bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crispi and the “Exceptional Laws”
Authors: Pernicone Nunzio , Ottanelli Fraser M.
Published: May 2019

In Italy anarchist bombings along with the attentats of Lega and Caserio provided the pretext for an intensification of repression. Chapter 4 details the measures adopted under Francesco Crispi’s draconian rule directed against the country’s progressive forces—republicans, socialists, and anarchists. The chapter describes the legislation approved in 1894 that allowed the government to escalate the clampdown of political subversion and public unrest. These “exceptional laws” further curtailed freedom of the press and made it possible to subject thousands of subversives and malfattori to ammonizione, trial by military courts and domicilio coatto in penal colonies. Finally, these repressive measures forced anarchist leaders who were not in detention to flee into exile.
Anthracite Mining
Authors: Shackel Paul A.
Published: May 2019

Northeastern Pennsylvania’s transportation infrastructure developed, first, with the construction of canals and, later, with the development of rail lines. Early coal operations enticed miners from England and Wales to work in the region. By the mid-nineteenth century an influx of Irish workers arrived to meet the growing demands of coal production. In the late nineteenth century, coal operators made a concerted effort to create surplus labor by recruiting an extraordinary number of workers from southern and eastern Europe. High unemployment rates kept wages low and company profits high. The new immigrants were generally not accepted as equals by descendants of the first wave of European settlers, and the racialization of the southern and eastern Europeans became codified in popular culture and in official government documents.
The 1997 Centennial Commemoration and the Memory of Lattimer
Authors: Shackel Paul A.
Published: May 2019

The centennial event at Lattimer was attended by the president of the UMWA, labor organizers, local politicians, and community stakeholders, and they commemorated significant places associated with the massacre. Three local cemeteries established markers noting the final resting places of the several of the victims. The memory of Lattimer became important to some during the 1990s when the Hazleton area began to attract immigrants who came for the unskilled jobs and inexpensive housing. Citizens have criticized the newcomers and espoused neoliberal ideals. While immigrants in the late nineteenth century are celebrated because they worked hard to support their families, like the miners at Lattimer, the newcomers, some residents assert, arrived to exploit the welfare system.
Silence and the Perils of Identity
Authors: Solinger Rickie
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers Solinger’s experience as a white, Jewish child in mid-twentieth-century Cincinnati, in a culture in which no adult she knew, including the rabbi, ever mentioned the Holocaust. At the same time, these adults, including her “liberal” parents, treated the African American domestic workers in their households as marks and proof of white supremacy. Solinger interrogates the sources and effects of Jewish silence regarding the murder of European Jews, and the 1967 African American rebellion in Cincinnati, and speculates about relationships between these events. Solinger ties this personal, family, community, and global history to her emergence as a historian.
The Era of “The Treaty of Detroit,” 1949–1950
Authors: Clark Daniel J.
Published: May 2019

The 1950 GM-UAW contract, called "The Treaty of Detroit" by Fortune magazine, dominates accounts of postwar U.S. labor history because it seemed to ensure steady employment, increasing wages, and improved benefits, like pensions, for autoworkers. But the Treaty of Detroit and comparable contracts with Chrysler and Ford were efforts to achieve some semblance of stability and predictability in a volatile industry, not the confirmation and continued promise of the postwar boom. The contracts were signed after a year of national recession, marked by intensifying competition in the auto industry, with production speedups and strikes, new efforts at automation (the replacement of jobs with machinery), national coal and steel strikes, and chronic layoffs for autoworkers. The Korean War led to further instability.
“What IS happening? Which way ARE we headed?” 1959–1960
Authors: Clark Daniel J.
Published: May 2019

Despite the official end of the 1958 recession, massive unemployment persisted for Detroit's autoworkers amidst huge disruptions in production. Safety nets had long since frayed. Most autoworkers exhausted their unemployment benefits and few alternate employment options existed. Unemployed Detroiters lined up wherever there were job openings, no matter the type of work. Ford and GM, however, earned healthy profits, despite shutdowns caused by a national steel strike. The only bright spot in the industry, nationwide, was the trend toward fuel-efficient, compact cars. In mid-1960 the U.S. Department of Labor declared Detroit to be in the "worst-off" category among metropolitan areas. By the end of 1960, auto work remained precarious in the Motor City, and the postwar boom remained elusive.
Charles Preston Warren II
Authors: Baldwin-jones Alice
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores the life and work of Charles Preston Warren II, a pioneer theoretical and applied forensic anthropologist who made significant contributions to Philippines studies. As the longest serving military forensic anthropologist, Warren identified America’s dead from World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War. He also worked with the county sheriff’s office and medical examiner office in Chicago and Indiana. He conducted research among the Palawan of the Philippines and disputed the prevailing classification based on skin color of the various ethnic black Asians populations known as Negritos, arguing instead that they differed culturally from each other.
John Langston Gwaltney
Authors: Johnson-Simon Deborah
Published: May 2019

