bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computer‐guided chin harvest: A novel approach for autogenous block harvest from the mandibular symphesis
Authors: Osman Ahmed H. , Atef Mohammed
Published: April 2018

Background

The introduction of CAD/CAM technology allowed clinicians to carry out complex procedures with a high level of precision and reproducibility and minimize the risk of injury during the procedure.

Purpose

The aim of the present study is to evaluate the efficacy of the CAD/CAM surgical guide during chin harvesting procedures in reducing the risk of neurosensory damage and patient morbidity compared with the standard technique.

Materials and Methods

About 20 cases of autogenous block chin harvest were randomly into two groups. The first group received computer‐guided chin block harvest while the second group received autogenous block chin harvest using the standard approach.

Results

In the guided group, out of the 10 subjects, 2 subjects presented with wound dehiscence which resolved within 1 month. No teeth showed any negative pulp sensitivity results. The pointed‐Blunt test and 2 point discrimination tests showed a single case of neurodeficits at 1 week follow‐up appointment which resolved within 1 month. In the nonguided group, out of the 10 subjects, 1 case presented with wound dehiscence that resolved completely within 1 month. Pulp vitality test showed negative results in 29.4% of the involved teeth at 1 week which decreased to 9.8% and 3.9% at 1 and 6 months follow‐up, respectively. The pointed blunt test revealed 3 subjects with neurodeficits at 1 week, out of which 2 subjects showed persisting symptoms at 6 months follow‐up. The 2 point discrimination test showed 3 subjects with neurodeficits, out of which two subjects showed persistent symptoms with no resolution at the 6 months follow‐up.

Conclusion

Within the limits of this study, computer‐guided chin harvest shows promising results in the reduction of neurosensory complications following harvesting procedures and presents as a safe alternative to the standard technique.
Morphology combined with ancillary techniques: An algorithm approach for thyroid nodules
Authors: Rossi E. D. , Martini M. , Capodimonti S. , Cenci T. , Bilotta M. , Pierconti F. , Pontecorvi A. , Lombardi C. P. , Fadda G. , Larocca L. M.
Published: April 2018

Introduction

Several authors have underlined the limits of morphological analysis mostly in the diagnosis of follicular neoplasms (FN). The application of ancillary techniques, including immunocytochemistry (ICC) and molecular testing, contributes to a better definition of the risk of malignancy (ROM) and management of FN. According to literature, the application of models, including the evaluation of ICC, somatic mutations (ie, BRAFV600E), micro RNA analysis is proposed for FNs. This study discusses the validation of a diagnostic algorithm in FN with a special focus on the role of morphology then followed by ancillary techniques.

Methods

From June 2014 to January 2016, we enrolled 37 FNs with histological follow‐up. In the same reference period, 20 benign nodules and 20 positive for malignancy were selected as control. ICC, BRAFV600E mutation and miR‐375 were carried out on LBC.

Results

The 37 FNs included 14 atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance and 23 FN. Specifically, atypia of undetermined significance/follicular lesion of undetermined significance resulted in three goitres, 10 follicular adenomas and one NIFTP whereas FN/suspicious for FN by seven follicular adenomas and 16 malignancies (nine non‐invasive follicular thyroid neoplasms with papillary‐like nuclear features, two invasive follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma [PTC] and five PTC). The 20 positive for malignancy samples included two invasive follicular variant of PTC, 16 PTCs and two medullary carcinomas. The morphological features of BRAFV600E mutation (nuclear features of PTC and moderate/abundant eosinophilic cytoplasms) were associated with 100% ROM. In the wild type cases, ROM was 83.3% in presence of a concordant positive ICC panel whilst significantly lower (10.5%) in a negative concordant ICC. High expression values of MirR‐375 provided 100% ROM.

Conclusions

The adoption of an algorithm might represent the best choice for the correct diagnosis of FNs. The morphological detection of BRAFV600E represents the first step for the identification of malignant FNs. A significant reduction of unnecessary thyroidectomies is the goal of this application.
A retrospective 3‐year study of salivary gland FNAC with categorisation using the Milan reporting system
Authors: Thiryayi S. A. , Low Y. X. , Shelton D. , Narine N. , Slater D. , Rana D. N.
Published: April 2018

Introduction

To assess our practice using the recently developed standardised classification system designated The Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) and to ascertain the rates of malignancy for each category by means of a retrospective study.

Methods

All salivary gland FNAC samples received between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2015 were retrospectively assigned a diagnostic category code from the MSRSGC. Cytology results were correlated with subsequent histology (where available), and clinical and radiological follow up.

