bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction of Plasma Structure with Anisotropic Pressure: Application to Pc5 Compressional Wave
Authors: Tian Anmin , Xiao Kai , Degeling Alexander William , Shi Quanqi , Park Jong-Sun , Nowada Motoharu , Pitkänen Timo
Published: January 2020

The conventional Grad–Shafranov (GS) method is designed to reconstruct a two-dimensional magnetohydrostatic structure with isotropic pressure. In this work, we developed a new GS solver (GS-like) that includes the effect of pressure anisotropy based on reduced equations from Sonnerup et al. The new GS solver is benchmarked, and the results are compared with two other GS solvers based on the conventional GS method and that from Teh. This solver is applied to reconstruct a Pc5 compressional wave event, which has mirror-like features and includes a significant pressure anisotropy (p
⊥/p
∥ ∼ 1.5, where p
⊥ and p
∥ are the thermal pressures perpendicular and parallel to the magnetic field), observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission in the duskside outer magnetosphere on 2015 September 19. The recovered maps indicate that, within some model constraints, the wave in the selected time interval consists of two magnetic bottle-like structures, each with an azimuthal size of about 9000 km (wavenumber ∼44) and a larger field-aligned size. The spacecraft passed through the bottles at ∼1600 km southward of the bottle centers. Further multispacecraft measurements revealed that the Pc5 compressional wave propagates sunward along with the background plasma and retains the bottle-like structures, driven mainly by the ion diamagnetic currents. The reconstructed magnetic topology is similar to that described in previous empirical or theoretical antisymmetric standing wave models. This Pc5 compressional wave is possibly driven by drift-mirror-like instabilities.
Unveiling the Temporal Properties of MAXI J1820+070 through AstroSat Observations
Authors: Mudambi Sneha Prakash , Maqbool Bari , Misra Ranjeev , Hebbar Sabhya , Yadav J. S. , Gudennavar Shivappa B. , S. G. Bubbly
Published: January 2020

We present here the results of the first broadband simultaneous spectral and temporal studies of the newly detected black hole binary MAXI J1820+070 as seen by Soft X-ray Telescope and Large Area X-ray Proportional Counter (LAXPC) on board AstroSat. The observed combined spectra in the energy range 0.7–80 keV were well modeled using disk blackbody emission, thermal Comptonization, and a reflection component. The spectral analysis revealed that the source was in its hard spectral state (Γ = 1.61) with a cool disk (kT
in = 0.22 keV). We report the energy dependent time-lag and root mean squared (rms) variability at different frequencies in the energy range 3–80 keV using LAXPC data. We also modeled the flux variability using a single-zone stochastic propagation model to quantify the observed energy dependence of time lag and fractional rms variability, and then compared the results with that of Cygnus X-1. Additionally, we confirm the detection of a quasi-periodic oscillation with the centroid frequency at 47.7 mHz.
La résilience des territoires dans la production de connaissances technologiques
Authors: Lebert Didier
Published: January 2020

Nous proposons dans cet article des indicateurs de la résilience dynamique des territoires fondés sur les enseignements de la théorie de la dominance économique. Nous les appliquons à l’étude de la structure des échanges territoriaux des connaissances sur le marché européen des technologies sur la période 2000-2011.
Petite géographie gourmande de Gérard de Nerval dans son Voyage en Orient
Authors: Bonnet Henri
Published: January 2020

Il est possible de suivre les traces du voyageur Nerval d’après ses souvenirs gourmands, réels ou fictifs. Son itinéraire de 1843 « vers l’Orient » est publié en 1851 en trois parties, Égypte, Syrie, Constantinople. Il est coiffé en « Introduction » par les textes du « voyage d’hiver » qui l’a amené, via la Suisse et la Bavière, à séjourner à Vienne en 1839-1840. Ne peut-on pas aller jusqu’à deviner, dans les données de la double trajectoire, la quête d’une sorte de Graal gourmand ? Plus modestement, c’est, par-delà les Cyclades, à la fortune du pot, que se font découvertes et déceptions, avec leur débouché final sur l’apologue des raisins. On y aboutira par la prise en compte du « style gastronomique » dont parle Barthes à propos de Brillat-Savarin, comme on aura abouti précédemment à la quintessence de la réception orientale, faite de simplicité et de raffinement.
Histochemical localisation of carbonic anhydrase in the digestive tract and salivary glands of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus
Authors: Thorsson E. , Jansson A. , Vaga M. , Holm L.
Published: January 2020

