bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and analysis of a flow control scheme over wireless networks
Authors: Abate Alessandro , Chen Minghua , Wang Yue , Zakhor Avideh , Sastry Shankar
Published: November 2011

This paper studies the problem of congestion control on wireless networks. A dynamical model for the end‐to‐end network flow control that exploits the differentiation between congestion loss and physical channel error loss is proposed. The introduction of a specific wireless model is motivated by the distinctive presence of channel errors, which are often not known exactly. We assume that each wireless link is associated with an additional error function that depends on the current flow along the link and that accounts for the packet loss rate caused by the physical channel. This leads to a new dynamic flow control scheme that naturally extends a known mathematical model for the fluid‐flow approximation of the Transmission Control Protocol for wireline networks. The main objective of this work is to study the dynamical properties of the new model: we analyze its nonlinear dynamics, derive its stability properties, and study its robustness to delays. We also present and discuss some ns‐2 simulations of its dynamics. This work additionally looks at the actual implementation of the proposed scheme: by requiring only modifications to the application layer rather than the transport one, no alterations to the network infrastructure or transport protocols are needed. The article argues that the new scheme appears to be not only theoretically meaningful but also practically relevant for an application layer implementation. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Hydrophobicity of PEO–PPO–PEO Block Copolymers on Micellization and Solubilization of a Model Drug Nimesulide
Authors: Parmar Arpan , Yerramilli Usha , Bahadur Pratap
Published: November 2011

The present work explored the molecular implications governing the solubilization of a model drug nimesulide (NIM) in micelles of ethylene oxide‐propylene oxide (EO–PO) triblock copolymers. The aggregation behavior and solubilization studies on four copolymers each with the same mol mass of central PPO block equal to 2,250 and varying % PEO was examined by means of UV–VIS. Moreover, high‐sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry measurements were used to evaluate the critical micellization temperature. The solubilization at different temperatures (30, 37, 45 °C), pH (2 to 10) and in the presence of added sodium chloride (0–2 M) was monitored and the partition coefficient (P) and the free energy of solubilization (ΔGso) were calculated. The site of solubilization of NIM in micelles was also probed. The NIM solubility decreased with increases in the PEO molecular weight; the drug resides in the micelle core.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Biodiesels Derived From Oils of Plants Growing in Northern Wisconsin and Minnesota
Authors: Lane James W. , Hukriede Kurt , Jersett Adam , Koirala Damodar , Levings Dan , Stewart Aaron , Waxman Michael A.
Published: November 2011

We report on the preparation and selected properties of some new biodiesels which we synthesized from oils of plants growing in Northern Wisconsin and Minnesota. The composition and the low‐temperature properties such as crystallization onset Tc and end of melting Tm investigated with the help of differential scanning calorimetry are presented. Some of these biodiesels exhibited remarkably good low‐temperature characteristics. In order to further improve these properties, we use a variety of alcohols during the transesterification process, including isopropyl, 2‐butyl, and isoamyl alcohols. Using several parameters such as oil content and crystallization onset temperature Tc, plant species that appear most promising have been identified, among those highbush cranberry (Tc ≈ −31 °C for its methyl esters, Tc ≈ −41 °C for its 2‐butyl esters), dotted horsemint (Tc ≈ −17 °C for its methyl esters, Tc ≈ −40 °C for its 2‐butyl esters), and American hazelnut (Tc ≈ −19 °C for its methyl esters, Tc ≈ −30 °C for its 2‐butyl esters).
Perspektiven der Raumordnung in Europa
Authors: Erbguth Wilfried
Published: November 2011

Guidelines of the EU for the maritime spatial planning are to be expected in the foreseeable future. Such guidelines will be targeted to achieve a harmonisation of the spatial planning legislation within the member states and will also impact the spatial planning legislation onshore. This process should be actively accompanied by German institutions to contribute national learnings—and, not at least, to avoid unfavourable developments on a European level which have been recognized nationally. Such harmonising stipulations of the European legislation include organisational regulations regarding a “single body” to be nominated by the member states, substantive rules in regard to a commitment of spatial planning to sustainability and supra-regional as well as cross-disciplinary actions, in terms of instrumentation via a coordinated use of binding specifications in spatial plans on the one hand and informal instruments on the other hand, via the application of the spatial planning procedures within the maritime area and furthermore via the assignment of new tasks to the spatial planning (bodies), as monitoring and mediation. Finally, the former priority of the European nature conservation legislation has to be replaced by a balancing consideration within the scope of spatial planning.
The history of the study of bacterial/cyanobacterial forms in phosphorites
Authors: Zanin Yu.N. , Zamirailova A.G.
Published: November 2011

The first bacterial (bacillus-like) form in phosophorites was described by B. Renault and C.E. Bertrand from coprolites of vertebrates in the bituminous shales from the Autun region, France, in 1895. In 1990, B. Renault revealed coccoid bacteria from the same deposits. In 1983, D. Soudry and Y. Champetier described for the first time the capsules of cyanobacterial threads from Campanian phosphorites of the Negev Desert, Israel. Glycocalics was first found in the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous phosphorites of the Egor’evskoe deposit on the Russian Platform, where it coexists with coccoid bacteria.
The depths of the Early Paleozoic sedimentary basins of the Paleoasian Ocean: lithofacies and bioindicator estimates
Authors: Sennikov N.V. , Obut O.T. , Bukolova E.V. , Tolmacheva T. Yu.
Published: November 2011

