bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PEMBERDAYAAN PENGOLAH IKAN SKALA RUMAH TANGGA DI PROVINSI JAWA BARAT
Authors: Hudaya Yaya , Hubeis Aida Vitayala , Sugihen Basita , Fatchiya Anna
Published: April 2018

Pemberdayaan pengolah ikan di Provinsi Jawa Barat dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan kesejahteraan pelaku usaha, menjamin keamanan pangan produk yang dihasilkan, dan ikut menjaga kelestarian sumber daya ikan yang ada. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis kinerja pemberdayaan pengolah ikan skala rumah tangga dan dampaknya di Provinsi Jawa Barat. Metode analisis menggunakan uji beda Man Whitney U. Hipotesis penelitian ini adalah ada perbedaan nyata proses pemberdayaan pengolah ikan dan dampaknya di pesisir utara Kabupaten Cirebon dan selatan Kabupaten Sukabumi, Provinsi Jawa Barat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tidak ada perbedaan nyata proses pemberdayaan pengolah ikan dan dampaknya baik di pesisir utara Kabupaten Cirebon maupun di pesisir selatan Kabupaten Sukabumi. Kebijakan pemberdayaan pengolahan ikan skala rumah tangga di Provinsi Jawa Barat baik di pesisir utara maupun selatan tidak perlu dibedakan. Namun, intensitas pemberdayaan terutama penyuluhan perikanan, bantuan peralatan dan modal usaha perlu ditingkatkan lagi. Title: The Empowerment of Small Scale Fish Processorsin West Java Province Empowerment of fish processors in West Java Province was carried out in order to improve wellbeing of the fish processors, ensuring food security of the product, and maintaining sustainability of the fish resource. The purpose of this study was to analyze performance of the empowerment of small scale fish processors and its related impact in the West Java Province. The analytical method used different test Man Whitney U. Hypothesis of this research was that there was a significant difference between the process of fish processing empowerment and its related impact in the north coast of Cirebon District and in the south coast of Sukabumi district of West Java Province. The results indicated that there was no significant difference between the process of fish processing empowerment and its impact both in the north coast of Cirebon and in the south coast of Sukabumi. Hence, policy on empowerment small scale fish processing household in both north and south coast districts of West Java Province can be treated the same. However, the intensity of empowerment, especially in terms of fisheries extension, equipment and business capital assistance need to be improved.
Reframing Professionalism: The Virtuous Professional
Authors: Wadland William , Thompson Margaret , Mulder Donna , Tomlinson Tom , Roskos Steven , Foglio John , Molidor John , Osuch Janet
Published: April 2018

This article was migrated. The article was marked as recommended. In response to prevalent unprofessional behaviors during the 1990s, the medical school administration at Michigan State University's College of Human Medicine developed a student curriculum for professional development, called "The Virtuous Student Physician." However, as students adopted these professional aspirations and attributes, they noted that faculty members were not being held to the same standards.The medical school's senior associate dean for faculty affairs and development convened a task force to reframe professionalism for all faculty, residents, and students. Our first step was to survey our faculty regarding their awareness of the student professionalism curriculum and their own perceived professional weaknesses. This survey showed the following: most faculty members were aware of "The Virtuous Student Physician" curriculum, that faculty members identified social responsibility as the most difficult attribute to achieve, and that the most difficult behavior identified was working to resolve problem behaviors with colleagues. The task force then developed a new curriculum "The Virtuous Professional: A System of Professional Development for Students, Residents, and Faculty." The task force identified three core virtues (Courage, Humility, and Mercy) and reframed the professional attributes encompassed by these virtues to be aspirational for the entire learning community. The faculty of the College subsequently adopted the new principles and practices, including the use of routine, anonymous student evaluation of faculty professionalism.We are currently collecting data from student evaluations of their clinical faculty members. We plan to use this feedback to guide faculty development and recognize those who model exemplary professionalism as well as to address those who engage in unprofessional behavior.
POINTS ON THE SPHERE SURFACE
Authors: Danilova O. S. , Shcherbak A. S. , Krasniuk A. V.
Published: April 2018