The house cricket (Acheta domesticus) is one of several cricket species with great potential to be farmed as a sustainable protein source. In order to succeed in large-scale cricket farming, knowledge of cricket digestion is essential. The digestive tract morphology of A. domesticus is well documented, but knowledge of the salivary glands is lacking. In the digestive tract of insects, the carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme family is believed to contribute to the luminal pH gradient. Presence of CA in the digestive tract of A. domesticus has been reported, but not the cellular localisation. This study examined the digestive tract of A. domesticus, including salivary glands, and the cellular localisation and activity of CA in fed or starved (48 h) males and females. Tissues were collected from third-generation offspring of wild A. domesticus captured in Sweden and the histology of the salivary glands and the cellular localisation of CA in the digestive tract of A. domesticus were determined, to our knowledge for the first time. The salivary glands resembled those of grasshoppers and locusts, and we suggest the two main cell types present to be parietal and zymogenic cells. Histochemical analysis revealed that CA activity was localised in midgut epithelium, both main cell types of salivary gland, and muscle along the entire digestive tract. These findings support the suggestion that CA contributes to digestive tract luminal pH gradient, by driving acidic secretions from the salivary glands and alkaline secretions from the midgut. Starvation resulted in significantly reduced body size and weight, but neither starvation nor sex had any effect on CA activity or localisation.
Free and hidden fumonisins in Argentinean raw maize samples
Authors: Pok P.S. , Londoño V.A. García , Aransibia S.P. , Vicente S. , Pacín A.M. , Resnik S.L.
Published: January 2020

The concentrations of free fumonisins (FBs) and hydrolysed fumonisins (HFBs) were determined in 72 maize samples collected in 2017 from five Argentine provinces. The methodology for HFBs analysis consisted of alkaline hydrolysis followed by high performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector (HPLC-FLD). The developed analytical methodology presented percentages of recovery greater than 74%. Limits of detection were 4.5, 13.0 and 12.9 μg/kg for HFB1, HFB2 and HFB3, respectively. Presence of FBs was found in 86% of the samples. In all cases, the concentration of total HFBs (after the hydrolysis treatment) was superior to the free FBs content (HFBs to FBs median ratio of 2.5), which indicates the presence of hidden fumonisins in Argentinean maize. 8% of the traditionally analysed samples exceeded the limit established by the European Commission for FB1 + FB2. When applying alkaline hydrolysis to the samples, 24% of them exceed this limit.
Functional nanomaterials based immunological detection of aflatoxin B1: a review
Authors: Zha Y.-H. , Zhou Y.
Published: January 2020

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is highly carcinogenic, mutagenic and teratogenic. Accordingly, sensitive, rapid and cost-effective techniques for detection of AFB1 is in urgent demand for food safety and the health of consumers. In this review, we report the current state of immunoassay formats and development, mainly based on nanomaterials for determination of AFB1. Following an introduction of the field, the microplate-, membrane- and microelectrode-based immunoassays are described. The relevant mechanisms, sensitivities, superiorities and deficiencies of each format are discussed. Finally, perspectives on the future development of nanomaterials-based immunoassays for AFB1 are provided.
Occurrence of ochratoxin A and its stereoisomeric degradation product in various types of coffee available in the Czech market
Authors: Jonatova P. , Dzuman Z. , Prusova N. , Hajslova J. , Stranska-Zachariasova M.
Published: January 2020

Ochratoxin A (OTA) belongs among the most frequently occurring mycotoxins in coffee. In order to investigate its contamination levels in products currently available in the market, a broad set of coffee samples (103 in total) collected between 2016 and 2018 in the Czech Republic was investigated. Aqueous-methanolic extracts purified by using immunoaffinity columns were analysed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (U-HPLC-MS/MS). The undertaken study revealed a relatively low OTA contamination of roasted coffee (in the range 0.2-2.5 μg/kg with the mean concentration of 0.6 μg/kg, and 71% of positive samples). The roasted coffee samples did not exceed the maximum limit of 5 μg/kg set by 1881/2006/EC. With regard to instant coffee samples, OTA concentrations were considerably higher. All the samples were positive, with a mean concentration of 2.9 μg/kg (ranging from 0.6 to 12.8 μg/kg, with 100% of positive samples). One of the analysed samples of instant coffee even exceeded the maximum limit of 10 μg/kg (1881/2006/EC). The study further revealed a relatively high incidence of 14-(R)-OTA, stereoisomer of OTA (14-(S)-OTA), originating as its main degradation product. Its identity was confirmed by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS/MS). Most of the samples positive for OTA were also positive for this diastereoisomer, with signal intensities of approx. one-third to one half of the signal of 14-(S)-OTA.
Workforce Issues in Pediatric Ophthalmology
Authors: Bernstein Brittany K. , Nelson Leonard B.
Published: January 2020

