bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Radiotracer Technique in Study of Strongly Basic Anion Exchange Resins Dowex-SBR LC and Indion-454
Authors: Singare P.U.
Published: December 2022

The present paper demonstrates application of isotopic tracer technique in characterization of anion exchange resins Dowex-SBR LC and Indion-454 for which 131I and 82Br radio isotopes were used. The characterization was made based on iodide and bromide ion-isotopic exchange reaction kinetic data obtained for the two resins. It was observed that during iodide ion-isotopic exchange reaction performed at 35.0 °C, 1.000 g of ion exchange resins and 0.002 mol/L labeled iodide ion solution, the values of specific reaction rate (min-1), amount of ion exchanged (mmol), initial rate of ion exchange (mmol/min) and log Kd were 0.379, 0.426, 0.161 and 16.2 respectively for Dowex-SBR LC resin, which was higher than the respective values of 0.156, 0.243, 0.038 and 13.4 as that obtained by using Indion-454 resins. The identical trend was observed for the two resins during bromide ion-isotopic exchange reaction. The results of present investigation also indicate that during the two ion-isotopic exchange reactions, for both the resins, there exists a strong positive linear correlation between amount of ions exchanged and concentration of ionic solution; and strong negative correlation between amount of ions exchanged and temperature of exchanging medium. Based on overall results it appears that under identical experimental conditions, as compared to Indion-454 resins, Dowex-SBR LC resins show superior performance. It is expected here that the present technique can be extended further for characterization of different ion exchange resins which will further help in the selection of those reins for the specific industrial application
TiO2 Nanorods Prepared from Anodic Aluminum Oxide Template and their Applications in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Nukunudompanich Methawee , Chuangchote Surawut , Wootthikanokkhan Jatuporn , Suzuki Yoshikazu
Published: December 2022

Anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) was used as a template coupled with liquid process for synthesis of TiO2 nanorods. Immersion setting (IS) was carried out to insert a TiO2 precursor solution into AAO pore. With the calcination and NaOH treatment to remove AAO, SEM characterization revealed that TiO2 nanorods with diameter around 100-200 nm were successfully fabricated from AAO commercial templates. The synthesized nanorods mixed with commercial TiO2 nanoparticles (P-25) with a mixing ratio of 5:95 (by mass) were used as an electrode in a dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC), The photoelectrodes made with nanorods showed a better performance than the cells used of only pristine TiO2 nanoparticles. The results from current density-voltage (J-V) characteristics of DSSCs showed that short-circuit current density (JSC), open-circuit voltage (VOC), fill factor (FF), and power conversion efficiency (PCE) are 11.78 mA/cm2, 0.72 V, 0.55, and 4.68%, respectively. Due to the effects of one-dimensional (1-D) nanostructure, the electron expressway concept was achieved in this research.
Demonstrating of Cosmic Ray Characteristics by Estimating the Cherenkov Light Lateral Distribution Function for Yakutsk Array as a Function of the Zenith Angle
Authors: Abdulsttar Marwah M. , Al-Rubaiee A.A. , Ali Abdul Halim K.
Published: December 2022

Cherenkov light lateral distribution function (CLLDF) in Extensive Air Showers (EAS) for different primary particles (e-, n , p, F, K and Fe) was simulated using CORSIKA code for conditions and configurations of Yakutsk EAS array with the fixed primary energy 3 PeV around the knee region at different zenith angles. Basing on the results of CLLDF numerical simulation, sets of approximated functions are reconstructed for different primary particles as a function of the zenith angle. A comparison of the parametrized CLLDF with that simulated with Yakutsk EAS array is verified.The parameterized CLLDF also is compared with that measured on the Yakutsk EAS array.
Minimizing Fluoride by Coagulation on Iron(III) Hydroxide in Drinkable Water from Oasis Region of Algeria
Authors: Atia Djamel , Hoggui Abdelghani
Published: December 2022

The drinkable water in oasis region of Algeria contains high quantity of fluoride which causes dental fluorosis. To reduce fluoride, we have chosen a sample with the biggest content of fluoride among many sources in order to coagulate it with FeSO4·H2O. After that the parameters influencing (concentration, pH, temperature) are studied to choose the best conditions for better reduction.
Dielectric Studies of Nano Structured BaTi1-XSnxO3 Solid Solutions
Authors: Bitra Hema Chandra Rao , Prasad B.B.V.S. Vara
Published: December 2022

BaTi1-xSnxO3 (BTSx) ceramics had been prepared by temperature sintering technique. Initially, the samples were calcined at a temperature at 900 °C for 2 hours, after that ball milling was done and then the samples were sintered at a temperature of 1150 °C for 3 hours. X-ray diffractometry, Scanning Electron Microscopy, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy and Dielectric measurements were carried out and structural, micro structural and elemental analyses were discussed in brief
Dielectric Dependent Absorption Characteristics in CNFET Infrared Phototransistor
Authors: Patil Kalawati , Mishra B.K.
Published: December 2022

