bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lipofuscin in vitamin E deficiency and the possible role of retinol
Authors: Bieri John G. , Tolliver Teresa J. , Robison W. Gerald , Kuwabara T.
Published: November 2006

This study was designed to determine if the vitamin A status of rats could affect the degree of lipofuscin formation in vitamin E deficient rats, inasmuch as an earlier report proposed a retinoyl complex in human brain lipofuscin pigment. Female rates were depleted of vitamin E from weaning while being maintained on different intakes of vitamin A (0, 0.8 and 8.0 mg/kg diet). The amount of lipofuscin present in the uterus was estimated at intervals between 2 and 8 months by visual observations, by histological fluorescence and by organic solvent extractable fluorescence. There was no difference in pigment deposition by any of the three criteria used, whether the animals were made retinol deficient and maintained on retinoic acid or were fed a low or high intake of retinol. Organic solvent extractable fluorescence was a poor indicator of the degree of pigment deposition in the uterus. It appears unlikely that retinol is a significant component of lipofuscin pigment in this tissue.
The lipid composition of the spleen and intestinal and popliteal lymph nodes in the sheep
Authors: Christie W. W. , Noble R. C.
Published: November 2006

Lipids were isolated from the spleen, intestinal lymph nodes and popliteal lymph nodes, tissues of potential importance in the metabolism of lymph or lymphocytes, of the sheep. The most abundant lipid classes were the triacylglycerols, free cholesterol and phospholipids, especially phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine and sphingomyelin. In each lipid class, the amounts of the essential fatty acids were lower than in the corresponding lipids of lymph or plasma. The triacylglycerols of each tissue resembled those of adipose tissue in structure, rather than those of lymph or plasma. Also, the structures of the phosphatidylcholines were distinctive. The results are discussed in terms of the metabolism of lipids in lymph. It does not appear probable that lymphoid tissue can supply appreciable amounts of lipid to lymph.
Uptake of secondary autoxidation products of linoleic acid by the rat
Authors: Kanazawa Kazuki , Kanazawa Eri , Natake Masato
Published: November 2006

Incorporation of secondary autoxidation products (SP) of linoleic acid into the rat body was investigated. Radioactive SP was administered orally to a group of 5 rats, and excretions of radioactive substances in feces, urine and respiration were measured and compared with excretions from rats fed linoleic acid and its hydroperoxides. The SP‐fed group excreted 45% and the other groups about 10% of the administered radioactivity through feces. Urinary excretion accounted for 52% of activity ingested in the SP group and less than 30% in the other groups. The14CO2 produced in each group was about 25% of the ingested activity. Incorporation of the radioactive substances of SP into tissues and organs was measured periodically after administration of a single dose. The radioactive substances accumulated in the liver between 12–24 hr after administration and accounted for 2.6% of the total amount given, the highest level of all tissues and organs. This accumulation led to an elevation of serum transaminase activities, an increase in hepatic lipid peroxide, as determined by thiobarbituric acid test, and a slight hypertrophy of liver (1.5‐fold). Therefore, absorbed SP appeared to contribute to the deleterious condition of the liver.
Red blood cell tocopherol and liver tocopherol in hyperlipemic rats as compared with plasma tocopherol
Authors: Mino Makoto , Kasugai Osamu , Shimizu Tatsuo
Published: November 2006

In rats with hyperlipemia induced by Triton WR‐1339, changes in tocopherol concentrations in plasma and RBC were compared with those in the liver and its subcellular fractions, microsomes and mitochondria.

After daily injection with Triton, plssma total lipids at 3 days and 7 days, respectively, showed elevation 6.5 times and 15 times as high as those in the control rats, and triglycerides showed the most predominant elevation.

With the hyperlipemia, the concentrations of tocopherol in RBC and the subcellular fractions decreased, as plasma lipids and plasma tocopherol increased, while no change occurred in tocopherol concentrations in liver homogenates. The changes in the ratio of tocopherol to total lipids in plasma coincided with changes in tocopherol concentrations in the RBC and subcellular fractions.
Moderate changes in linoleate intake do not influence the systemic production of E prostaglandins
Authors: Ferretti Aldo , Judd Joseph T. , Marshall Mary W. , Flanagan Vincent P. , Roman John M. , Matusik Edward J.
Published: November 2006

A pilot study was undertaken to determine if moderate changes in linoleate (18∶2ω6) intake would modulate the prostaglandin E turnover concurrently with, or independently of, changes in the plasma prostaglandin (PG) precursor levels. Four adult male volunteers in good health were fed two controlled diets containing 35% of energy from fat, with either 10 (diet L) or 30 g (diet H) linoleate/day, 30 to 50 g saturated fatty acids/day, and the balance mainly monounsaturated fatty acids. All four subjects were consuming sufficient amounts of polyunsaturates before the study. Protein (13–14%) and carbohydrate (51–53%) contribution to total caloric intake was kept constant. The menu cycle was 7 days, and all diets were calculated to provide adequate amounts of nutrients known to be required by man when data were available. Plasma fatty acids were determined by gas‐liquid chromatography, and the turnover of E prostaglandins was assessed by measuring the urinary output of the major metabolite of PGE1+PGE2 (PGE‐M). Whereas we found a clear correlation between 18∶2ω6 intake and 18∶2ω6 concentrations in the neutral lipid (P=0.007) and phosphoglyceride (P=0.012) fractions of plasma, arachidonate (20∶4ω6) concentrations in those same plasma fractions did not respond significantly to changes in linoleate intake. Moreover, we could not detect an influence of moderate changes in dietary levels of 18∶2ω6 on the systemic production of PGE as measured by the daily urinary output of PGE‐M.
Diversity of sterol composition in the family chenopodiaceae
Authors: Salt Thomas A. , Adler John H.
Published: November 2006

