bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Setting a New Research Agenda
Authors: Svensson Isak , Finnbogason Daniel , Krause Dino , Lorenzo Luís Martínez , Hawach Nanar
Published: August 2022

The concluding chapter makes a case for why civil resistance against jihadist proto-states should constitute a new research agenda. Although grievances (especially against the transnational elements of jihadist groups, which are often perceived as alien by local populations) appear to be a necessary factor for civil resistance, their presence does not constitute a sufficient explanation. Rather, dissenting voices also need to have resource mobilization capacities to be able to launch resistance nonviolently. The diverse forms of civil resistance against jihadist proto-states identified in the different chapters are highlighted, while the specificity of demands voiced during demonstrations, as well as their level of coordination, are found to increase the likelihood of the demands being met by the jihadist incumbents. Last, the chapter discusses the role played by women in civil resistance against jihadist proto-states and discusses what role the outside world can play in supporting civilians in these contexts.
Context Setting
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: August 2022

The impact of gun violence on the nation is understood, and more so in its urban communities. Nevertheless, research over the past 50 years has not made dramatic progress, particularly as it relates to treating injuries and the rehabilitation process. This chapter builds upon earlier coverage and addresses aspects not well known and significant in the life of communities confronting this violence, setting the stage for interventions to prevent and treat victims. Qualitative dimensions require a nuanced perspective on injuries, allowing a multidimensional picture to emerge to guide interventions. Injuries from a beating with a gun, for example, may not elevate to what we typically consider a gun injury. Nevertheless, this assault should be part of any comprehension of how gun violence takes many shapes. This chapter orients readers to how this book unfolds and the challenges we face in grasping the consequences of gun violence.
Professional Education
Authors: Delgado Melvin
Published: August 2022

This book has a central goal of advancing the field of urban gun injuries. No single profession in this field shoulders the burden of this challenge, increasing the importance of education in creating a cadre of providers, researchers, and academics interested in addressing urban gun violence. Educating providers represents what is arguably the cornerstone of any strategy to move the field forward in the next decade to remain relevant to urban research, policy, and practice. Professional education represents an ideal venue to create a cadre of providers at all levels of service who are equipped to address this public health issue. Gun injuries and death need to ascend to greater national importance, with specialized attention in the training of physicians and other professions. Medical professionals, as highlighted throughout this book, are increasingly coming to the fore in this field.
Building an Award-Winning Guitar Program
Authors: Swick Bill
Published: August 2022

Building an Award-Winning Guitar Program: A Guide for All Music Educators is a practical guide to assist secondary and post-secondary music educators with the tasks of building an award-winning music program. With the rising interest in, for example, guitar, mariachi, rock band, handbells, bluegrass, and music technology, more and more music educators are being asked to teach innovative music classes. This text is designed to build award-winning music programs from the ground floor by teaching innovative music classes. This guide covers the nuts and bolts of building solid programs that will be long lasting and will capture the attention of others. The book is designed to assist music educators with classroom management, scheduling, structure, organization, fundraising, festivals, travel, and the myriad subjects related to teaching guitar in the classroom. All the principals included may be applied to any music education program. This guide, which assumes that the reader is equipped with the knowledge of how to teach content or where to find content, is designed instead to create a music program that will stand out within your school district as well as in your state; covers the business of teaching; and offers guidance in the day-to-day activities needed to build award-winning music programs.
Selecting Your Instrument and Approach
Authors: Swick Bill
Published: August 2022

At one time in the United States, no public schools anywhere offered music classes in guitar. Chapter 6 offers a brief history of how guitar education in public schools has evolved since the 1960s and what has developed since that time. There is also a brief summary of the history of the guitar in Europe from the Renaissance onward. Chapter 6 additionally addresses twelve reasons for using classical nylon-string guitars in the classroom. The chapter also identifies the two distinct camps of current music educators and reasons for teaching classical music along with popular music, teaching modern Western staff notation, and teaching to the national standards. Solo playing and ensemble playing are also addressed.
Websites and Documentation
Authors: Swick Bill
Published: August 2022

In a survey given to one hundred high school guitar teachers, respondents were asked if their guitar program has a dedicated website. Only two responded with “yes.” Chapter 10 focuses on the importance of creating and maintaining a website for all award-winning programs and the benefits that come from this effort. In addition, this chapter covers the importance of documentation, as well as the many ways events may be documented and how your documentation may be shared on your dedicated website with your students, parents, community, and other educators around the country. Links to award-winning program websites are provided as examples.
Building a Curriculum
Authors: Swick Bill
Published: August 2022

