bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HERCULES AND THE STONE TREE: AENEID 8.233–40
Authors: Armstrong Rebecca
Published: December 2020

In ancient literature and religion, Hercules—in common with many other deities—is frequently associated with particular trees or types of tree. There are tales connecting him with the wild olive, laurel and oak, but his most prominent and frequent arboreal link is with the poplar (populus Alcidae gratissima, ‘the poplar is most delightful to Hercules’, Verg. Ecl. 7.61), an association mentioned twice in the Hercules-heavy first half of Aeneid Book 8 (276, 286). The festival of Hercules celebrated by Evander and his people takes place just outside the city within a ‘great grove’ (Aen. 8.103–4) of unspecified species, in an area surrounded by less defined expanses of trees. Trees crowd the banks of the Tiber, leaning out for wonder as Aeneas’ fleet passes by (Aen. 8.91–2) and soon uariisque teguntur | arboribus, uiridisque secant placido aequore siluas (‘[the Trojans] are covered by different trees and cut their way through green woods on the calm water’, Aen. 8.95–6); looking up through the sacrificial smoke on the altars, Pallas and his friends are initially frightened ut celsas uidere rates atque inter opacum | adlabi nemus (‘as they saw the tall ships glide towards them through the dark grove’, Aen. 8.107–8). When Evander later shows Aeneas around, the emphasis on trees recurs, with the huge grove destined to become Romulus’ Asylum (Aen. 8.342), and the bramble- and god-haunted woods of the Capitol (Aen. 8.347–54). Later, Aeneas and his men camp in a vast grove of Silvanus, as Venus approaches to bring her son his new shield (Aen. 8.597–607).
A child with spontaneous recovery of normal sinus rhythm from idiopathic complete atrioventricular block
Authors: Kao Ting-Wei , Kim Gi-Beom
Published: December 2020

Atrioventricular block in children is not common but is a life-threatening disease. As no spontaneous regression of conductive disruption was reported, those sustaining idiopathic atrioventricular blocks are difficult to manage and often require pacemaker implantation. In this study, we presented the first case of a child who surprisingly recovered from idiopathic complete atrioventricular block without intervention 4 years after initial presentation.
Long-Term Drought Harms Mental Health in Rural Communities
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: December 2020

In rural and remote communities in Australia, psychological distress worsened during the first few years of a prolonged drought. Other signs of poor mental health persisted beyond that time.
When Did Archaic Humans Control Fire?
Authors: Morton Mary
Published: December 2020

A familiar geochemical technique shines a new spotlight on early hominin use of fire.
Correction: Endogenous theta stimulation during meditation predicts reduced opioid dosing following treatment with Mindfulness Oriented Recovery Enhancement
Authors: Hudak Justin , Hanley Adam W. , Marchand William R. , Nakamura Yoshio , Yabko Brandon , Garland Eric L.
Published: December 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Gender biased neuroprotective effect of Transferrin Receptor 2 deletion in multiple models of Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Milanese Chiara , Gabriels Sylvia , Barnhoorn Sander , Cerri Silvia , Ulusoy Ayse , Gornati S. V. , Wallace Daniel F. , Blandini Fabio , Di Monte Donato A. , Subramaniam V. Nathan , Mastroberardino Pier G.
Published: December 2020

Alterations in the metabolism of iron and its accumulation in the substantia nigra pars compacta accompany the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Changes in iron homeostasis also occur during aging, which constitutes a PD major risk factor. As such, mitigation of iron overload via chelation strategies has been considered a plausible disease modifying approach. Iron chelation, however, is imperfect because of general undesired side effects and lack of specificity; more effective approaches would rely on targeting distinctive pathways responsible for iron overload in brain regions relevant to PD and, in particular, the substantia nigra. We have previously demonstrated that the Transferrin/Transferrin Receptor 2 (TfR2) iron import mechanism functions in nigral dopaminergic neurons, is perturbed in PD models and patients, and therefore constitutes a potential therapeutic target to halt iron accumulation. To validate this hypothesis, we generated mice with targeted deletion of TfR2 in dopaminergic neurons. In these animals, we modeled PD with multiple approaches, based either on neurotoxin exposure or alpha-synuclein proteotoxic mechanisms. We found that TfR2 deletion can provide neuroprotection against dopaminergic degeneration, and against PD- and aging-related iron overload. The effects, however, were significantly more pronounced in females rather than in males. Our data indicate that the TfR2 iron import pathway represents an amenable strategy to hamper PD progression. Data also suggest, however, that therapeutic strategies targeting TfR2 should consider a potential sexual dimorphism in neuroprotective response.
The value of three narrow-band imaging model in the diagnosis of small colorectal polyps
Authors: Sha Jie , Wang Pin , Sang Nan , Zhang Huiai , Yang Aiping , Chen Lei , Gong Zewei , Li Chao , Qin Yumeng , Li Xueliang , Ji Yong , Gao Feng
Published: December 2020

