bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An active three-dimensional vision system for automated detection and measurement of surface defects
Authors: Ogun Philips S , Chamberlain Matthew R , Phairatt Punnu L , Tailor Mitulkumar J , Jackson Michael R
Published: March 2014

There is a growing need to perform automated visual surface inspection in various manufacturing processes due to increased emphasis on quality control. A number of high-resolution three-dimensional metrology products are commercially available, but they are all very limited in their fields of view. The small field of view of the scanners makes inspection of relatively large parts a time-consuming operation, which has significant negative impacts on throughput. This article presents a two-stage inspection process in which a machine vision system, based on the photometric stereo principle, is used to detect potentially defective regions on parts over a much wider field of view than the one covered by the commercial products. The suspicious regions are then inspected using a high-resolution commercial three-dimensional surface measurement system, ignoring areas that are perceived to be defect free. Experimental tests on planar steel samples, having known surface defects, show that this approach is effective and it reduces the overall inspection time significantly.
Tool wear mechanisms in machining of three titanium alloys with increasing β-phase fraction
Authors: Joshi Shashikant , Pawar Pravin , Tewari Asim , Joshi Suhas S
Published: March 2014

Mechanical and microstructural properties of titanium alloys change with β-phase fraction. This in turn influences the dominant tool wear mechanisms in their machining. This work therefore involves turning experimentation on three titanium alloys with varying β-phase fraction, namely, α, α+ β and β-rich alloys using coated carbide tools, to identify dominant wear mechanisms, which hitherto have not been adequately investigated. The dominant wear mechanisms were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis of worn tool surfaces and were also correlated with the cutting forces during machining. Abrasion, abrasion with built-up edge and plastic deformation of cutting edge appeared to be the dominant tool wear mechanisms in α, α+ β and β-rich alloy, respectively. At the same time, diffusion of Sn, V and Mo from α, α+ β and β-rich alloys to tool face, respectively, was observed. The chip–tool contact length predicted using the analytical models from the literature matched closely with the experimental values.
Material transfer mechanism during magnetic field–assisted electric discharge machining of AISI D2, D3 and H13 die steel
Authors: Bhattacharya Anirban , Batish Ajay , Bhatt Geeta
Published: March 2014

In this study, the surface modification and metallurgical analysis of three commonly used die steels were analyzed by microstructure and X-ray diffraction analysis after electric discharge machining and powder-mixed electric discharge machining. The effect of many process parameters was assessed for surface modification using magnetic field–assisted electric discharge machining process. It was observed that the microhardness of the machined surface increased by more than 200%. The analysis of machined surface confirmed material migration from added powder, dielectric and electrode. The magnetic field assisted in improving the material removal process. The strength of the magnetic field resulted in better expelling of material from workpiece and restricted the material migration from electrode especially in copper-based diamagnetic material. Deposition of tungsten and titanium carbide was observed, which increased the microhardness significantly. Titanium, tungsten and graphite powder aided favorably the increase in the microhardness.
Effects of process parameters on epoxy flow behavior and formability in deep drawing process with CR340/carbon fiber–reinforced plastic composites
Authors: Lee Min-sik , Kim Sung-jin , Kim Hyun-ho , Lim Ok-dong , Kang Chung-gil
Published: March 2014

In this study, a hybrid composite material was fabricated by stacking carbon fiber–reinforced plastic on CR340 plates to increase the specific strength and specific stiffness, compared to thick boron steel plates or dual-phase steels. A deep drawing test was conducted for this hybrid composite material, using various process parameters, to assess its formability and potential use in vehicle parts. The experimental results showed that the forming depth was reduced in both CR340 and the CR340/carbon fiber–reinforced plastic composite when the blank holding force (Bf) was increased. Although the forming depth of CR340 was decreased abruptly when Bf >= 30 kN, the forming depth of the CR340/carbon fiber–reinforced plastic composite was not reduced, highlighting its superior formability compared to CR340. The forming depth for CR340 did not show significant differences with increasing punch velocity. On the other hand, the forming depth of the CR340/carbon fiber–reinforced plastic composite decreased with increasing punch velocity. As the punch velocity increased, carbon fiber–reinforced plastic flowed abruptly toward the round part of the die. The thinning rate in each position of the drawing product and the problems encountered during the deep drawing process were reviewed by a comparison of the experimental results.
Design and implementation of attitude control algorithm of a satellite on a three-axis gimbal simulator
Authors: Kabganian Mansour , Nabipour Mahdi , Saberi Farhad F
Published: March 2014

