bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Creating and Maintaining Chemical Artificial Life by Robotic Symbiosis
Authors: Hanczyc Martin M. , Parrilla Juan M. , Nicholson Arwen , Yanev Kliment , Stoy Kasper
Published: December 2014

We present a robotic platform based on the open source RepRap 3D printer that can print and maintain chemical artificial life in the form of a dynamic, chemical droplet. The robot uses computer vision, a self-organizing map, and a learning program to automatically categorize the behavior of the droplet that it creates. The robot can then use this categorization to autonomously detect the current state of the droplet and respond. The robot is programmed to visually track the droplet and either inject more chemical fuel to sustain a motile state or introduce a new chemical component that results in a state change (e.g., division). Coupling inexpensive open source hardware with sensing and feedback allows for replicable real-time manipulation and monitoring of nonequilibrium systems that would be otherwise tedious, expensive, and error-prone. This system is a first step towards the practical confluence of chemical, artificial intelligence, and robotic approaches to artificial life.
Subdiffusive Dynamics of Bump Attractors: Mechanisms and Functional Roles
Authors: Qi Yang , Breakspear Michael , Gong Pulin
Published: December 2014

Bump attractors are localized activity patterns that can self-sustain after stimulus presentation, and they are regarded as the neural substrate for a host of perceptual and cognitive processes. One of the characteristic features of bump attractors is that they are neutrally stable, so that noisy inputs cause them to drift away from their initial locations, severely impairing the accuracy of bump location-dependent neural coding. Previous modeling studies of such noise-induced drifting activity of bump attractors have focused on normal diffusive dynamics, often with an assumption that noisy inputs are uncorrelated. Here we show that long-range temporal correlations and spatial correlations in neural inputs generated by multiple interacting bumps cause them to drift in an anomalous subdiffusive way. This mechanism for generating subdiffusive dynamics of bump attractors is further analyzed based on a generalized Langevin equation. We demonstrate that subdiffusive dynamics can significantly improve the coding accuracy of bump attractors, since the variance of the bump displacement increases sublinearly over time and is much smaller than that of normal diffusion. Furthermore, we reanalyze existing psychophysical data concerning the spread of recalled cue position in spatial working memory tasks and show that its variance increases sublinearly with time, consistent with subdiffusive dynamics of bump attractors. Based on the probability density function of bump position, we also show that the subdiffusive dynamics result in a long-tailed decay of firing rate, greatly extending the duration of persistent activity.
Lectotypification of Pyrus astateria Cardot (Rosaceae)
Authors: Chen Xin , Deng Yunfei
Published: December 2014

Sorbus astateria (Cardot) Handel-Mazzetti (1933: 466) was originally described as Pyrus astateria Cardot (1918: 348). When Cardot (1918) described this new species, six collections (Ducloux 114, 3318, 3485, 4115, 4751 and Delavay s.n) from Yunnan, China, were cited in the protologue. According to Art. 9.5 (McNeill et al. 2012), all of these specimens are syntypes. When Aldasoro et al. (2004: 63) revised Sorbus Linnaeus (1753: 477) subgenera Aria Persoon (1806: 39) and Torminaria (Candolle 1825: 636) Koch (1853: 178), they declared that they did not find these specimens at P and therefore designated Sino-Amer. Bot. Exped. 593 (CAS) as a neotype. However, during studies of the Chinese Sorbus, all gatherings cited by Cardot were discovered at P and their images are available on the website of the herbarium (http://coldb.mnhn.fr). Therefore, the neotype chosen by Aldasoro et al. must be superseded under Art.9.19 (McNeill et al., 2012). After examining the specimens cited by Cardot, all were in accordance with the original description. On Ducloux 114, an illustration with an analysis was pasted. Accordingly, we here designate Ducloux 114 as the lectotype.
Regional Structure of the Indian Summer Monsoon in Observations, Reanalysis, and Simulation
Authors: Cash Benjamin A. , Kinter James L. , Adams Jennifer , Altshuler Eric , Huang Bohua , Jin Emilia K. , Manganello Julia , Marx Larry , Jung Thomas
Published: December 2014

Regional variations in seasonal mean Indian summer monsoon rainfall and circulation for the period 1979–2009 are investigated using multiple data products. The focus is on four separate regions: the Western Ghats (WG), the Ganges basin (GB), the Bay of Bengal (BB), and Bangladesh–northeastern India (BD). Data reliability varies strongly by region, with particularly low correlations between different products for the BB and BD regions. Correlations between regions are generally not statistically significant, indicating rainfall varies independently in these four regions. The diagnosed associations between rainfall, circulation, and sea surface temperatures can be sensitive to the choice of rainfall product, and multiple precipitation products may need to be analyzed in this region to ensure that the results are robust.

