bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Probable persistence of the remains of a Rouget‐Neumann sheath into the canalicular system of ancient human bone
Authors: Capasso Luigi , Tota Gabriella Di
Published: June 2005

Examining histological sections obtained from human bones from Iron Age archaeological excavations (about third to fifth century BC, Alfedena and Sulmona, central Italy), the authors show the presence of an amorphous, afibrillary substance inside the osseous canaliculus in decalcified sections. This substance has shown unusual chromaffinity to staining using the Schmorl method with thionine and phosphowolframic acid. It is probably formed by acid mucopolysaccharides obtained from a transitory betametachromasia with toluidine blue staining at neutral pH. This metachromasia persists after digestion in bacterial collagenesis, but disappears after digestion in bovine testicular jaluronidasis. These reactions indicate that the endocanalicular substance may represent well‐kept remains of a Rouget‐Neumann sheath, which surrounds cytoplasmic extensions of osteocytes.
A cripple from the medieval hospital of Sts James and Mary Magdalen, Chichester
Authors: Knüsel Christopher J. , Göggel Sonia
Published: June 2005

The skeletal remains of a medieval leper from the hospital of Sts James and Mary Magdalene, Chichester, demonstrate osseous alterations in possible response to altered posture and crutch‐aided locomotion. This individual provides further insight into the possible identification of osseous changes commensurate with maintained abnormal posture and strenuous use of one limb to aid locomotion. In this regard, it allows an appreciation and assessment of skeletal plasticity as a possible response to trauma and disease processes.
Osteopathological findings in mummified baboons from ancient Egypt
Authors: Nerlich Andreas G. , Parsche Franz , Von Den Driesch Angela , Löhrs Udo
Published: June 2005

We present the pathological findings in a historic population of 82 baboon mummies recovered from the animal sanctuary of Tuna‐el‐Gebel in Egypt, in which we were able to demonstrate a high prevalence of disease. In almost 20 per cent of the baboons, signs were present of chronic malnutrition causing bowing and shortening of the long bones. A further 15 per cent of the animals revealed features of chronic joint or vertebral deformities suggesting poor living conditions in their cages. There were three cases of post‐traumatic fractures, three of haematogenous osteomyelitis, one individual showed osteoporosis and one hyperostosis of the scapula of uncertain origin. Additionally, we found one tumour of the pelvic bones with features, which might be attributable to an aggressive osteoblastoma or an osteosarcoma. Our findings clearly demonstrate the high rate of bone abnormalities and the wide spectrum of diseases encountered in Egyptian baboon mummies. These observations contribute significantly to our understanding of the life of ancient Egyptian baboons and particularly to their living conditions.
Metrical discrimination between mandibular first and second molars in domestic cattle
Authors: Beasley M. J. , Brown W. A. B. , Legge A. J.
Published: June 2005

The difficulty of distinguishing between loose first and second mandibular molars of domestic cattle (BOS taurus) from archaeological sites is well known. This paper proposes cervical length as a discriminatory measurement. The possibility that cervical measurements of first and second mandibular molars may be sexually dimorphic is also explored.
Microradiographs of leprosy from an osteoarchaeological context
Authors: Blondiaux Joël , Duvette Jean‐Francois , Vatteoni Sophie , Eisenberg Leslie
Published: June 2005

Microradiographs of early French medieval skeletal material diagnosed with leprosy show specific microscopic alterations, including isolated destruction, isolated bone formation and a combination of both processes, generally referred to as concentric remodelling. New bone deposition on the tibial diaphysis appears to follow the same processes. These observations parallel Coutelier's descriptions of bone remodelling observed in cases of amputated bones from leprous patients.
Growth curves of immature bones from a Scottish island population of sixteenth to mid‐nineteenth century: Limb‐bone diaphyses and some bones of the hand and foot
Authors: Miles A. E. W. , Bulman J. S.
Published: June 2005

Growth curves were prepared for length of the diaphyses of the six major long bones of the limbs and for length of the calcaneus, talus, cuboid and the first metacarpals and metatarsals, of ages up to 20 years including several immature and many full‐term fetuses.

Most curves showed what appears to be a consistent adolescent growth spurt at about 17 years, but the number of specimens supporting these parts of the curves is too small for the validity of this spurt to be beyond doubt.

The fetal diaphysis lengths were similar to those of Fazekas and Kósa and other recent populations but, compared with curves prepared from the Maresh radiographic data for recent caucasoids, the island diaphyseal growth rate, starting at about 4 months after birth, fell progressively behind so that, by 18 years for example, the femur was 90 mm shorter and the humerus 60 mm shorter than the Maresh equivalents. These findings accord with the short stature of the island adults (male mean 166.2 cm).

The growth curves were closer to those of some ancient peoples, Amerindian, caucasoid and negroid, than to contemporary caucasoid.

