bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unifying proof methodologies of duration calculus and timed linear temporal logic
Authors: Liu Zhiming , Ravn Anders P. , Li Xiaoshan
Published: May 2004

Linear temporal logic (LTL) has been widely used for specification and verification of reactive systems. Its standard model is sequences of states (or state transitions), and formulas describe sequencing of state transitions. When LTL is used to model real-time systems, a state is extended with a time stamp to record when a state transition takes place. Duration calculus (DC) is another well studied approach for real-time systems development. DC models behaviours of a system by functions from the domain of reals representing time to the system states. This paper extends this time domain to the Cartesian product of the real and the natural numbers. With the extended time domain, we provide the chop modality with a non-overlapping interpretation. This allows some linear temporal operators explicitly dealing with the discrete dimension of time to be derivable from the chop modality in essentially the same way that their continuous-time counterparts are in the classical DC. This provides a nice embedding of some timed LTL (TLTL) modalities into DC to unify the methods from DC and LTL for real-time systems development: Requirements and high level design decisions are interval properties and are therefore specified and reasoned about in DC, while properties of an implementation, as well as the refinement relation between two implementations, are specified and verified compositionally and inductively in LTL. Implementation properties are related to requirement and design properties by rules for lifting LTL formulas to DC formulas.
An EP overexpression screen for genetic modifiers of Notch pathway function in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: HALL LAUREN E. , ALEXANDER SHAUNA J. , CHANG MICHAEL , WOODLING NATHANIEL S. , YEDVOBNICK BARRY
Published: May 2004

The Notch pathway comprises a signal transduction cascade required for the proper formation of multiple tissues during metazoan development. Originally described in Drosophila for its role in nervous system formation, the pathway has attracted much wider interest owing to its fundamental roles in a range of developmental and disease-related processes. Despite extensive analysis, Notch signaling is not completely understood and it appears that additional components of the pathway remain to be identified and characterized. Here, we describe a novel genetic strategy to screen for additional Notch pathway genes. The strategy combines partial loss of function for pathway activity with Enhancer-promoter (EP)-induced overexpression of random loci across the dorsoventral wing margin. Mastermind (Mam) is a nuclear component of the Notch signaling cascade. Using a GAL4-UAS-driven dominant-negative form of Mam, we created a genotype that exhibits a completely penetrant dominant wing-nicking phenotype. This phenotype was assayed for enhancement or suppression after outcrossing to several thousand EP lines. The screen identified known components or modifiers of Notch pathway function, as well as several potential new components. Our results suggest that a genetic screen that combines partial loss of function with random gene overexpression might be a useful strategy in the analysis of developmental pathways.
Power calculations for the transmission/disequilibrium and affected sib pair tests using elementary probability methods
Authors: BROWN BARRY W.
Published: May 2004

The transmission/disequilibrium test (TDT) and the affected sib pair test (ASP) both test for the association of a marker allele with some conditions. Here, we present methods for calculating the probability of detecting the association (power) for a study examining a fixed number of families for suitability for the study and for calculating the number of such families to be examined. Both calculations use a genetic model for the association. The model considered posits a bi-allelic marker locus that is linked to a bi-allelic disease locus with a possibly nonzero recombination fraction between the loci. The penetrance of the disease is an increasing function of the number of disease alleles. The TDT tests whether the transmission by a heterozygous parent of a particular allele at a marker locus to an affected offspring occurs with probability greater than 0·5. The ASP tests whether transmission of the same allele to two affected sibs occurs with probability greater than 0·5. In either case, evidence that the probability is greater than 0·5 is evidence for association between the marker and the disease. Study inclusion criteria (IC) can greatly affect the necessary sample size of a TDT or ASP study. IC considered by us include a randomly selected parent at least one parent or both parents required to be heterozygous. It also allows a specified minimum number of affected offspring to be required (TDT only). We use elementary probability calculations rather than complex mathematical manipulations or asymptotic methods (large sample size approximations) to compute power and requisite sample size for a proposed study. The advantages of these methods are simplicity and generality.
Influence of intramammary infection and non-infection factors on somatic cell counts in dairy goats
Authors: Luengo Carlos , Sánchez Antonio , Corrales Juan C , Fernández Carlos , Contreras Antonio
Published: May 2004

A total of 1304 goat udder halves were sampled monthly during an entire lactation (6262 samples) with the aim of identifying factors affecting milk somatic cell count (SCC). Bacteriological analyses for identification of mastitis pathogens were carried out on all samples and SCC was also determined. All animals were examined for infection by caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) using a commercial ELISA test kit. Results obtained were arranged in two databases (whole-lactation average half-udder database and monthly half-udder database) and two mixed models were applied. Random effects of half udder nested into flock and fixed effects of flock, intramammary infection (IMI) status, number of kids born, length of lactation and interaction of parity with IMI status were significant for the first database. CAEV infection and its interaction with IMI status was not significant. Milk SCC was significantly increased for infected udder halves and milk from udder halves infected with minor pathogens had lower SCC than udder halves infected with major pathogens. For healthy udder halves, SCC was higher in older animals but this effect was not evident in halves with IMI. Multiple birth and short-duration lactation were factors associated with elevated milk SCC. The second mixed model considered repeated measures in time for consecutive samplings throughout lactation (stage of lactation) which was also a significant factor with increasing stage of lactation. The influence of all these factors should be taken into account in the establishment of more reliable diagnostic SCC thresholds for IMI.
DGAT1 polymorphism in Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle breeds
Authors: Kaupe Bernhard , Winter Andreas , Fries Ruedi , Erhardt Georg
Published: May 2004

