bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Excess Heat Triggered by Different Current in a D/Pd Gas-loading System
Authors: Tian Jian , Shen Bingjun , Jin Lihong , Zhao Xinle , Wang Hongyu , Lu Xin
Published: December 2024

In order to study the relationship between the triggering current, deuterium pressure and the excess heat, a series of experiments were made in a D/Pd gas-loading system. By comparing the system constants (k = 􏱹T /􏱹P ) in both nitrogen and deuterium atmosphere we found an optimum current (8 A) and a deuterium pressure (9 × 104 Pa) in which the system could release a maximum excess power (more than 80 W). The reproducibility was 16/16 and the excess energy released in the longest experiment was about 300 MJ within 40 days, which was corresponding to 104 eV for each palladium atom. Analysis of the palladium surface with a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) revealed that some new surface topographical feature with concentrations of unexpected elements (such as Ag, Sn, Pb and Ca) appeared after the current triggering. The results implied that the excess heat might come from a nuclear transmutation.
Comment on the article ‘Simulation of Crater Formation on LENR Cathodes Surfaces’
Authors: Tsirlin M.
Published: December 2024

Formation of small craters on the surface of Pd cathode during electrolysis in electrolytes based on heavy water is sometimes interpreted as a consequence of low-temperature nuclear reactions. In this note we discuss the validity of these statements.
Stimulated (B11p) LENR and Emission of Nuclear Particles in Hydroborates in the Region of Phase Transfer Point
Authors: Vysotskii Vladimir I. , Kornilova Alla A. , Chernysh Vladimir S. , Gavrilova Nadezhda D. , Lotonov Alexander M.
Published: December 2024

In this work, we consider the characteristics of proton (hydrogen) processes that take place in a special class of crystals (hydroborates), linked to the task of isolating and separating hydrogen and nuclear fusion with the participation of hydrogen. Preliminary results on observation of stimulated B11 + p = He4 + 􏱹E reaction in hydroborates are presented.
Evidence for Excess Energy in Fleischmann–Pons-Type Electrochemical Experiments
Authors: Dominguez D. D. , Kidwell D. A. , Grabowski K. S. , Knies D. L. , Moser A. E. , He J. H.
Published: December 2024

The production of excess energy in palladium cathodes electrochemically loaded with deuterium (the Fleischmann–Pons Experi- ment) has been debated in the literature since its first publication in 1989. In a subset of 61 trials, we electrochemically loaded palladium–rhodium foil cathodes with deuterium from alkaline solutions of heavy water in specially designed closed calorimeter cells. We observed excess energy bursts in the range 2.4–44.3 kJ in 6% of these experiments. Additionally, a conservative estimate of the total integrated output energy is greater than the total integrated input energy in these experiments. This paper documents the steps taken to examine these results thoroughly for calibration/measurement errors and instrumental artifacts. A 2.4 kJ energy burst is at least four times greater than the energy released by oxidizing deuterium in the cell headspace. The data and subsequent elimination of alternative explanations for excess energy production lead us to conclude that the excess energy is real and of yet unknown origin.
The Use of CR-39 Detectors in LENR Experiments
Authors: Mosier-Boss P.A. , Forsley L.P.G. , McDaniel P.J.
Published: December 2024

In this communication, the use of CR-39 detectors to detect energetic charged particles and neutrons in LENR experiments is discussed. The main advantages of these detectors over real-time electronic detectors are its integration capability and its ability to speciate energetic particles. Unlike real-time detectors, CR-39 can be placed in close proximity to the cathode and can be used for both electrolysis experiments and gas loading. These advantages of CR-39 detectors over real time, electronic detectors are particularly important when energetic particle emissions occur either sporadically in bursts or at a low flux.
Low-energy Nuclear Reactions Driven by Discrete Breathers
Authors: Dubinki V.I.
Published: December 2024

A new mechanism of LENR in solids is proposed, which is based on the large amplitude anharmonic lattice vibrations, a.k.a. intrinsic localized modes or “discrete breathers” (DBs). In particular, so called gap DBs, which can arise in diatomic crystals such as metal hydrides, are argued to be the LENR catalyzers. The large mass difference between H or D and the metal atoms provides a gap in phonon spectrum, in which DBs can be excited in the H/D sub-lattice resulting in extreme dynamic closing of adjacent H/D atoms (∼ 0.01 Å) required for the tunneling through the nuclear Coulomb barrier. DBs have been shown to arise either by thermal activation at elevated temperatures or by knocking atoms out of equilibrium positions under non-equilibrium gas loading conditions, employed under radiolysis or plasma deposition methods. The DB statistics in both cases are analyzed, and an attempt is made to quantify part of the vibrational problem in terms of electrochemical current or ion flux, connecting them with external excitation of DBs that act as nano-colliders of deuterons, triggering LENR. Resulting analytical expressions (under a selected set of material parameters) describe quantitatively the observed exponential dependence on temperature and linear dependence on the electric (or ion) current. Possible ways of engineering the nuclear active environment based on the present concept are discussed.
Flux Effects in Metal Hydrogen Loading: Enhanced Mass Transfer
Authors: McKubre Michael C.H. , Tanzella Francis L.
Published: December 2024

