bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A multimillion-year-old record of Greenland vegetation and glacial history preserved in sediment beneath 1.4 km of ice at Camp Century
Authors: Christ Andrew J. , Bierman Paul R. , Schaefer Joerg M. , Dahl-Jensen Dorthe , Steffensen Jørgen P. , Corbett Lee B. , Peteet Dorothy M. , Thomas Elizabeth K. , Steig Eric J. , Rittenour Tammy M. , Tison Jean-Louis , Blard Pierre-Henri , Perdrial Nicolas , Dethier David P. , Lini Andrea , Hidy Alan J. , Caffee Marc W. , Southon John
Published: March 2021

Significance

Understanding Greenland Ice Sheet history is critical for predicting its response to future climate warming and contribution to sea-level rise. We analyzed sediment at the bottom of the Camp Century ice core, collected 120 km from the coast in northwestern Greenland. The sediment, frozen under nearly 1.4 km of ice, contains well-preserved fossil plants and biomolecules sourced from at least two ice-free warm periods in the past few million years. Enriched stable isotopes in pore ice indicate precipitation at lower elevations than present, implying ice-sheet absence. The similarity of cosmogenic isotope ratios in the upper-most sediment to those measured in bedrock near the center of Greenland suggests that the ice sheet melted and re-formed at least once during the past million years.
Decoupling expression and editing preferences of ADAR1 p150 and p110 isoforms
Authors: Sun Tony , Yu Yingpu , Wu Xianfang , Acevedo Ashley , Luo Ji-Dung , Wang Jiayi , Schneider William M. , Hurwitz Brian , Rosenberg Brad R. , Chung Hachung , Rice Charles M.
Published: March 2021

Significance

ADAR1, an A-to-I RNA editing enzyme, is an essential gene and also an attractive target for cancer therapy. Mutations in ADAR1 cause devastating autoinflammatory diseases, and inhibition of ADAR1 remarkably reduces tumor growth. ADAR1 binds and edits RNA through two isoforms: p150 (150 kDa) and p110 (110 kDa), but the function and RNA substrates of each isoform are incompletely understood. Here we report that the p150 mRNA is capable of coexpressing p150 and p110 isoforms. This finding raises the importance of investigating the biological significance behind coupled expression of p150 and p110. To this end, we developed a genetic strategy to decouple p150 and p110 expression that allows for determination of isoform-selective RNA editing events.
Toward net-zero sustainable aviation fuel with wet waste–derived volatile fatty acids
Authors: Huq Nabila A. , Hafenstine Glenn R. , Huo Xiangchen , Nguyen Hannah , Tifft Stephen M. , Conklin Davis R. , Stück Daniela , Stunkel Jim , Yang Zhibin , Heyne Joshua S. , Wiatrowski Matthew R. , Zhang Yimin , Tao Ling , Zhu Junqing , McEnally Charles S. , Christensen Earl D. , Hays Cameron , Van Allsburg Kurt M. , Unocic Kinga A. , Meyer Harry M. , Abdullah Zia , Vardon Derek R.
Published: March 2021

Significance

To meet the growing demand for sustainable aviation fuels (SAF), conversion pathways are needed that leverage wet waste carbon and meet jet fuel property specifications. Here, we demonstrate SAF production from food waste–derived volatile fatty acids (VFA) by targeting normal paraffins for a near-term path to market and branched isoparaffins to increase the renewable content long term. Combining these distinct paraffin structures was shown to synergistically improve VFA-SAF flash point and viscosity to increase the renewable blend limit to 70%. Life cycle analysis shows the dramatic impact on the carbon footprint if food waste is diverted from landfills to produce VFA-SAF, highlighting the potential to meet jet fuel safety, operability, and environmental goals.
Evidence supporting a time-limited hippocampal role in retrieving autobiographical memories
Authors: Gilmore Adrian W. , Quach Alina , Kalinowski Sarah E. , González-Araya Estefanía I. , Gotts Stephen J. , Schacter Daniel L. , Martin Alex
Published: March 2021

Significance

The hippocampus is central to healthy memory function, yet its necessity for remembering events from the distant past remains unclear. Prominent hypotheses alternatively suggest a time-limited or an indefinite role. fMRI evidence, typically based on silent in-scanner recall, has been equivocal, possibly because it provides sparse information of the content being remembered. Here, we asked fMRI participants to verbally describe recent and remote memories. After accounting for neural activity associated with the moment-to-moment memory content of recalled memories, we observed a temporally graded pattern of activity within the posterior hippocampus and found that recent—but not remote—event recall significantly activated the hippocampus relative to a non-autobiographical control task. Our findings support a time-limited hippocampal role in autobiographical memory.
Crtc modulates fasting programs associated with 1-C metabolism and inhibition of insulin signaling
Authors: Wang Tian , Wiater Ezra , Zhang Xinmin , Thomas John B. , Montminy Marc
Published: March 2021

