bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Receptor‐mediated endocytosis by the asialoglycoprotein receptor: effect of ethanol administration on endosomal distribution of receptor and ligand
Authors: Dalton Shana R. , Wiegert Robert L. , Casey Carol A.
Published: November 2003

Abstract:
Using the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGP‐R) and a representative ligand, asialoorosomucoid (ASOR), we have previously shown ethanol‐induced impairment of endosomal acidification, receptor recycling and ligand binding, internalization, and degradation. In the current study, we further investigated ethanol‐induced alterations in receptor/ligand trafficking by labeling endosomes in vivo with either Texas‐Red‐ASOR or 125I‐ASOR, and then assessing the receptor/ligand content of endosomes. We assessed two fractions after both 5 and 25 min of labeling: ‘early endosomes’ (EEs; endosomes from the cell periphery) and ‘late endosomes’ (LEs; endosomes farther into the cell interior). At both time points, significantly more ligand was found in EE fractions isolated from chow‐ and pair‐fed controls (3:1, EE to LE, respectively). However, endosomes isolated from ethanol‐fed animals showed a shift over time toward a more equal ligand distribution between endosome fractions (P≤0.05). Analysis of the ASGP‐R content revealed a distribution pattern between the endosome fractions similar to that observed for ligand distribution. Impairment of receptor–ligand dissociation was assessed in endosome fractions by determining bound/free ligand ratios. Analysis showed that most of the ligand present in both endosome fractions was free (56–99%), although more was bound to receptor in EE vs LE of both control and ethanol animals (P≤0.05). At 5 min, more ligand remained bound in endosomes from ethanol‐fed animals compared with control endosomes (P≤0.05), and the same pattern was observed at the latter time point. These results suggest that delayed dissociation may cause the receptor–ligand complexes to travel farther into the cell interior, which may impair proper trafficking of the ligand to lysosomes and alter the receptor recycling.
Mutations in the NS5A and E2‐PePHD regions of hepatitis C virus genotype 1b and response to combination therapy of interferon plus ribavirin
Authors: Yang Sheng‐Shun , Lai Ming‐Yang , Chen Ding‐Shinn , Chen Gran‐Hum , Kao Jia‐Horng
Published: November 2003

Background/aims:Combination therapy with interferon (IFN) and ribavirin is the current standard treatment for chronic hepatitis C, but the efficacy is still not satisfactory, especially for genotype 1b. NS5A and E2 proteins of hepatitis C virus (HCV) may repress the IFN‐induced RNA‐dependent protein kinase (PKR), and thus have the potential to influence the response of HCV to IFN therapy; however, this issue remains controversial.

Methods:Nucleotide sequences of the PKR‐eIF2α phosphorylation homology domain (E2‐PePHD) and PKR‐binding domain (NS5A‐PKR bd) of the HCV genome were analyzed by amplification and direct sequencing in 30 HCV genotype 1b patients who had been treated with IFN and ribavirin.

Results:Nine (30%) patients achieved a sustained virological response (SVR) to combination therapy. Pretreatment variables and amino acid substitutions were compared between responders and non‐responders. The responders were younger than non‐responders (37.2±10.4 vs. 45.4±9.5 years,P=0.017), whereas no significant statistical differences were found in the number of amino acid substitutions in NS5A and E2‐PePHD regions between the two groups.

Conclusions:Genetic heterogeneity in NS5A and E2‐PePHD regions of the HCV genome may not serve as a predictor for treatment outcome with combination therapy in Taiwanese patients with chronic HCV genotype 1b infection.
Evaluation of differential gene expression by microarray analysis in small and large cholangiocytes isolated from normal mice
Authors: Ueno Yoshiyuki , Alpini Gianfranco , Yahagi Kaichiro , Kanno Noriatsu , Moritoki Yuki , Fukushima Koji , Glaser Shannon , LeSage Gene , Shimosegawa Tooru
Published: November 2003

Aims: We have shown that large and small cholangiocytes, which reside primarily in large and small intrahepatic bile ducts, respectively, have different functions and responses to injuries. However, there are no systematic studies of the molecular differences between small and large cholangiocytes, which would explain cholangiocyte heterogeneity. To evaluate the differential gene expression between small and large cholangiocytes, microarray analysis was performed.

Methods: Primary cultures of small and large cholangiocytes were isolated from normal mice (BALB/c), and immortalized by the introduction of the SV40 large T antigen gene. After cloning, small and large cholangiocyte cell lines were established. Their characteristic features were confirmed by electron microscopy (EM) and measurement of transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), and secretin‐stimulated cAMP levels. Isolated total RNAs were hybridized with microarrays (Atlas Glass Array Mouse 1.0 and 3.8), which detects 4850 cDNA expressions. After hybridization, the fluorescent signals were scanned by a GenePix fluorescent scanner and analyzed using ArrayGauge software.

Results: EM, TER and secretin‐stimulated cAMP synthesis are consistent with the concept that small and large immortalized cholangiocytes originate from small and large ducts, respectively. When a cut‐off value at the expression signal difference of 3.0 times was employed, 230 cDNAs among 4850 cDNAs (4.74%) were differentially expressed between small and large cholangiocytes. Of these 230 cDNAs, aquaporin 8, IL‐2 receptor β chain and caspase 9 were more strongly expressed by large cholangiocytes.

