bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in global strain of puborectalis muscle during pregnancy and postpartum
Authors: Grob A. T. M. , Hitschrich N. , van de Waarsenburg M. K. , Withagen M. I. J. , Schweitzer K. J. , van der Vaart C. H.
Published: April 2017

Objective

One of the functional parameters that can be assessed by ultrasound is muscle strain, which represents the extent of deformation of the muscle from its original shape when forces are applied to the tissue under study. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of pregnancy and delivery on the puborectalis muscle, by assessing changes in global strain of the muscle during and after pregnancy.

Methods

This was a secondary analysis of a prospective observational study on the association between stress urinary incontinence and levator ani muscle avulsion after delivery. Two‐hundred and eighty nulliparous pregnant women underwent four‐dimensional transperineal ultrasound assessments at 12 and 36  weeks of gestation, and 6 months postpartum. Tomographic ultrasound images were constructed and the puborectalis muscle was delineated by hand using programming software. After delineation, the length of the midline of the puborectalis muscle was measured at rest and during maximum pelvic floor muscle contraction, and global strain was expressed as percentile difference. Postpartum results were analyzed separately for vaginal, operative (vacuum) vaginal and Cesarean delivery. Differences in global strain of the puborectalis muscle according to mode of delivery were compared using a paired‐sample t‐test. The effect of partial or complete avulsion of the puborectalis muscle on postpartum strain was evaluated by ANOVA.

Results

In total, 254 datasets were analyzed. Global strain of the puborectalis muscle did not change during pregnancy, but after spontaneous or operative vaginal delivery the global strain diminished significantly. No significant change was observed in strain of the puborectalis muscle after Cesarean delivery. Women who suffered complete bilateral avulsion had significantly lower strain compared with women with an intact puborectalis muscle.

Conclusion

Spontaneous or operative vacuum vaginal birth and complete bilateral avulsion of the puborectalis muscle influence negatively the strain of the puborectalis muscle. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Guest Editors’ Introduction:Corporate Sustainability Management and Environmental Ethics
Authors: Schuler Douglas , Rasche Andreas , Etzion Dror , Newton Lisa
Published: April 2017

This article reviews four key orientations in environmental ethics that range from an instrumental understanding of sustainability to one that acknowledges the intrinsic value of sustainable behavior (i.e., sustainable resource use, conservation and preservation, rights-based perspectives, and deep ecology). It then shows that the current scholarly discourse around corporate sustainability management—as reflected in environment management (EM), corporate social responsibility (CSR), and corporate political activity (CPA)—mostly favors an instrumental perspective on sustainability. Sustainable business practices are viewed as anthropocentric and are conceptualized as a means to achieve competitive advantage. Based on these observations, we speculate about what corporate sustainability management might look like if it applied ethical orientations that emphasize the intrinsic value of nature. This discussion also includes an introduction to two articles in this special section focused on the role of the environmental manager and sustainability standards, both of which offer paths for incorporating intrinsic valuation of the environment into sustainability management.
Risk of Clostridium difficile Infection in Hematology-Oncology Patients Colonized With Toxigenic C. difficile
Authors: Cannon Cara M. , Musuuza Jackson S. , Barker Anna K. , Duster Megan , Juckett Mark B. , Pop-Vicas Aurora E. , Safdar Nasia
Published: April 2017

The prevalence of colonization with toxigenic Clostridium difficile among patients with hematological malignancies and/or bone marrow transplant at admission to a 566-bed academic medical care center was 9.3%, and 13.3% of colonized patients developed symptomatic disease during hospitalization. This population may benefit from targeted C. difficile infection control interventions.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2017;38:718–720
Late Miocene chondrichthyans from Lago Bayano, Panama: Functional diversity, environment and biogeography
Authors: Perez Victor J. , Pimiento Catalina , Hendy Austin , González-Barba Gerardo , Hubbell Gordon , MacFadden Bruce J.
Published: April 2017

This newly described chondrichthyan fauna from the late Miocene Chucunaque Formation of Lago Bayano reveals a prolific and highly diverse assemblage from Panama, and one of the richest shark faunas from the Neotropics. Strontium geochronology indicates an age of 10–9.5 Ma for the chonrichthyan-bearing strata. Field efforts resulted in 1429 identifiable specimens comprising at least 31 taxa, of which at least eight are new to the documented fossil record of Panama. With this information an analysis of functional diversity was conducted, indicating ecosystems dominated by generalist species feeding upon a wide range of organisms, from plankton to marine mammals. A probabilistic approach of paleobathymetric estimation suggests a neritic environment. Previous studies based on foraminifera have suggested that the Chucunaque Formation had a greater Pacific Ocean affinity, making this the first Miocene chondrichthyan fauna described from the Pacific shelf of Panama. However, our geographic comparisons show that this fauna has mixed Caribbean and Pacific biogeographic affinities, which likely supports the previously purported connection between chondrichthyan faunas during the late Miocene.
Two Wrongs Make a Right: Addressing Underreporting in Binary Data from Multiple Sources
Authors: Cook Scott J. , Blas Betsabe , Carroll Raymond J. , Sinha Samiran
Published: April 2017

