bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between the motor units and the central pattern generator in terms of the synaptic connection
Authors: Lu Qiang , Lu Wenxuan , Tian Juan
Published: June 2024

Biological experiments have confirmed that the locomotion system includes the nervous and musculoskeletal systems, and central pattern generator (CPG). The motor unit (MU) is the core part of the musculoskeletal system. Based on the biological experiments, it is confirmed that the CPG can generate and distribute the motor rhythms and patterns to different MUs through flexible weights, and the MUs feedback can affect the output of CPG. Then, the MU model, the CPG model, and their coupling model are investigated to explain the biological phenomena. Within this work, it was found that there is consistency between the shape of states generated by the three MUs in this work and the experimental results in previous studies. When the MUs correspond to the parts in limbs, and the CPG connects to the MUs via synapses, the locomotion pattern can be adjusted by CPG to use the variable synaptic weights. Besides, the model with fractional order (FO) has better efficiency than the model with integer order. Therefore, the model investigates the relationship between the CPG and the MU and provides a novel technique to introduce the FO coupling model for controlling the locomotion state.
Ethnomedicinal minerals and geological materials used by traditional Iranian Turkic healers
Authors: Maresht Eslam Mostafavi
Published: June 2024

Ethnic knowledge and traditional medicine of the Iranian Turkic people are a significant source of ancient wisdom and treatments for various diseases based on natural resources. This study aimed to preserve their cultural heritage, to act as a foundation for developing contemporary pharmaceuticals and to promote sustainable development. Moreover, these medications are very natural, inexpensive, low-risk, and have few adverse effects. Twelve highly experienced and influential traditional healers from twelve villages were studied. The research was conducted in Azerbaijani Turkish from March to May 2019 using purposive sampling and semi-structured interviews. The interviews included training, maladies treated, treatment techniques, preparation methods, and drug administration methods. Additionally, multiple treatment sessions were observed. A field study was also carried out to identify and document the location of, and process for accessing, minerals around the villages. The results were analyzed using the quantitative informant consensus factor and Use Value (UV) indices. A total of 22 distinct categories of mineral elements and nine main disease categories treated with these elements were identified. Kerosene had the highest consumption value ([Formula: see text]) and was the most significant and extensively utilized medicinal mineral. All consensus values were higher than 0.84, indicating high consensus among therapists regarding the treatment of diseases in these areas. Topical applications dominated, and the category of skin diseases had the highest percentage of treatments with medicinal minerals.
Artificial Intelligence’s Novel “Mind-Reading” Capabilities through Neuroscience: A Challenge for Mind–Body Dualism?
Authors: Walter Yoshija
Published: June 2024

This paper explores a philosophical problem at the intersection of neuroscience and artificial intelligence (AI), and the potential impact of these novel AI “mind-reading” technologies on various forms of mind–body dualism, including substance, interaction, property, predicate, and emergent dualisms. It critically examines how AI’s ability to interpret and predict mental states from neural patterns challenges traditional dualistic theories, which have historically posited distinct relationships between the mind and body. The paper analyzes each dualistic theory in the context of AI advancements. Substance and interaction dualisms are scrutinized for their claims of mind–body independence and causal interaction, respectively, in light of AI’s capabilities to correlate mental and physical states. Property dualism’s assertion of unique mental properties emerging from physical processes is tested against AI’s potential to map mental phenomena to brain activity. Predicate dualism’s linguistic and conceptual distinction between mental and physical realms is challenged by AI’s ability to bridge these domains. Similarly, emergent dualism, which views mental states as novel phenomena, confronts the possibility of their reduction to physical brain processes. Despite these challenges, the paper argues for the adaptability of dualistic theories to integrate AI insights, suggesting a re-evaluation rather than a negation of dualism. It highlights the enduring relevance of philosophical inquiry into the nature of consciousness and mind–body relationships in the age of AI, suggesting that such technological advancements invigorate rather than terminate the philosophical debate.
Label-Efficient Point Cloud Semantic Segmentation: A Holistic Active Learning Approach
Authors: Shi Xian , Cai Lile , Chen Ke , Foo Chuan Sheng , Jia Kui , Xu Xun
Published: June 2024

Deep learning models are the state of the art for semantic segmentation of point clouds, the success of which relies on the availability of large-scale annotated datasets. However, it can be prohibitively costly to prepare such datasets. In this work, we propose a holistic active learning (AL) approach to maximize model performance given limited annotation budgets. We investigate the appropriate sample granularity for active selection under the realistic “click” measurement of annotation cost, and demonstrate that superpoint-based selection allows for most efficient usage of the limited budget, when compared with point-level, polygon-level and instance/shape-level selection. We further propose new objective for AL acquisition function and exploit local consistency constraints to boost the performance of our superpoint-based approach. We evaluate our methods on three benchmark datasets, ShapeNet and PartNet and S3DIS. The results demonstrate that AL is an effective strategy to address the high annotation costs in semantic point cloud segmentation.
Efficient Quantum Circuit Design with a Standard Cell Approach, with an Application to Neutral Atom Quantum Computers
Authors: Dobbs Evan , Friedman Joseph , Paler Alexandru
Published: June 2024