Purpose. The extensive use of the computer-aided design system (CAD) in education and industry puts forward new demands on the scope, content and quality of up-to-date descriptive geometry course. The purpose of the work is topicality analysis of traditional descriptive geometry methods for 3D modelling and development of methodological recommendations for its teaching as a subject together with a selected CAD. Methodology. Conclusions about effectiveness and expedience of application of descriptive geometry methods are drawn on the basis of tools analysis and comparison of modern CADs and descriptive geometry for solving problems arising during 3D modelling. Generalization of teaching experience made it possible to give recommendations about optimization of the descriptive geometry course taking into account present-day requirements to professional skills of an engineer. Findings. CADs tools and descriptive geometry methods are compared by way of specific example to give the answer what is more suitable for solving problems arising during 3D modelling. Originality. We presented the methodological recommendations about optimization of descriptive geometry teaching together with a selected CAD. We proposed the conception of a modern textbook on descriptive geometry. First of all, the textbook must describe algorithms for solving problems by means of standard CAD tools exactly in 3D, not on the plane. It is desirable to accompany these algorithms by pictorial images in order to have an opportunity to grasp an idea quickly and implement it through methods of direct modeling in CAD application. We also touched practical problems of students’ motivation to ensure high effectiveness of graphical education. Practical value. This paper may be useful mainly for educators in the field of engineering graphics because it raises a vital question ‘Descriptive Geometry versus CAD’ which now has no definite answer. Topicality and teaching approaches of different solution methods of spatial problems by means of projections is subject of a dispute, taking into account that CAD tools are continuously updated. This paper by way of specific example shows some advantages and limitations of descriptive geometry and CAD, as well as touches the issues of their efficient joint application for teaching.
THEORETICAL DEPENDENCE OF WEAR VALUE OF FRICTION PAIR «CENETR PLATE – CENTER PAD» ON A FREIGHT CAR MILEAGE
Authors: L. A. Muradian  , D. O. Podosenov  , V. Y. Shaposhnyk
Published: April 2018

Purpose. The paper considers the interaction of the cylindrical surfaces of the friction pair «center plate – center pad» of the freight car and theoretically investigates the wear process. It is also necessary to obtain the wear value dependence of center pad on the mileage, taking into account the power load, the physical-mechanical and tribo-technical properties of the interacting materials for the subsequent modeling and control of the value of overhaul mileage by the wear criterion of the corresponding resource-determining elements of freight cars. Methodology. For theoretical studies of the wear value of friction pair «center plate – center pad» on the freight car mileage, the theory of friction and wear of solids was used. Findings. In this paper interaction of cylindrical surfaces of the friction pair «center plate – center pad» of a freight car in the form of a «shaft-sleeve» model is considered. Dependences of the permanent and variable wear of a given friction pair are proposed for cases in which forces act in the transverse and longitudinal directions. Obtained dependence of the wear value of center pad on the freight car mileage takes into account the power load, physical and mechanical and tribo-technical properties of the conjugated materials. On its basis, using new materials for repair with various properties, one may simulate the wear state of cylindrical surfaces of the friction pair «center plate – center pad», which will make it possible to control the value of overhaul mileage of freight car. Also (on the example of gondola 12-7023) on the basis of obtained expression there were constructed dependences of the average wear value of center pad for the cases of different values of the mileage use coefficient and the train movement speed. It was shown that with an increase in the train speed to 100 km/h, the average wear value of the gondola 12-7023 center pad is lower by 25% than at the speed of 80 km/h. Originality. In the work on the wear criterion, the interaction of cylindrical surfaces of the friction pair «center plate – center pad» of a freight car is considered. For the first time it was obtained the dependence of wear value of center pad on the mileage taking into account the power load, physical and mechanical and tribo-technical properties of the conjugated materials. Applying new materials for repair with different properties, based on the obtained dependence one can carry out a simulation of the wear state of cylindrical surfaces of friction pair «center plate – center pad», that is to control the value of between-repair mileage of freight car. Practical value. The results of the work make it possible to establish the wear value of canter pad for the corresponding operating mileage of the freight car.
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES OF LOGISTICAL SUPPORT OF TROOPS
Authors: S. V. Myamlin  , Y. V. Kebal  , O. P. Severyn  , S. O. Yakovliеv  , O. I. Shaptalа
Published: April 2018

Purpose. Comprehensive and uninterrupted logistical support of troops is considered one of the main factors of successful conduct of hostilities by any state. The logistics support system, created in peacetime, is intended for use in the course of a military company. It is the link between the front and the economy of the country, and at the same time, it is one of the important factors affecting the combat operation. According to experts, changes in the geopolitical and military-strategic situation in Europe resulted also changes in the armed forces of states, including their logistical support, which is undergoing changes and is developing under the direct influence of the military strategy, the achievement of whose goals it is intended to provide. All this necessitates the search for new, more effective ways of solving logistical problems in modern combat. This is true today, including for the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Therefore, the purpose of the work is to consider and implement in practice the logistic support of the state power structures of innovations in the form of a new, improved product - the creation of modular complexes, including various block containers (kitchen-dining room, shower room, laundry, post-office, dispensary and others). They will dramatically change in the future the quality of resolving the issues of everyday life of servicemen during the performance of combat missions in emergency zones and with participation in armed conflicts. Methodology. The methodology is based on the main measures to improve the logistic support system in the near future, including the reorganization of the existing logistic support system and the creation of modular structures of forces and means that are easily adapted and subsequently targeted for specific tasks. Findings. A set of design documentation for the block - container for laundry and shower in the field is offered. Technological modules for combat (block-post), rear (kitchen-dining room), medical (mobile ambulance), and others are also being developed. Originality. One of the peculiarities of reforms carried out in the Armed Forces of Ukraine is their scientific justification. For the theoretical support, development and justification of promising ideas for improving the life support of servicemen during long-term deployment in the field, the use of block containers-mobile multifunctional premises - is proposed for the first time. Practical value. Considering that the military and political leadership of Ukraine considers the logistic support of the troops as one of the components of the all-round support of the armed forces in peacetime and wartime, the use of the proposed ideas for improving the life of the troops will help to form a new image of the material and technical support system of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.
DETERMINATION OF THE LOADING OF CONTAINERS IN MIXED TRAINS WHEN TRANSPORTING BY TRAIN FERRIES
Authors: A. O. Lovska
Published: April 2018