There is evidence of a secular change in growth in this island region because the calculated mean height at 18 years of this earlier island population is at the present time achieved by boys by about 14 years of age. Thus it is argued that the earlier population was affected by stunting factors. Although there is no skeletal evidence of malnutrition, there is plenty of evidence that the way of life was full of hardship in which the children shared. They took a full part in the arduous work involved in farming marginal‐quality land; the houses were damp, cold, smoky and dark; they were overcrowded although, mainly because of the high infant‐mortality rate, families were not large.
Radiographic analysis of dental development used in age determination of infant and juvenile skulls from a medieval archaeological site in Norway
Authors: Beyer‐Olsen Eva Margrete Stermer , Risnes Steinar
Published: June 2005

Age determination based on radiographic examination of teeth and tooth development stages was performed on the infant and juvenile skeletons from St Olav's churchyard in Trondheim. All the 248 skulls with jaws and teeth were radiographed. Based on the apical closure of the second molar, 198 skulls were determined to be older than 15 years. In 38 of the remaining skulls the age could be determined radiographically based on tooth development stages. The age was below 8 years in 25 individuals (66 per cent). The correlation between the radiographic and a direct inspection age determination method was 0.969. The greatest discrepancies between the two methods were found in the age group 12–15 years.
Computed femur and tibia volumes and cranial capacity under near‐optimal conditions of skeletal growth: Relation to geomagnetic dipole field intensity and other latitude‐dependent climatic variables in archaeological North America and North Africa
Authors: Ivanhoe Francis
Published: June 2005

Using computed femur (F) and tibia (T) volumes and cranial capacity (CC), the Pleistocene geomagnetic acromegalosis (PGMA) model of human evolution is tested in eight series of male skeleton sets (n = 123) from aboriginal North America and North Africa, the majority dated to the Holocene. The material was selected from the extensive multiracial osteometric data base previously assembled in the course of adult residual rickets (RR) skeletal plasticity research in archaeological populations of the Northern Hemisphere, controlling for optimal bone eutrophism, that is, for the absence of sunshine and calcium deficits and demographic stress. Six of the eight series are of hunter‐gatherers, including a terminal Pleistocene mesolithic sample from the Maghreb. As predicted by PGMA, a clear osteotrophic response is observed between the F, T, and CC of these populations and their geomagnetic dipole field intensity (GMFI) backgrounds, here expressed in microteslas (μT); along with evidence that the GMFI‐dependent osteotrophism is stronger near the sagittal plane. Slightly higher bioenvironmental correlations, also compatible with PGMA, are obtained with a composite environmental osteotrophism parameter (CEOT.J), which incorporates the reciprocal of the archaeological site's reconstructed mean July temperature as a synergizer of GMFI. In a final demonstration of the utility of the new computed osteovolumetrics, it is shown that Skhul IV, to judge from its size and proportions, is a hyperrobust pre‐neanderthal male skeleton of early Late Pleistocene interglacial age, and belongs to the North African geographical race.
Palaeopathology at the Khan‐el‐Ahmar site: Health and disease in a Byzantine monastery in the Judean Desert, Israel
Authors: Hershkovitz I. , Yakar R. , Taitz C. , Eshed V. , Wish‐Baratz S. , Pinhasov A. , Ring B.
Published: June 2005

The present study describes the skeletal material that was uncovered at the crypt of the monastery of St Euthymius at Khan‐el‐Ahmar, in the Judean Desert, near Jerusalem. Comparative morphometric analysis with contemporaneous populations and the palaeodemographic and palaeopathological data disprove many historians' well accepted notions regarding early Christians in the Judean Desert. In the present paper we suggest that the majority of people who were buried at the Khan‐el‐Ahmar monastery derived mainly from the autochthonous population of the region and were not migrants or fugitives from surrounding countries. It appears that this community of monks lived in a rather protected environment despite their desert surroundings. In the monastery, they maintained a high level of personal hygiene, had adequate food supplies and were not subjected to repeated acts of violence from their neighbours.
Trephination as a possible treatment for scurvy in a middle bronze age (ca. 2200 BC) skeleton
Authors: Mogle Paul , Zias Joe
Published: June 2005

Although trephination of sub‐adults in antiquity is rare, scurvy both infantile and adult, is even more rare in the archaeological record. Pathological changes appearing in the maxilla, mandible and orbits of a child of 8–9 years of age are highly suggestive of infantile scurvy. Advanced forms of this metabolic disturbance lead to severe subperiosteal haemorrhaging, at times turning the skin of the face and skull black. This condition may have led to the trephination along the sagittal suture as a form of blood letting in hopes of draining the subperiosteal haemorrhage in the cranium. Although cause and effect are often confusing in antiquity, the surgical intervention presented here led to the ultimate death of the child.
Analysis of faunal remains from the Kretuonas lake settlement
Authors: Daugnora L. , Girininkas A.
Published: June 2005

The Middle (Kretuonas 1B), Late Neolithic (Zemaitiške 1 and Zemaitiške 2) and Old Bronze Age (Kretuonas 1C) settlements near Kretuonas Lake (Svencioneliai district, Reskutenai village) yielded many artefacts of bone, antler, horn and teeth (750 in total). In the Kretuonas 1B assemblage, deer bones accounted for 50.5 per cent, elk bones 19.7 per cent and boar bones for 27.7 per cent of the total. In the Zemaitiške 1 and 2 settlements the respective portions were 27.7 and 62.0 per cent deer, 6.8 and 20.0 per cent elk and 10.1 per cent boar. In Kretuonas 1C the proportions were 10.9, 36.0 and 7.5 per cent respectively.