We design quantum circuits by using the standard cell approach borrowed from classical circuit design, which can speed up the layout of circuits with a regular structure. Our standard cells are general and can be used for all types of quantum circuits: error-corrected or not. The standard cell approach enables the formulation of layout-aware routing algorithms. Our method is directly applicable to neutral atom quantum computers supporting qubit shuttling. Such computers enable zoned architectures for memory, processing and measurement, and we design circuits using qubit storage (memory and measurement zones) and standard cells (processing zones). Herein, we use cubic standard cells for Toffoli gates and, starting from a 3D architecture, we design a multiplication circuit. We present evidence that, when compared with automatic routing methods, our layout-aware routers are significantly faster and achieve shallower 3D circuits (by at least 2.5×), while also reducing routing costs. Additionally, our co-design approach can be used to estimate the resources necessary for a quantum computation without using complex compilation methods. We conclude that standard cells, with the support of layout-aware routing, pave the way to very-large-scale methods for quantum circuit compilation.
The Standard Model from String Theory: What Have We Learned?
Authors: Marchesano Fernando , Shiu Gary , Weigand Timo
Published: June 2024

Amid all candidates of physics beyond the Standard Model, string theory provides a unique proposal for incorporating gauge and gravitational interactions. In string theory, a four-dimensional theory that unifies quantum mechanics and gravity is obtained automatically if one posits that the additional dimensions predicted by the theory are small and curled up—a concept known as compactification. The gauge sector of the theory is specified by the topology and geometry of the extra dimensions, and the challenge is to reproduce all of the features of the Standard Model of particle physics from them. We review the state of the art in reproducing the Standard Model from string compactifications and summarize the lessons drawn from this fascinating quest. We describe novel scenarios and mechanisms that string theory provides to address some of the Standard Model puzzles as well as the most frequent signatures of new physics that could be detected in future experiments. We then comment on recent developments that connect, in a rather unexpected way, the Standard Model with quantum gravity and that may change our field theory notion of naturalness.
The Potential Effectiveness of Front-of-Pack Nutrition Labeling for Improving Population Diets
Authors: Kelly Bridget , Ng See Hoe , Carrad Amy , Pettigrew Simone
Published: June 2024

Nutrition labeling on the front of food packages can support more healthful purchase decisions and encourage favorable reformulation. This systematic literature review applied Cochrane methods to synthesize and appraise the evidence on the effectiveness of front-of-pack labeling (FOPL) on diet-related outcomes and food reformulation to inform policy recommendations. The search was conducted on 11 academic and gray literature databases, from inception to July 2022. Evidence was synthesized using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation), vote counting, and meta-analyses, where appropriate. Overall, 221 articles were included in the review. The randomized controlled trial evidence suggested that, compared with when no FOPL was present, FOPL likely improved consumer understanding of the nutritional quality/content of foods (moderate certainty of evidence), and the healthfulness of food choices (moderate certainty) and purchases (moderate certainty). Interpretive FOPL had a greater effect on these outcomes compared with noninterpretive systems (moderate certainty). There was inconsistency in the best-performing interpretive FOPL system.
Review–Recent Advances in Fire-Suppressing Agents for Mitigating Lithium-Ion Battery Fires
Authors: Majeed Fiza , Jamal Hasan , Kamran Urooj , Noman Muhammad , Ali Muqaddas Muhammad , Shahzad Tahreem , Baig Mirza Mahmood , Akhtar Farid
Published: June 2024

The rising energy density and widespread use of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) pose a growing safety challenge, marked by the potential for fires and explosions. Given the unique combustion characteristics of LIBs, the need for efficient and prompt fire suppression is paramount. Here we explore the mechanisms and characteristics of LIBs fires, emphasizing the critical design principles for effective fire-extinguishing agents and evaluating various agents, including gaseous, dry powders, water-based, aerosol-based, and composite-based fire-extinguishing agents, elucidating their mechanisms and effectiveness in suppressing LIBs fires. Noteworthy agents such as C6F12O and water-based solutions are highlighted for their superior extinguishing and cooling capabilities. Water-based fire-extinguishing agents show promise, exhibiting superior cooling capacity and anti-flash properties. Despite certain limitations, the review underscores the necessity of identifying an ideal fire-extinguishing agent that is thermally conductive, electrically insulating, cost-effective, non-toxic, residue-free, and capable of absorbing toxic gases. We conclude by discussing perspectives and outlooks, emphasizing the synergy between the ideal agent and innovative extinguishing strategies to ensure the high safety standards of current and future LIB-based technologies.
Tbxt alleviates senescence and apoptosis of nucleus pulposus cells through Atg7-mediated autophagy activation during intervertebral disk degeneration
Authors: Yue Caichun , Wu Yinghui , Xia Yanzhang , Xin Tianwen , Gong Yuhao , Tao Linfeng , Shen Cong , Zhu Yue , Shen Minghong , Wang Donglai , Shen Jun
Published: June 2024

This study investigates the role of Tbxt in IDD. The results demonstrate that knockdown of Tbxt exacerbates H2O2-induced senescence and apoptosis in NPCs and IDD, whereas upregulation of Tbxt significantly protects against IDD both in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, in the nucleus, Tbxt enhances the transcription of ATG7, leading to increased expression of ATG7 protein levels. This, in turn, promotes elevated autophagy levels, ultimately alleviating IDD.
Characterization of Lactobacillus spp. as Probiotic and Antidiabetic Potential Isolated from Boza, Traditional Fermented Beverage in Turkey
Authors: Kumari V. B. Chandana , Huligere Sujay , M. K. Jayanthi , Goh Khang Wen , Desai Sudhanva M. , H. L. Kalabharthi , Ramu Ramith
Published: June 2024