In this paper, a simple and low-cost three-axis gimbal simulator is introduced. This simulator has been constructed in Amirkabir University of Technology and is used for implementation of attitude control algorithms of remote-sensing satellites in a real time condition using three reaction wheels as hardware in the loop test-bed. This simulator is modeled in Solidworks software package to determine its mass properties in order to utilize in obtaining the dynamic model of the simulator. Afterward, an attitude control algorithm is designed. Performance of the designed attitude control algorithm is investigated by implementing it on the simulator.
Dynamic modeling and motion precision analysis of spacecraft manipulator with harmonic drive considering the alternate thermal field in orbit
Authors: Zhao Jieliang , Wu Jianing , Yan Shaoze , Li Junlan , Gu Yongxia
Published: March 2014

Nowadays, the harmonic drive is widely used as the reducer in the spacecraft manipulator, which may influence the dynamical properties of flexible spacecraft manipulator. The alternative thermal environment makes the spacecraft manipulator to experience periodic heating and cooling in the sunlight and shadow region of the Earth. The analysis of dynamic modeling and motion precision of flexible spacecraft manipulator with harmonic drive, considering the alternate thermal field in orbit is of significant importance for spacecraft manipulator designers in the early stage of design. The thermal load influences the motion precision, which reflects whether the mechanism is performed normally or not. In order to evaluate the loss of motion precision, this paper establishes the dynamical model of spacecraft manipulator with harmonic drive considering the alternate thermal field in orbit. A thermal analysis model of flexible spacecraft manipulator with harmonic drive is developed to characterize the thermal response of the whole spacecraft manipulator system subjected to space heat flux. Two different altitudes including low Earth orbit and geosynchronous Earth orbit are considered. Moreover, the transient temperature fields in different orbits of spacecraft manipulator and the effects of the thermal environment factors on the spacecraft manipulator are investigated. Simulation results reveal the evolution process of the transient temperature field of the spacecraft manipulator system. According to the results, the maximum temperature difference for space manipulator can lead to more severe precision loss compared with the minimum temperature difference. In addition, the vibration frequency of angular velocity error is determined by the maximum thermal heat flux. The proposed method is useful for forecasting the temperature distribution of the spacecraft manipulator system, and will provide meaningful information for performance enhancement of the aerospace facilities.
Making trans parents visible: Intersectionality of trans and parenting identities
Authors: Haines Beth A , Ajayi Alex A , Boyd Helen
Published: March 2014

This article explores the self-reported parenting challenges of 50 transgender parents based on an online survey of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and trans parents in the United States. Many trans parents transitioned after forming a family, whereas others had children after or even during transition. They coordinated their transition with parenting responsibilities, and carefully managed their visibility in parenting settings to protect their children. This analysis focuses on the challenges that trans parents faced at the intersection of their parenting and trans identities. Although trans parents share many of the concerns of cisgender parents, they also face unique challenges that must often be navigated without extensive support. Revealing these challenges increases trans parents’ visibility in society, and could help therapists and school administrators become more sensitive to the intersectional identities of trans people and the stressors unique to trans parenting.
Who watches the watchmen? A critical perspective on the theorization of trans people and clinicians
Authors: Richards Christina , Barker Meg , Lenihan Penny , Iantaffi Alex
Published: March 2014

This paper, made from an explicitly academic-practitioner stance, aims to highlight some of the problematic ways in which academic writing on trans people, and on the clinicians working in trans healthcare, has been presented in recent years. We argue that much work theorizes trans people and clinicians whilst failing to recognise the full and complex humanity of the people concerned. Also, such work frequently universalises a small number of accounts as if they were representative of ‘the trans person’ or ‘the medical/psy profession' as a whole. We call upon future writers and researchers to pay more attention to the multiplicity and diversity of accounts, and to consider the potential damage of perpetuating certain accounts as fixed or universal.
What makes a man? Thomas Beatie, embodiment, and ‘mundane transphobia’
Authors: Riggs Damien W
Published: March 2014

Critical scholars have long examined the ways in which identity categories are forcibly written upon bodies through the functioning of social norms. For many marginalised groups, such critiques have been central to challenging pathologising understandings of identity categories, often by uncoupling bodies from identities. Yet despite this, normative accounts of embodiment are still forcibly written upon the bodies of many groups of people, albeit often in mundane ways. Nowhere is this perhaps more evident than in the lives of trans people. This paper explores one instance of this by examining in close detail some of the key discursive strategies deployed by Oprah Winfrey in her first interview with Thomas Beatie. It is argued that Beatie is constantly drawn into a logic of ‘bodily evidence’ that demands of him an aetiological account of himself as a man, and from which, Winfrey concludes, he is always left lacking.
Trans men and friendships: A Foucauldian discourse analysis
Authors: Zitz Claudia , Burns Jan , Tacconelli Erasmo
Published: March 2014

