bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbonate system distribution, anthropogenic carbon and acidification in the western tropical South Pacific (OUTPACE 2015 transect)
Authors: Wagener Thibaut , Metzl Nicolas , Caffin Mathieu , Fin Jonathan , Helias Nunige Sandra , Lefevre Dominique , Lo Monaco Claire , Rougier Gilles , Moutin Thierry
Published: August 2018

Abstract. The western tropical South
Pacific was sampled along a longitudinal 4000 km transect (OUTPACE cruise,
18 February, 3 April 2015) for the measurement of carbonate parameters (total
alkalinity and total inorganic carbon) between the Melanesian Archipelago
(MA) and the western part of the South Pacific gyre (WGY). This paper reports
this new dataset and derived properties: pH on the total scale
(pHT) and the CaCO3 saturation state with respect to
aragonite (Ωara). We also estimate anthropogenic carbon
(CANT) distribution in the water column using the TrOCA method
(Tracer combining Oxygen, inorganic Carbon and total Alkalinity). Along the
OUTPACE transect a deeper penetration of CANT in the intermediate
waters was observed in the MA, whereas highest CANT
concentrations were detected in the subsurface waters of the WGY. By
combining our OUTPACE dataset with data available in GLODAPv2 (1974–2009),
temporal changes in oceanic inorganic carbon were evaluated. An increase of
1.3 to 1.6 µmol kg−1 a−1 for total inorganic carbon in
the upper thermocline waters is estimated, whereas CANT increases
by 1.1 to 1.2 µmol kg−1 a−1. In the MA intermediate
waters (27 kg m−3 <σθ<27.2 kg m−3) an
increase of 0.4 µmol kg−1 a−1 CANT is
detected. Our results suggest a clear progression of ocean acidification in
the western tropical South Pacific with a decrease in the oceanic
pHT of up to −0.0027 a−1 and a shoaling of the saturation
depth for aragonite of up to 200 m since the pre-industrial period.
Pore-water in marine sediments associated to gas hydrate dissociation
offshore Lebu, Chile
Authors: Cárcamo Carolina , Vargas-Cordero Iván , Fernandoy Francisco , Tinivella Umberta , López-Acevedo Diego , Bento Joaquim P. , Villar-Muñoz Lucía , Foucher Nicole , San Juan Marion , Rivero Alessandra
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Gas hydrate occurrences along the Chilean margin has been documented, but the processes associated to fluid escapes originated by gas hydrate dissociation yet are unknown. Here, we report morphologies growing related to fluid migration in the continental shelf offshore western Lebu (37 °S) by analysing mainly geochemical features. In this study oxygen and deuterium stable water isotopes in pore water were measured. Knowledge was completed by analysing bathymetric data, biological and sedimentological data. From bathymetric interpretation a positive relief at 127 m below sea level was recognised; it is oriented N55 °E and characterised by five peaks. Moreover, enrichment values for δ18O (from 0.0 to 1.8 ‰) and δD (from 0.0 to 5.6 ‰) were obtained. These are typical values related to hydrate melting during coring and post-sampling. The evident orientation of positive relief could be associated with faults and fractures reported by others authors, in which these structures constitute pathways for fluid migration from deep to shallow zones. Finally, benthic foraminifera observed in the core sample can be associated to seep areas. On the basis of theoretical modelling, we conclude that the positive relief correspond to mud growing processes related to gas hydrates dissociation and represent a key area to investigate fluid migration processes.
Hydrological trade-offs due to different land covers and land uses in the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: Anache Jamil A. A. , Wendland Edson , Rosalem Lívia M. P. , Youlton Cristian , Oliveira Paulo T. S.
Published: August 2018

Abstract. Farmland expansion in the Brazilian Cerrado, considered one of the largest agricultural frontiers in the world, has the potential to alter water fluxes on different spatial scales. Despite some large-scale studies being developed, there are still few investigations in experimental sites in this region. Here, we investigate the water balance components in experimental plots and the groundwater table fluctuation in different land covers: wooded Cerrado, sugarcane, pasture and bare soil. Furthermore, we identify possible water balance trade-offs due to the different land covers. This study was developed between 2012 and 2016 in the central region of the state of São Paulo, Southern Brazil. Hydrometeorological variables, groundwater table, surface runoff and other water balance components were monitored inside experimental plots containing different land covers; the datasets were analyzed using statistical parameters; and the water balance components uncertainties were computed. Replacing wooded Cerrado by pastureland and sugarcane shifts the overland flow (up to 42 mm yr−1), and soil water storage (up to 504 mm yr−1). This fact suggests significant changes in the water partitioning in a transient land cover and land use (LCLU) system, as the evapotranspiration is lower (up to 719 mm yr−1) in agricultural land covers than in the undisturbed Cerrado. We recommend long-term observations to continue the evaluations initiated in this study, mainly because tropical environments have few basic studies at the hillslope scale and more assessments are needed for a better understanding of the real field conditions. Such efforts should be made to reduce uncertainties, validate the water balance hypothesis and catch the variability of hydrological processes.
Una mirada a la diversidad en las industrias radiofónica y musical en España
Authors: Gallego J. Ignacio
Published: August 2018

