bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paisagens rurbanas: a tensão entre práticas rurais e valores urbanos na morfogênese dos espaços públicos de sedes de municípios rurais. Um estudo de caso
Authors: Souza Gisela Barcellos de
Published: January 2010

O presente artigo interessa-se pelo esmaecimento das fronteiras entre o rural e o urbano na sede de pequenos municípios rurais. A partir de um estudo de caso - um município de menos de 3 mil habitantes - , postula-se que a inadequação da denominação destas sedes pequenos municípios rurais como "cidade" não seja inócua; esta seria capaz de engendrar profundas modificações no espaço distrital e em suas representações, possibilitando, através da inscrição no território de valores urbanos e de práticas rurais, a configuração de uma paisagem rurbana.
Impactos da sojicultura de exportação sobre a biodiversidade do Cerrado
Authors: Queiroz Fábio Albergaria de
Published: January 2010

As complexas relações entre o comércio internacional e o meio ambiente destacam-se, hoje, como um dos assuntos prioritários na agenda internacional. Muito se tem discutido a esse respeito, porém poucas são as respostas concludentes acerca dos impactos ambientais gerados pela crescente prática do livre comércio. Uma análise mais precisa sobre o assunto depende do estudo pontual de cada caso, pois as variáveis envolvidas no processo são muito complexas. Para comprovar esta assertiva, analisou-se o exemplo dos impactos do comércio internacional de soja sobre a biodiversidade do cerrado. Neste caso específico, foi possível comprovar a existência de um vínculo direto entre o aumento dos fluxos comerciais desta commodity e o processo de perda de diversidade biológica no referido bioma.
Business as International Politics: Drawing Insights from Nation-State to Inter-Firm Alliances
Authors: Shenkar Oded , Arikan Ilgaz
Published: January 2010

This paper broadens the scope and depth of business alliance research by way of interdisciplinary enrichment. The paper draws on the political science literature on nation-state alliances to generate insights into the establishment, operations and performance of inter-firm alliances. Shared theory bases of game theory and transaction cost economics, as well as theories, variables and research findings indigenous to political science are posited as a platform from which propositions regarding inter-firm alliances are derived.
Networks of Coordination: Swiss Business Associations as an Intermediary between Business, Politics and Administration during the 20thCentury
Authors: David Thomas , Ginalski Stéphanie , Mach André , Rebmann Frédéric
Published: January 2010

Until the 1990's, Switzerland could be classified as either a corporatist, cooperative or coordinated market economy where non-market mechanisms of coordination among economic and political actors were very important. In this respect, Business Interest Associations (BIAs) played a key role. The aim of this paper is to look at the historical evolution of the five main peak Swiss BIAs through network analysis for five assorted dates during the 20th century (1910, 1937, 1957, 1980 and 2000) while relying on a database that includes more than 12,000 people. First, we examine the logic of membership in these associations, which allows us to analyze their position and function within the network of the Swiss economic elite. Until the 1980's, BIAs took part in the emergence and consolidation of a closely meshed national network, which declined during the two last decades of the 20th century. Second, we investigate the logic of influence of these associations by looking at the links they maintained with the political and administrative worlds through their links to the political parties and Parliament, and to the administration via the extra-parliamentary commissions (corporatist bodies). In both cases, the recent dynamic of globalization called into question the traditional role of BIAs.
The Firm as an Inspector: Private Ordering and Political Rules
Authors: Heritier Adrienne , Mueller-Debus Anna K. , Thauer Christian R.
Published: January 2010

With increasing fragmentation of worldwide production chains and the corresponding contracting relations between companies, the “firm as an inspector” has become a frequent phenomenon. Buyer firms deploy supervising activities over their suppliers' products and production processes in order to ensure their compliance with regulatory standards, thereby taking on tasks commonly performed by public authorities. Why would a firm engage in such activities? In this article we will analyze the conditions under which firms play the role of an inspector vis-à-vis their sub-contractor firms to guarantee compliance with quality and environmental regulations. We develop a theoretical argument based on transaction cost economics and institutionalism to offer hypothetical answers to this question and provide an empirical assessment of our hypotheses.
Role of Cryogenics in Food Processing and Preservation
Authors: Goswami Tridib Kumar
Published: January 2010

