bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PROTOTYPE APLIKASI GENERATE BARCODE BERBASIS WEB PADA PT. BIMASAKTI KARYAPRIMA
Authors: Ilamsyah Ilamsyah , Hidayatullah Agus , Dwi Putra Muhammad Aldino
Published: June 2020

PT. BimasaktiKaryaprima is a medium-sized company engaged in the shoe industry. In this company, there is a system to create barcode shoe data that still uses Libre Office, where in the implementation of the system there are several things that become obstacles, which includes the effectiveness and time efficiency in the process of inputting barcode shoes data, the form of manufacture which is still typing one by one the data that must be printed in making a barcode. With the above reasons, the author tries to provide an alternative problem solving by creating a barcode making system application where the user can input large amounts of data and can also process data import with CSV file extension, so that it will eliminate the way of making barcode data with the Libre Office which has been running at PT. Bimasaktikaryaprima. At this writing the method used for collecting data through observation, interviews, literature studies and software design methods using the waterfall method.
VIDEO PROFILE SEBAGAI MEDIA PROMOSI PADA MTS AL-HUSNA YPIHN CURUG KABUPATEN TANGERANG
Authors: Widada Sugeng , Widya Tama Adi Kusuma , Lestari Nanda
Published: June 2020

The technology and sophistication of social media is growing very fast, marketing is increasingly growing in proportion to the information needs of the community. Therefore we need an appropriate strategy to deliver information well, and be able to achieve success. The purpose of this study was to help MTS Al-Husna YPIHN in an effort to focus on new prospective students. The problem that occurs in marketing MTS Al-Husna YPIHN is the lack of effective media in delivering messages. The marketing used is only using a brochure, brochures and there is no media video profile that explains in full about the school profile, excellence, vision, mission, school achievements and school facilities. The method used is the method of data collection (Observation, Interview, Library Study) and the method of the Concept of Media Production (KPM). The results of this study were in the form of Vidio Profile of the MTS Al-Husna YPIHN school, which included all school profiles designed using Adobe Premier Pro and Adobe Photoshop software. Through the design of promotional media using this video profile will increase the interest of new prospective students to join MTS Al-Husna YPIHN every year and can be useful as a medium of information for the community.
ALAT PEMANTAU AIR GALON DAN PENGISI GELAS OTOMATIS BERBASIS ESP8266
Authors: Henderi Henderi , Rafika Ageng Setiani , Merliasari Rani Putri
Published: June 2020

Drinking water is very important for the human body, humans will lose concentration and even feel dizzy when lacking water. At the North Serpong District Office there are several locations for drinking gallons of water, but when someone wants to drink but the gallon water runs out the person must tell the officer about it, so the clerk will refill the gallon. When you want to drink you have to hold the glass and open the tap manually to fill the glass and then close it when it's full. This research was conducted using the SDLC method and Black Box testing. This study discusses about designing a gallon water monitor and automatic glass filler with Wemos D1 that uses the ESP8266 chip as a microcontroller, load cell as a detector for the weight of the remaining gallon water and the weight of glass, ultrasonic sensors to measure the distance of glass and servo motor to move the water tap lever . The rest of the gallon water can be monitored through the internet using a smartphone, notifications are sent when the remaining 2 liters of gallon water and the glass can be filled automatically as much as 250ml.
Klauzula ogólna przeciwdziałająca unikaniu opodatkowania zawarta w dyrektywie ATAD: ustalenia na podstawie literatury włoskiej
Authors: Cannas Francesco
Published: June 2020

Celem niniejszego opracowania jest usystematyzowane zaprezentowanie czytelnikom z całego świata niektórych głównych punktów włoskiej debaty w sprawie GAAR. Artykuł zawiera przede wszystkim ogólny zarys „włoskiego spojrzenia” na GAAR, którą w Europie wdrożono dyrektywą w sprawie przeciwdziałania unikaniu opodatkowania (ATAD). Włochy wprowadziły już własną GAAR w 2015 r., w związku z czym uznano, iż nie ma konieczności zmieniania jej w świetle przepisów ATAD, co sprowokowało burzliwą dyskusję na temat kompatybilności tych dwóch przyjętych norm.
Zbiegający się globalny standard przeciwdziałania nadużyciom prawa podatkowego: Czy GAAR (ATAD) i PPT (MLI) powinny być stosowane w podobny sposób?
Authors: Kuźniacki Błażej
Published: June 2020

