bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Weichselian till stratigraphy in borings from northern Falster, Denmark
Authors: JACOBSEN ERIK MAAGAARD
Published: July 2010

A detailed lithological and petrographical investigation of 102 borings across the island of Falster, Denmark, shows that four till‐beds can be distinguished. The borings are on both sides of the recessional ice border line of the G‐stage of the Young Baltic Ice. The stratigraphy indicates that the morphological petrographical parameters show regional significance in differentiating the two uppermost tills. The upper one is referred to the Weichselian Young Baltic advance on the basis of stone counts and till fabrics. The lower one is referred to the Weichselian Northeast advance on the basis of stone counts and the orientation of a chalk floe. In one boring additional till‐beds were recognized, one of which referred to the Weichselian Old Baltic advance, because of the clast petrography and content of reworked Eemian foraminifera. The lowermost till is interpreted as being of Saalean age on the basis of the counts of the tine gravel fraction (3–5 mm). The landscape is dominated by the morphology produced by the Northeast Ice advance, whereas the later Young Baltic advance had only a drumlinizing effect.
A general introductory textbook of geology
Authors: FOGELBERG PAUL
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

John E. Sanders: Principles of Physical Geology.
Kineto‐stratigtraphic evaluation and presentation of glacial‐stratigraphic data, with examples from northern Samsø, Denmark
Authors: HOUMARK‐NIELSEN MICHAEL , BERTHELSEN ASGER
Published: July 2010

Glacial‐stratigraphic methods used in Denmark are discussed and illustrated by a case study of Weichselian drift successions on Samsø. Detailed observations of lithological sequences, glacier‐induced deformations, glaciodynamic structures, and till fabric in cliff exposures are used to reconstruct flow directions of successive ice advances and run‐off patterns of meltwater. In this way kineto‐stratigraphic drift units are established. In addition to their directional elements, individual unit/sub‐units may show particular clast/microfossil/heavy mineral content. Such compositional characteristics only partially reflect first‐time long‐range transport from distant sources; local admixture of material from pre‐existing glacial and non‐glacial sediments may play an equally important role. In order that the relative significance of results obtained by different methods can be evaluated in a broader context, a standardized graphic chart for the presentation and correlation of glacial‐stratigraphic data has been prepared and used in this case study.
A prediction of minimum age for the Weichselian maximum glaciation in North Iceland
Authors: NORDDAHL HREGGVIDUR
Published: July 2010

The Weichselian glaciation in Norht lceland is locally divided into three main stages:(1) The maximum stage, when North Iceland was ice‐covered northwards to the island of Grimsey; (2) the ice‐lake stage, when a series of ice‐dammed lakes were formed in Fijóskadalur; and (3) the Langhöll Stadial, 14C age about 10,000 B.P., an advance restricted to the valleys on both sides of Eyjafjördur, after the final emptying of the youngest lake in Fnjöskadalur, By combining changes in strandine gradients with time, an age of about 20,700 B.P. for the oldest ice‐dammed lake is predicted. As this a ge is greater than the assumed age, 18,000 B.P., of the maximum extent of the Weichselian glaciation, it is unlikely that the maximum occurred at that time. Possibly, the maximum extent of the Weichselian glaciation in North lceland took place concurrenly with some of the early s tadials that have been identified in Arctic Canada, in East Greenland and on Svalbard.
Deformation of soft sandy sediments during deglaciation and subsequent emergence of land areas; examples from northern Karelia, Finland
Authors: VESAJOKI HEIKKI
Published: July 2010

A variety of deformation structures in sandy sediments are described, the origin of which may be ascribed to the escape of excess pore‐water from liquefied and fluidized sediments in response to density instabilities created by external and/or internal loading. A number of deformations found in exposed nearshore sediments of an artificially drained lake provide an explanatory model according to which rapid drops in water level during the development of waterway systems in connection with post‐glacial land uplift are suggested in many cases to have served as creational environments for soft sediment deformation. Other favourable circumstances in glaciated areas were obviously offered by the complex melting and sedimentation mechanisms which occurred in the envionment of the retreating ice‐margin.
Data on pre‐Pleistocene glaciations
Authors: DONNER JOAKIM
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

M. J. Hambrey and W. B. Harland (eds.): Eurth spre‐Pleisro‐cene glacial record
Late Quaternary Carnivora from the Balck Belt, Mississippi
Authors: KURTÉN BJÖRN , KAYE JOHN M.
Published: July 2010

Rancholabrean and/or Holocene remains record the presence of the following species of Carnivora in the Black Belt; Canis Latrans, Urocyon cinereoargentatus, Ursus amenricanus, Tremarctors floridanus. Arctodus simus, Felis amnicola, and Lynx rufus. A temporal size reduction was noted in the case of Canis latrans and Ursus americans
Ice‐lobe formation and function during the deglaciation in Finland and adjacent Soviet Karelia
Authors: KURIMO HEIKKI
Published: July 2010

The mode and nature of ice‐flow mechanism leading to ice‐lobe formation during deglaciation is described. These mechanisms are deduced primarily from their geomorphological and stratigraphical effects: the arc‐like formations fringing the ice lobes, certain patterns of landform elements, and in some cases the stratigraphical signs indicating ice‐marginal readvance or lack of it. Several ice‐lobe creation mechanisms are presented along with the associated landform patterns they produce. The theory encompassing the fan‐like ice flows, the ice‐lobe formation, and the arc formations fringing them is applied to the deglaciation in Soviet Karelia and adjacent Finland. Deglaciation proceeded here from the southeast to the northwest, and complex arc formations derived from the major ice lobes. The Finnish Lake District lobe, the North Karelian lobe, the Kuusamo lobe, and the other lobes in northeastern Finland were in general metachronously formed.
Magnetic susceptibility of Late Weichselian deposits in southeastern Sweden
Authors: BJÖRCK SVANTE , DEARING JOHN A. , JONSSON ANDERS
Published: July 2010