La aprobación por parte de UNESCO de la Convención sobre la protección y promoción de la diversidad de las expresiones culturales (UNESCO, 2005) es un importante elemento que ha dado impulso a los intentos de medir la diversidad en las industrias culturales (UIS, 2011). En este marco, este trabajo aborda las relaciones entre la industria musical y la radio musical en España desde una perspectiva crítica y a través de un análisis de los datos disponibles sobre oferta y consumo de música grabada (listas de ventas, listas de radiofórmulas, composición de los mercados radiofónico y fonográfico) en diferentes momentos clave marcados por la emergencia de nuevos soportes y dispositivos (CD, Mp3, internet).Este trabajo tiene por objetivo fundamental analizar la evolución de la diversidad del mercado discográfico español desde el final de la década de 1970 hasta la actualidad, a través del estudio de las listas de éxitos musicales radiofónicos, la configuración empresarial del sector fonográfico y radiofónico, y las listas de fonogramas más vendidos.
1900-1924. La actitud de la prensa frente al nacimiento de la radio en España
Authors: Afuera-Heredero Angeles
Published: August 2018

La llegada de la radio a España, en el primer cuarto del siglo XX, fue relatada casi día a día por la prensa de la época, que en principio consideró el nuevo invento como un juguete tecnológico ajeno al periodismo. Las primeras pruebas de transmisión de música y voz  pusieron en alerta a los periódicos que cambiaron su opinión y dieron cabida en sus páginas a nuevas secciones especializadas y se hicieron eco de las peticiones de los radioaficionados. En pocos años los empresarios de la comunicación vieron en la radio una oportunidad de negocio y se implicaron definitivamente en la consolidación del nuevo medio. Este artículo hace un pormenorizado recorrido por las páginas de la prensa madrileña desde 1990 a 1925, analizando esa evolución.
ESTUDOS ÉTNICOS NAS ARTES DA CENA: A METODOLOGIA KÕKAMÕU COMO PERSPECTIVA SIMÉTRICA PARA O PROCESSO DE PESQUISA E CRIAÇÃO EM ARTE
Authors: Gonçalves Luiz Davi Vieira
Published: August 2018

Este artigo visa refletir a etnicidade nas Artes da Cena propondo a metodologia Kôkamõu como ferramenta para os desafios e realidades encontrados nos tempos atuais por artistas que procuram os povos ameríndios para desenvolverem pesquisas artísticas, acadêmicas, entre outras, sobretudo em busca de teorias e práticas decoloniais. A palavra kôkamõu, na língua Yanonami, significa juntos(as), e a metodologia salienta a importância da experiência junto aos indígenas como locus central para o aprofundamento do conhecimento sobre a realidade cosmológica, social e política, fortalecendo os objetivos almejados de ambas as partes envolvidas.
Research on Teacher Self-efficacy in Turkey: 2000-2017
Authors: Cansoy Ramazan , Polatcan Mahmut , Parlar Hanifi
Published: August 2018

In this study, 48 empirical studies on teacher self-efficacy published between 2000-2017 were reviewed in terms ofcertain basic characteristics, and the research trends were revealed in this area. According to the results obtained inthe review, teacher self-efficacy studies in the Turkish context showed an increase in the course of time. Teacherself-efficacy in a specific area was observed to be frequently examined within the context of teaching a subject orusing technology in education. This increase in the number of studies did not reflect much on the diversity of theresearch methods employed, and the studies were often conducted by using quantitative methods. Elementary andmiddle schools were mostly chosen as the research context. Furthermore, the amount of research on threeself-efficacy areas (i.e. collective teacher efficacy, teacher self-efficacy sources, and teachers’ general self-efficacy)were considerably limited. Moreover, none of the studies examined the relationship between teacher self-efficacyand collective teacher efficacy and student achievement. Common findings of the studies showed that teacherself-efficacy was a strong predictor or a mediator variable. In this sense, researchers are suggested to study howself-efficacy can be developed experimental and longitudinal works and to conduct studies to reveal insights aboutcollective efficacy in schools, teachers’ general self-efficacy, and the outcomes of these efficacy characteristics.
Sport, Performance-enhancing Drugs, and the Art of Self-imposed Constraints
Authors: Loland Sigmund ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: August 2018

Should the use of performance-enhancing drugs (PED) be banned in sport? A proper response to this question depends upon ideas of the meaning and value of sport. To a certain extent, sport is associated with ideal values such as equality of opportunity, fair play, performance and progress. PED use is considered contrary to these values. On the other hand, critics see sport as an expression of non-sustainable and competitive individualism that threatens human welfare and development. PED use is considered a logical consequence of these values. I challenge both views as simplistic and inadequate. I develop what I refer to as the normative structure of sport consisting of self-imposed constraints at three levels: in the formal rules, in norms for fair play, and in the interpretation of athletic excellence as a morally relevant instantiation of human excellence. I argue that the question of a ban on PED should be discussed at the third level and depends upon interpretations of athletic excellence as a form of human excellence. I conclude that, in the current situation of elite sport, proponents of a ban on PED seem to have the strongest arguments.
Neodiplopeltula gen. nov. from the west coast of Sweden and reappraisal of the genus Diplopeltula Gerlach, 1950 (Nematoda, Diplopeltidae)
Authors: Holovachov Oleksandr , Boström Sven
Published: August 2018