In future infrared photodetectors, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are considered as potential candidates due to their band gap, high absorption coefficient (104 - 105 cm −1), high charge carrier mobility and ease of processability. The SWCNT based Field Effect Transistors (CNFETs) are being seriously considered for applications in optoelectronics. In the proposed work optically controlled back gated CNFET is modeled in Sentaurus TCAD to observe the impact of high dielectric oxides on its photoabsorption. The model is based on analytical approximations and parameters extracted from quantum mechanical simulations of the device and depending on the nanotube diameter and the different gate oxide materials. A small deviation in SWCNT chirality shows significant change (more than 50 %) in channel current. Transfer characteristics of the device are analyzed under dark and illuminated conditions. CNFET integrated with HfO2 dielectrics exhibits superior performance with a significant rise in photocurrent current. Precise two dimensional TCAD simulation results and visual figures affirm that the ON state performance of CNFET has significant dependency on the dielectric strength as well as width of the gate oxide and its application in enhancing the performance of carbon nanotube based infrared photo detectors.
Preparation of Network π-Conjugated Copolymers with Ullmann Type Polycondensation
Authors: Nakajima Kuniharu , Goto Hiromasa
Published: December 2022

Ullmann type polycondensations in the presence of CuI and a base were carried out to afford network type π-conjugated copolymers. Infrared absorption spectroscopy measurements and surface observation using a scanning electron microscopy are carried out. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy measurements revealed that the cross-linked copolymers thus obtained contain small amount of copper. This polymerization conveniently allows production of network π-conjugated polymers. The polymer can be expected to have thermo-resistance.
Simulation of Isotropic Acoustic Metamaterials
Authors: Premarathna S.M. , Wijewardena Gamalath K A I L
Published: December 2022

The model use to study electromagnetic metamaterials in transverse electric mode was modified to study the pressure distribution in an acoustic metamaterial in a two dimensional geometry. An electromagnetic wave of 30 GHz in transverse magnetic mode at normal incidence propagating through a two dimensional isotropic semi infinite double negative metamaterial slab of 640×830 cells embedded in free space with low loss damping frequency 108s-1 was studied by finite difference time dependent method with Yee’s algorithm with an explicit leapfrog scheme. The multiple cycle m-n-m pulses generating beams were used as sources. The simulations for refractive indices n=-1 and n=-16 at different time steps are presented. For n=-1, the sub-wavelength imaging is apparent, diverging the waves from source into two sources, one inside and the other outside the slab. The reverse propagation is much more significant for showing that the group velocity is much larger inside the metamaterial by the closely packed wave front, making the continuation of the wave pattern much more significant through the metamaterial into the normal space.
Analgesic and Anti-Inflammatory Activities of some Transition Metal Schiff Base Complexes
Authors: Jesmin Mele , Islam M. Khairul , Ali Shaikh M. Mohsin
Published: December 2022

Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of four transition metal complexes of a Schiff base derived from salicylaldehyde and glycine, viz. [N-salicylideneglycinato diaqua cobalt(II) dimer] (SGCo)2, [N-salicylideneglycinato-di-aqua-nickel(ll)dimer] (SGN)2, [N-salicylideneglycinato-aqua-copper(II)] (SGC) and [N-salicylideneglycinato diaqua zinc(II) dimer] (SGZ)2 were studied in swiss albino mice. 10 mg/kg (p.o) dose for each compound were selected throughout the research work. The analgesic activity was determined by acetic acid induced writhing and tail immersion methods. All such data were compared with standard drugs at the dose of 10 mg/kg (p.o. The anti-inflammatory activity of the test compounds was determined by the carragenan induced mice paw edema inhibition method.). Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of the test compounds at 10 mg/kg (p.o.) were quite comparable to those of standard drugs at 10 mg/kg (p.o.). All these compounds can be considered as potent analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents.
Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System Controller for Vibration Control of Reduced-Order Finite Element Model of Rotor-Bearing-Support System
Authors: Rosyid Abdur , Alata Mohanad , El Madany Mohamed
Published: December 2022

This paper evaluates the use of adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) controller to suppress the vibration in a rotor-bearing-support system, and compare the performance to LQR controller. ANFIS combines the smooth interpolation of fuzzy inference system (FIS) and the learning capability of adaptive neural network. The ANFIS controller design starts with initialization which includes loading the training data and generating the initial FIS. In this case, the gain values obtained from the LQR controller design previously conducted were used as training data for the ANFIS controller. After the training data is provided, the ANFIS controller learns through a certain optimization algorithm to adjust the parameters. In the current work, hybrid algorithm was used due to its faster convergence. To evaluate the performance, the ANFIS output was compared to the training data. From the evaluation, it can be concluded that ANFIS controller can replace LQR controller with no need to solve the LQR’s Riccati equation. However, in the initialization process, it needs training data obtained from LQR control design. Furthermore, ANFIS controller can replace more than one LQR controllers with different weighting matrices Q and/or R. In a more general tone, ANFIS controller can serve as an effective controller, given any arbitrary speed-gain pairs as its training data. Finally, ANFIS controller can serve as a better controller than LQR as long as tuning can be conducted adequately for that purpose.
Structural and Optical Characterization of ZnO Nanoparticles Synthesized by Microemulsion Route
Authors: Kumar Harish , Rani Renu
Published: December 2022

ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by microemulsion route in W/S ratio of 5 at room temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern reveals wurtzite structure of ZnO nanoparticles. Rod shape of ZnO nanoparticles of average particle size 10.0 to 12.0 nm were observed by transmission electron microscopy. FT-IR spectra confirmed the adsorption of surfactant molecules at the surface of ZnO nanoparticles and presence of Zn-O bonding. Thermal studies were carried out by the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) techniques. In addition, UV-Visible spectra were employed to estimate the band gap energy of ZnO nanoparticles.
Evaluation of Spectral Overview and Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) Sources at Four Different Sites in CALLISTO Network at the Narrow Band Solar Monitoring Region
Authors: Hamidi Zety Sharizat , Shariff N.N.M. , Monstein C.
Published: December 2022

