bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research and Development Management
Authors: Sapienza Alice M.
Published: March 2006

Technology leaders must be broadly versed in their firms’ business and functions. These leaders must have the technical edge and be able to function with credibility in their companies as they deal with change, participate in setting direction, and take the necessary steps to ensure that the importance of technology is well understood and used. They must, furthermore, ensure that the necessary support for research is provided, that resources are adequate, that core competencies are preserved, and that their R&D organizations are productive and effective. The external factors and challenges for modern R&D are addressed. These concerns are less important than their impact on people and organizations.

Key information on science and technology is given. Turbulence and complexity of the macroenvironment in which science and technology reside are described. However, the discussion is focused on the impact on people, scientists, and leaders and their organizations.
Sweeteners
Authors: Lee Thomas D.
Published: March 2006

Many of the available sweeteners that generate fewer calories than sugar do not have all the advantages of sugar. The six commercially available nonnutritive sweeteners are aspartame, acesulfame‐K, sucralose, saccharin, cyclamate, and neotame. The sweetness potency, taste profile, chemical and physical properties, as well as synthesis and usage profiles of these compounds are reviewed. Important decomposition products are discussed. Discussions of bulking agents, sweetness enhancers–inducers, sweetness inhibitors, and sweet‐taste transduction mechanisms are presented. Some sweeteners are most likely to be used only as flavor modifiers. A list of lesser known sweeteners is included.
Polymers, Water‐Soluble
Authors: McCormick Charles L. , Lowe Andrew B. , Ayres Neil
Published: March 2006

Water‐soluble (co)polymers represent a diverse class of macromolecules ranging from naturally occurring biopolymers such as polysaccharides and most polypeptides to wholly man‐made materials. Such materials have found a wide‐range of applications. In this article we detail the synthesis and solution characteristics of both natural and synthetic polymers. Emphasis is placed on polynucleotides, polypeptides, and polysaccharides for naturally occurring polymers, while the discussion regarding synthetic materials is divided into sections dealing with neutral, anionic, cationic, and zwitterionic species. Special attention is given to recent advances in synthetic methodologies which now allow the tailoring of synthetic materials with precisely controlled microstructures, predetermined molecular weights, narrow molecular weight distributions, and complex topologies.

Finally, we detail some of the self‐assembly characteristics of both high molecular weight statistical copolymers and lower molecular weight block copolymers in aqueous media with an emphasis on those materials which undergo phase transitions and/or conformational changes in response to an applied stimulus.
Template‐Free Preparation of Hollow Sb2S3 Microspheres as Supports for Ag Nanoparticles and Photocatalytic Properties of the Constructed Metal–Semiconductor Nanostructures
Authors: Cao X. B. , Gu L. , Zhuge L. J. , Gao W. J. , Wang W. C. , Wu S. F.
Published: March 2006

A simple and convenient Ostwald ripening route to the morphology‐ and phase‐controlled preparation of hollow Sb2S3 microspheres is developed. The hollow spheres are clusters of smaller microspheres if orange amorphous Sb2S3 colloid is used as the precursor, whereas, if starting from the yellow precursor, the products are regular hollow spheres. By selecting appropriate experimental conditions for ripening, the phase of the hollow Sb2S3 microspheres can be controlled. Amorphous and orthorhombic hollow spheres are prepared by ripening the colloidal precursors at ambient temperature and in an autoclave, respectively. The closed shell of hollow Sb2S3 spheres can be easily eroded by hydrochloric acid to form an open structure. By the in situ reduction of adsorbed Ag+ on the surface and interior of the hollow spheres, Ag nanoparticles are introduced into them, to form functional metal–semiconductor composites, the weight content of which is controlled by regulating the concentration of the Ag+ source and the adsorption time. The composite structures composed of Ag nanoparticles and hollow Sb2S3 spheres exhibit a remarkably enhanced absorption covering the UV and visible regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. A study of the photocatalytic properties of the composite structures demonstrates that exposure to both UV and visible light enables them to induce the rapid decomposition of 2‐chlorophenol. The degradation rate increases with a larger weight content of Ag in the composite structure.
Cover Picture: Enhancement of Radiative Recombination in Silicon via Phonon Localization and Selection‐Rule Breaking (Adv. Mater. 7/2006)
Authors: Cloutier S. G. , Hsu C.‐H. , Kossyrev P. A. , Xu J.
Published: March 2006

The cover shows a low‐magnification TEM image of a periodically nanopatterned all‐silicon structure exhibiting enhanced light emission at room temperature. The microstructure was studied using high‐resolution TEM, allowing direct observation of high densities of structural defects in the nanopatterned silicon surface layer, which are held responsible for the phonon‐localization effect leading to enhanced radiative recombination, as reported on p. 841 by Xu and co‐workers.
Inside Front Cover: Conjugated‐Polymer/DNA Interpolyelectrolyte Complexes for Accurate DNA Concentration Determination (Adv. Mater. 7/2006)
Authors: Hong J. W. , Hemme W. L. , Keller G. E. , Rinke M. T. , Bazan G. C.
Published: March 2006

A water soluble cationic conjugated polymer that changes emission color from blue to green when going from dilute to concentrated conditions has been designed in work reported by Bazan and co‐workers on p. 878. Electrostatic complexation with anionic double‐ or single‐stranded DNA results in an increase of the local concentration of the conjugated polymer. The resulting changes in the emission spectra can be analyzed to provide an accurate determination of DNA concentration.
An optical fiber monolith reactor for photocatalytic wastewater treatment
Authors: Lin Hongfei , Valsaraj Kalliat T.
Published: March 2006

