bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in Shipley-Hartford Scores with Five Repeated Test Administrations: Statistical Conventions vs Behavioral Evidence
Authors: Schalock Robert L. , Wahler H. J.
Published: September 2011

The Shipley Hartford Scale was administered to two groups of high school students and one group of chronic, hospitalized psychiatric patients to determine whether scores improved with repeated test administration and whether any improvement found was related to S's expressed desire to do well. Findings showed that, while scores on both Vocabulary and Abstract Reasoning tasks tended to improve with student Ss, there were no consistent sequential gains over trials. No significant differences were found with high- and low-motivated students. In general, scores of psychiatric patients did not improve with repeated administrations on either task. When classed in terms of high and low motivation, however, highly-motivated patients showed a significant gain in Abstract scores. The findings suggest that multiple variables interact in determining whether scores improve with repetition.
Use of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test with Preschool Children
Authors: Di Lorenzo Louis T. , Brady James J.
Published: September 2011

The performance of 563 Ss on the PPVT and RSB provided the basis for a discussion which emphasized the limitations in the use of the Peabody with disadvantaged preschool children. Sizable discrepancies existed between means and standard deviations for the two measures despite their rather high correlation. This finding, together with inconsistencies found in the Peabody normative tables at the preschool level, indicated restricted use of the PPVT. It was concluded that the use of PPVT IQ data in the evaluation of preschool programs could produce invalid results and thus lead to spurious conclusions regarding program effectiveness.
Children's Minimal Social Behavior Scale (CMSBS): A Short, Objective Measure of Personality Functioning (10-Yr. Level)
Authors: Ulmer Raymond A. , Lieberman Martha
Published: September 2011

The CMSBS was administered to the following male and female Ss between their ninth and eleventh birthdays: 32 normals, 17 schizophrenics, and 32 intellectual retardates. Inter-rater reliability and diagnostic power were statistically significant for the protocols of Ss whose IQs ranged from 13 to 139. The CMSBS was shown to be a reliable measure of social responsiveness for practically the whole range of intelligence for the normal, schizophrenic, and intellectually retarded Ss of this study. Examiners needed little academic background or training, and administration required only 10 min. Scoring was simple, and the scale appeared potentially useful where large numbers of children are to be tested.
Accuracy of Personality and Social Judgments as Functions of Familiarity
Authors: Hjelle Larry A.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between degree of familiarity with another person (intimate, casual, or nonacquaintance) and ability to make accurate social and personality predictions of that person's behavior. 3 groups of 32 male-female dyads completed either a Q- or free-sort personality judgments task and a social judgments questionnaire twice for (a) self-description and (b) prediction of dyad partner. Mean accuracy scores on both judging tasks indicated that familiarity leads to increased predictive accuracy. The results were interpreted as due to valid behavioral observations and attenuation of emotional bias arising from increased familiarity. The obtained relative superiority of free- over Q-sort accuracy scores was explained in terms of the absence of restrictions placed on the judging behavior of free-sort Ss.
Modification of Reinforcement Aftereffects and Level of Training
Authors: Spivey James E. , Hess David T. , Aponte Joseph F.
Published: September 2011

In the first of 2 experiments, 3 groups of 8 rats each were given 1 day of acquisition training in a runway under the same reinforcement schedule, RNNRNNRNNR. The groups were differentiated only on the basis of NT-length, which was regulated by placing Ss by hand in the baited goalbox during the intertrial interval following Trials 1, 4, 7 (Group N2-length), Trials 2, 5, 8 (Group N1-length), or Trials 3, 6, 9 (Group N0-length). on the day subsequent to acquisition training 10 N trials were administered. The second experiment was essentially a replication of the first, except it only included Groups N1 and N2, each of which contained 11 Ss. The finding that resistance to extinction was an increasing function of N-length was interpreted as supporting the modified aftereffects hypothesis and as presenting particular difficulties for some alternative views.
Verbal Mediation in Paired-Associate Learning by Adolescents at Two Levels of Intelligence
Authors: Milgram Norman A.
Published: September 2011

Eighth-grade students of high and average IQ were administered 3 paired-associate lists of pictured items under mediation or control conditions. Mediation was manipulated by instructing Ss: (a) to repeat once a series of prearranged sentences, each of which contained stimulus and response terms in a given pair, during the initial presentation trial of List A; (b) to formulate their own sentences in the presentation trial preceding the learning of List B 1 day later; and (c) to remain silent prior to learning List C 2 wk. later. The number of trials to reach criterion was fewer under each of these conditions than simply learning the three lists under the customary paired-associate paradigm. While adolescent Ss may spontaneously employ implicit associative strategies, explicit examples and instruction apparently encourage them to do so sooner or more efficiently. The effect of IQ was significant, but there was no relationship between IQ level and mediational condition.
Relationship between Reinforcement of Another Person and Self-Reinforcement
Authors: Marston Albert R. , Smith Frederick J.
Published: September 2011

