bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Water with different salinity levels for lactating goats
Authors: Paiva Gutemberg Nascimento , Araújo Gherman Garcia Leal de , Henriques Lara Toledo , Medeiros Ariosvaldo Nunes , Beltrão Filho Edvaldo Mesquita , Albuquerque Ítalo Reneu Rosas de , Gois Glayciane Costa , Campos Fleming Sena , Freire Rayssa Maria Bezerril , Costa Roberto Germano
Published: August 2017

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of supplying water with varying salinity levels to dairy goats on nutrient intake, apparent nutrient digestibility, and milk yield. The experiment lasted 65 days and involved 24 crossbred goats with mean body weight of 38±4 kg, which were randomly allotted. It was set in a completely randomized design with four treatments consisting of 640, 3188, 5740 and 8326 mg L?1 total dissolved solids (TDS) in the drinking water. The results showed that water salinity levels had no effect on the intake of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, crude protein, ether extract, total carbohydrates, non-fibrous carbohydrates, total digestible nutrients, metabolizable energy, digestible energy, or apparent nutrient digestibility. Water intake was influenced by the salinity, increasing as the salt level was increased. Moreover, the varying salinity had no significant effect on milk yield. Drinking water containing up to 8326 mg L?1 TDS provided no interference with the intake and nutrient digestibility of lactating goats in the feedlot. However, increasing the water salinity affects animal intake without any changes in milk yield. Therefore, this type of water can be used for crossbred goats at 30 days in milk, for up to 65 days in the feedlot.
Henri meschonnic O traduzir e o poema, um processo de criação contínuo
Authors: Passos Marie-Hélène Paret
Published: August 2017

Nesse artigo, circunscrevo a reflexão em torno do processo de criação literária e analiso manuscritos autógrafos do acervo Henri Meschonnic, poeta, ensaísta e tradutor da Bíblia. Embaso minha reflexão sobre a análise de um conjunto de manuscritos, referentes à gênese de um ensaio teórico, de poemas e de um processo tradutório. Apresentarei um recorte de três exemplos para mostrar que é possível tentar entender como funciona o processo de criação do autor em seu ato de escritura: reflexivo e teórico, na textualização do ensaio Poética do traduzir; poético e tradutório, no traduzir da Bíblia hebraica. Tentarei esboçar uma primeira reflexão sobre o recurso à crítica genética para analisar o que um texto faz e como ele faz, o que Henri Meschonnic chama atividade. Algo que não concerne ao sentido, mas ao ritmo. O ritmo como a organização do movimento da fala na escritura, que constrói um sistema de discurso, próprio ao sujeito, e que tem uma atividade. Ele age.
Resenha: ANDRÉ, Richard Gonçalves. O Paraíso entre luzes e sombras: representações de natureza em fontes fotográficas (Londrina, 1934-1944). Londrina: EDUEL, 2014, 202 páginas.
Authors: Favatto Junior Barthon
Published: August 2017

Resenha do livro "O paraíso entre luzes e sombras", de Richard Gonçalves André.
As primeiras imagens greco-latinas exibindo partes do útero
Authors: Machline Vera Cecília
Published: August 2017

As primeiras imagens greco-latinas exibindo partes do útero são atribuídas a Aristóteles e Sorano de Éfeso. Conforme detalhado aqui, há muito perdidas, elas suscitaram reconstituições posteriores. Uma delas é o desenho de D’Arcy W. Thompson, incluído em sua tradução do tratado aristotélico História dos animais, originalmente publicada em 1910. De autoria desconhecida, a outra reconstituição encontra-se em um manuscrito do século IX que traz uma versão latina abreviada da Gynaikeia de Sorano.
Participatory Constitution-Building in Nepal – A Comparison of the 2008-2012 and the 2013-2015 Process
Authors: Saati Abrak
Published: August 2017

Participatory constitution-building is a trend that appears to be here to stay; particularly when new constitutions are drafted in the aftermath of war or during transitions from authoritarian to democratic rule. Anticipations as to what the involvement of the public will achieve are several, and scholars are only recently starting to systematically investigate whether or not these expectations find empirical support. Previous research has shown that public participation in the making of the constitution can have certain positive effects at an individual level of analysis, but that the actions of political elites during constitutional negotiations might affect outcomes at a macro level of analysis more than what has hitherto be acknowledged in this strand of research. Nepal is one of the most recent cases of participatory constitution-building, and the country carried out not only one, but two, such processes within a time period of only seven years. The first resulted in failure as a draft constitution was never finalized; the other in success with the adoption of a constitution in 2015. This article takes an interest in exploring and comparing these two separate processes as regards the extent of public participation vis-à-vis political elite negotiations and bargaining behind closed doors. The article finds that what primarily sets the two processes apart, is how broad based public participation and secluded elite negotiations were sequenced. In light of other empirical examples, the article also discusses if elite bargains ought to be struck before the general public are invited to participate.
ShinyItemAnalysis: Analýza přijímacích a jiných znalostních či psychologických testů
Authors: Martinková Patrícia , Drabinová Adéla , Houdek Jakub
Published: August 2017