The predominant 4‐desmethylsterols from the leaves of 13 species in eight genera of the family Chenopodiaceae are 24α‐ethylsterols. In four species,Chenopodium ambrosioides L.,C. rubrum L.,Salicornia europaea L. andS. bigelovii Torr., the C‐22(23) double bond is introduced into more than 70% of the 24α‐ethylsterols producing spinasterol (24α‐ethylcholesta‐7,22E‐dien‐3β‐ol) in the first two species and mixtures of spinasterol and stigmasterol (24α‐ethylcholesta‐5,22E‐dien‐3β‐ol) in the latter species. The saturated side chain analogues predominate with more than 70% of the 24α‐ethylsterols in eight species.Salsola kali L.,Suaeda linearis (Ell.) Moq.,Kochia scoparia (L.) Roth., andBassia hirsute (L.) Aschers. synthesize sitosterol (24α‐ethylcholest‐5‐en‐3β‐ol), andAtriplex arenaria Nutt.,C. album L.,C. urbicum L. andC. leptophyllum Nutt. possess mixtures of sitosterol and 22‐dihydrospinasterol (24α‐ethylcholest‐7‐en‐3β‐ol). Sitostanol (24α‐ethyl‐5α‐cholestan‐3β‐ol) was isolated fromSuaeda linearis as an 18% component of the total 4‐desmethylsterol and in lesser amounts from four other species. In all species synthesizing 24‐ethyl‐Δ5‐sterols, a 24ξ‐methylcholest‐5‐en‐3β‐ol was also present at 1.0–20% of the total 4‐desmethylsterol. Avenasterol [24‐ethylcholesta‐7,24(28)Z‐dien‐3β‐ol], isofucosterol [24‐ethylcholesta‐5,24(28)Z‐dien‐3β‐ol), cholesterol (cholest‐5‐en‐3β‐ol) and 24ξ‐methyl‐5α‐cholestan‐3β‐ol also were isolated from several species. Species in the family Chenopodiaceae and the type genusChenopodium may be categorized into one of three groups based on sterol biosynthesis: the Δ7‐sterol producers; the Δ5‐sterol producers, and those producing mixtures of both Δ7‐ and Δ5‐sterols in relatively fixed percentage compositions.
Role of prostanoids and lipid peroxides as mediators of the 12‐O‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate effect on cell growth
Authors: Morisaki Nobuhiro , Tomei L. David , Milo George E. , Cornwell David G.
Published: November 2006

Confluent cultures of guinea pig smooth muscle cells (SMC) or human fibroblasts (HNF) were treated with 12‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA). Prostanoid levels were measured by the radioimmunoassay of 6‐keto‐PGF1α and PGE2, and lipid peroxides were measured by the thiobarbituric acid test for malondialdehyde (MDA). Cells were seeded at low densities, and growth was calculated both from the cell count (Coulter Counter) and the colony number (image analysis). When confluent SMC and HNF were incubated in media alone, 6‐keto‐PGF1α levels were a function of the TPA concentration, increasing to a maximum at 10−8 M TPA and then decreasing at higher TPC concentrations. When confluent SMC and HNF were incubated in media containing exogenous arachidonic acid, 6‐keto‐PGF1α levels again increased to a maximum at 10−8M TPA but decreased at higher TPA concentrations only with SMC. The increase in 6‐keto‐PGF1α levels was much greater in HNF (1310%) than SMC (680%). SMC synthesized similar amounts of 6‐keto‐PGF1α and PGE2, and the stimulatory effect of TPA was similar with 6‐keto‐PGF1α and PGE2. Indomethacin (IM) blocked prostanoid synthesis at all TPA concentrations. TPA did not have a significant effect on MDA levels in either cell line. The lipid antioxidants α‐tocopherol and α‐tocopherylquinone blocked lipid peroxidation without affecting the stimulation of prostanoid synthesis with TPA. Cell number decreased to a minimum at 10−8M TPA in both cell lines. The decrease in cell number was much greater in HNF (72%) than SMC (30%). SMC colony number decreased at 10−8 TPA and then increased at 10−6M TPA. IM did not block the TPA effect on cell number in either cell line. The lipid antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) did not block the TPA effect on SMC cell number. The IM and the BHT data show that the TPA effect on cell growth is not mediated by prostanoid or lipid peroxide products of arachidonic acid metabolism. However, the increase in prostanoid synthesis parallels the decrease in cell number, and the effects are maximal at the same TPA concentration. These correlations suggest a common cellular process affecting both prostanoid synthesis and cell growth that is initiated or enhanced by TPA.
Effect of dietarytrans fatty acids on microsomal enzymes and membranes
Authors: Östlund‐Lindqvist Ann‐Margret , Albanus Lennart , Croon Lars‐Börje
Published: November 2006

