bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling of Potato Convenience of Exposure Effects of Ultrasound
Authors: Potoroko I.Y. , Ruskina A.A.
Published: September 2016

This article assesses factors that affect merchandising and consumer performance of semi-prepared potato products and also deals with the issues of developing technologies and comprehensive assessment of the quality of the latter. Vegetables and potatoes, in particular, hold a special place among the major agribusiness industry products. In Russia, potatoes make up to 40 % of fruit and vegetables intake. Here, the average annual potato consumption per capita amounts to 120 – 130 kilograms. Potato processing is of a special interest since it helps to cut down storage losses and is practiced in many countries that have sufficient supply of potatoes. An important trend in the foodservice industry includes semi-prepared products’ expansion including potato products that need some follow-up treatment or heating up. Using semi-prepared products is cost-effective not only for public dining facilities, child care centers and other institutions, but also for daily household use. That’s why organizing large-scale industrial production of semi-prepared potato products will help to solve a number of important issues: provide consumers with potato products in any season; assist people with home cooking; cut down yield storage losses; create reserve and safety stocks of shelf-stable products for emergency situations; preserve the nutritional value; cut down storage and transportation expenses. The most important thing for the production of semi-prepared potato products is to prevent post-peeling bacteriological damage and color change over a long period of time. To cope with these issues, we used ultrasound treatment which allowed extending the storage period for peeled potatoes.
Experimental Study of Ba7Fe4O13, Ba3Fe2O6, Ba2Fe2O5, BaFe2O4 Barium Ferrites
Authors: Vinnik D.A. , Sudarikov M.V. , Zhivulin V.E.
Published: September 2016

This paper presents the results of synthesis of BaO-Fe2O3 system compounds. The powder X-ray diffraction patterns are presented. The patterns of Ba3Fe2O6, Ba2Fe2O5 and BaFe2O4 coincide with literature data. The experimental cell parameters were calculated. The study results of nature and the melting temperatures of Ba3Fe2O6, Ba7Fe4O13, Ba2Fe2O5, BaFe2O4 are described. The compounds have congruent melting character. The melting temperatures of listed compounds are 1325, 1320, 1365, 1405 °C (1598, 1593, 1638, 1678 K), respectively.
Effects of the Sonochemistry in the Rheology of Food Media
Authors: Tsirulnichenko L.A. , Popova N.V.
Published: September 2016

Interaction of water with food biopolymers (their hydration) is one of the major problems in food industry. Useful reactions in food media that are initiated by ultrasound are based on the mechanisms of action of cavitation in the restructuring of hydration shells of ions in true solution and colloidal phase dispersion. Bonds formed by dipole-dipole and ion-dipole interactions are the impact objects. In this work we studied the effect of ultrasound on functional and technological properties of meat raw materials, their water-binding and water retention ability, viscosity. Ultrasonic treatment of meat is important for intensification of technological processes.
Microcrystalline and Amorphous Photovoltaic Silicon Materials Performance Optimization
Authors: Chebotarev S.N. , Pashchenko A.S. , Arustamyan D.A.
Published: September 2016

A design of a thin-film solar cell based on microcrystalline and amorphous silicon α-Si:H(n-i-p)/μс-Si:O(n-i-p)/μс-Si:H(n-i-p) was proposed. A physical model and software to calculate the functional characteristics of these solar cells were developed. The numerical simulation results show that the efficiency of the optimized thin-film solar cells may reach up to 16.3 %, open circuit voltage 1.96 V, fill factor 78 %. Improved performance of the non-crystalline solar cell is achieved by an increase in absorbance in the visible range 500 – 800 nm to 40 – 60 % and in the near-infrared range of the solar radiation 800 – 1100 nm to 70 – 75 %.
Polymer-Cement Material for Corrosion Protection of Reinforced Concrete Elements
Authors: Potapov Yuri B. , Pinaev Sergey A. , Arakelyan Arutyun A. , Barabash Andrei D.
Published: September 2016

The paper presents composition of innovative material used for corrosion protection of reinforced concrete structures and experimental data on the increase in cracking of reinforced concrete elements coated with polymer-cement protective layer against corrosive media.
Theoretical and Experimental Justification of Low-Rigid Components’ Use for Concrete Dynamic Strength Enhancement
Authors: Kharitonov Alexey , Prokofieva Valentina
Published: September 2016

The article presents methods of applied mechanics for solving problems in materials science, in particular to predict the dynamic strength of concrete with low-rigid dispersed materials. Various low-rigid dispersed materials which were included in the composition of cement concrete for replacement of a part of sand for assessment of their effect on its dynamic strength were studied. Besides, the simulation task of low-rigid components effect mechanism on a dynamic strength was solved by means of numerical methods.The computing tool, that is capable to take into account explicitly the elastic properties of structure elements in conjunction with their interaction in space, is needed to simulate system operation in the dynamic mode of loading. The finite element method (FEM) used on the basis of structurally-simulated models corresponds to this criterion to the maximum extent.The model that reproduces the mechanism of crack formation in a structure under load was developed. This model allows assessment of the influence of different factors, both separately and in combination, for determination of the main regularities of dynamically strong concrete obtaining on the basis of use of components with reduced rigidness.
Experimental Diagrams of Fiber Concrete Straining under Tension and Compression and their Implementation in Calculation of Bearing Capacity of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Flexural Elements
Authors: Evdokimova Tatiana , Morozov Valeriy , Opbul Eres , Khegai Aleksey
Published: September 2016

