bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MicroRNA-26a Regulates Pathological and Physiological Angiogenesis by Targeting BMP/SMAD1 Signaling
Authors: Icli Basak , Wara A.K.M. , Moslehi Javid , Sun Xinghui , Plovie Eva , Cahill Meghan , Marchini Julio F. , Schissler Andrew , Padera Robert F. , Shi Jianru , Cheng Hui-Wen , Raghuram Srilatha , Arany Zoltan , Liao Ronglih , Croce Kevin , MacRae Calum , Feinberg Mark W.
Published: September 2013

Rationale
:

The rapid induction and orchestration of new blood vessels are critical for tissue repair in response to injury, such as myocardial infarction, and for physiological angiogenic responses, such as embryonic development and exercise.

Objective

:

We aimed to identify and characterize microRNAs (miR) that regulate pathological and physiological angiogenesis.

Methods and Results

:

We show that miR-26a regulates pathological and physiological angiogenesis by targeting endothelial cell (EC) bone morphogenic protein/SMAD1 signaling in vitro and in vivo. MiR-26a expression is increased in a model of acute myocardial infarction in mice and in human subjects with acute coronary syndromes. Ectopic expression of miR-26a markedly induced EC cycle arrest and inhibited EC migration, sprouting angiogenesis, and network tube formation in matrigel, whereas blockade of miR-26a had the opposite effects. Mechanistic studies demonstrate that miR-26a inhibits the bone morphogenic protein/SMAD1 signaling pathway in ECs by binding to the SMAD1 3′-untranslated region, an effect that decreased expression of Id1 and increased p21
WAF/CIP
and p27. In zebrafish, miR-26a overexpression inhibited formation of the caudal vein plexus, a bone morphogenic protein-responsive process, an effect rescued by ectopic SMAD1 expression. In mice, miR-26a overexpression inhibited EC SMAD1 expression and exercise-induced angiogenesis. Furthermore, systemic intravenous administration of an miR-26a inhibitor, locked nucleic acid-anti–miR-26a, increased SMAD1 expression and rapidly induced robust angiogenesis within 2 days, an effect associated with reduced myocardial infarct size and improved heart function.

Conclusions

:

These findings establish miR-26a as a regulator of bone morphogenic protein/SMAD1-mediated EC angiogenic responses, and that manipulating miR-26a expression could provide a new target for rapid angiogenic therapy in ischemic disease states.
Characterization and Space–Time Downscaling of the Inundation Extent over the Inner Niger Delta Using GIEMS and MODIS Data
Authors: Aires Filipe , Papa Fabrice , Prigent Catherine , Crétaux Jean-François , Berge-Nguyen Muriel
Published: September 2013

The objective in this work is to develop downscaling methodologies to obtain a long time record of inundation extent at high spatial resolution based on the existing low spatial resolution results of the Global Inundation Extent from Multi-Satellites (GIEMS) dataset. In semiarid regions, high-spatial-resolution a priori information can be provided by visible and infrared observations from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS). The study concentrates on the Inner Niger Delta where MODIS-derived inundation extent has been estimated at a 500-m resolution. The space–time variability is first analyzed using a principal component analysis (PCA). This is particularly effective to understand the inundation variability, interpolate in time, or fill in missing values. Two innovative methods are developed (linear regression and matrix inversion) both based on the PCA representation. These GIEMS downscaling techniques have been calibrated using the 500-m MODIS data. The downscaled fields show the expected space–time behaviors from MODIS. A 20-yr dataset of the inundation extent at 500 m is derived from this analysis for the Inner Niger Delta. The methods are very general and may be applied to many basins and to other variables than inundation, provided enough a priori high-spatial-resolution information is available. The derived high-spatial-resolution dataset will be used in the framework of the Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission to develop and test the instrument simulator as well as to select the calibration validation sites (with high space–time inundation variability). In addition, once SWOT observations are available, the downscaled methodology will be calibrated on them in order to downscale the GIEMS datasets and to extend the SWOT benefits back in time to 1993.
Comparing Evaporative Sources of Terrestrial Precipitation and Their Extremes in MERRA Using Relative Entropy
Authors: Dirmeyer Paul A. , Wei Jiangfeng , Bosilovich Michael G. , Mocko David M.
Published: September 2013

A quasi-isentropic, back-trajectory scheme is applied to output from the Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) and a land-only replay with corrected precipitation to estimate surface evaporative sources of moisture supplying precipitation over every ice-free land location for the period 1979–2005. The evaporative source patterns for any location and time period are effectively two-dimensional probability distributions. As such, the evaporative sources for extreme situations like droughts or wet intervals can be compared to the corresponding climatological distributions using the method of relative entropy. Significant differences are found to be common and widespread for droughts, but not wet periods, when monthly data are examined. At pentad temporal resolution, which is more able to isolate floods and situations of atmospheric rivers, values of relative entropy over North America are typically 50%–400% larger than at monthly time scales. Significant differences suggest that moisture transport may be a key factor in precipitation extremes. Where evaporative sources do not change significantly, it implies other local causes may underlie the extreme events.
An interesting case of new-onset ketosis-prone diabetes in a Scottish teaching hospital
Authors: Gardiner Ann , George Priya S , Pearson Ewan , McCrimmon Rory J
Published: September 2013

Background:

Clinical teaching for many years has been to assume that diabetic ketoacidosis is pathognomic of type 1 diabetes. However, this dogma is now increasingly questioned as increasing numbers of people are admitted with diabetic ketoacidosis without the typical features of autoimmune type 1 diabetes. Such individuals are increasingly diagnosed with ketosis-prone diabetes, a heterogenous syndrome where individuals present with diabetic ketoacidosis or unprovoked ketosis but are usually autoantibody negative and have no residual β-cell function. Classification of ketosis-prone diabetes using the Aβ system can aid in diagnosis and treatment decisions.