While research focusing on friendships of sexual minority individuals has increased over the last two decades, studies of transgender persons’ friendships have been largely absent. Yet, within mainstream literature it has been demonstrated that friendships are central both to identity formation and as support in terms of psychological need and distress. Given that trans people face important identity challenges and may well be disenfranchised within society, the role of friendships warrants study. Research which has occurred has largely focussed on trans women, yet trans men face particular issues in terms of their relationships with lesbian women and being positioned as joining patriarchy. This study explored this gap in the literature and used Foucauldian discourse analysis to explore friendship and gender identity. Dominant discourses identified included ‘friends as family’, ‘romance’ and discursive practices of ‘disowning male privilege’, ‘effeminate heterosexual male’ and ‘gender fluidity’ which counter hegemonic (trans) male re-positioning within friendships. The results indicate that trans men elevate the status of friends to those of other culturally dominant relationships (e.g. family or sexual partner). Furthermore, their friendships, in particular friendships with lesbian women, can become complex platforms from which to contest privilege and power associated with their (trans) masculinities. Conceptual and research implications are discussed.
Elastic composite skin for a pure shear morphing wing structures
Authors: Wu Rui , Sun Jian , Chang Zhizhong , Bai Rui , Leng Jinsong
Published: March 2014

This study is focused on developing a morphing skin that can perform ±30° pure shear morphing. Carbon fibre–reinforced plastic rods–reinforced and Kevlar-reinforced silicone rubber matrix composite skin is designed, fabricated, tested, and utilized on the demonstrator wing. This skin design has achieved satisfactory wrinkle onset angle (>50°) without applying pre-tension or pre-stretch, low in-plane shear stiffness that allows the skin of 1 m2 to perform 30° shear morphing under 30 kg actuating force, designable out-of-plane stiffness, considerable damage tolerance, and simplicity in fabrication. This article describes the designing process of the skin, where a carbon fiber–reinforced plastic rod–reinforced skin is tested and revised to the final design; the study on the mechanism of different types of wrinkles as well as the strategies of wrinkles reduction, where two complementary wrinkle characterization methods are used; analysis and testing on out-of-plane stiffness; and finally, the utilization of skin on a demonstrator morphing wing structure. The presented skin can also be used as morphing face sheet.
Model of a NiTi shape memory alloy actuator
Authors: Malukhin Kostyantyn , Ehmann Kornel
Published: March 2014

A model of motion of an agonistic–antagonistic shape memory alloy actuator is developed in this article. The model shows that the dynamics of the actuator can be well described by a nonlinear motion model of human muscle with nonlinear damping. To complete the model, a method for the determination of the damping properties of the actuator system is suggested. To this end, an analytical expression for the damping coefficient of the system was developed. The experimental verification of the proposed model of motion was conducted through a comparison of the experimentally measured and numerically simulated step responses. The simulated step responses were in close agreement with their experimentally measured counterparts on the shape memory alloy actuator prototype.
Talking About Familial Breast Cancer Risk
Authors: Fisher Carla L. , Maloney Erin , Glogowski Emily , Hurley Karen , Edgerson Shawna , Lichtenthal Wendy G. , Kissane David , Bylund Carma
Published: March 2014

A hereditary cancer predisposition can rattle families, creating dysfunctional interactions. Families need assistance navigating conversations about risk. Because mothers and daughters uniquely share breast cancer experiences and risk, there is a particular need for practitioners to assist them with communication. Three focus groups were conducted with 11 mothers with an elevated cancer risk (with adolescent daughters) receiving genetic counseling. We explored three inquiries to capture mother–daughter communication: emergent challenging topics (e.g., health-promotion behavior, daughter’s risk, mother’s risk of death), factors complicating discussions (e.g., balancing what to share and when, guilt and blaming, confusion about risk and prevention), and strategies enhancing conversations initiated by mothers (e.g., paying attention to daughter’s cues) or practitioners (e.g., inviting daughters to appointments). Findings suggested that mothers struggle to balance eliciting daughters’ concerns, providing them with support, and imparting knowledge without overwhelming them. We offer mothers and practitioners guidance to help facilitate these conversations.
Paraphilic Interests
Authors: Dawson Samantha J. , Bannerman Brittany A. , Lalumière Martin L.
Published: March 2014

Little research has been conducted to examine paraphilic sexual interests in nonclinical samples. The little that exists suggests that atypical sexual interests are more common in men than in women, but the reasons for this difference are unknown. In this study, we explored the prevalence of paraphilic interests in a nonclinical sample of men and women. We expected that men would report greater arousal (or less repulsion) toward various paraphilic acts than women. We also examined putative correlates of paraphilias in an attempt to explain the sex difference. In all, 305 men and 710 women completed an online survey assessing sexual experiences, sexual interests, as well as indicators of neurodevelopmental stress, sex drive, mating effort, impulsivity, masculinity/femininity, and socially desirable responding. As expected, significant sex differences were found, with men reporting significantly less repulsion (or more arousal) to the majority of paraphilic acts than women. Using mediation analysis, sex drive was the only correlate to significantly and fully mediate the sex difference in paraphilic interests. In other words, sex drive fully accounted for the sex difference in paraphilic interests. The implications of these findings for understanding the etiology of atypical sexual interests are discussed.
Public Parking Fees and Fines
Authors: Auchincloss Amy H. , Weinberger Rachel , Aytur Semra , Namba Alexa , Ricchezza Andrew
Published: March 2014