An earlier study showed that the effect of a model on changing self-reinforcement was also seen in the observing S's reinforcement of another person. The present experiment further evaluated this relationship, using a model to change the reinforcement of another and also examining changes in self-reinforcement. The task involved evaluation of the popularity of word associations. The model was introduced as a tape recording of a voice giving either a high or low distribution of points in evaluating recorded association. Both the high and low models had corresponding effects on the observer's rate of reinforcing another person. However, only the low model also affected subsequent self-reinforcement. Control groups listening to a model but not giving reinforcements themselves also showed an effect in their subsequent self-reinforcement rates. There was a tendency for experience with reinforcing another, regardless of model condition, to raise rate of self-reinforcement.
Relation of Photo-Trait-Attribution Method of Personality Assessment to Standard Assessment Techniques
Authors: Vacchiano Ralph B. , Adrian Robert J. , Lieberman Lewis R. , Schiffman David C.
Published: September 2011

The validity of the photo-trait-attribution method of personality assessment was explored by comparison of the attribution task with TAT projective analysis (attribution of need descriptions to TAT hero) and three criterion measures, TAT performance, reputation, and self-description. All measures were based on the same personality constructs, Murray's need system. Although relatively little relationship was exhibited between the criterion measures and the photo-attribution technique when correlation and factor analysis were carried out, the logical factor structure of the photo-attribution scores suggested that this method gave as valid an assessment of personality as did the well-known criterion measure.
Role of Context Cues in Learning: Reply to Greeno
Authors: Saltz Eli , Ager Joel W.
Published: September 2011

Greeno (1968) has performed a valuable service to the understanding of the role of context cues in paired-associate learning by stating the associative summation position sufficiently precisely so that the issues between this position and a differentiation position can be examined more systematically. The writers believe that Greeno's results are consistent with the Saltz and Wickey (1967) differentiation position and are systematically at odds with an associative summation model for the effect of color in compound stimuli as found in the Saltz (1963) study.
Note on Use of the A Statistic as a Substitute for T in the One-Sample Case
Authors: Runyon Richard P.
Published: September 2011

The Sandler A statistic, which is rigorously derived from the Student t ratio for correlated samples, has been found to reduce the computation required for arriving at statistical decisions. The present paper extends the use of the Sandler A statistic to test statistical hypotheses where the Student t ratio, one-sample case, is appropriate. Statistical decisions are identical to those arrived at by use of the Student t ratio.
Behavioral Changes in Culturally Disadvantaged Children as the Result of Tutoring
Authors: Avila Donald , Gordon Ira J. , Curran Robert
Published: September 2011

Ss from a disadvantaged population manifested improved classroom behavior as the result of being involved in moderately or highly structured, skill-centered tutoring sessions. This appears to conflict with educational philosophies that advocate unstructured pupil-centered learning situations. However, less structured situations may work best with advantaged and skilled populations, whereas, for unskilled disadvantaged children the structured, skill-centered approach is more successful.
Humor and Death
Authors: O'Connell Walter E.
Published: September 2011

To explore the relationships among death factors as measured by Kalish's Attitude on Social Issues Test and O'Connell's Story Test, the latter was shortened to 12 items judged to have high-death and low-death themes. For each item, Ss reported preference for humor, hostile wit, and resignation endings. Scores for 96 college Ss were correlated with Kalish's 20 death factors. High-death humor, Freud's example of maturity, correlated negatively with death anxiety and humanism. Gallows humor appreciation also correlated negatively with an ad hoc own death cluster consisting of the factors of death anxiety, dread of an ugly death, fear of burial, and not wanting to know of one's death in advance. Those who approved of suicide did not appreciate high-death hostile wit, and low-death hostile wit brought displeasure to those with death anxiety. Low-death resignation had significiant negative correlations with dread of an ugly death, avoidance of contact with the dead, and destructive impulsivity. Those who valued an ostentatious funeral for themselves scored highly on all Story Test categories excepr high-death humor and low-death resignation. These two jest constructs might reflect relative maturity at different developmental stages.
Social Behavior of Semi-Free Ranging White-Lipped Tamarins
Authors: Mazur Allan , Baldwin John
Published: September 2011

This note summarizes some field observations of seven semi-free ranging white-lipped tamarins ( Leontocebus nigricallis) at Monkey Jungle near Miami, Florida.
Studies of Exploratory Behavior in the Albino Rat
Authors: Walden A. M.
Published: September 2011