This chapter offers an overview of John Langston Gwaltney’s personal life and his work as a scholar, teacher, writer, ritual wood carver, and native anthropologist. It also explores the complex factors that enabled him to overcome the challenges of being blind from birth and undertake fieldwork under the guidance of Margaret Mead. It also explores his contributions to a core black ethnography and drylongso (a black English term meaning “ordinary” or “not unusual”) and to African American museology. He maintained that a “core black culture” existed in the US, centered around large family groups and church affiliations, and that it included communal responsibility, tolerance, conviviality, awareness of repression, and a rich language.
Conclusion
Authors: Switzer Heather D.
Published: May 2019

Becoming “People Who Use Both Hands,” argues the contours of the still-unfolding social category of Maasai schoolgirlhood raise conceptual (and therefore political) questions about the convergence of power and knowledge shaping current commonsense for girls’ empowerment through development investment. The chapter theorizes GID (Girls in Development) as a distinct paradigm for framing girls in development discourse and practice that is informed by and also distinct from WID (Women in Development) and GAD (Gender and Development) by situating its emergence genealogically. In the context of GID, the chapter then theorizes schoolgirlhood as a dialectical site of possibility rather than a straightforward sign of “empowerment.”
The Myth of the Christian Nation
Authors: Hughes Richard T.
Published: May 2019

While America’s founders sought to create a nation of religious freedom, not a Christian nation, Christians in the early nineteenth century effectively Christianized the American Republic through the Second Great Awakening. Over the course of American history, many whites have accepted the claim that America is a Christian nation. Blacks from an early date, however, have argued that Christian America is a hollow concept, informed by assumptions of white supremacy. In the nineteenth century, David Walker ridiculed the notion of Christian America, while Frederick Douglass and Ida B. Wells claimed that the idea of Christian America was a cover for horrendous crimes against blacks. In the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, blacks as disparate as Martin Luther King Jr., Malcolm X, James Baldwin, Ta-Nehisi Coates, and James Cone unmasked the myth of a Christian America. By the twenty-first century, the collapse of Christian dominance in the United States could be traced, at least in part, to the complicity of white American Christians in the myth of White Supremacy. Many white Christians responded by attempting to restore a lost golden age, ignoring their complicity in the myth of White Supremacy that had helped bring on America’s fourth time of trial.
Conclusion
Authors: Hughes Richard T.
Published: May 2019

James Baldwin wrote that blacks have typically rejected the Great American Myths, for unlike most white Americans, they discerned the extent to which those myths were rooted in America’s primal myth, the myth of White Supremacy. Yet one must wonder how those myths might serve the nation if stripped of their coloration. The issue comes down to this—is such a color stripping even possible? At the very least, a color stripping would depend on two factors—increased face-to-face relationships between blacks and whites and, perhaps even more important, resistance, even in the face of torture and death. Perhaps a thin sliver of hope is all that American history can justify. But hope we must, for if we abandon hope, we have also abandoned our future.
Voices of Drought
Authors: Silvers Michael B.
Published: May 2019

Voices of Drought is an ethnomusicological study of relationships between popular music, the environmental and social costs of drought, and the politics of culture and climate vulnerability in the northeast region of Brazil, primarily the state of Ceará. The book traces the articulations of music and sound with drought as a discourse, a matter of politics, and a material reality. It encompasses multiple entwined issues, including ecological exile, poverty, and unequal access to vital resources such as water, along with corruption, prejudice, unbridled capitalism, and rapidly expanding neoliberalism. Each chapter is a case study: the use of carnauba wax, formed by palm trees as a protective climate adaptation, in the production of wax cylinder sound recordings in the late nineteenth century; the political significance of regionalist popular music, especially baião and forró, in the mid-twentieth century; forró music and practices of weather forecasting that involve listening to bird calls; the production and meaning of the soundscape of a small city as it involves musician Raimundo Fagner; social and musical change at the turn of the twenty-first century; and the cancellation of state-sponsored Carnival celebrations due to a costly multi-year drought in the 2010s. Demonstrating how ecological crisis affects musical culture by way of and proportionate to social difference and stratification, the book advocates a focus on environmental justice in ecomusicological scholarship.
The Mormon City in Decline
Authors: Esplin Scott C.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the preparation for and eventual abandonment of Nauvoo, Illinois, by the Mormons following the 1844 death of Joseph Smith, the founder of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormonism). It marks the failed attempts to sell properties by the faith’s new leader, Brigham Young, and the eventual resettlement of the city by a French communal society known as the Icarians. The chapter also traces the Icarian’s demise and the German farmers and vintners who next occupied Nauvoo, transforming it into a rural river village by occupying, repurposing, or removing remaining Mormon structures while remaking the city’s religious character.
Nauvoo Restoration Incorporated and a Formal Latter-day Saint Presence in Nauvoo
Authors: Esplin Scott C.
Published: May 2019