Three groups of rats were maintained on diets containing different proportions oftrans fatty acids (0, 18.3 or 36.6% of the total fatty acids) for eight weeks. No differences in body weight were observed among the three groups, but the fat cell size, determined in epididymal fat, differed significantly between the controls and the rats fed diets containingtrans fatty acids. The supernatant obtained by centrifuging homogenates of liver from the rats at 9000×g (S‐9 fraction) was used as an activator in a bacterial test for mutagenicity of 2‐aminofluorene and aflatoxin B1 usingSalmonella typhimurium strains TA 98 and TA 100, respectively. The mutagenicities of 2‐aminofluorene in strain TA 98 and of aflatoxin B1 in strain TA 100 were significantly lower with the liver S‐9 fraction from rats fed a diet containing 36.6%trans fatty acids than with the liver S‐9 fraction from rats fed a control diet with notrans fatty acids.
A study of fatty acid methyl esters with epoxy or alkyne functionalities
Authors: Samuelsson Johan , Johansson Mats
Published: November 2006

Described are the physical and chemical properties of the methyl esters of two uncommon fatty acids: vernolic acid, containing an epoxy group, and crepenynic acid, containing a triple bond. The incorporation of an epoxy or alkyne group into the fatty acid structure is shown to greatly affect the properties compared to conventional unsaturated fatty acids. The methyl esters have been characterized and compared with ordinary fatty acid methyl esters (i.e., methyl oleate and linoleate) with respect to spectroscopic characterization [1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)], 13C NMR, and Fourier transform infrared), rheological properties, and oxidative reactivity (using chemiluminescence). Both methyl vernoleate and methyl crepenynate could successfully be produced by transesterification under basic conditions without reaction of the epoxy or alkyne groups. Rheological measurements showed that the methyl esters had a significantly lower viscosity compared to their triglyceride analogs. Smaller differences were seen when comparing the different methyl esters where methyl vernoleate had the highest viscosity due to the presence of the more polar oxirane group. Very large differences were found with respect to the oxidation rate of the different methyl esters. Methyl crepenynate was shown to oxidize extremely rapidly, whereas methyl vernoleate was very stable toward oxidation.
Effects of microwave heating on changes in chemical and thermal properties of vegetable oils
Authors: Tan C. P. , Che Man Y. B. , Jinap S. , Yusoff M. S. A.
Published: November 2006

The effects of microwave heating on the cooling profiles of two vegetable oils (corn oil and soybean oil) were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and compared to changes in chemical parameters. These oils were exposed for several periods of time to three controlled treatments: low‐, medium‐, and high‐power settings, respectively. The DSC results were derived from the cooling curve of oils at a scanning rate of 5°C/min. The chemical analyses of the oils included peroxide value, anisidine value, free fatty acid content, iodine value, and C18∶2/C16∶0 peak area ratio. A statistical comparison was carried out between DSC and the chemical parameters. In general, correlations were good between these parameters. Likewise, the experimental data showed that, for a given microwave power setting, a good correlation existed between DSC curve parameters and heating periods. These results indicate that DSC can be used as an objective nonchemical, instrumental technique to monitor lipid oxidation in both traditionally heated and microwave‐heated oils.
Enzymatic synthesis of structured lipid containing arachidonic and palmitic acids
Authors: Shimada Yuji , Nagao Toshihiro , Hamasaki Yukiko , Akimoto Kengo , Sugihara Akio , Fujikawa Shigeaki , Komemushi Sadao , Tominaga Yoshio
Published: November 2006

Human milk fat contains 20–25% palmitic acid, and about 70% of the fatty acid is esterified to the 2‐position of triglycerides. It was also reported that arachidonic acid (AA) accelerated the growth of preterm infants. Thus, we attempted the synthesis of 1,3‐arachidonoyl‐2‐palmitoyl‐glycerol by acidolysis of tripalmitin with AA using 1,3‐specific Rhizopus delemar lipase. When a mixture of 10 g tripalmitin/AA (1∶5, w/w) and 0.7 g immobilized Rhizopus lipase was incubated at 40°C for 24 h with stirring, the AA content in glycerides reached 59 mol%. The immobilized lipase could be used five times without a decrease in the extent of acidolysis. Glycerides were extracted from the reaction mixture with n‐hexane, and regiospecific analysis was performed. As a result, the AA contents at the 1,3‐ and 2‐positions were 56.9 and 3.2 mol%, respectively. It was therefore confirmed that the fatty acids at the 1,3‐positions of triglyceride were exchanged for AA. High‐performance liquid chromatography showed that the contents of triarachidonin, 1,3‐arachidonoyl‐2‐palmitoyl‐glycerol, and 1(3)‐arachidonoyl‐2,3(1)‐palmitoyl‐glycerol were 7.3, 75.9, and 12.4 wt%, respectively.
Esterification reaction of oleic acid with a fusel oil fraction for production of lubricating oil
Authors: Özgülsün Aykut , Karaosmanôglu Filiz , Tüter Melek
Published: November 2006

In this study, the esterification of oleic acid with a fraction of fusel oil was investigated. The variables that affect ester yield, such as temperature, molar ratio of oleic acid to alcohol, and amount of catalyst, were determined. Powdered silica gel was chosen to remove water instead of granular silica gel, magnesium sulfate, or benzene. The behavior of amyl alcohols and the fusel oil fraction was compared. The esterification reaction was carried out under the reaction conditions selected as optimal, and the ester conversion of the reaction was 97.3%. The product mixture compressed products, excess reactants, catalyst, and desiccant. Oleate ester and oleic acid (2.7%) were obtained using the refinement steps of filtration, evaportation, washing with distilled water, and drying over sodium sulfate.
Catalytic effect of solid metals on thermal stability of olive oils
Authors: Paz Isabel , Molero Mariano
Published: November 2006