The fate of pediatric ophthalmology may be in jeopardy. For the past 20 years, there has been declining interest in the field compared to other subspecialties in ophthalmology, as fellowship positions and jobs remain unfilled. Of those fellows who do match in pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus, many are international medical graduates who often return to their native countries to practice, further diminishing the supply of pediatric ophthalmologists in the United States. In previous surveys, resident graduates have expressed disinterest in the field, reluctance to work with children, inadequate reimbursements, and insufficient interactions with faculty as reasons not to pursue this subspecialty. Millions of people throughout the United States do not have access to pediatric ophthalmologists, highlighting the issue of unequal distribution. As more pediatric ophthalmologists retire, there is concern that there will not be enough providers to meet the demands of this subspecialty. Although many of these factors deterring residents from entering this field have been resolved, the major issue of financial reimbursements has not been adequately addressed.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2020;57(1):9–11.]
Comparison of the Efficacy Between Intravitreal Aflibercept and Laser Photocoagulation in the Treatment of Retinopathy of Prematurity
Authors: Ekinci Dilbade Yildiz , Çelik Kiymet
Published: January 2020

Purpose:

To compare the efficacy of intravitreal aflibercept and laser photocoagulation in the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).

Methods:

The files of patients who were diagnosed as having type 1 ROP or aggressive posterior ROP (APROP) and treated with laser photocoagulation and 1 mg/0.025 mL of intravitreal aflibercept were retrospectively analyzed. The patients' birth weight, gestational age, detection week of the disease, zone, stage, presence of plus disease and rubeosis, regression of ROP, re-treatments administered during the follow-up, and spherical equivalent values obtained at the corrected sixth month were recorded.

Results:

The study included 27 eyes of 15 patients who underwent laser photocoagulation and 24 eyes of 12 patients who received intravitreal aflibercept. Retinal vascularization was in zone II in all eyes in the laser photocoagulation group and zone 1 in 22 eyes (91.7%) in the intravitreal aflibercept group (
P
< .05). In the laser photocoagulation group, 25 eyes (92.6%) had stage 3 ROP and 2 eyes (7.4%) had stage 2 ROP. In the intravitreal aflibercept group, 14 eyes (58.3%) had stage 3 ROP and 10 eyes (41.7%) had APROP (
P
< .05). Treatment was established at a postmenstrual age of 37.6 ± 2.5 weeks in the laser photocoagulation group and 34.2 ± 2.4 weeks in the intravitreal aflibercept group (
P
< .05). The regression rates after treatment were 92.6% and 100%, respectively (
P
> .05). In the intravitreal aflibercept group, laser photocoagulation was performed on 10 eyes (41.6%) during follow-up visits. Spherical equivalents were measured as +1.10 ± 2.30 and +1.50 ± 2.41 diopters, respectively (
P
< .05) at the corrected sixth month.

Conclusions:

Intravitreal aflibercept is an effective treatment for ROP. However, it requires more additional treatments than laser photocoagulation during the follow-up visits.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2020;57(1):54–60.]
Amblyopia Risk Factors in Newborns With Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction
Authors: Vagge Aldo , Tulumello Claudia , Pellegrini Marco , Di Maita Marco , Iester Michele , Traverso Carlo Enrico
Published: January 2020

Purpose:

To investigate the presence of amblyopia risk factors in newborns with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (CNLDO) and age-matched healthy control subjects.

Methods:

This retrospective case-control study involved newborns aged 30 to 60 days with CNLDO and age-matched healthy control subjects. Amblyopia risk factors were identified in accordance with the American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Vision Screening Committee recommendations. The prevalence of amblyopia risk factors was compared in newborns with CNLDO and age-matched healthy control subjects, newborns with unilateral and bilateral CNLDO, and the affected eye and fellow eye of newborns with unilateral CNLDO.

