bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Canine Elbow Realignment Osteotomy (CERO): Validation of the Accuracy of Acute Radial Lengthening in a Cadaveric Incongruency Model
Authors: Burton Neil J. , Parsons Kevin J. , Cunliffe Mark , Warren‐Smith Chris M.R. , Ness Malcolm G. , Fenton Gary
Published: June 2016

Objective

To verify the ability of a novel Canine Elbow Realignment Osteotomy (CERO) system for acute axial radial or ulnar lengthening to restore normal elbow congruency in a shortened radius cadaver model using assessment by computed tomography (CT).

Study Design

In vitro cadaver study.

Animals

Five pairs of greyhound forelimbs from animals euthanatized for reasons unrelated to the study.

Methods

CT of each elbow was performed (1) pre‐operatively (pre‐op), (2) after placement of a linear motor IMEX™ external skeletal fixator (ESF) on the radius with diaphyseal ostectomy and radial shorting of 1–5 mm (post‐ESF), and (3) after CERO surgery to lengthen the radius proximal to the ostectomy site by an amount equal to the degree of radial shortening (post‐CERO). The joint space at 7 loci on dorsal plane and 6 loci on sagittal plane reconstructions was measured to assess changes in joint congruity between pre‐op, post‐ESF, and post‐CERO. Repeated measures ANOVA with post hoc comparisons were performed to compare measurements between the 3 groups.

Results

Mean joint space measurements at most loci in the dorsal and sagittal planes were significantly different post‐ESF compared with pre‐op, confirming development of joint incongruency with the model. Post‐CERO joint space measurements did not differ significantly compared with pre‐op measurements, demonstrating the return to normal joint congruency using the CERO procedure.

Conclusion

CERO surgery restored humeroradioulnar congruency in our cadaver model and may have application for acute correction of axial radial or ulnar incongruency in canine elbows secondary to elbow dysplasia or premature growth plate closure.
Reducing Antimicrobial Usage in Pig Production without Jeopardizing Production Parameters
Authors: Postma M. , Vanderhaeghen W. , Sarrazin S. , Maes D. , Dewulf J.
Published: June 2016

Antimicrobial usage (AMU) has been described to be high in pig production. Although farmers are aware of the high usage, little is known about intervention to improve the situation. This study evaluated the extent to which AMU could be reduced in pig production by the optimization of herd management, biosecurity status, vaccination strategy, anthelmintic therapy and advice on prudent AMU. Furthermore, the effects of these interventions on the herd production results were explored. This intervention study was conducted on 61 Flemish pig herds and included three visits per herd. During the initial visit, information was gathered on herd management, biosecurity status (quantified by means of the Biocheck.UGent™ risk‐based scoring system), vaccination strategy, anthelmintic therapy and AMU. This info was then translated into a herd‐specific action plan which was discussed with the farmer and herd veterinarian/other advisors during the second visit. In the final herd visit (±8 months later), comparable data were obtained to evaluate the progress. Overall, a significant improvement of 2.4 points external and 7 points internal biosecurity on the herds was obtained, combined with additional vaccination, anthelmintic therapy and prudent AMU. This was accompanied by a significant reduction in the AMU with a decrease of 52% for the pigs from birth till slaughter and 32% for breeding animals, based on treatment incidences (TIs) and included an important reduction in the use of critically important antimicrobials. More importantly, the increased biosecurity levels and decreased AMU were combined with significantly improved technical results such as the number of weaned piglets per sow per year (+1.1), daily weight gain (+5.9 g/day) and mortality in the finisher period (−0.6%). Guided interventions as a team effort of farmer and herd veterinarian/other advisors have shown to be a promising method in the reduction of AMU in pig production.
FAULT TOLERANT CONTROL FOR SENSOR FAULT OF A SINGLE-LINK FLEXIBLE MANIPULATOR SYSTEM
Authors: Abd Latip Siti Fadilah , Husain Abdul Rashid , Ahmad Mohamad Noh , Mohamed Zaharuddin
Published: June 2016

This paper presents a new approach for sensor fault tolerant control (FTC) of a single-link flexible manipulator system (FMS) by using Finite Element Method (FEM). In this FTC scheme, a new control law is proposed where it is added to the nominal control.  This research focuses on one element without any payload assumption in the modelling.  The FTC method is designed in such way that aims to reduce fault while maintaining nominal FMS controller without any changes in both faulty and fault free cases. This proposed FTC approach is achieved by augmenting Luenberger observer that is capable of estimating faults in fault detection and isolation (FDI) analysis. From the information provided by the FDI, fault magnitude is assessed by using Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) where this information is used in the fault compensation strategy. For the nominal FMS controller, Proportional- integral- derivative (PID) controller is used to control the FMS where it follows the desired hub angle. This work proved that the FTC approach is capable of reducing fault with both incipient and abrupt signals and in two types of faulty conditions where the sensor is having loss of effectiveness and totally malfunction. All the performances are compared with FTC with Unknown Input Observer (FTC-UIO) method via the integral of the absolute magnitude of error (IAE) method.
A MODIFIED KOHONEN SELF-ORGANIZING MAP (KSOM) CLUSTERING FOR FOUR CATEGORICAL DATA
Authors: Ahmad Azlin , Yusof Rubiyah
Published: June 2016