SRI has shown over hundreds of electrochemical experiments that the Fleischmann–Pons heat effect can be generated if high current, high loading and deuterium flux are present. Until the work of Dardik and the Energetics group, we were unable to generate the deuterium flux synthetically. Using Dardik’s Superwave® method to generate deuterium flux, we have shown that excess heat is regularly seen in PdDx electrolysis cells, given the appropriate cathode metallurgy.
Nuclear Products of Cold Fusion by TSC Theory
Authors: Takahashi Akito
Published: December 2024

Prediction of nuclear products both for metal–deuterium systems and metal protium systems is made on the basic physics of cold fusion by the Tetrahedral Symmetric Condensate (TSC) theory. This paper focuses on final state nuclear reactions of intermediate compound states as 8Be* of 4D/TSC fusion and 4Li* of 4H/TSC WS fusion. Prediction of final products is made by the nucleon- halo model of the highly excited intermediate compound states.
Entrepreneurial Efforts: Cold Fusion Research at JET Energy Leads to Innovative, Dry Components
Authors: Swartz Mitchell R.
Published: December 2024

Dry, preloaded NANOR -type technology makes cold fusion (LANR) reactions more accessible. These self-contained, two- terminal nanocomposite components have at their core PdD and NiD nanostructured material. Their CF/LANR/CF activation is separated from their loading, and yields up to 20 times input; characterized by reasonable reproducibility and controllability. With an excess power density of 19,500 W/kg, and zero-carbon footprint, could these ready-to-be-activated NANOR⃝R -type LANR components/systems/materials be the future of clean efficient energy production?
Hydrogen Absorption and Excess Heat in a Constantan Wire with Nanostructured Surface
Authors: Mastromatteo U. , Bertelè A. , Celani F.
Published: December 2024

To go beyond the important and encouraging results obtained in Pd–D and Pd–H systems, overcoming the limitations related to the relative rareness of Pd, several tests were made using constantan wires with nanostructured surface in hydrogen atmosphere and temperatures up to 350◦C.
LENR Excess Heat may not be Entirely from Nuclear Reactions
Authors: Nagel David J. , Swanson Roy A.
Published: December 2024

Some theories of the mechanisms active in producing Lattice Enabled (or Low Energy) Nuclear Reactions (LENR) predict the formation of compact objects with binding energies and sizes intermediate between those of atoms and nuclei. The existence of compact objects remains unproven. But, if such objects exist and are formed during what are now called LENR experiments, they might release substantial energy without any nuclear reactions. Because of the small size of hypothetical compact objects, it is thought that the protons or deuterons at their centers might subsequently participate in nuclear reactions, producing more energy, transmutation products or energetic quanta. Such a two-step sequence could explain the relatively low production rates of nuclear reaction products, and also difficulties in correlating excess heat with the amounts of such products.
Surface Preparation of Materials for LENR: Femtosecond Laser Processing
Authors: Mathews Scott A. , Nagel David J. , Minor Brandon , Pique Alberto
Published: December 2024

Because surfaces have been shown to be important for Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENR), their preparation for experiments or energy generators is naturally of interest. We demonstrate that irradiation of Pd with pulses from a femtosecond laser produces surface topography with features on both micro- and nano-meter size scales. Micrographs of these features were analyzed to obtain the spatial frequencies for later correlation with production of excess heat.
Progress in Development of Diamond-based Radiation Sensor for Use in LENR Experiments
Authors: Weaver Charles , Prelas Mark , Kasiwattanawut Haruetai , Shim Joongmoo , Watermann Matthew , Mathai Cherian Joseph , Gangopadhyay Shubra , Lukosi Eric
Published: December 2024

This work discusses the ongoing development of diamond-based radiation sensors for spectrometry within the environments found in low energy nuclear reaction (LENR) experiments. Specifically discussed are the efforts to demonstrate the robustness of palladium- electrode sensors. This includes fabrication methods, characterization and calibration techniques, and the results of deuterium gas loading trials which demonstrate performance throughout the entire test. The results are positive. One notable peak in the spectrometry results; additional trials are required to both determine the cause of this peak and determine which criteria.
Lessons from Cold Fusion Archives and from History
Authors: Rothwell Jed
Published: December 2024

The field is somewhat chaotic. Results are inconsistent and seem contradictory. There is no widely accepted theoretical explanation. History shows that this kind of chaos is healthy in emergent science. In fields such as plasma fusion there is broad agreement and a solid theoretical basis, but not much progress. We should embrace chaos and celebrate intellectual ferment. Despite the confusion, the literature does prove the effect is real, and it teaches how to replicate. The literature includes many failed experiments. There are two kinds: amateur mistakes and noble failures. At Kamiokande they made amateur mistakes such as holding the palladium in their bare hands. To avoid such mistakes you should read textbooks, read the papers at LENR-CANR, and consult with an electrochemist. A noble failure would be Srinivasan spending six months at SRI trying to replicate the bulk nickel-hydrogen excess heat reported by Mills and replicated at BARC. Srinivasan concluded that he had no significant heat, and that the BARC results were in error. Success will only come thanks to failures such as this.
Investigation of Possible Neutron Production by D/Ti Systems under High Rates of Temperature Change
Authors: Weaver Charles , Prelas Mark , Shimn Joongmoo , Kasiwattanawut Haruetai , Gangopadhyay Shubhra , Mathai Cherian
Published: December 2024