Case report:

An Afro-Caribbean male presented with hyperglycaemic ketosis. Initially diagnosed with type 1 diabetes and treated with a basal-bolus regimen, he was able to stop insulin completely within one month of presentation following rapid improvements in glycaemic control and repeated hypoglycaemia. Clinical investigation revealed he was negative for β-cell autoantibodies and had a stimulated C-peptide of >0.5 pmol/ml, suggesting preserved β-cell function. A diagnosis of ketosis-prone diabetes (A-β+) was made.

Discussion:

A high index of suspicion for ketosis-prone diabetes should arise when someone presents with diabetic ketoacidosis, who is obese, middle-aged, male and with a strong family history of type 2 diabetes and from a Black or Hispanic population. There is currently limited evidence on the pathophysiology of this transient β-cell defect, with suggestions that it may be related to glucotoxicity.
Friction stir lap welded low carbon steel and ductile iron: microstructure and mechanical properties
Authors: Chang H-T , Wang C-J , Cheng C-P
Published: September 2013

To resolve the poor weldability of ductile irons, this study employed AISI 1008 low carbon steel in the pure ferrite phase as the top plate and ductile iron as the bottom plate and varied the rotational speeds combined with travelling speeds that ranged between 40 and 70 mm min−1 to conduct a friction stir lap welding test. After welding, the weldments underwent microstructure analysis and hardness testing followed by a tensile shear test to evaluate the joint strength. At low rotational speeds <800 rev min−1, the experimental results indicated the following: the interfacial regions of the two materials could not join completely; the matrix structure of the stir zone was primarily composed of pearlite; the original spherical shape of the graphite in the ductile iron matrix changed into a striped conformation; the weldments possessed low average maximum tensile load; and the fracture site was in the vicinity of the weld interface. At the transition parameter of 850 rev min−1, the average maximum tensile load of weldment increased, and the tensile fracture site was in the interface of retreating site. The results under high rotational speeds of 900 and 1000 rev min−1 indicated the following: an excellent joining effect was achieved; the interfacial regions of the carbon steel and ductile iron primarily comprised pearlite, although the vicinity of the retreating side and the stir zone matrix of ductile irons were composed of martensite structures; individual graphite granules were present; the average maximum tensile load of the weldments was the highest; and the fracture site was located in the low carbon steel base metal.
A dominant-negative provides new insights into FAK regulation and function in early embryonic morphogenesis
Authors: Petridou Nicoletta I. , Stylianou Panayiota , Skourides Paris A.
Published: September 2013

FAK is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase involved in a wide variety of biological processes and crucial for embryonic development. In this manuscript, we report the generation of a new FAK dominant negative (FF), composed of the C terminus (FRNK) and the FERM domain of the protein. FF, unlike FRNK and FERM, mimics the localization of active FAK in the embryo, demonstrating that both domains are necessary to target FAK to its complexes in vivo. We show that the FERM domain has a role in the recruitment of FAK on focal adhesions and controls the dynamics of the protein on these complexes. Expression of FF blocks focal adhesion turnover and, unlike FRNK, acts as a dominant negative in vivo. FF expression in Xenopus results in an overall phenotype remarkably similar to the FAK knockout in mice, including loss of mesodermal tissues. Expression of FF in the animal cap revealed a previously unidentified role of FAK in early morphogenesis and specifically epiboly. We show that a fibronectin-derived signal transduced by FAK governs polarity and cell intercalation. Finally, failure of epiboly results in severe gastrulation problems that can be rescued by either mechanical or pharmacological relief of tension within the animal cap, demonstrating that epiboly is permissive for gastrulation. Overall, this work introduces a powerful new tool for the study of FAK, uncovers new roles for FAK in morphogenesis and reveals new mechanisms through which the FERM domain regulates the localization and dynamics of FAK.
Efficient site-specific transgenesis and enhancer activity tests in medaka using PhiC31 integrase
Authors: Kirchmaier Stephan , Höckendorf Burkhard , Möller Eva Katharina , Bornhorst Dorothee , Spitz Francois , Wittbrodt Joachim
Published: September 2013

