bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Early DIRECT mode decision based on all‐zero block and rate distortion cost for multiview video coding
Authors: Pan Zhaoqing , Zhang Yun , Lei Jianjun , Xu Long , Sun Xingming
Published: August 2015

The exhaustive variable‐block‐size mode decision can efficiently remove the redundancies among the multiview videos, while it also leads to significant increase of computational complexity in the multiview video coding (MVC) encoder, and the high encoding complexity becomes a bottleneck for the MVC encoder to achieve real‐time multimedia applications. To address this bottleneck, many fast mode decision methods have been proposed. However, most of them are only suitable for optimising the encoding complexity of the odd views of the MVC encoder. In this study, based on the property of the all‐zero block and rate distortion (RD) cost of the DIRECT mode as well as the correlations between the current macroblock (MB) and its spatial–temporal nearby MBs, an early DIRECT mode decision method is proposed for reducing the encoding complexity of the MVC. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves 48.25 and 55.64% on average encoding time saving for the even and odd views, respectively, whereas the RD performance degradation is quite acceptable. In summary, the proposed method efficiently reduces the encoding complexity for the MVC encoder.
Switched‐capacitor quadratic buck converter for wider conversion ratios
Authors: Reyes‐Malanche Josue Augusto , Vázquez Nimrod , Leyva‐Ramos Jesus
Published: August 2015

Low voltage and high current are typical requirements for the input source of the new family of microprocessors; therefore there is the need to develop new topologies and control strategies that can meet such requirements. A narrow duty ratio has limited the application of the conventional buck converter for wider step‐down DC–DC conversion. An interesting option is to consider the quadratic buck converter; however, there is still the problem to obtain a wider step‐down conversion. In this study, a switched‐capacitor quadratic buck converter is proposed such that a wider conversion ratio is obtained for lower‐output voltages. The converter consists of a quadratic buck converter with an array of capacitors and diodes, also referred as a voltage multiplier. To illustrate the behaviour of the proposed converter, experimental results are shown for a conversion from 36 to 1.5 V and an output power of 30 W. The efficiency of the proposed converter can be effectively increased when soft‐switching and synchronous rectification are implemented.
Coupled inductance design for grid‐connected photovoltaic inverters
Authors: Chen Woei‐Luen , Jiang Bo‐Yuan
Published: August 2015

The coupled inductor with larger inductance is beneficial to improve the inverter output current quality but instead of causing additional power loss due to the increased series parasitic resistance. Conversely, once the inductance is turned down, the part of the filter power loss caused by the growing ripple current becomes gathering. To clarify the ratio of the ripple and fundamental current on the coupled inductor power loss, a generalised algebraic formula based on the LC filter model is presented to predict the ripple current magnitude at specific fundamental current in each switching cycle. The coupled inductor power loss contributed by the ripple current and the fundamental current can be, respectively, predicted under various inductances and thus in favour of choosing appropriate inductor parameter for power efficiency optimisation. Although this approach is derived based on the LC filter, it is also available for the LCL filter by using the model reduction technique. A guideline of a unity inductance split factor for the LCL filter is proven with maximum fundamental current gain and is adopted for choosing the grid‐side and inverter‐side inductances of the LCL filter in this study. Experimental results from various ratings of the grid‐tied single phase inverter validate the feasibility of the proposed strategy with satisfactory power efficiency.
Non‐linear adaptive hysteresis band pulse‐width modulation control for hybrid active power filters to reduce switching loss
Authors: Wang Lei , Lam Chi‐Seng , Wong Man‐Chung , Dai Ning‐Yi , Lao Keng‐Weng , Wong Chi‐Kong
Published: August 2015

Pulse‐width modulations (PWMs) are widely investigated in active power filter (APF) applications. However, there are seldom PWMs proposed in hybrid APF (HAPF) applications because of their non‐linear current characteristic. This study proposes a non‐linear adaptive hysteresis band PWM controller for HAPFs to reduce the switching loss and keep the total harmonic distortion (THD) at an acceptable level. In contrast to previous studies, as the coupling LC impendence of an HAPF can yield a non‐linear compensating current, the quasi‐linear and non‐linear regions are exploited to obtain a low switching frequency. In addition, an approximated THD index is proposed to assess THD in a simplified way in the control system, which results in a faster system response. Finally, the performance of the non‐linear adaptive hysteresis band controller is verified by comparing simulation and experimental results with a state‐of‐the‐art PWM for HAPFs.
Stabilisation of asymmetrically structured back‐to‐back static synchronous compensator system with non‐linear damping control
Authors: Lee Young Ok , Gui Yonghao , Han Youngseong , Chung Chung Choo
Published: August 2015

