bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental investigation of a spanwise plasma jet array in a turbulent boundary layer for skin-friction drag reduction
Authors: Fang Ziqi , Zong Haohua , Zhang Xin , Wu Yun , Su Zhi , Liang Hua , Bian Dongliang
Published: October 2024

Three different types of particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) measurements, namely planar-PIV, micro-PIV, and stereo-PIV, are integrated to provide a full picture of the interaction between a spanwise plasma jet array and a turbulent boundary layer (TBL) at Reθ = 1208. Quiescent-flow characterization reveals that the plasma actuator array induces a wavy jet. With increasing duty cycle (DC), the peak jet velocity grows yet the height of the jet body decreases. When the TBL is actuated by such a plasma jet array, the spanwise distribution of the relative drag variation exhibits two regions with opposite signs, and the formation of these two regions can be attributed to the upwash and the downwash effects of the plasma-induced vortex, respectively. After spatial-averaging in the plasma actuation zone, net drag reduction (DR = 3.2%) is only achieved at the lowest DC of 10%. Although, by increasing the duty cycle, more drag reduction can be obtained in the upwash zone, the accompanying drag increase in the downwash zone is even prominent.
Three-dimensional central-moment pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann model with improved discrete additional term
Authors: Zhang Shengyuan , Wu Huiying , Lin Shifeng , Jiang Guizhong , Liu Zhenyu
Published: October 2024

In this work, a three-dimensional central-moment pseudopotential lattice Boltzmann model is developed to simulate a two-phase flow and wetting phenomena. In this model, an improved discrete additional term is proposed to regulate the thermodynamic consistency and surface tension. Different from the discrete additional terms in previous models where only low-order terms are derived at the macroscopic Navier–Stokes equation level, high-order terms are correctly constructed at the mesoscopic lattice Boltzmann equation level in the present improved discrete additional term so that the high-order central moments can be modified in the collision step. With the improved discrete additional term, the simple relationship between the interaction force and the pseudopotential functions is well preserved. On this basis, a simplified wetting boundary scheme is further proposed, which eliminates the complex process for choosing proper characteristic vectors and interpolation. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed model can achieve better performance in thermodynamic consistency, Galilean invariance, numerical stability and computational efficiency, and have great ability to simulate two-phase flow and wetting phenomena on realistic conditions.
An experimental investigation of supersonic conical cooling films with angles of attack
Authors: Lin Juncan , Wang Qiancheng , Zhao Yuxin , Lu Xiaoge
Published: October 2024

While the flow mechanisms of two-dimensional supersonic cooling films have been studied in-depth, this paper used the nanoparticle planar laser scattering and particle image velocimetry techniques to investigate the flow of supersonic conical cooling films at different angles of attack (AOAs). The mainstream Mach number was Ma∞=3.8, and the supersonic conical cooling film was tangentially injected via a precisely calibrated Maj=2.8 annular nozzle. Initially, the streamwise boundary layer transition process without cooling film injection was analyzed. The boundary layer transition on the leeward side occurred prematurely, whereas on the windward side, the transition process was notably delayed. Subsequently, the supersonic conical cooling film flow was qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated from the perspectives of turbulent structures, and the time-averaged and statistical characteristics of the velocity field. On the windward side, as the ratio of static pressure decreased, the effective cooling length also decreased with an increase in AOA. On the leeward side, at a small positive AOA, the supersonic conical cooling film mixed with the low-energy fluid within the thickened inner layer of the mainstream boundary layer, which mitigated the growth rate of the mixing layer and ultimately enhanced the effective cooling length. With a further increase in AOA, the supersonic conical cooling film experienced the three-dimensional detrimental effects of crossflow-separation vortices and downwash mainstream on the leeward surface, resulting in a decrease in the effective cooling length.
Modeling and analysis of jetting behavior of surface charge-induced electrohydrodynamic printing
Authors: Jiang Yu , Yang Longkang , Ye Dong , Guan Yin , Deng Weiwei , Lai Wuxing , Huang YongAn
Published: October 2024

Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing enables large-area, ultra-high-resolution manufacturing across a broad range of ink viscosities, but inevitably encounters difficulties when printing on electrically insulating three-dimensional substrates due to unpredictable electric field and surface residual charges. To overcome these obstacles, a novel approach called plasma-induced electrohydrodynamic (PiE) printing has been proposed. PiE printing employs plasma to directly create a controllable local charge region directly on substrate surfaces, which triggers EHD ink ejection and mitigates the effect of residual charges. However, the underlying mechanisms of the jetting behavior with respect to printing parameters, such as the charge-induced electric field, remain unexplored. Here, we conduct a numerical investigation, based on the Taylor–Melcher leaky dielectric model and the level set method, on the jetting behavior of substrate surface charge-induced EHD printing. We first introduce the dynamics behavior throughout the entire printing process. Then, we carry out a comprehensive investigation on surface charge-induced EHD printing under four crucial parameters: the amount of preset surface charge, the radius of preset surface charge, the duration of preset surface charge, and liquid electrical conductivity. By analyzing the induced electric field, induced charge density, fluid velocity, jet diameters, and deposited droplet sizes obtained from the numerical results, we elucidate the influence of these parameters on the dynamic behavior, durations of jetting process, and printing quality. These findings offer valuable insights into surface charge-induced EHD jetting, advancing the understanding and optimization methods for this useful micro-/nano-manufacturing technology.
Modified three-dimensional nonlinear Schrödinger equation in finite water depth for gravity waves with influence of slowly varying currents
Authors: Liao Bo , Wang Zhihua
Published: October 2024

