bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploratory techniques to analyse Ecuador's tourism industry
Authors: Herrera Anita , Arroyo Ángel , Jiménez Alfredo , Herrero Álvaro
Published: August 2024

The analysis of the operation of tourism companies will provide valid information for the design of policies to reactivate the tourism industry, which has been strongly affected during the pandemic generated by COVID-19. The objective of this paper is to use soft computing techniques to analyse tourism companies in Ecuador. First of all, dimensionality reduction methods are applied: principal component analysis, isometric feature mapping and locally linear embedding, on data of tourism enterprises in Ecuador for the year 2015. In addition, to verify the trend of operational variables, the data of tourism companies in Ecuador in 2019 and 2020 are analysed with dimensionality reduction methods that improve the interpretation by minimizing the loss of information. The data sets are analysed with k-means, k-medoids and Hierarchical Clustering, generating groups according to similar characteristics. The optimal number of clusters is determined with the following: Elbow Method, Silhouette Coefficient, Davies-Bouldin Index and Dunn Index. In addition, an analysis of the operation of tourism companies in the year 2020 concerning previous years is included. The study allows exploring Soft Computing techniques to identify important information for the definition of strategies that contribute to an effective reactivation of the tourist industry of Ecuador.
The logic of medical discovery: the case of Jenner’s inquiry on variolae vaccinae
Authors: Gómez Cristina Barés , Fontaine Matthieu
Published: August 2024

Jenner (1749–1826) is known as the father of the smallpox vaccine. Through an inferential analysis of Jenner’s report of inquiry, in which medical practice and medical research are intrinsically intertwined, we highlight his use of abductive hypotheses. Our understanding of abduction is based on the Gabbay and Woods (2005, The Reach of Abduction Insight and Trial, 2, 39) model, in which hypotheses can be activated even when they have not been confirmed, as well as Magnani’s Select and Test model (1992, 2017). We discuss the fundamental role of abductive hypotheses in experimental medicine and understood in the sense of Bernard (1865, Introduction à l’étude la médecine expérimentale). We conclude with remarks about mechanistic hypotheses discussed by Jenner, in relation to the thesis advocated by Russo and Williamson (2007, Int. Stud. Philos. Sci., 21, 157–170).
The allometry of brain size in Euarchontoglires: clade-specific patterns and their impact on encephalization quotients
Authors: López-Torres Sergi , Bertrand Ornella C , Fostowicz-Frelik Łucja , Lang Madlen M , Law Chris J , San Martin-Flores Gabriela , Schillaci Michael A , Silcox Mary T
Published: August 2024

The timing and nature of evolutionary shifts in the relative brain size of Primates have been extensively studied. Less is known, however, about the scaling of the brain-to-body size in their closest living relatives, i.e., among other members of Euarchontoglires (Dermoptera, Scandentia, Lagomorpha, Rodentia). Ordinary least squares (OLS), reduced major axis (RMA), and phylogenetic generalized least squares (PGLS) regressions were fitted to the largest euarchontogliran data set of brain and body mass, comprising 715 species. Contrary to previous inferences, lagomorph brain sizes (PGLS slope = 0.465; OLS slope = 0.593) scale relative to body mass similarly to rodents (PGLS = 0.526; OLS = 0.638), and differently than primates (PGLS = 0.607; OLS = 0.794). There is a shift in the pattern of the scaling of the brain in Primates, with Strepsirrhini occupying an intermediate stage similar to Scandentia but different from Rodentia and Lagomorpha, while Haplorhini differ from all other groups in the OLS and RMA analyses. The unique brain–body scaling relationship of Primates among Euarchontoglires illustrates the need for clade-specific metrics for relative brain size (i.e., encephalization quotients; EQs) for more restricted taxonomic entities than Mammalia. We created clade-specific regular and phylogenetically adjusted EQ equations at superordinal, ordinal, and subordinal levels. When using fossils as test cases, our results show that generalized mammalian equations underestimate the encephalization of the stem lagomorph Megalagus turgidus in the context of lagomorphs, overestimate the encephalization of the stem primate Microsyops annectens and the early euprimate Necrolemur antiquus, but provide similar EQ values as our new strepsirrhine-specific EQ when applied to the early euprimate Adapis parisiensis.
A validated estimate of visceral adipose tissue volume in relation to cancer risk
Authors: Lu Yujia , Zhao Yu Chen , Liu Kuangyu , Bever Alaina , Zhou Ziyi , Wang Kai , Fang Zhe , Polychronidis Georgios , Liu Yuchen , Tao Liyuan , Dickerman Barbra A , Giovannucci Edward L , Song Mingyang
Published: August 2024

Background

Despite the recognized role of visceral adipose tissue in carcinogenesis, its independent association with cancer risk beyond traditional obesity measures remains unknown because of limited availability of imaging data.

Methods

We developed an estimation equation for visceral adipose tissue volume using elastic net regression based on demographic and anthropometric data in a subcohort of participants in the UK Biobank (UKB; n = 23 148) with abdominal magnetic resonance imaging scans. This equation was externally validated in 2713 participants from the 2017-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey according to sex, age, and race groups. We then applied the equation to the overall UKB cohort of 461 665 participants to evaluate the prospective association between estimated visceral adipose tissue and cancer risk using Cox proportional hazards models. We also calculated the population attributable risk of cancer associated with estimated visceral adipose tissue and body mass index (BMI).