Tento článek představuje aplikaci ShinyItemAnalysis pro psychometrickou analýzu testů a jejich položek. ShinyItemAnalysis nabízí psychometrické modely v rámci grafického rozhraní pro volně šiřitelné statistické prostředí R a zpřístupňuje tak jeho funkcionalitu širší veřejnosti.  Aplikace pokrývá širokou škálu psychometrických metod, od tradiční položkové analýzy až po složitější latentní modely, nabízí cvičné datové soubory, uvádí rovnice modelů, odhady parametrů a jejich interpretaci, jakož i vybraný zdrojový kód, a je tak vhodným nástrojem pro výuku psychometrických konceptů a jejich implementace v R. Aplikace však také nabízí možnost analýzy vlastních dat a generování reportů a aspiruje tak na to být jednoduchým nástrojem pro rutinní analýzu testů a jejich položek. Závěr článku ukazuje, že ShinyItemAnalysis je dostupným, flexibilním a uživatelsky příjemným nástrojem, který může pomoci tomu, aby se statistická analýza přijímacích i jiných znalostních či psychologických testů stala v praxi samozřejmou záležitostí.In this paper we introduce ShinyItemAnalysis application for psychometric analysis of educational and psychological tests and their items. ShinyItemAnalysis provides graphical interface and web framework to open source statistical software R and thus opens up its functionality to wide audience. Application covers broad range of methods and offers data examples, model equations, parameter estimates, interpretation of results, together with selected R code, and is thus suitable for teaching psychometric concepts with R. The application also aspires to be a simple tool for routine analysis by allowing the users to upload and analyze their own data and by generating analysis report. We conclude by arguing that psychometric analysis should be a routine part of test development in order to gather proofs of reliability and validity of the measurement. With example of admission test to medical faculty, we demonstrate how ShinyItemAnalysis may provide a simple and free tool to routinely analyze tests.
Méditer pour l’équité
Authors: Hagège Hélène
Published: August 2017

Cet article théorique argumente l’idée novatrice d’utiliser la méditation pour une éducation et une formation éthiques relevant les défis de l’équité. Malgré des valeurs officielles incluant l’égalité, l’école en France est plus discriminante socialement que celles de tous les autres pays de l’OCDE. Une contradiction similaire entre valeurs explicites d’une part, et valeurs implicites et effectives d’autre part, se retrouve dans le fonctionnement cognitif des individus. Notamment, des attitudes implicites expriment inconsciemment des stéréotypes culturels à travers des comportements discriminatoires, par des biais attentionnels. Ainsi, nous émettons l’hypothèse qu’une source des discriminations opérant à l’école consiste en l’identification inconsciente des enseignants et des enseignantes aux élèves considérés comme « bons » et en l’étiquetage inconscient des élèves en difficulté scolaire comme étrangers. Nous proposons ici que le support cognitif de l’équité, pendant moral de l’égalité, corresponde à l’équanimité, fonctionnement sans biais implicite de préférence ni d’aversion. Une éducation éthique visant l’équité devrait dès lors permettre aux sujets de devenir conscients de leurs biais de fonctionnement et de développer l’équanimité. Un outil de choix pour s’y entraîner correspond à la famille d’entraînements attentionnels qu’est la méditation, ce que nous argumentons dans une brève description de différents types de méditation et dans une rapide revue de littérature de leurs effets. En perspective, nous envisageons dans les grandes lignes les bases qui nous paraissent essentielles au curriculum d’une éducation éthique visant l’équité.
L’éthique de la recherche en contexte de classe : des moyens d’actualisation de la responsabilité des enseignants du secondaire envers leurs élèves
Authors: Bélanger Michel , Richard Vincent
Published: August 2017

Dans cet article, nous abordons la question de la responsabilité éthique des enseignants qui acceptent d’accueillir dans leur classe un projet de recherche sollicitant la participation de leurs élèves. Cette responsabilité peut être réfléchie à partir de deux ensembles compatibles de cadres normatifs en éthique, à savoir ceux relatifs à la recherche et ceux relatifs aux pratiques professionnelles des enseignants. En nous appuyant sur l’expérience problématique vécue par une enseignante ainsi que sur des écrits sur l’éthique de la recherche auprès des élèves, nous avançons l’idée que les enseignants peuvent se sentir peu outillés quant aux moyens d’actualiser leur responsabilité éthique professionnelle dans le contexte de participation de leur classe à la recherche. Notre réflexion exploratoire se traduit par une proposition de moyens concrets permettant de favoriser cette actualisation.
A novel Drosophila injury model reveals severed axons are cleared through a Draper/MMP-1 signaling cascade
Authors: Purice Maria D , Ray Arpita , Münzel Eva Jolanda , Pope Bernard J , Park Daniel J , Speese Sean D , Logan Mary A
Published: August 2017

Neural injury triggers swift responses from glia, including glial migration and phagocytic clearance of damaged neurons. The transcriptional programs governing these complex innate glial immune responses are still unclear. Here, we describe a novel injury assay in adult Drosophila that elicits widespread glial responses in the ventral nerve cord (VNC). We profiled injury-induced changes in VNC gene expression by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and found that responsive genes fall into diverse signaling classes. One factor, matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), is induced in Drosophila ensheathing glia responding to severed axons. Interestingly, glial induction of MMP-1 requires the highly conserved engulfment receptor Draper, as well as AP-1 and STAT92E. In MMP-1 depleted flies, glia do not properly infiltrate neuropil regions after axotomy and, as a consequence, fail to clear degenerating axonal debris. This work identifies Draper-dependent activation of MMP-1 as a novel cascade required for proper glial clearance of severed axons.
Genomic evidence of bitter taste in snakes and phylogenetic analysis of bitter taste receptor genes in reptiles
Authors: Zhong Huaming , Shang Shuai , Wu Xiaoyang , Chen Jun , Zhu Wanchao , Yan Jiakuo , Li Haotian , Zhang Honghai
Published: August 2017

