bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tele-Inverse Manufacturing -- An International E-Waste Recycling Proposal
Authors: Matsumoto Mitsutaka ,   National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Mishima Nozomu , Kondoh Shinsuke
Published: April 2016

With increasing numbers of used electronics products (e-waste) being sent from developed to developing countries, questions arise on how to recycle e-waste sustainably while minimizing pollution, energy, and cost and maximizing material, part, and product life. We focus on two issues concerning projected e-waste recycling -- the level at which recycling should be automated and the location of recycling itself. Among possible recycling scenarios, we propose tele-inverse manufacturing enabling advances in automation and remote recycling control. We hold that tele-inverse manufacturing is more technically feasible than fully automated recycling and more economically feasible than current recycling because it enables an international division of labor. It also reduces the closed loop of material, parts, and products compared to that of manually based international recycling.
Analysis of Environmental Impact due to Machine Tool Operation
Authors: Narita Hirohisa ,   Nagoya Institute of Technology, Fujimoto Hideo
Published: April 2016

The algorithm we propose calculates the environmental burden due to machine tool operations. The environmental burden analyzer we then developed determines the environmental impact of dry machining, minimum quantity lubricant (MQL) machining, and wet machining on the impact categories of global warming, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical oxidants, human toxicity, and ecotoxicity. We explain the features of impact categories as they relate to machining operations and discuss machining methods for lower the environmental burden of machine tool operations.
Polishing Process Automation by Industrial Robots with Polished Surface Quality Judged Based on Imaging Processing
Authors: Ito Tomoya ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering and Intelligent Systems, The University of Electro-Communications, Morishige Koichi
Published: April 2016

In polishing-process automation, research is focusing on having industrial robots replace skilled personnel. In judging whether polishing is sufficient, and robot polishing programs using CAD/CAM have been proposed. We propose that polished surface quality the judged based on image processing, with the robot polishing using a personal computer and signal communication.
Basic Image Measurement for Laser Welding Robot Motion Control
Authors: Matsushita Akihiko ,   System Sensing and Control Laboratory, Hokkaido University, Yamanaka Masahiro , Kaneko Shun'ichi , Ohfuji Hitoshi , Fukuda Kaoru ,   SANKO-STEEL, Zenibako 3-515-1, Otaru, Japan
Published: April 2016

Laser welding, provides high-density energy, is easy to control, and is low in heat input but deep in depth, enabling it to be used for small-area precision welding. However, Automating welding using robots has been considered, but laser welding requires accurate alignment and direction of irradiation because of its capability of sensitive welding. In this paper, basic image measurement method is proposed for Hand-Eye Laser Welding System equipped with an optical microscope and a CMOS camera, as follows.

1) A core line detection method of a slit laser image that has robustness against variation of observation direction and speckle patterns is proposed.

2) The parameter identification method of laser planes utilizing the core line detection method is proposed for measurement.

3) It is derived measurement equations of the position and the posture of the metal plate from geometric consideration utilizing the identified parameters and the core line detection.
Submillimeter Micropart Feeding Along an Asymmetric Femtosecond-Laser-Microfabricated Surface
Authors: Mitani Atsushi ,   Department of Design, Sapporo City University, Hirai Shinichi ,   Department of Robotics, Ritsumeikan University
Published: April 2016

Femtosecond laser technology forms minute, stable gratings on such materials as silicon and stainless steel. Forming a periodic structure on the surfaces of sliding parts improves tribology characteristics because adhesion decreases with reductions in area of contact. Double-pulsed femtosecond laser irradiation generates periodic structures with asymmetric profiles, along which, as we have shown elsewhere, microparts such as ceramic chip capacitors and resistors can be fed using simple symmetric planar vibration. Microparts move unidirectionally because they adhere to these surfaces asymmetrically. In testing the feasibility of feeding 0402 capacitors 0.4 × 0.2 × 0.2 mm in size and 0.1 mg weighting along an asymmetric surface fabricated using double-pulsed femtosecond laser irradiation, we evaluated differences in the profiles of the two inclined surfaces, effects of decreased adhesion, the forward and backward coefficient of friction, and the bidirectional friction angle of 0402 capacitors. Based on feed experimental results, we assessed the relationship between drive frequency and feed velocity and, by calculating variations in feed velocity, feed stability.
Multi-Axis Controlled Ultraprecision Machining and Measurement
Authors: Suzuki Hirofumi ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chubu  University
Published: April 2016

