bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biochemical Serum Indices of Hepatic and Renal Functions of Rats in First and Second Line Fixed Doses of Anti-retroviral Drugs Versus First Line With Switch To Second Line Combination
Authors: Umoh Ezekiel U. , Effiong Efreti F. , Onyeulor Chinasa J.
Published: December 2024

HIV/AIDS is a condition in human in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life threatening opportunistic infections. This study investigated the effect of first and second line fixed-dose combination (FDC) antiretroviral drugs on some biochemical parameters in Wistar rats. Thirty-five (35) male Wistar rats (Raths Novegicus) were divided into seven (7) experimental groups (A, B1, B2, C1, C2, D1 and D2). Group A received normal rat pellet and clean water. Group B1 received 17.14 mg/kgbwt/24h of fixed-dose EFV/3TC/TDF as first line regimen for 15 days, while Group B2 received same regimen for 30 days. Group C1 received 6.43 mg/kgbwt/12h of fixed-dose 3TC/ZDVt3.57 mg/kgbwt/12h of LPV/r as second line regimen for fifteen (15) days, while Group C2 received same regimen for 30 days. Group D1 received first line regime for 30 days then switched to second line regimen for 15 days (a total of 45 days), while Group D2 received first line regime for 30 days, then switched to second line regimen for another 30 days (a total of 60 days). First and second line regimens showed significant change (P<0.05) in serum level of hepatic parameters observed in 15, 30 and 45 days, while animals treated for 60 days was insignificant (P>0.05) in all the parameters compared to control. Non-significant change (P>0.05) was observed in renal indices of rats treated with these regimens, while significant increase (P<0.05) First and second line FDC antiretroviral drugs exerted toxic effect on hepatic in rats; however repeated dose at long term use may be tolerated.
Body Composition in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes at the Pediatrics Department of the Abass Ndao Hospital Center about 101 Patients
Authors: Boiro Djibril , Ndongo Aliou A. , Sow Amadou , Mbaye Aminata , Mouktar Mahfoud , Seck Ndiogou , Sow Ndeye Fatou , Niang Mame Fama , Keïta Younoussa , Guéye Modou
Published: December 2024

Background: Diabetes and its management have been associated with alterations in body composition parameters in various groups of children worldwide. Our objective is to evaluate fat mass in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
Methods and Settings: This was a descriptive and analytical study, running from February 1, 2023 to May 31, 2023, including children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes, on insulin therapy and followed in the pediatric department during the study period.
Results: 101 patients were involved in the study. The average age of discovery of diabetes is 11 years. Cardinal syndrome was the main mode of discovery (60.4%). The mean HbA1c level was 11 ±2.7%. The mean BMI was -0.58 ±1.27 SD with a minimum of -4.7SD and a maximum of 3SD. Eight (8) patients were overweight, i.e. 7.9%, and three (3) were at the obese stage, i.e. 3%, including one (1) who had severe obesity. The WC/H was elevated in eight (8) patients or 7.9%. The mean GM was 23.9 ±7.9% with extremes of 9.5% and 47.8%. High FM (%) were found in 28.7% (n=29). All of the latter had a high WC/H, therefore reflecting the abdominal distribution of this excess fat. Among the patients with a normal BMI, twenty (20) patients or 36.4% had a high FM with a significant difference. Elsewhere, FM (%) was positively correlated with WC/H as well as screen time. Poor diabetes control with HbA1c >7.5% was associated with female sex, high FM, abnormal BMI and inappropriate screen time but this link was not statistically significant.
Conclusion: The increase in fat mass constitutes a cardiovascular risk factor in our diabetic subjects, thus potentially worsening the long-term prognosis. Assessment of nutritional status by BMI alone is not sufficient to determine body composition. Promoting body composition assessment by making bioelectrical impedance available.
Phytochemical Screening and Nutritional Assessment of Bioactive Compounds in Two Senegalese Medicinal Plants: Faidherbia albida Del. and Ziziphus mauritiana Lam
Authors: A Sarr , SIM Dieng , AI Mbaye , ML Dieng , K Diatta , W Diatta , NN Gning , AD Fall
Published: December 2024

Aim: The aim of this study was carry out to determine phytochemical constituents, total polyphenols, flavonoids and dosing proteins of two Senegal flora plants: Faidherbia albida Del, Ziziphus mauritiana Lam,
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medecine, Pharmacy and Odontology (FMPO), Cheikh Anta Diop University of Dakar, between May 2024 and July 2024.
Results: Extraction of 50 g of Z. mauritiana and F. albida leaf powder obtained yields of 21.18% and 20.76% respectively. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, Condensed tannins, Hydrolysable tannins, sterols and triterpenes and saponosids. However, alkaloids are only found in Z. mauritiana and anthracenosides are missing in both species. Leaf extracts from Ziziphus mauritiana and Faidherbia albida contained 26.30±1.78 and 30.32±0.37 mg EAT/g polyphenols respectively. Whereas for total flavonoids the values are respectively 26,91±0,16 and 39,69±0,12 mg ER/g. Extracts from the leaves of Ziziphus mauritiana and Faidherbia albida contain 13.00±0.14 and 23.97±0.07% protein respectively.
Conclusion: Based on these results, Leaves of Z. mauritiana and F. albida would be a good candidate in the food industry, phytomedicine and toxicity could investigated for garanted their uses.
Agronomic Performance of Wheat Varieties in Relation to Sowing Dates in Shiwalik Range of Uttarakhand, India
Authors: Raza Md Hasnain , Chauhan Anjana , Pakpu Tapor
Published: December 2024