On the basis of experimental data, calculating diagrams of non-linear straining of fiber concrete under compression and tension were developed, which take into consideration the qualitative change in strength and stress-strain properties of the concrete matrix at its fiber reinforcement. The obtained diagrams are realized upon the bearing capacity calculation of fiber-reinforced concrete flexural elements. Calculation of fiber-reinforced beam was fulfilled according to the proposed approach and current regulatory documents. Comparison of calculation results was carried out, according to which the regulatory procedure gives an overstated result for its bearing capacity.
Consideration of Variability of Concrete Characteristics in Calculation of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Authors: Popov Vladimir , Morozov Valeriy , Pukharenko Yury , Plyusnin Mikhail
Published: September 2016

The objective of this study is to analyze the effect of variability of concrete stress-strain characteristics on the bearing capacity of eccentrically compressed reinforced concrete elements. Relevance of this issue is caused by wide application of the nonlinear stress-strain model for calculations of reinforced concrete structures. A distinctive feature of calculations with the use of the nonlinear stress-strain model is the need of joint use of concrete strength and stress-strain characteristics. In addition to that, valid regulations of Russian Federation deal with the average values of stress-strain characteristics, and there are no information on their variability.
Methane Component of the Modern WWTP Biogas as an Alternative Energy Source
Authors: Kholodiakov Artem , Bondal Andrey , Zubkova Marina , Chusov Alexander , Stroganov Alexander
Published: September 2016

This paper presents an analysis of the company for the production of soft drinks wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and indicators on biogas as a byproduct. Shown new technology of anaerobic reactors and cleaning properties of the main product - the anaerobic sludge, from which biogas released. Offered to re-evaluate the potential of using methane component of biogas. The proposed approach for the use of biogas would allow such enterprises to carry out a comprehensive approach to solving the problems of energy efficiency and the use of the significant potential of secondary energy resources.
Biological Resistance of Cement Composites Filled with Limestone Powders
Authors: Erofeev Vladimir , Kalashnikov Vladimir , Emelyanov Denis , Balathanova Elita , Erofeeva Irina , Smirnova Olga , Tretiakov Ilia , Matvievskiy Aleksandr
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we consider a method of increasing biological resistance and biological durability of buildings and constructions that are subject to destruction from the impact of microorganisms activity. This article presents the results of studies of innovative materials in the field of bioresistant building materials. Powders of milled quartz sand and limestone were the fillers for the composites. Limestone used for the experiments is from the Chechnya depostits. We have implemented optimization for the cement composites compositions using the methods of mathematical experiment design. We derived the dependences describing how the bioresistance coefficient, the elastic modulus and the water demand depend on the granulometric composition after 3 and 9 months of aging in the environment of filamentous fungi. We have found that the multifractional compositions have a higher bioresistance coefficient. We determined the fungal resist compositions.
Physical and Mechanical Properties of the Cement Stone Based on Biocidal Portland Cement with Active Mineral Additive
Authors: Erofeev Vladimir , Kalashnikov Vladimir , Karpushin Sergei , Rodin Alexander , Smirnov Vasiliy , Smirnova Olga , Moroz Marina , Rimshin Vladimir , Tretiakov Ilia , Matvievskiy Aleksandr
Published: September 2016

The article considers innovative materials for construction. Using mathematical planning methods, we studied how the quantitative composition, the biocidal additive and gypsum content influence on the compressive and flexural strength and density of the composites. We found that the more gypsum in a composition the higher compressive and flexural strength of a specimen. So, with the greatest degree of compositions filling (fly ash – 20 mass fractions, gypsum – 11.2 mass fractions) maximum compressive strength is 72.5 MPa. We determined when the fly ash content rises up to 20 mass fractions per 100 mass fractions of clinker, flexural strength rises too and specimen density decreases. The developed compositions of biocidal cements recommended for use in the manufacture of materials, products and structures for buildings and constructions, operating in aggressive environments.
Flammability of the Disperse-Filled Polymer Composites
Authors: Askadsky Andrey , Ushkov Valentin , Smirnov Vladimir , Voronin Viktor
Published: September 2016

For the purpose of fire safe construction it is necessary to develop and investigate effects of fillers to flammability of building materials, including composite materials with polymer matrix. In present work we demonstrate the results of such investigation. We have examined influence of chemical composition, amount of mineral fillers to flammability, smoke-forming ability and limiting oxygen index of building materials based on different polymer binders. The experimental data indicate that the main parameter which determines the influence of mineral fillers on the flammability of composites is a specific heat absorbed by the filler. The dependence between limiting oxygen index and specific heat of mineral fillers is revealed for composites with epoxy matrices. This dependence is simple and beneficial for practical use.
The Strength Quantum Theory for Crystals with Nanodefects
Authors: Hlystunov Mikhail , Mogiljuk Zhanna
Published: September 2016

