bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethyl 2-(2-oxo-3-phenyl-1,2-dihydroquinoxalin-1-yl)acetate
Authors: Abad Nadeem , El Bakri Youness , Sebhaoui Jihad , Ramli Youssef , Essassi El Mokhtar , Mague Joel T.
Published: April 2018

In the title compound, C18H16N2O3, the dihydroquinoxaline moiety is planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0115 Å) and the majority of the ester substituent is nearly perpendicular to its mean plane. In the crystal, the molecules form oblique stacks along the b-axis direction through slipped π–π stacking interactions between adjacent dihydroquinoxaline units. C—H...O hydrogen bonds between the ester substituents on adjacent stacks form thick layers with the stacks on their outside surfaces. These layers extend along the c-axis direction and are coupled through C—H...π(ring) interactions. The structure was refined as a two-component twin.
Bis(tetraphenylarsonium) hexachloridozirconate(IV) acetonitrile tetrasolvate
Authors: Borjas Rosendo , Mariappan Balasekaran Samundeeswari , Poineau Frederic
Published: April 2018

The bis(tetraphenylarsonium) hexachloridozirconate(IV) salt, (AsPh4)2[ZrCl6] (Ph = C6H5), was prepared more than 25 years ago [Esmadi & Sutcliffe (1991). Indian J. Chem.
30 A, 99–101], but its crystal structure was never reported. By following a similar experimental procedure, the compound was synthesized and its crystal structure was investigated as a acetonitrile tetrasolvate, (As(C6H5)4)2[ZrCl6]·4CH3CN, by single-crystal X–ray diffraction. The [ZrCl6]2− anion adopts a slightly distorted octahedral coordination sphere, with Zr—Cl bond lengths of 2.4586 (6), 2.4723 (6), and 2.4818 (5) Å, and Cl—Zr—Cl angles ranging from 89.602 (19) to 90.397 (19)°.
Producing ‘internal suspect bodies’: divisive effects of UK counter‐terrorism measures on Muslim communities in Leeds and Bradford
Authors: Abbas Madeline‐Sophie
Published: April 2018

Research on UK government counter‐terrorism measures has claimed that Muslims are treated as a ‘suspect community’. However, there is limited research exploring the divisive effects that membership of a ‘suspect community’ has on relations within Muslim communities. Drawing from interviews with British Muslims living in Leeds or Bradford, I address this gap by explicating how co‐option of Muslim community members to counter extremism fractures relations within Muslim communities. I reveal how community members internalize fears of state targeting which precipitates internal disciplinary measures. I contribute the category of ‘internal suspect body’ which is materialized through two intersecting conditions within preventative counter‐terrorism: the suspected extremist for Muslims to look out for and suspected informer who might report fellow Muslims. I argue that the suspect community operates through a network of relations by which terrors of counter‐terrorism are reproduced within Muslim communities with divisive effects.
Review article: Sepsis in the emergency department – Part 3: Treatment
Authors: Williams Julian M , Keijzers Gerben , Macdonald Stephen PJ , Shetty Amith , Fraser John F
Published: April 2018

Although comprehensive guidelines for treatment of sepsis exist, current research continues to refine and revise several aspects of management. Imperatives for rapid administration of broad‐spectrum antibiotics for all patients with sepsis may not be supported by contemporary data. Many patients may be better served by a more judicious approach allowing consideration of investigation results and evidence‐based guidelines. Conventional fluid therapy has been challenged with early evidence supporting balanced, restricted fluid and early vasopressor use. Albumin, vasopressin and hydrocortisone have each been shown to support blood pressure and reduce catecholamine requirements but without effect on mortality, and as such should be considered for ED patients with septic shock on a case‐by‐case basis. Measurement of quality care in sepsis should incorporate quality of blood cultures and guideline‐appropriateness of antibiotics, as well as timeliness of therapy. Local audit is an essential and effective means to improve practice. Multicentre consolidation of data through agreed minimum sepsis data sets would provide baseline quality data, required for the design and evaluation of interventions.
Effects of Fat Polymorphic Transformation and Nonfat Particle Size Distribution on the Surface Changes of Untempered Model Chocolate, Based on Solid Cocoa Mass
Authors: Zhao Huanhuan , Young Ashley K. , James Bryony J.
Published: April 2018

This study aims to understand the bloom process in untempered chocolate by investigating the polymorphic transformation of cocoa butter and changes in chocolate surface. Cocoa mass with varying particle size distributions (PSD) were used to produce untempered model chocolate. Optical microscopy showed that during 25 d of storage, the chocolate surface gradually became honeycombed in appearance with dark spots surrounded by white sandy bloom areas. In conjunction with X‐ray diffraction this indicates that the polymorphic transformation of form IV cocoa butter to more stable form V crystals caused the observed surface changes with the most significant changes occurring within 6 d. As bloom developed the surface whiteness increased, but the PSD of nonfat particles showed limited impact on the changes in whiteness. Moreover, scanning electron microscopy showed separated fat crystals on fat‐rich dark spots and empty spaces between particles in bloom areas suggesting redistribution of fat in the chocolate matrix.