Chapter 11 details what the director of every award-winning guitar program should have in their vault, which contains the nuts and bolts of a successful music program. In addition, this chapter looks at the challenges teachers may face and provides practical tips for building a structure for successful learning and sustainable progress. The chapter also stresses the importance of planning lessons and knowing which week each lesson will be presented throughout the entire school year. In addition, how to measure students’ learning progress is addressed and suggestions are made about how to build a program by improving only by 1 percent each day.
Teaching the Whole Student
Authors: Swick Bill
Published: August 2022

Award-winning music programs usually have one thing in common: the director puts the needs of students first. It is rare to find a successful music program that prioritizes competitions and constantly winning above all else. Chapter 12 focuses on what students really need and what the takeaway should be from school music programs. Focus is given to the top ten skills that high school students need for preparing to enter college. Each skill is looked at individually in relationship to how a music teacher may contribute to students’ learning each of these skills. This chapter ends where Chapter 1 begins, looking at the qualities of the music educator, and listing the many skills required by the director to build an award-winning music program.
Normative Pluralism
Authors: Sagdahl Mathea Slåttholm
Published: August 2022

The potential conflicts between morality and self-interest lie at the heart of ethics. However, moral philosophers sometimes think of their task as trying to gain knowledge simply of what we are morally required to do, leaving aside the larger normative question of what we ought to do all things considered, while others have assumed that what we ought to do all things considered just is what we morally ought to do. This book grapples with the more fundamental question of what we ought to do all things considered but argues that there may be no simple answer to this question. Behind the assumption that there is something we ought to do all things considered often lies another undefended assumption that the strengths of moral and prudential reasons actually are comparable. Instead of making such an assumption, the book defends a pluralist theory of normativity where morality and prudence form two separate and incommensurable normative standpoints, much like Henry Sidgwick’s “Dualism of Practical Reason.” This type of view has tended to be quickly dismissed by its opponents, but the book argues that the theory is in fact well motivated and that the typical objections that tend to target it are much weaker than they are usually considered to be.
The Golden Era of Free Speech
Authors: Chemerinsky Erwin , Chemerinsky Alex
Published: August 2022

Social media and the internet have significantly expanded the landscape of free expression, exponentially increasing the access that any member of the general public has to disseminate speech to a mass audience and ushering in what may be described as the golden era of free speech. Though this expansion has come with unique, unforeseen challenges that must be addressed through reform, it has also provided significant benefits that should not be sacrificed in addressing those challenges. Focusing on the importance of these advancements in free expression, this essay examines the current debate and proposals regarding Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act and analyzes why the law is effective and should be subject to only minor revisions. Although it champions the benefits of this golden era of free speech, this essay also identifies significant problems that arise with false speech and foreign speech and discusses the limitations of First Amendment doctrine in addressing these issues.
Section 230 Reforms
Authors: Whitehouse Sheldon
Published: August 2022

Social media companies have been implicated in the profit-driven dissemination and proliferation of disinformation and illicit content online. The need to address this dangerous issue has led to bipartisan consensus that Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act of 1996, which protects social media companies from liability for the spread of this harmful content, should be reformed or repealed. However, the challenge for legislators has been in developing an alternative for Section 230 that allows for injured litigants to find recourse while accounting for the unique and unprecedented nature of online platforms. This essay examines how the evolution of the internet and the way that the courts have interpreted Section 230 over time has essentially provided blanket immunity for social media companies that was not contemplated by the law when it was originally passed. Analyzing how misinformation and illegal content spreads online and how social media companies have willfully turned a blind eye to the rampant issue, the essay offers a framework for how Section 230 can be reformed and suggests new regulations that can be put in place to combat these issues and hold social media companies accountable.
The Siren Call of Content Moderation Formalism
Authors: Douek Evelyn
Published: August 2022

Systems of online content moderation governance are becoming some of the most elaborate and extensive bureaucracies in history, and they are deeply imperfect and need reform. Would-be reformers of content moderation systems are drawn to a highly rule-bound and formalistic vision of how these bureaucracies should operate, but the sprawling chaos of online speech is too vast, ever-changing, and varied to be brought into consistent compliance with rigid rules. This essay argues that the quest to make content moderation systems ever more formalistic will not fix public and regulatory concerns about the legitimacy and accountability of how platforms moderate content on their services. The largest social media platforms operate massive unelected, unaccountable, and increasingly complex bureaucracies that decide to act or not act on millions of pieces of content uploaded to their platforms every day. A formalistic model, invoking judicial-style norms of reasoning and precedent, is doomed to fail at this scale and level of complexity. As these governance systems mature, it is time to be content moderation realists about the task ahead.
Strategy and Structure
Authors: Starbird Kate
Published: August 2022