The article examines the impact of nanodefects on the reduction of the crystals strength. A summary of the authors research results is illustrated by the analysis example of the NaCl crystal destruction process from the standpoint of strength quantum theory. As the base experiment is seen testing the dry and wet a salt crystal made by academician A. Ioffe. The authors research aim was a little-studied patterns of the crystal lattice destruction quantum mechanism. The article gives a brief historical background of the research in this area. The first section discusses the rystal cell dynamic characteristics change as a result of destruction. Assesses self-resonant frequency of an atom at a lattice point of the crystal before and after the destruction. In the second section of the article examines the relationship between the natural frequencies of the atoms in the lattice and elastic energy wich accumulated in the crystal body in the force loading process. The main attention is paid to theoretical modeling of the links strength between atoms in the crystal surface layer. We study the strength dependence of these relationships to the availability of nanodefects on the crystal surface. There are modeled bond strength to clean the crystal surface, as a result of the surface lattice electrification when atoms capture free electrons and for the case when jobs of atoms in the crack are filled with the external environment atoms. The calculations confirm the validity of the proposed theoretical model of reduction or the hanging of the crystals strength by the atoms interaction with the external environment.
Treatment of Natural Zeolites for Increasing the Sorption Capacity
Authors: Bruyako Mihail , Grigorieva Larisa , Grigorieva Aleksandra , Ivanova Irina
Published: September 2016

This article describes the results ofthe research on determination of activity and sorption capacity of modified zeolites. Activation processes of sorbents were compared including thermal dehydration and ion-plasma treatment of zeolites. Mineralogical composition of investigated zeolites as well as the results of ion-plasma treatment on the structure of natural zeolites are presented. The obtained results have shown high effectiveness of ion-plasma treatmentof sorbents compared with thermal treatment method.
The Problem of Structurization of Liquid Glass
Authors: Radayev Sergey , Seleznyova Olga , Ilyukhin Konstantin , Ivanov Konstantin , Forosevich Natalia
Published: September 2016

The article presents research data of the sodium silicate suspension, received by opal raw materials hydrothermal leaching.Results of the X-ray powder diffraction of natural and thermally processed diatomite are presented. Dependence of sodium silicate properties on рН value is considered. The complex technology of opal raw materials processing at a wet process of sodium silicate production is offered.
Theoretical Evaluation of Rheological State of Sand Cement Composite Systems with Polyoxyethylene Additive Using Topological Dynamics Concept
Authors: Erofeev Vladimir , Bobryshev Aleksandr , Lakhno Aleksandr , Shafigullin Lenar , Khalilov Ilnaz , Sibgatullin Kamil , Igtisamov Rafael
Published: September 2016

Presents the results of studies of contemporary materials in the field of rheological state. The topological mortar structure has been provided by theoretical evaluation of the rheological state of the cross-linked solutions and the experimental viscosity data of the sand cement mortar which has been modified by water-soluble additive – polyoxyethylene. The general model has been made for the structure of non-Newtonian liquideous systems including dilatant, pseudoplastic bodies with two main rheological active components in their structure – rigid and viscous phases. It is shown that in pseudoplastic systems, as the shear stress increases, the viscous phase grows because of the reduction of rigid phase content. In dilatant systems the converse situation has been observed. Furthermore, these phases are not clearly distinguishable, but to the contrary they are spatially interconnected in a complex way. The structure modeling has been made for non-Newtonian bodies using the Shklovskii-de Gennes model. The studies have found that the construction composite sand cement system is defined as the pseudoplastic body where cement and sand act as the rigid phase, water solution of polyoxyethylene – as the viscous phase. These findings can be used to prove the influence of polymer powder on the workability of dry mortar.
The Influence of Hybrid Material Parameters in Socked-pin Connection on the Value of Opening Force
Authors: Sadowski Tomasz , Golewski Przemysław , Radoiu Viorel
Published: September 2016

Different types of techniques are used in joining of aircraft structures. The classical solutions are mechanical or bonding joining. A prospective alternative to the currently used connections (e.g. mechanical, adhesive and hybrid ones) is a socket - pin connection type. Generally, they are purely mechanical joints. Depending on the shape, they have different commercial names such as: Interlock, Snaplock, Snapfit Gridlock. The idea of these connections relies on the fact, that between the socket and the pin we need a suitable interference fit or specially formed clip to carry the load. The advantages of this type of connection of different structural parts is very fast assembly after pressing joined parts together. The use of socket - pin connection eliminates the presence of the human error and reduces production costs as an individual connection is made by CNC machine tools.The paper presents an analysis of the influence of a several technological problems concerning the socket and the pin manufacturing, on the value of force required for the joint connection and disconnection. A number of numerical simulations was made in ABAQUS program to examine the effect of such parameters as: the presence of interference fit, the use of spherical latches, the use of different rigidity in the shaft by making cuts with variable width and length, the use of different angles of inclination of the working part of the slot.
Consolidation Features of Aluminum-Alumina Compositions by Powder Metallurgy Methods
Authors: Cojocaru Mihai Ovidiu , Condruz Mihaela Raluca , Tudose Florică
Published: September 2016