Practical Application

The results reported in this work can facilitate the understanding of fat bloom formation in untempered chocolate with respect to the changes in microstructure and surface appearances. It also contributes to show the details of IV‐to‐V polymorphic transformation in the fat phase as time went by.
Gender differences in retention rate of tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor treatment in ankylosing spondylitis: a retrospective cohort study in daily practice
Authors: Rusman Tamara , ten Wolde Saskia , Euser Sjoerd M. , van der Ploeg Tjeerd , van Hall Odile , van der Horst‐Bruinsma Irene E.
Published: April 2018

Aim

To assess gender differences in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) patients in relation to tumor necrosis factor alpha inhibitor (TNFi) drug survival and occurrence of adverse events in daily practice in a large peripheral hospital.

Method

Retrospective data were collected from AS patients treated with etanercept, infliximab and adalimumab between January 2004 and January 2014. Kaplan–Meier survival curves were conducted to describe the drug survival and occurrence of adverse events in time.

Results

Overall, 122 AS patients (60.7% male) were included over a 10‐year time period, with a mean treatment period of 51 months (1–127 months). In total, 21 (17.2%) patients stopped the TNFi, mainly due to inefficacy (52.4%). Female patients showed a significant shorter treatment period compared to males (33.4 vs. 44.9 months). In addition, female patients switched more between TNFi compared to males (26.9% vs. 16.3%) and had a significantly higher risk at developing infections compared to male patients (26% vs.19%).

Conclusion

Females stayed on the same TNFi for a significantly shorter period compared to males (33.4 vs. 44.9 months) and the most important reason to stop or switch the drug was inefficacy. Moreover, females seemed to be more prone to infections during TNFi treatment than males.
Lack of association between vitamin D receptor genes BsmI as well as ApaI polymorphisms and osteoporosis risk: A pooled analysis on Chinese individuals
Authors: Wang Qing‐xian , Zhao Shi‐meng , Zhou Ya‐bin , Zhang Cheng
Published: April 2018

Background

As for the association between vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms and osteoporosis, the current results have yielded conflicts. Therefore, we performed a pooled analysis based on Chinese individuals to provide comprehensive data on the association between VDR BsmI, ApaI, Tru9I polymorphisms and osteoporosis risk.

Methods

Studies were identified using PubMed, Springer Link, Ovid, Chinese Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure and Chinese Biology Medicine databases through to January 2017. Studies were screened according to the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. The association between VDR BsmI, ApaI, Tru9I polymorphisms and osteoporosis was evaluated by calculating pooled odds ratios (ORs) based on the individual ORs. The significance of the pooled OR was evaluated by a Z‐test. All statistical analyses were conducted using Stata 12.0 software (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA).

Results

A total of 13 studies with 1141 osteoporosis cases and 1263 controls were included in this meta‐analysis. It revealed that VDR Tru9I polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis in a common model (OR = 2.67, CI 95% = 1.59–4.49). No significant association was observed between VDR BsmI, ApaI and osteoporosis.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this meta‐analysis suggests that VDR Tru9I polymorphism may be associated with osteoporosis risk in Chinese individuals, while BsmI, ApaI polymorphisms might not be a risk factor for osteoporosis.
Infection‐associated vasculitides
Authors: Haq Syed A. , Pagnoux Christian
Published: April 2018

Vasculitides are disorders characterized by inflammation of the vessel walls, often caused by autoimmunity, but sometimes as a result of microbial invasion. Almost all types of microbes including bacteria, viruses, protozoa and fungi have been incriminated in the pathogenesis of vasculitis. Accurate etiological diagnosis is important since immunosuppressive treatment may lead to further deterioration if infection is the cause of vasculitis. Clinical features sometimes provide clues to the etiology. Further evaluation requires a focused and cost‐effective plan of laboratory investigation. The investigations aim at establishing the diagnosis of vasculitis and identify the causative organism. An accurate diagnosis of vasculitis optimally requires histological examination and imaging. For infection‐associated vasculitis, the identification of the organism requires studies of stained specimens, cultures, and/or detection of antigens and antibodies. Ideally, the treatment involves administration of an appropriate antimicrobial. In non‐self‐limiting types of vasculitides, glucocorticoids are needed when the symptoms are progressive, with vital organs involvement, and sometimes, when there is no antimicrobial agent of proven efficacy against the incriminated agent. Additional immunosuppressive agents or interventions must be considered when the disease is severe and/or post‐infective immune mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis, e.g., severe HBV‐ or HCV‐associated vasculitides. Available preventative vaccinations are also crucial. The incidence of HBV‐associated vasculitides dramatically decreased following HBV vaccination campaigns, and other infection‐associated vasculitides may as well in the future.
A Critical Review of Methods and Results in the Search for Genetic Contributors to Alcohol Sensitivity
Authors: Schuckit Marc A.
Published: April 2018

