bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Competitive intelligence at motorola
Authors: Galvin Robert H.
Published: July 2007

In the fall issue (vol. 7, no. 3), we presented a symposium drawn from the panel discussions at the SCIP/Rutgers University CEO Roundtable on Competitive Intelligence, held last year in New York City. During that historic gathering, some of the CEO participants advocated in favor of establishing dedicated competitive intelligence units staffed by CI professionals and headed by a Competitive Intelligence Officer. Others favored more loosely structured efforts, in some cases simply having operating departments and staff contribute information into an accessible database. Robert Galvin, the chairman of the Executive Committee of Motorola, Inc. and one of the pioneers of modern corporate competitive intelligence (Motorola's Business Intelligence system is recognized by many as the most advanced operation of its kind), listened to the discussion and then took the podium, where he spoke adamantly in favor of CI as a professionally staffed effort, with an intelligence program that is both centralized and widely disbursed throughout the company. Below, we provide an excerpt of his remarks. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Face to face: Getting international ci through in‐person interviews
Authors: Peabody Nora H.
Published: July 2007

Primary research on global competitors, when gathered through in‐person interviews, is likely to yield information far more valuable than data collected via secondary sources or through telephone interviews and thus prove more cost effective in the long run. In‐person interviewing can overcome language and cultural barriers, promote empathy, and allow for the observation of body language and interpersonal dynamics that may prove revealing. Interviews, well planned and scheduled in advance of the trip, can be conducted directly with competitors or with sources who are part of the target's business environment, such as customers, suppliers, and associates. An exchange of potentially useful information can help motivate potential sources to agree to an interview. Interviewees speaking with you in your language, rather than their own, may share more information than they intended, since they are usually less able to shade their responses with the subtlety available when they speak their native tongue. The author discusses interview techniques and provides a case study showing how well‐executed in‐person interviews not only disclosed an overseas competitor's business beliefs and market assumptions, but divulged the firm's unannounced plans to radically change its strategic direction. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Sustainability analysis for competitive intelligence: Success factors for the new economy
Authors: Hidding Gezinus J. , Williams Jeffrey R.
Published: July 2007

Sustainability Analysis is a new method in competitive strategy that incorporates the different effects of time on the creation and erosion of business advantage. In the new Information Age economy, the speed at which products move through their life cycles has accelerated. Sustainability Analysis takes obsolescence as a given and recasts traditional strategic thinking into “action‐reaction cycles” at the product level, providing better measures for understanding the competitive stance of a particular product over time. Such measures include product economic half‐life: the amount of time it takes for marginal profit per unit to drop to one‐half of the peak amount. Sustainability Analysis can provide early warnings of changing “rules of the game,” especially in complex (“hybrid”) or shifting (“transition”) businesses. As Sustainability Analysis expands traditional thinking, existing CI measures and data may be interpreted in multiple ways, depending on the action‐reaction cycle of a given product. CI thus become more relevant to strategic decision making. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Competitive knowledge management: You can't reengineer what never mas engineered in the first place
Authors: Powell Tim
Published: July 2007

Competitive Knowledge Management (CKM)—which recognizes competitive intelligence as a core aspect of knowledge management—is most likely to succeed when developed as an initiative coordinated across business units. This allows competitive knowledge already existing in companies to be effectively exploited for competitive advantage. Viewing CKM as a business process rather than a stand‐alone operation allows traditional business functions to play a key role in the core CKM mission—bringing information and intelligence to strategic decision makers. The problem: these functions typically operate as organizational fiefdoms, rarely coordinating with each other regarding intelligence. Often, intelligence efforts have never been engineered with an overall vision of a company‐wide competitive knowledge process. The author discusses basic principles for managing a business process and suggests how these can be used in the context of CKM. He proposes as a CKM process model a “superagency” that would act as the central nervous system of the corporation, and suggests how the current CI model could evolve, stage by stage, into a CKM superagency. He further notes that integrated CKM requires coordination along four dimensions to be effective. He proposed that the CKM process owner be a corporate officer (the Chief Knowledge Officer), and describes the characteristics of that role. Finally, he offers a general method that can be used to speed the development of a competitive knowledge process, and advises how to surmount the attitudinal hurdles of a resistant corporate culture. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CI and market risk/complexity: Results from an australian survey
Authors: Hall Chris , Bensoussan Babette
Published: July 2007

This article reports on a survey of competitive intelligence as used by a representative cross‐section of Australian firms, examining possible relationships between CI usage, levels of market risk and complexity, management information needs, and the competitive environment. Australia is believed representative of post‐industrial economies, combining a diverse and sophisticated market with high exposure to international competition. The survey found that, as expected, CI usage is higher in markets where exposure to risk is greater, but this linkage varies significantly between, and even within, industries. Management perceptions and awareness of information needs have a major effect on CI usage. While improved CI “processes” had the biggest effect on improving perceived competitiveness in industries such as Retail/Wholesale and Transportation, in other industries increasing the number of CI “sources” was more likely to be associated with improved competitiveness. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ethical issues in competitive intelligence practice: Consensus, conflicts, and challenges
Authors: Treviño Linda Hlebe , Weaver Gary R.
Published: July 2007