Results:

Amblyopia risk factors were found in 18 patients (11.9%) with CNLDO and 19 control subjects (8.7%) (
P
= .314). Eyes with CNLDO showed a significantly lower spherical equivalent compared to control eyes (2.01 ± 1.21 vs 2.79 ± 1.14 diopters,
P
< .001). No difference in amblyopia risk factors was found in eyes with unilateral and bilateral CNLDO (11.5% vs 12.1%;
P
= .908) or in eyes with unilateral CNLDO and fellow eyes (9.8% vs 12.3%;
P
= .540).

Conclusions:

CNLDO does not seem to be associated with amblyopia risk factors in newborns. Because anisometropia might develop later on, all patients with CNLDO should be monitored for amblyopia.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2020;57(1):39–43.]
Outcome of Primary Probing for Simple Membraneous Congenital Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction in Children Older Than 4 Years
Authors: Reynolds Margaret , Lueder Gregg
Published: January 2020

Purpose:

To report outcomes of nasolacrimal duct (NLD) probing in children 4 years and older with simple membranous NLD obstruction.

Methods:

The records of all patients 4 years and older with congenital NLD obstruction who underwent surgery from 1997 to 2015 at Washington University School of Medicine were retrospectively reviewed. Of 47 patients reviewed, 18 (38.3%) were found to have simple membranous obstructions and were included in this study. Simple membranous obstruction was present at the distal duct and was relieved with passage of the probes in all patients. Children with canalicular or diffuse distal NLD stenosis (as defined by a tight, gritty feeling or multiple obstructions when passing the probe through the bony portion of the NLD), trisomy 21, lacrimal trauma, or craniofacial abnormalities were excluded. A successful outcome was determined by resolution of epiphora and periocular crusting.

Results:

Eighteen patients with ages ranging from 4.1 to 10.6 years with simple membranous NLD obstruction were treated. Sixteen of 18 (88.9%) patients had good outcomes following NLD probing. Two patients had persistent symptoms that resolved following balloon dilation and stent placement.

Conclusions:

This study found that the success rate of probing in older patients with simple membranous NLD obstruction was comparable to that of younger patients. NLD probing alone is a good treatment option for older children with simple membranous NLD obstruction. Additional procedures such as balloon catheter dilation or stent placement may not be necessary at the time of initial probing.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus.
2020;57(1):44–47.]
Inflammatory Cytokines Induce Sustained CTLA-4 Cell Surface Expression on Human MAIT Cells
Authors: Berkson Julia D , Slichter Chloe K , DeBerg Hannah A , Delaney Martha A , Woodward-Davis Amanda S , Maurice Nicholas J , Lwo Yu , Ko Alex , Hsu Jessica , Chiu Yu-Wen , Linsley Peter S , Dixon Douglas , Prlic Martin
Published: January 2020

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells acquire effector function in response to proinflammatory signals, which synergize with TCR-mediated signals. We asked if cell-intrinsic regulatory mechanisms exist to curtail MAIT cell effector function akin to the activation-induced expression of inhibitory receptors by conventional T cells. We examined human MAIT cells from blood and oral mucosal tissues by RNA sequencing and found differential expression of immunoregulatory genes, including CTLA-4, by MAIT cells isolated from tissue. Using an ex vivo experimental setup, we demonstrate that inflammatory cytokines were sufficient to induce CTLA-4 expression on the MAIT cell surface in the absence of TCR signals. Even brief exposure to the cytokines IL-12, IL-15, and IL-18 was sufficient for sustained CTLA-4 expression by MAIT cells. These data suggest that control of CTLA-4 expression is fundamentally different between MAIT cells and conventional T cells. We propose that this mechanism serves to limit MAIT cell–mediated tissue damage.
الموازنةُ بين الطائفيَّين دراسة نقدية لكتابَي (شخصية/ وأبعاد (الطائف الشعرية) للقرشي والثبيتي
Authors: أحمد بن عيسى الهلالي أحمد بن عيسى الهلالي
Published: January 2020