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plays a vital role in global agriculture, particularly in India, the world's second-largest producer. Despite its adaptability, wheat cultivation in regions like Uttarakhand faces challenges due to population growth, limited arable land and climate change threats. This study evaluated four wheat varieties (RR-21, SY-255, PBW-550, PBW-292) across three sowing dates (10th, 20th, and 30th December) using a Randomized Block Design during the 2023–2024 Rabi season at Dev. Bhoomi Uttarakhand University's agronomy research farm in Naugaon. The study measured key agronomic parameters including plant height, Leaf Area Index (LAI), Net Assimilation Rate (NAR), Crop Growth Rate (CGR), Relative Growth Rate (RGR), and yield components. Statistical analysis using ANOVA highlighted significant differences in growth and yield attributes among sowing dates and varieties. Sowing on December 20th exhibited superior performance, notably with variety RR-21 showing higher plant height, dry weight, CGR, LAI, RGR, and NAR. Variations in yield attributes such as grains per spike, effective tillers, spike length, 1000-grain weight, grain yield, stover yield, biological yield, and harvest index were also observed. Late sowing negatively affected germination rates, leading to increased weed competition and reduced growth parameters.
The Most Common Bacterial Infection among Iraqi Patients Suffering from Cholecystitis in AL-Anbar province: A Cross-sectional Observational Study
Authors: Hussein Mohammed Ali , Idris Khalid Elhussein M. , Kehail Mutaman Ali A.
Published: December 2024

Biliary tree infections arise mainly from stasis associated with acute cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis and acalculous cholecystitis, with appropriate drainage and an effective antibiotic regimen being the mainstay of treatment. The aim of this study was to characterize the bacterial infection of bile cultures in Iraqi patient who admitted to hospital.
Methods. An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective study was conducted on 78 patients undergoing cholecystectomy, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and cholecystostomy at AL-Anbar Teaching Hospital, Anbar health directorate and Arrazzi Hospital, who underwent bile culture the study beginning from March 2022 to May 2023. Participants ranged in age from 10 to 85 years and included both males and females.
Results. 78 patients were included, of whom 70.51 % were women and the average age was (63.1 ± 1.6) while men recorded as 29.49% and the average age was (60.46± 2.3). The most frequently isolated germ was E. coli (51.2%). The most commonly used antibiotic was ampicillin plus sulbactam (44.6%) followed by piperacillin tazobactam (40.3%).
Conclusion. Escherichia coli is the germ most frequently isolated in biliary tract infections. There is no clarity regarding the use of antimicrobials prophylactically in this pathology, so it is convenient to generate protocols for taking samples and bile cultures in this population, in order to establish the need for the use of antibiotics and to know the bacterial resistance profiles.
Diallel Analysis of Agronomic Traits in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) for the Improvement of Elite Varieties in Burkina Faso
Authors: TRAORE Cheick Omar , KABORE Boukaré , DIENI Zakaria , TARPAGA Windpouiré Vianney , SOME Koussao , NANEMA Kiswendsida Romaric
Published: December 2024

In Burkina Faso, hybrid tomato seed production has not yet begun. To gather fundamental data on tomato F1 seed production, the Farako-Bâ research station experimented from April 2023 to March 2024. The experiment evaluated together in a completely randomized design 30 genotypes derived from a 6 x 6 full diallel cross set of tomatoes and their six parental lines. One (01) plant served as the experimental unit replicated 10 times, and we recorded plant height, principal stem diameter, number of primary ramifications, day to first fruit maturity, number of fruits per plant, fruit yield per plant (g), and mean fruit weight (g). We analyzed data from the F1 generation and parents using the Griffing Method I to estimate combining ability, reciprocal and maternal effects, and heterosis. For all traits, ANOVA results showed significant differences (P < 0.0001) among parental lines and offspring. The variances for general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability were significant, indicating both additive and non-additive gene effects. Reciprocal and maternal effects were also significant for all traits, except primary ramification and fruit yield per plant. Plant height would be controlled by additive gene action, while yield and its components would be on dominance and epistatic effect due to the non-additive gene action. P3 was the most significant parental line to increase principal stem diameter, number of primary ramifications, yield, and its component while also reducing the cycle. P5 is the most parental line to increase plant height and mean fruit weight, and P5, P4, and P3 were found to be the best parental lines to use as females in crossing to improve fruit yield and its components.
Occurrence and Impact of Papaya Ring Spot Virus in the Marathwada Region of Maharashtra, India
Authors: Patait Neha N. , S. J. Magar, , K. P. Nirval , K. T. Apet,
Published: December 2024

Papaya ring spot virus (PRSV) is a major challenge to global papaya cultivation, including in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. This study aimed to survey the prevalence of PRSV disease across three agroclimatic zones of Marathwada during, 2022. Infected plants exhibited various symptoms on leaves such as vein clearing, chlorosis, mosaic, blistering, leaf curling, puckering and shoestring appearance. Other symptoms such as, ringspots on leaves, fruits and stems, oily streaks on petioles and stems, malformed fruits, stunted growth of plants. Depending on the stage of infection, diseased plants produced few or no fruits. The survey revealed that, an average PRSV incidence ranging from 0.03% to 100%.
Further analysis examined the influence of PRSV incidence on papaya cultivar, crop age and agroclimatic zones. Results indicated that older plants were more susceptible to PRSV than younger ones. Among the cultivars studied, the Red Lady cultivar demonstrated high susceptibility to the virus. However, there were no significant differences in the percent disease index (PDI) across the agroclimatic zones. These findings highlight the need for targeted management strategies, including the development of resistant cultivars and region wise disease control measures, to reduce the impact of PRSV on papaya production.
Empowering Women Through Self-Help Groups: Socio-Economic Insights from Khordha District of Odisha, India
Authors: Pattnaik Indira Priyadarsini , Sahoo Isha Anindita , Rout Santosh Kumar
Published: December 2024