Results

Estimated visceral adipose tissue showed a high correlation with measured visceral adipose tissue in internal and external validations (r = 0.81-0.86). During a median 12-year follow-up in the UKB, we documented 37 397 incident cancer cases; estimated visceral adipose tissue was statistically significantly associated with elevated risk of obesity-related and individual cancers, independent of BMI and waist circumference. Population attributable risk for total cancer associated with high (quartiles 2-4 vs 1) estimated visceral adipose tissue (9.0% for men, 11.6% for women) was higher than high BMI (quartiles 2-4 vs 1 = 5.0% for men, 8.2% for women).

Conclusions

Estimated visceral adipose tissue showed robust performance in UKB and National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and was associated with cancer risk independent of BMI and waist circumference. This study provides a potential clinical tool for visceral adipose tissue estimation and underscores that visceral adipose tissue can be an important target for cancer prevention.
Neuro-protective effects of increased O-GlcNAcylation by glucosamine in an optic tectum traumatic brain injury model of adult zebrafish
Authors: Sung Hyun Jae , Kim Dong Yeol , Bui Ngan An , Han Inn-Oc
Published: August 2024

This study investigated the behavioral and molecular changes in the telencephalon following needle stab-induced injury in the optic tectum of adult zebrafish. At 3 days post-injury (dpi), there was noticeable structural damage to brain tissue and reduced neuronal proliferation in the telencephalon that persisted until 30 dpi. Neurobehavioral deficits observed at 3 dpi included decreased exploratory and social activities and impaired learning and memory (L/M) functions; all of these resolved by 7 dpi. The injury led to a reduction in telencephalic phosphorylated cAMP response element-binding protein and O-GlcNAcylation, both of which were restored by 30 dpi. There was an increase in GFAP expression and nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 at 3 dpi, which were not restored by 30 dpi. The injury caused decreased O-GlcNAc transferase and increased O-GlcNAcase levels at 3 dpi, normalizing by 30 dpi. Glucosamine (GlcN) treatment at 3 dpi significantly restored O-GlcNAcylation levels and L/M function, also reducing GFAP activation. Glucose treatment recovered L/M function by 7 dpi, but inhibition of the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway by 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine blocked this recovery. These findings suggest that the O-GlcNAc pathway is a potential therapeutic target for addressing L/M impairment following traumatic brain injury in zebrafish.
Entirely extracted Tunga penetrans in a traveller to Guinea-Bissau
Authors: Thielecke Marlene , Lindner Andreas K
Published: August 2024

A 35-year-old traveller to West Africa returned from his trip with a sand flea embedded in his foot. The pea-sized sand flea was extracted entirely by a non-medical person, allowing an exceptional visualization. Tungiasis, the sand flea disease, occurs sporadically in travellers. This is the second case reported from Guinea-Bissau.
A morphological analysis of the galaxy cluster XLSSC 122 at z = 1.98
Authors: Leste O K , Willis J P , Canning R E A , Rennehan D
Published: August 2024

We present a morphological analysis of 29 spectroscopically confirmed members of XLSSC 122, a massive galaxy cluster at $z=1.98$. We perform photometry using statmorph on images of the cluster members from the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) Wide Field Camera (WFC3) in the F140W band. We visually assess the images and compute non-parametric morphological measures, namely the concentration C, asymmetry A, Gini, and $M_{20}$ values and use them to classify cluster members as either being bulge-dominated, disc-dominated or presenting possible merger features. The morphological properties of the XLSSC 122 members show clear evidence of bimodality. The bulge-dominated galaxies are redder, older, and are found in the denser regions of the cluster, while the galaxies showing disturbed features are bluer, younger and are found towards the outskirts of the cluster. XLSSC 122 is also found to be deficient in blue and disturbed galaxies compared to field galaxy populations from the Cosmic Assembly Near-IR Extragalactic Legacy Survey (CANDELS)/3D-HST surveys. An analysis of merger events occurring in numerical simulations suggest that galaxy interactions generating a population of morphologically disturbed galaxies in XLSSC 122 may have occurred over the interval $2\lt z\lt 3$, that is, prior to their infall into the virial core of the cluster.
Star-forming and quiescent central galaxies cluster similarly: implications for the galaxy–halo connection
Authors: Kakos James , Rodríguez-Puebla Aldo , Primack Joel R , Faber Sandra M , Koo David C , Behroozi Peter , Avila-Reese Vladimir
Published: August 2024