As a result of multiple QTL-mapping projects in recent years, a quantitative trait locus for milk fat percentage and milk yield has been described on BTA14. Recent reports name the acyl-CoA[ratio ]diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1) gene on BTA14 as a potential candidate gene, with a nonconservative substitution of lysine by alanine (K232A) producing a major effect on milk composition and yield. DGAT1K appears to be the ancestral allele and the K232A substitution probably occurred after the divergence of the Bos indicus and Bos taurus lineages. These findings prompted us to genotype 1748 DNA samples of 38 different Bos taurus and Bos indicus cattle breeds from 13 countries on five continents (Europe, Africa, Asia, North America and South America), to examine the occurrence of the DGAT1 polymorphism and characterize the K232A substitution in cattle breeds of different origins and selected for different purposes (e.g., beef, dairy and dual purpose). Calculating pairwise FST values for pooled subpopulations showed least divergence for Bos indicus breeds with high milk fat percentage. Fixation of DGAT1A was found in some Bos taurus breeds and fixation of DGAT1K in one Bos indicus breed. Breeds of no known organized breeding background from the Near East domestication centre of Bos taurus and taurine African N'Dama cattle were found to possess intermediate frequencies of DGAT1K. While beef breeds tended to harbour higher DGAT1A levels, dairy cattle showed everything from very low levels of DGAT1K to unexpectedly high frequencies of this allele.
Metabolic safety-margins do not differ between cows of high and low genetic merit for milk production
Authors: Knight Christopher H , Alamer Mohammed A , Sorensen Annette , Nevison Ian M , Flint David J , Vernon Richard G
Published: May 2004

Three galactopoietic stimuli, frequent milking (4X), bovine somatotrophin (bST) and thyroxine (T4) were used in an additive stair-step design to achieve maximum output (metabolic capacity) in six peak-lactation cows of high genetic merit (HT) and six of low genetic merit (LT). A further six of each merit were untreated controls (HC, LC). Milk yield was increased significantly by 4X, increased further by the combination of 4X and bST and increased further still and significantly by the full combination of 4X, bST and T4. The magnitude of the yield response to the sequence of treatments did not differ significantly between HT and LT. The yield response to 4X and bST was sustainable without significant loss of body weight or body condition score for the 6 weeks during which these stimuli were administered. The response to the full combination, which included T4, was accompanied by significantly elevated heart rate and significant loss of body weight and condition compared with the combination of 4X and bST. As a result, treatments were discontinued, on an individual cow basis, before completion of this 6-week phase. Time on experiment did not differ between HT and LT. The results do not support the commonly held belief that selective breeding of dairy cows for high milk production has rendered them markedly more susceptible to metabolic disturbances.
Mammary cisternal size, cisternal milk and milk ejection in Murrah buffaloes
Authors: Thomas Chirathalattu S , Svennersten-Sjaunja Kerstin , R Bhosrekar Madhukar , Bruckmaier Rupert M
Published: May 2004

The internal arrangement of the mammary gland cavity system, cisternal and alveolar milk fractions and the characteristics of milk ejection were investigated in buffaloes. Twenty-four Murrah buffaloes in three different stages of lactation and of two age groups were used. Continuous ultrasound cross-sections during milk ejection induced by exogenous oxytocin were performed to record the latency period of milk ejection. Buffaloes had small cisterns and the cavity area in the teat and gland regions were not significantly different (P>0·05). The animals had long teat canals (3·1±0·1 cm), longer in the hind than fore quarters. Cisternal milk yield was low (0·17±0·01 kg) and cisternal fraction was only 4·9±0·1% of the total milk. The cisternal area (cm2) was 69·6±4·6, 51·61±4·8 and 26·01±4·8 while the cisternal yield (kg) was 0·32±0·05, 0·18±0·05 and 0·05±0·05 in early, mid and late lactation, respectively. A close correlation (r=0·87, P<0·05) existed between the ultrasound cisternal area and cisternal milk yield. The latency period of induced milk ejection was similar to that reported for cows (25±1 s) and was negatively correlated with milk yield (r=−0·75, P<0·05). Milk ejection occurred shortly after elevated oxytocin concentrations were present. Delayed milk ejection reported earlier in this species must therefore be due to the absence of cisternal milk and delayed oxytocin release. An increase in teat length and circumference at milk ejection was also evident in the ultrasound cross sections.
Diversity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from AOC Salers cheese
Authors: Callon Cécile , Millet Liliane , Montel Marie-Christine
Published: May 2004