The Kohonen Self-Organizing Map (KSOM) is one of the Neural Network unsupervised learning algorithms. This algorithm is used in solving problems in various areas, especially in clustering complex data sets. Despite its advantages, the KSOM algorithm has a few drawbacks; such as overlapped cluster and non-linear separable problems. Therefore, this paper proposes a modified KSOM that inspired from pheromone approach in Ant Colony Optimization. The modification is focusing on the distance calculation amongst objects. The proposed algorithm has been tested on four real categorical data that are obtained from UCI machine learning repository; Iris, Seeds, Glass and Wisconsin Breast Cancer Database. From the results, it shows that the modified KSOM has produced accurate clustering result and all clusters can clearly be identified.
INDUSTRY 4.0: A REVIEW ON INDUSTRIAL AUTOMATION AND ROBOTIC
Authors: Kamarul Bahrin Mohd Aiman , Othman Mohd Fauzi , Nor Azli Nor Hayati , Talib Muhamad Farihin
Published: June 2016

Industry 4.0 is the fourth industrial revolution that was first introduced in Germany. This paper presents a review on the advances of robotic and automation technology in achieving industry 4.0. Many companies, research centers, and universities acknowledge that robotics and automation technology is the basis of industrial manufacturing and an important driver for Industry 4.0. Hopefully, from this report, engineering students would be exposed to new inventions of technology revolution as well as to create the business mind for a better future.
Parasympathetic innervation of vertebrobasilar arteries: is this a potential clinical target?
Authors: Roloff Eva v. L. , Tomiak‐Baquero Ana M. , Kasparov Sergey , Paton Julian F. R.
Published: June 2016

This review aims to summarise the contemporary evidence for the presence and function of the parasympathetic innervation of the cerebral circulation with emphasis on the vertebral and basilar arteries (the posterior cerebral circulation). We consider whether the parasympathetic innervation of blood vessels could be used as a means to increase cerebral blood flow. This may have clinical implications for pathologies associated with cerebral hypoperfusion such as stroke, dementia and hypertension. Relative to the anterior cerebral circulation little is known of the origins and neurochemical phenotypes of the parasympathetic innervation of the vertebrobasilar arteries. These vessels normally provide blood flow to the brainstem and cerebellum but can, via the Circle of Willis upon stenosis of the internal carotid arteries, supply blood to the anterior cerebral circulation too. We review the multiple types of parasympathetic fibres and their distinct transmitter mechanisms and how these vary with age, disease and species. We highlight the importance of parasympathetic fibres for mediating the vasodilatory response to sympathetic activation. Current trials are investigating the possibility of electrically stimulating the postganglionic parasympathetic ganglia to improve cerebal blood flow to reduce the penumbra following stroke. We conclude that although there are substantial gaps in our understanding of the origins of parasympathetic innervation of the vertebrobasilar arteries, activation of this system under some conditions might bring therapeutic benefits.

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The Impact of Cardiac Motion on Aortic Valve Flow Used in Computational Simulations of the Thoracic Aorta
Authors: Wendell David C. , Samyn Margaret M. , Cava Joseph R. , Krolikowski Mary M. , LaDisa John F.
Published: July 2016

Advancements in image-based computational modeling are producing increasingly more realistic representations of vasculature and hemodynamics, but so far have not compensated for cardiac motion when imposing inflow boundary conditions. The effect of cardiac motion on aortic flow is important when assessing sequelae in this region including coarctation of the aorta (CoA) or regurgitant fraction. The objective of this investigation was to develop a method to assess and correct for the influence of cardiac motion on blood flow measurements through the aortic valve (AoV) and to determine its impact on patient-specific local hemodynamics quantified by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). A motion-compensated inflow waveform was imposed into the CFD model of a patient with repaired CoA that accounted for the distance traveled by the basal plane during the cardiac cycle. Time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS) and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) values were compared with CFD results of the same patient using the original waveform. Cardiac motion resulted in underestimation of flow during systole and overestimation during diastole. Influences of inflow waveforms on TAWSS were greatest along the outer wall of the ascending aorta (AscAo) (∼30 dyn/cm2). Differences in TAWSS were more pronounced than those from the model creation or mesh dependence aspects of CFD. TKE was slightly higher for the motion-compensated waveform throughout the aortic arch. These results suggest that accounting for cardiac motion when quantifying blood flow through the AoV can lead to different conclusions for hemodynamic indices, which may be important if these results are ultimately used to predict patient outcomes.
Manufacture and Mechanics of Topologically Interlocked Material Assemblies
Authors: Siegmund Thomas , Barthelat Francois , Cipra Raymond , Habtour Ed , Riddick Jaret
Published: July 2016

Topologically interlocked material (TIM) systems are load-carrying assemblies of unit elements interacting by contact and friction. TIM assemblies have emerged as a class of architectured materials with mechanical properties not ordinarily found in monolithic solids. These properties include, but are not limited to, high damage tolerance, damage confinement, adaptability, and multifunctionality. The review paper provides an overview of recent research findings on TIM manufacturing and TIM mechanics. We review several manufacturing approaches. Assembly manufacturing processes employ the concept of scaffold as a unifying theme. Scaffolds are understood as auxiliary support structures employed in the manufacturing of TIM systems. It is demonstrated that the scaffold can take multiple forms. Alternatively, processes of segmentation are discussed and demonstrated. The review on mechanical property characteristics links the manufacturing approaches to several relevant material configurations and details recent findings on quasi-static and impact loading, and on multifunctional response.
Control of Flow Separation in a Turbulent Boundary Layer Using Time-Periodic Forcing
Authors: Cho Minjeong , Choi Sangho , Choi Haecheon
Published: July 2016