Researchers and practitioners who are interested in whether low parking costs may play a role in skewing travel toward the private automobile and away from transit have been hampered by the lack of systematic data on parking costs. This exploratory study reports on downtown public parking costs using a 2009 survey of public parking agencies in 107 U.S. cities. On average, on-street meters allowed parking for up to 2 hr and charged $1.00 per hour while off-street “commuter” lots charged $11 per day. Median fees for violating regulations ranged from $25 (meter violations) up to $200 (handicapped parking violations). Exploratory multivariable regression results found higher parking cost was associated with an increase in public transit miles in larger cities (adjusted for economic features of the city). This preliminary, exploratory study provides baseline data with which to compare future parking data that could inform parking policy’s influence on mode choice.
Formation mechanisms of white etching cracks and white etching area under rolling contact fatigue
Authors: Evans M-H , Wang L , Wood RJK
Published: March 2014

The formation of white etching cracks in the 1 mm zone beneath the contact surface in steel rolling element bearings causes a premature wear failure mode called white structure flaking. The formation drivers of white etching cracks are contested, as are the initiation and propagation mechanisms of the cracks. Hydrogen diffusion into bearing steel sourced from the hydrocarbon lubricant or water contamination and transient operating conditions have been suggested as formation drivers. Extensive work has been conducted at Southampton to further understanding of white structure flaking and this paper summarises these evidences and the conclusions made. Serial sectioning has been used to map subsurface wear volumes of wind turbine gearbox bearings from service and large-scale test rigs, test specimens/bearings from laboratory under hydrogen charged conditions and non-hydrogen charged conditions. The process involves polishing of cross sections of test specimens/bearings at ∼3–5 µm material removal intervals typically over hundreds of slices, and this was used to map white etching cracks in their entirety for the first time. Serial sectioning has allowed a comprehensive investigation of the initiation and propagation mechanisms of white etching cracks and thresholds for their formation with respects to concentration of diffusible hydrogen, contact pressure and number of rolling cycles. From these studies it has been found that white etching cracks can form by subsurface crack initiation at inclusions under hydrogen charged and non-hydrogen charged conditions; hence it has been confirmed that this is one mechanism of WEC formation. Small/short sized sulfide inclusions, globular manganese sulfide + oxide inclusions and small globular oxide inclusions between ∼1 µm and 20 µm in diameter/length predominated as crack initiators. In addition, detailed focused ion beam/transmission electron microscopic studies have been conducted to enhance the understanding of butterfly crack and white etching area formation mechanisms.
Experimental investigation of adhesion coefficient of wheel/rail under the track ramp conditions
Authors: Wang WJ , Guo HY Wang, J , Liu QY , Zhu MH , Jin XS
Published: March 2014

In order to explore adhesion behavior of wheel/rail under the track ramp conditions, the wheel/rail contact of ascent and descent tracks has been achieved by means of clamp change of simulation wheel. The adhesion experiments of wheel/rail were carried out using a JD-1 wheel/rail simulation facility under dry and water conditions. The results indicate that the adhesion coefficient of wheel/rail of ramp track has a significant fall compared with the level track condition under dry and water conditions. The ascent and descent tracks have some differences of adhesion coefficient under the same track gradient condition due to different wheel/rail interaction. Furthermore, the adhesion coefficient of descent track is smaller than that of ascent track under the dry and water condition. Oil contamination is a significant factor on the adhesion behavior of wheel/rail interface. Furthermore, the ramp track has no obvious influence on adhesion coefficient of wheel/rail under oil condition.
Thermohydrodynamic modelling of journal bearings under varying load angle and negative groove flow rate
Authors: Brito FP , Miranda AS , Claro JCP , Teixeira JC , Costa L , Fillon M
Published: March 2014

The performance of hydrodynamic journal bearings is affected by the conditions under which the lubricant is fed to the bearing gap. Axial grooves are often used and, depending on their location relatively to the load line, they might substantially interfere with the hydrodynamic pressure generation and the thermal behaviour of the bearing. However, many of the existing tools for predicting bearing performance are not able to suitably predict bearing behaviour under varying load angle given the oversimplified way under which they treat lubricant feeding conditions. The present work proposes a detailed thermohydrodynamic approach which realistically incorporates these conditions into the bearing analysis. Special care is put on the mass and energy-conserving models of the ruptured film region and on a detailed treatment of lubricant mixing within the vicinity of grooves. This includes the first full modelling of the effect of negative flow rate in a groove, a phenomenon originally described experimentally in detail by the authors in previous publications, and which happens for a broad range of load/groove angles. An extensive investigation on the influence of loading direction on the performance of twin groove journal bearings has been performed. This parameter is found to affect deeply all major performance parameters due to the interference of groove regions in the hydrodynamic pressure generation and in the flow rates at each groove.
Why do conflict-generated diasporas pursue sovereignty-based claims through state-based or transnational channels? Armenian, Albanian and Palestinian diasporas in the UK compared
Authors: Koinova Maria
Published: March 2014