The objective of this work was to describe the diversity of lactic acid bacteria in traditional raw milk Salers cheeses at the species and strain levels. The characterization of 381 strains isolated during ripening and various strain collections was investigated using physiological analysis and molecular techniques: Rep-PCR, species and genus specific amplifications and the sequence analysis of 16S rDNA for strain typing and taxonomic identification. The strains belonged to Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactococcus lactis, Lactococcus garviae, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus millieri, Streptococcus macedonicus and Pediococcus pentosaceus. A wide phenotypic and genomic heterogeneity was observed within the different species (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus paracasei and Leuconostoc mesenteroides) according to the origin and the time of ripening. The natural microflora was different from strain collection and each method must be combined to identify and characterize natural microflora. This study revealed the low selectivity of selective media used for the isolation of different groups of lactic acid bacteria except the Facultatively Heterofermentative lactobacilli medium selecting mesophile lactobacilli and SB medium selective for Enterococcus. The study reveals, for the first time, the microbial lactic acid bacteria community of Salers cheese and its diversity. A better knowledge of microbial flora will be useful to improve understanding of sensory quality of cheeses.
Lactobacilli isolated from kefir grains: evidence of the presence of S-layer proteins
Authors: Garrote Graciela Liliana , Delfederico Lucrecia , Bibiloni Rodrigo , Abraham Analia Graciela , Fernando Pérez Pablo , Semorile Liliana , De Antoni Graciela Liliana
Published: May 2004

In the present study we report for the first time the presence of S-layer proteins in Lactobacillus kefir and Lactobacillus parakefir isolated from kefir grains. Soluble whole-cell protein profile obtained either by mechanical disruption (X-press) or by a combined treatment with lysozyme and SDS on whole cells, showed a significant band of apparent molecular mass of 66–71 kDa as measured by SDS–PAGE. The intensity of this band was considerably reduced when cells were treated with 5 M-LiCl. The above mentioned proteins were recovered in the LiCl extracts. After dialysis and concentration, the proteins extracted were able to reassemble in a regular array. Negative staining of these protein preparations were analysed by transmission electron microscopy and a paracrystalline arrangement was seen. Thin sections of bacteria analysed by transmission electron micrographs showed an outermost layer over the bacterial cell wall, that was lost after the LiCl treatment. The production of this surface structure under different culture conditions was also evaluated. Finally, the relationship between the presence of S-layer proteins and surface properties (e.g. adhesion to Caco-2 cells, autoaggregation, and hemagglutination) was investigated.
Mexico: Is it an Ex-Emerging Market?
Authors: BLÁZQUEZ JORGE , SANTISO JAVIER
Published: May 2004

Since 2001, financial agents, country-risk analysts and credit rating agencies have considered Mexico to be a solvent or low-risk country. This article seeks to answer the question of whether Mexico has ceased to be an emerging market economy. Therefore, the aim of the article is to provide an overview of the factors that lie behind this positive view of Mexico. We believe the answer to this question is affirmative. The positive change in the export structure, a healthier financing of the external sector deficit and the change in the production structure support the hypothesis that Mexico is no longer a risky economy. And, therefore, Mexico is not subjected to the severe macroeconomic crises proper to traditional emerging market economies. Other elements, however, also mean Mexico cannot yet be described as an economy exempt from macroeconomic risks.
The Danish SIMPLE lexicon and its application in content-based querying
Authors: Pedersen Bolette Sandford , Paggio Patrizia
Published: May 2004

This paper deals with the SIMPLE-DK lexicon, a computational lexicon for Danish developed at the Centre for Language Technology in Copenhagen within the European Union project SIMPLE. The general SIMPLE model, on which the Danish lexicon is based, is presented, and the way in which several specific aspects of Danish, such as nominal compounds and time expressions, are accommodated in this model is then described. Phrasal verbs – in particular phrasal motion verbs – are shown to be a challenging phenomenon since they are difficult to place in the SIMPLE event ontology, and pose problems regarding the interpretation of the directional particle they combine with. The encoding strategy that is proposed here accounts for compositional and non-compositional types of phrasal verb, and captures the relation between act-denoting and transition-denoting senses of the same verb in terms of regular polysemy. The final part of the paper deals with the exploitation of SIMPLE-DK as an ontological and lexical source in the Danish project on content-based querying OntoQuery. In the OntoQuery ontology, the structured concepts in SIMPLE-DK are combined with nutrition concepts, and the resulting ontology is used for matching evaluation. It is also discussed how selectional restrictions and qualia roles from SIMPLE-DK can be included in a conceptual grammar to be used for query and text analysis.
Maritime Boundary Delimitation in a Federal Domestic Setting: The Newfoundland and Labrador v. Nova Scotia Arbitration
Authors: CURRIE JOHN H.
Published: May 2004