Potrzeba znalezienia środków z podatków na finansowanie funkcjonowania państw oraz coraz większa nieufność polityków i opinii publicznej wobec schematów optymalizacji podatkowej przedsiębiorstw wielonarodowych (multinational enterprises, MNE) i najbardziej majętnych osób fizycznych (high-net worth individuals, HNWI) wywołały bezprecedensowy entuzjazm polityczny dotyczący przeciwdziałania międzynarodowemu unikaniu opodatkowania. Ten entuzjazm przerodził się w mandat polityczny udzielony OECD przez G20 w 2012 r. Wśród mnogości propozycji środków prawnych przeciwdziałających unikaniu opodatkowania opracowanych przez OECD w ramach projektu BEPS, za kluczowe należy uznać: test jednego z głównych celów (principal purposes test, PPT) z MLI i ogólną klauzulę przeciwdziałania unikaniu opodatkowania (general anti-avoidance rule, GAAR) z unijnej dyrektywy przeciwdziałającej praktykom unikania opodatkowania (anti-tax avoidance directive, ATAD). Celem niniejszego artykułu jest znalezienie odpowiedzi na główne (tytułowe) pytanie badawcze: Czy GAAR (ATAD) i PPT (MLI) powinny być stosowane w podobny sposób? Hipotezą pozytywnie zweryfikowaną w ramach niniejszego opracowania jest to, że: im bardziej zbiegające się (koherentne) będzie stosowanie GAAR i PPT, tym mniej praktyk unikania opodatkowania i sporów wynikających z tego zjawiska będzie występować między podatnikami i organami podatkowymi. Istnieje jednak poważne zastrzeżenie: GAAR i PPT powinny być stosowane zgodnie z ogólną zasadą przeciwdziałania nadużyciom (general anti-abuse principle, GAAP) wynikającą z orzecznictwa Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej (TSUE), a nie zgodnie z PPT zaprojektowanym przez OECD. Tylko takie podejście do stosowania GAAR i PPT może zapewnić właściwą równowagę między interesami fiskalnymi różnych państw a swobodami gospodarczymi podatników. Konstatacja ta wynika z analizy treści i struktury GAAR i PPT, celów polityki podatkowej wyrażonych w preambułach do MLI i ATAD, orzecznictwa Trybunału Sprawiedliwości Unii Europejskiej (TSUE), Komentarza OECD do Modelu Konwencji OECD oraz literatury.
Prudentia in More’s Utopia: The Ethics of Foresight
Authors: Cook Brendan
Published: June 2020

L’article explore les usages du terme latin prudentia dans l’Utopie (1516) de Thomas More. Cet article explique les apparentes contradictions du traitement de More du mot prudentia, à travers l’étude des utilisations du terme dans un éventail de sources, incluant les dialogues de Cicéron, les écrits éthique de l’humaniste italien du XVe siècle Lorenzo Valla, les écrits d’étude biblique du contemporain de More, Érasme de Rotterdam, et le History of King Richard III de More. Cet article cherche également à évaluer les différentes interprétations de la prudentia dans les versions anglaises de l’Utopie, offre plusieurs options pour les futurs traducteurs.
Sion and Elizium: National Identity, Religion, and Allegiance in Anthony Copley’s A Fig for Fortune
Authors: Underwood Lucy
Published: June 2020

This article uses Anthony Copley’s poem A Fig for Fortune (1596) to examine Elizabethan constructions of national identity. Acknowledging that religious and national identities were symbiotic in the Reformation era, it argues that the interdependency of Protestant and Catholic narratives of “nationhood” must be appreciated. Analysis of Copley’s text engages with previous critiques, including those of Clare Reid, Alison Shell, and Susannah Monta, in order to propose a more coherent interpretation of Copley’s engagement with Spenser’s The Faerie Queene. Copley did not merely defend Catholics as loyal subjects; he moved beyond debates about loyalty to reconsider ideas of nation, England, and Englishness more broadly, challenging the premises as well as the conclusions of Protestant statesmen and writers.

Cet article examine les constructions de l’identité nationale de l’Angleterre élisabéthaine à travers le poème d’Anthony Copley A Fig for Fortune (1596). En considérant que les identités religieuse et nationale étaient liées de façon symbiotique pendant la période de la Réforme, on avance que l’interdépendance des versions catholique et protestante des récits de nationalité devrait être mieux prise en compte. L’analyse du texte de Copley met à profit différents commentaires critiques, en autres ceux de Clare Reid, Alison Shell et Susannah Monta, afin de proposer une interprétation plus cohérente du travail de Copley sur The Faerie Queene de Spenser. Copley ne s’est pas contenté simplement de défendre les catholiques en tant que sujets loyaux, il en a également profité pour dépasser les débats au sujet de la loyauté, pour remettre en question les idées de nation, d’Angleterre, et plus généralement de ce que c’est que d’être anglais, et par conséquent aussi, les prémisses et conclusions des écrivains et hommes d’État protestants.
O julgamento da ADPF nº 324 e do RE nº 958252 pelo STF sobre a terceirização das atividades fins
Authors: Martins Juliane Caravieri , Nunes Cicília Araújo
Published: June 2020

O acesso à tutela jurisdicional efetiva e justa (art. 5º, XXXV e LXXIV, CF) é garantia da cidadania no Estado Democrático de Direito (art. 1º, II, CF). Assim, através do método dialético e da técnica bibliográfico-exploratória, a pesquisa analisou a ideia de justiça e o papel do Supremo Tribunal Federal, na condição de “guardião” da Constituição e dos direitos e garantias fundamentais, evidenciando que esta Corte adotou posição elitista em desfavor dos cidadãos no julgamento conjunto da ADPF nº 324 e no RE nº 958252. Ao decidir em favor da terceirização irrestrita nas relações de emprego nas atividades meio e fim, o STF está desconstruindo direitos sociais trabalhistas, afrontando o princípio de vedação ao retrocesso social. Entretanto, em decisão recente da Subseção I da Seção Especializada em Dissídios Individuais do Tribunal Superior do Trabalho (TST-E-ED-RR-39900- 49.2007.5.24.0002) (TST-E-ED-RR-39900- 49.2007.5.24.0002), apesar de se admitir a terceirização na atividade fim, houve o reconhecimento da possibilidade de vínculo empregatício diretamente com a empresa tomadora ao se verificar a subordinação do empregado terceirizado. Tal decisão criou a possibilidade de nova interpretação no julgamento de outros casos de terceirização na atividade fim no intuito de atender efetivamente os pilares do Direito Trabalho, sendo importante reflexão para o país no momento
Analgesic effect of Sansevieria longiflora (Sim) water extract and xylocaine cream on surgical wound incision in rats
Authors: Kilani MA , Hassan AZ , Fadason ST , Abidoye EO , Oladimeji LO , Obalowu AM , Kilani HM Badmus
Published: June 2020