Effects of alcohol, hunger, habituation, and estrus cycle on 6 indices of exploratory behavior (choice-point behavior, latency of leaving the starting box, running time from the starting box to a goal box, ambulation, object manipulation time and rearing) were analyzed observing 70 female rats in a Y maze. In addition, independent tests were made on timidity, shown in Broadhurst's open-field test, and spontaneous activity measured in a stabilometer. Test-retest coefficients and correlations among measures of exploration, open-field test, and stabilometer activity were computed. Initial arousal evoked by a novel situation may counteract the effects of small doses of alcohol. In a familiar maze observations were more consistent with results that small doses of alcohol increase ambulation. Initial arousal might also suppress differences between hungry and satiated rats. These differences in ambulation, rearing, and in time spent manipulating objects were accentuated by repeated testing. The direction and magnitude of the difference differed among measures. Innate timidity, shown in the open-field test, suppressed object-manipulation time and rearing. Measures of exploration did not correlate with stabilometer activity or with ambulation in the open-field test.
Exploratory Behavior in Children
Authors: Pielstick N. L. , Woodruff A. Bond
Published: September 2011

60 children representing equally two age groups (2nd and 6th graders) and three ability groups (IQs of 92–108, 112–128, and 132+) served as Ss in studies of the effects of stimulus characteristics on exploratory behavior and the effect of novelty on immediate and delayed recall. In Exp. 1, significant effects were obtained for complexity, abstractness, and incongruity but not ambiguity of tachistoscopically presented stimulus materials. Age affected exploration of incongruous and ambiguous but not complex and abstract materials. Ability level had no significant effects. In Exp. II, exploratory time and judged intensity of exploration were influenced by the characteristics of stimulus objects presented in an array for free exploration. Novelty facilitated exploration but neither age nor ability had a significant effect. In Exp. III, both immediate and delayed recall by the younger Ss were greater for objects they identified as “novel” but recall by the older Ss was somewhat greater for “not-novel” objects. Factor analysis of all the behavioral scores derived in these experiments along with scores from a creativity test indicated that the various measures of exploratory behavior and creativity used here were sampling different aspects of behavior and no one of such measures can be assumed to be an adequate index of exploratory behavior in general.
m and Semantic Satiation
Authors: Drakeford Grant C. , Snider James G.
Published: September 2011

It was proposed that the m continued association method of scaling meaningfulness would produce satiation effects in semantic differential ratings of m. Control and experimental Ss associated to and rated on semantic differential scales 6 levels of m. A 2 × 6 analysis of variance showed no satiation effects. Possible reasons for this are discussed.
Joint Effect of Amobarbital and Response Prevention on Car Extinction
Authors: Kamano Dennis K.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to extend previous findings of enhanced CAR extinction with response prevention by demonstrating that extinction may be further facilitated by amobarbital treatment during response prevention. Ss administered amobarbital during CAR prevention did not differ significantly from the control Ss in extinction performance. Extinction was not facilitated by amobarbital when administered during CAR prevention.
Harmony of the Osgood and Houston Transfer Surfaces: Reply to Thompson
Authors: Houston John P.
Published: September 2011

The transfer paradigms discussed by Thompson may be useful in testing the combined effects of Houston- and Osgood-types of similarities, but it is a mistake to state that either surface, by itself, predicts over-all transfer in these situations.
Duration of Hospitalization and Changes in Responses to Favorable and Unfavorable Scales with Typical- and Best-Period Instructions
Authors: Wahler H. J. , Birchler G. R.
Published: September 2011

This study investigated changes in responses of hospitalized Ss when both desirable and undesirable scales were given twice with instructions for Ss to first report how they felt recently and secondly how they felt during a best period. When relationships between changes in scores and duration of hospitalization were determined, a conjoint increase in desirable and a decrease in undesirable scores was predictive of short hospitalization. Changes in desirable scores only were not significantly correlated with outcome but improved scores with best-period instructions were more frequent with short than longer-duration patients. Changes in two undesirable scores were signficantly correlated with outcome. Findings suggest that patients who frankly reveal shortcomings and distresses for a recent period but who obtain desirable and undesirable scores within “normal” limits for a best period are likely to have favorable prognosis.
Scale for Assessing Mental Patients' Work Performance
Authors: Ravensborg Milton R.
Published: September 2011

The M-R Fergus Falls Patient-Employee Rating Scale was constructed to help objectivize ratings of mental patients' work performance. Concurrent validity was established between score-classes and job supervisors' man-to-man rankings of patients. Factor analysis revealed the scale to possess one underlying dimension, called “good worker traits.” Advantages of standardized ratings are discussed.
Emerging Concepts for Briefer Psychotherapy: A Review
Authors: Stewart Horace , Cole Spurgeon
Published: September 2011

This is a review of studies which discuss psychotherapeutic techniques for shortening the amount of time involved in treatment. Psychotherapy which lasts over 6 mo. is regarded as long-term. 33 studies are reviewed and the common findings are summarized.
Resistance to Punishment and Subsequent Extinction of a Response as a Function of its Reward History
Authors: Vogel-Sprott M. , Thurston E.
Published: September 2011

