bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cyr61 Mediates Hepatocyte Growth Factor–Dependent Tumor Cell Growth, Migration, and Akt Activation
Authors: Goodwin C. Rory , Lal Bachchu , Zhou Xin , Ho Sandra , Xia Shuli , Taeger Alexandra , Murray Jamie , Laterra John
Published: March 2010

Certain tumor cell responses to the growth factor–inducible early response gene product CCN1/Cyr61 overlap with those induced by the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-Met signaling pathway. In this study, we investigate if Cyr61 is a downstream effector of HGF/c-Met pathway activation in human glioma cells. A semiquantitative immunohistochemical analysis of 112 human glioma and normal brain specimens showed that levels of tumor-associated Cyr61 protein correlate with tumor grade (P < 0.001) and with c-Met protein expression (r2 = 0.4791, P < 0.0001). Purified HGF rapidly upregulated Cyr61 mRNA (peak at 30 minutes) and protein expression (peak at 2 hours) in HGF−/c-Met+ human glioma cell lines via a transcription- and translation-dependent mechanism. Conversely, HGF/c-Met pathway inhibitors reduced Cyr61 expression in HGF+/c-Met+ human glioma cell lines in vitro and in HGF+/c-Met+ glioma xenografts. Targeting Cyr61 expression with small interfering RNA (siRNA) inhibited HGF-induced cell migration (P < 0.01) and cell growth (P < 0.001) in vitro. The effect of Cyr61 on HGF-induced Akt pathway activation was also examined. Cyr61 siRNA had no effect on the early phase of HGF-induced Akt phosphorylation (Ser473) 30 minutes after stimulation with HGF. Cyr61 siRNA inhibited a second phase of Akt phosphorylation measured 12 hours after cell stimulation with HGF and also inhibited HGF-induced phosphorylation of the Akt target glycogen synthase kinase 3α. We treated preestablished subcutaneous glioma xenografts with Cyr61 siRNA or control siRNA by direct intratumoral delivery. Cyr61 siRNA inhibited Cyr61 expression and glioma xenograft growth by up to 40% in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05). These results identify a Cyr61-dependent pathway by which c-Met activation mediates cell growth, cell migration, and long-lasting signaling events in glioma cell lines and possibly astroglial malignancies. Cancer Res; 70(7); 2932–41
A NADPH Oxidase–Dependent Redox Signaling Pathway Mediates the Selective Radiosensitization Effect of Parthenolide in Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Sun Yulan , St. Clair Daret K. , Xu Yong , Crooks Peter A. , St. Clair William H.
Published: March 2010

Cancer cells are usually under higher oxidative stress compared with normal cells. We hypothesize that introducing additional reactive oxygen species (ROS) insults or suppressing antioxidant capacity may selectively enhance cancer cell killing by oxidative stress–generating agents through stress overload or stress sensitization, whereas normal cells may be able to maintain redox homeostasis under exogenous ROS by adaptive response. Here, we show that parthenolide, a sesquiterpene lactone, selectively exhibits a radiosensitization effect on prostate cancer PC3 cells but not on normal prostate epithelial PrEC cells. Parthenolide causes oxidative stress in PC3 cells but not in PrEC cells, as determined by the oxidation of the ROS-sensitive probe H2DCFDA and intracellular reduced thiol and disulfide levels. In PC3 but not PrEC cells, parthenolide activates NADPH oxidase, leading to a decrease in the level of reduced thioredoxin, activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt, and consequent FOXO3a phosphorylation, which results in the downregulation of FOXO3a targets antioxidant enzyme manganese superoxide dismutase and catalase. Importantly, when combined with radiation, parthenolide further increases ROS levels in PC3 cells whereas it decreases radiation-induced oxidative stress in PrEC cells, possibly by increasing reduced glutathione levels. Together, the results show that parthenolide selectively activates NADPH oxidase and mediates intense oxidative stress in prostate cancer cells by both increasing ROS generation and decreasing antioxidant defense capacity. The results support the concept of exploiting the intrinsic differences in the redox status of cancer cells and normal cells as targets for selective cancer killing. Cancer Res; 70(7); 2880–90
Gonadal Morphogenesis and Gene Expression in Reptiles with Temperature-Dependent Sex Determination
Authors: Merchant-Larios H. , Díaz-Hernández V. , Marmolejo-Valencia A.
Published: March 2010

In reptiles with temperature-dependent sexual determination, the thermosensitive period (TSP) is the interval in which the sex is defined during gonadal morphogenesis. One-shift experiments in a group of eggs define the onset and the end of the TSP as all and none responses, respectively. Timing for sex-undetermined (UG) and -determined gonads (DG) differs at male- (MPT) or female-producing temperatures (FPT). During the TSP a decreasing number of embryos respond to temperature shifts indicating that in this period embryos with both UG and DG exist. Although most UG correspond to undifferentiated gonads, some embryos extend UG after the onset of histological differentiation. Thus, temperature affects gonadal cells during the process of morphogenesis, but timing of commitment depends on individual embryos. A correlation between gonadal morphogenesis, TSP, and gene expression suggests that determination of the molecular pathways modulated by temperature in epithelial cells (surface epithelium and medullary cords) holds the key for a unifying hypothesis on temperature-dependent sex determination.
The Undecided Space of Ethics in Organizational Surveillance
Authors: Iedema Rick , Rhodes Carl
Published: March 2010