Continuous observation of solar radio burst in CALLISTO network was started since 2002 with Blein Switzerland is the first site that launched the system. Since then, there are more than 35 sites around the world that monitor the Sun activity within 24 hours until 2014. However, there is an issue of Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) that need to be considered. This noise is a major obstacle when performing observation with CALLISTO system. We selected 4 sites as preliminary analysis to analyze in detailed at a specific frequency which is very important in solar burst monitoring. The selected sites are (i) Blein, Switzerland (ii) Mauritius (iii) KASI Korea and (iv) ANGKASA, Malaysia. The regime narrow band that we focused are from (i) 72 – 75 MHz (ii) band 145 – 153 MHz (iii) 240 – 250 MHz (iv) 320 – 330 MHz (v) 406 – 410 MHz. The results of the sources of the RFI also will be highlighted. This work is was part of a larger study which focuses on a specific region that can be used for detailed investigation of solar burst. This issue of Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) needs a dialogue and interactions between different actors and networks.It is hoped that the analysis will help the solar physicist to choose a better data.
The Contents of Nickel in Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) as Affected by Application of Multicomponent Fertilizers
Authors: Draszawka-Bołzan Beata
Published: December 2022

Urbanization is the cause of many changes which is taking place in the environment, including those found in the catchment. Three multicomponent fertilizers were applied: Polifoska 8, Polifoska 16 and Polimag 306, at the rates of 0.5; 1.0; and 1.5 g N per pot. The total forms of nickel were determined in dry matter of perennial ryegrass with the use of ASA method. The contents of these elements were higher in the fertilized variants as compared to the control. No significant differences were found among the contents of investigated elements compared in plants treated with different multicomponent fertilizers. The increasing rates of nitrogen decreased soil pH and, thereby, enhanced the availability and concentration of heavy metals in perennial ryegrass. A pot experiment on an acid brown soil was conducted in 1998-2001.
A Case Study of Explosion a Single Solar Burst Type III and IV due to Active Region AR1890
Authors: Hamidi Zety Sharizat , Ibrahim M.B. , Shariff N.N.M. , Monstein C.
Published: December 2022

Using data from a BLEIN Callisto site, we aim to provide a comprehensive description of the synopsis formation and dynamics of a a single solar burst type III and IV event due to active region AR1890. This eruption has started since 14:15 UT with a formation of type III solar burst. To investigate the importance of the role of type III solar burst can potentially form a type IV solar burst, the literature review of both bursts is outlined in detailed. The orientation and position of AR1890 make the explosion of a class C-solar flare is not directly to the Earth. Nevertheless, it is clear that the interactions of others sunspots such as AR1893,AR1895,AR1896, AR1897 and AR1898 should be studied in detail to understand what makes the type III burst formed before the type IV solar burst.
Sensing Properties of WO3 as Thin Film Prepared by PVD towards Ethanol Vapor
Authors: Ali Malek , Hbous Mayada , Abdullah Wael
Published: December 2022

Three thin films were prepared by PVD starting from WO3 powder with thicknesses ( 998.7, 1620, 2240 nm ) respectively on glass substrates under limited thermal and pressure conditions, studied their I-V characteristics and calculated the sensitivity for 100 ppm of ethanol vapor adsorption (The temperature of the films have been changed from 25°C to 350°C). A comparison among them was achieved at 300 °C as an operating degree and found that the 1620 nm WO3 has more sensitivity and has more power to adsorb for ethanol vapor on it.
Cover of Cylinder Lattice Plastic Convert into Fuel
Authors: Sarker Moinuddin , Rashid Mohammad Mamunor
Published: December 2022

Waste plastic of cylinder lattice to liquid fuel production process was performing two step processes. 1st step process was perform muffle furnace with ceramic crucible and 2nd step process was perform glass reactor with condensation unit. Thermal degradation process was performing with furnace and temperature was 410 °C and reactor temperature was 420 °C. Muffle furnace was use for solid hard shape of plastic melting purpose and glass reactor was use for liquid slurry to produce vapor purpose. Liquid slurry to produce vapor was condensed and collected liquid fuel and fuel density is 0.75 g/ml. Liquid fuel production conversation rate was 71.05%. Fuel was analysis by GC/MS and carbon chains obtain C3 to C23 from GC/MS chromatogram. Fuel color is light yellow and fuel is ignited.
Experimental Evidence that Hubble’s Parameter could Be Reflected in Local Physical and Chemical Reactions: Support for Mach’s Principle of Imminence of the Universe
Authors: Persinger Michael A.
Published: December 2022

Mach’s principle of immanence of the universe requires the behavior of local matter to depend upon the remainder of the universe. Hubble’s constant could be employed to calculate the inference of this condition. More than a decade ago specific types of temporally patterned magnetic fields generated by serial 3 ms point durations were shown to produce conspicuous biochemical effects. When the product of this duration and the diameter of a proton was divided into Planck’s Length the estimated Hubble’ parameter was 66.7 ±1.3 km∙ s-1·MParsec-1 which is remarkably similar to the current value of 67.8 km∙ s-1. Photon emissions from chemoluminescent reactions and discrete shifts in pH within spring water during exposure to specific patterns of magnetic fields revealed optimal responses with remarkably similar z-transformations when point durations of the constructive voltages were 3 ms or 1 ms but not 2, 4, or 5 ms. Cumulative results indicate proton (3 ms) and electron (~1.5 ms) processes. These results support Mach’s contention and indicate that relatively accurate inferences of the Hubble parameter might be obtained with more precise instrumentation on the terrestrial surface.
Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation in Power System for Power System Loss Reduction Using ETAP
Authors: Khan Suliman , Rehman Salim Ur , Rehman Anees Ur , Khan Hashmat
Published: December 2022