عرَضَت الصحافة السعودية لخصومة بين مؤلِفين سعوديين من مدينة الطائف، فقد ألّف الدكتور عالي بن سرحان القرشي في عام 2000م كتابه (شخصية الطائف الشعرية) وبعده بستة عشر عاما ألّف الأستاذ قُليّل بن محمد الثبيتي كتابه (أبعاد الطائف الشعرية) عام 2016م، فأثار الإصدار الثاني عتب القرشي ذي السبق التأليفي، وتدرج العتب حتى بلغ مرحلة أعلى؛ ذلك أن الثبيتي لم يشر إلى سبقه، ولم يذكر كتابه من قريب أو بعيد، فأثارت الصحافة الخلاف، وتصاعد العتب حتى صار خصومة، وبلغ الذروة حين أصبح اتهاما، إذ تقدم الدكتور عالي القرشي بشكوى إلى وزارة الثقافة والإعلام آنذاك. غاية الدراسة هي الوقوف على الكتابين وتوصيفهما توصيفا دقيقا، يبيّن للمتلقي أدق التفاصيل ويضعه في عمق الخصومة، ثم بحث نقاط التقاطع والاختلاف بين الكتابين، تأسيسا للموازنة الموضوعية بينهما، وذلك ما بينته الدراسة في خاتمتها، آملا أن تكون الدراسة قد وُفقت في التزام الحياد والموضوعية والعلمية في التعرض لهذه الخصومة المهمة.
Об усилении некоторых теорем А. О. Гельфонда о целочисленности аналитических функций
Authors: Yanchenko Aleksandr Yakovlevich
Published: January 2020

В работе рассматриваются целые функции конечного порядка (не меньшего 1), принимающие целые рациональные значения в точках дискретного множества достаточно общего вида. Показано, что при определенных условиях все такие функции могут быть только квазимногочленами специального вида.
Библиография: 9 наименований.
Relevancia y desarrollo de la Gestión Cultural en Iberoamérica. Formación, publicaciones y pertinencia
Authors: Salinas-Arango Natalia Andrea , Barajas-Gamboa Jaime Alejandro , Bernal-Bernal Lina María
Published: January 2020

La institucionalización de la Gestión Cultural se presenta a partir de procesos de formación avanzada, producción científica, iniciativas y eventos que la promocionan, en cinco países de Iberoamérica entre 1998-2018. Esta investigación documental exploratoria-descriptiva, empleó fuentes secundarias y terciarias, y destaca el aporte interdisciplinario de la “vigilancia tecnológica”, como estrategia metodológica llevada al ámbito social. En los resultados, se da cuenta de la Gestión Cultural en relación a la dinámica de las publicaciones, los programas de especialización y la pertinencia social en Colombia, y por ende se reflexiona sobre el valor de la profesionalización en este campo.  Se concluye que la formación en Gestión Cultural ha proliferado en cuanto a redes, programas y desarrollo teórico-metodológico.
Synthesis and Characterization of Conductive Terpolymer for Solar Cell Application
Authors: Pedroso Silva Santos Bianca , de Castro Ribeiro Arthur , Geraldo de Melo Furtado Jose , de Fátima Vieira Marques Maria
Published: January 2020

Polymeric solar cells (PSCs) are a promising alternative for harnessing solar energy and producing clean and renewable energy. In the present work, a new photovoltaic polymer was synthesized to be applied as an electron donor in PSCs. The conjugated polymer showed high solubility. The optical and electronic properties were investigated in which it was possible to observe wide absorption band and bandgap indicating that it is a promising material for application in solar cells.
Combustion Synthesis of Semiconductor Oxides and Evaluation of Adsorption and Photocatalysis Properties
Authors: Gomes Ferreira Matheus , Cesar Abreu do Nascimento Telles Rodrigues Henrique , Manoel dos Santos Garrido Francisco , Eloisa Medeiros Marta
Published: January 2020

Improper disposal of effluent contaminated with organic dyes may cause environmental problems. In this context, the ZnO semiconductor and the ZnO/ZnFe2O4 magnetic composite were prepared by the combustion method. The synthesized materials showed adsorption and photocatalysis properties for elimination of methylene blue dye from aqueous medium. About 88% of the methylene blue was eliminated by ZnO and 63% by the composite. In the photocatalysis process, a low cost visible light source was used. These materials can be regenerated by a photo-Fenton process. Moreover, the ZnO/ZnFe2O4 composite can be separated from the reaction medium by a magnetic field.
Production and Applications of Carbon Nanotube Buckypapers
Authors: Bezerra Vasconcelos Campos Rodrigo , de Freitas Damasceno da Rocha Tiago , Alvaro de Souza Camargo Junior Sergio
Published: January 2020