An instrumental response was trained in humans under 50% partial reward or 100% continuous reward. Partial reinforcement groups subsequently displayed superior resistance to continuous punishment which was coupled with either 100%, 50% or 0% reward. Although resistance to punishment generally increased when it was coupled with more frequent reward, the partial reinforcement groups receiving punishment coupled with either 100% or 50% reward did not differ. Resistance to extinction after punishment treatments was higher for groups trained under partial reward. The results were consistent with the notion of transfer effects between punishment and frustrative nonreward stimuli. In addition, both the punishment and the subsequent extinction of an unwanted response in humans appeared to be importantly determined by the initial acquisition history of the response.
Another Failure for Motivation to Enhance Trace Retrieval
Authors: Wasserman Edward A. , Weiner Bernard , Houston John P.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between motivation and memory was examined when the motivation was introduced during the retention test. It was found that the paced and free recall of a paired-associates list were not enhanced by the presence of a large monetary reward for correct performance.
Some Slips of the Tongue
Authors: Goldstein Mymon
Published: September 2011

75 slips of the tongue are reported verbatim. These are divided into seven general categories.
Scientism and Psychotherapy
Authors: Lazarus Arnold A.
Published: September 2011

Maultsby's (1968) attack on technical eclecticism confuses the art of psychotherapy with the science of psychological investigation. Theory-bound therapists are too inclined to subordinate observed facts to a priori assumptions. Technical eclecticism permits clinicians to apply empirically effective methods before scientists manage to identify the reasons for their effectiveness.
Experimenter Expectancy: A Failure to Replicate
Authors: Wessler Richard L. , Strauss Milton E.
Published: September 2011

6 Es, half of whom expected +5 ratings from their Ss on a photo-rating task and half of whom expected −5 ratings, each contacted 6 Ss in a replication of Rosenthal's (1966) basic E-expectancy research paradigm. Although virtually identical procedures were used in this study, the previously reported effects were not found.
Motion Pictures for Stimulus Presentation: Development and Uses for Opinion-Attitude Research Interviews
Authors: Shellhaas Max
Published: September 2011

This report has presented a brief description of how a sound motion picture presentation of stimulus material can be developed and used in community survey research. It has pointed out a need for such an instrument and the advantages and limitations of the approach. While the approach has only been used in a restricted manner, to study the differential emphasis placed on behavioral norms in different types of environments, its potential application for other areas of the behavioral sciences appears unlimited.
Validity of the Eysenck Extraversion Scale: Replication and Extension
Authors: Vingoe Frank J.
Published: September 2011

66 female college students rated themselves and their peers on extraversion and filled out the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI) and the California Psychological Inventory (CPI). The group was dichotomized into Introverts and Extraverts on the basis of their self-ratings and their extraversion scores. Self-rated Introvert and Extravert criterion groups were significantly different from each other and from the total group on Extraversion score and Introvert and Extravert groups as determined by Extraversion score were significantly different from each other and from the total group on the basis of self-ratings, thus supporting the validity of the extraversion scale. Correlations of scores on the EPI and the CPI support the validity of the extraversion and neuroticism scales.
Verbal Operant Conditioning of Severely Antisocial Adolescents by Delinquent and Normal Es
Authors: Persons Roy W.
Published: September 2011

An inmate peer and an adult professional were used as Es in a verbal conditioning study with sociopaths. The sociopaths were conditioned as a function of verbal reinforcement. They conditioned more readily to guilty content than to hostile content. The sociopaths emitted significantly more hostile verbs when reinforced by the adult E than when reinforced by the inmate E.
Final Requiem for Misconceptions about Motivation Research
Authors: Thumin Fred J.
Published: September 2011

This essay attempts to correct chronic misconceptions about motivation research by providing some new insights as to its nature. Major emphasis is placed on the necessity of: (a) visualizing motivation research as a continuous rather than a dichotomous variable and (b) delineating clearly among three independent but frequently confounded variables, one pertaining to adequacy of experimental design, another to structure of the question, and the third to respondents' level of awareness of the experimental variable. It is proposed that motivation research is neither inherently qualitative nor inexorably shackled to projective techniques or to other unstructured questioning procedures. The only enduring and invariant characteristic of motivation research is that respondents must be at least partially unaware of the nature of the variable under scrutiny.
Effects of a Single Omission of Reinforcement
Authors: Martin R. Chris
Published: September 2011

A chronological account of some experiments on the energization and aversive aspects of frustration in a single-lever, food-reinforcement situation is presented. Results indicated that the suppression effects due to the aversive characteristics of frustration can be modified by either magnitude of reinforcement or drugs
Preference for Delayed Reward as a Function of Age and Personality
Authors: Lang S. , Adair J. G.
Published: September 2011

A greater proportion of children as young as 5 yr. of age preferred a delayed-large as opposed to an immediate-small reward. In addition, decision latencies of Ss preferring immediate reward were significantly shorter than of those who chose delayed reward. These results support the hypothesis that age as a determinant of preference for delayed reward is confounded with a number of other variables such as reward values and duration of delay intervals and that other individual difference variables may also be associated with preferences.
Sensitivity Training: An Analysis of Trainer Intervention and Group Process
Authors: Fiebert Martin S.
Published: September 2011