The influence of a series of metals—iron, copper, tin, and lead—on the thermal stability of olive oils of different origins and refined grades has been studied by applying thermal analysis techniques: thermogravimetry (TG) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG). From thermogravimetric data it is deduced that iron and tin have a greater influence on oil oxidation, since the degradation rate increases. In the presence of copper and lead, important changes in the degradation rate are not observed, compared with the degradation in the absence of metals. The kinetic parameters, activation energy, and frequency factor of the oil degradation reaction were also calculated. The results obtained for both parameters confirm the negative influence of iron and tin on the oil oxidation process, regardless of the kind of oil tested.
Factors affecting the electrical resistivity of soybean oil methyl ester
Authors: Tekin Aziz , Hammond Earl G.
Published: November 2006

Factors affecting the electrical resistivity of soybean oil methyl ester (which is important in some industrial applications) were investigated by the addition of polar constituents [free fatty acids (FFA), water, phospholipids, monoglyceride, sterol, tocopherol, peroxides, and β‐carotene] to aluminapurified soybean oil methyl ester (APSBOMe). Investigation of measuring conditions showed that reproducible results were obtained when the potential was greater than 25 V, and the charging time was greater than 10 s. The resistivity of APSBOMe increased logarithmically as temperature decreased linearly. FFA had little effect on resistivity. Saturation with water lowered the resistivity of APSBOMe much more than that of alumina‐purified soybean oil (APSBO). Phospholipids reduced the resistivity significantly when added to dry ester, but the addition of water affected the resistivity of the samples containing phospholipids only slightly. Monoglyceride, sterol, tocopherol, and hydroperoxide affected the resistivity of dry methyl ester similarly, but only monoglyceride showed a significant synergistic effect with water. Diacylperoxide and β‐carotene had little effect on the resistivity of the ester.
Enrichment of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in saponified menhaden oil
Authors: Chen Tor‐Chern , Ju Yi‐Hsu
Published: November 2006

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20∶5n−3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22∶6n−3) in free fatty acids (FFA) derived from saponified menhaden oil were concentrated by the solubility differences of FFA‐salts in organic solvent. FFA‐salts were formed by adding NaOH to a solution containing FFA. A Buchner funnel was used to separate solid phases from liquids containing FFA‐salts. FFA that are rich in EPA and DHA can be recovered from the liquid phase by the addition of 12 N HCl. The effects of reaction time, the amount of NaOH, and solvent used on the concentration of EPA and DHA were systematically investigated. With a total volume of 112 mL, made up of 1.85% 15 N NaOH, 88.1% acetone, and 10.0% FFA, a reaction temperature of 30°C, and a reaction time of 1 h, the resulting liquid phase contained 65.4 wt% EPA and DHA, with a corresponding yield of 41.5%. By replacing the acetone with a mixture of 45% acetone and 55% acetonitrile and then storing the liquid phase at −70°C overnight, the content and yield of EPA and DHA in the final liquid phase were 61.4 wt% and 66.2%, respectively.
Lipase‐catalyzed acidolysis of tristearin with oleic or caprylic acids to produce structured lipids
Authors: Yankah Vivienne V. , Akoh Casimir C.
Published: November 2006

Two different structured lipids (SL) were synthesized by transesterifying tristearin with caprylic acid (C8∶0) or oleic acid (C18∶1). The objective was to synthesize SL containing stearic acid (C18∶0) at the sn‐2 position as possible nutritional and low‐calorie fats. The reaction was catalyzed by IM60 lipase from Rhizomucor miehei in the presence of n‐hexane. The effects of reaction parameters affecting the incorporation of caprylic acid into tristearin were compared with those for incorporating oleic acid into tristearin. For all parameters studied, oleic acid incorporation was higher than caprylic acid. The range of conditions favorable for synthesizing high yields of C8∶0‐containing SL was narrower than for oleic acid. An incubation time of 12–24 h and an enzyme content of 5% (w/w total substrates) favored C8∶0 incorporation. The mole percentage of incorporated C18∶1 did not increase further at enzyme additions greater than 10%. C18∶1 incorporation decreased with the addition of more than 10% water (w/w total substrates) to the tristearin‐oleic acid reaction mixture. Increasing the mole ratio of fatty acid (FA) to triacylglycerol increased oleic acid incorporation. The highest C8∶0 incorporation was obtained at a 1∶6 mole ratio of tristearin to FA. Positional analysis confirmed that C18∶0 remained at the sn‐2 position of the synthesized SL. The melting profiles of tristearin‐caprylic acid and tristearin‐oleic acid SL displayed peaks between −20 to 30°C and −20 to 40°C, respectively. Their solid fat contents (∼25%) at 25°C suggest possible use in spreads or for inclusion with other fats in specialized blends.
Effects of temperature and temperature shift on docosahexaenoic acid production by the marine microalge Crypthecodinium cohnii
Authors: Jiang Yue , Chen Feng
Published: November 2006