Attributes of alcohol sensitivity are present before alcohol use disorders (AUDs) develop, they predict those adverse alcohol outcomes, are familial in nature, and many are heritable. Whether measured by alcohol challenges or retrospective reports of numbers of drinks required for effects, alcohol sensitivity reflects multiple phenotypes, including low levels of alcohol response and alcohol‐related stimulation. Identification of genes that contribute to alcohol sensitivity could help identify individuals carrying risks for AUDs through their alcohol responses for whom early intervention might mitigate their vulnerability. Such genes could also improve understanding of biological underpinnings of AUDs, which could lead to new treatment approaches. However, the existing literature points to a wide range of genetic mechanisms that might contribute to alcohol responses, and few such genetic findings have been widely replicated. This critical review describes the potential impact of the diverse methods used to study sensitivity on the diversity of genetic findings that have been reported, places the genetic variants mentioned in the literature into broader categories rather than isolated results, and offers suggestions regarding how to advance the field by interpreting findings in light of the methods used to select research subjects and to measure alcohol sensitivity. To date, the most promising results have been for GABA, glutamate, opioid, dopamine, serotonin, and cholinergic system genes. The more gene variants that can be identified as contributors to sensitivity the better future gene screening platforms or polygenic scores are likely to be.
Bank connections and the speed of leverage adjustment: evidence from China's listed firms
Authors: Li Wenfei , Wu Cen , Xu Liping , Tang Qingquan
Published: April 2018

This study explores the role of bank connections as an important informal institution in debt contracting. Drawing on a sample of Chinese listed firms from 2004 to 2012, we find that bank connections, established through personal networks, asymmetrically affect the speed of leverage adjustment. Bank connections can reduce the marginal costs of leverage adjustment for under‐levered firms. We further find that such connections are especially important for firms with low levels of collateral and young firms, in areas with relatively underdeveloped financial markets, during periods of tight monetary policy, and when there is little competition in the banking industry.
Reconstruction of major defects of the jaws
Authors: Batstone MD
Published: April 2018

Prosthetic replacements in the 19th and early 20th century were superseded by pedicled flaps and obturators. These have subsequently been superseded by free tissue transfer which currently is the mainstay of reconstructive jaw surgery. Although malignant and benign processes of the jaws are the predominant cause of segmental defects, a significant proportion still occurs due to trauma, or even iatrogenic causes such as radiotherapy. The varied aetiologies demand a nuanced approach to reconstruction and although the techniques remain similar the timing can be quite different. The maxilla and the mandible are both amenable to composite reconstruction with bone. The fibula, iliac crest, scapula, distal radius and medial femoral condyle are the most commonly utilised donor sites for vascularised reconstruction. Each has strengths and weaknesses and the requirements of the defect, and patient preference should outweigh surgeon preference. Osseointegrated implants allow reliable rehabilitation of the dentition by anchoring facial prostheses. Their integration into composite flaps is highly reliable although soft tissue management can be challenging. Virtual surgical planning and 3D printing have already impacted on the surgical workflow and improved the reliability and accuracy of results. If this technology can be applied to tissue typing and human tissue (instead of just plastic and metal) a fully prefabricated and vascularised jaw without donor site morbidity would be the ultimate aim.
Lessons learnt on the analysis of large sequence data in animal genomics
Authors: Biscarini F. , Cozzi P. , Orozco‐ter Wengel P.
Published: April 2018

The ’omics revolution has made a large amount of sequence data available to researchers and the industry. This has had a profound impact in the field of bioinformatics, stimulating unprecedented advancements in this discipline. Mostly, this is usually looked at from the perspective of human ’omics, in particular human genomics. Plant and animal genomics, however, have also been deeply influenced by next‐generation sequencing technologies, with several genomics applications now popular among researchers and the breeding industry. Genomics tends to generate huge amounts of data, and genomic sequence data account for an increasing proportion of big data in biological sciences, due largely to decreasing sequencing and genotyping costs and to large‐scale sequencing and resequencing projects. The analysis of big data poses a challenge to scientists, as data gathering currently takes place at a faster pace than does data processing and analysis, and the associated computational burden is increasingly taxing, making even simple manipulation, visualization and transferring of data a cumbersome operation. The time consumed by the processing and analysing of huge data sets may be at the expense of data quality assessment and critical interpretation. Additionally, when analysing lots of data, something is likely to go awry—the software may crash or stop—and it can be very frustrating to track the error. We herein review the most relevant issues related to tackling these challenges and problems, from the perspective of animal genomics, and provide researchers that lack extensive computing experience with guidelines that will help when processing large genomic data sets.
Population structure and ancestry of Qinchuan cattle
Authors: Chen N. , Huang J. , Zulfiqar A. , Li R. , Xi Y. , Zhang M. , Dang R. , Lan X. , Chen H. , Ma Y. , Lei C.
Published: April 2018

The aim of this study was to estimate population structure and ancestry of Qinchuan cattle by genotyping 27 individuals using the GeneSeek HD 77k BeadChip, and another 1355 cattle representing breeds distributed worldwide, which had been genotyped using the Illumina Bovine 50k BeadChip. Qinchuan cattle were characterized by a dominant Bos taurus ancestry, accompanied by a considerable proportion of Bos indicus ancestry based on principal components analysis and supervised admixture analysis. A small proportion of Bos javanicus ancestry was detected as well. A similar admixture pattern in both Qinchuan and Turkish cattle breeds reflects their similar degrees of zebu introgression. Our study presents a relatively clear view of the population structure and ancestry of Qinchuan cattle, serving to benefit our understanding of this breed and leading to better targeted conservation approaches moving forward.
A meta‐analysis of the association between substance use and emerging adult development using the IDEA scale
Authors: Davis Jordan P. , Dumas Tara M. , Briley Daniel A. , Sussman Steve
Published: April 2018