Analgesic effect of Sansevieria longiflora (S. longiflora) on surgically created wound was studied. Phytochemical screening of the crude water extracts was carried out following standard procedures. Sansevieria longiflora leaves was heated and the sap was squeezed into a sample bottle to be used as it was traditional believed. Its water extract was also prepared following standard procedure. Four (4) albino rats consisting of 2 males and 2 females were used for the study. One centimeter full thickness skin incision was created on 4 different locations at the dorsal region of each rat under anaesthesia. Each of the 4 wounds created was topically treated once daily with S. longiflora sap (E), S. longiflora water extract (F), Physiological saline solution (C) and xylocaine cream (G). The treatment regimen was rotated in a clockwise direction on each rat. Pain perception was evaluated with an algometer at 6:00 GMT (morning) and 18:00 GMT (evening) from day 1 post surgery for 5 days. The phytochemical studies revealed that S. longiflora contains carbohydrates, glycoside, saponins, steroids, triterpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins. Day1 after the surgery, the mean morning value of force (N) required to elicit pain in xylocaine treated wounds (5.2 ± 0.79) were significantly higher (p<0.001) than that of physiological saline solution (2.8 ± 0.29) whereas, not different from that of S. longiflora sap (4.48 ± 0.57) and water extract (4.2 ± 0.6). Similarly, on the day 5 after the surgery, the mean morning value of force (N) required to elicit pain in xylocaine treated wounds were significantly higher (p<0.0001) than that of physiological saline solution (PSS) treated wounds and not different from that of S. longiflora sap and water extract. This showed that S. longiflora sap and water extract possess analgesic effect on incisional wounds. This study serves as a preliminary study on this plant towards searching for potent analgesics that could be used for procedural pain management.

Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.55(2), 99-106, 2020
Seasonal variation of water quality and waste loads in Buriganga river with GIS visualization
Authors: Alam MK , Uddin MA , Satter MF , Majed N
Published: June 2020

Pollution status of the Buriganga river has been assessed in this study using GIS tool to analyze the spatial and seasonal distribution of several water quality parameters from six surface water sampling stations. In addition, characterization of water quality from certain selected outfalls discharging wastewater along the river was accomplished as well. The observed surface water quality concentration was higher during dry season for BOD5 (13.68-22.8 mg/l), COD (22-30 mg/l), TDS (280- 303 mg/l), PO4(5.6- 7.3 mg/l) while an exception was found for NH3-N (0.67- 0.89 mg/l) and Turbidity (25.19 to 91.18). The DO level was found noticeably lower during dry season (1.73 to 2.36 mg/l) than wet season (3.27 to 4.68 mg/l). Moreover, Principal Component Analysis identified high ionic distributions during wet season and more organic pollution during dry season. Water quality parameters TDS, TSS, EC and COD were obtained in high concentration levels from industrial outfalls towards the downstream of the river while BOD5, NH3-N were higher from municipal wastewater outfalls towards the upstream of the river. The observed pollution loading from the outfalls revealed the location at Dholaikhal as the major pollution source in the river with a BOD5 (11681- 12243 kg/day) and TDS (9749- 32348 kg/day) loading. Accordingly, influence of nearest wastewater sources on the surface water quality was evident through GIS representation of the parameters.

Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res.55(2), 113-130, 2020
Incidence of Major Insect Pests and Natural Enemies in Three Rice Growing Seasons of Bangladesh
Authors: Afrin S , Bari M N , Kabir M M M , Uddin A B M A , Haque S S
Published: June 2020

Incidence of insect pests and their associated natural enemies was investigated from July 2017- June 2018 at six locations (Gazipur, Rajshahi, Barishal, Sonagazi, Rangpur, Cumilla) of Bangladesh to identify their major occurrence period as well as their incidence in three rice growing seasons, (Aus, T. Aman, and Boro). Among the tested locations, marked differences were found in the composition of insect pest and natural enemies. Higher number of pest population was found at Gazipur with 80,000 individuals for insect pest and 40,000 individuals for natural enemies. At least one peak for major insect pest and natural enemies suggested their specific occurrence period across the locations. Among the insect pests, major peak of GLH was found at Gazipur and Rajshahi during T. Aman season with 4,000 individuals for each location. In contrast, BPH population was as high as 10,000 individuals for Gazipur in October during T. Aman season. Additionally, it was high at Rajshahi in October and November with around 2,000 individuals of BPH. For WBPH, one major peak was found in October at Gazipur and Rajshahi with 10,000 and 2,000 individuals respectively. For YSB, it was higher at Rajshahi in October with over 6,000 individuals during T. Aman season. Moreover, one major peak also observed in Barishal with over 2,000 individuals in November. Among natural enemies, CDB population was observed mainly at three locations in between October and November with 900 individuals for Gazipur, 400 individuals for Rajshahi and 200 individuals for Barishal during T. Aman season. In contrast, for STPD population, two major peaks were found in Barishal with 6,000 and 5,000 individuals in December and March respectively during Boro season. For GMB population, it was observed at Gazipur in November with more than 20,000 individuals during T. Aman season whereas Rajshahi had around 2,000 individuals in the same month. However, higher incidence of GLH, BPH, and WBPH at Gazipur and Rajshahi suggested availability of insect pests during T. Aman season. In contrast, higher YSB incidence at Barishal and Rajshahi indicated their abundance in those areas. On the other hand, incidence of natural enemies at Gazipur indicated presence of greater biological control compared with other locations. In future, this information could serve as a reliable source in strengthening rice pest monitoring services as well as effective pest control in Bangladesh.