This overview of the state of ethics in competitive intelligence practice is based on interviews the authors conducted with a diverse group of CI professionals. They found that while some organizations are addressing CI ethics quite seriously, most CI practitioners feel left on their own, relying on personal background and intuition to make tough ethical decisions. Current ethical guidance is too vague to be truly helpful. Moreover, support from employers, industry groups, and the CI profession is needed to counteract pressures and incentives to overstep ethical boundaries. The authors' analysis identifies a number of ambiguous issues and conflicting expectations for which there is currently no consensus within the profession, such as misrepresentation that occurs by omission (rather than commission). Another area of concern involves consultants and the potential for conflicts of interest in their work. Finally, the authors offer a number of recommendations for supporting ethical CI practice. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Technology watch and competitive intelligence: The european way
Authors: Dou Henri Jean‐Marie
Published: July 2007

The European approach to competitive intelligence differs in many respects that the North American. Below, Professor Henri Jean‐Marie Dou, who has created and led CI degree programs in French universities, most notably at the CRRM Centre Scientifique de St. Jérǒme at the Université Aix‐Marseille III, provides a perspective on how “technology watch” and competitive intelligence are taught and practiced in Europe. The author provides an overview of recent French academic efforts and discusses common European methodologies for competitive intelligence gathering and analysis, © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Optical isolators for optical communication systems
Authors: Makio Satoshi , Takeda Shigeru , Sakano Shinji , Chinone Naoki
Published: July 2007

In large‐capacity, high‐speed and long‐distance optical communication systems, an optical isolator is one of the key devices for stable laser diode operation.

This paper discusses first the required characteristics of an optical isolator, and then features of its various types based on connection with surrounding optical circuit are described. Next, the stage of the art of the magnetooptical materials required for optical isolators and the magnetic circuit design are reviewed; and, finally, recent developments of optical isolator devices are reported.
0.98‐μm ingaas/gaas strained quantum well ridge waveguide lasers
Authors: Okayasu Masanobu , Takeshita Tatsuya , Kogure Osamu , Uehara Shingo
Published: July 2007

The 0.98‐μm InGaAs strained quantum well (QW) lasers have been fabricated. In these lasers, improvement in laser performances such as low threshold characteristic and applicability as a pumping source of Er‐doped fiber optical amplifiers are expected. The measured transparency current density and differential gain coefficient of the strained QW lasers show that they have a higher potential for low‐threshold current operation than conventional lattice‐matched GaAs QW lasers. A threshold current of 3.3 mA has been achieved in a ridge waveguide structure with high‐reflective facet coatings. A maximum output power of 85 mW and an external differential quantum efficiency of 62 percent have also been obtained by anti‐reflective and high‐reflective facet coatings.
A 2.2 gbit/s si bipolar 8 × 8 crosspoint switching LSI
Authors: Yamanaka Naoaki , Kikuchi Shiro , Suzuki Masao , Hirata Michihiro
Published: July 2007

A high‐speed 8 × 8 space‐division switching LSI has been developed for video and HDTV switching and broadcasting applications in the future B‐ISDN. The LSI employs a new circuit design and super self‐aligned process technology (SST−1A), and is switched successfully with a bit error rate of less than 10−9at 2.5 Gbit/s using a 29−1 pseudorandom NRZ sequence. Pulse jitter has been limited to less than 70 ps at 2.2 Gbit/s by utilizing a small internal voltage swing (225 mV) employing a differential CML cell. The LSI has an ECL‐compatible interface, −4.0 V and −2.0 V power supply voltages, and power dissipation of less than 997 mW. High‐speed address control memories (ACMs) are integrated mono‐lithically into the LSI, which can operate both synchronously and asynchronously.

Using several of these LSIs, a three‐stage switching network prototype system has been demonstrated. This network brings us closer to realizing a large‐scale, gigabit‐order, high‐speed switching network for B‐ISDN.
Spectral linewidth measurement of a GaAs/GaAlAs surface‐emitting laser
Authors: Tanobe Hiromasa , Koyama Fumio , Iga Kenichi
Published: July 2007

The spectral linewidth of a surface‐emitting laser under room temperature CW operation was measured by a delayed self‐homodyne method for the first time. The measured half‐value linewidth was 50 MHz under an optical output of 1.4 mW. This result was comparable to that of a conventional single‐mode stripe laser. When the cavity length was increased to 10 μ with the improvement of the reflectivity of the laser mirror, while maintaining the single‐mode operation, the spectral linewidth could be as narrow as 1 MHz.
Widely tunable optical‐fiber ring laser using high‐performance traveling wave amplifier
Authors: Oshiba Saeko , Nagai Kiyoshi , Kawahara Masato , Kawai Yoshio
Published: July 2007

A widely tunable optical‐fiber ring laser is fabricated using a traveling wave amplifier (TWA) and an optical‐fiber loop as the gain medium and the external cavity. The wavelength tuning in the wide range of more than 100 nm is obtained using a high‐performance TWA and a low‐loss external cavity.