This prospective study was aimed to evaluate the clinical value of narrow-band imaging (NBI), magnification endoscopy with narrow-band imaging (NBIME) and magnification endoscopy with acetic acid enhancement and narrow-band imaging (AA-NBIME) in the diagnosis of small colorectal polyps. We studied 261 small colorectal polyps from 122 patients with the use of above three techniques. Lesions were resected for histopathological analysis. The endoscopic images were independently reviewed by three experts and three non-experts and the diagnostic accuracy and image definition were compared among the modalities. The “experts-agreed” diagnostic accuracy was 87.7% for NBI versus 91.6% for NBIME versus 94.6% for AA-NBIME. The “non-experts-agreed” diagnostic accuracy was 80.1% for NBI versus 84.3% for NBIME versus 89.3% for AA-NBIME. All experts and non-experts diagnosed the small colorectal polyps statistically more accurately with AA-NBIME than NBI (P < 0.05). In all three modalities, the expert group’s diagnostic accuracies were statistically significantly higher compared with the non-expert group. For experts, the Kappa values for AA-NBIME, NBIME and NBI diagnosis were 0.962 (0.892–1.032), 0.577 (0.507–0.647) and 0.567 (0.497–0.637), respectively; while for nonexperts, 0.818 (0.748–0.888), 0.532 (0.462–0.602) and 0.530 (0.460–0.600). This demonstrated a good reproducibility of AA-NBIME diagnosis. The average scores (experts and non-experts) of images acquired using AA-NBIME were significantly higher than those acquired using NBIME and ME (P < 0.05). AA-NBIME is a promising tool to clearly visualize the mucosal pit pattern (PP) of colorectal polyps for better differentiating neoplastic polyps from non-neoplastic ones.
Constructing a new polymer acceptor enabled non-halogenated solvent-processed all-polymer solar cell with an efficiency of 13.8%
Authors: Zhu Chunguang , Li Zhenye , Zhong Wenkai , Peng Feng , Zeng Zhaomiyi , Ying Lei , Huang Fei , Cao Yong
Published: December 2020

The new polymer donor PS1 can be easily dissolved in a non-chlorinated solvent, and it exhibited a remarkable PCE when processed with 2-methyltetrahydrofuran.
Reactive strategy-based SERS determination of O2˙−generated from sunscreen
Authors: Shu Mingcong , Ying Ye , Yang Haifeng
Published: December 2020

The synthesis of a novel surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) nanoreactor, and the reactive based determination strategy to determine the superoxide anion radical (O2˙−) produced from titanium dioxide by the UV radiation process.
Shape controlled iron oxide nanoparticles: inducing branching and controlling particle crystallinity
Authors: AbuTalib Nur Hanisah , LaGrow Alec P. , Besenhard Maximilian O. , Bondarchuk Oleksandr , Sergides Andreas , Famiani Simone , Ferreira Liliana P. , Cruz M. Margarida , Gavriilidis Asterios , Thanh Nguyen Thi Kim
Published: December 2020

Branched or multiply branched iron oxide nanoparticles are synthesized, the crystal domains rearrange forming single crystalline structures, that is crucial for efficient magnetic hyperthermia.
Temperature evolution in IR action spectroscopy experiments with sodium doped water clusters
Authors: Becker Daniel , Dierking Christoph W. , Suchan Jiří , Zurheide Florian , Lengyel Jozef , Fárník Michal , Slavíček Petr , Buck Udo , Zeuch Thomas
Published: December 2020

The combination of supersonic expansions with IR action spectroscopy techniques is the basis of many successful approaches to study cluster structure and dynamics. In this paper we elucidate the temperature effect of IR excitation and evaporative cooling on sodium solvation in water clusters.
Metastability of palladium carbide nanoparticles during hydrogen release from liquid organic hydrogen carriers
Authors: Schuster Ralf , Bertram Manon , Runge Henning , Geile Simon , Chung Simon , Vonk Vedran , Noei Heshmat , Poulain Agnieszka , Lykhach Yaroslava , Stierle Andreas , Libuda Jörg
Published: December 2020

The metastability of the Pd6C phase results from the thermodynamically favorable growth of graphene.
Self-assembly of colloidal inorganic nanocrystals: nanoscale forces, emergent properties and applications
Authors: Li Xiyan , Liu Xiaowang , Liu Xiaogang
Published: December 2020

Nanoparticle self-assembly: this review summarizes various nanoscale forces governing nanoparticle assembly, the associated properties, and their applications in biological sensing and energy conversion.
In situ grown CoS on nickel foam pre-deposited with sulphur as an efficient OER electrocatalyst
Authors: Guo Rui , Zhang Shengqi , Wen Hui , Ni Zhiyuan , He Yan , Yu Tao , You Junhua
Published: December 2020

The NiCo-150 composite electrode on the NF was prepared via a simple two-step electrodeposition method with outstanding OER performance with an overpotential of 145 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and 337 mV at 50 mA cm−2.
Synergistic effect of Mn on bandgap fluctuations and surface electrical characteristics in Ag-based Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cells
Authors: Qi Yafang , Zhao Xiaoyue , Liu Yao , Kou Dongxing , Zhou Wenhui , Zhou Zhengji , Yuan Shengjie , Meng Yuena , Wu Sixin
Published: December 2020

Mn substitution in a CAZTSSe system could enhance device performance by reducing bandgap fluctuations and enabling grain boundary inversion.
The role of electronegativity in the thermoelectric performance of GeTe–I–V–VI2 solid solutions
Authors: Li Nanhai , He Wenlu , Li Chengjun , Wang Guiwen , Wang Guoyu , Zhou Xiaoyuan , Lu Xu
Published: December 2020

The influence of the average electronegativity difference between the alloying atom and host atom on alloy scattering potential and thus carrier mobility is studied.
Ti3+ self-doped dark TiO2 nanoparticles with tunable and unique dielectric properties for electromagnetic applications
Authors: Qing Yuchang , Li Yang , Li Wei , Yao Haoyang
Published: December 2020