Bangladesh Rice j. 2019, 23(1): 35-43
Konfigurasi Cekungan Tomori Berdasarkan Data Gayaberat
Authors: Padmawidjaja Tatang
Published: June 2020

Geophysical research in Tomori Basin, Kolonodale Bay using the gravity method was carried out to identified anticline structural trap in associated with hydrocarbon prospect. The occurence of hydrocarbon seepage in some places, indicate that hydrocarbon have been formed although its distribution is not clearly known. The gravity Bouguer anomaly resulted two groups of rock units: the group of 40 mGal up to 120 mGal gravity anomaly represent ultramafic rocks, and group of 30 mGal up to -80 mGal gravity anomaly reflected a sedimentary rocks basin. The subsurface modeling of the rock density can be grouped into three layers: the Cenozoic (2.5-2.55 gr/cm³ density), the Mesozoic (2.6-2.7 gr/cm³ density), and the Basement ( 2.8-2.9 gr/cm³ density). Elongated and vertical closure are reflected by anomaly 0-2 mGal with density 2.5 gr/cm3 to 2:55 mGal which is supposed to be oil and gas structures. The Source rock is characterized by  0  to -10 mGal anomaly  interpreted as oil kitchen at sub-basin area. Location of the reservoir rock is assumed in the Cenozoic layer on Salodik Group with density of 2.5 gr/cm³. The Basement is estimated at depth of 3.5-4 km, derived from the Group of metamorphic and volcanic rocks.Keyword: Gravity, basin, residual anomaly, fault, anticline. DOI:10.33332/jgsm.2019.v20.1.27-36
A Case of Delayed Diagnosis of Small Cell Carcinoma Originated from the Maxillary Sinus with Bilateral Fungal Sinusitis
Authors: Koo Beom Mo , Kim Hyung Gu , Cho HyunSang , Park Pona
Published: June 2020

Extrapulmonary small cell carcinoma originated from the paranasal sinus is extremely rare, and its local and distant metastasis is common and the prognosis is poor. We recently experienced a rare case of small cell carcinoma that originated from the maxillary sinus. However, the diagnosis was delayed for several reasons, one of which included accompanied bilateral fungal sinusitis. The patient received chemotherapy for four times, but the therapy was discontinued due to poor general conditions. We report our case with a review of the literature.
A dynamic approach to estimate the probability of exposure of marine predators to oil exploration seismic surveys over continental shelf waters
Authors: Hückstädt LA , Schwarz LK , Friedlaender AS , Mate BR , Zerbini AN , Kennedy A , Robbins J , Gales NJ , Costa DP
Published: June 2020

The ever-increasing human demand for fossil fuels has resulted in the expansion of oil exploration efforts to waters over the continental shelf. These waters are largely utilized by a complex biological community. Large baleen whales, in particular, utilize continental shelf waters as breeding and calving grounds, foraging grounds, and also as migration corridors. We developed a dynamic approach to estimate the likelihood that individuals from different populations of blue whales Balaenoptera musculus and humpback whales Megaptera novaeangliae could be exposed to idealized, simulated seismic surveys as they move over the continental shelf. Animal tracking data for the different populations were filtered, and behaviors (transit and foraging) were inferred from the tracks using hidden Markov models. We simulated a range of conditions of exposure by having the source of noise affecting a circular area of different radii (5, 25, 50 and 100 km), moving along a gridded transect of 270 and 2500 km2 at a constant speed of 9 km h-1, and starting the simulated surveys every week of the year. Our approach allowed us to identify the temporal variability in the susceptibility of the different populations under study, as we ran the simulations for an entire year, allowing us to identify periods when the surveys would have an intensified effect on whales. Our results highlight the importance of understanding the behavior and ecology of individuals in a site-specific context when considering the likelihood of exposure to anthropogenic disturbances, as the habitat utilization patterns of each population are highly variable.
Breeding seabirds increase foraging range in response to an extreme marine heatwave
Authors: Osborne OE , O’Hara PD , Whelan S , Zandbergen P , Hatch SA , Elliott KH
Published: June 2020

Marine heatwaves are increasing in frequency and can disrupt marine ecosystems non-linearly. In this study, we examined the effect of the North Pacific warming event of 2014, the largest long-term sea surface anomaly on record, on black-legged kittiwake Rissa tridactyla foraging trips before, during, and after the event. We assessed foraging trip characteristics (trip distance and duration), the dispersal of foraging locations, and the persistence of foraging areas within and among years. Foraging trip characteristics, foraging area size, and location varied from year to year. Kittiwake foraging was more dispersed, direct, and farther from the colony in years immediately after and during the warming event. A third of the foraging area used pre-heatwave (2012) was important in subsequent years, which indicates that this area was, and may still be, a perennial foraging hot spot. During the chick-rearing stage, black-legged kittiwakes increased their speed and reduced the proportion of resting compared to the incubation stage. We conclude that marine heatwaves may have a strong impact on seabird foraging, extending foraging ranges, and that those impacts may be nonlinear with a strong lag.
The chemical composition of high-sugar and control ryegrasses in grazed pastures at different latitudes throughout New Zealand
Authors: Cosgrove G.P. , Mapp N.R. , Taylor P.S. , Harvey B.M. , Knowler K.J.
Published: June 2020