In this paper was followed the processing flow of aluminum-alumina compositions (10÷20% alumina) in powder state, aiming to obtain aluminum matrix composites reinforced with alumina particles, starting from selecting and mixing the grading fraction of both components reaching up to sintering; it was analyzed the way in which reflects the variation of grading fraction ratio (expressed through average particle diameter in the analyzed fractions limits) on the level of technological interest features: apparent density, tapped density, flowability, presability and on densification after sintering (in various environments). By transmission electron microscopy was observed that aluminum particles showed on the surface a nanoscale oxide film, so the sintering occurs between congeneric areas – by solid phase sintering mechanisms [1, 2, 3]. The analysis of thermophysical properties revealed a decrease of thermal diffusivity at an increase of alumina, simultaneous with the decrease of the densification level.
Analytic Study Regarding Yarn Geometry of Two Synthetic Materials Used in Furniture and Automotive Industry
Authors: Lengyel Bianca , Faur Nicolae , Nes Cristian Sorin , Cernescu Anghel
Published: September 2016

In this study the knitted fabric side of two leather substitute materials was analysed. The two synthetic leather material used are usually fabricated for the use as upholstery in the furniture and automotive industry. The first material has a polyurethane (PU) matrix and the second has a polyvininylchloride (PVC) matrix.The main analysis done in this study was the geometrical calculus of the yarn eye using different geometric models and the evaluation of the relative deformation in surface for a biaxial tensile loading (along the rows and the columns of the knitted fabric). Results show a relative deformation of 6.29% for the PU matrix material and a 9.41% relative deformation for the PVC matrix material.The main goal of this study was to obtain a better characterization of the materials studied in order to have indications based on loading conditions when using these materials in their different industrial application.
Current Technologies and Materials for Dental Fixed Prosthetic Restorations
Authors: Ardelean Lavinia , Reclaru Lucien , Bortun Cristina , Rusu Laura Cristina
Published: September 2016

The aim of this paper is to present the manufacturing technologies for fixed prosthetic restorations frameworks as well as the materials suitable for these applications.For fixed prosthetic restorations frameworks the most used materials at present are Co-Cr alloys and zirconia.Co-Cr dental alloys have been used, mainly for removable partial dentures, for many years. Recently they began to be used more and more for fixed prosthodontics as well, because they do not develop the high allergenic response as Ni based alloys and are not as difficult to manipulate as titanium.Zirconia is used for frameworks manufactured by CAD/CAM milling and it has certain advantages when compared to Co-Cr dental alloys: esthetics, resistance, mechanical properties, biocompatibility, resistance to corrosion, weight but it’s much more expensive.The practitioner has certain options for fixed prosthodontics frameworks manufacturing and the final choice should be made according to the particularities of each case.
Calibration of a Shear Specimen
Authors: Maxim Daniel Iosif , Marşavina Liviu , Dudescu Mircea Cristian
Published: September 2016

Different geometries of shear test specimens were experimentally and numerically investigated. They are used for calibration of a virtual model, to be used for sheet metal blanking. Different specimen configurations were simulated in order to determine the strain and stress fields and the potential of producing pure shear failure. Tensile and shear tests were performed using DC01 steel material. The experimental data are used later to calibrate a material with Johnson-Cook elastic-plastic model.
Influence of the Addition of a Reducing Mixture Slag and Duration of Treatment on the Desulphurisation and Deoxidation Efficiency
Authors: Putan Vasile , Putan Adriana , Ardelean Erika
Published: September 2016

Within the researches made, the establishment of the processing with synthetic slag decreasing possibilities, of the sulphur and oxygen contents, from the steel made in electric arc ovens, of 100 t ladle capacity oven (LF) - (EBT) type, was taken into account. For the formation of the synthetic slag, reducing mixing made of lime, fluorine, bauxite and aluminum slag. The experiments we performed consisted in adding the waste mechanical mixture at the bottom of the ladle, its melting leading to the formation of synthetic slag. The obtained data was processed in the EXCEL program, obtaining correlation equations between the desulphuration, deoxidation and the addition of a reducing mixture, respectively the treatment duration.
Calorimetric Studies of the Martensitic Transformation in Ni-Mn-Ga Ferromagnetic Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Novac Andrei , Barbos Sergiu , Sprincenatu Roxana , Condel Madalin , Mitelea Ion , Craciunescu Corneliu
Published: September 2016

The thermal characteristics of the martensitic transformation in Ni-Mn-Ga alloys were studied using differential calorimetry in order to assess the influence of quenching and the heating rate on the resulting thermal properties. Following solution annealing at 850 °C and water quenching, sharper peaks are observed. The martensitic microstructure was observed by both optical and electron microscopy, showing typical needle like morphology and the martensitic transformation kinetics was analyzed using the Kissinger approach.
Optimisation of the Electrodeposition Parameters for Platinum Nanoparticles on Carbon Nanofibers Support
Authors: Muntean Roxana , Rost Ulrich , Marginean Gabriela , Vaszilcsin Nicolae
Published: September 2016