Media-based event data—i.e., data comprised from reporting by media outlets—are widely used in political science research. However, events of interest (e.g., strikes, protests, conflict) are often underreported by these primary and secondary sources, producing incomplete data that risks inconsistency and bias in subsequent analysis. While general strategies exist to help ameliorate this bias, these methods do not make full use of the information often available to researchers. Specifically, much of the event data used in the social sciences is drawn from multiple, overlapping news sources (e.g., Agence France-Presse, Reuters). Therefore, we propose a novel maximum likelihood estimator that corrects for misclassification in data arising from multiple sources. In the most general formulation of our estimator, researchers can specify separate sets of predictors for the true-event model and each of the misclassification models characterizing whether a source fails to report on an event. As such, researchers are able to accurately test theories on both the causes of and reporting on an event of interest. Simulations evidence that our technique regularly outperforms current strategies that either neglect misclassification, the unique features of the data-generating process, or both. We also illustrate the utility of this method with a model of repression using the Social Conflict in Africa Database.
Is Europe really the dream? Contingent paths among sub-Saharan migrants in Morocco
Authors: Thorsen Dorte
Published: April 2017

This article explores migrant existences in the border zones around Europe. Drawing on ethnographic research in Morocco undertaken in 2012, 2013 and 2015 and in continued engagements with migrants using social media, the article analyses three extended migrant stories, detailing their experiences of uncertainty, waiting and hoping. By elucidating the objectives informing migrants’ pathways and the material and moral considerations underpinning the ways in which they navigate migrant life in Rabat, the stories unveil how different temporalities and spatialities intersect and influence their decisions and ability to endure hardship and waiting. The article argues that uncertainties and risks inherent in migration, and in irregular migration in particular, have transformed collective expectations of the migratory project as a means of upward social mobility and economic security into hope and into a mode of hoping that individualizes success and failure. Meanwhile, the rising costs of migration and structural marginalization render the opportunity to travel elsewhere contingent on assistance from transnational social networks or international institutions. Individuals’ success or failure thus comes to depend on how understandings of hardship, waiting, opportunity and moral obligation are configured and reconfigured by lived experiences in different places.
Effect of plant development (age and size) on theMi-1-mediated resistance of tomato to whiteflyBemisia tabaci
Authors: Rodríguez-Álvarez C.I. , Muñiz M. , Nombela G.
Published: April 2017

Whitefly,Bemisia tabaci, is one of the most important pests of tomato,Solanum lycopersicumL. TheMi-1gene mediates tomato resistance to the Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED) species ofB. tabaci, three species of root-knot nematodes,Meloidogynespp., and the potato aphid,Macrosiphum euphorbiae.Tomato seedlings bearing theMi-1gene are resistant to nematodes soon after germination but resistance to aphids is developmentally regulated; a reliable conclusion aboutMi-1resistance toB. tabaciwas not available to date. In the present work, 3-, 5- and 8-week-old plants of the tomato cultivars Motelle and Moneymaker (bearing and lacking theMi-1gene, respectively) were simultaneously tested under free-choice (antixenosis) and no-choice (antibiosis) conditions, to assess the real influence of plant age on theMi-1-mediated resistance to the MED species ofB. tabaci.Subsequently, plants of the same age but with different level of development were compared to check whether the plant size can also affect this tomato resistance. Obtained results demonstrated thatMi-1-mediated resistance toB. tabaciis developmentally regulated, as variations in the age of bearing-Mi-1plants affects most infestation parameters tested. Differences between cultivars with and without theMi-1gene were significant for 8- but not for 3-week-old plants. For 5-week-old plants, differences between cultivars were less pronounced than in older plants, expressing an intermediate level of resistance in Motelle. Plant size also influenced whitefly infestation and reproductive activity on the resistant cultivar. However, plant age has more impact than plant size on theMi-1-mediated resistance of tomato toB. tabaci.
Reproductive biology of the great capricorn beetle,Cerambyx cerdo(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae): a protected but occasionally harmful species
Authors: Torres-Vila L.M.
Published: April 2017