As nontraditional model organisms with extreme physiological and morphological phenotypes, snakes are believed to possess an inferior taste system. However, the bitter taste sensation is essential to distinguish the nutritious and poisonous food resources and the genomic evidence of bitter taste in snakes is largely scarce. To explore the genetic basis of the bitter taste of snakes and characterize the evolution of bitter taste receptor genes (Tas2rs) in reptiles, we identifiedTas2rgenes in 19 genomes (species) corresponding to three orders of non-avian reptiles. Our results indicated contractions ofTas2rgene repertoires in snakes, however dramatic gene expansions have occurred in lizards. Phylogenetic analysis of theTas2rs with NJ and BI methods revealed thatTas2rgenes of snake species formed two clades, whereas in lizards theTas2rgenes clustered into two monophyletic clades and four large clades. Evolutionary changes (birth and death) of intactTas2rgenes in reptiles were determined by reconciliation analysis. Additionally, the taste signaling pathway calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (Calhm1) gene of snakes was putatively functional, suggesting that snakes still possess bitter taste sensation. Furthermore, Phylogenetically Independent Contrasts (PIC) analyses reviewed a significant correlation between the number ofTas2rgenes and the amount of potential toxins in reptilian diets, suggesting that insectivores such as some lizards may require moreTas2rs genes than omnivorous and carnivorous reptiles.
Exposure to elevated sea-surface temperatures below the bleaching threshold impairs coral recovery and regeneration following injury
Authors: Bonesso Joshua Louis , Leggat William , Ainsworth Tracy Danielle
Published: August 2017

Elevated sea surface temperatures (SSTs) are linked to an increase in the frequency and severity of bleaching events due to temperatures exceeding corals’ upper thermal limits. The temperatures at which a breakdown of the coral-Symbiodinium endosymbiosis (coral bleaching) occurs are referred to as the upper thermal limits for the coral species. This breakdown of the endosymbiosis results in a reduction of corals’ nutritional uptake, growth, and tissue integrity. Periods of elevated sea surface temperature, thermal stress and coral bleaching are also linked to increased disease susceptibility and an increased frequency of storms which cause injury and physical damage to corals. Herein we aimed to determine the capacity of corals to regenerate and recover from injuries (removal of apical tips) sustained during periods of elevated sea surface temperatures which result in coral stress responses, but which do not result in coral bleaching (i.e., sub-bleaching thermal stress events). In this study, exposure of the species Acropora aspera to an elevated SST of 32 °C (2 °C below the bleaching threshold, 34 °C) was found to result in reduced fluorescence of green fluorescent protein (GFP), reduced skeletal calcification and a lack of branch regrowth at the site of injury, compared to corals maintained under ambient SST conditions (26 °C). Corals maintained under normal, ambient, sea surface temperatures expressed high GFP fluorescence at the injury site, underwent a rapid regeneration of the coral branch apical tip within 12 days of sustaining injury, and showed extensive regrowth of the coral skeleton. Taken together, our results have demonstrated that periods of sustained increased sea surface temperatures, below the corals’ bleaching threshold but above long-term summertime averages, impair coral recovery from damage, regardless of the onset or occurrence of coral bleaching.
Influence of CNTRENE®C100LM carbon nanotube material on the growth and regulation ofEscherichia coli
Authors: Twibell Brittany , Somerville Kalie , Manani Geoffrey , Duszynski Molly , Wanekaya Adam , Schweiger Paul
Published: August 2017

The growing use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in industrial and consumer products raises important questions about their environmental fate and impact on prokaryotes. In the environment, CNTs are exposed to a variety of conditions (e.g., UV light) that could lead to decomposition and changes in their chemical properties. Therefore, the potential cytotoxic effect of both pristine and artificially aged carboxyl functionalized CNTRENE®C100LM CNTmaterial at neutral and acidic conditions onEscherichia coliK12 was analyzed using a minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay, which also allowed monitoring of non-lethal growth effects. However, there were no observable MIC or significant changes in growth behavior inE. coliK12 when exposed to pristine or aged CNTs. Exposure to pristine CNTRENE®C100LM CNT material did not appear to influence cell morphology or damage the cells when examined by electron microscopy. In addition, RNA sequencing revealed no observable regulatory changes in typical stress response pathways. This is surprising considering that previous studies have claimed high cytotoxicity of CNTs, including carboxyl functionalized single-walled CNTs, and suggest that other factors such as trace heavy metals or other impurities are likely responsible for many of the previously reported cytotoxicity inE. coliand possibly other microorganisms.
Calculated heat flow for the Ensenada region, Baja California, Mexico
Authors: Beltrán-Abaunza JM , Quintanilla-Montoya AL
Published: August 2017

Due to the scarcity of heat flow data in the region of Ensenada, Baja California (Mexico), the present study calculated them using the silica geothermometer technique. The average heat flow value determined was 123.33 ± 35.57 mW m–2 (2.95 ± 0.85 HFU). Four zones within the study area, related to the main fault systems of the region, were found to have high hydrothermal activity. The potential use of geothermal resources in the area is feasible as it is considered a low geothermal system with water temperature values, above the static water level, that vary from 30ºC to 108ºC.
Oceanographic and climatic variability in the lower gulf of california: links with the tropics and north pacific
Authors: Bernal G , Ripa P , Herguera JC
Published: August 2017