Robust, conductive and stable Ti3+ self-doped dark TiO2 nanoparticles (Ti4O7) called Magnéli phases are attractive in electromagnetic (EM) applications due to their tunable dielectric properties.
Effective management of socio-economic development of municipalities: experience in developing and implementing a professional retraining program for city managers
Authors: Makoveev Vitaly , Barabanov Andrey , Akhmetova Irina
Published: December 2020

Sustainable long-term development of the energy industry in remote areas is impossible without qualified personnel in the field of management. In this regard, modern approaches to managing the socioeconomic development of municipalities are studied. It is shown that it is necessary to organize and conduct professional training and retraining of local government management personnel (city managers), which is primarily aimed at obtaining new knowledge, skills and competencies in the field of territorial development management. The experience of developing and implementing a professional retraining program for city managers based on the Vologda branch of RANEPA is summarized and presented.
Value Engineering applicability in design of sustainable, energy efficient buildings
Authors: Araszkiewicz Krystyna
Published: December 2020

Value Engineering is an analytical method used to optimize costs, consisting of negotiations, searching for substitutes and more efficient use of raw materials. It can be an effective support in defining material solutions while designing energy-efficient buildings. The research method adopted in this article is an analysis of the literature on value engineering and on the added value of the construction project and analysis of empirical data concerning an exemplary design solution for external walls in a multi-family building. It has been assumed that the reduction of the projected costs of the construction project (elimination of resources which do not create added value for the client) and at the same time increasing the energy efficiency of the facility are possible under the conditions of applying value engineering. The result of the calculations is the reduction of project costs according to the proposed model of value engineering.
Solution of the problem of optimum power distribution of individual compensating devices for a group of asynchronous motors for a stable operating mode and for a smoothly changing load
Authors: Tumaeva E.V. , Kuzin S.S . , Aflyatunov I.F. , Makuseva T.G.
Published: December 2020

Residential and industrial buildings with large territorial dimensions, have mainly radial power supply schemes, which feed a large number of small and medium capacity 0.4 kV induction motors. For their power supply copper or aluminum cables of small cross-section (with high active resistance) are used. Calculations of electricity losses in such lines show significant values. In order to reduce active power losses in 0.4 kV cable lines, the optimization problem of minimizing active power losses in the radial power supply circuit is solved by optimal distribution of reactive power of a given value between compensating devices. The single-line scheme of power supply of a group of pumps of technological installation of petrochemical production is considered, the mathematical model of the optimization problem on criterion of minimum of active losses in power lines from reactive power flow is made, which limitations are presented as a system of linear algebraic equations. Results of distribution of optimum values of reactive power between compensating devices of asynchronous motors at maintenance of the set tg φ are received. The quantitative estimation of active power loss reduction in power lines at use of capacitor units, which reactive power is optimally distributed, is given.
Investigation of optical and photoelectric properties of poly (ohydroxyamide) sensitized by phthalocyanine as a perspective material for solar cells
Authors: Fazalova Elvira , Kochunov Konstantin , Bodyago Elena , Konoplev Georgii , Mukhin Nikolay , Sokolova Irina , Chigirev Dmitrii , Ziminov Andrey , Rudaya Ludmila , Lebedeva Galina
Published: December 2020

Optical and photoelectric properties of poly (ohydroxyamide) (PHA) sensitized with zinc phthalocyanines were investigated in the visible and near infrared spectral regions. The structures were deposited on glass substrates by centrifugation and subsequent drying of a PHA film without thermal annealing. Optical spectra revealed characteristic absorption peaks of phthalocyanine in the longer wavelength region at 620-640 nm and 680-700 nm; absorption of the PHA matrix monotonously increases to the shorter wavelengths starting from 700 nm. Measurements of the photocurrent under irradiation with a high-power LED at a wavelength 630 nm showed photoconductivity related to the organic dye; photoconductivity also was observed while irradiated at 540 nm, presumably due to the absorption of PHA matrix. For non-sensitized (dye-free) PHA films no detectable photocurrents were produced by 630 nm irradiation. It was shown that introducing of phthalocyanines significantly improves optical absorption and photoconductivity of PHA thin films at the wavelengths, where the maximum in the spectral distribution of solar radiation lies. It was concluded that phthalocyanine-sensitized PHA has the potential use as a photosensitive organic material for solar applications, for example in developing composite organicinorganic structures with ferroelectrics.
Dynamics of the level of BIM application in Russia in 2017-2019
Authors: Kisel Tatyana
Published: December 2020