The magnetic suceptibility of Late Weichselian glacial, late‐glacial and post‐glacial deposits from Blekinge, southeast Sweden, has been measured. The susceptibility variations proved to be dependent upon the particle size distribution of the sample and the type of bedrock from which the deposit is derived. Comparison of susceptibility variations in the Baltic Ice Lake and lacustrine sediments with biological indicators of environmental change suggests that susceptibility can be a useful complement to studies aimed at identifying lake isolation, climatic change or changes in erosion within the catchment. The results also suggest that comparison of susceptibility versus fraction size curves can aid lithostratigraphic division of unconsolidated deposits.
Interstadial and last interglacial deposits covered by till in Scotland: a reply
Authors: SISSONS J. BRIAN
Published: July 2010

Caseldine & Edwards (Boreas, Vol. 11, pp. 119–122) have misrepresented assessments of published evidence in the paper by Sissons 1981 (Boreas, Vol. 10, No. 1). They have not used radiocarbon dates objectively and argue illogically. A different interpretation for the Teindland site is suggested.
Rediocarbon dates from Late Weichselian lake sediments in south Sewden as a basis for chronostratigraphic subdivision
Authors: BJÖRCK SAVNTE , HÅKANSSON SÖREN
Published: July 2010

Altogether 62 radiocarbon dates from 17 pollen diagrams (16 sites) of Late Weichselian lake sediments in S Sweden have been determined to establish the chronostratigraphic sequence as defined by the pollen stratigraphy. This method of controlling the dates and the validity of the assumed synchronous Nordic climatostratigraphy are discussed. Most of the dates sufer from age erors, mainly caused by contamination by redeposited organic material. The effect of this source of error increases with decreasing percent of organic carbon in the deated samples. The significance of these problems for the Late Weichselian chronostratigraphic subdivision as well as ways of solving them are discussed.
Relative dating of Late Quaternary deposits using cluster and discriminant analysis, Audubon Cirque, Mt. Audubon, Colorado Front Range
Authors: DOWDESWELL JULIAN A.
Published: July 2010

Holocene and Late Quaternary talus, lobate rock glaciers, and moraines within Audubon Cirque, Colorado Front Range, were assigned reltive ages using the following age‐dependent criteria: fresh‐weathered ratio, pitting, weathering rind development, angularity, and surface, oxidation of boulders, together with lichen cover and largest lichen diameter. Principal Component scores, yielding four major groups of deposits (relative age units C, R, E and V, from youngest to oldest). Tentative correlation with other Colorado Late Quaternary sequences suggests that unit C is of Gannett Peak age (100–300 years B. P.), unit R of Audubon age (950–1850 years B. P.) unit E of Early Neoglacial age (3000–5000 years B. P.), and unit V of Late Pinedale age (about 10,000 Years B. P.). Correlation is problematic due to differences in operationsl definitions of relative dating parametrs between workers, and because climatic and lithologic variations between areas may confound the date.
The Past and present of the Baltic Sea
Authors: ALHONEN PENTTI
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Voipio, Aarno (ed.): The Baltic Sea
Genesis of marginal moraines in the Caucasus
Authors: SEREBRYANNY LEONID R. , ORLOV ANDREI V.
Published: July 2010

Composition and fabric of different moraines in the glaciated areas of Central Caucasus were studied to elucidate sedimentary environments and geomorphological processes. Methods used included particle‐size distribution, pebble and mineral counts, shape analysis of pebbles, and till fabric analysis. Samples were taken from superglacial and basal debris, marginal moraine ridges and till horizons, and quantitative parameters were established for different glacial environments and till accumulation processes. Considerable differences in composition and fabric of superglacial and basal debris were caused by their specific transport conditions. Most marginal moraines consist of material similar to basal debris and only the topmost parts of some ridges have a noticeable incorporation of superglacial debris. These results point to considerable erosion of mountain valleys by temperate glaciers. Previous geomorphological investigations have emphasized the importance of superglacial debris in the formation of marginal moraines by alpine glaciers, but this viewpoint is not supported by the studies performed.
Weichselian Convolution Phenomena and processes in fine sediments.
Authors: VANDENBERGHE JEF , BROEK PETER VAN DEN
Published: July 2010

In three excavations in the southern Netherlands and northern Belgium, the Weichselian convolutions in fine sand, silt and clay deposits were investigated, and an attempt was made towards a semi‐quantitative approach to some sediment parameters. This, together with a detailed field survey, enabled interpretation of the deformations as forms of periglacial loadcasting. They originated from the time of permafrost degradation when large quantites of water were available. The amplitude of the involutions can be related to the depth of the permafrost table at that time. During the weichselian, two periods occurred in which this involution process could have been active
The periglacial stratigraphy of East Germany
Authors: SÖDERMAN GUY
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

L. Eissmann: Pengladare Prozesse und Permafroststrukturen aus sechs Kalwiten des Quartlrs. Ein Beitrag zur Periglazial‐geologie aus der Sicht des Saale‐Elbe‐Gebietes
Lichenometry in dating recent glacial landforms and deposits, southeast Iceland
Authors: GORDON JOHN E. , SHARP MARTIN
Published: July 2010

