bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GIDEON KLEIN, MORAVIAN COMPOSER
Authors: Freeman Robin
Published: September 2005

Editor's note: Robin Freeman, who was a frequent contributor to Tempo in the 1990s, both in his own name and under his favoured alias of ‘Tristram Pugin’ (signifying Shandeian Gothick, perhaps), died of leukemia after long illness in November 2004. About a year before he had e-mailed the present essay to the Editor of Tempo, apparently more for interest than as a formal submission. Despite the characteristic difficulties of the text, some of which have been modified in the editing process, and its equally characteristic heedlessness of reputations (few other writers would have had the chutzpah to dismiss Charles Rosen's The Classical Style as ‘underinformed and overambitious’!), it has seemed well worth publishing here.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Derby Richard
Published: September 2005

I just received my copy of the January issue of Tempo, and with it the results of the Masterpiece Poll.
Zagreb: ISCM Festival/Zagreb Biennale
Authors: Potter Keith
Published: September 2005

The Zagreb Music Biennale is one of the world's venerable new-music festivals. Its early years – the festival was founded by the Croatian composer Milko Kelemen in 1961 – might have been the most prestigious, but both before and since the upheavals of former Yugoslavia in the 1990s, it has offered an important outlet for Croatian composers and performers themselves, and for foreign music and musicians, to receive an airing in a city always looking to the West for inspiration – and recognition. It's also an uncommonly well-run and friendly festival.
Maxwell Davies Naxos Quartets 3 and 4
Authors: Venn Edward
Published: September 2005

MAXWELL DAVIES: Naxos Quartets Nos. 3 and 4. Maggini Quartet. Naxos 8.557397.
St Albans: Guy Dagul's ‘Grand Fantasia’
Authors: Barlow Jill
Published: September 2005

Guy Dagul, already established as one of the UK's most sought-after composers of music for TV and Film, with successes in Hollywood, Channel Four (The Investigators), BBC (notably his score for the docu-soap Paddington Green, screened June 1999) and Carlton's Return to the Wild, has now composed his first serious concert piece.2 This is a Grand Fantasia for piano duet and strings, dedicated to his parents, the world-renowned Piano Duo of Harvey Dagul and Isabel Beyer. It was given its world premiere by them on the occasion of their Golden Wedding Anniversary Concert on 30 January in St Saviour's Church, St Albans before a packed audience.
Cardiac transplantation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Authors: Boucek Robert J. , Chrisant Maryanne R. K.
Published: September 2005

Cardiac transplantation is now a therapeutic option with good outcomes for infants and children with end-stage cardiac failure or inoperable congenital cardiac defects.1In 2000, 356 procedures in children aged up to 18 years were reported to the United Network for Organ Sharing – International Society of Heart and Lung Transplantation Registry.2Congenital cardiac disease was the most common indication in children less than 1 year of age, and overall was the most common diagnosis leading to cardiac transplantation in children. As a result of the groundbreaking contributions of Bailey et al.,3transplantation is now an option for primary treatment of infants with hypoplastic left heart syndrome born in the United States of America. The availability of donor organs, however, both limits the number of children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome who can be realistically offered transplantation, and contributes significantly to morbidity, mortality, and costs. Current limitations in the identification and availability of donors would not allow transplantation to be the primary option for all children born with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Analyses of the database of the Registry, however, indicated that only about half of donations resulted in transplantation of the heart.4These observations provide compelling evidence of significant opportunities to improve rates of donation, and to utilize better the existing donations, with emphasis on optimizing identification of donors, expanding the number of potential donors, and better distribution of the available organs.
Advances in methods for surveillance of rejection
Authors: Boucek Jr Robert J. , Boucek Mark M. , Asante-Korang Alfred
Published: September 2005

Transplantation is an effective treatment modality for infants1 and children2 with end-stage cardiac diseases. Rejection remains a major complication (Figure 1), even in newborn infants.3 Acute rejection can best be operationally defined by clinical findings, histopathology, and/or abnormalities of ventricular function of new origin that require, and respond to, intensified immunosuppression. Mechanistically, the ability to detect acute rejection is critically dependent on the detection of significant new myocytic injury, damage, and/or death. Surveillance for rejection is critically important in determining both long and short-term outcomes following cardiac transplantation. The ideal strategy for surveillance should have a high negative predictive value, correctly identifying the absence of myocytic injury, with high specificity, such that it does not falsely predict such injury.4
Indications, criterions, and principles for biventricular repair
Authors: Tchervenkov Christo I.
Published: September 2005

The hypoplastic left heart syndrome constitutes a wide spectrum of cardiac malformations, characterized by varying degrees of underdevelopment of the structures of the left heart and aortic arch. At the severe end of the spectrum, there is aortic and mitral atresia, and the left ventricle is vestigial. In contrast, at the mild end, there is hypoplasia of the left ventricle in the absence of overt stenosis of either the aortic or mitral valves, the combination we have described as hypoplastic left heart complex.1Until recently, debate with regard to the optimal surgical approach has centered on the choice between the Norwood operation and neonatal cardiac transplantation. In the last several years, nonetheless, it has been shown that of biventricular repair can be achieved in those patients at the favorable end of the spectrum that we designated as having the complex rather than the syndrome.1,2It is well recognized that an ongoing difficulty is the inconsistent and imprecise definition of hypoplastic left heart syndrome. In this presentation, I summarize our own criterions, and our principles for biventricular repair, as based on our experience at the Montreal Children's Hospital, for those patients we judge to have the hypoplastic left heart complex.
Noble gases and stable isotopes in a shallow aquifer in southern Michigan: Implications for noble gas paleotemperature reconstructions for cool climates
Authors: Hall Chris M. , Castro Maria Clara , Lohmann Kyger C. , Ma Lin
Published: September 2005