A new modified three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear Schrödinger equation (3DMNLSE) is derived for gravity waves in the presence of wind, dissipation, and two-dimensional slowly varying currents, which include transverse and longitudinal currents in finite water depth. The effect of currents on modulational instability (MI) is investigated. The divergence (convergence) effect of longitudinal favorable (adverse) currents decreases (increases) the MI growth rate and region of instability while suppressing (enhancing) the formation of freak waves. Meanwhile, the transverse currents hardly affect the occurrence of MI. Furthermore, some results from the simulations with the space evolution of 3DMNLSE are presented. The results show the ubiquitous occurrence of freak waves in 3D wave fields under certain sets of initial conditions. We demonstrate that larger waves can be triggered when a weakly modulated wave train enters a region of adverse currents. The maximum amplitude of a freak wave depends on the ratio of the current velocity to the wave phase velocity.
On the interaction between a pulsating bubble and a particle on the rigid wall
Authors: Huang Xiao , Ren Chun-Zhu , Liu Peng-Bo , Hu Hai-Bao
Published: October 2024

Sand-laden cavitation poses significant challenges in high dam hydrodynamics and hydraulic machinery. This study examines the interaction between a pulsating bubble and a rigid spherical particle attached to a wall, aiming to reveal its mechanical mechanisms. Particle motion is strongly influenced by two dimensionless distances: the bubble–wall distance γ and the horizontal bubble–particle distance l, both scaled by the maximum bubble radius. Parameter γ determines the bubble's evolution characteristics and affects the particle's motion. Smaller γ means the particle is mainly influenced by bubble pulsation, while larger γ makes the particle more affected by wall vortices. The effect of l is primarily seen in the particle's velocity magnitude. A larger l causes the particle to move toward the bubble, while a smaller l makes it move away, due to the relative strengths of bubble expansion and contraction. We also identify parameter sets that result in 0 particle velocity and observe unique particle motions during bubble splitting and the formation of oblique jets. This study may further promote the application of underwater cavitation cleaning.
Underexpanded jet impingement in near vacuum environment
Authors: Subramanian S. , Craig B. , White C. , Kontis K. , Evans D. , Van den Eynde J.
Published: October 2024

Understanding the dynamics of rocket plume impingement on flat surfaces is critical for designing effective and sustainable landing pads. The current near vacuum study measures the surface pressures and temperature profiles arising on a flat surface due to highly underexpanded, axisymmetric plume impingement. The experiments were conducted in a dedicated, large-volume plume-regolith facility situated at the University of Glasgow. A total of eight tests were conducted, comprising of both constant and pulsed firing modes. The impingement plate is located at stand-off distances equal to 4 and 16 times the nozzle exit diameters and plate inclinations of 0° and 30°. Reduced stand-off distance increases impingement pressure, with a transient peak in the early stages of impingement indicating the presence of a primary shock wave. Higher stand-off distance resulted in decreased impingement pressure without an initial peak, but with a spike at the end of impingement once the nozzle had stopped firing. For inclined plates, the centerline impingement pressure magnitude decreased by around 40% compared with the 0° inclination. The measured pressures at lower stand-off height are then compared with the results of both a two-way coupled direct simulation Monte Carlo/Navier–Stokes–Fourier solver and an analytical theory. The results from all methods are in good agreement with each other, with the simulation and experimental centerline pressures being within 1% of each other. As the optical thickness of the gas is very low in the experimental case, the numerical method is used to generate a Schlieren image to analyze the shock structure.
Influence of the channel inclination on the exchange flow and vorticity transport characteristics in a regenerative flow pump
Authors: Li Qianqian , Lou Xiao , Tang Deli , Zhao Guoshou , Bie Fengfeng , Lu Yi , Wu Peng
Published: October 2024

To enhance the overall performance of regenerative flow pump (RFP) to achieve efficient and stable operation over a broad range, this paper employs numerical simulation to study the internal flow conditions of RFP models with three different inclination coefficients (Ic = −0.25, Ic = 0, Ic = 0.25). The analysis focuses on the pressure distribution, energy exchange, velocity variation, and vorticity distribution characteristics within the impeller and channel. The comparison indicates that at Ic = −0.25 with an outward channel, the flow within the pump is stabilized, and the rate of pressure growth and exchange intensity are increased. When Ic = 0 with a semi-circular channel and Ic = 0.25 with an inward channel, there are narrower flow space at the channel's outer diameter, impeding effective fluid motion along the channel and inducing chaotic flow. This condition escalates flow losses and adversely affects the hydraulic performance of the RFP. Additionally, the analysis based on the vorticity transport equation reveals that the Coriolis force term significantly contributes to the generation and transport of vortex in the impeller, while the vortex stretching term dominates the transport of vortex in the channel.
Numerical investigation on the influence of porous media structural parameters on pool boiling heat transfer performance
Authors: Lou Qin , Zhao Ziqing , He Shu , Li Ling
Published: October 2024