Lichenometry curves were derived for the glacier forelands of Breidamerkurjokull and Skalafellsjökull using measurements of the collective species, Rhizocarpon geographicum, from independently dated surfaces deglaciated during the period since the late‐19th century ice maximum episode in the area. The form of the curves appears to be linear. Several methods of predicting the ages of undated surfaces were compared for specific test examples, including single lichenometry curves, families of curves and multiple curves based on randomly selected largest lichens. The last method provided a useful means of assessing the reproducibility of predicted ages. Where substrate conditions were highly variable, a lichenometry curve based on single largest lichens provided a preferred result.
Thermoluminescence dating of the Eemian‐Early Weichselian sequence at Fjøsanger, western Norway
Authors: HÜTT GALINA , PUNNING JAAN‐MATI , MANGERUD JAN
Published: July 2010

Thermoluminescence (TL) dating of shallow marine sediments from the well studied interglacial‐carly glacial sequence at Fjtfsangcr, western Norway has yielded ages that with few exceptions become progressively older with depth. For Ecmian samples the TL method yielded a mean of 111,000 ± 23,000 years, close to the often postulated age of 125,000 years. For the Early Weichselian the TL dates were younger than suggested by the amino‐acid method.
Anomalous arboreal pollen assemblages in Late Devensian and Early Flandrian deposits at Creich Castle, Fife, Scotland
Authors: CUNDILL PETER , WHITTINGTON GRAEME
Published: July 2010

Pollen analysis of a radiocarbon‐dated core from a shallow basin in volcanic hills in eastern Scotland revealed the existence of Late Devensian and Flandrian deposits. Much of the vegetation history of the Flandrian proved to be missing due to a hiatus in the profile. The Late Devensian pollen record included anomalous arboreal taxa of three possible origins: contamination, long‐distance wind transport and reworking of interstadial material. Because of lacking information on Late Devensian climates and the location of thermophilous arboreal refugia in Europe a re‐examination of supposedly contaminated British Late Devensian pollen records might well be rewarding.
Glacial deposits in northwest Europe
Authors: SAARNISTO MATTI
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Ehlers, Jürgen (cd.) 1983: Glacial Deposits in North‐west Europe.
Dendroclimatology
Authors: HEIKKINEN OLAVI
Published: July 2010

Books reviewed in this article:

Hughes, M. K., Kelly, P. M., Pilcher, J. R., & LaMarchc, Jr., V. C. (eds.) 1982: Climate from Tree Rings
Ungavan pollen history
Authors: HYVÄRINEN HANNU
Published: July 2010

Books reviewed in this article:

Richard. Pierre J. H. 1481: Paléophytogéographieposlglaciaire en Ungava par l'analyse polliniquc. Puléo‐Québec 13.
Late Weichselian sea level changes at Sotra, Hordaland, western Norway
Authors: KRZYWINSKl KNUT , STABELL BJØRG
Published: July 2010

Sediments from twenty‐eight basins were surveyed; ten of these basins with a representative lithostrati‐gfaphy wee studied to determine their isolation from the sea during Late Weichselian. Diatom analysis was used to determine salinity changes, which were dated by pollen analysis and the radiocarbon method. The area was deglaciated in the early Boiling, and a regression of about 5 m followed. A transgression of more than 10 m started in late Boiling and terminated in middle Younger Dryas, with a transgression maximum between 38.2 and 40 m above present sea level. All the investigated basins were finally isolated in late Younger Dryas/early Preboreal, during a rapid regression. Repeated cycles of chinophilous/ chinophobous plant communities in the area reflect climatic changes in the period. No evidence of an Older Dryas ice readvance was found.
Large‐scale glacial thrusting and related processes in North Dakota
Authors: BLUEMLE JOHN P. , CLAYTON LEE
Published: July 2010

Large‐scale thrusting by the glacial ice occurred in many parts of the Interior Plains of North Dakota, Alberta, and Saskatchewan in late Wisconsinan time. Thrust features are especially prominent in parts of North Dakota. Many of the topographic features of the glaciated landscape of North Dakota formed, either entirely or in part, by the thrusting mechanism, and many individual ice‐thrust features have been recognized. The ice‐thrusting process was also related to fluting by the glacier, and, as a result, drumlins and other types of fluted features are commonly closely associated with ice‐thrust topography. Thrusting by the glacier was dependent primarily on groundwater conditions beneath the ice; thrusting occurred only where hydrologic conditions were appropriate. Most of the individual ice‐thrust features that have been recognized are located over discrete aquifers, and the sizes and shapes of the thrust features are dependent upon the sizes and shapes of the aquifers.
Three‐fold subdivision of the Allerød chronozone
Authors: RIEZEBOS PETER A. , SLOTBOOM RUDOLF T.
Published: July 2010

A pollen diagram of a calcareous travertine bed near Kirf (West Germany) shows a tripartition of the Allerød chronozone. In northwestern and central‐European diagrams this is not an uncommon phenom‐enon. Arguments supporting a deduced climatic oscillation may also be derived from the average ice recession in southern Sweden, the Coleoptera assemblages in northwestern England, the isotope 180/16O curve from the Gerzensee in Switzerland, and the Camp Century Ice Core in Greenland. The included sandy Laachcr See ash may suggest explosive volcanism again to be somehow related to inferred climatic changes.
The use of magnetic measurements to investigate the mineralogy of Icelandic lake sediments and to study catchment processes
Authors: BRADSHAW RICHARD , THOMPSON ROY
Published: July 2010