A two‐dimensional (2‐D) mathematical model to describe the photocatalytic degradation of aqueous‐phase organic compounds in a multichannel optical fiber monolith reactor (OFMR) was developed and validated by experimental results. The model incorporated an empirical radiation field submodel, an annular flow dynamics submodel, and a Langmuir–Hinshelwood kinetics submodel. Parameters for the radiation field submodel were derived experimentally. The rate constant in the model accounted for both surface adsorption rate and intrinsic reaction rate. The model presented may be used for the design and optimization of the OFMR. Satisfactory agreement between the model predictions and experimental results over a range of experimental conditions was observed. The effects of the reactor geometry including the fiber diameter, the ratio of the fiber diameter, and the channel diameter and the reactor length were investigated. Higher efficiency of degradation was observed for the reactor with the larger fiber and smaller ratio of the fiber diameter to the channel diameter at the expense of a lower liquid throughput. The reactor efficiency was higher in the upflow mode than in the downflow mode for the water stream. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Modeling the breakup of fluid particles in turbulent flows
Authors: Andersson Ronnie , Andersson Bengt
Published: March 2006

A model for breakup of fluid particles in turbulent flows is presented in this article. In the new model two criteria, one stress and one energy criteria, are required to be fulfilled for breakup to occur. A new model for interaction frequency between fluid particles and turbulent eddies is also introduced. Analysis of the model reveals that eddies close in size and up to three times larger than the fluid particle contribute most to the overall breakup rate. This explains the experimental findings by the authors and by other researchers presented recently in the literature that fluid particles often deform significantly before breakup occurs. A high‐speed imaging technique, 4000 Hz, was used to measure the breakup rate directly without introducing assumptions regarding the daughter size distributions and the number of fragments formed upon breakup. Validation with these measurements shows that the new model gives excellent predictions. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Insular involvement in brain infarction increases risk for cardiac arrhythmia and death
Authors: Abboud Halim , Berroir Stéphane , Labreuche Julien , Orjuela Karen , Amarenco Pierre
Published: March 2006

Objective

Brain injuries may induce cardiac dysrhythmias and sudden cardiac death.

Methods

We analyzed 12‐lead electrocardiograms of 493 consecutive patients with brain infarction (BI) proved by an magnetic resonance imaging and 493 control subjects matched for age, sex, and center. Insular involvement (insula (+/−)) was assessed by two independent readings of the magnetic resonance imaging scans. Cases were followed for 5 years.

Results

Acute BI was independently associated with heart rate (≤64 beats/min), abnormal repolarization, atrial fibrillation, and ventricular and supraventricular ectopic beats. Lower heart rate in BI patients was due to an interaction with smoking (p for interaction = 0.004). Insula(+) group was significantly associated with abnormal repolarization with no interaction with infarct side. Atrial fibrillation by history was also more frequent in the insula(+) than in the insula(−) group (p = 0.07). After adjustment for age, sex, cardiovascular history, and handicap at admission, right insula(+) BI was significantly associated with 2‐year all‐cause death (hazard ratio, 2.11; 95% confidence interval, 1.27–3.52) and with vascular death (hazard ratio, 2.00; 95% confidence interval, 1.00–3.93). In multivariate analysis including age, sex, cardiovascular history, handicap at admission, and lesion side, increased QTc interval and left bundle branch block were independent predictors of all‐cause and vascular mortality at 2 years in right insula(+) patients.

Interpretation

These findings support the notion that right insular involvement may lead to electrocardiographic abnormalities with potential prognostic implications. This could be important for optimal care in patients with right insular infarct. Ann Neurol 2006;59:691–699
Leigh's disease due to a new mutation in the PDHX gene
Authors: Schiff Manuel , Miné Manuele , Brivet Michèle , Marsac Cécile , Elmaleh‐Bergés Monique , Evrard Philippe , Ogier De Baulny Hélène
Published: March 2006

Objective

To describe the clinical course, neuroradiological presentation, biochemical and molecular studies of a new patient with pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDHc) deficiency. To compare this case with the data on other published cases.

Methods

Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), basal metabolic investigations with lactate measurements in body fluids, PDHc activity assay on cultured skin fibroblasts, immunoblot analysis and molecular studies (polymerase chain reaction [PCR] and sequencing procedures).

Results

Our patient accused an unspecific encephalopathy for years and presented at 13 years of age an acute deterioration with basal ganglia necrosis and subcortical white matter involvement. PDHc deficiency was secondary to a large deletion (3913 bp) in the PDHX gene, which encodes E3 binding protein (E3BP) subunit.

Interpretation

These data provide an additional case of E3BP deficiency with a unique and previously unreported deletion in the PDHX gene. Ann Neurol 2006;59:709–714
Compulsive drug use linked to sensitized ventral striatal dopamine transmission
Authors: Evans Andrew H. , Pavese Nicola , Lawrence Andrew D. , Tai Yen F. , Appel Silke , Doder Miroslava , Brooks David J. , Lees Andrew J. , Piccini Paola
Published: March 2006

Objective

A small group of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients compulsively use dopaminergic drugs despite causing harmful social, psychological, and physical effects and fulfil core Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (of Mental Disorders) Fourth Edition criteria for substance dependence (dopamine dysregulation syndrome [DDS]). We aimed to evaluate levodopa‐induced dopamine neurotransmission in the striatum of patients with DDS compared with PD control patients.