This study describes a new back‐to‐back static synchronous compensator (BTB STATCOM) system with asymmetrically structured converters and develops its mathematical model. BTB STATCOM uses pulse‐width modulation technology for a rectifier station along with multipulse technology for an inverter station. The authors propose a control strategy for the following three control variables: DC voltage and both active and reactive rectifier powers. In the rectifier station, input–output linearisation via the feedback control law is applied for independent control of the active and reactive powers. Conversely, the controller is not applicable for maintaining the DC voltage because of its irregularity. They design an alternative indirect damping controller for the reactive current within the inverter station. The proposed controller improves the stability margin and decreases the oscillation of DC voltage with a degraded reactive current tracking performance of the inverter. Using simulation, they validate the proposed method, comparing its effectiveness to that of a proportional‐plus‐integral‐plus‐derivative controller. They investigate the semi‐globally exponential stability of the damped internal dynamics using a parameter‐dependent Lyapunov (PDL) function. Using a composite Lyapunov function based on the PDL function, the uniform boundedness of the output regulation error as well as the closed‐loop stability is established.
Understanding the water emission in the mid- and far-IR from protoplanetary disks around T Tauri stars
Authors: Antonellini S. , Kamp I. , Riviere-Marichalar P. , Meijerink R. , Woitke P. , Thi W.-F. , Spaans M. , Aresu G. , Lee E.
Published: August 2015

Aims. We investigate which properties of protoplanetary disks around T Tauri stars affect the physics and chemistry in the regions where mid- and far-IR water lines originate and their respective line fluxes. We search for diagnostics for future observations.

Methods. With the code ProDiMo, we build a series of models exploring a large parameter space, computing rotational and ro-vibrational transitions of water in nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE). We select a sample of transitions in the mid-IR regime and the fundamental ortho and para water transitions in the far-IR. We investigate the chemistry and the local physical conditions in the line emitting regions. We calculate Spitzer spectra for each model and compare far-IR and mid-IR lines. In addition, we use mid-IR colors to tie the water line predictions to the dust continuum.

Results. Parameters affecting the water line fluxes in disks by more than a factor of three are : the disk gas mass, the dust-to-gas mass ratio, the dust maximum grain size, interstellar medium (ISM) UV radiation field, the mixing parameter of Dubrulle settling, the disk flaring parameter, and the dust size distribution. The first four parameters affect the mid-IR lines much more than the far-IR lines.

Conclusions. A key driver behind water spectroscopy is the dust opacity, which sets the location of the water line emitting region. We identify three types of parameters, including those (1) affecting global disk opacity and opacity function (maximum dust size and dust size distribution); (2) affecting global disk opacity (dust-to-gas mass ratio, Dubrulle settling, disk gas mass); and (3) not affecting disk opacity (flaring parameter, ISM UV radiation field, fraction of PAHs). Parameters, such as dust-to-gas ratio, ISM radiation field, and dust size distribution, affect the mid-IR lines more, while the far-IR transitions are more affected by the flaring index. The gas mass greatly affects lines in both regimes. Higher spectral resolution and line sensitivities, like from the James Webb Space Telescope, are needed to detect a statistically relevant sample of individual water lines to distinguish further between these types of parameters.
Relation between Raman frequency and triaxial stress in Si for surface and cross-sectional experiments in microelectronics components
Authors: De Wolf Ingrid
Published: August 2015

This paper provides a detailed description explaining how to calculate the relation between the silicon Raman frequency and local stress or strain in the silicon, applied to stress measurements in microelectronics. This relation is well known for measurements from the (100) surface of silicon. However, it is often used in the wrong way, neglecting non-zero stress tensor elements. Especially, in current 3D microelectronics technology, where the stress caused by through Si vias or micro-bumps is of large importance, the vertical stress component, which highly affects the measured Raman frequency shift, is often erroneously neglected. In addition, the equations for the (100) surface are also often used incorrectly for cross-sectional measurements from a (110) surface. In this paper, different ways to calculate the relation between Raman frequency and triaxial stress, and the related Raman peak intensities, are discussed in detail.
Measurements of electron density and temperature profiles in plasma produced by Nike KrF laser for laser plasma instability research
Authors: Oh Jaechul , Weaver J. L. , Karasik M. , Chan L. Y.
Published: August 2015

A grid image refractometer (GIR) has been implemented at the Nike krypton fluoride laser facility of the Naval Research Laboratory. This instrument simultaneously measures propagation angles and transmissions of UV probe rays (λ = 263 nm, Δt = 10 ps) refracted through plasma. We report results of the first Nike-GIR measurement on a CH plasma produced by the Nike laser pulse (∼1 ns FWHM) with the intensity of 1.1 × 1015 W/cm2. The measured angles and transmissions were processed to construct spatial profiles of electron density (ne) and temperature (Te) in the underdense coronal region of the plasma. Using an inversion algorithm developed for the strongly refracted rays, the deployed GIR system probed electron densities up to 4 × 1021 cm−3 with the density scale length of 120 μm along the plasma symmetry axis. The resulting ne and Te profiles are verified to be self-consistent with the measured quantities of the refracted probe light.
A peripheral component interconnect express-based scalable and highly integrated pulsed spectrometer for solution state dynamic nuclear polarization
Authors: He Yugui , Feng Jiwen , Zhang Zhi , Wang Chao , Wang Dong , Chen Fang , Liu Maili , Liu Chaoyang
Published: August 2015