Because of increasing interest in renewable energy sources in recent times, the studies concerning integration of Distributed Generation (DG) to power grid have been increased rapidly. Apart from other benefits, loss reduction and voltage profile improvement are its salient features. Non-optimal locations of DG units may lead to increase power losses. Optimal location of DGs in power systems is vital to maximize overall system efficiency. In this approach, optimization techniques have been applied to determine the optimal allocation and impact of DG on electric power system in terms of power loss reduction are analyzed. The Newton Raphson load flow analysis has been carried out on 10 bus system using ETAP software which shows that active power losses were reduced from 3302.2 KW to 400.7 KW after the installation of 5MW.
Evaluation of Spark Ignition Engine Performance Using Ethanol as Doping Agent on Constant Speed Test
Authors: Azubuike Jerry O. , Nwafor Onwuzuruigbo Martin I. , Igbokwe Johnson O. , Isiohia D.O.
Published: December 2022

Engine knock is a critical phenomenon engine designers strive to minimize in the world today. Before now, this has made tetra ethyl lead (TEL) an option for minimizing knock. The basic essence of tetra ethyl lead is to enhance octane rating of petrol which is a vital factor to knocking ability. However, the health and environmental challenges associated with the use of tetra ethyl lead propel the desire to replace it with a better environmental and health friendly substance that will at the same time boost octane rating and give a smoother engine operation. Hence, ethanol was considered in this work at a constant speed test of 2000 rpm and compared to leaded petrol as baseline petrol. BSFC of 0.703 kg\kWhr was obtained with 20/80 compared to 0.709 kg\kWhr obtained with 0/100 as baseline fuel. Maximum brake power of 0.74 kW occurred at a bmep of 1.235 bar with 15/85 ethanol/petrol. Similarly, maximum brake thermal efficiency of 13.44% was obtained with 20/80 ethanol/petrol compared to 11.49% obtained with leaded petrol as baseline petrol. It is indicated that maximum power output, low BSFC and low petrol consumption was obtained with 20/80 ethanol/petrol blend. It is convincible that 20/80 blend ratio offer good alternative to other antiknock agents which are associated with harmful consequences to man and environment. The implication of this work is that a definite blend for optimum performance and more environmentally friendly antiknock agent is established.
Molecular Flexibility Operated Mesomorphism
Authors: Marathe Rajesh B. , Vyas N.N. , Doshi A.V.
Published: December 2022

Novel homologous series: RO-C6H4-CH=CH-COO-CH2-C6H4-Br (p) synthesized and studied with a view to understand and establish the effects of molecular structure on liquid crystal (LC) behavior of a series. Series consists of eleven homologues. C1 to C7 members of a novel series are non-liquid crystals. Mesomorphism commences from Octyloxy (C8) homologue and continued upto hexadecyloxy homologue (C16) as enantiotropic nematic without exhibition of smectic property. The textures of a nematic phase are threaded or Schlieren. Transition temperatures (table-2) and textures are determined by an optical polarizing microscopy equipped with a heating stage. Cr-N/I and N-I transition curve behaved in normal manner in phase diagram, showing their phase behavior (figure-1). Odd-even effect is absent for N-I transition curve. Analytical and spectral data confirmed the molecular structures of a series. The LC properties are compared with the structurally similar series. The transition temperatures are relatively lower than the corresponding n-alkoxy benzoic acid. Thus, present novel series is partly nematogenic with absence of smectic property whose mesogenic phase length is low and of low ordered melting type. Thermal stability for nematic is 93.0°C and the mesophaselength ranges from 8 to 21°C.
Proximate Analysis and Hydrolysis of Malted Millet (Panicum miliaceum) Blended with Maize and Rice Fluor
Authors: Alfa Umaru Ayuba , Genwa Emmanuel Ishaya
Published: December 2022

The physic-chemical result of the analysis of proso millet (Panicum milliaceum) showed the optimum water uptake of the millet to be 96 hours, optimum malting time 96 hours, ash content 3.26 ±0.03, moisture content 11.37 %, ±0.33, crude fat content 1.30 % ±0.20, crude protein content 13.87 % ±0.5, carbohydrate content 71.46 % ±0.80, reducing sugars 35.08 % ±0.80, hydrolysable sugars 54.29% ± 0.70 and fibre content 6.37 % ±0.30. the mineral composition of proso millet in mg/100g showed that the millet contains K (2.14), Fe (1.04), mg (0.85), Ca (0.65), Na (0.17), Al (0.13), Mn (0.013), Zn (0.04), Pb (Lead) was not detected in the milled. Temperature and pH Shidies on the malted millet showed the optimum values to be 50-60 °C and 5-6 respectively. The blending ratio of the gelatinized maize flour ground with the chaff with malted millet was found to be 50 %, while the blending ratio of gelatinized maize after removing the chaff with malted milled was determined to be 60 %. The blending ratio of the gelatinized rice flour with malted millet was also found to be 60 %. The decrease of about 10 % in the value of reducing sugar production between the two maize flours could be due to the fact that, the unprocessed seeds have more lignified materials which could inhibit access to amylase during hydrolysis. The absence of heavy metal lead (Pb) and high carbohydrate content of proso millet indicates that it could be used in the brewing industry as an adjunct to barley.
Diffraction of Light by Acoustic Waves in Liquids
Authors: Wijewardena Gamalath K A I L , Jayawardena G.L.A.U.
Published: December 2022