This paper discusses recent attempts to reproduce thermal shock experiments from 1991 using additional diagnostics. This was motivated by an apparent series of neutron bursts which were observed during the deuterium loading of titanium powder at cryogenic temperatures. The neutron count rate and temperature measurements are presented for control and experimental trials. Some neutrons were observed during trials, but the magnitude of the burst which motivated this work could not be replicated. Control trials with inert gas, which should produce no reaction, also demonstrated neutron signal. Future experimental directions are also discussed.
The Latest Environmental Contributions of John O’Mara Bockris
Authors: Zaromb Solomon `
Published: December 2024

While widely acknowledged as the father of the Hydrogen Economy and worthy to be dubbed as grandfather of the Methanol Economy, John O’Mara Bockris (JOMB) continued to inspire important environmental advances to the end of his most creative life. His co-invention of what may turn out to be a ground-breaking US Patent 8,413,420 helps to open the way to capturing CO2 from automotive exhausts and its conversion to recyclable methanol fuel, thereby greatly reducing and possibly even reversing global warming. Most recently, in a letter dated shortly before his death, published herein as the Appendix, JOMB pointed to inexpensive mass production of methanol from natural gas via the syngas route which may lead to the displacement of gasoline by methanol as the main automotive fuel and to major reductions in global CO2 emissions.
Remembering John Bockris
Authors: Letts Dennnis
Published: December 2024

This brief note recalls the authors first interaction with Professor John Bockris in 1992 and how well Bockris could communicate lasting scientific truth.
Thermodynamic and Kinetic Observations Concerning the D + D Fusion Reaction for the Pd/D System
Authors: Miles Melvin H.
Published: December 2024

Discussions with Professor Bockris prompted this thermodynamic and kinetic analysis of the D + D fusion reaction to form He-4. The results clearly show that this fusion reaction is thermodynamically possible at room temperatures. The kinetic analysis indicates that the reaction rate in the Pd/D system is controlled by the diffusion of deuterium within the palladium. Based on electrochemical double layer concepts, likely reaction zones exist near the surface of the palladium cathode.
Deuterium Evolution Reaction Model and the Fleischmann–Pons Experiment
Authors: Hagelstein Peter L.
Published: December 2024

The hydrogen evolution reaction model was proposed many years ago by the founders of modern electrochemistry. The closely related deuterium evolution reaction model describes deuterium loading in Pd cathodes in the Fleischmann–Pons experiment. We were interested in what issues were involved in the development of a high D/Pd loading, since over the years the importance of obtaining a high D/Pd ratio to obtain excess heat has been emphasized. In order to simplify things, we focus on the Volmer and Tafel reactions, and develop a steady state adsorption isotherm for the Vomer-Tafel regime. The adsorption isotherm is extended to become an absorption isotherm within a simplified picture that takes the surface sites to be equivalent to the bulk sites. While not a particularly good approximation, this allows us to model the D/Pd loading simply as a function of the overpotential, and hence the electrochemical current density. From a Tafel curve we can get some of the parameters for the Volmer current model, and from other eletrochemical data we can estimate the remaining Volmer and Tafel parameters. The resulting model fits the experimental data used well at low current density. Cathodes that load more highly with this approach require new models, potentially one for each cathode. We examine our earlier proposal that the differences in loading seen in experiment is due in part to large variations in the rate for internal D2 leaks. Consequently, we modify the Tafel reaction current model to account for internal leaks separately from the surface gas loss, and take advantage of data from the most highly loaded cathodes to estimate the surface Tafel reaction rate. Using this approach, the reference cathode that we used for our fits initially must have an internal leak rate more than two orders of magnitude higher than the rate of surface D2 loss. We conclude that minimizing the internal leaks is important in achieving high loading. Probably a key reason that there were so many negative results early in the field was because the cathode internal leak rate was very high in the cathodes used.
Silica Favours Bacterial Growth Similar to Carbon
Authors: Vasanthi N. , Anthoni Raj S. , Saleena Lilly M.
Published: December 2024

Silicate solubilising bacteria were isolated from soil, river water, pond sediment and talc mineral. The isolates were characterised and found to belong to the genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas sp. Some of the isolates are also identified by 16S r RNA sequencing. Both Bacillus and Pseudomonas isolates solubilised magnesium trisilicate under in vitro conditions either in the presence or in the absence of glucose. Bacillus megaterium isolated from soil solubilised talc, feldspar and magnesium trisilicate by releasing silica in solution. This also exhibited growth exclusively on silicate in the absence of a carbon source and after removal CO2 in the head space of the flask containing medium. Bacillus mucilaginosus, a silicate solubilising species, exhibited growth on acid washed sand (pure quartz) and also in silicic acid in the absence of carbon source revealing the capability of the bacteria to utilise silica or silicate for its growth. The carbon analysis by SEM with EDAX revealed the presence of carbon in cells grown exclusively on silica suggesting the biological transmutation of silica to carbon. The ability of silicate solubilising bacteria to grow exclusively on silica or silicate in the absence of carbon reveals not only their ecological survival in a carbon-free environment in earth but also their likely survival in other celestial bodies.
Arguments for the Anomalous Solutions of the Dirac Equations
Authors: Paillet Jean-Luc , Meulenberg Andrew
Published: December 2024