Noble gas data from the Glacial Drift, the shallowest aquifer in southern Michigan confirm findings by Ma et al. (2004) that modern noble gas temperatures (NGTs) are systematically below the current mean annual air temperature (MAAT) which, in turn, is similar to the ground temperature of these recharge waters. By tracking noble gas concentrations as well as stable isotope ratios through an autumn, winter, spring and into summer, we show that although water in this aquifer is modern, noble gases do not track the atmosphere on a short time scale. Specifically, excess 3He and 4He indicate that the gas environment at the water table is integrating conditions over years or decades rather than weeks or months. Our results are interpreted using various NGT interpretational models and possible mechanisms for the production of low apparent NGTs are discussed.
A new perspective on the role of the solar wind dynamic pressure in the ring current particle loss through the magnetopause
Authors: Kim Kyung Chan , Lee D.‐Y. , Lee E. S. , Choi C. R. , Kim K. H. , Moon Y. J. , Cho K. S. , Park Y. D. , Han W. Y.
Published: September 2005

It has been known that (untrapped) ring current particles can be lost through the dayside magnetopause into the magnetosheath, which is regarded as one of the major mechanisms contributing to the ring current decay. In this paper, we suggest that the solar wind dynamic pressure can play a significant role in the dayside loss in a new aspect. In order to show that, we have first analyzed the average characteristics of the dynamic pressure based on 95 geomagnetic storm events selected from the period 1997–2002. We find that the dynamic pressure overall enhances during the magnetic storm. The enhancement is most significant during the storm main phase compared to the prestorm and recovery phases, and it is higher for stronger storms. Using one of the most recent Tsyganenko models, T01s, we show that this enhanced dynamic pressure that pushes the magnetopause to move inward leads to a reduction of the scale length of the gradient of the magnetic field magnitude along the magnetopause. This results in the enhancement of the magnetic drift speed across the magnetopause. On the basis of the test particle orbit calculation, we explicitly show that this effect can be a significant factor for the particles to effectively cross the magnetopause. It applies to the adiabatic particles that have a relatively “small” gyroradius near the magnetopause compared to the magnetopause thickness. These particles cross the magnetopause by some number of the magnetic gradient drift motion, being in contrast to the particles with a relatively “large” gyroradius that can enter into the magnetosheath by crossing the magnetopause with less than one gyromotion. We argue that this can often apply to a substantial population of the ring current particles.
Magnetospheric model of subauroral polarization stream
Authors: Goldstein J. , Burch J. L. , Sandel B. R.
Published: September 2005

We present a magnetospheric model of the subauroral polarization stream (SAPS) electric potential, parameterized by Kp index (valid for Kp = 4–7), on the basis of a previous study of the average characteristics of SAPS. The model treats the SAPS westward flow channel as a potential drop whose radial location and width decrease as a function of both increasing magnetic local time (MLT) and increasing Kp. The magnitude of the SAPS potential drop decreases eastward across the nightside and increases with increasing Kp. The model SAPS flow channel significantly alters the flow paths of plasma in the afternoon and evening MLT sectors and agrees with an earlier single‐event study that used an ad hoc SAPS potential to obtain good agreement with plasmasphere observations. The model performance is tested via comparison with 13 intervals of plasmapause data obtained during the period 1 April through 31 May 2001 by the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) imager on the Imager for Magnetopause‐to‐Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) satellite. Although the model performs well, the current Kp‐based parameterization is somewhat crude, capturing only the gross spatial and temporal SAPS characteristics.
Poly(ADP-ribose) Accumulation and Enhancement of Postischemic Brain Damage in 110-kDa Poly(ADP-ribose) Glycohydrolase Null Mice
Authors: Cozzi Andrea , Cipriani Giulia , Fossati Silvia , Faraco Giuseppe , Formentini Laura , Min Wookee , Cortes Ulrich , Wang Zhao-Qi , Moroni Flavio , Chiarugi Alberto
Published: September 2005

Poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) is a polymer synthesized by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and metabolized into free adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose units by poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG). Perturbations in PAR synthesis have been shown to play a key role in brain disorders including postischemic brain damage. A single parg gene but two PARG isoforms (110 and 60 kDa) have been detected in mouse cells. Complete suppression of parg gene causes early embryonic lethality, whereas mice selectively lacking the 110 kDa PARG isoform (PARG−/−110) develop normally. We used PARG−/−110 mice to evaluate the importance of PAR catabolism to postischemic brain damage. Poly(ADP-ribose) contents were higher in the brain tissue of PARG−/−110 than PARG+/+110 mice, both under basal conditions and after PARP activation. Distal middle cerebral artery occlusion caused higher increase of brain PAR levels and larger infarct volumes in PARG−/−110 mice than in wild-type counterparts. Of note, the brain of PARG−/−110 mice showed reduced heat-shock protein (HSP)-70 and increased cyclooxygenase-2 expression under both control and ischemic conditions. No differences were detected in brain expression/activation of procaspase-3, PARP-1, Akt, HSP-25 and interleukin-1β. Our findings show that PAR accumulation worsens ischemic brain injury, and highlight the therapeutic potential of strategies capable of maintaining PAR homeostasis.
Design and realization of a flywheel oscillator for advanced time and frequency metrology
Authors: Chambon D. , Bize S. , Lours M. , Narbonneau F. , Marion H. , Clairon A. , Santarelli G. , Luiten A. , Tobar M.
Published: September 2005

In this article, we describe a new frequency synthesis system that includes a low phase noise cryogenic sapphire oscillator (CSO) and an H-maser to provide metrological low-noise signals to time and frequency experiments. Implementing this system as a local oscillator for a Cs cold atom fountain, a record frequency stability of 1.6×10−14τ−1∕2 is obtained.
Incorporation of nonlinear thermorheological complexity into the phenomenologies of structural relaxation
Authors: Hodge Ian M.
Published: September 2005

A distribution of activation energies is introduced into the nonlinear Adam-Gibbs (“Hodge-Scherer”) phenomenology for structural relaxation. The resulting dependencies of the stretched exponential β parameter on thermodynamic temperature and fictive temperature (nonlinear thermorheological complexity) are derived. No additional adjustable parameters are introduced, and contact is made with the predictions of the random first-order transition theory of aging of Lubchenko and Wolynes [J. Chem. Physics 121, 2852 (2004)].
Global and critical test of the perturbation density-functional theory based on extensive simulation of Lennard-Jones fluid near an interface and in confined systems
Authors: Zhou Shiqi , Jamnik Andrej
Published: September 2005

The structure of a Lennard-Jones (LJ) fluid subjected to diverse external fields maintaining the equilibrium with the bulk LJ fluid is studied on the basis of the third-order+second-order perturbation density-functional approximation (DFA). The chosen density and potential parameters for the bulk fluid correspond to the conditions situated at “dangerous” regions of the phase diagram, i.e., near the critical temperature or close to the gas-liquid coexistence curve. The accuracy of DFA predictions is tested against the results of a grand canonical ensemble Monte Carlo simulation. It is found that the DFA theory presented in this work performs successfully for the nonuniform LJ fluid only on the condition of high accuracy of the required bulk second-order direct correlation function. The present report further indicates that the proposed perturbation DFA is efficient and suitable for both supercritical and subcritical temperatures.
Reverse nonequilibrium molecular-dynamics calculation of the Soret coefficient in liquid benzene/cyclohexane mixtures
Authors: Zhang Meimei , Müller-Plathe Florian
Published: September 2005

Reverse nonequilibrium molecular dynamics is the method applied here for the investigation of thermal diffusion in realistic molecular fluids. The Soret coefficients of benzene/cyclohexane mixtures are calculated using an all-atom model. The autocorrelation functions indicate that the mole fraction gradient converges much slower than the temperature gradient. Compared to experimental data, the results show the same tendency of the Soret coefficient variation versus the mole fraction. Although a systematic error exists for the magnitude of the Soret coefficient, a meanwhile systematic error for both the mutual diffusion and thermal diffusion coefficients provides some explanation of it; and the calculation with different force field parameters indicates a possibility to annihilate the systematic error. The influences of algorithm variables such as cutoff lengths and perturbation intensities are tested. Furthermore the temperature dependence of the Soret effect is observed, yielding the same trend as previous studies.
Hydrogen adsorption on graphite (0001) surface: A combined spectroscopy–density-functional-theory study
Authors: Allouche A. , Ferro Y. , Angot T. , Thomas C. , Layet J.-M.
Published: September 2005

The adsorption of H/D atoms on the graphite (0001) surface is investigated by means of both high-resolution electron-energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS) and periodic first-principle density-functional theory. The two methods converge towards two modes of adsorption: adsorption in clusters of about four hydrogen atoms and adsorption in pairs of atoms on contiguous carbon sites. The desorption energies estimated from the calculated dissociation energies range from 8to185kJmol−1 leading to an estimated surface coverage at saturations of 30–44at.%. These results are compared with previous thermal desorption spectroscopy results. New HREEL signal assignments are proposed based on quantum calculations.
Computer simulation study of pattern transfer in AB diblock copolymer film adsorbed on a heterogeneous surface
Authors: Jayaraman A. , Hall C. K. , Genzer J.
Published: September 2005