Significance

Fasting in humans stimulates a transition from glucose to lipid metabolism via the induction of catabolic programs in response to increases in circulating glucagon and decreases in insulin. The transcription factor CREB and its coactivators, the CRTCs, stimulate the expression of gluconeogenic genes in liver. CREB and CRTC are conserved in
Drosophila
; they act primarily in neurons to promote energy balance. Mutant flies lacking the Crtc gene are more sensitive to starvation due to reductions in fat and glycogen stores. Using RNA sequencing, we identified CREB/CRTC regulated genes in flies that promote survival during starvation by inhibiting insulin signaling and promoting one-carbon metabolism. Our results provide insight into the mechanisms by which organisms maintain energy balance in response to fasting.
Analysis of chronic inflammatory lesions of the colon for BMMF Rep antigen expression and CD68 macrophage interactions
Authors: Bund Timo , Nikitina Ekaterina , Chakraborty Deblina , Ernst Claudia , Gunst Karin , Boneva Boyana , Tessmer Claudia , Volk Nadine , Brobeil Alexander , Weber Achim , Heikenwalder Mathias , zur Hausen Harald , de Villiers Ethel-Michele
Published: March 2021

Significance

Bovine meat and milk factors (BMMF) are routinely found in bovine sera and dairy products, predominantly of Eurasian dairy cattle. BMMF DNA and proteins are demonstrated in tissues of colon cancer patients, specifically interstitial macrophages of peritumor tissues. BMMF represent plasmid-like, zoonotic infectious agents with an indirect role in cancer formation by inducing chronic inflammation leading to oxidative stress and DNA mutation in nearby replicating cells, which may develop into polyps as progenitors for colon cancer. Detection of BMMF during long latency periods prior to symptoms developing allows for specific preventive and early therapeutic measures. Detection of BMMF might offer a prognostic tool for prediction of patient survival, preventive approaches, and therapy success.
The intrinsic instability of the hydrolase domain of lipoprotein lipase facilitates its inactivation by ANGPTL4-catalyzed unfolding
Authors: Leth-Espensen Katrine Z. , Kristensen Kristian K. , Kumari Anni , Winther Anne-Marie L. , Young Stephen G. , Jørgensen Thomas J. D. , Ploug Michael
Published: March 2021

Significance

Dietary lipids are packaged into triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles and delivered to many tissues via the bloodstream. A complex of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and its endothelial cell receptor, GPIHBP1, hydrolyzes lipoprotein triglycerides, releasing fatty acids for uptake by surrounding cells. The efficiency of triglyceride hydrolysis is regulated by physiologic LPL inhibitors: ANGPTL-3, -4, and -8. We defined the binding site for ANGPTL4 on LPL and showed that ANGPTL4 induces allosteric changes in LPL that progress to irreversible unfolding and collapse of LPL’s catalytic site. The binding of GPIHBP1 to LPL augments LPL stability and renders LPL less susceptible to inactivation by ANGPTL4. Our studies provide crucial insights into molecular mechanisms that regulate intravascular triglyceride metabolism.
Translanguaging or code-switching?
Authors: Chan Brian Hok-Shing
Published: March 2021

The emergence of “translanguaging” as a concept referring to bilingual practices has challenged the appropriateness of “code-switching” – the term that has been most influential in studies of bilingualism and language mixing. Reassessing the literature on Cantonese-English mixing in Hong Kong, this paper suggests that the kind of spontaneous code-switching in peer talk, largely intra-sentential (or intra-clausal) and intra-turn, can indeed be recast as translanguaging, where speakers transcend language boundaries between Cantonese and English for the purpose of meaning-making. Nevertheless, Hong Kong speakers do constantly draw language boundaries by marking words as English or Cantonese, both in metalinguistic judgment and in real-time language production. Revisiting an unpublished dataset of radio talk, this paper further illustrates a number of sequences in which Cantonese speakers may “languagise” the code-switched words or expressions as “English”. It is concluded that, in a Conversation-Analytic understanding, the difference between “translanguaging” and “code-switching” boils down to “languagising”, and the contrast between the two notions may have been overstated.
Reflex prediction
Authors: Bodt Timotheus A. , List Johann-Mattis
Published: March 2021

While analysing lexical data of Western Kho-Bwa languages of the Sino-Tibetan or Trans-Himalayan family with the help of a computer-assisted approach for historical language comparison, we observed gaps in the data where one or more varieties lacked forms for certain concepts. We employed a new workflow, combining manual and automated steps, to predict the most likely phonetic realisations of the missing forms in our data, by making systematic use of the information on sound correspondences in words that were potentially cognate with the missing forms. This procedure yielded a list of hypothetical reflexes of previously identified cognate sets, which we first preregistered as an experiment on the prediction of unattested word forms and then compared with actual word forms elicited during secondary fieldwork. In this study we first describe the workflow which we used to predict hypothetical reflexes and the process of elicitation of actual word forms during fieldwork. We then present the results of our reflex prediction experiment. Based on this experiment, we identify four general benefits of reflex prediction in historical language comparison. These comprise (1) an increased transparency of linguistic research, (2) an increased efficiency of field and source work, (3) an educational aspect which offers teachers and learners a wide plethora of linguistic phenomena, including the regularity of sound change, and (4) the possibility of kindling speakers’ interest in their own linguistic heritage.
Acquiring the core-peripheral distinction in split intransitivity
Authors: Wu Lili , Spring Ryan
Published: March 2021