While much contemporary organizational research has highlighted how surveillance and self-surveillance are dominant modes of attempting subjective control in organizations, in this article we consider whether ‘being seen’ harbours the potential to also engender an ethics that motivates care for self and other. This ethics resides in an ‘undecided space’— one where individual conduct and subjectivity are not decided by surveillance-based discipline but performed by active subjects in interaction with each other in relation to that discipline. We draw on fieldwork conducted in the spinal unit of a major hospital to explore and demonstrate the instability of the association between discipline and surveillance in organizational life. The article provides an account of how a video-based intervention in the hospital led to alternative conducts and outcomes. We consider examples of in situ practice that show clinicians being dynamically attuned to one another in response to the video study. The contribution of the article is to demonstrate and illustrate how emergent subjectivity and interaction can result from such video ‘surveillance’. We conclude that ‘being seen’ can intensify mutual attentiveness to the point where interaction affords an ethic of care for self and other.
Levels of Interactivity in the 2007 French Presidential Candidates’ Websites
Authors: Lilleker Darren G. , Malagón Casilda
Published: March 2010

Amid many discussions of disengagement between the public and political sphere, the Internet is offered as a potential solution capable of bridging the gap between elected and elector. E-communication tools have been increasingly prominent during recent election campaigns, and much attention was given to the 2007 French presidential candidates’ use of the Internet. It was suggested they had moved beyond simply providing information and were opening up a dialogue with the electorate. This interactivity has the capacity to reduce disengagement and revitalize democracy. However, in defining interactivity, the trend online is to think of participatory open dialogue as opposed to closed sender—receiver feedback loops. In order to assess the role interactivity played within this contest, and to gain some sense of the future use of interactive tools, this study tested a sample of pages from the websites of Nicolas Sarkozy and Ségolène Royal, the two main challengers in the contest, against a six-part interactivity model, and analysed the discourse and language in terms of its encouraging interaction. While some shifts in behaviour were found, the campaign retained the caution that is normal for electoral candidates, which reduced the extent to which participatory interactivity took place.
Residential and Acoustic Environments Perceived by Residents of Regional Cities in Korea: A Case Study of Mokpo City
Authors: Han Myung-Ho , Joo Mun-Ki , Oh Yang-Ki
Published: March 2010

Plans to develop and improve a regional residential environment based on current residential and acoustic environments have been developed. A survey of the residents of Mokpo, a port city located on the south-western tip of the Republic of Korea, examined the relationship between the respondents’ residential and acoustic environments and their awareness of their sound environment. Ambient sounds were categorised as: (a) work/mechanical noise; (b) natural environment sound; (c) living environment noise; (d) maritime environment sound; (e) traditional environment sound; (f) water environment sound; and (g) regional environment sound. This categorisation was found to be affected by factors such as sex, age, and educational background. The ambient sounds found most satisfying were identified as (e) and (g), in this order, which confirmed the importance of the acoustic environment in residential regions. The existential value of sound in the environment was also evaluated by re-categorising the sounds into another set: (a) traditional sound; (b) traffic noise; (c) regional vitality sound; (d) nature sound; (e) construction work sound; (f) rural environment sound; and (g) train and mechanical sound. These groups were found to be affected by age, educational background, region, and utility. The (c),(d), and (e) sounds, in particular, showed a stark difference in perception: the first two were rated as ‘‘better to be present’’ by respondents from the new downtown area, whereas the construction work sound was viewed ‘‘positive’’ by respondents from the old downtown area. The results confirmed the need for more balanced urban development planning.
A Study on Bedroom Environment and Sleep Quality in Korea
Authors: Kim Minhee , Chun Chungyoon , Han Jinkyu
Published: March 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate both the sleep environment and sleep quality in bedrooms. It was also to reveal the relationship between sleep environment and sleep quality, and to study its seasonal changes in winter, spring, and summer. The subjects for this study were 24 women who lived in apartments in Seoul and its environs. We conducted two groups of measurements. One group considered elements of the sleep environment: mean radiant temperature, air temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration, illumination, and equivalent noise level. The other looked at elements of sleep quality: the apnea— hypopnea index, and inspiratory flow limitation (as %FL), which were measured simultaneously while subjects were asleep. Results showed first, that people were exposed to a variety of problems when asleep, related to their sleep environment such as too low or high air temperatures, or relative humidity and high CO2 concentrations. Second, these were seasonally dependant and people slept best during spring, then winter, and then summer. Third, the effect of the sleep environment on sleep quality varied with age.
An Energy Saving Technique Using Ondol Heating Schedule Control of Housing Units in Korea
Authors: Kim Sunkuk , Lee Donghoon , Hong Hiki
Published: March 2010