High sensitivity, high data rates, fast pulses, and accurate synchronization all represent challenges for modern nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers, which make any expansion or adaptation of these devices to new techniques and experiments difficult. Here, we present a Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCIe)-based highly integrated distributed digital architecture pulsed spectrometer that is implemented with electron and nucleus double resonances and is scalable specifically for broad dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) enhancement applications, including DNP-magnetic resonance spectroscopy/imaging (DNP-MRS/MRI). The distributed modularized architecture can implement more transceiver channels flexibly to meet a variety of MRS/MRI instrumentation needs. The proposed PCIe bus with high data rates can significantly improve data transmission efficiency and communication reliability and allow precise control of pulse sequences. An external high speed double data rate memory chip is used to store acquired data and pulse sequence elements, which greatly accelerates the execution of the pulse sequence, reduces the TR (time of repetition) interval, and improves the accuracy of TR in imaging sequences. Using clock phase-shift technology, we can produce digital pulses accurately with high timing resolution of 1 ns and narrow widths of 4 ns to control the microwave pulses required by pulsed DNP and ensure overall system synchronization. The proposed spectrometer is proved to be both feasible and reliable by observation of a maximum signal enhancement factor of approximately −170 for 1H, and a high quality water image was successfully obtained by DNP-enhanced spin-echo 1H MRI at 0.35 T.
Spin polarization transfer by the radical pair mechanism
Authors: Zarea Mehdi , Ratner Mark A. , Wasielewski Michael R.
Published: August 2015

In a three-site representation, we study a spin polarization transfer from radical pair spins to a nearby electron or nuclear spin. The quantum dynamics of the radical pair spins is governed by a constant exchange interaction between the radical pair spins which have different Zeeman frequencies. Radical pair spins can recombine to the singlet ground state or to lower energy triplet states. It is then shown that the coherent dynamics of the radical pair induces spin polarization on the nearby third spin in the presence of a magnetic field. The spin polarization transfer depends on the difference between Zeeman frequencies, the singlet and triplet recombination rates, and on the exchange and dipole-dipole interactions between the different spins. In particular, the sign of the polarization depends on the exchange coupling between radical pair spins and also on the difference between singlet and triplet recombination rate constants.
Evidence of interfacial charge trapping mechanism in polyaniline/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites
Authors: Islam Rakibul , Papathanassiou Anthony N. , Chan Yu King Roch , Brun Jean-François , Roussel Frederick
Published: August 2015

Relaxation mechanisms in polyaniline (PANI)/Reduced Graphene Oxide (RGO) nanocomposites are investigated using broad band dielectric spectroscopy. The multilayered nanostructural features of the composites and the intimate interactions between PANI and RGO are evidenced by field emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Increasing the RGO fraction in the composites results in a relaxation process observed at a frequency of ca. 5 kHz. This mechanism is associated with an electrical charge trapping phenomenon occurring at the PANI/RGO interfaces. The dielectric relaxation processes are interpreted according to the Sillars approach and the results are consistent with the presence of conducting prolate spheroids (RGO) embedded into a polymeric matrix (PANI). Dielectric permittivity data are analyzed within the framework of the Kohlrausch-William-Watts model, evidencing a Debye-like relaxation process.
Symmetry plays a key role in the erasing of patterned surface features
Authors: Benzaquen Michael , Ilton Mark , Massa Michael V. , Salez Thomas , Fowler Paul , Raphaël Elie , Dalnoki-Veress Kari
Published: August 2015

We report on how the relaxation of patterns prepared on a thin film can be controlled by manipulating the symmetry of the initial shape. The validity of a lubrication theory for the capillary-driven relaxation of surface profiles is verified by atomic force microscopy measurements, performed on films that were patterned using focused laser spike annealing. In particular, we observe that the shape of the surface profile at late times is entirely determined by the initial symmetry of the perturbation, in agreement with the theory. The results have relevance in the dynamical control of topographic perturbations for nanolithography and high density memory storage.
A gas ionisation detector in the axial (Bragg) geometry used for the time-of-flight elastic recoil detection analysis
Authors: Siketić Zdravko , Skukan Natko , Bogdanović Radović Iva
Published: August 2015

In this paper, time-of-flight elastic recoil detection analysis spectrometer with a newly constructed gas ionization detector for energy detection is presented. The detector is designed in the axial (Bragg) geometry with a 3 × 3 array of 50 nm thick Si3N4 membranes as an entrance window. 40 mbar isobutane gas was sufficient to stop a 30 MeV primary iodine beam as well as all recoils in the detector volume. Spectrometer and detector performances were determined showing significant improvement in the mass and energy resolution, respectively, comparing to the spectrometer with a standard silicon particle detector for an energy measurement.
Classifying and quantifying basins of attraction
Authors: Sprott J. C. , Xiong Anda
Published: August 2015

A scheme is proposed to classify the basins for attractors of dynamical systems in arbitrary dimensions. There are four basic classes depending on their size and extent, and each class can be further quantified to facilitate comparisons. The calculation uses a Monte Carlo method and is applied to numerous common dissipative chaotic maps and flows in various dimensions.
Polarized quantum dot emission in electrohydrodynamic jet printed photonic crystals
Authors: See Gloria G. , Xu Lu , Sutanto Erick , Alleyne Andrew G. , Nuzzo Ralph G. , Cunningham Brian T.
Published: August 2015