The new genus Neodiplopeltula gen. nov. is proposed to accommodate those species from the genus Diplopeltula Gerlach, 1950 that possess the following morphological characters: amphids in the shape of an elongated loop, a well-developed subcylindrical stoma and outstretched ovaries. The genus Diplopeltula is considered genus inquirendum et incertae sedis. Four species placed in Neodiplopeltula gen. nov. are redescribed. The following taxonomic changes are proposed: Neodiplopeltula asymmetrica (Allgén, 1935) gen. et comb. nov.; Neodiplopeltula barentsi (Steiner, 1916) gen. et comb. nov.; Neodiplopeltula bathmanni (Jensen, 1991) gen. et comb. nov.; Neodiplopeltula cuspidiboja (Leduc, 2017) gen. et comb. nov.; Neodiplopeltula indica (Gerlach, 1962) gen. et comb. nov.; Neodiplopeltula intermedia (Gerlach, 1954) gen. et comb. nov.; Neodiplopeltula obesa (Nguyen Vu Thahn, Nguyen Thahn Hien & Gagarin, 2012) gen. et comb. nov.; Neodiplopeltula onusta (Wieser, 1956) gen. et comb. nov.; Neodiplopeltula ovalis (Ditlevsen, 1928) gen. et comb. nov. and Neodiplopeltula tchesunovi (Fadeeva & Mordukhovich, 2013) gen. et comb. nov. New synonyms include: Diplopeltis asymmetricus Allgén, 1935 and Diplopeltis ovalis Ditlevsen, 1928 are synonimised with Neodiplopeltula barentsi (Steiner, 1916) gen. et comb. nov.; Diplopeltula tchesunovi Fadeeva & Mordukhovich, 2013 is synonimised with Neodiplopeltula onusta (Wieser, 1956) gen. et comb. nov.; the male of Diplopeltula cuspidiboja Leduc, 2017 is synonimised with Neodiplopeltula barentsi gen. et comb. nov. and the female with N. bathmanni gen. et comb. nov. A key to the species of Neodiplopeltula gen. nov. is provided.
Panorama brasileiro do bem-estar de suínos
Authors: Dias Cleandro Pazinato , Da Silva Caio Abércio , Foppa Luciana , Callegari Marco Aurélio , Pierozan Carlos Rodolfo
Published: August 2018

A suinocultura industrial brasileira é representativa em nível mundial, detendo uma produção de qualidade reconhecida e competitiva, na qual a classifica como quarta maior exportadora, contribuindo expressivamente com o PIB do país. Por sua vez, o tema bem-estar animal (BEA), que já se encontra bem estabelecido em importantes países produtores de suínos, vem ganhando notoriedade nesta cadeia, com consumidores, investidores e empresas alimentícias pressionando a indústria brasileira para incrementar estas práticas. Baseado em informações da literatura científica, atos administrativos, materiais técnicos e comunicados produzidos pelo setor privado, esta revisão apresenta o cenário brasileiro do bem-estar dos suínos, incluindo informações sobre a avaliação científica do BEA, como empresas e consumidores percebem o tema, os atos administrativos e demais iniciativas oficiais, a situação da transição do sistema de gestação em celas para o modelo coletivo e algumas das contribuições da pesquisa nacional. O cenário do bem-estar dos suínos no país é desafiador, mas há uma mobilização e esforços significativos de toda a cadeia, envolvendo a iniciativa pública e privada, já com resultados efetivos e práticos, sinalizando que embora o caminho seja laborioso o país avança verticalmente nesta questão.
Produção e bem-estar de búfalas (Bubalus bubalis) leiteiras: uma revisão
Authors: Carvalhal Dra. Monique Valéria De Lima , Costa Dra. Franciely De Oliveira
Published: August 2018

A produção de búfalas leiteiras tem passado por uma crescente intensificação, o que tem promovido o aumento da produção de leite. Algumas das técnicas que fazem parte dessa intensificação podem expor os animais a alterações no ambiente físico, sendo potenciaiscausadoras de estresse. Tendo isso em vista, é importante ampliar o entendimento de como as rotinas de manejo podem influenciar o bem-estar e a produtividade das búfalas leiteiras, a fim de embasar recomendações de boas práticas de manejo que considerem o  Comportamento e o bem-estar desses animais. Aspectos que englobam a temática do bem-estar animal têm se destacado devido à crescente pressão dos mercados consumidores mais exigentes e à preocupação com as questões éticas relacionadas à criação de animais. Portanto, nessa revisão serão apresentadas informações sobre a produção e obem-estar de búfalas leiteiras, com o objetivo de discutir a importância da avaliação de bem-estar animal nas fazendas comerciais.
Phylogenetic analysis of software evolution, a case study: VE&MINT
Authors: Ortiz-Troncoso Alvaro
Published: August 2018

Open source projects may face a forking situation at some point during their life-cycle. The traditional view is that forks are a waste of project resources and should be avoided. However, in a wider technological and organisational context, forks can be a way to foster the creation of a software ecosystem. Either way, forking is explicitly allowed by open source licenses. Notwithstanding, methods for quantifying the evolution of forks are currently scarce. The present work attempts to answer the question whether a real-life project has forked. It does so by considering code and organisational characteristics of the project, and analysing these characteristics by applying methods ported from biological phylogenetics. After finding that the project is forked, implications for project governance are discussed.
A look back at the quality of Protein Function Prediction tools in CAFA
Authors: Pourreza Shahri Morteza , Srinivasan Madhusudan , Bimczok Diane , Kanewala Upulee , Kahanda Indika
Published: August 2018