Boza, a cereal‐based beverage popular in southeast Europe, is fortified with probiotics and is believed to positively impact the composition of the gut microflora. This investigation focused on fermented cereal‐based beverage boza to identify strains of probiotic Lactobacillus spp. capable of inhibiting carbohydrate‐hydrolysing enzymes α‐glucosidase (AG) and α‐amylase (AA). The isolated bacterial strains underwent a comprehensive assessment, including biochemical, molecular, and probiotic trait analyses such as tolerance survivability, adhesion, safety, and health‐promoting attributes. We evaluated the inhibitory potential of the supernatant, cell lysate, and intact cells of Lactobacillus spp. Molecular analysis has revealed that isolates RAMULAB30 and RAMULAB29 exhibit a significant genetic similarity (>97%) to Lacticaseibacillus paracasei and Limosilactobacillus fermentum, respectively. These findings are documented in the NCBI database. They exhibited significant resistance to gastrointestinal and intestinal fluids, also indicating their potential for adhesion. Additionally, the isolates showed a significant antibacterial activity, particularly against Micrococcus luteus. They showed resistance to vancomycin and methicillin antibiotics but were more susceptible to streptomycin and ampicillin. Furthermore, the strains demonstrated antioxidant properties. To ensure their safety, a haemolytic assay was conducted despite their general recognition as safe (GRAS) status. The study primarily aimed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of the extract on enzymes AG and AA. Bacterial isolates demonstrated a significant inhibitory activity against both enzyme AG (32%–67% inhibition) and enzyme AA (18%–46% inhibition) in different forms, including supernatant (CS), lysed extract (CE), and intact cell (IC). These findings underscore the potential of bacterial isolates to inhibit the enzyme activity effectively. Furthermore, the L. fermentum RAMULAB29 and L. paracasei RAMULAB30 strains exhibit remarkable antidiabetic potential. Food products incorporating these strains have promising prospects as nutraceuticals, providing improved health benefits.
Effect of Porous Fin Property on Thermohydraulic Performance of Porous‐Fin Microchannels at Different Geometric Configurations
Authors: Emadi Arash , Heyhat Mohammad Mahdi , Fathi Mostafa
Published: June 2024

The utilization of porous‐fin microchannel (PFM) heat sinks has become prevalent for the cooling of microelectronic chips. This paper employs three‐dimensional simulation to examine the potential benefits of substituting a solid fin with a porous fin for enhancing the thermohydraulic performance. The influence of porous structure features on the thermal and hydraulic behavior of the PFMs at different geometrical configurations is investigated. Results show that in all configurations, employing a porous fin reduces the pressure drop. The heat transfer in PFMs is influenced by the convection in the main fluid path as well as convection in the porous fin structure. An increase in the permeability of the porous fins results in enhanced overall heat transfer due to the augmented convection within the fins. On the contrary, an increase in fin porosity leads to a heat transfer reduction as the effective thermal conductivity of the fin is diminished. The possibility of enhancing thermal performance via the substitution of the solid fin with a porous fin is diminished as the height of the microchannel increases. This is attributed to the weak vertical thermal diffusion of the porous material. Moreover, the findings indicate that the geometric configuration of microchannels has an essential role in heat transfer performance of the porous fin. For instance, the thermal resistance of the PFM with a height ratio of 1.5, porosity of 0.85, and permeability of K = 5 × 10−8m2 is 10.4% less than that of the solid‐fin microchannel (SFM). However, by decreasing the permeability to K = 5 × 10−10m2, the thermal resistance of PFM was 26% higher than that of the SFM.
Research on Brittleness Characteristic Coefficient of Thermal Damage Rock Based on Postpeak Stage of Stress‐Strain Curve
Authors: Liu Jun
Published: June 2024

In order to study the brittleness characteristic of the rock failure process, firstly, the brittleness characteristic coefficient of rock is established based on the back–front stage of the stress‐strain curve. Second, the brittleness characteristic coefficient of rocks at high temperatures (T = 100°C, 200°C, 300°C, 400°C, 500°C, 600°C, 700°C, and 800°C) was obtained by impact compression of the Hopkinson pressure bar test system. Thirdly, the brittleness characteristic coefficient was verified by the microscopic characteristics of the fragments under SEM. Finally, the temperature effect of the brittleness characteristic coefficient was analyzed by the principal component analysis method. The results show that the brittleness failure characteristic coefficient based on the postfrontal phase of the stress‐strain curve can accurately describe the brittleness change characteristics of high‐temperature rock under the Hopkinson shock. The higher the temperature of sandstone, the weaker the brittleness. At the same time, the microstructure of sandstone shows that the failure process is intergranular failure‐intergranular failure + transgranular failure‐transgranular failure, which effectively confirms the change characteristics of the brittleness characteristic coefficient during the failure process of sandstone. Using principal component analysis, it is found that the main internal factors for the change of the brittleness characteristic coefficient of sandstone are the deformation of brittle feldspar under heat and the energy dissipation of sandstone influenced by the thermal expansion of quartz.
Model Predictive Control of Demagnetization Vibration in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor
Authors: Liu Wantai , Zhou Bifeng
Published: June 2024