Food materials are perishable by nature. They require processing or preservation techniques to enhance the storage life. Cryogenics is a branch of engineering wherein production of cryogen and the maintenance of low temperature technologies are studied. One such cryogen, liquid nitrogen (LN2) has a tremendous potential to be used as a total loss refrigerant. In this paper, the different aspects of the utilization of LN2 as a refrigerant and as a gas are discussed in details.In freezing for individual quick freezing LN2 can be used as a refrigerant to get an ultra rapid freezing. Due to its rapidity LN2 freezing is capable of producing small ice crystals in size and there by helps immensely in retaining quality reducing substantial amount of drip loss.LN2 has gained tremendous popularity for the transportation of frozen foods. Apart from the intermittent spraying of LN2, dump charging method has been also developed wherein the refrigerant required for a point to point transportation is supplied to a frozen cargo before the commencement of the journey eliminating the requirement of LN2 vessel to be taken on board.Grinding is a technique which reduces the size of spices, considerably increasing the surface area available to impart flavor to any prepared food. Unfortunately, a substantial amount of flavoring compounds is lost due to the increase in temperature while using conventional grinding methods. LN2 can act as a rescuer for retention of quality by reducing the spice as well as grinder temperature substantially. Experimental analysis reveals that the loss of volatile component and particle size distribution of the ground spices are more than the satisfaction level of the processor.LN2 has the capacity to both lower the temperature and flush off the inside air of a closed container. This serves a dual purpose: The temperature of the closed chamber is brought to the desired level almost instantaneously and the gas compost ion can be changed immediately. The application of LN2 helps to minimize the need for high-capacity refrigeration system. Only 10% of the installation capacity is required for maintaining the desired temperature.
Mirroring and interleaving in the paperfolding sequence
Authors: Bates Bruce , Bunder Martin , Tognetti Keith
Published: January 2010

Three equivalent methods of generating the paperfolding sequence are presented as well as a categorization of runs of identical terms. We find all repeated subsequences, the largest repeated subsequences and the spacing of singles, doubles and triples throughout the sequence. The paperfolding sequence is shown to have links to the Binary Reflected Gray Code and the Stern-Brocot tree.
Abel’s method on summation by parts and balanced q-series identities
Authors: Chu Wenchang
Published: January 2010

The Abel method on summation by parts is reformulated to present new and elementary proofs of several classical identities of terminating balanced basic hypergeometric series. The examples strengthen our conviction that as traditional analytical instrument, the revised Abel method on summation by parts is indeed a very natural choice for working with basic hypergeometric series.
Two subclasses of 2-convex polyominoes: properties for reconstruction
Authors: Tawbe K.
Published: January 2010

A polyomino P is called 2-convex if for every two cells there exists a monotone path included in P with at most 2 changes of direction. This paper studies the tomographical aspects of two subclasses of 2-convex polyominoes called ?2L and ??2L. In the first part, the uniqueness results of the two subclasses of HV - convex polyominoes ? and ?? are investigated using the switching components (that is the elements of these subclasses that have the same projections). In the second part, using the uniqueness results and the algorithm by Chrobak and D?rr, two paths connecting the feet and a tomographical condition are given to verify whether P is in ?2L or ??2L.
Hensel codes of square roots of p-adic numbers
Authors: Tahar Zerzaihi , Mohamed Kecies , Knapp Michael
Published: January 2010

In this work we are concerned with the calculation of the Hensel codes of square roots of p-adic numbers, using the fixed point method and this through the calculation of the approached solution of f(x)=x2?a=0 in Qp. We also determine the speed of convergence and the number of iterations.
Staircase words and Chebyshev polynomials
Authors: Knopfmacher Arnold , Mansour Toufik , Munagi Augustine , Prodinger Helmut
Published: January 2010

A word ? = ?1... ?n over the alphabet [k]={1,2,...,k} is said to be a staircase if there are no two adjacent letters with difference greater than 1. A word ? is said to be staircase-cyclic if it is a staircase word and in addition satisfies |?n??1|?1. We find the explicit generating functions for the number of staircase words and staircase-cyclic words in [k]n, in terms of Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind. Additionally, we find explicit formula for the numbers themselves, as trigonometric sums. These lead to immediate asymptotic corollaries. We also enumerate staircase necklaces, which are staircase-cyclic words that are not equivalent up to rotation.
Protein Farnesylation–Dependent Raf/Extracellular Signal–Related Kinase Signaling Links to Cytoskeletal Remodeling to Facilitate Glucose-Induced Insulin Secretion in Pancreatic β-Cells
Authors: Kowluru Anjaneyulu , Veluthakal Rajakrishnan , Rhodes Christopher J. , Kamath Vasudeva , Syed Ismail , Koch Brandon J.
Published: January 2010

OBJECTIVE

Posttranslational prenylation (e.g., farnesylation) of small G-proteins is felt to be requisite for cytoskeletal remodeling and fusion of secretory vesicles with the plasma membrane. Here, we investigated roles of protein farnesylation in the signaling steps involved in Raf-1/extracellular signal–related kinase (ERK1/2) signaling pathway in glucose-induced Rac1 activation and insulin secretion in the pancreatic β-cell.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

These studies were carried out in INS 832/13 cells and normal rat islets. Molecular biological (e.g., overexpression or small interfering RNA [siRNA]–mediated knockdown) and pharmacologic approaches were used to determine roles for farnesylation in glucose-mediated activation of ERK1/2, Rac1, and insulin secretion. Activation of ERK1/2 was determined by Western blotting. Rac1 activation (i.e., Rac1.GTP) was quantitated by p21-activated kinase pull-down assay. Insulin release was quantitated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS

Coprovision of structure-specific inhibitors of farnesyl transferase (FTase; e.g., FTI-277 or FTI-2628) or siRNA-mediated knockdown of FTase β-subunit resulted in a significant inhibition of glucose-stimulated ERK1/2 and Rac1 activation and insulin secretion. Pharmacologic inhibition of Raf-1 kinase using GW-5074 markedly reduced the stimulatory effects of glucose on ERK1/2 phosphorylation, Rac1 activation, and insulin secretion, suggesting that Raf-1 kinase activation may be upstream to ERK1/2 and Rac1 activation leading to glucose-induced insulin release. Lastly, siRNA-mediated silencing of endogenous expression of ERK1/2 markedly attenuated glucose-induced Rac1 activation and insulin secretion.