The effects of temperature and temperature shift on the fatty acid composition and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22∶6n−3) content and productivity of the marine microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii ATCC 30556 were investigated. The microalga grew well over the entire range of temperatures (15–30°C) studied. High temperature favored the growth of the microalga with the highest specific growth rate of 0.092 h−1 at 30°C. In contrast, low temperature favored the formation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. The highest DNA content was obtained at 15°C in the early stationary phase (i.e., 72h). In order to achieve high DHA productivity, a shift from high temperature to low temperature at a later stage of cultivation (i.e., 48h) was also attempted. A temperature shift from 25°C (for 48 h) to 15°C (for 24 h) resulted in an increase in cellular DHA content by 19.9% and productivity by 6.5% as compared to that maintained at 25°C (for 72 h).
Preparation of glycol esters of soybean oil fatty acids and their potential as coalescent aids in paint formulations
Authors: Jiratumnukul N. , Van De Mark Michael R.
Published: November 2006

Soy oil glycol monoesters have been prepared through the transesterification of soybean oil with ethylene, diethylene, propylene, and dipropylene glycols. The molar ratio of soybean oil to glycol used in these reactions was 1∶6. The catalyst used in these reactions was lithium carbonate, 0.5%, based on soybean oil. The transesterifications were carried out at 180–190°C. The composition of soy oil glycol esters and their physical properties were determined. The soy oil glycol esters were incorporated in a water‐based paint formulation as the coalescent aid, and the minimum film formation temperature was determined. The minimum film formation temperature results indicated that these esters can be used as coalescent aids in latex paint formulations to help in continuous film formation at or below room temperature.
Nondestructive quantitative determination of docosahexaenoic acid and n−3 fatty acids in fish oils by high‐resolution 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Authors: Igarashi Tomoji , Aursand Marit , Hirata Yoshiaki , Gribbestad Ingrid S. , Wada Shun , Nonaka Michio
Published: November 2006

By using a 500 MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectrometer we have developed a quantitative method for determining the contents of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in fish oils (mg/g), the molar proportions (mol%) of DHA to all other fatty acids composing the fish oils, and the molar proportions of total n‐3 fatty acids to all other non‐n‐3 fatty acids in the fish oils. After examining the suitability of ethylene glycol dimethyl ether (EGDM), methanol, and 1,4‐dioxane as internal standards, experimental conditions were optimized by mainly using EGDM as an internal standard. By setting the pulse repetition time at 30 s, five times longer than the longest T1 of the 1H NMR signals of fish oils, good reproductibility of data and analytical times less than 10 min were achieved. The use of the internal standard also allowed us to quantify DHA on a weight basis (mg/g). Verification of the method was carried out in an interlaboratory study between Japan and Norway on bonito, tuna, and salmon oils. The relative errors in the 1H NMR data between Japan and Norway were 0.57–5.29% for quantification of DHA, 0.7–2.09% for the molar proportion of DHA, and 0.1–1.41% for the molar proportion of total n‐3 fatty acids. Good agreement was observed between the 1H NMR data and those obtained by gas chromatography (GC). The sample preparation before 1H NMR measurements required only two steps: sample weighing and preparation of an internal standard solution. Based on the high reproducibility, simplicity of the procedure, and clarity of principle, the proposed 1H NMR method was judged to be a promising alternative to the GC method in quantification of DHA and n‐3 fatty acids in fish oils.
Fractionation of squid visceral oil ethyl esters by short‐path distillation
Authors: Liang Jer‐Hour , Hwang Lucy Sun
Published: November 2006

Squid visceral oil contains high levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Its ethyl esters were fractionated by short‐path distillation in this study. The elimination temperatures of squid visceral oil ethyl esters (SVOEE) ranged from 50 to 140°C, increasing with the carbon number of ethyl esters. The elimination temperature of cholesterol was higher than those of SVOEE. The SVOEE of Illex argentinus (SVOEE‐A) was more advantageous as the raw material (feed) than that of Ommastrephes bartrami (SVOEE‐B) for the isolation of EPA and DHA, because SVOEE‐A contained less 20∶1 and 22∶1. When SVOEE‐A originally containing 9.0% EPA, 14.7% DHA, and 1,121 mg/100 g of cholesterol was distilled from 50 to 150°C with 20°C interval, the 130°C distillate could give 15.5% EPA and 34.7% DHA with 99 mg/100 g of cholesterol, and the yield was 21.8%. The 150°C distillate could give 43.1% DHA with 496 mg/100 g of cholesterol. Furthermore, the distillates collected from 110 to 150°C contained 24.4 to 50.2% of EPA plus DHA, and their total yield was 58.3%. The final residue after 150°C distillation contained 77% of the total cholesterol in the initial SVOEE‐A, and the yield was 6.0%.
Lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of lysophosphatidylcholine using organic cosolvent forin situwater activity control
Authors: Kim Juhan , Kim Byung‐Gee
Published: November 2006

Lysophosphatidylcholines (LPC) were synthesized froml‐α‐glycerophosphatidylcholine (GPC) by lipase‐catalyzed esterification in a solvent‐free system. Adding small amounts of a water‐mimicking solvent such as dimethylformamide (DMF) to the reaction media significantly enhanced the reaction rate and the product yield. The role of solvent was studied with regard to changes in substrate solubility, the water activity of the reaction system, and the water content of the enzyme. Whereas the solubility of GPC was virtually unaffected by the addition of DMF at controlled water activity, it was considerably affected by water activity. DMF itself lowered the water activity of the system and deprived Lipozyme IM of water. The LPC production was also controlled by varying the initial water content of the enzyme. When two kinds of controls were employed together, a synergistic effect was observed and a 90% conversion was achieved. As a result, an operating window was suggested for LPC production, including water activity of Lipozyme IM and concentration of DMF as two parameters.
Determination of wax concentration in sunflower seed oil
Authors: Martini S. , An M. C.
Published: November 2006