The present study entitled Impact of Women Self-help Group on Socio-economic Development of Farm women in Khordha district of Odisha was undertaken to examine the socio-economic characteristics and contributions of women Self-Help Group (SHG) members in Khordha District, Odisha, and evaluate their role in empowering women through economic independence, social inclusion, and community development. The study was conducted in the year 2018-2020. Purposive and random sampling techniques were used to select districts, blocks, gram panchayats, and villages. The total sample size for the study was 120. The responses were obtained from each respondent through a pre-tested structured interview schedule that was prepared for the collection of data. The study revealed that majority of the respondents (51.7%) belonged to the middle age group, having caste as general (76.7%) and with qualifications above high school (64.2%). Among the respondents (81.7%) belonged to joint families and a maximum number of respondents (46.7%) had medium family size. Most of the respondents (73.3%) had pucca houses. Based on the study it was concluded that the SHGs in Khordha district have yielded some economic and social impacts in the lives of SHG women beneficiaries. By integrating socio-economic insights with empowerment strategies, the study offers a thorough understanding of the impact and potential of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in promoting gender equity and fostering sustainable development.
Neo-sustainable Growth Theory: Study of Extended HO Model to Productive Factors’ Virtual Movements
Authors: Edgeweblime Kcodgoh L.
Published: December 2024

This paper aims to fill the critical gap in the existing literature, which often treats trade and sustainability as separate fields. By combining these two dimensions, it would open avenues for new policy recommendations and strategies for promoting sustainable development in an increasingly interconnected global -economy. In terms of theoretical foundations, I link economics, technology and environmental sciences, to enrich the academic discourse and provide a comprehensive framework for future studies.  This provides a unique perspective between economic growth and volatility through the lens of intergenerational and international productive factors’ virtual movements. By extending the Heckscher-Ohlin theory to incorporate virtual trade and intergenerational dynamics, the findings offer a fresh theoretical framework and empirical evidence that enrich our understanding of globalization’s mechanisms. The study’s findings on the Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF) and its implications for achieving general equilibrium contribute to ongoing debates about sustainable development and economic interdependencies. The article’s innovative approach and its comprehensive analysis offer a unique foundation to addressing real-world economic challenges. More specifically, using panel data to test the positive and negative relationships between growth and volatility and the impact of productive factors’ virtual movements, I find, the Heckscher-Ohlin theory extended to the virtual movements of factors between countries and between generations is not only empirically verified but constitutes the real foundation of sustainability. Thus, a systematic practicing of the whole set of the extended Heckscher-Ohlin theory’s full set of hypotheses as a nation’s social laws and policies or strategies, is necessarily leading to sustainable development locally and globally.
Petrography and Geochemistry of Dolerite Dykes from Cretaceous Bamwa Half Grabben (North Cameroon, Central Africa)
Authors: Atouba Lise Carole Okomo , Nkouandou Oumarou Faarouk , Mefire Aminatou Fagny , Kana Félix , Ndassa Zenaab Nouran Njankouo , Kada Basil , Dogsaye Pierre Dourwe , Adama Haman
Published: December 2024

Petrography and geochemistry of dolerite dykes from cretaceous Bamwa half grabben of North Cameroon in Central Africa have been done. Field work study have shown that dykes swarms of Bamwa basin exceptionally occurred as well exposed dykes vertically overhanging the local granitoids of the basement along trending direction of N155E. Dykes are 1 to 26 m wide and extend on 400 to 500 m. Microscopic observations have revealed various textures, from ophitic, sub-ophitic, classical dolerite to microlitic porphyritic. All dolerites are petrographically composed of plagioclase, oxides, clinopyroxene, rare apatite, chlorite and amphibole crystals, marked by alteration signs. ICP-AES and ICP-MS geochemical analyses of Bamwa dolerites have distinguished the dolerites lavas of basaltic trachyandesite, andesite, dacite and rhyolite composition. Bamwa dolerites are giant dykes which exhibit the geochemical characters of continental tholeiites of low TiO2 composition (TiO2 < 2 wt. %). Petrographic and geochemical studies of the dolerite dykes of Bamwa basin have shown that studied dolerites have experienced a complex petrogenetic history through assimilation and fractional crystallization, fluid infiltration and varying degrees of crustal contamination processes, after a relatively high partial melting rate of enriched subcontinental lithospheric mantle source. Studied dolerites stand as fingerprints of post Pan African magmatic events of arc-back arc setting after subduction.
The Cultivation of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) in India: Insights into Origin, Distribution, and Germplasm Availability for Effective Farming Practices
Authors: Abdulrazaq Bepari , Raj A. V. Vineeth , K B Vijendrakumar , Boakye Daniel Adu , Ramakrishnan Shyam
Published: December 2024

German Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.), often referred to as the "star of medicinal plants," is a highly regarded member of the Asteraceae family. Renowned for its extensive use in folk and traditional medicine, chamomile offers diverse therapeutic, cosmetic, and nutritional benefits, supported by both traditional knowledge and scientific research. Its demand is steadily growing in domestic and international markets, though the plant is often adulterated or substituted with closely related species. The blue oil extracted from dry capitula holds significant value in international trade. Initially introduced as a crop in India, chamomile is predominantly cultivated in Jammu and Kashmir, Uttar Pradesh and Assam. This is 4-6-month crop is mainly propagated by seeds, either through transplanting or direct sowing. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of chamomile, covering its origin and distribution, germplasm availability, cultivation practices, and post-harvest techniques. By doing so, it seeks to promote the expansion of chamomile cultivation in the South Indian region and enhance its effective and safe utilization as a "potential medicinal herb," raising awareness of the benefits of plant-based medicine.
Evaluating Eligibility of US Black Women Under USPSTF Lung Cancer Screening Guidelines
Authors: Potter Alexandra L. , Yang Chi-Fu Jeffrey , Woolpert Kirsten M. , Puttaraju Thrusha , Suzuki Kei , Palmer Julie R.
Published: November 2021

This quality improvement study evaluates lung cancer screening eligibility among US Black women under the 2013 and 2021 USPSTF guidelines.
The TRAR gene classifier to predict response to neoadjuvant therapy in HER2‐positive and ER‐positive breast cancer patients: an explorative analysis from the NeoSphere trial
Authors: Triulzi Tiziana , Bianchini Giampaolo , Di Cosimo Serena , Pienkowski Tadeusz , Im Young‐Hyuck , Bianchi Giulia Valeria , Galbardi Barbara , Dugo Matteo , De Cecco Loris , Tseng Ling‐Ming , Liu Mei‐Ching , Bermejo Begoña , Semiglazov Vladimir , Viale Giulia , de la Haba‐Rodriguez Juan , Oh Do‐Youn , Poirier Brigitte , Valagussa Pinuccia , Gianni Luca , Tagliabue Elda
Published: November 2021

As most erb‐b2 receptor tyrosine kinase 2 (HER2)‐positive breast cancer (BC) patients currently receive dual HER2‐targeting added to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, improved methods for identifying individual response, and assisting postsurgical salvage therapy, are needed. Herein, we evaluated the 41‐gene classifier trastuzumab advantage risk model (TRAR) as a predictive marker for patients enrolled in the NeoSphere trial. TRAR scores were computed from RNA of 350 pre‐ and 166 post‐treatment tumor specimens. Overall, TRAR score was significantly associated with pathological complete response (pCR) rate independently of other predictive clinico‐pathological variables. Separate analyses according to estrogen receptor (ER) status showed a significant association between TRAR score and pCR in ER‐positive specimens but not in ER‐negative counterparts. Among ER‐positive BC patients not achieving a pCR, those with TRAR‐low scores in surgical specimens showed a trend for lower distant event‐free survival. In conclusion, in HER2‐positive/ER‐positive BC, TRAR is an independent predictor of pCR and represents a promising tool to select patients responsive to anti‐HER2‐based neoadjuvant therapy and to assist treatment escalation and de‐escalation strategies in this setting.
Antiprotozoan Drugs
Authors: van Schalkwyk Donelly A
Published: November 2021

Parasitic diseases caused by unicellular protozoa account for a substantial burden of morbidity, mortality and economic deprivation across the globe. Current drugs for the treatment of such infections, particularly malaria, trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis, are inadequate and new therapies are being sought. A review of currently available therapies for protozoal infections of medical importance is presented. Potential new treatments in the drug development pathway are also discussed. There is currently only one vaccine in use for any human protozoal disease, a malaria vaccine (Mosquirix) administered to children as part of a three‐country pilot study. Therefore, drug treatments continue to be the main source of protozoan parasite control.

Key Concepts

Parasitic protozoa exert a large burden of morbidity and mortality in humans.

Most of the burden of protozoal infections occurs in low‐ and middle‐income countries.

Important human diseases caused by protozoa include malaria, leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness).

Drug resistance threatens the limited number of drugs used to treat protozoal diseases.

No vaccines are yet registered for use against human protozoal disease.

Several novel drug treatments for malaria are currently being tested in human trials.

Most new treatments emerging for leishmaniasis and South American trypanosomiasis are from drug repurposing (‘therapeutic switching’) from other diseases.
Mixed Ionic‐Electronic Charge Transport in Layered Black‐Phosphorus for Low‐Power Memory
Authors: Ahmed Taimur , Kuriakose Sruthi , Tawfik Sherif Abdulkader , Mayes Edwin L. H. , Mazumder Aishani , Balendhran Sivacarendran , Spencer Michelle J. S. , Akinwande Deji , Bhaskaran Madhu , Sriram Sharath , Walia Sumeet
Published: November 2021

Availability of computing will be strongly limited by global energy production in 1–2 decades. Computing consumes 4–5% of global electricity supply and continues to increase. This is underpinned by memory and switching devices encountering leakage as they are downscaled. Two‑dimensional (2D) materials offer a potential solution to the fundamental problem owing to carrier confinement which significantly reduces scattering events. Herein, a mixed ionic‑electronic transport is used in layered black phosphorus (BP) based vertically stacked resistance change memories. The memory device relies on a unique interplay between the oxygen and silver ion diffusion through the stack which is generated using a combination of bottom (electrochemically active silver) and top (indium tin oxide) electrodes. The use of a transparent top‐electrode enabled for the first time to conduct spectroscopic characterization of the device and experimentally reveal fundamental mechanisms. Endurance of the devices are observed to be >104 switching cycles, with ON/OFF current ratio of >107 and standby power consumption of <5 fW, which effectively suppresses leakage current and sneak paths in a memory array. By undertaking detailed microscopic and spectroscopic investigations, supported by theoretical calculations, this work opens opportunities to enhance resistive switching performances of 2D materials for next‑generation information storage and brain‑inspired computation.
Self‐Powered Graphene Oxide Humidity Sensor Based on Potentiometric Humidity Transduction Mechanism
Authors: Lei Dandan , Zhang Qixiang , Liu Nishuang , Su Tuoyi , Wang Luoxin , Ren Ziqi , Zhang Zhi , Su Jun , Gao Yihua
Published: November 2021