A time-periodic blowing/suction is provided to control turbulent separation in a boundary layer using direct numerical simulation. The blowing/suction is given just before the separation point, and its nondimensional forcing frequency ranges from F* = fLb/U∞ = 0.28–8.75, where f is the forcing frequency, Lb is the streamwise length of uncontrolled separation bubble, and U∞ is the freestream velocity. The size of separation bubble is minimum at F* = 0.5. At low forcing frequencies of F* ≤ 0.5, vortices generated by the forcing travel downstream at convection velocity of 0.32–0.35 U∞, bring high momentum toward the wall, and reduce the size of separation bubble. However, at high forcing frequencies of F* ≥ 1.56, flow separation disappears and appears in time during the forcing period. This phenomenon occurs due to high wall-pressure gradients alternating favorably and adversely in time. A potential flow theory indicates that this rapid change of the wall pressure in time occurs through an inviscid mechanism. Finally, it is shown that this high-frequency forcing requires a large control input power due to high pressure work.
Position-Space-Based Compliant Mechanism Reconfiguration Approach and Its Application in the Reduction of Parasitic Motion
Authors: Li Haiyang , Hao Guangbo , Kavanagh Richard C.
Published: July 2016

This paper introduces a position-space-based reconfiguration (PSR) approach to the reconfiguration of compliant mechanisms. The PSR approach can be employed to reconstruct a compliant mechanism into many new compliant mechanisms, without affecting the mobility of the compliant mechanism. Such a compliant mechanism can be decomposed into rigid stages and compliant modules. Each of the compliant modules can be placed at any one permitted position within its position space, which does not change the constraint imposed by the compliant module on the compliant mechanism. Therefore, a compliant mechanism can be reconfigured through selecting different permitted positions of the associated compliant modules from their position spaces. The proposed PSR approach can be used to change the geometrical shape of a compliant mechanism for easy fabrication, or to improve its motion characteristics such as cross-axis coupling, lost motion, and motion range. While this paper focuses on reducing the parasitic motions of a compliant mechanism using this PSR approach, the associated procedure is summarized and demonstrated using a decoupled XYZ compliant parallel mechanism as an example. The parasitic motion of the XYZ compliant parallel mechanism is modeled analytically, with three variables which represent any permitted positions of the associated compliant modules in their position spaces. The optimal positions of the compliant modules in the XYZ compliant parallel mechanism are finally obtained based on the analytical results, where the parasitic motion is reduced by approximately 50%. The reduction of the parasitic motion is verified by finite-element analysis (FEA) results, which differ from the analytically obtained values by less than 7%.
Operational Strategies of Wet-Cycle Micro Gas Turbines and Their Economic Evaluation
Authors: Stathopoulos Panagiotis , Paschereit Christian Oliver
Published: July 2016

The simultaneous expansion of variable renewables and combined heat and power (CHP) plants in Europe has given rise to a discussion about their compatibility. Due to the concurrence of high wind power generation and high heating loads, it has been argued that only the flexible, electricity-oriented operation of CHP plants could go along with the extended penetration of renewables in the European energy system. The current work focuses on the wet-cycle simulation of a Turbec T-100. Three operational strategies are applied on the heat and electricity demand data of a public building, to assess the economic and environmental performance of the wet cycle. The operation of the micro gas turbine (mGT) is modeled in aspen plus, and the model is validated with data found in the literature. The economic aspects of the operational strategies are assessed with a financial model, which takes into account the current CHP policy incentives and price levels. Furthermore, the advantages and drawbacks of wet operation are highlighted by its comparison to the typical heat-driven operation of dry-cycle mGTs, with a reference to the same case study. It is shown that the wet-cycle turbines have a higher number of full load equivalent operating hours and can achieve higher investment payback, with minor drawbacks to their overall environmental performance.
The Origin of Flank Wear in Turning Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Nguyen Trung , Kwon Patrick , Kang Di , Bieler Thomas R.
Published: July 2016

Unlike ferrous materials, where the cementite (Fe3C) phase acts as an abrasive that contributes to flank wear on the cutting tool, most titanium (Ti) alloys possesses no significant hard phase. Thus, the origin of flank wear is unclear in machining Ti alloys. To address this question, a Ti-6Al-4V bar was turned under various conditions with uncoated carbide and polycrystalline diamond (PCD) inserts, most commonly used tool materials for machining Ti alloys. These inserts were retrieved sporadically while tuning to examine the wear patterns using a confocal microscope. To correlate the patterns with the microstructure of the original bar, the microstructure was carefully characterized using Orientation Image Microscopy™ (OIM) with electron-backscattered diffraction (EBSD). From the wear patterns, two distinct types of damage were identified: (a) microscopic and macroscopic fractures on the cutting edges and (b) scoring marks on flank faces. This paper demonstrates that both types of damage were caused primarily by the heterogeneity in hardness in the α-crystals, where the plane perpendicular to the c-axis in an α-crystal is substantially harder than any other direction in the α-crystal as well as the isotropic β-crystal. In addition to such heterogeneities, adhesion layer, ubiquitous to machining Ti alloys, detaches small fragments of the tool, which resulted in microscopic and macroscopic fractures observed on flank wear.
Sentiment Root Cause Analysis Based on Fuzzy Formal Concept Analysis and Fuzzy Cognitive Map
Authors: Park Sang-Min , Kim Young-Gab , Baik Doo-Kwon
Published: July 2016