The links between climate and oceanography in the lower Gulf of California (LGC) and the observed physical variability in the open Pacific were studied on interannual to decadal timescales. Two indices reflect the North Pacific´ s oceanic and climatic variability: the El Niño Southern Oscillation index (ENSO) and the North Pacific Decadal Oscillation index (PDO). The sea surface temperatures, wind speed, precipitation and sea level records of La Paz region, Baja California Sur (Mexico) in the LGC were used to compare them with the PDO and ENSO indices. The most important forcing processes were observed coming from the tropical and the equatorial Pacific, represented by the ENSO index, significantly associated with precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and sea level. The Northern Pacific influence, represented by the PDO index, is associated with the winds and to a lesser extent with SSTs and precipitation. These results show that SST variability in the region is controlled by both indices. A model is proposed to explain the control that each of them exerts on the LGC SST variability. In this model the excess heat brought by surface tropical waters, especially after the intensification of ENSO events since the 1980s, in addition to the long term warming observed over the past century, is partially dissipated by stronger winter winds in the gulf. These stronger and cooler winds, derived from changes in the atmospheric circulation patterns of the North Pacific and captured by the PDO positive anomalies, act as negative feedback to the warming dissipating part of the accumulated heat and dampening the raise in SSTs. This process is proposed to operate, especially after the 1970s sign shift of the PDO, when no change in the SSTs´   trend occurs showing an opposite behavior in respect to wind variability, which was not observed for previous decades.
Cysts of lingulodinium polyedrum, red tide producing organism in the todos santos bay (winter-spring, 2000)
Authors: Peña-Manjarrez JL , Gaxiola-Castro G , Helenes-Escamilla J , Orellana-Cepeda E
Published: August 2017

Dinoflagellate cysts with dinosporin walls were identified for the first time in samples collected at Todos Santos Bay, Baja California, Mexico, during winter-spring 2000. Eighteen neritic species characteristic of temperate to temperate-cool neritic regions were identified, mainly from the Gonyaulacaceae and Congruentidiaceae families. The cysts were concentrated in the coastal zone, at depths shallower than 25 m, associated with surface fine sediments. Lingulodinium polyedrum (Stein) Dodge was the dominant species in both the sediments and in the water column, producing spring and summer red tides in the area.
Age and growth for the scalloped hammerhead shark, sphyrna lewini (griffith and smith, 1834) along the central pacific coast of mexico
Authors: Anislado-Tolentino V , Robinson-Mendoza C
Published: August 2017

The age and growth of the scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini (Griffith and Smith, 1834) were estimated from rings on the vertebral centrum in 101 individuals (51 females and 50 males) from 260 organisms obtained from commercial fisheries off the coast of Michoacán, Mexico (18º10'N, 103º10'W). Results show that immediately after birth, a first ring is formed. Later we observed that two rings are formed each year, one between June and July and the other between November and December. The parameters of the von Bertalanffy growth function were, for females, L∞ = 353.3 cm, K = 0.156 cm yr–1, t0 = –0.633 years, b = 2.8 and W∞ = 269.92 kg; and, for males, L∞ = 336.4 cm, K = 0.131 cm yr–1, t0 = –1.09 years, b = 2.87 and W∞ = 187 kg. According to these results, a female 335.6- cm-long would be 18.6 years old and a male of 244.3 cm would be 8.8 years old.
Parameters afecting the conversion of alginic acid to sodium alginate
Authors: Arvizu-Higuera DL , Hernández-Carmona G , Rodríguez-Montesinos YE
Published: August 2017

The step to convert alginic acid to sodium alginate on the alginate extraction process was studied, using the brown seaweed Macrocystis pyrifera as raw material. The effect of alcohol volume, alcohol-water proportion, pH, and treatment time on the yield and viscosity of the alginate obtained was analyzed. Seven volumes of the mixture alcohol-water in proportion 50:50 were experimented, from 9 to 15 mL g–1 alga. The yield and viscosity were not significantly different in any of the volumes used, however, the stirring with the volume of 9 mL g–1 alga was less efficient, therefore the minimum volume to use in this step was 10 mL g–1 alga. The appropriated proportion of the mixture alcohol-water was determined using five proportions: 50:50, 47:53, 44:56, 40:60, and 37:63. The highest yield and viscosity were obtained using the proportion 50:50. Five pH values from 6 to 10 were experimented to determine the optimum pH for the conversion reaction. The best results were obtained using a pH from 7 to 8 in the alcoholic solution of the conversion step. To determine the minimum time required for the conversion reaction, the fibers of sodium alginate were stirred in an alcoholic solution for 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min. The yield and viscosity obtained were not significantly different, therefore, the minimum time to carry out the conversion reaction was 30 minutes to assure a complete reaction. The use of a double planetary mixer is proposed to carry out this step at other level.
Multicriteria analysis of log-set strata closures to reduce the mexican tuna fishery incidental catch
Authors: Vaca-Rodríguez JG , Enríquez-Andrade RR
Published: August 2017

