bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comunicação e representações sociais nas relações de trabalho do pólo de confecções de Santa Cruz do Capibaribe, Pernambuco, Brasil
Authors: Maciel Betania , Nascimento Neto Nelson Varela do
Published: June 2012

A partir da coleta de informações, por meio de investigação direta e pesquisa bibliográfica, objetivamos analisar hipotéticas influências recíprocas entre as relações de trabalho vinculadas ao pólo de confecções de Santa Cruz do Capibaribe, no Agreste Setentrional do Estado de Pernambuco, e práticas socialmente construídas e compartilhadas a partir das identificações das pessoas com as implicações do ambiente e do nicho de trabalho em questão. Além da observação direta em campo e da pesquisa bibliográfica, também acrescentamos alguns depoimentos das pessoas. Entre os resultados, ficaram claras influências geracionais nos direcionamentos de mercado, algumas consequências da sintonia entre as diferentes faixas etárias, assim como mudanças no cotidiano demarcada pelo intercâmbio constante entre "o local" e "o global".
A convergência recente entre os setores brasileiros de comunicação de massa e de telecomunicações
Authors: Ladeira João Martins
Published: June 2012

Análise da convergência, em nosso país, entre setores de telecomunicações e comunicação de massa audiovisual, por meio da economia política da comunicação e do conceito de empresa em rede. Desdobramento da segunda onda de globalização no segmento audiovisual nacional, a reorganização desta indústria cultural na última década ocorre por meio de participação acionária de corporações de telecomunicações em operações de TV por assinatura, cenário distinto do qual predominavam os oligopólios que historicamente controlaram o mercado brasileiro. Análise dos empreendimentos globais e das alianças estratégicas na aliança entre Globo e Telmex, na fusão entre Sky e DirecTV e na criação da Vivax e de sua incorporação a Net.
Estabilidade de molho de tomate em embalagens metálicas com baixo revestimento de estanho
Authors: Dantas Sílvia Tondella , Gatti Jozeti Barbuti , Saron Elisabete Segantini , Kiyataka Paulo Henrique Massaharu , Dantas Fiorella Balardin Hellmeister
Published: June 2012

O desempenho de latas de três peças eletrossoldadas com corpo produzido em folha de flandres com camada de estanho de 2,0 g.m-2 no lado interno, contendo 340 g de molho de tomate, foi avaliado por meio da estocagem por 24 meses a 35 °C, tendo sido determinadas periodicamente: a concentração de estanho, ferro e cromo no produto; a condição de vácuo/pressão e a composição gasosa do espaço livre, além da aparência interna da embalagem. A partir dessa avaliação, pode-se concluir que essa embalagem é uma opção viável para 18 meses de estocagem do produto na temperatura ambiente de até 35 °C.
Revisão: características de nanopartículas e potenciais aplicações em alimentos
Authors: Assis Letícia Marques de , Zavareze Elessandra da Rosa , Prentice-Hernández Carlos , Souza-Soares Leonor Almeida de
Published: June 2012

O objetivo desta revisão é abordar as aplicações de nanotecnologia em alimentos, enfatizando o uso de nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas, nanoemulsões, nanocápsulas e de nanocompósitos para embalagens de alimentos, bem como os métodos de obtenção, a funcionalidade e as suas características. A aplicação da nanotecnologia em alimentos é nova em comparação com a área biomédica e as indústrias de tecnologia de informação, nas quais a nanotecnologia já é utilizada na fabricação de materiais. No entanto, já existem inúmeras oportunidades que podem ser exploradas, como a elaboração de produtos com características funcionais e nutracêuticas, o desenvolvimento de processos e as embalagens inteligentes. Esta revisão aborda os seguintes itens: nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas, nanoemulsões, nanocápsulas, nanocompósitos em embalagem e os riscos e a legislação para a nanotecnologia. Nanopartículas lipídicas sólidas são sistemas de transporte coloidal empregados para encapsular, proteger e entregar componentes funcionais. Nanoemulsão consiste em uma dispersão muito fina composta por uma fase de óleo e uma fase aquosa, com tamanho de gota, em escala nanométrica; em função do seu tamanho característico, as nanoemulsões são transparentes ou translúcidas, e possuem estabilidade contra a sedimentação. Nanocápsulas são compostas por um invólucro polimérico disposto ao redor de um núcleo, no qual se encontra o composto ativo, conferindo proteção contra o oxigênio, a água e/ou a luz; permitem, dessa forma, uma liberação controlada da substância e/ou previnem o contato com outros componentes em uma mistura. Em nanotecnologia de embalagens, aborda-se a utilização de nanopartículas, tais como nanofibras de celulose e nanoargila, bem como a aplicação de nanomateriais com propriedades nutricionais e/ou antimicrobianas, e nanosensores. Serão abordados também aspectos relacionados aos riscos e à legislação em nanotecnologia de alimentos.
Efeito de revestimentos comestíveis na conservação de mamões minimamente processados
Authors: Trigo Juliana Moreno , Albertini Silvana , Spoto Marta Helena Fillet , Sarmento Silene Bruder Silveira , Reyes Andrés Enrique Lai , Sarriés Gabriel Adrián
Published: June 2012