Tailored optical output, such as color purity and efficient optical intensity, are critical considerations for displays, particularly in mobile applications. To this end, we demonstrate a replica molded photonic crystal structure with embedded quantum dots. Electrohydrodynamic jet printing is used to control the position of the quantum dots within the device structure. This results in significantly less waste of the quantum dot material than application through drop-casting or spin coating. In addition, the targeted placement of the quantum dots minimizes any emission outside of the resonant enhancement field, which enables an 8× output enhancement and highly polarized emission from the photonic crystal structure.
Field induced domain switching as the origin of anomalous lattice strain along non-polar direction in rhombohedral BiScO3-PbTiO3 close to the morphotropic phase boundary
Authors: K. V. Lalitha , Fancher Chris M. , Jones Jacob L. , Ranjan Rajeev
Published: August 2015

The lattice strain and domain switching behavior of xBiScO3–(1-x)PbTiO3 (x = 0.40) was investigated as a function of cyclic field and grain orientation by in situ X-ray diffraction during application of electric fields. The electric field induced 200 lattice strain was measured to be five times larger than the 111 lattice strain in pseudorhombohedral xBiScO3–(1-x)PbTiO3 (x = 0.40). It is shown that the anomalous 200 lattice strain is not an intrinsic phenomenon, but arises primarily due to stress associated with the reorientation of the 111 domains in dense polycrystalline ceramic.
Frequency-dependent effective permeability tensor of unsaturated polycrystalline ferrites
Authors: Thibaudeau Pascal , Tranchida Julien
Published: August 2015

Frequency-dependent permeability tensor for unsaturated polycrystalline ferrites is derived through an effective medium approximation that combines both domain-wall motion and rotation of domains in a single consistent scattering framework. Thus derived permeability tensor is averaged on a distribution function of the free energy that encodes paramagnetic states for anhysteretic loops. The initial permeability is computed, and frequency spectra are given by varying macroscopic remanent field.
Strongly enhanced Raman scattering of graphene by a single gold nanorod
Authors: He Yingbo , Lu Guowei , Shen Hongming , Cheng Yuqing , Gong Qihuang
Published: August 2015

Individual gold nanorods (AuNRs) and monolayer graphene hybrid system is investigated experimentally. Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signal of the graphene is observed due to a single AuNR with enhancement factor up to ∼1000-fold. The SERS intensity is strongly polarization dependent and the enhancement effect varies with the detuning between the excitation laser and the AuNR resonance. The SERS effect is highest when the resonant wavelength of the AuNRs matches well with the excitation light. By correlating the scattering and photoluminescence, it is demonstrated that the conventional background in SERS ascribes to the photon emission of metallic nanostructures.
Strain accommodation through facet matching in La1.85Sr0.15CuO4/Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4 ramp-edge junctions
Authors: Hoek M. , Coneri F. , Poccia N. , Renshaw Wang X. , Ke X. , Van Tendeloo G. , Hilgenkamp H.
Published: August 2015

Scanning nano-focused X-ray diffraction and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy are used to investigate the crystal structure of ramp-edge junctions between superconducting electron-doped Nd1.85Ce0.15CuO4 and superconducting hole-doped La1.85Sr0.15CuO4 thin films, the latter being the top layer. On the ramp, a new growth mode of La1.85Sr0.15CuO4 with a 3.3° tilt of the c-axis is found. We explain the tilt by developing a strain accommodation model that relies on facet matching, dictated by the ramp angle, indicating that a coherent domain boundary is formed at the interface. The possible implications of this growth mode for the creation of artificial domains in morphotropic materials are discussed.
A transparent diode with high rectifying ratio using amorphous indium-gallium-zinc oxide/SiNx coupled junction
Authors: Choi Myung-Jea , Kim Myeong-Ho , Choi Duck-Kyun
Published: August 2015

We introduce a transparent diode that shows both high rectifying ratio and low leakage current at process temperature below 250 °C. This device is clearly distinguished from all previous transparent diodes in that the rectifying behavior results from the junction between a semiconductor (amorphous indium-gallium-zinc oxide (a-IGZO)) and insulator (SiNx). We systematically study the properties of each junction within the device structure and demonstrate that the a-IGZO/SiNx junction is the source of the outstanding rectification. The electrical characteristics of this transparent diode are: 2.8 A/cm2 on-current density measured at −7 V; lower than 7.3 × 10−9 A/cm2 off-current density; 2.53 ideality factor; and high rectifying ratio of 108–109. Furthermore, the diode structure has a transmittance of over 80% across the visible light range. The operating principle of the indium-tin oxide (ITO)/a-IGZO/SiNx/ITO device was examined with an aid of the energy band diagram and we propose a preliminary model for the rectifying behavior. Finally, we suggest further directions for research on this transparent diode.
Accelerated light-induced degradation for detecting copper contamination in p-type silicon
Authors: Inglese Alessandro , Lindroos Jeanette , Savin Hele
Published: August 2015