Demands of micro aspheric optical components such as lenses and mirrors are increasing for installing to the digital devices. As the devices become to be more compact and complicated, the molds shapes of lens and mirrors would become more difficult to be machined and measured. In this study, multi-axis controlled ultra precision machining/grinding and on-machine measurement technologies are developed for manufacturing of the complicated and micro molds. In this paper, the next four technologies are focused: (1) micro fresnel grinding, (2) Micro lens array grinding, (3) Ultrasonic vibration assisted polishing, and (4) Contact type of multi axis controlled on-machine measuring system.
Figure Error Control for Microgrooving on Ordinary Lateral Milling Machines Using a Reference Surface to Control Cutting
Authors: Yazawa Takanori ,   Nagasaki University, 1-14 Bunkyomachi, Nagasaki City, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan, Hattori Yousuke , Ogiya Yasuhiko , Kojima Tatsuhiro
Published: April 2016

This paper proposes improving microgrooving system on an ordinary lateral milling machine by using controlled cutting with reference surface (CCRS). CCRS improves ultra-precision machining accuracy through in-process measurement and control. CCRS controls relative displacement between the tool and workpiece, effectively improving table motion error accuracy. CCRS was confirmed in simulation and experiments to (1) improve accuracy if digital control sampling time is enough shorter than the error motion period and (2) worsen surface roughness because the feed rate equals cutting speed in shaping if the shorter sampling time for the error motion period cannot be used. In other words, the relationship between improvement in table error motion accuracy and desirable surface roughness is a trade-off solved by using fly cutting with CCRS.
Dental Treatment with Laser Beam -Monitoring Enabling Safe Hard-Tooth-Tissue Removal-
Authors: Yamada Keiji ,   Graduate School of Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8527, Japan, Ueda Takashi , Hosokawa Akira , Furumoto Tatsuaki , Tanaka Ryutaro ,   Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
Published: April 2016

With laser-based dental treatment coming into increasing use, we introduce in-process monitoring using a two-color pyrometer and spectroscopic measurement ensuring safe treatment. Sound level monitoring is proposed for detecting hard-dental-tissue removal based on the relationship between tissue removal and sound.
On-Demand Production of Emulsion Droplets Using Magnetically Driven Microtool
Authors: Yamanishi Yoko ,   Department of Bioenginering and Robotics, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi-ken 980-8579, Japan, Kihara Yuki , Sakuma Shinya , Arai Fumihito
Published: April 2016

We propose a hybrid polymer-metal magnetically driven microtool (MMT) featuring elasticity and rigidity. An electroplated magnetic metal axle is installed directly at the center of the MMT during molding. The result is a hybrid MMT whose fixed axes move elastically in a specific direction and whose center axle is rigid, preventing bending by unwanted external force. The axle’s higher magnetism contributes to powerful actuation. The hybrid MMT we designed provides on-demand droplet dispensation on chips. Its parallel plate is constrained translationally. Hybrid MMT displacement is 300 μm - 6 times greater than that of the conventional MMT. On-demand droplet generation produces a 177.7 ±2.3 μm droplet.
Human Blood Pressure Simulation for Stress Analysis in Model of Vasculature Using Photoelastic Effect
Authors: Tercero Carlos ,   Micro-Nano Systems Engineering Department, Nagoya University, Furo-cho 1, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan, Ikeda Seiichi , Tijerino Erick , Matsushima Motoki , Fukuda Toshio , Negoro Makoto , Takahashi Ikuo ,   Electronics Engineering Department, Del Valle de Guatemala University, 18 avenida 11-95 Zona 15, Guatemala City, Guatemala,   Mechanical, Materials and Aerospace Engineering, University of Central Florida, 4000 Central Florida Blvd. Orlando, Florida 32816-2450, USA,   Department of Neurosurgery, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan,   Department of Neurosurgery, Anjo Kosei Hospital, 28 Higashi Hirokute, Anjo-cho, Anjo, Aichi 446-8602, Japan
Published: April 2016

Numerical criteria for evaluating stress on vasculature models have applications in evaluating medical tools and surgical skills enabling better endovascular surgery training and the development of better medical techniques and tools. We propose using the stress produced by blood pressure simulation in the vasculature model wall for this criterion and use photoelastic effect for measuring the principal stress magnitude component. We simulated human blood pressure with 5.6% average error and developed shielded urethane model of vasculature enabling water circulation and avoiding plastic deformation at pressures below 182 mmHg. We developed software to calculate model wall stress. We quantitatively compared in four ranges stress produced on the model wall by blood pressure simulation and a guide wire.
Optimization of Double-Sided Polishing Conditions to Achieve High Flatness: Consideration of Relative Motion Direction
Authors: Hirose Kenji ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Enomoto Toshiyuki
Published: April 2016