Cerambyx cerdo(Cc) is a protected saproxylic beetle in Europe, although it is increasingly reported as an oak ‘pest’. Cc ecological features are relatively well known, but, its reproductive biology is still poorly understood. Hence, we investigated the reproductive traits of Cc under laboratory conditions. In females, body length was 44.1 ± 0.9 mm, 28–53 (mean ± SE, range); fecundity 143 ± 11 eggs, 33–347; fertility 78 ± 1%, 65–93; oviposition period 44 ± 3 days, 13–128 and longevity 59 ± 5 days, 16–157. Fecundity was positively correlated with female size, longevity and oviposition period. Daily fecundity was 3.5 ± 0.2 eggs/day, 0.9–6.5 showing a fluctuating synovigenic pattern with a slight decreasing trend over time. Egg length was 3.74 ± 0.01 mm, 2.3–6.0 and egg volume 5.45 ± 0.04 mm3, 2.4–9.6. Egg size was correlated with female size, but, the relative size of eggs was larger in smaller females. Incubation time was 13.5 ± 0.1 days, 7–28. Hatching was superior in larger eggs and neonate size was positively correlated to egg volume. Females were polyandrous (up to 19 matings), but, multiple mating did not enhance fecundity or fertility. In males, body length was 41.8 ± 0.8 mm, 29–53 and longevity 49 ± 3 days, 9–124. Male longevity was unrelated to body size. Males were polygynous (up to 16 matings) and mating number did not affect male longevity. Overall, females were larger and lived longer than males. Cc reproductive traits are compared with those other Cerambycidae, especially with the congeneric pestCerambyx welensii. Our data may be valuable to improve the protection/management measures of Cc in dehesa woodlands and other oak forests.
Surveying the Canadian State: Evolution of Canadian Political Science, Politics, and Government Since 1967
Authors: Marland Alex , Wesley Jared J.
Published: April 2017

This review essay identifies major monographs about the study of government and political institutions in Canada published in English over the past 50 years. Our review is woven around a general argument that key books about Canadian political life have mirrored the evolution of the discipline in the country as a whole. For instance, important books on federalism were written at turning points in Canada's constitutional history, while the recent uptick in social diversity and political communication studies mirrors broader societal trends. Equally, greater diversity in hiring within the academy has contributed to a broadening of subject matter, perspectives, methodologies and authorship. Thus, we explore the intersection between scholarship and society, with political scientists and their books as much products of their time as they have been contributors to the evolution of the political world around them. The sources that we identify have given shape to the study and practice of Canadian domestic politics.
Back to the Future: Historical Political Science and the Promise of Canadian Political Development
Authors: Lucas Jack , Vipond Robert
Published: April 2017

How “historical” is Canadian political science? This paper sets out to answer this question through an analysis of historically oriented articles that have appeared in this journal from its first volume, in 1968, to 2015. We suggest that historical research in this journal is at once enduring and uneven, a pattern that we then explore in more detail in a case study, spanning forty years, of historical articles that focus on the interconnected themes of the constitution, courts, and federalism. The unevenness of this pattern suggests that the intellectual and methodological foundation of “historical” Canadian political science may not be as firm as it appears. We therefore conclude with a description of some methodological and conceptual tools, originally fashioned within the historically oriented subfield of American political development in the United States, that Canadian political scientists might deploy to probe important and enduring questions of Canadian politics.
Towards a More Collaborative Political Science: A Partnership Approach
Authors: Goodman Nicole , Bird Karen , Gabel Chelsea
Published: April 2017

The research model that has dominated the discipline of political science in Canada is based on a top-down approach that defines and finds solutions to problems as researchers see them, and diminishes the real world concerns of social and political actors. Advocating a more collaborative political science, we argue for a partnership approach that engages those actors in the research process, including problem definition, research design, analysis and knowledge dissemination. This inclusion sharpens the focus of the research and produces more contextually valid and socially valuable knowledge. We draw upon our research experience working with Indigenous communities in Canada to illustrate the value of this approach, and carry out a review of partnership-based research published inThe Canadian Journal of Political Science.We find little evidence of partnership-based research in our flagship journal and discuss the implications for the future of our field.
Planning for the Future: Methodology Training in Canadian Universities
Authors: Dion Michelle L. , Stephenson Laura B.
Published: April 2017

Recent changes in government policy making and the labour market have created new opportunities for political scientists, provided that we have the skills to respond to them. We argue that changes need to be made in the area of methodology training in order to capitalize on these opportunities. Canadian political scientists should ensure that all our students acquire basic quantitative competencies, in addition to research design and qualitative analysis training, and that those graduate students interested in more sophisticated quantitative methods have the opportunity to develop those skills. We explain how expanding and deepening training in quantitative methods is one strategy for ensuring a role for political science in evidence-based policy making, for expanding labour market options for students, and for keeping apace with disciplinary trends. We caution, however, that special care needs to be taken to ensure that all political scientists have equal opportunities to develop such skills.
Langue de publication des politologues francophones du Canada
Authors: Rocher François , Stockemer Daniel
Published: April 2017

Cette étude présente les résultats d'un sondage réalisé auprès des politologues francophones du Canada portant sur la langue de diffusion des connaissances en science politique. Même si la quasi-totalité des politologues francophones est d'accord avec l’énoncé voulant que l'anglais soit devenu la lingua franca de la science politique, le français continue à occuper une place importante dans la diffusion des connaissances. Toutefois, il existe plusieurs variations en fonction de la langue dans laquelle la thèse de doctorat a été rédigée, du sous-champ disciplinaire dans lequel s'inscrivent les travaux et du rang professoral. Les choix linguistiques sont largement motivés par la volonté de rejoindre le plus vaste auditoire possible tout en obtenant la reconnaissance auprès des pairs.
Canada and Society
Authors: Andrew Caroline
Published: April 2017