CONCLUSIONS

Together, our findings provide the first evidence of a role for protein farnesylation in glucose-mediated regulation of the Raf/ERK signaling pathway culminating in the activation of Rac1, which has been shown to be necessary for cytoskeletal reorganization and exocytotic secretion of insulin.
Knoop Microhardness Mapping Used to Compare the Efficacy of LED, QTH and PAC Curing Lights
Authors: Price R. B. T. , Fahey J. , Felix C. M.
Published: January 2010

Clinical Relevance

The output of a curing light measured at a distance of 0 mm is a poor indicator of how much light energy will be delivered to a restoration in the mouth. When used for manufacturers' suggested curing times and at clinically relevant distances, some curing lights deliver much less energy than is recommended (<10J/cm2) and produce softer composites.
Resolution of the International Scientific Conference
Authors: Osiński Wiesław
Published: January 2010

Resolution of the International Scientific Conference
Barriers Restricting the Free Dissemination of Scientific Achievements: Own Experiences in Crossing Walls and Bridges
Authors: Barczyński Bartłomiej , Graczyński Marek , Kalina Roman
Published: January 2010

Barriers Restricting the Free Dissemination of Scientific Achievements: Own Experiences in Crossing Walls and Bridges

The most important issues in the administration of modern science is "editorial correctness" of scientific articles. Editors of the most prestigious scientific journals know how to build an impact factor. Is an overly rigorous procedure for submitted manuscripts appropriate in every case?

The constant progress of science and the development of researchers is undeniable and remarkable. We dissociate ourselves from the principle of "publish a lot and quickly" recommended during the postdoctoral phase or other periods of a scientist's career. Quality requires time and humility towards that which was discovered and that which is still unknown.
Biomechanical Responds of Instep Kick between Different Positions in Professional Soccer Players
Authors: Khorasani Mohammadtaghi , Osman Noor , Yusof Ashril
Published: January 2010

Biomechanical Responds of Instep Kick between Different Positions in Professional Soccer Players

The purpose of this study was to investigate some selected biomechanical characteristics of lower extremity between professional soccer defenders, midfielders and strikers. The kicking motions of dominant legs were captured from fifteen Olympic professional soccer players; (height: 181.93 ± 7.03 cm; mass: 70.73 ± 10.85 kg; age: 20.8 ± 0.77 years), volunteered to participate in this study, using four digital video cameras. There were significant differences between midfielders and defenders in (1) lower leg angular velocity (p ≤ 0.001), (2) thigh angular velocity (p ≤ 0.001), (3) lower leg net moment (p ≤ 0.001), (4) thigh net moment (p ≤ 0.001), and (5) ball velocity (p ≤ 0.012). There were significant differences between midfielders and strikers in lower leg net moment (p ≤ 0.001). There were significant differences between strikers and defenders in; (1) lower leg angular velocity (p ≤ 0.001), (2) thigh angular velocity (p ≤ 0.001), (3) lower leg net moment (p ≤ 0.001), (4) thigh net moment (p ≤ 0.001), and (5) ball velocity (p ≤ 0.024). In conclusion, midfielders can perform soccer instep kicking strongly and faster than defenders and there is, however, no significant difference between midfielders and strikers, but midfielders' ball velocity is higher than strikers' ball velocity.
Individualization of Physical Loads and Speed Abilities of Young Soccer Players in a Six-Month Training Macrocycle
Authors: Andrzejewski Marcin , Chmura Jan , Strzelczyk Ryszard , Konarski Jan
Published: January 2010

Individualization of Physical Loads and Speed Abilities of Young Soccer Players in a Six-Month Training Macrocycle

The aim of this paper was to address the issue of individualized training loads and its influence on speed development among speed-type and endurance-type players during a six-month training macrocycle.

The research was conducted in a group of 36 young male soccer players from for two sport clubs: Lech Poznań and Warta Poznań. The stages of the study undertaken resulted from the time structure of sport training and were carried out during a six-month macrocycle. The players of Lech Poznań took part in a test which involved applying three series' (six repetitions each) of speed-type exercises, with regard to the player's motor type in each of the three training units comprising the weekly macrocycle. During each stage of data collection, the players were subjected to a stress test for stretches of 10, 20 and 30 m.