In this work we investigate how a pattern imposed in a copolymer film at a certain distance from the surface propagates through the film onto an adsorbing heterogeneous surface. We bias the copolymer film to adopt a specified target pattern and then use simulation to design a surface pattern that helps the adsorbed film to maintain that target pattern. We examine the effect of varying the copolymer chain length, the size of the target pattern, and the distance from the surface where the target pattern is applied, z′, on the extent of pattern transfer. For each chain length, target pattern, and z′ we compare the energy of the system when a pattern is applied in the bulk to the energy when no pattern is applied in order to understand why a certain pattern size is transferred to the surface with higher fidelity than the others. At constant chain length, pattern transfer is best when the pattern size brings the energy of the system close to the energy when no pattern is applied. At constant pattern size, pattern transfer is best in the systems with longer chains. This is because longer chains are more likely to adsorb as brushes and loops which then helps transfer the pattern through the adsorbed film down to the surface.
New observations on the luminescence decay lifetime of Mn2+ in ZnS:Mn2+ nanoparticles
Authors: Chen Wei , Aguekian Vadim F. , Vassiliev Nikolai , Serov A. Yu. , Filosofov N. G.
Published: September 2005

A fast decay emission peaking at 645nm with a decay lifetime within the experimental resolution of 0.14μs is observed in ZnS:Mn2+ nanoparticles. This short-lived signal is also observed in pure ZnS and MgS:Eu3+ nanoparticles, which has nothing to do with Mn2+-doped ions but is from the deep trap states of the host materials. The short-lived component decreases in intensity relative to the Mn2+ emission at higher excitation powers, while it increases in intensity at low temperatures and shifts to longer wavelengths at longer time delays. Our observations demonstrated further that the emission of Mn2+ in ZnS:Mn2+ nanoparticles behaves basically the same as in bulk ZnS:Mn2+; the fast decay component is actually from the intrinsic and defect-related emission in sulfide compounds.
Pronounced hysteresis and high charge storage stability of single-walled carbon nanotube-based field-effect transistors
Authors: Wang Sigen , Sellin Paul
Published: September 2005

In this letter, pronounced hysteresis loops were observed in single-walled carbon nanotube-based field-effect transistors (CNTFETs). The shift in threshold voltage was found to increase with increasing gate voltage sweep ranges. A significant enhancement in the charge storage stability over 14 days was obtained at room temperature after a two-stage hydrogen and air annealing process was applied to the CNTFETs. The passivation of interface traps by annealing in hydrogen and the removal of physisorption solvent molecules by annealing in air are suggested to be responsible for the improvement of the charge storage stability.
Infrared-to-visible upconversion in thin films of LaEr(MoO4)3
Authors: Bubb D. M. , Cohen D. , Qadri S. B.
Published: September 2005

LaEr ( MoO 4 ) 3 thin films have been grown by pulsed laser deposition. The films were characterized by x-ray diffraction, Rutherford backscattering, and fluorescence measurements. The results show that the deposited films were epitaxial with their c axis oriented along the surface normal. Films illuminated with 980 nm laser light show visible emission spectra. This visible emission arises as a result of the Er 4f−4f transitions and their lifetimes. Such so-called “upconverting phosphors” are important to the development of new chemical and biological sensing applications.
Marangoni Effects in Liquid Jets of Non-Ionic Surfactants
Authors: Colegate Daniel M. , Bain Colin D.
Published: September 2005

The adsorption of nonionic surfactants in the CnE8 family at the air–water interface has been studied on the millisecond timescale in a free liquid jet. The amount of adsorbed surfactant was measured by ellipsometry. The rates of adsorption are compared with a diffusion-controlled adsorption model. In the case of C10E8, which is below its cmc, the monomer diffusion coefficient provides a good fit to the experimental data. For n = 12, 14, and 16, micelles control the mass transport. The best fit diffusion coefficients are close to, but not identical with, the literature values for the micellar diffusion coefficients. Laser Doppler velocimetry was used to measure the change in surface velocity arising from adsorption of the surfactant, for n = 12, 14, and 16. There was a qualitative correlation between the retardation of the surface velocity and the surface tension gradients.
Mirror-symmetry breaking in the Soai reaction: A kinetic understanding
Authors: Islas Jesús Rivera , Lavabre Dominique , Grevy Jean-Michel , Lamoneda Ramón Hernández , Cabrera Haydée Rojas , Micheau Jean-Claude , Buhse Thomas
Published: September 2005

Kinetic modeling using nonlinear differential equations is proposed to analyze the spontaneous generation of enantiomeric excess in the autocatalytic addition of diisopropylzinc to prochiral pyrimidine carbaldehydes (Soai reaction). Our approach reproduces experimentally observed giant chiral amplification from an initial enantiomeric excess of <10–6% to >60%, high sensitivity and positive response to the presence of minute amounts of chiral initiator at concentrations <10–14M, and spontaneous absolute asymmetric synthesis from achiral starting conditions. From our numerical simulations using kinetic schemes derived from the Frank model, including stereospecific autocatalysis and mutual inhibition, we have shown that it is possible to reproduce the mirror-symmetry-breaking behavior of the Soai reaction under batch conditions leading to a bimodal enantiomeric product distribution. Mirror-symmetry breaking was found to be resistant to a loss of stereoselectivity up to 30%. While the mutual inhibition between enantiomers seems to originate from the presence of dimerization equilibria, the exact nature of the autocatalytic stereoselective process still remains to be revealed. From the kinetic viewpoint, simple autocatalysis involving monomers as the catalytic species is consistent with all reported experimental effects of the Soai reaction.
Regulation of TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand on primary CD4
+
T cells by HIV-1: Role of type I IFN-producing plasmacytoid dendritic cells
Authors: Herbeuval Jean-Philippe , Hardy Andrew W. , Boasso Adriano , Anderson Stephanie A. , Dolan Matthew J. , Dy Michel , Shearer Gene M.
Published: September 2005

TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a member of the TNF superfamily, was suggested to contribute to HIV-1 pathogenesis by inducing CD4
+
T cell death characteristic of AIDS. We previously reported HIV-1-mediated, TRAIL-induced apoptosis in primary CD4
+
T cells
in vitro
and observed elevated levels of plasma TRAIL in HIV-1-infected patients. The present study elucidates the unresolved mechanism by which HIV-1 induces TRAIL expression on primary CD4
+
T cells. We demonstrate that the expression of TRAIL by primary CD4
+
T cells is regulated by IFN-α that is produced by HIV-1-stimulated plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). We also found that IFN-induced TRAIL is mediated by signal transducers and activators of transcription 1 and 2. We show that IFN-α production by HIV-1-activated pDCs is blocked by an early viral entry inhibitor of CD4-gp120 binding, but not by inhibitors of viral coreceptor binding. Our
in vitro
data are supported by the demonstration that anti-IFN-α and -β Abs inhibit apoptosis and TRAIL expression in CD4
+
T cells from HIV-1-infected patients. Our findings suggest a potential unique role of pDCs in the immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 infection by inducing the death molecule TRAIL.
Microtubule movements on the arms of mitotic chromosomes: Polar ejection forces quantified
in vitro
Authors: Brouhard Gary J. , Hunt Alan J.
Published: September 2005

During mitosis, “polar ejection forces” (PEFs) are hypothesized to direct prometaphase chromosome movements by pushing chromosome arms toward the spindle equator. PEFs are postulated to be caused by (
i
) plus-end-directed microtubule (MT)-based motor proteins on the chromosome arms, namely chromokinesins, and (
ii
) the polymerization of spindle MTs into the chromosome. However, the exact role of PEFs is unclear, because little is known about their magnitude or their forms (e.g., impulsive vs. sustained, etc.). In this study, we employ optical tweezers to bring about the lateral interaction between chromosome arms and MTs
in vitro
to directly measure the speed and force of the PEFs developed on chromosome arms. We find that forces are unidirectional and frequently exceed 1 pN, with maximum forces of 2–3 pN and peak velocities of 63 ± 41 nm/s; the movements are ATP-dependent and exhibit a characteristic noncontinuous motion that includes displacements of >50 nm, stalls, and backwards slippage of the MT even under low loads. We perform experiments using antibodies to the chromokinesins Kid and KIF4 that identify Kid as the principal force-producing agent for PEFs. At first glance, this motor activity appears surprisingly weak and erratic, but it explains how PEFs can guide chromosome movements without severely deforming or damaging the local chromosome structure.
Prediction of the coupling specificity of GPCRs to four families of G-proteins using hidden Markov models and artificial neural networks
Authors: Sgourakis Nikolaos G. , Bagos Pantelis G. , Hamodrakas Stavros J.
Published: September 2005

Motivation: G-protein coupled receptors are a major class of eukaryotic cell-surface receptors. A very important aspect of their function is the specific interaction (coupling) with members of four G-protein families. A single GPCR may interact with members of more than one G-protein families (promiscuous coupling). To date all published methods that predict the coupling specificity of GPCRs are restricted to three main coupling groups Gi/o, Gq/11 and Gs, not including G12/13-coupled or other promiscuous receptors.

Results: We present a method that combines hidden Markov models and a feed-forward artificial neural network to overcome these limitations, while producing the most accurate predictions currently available. Using an up-to-date curated dataset, our method yields a 94% correct classification rate in a 5-fold cross-validation test. The method predicts also promiscuous coupling preferences, including coupling to G12/13, whereas unlike other methods avoids overpredictions (false positives) when non-GPCR sequences are encountered.

Availability: A webserver for academic users is available at

Contact:  shamodr@cc.uoa.gr

Supplementary information: Results for promiscuous receptors can be found at:
Classification of microarrays to nearest centroids
Authors: Dabney Alan R.
Published: September 2005

Motivation: Classification of biological samples by microarrays is a topic of much interest. A number of methods have been proposed and successfully applied to this problem. It has recently been shown that classification by nearest centroids provides an accurate predictor that may outperform much more complicated methods. The ‘Prediction Analysis of Microarrays’ (PAM) approach is one such example, which the authors strongly motivate by its simplicity and interpretability. In this spirit, I seek to assess the performance of classifiers simpler than even PAM.

Results: I surprisingly show that the modified t-statistics and shrunken centroids employed by PAM tend to increase misclassification error when compared with their simpler counterparts. Based on these observations, I propose a classification method called ‘Classification to Nearest Centroids’ (ClaNC). ClaNC ranks genes by standard t-statistics, does not shrink centroids and uses a class-specific gene-selection procedure. Because of these modifications, ClaNC is arguably simpler and easier to interpret than PAM, and it can be viewed as a traditional nearest centroid classifier that uses specially selected genes. I demonstrate that ClaNC error rates tend to be significantly less than those for PAM, for a given number of active genes.