Established transgenesis methods for fish model systems allow efficient genomic integration of transgenes. However, thus far a way of controlling copy number and integration sites has not been available, leading to variable transgene expression caused by position effects. The integration of transgenes at predefined genomic positions enables the direct comparison of different transgenes, thereby improving time and cost efficiency. Here, we report an efficient PhiC31-based site-specific transgenesis system for medaka. This system includes features that allow the pre-selection of successfully targeted integrations early on in the injected generation. Pre-selected embryos transmit the correctly integrated transgene through the germline with high efficiency. The landing site design enables a variety of applications, such as reporter and enhancer switch, in addition to the integration of any insert. Importantly, this allows assaying of enhancer activity in a site-specific manner without requiring germline transmission, thus speeding up large-scale analyses of regulatory elements.
Vortex Trapping by Different Cavities on an Airfoil
Authors: Vuddagiri Aswin , Samad Abdus
Published: September 2013

The paper presents the flow over an airfoil with different cavity shapes placed on the suction surface of a symmetric airfoil. Unsteady simulations of flow over the airfoil with and without cavities were performed by Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) solver. Lift and drag were checked and the separation point identified at different Reynolds numbers and different angles of attack. The airfoil with cavity produced more drag and less lift as compared to the airfoil without cavity. The cavity with both sharp edges showed better results in terms of lift and drag as compared to other shapes of the cavity.
Aeroelastic Control of a Wind Turbine Blade Using Microtabs Based on UA97W300-10 Airfoil
Authors: Li N. , Balas M. J.
Published: September 2013

The unsteady flow over a rotating wind turbine blade is described by the Beddoes-Leishman dynamic stall model. Based on the asymmetric airfoil UA97W300-10, a wind turbine blade section with unsteady aerodynamic loads is modeled as an aeroelastic system for this vibration suppression study. Aeroelastic stability of the system is analyzed by open-loop tests to identify the flutter speed. With consideration of wind turbine operations, control strategies for flutter suppression are made separately in each operation region and implemented by a designed Adaptive Controller using microtab devices, which are positioned at the trailing edge of the airfoil with deployment at the maximum height of 5% of chord length. The control effects of the Adaptive Control and microtabs are investigated by closed-loop tests. The stability of the Adaptive Controller is proved using a new Adaptive Stability Theorem, which is also illustrated by examples.
Collective Pitch Control of Wind Turbines Using Stochastic Disturbance Accommodating Control
Authors: Girsang Irving P. , Dhupia Jaspreet S.
Published: September 2013

Fidelity of a plant's dynamic model is a concern in any controller design process. In this context, fidelity refers to which dynamics of the plant needs to be included in the control model and which dynamics can be left out or approximated. Studies on wind turbine control have shown that modelling error due to the unmodeled dynamics can lead to unstable closed-loop dynamics. This paper investigates the use of Kalman estimator to design the Stochastic Disturbance Accommodating Control (SDAC) scheme to stabilize the system in the presence of the unmodeled dynamics. Performance of the presented control scheme is investigated through simulations on two different wind turbine configurations under turbulent wind conditions with different mean wind speeds and turbulence intensities using FAST (Fatigue, Aerodynamics, Structures, and Turbulence) aero-elastic tool. The generator speed regulation, drivetrain load, and control effort of the presented control scheme are compared with those of the baseline Gain Scheduled Proportional Integral (GSPI) controller. The results indicate better speed regulation and lower drivetrain load for the presented SDAC under the tested wind conditions.
β-cell adaptation in a mouse model of glucocorticoid-induced metabolic syndrome
Authors: Fransson Liselotte , Franzén Stephanie , Rosengren Victoria , Wolbert Petra , Sjöholm Åke , Ortsäter Henrik
Published: September 2013

Glucocorticoids (GCs) are stress hormones primarily responsible for mobilizing glucose to the circulation. Due to this effect, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance are concerns in patients with endogenous overproduction of GCs and in patients prescribed GC-based therapy. In addition, hypercortisolemic conditions share many characteristics with the metabolic syndrome. This study reports on a thorough characterization, in terms of glucose control and lipid handling, of a mouse model where corticosterone is given via the drinking water. C57BL/6J mice were treated with corticosterone (100 or 25 μg/ml) or vehicle in their drinking water for 5 weeks after which they were subjected to insulin or glucose tolerance tests. GC-treated mice displayed increased food intake, body weight gain, and central fat deposit accumulations. In addition, the GC treatment led to dyslipidemia as well as accumulation of ectopic fat in the liver and skeletal muscle, having a substantial negative effect on insulin sensitivity. Also glucose intolerance and hypertension, both part of the metabolic syndrome, were evident in the GC-treated mice. However, the observed effects of corticosterone were reversed after drug removal. Furthermore, this study reveals insights into β-cell adaptation to the GC-induced insulin resistance. Increased pancreatic islet volume due to cell proliferation, increased insulin secretion capacity, and increased islet chaperone expression were found in GC-treated animals. This model mimics the human metabolic syndrome. It could be a valuable model for studying the complex mechanisms behind the development of the metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes, as well as the multifaceted relations between GC excess and disease.
Extension of theCaenorhabditis elegansPharyngeal M1 Neuron Axon Is Regulated by Multiple Mechanisms
Authors: Refai Osama , Rohs Patricia , Mains Paul E , Gaudet Jeb
Published: September 2013