The Critical Assessment of protein Function Annotation algorithms (CAFA) is a large-scale experiment for assessing the computational models for automated function prediction (AFP). The models presented in CAFA have shown excellent promise in terms of prediction accuracy, but quality assurance has been paid relatively less attention. The main challenge associated with conducting systematic testing on AFP software is the lack of a test oracle, which determines passing or failing of a test case; unfortunately, the exact expected outcomes are not well defined for the AFP task. Thus, AFP tools face the oracle problem. Metamorphic testing (MT) is a technique used to test programs that face the oracle problem using metamorphic relations (MRs). A MR determines whether a test has passed or failed by specifying how the output should change according to a specific change made to the input. In this work, we use MT to test nine CAFA2 AFP tools by defining a set of MRs that apply input transformations at the protein-level. According to our initial testing, we observe that several tools fail all the test cases and two tools pass all the test cases on different GO ontologies.
Genotyping-by-sequencing and ecological niche modeling illuminate phylogeography, admixture, and Pleistocene range dynamics in quaking aspen (Populus tremuloides)
Authors: Bagley Justin C , Heming Neander M , Gutiérrez Eliécer E , Devisetty Upendra K , Mock Karen E , Eckert Andrew J , Strauss Steven H
Published: August 2018

Populus tremuloides is the widest-ranging tree species in North America, and an ecologically important component of mesic forest ecosystems displaced by the Pleistocene glaciations. Using phylogeographic analyses of genome-wide SNPs (34,796 SNPs, 183 individuals) and ecological niche modeling, we inferred population structure, admixture, and Pleistocene range dynamics of P. tremuloides, and tested several historical biogeographical hypotheses. We found three genetic lineages located in coastal (cluster 1), Cascadian/Northern Rocky Mountains (cluster 2), and Southern Rocky Mountains to northern regions (cluster 3) of the P. tremuloidesrange, with phylogenomic relationships of the form ((cluster 1, cluster 2), cluster 3). The main vector of admixture was from cluster 3 into cluster 2, with the admixture zone trending northwest through the Rocky Mountains along a recognized phenotypic cline (Utah to Idaho). Clusters 1 and 2 provided mixed support for the ‘stable-edge hypothesis’ that unglaciated southwestern populations persisted in situ since the last glaciation. By contrast, cluster 3 exhibited ‘trailing-edge’ dynamics, e.g. clinal genetic variation and niche suitability predictions signifying complete northward post-glacial expansion. Results were also consistent with the ‘inland dispersal hypothesis’ predicting post-glacial assembly of Pacific Northwestern forest ecosystems, but rejected the hypothesis that Pacific-coastal populations were colonized during outburst flooding from glacial Lake Missoula. Overall, congruent patterns between our phylogeographic and ecological niche modeling results and fossil pollen data demonstrate complex mixtures of stable- versus trailing-edge dynamics and refugial locations within P. tremuloides. These findings confirm and refine previous genetic studies, while strongly supporting a distinct Pacific-coastal genetic lineage of quaking aspen.
Interrater Reliability of Spectral Doppler Waveform
Authors: Formosa Cynthia , Ellul Christian , Mizzi Anabelle , Mizzi Stephen , Gatt Alfred
Published: August 2018

Background:

Spectral Doppler ultrasound examination of pedal arteries is one of the most frequently used noninvasive assessment methods by health-care professionals for the diagnosis and ongoing monitoring of people at risk for or living with peripheral arterial disease. The aim of this study was to determine the interrater reliability of the interpretation of spectral Doppler waveform analysis.

Methods:

An interrater reliability study was conducted among five experienced podiatric physicians at the University of Malta Research Laboratory (Msida, Malta). A researcher who was not a rater in this study randomly selected 229 printed spectral Doppler waveforms from a database held at the University of Malta. Each rater independently rated the qualitative spectral waveforms.

Results:

Interrater reliability of the spectral Doppler waveform interpretation was excellent among the five experienced podiatric physicians (α = 0.98). The intraclass correlation coefficient showed a high degree of correlation in waveform interpretation across raters (P < .001).

Conclusions:

This study demonstrates high interrater reliability in visual spectral Doppler interpretation among experienced clinicians. The current foot screening guidelines do not refer to spectral Doppler waveform analysis in their recommendations, which has been shown in studies to be an important modality for the diagnosis of peripheral arterial disease when ankle-brachial pressure indexes are falsely elevated in calcified arteries. If interpreted correctly, the information obtained can provide an indication of the presence of peripheral arterial disease and facilitate early management of this condition.
Prevalence of Lower-Extremity Arterial Calcification in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus Complicated by Foot Disease at an Urban US Tertiary-Care Center
Authors: Cardenas Vanessa , Seo Kyung , Sheth Shyam , Meyr Andrew J.
Published: August 2018

Background:

We sought to determine the prevalence of lower-extremity arterial calcification in a cohort of patients with diabetes and associated foot pathology receiving inpatient treatment at an urban US tertiary health-care system.

Methods:

The primary outcome measure was defined as either radiographic evidence of vessel calcification or noninvasive vascular testing that resulted in any reporting of vessel noncompressibility or an ankle-brachial index greater than 1.1. Radiographic evidence of vessel calcification was defined as radiodense calcification in the proximal first intermetatarsal space (deep plantar perforating artery), anterior ankle (anterior tibial artery), or posterior ankle (posterior tibial artery) on dorsoplantar and lateral foot projections.

Results:

Of the 367 individuals included in the study, 359 underwent radiography, with radiographic evidence of calcification in 192 (53.5%). Noninvasive vascular testing was performed on 265 participants, with any reporting of noncompressibility or an ankle-brachial index greater than 1.1 observed in 153 (57.7%). Ninety-four participants (25.6%) demonstrated evidence of arterial calcification on the radiographs and noninvasive testing, meaning that 251 participants (68.4%) demonstrated evidence of arterial calcification on at least one test, including 63.6% of participants classified as black/African American race, 65.4% as white race, and 78.3% as Hispanic/Latino ethnicity.

