bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Transition from Iron Starvation to Iron Sufficiency as an Important Step in the Progression of Infection
Authors: Dauros-Singorenko Priscila , Swift Simon
Published: December 2014

Iron is an essential micronutrient for microbial life. At the start of an infection the host environment will normally restrict available iron, and innate immune responses will aim to further reduce iron, thus inhibiting growth of potential pathogens. Successful pathogens have developed a variety of mechanisms to acquire iron from the available in vivo sources, using remote and direct capture, to render their environment iron replete. Iron restriction, and the presence of host iron sources like haem, are important drivers of gene regulation controlling the expression of numerous virulence factors. As an infection progresses the changing iron environment will therefore influence pathogen gene expression and trigger new activities. Understanding how bacteria acquire iron, and how iron acquisition affects the bacteria, has identified vaccine and antibiotic drug targets and is now suggesting novel approaches to control and treat infection.
Ha Makotoko: Later Stone Age Occupation across the Pleistocene/Holocene Transition in Western Lesotho
Authors: Mitchell Peter , Arthur Charles
Published: December 2014

Stratigraphically extensive sites with good organic preservation that date to the Pleistocene/Holocene transition are rare in southern Africa outside the Fynbos Biome of the Cape. However, the Caledon Valley, which forms Lesotho’s western border with South Africa, boasts an unusual concentration of such sites, especially in its central portion. Archaeological fieldwork ahead of the impoundment of the Metolong Dam provided a renewed — and final — opportunity to investigate two of these sites, Ha Makotoko and Ntloana Tšoana, as part of a much larger study of the area’s cultural heritage by the Metolong Cultural Heritage Management (MCRM) Project. This paper reports on the assemblages from the earlier part of the Later Stone Age sequence from Ha Makotoko. As well as confirming the presence of two distinct phases of occupation by makers of the Oakhurst Complex during the early Holocene, new excavations identified an earlier , Robberg Industry occupation of terminal Pleistocene age. These assemblages are described and those of early Holocene date compared to observations from the earlier 1989 excavation at Ha Makotoko. Strongly defined patterning in the overall organisation of the use of space at the site is recognised, along with the potential to begin exploring such sites to answer questions about social practices relevant at a human timescale. Comparison of Ha Makotoko with other sites in the Caledon Valley suggests that such opportunities may also exist elsewhere in the region and reinforces its significance for studies of the Pleistocene/Holocene transition at a sub-continental scale.
Environmental Archaeology at Mikindani, Tanzania: Towards a Historical Ecology of the Southern Swahili Coast
Authors: Pawlowicz Matthew , Stoetzel John , Macko Stephen
Published: December 2014

The historic port town of Mikindani is situated along the southern portion of the Swahili coast. Archaeological investigations in this region of coastal East Africa yield evidence of occupation since the last centuries BCE and intensive settlement since the middle of the first millennium CE. This long settlement history suggests that people in the region have had an expansive, wide-ranging impact on local ecological conditions in the region. This paper takes a historical ecology approach in evaluating the nature and degree of anthropogenic influences on the environment in and around Mikindani. The evaluation is based on evidence from contemporary botanical communities, faunal remains, macrobotanicals, phytolith residues, isotope analysis of archaeological sediments, and soil chemistry. This research also looks to define an environmental component that contributes to a previously defined mercantile culture that characterizes Swahili communities in the region. We argue that this interdisciplinary analysis yields evidence of several long-term anthropogenic influences in Mikindani, including: a long-term reduction in forests and woody vegetation, reliance on shifting agriculture as a subsistence strategy, and the continued reliance on marine resources to meet subsistence needs. These patterns of human-environment interaction help suggest reasons for certain developments in Mikindani’s history, perhaps most notably its early second millennium CE absence from Indian Ocean trade networks. Our results contribute to a growing literature in East Africa which acknowledges that modern environments of East Africa derive from a recursive relationship with human populations that has continued for thousands of years.
A HYBRID QUALITY FUNCTION DEPLOYMENT AND CYBERNETIC ANALYTIC NETWORK PROCESS MODEL FOR PROJECT MANAGER SELECTION
Authors: Mohammadi Farahbod , Sadi Mohammadali Kazerooni , Nateghi Fatemeh , Abdullah Arham , Skitmore Martin
Published: December 2014

Identifying appropriate decision criteria and making optimal decisions in a structured way is a complex process. This paper presents an approach for doing this in the form of a hybrid Quality Function Deployment (QFD) and Cybernetic Analytic Network Process (CANP) model for project manager selection. This involves the use of QFD to translate the owner's project management expectations into selection criteria and the CANP to weight the expectations and selection criteria. The supermatrix approach then prioritises the candidates with respect to the overall decision-making goal. A case study is used to demonstrate the use of the model in selecting a renovation project manager. This involves the development of 18 selection criteria in response to the owner's three main expectations of time, cost and quality.
AN INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE FRAMING SYSTEMS IN STEEL STRUCTURES SUBJECTED TO BLAST LOADING
Authors: Coffield Amy , Adeli Hojjat
Published: December 2014