This study was performed to determine the heating energy savings and carbon dioxide reduction that would result from turning off ondol heating in housing units in Korea. Lowering the room temperature and intermittent heating of a room are effective methods for reducing heating energy consumption. These techniques were proven in our previous studies by modelling simulations. To confirm the simulations schedule controllers, which automatically turned off the ondol heating in the living room and kitchen from 10 pm to 6 am, were installed at the hot water distributor in five households. The heating gas used in each of the housing units was measured over a period of 5 years, with and without the schedule controllers. We found that approximately 30% of gas consumption, mainly used for heating, can be saved compared to turning on the appliance during the night.
Failing young people? Education and aspirations in a deprived community
Authors: Sinclair S. , McKendrick J.H. , Scott G.
Published: March 2010

Recent UK government statements and education policies have emphasized the need to instil a ‘culture of aspiration’ among young people in deprived communities to address social exclusion. Specific proposals include raising the school leaving age to 18 and extending compulsory employment training.These statements and measures express the employment-oriented model of citizenship that underpins New Labour’s approach to social justice. This article reflects on this approach by discussing survey evidence that explored the attitudes towards education and employment among young people in a deprived community in Glasgow. These data show that the majority of these young people were ambitious regarding their post-school career paths and optimistic about their employment prospects. Emphasizing the alleged low aspirations of young people in deprived communities fails to address the socio-economic conditions and opportunities that limit educational attainment and inhibit their accomplishment of full citizenship.
Understandings of citizenship education in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland: Public discourses among stakeholders in the public and private sectors
Authors: Niens Ulrike , McIlrath Lorraine
Published: March 2010

Internationally, citizenship education has come to the fore in the past decade. It may be particularly important within the context of societies with a legacy of political conflict, such as Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland, where it is being implemented as part of the statutory curriculum.This article explores understandings of citizenship education among stakeholders in the private and public sectors in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland with the aim to compare these with curricular conceptualizations of citizenship in both contexts. Semi-structured interviews were conducted in both societies involving non-governmental organizations, political parties, trade unions and the police. Results indicated that levels of awareness about citizenship education varied substantially and understandings mainly reflected current theory and curriculum practice in citizenship. Commonalities emerged as in both societies similar key concepts were identified while differences transpired over issues relating to national identity and political conflict, which may raise questions for history and citizenship education in both societies.
Heterotopian cosmopolitan citizenship education?
Authors: Garratt Dean , Piper Heather
Published: March 2010

This article examines the on-going saga of citizenship education in the UK against a backdrop of conceptual confusions and contradictions around the question of what it means to share a civic identity. Noting calls to grasp the social and political realities of an emerging cosmopolitanism, and move towards a more identity-based conception of citizenship, the article questions whether in fact nationhood is a socially just concept worthy of pursuit? It suggests that the teaching of citizenship in schools is perhaps the wrong place to start, and that this is likely at best to lead to confusion, and at worst perpetuate binary and/or discriminatory thinking. In the absence of a realignment and reprioritization of teacher education, it seems unlikely that most teachers will be au fait with the complexity surrounding concepts such as identity, nationhood, and citizenship, and consequently pupils are likely to experience relatively crude and simplistic coverage of the topic.
Novel pharmacokinetic behavior of intravenous busulfan in children with thalassemia undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a prospective evaluation of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile with therapeutic drug monitoring
Authors: Gaziev Javid , Nguyen Laurent , Puozzo Christian , Mozzi Alessia Francesca , Casella Marialuisa , Perrone Donnorso Michela , Gravina Paolo , Sodani Pietro , Marziali Marco , Isgrò Antonella , Simone Maria Domenica , Andreani Marco , Formosa Amanda , Testi Manuela , Federici Giorgio , Bernardini Sergio , Lucarelli Guido
Published: March 2010

We prospectively studied the pharmacokinetics (PK) and clinical outcomes of intravenous busulfan (Bu) in 71 children with preexisting liver damage who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for thalassemia. Intravenous Bu was administered every 6 hours as part of a conditioning regimen with PK-based dose adjustment to target a conservative area under the concentration-versus-time curve (AUC) range (900-1350 μMol*min). The first-dose Bu clearance (CL) was significantly higher than the subsequent daily CL that remained unchanged in the ensuing days. One-third of patients required dose escalation based on dose 1 AUC, whereas dose reduction was needed in the subsequent days. At doses 5, 9, and 13, 78%, 81%, and 87% of patients, respectively, achieved the target range of AUC. A population PK analysis confirmed that the first-dose CL was 20% higher and that body weight was the most important covariate to explain PK variability. Patients with variant GSTA1*B had a 10% lower Bu CL than wild-type. These results suggest that the disease-specific behavior of intravenous Bu PK should be considered for PK-guided dose adjustment in patients with thalassemia, and the use of a conservative AUC range resulted in low toxicity, good engraftment, and good survival rate.
How does comorbidity affect cost of health care in patients with irritable bowel syndrome? A cohort study in general practice
Authors: Johansson Per A , Farup Per G , Bracco Andrea , Vandvik Per O
Published: March 2010

Background

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is associated with other disorders (comorbidity), reduced quality of life and increased use of health resources. We aimed to explore the impact of comorbidity on cost of health care in patients with IBS in general practice.

Methods

In this cohort study 208 consecutive patients with IBS (Rome II) were recruited. Sociodemographic data, IBS symptoms, and comorbidity (somatic symptoms, organic diseases and psychiatric disorders) were assessed at baseline. Based on a follow up interview after 6-9 months and use of medical records, IBS and non-IBS related health resource use were measured as consultations, hospitalisations, use of medications and alternative health care products and sick leave days. Costs were calculated by national tariffs and reported in Norwegian Kroner (NOK, 1 EURO equals 8 NOK). Multivariate analyses were performed to identify predictors of costs.

