bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Possibility in the Tractatus : A Defense of the Old Wittgenstein
Authors: Peach Andrew J
Published: July 2012

Recently, a number of commentators on the early Wittgenstein have tried to make the Tractatus more palatable than it actually is; they have blurred the lines between exegesis and philosophical defense. As a corrective to this tendency, this paper attempts to retrieve the early Wittgenstein's true understanding of the ontology of possibility. Focusing upon the two kinds of metaphors he uses in the Tractatus, object-based and space ones, the first part of this paper emphasizes the philosophical problems that motivated his ontology of possibility, especially the "Parmenidean" question of how false propositions make contact with reality. The second part addresses two novel interpretations of the early Wittgenstein's views of ontology and possibility—the non-ontological reading of McGuinness, Ishiguro and the "New" Wittgensteinians, and Raymond Bradley's "third degree possibilist" reading—and shows why they are exegetically unsound.
The Spatial Presence of Spirits among the Cartesians
Authors: Reid Jasper William
Published: July 2012

The Cartesians have often been read as if they denied spatial presence to incorporeal substances, reserving it for extended things alone. This article explores whether this common interpretation is accurate, examining the cases of both created minds and the divine substance of God Himself. Through scrutiny of the relevant texts of both Descartes himself and his followers, it demonstrates that, in the divine case, this common interpretation is incorrect, and that the Cartesians did believe that God's own substance really was omnipresent in a literal sense. In the case of created minds, by contrast, the article suggests that the standard reading is probably correct after all, and that these substances were indeed excluded from the spatial world: but it also suggests that, in the hands of at least some of the Cartesians, this position caused certain philosophical tensions and potential inconsistencies within their systems.
Determinants of Glycemic Status Monitoring in Black and White Medicaid Beneficiaries with Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Mayberry Robert Morris , Davis Trobiand , Alema-Mensah Ernest , Samadi Aziz R , Finley Rita , Jones Alma
Published: July 2012

Routine monitoring of glycemic status during regularly scheduled physician office visits is not performed according to recommended guidelines for most people with diabetes. We conducted this investigation to identify the determinants of glycemic status monitoring during primary care office visits among Black and White adult Medicaid beneficiaries diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in 1996 and 1997 and followed for a 12-month period through year 1997 and year 1998, respectively (N=3,321). Multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated that the likelihood of receiving the American Diabetes Association (ADA) recommended 2 or more HbA1c tests was more than 2 times greater for persons with diabetes who had 10 or more visits than for those with only one visit in the one-year period since initial diagnosis (relative risk (RR) = 2.31, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.51–3.51). Quality improvement efforts that emphasize the patient-primary provider relationship and better coordination of care will improve adherence to diabetes care standards.
Children Can't Wait for Health Care Reform
Authors: Dunston Frances J. , Safford James O.
Published: July 2012

There is widespread agreement that the American health care system needs comprehensive reform. This kind of reform will take time, however, and millions of Americans have urgent health care needs that must be met now. This is especially true for the nation's poor children, for whom the health care "safety net" has greatly eroded in the past decade. New Jersey's health care reform initiatives will ultimately provide for accessible preventive and primary pediatric care, with a community-based "medical home" serving as a child's gateway to the health care system. In the meantime, New Jersey has established programs dealing with such urgent problems as infectious childhood diseases, lead poisoning, AIDS, and infant mortality. While in the spirit of the state's long-range planning effort, these programs are up and running now, their impact maximized in this period of budgetary constraints through coalition- and network-building.
Impact of Managed Care Organizations on Ethnic Americans and Underserved Populations
Authors: Randall Vernellia R.
Published: July 2012

Health care reform focuses on cost containment, which in turn focuses on managed care organizations (MCOs). MCOs use strict utilization review and financial risk-shifting to assure that doctors and providers act as gatekeepers to health care services. The gatekeepers are assumed to continue to order necessary care and to eliminate only "unnecessary" care. However, significant potential for abuse exists. In fact, the very foundations on which MCO decisions are made are culturally biased, because they are based on information from largely middle-class, European-American, healthy males. Ultimately, MCOs will change the perceptions and expectations of society regarding health care. These altered perceptions may be contrary to the needs of ethnic Americans, and without safeguards, could worsen existing disparities in health status.
Wisconsin's Welfare Reform and Its Potential Effects on the Health of Children
Authors: Willis Earnestine , Kliegman Robert M.
Published: July 2012