Conclusions: Microarray successfully displayed characteristic differential cDNA expression between small and large cholangiocytes. This technique provides molecular information, which further supports our hypothesis that small and large bile ducts have different functions.
In the Wake of Terrorist Attack, Hatred May Mask Fear
Authors: Freyd Jennifer J.
Published: November 2003

Reactions of anger, rage, and hatred in the wake of September 11 terrorist attack are considered in light of the psychology of emotion and stress. Acknowledging underlying grief and fear through self‐reflection, writing, and social communication is likely to reduce unchecked anger, rage, and hatred. Hate crimes may also have some psychological bases in responses to stress called “flight‐or‐fight.” When flight is not an option, identifying and hating an enemy may have had evolutionary value for survival. This response creates harm in the current situation. An alternative cooperative response to stress, called “tend‐and‐befriend” by researchers, will be more helpful.
The Definition of Terrorism
Authors: Ruby Charles L.
Published: November 2003

This article addresses the definition of terrorism. It is intended to provide a foundation from which to understand the recent attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. Although terrorism appears to be much less dangerous than other forms of violence, it seems to command more attention. In order to respond to terrorism, a clear definition is necessary. Terrorism is defined by Title 22 of the U.S. Code as politically motivated violence perpetrated in a clandestine manner against noncombatants. Experts on terrorism also include another aspect in the definition: the act is committed in order to create a fearful state of mind in an audience different from the victims. Whether or not an act is considered terrorism also depends on whether a legal, moral, or behavioral perspective is used to interpret the act. If a legal or moral perspective is used, the values of the interpreter are the focus rather than the act itself. A behavioral perspective appears to be best suited for interpreting and reacting to terrorism.
Are Terrorists Mentally Deranged?
Authors: Ruby Charles L.
Published: November 2003

Recent terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center towers and the Pentagon have accentuated the threat of terrorism. However, it appears that the attackers are popularly thought of as mentally deranged individuals who are evil. This article suggests that such an understanding is a misperception of these people and may interfere with an adequate response to prevent future attacks. The article reviews the extant literature on psychological theories of terrorism and concludes that terrorists are not dysfunctional or pathological; rather, it suggests that terrorism is basically another form of politically motivated violence that is perpetrated by rational, lucid people who have valid motives. The only real difference between terrorism and conventional military action is one of strategy. Terrorists lack the necessary resources to wage war in furtherance of their political goals.
Understanding Collective Hatred
Authors: Yanay Niza
Published: November 2003

Few days after the tragic events of September 11, Osama bin Laden invited President George W. Bush to convert to Islam. This article explores this fantasmatic “conversion offer” in order to demonstrate the hidden workings of collective hatred and its ambivalent mechanisms. Based on previous work (Yanay, 1989, 1995, 1996), this article claims that collective hatred signifies a failure to mediate between similarity and difference, closeness and separation, isolation and connectedness, at the same time that national and religious groups aspire to be included and be recognized as part of humanity.
A Time to Hate: Situational Antecedents of Intergroup Bias
Authors: Gerstenfeld Phyllis B.
Published: November 2003

Shortly after the World Trade Center was destroyed, reports began to appear of hate crimes against Americans of Middle Eastern or South Asian descent. This article provides a summary of social psychological research that explains why certain events might promote intergroup bias. The literature on the correlation between hate crimes and potential precipitating factors is also reviewed. Finally, a few brief suggestions are made, based on previous research, as to how these crimes might be prevented.
Evil and the Instigation of Collective Violence
Authors: Mandel David R.
Published: November 2003

Literature on the psychology of evil has tended to focus on the motivations of perpetrators of collective violence, but almost no work has examined the special role of instigators. This article examines some of the differences between instigators and perpetrators of collective violence with a focus on Osama bin Laden. Compared with perpetrators, instigators are more powerful and less interchangeable, and they tend to rely on some form of nationalism to rally support. The article also examines the attributional bases of evil and how differences of construal can contribute to an escalation of violence.
Responding to September 11: A Conflict Resolution Scholar/Practitioner's Perspective
Authors: Weitzman Eben A. , Kew Darren
Published: November 2003

We find ourselves thrust into a deadly conflict of potentially very large scale. This conflict may proceed in several different directions, some of which might prove quite destructive, involving high numbers of further civilian casualties on all sides. There are lessons to be drawn from both theory and practice in the field of conflict resolution that may be helpful in considering how to proceed. In this paper, we review a few important concepts from the field of conflict resolution, attempt to point out where some of these dynamics are occurring in the current situation, and highlight some potential pitfalls. Specific policy recommendations based on this analysis are offered, and the question of how we can best ensure that our response to the attacks does not lead to a degenerative cycle of violence that further destabilizes the Middle East and undermines American long‐term interests is addressed.
Applied Social and Community Interventions for Crisis in Times of National and International Conflict
Authors: Olson Bradley D.
Published: November 2003