In the Kretuonas 1B settlement 32 artefacts were identified, 16 from deer bone, four from elk and four from boar. In the Zemaitiške 2 settlement there were 114 artefacts of which 57 were identified to species. Of these, 39 were from deer, eight from elk and four from boar. Finally, in the Kretuonas 1C settlement, of the 531 artefacts found, 120 were identified to species and of these 49 were from deer, 44 from elk, nine from boar and nine from bear.
Signs of meningiomas in a skull of the Mexican colonial period
Authors: Campillo Domingo , Salas‐Cuesta María‐Elena
Published: June 2005

The skull of a native Mexican from the colonial period is studied. The skull has a nasal trauma, dental pathology and two osteogenic lesions, one situated at the left wing of the sphenoid bone and the other in the infrainion occipital squamous bone, between the left mastoid process and the left occipital condyle. That involving the sphenoid occludes the optic nerve foramen and is evident through the orbit and at pterion. These osteogenic lesions are considered to be secondary to the soft tissue tumour mass, which, at the level of its implantation area, is usually present in meningiomas.
The ‘caries correction factor’: A new method of calibrating dental caries rates to compensate for antemortem loss of teeth
Authors: Lukacs John R
Published: June 2005

Dental caries rates are frequently based exclusively upon the number of carious teeth observed in a human skeletal series. However, a portion of the teeth lost antemortem will be lost because of severe carious decay, a factor not considered by many investigators. This paper reviews and critiques earlier attempts to adjust dental caries rates to account for antemortem loss of teeth, and proposes a new ‘caries correction factor’ that is population specific, requires no assumptions, and is sensitive to the temporal and ecogeographical context of a skeletal series.

An example of how to apply this caries correction factor is provided using new data from the Bronze Age site of Harappa in northern Pakistan. Its value in dental palaeopathology is reviewed with two recent studies of dental caries in the Arabian Gulf, and concludes with a consideration of its possible application to non‐human primates.
DNA in cremated bones from an early bronze age cemetery cairn
Authors: Brown Keri A. , O'Donoghue Kerry , Brown Terence A.
Published: June 2005

The discovery of polymeric DNA in charred wheat grains and other burnt plant remains prompted us to examine a set of cremated bones for the presence of ancient DNA. Extracts of cremated bones from an early Bronze Age cemetery cairn were analysed by hybridization probing and the polymerase chain reaction. Hybridization with two probes targeting human DNA resulted in strong positive signals. Polymerase chain reactions directed at a multicopy sequence in human nuclear DNA were successful, extracts of five burials giving amplification products of the expected size. Exploitation of ancient DNA in cremated bones could be of great value in archaeology as it may enable information pertaining to sex and kinship to be obtained from fragmented material.
Immunolocalization of prealbumin: Distribution in normal human tissue
Authors: Liddle Christine N. , Reid W. A. , Kennedy J. S. , Miller I. D. , Horne C. H. W.
Published: June 2005

Using an indirect immunoperoxidase staining technique we have demonstrated the plasma protein, prealbumin, in the cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Serial sections stained with antisera to glucagon, insulin and somatostatin revealed that the distribution of the prealbumin stained cells matched that of the glucagon A‐cells. Absorption and cross‐absorption experiments with prealbumin and glucagon showed that the staining was specific. We also found positive staining for prealbumin in single cells in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, mainly stomach and colon, and kidney tubules.
Immunohistochemical demonstration of S‐100 protein in salivary gland neoplasms
Authors: Crocker J. , Jenkins Rachel , Campbell J. , Fuggle W. J. , Shah Varsha M.
Published: June 2005

A peroxidase—antiperoxidase technique for S‐100 protein has been applied to 68 salivary glands. These included 17 pleomorphic adenomas, seven adenoid cystic carcinomas, 23 adenolymphomas and a number of other neoplasms. In addition, five specimens of myoepithelial sialadenitis (‘benign lymphoepithelial lesion’) and five normal parotid glands were included. Consistent results were obtained, myoepithelial cells and cells in myxoid and chondroid areas in pleomorphic adenomas staining intensely. In adenoid cystic carcinoma, on the other hand, there was no staining. The adenolymphomas possessed intensely S‐100 protein‐positive cells in the interfollicular lymphoid areas: these were probably interdigitating reticulum cells. In addition, branching structures, probably corresponding to Langerhans' cells, were observed in the epithelium of adenolymphomas.
Population and ultrastructural changes in murine alveolar cells following 239PuO2 inhalation
Authors: Heppleston A. G. , Young A. E.
Published: June 2005

Early changes affecting the principal cellular components of pulmonary alveoli after inhaling 239plutonium dioxide were followed by quantitative and qualitative electron microscopy in mice and rats. Different accumulated doses of a irradiation were achieved. The numbers of alveolar macrophages and interstitial mononuclear cells rose in mice especially after a higher dose of radiation, whilst in rats interstitial fibroblasts were increased. The evidence from mice suggested pronounced secretory activity of type II epithelial cells with subsequent uptake of phospholipid by alveolar macrophages, which developed large cytoplasmic inclusions, but rats were much less severely affected. Pneumonitis was not a feature and with the dosage of radiation employed endothelium escaped structural damage. Sensitivity between species differed, both according to cell type and to intensity of exposure, so demanding caution in the application of experimental findings to man.
Sialic acid moieties on surface glycoproteins protect endothelial cells from proteolytic damage
Authors: Göröug P. , Pearson J. D.
Published: June 2005