The study has shown a significant impact of individualization of training loads on development of speed abilities in the examined players. An increase of speed during the tests of 10 and 20 m was noted in both speed and endurance-type players. This was probably an effect of adapting individual training loads to motor predispositions of the players during the six months of the experiment. It can be also assumed that the increase in speed among the subjects is a result of rising phosphagen potential and enzymatic activity (especially creatine kinase), as well as improved motor units recruitment.
The Influence of Increased Intensity Levels on the Attitude of High School Females toward Aerobic Dance Lessons
Authors: Skalik Krysztof , Frömel Karel , Stelze Jiri , Pelclová Jana , Groffik Dorota
Published: January 2010

The Influence of Increased Intensity Levels on the Attitude of High School Females toward Aerobic Dance Lessons

Available evidence suggests that interest and participation, especially in vigorous physical activity, declines with age during adolescence. This negative attitude toward vigorous physical activity is especially prevalent among female adolescents. This study investigates how increasing intensity levels of aerobic dance, a popular physical education choice of female students, influence the attitude of female high school students toward the activity.

A total of 313 female high school students from eight schools (age 16.32±1.74; weight-kg 53.73±7.58; height-cm 164.37±5.61; BMI-kg/m2 19.87±2.55) participated in the study. Student intensity levels during the aerobic dance lesson were monitored using heart rate monitors, accelerometers and pedometers, and the influence of intensity level on attitude toward aerobic dance was measured by use of a standardized questionnaire. The results clearly show that increasing intensity levels did not diminish the positive attitude of female students toward aerobic dance.
The Monophthongisation of Diphthongs Before Dorsal Fricatives: A Corpus Study
Authors: Wełna Jerzy
Published: January 2010

The Monophthongisation of Diphthongs Before Dorsal Fricatives: A Corpus Study

The paper discusses the geographical distribution of the monophthongisation of (1) the diphthong [ei] (< [e:ç]) before the palatal fricative [ç] (i.e. [eiç > i:ç]) and (2) the diphthong [ou] (< [o:×]) before the velar fricative [×] (i.e. [oux > u:x] in words like high an bough. The resulting monophthongs became the input to the diphthongisation rule, a part of the Great Vowel Shift. On the basis of forty-nine Middle English poetic texts from the Chadwyck-Healey online corpus an effort is made here to establish temporal and dialectal conditioning of the change.
Middle English Medical Recipes: A Metadiscursive Approach
Authors: Quintana-Toledo Elena
Published: January 2010

Middle English Medical Recipes: A Metadiscursive Approach

This paper seeks to explore Middle English medical recipes from a metadiscursive perspective. This study will draw on Hyland's (2005) metadiscourse model where code glosses, endophoric markers, evidentials, frame markers and transition markers are included in the interactive dimension, and attitude markers, boosters, engagement markers, hedges and self mention are to be found within interactional metadiscourse. I shall apply this framework for the identification and analysis of data in a corpus which comprises a selection of recipes taken from both Middle English Medical Texts (Taavitsainen - Pahta - Mäkinen 2005) and The corpus of early English recipes. The metadiscursive approach to the study of medical recipes will allow us to establish links between authors, texts and audience of the recipe genre and, consequently, to affirm their status as products of social engagement.
Nonstandard Were and the Nonstandard forms of the Preterite Negative of to be in Nineteenth Century New England Civil War Letters and Literary Dialect Portrayals
Authors: Pablé Adrian , Dylewski Radosław , Urbańska Agnieszka
Published: January 2010

Nonstandard Were and the Nonstandard forms of the Preterite Negative of to be in Nineteenth Century New England Civil War Letters and Literary Dialect Portrayals

The present paper presents the preliminary results of the study of were in nonstandard positions as well as nonstandard preterit negative forms of to be in mid- and late nineteenth century New England folk speech. More specifically, the aim of the study is to investigate whether the grammatical feature at issue, deemed to have been confined to the Mid- and South Atlantic states in several scholarly publications, is also attested in the verbal repository of New Englanders of the mid- and late nineteenth century. The analysis relies mainly on the scrutiny of two types of primary sources: informal Civil War letters penned by less literate individuals, and fictional portrayals written by New England regionalists. The data retrieved from the inspected body of material confirms the presence of were/weren't/wa'n't (and other spellings) in nonstandard contexts, preponderantly in the literary dialect portrayals, whereas Civil War correspondence seems rather devoid of the traits at issue. As indicated above, the paper presents the preliminary results of the study: it is believed that an analysis of a bigger corpus of Civil War material, which is currently being compiled, might identify more instances of forms at issue in nonstandard environments.
On the Diversity of Linguistic Evidence for Conceptual Metaphor
Authors: Górska Elżbieta
Published: January 2010