Estimating the paleobasin depth is one of the most difficult problems in studying the evolution of sedimentation. Considerable depth variations in ocean and shelf paleobasins are due not only to their origin but also to the evolution of their large constituents owing to the differentiation of the dissected bottom. The Early Paleozoic volcanic-sedimentary and sedimentary rocks of Gorny Altai have been studied from this standpoint. They formed in the paleoceanic rises of the Early Cambrian Kuznetsk–Altai island arc, in the Late Cambrian–Early Ordovician Altai segment of the Paleoasian Ocean, and in the outer zone of the Late Ordovician Altai shelf basin. Geologic, geochemical, and lithofacies data permitted expert estimates of the absolute vertical depths of individual paleobasin fragments with siliceous sedimentation, calibrated at the final stage by bioindicator methods. The upper parts of the paleoceanic rises in the Early Cambrian Kuznetsk–Altai island arc are presumed to occur at depths of 300–400 m; those of the paleoceanic rises in the Late Cambrian–Early Ordovician Altai segment of the Paleoasian Ocean, at depths of 500–1200 m; and the outer edge of the outer zone of the Late Ordovician Altai shelf basin, at depths of 150–500 m.
Sea level changes and rapid crustal movements in cratonic areas in the Late Paleozoic
Authors: Artyushkov E.V. , Chekhovich P.A.
Published: November 2011

In the Phanerozoic, the sea depth in epeiric sedimentary basins showed considerable variations, often accompanied by regression. In periods of regression and erosion, the subaerially exposed shelf and the adjacent parts of the marine basins gave rise to numerous nonstructural (stratigraphic) hydrocarbon traps. Sea depth variations with a magnitude of up to 100–200 m and 1–3 myr long (third-order cycles) are usually attributed to the eustatic fluctuations of the sea level. To estimate their possible range, a model is proposed which describes the water depth variations as a function of eustatic fluctuations in tectonically subsiding carbonate platforms. We take into account the crustal isostatic response to the changing water load and the finite time necessary for soil and karst formation in the exposed shelf or its upper part. This model allowed analyzing data on the reference sections of the North Timan shallow-water sediments. According to the analysis, the third-order sea level changes in the Middle Carboniferous, Late Carboniferous, and Early Permian did not exceed several tens of meters. During the same period, shorter fluctuations (∼100 kyr) occurred owing to the waxing and waning of large Gondwanan ice sheets. In the first half of the Bashkirian Age (Early Pennsylvanian), regression took place in the East European and North American cratons and then shallow-water sedimentation resumed. This regression is usually attributed to a considerable sea level fall. In some other areas, slow shallow-water sedimentation continued throughout the Bashkirian. This suggests that the Bashkirian regression was due to the crustal uplifts. Short-term uplifts can be explained by ascending convective currents beneath the asthenosphere. In southern North America, they brought an active fluid into the lithosphere. This caused rapid eclogitization-related crustal subsidence in the Arkoma and Anadarko basins as well as intense lithospheric weakening and shortening in the Ouachita Fold Belt.
The phase state of NaF-containing fluid at 700 °C and 1, 2, and 3 kbar (from the results of study of synthetic fluid inclusions in quartz)
Authors: Kotel’nikova Z.A. , Kotel’nikov A.R.
Published: November 2011

Fluid inclusions containing NaF have been extracted by healing quartz cracks at 700 °C and 1, 2, and 3 kbar. The aqueous NaF solutions belong to P–Q-type systems. They are characterized by the existence of two stable and one metastable immiscibility regions. Study of the inclusions showed that under these conditions, the fluid was in the heterogeneous state. The least dense phase detected in two-phase inclusions with the largest vapor bubble is an undersaturated aqueous solution. Its salt content points to a chemical interaction of NaF with quartz, which led to a change in the component composition of the system. As temperature grows, the highly viscous liquid of the inclusions segregates, and a new phase appears either around the vapor bubble or near the inclusion walls. At 3 kbar, one more type of inclusions with a vitreous phase forms, which shows anomalous behavior on heating. The phase changes in these inclusions can be interpreted only tentatively. Based on the data obtained, we suggest the existence of quasi-polymer compounds containing sodium hydrosilicates, in which OH– groups are partly substituted by F–. The results obtained are applied to study of natural processes involving fluids belonging to the P–Q-type systems.
H2O and CO2 in parental magmas of Kliuchevskoi volcano inferred from study of melt and fluid inclusions in olivine
Authors: Mironov N.L. , Portnyagin M.V.
Published: November 2011