The importance of the glycocalyx in controlling responses to proteinases was studied by enzymic removal of sialic acids from the luminal surface of arterial endothelium. In the perfused rat aorta collagenase induced cell detachment in greater numbers from the desialylated than from the untreated endothelium. Neuraminidase treatment increased by three‐fold prostacyclin synthesis by the vessel wall in respons to thrombin. The supernatant from activated human neutrophils, containing elastolytic activity, when perfused together with neuraminidase enhanced and prolonged sialic acid release induced by neuraminidase alone. Thus the effects of different proteinases on various endothelial cell functions are potentiated by removal of surface sialic acid residues.
The histopathology of the larynx in the neonate following endotracheal intubation
Authors: Gould Howard Stephen J. Susan
Published: June 2005

Subglottic stenosis is the most common serious complication of endotracheal intubation in the neonate with an incidence of between 1–8 per cent. While considered a complication of traumatic injury to the larynx and possibly associated with prolonged intubation, the pathogenesis is poorly understood and the pathology has not been described in detail. The nature of intubation induced injury has been investigated by examining step‐sections of 43 larynges removed from neonates post‐mortem who had been intubated for periods ranging from 10 min to 12 weeks. Focal ulceration was identified in the supraglottis and the anterior glottis. Similar injury was seen in the posterior glottis and subglottis but with more prolonged intubation there was full thickness mucosal necrosis, perichondritis and partial destruction of the arytenoid and cricoid cartilages. Although the severity of the injury progressed with time and many of the most severe injuries occurred early, in the second and third weeks of intubation, the larynx usually healed despite the continued presence of the endotracheal tube. Prolonged intubation on its own does not appear to be an important factor in the production of severe laryngeal injury nor, therefore, the subsequent complications such as subglottic stenosis.
Distribution of dense core granules in normal, benign and malignant breast tissue
Authors: Ferguson D. J. P. , Anderson T. J.
Published: June 2005

In this study breast tissue from 114 patients has been examined ultrastructurally for dense core granules (DCG). The tissue included examples of normal ‘resting’, pregnant and lactating breast plus various benign and malignant lesions. DCG were observed in low numbers in the apical cytoplasm in a proportion of the examples of ‘resting’ and pregnant breast tissue but were absent in the lactating patients. The incidence appeared to relate to hormonal changes. They were present in 50 percent of the benign lesions examined. DCG were also observed in a high proportion of the ductal, lobular and tubular carcinomas examined and were associated with luminal differentiation. In the mucoid carcinomas over half the tumours possessed some DCG with large numbers of DCG present within certain of the malignant cells in two cases. It is possible that the granules could be related to mucin secretion. Therefore, in normal, benign and malignant (with the exception of mucoid carcinoma) breast tissue the presence of DCG would appear to be related to hormonal changes and represent prelactational differentiation rather than providing evidence of neuroendocrine differentiation. We emphasize the need for a comprehensive knowledge of the normal morphological variations within a tissue before attempting to interpret its tumours.
Hepatic sinusoidal macrophages in alcoholic liver disease
Authors: Mills Luther R. , Scheuer Peter J.
Published: June 2005

Lysozyme is a bacteriocidal enzyme which is a major stable secretory product of mononuclear phagocytes, including hepatic sinusoidal macrophages (HSM), and serves as a good marker for these cells. Patients with alcoholic liver disease (ALD) have decreased HSM function which is reflected in reduced clearance of microorganisms and endotoxin derived from the gut. The HSM population in 54 liver blopsies from patients with ALD was studied using immunoperoxidase staining of lysozyme and was compared with 15 histologically normal controls. In both groups lysozyme positive HSM were more numerous in periportal than perivenous parenchyma. In each zone there were significantly fewer positive HSM in cases of ALD than in controls, in alcoholic hepatitis than in ALD without hepatitis, and in cirrhosis than in ALD without cirrhosis. These findings suggest a decreased population of functionally active HSM in ALD which correlates with severity of liver damage. This might be due to decreased lysozyme content of the entire HSM population or to the existence of two populations, one positive and one negative for lysozyme. The observed decrease in HSM function explains many of the phenomena observed in ALD.
Immunohistochemical localization of basement membrane type IV collagen in invasive and metastatic squamous carcinomas of the head and neck
Authors: Carter R. L. , Burman J. F. , Barr L. , Gusterson B. A.
Published: June 2005

The immunohistochemical localization of basement membrane type IV collagen was investigated with a mouse monoclonal antibody in major surgical resections from 25 patients with invasive squamous carcinomas of the head and neck. Irrespective of site, size or stage of the disease, the 16 primary invasive tumours were almost completely surrounded by a layer of type IV collagen. Focal abnormalities were regularly present, consisting of thickening and aggregation of type IV collagen together with attenuation and segmental loss. Similar changes were seen in metastatic squamous carcinomas in 36 cervical lymph nodes. It is suggested that the probable formation of a normal basement membrane protein by these squamous carcinomas indicates the preservation of a normal function of differentiating squamous epithelia. The results indicate that a major basement membrane component, type IV collagen, continues to co‐exist with invasive and metastatic squamous carcinomas.
Bronchiolar and alveolar lesions in the pathogenesis of crocidolite‐induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice
Authors: Bowden D. H. , Adamson I. Y. R.
Published: June 2005