Non‐contact humidity sensors have been widely explored as human–computer interaction for the internet of things and artificial intelligence. However, except for the existing sensing mechanisms, such as resistive, capacitive, and functional groups gradient based device, little attention has been paid to exploiting new sensing mechanisms with novel properties which can meet the requirements of miniaturization and integration. Here, a self‐powered potentiometric humidity‐transduction mechanism, which modulates the measured potential difference between two electrodes by humidity stimulation on the graphene oxide (GO) solid electrolyte, is reported. On the strength of this mechanism, a highly adjustable potentiometric humidity sensor with sandwich structure of reduced graphene oxide/GO/foamed metal (nickel, zinc, iron and copper), exhibiting good scalability and cost‐efficiency, enabling fast response/recovery (0.8 s/2.4 s), ultra‐high response (0.77 V) and excellent stability (over 1500 cycles) is developed. Unlike traditional sensing mechanisms, the manipulation mechanism raised here shows self‐powered ability with no need for an additional power unit and has ultra‐low power consumption. These results provide a new scheme for the research and development of self‐powered humidity sensors, and these sensors show superior performance in non‐contact sensing applications.
3D Macroporous Oxidation‐Resistant Ti3C2Tx MXene Hybrid Hydrogels for Enhanced Supercapacitive Performances with Ultralong Cycle Life
Authors: Yang Xue , Yao Yiwei , Wang Qian , Zhu Kai , Ye Ke , Wang Guiling , Cao Dianxue , Yan Jun
Published: November 2021

As a recently emerging group of 2D materials, MXene has attracted extensive attention in the energy storage field in recent years owing to their outstanding features. However, the notorious issues of inevitable oxidation stability and surface‐to‐surface self‐restacking for MXene significantly prevent its further wide‐ranging application. Herein, the 3D macroporous oxidation‐resistant Ti3C2Tx MXene/graphene/carbon nanotube (MRC) hybrid hydrogels are prepared by a simple gelation method assisted by l‐cysteine as crosslinker and l‐ascorbic acid (VC) as reductant. Benefitting from the effectively alleviated restacking, excellent electrical conductivity, and the 3D inter‐crosslinked macroporous architecture, as a supercapacitor electrode, the obtained MRC aerogel exhibits a superior specific capacitance of 349 F g−1, unparalleled rate capability (52.0% at 3000 mV s−1) and amazing cyclic stability (retention of 97.1% after 100 000 cycles). Moreover, the 3D MRC‐30 aerogel exhibits an impressive oxidation‐resistant performance with just a 9.3% increase in electrical resistance after storing in ambient condition for 60 days, effectively alleviating the oxidation problem of MXene. This work demonstrates a new method for construction of 3D oxidation‐resistant MXene hydrogel, shedding new light on the promising applications of MXene materials, especially in high humidity and oxygen environment.
Reaching the Excitonic Limit in 2D Janus Monolayers by In Situ Deterministic Growth
Authors: Qin Ying , Sayyad Mohammed , Montblanch Alejandro R.‐P. , Feuer Matthew S. G. , Dey Dibyendu , Blei Mark , Sailus Renee , Kara Dhiren M. , Shen Yuxia , Yang Shize , Botana Antia S. , Atature Mete , Tongay Sefaattin
Published: November 2021

Named after the two‐faced Roman god of transitions, transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) Janus monolayers have two different chalcogen surfaces, inherently breaking the out‐of‐plane mirror symmetry. The broken mirror symmetry and the resulting potential gradient lead to the emergence of quantum properties such as the Rashba effect and the formation of dipolar excitons. Experimental access to these quantum properties, however, hinges on the ability to produce high‐quality 2D Janus monolayers. Here, these results introduce a holistic 2D Janus synthesis technique that allows real‐time monitoring of the growth process. This prototype chamber integrates in situ spectroscopy, offering fundamental insights into the structural evolution and growth kinetics, that allow the evaluation and optimization of the quality of Janus monolayers. The versatility of this method is demonstrated by synthesizing and monitoring the conversion of SWSe, SNbSe, and SMoSe Janus monolayers. Deterministic conversion and real‐time data collection further aid in conversion of exfoliated TMDs to Janus monolayers and unparalleled exciton linewidth values are reached, compared to the current best standard. The results offer an insight into the process kinetics and aid in the development of new Janus monolayers with high optical quality, which is much needed to access their exotic properties.
Rational Design of Covalent Heptazine Frameworks with Spatially Separated Redox Centers for High‐Efficiency Photocatalytic Hydrogen Peroxide Production
Authors: Cheng Hao , Lv Haifeng , Cheng Jun , Wang Lei , Wu Xiaojun , Xu Hangxun
Published: November 2021