Abstract

This paper reports new FTIR data on the H2O and CO2 concentrations in glasses of 26 naturally quenched and experimentally partially homogenized melt inclusions in olivine (Fo85–91) phenocrysts from rocks of the Kliuchevskoi volcano. Measured H2O concentrations in the inclusions range from 0.02 to 4 wt.%. The wide variations in the H2O content of the inclusions, which do not correlate with the host olivine composition and contents of major elements in the melts, are explained by the H2O escape from inclusions via diffusion through the host olivine during the magma eruption and the following cooling. The largest H2O loss is characteristic of inclusions from lava samples which cooled slowly after eruption. The minimal H2O loss is observed for inclusions from rapidly quenched pyroclastic rocks. Parental magmas of the Kliuchevskoi volcano are estimated to contain 3.5 wt.% H2O. The new data imply a 40 °C lower mantle temperatures than that estimated earlier for the Kliuchevskoi primary melts. The concentrations of CO2 in glasses range from <0.01 to 0.13 wt.% and do not correlate with the type of studied inclusions and their composition. The calculated pressures of melt equilibria with H2O–CO2 fluid inside the inclusions are lower than 270 MPa. They are significantly lower than a pressure of 500 MPa calculated from the density (~0.8 g/cm3) of cogenetic fluid inclusions in high-Fo olivine. The significant pressure drop inside the melt inclusions after their trapping in olivine might be due to the H2O loss and redistribution of CO2 from melt to daughter fluid phase. Compared with melt inclusions, cogenetic fluid inclusions provide independent information about the crystallization pressures of olivine and initial CO2 content in the Kliuchevskoi magma, which were estimated to be at least 500 MPa and 0.35 wt.%, respectively. The maximum CO2 concentrations in the primary Kliuchevskoi melts are estimated at 0.8–0.9 wt.%. The decompression crystallization of the Kliuchevskoi magmas starts at depths of 30–40 km and proceeds with a continuous decrease in CO2 content and an increase (up to 6–7 wt.%) and then a decrease (at <300 MPa) in H2O content in melts, which explains the origin of the whole spectrum of rocks and melt inclusions of the Kliuchevskoi volcano.

© 2011, V.S. Sobolev IGM, Siberian Branch of the RAS. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Rb–Sr isotope system and Rb–Sr partitioning in the rocks of the Ary-Bulak ongonite massif, formed with the participation of fluoride–silicate magmatic immiscibility
Authors: Peretyazhko I.S. , Savina E.A. , Dril’ S.I. , Gerasimov N.S.
Published: November 2011

The rocks of the Ary-Bulak ongonite massif (eastern Transbaikalia) have widely varying Rb (1499–4274 ppm) and Sr (10–2654 ppm) contents. In passing from porphyritic ongonites to aphyric rocks at the endocontact, Rb content increases by two to three times; Sr content, by two to three orders of magnitude. Feldspars and Fe-rich micas are the major Rb carriers and concentrators. The aphyric rocks accumulate Rb, because the weight percentage of sanidine in their total mineral balance increases relative to that in the porphyritic ongonites. In the latter, Sr is relatively uniformly distributed over the phenocrysts and groundmass. Prosopite and products of the quenching (glass) and partial crystallization of a calcium fluoride melt accumulate a considerable amount of Sr. The presence of these phases in the porphyritic and aphyric rocks abnormally increases their Sr content. The Rb content of silicate glass in melt inclusions (MI) varies much more widely (634 ppm—3.17 wt.%) than that of the massif rocks (1435–4309 ppm), especially in terms of the maximum value. Most of silicate glass in the MI is much poorer in Sr (<1–2 ppm) than the rocks. The highest Sr content (376–422 ppm) was detected in silicate glass from a MI with segregations of immiscible fluoride glass.

Rubidium–strontium isotope dating confirmed the Early Cretaceous (141.6 ± 0.5 Ma) age of all the massif rocks, with (87Sr/86Sr)0 = 0.70817 ± 0.00025, that is, intermediate between mantle and typical crustal values. A near-linear dependence has been detected between 1/Sr and 87Sr/86Sr, which is usually interpreted as a false isochron and explained by models involving mixed components with different 87Sr/86Sr. According to calculations of the weight percentage of Sr isotopes in the massif rocks, this linear dependence is explained by Sr and Rb partitioning in ongonitic magma, which has the same initial Sr isotope ratio.

Only fluoride–silicate liquid immiscibility determined the Rb and Sr partitioning in ongonitic magma and, correspondingly, the subsequent evolution of the Rb–Sr isotope system in the Ary-Bulak massif rocks. This immiscibility (liquation) in ongonitic magma might have created very special rocks, abnormally enriched in Ca, F, and Sr, even if the initial homogeneous silicate melt was relatively poor in these elements. The relatively small initial isotope ratio (87Sr/86Sr)0 ≈ 0.708 in the massif rocks does not contradict the hypothesis of the intense heating of a F-enriched crustal substrate and the formation of a rare-metal granitoid melt chamber (from which the residual ongonitic melt was produced) under the thermal effect of deep-seated basaltoid magma.
A fluid inclusion study of uranium and copper mineral systems in the Murphy Inlier, Northern Australia
Authors: Mernagh T.P. , Wygralak A.S.
Published: November 2011

The Palaeoproterozoic Murphy Inlier is situated at the southern end of the McArthur Basin in Northern Australia. The inlier contains over 50 uranium, copper, tin and base metal occurrences. Fluid inclusion studies were carried out on samples of quartz veining from the uranium and copper deposits as well as from the basement rocks to determine the composition of the fluids and to investigate how uranium and copper were transported in these fluids. Four types of fluid inclusions were observed in this study; Type A vapour-rich inclusions with ≥30 vol.% vapour, Type B two phase aqueous inclusion with ≤20 vol.% vapour, Type C multiphase inclusions with one or more solid phases and, Type D liquid-only inclusions.