Conclusions:

The results of this investigation increase the body of knowledge with respect to the evaluation and treatment of diabetic foot disease and may lead to future investigations on the topic of lower-extremity arterial calcification.
Comparative Evaluation of Radiographic Parameters of Foot Pronation in Two Different Conditions versus Barefoot
Authors: Anselmo Derek S. , Skolnik Jennifer , Keeter Emily , El-Sayed Arwa M. , Love Ebony
Published: August 2018

Background:

To date, there is conflicting evidence that high-end “motion control” running shoes can correct and control rearfoot pronation. Many methods have been used to evaluate the efficacy of motion control footwear in reducing hindfoot pronation during gait, including stop-motion photography, three-dimensional camera kinematic analysis, and three-dimensional bone modeling using computed tomography. Until now, there have been no radiographic studies that examined the effect of motion control running shoes on the static posture of the foot. Murley et al devised a reliable system that correlated noninvasive clinical examinations to radiographic values that correspond to foot pronation. The aim of this prospective investigation was to determine whether motion control running shoes are able to produce a significant difference in pronation through a radiographic study, using the angular relationships as described by Murley et al, in two different shoe conditions as compared to the barefoot condition in female subjects.

Methods:

This prospective study screened 28 female subjects ranging in age from 22 to 27 years on the basis of arch height index. The 24 subjects with a standing arch height index less than 0.370 were invited to participate in the study. Unilateral weightbearing dorsoplantar and lateral foot radiographs were taken in barefoot, neutral shoe, and motion control shoe conditions. Calcaneal inclination angle, calcaneal–first metatarsal (CFMA) angle, talonavicular coverage angle (TNCA), and talus–second metatarsal angle were measured in each condition by two independent observers using the Opal-Ortho PACS software package and then averaged. Angles were compared to barefoot baseline values using paired t tests.

Results:

The motion control running shoe produced average decreases of 2.64% in CFMA, 12.62% in TNCA, 5.3% in talus–second metatarsal angle and an average increase of 1.3% in calcaneal inclination angle. Statistically significant (P > .05) improvements in CFMA were noted in both the motion control (P < .000) and neutral shoe conditions (P < .000) when compared to barefoot, whereas TNCA improved only in the motion control shoe condition as compared to barefoot (P = .003).

Conclusions:

This investigation found evidence that the particular models of motion control running shoes studied could correct foot pronation in the transverse and sagittal planes in stance. Motion control running shoes improved CFMA and TNCA from the barefoot condition and were more effective in correcting pronation compared with neutral running shoes in this radiographic study simulating static foot posture in stance.
Pedal Fungal Mass in the Midwest
Authors: Standish Sarah N. , Goldstein Wendy , Stuart Chase R.
Published: August 2018

Mycetoma cases are predominantly found in tropical regions and are a rare finding in the United States. These masses that are fungal or bacterial in origin can result in significant destruction of soft tissue and bone. We present a case of a patient who emigrated from Mexico to Indianapolis. He presented with a soft-tissue mass that was excised and ultimately found to be a eumycetoma of the hallux of his left foot. Successful treatment included surgical resection in combination with postoperative terbinafine, which was pulse dosed to decrease its impact on hepatic function.
Decoupling the Interaction between Wet‐Transferred MoS2 and Graphite Substrate by an Interfacial Water Layer
Authors: Hong Min , Yang Pengfei , Zhou Xiebo , Zhao Siqin , Xie Chunyu , Shi Jianping , Zhang Zhepeng , Fu Qiang , Zhang Yanfeng
Published: August 2018

The nondestructive and clean transfer of 2D‐layered materials from growth onto target substrates is a key step in their practical applications. Some nonetching transfer methods are developed to avoid contaminations from chemical etchants, while the influences of other transfer media, such as the commonly used water, are rarely explored. Herein, a one‐step polymer‐free transfer of monolayer MoS2 from glass onto a graphite substrate by using only ultrapure water as the working medium is reported. Based on room‐temperature observations, it is revealed that the MoS2–graphite interface is not atomically flat due to the trapping of water clusters, and even extended ultrahigh‐vacuum annealing processes cannot easily remove the trapped water. More interestingly, the intensive scanning tunneling microscopy/spectroscopy investigations show that the interfacial water can be converted into an insulating layer by sample cooling down to ≈78 K, leading to a weakened interfacial interaction of MoS2/graphite and a more intrinsic bandgap of MoS2. This work hereby provides fundamental insights into the effect of wet‐transfer‐induced water intercalation on the structural and electronic properties of 2D‐layered materials, which should inspire the development of more clean transfer routes for achieving improved device performances.
Multitasking Shared Aperture Enabled with Multiband Digital Coding Metasurface
Authors: Bai Guo Dong , Ma Qian , Iqbal Shahid , Bao Lei , Jing Hong Bo , Zhang Lei , Wu Hao Tian , Wu Rui Yuan , Zhang Hao Chi , Yang Cheng , Cui Tie Jun
Published: August 2018