Results

A total of 164 patients (mean age 52 years, 69% female, median duration of IBS 17 years) were available at follow up, 143 patients (88%) had consulted their GP of whom 31 (19%) had consulted for IBS. Mean number of sick- leave days for IBS and comorbidity were 1.7 and 16.3 respectively (p < 0.01), costs related to IBS and comorbidity were 954 NOK and 14854 NOK respectively (p < 0.001). Age, organic diseases and somatic symptoms, but not IBS severity, were significant predictors for total costs.

Conclusion

Costs for health resource use among patients with IBS in general practice were largely explained by comorbidity, which generated ten times the costs for IBS.
TRPA1 Modulation of Spontaneous and Mechanically Evoked Firing of Spinal Neurons in Uninjured, Osteoarthritic, and Inflamed Rats
Authors: McGaraughty Steve , Chu Katharine L , Perner Richard J , DiDomenico Stan , Kort Michael E , Kym Philip R
Published: March 2010

Background:

There is growing evidence supporting a role for TRPA1 receptors in the neurotransmission of peripheral mechanical stimulation. In order to enhance understanding of TRPA1 contributions to mechanotransmission, we examined the effects a selective TRPA1 receptor antagonist, A-967079, on spinal neuronal activity following peripheral mechanical stimulation in uninjured, CFA-inflamed, and osteoarthritc (OA) rats.

Results:

Systemic injection of A-967079 (30 μmol/kg, i.v.) decreased the responses of wide dynamic range (WDR), and nociceptive specific (NS) neurons following noxious pinch stimulation of the ipsilateral hind paw in uninjured and CFA-inflamed rats. Similarly, A-967079 reduced the responses of WDR neurons to high-intensity mechanical stimulation (300 g von Frey hair) of the knee joint in both OA and OA-sham rats. WDR neuronal responses to low-intensity mechanical stimulation (10 g von Frey hair) were also reduced by A-967079 administration to CFA-inflamed rats, but no effect was observed in uninjured rats. Additionally, the spontaneous activity of WDR neurons was decreased after A-967079 injection in CFA-inflamed rats but was unaltered in uninjured, OA, and OA-sham animals.

Conclusions:

Blockade of TRPA1 receptors disrupts transmission of high-intensity mechanical stimulation to the spinal cord in both uninjured and injured rats indicating that TRPA1 receptors have an important role in noxious mechanosensation in both normal and pathological conditions. TRPA1 receptors also contribute to the transmission of low-intensity mechanical stimulation, and to the modulation of spontaneous WDR firing, but only after an inflammatory injury.
Control of the proliferation of activated CD4+ T cells by connexins
Authors: Oviedo-Orta Ernesto , Perreau Matthieu , Evans W Howard , Potolicchio Ilaria
Published: March 2010

Upon antigen recognition, CD4+ T cells require the expression of Cxs hemichannels to sustain their clonal expansion.

As expression of Cxs in cells of the immune system increases upon cellular activation, we investigated whether Cxs and especially CxHcs play a major role during T cell-mediated responses. In particular, we studied the expression of Cx43Hc following CD4+ T cell stimulation using flow cytometry, real-time PCR, and Western blot analysis. We showed that expression of Cx43 and its phosphorylated isoforms increased in response to the engagement of CD3 and CD28. Cx43Hcs were found to be involved in sustaining proliferation of T cells, as assessed by cell cycle staining, thymidine incorporation assays, and CFSE analysis of cells exposed to mimetic peptide inhibitors of the plasma membrane Cx channels and antibodies generated to an extracellular region of Cx. The reduction of T cell proliferation mediated by Cx channel inhibitors suppressed cysteine uptake but not cytokine production. We conclude that upon antigen recognition, T cells require CxHc to sustain their clonal expansion.
Finding the Language to Talk About Death
Authors: Schapira Lidia
Published: March 2010

An important part of an oncologist's job is to help terminal patients assimilate serious information that alters their sense of self and concept of the future. Another is to help them understand the hope that remains.
A Mouse Model of Androgenetic Alopecia
Authors: Crabtree Judy S. , Kilbourne Edward J. , Peano Bryan J. , Chippari Susan , Kenney Thomas , McNally Christopher , Wang Wei , Harris Heather A. , Winneker Richard C. , Nagpal Sunil , Thompson Catherine C.
Published: March 2010