During the second half of the twentieth century, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormonism) returned in a formal and dramatic way to Nauvoo, Illinois. This chapter discusses that return, beginning with the restoration work of J. LeRoy Kimball and the organization he headed, Nauvoo Restoration Incorporated. Over a period a several decades, Kimball led a team of renowned archaeologists and historians to restore Nauvoo into a Midwestern version of Colonial Williamsburg. Eventually, however, tensions between the historical and the religious led to a shift in emphasis for the site, as those directing Nauvoo Restoration embraced the proselytizing potential among the thousands who took to the road in the post-World War II tourism boom, visiting sites like Nauvoo.
Conclusion
Authors: Marks Laura Helen
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses the recent discourse surrounding sex work and pornography that uncannily recalls the rhetoric of the Victorian age. Current bad-faith efforts to combat “sex trafficking” and regulate pornographic access and content signals a return to the sex panic of the nineteenth century. Porn studies as a pedagogical movement is vital in turning the tide toward a more informed and helpful understanding of sex work and sexual representation. Ironically, much of what pornography has to say about the Victorian era applies to the present day, an echo that pornographers are all too aware of. The chapter advocates for further developments in porn studies, greater attention to meaningful engagement with porn as a media product and sphere of labor, and porn literacy as a standard component of education.
The Senses and Sacramentality in Late Medieval Intellectual Discourse
Authors: Baum Jacob M.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores learned discourse about the significance of the senses in religious worship in fifteenth century Germany, focusing mainly on Latin-language treatises on the sacraments of the church. It shows that, in contrast to the diversity of producing sensuous worship in practice, theories of the importance of the senses in religion were quite consistent among learned theologians and university professors, deriving heavily from Aristotelian natural philosophy. Above all, emphasis was placed on the positive, affective attachments people formed to religion by engaging with the ritual edifice of the church through all five senses. Church officials in particular were keen to promote this idea as a means of bolstering the authority of the clergy as a class of ritual experts at a time when challenges to this authority were emergent.
The Reformation of the Senses in Early Evangelical Culture
Authors: Baum Jacob M.
Published: May 2019

This chapter begins part 2 of the study by considering the origins of the mythology of a de-sensualized Protestantism. Analysis of evangelical print culture in the first half of the 1520s reveals that those who moved to break with the Church of Rome produced unprecedented numbers of vernacular pamphlets laying out criticisms of traditional religion and visions for a new alternative. Consistently, evangelicals told the story of a new, de-sensualized form of Christianity, in contrast to the old, hypersensual religion. This narrative of change over time obscured the complexity of late medieval religion yet nonetheless became central to early Protestant identity in a few short years, and over the course of the sixteenth century it became a generalized assumption in religious discourse and fostered the sensibility that some had indeed profoundly changed.
Merging Print and Digital Literacies in the African American Literature Classroom
Authors: Brooks Tisha M.
Published: May 2019

Tisha Brooks writes about a digital anthology assignment in her 200-level African American literature survey in which students act as “knowledge curators.” Brooks’s assignments use literary and visual texts to “bridge multiple literacies and historical gaps,” and to encourage students to think critically about representations of violence against black bodies. Student work culminates in a group digital anthology project that helps them “move from mere consumers of knowledge to critical thinkers who use the archive to make meaning of its artifacts and the history and literature connected to them.” By selecting multimedia artifacts across periods, students become adept at representing the historical continuities between past and present.
Population Continuity and Replacement in the Pre-contact Valley of Mexico
Authors: Ragsdale Corey S. , Edgar Heather J. H.
Published: May 2019

Settlement patterns in the pre-contact period in the Valley of Mexico are often characterized by the collapse and regeneration of civilizations, creating a series of power vacuums over time. How did these abrupt political changes affect population structures throughout the region? Can population structure in the Valley of Mexico be best characterized as population replacement, population continuity, or both? In this chapter, biological distances are compared with distances representing population continuity and replacement models. Biological distances based on dental morphological observations represent samples from Valley of Mexico populations from the Preclassic (1200 BC to AD 200) to the Late Postclassic (AD 1200–1520) periods. The results in this chapter support a population replacement model in the Valley of Mexico, confirming archaeological and ethnohistoric accounts of migration patterns. Population replacement is most evident during the transition from the Classic to Postclassic periods and throughout the Postclassic period.
Isotopes, Dental Morphology, and Human Provenience at the Maya Site of Yaxuná, Yucatán, Mexico
Authors: Price T. Douglas , Stanton Travis W.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 4 addresses the issue of human migration and mobility at the Classic period Maya site of Yaxuná, Yucatán, Mexico, located in the Maya northern lowlands, from the combined lens of bioarchaeology and archaeometry, specifically dental morphology and strontium and oxygen isotopes. The site is positioned at a crucial point of an east-to-west inland trade corridor, and the architectural evidence shows influence of the Puuc region, situated in the westernmost side of the peninsula. Given that material culture and ideas can be exchanged with or without the actual movement of people, the chapter evaluates the hypothesis that people from the Puuc region might have migrated to the city during the eighth century AD.
Illegal but Tolerated
Authors: Müller Viola Franziska
Published: May 2019