The pervasive spread of disinformation online is a critical societal issue, limiting our ability to respond to collective challenges such as pandemics and climate change. This essay defines disinformation as intentional, misleading but often built around a true or plausible core, and functioning as a campaign rather than a single piece of content. Online disinformation exploits social media and other information systems (both online and off) in complex ways, and disinformation can become embedded in the structures of online ecosystems. Disinformation is participatory, incorporating unwitting crowds of sincere believers who routinely amplify and even produce false and misleading narratives. The essay explores how our commitments to freedom of speech complicate the challenge of addressing disinformation. The strategies of disinformation have long exploited freedom of speech to manipulate democratic discourse and justify their actions. Examining the history of these strategies reveals the persistent challenge of addressing disinformation while preserving our democratic commitments to free speech. Finally, the essay offers a few suggestions regarding how platforms can navigate these challenges, focusing on the structural dimensions and attending to the participatory dynamics of disinformation.
Follow the Money, Back to Front
Authors: Benkler Yochai
Published: August 2022

Hate speech, disinformation, and polarization are underwritten by deeply rooted media market dynamics involving the profitability of stoking anger and providing easy, identity-confirming outrage. Solutions therefore must focus on changing the payoffs to selling outrage and hatred. This essay offers two approaches that aim to make the outrage industry internalize the externalities of its business model. The first is a reconsideration of defamation laws. The second is the creation of a regulatory framework mandating transparency from companies that profit from advertisements in outrage media content. There would be a publicly curated database that makes transparent which companies have advertising associated with hateful content. Civic organizations and citizens would be encouraged to apply economic and social pressure on corporations to divest from this type of content. The essay discusses the benefits and drawbacks of these approaches, offering them as potential short-term solutions to a problem that will require long-term intervention.
The First Amendment Does Not Protect Replicants
Authors: Lessig Lawrence
Published: August 2022

Imagine a platform with technology that would automatically craft content, the substance of which would be determined algorithmically, within broad constraints set by people. Should such speech, labeled in this essay as “replicant speech,” be regulable? Replicants, as defined in this essay, are processes that have developed a capacity to make semantic and intentional choices, the particulars of which are not plausibly ascribed to any human or team of humans in advance of those choices. Humans may build the systems, but humans do not make or directly control the decisions that those systems manifest. The essay argues that, for several reasons, such technology does not deserve the full protections of the First Amendment. If it is the dignity of democratic citizenship that the First Amendment is protecting, there is nothing in the replicant’s algorithms that deserves any such dignity. Nothing in our Constitution should be read to require us to remain vulnerable to the dangers from replicants. To the contrary, everything in our Constitution should direct us to protect against their harmful effect.
Social Media, Distrust, and Regulation
Authors: Minow Newton N. , Minow Nell , Minow Martha , Minow Mary
Published: August 2022

A guiding principle of regulation of communications in the United States has been the public interest, but what does the concept of the public interest mean today, a time when the sheer amount of misinformation can drown out accurate information? This essay, presented as a discussion, explores the problems of misinformation in the age of digital media. Though the authors do not agree on all elements of their proposed reforms, they propose ideas such as the articulation of a core set of journalistic principles for anything major media companies label “news”; increasing support for public libraries, media literacy education, and public media; establishing a nonprofit public internet; requiring large internet platforms, which arguably function like a public square, to publicize their community standards for removing content and to adopt policies to at least slow the distribution of content that incites imminent violence; and staying abreast of international ideas that might be of use in the United States.
Color Lines
Authors: Ambar Saladin
Published: August 2022

When the promising young black scholar W. E. B. Du Bois accepted the renowned philosopher William James’s invitation to attend a social dinner at Harvard University on Valentine’s Day, 1891, it marked a turn in the intellectual history of America. Social, as well as intellectual, collaboration between blacks and whites at the nation’s leading academic institution was not only possible but was a model for democratic possibilities in a nation still deeply steeped in racial segregation. Du Bois would go on to be the first African American to earn a PhD from Harvard, and would tout his friendship with James as instrumental to his intellectual development. Some of the most important concepts concerning race would be forged by Du Bois in this milieu, and James’s own experiences with race would be informed by his relationship with Du Bois. Chapter 3 discusses why this seemingly ordinary connection between professor and student looms large in the history of America’s intellectual tradition, but also in its development as a multiracial democracy.
Mocambo
Authors: Ambar Saladin
Published: August 2022