This article discusses the social, community, national, and international psychological implications of the great energy and movement in our country after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon. To determine ways that applied psychologists can have a positive effect on the crisis, Kurt Lewin's (1948; 1951) concept of locomotion at community and national levels is used to discuss the need for interventions that will produce driving factors to continue movement toward positive helping behaviors, and restraining factors when this momentum leads to potentially dangerous responses to the conflict (e.g., group think, an overextended enthusiasm for war, a sense of psychological immediacy or nonimmediacy for victims, and prejudice against Muslim individuals). The author offers ten approaches that applied psychologists could use to drive, restrain, and guide locomotion in this and similar crises both in the United States and abroad.
Facilitating Difficult Discussions: Processing the September 11 Attacks in Undergraduate Classrooms
Authors: Taylor Jennifer F.
Published: November 2003

College and university educators have a unique and appropriate forum in which to address social issues, the classroom environment. On September 11, 2001, this opportunity became very real. With it came the challenge of facilitating classroom discussions that include myriad views and feelings. Instruction on conducting difficult discussions in a productive, versus destructive, manner is not commonly included in graduate training, leaving many educators without the tools of effective facilitation. An overview of some of the literature on conducting difficult discussions is presented and applied to classroom discussions of the September 11 events. Recommendations on the process component of facilitating are provided, as well as a rationale for why faculty may want to accept this educational challenge.
Hatred of “Others” Among Jewish, Arab, and Palestinian Students in Israel
Authors: Moore Dahlia , Aweiss Salem
Published: November 2003

This study analyzes hatred against diverse sociopolitical groups and compares the social and political attitudes of three distinct and highly differentiated groups: Jewish, Arab, and Palestinian high school students in Israel and the Palestinian Authority. It examines their perceptions of the political context and aims to find the factors that influence the extremity of their hatred. Analysis of the data shows that the proposed model is more applicable to Jewish students than it is to Arabs and Palestinians, and shows that hatred toward outgroups is influenced by religiosity, the salience of national and civic identity, national security issues, and political ideology.
Requirements, Risks, and Responsibility: Mothering and Fathering in Books about Raising Boys
Authors: Anderson Kristin J. , George Jessica , Nease Jessica
Published: November 2003

The last two decades have been marked by increased attention from scholars, policy makers, and the mass media to girls' needs and experiences. More recently, two developments have contributed to a gender focus that puts boys at the center of popular and academic discourse: recent school shootings and reactions to the research focusing on girls. As one of many attempts at refocusing academic and policy discourse on boys, a genre of books about raising boys has emerged. This study discusses three popular books on the gender ideologies of parenting, by Gurian (1997), Pollack (1998), and Kindlon and Thompson (1999). We find that the three books hold mothers to higher expectations and to more elaborate requirements than they hold fathers. The claimed risks to sons associated with mothers assume an overabundance of qualities that these authors argue mothers are expected to possess in moderate proportions. Moreover, women's internal/biological processes, such as temperament, are more likely to be blamed for bad mothering, while external/environmental processes tend to be blamed for bad fathering. This examination has implications for policy decisions, research fund allocations, the reconstitution of essentialist and patriarchal expectations held by the lay public, the scholarly work on mother‐blame, and the academic discourse on gender development.
Legalized Abortion and the Homicide of Young Children: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Sorenson Susan B. , Wiebe Douglas J. , Berk Richard A.
Published: November 2003

Recent research has drawn a link, sometimes a causal link, between the legalization of abortion in the late 1960s and early 1970s and the precipitous decline in crime in the 1990s. Abortion is posited to have reduced the number of potential victims and potential perpetrators, and the potential effect is examined when these individuals would be reaching their high‐crime years. We examined a more proximal potential association between legalized abortion and homicide, specifically, the homicide of young children. Assuming that abortions occurred when the family had insufficient resources for the birth, one could hypothesize that children would have been at higher risk of homicide if born into these circumstances. We examined 1960‐1998 U.S. mortality data for children under 5 years of age using an interrupted time series design. The legalization of abortion was not associated with a sudden change in child homicide trends. It was, however, associated with a steady decrease in the homicides of toddlers (i.e., 1‐ to 4‐year‐olds) in subsequent years. Although in the predicted direction, the decrease in homicides of children under 1 year of age was not statistically significant. Competing explanations that could be examined in the data (e.g., changes in mortality classification) do not account for the findings.
The Psychology of Environmentally Sustainable Behavior: Fitting Together Pieces of the Puzzle
Authors: Kurz Tim
Published: November 2003

This paper considers the main features of four general psychological approaches to the analysis of environmentally sustainable behavior (rational–economic, social dilemmas, attitude–behavior models, and applied behavioral analysis), and focuses on the problems inherent in applying each approach to this issue. It also details the utility of a holistic Social–Ecological Framework that I believe is useful for analyzing environmentally sustainable behavior. This approach draws on concepts from ecological psychology such as Gibson's (1979) notion of “affordances,” and shows how such a method can account for and help us understand the limitations of traditional psychological approaches to environmentally sustainable behavior, and provides a general guiding framework for the formulation of environmental policy decisions and intervention programs.
Book Review: Who Cares?
Authors: Belle Deborah
Published: November 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

S. Danziger and J. Waldfogel, (eds.) Securing the Future: Investing in Children from Birth to College

B. Ehrenreich, Nickel and Dimed: On (Not) Getting By in America

N. Folbre, The Invisible Heart: Economics and Family Values

J. Heymann, The Widening Gap: Why America's Working Families Are in Jeopardy and What Can Be Done about It
Hate Online: A Content Analysis of Extremist Internet Sites
Authors: Gerstenfeld Phyllis B. , Grant Diana R. , Chiang Chau‐Pu
Published: December 2003