Asbestosis is generally considered to result in restrictive pulmonary disease associated with interstitial fibrosis. Recently, however, attention has focused upon bronchiolar lesions and concomitant obstruction to air flow. The responses of conducting airways and alveoli were studied over a 20 week period following instillation of crocidolite to mice. The location of the lesions and the sequential inflammatory changes were studied by bronchoalveolar lavage, light and electron miscroscopy; regenerative activity was monitored by autoradiographs. Within 48 h there was multifocal necrosis of bronchiolar epithelium, maximal at bifurcations where longer fibres tend to adhere. Subsequently, intralumenal exudates were overgrown by epithelium and incorporated into the bronchiolar connective tissue where active peribronchiolar granulomas persisted until 20 weeks. Alveolar lesions were located predominantly in peribronchiolar air sacs and at the junctions of bronchioles and alveolar ducts. Focal acute injury of type 1 cells and transepithelial passage facilitated transport of short asbestos fibres to the interstitium where they were phagocytozed by macrophages. Regenerative activity was prompt with active division of type 2 epithelial cells. Biochemically, collagen increased after 4 weeks, when fibrosis was predominantly located in the bronchiolar lumens and in peribronchiolar connective tissue with lesser amounts in the centrilobular alveolar interstitium. The results suggest that the longer fibres induce bronchiolar injury and a more severe fibrotic pattern similar to the recently described changes seen in human asbestosis.
Epithelial membrane antigen in normal and proteinuric glomeruli and in damaged proximal tubules
Authors: Howie A. J.
Published: June 2005

Epithelial membrane antigen was detected in normal glomeruli by a polyclonal antiserum to the antigen and by the monoclonal antibodies Ca 1, DAKO‐EMA and HMFG 2, but not HMFG 1, using an indirect immunoperoxidase method. The antigen was in the form of a thin ring or collar at the junction of glomerulus and tubule. In a series of 47 renal biopsies from patients with proteinuria, the antigen could still be seen in glomeruli, provided that there were adequate numbers of glomeruli in the sections. The main object of study was the glomerular tip lesion, in which tip adhesions were seen to be just adjacent to the patch of epithelial membrane antigen. This suggested that the antigen may be important in pathogenesis of the lesion. Normal proximal tubules did not express epithelial membrane antigen but it was detected on the luminal border of acutely damaged proximal tubules. Thus the distribution of epithelial membrane antigen in the kidney is more complex than was previously thought.
Capillary ATPase inactivation in early myocardial ischaemia
Authors: Yarom Rena , Ungar Henry
Published: June 2005

The Wachstcin‐Mcisel ATPase reaction can be used in formalin‐fixed, postmortem material to demonstrate the microvasculaturc in ihe human myocardium. In case of sudden or rapid cardiac dcath, the disappearance of enzymatic activity in capillary walls was observed earlier than older light‐microscopic signs of damage. This was cspecially marked in the subendocardial regions. The staining of capillaries was found to be positive again in the varying stages of organization. Fibrotic scars were devoid of staining. The findings besides being of practical value in the diagnosis of early myocardial necrosis, support the theory that loss of capillary mctabolic and functional integrity occurs early in ischaemia; it promotes the ‘no rcflow’ phenomenon and may contribute towards myofibre necrosis.
Neuroendocrine cells in colorectal adenomas
Authors: Van den Ingh Harry F. , Van den Broek Lambert J. , Verhofstad Albert A. J. , Bosman Fred T.
Published: June 2005

A consecutive series of 218 endoscopically resected colorectal adenomas was investigated for the occurrence of neuroendocrine cells. In 59 per cent of these adenomas argyrophil cells were detected In 8 per cent of the adenomas these cells were numerous and so intricately blended in with the other cell types that they were regarded as an intrinsic part of the tumour. In these adenomas subsequently immunocytochemistry revealed the presence of the neurohormonal peptides glucagon, pancreatic polypeptide and somatostatin as well as serotonin, in a pattern similar to that seen in normal colorectal mucosa. The presence of neuroendocrine cells did not correlate with any clinical or pathological parameter. The occurrence of neuroendocrine cells in colorectal adenomas is in agreement with the unitarian theory of the development of the various epithelial cell types in large bowel mucosa.
Injection of free radical generators causes premature onset of tissue damage in malaria‐infected mice
Authors: Clark I. A. , Mackie E. J. , Cowden W. B.
Published: June 2005

Lymphoid and liver damage docs not usunlly occur in Plasmodium vinekei ‐infected mice until parasitaemias reach 70–80 per cent and the mice arc showing signs of illness. We rcport here that these chinges cann be induced in mice of healthy appearance and lower parasitaemia by injccting divicine or tertiary‐butyl hydroperoxide, two generators of free oxygen radicals. The same or larrger doses of these radical generators did nol induce this tissue damage in normal mice. Phagocytic leukocytes are activated in P. vinckie‐infected mice, and secretion by these cells of toxic oxyen metabolites has ben suggested to be part of this process. Additive effects of these free redicals and those generated from diviene and t‐butyl hydroperoxide could account for the increased susceptibility of parasitized mice to tissue damage by these agents.
Splenic arteriolar hyalin in children
Authors: Lindley Roger P.
Published: June 2005