The effectiveness of different framing systems for three seismically designed steel frame structures subjected to blast loading is investigated. The three faming systems considered are: a moment resisting frame (MRF), a concentrically braced frame (CBF) and an eccentrically braced frame (EBF). The blast loads are assumed to be unconfined, free air burst detonated 15 ft (4.572 m) from one of the center columns. The structures are modeled and analyzed using the Applied Element Method, which allows the structure to be evaluated during and through failure. Failure modes are investigated through a plastic hinge analysis and member failure comparison. Also, a global response analysis is observed through comparison of roof deflections and accelerations. A conclusion of this research is that braced frames provide a higher level of resistance to the blast loading scenario investigated in this research. Both the CBF and EBF had a smaller number of failed members and plastic hinges compared to the MRF. They also had smaller roof deflection and acceleration. The CBF yielded the fewest number of plastic hinges but the EBF had a slightly fewer number of failed members.
Du percept à la décision
Authors: Rimé Bernard
Published: December 2014

Les émotions provoquent un important processus de partage social. Les individus parlent de leurs expériences émotionnelles avec leurs proches dans 80 à 95 % des cas. Contrairement à une conception courante, cette verbalisation ne permet pas de réduire l’impact de l’épisode. Toutefois, malgré cette absence d’effets libératoires, les individus rapportent d’importants bénéfices subjectifs à la suite du partage de l’émotion. Ces observations sont examinées à l’éclairage d’un modèle systémique de l’émotion. Selon ce modèle, une expérience émotionnelle négative résulte d’une infirmation des systèmes d’attentes et des modèles de la réalité de l’individu. Une double conséquence en résulte. Sur le plan cognitif, la dissonance cognitive motive la recherche de sens et la reconstruction des systèmes théoriques. Sur le plan socio-affectif, la déstabilisation de l’individu entraîne un état de détresse qui active le système d’attachement. Les deux effets engendrent le partage social de l’émotion. Cependant, les données montrent que tel qu’il se développe naturellement, le partage social de l’émotion favorise largement l’empathie et donc le volet socio-affectif de la résolution, négligeant ainsi le volet cognitif. Or la résorption de l’impact de l’émotion repose sur le traitement cognitif. Cette inclination de la dynamique interpersonnelle explique donc à la fois l’absence d’effets libératoires du partage social et les effets bénéfiques que les individus en retirent. Des simulations expérimentales démontrent qu’en infléchissant le partage social dans la direction cognitive ou dans la direction socio-affective, on favorisait respectivement la résorption de l’impact de l’émotion ou les effets d’intégration sociale.
Du percept à la décision
Authors: Lafortune Louise
Published: December 2014

Les auteurs et auteures de l’ouvrage collectif Du percept à la décision : intégration de la cognition, l’émotion et la motivation s’entendent sur une position qui traverse l’ensemble des propos : cognition et émotion s’inter-influencent particulièrement dans le processus de prise de décision. Cette position est élaborée à travers une grande diversité de contextes comme l’orientation scolaire, la santé au travail, la peur des requins, le vieillissement, la situation d’examen, l’accompagnement d’un changement, etc. Elle est également précisée en utilisant des concepts variés associés aux émotions : par exemple, le partage social des émotions, le capital émotionnel, la compétence émotionnelle ou affective, l’intelligence émotionnelle, la modulation motivationnelle, les traces émotionnelles, etc. Dans l’introduction du présent ouvrage, Naceur souligne que les processus impliqués dans l’interaction entre les émotions et les activités cognitives ont donné lieu à de nombreuses recherches (De Bonis, 1998 ; Lazarus, 1984 ; Mandler, 1992 ; Schachter, 1964 ; Scherer, 2000). Selon lui, ces interactions sont souvent soulignées mais rarement étudiées. Il considère que tout modèle qui ne prend pas réellement en compte des processus émotionnels et motivationnels associés aux activités cognitives, demeure obsolète et ne parvient pas à atteindre la validité scientifique (Naceur, 2002 ; Naceur et Schiefele, 2005 ; Naceur et Masmoudi, 2008, cités dans Naceur, introduction). Il propose d’explorer davantage des théories cognitives de l’émotion et le présent ouvrage collectif en est un exemple. C’est en tenant compte de cette diversité complexe et complémentaire qu’un essai de conclusion est proposé. Cette conclusion vise d’abord à mettre en relation quelques propos, idées, propositions, théories, concepts, etc., utilisés pour que des perspectives associées à l’influence de la dimension affective sur le processus de prise de décision dans une perspective métacognitive, en découlent ensuite.
Les humanités délivrées
Authors: Vinck Dominique , Clivaz Claire
Published: December 2014

Le dossier tente de comprendre ce qui arrive aux cultures dont la modernité occidentale avait lié l’expression à l’écrit et au livre. Il se penche sur ce qui arrive aux humanités avec la numérisation et sur ce qu’il advient des rapports entre les humanités et les pratiques sociomatérielles qui façonnaient les savoirs et la culture. Il propose de réfléchir aux catégories usuelles de « livre » et de cultures « hors du livre », de la manière dont elles ont été prises en compte dans le passé, de leur retour et de leur réinvention.
The humanities unbound
Authors: Vinck Dominique , Clivaz Claire
Published: December 2014

The special issue attempts to understand what happens to cultures whose expression was linked to the written word and the book by Western modernity. It looks at what is happening to the humanities with digitization and what is happening to the relationship between the humanities and the sociomaterial practices that shaped knowledge and culture. It proposes to reflect on the usual categories of "book" and "outside the book" cultures, how they have been taken into account in the past, their return and reinvention.
Hors du livre, avant le livre
Authors: Gantet Claire
Published: December 2014