Digital coding metasurface is aimed at building up a bridge between physics and information science. Higher information capacity of the digital coding metasurface means more powerful ability to control electromagnetic waves. Here, a multiband digital coding metasurface to improve the information capacity is proposed. The digital coding structures can provide 2‐bit digital states at three separate frequency bands (C, X, and Ku). It is shown that the proposed metasurface can eliminate the in‐band interference and path degradation by introducing an operator of frequency‐hopping spread spectra, from which flexible beam controls can be designed independently in every operating band. To demonstrate the capability and the compatibility, a multifunctional digital coding metasurface which can perform optical illusion, scattering reduction, and generation of orbital angular momentum in a shared aperture is presented. Numerical simulations and measured results have very good agreements, verifying excellent performance of the multiband digital coding metasurface. The proposed method opens opportunities to improve the information capacity of the digital coding metasurface and paves novel ways to multitasking systems on photonic applications.
Electrolyte Gated Oxide Pseudodiode for Inhibitory Synapse Applications
Authors: Fu Yang Ming , Wan Chang Jin , Yu Fei , Xiao Hui , Tao Jian , Guo Yan Bo , Gao Wan Tian , Zhu Li Qiang
Published: August 2018

Recently, synaptic electronics are attracting increasing attention in neuromorphic engineering. Here, inhibitory synapses are proposed based on nanogranular phosphorous silicate glass gated indium tin oxide transistors operated in pseudodiode mode. Activity dependent inhibitory synaptic behaviors are mimicked on the proposed pseudodiode, including paired pulse depression and depression adaptation behaviors. Interestingly, the proposed inhibitory synapse demonstrates low power dissipation as low as ≈16 fJ for triggering a postsynaptic current with high signal‐to‐noise ratio of ≈2.2. Moreover, the inhibitory synapse demonstrates zero resting power dissipation. The proposed pseudodiode‐based inhibitory artificial synapses may find potential applications in neuromorphic platforms.
Amino‐functional electrospun nanofibrous membrane for detecting nitroaromatic compounds
Authors: Yu Run‐Hui , Li Kai , Cui Yue‐Zhi , Tao Fu‐Rong , Zheng Bing , Ma Xiao‐Shuang , Li Tian‐Duo
Published: August 2018

A novel amino‐functionalized polystyrene copolymer (PS‐NH2) was designed and synthesized with styrene and 4‐vinylbenzyl amine. Additionally, an amino modified glass (G‐NH2) was obtained as a carrier. (PS‐NH2/pyrene)/G‐NH2 fluorescent nanofibrous membrane [named (PS‐NH2/pyrene)/G‐NH2] was designed and prepared via electrospinning technique to detect representative saturated nitroaromatic (NAC) explosive vapor. The (PS‐NH2/pyrene)/G‐NH2 showed highly fluorescence stability in ambient condition and further displayed a high quenching efficiency of 70.9% toward trinitrotoluene (TNT) vapor (∼10 ppb) with an exposure time of 150 s at room temperature. The abundance of amino groups could effectively adsorb NACs and the binding of electron‐deficient NACs to the amino groups on the (PS‐NH2/pyrene)/G‐NH2 surface led to the formation of charge‐transfer complexes. The quenching constant (KSV) to TNT was obtained to be 1.07 × 1011 mL/g in gaseous phase with a limit of detection up to 2.76 × 10−13g/mL. Importantly, the (PS‐NH2/pyrene)/G‐NH2 showed notable selectivity toward TNT and 2,4‐dinitrotoluene vapors. Straightforwardly, the colorimetric sensing performance can be visualized by naked eye with a color change for detecting of different vapor phase NACs explosives. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46708
Simultaneously enhanced conductivity and dimensional stability of AAEM by crosslinked polymer microsphere with dense carrier sites
Authors: Liu Lei , Sun Guoping
Published: August 2018

The search for practically applicable alkaline anion exchange membrane (AAEM) has been of continuous interest during the past decades. One of the main obstacles for current AAEM lies in the trade‐off between hydroxide conductivity and dimensional stability. In this contribution, novel quaternary phosphonium polymer microsphere (QPPMS) with crosslinked structure and dense carrier sites is synthesized via precipitation polymerization method, followed by incorporating into chitosan (CS) to prepare composite membrane. Compared with CS, the incorporation of QPPMS endows composite membrane more than two times increased ion exchange capacity (IEC) from 0.39 to 1.2 mmol g−1, and highly enhanced water uptake from 90% to 124% with an enhancement of 37.8%. The constructed interfacial and intra‐QPPMS transfer pathways confer almost nine times augment of conductivity at 20°C under 98% relative humidity (RH). Most importantly, the increase of area swelling is limited to 25.0% (from 32% to 40%) due to the crosslinked structure of QPPMS, which is inconceivable for homogeneous membranes and inorganic filler‐based composite membranes. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46715.
Cationic polymerization of high‐molecular‐weight phthalaldehyde‐butanal copolymer
Authors: Schwartz Jared M. , Gourdin Gerald , Phillips Oluwadamilola , Engler Anthony , Lee Jihyun , Abdulkadir Niya R. , Miller Ryan C. , Sutlief Alexandra , Kohl Paul A.
Published: August 2018