Androgenetic alopecia (AGA), commonly known as male pattern baldness, is a form of hair loss that occurs in both males and females. Although the exact cause of AGA is not known, it is associated with genetic predisposition through traits related to androgen synthesis/metabolism and androgen signaling mediated by the androgen receptor (AR). Current therapies for AGA show limited efficacy and are often associated with undesirable side effects. A major hurdle to developing new therapies for AGA is the lack of small animal models to support drug discovery research. Here, we report the first rodent model of AGA. Previous work demonstrating that the interaction between androgen-bound AR and β-catenin can inhibit Wnt signaling led us to test the hypothesis that expression of AR in hair follicle cells could interfere with hair growth in an androgen-dependent manner. Transgenic mice overexpressing human AR in the skin under control of the keratin 5 promoter were generated. Keratin 5-human AR transgenic mice exposed to high levels of 5α-dihydrotestosterone showed delayed hair regeneration, mimicking the AGA scalp. This effect is AR mediated, because treatment with the AR antagonist hydroxyflutamide inhibited the effect of dihydrotestosterone on hair growth. These results support the hypothesis that androgen-mediated hair loss is AR dependent and suggest that AR and β-catenin mediate this effect. These mice can now be used to test new therapeutic agents for the treatment of AGA, accelerating the drug discovery process.
Singlet Oxygen Lifetime in Vitamin E Emulsion Depends on the Oil-Droplet Size
Authors: Ohara Keishi , Origuchi Takashi , Nagaoka Shin-ichi
Published: March 2010

The singlet oxygen (1O2) behavior in emulsions dispersing natural vitamin E (VE) (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-tocopherols) was investigated by measuring time-profiles of 1O2 phosphorescence. The 1O2 rise and decay dynamics noticeably reflected the existence of VE oil-droplets. The decay rate constant (kd) in the α-tocopherol emulsion decreased with increase of VE concentration ([VE]), and became roughly constant in [VE] ≥ 5 × 10−4 M. This kd behavior correlated to the oil-droplet diameter measured by dynamic light scattering. The droplet diameter increased rapidly from 270 to 430 nm with increase of [VE], and reached the limit for dispersing in [VE] ≥ 5 × 10−4 M. This result means that the 1O2 surroundings became more hydrophobic with increase of droplet size. On the other hand, in the emulsions dispersing tocopherols other than α-tocopherol, the kd values were roughly constant, indicating that the oil-droplets did not contribute to 1O2 quenching. The droplet diameter in the δ-tocopherol emulsion was around 212–243 nm and was much smaller than that in the α-tocopherol emulsion. The peculiar results observed in the α-tocopherol emulsion should be due to the large hydrophobicity of α-tocopherol which has two methyl-groups neighboring the OH group.
Calorimetric Study of Correlated Ligand Dynamics in Mixed-Valence MMX Chain Complex [{Ni2(n-BuCS2)4}I]
Authors: Ikeuchi Satoaki , Yamamura Yasuhisa , Yoshida Yuji , Mitsumi Minoru , Toriumi Koshiro , Saito Kazuya
Published: March 2010

Heat capacity of a mixed-valence complex having a one-dimensional chain structure, [{Ni2(n-BuCS2)4}I] (n-Bu = butyl group), was measured between 10 and 325 K by adiabatic calorimetry. Anomalies due to phase transitions were detected around 135 and 260 K. The anomaly around 260 K was of multiple-peaks. The excess entropy acquired below the phase transition around 260 K is much smaller than the simple estimate based on the structural disorder found in the crystal structure, implying the presence of motional correlation in dynamics of n-BuCS2 ligands. Through the comparison with the corresponding Pt complex, [{Pt2(n-BuCS2)4}I], the phase transition around 135 K is also discussed in relation to the absence in the present complex of a spin-Peierls transition observed in other members of Ni complexes with similar chain structures.
Heteronuclear Double Bonds E=E′ (E = Heavy Group 14 Element, E′ = Group 13–16 Element)
Authors: Lee Vladimir Ya , Sekiguchi Akira , Escudié Jean , Ranaivonjatovo Henri
Published: March 2010

A number of compounds with heteronuclear double bonds between heavy elements of groups 13, 14, 15, and 16 have been isolated and characterized in the last three decades; they are kinetically stabilized by the use of bulky substituents or thermodynamically stabilized by intra- or intermolecular coordination. They are fascinating compounds in respect of their unusual chemical properties, being very useful building blocks in organometallic chemistry.
Temperature-dependent Emission of Copper(I) Phenanthroline Complexes with Bulky Substituents: Estimation of an Energy Gap between the Singlet and Triplet MLCT States
Authors: Asano Motoko S , Tomiduka Kazuhito , Sekizawa Keita , Yamashita Ken-ichi , Sugiura Ken-ichi
Published: March 2010

Temperature dependence of emission from bis(2,9-di-tert-butyl-1,10-phenanthroline)copper(I) ([Cu(dtbp)2]+) as well as several other copper(I) bis(phenanthroline) complexes was measured between 190 and 300 K. An analysis based on a Boltzmann distribution model gives an energy gap between 1MLCT and 3MLCT excited states as 790 cm−1 for [Cu(dtbp)2]SbF6. The contribution of the delayed fluorescence largely depends on the ligand substituents.
Enantioselective Michael Reaction of Malonates and α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes Using a trans-4-Hydroxyproline Derived Organocatalyst
Authors: Sato Hisayuki , Nagashima Fumiaki , Oriyama Takeshi
Published: March 2010

Asymmetric Michael addition of malonates to various α,β-unsaturated aldehydes using an organocatalyst derived from trans-4-hydroxyproline in MeOH proceeds smoothly to afford the corresponding Michael adducts in high yields with high to excellent enantioselectivities.
Luminescence Study of Thioamide-based Pincer Palladium Complexes in Poly(vinylpyrrolidone) Matrix
Authors: Ogawa Yasuyuki , Taketoshi Ayako , Kuwabara Junpei , Okamoto Ken , Fukuda Takashi , Kanbara Takaki
Published: March 2010