Bien que fondée sur l’imprimé, la culture savante allemande des XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, telle qu’elle se donne à lire dans son organe privilégié – les périodiques savants – eut un rapport très ouvert au livre. Loin du statut presque canonisé qu’il acquit dans l’érudition du XIXe siècle, le livre était fragmenté au gré de recensions – parfois rédigées sans consultation du livre premier –, disséminé dans une discussion liant lettrés, éditeurs et lecteurs, et objet d’une lecture entrecoupée, sautant d’un renvoi à un autre. Le traitement numérique du vaste corpus des périodiques savants via la base de données de l’Académie des Sciences et Lettres de Göttingen permet, au-delà de l’érudition livresque limitée à tel auteur ou tel titre, de sonder les modalités de la constitution et la distribution du savoir, de renouveler par là notre connaissance et notre approche de la culture savante de l’Aufklärung.
Le développement de nouvelles technologies de formation aux gestes médicochirurgicaux
Authors: Zara Florence , Vadcard Lucile , Redarce Tanneguy
Published: December 2014

La plupart des formations médicales visent à développer chez les étudiants et les stagiaires une articulation entre des savoirs théoriques et des savoirs pratiques. La formation in situ est indispensable pour éprouver la théorie, développer la dextérité manuelle et les capacités de prise de décisions inhérentes à ce type d’activité. Mais la formation actuelle sur le terrain peut comporter des risques pour le patient. Se pose alors la question, récurrente dans le milieu médical, de la définition d’un lieu de formation qui permettrait la pratique des gestes à risque sans risque pour le patient, et qui présenterait les caractéristiques nécessaires pour permettre de développer chez les stagiaires des savoirs opératoires transférables aux situations réelles. Les systèmes d’entraînement par simulation peuvent être une réponse à ce problème de formation, à la condition qu’ils intègrent une réflexion sur les enjeux de la formation et des développements techniques permettant leur réalisation. Dans cet article, nous présenterons comment de tels simulateurs doivent être conçus en intégrant un composant pédagogique (didacticiel), une logistique numérique et un dispositif physique (instrumentation chirurgicale).
A De-noising Algorithm of Turbulence Signal Based on Maximum Likelihood
Authors: Wang Yongfang , Luan Xin , Han Lei , Yang Hua , Wang Shuxin , Hou Guojia
Published: December 2014

AbstractConsidering the problem that noise energy affects the quality of the wavenumber spectrum and the statistical characteristics of turbulence, this paper proposes a de-noising algorithm of turbulence signal based on maximum likelihood. First, the turbulence data obtained
by the independently developed turbulence observation instrument (TOI) are taken as the original data, and based on the spectrum fluctuation feature, the differences between the observed spectrum and the Nasmyth empirical spectrum are taken as the processing object. Then, the cross-validation
method is applied in data preprocessing to get the characteristic data, and next, through the maximum likelihood method, the discriminate function of the characteristic data is given to identify and eliminate the noise signal in the observed spectrum. Finally, the flume comparison experiment
between TOI and acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) is used to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm. The results show that the algorithm is feasible and effective and also improves the accuracy of turbulence data.
Analysis of Underwater OFDM Performance During a 2-Month Deployment in Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Wan Lei , Zhou Hao , Wilson Doug , Hanson John , Zhou Shengli , Shi Zhijie
Published: December 2014

AbstractUnderwater acoustic orthogonal-frequency-division-multiplexing (OFDM) modems have been deployed in an environmental monitoring application in the Chesapeake Bay, maintained by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Chesapeake Bay Office, bringing
sensory data from underwater instruments to surface on an hourly basis since March 2012. This paper analyzes the recorded data sets collected over a 2-month period to understand the OFDM performance in this particular application. During online operations, there were 221 data files failed
in decoding out of 1,310 data files recorded, with a packet success rate of 83.1%. Various offline processing techniques are applied to evaluate the possible performance improvement when the receiver complexity and processing delays are not of concern, including (i) iterative processing while
treating intercarrier interference (ICI) as additive noise, (ii) explicit ICI mitigation in a progressive fashion, and (iii) data-driven sparsity factor optimization and effective noise weighting for improved channel estimation and multichannel data fusion. With these offline processing techniques,
the packet success rate can be improved to nearly 97.0%. Both online and offline data analyses confirm that there were large temporal dynamics, and large wind speed and wave height led to low pilot signal-to-noise ratios that directly deteriorate the decoding performance. Through the study,
we suggest several possible approaches to improve the communication reliability for long-term deployments in challenging shallow water environments.
Anti–IL-12/23 p40 Antibody Attenuates Experimental Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease via Suppression of IFN-γ/IL-17–Producing Cells
Authors: Okamoto Sachiyo , Fujiwara Hideaki , Nishimori Hisakazu , Matsuoka Ken-ichi , Fujii Nobuharu , Kondo Eisei , Tanaka Takehiro , Yoshimura Akihiko , Tanimoto Mitsune , Maeda Yoshinobu
Published: December 2014