Availability: Point-and-click software is freely available at

Contact:  adabney@u.washington.edu

Supplementary Information:
Semi‐Authoritarian Incorporation and Autocratic Militarism in Turkey
Authors: Jacoby Tim
Published: September 2005

This article argues that, since the early 1980s, there have been two regimes in Turkey. The first, which is broadly akin to Michael Mann's characterization of Semi‐Authoritarian Incorporation, has predominated in areas of the country not administered through emergency legislation. In keeping with his model, it has been most fully asserted in areas of key economic value — particularly the Marmara region and the environs of the capital, Ankara. In the thirteen predominantly Kurdish provinces of the south‐east of the country, on the other hand, a second of Mann's regime types, Autocratic Militarism, is discernible. This was institutionalized under a new constitutional structure introduced following the 1980 coup as a means of dealing with a rise in pro‐Kurdish insurgency.
Intrinsic competition between larval parasitoids with different degrees of host specificity
Authors: De Moraes Consuelo M. , Mescher Mark C.
Published: September 2005

Abstract.  1. Interspecific competition among parasitoids may play a key role in the community dynamics of tritrophic plant–herbivore–parasitoid systems and has important implications for management of herbivorous insect pests.

2. A model system was used to explore the outcome of interspecific competition between parasitoids that differ in host specificity. The system included the lepidopteran pest Heliothis virescens, the generalist parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris, and two specialist parasitoids, Microplitis croceipes and Cardiochiles nigriceps.

3. The generalist, C. marginiventris, dominated intrinsic competition when given an 8‐h developmental head start over C. nigriceps or when its oviposition was simultaneous with that of M. croceipes. Microplitis croceipes and especially C. nigriceps larvae prevailed when they were allowed to oviposit prior to C. marginiventris.

4. Rates of host mortality prior to parasitoid emergence varied with parasitoid species composition and with the order of oviposition.

5. Implications for integrated pest management and the adaptive significance of competition as related to host specialisation are discussed.
Spatio‐temporal variation in Lepidopteran larval assemblages associated with oak, Quercus crispula: the importance of leaf quality
Authors: Murakami Masashi , Yoshida Kunikichi , Hara Hirofumi , Toda Masanori J.
Published: September 2005

Abstract.  1. Lepidoptera larval abundance and diversity in the canopies of oak (Quercus crispula) trees and saplings were surveyed in a cool‐temperate, deciduous broadleaf forest in northern Japan.

2. In general, newly developed leaves were soft, rich in water and nitrogen, and low in tannin, whereas they became tough, poor in water and nitrogen, and high in tannin as the season proceeded. Leaf quality also varied among forest strata, such variations resulting in seasonal and among‐strata differences in the structure of the Lepidoptera larval assemblage.

3. The greater Lepidoptera larval abundance and species richness may related to the higher leaf quality on spring foliage compared with summer foliage. On the other hand, diversity (Shannon's H′) and evenness (Pielou's J′) were greater on summer foliage than on spring foliage. Strengthened defences of the host plants against herbivory may cause these differences by filtering the larvae of Lepidoptera species and by constraining the super‐dominance of a few species on summer foliage.

4. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) ordination also revealed a stratified structure of the Lepidoptera larval assemblage in the forest. In both spring and summer, the assemblage composition was more similar between sunlit and shaded canopies than between canopies and saplings. Such assemblage stratification was highly correlated with toughness and tannin content (in spring and summer) or water content (in summer).

5. This study emphasised the importance of spatio‐temporal variations in leaf quality, even within the same host plant species, for promoting herbivore diversity in forests.
Brochosome influence on parasitisation efficiency ofHomalodisca coagulata(Say) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) egg masses byGonatocerus ashmeadiGirault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae)
Authors: Velema Hans‐Paul , Hemerik Lia , Hoddle Mark S. , Luck Robert F.
Published: September 2005

Abstract. 1. Many cicadellid females in the tribe Proconiini (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) cover their egg masses with specialised, usually rod‐shaped, brochosomes as the eggs are being laid. The brochosomes are produced in Golgi complexes in the Malpighian tubules of Cicadellidae. In contrast to the gravid females, adult males, pre‐reproductive adult females, and nymphal males and females produce specialised, usually spherically shaped brochosomes. Brochosomes are also used to cover the external surfaces of nymphs and newly moulted adult males and females.

2. The function of the brochosome covering the egg masses is unknown but various hypotheses have been suggested, including protecting the eggs against pathogens, predators, and parasitoids. Based on preliminary observations ofGonatocerus ashmeadiGirault (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) parasitising the eggs of the cicadellid,Homalodisca coagulata(Say), it is speculated here that brochosomes covering an egg mass hinder parasitisation of eggs byG. ashmeadi. This hypothesis was tested by observingG. ashmeadifemales foraging on leaves withH. coagulataegg masses heavily covered with rod‐shaped brochosomes vs. those lacking brochosomes.

3. Cox's proportional hazards model was used to evaluate the probability, per unit time, that a femaleG. ashmeadidisplayed the sequence of behaviours that ended in successful oviposition as influenced by five variables: (a) presence or absence of brochosomes on an egg mass, (b) the leaf surface, upper or lower, being searched by the parasitoid (the egg masses are laid in the parenchyma on the lower leaf surface), (c) the parasitoid's previous ovipositional experience, (d) egg mass size, and (e) the parasitoid's age.