Low ceiling temperature polyaldehydes are of interest for transient materials because the temperature of depolymerization can be at or below room temperature. There is interest in expanding the number of aldehydes which can be copolymerized so as to change the vapor pressure and other properties of the depolymerized products. Although fast depolymerization has been achieved with polyaldehydes, the rate of monomer evaporation after depolymerization can be controlled by incorporating lower molecular weight monomers into the polymer. High vapor pressure aliphatic aldehydes have been copolymerized with low vapor pressure and high reactivity phthalaldehyde to create stable, high molecular weight polymers with high vapor pressure. A method for measuring the depolymerization time by quartz crystal microbalance has been developed. The copolymer of phthalaldehyde and butanal improves the evaporation time for the polymer by a factor of 11. The onset of thermal decomposition of the copolymer was increased from 107 °C for the phthalaldehyde homopolymer to 141 °C for the copolymer. The tensile strength of the copolymer was 0.8–1.6 GPa. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 46921.
Interfacial strengthening of polypropylene composites via bimodal porosity in Rice husk ash: Comparison with calcium carbonate reinforcement
Authors: Sharma R. K. , Lohia S. , Sharma V. K. , Kandpal P. C. , Balani K.
Published: August 2018

Polypropylene is used in the textile industry in the manufacturing of plastic yarns, tapes, etc., but its low tensile strength and Young's modulus limits its associated applications. Composites of polypropylene with reinforcement of CaCO3 and rice husk ash were processed by compression molding. Bimodal porosity in rice husk ash particles has shown an improved interfacial anchoring effect via capillary effect resulting in enhanced mechanical properties, whereas such an effect is not observed with CaCO3 reinforcement in polypropylene matrix. On reinforcement with 10 wt % of each of rice husk ash and CaCO3, thermal decomposition temperature of polypropylene (333.3 °C) shifted to higher value of 415.9 °C and polypropylene Young's modulus (749.5 MPa) increased to 789.5 MPa (by 5.3%), but tensile strength decreased from 23.5 to 21.2 MPa (by 2.3 MPa only). The isolated contribution of CaCO3 and rice husk ash has been delineated, and resulting interfacial strengths have been quantified using analytical models. Rice husk ash has shown a stronger interfacial anchoring and can effectively replace CaCO3 as reinforcement for achieving improved mechanical and thermal properties of polypropylene composites. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 46989.
Mechanically adaptive thermoplastic polyurethane/cellulose nanocrystal composites: Process‐driven structure–property relationships
Authors: Fallon J. J. , Kolb B. Q. , Herwig C. J. , Foster E. J. , Bortner M. J.
Published: August 2018

To enable filament extrusion additive manufacturing of mechanically adaptive nanocomposites, the effect of melt extrusion on the tensile modulus and mechanical adaptiveness of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites was investigated. TPU (Texin RxT70A) was processed with 10 wt % CNC in multiple formats, including solvent‐cast films and melt extrusion‐produced filaments. CNC orientation is characterized by polarized Raman spectroscopy and small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and found to be uniaxially oriented in extruded filaments, and randomly oriented in solvent‐cast films. Dynamic mechanical analysis results show the addition of 10 wt % CNC increases the pure TPU storage modulus from 10 to 60–70 MPa in the dry state for solvent‐cast and extruded nanocomposites. Following water saturation, all CNC‐containing samples reach a similar wet storage modulus of approximately 26 MPa, regardless of CNC orientation and thermal history. Fickian diffusion scaling factors (6.8 to 11.6) scale closely to the time‐dependent empirical scaling factors (4.9 to 7.2), confirming the rate of mechanical adaptivity is driven by water diffusion through sample thickness. Our results suggest that mechanical adaptivity is retained following processing, enabling use as a feedstock for extrusion‐based additive manufacturing of CNC/TPU composites for mechanically adaptive parts. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 46992.
Bone marrow necrosis in neuroendocrine tumor of the thymus
Authors: Ducourneau Benoît , Hemar Claire
Published: August 2018

Key Clinical Message

The prognosis of patients with marrow necrosis secondary to neoplastic disease (often gastric adenocarcinoma) was found to be extremely poor with a median overall survival (OS) of few months. This case confirms the very poor prognosis and shows an association with a neural endocrine adenocarcinoma of the thymus.
N‐Hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) Promoted Aerobic Baeyer‐Villiger Oxidation in the Presence of Aldehydes
Authors: Wang Lingyao , Wang Yongtao , Du Renfeng , Dao Rina , Yuan Haoran , Liang Cheng , Yao Jia , Li Haoran
Published: August 2018

Metal‐free aerobic Baeyer‐Villiger (BV) oxidation of ketones to lactones or esters in the presence of aldehydes promoted by N‐hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) has been developed. The reaction proceeded under mild conditions with excellent selectivity and high yields. Compared with the methods that use metal complexes as catalysts, this strategy not only showed good environmental advantages, but also increased aldehyde efficiency up to 84 %. Control experiments indicated that NHPI accelerated the oxidation of aldehydes to peroxy acids but did not improve the BV oxidation while peroxy acids were already generated. Peroxy acids generated from aldehydes in situ were the key intermediates, and the phthalimide‐N‐oxyl radical (PINO) contributed to high aldehyde efficiency by stabilizing the radical species, which are necessary for the chain propagation reactions. This study may offer some useful strategies for new transition metal‐free catalytic aerobic oxidation reactions in which aldehydes act as sacrificial agents.
Smart‐grid and solar energy harvesting in the IoT era: An overview
Authors: Ahmed Abdulkadir Abdulsalam , Al‐Turjman Fadi
Published: August 2018