Nowadays digitalization became one of the most significant trends of the economy and society development. Digitalization of the production and non-productive processes in various sectors of the economy allows to increase the labour productivity considerably, to provide new product quality as well as to achieve high rates of cost efficiency. Digitalization in construction is provided due to the transition to building information modeling (BIM). Implementation of BIM goes unevenly in the different countries. This paper represents the results of the research of dynamics of the level of BIM implementation in Russia during 2017-2019. The research, carried out in 2017 and 2019 included 2 blocks. The first of them is the telephone poll, which acted as the quantitative research. It allowed to extend the result for all the population owing to the volume and quality of the selection. The second block is the online questioning. Despite of rather huge number of the received questionnaires, this research is actually qualitative and it allows to establish the reasons of introduction or refusal of BIM, its main benefits, etc. The results of the research proved that the quantity of the organizations using BIM did not changed during d 2017-2019 and remained at the level of 22%. This result is interesting as the transfer from the accomplishment of the state order to accomplishment with obligatory application of building information modeling is indented in Russia. the explanation of the lack of the increase in the quantity of organizations using BIM. BIM introduction demands the considerable costs connected with the acquisition of equipment and software, retraining of personnel and often the organization restructuring. There results of the online questioning confirm that. During 201702019 the financial resources availability increased its influence considerably as the condition of BIM technologies implementation (among the organizations which are not using BIM). The improvement of works quality, the increase in the production efficiency (including reduction in cost and terms of works, the increase in economic return and profitability), search of ways of improving competitiveness, the requirement of the customer are the main reasons of BIM introduction (in decreasing order of the importance). The improved understanding of the project by all the participants, high quality of the project; availability of information, fast data transmission and exchange of information are noted as benefits of BIM application. It is noted, that most of respondents received the result, which exceeded their expectations thanks to BIM introduction: the excess of the result over expectations was observed by 77% of respondents in 2017 and by 80% of respondents in 2019.
Experimental Studies of the Developed Method for Determining the Insulation Parameters in an Asymmetric Network by a Voltage up to 1000 V at Mining Enterprises
Authors: Utegulov A. B. , Koshkin I. V. , Koshkina A. I.
Published: December 2020

In the work experimental studies of the developed method for determining the insulation parameters in an asymmetric electrical network by a voltage up to 1000 V at mining enterprises were carried out. It is based on measuring the module values of line voltage, angle of phase shift between vectors of damaged phase voltage relative to the ground and line voltage at two other phases, as well on measuring the module value of damaged phase voltage relative to the ground before and after connecting additional capacitive conductivity between the network’s phases and the ground. The results of experiment showed that the developed method for determining the insulation parameters has satisfactory accuracy and safety when operating three-phase electrical networks by voltage up to 1000 V at mining enterprises.
Application of an ionic stabilizer for reinforcing and ensuring frost resistance of clay soils
Authors: Shorin V. A. , Velsovskij A. Y. , Akhmetov T R
Published: December 2020

This work is devoted to the study of applicability of the Underbold stabilizer for clay soils in the Vologda region, Russia. The influence of the stabilizer on maintaining the ultimate compressive strength of reinforced soils is shown. It depends on the content of clay particles (soil type) and can reach 30% if the appropriate technology (recommended by the manufacturer) is used. The use of the Underbold stabilizer according to our technology (treatment with a stabilizer - drying - reinforcing with cement) provides an increase in the strength of the reinforced soil after water saturation up to 2 or more times in comparison with samples without a stabilizer. It is shown that when designing a pavement using local clay soils reinforced by the Underbold stabilizer, it is necessary to make a water-insulating layer, and the necessary drainage system to improve the performance of the structural layer. It is noted that this stabilizer does not reduce the phenomenon of frost heaving.
Ecological and technological criteria for comparing the natural intensity of industrial and municipal waste sites with the technological intensity of the environment
Authors: Shishkin I.A. , Zhilnikova N.A. , Baranova A.A.
Published: December 2020

A systematic approach based on environmental and technological criteria has been proposed to ensure the achievement of environmental quality standards of the environment at the regional intersectoral level for the management of industrial and municipal waste. A list of indicators and criteria has been formed for comparing the accumulating capacity of a given natural system without serious violations of its structural and functional characteristics on the one hand. On the other hand, there is production potential and production capacity for natural resources for individual enterprises and a diversified industrial complex. An algorithm for comparing production and natural potentials on the basis of a geographic information basis on the scale of a territorial natural production complex has been developed and the structure of a GIS project has been determined. The latter made it possible to interconnect the natural intensity of production (NP), the level of environmental friendliness of production (EFP), the ecological technological capacity of the territory (ETT) using the criteria of commensuration (NDV, VAT, PDRO and NDT).
Providing Processing of Complex Surfaces by Cutting on Machines Equipped with a Valve Electric Drive with an Information and Measuring System
Authors: Ambrosimov Sergey , Meshcheryakov Viktor , Gracheva Elena
Published: December 2020

Promising methods of metal processing by cutting the surface of complex parts are considered. To ensure high productivity when processing complex surfaces on CNC machines, the tool is provided with additional high-speed complex-coordinated movements that ensure the displacement of the cutting edge relative to the cutting surface. The offset of the cutting edges relative to the cutting zone during milling reduces the temperature load on the teeth and, as a result, increases the tool’s durability. The faster the cutting edge leaves the cutting zone, the lower the heat load and the higher the wear resistance of the cutters. In this regard, it is important to increase the speed and accuracy of movements of the working bodies of the machine. To implement the required characteristics when performing technological operations, it is proposed to use an AC electric drive system based on a valve motor with vector control and an information and measurement system containing variable sensors, which has better technical, economic and mass-dimensional indicators compared to other types of electric motors. The results of computer simulation of dynamic processes of regulating the speed and torque of a valve engine that provide the required dynamic torque and acceleration are presented. It is shown that an AC electric drive based on a valve motor provides the implementation of the required speed modes.
Analysis of small intermediate relays from leading manufacturers
Authors: Zaytsev Yu.M. , Mikhailov A.V. , Mikhailova E.V. , Nikolaev N.N. , Petrov V.N. , Sazanov D.S.
Published: December 2020