This work investigates pool boiling heat transfer (BHT) and bubble dynamics from a porous medium. The influence of the porous media structural parameters, such as porosity, pore density, porous medium height, thermal conductivity, and wettability, are mainly investigated. The findings indicate that the presence of porous media can increase the critical heat flux (CHF) by an average of 3.75 times and the BHT coefficient by an average of 3.84 times when porosity varies between 57.5% and 98.0% as compared to the plain surface. It is also found that both the CHF and BHT coefficient increase as the porosity decreases if porosity ε≥71.4%. However, they drop with the porosity decreases if porosity ε≤71.4%. On the other hand, the number of nucleation sites, heat transfer area, and bubble escape resistance increase as pore density increases. In addition, increasing the porous media height may enhance BHT performance, but too high a porous media increases the bubble escape resistance and restricts the separation of bubbles. Moreover, the CHF value and the maximum BHT coefficient increase with the thermal conductivity of porous media linearly. Finally, the stronger the wettability, the faster the bubble detachment, and the stronger the BHT performance.
Wave breaking, dispersive shock wave, and phase shift for the defocusing complex modified KdV equation
Authors: Huang Ya-Hui , Guo Rui
Published: October 2024

We study the problem of wave breaking for a simple wave propagating to a quiescent medium in the framework of the defocusing complex modified KdV (cmKdV) equation. It is assumed that a cubic root singularity is formed at the wave-breaking point. The dispersive regularization of wave breaking leads to the generation of a dispersive shock wave (DSW). We describe the DSW as a modulated periodic wave in the framework of the Gurevich–Pitaevskii approach based on the Whitham modulation theory. The generalized hodograph method is used to solve the Whitham equations, and the boundaries of the DSW are found. Most importantly, we determine the correct phase shift for the DSW from the generalized phase relationships and the modified Gurevich–Pitaevskii matching conditions, so that a complete description of the DSW is obtained rather than just its envelope. All of our analytical predictions agree well with the numerical simulations.
Improvement of thermal damage resistance of SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ persistent phosphor by a low temperature pre-annealing and its mechanism
Authors: Chen Dongshun , Zhou Tianyuan , Zhang Le , Tian Wen , Zhang Xinyuan , Shi Chaofan , Wang Hongsen , Zhou Zihan , Huang Baojin , Strek Wieslaw , Chen Hao
Published: October 2024

SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ as an excellent persistent phosphor has been widely applied in many fields. However, the high temperature induced thermal failure has always been a bottleneck problem restricting its long-term development. In this study, a simple pre-annealing method was utilized to improve the thermal damage resistance ability of SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ persistent phosphors. After annealing at 900 °C, the afterglow duration time of the phosphor pre-annealed at 400 °C reached 233 min, which was twice longer than that of the phosphor without pre-annealing. An extrinsic vacancy defect migration theory at an elevated temperature was proposed to explain the interesting phenomenon. This study introduced a path to enhance the thermal stability of SrAl2O4:Eu2+, Dy3+ persistent phosphors and provided a thought to design persistent luminescence materials with desired thermal stability.
Comparison of thermal cameras and human observers to estimate population density of fallow deer (Dama dama) from aerial surveys in Tasmania, Australia
Authors: Lethbridge Mark R. , Sharp Andy , Shute Elen , Freeman Ellen
Published: October 2024

Context The population of introduced fallow deer (Dama dama) is thought to have increased exponentially across much of the island of Tasmania, Australia, since 2000. Historically, deer management decisions have relied on population trend data from vehicular spotlight surveys. Renewed focus on the contemporary management of the species requires development of more robust and precise population estimation methodology. Aims This study demonstrates two aerial survey methods – conventional counts by trained human observers, and thermal imaging footage recorded during the same flights – to inform future survey practices. Methods Conventional counts were carried out by three observers, two seated on the left side of the helicopter, and one on the right. A high-resolution thermal camera was fitted to the helicopter and was orientated to meet the assumptions of distance sampling methodologies. Both survey methods were used to generate deer population density estimates. Spatial distribution of deer was also analysed in relation to patches of remnant native vegetation across an agricultural landscape. Mark–recapture distance sampling was used to estimate density from human observer counts and provide a comparison to the distance sampling estimates derived from the thermal camera. Key results Human observer counts gave a density estimate of 2.7 deer per km2, while thermal camera counts provided an estimate of 2.8 deer per km2. Deer population density estimates calculated via both methods were similar, but variability of the thermal camera estimate (coefficient of variation (CV) of 36%) was unacceptably high. Human observer data was within acceptable bounds of variability (CV, 19%). The estimated population size in central and north-eastern Tasmania for 2019 approximated 53,000 deer. Deer were primarily congregated within 200 metres of the interface between canopy cover and open pasture. Conclusions The population density estimate provides a baseline for monitoring and managing the Tasmanian deer population. Human observer data was more precise than thermal camera data in this study, but thermal counts could be improved by reducing sources of variability. Implications Improvements for the collection of thermal imagery are recommended. Future control efforts may be more efficient if they preferentially target habitat edges at this time of year, paired with random or grid-based searches where population density is lower.
Hopping and crawling DNA-coated colloids
Authors: Zheng Jeana Aojie , Holmes-Cerfon Miranda , Pine David J. , Marbach Sophie
Published: October 2024