Feature-level sentiment analysis can retrieve the sentimental preferences for the features of products but cannot retrieve the causes of the preferences. Previous sentiment analysis methods used sentiment words to calculate the sentiment polarity for specific features but could not utilize neutral sentiment words, even when they constituted a large proportion of the sentiment words. Fault diagnosis can extract causes and determine the root cause by using factual information and the cause-effect relation, but is not used for sentiment data. For the retrieval of sentiment root causes, we propose a sentiment root cause analysis method for user preferences. We consider sentiment relations based on fuzzy formal concept analysis (FFCA) to extend hierarchical feature-level sentiment analysis. A hierarchical relation of neutral sentiment words and explicit causal relation based on causal conjunctions is utilized to retrieve the cross features of root causes. A sentiment root cause is determined from the extracted causes to explain the preference of a sentiment expression by using a fuzzy cognitive map with a relations method. We demonstrate a factual ontology and sentiment ontology based on a feature ontology for clothing products. We evaluated the proposed sentiment root cause analysis method and verified that it is improved as compared with term frequency-based methods and sentiment score analysis.
Effect of discharge power on target poisoning and coating properties in reactive magnetron sputter deposition of TiN
Authors: Saringer Christian , Franz Robert , Zorn Katrin , Mitterer Christian
Published: July 2016

Reactive magnetron sputtering is a well-established technique for the deposition of high quality functional compound coatings. However, avoiding the undesired hysteresis effect that occurs when the metal target becomes covered by a compound layer at a certain reactive gas flow or partial pressure, typically referred to as target poisoning, is still an intense field of research. In the current work, the effect of the discharge power on target poisoning and coating structure and properties was assessed by determining the hysteresis and by characterizing the sputter-deposited TiNx coatings, where x ≤ 1. With increasing discharge power, the hysteresis was shifted to higher N2 gas flow values. In metallic mode, the increase in discharge power enabled therefore the incorporation of high nitrogen fractions in the TiNx coatings at stable discharge conditions and high deposition rates. In poisoned mode, all coatings were stoichiometric, but the deposition rates were lower by a factor of 1/3. Regardless of the deposition mode, grain refinement and high stresses generated due to the increase in the deposition rate at elevated deposition power increased the hardness and elastic modulus of the deposited TiNx coatings. At a power density of 34 W/cm2, the hysteresis was largely eliminated and a deposition rate of 0.15 μm/min for stoichiometric TiNx with high hardness of up to ∼30 GPa could be achieved. The results presented in this paper demonstrate that increasing the discharge power density facilitates the deposition of stoichiometric TiN by operating in the metal/transition mode.
Semitransparent ZnO-based UV-active solar cells: Analysis of electrical loss mechanisms
Authors: Karsthof Robert , von Wenckstern Holger , Grundmann Marius
Published: July 2016

Three different ZnO-based diodes are compared that can be employed as semitransparent ultraviolet (UV)-active solar cells: a Schottky diode using platinum oxide as front contact, a p+n diode with magnetron-sputtered nickel oxide and a pn diode with a pulsed laser deposited NiO front contact. The UV conversion efficiencies are 4.1% for the Schottky diodes and 3.1% for the NiO-based cells. In the NiO-based structures, a strong deformation of the current–voltage characteristics under white light illumination (one sun) is observed, leading to reduced open-circuit voltages. Measurements of the external quantum efficiency with and without simultaneous white-light illumination reveal that also the collected photocurrent in these devices types is significantly reduced under strong illumination. It is shown that the magnitude of both the injected current and the recombination current of photogenerated carriers is increased in this state. A model is proposed that explains both effects within the framework of an optically activated recombination channel at the NiO/ZnO interface.
Thermally stable device isolation by inert gas heavy ion implantation in AlGaN/GaN HEMTs on Si
Authors: Arulkumaran Subramaniam , Ranjan Kumud , Ng Geok Ing , Kennedy John , Murmu Peter P. , Bhat Thirumaleshwara N. , Tripathy Sudhiranjan
Published: July 2016

Multiple energies of heavy ion implantation with inert-gas ion (84Kr+) were carried out on AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs) for planar device isolation. Thermal stability of the implantated samples were also investigated by isochronal annealing at 500, 600, 700, and 800 °C (each temperature for 1 h.). Due to the damages created by heavy ions (84Kr+) in the GaN lattice, the implant-isolated Al0.27Ga0.73N/GaN HEMT samples exhibited better thermal stability than 40Ar+-implant-isolation. This was also confirmed by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry in channeling condition and ultraviolet micro-Raman spectroscopy measurements. With reference to mesa-isolated AlGaN/GaN HEMTs, the buffer breakdown voltage is also stable in the implant-isolated AlGaN/GaN HEMTs. An enhanced OFF-state breakdown voltage was also realized in the implant-isolated AlGaN/GaN HEMTs. The inert gas heavy ion implantation (84Kr+) is a viable solution for the fabrication of thermally stable planar AlGaN/GaN HEMTs even up to 800 °C under long-term isochronal annealing.
Efficient and ultrafast optical modulation of on-chip thermionic emission using resonant cavity coupled electron emitters
Authors: Rezaeifar Fatemeh , Kapadia Rehan
Published: July 2016