Pincer palladium complexes bearing secondary thioamide units exhibit strong phosphorescence at room temperature upon incorporation into poly(vinylpyrrolidone) matrix; a hybrid film shows reversible switching of luminescence upon exposure to volatile organic compounds.
Inexpensive Synthesis of Silicalite-1 Membranes with High Pervaporation Performance
Authors: Zhou Rongfei , Zhu Meihua , Chen Xiangshu , Kita Hidetoshi
Published: March 2010

Good-intergrown silicalite-1 membranes with high ethanol permselectivity were prepared from a hyperdiluted solution with H2O/SiO2 ratio of 800 and an inexpensive template of tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPABr) on seeded mullite tubes.
Optically Transparent Sulfur-containing Semi-alicyclic Polyimide with High Refractive Index
Authors: Nakagawa Yu , Ogura Tomohito , Higashihara Tomoya , Ueda Mitsuru
Published: March 2010

Sulfur-containing semi-alicyclic polyimides (PIs) with high refractive indices up to 1.7272 at 632.8 nm have been prepared by the Michael polyaddition of sulfur-containing bismaleimides (SBMIs) with 4,4′-thiobis(benzenethiol) (TBT). These PIs also showed high transparency in the visible region, low birefringence (Δn), and a high glass transition temperature.
Design and Synthesis of New Linker Units for Covalently Immobilizing Organic Functional Molecules
Authors: Fukaya Norihisa , Onozawa Shun-ya , Ueda Masae , Saitou Kaori , Takagi Yukio , Sakakura Toshiyasu , Yasuda Hiroyuki
Published: March 2010

The design and synthesis of a new linker unit that will enable uniform and robust immobilization of organic functional molecules onto silica supports is described. This linker unit works as a rigid scaffold to prevent grafted organic functional moieties from leaving the support.
Can Multistage Production Explain the Home Bias in Trade?
Authors: Yi Kei-Mu
Published: March 2010

A large empirical literature finds that there is too little international trade and too much intranational trade to be rationalized by observed international trade costs, such as tariffs and transport costs. This paper investigates whether a model in which the nature of production can change in response to trade costs—a framework with multistage production—can better explain the home bias in trade. The calibrated model can explain about two-fifths of the Canada border effect, about two-and-one-half times that of a model with one production stage. The model also explains a significant fraction of Canada-US “back-and-forth,” or vertical specialization, trade. (JEL F11, F13, F14)
Intergroup Conflict and Intra-Group Punishment in an Experimental Contest Game
Authors: Abbink Klaus , Brandts Jordi , Herrmann Benedikt , Orzen Henrik
Published: March 2010

We study how conflict in contest games is influenced by rival parties being groups and by group members being able to punish each other. Our motivation stems from the analysis of sociopolitical conflict. The theoretical prediction is that conflict expenditures are independent of group size and of whether punishment is available. We find, first, that conflict expenditures of groups are substantially larger than those of individuals, and both are above equilibrium. Second, allowing group members to punish each other leads to even larger conflict expenditures. These results contrast with those from public goods experiments where punishment enhances efficiency. (JEL C72, D74, H41)
Interpersonal Authority in a Theory of the Firm
Authors: Van den Steen Eric
Published: March 2010

This paper develops a theory of the firm in which a firm's centralized asset ownership and low-powered incentives give the manager, as an equilibrium outcome, interpersonal authority over employees (in a world with open disagreement). The paper thus provides micro-foundations for the idea that bringing a project inside the firm gives the manager control over that project, while explaining concentrated asset ownership, low-powered incentives, and centralized authority as typical characteristics of firms. The paper also leads to new perspectives on the firm as a legal entity and on the relationship between the Knightian and Coasian views of the firm. (JEL D23, L20)
Financial Exchange Rates and International Currency Exposures
Authors: Lane Philip R , Shambaugh Jay C
Published: March 2010

In order to gain a better empirical understanding of the international financial implications of currency movements, we construct a database of international currency exposures for a large panel of countries over 1990-2004. We show that trade-weighted exchange rate indices are insufficient to understand the financial impact of currency movements and that our currency measures have high explanatory power for the valuation term in net foreign asset dynamics. Exchange rate valuation shocks are sizable, not quickly reversed, and may entail substantial wealth redistributions. Further, we show that many developing countries have substantially reduced their negative foreign currency positions over the last decade. (F31, F32, G15)
Minimal Residual Disease Detection by Flow Cytometry in Adult T-Cell Leukemia/Lymphoma
Authors: Shao Haipeng , Yuan Constance M. , Xi Liqiang , Raffeld Mark , Morris John C. , Janik John E. , Stetler-Stevenson Maryalice
Published: March 2010