Concordance analysis, a multicriteria technique, was used as a decision-making tool. To exemplify the use of this tool, five closure options were evaluated to decrease incidental catch of mahi-mahi or dolphin-fish, Coryphaena spp., by the Mexican eastern Pacific tuna fishery using log-sets. The options consist of combinations of spatial and temporal strata subject to closures, and were evaluated using four eco-biologic and techno-economic criteria. A set of solutions was generated using 286 parametric representations of the weights-vector due to the difficulty of knowing the real preferences of decision-makers. The option with the highest probability of being chosen (almost 0.6) closes three large areas throughout the year for log-sets. This option would reduce mahi-mahi incidental catch in just over 85%, and almost 92% that of other species. However, this option represents the highest cost in terms of lost gross revenues and leaves only eight strata open for the log-set fishery.
Characterization of the immune response of the north scallop Argopecten purpuratus (Lamarck, 1819) (Mollusca: Bivalvia)
Authors: González M , Arenas G
Published: August 2017

The immune response in mollusks has an important role as a defense against bacteriae, fungi, protozoa and metazoans. The hemocytes are responsible for generating different kinds of innate responses such as: phagocytosis, encapsulation and production of cytotoxic substances and antibacterial peptides. Through light microscopy we estimated the hemocyte number using a Neubauer chamber. Over hemocytes monolayers we measured the phagocytic ability on yeasts. The haemolytic activity on rat's erythrocytes was tested by hemoglobin release and the production of anion superoxide was quantified by the reduction of NBT (Nitro Blue Tetrazolium). We determined that the immune system from Argopecten purpuratus was defined by two types of hemocytes: hyalinocytes and granulocytes. The number of hemocytes circulating in the hemolymph showed a seasonal variation, having a greater increase during winter than in autumn. The hemocytes phagocytized yeast in the absence of plasma when they were opsonized, showing a remarkable increase in phagocytosis. Plasma and hemocytes have an equivalent hemolytic ability against rat?s erythrocytes. The hemocytes present production of anion superoxide that increases considerably over the control with the use of zymosan and, decreases with the use of the superoxide dismutase. The results show that hemocytes from Argopecten purpuratus are able to display different defense mechanisms during the cellular response that could be used as tools to evaluate the immune system of mollusks in the near future.
Trace metal distribution in muddy-patch sediments from the northern Portuguese Shelf
Authors: Madureira MJ , Vale C , Fonseca N
Published: August 2017

Three sediment cores were collected in the muddy patches of the northern Portuguese Shelf located offshore the Douro and Minho rivers. Bivalves and worms were found in the upper and sub-surface layers of two cores. Vertical distributions of dissolved manganese and iron, iron oxides and acid volatile sulphide (AVS) in the bioturbated cores differ dramatically from those in the core where macrofauna was not observed. Also, Fe, Zn, Cu, Pb and Cd simultaneously extracted with AVS (1 M HCl) showed pronounced increases in concentrations deeper in the sediments. Where bioturbation was not visible the profiles of extractable Cu, Pb and Cd are consistent with the precipitation of downward diffusing dissolved metals. However, this redistribution did not affect the metal-total vertical profiles. Reactive metals exhibited multiple peaks in the irrigated sub-surface layers where AVS and dissolved Fe showed successive maxima and minima with the depth. We interpreted these profiles as the net result of dissolved oxygen being pumped into the sediment and the formation of several oxic/anoxic interfaces. At these depths trace metals are mobilized in the oxidized layers, diffused a few millimetres towards the layers where sulphide is present, and precipitated. The consequence of this internal redistribution was the broad maxima of total metal concentrations in irrigated sediment depths.
Allozymic variation in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas from San Quintín Bay,Baja California, Mexico
Authors: Correa F , Collins E , Oceguera A , Cordero B , Domínguez D
Published: August 2017

Allozymic variability was analyzed in adult oysters Crassostrea gigas from the 1999, 2000 and 2001 crops of San Quintín Bay, Baja California, Mexico, using starch gel electrophoresis. The analysis included 13 enzymatic systems that revealed 25 loci, of which 16 were monomorphic and 9 were polymorphic. The values of observed heterozygosis ranged from 0.01 to 0.04, while according to the literature, the value for wild oysters is approximately 0.20. The results indicate that there are no statistical differences in the allozymic variability among the annual populations analyzed; however, the χ2 test revealed that in the three years, the oyster populations did not present an equilibrium with regard to the Hardy-Weinberg theoretical model. The three populations showed a reduced genetic diversity due to inbreeding and the bottleneck effect.
Embryonic and intracapsular larval development of Plicopurpura pansa (Gould, 1853) (Prosobranchia, Muricidae) under laboratory conditions
Authors: A-Naegel LC , Gómez-del-Prado-Rosas MC
Published: August 2017

The embryonic development of the marine muricid Plicopurpura pansa (Gould, 1853) until hatching is described. Each female spawned about 150 egg capsules in a 10-week period. The egg showed spiral segmentation, followed by gastrulation through epiboly, the formation of a non-typical trochophore and veliger larva. The embryos fed on the egg yolk. Nurse eggs were not observed. In 13% of the egg capsules, different embryonic or larval stages of development were found in the same capsule. At 21–23ºC the intracapsular development was completed with the hatching of planktotrophic veliger larvae after a period of 5 to 8 weeks.
The value of real‐time GNSS to earthquake early warning
Authors: Ruhl C. J. , Melgar D. , Grapenthin R. , Allen R. M.
Published: August 2017