This article proposes a new nonlinear processing method combined with model predictive control (MPC) to study the demagnetization vibration problem of permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSMs). First, based on the theory of rotor dynamics, a demagnetized rotor vibration dynamics model considering the unbalanced magnetic pulling (UMP) caused by demagnetization of PMSM was constructed. Accurately modeling the nonlinear UMP function is difficult in practical engineering, thereby increasing the complexity of accurately constructing the parameters of the demagnetized rotor vibration dynamics model. Thus, this article innovatively constructs an empirical function model for UMP based on practical experience and then establishes a system observer model. Sufficient conditions are obtained for the system observer model based on Lyapunov stability theory to effectively observe the demagnetization vibration dynamics model. Then, an MPC scheme is proposed based on the constructed demagnetization vibration observer model. Finally, numerical simulation was conducted to verify the effectiveness of the system observer model in tracking the system model and predicting the effectiveness of system vibration control.
Investigation of Visible and UV Light‐Induced Photocatalysis Properties of Oleic Acid‐Ligated Cobalt‐Mixed Magnesium Ferrite Nanoparticles for Photodegradation of Cationic and Anionic Dyes
Authors: Vadivel S. , Maaouni N. , Karim Mohammad Rezaul , Alnaser Ibrahim A. , Niyitanga Theophile , Kim Haekyoung , Roy Soumyendu
Published: June 2024

Owing to numerous potential applications in multiple fields, the study of nanosized magnetic spinel ferrites has been gaining significance. Synthesis and characterization of high‐quality magnetic nanocrystals with narrow size distribution, enhanced magnetic saturation, and outstanding properties for bioenvironmental applications are presented in the current study. Nanoparticles of oleic acid‐ligated Co0.5‐mixed Mg0.5Fe2O4 were prepared by a simple thermal decomposition method. The effect of cobalt (Co2+) content on the structural, optical, magnetic, and thermal properties of magnesium ferrite was assessed by powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). High‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM) and energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy were used to determine morphology and composition, respectively. Nanoparticles produced are highly crystalline and homogeneous, having an average size of 10 nm, with large saturation magnetization (61 emu/g) and high magnetic moment. Photocatalytic properties of prepared nanocrystals were studied by degradation of anionic Orange II and cationic methylene blue (MB) dyes under UV and visible light radiations for different time intervals. The anionic Orange II dye exhibited higher degradation, up to 97.2% and 92.2%, within a 90‐minute time period of ultraviolet and visible light irradiation, respectively. The cationic MB dye also displayed significant degradation, up to 91.9% and 93.8%, within 300 min under UV and visible light sources, respectively. The synthesized OA‐ligated nanoparticles degrade cationic and anionic dyes more effectively than previously reported in the literature and, thus, can be prime candidates for effective photo catalytic dye degradation and waste water cleaning applications, through the harvesting of ambient solar energy.
Analytic Approaches in Genomic Epidemiological Studies of Parasitic Protozoa
Authors: Wang Tianpeng , Zhang Ziding , Feng Yaoyu , Xiao Lihua
Published: June 2024

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) plays an important role in the advanced characterization of pathogen transmission and is widely used in studies of major bacterial and viral diseases. Although protozoan parasites cause serious diseases in humans and animals, WGS data on them are relatively scarce due to the large genomes and lack of cultivation techniques for some. In this review, we have illustrated bioinformatic analyses of WGS data and their applications in studies of the genomic epidemiology of apicomplexan parasites. WGS has been used in outbreak detection and investigation, studies of pathogen transmission and evolution, and drug resistance surveillance and tracking. However, comparative analysis of parasite WGS data is still in its infancy, and available WGS data are mainly from a few genera of major public health importance, such as Plasmodium, Toxoplasma, and Cryptosporidium. In addition, the utility of third‐generation sequencing technology for complete genome assembly at the chromosome level, studies of the biological significance of structural genomic variation, and molecular surveillance of pathogens has not been fully exploited. These issues require large‐scale WGS of various protozoan parasites of public health and veterinary importance using both second‐ and third‐generation sequencing technologies.
Microencapsulated Oregano Essential Oil as a Natural Preservative of Beef Burger during Refrigerated Storage
Authors: Mehaya Fathy M. , Salem Salah H. , Mohammad Ayman A. , Amer Heba M. , Kang Wenyi
Published: June 2024

Meat products are highly perishable and prone to deterioration, which poses potential health hazards. This research aims to assess the efficacy of encapsulated oregano essential oil (EOEO) as a natural preservative agent to maintain the chemical and microbiological quality of beef burgers during refrigerated storage. Hydrodistillation was used to extract OEO from oregano. The encapsulation of OEO using a combination of biopolymers (maltodextrin, gum arabic, and whey protein) provides high encapsulation efficiency (89.1%). Both crude and encapsulated OEOs were analyzed for their chemical constituents and antimicrobial activity. Encapsulated OEO, at levels of 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1%, was incorporated during the beef burger processing. Microbiological and chemical parameters were assessed every 4 days over a 16‐day storage period. GC‐MS results revealed that carvacrol (70 and 79.31%) and p‐cymene (11.56% and 9.05%) dominated the crude and encapsulated OEOs, respectively. Both forms of OEO exhibited potent antimicrobial activity, with encapsulation further enhancing this property. The incorporation of EOEO into burger samples reduced the total microbial count. Subsequently, it decreased the formation of total volatile nitrogen (TVN), trimethylamine (TMA), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), and biogenic amines (BAs) during storage. Addition of EOEO at the level of 1% retarded the formation of BAs, TVN, TMA, and TBA in burger samples by 72.8%, 43.23, 42.07, and 44.44%, respectively, compared to the control sample after 16 days of storage. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to establish correlations between microbiological and biochemical markers of beef burgers. The PCA results show that PC1 (89.81%) and PC2 (7.25%) can explain more than 97% of the variability in the dataset. The results support the potency of EOEO as an effective and safe preservative agent to maintain the safety and quality of beef burgers during storage.
On the Eigenvalues and Energy of the Seidel and Seidel Laplacian Matrices of Graphs
Authors: Askari J. , Das Kinkar Chandra , Shang Yilun
Published: June 2024