Isothermal crystallization of waxes was studied by using an optical setup. The induction time of crystallization was assessed as a function of wax concentration. The relationship was found to be a decreasing exponential curve. The wax content of some of the solutions prepared in the laboratory was determined by calculating the crystallization induction time. The values obtained were compared to those from different methods (cold test, microscopic, and turbidimetric methods). The results obtained with the optical setup method are similar to those obtained with other methods for concentrations greater than 100 ppm. An analysis of variance test was used to verify the authenticity of the values obtained with the optical method. Results showed that the method used to determine wax concentration, the concentration of the sample, and the relationship between both parameters do not affect significantly the values of percentage relative errors (P<0.05) obtained for concentrations greater than 100 ppm. Values obtained for wax content within the range 0–100 ppm could not be compared since the microscopic and turbidimetric methods are not sensitive enough, unlike the optical setup, to detect wax amounts in such low concentration.
How green is green? Sampling and perception in assessing green seeds and chlorophyll in canola
Authors: Daun James K. , Symons Stephen
Published: November 2006

Green seeds are used as a grading factor in estimating chlorophyll in canola and rapeseed in the Canadian and U.S.A. grading systems. This work examines the effect that sampling and perception have on the estimation of green seeds as well as the effect that sampling has on the determination of chlorophyll. Individual seed analysis indicated that in order to be considered as green, seeds needed to contain between 200 and 400 mg/kg chlorophyll. Variation due to binomial sampling played a predominant role in the error in determining the green seed levels in canola. Sampling of large numbers of seeds, as in the loading of export shipments, reduced the error. Binomial sampling also contributed to the error in chlorophyll determination even with sample sizes as large as 500. Differences in perception of green also were noted between individuals with coefficients of variation as high as 50% at the 1% green seed level. The combination of perception error and sampling error may result in samples of 1,000 seeds drawn from a mass with 2% green seeds having green seed counts ranging from 0.96 to 3.04%, 19 times out of 20.
Isopropanol fractionation of butter oil and characteristics of fractions
Authors: Pal P. K. , Bhattacharyya D. K. , Ghosh S.
Published: November 2006

Fractionation of butter oil from isopropanol and characterization of the chemical composition and the melting properties of the fractions obtained have been investigated. Butter oil was fractionated from isopropanol (1∶4 wt/vol) at 15 to 30°C. The yields of stearins and oleins were dependent on the temperature employed during fractionation. Thus, 24.8 to 48.9% of stearins and 51.5 to 75.2% of oleins could be obtained as the crystallization temperature varied from 15 to 30°C. The stearin fractions displayed a distinct variation in the fatty acid compositions. The palmitic acid content of the stearin fractions varied from 39.1 to 44.0%, and that of stearic from 15.1 to 16.8%, respectively. The olein fractions contained 43.2% stearic acid, and 2.4 to 2.8% palmitoleic acid (C16∶1). The solid fat content values of the stearin fractions obtained were 62–67, 39–50, and 21–25 at 10, 20, and 30°C, respectively. From the results, it is evident that anhydrous milk fat can be fractionated at relatively high temperatures from isopropanol to produce stearin and olein fractions of specific composition and properties.
Selection of alcohols through Plackett‐Burman design in lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of anthranilic acid esters
Authors: Babu C. V. Suresh , Divakar S.
Published: November 2006

Lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of esters of anthranilic acid was attempted by employing alcohols of carbon chainlength C1–C18 using Plackett‐Burman experimental design. Of the alcohols employed, methanol, decanol, cetyl alcohol, and stearyl alcohols showed 99.9% significance. Esterification of anthranilic acid with methanol gave the highest yield at 45.6%. This study allows the selection of better alcohols for esterification of anthranilic acid.
Comparison of acyl donors for lipase‐catalyzed production of 1,3‐dicapryloyl‐2‐eicosapentaenoylglycerol
Authors: Irimescu Roxana , Hata Kazuhiko , Iwasaki Yugo , Yamane Tsuneo
Published: November 2006

Synthesis of 1,3‐dicapryloyl‐2‐eicosapentaenoylglycerol (CEC) catalyzed by Lipozyme IM (immobilized Rhizomucor miehei lipase) was performed by interesterification of trieicosapentaenoylglycerol (EEE) with caprylic acid (CA) (acidolysis) and EEE with ethyl caprylate (EtC) (interesterification). Both methods involved two steps: (i) transesterification at an optimized water content and temperature for the high yield conversion of the substrate to CEC, 1‐capryloyl‐2‐eicosapentaenoylglycerol (CEOH) and 2‐eicosapentaenoylglycerol (OHEOH), and (ii) reesterification of CEOH and OHEOH to CEC by water removal under reduced pressure. Interesterification had clear advantages over acidolysis. The reaction rates for interesterification were higher and the reaction times shorter. The final yield of CEC by interesterification was higher, and the extent of acyl migration, indicated by the tricapryloylglycerol content, was lower. The disadvantage of the higher price of EtC used for interesterification (approximately 10 times higher than the price of CA) was overcome by synthesizing it directly in the same reaction vessel prior to the interesterification step. EtC was rapidly synthesized by esterification of CA with ethanol in high yield (92% obtained in 2.5 h). The amount of water added to the reaction mixture and the reaction temperature influenced the yields of CEC, CEOH, and OHEOH in the transesterification step for both interesterification and acidolysis methods. The regioisomeric purity of CEC was 100% for both methods at temperatures of 40°C or less. The highest yield of CEC (81%) was obtained for the interesterification of EEE with EtC, formed directly in the same reaction vessel, at a CA/EEE molar ratio of 20∶1 and 30°C.
Functional properties of hydrothermally cooked soy protein products
Authors: Wang Chunyang , Johnson Lawrence A.
Published: November 2006