We measure the clustering of low-redshift Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) galaxies as a function of stellar mass ($10.0\lt \log (M_*/\mathrm{M}_\odot)\lt 11.5$) and specific star formation rate (sSFR) and compare the results to models of the galaxy–halo connection. We find that the autocorrelation functions of central galaxies exhibit little dependence on sSFR, with the well-known stronger clustering of quiescent galaxies mainly attributable to satellites. Because halo assembly history is known to affect distinct halo clustering, this result implies that there is little net correlation between halo assembly history and central galaxy sSFR. However, cross-correlations with satellites are stronger for quiescent centrals than star-forming centrals, consistent with quiescent centrals having more satellites in their haloes at fixed $M_*$, as found in SDSS group catalogues. We model the galaxy–halo connection in an N-body simulation by assigning sSFRs to central galaxies in three different ways. Two of the models depend on halo assembly history (being based on halo accretion rate or concentration), while the third is independent of halo assembly history (being based on peak halo circular velocity, $V_\text{peak}$, a proxy for halo mass). All three models replicate the observed autocorrelations of central galaxies, while only the $V_\text{peak}$ model reproduces the observed cross-correlations with satellites. This further suggests that the effects of halo assembly history may not be easily seen in autocorrelations of centrals and implies that a more complete understanding of central galaxy clustering may require more than autocorrelations of centrals alone. Additionally, the good agreement with the $V_\text{peak}$ model supports the idea that quiescent central galaxies reside in more massive haloes than star-forming central galaxies at fixed $M_*$.
Comparative genomics supports ecologically induced selection as a putative driver of banded penguin diversification
Authors: León Fabiola , Pizarro Eduardo , Noll Daly , Pertierra Luis R , Parker Patricia , Espinaze Marcela P A , Luna-Jorquera Guillermo , Simeone Alejandro , Frere Esteban , Dantas Gisele , Cristofari Robin , Cornejo Omar E , Bowie Rauri C K , Vianna Juliana A
Published: August 2024

The relative importance of genetic drift and local adaptation in facilitating speciation remains unclear. This is particularly true for seabirds, who can disperse over large geographic distances, providing opportunities for intermittent gene flow among distant colonies that span the temperature and salinity gradients of the oceans. Here, we delve into the genomic basis of adaptation and speciation of banded penguins, Galápagos (Spheniscus mendiculus), Humboldt (S. humboldti), Magellanic (S. magellanicus) and African penguins (S. demersus), by analyzing 114 genomes from the main 16 breeding colonies. We aim to identify the molecular mechanism and genomic adaptive traits that have facilitated their diversifications. Through positive selection and gene family expansion analyses, we identified candidate genes that may be related to reproductive isolation processes mediated by ecological thermal niche divergence. We recover signals of positive selection on key loci associated with spermatogenesis, especially during the recent peripatric divergence of the Galápagos penguin from the Humboldt penguin. High temperatures in tropical habitats may have favored selection on loci associated with spermatogenesis to maintain sperm viability, leading to reproductive isolation among young species. Our results suggest that genome-wide selection on loci associated with molecular pathways that underpin thermoregulation, osmoregulation, hypoxia, and social behavior appear to have been crucial in local adaptation of banded penguins. Overall, these results contribute to our understanding of how the complexity of biotic, but especially abiotic, factors, along with the high dispersal capabilities of these marine species, may promote both neutral and adaptive lineage divergence even in the presence of gene flow.
Global analysis of the RNA–RNA interactome inAcinetobacter baumanniiAB5075 uncovers a small regulatory RNA repressing the virulence-related outer membrane protein CarO
Authors: Hamrock Fergal J , Ryan Daniel , Shaibah Ali , Ershova Anna S , Mogre Aalap , Sulimani Maha M , Ben Taarit Safa , Reichardt Sarah , Hokamp Karsten , Westermann Alexander J , Kröger Carsten
Published: August 2024

Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen that infects critically ill patients. The emergence of antimicrobial resistant A. baumannii has exacerbated the need to characterize environmental adaptation, antibiotic resistance and pathogenicity and their genetic regulators to inform intervention strategies. Critical to adaptation to changing environments in bacteria are small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs), however, the role that sRNAs play in the biology of A. baumannii is poorly understood. To assess the regulatory function of sRNAs and to uncover their RNA interaction partners, we employed an RNA proximity ligation and sequencing method (Hi-GRIL-seq) in three different environmental conditions. Forty sRNAs were ligated to sRNA–RNA chimeric sequencing reads, suggesting that sRNA-mediated gene regulation is pervasive in A. baumannii. In-depth characterization uncovered the sRNA Aar to be a post-transcriptional regulator of four mRNA targets including the transcript encoding outer membrane protein CarO. Aar initiates base-pairing with these mRNAs using a conserved seed region of nine nucleotides, sequestering the ribosome binding sites and inhibiting translation. Aar is differentially expressed in multiple stress conditions suggesting a role in fine-tuning translation of the Aar-target molecules. Our study provides mechanistic insights into sRNA-mediated gene regulation in A. baumannii and represents a valuable resource for future RNA-centric research endeavours.
Template-independent synthesis and 3′-end labelling of 2′-modified oligonucleotides with terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferases
Authors: Sun Leping , Xiang Yuming , Du Yuhui , Wang Yangming , Ma Jiezhao , Wang Yaxin , Wang Xueting , Wang Guangyuan , Chen Tingjian
Published: August 2024