Silicon (Si) wafers are the most commonly used substrates of semiconductor devices. The device design rule is miniaturization, and the device chip size is being increased to improve device integration, requiring that Si wafers be manufactured with higher flatness and larger diameters. The polishing used as a finishing process of Si wafers, however, has a serious problem; it is very difficult to set the appropriate conditions for polishing the Si wafer while wearing the polishing pad stably to high flatness. In our previous work, a method of optimizing polishing conditions based on kinematical analysis was proposed to achieve high flatness of the wafer and pad. The method, however, did not consider the effect of the relative motion direction between the wafer and the pads as an important factor in polishing behaviors. Therefore, in this study, an optimization method considering the relative motion direction is newly developed, and a series of double-sided polishings of silicon wafers shows that the wafer flatness calculated by the method corresponds well with that in the polishing experiments. Furthermore, to make the distribution of pad wear more uniform, the optimization of polishing conditions, including the wafer carrier specifications, is conducted, and the feasibility is clarified.
Elementary Study on the Creation of Cross Section's Changing Holes by Means of Electrical Discharge Machining
Authors: Ishida Tohru ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan, Mochizuki Yuichi , Takeuchi Yoshimi ,   Honda R&D Co., Ltd.
Published: April 2016

This study deals with the development of a new method to machine holes whose cross sections variously change along their axes. Machined holes have straight axes and constant circular cross sections, since holes are generally machined by drills. In other words, the shapes of machined holes do not have much variety. This study, however, develops a new, elementary device which can machine a certain shape on the inside wall of a straight hole by means of electrical discharge machining. This results in the creation of holes with variously changing cross sections. The aforementioned device consists of an electrode for electrical discharge machining and some mechanical parts, and is installed on a die-sinking electrical discharge machine (EDM). The device and EDM operate as a reciprocating block slider crank mechanism, so a translational movement of the main axis of the EDM can be converted into a rotational movement of the electrode. As a result, shapes which are identical to the envelope of the locus of the electrode movement can be machined. This leads to the creation of a semicircular space on the inside wall of a straight hole by starting the machining after setting the electrode in the hole. Experimental results show that, by changing the shape of the electrode, the device can produce variously shaped, semicircular spaces inside a straight hole. This proves that the new method of machining has the ability to create holes which have complicatedly changing cross sections.
Kinesthetic Assistance for Improving Task Performance -The Case of Window Installation Assist-
Authors: Takesue Naoyuki ,   Faculty of System Design, Tokyo Metropolitan University, 6-6 Asahigaoka, Hino-shi, Tokyo 191-0065, Japan, Murayama Hideyuki , Fujiwara Kousyun , Matsumoto Kuniyasu , Konosu Hitoshi , Fujimoto Hideo ,   Toyota Motor Corporation, Toyota, Aichi 470-0309, Japan,   Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya-shi, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
Published: April 2016

Industrial robots have been widely used in factory automation. On the other hand, in the final assembly in automobile factories, many tasks are still completed by humans due to the difficulties and costs associated with automation. One example still requiring skilled human operators is the installation of the automobile window. The window installation assist robot we developed enables a single operator to install a window easily. The present study focuses on kinesthetic assistance including preliminary experiments and application to automobile window installation during car assembly demonstrating the effectiveness of our proposal.
Operational “Feel” Adjustment by Reinforcement Learning for a Power-Assisted Positioning Task
Authors: Morizono Tetsuya ,   Department of Information and Systems Engineering, Fukuoka Institute of Technology, 3-30-1 Wajiro-Higashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 811-0295, Japan, Yamada Yoji , Higashi Masatake ,   Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan,   Department of Advanced Science and Technology, Toyota Technological Institute, 2-12-1 Hisakata, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8511, Japan
Published: April 2016

Controlling “feel” when operating a power-assist robot is important for improving robot operability, user satisfaction, and task performance efficiency. Autonomous adjustment of “feel” is considered with robots under impedance control, and reinforcement learning in adjustment when a task includes repetitive positioning is discussed. Experimental results demonstrate that an operational “feel” pattern appropriate for positioning at a goal is developed by adjustment. Adjustment assuming a single fixed goal is expanded to cases including multiple goals, in which it is assumed that one goal is chosen by a user in real time. To adjust operational “feel” to individual goals, an algorithm infers the goal. The same result as that for a single fixed goal is obtained in experiments, but experimental results suggest that design must be improved to where the accuracy of inference to the goal is taken into account by the adjustment learning algorithm.
Upper-Limb Power-Assist Control for Agriculture Load Lifting
Authors: Yagi Eiichi ,   Faculty of Systems Engineering, Wakayama University, 930 Sakaedani, Wakayama-shi, Wakayama 640-8510, Japan, Harada Daisuke , Kobayashi Masaaki ,   Murata Machinery, Ltd., 2 Hasidumenakajima, Inuyama-shi, Aichi 484-8502, Japan,   Kawasaki Heavy Industries, Ltd., 2680 Oka, Inami-cho, Kako-gun, Hyogo 675-1113, Japan
Published: April 2016