The guidance of axons to their correct targets is a critical step in development. The C. elegans pharynx presents an attractive system to study neuronal pathfinding in the context of a developing organ. The worm pharynx contains relatively few cells and cell types, but each cell has a known lineage and stereotyped developmental patterns. We found that extension of the M1 pharyngeal axon, which spans the entire length of the pharynx, occurs in two distinct phases. The first proximal phase does not require genes that function in axon extension (unc-34, unc-51, unc-115, and unc-119), whereas the second distal phase does use these genes and is guided in part by the adjacent g1P gland cell projection. unc-34, unc-51, and unc-115 had incompletely penetrant defects and appeared to act in conjunction with the g1P cell for distal outgrowth. Only unc-119 showed fully penetrant defects for the distal phase. Mutations affecting classical neuronal guidance cues (Netrin, Semaphorin, Slit/Robo, Ephrin) or adhesion molecules (cadherin, IgCAM) had, at best, weak effects on the M1 axon. None of the mutations we tested affected the proximal phase of M1 elongation. In a forward genetic screen, we isolated nine mutations in five genes, three of which are novel, showing defects in M1, including axon overextension, truncation, or ectopic branching. One of these mutations appeared to affect the generation or differentiation of the M1 neuron. We conclude that M1 axon extension is a robust process that is not completely dependent on any single guidance mechanism.
Tension strain failure criterion for concrete
Authors: Eyre John R. , Nasreddin Hussam S.
Published: September 2013

Modelling the ductile performance of concrete structures, particularly for fail-safe and earthquake situations, is still unsatisfactory owing to a cumbersome description of material behaviour. This paper reviews the development of concrete failure criteria and, arising from the distinction between the stress–strain relations measured in tests and ‘independent' material performance, identifies the previously suggested criterion of limiting tensile strain as the most promising for behaviour prediction especially in finite-element exercises. The full description of this single-parameter criterion in the three-dimensional space of principal stress is provided. Its use conveniently avoids the numerical difficulties involved in the hypoelastic material behaviour modelling of current practice and its validity becomes very clear when used to interpret the results of previous experimental work and when compared with other theories.
A critical look at the Wallace-Bott hypothesis in fault-slip analysis
Authors: Lisle Richard J.
Published: September 2013

The assumption is widely made that slip on faults occurs in the direction of maximum resolved shear stress, an assumption known as the Wallace-Bott hypothesis. This assumption is used to theoretically predict slip directions from known in situ stresses, and also as the basis of palaeostress inversion from fault-slip data. This paper examines different situations in relation to the appropriateness of this assumption. Firstly, it is shown that the magnitude of the shear stress resolved within a plane is a function with a poorly defined maximum direction, so that shear stress values greater than 90% of the maximum occur within a wide angular range (± 26°) degrees. The situation of simultaneous movement on pairs of faults requires slip on each fault to be parallel to their mutual line of intersection. However, the resolved shear stresses arising from a homogeneous state of stress do not accord with such a slip arrangement except in the case of pairs of perpendicular faults. Where fault surfaces are non-planar, the directions of resolved shear stress in general give, according to the Wallace-Bott hypothesis, a set of slip directions of rigid fault blocks, which is generally kinematically incompatible. Finally, a simple model of a corrugated fault suggests that any anisotropy of the shear strength of the fault such as that arising from fault surface topography, can lead to a significant angular difference between the directions of maximum shear stress and the slip direction.

These findings have relevance to the design of procedures used to estimate palaeostresses and the amount of data required for this type of analysis.
Borehole images for assessing present day stresses
Authors: Etchecopar Arnaud , Yamada Tetsushi , Cheung Philip
Published: September 2013

Borehole images, which are now commonly acquired in the oil industry highlight very precisely damage that affects the borehole wall. Two damage types exist. The first corresponds to drilling operations: corkscrew effect, keyseat, cave etc. The second is related to present day stresses: induced fractures, breakouts or shear on preexisting planes. In addition to the real borehole damage, the acquisition and the processing of the image data may bring confusion in the identification of what is due to stresses. A new processing and filtering method is proposed for identifying the stress induced features and measuring precisely their geometry. Borehole images of two wells drilled in a shaly-sand reservoir particularly tight of the Timimoun basin (Algeria) clearly show that the main parameter that controls the damage geometry is the lithology. The stiffer and tighter is the rock the wider and deeper are the breakouts. To explain this strange behavior it is proposed that long term plasticity redistributes the horizontal tectonic stresses between the layers as a function of their shaliness. Another borehole image from Hassi Messaoud reservoir (Algeria) exhibits strong and progressive variation of the stress state where the well crosses a fault. By analogy to outcrops this perturbation is interpreted as due to a local deviation of the fault plane geometry and not to the average fault orientation itself. Such perturbations are unpredictable apart from images acquired while drilling.