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major cause of late death and morbidity after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Recently, in addition to Th2 cells, Th1 and Th17 cells have been shown to contribute to chronic GVHD progression. IL-12 induces Th1 cells and IL-23 plays a role in stabilizing and/or amplifying Th17 cells, as well as in inducing IFN-γ/IL-17 double-producing cells. Because mAb targeting the p40 subunit common to both IL-12 and IL-23 can inhibit both IL-12R and IL-23R-mediated signaling, we investigated the effects of anti-p40 mAb on a well-defined chronic GVHD mice model. Treatment of anti-p40 mAb in allogeneic recipients significantly reduced the severity of clinical and pathological chronic GVHD. Intracellular staining revealed that IFN-γ single-positive (IL-17−) and IFN-γ/IL-17 double-positive cells were suppressed in anti-p40 mAb–treated allogeneic recipients compared with control recipients. The cytokine levels of IFN-γ and IL-17 were also decreased in serum from anti-p40 mAb–treated allogeneic recipients. T-bet expression of donor IL-17+ CD4+ T cells was reduced significantly in anti-p40 mAb–treated recipients, and this reduction in T-bet expression was associated with IL-22 production by donor T cells. These results suggested that anti-p40 mAb attenuated chronic GVHD via suppression of IFN-γ/IL-17–producing cells, and that targeting the IL-12/IL-23 pathway may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for preventing and treating chronic GVHD.
Neutrophil Priming Occurs in a Sequential Manner and Can Be Visualized in Living Animals by Monitoring IL-1β Promoter Activation
Authors: Yao Yi , Matsushima Hironori , Ohtola Jennifer A. , Geng Shuo , Lu Ran , Takashima Akira
Published: December 2014