The TWA is made by anti‐reflection (AR) coated on both facets of a VIPS (V‐grooved inner stripe laser on p‐substrate) laser with residual reflectivity less than 10−4∼ 10−6. The length of the TWA is optimized to obtain high gain peak. The gain distribution of more than 16 dB in the wavelength range of 100 nm and the high gain peak of 30 dB are achieved. As the external cavity structure, the use of a diffraction grating and a bandpass filter, as the wavelength selective elements, are investigated and compared with each other.

Hence, it is found that when the filter is used, the wavelength tuning range is about 10 nm wider than that of the grating and the fiber output power over 14 mW is achieved. The laser exhibits a very narrow linewidth of 15 kHz (longitudinal mode) and is believed to be a very useful source in optical communications if it is made to become a single‐mode one.
Gain analysis of multiple quantum well lasers with different well thickness
Authors: Kambayashi Toshio , Hosogane Akira , Enya Mitsuhiro
Published: July 2007

This paper reports a gain analysis of a quantum well laser with multiple quantum well with different well thickness. Since quantum energy levels corresponding to each well appear in a quantum well with different well thickness, it is possible to control to a certain extent the energy distribution of the electrons. This characteristic is used advantageously to control the gain profile of a quantum well laser. In this case, the individual quantum well structures are different and are mutually coupled. Also, since the quantum levels of the second‐ and higher‐order are used, the analysis must be carried out rigorously taking into account the wave nature of the electrons.

The laser theory based on the electron relaxation phenomenon has been developed with the wave nature of the electrons considered so that the gain equation is derived. As an example, a structural design has been carried out for low current operation of the oscillation wavelength switch and for flattening the gain profile. Excellent numerical results were obtained. A possibility for new applications of the quantum effect devices is expected.
Theoretical analysis and fundamental characteristics of triplate spiral inductors
Authors: Yabuki Hiroyuki , Makimoto Mitsuo
Published: July 2007

This paper presents a theoretical analysis and examples of triplate spiral inductors. The analysis is based on low‐frequency band transmission line theory, from which three different transmission line circuits are used to model the inductor. After obtaining the circuit impedances for different potential distributions, we deal with the high‐frequency problem using a model where the interline field couplings are simulated as lumped capacitances. Based on these techniques it is possible to investigate basic properties such as the inductances, self‐resonant frequencies and losses.

Triplate inductors may be used as three‐dimensional (3‐D) hybrid IC elements in the UHF band (0.3–3 GHz), for example, in broadband matching circuits, various filters, and decoupling circuits for power supply lines.
Capacitive absolute pressure sensors with hybrid structure
Authors: Esashi Masayosi , Shoji Shuichi , Wada Toshitada , Nagata Tomio
Published: July 2007

A capacitive pressure sensor with a reference pressure chamber for absolute pressure measurement was fabricated in a hybrid form. This paper describes the summary, fabrication process and characteristics. The fabricated sensor chip has dimensions of 4.5 × 3.4 × 0.9 mm3, a diaphragm area of 1.7 × 1.7 mm2, an electrode area of 1.5 × 1.5 mm2, a diaphragm thickness of 65 μm and a gap of 1.5 μm between the electrodes.

The principal characteristics are as follows: (1) since the pressure sensor chip and the capacitance detection IC chip are fabricated separately, the characteristics of both can easily be optimized and the fabrication is rather simple; (2) since the interior of the reference pressure chamber is hermetically sealed, the effect of humidity can be minimized; (3) since a thin p+ silicon cap is sealed using anodic bonding on the hole in the glass of the reference pressure chamber side, the terminal can be removed from the electrode on the glass side with a minimum parasitic capacitance to the silicon; and (4) the temperature characteristics of the pressure sensor can be minimized by changing the power supply voltage of the capacitance detection IC. The output sensitivity of the hybrid pressure sensor was −9.22 kHz/kgf/cm2, the nonlinearity was −5.3 percent F.S., the thermal zero shift was −3.1 percent F.S. (5 to 45d̀C) and the thermal sensitivity shift was 3.8 percent F.S. (5 to 45d̀C).
A method of recording holograms by means of multiple embossment: Experiment using an improved stamper
Authors: Ando Shigeru , Nakazawa Takaki , Sekine Seishi , Hoshi Katsuhiro , Mita Motohito
Published: July 2007

The results of the authors' previous experiment on multiembossed holograms using a stamper whose master model is an echelette grating revealed a requirement for signals (molded grating grooves with different orientation angles and constant spatial frequency) with relatively uniform diffraction efficiency and weakened unwanted diffraction. The requirement can be written as d'/d >> 1 where d' is the groove width and d is the grating constant [1].