Enhanced precipitation in the BD region is associated with anomalous anticyclonic circulation at 850 mb and westerly anomalies along the foothills of the Tibetan Plateau, while precipitation in the other regions is associated with cyclonic flow and easterlies. These associations provide a dynamical explanation for previously reported weak, negative correlations between BD and the other regions.

In addition to observed products, atmosphere-only simulations made using the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Integrated Forecast System (IFS) during Project Athena are analyzed. While the simulations do not reproduce the observed interannual variations in rainfall, the fidelity of the simulated precipitation and circulation structure is comparable to or even outperforms the different state-of-the-art reanalysis products considered. Accuracy in representing interannual variability and regional structure thus appears to be independent.
Vertical Structure of Ocean Pressure Variations with Application to Satellite-Gravimetric Observations
Authors: Piecuch Christopher G. , Fukumori Ichiro , Ponte Rui M. , Wang Ou
Published: December 2014

The nature of ocean bottom pressure () variability is considered on large spatial scales and long temporal scales. Monthly gridded estimates from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) Release-05 and the new version 4 bidecadal ocean state estimate of the Consortium for Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) are used. Estimates of from GRACE and ECCO are generally in good agreement, providing an independent measure of the quality of both products. Diagnostic fields from the state estimate are used to compute barotropic (depth independent) and baroclinic (depth dependent) components. The relative roles of baroclinic and barotropic processes are found to vary with latitude and time scale: variations in at higher latitudes and shorter periods are affected by barotropic processes, whereas fluctuations at lower latitudes and longer periods can be influenced by baroclinic effects, broadly consistent with theoretical scaling arguments. Wind-driven Rossby waves and coupling of baroclinic and barotropic modes due to flow–topography interactions appear to be important influences on the baroclinic variability. Decadal simulations of monthly variability based on purely barotropic frameworks are expected to be in error by about 30% on average ( in the tropical ocean and at higher latitudes). Results have implications for applying GRACE observations to problems such as estimating transports of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current.
Characteristics of antidepressant medication users in a cohort of mid-age and older Australians
Authors: Paige Ellie , Korda Rosemary J , Kemp Anna , Rodgers Bryan , Banks Emily
Published: December 2014

Objectives:

We aimed to investigate antidepressant use, including the class of antidepressant, in mid-age and older Australians according to sociodemographic, lifestyle and physical and mental health-related factors.

Methods:

Baseline questionnaire data on 111,705 concession card holders aged ⩾45 years from the 45 and Up Study—a population-based cohort study from New South Wales, Australia—were linked to administrative pharmaceutical data. Current- and any-antidepressant users were those dispensed medications with Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification codes beginning N06A, within ⩽6 months and ⩽19 months before baseline, respectively; non-users had no antidepressants dispensed ⩽19 months before baseline. Multinomial logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted relative risk ratios (aRRRs) for predominantly self-reported factors in relation to antidepressant use.

Results:

Some 19% of the study population (15% of males and 23% of females) were dispensed at least one antidepressant during the study period; 40% of participants used selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) only and 32% used tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) only. Current antidepressant use was markedly higher in those reporting: severe versus no physical impairment (aRRR 3.86(95%CI 3.67–4.06)); fair/poor versus excellent/very good self-rated health (4.04(3.83–4.25)); high/very high versus low psychological distress (7.22(6.81–7.66)); ever- versus never-diagnosis of depression by a doctor (18.85(17.95–19.79)); low-dose antipsychotic use versus no antipsychotic use (12.26(9.85–15.27)); and dispensing of ⩾10 versus <5 other medications (5.97(5.62–6.34)). Sociodemographic and lifestyle factors were also associated with use, although to a lesser extent. Females, older people, those with lower education and those with poorer health were more likely to be current antidepressant users than non-users and were also more likely to use TCAs-only versus SSRIs-only.

Conclusions:

Use of antidepressants is substantially higher in those with physical ill-health and in those reporting a range of adverse mental health measures. In addition, sociodemographic factors, including sex, age and education were also associated with antidepressant use and the class of antidepressant used.
The Influence of Race, Causal Attribution, and In-Group Favoritism on Recommendations for Rehabilitation Services
Authors: Sprong Matthew Evan , Dallas Bryan , Upton Thomas David , Bordieri James
Published: December 2014