The author reviews an award rendered in March 2002 by a three-member arbitral tribunal established by the government of Canada in order to determine a maritime boundary between two Canadian provinces – Nova Scotia, and Newfoundland and Labrador. The tribunal's Terms of Reference required it to treat the provinces as sovereign states and to apply principles of international maritime boundary law in order to determine the boundary dividing their respective offshore entitlements as defined under domestic federal legislation. Given this reference to international law and the underlying interests at issue, the tribunal's award amounts to a classic continental shelf delimitation and makes significant contributions to the jurisprudence on international maritime boundary delimitation.
Enigmas of mammalian gamete form and function
Authors: Bedford J. Michael
Published: May 2004

The gametes of man and some other Eutheria have been manipulated successfully for practical reasons, but many gaps remain in our basic understanding of the way that they function. This situation stems not least from a failure to recognize the extent to which eutherian spermatozoa and eggs, and elements related to their operation, have come to differ from those of other groups. Novel features in the male that reflect this include a radical design of the sperm head with the acrosome seeming to function primarily in egg‐coat binding rather than its lysis, a multifaceted post‐testicular sperm maturation and an androgen/low‐temperature‐regulated system of sperm storage – both tied to the epididymis, a variable male accessory sex gland complex, and descent of the testis and epididymis to a scrotum. In the female, such novelties are represented in a need for sperm capacitation, in an unusual regulation of sperm transport within the oviduct, in the cumulus oophorus and character of the zona pellucida around the small egg, and in a unique configuration of gamete fusion.

The collective evidence now suggests that many of these features reflect a new fertilisation strategy or its consequences, with most being causally linked. One initial‘domino’ in this regard appears to be the small yolkless state of the egg and its intolerance for polyspermy, as determinants of the unusual mode of oviductal sperm transport and possibly the existence and form of the cumulus oophorus. However, a particularly influential first‘domino’ appears to be the physical character of the other animal groups by virtue of a resilient elasticity and thickness. These qualities allow this primary and often only coat to stretch and so persist during later expansion of the blastocyst, usually until close to implantation. At the same time, the dimensions, physical character, and particularly the relative protease‐insensitivity of the zona appear to have had profound effects on sperm form and function and, more indirectly, on sperm‐related events in the male and the female tract. Marsupials display some similarities and also some strikingly different features, against which the enigmas of the eutherian situation can be evaluated.
Diverse Phases of Collaboration: Working Together to Improve Community‐Based HIV Interventions for Adolescents
Authors: Harper Gary W. , Bangi Audrey K. , Contreras Richard , Pedraza Ana , Tolliver Michelle , Vess Luule
Published: May 2004

Although alliances between community‐based organizations (CBOs) and university‐based evaluators provide opportunities to enhance community‐based interventions, such partnerships may be fraught with challenges and obstacles. This paper focuses on the “story” behind a collaborative partnership between a Latino‐focused CBO and a team of university‐based evaluators that was formed to evaluate HIV prevention interventions for Mexican American female adolescents and gay/bisexual/questioning (GBQ) Latino male adolescents. A developmental trajectory of the partnership is detailed, with a focus on the creation and enhancement of a reciprocal and mutually beneficial relationship. In tracing this history, the paper explores challenges that were faced and presents ways in which the partnership attempted to overcome obstacles. Recommendations are offered to assist in the formation and maintenance of collaborative partnerships between CBOs and university‐based evaluators/researchers.
Kann man dem Internet trauen, wenn es um die Gesundheit geht?
Authors: Wittwer Jörg , Bromme Rainer , Jucks Regina
Published: May 2004

Zusammenfassung. In der vorliegenden Studie geht es um die Beurteilung der Glaubwürdigkeit und Verständlichkeit medizinischer Informationen. In einem Vergleich zwischen den Medien Internet und Zeitschrift wurde an unabhängigen Stichproben experimentell überprüft, welche Wirkung das Medium auf die von Laien beurteilte Glaubwürdigkeit und Verständlichkeit der Informationen hat und ob die Bewertung zusätzlich durch die Aufbereitung der Informationen beeinflusst wird. Es zeigte sich, dass die in der Zeitschrift präsentierten Informationen unabhängig von der Gestaltung als signifikant glaubwürdiger beurteilt wurden als dieselben Informationen im Internet. Während den Informationen mit Abbildungen ebenfalls mehr Glaubwürdigkeit zugeschrieben wurde, hatte die zusätzliche Aufbereitung des im Internet dargebotenen Texts mit Hyperlinks keinen Einfluss. Bezüglich der perzipierten Verständlichkeit der Informationen ergaben sich keine Unterschiede zwischen den untersuchten Medien.
Wie und warum liest man Romane?
Authors: Burbaum Christina , Charlton Michael , Schweizer Karl
Published: May 2004