Avaliou-se o efeito de revestimentos à base de carboidratos nas características microbiológicas, físicas, físico-químicas e sensoriais de mamão Formosa minimamente processado (MP), armazenado sob refrigeração. Após tratamento com cloreto de cálcio, os frutos descascados e cortados foram imersos em soluções de amido de arroz (AA) 3%; alginato de sódio (AS) 0,5%; carboximetilcelulose (CMC) 0,25%, e armazenados a 5 ºC e 90% de UR. Os produtos foram avaliados nos dias 1, 3, 6, 9, 12 e 15. O uso de revestimentos à base de AA, AS e CMC em mamões MP resultou em menor contagem de coliformes totais que o controle. Mamões revestidos com AA e CMC apresentaram redução e aumento do processo respiratório, respectivamente. Os frutos revestidos apresentaram menores teores de sólidos solúveis e seus valores de pH se tornaram menores após o 9º dia de armazenamento. O uso da CMC como revestimento proporcionou, no 15º dia, maior firmeza da polpa. As variações nos parâmetros de cor (Luminosidade, Hue e Croma) não comprometeram a qualidade sensorial do mamão MP. Os atributos sensoriais dos mamões com revestimentos não diferiram do controle durante os 15 dias de estudo. Como a maioria dos efeitos positivos das coberturas ocorreu aos 12º e 15º dias e, considerando-se o custo da tecnologia e o preço dos revestimentos, a melhor opção, até 9 dias de armazenamento, consiste em apenas sanitizar os frutos, como feito no controle. Se o interesse for preservar a vida útil por um período maior, até 15 dias, os revestimentos utilizados podem ter resultados satisfatórios, desde que respeitadas as condições de estocagem utilizadas no estudo.
Desenvolvimento de geleia de tamarillo contendo polpa integral
Authors: Guilherme Paulo Ribas , Pessatto Cláudio César , Zaika Willian Roger , Quast Ernesto , Quast Leda Battestin , Ormenese Rita de Cássia Salvucci Celeste , Raupp Dorivaldo da Silva
Published: June 2012

O tamarillo (Cyphomandra betacea Sendt) é originário da Região Andina do Peru. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver o produto 'geleia de tamarillo' e consistiu em: caracterizar os frutos e o seu rendimento em polpa; apresentar um protocolo de processo, e avaliar sensorialmente os produtos obtidos a partir de três formulações, diferenciadas quanto ao grau °Brix, ao tipo de açúcar e ao teor de pectina. Os frutos tamarillos apresentaram 54,8 ± 4,0 mm, 34,6 ± 2,4 mm e 36,2 ± 6,5 g de comprimento, diâmetro e massa, respectivamente. A polpa integral, de sabor doce e levemente ácida, apresentou 13,30 ± 0,14 °Brix e pH 4,19 ± 0,11. Os frutos renderam 83,3% de polpa integral e 51,5% de locular mucilaginosa, contendo sementes. As geleias de 50 °Brix e contendo glicose ou sacarose foram as mais aceitas pelos provadores quando comparadas à geleia de 40 °Brix, de menor concentração de sólidos solúveis. Um porcentual maior ou igual a 70% do total de provadores aprovou as geleias de 50 °Brix para todos os seus atributos sensoriais avaliados e um mínimo de 40% manifestou intenção de compra. Considerando-se que a sacarose possui custo menor que a glicose, o protocolo de fabricação da geleia de 50 °Brix contendo a sacarose e 2% de pectina foi o recomendado, na pesquisa, para a produção de geleia de tamarillo.
Secagem por atomização de polpa de amora-preta usando maltodextrina como agente carreador
Authors: Ferrari Cristhiane Caroline , Ribeiro Caio Pereira , Aguirre José Maurício de
Published: June 2012

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da temperatura do ar de secagem (160 ou 180 ºC) e da concentração de maltodextrina (5, 15 ou 25%) sobre as características físico-químicas do suco de amora-preta em pó, produzido por spray drying. O produto final foi analisado quanto ao teor de umidade e de antocianinas, higroscopicidade, atividade de água, cor, distribuição do tamanho das partículas e microestrutura. Temperaturas de secagem mais altas resultaram na redução da umidade, da atividade de água e do conteúdo de antocianinas dos pós, além da formação de partículas maiores e mais higroscópicas. A temperatura teve um efeito significativo na diminuição dos valores dos parâmetros de cor L* e C* somente nos ensaios realizados com 25% de maltodextrina. Em relação à microestrutura, as partículas produzidas à temperatura de 180 ºC apresentaram superfície lisa e uma maior uniformidade em relação às amostras secas a 160 ºC. O aumento da concentração de maltodextrina resultou na formação de partículas com menor umidade e higroscopicidade. Além disso, esses pós apresentaram menor teor de antocianinas, em função da diluição dos pigmentos da fruta, o que levou ao aumento da luminosidade e à redução do croma e do ângulo de tom das amostras. O ensaio realizado à temperatura de 160 ºC com 5% de maltodextrina foi o mais efetivo na manutenção do teor de antocianinas dos pós, visto que a retenção desses pigmentos foi em torno de 80%.
Invertebrates associated to Eichhornea azurea Kunth in a lagoon of the Upper Paraná River: composition, community attributes and influence of abiotic factors
Authors: Batista-Silva Valéria Flávia , Boneto Daiane Dias , Bailly Dayani , Abelha Milza Celi Fedatto , Kashiwaqui Elaine Antoniassi Luiz
Published: June 2012