In this paper, we look into the difficult question of electron deep levels in the hydrogen atom. An introduction shows some general considerations on these orbits as “anomalous” (and usually rejected) solutions of relativistic quantum equations. The first part of our study is devoted to a discussion of the arguments against the deep orbits and for them, as exemplified in published solutions. We examine each of the principal negative arguments found in the literature and show how it is possible to resolve the questions raised. In fact, most of the problems are related to the singularity of the Coulomb potential when considering the nucleus as a point charge, and so they can be easily resolved when considering a more realistic potential with finite value inside the nucleus. In the second part, we consider specific works on deep orbits as solutions of the relativistic Schrödinger and of the Dirac equations, named Dirac Deep Levels (DDLs). The latter presents the most complete solution and development for spin 1/2 particles, and includes an infinite family of DDL solutions. We examine particularities of these DDL solutions and more generally of the anomalous solutions. We next analyze the methods for, and the properties of, the solutions that include a corrected potential inside the nucleus, and we examine the questions raised by this new element. Finally, we indicate, in the conclusion, open questions such as the physical meaning of the relation between quantum numbers determining the deep levels and the fact that the angular momentum seems two orders-of-magnitude lower than the values associated with the Planck constant. As a prerequisite to a deep comprehension of the resolution methods, we recall in the appendices some essential elements of the Dirac theory.
From Dark Gravity to LENR
Authors: Henry-Couannier Frederic
Published: December 2024

Dark Gravity (DG) theories are extensions of General Relativity having a stable anti-gravitational sector. From the beginning, the motivation for such an extended framework was not only phenomenological, trying to address several well-known enigmatic cosmological discoveries in an alternative way: missing mass effects, universe acceleration, … but also theoretical, and the main achievement is that indeed, it is possible to avoid most if not all generic instability issues which are well known to prevent the introduction of negative masses in General Relativity. Moreover it was also shown that such constructions are not arbitrary but can be entirely derived following the alternative mathematical choice for understanding the Time Reversal Symmetry, that of a Unitary T operator in QFT, needing a complete rehabilitation of negative energies in theoretical physics. All versions of DG theories studied so far unsurprisingly share many phenomenological outcomes, but here we shall focus on one which, for the first time, very naturally leads us to investigate the likely existence of genuine field discontinuities. The resulting phenomenology started to be explored. The first part of the article is a reminder of the main steps that led us to Dark Gravity. The second part focuses on discontinuities to show that these are all we need to explain in an unifying and very simple way many if not all of the well known so called “LENR miracles”: Large eXcess Power (XP) not possibly of chemical origin with extremely low levels of nuclear radiations (alpha, beta, gamma, neutrons) as compared to what would be expected from nuclear processes producing the same amount of energy, Transmutations and isotopic anomalies in cold conditions, Incredible properties such as huge inertia anomalies and temperature discontinuities of a new category of objects produced in association with LENR and behaving as extremely magnetic micro ball lightnings.
Observation of Macroscopic Current and Thermal Anomalies, at High Temperature, by Hetero-structures in Thin and Long Constantan Wires Under H2 Gas
Authors: Celani Francesco , Spallone A. , Ortenzi B. , Pella S. , Purchi E. , Santandrea F. , Fiorilla S. , Nuvoli A. , Nakamura M. , Cirilli; P. Cirilli; P. , Boccanera P. , Notargiacomo L.
Published: December 2024

Since 2011, we introduced into LENR field, the use of a Constantan (Cnst) alloy to absorb/adsorb proper amounts of H2 or D2 and to generate thermal anomalies even at low temperatures (>200◦C). We developed a reactor with a core of sub-micrometric layered Cnst wires that produced measurable excess power (almost reproducible). Subsequently, we used fiberglass sheaths as electrical insulation and found out that this material actually improves reactor performance. In the most recent configuration, we studied the effects of adding Fe nanolayers to the Cnst wires and of including several small knots along their extension, actions that resulted in a larger excess power that grew with increasing wire temperature. We detected a new electric effect: the generation of spontaneous voltage between the ends of a floating wire in the reactor. We performed tests to study results in agreement with Inverse Rydberg Matter model by L. Holmlid.
Final Report on Calorimetry-based Excess Heat Trials using Celani Treated NiCuMn (Constantan) Wires
Authors: El-Boher Arik , Isaacson William , Azizi Orchideh , He Jinghao , Pease Dennis , Hubler Graham
Published: December 2024