On the Diversity of Linguistic Evidence for Conceptual Metaphor

In this article my main concern is the linguistic evidence for the view that metaphor is conceptual in nature. Since the fact that there is a great diversity of linguistic evidence for patterns of metaphorical thought has been, by and large, not emphasized enough, I overview a variety of such evidence, which can be derived from the study of different aspects of meaning within a particular language, crosslinguistically, and at a metalinguistic level. However, in itself the variety of linguistic evidence, even though it speaks very strongly for the idea that metaphor is conceptual in nature, is not sufficient to justify it. Therefore, recognizing the fact that claims about our conceptual system which are based on linguistic analyses alone remain within the "language - thought - language" circle, the article discusses also some kinds of nonlinguistic evidence for conceptual metaphors. Psycholinguistic research on metaphorical reasoning is presented as a major source of such nonlinguistic verifications. Drawing on Daniel Barenboim's BBC Reith lectures of 2006, it is also argued that convergent evidence from language and music may serve to break open the "language - thought - language" circle.
Natural Syntax of Belfast English (I) Subject-Verb Agreement, (II) Imperative
Authors: Orešnik Janez
Published: January 2010

Natural Syntax of Belfast English (I) Subject-Verb Agreement, (II) Imperative

The framework of this paper is Natural Syntax initiated by the author in the tradition of (morphological) naturalness as established by †Willi Mayerthaler and Wolfgang U. Dressler.

Natural Syntax is a developing deductive theory. The naturalness judgements are couched in naturalness scales, which follow from the basic parameters (or "axioms") listed at the beginning of the paper. The predictions of the theory are calculated in what are known as deductions, the chief components of each being a pair of naturalness scales and the rules governing the alignment of corresponding naturalness values. Parallel and chiastic alignment are distinguished and related to Henning Andersen's early work on markedness.

Natural Syntax is exemplified here with two syntactic phenomena found in Belfast English and partly deviating from Standard English: (I) subject-verb agreement, (II) the imperative. The language data are taken from Henry (1995), and close attention has been paid to the (TG-)interpretations adduced in that monograph.

Some recent work related to Natural Syntax: Orešnik (2007a-e, 2008a-c) and Orešnik and Cvetko-Orešnik (2009, only work written in English is mentioned).
The Interaction of form and Content: Syntactic Constructions and Grammatical Environment
Authors: Trobevšek Drobnak Frančiška
Published: January 2010

The Interaction of form and Content: Syntactic Constructions and Grammatical Environment

In diachronic linguistics, the Naturalness Theory purports to unravel the seemingly random distribution of linguistic variants at the early stage of their assertion, when no other tangible functional, contextual or pragmatic motivation exists. The paper presents the results of three empirical studies, which confirm that the complexity of grammatical environment is instrumental in the choice between elective morphosyntactic constructions. Special attention is paid to the relevance of traditional grammatical parameters in defining grammatical environment as complex.
Of People and Places: Urban Gendering in the English Plays
Authors: Kazik Joanna
Published: January 2010

Of People and Places: Urban Gendering in the English Plays

The paper examines interconnections between gender and the civic landscape in the flood pageants in the English mystery plays (York, Towneley, N-Town and Chester). The marital conflict between Noah and his wife is discussed in the context of the urban physical and spiritual world that provides a double backdrop for the play. The geometry of human sin and divine insight is analysed and textile references are investigated to reveal the spatial and professional affiliation of the characters. The silent potential of the urban setting that enriches the theatrical power of the plays and transforms the events presented on stage into a medieval interactive game between the actors and the audience is discussed.
The Pleasure of the Eighteenth-Century Texts: The Conflation of Literary and Critical Discourse in the Early Novelistic Tradition
Authors: Maciulewicz Joanna
Published: January 2010

The Pleasure of the Eighteenth-Century Texts: The Conflation of Literary and Critical Discourse in the Early Novelistic Tradition

One of the prominent characteristics of contemporary literature is its assimilation to critical discourse. The self-reflexivity in literature, which transforms literary texts into acts of criticism, is paralleled by theory's tendency to encroach on the literary domain. One of the findings of the poststructuralist literary theory is that descriptions of reading experience elude scientific language and are more aptly conveyed by metaphors. (A good example is Roland Barthes' The pleasure of the text.) The conflation of literary and critical discourse is not, however, peculiar to postmodernity only. The same phenomenon is observable in the eighteenth-century writings. It turns out that the self-reflexivity evident at the times of the proclaimed "death of the novel" is manifest also in the times of its birth. The aim of my paper is to analyse the metafictional reflection on readerly pleasure incorporated in early novelistic texts.
The Middle English ophthalmic treatise on the use of the eye in G.U.L. MS Hunter 513 (ff. 1r-37r): An annotated edition and study. By Teresa Marqués Aguado - Antonio Miranda García - Santiago González Fernández-Corugedo (eds.)
Authors: Esteban-Segura Laura
Published: January 2010

The Middle English ophthalmic treatise on the use of the eye in G.U.L. MS Hunter 513 (ff. 1r-37r): An annotated edition and study. By Teresa Marqués Aguado - Antonio Miranda García - Santiago González Fernández-Corugedo (eds.)
American literature in Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 1968-2008. A selection of articles. Janusz Semrau (ed.)
Authors: Stachura Paweł
Published: January 2010