Over the past decade, diaspora mobilization has become of increasing interest to International Relations scholars who study terrorism, civil wars and transnational social movements and networks. Nevertheless, an important area remains under-researched: conditions, causal mechanisms and processes of diaspora mobilization vis-a-vis emerging states, especially in a comparative perspective. This article asks why diaspora entrepreneurs in liberal states pursue the sovereignty goals of their original homelands through the institutional channels of their host-states, through transnational channels or use a dual-pronged approach. Empirically, the article focuses on a comparison between the Albanian, Armenian and Palestinian diasporas in the UK and their links to the emerging states of Kosovo, Nagorno-Karabakh and Palestine. Two variables act together to explain differences in mobilization patterns: the host-state’s foreign policy stance towards the homeland’s sovereignty goal; and diaspora positionality, the relative power diaspora entrepreneurs perceive as deriving from their social positions in a transnational space between host-state and homeland. If a host-state’s foreign policy stance is closed towards the sovereignty goal, but diaspora entrepreneurs experience their positionality as relatively strong vis-a-vis the host-state, they are more likely to mobilize through host-state channels, as in the Armenian case. If the foreign policy stance is closed towards the sovereignty goal, but the diaspora positionality is weak, activists are more likely to pursue transnational channels, as in the Palestinian case. If the foreign policy stance is open towards the sovereignty goal, but the diaspora positionality is weak, entrepreneurs are likely to engage with both channels, as in the Albanian case.
Deafening silence? Marxism, international historical sociology and the spectre of Eurocentrism
Authors: Tansel Cemal Burak
Published: March 2014

Approaching the centenary of its establishment as a formal discipline, International Relations today challenges the ahistorical and aspatial frameworks advanced by the theories of earlier luminaries. Yet, despite a burgeoning body of literature built on the transdisciplinary efforts bridging International Relations and its long-separated nomothetic relatives, the new and emerging conceptual frameworks have not been able to effectively overcome the challenge posed by the ‘non-West’. The recent wave of international historical sociology has highlighted possible trajectories to problematise the myopic and unipolar conceptions of the international system; however, the question of Eurocentrism still lingers in the developing research programmes. This article interjects into the ongoing historical materialist debate in international historical sociology by: (1) conceptually and empirically challenging the rigid boundaries of the extant approaches; and (2) critically assessing the postulations of recent theorising on ‘the international’, capitalist states-system/geopolitics and uneven and combined development. While the significance of the present contributions in international historical sociology should not be understated, it is argued that the ‘Eurocentric cage’ still occupies a dominant ontological position which essentially silences ‘connected histories’ and conceals the role of inter-societal relations in the making of the modern states-system and capitalist geopolitics.
Portrait of the realist as a historian: On anti-whiggism in the history of international relations
Authors: Guilhot Nicolas
Published: March 2014

In recent years, a revisionist history of international relations theory has generated a complex and nuanced picture of classical realism. In doing so, it has also contributed, more often than not, to a normative rehabilitation of realism. Disciplinary historians, however, have been remarkably silent about the causes of their collective bias. This article explores the paradox of a disciplinary history that has often mobilized ‘anti-whig’ arguments in its battle against the potted history of ‘great debates,’ yet only to pursue a not-so-covert presentist agenda. It argues that the revisionist history of international relations is itself part of the realist tradition, and that from its early formulation by Herbert Butterfield to its current deployment in disciplinary history, the anti-whig argument has seamlessly woven together a vision of history and a Christian-realist vision of politics. I suggest that the entanglement between realism and the historicist rejection of rationalist philosophies of history has the potential of fundamentally renewing our understanding of realism. By the same token, recovering the elective affinities between realism and historicism casts under a new light current debates about the relationship between realism and the Enlightenment since it suggests that realism was essentially a form of counter-Enlightenment.
Risky Bodies in the Plasma Bioeconomy
Authors: Kent Julie , Farrell Anne-Maree
Published: March 2014