Once stress induced features are clearly identified we examine how they can be used for assessing the present day stresses. In a vertical well it is well known that breakouts or induced fractures just provide the azimuth of the principal horizontal stresses as the vertical stress, parallel to the well surface, has no effect on the damage location. In a deviated well the three principal stresses influence breakouts and induced fracture location. Mastin [1988] has clearly demonstrated where breakouts will appear in deviated wells. This location depends on the three following parameters: the horizontal stress azimuth, which stress is vertical and R the shape of the stress tensor. These parameters are exactly the ones that also control the orientation of the shear on a preexisting plane. As a consequence, the observation of a breakout or an induced fracture in a single deviated well does not bring conclusive information on the stress state. But the combination of observations in multiple deviation situations may lead to a clear stress state definition. This is similar to the methods promoted by Jacques Angelier in which slickenside inversion is used for determining the stress tensor. The breakout inversion method applied to 7 wells of a north Ural field drilled with very different azimuth and deviation leads to clear definition of the local stress state. Once the stress tensor parameters are clearly identified, it becomes possible to predict borehole or perforation stability for any well deviations.
Scale effect and impact of discontinuities in the dynamic elastic constants of the Campanian chalk of Bougival (France)
Authors: Porjesz Róbert , Bergerat Françoise
Published: September 2013

Physical properties of in situ rock mass are usually estimated from results obtained through laboratory tests on intact rock samples because the access to in situ rock may be quite challenging. This approach however raises some questions concerning the number of samples needed for reliable result, the validity of the extrapolation of the parameters from centimetre scale to a large rock mass and finally the effect of discontinuities contained in the rock mass.

An underground quarry in Bougival with easy access to metre-scale pillars and the possibility to collect large number of samples has been chosen to analyse the scale effect and the anisotropy of the Campanian chalk. Different experiments have been designed to determine the dynamic elastic properties (Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio) based on geophysical approaches: ultrasonic measurements on laboratory samples, and “hammer” seismic measurements in situ. The static Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio have been determined through uniaxial compression tests on centimetre core samples.

Pillars with and without visible discontinuities, as well as with various overburden rock thicknesses, have been chosen in order to analyse the possible impact of different heterogeneities on the elastic properties. Core samples of intact chalk, with 40mm to 100mm diameters, have been studied in laboratory. The high dispersion observed on the different results suggests that if only a few tests are analysed, the conclusions may not be representative. A statistical approach is more appropriate to analyse the mechanical properties of the chalk. The dynamic Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s ratio calculated from laboratory samples (centimetres) and in situ rocks (about ten metres) do not reveal any clear impact of size on these elastic properties. The presence of discontinuities has a major impact on both the dynamic Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio. Decreasing values of these properties have been observed where discontinuities (fractures, flints) have been detected. Finally, the overburden rock thickness above the underground quarries (from 14m to 50m) seems to have no effect on the mechanical properties; the uncertainty of the measurements, partly due to the heterogeneity of the chalk mass, is likely to be more important than the effect of load on the pillars.
Initiation, geometry and mechanics of brittle faulting in exhuming metamorphic rocks: insights from the northern Cycladic islands (Aegean, Greece)
Authors: Lacombe Olivier , Jolivet Laurent , Le Pourhiet Laetitia , Lecomte Emmanuel , Mehl Caroline
Published: September 2013

Initiation, geometry and mechanics of brittle faulting in exhuming metamorphic rocks are discussed on the basis of a synthesis of field observations and tectonic studies carried out over the last decade in the northern Cycladic islands. The investigated rocks have been exhumed in metamorphic domes partly thanks to extensional detachments that can be nicely observed in Andros, Tinos and Mykonos. The ductile to brittle transition of the rocks from the footwall of the detachments during Aegean post-orogenic extension was accompanied by the development of asymmetric sets of meso-scale low-angle normal faults (LANFs) depending on the distance to the detachments and the degree of strain localization, then by conjugate sets of high-angle normal faults. This suggests that rocks became progressively stiffer and isotropic and deformation more and more coaxial during exhumation and localization of regional shearing onto the more brittle detachments. Most low-angle normal faults result from the reactivation of precursory ductile or semi-brittle shear zones; like their precursors, they often initiate between or at the tips of boudins of metabasites or marbles embedded within weaker metapelites, emphasizing the role of boudinage as an efficient localizing factor. Some LANFs are however newly formed, which questions the underlying mechanics, and more generally rupture mechanisms in anisotropic rocks. The kinematics and the mechanics of the brittle detachments are also discussed in the light of recent field and modeling studies, with reference to the significance of paleostress reconstructions in anisotropic metamorphic rocks.
Change of stress magnitudes during the polyphase tectonic history of the Cretaceous Gyeongsang basin, southeast Korea
Authors: Choi Pom-yong , Angelier Jacques , Cadet Jean-Paul , Hwang Jae-Ha , Sunwoo Choon
Published: September 2013