One of the great Hollywood stories persists to this day: Marilyn Monroe and Ella Fitzgerald’s groundbreaking friendship and its role in desegregating American music venues. Yet, there remains a great deal of myth about this historic friendship, even as plays, internet memes, and children’s books have been written about it. The story of Monroe, Fitzgerald, and the club Mocambo is an object lesson in why the politics of interracial friendship cut many ways—even when our motivations are in the right place. Nevertheless, there is much more instructive about the Mocambo moment than myth; it also sheds light on the relationship between racism, sexism, and class in American society. Chapter 7 investigates one of the more lauded stories of interracial friendship from the civil rights era, and why the stories we tell about it matter.
Chillicothe
Authors: Aron Stephen
Published: August 2022

This chapter focuses on Chillicothe, a Shawnee Indian village in what is now the state of Ohio, where Daniel Boone was taken as a captive in 1778 and where his adoption by Blackfish, a Shawnee leader, opened a road to reconciliation between Indians and Americans in the Ohio Valley. The chapter hinges on the dilemmas faced by Boone and Blackfish, for the adoption occurred at time in which conflict between Kentucky pioneers and Ohio Indians was escalating. It was also a moment when the American Revolution and the path to an American West hung in the balance. Here, the critical questions are why Boone opted to return to Boonseborough, the settlement in Kentucky that bore his name, and what that meant for him and for the chances of a common future for American pioneers and Ohio Indians.
Chimney Rock
Authors: Aron Stephen
Published: August 2022

This chapter takes as its vantage point Chimney Rock, one of the signature landmarks along what became the principal overland trail across the Great Plains and to the Pacific Slope during the 1840s and 1850s. Although circled covered wagons, surrounded by marauding Indians on horseback, became a staple scene in nineteenth-century paintings and twentieth-century motion pictures, those images mislead about relations between American emigrants and Plains Indians. Through the 1840s, peace generally prevailed on the trail, and trade, if not friendship, linked Americans heading west and the Indians through whose countries they traveled. The onset of the California Gold Rush multiplied the number of Americans on the trail and brought an increased presence of the United States military to the Great Plains, which put pressure on that peace. Still, it was the conflicts between “Mormons” and those they called “Gentiles” that most threatened to erupt into a full-scale war.
Dodge City
Authors: Aron Stephen
Published: August 2022

No spot is more closely associated with the West at its wildest than Dodge City, Kansas, the subject of this chapter. From its origins in the 1860s as a military post and a hub for buffalo hunters to its brief heyday in the 1870s and early 1880s as a “cattle town” to which cowboys from Texas drove their herds, Dodge City was infamous for its reportedly rampant lawlessness and frequent shootouts. Yet, the chapter argues that compared with other parts of the United States in the decades after the Civil War, the multiethnic assemblage that made up most teams of drovers got along relatively well and African American visitors and residents fared better in Dodge than they did elsewhere. And contrary to the Dodge of legend, its heyday featured few gunfights and fewer homicides than other boom towns in that era, with lessons for us about gun control and law enforcement.
Hassan al Banna and Sayyid Qutb
Authors: Baker Raymond William
Published: August 2022

An extraordinary number of Islamic intellectuals from the Islamic strategic triangle and beyond were profoundly influenced by the pioneering work of the Muslim Brothers. The Brotherhood founder Hassan al Banna modeled an influential course forward in efforts to renew and reform the Islamic legacy. Banna expressed his genius in organizational terms. He made the Muslim Brotherhood the most effective Islamic social and political movement of the modern era. Banna's practical work was complemented by the very different gifts of Sayyid Qutb, the most important movement intellectual to emerge from the Brotherhood. Qutb produced a massive commentary on the Qur'an, still widely read today. He also wrote highly influential political and social tracts that have guided activists across the Islamic world. Both men were murdered, Banna by assassination, Qutb by hanging after an official show trial.
Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Hussein Fadlallah
Authors: Baker Raymond William
Published: August 2022

The Grand Shi‘i Ayatollah is admired for the exceptionally broad range of roles he played, ranging from poet and philanthropist to political actor and strategic visionary. Fadlallah was a giant in tiny Lebanon, greatly loved for his extensive social work and admired for his adept political and diplomatic skills. Over the years, Fadlallah built an empire of good works that stretched through Shi‘i communities from Lebanon to Pakistan. Outspoken and available for wide-ranging interviews and bold public statements, Fadlallah was at the same time elusive and impossible to fully engage. He provoked frequent controversies on such varied global issues as suicide bombing and domestic causes such as the rights of women. Frequent assassination attempts, all failed, burnished his charisma. In the end, Fadlallah died a peaceful, natural death. It was Fadlallah’s “epic kindness,” to borrow the words of a hardnosed British journalist who covered him for years, that defined the Ayatollah’s legacy.
Grand Ayatollah Baqir al Sadr
Authors: Baker Raymond William
Published: August 2022