In 2003 the UK National Blood Service introduced a policy of ‘male donor preference’ which involved women’s plasma being discarded following blood collection. The policy was based on the view that data relating to the incidence of Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury (TRALI) was linked to transfusion with women’s plasma. While appearing to treat female donors as equal to male donors, exclusion criteria operate after donation at the stage of processing blood, thus perpetuating myths of universality even though only certain ‘extractions’ from women are retained for use in transfusion. Many women in the UK receive a plasma-derived product called Anti-D immunoglobulin which is manufactured from pooled male plasma. This article examines ways in which gender has significance for understanding blood relations, and how the blood economy is gendered. In our study of relations between blood donors and recipients, we explore how gendered bodies are produced through the discursive and material practices within blood services. We examine both how donation policies and the manufacturing and use of blood products produces gendered blood relations.
Nature Cure and Ayurveda
Authors: Alter Joseph S
Published: March 2014

Nationalism can be closely associated with powerful feelings about the relationship among cultural heritage, identity and embodied experience. Almost by definition this relationship is expressed in terms of continuity, distinctiveness and the purity of tradition, to an extent that nationalistic sentiments can be said to be ‘visceral.’ Contrasting the way in which the body is implicated in nature cure and Ayurveda, two forms of medicine closely linked to nationalism in India, this article presents an analytical perspective on the embodiment of viscerality to provide a more nuanced understanding of how these experiences blur distinctions of cultural continuity and how an ecology of the body shapes the cultural politics of tradition in India.
Body Image, Prostheses, Phantom Limbs
Authors: Crawford Cassandra S.
Published: March 2014

The body image with respect to physical disability has long been a woefully under-theorized area of scholarship. The literature that does attend to the body image in cases of physical abnormality or functional impairment regularly offer poorly articulated or problematic definitions of the concept, effectively undermining its historic analytic scope and depth. Here, I revisit the epistemic roots of the body image while also engaging the rich contemporary literature from a body studies perspective in order to situate the narratives of amputees about the relationship between dismemberment, prosthetization, phantom limb syndrome, and body image. Stories about living with artificial, fleshy, phantomed, and residual limbs unquestionably reveal a number of peculiarities unique to amputees. However, they also offer a distinctively productive ingress into the analytic utility of a ‘re-visioned’ conceptualization of the body image more broadly speaking. Indeed, the body image can function as a robust investigative tool for exploring the intersubjective, processual, and relational features of embodiment and corporeality.
The dual-pathway model of collective action: Impacts of types of collective action and social identity
Authors: Shi Jing , Hao Zhen , Saeri Alexander K. , Cui Lijuan
Published: March 2014

In three experiments, we manipulated procedural fairness (Experiment 1) and group-based anger and group efficacy (Experiments 2 and 3) to investigate the independent pathways of anger and efficacy for collective action in China. In Experiment 3 we also examined pathways to “soft” (low-cost) and “hard” (high-cost) collective action. Our results supported the dual-pathway model of collective action: group-based anger and perceived group efficacy independently predicted collective action intentions to protest against increased school fees and unhygienic cafeteria conditions for Chinese university students. Group-based anger predicted soft collective action intentions; both anger and efficacy predicted hard collective action intentions. Identification with the disadvantaged group was found to moderate the problem-focused coping pathway for hard collective action intentions. For high but not low identifiers, manipulated group efficacy predicted hard collective action intentions. We discuss our findings with specific reference to collective action research in China.
Internationalization patterns of multinational lodging firms in Brazil
Authors: Boyen Maria Helena , Ogasavara Mário Henrique
Published: March 2014

The service sector is emerging in importance in terms of economic development. Although the amount of research on the internationalization process of service industries is growing, investigations on the international lodging industry still lack sufficient research, particularly in relation to emerging economies. This paper aims to fill this gap by conducting an investigation into multinational lodging firms that have started operations in Brazil. It intends to determine whether multinational lodging firms follow any temporal, geographical, or entry mode patterns when investing in an emerging market. The findings show that lodging firms in Brazil have followed differing time patterns, but have followed a similar geographical scope. Non-equity involvement was the most favored form of involvement. Although similarities in the geographical and entry mode patterns were observed, the individual lodging firms followed different internationalization and expansion strategies in their entry into Brazil.
AGaPaS: A new approach for search-and-rescue-operations at sea
Authors: Kurowski Martin , Lampe Bernhard P
Published: March 2014

An innovative, satellite-guided search-and-rescue-system will be presented. This system utilises an autonomous rescue vessel to retrieve overboard personnel. The system acts instantaneously, which significantly increases the chance of survival. It was developed for use on special ships or offshore platforms, where workers are subject to adverse weather conditions and overboard personnel are often discovered too late. A substantial challenge is the automation of the autonomously acting rescue vehicle as well as its integration into the superior search-and-rescue-process. To ensure the fastest possible approach to the casualty without endangering the person, a cascaded control concept has been designed. Two-degree-of-freedom control concepts are used to separate the tracking performance from the disturbance rejection. The inner speed control structure is divided into two parts and consists of the control structure itself with an in-line allocation to the device configuration. The contribution mainly addresses the automation of the rescue vessel, the synthesis of the control system of the autonomously acting vehicle as well as the integration into the superior search-and-rescue-process. Finally, some test results of this complex system are shown.
Psychovisual evaluations of many luminous environments on the internet
Authors: Villa C , Labayrade R
Published: March 2014