In order to evaluate the change of stress magnitudes in the Gyeongsang basin during its tectonic history, we analyzed multiple faulting episodes in the Barremian-Aptian Hasandong Formation at the Yusu site. As elsewhere in southeast Korea, the recorded sequence consists of a succession of more than fourteen faulting episodes, and the relative chronology shows that a strike-slip faulting episode usually coexisted with a coaxial extensional episode. Likewise, seven couples of synchronous coaxial episodes recognised in the Gyeongsang basin are assigned to seven tectonic events (T_1 to T_7 events). The friction line (in the sense of Byerlee) allows us to determine the ratios between principal stress magnitudes as well as the origin of the dimensionless Mohr diagram. This line can be deduced from tension fractures on fault planes affected by friction and from the lower limit of scattered distribution of the normal stresses vs. shear stresses of faults. Dimensionless failure envelopes drawn for coaxial strike-slip and extensional episodes are adjusted to the experimental Mohr failure envelope derived from rock mechanic tests to determine the complete stress tensors. The maximum principal stress magnitudes of strike-slip episodes show a transition from 169 MPa in the Barremian-Coniacian T_1 Event through 263 MPa and 246 MPa in the T_2 and T_4 events, respectively to 235 MPa in the Quaternary T_7 Event; additional horizontal extension (ΔσT) have changed from −6 MPa in the T_1 Event through −8 MPa in the T_2 Event to −17 MPa in the T_7 Event. Because the studied site is currently exposed, the determined overburden (1.9 km) for the T_7 Event seems to be important, indicating the presumable occurrence of this event during the early Quaternary rather than at the present day.
Determination of ionophore coccidiostat salinomycine in premixes and poultry feeding stuffs by liquid chromatography after post-column derivatisation
Authors: Kostadinovic Ljiljana , Kormanjos Sandor , Ruzicic Lazar , Dozet Gordana
Published: September 2013

Coccidiosis is a common parasitic disease of broiler chickens caused by
single-celled protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria which are commonly
referred to as coccidian. This is an infective disease of the digestive tract
which is most frequent with poultry, causing a decrease in daily increment,
prolonged fattening, poorer skin pigmentation, slower feed conversion and
increased mortality. The disease is caused by Protozoas from the genera of
Eimeria, Isospora and Cryptospora, and it is manifested by damaging the
intestine epithelial cells, less frequently the bile duct and renal tubuli.
Coccidiosis is traditionally controlled by chemotherapy. There are many
anticoccidial preparations which are used in the prevention of coccidiosis.
We are chose a polyether monocarboxylic acid - salinomycine. Salinomycin is
monovalent carboxyl-polyether ionophores. Salinomycin, produced by
Streptomyces albus, destroys the cell membranes and causes their lysis.
Salinomycin and other ionophoric antibiotics combine with a number of mono
and divalent cations and in the form of bi-complexes make it possible to
transfer metal ions through lipid hydrophobic membrane, and when they are
added to diet, they change bioavailability, gut uptake and absorption and
reserves of nutrient tissues. In this paper has been developed and validated
process of Liquid chromatography determination of ionophoric coccidiostat
salinomycin with UV spectrophotometric detection and post-column
derivatisation with dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (DMAB). The method is based on
extraction of salinomycin in animal feed samples using mixture
acetonitrile-water (80:20, v/v) and purification of extracts obtained by the
filter 0,2 ?m Acrodisc? PSF. The relative standard deviation (RSD) for
reproducibility and accuracy varied from 2,4 to 8,8% and from 2,6% to 8,8%,
respectively and the values for the relative recovery rate ranged from 89 to
98%. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were
estimated to be below 47 ?g/kg and 71 ?g/kg, respectively. Based on this
results, it is concluded that the described method is accurate, precise,
selective and reproducible and can be applied for determination of
salinomycine in feeds and premixes for poultry.
Confessions of a Wannabe Home-Schooler
Authors: Minikel-Lacocque Julie
Published: September 2013

This article addresses the social—emotional aspect of early childhood learning, specifically within the context of the transition to kindergarten. The author writes from a mother's point of view, and through focusing on her son's transition to kindergarten, she critiques the ways in which teachers too often ignore the social—emotional learning that takes place within schools. Arguing that ‘academics' cannot be separated from the emotional aspect of schooling, the author asserts that there are many key ‘lessons' that students learn outside the official curriculum and calls for teachers to heighten their awareness of these lessons.
Physiologic Mechanisms in the Development of Starvation Ketosis in Man
Authors: Grey Neil J , Karl Irene , Kipnis David M
Published: September 2013

The present study was undertaken to determine whether alterations in ketone body utilization and hepatic production, independent of the FFA load, were also involved in the development of fasting ketosis.

Plasma /β/-OH butyric acid (β-OHB) increased to 2.5-4.5 mM and plasma FFA to 1,000-1,400 μEq/L. in normal weight individuals after five to seven days' starvation and in obese subjects after ten to fourteen days' fasting. Acute elevations of the plasma FFA > 1,500 μEq/L. for sixty minutes in fed normal weight and obese subjects with a fat meal-heparin regimen resulted in peak elevations of plasma β-OHB (0.25-0.45mM), only 10 per cent of that seen during fasting. When plasma FFA were lowered acutely during fasting with the antilipolytic agent Pyrazole to control levels (400-600 μEq/L.), plasma β-OHB decreased 35 ± 5 per cent. Comparable lowering of plasma FFA in normal weight or obese starved subjects given dexamethasone to maintain elevated fasting plasma insulin levels resulted in an 87 ± 3 per cent decrease in plasma β-OHB. Similar studies in obese fasted subjects pretreated with an intravenous infusion of insulin (1.0 U/hr. for eight hours) before receiving Pyrazole resulted in a 65 ± 5 per cent decrease in plasma β-OHB.