This paper presents a comparative analysis of technical characteristics and designs of small intermediate relays from various manufacturers. The following main characteristics of relay are considered: operation and release values; weight and dimensions; power consumption; time parameters; reliability characteristics. The design of the relays of the Russian and international manufacturers are being discussed, their design features that affect the technical characteristics are considered. It is noted that the fastening of movable contacts directly to the armature (relays from Finder, Relpol, Irkutsk Relay Plant) requires a flexible connection with the relay contacts, which leads to more complicated assembly and calibration of relays. It is shown that the kinematic diagram in the presence of free travel with no mechanical coupling with the contact pusher, used in the relay from Schrack, can reduce power consumption and increase the vibration and shock resistance of the relay break contacts. In Schrack AC relays, the operating clearance zone is configured to create a short-circuited loop with reduced electrical resistance and to provide optimum conditions for reducing armature vibration. The appropriate relay designs in terms of improving technical characteristics are proposed. The advantage of a flat return spring over cylindrical coil springs in terms of manufacturing technology and stability of mechanical characteristics of relay is shown. It was revealed that the electromagnetic drive of the Schrack relay compares favorably with electromagnetic drives of other companies in terms of the use of stray magnetic fluxes to create a useful electromagnetic torque. Based on the results of the comparative analysis and experimental study of existing relay designs, recommendations were formulated for the development of a new series of the Russian small intermediate relays within the framework of the import substitution program.
Two-way conductivity converters in the technology of tire cord rubberization
Authors: Ganiev Rishat
Published: December 2020

The article deals with the problems of increasing the multi-engine electric drive energy efficiency on the example of the cropped cord production line in manufacture of tires. There are requirements for line electric drives that can have an impact both each other and the overall power grid in the mode of technological braking, as well as the requirements for the availability of protection functions and mutual coordination with the mains supply. To solve this problem, options have been developed to build reversible frequency converters on fully controlled (locked) keys as part of frequency-regulated technological electric drives in the production of cord for car tires with energy recovery. The construction of the reversible frequency converter with the use of autonomous voltage inverters, as well as the results of computer simulations in the reactor and non-reactor circuits of reversible frequency converters in the composition of multi-motor electric drives with a total DC bus are shown.
Calculation of hydraulic resistance in the separator of the direct-flow control valve with a rotary lock
Authors: Kapranova Anna , Lebedev Anton , Melzer Alexander
Published: December 2020

The purpose of this work is to analyze the coefficient of hydraulic resistance in the separator of a direct-flow control valve with a rotary lock according to the approximation of the superposition of pressure losses in elementary local resistances. In contrast to the known methods of constructing simulation models, the proposed analytical method of calculation is based on a qualitative assessment of the specified coefficient in the implementation of throttling of fluid flows in the “separator-rotary lock” unit, depending on the design and operating parameters of the process. It was found that, within the selected range of variation of the separator parameters, an increase in the valve opening degree from 20% to 50% leads to a decrease in the hydraulic resistance coefficient by 19.6 times, and an increase in this degree from 20% to 100% is associated with a 42.4-fold decrease in the studied characteristic. This circumstance justifies the effectiveness of the proposed method for throttling the flows of the working medium. The results obtained are used to study the influence of the main design parameters of the “separator-butterfly valve” unit on the flow capacity of the control valve and are relevant for stochastic modeling of the hydrodynamic cavitation process.
On Methods of Checking Digital Out-Of-Step Protection Devices
Authors: Litvinov Ilya I. , Marchenko Alexandra A. , Gracheva Elena I.
Published: December 2020

The article addressed the issue of commissioning task that must take place before putting out-ofstep protection into operation. Most of the developers of digital out-of-step protection devices utilize control of impedance vector locus parameter during transient in a power system to detect its out-of-step operation, however checking the setting of such protection in the field conditions using existing means is often a challenging work. To facilitate the commissioning of such devices and provide means to automatize the process so as to rid of human factor the authors suggest means of simulating impedance vector locus with the desired parameters on the complex plane to check distance out-of-step protection. The means for checking current-oscillation based out-of-step protection is also considered. The results of a transient simulation representing instantaneous values of currents and voltages are saved in the international oscillography recording format COMTRADE, which makes it possible to carry out comprehensive verification of emergency control equipment using any kind of testing equipment that is able to generate the corresponding electrical signals stored in such format.
Peut-on parler de suprématie quantique ?
Authors: Le Bellac Michel
Published: December 2020

Une équipe de Google (Arute et al.) a affirmé récemment avoir démontré la « suprématie quantique ».

Après avoir introduit brièvement les notions de qubit et d’ordinateur quantique, cet article se propose de définir aussi précisément que possible ce que recouvre le concept de suprématie quantique et examine dans quelle mesure les affirmations de Arute et al. sont fondées.
La (dis-)simulation FPU : une Femme Physicienne Underground
Authors: Dauxois Thierry
Published: December 2020

La programmation de la toute première expérience numérique, dite de Fermi-Pasta-Ulam (FPU), a été effectuée par une jeune femme nommée Mary Tsingou dont le nom a été malencontreusement oublié. Après plusieurs années de recherches infructueuses, il m’a été possible de retrouver sa trace tout près du lieu de ses premiers travaux.

Cette simulation numérique est d’une importance capitale en physique non linéaire.