Sections from 447 children's spleens were examined for arteriolar hyalin. Hyalin is not found in the first year of life, but by the fifth year of life 60 percent of cases show it. The positive cases include a wide variety of pathological conditions. The development of arteriolar hyalin in the spleen is age dependent, occurs early in life, and is not a pointer to any particular pathological condition.
Genomic rearrangements of the c‐myc proto‐oncogene in human malignant lymphomas
Authors: Jack A. S. , Gardner Susan J. , Mills K. I. , Goyns M. H. , Lee F. D. , Birnie G. D.
Published: June 2005

Southern blot analysis of EcoRI‐digested DNAs was used to study the genomic configuration of the human proto‐oncogene c‐myc in tissue samples from a series of 28 human malignant T‐cell and B‐cell lymphomas. Rearrangements of c‐myc were found in 12 (43 per cent) of the cases. In all but one of these the intensities of the hybridization signals from the aberrant c‐myc‐homologous fragments were much less than that from the 13 Kbp germ‐line fragment, suggesting that only a subpopulation of the cells in the tumour carried rearranged myc gene sequences. No relationship was found between the rearrangement of c‐myc and cell lineage or differentiation stage, though non‐germ‐line c‐myc‐homologous DNA fragments were more commonly found in tumours classed as high‐grade according to National Cancer Institute criteria.
The ‘grey area’ between small cell and non‐small cell lung carcinomas. Light and electron microscopy versus clinical data in 14 cases
Authors: Mooi Wolter J. , Van Zandwijk Nico , Dingemans Koert P. , Koolen M. G. J. , Wagenvoort C. A.
Published: June 2005

We studied 14 lung tumours which on light microscopy had posed difficulties on classification as either small cell or non‐small cell carcinomas. The light and electron microscopical features were compared with patient follow‐up data. Electron microscopy showed neuroendocrine granules in 12 cases, and adeno‐and squamous cell differentiation but no neuroendocrine granules in the remaining two cases. The latter two cases showed prolonged patient survival (both patients alive after 21/2 and 2 years, respectively). Ten of the cases with neuroendocrine granules showed a rapid course of disease (death between 2½ weeks and 15 months after diagnosis) and marked initial response to multiagent chemotherapy. Thus, the clinical impression of these cases was that of small cell carcinoma. The remaining two cases with neuroendocrine granules showed a more protracted course, with death after 1½ and 2½ years. These two tumours did not show the light microscopical features of atypical carcinoid. The results illustrate the value of electron microscopy in predicting clinical behaviour of carcinomas difficult to place into small cell or non‐small cell carcinoma groups. They also point to the existence of neuroendocrine carcinomas other than carcinoids with a more protracted course than small cell carcinomas.
Normal adaptation of pulmonary arterial intima to extrauterine life in the pig: Ultrastructural studies
Authors: Hall Susan M. , Haworth Sheila G.
Published: June 2005

Adaptation of the pulmonary arterial intima was studied in injected lung specimens of 34 Large White pigs. Each type of pre‐ and intra‐acinar artery was studied separately using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Determination of the endothelial surface/volume ratio and volume densities of (1) endothelium and subendothelium. (2) endothelial cytoplasmic organelles and (3) subendothelial connective tissue elements yielded 6832 measurements which comprised a computerized database. At birth, endothelial cell morphology changed more rapidly and to a greater extent in peripheral than in proximal arteries. Endothelial surface/volume ratio increased (p < 0.0001). Fetal surface projections, junctional interdigitations and overlap became less evident. Adaptational changes were complete in three weeks. Between three weeks and adulthood a reduction in endothelial surface/volume ratio suggested cell growth. In the subendothelium the volume density of collagen and basement membrane and elastin increased (p<0.001). The internal elastic lamina, immature in all arteries at birth increased in thickness and integrity until in the adult, only in small muscular arteries did gaps between elastin profiles ensure frequent contact between endothelial and smooth muscle cells. At all ages regional differences in endothelial cell morphology were evident.
The occurrence and clinicopathological significance of serotonin immunoreactive cells in large bowel carcinoma
Authors: Arends Jan W. , Wiggers Theodore , Verstijnen Kees , Bosman Fred T.
Published: June 2005

We studied the incidence, clinicopathological relevance and prognostic significance of serotonin immunoreactive cells in a clinically well‐documented series of 300 large bowel cancer patients. Serotonin immunoreactive cells were detected in 8 per cent of the carcinomas, occurring either as focal clusters (4.7 per cent) or as occasional single cells (3.3 per cent). Both types frequently displayed presence of mucin and/or immunoreactivity for secretory component as well. In respect of localization, stage of tumour extension and histological grade tumours with serotonin immunoreactivity showed no significant differences in comparison with carcinomas lacking this feature. In terms of survival, however, the tumours with serotonin immunoreactivity demonstrated a more aggressive clinical course in comparison with tumours without these cells. This phenomenon reached borderline statistical significance. It is therefore concluded that the study of serotonin immunoreactivity in large bowel carcinomas enables the identification of a subpopulation of colorectal carcinomas with a relatively poor prognosis.
Identification of histiocytic reticulum cells by the immunohistochemical demonstration of factor XIII (F‐XIIIa) in human lymph nodes
Authors: Nemes Zoltán , Thomázy Vilmos , Ádány Róza , Muszbek László
Published: June 2005