This paper discusses upper-limb power-assist control using a pneumatic rotary actuator to support shoulder movement and an air cylinder to support elbow movement by agricultural workers lifting a 30 kg rice bag without inducing low back pain. Surface electromyogram (EMG) signals are used as trigger signals, joint support torque is calculated based on the antigravity term of necessary joint torque, estimated based on the dynamics of a human approximated link model. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of proposed power-assist control.
Special Issue on Deburring, Chamfering, and Edge Quality
Authors: Asakawa Naoki
Published: April 2016

Regardless of whether they are cut, drilled, cast, or punched when manufactured, most products have edges that must be finished, usually by deburring or chamfering. Yet despite the importance of these operations, surprisingly little research has been done due to their difficulty. This calls for new analyses and approaches to be applied. The problem of edge quality may be approached in three ways. First, as human workers do, edges to be finished are specified on parts for quality. While it requires much information about product shape, methods, and tools used by human worker can be easily adopted. Second, the entire product, its surfaces and edges, may be treated, e.g., as in barrel finishing, so that large numbers of small parts are processed efficiently and quickly. Third, burrs may be prevented before they occur, e.g., by reducing cutting force or heat-treating the material used. This special issue features six papers on deburring, chamfering, and edge quality treated in all three ways. The first paper widely reviews issues on edge quality, although its title suggests a focus on deburring. The second discusses the treatment of edges on very fine parts deburred using a magnetic brush. The third introduces micro drilling suppressing burrs and the fourth also introduces metal cutting for suppressing burr using Laser. The fifth proposes the automation of deburring using mass-production industrial robots. The sixth introduces a commercial magnetic finishing machine for processing large lots of small parts. In closing, I would like to thank the authors, reviewers, and editors without whose hard work and earnest cooperation this issue could not have been completed.
Deburring Finishing Using a Magnetic Polishing Machine
Authors: Takahashi Kouko ,   Priority Company, Minamirokugo 3-1-1, Ota-ku, Tokyo 144-0045, Japan
Published: April 2016

This article describes a magnetic polishing machine. Pritic, which is a deburring finishing machine that uses permanent magnets and magnetic media to remove fine and tiny burrs arising in metalwork and polish workpieces. Being a magnetic Polishing machine, Pritic can finish metal or nonmetal workpieces regardless of whether they are magnetic or not. It can even finish lengthy objects with the correct configuration. Examples of its work show that Pritic is an effective finishing machine.
Microfactories -A New Methodology for Sustainable Manufacturing-
Authors: Okazaki Yuichi ,   Fine Manufacturing Systems Research Group, Advanced Manufacturing Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Namiki 1-2-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan
Published: April 2016

The microfactory concept advocates miniaturizing production equipment and systems to match product dimensions. This offers advantages environmentally by minimizing the physical factory footprint, economically by cutting investment and running costs, technically by refining machinery specifications, and personnel-wise by minimizing the need for specialized skills. Introducing a paradigm shift in manufacturing, the microfactory arose in the early 1990s, and has enjoyed significant advances through different sectors and diversified approaches targeting practical manufacturing applications. This paper discusses the microfactory concept and significance, its history, the range of potential applications, and some of the advances that have been made since the concept’s inception. It also suggests practices and applications in sustainable manufacturing for the future.
On the Role and Potential of Engineering Simulation
Authors: Inamura Toyoshiro ,   Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-Cho, Showa-Ku, Nagoya 466-8555, Japan
Published: April 2016

The two aspects of simulation have been discussed: simulation as a practical tool for predicting physical phenomena and simulation as a theoretical tool for carrying out research. The current state of the art in the former aspect is described in the framework of computer-aided-engineering with reference to what is being done and what should be done more. Then, the latter aspect of simulation is discussed first by considering the difference between real phenomena and simulation and then by considering the reason why simulation cannot be a tool for discovering new phenomena. Finally, a new simulation method, controlled-molecular dynamics, is introduced as a possible tool for discovering new phenomena on a microscale and/or mezzo-scale. After a description of the crucial difference between the new method and the ordinary method of simulation, several new findings obtained through this new method are briefly described.
An Accuracy-Prediction Model Taking Tool Deformation and Geometric Machine-Tool Error into Consideration
Authors: Narita Hirohisa ,   School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake-cho, Toyoake, Aichi 470-1192, Japan, Shirase Keiichi , Arai Eiji , Fujimoto Hideo ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1, Rokko-dai, Nada-ku, Kobe 657-8501, Japan,   Department of Manufacturing Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan,   Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Gokiso-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 466-8555, Japan
Published: April 2016

Test cutting used to verify cutting conditions and machining accuracy after a numeric control (NC) program is written for end milling the mold and die indispensable to manufacturing is generally effective, because it is based on trial and error. The virtual machining simulator we designed to verify machining accuracy uses an accuracy-prediction model and an error prediction expression for workpieces, integrating machine-tool deformation and geometric error models. We also propose calculation for copying errors to a workpiece.
Model Based Feedrate Scheduling for Free-Form Surface Machining
Authors: Boz Yaman ,   Mechanical Engineering Department, Manufacturing and Automation Research Center, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul 34450, Turkey, Demir Onur , Lazoglu Ismail
Published: April 2016