The effects of hydrothermal cooking on the functional properties of defatted soy flour, aqueous alcohol washed soy protein concentrate, and soy protein isolate were determined in samples that were treated at 154°C by infusing steam under pressure for 11, 19, 30, and 42 s, and then spray dried. Hydrothermal cooking increased the nitrogen solubility index (NSI) of the concentrate from 15 to 56% and altered the solubility profile from a flat profile to one more typical of native soy protein. Hydrothermal cooking also improved foaming and emulsifying properties of the concentrate. For isolate, hydrothermal cooking also improved NSI and foaming and emulsifying properties, although the improvements were less dramatic than with concentrate. NSI and emulsifying properties of the flour were improved by some processing conditions, but foaming properties were not improved by hydrothermal cooking. Dramatically increased protein solubility of concentrate and modestly improved protein solubilities of flour and isolate by hydrothermal cooking, which will also inactivate trypsin inhibitors and microorganisms, have considerable practical significance to protein ingredient manufacturers and those who use these ingredients in foods and industrial products.
Synthesis of estolide esters from cis‐9‐octadecenoic acid estolides
Authors: Harry‐O kuru Rogers E. , Isbell Terry A. , Weisleder David
Published: November 2006

Oleic acid (cis‐9‐octadecenoic acid) was converted in excellent yield to the estolide, which was then esterified with 2,2‐dimethypropan‐1‐ol (neopentyl alcohol), cis‐9‐octadence‐1‐ol (oleyl alcohol), and 2‐propanol to generate the corresponding estolide esters. Higher‐formula mass estolide esters were synthesized by reaction of the parent estolide with 1,3‐propanediol, 2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐propanediol, and 1,5‐pentanediol to give the corresponding diesters of oleic estolide, thus doubling the molecular size of the parent estolide. Pour points and viscosities were determined in order to evaluate these products for possible industrial application.
Convenient thionation of triglycerides with lawessons reagent
Authors: Eychenne Val rie , Mouloungui Zphirin
Published: November 2006

Thionation using the Lawesson's reagent (LR) led to quantitative and selective replacement of carbonyl groups (C=O) with thionocarbonyl groups (C=S). Mixtures of thionotriglycerides were obtained by reaction of 2,4‐bis (p‐methoxyphenyl)‐1,3‐dithia‐2,4‐diphosphetane‐2,4‐disulfide in suspension with triglycerides (TG). With a molar ratio (LR)/(TG)=3∶2, there was complete exchange of C=O with C=S in the carboxylic groups of the TG. The yield is over 90%. The two P=S ligands in the LR confer a double reactivity, producing a high power of thionation. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was employed for quantitative and qualitative characterization of the thionated TG and for monitoring the progress of partial or total thionation as conditioned by the molar ratios of the starting compounds. Thus, with molar ration LR/TG of 0.108, 0.36, and 0.72, we obtained around 6, 20, and 40% of C=O conversion, respectively.
Processing of lipoxygenase‐free soybeans and evaluation in foods
Authors: King J. M. , Chin S. M. , Svendsen L. K. , Reitmeier C. A. , Johnson L. A. , Fehr W. R.
Published: November 2006

Lipoxygenase‐free soybeans were processed into flour, concentrate, and isolate and compared to normal soybeans in bread, meat patties, and a beverage, respectively. Bread made with 20% normal or lipoxygenase‐free soy flour had greater (P< 0.05) beany flavor than control yeast bread. There were no differences in beany flavor scores between soy flour types, normal and lipoxygenase‐free. Ground beef patties made with 5% acid‐washed or ethanol‐washed soy protein concentrate had greater (P<0.05) beany flavor than control ground beef patties. Ground beef patties made with ethanol‐washed concentrate were scored lower in beany flavor than those made with acid‐washed concentrate from normal soybeans. There were no differences in beany flavor between normal and lipoxygenase‐free soy isolate in 2%‐fat or no‐fat beverages. Comminuted meat products made with lipoxygenase‐free soy proteins, especially ethanol‐washed concentrate, have potential for making soy foods with less beany flavor than foods made with normal soy.
Properties of α‐, γ‐, and δ‐tocopherol in purified fish oil triacylglycerols
Authors: Kulås Elin , Ackman Robert G.
Published: November 2006