Xenobiotic nucleic acids (XNAs) are artificial genetic polymers with altered structural moieties and useful features, such as enhanced biological and chemical stability. Enzymatic synthesis and efficient labelling of XNAs are crucial for their broader application. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferases (TdTs) have been exploited for the de novo synthesis and labelling of DNA and demonstrated the capability of recognizing various substrates. However, the activities of TdTs for the synthesis and labelling of commonly used XNAs with 2′ modifications have not been systematically explored. In this work, we explored and demonstrated the varied activities of three TdTs (bovine TdT, MTdT-evo and murine TdT) for the template-independent incorporation of 2′-methoxy NTPs, 2′-fluoro NTPs and 2′-fluoroarabino NTPs into the 3′ ends of single- and double-stranded DNAs and the extension of 2′-modified XNAs with (d)NTPs containing a natural or unnatural nucleobase. Taking advantages of these activities, we established a strategy for protecting single-stranded DNAs from exonuclease I degradation by TdT-synthesized 2′-modified XNA tails and methods for 3′-end labelling of 2′-modified XNAs by TdT-mediated synthesis of G-quadruplex-containing tails or incorporation of nucleotides with a functionalized nucleobase. A DNA-2′-fluoroarabino nucleic acid (FANA) chimeric hydrogel was also successfully constructed based on the extraordinary activity of MTdT-evo for template-independent FANA synthesis.
The emerging field of viroimmunotherapy for pediatric brain tumors
Authors: Garcia-Moure Marc , Laspidea Virginia , Gupta Sumit , Gillard Andrew G , Khatua Soumen , Parthasarathy Akhila , He Jiasen , Lang Frederick F , Fueyo Juan , Alonso Marta M , Gomez-Manzano Candelaria
Published: August 2024

Pediatric brain tumors are the most common solid tumors in children. Even to date, with the advances in multimodality therapeutic management, survival outcomes remain dismal in some types of tumors, such as pediatric-type diffuse high-grade gliomas or central nervous system embryonal tumors. Failure to understand the complex molecular heterogeneity and the elusive tumor and microenvironment interplay continues to undermine therapeutic efficacy. Developing a strategy that would improve survival for these fatal tumors remains unmet in pediatric neuro-oncology. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging as a feasible, safe, and promising therapy for brain tumors. The new paradigm in virotherapy implies that the direct cytopathic effect is followed, under certain circumstances, by an antitumor immune response responsible for the partial or complete debulking of the tumor mass. OVs alone or combined with other therapeutic modalities have been primarily used in adult neuro-oncology. A surge in encouraging preclinical studies in pediatric brain tumor models recently led to the clinical translation of OVs with encouraging results in these tumors. In this review, we summarize the different virotherapy tested in preclinical and clinical studies in pediatric brain tumors, and we discuss the limitations and future avenues necessary to improve the response of these tumors to this type of therapy.
Exploring Perceptions of Anti-vaping Message Themes: A Qualitative Study of Australian Adolescents and Adults
Authors: Brierley Mary-Ellen E , Kirley Isabella , Jongenelis Michelle I
Published: August 2024

Introduction

Minimizing electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) uptake and encouraging vaping cessation have become important components of public health agendas. Given the success of well-designed anti-smoking campaigns, attention has turned to developing health communications that target vaping. Although prior work has identified a range of potentially effective campaign messages, several gaps in the literature remain. We aimed to (1) identify message themes perceived to be effective at minimizing e-cigarette use and (2) elicit opinions on how these message themes could be optimized in terms of message execution and delivery.

Aims and Methods

Focus groups (FG; n = 16) were conducted with adolescents (14- to 15- and 16- to 17-year-olds), young adults (18- to 24-year-olds), and adults (25- to 39-year-olds). The groups reported on message themes they believed would assist with minimizing e-cigarette use. They then provided feedback on 14 message themes developed by the research team. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis.

Results

Groups discussed a range of message themes they believed would be effective. These included themes focused on the health harms associated with vaping, the chemical ingredients in e-cigarettes, use dependence, and social attitudes to use. Groups discussed the importance of using evidence-based personal testimonies and reported that messages would be most effectively communicated via social media, in public places, and at point of sale.

Conclusions

Results build on existing research by identifying message themes perceived to be most effective, and how these could best be executed. Results have the potential to inform the development of co-designed health communication campaigns addressing youth vaping.

Implications

Using a stratified FG methodology, we collected rich and detailed qualitative data on Australians’ perceptions of anti-vaping message themes. The themes considered most effective were those that addressed the health harms of vaping, the chemical ingredients in e-cigarettes, the social consequences of use, and the impacts of dependence. We recommend further work to develop and trial a range of specific anti-vaping messages based on the themes identified as having the most potential. This process should include iterative co-design with the target audience to optimize future health communication campaigns.
Associations of Co-Occurring Chronic Conditions With Use of Rehabilitation Services in Older Adults With Back Pain: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Rundell Sean D , Karmarkar Amol , Patel Kushang V
Published: August 2024

Objective

The objective was to examine the associations of number and type of chronic conditions with the use of rehabilitation services among older adults with bothersome back pain.

Methods

We conducted a cohort study using the National Health and Aging Trends Study, a longitudinal survey of Medicare beneficiaries ≥65 years. We included community-dwelling older adults with bothersome back pain in 2015. We assessed 12 self-reported chronic conditions, including arthritis, depression, and anxiety. We used 2016 data to ascertain self-reported use of any rehabilitation services in the prior year. We used weighted, logistic regression to examine the association of conditions with rehabilitation use.