American literature in Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 1968-2008. A selection of articles. Janusz Semrau (ed.)
Sport and Globalisation: Homogenization and Differentiation
Authors: Gomez Rui
Published: January 2010

Sport and Globalisation: Homogenization and Differentiation

The development of the worldwide market has motivated long-ranging consequences, not only at the level of growing economic interdependencies, but also in the globalization of cultures and lifestyles. At any of these dimensions, sport plays a role and contributes in its own particular way to globalization. Transnational organizations, worldwide events, transnational communities and transnational structures organised around the central theme of Sport provide good evidence of that phenomenon. However, the way these dimensions interrelate at a time of unorganised capitalism is based on disjuncture. Following this thesis, Appadurai (1996) has proposed an elementary scheme for the analysis of the disjuncture between the several dimensions of globalization, suggesting the notion of landscapes to underline the fluid and irregular shape of the capital flow, pertaining to both communications and lifestyles. By emphasising that globalization is intensively perceived according to, and influenced by the historical, linguistic and political contexts of the intervening players, the author deliberately focuses on the imagined worlds that help us construct those landscapes. In this paper, we will retrieve some of those theoretical leads and analyse three types of landscape in the leisure and sports contexts, in an attempt to demonstrate how their interrelation is one of disjuncture, where some dimensions promote sports homogenization while others push towards increasing differentiation. We will analyse the mediascapes (Sport as global spectacle), the technoscapes (the role of the new media and velocity in the creation of decontextualised global cognitive maps), and the ideoscapes (the role of images and the aesthetisation of the leisure sports experiences)
Racism and Xenophobia in Spanish Football: Facts, Reactions and Policies
Authors: Llopis-Goig Ramon
Published: January 2010

Racism and Xenophobia in Spanish Football: Facts, Reactions and Policies

Contrary to what is sometimes supposed, racism is not a phenomenon of the past. In fact, it is one of the major challenges of the present and future in Europe and Spain. Besides providing an incomparable sense of belonging, football stadiums are also an excellent platform to express racist and xenophobic attitudes and behaviours. In Spain, for years many players have suffered abuse and insults, although it is black and ethnic minority players who receive the most harassment. Thus, the problem of racism has increased recently in Spanish football, as shown by the emission of monkey noises toward black players and the use of racist slogans and symbols in the stadiums.

This paper analyses the forms of racism and xenophobia in Spanish football, as well as the actions promoted and carried out by various institutions and agents to prevent and reduce these types of behaviour. The aim of this paper is to make a contribution based on figures and reflections on the types of racism and xenophobia in the world of football in Spain. The article is divided into three major parts. The first reviews some concepts of the scientific study of racism and xenophobia, placing them in the context of Spanish football. The second contains an overview of racism in European football and describes the situation in Spain, providing some empirical data about its incidence in recent years. The third and final section presents a classification and analysis of different antiracist reactions, actions and initiatives carried out recently in Spain with the aim of combating racism in Spanish football.
On Virtue in the Context of Sport
Authors: Zowisło Maria
Published: January 2010

On Virtue in the Context of Sport

Sport with its long and rich history is and always has been a complex phenomenon of culture, this marvellous world of objectified human spirit, the environment of man's consciousness and its deep dreams and ideals. So, key elements of sport are not limited to the games themselves, but encompass also a strong ethos consisting of a system of values and models of comportment, personal development and human perfection, frequently expressed in philosophical terms. In ancient Greece, philosophical reflection on sport was directly related to anthropology and focused on the human's whole physical, psychical and spiritual prowess and its improvement. Similar cohesion of the sport idea, philosophy and anthropology is also present in de Coubertin's heritage with its special emphasis on pedagogy. Sport carries a huge educational potential as a tool for shaping man on the somatic, mental, emotional, moral and social levels. But contemporary sport itself is infected by pathologies (actually, first signals of them were present in antiquity), which leads to violating the rule of fair play, to doping, commercialisation of sporting achievements and treating them in an instrumental manner, to the reification of sportsmen and treating the records as an ultimate fetish. In view of such phenomena, the most appropriate and effective reaction seems to take up a reference to classical ideals of the sport ethos and their incessant reinforcement in the process of nowadays education and human self-understanding. In ancient Greece, the philosophy of sport was a complementary element of the whole phenomenon, serving as its idealistic final touch, while today it is increasingly used as a preliminary condition for the practice of sport and is indispensable for a continuation and harmonious development of its tradition. Therefore, the anamnesis of cultural sources of sport is not only of historic character but also, and primarily, has a therapeutic dimension. So, it seems worthwhile and justified to return, restore and reclaim some ancient philosophical ideals that once constituted the base of Greek sport in its great connection with anthropology, a general view of human potential in physical movement. The presented text examines the concept of virtue in ancient sport and philosophy and compares it with contemporary, especially postmodern philosophical (with references to Zygmunt Bauman and Wolfgang Welsch) understanding of human prowess, well-being and beauty.
Nakedness and Movement Culture
Authors: Jirásek Ivo
Published: January 2010