Free-form surfaces are commonly used in the automotive, aerospace, biomedical, home appliance, and die/mold industries. Minimizing cycle times is crucial for free-form surface machining in today’s competitive market. Although there have been remarkable enhancements in the CAD/CAM industry, these enhancements lack physical insight into machining processes. This article presents a model-based feedrate scheduling strategy for 3-axis machining of free-form surfaces. In feedrate scheduling strategy, cycle time is minimized by off-line control of cutting forces under a threshold value between specified feedrate values. Using tool deflection analysis, surface form error can also be predicted. The proposed approaches are tested under various machining conditions and the results are presented in the paper.
A Solution for 2D Rectangular Cutting Stock Problems with 3-Stage Guillotine-Cutting Constraint
Authors: Sugi Masao ,   Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Naka-cho, Koganei-shi, Tokyo 184-8588, Japan, Shiomi Yusuke , Okubo Tsuyoshi , Inoue Kazuyoshi , Ota Jun ,   NS Solutions Corporation, 27-1 Shinkawa 2-chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0033, Japan,   The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8568, Japan
Published: April 2016

The cutting stock problem (CSP) adversely affecting processing industry profits has been studied aggressively in mathematical planning but the results are not often used at real production sites and solutions are often still found manually by experienced personnel because real processing constraints have not been focused on. This paper deals with the 2-dimensional rectangular cutting stock problem (2DRCSP) in which the shape of a cut piece is rectangular, assuming a roll-shaped stock often used in actual processing and proposing a solution taking processing called 3-stage guillotine cutting into account.
Particle Sorting Using a PZT Jet Pump
Authors: Ohuchi Hidetoshi ,   Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan, Ishii Takaaki , Muramatsu Shunsuke
Published: April 2016

A method of using a PZT jet pump to separate small objects from the flow of the mainstream is presented. The objects may be, for example, cells, medical markers, or hard-to-handle machine parts. For such particles, sorting methods that change the channel mechanically are not particle-friendly and tend to damage them. This research is related to the development of equipment that uses a jet stream from an injection pump driven by a PZT actuator to sort small particles. The particles are separated from the mainstream by small amounts of fluid the pump injects. The injection is produced by the impulsive force generated when voltage is rapidly applied to a multilayer PZT element. In the experiment, white or black polystyrene particles 1 mm in diameter are sorted by color, their colors discriminated by a reflection-type photo sensor. By timing the pump according to the velocity of the flow, a high separation success rate is achieved.
Design and Implementation of Automatic Discharge Gap Controller for a Curved Hole Creating Microrobot with an Electrical Discharge Machining Function
Authors: Ishida Tohru ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Takeuchi Yoshimi
Published: April 2016

This study deals with the development of a mechanism which can autonomously and automatically control the discharge gap for achieving electrical discharge machining (EDM) in an almost isolated space. This is so that a microrobot equipped with the mechanism can create a long, complicated curved hole, a hole that could not be formed by conventional machining methods. Holes formed by conventional machining methods are generally straight, so pipelines built in a variety of mechanical apparatuses consist of straight or polygonal lines. Such dearth of variety in realizable hole shapes can sometimes cause fundamental problems. A typical example of the problems appears in the design and production of water channels, i.e., pipelines built in metal molds to achieve appropriate thermal controls in molding processes. Specifically, the low variety of hole shapes prevents the shapes and positions of water channels from being optimized for the best thermal control in molding. Therefore, the development of a new method for machining curved holes has been needed. To meet this needed, we have conceived a method of machining curved holes by employing a microrobot that can perform EDM. A long, complicated curved hole can be created by making the microrobot perform stable EDM while moving along a long, complicated, curved trajectory in a workpiece. In order to realize this concept, the microrobot must have the capability to autonomously and automatically control the discharge gap in such an almost isolated space as the bottom or end of a curved hole. Accordingly, this study devises a new mechanism to give the microrobot this capability, and it calls the mechanism the “automatic discharge gap controller” (ADGC). The main components of ADGC are an electrode and power supply for EDM and a bidirectional actuator in which shape memory alloy (SMA) is employed. The results obtained from the experiments using a prototype of the ADGC prove that the ADGC has the capability of performing stable EDM by controlling the discharge gap autonomously and automatically without any other actuators.
A System Development Approach for Electrolytic In-Process Dressing (ELID) Grinding
Authors: Saleh Tanveer ,   Research Chair for Advanced Manufacturing Technology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia, Rahman Mustafizur ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260
Published: April 2016