Results

A total of 287 salivary gland FNA samples were received from 272 patients. The specimens were classified as non‐diagnostic (21.3%), non‐neoplastic (22%), atypia of undetermined significance (2.4%), neoplasm benign (36.9%), neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential (5.2%), suspicious for malignancy (1.7%) and malignant (10.5%; low grade 1.4% and high grade 9.1%). Histological and clinical/radiological follow up was available for 138 (48.1%) specimens, clinical/radiological follow up only for 145 (50.5%) and no follow up for the remaining four (1.4%) samples. The risk of malignancy for each category was non‐diagnostic (8.5%), non‐neoplastic (1.6%), atypia of undetermined significance (0%), neoplasm benign (1.9%), neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential (26.7%), suspicious for malignancy (100%) and malignant (100%).

Conclusions

The MSRSGC appears to be a useful tool to guide clinical management and provide an indication of possible risk of malignancy. We favour implementing use of these categories in our reporting practice with a future re‐evaluation to assess maintenance of service quality as well as the clinical utility of this reporting system.
Cytological diagnosis of follicular dendritic cell sarcoma: A case report and review of literature
Authors: Dutta A. , Arun P. , Roy P. , Arun I.
Published: April 2018

Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma (FDCS) is a rare neoplasm of the accessory immune cells, the diagnosis of which can be missed if it is not included in the differential diagnosis of a spindle cell neoplasm. We describe the cytomorphologic features of FDCS with review of literature and emphasize the importance of routine cell block preparation for immunohistochemistry and confirmation of diagnosis.
Reproducibility of diagnostic criteria associated with atypical breast cytology: A methodological issue
Authors: Weigner J. , Zardawi I. , Braye S. , McElduff P.
Published: April 2018

Response to the letter from Naderi and Sabour in this issue.
Moving from representation to persistence: The capacity of Australia's National Reserve System to support viable populations of mammals
Authors: Clements Hayley S. , Kearney Stephen G. , Cook Carly N.
Published: April 2018

Aim

Species require sufficiently large and connected areas of suitable habitat to support populations that can persist through change. With extensive alteration of unprotected natural habitat, there is increasing risk that protected areas (PAs) will be too small and isolated to support viable populations in the long term. Consequently, this study addresses the urgent need to assess the capacity of PA estates to facilitate species persistence.

Location

Australia.

Methods

We undertake the first assessment of the capacity of the Australian National Reserve System (NRS) to protect 90 mammal species in the long term, given the size and distribution of individual PAs across the landscape relative to species’ habitat and minimum viable area (MVA) requirements and dispersal capabilities.

Results

While all mammal ranges are represented within the NRS, the conservation capacity declined notably when we refined measures of representation within PAs to include species’ habitat and area requirements. The NRS could not support any viable populations for between three and seven species, depending on the MVA threshold used, and could support less than 10 viable populations for up to a third of the species. Planning and managing PAs for persistence emerged as most important for species with large MVA requirements and limited dispersal capabilities.

Main conclusions

The key species characteristics we identify can help managers recognize species at risk within the current PA estate and guide the types of strategies that would best reduce this risk. We reveal that current representation‐based assessments of PA progress are likely to overestimate the long‐term success of PA estates, obscuring vulnerabilities for many species. It is important that conservation planners and managers are realistic and explicit regarding the role played by different sizes and distributions of PAs, and careful in assuming that the representation of a species within a PA equates to its long‐term conservation.
Neutrophils as effectors of vascular inflammation
Authors: Gómez‐Moreno Diego , Adrover José María , Hidalgo Andrés
Published: April 2018

Vascular inflammation underlies most forms of cardiovascular disease, which remains a prevalent cause of death among the global population. Advances in the biology of neutrophils, as well as insights into their dynamics in tissues, have revealed that these cells are prominent drivers of vascular inflammation though derailed activation within blood vessels. The development of powerful imaging techniques, as well as identification of cells and molecules that regulate their activation within vessels, including platelets and catecholamines, has been instrumental to better understand the mechanisms through which neutrophils protect or damage the organism. Other advances in our understanding of how these leucocytes exert detrimental functions on neighbouring cells, including the formation of DNA‐based extracellular traps, constitute milestones in defining neutrophil‐driven inflammation. Here, we review emerging mechanisms that regulate intravascular activation and effector functions of neutrophils, and discuss specific pathologies in which these processes are relevant. We argue that identification of pathways and mechanisms specifically engaged within the vasculature may provide effective therapies to treat this prevalent group of pathologies.
Upper body fat predicts metabolic syndrome similarly in men and women
Authors: Grundy Scott M. , Williams Corbin , Vega Gloria L.
Published: April 2018

Background

The metabolic syndrome is a constellation of risk factors including dyslipidemia, dysglycemia, hypertension, a pro‐inflammatory state, and a prothrombotic state. All of these factors are accentuated by obesity. However, obesity can be defined by body mass index (BMI), percent body fat, or by body fat distribution. The latter consists of upper body fat (subcutaneous and visceral fat) and lower body fat (gluteofemoral fat). Waist circumference is a common surrogate marker for upper body fat.

Methods

Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) for the years 1999‐2006 was examined for associations of metabolic risk factors with percent body fat, waist circumference, and BMI.