In the process of lighting design, usually many lighting alternatives are assessed against criteria such as energy consumption, lamp type, price and also user preferences collected through psychovisual experiments. However, these experiments induce subject fatigue, which limits the number of lighting alternatives that can be evaluated. To overcome this limitation, we propose a new protocol based on (1) the use of the internet and (2) an incomplete experimental design in which each subject judges only a subset of the whole set of visual stimuli. This protocol is validated by comparing three experiments conducted in the laboratory and online. No statistical difference was highlighted between the results of the experiments. Extrapolations suggest that this protocol could be used to assess up to 3000 visual stimuli.
Effects of residential energy-saving lamps on the attraction of nocturnal insects
Authors: Poiani S , Dietrich C , Barroso A , Costa-Leonardo AM
Published: March 2014

Many species of insects display a disposition to move towards light. As a consequence, nocturnal artificial lighting often contributes to an increase in insect population among humans. We tested the hypothesis that residential white lamps can evoke significantly different attraction to insects even when their light outputs are nearly indistinguishable to humans. In a two-choice experiment using insect traps equipped with either a compact fluorescent or a LED light source with similar photometric specifications, about three times more insects were captured in the trap with a compact fluorescent lamp than in the LED trap. The results suggest that LED lamps are preferable to compact fluorescent lamps when the objective is to avoid attracting nocturnal insects to households.
Bone Marrow Stromal Cells Rescue Ischemic Brain by Trophic Effects and Phenotypic Change Toward Neural Cells
Authors: Shichinohe Hideo , Ishihara Takeshi , Takahashi Koji , Tanaka Yoshikazu , Miyamoto Michiyuki , Yamauchi Tomohiro , Saito Hisayasu , Takemoto Hiroshi , Houkin Kiyohiro , Kuroda Satoshi
Published: March 2014

Background. Transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) may contribute to functional recovery after stroke. This study was designed to clarify their mechanisms, trophic effects of neurotrophic factors, and neural differentiation. Methods. Mouse neurons exposed to glutamate were cocultured with mouse BMSCs. Either neutralizing antibodies against brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) or nerve growth factor (NGF) or Trk inhibitor K252a was added to explore the mechanism of their protective effects. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was used to assess BDNF or NGF mRNA expression in BMSCs. The mice were subjected to permanent focal ischemia, and 7 days later, either BMSCs or the vehicle was stereotactically transplanted into the ipsilateral striatum. The mouse brains were processed for FISH and immunostaining 2 or 4 weeks after transplantation. Results. BMSCs significantly ameliorated glutamate-induced neuronal death. Treatment with anti-BDNF antibody significantly reduced their protective effects. FISH analysis showed that the majority of BMSCs expressed BDNF and NGF mRNA in vitro. BMSC transplantation significantly improved the survival of neurons in peri-infarct areas. FISH analysis revealed that approximately half of BMSCs expressed BDNF and NGF mRNA 2 weeks after transplantation; however, the percentage of BDNF and NGF mRNA-positive cells decreased thereafter. Instead, the percentage of microtubule-associated protein 2–positive BMSCs gradually increased during 4 weeks after transplantation. Conclusions. These findings strongly suggest that BDNF may be a key factor underlying the trophic effects of BMSCs. BMSCs might exhibit the trophic effect in the early stage of cell therapy and the phenotypic change toward neural cells thereafter.
The Effect of Visual Scanning Exercises Integrated Into Physiotherapy in Patients With Unilateral Spatial Neglect Poststroke
Authors: van Wyk Andoret , Eksteen Carina A. , Rheeder Paul
Published: March 2014

Background. Unilateral spatial neglect (USN) is a visual-perceptual disorder that entails the inability to perceive and integrate stimuli on one side of the body, resulting in the neglect of one side of the body. Stroke patients with USN present with extensive functional disability and duration of therapy input. Objective. To determine the effect of saccadic eye movement training with visual scanning exercises (VSEs) integrated with task-specific activities on USN poststroke. Methods. A matched-pair randomized control trial was conducted. Subjects were matched according to their functional activity level and allocated to either a control (n = 12) or an experimental group (n = 12). All patients received task-specific activities for a 4-week intervention period. The experimental group received saccadic eye movement training with VSE integrated with task specific activities as an “add on” intervention. Assessments were conducted weekly over the intervention period. Results. Statistical significant difference was noted on the King-Devick Test ( P = .021), Star Cancellation Test ( P = .016), and Barthel Index ( P = .004). Conclusion. Intensive saccadic eye movement training with VSE integrated with task-specific activities has a significant effect on USN in patients poststroke. Results of this study are supported by findings from previously reviewed literature in the sense that the effect of saccadic eye movement training with VSE as an intervention approach has a significant effect on the visual perceptual processing of participants with USN poststroke. The significant improved visual perceptual processing translate to significantly better visual function and ability to perform activities of daily living following the stroke.
The relation between transformational leadership and follower emotional strain: The moderating role of professional ambition
Authors: Holstad Torsten J , Korek Sabine , Rigotti Thomas , Mohr Gisela
Published: March 2014