Copper is a harmful metal impurity that significantly impacts the performance of silicon-based devices if present in active regions. In this contribution, we propose a fast method consisting of simultaneous illumination and annealing for the detection of copper contamination in p-type silicon. Our results show that, within minutes, such method is capable of producing a significant reduction of the minority carrier lifetime. A spatial distribution map of copper contamination can then be obtained through the lifetime values measured before and after degradation. In order to separate the effect of the light-activated copper defects from the other metastable complexes in low resistivity Cz-silicon, we carried out a dark anneal at 200 °C, which is known to fully recover the boron-oxygen defect. Similar to the boron-oxygen behavior, we show that the dark anneal also recovers the copper defects. However, the recovery is only partial and it can be used to identify the possible presence of copper contamination.
Schottky barrier height switching in thin metal oxide films studied in diode and solar cell device configurations
Authors: Wing Dahvyd , Rothschild Avner , Tessler Nir
Published: August 2015

We investigate changes in the properties of 8 nm thin metal oxide (Nb-doped SrTiO3) films in response to relatively high voltage or light soaking under three Sun excitation. We measure the current–voltage behavior of metal|insulator|metal type diodes and use a device model to relate changes in device behavior to the metal oxide film properties. We find that the device's resistive switching is mainly associated with shifts (switching) of the metal oxide work function between high and low injection barrier states. The method presented here can be used for in situ monitoring of the contact work function and for quantifying the uniformity of this value across the device. We also discuss the effect of non-uniform work function on the apparent diode's ideality factor.
Communication: Tracking molecular structure deformation and relaxation in real time
Authors: Wang Y. , Liu W. L. , Song Y. F. , Liu Y. Q. , Duo L. P. , Jiang L. L. , Yu G. Y. , Yang Y. Q.
Published: August 2015

The CH3I structural deformation induced by strong laser fields is revealed by time- and frequency-resolved ro-vibrational spectra. The experimental results show that the CH3I molecule undergoes ultrafast structural deformation of CH3 “umbrella-closing” induced by the strong fs laser field (more than 1011 W/cm2) and followed by a structural relaxation of “umbrella-opening” within an exponential decay time scale of ∼620 fs. This study provides a first glimpse of the immense potential of the time- and frequency-resolved vibrational spectra in studying molecular deformation dynamics.
Defining microchannels and valves on a hydrophobic paper by low-cost inkjet printing of aqueous or weak organic solutions
Authors: Cai Longfei , Zhong Minghua , Li Huolin , Xu Chunxiu , Yuan Biyu
Published: August 2015

We describe a simple and cost-effective strategy for rapid fabrication of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices and valves by inkjet printing. NaOH aqueous solution was printed onto a hydrophobic filter paper, which was previously obtained by soaking in a trimethoxyoctadecylsilane-heptane solution, allowing selective wet etching of hydrophobic cellulose to create hydrophilic-hydrophobic contrast with a relatively good resolution. Hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTMAB)-ethanol solution was printed onto hydrophobic paper to fabricate temperature-controlled valves. At low temperature, CTMAB deposited on the paper is insoluble in aqueous fluid, thus the paper remains hydrophobic. At high temperature, CTMAB becomes soluble so the CTMAB-deposited channel becomes hydrophilic, allowing the wicking of aqueous solution through the valve. We believe that this strategy will be very attractive for the development of simple micro analytical devices for point-of-care applications, including diagnostic testing, food safety control, and environmental monitoring.
Fluorescence microscopy: A tool to study autophagy
Authors: Rai Shashank , Manjithaya Ravi
Published: August 2015

Autophagy is a cellular recycling process through which a cell degrades old and damaged cellular components such as organelles and proteins and the degradation products are reused to provide energy and building blocks. Dysfunctional autophagy is reported in several pathological situations. Hence, autophagy plays an important role in both cellular homeostasis and diseased conditions. Autophagy can be studied through various techniques including fluorescence based microscopy. With the advancements of newer technologies in fluorescence microscopy, several novel processes of autophagy have been discovered which makes it an essential tool for autophagy research. Moreover, ability to tag fluorescent proteins with sub cellular targets has enabled us to evaluate autophagy processes in real time under fluorescent microscope. In this article, we demonstrate different aspects of autophagy in two different model organisms i.e. yeast and mammalian cells, with the help of fluorescence microscopy.
Changes in the nutritive value and aerobic stability of corn silages inoculated with Bacillus subtilis alone or combined with Lactobacillus plantarum
Authors: Lara Erika C. , Basso Fernanda C. , de Assis Flávia B. , Souza Fernando A. , Berchielli Telma T. , Reis Ricardo A.
Published: August 2015