Let S(Γ) be a Seidel matrix of a graph Γ of order n and let D(Γ) = diag(n − 1 − 2d1, n − 1 − 2d2, …, n − 1 − 2dn) be a diagonal matrix with di denoting the degree of a vertex vi in Γ. The Seidel Laplacian matrix of Γ is defined as SL(Γ) = D(Γ) − S(Γ). In this paper, we obtain an upper bound, and a lower bound on the Seidel Laplacian Estrada index of graphs. Moreover, we find a relation between Seidel energy and Seidel Laplacian energy of graphs. We establish some lower bounds on the Seidel Laplacian energy in terms of different graph parameters. Finally, we present a relation between Seidel Laplacian Estrada index and Seidel Laplacian energy of graphs.
Data‐Driven Decision Algorithm for Open Caisson Foundation Construction
Authors: Tian Wei , Li Hao , Wang Yongwei , Zhu Yanjiang , Zhu Hao , Li Kunyao
Published: June 2024

The accuracy of instructions for the extraction of large open caissons directly affects the construction quality and safety. This study is focused on developing a smart construction methodology for predicting open caisson excavation instructions. The proposed approach aims to reduce the errors in excavation instructions attributable to the subjective and varying experiences of decision‐makers. The multilabel classification task of predicting the instructions of large open caisson excavation is accomplished through the problem analysis. The study conducted a comparative analysis of a multilayer perceptron model, a classifier chain model, and a multilabel K‐nearest neighbor model (MLKNN) based on Hamming loss and accuracy. The results revealed that MLKNN exhibits significant differences from the other models and is most suitable for predicting open caisson excavation instructions. Furthermore, the traditional MLKNN model was improved by refining the normalization and distance measurement methods for the open caisson scenario. The prediction accuracy of the improved MLKNN model is 89.04% for the excavation instructions and 98.63% for the nonexcavation decisions. The successful prediction of excavation instructions for a large open caisson can compensate for the lack of data mining capability of the existing monitoring system. This can reduce construction risks. Finally, this study discussed the robustness of the improved MLKNN in a real project, highlighting the model’s high accuracy during the midstage of open caisson construction.
Immunization against Medically Important Human Coronaviruses of Public Health Concern
Authors: Nimer Nabil A. , Nimer Seema N.
Published: June 2024

SARS‐CoV‐2 is a virus that affects the human immune system. It was observed to be on the rise since the beginning of 2020 and turned into a life‐threatening pandemic. Scientists have tried to develop a possible preventive and therapeutic drug against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and other related coronaviruses by assessing COVID‐19‐recovered persons’ immunity. This study aims to review immunization against SARS‐CoV‐2, along with exploring the interventions that have been developed for the prevention of SARS‐CoV‐2. This study also highlighted the role of phototherapy in treating SARS‐CoV infection. The study adopted a review approach to gathering the information available and the progress that has been made in the treatment and prevention of COVID‐19. Various vaccinations, including nucleotide, subunit, and vector‐based vaccines, as well as attenuated and inactivated forms that have already been shown to have prophylactic efficacy against the Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) and SARS‐CoV, have been summarized. Neutralizing and non‐neutralizing antibodies are all associated with viral infections. Because there is no specific antiviral vaccine or therapies for coronaviruses, the main treatment strategy is supportive care, which is reinforced by combining broad‐spectrum antivirals, convalescent plasma, and corticosteroids. COVID‐19 has been a challenge to keep reconsidering the usual approaches to regulatory evaluation as a result of getting mixed and complicated findings on the vaccines, as well as licensing procedures. However, it is observed that medicinal herbs also play an important role in treating infection of the upper respiratory tract, the principal symptom of SARS‐CoV due to their natural bioactive composite. However, some Traditional Chinese Medicines contain mutagens and nephrotoxins and the toxicological properties of the majority of Chinese herbal remedies are unknown. Therefore, to treat the COVID‐19 infection along with conventional treatment, it is recommended that herb‐drug interaction be examined thoroughly.
Bioprosthetic Aortic Valve Thrombosis: Definitions, Clinical Impact, and Management: A State-of-the-Art Review
Authors: Chitturi Kalyan R. , Aladin Amer I. , Braun Ryan , Al-Qaraghuli Abdullah K. , Banerjee Avantika , Reddy Pavan , Merdler Ilan , Chaturvedi Abhishek , Abusnina Waiel , Haberman Dan , Lupu Lior , Rodriguez-Weisson Fernando J. , Case Brian C. , Wermers Jason P. , Ben-Dor Itsik , Satler Lowell F. , Waksman Ron , Rogers Toby
Published: June 2024