For the acusto-optic interactions in liquids, an equation for the diffraction light intensity was obtained in terms of Klein Cook parameter Q. With optimized parameters for Q, incident light wave length of λ = 633 nm, sound wave length of Λ = 0.1 mm, acusto-optic interaction length L=0.1 m, and refractive index of the liquid in the range of 1 to 2, the existence of ideal Raman-Nath and Bragg diffractions were investigated in terms of phase delay and incident angle. The ideal Raman-Nath diffraction slightly deviated when the Klein Cook parameter was increased from 0 to 1 for low phase delay values and for large phase delay, the characteristics of the Bessel function disappeared. Higher value of Klein Cook parameter gave Bragg diffraction and ideal Bragg diffraction was obtained for Q ~100. A slight variation of the incident angle from Bragg angle had a considerable effect on Bragg diffraction pattern. Klein Cook parameter with the change of acoustic wave frequency was investigated for liquids with refractive index in the range1.3-1.7 and their diffraction patterns were compared with practically applicable acusto-optic crystals. For acusto-optic diffractions in liquids, sound velocity plays an important role in Bragg regime with Q increasing with increasing acoustic frequency. As acoustic wave frequency exceeded 10 MHz most of the liquids reached Bragg regime before these crystals.
Thickness Optimization of Single Junction Quantum well Solar Cell Using TCAD
Authors: Islam Muhammad Johirul , Mostafa Sanjina , Chowdhury Md. Iqbal Bahar
Published: December 2022

The efficiency increase by inserting quantum wells in a p-i-n solar cell has already been studied practically and theoretically over the years. Here we present a Multi-Quantum-well Single-Junction GaAs/GaSb solar cell which is simulated using Silvaco TCAD, where thicknesses of different layers have been varied to obtain the optimum thickness for maximum efficiency. Comparison is also presented for the same between the solar cells with and without the inclusion of quantum wells.
Mechanical, Thermal and Morphological Behaviours of Polybutylene Terephthalate/Polycarbonate Blend Nanocomposites
Authors: Rajakumar P.R. , Nanthini R.
Published: December 2022

Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT)/Polycarbonate (PC) nanocomposite blend was fabricated using melt blending technique in a twin extruder. The blend composition was optimized at PBT-PC weight ratio of 80-20. The effect of incorporation of various organically modified Montmorillonite (OMMT) and naturally occurring sodium Montmorillonite (MMT) on the mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of the nanocomposites blend has been investigated. It was observed that the Izod impact strength, tensile strength and flexural strength demonstrated a significant increase with the increase in clay loading from 1-7 weight % due to homogeneous dispersion of clay within the blend matrix. Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed an increase in thermal stability of the blend with the incorporation of nanoclay. There is also decrease in the melting temperature (Tm) and crystallisation temperature (Tc) as observed from DSC thermograms. DMA add the evidence for TGA, DSC and mechanical results. PBT - PC blend with clay exhibited featureless XRD indicative of exfoliated structure. TEM micrographs also confirm the same that the clay has exfoliated into individual layers.
Acoustical Studies of Some Derivatives of 1,5-Benzodiazepines at 298.15 K
Authors: Baluja Shipra , Godvani Nilesh
Published: December 2022

Some new derivatives of 1,5-Benzodiazepines have been synthesized and their structural characterizations are done by IR, NMR and Mass Spectral data. The ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity of these synthesized compounds have been measured in dimethyl formamide and tetrahydrofuran at 298.15 K. From these experimental data, some acoustical parameters such as isentropic compressibility, intermolecular free path length, Rao’s molar sound function, relaxation strength, solvation number etc., have been calculated which helps in understanding the molecular interactions occurring in these solutions.
The Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities of the Essential Oils of Marrubium vulgare Growing Wild in Eastern Algeria
Authors: Abadi Abderazak , Fahima Abdellatif
Published: December 2022

The chemical composition was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The constituents were identified by their mass spectra and Kovats’ indices. Fivety (50) components in the oil of M. vulgare were identified. The results demonstrated that the major components of the essential oil were: 4,8,12,16-Tetramethyl heptadecan-4-olid (16.97%), Germacrene D-4-ol (9.61%), α- pinéne (9.37%), Phytol (4.87%), Dehydro-sabina ketone (4.12%), Piperitone (3.27%), δ-Cadinene (3.13%), 1-Octen-3-ol (2.35%) and Benzaldehyde (2.31%). The antioxidant activity of the oils was assessed by measurement of metal chelating activity, the reductive potential, the free radical scavenging (DPPH) assay. The antioxidant activity was compared with that of synthetic antioxidants: butylated hydroxyanisole (BHT), and the essential oils. The results showed as the Essential oil of M. vulgare was evaluated for its antibacterial activities against Gram-positive and Gram negative pathogenic bacteria: Listeria monocytogene, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Salmonella enterica.
The Application of Artificial Neural Network in Prediction of the Performance of Spark Ignition Engine Running on Ethanol-Petrol Blends
Authors: Nwufo Olisaemeka C. , Okwu Modestus , Nwaiwu Chidiebere F. , Igbokwe Johnson O. , Nwafor O. Martin I. , Anyanwu Emmanuel Enyioma
Published: December 2022