The redox reaction centers in natural organisms conducting oxygenic photosynthesis are well arranged in a physically separated manner to convert sunlight into chemical energy efficiently. Mimicking natural photosynthesis via precisely constructing oxidative and reductive reaction centers within photocatalysts is ideal for enhancing catalytic performances in artificial photosynthesis. In this study, new covalent heptazine frameworks (CHFs) with spatially separated redox centers are rationally designed for photocatalytic production of H2O2 from water and oxygen without using any sacrificial agents. Both experimental and computational investigations indicate that the two‐electron oxygen reduction reaction occurs on the heptazine moiety, whereas the two‐electron water oxidation reaction occurs on the acetylene or diacetylene bond in the CHFs. This unique spatial separation feature is critical for enhancing charge separation and achieving efficient H2O2 production. Meanwhile, the measured exciton binding energy of the diacetylene‐containing polymer is merely 24 meV. Under simulated solar irradiation, the rationally designed CHFs can achieve a solar‐to‐chemical conversion efficiency of 0.78%, surpassing previously reported photocatalytic materials. This study establishes a molecular engineering approach to construct periodically arranged and spatially separated redox centers in single‐component polymer photocatalysts, representing a hallmark to create more exciting polymer structures for photocatalysis moving forward.
The Ni‐Mo‐S Catalyst @Copper Foams with Excellent Stability and 1.5 V Drive Electrolytic Water
Authors: Feng Suyang , Wang Junli , Wang Wenbin , Wang Xuanbing , Zhang Yang , Chenchen  , Ju Ao , Pan Junqing , Xu Ruidong
Published: November 2021

The development of high‐efficiency, low‐cost, and long‐term stability catalysts for water electrolysis is significant for the sustainable production of hydrogen. The aim of this study is to reduce the overpotential and thus energy consumption. Toward this aim, transition metal sulfide catalyst (marked as S5‐40 doped Ni4Mo) is successfully prepared by a fast one‐step electrodeposition process on a copper foam (CF) substrate. The S20 doped Ni4Mo/CF catalyst displays an exceedingly low overpotential of 140 and −128 mV at 10 mA cm−2 for (oxygen evolution reaction) and (hydrogen evolution reaction), respectively. The S20 doped Ni4Mo/CF can be powered by a commercial AA alkaline battery (1.5 V) in 1.0 m KOH. It shows a lower cell voltage of 1.595 V at 10 mA cm−2 for overall water splitting (OWS). Up to 60 h of stability testing, compared with the S20 doped Ni4Mo/CF catalyst before electrolysis, their performance is improved by 15.5% and 41.1% at 2 and −0.7 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode, respectively. This study offers an avenue to fabricate transition metal sulfide bi‐functional catalysts for OWS and provides deep insights into the relationships among the S‐doping Ni4Mo at the 1.0 m KOH electrolyte physical characterization and electrocatalytic activity.
Elucidation of the Solid Electrolyte Interphase Formation Mechanism in Micro‐Mesoporous Hard‐Carbon Anodes
Authors: Alptekin Hande , Au Heather , Olsson Emilia , Cottom Jonathon , Jensen Anders CS , Headen Thomas F. , Cai Qiong , Drew Alan J. , Crespo Ribadeneyra Maria , Titirici Maria‐Magdalena
Published: November 2021

The microstructure of hard carbons can be designed to maximize their performance as anodes for sodium‐ion batteries. However, the nature of the electrolyte is also decisive in the capacity and long‐term stability. Here, hard carbons with a tailored bimodal pore network of internal micropores interconnected through mesopores are studied as sodium‐ion battery anodes. The evolution of their solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is analyzed in three different electrolytes (NaPF6 in an ether‐based solvent, and NaPF6 or NaClO4 in a carbonate‐based system). Combining experiments with density functional theory calculations, it is proposed that formation of the SEI is mainly controlled by the decomposition of the salt anion. This process occurs through the intermediate functionalization of the carbon surface by the decomposed anion fragments. It is suggested that the innermost SEI sub‐layer governs the performance and long‐term stability of the anode. While the presence of a fluorine‐containing salt appears to have a determining role in the SEI stability, the electrochemical decomposition of carbonate‐based solvents is detrimental for the long‐term stability as the interfacial resistance increases. In contrast, the ether‐based system enables stable long‐term cycling as the interphase remains almost intact once the first fluorine‐rich SEI layer is formed.
High‐Resolution Near‐Field Imaging and Far‐Field Sensing Using a Transmissive Programmable Metasurface
Authors: Li He , Li Yun Bo , Chen Gang , Dong Shu Yue , Shen Jia Lin , Gong Chao Yue , Wang Shi Yu , Wang Hai Peng , Cui Tie Jun
Published: November 2021

Electromagnetic (EM) inverse problem for detecting and sensing unknowns has attracted tremendous attention. Here, without using bulk lens, a method is proposed to realize both near‐field imaging and far‐field detection with high resolutions using a novel transmissive programmable metasurface. The presented low‐profile metasurface has good features of continuous and full transmission phase coverage to realize strong wave‐control capabilities. For imaging and detecting an interested area, the EM‐wave focusing points or beams of illumination can be spatially shifted with short distance in different directions, respectively. On the basis, the fields at the spatially shifted focusing points can be synthesized to obtain improved point spread function for scanning, which will achieve higher sensing resolution than the wave illumination of focusing scanning only. By employing the new transmissive programmable metasurface, the metallic objects in the near field are successfully imaged and two corner reflectors in the far field are detected in experiments, both with high resolutions. The measured and simulated results have good agreements, thus verifying the validity and efficiency of the proposed method and transmissive programmable metasurface.
Highly Stretchable and Skin Adhesive Soft Bioelectronic Patch for Long‐Term Ambulatory Electrocardiography Monitoring
Authors: Li Yue , Rodríguez‐Serrano Alan F. , Yeung Sin Yu , Hsing I‐Ming
Published: November 2021