Background and Objectives

Much debate exists surrounding Arnett's theory of emerging adulthood in terms of its breadth and application. Researchers have attempted to capture dimensions of emerging adulthood (eg, experimentation, negativity/instability, other‐focus, self‐focus, and feeling in‐between) through self report assessment, using variations of the Inventory of the Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood or IDEA. Results from studies investigating this relationship have been mixed. We conducted a meta‐analysis on the association between substance use and the IDEA.

Method

Data were extracted to calculate correlational associations with substance use as well as typical moderators found in the literature. Twelve studies were meta‐analyzed.

Results

We found small associations (range: ρ = −.03 to .15; d = .06 to 30) between the IDEA scores and substance use. We found higher severity (dependence diagnosis) of participants yielded larger associations across all dimensions (ρ = .16), and proportion of college students to be a subscale‐specific moderator (experimentation, negativity/instability, other‐focus, self‐focus, and feeling in‐between). Alcohol use outcomes also provided larger subscale‐specific associations (experimentation, negativity/instability, other‐focus, self‐focus).

Conclusions

The dimensions of emerging adulthood may be less effective in predicting substance use among non‐college samples and those studies focusing on drug use. Further research should prioritize exploring variation in the transition to emerging adulthood among non‐college samples and the longitudinal associations between IDEA and substance use.

Scientific Significance

Important contributions include the modest association between IDEA and substance use as well as specific participant characteristics that amplify or mitigate the association between IDEA and substance use. (Am J Addict 2018;27:166–176)
Antagonists in the medical management of opioid use disorders: Historical and existing treatment strategies
Authors: Bisaga Adam , Mannelli Paolo , Sullivan Maria A. , Vosburg Suzanne K. , Compton Peggy , Woody George E. , Kosten Thomas R.
Published: April 2018

Background and Objectives

Opioid use disorder (OUD) is a chronic condition with potentially severe health and social consequences. Many who develop moderate to severe OUD will repeatedly seek treatment or interact with medical care via emergency department visits or hospitalizations. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop feasible and effective approaches to help persons with OUD achieve and maintain abstinence from opioids. Treatment that includes one of the three FDA‐approved medications is an evidence‐based strategy to manage OUD. The purpose of this review is to address practices for managing persons with moderate to severe OUD with a focus on opioid withdrawal and naltrexone‐based relapse‐prevention treatment.

Methods

Literature available on PubMed was used to review the evolution of treatment strategies from the 1960s onward to manage opioid withdrawal and initiate treatment with naltrexone.

Results

Emerging practices for extended‐release naltrexone induction include the use of agonist tapers and adjuvant medications. Clinical challenges frequently encountered when initiating this therapy include managing withdrawal and ongoing opioid use during treatment. Clinical factors may inform decisions regarding patient selection and length of naltrexone treatment, such as recent opioid use and patient preferences.

Conclusions and Scientific Significance

Treatment strategies to manage opioid withdrawal have evolved, but many patients with OUD do not receive medication for the prevention of relapse. Clinical strategies for induction onto extended‐release naltrexone are now available and can be safely and effectively implemented in specialty and select primary care settings. (© 2018 The Authors. The American Journal on Addictions Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of The American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry (AAAP);27:177–187)
Substance use comorbidity in bipolar disorder: A qualitative review of treatment strategies and outcomes
Authors: Gold Alexandra K. , Otto Michael W. , Deckersbach Thilo , Sylvia Louisa G. , Nierenberg Andrew A. , Kinrys Gustavo
Published: April 2018

Background and Objectives

Substance use disorders (SUDs) are present in up to 70% of patients with bipolar disorder (BD) and contribute to high rates of disability, morbidity, and treatment non‐adherence. Despite this prevalence, few trials have investigated targeted psychosocial interventions for comorbid BD and SUDs.

Methods

Using PubMed and PsycINFO, we conducted a search of the literature up to January 2018 for psychosocial interventions targeted to patients with comorbid BD and SUDs. We identified eight total trials. Of these studies, four randomized and two open trials targeted the types of substance use (alcohol and illicit drugs) of primary concern to mood stability; the remaining two studies, both open trials, targeted smoking cessation.

Results

None of the randomized trials provided consistent evidence for management of both mood symptoms and substance use though integrated group therapy (IGT) demonstrated consistent beneficial effects on substance use outcomes. Other treatments showed benefit for mood symptoms without benefits for alcohol or illicit substance use. Small pilot studies of combined treatments for smoking cessation provided some initial promise.

Conclusions

At present, IGT is the most‐well validated and efficacious approach if substance use is targeted in an initial treatment phase. For a subsequent phase, additional psychosocial BD treatments may be needed for mood and functioning benefits.