Results

Associations between absolute measures of waist circumference and risk factors were similiar for men and women. The similarities of associations between waist circumference and risk factors suggests that greater visceral fat in men does not accentuate the influence of upper body fat on risk factors.

Conclusions

Different waist concumference values should not be used to define abdominal obesity in men and women.
Neutrophil phenotypes in health and disease
Authors: Hellebrekers Pien , Vrisekoop Nienke , Koenderman Leo
Published: April 2018

Neutrophils are one of the most important effector cells of the innate immune response (1). They are traditionally seen as a homogenous population of short‐lived cells mainly involved in the defence against extracellular microorganisms by phagocytosis and intracellular killing (1,2). The cells contain a large armamentarium that aids in this function and ranges from the production of reactive oxygen species by a membrane‐bound NADPH oxidase to cytotoxic proteins and peptides residing in the different granules present in the cytoplasm (3). Recently, the view of neutrophils belonging to a homogenous population of cells has been challenged, and several neutrophil phenotypes have been described that exhibit specialized functions, such as involvement in tissue repair, tumour killing and immune regulation (4). It is not clear whether these cells belong to separate parallel lineages originating from the bone marrow or that neutrophils become instructed in the distant tissues, thus changing their phenotypes. In addition, functional heterogeneity in a phenotypically homogenous population of neutrophils adds to the complexity of neutrophil phenotypes(5). This article will review the current literature describing the heterogeneity within the neutrophil compartment with respect to both phenotype and function in health and disease.
Clinical effects of antiplatelet drugs and statins on D‐dimer levels
Authors: Schol‐Gelok Suzanne , van der Hulle Tom , Biedermann Joseph S. , van Gelder Teun , Klok Frederikus A. , van der Pol Liselotte M. , Versmissen Jorie , Huisman Menno V. , Kruip Marieke J. H. A.
Published: April 2018

Background

Acute pulmonary embolism may be ruled out by combining nonhigh clinical probability and a normal D‐dimer level. Both antiplatelet drugs and HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) have been associated with effects on thrombus formation, potentially influencing D‐dimer levels in this setting, leading to a higher rate of false‐negative tests. Therefore, we determined whether D‐dimer levels in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism are affected by concomitant use of antiplatelet drugs and/or statins and evaluated whether the effect of antiplatelet drugs or statins might affect diagnostic accuracy.

Materials and methods

We performed a posthoc analysis in the YEARS diagnostic study, comparing age‐ and sex‐adjusted D‐dimer levels among users of antiplatelet drugs, statins and nonusers. We then reclassified patients within the YEARS algorithm by developing a model in which we adjusted D‐dimer cut‐offs for statin use and evaluated diagnostic accuracy.

Results

We included 156 statins users, 147 antiplatelet drugs users and 726 nonusers of either drugs, all with suspected pulmonary embolism. Use of antiplatelet drugs did not have a significant effect, whereas statin use was associated with 15% decrease in D‐dimer levels (95% CI, −28% to −0.6%). An algorithm with lower D‐dimer thresholds in statin users yielded lower specificity (0.42 compared to 0.33) with no difference in false‐negative tests.

Conclusions

We conclude that use of statins but not of antiplatelet agents is associated with a modest decrease in D‐dimer levels. Adjusting D‐dimer cut‐offs for statin use did, however, not result in a safer diagnostic strategy in our cohort.
Blood pressure levels in the acute phase after intracerebral hemorrhage are associated with mortality in young adults
Authors: Mustanoja S. , Putaala J. , Koivunen R.‐J. , Surakka I. , Tatlisumak T.
Published: April 2018

Background and purpose

Blood pressure (BP) levels in acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and mortality have not been thoroughly studied in the young.

Methods

The relationship between BP and mortality was assessed in consecutive patients with first‐ever, non‐traumatic acute ICH at ≤50 years of age, enrolled in the Helsinki ICH Young Study. BP parameters included systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP), mean arterial pressure and pulse pressure (SBP − DBP) at admission and 24 h, and delta (admission–24 h) BP parameters. Outcome measures were 3‐month and long‐term mortalities, adjusted for demographics and ICH score parameters for short‐term and cardiovascular risk factors for long‐term prognostics. Cox regression models were used to assess independent BP parameters associated with mortality.

Results

Of our 334 patients (61% male), 92 (27%) had pre‐stroke hypertension and 54 (16%) used antihypertensive treatment. The follow‐up extended to 17 years with a median of 12 (interquartile range, 9.65–14.7) years. Both 3‐month (n = 56; 16%) and long‐term (n = 97; 29%) mortalities were associated with significantly higher admission SBP and mean arterial pressure levels, but not with 24‐h BP levels, compared with survivors. Patients with SBP ≥ 160 mmHg (n = 156; 46%) had a significantly higher mortality rate (n = 59, 17% vs. n = 38, 11%; P = 0.001) and died earlier (9.6; 95% confidence interval, 2.9–12.9 years vs. 11.3; 95% confidence interval, 8.1–13.9 years; P = 0.001) within the follow‐up period. In multivariable analyses, admission SBP ≥160 mmHg was independently associated with both 3‐month (hazard ratio, 2.50; 95% confidence interval, 1.19–5.24; P < 0.05) and long‐term (hazard ratio, 2.02; 95% confidence interval, 1.18–3.43; P < 0.01) mortalities.