Purpose. The study is aimed at determination of the loading of containers in mixed trains when transporting by train ferries. Methodology. In order to achieve the objective the author studied accelerations (as components of the dynamic load) influencing the bearing structure of a 1CC standard container located on a flat car during transportation by train ferry. In order to determine accelerations influencing the bearing structure of a container, a mathematical model of the container’s movements under train ferry oscillations was made. The model considered angular displacements of a train ferry relative to the longitudinal axis (bank) as being the maximum load on the bearing structure, as well as changes in the container stability relative to the flat car frame. While working out the motion equations three diagrams of interrelation between the container and the flat car located on the train ferry deck were considered: 1) absence of displacements of the flat car and containers relative to the initial place under the train ferry oscillations; 2) with displacements of the flat car under the train ferry oscillations when containers are immovable relative to the flat car frame; 3) with displacements of the flat car relative to the deck and relative to the flat car frame. The differential equations of motion were solved in Mathсad taking into account their reduction to a normal Cauchy problemwith a subsequent integration by the Runge–Kutta method. Findings. Refined values of accelerations influencing the bearing structure of containers located on the flat car while transporting by train ferry were obtained. Originality. The mathematical models of displacements of container bearing structures located on a flat car while transporting by train ferry were proposed. Practical value. The results of investigations can be applied for designing bearing structures of new generation containers, besides they may improve the efficiency of mixed transportation along the international transport corridors.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF DPKR-2 DYZEL TRAIN CAR
Authors: S. A. Kostritsa  , Y. H. Sobolevska  , A. Y. Kuzyshyn  , А. V. Batih
Published: April 2018

Purpose. In order to study the dynamic phenomena arising when rolling stock moves along a rail track both in the straight and curved track sections, the article is aimed to construct a mathematical model of DPKr-2 diesel train car. It will be constructed on the basis of mechanical model of this car of Kryukiv Railway Car Building Works. Methodology. To construct a mathematical model a system of 38 differential equations of the diesel train movement is formed. When it is used a pneumatic spring in the core stage of spring suspension, its equivalent mechanical mo-del is presented as Kelvin-Voigt knot. It includes a parallel elastic element and an element of viscous friction. Rail track flexibility is taken into account by elastic and dissipative elements. During simulation it was assumed that the wheel pair and the track weight interacting with it were moving intact. Geometric inequalities of the left and right rails were accepted as disturbances when studying the forced vertical and horizontal oscillations. Findings. On the basis of the adopted mechanical model of the diesel train car we constructed the mathematical model consisting of 38 differential equations of motion . Originality. For the first time, for the DPKr-2 diesel train car we developed its spatial mathematical model taking into account the features of the interaction of individual elements of its construction and the possibilities of the rail track depression. When constructing the mathematical model, it was proposed to take into account the flexibility of the rail track by elastic and dissipative elements. Originality. The mathematical model of the diesel train car will be used for studying the dynamic phenomena and determining the dynamic loads of structural elements during operation. The study of these phenomena is necessary for optimal choice of the scheme and parameters of rolling stock equipment, in particular antivibration devices (spring suspension, horizontal, longitudinal and transverse joints of wheel pairs with the bogie frame, bogie with the body), as well as for reduction of dynamic forces acting on the elements of rolling stock construction and rail track.
DETERMINATION OF CHARACTERISTICS OF THROTTLING DEVICE FOR PNEUMATIC SPRING
Authors: Reidemeister O. H. , Laguza A. V.
Published: April 2018