Rapid enhancement of phagocyte functionality is a hallmark of neutrophil priming. GeneChip analyses unveiled elevated CD54, dectin-2, and IL-1β mRNA expression by neutrophils isolated from inflammatory sites. In fact, CD54 and dectin-2 protein expression was detected on neutrophils recovered from skin, peritoneal, and lung inflammation lesions but not on those in bone marrow or peripheral blood. Neutrophils increased CD54 and dectin-2 mRNA during migration in Boyden chambers and acquired CD54 and dectin-2 surface expression after subsequent exposure to GM-CSF. Neutrophils purified from IL-1β promoter-driven DsRed-transgenic mice acquired DsRed signals during cell migration or exposure to GM-CSF. CD54 and dectin-2 were expressed by DsRed+ (but not DsRed−) neutrophils in GM-CSF–supplemented cultures, and neutrophils recovered from inflammatory sites exhibited strong DsRed signals. The dynamic process of neutrophil priming was studied in chemically induced inflammatory skin lesions by monitoring DsRed expression using confocal microscopy. A majority (>80%) of Ly6G+ neutrophils expressed DsRed, and those DsRed+/Ly6G+ cells exhibited crawling motion with a higher velocity compared with their DsRed−/Ly6G+ counterparts. This report unveils motile behaviors of primed neutrophils in living animals. We propose that neutrophil priming occurs in a sequential manner with rapid enhancement of phagocyte functionality, followed by CD54 and dectin-2 mRNA and protein expression, IL-1β promoter activation, and accelerated motility. Not only do these findings provide a new conceptual framework for our understanding of the process of neutrophil priming, they also unveil new insights into the pathophysiology of many inflammatory disorders that are characterized by neutrophil infiltration.
The contribution of plume-scale nucleation to global and regional aerosol and CCN concentrations: evaluation and sensitivity to emissions changes
Authors: Stevens R. G. , Pierce J. R.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. We implement the Predicting Particles Produced in Power-Plant Plumes (P6) sub-grid sulphate parameterization for the first time into a global chemical-transport model with online aerosol microphysics, the GEOS-Chem-TOMAS model. Compared to simulations using two other previous treatments of sub-grid sulphate, simulations using P6 sub-grid sulphate predicted similar or smaller increases (depending on other model assumptions) in globally, annually averaged concentrations of particles larger than 80 nm (N80). We test in simulations using P6 sub-grid sulphate the sensitivity of particle number concentrations to changes in SO2 or NOx emissions to represent recent emissions control changes. For global increases of 50% in emissions of either SO2 or NOx, or both SO2 and NOx, we find that globally, annually averaged N80 increase by 9.00, 1.47, or 10.24% respectively. However, both sub-grid and grid-resolved processes contribute to these changes. Finally, we compare the model results against observations of particle number concentrations. Compared with previous treatments of sub-grid sulphate, use of the P6 parameterization generally improves correlation with observed particle number concentrations. The P6 parameterization is able to resolve spatial heterogeneity in new-particle formation and growth that cannot be resolved by any constant assumptions about sub-grid sulphate. However, the differences in annually averaged aerosol size distributions due to the treatment of sub-grid sulphate at the measurement sites examined here are too small to unambiguously establish P6 as providing better agreement with observations.
Using the OMI Aerosol Index and Absorption Aerosol Optical Depth to evaluate the NASA MERRA Aerosol Reanalysis
Authors: Buchard V. , M. da Silva A. , R. Colarco P. , Darmenov A. , A. Randles C. , Govindaraju R. , Torres O. , Campbell J. , Spurr R.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. A radiative transfer interface has been developed to simulate the UV Aerosol Index (AI) from the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System version 5 (GEOS-5) aerosol assimilated fields. The purpose of this work is to use the AI and Aerosol Absorption Optical Depth (AAOD) derived from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) measurements as independent validation for the Modern Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications Aerosol Reanalysis (MERRAero). MERRAero is based on a version of the GEOS-5 model that is radiatively coupled to the Goddard Chemistry, Aerosol, Radiation, and Transport (GOCART) aerosol module and includes assimilation of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensor. Since AI is dependent on aerosol concentration, optical properties and altitude of the aerosol layer, we make use of complementary observations to fully diagnose the model, including AOD from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR), aerosol retrievals from the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) and attenuated backscatter coefficients from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) mission to ascertain potential misplacement of plume height by the model. By sampling dust, biomass burning and pollution events in 2007 we have compared model produced AI and AAOD with the corresponding OMI products, identifying regions where the model representation of absorbing aerosols was deficient. As a result of this study over the Saharan dust region, we have obtained a new set of dust aerosol optical properties that retains consistency with the MODIS AOD data that were assimilated, while resulting in better agreement with aerosol absorption measurements from OMI. The analysis conducted over the South African and South American biomass burning regions indicates that revising the spectrally-dependent aerosol absorption properties in the near-UV region improves the modeled-observed AI comparisons. Finally, during a period where the Asian region was mainly dominated by anthropogenic aerosols, we have performed a qualitative analysis in which the specification of anthropogenic emissions in GEOS-5 is adjusted to provide insight into discrepancies observed in AI comparisons.
The trophic and metabolic pathways of foraminifera in the Arabian Sea: evidence from cellular stable isotopes
Authors: Jeffreys R. M. , Fisher E. H. , Gooday A. J. , Larkin K. E. , Wolff G. A. , Billett D. S. M.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. The Arabian Sea is a region of elevated productivity with the highest globally recorded fluxes of particulate organic matter (POM) to the deep ocean, providing an abundant food source for fauna at the seafloor. However, benthic communities are also strongly influenced by an intense oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), which impinges on the continental slope at bathyal depths. We compared the trophic ecology of foraminifera on the Oman and Pakistan margins of the Arabian Sea (140–3185 m water depth). Organic carbon concentrations of surficial sediments were higher on the Oman margin (3.32 ± 1.4%) compared to the Pakistan margin (2.45 ± 1.1%) and sedimentary organic matter (SOM) quality estimated from the Hydrogen Index was also higher on the Oman margin (300–400 mg HC (mg TOC)−1) compared to the Pakistan margin (<250 mg HC (mg TOC)−1). δ13C and δ15N values of sediments were similar on both margins (−20 and 8‰, respectively). Stable isotope analysis (SIA) showed that foraminiferal cells had a wide range of δ13C values (−25.5 to −11.5‰), implying that they utilise multiple food sources; indeed δ13C values varied between depths, foraminiferal types and between the two margins. Foraminifera had broad ranges in δ15N values (−7.8 to 27.3‰). The enriched values suggest that some species may store nitrate to utilise in respiration; this was most notable on the Pakistan margin. Depleted foraminiferal δ15N values were identified on both margins, particularly the Oman margin, and may reflect feeding on chemosynthetic bacteria. We suggest that differences in productivity regimes between the two margins may be responsible for the differences observed in foraminiferal isotopic composition. In addition, at the time of sampling, whole jellyfish carcasses (Crambionella orsini) and a carpet of jelly detritus were observed across the Oman margin transect. Associated chemosynthetic bacteria may have provided an organic-rich food source for foraminifera at these sites. Our data suggest that foraminifera in OMZ settings can utilise a variety of food sources and metabolic pathways to meet their energetic demands.
In situ autonomous optical radiometry measurements for satellite ocean color validation in the Western Black Sea
Authors: Zibordi G. , Mélin F. , Berthon J.-F. , Talone M.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. The accuracy of primary satellite ocean color data products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer on-board Aqua (MODIS-A) and the Visible/Infrared Imager/Radiometer Suite (VIIRS), is investigated in the Western Black Sea using in situ measurements from the Gloria site included in the Ocean Color component of the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET-OC). The analysis is also extended to an additional well-established AERONET-OC site in the northern Adriatic Sea characterized by optically complex coastal waters exhibiting similarities with those observed at the Gloria site. Results from the comparison of normalized-water leaving radiance LWN indicate biases of a few percent between satellite derived and in situ data at the center-wavelengths relevant for the determination of chlorophyll a concentration (443–547 nm, or equivalent). Remarkable is the consistency among the annual cycle determined with time series of satellite-derived and in situ LWN ratios at these center-wavelengths. Contrarily, the differences between in situ and satellite-derived LWN are pronounced at the blue (i.e., 412 nm) and red (i.e., 667 nm, or equivalent) center-wavelengths, suggesting difficulties in confidently applying satellite-derived radiometric data from these spectral regions for quantitative analysis in optically complex waters.
Sea ice pCO2 dynamics and air–ice CO2 fluxes during the Sea Ice Mass Balance in the Antarctic (SIMBA) experiment – Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica
Authors: Geilfus N.-X. , Tison J.-L. , Ackley S. F. , Galley R. J. , Rysgaard S. , Miller L. A. , Delille B.
Published: December 2014