This study presents the results of an experimental investigation into the L2 acquisition of the core-peripheral
distinction in the syntax of split intransitivity by L1 Mandarin EFL learners to verify whether or not their L2 acquisition is
lexically constrained by the Split Intransitivity Hierarchy, which predicts that core verbs have primacy in both L1 and L2
acquisition over peripheral ones (Sorace, 2000, 2004, 2011). Two diagnostics of English split intransitivity, the
prenominal past participles (PPPs) and the for hours constructions, were used to test native English speakers and
Mandarin EFL learners’ gradient acceptability with respect to core-peripheral verb classes. The results of an acceptability
judgment test show that both native speakers and nonnative speakers are sensitive to the core-peripheral distinction in the two
diagnostics, and EFL learners exhibit a native-like sensitivity to core unaccusatives in PPPs but not in the for
hours constructions. The results confirm that the core-peripheral distinction can be accounted for neither by L1
transfer nor L2 input, which suggests for the behavior is due to direct access to semantic universals in the L2 acquisition of
split intransitivity syntax.
An intermodal approach to cohesion in constrained and unconstrained language
Authors: Kajzer-Wietrzny Marta
Published: March 2021

This article investigates cohesion in the spoken and written registers of constrained language varieties to highlight the similarities and differences in the cohesion patterns of mediated (i.e., interpreted and translated) and non-native texts with respect to original texts produced by native speakers. In particular, it examines how different types of cohesive devices are distributed across spoken and written native, non-native, and mediated speeches originally delivered impromptu and read out at the plenary sessions of the European Parliament. The dataset comes from the European Translation and Interpreting Corpus (EPTIC) (Ferraresi and Bernardini 2019). The context provides a rare opportunity to examine the spoken and written registers of professional communication, both mono- and multilingual, in a relatively homogenous setting. First, in the exploratory analysis, I investigate the distribution of different types of cohesive devices across the investigated varieties drawing on mosaic plots and correspondence analysis. Thereafter, I make use of regression modelling of the overall frequency of cohesive devices across the examined varieties to evaluate the effect of constrainedness, mode of delivery, and individual variation. The results indicate that non-native and mediated texts do diverge from native production in the use of cohesive devices, but in different ways.
Legal meta-comments in the think-aloud protocols of legal translators and lawyers
Authors: Griebel Cornelia
Published: March 2021

In order to ensure successful subprocesses within the overall legal translation process, a correct and
comprehensive understanding of the source text is crucial. Legal translators must be able to grasp all the legal, linguistic,
communicative, and situational dimensions of the text. The focus of this study is on the cognitive processes involved in the first
reading phase of the legal translation process and, in particular, on the question of whether legal translators and lawyers have
different text reception processes. By analysing the think-aloud protocols recorded in a mixed-methods study, legal
meta-comments (LMCs) from translators and lawyers are examined and compared. The results suggest that the two groups
approach the text from different angles, which leads to some suggestions for further developing the training of legal
translators.
Unlocking the power of productive classroom talk for early second language acquisition
Authors: Frijns Carolien , Van den Branden Kris
Published: March 2021

This study investigates whether participation in classroom interaction and a specific type of affective priming
using parents’ pictures had positive effects on ethnic minority children’s L2 vocabulary acquisition. A quasi-experimental study
was set up in which preschoolers-at-risk were engaged in a task-based intervention with different types of affective priming while
they were participating in, or overhearing, classroom interaction in the L2. The results of the study indicated significant main
effects of (1) the children’s prior proficiency in the second language and (2) their participation in productive classroom
interaction on their vocabulary acquisition. A significant interaction effect was found for overhearing and school disliking. For
affective priming, no significant effects were found. This present study provides evidence that both participating in, and
overhearing, productive classroom talk are powerful ways to boost young children’s L2 vocabulary acquisition.
English in Namibia
Authors: Stell Gerald
Published: March 2021

This chapter provides a socio-historical account
of the English language in Namibia from early colonial times to the
present. Although its current dominant status in Namibia may at
first sight appear historically incongruous, English was locally
acknowledged as a prestige language along with Afrikaans and German
from the earliest stages of the South African occupation
(1915–1990), one with which SWAPO, the dominant liberation movement,
as well as its populous northern support base, strongly identified.
This chapter pays attention to the considerations that led to
English becoming Namibia’s only official language upon independence.
Furthermore, this chapter reviews indications that – despite the
challenges besetting its implementation as medium of instruction –
English is developing distinctively local spoken varieties.
Voices from the post-independence classroom
Authors: Steigertahl Helene
Published: March 2021

With its implementation as Namibia’s sole
official language, English also became the only medium of
instruction after mother tongue education during the first school
years. This generated advantages as well as disadvantages,
particularly in the educational sector, as English had – except in
the northern regions – hardly been used in Namibia until 1990. This
article discusses Namibia’s educational policy, assessing both
quantitative and qualitative data on the use of English and home
languages in the Namibian classroom. In this context, the results of
a quantitative questionnaire study are triangulated with the
analysis of qualitative interviews providing a more comprehensive
view on the linguistic situation in (English) classrooms in
post-Independence Namibia.
The question of structural nativization in Namibian
English
Authors: Buschfeld Sarah
Published: March 2021