Wearable devices offer a revolutionary approach to ambulatory electrocardiography (ECG) for cardiovascular disease diagnosis. Herein, an adhesive, highly stretchable and conformal (ASC) patch for long‐term ambulatory ECG monitoring is presented. The ASC patch is designed with a “three‐bridge” structure to provide inhomogeneous strain distribution during stretching. Meanwhile, the electrical stability is achieved by stretchable liquid metal interconnects at the domain experiencing larger strain. Moreover, the long‐term usability can be attained by an adhesive layer made of polydopamine/polyacrylamide glycerol–water hydrogel, maintaining good adhesiveness and stretchability for more than two weeks. Altogether, the patch can successfully measure stable high‐quality ECG signals in relaxed, stretched, or underwater conditions. Enhanced mechanical and electrical properties exhibited by our ASC patch confer superior skin‐device interface on either dry or wet conditions than that of current electrodes. The hydrogel‐based patch displays conformal deformation along with the stretched skin. This work provides a scalable prototype for multilead wearable ECG devices and promises new opportunities for medical applications in soft electronics.
Nano‐Enabled Reposition of Proton Pump Inhibitors for TLR Inhibition: Toward A New Targeted Nanotherapy for Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Sun Liya , Liu Yuan , Liu Xiali , Wang Rui , Gong Jiameng , Saferali Aabida , Gao Wei , Ma Aying , Ma Huiqiang , Turvey Stuart E. , Fung Shan‐Yu , Yang Hong
Published: November 2021

Toll‐like receptor (TLR) activation in macrophages plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury (ALI). While TLR inhibition is a promising strategy to control the overwhelming inflammation in ALI, there still lacks effective TLR inhibitors for clinical uses to date. A unique class of peptide‐coated gold nanoparticles (GNPs) is previously discovered, which effectively inhibited TLR signaling and protected mice from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced ALI. To fast translate such a discovery into potential clinical applicable nanotherapeutics, herein an elegant strategy of “nano‐enabled drug repurposing” with “nano‐targeting” is introduced to empower the existing drugs for new uses. Combining transcriptome sequencing with Connectivity Map analysis, it is identified that the proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) share similar mechanisms of action to the discovered GNP‐based TLR inhibitor. It is confirmed that PPIs (including omeprazole) do inhibit endosomal TLR signaling and inflammatory responses in macrophages and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and exhibits anti‐inflammatory activity in an LPS‐induced ALI mouse model. The omeprazole is then formulated into a nanoform with liposomes to enhance its macrophage targeting ability and the therapeutic efficacy in vivo. This research provides a new translational strategy of nano‐enabled drug repurposing to translate bioactive nanoparticles into clinically used drugs and targeted nano‐therapeutics for ALI.
Implications of the BATTERY 2030+ AI‐Assisted Toolkit on Future Low‐TRL Battery Discoveries and Chemistries
Authors: Bhowmik Arghya , Berecibar Maitane , Casas‐Cabanas Montse , Csanyi Gabor , Dominko Robert , Hermansson Kersti , Palacin M. Rosa , Stein Helge S. , Vegge Tejs
Published: November 2021

BATTERY 2030+ targets the development of a chemistry neutral platform for accelerating the development of new sustainable high‐performance batteries. Here, a description is given of how the AI‐assisted toolkits and methodologies developed in BATTERY 2030+ can be transferred and applied to representative examples of future battery chemistries, materials, and concepts. This perspective highlights some of the main scientific and technological challenges facing emerging low‐technology readiness level (TRL) battery chemistries and concepts, and specifically how the AI‐assisted toolkit developed within BIG‐MAP and other BATTERY 2030+ projects can be applied to resolve these. The methodological perspectives and challenges in areas like predictive long time‐ and length‐scale simulations of multi‐species systems, dynamic processes at battery interfaces, deep learned multi‐scaling and explainable AI, as well as AI‐assisted materials characterization, self‐driving labs, closed‐loop optimization, and AI for advanced sensing and self‐healing are introduced. A description is given of tools and modules can be transferred to be applied to a select set of emerging low‐TRL battery chemistries and concepts covering multivalent anodes, metal‐sulfur/oxygen systems, non‐crystalline, nano‐structured and disordered systems, organic battery materials, and bulk vs. interface‐limited batteries.
Interfacial Engineering of TiO2/Ti3C2 MXene/Carbon Nitride Hybrids Boosting Charge Transfer for Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Zeng Hui , Li Zhenhua , Li Guangshe , Cui Xiaoqiang , Jin Mingxing , Xie Tengfeng , Liu Lulu , Jiang Mengpei , Zhong Xia , Zhang Yaowen , Zhang He , Ba Kaikai , Yan Zekun , Wang Ying , Song Shuyan , Huang Keke , Feng Shouhua
Published: November 2021