Results

The sample size was 2443. A majority were age ≥75 years (59%); female (62%); and White, non-Hispanic (71%). The median number of chronic conditions was 3 (interquartile range, 2–4). Arthritis was the most common chronic condition (73%); 14% had anxiety; and 16% had depression. For every additional chronic condition, adjusted odds of any rehabilitation use increased 21% (Odds Ratio = 1.21, 95% CI = 1.11–1.31). Those with ≥4 chronic conditions had 2.13 times higher odds (95% CI = 1.36–3.34) of any rehabilitation use in the next year versus those with 0–1 condition. Participants with arthritis had 1.96 times higher odds (95% CI = 1.41–2.72) of any rehabilitation use versus those without arthritis. Anxiety and depression were not significantly associated with rehabilitation use.

Conclusions

Among older adults with back pain, a greater number of chronic conditions and arthritis were associated with higher use of rehabilitation services. Those with anxiety or depression had no difference in their use of rehabilitation care versus those without these conditions.

Impact

This pattern suggests appropriate use of rehabilitation for patients with back pain and multiple chronic conditions based on greater need, but there may be potential underuse for those with back pain and psychological conditions.
Higher Purpose, Employees, and the Firm
Authors: Thakor Anjan V
Published: August 2024

I present a theory of organizational higher purpose in which, in addition to profits, the firms’ owners and employees care about a purpose that guides decisions but transcends business goals. This purpose sacrifices profits but serves a greater good that generates positive utility for the owners and employees. Some purpose-driven firms insure employees against layoffs and may pay employees more or less than firms not offering such insurance. Whether purpose-driven firms offering layoff insurance pay employees more or less than purpose-driven firms not offering this insurance depends on the owner’s purpose-linked utility relative to the employee’s. (JEL D01, D21, D24, G03, G32)
Treatment of giant cell arteritis with ultra-short glucocorticoids and tocilizumab: results from the extension of the TOPAZIO study
Authors: Muratore Francesco , Marvisi Chiara , Cassone Giulia , Ricordi Caterina , Boiardi Luigi , Mancuso Pamela , Besutti Giulia , Spaggiari Lucia , Casali Massimiliano , Croci Stefania , Durmo Rexhep , Versari Annibale , Di Tommaso Gabriella , Catanoso Mariagrazia , Giorgi Rossi Paolo , Salvarani Carlo
Published: August 2024

Objectives

To assess the maintenance of efficacy of one year of tocilizumab (TCZ) monotherapy after its discontinuation in large vessel-GCA (LV-GCA).

Methods

17 patients with active LV-GCA were previously treated with 3 boluses of intravenous methylprednisone and weekly subcutaneous TCZ in monotherapy for 52 weeks. Patients in relapse-free clinical remission at week 52 discontinued TCZ and entered part two, which was a 26-week observational follow-up period. PET/CT was performed in all patients at the end of the 26-week observational period (week 78). End points were the variation in PET vascular activity score (PETVAS) at week 78 compared with baseline and with week 52, and the proportion of patients with relapse-free clinical remission at week 78 and at the end of the follow-up.

Results

Compared with baseline, a significant reduction in PETVAS was observed at week 78, mean (95% CI) change −6.6 (−9.5 to −3.7). However, compared with week 52, PETVAS significantly increase 6 months after TCZ discontinuation (week 78), mean (95% CI) change 4.6 (0.7–8.5). The proportion of patients with relapse-free clinical remission at weeks 78 and at the end of the follow-up (median time from TCZ discontinuation 148 weeks) was 11/17 (65%, 95% CI 38–86) and 8/17 (47%, 95% CI 23–72), respectively. Age and sex-adjusted HR (95% CI) for each unit increase of PETVAS indicating subsequent relapse was 1.36 (0.92–2.00).

Conclusions

One year of TCZ monotherapy was effective in maintaining drug-free clinical remission in LV-GCA. Changes in PETVAS early after TCZ discontinuation may predict subsequent relapses.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov, http://clinicaltrials.gov, NCT05394909.
Hepatitis B reactivation in PsA patients: an SLR and meta-analysis for IL-17, IL-23 and JAK inhibitors
Authors: Androutsakos Theodoros , Dimitriadis Konstantinos , Koutsompina Maria-Loukia , Vassilakis Konstantinos D , Pouliakis Avraam , Fragoulis George E
Published: August 2024

Objectives

HBV reactivation (HBVr) constitutes a side effect of the treatment of autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Even though HBVr risk of conventional synthetic DMARDs (csDMARDs) and anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) agents has long been established, the risk of targeted synthetic (ts)DMARDs and anti-interleukin (anti-IL) agents remains largely unknown.

Methods

We conducted a SLR (PubMed, Scopus and EMBASE) and meta-analysis to examine the HBVr risk for the following: anti-IL17, anti-IL12/23, anti-IL23 and JAK-inhibitors in patients with chronic HBV infection (HBsAg presence or detectable HBV-DNA) and in patients with prior HBV infection (HBcAb-positive and HBsAg-negative). Meta-analysis was performed using both the fixed and random effects method and was conducted using the R computing language.