Platinum nanoparticles electrodeposition on carbon nanofibers (CNF) support has been performed with the purpose to obtain electrodes that can be further used especially in a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). A pretreatment of CNF is required in order to enhance the surface energy, which simultaneously improves handling and wettability as well as interaction with the platinum cations. This step was performed using oxygen plasma functionalization. To produce CNF supported Pt catalysts, an electrochemical method was applied and the deposition parameters were adjusted to obtain nanosized platinum particles with a good distribution onto the graphitic surface. The morphology and structure of the obtained particles were investigated by scanning electron microscopy combined with energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy. The amount of deposited platinum was established using thermogravimetrical measurements. Cyclic voltammetry performed in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution was applied for determining the electrochemical surface area (ECSA) of the obtained electrodes.The functionalization degree of the CNF outer surface has a strong influence on the structure, distribution and amount of platinum particles. Moreover, the current densities, which were set for the deposition process influenced not only the particles size but also the platinum amount. Applying an oxygen plasma treatment of 80 W for 1800 s, the necessary degree of surface functionalization is achieved in order to deposit the catalyst particles. The best electrodes were prepared using a current density of 50 mA cm-2 during the deposition process that leads to a homogenous platinum distribution with particles size under 80 nm and ECSA over 6 cm2.
Macroscopic Evaluation of Fracture Processes in Fly Ash Concrete
Authors: Golewski Grzegorz Ludwik , Sadowski Tomasz
Published: September 2016

This paper presents the results of Mode I fracture toughness tests of concrete with fly ash (FA) loaded in Mode I. Concrete composites with the addition of 0%, 20% and 30% siliceous FA were analysed. Fracture toughness tests were performed on a MTS 810 testing machine. The studies examined the effect of FA additive on the quasi-static fracture toughness KIcS. The analysis of the results revealed that a 20% FA additive causes an increase of KIcS value, while a 30% FA additive causes a decrease on fracture toughness. Additionally, the results demonstrate the possibilities of practical application of ARAMIS system for analysing the development of defects in the micro-structure of concretes containing FA additives. This system can be useful for macroscopic estimation of crack propagation.
Study and Optimization of Metal Based Sintered Materials for Automotive Brake Friction Production
Authors: Peter Ildiko , Rosso Mario
Published: September 2016

The study aims obtaining materials with a high and constant friction coefficient, a high durability and thermal stability that is associated to a lower wear rate, to the absence of noise during braking and to good self-brazing capacity. Cu and Fe-based friction materials have been sintered and the influence of the loading graphite and ceramic filler powders on the friction and wear properties were investigated. Optimization of the composition and of the sintering method were performed targeting to obtain higher tribological properties, compared to the actually produced polymer matrix materials used for the same purpose, in a cost-effective way. The samples, sintered at different temperatures were observed by optical and scanning electron microscopies, while the tribological behavior was investigated by the evaluation of the friction coefficient and wear rate. The worn surfaces of the wear samples were analyzed: principally an abrasive wear was revealed, explained mostly by the presence of ceramic particles. Moreover, due to the high pressure applied combined to an increased temperature, the presence of adhesive wear was detected. The experimentally achieved results show that using a Cu based material with a moderate graphite and ceramic content is a promising material for the considered application. Optimization of the noise reduction during braking is undergoing.
Synthesis of SnO2 by Sol-Gel Method
Authors: Nuțescu Duduman Catalina , Barrena Pérez María Isabel , Gómez de Salazar José Maria , Carcea Ioan , Chicet Daniela Lucia , Palamarciuc Ion
Published: September 2016

Nanostructured SnO2 was prepared based on the sol-gel method used in the preparation of crystalline metal oxides. Sol-gel process can be described as a forming network of oxide polycondensation reaction of a molecular precursor in a liquid. Six experiments were carried out. Morphological structures and chemical composition were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) after calcination. It is noted that TEM images show that the spheres consist from nanocrystals, quantitative EDS analysis of the chemical composition shows an absence of the chlorine, which is a desired fact. For structural characterization of the material we used X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The X-ray diffraction pattern for all samples indicates peaks which are agreeable with standard diffraction pattern of SnO2. The particle size of all samples was in the range of 28-92 nm calculated according to Scherrer equation.
Modelling of Resistance Brazing Process Using Factorial Design
Authors: Buzdugan Dragoş , Codrean Cosmin , Şerban Viorel Aurel
Published: September 2016

The actual state of technological development needs to extend the brazing field of stainless steels and non-ferrous alloys based on Cu, Al, Ni, Co, Ti in leading industries, such as aerospace, energy, chemical, etc. The brazing process is influenced by a large number of parameters, which affects the quality of the joint. This paper presents a mathematical model of resistance brazing process of copper-stainless steel using a factorial experiment. The parameters considered important and which will be analyzed during this experiment are the brazing current, time and force. The output data is given by the quality of brazed joint, represented by shear strength. The objectives of this experiment are establishing the Pareto chart of the effects, the main effects of the parameters, how the response changes during the experiment when each of these factors is changed, and process optimization.
Sliding Wear Behavior of Remelted Al2O3-TiO2 Plasma Sprayed Coatings on Titanium
Authors: Uţu Ion Dragoş , Marginean Gabriela , Hulka Iosif , Şerban Viorel Aurel
Published: September 2016