Morphologically and enzyme histochemically distinguishable tissue macrophages and stromal cells of human reactive lymph nodes were characterized by the cytoplasmic presence of the subunit A of factor XIII and by the expression of surface antigenic determinants reacting with monoclonal antibodies directed against monocyte/macrophage populations (Mo 1, Leu M3) and HLA‐DR antigens. The distribution of F‐XIIIa positive cells was studied on formaldehyde‐fixed paraffin‐embedded sections with immunoperoxidase techniques. The immunophenotype was established on cryostat sections with double immunofluorescence. α‐Naphthyl acetate esterase (ANAE) reaction was carried out on these cryostat sections to identify tissue macrophages. The antibody against F‐XIIIa detected histiocytes in both intra‐and extra‐sinusoidal locations which were ANAE +, Mo 1 +, Leu M3 + and HLA‐DR–. F‐XIIIa was also present in fibroblast‐like mesenchymal cells with the following phenotypic characteristics: ANAE–, Mo 1 +, Leu M3+ and HLA‐DR+. The anti F‐XIIIa antibody did not stain lymphoid cells, granulocytes, epithelial cells, endothelial cells and mast cells. The immunohistochemical detection of F‐XIIIa works on formaldehyde‐fixed paraffin‐embedded sections. The most promising application seems to be the identification of histiocytes in lymphoid and histiocytic proliferations.
Determination of steroid hormone‐dependency of tumours utilizing tissue sections. Survey of histochemical techniques and their application in surgical pathology
Authors: De Goeij Ton F. P. M. , Bosman Fred T. , Berns Els M. J. J.
Published: June 2005

The growth of neoplasms originating from steroid hormone target tissues may be hormone‐dependent. It has been clearly demonstrated that the oestrogen and/or progestagen receptor status predicts the response to endocrine treatment and the prognosis of breast cancer. However steroid receptor determination in tumour cytosols has several limitations, which can partly be resolved by (immuno) histochemical detection of steroid hormone‐responsive tumour cells. A variety of histochemical techniques including autoradiography of tritiated steroids, immunohistochemistry with antibodies to steroid hormones, histochemistry with fluorescent ligands of low molecular weight and fluorochrome‐ or enzyme‐labelled macromolecular probes are discussed. It is concluded that there is as yet no substantial evidence that these methods visualize steroid receptors or detect steroid hormone‐responsiveness of tumour cells. On the other hand, immunohistochemical demonstration of oestrogen receptors with monospecific antibodies seems validated and indications have been obtained that this information is clinically relevant. Recent developments suggest that immunocytochemistry of receptors and specific hormone‐induced proteins, flow cytometric analysis and probably hybridocytochemistry in the future will help to improve management of steroid hormone‐dependent tumours.
Conduction tissue in the transplanted human heart
Authors: Stovin P. G. I. , Hewit S.
Published: June 2005

Eleven orthotopically transplanted human hearts have been examined at retransplantation or necropsy. They were selected to cover the period up to 3 years after transplantation. The recipient SA node was examined in six, the donor SA node in eight and the AV conduction tissue in all eleven. Each of these areas has been examined by serial sectioning. All the conduction tissue is discretely involved in rejection and this involvement is no more severe than in the adjacent myocardium. In the AV tissue there is a tendency for the peripheral parts to be more frequently involved than the proximal. There is little evidence of permanent structural damage to the AV tissues by recurrent episodes of mild to moderate rejection. In the atrial nodes there is about a 50 per cent chance of surgical or procurement damage to both the recipient and the the donor tissue.
Associated expression of HLA class I and class II antigens on melanoma cells in surgically removed metastases
Authors: Van Duinen S. G. , Ruiter D. I. , Ferrone S.
Published: June 2005

Malignant transformation of melanocytes and further neoplastic progression may be associated with qualitative and/or quantitative changes in expression of HLA class I and class II antigens. Since previous immunohistochemical studies of surgically removed melanoma lesions have suggested a relationship in the expression of HLA class I and class II antigens, we have investigated the expression of these antigens at the single cell level. Double immunofluorescence staining of frozen sections of melanoma metastases and immunoelectron microscopic double labelling of melanoma cell suspensions prepared from three of these lesions has detected three HLA phenotypes on the large majority of melanoma cells: either both HLA class I and class II antigens, neither HLA antigen or only HLA class I antigens. In four out of the 11 lesions a few melanoma cells were found to express HLA class II antigens and to lack HLA class I antigens. A relationship was also found in the level of expression of HLA class I and class II antigens, as estimated by the intensity of staining with monoclonal antibodies. The level of expression of HLA class II antigens appeared to be similar to or lower than that of HLA class I antigens on the large majority of melanoma cells. This coordinated heterogeneity in the expression of HLA class I and class II antigens by melanoma cells may have implications in the interactions of tumour cells with the host's immune system.
Class II major histocompatibility complex and organ specific autoimmunity in man
Authors: Foulis A. K.
Published: June 2005