Here, the authors explore microscale optical cavities coupled to thermionic emitters as a means to enable a class of efficient and ultrafast optically modulated, on-chip, thermionic electron emitters. They term this class of devices optical cavity thermionic emitters (OCTET). The devices consist of a microfabricated optical cavity, such as Fabry–Perot or ring resonator, and a heterostructured thermionic emitter with a small bandgap or metallic thermionic emitter (e.g., LaB6) deposited on a wider bandgap electrical and thermal conductor (e.g., doped Si). By tuning the resonant wavelength of the optical cavity, the authors can ensure photons are efficiently and selectively absorbed by the small bandgap/metallic emitter, enabling design of gigahertz–terahertz regime on-chip electron emission sources. The work here focuses on elucidating the properties of single cavity-single emitter OCTETs, but may be applied to more complex cavity-tip structures. First, the authors establish fundamental design rules based solely on the cavity optical properties and emitter optical and thermal properties. Next, detailed device simulations are carried out using optical and thermal three dimensional numerical simulations that accurately account for both geometry as well as temperature and wavelength dependent materials properties. The authors illustrate that devices with highly efficient photon to thermal conversion efficiencies >60% can be achieved despite small emitter active absorption volumes <0.01 μm3 and moderate Q optical cavities. Critically, OCTETs may be designed with ultrafast subnanosecond thermal response time, and sub-10 ps current response times, or efficient steady state excitation—with <10 μW of power required to achieve nanoampere level current emission per tip. Importantly, due to the recent advances in integrated photonics and electronics, the structures explored here may be fabricated using standard microfabrication techniques.
Anisotropic acoustic metafluid for underwater operation
Authors: Popa Bogdan-Ioan , Wang Wenqi , Konneker Adam , Cummer Steven A. , Rohde Charles A. , Martin Theodore P. , Orris Gregory J. , Guild Matthew D.
Published: July 2016

The paper presents a method to design and characterize mechanically robust solid acoustic metamaterials suitable for operation in dense fluids such as water. These structures, also called metafluids, behave acoustically as inertial fluids characterized by anisotropic mass densities and isotropic bulk modulus. The method is illustrated through the design and experimental characterization of a metafluid consisting of perforated steel plates held together by rubber coated magnetic spacers. The spacers are very effective at reducing the effective shear modulus of the structure, and therefore effective at minimizing the ensuing coupling between the shear and pressure waves inside the solid effective medium. Inertial anisotropy together with fluid-like acoustic behavior are key properties that bring transformation acoustics in dense fluids closer to reality.
Evaluation of the resolution of a metamaterial acoustic leaky wave antenna
Authors: Naify Christina J. , Rogers Jeffrey S. , Guild Matthew D. , Rohde Charles A. , Orris Gregory J.
Published: July 2016

Acoustic antennas have long been utilized to directionally steer acoustic waves in both air and water. Typically, these antennas are comprised of arrays of active acoustic elements, which are electronically phased to steer the acoustic profile in the desired direction. A new technology, known as an acoustic leaky wave antenna (LWA), has recently been shown to achieve directional steering of acoustic waves using a single active transducer coupled to a transmission line passive aperture. The LWA steers acoustic energy by preferential coupling to an input frequency and can be designed to steer from backfire to endfire, including broadside. This paper provides an analysis of resolution as a function of both input frequency and antenna length. Additionally, the resolution is compared to that achieved using an array of active acoustic elements.
Two-dimensional locally resonant elastic metamaterials with chiral comb-like interlayers: Bandgap and simultaneously double negative properties
Authors: Wang Yan-Feng , Wang Yue-Sheng , Zhang Chuanzeng
Published: July 2016

In this paper, bandgap and dynamic effective properties of two-dimensional elastic metamaterials with a chiral comb-like interlayer are studied by using the finite element method. The effects of the geometrical parameters of the chiral comb-like interlayer on the band edges are investigated and discussed. Combined with the analysis of the vibration modes at the band edges, equivalent spring-mass/pendulum models are developed to investigate the mechanisms of the bandgap generation. The analytically predicted results of the band edges, including the frequency where the double negative properties appear, and the numerical ones are generally in good agreement. The research findings in this paper have relevant engineering applications of the elastic metamaterials in the low frequency range.
A Model for Rehabilitation Adherence in Athletes Demonstrating Different Attachment Styles
Authors: Myers Natalie L. , Capilouto Gilson J.
Published: July 2016

Adherence is a documented problem in collegiate athletics. The patient–clinician relationship is an important component of how one will receive the idea of rehabilitation and adhere to the prescribed treatment protocol. Attachment theory states that an emotional bond between two individuals usually flourishes when one individual looks for support and assurance during a time of need. Attachment theory was initially proposed to describe the parent–child relationship and has implications into adulthood. If clinicians understand and recognize the different attachment styles a given patient might portray, then the relationship between the two may flourish, and consequently lead to greater adherence. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to propose a model for improving treatment adherence by adjusting the patient–clinician relationship based on a patient’s attachment style.
Development of the Quick-FAAM: A Preliminary Shortened Version of the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure for Chronic Ankle Instability
Authors: Hoch Matthew C. , Hoch Johanna M. , Houston Megan N.
Published: July 2016