Vocational rehabilitation (VR) is a program that provides individualized and supportive services to assist individuals with disabilities in obtaining and maintaining employment compatible with their skills, abilities, and interests. Previous research has suggested that people with disabilities are at risk of experiencing discrimination in multiple stages of the rehabilitation process. The primary purpose of this study was to explore if recommendations for hypothetical rehabilitation services by rehabilitation counseling (RC) student participants were influenced by (a) the hypothetical consumer’s race, (b) causal attribution of disability, (c) RC student’s race, and (d) the interaction of the counselor’s race and consumer’s race. A 2 × 2 × 3 factorial design was utilized and the findings revealed that a hypothetical consumer who was perceived as personally responsible for the cause of his or her disability was more likely to receive fewer recommendations for rehabilitation services than a consumer with an external cause. Other results from this study revealed that recommendations for rehabilitation services were not influenced by the hypothetical consumer’s race, RC student’s race, the interaction of the RC student’s race and consumer’s race, or the interaction of the RC student’s race and cause of disability. Discussion and implications are provided.
Experience With the Enlite Sensor in a Multicenter Pediatric Study
Authors: Evans Keira , Richardson Christine , Landry Alanna , Muileboom Janice , Cormack Lynne , Lawson Margaret L. ,   On behalf of the CGM TIME Trial Study Group and the JDRF Canadian Clinical Trials Network CCTN1101
Published: December 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to outline the experience of certified diabetes educators (CDEs) using the Enlite continuous glucose monitoring sensor system in a pediatric multicenter randomized controlled trial. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) is becoming popular as a tool for educators and families to improve glycemic control. CGM can be a valuable educational tool to demonstrate to the user the impact of insulin dosing and effects of physical activity, food intake, and other life events such as work, illness, and stress on their glycemic control. The authors will share education tips and practical applications for diabetes educators to facilitate education and sustained use of Enlite glucose sensors in children and adolescents using insulin pump therapy.

Conclusions

The Enlite glucose sensor is a comfortable and user-friendly device. Improvements to both the insertion device and the Enlite glucose sensor have resulted in improved level of comfort on insertion and with ongoing wear, which may translate into greater adherence and effectiveness.
Street-level struggles against marketisation: A case study of nonprofits in a South Korean workfare partnership programme
Authors: Kim Suyoung
Published: December 2014

Many critical studies have warned that government–nonprofit partnership in welfare provision can lead to the marketisation of the nonprofit sector. However, this article contends that the adoption of market-like approaches does not necessarily result in the complete marketisation of the sector. Through a case study of Korean nonprofits engaged in a workfare scheme, this article reveals how nonprofits manage to safeguard their reciprocal culture and solidarity by strategically appropriating the methods of the capitalist market. By outlining these street-level activities, this study aims to underline the persistence of cooperative traditions in the nonprofit sector even within a competition-driven policy environment.
Keyframe-based visual–inertial odometry using nonlinear optimization
Authors: Leutenegger Stefan , Lynen Simon , Bosse Michael , Siegwart Roland , Furgale Paul
Published: December 2014

Combining visual and inertial measurements has become popular in mobile robotics, since the two sensing modalities offer complementary characteristics that make them the ideal choice for accurate visual–inertial odometry or simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM). While historically the problem has been addressed with filtering, advancements in visual estimation suggest that nonlinear optimization offers superior accuracy, while still tractable in complexity thanks to the sparsity of the underlying problem. Taking inspiration from these findings, we formulate a rigorously probabilistic cost function that combines reprojection errors of landmarks and inertial terms. The problem is kept tractable and thus ensuring real-time operation by limiting the optimization to a bounded window of keyframes through marginalization. Keyframes may be spaced in time by arbitrary intervals, while still related by linearized inertial terms. We present evaluation results on complementary datasets recorded with our custom-built stereo visual–inertial hardware that accurately synchronizes accelerometer and gyroscope measurements with imagery. A comparison of both a stereo and monocular version of our algorithm with and without online extrinsics estimation is shown with respect to ground truth. Furthermore, we compare the performance to an implementation of a state-of-the-art stochastic cloning sliding-window filter. This competitive reference implementation performs tightly coupled filtering-based visual–inertial odometry. While our approach declaredly demands more computation, we show its superior performance in terms of accuracy.
Communication-aware information gathering with dynamic information flow
Authors: Kassir Abdallah , Fitch Robert , Sukkarieh Salah
Published: December 2014

We are interested in the problem of how to improve estimation in multi-robot information gathering systems by actively controlling the rate of communication between robots. Communication is essential in such systems for decentralized data fusion and decision-making, but wireless networks impose capacity constraints that are frequently overlooked. In order to make efficient use of available capacity, it is necessary to consider a fundamental trade-off between communication cost, computation cost and information value. We introduce a new problem, dynamic information flow, that formalizes this trade-off in terms of decentralized constrained optimization. We propose algorithms that dynamically adjust the data rate of each communication link to maximize an information gain metric subject to constraints on communication and computation resources. The metric is balanced against the communication resources required to transmit data and the computation cost of processing sensor data to form observations. The optimization process selectively routes raw sensor data or processed observation data to zero, one or many robots. Our algorithms therefore allow large systems with many different types of sensors and computational resources to maximize information gain performance while satisfying realistic communication constraints. We also present experimental results with multiple ground robots and multiple sensor types that demonstrate the benefit of dynamic information flow in comparison to simpler bandwidth-limiting methods.
The influence of processing conditions on the mechanical properties and structure of poly(ethylene terephthalate) self-reinforced composites
Authors: Andrzejewski Jacek , Szostak Marek , Bak Tore , Trzeciak Miroslaw
Published: December 2014