Il est temps de faire réapparaitre le nom de Mary Tsingou, qui a été écrit à l’encre sympathique sur l’article fondateur : reconnaissons sa contribution et parlons désormais du problème de Fermi-Pasta-Ulam-Tsingou (FPUT).
Bringen Sie Rhythmus in Ihr Leben!
Authors: d’Albert Yan
Published: December 2020

Rhythmusaktivitäten wie Trommeln machen nicht nur Spaß, sie wirken gleichermaßen auf Körper, Geist und Seele.
Von Pflanzenhäuptlingen und Tierlehrern
Authors: Storl Wolf-Dieter
Published: December 2020

Pflanzen spielen eine zentrale Rolle in der Heilkunde der Cheyenne. Für den Volksstamm sind Pflanzen – das grüne Volk – machtvolle Geistwesen. Weitere Elemente der Cheyenne-Tradition sind die Schwitzhütte und schamanische Heiltechniken. Zur Medizinperson wird man in der Regel bei einer Visionssuche berufen. Meistens sind es Tiergeister, die in einer Vision als Lehrer erscheinen.
Wandernde Krankheiten
Authors: Rätsch Christian
Published: December 2020

Krankheiten werden von den Lakandonen anhand ihrer Schöpfungsgeschichte in drei Kategorien unterteilt: die Krankheiten des Waldes, die der Dörfer und die der Weißen. Die Lakandonen kennen Epidemien als wandernde Krankheiten: solche, die sich über die Luft von Mensch zu Mensch verbreiten. Jede Krankheit kann aus der Sicht der Lakandonen nur mit den Mitteln ihrer Ursprungskultur behandelt werden. Dieses Wissen hat dem Stamm schon oft das Leben gerettet.
Heilwege zu Harmonie und Schönheit
Authors: Blätter Andrea
Published: December 2020

Vorgestellt wird ein seit Jahrhunderten überlieferter Ritualzyklus von Heilgesängen, der von den Navajo im Südwesten der USA bis in die Gegenwart praktiziert wird. Für die Navajo sind Harmonie und Schönheit die zentralen Prinzipien des Lebens. Die Heilrituale zielen unter anderem darauf ab, diese Prinzipien zu erhalten und wiederherzustellen. Eine besondere Rolle in den Ritualen haben neben den Gesängen Sandbilder. Diese sind an bestimmte Zeremonien gebunden, werden innerhalb eines Tages erstellt und zerstört.
„Schublade“ – Und nun? Kreuzbandriss und andere Ursachen beim Hund
Authors: Hohmann Mima
Published: December 2020

Der Kreuzbandriss zählt zu den häufigsten orthopädischen Erkrankungen beim Hund. Bei einer auslösbaren Schublade ist dies daher auch unser erster differenzialdiagnostischer Gedanke. Es gilt hierbei aber auch noch andere Ursachen in Betracht zu ziehen. Bevor wir jedoch im Folgenden auf die verschiedenen Krankheitsbilder und jeweiligen Therapieoptionen eingehen, werden wir kurz die Anatomie und Untersuchung des Kniegelenks rekapitulieren, um den Zusammenhang zwischen den knöchernen Anteilen, den Bändern, Sehnen, Menisken und möglichen Funktionsstörungen besser verstehen zu können.
Rehabilitation einer instabilen Schulter bei einem Handballspieler
Authors: Klittmann Steffen
Published: December 2020

Da posteriore Instabilitäten der Schulter in der Praxis selten anzutreffen sind, gibt es nur wenig Literatur zum klinischen Vorgehen in der physiotherapeutischen Untersuchung und Behandlung.

In diesem Fallbericht wurde ein junger Patient mit dorsaler glenohumeraler Instabilität und einer Schwäche des M. serratus anterior mit Manueller Therapie und Übungstherapie untersucht und behandelt.
CRPS: Aktuelle Erkenntnisse und Empfehlungen aus der Forschung
Authors: Storz Claudia , Kraft Eduard
Published: December 2020

In Punkto Prädiktion, Prävention und Therapie tut sich einiges in der CRPS-Forschung. Neue Ergebnisse räumen mit alten Mythen auf, vielversprechende präventive und therapeutische Ansätze werden entwickelt. So könnten irgendwann, bei ausreichender Datenlage, die Gabe von Vitamin C standardmäßig zur Prävention und Exergames zur Therapie des CRPS gehören.
Lateraler Ellenbogenschmerz: viele Möglichkeiten, keine Klarheit
Authors: Vielitz Arne
Published: December 2020

Girgis B, Duarte JA. Efficacy of Physical Therapy Interventions for Chronic Lateral Elbow Tendinopathy: a Systematic Review. Physical Therapy Reviews 2020; 25: 42–59. doi:10.1080/10833196.2019.1695355
Radiusfraktur: schneller beweglich mit zusätzlicher Mobilisation mit Bewegung
Authors: Vielitz Arne
Published: December 2020

Reid SA, Andersen JM, Vicenzino B. Adding Mobilisation with Movement to Exercise and Advice Hastens the Improvement in Range, Pain and Function after Non-Operative Cast Immobilisation for Distal Radius Fracture: a Multicentre, Randomised Trial. J Physiother 2020; 66: 105–112. doi:10.1016/j.jphys.2020.03.010
Mögliche Zusammenhänge von Smartphonenutzung und muskuloskelettalen Beschwerden
Authors: Vielitz Arne
Published: December 2020

Zirek E, Mustafaoglu R, Yasaci Z et al. A Systematic Review of Musculoskeletal Complaints, Symptoms, and Pathologies Related to Mobile Phone Usage. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2020; 49: 102196. doi: 10.1016/j.msksp.2020.102196
Intramolecular Diels–Alder Reactions of Oxazoles, Imidazoles, and Thiazoles
Authors: Wipf Peter , Nguyen Thanh T.
Published: December 2020