Methods

We used a two‐scan positron emission tomography protocol to calculate the percentage change in11C‐raclopride binding potential from a baseline withdrawal (off drug) state to the binding potential after an oral dose of levodopa. We related the subjective effects of levodopa to the effects on endogenous dopamine release of a pharmacological challenge with levodopa in eight control PD patients and eight patients with DDS.

Results

PD patients with DDS exhibited enhanced levodopa‐induced ventral striatal dopamine release compared with levodopa‐treated patients with PD not compulsively taking dopaminergic drugs. The sensitized ventral striatal dopamine neurotransmission produced by levodopa in these individuals correlated with self‐reported compulsive drug “wanting” but not “liking” and was related to heightened psychomotor activation (punding).

Interpretation

This provides evidence that links sensitization of ventral striatal circuitry in humans to compulsive drug use. Ann Neurol 2006
Synthetische multivalente Liganden als Sonden für die Signaltransduktion
Authors: Kiessling Laura L. , Gestwicki Jason E. , Strong Laura E.
Published: March 2006

Zelloberflächenrezeptoren nehmen Informationen aus der extrazellulären Umgebung auf und stimmen die intrazellulären Reaktionen darauf ab. Viele dieser Rezeptoren agieren nicht einzeln, sondern als Teil von dimeren oder oligomeren Komplexen. Die funktionelle Kopplung mehrerer Rezeptoren verleiht den Signaltransduktionswegen möglicherweise die Empfindlichkeit, die für die Regulation zellulärer Reaktionen erforderlich ist. Außerdem können Multirezeptor‐Signalkomplexe ansonsten überlappende Signalkaskaden räumlich trennen. Die Mechanismen, das Ausmaß und die Konsequenzen der Colokalisation und die Kommunikation zwischen den Rezeptoren sind noch unklar, doch synthetische Verbindungen können dabei helfen, die Rolle der Rezeptorassoziationen bei der Signaltransduktion zu ermitteln. Solche multivalenten Liganden können Bindestellen verschiedener Größe, Form, Valenz, Orientierung und räumlicher Anordnung enthalten. Der Schwerpunkt dieses Aufsatzes liegt auf dem Einsatz synthetischer multivalenter Liganden, um die Rezeptorfunktion zu charakterisieren.
Morphology and fracture properties of modified bisphenol A and novolac type vinyl ester resins
Authors: Karger‐Kocsis J. , Gryshchuk O.
Published: March 2006

The morphology–toughness relationship of vinyl ester resins was studied as a function of their modification. Bisphenol A based and novolac‐based vinyl ester resins were modified by a star‐shaped polyether polymer with vinyl and hydroxyl functionalities and/or by a polyisocyanate. The polyisocyanate‐containing systems were termed vinyl ester/urethane hybrids. The morphology of the crosslinked resins was studied with dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and atomic force microscopy with ion‐eroded specimens and discussed. The toughness of the crosslinked resins was assessed by the linear elastic fracture mechanics with compact tension specimens. The fracture toughness and energy changed fairly linearly as functions of Mc and Mc0.5, respectively, where Mc is the mean molecular mass between crosslinks. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4012–4022, 2006
Thermogelation hydrogels of methylcellulose and glycerol–methylcellulose systems
Authors: Kuang Qinglin , Cheng Guoxiang , Zhao Jin , Li Yanjun
Published: March 2006

The effects of the concentrations of methylcellulose (MC) solutions and glycerol as a additive on gel properties were investigated with rheological, test‐inversion‐tube, and breakthrough‐vacuum methods. The results showed that glycerol favored the sol–gel transition of MC solutions, and the gel temperature was approximately proportional to the glycerol volume ratio; however, the gel strength decreased as the glycerol volume ratio increased. To further understand the gel structure, rubber elasticity theory was cited and proved to be consistent with the experimental results. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4120–4126, 2006
Dynamic viscoelasticity of low‐density polyethylene/in‐situ‐grafted carbon black composite
Authors: Wu Gang , Zheng Qiang , Zhang Mingqiu , Hou Yanhui
Published: March 2006

The study on the dynamic viscoelastic properties of grafted carbon black (g‐CB) filled low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) was carried out. Because of formation of CB networking, the characteristic modulus plateau and loss tangent arc appears. Addition of grafting monomer like butyl acrylate (BA) and acroleic acid (AA) enhances the interaction between particles and matrix due to accelerated formation of micronetworking in the composites induced by forming branch chains of AA and BA with multiunit. The decrease of the temperature corresponding to αc mechanical relaxation together with AA (BA) addition given by the position of loss tangent (tan δ) peak for LDPE is owed to the formation of long‐chain polymer grafted between CB and the matrix, which facilitates the slip of the lamella of LDPE. The influence of maleic anhydride (MA) on enhancing interaction between LDPE and CB is not so pronounced, as compared with AA and BA because of no formation of long chain between CB particle and polymer matrix. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4127–4132, 2006
Catalytic potential of a poly(AAc‐co‐HPMA‐cl MBAm)‐matrix‐immobilized lipase from a thermotolerant Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC‐4713
Authors: Kanwar Shamsher S. , Verma Hemant K. , Kaushal Rajeev K. , Gupta R. , Kumar Yogesh , Chimni Swapandeep S. , Chauhan Ghansham S.
Published: March 2006