What a lovely challenge: describe the books that best contribute to our knowledge and understanding of Canadian society. My first reaction was to think of those books that I particularly enjoyed reading and piece them together in a sort of long and personal review of key books. Then I came to the idea of knowledge and understanding of Canadian society and decided that the fundamental theme of this review should be the path, albeit a very slow path, we are on to reinvent the foundation story of Canada. The basic foundation story of Canada—that the country was first discovered by European settlers, that it was built from the top by the British Empire and that its stability and success depends on its institutions being maintained—is being undone. We are slowly recognizing whose histories have been ignored in this foundation story. I decided my review should follow the path of this rewriting of the foundation story of Canada. I will organize the review by the waves of books that analyse, advocate and interpret these different calls—by places, groups, bodies, projects—for voice, recognition and inclusion.
Four Conversations We Need To Have About Teaching and Learning in Canadian Political Science
Authors: Smith Heather , Summerville Tracy
Published: April 2017

Over the last 20 years of our careers, we have witnessed a significant decline in the respect for the liberal arts and social sciences. This decline forces us to regularly respond to questions about the relevance, value and future of our discipline. We know that political science provides fundamental skills for our students to succeed in the 21st century. Yet we also believe that as teachers and scholars we can do a better job of connecting to the realities of our students, articulating the skills and attitudes that our students will develop, and adapting our teaching methods to include high impact practices (Kuh, 2008) that focus on student learning. Here we argue that there are four important conversations that we need to have that can strengthen the appeal and interest in our discipline: the articulation of learning outcomes, the inclusion of high impact practices, attention to information literacy that recognizes the significant change in the delivery and access of research materials and a deep integration of indigenous ways of knowing in our teaching.
The Journal/Revue at 50
Authors: White Graham
Published: April 2017

For institutions as well as for people, turning 50 invites reflection on what's gone before and what's to come. This special 50th anniversary issue looks at Canadian political science and the profession—past and present—from a number of perspectives and explores ways in which they might or should change.
The Canadian Journal of Political Science: Birth or Metamorphosis?
Authors: Meisel John
Published: April 2017

With the Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique now in its fiftieth year, as the founding English coeditor, I'm pleased to be able to reminisce about its first days.
Construction de l'identité québécoise : des impacts sur la science politique autochtoniste
Authors: Choquette Éléna
Published: April 2017

This article proposes a historiographical analysis of the franco-quebecois political science on Indigenous peoples. Political science participates in representing social realities of populations that, in the present case, have been historically marginalised. It is thus critical to understand the processes that underlie its production and diffusion. By exploring the political circumstances that impacted the development of research on Indigenous peoples, we conclude that franco-quebecois scholars have built a field of study that is distinct in terms of its volume, tone, and recurring themes. In particular, we suggest that the study of the place of Quebec within Canada shaped and eclipsed that of Indigenous peoples in the province. Finally, we situate the contributions and limits of franco-quebecois political science with respect to Indigenous peoples. In so doing, we uncover some of the most significant dynamics in the development of Canadian political science in this area of study and provide indications for future research in the field.
The Unintended Consequences of Bilateralism: Treaty Shopping and International Tax Policy
Authors: Arel-Bundock Vincent
Published: April 2017

The international tax system is a complex regime composed of thousands of bilateral tax treaties. These agreements coordinate policies between countries to avoid double taxation and encourage international investment. I argue that by solving this coordination problem on a bilateral basis, states have inadvertently created opportunities for treaty shopping by multinationals. These opportunities, in turn, reduce the potency of fiscal policy, put pressure on governments to change their domestic tax laws, and ultimately constrain state autonomy. This constraint is theoretically distinct from the usual race-to-the-bottom story and it generates different testable implications. I use a motivating case study to show how multinationals leverage the structure of the treaty network to reduce their tax burden. Then, I develop a new measure of treaty-shopping opportunities for firms in 164 countries. Where the proliferation of tax treaties allows multinationals to engage in treaty shopping, states’ fiscal autonomy is limited, and governments tend to maintain lower tax rates.
An Analysis of Socio-Economic and Cultural Rights Protection under the Zimbabwe Constitution of 2013
Authors: Chitimira Howard
Published: April 2017

This article discusses certain provisions of the Zimbabwe Constitution Amendment Act 20 of 2013 that deal with the protection of socio-economic and cultural rights in Zimbabwe. The purpose of the article is to investigate the adequacy, flaws, challenges and prospects of these provisions in relation to the protection and affording of basic socio-economic and cultural rights to all citizens of Zimbabwe.
Zwara (Zuwārah) Berber
Authors: Gussenhoven Carlos
Published: April 2017