In this paper, the molding of grating grooves using stampers (d'/d = 0.12) of square cross section which satisfy the condition and the recording of the multi‐embocsed hologram have been tested.

The uniformity of diffraction efficiency within one decade and the noise ratio (the ratio of the first‐order diffraction efficiencies of the unwanted diffraction and the signal) below 0.6 have been obtained with a multi‐embossed hologram (eight times). These characteristics are obtained by varying the value of the pressure when the temperature of the stamper is constant and are suited to the typewriter input type of recording. In addition, a suggestion for a stamper which is applicable to holographic memory for information retrieval is given (d'/d less than about 0.06).
Optical characteristics simulation of TFT addressed liquid crystal display
Authors: Ono Kikuo , Tanaka Takeshi , Konishi Nobutake , Ohwada Junichi
Published: July 2007

A simulator has been developed which can calculate optical characteristics of TFT addressed liquid crystal displays (LCDs) such as optical threshold voltage and contrast ratio. Then the performance of LCDs addressed by amorphous silicon TFTs are analyzed. This simulator has advantages of obtaining accurate solution of optical characteristics, which previously had been obtained only by measurements, by giving TFTs dimensions and their characteristics, and LCD's driving conditions as the input data.

Furthermore, the simulator has also taken into consideration the effects of voltage distortion due to line resistance and capacitance, and voltage dependence of gate source parasitic capacitance in addition to temperature dependencies of threshold voltage and mobility of TFTs, and liquid crystal characteristics on LCD performance to obtain more accurate solution. It was found that calculated characteristics agreed well under a practical temperature range from 0 to 60°C with the measurements obtained for large‐area 10‐inch diagonal TFT‐LCDs. This agreement verified the simulation validity.
A high‐speed BiCMOS gate array using bicmos gate circuit featured by darlington buffer
Authors: Suzuki Masao , Nagatsuma Tadao , Sano Eiichi , Kobayashi Yoshiji , Yamaguchi Chikara
Published: July 2007

We designed and built prototypes of 2.1‐K gate arrays which are compatible with ECL bases on the 1‐μm design rule of CBiCMOS process technology. We compared various basic gates based on external circuit formulation. We adopted new BiCMOS circuits with Darlington buffers which proved to have fastest responses. Through this circuit we can obtain the speed‐up of the dynamic response and a sufficient dc operational margin. As a result of manufacturing prototypes, we realized the delay time of 236 ps for two input AND gates with load capacitance of 0.4 pF and 13 μW/MHz for the power consumption. We achieved a super‐high speed of 40 ps/μF for the dependance of the speed on its load capacitance.
A 70‐MHz, 32‐bit BiCMOS processor
Authors: Tanaka Shigeya , Hotta Takashi , Iwamura Masahiro , Yamauchi Tatsumi , Bandoh Tadaaki , Hotta Atsuo , Iwamoto Seiji , Adachi Shigemi
Published: July 2007

A 70‐MHz, 32‐bit BiCMOS processor has been developed. This paper describes the architecture and the high‐speed technology, mainly the arithmetic unit, of the very‐high‐speed BiCMOS processor. This processor includes a 32‐bit ALU, register file with four ports, arithmetic unit composed of ±32‐bit barrel shifter and so on, ROM storing microprograms, memory management unit, cache controller, and clock generator. The chip integrates 529,000 transistors (including bipolar transistors of 1.5 percent) within 12.98 mm × 12.98 mm chip. The BiCMOS circuit technology is applied to the register file, arithmetic circuit, clock generator, and so on, to achieve the 70‐MHz BiCMOS processor under typical conditions. Thus, the effectiveness of employing the BiCMOS technology for very‐high‐speed digital LSIs, such as microprocessors, has been verified.
Liquid crystal rear projection display for Hi‐vision
Authors: Miyatake Yoshito , Muraji Tsutomu , Takeda Mamoru , Tsuda Keisuke
Published: July 2007

There is an increasing demand for development of a display for large‐screen Hi‐Vision pictures that is compact and has a lightweight design, high resolution, and high picture quality; this is a Hi‐Vision display that may be enjoyed in the home.

To create a Hi‐Vision display suited for household use, a reflective‐type TFT liquid crystal panel was developed having 1,360,000 pixels in a 2.3‐inch screen, a compact optical system using three liquid crystal panels, three projection lenses, and a circuit system for wideband video signals. A prototype of the liquid crystal rear projection display also was manufactured.

This prototype has a 40‐inch large screen, yet it is compact and lightweight, measuring only 45 cm in depth and 85 cm in height, and weighing a scant 50 kg. In addition, it possesses high resolution, applicable to the Hi‐Vision system. In this experiment, the liquid crystal projection display was established to be the most hopeful candidate for the household Hi‐Vision display.
Simultaneous measurement of carrier mobility and lifetime in hydrogenated amorphous silicon films
Authors: Homma Kazuaki , Motohashi Mitsuya , Murayama Yuuki , Fukami Toyoji
Published: July 2007

In the development of various photoelectric conversion devices using hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) thin films, the carrier mobility and lifetime are important physical parameters associated with device characteristics. Especially, in the examination of film quality for the purpose of improving the device performance, it is extremely important to know the carrier mobility and lifetime in the same device.