Abstract. Temporal evolution of pCO2 profiles in sea ice in the Bellingshausen Sea, Antarctica, in October 2007 shows physical and thermodynamic processes controls the CO2 system in the ice. During the survey, cyclical warming and cooling strongly influenced the physical, chemical, and thermodynamic properties of the ice cover. Two sampling sites with contrasting characteristics of ice and snow thickness were sampled: one had little snow accumulation (from 8 to 25 cm) and larger temperature and salinity variations than the second site, where the snow cover was up to 38 cm thick and therefore better insulated the underlying sea ice. We show that each cooling/warming event was associated with an increase/decrease in the brine salinity, total alkalinity (TA), total dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO2), and in situ brine and bulk ice CO2 partial pressures (pCO2). Thicker snow covers reduced the amplitude of these changes: snow cover influences the sea ice carbonate system by modulating the temperature and therefore the salinity of the sea ice cover. Results indicate that pCO2 was undersaturated with respect to the atmosphere both in the in situ bulk ice (from 10 to 193 μatm) and brine (from 65 to 293 μatm), causing the sea ice to act as a sink for atmospheric CO2 (up to 2.9 mmol m−2 d−1), despite supersaturation of the underlying seawater (up to 462 μatm).
Study on synthesizing Mg/Al layered double hydroxides at different pHs
Authors: Otgonjargal E , Burmaa G , Enkhmaa B , Enkhtuul M , Nyam-Ochir L , Ryu Sori , Khasbaatar D
Published: December 2014

Mg/Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) was successfully synthesized at different pHs values. The Mg/AL LDH was well characterized by X-Ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared analysis. The morphology of the LDH was observed using Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The influence of pH values on the morphology of the Mg/Al LDHs were studied. The result showed that the well-synthesized Mg/Al LDHs could be obtained when the pH value was about 10.0 at room temperature.DOI: http://doi.dx.org/10.5564/mjc.v15i0.319 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 15 (41), 2014, p36-39
Antioxidant properties of pancreatic hydrolysates from various protein sources
Authors: Bayarjargal M , Ariunsaikhan Ts , Lkhagvamaa E , Ankhtsetseg B , Gan-Erdene T , Regdel D
Published: December 2014

Antioxidant activity of pancreatic hydrolysates of casein, spent brewer’s yeast, bovine liver and tendon was evaluated in comparison to unhydrolised substrates by ABTS assay. In the result of enzymic treatment ABTS cation radical scavenging activity of spent brewer’s yeast, bovine liver and bovine tendon was increased in 4.8, 3.3, and 2.3 times respectively, except casein.  The IC50 values of ABTS cation radical scavenging for casein and it’s hydrolysate were similar. The IC50 values of DPPH radical scavenging activity for pancreatic hydrolysates of casein, spent brewer’s yeast, bovine liver and tendon  were 1.8±0.1 mg/ml,  1.3±0.1 mg/ml, 1.7±0.1 mg/ml, and 6.2±0.1 mg/ml respectively. Above mentioned hydrolysates of various origin were produced at the same conditions (temperature 50oC, pH 7.5-8.9, duration 5 hours) using fresh bovine pancreatic tissue as an enzyme source. The extent of hydrolysis expressed as AN/TN (amino nitrogen/total nitrogen) for hydrolysates had  values from 0.36±0.02 to 0.46±0.04.DOI: http://doi.dx.org/10.5564/mjc.v15i0.321 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 15 (41), 2014, p43-46
Biological reduction of hexavalent chromium and mechanism analysis of detoxification by enterobacter sp. HT1 isolated from tannery effluents, Mongolia
Authors: Marjangul N , Enkh-Amgalan J , Lei Zongfang , Zhang Zhenya
Published: December 2014

Enterobacter sp. HT1, Cr (VI) resistant bacterial strain was isolated from the wastewater sample of the tannery in Mongolia. Batch experiments on hexavalent chromium removal was carried out at 10, 20, and 30 mg/L of Cr (VI) added as potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7), at pH 7 and temperature of 30 °C using pure culture of Enterobacter sp. HT1 as inoculum.  The isolated HT1 is capable of reduction nearly 100% of Cr (VI) resulting in the decrease of Cr (VI) from 10 to 0.2 mg/L within 20 hours. When the concentration of Cr (VI) increased to 20 and 30mg/L, almost complete reduction of Cr (VI) could achieve after 72 and 96 hours, respectively.DOI: http://doi.dx.org/10.5564/mjc.v15i0.322 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 15 (41), 2014, p47-52
Enzymatic technology for Sea buckthorn oil extraction and its biochemical analysis
Authors: Munkhbayar D , Ariuntungalag J , Delgersuuri G , Badamkhand D
Published: December 2014

A research was conducted  mix five Sea buckthorn berries harvested Mongolian Central Zone, and an integrated processing composed of an enzymatic unit operation and pulp oil and raw juice have been produced by centrifugal technology. For the extraction of Sea buckthorn oil, pectinase were used simultaneously hydrolyze Sea buckthorn berry pulp. In this study, the following commercial enzymes were evaluated in the enzymatic extraction of oil and raw juice from Sea buckthorn berry: Pectinase. Pectinase dose of 0.5 %, extraction time 120 minutes, hydrolysis temperature 55°C were found optimum, and maximum oilyieldof 5.0 - 5.1 % was achieved under these conditions, and the recovery of the optimized extraction process was calculated to 95.7 – 98.0 % based on 5.2 %theoreticaloil content of sea buckthorn fruit. In addition, physical and biochemical compositions of Sea buckthorn pulp oil was analyzed modern methods as HPLC, Spectrophotometer, Gravimeter, Pycnometer and Refractometers. Fatty acids by HPLC were identified in Pulp oil, mainly including 42,5% palmitoleic acid, 11.2 % linoleic acid, 1.2 % linolenic acid, 12.3% oleic acid, and unsaturated fatty acids occupied 70.9% of the total fatty acids. In conclusion, the enzymatic extraction process has thebenefitsof mild conditions, safe, fast for oil extraction, high yield, and pure juice after oil extraction.DOI: http://doi.dx.org/10.5564/mjc.v15i0.325 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 15 (41), 2014, p62-65
Antioxidant activity of probiotic lactic acid bacteria isolated from Mongolian airag
Authors: Uugantsetseg E , Batjargal B
Published: December 2014