The self-reinforced composites based on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) are relatively new materials, competitive to composites based on polymers from the group of polyolefins. The use of PET as a base material should be another step forward for this technology, taking into account the properties, price, and the recycling possibility of proposed composites. In this research work, the main subject was to assess the impact of processing conditions on the final properties of the PET self-reinforced composites (srPET). The examined samples were prepared by hot-compaction technique under variable thermal conditions. The input material was composed of PET resin and low-melting copolymer (LPET). The high tenacity PET fibers were used as reinforcement for PET copolymer matrix. Initially both materials were in the form of continuous fiber; they were woven into a hybrid yarn wherein the proportion of PET and LPET fibers was 50/50. The properties of this hybrid yarn were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, where the hot-compaction process conditions were simulated. Composite samples were investigated using the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and static tension tests. The structure of the composite was observed using the optical microscope. The obtained mechanical properties of such a composite are not comparable to commercially made composite sheets, in which overall properties are mostly higher.
Synthesis and properties of polyimides having a hexaphenylbenzene unit
Authors: Nabeshima Syuta , Morikawa Atsushi
Published: December 2014

Aromatic polyimides (PIs) with a hexaphenylbenzene unit were synthesized from 1,4-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]-2,3,5,6-tetraphenylbenzene (1) and various tetracarboxylic dianhydrides by a conventional two-step procedure that included ring-opening polymerization in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and subsequent thermal cyclic dehydration. The PIs were characterized by X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetry, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The PIs had glass transition temperatures in the range of 289–352°C, and all the polymers were amorphous. The structure–property relationships of these PIs were examined and compared with those of the previously prepared analogous PIs from 4,4′-bis(4-aminophenoxy)biphenyl (2) and 4,4′-bis(4-amino-2-phenylphenoxy)biphenyl (3). Water absorption and dielectric constants of the PIs were also compared and discussed on the basis of imide content per repeating unit.
The Unthinking or Confident Extremist? Political Extremists Are More Likely Than Moderates to Reject Experimenter-Generated Anchors
Authors: Brandt Mark J. , Evans Anthony M. , Crawford Jarret T.
Published: December 2014

People with extreme political opinions are alternatively characterized as being relatively unthinking or as confident consumers and practitioners of politics. In three studies, we tested these competing hypotheses using cognitive anchoring tasks (total N = 6,767). Using two different measures of political extremity, we found that extremists were less influenced than political moderates by two types of experimenter-generated anchors (Studies 1–3) and that this result was mediated by extremists’ belief superiority (Study 2). Extremists and moderates, however, were not differentially influenced by self-generated anchors (Study 2), which suggests that extremists differentiated between externally and internally generated anchors. These results are consistent with the confident-extremist perspective and contradict the unthinking-extremist perspective. The present studies demonstrate the utility of adopting a basic cognitive task to investigate the relationship between ideology and cognitive style and suggest that extremity does not necessarily beget irrationality.
A War of Others: British War Correspondents, Orientalist Discourse, and the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–1905
Authors: Nordlund Alexander M.
Published: December 2014

Europe and the United States saw the outbreak of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904 as an important moment in history, with several nations sending press correspondents and military observers to East Asia to extract lessons from the war. However, the influence of Orientalism, particularly among British war correspondents, hindered this objective. Attempting to explain the results of the war in cultural terms, these correspondents revealed in their post-war accounts a sense that Japan, Russia, and the war itself were alien in nature and therefore offered cultural and military lessons incompatible with British needs.
Assessing the risk of imminent aggression in mentally ill young offenders
Authors: Kasinathan John , Marsland Christopher , Batterham Philip , Gaskin Claire , Adams Jonathon , Daffern Michael
Published: December 2014

Objectives:

Aggression in adolescents presents a significant problem for psychiatric units. The Dynamic Appraisal of Situational Aggression (DASA) is an empirically validated measure designed to appraise the risk of imminent aggression (within the next 24 hours) in adult patients. Our aim was to examine the predictive validity of the DASA: Youth Version (DASA:YV) with youth-specific items, in young offenders hospitalised with a mental illness.

Methods:

This prospective validation study involved 4440 DASA:YV ratings of mentally ill adolescents in a secure hospital. At 24 hours post-assessment, the nursing staff documented whether patients had behaved aggressively: physically, verbally or towards property. Predictive accuracy was assessed using the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

Results:

The DASA:YV significantly predicted any imminent aggression (AUC = 0.754). Additional youth-specific items conferred a greater predictive yield, as compared to adult-derived items ( p = 0.014).