The question of whether the English as spoken in
Namibia can be considered a (second-language) variety or should
rather be considered a learner English was first addressed in Buschfeld and Kautzsch (2014).
The present study approaches this question from a quantitative
perspective, focusing on the use of progressive morphology (i.e.,
verb+ing) in Namibian English (NamE).
The findings suggest that NamE is characterized by local and
innovative, extended uses of progressive marking. I discuss whether
these can be considered nativized features and conclude that this is
a complex question in which a variety of factors have to be
considered, most importantly the fact that NamE is not a monolithic
whole but stratified along the lines of speakers’ ages and
ethnicities.
High-accuracy calculations of the lowest eleven Rydberg 2
P states of the Li atom
Authors: Nasiri Saeed , Shomenov Toreniyaz , Bubin Sergiy , Adamowicz Ludwik
Published: March 2021

Highly accurate calculations are reported for the eleven lowest states of the 2
P Rydberg series (1s
2
np
1, n = 2, …, 12) of the lithium atom. The nonrelativistic wave functions of the states are expanded in terms of up to 16 000 all-electron explicitly correlated Gaussian (ECG) basis functions. The ECG exponential parameters are variationally optimized using a method that employs the analytical energy gradient determined for the parameters. The finite-nuclear-mass effects of the 6Li and 7Li isotopes are explicitly included in the nonrelativistic variational calculations. The results also include the leading relativistic and quantum electrodynamics energy corrections computed using the framework of perturbation theory. The calculated interstate transition energies are compared with the available experimental data. The 6Li–7Li isotope shifts of the transition energies are determined.
Anomalous diameter dependent electrical transport in individual CuO nanowire
Authors: Kajli Sourav Kumar , Ray Debdutta , Roy Somnath C
Published: March 2021

Cupric oxide (CuO) nanostructure arrays have been extensively investigated for solar energy harvesting, electrochemical energy storage, chemical sensing, field-effect transistors, etc. Although most of these applications depend on the collective behavior of an array of such structures, analysis of electrical transport in a single nanostructure, which are the building blocks, is essential for understanding both the fundamental aspects and device performance. Here we report the electrical conduction mechanism in thermally grown single CuO nanowire (NW), which reveals that the current density has an anomalous dependence on the diameter of the NWs—decreasing with an increase in diameter. An analysis of the electrical behavior at room temperature shows that the current density in CuO NWs has different slopes in different regions of the applied bias indicating distinct types of charge transport, which are characterized as near Ohmic (lower voltage), trap controlled, and space charge limited conduction (higher applied voltage). Further, the trap density and activation energy are calculated from the temperature-dependent current density data, which shows higher values (9.38 × 1015cm−3, 79.4 meV) in thicker NWs compared to that in the thinner ones (3.96 × 1015 cm−3, 63.9 meV). Investigation of the NWs with Raman and photoluminescence spectra establishes the presence of Cu2O phase in thicker NWs, which act as hole traps to hinder the charge transport in p-type CuO and resulting in lower conductivity at higher diameters. This study helps to design and fabricate prototype nanodevices with desired conductivity based on CuO NWs.
Ultrafast carrier dynamics in Ag–CdTe hybrid nanostructure: non-radiative and radiative relaxations
Authors: Gurung Sabina , Khatua Durga Prasad , Singh Asha , Jayabalan J
Published: March 2021

In this article, we study non-radiative and radiative relaxation processes in a hybrid formed by combining Ag nanoparticle (NP) and CdTe quantum dots (QD) using transient transmission spectroscopy. The ultrafast transient transmission of hybrid, when excited at 400 nm, shows a faster recovery of hot electrons at a shorter time scale (few picoseconds) while it shows a slower recovery at longer time scale (few tens of picoseconds). Further it is found that the contribution of CdTe QD to the transient transmission is increased in the presence of Ag NP. However, the radiative relaxation in CdTe QDs get quenched in the presence of Ag NP. This work provides significant insight into the various relaxation processes that leads to the charge transport and PL quenching mechanisms in metal–semiconductor hybrids.
Highlighting the need for high-speed imaging in capillary breakup extensional rheometry
Authors: Ng Henry C-H , Poole Robert J
Published: March 2021

The capillary breakup extensional rheometer is commonly used to determine material properties of complex fluids. This is achieved by tracking the diameter evolution of a liquid bridge undergoing capillary thinning and breakup in a uniaxial extensional flow. Typically, the filament diameter evolution is tracked at the mid-plane between the two end-plates using a laser micrometer. We show using high-speed imaging that while this arrangement is satisfactory in flows where the filament is long (relative to its initial diameter), slender and approximately cylindrical, errors can be significant when the filaments are short (and with a non-negligible curvature) such as encountered when using the so-called slow-retraction-method and ‘Dripping-onto-Substrate’ rheometry. We will further highlight the need for high-speed imaging in CaBER experiments by considering errors induced when the laser micrometer is misaligned with the location of filament breakup. This latter source of error will be particularly relevant for capillary breakup experiments where the location of filament breakup is not typically known a priori, such as the case for many so-called ‘yield-stress’ fluids.
Design consideration of compact cardiac TOF-PET systems: a simulation study
Authors: Akamatsu Go , Tashima Hideaki , Takyu Sodai , Kang Han Gyu , Iwao Yuma , Takahashi Miwako , Yoshida Eiji , Yamaya Taiga
Published: March 2021

Myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) with PET plays a vital role in the management of coronary artery disease. High sensitivity systems can contribute to maximizing the potential value of PET MPI; therefore, we have proposed two novel detector arrangements, an elliptical geometry and a D-shape geometry, that are more sensitive and more compact than a conventional large-bore cylindrical geometry. Here we investigate two items: the benefits of the proposed geometries for cardiac imaging; and the effects of scatter components on cardiac PET image quality. Using the Geant4 toolkit, we modeled four time-of-flight (TOF) PET systems: an 80 cm diameter cylinder, a 40 cm diameter cylinder, a compact ellipse, and a compact D-shape. Spatial resolution and sensitivity were measured using point sources. Noise equivalent count rate and image quality were examined using an anthropomorphic digital chest phantom. The proposed geometries showed higher sensitivity and better count rate characteristics with a fewer number of detectors than the conventional large-bore cylindrical geometry. In addition, we found that the increased intensity of the scatter components was a big factor affecting the contrast in defect regions for such a compact geometry. It is important to address the issue of the increased intensity of the scatter components to develop a high-performance compact cardiac TOF PET system.
Quantum detector tomography of a high dynamic-range superconducting nanowire single-photon detector
Authors: Schapeler Timon , Höpker Jan Philipp , Bartley Tim J
Published: March 2021

We demonstrate and verify quantum detector tomography of a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) in a multiplexing scheme which permits measurement of up to 71 000 photons per input pulse. We reconstruct the positive operator valued measure (POVM) of this device in the low photon-number regime, and use the extracted parameters to show the POVMs spanning the whole dynamic range of the device. We verify this by finding the mean photon number of a bright state. Our work shows that a reliable quantum description of large-scale SNSPD devices is possible, and should be applicable to other multiplexing configurations.
The H.E.S.S. gravitational wave rapid follow-up program
Authors: Ashkar Halim , Brun Francois , Füßling Matthias , Hoischen Clemens , Ohm Stefan , Prokoph Heike , Reichherzer Patrick , Schüssler Fabian , Seglar-Arroyo Monica
Published: March 2021

Gravitational Wave (GW) events are physical processes that significantly perturbate space-time, e.g. compact binary coalescenses, causing the production of GWs. The detection of GWs by a worldwide network of advanced interferometers offers unique opportunities for multi-messenger searches and electromagnetic counterpart associations. While carrying extremely useful information, searches for associated electromagnetic emission are challenging due to large sky localisation uncertainties provided by the current GW observatories LIGO and Virgo. Here we present the methods and procedures used within the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.) in searches for very-high-energy (VHE) gamma-ray emission associated to the emission of GWs from extreme events. To do so we create several algorithms dedicated to schedule GW follow-up observations by creating optimized pointing paterns. We describe algorithms using 2-dimensional GW localisation information and algorithms correlating the galaxy distribution in the local universe, by using galaxy catalogs, with the 3-dimensional GW localisation information and evaluate their performances. The H.E.S.S. automatic GW follow-up chain, described in this paper, is optimized to initiate GW follow-up observations within less than 1 minute after the alert reception. These developements allowed H.E.S.S. observations of 6 GW events out of the 67 non-retracted GW events detected during the first three observation runs of LIGO and Virgo reaching VHE γ-ray coverages of up to 70% of the GW localisation.
Finite element analysis of blackbody radiation environment for an ytterbium lattice clock operated at room temperature
Authors: Xiong Dezhi , Zhu Qiang , Wang Jinqi , Zhang Ang , Tian Congcong , Wang Bing , He Lingxiang , Xiong Zhuanxian , Lyu Baolong
Published: March 2021

The Stark shift due to blackbody radiation (BBR) is a key obstacle limiting the frequency uncertainty of optical lattice clocks. A well-characterized BBR environment is necessary to know exactly the temperature felt by the cold atoms. In our ytterbium clock, the lattice-trapped atoms are exposed to the thermal radiation of the surrounding vacuum chamber walls and optical windows. Calibrated platinum resistance temperature detectors are used to monitor the vacuum chamber temperature in real time. In order to obtain the effective temperature T
eff in the position of the atoms, we perform finite element (FE) analysis to the thermal radiation of the vacuum chamber. Due to the temperature inhomogeneity existing in our vacuum chamber, the limited knowledge of the air convection contributes the largest part of the uncertainty in T
eff. For our typical room temperature environment, T
eff can be determined with an accuracy level of 160 mK, corresponding to a fractional frequency uncertainty of 5.3 × 10−18 for the BBR Stark shift. Additionally, we use a simple formula to relate T
eff to the temperatures at the monitored points, which allows us to know the value of T
eff without using FE analysis, and thus enables the real-time correction to the BBR Stark shift.
Topological control of laser-driven acceleration structure for producing extremely bright ion beams
Authors: Ju L.B. , Huang T.W. , Li R. , Jiang K. , Wu C.N. , Zhang H. , Wu S.Z. , Yu M.Y. , Qiao B. , Zhu S.P. , Zhou C.T. , Ruan S.C.
Published: March 2021