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)‐based earthquake early warning (EEW) algorithms estimate fault finiteness and unsaturated moment magnitude for the largest, most damaging earthquakes. Because large events are infrequent, algorithms are not regularly exercised and insufficiently tested on few available data sets. We use 1300 realistic, time‐dependent, synthetic earthquakes on the Cascadia megathrust to rigorously test the Geodetic Alarm System. Solutions are reliable once six GNSS stations report static offsets, which we require for a “first alert.” Median magnitude and length errors are −0.15 ± 0.24 units and −31 ± 40% for the first alert, and −0.04 ± 0.11 units and +7 ± 31% for the final solution. We perform a coupled test of a seismic‐geodetic EEW system using synthetic waveforms for aMw8.7 scenario. Seismic point‐source solutions result in severely underestimated peak ground acceleration. Geodetic finite‐fault solutions provide more accurate predictions at larger distances, thus increasing warning times. Hence, GNSS observations are essential in EEW to accurately characterize large (out‐of‐network) events and correctly predict ground motion.
Response of neutral mesospheric density to geomagnetic forcing
Authors: Yi Wen , Reid Iain M. , Xue Xianghui , Younger Joel P. , Murphy Damian J. , Chen Tingdi , Dou Xiankang
Published: August 2017

We report an analysis of the neutral mesosphere density response to geomagnetic activity from January 2016 to February 2017 over Antarctica. Neutral mesospheric densities from 85 to 95 km are derived using data from the Davis meteor radar (68.5°S, 77.9°E) and the Microwave Limb Sounder on the Aura satellite. Spectral and Morlet wavelet analyses indicate that a prominent oscillation with a periodicity of 13.5 days is observed in the mesospheric density during the declining phase of solar cycle 24 and is associated with variations in solar wind high‐speed streams and recurrent geomagnetic activity. The periodic oscillation in density shows a strong anticorrelation with periodic changes in the auroral electrojet index. These results indicate that a significant decrease in neutral mesospheric density as the geomagnetic activity enhances.
Traceless Directing Group Assisted Cobalt‐Catalyzed C−H Carbonylation of Benzylamines
Authors: Ling Fei , Ai Chongren , Lv Yaping , Zhong Weihui
Published: August 2017

The first example of cobalt‐catalyzed C(sp2)−H carbonylation of benzylamines using a traceless directing group is reported, which was successfully applied to the synthesis of N−unprotected iso‐indolinones through direct C−H/N−H bonds activation. This protocol tolerates a variety of functional groups and provides a facile and efficient method for the formal synthesis of (+)‐garenoxacin.

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Prognostic significance of Daxx NCR (Nuclear/Cytoplasmic Ratio) in gastric cancer
Authors: Xu Jian‐feng , Zhao Zhi‐guang , Ye Le‐le , Zhuge Weishan , Han Zheng , Zhang Te‐ming , Ye Si‐si , Chen Wen‐jing , Zhu Shanli , Shi Li , Zhang Jun , Guo Ai‐zhen , Xue Xiang‐yang , Shen Xian
Published: August 2017

In addition to regulating apoptosis via its interaction with the death domain of Fas receptor, death domain associated protein 6 (Daxx) is also known to be involved in transcriptional regulation, suggesting that the function of Daxx depends on its subcellular localization. In this study, we aimed to explore Daxx subcellular localization in gastric cancer (GC) cells and correlate the findings with clinical data in GC patients. Seventy pairs of tissue samples (GC and adjacent normal tissue) were analyzed immunohistochemically for Daxx expression and localization (nuclear and cytoplasmic). The Daxx Nuclear/Cytoplasmic ratio (Daxx NCR) values in tissue microarray data with 522 tumor samples were further analyzed. The defined Prior cohort (n = 277, treatment between 2006 and 2009) and Recent cohort (n = 245, treatment between 2010 and 2011) were then used to examine the relationship between Daxx NCR and clinical data. The Daxx NCR was found to be clinically informative and significantly higher in GC tissue. Using Daxx NCR (risk ratio = 2.0), both the Prior and Recent cohorts were divided into high‐ and low‐risk groups. Relative to the low‐risk group, the high‐risk patients had a shorter disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) in both cohorts. Importantly, postoperative chemotherapy was found having differential effect on high‐ and low‐risk patients. Such chemotherapy brought no survival benefit, (and could potentially be detrimental,) to high‐risk patients after surgery. Daxx NCR could be used as a prognosis factor in GC patients, and may help select the appropriate population to benefit from chemotherapy after surgery.
Reactivity of Silanes with (tBuPONOP)Ruthenium Dichloride: Facile Synthesis of Chloro‐Silyl Ruthenium Compounds and Formic Acid Decomposition
Authors: Anderson Nickolas H. , Boncella James M. , Tondreau Aaron M.
Published: August 2017

The coordination of tBuPONOP (tBuPONOP=2,6‐bis(ditert‐butylphosphinito)pyridine) to different ruthenium starting materials, to generate (tBuPONOP)RuCl2, was investigated. The resultant (tBuPONOP)RuCl2 reactivity with three different silanes was then investigated and contrasted dramatically with the reactivity of (iPrPONOP)RuCl2(DMSO) (iPrPONOP=2,6‐bis(diisopropylphosphinito)pyridine) with the same silanes. The 16‐electron species (tBuPONOP)Ru(H)Cl was produced from the reaction of triethylsilane with (tBuPONOP)RuCl2. Reactions of (tBuPONOP)RuCl2 with both phenylsilane or diphenylsilane afforded the 16‐electron hydrido‐silyl species (tBuPONOP)Ru(H)(PhSiCl2) and (tBuPONOP)Ru(H)(Ph2SiCl), respectively. Reactions of all three of these complexes with silver triflate afforded the simple salt metathesis products of (tBuPONOP)Ru(H)(OTf), (tBuPONOP)Ru(H)(PhSiCl(OTf)), and (tBuPONOP)Ru(H)(Ph2Si(OTf)). Formic acid dehydrogenation was performed in the presence of triethylamine (TEA), and each species proved competent for gas‐pressure generation of CO2 and H2. The hydride species (tBuPONOP)Ru(H)Cl, (tBuPONOP)Ru(H)(OTf), and (tBuPONOP)Ru(H)(PhSiCl2) exhibited faster catalytic activity than the other compounds tested.
Ambiguity in a masculine world: Being aBRCA1/2mutation carrier and a man with prostate cancer
Authors: Moynihan C. , Bancroft E.K. , Mitra A. , Ardern‐Jones A. , Castro E. , Page E.C. , Eeles R.A.
Published: August 2017