Conclusions:

It is possible to monitor the risk state of hospitalised mentally ill youth, so that heightened states can be detected early, thus facilitating interventions to reduce the risk of violence.
Fatal torment – From psychosis-driven index offence to trauma: A case study in forensic psychotherapy, trauma therapy and matricide
Authors: Kayrouz Rony , Vrklevski Lila Petar
Published: December 2014

Objective:

This paper presents the case of a forensic inpatient who was found ‘Not Guilty by Reason of Mental Illness’ for the murder of his mother and illustrates how psychotic symptoms can mask trauma symptoms, leading to neglect in the treatment of trauma in psychotherapy with forensic inpatients.

Method:

A case study of a forensic inpatient diagnosed with schizophrenia that as part of his rehabilitation program received 19 sessions of therapy (i.e. grief counselling, Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (TF-CBT) and imagery rescripting). The following measures were administered pre- and post-treatment: (a) The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS), to measure symptoms of depression, anxiety and stress; (b) The Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R), to measure post-traumatic stress symptoms; and (c) The Trauma Attachment and Beliefs Scale (TABS), to measure disruption in beliefs about self and others.

Results:

At completion of therapy, he showed a reduction in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety and stress symptoms.

Conclusions:

Trauma and PTSD-related symptoms in the forensic inpatient population must be assessed and treated alongside psychotic symptoms, where relevant. TF-CBT was effective in reducing PTSD symptoms in this current case study and should be considered as an intervention in forensic inpatient populations.
GNB3 and FTO Polymorphisms and Pregnancy Weight Gain in Black Women
Authors: Groth Susan W. , Morrison-Beedy Dianne
Published: December 2014

Background:

Gestational weight gain (GWG) is a modifiable risk factor for obesity in women. Black women have the greatest prevalence of high body mass, which predisposes them to excessive GWG. Increased understanding of genetic influences on GWG has implications for the health of women. The purpose of this study was to explore the associations of GNB3 and FTO risk alleles in pregnant women with prepregnancy body mass index (BMI), GWG, and postpartum and infant birth weights.

Research design and Methods:

This was an observational, prospective candidate gene association study. Pregnant, low-income Black women ( N = 97) were enrolled in early pregnancy and followed until 6 months postpartum.

Results:

GWG differed depending on number of FTO risk alleles. The mean 6-month postpartum BMI differed, although not significantly, by 4 kg/m2 between homozygous women. There was an interaction between the FTO risk allele and prepregnancy BMI ( p = .022), with obese homozygote AA women having significantly higher mean GWG than obese TT women. When controlling for age and smoking, the FTO gene and physical activity predicted GWG ( p = .032). Although not statistically significant, women who carried the GNB3 T risk allele gained 6 pounds more than noncarriers, and mean 6-month postpartum BMI differed by 2.2 kg/m2 between homozygous women. Neither the GNB3 nor FTO gene predicted prepregnancy BMI, infant birth weight, or postpartum weight.

Conclusion:

Obese women homozygous for the FTO risk allele were at greater risk of excessive GWG compared to nonrisk allele homozygous obese women or nonobese women. This study provides evidence of the FTO gene’s effect on GWG in Black women.
The impact of second language proficiency in dyadic peer feedback
Authors: Allen David , Mills Amy
Published: December 2014

Peer feedback is widely used in second and foreign language writing contexts. While second language (L2) proficiency is likely to be an important factor in determining peers’ ability to give and utilize feedback, its contribution has been relatively under-researched. In the present study, 54 undergraduates in a foreign language writing context gave and received feedback on two different texts. The quantity and type of feedback given and incorporated were analysed, looking at whether these changed or preserved meaning. Generalized linear mixed models were used to assess whether the L2 proficiency of the reviewer (reviewer proficiency) and writer (writer proficiency) in each dyad determined the quantity and type of feedback given and incorporated. Results showed that reviewer proficiency significantly predicted the number of suggestions made. Writer proficiency did not significantly predict the number of suggestions, though lower proficiency writers incorporated significantly fewer meaning-related suggestions into their revised texts than higher proficiency writers. Differences in giving and incorporating suggestions also emerged for different pairings (i.e. matched or mixed proficiency), though these were not significant. The present findings provide further insight into understanding how L2 proficiency modulates the peer feedback process.
Implicit Game Aesthetics
Authors: Bateman Chris
Published: December 2014

Whatever games might be, people have strong opinions about what does or doesn’t qualify as one. By dissecting the implicit value judgments motivating different definitions of “game,” the underlying aesthetic positions can be excavated, revealing a conceptual landscape of the aesthetics of play. Analysis of various definitions for game provided by both professional game designers and academics allows the identification of distinct aesthetic camps. These include (but are not restricted to) victory, problem, reward, imaginative, social, and uncertainty aesthetics. Additionally, a variety of refinements to these positions can be identified. Collectively, these aesthetic positions outline an answer to the question raised by Mary Midgley’s observation that games and art can be unified because they deal with human needs that necessarily have a structure. This article provides a rough sketch of the shape of human play needs and asserts that the unity that can thus be attained must necessarily be diverse.
A Modification of Andresen Appliance Therapy
Authors: Hewitt A. B.
Published: December 2014

A modification of Andresen appliance therapy has been described with the incorporation of an anterior oral screen which isolates the anterior teeth from the vestibular musculature.