As antebellum Virginia became the main point of departure for the domestic slave trade and enslaved people increasingly ran the risk of being sold and deported to the Deep South, the free black population of Richmond, Virginia, was substantially augmented by an influx of fugitive slaves from the surrounding countryside who attempted to escape slavery by illegally passing themselves off as free. At the same time, the city became an important industrial site, stimulating an incessant demand for factory workers (both men and women) and domestic servants in the households of the growing white merchant class, thereby significantly expanding employment opportunities for black residents. These developments provided opportunities for slave refugees to hide amongst the free black population, pass for free, and find work in the booming labor markets of the city. Following up on the previous chapter, this chapter zooms in on a specific case study and focuses on the residential and economic integration of slave refugees in the Antebellum South, the interdependence of free blacks and fugitive slaves, and the intermingling of the lower classes within the bustling urban environment of Virginia’s capital city. Drawing from police registers, runaway slave ads, and court documents—all of which reveal illuminating details about the lives of runaway slaves and their interactions with the free black population—it reveals how fugitive slaves navigated an informal freedom in ways similar to the migration experiences of today’s illegal immigrants.
“Design His Course to Mexico”
Authors: Audain Mekala
Published: May 2019

In the mid-1850s, Texas slaveholders estimated that some 4,000 fugitive slaves had escaped south to Mexico. This chapter broadly examines the process in which runaway slaves from Texas escaped to Mexico. Specifically, it explores how they learned about freedom south of the border, the types of supplies they gathered for their escape attempts, and the ways in which Texas’s vast landscape shaped their experiences. It argues that the routes that led fugitive slaves to freedom in Mexico were a part of a precarious southern Underground Railroad, but one that operated in the absence of formal networks or a well-organized abolitionist movement. The chapter centers on fugitive slaves’ efforts toward self-emancipation and navigate contested spaces of slavery and freedom with little assistance and under difficult conditions. It sheds new light on the history of runaway slaves by examining the ways in which American westward expansion and the U.S.-Mexico borderlands shaped the fugitive slave experience in the nineteenth century.
Freedom Interrupted
Authors: Nichols James David
Published: May 2019

Scholars have long suggested that nineteenth-century runaway slaves turned the U.S.-Mexico border into a line of freedom. However, as this chapter argues, such an interpretation of the border is somewhat problematic. A closer examination of the history of northern Tamaulipas explains why. From 1820 onward, African Americans began to arrive to that region in search of freedom and a changed racial milieu, but this process was deeply fraught. U.S. American jurisprudence could continue to affect Mexican space formally and informally from the outside, greatly troubling Mexican sovereignty and its foreign relations in the process. Hence, the freedom found by African Americans in Mexico—guaranteed by Mexican law—was never particularly secure in practice. This chapter builds upon the previous chapter and provides an in-depth analysis of a specific case study of fugitive slaves’ struggles for freedom in the Texas-Mexico borderlands.
The U.S. Coastal Passageand Caribbean Spaces of Freedom
Authors: Kerr-Ritchie Jeffrey R.
Published: May 2019

In November 1841, the U.S. slaver Creole transporting 135 slaves from Richmond to New Orleans was seized by nineteen slave rebels who steered the ship to the British Bahamas, where all secured their liberation. Drawing from this well-known story as a point of departure, this chapter examines the understudied maritime dimensions of British free soil policies in the nineteenth century, with a particular emphasis on how such policies affected the U.S. domestic slave trade and slave revolts at sea. In contrast to the more familiar narrative of south-to-north fugitive slave migration, this chapter sheds light on international south-to-south migration routes from the U.S. South to the circum-Caribbean.
On Jane Addams’s Feminist Pragmatism
Authors: Renzi Kristen
Published: May 2019