This study aims to present the development and performance evaluation of an ultra-precision ELID grinding machine. The machine is a 3-axis machine, including three conventional linear axes (X,Y, andZ). On top, another rotational axis has been included to assist aspheric/spherical lens grinding. In order to introduce intelligence to the machine, several on-machine measuring systems have been developed and incorporated. In ELID grinding, pulsed DC voltage is applied to the metal-bonded diamond wheels to ensure the constant protrusion of sharp cutting grit throughout the grinding cycle. The peak dressing voltage is kept constant irrespective of the wheel sharpness in conventional ELID grinding, which may lead to over dressing of the grinding wheel. The grinding force ratio, also known asKvalue, is an indicator of grit sharpness. In this study, a new approach to wheel dressing is proposed: the peak dressing voltage is varied according to the change in theKvalue during grinding. In conventional ELID grinding, the duty ratio of the dressing power supply is kept constant throughout the grinding cycle. However, this method does not achieve grinding wheel truing, which is very important to maintaining the stability of the grinding. This research work proposes a novel approach to wheel truing by controlling the dressing voltage duty ratio for ELID grinding.
Novel Artifacts Using Simple Geometries for Evaluation of a Gear Measuring Instrument
Authors: Osawa Sonko ,   National Metrology Institute of Japan, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan, Sato Osamu , Kondo Yohan , Komori Masaharu , Takeoka Fumi , Takatsuji Toshiyuki ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering and Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto-shi, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
Published: April 2016

Evaluating Gear Measuring Instrument (GMI) performance is difficult, even using a master gear, because manufacturing such a gear with the ideal involute form is difficult and accuracy cannot be guaranteed. To evaluate GMI performance, we propose artifacts using simple geometries such as planes, spheres, and cylinders whose form deviates little and that are easier to manufacture than a master gear. We estimated sphere, plane, and cylinder form deviation to be less than 50 nm. For profile evaluation, we developed a Double Ball Artifact (DBA) [1, 2] consisting of a base plate and two spheres. For helix evaluation, we developed a Wedge Artifact (WA) [3, 4] consisting of a plane and sphere. For pitch evaluation, we developed a MultiBall Artifact (MBA) [5, 6] consisting of a plane and multiple spheres. The GMI measures these instead of a gear, and we compared results to mathematical results, with the difference between measured and mathematical results showing GMI measurement capabilities. Evaluation uncertainty is a few hundred nanometers. We present the artifact concept and GMI measurement and evaluation results using these artifacts.
Efficient Multiple-Measurement Technique for Rotationally Symmetric Measurands
Authors: Sato Osamu ,   National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 3, Umezono 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8563, Japan, Kondo Yohan , Osawa Sonko , Takatsuji Toshiyuki
Published: April 2016

Gears are key elements of power transmission systems, and the inspection of their pitch deviation is one of the most important tests done on gears. The specifications of gears are assessed using gear measuring instruments (GMIs) or coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), and the results of the measurements must be validated under an appropriate traceability system. In the traceability system, calibrated gauges whose measuring uncertainties are estimated are necessary. In the case of pitch deviation measurement, special artefacts or gears manufactured with high dimensional accuracy are used as reference gauges. As a calibration method for the pitch deviation standards, authors have proposed themethod based on themultiplemeasurement technique and uncertainty evaluation with analysis of variance (ANOVA). The proposed method performs the accurate calibration for the rotationally symmetric measurands such as pitch deviations; however, the total number of measurements for the calibration tend to be large. In this paper, authors propose a technique for reducing the number of trials based on the symmetry of the measurement for the multiple-measurement technique. First, the evaluation of rotationally symmetric measurands using a multiple-measurement technique and the estimation of its uncertainty based on the analysis of variance are formulated. Second, a technique for reducing the number of measurement trials based on the symmetry of the measurement is discussed. Finally, the proposed calibration method is validated through experiments.
Evaluation Method Applying Fourier Transform Analysis for Conditioned Polishing Pad Surface Topography
Authors: Kimura Keiichi ,   Department of Mechanical Information Science and Technology, Kyushu Institute of Technology, 680-4 Kawazu, Iizuka-shi, Fukuoka 820-8502, Japan, Khajornrungruang Panart , Okuzono Takahisa , Suzuki Keisuke
Published: April 2016

The Fourier transform analysis is proposed to quantitatively evaluate the 3D surface topography of Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) pads used for flattening and smoothing processed semiconductor substrates. The conditioned polishing pad surfaces have a wide range of irregular topographies ranging from topographies of a sub-micrometer to those of a hundredmicrometer order. Hence, a Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM), which can provide nanometer resolution in wide range of lateral directions by means of linear encoded mechanical stage translation, was employed to obtain numerical data of the three-dimensional topographic surfaces of polishing pad samples. The measured topographic surfaces were analyzed using the spatial Fourier transform. We discuss the power spectrum in the spatial wavelengths of polishing pad surfaces which were conditioned with diamond grits of various shapes. The analyzed power spectra indicated that the surface topography characteristics varied with differently shaped diamond grits of the same size. The diamond grits roughened the polishing pad surface. We also found that a rough polishing pad surface, one that was roughed in a spatial wavelength that of less than 20 micrometers, removed more material than comparatively smooth pad surfaces.
Current Situation and Problems for Representation of Tolerance and Surface Texture in 3D CAD Model
Authors: Tanaka Fumiki ,   Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, Hokkaido University, Kita-14, Nishi-9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0814, Japan
Published: April 2016