Understanding the motion of particles with multivalent ligand-receptors is important for biomedical applications and material design. Yet, even among a single design, the prototypical DNA-coated colloids, seemingly similar micrometric particles hop or roll, depending on the study. We shed light on this problem by observing DNA-coated colloids diffusing near surfaces coated with complementary strands for a wide array of coating designs. We find colloids rapidly switch between 2 modes: They hop—with long and fast steps—and crawl—with short and slow steps. Both modes occur at all temperatures around the melting point and over various designs. The particles become increasingly subdiffusive as temperature decreases, in line with subsequent velocity steps becoming increasingly anticorrelated, corresponding to switchbacks in the trajectories. Overall, crawling (or hopping) phases are more predominant at low (or high) temperatures; crawling is also more efficient at low temperatures than hopping to cover large distances. We rationalize this behavior within a simple model: At lower temperatures, the number of bound strands increases, and detachment of all bonds is unlikely, hence, hopping is prevented and crawling favored. We thus reveal the mechanism behind a common design rule relying on increased strand density for long-range self-assembly: Dense strands on surfaces are required to enable crawling, possibly facilitating particle rearrangements.
Giving space for self-direction
Authors: Kornfeld Laurenz
Published: October 2024

This article examines the sanctioning of problem behavior during family breakfasts. Such sanctionings are commonly
initiated with declarative TCUs. These declarative TCUs work as a vehicle for flagging the problem, and thereby occasion behavior
modification ‘indirectly’. While declaratives canonically ‘inform’, it will be shown that not all declarative TCUs in sanctioning
turns are well analyzed as ‘informing’. What they share is an orientation to the wrongdoer’s agency: They give space for the other
person to adjust their behavior ‘themselves’, without having been told to. The prioritization of flagging a problem (as opposed to
telling the other what to do) is explored on the basis of sanctioning moves that are built with both an imperative and a
declarative TCU. Both distributional and qualitative (self-repair) data support the analysis of a preference for self-direction
(Hepburn, 2020). Data are in German and come from the Parallel European
Corpus of Informal Interaction.
Editorial: Tourism in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) – Changes, Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Mura Paolo , Alazaizeh Mohammad
Published: October 2024

Information

© The Authors 2024
Physics-guided full waveform inversion using Encoder-Solver convolutional neural networks
Authors: Goren Matan M , Treister Eran
Published: October 2024

Full Waveform Inversion (FWI) is an inverse problem for estimating the wave velocity distribution in a given domain, based on observed data on the boundaries. The inversion is computationally demanding because we are required to solve multiple forward problems, either in time or frequency domains, to simulate data that are then iteratively fitted to the observed data. We consider FWI in the frequency domain, where the Helmholtz equation is used as a forward model, and its repeated solution is the main computational bottleneck of the inversion process. To ease this cost, we integrate a learning process of an Encoder-Solver preconditioner that is based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The Encoder-Solver is trained to effectively precondition the discretized Helmholtz operator given velocity medium parameters. Then, by re-training the CNN between the iterations of the optimization process, the Encoder-Solver is adapted to the iteratively evolving velocity medium as part of the inversion. Without retraining, the performance of the solver deteriorates as the medium changes. Using our light retraining procedures, we obtain the forward simulations effectively throughout the process. We demonstrate our approach to solving FWI problems using 2D geophysical models with high-frequency data.
Realization of topological Bragg and locally resonant interface states in one-dimensional metamaterial beam-resonator-foundation system
Authors: Zhang Hanqing , Tang Lihua , Hu Guobiao , Li Yingli , Aw Kean
Published: October 2024

In this study, the one-dimensional (1D) metamaterial beam-foundation system is innovatively improved into a metamaterial beam-resonator-foundation system by inserting resonators into the elastic foundation for ultra-low frequency vibration attenuation and enhanced topological energy trapping. Abundant band gap characteristics are obtained including quasi-static band gap starting from 0 Hz, Bragg scattering band gaps (BSBGs), and local resonance band gaps (LRBGs). Five band folding points are obtained through the band folding mechanism which can be opened by tuning inner and outer resonance parameters. However, only three band folding induced band gaps support mode inversion and Zak phase transition, including one BSBG and two LRBGs. The topological inversion in LRBGs is rarely reported in the 1D mechanical system, which can induce topological locally resonant interface states. The underlying physical mechanism of the topological phase transition in LRBG is revealed, which results from the topological inversion band gap transition from an initial BSBG to a LRBG with resonance parameters changes. Different from conventional 1D topological metamaterials that merely utilize local resonance to lower the band frequency and achieve subwavelength topological states in BSBGs, the topological interface states in LRBGs can localize wave energy to fewer unit cells near the interface, exhibiting enhanced energy localization capacity. The topologically protected interface states are validated with defective cases, demonstrating the potential of topological metamaterials for robust energy harvesting. This study provides new insights into the topological theory of 1D mechanical systems and contributes to the development and implementation of multi-functional devices integrating vibration attenuation and energy trapping.
High-responsivity photoelectrochemical ultraviolet photodetector based on SnO2 nanosheets-Ga2O3
Authors: Chen Haoyan , Huang Yucheng , Yao Rihui , Zhang Kangping , Guo Chenxiao , Liu Dingrong , Hou Mingyue , Deng Zeneng , Ning Honglong , Peng Junbiao
Published: October 2024