Sensitive mass flow calorimetry was used in a series of tests to evaluate eight treated NiCuMn (Constantan) wires in a gas loading cell. The goal of this testing was to reproduce and confirm the production of excess heat when using an experimental setup similar to that demonstrated in 2013 by Dr. Francesco Celani at National Instrument’s NI week and ICCF 17. Six of the eight Constantan wires used in the SKINR tests were provided by Dr. Celani and the remaining two were obtained from Mathieu Valat. Initial tests in the series closely followed the set-up, operation, and heating protocols used by Dr. Celani with a significantly modified stainless test cell to enable the use of mass flow calorimetry. Later tests used the same modified test cell but added additional heating protocols using pulsed or highly modulated electric currents (SuperWaves) to enhance hydrogen loading and create additional thermal gradients within the Constantan wires. No excess heat was observed in a calorimeter of a sensitivity <10 mW when running either the initial or later test protocols during ∼ 200 days of testing.
Integrated Policymaking for Realizing Benefits and Mitigating Impacts of LENR
Authors: Grimshaw Thomas W.
Published: December 2024

The potential benefits of LENR as a source of energy have been well understood since its announcement in 1989. The improved prospects of LENR in the past few years are indicated by the significant numbers and varied locations of researchers in several countries, a large body of accumulated evidence, major advances in explanation and theory development, and recent favourable occurrences, including a plethora of proposed energy-producing devices. The changing landscape creates policymaking opportuni- ties for supporting LENR to realize its potential benefits, planning proactively to deal with anticipated adverse secondary impacts, and integrating the updates in a comprehensive policy program. The first policymaking opportunity, updates of current policies for LENR support, may best be accomplished in a framework of evidence-based policymaking. The level of evidence for the existence of LENR is at least a preponderance of evidence (greater than 50% probability). There may even be clear and convincing evidence (greater than 70%). Correspondingly, the policy response should be at least reinstatement and research comparable to other emerg- ing energy technologies. Enhanced support, perhaps on a par with hot fusion, is indicated if there is clear and convincing evidence. The second policymaking opportunity related to LENR’s changing landscape is to address potential adverse secondary impacts with proactive planning. Broad deployment of LENR for energy supply may be expected to have major secondary impacts as a disruptive technology. Direct impacts will take place on all phases of the energy chain – supply, transport, storage, and consumption. Indirect impacts will be felt most by the components of society that are closely tied to the energy cycle, such as sectors of the workforce and energy-based communities. Technology assessment is a mature and readily available methodology for identifying secondary impacts and developing mitigative measures. A third policymaking opportunity is to integrate LENR policy updates that are needed as demonstrated by its changing landscape. Policies for mitigating adverse secondary impacts, for example, can be formulated based on policies for LENR support and the resulting pace of its development and deployment. New and updated policies may also be integrated at the national and international level and between the public and private sectors. The public interest will be served by update and integration of LENR policies for its development and mitigating its impacts. However, many challenges must be overcome to achieve the update and integration objectives. The world desperately needs new sources of clean and inexpensive energy. The case of cold fusion would perhaps be a curiosity in the history of science if the stakes were not so high.
Screening Energy of the d+d Reaction in an Electron Plasma Deduced from Cooperative Colliding Reaction
Authors: Kasagi J. , Honda Y.
Published: December 2024

We have measured protons and tritons from the d (d,p) t reaction in liquid In, Sn, Pb and Bi during the D+3 molecular deuterium beam bombardment for 15 < E < 60 keV. Observed energy spectra and yield excitation functions are anomalous and suggest that the target deuteron is also in motion. It is found that the reaction mechanism is unique to the molecular beam in such a way that one deuteron in a molecule is elastically scattered by a host metal atom and then it collides with the other to cause the d+d reaction. We call it as the cooperative colliding mechanism (CCM). Experimental data are compared with the CCM calculation and values of the screening energy of the d+d reaction are deduced. They are 380 ± 80, 570 ± 80, 670 ± 100 and 490 ± 100 eV for In, Sn, Pb and Bi, respectively. It is concluded that the screening energy of the d+d reaction in an electron plasma in metal is really large: the averaged value of 530 eV is more than ten times larger than the simple Thomas–Fermi screening prediction.
Effect of Minority Atoms of Binary Ni-based Nano-composites on Anomalous Heat Evolution under Hydrogen Absorption
Authors: Kitamura A. , Takahashi A. , Seto R. , Fujita Y. , Taniike A. , Furuyama Y.
Published: December 2024

Ni-based binary nano-composite samples supported by mesoporous silica and single-component nickel samples were sub- jected to hydrogen absorption runs at various temperatures up to 350◦C. The former include Pd0.016Ni0.070/SiO2 (PNSII) and Cu0.011Ni0.077/SiO2 (CNS2), and the latter NiO/Ni (NN) and Ni/SiO2 (NS). Only the binary nano-composite samples, PNSII and CNS2, showed excess power reaching 8 W/g-Pd and 1 W/g-Ni with integrated excess energy of 3.8 keV/Pd (6.5 keV/atom-H) and 0.6 keV/Ni (10 keV/atom-H), respectively, in elevated temperature runs, implying a catalytic effect of the minority atoms on the phenomena. These excess heat values were observed after the saturation of H-absorption to metal, which implies a non-chemical source of energy.
Basis for Femto-molecules and -Ions Created from Femto-atoms
Authors: Meulenberg Andrew , Paillet Jean-Luc
Published: December 2024