The arrest, torture, and murder of Baqir al Sadr in the spring of 1980 came as no surprise. The Shi‘i Ayatollah provided a model of the “caller” to Islam as both scholar and uncompromising activist. He did so in the face of the terrible tyranny of Saddam Hussein’s Iraq. Baqir was renowned for his encyclopedic scholarship that encompassed both secular and Islamic learning. He was from the first also a bold political actor under an Islamic banner. He sought to demonstrate how a value-based Islamic social order, with justice at its core, was both eminently viable and morally superior to the leading secular capitalist and socialist systems. Baqir provided intellectual inspiration and guidance to the Da‘wa Islamic Party that has persisted to this day in Iraq. Baqir understood the danger he faced. Martyrdom came to Baqir at an early age. The Lebanese Ayatollah Hussein Fadlallah decried his gruesome murder at the hands of Saddam’s security forces as “the crime of the century.”
Ali Shariati
Authors: Baker Raymond William
Published: August 2022

Ali Shariati played a role second only to that of the Ayatollah Khomeini in the 1997 Iranian Islamic revolution. Young Iranians, in particular, embraced his notion of revolution as “a return to ourselves.” They reveled in the Islamic phrasing of his call to action. They embraced his commitment to the reassertion of the priority of Islam and Islamic culture. Ali Shariati called Iranians to revolution in the name of Abu Dharr al Ghifari, the Prophet’s beloved companion. Iran’s revolutionary intellectual had made the Islam of Abu Dharr his own. However, when the people took to the streets, Shariati could not be with them. He had died a year earlier in exile in London. The abuse suffered during multiple imprisonments had taken its toll. Shariati, however, was not forgotten. His picture was everywhere when the revolution erupted. Millions shouted out his sobriquet as mo’allem-e enqilab (mentor of the revolution). Iranians made sure that Ali Shariati, the believing revolutionary, kept his appointment with history.
Conclusion
Authors: Baker Raymond William
Published: August 2022

The Prophet Muhammad walks hand in hand with the Muslim Jesus through these pages. Islamic scholars regularly bring Abu Dharr al Ghifari, venerable representative of justice, into the company of the prophets. A rare opportunity is created to become aware of the unseen things their interactions take for granted. The unseen remains unnamed. It is never argued. It is simply there, as the Qur’an puts it, for “those with eyes to see.” The elements of the unseen are as simple as they are powerful. Three important dimensions become clear. First is the very idea of a unitary Islamic world. Second is appreciation for the varied cultural and historical elements that make it up. Third is the clarification that Islam’s challenge to the West is not primarily political, as so many Western journalists and scholars assume. The contestation goes deeper. Civilizational Islam questions the most settled conclusions of Western secularism. Moreover, Islam demonstrates the unsettling capacity to generate diverse and compelling civilizational alternatives.
The Jus Ad Bellum Anno 2040: An Essay on Possible Trends and Challenges
Authors: Gill Terry D.
Published: August 2022

This chapter examines a number of possible trends and developments which may influence how the law governing the use of force will be applied in the coming decades. These include both technological developments and certain political trends which are most likely to shape the way the law will be interpreted and applied in a changing environment. Attention is particularly given to the potentially destabilizing influence of new weapons technologies and a shift in the relative power and influence of major actors in international relations and the impact these developments could have on the application of the law governing the use of force in international relations.
The Law of Cyber Conflict
Authors: Schmitt Michael N.
Published: August 2022

Since the publication of “The Law of Cyber Warfare: Quo Vadis?” in 2014, the cyber operational and normative environment has evolved significantly. In particular, the NATO CCD COE commissioned a follow-on project that resulted in the 2017 publication of Tallinn Manual 2.0 on the International Law Applicable to Cyber Conflict. Tallinn Manual 2.0 widened the aperture to consider cyber conflict more broadly, in particular hostile cyber operations falling below the thresholds of either a use of force under the jus ad bellum or armed conflict in the jus in bello. This chapter reassesses the general vector of the international law governing cyberspace, focusing on inter-State cyber conflict outside the context of armed conflict, for it is there that States are most active. The analytical premise is that employed in “Quo Vadis.” International law necessarily evolves over time in order to ensure that the applicable normative architecture remains responsive to the context in which it applies. That dynamic occurs in three ways—through new treaty law, through the crystallization of new norms of international customary law, and by means of the interpretation of existing treaty or customary law. In an effort to think about the coming decades, the chapter assesses the outlook for evolution in each before turning to trends in the law itself.
The Future of Military and Security Privatization
Authors: Dickinson Laura A.
Published: August 2022