Charge separation and transfer are central issues dominating the underlying energy conversion mechanisms of photosynthetic systems. Here, inspired by nature, a multi‐interfacial engineering strategy for constructing a strongly coupled interactive transmission network for stable and efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production is proposed. A multivariate all‐solid‐state Z‐scheme with intimate electron interactions is formed through strong bridging bonds due to Ti orbit modulation and stacking hybridization between hybrids. The electron couple structure realizes an efficient carrier directional separation and transfer, enabling the charge separation efficiency to be enhanced dramatically by 7.2 times. Furthermore, the resulting material provides a highly stable photocatalytic hydrogen activity, up to 15.29 mmol h−1 g−1, 18.8 times higher than pure carbon nitride, surpassing many reported photocatalysts. This work represents a significant development and helps develop a sound foundation for future design principles in accelerating charge transfer.
Quantitative dissection of multilocus pathogenic variation in an Egyptian infant with severe neurodevelopmental disorder resulting from multiple molecular diagnoses
Authors: Herman Isabella , Jolly Angad , Du Haowei , Dawood Moez , Abdel‐Salam Ghada M. H. , Marafi Dana , Mitani Tadahiro , Calame Daniel G. , Coban‐Akdemir Zeynep , Fatih Jawid M. , Hegazy Ibrahim , Jhangiani Shalini N. , Gibbs Richard A. , Pehlivan Davut , Posey Jennifer E. , Lupski James R.
Published: November 2021

Genomic sequencing and clinical genomics have demonstrated that substantial subsets of atypical and/or severe disease presentations result from multilocus pathogenic variation (MPV) causing blended phenotypes. In an infant with a severe neurodevelopmental disorder, four distinct molecular diagnoses were found by exome sequencing (ES). The blended phenotype that includes brain malformation, dysmorphism, and hypotonia was dissected using the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO). ES revealed variants in CAPN3 (c.259C > G:p.L87V), MUSK (c.1781C > T:p.A594V), NAV2 (c.1996G > A:p.G666R), and ZC4H2 (c.595A > C:p.N199H). CAPN3, MUSK, and ZC4H2 are established disease genes linked to limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy (OMIM# 253600), congenital myasthenia (OMIM# 616325), and Wieacker–Wolff syndrome (WWS; OMIM# 314580), respectively. NAV2 is a retinoic‐acid responsive novel disease gene candidate with biological roles in neurite outgrowth and cerebellar dysgenesis in mouse models. Using semantic similarity, we show that no gene identified by ES individually explains the proband phenotype, but rather the totality of the clinically observed disease is explained by the combination of disease‐contributing effects of the identified genes. These data reveal that multilocus pathogenic variation can result in a blended phenotype with each gene affecting a different part of the nervous system and nervous system‐muscle connection. We provide evidence from this n = 1 study that in patients with MPV and complex blended phenotypes resulting from multiple molecular diagnoses, quantitative HPO analysis can allow for dissection of phenotypic contribution of both established disease genes and novel disease gene candidates not yet proven to cause human disease.
Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Tandem Intramolecular oxa‐Michael Addition/Electrophilic Thiocyanation: Synthesis of Chiral α‐Thiocyanato Flavanones
Authors: Gao Yong , Fu Zhenda , Wu Di , Yin Hongquan , Chen Fu‐Xue
Published: November 2021

An efficient bifunctional cinchona alkaloids‐catalyzed asymmetric tandem intramolecular oxa‐Michael addition/electrophilic thiocyanation of alkylidene β‐ketoesters with N‐thiocyanatosuccinimide (NTS) was developed. A series of chiral α‐thiocyanato flavanones containing two vicinal stereocenters including an all‐carbon quaternary center were prepared in good yields with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities (up to 97% ee) under mild conditions, and a successful scale up preparation of our protocol was also demonstrated.
Connecting Rheological Properties and Molecular Dynamics of Egg‐Tempera Paints based on Egg Yolk
Authors: Fanost Agathe , de Viguerie Laurence , Ducouret Guylaine , Mériguet Guillaume , Walter Philippe , Glanville Helen , Rollet Anne‐Laure , Jaber Maguy
Published: November 2021

Egg‐tempera painting is a pictorial technique widely used in the Middle Ages, although poorly studied in its physico‐chemical aspects until now. Here we show how NMR relaxometry and rheology can be combined to probe egg‐tempera paints and shed new light on their structure and behavior. Based on recipes of the 15th century, model formulations with egg yolk and green earth have been reproduced to characterize the physicochemical properties of this paint at the mesoscopic and macroscopic scales. The rheological measurements highlight a synergetic effect between green earth and egg yolk, induced by the interactions between them and the structural organisation of the system. 1H NMR relaxometry emphasizes the presence and the structure of a network formed by the yolk and the pigment.
A Lateral Flow Test for Staphylococcus aureus in Nasal Mucus Using a New DNAzyme as the Recognition Element
Authors: Ali M. Monsur , Silva Ryan , White Dawn , Mohammadi Saeed , Li Yingfu , Capretta Alfredo , Brennan John D.
Published: November 2021

Detection of pathogenic bacteria in complex biological matrices remains a major challenge. Herein, we report the selection and optimization of a new DNAzyme for Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and the use of the DNAzyme to develop a simple lateral flow device (LFD) for detection of SA in nasal mucus. The DNAzyme was generated by in vitro selection using a crude extra/intracellular mixture derived from SA, which could be used directly for simple solution or paper‐based fluorescence assays for SA. The DNAzyme was further modified to produce a DNA cleavage fragment that acted as a bridging element to bind DNA‐modified gold nanoparticles to the test line of a LFD, producing a simple colorimetric dipstick test. The LFD was evaluated with nasal mucus samples spiked with SA, and demonstrated that SA detection was possible in minutes with minimal sample processing.