Wisconsin, like many other states seeking increased state flexibility in federalized programs, is in the midst of a bold welfare reform initiative entitled Wisconsin Works (W-2), which was signed into law on April 25, 1996. This study reviews the state's transition from the existing welfare program to one in which participants are required to work. The primary concerns with this new system are the potential consequences of higher poverty status and worsening health status among children. As details of W-2 are clarified, government benefits for children, such as child care and health care, need to be protected and/or enhanced. Close scrutiny is warranted to avert severe consequences in these areas as well as in family-supporting wages. The authors suggest that in monitoring W-2, several important principles should be considered to ensure that families become financially independent and able to maintain secure lifestyles for their children.
Local Advocacy for the Medically Indigent: Strategies and Accomplishments in One County
Authors: Mayster Vicki , Waitzkin Howard , Hubbell F. Allan , Rucker Lloyd
Published: July 2012

Because no national health program assures entitlement to basic services, advocates must cope with barriers to access on the local level. The authors report several strategies that a community-based coalition has used to improve indigent care in one county. Research strategies have involved short-term investigations of barriers to needed services. Political strategies have attempted to improve the county government's administrative procedures and financial support of services for the poor. Legal strategies have involved the participation of attorneys who represent clients unable to receive care. Although such advocacy efforts do not guarantee access, they can substantially improve the availability of local services.
Managed Health Care for Medicaid Enrollees: The Philadelphia Model
Authors: Henley A.J. , Clifford Maurice C.
Published: July 2012

HealthPASS, a program of capitated managed care for 82,000 Medicaid enrollees in a defined geographic area of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is administered by Healthcare Management Alternatives, Inc. (HMA), a minority-owned corporation, under a multiyear contract with the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. HMA has striven to improve care to this low-income community by mounting innovative campaigns to encourage early access to health care, ongoing health education, and aggressive outreach and follow-up, in addition to specific projects designed to reduce infant mortality, expand Head Start, and bolster pediatric care. The program has been judged independently to provide high-quality service cost-effectively.
A Trial to Increase Mammography Utilization Among Los Angeles Hispanic Women
Authors: Fox Sarah A. , Stein Judith A. , Gonzalez Rosa E. , Farrenkopf Mary , Dellinger Ann
Published: July 2012

The objective of this program was to increase mammography screening rates among Hispanic women through a series of targeted community-wide interventions. A diverse array of outreach efforts was offered by the program to increase awareness and use of screening mammography. Before the program, 12 percent of the Hispanic women surveyed in the intervention community had been screened, compared with 27 percent after the program. There was no change in screening among Hispanic women in the control community (23 percent before and 24 percent after the program). The program demonstrated that the awareness and behavior of "hard-to-reach" underscreened Hispanic women can be changed through intensive targeted outreach and that a church-based cancer control program can play an effective role in the process. This finding has national health policy implications.
Cultural Issues in the Development of Cancer Control Programs for American Indian Populations
Authors: Michielutte Robert , Sharp Penny C. , Dignan Mark B. , Blinson Karen
Published: July 2012

Cancer is the third-leading cause of death among American Indians. The persistent disadvantage in cancer survival rates among American Indian populations emphasizes the importance of developing effective cancer control programs for prevention and early detection. However, substantial cultural differences between American Indians and whites can affect the success of these programs. This paper examines the concept of cultural sensitivity in the con text of developing cancer control programs for American Indian populations. It explores fundamental differences in beliefs, behaviors, and values between American Indian and white majority cultures, and presents examples of culturally sensitive health education programs. The paper highlights insights and experiences gained in developing the North Carolina Native American Cervical Cancer Prevention Project, and gives recommendations for the development of future programs.
The Degree of Usual Provider Continuity for African and Latino Americans
Authors: Cornelius Llewellyn J.
Published: July 2012

This study used data from the 1987 National Medical Expenditure Survey to examine African and Latino Americans' reliance on a regular provider for medical care. Results showed that Latino Americans had higher continuity of care with their regular physician than white or African Americans. Persons with low continuity of care had one-third higher average health care expenditures per year than those with high continuity of care. Multivariate analyses indicated that the availability of medical services during the evenings and weekends enhanced the degree of continuity for white Americans; medical services during the evenings enhanced the degree of continuity for some Latino Americans. Controlling for other characteristics, the degree of continuity of care varied by both the race/ethnicity of respondent and the race/ethnicity and gender of their regular physician. These findings draw attention to the need to consider not only access to care but the nature of the provider-patient relationship.
Differences in Follow-Up Visits Between African American and White Medicaid Children Hospitalized With Asthma
Authors: Ali Sarah , Osberg J. Scott
Published: July 2012

Asthma-related hospitalizations and mortality have risen at alarming rates in the past two decades, taking a disproportionate toll on African American children. Adverse asthma outcomes have been attributed to inadequacies in primary care, raising concerns about the quality of primary care delivered to African American children. To assess differences in care between African American and white children, the authors identified 500 children enrolled in Massachusetts Medicaid and hospitalized for asthma, and reviewed their medical claims data for the six-month period after hospitalization. It was found that African American children had significantly fewer primary care visits than their white counterparts, even after adjusting for potential confounding variables. In contrast, emergency service utilization did not differ by race. The authors conclude that racial disparity exists in primary care access among children with asthma. Interventions should be designed to target poor African American children who suffer disproportionately from this life-threatening yet treatable disease.
Our Future is in Jeopardy: The Mental Health of Native American Adolescents
Authors: Inouye Daniel K.
Published: July 2012