Magnetic measurements made on sediment and catchment samples from two contrasting Icelandic lakes show how susceptibility and saturation isothermal remanent magnetisation alter as magnetic minerals pass from rock to soil to stream and into the lakes. There is no detectable growth of secondary magnetic minerals in Icelandic soil profiles and susceptibility peaks in the 62.5–1000 μm size range of mineral particles in the lake sediments. Changes in sediment source can be detected using combinations of magnetic measurements.
A fossil frost mound of Late Dryas age in middle Jutland (Denmark)
Authors: KOLSTRUP ELSE
Published: July 2010

Three to four km southwest of Egtved, in middle Jutland, diggings for a gas pipeline cut through a form which is believed to be a fossil frost mound. The horizontal outline of the form is that of a rounded silty body with a diameter of about 45 m. It is surrounded by layered eolian sand of which the layers are bent upwards into a vertical position close to the silty body. A small bulge of silty material is present on top of the neighbouring sand. The mechanism for the formation of the form is thought to have much in common with that of the hydrostatic system pingo of Mackay. It cannot be determined whether the mound was annual or perennial, but the presence of silty sediment in the central part shows that liquified sediment moved upward to fill the present form. By means of lithostratigraphy and pollen analysis, the development and decay of the mound were dated to Late Dryas time. It is suggested that similar features may be present in other parts of Scandinavia outside the area glaciated during the Late Dryas.
Aspects of Quaternary Palaeoecology
Authors: SIMOLA HEIKKI
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Haworth, E. Y. & Lund, J. W. F. (eds.) 1984: Lake Sediments and Environmental History. Studies in palaeolimnology and palaeoecology in honour of Winifred Tutin.
The 1984 symposium on clay‐varve chronology in Stockholm
Authors: LONDOVIST JAN
Published: July 2010

In 1984 the centenary of Gerard De Geer's invention of the clay‐varve dating method was celebrated with a Nordic conference in Stockholm. This paper presents the history of the method as an introduction to the following pages summarizing some of the papers presented at that meeting.
New varve measurements in Västergätland, Sweden
Authors: STRÖMBERG BO
Published: July 2010

Several new varve measurements have been made at Skövde and Tibro in the middle Swedish end moraine belt to the east of Mount Billingen, Västergötland. Some varve sequences are very long, containing 400–700 varves, but correlations are still difficult to make. This is probably due to stagnation and advances of the inland ice margin, indicated by disturbed varves and by sand or till on the clay. SE of Skövde a series of more than 560 varves is covered by a glaciofluvial delta. This delta must have been formed not far from the ice margin. After a slow ice recession at Tibro ‐ 17 km in 400–600 years ‐ advances are indicated by the stratigraphy in the northern parts of the area.
The definitive connection of the Swedish geochronological time scale with the present, and the new date of the zero year in Döviken, northern Sweden
Authors: CATO INGEMAR
Published: July 2010

In the Ångermanälven river valley in northern Sweden the Swedish geochronological time scale has been connected with the present (1978) by means of varved clayey‐silty sediments. A 75‐year‐old problem has thereby been solved. Ragnar Lidén's previously calculated gap of 980 years between his youngest varve 7,522, found at Prästmon, and the historical year 1900 A.D. should be extended by 365 years. This implies that the zero year in Döviken (Indalsälven river valley), reviewed by Borell and Offerberg and commonly used in the Swedish time scale to mark the boundary between the finiglacial and postglacial epochs is Sweden, should be dated to 7,288 B.C. (9,238 B.P.) instead of the old date 6,923 B.C. given by Nilsson in 1960.
Renaissance of the astronomical theory of climatic change
Authors: ERONEN MATTI
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Berger, A., Imbrie, J., Hays, J., Kukla, G. and Saltzman, B. (eds.) 1984: Milankovitch and Climate. Understanding the Response to Astronomical Forcing.
A Pleistocene sandur in western Norway: facies relationships and sedimentological characteristics
Authors: LANDVIK JON Y. , MANGERUD JAN
Published: July 2010

At Godøya near Ålesund sequences of unconsolidated fine sand and silt below two till beds are interpreted as remains of a sandur. Two facies sequences dominate: One comprises erosional scours followed by horizontally and current‐ripple laminated fine sand, massive silt and erosional scours. The other sequence differs by planar wedge‐shaped cross‐beds replacing the horizontal lamination. The planar cross‐beds are assumed to represent migrating linguoid or transverse bars, with an orientation partly at a high angle to current ripples in the same beds. The frequent silt beds are interpreted as a result of rapid vertical accretion due to isostatic subsidence during deposition. A Middle Weichselian age is assumed from thermoluminescence, radiocarbon and amino acid dates.
Two mid‐Holocene millennia of swamp forest in the Rhine/Meuse deltaic plain
Authors: WOUDE JAN D. VAN DER
Published: July 2010

The paleoenvironmental evolution of a Dutch deltaic swamp forest area during the mid‐Holocene was strongly governed by a general rise of water level (bound to postglacial sea‐level rise) and by fluctuations in this water‐level rise. A phasing of this 2,000 years period shows alternation of closed swamp forest on the one hand, and (fluvio‐) lacustrine environment with swamp forest islands on the other. The refined scale of investigation permits bird's‐view landscape reconstructions. These also show how attractive the area was for neolithic fishermen.
An early Holocene caribou antler from northern Ellesmere Island, Canadian Arctic Archipelago
Authors: STEWART THOMAS G. , ENGLAND JOHN
Published: July 2010