Tin oxide (SnO2) has garnered significant attention for its high spectral selectivity when used as an ultraviolet photodetector (PD). In this study, SnO2 nanosheets (NSs) were synthesized via a hydrothermal method, followed by spin-coating a layer of Ga2O3 thin film to construct a heterojunction photoelectrochemical ultraviolet PD (PEC UV PD). Initially, we investigated the effect of precursor composition on the properties of the Ga2O3 thin films. It was observed that the thickness of the films increased with higher precursor concentrations, while the optical bandgap decreased. Based on these findings, we successfully fabricated the SnO2 NSs-Ga2O3 PEC UV PD. Electrochemical analysis revealed that as the precursor concentration used for spin-coating Ga2O3 increased, the device’s responsivity and detectivity initially increased and then decreased. After optimization, the device prepared with a 0.2 M Ga(NO3)3 solution spin-coated on SnO2 exhibited excellent spectral selectivity (R
265nm/R
420nm ∼ 4472), a responsivity of 4.86 mA W−1, and a detectivity of 2.72 × 109 Jones. This study demonstrates that coating Ga2O3 is an effective approach to constructing high-performance SnO2-based UV PDs.
The Scope of Perception
Authors: Stroud Barry
Published: October 2024

This chapter draws out the sceptical implications of an overly restrictive conception of the scope of perception (see chapter 3) and asks whether that conception can be proved to be incorrect. Kant’s transcendental idealism offers such a proof; but we can accept it only at the cost of endorsing idealism. A more modest type of transcendental argument exploits Kant’s insight that making judgements of a certain kind can be a necessary condition of making judgements of a certain other kind, while nonetheless eschewing idealism. Such an argument can show, not that the overly restrictive conception of perception is false, but that it cannot be consistently embraced by anyone who also believes that we have knowledge of the world through perception. For you cannot consistently claim to believe something while also accepting something that implies that the thing you say you believe is not true. That would be just like the agent in Moore’s paradox, who asserts both ‘I believe it is raining’ and ‘It is not raining’.
Seeing and Thereby Knowing
Authors: Pfisterer Christoph C
Published: October 2024

Understanding the relation between perception and knowledge is an intricate affair if only because profound questions can arise at both ends. What, if anything, can we know by perception? And what knowledge, if any, do we need to have in order to perceive? The aim of the chapter is not so much to try and answer these traditional questions as to examine the way they converge in the later work of Barry Stroud. I think Stroud is perfectly right that in order to know the things we know by perception we must be capable of perceiving that such-and-such is so. However, the explanation of this fundamental perceptual capacity is prone to an understanding, according to which propositional perception can be analysed by means of objectual perception. Based on a comparison with Fred Dretske’s definition of ‘propositional seeing’, I argue that this is a mistake resulting from the ill-founded belief that propositional seeing is not perceptual. Relatedly, I also address the question of whether propositional seeing just is a way of knowing, dispelling Quassim Cassam’s concern that propositional seeing without objectual seeing is explanatorily idle.
Appearances, Perceptual Knowledge, and Self-Knowledge
Authors: Soldati Gianfranco
Published: October 2024

This chapter articulates a view about perceptual appearances, perceptual knowledge, and self-knowledge that rests on the assumption that in perceptual experiences we are directly aware of appearances, the ways things appear in certain contextual circumstances. In perceptual knowledge, appearances are not treated as evidence used in order to infer something about the world, but as manifestations of the very facts one gains perceptual knowledge about. A perceptual judgement of the form ‘a is F’ is justified by the fact that an object appears ∂ because under normal circumstances ∂ is the manifestation of the fact that a is F. The self-attribution of perceptual experiences involves the capacity to use the reasons they make available for judgement. Knowledge of one’s own perceptual experiences is not based on introspective evidence.
Perception, Perceptual Knowledge, and Perceptual Self-Knowledge
Authors: Campbell Lucy
Published: October 2024

Generally speaking, three distinct phenomena tend to hang together in human perception: perceiving that p, knowing that p, and knowing that one is perceiving that p. This chapter considers how these phenomena are related. I argue that understanding them in the context of a ‘Two-Tier’ epistemological framework, which I have developed in earlier work, automatically delivers an account of these relationships. In short, both perceptual knowledge (that p) and perceptual self-knowledge (that I am perceiving that p) are—in different ways, and for different reasons—explanatorily (but not epistemically) grounded in perceiving that p. The explanation turns in part on understanding perceptual self-knowledge as an aspect of our capacity for rational expression of our states of epistemic perception. We can get a feel for the nature of this capacity, I suggest, by focussing on its exercise in basic invitations to joint perceptual attention.
Sudden death in epilepsy: the overlap between cardiac and neurological factors
Authors: Shlobin Nathan A , Thijs Roland D , Benditt David G , Zeppenfeld Katja , Sander Josemir W
Published: October 2024