Chemical composition, fermentation characteristics, in vitro digestibility and aerobic stability were evaluated in corn silage inoculated with microbial additives in two different experiments. Inoculant treatments (untreated, Bacillus subtilis and B. subtilis combined with Lactobacillus plantarum) were applied to fresh forages. Chopped corn plants (2B655 Hx) were ensiled in laboratory silos for periods of 7, 14, 21 and 63 days to evaluate the fermentation parameters. The experimental silos were weighed to determine gas losses. After the ensiling period, the silage was sampled to determine chemical composition and in vitro organic matter digestibility. To evaluate aerobic stability, chopped corn plants (AG‐1051) were ensiled in laboratory silos that were opened after 96 days of ensiling. The silage was placed in different buckets containing data loggers. The silage was sampled after 0, 4, 8 and 12 days of exposure to air to evaluate the microbial populations and pH. The data were analysed as a completely randomised design using a mixed repeated-measures model in the MIXED procedure of SAS. To evaluate each treatment relative to the fermentation times, a regression analysis using the PROC REG procedure of SAS was applied. A significance level of P < 0.05 was used. Inoculation with both strains increased lactic acid concentration, whereas the use of B. subtilis alone or combined with L. plantarum improved in vitro apparent organic matter digestibility. In the B. subtilis and B. subtilis combined with L. plantarum silages, moulds and yeasts decreased, and aerobic stability was improved. Inoculation with B. subtilis alone or combined with L. plantarum improved the nutritional value and aerobic stability of corn silage.
Genetic approaches to enhancing nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) in cereals: challenges and future directions
Authors: Garnett Trevor , Plett Darren , Heuer Sigrid , Okamoto Mamoru
Published: August 2015

Over 100 million tonnes of nitrogen (N) fertiliser are applied globally each year to maintain high yields in agricultural crops. The rising price of N fertilisers has made them a major cost for farmers. Inefficient use of N fertiliser leads to substantial environmental problems through contamination of air and water resources and can be a significant economic cost. Consequently, there is considerable need to improve the way N fertiliser is used in farming systems. The efficiency with which crops use applied N fertiliser – the nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) – is currently quite low for cereals. This is the case in both high yielding environments and lower yielding environments characteristic of cereal growing regions of Australia. Multiple studies have attempted to identify the genetic basis of NUE, but the utility of the results is limited because of the complex nature of the trait and the magnitude of genotype by environment interaction. Transgenic approaches have been applied to improve plant NUE but with limited success, due, in part, to a combination of the complexity of the trait but also due to lack of accurate phenotyping methods. This review documents these two approaches and suggests future directions in improving cereal NUE with a focus on the Australian cereal industry.
Follicular size and stage and gonadotropin concentration affect alginate-encapsulated in vitro growth and survival of pre- and early antral dog follicles
Authors: Nagashima Jennifer , Wildt David E. , Travis Alexander J. , Songsasen Nucharin
Published: August 2015

Understanding stage-specific requirements of mammalian folliculogenesis is limited in the domestic dog. The present study examined the effects of two potential regulators of dog follicle growth and survival in vitro, namely the original stage of the follicle (i.e. preantral (≤230 µm diameter) vs early antral (diameter from >230 to ≤330 µm) and FSH and/or LH concentrations. After isolation and alginate encapsulation, follicles were cultured in 0, 1, 10 or 100 µg mL–1 FSH and 0, 1 or 10 ng mL–1 LH for 20 days. Regardless of stage, FSH promoted growth, but LH did the same only in the absence of FSH. Production of 17β-oestradiol and progesterone was detectable, indicating theca cell activity. The greatest growth occurred in preantral (mean (± s.d.) 61.4 ± 25.9%) versus antral (42.6 ± 20.3%) follicles, but neither developmental stage nor gonadotropin affected survival. Antrum detection was minimal due, in part, to antral collapse, and oocytes exhibited an increasingly pale appearance and chromatin degeneration over time. The results demonstrate that pre- and early antral stage dog follicles encapsulated in alginate grow significantly in vitro. However, because FSH and LH alone or in combination fail to promote antrum development, the next step is identifying factors that enhance antral expansion.
How many are there? Multiple-covariate distance sampling for monitoring pampas deer in Corrientes, Argentina
Authors: Zamboni Talía , Delgado Alicia , Jiménez-Pérez Ignacio , De Angelo Carlos
Published: August 2015

Context The pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) is an endangered species in Argentina. Scarce information exists about one of the four last populations that survive in Corrientes province, where direct counts estimated a population of <500 individuals. Aims To evaluate the status of the pampas deer population in Corrientes by applying a standardised methodology and to develop methodological recommendations for future deer monitoring. Methods We conducted six population censuses between 2007 and 2010, using line transects placed on roads throughout 1200 km2 of grasslands in the Aguapey region, Corrientes, Argentina. From a moving vehicle, we counted every pampas deer group observed along transects. We used Distance 6.0 and its multiple-covariate distance sampling engine to estimate deer density, while exploring the potential effect of roads, habitat type, hour, season, observer experience and survey effort on deer occurrence and density estimation. Key results The occurrence of pampas deer was irrespective of transect location (minor or major road) but a greater number of animals was detected over transects in minor roads and in areas covered by grasslands with young pine plantations. We estimated a density of 1.17 individuals km–2 (s.e. = 0.52), and habitat type was the most important covariate for density estimation. We estimated a total population of 1495 deer (95% CI = 951–2351, CV = 23.27%) for the Aguapey region in Argentina. Conclusions Corrientes hosts one of the largest populations of pampas deer in Argentina, with ~1000 individuals. The fact that we estimated a larger population than did previous studies could be explained either by actual population growth during the past 10 years, or by the use of more exhaustive and sophisticated sampling design and data analysis. Implications Population surveys using covariate distance sampling on ground line transects can provide more realistic population estimates than do other simpler methods. Our population estimates and methods can be used as a baseline for future monitoring of this population, as long as factors such as sampling effort, type of roads for locating transects, and habitat type are considered in future analysis.
The fancy city life: Kuhl's pipistrelle, Pipistrellus kuhlii, benefits from urbanisation
Authors: Ancillotto Leonardo , Tomassini Alessandra , Russo Danilo
Published: August 2015