At least three different fluids were identified in the Murphy Inlier. There is a CaCl2 ± LiCl-rich brine, a NaCl-rich brine and a low salinity fluid. The fluids can also be grouped into a high temperature (typically homogenising above 210 °C) population and a low temperature (typically homogenising below 240 °C) population. Depending on location, the high temperature fluid may be enriched in CO2, N2, or CH4. In the uranium deposits, gas-rich inclusions are dominated by CO2 indicating that these fluids are relatively oxidized, while in the copper deposits both CO2 and CH4 are present indicating that these fluids are more reduced. The low temperature population of Type B inclusions have a mode of homogenisation at 190 °C in the uranium deposits and a mode at 120 °C in the copper deposits. Similarly, Type C inclusions have a mode of homogenisation at 235 °C in the uranium deposits and 170 °C in the copper deposits.

Variations in the composition of the inclusions suggest that at least two stages of fluid mixing occurred. Firstly, there was mixing between a CaCl2 ± LiCl-rich brine and a NaCl-rich brine to produce a fluid of intermediate composition. This fluid then mixed with a low salinity fluid.

Geochemical modeling has shown that both uranium and copper can be transported in the same fluid at high fO2 and moderate to high chloride concentrations. In the proposed model for mineralisation, uranium and copper were leached from the volcanics or sediments in the McArthur Basin and were simultaneously transported in the oxidised, Na-Ca-Li-bearing saline fluids which had undergone mixing within the basin. Uranium precipitated when this fluid was reduced, either by reaction with Fe-rich mafic volcanics, carbonaceous rocks, or by mixing with a CH4-bearing, low salinity fluid derived from the basement. Copper remained in the fluid until further changes in salinity, fO2 or pH occurred, most probably as a result of mixing with lower salinity meteoric fluids. The fluid may have continued to cool to near surface temperatures as evidenced by the trapping of liquid-only fluid inclusions in some veins.
The acute effects of a pulse-containing meal on glycaemic responses and measures of satiety and satiation within and at a later meal
Authors: Mollard R. C. , Zykus A. , Luhovyy B. L. , Nunez M. F. , Wong C. L. , Anderson G. H.
Published: November 2011

Pulses are low glycaemic foods; however, their effect on satiation is unknown. The objective was to determine the effects of an ad libitum pulse meal on food intake (FI), appetite and blood glucose (BG) before and after a test meal (4 h later) and on FI at the test meal. Males (n 24, 22·8 kg/m2) received one of four treatments or control. The pulse treatments contained pasta and tomato sauce and 44 % of energy from: (1) chickpeas, (2) lentils, (3) navy beans or (4) yellow peas. The control was pasta and tomato sauce (pasta and sauce). FI (satiation) was measured at the treatment meal (0–20 min) and at an ad libitum pizza meal 4 h later. BG and appetite were measured from 0 to 340 min. At the treatment meal, lentils led to lower FI compared to chickpeas and pasta and sauce, whereas navy beans led to lower FI compared to chickpeas. Also, lentils led to lower cumulative FI compared to pasta and sauce. All pulses led to lower BG peak and cumulative area under the curve (AUC; 0–340 min); however, only chickpeas, lentils and navy beans reduced pre-pizza meal BG AUC (0–260 min) relative to pasta and sauce. Chickpeas led to lower post-pizza meal BG AUC (260–340 min) compared to navy beans and yellow peas. Consumption of pulses in a high-glycaemic meal contributes to earlier satiation, lower BG following the meal and after a later meal, but these effects are specific to pulse type and cannot be explained by their glycaemic properties alone.
Genetic parameters of total milk yield and factors describing the shape of lactation curve in dairy buffaloes
Authors: Aspilcueta-Borquis Rúsbel R , Baldi Fernando , Araujo Neto Francisco R , Albuquerque Lucia G , Muñoz-Berrocal Milthon , Tonhati Humberto
Published: November 2011

The objective of this study was to apply factor analysis to describe lactation curves in dairy buffaloes in order to estimate the phenotypic and genetic association between common latent factors and cumulative milk yield. A total of 31 257 monthly test-day milk yield records from buffaloes belonging to herds located in the state of São Paulo were used to estimate two common latent factors, which were then analysed in a multi-trait animal model for estimating genetic parameters. Estimates of (co)variance components for the two common latent factors and cumulated 270-d milk yield were obtained by Bayesian inference using a multiple trait animal model. Contemporary group, number of milkings per day (two levels) and age of buffalo cow at calving (linear and quadratic) as covariate were included in the model as fixed effects. The additive genetic, permanent environmental and residual effects were included as random effects. The first common latent factor (F1) was associated with persistency of lactation and the second common latent factor (F2) with the level of production in early lactation. Heritability estimates for F1 and F2 were 0·12 and 0·07, respectively. Genetic correlation estimates between F1 and F2 with cumulative milk yield were positive and moderate (0·63 and 0·52). Multivariate statistics employing factor analysis allowed the extraction of two variables (latent factors) that described the shape of the lactation curve. It is expected that the response to selection to increase lactation persistency is higher than the response obtained from selecting animals to increase lactation peak. Selection for higher total milk yield would result in a favourable correlated response to increase the level of production in early lactation and the lactation persistency.
Greater sage-grouseCentrocercus urophasianusmigration links the USA and Canada: a biological basis for international prairie conservation
Authors: Tack Jason D. , Naugle David E. , Carlson John C. , Fargey Pat J.
Published: November 2011