Microstructure and wear properties of the Al2O3-13.wt% TiO2 thermally sprayed coatings before and after remelting were investigated in this study. The coatings were deposited on a pure titanium substrate using the atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) process. The as-sprayed coatings were electron beam (EB) modified in order to improve their compactness and bonding strength.The effect of EB remelting on the microstructure, phase constituents and wear properties was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-Ray diffraction technique and hardness measurements. The sliding wear behavior was tested using a pin on disk method.The results showed that the remelting process had a positive effect removing the lamellar defect of the as-sprayed coating and improving the compactness, hardness and wear behavior.
Studies Regarding the Use of Molding Mixtures Based on Chromite-Sand to the Casting of the Steel Parts
Authors: Josan Ana
Published: September 2016

This paper presents a critical analysis of molding technology a steel castings (340-550W steel grade), of the Toothed framework type. This casting is used to manufacture an reducer on 125kW (is a subset of the reducer). In the industrial practice, for the casting by Toothed framework type, cast of steel is used a molding mixture based on chromite-sand, with clayed binders. This type of material is used in the conditions where the quartz sand is not appropriate. However, the critical analysis of the molding-casting technology of the piece analyzed reveals the emergence of the defect called Chromite type crust or Elephant skin. The paper present some solutions to prevent the formation of this type of defect, so that the percentaje of waste casting registered decreased from 4,5% to 3%, which lead to the important economies of the company.
Superelastic Behavior in NiTi Shape Memory Alloy Wires and Ribbons
Authors: Sprincenatu Roxana , Condel Madalin , Barbos Sergiu , Novac Andrei , Mitelea Ion , Craciunescu Corneliu
Published: September 2016

Shape memory alloy ribbons in austenitic state were studied in a tensile testing machine in order to assess their superelastic behavior. They were compared with conventional materials and hair wire. The shape memoy alloy ribbon shows a particular behavior, with an ultimate tensile stress of about 1450 MPa reached at 9.5 % strain. The superelastic plateau was recorded around 590 MPa on loading and around 350 MPa on the unloading branch. Following multiple loading and unloading cycles, the superelastic behavior was not affected, nor was affected the ultimate tensile strength, that remained in the same range as for the one tested before cycling. The advantages of the superelastic ribbon compared to the ones of conventional materials are discussed. The superelastic properties of the ribbon are in the range of single crystals on what concerns the recoverable strains. This is attributed to the particular fine microstructure of the NiTi ribbon.
The Deformation Process of Thin-Walled Box Beams Joined by Rivets under Three-Point Bending
Authors: Sadowski Tomasz , Nowicki Marek , Pietras Daniel , Golewski Przemysław
Published: September 2016

This paper is focused on description of the mechanical response of the aluminum box-beams subjected to 3 point bending (3-PB). The main aim of this paper is to determine the effect of spacing between rivets on the equivalent stiffness and strength of the analised profile. The considered beams are composed of two sections: one of them is an aluminum omega profile and another is a composite flat sheet. Experimental tests were carried out for various spacing between rivets. Moreover, the corresponding numerical analyses by Finite Element Analysis (FEA) with application of the Abaqus software were done for estimate of the mechanical response of the box beams. The results show relationship between spacing of the rivets and values of carrying forces.
Wear Resistance of Laser Cladded NiCrFeSiB Self-Fluxing Composite Coatings
Authors: Hulka Iosif , Uţu Ion Dragoş , Şerban Viorel Aurel , Pascu Alexandru , Roată Ionut Claudiu
Published: September 2016

Laser cladding process is used to obtain protective coatings using as heat source a laser. This melts the substrate and the feedstock material to create a protective coating and provides a strong metallurgical bond with minimal dilution of the base material and reduced heat affected zone. In the present study a commercial NiCrSiFeB composition was deposited by laser cladding process using different parameters onto the surface of a steel substrate. The obtained coatings were investigated in terms of microstructure, hardness and wear behavior. The experimental results revealed that the laser power had a considerable influence on the wear resistance of NiCrSiFeB coatings.
Characterization of Fusion Lines Obtained with Laser Welding on Ductile Iron Plates
Authors: Mon Ioan Catalin , Tierean Mircea Horia , Cicala Eugen , Pilloz Michel , Tomashchuk Iryna , Sallamand Pierre
Published: September 2016

This paper studies the ductile iron (DI) weldability using laser welding. For performing an Yb:YAG continuous laser was used, with a maximum power of 6 kW. The parametrical window power (P) - welding speed (S) was explored by carrying out the fusion lines on ductile iron plates without preheating, to determinate areas of weldability (complete penetration, correct geometry) to allow further characterization. The criteria for selection of focus areas were the geometry of the fusion lines and the absence of the welding defects. The unsatisfactory domains were characterized by: collapse of the melted metal, incomplete penetration, low fusion lines quality (geometry, compactness). In present study, several values of power and welding speed have been tested to identify their influence on geometry, compactness of the joints and mechanical properties. As result, the power-welding speed diagram for feasible domains of laser welding was generated.
Development of Parametric Kelvin Structures will Closed Cells
Authors: Şerban Dan Andrei , Linul Emanoil , Sărăndan Sorin , Marşavina Liviu
Published: September 2016