4. Brochosomes significantly decreased oviposition efficacy ofG. ashmeadifemales. Scanning electron microscopy showed that females exposed to brochosome‐covered egg masses had brochosomes adhering to their tarsi, legs, antennae, and eyes, all of which prompted extensive bouts of grooming.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi influence visitation rates of pollinating insects
Authors: Gange Alan C. , Smith Annabel K.
Published: September 2005

Abstract.  1. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi can increase a number of plant traits to which pollinating insects are known to respond. These include total plant size, flower number, flower size, and amount of pollen produced.

2. It was hypothesised that these effects would lead to a different visitation rate of pollinating insects on mycorrhizal and non‐mycorrhizal plants. To test this idea, three species of annual plants (Centaurea cyanus, Tagetes erecta, and Tagetes patula) were grown with and without AM fungi and the visits by pollinating insects were recorded over a 2‐month period.

3. In all three species, mycorrhizal plants experienced a greater number of pollinator visits per flower per unit time. Diptera and Hymenoptera were the predominant insects and the latter order showed the strongest response.

4. Here, it is suggested that mycorrhizal fungi increase floral visitation rates by insects, but that the mechanism varies from one plant species to another. In C. cyanus, it appears to be due to flower number per plant, in T. patula it is individual inflorescence size, and in T. patula it is nectar standing crop per inflorescence.
Representational Momentum Beyond Internalized Physics
Authors: Kerzel Dirk
Published: September 2005

Prediction of future motion is necessary in order to successfully deal with moving objects. Implicit measures have been used to evaluate the sources of information used in this task. For instance, observers may be asked to localize the final position of a moving target. Judgments have been found to be displaced in the direction of motion (forward displacement), suggesting that observers have internalized a mental analogue of physical momentum. However, more recent studies have shown that forward displacement may not be caused by cognitive mechanisms alone. Rather, predictive mechanisms at the perceptual and motor levels may contribute to the forward error. Supporting the notion that mechanisms of anticipation may be embodied, the forward error was found to depend on the execution of eye and pointing movements. Also, forward displacement depended on the motion type that was presented (smooth vs. jerky or implied), which suggests that attention moves to the next expected target position to facilitate responses to this position.
Environment and Goals Jointly Direct Category Acquisition
Authors: Love Bradley C.
Published: September 2005

Developing categorization schemes involves discovering structures in the world that support a learner's goals. Existing models of category learning, such as exemplar and prototype models, neglect the role of goals in shaping conceptual organization. Here, a clustering approach is discussed that reflects the joint influences of the environment and goals in directing category acquisition. Clusters are a flexible representational medium that exhibits properties of exemplar, prototype, and rule-based models. Clusters reflect the natural bundles of correlated features present in our environment. The clustering model Supervised and Unsupervised Stratified Incremental Adaptive Network (SUSTAIN) operates by assuming the world has a simple structure and adding complexity (i.e., clusters) when existing clusters fail to satisfy the learner's goals and thus elicit surprise. Although simple, this operation is sufficient to address findings from numerous laboratory and cross-cultural categorization studies.
Components of Short-Term Memory and Their Relation to Language Processing
Authors: Martin Randi C.
Published: September 2005

Verbal working memory consists of separable capacities for the retention of phonological and semantic information. Within the phonological domain, there are independent capacities for retaining input-phonological codes and output-phonological codes. The input-phonological capacity does not appear to be critical for language comprehension but is involved in verbatim repetition and long-term learning of new words. The semantic capacity is critical for both comprehension and production and for the learning of new semantic information. Different neural structures appear to underlie these capacities, with a left-parietal region involved in input-phonological retention and a left-frontal region involved in semantic retention.
Value From Regulatory Fit
Authors: Higgins E. Tory
Published: September 2005

Where does value come from? I propose a new answer to this classic question. People experience regulatory fit when the manner of their engagement in an activity sustains their goal orientation or interests regarding that activity. When there is fit, people engage more strongly in what they are doing and “feel right” about it. Fit influences the strength of value experiences—how good or how bad one feels about something—independently of the pleasure and pain experiences that are associated with outcomes. It uniquely contributes to people's experience of the value of things. Fit is shown to influence judgments and decision making, attitude and behavior change, and task performance.
Expression of a candidate marker for progenitor cells, Musashi‐1, in the proliferative regions of human antrum and its decreased expression in intestinal metaplasia
Authors: Akasaka Y , Saikawa Y , Fujita K , Kubota T , Ishikawa Y , Fujimoto A , Ishii T , Okano H , Kitajima M
Published: September 2005

Aim:  Reliable makers for progenitor cells in the human stomach have not been elucidated. The aim of the present study was to clarify whether Musashi‐1 (Msi‐1), which has recently been proposed as a stem cell marker in mouse intestine, serves as a marker for progenitor cells in human stomach.