A purified alkaline thermo‐tolerant lipase from Pseudomonas aeruginosa MTCC‐4713 was immobilized on a series of five noble weakly hydrophilic poly(AAc‐co‐HPMA‐cl MBAm) hydrogels. The hydrogel synthesized by copolymerizing acrylic acid and 2‐hydroxy propyl methacrylate in a ratio of 5 : 1 (HG5:1 matrix) showed maximum binding efficiency for lipase (95.3%, specific activity 1.96 IU mg−1 of protein). The HG5:1 immobilized lipase was evaluated for its hydrolytic potential towards p‐NPP by studying the effect of various physical parameters and salt‐ions. The immobilized lipase was highly stable and retained ∼92% of its original hydrolytic activity after fifth cycle of reuse for hydrolysis of p‐nitrophenyl palmitate at pH 7.5 and temperature 55°C. However, when the effect of pH and temperature was studied on free and bound lipase, the HG5:1 immobilized lipase exhibited a shift in optima for pH and temperature from pH 7.5 and 55°C to 8.5 and 65°C in free and immobilized lipase, respectively. At 1 mM concentration, Fe3+, Hg2+, NH4+, and Al3+ ions promoted and Co2+ ions inhibited the hydrolytic activities of free as well as immobilized lipase. However, exposure of either free or immobilized lipase to any of these ions at 5 mM concentration strongly increased the hydrolysis of p‐NPP (by ∼3–4 times) in comparison to the biocatalysts not exposed to any of the salt ions. The study concluded that HG5:1 matrix efficiently immobilized lipase of P. aeruginosa MTCC‐4713, improved the stability of the immobilized biocatalyst towards a higher pH and temperature than the free enzyme and interacted with Fe3+, Hg2+, NH4+, and Al3+ ions to promote rapid hydrolysis of the substrate (p‐NPP). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 4252–4259, 2006
Comparison of genetic algorithms for experimental multi‐objective optimization on the example of medium design for cyanobacteria
Authors: Havel Jan , Link Hannes , Hofinger Michael , Franco‐Lara Ezequiel , Weuster‐Botz Dirk
Published: March 2006

In this work, two different genetic algorithms were applied to improve culture media composition for the autotrophic cyanobacteria Synechococcus PCC 7942. Biomass yield and conversion of the asymmetric reduction of 2', 3', 4', 5', 6'‐pentafluoroacetophenone were considered as simultaneous objectives, resulting in a multi‐objective optimization problem. Even when similar performances of both algorithms were observed, it could be shown that a novel strength pareto approach was able to achieve remarkable results with a reduced number of experiments (160 instead of 320). Handling a high number of media components (13), their concentrations were adjusted, delivering high improvements in comparison to the standard BG 11 culture media. The quality of the Synechococcus biocatalyst could be increased up to fivefold compared to the initial state of the optimization.
An empirical investigation of psychopathy in a noninstitutionalized and noncriminal sample
Authors: DeMatteo David , Heilbrun Kirk , Marczyk Geoffrey
Published: March 2006

This study examined the construct of psychopathy using the Psychopathy Checklist—Revised (PCL‐R) in 54 participants from the general population. To obtain a sample of community participants with psychopathic characteristics, participants were recruited using advertisements for a “personality study” that incorporated the characteristics of psychopathy in a nonpejorative manner. The methodology successfully recruited community participants with moderately elevated PCL‐R scores. Participants exhibited the personality features of psychopathy (Factor 1) to a greater extent than the behavioral features (Factor 2), which is consistent with the results obtained with the PCL‐R normative samples. Roughly 40% of the sample reported no history of involvement with the criminal justice system, yet these participants exhibited moderately elevated PCL‐R scores. Moreover, a sizeable portion of the noncriminal participants reported a substantial history of violent behavior. Comparisons of PCL‐R scores between participants with and without a criminal history suggest that these two groups differ in ways unrelated to criminal justice system involvement. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Arbitrariness and the death penalty: how the defendant's appearance during trial influences capital jurors' punishment decision
Authors: Antonio Michael E.
Published: March 2006

This paper examines the impact of the defendant's appearance during the trial on capital jurors' punishment decision. The data used in this analysis were gathered by the Capital Jury Project (CJP), a national program of research on the decision‐making of capital jurors. A series of multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted using four aggravating circumstances related to the killing and eight defendant appearance variables as predictors of jurors' punishment decision at three points during the capital trial: (1) after the punishment phase ended, but before formal deliberation began; (2) when the first vote was taken on punishment at jury deliberations; and (3) at the final vote on punishment. Results indicated that when the defendant appeared emotionally involved during the trial (i.e. sorry and sincere) jurors either favored a life sentence or were undecided about punishment; however, when the defendant appeared emotionally uninvolved during the trial (i.e. bored) jurors either sought a death sentence or remained undecided. Policy implications will be discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of defendant race, victim race, and juror gender on evidence processing in a murder trial
Authors: ForsterLee Robert , ForsterLee Lynne , Horowitz Irwin A. , King Ellen
Published: March 2006