The main points of interest are the rate of overjet reduction, the simplicity of construction and virtual absence of adjustment which rendered this appliance suitable in areas where orthodontic treatment was severely limited.
The Relationship between the Angulation of the Roots and the Rate of Approximal Drift of Cheek Teeth in Adult Monkeys
Authors: Picton D. C. A. , Moss J. P.
Published: December 2014

The angulation of the roots of cheek teeth in nine adult monkeys ( Macaca irus) were measured from lateral radiographs taken after death. The angle formed by seventy pairs of teeth was compared with the horizontal distance these teeth were known to have migrated relative to each other during the last few weeks of life. It was found that no significant correlation was present between these parameters nor with the direction of horizontal drift. This was true when the teeth were in normal occlusion, the opposing teeth were extracted or the interdental soft tissues were scraped away. This evidence together with specimens of mammalian skulls showing lack of association of angulation of the roots and presence or absence of approximal contacts indicates that the inclination of the roots is not an important factor in the causation of approximal drift in adult animals.
Prevention and the Developing Child
Authors: Picton D. C. A.
Published: December 2014

The changing problems of the developing child are considered in relation to the action and advice which should be given by the dentist to the child and his parent. Seven stages are distinguished in the dental development of the individual and guidance and techniques appropriate to each stage, based on recent evidence are tabulated. The hazards to oral health which may result from orthodontic treatment are discussed and methods of avoiding or minimizing these effects are summarized in four simple rules.
Angle's Classification of Malocclusion: An Assessment of Reliability
Authors: Gravely J. F. , Johnson D. B.
Published: December 2014

The reliability of Angle's system of classification of malocclusion has been examined. Between-examiner errors were found to be high and there were also high within-examiner error levels in categorizing Angle Class II division 2 malocclusions. It is concluded that comparisons of the distribution of malocclusions in different communities, classified according to Angle's system, should not be made unless observations are made in each community by the same examiner. The usefulness of Angle's classification to both clinician and epidemiologist is questioned.
The Effect on the Relapse of Orthodontically Rotated Teeth of Surgical Division of the Gingival Fibres—Pericision
Authors: Pinson R. R. , Strahan J. D.
Published: December 2014

The surgical division of the gingival fibres around a rotated tooth has been recommended as a method of reducing the amount of relapse that occurs subsequent to orthodontic alignment.

In the present study, the amount of relapse is measured in a group of patients in which the gingival fibres had been sectioned following alignment of rotated teeth and compared with a group in which there had been no surgical intervention after tooth alignment.

A reduction in the amount of rotational relapse is demonstrated and an optimum period of retention is suggested.
The Clinical Significance of Tracing Error in Cephalometry
Authors: Gravely J. F. , Benzies P. Murray
Published: December 2014

Single tracings of cephalographs involve errors of the kind known as errors of a single measurement. An analysis of these errors has shown that they are of a high order even when cephalographs are traced by experienced orthodontists. The significance of these findings is discussed and a method of reducing errors by replication of tracings is described.
The Oblique Lateral Jaw Radiograph
Authors: Adams C. P.
Published: December 2014

The Oblique Lateral Jaw Radiograph has been used as a routine diagnostic x-ray view for many years as an aid to orthodontic diagnosis and for the assessment of the positions of unerupted third molar teeth.

Many methods for obtaining clear undistorted views of the teeth have been suggested from a freehand setting up of film, patient and x-ray tube, to the use of simple orientated devices.

The present article describes a method of standardizing the relationship of film and x-ray tube to one another so that it is only necessary for the radiographer thereafter to place the patient on the film area in a manner depending on whether a view. is required of the third molars only or of the complete upper and lower buccal segments.
The Incisive Foramen—a Possible Reference Point
Authors: Mew John
Published: December 2014

The maxilla projects a poor shadow on a lateral radiograph, and its reference points are correspondingly vague. If the mandibular canal is relatively stable in the growing mandible, it is not unreasonable to assume that the incisive foramen may well be so in the maxilla. This anatomical investigation of five cadavers gives evidence to show that the palatine foramen is consistently related to the papilla and can be simply identified with a radio opaque marker. Repetition of accuracy would appear superior to Downs' point “A”.
Use of Plastic Embedding Materials
Authors: Sandham J. A. , McEwen J. D.
Published: December 2014

The use of a plastic embedding technique has been described and its relevance in orthodontic teaching and clinical practice discussed. We have found that many aspects of orthodontic instruction benefit from the use of these materials.
Supernumerary Lateral Incisor Teeth
Authors: Johnson D. B.
Published: December 2014