Starting with the assumption of validity of the Dirac equations (relativistic quantum mechanics), which are fundamental to much of atomic physics today, we also assume that the anomalous solutions to these equations are valid. If they are valid, then short-lived femto-atoms with electron orbitals in the low femto-meter range should exist. If femto-atoms exist, then the existence of femto- molecules could be expected. This paper addresses the possibility and nature of the femto-molecules and the nature of the forces creating them. The approach is that of Feynman’s molecular-hydrogen ion derivation using the Yukawa potential. The result is a molecular ion with femto-meter order spacing between the nuclei and an attractive potential identical with a medium-range Yukawa potential for an exchange particle with the mass of an electron. There are significant implications for both cold fusion and for nuclear physics and chemistry.
Excerpts from Martin Fleischmann Letters
Authors: Miles Melvin H.
Published: December 2024

There were many letters exchanged between Martin Fleischmann and this author that reveal Fleischmann’s scientific thoughts about various cold fusion topics. These topics included possible critical factors for excess enthalpy effects in the palladium/deuterium system, errors in the CalTech, MIT and Harwell calorimetry, helium-4 production, critics such as Morrison, Taubes and Jones, and the advantages of using integrated forms of the calorimetric equations. Furthermore, Fleischmann mathematically shows that there is never a true steady state in the cell temperature for an open isoperibolic calorimetric system because both the cell heat transfer coefficient and the heat capacity of the cell change with time. Therefore, an important power term involving the change of the cell temperature with time has often been neglected by various groups using isoperibolic calorimetry. This power term is especially important when there are large changes in the cell temperature with time such as when the cell is first turned on.
Research into Heat Generators Similar to High-temperature Rossi Reactor
Authors: Parkhomov A.G. , Belousova E.O.
Published: December 2024

Devices similar to a high-temperature Rossi reactor were made. Excess heat at the temperature of about 1100◦C and higher was demonstrated. No nuclear radiation above the background level was observed during the excess heat production.
Investigation of Enhancement and Stimulation of DD-reaction Yields in Crystalline Deuterated Heterostructures at Low Energies using the HELIS Ion Accelerator
Authors: Rusetskiy A.S. , Bagulya A.V. , Dalkarov O.D. , Negodaev M.A. , Chubenko A.P. , Lyakhov B.F. , Saunin E.I. , Ralchenko V.G.
Published: December 2024

In this study, we present the results of studies of DD reactions in crystalline heterostructures at low energies using the ion accelerator HELIS. The results of measurements of the DD-reaction yields from the Pd/PdO:Dx and the Ti/TiO2:Dx heterostructures in the energy range of 10–25 keV are presented. The neutron and proton fluxes are measured using a neutron detector based on 3He- counters and a CR-39 plastic track detector. Comparisons with calculations show significant DD-reaction yield enhancement. It was first shown that the impact of the H+ and Ne+ ion beams in the energy range of 10–25 keV at currents of 0.01–0.1 mA on the deuterated heterostructure results in an appreciable DD-reaction yield stimulation. We also studied the neutron yield in DD reactions within a polycrystalline deuterium-saturated CVD diamond, during irradiation of its surface by a deuterium ion beam with energy of less than 30 keV. The measurements of the neutron flux in the beam direction are performed in dependence on the target angle, β, with respect to the beam axis. A significant anisotropy in neutron yield is observed, it was higher by a factor of 3 at β = 0 compared to that at β = ±45◦.
Is the Abundance of Elements in Earth’s Crust Correlated with LENR Transmutation Rates?
Authors: Scholkmann Felix , Nagel David J.
Published: December 2024

Nuclear transmutations are reported in many low-energy nuclear reaction (LENR) experiments. We showed in a previous study (Scholkmann and Nagel, J. Condensed Matter Nucl. Sci. 13 (2014) 485–494) that (i) the transmutation data of three independent experiments have a similar pattern and (ii) this pattern correlates with a model-based on the prediction of Widom and Larsen (WL). In the present study, we extended our analysis and investigated whether the abundance of elements in Earth’s crust is correlated with either (i) the WL-prediction, or (ii) the three LENR transmutation data sets. The first analysis revealed that there is no statistically significant correlation between these variables. The second analysis showed a significant correlation, but the correlation only reflects the trend of the data and not the peak-like pattern. This result strengthens the interpretation that the observed peak-like pattern in the transmutation data sets does not originate from contamination. Further implications of our study are discussed and a recommendation is given for future transmutation experiments.
Theoretical Study of the Transmutation Reactions
Authors: Toimela T.
Published: December 2024

Transmutation reactions are studied from a theoretical point of view. An idea is proposed to explain the variations in the transmuta- tion ability of different elements, especially the relative inertness of palladium compared to the other elements. Proposals are made in order to verify experimentally this explanation and to enhance the transmutation signal.
Electromagnetic Emission in the kHz to GHz Range Associated with Heat Production During Electrochemical Loading of Deuterium into Palladium: A Summary and Analysis of Results Obtained by Different Research Groups
Authors: Scholkmann Felix , Nagel David J. , DeChiaro Louis F.
Published: December 2024

here is a small literature on the combination of low energy nuclear reactions (LENR) experiments and radiofrequencies (RF). The papers are worth attention in case they can teach anything about the mechanisms behind LENR. Application of RF to LENR electrochemical cells in the mid-1990s clearly showed increases in the production of excess power. More recently, RF have been measured in LENR cells. However, it is still possible that those data are artifacts of the operation of the system, and not indicative of LENR. It has been suggested that the appearance of RF in LENR experiments is the cause of LENR, and not merely a manifestation of such reactions. That possibility has significant implications. In the present paper, we summarize and analyze the results obtained by different research groups concerning the application and emission of RF in the kHz to GHz range associated with heat production during electrochemical loading of deuterium into palladium.
Optical Detection of Phonon Gain Distinguishes an Active Cold Fusion/LANR component
Authors: Swartz Mitchell R.
Published: December 2024