The effects of defendant race, victim race, and juror gender on sentencing and information processing were examined within the context of a murder trial. A sample consisting of 96, jury eligible White Australians read one of four versions of a real trial transcript, in which the race of a male defendant and female victim were varied. The participants imposed the severest sentences on the Indigenous (Black) defendant. Jurors were most lenient with White defendants who killed a White victim. Female jurors were more punitive than the males toward the Indigenous defendant. Jurors processed evidence systematically in same‐race trials, but used both systematic and heuristic processing in mixed‐race trials. In these instances, female jurors employed significantly more emotive responses, especially when the victim was Black. The effects of subtle racism and the black processing effect when the victim was non‐White are considered. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Virtual anatomy: An anatomist's playground
Authors: Spitzer Victor M. , Scherzinger Ann L.
Published: March 2006

Virtual anatomy presents significant advantages over the reality of a cadaver as it can provide different views and perspectives, portability, longevity, standardization, diversity and most importantly the opportunity to learn the anatomy of the living human body instead of the corpse. Virtual anatomy is the life‐like appearance of visible anatomy, a good example of which is the evolution of the Visible Human. Racial and statistical diversity is already developing as the population of photographic “Visible Humans” is now at least 10. Virtual anatomy should include additional diversity and therefore, consideration should be given to the preparation of more visible anatomy that will better support the virtual integration of all areas of physiology, kinematics, pathology and pathophysiology, development and evolution. Integration of anatomists with mathematicians, computer scientists, information scientists, physiologists, pathologists and clinicians (and LIST other basic scientist) is needed in order to facilitate this development. As this unfolds it is proposed, or challenged, that anatomists should maintain their position of responsibility for building anatomy as the foundation for all medical and healthcare education. In order to maintain that position they must understand and participate in this development and enjoy the rewards of teaching more visually empowering, functional, and clinical anatomy. The trip is a long one and is only about to begin but the train is leaving. Are you on board? Clin. Anat. 19:192–203, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
When one won't do it, use two—double “Buddy” wiring to facilitate stent advancement across a highly calcified artery
Authors: Jafary Fahim H.
Published: March 2006

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of heavily calcified vessels poses several problems including difficulty in delivering stents to the target lesion. Effective strategies include rotational atherectomy and the use of a “buddy” wire, the latter acting as a track that directs the stent away from the vessel wall. There are no reports in the literature of using a second “buddy” wire when one fails. We report on a case of a second “buddy” wire saving the day during PCI of a highly calcified right coronary artery wherein the stent failed to reach the lesion until the second wire was deployed. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transulnar versus transradial artery approach for coronary angioplasty: The PCVI‐CUBA study
Authors: Aptecar Eduardo , Pernes Jean‐Marc , Chabane‐Chaouch Mourad , Bussy Nicolas , Catarino Gino , Shahmir Ali , Bougrini Karim , Dupouy Patrick
Published: March 2006

Objectives: To compare in terms of efficacy and safety the transulnar to the transradial approach for coronary angiography and angioplasty. Background: Opposite to the transradial approach, which is now widely used in catheterization laboratories worldwide, the ulnar artery approach is rarely used for cardiac catheterization. Methods: Diagnostic coronarography, followed or not by angioplasty, was performed by transulnar or transradial approach, chosen at random. A positive (normal) direct or reverse Allen's test was required before tempting the radial or the ulnar approach, respectively. MACE were recorded till 1‐month follow‐up. Doppler ultrasound assessment of the forearm vessels was scheduled for all the angioplastied patients. Results: Successful access was obtained in 93.1% of patients in the ulnar group (n = 216), and in 95.5% of patients in the radial group (n = 215), P = NS. One hundred and three and 105 angioplasty procedures were performed in 94 and 95 patients in ulnar and radial group, with success in 95.2% and 96.2% of procedures in ulnar and radial group, respectively (P = NS). Freedom from MACE at 1‐month follow‐up was observed in 93 patients in both groups (97.8% for ulnar group and 95.8% for radial group), P = NS. Asymptomatic access site artery occlusion occurred in 5.7% of patients after transulnar and in 4.7% of patients after transradial angioplasty. A big forearm hematoma, and a little A‐V fistula were observed, each in one patient, in the ulnar group. Conclusion: The transulnar approach for diagnostic and therapeutic coronary interventions is a safe and effective alternative to the transradial approach, as both techniques share a high success rate and an extremely low incidence of entry site complications. The transulnar approach has the potential to spare injury to the radial artery in anticipation of its use as a coronary bypass conduit. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Practical Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Propargylamines through a Copper‐Catalyzed One‐Pot Three‐Component Condensation Reaction
Authors: Gommermann Nina , Knochel Paul
Published: March 2006

The one‐pot three‐component reaction of terminal alkynes, aldehydes and secondary amines in the presence of copper(I) bromide/quinap is reported. The reaction scope has been determined and a broad variety of all three components has been used, which afforded the corresponding propargylamines in good to excellent yields and moderate to very good enantioselectivities. The reaction showed a strong positive nonlinear effect. The transformation of a propargylamine intermediate into the alkaloid (S)‐(+)‐coniine has also been described.
New Macrocycles with Planar Chirality—Synthesis and Determination of Absolute Configurations
Authors: Kalisiak Jarosław , Skowronek Paweł , Gawroński Jacek , Jurczak Janusz
Published: March 2006