This research aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of probiotic lactic acid bacteria isolated from airag. In this study, 42 lactic acid bacteria were isolated from Mongolian airag. All isolates were identified by using morphological, biochemical and physiological methods. The isolated bacteria were studied for antagonistic effects on Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, 22 strains showed antibacterial activity. When we examined their probiotic properties such as bile acid tolerance and gastric acid tolerance, it is shown that only 6 bacterial strains can survive up to 3  hours in a pH 3.0 acid environment  and up to 8 hours in  0.3% bile acid environment. Selected probiotic strains were further identified to species by API 50CHL system. Antioxidant activity of  probiotic  strains were determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2 picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. While the antioxidant activity in cell free supernatant fluctuated between the range of 26.1-38.4%,  the antioxidant activity after 72 hours of fermentation in the whey fraction was between 17.23-55.12%. DOI: http://doi.dx.org/10.5564/mjc.v15i0.327 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 15 (41), 2014, p73-78
The study of stability of the ferric oxide sols by zeta /ζ/ potential
Authors: Bayarmaa D , Khureltogoo Kh
Published: December 2014

In this study ferric oxide sols solutions were prepared in presence of different electrolyte and their zeta potentials were measured by simplified electrophoreses method with protective semi membrane filters. The stability of these sols solution was affected by particles size and electrolyte pH. DOI: http://doi.dx.org/10.5564/mjc.v15i0.329 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 15 (41), 2014, p85-88
Biocatalytic properties of horseradish root extract peroxidase (HRP)
Authors: Purev D , Bayarmaa J , Tsevelmaa S , Zolzaya A
Published: December 2014

The objective of the present work was to examine biocatalytic properties of peroxidase in horseradish acclimatized in our country. We have found that horseradish root extract’s peroxidase (HRP) has Km 2.5 mM and Vmax 5.36 mM·s-1. Maximum activity (pHopt) was estimated at pH 6.0 and enzyme is more stable in alkali, than in acid. The optimum temperature (Topt) for HRP is 40oC and the enzyme is not stable to temperature influence. The horseradish  root’s extract retains enzymatic activity within 21 days. DOI: http://doi.dx.org/10.5564/mjc.v15i0.332 Mongolian Journal of Chemistry 15 (41), 2014, p101-103
Aseismic slip and seismogenic coupling along the central San Andreas Fault
Authors: Jolivet R. , Simons M. , Agram P. S. , Duputel Z. , Shen Z.‐K.
Published: December 2014

We use high‐resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar‐ and GPS‐derived observations of surface displacements to derive the first probabilistic estimates of fault coupling along the creeping section of the San Andreas Fault, in between the terminations of the 1857 and 1906 magnitude 7.9 earthquakes. Using a fully Bayesian approach enables unequaled resolution and allows us to infer a high probability of significant fault locking along the creeping section. The inferred discreet locked asperities are consistent with evidence for magnitude 6+ earthquakes over the past century in this area and may be associated with the initiation phase of the 1857 earthquake. As creeping segments may be related to the initiation and termination of seismic ruptures, such distribution of locked and creeping asperities highlights the central role of the creeping section on the occurrence of major earthquakes along the San Andreas Fault.
Eddy‐mediated transport of warm Circumpolar Deep Water across the Antarctic Shelf Break
Authors: Stewart Andrew L. , Thompson Andrew F.
Published: December 2014

The Antarctic Slope Front (ASF) modulates ventilation of the abyssal ocean via the export of dense Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) and constrains shoreward transport of warm Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) toward marine‐terminating glaciers. Along certain stretches of the continental shelf, particularly where AABW is exported, density surfaces connect the shelf waters to the middepth Circumpolar Deep Water offshore, offering a pathway for mesoscale eddies to transport CDW directly onto the continental shelf. Using an eddy‐resolving process model of the ASF, the authors show that mesoscale eddies can supply a dynamically significant transport of heat and mass across the continental shelf break. The shoreward transport of surface waters is purely wind driven, while the shoreward CDW transport is entirely due to mesoscale eddy transfer. The CDW flux is sensitive to all aspects of the model's surface forcing and geometry, suggesting that shoreward eddy heat transport may be localized to favorable sections of the continental slope.
Comparative analysis of dayside magnetic reconnection models in global magnetosphere simulations
Authors: Komar C. M. , Fermo R. L. , Cassak P. A.
Published: December 2014