Little information exists regarding the detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) in adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL). We evaluated 75 peripheral blood samples from 17 ATLL cases using flow cytometry (FC); 50 of the samples were concurrently evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for clonal T-cell receptor γ chain (TRG) gene rearrangement and the presence of human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 proviral sequences. Residual ATLL cells were identified using a multiparametric approach to identify aberrant T-cell immunophenotypes. Malignant T cells were CD4+, CD3 dim+, CD26–, CD25 bright, CD7+, and CD27+, with occasional dim expression of CD2 or CD5. FC exhibited a high sensitivity, detecting as few as 0.29% ATLL cells/WBC (4.9 cells/μL) in the peripheral blood. PCR for TRG gene rearrangement was slightly more sensitive, and FC and PCR complemented each other in detecting MRD. In 2 patients, there was complete remission; 4 patients had disease refractory to therapy, and 3 died; 11 others had persistent disease with variable numbers of ATLL cells in the peripheral blood. Higher levels of ATLL cells appeared to correlate with disease severity. FC detection of aberrant T cells permits sensitive and quantitative monitoring of MRD in ATLL.
Pirates and the new public service radio paradigm
Authors: Kemppainen Pentti
Published: March 2010

Offshore radio came to Europe in 1958, when Radio Mercur began its transmissions from a ship anchored in international waters off Copenhagen. The Baltic Pirates first broadcast to Denmark, then also to Sweden. Radio Nord could also be heard in southwest Finland. The programming format
was that of an American top 40 station, with pop music, jingles, news, commercials and radio personalities. It was a round-the-clock transmission, from an on-air studio aboard a radio ship. The timing was optimal. The emerging youth culture and the rise of pop music, together with the breakthrough
in transistor technology which made it possible to listen to radio while on the move, all made pirate radio a big success, especially amongst young audiences. At this time, public service radio companies still operated under the Reithian ethos: inform-educate-entertain, the emphasis being
on the first two, with entertainment emphatically bringing up the rear. In all the Nordic countries, a law to stop pirate radio was enacted and came into effect in August 1962. At the same time, public service broadcasters in Denmark, Sweden and Finland re-organized their radio programming,
considerably increasing light and pop music in their schedules. This can be seen as the first big paradigm shift in Nordic public service radio. At the Finnish Broadcasting Company, Svelradio or Melody Radio began broadcasting on 2 May 1963.
De-monopolizing Finland: the changing contents of Finnish commercial and public radio stations, 19802005
Authors: Kurkela Vesa , Uimonen Heikki
Published: March 2010

This article examines the transition from a public service radio monopoly to a more liberal and diverse radio culture in Finland. In addition, the Zeitgeist of local radio culture and a theoretical framework for three separate stages of Finnish radio between 1980 and 2005 is
presented. We argue that considerable changes can be discerned in the radio content, which had a distinct impact on the use of music and the way of speaking on radio programmes. The changes are studied mainly from the perspective of broadcasting rock music, its reception among young audiences
and the ensuing public discussion. Two key commercial radio stations are discussed, likewise the change in their content towards a streamlined, American-style format radio. The current radioscape is assessed from the perspectives of commercial and public service radio.
Glossar Windenergie (DE–EN/EN–DE)
Authors: Proske Christiane
Published: March 2010

In Zeiten des Kyoto-Protokolls, des beschlossenen deutschen Atomausstiegs und des weltweit wachsenden Hungers nach Energie stellt sich die Frage, wie der Energiebedarf zukünftiger Generationen gedeckt werden kann, ohne dass wir unsere Umwelt weiter belasten. Erneuerbare Energien erscheinen vor diesem Hintergrund als Wunderwaffe, die von Umweltschützern gepriesen und Politikern gefördert wird. Der Windenergie kommt dabei in Deutschland eine besondere Rolle zu. Laut Bundesverband WindEnergie (BWE) deckte sie 2008 etwa sieben Prozent des deutschen Stromverbrauchs und produzierte damit die Hälfte des deutschen „Ökostroms“. Doch wie genau verwandelt das Wunderwerk Windenergieanlage die kinetische Energie des Windes in elektrischen Strom? Und wie wird gewährleistet, dass dieser Strom trotz schwankender Windgeschwindigkeiten von gleichbleibender Qualität ist? Das sind nur zwei von vielen spannenden Fragen aus dem Bereich der Windenergie, denen die im Oktober 2008 am Institut für Linguistik und Translatologie Leipzig eingereichte Diplomarbeit „Windenergieanlagen. Eine terminologische Untersuchung im Deutschen und Englischen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung moderner Antriebskonzepte.“, die in Zusammenarbeit mit der Leipziger Terrawatt Planungsgesellschaft mbH erstellt wurde, nachgeht. Das nachfolgende Glossar ist ein wesentlicher Teil dieser Diplomarbeit und soll sowohl Translatoren als auch Fachleuten aus der Windenergiebranche als zuverlässige Referenz in terminologischen Fragen dienen.
Fifth International Symposium on Safety in Ice Hockey
Authors: Greenwald Richard M. , Ashare Alan B.
Published: March 2010

Description

The latest volume in this comprehensive series enhances our understanding of both the injuries incurred in the game of ice hockey and of the techniques used to decrease the risk of these injuries.

Twenty-one peer-reviewed papers cover injury prevention and decreasing the risk of catastrophic injuries. Half of the papers in this book cover head and neck injuries, focusing on their analysis, prevention, and treatment of concussions.