During the last glaciation of northern Ellesmere Island many areas remained ice‐free. A caribou antler from deglacial‐marine sediments in Clements Markham Inlet dates 8,415 ± 135 B.P. (S‐2501). If locally derived it places caribou at the northern limit of their contemporary range at the onset of deglaciation in this area. Immediately to the south, on the Hazen Plateau, ice remained at its limit until c. 8,000 B.P. Therefore, this antler may indicate the presence of caribou during full glacial time.
Lake shoreline development, frost weathering and rock platform erosion in an alpine periglacial environment, Jotunheimen, southern Norway
Authors: MATTHEWS JOHN A. , DAWSON ALASTAIR G. , SHAKESBY RICHARD A.
Published: July 2010

Ice‐dammed lake Boverbrevatnet existed for 75–125 years in the ‘Little Ice Age’. After about A.D. 1826, glacier retreat led to a fall in lake level and to exposure of the former shoreline, which includes well‐developed platforms cut in metamorphic bedrock. The rock platforms, up to 5.3 m wide and backed by cliffs up to 1.55 m high, are partially covered by large angular boulders which form pavements. Accurate levelling has permitted correlation of platform fragments, overflow cols and related features of the shoreline, such as benches eroded in moraines, ice‐push ridges, a perched delta, vegetation trim‐lines, lichen limits and a ‘lichen‐kill’ zone. The evolution of the lake, the chronology of deglaciation and the period of formation of the rock platforms have been dated by lichenometry, supported by 14C dating, Schmidt hammer ‘R’‐values and historical data. The morphology of the rock platforms, together with estimates of their rate of erosion ranging from 1.4 to 7.1 cm/year, indicate the importance of frost shattering (frost riving, frost wedging or macrogelivation) at the lake margin under a periglacial climate, while the permanence of such platforms as landscape features suggests their use in the reconstruction of former periglacial environments. A semi‐quantitative model is outlined for the development of rock platforms which emphasises deep penetration of the annual freeze‐thaw cycle, the movement of unfrozen lake water towards the freezing plane, and the growth of segregation ice in fissures and cracks at the interface between lake ice and bedrock. Ice‐push and ice‐pull processes are involved primarily as transporting agents in the formation of boulder pavements and in the removal of debris from the platforms. Analogous processes may occur on polar coasts producing coastal rock platforms.
The formation of ice‐marginal embankments into ice‐dammed lakes in the eastern Puget Lowland, Washington, U.S.A., during the late Pleistocene
Authors: BOOTH DEREK B.
Published: July 2010

Large embankments, typically several kilometers in lateral extent and many tens of meters high, choke the mouths of each alpine valley of the central Cascade Range, Washington State, U.S.A., at or near their junctions with the Puget Lowland. They comprise till and bedded gravel, sand, and silt, aggraded into ice‐dammed lakes. The embankments lie within the late‐Pleistocene Cordilleran ice‐sheet limit and so do not mark the location of the ice‐maximum terminus. Reconstruction of the subglacial hydraulic potential field indicates that these ice‐dammed lakes would have drained subglacially via spillways located near the junction of each alpine valley and the Lowland. Physical processes tended to stabilize the grounding line for each ice tongue close to its respective spillway location. Because sedimentation rates are highest adjacent to the grounding line, subaqueous sedimentation formed a growing embankment there. In some valleys, subsequent subaerial lake drainage or decay of the active‐ice dam resulted in late‐stage deposition of deltas or valley trains. This analysis of ice‐water behavior is based on physical principles that should be generally applicable to any environment where glaciers terminate against ice‐dammed bodies of water.
Submerged forest off Nyuzen, Kurobegawa alluvial fan, Toyama Bay, Central Japan
Authors: FUJII SHOJI , NASU NORIYUKI , SMITH ALEC J. , FUJI NORIO , MIZUTANI YOSHIHIKO , SHIMAKURA MISABURO , KONISHI KENJI , IGARASHI CHIAKI , MURAMOTO JUNRYO , TAKEMURA TOSHIO , SHIMODA TAKASHI , JR. SAM BOGGS , FUJIOKA KANTARO , MAPPA HARUNA , KAWAHATA HOTAKA , KONG YONG SAE , TANAKA TAKEO
Published: July 2010

Remnants of a submerged ancient forest have been found on the continental shelf of NW Japan off the Kurobe alluvial fan in Toyama Bay. The remains, standing tree stumps and roots, are located at depths between 20 and 40 m and ages of 8,000 years B.P. to 10,000 years B.P. have been determined by the 14C method. Alnus and Salix are the most commonly preserved genera and the trees grew on the now sub‐merged seaward margin of the alluvial fan. Pollen analysis permits an estimate of palaeo‐temperatures 2°C to 4°C lower than at present. Diatoms give some indication of salinity variations at the time of forest development and suggest brackish water, possible lagoonal conditions. The distribution of the stumps and roots suggests that there were probably two separate forests which were overwhelmed by rising sea‐level and flash flood deposits. The present day submarine exposures may be due to recent submarine erosion related to the seaward movement of flood waters which passed from the fan into the upper reaches of the Toyama submarine canyon system.
Erosion, sedimentation and engineering geological problems in the DaDu river valley, China
Authors: JINLIANG SHI
Published: July 2010

Reaches with very thick deposits alternate with deeply incised reaches in the DaDu river valley. The river sediments are described and a number of 14C dates are given. The deposits are alluvium, Pleistocene slope‐wash deposits, marginal moraines and beds of fluvio‐lacustrine origin. The valley development is explained as the result of neotectonic movement and glacial aggradation. From the point of view of water‐power development, three different types of valley can be distinguished, each with its own consequences for hydraulic engineering works.
Late Quaternary paleoclimatology and paleooceanography of the Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay: an alternative viewpoint
Authors: KELLOGG THOMAS B.
Published: July 2010