Conclusions

In young patients with ICH, acute‐phase SBP levels ≥160 mmHg are independently associated with increased mortality.
Kappa free light chains in cerebrospinal fluid to identify patients with oligoclonal bands
Authors: Süße M. , Hannich M. , Petersmann A. , Zylla S. , Pietzner M. , Nauck M. , Dressel A.
Published: April 2018

Background and purpose

The gold standard for detection of intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis is the measurement of oligoclonal bands (OCB). In the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis, the kappa free light chains (KFLC) index has a similar sensitivity and specificity as OCB. This study investigated whether determination of the KFLC index could be used to predict the presence of OCB.

Methods

The KFLC index was determined prospectively from 295 paired serum and cerebrospinal fluid samples. KFLC were determined by nephelometry using the N Latex FLC kappa kit (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products GmbH) on the BN Prospec analyzer (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Products GmbH) (cohort I). A cut‐off value was determined using receiver operating characteristic analysis in relation to OCB positivity. These results were validated prospectively in 96 samples (cohort II) as well as retrospectively in samples of 46 patients known to be OCB positive (cohort III). We also compared the agreement of two commercially available nephelometric KFLC assays.

Results

In cohort I, a KFLC index of 3.61 yielded 100% sensitivity and 88% specificity. Prospective validation of this cut‐off value in cohort II showed 92% sensitivity and 96% specificity. In cohort III, a sensitivity of 93% was achieved. Comparison of Siemens and Binding Site (Birmingham, UK) assays revealed good agreement (r2 = 0.86).

Conclusions

The KFLC index with a cut‐off value of 3.61 had high diagnostic accuracy to predict immunoglobulin G synthesis via OCB analysis. Determination of the KFLC index provided a quantitative parameter that could be used as an initial diagnostic step in inflammatory central nervous system disorders before measuring OCB.
Different as night and day: Patterns of isolated seizures, clusters, and status epilepticus
Authors: Goldenholz Daniel M. , Rakesh Kshitiz , Kapur Kush , Gaínza‐Lein Marina , Hodgeman Ryan , Moss Robert , Theodore William H. , Loddenkemper Tobias
Published: April 2018

Using approximations based on presumed U.S. time zones, we characterized day and nighttime seizure patterns in a patient‐reported database, Seizure Tracker. A total of 632 995 seizures (9698 patients) were classified into 4 categories: isolated seizure event (ISE), cluster without status epilepticus (CWOS), cluster including status epilepticus (CIS), and status epilepticus (SE). We used a multinomial mixed‐effects logistic regression model to calculate odds ratios (ORs) to determine night/day ratios for the difference between seizure patterns: ISE versus SE, ISE versus CWOS, ISE versus CIS, and CWOS versus CIS. Ranges of OR values were reported across cluster definitions. In adults, ISE was more likely at night compared to CWOS (OR = 1.49, 95% adjusted confidence interval [CI] = 1.36‐1.63) and to CIS (OR = 1.61, 95% adjusted CI = 1.34‐1.88). The ORs for ISE versus SE and CWOS versus SE were not significantly different regardless of cluster definition. In children, ISE was less likely at night compared to SE (OR = 0.85, 95% adjusted CI = 0.79‐0.91). ISE was more likely at night compared to CWOS (OR = 1.35, 95% adjusted CI = 1.26‐1.44) and CIS (OR = 1.65, 95% adjusted CI = 1.44‐1.86). CWOS was more likely during the night compared to CIS (OR = 1.22, 95% adjusted CI = 1.05‐1.39). With the exception of SE in children, our data suggest that more severe patterns favor daytime. This suggests distinct day/night preferences for different seizure patterns in children and adults.
Long‐term outcome of treatment of a squamous cell carcinoma of the foot by amputation of the distal limb in a pony
Authors: Moulin N. , Schramme M. , François I. , Castelijns G. , Belluco S.
Published: April 2018