AIM: We evaluated the composition and community attributes of invertebrates associated to Eichhornia azurea at Cascalho Lagoon, Upper Paraná River, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, over a hydrological cycle, as well the possible influence of abiotic factors upon these attributes. METHODS: The samplings were conducted during 2010 in the rainy and dry periods at stands of E. azurea. The attributes evaluated were abundance, richness, diversity, evenness and dominance. The abiotic factors, temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH and turbidity were summarized by a Principal Component Analysis (PCA). In order to verify possible differences between the mean values of the community attributes and the scores of the PCA axis in different periods, we employed null models analysis of variance. The influence of abiotic factors on each attribute was evaluated through Pearson correlations. RESULTS: We captured 3,052 individuals, distributed into 32 taxa, belonging to the phyllum Mollusca, Annelida, Nematoda and Arthropoda. Among the assessed attributes, only abundance and richness varied significantly between periods, with higher values during the rainy period. Chironomidade was dominant in both periods, whereas Notonectidae and Cyclopoida were rare in the rainy, and Bivalve, Decapoda, Haliplidae, Trichoptera and Pyralidae, in the dry period. A temporal distinction was evident only for the PCA axis 1, which represented gradients in temperature, dissolved oxygen and pH. Among the community attributes, only abundance was significant and negatively correlated with this axis. CONCLUSION: We attested that: i) the rainy period should add favorable conditions for invertebrates' higher richness and abundance in this macrophyte; ii) only the later attribute was influenced by limnological gradients.
Development of a servo-hydraulic earthquake actuator for the Cambridge Turner beam centrifuge
Authors: Madabhushi Gopal S. P. , Haigh Stuart K. , Houghton Neil E. , Gould Eric
Published: June 2012

Dynamic centrifuge modelling has been carried out at Cambridge since the late 1970s. Over this period, three different mechanical earthquake actuators were developed. In this paper the development of a new servo-hydraulic earthquake actuator is described. The basic design principles are explained along with the need to carry out these designs to match the existing services and systems of the 35 year old Turner beam centrifuge at Cambridge. In addition, some of the features of the Turner beam centrifuge are exploited in the design of this new earthquake actuator. The paper also explains the mechanical fabrication of the actuator and the control systems that were developed in order to generate real earthquake motions. Finally, the performance of this new servo-hydraulic earthquake actuator is presented and assessed based on a wide range of earthquake input motions.
Geographic mosaics of species' association: a definition and an example driven by plant–insect phenological synchrony
Authors: Singer Michael C. , McBride Carolyn S.
Published: June 2012

Spatial mosaics occur in both evolutionary and ecological properties of species' interactions. Studies of these patterns have facilitated description and prediction of evolutionary responses of interacting species to each other and to changing environments. We propose seeking complementary understanding of community assembly and dynamics by studying ecological and mechanistic properties of mosaics. We define “species' association mosaics” as deviations from a null model in which spatial variation in the extent to which particular species interact ecologically is explained solely by variation in their densities. In extreme deviations from the null, a focal species interacts exclusively with different partners at different sites despite similar abundances of potential partners. We investigate this type of mosaic involving the butterflyEuphydryas edithaand its hosts, the perennialPedicularis semibarbata(Psem) and the ephemeral annualCollinsia torreyi(Ctor). A reciprocal transplant experiment showed that the proximate, mechanistic driver of the mosaic was variation in butterfly oviposition preference: the identity of the preferred host species depended on the site of origin of the insects, not that of the plants. In contrast, the evolutionary driver was phenological asynchrony between the insects and Ctor. Censuses showed that larvae hatching from eggs laid on Ctor would have suffered significantly greater mortality from host senescence at five sites where Ctor was avoided than at two sites where it was used. These differences among sites in phenological synchrony were caused by variation in life span of Ctor. At sites where Ctor was avoided, natural selection on host preference was stabilizing because Ctor life span was too short to accommodate the development time of most larvae. At sites where Ctor was used, selection on preference was also stabilizing because larvae lacked physiological adaptation to feed on Psem. These reciprocal forces of stabilizing selection formed a mosaic maintaining spatial variation in insect host preference that was the proximate cause of the species‐association mosaic. In theDiscussion, we examine the extent to which our findings hindcast an observed anthropogenic host shift byE. edithafrom Psem to Ctor. This example shows that elucidation of species‐association mosaics can facilitate understanding of community evolution and dynamics.
Using Resistivity Arrays to Monitor Groundwater Impacts near Runoff Holding Ponds
Authors: Eigenberg Roger A. , Woodbury Bryan L.
Published: June 2012

Mineral and organic salts from beef manure contained in precipitation runoff from feedyard pen surfaces can alter the conductivity properties of soil and water receiving it. Typically, holding ponds are constructed to control runoff from concentrated animal feeding operations. The integrity of these holding ponds has come under increased scrutiny since leakage has the potential to affect soil and groundwater quality. Traditionally, ponds are monitored by installing monitoring wells at key locations to evaluate the impact of these ponds on the environment. These monitoring wells are expensive and subject to ambiguous interpretation. A subsurface resistivity array was installed at a beef cattle feedyard located at the U.S Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska (Feedyard A) and at a cattle feeding cooperator site (Feedyard B). Array probes were permanently installed at Feedyard A (16 probes spaced 6.1-m apart at a depth of 30 cm) and at Feedyard B (32 probes spaced 3.05-m apart at a depth of 50 cm). Weekly readings from each site were evaluated to monitor the stability of the zone of hydration near the pond. The low hydraulic conductivity soils at Feedyard A provided a very quiescent environmental system to evaluate the resistivity array's inherent measurement stability. Seasonal changes could easily be accounted for by variation in seasonal soil temperatures. The Feedyard B site was typified by coarse textured parent material that had high hydraulic conductivity properties. This site experienced dynamic changes week to week and throughout the season. The resistivity array system was able to adequately measure these dynamics. Additional analysis using difference maps improved the illustration of the resulting dynamic. The results of this study indicate that the resistivity array system has the potential to improve monitoring of runoff holding ponds and warrants additional validation.
Manual of Child Neurology: Problem Based Approach to Common Disorders
Authors: Jan Mohammed M.S.
Published: June 2012