Bioprosthetic aortic valve thrombosis is frequently detected after transcatheter and surgical aortic valve replacement due to advances in cardiac computed tomography angiography technology and standardized surveillance protocols in low-surgical-risk transcatheter aortic valve replacement trials. However, evidence is limited concerning whether subclinical leaflet thrombosis leads to clinical adverse events or premature structural valve deterioration. Furthermore, there may be net harm in the form of bleeding from aggressive antithrombotic treatment in patients with subclinical leaflet thrombosis. This review will discuss the incidence, mechanisms, diagnosis, and optimal management of bioprosthetic aortic valve thrombosis after transcatheter aortic valve replacement and bioprosthetic surgical aortic valve replacement.
Positive Associations of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances With Hypertension May Be Attenuated by Endogenous Sex Hormones: A Nationally Representative Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Wu Bing , Sheng Nan , Li Zheng , Wang Jinghua , Ji Saisai , Zhao Feng , Pan Yitao , Qu Yingli , Wei Yuan , Xie Linna , Li Yawei , Hu Xiaojian , Wu Changzi , Zhang Zheng , Qiu Yidan , Zheng Xulin , Zhang Wenli , Hu Xuehua , Song Haocan , Cai Jiayi , Cao Zhaojin , Ji John S. , Lv Yuebin , Dai Jiayin , Shi Xiaoming
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND:

Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substance (PFAS) has endocrine-disrupting properties and may affect blood pressure. Endogenous hormones also play a crucial role in the progression of hypertension. However, their interaction with hypertension remains to be explored.

METHODS:

This study included 10 794 adults aged ≥18 years from the China National Human Biomonitoring program. Weighted multiple logistic regression and linear regression were used to examine the associations of serum PFAS with hypertension, diastolic blood pressure, and systolic blood pressure. Joint effects of PFAS mixtures on hypertension, diastolic blood pressure, and systolic blood pressure were evaluated using quantile-based g-computation. Additive and multiplicative interactions were used to assess the role of PFAS with testosterone and estradiol on hypertension.

RESULTS:

The prevalence of hypertension in Chinese adults was 35.50%. Comparing the fourth quartile with the first quartile, odds ratio (95% CI) of hypertension were 1.53 (1.13–2.09) for perfluorononanoic acid, 1.40 (1.03–1.91) for perfluorodecanoic acid, 1.34 (1.02–1.78) for perfluoroheptane sulfonic acid, and 1.46 (1.07–1.99) for perfluorooctane sulfonic acid. Moreover, PFAS mixtures, with perfluorononanoic acid contributing the most, were positively associated with hypertension, diastolic blood pressure, and systolic blood pressure. PFAS and endogenous hormones had an antagonistic interaction in hypertension. For example, the relative excess risk ratio, attributable proportion, and synergy index for perfluorononanoic acid and estradiol were −3.61 (−4.68 to −2.53), −1.65 (−2.59 to −0.71), and 0.25 (0.13–0.47), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

Perfluorononanoic acid, perfluorodecanoic acid, perfluoroheptane sulfonic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonic acid, and PFAS mixtures showed positive associations with hypertension, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. Positive associations of PFAS with hypertension might be attenuated by increased levels of endogenous sex hormones.
PD-1/PD-L1 Provides Protective Role in Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Vascular Remodeling
Authors: Wang Lei , Mu Mi , Guo Yu , Huang Jing , Zhang Ruoyang , Zhang Muzhi , Hu Yue , Wang Yanhua , Gao Zhenqiang , Liu Lin , Wang Wang , Cheng Yuli , Zhu XinPing , Liu Jie , Wang Wei , Ying Sun
Published: June 2024

BACKGROUND:

Hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH) is a T helper 17 cell response-driven disease, and PD-1 (programmed cell death 1)/PD-L1 (programmed cell death-ligand 1) inhibitor–associated pulmonary hypertension has been reported recently. This study is designed to explore whether the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway participates in HPH via regulating endothelial dysfunction and T helper 17 cell response.

METHODS:

Lung tissue samples were obtained from eligible patients. Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence techniques were used to assess protein expression, while immunoprecipitation was utilized to detect ubiquitination. HPH models were established in C57BL/6 WT (wild-type) and
PD-1
−/−
mice, followed by treatment with PD-L1 recombinant protein. Adeno-associated virus vector delivery was used to upregulate PD-L1 in the endothelial cells. Endothelial cell function was assessed through assays for cell angiogenesis and adhesion.

RESULTS:

Expression of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway was downregulated in patients with HPH and mouse models, with a notable decrease in PD-L1 expression in endothelial cells compared with the normoxia group. In comparison to WT mice,

PD-1
−/−

mice exhibited a more severe HPH phenotype following exposure to hypoxia, However, administration of PD-L1 recombinant protein and overexpression of PD-L1 in lung endothelial cells mitigated HPH. In vitro, blockade of PD-L1 with a neutralizing antibody promoted endothelial cell angiogenesis, adhesion, and pyroptosis. Mechanistically, hypoxia downregulated PD-L1 protein expression through ubiquitination. Additionally, both in vivo and in vitro, PD-L1 inhibited T helper 17 cell response through the PI3K (phosphoinositide 3-kinase)/AKT (protein kinase B)/mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) pathway in HPH.