Purpose. This paper focuses on determination of the dependence of the working medium flow on the capacity of the throttling device, its geometric features and the pressure difference in the pneumatic spring cylinder and in the auxiliary reservoir. Methodology. Calculation of the dependence of the working medium and pressure drop is performed in two ways: 1) by numerical simulation of a stationary gas flow through a throttling element; 2) its analytical calculation expression using empirical relationships (control calculation to evaluate the reliability of numerical simulation results). For the calculation, three models of throttling devices were chosen. Dependence of the flow rate of the working medium on the capacity of the throttling device and its geometric features was determined based on the approximation of the dependency graphs of the pressure drop against the mass flow rate of the working medium. Findings. We obtained graphical dependencies between the pressure drop and the mass flow rate of the working medium from the two calculation options. Based on the results of calculations performed with the help of a software package with visualization of the results, we calculated a proportionality coefficient that describes the dependence of the working medium flow on the throttling device capacity and its geometric features for each of the throttling elements considered, with three degrees of closure. The air flow values, obtained by numerical simulation, are greater than the flow rates obtained from semi-empirical formulas. At the same time, they are in good qualitative agreement, and the quantitative difference averages 25%, which can be regarded as confirmation of the reliability of the nu-merical model. Based on the calculation results, we plotted the proportionality coefficient graphs against the degree of closure of the throttling device. Originality. The work allows determining the degree of influence of the frictio-nal component on the variation of the pressure difference in the pneumatic cylinder and the auxiliary reservoir of the pneumatic suspension system. Also, the work proposes a method to determine the dependence of the working medium on the capacity of the throttling device and its geometric features. Practical value. The ability to predict the operating parameters of the pneumatic system depending on the pneumatic resistance of the throttling device will improve the car running characteristics, increase the comfort of passenger transport, and also reduce the wear of the rolling stock and track gauge due to vehicle-track interaction.
MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF UNSTEADY HEAT TRANSFER OF PASSENGER CAR WITH HEATING SYSTEM
Authors: E. V. Biloshytskyi
Published: April 2018

Purpose. The existing mathematical models of unsteady heat processes in a passenger car do not fully reflect the thermal processes, occurring in the car wits a heating system. In addition, unsteady heat processes are often studied in steady regime, when the heat fluxes and the parameters of the thermal circuit are constant and do not depend on time. In connection with the emergence of more effective technical solutions to the life support system there is a need for creating a new mathematical apparatus, which would allow taking into account these features and their influence on the course of unsteady heat processes throughout the travel time. The purpose of this work is to create a mathematical model of the heat regime of a passenger car with a heating system that takes into account the unsteady heat processes. Methodology. To achieve this task the author composed a system of differential equations, describing unsteady heat processes during the heating of a passenger car. For the solution of the composed system of equations, the author used the method of elementary balances. Findings. The paper presents the developed numerical algorithm and computer program for simulation of transitional heat processes in a locomotive traction passenger car, which allows taking into account the various constructive solutions of the life support system of passenger cars and to simulate unsteady heat processes at any stage of the trip. Originality. For the first time the author developed a mathematical model of heat processes in a car with a heating system, that unlike existing models, allows to investigate the unsteady heat engineering performance in the cabin of the car under different operating conditions and compare the work of various life support systems from the point of view their constructive solutions. Practical value. The work presented the developed mathematical model of the unsteady heat regime of the passenger car with a heating system to estimate the efficiency of unsteady, transitional temperature states in passenger cars, taking into account the design features of the heating system and the regulatory requirements. This allows the development and implementation of optimal technical characteristics of heating appliances and the construction of an algorithm for controlling their operation in accordance with operating conditions, taking into account the thermal inertia of the car in the transitional modes of heating, on the basis of mathematical modeling.
MODELING OF BIOLOGICAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT ON THE BASIS OF QUICK-COMPUTING NUMERICAL MODEL
Authors: Biliaiev M. M. , Lemesh M. V.
Published: April 2018

Purpose. The scientific paper involves the development of quick computing numerical model for prediction of output parameters of aeration tank. The numerical model may be used in predicting the effectiveness of aeration tank under different regimes of work. Methodology. To simulate the process of biological wastewater treatment in aeration tank numerical models were developed. The flow field in the aeration tank is simulated on the basis of potential flow model. 2-D transport equations are used to simulate substrate and sludge dispersion in the aeration tank. To simulate the process of biological treatment simplified model. For the numerical integration of transport equations implicit difference scheme was used. The difference scheme is built for splitting transport equations. Splitting of transport equation into two equations is carried out at differential level. The first equation of splitting takes into account the sludge or substrate movement along trajectories. The second splitting equation takes into account the diffusive process of substrate or sludge. To solve the splitting equations implicit difference scheme was used. For the numerical integration of potential flow equation the implicit scheme of conditional approximation was used. On the basis of constructed numerical model computer experiment was performed to investigate the process of biological treatment in aeration tank. Findings. Quick computing numerical model to simulate the process of biological treatment in the aeration tank was developed. The model can be used to obtain aeration tank parameters under different regimes of work. The developed model takes into account the geometrical form of the aeration tank. Originality. The numerical model which takes into account the geometrical form of aeration tank and fluid dynamics process was developed; the model takes into account substrate and sludge transport in aeration tank and process of biological treatment. Practical value. Efficient numerical model, so called «diagnostic models» was proposed for quick calculation of biological treatment process in aeration tank.
Farm Road Bridge, UK: a new ‘top-down’ integral bridge using an existing arch as falsework
Authors: Mitchell Alex , Warrior Dave
Published: April 2018