What power did Jane Addams see in a group of elderly female Hull-House clients who came searching in 1913 for a purported “Devil Baby”? Kristen Renzi argues that Addams uses the tale as a catalyst for her depictions of cultures that explicitly challenge the modern tendency to discount the past in the name of progress. Temporally and ideologically, Addams can be situated at modernity’s threshold, for her work exhibits ties to both nineteenth-century femininity and twentieth-century public intellectualism. Through The Long Road of Woman’s Memory (1916), Addams not only overtly analyzes the ways in which women experience, remember, and give meaning to their gendered realities, but also uses the Devil-baby tale to query her own “threshold” position. Her equal investment in both modern possibilities for women and traditional, explicitly feminine forms of knowledge provides a model of considering a feminist recovery that, far from objectifying relics of the past, demonstrates the contemporary socio-political needs and possibilities that can only be understood through a pragmatic turning backward.
Naturalism and Contrapposto in the Ceramics of Ancient Ecuador
Authors: Farmer James
Published: May 2019

In chapter 3, James Framer investigates a pattern of artistic evolution in depictions of the human figure in a series of figurative ceramic styles originating in ancient coastal Ecuador. Between c.3000 BCE and c.500 CE, a chronological sequence of five distinct but connected ceramic styles emerged in the region: Valdivia, Machalilla, Chorrera, Jamacoaque, and La Tolita. Close scrutiny of changes in the rendering the human figure in this sequence reflect aesthetic and philosophical changes in the intent of both patrons and artists. Comparisons are noted between ancient Ecuadorian and certain other ancient American figurative ceramics and the development of the Classic human figure type in Greek art. This essay argues that certain specific artistic techniques and conventions employed in Classic Greek art, and by which the Classic tradition has long been defined, were also being developed independently by ancient American ceramicists. Contrapposto, high naturalism, canonical proportion and ratios, and highly animated postures and gestures, all seem to have also been developed and applied in the ancient Americas, perhaps reflecting the emergence of a distinct form of ancient American humanistic philosophy, separate but parallel to the more famous Classical tradition from the Old World.
“Ceramic Sets” in Maya and Toltec Ceramics
Authors: Bey George J.
Published: May 2019

This chapter suggests a way Mesoamerican archaeologists can move beyond the Type-Variety system of ceramic classification. It offers evidence for a ceramic unit called the “ceramic set.” It is assumed consumers within a culture each had a similar range of serving and preparation needs and the range of formal variation found in different types of ceramics represented an effort by different producers to meet these needs. The range of forms found within one of these types a "ceramic set." Ceramic set are further defined as a series of forms that are similar in paste, slip, and surface treatment but which are used for a variety of serving needs. The chapter examines the evidence for ceramic sets in two Mesoamerica societies, the Toltec of Central Mexico (A.D. 900–1150) and the Maya of the Southern Lowlands (A.D. 700–1000) in an effort to provide a new method for identifying the nature of household activities in these societies. It also examines whether ceramic sets allow archaeologists to define evidence of innovation and competition in the production and distribution of ceramics in Pre-Columbian pottery economic systems.
The Modernist Soundscape
Authors: Frattarola Angela
Published: May 2019

Chapter 1 questions why the early twentieth-century soundscape was called by its contemporaries “the age of noise,” and considers how the changing soundscape influenced listening practices. In particular, auditory technologies altered sound perception by creating new paths for intimacy, by exposing listeners to a cosmopolitan and bohemian world of new sounds, and by aestheticizing noise and sound through mechanical reproduction. Yet, why else might modernist literature emphasize sound in ways that the previous generation did not? Scholars such as Steven Connor, Jonathan Sterne, David Michael Levin, and Don Ihde hold that auditory experience has been neglected in modernity and philosophy, where sight is traditionally privileged. More importantly, some of these writers suggest that while the eye has a tendency to be distancing and analytical, the ear has the potential to connect humans to one another and their environment. Building on Martin Jay’s argument that a skepticism of vision began with turn-of-the-century thinkers, such as Henri Bergson, and modernist artists, this chapter argues that modernists include the auditory as a way of subverting visual-based notions of rationality and subjectivity rooted in antiquity and the Enlightenment.
Migration, Part 2
Authors: Roller Michael P.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 6 takes up the changing spatial landscape explored first in chapter 4 in a much-altered political and economic environment, the decline of the anthracite coal industry in mid-century. This is also a period of emancipation for the company town accompanied by the development of new forms of identification and immigration of a different sort than that covered in previous chapters. Attention to the material record suggests that this emancipation from industrial control signalled the development of new forms of collectively organized communal improvements through direct democracy. Landscape archaeology also suggests that the intersection of contemporary subjectivity and space such as aspects of privacy, ownership, and differentiation also begin to take hold in this period.
The Destructive Character
Authors: Roller Michael P.
Published: May 2019