A sample of 62 cases of supernumerary teeth found in the lateral incisor area was selected and analysed. The great majority of these teeth were supplemental teeth, with deciduous precedents. Both teeth (the normal incisor and supernumerary) showed reduction in size as compared to the unaffected side. Differences were found between the mesial unit and the distal—the mesial being larger and having an incisor shape and the distal smaller and resembling a canine. Many of the pairs were similar to supernumerary teeth found in cleft lip and palate and there were also effects upon the other teeth particularly central incisors. Stigmata of cleft were observed in the alveolus, nasal floor and hard palate in a significant proportion of cases. It is concluded that supernumerary laterals arise by gemination or failure of development of normal odontogenic material. The anomaly fulfils the hypothetical criteria for a microform of cleft and may be the result of a minor error in embryonic fusion.
Communication in the Clinical Setting
Authors: Ley P.
Published: December 2014

Recent research on the problem of communicating with the patient is reviewed. It is shown that the frequent failures of both informative and persuasive communications are due in part to patients not understanding and to their forgetting what they are told.

Factors making for difficulties in communication are outlined, and methods are described for reducing failures of understanding and for increasing memory of what is said. Evidence on the effectiveness of these remedial methods is presented.
An Approach to Appliance Therapy
Authors: Mills J. R. E. , Vig Katherine W. L.
Published: December 2014

This is the first of a short series of articles in which it is proposed to review various types of appliance treatment available to the orthodontist. In the present article the simpler forms of treatment are considered; treatment without orthodontic appliances or with removable appliances only. In future article consideration will be given to the combined use of removable and fixed appliances, and finally of the more advanced, wholly fixed techniques.
Soft Tissue Response to Upper Incisor Retraction in Boys
Authors: Wisth Per Johan
Published: December 2014

The paper describes the lip morphology and treatment changes in two groups of boys with slight (3–4 mm) and marked (8–10 mm) overjets.

The results show that the initial morphological differences are greatest in the lower lip and these are maintained even after treatment.

In individuals with a small overjet, the upper lip response is more closely related to the degree of incisor retraction than in individuals with marked overjet. Correction of the great overjets results in approximately similar upper and lower lip retraction. The results generally show great variability, and thus indicate that prediction of soft tissue changes in an individual case is difficult.
Facial Asymmetries and Mandibular Displacements
Authors: Plint D. A. , Ellisdon P. S.
Published: December 2014

The paper is divided into two parts. In the first part Facial Asymmetries are classified with special reference to the mandible, and mandibular displacements.

In the second part the diagnosis of mandibular displacement associated with facial asymmetry is discussed, including the clinical and radiographic interpretation and the treatment problems involved.

In the conclusion the main points of the article are summarized.
A Surgical Approach to the Treatment of Permanent Incisor Teeth in Infra-Occlusion: Two Case Reports
Authors: Rayson R. K. , Houston W. J. B. , Howe G. L.
Published: December 2014

Two cases of infra-occlusion of a permanent upper central incisor tooth are described. Both cases were successfully treated by dento-alveolar surgery. This new approach offers a solution to cases of the type described where conventional orthodontic treatment cannot succeed.
Children's Perceptions of Their Own Malocclusions
Authors: Lindsay S. J. E. , Hodgkins J. F. W.
Published: December 2014

Recognition by a parent or child of an occlusal abnormality is one of the many factors which may influence a desire for orthodontic treatment. Non-orthodontists may not estimate the severity of malocclusion reliably and may use different criteria from orthodontists for the process. The present study therefore sought to examine the reliability of parents' and children's perceptions of the children's own malocclusions with rating scales under two anchoring conditions and to test the discrepancy between their estimates and those of a panel of orthodontists. The children's and parents' assessments had limited test-retest reliability but instead of making guesses about the severity of their malocclusions they consistently gave low estimates. These effects were not influenced by the additional anchoring stimuli.
The Reliability of Contour Photography for Facial Measurements
Authors: Leivesley W. D.
Published: December 2014

Contour photography is a light sectioning technique for three-dimensional facial measurement in which telecentric lenses are used to eliminate divergence. In this paper the reproducibility of the technique is assessed using firstly an inanimate object and then a sample of 12 carefully posed mature subjects. The problems inherent in the technique are discussed and its use as an alternative to stereophotogrammetry for three-dimensional facial measurement is evaluated.
The Effects of Nasal Trauma during Childhood upon Growth of the Nose and Midface
Authors: Rock W. P. , Brain D. J.
Published: December 2014

Cephalometric radiographs from a group of adults who had suffered nasal trauma during childhood were compared with random controls. Significant differences were found between mean measurements for the two groups, which indicated aberrations in the growth of the midface in patients from the study group. The vertical component of facial development was also altered, being increased in the study group.
Epidemiological Survey of Occlusion in North India
Authors: Corruccini Robert S. , Kaul Samvit S. , Chopra S. R. K. , Karosas John , Larsen M. Dawn , Morrow Carol
Published: December 2014