Electrification of the Great Western Railway Route being undertaken requires the alteration of existing infrastructure. Farm Road Bridge is a railway overbridge located adjacent to the Severn tunnel in the UK. The original masonry arch arrangement was foul of the electrification gauge. The bridge was reconstructed in 2015 with the innovative use of an integral form. The bridge was constructed in an unconventional manner with the deck and piled walls built on top and beyond the existing arch span. Once the new bridge was completed, the arch structure was demolished from below. The bridge was designed to act as an ‘aqueduct’ in extreme flood events. The monolithic nature of the integral structure ensures the bridge is watertight and prevents flooding of the Severn tunnel. As the bridge was designed to fit over the existing arch, the deck has varying depths, slimming down from 1 m at the abutments to 0·5 m thick at the centre of the 20 m span. The increase in road level is thus minimised. The change in relative stiffness of the deck means internal forces are redistributed towards the ends of the span. This paper outlines the design and construction of the permanent and temporary works for this structure.
Biomedical potential of silver nanoparticles biosynthesized using gallnut extract
Authors: Sathiyamoorthi Ezhaveni , Iskandarani Bilal , Salunke Bipinchandra K , Kim Beom Soo
Published: April 2018

The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is a good approach to avoiding the drawbacks associated with by-products formed in chemical synthesis. The present investigation was intended to synthesize AgNPs using gallnut extract as reducing agent and evaluate their potential biomedical applications. The ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy provided a preliminary indication of AgNP synthesis. Changing the pH of the reaction mixture from pH 3 to 10 revealed a significant impact of pH on the synthesis of AgNPs with the wavelength shift from red to blue. Transmission electron microscope characterizations showed that the synthesized AgNPs at pH 3–10 were spherical with average sizes of 51, 27, 18, 30, 10, 8, 5 and 4 nm. The synthesized AgNPs were further characterized by different techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and powder X-ray diffraction. The AgNPs biosynthesized using gallnut extract showed higher antioxidant activity (81%) than AgNPs chemically synthesized using sodium borohydride (56%), indicating that AgNP-capping molecules such as tannic acid play an important role in antioxidant function. The biosynthesized AgNPs showed potent anticancer activity on four cervical cancer cell lines, namely, ME180, SiHa, HeLa and CaSki.
Learner-Centered Approaches: Their Effect on the Oral Fluency of Students
Authors: Maasin-Ceballos Melody Joyce , Ceballos Roel Famat
Published: April 2018

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of learner-centered approaches on the oral fluency of the second-year students in English 202-Communicative English. The study employed a quasi-experimental method, particularly the pre-test and post-test experimental group design. Two groups of students were utilized as the experimental groups of the study. The findings of the study revealed that both groups acquired the same level of oral fluency before the intervention but acquired different levels of fluency after. Based on the result, the conclusion was that the level of speaking fluency of the participants exposed to cooperative learning improved significantly more than those exposed to task-based teaching. An experimental study conducted over a longer period of time and employing randomization could be considered to further investigate the possible results.
There is no Alternative! Student Perceptions of Learning in a Second Language in Lebanon
Authors: Orr Mike , Annous Samer
Published: April 2018

Since 1997, children in Lebanese state schools are taught most of the curriculum in English or French. The children’s first language, Arabic, may be used even less in private schools, which educate 70% of children. In many countries, mother tongue education is seen as a right but in Lebanon it is taken for granted that children are taught in English or French. Written opinions were collected from seventy-five university students who were asked about the language in education policy. The results of a thematic analysis were discussed with a focus group of eight students. Findings point to a widespread acceptance of the policy, partly based on an underlying belief in the unsuitability of Arabic for the 21st century and a perception that the Lebanese are culturally predisposed to learn languages. Using the concept of linguistic imperialism, we discuss these results with reference to French colonialism and the global spread of English medium instruction. We also use a critical definition of ideology to discuss how a discourse in favour of the language in education policy, which actually favours the interests of the Lebanese elite, has been internalised by the students who see emigration as their only future.
THE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE ELECTRONIC ABSORPTION SPECTRA AND ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF HUMIC ACIDS OF DIFFERENT TYPES AND TYPES OF PEAT KHANTY-MANSIYSK AUTONOMOUS OKRUG - YUGRA
Authors: Osnitsky Evgeniy Mikhailovich , Kuzmenko Oleg Stepanovich , Dobryakovа Ksenya Valeryevna , Boroday Davyd Vladimirovich , Sartakov Mikhail Petrovich , Deryabina Yuliya Mikhailovna
Published: April 2018