Context Urbanisation is often regarded as a major threat to global biodiversity. Although wildlife is frequently affected by urbanisation, some species may actually benefit from it. Bats are among the commonest wild mammals in human-modified areas, and some species seem particularly well suited to exploit urban habitats where they find roosting and foraging opportunities. Aims We investigated habitat selection around roosts of synurbic Kuhl’s pipistrelles, Pipistrellus kuhlii, in Italy. Methods We measured the effects of the amount of urban habitat on bat reproductive timing and success in human-modified environments. Key results We found that P. kuhlii selects roosts surrounded by areas featuring urban habitats, especially those subject to urban development. Colonies in cities and suburbs advanced parturition time and produced more pups than those in rural areas. Permanent water sources and artificial lights in the surrounding habitats also seemed to favour the species reproductive success, particularly in developing urban areas. Conclusions Our results showed that this bat benefits from urbanisation and provided new insights on the effects of this major process on animal ecology and conservation in urban environments. Implications Although the ecological flexibility and positive response to urbanisation of P. kuhlii may help explain its recent range expansion, the role of climate change as a potential driver of this process has yet to be tested.
Relationships among Proximate Components and Energy Density of Juvenile Atlantic Estuarine Fishes
Authors: Schloesser Ryan W. , Fabrizio Mary C.
Published: August 2015

Information on the energy density of juvenile fishes is needed to inform food web and bioenergetic models. Several approaches may be used to estimate energy density, and although these approaches are expected to yield similar estimates, the accuracy of such estimates has not been assessed. Estuarine fishes have unique life history strategies that influence the water, protein, lipid, and ash composition of their tissues. Because proximate components vary among species, the preferred approaches for estimating energy density from these components may also differ. We investigated the suitability of five approaches to estimate energy density measured by bomb calorimetry from water content for juvenile Summer Flounder Paralichthys dentatus, Striped Bass Morone saxatilis, and Atlantic Croaker Micropogonias undulatus. Approaches were based on the following: (1) relationships between water and percent composition, (2) relationships between water and the mass of proximate components, (3) water content alone (by percentage and by mass), (4) percent water and fish mass, and (5) published relationships between energy density and percent dry weight. The mean predicted energy densities from alternative approaches were generally within 10% of the mean energy densities measured by bomb calorimetry (4.21 kJ/g to 4.94 kJ/g). For Summer Flounder and Atlantic Croakers, regressions based on the percent water from whole fish provided estimates of energy density closest to those from bomb calorimetry, and including fish mass improved the accuracy of energy density estimates for Striped Bass. Energy density calculated from percent composition overestimated measured energy density, even with conservative lipid‐to‐energy conversion factors; this was most pronounced for individuals with energy densities less than 5 kJ/g. Because lipid‐to‐energy conversion factors may not be temporally stable or spatially invariant, further research is needed on the energy content of lipid classes in fishes. The types of lipids used for energy storage likely vary among life stages and species, and extrapolating approaches to different size‐classes or species groups may bias estimates of energy content.
TPX2 phosphorylation maintains metaphase spindle length by regulating microtubule flux
Authors: Fu Jingyan , Bian Minglei , Xin Guangwei , Deng Zhaoxuan , Luo Jia , Guo Xiao , Chen Hao , Wang Yao , Jiang Qing , Zhang Chuanmao
Published: August 2015

A steady-state metaphase spindle maintains constant length, although the microtubules undergo intensive dynamics. Tubulin dimers are incorporated at plus ends of spindle microtubules while they are removed from the minus ends, resulting in poleward movement. Such microtubule flux is regulated by the microtubule rescue factors CLASPs at kinetochores and depolymerizing protein Kif2a at the poles, along with other regulators of microtubule dynamics. How microtubule polymerization and depolymerization are coordinated remains unclear. Here we show that TPX2, a microtubule-bundling protein and activator of Aurora A, plays an important role. TPX2 was phosphorylated by Aurora A during mitosis. Its phospho-null mutant caused short metaphase spindles coupled with low microtubule flux rate. Interestingly, phosphorylation of TPX2 regulated its interaction with CLASP1 but not Kif2a. The effect of its mutant in shortening the spindle could be rescued by codepletion of CLASP1 and Kif2a that abolished microtubule flux. Together we propose that Aurora A–dependent TPX2 phosphorylation controls mitotic spindle length through regulating microtubule flux.
Pulmonary Hypertension Complicating Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Krishnan Udhay , Mark Tomer M. , Niesvizky Ruben , Sobol Irina
Published: August 2015