This report describes a rare case of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in a 10‐year‐old Shetland pony. The pony was presented for evaluation of a chronic, ulcerating mass of the foot associated with a nonweightbearing lameness of the right forelimb. Foot radiographs revealed an aggressive bone lesion with severe osteolysis of the distal phalanx. Amputation of the digit was performed under general anaesthesia at the level of the metacarpophalangeal joint using a palmar flap technique and a transfixation cast for protection of the stump. Avascular necrosis, infection and dehiscence of the stump occurred 3 weeks later and a second amputation was performed at the level of the proximal third of the third metacarpal bone. Histopathology revealed a squamous cell carcinoma. After healing of the stump, a prosthesis was fitted to the limb for improved ambulation of the pony. Two years after the amputation, telephone follow‐up with the referring veterinarian and the owner, revealed that the pony was healthy and able to go out daily in a paddock with its prosthesis.SCCrepresents an unusual indication for limb amputation. Successful outcome is rarely reported in horses.
Metapopulation dynamics in a changing climate: Increasing spatial synchrony in weather conditions drives metapopulation synchrony of a butterfly inhabiting a fragmented landscape
Authors: Kahilainen Aapo , van Nouhuys Saskya , Schulz Torsti , Saastamoinen Marjo
Published: April 2018

Habitat fragmentation and climate change are both prominent manifestations of global change, but there is little knowledge on the specific mechanisms of how climate change may modify the effects of habitat fragmentation, for example, by altering dynamics of spatially structured populations. The long‐term viability of metapopulations is dependent on independent dynamics of local populations, because it mitigates fluctuations in the size of the metapopulation as a whole. Metapopulation viability will be compromised if climate change increases spatial synchrony in weather conditions associated with population growth rates. We studied a recently reported increase in metapopulation synchrony of the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia) in the Finnish archipelago, to see if it could be explained by an increase in synchrony of weather conditions. For this, we used 23 years of butterfly survey data together with monthly weather records for the same period. We first examined the associations between population growth rates within different regions of the metapopulation and weather conditions during different life‐history stages of the butterfly. We then examined the association between the trends in the synchrony of the weather conditions and the synchrony of the butterfly metapopulation dynamics. We found that precipitation from spring to late summer are associated with theM. cinxiaper capita growth rate, with early summer conditions being most important. We further found that the increase in metapopulation synchrony is paralleled by an increase in the synchrony of weather conditions. Alternative explanations for spatial synchrony, such as increased dispersal or trophic interactions with a specialist parasitoid, did not show paralleled trends and are not supported. The climate driven increase inM. cinxiametapopulation synchrony suggests that climate change can increase extinction risk of spatially structured populations living in fragmented landscapes by altering their dynamics.
Catalytic power of enzymes decreases with temperature: New insights for understanding soil C cycling and microbial ecology under warming
Authors: Alvarez Gaël , Shahzad Tanvir , Andanson Laurence , Bahn Michael , Wallenstein Matthew D. , Fontaine Sébastien
Published: April 2018

Most current models of soil C dynamics predict that climate warming will accelerate soil C mineralization, resulting in a long‐term CO2 release and positive feedback to global warming. However, ecosystem warming experiments show that CO2 loss from warmed soils declines to control levels within a few years. Here, we explore the temperature dependence of enzymatic conversion of polymerized soil organic C (SOC) into assimilable compounds, which is presumed the rate‐limiting step of SOC mineralization. Combining literature review, modelling and enzyme assays, we studied the effect of temperature on activity of enzymes considering their thermal inactivation and catalytic activity. We defined the catalytic power of enzymes (Epower) as the cumulative amount of degraded substrate by one unit of enzyme until its complete inactivation. We show a universal pattern of enzyme's thermodynamic properties: activation energy of catalytic activity (EAcat) < activation energy of thermal inactivation (EAinact). By investing in stable enzymes (high EAinact) having high catalytic activity (low EAcat), microorganisms may maximize the Epower of their enzymes. The counterpart of such EAs’ hierarchical pattern is the higher relative temperature sensitivity of enzyme inactivation than catalysis, resulting in a reduction in Epower under warming. Our findings could explain the decrease with temperature in soil enzyme pools, microbial biomass (MB) and carbon use efficiency (CUE) reported in some warming experiments and studies monitoring the seasonal variation in soil enzymes. They also suggest that a decrease in soil enzyme pools due to their faster inactivation under warming contributes to the observed attenuation of warming effect on soil C mineralization. This testable theory predicts that the ultimate response of SOC degradation to warming can be positive or negative depending on the relative temperature response of Epower and microbial production of enzymes.
Temperature sensitivity of soil microbial activity modeled by the square root equation as a unifying model to differentiate between direct temperature effects and microbial community adaptation
Authors: Bååth Erland
Published: April 2018