People with epilepsy are at risk of premature death, of which sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), sudden cardiac death (SCD) and sudden arrhythmic death syndrome (SADS) are the primary, partly overlapping, clinical scenarios. We discuss the epidemiologies, risk factors and pathophysiological mechanisms for these sudden death events. We reviewed the existing evidence on sudden death in epilepsy. Classification of sudden death depends on the presence of autopsy and expertise of the clinician determining aetiology. The definitions of SUDEP, SCD and SADS lead to substantial openings for overlap. Seizure-induced arrhythmias constitute a minority of SUDEP cases. Comorbid cardiovascular conditions are the primary determinants of increased SCD risk in chronic epilepsy. Genetic mutations overlap between the states, yet whether these are causative, associated or incidentally present is often unclear. Risk stratification for sudden death in people with epilepsy requires a multidisciplinary approach, including a review of clinical history, toxicological analysis and complete autopsy with histologic and, preferably, genetic examination. We recommend pursuing genetic testing of relatives of people with epilepsy who died suddenly, mainly if a post-mortem genetic test contained a Class IV/V (pathogenic/likely pathogenic) gene variant. Further research may allow more precise differentiation of SUDEP, SCD and SADS and the development of algorithms for risk stratification and preventative strategies.
Community development, the carceral state and the necessary challenge of penal abolitionism
Authors: Kiely Elizabeth , Meade Rosie R , Swirak Katharina
Published: October 2024

This article introduces and explains the key concerns that have informed and inspired this Special Issue of the Community Development Journal. It sees punishment and prisons as troubling issues for community development despite the comparative lack of attention they have received in the journal to date. The article acknowledges that the specific forms that punishment, incarceration and their alternatives take have profound implications for the lives people live in communities; but that those forms of punishment, as well as resistances to them, are also shaped by collective activism and actors operating from, on, through or on behalf of communities, both real and imagined. We reflect on changing conceptions of the carceral state, positing that ‘carceral community development’ is playing an increasingly prominent role in the extension, outsourcing and normalization of punishment internationally. Against such tendencies, we consider the potential for abolitionist theory and practice to contribute to a critically self-reflexive community development that is committed to anti-carceral or de-carceral futures, and to the building of concrete forms of community in the here and now.
Leveraging metabolism for better outcomes in heart failure
Authors: Ng Yann Huey , Koay Yen Chin , Marques Francine Z , Kaye David M , O’Sullivan John F
Published: October 2024

Whilst metabolic inflexibility and substrate constraint have been observed in heart failure for many years, their exact causal role remains controversial. In parallel, many of our fundamental assumptions about cardiac fuel use are now being challenged like never before. For example, the emergence of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor therapy as one of the four ‘pillars’ of heart failure therapy is causing a revisit of metabolism as a key mechanism and therapeutic target in heart failure. Improvements in the field of cardiac metabolomics will lead to a far more granular understanding of the mechanisms underpinning normal and abnormal human cardiac fuel use, an appreciation of drug action, and novel therapeutic strategies. Technological advances and expanding biorepositories offer exciting opportunities to elucidate the novel aspects of these metabolic mechanisms. Methodologic advances include comprehensive and accurate substrate quantitation such as metabolomics and stable-isotope fluxomics, improved access to arterio-venous blood samples across the heart to determine fuel consumption and energy conversion, high quality cardiac tissue biopsies, biochemical analytics, and informatics. Pairing these technologies with recent discoveries in epigenetic regulation, mitochondrial dynamics, and organ-microbiome metabolic crosstalk will garner critical mechanistic insights in heart failure. In this state-of-the-art review, we focus on new metabolic insights, with an eye on emerging metabolic strategies for heart failure. Our synthesis of the field will be valuable for a diverse audience with an interest in cardiac metabolism.
Lateral atrial septal defect closure with induced ventricular fibrillation versus cardioplegic arrest
Authors: Carstens Henning , Biermann Daniel , Sachweh Jörg , Munz Martin , Hüners Ida , Kozlik-Feldmann Rainer , Hübler Michael
Published: October 2024

Minimally invasive surgical closure of atrial septal defects is gaining widespread acceptance and can be performed via a right midaxillary thoracotomy. In addition, the procedure can be performed in ischaemic cardiac arrest or fibrillation with a core body temperature between 34°C and 36°C.

OBJECTIVES

We present our single-centre results of paediatric patients who underwent surgical atrial septal defect II closure via lateral thoracotomy.

METHODS

Retrospective analysis. Patients were divided into a cardiac arrest group and a cardiac fibrillation group. All procedures were performed via right midaxillary thoracotomy through a single incision without side ports.

RESULTS

All 37 consecutive patients between March 2019 and August 2022 (median age 3 years; percentile 25th: 2; 75th: 5 years) in both groups were free of mortality and postoperative morbidity such as haemodynamically relevant residual shunt or malignant arrhythmias. Cardiopulmonary bypass time was significantly shorter in the fibrillation group (mean: 34.7 min vs 52.6 min, P = 0.01), and all patients were weaned off the ventilator immediately postoperatively. Length of the intensive care unit stay was not different between the 2 groups. Postoperative hospital stay was significantly longer in patients with cardiac arrest (mean: 5.6 days vs 4.9 days, P = 0.04). Postoperative laboratory parameters did not differ between the 2 groups. All patients were discharged with normal left ventricular function and normalized cardiac enzymes.