The future of warfare is likely to see ongoing use of Private Military and Security Contractors (PMSCs) to expand State power not only in defensive and offensive battlefield contexts, but in clandestine cyber-related and AI-driven military initiatives as well. All of this privatization threatens “public law values” embedded in both the law of armed conflict (LOAC) and international human rights law. In the case of LOAC, core principles such as distinction, proportionality, feasible precautions, and avoidance of unnecessary suffering establish important limitations on the use of force. The challenge, however, is that these bodies of law—and the mechanisms of accountability and oversight that accompanied them—were designed by States in an era when the primary entities to be governed by this law were governmental actors that consisted primarily of large State militaries. This chapter surveys the present and likely future regarding States’ use of PMSCs. I argue that in the future although some categories of PMSCs will be increasingly regulated and professionalized, others will be deployed in secret and will tend to evade traditional oversight. Accordingly, those concerned about the survival of LOAC in the coming decades should explore alternative regulatory approaches that could go at least some distance toward mitigating the clear risks posed by the expansion of PMSCs.
A Discursive Analysis of the Chinese Party-State’s Potential Impact on the LOAC
Authors: Gregory E. John
Published: August 2022

Understanding the Chinese Communist party-State’s LOAC legal discourse as domestic political speech and international “discourse power” that affirms that the Party’s legitimating moral narrative is a useful hermeneutic for understanding China’s engagement with international LOAC. The Communist Party’s structural control over domestic discourse formation, the weakness of Chinese civil society, the lack of independent legal institutions, and a general conception of Chinese law as subordinate to the Party enables the party-State to prioritize the discursive function of law as a highly credible form of political speech. The desire of the international community to socialize China has resulted in uncritical acceptance and adoption of the party-State’s own self-narrative on LOAC, which the party-State then rebroadcasts domestically to demonstrate international affirmation of its legitimating narrative. It reframes jus ad bellum LOAC discourse to support past and prospective territorial aggression against neighboring countries. Jus in bello is reframed to support the narrative that the Party-Army has not and would never commit humanitarian violations, deflecting potential criticism of the Army’s involvement in the State’s violent oppression of Chinese citizens and justifying the sanitized public record. Effective engagement with Communist China on LOAC requires first that the United States more consistently commit to LOAC as a binding legal norm, both in words and action; and second, that the international community be willing to engage party-State scholars and officials critically.
Shame and the Ethical in Williams
Authors: Bero Stephen , Webster Aness Kim
Published: August 2022

Bernard Williams’s Shame and Necessity (1993) was an influential early contribution to what has become a broader movement to rehabilitate shame as a moral emotion. But there is a tension in Williams’s discussion that presents an underappreciated difficulty for efforts to rehabilitate shame. The tension arises between what Williams takes shame in its essence to be and what shame can do—the role that shame can be expected to play in ethical life. Williams can—and, the authors argue, should—be read as avoiding the difficulties stemming from this tension, but this requires a reevaluation of several of his central claims about shame’s role in ethical thought and experience. For instance, his broad claims that the “structures of shame” can “give a conception of one’s ethical identity” and that shame “mediates . . . between ethical demands and the rest of life” cannot be taken at face value. What emerges is a view that is in a sense less ambitious but also more in tune with the spirit of Williams’s larger project. There may also, the authors suggest, be a more general lesson: we should be suspicious of the temptation to seek some special affinity between shame and ethical life lest we distort our understanding of both.
Relation-Regret and Associative Luck
Authors: Telech Daniel
Published: August 2022

In this chapter, the author argues that the phenomenon underlying Bernard Williams’s “agent-regret” is considerably broader than appreciated by Williams and others. Agent-regret—an anguished response that agents have for harms they have caused, even if faultlessly—the author argues, is a species of a more general response to harms that need not be one’s fault but which nonetheless impact one’s practical identity. This broader genus includes as a species what the author calls “relation-regret,” a pained response to harms caused by persons to whom one is intimately related, as co-members of groups partly constitutive of one’s practical identity (e.g., one’s family). After providing an account of the moral psychology of relation-regret, the author attends to its normative significance, proposing that acceptance of relation-regret provides us with reasons for accepting a novel form of moral luck—associative luck—the luck of being vulnerable to responsibility-responses in virtue of attachments one has to other persons.
Delivery as Dispossession
Authors: Levenson Zachary
Published: August 2022