Results

Overall, our study revealed a low HBVr risk of <6% in all agents; the risk was significantly higher for people having chronic compared with those with resolved HBV (14.4% vs 5.1%, respectively P < 0.01). There was no difference among different drugs in the HBVr rates [anti-IL-17: 4% (95% CI: 1–9%), anti-IL-12/IL-23: 2% (95% CI: 0–5%), JAK-inhibitors: 4% (95% CI: 1–8%), anti-IL23: 0%]. Of note, HBVr rate reached 28% in patients with chronic HBV who did not receive anti-viral treatment. For patients with resolved hepatitis, the respective percentage was 4.7%.

Conclusion

Overall, our meta-analysis shows that patients with chronic HBV receiving anti-IL-17, anti-IL-12/23, anti-IL-23 and JAK-inhibitors have significant risk for HBVr, especially if they are not under anti-viral treatment. In contrast, resolved HBV seems to offer minor risk for HBVr even without anti-viral treatment.
Time Won’t Give Me Time: Intersections of Racialized and Gendered Organization of Work in Tech
Authors: Alegria Sharla , Banerjee Pallavi
Published: August 2024

Drawing on theories of gendered and racialized organizations and research on racialization and citizenship, we weave together an intersectional understanding of gendered racial meaning making in tech work. We focus on workers’ control over time, an important point of overlap between gendered and racialized organizations theories. Based on interviews with 85 tech workers who are either U.S. workers or Indian men in the United States with temporary non-immigrant visas (primarily H-1B visas), we examine the organization of work for tech workers with and without visa restrictions, focusing on control over time. We find that permanent U.S. engineers, mostly men, have considerably more control than Indian temporary workers, who have virtually none. U.S. managers have the most control, but because of the perception that they trade schedule control for less technical work, this work is feminized and devalued among engineers. Together, these conditions help to create a lower status, feminized managerial track and lower status, racialized but masculine technical track drafting the Indian workers in racially subordinated masculinity while preserving agency over time and status for technical workers with permanent legal status. These findings allow us to offer an intersectionally grounded revision of the abstract ideal worker concept.
How are differentials understood in economics? Conceptions identified in a textbook analysis
Authors: Feudel Frank , Skill Thomas
Published: August 2024

Differentials are commonly used in economics. However—similarly to other concepts—the way differentials are taught in mathematics courses for economics students might not fit to how they are used in subjects of the students’ major discipline. We therefore investigated by means of a textbook analysis how differentials are used and understood in microeconomics courses, and compared this with the way they are conveyed in mathematics for economics students. This analysis especially shows discrepancies between how differentials are introduced in mathematics and common ways of thinking about differentials in microeconomics, which can hinder students in gaining a holistic picture of the concept. Based on this analysis, we propose consequences for the teaching of differentials in mathematics courses for economics students.
Unveiling intra-population functional variability patterns in a European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) population from the southern range edge: drought resistance, post-drought recovery and phenotypic plasticity
Authors: Sánchez-Gómez David , Aranda Ismael
Published: August 2024

Understanding covariation patterns of drought resistance, post-drought recovery and phenotypic plasticity, and their variability at the intra-population level are crucial for predicting forest vulnerability to increasing aridity. This knowledge is particularly urgent at the trailing range edge since, in these areas, tree species are proximal to their ecological niche boundaries. While this proximity increases their susceptibility, these populations are recognized as valuable genetic reservoirs against environmental stressors. The conservation of this genetic variability is critical for the adaptive capacity of the species in the current context of climate change. Here we examined intra-population patterns of stem basal growth, gas exchange and other leaf functional traits in response to an experimental drought in seedlings of 16 open-pollinated families within a marginal population of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) from its southern range edge. We found a high degree of intra-population variation in leaf functional traits, photosynthetic performance, growth patterns and phenotypic plasticity in response to water availability. Low phenotypic plasticity was associated with higher resistance to drought. Both drought resistance and post-drought recovery of photosynthetic performance varied between maternal lines. However, drought resistance and post-drought recovery exhibited independent variation. We also found intra-population variation in stomatal sensitivity to soil drying, but it was not associated with either drought resistance or post-drought recovery. We conclude that an inverse relationship between phenotypic plasticity and drought resistance is not necessarily a sign of maladaptive plasticity, but rather it may reflect stability of functional performance and hence adaptation to withstand drought. The independent variation found between drought resistance and post-drought recovery should facilitate to some extent microevolution and adaption to increasing aridity. The observed variability in stomatal sensitivity to soil drying was consistent with previous findings at other scales (e.g., inter-specific variation, inter-population variation) that challenge the iso-anisohydric concept as a reliable surrogate of drought tolerance.
Organizational Hierarchies and Export Destinations
Authors: Brambilla Irene , César Andrés , Falcone Guillermo , Porto Guido
Published: August 2024

This paper proposes a new link relating export destinations and the organization of the firm: the production of higher-quality varieties exported to rich destinations induces firms to restructure their production processes, becoming organizationally more complex. A theoretical model with these features is presented and then the mechanisms are explored using a panel of Chilean manufacturing plants. The identification strategy of the paper relies on falling tariffs on Chilean products across destinations caused by the signature of Free Trade Agreements with high-income countries (the European Union, the United States, and South Korea). Results show that Chilean plants that were induced by these tariff reductions to start exporting to high-income destinations increased the number of hierarchical layers and upgraded the quality of their products. This involved the addition of qualified supervisors that facilitated the provision of higher product quality. These effects took place at new high-income exporting firms.
Spray-Induced Gene Silencing (SIGS) as a Tool for the Management of Pine Pitch Canker Forest Disease
Authors: Bocos-Asenjo Irene Teresa , Amin Huma , Mosquera Sandra , Díez-Hermano Sergio , Ginésy Mireille , Diez Julio Javier , Niño-Sánchez Jonatan
Published: August 2024