This work presents the design of a parametric Kelvin structure in which the relative density of the geometry can be varied by adjusting three parameters: cell diameter, cell wall thickness and cell chamfer radius, the structure consistsing of a tessellation of hollow truncated octahedral. The developed model was evaluated in terms of compressive stiffness for the case of a rigid polyurethane foam of 0.256 relative density. Three models were analyzed in order to determine the influence of geometric characteristics on mechanical properties: a model that presented no chamfer a model that presented a medium-sized chamfer and a model that presented a large chamfer. A mesh convergence study was performed which analyzed the results in terms of accuracy and time expenses for three element sizes for both linear and quadratic elements. Due to the orthotropic nature of the model, its response on both possible loading directions was investigated. Simulation results were compared with experimental results and yielded accurate results for one loading direction, when using the material properties for solid polyurethane described in literature.
Peridynamical Modelling of Nanoindentation in Ceramic Composites
Authors: Sadowski Tomasz , Pankowski Błażej
Published: September 2016

Indentation in brittle solids involves many complex phenomena related to cleavage and contact, as well as intrinsic stress singularities, which are almost impossible to capture with traditional continuum approach and FEA at mesoscale. In case of a two-phase ceramic composite [1–3] the number of unknown material and interfacial constants, that have to be calibrated experimentally, increases rapidly [4, 5]. In this paper, nanoindentation in zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) is modelled using discrete (peridynamical) approach
Advanced Materials with Natural Fibred Reinforced Aluminiu Composite for Automotive Brake Disc
Authors: Crăciun Andrei Lucian , Pinca-Bretotean Camelia
Published: September 2016

The automotive brake disc is a device for slowing or stopping the motion of a wheel while it runs at a certain speed. The widely used brake disc material is cast iron which consumes much fuel due to its high specific gravity. To reduce automobile weight and improve fuel efficiency, the automotive industry has increased the use of aluminium in light vehicles in recent years. The aim of this paper is to develop new natural fibre reinforced aluminium composite for automotive brake disc.Different laboratory formulations were prepared with varying coconut fibre, friction modifiers, abrasive material and solid lubrificant using powder mettallurgy techique for the developement of new natural fibre reinforce aluminiu composites. The analysis led that natural coconut fibre is a potential candidate fiber or filler material for the automotive brake disc.
Middle of Line (MoL) Cleaning Challenges in Sub-20nm Node Device Manufacturing
Authors: Singh Sherjang , Muralidhar Pranesh , Mallabar Samuel , Scott Silas
Published: September 2016

In advanced technology nodes (sub 20nm), the gate & active contact architecture has become very complex. This architecture not only introduced new materials but also integrated additional patterning mask layers. This necessitated a separate Middle of Line (MoL) zone whereas conventionally contact integration used to be a Front End of Line (FEoL) process. This paper discusses wet cleaning challenges in MoL that were unforeseen with conventional contact architecture. Typical chemistries such as Sulfuric Peroxide Mixture (SPM), dilute Hydrofloric Acid (dHF), Aqua Regia, Standard Clean 1 (SC1), etc. that were used for contact cleaning or in salicidization process are found to be too aggressive due to smaller process window, shrinking Critical Dimensions (CD), and other challenges arising from overall tighter tolerances. As a result of device scaling, most of the MoL mask patterning is done with immersion lithography and double patterning techniques such as Litho-Etch Litho-Etch (LELE) are also needed. Immersion lithography is very sensitive to pre-litho backside and frontside particles which make pre-litho cleaning in MoL very critical as well. Also due to lack of high aspect ratio features in MoL (mostly contact holes), physical particle removal techniques such as droplet spray and MegaSonic can be very effectively used to achieve higher Particle Removal Efficiency (PRE). This paper summarizes such different scenarios & related challenges.
Efficient Photoresist Residue Removal with 172nm Excimer Radiation
Authors: Schäfert Andreas , Wiesmann Hartwig
Published: September 2016

The publication reviews the technique of photoresist residue removal with 172nm excimer radiation. The emission principle of excimer lamps is explained as well as the multi-step cleaning mechanism with vacuum UV radiation (VUV cleaning). Based on this principle, the effect on actual photoresist molecules of wafer cleaning applications is shown. The removal rate for typical resists is plotted as a function of dose as well the SEM picture of a wafer before and after the treatment is presented. As a conclusion, the chances and possible limitations for the usage of this technique are presented.
Surface Preparation Quality before Epitaxy our Paper's
Authors: Garnier Philippe
Published: September 2016

“HF Last” process are widely used as pre epi cleans. They enable a Si-H surface to grow a perfect Si layer by epitaxy. Nonetheless, such hydrophobic wafers are extremely sensitive to watermarks formation during the wafer drying. A design of experiments has been used to determine which parameters impact their formation on a single wafer cleaning tool. Plus, the silicon surface stability has been compared between this tool and an immersion batch cleaning tool.
Influence of CO2 Gas Atmosphere on the Liquid Filling of Superhydrophobic Nanostructures
Authors: Vereecke Guy , Debruyn Haroen , Xu Xiu Mei , Holsteyns Frank , de Gendt Stefan
Published: September 2016