Scientific Significance

This review synthesizes the psychosocial interventions that have been conducted in comorbid BD and SUDs while also providing a perspective on which intervention elements are helpful for addressing substance use versus mood symptoms in patients with these co‐occurring conditions. (Am J Addict 2018;27:188–201)
Corporate Power and Expansive U.S. Military Policy
Authors: Gaffney Mason
Published: April 2018

Military defense is generally treated in economics texts as a “public good” because the benefits are presumed to be shared by all citizens. However, defense spending by the United States cannot legitimately be classified as a public good, since the primary purpose of those expenditures has been to project power in support of private business interests. Throughout the course of the 20th century, U.S. military spending has been largely devoted to protecting the overseas assets of multinational corporations that are based in the United States or allied nations. Companies extracting oil, mineral ores, timber, and other raw materials are the primary beneficiaries. The U.S. military provides its services by supporting compliant political leaders in developing countries and by punishing or deposing regimes that threaten the interests of U.S.‐based corporations. The companies involved in this process generally have invested only a small amount of their own capital. Instead, the value of their overseas assets largely derives from the appreciation of oil and other raw materials in situ. Companies bought resource‐rich lands cheaply, as early as the 1930s or 1940s, and then waited for decades to develop them. In order to make a profit on this long‐range strategy, they formed cartels to limit global supply and relied on the U.S. military to help them maintain secure title over a period of decades. Those operations have required suppressing democratic impulses in dozens of nations. The global “sprawl” of extractive companies has been the catalyst of U.S. foreign policy for the past century. The U.S. Department of Defense provides a giant subsidy to companies operating overseas, and the cost is borne by the taxpayers of the United States, not by the corporate beneficiaries. Defining military spending as a “public good” has been a mistake with global ramifications, leading to patriotic support for imperialist behavior.
Modern Pirates: How Arbitration Lawyers Help Corporations Seize National Assets and Limit State Autonomy
Authors: Eberhardt Pia , Olivet Cecilia
Published: April 2018

Large‐scale companies have worked for centuries with the governments of powerful nations to extract wealth from the rest of the world. Since the 1990s, one important method of continuing that legacy has been the use of secretive legal proceedings known as investor‐state dispute settlements (ISDS). Through this innocuous‐sounding practice, transnational corporations (TNCs) are able to blame foreign governments for their failure to extract as large a profit as they anticipated from their operations abroad. Asserting that changes in fiscal, environmental, or social policies have harmed them, TNCs have claimed that foreign governments should compensate them for the loss of potential revenues. ISDS tribunals have awarded billions of dollars as a result of such claims, mostly made under the auspices of bilateral investment treaties. Not only must governments spend millions of dollars defending themselves against assaults and tens or hundreds of millions if they lose their cases, but the ISDS system also has a chilling effect on the adoption of legislation designed to protect the health and safety of citizens.

As a result of all the lawsuits in which corporations collect damages from governments under investment treaties, an array of groups in the legal industry have profited substantially: law firms representing corporate interests, arbitrators and other specialists in corporate arbitration, and litigation funders. The arbitration industry is, as a practical matter, the glue that holds the system together. The law firms involved in this industry do not wait passively for cases to arise. Instead, they actively pursue corporations to seek arbitration with governments, proselytize for the legitimacy of the current international investment regime, and block reforms that would limit arbitration opportunities. By creating methods of insulating TNCs from normal business risks and forcing host governments to bear the burden of liabilities, the arbitration system has effectively reinstituted a neo‐colonial regime through the judicial system.
The Evolution of Malcolm Fraser's China Policy
Authors: Bretherton Hannah
Published: April 2018

This article explores the evolution of Malcolm Fraser's views on China. While Gough Whitlam is fondly remembered as a trailblazer for normalizing Australia‐China relations, Fraser was a pioneer in rendering a sense of bipartisanship in Australia's China policy. Fraser was not initially a Sino‐enthusiast, however. He came from a background of staunch anti‐Communism and throughout the 1950s and 1960s believed that China posed a major threat to stability in the Asia‐Pacific. The Liberal Party fiercely opposed the Whitlam government's decision to normalise diplomatic relations with China in 1972. Following the Whitlam dismissal in 1975, Fraser became Prime Minister and, in what seemed to be an abrupt departure from the Liberal Party's position, thoroughly embraced relations with China. As Leader of the Opposition, Whitlam called out the hypocrisy of the Liberal Party's radical policy shift. This study examines the domestic and international dynamics that shaped Fraser's views on China and ultimate adoption of a successful China policy. This is the untold story of a crucial turning point in Australia‐China relations under the leadership of a conservative government, in which a strong relationship with China became a cornerstone of bipartisan Australian foreign policy.
Transnationalism, Nationalism and Australian History
Authors: Piccini Jon
Published: April 2018

Transnationalism, Nationalism and Australian History. Edited by Anna Clark, Anne Rees and Alecia Simmonds (Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), pp.199, £67.99 (hb).
Crimes Unspoken: The Rape of German Women at the End of the Second World War
Authors: Jolluck Katherine R.
Published: April 2018