Numerous models have been used to express the temperature sensitivity of microbial growth and activity in soil making it difficult to compare results from different habitats. Q10 still is one of the most common ways to express temperature relationships. However, Q10 is not constant with temperature and will differ depending on the temperature interval used for the calculation. The use of the square root (Ratkowsky) relationship between microbial activity (A) and temperature below optimum temperature,  = a × (T−Tmin), is proposed as a simple and adequate model that allow for one descriptor, Tmin (a theoretical minimum temperature for growth and activity), to estimate correct Q10‐values over the entire in situ temperature interval. The square root model can adequately describe both microbial growth and respiration, allowing for an easy determination of Tmin. Q10 for any temperature interval can then be calculated by Q10 = [(T + 10 − Tmin)/(T−Tmin)]2, where T is the lowest temperature in the Q10 comparison. Tmin also describes the temperature adaptation of the microbial community. An envelope of Tmin covering most natural soil habitats varying between −15°C (cold habitats like Antarctica/Arctic) to 0°C (tropical habitats like rain forests and deserts) is suggested, with an 0.3°C increase in Tmin per 1°C increase in mean annual temperature. It is shown that the main difference between common temperature relationships used in global models is differences in the assumed temperature adaptation of the soil microbial community. The use of the square root equation will allow for one descriptor, Tmin, determining the temperature response of soil microorganisms, and at the same time allow for comparing temperature sensitivity of microbial activity between habitats, including future projections.
Correlates of spread rates for introduced insects
Authors: Fahrner Samuel , Aukema Brian H.
Published: April 2018

Aim

The rate at which introduced insects disperse into novel habitats is a key determinant of the impacts of biological invasions and the efficacy of importation biological control programs. Understanding which life‐history traits or abiotic factors moderate spread rates is important for designing trapping and eradication programs for invasive insects and for designing release protocols of imported natural enemies. Our aim was to identify variables that can explain variation in spread rates of introduced insects.

Location

Global. Spread rates from 30 different countries were compiled.

Time period

1976–2014.

Major taxon studied

Insecta.

Methods

We compiled 147 published spread rates of 86 non‐native insects. Spread rates were averaged per species so that each insect was only represented once in statistical analyses. Simultaneously, we collected information on several variables associated with the introduced insects such as adult longevity, diet breadth, diet preference, eusociality, fecundity, taxonomic order, role of passive dispersal (important versus not important), size, type (invasive species versus biological control agent), voltinism (i.e., the number of generations per year) and duration of spread. In addition to analysis of the complete data set, analyses of several subsets of the data were conducted to determine robustness and sensitivity of findings.

Results

In the global analysis, voltinism was clearly the most significant predictor of spread rates. Insects with more than one generation per year spread faster than those with one or fewer generations. Analyses limited to either invasive species or importation biological agents further confirmed that multivoltine insects spread faster on average than univoltine insects.

Main conclusions

Whereas previous work has shown that accidentally introduced insects spread faster than those introduced intentionally, the identification of voltinism as a key predictor of spread may enhance risk analyses and accuracy of forecasting, especially where a changing climate may alter patterns of voltinism.
Trends and potential expansions in the environmental histories of British Malaya
Authors: Lee Joanna W. C.
Published: April 2018

The field of environmental history has been incredibly useful in further understanding the British Empire. Studies of Empire have explored a myriad of areas and intellectual themes, these encompassing political, material, and cultural environmental histories. Nonetheless, new trends in the field have yet to be applied to the region of British Malaya, where issues of colonial development such as those pertaining to cash crops, mining, and forestry remain the primary focus. The study of cultural environmental history, or how nature has been represented in various media, remains under‐explored. Given the potential of British Malaya in contributing to cultural environmental history and vice versa, the following article provides an overview of British Malayan environmental historiography and suggests a number of ways in which it can be expanded. Additionally, it offers a brief example of how texts such as historical novels might be read as an alternative source.
Mineral density in carious dentine after treatment with calcium silicates and polyacrylic acid‐based cements
Authors: Pires P. M. , Santos T. P. , Fonseca‐Gonçalves A. , Pithon M. M. , Lopes R. T. , Neves A. A.
Published: April 2018

Aim

To test the hypothesis that polyacrylic acid‐based and calcium silicate materials are able to increase mineral density of artificially demineralized dentine produced by a microcosm model for caries formation.

Methodology

Forty‐five dentine cavities were prepared in nine sound human third molars (five in each tooth). Specimens received a bacterial inoculum and were incubated in BHI plus 5% of sucrose for 96 h to allow biofilm formation. After that, the specimens were scanned in a high energy micro‐CT (baseline stack) and then, each cavity was filled with different cements: zinc polycarboxylate (Poly Zinc™, Prevest DenPro, Jammu, India), conventional glass–ionomer (Ketac Molar, 3M ESPE, Seefeld, Germany) and two calcium silicate‐based materials (MTA, Angelus, Londrina, Brazil and Biodentine™, Septodont, Saint Maur des Fosses, France) whilst the central cavity was filled with utility wax (negative control). Specimens were kept for 45 days under simulated intrapulpal pressure using simulated body fluid and after, they were again scanned (treated stacks). Reconstruction of the acquired projections was accomplished using standardized parameters, and the percentage mineral density change was calculated around each cavity. Data were tested for normality using the Shapiro–Wilk test, followed by nonparametric methods.