Since the last century, remarkable advances at both the basic and clinical levels have considerably improved our ability to evaluate and treat children with neurological disorders. Many cases seen by general pediatricians are primarily neurological accounting for up to 30% of all consultations to pediatrics with a high ratio of follow-up visits to new patients of about 3:1. This manual is a neurology reference for medical students and pediatric residents and is intended to supplement larger textbooks on pediatric neurology already available. Many of undergraduate medical students refer to deficient and oversimplified references that do not enable them to deal with pediatric neurology patients adequately. The manual presents a simplified, organized, and comprehensive problem based approach to common pediatric neurological disorders directed to the level of medical students, pediatric residents, general practitioners and general pediatricians. This e-book is thus a concise outline with practical tips to facilitate proper diagnosis and management of various neurological disorders.
Neurological Examination
Authors: Jan Mohammed M.S.
Published: June 2012

Diagnosing neurological disorders requires accurate assessment including detailed neurological
examination, which is an important step in formulating differential diagnosis and guiding laboratory
investigations. Certain problems frequently face the junior physician including organizing a complete
examination in a short time period, and consistently eliciting neurological signs. Certainly, repeated
examinations and experience play an important role; however, solid knowledge and use of proper
techniques are crucial for eliciting and interpreting neurological signs. Confidence in performing the
nervous system examination appears to be critical in the proper evaluation and management of patients with
neurological disorders. The approach and styles of different neurologists may vary; however, consistency in
conducting the examination is critical. In this chapter, an outline for the examination of the nervous system
is presented. Various procedures and techniques of eliciting physical signs and possible pitfalls in the
nervous system examination will also be discussed.
Cerebral Palsy
Authors: M. S. Jan Mohammed
Published: June 2012

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a motor disorder resulting from a non-progressive (static) insult to the
developing brain. In fact, CP is a clinical presentation of a wide variety of cerebral cortical or sub-cortical
insults occurring during the first year of life. Preterm infants are at the highest risk for developing CP. The
vulnerable brain is harmed during a critical period of development primarily by known CNS complications
of prematurity such as intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) and periventicular leukomalacia (PVL). Children
with CP suffer from multiple problems and potential disabilities that require the provision of family centered
services that make a difference in the lives of these children and their families. The aim of this chapter is to
provide an updated overview of CP and review the most recent advances on clinical and therapeutic
interventions.
Neurometabolic Disorders
Authors: M. S. Jan Mohammed
Published: June 2012

Most encephalopaties due to an underlying metabolic (inborn error of metabolism) disorders are
genetic, present early in life, and disrupt normal metabolic function. Most these disorders are individually
rare, but collectively are common and important cause of preventable morbidity and mortality, both are high
if missed or not treated early. There are more than 500 biochemically diverse disorders with many
significant recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment that substantially improved prognosis.
Pediatricians and neonatologists are vital in early identification, particularly given that the diagnosis needs to
be established quickly. Collaboration with a specialized unit is needed for timely consultations and referrals.
The neonatal period is a time of substantial catabolism, therefore, neonates has limited response to severe
overwhelming illness resulting in death or permanent neurological sequelae. The aim of this chapter is to
provide a practical approach to the recognition and investigations of metabolic encephalopathy presenting
early in life. Guidelines for the stabilization and initial management will be provided.
Muscle Weakness
Authors: M. S. Jan Mohammed
Published: June 2012

Weakness is a common presentation of a wide variety of central and peripheral nervous system
disorders. Weakness can be due to an organic CNS lesion or due to pseudoparalysis secondary to pain.
Weakness due to brain lesion usually takes the distribution according to the site and extent of the lesion (e.g.
hemiplegia, diplegia, quadriplegia). Weakness due to peripheral nervous system lesion can be
predominantly distal (neuropathic) or proximal (myopathic). The approach to a child presenting with acute
or chronic weakness is presented in this chapter.
Acute Hemiplegia
Authors: M. S. Jan Mohammed
Published: June 2012

Stroke is defined as a rapidly developing clinical signs of focal or global disturbance of cerebral
functions with symptoms lasting 24 hr or longer or leading to death with no apparent cause other than of
vascular origin. Childhood stroke is increasingly recognized with an incidence exceeding 3.3 in 100, 000
children per year, more than double the estimates from past decades. The risk factors for ischemic stroke in
children are diverse and challenging. The most common cause of ischemic stroke in children is thrombotic
vessel occlusion. Risk factors include prothrombin 20210G-A (PT20210) mutation, factor V Leiden 1691
G-A mutation, and hereditary deficiencies of protein S, protein C, and antithrombin III. Recently, another
thrombophilic factor has been described, that is, an elevated level of factor VIII procoagulant activity.
Cardio-embolic causes are amongst the most important to identify early in order to prevent recurrence.
Spastic hemiplegia can also be an initial manifestation of a number of metabolic or degenerative disorders
such as Metachromatic leukodystrophy, Adrenoleukodystrophy, Leigh disease, MELAS, Sneddon
syndrome, Homocystinuria, Fabry disease, and Menkes disease. Finally, inherited dyslipidemic states can
occur rarely in children resulting in atherosclerotic disease. Many of these disorders have a distinct
inheritance patterns and specific defects. Establishing such specific diagnoses will be therefore extremely
important for providing appropriate therapy, prognosis, and genetic counseling.
Headache & Migraine
Authors: M. S. Jan Mohammed
Published: June 2012