The performance analysis of a single cylinder spark ignition engine fuelled with ethanol – petrol blends were carried out successfully at constant load conditions. E0 (Petrol), E10 (10% Ethanol, 90% Petrol), E20 (20% Ethanol, 80% Petrol) and E30 (30% Ethanol, 70% Petrol) were used as fuel. The Engine speed, mass flow rate, combustion efficiency, maximum pressure developed, brake specific fuel consumption and Exhaust gas temperature values were measured during the experiment. Using the experimental data, a Levenberg Marquardt Artificial Neural Network algorithm and Logistic sigmoid activation transfer function with a 4–10–2 model was developed to predict the brake specific fuel consumption, maximum pressure and combustion efficiency of G200 IMEX spark ignition engine using the recorded engine speed, mass flow rate, biofuels ratio and exhaust gas temperature as input variables. The performance of the Artificial Neural Network was validated by comparing the predicted data with the experimental results. The results showed that the training algorithm of Levenberg Marquardt was sufficient enough in predicting the brake specific fuel consumption, combustion pressure and combustion efficiency of the test engine. Correlation coefficient values of 0.974, 0.996 and 0.995 were obtained for brake specific fuel consumption, combustion efficiency and pressure respectively. These correlation coefficient obtained for the output parameters are very close to one (1) showing good correlation between the Artificial Neural Network predicted results and the experimental data while the Mean Square Errors were found to be very low (0.00018825 @ epoch 10 for brake specific fuel consumption, 1.0023 @ epoch 3 for combustion efficiency and 0.0013284@ epoch 5 for in-cylinder pressure). Therefore, Artificial Neural Network toolbox called up from MATLAB proved to be a useful tool for simulation of engine parameters. Artificial Neural Network model provided accurate analysis of these complex problems and has been found to be very useful for predicting the performance of the spark ignition engine. Thus, this has proved that Artificial Neural Network model could be used for predicting performance values in internal combustion engines, in this way it would be possible to conduct time and cost efficient studies instead of long experimental ones.
Extractive Spectrophotometric Determination of Pd(II) with Sodium Salt of Hexamethyleneiminecarbodithioate
Authors: Dhanavate S.D. , Garole D.J. , Garole V.J. , Tetgure S.R. , Sawant A.D.
Published: December 2022

The reagent NaHMICdt·2H2O has found to be a good chelating agent for the spectrophotometric determination of various metal ions. The present investigation deals with spectrophotometric determination of Pd(II) by using NaHMICdt·2H2O. The reagent reacted with Pd(II) to give yellow complex extractable into toluene. Pd (II) was extracted quantitatively in the pH range 0.5-2.0. Pd(II)-HMICdt complex showed λmax at 435 nm. The extracted species has a 1:2 (M:L) stoicheometry. Beer’s law is obeyed in the range of 0.2-0.8 μg ml-1 of Pd (II). The molar absorptivity and the sandells sensitivity were found to be 0.754 x 104 lmol-1cm-1 and 0.0140 μg mol-1 cm-2 respectively. The effect of divers ion on the extraction of Pd(II) has been investigated. The proposed method is highly sensitive, selective, and simple and rapid has been applied for accurate determination of palladium in synthesis mixtures and real samples.
Dosimetry of 131I for Occupational Radiation Workers by Whole Body Counting System
Authors: Rahman M.S. , Haydar M.A. , Patwary M.K.A. , Shome S.M. , Paul S. , Paul D. , Meaze A.K.M.M.H.
Published: December 2022

Internal radiation dosimetry of occupational radiation workers due to inhalation of 131I during maintenance at iodine 131I hot cell of Radioisotope Production Division (RIPD) of Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission have been performed with Whole Body Counter (WBC) containing two large size NaI detector. The contaminated radioactivity of the radiation workers by 131I was immediately conducted using a WBC (CANBERRA, FASTSCAN model 2250) and counting was repeated again a few days later. The performance of whole body counter was checked by CANBERRA transfer phantom (model 2257) with a mixed source (20 ml vial). The intake was calculated by Apex-Invivo counting software and then corresponding dose in thyroid were estimated by using Integrated Modules for Bioassay Analysis (IMBA) Professional Plus code modules. The body activity due to intake of 131I and the total effective and equivalent dose in thyroid were also estimated and discussed.
Synthesis and Characterization of some Benzylidinehydrazinyl Derivatives of Newer Pyrimidine-5-Carbonitrile Moiety
Authors: Dhaval Hingrajia , Pragna Thanki , Jayesh Modha
Published: December 2022

Condensation of 2-hydrazinyl-1,6-dihydro-1-methyl-6-oxo-4-isobutylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (3) with different aromatic aldehyde gave the corresponding 2-(Benzylidinehydrazinyl)-1,6-dihydro-6-oxo-4-isobutylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (4). The reaction between 1,6-dihydro-1-methyl-2-(methylthio)-6-oxo-4-isobutylpyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (2) with hydrazine hydrate furnished (3). The condensation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-4-oxo-6-isobutyl-2-thioxopyrimidine-5-carbonitrile (1) with methyl iodide yielded 2. Finally the products were characterized by 1H NMR, Mass and IR Spectra.
Mesomorphism Dependence on Molecular Flexibility at Constant Rigidity
Authors: Pidwani D.T. , Bhola G.N. , Bhoya Umed C.
Published: December 2022