Plasma β-OHB half-life, determined after injections of 12 gm. (β-OHB, increased significantly during fasting (110 ± 15 minutes) and was decreased when the fasting subjects were maintained on dexamethasone (65 ± 7 minutes).

These studies indicate that accelerated hepatic ketogenesis during starvation is a result of both enhanced activity of the enzymatic system(s) involved in ketone body production as well as an increased FFA load. The increase in plasma,(β-OHB during fasting reflects not only an accelerated rate of hepatic ketogenesis but also an impairment of peripheral utilization, both processes apparently being sensitive to insulin.
Glucose Turnover in the Exercising Dog with Chemically Induced Diabetes and the Effect of Methylprednisolone
Authors: Issekutz Bela , Shaw William A S
Published: September 2013

Dogs with indwelling polyethylene arterial and venous catheters ran on a treadmill (slope 15 per cent, speed 100 m./min.). Diabetes was produced by alloxan or by a combination of alloxan and streptozotocin. Glucose turnover was measured according to the primed constant-rate infusion technics with 2-3H-glucose as tracer. In resting diabetic dogs plasma glucose varied between 200 and 650 mg./100 ml. There was a direct linear correlation between the hepatic glucose output (Ra) and the plasma glucose level. Exercise increased both Ra and the clearance rate (CR) of glucose; however, Ra could not match the rate of disappearance (=renal loss plus glucose uptake of the muscle), causing the plasma glucose to decline more rapidly than in the running control dogs. Two to three daysʹ treatment with methylprednisolone (MP, 3-3.2 mg./kg./day) caused a higher resting glucose level and a higher Ra. Exercise greatly increased the plasma glucose concentration, partly because MP enhanced the hepatic response but mainly because it essentially prevented the rise of CR. It is concluded that (a) in chemically induced diabetes, the variable glucose level is the result of a variable rate of hepatic glucose output; (b) the increase of Ra by MP treatment does not increase the plasma glucose in the normal dog but significantly aggravates the alloxan diabetes, (c) diabetes reduces the effect of exercise on the glucose uptake of the muscle, and this effect is potentiated by the inhibitory action of the glucocorticoid. This latter becomes unmasked only when the insulin secretion is impaired.
Hormonal Regulation of Glycogen Metabolism in Human Fetal Liver: I. Normal Development and Effects of Dibutyryl Cyclic AMP, Glucagon, and Insulin in Liver Explants
Authors: Schwartz Alan L , Raiha Niels C R , Rall Theodore W
Published: September 2013

Glycogen accumulates in human fetal liver beginning at the eighth week of gestation. A parallel increase in total glycogen synthase activity is found, although the I-form activity remains low and constant throughout the first two thirds of gestation. Total phosphorylase activity increases slightly during this period, with the proportion in the active form amounting to about one half of the total throughout.

After an initial rapid decline, the glycogen concentration in explants of human fetal liver remained constant for twenty to forty hours at about 20 per cent of the in vivo level. Incubation with glucagon, cyclic AMP (adenosine 3ʹ,5ʹ-monophosphate) or its dibutyryl derivative markedly reduced tissue glycogen concentrations while insulin brought about a small increase. The effect of maximal doses of dibutyryl cyclic AMP and glucagon were the same, and the combination of agents produced no further effect. The response to dibutyryl cyclic AMP was apparent by one hour and maximal by three to six hours, whereas the response to insulin required about six hours to be detected, and it continued for at least eighteen hours. Insulin antagonized the glycogenolytic effect of low doses of glucagon or theophylline but was without significant effect in the presence of high glucagon concentrations. Glucagon stimulated cyclic AMP output from explants, and this effect was further augmented by theophylline.

Insultin had no consistent effect on cyclic AMP output in either the presence or the absence of glucagon or theophylline. Incubation with dibutyryl cyclic AMP resulted in a decrease of glycogen synthase I-form activity, while insulin tended to increase this enzyme activity. In neither circumstance was the proportion of active phosphorylase altered. These results suggest that the regulation of glycogen levels in human fetal liver by cyclic AMP, glucagon, and insulin may entail alterations in the activity of glycogen synthase activity without necessitating alterations in phosphorylase activity.