Objective

Increased risk of prostate cancer (PCa) is observed in men withBRCA1/BRCA2mutations. Sex and gender are key determinants of health and disease although unequal care exists between the sexes. Stereotypical male attitudes are shown to lead to poor health outcomes.

Methods

Men withBRCA1/2mutations and diagnosed with PCa were identified and invited to participate in a qualitative interview study. Data were analysed using a framework approach. “Masculinity theory” was used to report the impact of having both aBRCA1/2mutation and PCa.

Results

Eleven of 15 eligible men were interviewed. The umbrella concept of “Ambiguity in a Masculine World” was evident. Men's responses often matched those of women in a genetic context. Men'sBRCAexperience was described, as “on the back burner” but “a bonus” enabling familial detection and early diagnosis of PCa. Embodiment of PCa took precedence as men revealed stereotypical “ideal” masculine responses such as stoicism and control while creating new “masculinities” when faced with the vicissitudes of having 2 gendered conditions.

Conclusion

Health workers are urged to take a reflexive approach, void of masculine ideals, a belief in which obfuscates men's experience. Research is required regarding men's support needs in the name of equality of care.
Influence of Filler Alloy Composition and Process Parameters on the Intermetallic Layer Thickness in Single-Sided Cold Metal Transfer Welding of Aluminum-Steel Blanks
Authors: Silvayeh Zahra , Vallant Rudolf , Sommitsch Christof , Götzinger Bruno , Karner Werner , Hartmann Matthias
Published: August 2017

Hybrid components made of aluminum alloys and high-strength steels are typically used in automotive lightweight applications. Dissimilar joining of these materials is quite challenging; however, it is mandatory in order to produce multimaterial car body structures. Since especially welding of tailored blanks is of utmost interest, single-sided Cold Metal Transfer butt welding of thin sheets of aluminum alloy EN AW 6014 T4 and galvanized dual-phase steel HCT 450 X + ZE 75/75 was experimentally investigated in this study. The influence of different filler alloy compositions and welding process parameters on the thickness of the intermetallic layer, which forms between the weld seam and the steel sheet, was studied. The microstructures of the weld seam and of the intermetallic layer were characterized using conventional optical light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results reveal that increasing the heat input and decreasing the cooling intensity tend to increase the layer thickness. The silicon content of the filler alloy has the strongest influence on the thickness of the intermetallic layer, whereas the magnesium and scandium contents of the filler alloy influence the cracking tendency. The layer thickness is not uniform and shows spatial variations along the bonding interface. The thinnest intermetallic layer (mean thickness < 4 µm) is obtained using the silicon-rich filler Al-3Si-1Mn, but the layer is more than twice as thick when different low-silicon fillers are used.
Ecotoxicology Study of Various Homologues of Methyl Ester Sulfonates (MES) Derived from Palm Oil
Authors: Ishak Siti Afida , Ghazali Razmah , Abd Maurad Zulina , Zolkarnain Noorazah
Published: August 2017

Methyl ester sulfonate (MES) is an anionic surfactant derived from palm oil through sulfonation of fatty acid methyl esters. Due to limited ecotoxicological data on MES, this study was initiated to evaluate the ecotoxicological properties of MES and its impact to the environment. The respirometric method (OECD 301F) was used to monitor the biodegradation of various homologues of MES over 28 days. The algae growth inhibition test (OECD 201) was conducted to assess the effects of palm‐based MES towards green algae by exposing exponentially‐growing cultures ofPseudokirchneriella subcapitata(P. subcapitata)to five concentrations of MES with maximum concentrations of 100 mg/L. Results showed all MES samples were readily biodegradable, where the biodegradability of each homologue surpassed 60% within 28 days. It was also observed that the longer the carbon chain length of MES, the solubility and the biodegradability rate decreased. The ecotoxicity of C12 and C14 MES towardsP. subcapitataafter 72 h of experiment showed no inhibition of algae growth in C12 MES while, the growth of algae decreased as the concentration of C14 MES increases. The EC50value for C14 MES and C16 MES towards green algae was >100 and >10 mg/L, respectively. It can be concluded that C12 and C14 MES were practically non‐toxic towardsP. subcapitataand the toxicity increased with an increase in chain length of the surfactant (EC50value decreases). Therefore homologues of palm‐based MES are not expected to cause environmental concern due to their biodegradability and low toxicity in the aquatic environment.
Long-Term Safety and Effectiveness of Adalimumab for Moderate to Severe Psoriasis: Results from 7-Year Interim Analysis of the ESPRIT Registry
Authors: Menter Alan , Thaçi Diamant , Wu Jashin J. , Abramovits William , Kerdel Francisco , Arikan Dilek , Guo Dianlin , Ganguli Arijit , Bereswill Mareike , Camez Anne , Valdecantos Wendell C.
Published: August 2017

Introduction

ESPRIT (NCT00799877) is an ongoing 10-year international prospective observational registry evaluating the long-term safety and effectiveness of originator adalimumab in routine clinical practice for adult patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. Herein, we report the long-term safety, effectiveness, and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) following adalimumab treatment over the first 7 years of the ESPRIT registry.