A Novel homologous series of high transition temperature RO-C6H4-CH=CH-COO-C6H4-N=CH-CH=CH-C6H5 has been synthesis and studied with a view to understand establish and evaluate the relation between liquid crystal properties and the molecular structure of a substance. A series consists of thirteen homologues. All the homologues are mesogenic. Smectic mesophase commences from C12 to C18 homologues. Nematic mesophase appears from C1 to C18 homologues. The textures of a nematic phases are of threaded or schlieren and that of the smectic phase are focal conic fan shaped of smectic-A or C type. Transition temperatures and textures were determined by an optical polarizing microscopy equipped with a heating stage. The analytical and spectral data confirms the molecular structures of homologues. Thermal stability for smectic and nematic are 118.5 0C and 224.77 °C, whose total mesophase length ranger from 73.0 °C to 111 °C. The liquid crystal properties from homologue to homologue varies in the same series. Some liquid crystal properties of present series are compared with the structurally similar known homologous series. Present novel homologous series is partly smectogenic and fully nematogenic and of higher ordered melting type and high thermal stability
Synthesis, Characterization and Antimicrobial Activity of 2-Azetidinone Derivatives of Benzimidazoles
Authors: Mehta Prakash , Davadra Prakash , Pandya Jalpa R. , Joshi Hitendra S.
Published: December 2022

Some new 2-azetidinone derivatives possessing benzimidazole nucleus were synthesized and characterized by IR, NMR and mass spectral analysis. All synthesized compounds were screened for antimicrobial activity using cup plate method. All the compounds showed moderate to good antimicrobial activity and anti fungal activity.
Estimation of Verdet Constant for KCl, KBr, MgCl2 Using Faraday Rotator
Authors: Alavi Omid , Najafizadeh Arman
Published: December 2022

Nowadays, the rapid development of optics technology, especially for laser technology and scientific fields is important. One of this optics theory is Faraday rotation. Way of light propagation in a material medium can be influenced by an external field. The applied magnetic field causes rotation of the plane of polarized light. This effect is due to the optical activity, a property of the material that causes the rotation of the electric field of an incident linear wave. In this paper, we present an experiment to measure the Verdet constant through Faraday Effect using the Faraday rotator. Verdet constant is a factor for relation of magnetic field and the length of the path. When this effect is used in spectrographic studies, we can find information on the properties of higher energy states. Used materials for this experiment are KCl, KBr, and MgCl2. We used three lasers with different wavelengths 405nm, 450nm, and 515nm. We shows that the linear polarized light rotates after passing the applied magnetic field, when it's parallel with the magnetic field vector. Verdet constant are calculated about 382, 429.125, and 311.625 in 450nm for KCl, KBr, MgCl2 solutions.
BIA, DPA, MBTA and DMA as Vapour Phase Corrosion Inhibitors for Mild Steel under Different Atmospheric Conditions
Authors: Kumar Harish , Yadav Vikas
Published: December 2022

Mild steel is widely used as main raw material in fabrication of equipment, chief material of construction and as weapons. During its storage and transportation conditions, it comes in contact with aggressive environment which leads to decrease in mechanical strength and loss in useful properties. Four different vapor phase corrosion inhibitors (VPCIs) i.e. Benzaimidazole (BIA), Diphenyl amine (DPA), 2-mercapto benzothiazole (MBTA) and N,N-dimethyl aniline (DMA) were tested under different atmospheric conditions at 40 °C by Weight Loss, Eschke test, Salt Spray, SO2 test and SEM techniques. All the four VPCIs show good corrosion inhibition efficiency i.e. 65-96 %. The results obtained from all the four corrosion experiments were supported by SEM images.
Density, Viscosity and Ultrasonic Speed Based Acoustical Studies of Structural Properties of 1,1’-Bis(4-Amino Phenyl) Cyclohexane Symmetric Double Schiff Bases in THF Solutions at 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15K
Authors: Gangani Bhavesh J. , Parsania Parsotam H.
Published: December 2022

The density (ρ), viscosity (η) and ultrasonic speed (U) (2MHz) of THF solutions of symmetric double Schiff bases (SDSB-1,SDSB-2 and SDSB-3) were determined at 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K. Various acoustical parameters such as specific acoustical impedance (Z), isentropic compressibility (ks), Rao’s molar sound function (Rm), Van der Waals constant (b), internal pressure (π), free volume (Vf), intermolecular free path length (Lf), viscous relaxation time (τ) and classical absorption coefficient (α/f2)Cl), were determined using ρ, η and U data. The results are interpreted in terms of molecular interactions occurring in the solutions at different temperatures and concentrations. Linear increase of ρ, η U, Z, Rm, b, (α/f2)Cl and τ with increasing C, linear decrease of КS, Lf and π with increasing T, Vf increased linearly with C and T except SDSB-3 supported existence of strong molecular interactions in the solutions and confirming solvophilic nature of the Schiff bases. The structure, nature and size of the solutes and solvent, concentration and temperature affected molecular interactions.
Synthesis and Characterization and Properties Comparison of Epoxy Filled Filler Millet (Ragi) Filler and Treated Sacharun offinarum (Sugar Cane) Fiber Reinforced Composites
Authors: Basha U. Mahaboob , Krishnudu D. Mohana , Hussain P. , Reddy K. Manohar , Karthikeyan N. , Kumar M. Ashok
Published: December 2022