CONCLUSIONS:

PD-1/PD-L1 plays a role in ameliorating HPH development by inhibiting T helper 17 cell response through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and improving endothelial dysfunction, suggesting a novel therapeutic indication for PD-1/PD-L1–based immunomodulatory therapies in the treatment of HPH.
Do try this at home: Age prediction from sleep and meditation with large-scale low-cost mobile EEG
Authors: Banville Hubert , Jaoude Maurice Abou , Wood Sean U.N. , Aimone Chris , Holst Sebastian C. , Gramfort Alexandre , Engemann Denis-Alexander
Published: June 2024

Electroencephalography (EEG) is an established method for quantifying large-scale neuronal dynamics which enables diverse real-world biomedical applications, including brain-computer interfaces, epilepsy monitoring, and sleep staging. Advances in sensor technology have freed EEG from traditional laboratory settings, making low-cost ambulatory or at-home assessments of brain function possible. While ecologically valid brain assessments are becoming more practical, the impact of their reduced spatial resolution and susceptibility to noise remain to be investigated. This study set out to explore the potential of at-home EEG assessments for biomarker discovery using the brain age framework and four-channel consumer EEG data. We analyzed recordings from more than 5200 human subjects (18–81 years) during meditation and sleep, to predict age at the time of recording. With cross-validated R2 scores between 0.3-0.5, prediction performance was within the range of results obtained by recent benchmarks focused on laboratory-grade EEG. While age prediction was successful from both meditation and sleep recordings, the latter led to higher performance. Analysis by sleep stage uncovered that N2-N3 stages contained most of the signal. When combined, EEG features extracted from all sleep stages gave the best performance, suggesting that the entire night of sleep contains valuable age-related information. Furthermore, model comparisons suggested that information was spread out across electrodes and frequencies, supporting the use of multivariate modeling approaches. Thanks to our unique dataset of longitudinal repeat sessions spanning 153 to 529 days from eight subjects, we finally evaluated the variability of EEG-based age predictions, showing that they reflect both trait- and state-like information. Overall, our results demonstrate that state-of-the-art machine-learning approaches based on age prediction can be readily applied to real-world EEG recordings obtained during at-home sleep and meditation practice.
Generative AI for rapid diffusion MRI with improved image quality, reliability, and generalizability
Authors: Sadikov Amir , Pan Xinlei , Choi Hannah , Cai Lanya T. , Mukherjee Pratik
Published: June 2024

We use generative AI to enable rapid diffusion MRI (dMRI) with high fidelity, reproducibility, and generalizability across clinical and research settings. We employ a Swin UNEt Transformers (SWIN) model, trained on Human Connectome Project (HCP) data (n = 1021) and conditioned on registered T1 scans, to perform generalized dMRI denoising. We also qualitatively demonstrate super-resolution with artificially downsampled HCP data. Remarkably, SWIN can be fine-tuned for an out-of-domain dataset with a single example scan, as we demonstrate on dMRI of children with neurodevelopmental disorders (n = 40), adults with acute traumatic brain injury (n = 40), and adolescents with intracerebral hemorrhage due to vascular malformations undergoing resection (n = 8), each cohort scanned on different scanner models with different imaging protocols at different sites. This robustness to scan acquisition parameters, patient populations, scanner types, and sites eliminates the advantages of self-supervised methods over our fully supervised generative AI approach. We exceed current state-of-the-art denoising methods in accuracy and test–retest reliability of rapid diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) requiring only 90 seconds of scan time. SWIN denoising also achieves dramatic improvements over the state-of-the-art for test–retest reliability of intracellular volume fraction and free water fraction measurements and can remove heavy-tail noise, improving biophysical modeling fidelity. SWIN enables rapid diffusion MRI with unprecedented accuracy and reliability, especially at high diffusion weighting for probing biological tissues at microscopic spatial scales. The code and model are publicly available at https://github.com/ucsfncl/dmri-swin.
When spatial attention cannot be divided: Quadrantic enhancement of early visual processing across task-Relevant and irrelevant locations
Authors: Özkan Mert , Störmer Viola
Published: June 2024

Spatial attention enables us to select regions of space and prioritize visual processing at the attended locations. Previous research has shown that spatial attention can be flexibly tuned to broader or narrower regions in space, and in some cases be split among multiple locations. Here, we investigate how attentional resources are distributed within a visual quadrant when participants are instructed to either focus attention narrowly, broadly, or split attention among two noncontiguous locations. Using a combination of behavior and steady-state visual-evoked potentials (SSVEP), the oscillatory response of the visual cortex to incoming flickering stimuli, we find clear evidence for ineffective splitting of spatial attention within a visual quadrant. Importantly, by assessing visual–cortical processing across locations at a high spatial resolution (by flickering nearby locations at distinct frequencies), our results reveal that attention was distributed in the exact same manner regardless of whether participants were instructed to attend broadly across a large region of space, or divide attention among two noncontiguous locations: In both cases, the intermediate location showed the strongest boost in visual–cortical processing, no matter whether it was the center of the attended region (broad-focus condition), or the uncued, to-be-ignored location (split-focus condition). Thus, the present study provides strong evidence that when trying to attend to multiple separate locations within a visual quadrant, sustained attention inadvertently enhances visual processing at the intermediate location even when it is detrimental to task performance.
How does a bacterial infection affect an individual’s foraging and risk management over time?
Authors: Makin Douglas F. , Kotler Burt P.
Published: June 2024