Extremists, such as hate groups espousing racial supremacy or separation, have established an online presence. A content analysis of 157 extremist web sites selected through purposive sampling was conducted using two raters per site. The sample represented a variety of extremist groups and included both organized groups and sites maintained by apparently unaffiliated individuals. Among the findings were that the majority of sites contained external links to other extremist sites (including international sites), that roughly half the sites included multimedia content, and that half contained racist symbols. A third of the sites disavowed racism or hatred, yet one third contained material from supremacist literature. A small percentage of sites specifically urged violence. These and other findings suggest that the Internet may be an especially powerful tool for extremists as a means of reaching an international audience, recruiting members, linking diverse extremist groups, and allowing maximum image control.
Grapes of Wrath: Discrimination in the Produce Aisle
Authors: Topolski Richard , Boyd‐Bowman Kimberly A. , Ferguson Heather
Published: December 2003

Discrimination against minorities and people of lower social economic status is often hard to prove quantitatively. One way to measure discrimination concretely is to examine the quality of goods available to people of different races and socioeconomic status (SES). We investigated the quality of supermarket produce in neighborhoods of varying socioeconomic status (high, medium, and low SES). Fresh fruit was purchased from 3 different locations of 2 separate supermarket chains in a mid‐sized southern city, for a total of 6 stores for comparison. Participants used 2 methods to record their perceptions of fruit quality in terms of both appearance and taste: a relative ranking of each fruit and a 9‐point Likert scale. Results indicate that supermarkets in the lowest socioeconomic area had the poorest quality fruit and the markets in the highest SES had the best fruit. The results are discussed in terms of their potential implication on health and lifestyle factors for lower SES individuals.
Beliefs About Affirmative Action and Diversity and Their Relationship to Support for Hiring Policies
Authors: Aberson Christopher L. , Haag Sarah C.
Published: December 2003

Two hundred seventy‐three White undergraduates participated in an investigation of how beliefs relate to support for affirmative action (AA) policies. Beliefs included belief in the fairness of AA, belief in merit, and belief in the value of diversity. Analyses predicted support for a general affirmative action policy, a tiebreak policy, and a policy using banding from beliefs and individual‐level variables such as future benefit from AA and demographics. For the general policy, each belief predicted support for AA. Fairness and value of diversity predicted support for a tiebreak policy. Value of diversity predicted support for aptitude testing. Individual characteristics improved prediction for AA in general but not for tiebreak policy or aptitude testing. We discuss predictions and results in terms of procedural and distributive justice, fairness heuristic theory, and models of support for AA.
Spatiotemporal Rescue of Memory Dysfunction in
Drosophila
Authors: McGuire Sean E. , Le Phuong T. , Osborn Alexander J. , Matsumoto Kunihiro , Davis Ronald L.
Published: December 2003

We have developed a method for temporal and regional gene expression targeting (TARGET) in
Drosophila
and show the simultaneous spatial and temporal rescue of a memory defect. The transient expression of the
rutabaga
-encoded adenylyl cyclase in the mushroom bodies of the adult brain was necessary and sufficient to rescue the
rutabaga
memory deficit, which rules out a developmental brain defect in the etiology of this deficit and demonstrates an acute role for
rutabaga
in memory formation in these neurons. The TARGET system offers general utility in simultaneously addressing issues of when and where gene products are required.
Probing the Threshold to H Atom Transfer Along a Hydrogen-Bonded Ammonia Wire
Authors: Tanner Christian , Manca Carine , Leutwyler Samuel
Published: December 2003

We characterized the entrance channel, reaction threshold, and mechanism of an excited-state H atom transfer reaction along a unidirectionally hydrogen-bonded “wire” –O–H···NH
3
···NH
3
···NH
3
···N. Excitation of supersonically cooled 7-hydroxyquinoline·(NH
3
)
3
to its vibrationless S
1
state produces no reaction, whereas excitation of ammonia-wire vibrations induces H atom transfer with a reaction threshold ≈ 200 wave numbers. Further translocation steps along the wire produce the S
1
state 7-ketoquinoline·(NH
3
)
3
tautomer. Ab initio calculations show that proton and electron movement along the wire are closely coupled. The rate-controlling S
1
state barriers arise from crossings of a ππ* with a Rydberg-type πσ* state.
Drug therapy in chronic heart failure
Authors: McKenzie D B , Cowley A J
Published: December 2003

Chronic heart failure is widely recognised as a common and escalating problem that causes major disability and often shortens life. Diuretics and digoxin have formed the mainstay of treatment for many years. Clinical trials have demonstrated that angiotensin converting enzymes and β-blockers, in selected patients, improve symptoms and reduce mortality. Angiotensin-II antagonists and spironolactone may also have a role in certain individuals. Newer pharmacological approaches to the management of this complex disease are being developed, but await full evaluation.
Acceptability of oesophagogastroduodenoscopy without intravenous sedation: patients’ versus endoscopist’s perception with special reference to older patients
Authors: Thanvi B R , Munshi S K , Vijayakumar N , Taub N , Lo T C N
Published: December 2003

Background

Unsedated oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD) is considered by most endoscopists to be a quick, safe, and well tolerated procedure. Older patients are said to tolerate it better than younger patients. However, patients’ perception of the discomfort for the unsedated OGD has not been well studied.