This paper deals with some of the theoretical and practical considerations underlying sensitivity trainer behavior. First, goals and assumptions of sensitivity training, in contrast to those of group psychotherapy, are examined. The concept of group process is discussed with respect to sequential tasks within the group. A three-stage model of trainer interventions is developed and the matching of appropriate trainer strategies and behavior with differential phases of group development is presented.
Human Problem Solving during Complete Paralysis of the Voluntary Musculature
Authors: Leuba Clarence , Birch Larry , Appleton James
Published: September 2011

A human S, with his voluntary musculature completely paralyzed by curare, was nevertheless able to solve simple arithmetical and verbal problems given him orally and to recall the answers when again able to speak. This is evidence for the centralist, and against the peripheralist, view of thought.
Against Technical Eclecticism
Authors: Maultsby Maxie C.
Published: September 2011

Psychotherapists should be scientists first and technicians second. The principles of scientific thought usually require rejection of foreign-theory technique when that technique cannot be appropriately justified by the currently held theory. Empiricism is not absolutely precluded. However, it is to be reluctantly and infrequently used; its hazards are always to be fully recognized; the search for scientific facts to replace the empirical ones should be fervent and incessant. Technical eclecticism may enrich the psychotherapist's technical repertoire. But, there is no significant scientific proof that it enhances the therapist's effectiveness. In either case, there is virtually never sufficient justification “for the practicing psychotherapist to be content in the role of a technician rather than that of a scientist …” (Lazarus, 1967). I submit that therapeutic competence is probably more directly related to technique-use based on well understood, scientifically valid theory than to any other single determinant.
Electroshock-Induced Retrograde Amnesia in Seizure-Protected Mice
Authors: Essman Walter B.
Published: September 2011

Mice given electroshock following a single conditioning trial showed a retrograde amnesia for the conditioned response as a function of the time interval between training and electroshock. When, under two different conditions, the overt convulsion produced by electroshock was prevented, the retrograde amnesia still was in evidence. The data suggest that current flow through the brain, rather than an overt convulsion, accounts for the amnesic effect of electroshock.
The Disbelieving Subject
Authors: Verinis J. Scott
Published: September 2011

Two groups of college students were given a measure of test anxiety along with an elementary coding task. One group was told that this coding task was an intelligence test, the other that it was just an experimental task of interest to E. A measure was also taken of whether S believed or did not believe the instructions he was given. The results showed that those Ss who are given intelligence-test instructions perform better than Ss given the experimental-task instructions. Within the group of Ss given the intelligence-test instructions, those Ss who believed the instructions performed substantially better than those Ss who did not believe.
Methedrine as an Adjunct to Conditioning Treatment of Nocturnal Enuresis in Normal and Institutionalized Retarded Subjects
Authors: Kennedy Wallace A. , Sloop E. Wayne
Published: September 2011

A replication of the finding that entireties who are given Methedrine as an adjunct to conditioning treatment display more rapid conditioning was attempted with both normal and retarded Ss. The drug failed to enhance conditioning in either normal or retarded Ss. Success figures of 70% for normal Ss and 50% for retarded Ss were found.
Reserpine and the Partial Reinforcement Effect in the Fish Tilapia H. Macrocephala
Authors: Haralson John V. , Clement Joseph J.
Published: September 2011

A strong partial reinforcement effect was produced in 20 fish trained to a free operant striking response by injection of reserpine before extinction of the response. This was interpreted as a result of inhibition of responding during extinction of 20 Ss trained on a consistent schedule of reinforcement rather than facilitation of responding in Ss trained on a .4 variable ratio schedule of reinforcement.
Toward the Design of a Group: A Preliminary Model
Authors: Shelly Maynard W. , Stedry Andrew C.
Published: September 2011

Some assumptions, criteria, and a model for group interaction based on linear programming are presented. The efforts are viewed as a preliminary step toward the formalized design of groups. A numerical example is provided for clarity, and some of the implications of the particular model developed are suggested.
Effect of DDT or Parathion on Open-Field Behavior of Offspring from DDT- or Parathion-Treated Mothers
Authors: Al-Hachim Ghazi M. , Fink Gregory B.
Published: September 2011

Mice offspring were prepared and raised from DDT-, Parathion-, or corn oil-treated mothers during the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. All Ss were subjected to the open-field test when 60 to 66 days old. The offspring of DDT- and Parathion-treated mothers did not behave differently from the offspring of corn oil-treated mothers (control).
Some Comments and Recommendations concerning Inter-Coder Reliability
Authors: Lewis Brian N. , Cook Jenny A.
Published: September 2011

Open-ended questionnaires and projective tests often elicit responses that are capable of more than one interpretation. As a safeguard against biased and idiosyncratic interpretations, most textbooks rightly recommend the use of several independent judges or coders. But their recommendations on the “training” of coders leave much to be desired, since they provide too many opportunities for interpersonal influences. This paper reviews the whole problem area and suggests alternative modes of instruction in the form of programed texts or algorithmic flow charts.
Dependency among Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Institutionalized Patients
Authors: Rhodes Robert J. , Yorioka Gerald N.
Published: September 2011