A versatile system for preparing macrocyclic compounds with planar chirality is presented. In this system chiral diazacoronands are synthesized readily from lariat‐type diesters 13 and 14 and unsymmetrical diamines 7, 8, 12, 15, and 16 under non‐high‐dilution conditions. The title compounds were subjected to structural analysis by X‐ray crystallography and circular dichroism spectroscopy, and absolute configurations for two representative examples (compounds 2 and 3) were assigned by molecular modeling. The correctness of the theoretical approach was verified by the crystallographic results obtained experimentally.
Synthesis and Application of Chiral N‐Heterocyclic Carbene–Oxazoline Ligands: Iridium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydrogenation
Authors: Nanchen Steve , Pfaltz Andreas
Published: March 2006

Two libraries of enantiomerically pure imidazolium salts bearing an oxazoline unit were synthesized. Deprotonation of the imidazolium salts and complexation of the resulting oxazoline–carbene ligands to iridium(I) was achieved in one step by mixing the imidazolium salts with NaOtBu and [(η4‐cod)IrCl]2 in THF at room temperature. The air‐stable complexes were purified by flash chromatography. All complexes were analyzed by two‐dimensional (2D) NMR methods and one compound from each family was characterized by X‐ray structure analysis. The two libraries of iridium complexes were successfully tested in the asymmetric hydrogenation of unfunctionalized and functionalized olefins. Enantioselectivities of up to 90 % ee were obtained with trans‐α‐methylstilbene. Upon complexation of imidazolium salt 15 p with R1 = phenyl, CH bond activation of the phenyl ring gave rise to iridium(III) complex 17, which was fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray structure analysis. Complex 17 proved to be catalytically inactive in the hydrogenation.
meso‐Trifluoromethyl‐Substituted Expanded Porphyrins
Authors: Shimizu Soji , Aratani Naoki , Osuka Atsuhiro
Published: March 2006

A series of meso‐trifluoromethyl‐substituted expanded porphyrins, including N‐fused [24]pentaphyrin 3, [28]hexaphyrin 4, [32]heptaphyrin 5, [46]decaphyrin 6, and [56]dodecaphyrin 7, were synthesized by means of an acid‐catalyzed one‐pot condensation reaction of 2‐(2,2,2‐trifluoro‐1‐hydroxyethyl)pyrrole (1) as the first examples bearing meso‐alkyl substituents. Besides these products, porphyrin 2 and two calix[5]phyrins 8 and 9 were also obtained. [28]Hexaphyrin 4 was quantitatively oxidized to [26]hexaphyrin 14 with MnO2. These expanded porphyrins have been characterized by mass spectrometry, 1H and 19F NMR spectroscopy, and UV/Vis spectroscopy. The single‐crystal structures have been determined for 3, 4, 6, 7, and 14. The N‐fused [24]pentaphyrin 3 displays a distorted structure containing a tricyclic fused moiety that is similar to those of meso‐aryl‐substituted counterparts, whereas 8 and 9 are indicated to take roughly planar conformations with an inverted pyrrole opposite to the sp3‐hybridized meso‐carbon atom. Both [28]‐ and [26]hexaphyrins 4 and 14 have figure‐of‐eight structures. Solid‐state structures of the decaphyrin 6 and dodecaphyrin 7 are remarkable, exhibiting a crescent conformation and an intramolecular two‐pitch helical conformation, respectively.
Cover Picture: Oxidation Chemistry of Poly(ethylene glycol)‐Supported Carbonylruthenium(II) and Dioxoruthenium(VI) meso‐Tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (Chem. Eur. J. 11/2006)
Authors: Zhang Jun‐Long , Huang Jie‐Sheng , Che Chi‐Ming
Published: March 2006

A water‐soluble, polymer‐supported oxometalloporphyrin is reported by C.‐M. Che et al. in their Full Paper on page 3020 ff. A dioxoruthenium(VI) porphyrin covalently attached to poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) forms a micellar structure in aqueous solution. The oxidation of hydrocarbons by the PEG‐supported metalloporphyrin, together with the catalytic properties of its carbonyl analogue towards oxidation, aziridation, and amidation of hydrocarbons, are reported.
Logistik der CO2‐Sequestrierung – Optionen für den CO2‐Transport
Authors: Mayer‐Spohn O. , Blesl M. , Fahl U. , Voß A.
Published: March 2006

Die CO2‐Sequestrieung wird von den Vereinten Nationen als Abscheidung von CO2 aus den Emissionen des globalen Energiesystems und sichere Speicherung dieses CO2 definiert. Das Konzept lässt sich in drei aufeinander folgende Schritte unterteilen: den Abscheideprozess im Kraftwerk, den Transport des abgeschiedenen CO2 und die Speicherung im Untergrund. Im Beitrag werden verschiedene Transportkonzepte vorgestellt und anhand ihrer technischen Charakteristika sowie der mit ihnen verbundenen Transportkosten verglichen.
Technologieorientierte Forschung für den Klimaschutz
Authors: Bazzanella A.
Published: March 2006

Angewandter Klimaschutz beginnt bei der Entwicklung energie‐ und ressourceneffizienter Produktionsweisen, die für die energieintensiven Industriezweige von erheblicher wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung sind. Über die bisher verfolgten Strategien zur kontinuierlichen, graduellen Verbesserung von Prozessschritten hinaus bieten zukunftsweisende Technologien und Innovationen das Potenzial, in weit höherem Umfang Erfolge für den Klimaschutz zu erzielen.
Enzyme Isoselective Inhibitors: Application to Drug Design
Authors: Shokhen Michael , Khazanov Netaly , Albeck Amnon
Published: March 2006