Objective

This study was undertaken to compare (1) patients’ perception of discomfort with the endoscopist’s perception of patients’ discomfort for the unsedated OGD, (2) tolerability between older (⩾75 years) and younger (<75 years) patients.

Design and subjects

A total of 130 consecutive patients attending a day case endoscopy unit were recruited for the study. The patients and endoscopist recorded their assessment using a visual analogue scale (VAS). The results were analysed using non-parametric tests. Thirty patients were excluded from the study based on exclusion criteria. Sixty three (57%) patients were aged ⩾75 years and 37 (43%) were <75 years.

Results

A significant difference was noted between patients’ perception of the discomfort and the endoscopist’s assessment of the patient’s discomfort as suggested by the overall higher VAS scores for patients (median 4.9, SD 2.6) than those of the endoscopist (median 2.2, SD 1.2), giving a significant difference in median VAS score of 3.4 (p<0.001). Older and younger patients had similar scores, with median (SD) VAS scores of 4.8 (2.5) for ⩾75 years and 4.9 (2.8) for <75 years. The endoscopist’s median scores for these two groups were 2.2 (1.2) and 2.1 (1.3), respectively.

Conclusions

Patients’ discomfort during OGD performed without sedation was greatly underestimated by the endoscopist. There was no significant difference in acceptability between old and the young patients.
“Australia is one of the darkest markets in the world”: the global importance of Australian tobacco control: Figure 1
Authors: Chapman S , Byrne F , Carter S M
Published: November 2003

“Australia is one of the darkest markets in the world... it probably is the darkest, I mean ourselves and Canada fight every month for who’s got the darkest conditions to do tobacco manufacturing and marketing. And one of the things we can offer the world is what we do best, which is how to work, maximize, proactively drive our market position in a market that’s completely dark. Now that takes a different skillset... a different type of learning. We need to export that... we know we have a lot of expatriates who come down to Australia for learning... they can come here and learn these techniques and take them back to Europe or Latin America or to the United States or to Africa... But the other thing that is really good for us is that we are also a huge net exporter of Australian talent... about 30 or 40 people currently off-shore... We do things really differently here than most other BAT organizations.”David Crowe, Marketing Director, British American Tobacco (BAT) Australia1
“It is possible he is a kind of nut”: how the tobacco industry quietly promoted Dr William Whitby: Figure 1
Authors: Chapman S
Published: November 2003

Dr William Whitby was a general practitioner in Sydney who, from 1978 until about 1987, self published two books extolling the virtues of smoking and ridiculing anti-smoking claims. Privately the tobacco industry regarded him as “nutty”, while nonetheless believing that his views should be promoted. They quietly supported him by distributing his book, offering legal advice, and persuading him to take media training. Many Australians would have been exposed to his views.
Cooperation and control: the Tobacco Institute of Australia
Authors: Carter S M
Published: November 2003

Objective:To describe the history of the Tobacco Institute of Australia (TIA), particularly regarding connections between local and international cigarette manufacturers and tobacco organisations.

Design:Analysis of 4541 industry documents from the world wide web.

Results:From 1978 to 1983 the TIA built strong international networks via ICOSI/INFOTAB and the US Tobacco Institute, and defended existing industry freedoms. 1983 to 1989 was the TIA’s aggressive heyday, led primarily by John Dollisson. From 1989 to 1994, following the decision in Australian Federation of Consumer Organisations vs TIA, local and international industry lawyers assumed control. Between 1994 and 1997 a brief revival led into decline and then dissolution, as previously common ground became commercially competitive issues for the manufacturers. The TIA facilitated interconnectedness: between local manufacturers; via individuals who played multiple roles; to international tobacco organisations; through the industry’s local and international counsel; and by acting as a conduit for information.

Conclusion:The local tobacco industry was comprehensively informed on issues including smoking and health, and connected to the international industry, via the TIA. The manufacturers were closely involved in the TIA’s activities, and cooperated through the TIA in a manner detrimental to Australian consumers. The TIA’s conduct was the responsibility of local and international manufacturers and their counsel.
The Australian cigarette brand as product, person, and symbol
Authors: Carter S M
Published: November 2003

Objective:To examine, for dominant Australian cigarette brands, brand identity (overriding brand vision), brand positioning (brand identity elements communicated to the consumer), brand image (consumers’ brand perceptions) and brand equity (financial value).

Design:Tobacco industry documents, articles from retail trade publications since 1990, and current brand advertising from retail trade publications were searched for information about Australian brands.

Results:Cigarette manufacturers benefit from their competitors’ brand equity as well as their own. The industry sees Australian smokers as far less brand loyal and strongly oriented to “low tar”. A few predominantly local brands dominate the market, with variation by state. Successful Australian brands exist in one of three categories: premium, mainstream, and supervalue. Their brand identity essence is as follows. Premium: quality. Mainstream: a good humoured “fair go” for ordinary Australians. Supervalue: value for money. All supervalue brand identities also include freedom, escape, mildness, an aspirational attitude, blue tones, and waterside scenes. Brand image and brand identity is frequently congruent, even when marketing is restricted, and brand image is generally more positive for a smoker’s own brand.