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an infrequently reported complication of multiple myeloma (MM). PH has been more commonly associated with amyloidosis, myeloproliferative diseases, and the POEMS (polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal protein, skin changes) syndrome. PH in MM is typically mild to moderate and may be secondary to a variety of conditions, which include left ventricular dysfunction, high‐output cardiac failure, chronic kidney disease, treatment‐related toxicities, and precapillary involvement. We describe 3 patients with MM and severe PH. Each patient underwent right heart catheterization. All patients demonstrated elevated pulmonary pressures, transpulmonary gradients, and pulmonary vascular resistance. Each patient was ultimately treated with pulmonary vasodilator therapy with improvement in cardiopulmonary symptoms. Additional studies are needed to define the prevalence, prognosis, and pathogenesis of PH in this complex population and to help clarify who may benefit from targeted PH therapy.
A web-based, patient-centered toolkit to engage patients and caregivers in the acute care setting: a preliminary evaluation
Authors: Dalal Anuj K , Dykes Patricia C , Collins Sarah , Lehmann Lisa Soleymani , Ohashi Kumiko , Rozenblum Ronen , Stade Diana , McNally Kelly , Morrison Constance RC , Ravindran Sucheta , Mlaver Eli , Hanna John , Chang Frank , Kandala Ravali , Getty George , Bates David W
Published: August 2015

We implemented a web-based, patient-centered toolkit that engages patients/caregivers in the hospital plan of care by facilitating education and patient-provider communication. Of the 585 eligible patients approached on medical intensive care and oncology units, 239 were enrolled (119 patients, 120 caregivers). The most common reason for not approaching the patient was our inability to identify a health care proxy when a patient was incapacitated. Significantly more caregivers were enrolled in medical intensive care units compared with oncology units (75% vs 32%; P < .01). Of the 239 patient/caregivers, 158 (66%) and 97 (41%) inputted a daily and overall goal, respectively. Use of educational content was highest for medications and test results and infrequent for problems. The most common clinical theme identified in 291 messages sent by 158 patients/caregivers was health concerns, needs, preferences, or questions (19%, 55 of 291). The average system usability scores and satisfaction ratings of a sample of surveyed enrollees were favorable. From analysis of feedback, we identified barriers to adoption and outlined strategies to promote use.
Characterization of Pythium Species Associated With Greenhouse Floriculture Crops in Michigan
Authors: Del Castillo Múnera Johanna , Hausbeck Mary K.
Published: August 2015

Michigan ranks third in the United States for the wholesale value of floriculture products, with an estimated value of $375.7 million. Seedling damping-off and root and crown rot are commonly caused by Pythium spp. and are important problems for greenhouse growers. Pythium spp. associated with Michigan’s floriculture crops were characterized as a means to improve current management strategies. During 2011 and 2012, potted poinsettias with root rot symptoms were sampled from nine greenhouses located in Kent, Kalamazoo, and Wayne counties. In 2013, from the same three counties, symptomatic geranium and snapdragon bedding plants were sampled from 12 greenhouses. Additionally, symptomatic hibiscus and lantana plants were sampled at one greenhouse facility. Isolates were confirmed to be Pythium spp. via morphology and sequencing of the ITS region. A total of 287 Pythium spp. isolates were obtained from poinsettias and 726 isolates from geranium, snapdragon, hibiscus, and lantana. Seven Pythium spp., and a group of isolates determined as Pythium sp. 1 were identified. The most prevalent species were P. irregulare, P. ultimum, and P. aphanidermatum. A subset of isolates was chosen for pathogenicity and mefenoxam sensitivity testing. Six of the species were virulent to germinating geranium seeds. Most P. ultimum and P. cylindrosporum isolates tested were intermediate to highly resistant to mefenoxam, whereas most P. aphanidermatum isolates were sensitive. This study suggests that Pythium spp. recovered from Michigan greenhouses may vary depending on the host, and that mefenoxam may not be effective to control P. ultimum or P. cylindrosporum.
Prediction of Potato Tuber Damage by Root-Knot Nematodes using Quantitative DNA Assay of Soil
Authors: Hay Frank S. ,   Herdina, Ophel-Keller Kathy , Hartley Diana M. , Pethybridge Sarah J.
Published: August 2015

Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne fallax and M. hapla) cause significant reductions in potato yield by reducing tuber quality. Concentrations of M. fallax and M. hapla DNA in soil were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction following sampling at planting and harvest within 78 fields across 3 years in Australia. Meloidogyne spp. were also detected using a tomato bioassay. M. fallax was more prevalent than M. hapla and DNA concentrations of M. fallax in soil were significantly higher in samples collected at harvest compared with those at planting. In contrast, M. hapla DNA in soil did not significantly change from planting to harvest. Using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, M. fallax DNA in soil at planting and harvest was a highly accurate predictor of tuber damage at harvest and galling on tomato. Prediction accuracy for tuber damage was highest for M. fallax DNA compared with M. hapla or M. fallax + M. hapla. Both Meloidogyne spp. were detected in the peel of asymptomatic certified seed. For M. fallax, the addition of seedborne inoculum did not improve tuber damage predictions. This suggested that soilborne M. fallax populations contributed most substantially to tuber damage. These findings highlight the utility of this approach for predicting risk of crop damage from nematodes. The use of this technique as a practical management tool is discussed.