However, conventional methods have a disadvantage in that these properties must be measured separately in different device structures. Therefore, in this work, noting the process in which the carriers generated by an optical pulse onto the a‐Si:H film decay both by extraction due to an electric field and by recombination, a new method for simultaneously measuring the carrier mobility and lifetime in the same device is proposed. As a result of examining the experimental data, this measurement method has been found to be effective for the carrier mobility and lifetime measurement of highly resistive thin‐film material with dispersive conduction.
Formulation of quantum effects by using a complex‐valued equivalent circuit
Authors: Ohtani Naoki , Nagai Nobuo , Suzuki Masakiyo , Miki Nobuhiro
Published: July 2007

Due to the miniaturization of electronic devices, the establishment of the formation of quantum effects and the design methodology of quantum effect devices such as superlattices is becoming important.

In this paper, it is attempted to consider the one‐dimensional scattering problem such as the scattering of an electron wave at the step potential and the tunneling effect at the potential barrier by a circuit theory. In other words, noting that the Schrödinger equation with time‐dependent terms contains complex coefficients, imaginary resistances, which are lossless elements, are introduced into its equivalent circuit.

As a result, it has been shown that the circuit corresponds to a lossless transmission line when the electron energy is larger than the potential and that the circuit can be represented by a lumped constant circuit using reactant devices inside the potential barrier. In addition, if the electron scattering phenomenon corresponds to the circuit voltage, the conservation law of the probability can be represented by the effective power, and the transmission circuit theory is effective for the quantum effect phenomena. Furthermore, it has also been confirmed that the resonant tunneling effect and the eigenenergies of the single quantum well can be calculated by our method.
Realizing high resolution in surface‐discharge AC plasma displays
Authors: Uchiike Heiju , Kubo Akira , Harada Shigeki , Kanehara Takao , Fukuda Masanori
Published: July 2007

This paper investigates surface‐discharge ac plasma display with high resolution. Even when high resolution was achieved by using an electrode structure with a wide gap between the upper electrodes, sufficient memory margin, high luminance, and high luminous efficiency were obtained. In a high‐resolution panel with a cell pitch of 0.15 mm, the luminance and luminous efficiency were 200 cd/m2 and 0.14 1m/W, respectively.

It was found that by optimizing the distance between the MgO layer and phosphor layer, the luminance and luminous efficiency could be improved.
A study on measurement and simulation for the propagation characteristics of through‐hole
Authors: Maeda Shuji , Yoshida Norinobu , Fukai Ichiro
Published: July 2007

With the recent rapid advance in electronic technology, electronic components have become smaller, lighter and higher in performance. In connection with this trend, there has been increased use of the high frequencies due to increased speed of the devices. Under such situations, the interconnects between the electronic devices must be treated as strip lines. Especially, the through‐hole with a three‐dimensional structure indispensable for high‐density interconnects has nonnegligible effects on the circuits. Hence, the need for an analysis of its characteristics is acute.

In this paper, to derive quantitative propagation characteristics of the through‐hole, a three‐dimensional electromagnetic field simulation of such a structure was carried out using the spatial network method and the results were compared with experimental data. It was confirmed that the simulated values of the time domain response and the frequency characteristics showed good quantitative agreement with the measured data. As a result, the validity of the simulation and the basic propagation characteristics of a through‐hole were confirmed.
Design and performance of a surface potentiometer
Authors: Imada Hiroshi , Kiwaki Hisatomo
Published: July 2007

The electrostatic surface potentiometer has the feature that the distance compensation effect is included and the fast transient phenomenon can easily be observed. On the other hand, the noise is increased when a wideband is realized while maintaining a high input resistance. When a low potential is to be measured or the area of the measuring electrode is decreased aiming at a high resolution, a limit of performance is produced. The investigation of this point is not yet sufficient.

This paper derives the formula for the bandwidth of the amplifier, which is needed in the design and construction of such a surface potentiometer. Using the angular frequency and the output noise voltage as the parameters, a formula is derived which relates the amplification A to the capacitance between the sample and the sensing electrode. Those results were verified by experiment. The operating region for A and m (which is the ratio between the capacitance between the sample and the sensing electrode, and the input capacitance of the potentiometer) is useful in the design and construction of the potentiometer.
Optical recording properties and structure of new silver metallic particles system
Authors: Hayashi Yoshio , Ogawa Shuichiro
Published: July 2007

It was found that a new type of reflective optical recording material could be formed by the thermal reduction of organic silver salt. In this recording material, metallic particles 30 nm in diameter concentrate near the surface of a hydrophobic binding agent and form island‐like structures. The reflectivity can be varied from 20 to 75 percent by controlling the compositions of organic silver salt/reducing agent/binding agent and the condition of the thermal treatment.