We propose to use intense optical vortex to control laser-based ion acceleration for obtaining high-quality ion beams. An acceleration field favorable for generating well-collimated energetic proton beams results from the interaction of a tailored vortex laser pulse with thin solid-density foil in a blowout regime. Three-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations show that the foil protons can be efficiently accelerated to the GeV level in the form of a beam with small radius (<1 μm), narrow divergence (<0.1 rad), and low emittance (∼0.004π mm mrad). The proton beam is of high energy density (>1018 J m−3) and high brightness (>1022 A m−2 rad−2), exceeding that of the Gaussian laser case by four orders of magnitude, and the energy conversion efficiency is about 12 times that under the same laser intensity. The scheme can also be used to accelerate heavier, such as carbon, ions. The resulting ion beams should be useful as compact neutron source, for creation of warm dense matters, as well as ion-beam direct and indirect drive inertial confinement fusion, ultrafast diagnostics of the implosion dynamics in the latter, etc.
Finite electron temperature gradient effects on blob formation in the scrape-off layer of a tokamak plasma
Authors: Shankar Vijay , Bisai N. , Raj Shrish , Sen A.
Published: March 2021

Nonlinear coherent dense plasma structures—‘blobs’—that form in the turbulent edge plasma of a tokamak play an important role in the anomalous nature of the plasma transport in that region. A plasma blob is normally formed when another kind of coherent structure—a radially elongated streamer structure—breaks due to differential stretching in the radial and poloidal directions. We investigate the nature of such a blob formation in the scrape-off layer region by taking into account electron temperature effects. It is found that the shear related to the poloidal gradient of the poloidal electric field plays a major role. A blob is predicted to form when this shear exceeds the interchange mode growth rate within the radially elongated region. Our theoretical estimate of this extended criterion for blob formation is validated from three-dimensional numerical simulation results using the BOUT++ framework and could be useful in the interpretation of blob formation in the presence of finite electron temperature gradient that is applicable in the H and L mode discharges.
Production and tests of the ADDC for the Micromegas detector of the ATLAS New Small Wheel
Authors: Tang S. , Matakias D. , Chen H. , Chen K. , Pleier M.A. , Polychronakos V. , Yao L.
Published: March 2021

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN will perform a series of upgrades to allow luminosity increases during the next physics runs expected from 2022 on. These will also significantly increase the trigger rates of all the detectors. As part of the ATLAS Phase-I upgrade, the current Small Wheel muon detectors will be replaced with state-of-the-art New Small Wheel (NSW) detectors to cope with the increased luminosity of the LHC. The Address in Real Time Data Driver Card (ADDC) is designed to transmit the trigger data from the resistive Micro-Mesh Gaseous Structure (Micromegas) detectors of the NSW. The ART ASIC on the ADDC is a custom-designed chip to receive the Address in Real Time (ART) signals from the VMM front-end ASIC and perform hit-selection processing. The processed trigger data is then sent to the Trigger Processor (TP) through optical links. A total of 512 ADDCs will be installed on the detector close to the front-end boards. Therefore, those cards must be able to work properly in a high radiation and magnetic field environment. After four rounds of prototyping, the ADDC production was launched in January of 2019. 600 ADDC boards have been produced and tested with an automated test stand. This test setup can simulate the front-end signals and provide "Level-1 Data Driver Card" (L1DDC) functions as well as part of the TP functions. Thus, the ADDC functionality and stability can be verified without the remaining NSW electronics. This paper describes the ADDC hardware prototype development, radiation and integration testing, and the ADDC automated production test procedure.
Precipitation response to climate change and urban development over the continental United States
Authors: Georgescu M , Broadbent A M , Wang M , Krayenhoff E Scott , Moustaoui M
Published: March 2021

Appropriately characterizing future changes in regional-scale precipitation requires assessment of the interactive effect owing to greenhouse gas-induced climate change and the physical growth of the built environment. Here we use a suite of medium resolution (20 km grid spacing) decadal scale simulations conducted with the Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled to an urban canopy parameterization to examine the interplay between end-of-century long-lived greenhouse gas (LLGHG) forcing and urban expansion on continental US (CONUS) precipitation. Our results show that projected changes in extreme precipitation are at least one order of magnitude greater than projected changes in mean precipitation; this finding is geographically consistent over the seven CONUS National Climate Assessment (NCA) regions and between the pair of dynamically downscaled global climate model (GCM) forcings. We show that dynamical downscaling of the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory GCM leads to projected end-of-century changes in extreme precipitation that are consistently greater compared to dynamical downscaling of the Community Earth System Model GCM for all regions except the Southeast NCA region. Our results demonstrate that the physical growth of the built environment can either enhance or suppress extreme precipitation across CONUS metropolitan regions. Incorporation of LLGHGs indicates compensating effects between urban environments and greenhouse gases, shifting the probability spectrum toward broad enhancement of extreme precipitation across future CONUS metropolitan areas. Our results emphasize the need for development of management policies that address flooding challenges exacerbated by the twin forcing agents of urban- and greenhouse gas-induced climate change.
Status quo bias and public policy: evidence in the context of carbon mitigation
Authors: Lang Corey , Weir Michael , Pearson-Merkowitz Shanna
Published: March 2021

This article examines whether individuals’ preferences for government policy are affected by status quo bias. We designed a contingent valuation survey that asks respondents directly about their willingness to pay (WTP) for their state to be a part of a regional carbon mitigation policy. The survey has two randomized frames, which differ in whether or not their state is already part of the policy. We distributed the survey to a representative sample of Rhode Island residents (N = 844). We find that respondents who believe that Rhode Island would be joining the policy for the first time have a WTP to join of $170 (quite similar to previous research at a national scale), whereas those who believe Rhode Island is already part of the policy are willing to pay 2.5 times more, or $420, to stay in the program. Our results suggest that citizens greatly prefer existing carbon mitigation policies to new policies, which implies that carbon policy will be more successful if enacted through the legislature instead of popular vote.
Short-term electricity load time series prediction by machine learning model via feature selection and parameter optimization using hybrid cooperation search algorithm
Authors: Niu Wen-jing , Feng Zhong-kai , Li Shu-shan , Wu Hui-jun , Wang Jia-yang
Published: March 2021