The incidence of emotional disorders and mental illness among Native American adolescents is strikingly high. Yet despite promises of support from the federal government, the mental health resources available among Indian communities are negligible and must be expanded. Two federal laws—the Indian Health Care Amendments of 1990, and the Indian Health Care Amendments of 1992—help address this problem, including the integration of community health services into schools, the development of innovative mental and physical health programs for Native American youth, and the recruitment of more health professionals into Native American communities.
Substance Abuse and Violence: Cause and Consequence
Authors: Johnson Elaine M. , Belfer Myron L.
Published: July 2012

Substance abuse has been associated with violent behavior for many decades. While the relationship is the same today as it was in the past, the pervasiveness of the association, and the consequences, are more dramatic. There are two ways in which substance abuse is related to violence. First, violence can be and is perpetrated under the influence of substances, and second, violence related to substance abuse stems from the trade in drugs, which is all too often focused in poor and underserved communities. The elimination of the market for drugs, and thus the reduction in the demand for drugs, will bring about a reduction in substance abuse-related violence.
Primary Care Access Decreases Nonurgent Hospital Visits for Indigent Diabetics
Authors: Ansell David , Schiff Robert , Goldberg David , Furumoto-Dawson Alice , Dick Stuart , Peterson Corinne
Published: July 2012

The objective was to determine the relationship between the source of primary care and utilization of health services among public hospital walk-in clinic patients. A group of 218 adults with diabetes mellitus presenting to a walk-in hospital clinic was followed prospectively with baseline and 3-, 6-, and 12-month surveys; baseline and 6-month hemoglobin A1Cs; and chart reviews. Sites of care, acquisition of primary care, and report of four diabetes services were recorded. Individuals with a visit to a primary care site by 3 months after enrollment had more primary care visits and fewer walk-in clinic visits over the subsequent 9 months than those without one. Those with a primary care visit within 3 months of enrollment received more of the four diabetes services during the study year than those without. Access to primary care was associated with decreased utilization of nonurgent episodic care services and better quality of diabetes care.
The Impact of the AFDC and Food Stamp Programs on Child Nutrition: Empirical Evidence From New Orleans
Authors: Johnson F. Catherine , Hotchkiss David R. , Mock Nancy B. , McCandless Pamela , Karolak Michelle
Published: July 2012

This study tests the hypotheses that the participation in the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) and Food Stamp programs has a positive impact on children's nutritional status, after controlling for other potentially important household- and individual-level characteristics. The analysis is based on the responses of a health facility survey of 246 pairs of low-income mothers and children in New Orleans. The results indicate that participation in the AFDC and Food Stamp programs is associated with increased anthropometric status of children, but the foods consumed by children in families receiving welfare benefits were of significantly lower nutritional value than foods consumed by other children. Among the study's conclusions are the following: (1) in this low-income setting, AFDC and Food Stamp benefits are associated with higher food expenditures, higher anthropometric levels, but inferior diets, and (2) female-headed households spend more on food expenditures than other households, after controlling for other individual- and household-level characteristics.
Relationship Between Ambulatory Care Accessibility and Hospitalization for Persons With Advanced HIV Disease
Authors: Laine Christine , Markson Leona E. , Fanning Thomas R. , Turner Barbara J.
Published: July 2012

Specific features of ambulatory care, such as accessibility, may influence hospital use for patients with HIV infection. To identify clinic features associated with a lower risk of hospitalization, 6,280 New York state Medicaid enrollees diagnosed with AIDS in 1987-1992 and managed by one of 157 surveyed clinics were studied. The odds of hospitalization in the year before AIDS diagnosis were associated with five clinic features that facilitate the accessibility of care: (1) evening/weekend hours, (2) case manager, (3) appointments within 48 hours, (4) telephone consultation, and (5) whether the clinic handled urgent care. Hospitalization in the year before AIDS diagnosis occurred for 49 percent of patients. Three of the five accessibility features had unadjusted associations with lower hospitalization rates. The adjusted odds of hospitalization were lower for patients in clinics with extended hours (OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.63,0.93) and for patients in clinics with four or more accessibility features compared with those in clinics with less than two features (OR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.50, 0.89).
Correlates of Late Stage Breast Cancer and Death in a Medicaid-Insured Population
Authors: Bradley Cathy J. , Given Charles W. , Roberts Caralee
Published: July 2012