Relationships among alcoholism, length of hospitalization and 2 measures of dependency were studied in hospitalized tuberculous patients. While the alcoholic group was somewhat more dependent than the non-alcoholic group, the 2 measures of dependency were relatively unrelated.
Brief Report: Frequency of Dream Recall, Creativity, and a Control for Anxiety
Authors: Bone Ronald N. , Corlett Faith
Published: September 2011

Frequency of dream recall ( fDR) correlated with a creativity score on the Remote Associates Test (RAT). This correlation was lowered by anxiety which correlated positively with fDR but negatively with the RAT scores. Control for the biasing effect of anxiety was accomplished by a partial correlation which increased the fDR-RAT correlation.
An Exploratory Study of Word Associations of Negro College Students
Authors: Belcher Leon H. , Campbell Joel T.
Published: September 2011

Two word-association lists of 50 words were each administered to 50 Negro college students. 41 words were taken from the Kent-Rosanoff list, 29 from the Palermo-Jenkins list, and 30 were words used in analogy items of the Scholastic Aptitude Test. Comparisons with previous normative studies showed generally similar results. The present study did result in slightly smaller proportions of matching from class primary responses to noun, pronoun, and adverb stimulus words and of opposite responses to “opposite-evoking stimuli.” A number of the responses indicated reading difficulty or misunderstanding of the word.
Prejudice and Conservatism in a Recently Integrated Southern College
Authors: Cole Spurgeon , Steinberg Jay , Burkheimer G. J.
Published: September 2011

The study attempted to determine if token integration in a Southern school had seemed to improve racial feelings of white students toward Negroes. Indications are that students remain highly prejudiced. The authors concluded that passive non-involved contact between hostile groups does not reduce prejudice and hostility.
School Counselor Dogmatism and Vocational Identity
Authors: Rosen Julius
Published: September 2011

23 school counselors were ranked according to scores on the Rokeach Dogmatism Scale. Rhos were computed between the Dogmatism Scale scores and the following scales: Opinionnaire on Attitudes Toward Education, Thurstone Interest Schedule's Executive and Humanitarian scale scores, and the Minnesota Teacher Attitude Inventory. No relationship between counselor rigidity and vocational identity (criterial measures) was observed.
Inconsistent Socialization
Authors: Higgins Jerry
Published: September 2011

Evidence bearing on the hypothesis that inconsistent socialization leads to various forms of maladjustment and is more detrimental than consistently negative socialization was reviewed. Studies relying upon clinical observation, case histories, interviews, inventory and rating techniques, direct observation of parental behavior, and experimental manipulation received treatment. While the evidence for the deleterious effects of inconsistent socialization is highly suggestive, demonstration is not definitive.
Methodological Study of Measurement of Aggression
Authors: Geen Russell G. , Rakosky John J. , O'Neal Edgar C.
Published: September 2011

32 male Ss were either attacked by a peer or treated in a neutral manner. All Ss were then allowed to give electric shocks in varying number and intensity to the peer and also to rate the peer on a number of scales. Both number and intensity of shocks varied as a function of attack, with number showing the greatest degree of variance. Shock number was correlated with expressed anger only among control Ss. Neither shock measure correlated with anger in the attack Ss. Verbal ratings of hostility correlated highly with anger in attacked Ss. The results were discussed in terms of general methodology in the study of aggression.
Intellectual Structure of Southern Negro Children
Authors: Caldwell Marcus B. , Smith Timothy A.
Published: September 2011

In the 1950's the WISC was given by the same examiner to a selected sample of 84 Negro children in each of five Southern states. Ages which ranged from 5 yr., 7 mo., to 12 yr., 6 mo., and sexes were equally distributed within each state. Analysis of the data showed that the Verbal IQ was significantly higher ( p = .01) than the Performance IQ for both sexes, all ages, and all but one location. There were few sex differences. Except for its influence on the factor structure of the 12 verbal and performance tests, age was not an interesting classification of the data. In all, geographical groups differed much more in WISC performance than did age or sex groups. This is consistent with strong regional differences in Negro intellectual performance apparent from a review of previous studies.
Arousal and Reinforcing Properties of Light Onset as a Function of Duration and of Visual Complexity for Chicks
Authors: Meyer Merle E.
Published: September 2011

The interaction between arousal and sensory reinforcement upon operant behavior of 240 24- to 36-hr.-old chicks was investigated as a function of visual complexity and duration of light onset. The results reconfirmed the findings that light onset was reinforcing for chicks and that visual complexity magnified its reinforcing potential. Furthermore, duration was viewed as having an additive effect. The results were described in terms of an activation hypothesis.
Approach-Avoidance Conflict in an Open Field
Authors: Zohner Dorin
Published: September 2011