The development of the intramolecular Diels–Alder cycloaddition­ of azole heterocycles, i.e. oxazoles (IMDAO), imidazoles (IMDAI), and thiazoles (IMDAT), has had a significant impact on the efficient preparation of heterocyclic intermediates and natural products. In particular, highly efficient and versatile IMDAO reactions have been utilized as a key step in several synthetic schemes to provide alkaloids and terpenoid target molecules. More limited studies have been performed on IMDAI and IMDAT cycloadditions. Some drawbacks, such as the occasionally­ challenging preparation of IMDA precursors, are also highlighted in this review. Perspectives are provided on how IMDAI and IMDAT­ transformations can be further expanded for target-directed syntheses.

1 Introduction

2 Oxazoles

2.1 IMDAO Approaches to Furanosesquiterpenes and Furanosteroids

2.1.1 Syntheses of Highly Oxygenated Sesquiterpenes

2.1.2 Syntheses of (±)-Gnididione and (±)-Isognididione

2.1.3 Synthesis of (±)-Stemoamide

2.1.4 Synthesis of (±)-Paniculide A

2.1.5 Syntheses of (+)- and (–)-Norsecurinine

2.1.6 Synthesis of Evodone

2.1.7 Syntheses of (±)-Ligularone and (±)-Petasalbine

2.1.8 Syntheses of Imerubrine, Isoimerubrine, and Grandirubrine

2.1.9 Syntheses of Furanosteroids

2.1.10 Syntheses of Substituted Indolines and Tetrahydroquinolines

2.2 IMDAO Approaches to Pyridines: the Kondrat’eva Reaction

2.2.1 Syntheses of Suaveoline and Norsuaveoline

2.2.2 Synthesis of Eupolauramine

2.2.3 Syntheses of (–)-Plectrodorine and (+)-Oxerine

2.2.4 Synthesis of Amphimedine

2.2.5 Synthetic Approach to the Western Segment of Haplophytine

2.2.6 Synthesis of Marinoquinoline A

2.2.6.1 IMDAO Approach to Marinoquinoline A

2.2.6.2 Scope of Allenyl IMDAO Cycloaddition

2.3 Lewis Acid Catalysis in IMDAO Reactions

2.3.1 Effects of Europium Catalysts on IMDAO Reactions

2.3.2 Effects of Copper Catalysts on IMDAO Reactions

3 Imidazoles

4 Thiazoles

4.1 Syntheses of Menthane and Eremophilane

4.2 Further Comments on the Intramolecular Cycloadditions of Thiocarbonyl Ylides

5 Conclusions and Outlook
Perception management of non-sewered sanitation systems towards scheduled faecal sludge emptying behaviour change intervention
Authors: Cookey Peter Emmanuel , Kugedera Ziggy , Alamgir Muhammed , Brdjanovic Damir
Published: December 2020

This paper explores the influence of perception on behaviours associated with emptying of faecal sludge from non-sewered sanitation systems using findings from a study on the emptying behaviour of residents of Khulna city, Bangladesh. The purpose of the study was to highlight perception as a behaviour determinants as well as develop perception management strategies for the design, plan and implementation of effective behaviour change intervention programmes with a focus on ‘scheduled emptying’. The study uses a mixed-method cross-sectional approach to collect data through structured household questionnaire surveys, face-to-face key informant interviews, group interviews, and structured observations. The study revealed that the emptying behaviour of the community was reactive, untimely and unsafe and over half of the systems had never been emptied, which was traced to emptying perceptions that encouraged a laissez-faire attitude within households and the community. The study concluded by proposing a perception management model to achieve behaviour change towards scheduled emptying via perception change.
Design of ultra-scaled-channel N-polar GaN HEMTs with high charge density: A systematic study of hole traps and their impact on charge density in the channel
Authors: Mohanty Subhajit , Diez Sandra , Jian Zhe (Ashley) , Ahmadi Elaheh
Published: December 2020

It has been previously shown that hole/donor traps at the (Al, Ga) N/GaN interface cause DC-RF dispersion and output conductance in N-polar GaN high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs). In this work, we systematically studied the impact of hole trap energy and density on two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) density using Silvaco Atlas. Simulation results revealed that the exclusion of the hole traps in the model results in an underestimation of 2DEG density compared to experimentally obtained 2DEG density. By comparing simulations with the experimental results, a hole trap with a density of 3 × 1013 cm−2 at 280 meV above the valence band at the AlN/GaN negative polarization interface was estimated. Three different silicon doping schemes were then examined to suppress the effect of traps. Delta doping (15 nm) at the GaN buffer and barrier interface (doping Scheme-A) is effective in compensating traps present at that interface but insufficient to compensate traps near the GaN channel. Similarly, doping the back-barrier (doping scheme-B) is sufficient to neutralize traps in the middle of the back-barrier and close to the channel but inadequate to neutralize traps at the buffer–barrier interface. Series-C doping employs a combination of doping schemes A and B that effectively neutralizes traps present at all interfaces while simultaneously modulating the 2DEG charge density. An ultra-scaled 5-nm-thick GaN HEMT epitaxial structure was also designed by band engineering that can maintain high 2DEG density in the channel (2 × 013 cm−2) with less than 5% parasitic charge and trap ionization over a wide range of doping from 6 × 1018 cm−3 to 1 × 1019 cm−3.
Influence of annealing temperature on the existence of polar domain in uniaxially stretched polyvinylidene-co-hexafluoropropylene for energy harvesting applications
Authors: Verma Rolly , Rout S. K.
Published: December 2020