Previous interpretations of Labrador Sea and Baffin Bay sediment cores were hampered by failure to recognize that the presence of small (62–149 μm) specimens of ‘subpolar’ planktic foraminifera in high‐latitude marine sediments is primarily a function of the geochemistry of the water column and/or sediments rather than an indicator of environmental conditions in overlying surface waters. Assuming this rationale is correct, foraminiferal data from core HU75–42 indicate that surface conditions in the Labrador Sea were characterized by polar waters, with probable year‐round sea‐ice cover, throughout most of the period from isotope stage 5a to Termination I. The single exception to this sustained cold history for the eastern Labrador Sea was a transient pulse that apparently brought relatively warm, subpolar waters to the eastern Labrador Sea for a short (probably < 600 years) interval at the isotope stage 5a/4 transition.
The Peopling of the Americas: No Revolution Yet?
Authors: FORTELIUS MIKAEL
Published: July 2010

Book reviewed in this article:

Bryan, A. L. (ed.) 1986: New Evidence for the Pleistocene Peopling of the Americas
Lacustrine sedimentation in a proglacial environment, Caribou River Valley, Yukon, Canada
Authors: CATTO NORM R.
Published: July 2010

Proglacial Quaternary lacustrine sediments deposited along the Caribou River Valley, Yukon, Canada, formed in a lake impounded by glacial ice that was retreating downslope. Sedimentation in the lake was dominated by turbid sediment underflows generated from the upslope, previously deglaciated region. The base of the sedimentary succession indicates a gradual transition from sporadic low‐density distal flows to higher density proximal flows. Continued sediment accumulation resulted in the construction of a subaqueous clay and silt bank. Sedimentation was dominated by deposition of suspension load clay carried by subseasonal bottom countercurrents induced by katabatic winds. This sedimentation pattern prevailed until the subaqueous bank was disturbed by mass movement. Removal of the sediment bank increased the depth of the nearshore area sufficiently to allow turbid underflows to dominate sedimentation once more. The changing sedimentation patterns reflect events in the areas away from the ice front, rather than changes in the activity of the impounding glacier. Similar successions could be developed in other glacial lakes impounded by glaciers which moved up topographical slopes, either pre‐existing or generated by glacioisostatic depression.
Fossil pollen, molluscs, and stable isotopes in the Dättnau valley, Switzerland
Authors: KAISER KLAUS FELIX , EICHER UELI
Published: July 2010

Pollen and mollusc deposits in a sedimentation series laid down in the Dattnau valley during the Late Glacial and early Post‐glacial were studied. For the first time δ13C and δ18O in land‐snail shells were measured. It was possible to reconstruct vegetational and climatic developments from the Bölling (c. 12,500 B.P.) until well into the early Boreal (c. 9,000 B.P.). The two sets of findings agree well. The Late Glacial is seen to comprise two intervals: the continuous, locally rather moist, warm Bölling/Alleröd period, and the subsequent dry. cold Younger Dryas. The profile ceases after the changeover from the Late Glacial to the Post‐glacial. The transitions from the Alleröd to the Younger Dryas and hence to the Preboreal and Boreal are both clearly identifiable in the pollen diagram; the mollusc record, however, ceases to be interpretable shortly before the climatic change to the Post‐glacial. The δ18O curve shows a clear distinction between the AllerÖd and the Younger Dryas. The Gerzensee fluctuation, immediately before this transition. is evident as a negative deviation.
Rock glaciers, protalus ramparts and related phenomena, Rondane, Norway: a continuum of large‐scale talus‐derived landforms
Authors: SHAKESBY RICHARD A. , DAWSON ALASTAIR G. , MATTHEWS JOHN A.
Published: July 2010

Talus‐derived landforms from Rondanc National Park, southern Norway, are described and classified as protalus ramparts, valley‐floor and valley‐side talus‐foot rock glaciers, and a ‘push‐deformation’ moraine. A morphological and developmental continuum of talus and derivative large‐scale landforrns is proposed. with simple talus slopes at one end and more complex ridge, lobe and bench forms at the other. The various types of feature probably develop from simple talus slopes via separate developmental routes, rather than as a linear sequence. Lichen size and Schmidt hammer R‐values were used to indicate the relative ages of the features. Although all are thought to have originated during the early Holocene, they differ in the presence or extent of recent activity. Hence an age and activity continuum is also suggested, the recency of activity increasing in the direction protalus rampart → rock glacier →‘push‐deformation’ moraine.
A symposium on Nordic Quaternary research in 1986
Authors: LARSEN GUNNAR , KNUDSEN KAREN LUISE , KNUDSEN NIELS TVIS
Published: July 2010

Different topics of Quaternary geology were dealt with at a symposium arranged in 1986 in Århus, Denmark: (1) reviews on recent Quaternary research in the Nordic countries, (2) studies of stratigraphy and geological processes in the Fennoscandian Border Zone, which demonstrate that the Quaternary deposition pattern is highly influenced by tectonic movements, and (3) Quaternary research as it can be applied to geotechnical investigations in the search for raw materials, in connection with pollution, and with conservation.
Quaternary research in Norway 1960–1986
Authors: ANDERSEN BJØRN G.
Published: July 2010

Norwegian Quaternary research has experienced rapid development during recent decades, from a rather weak position before 1960 to a more ‘normal’ position in 1986. A brief comparison with the status in 1960 is attempted, in order to understand this development and the present day status.
Late‐glacial vegetational and climatic history of the Allegheny Plateau and the Till Plains of Ohio and Indiana, U.S.A.
Authors: SHANE LINDA C. K.
Published: July 2010

Shane, Linda C. K. 1987 03 01: Late‐glacial vegetational and climatic history of the Allegheny Plateau and the Till Plains of Ohio and Indiana, U.S.A. Boreas, Vol. 16, pp. 1–20. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483.