The authors examine how patient and insurance characteristics influence breast cancer stage at diagnosis and survival in women insured by Medicaid ( N = 1,159). Two risk factors were identified for women under 65: absence of Medicaid enrollment prior to diagnosis and residency in a nursing home. Women who were not Medicaid insured prior to diagnosis were nearly 2 times more likely to have late stage disease relative to women enrolled during the month of diagnosis, and women receiving nursing home benefits had 2.47 higher odds of late stage disease relative to women who did not receive this type of care. These two variables also influenced the likelihood of death. Additional investigation is needed to evaluate breast cancer care in nursing homes and to understand what, if any, care women receive prior to Medicaid enrollment.
Medicaid Managed Care in Chicago: Changes in Utilization
Authors: Raube Kristiana , Merrell Katie
Published: July 2012

In 1993, Illinois implemented Healthy Moms/Healthy Kids (HM/HK) in Chicago, a Medicaid managed care program for pregnant women and children. This study examines changes in immunizations for children (n = 134,072), prenatal care use for pregnant women (n = 5,151), and inpatient stays for mothers (n = 5,151) and newborns (n = 2,699) under the HM/HK program as compared with fee-for-service Medicaid in 1992 and 1993. HM/HK children were 10 percent more likely to receive any immunizations, and HM/HK pregnant women were 13 percent more likely to receive some prenatal care. Mothers' inpatient stays at delivery did not change under HM/HK. The length of newborn stays fell between 1992 and 1993, with both the HM/HK and the Medicaid 1993 comparison group deliveries associated with statistically shorter stays. During the early months of the program, improvements in the quantity of expected preventive care received were evident among children and women.
Norplant ® Utilization in a Latina Inner-City Population
Authors: Ebacher Rosamunde , Prior Stephanie , Valdini Anthony
Published: July 2012

This study was a consecutive-case series of 138 Latinas (age 16 to 36) who received levonorgestrel implants (Norplant¯) in a community health center between September 1, 1992, and December 31, 1994, and were observed through September 30, 1997. Continuation rate at one year was 70 percent, and 43, 28, and 22 percent at two, three, and four years, respectively. Average observation time was 32 months. Most frequent reasons for removal were excessive bleeding (34 percent), weight gain (26 percent), hair loss (16 percent), amenorrhea (13 percent), desire for pregnancy (11 percent), and headaches (9 percent). Five women discontinued due to fear of ill effects, four to undergo sterilization. No pregnancies occurred while using the method. Norplant is an effective contraceptive for inner-city Latinas; removal rate was higher than in previous reports. Side effects or fear of side effects led to removal in more than half the patients by two years' use.
Training Farmworkers About Pesticide Safety: Issues of Control
Authors: Austin Colin , Arcury Thomas A. , Quandt Sara A. , Preisser John S. , Saavedra Rosa M. , Cabrera Luis F.
Published: July 2012

Farmworkers experience a lack of control over the conditions of their work environment. In trying to reduce the effects of exposure to pesticides, most health care providers give instructions to farmworkers about how to protect themselves. Outreach programs that target farmworkers focus on health education and recommend washing hands, wearing appropriate clothing, and avoiding direct contact. The research reported in this paper shows that farmworkers in North Carolina perceive many of these preventive measures to be outside their control. The ability of farmworkers to engage in safe practices depends on fair capability to communicate with their employer, have positive work relationships, and the availability of protective equipment. The perceptions of control identified in this paper are issues that service providers and policy makers should consider to provide programs that will effectively promote pesticide safety and healthier farmworkers.
The Three Leading Causes of Death in African Americans: Barriers to Reducing Excess Disparity and to Improving Health Behaviors
Authors: Feldman Robert H. L. , Fulwood Robinson
Published: July 2012

African Americans suffer disproportionately from several major health problems associated with high morbidity and mortality. The 1985 DHHS Secretary's Task Force Report on Blacks and Other Minorities identified six major disease categories of excess deaths for African Americans compared with whites by applying the lower death rate for whites to the American population. The report provided a stimulus for public and private action to begin to address the health disparities between minority and nonminority populations. This article examines three of the leading causes of death for African Americans and assesses the extent to which the health disparity between African Americans and whites has been reduced. The three leading causes of death for African American males are diseases of the heart, cancer, and HIV infection/AIDS. The conditions are the same for African American females except stroke replaces HIV infection. Three health outcomes measures are discussed: life expectancy, excess death rates, and years of potential life lost. A widening of the gap between the races was found for diseases of the heart and HIV infection for males and for cancer for females. An extensive list of barriers to reducing the disparity are presented from the scientific literature and strategies for reducing the three health problems are recommended.
The Debate about Luxury in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century French Political Thought
Authors: Jennings Jeremy
Published: July 2012