Successful cold fusion is heralded by a large, if not quite abnormal, increase in the anti-Stokes to Stokes (aS/S) ratio in coherent multi-wavelength optical reflection volume-enhanced electric-driven spectroscopy (CMORE-spectroscopy). This distinguishing phonon gain is not seen in the “off” state or the avalanche (undesirable) mode. It heralds seven acoustic phonons assisting nuclear reactions and a core peak calculated Stokes temperature of circa 1645 K.
Anomalous Energy Produced by PdD
Authors: Storms Edmund
Published: December 2024

Two samples of commercial Pd from the same batch were reacted with D using the electrolytic method and found to produce sustained excess power and energy. The effects of temperature, applied current, and D/Pd ratio on the amount of excess power were studied.
An Historical Experiment of Neutron Detection Near an Electrolytic Cell
Authors: Buxerolle Michel , Kurkdjian Jacques
Published: December 2024

An electrolysis experiment performed in April 1989, with a hollow palladium cathode in heavy water showed neutrons production. The results were sufficiently reliable to exclude any experimental error. Unfortunately a similar experiment has never been attempted since then. The presence of neutrons is the signature of nuclear reactions.
Characterization of Energy Fluxes in LENR Reactors –Excess Heat, Coefficient of Performance and Conditions for Self-sustained Operation
Authors: Ruer Jacques
Published: December 2024

LENR reactors are considered as units that operate at a temperature above ambient and need an excitation provided by a supply powered by electricity. Different modes of operation are described following the characteristics of the heat and energy balance. LENR reactors may be characterized by different parameters, Coefficient of Performance (COP) or Energy Amplification factor (A). The thermal insulation plays an important role. LENR reactors that require external heating in small units may become self- sustained for large sizes. The production of electricity involves the coupling with a thermal machine. The system is able to export power if the COP and the temperature are high enough.
Basic Design Considerations for Industrial LENR Reactors
Authors: Ruer Jacques
Published: December 2024

LENR reactors able to deliver heat at a high temperature can be coupled with heat engines to generate electric power. The conditions of temperature and COP to achieve self-sustaining operation are given. According to the literature, the heat generation rate of some LENR processes increases rapidly with the temperature. This phenomenon dictates the cooling criteria to maintain a stable reactor operation. Power control can be obtained through appropriate temperature regulation. Several types of heat engines can be coupled to LENR reactors with appropriate power control. Heat losses must be minimized with sufficient thermal insulation. The insulation enclosure is also useful to recover the leaks of light gas, if any are present in the system.
The Dark side of Gravity and LENR
Authors: Henry-Couannier Frederic
Published: December 2024

A previous article paved the way from a dark gravity theory (DG) toward LENR. This article is intended to go beyond the conceptual foundations (which will only be briefly summarized), and to provide a more technical detailed road map. An important revision of the theory was also made necessary by the recent direct detection of gravitational waves by Ligo. Finally, justifications will be given for adopting a slightly modified view of the process that triggers the formation of micro lightning balls, those enigmatic objects being produced in association with (and arguably responsible for) LENR, as we have recently identified the key role being played by a local increase of the density of electrons by various methods including a high luminosity beam (pulse) of electrons on a target.
On Plausible Role of Classical Electromagnetic Theory and Submicroscopic Physics to understand and Enhance Low Energy Nuclear Reaction: A Preliminary Review
Authors: Christianto Victor , Umniyati Yunita , Krasnoholovets Volodymyr
Published: December 2024

In this paper, we discussed how we can study some effects associated with LENR/CMNS from the principles of classical electro- magnetic theory, and also from a very new approach based on a submicroscopic concept of physics. Perhaps our considerations have their own risks because the majority of mainstream physicists consider nuclear fusion rather as a phenomenon associated with tunneling through a Coulomb barrier, which is a pure quantum effect. We will discuss that there are some aspects of classical electromagnetic theories which may have impact on our understanding on LENR/CMNS phenomena, including: (a) nonlinear elec- trostatic potential as proposed by Eugen Andreev, (b) vortex sound theory of Tsutomu Kambe, (c) nonlinear ponderomotive force, and (d) submicroscopic consideration.
Probabilistic Models for Beam, Spot, and Line Emission for Collimated X-ray Emission in the Karabut Experiment
Authors: Hagelstein Peter L.
Published: December 2024