Headache is a common complaint, occurring in the majority of school age children. The
frequency increases with increasing age and the etiologies range from tension to life-threatening infections
and brain tumors. Migraine is the most frequent cause of acute and recurrent headaches in children. Children
are usually brought to medical attention to exclude serious causes, such as brain tumors or meningitis. A
thorough history, physical and neurological examination, and appropriate diagnostic testing (if indicated)
will enable the physician to distinguish tension and migraine headaches from those of a secondary etiology.
Children with recurrent headaches are more likely to have certain migraine related phenomena, such as
motion sickness, teeth grinding (bruxism), sleep talking and walking (somnambulism), and syncope. Most
patients with migraine have type A personality, making them worry allot, perfectionist, and high achievers.
This may provide further risks and potential triggers to the recurrent headaches.
Brain Death Criteria
Authors: M. S. Jan Mohammed
Published: June 2012

Brain death implies the permanent absence of all cerebral and brainstem functions. The diagnosis
of brain death is usually made clinically. The criteria require the occurrence of acute and irreversible CNS
insult. Drug intoxication, poisoning, metabolic derangements, and hypothermia should be corrected for
accurate brain death evaluation. At least two expert examiners are required to make the brain death
determination. It is advisable to involve an independent examiner not involved in the patient's care or the
recovery of donated organs. The objective of this chapter is to present updated guidelines for the process of
brain death determination. All brain and brainstem functions should be absent on neurological examination
including cerebral response to external stimuli and brain stem reflexes. An apnea test should be performed in
all patients. However, if the clinical criteria cannot be applied, other confirmatory ancillary tests are required,
particularly EEG and radionuclide scan. They are also needed to supplement the clinical assessment in young
children. EEG is more reliable in the setting of hypotension or with disorders that lower intracranial pressure.
While tests of brain blood flow are preferred in the setting of hypothermia, metabolic, or drug confounders.
Communicating Bad News
Authors: Jan Mohammed M.S.
Published: June 2012

Many traumatic, infectious, vascular, and neoplastic neurological disorders carry poor prognoses
for complete neurological recovery. These disorders may result in chronic disability with multiple medical
and neurological complications. The common practice of consanguineous marriage in Saudi Arabia results
in a high prevalence of many inherited and genetic neurological and metabolic disorders. Many of these
children exhibit progressive deterioration in cognitive, language, and/or motor function. Because of the high
incidence of such disorders, many of which cannot be characterized, the necessity of facing parents with
discussions regarding prognosis is not uncommon.
Direct and Indirect Teaching: Using e-Books for Supporting Vocabulary, Word Reading, and Story Comprehension for Young Children
Authors: Korat Ofra , Shamir Adina
Published: June 2012

We examine the effect of direct and indirect teaching of vocabulary and word reading on pre-kindergarten and kindergarten children following use of an electronic storybook (e-book). The children in each age group were randomly assigned to an intervention group which read the e-book or to a control group which was afforded the regular school program. The e-book included words with meaning support and words with no support. Children who read the e-book exhibited progress in the meaning and reading of the words supported directly by the computer compared to the control group. No such progress was observed for words without direct support. No differences appeared in the progress between the two age groups and no interaction was found between age and type of word support.
Using Electronic Resources to Support Problem-Based Learning
Authors: Chang Chen-Chi , Jong Ay , Huang Fu-Chang
Published: June 2012

Students acquire skills in problem solving and critical thinking through the process as well as team work on problem-based learning courses. Many courses have started to involve the online learning environment and integrate these courses with electronic resources. Teachers use electronic resources in their classes. To overcome the problem of the limited teaching resources, electronic resources can help students to engage in self-learning more easily. This study addresses electronic resources usage in problem-based learning. Therefore, the aim of this article is to investigate the relationship between the capability to use electronic resources and problem-based learning performance. A quantitative analysis was conducted through the structural equation modeling approach in order to indicate the direction and relationship between these constructs. To conclude, this study suggests that tutor support, peer participation, and internet search capability should be conceptualized as forming part of an important learning context. Further, the results indicate that both peer participation and internet search capability are required to facilitate the development of problem-solving skills.
An electromagnetism-like method for the maximum set splitting problem
Authors: Kratica Jozef
Published: June 2012

In this paper, an electromagnetism-like approach (EM) for solving the maximum
set splitting problem (MSSP) is applied. Hybrid approach consisting of the
movement based on the attraction-repulsion mechanisms combined with the
proposed scaling technique directs EM to promising search regions. Fast
implementation of the local search procedure additionally improves the
efficiency of overall EM system. The performance of the proposed EM approach
is evaluated on two classes of instances from the literature: minimum
hitting set and Steiner triple systems. The results show, except in one
case, that EM reaches optimal solutions up to 500 elements and 50000 subsets
on minimum hitting set instances. It also reaches all optimal/best-known
solutions for Steiner triple systems.
Highly Regioselective Synthesis of C-4 (Ring A) Sinomenine Ether Derivatives
Authors: Zheng Xingliang , Luo Dan , Gao Hongsheng , Jiang Ningfei , Ding Aishun
Published: June 2012