The study objective was to develop a shortened version of the Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) for individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Forty individuals with CAI completed the FAAM Activities of Daily Living and Sport subscales and the Short Form-12. Analyses were completed for item reduction followed by dimensionality, coverage redundancy, and internal consistency of a reduced-item instrument. Validity was examined through correlations with the original FAAM and Short Form-12. A 12-item FAAM was created which demonstrated strong internal consistency and convergent/divergent validity. The Quick-FAAM may provide an alternative patient-reported outcome for CAI which requires less administration time.
Use of Multiple Sequencing Technologies To Produce a High-Quality Genome of the Fungus
Pseudogymnoascus destructans
, the Causative Agent of Bat White-Nose Syndrome
Authors: Drees Kevin P. , Palmer Jonathan M. , Sebra Robert , Lorch Jeffrey M. , Chen Cynthia , Wu Cheng-Cang , Bok Jin Woo , Keller Nancy P. , Blehert David S. , Cuomo Christina A. , Lindner Daniel L. , Foster Jeffrey T.
Published: July 2016

White-nose syndrome has recently emerged as one of the most devastating wildlife diseases recorded, causing widespread mortality in numerous bat species throughout eastern North America. Here, we present an improved reference genome of the fungal pathogen
Pseudogymnoascus destructans
for use in comparative genomic studies.
Genome Sequence of
Gordonia
Bacteriophage Lucky10
Authors: Pope Welkin H. , Brown Aleks K. , Fisher Daniel J. , Okwiya Nicholas H. , Savage Kaitlyn A. , German Brian A. , McDonnell Jill E. , Schafer Claire E. , Yu Victor J. , Furbee Emily C. , Grubb Sarah R. , Warner Marcie H. , Montgomery Matthew T. , Garlena Rebecca A. , Russell Daniel A. , Jacobs-Sera Deborah , Hatfull Graham F.
Published: July 2016

Lucky10 is a newly isolated phage of
Gordonia terrae
3612 that was recovered from a soil sample in Pittsburgh, PA. Lucky10 has siphoviral morphology and a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome of 42,979 bp, with 70 predicted protein-coding genes. Lucky10 shows little similarity to previously reported
Gordonia
phages.
Genome Sequences of
Gordonia
Bacteriophages Obliviate, UmaThurman, and Guacamole
Authors: Pope Welkin H. , Akbar Armaan F. , Ayers Taylor N. , Belohoubek Selena G. , Chung Connie F. , Hartman Allison C. , Kayiti Tejus , Kessler Cecilia M. , Koman Philipp I. , Kotovskiy Grigoriy A. , Morgan Taylor M. , Rohac Rebecca M. , Silva Gabriela M. , Willis Charles E. , Milliken Katherine A. , Shedlock Kathleen A. , Stanton Ann-Catherine J. , Toner Chelsea L. , Furbee Emily C. , Grubb Sarah R. , Warner Marcie H. , Montgomery Matthew T. , Garlena Rebecca A. , Russell Daniel A. , Jacobs-Sera Deborah , Hatfull Graham F.
Published: July 2016

We describe three newly isolated phages—Obliviate, UmaThurman, and Guacamole—that infect
Gordonia terrae
3612. The three genomes are related to one another but are not closely related to other previously sequenced phages or prophages. The three phages are predicted to use integration-dependent immunity systems as described in several mycobacteriophages.
Genome Sequence of Bradyrhizobium stylosanthis Strain BR 446
T
, a Nitrogen-Fixing Symbiont of the Legume Pasture
Stylosanthes guianensis
Authors: Delamuta Jakeline Renata Marçon , Ribeiro Renan Augusto , Gomes Douglas Fabiano , Souza Renata Carolini , Chueire Ligia Maria Oliveira , Hungria Mariangela
Published: July 2016

Bradyrhizobium stylosanthis
BR 446
T
is a nitrogen-fixing symbiont of the tropical legume pasture
Stylosanthes guianensis
. Its draft genome contains 8,801,717 bp and 8,239 coding sequences (CDSs). Several putative genes that might confer high competitiveness and saprophytic capacity under the stressful conditions of tropical soils were identified in the genome.
In Vivo
Examination of Mouse APOBEC3- and Human APOBEC3A- and APOBEC3G-Mediated Restriction of Parvovirus and Herpesvirus Infection in Mouse Models
Authors: Nakaya Yuki , Stavrou Spyridon , Blouch Kristin , Tattersall Peter , Ross Susan R.
Published: June 2016

APOBEC3 knockout and human APOBEC3A and -3G transgenic mice were tested for their ability to be infected by the herpesviruses herpes simplex virus 1 and murine herpesvirus 68 and the parvovirus minute virus of mice (MVM). Knockout, APOBEC3A and APOBEC3G transgenic, and wild-type mice were equally infected by the herpesviruses, while APOBEC3A but not mouse APOBEC3 conferred resistance to MVM. No viruses showed evidence of cytidine deamination by mouse or human APOBEC3s. These data suggest that
in vitro
studies implicating APOBEC3 proteins in virus resistance may not reflect their role
in vivo
.