Several planning documents connected to redevelopment efforts of the last quarter of the twentieth century are examined in chapter 7 in combination with drastic changes in the landscape of the town and altered community social interactions. I assert that urban renewal resulted not only in drastic changes in the material and economic landscape, but more importantly, was also a process of subjectivization. Increasingly residents subjected each other to bureaucratic demands suggesting that, at least tactically, they had adopted the language of neoliberalism--renewal, and management--enunciating a new community comprised of atomized individuals adopting entrepreneurial attitudes to space, labor, and governance. At stake was the capacity for the materiality of landscape to remember, reproduce, and channel social relations in a manner responsive to the exigencies of uncertain economy.
The Path to the Council House
Authors: Sullivan Lynne P.
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses the transition from Early to Late Mississippian in southeast Tennessee, a time period that encompassed many cultural changes, including shifts from dispersed to nucleated communities. More people moved into mound centers, the use of communal burial mounds ceased in favor of household and public space interments, palisades were added to some settlements, and new types of pottery, architecture, and symbolism came into use. Concomitant with these changes were new forms of community leadership overlaid upon an older base of kinship groupings. Gender duality, with men acting in community leadership roles in councils and women serving as kin group leaders, likely developed as a strategy for social and political cohesion related to a need to integrate refugees from drought-stricken regions to the west. This gendered division of leadership for village governance would have helped to manage and ease inevitable tensions and conflict during coalescence.
Sowing the Dead
Authors: Hepner Tricia Redeker , Steadman Dawnie Wolfe , Hanebrink Julia R.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 9 discusses the social impacts of war in Uganda and, in particular, the interactions between the survivors and the victims of violence who are seeking proper burial. It shows how the bones of the Acholi massacre victims continue to assert their agency and hamper community healing. It also illustrates the persistent suffering experienced by those who survived the massacres and the dilemma they face in placating the unknown dead. The ability to solve this dilemma is complicated by a number of factors including the often-unknown identities of the deceased and the lack of resources required to perform the necessary burial rituals.
Cosmopolitanism with Chinese Characteristics
Authors: Song Geng
Published: May 2019

Through close readings of male images in a recent TV drama Love Me, If You Dare, the chapter examines how these transnational male images exhibit hybridity and negotiation between global and local discourses of masculinity and how national identity is constructed through negotiation of the meaning of gender. Images like white-collar professionals and returnees from overseas show a conspicuous desire to represent Chinese men in a cosmopolitan fashion and to link masculinity with modernity. In representations of this “transnational business masculinity,” Western lifestyle is represented as a middle-class status symbol and an indicator of knowledge of the world and modernity. The chapter argues that the cosmopolitan masculinity squares with the state’s agenda of building a modern and cosmopolitan image of the country and, in particular, its educated younger elite. Male images in China’s recent television programs display increasing transnationality and a paradoxical coterminosity between cosmopolitan fantasy and nationalist pride, which indicates the fault lines of the confidence and anxiety when China faces the world.
Tasting Food, Tasting Nostalgia
Authors: Feng Jin
Published: May 2019

In this chapter, I use Cai Lan (aka Chua Lam), a Hong Kong–based food critic, as a case study to examine the construction of masculine identity through gastronomic literature. Cai integrates a cosmopolitan outlook and traditional literati sensibilities into his work, and he draws upon both world-based culinary knowledge and locally based individual experience. His contrasting strategies of simultaneously elevating local cuisine and promoting cosmopolitan taste through literature and commerce ultimately reveal a form of identity politics at a particular historical moment in Hong Kong.
Idealizing Masculinity through Representation of Fatherhood
Authors: Song Lin
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the representations of masculinity in a recent Chinese reality TV show Dad, Where Are We Going?, which is based on the original South Korean show of the same title. By closely examining its portrayal of five father-son and father-daughter pairs, the essay observes a twofold construction of masculinity in the show’s transcultural format adaptation. On the one hand, the show’s representation of affectionate and expressive father figures reframes and hybridizes traditional scripts of Chinese masculinity by incorporating pan-East Asian soft masculinity. On the other hand, as I point out, its modes of representation betray an underlying logic that recapitulates the dominance of a bread-winning model of hegemonic masculinity and the gendered division of labor. As a result, whereas the show expands on notions of Chinese masculinity, its portrayal of fatherhood as a whole remains ideologically conservative and serves largely as a televisual compensation for the general absence of active and desirable father figures in contemporary mainland China.
Just Fathers
Authors: Driessen Miriam
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores how perceptions of masculinity play into the ways in which Chinese migrant fathers in Africa perceive and perform parental care from afar. Migration not only redefines institutional structures of the family, it also changes or challenges existing notions of parenthood. Separated from their family members, migrant fathers are compelled to negotiate notions of fatherhood and effectively “re-do” gender from afar. Ideas of fatherhood are very salient in contexts of transnational migration, in which ideas about what makes a “just” father often reflect differences in perspective among migrants as well as between migrants and non-migrant kin. By negotiating Chinese fatherhood, men attempt to bridge gaps between the reality of family separation and the expectations of parental duty and care.
ASEAN Member States’ Maritime Claims
Authors: O'Neill Daniel C.
Published: May 2019