Common methodologies of computer‐assisted drug design focus on noncovalent enzyme–ligand interactions. We introduced enzyme isoselective inhibition trend analysis as a tool for the expert analysis of covalent reversible inhibitors. The methodology is applied to predict the binding affinities of a series of transition‐state analogue inhibitors of medicinally important serine and cysteine hydrolases. These inhibitors are isoselective: they have identical noncovalent recognition fragments (RS) and different reactive chemical fragments (CS). Furthermore, it is possible to predict the binding affinities of a series of isoselective inhibitors toward a prototype enzyme and to extrapolate the data to a target medicinally important enzyme of the same family. Rational design of CS fragments followed by conventional RS optimization could be used as a novel approach to drug design.
Complete response in multiple myeloma
Authors: Kyle Robert A. , Leong Traci , Li Shuli , Oken Martin M. , Kay Neil E. , Van Ness Brian , Greipp Philip R.
Published: March 2006

BACKGROUND

The importance of obtaining a complete response (CR) in multiple myeloma (MM) treated with chemotherapy is unclear.

METHODS

The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group evaluated 653 previously untreated patients with active MM randomized to vincristine, carmustine (BCNU), melphalan, cyclophosphamide, and prednisone (VBMCP), to VBMCP and recombinant interferon alfa‐2 (INFα‐2), or to VBMCP and high‐dose cyclophosphamide.

RESULTS

Objective response was achieved in 420 (67%) of the 628 eligible patients, and 85 (14%) achieved a CR. Patients receiving VBMCP and recombinant INFα‐2 had a significantly higher CR (18%) than those receiving VBMCP alone (10%) (P= .02). The CR rate for VBMCP and high‐dose cyclophosphamide was 12%. Median duration of survival was 3.5 years for all eligible patients, and the estimated 5‐year survival rate was 31%. The median duration of survival from the date of objective response was 5.1 years for those who achieved a CR and 3.3 years for those with a partial response (P< .0001). The median postresponse survival was 6.6 years in the 21 patients in CR with nonclonal disease and 4.4 years in the 11 patients in CR who had persistent clonal disease. All patients with negative immunofixation results and nonclonal plasma cells in whom polymerase chain reaction was performed had a positive result (presence of tumor DNA).

CONCLUSION

Patients in whom a CR was achieved had a longer survival than those who had a partial response. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Class distinction between follicular adenomas and follicular carcinomas of the thyroid gland on the basis of their signature expression
Authors: Stolf Beatriz S. , Santos Mariana M. S. , Simao Daniel F. , Diaz Juan P. , Cristo Elier B. , Hirata Roberto , Curado Maria P. , Neves Eduardo J. , Kowalski Luiz P. , Carvalho Alex F.
Published: March 2006

BACKGROUND

Nodules of the thyroid gland are observed frequently in patients who undergo ultrasound studies. The majority of these nodules are benign, corresponding to goiters or adenomas, and only a small fraction corresponds to carcinomas. Among thyroid tumors, the diagnosis of follicular adenocarcinomas by preoperative fine‐needle aspiration biopsy is a major challenge, because it requires inspection of the entire capsule to differentiate it from adenoma. Consequently, large numbers of patients undergo unnecessary thyroidectomy.

METHODS

Using data from gene expression analysis, the authors applied Fisher linear discriminant analysis and searched for expression signatures of individual samples of adenomas and follicular carcinomas that could be used as molecular classifiers for the precise classification of malignant and nonmalignant lesions.

RESULTS

Fourteen trios of genes were described that fulfilled the criteria for the correct classification of 100% of samples. The robustness of these trios was verified by using leave‐1‐out cross‐validation and bootstrap analyses. The results demonstrated that, by combining trios, better classifiers could be generated that correctly classified >92% of samples.

CONCLUSIONS

The strategy of classifiers based on individual signatures was a useful strategy for distinguishing between samples with very similar expression profiles. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Unique combination of anatomy and physiology in cells of the rat paralaminar thalamic nuclei adjacent to the medial geniculate body
Authors: Smith Philip H. , Bartlett Edward L. , Kowalkowski Anna
Published: March 2006

The medial geniculate body (MGB) has three major subdivisions, ventral (MGV), dorsal (MGD), and medial (MGM). MGM is linked with paralaminar nuclei that are situated medial and ventral to MGV/MGD. Paralaminar nuclei have unique inputs and outputs compared with MGV and MGD and have been linked to circuitry underlying some important functional roles. We recorded intracellularly from cells in the paralaminar nuclei in vitro. We found that they possess an unusual combination of anatomical and physiological features compared with those reported for “standard” thalamic neurons seen in the MGV/MGD and elsewhere in the thalamus. Compared with MGV/MGD neurons, anatomically, 1) paralaminar cell dendrites can be long, branch sparingly, and encompass a much larger area; 2) their dendrites may be smooth but can have well defined spines; and 3) their axons can have collaterals that branch locally within the same or nearby paralaminar nuclei. When compared with MGV/MGD neurons, physiologically, 1) their spikes are larger in amplitude and can be shorter in duration; 2) their spikes can have dual afterhyperpolarizations with fast and slow components; and 3) they can have a reduction or complete absence of the low‐threshold, voltage‐sensitive calcium conductance that reduces or eliminates the voltage‐dependent burst response. We also recorded from cells in the parafascicular nucleus, a nucleus of the posterior intralaminar nuclear group, because they have unusual anatomical features that are similar to those of some of our paralaminar cells. As with the labeled paralaminar cells, parafascicular cells had physiological features distinguishing them from typical thalamic neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:314–334, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Topographical projection from the hippocampal formation to the amygdala: A combined anterograde and retrograde tracing study in the rat
Authors: Kishi Toshiro , Tsumori Toshiko , Yokota Shigefumi , Yasui Yukihiko
Published: March 2006