IMPORTANCE
It is well established that APOBEC3 proteins in different species are a critical component of the host antiretroviral defense. Whether these proteins also function to inhibit other viruses is not clear. There have been a number of
in vitro
studies suggesting that different APOBEC3 proteins restrict herpesviruses and parvoviruses, among others, but whether they also work
in vivo
has not been demonstrated. Our studies looking at the role of mouse and human APOBEC3 proteins in transgenic and knockout mouse models of viral infection suggest that these restriction factors are not broadly antiviral and demonstrate the importance of testing their activity
in vivo
.
Immunization with Attenuated Equine Herpesvirus 1 Strain KyA Induces Innate Immune Responses That Protect Mice from Lethal Challenge
Authors: Kim Seong K. , Shakya Akhalesh K. , O'Callaghan Dennis J.
Published: June 2016

Equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is a major pathogen affecting equines worldwide. The virus causes respiratory disease, abortion, and, in some cases, neurological disease. EHV-1 strain KyA is attenuated in the mouse and equine, whereas wild-type strain RacL11 induces severe inflammation of the lung, causing infected mice to succumb at 4 to 6 days postinfection. Our previous results showed that KyA immunization protected CBA mice from pathogenic RacL11 challenge at 2 and 4 weeks postimmunization and that KyA infection elicited protective humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. To investigate the protective mechanisms of innate immune responses to KyA, KyA-immunized mice were challenged with RacL11 at various times postvaccination. KyA immunization protected mice from RacL11 challenge at 1 to 7 days postimmunization. Immunized mice lost less than 10% of their body weight and rapidly regained weight. Virus titers in the lungs of KyA-immunized mice were 1,000-fold lower at 2 days post-RacL11 challenge than virus titers in the lungs of nonimmunized mice, indicating accelerated virus clearance. Affymetrix microarray analysis revealed that gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and 16 antiviral interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) were upregulated 3.1- to 48.2-fold at 8 h postchallenge in the lungs of RacL11-challenged mice that had been immunized with KyA. Murine IFN-γ inhibited EHV-1 infection of murine alveolar macrophages and protected mice against lethal EHV-1 challenge, suggesting that IFN-γ expression is important in mediating the protection elicited by KyA immunization. These results suggest that EHV-1 KyA may be used as a live attenuated EHV-1 vaccine as well as a prophylactic agent in horses.

IMPORTANCE
Viral infection of cells initiates a signal cascade of events that ultimately attempts to limit viral replication and prevent infection through the expression of host antiviral proteins. In this study, we show that EHV-1 KyA immunization effectively protected CBA mice from pathogenic RacL11 challenge at 1 to 7 days postvaccination and increased the expression of IFN-γ and 16 antiviral interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). The administration of IFN-γ blocked EHV-1 replication in murine alveolar macrophages and mouse lungs and protected mice from lethal challenge. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an attenuated EHV-1 vaccine that protects the animal at 1 to 7 days postimmunization by innate immune responses. Our findings suggested that IFN-γ serves as a novel prophylactic agent and may offer new strategies for the development of anti-EHV-1 agents in the equine.
Viral FGARAT Homolog ORF75 of Rhesus Monkey Rhadinovirus Effects Proteasomal Degradation of the ND10 Components SP100 and PML
Authors: Hahn Alexander S. , Großkopf Anna K. , Jungnickl Doris , Scholz Brigitte , Ensser Armin
Published: June 2016

Nuclear domain 10 (ND10) components restrict herpesviral infection, and herpesviruses antagonize this restriction by a variety of strategies, including degradation or relocalization of ND10 proteins. The rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (RRV) shares many key biological features with the closely related Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV; human herpesvirus 8) and readily infects cells of both human and rhesus monkey origin. We used the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-Cas9 (CRISPR-Cas9) technique to generate knockout (ko) cells for each of the four ND10 components, PML, SP100, DAXX, and ATRX. These ko cells were analyzed with regard to permissiveness for RRV infection. In addition, we analyzed the fate of the individual ND10 components in infected cells by immunofluorescence and Western blotting. Knockout of the ND10 component DAXX markedly increased RRV infection, while knockout of PML or SP100 had a less pronounced effect. In line with these observations, RRV infection resulted in rapid degradation of SP100, followed by degradation of PML and the loss of ND10 structures, whereas the protein levels of ATRX and DAXX remained constant. Notably, inhibition of the proteasome but not inhibition of
de novo
gene expression prevented the loss of SP100 and PML in cells that did not support lytic replication, compatible with proteasomal degradation of these ND10 components through the action of a viral tegument protein. Expression of the RRV FGARAT homolog ORF75 was sufficient to effect the loss of SP100 and PML in transfected or transduced cells, implicating ORF75 as the viral effector protein.