This chapter analyzes each ASEAN member state’s territorial claims and disputes both in and outside of the South China Sea as well as its current position regarding ASEAN efforts to negotiate multilaterally with China over rival South China Sea claims. It highlights the broad support for freedom of navigation within ASEAN as well as the stated desire of each government to pursue a peaceful resolution based on the Code of Conduct with China that the ASEAN members agreed to develop in Phnom Penh in 2002. The chapter makes clear that, despite the many overlapping and competing maritime territorial claims among ASEAN member states, these states have managed to cooperate to resolve disputes outside of the South China Sea and, unlike China, since the signing of the DOC have largely refrained from taking provocative actions related to contested claims within the region. The chapter further notes the important differences in the dynamics between, and preferences of, China and the rival ASEAN claimants in the South China Sea when compared to the cases of successful dispute resolution discussed in the chapter; the most obvious difference is the asymmetry in the balance of power between China and the other claimants.
Buying Influence
Authors: O'Neill Daniel C.
Published: May 2019

This chapter analyses how China converts its financial power into influence abroad. It argues that the provision of aid, loans, and foreign direct investment is a key tool China uses to project its power. It further asserts that China’s financial resources have a greater impact in less developed states, which by definition are lacking in capital, and in authoritarian regimes, due to the much smaller number of those whose support must be garnered in order to influence policies. It shows how Chinese finance secures influence over foreign state governments by enhancing the resources available for the foreign leader to disburse to the ruling coalition that keeps the leader in power. A stylized “aid game” illustrates the bargaining that occurs between state leaders over such capital imports. It further examines some of the accepted wisdom concerning Chinese “aid”, including the strings attached to what is often termed “no strings attached” aid, as well as whether China’s financial assistance is accurately termed “aid.” It also shows the myriad of channels through which capital inflows from China can be diverted from the projects they are funding in order to help the recipient state leader maintain power, thereby enhancing China’s influence over that leader.
Sino-Philippine Relations
Authors: O'Neill Daniel C.
Published: May 2019

This chapter first provides an overview of the history of Sino-Philippine relations, noting the strong improvement during Gloria Macapagal Arroyo’s term as president from 2001-2010. It uses each president’s annual State of the Nation Address (SONA) as well as data on the number of state visits to and from China to illustrate the relative strength of these relations over time. The chapter then provides evidence that, despite much closer relations with the Arroyo administration, major investments from China agreed to by Arroyo were halted due to strong domestic opposition. Given the Philippine’s relatively democratic institutions, opposition in the courts, the legislature, the media, and civil society was able to force the administration to halt these Chinese projects and end efforts at cooperation between the two governments in the South China Sea. The chapter also presents the Philippines case against Chinese claims and activities in the South China Sea before the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague, which the Philippines instituted partially due to the inability of ASEAN to act collectively regarding the disputes. It concludes by noting efforts of Rodrigo Duterte’s administration to improve relations with China but suggests that these too may be hampered by domestic political opposition.
Discussion
Authors: Schak David C.
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses various factors germane to the development of civility. It deals first with differences between Taiwan and China relevant to Taiwan's having become a civil society and China's greater difficulties in doing so: differences in area, population, population composition, and integration; Taiwan's economic development beginning thirty years earlier and also being uninterrupted by internal factors; Taiwan's greater income and wealth equality; differences in social unity and in governance, especially elections in Taiwan and the KMT government's non-interference with the existing social organization; and the differential levels of trust in the two societies. It next assesses, in light of the information in previous chapters, the set of conditions listed in Chapter Two as likely either to facilitate or hinder civil development. It finishes by examining the links between civility and post-industrial values, becoming a 'society for itself,' and democracy.
Conclusion
Authors: Chong Wu-Ling
Published: May 2019

This chapter provides an analysis and summary of the active role of ethnic Chinese in reproducing and perpetuating their ambivalent position as well as in shaping Indonesia’s political, business, and socio-cultural environment in the post-Suharto era. The chapter also suggests that studying the Chinese in Indonesia may direct us to rethink the effect of democratisation on ethnic minorities and the role that those minorities may have in how transformative democratisation can be both for their situation and the betterment of the wider society. Effective enforcement of the rule of law as well as an education system that promotes inter-ethnic understanding and solidarity could promote more open- and reform-minded people, including those from resented, economically dominant minorities, such as the Chinese in Indonesia.
I Have Seen Black Hands
Authors: Wright Richard
Published: May 2019

Richard Wright’s “I Have Seen Black Hands” sets the tone for the first section on radical politics. Describing hands that, like his, are black, Wright recounts their hungry reaching for life. These hands produced riches for others and served the country through military service. When the economic tides turned, however, African Americans were left without paid employment or remuneration for their labor. What is more, they faced unfair punishment or lynching when they sought a share of the profits they had made for others. The poem culminates in a call for their hands to turn into revolting fists, joined by those of working, nonblack others.
Masculinity, Misogyny, and the Limits of Racial Community
Authors: Gilroy Paul
Published: May 2019