Abstract Extrapolating from single-site animal studies of the effects of water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) on methane and nitrogen emissions requires knowledge of geographical and temporal variation in plant chemical constituents. To provide this, samples of grazed pasture were collected from experiments at four different latitudes over one year. At each site, one high-sugar perennial ryegrass (HSG) and two control cultivars of perennial ryegrass, were sampled at each grazing during a 12-month period and analysed for concentrations of WSC, crude protein (CP) and fibre (NDF). Compared with the controls the HSG was higher in WSC (overall mean 299 vs 260 g WSC/kg DM; P
Adaptation of Trifolium repens × T. uniflorum hybrid clovers to drought stress
Authors: Widdup Keith , Nichols Shirley , Williams Warren , Verry Isabelle , Harvey Ben
Published: June 2020

Abstract White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is valued for its contribution to pasture quality and utilisation by animals, compatibility with grass, and fixation of nitrogen. However, it is limited by poor adaptation to drought. Hybridisation with Trifolium uniflorum L. may have potential to improve the drought resistance of white clover. An experiment in a rain shelter facility with contrasting moisture treatments, and a field evaluation under dryland conditions, were used to compare the agronomic potential of these interspecific hybrids (ISH) with white clover in moisture limited conditions. In the rain shelter experiment, there were smaller effects of water stress on shoot dry weight (DW), leaf area, internode length and senescence of first backcross generation hybrids compared with white clover and second backcross generation hybrids. Differences in photosynthetic responses were possibly influenced by the effect of root DW allocation on water uptake. In the field evaluation, growth scores of a wider range of hybrid families during summer moisture stress concurred with the results under water stress in the rain shelter. Growth of some ISH families outperformed the best white clover cultivars, particularly in the third and most stressful summer and this result was a key performance indicator of the value of the hybrids for drought prone areas. These findings using early, unselected, hybrid populations indicate the potential for further selection of elite, adapted cultivars from ISH breeding strategies. Keywords: Interspecific clover hybrid, drought resistance, rain shelter, field evaluation
Improving summer and autumn feed quality in New Zealand hill country
Authors: Rennie G.M. , King W.Mcg , Knight T.L. , Devantier B. , Hoogendoorn C.J.
Published: June 2020

Abstract Management of late spring surpluses to restrict reproductive growth can increase the quality of hillcountry pastures during summer and autumn. This occurs through a reduction in accumulated stem and dead material and an increase in clover content. However, there is little information on the magnitude and longevity of these effects. This trial investigated the effects of four late spring defoliation intensities on herbage quality, measured at the end of spring and during summer. Treatments were applied through regular cutting of hill pastures in areas of medium fertility and slope on two aspects in each of four geo-climatically different hill-farming regions over two years. Pasture herbage quality at the end of spring followed expected trends: defoliation to low residual pasture height led to higher quality herbage. The maximum difference in quality between the lowest cutting height and nil cutting at this time was nearly 2 MJME/kg DM. With a change to uniform cutting height across all plots in early summer, these pasture quality differences reduced and disappeared. Keywords: Pasture quality, hill country, grazing management
Challenges facing the farmers of Central Otago
Authors: Stevens D.R. , Garden J.P.
Published: June 2020

The Central Otago region, with its cold winters and hot summers, and valley floors with uplift mountains is definitely "a world of difference". At the NZGA conference in Alexandra in 1966 John Hercus stated "Central Otago has a lure which sets it apart from the rest of New Zealand. Its characteristics of geology, topography and climate, its history of occupation and exploitation, its scenery at once forbidding and yet strangely fascinating - these features combine to cast a spell which few who have been exposed, can ever fully escape" (Hercus 1966). The region and its high country have an iconic status epitomised by the "Southern Man" stereotype. This places Central Otago deep in the psyche of the nation. With this goes a unique and significant set of conditions under which farming must take place. Not only does the region have the biophysical challenges of soils, water and climate to contend with, but a wider set of values, often imposed from elsewhere. Fifty years after that first conference we remain challenged. What are the opportunities in front of us and how should we best accommodate the challenge of maintaining a viable enterprise and at the same time, respecting the intense public and customer interest in our use of land and livestock? Central Otago and the associated high country of the Lakes district and McKenzie basin can be divided into three farming types. These are the valley floor irrigable type, the flat and downland dryland regions, and the high country. Each of these has challenges that are at times unique, but often overlap with problems faced in other regions.
The rise to dominance over two decades of Lupinus polyphyllus among pasture mixtures in tussock grassland trials
Authors: Scott D.
Published: June 2020

Abstract In two trials near Lake Tekapo, one started from sown binary mixtures of 14 different legumes, of which Lupinus polyphyllus was one, was cross sown with 16 different grasses, while in the other trial L. polyphyllus and Trifolium hybridum were over-drilled across established swards of previous 25 different grass and legume species. In both L. polyphyllus persisted, increased and spread by seeding in the presence of repeated mob grazing by sheep to become the dominant species over two decades. Keywords: New Zealand, rangeland pasture development, Lupinus polyphyllus, Bromus inermis.
Yield and composition of lucerne stands in Central Otago after different winter grazing and weed control treatments
Authors: Roux M. , Leask S.K. , Moot D.J.
Published: June 2020