Zusammenfassung. In diesem Beitrag werden Ergebnisse einer quantitativen Erhebung vorgestellt, in der verschiedene Aspekte von Lesekompetenz untersucht und miteinander in Beziehung gesetzt wurden. Die Studie basiert auf einer repräsentativen Telefonbefragung von 1.025 Romanleser/inne/n. Es wurden sowohl Sozialisationsdaten als auch eine differenzierte Sammlung unterschiedlichster Lesestrategien erhoben. Auf der Basis dieser konkreten Lesestrategien konnten Konstrukte abgeleitet und erklärt werden (z.B. die beim Textverstehen intendierte Verarbeitungstiefe). Anhand von zwei linearen Strukturgleichungsmodellen werden komplexe Zusammenhänge zwischen verschiedenen Konstrukten untersucht, und es wird dargestellt, wie die individuell angestrebte Verarbeitungstiefe beim literarischen Lesen auf Sozialisationseinflüsse (wie sie von Elternhaus, Schule, Geschlechtsrollen, Beruf ausgehen), spezifische Lesemotive (Bewältigungslesen) und das Anspruchsniveau bei der Auswahl der Lektüre zurückzuführen ist. Die Untersuchung eröffnet auf diese Weise eine Verbindung zwischen zwei sehr unterschiedlichen Forschungstraditionen: der buchmarktorientierten Leserforschung und der kognitionspsychologischen Textverarbeitungsforschung.
Cowboy und Prinzessin seit Adam und Eva
Authors: Knobloch Silvia , Fritzsche Annett
Published: May 2004

Zusammenfassung. Um die Präferenzen bei Unterhaltungsangeboten untersuchen zu können, wurden vier- bis sechsjährigen Vorschulkindern Videocover als Abbildungen zur konkreten Auswahl vorgelegt. Diese Abbildungen wurden in zwei Feldstudien in Kindergärten systematisch variiert, so dass die Kinder entweder zwischen einem aggressiven und einem friedvollen Thema oder aber einer männlichen und einer weiblichen Hauptfigur aussuchen konnten. So konnte der Einfluss von Geschlecht und Altersstufe auf die Präferenz gewalthaltiger Inhalte beziehungsweise gleichgeschlechtlicher Medienfiguren analysiert werden. Jungen bevorzugten im Vergleich zu den Mädchen deutlich die aggressiven Inhalte und zeigten überdies ein höheres Maß geschlechtsstereotyper Präferenzen. Mädchen und Jungen favorisierten - gleichermaßen - Medienfiguren des eigenen Geschlechts. Das Alter der Kinder hatte keinen Einfluss auf die Unterhaltungsselektion.
The Relationship Between Health Efficacy, Educational Attainment, and Well-Being Among 30 Nations
Authors: Kirkcaldy Bruce , Furnham Adrian , Siefen Georg
Published: May 2004

Data from 30 nations on the relationship between educational performance in reading, mathematical, and scientific literacy as assessed in the PISA survey and the health performance indicators of the World Health report are analyzed. Health level was unrelated to any of the three educational performance variables, but disability-related life expectancy was significantly related to reading literacy and educational attainment. Specifically, mathematical and reading literacy were related to such health care indicators as goal level, goal distribution, fairness, and overall goals. In addition, correlational analysis was conducted between socioeconomic variables and educational attainment for these nations; GDP and economic growth were very weakly related to educational performance. On the other hand, inflation and the human development index (HDI) were significantly related to all three literacy scores. HDI and economic growth emerged as the strongest predictors of health performance rating of a nation. Finally, the association between subjective well-being (happiness) and educational performance was explored. Happiness was consistently related to the three literacy scores, the magnitude of the association being highest for reading literacy. The implications of these findings for educational and health programs were discussed.
Why Are Israelis Less Burned Out?
Authors: Pines Ayala Malach
Published: May 2004

Life in Israel is very stressful. Since its establishment in 1948 Israel has gone through five major wars, and even during times of peace civilians live with the constant threat of terrorist activity. Despite this and other stresses, Israelis report consistently lower levels of burnout than Americans. This paper proposes an existential perspective in an attempt to explain this curious phenomenon. According to the existential perspective, the root cause of burnout lies in people's need to believe that their lives are meaningful. It is suggested that Israelis are less burned out, not despite, but because of the constant reminders to the threat to their existence. The low levels of Israeli burnout are demonstrated using a cross-cultural Israeli-American comparison in three occupational groups: teachers, nurses, and managers. In addition, interviews with a teacher a nurse, and a manager who worked in both countries are presented. These data provide tentative support for the existential perspective and point to the importance of a cross-cultural study of burnout.
Conceptualizations of Forgiveness
Authors: Mullet Etienne , Girard Michelle , Bakhshi Parul
Published: May 2004