CONCLUSIONS

Minimally invasive closure of an atrial septal defect during atrial fibrillation is a safe procedure with results comparable to those of an induced cardiac arrest procedure.
Algebraic Aspects and Functoriality of the Set of Affiliated Operators
Authors: Ghosh Indrajit , Nayak Soumyashant
Published: October 2024

In this article, we aim to provide a satisfactory algebraic description of the set of affiliated operators for von Neumann algebras. Let $\mathscr{M}$ be a von Neumann algebra acting on a Hilbert space $\mathcal{H}$, and let $\mathscr{M}_{\text{aff}}$ denote the set of unbounded operators of the form $T = AB^{\dagger }$ for $A, B \in \mathscr{M}$ with $\text{null} (B) \subseteq \text{null} (A)$, where $(\cdot )^{\dagger }$ denotes the Kaufman inverse. We show that $\mathscr{M}_{\text{aff}}$ is closed under sum, product, Kaufman-inverse, and adjoint, and has the structure of a (right) near-semiring. Moreover, the above quotient representation of an operator in $\mathscr{M}_{\text{aff}}$ is essentially unique. Thus, we may view $\mathscr{M}_{\text{aff}}$ as the multiplicative monoid of unbounded operators on $\mathcal{H}$ generated by $\mathscr{M}$ and $\mathscr{M}^{\dagger }$. We further show that our definition of affiliation, as reflected in $\mathscr{M}_{\text{aff}}$, subsumes the traditional one. Let $\Phi $ be a unital normal *-homomorphism between represented von Neumann algebras $(\mathscr{M}; \mathcal{H})$ and $(\mathscr{N}; \mathcal{K})$. Using the quotient representation, we obtain a canonical extension of $\Phi $ to a mapping $\Phi _{\text{aff}}: \mathscr{M}_{\text{aff}} \to \mathscr{N}_{\text{aff}}$ which is a near-semiring homomorphism that respects Kaufman-inverse and adjoint; in addition, $\Phi _{\text{aff}}$ respects Murray–von Neumann affiliation of operators and also respects strong sum and strong product. Thus, $\mathscr{M}_{\text{aff}}$ is intrinsically associated with $\mathscr{M}$ and transforms functorially as we change representations of $\mathscr{M}$. Furthermore, $\Phi _{\text{aff}}$ preserves operator properties such as being symmetric, or positive, or accretive, or sectorial, or self-adjoint, or normal, and also preserves the Friedrichs and Krein–von Neumann extensions of densely defined closed positive operators. As a proof of concept, we transfer some well-known results about closed unbounded operators to the setting of closed affiliated operators for properly infinite von Neumann algebras, via “abstract nonsense”.
Infective endocarditis caused by penicillin-resistant viridans group streptococci: a series of nine cases from a Spanish cohort
Authors: Escrihuela-Vidal Francesc , Fernández-Hidalgo Núria , Muñoz Patricia , Villamarín Miguel , Jiménez García Nicolás , Escudero Encarnación Moral , Martínez Marcos Francisco Javier , Cuervo Guillermo , Boix-Palop Lucía , Berbel Dámaris , Carratalà Jordi , Miró Jose M
Published: October 2024

Background

Infective endocarditis (IE) caused by viridans and gallolyticus group streptococci (VGS-GGS) resistant to penicillin (PEN-R; minimum inhibitory concentration ≥4 mg/L) is rare but poses therapeutic challenges.

Objectives

To describe the characteristics of patients with IE caused by PEN-R VGS-GGS, focusing on antimicrobial management.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort of definite IE caused by PEN-R VGS-GGS between 2008 and 2023 in 40 Spanish hospitals. We describe clinical characteristics, management and outcome of the cases, and compare them to IE caused by VGS-GGS with susceptibility or susceptibility with increased exposure to penicillin (PEN-I).

Results

We identified nine cases of PEN-R VGS-GGS IE in a cohort of 1563 streptococcal IE (0.58%). All isolates belonged to S. mitis group. Three cases died during hospitalization and no relapse occurred at 3 months of follow-up. Compared to cases with susceptibility or PEN-I, PEN-R showed a higher rate of mitral location (78% versus 51%), surgical indication (67% versus 51%), and in-hospital mortality (33% versus 12%). Most cases (86%) showed resistance to third-generation cephalosporins. The preferred antibiotic regimen was beta-lactam-based: ceftriaxone plus gentamicin, penicillin plus gentamicin, ceftriaxone plus levofloxacin, and ceftaroline plus daptomycin. Two cases received a combination of vancomycin plus gentamicin. Levofloxacin was used in two cases in combination with ceftriaxone or daptomycin. All patients that received cardiac surgery were cured at the end of follow-up.