Zwara Berber is a variety of Nafusi (ISO 639-3; Lewis, Simons & Fennig 2016) which belongs to the eastern Zenati group within northern Berber (where Berber is the scientific term for Tamazight), a branch of Afro-Asiatic. Zwara (Zuwārah, Zuwara, Zuāra, Zuara, Zouara) is a coastal city located at 32.9° N, 12.1° E in Libya. The speakers refer to themselves as /at ˈwil.lul/ (also /ajt ˈwil.lul/) ‘those of Willul’ and to their specific variety of the language as /t.ˈwil.lult/ ‘the language of Willul’. Having no official status during the Italian colonization of Libya and the first period after the country's independence in 1951, repression of the language became severe after the Cultural Revolution of 1973. Its propagation through teaching and the media fell under a constitutional ban on the denial of the Arab identity of the state, and qualified as such as treason, a capital offense. Until the revolution of 2011 (‘17 February’), the language was therefore not spoken in cultural, educational or governmental domains and could not be taught, printed or broadcast. The number of Tamazight speakers in Libya is estimated at 184,000 in Lewis et al. (2016) and at 560,000 by Chakel & Ferkal (2012). In the absence of a municipal register, the number of inhabitants in Zwara is uncertain. A conservative estimate is between 50,000 and 100,000, which is also the number of speakers of the Zwara variety. Other than through exposure by radio and television, children learn Arabic only from age six, when attending school. Speakers have variable L2 Arabic competence depending on exposure to the language.
Revisions to the extIPA chart
Authors: Ball Martin J. , Howard Sara J. , Miller Kirk
Published: April 2017

This paper describes changes to the extIPA (Extensions to the IPA) symbol set, the motivation for these changes, and areas where future changes by the IPA might be helpful to clinical transcribers. The extIPA symbol set was introduced some twenty-five years ago. Since that time, some minor changes have been introduced to the extIPA chart but no major rearrangement has been attempted. The 2010 Oslo meeting of ICPLA (International Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics Association) started a revision of the extIPA chart, and this process was recently completed. A revised extIPA chart was approved at the 2016 ICPLA meeting. The revision involved the addition, modification and removal of categories and symbols. All changes derive from the need to denote sounds encountered in disordered speech that were not covered by the original chart.
Rural livelihoods and mangrove degradation in south-west Madagascar: lime production as an emerging threat
Authors: Scales Ivan R. , Friess Daniel A. , Glass Leah , Ravaoarinorotsihoarana Lalao
Published: April 2017

Mangroves are heavily threatened globally, with fuelwood harvesting and charcoal production a growing threat in low-income nations. However, the socio-ecological dynamics of mangroves are poorly understood, especially the roles of poverty and wealth in shaping resource use. This is particularly the case with Madagascar's mangroves, which contribute 2% of global mangrove cover. We report on the use of and threats to mangroves in the Bay of Assassins in south-west Madagascar. We document the production of sokay, a sea-shell based lime produced in mangrove wood kilns and used as a render on houses to improve their durability. Lime rendered houses are considered a status symbol. Growth in the use of lime is related to a rise in income in some households, which is partly a result of the increased commodification of marine products such as octopus, seaweed and sea cucumber. These products have experienced rapid commercialization over the last decade, with fishers now supplying global markets. We also document evidence of the emergence of larger-scale lime production. The growth of lime production has major ramifications for mangrove cover. We have observed a worrying development in mangrove harvesting patterns tied to lime production, where mangrove ecosystems are cleared instead of selectively cut. We consider the implications of our findings for broader debates about the relationship between conservation, poverty and natural resource use. We highlight research priorities and discuss the policy implications of our research, especially the need for the integrated management of ecosystems.
Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on amygdala function in major depression – a longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Redlich R. , Bürger C. , Dohm K. , Grotegerd D. , Opel N. , Zaremba D. , Meinert S. , Förster K. , Repple J. , Schnelle R. , Wagenknecht C. , Zavorotnyy M. , Heindel W. , Kugel H. , Gerbaulet M. , Alferink J. , Arolt V. , Zwanzger P. , Dannlowski U.
Published: April 2017

Background

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the most effective treatments for severe depression. However, little is known regarding brain functional processes mediating ECT effects.

Method

In a non-randomized prospective study, functional magnetic resonance imaging data during the automatic processing of subliminally presented emotional faces were obtained twice, about 6 weeks apart, in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) before and after treatment with ECT (ECT, n = 24). Additionally, a control sample of MDD patients treated solely with pharmacotherapy (MED, n = 23) and a healthy control sample (HC, n = 22) were obtained.

Results

Before therapy, both patient groups equally showed elevated amygdala reactivity to sad faces compared with HC. After treatment, a decrease in amygdala activity to negative stimuli was discerned in both patient samples indicating a normalization of amygdala function, suggesting mechanisms potentially unspecific for ECT. Moreover, a decrease in amygdala activity to sad faces was associated with symptomatic improvements in the ECT sample (rspearman = −0.48, p = 0.044), and by tendency also for the MED sample (rspearman = −0.38, p = 0.098). However, we did not find any significant association between pre-treatment amygdala function to emotional stimuli and individual symptom improvement, neither for the ECT sample, nor for the MED sample.