Abstract The effect of grazing date and time of spraying with a glyphosate/atrazine herbicide combination on a threeyear- old lucerne stand was studied on-farm in Central Otago. Total annual dry matter (DM) yield was highest in the weedy unsprayed control (14.8 t DM/ha) and lowest in the crop sprayed on 18 September (10.1 t DM/ ha). However, lucerne DM yield was highest from the 3 July and 22 August spray treatments (11.4 ± 0.39 t DM/ ha) and lowest in the unsprayed control at 7.7 t DM/ha. Phytotoxicity symptoms of glyphosate on the lucerne tended to be limited to crops sprayed on 18 September. To maximise yield, a winter clean-up grazing (June) followed by a winter herbicide application (July/August) when lucerne was approximately 3 cm high and with
Caucasian clover responses to fertiliser, lime and rhizobia inoculation at Lake Heron Station, Canterbury
Authors: Black A.D. , Harvey A.J. , Moir J.L. , Moot D.J.
Published: June 2020

Abstract The agronomic performance of Caucasian clover in high country grasslands was the subject of two experiments at Lake Heron Station, Canterbury. In the first experiment, Caucasian clover was direct drilled into an undeveloped pasture (soil pH = 5.5; Olsen P = 7 mg/ litre) with fertilisers containing similar P and S but ± 20 kg/ha of N, in December 2011. After 11 months, shoots of Caucasian clover were small (3 mg), indicating an inoculation failure, and effects of fertilisers were not biologically meaningful. Therefore, the influence of rhizobia inoculant, superphosphate and lime on early growth of Caucasian clover was assessed using the same soil in a glasshouse. Un-inoculated plants were 13-24% the size of inoculated plants and this lack of vigour was not overcome by fertilisers. In the second field experiment, an established Caucasian clover/ browntop pasture (soil pH = 5.5; Olsen P = 5 mg/litre) received 0, 100, 200 and 400 kg/ha of superphosphate with 0 or 5 t/ha of lime in February 2012. Despite the high inputs, spring pasture yields 9 and 21 months after fertiliser application were low (1260-2400 kg DM/ ha), but the contribution of Caucasian clover was high (66-76%). Keywords: high country, nitrogen, phosphorus, Trifolium ambiguum
Identifying potential heterosis in perennial ryegrass
Authors: O'Connor J.R. , Lyons T.B. , Jahufer M.Z.Z. , Faville M. , Barrett B.A.
Published: June 2020

Plant breeders aim to develop cultivars of perennial ryegrass Lolium perenne L., (PRG) that better support New Zealand farmers through improved genetic potential for key traits such as seasonal dry matter yield. Hybrid vigour (heterosis) may be one way plant breeders can increase dry matter yields, and potentially lift the long term rate of genetic gain. We report evaluation of PRG full-sibling progeny for heterosis expressed under grazing. Parents were randomly sampled from sixteen cultivars, and for each cultivar combination within mid-season and late season classes, six pair crosses were made. In 2013, replicated single row trials of parent cultivar samples and progeny were sown at two sites near Palmerston North. For 2 years, prior to each grazing, growth score (GS) data were recorded to estimate dry matter yield of each plot. Progeny GS relative to parent average GS (mid-parent heterosis, MPH), and better parent GS (high-parent heterosis, HPH) were calculated on the basis of the mean GS over years and sites. Significant (P
Seed development of arrowleaf, balansa, gland and Persian clover
Authors: Nori H. , Monks D.P. , Moot D.J.
Published: June 2020

The development process from floral bud formation to seed maturity of four top flowering annual clovers was quantified from a field experiment across 10 sowing dates at Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand. For each species, a numeric reproductive scale was created as a field guide to document morphological changes as the bud progresses through reproductive development. The duration from bud visible to open flower was 341 °C days for 'Cefalu' arrowleaf, 215 °C days for 'Bolta' balansa, 196 °C days for 'Prima' gland and 186 °C days for 'Mihi' Persian clover. The inflorescence then required a further 274-689 °C days, 185 °C days , 256 °C days and 425 °C days for each respective species to reach physiological maturity. This was indicated when 50% of seeds had turned red/brown for 'Cefalu' arrowleaf, 100% pods turned yellow for 'Bolta' balansa, 100% of seeds were yellow and hard for 'Prima' gland, and pods turned brown with the first sign of colour change in seeds for 'Mihi' Persian clover. These results can be used to facilitate on farm decision making in relation to grazing management or seed set for subsequent regeneration. Keywords: floral development chart, harvest maturity, peak flowering, pollination, seed filling, thermal time, Trifolium vesiculosum, T. michelianum, T. glanduliferum, T. resupinatum
Selecting farm practices and preparing farm plans for land-use consents in the Manawatu-Wanganui region
Authors: Parminter T.G.
Published: June 2020

Throughout 2014, the Manawatu-Wanganui Regional Council and DairyNZ worked with 10 farm consultants assisting dairy farmers preparing farm plans for the regional OnePlan and reducing their risks of contaminating local waterways. Twenty-three farm plans that had been produced with the support of five farm consultants were examined. Starting with average annual leaching losses of 23-71 kgN/ha, these plans included a range of mitigation practices to achieve reductions in nitrate losses of 5-15%. Although they had been developed independently, similar practices were bundled together in the plans to match the needs of each farmer's circumstances and particular farming systems. This work suggests that although a short list of mitigation practices may be able to be selected for application on farms, the impact of those practices upon each farm business will each need to be determined in order to reliably enhance farm sustainability and viability across a catchment. Keywords: consultancy, OnePlan, consents, farming systems
A critique: "Potassium requirements of pasture on Pumice soil" by Morton et al.
Authors: Edmeades D.C. , Mcbride R.M.
Published: June 2020