Results

A microcosm artificial caries model was able to cause dentine demineralization (±90% related to sound dentine). Significant increases in dentine mineral density were achieved using MTA or Poly Zinc™ (43.56% and 41.64% remineralization), followed by Biodentine™ (36.40%) and Ketac Molar (32.54%), P < 0.05.

Conclusion

All cements increased mineral density in demineralized dentine, but zinc polycarboxylate cement and MTA had greater bioactive potential. Micro‐CT proved to be an effective method to evaluate changes in mineral density within dentine in contact with bioactive materials.
Efficacy of forced‐air warming for preventing perioperative hypothermia and related complications in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Su Shu‐Fen , Nieh Hsiao‐Chi
Published: April 2018

Background

Perioperatively, unexpected hypothermia may cause adverse surgical outcomes. However, few studies have explored the efficacy of forced‐air warming in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery.

Aim/Objective

To determine the efficacy of forced‐air warming for preventing perioperative hypothermia and complications in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery.

Methods

A total of 127 participants undergoing laparoscopic thoracic or abdominal surgery were recruited between January and November 2015. Participants were randomly allocated to intervention (forced‐air warming, n = 64) and control groups (passive insulation, n = 63). Oesophageal core temperature was measured during surgery, whilst tympanic core temperature was measured every 30 minutes preoperatively and in the postanaesthesia care unit. Levels of shivering and pain, amount of bleeding, and adverse cardiac events were measured before the transfer from the postanaesthesia care unit. The generalized estimating equation was used for data analysis.

Results

The intervention group had better warming efficacy than the control group between 90 and 330 minutes during surgery. The intervention group had fewer complications than the control group in terms of intraoperative bleeding, time to rewarm to 36°C, pain levels, and shivering levels in the postanaesthesia care unit.

Conclusion

Forced‐air warming can increase warming efficacy and reduce complications of perioperative hypothermia in patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery.
Effects of Papacarie on children with dental caries in primary teeth: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Deng Yuejia , Feng Ge , Hu Bo , Kuang Yunchun , Song Jinlin
Published: April 2018

Background

Caries in primary teeth hinder the child to bite and chew and influence their development. Papacarie has the characteristics of selective removal of decayed tissue and can preserve healthy dentine to the maximum, but its efficiency has not been critically evaluated compared to conventional method.

Aim

This review is aiming at comparing the Papacarie and traditional method in caries removal in primary dental caries with children.

Design

Comprehensive literature searching at PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science to January 2018.

Results

Six randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and four prospective controlled clinical trials (CCTs) were included. The microbiota in caries dentine was significantly reduced using the Papacarie treatment (MD = 0.57, 95% CI 0.04 to 1.09, P = 0.03), and the anxiety feeling declined more in the Papacarie group (MD = −1.01, 95% CI −1.72 to −0.30, P < 0.005). There was a greater 200.79 (MD = 200.79, 95%CI 152.50 to 249.09, P < 0.00001) increase in time taken for the Papacarie treatment compared with the conventional method.

Conclusion

Papacarie exerts a positive effect in reducing the bacteria and decreases the pain during caries removal in primary teeth although it costed a longer treatment time compared with the conventional method.
Business Ownership versus Self‐Employment
Authors: Light Audrey , Munk Robert
Published: April 2018

Using data from the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY79), we find that 68 percent of jobs classified as self‐employment are not independently reported as self‐owned businesses, while 16 percent of self‐owned businesses are not independently classified as self‐employment. Businesses not regarded as self‐employment are often associated with such signs of entrepreneurship as self‐identification as an entrepreneur, job descriptions that refer to business ownership or a managerial role, and high individual skill/asset levels. Self‐employed jobs that are not independently classified as self‐owned businesses are dominated by contract work and home‐based, single‐person pursuits. Our evidence suggests that self‐employment should not be viewed as a synonym for business ownership.
Lifting wages and conditions of atypical employees in Denmark—the role of social partners and sectoral social dialogue
Authors: Larsen Trine P. , Mailand Mikkel
Published: April 2018

The article focuses on IR‐institutions and atypical employment in three sectors in Denmark. It demonstrates that industrial cleaning with precariousness being widespread shows most social partner responses followed by construction and then hospitals with fewest responses and problems. Despite these social dialogue initiatives, cross‐sectoral variations of precariousness continue to exist.
Network effects on crowdfunding platforms: Exploring the implications of relaxing input control
Authors: Thies Ferdinand , Wessel Michael , Benlian Alexander
Published: April 2018