This material is capable of recording optical pulses from a semiconductor laser with a wavelength of 830 nm, power of 10 mW and pulsewidth of 1 μs at a length of 1 μm. Using the same type of laser (830 nm, 10 mW), a CN ratio of 45 dB can be achieved when the recording speed is 50 cm/s. Since this recording material was formed by using a hydrophobic binding agent, it is stable under high‐temperature/high‐humidity ambient.
Ladder‐type microwave power divider/combiners
Authors: Fukui Kiyoshi , Nogi Shigeji , Sanada Atsushi , Oishi Seiji
Published: July 2007

As a new power divider/combiner, a wideband microwave ladder‐type power divider/combiner with simple multiple branching structures is proposed in which probe pairs are provided to waveguides in a ladder shape. Based on the equivalent circuit, a design formula for a complete power division/combining is derived as well as the optimum coupling phase shift in the divider and combiner in the construction of a divider/combiner system. The frequency characteristics of the transmission efficiency of a divider (or combiner) alone and a divider/combiner system are analyzed numerically in terms of the admittance value of the probe pair so that the upper limit of the relative bandwidth of each stage (which is equal to the number of probe pairs) is derived. In the × band, 1–3 stage (2–6 port) divider/combiners were constructed.

By means of the experiment of the transmission characteristics of the divider (or combiner) alone and the divider/combiner system, broadband characteristics were confirmed which agree well with the analytical results. In the case of a three‐stage ladder‐type divider/combiner, the reduction of the efficiency in the range of ±0.5 GHz from the center frequency (9 GHz) was less than 0.36 dB in a divider alone and less than 0.48 dB in the overall characteristics of the divider/combiner system. Further, isolation was studied theoretically and experimentally. In addition, the measured results were explained. It is demonstrated that the isolation can be improved without degrading the broadband characteristics by reducing the susceptance value of the probe pair.
Lift‐off fabrication of fine cu patterns with a high aspect ratio
Authors: Yuitoo Isamu , Moriwaki Eijin , Shiiki Kazuo , Yamada Kouji
Published: July 2007

Recently, the pattern width in semiconductor devices has become as narrow as a submicrometer. As the pattern width decreases, the current density increases, thereby causing the breakage of the conductors due to electromigration and excessive heat generation.

In the inductive thin‐film magnetic head used for the magnetic disc system, the number of wire windings in a coil should be high and the resistance should be low to achieve high output and low noise. To achieve these requirements, the aspect ratio of the conductor should be high and the conductor should be made of copper (Cu).

The purpose of this study is to pattern fine Cu conductors with a high aspect ratio using the lift‐off technique. In the lift‐off technique, it is important to form a thick resist pattern with inverted‐trapezoidal cross section. In this study, image‐reversal photoresist was used and the conditions of exposure, heat‐treatment, and development were optimized to obtain a frame suitable for lift‐off. As a result, it was found that the Cu conductor with a pattern width of 1 μm and an aspect ratio over 2 could be fabricated.
Frequency and phase control of light in coherent optical communication systems
Authors: Kikuchi Kazuro
Published: July 2007

Coherent optical communication systems require the precise control of frequency and phase of a semiconductor laser used as transmitter or local oscillator by means of external circuitry. This paper first describes the necessity of frequency and phase control and reviews various control methods. Next, the importance of suppression of frequency‐phase noise due to the control of the frequency and phase of a laser is discussed.
Effective methods for suppression of undesired cavity modes using microwave absorbers
Authors: Nogi Shigeji , Fukui Kiyoshi , Kojima Masanobu , Tanaka Satoshi
Published: July 2007

To obtain a method for suppressing undesired modes in a microwave cavity in which a higher‐order mode is desired, the relationship between the location of the absorbers and the suppression effect is evaluated theoretically and experimentally for various suppression methods using microwave absorbers. The suppression methods studied are as follows:

(A1) A magnetic absorbing material is placed on the bottom of the cavity in the direction orthogonal to the magnetic field of the desired mode; (A2) the material is placed along the null line of the magnetic field of the desired mode; (B1) a conducting absorber is placed along the null line of the electric field of the desired mode; (B2) the conducting absorber is placed in parallel to the surface current of the desired mode on the bottom of the cavity; (B3) the same is placed along the null line of the surface current.

By means of the experiment on the power loss of the absorber for the undesired modes, the suppression methods A1and B1are found effective. Useful results are obtained for the design of the absorber. The experimental results agree qualitatively with the approximate analysis results based on the electromagnetic field in the cavity. The power loss of the desired mode due to the deviation of the location of the absorber is discussed. Further, an experiment is carried out for power combining in the cavity with many active devices, which confirms that the loss of the desired mode is smaller in the method B1than in A1.
Frequency stabilization of a semiconductor laser using the Faraday effect
Authors: Rikukawa Hitoshi , Sato Takashi , Nakagawa Masahiro , Shimba Minoru
Published: July 2007

The frequency stabilization of a semiconductor laser using an absorption line of atoms or molecules has usually been performed by applying a small modulation directly to the injection current.