This article explores the debate about the virtues and otherwise of luxury in French eighteenth- and nineteenth political thought. I begin by contrasting the views of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Jean-Francois Melon. In view of the manner in which this argument was developed by Montesquieu, Diderot, Saint-Lambert, and others, I argue that debates about luxury continued into and beyond the French Revolution of 1789. Then, by looking at the writings of Jean-Baptiste Say and Destutt de Tracy the article demonstrates the coninued prominence of debates about luxury in the early years of the nineteenth century and the enduring nature of the arguments posed by Rousseau against immoderate wealth amongst republicans. It concludes by referring to discussions of luxury in the Second Empire.
The Prayer Closet as a "Room of One's Own": Two Anglican Women Devotional Writers at the Turn of the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Wallace Charles
Published: July 2012

A reading of the devotional works of two Anglican women from opposite ends of the political spectrum supports the surprising contention that gains in early modern women's roles owe something to the rather staid piety of the Restoration Church of England. Both Susanna Hopton (1627-1709) and Elizabeth Burnet (1661-1709) had access to ample fortunes through inheritance and marriage; their spirituality provided them with the ideal of devotional retirement in the privacy of a "prayer closet." Although their writings are unlikely sources of feminist spirituality, there are glimmers of a devotional life that might motivate women to find their voice and move beyond societal and ecclesiastical expectations—as these two did by immersing themselves in "practical divinity," writing, and publishing.
"What! Such Things Have Happened and No Women Were Taught about Them": A Nineteenth-Century French Woman's View of the Importance of Women's History
Authors: Offen Karen
Published: July 2012

This remarkable meditation on the importance of women's history was published during the Revolution of 1848 by Henriette Wild (dates not known), who signed as "Henriette, artiste." Although she was among the French women active in the movement for women's emancipation and published her work in the revolutionary women's periodical La Voix des femmes ("Women's Voice"), little biographical information seems available. We do know, however, that she was a Protestant and that she was closely associated with Jeanne Deroin, one of the best remembered of the women activists for women's rights in the Revolution of 1848. In the 1850s, "Henriette, artiste" was engaged in a polemic with another women's rights activist, Jenny P. d'Héricourt, over the issue of female celibacy. In 1889 she spoke about Jeanne Deroin at the second international women's rights congress, held in Paris. The author's focus on the sage femme , which renders in English both as "midwife" and as "wise woman, " is significant; a key issue in Parisian women's protest in the 1840s was the admission of women to the study of medicine and, more generally, to higher learning, to savoir or learned knowledge. The book referred to by the much-published Mme de Renneville (née Sophie de Senneterre) is doubtless her Biographie des femmes illustres de Rome, de la Grèce et du Bas-Empire (Paris: Parmantier, 1825). The Areopagus referred to in the text is the Athenian court, consisting of several male judges. The story of Agnodice told by Henriette Wild shows up again in Josephine Butler's edited collection Women's Work and Women's Culture (London: Macmillan, 1869), and in Hedwig Dohm's work Women's Nature and Privilege (London: Women's Printing Society, 1896) translated from the German Frauen Natur und Recht (Berlin, 1876). Dohm's work was reprinted in 1976 by Hyperion Press. This piece appeared in La Voix des femmes 28 (20 April 1848): 2-3. The original French text has been lightly corrected. The translation is by Karen Offen.
"An Ignoble Form of Cannibalism": Reflections on the Pittsburgh Protocol for Procuring Organs from Non-Heart-Beating Cadavers
Authors: Fox Renée C.
Published: July 2012

The author discusses the ways in which she finds the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center protocol for procuring organs from "non-heart-beating cadaver donors" medically and morally questionable and irreverent. She also identifies some of the factors that contributed to the composition of this troubling protocol, and to its institutional approval.
Conflict of Interest in the Procurement of Organs from Cadavers Following Withdrawal of Life Support
Authors: Shaw Byers W.
Published: July 2012

The University of Pittsburgh policy for procuring organs from non-heart-beating cadaver donors recognizes the potential for conflicts of interest between caring for a "hopelessly ill" patient who has forgone life-sustaining treatment and caring for a potential organ donor. The policy calls for a separation between those medical personnel who care for the gravely ill patient and those involved with the care of transplant recipients. While such a separation is possible in theory, it is difficult or impossible to attain in practice. However, such a separation of duties would be unnecessary if an arbitrator were appointed to monitor the proceedings as they take place on a case-by-case basis. In this way, the biases—real or potential—of the individuals involved could be identified, and the harmful effects of the unavoidable conflicts of interest could be minimized.
Grammatical acquisition: Inductive bias and coevolution of language and the language acquisition device
Authors: Briscoe Ted
Published: July 2012