We test and compare a number of existing models predicting the location of magnetic reconnection at Earth's dayside magnetopause for various solar wind conditions. We employ robust image processing techniques to determine the locations where each model predicts reconnection to occur. The predictions are then compared to the magnetic separators, the magnetic field lines separating different magnetic topologies. The predictions are tested in distinct high‐resolution simulations with interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) clock angles ranging from 30 to 165° in global magnetohydrodynamic simulations using the three‐dimensional Block Adaptive Tree Solarwind Roe‐type Upwind Scheme code with a uniform resistivity, although the described techniques can be generally applied to any self‐consistent magnetosphere code. Additional simulations are carried out to test location model dependence on IMF strength and dipole tilt. We find that most of the models match large portions of the magnetic separators when the IMF has a southward component, with the models saying reconnection occurs where the local reconnection rate and reconnection outflow speed are maximized performing best. When the IMF has a northward component, none of the models tested faithfully map the entire magnetic separator, but the maximum magnetic shear model is the best at mapping the separator in the cusp region where reconnection has been observed. Predictions for some models with northward IMF orientations improve after accounting for plasma flow shear parallel to the reconnecting components of the magnetic fields. Implications for observations are discussed.
Temporal variations in air‐sea CO2 exchange near large kelp beds near San Diego, California
Authors: Ikawa Hiroki , Oechel Walter C.
Published: December 2014

This study presents nearly continuous air‐sea CO2 flux for 7 years using the eddy covariance method for nearshore water near San Diego, California, as well as identifying environmental processes that appear to control temporal variations in air‐sea CO2 flux at different time scales using time series decomposition. Monthly variations in CO2 uptake are shown to be positively influenced by photosynthetically active photon flux density (PPFD) and negatively related to wind speeds. In contrast to the monthly scale, wind speeds often influenced CO2 uptake positively on an hourly scale. Interannual variations in CO2 flux were not correlated with any independent variables, but did reflect surface area of the adjacent kelp bed in the following year. Different environmental influences on CO2 flux at different temporal scales suggest the importance of long‐term flux monitoring for accurately identifying important environmental processes for the coastal carbon cycle. Overall, the study area was a strong CO2 sink into the sea (CO2 flux of ca. −260 g C m−2 yr−1). If all coastal areas inhabited by macrophytes had a similar CO2 uptake rate, the net CO2 uptake from these areas alone would roughly equal the net CO2 sink estimated for the entire global coastal ocean to date. A similar‐strength CO2 flux, ranging between −0.09 and −0.01 g C m−2 h−1, was also observed over another kelp bed from a pilot study of boat‐based eddy covariance measurements.
Hydroclimatic variables and acute gastro‐intestinal illness in British Columbia, Canada: A time series analysis
Authors: Galway L. P. , Allen D. M. , Parkes M. W. , Li L. , Takaro T. K.
Published: December 2014

Using epidemiologic time series analysis, we examine associations between three hydroclimatic variables (temperature, precipitation, and streamflow) and waterborne acute gastro‐intestinal illness (AGI) in two communities in the province of British Columbia (BC), Canada. The communities were selected to represent the major hydroclimatic regimes that characterize BC: rainfall‐dominated and snowfall dominated. Our results show that the number of monthly cases of AGI increased with increasing temperature, precipitation, and streamflow in the same month in the context of a rainfall‐dominated regime, and with increasing streamflow in the previous month in the context of a snowfall‐dominated regime. These results suggest that hydroclimatology plays a role in driving the occurrence and variability of AGI in these settings. Further, this study highlights that the nature and magnitude of the effects of hydroclimatic variability on AGI are different in the context of a snowfall‐dominated regime versus a rainfall‐dominated regimes. We conclude by proposing that the watershed may be an appropriate context for enhancing our understanding of the complex linkages between hydroclimatic variability and waterborne illness in the context of a changing climate.
Copper‐Catalyzed Cyclization and Azidation of γ,δ‐Unsaturated Ketone O‐Benzoyl Oximes
Authors: Su Hailin , Li Weifei , Xuan Zhaoli , Yu Wei
Published: December 2014

An intramolecular imination/azidation sequence has been realized through the tetrakis(acetonitrile)copper(I) hexafluorophophate [Cu(CH3CN)4PF6]‐catalyzed reaction of γ,δ‐unsaturated ketone O‐benzoyl oximes with trimethylsilyl azide (TMSN3). The reaction proceeds via the copper‐mediated NO cleavage and subsequent CN forming 5‐exo cyclization. The thus formed intermediate is then azidated to afford the corresponding dihydropyrrole product. Preliminary mechanistic investigations suggest that the cyclization step does not involve a radical intermediate.

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Progression of wet granulation in a twin screw extruder comparing two binder delivery methods
Authors: Li Huiying , Thompson Michael R. , O'Donnell Kevin P.
Published: December 2014

The two available wetting methods for twin screw granulation, namely foam delivery and liquid injection, were studied in detail by examining granule development along the screws as powder formulation and screw design were varied. Granulation profiles were determined by particle size analysis of samples along the screws collected using the “screw pullout” technique. Analysis of the particle size and porosity of produced granules revealed only minor differences between the two methods of wetting despite the larger dropsize of liquid injection compared to foam delivery. Excipients like microcrystalline cellulose or hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose with poor spreading properties, quantified by their specific penetration time and nucleation ratio, made the differences more apparent. The general similarities in granulation independent of wetting method implied that binder dispersion in an extruder was dominated by mechanical dispersion. Screw design (i.e., location of kneading block) had the dominant effect on the granulation process in this study. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 780–791, 2015