Conclusions

In sum, the present study provides first results regarding functional changes in emotion processing due to ECT treatment using a longitudinal design, thus validating and extending our knowledge gained from previous treatment studies. A limitation was that ECT patients received concurrent medication treatment.
Metacognitive beliefs mediate the effect of emotional abuse on depressive and psychotic symptoms in severe mental disorders
Authors: Østefjells T. , Lystad J. U. , Berg A. O. , Hagen R. , Loewy R. , Sandvik L. , Melle I. , Røssberg J. I.
Published: April 2017

Background

Early trauma is linked to higher symptom levels in bipolar and psychotic disorders, but the translating mechanisms are not well understood. This study examines whether the relationship between early emotional abuse and depressive symptoms is mediated by metacognitive beliefs about thoughts being uncontrollable/dangerous, and whether this pathway extends to influence positive symptoms.

Method

Patients (N= 261) with psychotic or bipolar disorders were assessed for early trauma experiences, metacognitive beliefs, and current depression/anxiety and positive symptoms. Mediation path analyses using ordinary least-squares regressions tested if the effect of early emotional abuse on depression/anxiety was mediated by metacognitive beliefs, and if the effect of early emotional abuse on positive symptoms was mediated by metacognitive beliefs and depression/anxiety.

Results

Metacognitive beliefs about thoughts being uncontrollable/dangerous significantly mediated the relationship between early emotional abuse and depression/anxiety. Metacognitive beliefs and depression/anxiety significantly mediated the relationship between early emotional abuse and positive symptoms. The models explained a moderate amount of the variance in symptoms (R2= 0.21–0.29).

Conclusion

Our results indicate that early emotional abuse is relevant to depression/anxiety and positive symptoms in bipolar and psychotic disorders, and suggest that metacognitive beliefs could play a role in an affective pathway to psychosis. Metacognitive beliefs could be relevant treatment targets with regards to depression/anxiety and positive symptoms in bipolar and psychotic disorders.
Differences in neural and cognitive response to emotional faces in middle-aged dizygotic twins at familial risk of depression
Authors: Miskowiak K. W. , Svendsen A. M. B. , Harmer C. J. , Elliott R. , Macoveanu J. , Siebner H. R. , Kessing L. V. , Vinberg M.
Published: April 2017

Background

Negative bias and aberrant neural processing of emotional faces are trait-marks of depression but findings in healthy high-risk groups are conflicting.

Methods

Healthy middle-aged dizygotic twins (N = 42) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): 22 twins had a co-twin history of depression (high-risk) and 20 were without co-twin history of depression (low-risk). During fMRI, participants viewed fearful and happy faces while performing a gender discrimination task. After the scan, they were given a faces dot-probe task, a facial expression recognition task and questionnaires assessing mood, personality traits and coping.

Results

Unexpectedly, high-risk twins showed reduced fear vigilance and lower recognition of fear and happiness relative to low-risk twins. During face processing in the scanner, high-risk twins displayed distinct negative functional coupling between the amygdala and ventral prefrontal cortex and pregenual anterior cingulate. This was accompanied by greater fear-specific fronto-temporal response and reduced fronto-occipital response to all emotional faces relative to baseline. The risk groups showed no differences in mood, subjective state or coping.

Conclusions

Less susceptibility to fearful faces and negative cortico-limbic coupling during emotional face processing may reflect neurocognitive compensatory mechanisms in middle-aged dizygotic twins who remain healthy despite their familial risk of depression.
Holding or Breaking with Ptolemy's Generalization: Considerations about the Motion of the Planetary Apsidal Lines in Medieval Islamic Astronomy
Authors: Mozaffari S. Mohammad
Published: April 2017

Argument

In theAlmagest, Ptolemy finds that the apogee of Mercury moves progressively at a speed equal to his value for the rate of precession, namely one degree per century, in the tropical reference system of the ecliptic coordinates. He generalizes this to the other planets, so that the motions of the apogees of all five planets are assumed to be equal, while the solar apsidal line is taken to be fixed. In medieval Islamic astronomy, one change in this general proposition took place because of the discovery of the motion of the solar apogee in the ninth century, which gave rise to lengthy discussions on the speed of its motion. Initially Bīrūnī and later Ibn al-Zarqālluh assigned a proper motion to it, although at different rates. Nevertheless, appealing to the Ptolemaic generalization and interpreting it as a methodological axiom, the dominant idea became to extend it in order to include the motion of the solar apogee as well. Another change occurred after correctly making a distinction between the motion of the apogees and the rate of precession. Some Western Islamic astronomers generalized Ibn al-Zarqālluh's proper motion of the solar apogee to the apogees of the planets. Analogously, Ibn al-Shāṭir maintained that the motion of the apogees is faster than precession. Nevertheless, the Ptolemaic generalization in the case of the equality of the motions of the apogees remained untouchable, despite the notable development of planetary astronomy, in both theoretical and observational aspects, in the late Islamic period.
The motivic cohomology ofBSOn
Authors: HARADA MASANA , NAKADA MASAYUKI
Published: April 2017