Global change is exacerbating the prevalence of plant diseases caused by pathogenic fungi in forests worldwide. The conventional use of chemical fungicides, which is commonplace in agricultural settings, is not sanctioned for application in forest ecosystems, so novel control strategies are imperative. Spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS) is a promising approach that can modulate the expression of target genes in eukaryotes in response to double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) present in the environment that triggers the RNA interference mechanism. SIGS exhibited notable success in reducing virulence when deployed against some crop fungal pathogens, such as Fusarium graminearum, Botrytis cinerea, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, among others. However, there is a conspicuous dearth of studies evaluating the applicability of SIGS for managing forest pathogens. This research aimed to determine whether SIGS could be used to control F. circinatum, a widely impactful forest pathogen that causes pine pitch canker disease. Through a bacterial synthesis, we produced dsRNA molecules to target fungal essential genes involved in vesicle trafficking (Vps51, DCTN1, and SAC1), signal transduction (Pp2a, Sit4, Ppg1, and Tap42), and cell wall biogenesis (Chs1, Chs2, Chs3b, and Gls1) metabolic pathways. We confirmed that F. circinatum is able to uptake externally applied dsRNA, triggering an inhibition of the pathogen’s virulence. Furthermore, this study pioneers the demonstration that recurrent applications of dsRNAs in SIGS are more effective in protecting plants than single applications. Therefore, SIGS emerges as an effective and sustainable approach for managing plant pathogens, showcasing its efficacy in controlling a globally significant forest pathogen subject to quarantine measures.
The effects of the atrial natriuretic peptide deficiency on renal cortical mitochondrial bioenergetics in the Dahl SS rat
Authors: Cherezova Alena , Sudarikova Anastasia , Vasileva Valeriia , Iurchenko Regina , Nikiforova Anna , Spires Denisha R. , Zamaro Aleksandra S. , Jones Adam C. , Schibalski Ryan S. , Dong Zheng , Palygin Oleg , Stadler Krisztian , Ilatovskaya Daria V.
Published: August 2024

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) plays an important role in blood pressure regulation. Low levels of ANP correlate with the development of salt‐sensitive hypertension (SS‐HTN). Our previous studies indicated that ANP deficiency exacerbated renal function decline in SS‐HTN. In the heart and fat tissue, ANP was reported to affect lipid peroxidation and mitochondrial bioenergetics but the effects of ANP on mitochondrial function in the kidney are unexplored. We hypothesized that ANP deficiency in SS‐HTN causes renal bioenergetic shift, leading to disruption of mitochondrial network and oxidative stress. To address the hypothesis, we placed Dahl SS wild‐type (SSWT) and ANP knockout (SSNPPA−/−) rats on 4% NaCl high salt (HS) diet to induce HTN or maintained them on 0.4% NaCl normal salt (NS) diet and assessed mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics using spectrofluorimetry, Seahorse assay, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, Western blotting, electron microscopy, PCR and cytokine assays. We report that under high salt conditions, associated with hypertension and renal damage, the SSNPPA−/− rats exhibit a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and elevation in mitochondrial ROS levels compared to SSWT. The redox shift is also evident by the presence of more pronounced medullar lipid peroxidation in the SSNPPA−/− strain. We also revealed fragmented, more damaged mitochondria in the SSNPPA−/− rats, accompanied by increased turnover and biogenesis. Overall, our data indicate that ANP deficiency causes disruptions in mitochondrial bioenergetics and dynamics which likely contributes to aggravation of the renal damage and hypertension in the Dahl SS rat; the major pathological effects are evident in the groups subjected to a combined salt and ANP deficiency‐induced mitochondrial stress.
Modified Barium Swallow Study for Children: Technique and Utility
Authors: Szymanski Kathryn A. , Killeen Stacey , Greer Jade , Gokli Ami , Pfeifer Cory M.
Published: August 2024

Barium swallow studies are used to assess dysphagia and should be modified for use in children. In setting up a modified barium swallow (MBS) study, the mutual cooperation of a speech pathologist, radiologist, and caregiver is ideal. This educational activity is aimed at assisting in the radiologist’s general understanding in preparation for MBS. Selection of barium consistency and delivery is critical to patient cooperation and the success of the study. The consistency of the barium contrast material is described in increasing viscosity as ultrathin, thin, slightly thick, mildly thick, moderately thick, and extremely thick. Selection should consider the patient’s diet. As a comparison, most infant formulas have a viscosity similar to thin liquids, while breast milk and water are similar in viscosity to ultrathin barium. Additives and modifications may be used to improve taste. Liquid modifications include flavored electrolytes, powdered juice, milk, or hot chocolate powder mix. Solid food modifications include barium cookies. In assessing the MBS, the 8-Point Penetration-Aspiration Scale and the Dysphagia Outcome and Severity Scale should be applied. The 8-Point Penetration-Aspiration Scale describes the entrance and clearance of barium material into the airway. The Dysphagia Outcome and Severity Scale is used to advise diet. These tools are useful in guiding the plan of action.
Ataxia telangiectasia-mutated rs56009889 and risk of common cancers
Authors: Barnet-Griness Ofra , Gruber Stephen B. , Lipkin Steven M. , Shulman Katerina , Haddad Riad , Galili Ronen , Rennert Gad
Published: August 2024