The objectives of the survey were to examine the extent to which (1) laypeople agree with conceptualizations of forgiveness encountered in literature, notably that forgiveness supposes the replacement of negative emotions toward the offender by positive emotions, (2) forgiveness is a process that can only take place between an offended and an offender who is known to the offended, and (3) forgiveness is not a process that devalues the forgiven but a process that encourages him/her to behave better in the future. It was also aimed at examining the extent to which parents and children share the same conceptualizations about forgiveness. A total of 343 students participated in the study as well as their mothers and fathers. Four conceptualization factors were identified: Change of Heart, More-Than-Dyadic Process, Encourages Repentance, and Immoral Behavior. Only a minority of participants agreed with the idea that forgiving supposes regaining affection or sympathy toward the offender (23%), and with the idea that forgiveness can encourage repentance from the forgiven (33%). More participants, however, agreed with the ideas that the forgiver can be somebody in close relationship with the offended and that the forgiven can be an unknown offender or an abstract institution (46%). Very few participants (4%) agreed with the idea that forgiveness is immoral. Parents and their children tended to conceptualize forgiveness similarly.
Attachment Styles and the Ideal Image of a Mate
Authors: Tolmacz Rami , Goldzweig Gil , Guttman Ruth
Published: May 2004

The study examines, within the framework of attachment theory, relationships of ideal images of young males with respect to their ideal image of a mate. A review of previous studies dealing with partner selection reveals the lack of a theoretical model that combines developmental processes and specific personality patterns with the process of creating an ideal image of the partner. The present study uses Facet Theory and Facet Design to construct a unified conceptual framework for the research in which attachment style and ideal image of the spouse are viewed as two modes of relating to one another. Intercorrelations among replies to the attachment and ideal image questionnaires were subjected to Smallest Space Analysis (SSA). The results indicate a relation between attachment style, the subjects' ideal image of a mate and the ideal images of oneself and one's mother. As predicted, persons with a secure style tended to have high levels of flexibility in their descriptions of the ideal image of the spouse. Males with insecure attachment styles exhibited different relational patterns of ideal image of themselves and their mothers. The SSA results suggest a hierarchic relation between attachment styles and the ideal image of a mate. These findings are consistent with the understanding that attachment styles affect the character and quality of the individual's romantic relationships.
Neuropsychological Deficits and Concomitant Clinical Symptoms in Schizophrenia
Authors: Müller Bernhard W. , Sartory Gudrun , Bender Stefan
Published: May 2004

The most frequently reported neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia are those of attention, executive function, and verbal memory. Whereas the former appear to be related to negative symptoms of schizophrenia, there is little agreement about which clinical symptoms are related to the verbal memory deficit. The aim of the present study was to delineate further the pattern of neuropsychological deficits in schizophrenia—especially those of verbal memory—and their relationship to clinical symptoms. One hundred patients with chronic schizophrenia and 62 healthy control subjects took part in the study. Assessments of patients took place within the first 3 weeks after admission to hospital. Nine neuropsychological tests, mainly measuring executive and memory function and attention, were administered to all subjects, and clinical symptoms, such as psychotic and negative symptoms and conceptual disorganization, were assessed in patients by means of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Patients showed widespread cognitive deficits with verbal memory impairment best discriminating patients and controls. Conceptual disorganization was partly accounted for by poor verbal memory and a low IQ estimate, and negative symptoms by deficient word fluency; positive symptoms were not significantly related to cognitive deficits. The results indicate that there is a specific relationship between neuropsychological deficits and the more chronic of the clinical symptoms.
A winter precipitation ‘dipole’ in the western United States associated with multidecadal ENSO variability
Authors: Brown David P. , Comrie Andrew C.
Published: May 2004

The variability of winter precipitation across the western United States has important implications for a wide range of physical and socioeconomic systems. While El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) teleconnections explain a high degree of interannual variance in western U.S. winter precipitation, their influence on decadal time scales is less well understood. In this study, we examine the relationship between ENSO conditions and winter precipitation in the western U.S. within the context of decadal‐scale variability, as represented by phasing of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). We identify spatial inconsistencies in the ENSO‐precipitation relationship, commensurate with PDO phase shifts, which take the form of a ‘dipole’ signature across the western U.S. This finding has implications for the knowledge of uncertainty of ENSO teleconnections, and may prove meaningful for users of climate information throughout the region.
Increasing exchanges at Greenland‐Scotland Ridge and their links with the North Atlantic Oscillation and Arctic Sea Ice
Authors: Zhang Jinlun , Steele Michael , Rothrock D. Andrew , Lindsay Ronald W.
Published: May 2004

A global ice‐ocean model shows increasing Atlantic water (AW) inflow at the Iceland‐Scotland Ridge (ISR) during 1953–2002. As a result, the Greenland‐Iceland‐Norwegian (GIN) Sea is gaining more heat and salt from the North Atlantic Ocean, while the latter is being freshened mainly by exporting more salt to the GIN Sea. The exchanges of volume, heat, and freshwater at the Greenland‐Scotland Ridge (GSR) are strongly correlated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and their positive trend is closely linked to the NAO elevation in recent decades. The model confirms observations of decreasing dense water outflow at the Faroe‐Scotland Passage since the 1950s. However, the simulated dense water outflow shows an increase at Denmark Strait, at the Iceland‐Faroe Ridge, and at the GSR as a whole, owing to an increase in AW inflow that may cause an increase in AW recirculation and deep water production in the GIN Sea. The increase of the ISR heat inflow since 1965 contributes to continued thinning of the arctic sea ice since 1966. The influence of the heat inflow on arctic sea ice lags 2–3 years, which suppresses ice production even when the NAO temporarily shifts to a negative mode. Because of this delay, the decline of arctic sea ice is likely to continue if the inflow continues to increase and if the NAO does not shift to a sustained negative mode.
Impact of observed vegetation root distribution on seasonal global simulations of land surface processes
Authors: Barlage Michael , Zeng Xubin
Published: May 2004