Methods

All treatment-emergent (All-TE) adverse events (AE) since the initial (first ever) dose of adalimumab were assessed. Physician Global Assessment (PGA) and PROs (PROs for US patients only) were evaluated during registry participation.

Results

As of 30 November 2015, 6051 patients in the ESPRIT registry were analyzed, representing 23,660.1 patient-years (PY) of overall adalimumab exposure. The incidence rates for All-TE serious AEs, serious infections, and malignancies were 4.4, 1.0, and 1.0 events per 100 PY (E/100PY), respectively. The standardized mortality ratio for TE deaths in the registry was 0.27 (95% CI 0.18–0.38). During the registry’s first 7 years, PGA “clear” or “minimal” was achieved by >50% of patients at each annual visit, and among US patients, the mean improvement from baseline in different PROs was maintained.

Conclusion

No new safety signals were identified during the first 7 years of the registry, and safety was consistent with the known safety profile of adalimumab. The number of TE deaths was below the expected rate. During the registry’s first 7 years, most of the patients remained free of All-TE cardiovascular events, serious infections, and malignancy. As-observed effectiveness of adalimumab and improvements from baseline in PROs were maintained through 7 years of registry participation.

Funding

Abbvie.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier, NCT00799877.
Acute promyelocytic leukemia in a patient with chronic lymphocytic leukemia-A case report
Authors: Boddu Prajwal , Schlette Ellen , Thakral Beenu , Tang Guillin , Pemmaraju Naveen , Kadia Tapan , Ferrajoli Alessandra , Ravandi Farhad , Wierda William , Jain Nitin
Published: August 2017

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is known to be associated rarely with myeloid malignancies such as acute myelogenous leukemia. In this article, we report an extremely rare occurrence of acute promyelocytic leukemia in a patient with CLL. A 71-year-old man first presented to our clinic with a diagnosis of CLL and worsening motor neuropathy symptoms. It was suspected that his CLL might be contributing to the neuropathy as a paraneoplastic syndrome, and he was treated with rituximab monotherapy in weekly doses for the 1st month and monthly treatments thereafter. By the end of his sixth monthly course of rituximab, the patient noted significant improvement in neuropathy symptoms but reported experiencing a new-onset worsening fatigue. He had new-onset cytopenias (white blood cells 1.6 μ/mL, hemoglobin 11.7 g/dL, and platelet count 77 μ/mL). A bone marrow examination was performed; it showed a high percentage of progranulocytes (21%), which stained positive for myeloperoxidase (MPO) and demonstrated a fine granular pattern on the promyelocytic leukemia (PML) oncogenic domain immunofluorescence test. The diagnosis of acute promyelocytic leukemia was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization, which showed a PML/RARα rearrangement in 46% of interphases. Flow cytometry was consistent with immunophenotype of acute promyelocytic leukemia and minimal residual CLL (0.07%). The patient was started promptly on all-transretinoic acid and arsenic trioxide induction regimen. Molecular remission was achieved after the first consolidation cycle. The patient is currently past his fourth consolidation cycle of all-trans-retinoic acid/arsenic trioxide and continues to be in complete remission. Our case illustrates that it is important for the physicians to be aware of coexistent hematologic and solid tumor malignancies in CLL, and maintain a low threshold for diagnostic testing based on grounds of low clinical suspicion.
Making Prussians, Raising Germans
Authors: Heinzen Jasper
Published: August 2017

Reframing the German War of 1866 as a civil war, Making Prussians, Raising Germans offers a new understanding of critical aspects of Prussian state-building and German nation-building in the nineteenth century, and investigates the long-term ramifications of civil war in emerging nations. Drawing transnational comparisons with Switzerland, Italy and the United States, it asks why compatriots were driven to take up arms against each other and what the underlying conflicts reveal about the course of German state-building. By addressing key areas of patriotic activity such as the military, cultural memory, the media, the mass education system, female charity and political culture, this book elucidates the ways in which political violence was either contained in or expressed through centre-periphery interactions. Although the culmination of Prusso-German state-building in the Nazi dictatorship represented an exceptionally destructive outcome, the solutions developed previously established Prussian-led Germany as one of the most successful states in recovering from civil war.
A Debt against the Living
Authors: Wurman Ilan
Published: August 2017

Thomas Jefferson famously wrote that the earth belongs to the living. His letter to James Madison is often quoted for the proposition that we should not be bound to the 'dead hand of the past', suggesting that the Constitution should instead be interpreted as a living, breathing document. Less well-known is Madison's response, in which he said the improvements made by the dead - including the US Constitution - form a debt against the living, who benefit from them. In this illuminating book, Ilan Wurman introduces Madison's concept of originalism to a new generation and shows how it has shaped the US Supreme Court in ways that are expected to continue following the death of Justice Antonin Scalia, one of the theory's leading proponents. It should be read by anyone seeking a better understanding of originalism and its ongoing influence on the constitutional jurisprudence of the Supreme Court.