An account of grammatical acquisition is developed within the parameter setting framework applied to a generalized categorial grammar (GCG). The GCG is embedded in a default inheritance network yielding a natural partial ordering (reflecting generality) of parameters that determines a partial order for parameter setting. Computational simulation shows that several resulting acquisition procedures are effective on a parameter set expressing major typological distinctions based on constituent order, and defining 70 distinct full languages and over 200 subset languages. The effects on acquisition of inductive bias, that is, of differing initial parameter settings, are explored via computational simulation. Computational simulation of POPULATIONS of language learners and users instantiating the acquisition model shows that: (1) variant acquisition procedures, with differing inductive biases, exert differing selective pressures on the evolution of language(s); and (2) acquisition procedures will evolve towards more efficient variants in the environment of adaptation. The reciprocal evolution of language acquisition procedures and of languages creates a genuinely coevolutionary dynamic, despite the relative speed of linguistic selection for language variants compared to natural selection for variant language acquisition procedures.
An AAE Camouflage Construction
Authors: Collins Chris , Mooday Simanique , Postal Paul Martin
Published: July 2012

Spears 1998 discusses a use of the word ass in African American English (AAE) in sentences like They done arrested her stupid ass and I'm gonna sue her ass. We refer to DPs like her stupid ass generically as the ACC (ass CAMOUFLAGE CONSTRUCTION), and we view the ACC as an instance of a universal grammatical phenomenon we call CAMOUFLAGE. The ACC is also attested in non- AAE dialects of American English (Beavers & Koontz-Garboden 2006a). For certain syntactic properties, the possessor of the ACC behaves as if it were external to the larger DP (e.g. binding, control, selection); for others, it behaves as if it were internal to the larger DP (e.g. finite verb agreement, traditional constituent-structure tests). To account for this dual behavior, we propose that the ACC possessor DP originates in a position external to the ACC, and moves into its possessor position. We discuss the implications of our analysis for other areas of AAE syntax, including the resumptive-with construction, a previously undocumented grammatical phenomenon, and the use of self in various constructions, which we suggest are illuminated by the notion camouflage. We briefly consider arguable instances of camouflage crosslinguistically in languages such as Georgian, French, the Mayan languages K'ekchi and Tzotzil, and Yoruba. Genuine similarities between the ACC and these other constructions support our perspective on the ACC.
Leisure and Work in Library and Community Programs for Very Young Children
Authors: Stooke Roz , McKenzie Pamela J.
Published: July 2012

This article presents findings from an observational study of library and community programs for babies and toddlers with their caregivers. The analysis is based on field notes from observations made during fifty visits to eight program sites in two Canadian provinces and is underpinned by two related beliefs: first that leisure experiences are produced through ongoing interactions among participants and program leaders, and second, that observing social interactions in program sites can provide clues to understanding the work involved and the processes of production. Our findings indicate that leisure activities in all program sites functioned as contexts for institutional work associated with Canadian policy goals for early childhood education and care (ECEC): promoting early childhood literacy, positive caregiver-child relationships, and social support. Library programs foreground literacy work. We contend that a rigid commitment to program rules could undermine educational and social support outcomes. Our findings support flexible and improvisational approaches to program delivery and leaders' active involvement in the informal components of programs.
Women Administrators in Academic Libraries: Three Decades of Change
Authors: Moran Barbara B. , Leonard Elisabeth , Zellers Jessica
Published: July 2012

From the 1960s until the 1990s, gender equity was a topic of great interest in library workforce studies. In the almost forty years since affirmative action law was made applicable to institutions of higher education, efforts have been made to increase the number of women administrators in academic libraries, and it is now assumed that women have achieved parity. However, there is little hard evidence available about their representation in all types and levels of academic libraries. A follow-up study was done to two earlier studies of the status of women in academic libraries. Using the American Library Directory as a source, the gender of individuals holding the positions of director, associate or assistant director, or department head in ARL and Liberal Arts I libraries in 1972, 1982, 1994, and 2004 were studied. Although women have not yet achieved parity at all levels, the percentage of women administrators has increased significantly over the years. There is still a substantial gap at the director's level in the Liberal Arts I and a smaller one at ARL libraries, however, the results show that since the 1970s, women have succeeded in almost erasing the gender gap in academic library administration.
The Opportunities and Challenges of the Digital Age: A Blind User's Perspective
Authors: Carey Kevin
Published: July 2012

Library services for blind and visually impaired people (VIPs) have been inextricably tied up with alternative format production, which has never risen above 4 percent of standard-text publishing. The impact of digital publishing has been modest on Braille, modified print and audio; this partly results from production methods but also from defensive copyright in which the rights of authors outweigh consumer access rights. In this instance librarians should: assert customer rights against author rights; require piracy evidence; work towards a global digital accessibility library; and advocate a generic right to information. In a global digitally converged environment VIPs will need help with navigation, data evaluation and file migration; these needs will alter the traditional, neutral, role of librarians, transforming them into facilitators, covering what were traditionally described as broadcasting and telecommunications. The biggest single problem for VIPs will be the explosion of digital static and moving pictures.
The Role and Activities of the IFLA Libraries for the Blind Section
Authors: Brazier Helen
Published: July 2012