Collimated X-ray emission near 1.5 keV in the Karabut experiment is an anomaly that cannot be explained by conventional solid state, atomic, or nuclear physics. In order for the X-rays to be collimated, there must either be an X-ray laser present, or else a phased-array collimation effect produced by emitting dipoles that radiate in phase. Although there have been arguments made in support of an X-ray laser origin of the effect, from our perspective this approach suffers from an absence of a plausible mechanism, short excited-state electronic lifetimes, high power requirements, and an incompatibility between the experimental geometry and the need for an elongated laser medium for beam formation. In this work we consider a model for beam formation due to many emitting dipoles randomly positioned within a circle on a mathematically flat surface. When the emitting dipole density is low, a speckle pattern is produced. Above a critical emitting dipole density beam formation occurs. The average intensity of the speckle and beam is estimated from simple statistical models at low and high dipole density, and combined to develop an empirical intensity estimate over the full range of dipole densities which compares well with numerical simulations. Beam formation occurs above a critical number of emitting dipoles, which allows us to develop an estimate for the minimum number of emitting dipoles present in the Karabut experiment. The effect of surface deformations is considered; constant offsets do not impact beam formation, and locally linear offsets direct the beam slightly off of normal. Minor displacements quadratic in the surface coordinates can produce focusing and defocusing effects, leading to a natural explanation for intense spot and line formation observed in the experiments.
Perspective on Low Energy Bethe Nuclear Fusion Reactor with Quantum Electronic Atomic Rearrangement of Carbon
Authors: Neuville Stephane
Published: December 2024

The relatively low/medium proton/carbon collision threshold energy (1–8 keV) of the Bethe–Weizsäcker nuclear reaction cycle C, N, and O observed in low temperature carbon rich stars suggests the eventual technical feasibility of a solid-state carbon fusion reactor. H+ used as a precursor nuclear material can be implanted in solid-state carbon material. We must then consider all effects that can affect nuclear collision efficiency, including solid-state structure specificity, proton channeling and the reduction of the original proton energy with electronic interactions, before looking at the possible nuclear reactions themselves. We then have to consider the different effects and types of atomic rearrangement favoring either sp2 or sp3 sites or which influence the carbon material structure. For this purpose, we review first a recently developed theoretical approach, which might explain important aspects of this phenomenon with still high confidence up to now. These aspects include quantum electronic activation especially with H2 recombination energy release, which is different from usual chemical and metallurgical thermal atomic rearrangement with which an optimized ta-C sp3 carbon structure can be controlled. It should also be considered that carbon structure determination methodology – including the recently revised Raman theory – provide more correct and accurate results. To be falsified a study of this type of proton–carbon nuclear reactor must also take into account effects which modify the carbon nucleus structure in favor of nuclear fusion. It is suggested that anharmonic synchronic phonon–nuclear resonance may be a contributing factor. However, present failures and the limits of abstract Quantum Mechanical formalism bring little clarification on this last point, which we suggest is owing to insufficient physical description of particle wave character. In order to improve these aspects of the theory, we suggest revisiting aether theory which with further investigation and development of 3D fluid mechanics is expected to account for all QM acquired, and to be able to provide clearer physical insight into the subatomic particle wave aspects and corresponding nuclear reaction mechanism.
The Zitterbewegung Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics as Theoretical Framework for Ultra-dense Deuterium and Low Energy Nuclear Reactions
Authors: Celani Francesco , Di Tommaso Antonino Oscar , Vassallo Giorgio
Published: December 2024

This paper introduces a Zitterbewegung model of the electron by applying the principle of Occam’s razor to the Maxwell’s equations and by introducing a scalar component in the electromagnetic field. The aim is to explain, by using simple and intuitive concepts, the origin of the electric charge and the electromagnetic nature of mass and inertia. The Zitterbewegung model of the electron is also proposed as the best suited theoretical framework to study the structure of Ultra-Dense Deuterium (UDD), the origin of anomalous heat in metal–hydrogen systems and the possibility of existence of “super-chemical” aggregates at Compton scale.
Effects of D/Pd Ratio and Cathode Pretreatments on Excess Heat in Closed Pd|D2O+D2SO4 Electrolytic Cells
Authors: Gao Jie , Zhang Wu-Shou , Zhang Jian-Jun
Published: December 2024

The resistance method was used in situ to determine the D/Pd ratio in the cathode of Pd|D2O+D2SO4 electrolytic-calorimetric systems. Thirty-three experimental runs with excess heat production indicated that there is no clear correlation between the excess power and the D/Pd ratio. Most excess heat occurs when the ratio is 0.5 < D/Pd < 0.7. Three different cathode pretreatments were tested. It is found that the excess heat reproducibility rate is 2/11 (18%), 21/32 (66%) and 25/50 (50%), and maximum excess power of 45 ± 18 mW, 117 ± 24 mW and 128 ± 19 mW were achieved for samples etched in aqua regia, heated in D2SO4 and open electrolyzed in D2SO4, respectively, based on 93 runs of calorimetry with 25 Pd plates. This indicates that heating and open electrolyzing in D2SO4 are effective methods of pretreatment for excess heat production in subsequent electrolysis. Surface characterizations with 3D non-contact optical profiling, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) were performed for Pd samples of cold rolled, pretreated and electrolyzed. The results showed that the surface roughness of palladium increases prominently after pretreatment. New element silver was detected on Pd surface after electrolysis.