The article reveals the results of studies of the humic acids electronic spectra for various types and kinds of peat in the middle-taiga zone of Western Siberia (Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra). It was found that the increase in optical density is observed in samples of humic acids which were extracted from the peat with a high degree of decomposition (40-65 %). At the first approximation the interpretation of received electronic spectra gives reason to range humic acids in the order with increasing proportion of aromatic structures share in macromolecules in the following order: 1) peat humic acids having a degree of expansion from 0 to 35 % with the content of a large number of peat-forming plants, where the extinction coefficients vary from 0.039 to 0.054 or sphagnum peat with the same degree of decomposition with the sphagnum containing 95-100 %, where the extinction coefficients have values between 0.030 and 0.042; 2) humic acids of all types and kinds of peat with a degree up to 35 %, where the extinction coefficients are from 0.042 to 0.068; 3) humic acid of peats of all examined types and species with a degree of decomposition from 40 % to 65 %, where the extinction coefficients vary from 0.059 to 0.087. Although the method of electron spectroscopy is an important tool in the study of humification processes in peat, it has a limited informative value due to unresolved spectra. Thus, peat humic acids with various botanical composition and various degree of decomposition are characterized by similar absorption spectra in the visible area in the form of a monotone increasing of absorption in short wavelength interval and differ from each other only by the absorption intensity. Based on the obtained values of the electronic absorption spectra of the GK and the magnitudes of their degree of benzoindole (α), which are calculated by the results of elemental analysis, the obtained information about the ratio of aromatic and aliphatic fragments in the molecules of humic acids, i.e. the information about the structural organization of the molecule . For the conditions of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Yugra in all samples of peat humic acids did not reveal the dependence of their elemental composition from the types of source of peat, from the peculiarities of their species caused by the location and the specifics of peat formation.
A simultaneous non-destructive characterisation method for grain size and single-crystal elastic constants of cubic polycrystals from ultrasonic measurements
Authors: Sha Gaofeng
Published: April 2018

A systematic method was proposed to simultaneously determine both the grain size and elastic constants of a crystallite for cubic polycrystalline materials from ultrasonic velocities, backscattering and attenuation by model-based inversion. The direct model for backscattering was based
on single scattering assumption while attenuation was under the frame of the far-field scattering model. At the beginning of the inversion, metal density and ultrasonic velocities, including longitudinal and shear velocities, were measured. Longitudinal backscattering and attenuation coefficients
were extracted from the immersion scanning to implement model-based inversion. There were two independent steps to reconstruct grain size and single-crystal elastic constants. The grain sizes were obtained first from the attenuation-to-backscattering ratio, which was exclusively dependent
on grain geometry. Furthermore, the anisotropy factor of a cubic crystal can be reconstructed from backscattering amplitude and attenuation coefficients. Since there are only three independent elastic constants for a cubic symmetry crystallite, all three can be determined from experiments.
Finally, this method was validated using a pure copper sample. The determined grain size is reasonably close to that identified by optical microscopy and the reconstructed elastic constants are in close agreement with those offered in the literature. Thus, this study provides a practical non-destructive
approach for microstructure characterisation.
In vitro study on antioxidant activity of methanolic leaf extract of Cassia fistula Linn.
Authors: Kamath Bindhu R. , Kizhedath Sabeena
Published: April 2018

Background: The use of medicinal plants for maintaining good health is getting attention worldwide. Antioxidants play an important role to protect damage caused by oxidative stress. In the present study methanolic extracts of Cassia fistula  was determined using DPPH for its antioxidant activity. Phytochemical investigation confirmed the presence of bioactive ingredients in the extract.Methods: The antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Cassia fistula was evaluated using DPPH free radical assay. DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyine) free radical analysis is one of the accurate and frequently employed method for evaluating antioxidant activity.Results: The methanolic extracts showed increase in radical scavenging activity as concentration increases. The IC50 values were calculated for the methanolic extract. Ascorbic acid was used as control. Cassia fistula exhibited IC 50 of 79.42µg/ml.Conclusions: Scientific evidence suggests that antioxidants reduce the risk for chronic diseases including cancer and heart disease and infectious diseases. Further evaluation of pharmacological activities of Cassia fistula may prove useful in treatment of cancer and heart diseases.
Роль структурной безработицы в миграционных процессах
Authors: Гневашева Вера Анатольевна
Published: April 2018

В статье рассматриваются вопросы формирования рабочей силы в контексте проблемы структурной безработицы, вызванной технологической трансформацией экономики России в период с 1990-х гг., а также значимость данной социально-экономической проблемы в рамках усиления процессов международной миграции.
Assessing Mucosal Inflammation in a DSS-Induced Colitis Mouse Model by MR Colonography
Authors: Biton Inbal , Stettner Noa , Brener Ori , Erez Ayelet , Harmelin Alon , Garbow Joel
Published: April 2018