The structural and electroactive properties of the as-prepared random copolymer polyvinylidene-co-hexafluoropropylene thin film are explored as a function of thermal treatment at various temperature regions. The thermal treatment of the polymer thin film not only changes the structural conformations that is very natural but establishes a polar domain in the non-polar α-phase. Here, we discover an anomalous temperature-dependent crossover behavior from the non-polar α-phase to an appreciable enhancement in ferroelectric and piezoelectric responses. The maximum unipolar strain (Smax=−5.01%), an ultrahigh value of normalized piezoelectric coefficient (d33∗=−556pm/V), high electromechanical coupling factor (Kp=0.78) factor including the high dielectric constant (ϵ′=23at100Hz) at a relatively low electric field of 900 kV/cm may, therefore, be an effect of the established polar domain for the sample annealed at 105 °C. The direct piezoelectric charge coefficient (d33), a key factor for the performance of a prepared polymer thin film system as an energy harvester, lies in the range of −10±2pC/N. Also, the annealed sample exhibited a persistent polarization after several cumulative cycles of applied stress.
A hybrid approach to excited-state-specific variational Monte Carlo and doubly excited states
Authors: Otis Leon , Craig Isaac M. , Neuscamman Eric
Published: December 2020

We extend our hybrid linear-method/accelerated-descent variational Monte Carlo optimization approach to excited states and investigate its efficacy in double excitations. In addition to showing a superior statistical efficiency when compared to the linear method, our tests on small molecules show good energetic agreement with benchmark methods. We also demonstrate the ability to treat double excitations in systems that are too large for a full treatment by using selected configuration interaction methods via an application to 4-aminobenzonitrile. Finally, we investigate the stability of state-specific variance optimization against collapse to other states’ variance minima and find that symmetry, Ansatz quality, and sample size all have roles to play in achieving stability.
Link among array non-uniformity, threshold voltage, and subthreshold swing degradation in aligned array carbon nanotube field effect transistors
Authors: Foradori Sean M. , Jinkins Katherine R. , Arnold Michael S.
Published: December 2020

Threshold voltage variation is a problem in field effect transistors (FETs) fabricated from arrays of aligned semiconducting carbon nanotubes. Moreover, the subthreshold swing of FETs fabricated from arrays of nanotubes is often several times larger than the subthreshold swing of FETs fabricated from a single nanotube or nanotube bundle. Here, we experimentally quantify the impact of nanotube bundling and array non-uniformity on threshold voltage variation and subthreshold swing degradation in arrays of aligned semiconducting nanotubes deposited by floating evaporative self-assembly. The height (and, therefore, degree of bundling) and array morphology of more than one hundred back-gated FETs (with the nanotube channel exposed) are mapped via atomic force microscopy. Both threshold voltage and subthreshold swing significantly increase as the degree of bundling increases—showing a clear link between the physical characteristics of an array and electrical properties. Modeling shows that much of the subthreshold swing degradation in arrays can be attributed to the bundling–threshold voltage link, in which polydispersity in bundle size within an array causes a bundle-by-bundle shift in threshold voltage and a gradual turn-on of the FET. Increased off-current also plays a role in increasing the sub-threshold swing. These findings highlight the importance of synthesizing and assembling arrays of aligned nanotubes that are highly ordered, with uniform and repeatable morphology.
Sulfated glycosaminoglycans mediate prion-like behavior of p53 aggregates
Authors: Iwahashi Naoyuki , Ikezaki Midori , Nishikawa Taro , Namba Norihiro , Ohgita Takashi , Saito Hiroyuki , Ihara Yoshito , Shimanouchi Toshinori , Ino Kazuhiko , Uchimura Kenji , Nishitsuji Kazuchika
Published: December 2020

Significance

Approximately 50 human diseases are associated with deposition of abnormally aggregated proteins that propagate in a prion-like manner. The tumor suppressor p53 forms amyloid-like aggregates; however, how p53 aggregates propagate remains unclear. Here, we identified heparan sulfate (HS), the common and major nonprotein component of in vivo deposits of various protein aggregates, as a mediator of prion-like propagation of p53 aggregates in cultured cells. Our immunohistochemical analysis showing codeposition of p53 and highly sulfated domains of HS in ovarian cancer tissues strongly support the role of HS-mediated propagation of p53 aggregates in cancer pathology. Accordingly, our results provide a mechanism of propagation of p53 aggregates that is mediated by HS. Elucidation of detailed biological relevance in cancer is warranted.
Commutativity, Comeasurability, and Contextuality in the Kochen-Specker Arguments
Authors: Hofer-Szabó Gábor
Published: December 2020

I will argue that Kochen-Specker arguments do not provide an algebraic proof for quantum contextuality since, for the argument to be effective, (1) operators must be uniquely associated with measurements and (2) commuting operators must represent simultaneous measurements. However, in all Kochen-Specker arguments discussed in the literature either 1 or 2 is not met. Arguments meeting 1 contain commuting operators that do not represent simultaneous measurements and hence fail to physically justify the functional composition principle. Arguments meeting 2 associate some operators with more than one measurement and hence need to invoke an extra assumption different from noncontextuality.