Nakedness and Movement Culture

The paper deals with a topic which is not very frequent in kinanthropology; it concerns the phenomenon of the naked body in the environment of movement culture. Within the individual aspects of this cultural subsystem (sport, movement education, movement recreation, movement therapy, and movement art), it points out a variety of meanings and contexts adding sense to nudity on a continuum ranging from naturalness and functionality through erotization and sexualization to pornoization of particularly sport environment. The author prefers a functional naturalness of nudity and rejects the instrumentalization and changing human body into a thing and, thus, exceeding the characteristics of the sphere of movement culture.
Olympic Education as an Intergenerational Relation of the Third Degree
Authors: Hata Takayuki , Sekine Masami
Published: January 2010

Olympic Education as an Intergenerational Relation of the Third Degree

The 30th anniversary meeting of the Japanese Society for the Philosophy of Sport and Physical Education was held in September 2008. It has been over 30 years since this society was established. Nevertheless the tendency and recent trend in sport philosophy in Japan have not been conveyed abroad. The good reason behind this may be the language barrier between English and Japanese. This makes it difficult to spread the activities on sport philosophy in Japan throughout the world. The question arises as to whether sport philosophy in Japan has the same trend and tendency as sport philosophy in Western countries. We would like to report on sport philosophy in Japan, especially on its characteristics and future perspectives, in order to contribute toward the international development in this field. Sport was introduced into Japan from Western countries in the Meiji period when a national isolation policy in the Shogunate Government of the Edo period finished. The Japanese accepted and have been developing it as a means of school physical education. This fact shows why sport philosophy in Japan has its origins not in sport as culture but in sport in physical education at school. The Japanese philosophy of sport society was not founded by philosophers. It was founded and has been administered by experts in teaching sport and physical education. They recognized several reasons why sport philosophy widened its object from school physical education to sport as the cultural and public phenomenon in the 1960s. Competitive sport was recognized with Japan taking the opportunity of staging the Olympic Games in Tokyo in 1964. This happened because the nation was strongly interested in the competitive sport, and in particular in the Olympic Games. The object of sport philosophy came to be taken for the social meaning of this competitive sport. Also, the change of the Japanese mind structure from common consciousness to self-consciousness, which was affected by the understanding of the human being in the Western culture, made sport a certain action of personal meanings. We would like to suggest a future perspective of the sport philosophy in Japan.
Self-competition versus Internal Competition
Authors: Hurych Emanuel
Published: January 2010

Self-competition versus Internal Competition

This paper attempts to draw attention to the problem of self-competition as a very specific and controversial type of competition and gives a proposal for division between self-competition and internal competition, both of them as special different forms of competition within one individual person.

This basis of the problem is inspired by the article On Competing Against Oneself (Howe, 2008) published in Sport, Ethics and Philosophy. Howe is engaged in the motive of competition which is usually called "self competition". She disagrees with Krein (2007) who argues that self-competition cannot be spoken about within adventure therapy because of the absence of competitors and the lack of repeatable measure of performance.

As a consequence of this question the contribution is focused on the relation between self-competition and individual challenge on the one hand and the phenomenon of experience on the other hand. The term of "internal competition" is suggested here and the differences between self-competition and internal competition are explained. The mentioned relation is understood as an equivalence which is accompanied by some concrete examples from the area of movement activities.

The aim of the essay is to show the complexity of the relationship between experience and competition motives. The other goal is to introduce the term of internal competition, as the phenomenon closely connected with experience. At least in some cases internal competition can be considered as the essential part of experience. While self-competition is very closely connected with the result of the activity and level of the performance, internal competition is far more focused on the process and depth of the experience.
Why the Olympic Modernism is more than Sport?
Authors: Pawłucki Andrzej
Published: January 2010

Why the Olympic Modernism is more than Sport?

Olympic sport is a symbolic response to the literal evil of war. It establishes peace in its own way as there is always a need to redeem the evil of war. Sport is not what the mindful journalists think - a gathering of pagan mob, festival of youth or vanity fair of business traders. If, however, Olympic modernism ever became its own negation in the form of a spontaneous movement of liberation from moral constraints, legitimised by postmodern ideology, it would be a negation of the ethical ideal of friendship, i.e. it would be collective defiance of order as ordo amicitia pro pace. In consequence, Olympic modernism would deprive itself of the idea of universal good and lose its inherent order-making potential. Whoever then becomes a part of the motley movement against oneself, in which all standards of moral life in love are replaced by liberal aesthetic expressions, he or she becomes incomprehensible to oneself and others, like the proverbial black sheep in a family. Beware the poor in Olympic spirit of peace, as they will never be granted friendship. It will be a great loss to them as well as to the entire Olympic family. The Olympic Games of Peace must last as long as there are wars. The primary cause of Olympic sport is the experience of the evil of war. Olympic modernism uses sport as the foundation of its symbolic affirmation of the idea of friendship. It has not created sport, but has taken a great advantage of it, using the physical cultivation and the moral formation of the mighty sport club for free play (ludic sport) or paid play (professional sport). Although the Olympic costs are high, despite all the expenses, it is a highly profitable cultural enterprise. The order of friendship for peace, known as Olympic modernism, not only banishes the spectre of hatred but also provides culture with sanctity, making everybody's life more perfect.
Hamstring Strain Injuries: Recommendations for Diagnosis, Rehabilitation, and Injury Prevention
Authors: Heiderscheit Bryan C. , Sherry Marc A. , Silder Amy , Chumanov Elizabeth S. , Thelen Darryl G.
Published: January 2010