The present work aimed to prepare and characterize carbon nanotube (CNT) buckypapers (BPs) and to provide a perspective on possible applications in the optical device industry and power generation through triboelectric nanogenerators. The CNTs were dispersed in aqueous solution with the aid of a dispersing agent and then vacuum filtered. The prepared buckypaper has low average optical reflectance and shows an improvement in electrical conductivity and power generation when silver nanowires were added. This material includes new horizons and future applications for carbon nanotube buckypapers,including aerospace applications.
Japan's Public Sector Balance Sheet
Authors: Koshima Yugo
Published: January 2020

This paper compiles and reviews the evolution of Japan’s Public Sector Balance Sheet
(PSBS). In the past, large crossholdings of assets and liabilities within the public sector played a role in sustaining a high level of public debt and low interest rates. The Fiscal Investment and Loan Fund (FILF) channeled all postal deposits and pension savings to financing of public sector borrowing. After the FILF refrom in 2000, however, the Post Bank and pension funds shifted their assets to the portfolio investments and are seeking to maximize risk-adjusted returns. This has changed the implications of crossholdings for public debt management. In the future, population aging is expected to add more pressures on the PSBS, which already saw a considerable decrease of net worth over the last three decades.
A Three-Country Macroeconomic Model for Portugal
Authors: Pienkowski Alex
Published: January 2020

This paper outlines a simple three-country macroeconomic model designed to focus on the transmission of external shocks to Portugal. Building on the framework developed by Berg et al (2006), this model differentiates between shocks originating from both inside and outside the euro area, as well as domestic shocks, each of which have different implications for Portugal. This framework is also used to consider the dynamics of the Portuguese economy over recent decades. The model, which is designed to guide forecasts and undertake simulations, can easily be modified for use in other small euro area countries.
Disposal is Not Free
Authors: Matheson Thornton
Published: January 2020

This paper provides an overview of global solid waste generation, its environmental costs, and fiscal instruments that can be used to encourage waste reduction and finance proper disposal. Countries—especially island nations--struggle to manage an ever-increasing volume of solid waste, generation of which is projected to exceed 2 billion tons a year by 2025. Although solid waste management is usually relegated to subnational governments, externalities from inadequate management, which include greenhouse gas emissions and ocean plastic pollution, reach global scale. National governments thus play a critical role in creating incentives for waste minimization and ensuring adequate resources for proper waste management. This paper evaluates potential fiscal instruments to achieve these goals, particularly in developing country policy environments.
Autonomous Factor Forecast Quality
Authors: Veyrune Romain , Guo Shaoyu
Published: January 2020

The publication of liquidity forecasts can be understood as part of central banks’ push toward greater transparency regarding monetary policy implementation. However, the advantages of transparency can only be realized if the information provided is accurate and reliable. This paper (1) provides an overview of the international practice of publishing the forecasts; (2) proposes and implements a framework to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of forecasts using the long history of Eurosystem forecasts as a case study; and (3) analyzes the Eurosystem forecast errors to determine the factors influencing forecast quality. A supporting factor for a high-quality forecast is the contemporaneousness of the information used, whereas money market segmentation can weigh on forecast quality.
Cross-Border Currency Exposures
Authors: Benetrix Agustin , Gautam Deepali , Juvenal Luciana , Schmitz Martin
Published: January 2020

This paper provides a dataset on the currency composition of the international investment position for a group of 50 countries for the period 1990-2017. It improves available data based on estimates by incorporating actual data reported by statistical authorities and refining estimation methods. The paper illustrates current and new uses of these data, with particular focus on the evolution of currency exposures of cross-border positions.
Capital Flows at Risk
Authors: Gelos R. , Gornicka Lucyna , Koepke Robin , Sahay Ratna , Sgherri Silvia
Published: January 2020

The volatility of capital flows to emerging markets continues to pose challenges to policymakers. In this paper, we propose a new framework to answer critical policy questions: What policies and policy frameworks are most effective in dampening sharp capital flow movements in response to global shocks? What are the near- versus medium-term trade-offs of different policies? We tackle these questions using a quantile regression framework to predict the entire future probability distribution of capital flows to emerging markets, based on current domestic structural characteristics, policies, and global financial conditions. This new approach allows policymakers to quantify capital flows risks and evaluate policy tools to mitigate them, thus building the foundation of a risk management framework for capital flows.
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors:   International Monetary Fund. African Dept.
Published: January 2020