Crimes Unspoken: The Rape of German Women at the End of the Second World War. By Miriam Gebhardt. Translated by Nick Somers (Cambridge: Polity, 2017), pp.vii + 252. £18.17 (hb).
The Burden of White Supremacy: Containing Asian Migration in the British Empire and the United States
Authors: Loy‐Wilson Sophie
Published: April 2018

The Burden of White Supremacy: Containing Asian Migration in the British Empire and the United States. By David C. Atkinson (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2016), pp.334. AU$31.50 (pb). Available in Australia through Footprint Books.
Plural International Relations in a Divided World
Authors: Kampmark Binoy
Published: April 2018

Plural International Relations in a Divided World. By Stephen Chan (Polity Press: Cambridge, 2017), pp. × + 223. ISBN: 9781509508686. £16.99 (pb).
THE IMPACT OF REFORMS AND PRIVATIZATION ON FIRMS’ CONDUCT IN THE PRESENCE OF INTERCONNECTED CONGLOMERATES AND WEAK AND INEFFICIENT REGULATORY INSTITUTIONS
Authors: GHULAM Yaseen
Published: April 2018

Critics of broad reforms, including privatization, argue that these policies may lead to the creation of rent‐seeking interconnected large business groups in the absence of a strong regulatory framework and well‐functioning courts. The empirical evidence in a developing country context in particular is however still scarce. Based on a case study of the Pakistani cement industry, this paper fills this gap. Our study shows that due to interconnected conglomerates’ tactics, such as exclusionary practices, the acquisition of smaller competitor firms and the addition of significant capacities, the industry has witnessed a stable degree of seller concentration after broader reforms including privatization. Consequently, colluding conglomerate firms have been able to maintain control over supply and prices for two decades in the post‐reform period, despite allegations of tacit collusion leading to the imposition of fines and the issuing of warnings by the regulator, which is, however, weak and inefficient.
Developing a Risk Group Predictive Model for Korean Students Falling into Bad Debt
Authors: Han Jun‐Tae , Choi Jae‐Seok , Kim Myeon‐Jung , Jeong Jina
Published: April 2018

Using direct loan data for 2012 to 2014 from the Korea Student Aid Foundation, we develop a risk group predictive model for borrowers defaulting on their loans. We used a logistic regression model and the Cox proportional hazards model to develop the risk predictive model. We verified the validity of the models using a receiver operating characteristic curve and a validation dataset. The present study shows that area under the receiver operating characteristic curves is similar for the models and that the major influencing factors for defaulting on their loans are household income, whether a national grant was received, age, whether more than two accounts are overdue, field of study and the monthly repayment amount. The risk group predictive model in this study will be the basis for more efficient management of direct student loans.
Financial risk exposure of returns to education: Panel evidence from Korea*
Authors: Lee Jaeram , Ihm Jungjoon
Published: April 2018

The present study examined financial market risk exposure of human capital returns, which are represented by the returns to education, using panel data for Korea. Overall, financial market shocks seem to be irrelevant to returns to education. However, when we divide a financial market shock into cash flow news and discount rate news leading to a negative risk premium, returns to education increase after positive news about future cash flows and unexpected increases in discount rates Therefore, the risk exposure to cash flow shocks is offset by the exposure to discount rate shocks. The returns to education of low‐income workers were significantly exposed to the cash flow risk as compared to those with a high income, but they were offset by the positive correlation to discount rate shocks. In contrast, considering the gap between generations, the old generation was not only less exposed to the cash flow risk compared to the young generation regarding returns to education but also positively correlated with the discount rate shock, resulting in less exposure to financial market risks.
Laparoscopic right hemicolectomy for a colon cancer patient with an ileal conduit
Authors: Suzuki Shinsuke , Nagasaki Toshiya , Akiyoshi Takashi , Konishi Tsuyoshi , Fujimoto Yoshiya , Nagayama Satoshi , Fukunaga Yosuke , Fukuoka Hironori , Ushigome Hajime , Murahashi Satoshi , Miyanari Shun , Minami Hironori , Ueno Masashi
Published: April 2018

Here, we describe our experience of laparoscopic surgery in a colon cancer patient with an ileal conduit. To our knowledge, this is the second case presented in the English‐language literature. A 71‐year‐old woman with a history of both open anterior exenteration with ileal conduit reconstruction for bladder cancer and open cholecystectomy for cholecystitis was diagnosed with ascending colon cancer (cT3N1M0). Laparoscopic right hemicolectomy with conduit preservation was planned. After adhesiolysis, complete mesocolic excision and central vascular ligation were achieved laparoscopically without injury to the conduit or other structures. Laparoscopic surgery for patients with an ileal conduit can be technically demanding. A preoperative plan based on preoperative imaging and the patient’s previous operative record is crucial, especially when considering the optimal balance between oncological radicality and functional outcomes.
The Quality of Life after Radical Radiotherapy for Bladder Cancer
Authors: LYNCH W. J. , JENKINS B. J. , FOWLER C. G. , HOPE-STONE H. F. , BLANDY J. P.
Published: April 2018

The quality of life in 72 patients who had shown a complete response to radiotherapy, using a modified bladder symptom score and the Nottingham health profile, was compared with the quality of life in a similar control group matched for age and sex. There was no significant difference in either group.