As the need of energy is increasing worldwide, the energy availability globally is quite less than the demands for it. Thus, the importance to consider other means of electricity generation is looked into for Sub‐Saharan Africa, which is enormously rich in solar radiant. With just an average of 5.5 kWh/m2, countries in the region can generate over 2000 TWh of electricity daily by just covering 1% of its total land area with solar panels. To meet up with the citizen's energy demands, steps have to be initiated to reduce the continuous dependence on fossil fuel. This can be done by integrating renewable energy sources into the grid. It of course requires urgent need to upgrade the existing grid systems into a Smart Grid. The advantages for this smart grid upgrade and the development in storage devices have been highlighted in this article, including its possible optimization and metering technologies.
ARFC: Advance response function of TCP CUBIC for IoT‐based applications using big data
Authors: Ahmad Mudassar , Ahmad Usman , Ngadi Md Asri , Habib Muhammad Asif , Faisal C. M. Nadeem , Mahmood Nasir
Published: August 2018

The throughput of a TCP flow depends on the average size of Congestion Window (cwnd) of a congestion control mechanism being used during the communication. The size of cwnd depends upon the usage of available link bandwidth during communication. The response function is a measure of average throughput of a single TCP flow of congestion control mechanism as the level of random packet loss is varied. Nowadays, many organizations are deploying IoT based applications for the analytics of their Big Data. TCP CUBIC and TCP Compound are the default congestion control mechanisms in Linux and Microsoft Windows Operating Systems respectively. Whereas, TCP Reno which is also known as Standard TCP congestion control mechanism is act as a trademark congestion control mechanism. During communication among different IoT applications, TCP CUBIC flows use more available link bandwidth as compared to TCP Reno flows, thus, the average cwnd size of TCP CUBIC flows are greater than the TCP Reno flows. It implies that these both kinds of flows are not sharing available link fairly, which refers as low TCP friendliness of TCP CUBIC. It means that the throughput of TCP CUBIC flows is higher than the trademark congestion control mechanism, i.e., TCP Reno flows. As a result, friendliness behavior or fair share of available link bandwidth among TCP CUBIC flows and TCP Reno flows is decreased. In other words, TCP friendliness of TCP CUBIC flows is reduced. Now, it is important to decrease the average cwnd size of TCP CUBIC flows, such that available link bandwidth can be shared fairly among flows of TCP CUBIC and TCP Reno. The aim of this research is to enhance the TCP friendliness behavior of TCP CUBIC congestion control mechanism for IoT based applications using Big Data. In this paper, an Advance Response Function of TCP CUBIC (ARFC) is designed to share fairly available link bandwidth among flows of TCP CUBIC and TCP Reno. Results show that TCP friendliness behavior of TCP CUBIC is increased by using ARFC. Overall, 18.6% performance is increased by using ARFC.
Migratory bats are attracted by red light but not by warm‐white light: Implications for the protection of nocturnal migrants
Authors: Voigt Christian C. , Rehnig Katharina , Lindecke Oliver , Pētersons Gunārs
Published: August 2018

The replacement of conventional lighting with energy‐saving light emitting diodes (LED) is a worldwide trend, yet its consequences for animals and ecosystems are poorly understood. Strictly nocturnal animals such as bats are particularly sensitive to artificial light at night (ALAN). Past studies have shown that bats, in general, respond to ALAN according to the emitted light color and that migratory bats, in particular, exhibit phototaxis in response to green light. As red and white light is frequently used in outdoor lighting, we asked how migratory bats respond to these wavelength spectra. At a major migration corridor, we recorded the presence of migrating bats based on ultrasonic recorders during 10‐min light‐on/light‐off intervals to red or warm‐white LED, interspersed with dark controls. When the red LED was switched on, we observed an increase in flight activity for Pipistrellus pygmaeus and a trend for a higher activity for Pipistrellus nathusii. As the higher flight activity of bats was not associated with increased feeding, we rule out the possibility that bats foraged at the red LED light. Instead, bats may have flown toward the red LED light source. When exposed to warm‐white LED, general flight activity at the light source did not increase, yet we observed an increased foraging activity directly at the light source compared to the dark control. Our findings highlight a response of migratory bats toward LED light that was dependent on light color. The most parsimonious explanation for the response to red LED is phototaxis and for the response to warm‐white LED foraging. Our findings call for caution in the application of red aviation lighting, particularly at wind turbines, as this light color might attract bats, leading eventually to an increased collision risk of migratory bats at wind turbines.
Effects of cyclic changes in population size on neutral genetic diversity
Authors: Nakamura Haruna , Teshima Kosuke , Tachida Hidenori
Published: August 2018

Recurrent changes in population size are often observed in nature, influencing the efficiency of selection and consequently affecting organismal evolution. Thus, it is important to know whether such changes occurred in the past history of a focal population of evolutionary interests. Here, we focused on cyclic changes in population size and investigated the distributional properties of Tajima'sDand its power to distinguish a cyclic change model compared with the standard neutral model, changing the frequency and magnitude of the cyclic change. With very low or very high frequencies of the cycle, the distribution of Tajima'sDwas similar to that in a constant size population, as demonstrated by previous theoretical works. Otherwise, its mean was negative or positive, and its variance was smaller or larger depending on the time of sampling. The detection rate of the cyclic change against the constancy in size by Tajima'sDdepended on the sample size, the number of loci, and the time of sampling in addition to the frequency and amplitude of the cycle. Using sequence data of several tens of loci, the detection rate was fairly high if the frequency was intermediate and the sampling was made when population size was large; otherwise, the detection rate was not high. We also found that cyclic change could be discriminated from simple expansion or shrinkage of a population by Tajima'sDonly if the frequency was in a limited range and the sampling was made when the population was large.