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by a chronic flaring inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. To determine disease activity, the inflammatory state of the colon should be assessed. Endoscopy in patients with IBD aids visualization of mucosal inflammation. However, because the mucosa is fragile, there is a significant risk of perforation. In addition, the technique is based on grading of the entire colon, which is highly operator-dependent. An improved, noninvasive, objective magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique will effectively assess pathologies in the small intestinal mucosa, more specifically, along the colon, and the bowel wall and surrounding structures. Here, dextran sodium sulfate polymer induced acute colitis in mice that was subsequently characterized by multisection magnetic resonance colonography. This study aimed to develop a noninvasive, objective, quantitative MRI technique for detecting mucosal inflammation in a dextran sodium sulfate–induced colitis mouse model. MRI results were correlated with endoscopic and histopathological evaluations.
Rare Suprasellar Chordoid Meningioma with INI1 Gene Mutation
Authors: Fadl-Elmula Imad , Giha Rania , Deaf Sawsan AH , El Hassan Lamyaa Ahmed , Hassan Ahmed M. , Arbab Mohamed AR
Published: April 2018

Background: Chordoid Meningioma is a rare brain tumour characterized genetically by loss of genetic material from chromosome 22q at cytogenetic level resulting in mutation of NF2 gene.
Objectives and case report: In the present report, we described a rare case of suprasellar chordoid meningioma, which presented in a 32-year-old-woman. Her only complain was throbbing headache. Neurological examination showed left temporal hemianopia, decreased visual acuity (3/6), and no physical abnormalities related to Castleman syndrome were noted. Cranial magnetic resonance (MR) images demonstrated a 28x15 mm mass in the sellar region, which showed iso-to low intensity that enhanced vividly after gadolinium with upwards displacement of the Optic chiasm.
Total surgical excision of the tumour was performed and subsequent histological examination of the tumour showed typical histology pattern of chordoid meningioma grade II according to the WHO classification system of meningiomas.
Genomic DNA was extracted and mutation analysis for INI1 gene using primer of exon 4, 5, 7, and 9 showed mutation involving exon 9. DNA sequencing showedheterozygosity C­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­-T mutation in exon 9 of INI1 gene leading to change of amino acid serine to phenylalanine at (codon 63). The details of this case are presented with a review of the literature.
Patterns and clinical presentation of Foreign Bodies in ENT among Sudanese Children in Khartoum state hospitals.
Authors: Nasir Rana Ahmed Abdelrahman , Ahmed Sharfi Abdelgadir Omer , Ibrahim Ibrahim Gaffar
Published: April 2018

Abstract: -Background: Foreign bodies (FBs) in ENT are a common problem in Sudanese children and are associated with life threatening complications.Objectives: To study the patterns and presenting symptoms of children who are presented with foreign bodies Inhalation, Ingestion and insertion in the Nose and Ears.Methodology: This is a prospective hospital based descriptive study, conducted at Khartoum ENT Hospitals  from March 2013 to January 2015.Result: 150 patients with foreign bodies were studied in Khartoum ENT Hospitals. The commonest age group between 3–6 years in 64% of patients. Male to Female ratio is1.3:1.F.Bs  nose constituted higher percentage in (28%) of cases, F.Bs  inhalations were presented in(24.7%), F.Bs  ear were presented in (24.7%) and F.Bs  ingestion were presented in (22.7%).Regarding the type of inhalations, peanut was presented in (56.8%) of cases and the commonest presenting symptoms was cough in (94%) of patients.                                                                                                                                                                   Conclusion: Certain food items especially peanuts if given to children below the age of 2 years have to be given with caution and under close supervision. Bronchoscopy should always be considered in optimum conditions. Public health education is essential in order to prevent these avoidable problems.Key words:    F.Bs , ENT ,Khartoum.
Molecular diagnosis of Shigella, Salmonella and Campylobacter by multiplex Real-time PCR in stool culture samples in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso)
Authors: Sawadogo Salfo , Diarra Birama , BIsseye Cyrille , Compaore Tegwindé Rebeca , Djigma Florencia W. , Ouermi Djénéba , Ouattara Aboubakar S. , Simpore Jacques
Published: April 2018

ABSTRACT:Background: Bacteriological diagnosis of Campylobacter spp, Salmonella spp and Shigella spp could be necessary in the case of infectious gastroenteritis syndrome.The objective of this study was to diagnose concomitantly the three enteropathogenic bacteria by multiplex Real-Time PCR in stool culture samples in Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso).Materials and Methods: The study was conducted from February 5th to March 9th, 2013. Two hundred stool samples were received during the study period. The bacteria were identified by bacterial culture following by multiplex Real-Time PCR.Results: Shigella spp and Campylobacter spp were sought by culture in all 200 samples. Enteropathogenic E. coli was sought only in 37 samples from all children under 2 years old. The bacterial culture was positive in 12 stool samples. Shigella spp and Salmonella spp. were isolated respectively in 5 (2.5%) and 3 samples (1.5%). Enteropathogenic E. coli was isolated in 10.8% (4/37) of the samples tested.The multiplex real-time PCR identified bacteria in 20 patients, including 17 cases of Shigella spp., 1 case of Salmonella spp. and 2 cases of Campylobacter spp.Conclusions: This study has highlighted the low frequency of 3 sought bacterial genera in stool samples. It has also demonstrated a significant difference between the culture and the multiplex Real-Time PCR method in the diagnosis of Shigella.
Graduates Perception towards Instructional Methods of Emergency Medicine: Affecting Their Self-confidence in Emergency Departments
Authors: GISMALLA Mohamed D. Awadalla , Abdalla Ahmed Abd Elrahman , Taha Sami Mahjoub
Published: April 2018