We will determine the motivic cohomologyH*,* (BSOn,$\mathbb{Z}$/2) with coefficients in$\mathbb{Z}$/2 of the classifying space of special orthogonal groupsSOnover the complex numbers$\mathbb{C}$.
Domain structure of CoIr nanoalloys
Authors: Filatov Evgeny Yu. , Cherepanova Svetlana V. , Kochetygov Ilia V. , Shubin Yury V. , Korenev Sergey V.
Published: April 2017

X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of nanosized equimolar solid solution CoIr prepared by thermolysis of [Co(NH3)6][Ir(C2O4)3] contains peaks characteristic of both face-centered cubic (fcc) and hexagonal close-packed (hcp) structure. Moreover, 101 peak of hcp modification is substantially wider than 100 and 002 peaks, 102 and 103 are very broad and almost invisible. Peak 200 of fcc structure is wider than the other peaks of this modification and slightly shifted toward lower angles. It was shown by simulation of XRD patterns that particles of CoIr alloy are nanoheterogeneous and consist of lamellar domains having fcc and hcp structures. The best fit was obtained for the following model parameters: an average crystallites size is about 10 nm, average thicknesses of the fcc and hcp domains are 1.7 and 1.1 respectively. The presence of domain structure was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy data.
Risk factors for the treatment outcome of retreated pulmonary tuberculosis patients in China: an optimized prediction model
Authors: WANG X.-M. , YIN S.-H. , DU J. , DU M.-L. , WANG P.-Y. , WU J. , HORBINSKI C. M. , WU M.-J. , ZHENG H.-Q. , XU X.-Q. , SHU W. , ZHANG Y.-J.
Published: April 2017

Retreatment of tuberculosis (TB) often fails in China, yet the risk factors associated with the failure remain unclear. To identify risk factors for the treatment failure of retreated pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients, we analyzed the data of 395 retreated PTB patients who received retreatment between July 2009 and July 2011 in China. PTB patients were categorized into ‘success’ and ‘failure’ groups by their treatment outcome. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to evaluate the association between treatment outcome and socio-demographic as well as clinical factors. We also created an optimized risk score model to evaluate the predictive values of these risk factors on treatment failure. Of 395 patients, 99 (25·1%) were diagnosed as retreatment failure. Our results showed that risk factors associated with treatment failure included drug resistance, low education level, low body mass index (<18·5), long duration of previous treatment (>6 months), standard treatment regimen, retreatment type, positive culture result after 2 months of treatment, and the place where the first medicine was taken. An Optimized Framingham risk model was then used to calculate the risk scores of these factors. Place where first medicine was taken (temporary living places) received a score of 6, which was highest among all the factors. The predicted probability of treatment failure increases as risk score increases. Ten out of 359 patients had a risk score >9, which corresponded to an estimated probability of treatment failure >70%. In conclusion, we have identified multiple clinical and socio-demographic factors that are associated with treatment failure of retreated PTB patients. We also created an optimized risk score model that was effective in predicting the retreatment failure. These results provide novel insights for the prognosis and improvement of treatment for retreated PTB patients.
The impact of life stress on adult depression and anxiety is dependent on gender and timing of exposure
Authors: Herbison Carly E. , Allen Karina , Robinson Monique , Newnham John , Pennell Craig
Published: April 2017

There is debate about the relative importance of timing of stressful events prenatally and over the life course and risk for subsequent depressive/anxious illness. The aim of this study was to examine the relative roles of prenatal stress and postnatal stress trajectories in predicting depression and anxiety in early adulthood in males and females. Exposure to life stress events was examined in the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study during pregnancy and ages 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 14, and 17 years. At age 20, offspring completed the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale. Prenatal stress and trajectories of stress events from age 1 to 17 were analyzed in linear regression analyses. Five postnatal stress trajectories were identified. In females, medium to high chronic stress exposure or exposure during puberty/adolescence predicted depression and anxiety symptoms while low or reduced stress exposure over the life course did not, after adjustment for relevant confounders. High stress early in pregnancy contributed to male depression/anxiety symptoms independent of postnatal stress trajectory. In females, postnatal stress trajectory was more important than prenatal stress in predicting depression/anxiety symptoms. Interventions focused on reducing and managing stress events around conception/pregnancy and exposure to chronic stress are likely to have beneficial outcomes on rates of depression and anxiety in adults.
Associations between early internalizing symptoms and speed of transition through stages of alcohol involvement
Authors: Menary Kyle R. , Corbin William R. , Chassin Laurie
Published: April 2017