Approach-avoidance conflict in rats was investigated as a function of physical confinement, number of approach-training trials, similarity of cues and number of shocks. Physical confinement had no effect upon rate of acquisition of approach behavior but did influence penetration to the goal on the conflict trials. Similarity of cues between the training and testing situation was important in determining the extent to which the animal approached the goal during conflict trials; the greater the dissimilarity of cues, the nearer the animals would approach the goal. Approach was also found to be a decreasing function of number of shock trials.
Comparison of Individual and Group Performance Related to Heterogeneous-Wrong Responses, Size, and Patterns of Interaction
Authors: Goldman Morton , Dietz Dona M. , McGlynn Ana
Published: September 2011

Using an extended model of a pair-group study by Goldman (1966), this research examined the effects on group performance of heterogeneity-homogeneity with respect to wrong response tendencies, number of utterances, and occurrence of leadership activities. The relationships among the various factors were also examined. The results showed that under heterogeneous conditions a group performs better than an individual and that with homogeneous conditions a group performs worse than an individual. These results are more marked as the group size varies from 2 to 5. The occurrence of leadership was related to group performance under heterogeneous conditions but not under homogeneous conditions.
Effect of Head Position at Birth on WISC Verbal and Performance IQ
Authors: Churchill John A. , Willerman Lee , Grisell James , Ayers Melvern A.
Published: September 2011

To test the hypothesis that head position at birth is related to superiority of WISC Verbal (V) or Performance (P) IQ, head position at birth was determined for 212 Ss, including 95 sets of siblings. Children who were born Occiput Left (OL), that is, where the head was situated with the occiput in the left half of the maternal pelvis during delivery, were compared to children born Occiput Right (OR) for differences in WISC IQv and IQp. The results indicated that children born OR had a significantly lower IQv than IQp, but the OLs did not display such a significant difference. When same-sexed sibs were compared, it was found that the OR sib more frequently had higher IQp and lower IQv than his OL mate. No clear relationship was demonstrated for opposite-sexed sibling sets.
Compound Conditioning: Secondary Extinction or Delay of Extinction?
Authors: Thompson Charles P. , Higgins Raymond L. , Warner Ann W.
Published: September 2011

Earlier studies have shown that extinction of a stimulus component proceeds faster following extinction of another stimulus component than it does immediately following acquisition. This phenomenon could be attributed either to secondary extinction or some delay of extinction effect. The present study used conditions [immediate extinction, two timed intervals (10 and 20 min.) between acquisition and extinction, and two filled intervals (20 and 40 trials of extinction to another stimulus component) between acquisition and extinction] to distingiush between these two alternatives. The results clearly demonstrate that the rapid extinction noted above reflects something other than secondary extinction.
Verbal Conditioning in Level I Retardates: A Supplementary Report
Authors: Doubros Steve G.
Published: September 2011

An experiment was conducted in order to check the findings of an earlier study regarding the presence of verbal conditioning in retarded children. 6 groups of Level I retardates (3 experimental and 3 control) took part. Each experimental group was exposed to the conditioning of 1 of 3 verbal classes: human-designate, animal-designate, and nature-designate. Verbal reward increased the frequency of verbal-class choice significantly over that of the control groups whereas absence of such reward did not increase the frequency. Words describing humans had appreciably higher levels of choice than words designating animals or phenomena of nature. Whereas these findings seem to support and extend the author's previous data, the observed inconsistencies in response levels raise certain reservations about the efficacy of the verbal-conditioning effect among the intellectually handicapped.
Information Removed from Multiple-Choice Item Responses by Selected Grammatical Categories
Authors: Bickley A. C. , Weaver Wendell W. , Ford Fraughton G.
Published: September 2011

Using a black-out technique, certain grammatical classes of words were deleted from standard reading-test paragraphs and the effects upon multiple-choice item responses examined. The deletion of nouns removed the most information, but many items were answered when the entire paragraph was deleted.
Studies in Creativity: V. the Selection Process in Recall and in Problem-Solving Situations
Authors: Maier Norman R. F. , Thurber James A. , Janzen Junie C.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the experiment was to compare the ways learned material is utilized in memory and in problem situations. In contrast to earlier studies in this series (in which Ss were asked to memorize word pairs) Ss in this study were given single words, and no associative bonds were built up experimentally. Learning was measured by 3 free-recall memory tests, and problem solving by 2 creative stories. A qualitative analysis of the memory tests revealed that individuals tended to organize the words using content or first letters. A comparison of Repeated-pairs (pairs repeated in a story or used in 1 Memory test and a story) with Old-pairs (used in previous experiments) showed that the associations formed for recall, although weaker than those experimentally imposed, function in much the same way. An analysis of 2 Key Words (first two words on last Memory test) showed that Ss with wide differences in positioning of Key Words on the previous Memory checks did not differ in their positioning of the Key Words within the stories. It is concluded that Ss differ in how they store learned material (with no one method seeming to be superior) and in how stable their organization becomes. However, the posing of a problem seems to bypass the organization established for recall with Ss selecting from the entire bank of material. The problem, rather than the storage, seems to determine the usage of the material.
Note on the Social-Desirability Response Set in Singer's Daydreaming Questionnaire
Authors: Oakland James A.
Published: September 2011