Reliable load time series forecasting plays an important role in guaranteeing the safe and stable operation of modern power system. Due to the volatility and randomness of electricity demand, the conventional forecasting method may fail to effectively capture the dynamic change of load curves. To satisfy this practical necessity, the goal of this paper is set to develop a practical machine learning model based on feature selection and parameter optimization for short-term load prediction. In the proposed model, the ensemble empirical mode decomposition is used to divide the original loads into a sequence of relatively simple subcomponents; for each subcomponent, the support vector machine is chosen as the basic predictor where the real-valued cooperation search algorithm (CSA) is used to seek the best model hyperparameters, while the binary-valued CSA is set as the feature selection tool to determine the candidate input variables; finally, the aggregation of all the submodules’ outputs forms the final forecasting result. The presented method is assessed by short-term load data from four provincial-grid dispatching centers in China. The experiments demonstrate that the proposed model can provide better results than several conventional models in short-term load prediction, while the emerging CSA method is an effective tool to determine the parameter combinations of machine learning method.
Consumption and Preference of Tropical Vegetables in the Special Region of Yogyakarta
Authors: Hardyastuti S , Perwitasari H
Published: March 2021

Tropical vegetables are essential food sources for health. However, the consumption of vegetables in the Special Region of Yogyakarta is yet relatively low. Meanwhile, the Special Region of Yogyakarta has the potential to supply vegetable commodities. The research objective is to determine the consumption and consumer preference of the attributes of tropical vegetables. The sample of research locations were purposively selected, i.e., Colombo Market, Kranggan Market, Niten Market, Playen Market, Mirota Kampus, Superindo, and the Agrotechnology Innovation Center (PIAT UGM). The number of respondents was determined by accidental sampling with the survey of 115 respondents. Consumption of tropical vegetables is analyzed descriptively, and consumer preferences are analyzed using the Fishbein analysis. The results showed that the highest to the lowest order of tropical vegetable consumption were purple eggplant, long beans, cucumber, tomato, and chili. In addition, attributes from the preferences of tropical vegetable consumers include freshness, hygiene, convenience, benefits, color, packaging, size, taste, organic, label, and texture. The order of preference for tropical vegetables includes tomatoes, long beans, purple eggplants, chili, and cucumbers.
The Service Quality of Kampoeng Kopi Banaran Agrotourism, Central Java Province, Indonesia
Authors: Mulyo J H , Rohmah F , Perwitasari H , Nasir M A
Published: March 2021

Agro-tourism is a combination of tourism and farming activities that can be a solution to increase farmer income beyond production quantity’s value. Excellent service quality is the first step to agrotourism success. Therefore, this study analyses the Kampoeng Kopi Banaran agro-tourism’s service quality. The SERVQUAL, Importance Performance Analysis (IPA), and Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) methods are applied to estimate the service quality performance. Results suggest that Kampoeng Kopi Banaran agrotourism’s service quality is unsatisfactorily by the SERVQUAL method. On the other hand, the IPA method measures that there are five attributes in quadrant I (keep up the good work), five attributes in quadrant II (concentrate here), six attributes in quadrant III (low priority), and seven attributes in quadrant IV (possible overkill). The CSI method found out that customers are not satisfied with the agro-tourism service. It is necessary to improve the service quality by the provision of science and technology that facilitates visitors to learn and understand more about the environment and processes within this agro-tourism site.
Challenges in transportation policy: speeding up a sustainable agri-food supply chain
Authors: Kresnanto N C , Putri W H , Lantarsih R , Harjiyatni F R
Published: March 2021

A sustainable agri-food supply chain becomes a utopia when transportation policy has no support to develop a sustainable mechanism. This study conducts a literature review to understand the footprint of a sustainable agri-food supply chain based on robust transportation policy and modelling for optimizing efficiency and customer satisfaction. This study relies on the relevant search term and reference source selection with the keyword “transportation policy” and “sustainable agri-food value chain” between 2016-2020. Literature sources identified with online databases from Google Scholars, Science Direct, IEEE Xplore, and other online resources that affordable by Google search engine. Based on 52 manuscripts that were studied in-line with the research context, we find the empirical study tends to conclude that the transportation policy is a critical part of developing a sustainable agri-food supply chain besides the internal process in the agri-food producer. Transportation issues focus on routing problems and acceptable government policy. Simultaneously, the agri-food company’s internal process emphasized lead-time production and distribution, achieve the ultimate goals reducing logistics cost, zero waste production process, and customer satisfaction.
Financial Feasibility Analysis of Gourami Farming in A Collaborated Business Association System
Authors: Sumbodo B T , Suharjiwanto  , Kadarso  , Anggraeni R , Ika SR
Published: March 2021