The four approaches to achieve these objectives include

These papers were written by experts in their fields, including researchers in a diverse group of fields, including sports medicine, biokinetics, mechanical engineering, neuropsychology, sports litigation, and sports epidemiology.
Twelfth International Symposium on Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres
Authors: Barthélémy Hervé , Steinberg Theodore A. , Binder Christian , Smith Sarah
Published: March 2010

Description

Twenty-eight peer-reviewed papers cover

STP 1522 provides a diverse source of new information to the air separation industry, oxygen manufacturers, manufacturers of components for oxygen and other industrial gases service, manufacturers of materials intended for oxygen and other industrial gases service, and users of oxygen and oxygen-enriched atmospheres. It covers the aerospace, medical, industrial gases, chemical processing, steel and metals refining industries, as well as to military, commercial, and recreational diving.
The Significance of a Crack Growth Law for aC(T)Fracture Specimen Undergoing Stable Crack Extension
Authors: Donoso Juan R. , Vasquez Katherine , Landes John D.
Published: March 2010

A new method of construction of the J-R curve has been proposed recently that makes use of a postulated crack growth law relating stable crack extension, Δ a, to plastic displacement, vpl. An analytical treatment of both the J-Δa curve and the force-displacement, P-v, curve, is now possible even under circumstances in which the sole inputs are the P-v curve and the initial and final crack size values. Based upon this crack growth law concept, and on the common and the concise format equations of Donoso and Landes, an alternative way of estimating the amount of stable crack growth is presented. This alternative method, which allows for the evaluation of the crack size at any value of force or displacement along the P-v curve, has been applied to some examples of C(T) fracture test specimens that have crack extension values obtained by the unloading compliance method. The results are quite encouraging, and the method is extended here to cases in which there are no crack extension measurements available.
Assessing the Loading Rate for a Fracture Toughness Test in the Ductile-to-Brittle Transition Region
Authors: Lucon Enrico , Scibetta Marc
Published: March 2010

For fracture toughness tests in the ductile-to-brittle transition region, ASTM E1921-05 requires specimens to be loaded using a loading rate dK∕dt between 0.1 and 2 MPa√m∕s during the initial elastic portion. It has been proposed that the standard allow testing at higher loading rates, including precracked Charpy specimens tested on an instrumented pendulum machine (impact toughness tests). The revised standard would require test results (KJc or To) to be reported along with the relevant loading rate, and should therefore provide guidance on how to assess the value of dK∕dt in a relatively simple but reliable manner. Various options for measuring the loading rate have been investigated in this paper for several fracture toughness tests performed at different loading rates (quasi-static, dynamic, and impact). For each loading rate, three different toughness levels have been considered: low, medium, and high. Three considerably different materials have been selected: two RPV steels (JRQ, JSPS) and a ferritic∕martensitic 9 % chromium steel (EUROFER97). It is found that the preferable option is given by the ratio between KJc and time at the onset of cleavage, whereas the elastic value Kel∕tel or the average dK∕dt can be used when partial unloadings are performed.
The Influence of Residual Stress on the Design of Aircraft Primary Structure
Authors: Ball Dale L.
Published: March 2010

Aggressive performance and weight objectives are driving aircraft manufacturers toward the use of advanced materials and structural concepts that may have inherent, process induced residual stresses in localized, but critical areas. Certification of these structures will require that the influence of these residual stresses be properly accounted for during design. One example of this circumstance is the unitization of lugs and fittings with primary spars and bulkheads. This is being done in order to reduce part count, which, in turn, reduces the necessity for large numbers of fasteners and the associated hole preparation∕mating requirements. Such unitization can be achieved through the use of large forgings, which experience has shown may have significant residual stresses in localized areas, even after final machining. For man-rated flight vehicles, primary structural elements are typically designed based on damage tolerance concepts. This requires that fatigue crack growth analysis and testing be used for certification of the structure. Thus, for advanced design concepts based on unitized structure, the influence of residual stress on fatigue crack growth must be addressed. A substantial body of work has been developed over the past three decades by numerous researchers in the field of fracture mechanics with regard to residual stress. In what has become the standard approach to the problem, the residual stress field is used to estimate a residual stress intensity factor (SIF) using weight function or Green's function techniques. The residual SIF is superimposed with the applied SIF due to service loading and the total is then used in an otherwise unmodified, LEFM-based fatigue crack growth analysis. In this paper, we describe current research directed toward the formal inclusion of residual stress effects in the design of aircraft primary structure. This effort has three focus areas. The first is the extraction of confounding residual stress effects during the characterization of the fundamental fatigue crack growth rate behavior of a critical aluminum alloy. The second is the quantification, both by analysis and experiment, of the location, spatial magnitude, and stress magnitude of the residual stress fields in a candidate forged∕machined part. The third is the development of improved fatigue crack growth analysis methods that selectively account for the presence of residual stresses. Each of the three focus areas provides a critical ingredient to a proposed design analysis method in which components are analyzed using intrinsic (residual stress free) material data, with residual stresses then explicitly introduced only in those areas where they are known to exist. The discussion includes the results of a trade study on a wing spar showing potential optimization, both in terms of weight savings in over-designed areas, and service life∕damage tolerance enhancement in under-designed areas.