Using a global root distribution derived from observations, results from June to August ensemble simulations are presented. The new root distribution shifts the location of roots in the soil in most regions of the world. Root relocation depends on land use type with some roots located shallower (e.g., grasslands) and others deeper (e.g., tropical forests). Comparison of the boreal summer results of 1988 and 1993 for a control simulation and simulation with the new root distribution produces, in several regions of the world, statistically significant differences of up to 40 W/m2 in the components of the surface energy budget. Analysis of the eastern and western United States shows statistically significant changes of over 1 K in surface air temperature and over 25 W/m2 in surface energy components for both seasonal averages and diurnal cycles. Comparison with observations shows that the new root distribution improves the surface air temperature simulation, especially in 1993, but any precipitation improvement is statistically insignificant.
Global one‐step inversion of satellite occultation measurements: A practical method
Authors: Vanhellemont Filip , Fussen Didier , Bingen Christine
Published: May 2004

The retrieval of gas densities and aerosol extinction coefficients from satellite occultation measurements is usually handled in two steps: the separation of species (spectral inversion) and the separation of the spatial contributions of different atmospheric layers (spatial inversion). The reason for these sequential steps and their associated approximations is that a single‐step inversion is computationally very demanding. In this paper we describe a global one‐step method that can be applied to satellite data using reasonable computer resources.
Fraction and composition of NOy transported in air masses lofted from the North American continental boundary layer
Authors: Parrish D. D. , Ryerson T. B. , Holloway J. S. , Neuman J. A. , Roberts J. M. , Williams J. , Stroud C. A. , Frost G. J. , Trainer M. , Hübler G. , Fehsenfeld F. C. , Flocke F. , Weinheimer A. J.
Published: May 2004

Five field studies have included research aircraft flights over the continental United States and the western North Atlantic Ocean from 1996 through 2000 in spring, summer, and fall seasons. The major source of NOx in this region is fossil fuel combustion, which is localized within the continental boundary layer (CBL). We use CO as a tracer of these anthropogenic emissions to estimate the fraction of the emitted NOx that is exported to the free troposphere (FT), either as NOx itself or as its oxidation products. This export was identified as plumes enhanced in CO above an estimated background by at least 30 ppbv, which account for 20–31% of the air parcels sampled in the FT during the five field studies. These plumes were encountered throughout the FT up to the 8 km ceiling of the aircraft but were primarily located just above the CBL with average altitudes of 3.0–4.1 km above ground level. In the summer over the continent, only 20 ± 5% of the originally emitted nitrogen oxides was transported in those plumes. This fraction is in reasonable accord with model results, but the models include only deep convection and not the shallow CBL venting mechanisms responsible for the observed plumes. During the two field studies in the early fall and in the spring over the western North Atlantic, we find that 9 ± 4% of the NOy was transported, although Li et al. [2004] suggest that this is an underestimate and that 15 ± 11% is more accurate. Both of these numbers indicate that model results in the literature overestimate the amount of NOy transported from the CBL to the FT. In these five field studies, HNO3 generally accounted for one‐half to two‐thirds of the NOy, which is in contrast to the dominance by NOx and organic nitrates suggested by models. Over the North Atlantic, this difference is likely due to further photochemical processing of the NOy species within the FT and over the continent due to the different transport mechanism considered in the models.
CO2 column averaged mixing ratio from inversion of ground‐based solar spectra
Authors: Dufour Emmanuel , Bréon François‐Marie , Peylin Philippe
Published: May 2004

High resolution sun spectra from the Kitt Peak observatory are used to estimate the column‐averaged mixing ratio of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Solar absorption lines are apparent on the measured spectra together with the telluric lines. Their discrimination is easy as they are spectrally shifted according to the Earth‐Sun relative speed. For the objective of CO2 mixing ratio estimate, a spectral window of size 15 cm−1, with approximately 10 absorption lines, contains most of the necessary information. The window selection is based on the absence of contamination by other gases and solar absorption lines. Favorable spectral windows are found near 1.6 and 2.0 μm. A radiative transfer model is used to reproduce the data and make the inversion. An excellent fit is obtained. The retrieved CO2 mixing ratio agrees with the expected values within a few percents and shows the expected growth rate of 1.5 ppm per year. On the other hand, the observed short‐term variability of several ppm is much larger than what is expected from simulations by an atmospheric transport model using optimized fluxes. It appears necessary to correct the CO2 mixing ratio estimates using concomitant measurements of the O2 mixing ratio, which provides a proxy for the dry air optical path. After the correction, the annual cycle of the CO2 content above Kitt Peak is apparent on the retrieved values. The comparison of the inverted mixing ratios with the simulation results indicates an error on the order of 1.5 ppm RMS for the 1.6‐μm band and 2.5 ppm RMS for the 2.0‐μm band. The uncertainty on the effective airmass due to the long acquisition time of the spectra, with varying solar zenith angle, may be responsible for a large fraction of the error.
Climate over past millennia
Authors: Jones P. D. , Mann M. E.
Published: May 2004