Migratory pathways in North American prairies are critical for sustaining endemic biodiversity. Fragmentation and loss of habitat by an encroaching human footprint has extirpated and severely truncated formerly large movements by prairie wildlife populations. Greater sage-grouseCentrocercus urophasianus, a Near Threatened landscape species requiring vast tracts of intact sagebrushArtemisiaspp., exhibit varied migratory strategies across their range in response to the spatial composition of available habitats. We unexpectedly documented the longest migratory event ever observed in sage-grouse (> 120 km one way) in 2007–2009 while studying demography of a population at the north-east edge of their range. Movements that encompassed 6,687 km2included individuals using distinct spring and summer ranges and then freely intermixing on the winter range in what is probably an obligate, annual event. The fate of greater sage-grouse in Canada is in part dependent on habitat conservation in the USA because this population spans an international border. Expanding agricultural tillage and development of oil and gas fields threaten to sever connectivity for this imperilled population. Science can help delineate high priority conservation areas but the fate of landscapes ultimately depends on international partnerships implementing conservation at scales relevant to prairie wildlife.
Conservation of endemic insular plants: the genus Ribes L. (Grossulariaceae) in Sardinia
Authors: Fenu Giuseppe , Mattana Efisio , Bacchetta Gianluigi
Published: November 2011

Only two members of the genus Ribes L. (Grossulariaceae) occur in Sardinia, both endemic: R. sardoum and R. multiflorum subsp. sandalioticum. R. sardoum is categorized as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List and R. multiflorum subsp. sandalioticum is a rare species previously known from only a few localities. Both species grow only in mountainous areas. In 2006–2010 we carried out a field survey to verify the conservation status of R. sardoum and to estimate the number of individual plants, identify threats and assess the conservation status of R. multiflorum subsp. sandalioticum. R. sardoum is threatened by grazing, its small population, low seed viability and the activities of tourists, confirming its Critically Endangered status. We found R. multiflorum subsp. sandalioticum in 13 localities, three of which are new records, with the plants in scattered groups or singly, in three populations. The threats to R. multiflorum subsp. sandalioticum are overgrazing, the small populations, habitat fragmentation and the activities of tourists. We propose that R. multiflorum subsp. sandalioticum be categorized as Endangered on the IUCN Red List. Research activities and conservation measures for this genus on Sardinia have been proposed and some conservation actions have already commenced.
Toxoplasma gondiiinfection in pregnant women in China
Authors: GAO X.-J. , ZHAO Z.-J. , HE Z.-H. , WANG T. , YANG T.-B. , CHEN X.-G. , SHEN J.-L. , WANG Y. , LV F.-L. , HIDE G. , LUN Z.-R.
Published: November 2011

Toxoplasmosis, caused by the protozoan parasiteToxoplasma gondii, is one of the most common parasitic infections in humans. Primary infection in pregnant women can be transmitted to the fetus leading to miscarriage or congenital toxoplasmosis. Carefully designed nationwide seroprevalence surveys and case-control studies of risk factors conducted primarily in Europe and America, have shaped our view of the global status of maternal and congenital infection, directing approaches to disease prevention. However, despite encompassing 1 in 5 of the world's population, information is limited on the status of toxoplasmosis in China, partly due to the linguistic inaccessibility of the Chinese literature to the global scientific community. By selection and analysis of studies and data, reported within the last 2 decades in China, this review summarizes and renders accessible a large body of Chinese and other literature and aims to estimate the seroprevalence in Chinese pregnant women. It also reviews the prevalence trends, risk factors, and clinical manifestations. The key findings are (1) the majority of studies show that the overall seroprevalence in Chinese pregnant women is less than 10%, considerably lower than a recently published global analysis; and (2) the few available appropriate studies on maternal acute infection suggested an incidence of 0·3% which is broadly comparable to studies from other countries.
Individualized prediction of illness course at the first psychotic episode: a support vector machine MRI study
Authors: Mourao-Miranda J. , Reinders A. A. T. S. , Rocha-Rego V. , Lappin J. , Rondina J. , Morgan C. , Morgan K. D. , Fearon P. , Jones P. B. , Doody G. A. , Murray R. M. , Kapur S. , Dazzan P.
Published: November 2011

Background

To date, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has made little impact on the diagnosis and monitoring of psychoses in individual patients. In this study, we used a support vector machine (SVM) whole-brain classification approach to predict future illness course at the individual level from MRI data obtained at the first psychotic episode.

Method

One hundred patients at their first psychotic episode and 91 healthy controls had an MRI scan. Patients were re-evaluated 6.2 years (s.d.=2.3) later, and were classified as having a continuous, episodic or intermediate illness course. Twenty-eight subjects with a continuous course were compared with 28 patients with an episodic course and with 28 healthy controls. We trained each SVM classifier independently for the following contrasts: continuous versus episodic, continuous versus healthy controls, and episodic versus healthy controls.