Cyclic AMP or glucagon was capable of depleting tissue glycogen stores in tissue from fetuses of six weeks’ gestation. Insulin increased tissue glycogen concentrations in tissue from fetuses of seven or more weeks.
Persisting Enhanced Proinsulin-insulin and Protein Biosynthesis (3H-Leucine Incorporation) by Pancreatic Islets of the Rat after Glucose Exposure
Authors: Zucker P , Logothetopoulos J
Published: September 2013

Pancreatic islets isolated from rats infused with glucose for twenty-four hours incorporated 3H-leucine into protein at higher rates than islets isolated from normoglycemic rats. Incorporation into proinsulin-insulin showed a thirteenfold increase. The effect on other islet proteins was fourfold. Exposure of islets from normoglycemic rats to high glucose in vitro for twenty and ninety minutes and subsequent incubation with 3H-leucine at low glucose showed a twofold and fivefold increase in proinsulin biosynthesis. In the in vitro system pre-exposure of the islets to mannose and dibutyryl-cyclic AMP induced a much smaller increase in proinsulin biosynthesis.
Inordinately High Levels of Serum Immunoreactive Insulin in Monoclonal Immunoglobulinemia (On the Problem of “Big, Big Insulin”)
Authors: Sramkova Jarmila , Pav Jaroslav , Engelberth Otto
Published: September 2013

1. A patient with occasional attacks of hypoglycemia had levels of serum immunoreactive insulin persistently fifty to one-hundred times the normal value. Immunoelectrophoresis revealed presence of monoclonal igG in his serum. The patient's diagnosis was established as paraproteinemic lymphoid and plasmocytic reticulosis proximate to multiple myeloma; insuloma was not found.

2. On gel filtration of native serum, only part of the total immunoreactivity was found in the elution position of crystalline insulin; the major part emerged in the early fractions together with the large proteins. After acidification of the serum, however, practically the entire immunoreactivity was recovered in ethanol extracts and proved to be “little insulin” on gel filtration. Only “little insulin” was also detected after gel filtration of serum incubated with urea.

3. It is suggested that the large component with insulin immunoreactivity obtained in gel filtration of native serum is an insulin-protein complex. The nature of the presumed complex is not clear. It is not a complex of the antigen-antibody type. Insulin “trapping” by monoclonal gamma globulin is considered.
Effects of Theophylline on Glucose Kinetics in Normal and Sympathectomized Rats
Authors: Sacca L , Perez G , Rengo F , Pascucci I , Condorelli M
Published: September 2013

The influence of intraperitoneal administration of aminophylline on the rate of hepatic glucose production and peripheral uptake (Ra and Rd) was studied in normal and in adrenodemedullated and reserpinized rats by using the primed constant infusion of Glucose-2-3H. In normal rats, the dose of 100 mg. per kilogram of aminophylline produced a marked increase of Ra and Rd. Since Ra rose more rapidly than Rd did initially, hyperglycemia developed. Thereafter, glucose production and uptake increased to nearly the same extent, and a new steady state was reached at plasma glucose levels almost twice those of the baseline. Smaller and transient modifications were observed after the administration of 20 mg. per kilogram of aminophylline. With the higher dose, insulin levels markedly rose (reaching a tenfold peak above the basal value) while minor increments were observed with the lower dose. In a group of normal rats which were given glucose (10 mg. per kilogram per minute) in order to achieve a degree of hyperglycemia comparable to that brought about by the higher dose of aminophylline an almost identical enhancement of glucose uptake was recorded. However, insulin levels were much higher in aminophylline-treated rats as compared to normal rats. From these findings it was concluded that aminophylline induces resistance to insulin effect. When aminophylline was injected into demedullated rats pretreated with reserpine, at the dose of 100 mg. per kilogram, a marked enhancement of Ra, and consequently of glycemia, was recorded initially; later, severe hypoglycemia developed depending on both a progressive exhaustion of hepatic glucose production and a marked increase of glucose utilization. Insulin levels dramatically increased in these experiments. These results suggest that aminophylline directly increases glucose production by the liver and insulin secretion. The simultaneous activation of the sympathetic system blunts the insulin response and counteracts the restraining effect of insulin on the liver and the stimulatory effect of insulin on overall glucose uptake as well.
Experimental Hyperosmolar Diabetic Syndrome: Ketogenic Response to Medium-chain Triglycerides
Authors: Gordon Edwin E , Duga Judith
Published: September 2013

The clinical features of the experimental hyperosmolar diabetic (EHD) rat model resemble those seen in the human syndrome—extreme hyperglycemia without ketoacidosis is common to both. The absence of ketoacidosis in the syndrome has been ascribed to both substrate (free fatty acid) deficiency and to interference with hepatic ketone body synthesis. The potential for hepatic ketone body synthesis in the experimental model has been directly assessed by challenging the EHD animals with medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) administered intragastrically. This neutral lipid, largely consisting of C8 and C10 fatty acids, leads to a dose- and timerelated increase in the plasma concentration of acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate. The EHD rats respond to MCT with an increase in plasma ketone bodies that rises to levels that are twice as high as those observed in normal rats receiving MCT and are equivalent to the levels seen in untreated ketoacidotic animals. These data indicate that hepatic medium-chain fatty acid oxidation and ketogenesis are unimpaired in the EHD animal. An analysis of the factors responsible for the greater ketogenic response in the EHD rat reveals that moderate diabetes and dehydration enhance MCT-induced ketone body accumulation, while cortisol is without effect. The plasma free fatty acid concentration in EHD animals does not differ from normal rats, but is significantly lower than that seen in diabetic ketoacidosis. These data support the concept that a principal reason for the absence of ketoacidosis in the EHD syndrome is the limitation in availability of substrate, free fatty acids, for ketone body synthesis.