The prevalence of malocclusion is considered in three social classes categorized on the basis of income, in a North Indian population.
The Effect of the Supra-alveolar Soft Tissue on the Relapse of Orthodontic Treatment
Authors: Larsson Erik , Schmidt György
Published: December 2014

Orthodontic closure in cases of aplasia as also in patients with spaces of other genesis is often associated with problems of relapse. In this study ten patients were treated orthodontically in order to close unacceptable interdental spaces. Five patients had paired aplasia. The remaining five patients had interdental spaces of different genesis. Supra-crestal connective tissue fibres w re surgically removed in all patients but only on one side of the jaw in the children with paired aplasia. The non-operated side of these children served as a control side. The stability of the orthodontic treatment was acceptable. No definite difference between the operated and the control side was recorded. The histological analysis of the removed tissue did not reveal anything unexpected but a rich infiltration of inflammatory cells. It is suggested that inflammation might aid the reorganization of the connective tissues in this area.
Long-term Stability after Treatment with Removable Appliances
Authors: Bird E. J. R.
Published: December 2014

The long-term stability of 34 cases treated by one operator in general dental practice with removable appliances was investigated using clinical, model and radiographic data. The cases were divided into three groups; Class I, Class II and Class III, and were ranked according to the stability and type of result obtained. The results indicated that good interdigitation of teeth was an important factor in stability.
The Consistency of Cephalometric Assessments Using the Ortho Grid
Authors: Coope John W.
Published: December 2014

This study was performed to compare the assessments of certain widely used angles made by conventional tracing with those made by McEwen and Martin's Ortho Grid. For clinical purposes the Ortho Grid is as reliable as the tracing method. Some grid measurements were consistently different from those made by tracing.
Lip and Mentalis Activity and its Influence on Incisor Position—a Quantitative Electromyographic Study
Authors: Harradine N. W. T. , Kirschen R. H. E. S.
Published: December 2014

In order to investigate both the relationship between perioral muscular activity and tooth position and also the clinical indicators of this activity, two quantitative EMG studies were carried out. The first investigated the reproducibility of the method in 16 adults. Subsequently, a study employing the same protocol was conducted on 41 subjects with untreated malocclusions. Activity was measured during speech, whilst chewing biscuit, swallowing saliva, resting, and in those subjects with incompetent lips, during lip-seal. In addition to the EMG recordings, measurements were taken from study models, lateral skull radiographs and of the clinical lip heights. In general, between visits random variability was sufficiently small for the method to be applied experimentally. The results suggest that the effects of perioral muscular activity are determined by the presence or absence of competent lips. This was despite similar levels of activity in both groups except during chewing. Resting activity did influence incisor position in subjects with competent lips but the intermittent activity from chewing, speaking and swallowing, did not. No clinical indicators of the level of perioral activity were found.
The Anchorage Bend in the Begg Technique
Authors: Willmot D. R.
Published: December 2014

The anchorage bend is an essential feature of the Begg technique. The factors which affect the degree of the anchorage bend include operator preferences as well as certain mechanical features of the case being treated. A test jig was constructed so as to be able to measure on the bench the intrusive forces developed by an anchorage bend over the six anterior teeth for a selection of different archwires. The amount of force developed was proportional to the degree of anchorage bend and also to the diameter of the archwire. The jig was modified in order to measure the frictional resistance to distal movement generated by the anchorage bend. The resistance was found to be greater than the usually quoted forces designed to slide the upper archwire distally. An oval tube was placed on to the test jig and doubled back archwires used. A reduction in intrusive force for a particular degree of anchorage bend was seen although frictional resistance was not affected when using doubled back archwires.
Skeletal Changes during the Treatment of Class II/I Malocclusions
Authors: Cohen A. M.
Published: December 2014

Three groups of Class II/I patients were compared where treatment was carried out using Begg, Andresen and removable appliance techniques. Skeletal growth, as assessed by the dimensions S-Me, N-Me, ALFH and Me-Ar did not show any difference between the groups. All three groups showed an apparent improvement in skeletal pattern during treatment.
Orthodontic Treatment—Time for a Change?
Authors: Robertson N. R. E. , Hoyle B. A.
Published: December 2014

There was a fall in the birthrate in England and Wales from 1964 until 1977 from 875,972 to 569,259 per annum. This short paper draws attention to the implications for the provision of orthodontic treatment and suggests that, since fewer patients are likely to present for treatment, an opportunity exists to improve the standard of care provided.
Tooth Resorption in the Two-stage Transplantation Technique—A Case Report
Authors: Jones M. L. , Aldred M. J. , Hardy P.
Published: December 2014

A case is reported in which considerable external resorption of the crown of a lateral incisor occurred during storage in a buccal pouch.
A Modified Lower Removable Appliance Using Lingual Clasping and Soft Tissue Anchorage
Authors: Bell C.
Published: December 2014

A lower removable appliance utilizing a buccal baseplate and lingual clasps is described. Its successful use is illustrated with a case history.