The introduction of 3-D nanostructures in semiconductor manufacturing may create wetting issues in aqueous processing. In this work we evaluated the use of a CO2 gas atmosphere to promote the wetting of superhydrophobic nanopillars, relying on the high solubility of CO2 in aqueous solutions. The patterned surface was first flushed with CO2 gas, before dispensing the aqueous solution that was saturated with N2 and switching the gas flow from CO2 to N2. The liquid penetration was characterized by monitoring the disappearance of CO2 gas using ATR-FTIR. Results showed only a modest improvement in wetting, presumably due to a fast N2-CO2 gas exchange at the wetting front.
Watermark-Free and Efficient Spray Clean on Hydrophobic Surface with Single-Wafer Technology
Authors: Belmiloud N. , Kenkare N.
Published: September 2016

The interaction of spray-based physical clean and hydrophobic surfaces is studied on a single-wafer technology. A model simulating a rolling water marble on a rotating disk describes accurately the footprint of watermarks, Contrary to its oxide, on a silicon surface the adhesion of particles does not depend on the pH value but on the rotation speed. This newly proposed method, based on the simultaneous combination of spray and liquid dispense is then compared to the standard IPA-based process. Despite the non-usage of solvents, the substrates show similar particles level, defectivity and epi-growth quality.
Extended-Nanofluidic Devices and the Unique Liquid Properties - Invited Paper
Authors: Mawatari Kazuma , Kitamori Takehiko
Published: September 2016

Microfluidic devices are downscaling to 10-100 nm space, which we call extended-nano space. Because the extended-nano space is a space to bridge isolated molecules and normal bulk fluid, new solution chemistry can be expected. However, it was difficult to investigate due to the ultra-small space. Our group developed fundamental technologies for the extended-nano fluidics such as nanofabrication and bonding for glass substrates, aL-fL pressure driven fluidic control, partial surface modification, and single molecule detection. Based on these technologies, many unique liquid properties were found such as viscosity increase, enhanced proton mobility, lower dielectric constant. In addition, the liquid property changes depended on channel size, channel shape, and kinds of liquid. New analytical and energy devices are created utilizing the unique properties in the extended-nano space. In this talk, fundamental technologies and unique liquid properties found in this space are mainly presented, which would have impact not only on chemistry and biology but also on semiconductor industry.
Measurement of the Frictional Force between PVA Roller Brushes and Semiconductor Wafers with Various Films Immersed in Chemicals
Authors: Nishio Kenya , Sanada Toshiyuki , Hamada Satomi , Hiyama Hirokuni , Fukunaga Akira
Published: September 2016

To better understanding the lubrication condition between a polyvinyl acetal (PVA) brush and cleaning surfaces, we measured the frictional force between the PVA roller brushes and the semiconductor wafers with various films immersed in chemicals. The frictional force showed different tendencies depending on the combination of chemicals and surface films. Especially, the large fluctuation of friction force was observed under the combination of Cu and NH4OH.
Developments for Physical Cleaning Sample with High Adhesion Force Particles and Direct Measurement of its Removal Force
Authors: Tokuda Emu , Sanada Toshiyuki , Iwata Futoshi , Takato Chikako , Hiyama Hirokuni , Fukunaga Akira
Published: September 2016

We quantitatively evaluate the wet cleaning performance of particle cotamination. We made particle sample which endure the wet cleaning and measured particle adhesion force by self-sensitive cantilever. The advantage of this method is that performed in both air and water. As a result, there were no significant differences between the air and water condition and the influence of particle size were dominant. Using this sample, we demonstrated particle removal rate of droplets impacts and PVA brush.
Molecular Simulation Contribution to Porous Low-k Pore Size Determination after Damage by Etch and Wet Clean Processes - Invited Paper
Authors: Broussous Lucile , Lépinay Matthieu , Coasne Benoit , Licitra Christophe , Bertin François , Rouessac Vincent , Ayral André
Published: September 2016

Porous low-k materials used as insulator for interconnection levels in CMOS devices, are easily damaged during the patterning processes. Pore size characterization after material damage is challenging due to the chemical modification induced by the applied process. Numerical simulation of solvent adsorption on silica and functionalized silica surfaces was used to improve material pore size determination by ellipso-porosimetry, taking into account the modifications of surface/solvent interactions.
The Effect of Rinsing a Germanium Surface after Wet Chemical Treatment
Authors: Yoshida Yukifumi , Takahashi Hiroaki , Sato Masanobu , Snow Jim , Sebaai Farid , Holsteyns Frank
Published: September 2016

The impact of rinsing liquid for Germanium surface after wet chemical treatment is described. The different Ge loss after processing with different rinse (UPW and CO2 water) were determined and the different surface morphologies on the Ge surface after processing with different chemicals (AOM, HF and HCl) were determined by XPS. It was found that the investigation of surface morphology after chemical treatment is necessary to understand the rinse effect and the results showed the CO2 water rinse can decrease and suppress Ge loss at chemical treatment