Seven sinomenine derivatives on ring A were synthesised from sinomenine and benzyl alcohol or an aliphatic alcohol as reactants, and triphenylphosphine and diethyl azodicarboxylate as the dehydrating agent. The structure of target compounds were characterised by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, MS spectra and elemental analysis. The yield was 78–94% under the optimised reaction conditions involving THF as solvent and at room temperature. The method is simple and the reaction conditions are mild with excellent target product selectivity. It may be widely used to modify these polyfunctional natural products.
Iodine-Catalysed Synthesis of Thiopyrano[3,4-c]Quinoline Derivatives via Imino-Diels–Alder Reaction
Authors: Wang Wei , Yin Ming-Yue , Zhang Mei-Mei , Wang Xiang-Shan
Published: June 2012

A mild and efficient method for the synthesis of thiopyrano[3,4-c]quinoline derivatives via an imino-Diels–Alder reaction of an aromatic aldehyde, 5-amino-1H-indazole or 2-aminoanthracene and tetrahydrothiopyran-4-one catalysed by iodine is described. This new procedure has the advantages of mild reaction conditions, high yields and metal-free catalysis. This is useful since quinoline and its derivatives have extensive biological activities.
Ligand-Free Palladium-Catalysed Oxidative Heck Reaction of 4-Vinylpyridine with Arylboronic Acids: Selective Synthesis of (E)-4-Styrylpyridines
Authors: Shi Chuanli , Ding Jinchang , Jiang Jun , Chen Jiuxi , Wu Huayue , Liu Miaochang
Published: June 2012

A ligand-free palladium-catalysed oxidative Heck reaction of various arylboronic acids with 4-vinylpyridine has been developed, achieving (E)-4-styrylpyridines with high selectively in moderate to good yields. A plausible mechanism for the formation of (E)-4-styrylpyridines has been proposed.
Synthesis of 4-Phenylethynylphthalic Anhydride, a useful End-Capping Agent for Polyimides
Authors: Yang Mei-Jia , Shao Tao , Men Jian , Gao Guo-wei , Chen Hua
Published: June 2012

Hydrolysis and bromination of phthalic anhydride in water gave a mixture of the monosodium salt of 4-bromo-phthalic acid. These were reacted with phenylacetylene under Sonogashira coupling reaction conditions in an aqueous medium. Acidification afforded 4-phenylethynylphthalic acid and then dehydration of this gave 4-phenylethynylphthalic anhydride in 76% overall yield. Compared with traditional synthetic methods, this method has the advantage of low cost, convenient manipulation and is environmentally friendly.
Plumage and Body Size Differentiation in Blue-Winged Teal and Cinnamon teal
Authors: Wilson Robert E. , Eaton Muir D. , McCracken Kevin G.
Published: June 2012

Blue-winged Teal (Anas discors) and Cinnamon Teal (A. cyanoptera septentrionalium) are two closely related North American dabbling duck species that are ecological equivalents. Cinnamon Teal are primarily restricted to regions west of the Great Plains, whereas Blue-winged Teal occur primarily in the central and eastern part of the continent, only recently expanding westward. Males of the two species exhibit striking plumage color differences, while females are difficult to differentiate by plumage, and it is unclear if interspecific size differences exist between either sex due to inconsistencies in previous reports. Here we reassess body size differences, and quantify plumage color differences using avian color discrimination modeling. Like previous studies, significant differences were found for bill morphology; mean bill length was 7-10% longer in Cinnamon Teal. Based on avian visual modeling of plumage reflectance data, color differences not visible to human vision were found between species for several female feather patches (e.g. breast coloration) and male wing speculum coloration, potentially representing previously unrecognized interspecific signals to the avian visual system. Although color reflectance data yielded higher accuracy than morphometrics for identifying females, body size measurements (in addition to plumage to a lesser degree) also proved to be reliable in correctly classifying males of each species. In combination, morphometrics and plumage reflectance data represent useful identification tools for avian species that are otherwise difficult to distinguish.
Effect of Monochromatic Light on Sexual Maturity, Production Performance and Egg Quality of Laying Hens
Authors: Min J. Kim , Hossan Md. Salim , Nazma Akter , Jae C. Na , Han T. Bang , Hwan K. Kang , Dong W. Kim , Hyun S. Chae , Hee C. Choi , Ok S. Suh
Published: June 2012

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of monochromatic light on sexual maturity, production performance, and egg quality of laying hens. A total of 144 14-week-old Hy-Line Brown chickens were reared in cages and illuminated under four different light treatment groups with three replicates (12 birds per replication, n = 12) for 14 to 60 weeks. A 60 W incandescent light bulb (IL) was used as a control, and white light (WL), blue light (BL), and red light (RL) were produced using light emitting diode lamps. The four light treatment groups each had an intensity of 20 lux. A significant delay in laying was observed when pullets were reared under BL compared to all the other light treatments. By contrast, pullets reared under RL laid significantly earlier than those under IL and BL. Hens reared under RL produced significantly higher number of eggs than those under IL and BL, and hens reared under WL produced more eggs than those under BL from 18 to 60 weeks. Feed intake was significantly increased when birds were reared under RL compared to WL and BL. The egg weight was significantly higher in BL compared to WL and RL from 41 to 50 weeks. The FCR was significantly increased when birds were reared under RL compared to other light treatments from 31 to 40 weeks and from 18 to 60 weeks. By contrast, birds reared under RL exhibited significantly increased egg shell thickness compared to birds reared under IL and BL. The ovary weight of laying pullets grown under WL was significantly higher compared to other treatments at 16 weeks of age. It is concluded that birds reared under RL matured earlier, increased egg production and egg shell thickness, but feed conversion rate was not improved under RL.
Determining Air Cell Location and Embryo Development in Opaque Shelled Eggs
Authors: Kjelland Michael E. , Blue-McLendon Alice , Kraemer Duane
Published: June 2012