The hippocampal formation and amygdala are responsible for regulating emotion, learning, and behavior. The hippocampal projection to the amygdala has been demonstrated to originate in the subiculum and adjacent portion of field CA1 of the Ammon's horn (Sub/CA1) in the rat; however, the topographical organization of this pathway is still understudied. To make it clear, we performed anterograde and retrograde tracing with biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) and cholera toxin B subunit (CTb), respectively, in the rat. A series of BDA experiments revealed that the temporal‐to‐septal axis of origin determined a medial‐to‐lateral axis of termination in the amygdala. Briefly, the temporal region of the Sub/CA1 projects preferentially to the medial amygdaloid region including the medial, intercalated, and basomedial nuclei and the amygdalohippocampal transition area, and progressively more septal portions of the Sub/CA1 distribute their efferents in more lateral regions of the amygdala. Sub/CA1 fibers distributed in the central amygdaloid nucleus were relatively few. Retrograde tracing with CTb confirmed this topography and revealed little hippocampal innervation of the central nucleus of the amygdala. These observations suggest that distinct Sub/CA1 regions arranged along the longitudinal hippocampal axis may influence distinct modalities of the amygdala function. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:349–368, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell division and cleavage orientation in the developing retina are regulated by L‐DOPA
Authors: Tibber Marc S. , Whitmore Alan V. , Jeffery Glen
Published: March 2006

Recent studies have highlighted a potential link between the cleavage orientation of a dividing neuroblast and the regulation of daughter cell fate in the developing vertebrate retina. There is evidence to suggest that this process is at least partially regulated by the presence of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and/or RPE‐derived factors. In addition to a lack of melanin in the RPE, the albino retina is characterized by abnormal patterns of cell proliferation and cellular organization during development as well as cell‐type specific deficits in the adult. We examined mitotic spindle orientation in vivo in developing pigmented and albino rat retinae along with other parameters of cell division to determine whether RPE abnormalities in the albino influence these aspects of retinal development. In the albino, mitotic indices were elevated, an excess of cells remained in the cell cycle, dividing cells were not so tightly apposed to the ventricular margin, and an excessive proportion of divisions was vertically oriented (i.e., with the mitotic spindle aligned perpendicular to the plane of the neuroepithelium). Administration of L‐DOPA (a melanin precursor found at reduced concentrations in the hypopigmented eye) regulated the distribution of spindle orientations and reduced levels of mitosis in a manner consistent with an endogenous role in the control of these processes. These findings highlight the multiple roles that L‐DOPA plays in the regulation of retinal development and cast light on the diversity of anatomical abnormalities found in the albino visual system. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:369–381, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Organization of dye‐coupled cerebellar granule cells labeled from afferent vestibular and dorsal root fibers in the frogRana esculenta
Authors: Rácz Eva , Bácskai Timea , Halasi Gabor , Kovács Endre , Matesz Clara
Published: March 2006

Application of neurobiotin to the nerves of individual labyrinthine organs and dorsal root fibers of limb‐innervating segments of the frog resulted in labeling of granule cells in the cerebellum showing a significant overlap with a partial segregation in the related areas of termination. In different parts of the cerebellum, various combinations of different canal and otolith organ‐related granule cells have been discerned. The difference in the extension of territories of vertical canals vs. horizontal canals may reflect their different involvement in the vestibuloocular and vestibulospinal reflex. Dye‐coupled cells related to the lagenar and saccular neurons were localized in more rostral parts of the cerebellum, whereas cells of the utricle were represented only in its caudal half. This separation is supportive of the dual function of the lagena and the saccule. The territories of granule cells related to the cervical and lumbar segments of the spinal cord were almost completely separated along the rostrocaudal axis of cerebellum, whereas their territories were almost entirely overlapping in the mediolateral and ventrodorsal directions. The partial overlap of labyrinthine organ‐related and dorsal root fiber‐related granule cells are suggestive of a convergence of sensory modalities involved in the sense of balance. We propose that the afferent input of vestibular and proprioceptive fibers mediated by gap junctions to the cerebellar granule cells subserve one of the possible morphological correlates of a very rapid modification of the motor activity in the vestibulocerebellospinal neuronal circuit. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:382–394, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nano‐Electrochemical Detection of Hydrogen or Protons Using Palladium Nanoparticles: Distinguishing Surface and Bulk Hydrogen
Authors: Batchelor‐McAuley Christopher , Banks Craig E. , Simm Andrew O. , Jones Timothy G. J. , Compton Richard G.
Published: March 2006

The benefits of using nanoparticle‐modified electrodes are exemplified through the electrochemical detection of protons and/or hydrogen. It is shown that a palladium‐nanoparticle‐modified boron‐doped diamond allows voltammetric information relating to the relative roles played by the surface and the bulk metal to be obtained for the proton–hydrogen system at palladium surfaces which is not accessible using palladium macroelectrodes or microelectrodes.