This paper reports one of the frequency stabilization methods without a direct small modulation. This stabilization method uses the Faraday effect to obtain a control signal which is fed back to the injection current. The obtained stability is almost the same value as that in the method using direct modulation.
A high CMRR instrumentation amplifier using common‐mode sampling feedback technique
Authors: Kato Kazuo , Sase Takashi
Published: July 2007

In a practical instrumentation amplifier for low‐level input of 10 mV or less, a high common‐mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of more than 140 dB (107) is desired. This paper considers a three‐operational amplifier‐type instrumentation amplifier as an example and examines the CMRR. Common‐mode sampling feedback is proposed as a means to improve the CMRR. A detailed design procedure is described and an experimental circuit is constructed. The CMRR of 160 dB is obtained, which is comparable to that possible with an insulation amplifier. As a promising application example of the proposed amplifier, the circuit is applied to a high‐speed, low‐level multiplexor system. Satisfactory results are demonstrated. The proposed instrumentation amplifier is suitable for present monolithic technologies.
Integral equation solution method of two‐dimensional electromagnetic fields—a method to employ the transverse field components
Authors: Matsuhara Masanori , Nakamura Keishi
Published: July 2007

New integral equations are introduced in which the transverse electromagnetic field components are unknown for the two‐dimensional (2‐D) electromagnetic scattering problems and electromagnetic waveguide problems. A numerical analysis by the boundary element method is proposed. The conventional integral equations in which the longitudinal electromagnetic field components are unknown are difficult to determine at certain angular frequencies and at certain longitudinal propagation constants for the electromagnetic scattering problem. In the waveguide problem, the spurious modes may enter as nonphysical solutions.

The integral equations proposed in this paper do not have conventional difficulties. Here, the integral equations using the transverse electromagnetic fields are derived and the uniqueness of the solution is proven. Further, for practical examples, the integral equations are analyzed numerically by the boundary element methods so that the validity and effectiveness are investigated.
AC hot‐carrier degradation due to gate‐pulse‐induced noise
Authors: Izawa Ryuichi , Umeda Kazunori , Takeda Eiji
Published: July 2007

AC hot‐carrier degradation due to gate‐induced noise has been clarified, and a method to suppress noise and to predict ac lifetime is proposed. There have been many arguments on the ac degradation mechanism. This is because the degradation acceleration factor due to the measurement noise was not separated and caused confusion. In particular, the noise generated on the source‐drain electrodes during the gate pulse rise has been found to be an important factor in ac degradation acceleration.

The noise is an inductive noise generated by the rapid change in channel current during gate on and off amplified by an inductance due to the source and drain interconnects. If the noise is suppressed, at least for the rise time of more than 10 ns, the carrier trapping and detrapping accompanied by the ac operation can be ignored, and the lifetime can be predicted by the dc hot‐carrier degradation lifetime and the duty cycle.

In the future, attention must be given to the ac degradation acceleration due to the increase in the inductive noise by the interconnect scaling. Thus, an interconnect design rule based on the suppression of the source‐drain induced noise is proposed.
Relationship between overwrite repeatability and the disk structure of InSbTe phase‐change optical disks
Authors: Maeda Yoshihito , Andoh Hisashi , Minemura Hiroyuki , Sato Yoshio
Published: July 2007

The overwrite characteristic of an InPbTe phase‐change optical disk is investigated. It is found that the overwritable repetition number of the disk is dependent on the interface structure and adhesion strength between the reflective layer and dielectric layer. To realize optimum thermal conduction and optical characteristics for overwrite, an Mo/Au multilayer reflective structure was developed which has reflectivity and thermal conductivity comparable with those of an Au film. After improving the adhesion strength of the multilayer film to the ZnS‐SiO2dielectric film, the overwritable repetition number for 10−5BER increased from 105to 5 × 105.
Application of variably graded mesh to the spatial network method in three‐dimensional space
Authors: Kukutsu Naoya , Yoshida Norinobu , Fukai Ichiro
Published: July 2007

At present, the devices used in the microwave frequency range are highly dense and employed at higher frequencies as evidenced by MMIC. As these technologies are advanced, the mutual effect between the elements and the loss at the junction between the device and the transmission line affect the device characteristics significantly. Solutions of these problems require studies of the electromagnetic field behaviors such as those between the elements and those at the discontinuities.

The authors have used the spatial network method and applied it to a number of problems as a numerical technique for analyzing the three‐dimensional electromagnetic field in the time domain. In the traditional spatial network method, the discretization pitches are identical in all directions. However, due to this limitation, an infinitesimal portion must be divided sufficiently so that the total computer storage capacity increased significantly.