Synopsis:

Hamstring strain injuries remain a challenge for both athletes and clinicians, given their high incidence rate, slow healing, and persistent symptoms. Moreover, nearly one third of these injuries recur within the first year following a return to sport, with subsequent injuries often being more severe than the original. This high reinjury rate suggests that commonly utilized rehabilitation programs may be inadequate at resolving possible muscular weakness, reduced tissue extensibility, and/or altered movement patterns associated with the injury. Further, the traditional criteria used to determine the readiness of the athlete to return to sport may be insensitive to these persistent deficits, resulting in a premature return. There is mounting evidence that the risk of reinjury can be minimized by utilizing rehabilitation strategies that incorporate neuromuscular control exercises and eccentric strength training, combined with objective measures to assess musculotendon recovery and readiness to return to sport. In this paper, we first describe the diagnostic examination of an acute hamstring strain injury, including discussion of the value of determining injury location in estimating the duration of the convalescent period. Based on the current available evidence, we then propose a clinical guide for the rehabilitation of acute hamstring injuries, including specific criteria for treatment progression and return to sport. Finally, we describe directions for future research, including injury-specific rehabilitation programs, objective measures to assess reinjury risk, and strategies to prevent injury occurrence.

Level of Evidence:

Diagnosis/therapy/prevention, level 5. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(2):67–81. doi:10.2519/jospt.2010.3047
Clinical and Cognitive Associations with Aggression in the First Episode of Psychosis
Authors: Harris Anthony W.F. , Large Matthew M. , Redoblado-Hodge Antoinette , Nielssen Olav , Anderson Josephine , Brennan John
Published: January 2010

Objective: Although there may be an increased risk of aggression in first-episode psychosis, little is known about the clinical and cognitive associations of serious and less serious aggression during this phase of psychotic illness.

Methods: Eighty-five patients in the first episode of psychosis under the age of 26 underwent comprehensive clinical assessment and cognitive testing. Aggression was assessed using a purpose-designed rating scale based on corroborative interviews to record 10 types of aggressive behaviour in the 3 months before presenting for treatment.

Results: Thirty-seven of 85 patients (43.5%) exhibited physically aggressive behaviour and 23 patients (27.1%) had assaulted another person or used a weapon. Young age and elevated scores in the mania rating scale were associated with a history of any type of aggression. Serious aggression was associated with regular cannabis use and more errors of commission on a continuous performance task.

Conclusions: The clinical features associated with less serious aggression were different to those associated with more serious forms of aggression. Serious aggression is associated with regular cannabis use and also reduced behavioural inhibition. Awareness of substance use and neurocognitive deficits may assist in the identification of potentially violent patients.
Three Year Follow-Up Study of an Integrated Supported Employment for Individuals with Severe Mental Illness
Authors: Tsang Hector W.H. , Fung Kelvin M.T. , Leung Ada Y. , Li Sally M.Y. , Cheung W.M.
Published: January 2010

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to examine and compare the long-term effectiveness of the Integrated Supported Employment (ISE) programme, which consists of individual placement and support (IPS) and work-related social skills training, with the IPS programme on the vocational and non-vocational outcomes among individuals with severe mental illness (SMI) over a period of 3 years.

Method: One hundred and eighty-nine participants with SMI were recruited from two non-government organizations and three day hospitals in Hong Kong and randomly assigned into the ISE (n = 58), IPS (n = 65) and traditional vocational rehabilitation (TVR) (n = 66) groups. Vocational and non-vocational outcomes of the ISE and IPS participants were collected by a blind and independent assessor at 7 11, 15, 21, 27, 33 and 39 months after their admission, whereas the TVR groups were assessed only up to the 15th month follow up.

Results: After 39 months of service provision, ISE participants obtained higher employment rate (82.8% vs 61.5%) and longer job tenure (46.94 weeks vs 36.17 weeks) than the IPS participants. Only 6.1% of TVR participants were able to obtain employment before the 15th month follow up. Fewer interpersonal conflicts at the workplace were reported for the ISE participants. Advantages of the ISE participants over IPS participants on non-vocational outcomes were not conclusive.

Conclusion: The long-term effectiveness of the ISE programme in enhancing employment rates and job tenures among individuals with SMI was demonstrated by this randomized controlled trial.