Methods and results:  Immunohistochemistry revealed that Msi‐1+ cells were detected especially in the isthmus/neck region (the putative position of stem cells) of the adult antrum, but were limited to the basal regions of fetal pyloric glands during the early stages of development. These results suggest that Msi‐1 expression occurs specifically in the stem cell‐containing regions. Msi‐1+ cells were intermingled with proliferating cell muclear antigen (PCNA)+ cells in the isthmus/neck region of the adult antrum, but did not coexpress PCNA or Ki67. Msi‐1 expression overlapped partly with expression of MUC5AC and MUC6, indicating that Msi‐1+ cells retain some features of both foveolar and pyloric gland cell differentiation phenotypes. In contrast, Msi‐1 expression in gastric glands showing intestinal metaplasia (IM) became weaker than that in the glands without IM.

Conclusion:  The specific expression of Msi‐1 within the proliferative regions suggests that Msi‐1 is a marker of cells with progenitor characteristics before active proliferation in human antrum.
Mast cells and c‐Kit expression in liver allograft rejection
Authors: El‐Refaie A M Ahmed , Burt A D
Published: September 2005

Aims : The pathogenesis of rejection following liver transplantation is not fully understood. It has been postulated that mast cells may play a role in acute and chronic rejection of a number of other solid organ grafts. The aim of this study was to assess the possible role of mast cells and c‐Kit+ cells in acute and chronic liver allograft rejection.

Methods and results : Biopsy specimens from (i) ‘time zero’ grafts with a minimal degree of perfusion injury (controls), (ii) transplanted livers with different grades of acute rejection, and (iii) transplanted livers with end‐stage chronic rejection, were stained immunohistochemically using monoclonal anti‐mast cell tryptase and polyclonal anti‐c‐Kit antibodies. Tryptase‐ and c‐Kit‐positive cell densities were assessed by image analysis. Tryptase‐postive mast cell densities (P < 0.001) were strongly correlated with acute liver allograft rejection grades and chronic liver allograft rejection. Furthermore, a similarly strong relationship was found between c‐Kit+ cell densities and increasing rejection grade (P < 0.001).

Conclusions : Tryptase‐ and c‐Kit‐positive mast cells form part of the inflammatory infiltrate in both acute and chronic liver allograft rejection, and may be important effector cells in these processes.
Malignant melanoma with neuroendocrine differentiation: clinical, histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features of three cases
Authors: Eyden B , Pandit D , Banerjee S S
Published: September 2005

Aim : To document the clinical, histological, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural features of three malignant melanomas showing neuroendocrine differentiation.

Methods and results : Three patients, two with primary cutaneous melanoma and one with nasal mucosal melanoma, subsequently developing or simultaneously presenting with metastatic malignant melanoma, were studied by conventional histological technique, immunohistochemistry of formalin‐fixed paraffin‐wax embedded tissues, and electron microscopy of epoxy‐resin‐embedded tumour tissue. Tumours showed either small cell or conventional malignant melanoma cell morphology. One of the three primary melanocytic lesions (the nasal melanoma) exhibited neuroendocrine differentiation immunohistochemically. All three metastatic malignant melanomas showed, in varying combinations, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural evidence for neuroendocrine differentiation: they were positive for the melanocytic markers, S100 protein, HMB‐45, Melan‐A and tyrosinase, and the neuroendocrine markers chromogranin, synaptophysin and neurofilament protein. Ultrastructural study in two of the metastases revealed neuroendocrine granules but no lattice‐bearing melanosomes.

Conclusions : The cases described are the most comprehensively investigated malignant melanomas showing neuroendocrine differentiation to date, and the first to document neuroendocrine differentiation ultrastructurally in these tumours. Malignant melanoma with neuroendocrine differentiation therefore needs to be recognized among the other, better known variants of malignant melanoma.
Efficacy and Limitations of Cyclophosphamide‐induced Tolerance against αGal Antigen
Authors: Shimizu I. , Tomita Y. , Iwai T. , Kajiwara T. , Okano S. , Sueishi K. , Nomoto K. , Yasui H.
Published: September 2005

In the present study, we have elucidated the efficacy of two cyclophosphamide (CP)‐induced tolerance protocols for the induction of B‐cell tolerance against Galα1‐3Galβ1‐4GlcNAc (αGal) antigens. α1,3‐galactosyltransferase‐deficient (GalT–/–; H‐2b/d) mice received with 1 × 108 AKR (αGal+/+ H‐2k) spleen cells (SC) followed by 200 mg/kg CP, or alternatively followed by 200 mg/kg CP, 30 mg/kg Busulfan (BU) and 1 × 108 T‐cell‐depleted AKR bone marrow cells (BMC). The generation of both anti‐αGal and anti‐donor antibodies were completely suppressed, but normal antibody production against third party antigens was observed after BALB/c skin grafting in both groups of GalT–/– mice. In GalT–/– mice, treated with SC and CP, mixed chimerism was not observed. Cellular rejection was observed in grafted donor AKR hearts with an absence of humoral rejection, whereas humoral rejection was observed in untreated GalT–/– mice. On the other hand, long‐term mixed chimerism and permanent acceptance of donor AKR skin graft and heart graft were achieved in GalT–/– mice treated with SC, CP, BU and BMC. These results demonstrate the efficacy of classical drug‐induced tolerance in the induction of B‐cell tolerance against αGal antigens. However, induction of stable mixed chimerism was required for the suppression of cellular rejection.