Conclusions

IE caused by PEN-R VGS-GGS was rare and only affected mitis group streptococci. Antibiotic combination including a beta-lactam seems to be effective in its management.
Ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae detected in England, 2015–24: an observational analysis
Authors: Fifer Helen , Doumith Michel , Rubinstein Luciana , Mitchell Laura , Wallis Mark , Singh Selena , Jagjit Singh Gurmit , Rayment Michael , Evans-Jones John , Blume Alison , Dosekun Olamide , Poon Kenny , Nori Achyuta , Day Michaela , Pitt-Kendall Rachel , Sun Suzy , Narayanan Prarthana , Callan Emma , Vickers Anna , Minshull Jack , Bennet Kirsty F , Johnson James E C , Saunders John , Alexander Sarah , Mohammed Hamish , Woodford Neil , Sinka Katy , Cole Michelle
Published: October 2024

Objectives

Since June 2022, there has been a rise in the number of ceftriaxone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae cases detected in England (n = 15), of which a third were XDR. We describe the demographic and clinical details of the recent cases and investigate the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of the isolates. For a comprehensive overview, we also reviewed 16 ceftriaxone-resistant cases previously identified in England since December 2015 and performed a global genomic comparison of all publicly available ceftriaxone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae strains with mosaic penA alleles.

Methods

All N. gonorrhoeae isolates resistant to ceftriaxone (MIC > 0.125 mg/L) were whole-genome sequenced and compared with 142 global sequences of ceftriaxone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae. Demographic, behavioural and clinical data were collected.

Results

All cases were heterosexual, and most infections were associated with travel from the Asia-Pacific region. However, some had not travelled outside England within the previous few months. There were no ceftriaxone genital treatment failures, but three of five pharyngeal infections and the only rectal infection failed treatment. The isolates represented 13 different MLST STs, and most had the mosaic penA-60.001 allele. The global genomes clustered into eight major phylogroups, with regional associations. All XDR isolates belonged to the same phylogroup, represented by MLST ST16406.

Conclusions

Most cases of ceftriaxone-resistant N. gonorrhoeae detected in England were associated with travel from the Asia-Pacific region. All genital infections were successfully treated with ceftriaxone, but there were extragenital treatment failures. Ceftriaxone resistance continues to be associated with the penA-60.001 allele within multiple genetic backgrounds and with widespread dissemination in the Asia-Pacific region.
Pollution for promotion
Authors: Jia Ruixue
Published: October 2024

This article provides evidence on the impact of political incentives on the environment using the case of China’s pollution during 1993–2010. Exploring variation in governors’ connections with key officials in the center, I document that gaining connections increases pollution (measured by satellite and official data). I also find that connected governors increase coal-fired power production more when less precipitation makes it more difficult to rely on hydropower. These results highlight the importance that career incentives play in influencing environmental outcomes, and they propose a potential pathway for mitigating environmental challenges through the recalibration of political incentives. (JEL D74, H11, Q53).
Mechanism of Guishao Yigong decoction in treating colorectal cancer based on network pharmacology and experimental validation
Authors: Fan Yuwen , Wang Quyi , Zhang Yun , Wang Yu , Li Wenwen , Jiang Shu , Duan Ji-nao
Published: October 2024

Objectives

To explore the effective components of Guishao Yigong decoction (GYD) in the treatment of colorectal cancer and reveal its potential mechanism of action.

Methods

Through network pharmacology, the main target and signaling pathway of GYD therapy for colorectal cancer (CRC) were found. Subsequently, the effect of GYD was verified by in vitro cell viability measurements, colony formation, and scratch healing tests. The effects of GYD on metabolic pathways in vivo were found through plasma metabolomics. Finally, flow cytometry and qPCR experiments were used to verify the cycle-blocking effect of GYD on CRC cells.

Key findings

Based on the network pharmacological analysis and molecular docking technology, it was found that GYD could restrain the growth of CRC cells by affecting lipid metabolic pathways and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. A series of cell experiments showed that GYD could inhibit the proliferation, migration and clonogenic ability of CRC cells. Furthermore, the plasma metabolomics results showed that GYD could affect the production of unsaturated fatty acids in mice. Flow cytometry and qPCR experiments further proved that GYD blocked the CRC cells in the G1 phase and modulated the expression of cell cycle-related targets, such as AKT, TP53, CDKN1A, and CDK2.

Conclusions

All the results indicated that GYD could regulate the related metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids. Thus, the cell cycle was blocked and the expressions of the key proteins such as AKT and TP53 were regulated, which achieved the purpose of intervention in colorectal cancer.
Q&A: Ji-Hyun Lee
Authors: Britten Anna
Published: October 2024

The University of Florida professor of biostatistics will serve as president of the American Statistical Association (ASA) for 2025
Prolonged eosinophilia caused by Strongyloidiasis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with upadacitinib
Authors: Barešić Marko , Kilić Paula , Balen Topić Mirjana , Anić Branimir
Published: October 2024

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic disease, which is caused by dysregulation of the immune system in the ‘susceptible’ persons, making them immunocompromised and prone to infections during the course of their disease. The majority of RA patients are being treated with immunosuppressive drugs which render them even more immunocompromised. We present a Caucasian patient living in South-eastern Europe who developed prolonged eosinophilia during the treatment of RA with upadacitinib. After a comprehensive work-up, she was diagnosed with strongyloidiasis, although she was living in non-endemic region of the world. We emphasise the importance of regular follow-up for immunocompromised patients and raise awareness of not only typical but also atypical infections that can occur during the course of the disease.