The effects of host-parasite interactions can be measured in ecologically relevant ways through behavioural indicators based on foraging theory. These include, assessing how parasites alter foraging aptitudes, harvest rates, and risk management of foragers. Consequences of infection can be measured from individuals to ecosystems. At the individual level, sick animals need to trade-off finding food with remaining safe from predators, while potentially facing debilitating effects from infection. This potentially results in reduced foraging efficiencies, compromised risk awareness, and increased apprehension. To investigate this, we assessed how a Mycoplasma bacterial infection impacted individual Allenby’s gerbils’ foraging aptitudes, resource harvest rates, and anti-predator responses. We monitored individuals through three stages, from uninfected, to acutely (newly) and finally chronically (long term) infected. We identified three distinct responses. While acutely infected, some individuals increased their foraging effort in patches and spent less time vigilant. This may reflect increased future value of food for these individuals. Some individuals immediately reduced their foraging effort and displayed increased apprehension while acutely infected. This likely reflects a lethargy, where sick individuals are compromised in their ability to harvest seeds efficiently while also remaining vigilant. As all individuals became progressively sicker with a chronic infection, their foraging declined and apprehension levels increased. Two individuals employed a ‘grab and go’ foraging strategy to minimize time spent in patches. Foraging costs of long-term infection increase dramatically over time. These findings point to some behavioural plasticity in response to initial infection, yet the consequences of long-term infection are similar for all individuals.
التقدم والتأخر في الفلسفة الإسلامية: ابن رشد نموذجاً
Authors: بورشاشن إبراهيم
Published: June 2024

ملخص

‫القصد من هذه الدراسة معالجة قضية التقدم والتأخر في الفلسفة الإسلامية، من خلال تساؤل حول إمكانية تطور النظر الفلسفي، بل وقيامه أساسا، دون الأخذ بعين الاعتبار مفهومي التقدم والتأخر. قادنا تأملنا للمتن الفلسفي الإسلامي، في قراءته وتفاعله مع المتن الأرسطي على الخصوص، إلى تجلية أهمية مفهومي المتقدم والمتأخر، في الفلسفة العربية الإسلامية، من حيث إنهما يؤسسان للتّرتيب، بحيث يكون للمتقدّم دور غير الدّور الذي هو للمتأخّر، فهاهنا لا يلحق المتأخر منها بالمتقدّم، بل يكون للمتقدّم دور أساس يحكم المتأخر. فالبرهان، مثلا، لا يقوم دون تقدم المقدّمات الأولية والضّرورية والمناسبة، والميتافيزيقا نفسها لا تقوم دون تقدم مبدأ عبد التناقض وأخذه كمنطلق أولي في البحث الميتافيزيقي، وينطبق الأمر نفسه على العلم الطبيعي؛ بل إن الفلسفة لا يمكن تعلّمها على المجري الصناعي دون تقدم معرفة بالرياضيات عند أفلاطون، أو معرفة بالمنطق عند أرسطو. وبناء على ما سيتبين من كون مفهوم التقدّم أساسا للنظر الفلسفي ومكونا من مكوناته ومهمازا لتطوره وتقدّمه، ننتهي إلى دور مفهوم التقدم في حل نزاعات العلوم وتقدمها.‬
الموسيقى لدى القدماء: نظام كُسْمولُجي وتَناسُب رياضي
Authors: البُعزّاتي بنّاصر
Published: June 2024

ملخص

‫تتعلق المقالة بمكانة الموسيقى في الحياة الاجتماعية والثقافية في المجال الإغريقي الواسع. جيلاً بعد جيل، ومنذ ما قبل الإغريق، ميّزت النُخبة بين متتالية من الأصوات العارية من نظام ومتتالية من الأصوات ذات تأليف منظَّم يترتّب عنه نغمٌ؛ وأصبحت المعرفة بالأنغام، أي الهَرمونيا أو الموسيقى، عنصراً أساسياً في النظر إلى نظام الكون. ثم أصبحت الموسيقى منذ القرن السابع قبل الميلاد مكوّناً أساسياً من الفاعلية الفكرية، قبل أن تتّخذ طابع الضرورة المذهبية لدى الفيثاغوريين الذين يتصوّرون الكون عدداً ونغماً. ثم انتبه الإغريق إلى أهمية الموسيقى في تكوين شخصية الإنسان؛ إذ ارتكز عندهم تكوين الفرد على تعلّم الشعر والدين والرياضة البدنية والموسيقى. وعُدّت هذه العناصر متكاملة في تشييد شخصية سليمة وقويّة. واقتنعت النخبة بكون الموسيقى بدون تريّض بدني تكوّن شخصية ضعيفة الروح، والرياضة بدون موسيقى قد تنشئ فرداً بليداً وبدون ذوق ولا ثقافة مدنية. المقالة، إذن، عرض للأفكار الأساسية في باب الموسيقى لدى القدماء، وأوجه تفاعل نظرية الموسيقى مع التصورات الفلسفية والأبنية الفكرية عامة.‬
Lebbeus dentatus n. sp. (Decapoda, Thoridae) described from a seamount of the Caroline Plate, NW Pacific
Authors: WANG YAN-RONG , SHA ZHONG-LI
Published: June 2024

Based on the female specimen collected from an unnamed seamount on the Caroline Plate in the NW Pacific, a new species of the thorid genus Lebbeus White, 1847, L. dentatus n. sp., is described and illustrated. The new species belongs to a species group characterized by the possession of epipods on the pereopods 1 and 2, but is characteristic in the carapace having a strong supraorbital tooth extending to 0.3 length of the rostrum and largely unarmed dorsal margin of the rostrum. Integrative approach using morphological comparison and genetic analyses with the mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA genes is taken to clarify the specific identities of the new taxon. An identification key to species belonging to the species group of Lebbeus characterized by the possession of epipods on the pereopods 1 and 2 is presented.