Conclusions:Tobacco control activities have undermined cigarette brand equity. Further research is needed regarding brand loyalty, low tar, and brand categories. Smokers may respond more positively to tobacco control messages consistent with the identities of their chosen brand, and brand-as-organisation elements may assist. Further marketing restrictions should consider all elements of brand identity, and aim to undermine brand categories.
New frontier, new power: the retail environment in Australia’s dark market
Authors: Carter S M
Published: November 2003

Objective:To investigate the role of the retail environment in cigarette marketing in Australia, one of the “darkest” markets in the world.

Design:Analysis of 172 tobacco industry documents; and articles and advertisements found by hand searching Australia’s three leading retail trade journals.

Results:As Australian cigarette marketing was increasingly restricted, the retail environment became the primary communication vehicle for building cigarette brands. When retail marketing was restricted, the industry conceded only incrementally and under duress, and at times continues to break the law. The tobacco industry targets retailers via trade promotional expenditure, financial and practical assistance with point of sale marketing, alliance building, brand advertising, and distribution. Cigarette brand advertising in retail magazines are designed to build brand identities. Philip Morris and British American Tobacco are now competing to control distribution of all products to retailers, placing themselves at the heart of retail business.

Conclusions:Cigarette companies prize retail marketing in Australia’s dark market. Stringent point of sale marketing restrictions should be included in any comprehensive tobacco control measures. Relationships between retailers and the industry will be more difficult to regulate. Retail press advertising and trade promotional expenditure could be banned. In-store marketing assistance, retail–tobacco industry alliance building, and new electronic retail distribution systems may be less amenable to regulation. Alliances between the health and retail sectors and financial support for a move away from retail dependence on tobacco may be necessary to effect cultural change.
Effects of motivational interviewing on smoking cessation in adolescents with psychiatric disorders
Authors: Brown R A , Ramsey S E , Strong D R , Myers M G , Kahler C W , Lejuez C W , Niaura R , Pallonen U E , Kazura A N , Goldstein M G , Abrams D B
Published: November 2003

Objective:To test the hypothesis that among adolescent smokers hospitalised for psychiatric and substance use disorders, motivational interviewing (MI) would lead to more and longer quit attempts, reduced smoking, and more abstinence from smoking over a 12 month follow up.

Design:Randomised control trial of MI versus brief advice (BA) for smoking cessation, with pre- and post-intervention assessment of self efficacy and intentions to change, and smoking outcome variables assessed at one, three, six, nine, and 12 month follow ups.

Setting:A private, university affiliated psychiatric hospital in Providence, Rhode Island, USA.

Patients or other participants:Consecutive sample (n = 191) of 13–17 year olds, admitted for psychiatric hospitalisation, who smoked at least one cigarette per week for the past four weeks, had access to a telephone, and did not meet DSM-IV criteria for current psychotic disorder.

Interventions:MI versus BA. MI consisted of two, 45 minute individual sessions, while BA consisted of 5–10 minutes of advice and information on how to quit smoking. Eligible participants in both conditions were offered an eight week regimen of transdermal nicotine patch upon hospital discharge.

Main outcome measures:Point prevalence abstinence, quit attempts, changes in smoking rate and longest quit attempt. Proximal outcomes included intent to change smoking behaviour (upon hospital discharge), and self efficacy for smoking cessation.

Results:MI did not lead to better smoking outcomes compared to BA. MI was more effective than BA for increasing self efficacy regarding ability to quit smoking. A significant interaction of treatment with baseline intention to quit smoking was also found. MI was more effective than BA for adolescents with little or no intention to change their smoking, but was actually less effective for adolescents with pre-existing intention to cut down or quit smoking. However, the effects on these variables were relatively modest and only moderately related to outcome. Adolescents with comorbid substance use disorders smoked more during follow up while those with anxiety disorders smoked less and were more likely to be abstinent.

Conclusions:The positive effect of MI on self efficacy for quitting and the increase in intention to change in those with initially low levels of intentions suggest the benefits of such an intervention. However, the effects on these variables were relatively modest and only moderately related to outcome. The lack of overall effect of MI on smoking cessation outcomes suggests the need to further enhance and intensify this type of treatment approach for adolescent smokers with psychiatric comorbidity.
A NOTE ON SEGRE TYPES OF SECOND-ORDER SYMMETRIC TENSORS IN 5-D BRANE-WORLD COSMOLOGY
Authors: REBOUÇAS M. J. , SANTOS J.
Published: December 2003

Recent developments in string theory suggest that there might exist extra spatial dimensions, which are not small nor compact. The framework of most brane cosmological models is that the matter fields are confined on a brane-world embedded in five dimensions (the bulk). Motivated by this we re-examine the classification of the second-order symmetric tensors in 5-D, and prove two theorems which collect together some basic results on the algebraic structure of these tensors in five-dimensional spacetimes. We also briefly indicate how one can obtain, by induction, the classification of symmetric two-tensors (and the corresponding canonical forms) on n-dimensional (n>4) spaces from the classification on four-dimensional spaces. This is important in the context of 11-D supergravity and 10-D superstrings.
TWO-LOOP WORLDSHEET EFFECTIVE ACTION
Authors: FAZIO A. R. , SAVVIDY G. K.
Published: December 2003

We are studying quantum corrections in the earlier proposed string theory based on worldsheet action which measures the linear sizes of the surfaces. At classical level the string tension is equal to zero and as it was demonstrated in the previous studies one loop correction to the classical worldsheet action generates Nambu–Goto area term, that is nonzero string tension. We extend this analysis computing the worldsheet effective action in the second order of the loop expansion.