Background: Teaching emergencies has the ability to provide medical students with animportant knowledge and skills. In this study, we assessed the perception of Faculty of medicine, University of Gezira graduates regarding instructional methods of emergencies and their performance in emergency departments.
Materials and Methods: This is a cross-sectional survey, which was conducted among newly graduated doctors, during their internship rotation. We assessed the graduateperception about instructional methods of teaching EM during medical school and how they deal with emergencies. Likert’s scale of five points was used for assessment of the graduate response. This data was used for a correlation analysis.
Result: Ninety three graduates were enrolled. Male doctors’ numbers was 41(44%). Most of the graduated doctors agreed that clinical round and practical session in teaching emergency are useful among 80(86%) and 74(79.6%) of them respectively. Less number of graduated students 45 (48.4%) and 43 (36.6%) agreed that Problem-based learning and Seminar are useful in teaching emergency. Numbers of graduates who feel competence to assess and diagnose patients, request a relevant investigation, and can put a treatment plan and start the managements are 60(68.8%), 76(81.8%) and 61 (65.6%) respectively.
Conclusion: There are some strength and weakness in emergency teaching during medical school which affects their self-confidence when dealing with emergencies.
An 8-year retrospective review of gastrointestinal medical emergency conditions at a tertiary health facility in Nigeria
Authors: Oluwagbenga OGUNTOYE Oluwatosin , Musah YUSUF
Published: April 2018

Background: Globally, gastrointestinal emergency conditions constitute a considerable proportion of the medical emergency cases seen in the emergency room.Objective: This study investigated the spectrum of gastrointestinal medical emergency conditions seen in the emergency room of Federal Teaching Hospital Ido-Ekiti, Nigeria.Materials and Methods: The emergency room admission register was used to obtain the following information: Age, Sex, Diagnosis, Year of admission and the Outcome. The period under review was 1st January 2009 to 31st December 2016. The data was analyzed using the SPSS version 21.0 software package.Results: A total number of 5,912 patients with medical emergency conditions were admitted into the emergency room during the period under review, out of which 813(13.7%) were gastrointestinal medical emergency conditions. The age range of the patients was 15 to 100years with a mean(±SD) of 47.32±18.938. Acute exacerbation of acid peptic disorders(29.3%) was the most common indication for emergency room admission followed by acute gastroenteritis(26.8%) and decompensated chronic liver disease(14.3%). Decompensated chronic liver disease and upper gastrointestinal bleeding were the conditions with the highest mortality  being 31.8% and 29.5% respectively.Conclusion: Gastrointestinal medical conditions are common indications for emergency admission. Measures should be taken to avoid these preventable conditions in a bid to reduce their morbidity and mortality.
Knowledge, attitude and practice of hepatitis (B) among healthcare workers in relation to their vaccination status in Khartoum, Sudan, 2015: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Mustafa Almustafa Siddig Mohammed , Ahmed Almegdad Sharafaldin Mohamed , Alamin Tariq Ahmed Abdelbaset , Shaheen Mutaz Tarig HassanAhmed , Hilali Awab Mohamed Mohamed Ahmed , Fadul Moneeb Hassan Mohammed Alamin , Abdelsalam Ahmed Abdelaziz Abugrain , Abdelrahim Mohamed Ahmed Sidahmed , Elsheikh Mohamed Nasr Mohamed Ahmed
Published: April 2018

Background: Hepatitis B is a serious chronic infection of the liver and caused by hepatitis B virus. It is an endemic disease in Sudan. Healthcare workers are occupationally more prone to acquire the disease. Evaluation of their knowledge, attitude and practice and their vaccination status, are very important in the control of the disease. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practiceof healthcare workers towards hepatitis B and their vaccination status.
Materials and Methods: In total, 372 healthcare workers were enrolled in the study, which was conducted at 10 public hospitals in Khartoum state during July-August 2015. After taking written informed consent from the Khartoum State Research Department, self-administrated questionnaires were distributed to the healthcareworkers. The KAP score was the sum of the three categories, which is 32 points, and the mean was then obtained.
Results: The study revealed that the respondents’ mean scores of knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAP) were 18.4, 2.14 and 2.49, respectively. The study also showed that doctors have the highest KAP score in comparison with other occupations. Doctors are the least occupational category that uses gloves when dealing with patient’s blood. The KAP score was found higher among vaccinated healthcare workers 27.4% in comparison to unvaccinated ones, That yield to a significant the association between KAP score and vac-cination status (p-value0.007).Conclusions: This study concluded that, there is a positive association between the level of vaccination among Health care workers and their Knowledge, attitude and practice of hepatitis B virus. Further studies would be recommended on larger population.