The records of 69 patients who had undergone post‐radiation salvage cystectomy were reviewed, looking specifically at surgical complications. There were 3 post‐operative deaths (5%), 3 pulmonary emboli and 3 fistulae—with some overlap of complications. Five patients who underwent cystectomy for intractable symptoms in the apparent absence of recurrent tumour were found to have residual cancer in the excised specimens.
Urologists' Attitudes to the Management of Bladder Cancer
Authors: LYNCH T. H. , WAYMONT B. , DUNN JANET A. , WALLACE D. M. A.
Published: April 2018

All consultant urologists in Great Britain and Ireland were sent 2 questionnaires relating to their management policies in bladder cancer; 82% and 78% respectively of questionnaires were completed and returned. The answers demonstrated a wide variation among urologists about the management of common clinical problems.
The Role of Tissue Expanders in Vaginoplasty for Congenital Malformations of the Vagina
Authors: PATIL U. , HIXSON F. P.
Published: April 2018

There are many techniques of vaginoplasty in congenital malformations of the vagina, all of which involve the use of labial and perineal skin flaps. The results are not uniformly satisfactory because of delayed stenosis in many patients. To avoid this complication, we have used labial expansion with tissue expanders to obtain an elastic and sufficiently large skin flap. We recommend this technique in patients with the adrenogenital syndrome associated with varying degrees of virilisation and in other intersex anomalies.
Krüppel‐like factor 4 promotes c‐Met amplification‐mediated gefitinib resistance in non‐small‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Feng Wei , Xie Qianyi , Liu Suo , Ji Ying , Li Chunyun , Wang Chunle , Jin Longyu
Published: April 2018

Gefitinib has been widely used in the first‐line treatment of advanced EGFR‐mutated non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, many NSCLC patients will acquire resistance to gefitinib after 9‐14 months of treatment. This study revealed that Krüppel‐like factor 4 (KLF4) contributes to the formation of gefitinib resistance in c‐Met‐overexpressing NSCLC cells. We observed that KLF4 was overexpressed in c‐Met‐overexpressing NSCLC cells and tissues. Knockdown of KLF4 increased tumorigenic properties in gefitinib‐resistant NSCLC cell lines without c‐Met overexpression, but it reduced tumorigenic properties and increased gefitinib sensitivity in gefitinib‐resistant NSCLC cells with c‐Met overexpression, whereas overexpression of KLF4 reduced gefitinib sensitivity in gefitinib‐sensitive NSCLC cells. Furthermore, Western blot analysis revealed that KLF4 contributed to the formation of gefitinib resistance in c‐Met‐overexpressing NSCLC cells by inhibiting the expression of apoptosis‐related proteins under gefitinib treatment and activating the c‐Met/Akt signaling pathway by decreasing the inhibition of β‐catenin on phosphorylation of c‐Met to prevent blockade by gefitinib. In summary, this study's results suggest that KLF4 is a promising candidate molecular target for both prevention and therapy of NSCLC with c‐Met overexpression.
The molecular mechanism of two coreceptor binding site antibodies X5 and 17b neutralizing HIV‐1: Insights from molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Zhang Yan , Guo Jingjing , Huang Le , Tian Jiaqi , Yao Xiaojun , Liu Huanxiang
Published: April 2018

The coreceptor binding site of gp120 plays an important role in HIV entry into host cell. X5 and 17b are typical coreceptor binding site antibodies with the ability to broadly neutralize HIV. Thus, here, to study the neutralizing mechanism of two antibodies and identify the source of two antibodies with different neutralizing ability, we performed molecular dynamics simulations for the complexes of X5 and 17b with gp120 and CD4. The simulation results indicate X5 and 17b mainly affects CD4 and coreceptor binding sites. Specifically, for CD4 binding site (CD4bs), the binding of antibodies has different effects on CD4bs with and without CD4. However, for coreceptor binding sites, the binding of the antibodies has consistent influence on the region adjacent to loop V3 despite of the simulated systems with or without CD4. The binding of the antibodies enhances the interactions of gp120 region adjacent to loop V3 with other region of gp120, which are unfavorable for conformational rearrangements of the region adjacent to loop V3 and further binding the coreceptor. Additionally, the interactions of loop V3 and bridging sheet with X5 lead to the close motion of loop V3 in X5 bound form, which further influences the rearrangements in gp120.
‘Feeding Hungry Children’: The Growth of Charitable Breakfast Clubs and Holiday Hunger Projects in the UK
Authors: Lambie‐Mumford Hannah , Sims Lily
Published: April 2018

This paper reports the findings of a recent scoping study on the nature, evidence base and policy context of breakfast clubs and school holiday projects in the UK and aims to do three things. Firstly, bring child feeding initiatives firmly into the critical food and poverty debate. Secondly, critically assess the state of evidence on these projects and their perceived role in the lives of children at risk of, or experiencing, poverty. Thirdly, set out the next steps which will be required to build a systematic body of research on child feeding projects within the food and poverty research agenda.
‘You Would Eat It If You Were Hungry’. Local Perceptions and Interpretations of Child Food Poverty
Authors: Husz Ildikó
Published: April 2018