T helper lymphocytes only recognize the antigen to which they are directed if it is ‘presented’ to them by a cell expressing the same class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigen as themselves. Since the target cells of most organ specific autoimmune diseases do not normally express class II MHC proteins on their surface, any cell specific surface antigens they possess may never have been presented, and therefore immunological tolerance to them may not exist. The target cells in several organ specific autoimmune diseases have been shown to express class II MHC aberrantly and this expression may have allowed presentation of such cell specific surface antigens to potentially autoreactive T helper lymphocytes. It has therefore been proposed that aberrant expression of class II MHC antigens may be an initiating factor in certain autoimmune diseases.
DNA flow cytometry of histological material from dysplastic lesions of human gastric mucosa
Authors: Macartney James C. , Camplejohn Richard S.
Published: June 2005

DNA flow cytometry has been carried out on histologically processed human gastric tissue showing varying grades of gastric dysplasia, intramucosal carcinoma and regenerative changes. No cases of DNA aneuploidy were encountered in cases showing regenerative changes or mild or moderate dysplasia. DNA aneuploidy was found in 5/7 cases of severe dysplasia and 3/11 cases of intramucosal cancer. Irregularities of the G0/G1 peak were encountered in a further 18 samples including normal and regenerative gastric mucosa. However these were not thought to indicate DNA aneuploidy. The interpretation of these abnormalities and the affect on the frequency with which DNA aneuploidy is reported in pathological lesions is discussed.
Immunocytochemical demonstration and significance of p21 ras family oncogene product in benign and malignant breast disease
Authors: Candlish W. , Kerr I. B. , Simpson H. W.
Published: June 2005

It has been suggested that the immunocytochemical demonstration of the p21 ras oncogene product is a useful marker of malignancy in breast disease1. We have studied the reactivity of a series of specimens of benign and malignant breast disease with the anti ras p21 monoclonal antibody Y13‐259, and shown widespread positive staining in both benign and malignant (including metastatic) disease as well as in adjacent ‘normal’ epithelium. In addition some staining of stromal cells as well as nerve fibres was observed. Our results suggest that the presence of ras p21 protein as demonstrated by this antibody is not a useful marker of malignancy or of proliferating epithelium but is rather a normal feature of certain cell types.
Nuclear DNA content in breast carcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation
Authors: Nesland Jahn M. , Pettersen Erik O. , Fosså Sophie D. , Høsie Johan , Johannessen Jan Vincents
Published: June 2005

Sixty‐one breast carcinomas (54 infiltrating ductal carcinomas and seven infiltrating lobular carcinomas) were immunostained with anti‐NSE and analysed with respect to nuclear DNA content. Nine of the 23 NSE‐positive breast carcinomas were diploid, five were triploid, six tetraploid and three pentaploid. Twenty‐one of the 38 NSE‐negative tumours were diploid, 10 were triploid, seven tetraploid, and none were pentaploid. Three of the eight histologically grade 1 tumours in the NSE‐positive group were aneuploid, whereas all the six grade I tumours in the NSE‐negative group were diploid. The results show that a proportion of breast carcinomas with neuroendocrine differentiation are aneuploid and that aneuploid tumours that are grade I histologically are found in the NSE‐positive group and not in the NSE‐negative group.
Effects of injury and repair of the pulmonary endothelium on lung metastasis after bleomycin
Authors: Adamson Ian Y. R. , Young Linda , Orr F. William
Published: June 2005

Acute endothelial injury induced by bleomycin has been shown to enhance the localization and metastasis of circulating tumour cells. In the present study we wished to determine whether increased metastases to the lung is related to the degree of endothelial damage as indicated by morphology and protein leakage to alveoli and whether the progression to repair with pulmonary fibrosis also effects metastatic tumour growth. C57b1/6 mice were injected with a single intravenous dose of bleomycin (120 mg/kg). After 5 days, severe enothelial injury was demonstrated by morphology and by increased levels of protein in lung lavage fluid. When [131I]‐iododeoxyuridine labeled syngeneic fibrosarcoma cells were injected intravenously at this time, a 9‐fold increase in their localization was detected 24 h later in bleomycin‐treated lungs compared with saline controls. By electron microscopy tumour cells were observed at sites of denuded vascular basement membrane. There was also a significant increase in the number of gross metastases which developed subsequently and in the percentage of lung occupied by tumour in the bleomycin group. Animals examined 10 days after bleomycin showed less endothelial damage and a smaller increase in tumour cell localization and metastases. At 21 days, when endothelial structure and alveolar protein levels had returned to normal, and at 6 weeks, when there was focal fibrosis, no increase in tumour cell localization or metastases was found. It is concluded that damage to the pulmonary endothelium is a key factor in enhancing the trapping of circulating tumour cells and increasing metastatic tumour growth after bleomycin.
Lesions of the renal papilla induced by paracetamol
Authors: Henry M. A. , Tange J. D.
Published: June 2005

The acute nephrotoxic effects of paracetamol in the uninephrectomized homozygous Gunn rat are different from those of aspirin. Both compounds induce renal papillary necrosis but paracetamol produces accumulation of non‐cellular material in the interstitial space, less damage to interstitial cells, more damage to tubular epithelium, and more severe necrosis of proximal convoluted tubules. In both cortex and papilla only a small fraction of the cells at risk are affected. It is concluded that the findings are consistent with a synergistic nephrotoxic effect between the two compounds, but that the lesions are not sufficiently severe for the natural history of analgesic nephropathy to be wholly explicable by such synergism.