Morton et al. (2014) presented the results from two rates of potassium (K) pasture trials conducted on Pumice soils which commenced in spring 2009 and ran for 3 years. They reached a number of conclusions with respect to the management of potassium requirements on such soils, based on the soil Quick Test K (QTK) samples (0-75 mm) collected in spring and suggested that the results from these two sites were unique. While noting that soil samples were collected in the autumn, they did not include these data in their anaylsis and discussion of the results. This communication discusses the implications of this omission. Keywords: potassium, pasture, pumice, soil tests
Pasture yield mapping: why & how
Authors: Dennis S.J. , Taylor A.L. , O'Neill K. , Clarke-Hill W. , Dynes R.A. , Cox N. , Van Koten C. , Jowett T.W.D.
Published: June 2020

Spatial variation in pasture yield within a single paddock can be high. Measuring this variation has many potential benefits. For instance, cost-effective targeted treatments could be applied to low yielding areas resulting in increased pasture yield at a paddock scale with minimal cost. Understanding pasture yield variation requires tools that can measure it, and practical methodologies to guide how and when to use these tools to obtain useful data. The study reported here aimed to develop measurement protocols for using the C-Dax pasture meter to map yields of rotationally grazed pastures. The general principles should be applicable to other measurement tools. The pattern of pasture yield varies throughout the year. Because growing conditions change with the seasons, areas of a paddock that perform well in summer may perform poorly in winter, and vice-versa. Time of year is therefore an important consideration for measurement purposes. The recommended protocol developed from this project to estimate the spatial variation in annual yield on a paddock is to: • map 1 month following peak pasture growth rates; • drive at up to 50 m run spacings, but close enough to cover all features of interest; and • map as close to the grazing event as possible within the final third of the regrowth period. Keywords: Yield mapping, pasture, precision agriculture, pasture height, dairy, spatial management
Dry matter and sheep production of four dryland tall fescue-clover pastures 4-6 years after establishment
Authors: Black A.D. , Moir J.L.
Published: June 2020

Effects of tall fescue cultivar ('Advance' and 'Flecha') and clover species (white and subterranean (sub) clovers) combinations on pasture dry matter (DM) and sheep production were assessed in years four (2011/12), five (2012/13) and six (2013/14) after establishment in dryland, Canterbury. 'Advance' pastures yielded less total herbage than 'Flecha' pastures (13.9 cf. 16.5 t DM/ha) but more fescue (8.6 cf. 5.9 t DM/ha) and 2.1 t DM/ha clover in year four, 13.5 t DM/ha total herbage with more fescue (8.0 cf. 4.1 t DM/ha) and 1.9 t DM/ha clover in year five, and 11.7 t DM/ha total herbage, 5.4 t DM/ha fescue and 0.8 t DM/ha clover in year six. Sub clover pastures yielded more total, fescue and clover herbage (16.9, 8.8 and 3.2 t DM/ha) than white clover pastures (13.5, 5.7 and 1.0 t DM/ha) in year four, more fescue in year five (7.2 cf. 4.9 t DM/ha), and more clover in year six (1.2 cf. 0.3 t DM/ha). Sheep liveweight gain was greater for sub than white clover pastures in year four (939 cf. 431 kg/ha) and five (697 cf. 481 kg/ha) and 689 kg/ha in year six. Therefore, sub clover and 'Advance' were generally more productive than white clover and 'Flecha', but both fescues showed similar persistence after 6 years. Keywords: cultivar, Festuca arundinacea, grass-clover mixtures, liveweight gain, Trifolium subterraneum, Trifolium repens
Innovative capital resources - South Canterbury
Authors: Love B.J.M.
Published: June 2020

South Canterbury has a history of innovative capital investment in agriculture, as a rural region of New Zealand. Henry Sewell, an early Canterbury politician, said in 1956 that "Timaru is a miserable apology for a shipping place without wood or water. Nothing will ever spring up there but a public-house, a store and a woolshed". Luckily, with innovative use of capital resources that predication has been proven wrong.
National and regional maize grain and silage strip trial yields
Authors: Morris N.J. , Hurley T.D. , Densley R.J.
Published: June 2020

Maize (Zea mays) grain yield in New Zealand has increased linearly, on average by 104 kg/ha/year (R2=0.51) while maize silage yield has increased linearly on average by 166 kg DM/ha/year (R2=0.47), based on strip trial data (1991-2015 for grain, and 1996-2015 for silage). Over the same periods, grain yields (based on 14% moisture content) have increased on average in the lower North Island (LNI) by 175 kg/ha/year (R2=0.45) while average silage yields have increased in the Waikato by 212 kg DM/ha/year (R2=0.48), in the LNI by 177 kg DM/ha/year (R2=0.31) and the South Island by 155 kg DM/ha/year (R2=0.30). Annual variations in yield can be attributed to changes in trial locations and trial co-operators over time. However, overall trends towards increasing yield are due to improvements in hybrid genetics, maize agronomy and management practises. Growing and harvesting costs for producing maize silage on an average soil fertility property in the Waikato have increased 3 c/kg DM over 13 years. Keywords: maize silage, maize grain, Zea mays, corn, yield
Dry matter yield, nutritive value and tiller density of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass swards under grazing
Authors: Hendriks S.J. , Donaghy D.J. , Matthew C. , Bretherton M.R. , Sneddon N.W. , Cosgrove G.P. , Christensen C.L. , Kaufononga S. , Howes J. , Osborne M.A. , Taylor P.S. , Hedley M.J.
Published: June 2020

