saildrone unmanned surface vehicles and comparison with observations from a noise-reduced research vessel
Authors: De Robertis Alex , Lawrence-Slavas Noah , Jenkins Richard , Wangen Ivar , Mordy Calvin W , Meinig Christian , Levine Mike , Peacock Dave , Tabisola Heather
Published: June 2019

Two Saildrone unmanned surface vehicles (USVs) were instrumented with echosounders and deployed in the Bering Sea to make acoustic observations of walleye pollock for 103 days. The Saildrones proved to be a suitable platform for measurement of fish backscatter: they produced high-quality measurements at wind speeds of <10 m s−1. Pollock backscatter measured from the Saildrones was compared to backscatter measured by a noise-reduced research vessel during two “follow-the-leader” comparisons. In a location where pollock were shallowly distributed (30–100 m), there was evidence of depth-dependent avoidance reactions to the ship. This behaviour was not evident in a second comparison, where the fish were primarily deeper than 90 m. Opportunistic comparisons indicate that backscatter where the ship and USVs crossed paths was similar. However, the Saildrones observed higher densities of shallow fish, which is consistent with the diving response inferred in the first follow-the-leader comparison. USVs equipped with echosounders, like all platforms, have inherent strengths (endurance) and limitations (species identification) that should be carefully considered for a given application. USVs can complement traditional ship-based surveys by increasing the spatial and temporal extent of acoustic observations, and their use is likely to become more widespread.
Improving compliance of recreational fishers with Rockfish Conservation Areas: community–academic partnership to achieve and evaluate conservation
Authors: Ban Natalie C , Kushneryk Katrina , Falk Jenna , Vachon Alanna , Sleigh Laurel
Published: June 2019

Compliance is a key factor in ensuring success of marine conservation. We describe a community–academic partnership that seeks to reduce non-compliance of recreational fishers with Rockfish Conservation Areas (RCAs) around Galiano Island in British Columbia, Canada. Previous work showed mostly unintentional non-compliance by recreational fishers. From 2015 to 2018 we developed and implemented outreach and public education activities. We distributed information at community events, and installed 46 metal signs with maps of nearby RCAs at marinas, ferry terminals, and boat launches. During the summers of 2015, 2017, and 2018, we interviewed 86 recreational fishers to gauge their compliance with RCAs. Compared with a baseline in 2014, there was a reduction of 22% (from 25 to 3%) of people who unintentionally fished in RCAs with prohibited gears. In 2018, 67% of participants had seen our outreach materials. We used trail cameras overlooking RCAs to assess non-compliance in six locations on Galiano Island. Illegal fishing incidents within RCAs declined from 42% of days monitored in 2014 to 14% in 2018. Although our outreach efforts were limited in scale and scope, they appear to be making a difference. Our activities and findings can provide guidance for other regions seeking to improve compliance by recreational fishers.
Hodge-Index Type Inequalities, Hyperbolic Polynomials, and Complex Hessian Equations
Authors: Xiao Jian
Published: June 2019

It is noted that using complex Hessian equations and the concavity inequalities for elementary symmetric polynomials implies a generalized form of Hodge index inequality. Inspired by this result, using Gårding’s theory for hyperbolic polynomials, we obtain a mixed Hodge-index type theorem for classes of type $(1,1)$. The new feature is that this Hodge-index type theorem holds with respect to mixed polarizations in which some satisfy particular positivity condition but could be degenerate and even negative along some directions.