This paper explores current problems in representing of tolerances and surface textures in 3D computeraided design (CAD) models. Today, all available 3D product data, such as dimensioning and tolerance, are not used in digital form throughout the product development processes. Tolerance and surface texture data for product are very important in design data. In downstream processes, such as process planning and manufacturing, such data are referenced to determine machining processes and process parameters. In inspection, such data provide criteria for verifying functionality of the machined product based on measurement results. Previously, such data were communicated using 2D drawing and not included in 3D CAD data.3D models are widely used and demand is increasing for the annotations in 3D model, e.g., standard for the digital product definition data practices was developed by ISO, and the guidelines for 3D drawing were developed by the automobile industry. This paper explores needs and requirements of tolerance and surface texture representations which are associated with 3D CAD data in product development processes, together with current status, problems, and future works in representing tolerances and surface textures associated with 3D CAD data.
Perspective Sensory Measurement Method Using Multi Viewpoint 3D Glass-Free Display
Authors: Kikuchi Yoshihito ,   Hokkai-Gakuen University, South 26, West 11, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 064-0926, Japan, Yamanoi Takahiro
Published: April 2016

Recent investigations demonstrate that perspective sensory loss correlates with early Alzheimer Disease (AD).Our previous studymeasured this through stereopsis. Based on cross-eyed stereography, a computer generates images at a given distance from a monitor. Sensory perspective is measured as the difference between a subject’s sense and a given distance. Experiments conducted for non-AD and AD subjects showed different, statistically significant results. The measurement we propose for sensory perspective without the use of 3D glasses eliminates the need for LCD shutter glasses and provides much more natural viewing. We measured sensory perspective within modeling space and 3 virtual objects - 2 fixed at a given location horizontally and 1 centered between the other 2 objects and moved from infinity to the nearest point. The subject moves the center object to line it up with the 2 fixed objects. We report results of preliminary experiments on measuring sensory perspective. Subjects included non-AD and AD cases.
Thin Film Thickness Measurement by Surface Plasmon Resonance Using a Modified Otto’s Configuration Combined with Ellipsometry
Authors: Mizutani Yasuhiro ,   Institute of Science and Technology, The University of Tokushima, Minamijo-sajima-cho 2-1, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan, Iwata Tetsuo
Published: April 2016

We have developed a method of measuring thin film thickness by using two optical properties that are highsensitivity for a film thickness, such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and elliptical properties with SPR response. The SPR signal is high sensitivity, suitable for measuring the thickness of a sample with a thin layer. This phenomenon can be detected by measuring the absorbance on the sample surface. We focused on the Otto configuration, a famous method for the generation of a SPR signal, which consists of 4 layers such as a SiO2 substrate, air, dielectric material and a metal layer. It is useful for the measurement of thin film thickness because there is an air layer in the configuration. However, the configuration has the disadvantage: it is necessary to adjust the distance from sample surface to the SiO2 substrate on a nanometer order. To overcome the problem, we focused on the modified Otto’s configuration proposed by Bliokh et. al [Appl. Phys. Lett. 89, 021908 (2006)]. In the configuration, there is a plano-convex lens of SiO2 as the substrate. By using its curvature, there is no adjustment process and the SPR signal can be detected easily. The SPR signal has a polarization property that depends on the thin film thickness. By analyzing of polarization properties of the SPR signal by means of ellipsometry, thin film thickness can be measured with sub-nanometer accuracy which is higher than the SPR signals. In this paper, further results involving the measurement are presented and discussed.
Investigation of Profile Cutting on Glass Plates Using a Pulsed UV Laser System
Authors: Tseng Shih-Feng ,   Instrument Technology Research Center, National Applied Research Laboratories, 20 R&D Road VI, Hsinchu Science Park, Hsinchu 30076, Taiwan, Hsiao Wen-Tse , Huang Kuo-Cheng , Huang Chien-Yao , Chou Chang-Pin ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
Published: April 2016

A solid-state ultraviolet laser with a circular processing path was used for profile cutting on soda-lime glass plates. Simulation results show that decreasing scanning speed and path spacing and increasing circular processing path frequency yields a smooth cutting edge for the same processing length. Profile glass-plate cutting shows the machined surface with more obvious roughness and numerous microcracks near areas of laser focus than in areas of laser defocusing. This phenomenon is attributed to high laser-energy density and strongly affecting surface roughness.
Scanning Type Microprobe for Displacement Measurement Based on Standing Wave Detection Using an Optically Trapped Particle
Authors: Takaya Yasuhiro ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan, Michihata Masaki , Hayashi Terutake
Published: April 2016