Means of the social desirability ratings of items in Singer's Daydreaming Questionnaire correlated .41 with the mean response to those items. It was suggested that this moderate rather than high correlation may be due to the attenuated distribution of responses to items of the questionnaire and/or to the lack of agreement regarding the social acceptability of daydreams.
Pronounceability Ratings of Some CVCs: Their Reliability and Relationship to m′
Authors: Smith O. W. , Badia P. , Rosenberg B. G.
Published: September 2011

95 CVCs were rated for pronounceability ( p') on a modification of Underwood and Schulz's 9-point scale. The correlation between testretest mean p' ratings of the CVCs was .99. Correlation between mean p' ratings of CVCs by two different groups of raters was .96. Mean p' ratings of the two groups correlated .88 and .95 with Noble's m' ratings of CVCs. Stability of the means in conjunction with the correlations is evidence that the p' scale may prove to be useful in evaluating CVCs used in verbal learning experiments.
Psychological Distance in Disturbed and Normal Children
Authors: Tolor Alexander
Published: September 2011

In an attempt to determine whether emotionally disturbed children experience more distant psychological relationships than normal children a modified version of Kuethe's social schemata technique was administered to 20 children referred to a treatment center and to 26 control group youngsters. The figures to be replaced on a field consisted of eight social stimuli and four non-social designs presented in 12 different combinations of pairs. No significant systematic directional differences in replacement distances for emotionally disturbed as compared with normal children were found. There were, however, significant age and stimulus effects. Moreover, the patient group exhibited less over-all accuracy in distance judgments than the non-disturbed children.
New Measure of Effects of Persuasive Communications: A Chemical Indicator of Toothbrushing Behavior
Authors: Evans Richard I. , Rozelle Richard M. , Lasater Thomas M. , Dembroski Theodore M. , Allen Bem P.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present investigation was to develop a behavioral measure of attitude change and examine its utility for large-scale field research efforts. Three groups were formed from 68 junior and senior high school students and each was presented with a different form (positive, fear, neutral) of a communication within the context of a public school system's ongoing dental hygiene program. Cleanliness of their teeth was measured by a chemical in tablet form called a “disclosing tablet” which, when chewed, stains red the areas of concentration of bacterial placque on the teeth. This study involved taking a 35-mm. color slide of each S's mouth before and 2 wk. after the experimental communication. Preliminary results lend support to the effectiveness and utility of this procedure in assessing behavioral change within a natural setting.
Modification of Dominant Behavior in School Children: An Attempted Replication
Authors: Hampe Edward , Kennedy Wallace
Published: September 2011

The two purposes of this study were to determine the differential effectiveness of four combinations of reward and punishment on interpersonal dominant behavior and to see if any modification of responding would still be in evidence after an interval of 1 wk. 100 third and fourth graders, combined in dyads, were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups: reward-punishment, nonreward-punishment, reward-nonreward, intrinsic reward-nonreward, and control. There were 3 experimental phases: preconditioning, conditioning, and extinction, each phase utilizing a 7-number roulette wheel as the task. Over 50 conditioning trials there was a significant increase in dominant responding by nondominant members, but none of the treatment groups was effective in bringing about this increase. The effects of conditioning were not in evidence 1 wk. later.
Effects of Dependency Arousal on Learning
Authors: Stanislawski Carol A.
Published: September 2011

The present study investigated the effects of dependency arousal on learning. To justify the assumption of a dependency-related drive that operates to energize, and perhaps direct, human behavior, it was necessary to establish conditions that produce dependency arousal and to demonstrate a systematic relation between arousal and behavior. This was done by defining arousal in terms of Ss predisposition (high-dependent or low-dependent) and the experimental stimulus conditions (nature of S-E interactions). Ss' behavior on specific learning tasks was predicted from Hullian-Spence theory as this theoretical system deals with the effect of drive on performance. Dependency arousal was specifically differentiated from anxiey arousal.
Age Differences in Peer Ratings of Socially Desirable and Socially Undesirable Behavior
Authors: Minturn Leigh , Lewis Merrilee
Published: September 2011

Walder's peer nomination inventory was given to elementary school children and college students and the data analyzed for age differences. The first two factors are essentially the same as Walder's factors and are unaffected by Ss age. The third child factor is similar to Walder's third factor of socially undesirable non-aggressive traits but is better differentiated and more general, including several items measuring rebelliousness. Two additional factors appear in the adult sample, one defined by rebellion and rejection items and one by dominance items.
Erosion of Morale in Resocialization of Pedophiles
Authors: Dingman Harvey F. , Frisbie Louise , Vanasek Frank J.
Published: September 2011

Successive sets of ratings given to a group of pedophiles revealed a downward trend in the ratings of their actual and their ideal selves. This seeming erosion in morale during 1 yr. suggests a potential for recidivism.