The present study tests a model of moderated mediation in the relationship between transformational leadership and follower emotional strain. Based on the job demands-resources model, we suggest that transformational leaders may be able to decrease follower emotional strain by providing social support. It is also proposed that a protective effect of social support from a transformational leader will depend on the employees’ level of professional ambition. Mediation by social support may be stronger for ambitious employees, such that transformational leadership may be associated with less emotional strain for these employees (moderated mediation). A sample of 199 employees participated in a cross-sectional study in Germany. Results confirmed the hypothesized moderated mediation indicating a health-promoting effect of supervisory social support for ambitious employees (not found for low levels of ambition). The study suggests that the idea of a general positive effect of transformational leadership on followers’ emotional strain is not appropriate.
Toward a theory of dispersed leadership in teams: Model, findings, and directions for future research
Authors: Konradt Udo
Published: March 2014

This paper addresses a new perspective how leadership can be conceptualized in times of dispersed and team working structures. The dispersed leadership theory in teams proposes three distinguishing types of leadership, which include interactional leadership exerted by leaders; team leadership provided by team members; and structural leadership influenced by work and organizational factors (i.e., task, organizational structures, and customers). It is assumed that these three types of leadership simultaneously exert influence on follower’s attitudes and behaviors in teams. We outline the theory, review empirical evidence based on the model and discuss the strengths and limitations. In conclusion, we discuss relevant emerging topics for future studies.
Interpersonal affect and the assessment of and interrelationship between leadership constructs
Authors: Rowold Jens , Borgmann Lars
Published: March 2014

Recent theoretical and empirical research focused on the role of affect in the process of leadership. It was proposed that followers’ interpersonal affect toward their supervisor biases the assessment of transformational leadership. In order to extend this work, the present study focused on other important, additional leadership constructs (i.e. transactional, laissez-faire, consideration, initiating structure, leader–member exchange, and ethical leadership). Utilizing data from eight empirical studies (total sample size N = 2213), it was found that liking considerably impacted the assessment of all of these leadership constructs. In addition, the convergence between these leadership constructs was biased by liking. Overall, the role of liking in the leadership process was highlighted.
The moderating role of authoritarian leadership on the relationship between the internalization of emotional regulation and the well-being of employees
Authors: Chu Li-Chuan
Published: March 2014

This study explores whether the internalization of emotional regulation affects well-being and examines further whether authoritarian leadership can moderate the relationship between such internalization of emotional regulation and employee well-being. A total of 271 working adults who were employed by Chinese enterprises in Taiwan participated in this study. All hypotheses were tested using hierarchical regression analyses. The study showed that controlled emotional regulation through external regulation is significantly negatively associated with such indicators of well-being as mental and physical health, whereas autonomous emotional regulation through integrated regulation is significantly positively associated with such indicators of well-being as mental and physical health. The study also found that authoritarian leadership may moderate the relationship between autonomous emotional regulation through identified or integrated regulation and the well-being indicators.
Identities and ideals: Psychoanalytic dialogues of self and leadership
Authors: Islam Gazi
Published: March 2014

The author contextualizes recent developments in sociocognitive approaches to leadership by drawing on psychoanalytic conceptions of self-identity. It is argued that psychoanalytic views of the self are complementary to contemporary social-cognitive approaches, although historical divergences in these literatures have impeded mutual dialogue. This initiative at dialogue examines charismatic, schema, and self-identity theories of leadership within a psychoanalytic framework, arguing that when self-identity is viewed broadly, convergences between these approaches become apparent. A broad view of the self makes notions of authority central to the construction of personal identities, underscores the ambivalence and relationality of self-processes, and highlights the normative assumptions underlying followership that may be difficult to theorize with contemporary sociocognitive approaches.
Observations from an analysis of the US Army’s Reserve Officer Training Corps leadership assessment and development course
Authors: Baker John P
Published: March 2014

This study analyzed data from the US Army’s Reserve Officer’s Training Corps (ROTC) leader development and assessment course (LDAC) leader development program. A quantitative analysis using data spanning 11 years and over 47,000 leadership assessments using 16 leader dimensions allowed for a multivariate logistic regression analysis that determined the nature and duration of activities that had the greatest influence on the overall leader development rating. A descriptive analysis using frequency distributions provides insights to the influences of gender, race, and age on the leadership assessments. Current and future leader development programs can adjust or incorporate findings from this study to enhance programs and more effectively achieve stated outcomes.