The new scanning type microprobe, based on a standing wave pattern as the interferometric scale and an optically trapped microprobe as the sensing probe to read the scale, is proposed. To confirm the measurement principle the fundamental investigation was conducted experimentally and the properties such as the accuracy, the resolution and the measurable range are evaluated. The feasibility as amicro-displacement sensor is indicated by measurement results of a silicon wafer surface and a silicon sphere. In order to investigate the ability of three-dimensional measurement the scanning measurement of a micro spherical lens with a diameter of 2 mm is carried out.
Ultra Precise Positioning of a Stage Driven by Pneumatic Bellows
Authors: Fujita Toshinori ,   Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo Denki University, 2-2 Kanda-Nishiki-cho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8457, Japan, Sakai Kazutoshi , Takagi Yusuke , Kawashima Kenji , Kagawa Toshiharu ,   Corporate Planning & Development, Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd., 1-1 Osaki 2-chome, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 141-6025, Japan,   Yamaha Motor Co.,Ltd., 882 Soude, Naka-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 435-0054, Japan,   Precision and Intelligence Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 R2-45 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8503, Japan
Published: April 2016

Ultra precise positioning techniques that support nanotechnologies led by the semiconductor industry mainly require precision of nanometer order. Currently, it is piezoelectric elements that are most often used for positioning control of this order. Piezoelectric elements, however, are deficient in strokes and durability. In this research, we propose to use for ultra precise positioning control pneumatic bellows instead of piezoelectric elements, because the durability of pneumatic bellows is well proven. Specifically, we manufacture an elastic-hinge-guided, fine-motion stage which is driven by pneumatic bellows. In addition, we have developed a mathematical model for this fine-motion stage as well as its dynamic characteristics. We review feedback control to achieve ultra precise positioning, using the developed stage and mathematical model. As a result, we have succeeded in developing a fine-motion stage with longer strokes than ones driven by piezoelectric elements, though it is inferior in response. Positioning accuracy of the pneumatic-bellowdriven stage is ±5 [nm], which is tantamount to that achieved by piezoelectric elements.
Development and Application of High Contractile Pneumatic Artificial Muscle
Authors: Sasaki Daisuke ,   Graduate School of Natural Science of Technology, Okayama University, 3-1-1 Tsushimanaka, Kita-Ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan, Noritsugu Toshiro , Takaiwa Masahiro
Published: April 2016

The purpose of this study is to develop a pneumatic artificial muscle with a high contractile rate to realize a required performance in a power assist device. The developed muscle is constructed with two nylon bands and an expansion unit. The generated force from the expansion unit is converted to a contraction force by the nylon band. This artificial muscle can be realized the high contractile rate. In this paper, the structure and the characteristics of the developed muscle are described, and then the application of this artificial muscle is discussed.
A Study on Semi-Active Magnetic Bearing Position-Controlled by Piezoelectric Actuators
Authors: Park Jung-Ho ,   Energy Plant Research Division, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials, 104 Sinseongno, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-343, Republic of Korea, Lee Hu-Seung , Ham Young-Bog , Yun So-Nam
Published: April 2016

This paper investigates non-contact hybrid bearings that use permanent magnets for repulsive force and piezoelectric actuators for position-control. A structurally-improved hybrid bearing is presented. First, the concept of the hybrid bearing is briefly introduced along with previous test results. Then, the newly devised bearing with a decreased gap between rotor and stator is designed and analyzed with FEM to optimize the magnetic forces. Finally, a prototype bearing using the proposed mechanism is fabricated and a control method is discussed.
Drive of Piezoelectric Actuators Using an Electrical Depoling Process
Authors: Aburatani Hideaki ,   Kitakyushu National College of Technology, 5-20-1 Shii, Kokuraminami-ku, Kitakyushu City, Fukuoka 802-0985, Japan
Published: April 2016

In conventional drives of piezoelectric actuators, the piezoelectricity of the material itself has not been controlled electrically. A newly-developed electrical depoling process is proposed and applied to piezoelectric actuators in this study. Selectable piezoelectric and non-piezoelectric responses of the piezoelectric element can be obtained using the electrical depoling process. A piezoelectric unimorph and a gripper consisting of two unimorphs are chosen to demonstrate the drive of piezoelectric actuators using electrical depoling. It is shown that displacement is not induced in the electrically depoled samples until the applied field exceeds the critical value. From the electric field dependence of induced displacement, conflicts among ferroelectric domains during polarization switching are suggested to be the origin of the electrically depoled state. It is also demonstrated that electrically depoled piezoelectric ceramics exhibit digital-like displacements. Potential uses for the drive of piezoelectric actuators that use the electrical depoling is also discussed.