The purpose of this article is to introduce some of the issues that blind and other print disabled people face in connection with reading and to explain how this situation influences the role of libraries for the blind. It goes on to describe the structure and purpose of the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) and its Libraries for the Blind Section, and to highlight the Section's challenges, goals, and activities contained in its latest strategic plan.
Guarding Against Collective Amnesia? Making Significance Problematic: An Exploration of Issues
Authors: Lloyd Annemaree
Published: July 2012

A nation's collective consciousness relies on the traces of memory collected by institutions such as libraries, archives, and museums. Such institutions have a responsibility to preserve documents and objects that reflect individual and collective endeavors and that have had an impact on culture and society at national, regional, and local levels. Institutions need to assess documents and objects against criteria that, in effect, "name" these items as significant. Most institutions claim that this process is objective, failing to acknowledge that it is underpinned by ideological, political, economic, cultural, and social influences. The position adopted in this paper is that the process of naming a document or object as significant will always reflect the directions and consciousness of a society's dominant groups, and that this will shape interpretations and narratives of the past. Thus the voices of a community's minority or special interest groups will be silenced. This paper suggests that neither the concept of significance nor the process of assessing significance is benign; both should be seen as areas of tension and contestation.
Kostoúla Mitropoúlou's Το παλαιοπωλείο στην Τσιμισκή and the New Novel
Authors: Lord Tracy M.
Published: July 2012

To classify Kostoúla Mitropoúlou's fiction as experimentalist in the vein of the New Novel is debatable. Her novel To Paleopolío stin Tsimiskí (1988) and its critical and promotional discussions raise issues that I will address by considering typology and the transmission of cultural form. When what has been called cultural diffusion or imperialism is seen in relation to a local setting for literary activity, the result is a differentiated complex of socio-artistic values that may be conducive to certain artistic strategies. For example, Mitropoúlou's work, in spite of its experimentalist aspects, does not respect any principle of formal integrity; instead, it incorporates the New Novel genre as one ingredient among others, arguably as an adaptation to local conditions and available materials. This partial appropriation of form may constitute a "marginal" manipulation of the center's classifying prerogative.
A New Disease in Greek Society: AIDS and the Representation of "Otherness"
Authors: Tsalicoglou Fotini
Published: July 2012

AIDS, as a useful analytical tool, uncovers facets that remain hidden behind modernity's alleged rationality. The dramatic coexistence of sexuality and death, of Eros and Thanatos , causes self-appeasing distinctions between normality and pathology, progress and tradition, illness and sin, the "good self" and the menacing "other. "In Greece, over-medicalization and stigmatization are the two fear-controlling mechanisms against AIDS. Specific historical contingencies reinforce defensive barriers between "in-groups" and "out-groups," transforming the AIDS victim into a menacing enemy. What distinguishes Greece's reaction to AIDS even more is a form of narcissism creating an illusion of Greece's immunity to that epidemic. Invulnerability and narcissism are revived and perpetuated by fetishization of the family and of national myths asserting the indestructibility of the Greek nation and race.
Nabokov's Transition from Russian to English: Repudiation or Evolution?
Authors: Boyd Brian
Published: July 2012

Alexander Dolinin claims that after a creatively combative engagement with the Russian literary tradition in his early years, Nabokov, on switching to English, disavowed that former engagement, diminished his own Russian achievement, and offered a "mythmaking" self-portrayal as "a born cosmopolitan" standing "apart from literary battles and discussions." I show that this is mythmaking. Nabokov did not consistently deprecate his own Russian work, consistently stressed his engagement with Russian émigré literature and criticism and his own Russianness, and passionately sought to have his Russian work and what he valued in the Russian tradition read and appreciated by his non-Russian audience. If he Anglicized allusions in translating his Russian work, he Russianized allusions when translating from English and French. Nabokov's severity not only on literature he deemed overrated and meretricious but on some of his own past work and on what he thought the masterpieces of world literature can be explained not in terms of a mythmaking repudiation of his Russianness but in terms of an aspect of his thought that has not been sufficiently appreciated: his strongly melioristic sense of cultural development that he imbibed in part from his father and from late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century cultural thought.
The Perceptual Northwest
Authors: Lowry James , Patterson Mark , Forbes William
Published: July 2012

Our goal is to survey cultural perceptions defining the U.S. Northwest region. As geographers, we should concern ourselves with mental constructs of regions, as they can easily impede or facilitate communication. Assumptions of others’ regional boundaries and images may be erroneous. Over the past several decades, a handful of geographers have begun to examine these perceptual (or vernacular) maps and regions. Students at 21 colleges and universities were asked to identify: (1) boundaries of the U.S. Northwest region; (2) Northwest regional characteristics and symbols; and (3) what cities or other places best represent the Northwest.