Crowdfunding has emerged as a viable alternative to venture capital or angel investments in order to raise funds for entrepreneurial initiatives. Despite its growing importance, we still know little about the underlying network effects that drive the evolution and growth of crowdfunding platforms. Specifically, is the evolution and growth primarily driven by a growing number of entrepreneurial projects attracting funders, or do funders primarily attract entrepreneurs, or does a reciprocal relationship exist between the two market sides? We also explore whether and how input control, a common gatekeeping mechanism on platforms, has an impact on the formation of network effects. By analyzing eight years of data on the evolution of Kickstarter, one of the leading reward‐based crowdfunding platforms, we find that network effects are asymmetric. An increasing number of entrepreneurial projects has a strong and significant effect on the installed base of funders (cross‐side network effects) and also attracts other entrepreneurs to the platform (same‐side network effects). However, an increased installed base of funders does not have an effect on the growth of either side of the market. We also find that, under weaker input control, cross‐side network effects and same‐side network effects are weaker and less sustainable. Taken together, our exploratory evidence suggests that the relationship between the market sides on crowdfunding platforms might be less reciprocal than expected, having profound implications for entrepreneurs and providers of crowdfunding platforms.
Living apart (or) together—neighbours’ views and experiences on their relationships with neighbours with and without intellectual disabilities
Authors: Overmars‐Marx Tessa , Pepping Barbara , Thomése Fleur
Published: April 2018

Background

Neighbours play an important role in the social inclusion of people with intellectual disabilities. Neighbouring in general might help understand the social interactions between neighbours with and without intellectual disabilities. Our study focuses on gaining insight into neighbouring patterns and how people with intellectual disabilities fit in them.

Method

26 interviews were conducted with 29 neighbours of people with intellectual disabilities on their norms and behaviours towards neighbours with and without disabilities.

Results

Four patterns were identified: feeling an outsider, fleeting contacts, individualized neighbourliness and sense of community.

Discussion

Participants perceived neighbours with intellectual disabilities as different: they are difficult to approach and show inappropriate behaviour. The groups shared most general perceptions, but there were differences. The first two groups mostly had fleeting encounters, whereas the last groups seemed more open to communal activities and assisting neighbours. In enhancing social inclusion, staff should be aware of these neighbouring patterns.
Predictors of success and quality of life in people with borderline intelligence: The special school label, personal and social resources
Authors: Szumski Grzegorz , Firkowska‐Mankiewicz Anna , Lebuda Izabela , Karwowski Maciej
Published: April 2018

Background

This longitudinal study examines the extent to which personal factors (intelligence and health status), social resources (family socioeconomic status, SES), special school placement and being labelled as a pupil with a disability in childhood predict subjective quality of life and objective life success 23 years later.

Materials and Methods

The sample consisted of 49 individuals with borderline intellectual functioning (BIF), 21 of whom attended special schools and were labelled as having special educational needs; the remaining 28 attended regular schools and were not labelled in this way.

Results

Parental SES predicted both subjective quality of life and objective successes in adult life. As hypothesized, the interaction between parental SES and placement in mainstream schools was associated with success in adulthood.

Conclusion

We discuss the results in light of labelling theory. Implications for educational policies and the provision of support for families of children with BIF are also considered.
The curious, context‐dependent case of anger: Explaining voting intentions in three different national elections
Authors: van Zomeren Martijn , Saguy Tamar , Mazzoni Davide , Cicognani Elvira
Published: April 2018

Collective action is typically studied in social protest contexts and predicted by different motivations (i.e., ingroup identification and efficacy beliefs, and outgroup‐directed anger). Assuming that voting to some extent reflects a form of collective action, we tested whether these three different motivations predicted voting in Dutch, Israeli, and Italian national election contexts. Based on previous meta‐analyses on voting and collective action, we hypothesized that identification with and efficacy beliefs regarding this party would motivate voting across the different elections (i.e., context‐independent effects). As for anger, we predicted more context‐dependent effects, depending on whether the anger is targeting the previous government or at the political system at large. Results were largely in line with predictions, showing the relatively context‐independent motivational power of party identification and efficacy beliefs, and clearly context‐dependent effects for anger. Specifically, we found little support for a similar motivational power of anger targeting previous government policies, but anger targeting politics in general demotivated Dutch and Israeli participants to vote (interpreted as an expression of political cynicism), while curiously motivating Italian participants to vote (interpreted as a desire for system change from “old” to “new” politics). We discuss these findings in the context of voting in national elections, and recommend further integration of the voting and social protest literatures.
Applying the SIDE model to brainwriting: The impact of intergroup comparison and anonymity on creative performance
Authors: Le Hénaff Benjamin , Michinov Nicolas , Le Bohec Olivier
Published: April 2018

According to the Social Identity model of Deindividuation Effects, intergroup comparison under anonymity accentuates social identity salience, potentially increasing motivation to work for one's group. The present experiment aimed to examine whether intergroup comparison and anonymity could boost creative performance in a brainwriting task. Sixty participants, randomly assigned to groups, wrote their ideas on sticky notes of the same (anonymity) or different color (individuation). To reinforce social identity salience, half the groups were told that their performance would be compared with other groups. As predicted, anonymity and intergroup comparison boosted both the number of nonredundant ideas produced by group members (fluency), and diversity of ideas pertaining to different categories (flexibility). By contrast, when social identity was not salient, anonymity led to an increase in the originality of ideas.