Pollen evidence from the Allegheny Plateau and the Till Plains south of the Great Lakes shows marked post‐glacial vegetation gradients. C. 15,500–11,000 B.P.: On the Plateau, spruce forest was rapidly established, persisted for 2,000 years, then began a gradual change to deciduous‐conifer forest. On the Till Plains, open spruce forest tundra closed slowly over 1,000 years, declined rapidly c. 13,500 B.P., and a deciduous open woodland developed. C. 11,000–10,300 B.P.: On the Till Plains, a brief cooling is recorded by increases in the abundance of spruce and fir, contemporaneous with the European Younger Dryas. No clear change is seen on the Plateau. 10,300–4,000 B.P.: Warming and/or drying occurred in both areas, as hemlock and jack/red pine trees immigrated, followed by white pine. Conifers disappeared from the Till Plains by 9,800 B.P., but pine and hemlock trees may have persisted on the Plateau. After 10,000 B.P. mixed deciduous forest was established across the entire region. Between 8,000 and 4,000 B.P., further warming/drying is indicated on the Till Plains with development of open oak forest and lake shallowing, and on the Plateau by a minor increase in herbs, lake shallowing, and reduction in pine.
The origin of glacial rafts: detachment, transport, deposition
Authors: RUSZCZYŃSKA‐SZENAJCH HANNA
Published: July 2010

Ruszczyńska‐Szenajch, Hanna 1987 06 01: The origin of glacial rafts: detachment, transport, deposition. Boreas, Vol. 16, pp. 101–112. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483.

Characteristics of the processes of detachment and transport of glacial rafts and some aspects of the process of raft deposition are considered for two main genetic groups: (1) glaciotectonic rafts, detached and transported by pure mechanical, i.e. tectonic, action of glacial ice (subdivided into (a) squeezed or pressed‐out, (b) dragged, and (c) pushed rafts) and (2) glacio‐erosional rafts, detached by freezing‐on, transported within the ice, and deposited mostly by a melting‐out process. A third group of rafts, of composite origin, is also briefly discussed and exemplified. Attention is drawn to the fact that quite a number of glacial rafts are known by other names, e.g. some of the very large ones, simply representing squeezed‐up (‘ice thrust’) end moraines, or very minute rafts occurring within tills and often called ‘soft clasts’, ‘substratum lenses’, etc.
A history of vegetation and fire, 6,600 B.P. to present, County Sligo, western Ireland
Authors: DODSON JOHN R. , BRADSHAW RICHARD H. W.
Published: July 2010

Dodson, John R. & Bradshaw, Richard H. W. 1987 06 01: A history of vegetation and fire, 6,600 B.P. to present, County Sligo, western Ireland. Boreas, Vol. 16, pp. 113–123. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483.

Two lake sites on metamorphic rocks with small catchments and one mor humus deposit have been analysed to assess the relative influences of fire, man and climate upon the regional and local vegetation of the Lough Gill region of County Sligo. The vegetation of the area was dominated by mixed woodland from 6,600 B.P. to 600 B.P. The first evidence of human impact on the forests was around 5,400 B.P. in the form of clearance for pasture. The intensity of human impact varied between sites, and there were periods of forest recovery as well as decline. From 600 B.P. widespread forest destruction took place, and pasture with heathland became predominant. Pinus sylvestris had a major presence until about 5,400 B.P. It declined from this time and had a patchy distribution by 2,000 B.P. The decline of Pinus was linked with the expansion of treeless peatland in what are presumed to be wet periods, and Pinus recovery in drier periods. Fire may have encouraged the spread of heathland at the expense of Pinus. Arbutus unedo pollen was found at Slish Lake as early as 1,900 B.P., suggesting that it is native to this area. Isolated trees survive today at woodland edges. Charcoal particles occurred in all the profiles. Fire was particularly associated with heathland communities, and may have been used as a management tool to improve grazing conditions. Some of the phases of woodland decline correlate strongly with charcoal input suggesting forest destruction by fire.
Stratigraphy of lake and bog deposits and climatic changes in the late‐glacial and Holocene in the Soviet Baltic Republics: a review
Authors: KABAILIENE MEILUTE , RAUKAS ANTO
Published: July 2010

Kabailiene, Meilute & Raukas, Anto 1987 06 01: Stratigraphy of lake and bog deposits and climatic changes in the late‐glacial and Holocene in the Soviet Baltic Republics: a review. Boreas, Vol. 16, pp. 125–131. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483.

The study of lake and bog deposits in the Soviet Baltic countries has long traditions. These areas are the most intensively studied in the U.S.S.R. The thickness of late‐glacial and Holocene sediments reaches up to 38.5 m. The sections are represented most completely in the southern part of the study area, i.e. in Lithuania, whereas in North Estonia the accumulation of lake deposits started in Alleröd and the formation of peat only in pre‐Boreal times. Alleröd deposits differ in their amount of organic remains and are everywhere considered as a reference horizon. In general, the accumulation of lake deposits and inferred climatic changes agree with those in adjoining areas. However, in detail they show important differences. Rather prominent differences are observed not only between North, Central and South Baltic, but also between elevated and lowland areas. Their elucidation requires the compilation of numerous local stratigraphic schemes.
Stratigraphy of Vistulian glaciogenic deposits and corresponding thermoluminescence dates in the lower Vistula region, northern Poland
Authors: DROZDOWSKI EUGENIUSZ , FEDOROWICZ STANISLAW
Published: July 2010

Drozdowski, Eugeniusz & Fedorowicz, Stanislaw 1987 06 01: Stratigraphy of Vistulian glaciogenic deposits and corresponding thermoluminescence dates in the lower Vistula region, northern Poland. Boreas, Vol. 16, pp. 139–153. Oslo. ISSN 0300–9483.