Alternative pasture species with the potential to supply quality forage during summer feed shortages, such as tall fescue (TF), are of interest to dairy farmers. A paddockscale study was undertaken to compare performance of TF managed on a shorter rotation similar to perennial ryegrass (RG) (TF-RG) with TF managed on a longer rotation more consistent with its morphology of 4 live leaves/tiller (TF-TF), and with RG (RG-RG). Accumulated dry matter (DM) yields were similar for the three treatments. Patch grazing was observed during the first spring, with more long patches in TFTF than in either TF-RG or RG-RG. Sown-species leaf area index (LAI) was greater in TF-TF compared with TF-RG and RG-RG (2.25, 1.56 and 0.90, respectively; P
Optimal grazing management to achieve high yields and utilisation of dryland lucerne
Authors: Moot D.J. , Bennett S.M. , Mills A.M. , Smith M.C.
Published: June 2020

The pre- and post-grazing dry matter yields from six individual paddocks in a grazed lucerne rotation were compared at Ashley Dene, Lincoln University, over 5 years. The mean annual yield was ~12 000 kg DM/ha and unaffected by the rotation order in which paddocks were first grazed in spring. On an annual basis the post-graze residual was about 1000 kg DM/ha lower from Paddock 1 than Paddock 6. First grazing usually occurred with ewes and lambs in the third week of September when the pre-grazing height was 15-25 cm. Rapid spring growth of lucerne meant Paddock 6 was sometimes over 40 cm tall with a pregrazing mass of 4000 kg DM/ha upon first entry 4-5 weeks later. The grazing interval between the first and second rotation in spring was between 29 and 36 days. There was an average 1800 kg DM/ha more on offer in Paddock 6 than Paddock 1 in the first rotation. On average, the ewes and lambs consumed ~2100 kg DM/ ha at ~75% utilisation from each paddock in the first rotation. Weaned lambs offered similar pre-grazing yields consumed less herbage (~1700 kg DM/ha) at ~60% utilisation. A lower pre-graze target for lambs (2000-2500 kg DM/ha) is therefore recommended, particularly if there is no other class of stock available to consume the residual. This may require a quicker rotation with weaned lambs than the 34 days averaged in this study. For ewes and lambs the target of ~3000 kg DM/ha (~30-35 cm pre-grazing height) used for this study seemed appropriate rather than a fixed number of days or particular phenological stage. Keywords: alfalfa, lucerne, Medicago sativa L., rotational grazing, stock class, utilisation
Pasture renewal practices, experiences and attitudes: a comparison over time
Authors: Rijswijk K. , Brazendale R.
Published: June 2020

In 2010, Waikato and Bay of Plenty dairy farmers were surveyed by the Pasture Improvement Leadership Group (PILG) to better understand their attitudes, confidence and ability to make informed decisions on their pasture renewal practices. To assess changes in farmer behaviour towards pasture renewal and to measure the impact of the PILG, the survey was repeated in 2015. In comparison to 2010, the 2015 survey results were more positive. Farmers' confidence, attitude and satisfaction with their ability to successfully renew pasture, and to improve pasture performance have increased. However, some scepticism remains about time investment and the financial return from pasture renewal. These results suggest that the PILG aim of ensuring that consistent messages relating to pasture renewal are provided to farmers, appears to have been met. Farmers indicated in the 2015 survey that not only is there now better information available in comparison to 2010, the messages are also more consistent across the industry. Keywords: pasture renewal, pasture performance, farmer confidence, farmer attitude, communication
Insect populations of six dryland pastures grown in Canterbury
Authors: Morris N.J. , Smith M.C. , Mills A.M. , Mcneill M.R. , Moot D.J.
Published: June 2020

The 9 year 'MaxClover' experiment at Lincoln University concluded that ryegrass and white clover pastures were less persistent than cocksfoot and lucerne under dryland conditions in Canterbury. Measurements of insect pests commenced in Year 5 in response to a measured decline in sown ryegrass and white clover. The aim was to determine if there were differences in insect pressure among the different pastures. Insect pest pressure was present in all pastures from when measurements commenced until the experiment finished in Year 9. Grass grub larvae were the main pest that contributed to the decline in sown species, particularly in ryegrass/white clover, and they were found in all grass-based pasture treatments. Larval populations reached 156/m2 in August 2008 in the cocksfoot/balansa clover and cocksfoot/white clover pastures. Argentine stem weevil overwintering adult populations reached 63/m2 in July 2010 and were highest in cocksfoot/Subterranean clover pastures. These may have contributed to the slow decline in cocksfoot. Low populations (
The relative strengths of phosphate fertiliser application and white clover cultivar introduction for hill pasture improvement
Authors: Chapman D.F. , Mackay A.D. , Devantier B.P. , Costall D.A. , Budding P.J.
Published: June 2020

Abstract Combinations of four phosphorus (P) fertiliser rates (0, 8.5, 22.5 or 26.5 kg/ha/year of citrate-soluble P) and three pasture types with different white clover germplasm, 'resident' cv. Huia and cv. Tahora were compared in self-contained, replicated farmlets grazed by sheep over 4 years. Fertiliser increased white clover herbage accumulation (HA) 3- to 4-fold compared with the control treatment, and increased total sward HA by 50%. Introduction of Tahora white clover significantly increased white clover and total sward HA and nitrogen fixation compared with the resident and Huia-sown swards. Sheep liveweight gain was significantly greater in all systems fertilised with P (438 versus 243 kg/ha for the unfertilised control) and in systems sown with Tahora (425 versus 372 kg/ha for resident and Huia). Keywords: phosphorus fertiliser, white clover, cultivars, herbage accumulation, animal production