Results

At baseline, patients with a continuous course were already distinguishable, with significance above chance level, from both patients with an episodic course (p=0.004, sensitivity=71, specificity=68) and healthy individuals (p=0.01, sensitivity=71, specificity=61). Patients with an episodic course could not be distinguished from healthy individuals. When patients with an intermediate outcome were classified according to the discriminating pattern episodic versus continuous, 74% of those who did not develop other episodes were classified as episodic, and 65% of those who did develop further episodes were classified as continuous (p=0.035).

Conclusions

We provide preliminary evidence of MRI application in the individualized prediction of future illness course, using a simple and automated SVM pipeline. When replicated and validated in larger groups, this could enable targeted clinical decisions based on imaging data.
The Journal of Public Policy in perspective
Authors: Rose Richard
Published: November 2011

In this final JPP issue from the Centre for the Study of Public Policy, I review its distinctive aim of publishing articles applying relevant concepts from the social sciences to problems facing contemporary governments. The aim is illustrated by reprinting five articles from past issues and a Symposium (1986) discussing different ways in which social science journals are edited. The articles are Bowen (1982); Weaver (1986); Rose (2002); Silvia (2004); Bruner and Abdelal (2005).
Failure recovery for wrench capability of wire-actuated parallel manipulators
Authors: Notash Leila
Published: November 2011

Wire-actuated parallel manipulators and their failures are studied in this paper taking into consideration their failure modes. A methodology for investigating the effect of wire/actuator failures on the force/moment capability of manipulators is presented, and the criteria for full and partial recovery from these failures are established. The methodology is also applicable for the cases that the minimum norm solution for the vector of wire tensions gives a negative value for tension by treating the corresponding wire as failed. The proposed criteria are also valid for the manipulators that utilize hybrid actuation of wires and joints. Three planar wire-actuated parallel manipulators are used as the case study to illustrate the proposed methodology and criteria.
Income Replacement in Retirement: Longitudinal Evidence from Income Tax Records
Authors: Denton Frank T. , Finnie Ross , Spencer Byron G.
Published: November 2011

Nous analysons un grand fichier de données longitudinales des déclarations de revenus pour les individus canadiens, en appliquant une procédure de détermination de la retraite, qui est basé sur le revenu d’emploi, afin de évaluer qui se sont retirés et comment ils réussissent à maintenir leurs revenus après la retraite. Cette approche méthodologique peut être d’interêt pour une application éventuelle dans d’autres pays qui ont des données appropriées. Nos principales conclusions sont les suivants. En premier, dans les deux ans qui suivent le départ en retraite, les ratios de remplacement du revenu après taxes atteignent en moyenne environ deux- tiers lorsqu’ils sont calculés sur tous les âges de départ en retraite. Deuxièmement, les ratios ont tendance à augmenter avec l’âge de la retraite. Troisièmement, les ratios augmentent avec les anneés de la retraite, du moins dans les premières années. Enfin, les ratios de remplacement du revenu sont les plus élevés pour le quartile des revenu les plus bas et diminuent généralement à mesure que le revenu augmente ; avec chaque quartile, les taux de remplacement augmentent davantage pour ceux qui ont pris leur retraite plus tard que pour ceux qui l’ont prise plus tôt.
Absent Desires
Authors: HANDFIELD TOBY
Published: November 2011

What difference does it make to matters of value, for a desire-satisfactionist, if a given desire is absent, rather than present? I argue that it is most plausible to hold that the state in which a given desire is satisfied is, other things being equal, incommensurate with the state in which that desire does not exist at all. In addition to illustrating the internal attractions of the view, I demonstrate that this idea has attractive implications for population ethics. Finally, I show that the view is not subject to John Broome's ‘greedy neutrality’ worry.
Water in use and philosophy at Wotton House: John Evelyn and the History of the Trades
Authors: Odgers Juliet
Published: November 2011

John Evelyn (1620–1706) is a prominent character in the historiography of seventeenth-century science. His friendships with Robert Boyle, Christopher Wren and Sir Thomas Browne, to name a few, ensure this, as does the huge volume of relevant archival material that he left behind. He was not particularly accomplished as a scientist, or natural philosopher to use the contemporary term, but he did engage earnestly with the project of establishing new experimentalist directions for the investigation of nature, both in the Royal Society after its establishment in the early 1660s, and in other milieux in the lead up to that event. As a figure in garden historiography, Evelyn is equally important. He was not a professional gardener, but a gentleman educated for public office. However, until the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660, the year he turned forty, he was excluded from public service because of his political allegiances – he was a Royalist. The 1650s were for Evelyn a decade of retirement, and from this time come both the gardens at Wotton – the topic of this paper – and his own famous garden at Sayes Court in Deptford, established in 1653. It was also the time when he composed much of the material on gardening and other virtuoso topics that he published both during that decade and subsequently.
Assemblage theory, gardens and the legacy of the early Garden City movement
Authors: Livesey Graham
Published: November 2011