Research has shown that local food poverty reduction programmes have reached only a fraction of potential recipients and uncovered several reasons why those in need find access difficult. Here, through the example of a school‐holiday meals provision, we examine the providers and what impairs their effectiveness to react to the problems of food‐deprived children. The factors that emerged from interviews are as follows: an inappropriate perception of food poverty as a problem, the consequent inaccurate evaluation of need, and the consideration of parents’ ?deservingness’. More state action is required to eliminate these problems and ensure the equal access to provision.
The Disorder Perceptions of Nonresidents: A Textual Analysis of Open–Ended Survey Responses to Photographic Stimuli
Authors: Wallace Danielle , Louton Brooks
Published: April 2018

Nonresidents’ perceptions of disorder are potentially consequential for neighborhoods in many ways, as disorder shapes individuals’ behavior within neighborhoods. Unfortunately, there is little research which delves into understanding how nonresidents perceive disorder. Our study provides insight into the perceptions of nonresidents by assessing their interpretations of disorder through their reaction to three photographic stimuli of neighborhoods where they do not live. Through qualitative analysis, we examine various themes in the responses, including disorder theory and both implicit and explicit racial bias. Results show that while nonresidents do have traditional interpretations of disorder, they also interpret disorder in many different ways. Also, even in the absence of people in the photographic stimuli, nonresidents frequently associated disorder with race. Given that nonresidents have the capability to influence the flow of money and resources into the neighborhood, their racially encoded disorder perceptions may have the unintended consequence of entrenching neighborhood issues like segregation, concentrated disadvantage, or unemployment that are common in minority neighborhoods.
Facing the Great Recession in Deprived Urban Areas: How Civic Capacity Contributes to Neighborhood Resilience
Authors: Parés Marc , Blanco Ismael , Fernández Charlotte
Published: April 2018

Research suggests that some communities are more resilient than others in the face of the same external stress. Both the local effects of and local responses to the 2008 financial collapse and economic recession have been geographically variegated. Drawing upon two case studies in the Metropolitan Region of Barcelona (Spain), this paper aims to understand why some historically deprived neighborhoods are proving more resilient than others in facing the effects of the Great Recession. We conclude that neighborhood resilience, strongly influenced by the precrash context and by socially produced conditions of vulnerability, operates in each community according to at least three context–specific and interdependent factors: built environment, social capital, and civic capacity. We focus on civic capacity—understood as neighborhood ability to mobilize different sectors of the community to act in a coordinated fashion around matters of community–wide importance—and demonstrate that it is a significant resource contributing to neighborhood resilience.
Investigation into the dyeing of wool with Lanasol and Remazol reactive dyes in seawater
Authors: Broadbent Peter J. , Carr Chris M. , Rigout Muriel , Kistamah Naraindra , Choolun Jennita , Radhakeesoon C. Lakshmi , Uddin M. Abbas
Published: April 2018

Freshwater is an increasingly scarce resource that is extensively used in textile wet‐processing. In seeking to identify alternative low freshwater‐usage coloration technology, this study examined the potential use of seawater (SEAW) as the dyeing medium for wool coloration using a range of reactive dyes. Initially, the dyeing behaviour of the wool fabric in simulated seawater (SSW) was compared with conventional dyeing from distilled water (DW) using α‐bromoacrylamide‐based Lanasol dyes and sulphatoethyl sulphone‐based Remazol dyes. These preliminary studies demonstrated that comparable coloration could be achieved in the SSW medium based on an assessment of the dye exhaustion, dye fixation, colour yield and levelness. Subsequent dyeing studies of wool using Mauritian seawater with both the Lanasol and Remazol reactive dyes confirmed that, based on the dye exhaustion, dye fixation, colour yield and levelness, comparable coloration could be achieved, highlighting the possibility of substituting freshwater with seawater as the dyeing medium.
Cytological preparations for molecular analysis: A review of technical procedures, advantages and limitations for referring samples for testing
Authors: da Cunha Santos G. , Saieg M. A. , Troncone G. , Zeppa P.
Published: April 2018

Minimally invasive procedures such as endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) must yield not only good quality and quantity of material for morphological assessment, but also an adequate sample for analysis of molecular markers to guide patients to appropriate targeted therapies. In this context, cytopathologists worldwide should be familiar with minimum requirements for refereeing cytological samples for testing. The present manuscript is a review with comprehensive description of the content of the workshop entitled Cytological preparations for molecular analysis: pre‐analytical issues for EBUS TBNA, presented at the 40th European Congress of Cytopathology in Liverpool, UK. The present review emphasises the advantages and limitations of different types of cytology substrates used for molecular analysis such as archival smears, liquid‐based preparations, archival cytospin preparations and FTA (Flinders Technology Associates) cards, as well as their technical requirements/features. These various types of cytological specimens can be successfully used for an extensive array of molecular studies, but the quality and quantity of extracted nucleic acids rely directly on adequate pre‐analytical assessment of those samples. In this setting, cytopathologists must not only be familiar with the different types of specimens and associated technical procedures, but also correctly handle the material provided by minimally invasive procedures, ensuring that there is sufficient amount of material for a precise diagnosis and correct management of the patient through personalised care.