A polymorphic variant in the ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) gene, rs56009889, was recently associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. We studied the role of this variant in the etiology of other cancers. Data from three population-based case–control studies of colon, breast, and lung cancer were used. Participants in these studies (4517 cases, 3383 controls) underwent a genome-wide association study using 500K Illumina OncoArray. The frequency of the AG/AA genotypes differed between Ashkenazi (4.6%) and Sephardi (0.2%) Jews (P < 0.001). AG/AA frequency was significantly higher in Ashkenazi lung cancer (11.9%) than in controls (2.8%) [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 5.4]. Females had a higher risk than males (OR = 12.8 versus 3.5). The adjusted OR for colorectal cancer was 1.40 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01–2.0, P = 0.045] and for breast cancer was 1.43 (95% CI = 1.01–2.04, P = 0.046). Never-smokers variant carriers were at higher risk of lung and colon, but not breast, cancer. Cases with the AG/AA genotype had lower mean age at diagnosis, but this difference was significant only for breast cancer (−3.2 years, P = 0.007). No associations were observed with overall survival. Among the breast cancer subjects, the OR for having triple-negative tumors was 0.45 for AG/AA versus GG genotype (95% CI = 0.2–0.9, P = 0.02). We confirm the strong association between ATM rs56009889 and lung cancer risk in Ashkenazi Jews and report a mild association with the risk of breast cancer and colorectal cancer.
Comparison analysis of the burden and attributable risk factors of early-onset and late-onset colorectal cancer in China from 1990 to 2019
Authors: Gong Mingmin , Xia Tian , Chen Zefu , Zhu Yuanyuan
Published: August 2024

Objectives

The project intended to analyze the impact of burden and related risk factors of late-onset colorectal cancer (LOCRC) and early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) in China, thus offering essential references for optimizing prevention and control strategies.

Method

Global Burden of Disease Study was employed to describe burden changes of EOCRC and LOCRC in China during 1990–2019, containing the numbers of incidence, deaths, prevalence, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and to compare attributable deaths and DALYs risk factors in varying age and sex segments.

Results

The numbers and corresponding crude rates of incidence, deaths, prevalence, and DALYs of EOCRC and LOCRC in China during 1990–2019 demonstrated an upward trend across all age categories, with males being dramatically predominant. Overall, over time, the impact of a low-calcium diet and a low-fiber diet on mortality and DALY rates decreased, while the impact of other risk factors increased. In terms of gender, the risk factors affecting males changed greatly, with smoking, inadequate milk intake, and the low whole-grain diet being the main factors in 2019, while in 1990, the main factors were the low-calcium diet, smoking, and inadequate milk intake.

Conclusion

The burden of colorectal cancer in China is concerning. Patients grouped by diagnostic age exhibit different characteristics, indicating the need for high-quality research in the future to achieve personalized medicine tailored to different population characteristics.
Influence of network latency and bandwidth on robot-assisted laparoscopic telesurgery: A pre-clinical experiment
Authors: Wang Ye , Ai Qing , Shi Taoping , Gao Yu , Jiang Bin , Zhao Wuyi , Jiang Chengjun , Liu Guojun , Zhang Lifeng , Li Huaikang , Gao Fan , Ma Xin , Li Hongzhao , Zhang Xu
Published: August 2024

Background:

Telesurgery has the potential to overcome spatial limitations for surgeons, which depends on surgical robot and the quality of network communication. However, the influence of network latency and bandwidth on telesurgery is not well understood.

Methods:

A telesurgery system capable of dynamically adjusting image compression ratios in response to bandwidth changes was established between Beijing and Sanya (Hainan province), covering a distance of 3000 km. In total, 108 animal operations, including 12 surgical procedures, were performed. Total latency ranging from 170 ms to 320 ms and bandwidth from 15–20 Mbps to less than 1 Mbps were explored using designed surgical tasks and hemostasis models for renal vein and internal iliac artery rupture bleeding. Network latency, jitter, frame loss, and bit rate code were systemically measured during these operations. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) and a self-designed scale measured the workload and subjective perception of surgeons.

Results:

All 108 animal telesurgeries, conducted from January 2023 to June 2023, were performed effectively over a total duration of 3866 min. The operations were completed with latency up to 320 ms and bandwidths as low as 1–5 Mbps. Hemostasis for vein and artery rupture bleeding models was effectively achieved under these low bandwidth conditions. The NASA-TLX results indicated that latency significantly impacted surgical performance more than bandwidth and image clarity reductions.

Conclusions:

This telesurgery system demonstrated safety and reliability. A total of 320 ms latency is acceptable for telesurgery operations. Reducing image clarity can effectively mitigate the potential latency increase caused by decreased bandwidth, offering a new method to reduce the impact of latency on telesurgery.