Nationally, student respondents largely followed the “official” area of the region regarding state boundaries, with Washington, Oregon, and Idaho as the core area. Student perception of characteristic cities and places followed this pattern, with referenced population centers spread across the threestate landscape. Regarding descriptive words and symbols, more emphasis is placed on Garreau’s coastal perception of the Northwest through terms such as rainy, trees, and mountainous. Regional differences showed up in perception of area, descriptive words, and symbols of the Northwest. Proximity led to different perceptions. Northwest students showed the smallest perception of the Northwest in geographic area, while those farthest away (Southeast students) mapped the largest Northwest. Difference from the home region also led to different perceptions. Students from less-forested regions emphasized trees more than students from more forested regions, who emphasized open and vast characteristics of the Northwest.
Trends in Extreme Daily Surface Temperatures in California, 1950–2005
Authors: Bohr Gregory S.
Published: July 2012

Daily observations of maximum and minimum temperatures from NWS COOP stations are used to examine trends in the magnitude and frequency of extreme daily maximum (TMAX) and minimum (TMIN) surface temperatures in California for the period 1950–2005. Significant trends are found in both TMAX and TMIN but are more prevalent in minimum temperature. Across the state, the coldest days of the year are becoming warmer, and extremely cold wintertime events are becoming slightly less frequent. The hottest days of the year are warming at relatively few stations, and frequencies of summertime extreme heat events show only limited positive trends. Annual frequencies of extreme cold events are decreasing faster (approximately 1 fewer day per year) than hot events frequencies are increasing (approximately 0.5 more days per year). Urban sites in particular are experiencing significant decreases in the annual frequency of extreme cold events, mainly in winter and spring, and are also seeing increases in the frequencies of unusually warm spring and summer TMINs. Significant trends in temperature extremes are well distributed across the state, with little clustering. Urban sites have larger numbers of significant trends, but trend magnitudes are generally similar at urban and rural sites.
Immigration Politics in California’s Inland Empire
Authors: Kohout Michal
Published: July 2012

Since 2005, local governments in southern California’s Inland Empire region have attempted to pass various types of immigration regulation. I examine several cases from this region that symbolize the contemporary national debate on immigration in the U.S. Using a conceptual framework derived from a body of work by critical geographers on immigration, I argue that geography is integral to the construction of immigration politics and policy. Specifically, I use the concepts of spatial targeting and discursive production of scale to understand how local and national immigration politics and policies fit together. Thus, I compare the local case studies from the Inland Empire to national immigration politics and policies. I discuss the Bush administration immigration policies, immigration bills passed in the U.S. Congress since 2005, and their constitutive arguments. I conclude that the contradiction between liberal trade and restrictive immigration policy, which has frustrated the implementation of immigration reform at the national level and has opened the floodgate to local immigration reform initiatives, is creating a complex topography of regulations and enforcement. This new geography of rights and citizenship is a process of spatial targeting whereby local immigration regulations have taken the place of national immigration reform. Like other critical geographers, I argue that these local resolutions to the contradictions of the U.S. neoliberal state allow for the continuation of the current status quo of a flexible labor market made up of undocumented workers with contingent rights.
Philosophy in the Ten Directions: Global Sensibility and the Imaginary
Authors: Pirruccello Ann
Published: July 2012

The emerging contours of global philosophy are being shaped by worldwide exchanges, diverse methods and approaches, the diminution of cultural hegemony, and expanded access to philosophical discussion. But globally intentioned scholars whose formative intellectual preparation is Anglo-European may be unaware of the role played by the imaginary in suppressing ideas and values that differ from one's root tradition. This essay uses a model of the Western philosophical imaginary taken from French researcher Michèle Le Doeuff, and draws connections between Le Doeuff's attempts to expose and interrupt the Western imaginary and the efforts of philosophers who wish to cross geographical and cultural boundaries. It is argued that Le Doeuff's critical approach has much to offer those who wish to cultivate a more receptive and supple philosophical sensibility—a global sensibility—and that this approach can be complemented by a horizontal practice adapted from Mahāyāna Buddhist sources. The purpose of this essay is to promote continuing dialogue about how best to realize the promise of globalization in philosophical practice.
The Underestimated Significance of Practitioner Knowledge in the Scholarship on Student Success
Authors: Bensimon Estela Mara
Published: July 2012

The scholarship on student success, particularly for minority groups, has two limitations. One is the lack of attention to practitioners' knowledge, beliefs, experiences, education, and feelings of self‑efficacy as factors that influence student outcomes. The other derives from the traditional science assumption that the researcher produces generalized knowledge that is translatable into "best practices" that are implemented locally by practitioners. These epistemological limitations can be addressed by the conceptualization of a phronetic social science for higher education where practitioners assume the role of researchers and develop context‑dependent knowledge and experience about how to facilitate student success.