Recent stratigraphical and sedimentological studies of Vistulian deposits in the lower Vistula region combined with the results of thermoluminescence dating substantiate the tripartite scheme of chronostratigraphic subdivision of the Vistulian glaciogenic sequence presented earlier by Drozdowski. All the thermoluminescence dates provided by till and intertill waterlain sediments refer to two major stadials which, in the light of sedimentological analyses, seem to represent two independent glacial cycles: an older, dated approximately to the period 59,000–51,000 years B.P., and a younger, dated to the period 17,000–15,000 years B.P. The dividing interval, named the Grudziadz Interstadial, was rather cool in nature. The evidence for this interstadial, apart from the significant break in glaciogenic sediment deposition, comprises some infills of subglacial stream trenches cut during the earlier deglaciation, loess‐like silts, fossil sand wedges, and transgressive marine deposits, the latter occurring in restricted areas in the northern part of the region.
Water escape fissures resembling ice‐wedge casts in Late Quaternay subaquesous outwash near St. Lazare Québec, Canada
Authors: BURBIDGE GEOF H. , FRENCH HUGH M. , RUST BRAIN R.
Published: July 2010

Post‐depositional structures in late Quaternary subaqueous outwash near St. Lazare, Québec resemble icewedge casts but are interpreted as water escape fissures. Cryogenic origin is discounted because, in contrast with ice‐wedge casts, the fissures have a higher depth to width ratio, do not form an intersecting network, and do not exhibit adjacent upward turning of strata. In addition, their truncation by the sub‐littoral unconformitydemonstrates formation before regression of the post‐glacial Champlain Sea, under conditions in which ground ice development was highly unlikely. The fissures probably formed in response to elevated pore pressures caused by melting of remnant glacier ice or by liquefaction of deeper units. Excess pore water pressure initiated upward flow of dilute sediment‐water mixtures that became concentrated in planar zones (fissures) along which they entrained and removed sediment. Slumping of the fissure walls followed, either during or after water escape. Minor faulting over cavities created by melting ice or water escape along fractures in underlying strata may have controlled the morphology of the fissures.
Holocene gelifluction in a snow‐patch environment at the Forest‐Tundra Transition along the eastern Hudson Bay Coast, Canada
Authors: MORIN HUBERT , PAYETTE SERGE
Published: July 2010

The Holocene chronology of gelifluction events in a snow‐patch environment of the Richmond Gulf area, eastern Hudson Bay Coast (northern Québec), has been constructed using sixty radiocarbon‐dated buried organic horizons. The samples were recovered from nine soil trenches located along an altitudinal gradient associated with a chronosequence as determined by the regional land emersion curve. The most significant gelifluction activity occurred after c. 2,800 B. P. Gelifluction events occurred around 5,600, 5,000, 4,500, 3,150, 2,500, 1,550, 1,200 and 450 B.P., and at present. According to the frequency of 14C dates. gelifluction has been particularly active between 2,800‐2,300, 1,700–900 and 600‐300 B.P., and at present. Gelifluction occurrence seems to be closely related to well‐bracketed cold episodes in northern Québec. The increase in frequency of 14C dates associated with burial of organic matter through gelifluction after c. 2,800 B. P. substantiates the colling trend depicted elsewhere, both in northern Québec and in the northern hemisphere.
A Late Pleistocene sequence at Margreteberg, southwestern Sweden
Authors: PåSSSE TORE , ROBERTSSON ANN‐MARIE , MILLER URVE , KLINGBERG FREDRIK
Published: July 2010

At Margreteberg, southwestern Sweden, a comple Pleistocene sequence has been stratigraphically investigated. Strata of clay, silt, sand, peat and solifluction layers are overlain by till‐like sediments which are covered by sandy‐clayey strata. By means of biostratigraphical analyses (foraminifera, olluscs, wood remains, pollen and diatoms), a reconstruction of the palaeoenvirnmental development has been obtained. Radiocarbon measurements and amiono acis ratios have been carried out in order to date the sediments. The foraminifera in the lowermost clay strata indicate Arctic or boreal‐Arctic marine environment during the Late Saalian or Late Elsterian perods The δ18 Ovalues and molluscs also suggest that the clay was deposited in glaciomarine conditions. Amino acid ratios (D/L=0.25) of Hiatella in the clay imply an age between the Holsteinian and Eemian Interglacials. Teh peat layers contain a pollen flora. Prtedominated by Picea and Pinus, and are pollen analytically dated to the end of the Eemian interglacial. The solofluction sediments most probably were fromed during the first stage (s) of the Early weichselian and may include the initaial phase of the Brorup Interstadial (the Rodebaek interstadial). During this stage(s) aretic‐Subarctic conditions previaled reflected by a pollen flora with a predominance of herbs and shrubs. Acidophilous and aerohpilous diatoms indicate oligotrophic shallow wate conditions in an Arctic environment, when almost no leaching of mineral solis occurred. The solofluction sediments also contain reworked interglacial (Eemian) pollen and brackish‐Marine diatoms. Radiocarbon dating of the peat, wood and solofluction sediments yieded infinnite ages>40,000B.P.