A significant development in urban history was the emergence of the Garden City movement at the end of the nineteenth century, inspired by the writings and actions of Ebenezer Howard. The movement would generate a broad range of urban typologies and various visionary models of the city during the twentieth century. The Garden City was a direct response to what were perceived to be the evils of large industrial cities and attempted to reunite country and town, particularly through the residential garden and the act of gardening. Using Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari's assemblage theory I examine gardens and gardening, and the agencies inherent to these. By evoking the early history of the first Garden City at Letchworth, we can ask what role can gardens and gardeners play in addressing contemporary urban issues? [1].
Recognition of Emotion in Moving and Static Composite Faces
Authors: Chiller-Glaus Sarah Dagmar , Schwaninger Adrian , Hofer Franziska , Kleiner Mario , Knappmeyer Barbara
Published: November 2011

This paper investigates whether the greater accuracy of emotion identification for dynamic versus static expressions, as noted in previous research, can be explained through heightened levels of either component or configural processing. Using a paradigm by Young, Hellawell, and Hay (1987 ), we tested recognition performance of aligned and misaligned composite faces with six basic emotions (happiness, fear, disgust, surprise, anger, sadness). Stimuli were created using 3D computer graphics and were shown as static peak expressions (static condition) and 7 s video sequences (dynamic condition). The results revealed that, overall, moving stimuli were better recognized than static faces, although no interaction between motion and other factors was found. For happiness, sadness, and surprise, misaligned composites were better recognized than aligned composites, suggesting that aligned composites fuse to form a single expression, while the two halves of misaligned composites are perceived as two separate emotions. For anger, disgust, and fear, this was not the case. These results indicate that emotions are perceived on the basis of both configural and component-based information, with specific activation patterns for separate emotions, and that motion has a quality of its own and does not increase configural or component-based recognition separately.
Groundwater depletion's contribution to sea level rise increasing
Authors: Schultz Colin
Published: November 2011

Since the turn of the twentieth century, industrial‐scale redistribution of water from landlocked aquifers to the ocean has driven up the global average sea level by more than 12 centimeters. Between 1900 and 2008, roughly 4500 cubic kilometers of water was drawn from the ground, largely to feed an agricultural system increasingly reliant on irrigation. Of that 4500‐cubic‐kilometer total (nearly the volume of Lake Michigan), 1100 cubic kilometers were pumped out between 2000 and 2008 alone. This early‐21st‐century groundwater depletion was responsible for raising global sea level at a rate of 0.4 millimeter per year, an eighth of the observed total. These updated values, falling near the middle of the range of previous estimates, are the product of an investigation by Konikow that drew together a variety of volumetric measurements of groundwater storage.
Simulated equinoctial asymmetry of the ionospheric vertical plasma drifts
Authors: Ren Zhipeng , Wan Weixing , Xiong Jiangang , Liu Libo
Published: November 2011

This paper studies the influence of the lower thermospheric tidal winds below 105 km on the equinoctial asymmetry of the equatorial vertical E × B plasma drifts (V⊥) using Theoretical Ionospheric Dynamo Model II of the Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (TIDM‐IGGCAS‐II) and tidal winds below 105 km from thermosphere‐ionosphere‐mesosphere‐energetics‐dynamics satellite Doppler Interferometer (TIDI) observations. Although a series of other nonmigrating tides also affect the V⊥ asymmetry, the simulated equinoctial asymmetry in V⊥ are mainly driven by the migrating diurnal tide (DW1), migrating semidiurnal tide (SW2), DE3, and DW2 nonmigrating tides. The asymmetry in daytime V⊥ varies with local time and longitude and mainly shows three features. First, the simulated daytime V⊥ during the March equinox is larger than that during the September equinox in most of longitudinal sectors. This asymmetry is mainly driven by the semiannual oscillation (SAO) of the migrating diurnal tide in the tropical mesosphere‐lower thermosphere (MLT) region, and the equinoctial asymmetry of the migrating semidiurnal tide also plays an important role in the generation of this asymmetry. Second, the daytime V⊥ asymmetry in the Eastern Hemisphere is more significant than that in the Western Hemisphere. Our simulation suggests that the longitudinal variations of the geomagnetic fields and DW2 tides play important roles in the generation of this hemisphere difference. Third, there is an obvious wave number 4 longitudinal structure in the V⊥ asymmetry. Our simulation suggests that this wave number 4 structure is mainly driven by the equinoctial asymmetry of the DE3 tide.
Stream‐groundwater exchange and hydrologic turnover at the network scale
Authors: Covino Tim , McGlynn Brian , Mallard John
Published: November 2011

The exchange of water between streams and groundwater can influence stream water quality, hydrologic mass balances, and attenuate solute export from watersheds. We used conservative tracer injections (chloride, Cl−) across 10 stream reaches to investigate stream water gains and losses from and to groundwater at larger spatial and temporal scales than typically associated with hyporheic exchanges. We found strong relationships between reach discharge, median tracer velocity, and gross hydrologic loss across a range of stream morphologies and sizes in the 11.4 km2 Bull Trout Watershed of central ID. We implemented these empirical relationships in a numerical network model and simulated stream water gains and losses and subsequent fractional hydrologic turnover across the stream network. We found that stream gains and losses from and to groundwater can influence source water contributions and stream water compositions across stream networks. Quantifying proportional influences of source water contributions from runoff generation locations across the network on stream water composition can provide insight into the internal mechanisms that partially control the hydrologic and biogeochemical signatures observed along networks and at watershed outlets.
Pharmaceutical Salts and Co-crystals: Retrospect and Prospects
Authors: Desiraju Gautam R.
Published: November 2011