We are studying quantum corrections in the earlier proposed string theory based on worldsheet action which measures the perimeter of the surface. At the classical level the string tension is equal to zero and we demonstrate that one and two-loop corrections to the classical worldsheet action generates Nambu–Goto area term, that is nonzero string tension.
THE CHARMED STRANGE MESON SYSTEM
Authors: LUCHA WOLFGANG , SCHÖBERL FRANZ F.
Published: December 2003

Motivated by the recent surprising discovery of two new meson states with [Formula: see text] quark content but unexpectedly low masses and narrow total decay widths, we work out, in a nonrelativistic potential-model approach developed already some two decades ago, the predictions for the energy levels of the corresponding charm–anti-strange quark bound states. In spite of the fact that this simple quark model reproduces the mass spectrum of the previously observed hadrons remarkably well, we are led to the conclusion that, without considerable modifications, both the new states do not fit into this framework.
QUANTUM CRITICALITY, EVENT HORIZONS AND COSMIC GAMMA RAY BURSTS
Authors: BARBIERI JAMES , CHAPLINE GEORGE , SANTIAGO DAVID I.
Published: December 2003

The logical inconsistency of quantum mechanics and general relativity can be avoided if the relativity principle fails for length scales smaller than the quantum coherence length for the vacuum state. This has dramatic consequences for the phenomenology of compact astrophysical objects. If we assume that at the Planck scale elementary particles interact via a universal four-point interaction and baryon number conservation is violated, then nucleons approaching an event horizon surface can disintegrate into gamma rays and high energy leptons. Integrating the Altarelli–Parisi equations to find the Planck scale parton distribution function for a nucleon, we find that nucleon decays produce a fluorescence gamma ray spectrum strikingly similar to that observed for cosmic gamma ray bursts.
TESTS OF PERTURBATIVE QCD AND JET PHYSICS
Authors: WOMERSLEY JOHN
Published: December 2003

Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) is a vast domain. In the past twelve months, no fewer than 473 papers with "QCD" in the title were submitted to the hep–ph archive (admittedly, this includes such titles as "Cosmological QCD Phase Transition and Dark Matter"). More relevant, perhaps, is to note that 93 QCD-related abstracts were submitted to the 1999 Europhysics Conference on High Energy Physics (EPS99). I shall therefore have to be selective, and will organize this presentation by final state: jets, photons, weak bosons, and heavy flavor.

I would like to thank everyone who helped me put this presentation together, and extend my apologies to all those whose work had to be omitted or brutally summarized. I also ask the audience's indulgence for any biases from my particular background as a Tevatron experimenter.
R&D PROGRESS TOWARD FUTURE LINEAR COLLIDERS
Authors: VOSS GUSTAV-ADOLF
Published: December 2003

During the last twenty years, there has been a world wide effort to develop the physics and technology of linear colliders. Present goals at SLAC, KEK, and DESY are to bring the R&D efforts to the point where proposals for 500/1000 GeV cms electron-positron colliders can be officially submitted in the years 2002/2003. The CLIC study at CERN aims at a second generation very high energy electron-positron collider, to be considered after completion of the LHC. The main areas of hardware R&D include efficient accelerating waveguides without harmful higher order mode (h.o.m.) effects, high peak power klystrons, klystron modulators, and rf-power compression. Test facilities have been put in place for the testing of h.o.m. behavior of new waveguide designs (ASSET), focusing of low emittance beams to spot sizes in the nanometer range (FFTB), and damping particle oscillations in a special damping ring (ATF) to prepare low emittance bunch trains of electrons for injection into linear colliders. The TESLA collaboration is making a major effort to develop the required technology for a superconducting linear collider. Test accelerator sections, which employ all the necessary new accelerator components, have been built and are currently being tested at SLAC and DESY.
THE SIMPLEST HYPERBOLIC KNOTS WITH NON-INTERGRAL TOROIDAL SURGERY
Authors: Ishigami Haruko , Teragaito Masakazu
Published: November 2003

For a hyperbolic knot K in S3, a toroidal surgery on K is integral or half-integral. It is well known that no 2-bridge knot admits non-integral toroidal surgery. In this paper, we show that the (-2, 3, 7)-pretzel knot and its mirror image are the only 3-bridge knots that admit non-integral toroidal surgery.
CHARACTER VARIETIES AND PERIPHERAL POLYNOMIALS OF A CLASS OF KNOTS
Authors: HILDEN HUGH M. , LOZANO MARÍA TERESA , AMILIBIA JOSÉ MARÍA MONTESINOS
Published: November 2003