A novel method for determining air cell location, embryo development, and eggshell defects in opaque thick-shelled eggs was tested. Results demonstrated that a camcorder with IR “Night Shot” function performed significantly better (P < 0.05) than unaided visual determination of air cell location in Emu eggs. In addition, the Mini DVC camcorder unit was as accurate as the heavier, non-portable, and more expensive traditional IR candling units. Commercial ratite producers, waterfowl biologists, and others working with opaque thick-shelled eggs may benefit from this research.
Effect of Picloram on Somatic Embryogenesis from Leaf-sheath Explants in Diploid Musa acuminata cv. Njalipoovan
Authors: Smitha P.D. , Nair Ashalatha S.
Published: June 2012

Embryogenic callus was obtained from leaf sheath explants on MS supplemented with 16.56 μM picloram in Musa acuminata (diploid) cv. Njalipoovan (AB). Exogenous application of ascorbic acid on somatic embryogenesis at optimal level accelerated the conversion rate of the embryos. Shoot and root developed from the embryos on MS incubated in dark. Further growth of plantlets obtained on half strength of MS under light conditions. Regenerated plantlets showed 100% survival.   Key words: Musa acuminata cv. Njalipoovan, Picloram, Somatic embryogenesis   D. O. I. 10.3329/ptcb.v21i1.9612     Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 21(1): 83-87, 2011 (June) - Short communication
Micropropagation of Marsdenia brunoniana Wight & Arn. - A Rare Antidiabetic Plant
Authors: Ugraiah A. , Karuppusamy S. , Pullaiah T.
Published: June 2012

Shoot multiplication of Marsdenia brunoniana was obtained from the nodal explants of mature plants using MS with different concentrations and combinations of growth regulators. Maximum explant response and highest number of shoots per explant was obtained on MS fortified with 1.0 mg/l BAP. The highest degree of shoot profilieration was found to be 90%. The combination of BAP and Kn was also found to be effective for regeneration. The regenerated shoots were successfully rooted on MS supplemented with 0.5 mg/l NAA, after sequential hardening, survival rate was 90%.   Key words: Marsdenia brunoniana, Antidiabetic plant, Micropropagation, Conservation   D. O. I. 10.3329/ptcb.v21i1.9613   Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 21(1): 89-93, 2011 (June) - Short communication
Prevalence of Periodontal Disease in Patients of Ischemic Heart disease at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University
Authors: Khatun Shohda , Biswas Ashis Kumar , Dhar Sojeeb , Karmakar Rajan , Siddique Md Abu , Banerjee Sajal Krishna , Hoque Md Harisul , Sultan Md Ashraf Uddin
Published: June 2012

The aim of the stuey is to evaluate the association of periodontal condition of patients with Ischemic Heart disease at a university hospital in Bangladesh. This study was done at Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University. Two group of patients was selected. Case group of 25 patients with history ischemic heart disease was selected at OPD of cardiology department another control group 25 patient was selected at dental OPD of BSMMU. Data were analyzed by SPSS, Version 10. In this study, The mean age (±SD) of patients was 50.4±8.49 years in the case group and 49.6±10.9 years in the control group. 50 patients consisting of 26 males (52%) and 24 females (48%) were examined. Study showed that probing depth, plaque index, gingival index, bleeding index, gingival recession and clinical attachment level is more in patient with ischemic heart diseases. This study showed higher incidence and more severe periodontal diseases in patients with ischemic heart diseases. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/uhj.v7i2.10842 University Heart. Journal Vol. 7, No. 2, July 2011
In vitro biomechanical evaluation and comparison of a new prototype locking plate and a limited-contact self compression plate for equine fracture repair
Authors: Quinteros D. D. , Abuja G. A. , Tarkanian M. , Maranda L. S. , Bubeck K. , Kowaleski M. P. , García-López J. M.
Published: June 2012

Objective: To determine if the mechanical properties (strength and stiffness) of a new prototype 4.5 mm broad locking plate (NP-LP) are comparable with those of a traditional 4.5 mm broad limited-contact self compression plate (LC-SCP), and to compare the bending and torsional properties of the NP-LP and LCSCP when used in osteotomized equine third metacarpal bones (MC3).

Methods: The plates alone were tested in four-point bending single cycle to failure. The MC3-plate constructs were created with middiaphyseal osteotomies with a 1 cm gap. Constructs were tested in four-point bending single cycle to failure, four-point bending cyclic fatigue, and torsion single cycle to failure.

Results: There were not any significant differences in bending strength and stiffness found between the two implants. The MC3-NP-LP construct was significantly stiffer than the MC3-LC-SCP in bending. No other biomechanical differences were found in bending, yield load in torsion, or mean composite rigidity. Mean cycles to failure for bending fatigue testing were similar for both constructs.