This book explains why nearly thirty years after the transition to democracy, the South African government continues to evict squatters from urban land. It argues that housing officials view occupiers as threats to the government’s housing delivery program, which, they insist, requires order and state control. New occupations are therefore stigmatized as “disorderly” threats, and government actors represent their removal as a precondition for access to housing. Drawing on a decade of sustained ethnographic fieldwork in two such occupations in Cape Town, this study explains why one was evicted, whereas the other was ultimately tolerated, answering a central question in urban studies: how do governments decide when to evict, and conversely, when to tolerate? These decisions are not made in a vacuum but instead require an analysis that expands what we typically call “the state.” This book argues that the state does not simply “see” occupations, as if they were a feature of the natural landscape. Rather, occupiers collectively project themselves to government actors, affecting how they are seen. But residents are not only seen; they also see, which shapes how they organize themselves. When residents see the state as an antagonist, they tend to unify under a single leadership; but when they see it as a potential ally, they often remain atomized as if they were individual customers. The unity in the former case projects an orderly population, less likely to be evicted; but the fragmentation in the latter case projects a disorderly mass, serving to legitimate eviction rulings.
Two Occupations, One Eviction
Authors: Levenson Zachary
Published: August 2022

This chapter introduces the cases considered in this book: two land occupations in Cape Town’s peri-urban townships. One was evicted, whereas the other was officially tolerated. But according to the existing urban studies literature, we would expect the opposite outcome: it was, after all, the less visible of the two occupations that was evicted, located on less valuable land. This chapter develops an alternative theory of the state that helps us understand this counterintuitive outcome. The key, it argues, is paying attention to the self-organization of urban squatters. How they organize themselves affects how they are perceived by the state, which ultimately shapes eviction outcomes. Governmental decisions, therefore, do not occur in a vacuum but are the outcome of complex entanglements among a variety of actors. Drawing on social and political theory, the chapter concludes by theorizing the state as an expanded terrain of struggle through which policy outcomes must pass.
Dynamics of Delivery and Dispossession
Authors: Levenson Zachary
Published: August 2022

This chapter considers delivery and dispossession as linked governmental technologies of managing surplus populations. It begins with an account of their articulation under apartheid, or what is in this book called dispossession through delivery. It was only through the construction of new townships, it argues, that forced removals were able to proceed effectively. But after apartheid, this relationship was inverted and remains so today: delivery through dispossession. The government’s promise to remedy apartheid-era removals quickly became an end in itself, something housing officials defended at all costs. But when delivery failed to reduce the housing backlog, they identified land occupations as a cause, rather than a consequence, of this failure. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the legal system, through which the connection between dispossession and delivery is articulated, and interviews with housing officials that show how they understand the process of (and rationale for) eviction.
Political Society I
Authors: Levenson Zachary
Published: August 2022

This chapter shows how the civil society articulation described in chapter 3 produced an unintended political society articulation: the seriality characterizing Kapteinsklip translated into factionalism, which was in turn exacerbated once residents gained access to a lawyer. Without an elected representative, each grouping competed with one another for information from their counsel. In the process, what were previously loose groupings congealed into formally defined factions. After months of delays and appeals, the Kapteinsklip occupiers finally had their day in court. Judges read factionalists as opportunists squabbling over handouts and ordered residents off the field within a month. This chapter concludes by showing how residents’ self-organization shaped the judges’ repeated decisions to evict the occupation.
Four Theses on the Integral State
Authors: Levenson Zachary
Published: August 2022

This chapter concludes the book with four theses on the applicability of the integral state framework, developed over the six preceding chapters, to other postcolonial democracies, putting South African evictions in conversation with those in Brazil and India. Thinking about these contexts more generally, postcolonial democracies tend to face a dilemma: as colonial mobility controls are lifted, they typically face rapid urbanization, which, given the limited capacity of the postcolonial state to deliver housing, tends to be informal urbanization. This overwhelms the state, producing a stable backlog of those in need, but only a limited annual supply of housing and services to close the gap. It means that the collective struggle to articulate one’s occupation as a “population” assumes a competitive dimension. Each occupation then vies with all others for the attention of their respective local government. These struggles are the subject of this book.
Elite Polarization and Americans’ Perceptions of the Political Parties
Authors: Zingher Joshua N.
Published: August 2022

This chapter provides an overview of how elite polarization has evolved in the post–World War II era. It tracks the major developments in party politics over the past seventy years, documenting how party politics went from the depolarized 1950s—where members of both parties ran the ideological gamut from liberal to conservative—to the polarized politics of the early twenty-first century, where the parties hold clearly defined, opposing ideological positions. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the extent to which voters are aware of the increase in polarization among their representatives. It provides data that demonstrates people are aware of the growing divisions between the parties and increasingly view these divisions as important.
Measuring Policy Orientations and Political Sophistication
Authors: Zingher Joshua N.
Published: August 2022