Alcohol use disorders and internalizing disorders are highly comorbid, but how this comorbidity unfolds over development is not well understood. The present study investigated effects of internalizing symptoms in late childhood on speed of transition between three alcohol involvement milestones: first drink, first binge, and onset of first alcohol dependence symptom. Greater early internalizing symptoms were expected to predict a later age of first drink, a slower transition from first drink to first binge, and a faster transition from first binge to first dependence symptom. The effects of age and moderating effects of gender were also examined. Data were from a longitudinal study of children of alcoholics and matched controls (N = 454) followed from late childhood to midlife. Generally, stage-specific hypotheses were not supported; rather, greater internalizing symptoms predicted an earlier age of first drink and a faster transition through the full interval from first drink to first dependence symptom. Regarding gender moderation, internalizing significantly predicted a faster transition between each milestone as well as through the full interval among women but not men. These results suggest that early internalizing problems confer risk for a rapid transition through all stages of alcohol involvement, and this risk may be limited to women.
Effectiveness of interventions in preventing disorganized attachment: A meta-analysis
Authors: Facompré Christopher R. , Bernard Kristin , Waters Theodore E. A.
Published: April 2017

Disorganized attachment is associated with a host of negative developmental outcomes, leading to a growing interest in preventative interventions targeting the attachment relationship in infancy. The objective of this meta-analysis was to assess the effectiveness of interventions that aimed to prevent or reduce rates of disorganization among children at risk. We performed a literature search using PsycINFO, MEDLINE, and ProQuest databases for studies published between January 1989 and August 2016. All 16 studies (N= 1,360) included a control condition and reported postintervention rates of organized and disorganized attachments assessed by the Strange Situation Procedure. Results showed that, overall, interventions were effective in increasing rates of organized attachment compared to control conditions (d= 0.35, 95% CI [0.10–0.61]). Moderator analyses demonstrated that interventions were more effective (a) in more recently published studies than in older studies, (b) for maltreated samples than nonmaltreated samples, and (c) as children increased in age. These results have important implications for future development, tailoring, and implementation of attachment-based intervention programs.
Swimming bacteria promote dispersal of non-motile staphylococcal species
Authors: Samad Tahoura , Billings Nicole , Birjiniuk Alona , Crouzier Thomas , Doyle Patrick S , Ribbeck Katharina
Published: April 2017

Swimming motility is considered a beneficial trait among bacterial species as it enables movement across fluid environments and augments invasion of tissues within the host. However, non-swimming bacteria also flourish in fluid habitats, but how they effectively spread and colonize distant ecological niches remains unclear. We show that non-motile staphylococci can gain motility by hitchhiking on swimming bacteria, leading to extended and directed motion with increased velocity. This phoretic interaction was observed between Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus epidermidis and P. aeruginosa, as well as S. aureus and Escherichia coli, suggesting hitchhiking as a general translocation mechanism for non-motile staphylococcal species. By leveraging the motility of swimming bacteria, it was observed that staphylococci can colonize new niches that are less available in the absence of swimming carriers. This work highlights the importance of considering interactions between species within polymicrobial communities, in which bacteria can utilize each other as resources.
Microbial shifts and signatures of long-term remission in ulcerative colitis after faecal microbiota transplantation
Authors: Fuentes Susana , Rossen Noortje G , van der Spek Mirjam J , Hartman Jorn H A , Huuskonen Laura , Korpela Katri , Salojärvi Jarkko , Aalvink Steven , de Vos Willem M , D’Haens Geert R , Zoetendal Erwin G , Ponsioen Cyriel Y
Published: April 2017

Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) may contribute towards disease remission in ulcerative colitis (UC), but it is unknown which factors determine long-term effect of treatment. Here, we aimed to identify bacterial signatures associated with sustained remission. To this end, samples from healthy donors and UC patients—grouped into responders and non-responders at a primary end point (week 12) and further stratified by sustained clinical remission and relapse assessed at ⩾1-year follow-up were analysed, comparing the efficacy of FMT from either a healthy donor or autologous faeces. Microbiota composition was determined with a 16S rRNA gene-based phylogenetic microarray on faecal and mucosal samples, and functional profiles were predicted using PICRUSt with quantitative PCR verification of the butyrate production capacity; short-chain fatty acids were measured in faecal samples. At baseline, UC patients showed reduced amounts of bacterial groups from the Clostridium cluster XIVa, and significantly higher levels of Bacteroidetes as compared with donors. These differences were reduced after FMT mostly in responders. Sustained remission was associated with known butyrate producers and overall increased butyrate production capacity, while relapse was associated with Proteobacteria and Bacteroidetes. Ruminococcus gnavus was found at high levels in donors of failed FMT. A microbial ecosystem rich in Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria and low in Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa observed in UC patients after FMT was predictive of poor sustained response, unless modified with a donor microbiota rich in specific members from the Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa. Additionally, sustained response was associated with restoration of the butyrate production capacity.