Clinical significance: The NP-LP was comparable to the LC-SCP in intrinsic, as well as structural properties. The NP-LP construct was more rigid than the LC-SCP construct under four-point bending, and both constructs behaved similarly under four-point bending cyclic fatigue testing and torsion single cycle to failure. The new NP-LP implant fixation is biomechanically comparable to the LC-SCP in a simulated MC3 fracture.
Caudal paw displacement during movement initiation and its implications for possible injury mechanisms
Authors: Gillette R. L. , Weimar W. H. , Angle T. C.
Published: June 2012

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to quantify and determine the degree to which dogs experience negative displacement of the paw during movement initiation on natural surfaces, the frequency of that displacement, and whether or not the negative displacement could yield injuries.

Methods: Seven retired racing Greyhound dogs were selected to participate in sprint starts on two natural (non-vegetated and vegetated) surfaces. Kinematic analysis was conducted to quantify the displacements.

Results: All dogs in all trials experienced a negative paw displacement in at least one or more limbs. Significant effects were found for negative displacement across surfaces, limb, and for the surface x limb interactions. Rear paw negative displacement was -6.68 ± 2.55% body length (BL) for the non-vegetated surface and -5.29 ± 1.92% BL for the vegetated surface. Front paw negative displacement was -21.42 ± 2.62% BL for the non-vegetated surface and -17.25 ± 3.82% BL for the vegetated surface. There was no significant difference between average torso velocity on the two track surfaces. This study verified that the paw does negatively displace (moves backwards) during movement initiation. The magnitude of the displacements suggests that multiple injury mechanisms could be present.

Clinical relevance: These findings demonstrate the extreme kinematics placed on the canine body during movement initiation, which might further the understanding of the mechanism of injury and contribute to enhanced surgical and rehabilitation techniques.
Evaluation of the dorsal acetabular coverage obtained by a modified triple pelvic osteotomy (2.5 pelvic osteotomy)
Authors: Tamburro R. , Nicetto T. , Kowaleski M. P. , Petazzoni M.
Published: June 2012

Objectives: To evaluate the acetabular ventroversion obtained with a modified triple pelvic osteotomy (2.5 PO) compared with that resulting from standard double pelvic osteotomy (DPO).

Study design: Ex vivo study.

Animals: Seven pelves obtained from skeletally mature dogs with a total body weight ranging from 26–41 kg were used.

Methods: Unilateral DPO technique and dorsal ischial mono-cortical osteotomy were performed on every right hemipelvis. Angular ventral rotation was measured by determining the relative orientation of two Kirschner wires placed in the ilial wing and in the dorsal acetabular rim.

Results: The mean angle of ventroversion was 9.5 ± 5.2 degrees for the DPO group (range 2.1–18.1) and 10.9 ± 4.8 degrees for the 2.5 PO group (range 4.1–19.5). The mean difference between the 2.5 PO and DPO was 1.5 ± 0.6 degrees (range 0.5–2.1).

Conclusions: The 2.5 PO technique increased acetabular ventroversion versus DPO.
Evaluation of complications and short-term outcome after unilateral or single-session bilateral tibial tuberosity advancement for cranial cruciate rupture in dogs
Authors: Hirshenson M. S. , Thompson M. S. , Knapp-Hoch H. M. , Jay-Silva A. R. , McConkey M. , Bliss S. P. , Todhunter R. , Mohammed H. O. , Krotscheck U.
Published: June 2012

Objective: To compare the resulting complications, short-term results, and client satisfaction for treatment of cranial cruciate ligament rupture using either unilateral or bilateral single-session tibial tuberosity advancement (TTA) in dogs.

Methods: Medical records of 68 dogs (101 stifles) undergoing unilateral or bilateral single-session TTA were evaluated. Data gathered included signalment, history, physical examination findings, anaesthesia and surgical time, type of cranial cruciate ligament rupture and meniscal injury, implants, and intra-operative and postoperative complications. A mixed effect logistic regression analysis was performed to determine if complications were grouped by surgical procedure. Linear regression was performed to determine the influence of the variables on the occurrence of complications. Values of p <0.05 were considered significant.

Results: No major intra-operative complications occurred. Twenty stifles (20%) developed a complication after surgery (11 minor, 9 major). There was no significant difference in occurrence of complications between dogs undergoing unilateral (n = 8) or bilateral single-session (n = 12) TTA (p = 0.69). The only risk factor found to be associated with complication occurrence was age.

Clinical significance: This is the first report evaluating the use of bilateral simultaneous TTA. There was no significant difference in complication rates between unilateral and bilateral single-session TTA. Additional evaluation is needed to fully determine the extent of complications and long-term outcome of bilateral single-session TTA.
The importance of the rotor in hydrazone-based molecular switches
Authors: Su Xin , Lessing Timo , Aprahamian Ivan
Published: June 2012

The pH-activated E/Z isomerization of a series of hydrazone-based systems having different functional groups as part of the rotor (R = COMe, CN, Me, H), was studied. The switching efficiency of these systems was compared to that of a hydrazone-based molecular switch (R = COOEt) whose E/Z isomerization is fully reversible. It was found that the nature of the R group is critical for efficient switching to occur; the R group should be a moderate H-bond acceptor in order to (i) provide enough driving force for the rotor to move upon protonation, and (ii) stabilize the obtained Z configuration, to achieve full conversion.