For a hyperbolic knot, the excellent curve is the union of components of the character variety containing the characters of the complete hyperbolic structures on the complement of the knot. The peripheral polynomials define the excellent curve in terms of traces of bases of the boundary torus around the knot. In this paper we introduce the concept of net presentation of a knot with 2n strings which generalises the well known plat presentation of a knot with 2n strings. Nets with 4 strings are the correct setting to apply quaternion methods to compute the excellent curve. This is done here in a convenient way for application to the study of invariants of cone-manifold structures.
KAUFFMAN-LIKE POLYNOMIAL AND CURVES IN 2-SURFACES
Authors: MANTUROV VASSILY O.
Published: November 2003

In the present paper, we construct a virtual knot invariant with values in the free infinite-dimensional module over Z[a, a-1]. The restriction of this invariant to the set of classical knots coincides with the Jones–Kauffman polynomial. It distinguishes virtual knots stronger than the generalised Jones-Kauffman polynomial proposed in [Kau].
The STRUCTURE OF THE c(2×2) Mn/Ni(001) SURFACE ALLOY BY PHOTOELECTRON DIFFRACTION
Authors: BANERJEE S. , RAVY S. , DENLINGER J. , CHEN X. , SALDIN D. K. , TONNER B. P.
Published: December 2003

Surface alloys are two-dimensional metallic systems that can have structures that are unique to the surface, and have no counterpart in the bulk binary phase diagram. A very unusual structure was reported for the Mn–Ni system, based on a quantitative LEED structure determination, which showed that the Mn atoms were displaced out of the surface by a substantial amount. This displacement was attributed to a large magnetic moment on the Mn atoms. The structure of the Mn–Ni surface alloy was proposed to be based on a bulk termination model. Magnetic measurements on Mn–Ni, however, showed conclusively that the magnetic structure of these surface alloys is distinct from the bulk alloy analogs. For example, bulk MnNi is an antiferromagnet, whereas the surface alloy is ferromagnetic. This suggests that the proposed structure, based on bulk termination, is not complete. Photoelectron diffraction techniques were used to investigate this structure, using both a comparison to multiple scattering calculations and photoelectron holography.
STRUCTURAL INVESTIGATION OF PENTAGONAL Al70Pd20Mn10 AND DECAGONAL Al70Co15Ni15
Authors: ZURKIRCH M. , ERBUDAK M. , HOCHSTRASSER M. , KORTAN A. R.
Published: December 2003

Local symmetry properties of two quasicrystals, an icosahedral Al70Pd20Mn10 and a decagonal Al70Co15Ni15 , are investigated using the technique of secondary-electron imaging (SEI). An existing structure model is confirmed for Al70Pd20Mn10 , where a new basic structure unit, consisting of an alternate stacking of pentagons and center-decorated decagons, is proposed for Al70Co15Ni15 . A link between the icosahedral and the decagonal phase is suggested.
ELECTRONIC AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE OF $(\sqrt{5}\times\sqrt{5}){\rm R}27^{\circ}-{\rm Yb}/{\rm Al}(001)$
Authors: FASEL R. , AEBI P. , SCHLAPBACH L. , GREBER T. , OSTERWALDER J.
Published: December 2003

A particularly interesting phenomenon of rare-earth metals and their compounds is the mixed valence, which is intimately connected with the structural properties of a material. We report structural and spectroscopic results from the [Formula: see text] interface, with particular emphasis on the interplay between surface structure and valence. A strong reconstruction of the substrate surface is observed, with the Yb atoms occupying substitutional sites. A small fraction of Yb atoms is identified to occupy second-layer sites in otherwise unreconstructed surface patches. It is shown that these subsurface Yb atoms are in a mixed-valent 4f14-δ state, whereas the surface atoms in the [Formula: see text] geometry persist in the divalent 4f14 state.
Sb/Cu(111): GROWTH, DISSOLUTION AND SEGREGATION STUDIED BY AES, LEED and PES
Authors: GÖTHELID M. , AUFRAY B. , GIORDANO H. , Gay J. M. , LE LAY G. , Belkhou R. , Marsot N. , Guillot C.
Published: December 2003

The room temperature deposition of Sb on to Cu (111) gives rise to two different Sb states as seen from the Sb 4d shallow core level: an adstate similar to the [Formula: see text] structure formed after annealing at 400°C, and an overlayer of unreacted Sb . The unreacted Sb overlayer is rapidly dissolved into a subsurface position in the crystal during annealing, where it forms a quasistable structure which is dissolved very slowly.
NONMAGNETIC IRON LAYERS AT THE Fe/Ru INTERFACE
Authors: PROKOP J. , PRZYBYLSKI M. , SLEZAK T. , KORECKI J.
Published: December 2003

Magnetic dead layers near the Fe/Ru interface in iron films grown on Ru(0001) and in Fe/Ru multilayers have been reported previously. In this paper the CEMS analysis is applied to explain why these interfacial Fe atoms are nonmagnetic. The CEMS spectra of the uncoated bcc-Fe surface clearly show the ferromagnetic order. After covering with ruthenium, the characteristic changes in the conversion electron Mössbauer spectrum were observed, which indicate existence of a nonferromagnetic phase near the Fe/Ru interface. The measured value of the isomer shift of the interface component suggests that the bcc phase persists after covering of the Fe film with Ru.