In this paper, to resolve this deficiency, a formulation of a new spatial network method is described in which the spatial discretization pitches are arbitrary. The capacitive waveguide window and the fin line are used as examples for the analysis. The validity and effectiveness of the approach are demonstrated.
Characteristics of an open‐boundary Čerenkov laser with applied magnetostatic field of finite strength
Authors: Horinouchi Katsuhiko , Shiozawa Toshiyuki
Published: July 2007

The characteristics of a two‐dimensional open‐boundary Čerenkov laser consisting of a dielectric‐coated conducting plane waveguide and a planar relativistic electron beam focused with a finite magnetostatic field are investigated theoretically and the following results are obtained.

First, the growth rate decreases gradually as the strength of the applied magnetostatic field increases. In particular, the decrease of the growth rate becomes greater around the value of the magnetostatic field for which the electron‐cyclotron frequency is equal to the electron plasma frequency.

In addition, the decrease of the growth rate results from the fact that the lowest‐order mode of the space‐charge wave in the absence of magnetostatic field is turned gradually into a mode of the electron‐cyclotron wave as the applied magnetostatic field increases and it finally disappears as the strength of the magnetostatic field tends to infinity. Furthermore, the wave modes propagated along a relativistic electron beam focused with a finite magnetostatic field are generally hybrid or a combination of TE and TM modes. However, the major portion of the electromagnetic energy is carried by TM modes and the contribution of TE modes to energy transport is very small.
Improvement of multiplexability of double‐layered homogeneously oriented nematic LCD by simultaneous driving method
Authors: Takahashi Taiju , Saito Susumu
Published: July 2007

A new driving method (double‐layer simultaneous driving method) is proposed to improve the time multiplexability of compensation‐type homogeneously oriented LCDs by stacking two homogeneously oriented simple matrix LCDs. The experimental results also are shown. Two cells (cell A and cell B) are made of the same LCD material and with the same amount of Δnd. These cells are stacked so that the projected directions of the optical axes onto the electrode surface are perpendicular to each other. By this method, an optical compensation effect can be obtained, and it has enabled good black‐and‐white display.

Whereas in the conventional method only one of the two cells is biased, two cells in the proposed double‐layer simultaneous driving method are time‐multiplexed by the optimized bias method with the same duty ratio.

During the nonselect state, the rms voltage of VAB = (Vth · VT max)1/2 is applied. By contrast, during the select state, the rms voltages of VA = K · VAB/K are applied to cell A and cell B, respectively. Here, Vth is the threshold voltage, VT max is the rms voltage at which the transmission takes the first maximum in the V‐T curve during the normally black mode (or the voltage at which the transmission takes the first minimum during the normally white mode), and K indicates {(N1/2 + 1)/(N1/2 – 1)}1/2 where N is the number of scanning lines.

It has been confirmed that the contrast ratio is improved to 7.5 by the double‐layer simultaneous driving method when the contrast ratio is only 1 when a single layer is driven with the 1/500 duty ratio. Furthermore, the viewing angle characteristics also are improved compared to those of the conventional compensation‐type single‐layer driving method.
Optimization of black and white representation in phase plate mode STN‐LCDs
Authors: Komura Shin‐Ichi , Hirakata Jun‐Ichi , Nagae Yoshiharu
Published: July 2007

An optimization method to achieve good black and white representation in actual driving of phase plate mode STN‐LCDs is proposed. Its effectiveness is confirmed by numerical simulations. In the actual driving, a bias voltage determined by the duty ratio is applied even for the black representation. Therefore, to achieve optimum black and white representation during the actual driving, the film is optimized such that a black representation is obtained for a liquid‐crystal cell under the bias application. For that purpose, the driving voltages must be determined before determining the film condition. Therefore, using the inner product of the complex vectors of the electric field representing two polarizations, optimum driving voltages are determined only from the optical characteristics of the liquid‐crystal cell before the film optimization.

Although the film optimization used a method by the Poincaré sphere notation, the wavelength dispersion characteristics of Δnd were also actively optimized. Using numerical simulations, it has been confirmed that good black and white representation with high transmission and good color characteristics can be realized during the actual driving using this optimization method.
An approach to the associative memorization using binary logic operations
Authors: Mihara Masaaki , Kobayashi Toshifumi , Yamada Michihiro
Published: July 2007

The traditional neural system which conducts the paired association has the real coupling coefficients and is not suited to the implementation on digital processing LSI because of its analog property.

From such a viewpoint, this paper applies the traditional idea of calculating the coupling coefficients on the real field to the binary field and proposes a system which conducts the paired association using only the logic operation. More precisely, it is noted that the associative law applies to the matrix operation on the real field as well as the matrix operation for the binary code.

The coupling coefficients for the binary code for the paired association are derived by applying the sweeping‐out method to the matrix of binary numbers. By this approach, a paired‐associate system is obtained by a simpler training algorithm with easy LSI implementation.

This paper describes first the traditional solution of the paired‐associate problem on the real field and then proposes a method of solution based on that approach for the paired‐associate problem on the binary field. The existence condition for the solution of the paired‐associate problem is discussed for the proposed method. Finally, the noise‐reduction power of the proposed method is estimated.