The effect of α‐tocopherol (αTOH) (50–2000 ppm), γ‐tocopherol (γTOH) (100–2000 ppm), and δ‐tocopherol (δTOH) (100–2000 ppm) on the formation and decomposition of hydroperoxides in purified fish oil triacylglycerols (TAG) was studied. The tests were conducted at 30°C in the dark. Purified fish oil TAG oxidized very rapidly with no apparent induction period. The relative ability of the tocopherols to retard the formation of hydroperoxides decreased in the order αTOH> γTOH>δTOH at a low level of addition (100 ppm), but a reverse order of activity was found when the initial tocopherol concentration was 1000 ppm. This dependence of relative antioxidant activity on tocopherol concentration was caused by the existence of concentrations for maximal antioxidant activity for αTOH and for γTOH. An inversion of activity, on the basis of hydroperoxide formation, was observed for αTOH at 100 ppm and for γTOH at 500 ppm, whereas the antioxidant activity of δTOH increased with level of addition up to 1500–2000 ppm. None of the tocopherols displayed any prooxidant activity. All three tocopherols strongly retarded the formation of volatile secondary oxidation products in a concentration‐dependent manner. At concentrations above about 250 ppm there appeared to be a linear relationship between rate of consumption of αTOH and initial αTOH concentration, in accordance with the linear relationship observed between the initial rate of formation of hydroperoxides and the initial αTOH concentration. The rate of consumption of γTOH also increased with initial concentration, but to a lesser extent than for αTOH. At high levels of addition the rate of consumption of δTOH was independent of initial concentration, appearing to reflect the greater stability of this tocopherol homolog and participation in reactions with lipid peroxyl radicals only.
Comparisons of volatile organic chemical content of news, sheetfed, and heatset ink formulations
Authors: Erhan S. Z. , Nelsen T. C.
Published: November 2006

Volatile organic compound (VOC) contents of news, sheetfed, and heatset inks were evaluated by using different methods, and comparison of data with significant differences is reported. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Method 24, EPA Method 24A, and Bay Area Method 30 were the methods used. Ingredients of news inks were tested with Method 24, and experimental and calculated percentage VOC values of formulated inks were compared. Along with United States Department of Agriculture's 100% vegetable oil‐based inks, commercial vegetable oil‐based, and petroleum‐based inks were used for comparison. Significant differences between methods, colors, and sources are discussed.
Quantitative determination of diesel oil in contaminated edible oils using high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Moh M. H. , Tang T. S. , Tan G. H.
Published: November 2006

A simple and reliable high‐performance liquid chromatography method for the analysis of diesel oil in contaminated edible oils is described. Analysis performed using a diol column with a mobile phase of heptane and isopropanol (94∶6, vol/vol). Although baseline separation between diesel and other background fluorescent components was not achieved, quantitation was still possible using baseline integration. The method is linear over the range of 5–1000 μg/g with a correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.9984. Average recoveries from spiked edible oils were 94.4–101.3%, with a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 5 μg/g for sunflower oil, palm olein, and groundnut oil. Corn oil has a higher content of ester components, thus, LOQ was slightly worse (40 μg/g). The applicability of the method was confirmed by gas chromatography‐mass spectroscopic detection to show the presence of diesel hydrocarbons in the suspected contaminated crude palm oil. This procedure provides a simple and sensitive method for determining diesel oil concentration in contaminated edible oils without prior sample cleanup or extraction.
Characterization of esters of fatty acids and dicarboxylic acids with Guerbet alcohols
Authors: Knothe Gerhard
Published: November 2006

Esters of some common fatty acids and diacids with Guerbet alcohols were prepared by p‐toluenesulfonic acid‐catalyzed esterification. Such materials are of interest in applications such as additives in various industrial products. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry with chemical ionization using methane as ionization gas is an efficient characterization method for these Guerbet esters and diesters. Under these conditions, structural features such as molecular weight and site of branching are easily determined. The spectra of the present compounds were compared to those of di‐Guerbet esters reported earlier and differences noted. The compounds were also characterized by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
High‐performance liquid chromatography evaluation of phenols in virgin olive oil during extraction at laboratory and industrial scale
Authors: García Aranzazu , Brenes Manuel , Martínez Fernando , Alba José , García Pedro , Garrido Antonio
Published: November 2006

Phenolic compounds are of fundamental importance to the quality and nutritional properties of virgin olive oils. In this paper, the high‐performance liquid chromatographic analysis of simple and complex olive oil phenols in the streams generated in the two‐phase extraction system was carried out using Arbequina and Picual olives. The malaxation stage reduced the concentration of orthodiphenols in oil ca 50–70%, while the concentration of the nonorthodiphenols remained constant, particularly the recently identified lignans 1‐acetoxypinoresinol and pinoresinol. Oxidation of orthodiphenols at laboratory scale was avoided by malaxing the paste under a nitrogen atmosphere. Phenolic compounds in the wash water used in the vertical centrifuge were also identified. Hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, the dialdehydic form of elenolic acid linked to hydroxytyrosol were the most representative phenols in these waters. Hence, phenolic compounds in the wash waters came from both the aqueous and the lipid phases of the decanter oily must.
Rice hull ash structure and bleaching performance produced by ashing at various times and temperatures
Authors: Chang Y. Y. , Lin C. I. , Chen H. K.
Published: November 2006

Surface areas, pore sizes, and bleaching efficiencies of rice hull ashes produced under different time and temperature conditions were examined. Specific surface area and average pore diameter were measured by a surface area meter. Bleaching efficiencies were calculated based on the Lovibond color indices of sesame oil before and after bleaching by rice hull ash. Experimental results indicated that specific surface area and pore size increased with increase in ashing temperature, reached a maximum, and then decreased. Specific surface area decreased while pore size enlarged with the increase in ashing time. Both surface area and pore size were observed to reach a plateau after 30 min. Bleaching efficiency increased with increasing ashing temperature, reached a maximum, and then decreased with further increase in ashing temperature. It also increased with ashing time and then reached a plateau. Bleaching efficiency remained unaffected by specific surface area when the pore diameter was less than 50 Å but varied with specific surface area when the pore diameter was larger than 50 Å.