This excerpt from Paul Gilroy’s Black Atlantic offers a different perspective on Wright’s thinking regarding relations between black men and women, and about the ability of black communities more generally to offer liberating narratives of racial authenticity. Gilroy suggests that one legacy of the racially coercive Jim Crow South was domestic authoritarianism, as well as violence in public and intimate relations. Wright recognized this and openly addressed it in his art. According to Gilroy, Wright manifested a protofeminism in his early work and later seemed to recognize the place of black women in racial struggle. At the same time, Wright thought that the stresses of modern black life meant that racial identity, on its own, could not guarantee racial solidarity or even fraternal association. This was evident in Wright’s portraits of black homophobia, misogyny and other antisocial attributes that could not be ascribed solely to racism. This frankness, Gilroy worries, is misunderstood by those who would read him in a narrowly US black context rather than alongside his diverse interlocutors on both sides of the Atlantic.
Psychology and Black Liberation in Richard Wright’s Black Power (1954)
Authors: Stringer Dorothy
Published: May 2019

In his travel writings on the Gold Coast/Ghana, Richard Wright drew on two psychological theories—Freudian psychoanalysis and the implicit psychology of African American literary tradition—to describe the relationships among colonialism, state power, racial identity and psychic life. Dorothy Stringer’s essay notes that while Wright’s rationalism and belief in modern progress often prompted him to question, and even condemn, the local cultures and political systems he encountered, his emphasis on actual and historical trauma (above all the traumas of the slave trade) also allowed him to understand daily life, quotidian relationships and minor economic transactions as political in nature, as continuous with a broad history of black resistance, and as tools for projecting a different future for black people.
Blueprint for Negro Writing
Authors: Wright Richard
Published: May 2019

Richard Wright argues that Negro writing has been detached from the lived experience of black people, especially black workers, in the United States. Wright contends that “Negro writers” have a moral responsibility to write about the lived experience of black Americans in terms reflecting the need for social and political revolution, rather than bland acceptance of an economic-political establishment that exploits and kills them. This responsibility will require a conscious shift on the part of “Negro writers,” a consciousness that embraces the nationalism of “Negro life.” Wright’s nationalism is not autarchic but rather part of the process that connects black people with others in their search for liberation.
Many Dark Mirrors in Richard Wright’s 12 Million Black Voices
Authors: Moskowitz Perry S.
Published: May 2019

This chapter by Perry S. Moskowitz examines the politics of Richard Wright’s textual practices in 12 Million Black Voices. In particular, it focuses on how Wright responds to being tasked with representing a transhistorical and universal account of the black experience. Rather than use his position as a prominent black intellectual to authorize this account, Wright employs literary montage to invite other textual agents to contest the singularity and credibility of his narrative. Through montage, Wright exposes his reader to the white supremacist logics of representation that entrust him to serve as a delegate for a collective black narrative. Moreover, Wright uses montage to propose a counterpolitics of representation—one that values decentralized representative authority in order to stress the inconsistency and multiplicity that accompanies political representation.
Joe Louis Uncovers Dynamite
Authors: Wright Richard
Published: May 2019

Originally published in October 1935, Richard Wright describes the immediate aftermath of black boxer Joe Louis’s victory over then white champion Max Baer. On the South Side of Chicago, thousands of black people flooded into public spaces in celebration of a moment’s racial victory, an exceptional instance of black triumph over white. Taking strength from Louis’s strength, spontaneously assembled masses of black people felt temporarily and collectively free and invincible. They shook the hands of strangers in unleashed joy and stopped streetcars. Wright thought this cyclone of celebration exhibited a pent-up black folk consciousness that was hungry for freedom, an emboldened energy that could be harnessed and channeled politically. Although soon subsiding, these desires that had long been suppressed had been uncovered in Joe Louis’s victory.
Slavery Continued, Freedom Sought
Authors: Gordon Jane Anna
Published: May 2019

Jane Anna Gordon argues that Wright, while stressing the economic legacies of racialized enslavement, also explored three features of slavery that have persisted since its formal abolition: (1) the absence of a relationship between that for which enslaved people were responsible and that for which they were punished; (2) a legacy of “two races locked in daily combat”; and (3) the treatment of black people as if they had no kin. According to Wright, even though nonblack descendants of slaves have arguably become free of the histories of their ancestors, such freedom remains elusive for African-descended communities. For most black people, “postslavery” has been a protracted racialized neoslavery. Widespread public embarrassment regarding slavery’s continued grammar has not been matched by commitment to its actual eradication. Consequently, even though Wright himself was able to steal himself away from US unfreedom, this fell short of his normative ideal of freedom.