This chapter is devoted to the measurement of policy orientations, providing a walkthrough of how multiple survey items are combined to produce measures of economic and social policy attitudes. Multiple measurement techniques, factor analysis, and item response theory are used to make sure the results are consistent across approaches. The measurement models are then used to produce estimates of each ANES and GSS respondent’s economic and social policy positions. In addition, the chapter also introduces a measure of political sophistication and estimate a sophistication score for each respondent. It concludes with an examination of the evolving relationship between policy orientations and partisanship.
A Test of the Recursive Relationship between Policy Orientations and Partisanship
Authors: Zingher Joshua N.
Published: August 2022

This chapter examines the interrelationships between policy orientations and partisanship and asks the essential question: which comes first? It uses repeated ANES and GSS panel data to examine how these dispositions influence each other over time within individuals. It finds evidence that policy orientations and partisanship jointly influence each other. People bring their partisanship in line with their policy attitudes over time, but also bring their policy attitudes in line with their partisanship too. Overall, it finds that policy orientations exert at least as strong of an effect on partisanship as the reverse, and that in recent years policy orientations dominate partisanship. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how the alignment of partisanship and policy orientations has led to a decline in electoral volatility.
The Relationships between Policy Orientations, Partisanship, and Vote Choice
Authors: Zingher Joshua N.
Published: August 2022

This chapter provides an initial test of the relationships between policy orientations, partisanship, and vote choice. It begins with an analysis of the relationship between policy orientations and partisanship. The analysis uses both the ANES and GSS cumulative file data and spans the years 1972–2016. It finds that policy orientations have become a stronger predictor of partisanship. The chapter then turns to an analysis of how policy orientations and partisanship jointly influence vote choice. It finds that policy orientations have become stronger predictors over time, while partisanship has always been a strong predictor but has not increased in power to the same degree. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the forces that have caused policy orientations to become more powerful influences of behavior.
The Implications of Our Polarized Politics
Authors: Zingher Joshua N.
Published: August 2022

This final chapter discusses the consequences of our increasingly polarized politics. The chapter begins by advocating taking context seriously in the study of public opinion and political behavior. Public opinion and political behavior are conditional upon context. The chapter argues we must account for the broader political and social contexts if we with understand public opinion and political behavior. It moves on to discuss how polarization might affect democratic accountability. People must be willing to sanction members of their own party to hold them accountable and yet they are less likely to do so in polarized contexts. However, there is robust evidence that incumbents’ fortunes still rise and fall on the state of the economy, which suggests the electorate still holds politicians accountable for their performance. The chapter concludes with some thoughts about potential directions for future research.
On Justice
Authors: Dumler-Winckler Emily
Published: August 2022

Disputes about rights, virtues, common goods, and the relation of each to justice are at the heart of the Revolution debates and movements for justice today. Worries about modern rights and virtues are many and various. Acutely aware of these, Wollstonecraft nonetheless vindicates women’s rights as human rights for the cause of virtue and deems each integral to justice. She uses theological and secular vernaculars of her time to do so, wedding talk of juristic rights with republican notions of freedom as nondomination. Slavery is paradigmatic of domination and analogous to other eighteenth-century forms of domination and exploitation among the landless, destitute, imprisoned, and women. For Wollstonecraft, neither rights nor virtues are conceptually or ontologically prior to the other. Subjective rights, right action, and the virtues of justice that set relations right are each part and parcel of justice. Far from rendering common goods obsolete, the relations set right by virtues and rights simply are common goods.
Conclusion
Authors: Dumler-Winckler Emily
Published: August 2022

The conclusion shows how several of the central themes of this book—the wardrobe of a moral imagination, taste, exemplarity, the imitation of Christ, theological anthropology, protest, dissent, revolution, and movements for justice—might inform how we think about the recent controversy over the first statue erected in Wollstonecraft’s honor in November 2020. Ironically, debates about the Wollstonecraft memorial reflect the Revolution debates of the 1790s and contemporary debates among virtues’ defenders and despisers. They represent the very oppositions that Wollstonecraft so adeptly refused, between tradition and critique, virtue and social criticism, piety and protest, reform and revolution, conservation and innovation. The conclusion also provides direct and extended answers to the question: what is modern virtue? These answers expose the cost today of excluding figures like Wollstonecraft from the canons of theology, religion, and virtue ethics.