IMPORTANCE
Our findings highlight the antiviral role of ND10 and its individual components and further establish the viral FGARAT homologs of the gammaherpesviruses to be important viral effectors that counteract ND10-instituted intrinsic immunity. Surprisingly, even closely related viruses like KSHV and RRV evolved to use different strategies to evade ND10-mediated restriction. RRV first targets SP100 for degradation and then targets PML with a delayed kinetic, a strategy which clearly differs from that of other gammaherpesviruses. Despite efficient degradation of these two major ND10 components, RRV is still restricted by DAXX, another abundant ND10 component, as evidenced by a marked increase in RRV infection and replication upon knockout of DAXX. Taken together, our findings substantiate PML, SP100, and DAXX as key antiviral proteins, in that the first two are targeted for degradation by RRV and the last one still potently restricts replication of RRV.
Duration and nature of the end-Cryogenian (Marinoan) glaciation
Authors: Prave Anthony R. , Condon Daniel J. , Hoffmann Karl Heinz , Tapster Simon , Fallick Anthony E.
Published: June 2016

The end-Cryogenian glaciation (Marinoan) is portrayed commonly as the archetype of snowball Earth, yet its duration and character remain uncertain. Here we report U-Pb zircon ages for two ash beds from widely separated localities of the Marinoan-equivalent Ghaub Formation in Namibia: 639.29 ± 0.26 Ma and 635.21 ± 0.59 Ma. These findings verify, for the first time, the key prediction of the snowball Earth hypothesis for the Marinoan glaciation, i.e., longevity, with a duration of ≥4 m.y. They also show that the nonglacial interlude of Cryogenian time spanned 20 m.y. or less and that glacigenic erosion and sedimentation, and at least intermittent open-water conditions, occurred 4 m.y. prior to termination of the Marinoan glaciation.
Smartphone for the smarter delivery of drugs, psychoeducational materials and acute intervention for at-risk users
Authors: Zhang Melvyn W , Ho Roger C
Published: July 2016

Globally, there has been an increasing incidence of drug abuse. Perhaps one of the reasons for the increased incidences of drug usage might be due to the normalisation of drug usage, as drugs, including cannabis, have been legalised for medical usage in states such as Colorado. In the past decade, there have been massive advances in technology, to the extent that the WHO now classifies E-health as an integral part of healthcare. Healthcare professionals are increasingly using technology and smartphone interventions in their practice. Aside from healthcare professionals, the general public has also been using various smartphone applications for a multitude of purposes. While there are numerous healthcare applications out there, one of the main concerns pertains to the evidence base and quality of the information contained within the application. Previous content analysis conducted on cannabis-related application has shown that they are of poor evidence base. With these limitations in mind, the authors set out to conceptualise and devise a psychoeducational drug application using the latest advances in technologies. The authors wish to tap on the latest advances in smartphone technologies to implement a help functionality for users who might need to seek urgent medical help after being intoxicated with drugs.
Red eyes and red-flags: improving ophthalmic assessment and referral in primary care
Authors: Kilduff Caroline , Lois Charis
Published: June 2016

Up to five percent of primary care consultations are eye-related, yet 96% of General Practitioners (GPs) do not undergo postgraduate ophthalmology training. Most do not feel assured performing eye assessments. Some red eye conditions can become sight threatening, and often exhibit red-flag features. These features include moderate pain, photophobia, reduced visual acuity (VA), eye-trauma, or unilateral marked redness. The aim of this project was to improve primary care assessment and referral of patients presenting with red-flag features based on the NICE ‘Red Eye’ Clinical Knowledge Summary recommendations.

Data was collected retrospectively from 139 red eye consultations. A practice meeting highlighted poor awareness of red-flag features, low confidence levels in eye assessments, and time-constraints during appointments. Interventions were based on feedback from staff. These included a primary care teaching session on red-flag features, a VA measurement tutorial, and provision of a red eye toolkit, including VA equipment, to each consultation room.

At baseline, each patient had on average 0.9 red-flag features assessed. Only 36.0% (9/25) of patients with red-flag features were appropriately referred to same-day ophthalmology services. Following two improvement cycles, a significant improvement was seen in almost every parameter. On average, each patient had 2.7 red-flag features assessed (vs 0.9, p<0.001). VA was assessed in 55.6% of consultations (vs 7.9%, p<0.001), pain was quantified in 81.5% (vs 20.9%, p=0.005), eye-trauma or foreign-body (51.8% vs 8.6%, p<0.001), extent of redness was documented in 66.7% (vs 14.4%, p<0.001). Only photophobia remained poorly assessed (18.5% vs 14.4%, p=0.75). Following this, 75.0% (6/8) of patients were appropriately referred.

This project reflected the literature regarding low confidence and inexperience amongst GPs when faced with ophthalmic conditions. Improvements in education are required to ensure accurate assessments can be undertaken in a time-constrained environment.
Successful treatment of a multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection following a digit amputation in a Belgian Blue calf
Authors: Tomlinson Martin Stuart , Crilly James Patrick , Corbishley Alexander , Hopker Andy
Published: June 2016

Digit amputation is a commonly performed surgery in cattle practice. The most frequent reason for digit amputation is septic pedal arthritis, but other indications include severe trauma, pedal osteitis, non‐healing sole, wall or toe ulcers, osteomyelitis of P2, septic tenosynovitis of the distal digital flexor tendons and other infectious processes of the deep digital structures. The procedure is considered a salvage procedure, but good rates of success are reported. The size of the patient is one of the key determinants of prognosis, with reported success rates varying between bulls, cows and calves. Reported complications include haemorrhage, avascular necrosis of the phalangeal fragments, wound infection and fracture of the partner claw. In this case report the authors describe digit amputation under regional and general anaesthesia for the treatment of proximal interphalangeal septic arthritis and the subsequent wound management in the face of a multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.