We review evidence for climate change over the past several millennia from instrumental and high‐resolution climate “proxy” data sources and climate modeling studies. We focus on changes over the past 1 to 2 millennia. We assess reconstructions and modeling studies analyzing a number of different climate fields, including atmospheric circulation diagnostics, precipitation, and drought. We devote particular attention to proxy‐based reconstructions of temperature patterns in past centuries, which place recent large‐scale warming in an appropriate longer‐term context. Our assessment affirms the conclusion that late 20th century warmth is unprecedented at hemispheric and, likely, global scales. There is more tentative evidence that particular modes of climate variability, such as the El Niño/Southern Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation, may have exhibited late 20th century behavior that is anomalous in a long‐term context. Regional conclusions, particularly for the Southern Hemisphere and parts of the tropics where high‐resolution proxy data are sparse, are more circumspect. The dramatic differences between regional and hemispheric/global past trends, and the distinction between changes in surface temperature and precipitation/drought fields, underscore the limited utility in the use of terms such as the “Little Ice Age” and “Medieval Warm Period” for describing past climate epochs during the last millennium. Comparison of empirical evidence with proxy‐based reconstructions demonstrates that natural factors appear to explain relatively well the major surface temperature changes of the past millennium through the 19th century (including hemispheric means and some spatial patterns). Only anthropogenic forcing of climate, however, can explain the recent anomalous warming in the late 20th century.
A self‐consistent approach for calculating the effective hydraulic conductivity of a binary, heterogeneous medium
Authors: Pozdniakov Sergey , Tsang Chin‐Fu
Published: May 2004

In this paper, we consider an approach for estimating the effective hydraulic conductivity of a 3‐D medium with a binary distribution of local hydraulic conductivities. The medium heterogeneity is represented by a combination of matrix medium conductivity with spatially distributed sets of inclusions. Estimation of effective conductivity is based on a self‐consistent approach introduced by Shvidler [1985]. The tensor of effective hydraulic conductivity is calculated numerically by using a simple system of equations for the main diagonal elements. Verification of the method is done by comparison with theoretical results for special cases and numerical results of Desbarats [1987] and our own numerical modeling. The method was applied to estimating the effective hydraulic conductivity of a 2‐D and 3‐D fractured porous medium. The medium heterogeneity is represented by a combination of matrix conductivity and a spatially distributed set of highly conductive fractures. The tensor of effective hydraulic conductivity is calculated for parallel‐ and random‐oriented sets of fractures. The obtained effective conductivity values coincide with Romm's [1966] and Snow's [1969] theories for infinite fracture length. These values are also physically acceptable for the sparsely fractured medium case with low fracture spatial density and finite fracture length. Verification of the effective hydraulic conductivity obtained for a fractured porous medium is done by comparison with our own numerical modeling for a 3‐D case and with Malkovsky and Pek's [1995] results for a 2‐D case.
Complex dispersion in simple fractured media
Authors: Kim Jeongkon , Schwartz Franklin W. , Smith Leslie , Ibaraki Motomu
Published: May 2004

Previous studies noted situations with simple networks of fractured media where dispersion was complex. Certain network geometries provided principal directions of spreading at angles to the direction of mean flow and occasions where transverse spreading greatly exceeded longitudinal spreading. This article is concerned with understanding this complex dispersion in the context of more variable networks and to evaluate the scaling between dispersion and characteristics of the network. The approach involves modeling flow and particle transport through networks consisting of equally spaced finite fractures. Simulation trials examined how changes to the orientation of the overall network, fracture aperture, fracture connectivity, and fracture length influenced mass transport. With these geometries, particle spreading was due to a grid orientation effect and variability related to apertures and connectivity. The grid orientation effect inherently gives rise to the complex dispersion described in previous work. Spreading caused by variability in aperture and connectivity produces the more familiar, elliptical pattern of spreading. In the various model trials we created situations where either or both of these spreading mechanisms could dominate. When both grid orientation and heterogeneity effects were comparable, particle swarms took on a curious hybrid shape reflecting the outcome of two different spreading mechanisms. With sufficient heterogeneity the grid orientation effect was swamped and disappeared. As the block size increases so does transverse dispersion. Further studies are necessary to investigate whether the grid effects associated with the simplified fracture networks can be extrapolated to real fractured media.