In the current work epoxy resin is chosen as matrix, treated Sacharum offinarum ( SugarCane) fiber, filler millet(Ragi) filler is chosen as reinforcement. Room temperature cured Epoxy System filled with Sacharum offinarum fiber and filler millet (Ragi) filler is synthesised by mechanical shear mixer, then kept in a Ultra sonic Solicitor for better dispersion of filler millet (Ragi) filler in the matrix. Different weights of modified filler millet(Ragi) filler (1,2,3,4,5 gm wt) has been incorporated into the Epoxy matrix in order to study the variation of Mechanical and Thermal properties.Mechanical properties like Flexural strength, Tensile strength and impact strength of the micro hybrid composite are studied by UTM (Universal Testing Machine). Thermal properties of micro hybrid composites are studied using Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC).
Physico-Chemical Quality of Drinking Water in the South of Algeria (Case of El-Oued Region) Study of Excess Minerals
Authors: Zobeidi Ammar , Moussaoui Leila
Published: December 2022

The Aim of this Study was to Determine the Physicochemical Composition of Water Intended for Human Consumption in Several Regions of El-Oued - Algeria. Excess Minerals in Drinking Water, Including Magnesium, Calcium, Sulfates, Chloride and Fluorides Play a Fundamental Role in the Prevention of Urinary Calculi, which are Formed Mainly from Calcium Oxalate. the Results Revealed that Wholes Water Samples are Analyzed Magnesium ([Mg 2+] > 50 Mg/L). the Rate of Sulfate Ions Average 638 Mg/l, Exceeding the Maximum Allowable Concentration (MAC) Recommended by WHO ([SO42ˉ] > 250 Mg / L). in Addition, 85% had Excess Fluoride [Fˉ] > 0.85 Mg/L, and 100% are Calcium, the Rate of Ca2+ is Greater than 150 Mg/L.
Tribological Behavior of Al-SiC Metal Matrix Composite in Acidic Medium
Authors: Pradhan Smrutiranjan , Barman Tapan Kumar , Sahoo Prasanta , Sutradhar Goutam , Ghosh Shouvik
Published: December 2022

In this present paper, the friction and wear performances of Al-SiC metal matrix composite (MMC) for varying operating parameters (applied load and sliding speed) have been studied under acidic environment. The composite material is developed by reinforcing SiC particle (5 wt. %) with aluminum alloy (LM6) using stir casting method. The tribological behavior is performed using a friction and wear monitor under sulphuric acid environment where sliding time is kept constant for 30 minutes. It is found that wear is directly proportional to the applied normal load and sliding speed. Coefficient of friction value decreases with increase in load but remains almost constant with variation of sliding speed. The surface morphology is studied with the help of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersed X-ray (EDX) analysis.
Hammett Spectral Correlations in Benzofuranyl Flavonols
Authors: Thirunarayanan Ganesamoorthy , Sekar K.G.
Published: December 2022

A series containing eleven benzofuranyl flavonols have been prepared by cyclization of 3-hydroxybenzofuranyl chalcones with 30% hydrogen peroxide in the presence of sodium bicarbonate. The synthesized flavonols were characterized by their physical constants, analytical and spectroscopic data. The infrared spectral νOH, CO stretches(cm-1), NMR chemical shifts of OH, CO(δ, ppm) of these flavonols were assigned and correlated with Hammett substituent constants, F and R parameters using single and multi linear regression analysis. From the results of statistical analyses, the effects of substituents on the above group frequencies were discussed.
Hypothetic Life Detected on the Planet Venus
Authors: Ksanfomality Leonid
Published: December 2022

Discovery and characterizations of extrasolar planets suppose that some of them possess physical conditions close to those of Venus. Therefore, the planet Venus, with its dense and hot (735 K) oxygen-free atmosphere of CO2 (mostly), having a high pressure of 9.2 MPa at the surface can be a natural laboratory for this kind of studies. On October 22/25, 1975 and March 1/5, 1982, experiments in television photography instrumented by the landers Venera-9, -10, -13 and -14 [1], yielded in large number of panoramas of the Venus surface (or their fragments) at the landing site. Over the past 31 and 38 years, no similar missions have been sent to Venus. In connection with the interest in what kind of life is possible existing on some of the exoplanets, the VENERA panoramas fit for analysis were re-processed and re-examined. A few relatively large objects were found with size ranging from a decimeter to half meter and with unusual morphology. The objects were observed in some images, but were absent in the other or altered their shape. Some of them were reviewed in Ksanfomality, 2012. Important is a search of Venusian flora. The article presents some of the obtained results.
Motion in the Restricted Three-Body Problem at the Nanoscale
Authors: Singh Jagadish , Richard Tyokyaa K.
Published: December 2022

This paper studies the classical restricted three-body problem of a carbon atom in the vicinity of two carbon 60 fullerenes (  fullerenes) at the nanoscale. The total molecular energy between the two fullerenes is determined analytically by approximating the pairwise potential energies between the carbon atoms on the fullerenes by a continuous approach. Using software MATHEMATICA, we compute the positions of the stationary points and their stability for a carbon atom at the nanosacle and it is observed that for each set of values, there exists at least one complex root with the positive real part and hence in the Lyapunov sense, the stationary points are unstable. Since only attractive Van der Waals forces contribute to the orbiting behavior, no orbiting phenomenon can be observed for , where the Van der Waals forces becomes repulsive. Although the  orbital is speculative in nature and also presents exciting possibilities, there are still many practical challenges that would need to be overcome before the  orbital might be realized. However, the present theoretical study is a necessary precursor to any of such developments.