Every new field in chemistry needs a link to an application of commercial and practical interest to sustain interest. Each such field generates a whole new set of ideas, paradigms and models. These concepts need to be tested in as wide a variety of forums as possible because their generality has to be proven. The industrial enterprise has always provided an excellent testing ground for new ideas in the chemical sciences. Many fundamental concepts took root because of an impetus from industry, the most spectacular ones being the discovery of stereochemistry by Pasteur, Haber's process for nitrogen fixation, and the birth of polymer chemistry starting with the production of synthetic rubber from isoprene. The subject of crystal engineering appeared in its modern manifestation in the late 1980s and the early 1990s. Two important branches of this subject emerged. The field of co-ordination polymers quickly found its practical application in the gas absorption properties of metal-organic framework compounds. The field of organic crystal engineering found it, a little later, in the area of pharmaceutical co-crystals and salts. The chapters in this book illustrate the tremendous growth in this area during the past decade.
Co-crystallization in Solution and Scale-up Issues
Authors: Gagnière E. , Mangin D. , Veesler s. , Puel f.
Published: November 2011

This chapter focuses on the co-crystallization process in organic compounds. The operation is performed in batch mode in order to meet regulatory requirements. The industrial manufacturing process is carried out in solution for economical reasons. When a co-crystal form is chosen from among the different screened solid forms of an API, the development of such a co-crystallization process starts on the lab scale in a thermostated mechanically stirred reactor, since it is representative of the most popular apparatus used in the chemical and pharmaceutical industry. We recall that the nucleation, growth and dissolution mechanisms involved in the crystallization of a mono-component crystal are similarly acting in the co-crystallization of a multi-component crystal. The development process starts after co-crystal screening with the construction of a thermodynamic phase diagram of the system API/co-crystallizing agent/solvent. The definition of the operating conditions requires taking into account the possible kinetic pathway in the phase diagram during the run since other solid forms (single component crystal or another co-crystal form) may appear and compete against the co-crystal form. Several solid phases may appear concomitantly or consecutively during the process, some of them may disappear whereas others continue to grow. The choice of a “safe” operating region combined with a seeding strategy ensures the presence and development of only the desired co-crystal form all along the run. However in the case of a final co-crystal phase mixed with another crystalline phase due to a process deviation, it is possible to trigger a solution-mediated phase transition in suspension by manipulating the concentration of one of the co-crystal components, in order to suppress this unexpected solid phase and to fulfill the crystalline purity requirements.
Limits of the Co-crystal Concept and Beyond
Authors: Coquerel Gerard
Published: November 2011

In this chapter, views of co-crystals are broadened. Indeed, any classification has its limits and, clearly, the thermodynamics of heterogeneous equilibria can help to replace the concept of the co-crystal in a more general perspective.

Co-crystals are nothing other than intermediate compounds. Nevertheless, the concept suffers from intrinsic uncertainties due to the numerous situations in which they can occur such as the continuum between solvate and co-crystals, hybrid salt-co-crystals, multi-epitaxy and so on. It is even possible to find the same partners with simultaneously salt-like and co-crystal-like relationships in a given crystal structure. Therefore, rather than creating questionable terms and maintaining endless semantic debates with poor added value, the scientific community should concentrate more on the three long lasting problems related to intermediate compounds listed below:

1. Prediction of intermediate compounds: indeed, apart from statistical trends (e.g. racemic compounds as detailed in this chapter), there is no way to predict the existence of an intermediate compound with acceptable reliability.

2. Prediction of the attributes of these intermediate compounds: to date the connection between structures and properties is very weak despite the evident interest.

3. How to design a process to obtain those intermediate phases with a good yield and minimum side products? Moreover these processes should fulfil the specifications for the final products such as crystallinity, crystal size distribution, morphology, and so on.

These questions are really meaningful from an industrial perspective and for advancing knowledge in the organic solid state.
Monographs of most Frequent Co-Crystal Formers
Authors: Wouters Johan , Rome Sandrine , Quéré Luc
Published: November 2011

In terms of preparation of co-crystals, both the screening and the supramolecular synthon-based retrosynthetical approaches benefit from better knowledge of the physicochemical properties of co-crystal formers. This chapter aims to provide a listing of frequently encountered candidates. Besides more classical properties (pKa, melting point, solubility), powder X-ray diffractograms have been simulated in the most representative and informative cases. These characteristics should be affected upon formation of co-crystals and are thus a guide to the further identification of original formulations. The potential polymorphism of the co-crystal former is also flagged and selected examples of co-crystals are provided.
Asymptotic freedom invoked to explain SLAC scaling
Authors: Lubkin Gloria B.
Published: November 2011

Recently many particle theorists have come out in favor of asymptotic freedom instead of academic freedom, at least in the high-energy regime. Some workers had been looking for a way to use field-theoretic ideas to explain the scaling behavior found in deep inelastic electron-proton scattering at SLAC. These experiments, which involve virtual photons, allow one to measure behavior at very small distances, a feature not available in normal high-energy proton–proton scattering.