As catch fisheries have experienced overfishing symptoms, which resulted in a decrease in fish resources, the government must develop freshwater aquaculture. Sleman Regency has known for its growing freshwater aquaculture development, which supplies about 70% of the total fish production in Yogyakarta Special Province. Despite the rising demand for fish consumption, fish cultivators face problems in the capital, infrastructure, weak bargaining power, quality problems, and long distribution chains. One way to overcome these problems is to strengthen the bargaining position through the fish farmer groups. This study aims to analyze the financial feasibility of gourami farming, whose owners are members of business associations. In the business association, fish farmers agree to collaborate in running their business to cultivate gourami in a supply chain process ranging from production to marketing. The collaboration of fish farmers integrates four segments of the fish-raising chain system, consist of seedling handling from 0 to1.5 months old, raising fish from 1.5-to 3.5 months, from 3.5 to 6.5 months, and 6.5 to 12 months. Using a quantitative research method, this study analyzes 40 fish farmers in Seyegan, Sleman District of Yogyakarta. The financial feasibility analysis uses the net present value, benefit-cost ratio, internal rate of return, and break-even point. Results of these analyzes indicate that financially, the collaborative gourami farming in Seyegan District is feasible with an NPV of segment I is Rp 11,122,952.00, of segment II, is Rp 2,174,940.00, of segment III, is Rp 9,748,705.00. Of the segment, IV is Rp 18,691,435,86. The B/C Ratio for segment I is 1.87, segment II is 1.55, segment III is 2.13, and segment IV 2.05. The BEP value for segment I is Rp 1,709,228.00, for segment II is Rp 1,779,290.00, for segment III is Rp 852,100.00, and for segment IV is Rp 2,000,672.00.
Measurement of Body Measurement Characteristics and Vital Parameters in Saanen, Sapera, and Ettawa Crossbred Goats
Authors: Sarmin  , Widiyono I , Anggraeni D
Published: March 2021

Vital parameters (respiratory, pulse, rectal temperature, capillary refill time (CRT), rumen movement, and eating time) and body measurement characteristics measurement of Apparently Healthy in 60 healthy Ettawa crossbred goats, Saanen goats, and Sapera goats in Indonesia were evaluated. The correlation between respiratory rate, pulse rate, and rectal temperature was measured. Respiratory rates (breaths per minute) were 59.68±21.29 in Etawa Crossbred, 58.57±14.09 in Saanen, and 60.56±14.99 in Sapera. Pulses (pulsations per minute) were 87.54±19.70 in Ettawa crossbred, 90.46±18.36 in Saanen, and 86.82±13.69 in Sapera. Rectal temperatures (°C) were 39.18±0.51in Ettawa Crossbred, 39.14±0.69 in Saanen, and 38.95±0.61 in Sapera. CRT (second) were 1.96±1.64 in Ettawa crossbred, 2.21±1.19 in Saanen, and 2.76±1.75 in Sapera. Rumen Movement (times/5 min) was 5.08±1.73 in Ettawa crossbred, 5.64±1.69 in Saanen, and 4.59±1.91 in Sapera. Eating time (seconds) were 66.62±13.43 in Ettawa crossbred, 55.45±18.38 in Saanen, and 62.34±19.44in Sapera. Height (cm) was 70.62±14.27 in Ettawa crossbred, 60.56±7.55 in Saanen, and 61.72±9.37 in Sapera. Body length (cm) was 62.12±13.36 in Ettawa crossbred, 54.44±9.00 in Saanen, and 54.17±11.98 in Sapera. Chest circumference (cm) was 85.04±18.05 in Ettawa crossbred, 82.12±16.98 in Saanen, and 78.00±16.84 in Sapera. Chest depth (cm) was 30.88 ±5.68 in Ettawa Crossbred, 30.25±5.59 in Saanen, and 27.88 ±6.20 in Sapera. Ear length (cm) was 29.17±5.92 in Ettawa Crossbred, 16.25±1.95 in Saanen, and 20.22 ±3.14 in Sapera. Overall there was were are not correlation (R=0.36) between the rectal temperature and respiratory and rectal temperature with a pulses (R=0.06). This finding result is the first-established of vital parameters and body measurement characteristics measurement in Healthy in Ettawa crossbred goats, Saanen goats, and Sapera goats in Indonesia in Indonesia.
A Rapid Dry Rubber Content Measurement Device Based on Photoelectric Sensors
Authors: Wibowo A , Mustangin M , Safi’i A , Pratiwi D I
Published: March 2021

The quality of Natural Rubber Latex (NRL) is indicated by Dry Rubber Content (DRC), which is a value that shows the percentage of rubber material or rubber fraction contained in a latex. DRC measurements are generally carried out by two methods, namely manually weighing the sample and ISO 126-2005 method. This research aims to develop prototype of automatic DRC measurement device based on photoelectric sensors that are able to measure DRC values accurately, quickly, easily, and environmentally friendly. Research was carried out by designing and building prototypes based on the theory that latex will absorb the intensity of light proportional to the rubber content in it. The results of field tests show that the device can show accurate measurement results with a comparison of measurement methods according to ISO 126: 2005. To improve accuracy is done through least square analysis. The measurement ranges of the DRC values that have been tested with this prototype is 15-22% with an average error of only 1.56% or with an accuracy of 98.44%. The results of this test indicate that the prototype of a photoelectric-based DRC measuring device can be used as an alternative to the DRC measurement tool in a rubber factory with accurate, fast, easy and environmentally friendly measurement results.