While macroeconomic policies in recent years have succeeded in restoring
elements of macroeconomic stability under difficult circumstances, macroeconomic
conditions are nonetheless precarious. The recent fall in commodity prices, new spending
initiatives, and looser spending oversight during the political transition period have led to a
weaker fiscal position mostly financed by the central bank. In that context, international
reserves have fallen to critically low levels (one week of import coverage). Balance of
payments needs remain both urgent and protracted.
Finance and Inequality
Authors: Cihak Martin , Sahay Ratna
Published: January 2020

The study examines empirical relationships between income inequality and three features of finance: depth (financial sector size relative to the economy), inclusion (access to and use of financial services by individuals and firms), and stability (absence of financial distress). Using new data covering a wide range of countries, the analysis finds that the financial sector can play a role in reducing inequality, complementing redistributive fiscal policy. By expanding the provision of financial services to low-income households and small businesses, it can serve as a powerful lever in helping create a more inclusive society but—if not well managed—it can amplify inequalities.
Introduction
Authors: Favors Jelani M.
Published: January 2020

The introduction familiarizes the reader with the concept of the second curriculum – a pedagogy of idealism, race consciousness, and cultural nationalism that flowed through all black colleges and made them formidable epicenters of black militancy and activism. The case for constructing a longitudinal history of seven different institutions is made. The author repurposes the theory of communitas, first introduced by anthropologist Victor Turner, and uses this concept to define black colleges as dedicated, racialized spaces that countered the ideology of white supremacy that permeated American society and sought to crush the social, political, and economic advancement of African Americans. In doing so, HBCUs served as a vital cornerstone of the black freedom movement in America.
Trouble in My Way
Authors: Favors Jelani M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the strained history of Jackson State University during the aftermath of World War II and leading up to the modern civil rights movement. Located in the heart of Mississippi, Jackson State students carved out space to express their militancy as the war came to a close. However, they quickly felt that space collapse around them as segregationists tightened their grip on the Magnolia State as the burgeoning movement for black liberation challenged the oppressive traditions of the most socially and politically closed state in the country. Administrators such as Jackson State University president Jacob Reddix quickly fell in line with the expectations of his immediate supervisors and squared off against outspoken scholar-activists such as famed poet and novelist Margaret Walker. The standoff resulted in a campus environment fraught with tension yet still producing students and faculty determined to undermine Jim Crow.
We Can! We Will! We Must!
Authors: Favors Jelani M.
Published: January 2020

The chapter discusses the explosive history of Southern University in the years leading up to the Black Power Movement. Baton Rouge, Louisiana was the setting for one of the largest student protests in the country as thousands of students flocked to the streets in protests against Jim Crow policies. Prior to this emergence, students were nurtured for years in a space cultivated by Joseph Samuel Clark, who served as the school’s first president and was succeeded by his son, Felton Grandison Clark. Like many black college presidents, Clark enjoyed the reputation of a fervent race man who embraced the tenets of the second curriculum. Yet as the modern civil rights movement approached, Clark succumbed to the pressures of the state and transformed into one of the most notorious HBCU presidents during the era – expelling students, firing faculty, and running the campus with a vise-like grip. Nevertheless, the Southern student body powered through these obstacles and created one of the most radical spaces for black youth in the deep south.
Linear Chronology
Authors: Reidy Joseph P.
Published: January 2020

Most accounts of wartime emancipation follow a linear chronology from secession through Lee's surrender to the Thirteenth Amendment. Many such narratives also view the nation's history as a progressive unfolding of democracy from colonial times down to the present. Although the evolution of federal emancipation policy may appear to have reached a logical conclusion in the constitutional amendment abolishing slavery, such an outcome was far from certain at the outset, given the contingencies of war and the vagaries of public policymaking. Yet African Americans in both the Confederacy and the Union insisted that that the war must result in emancipation and full citizenship. Achieving these goals involved a long and uneven process, one littered with obstacles. As the experience of black soldiers in the U.S. Army illustrated, advocates of freedom and equality persevered, confident that victory was worth any price.
Our Home and Country
Authors: Reidy Joseph P.
Published: January 2020

Emancipation obliged the nation to absorb into its public culture the persons freed from bondage. This imperative had ethical dimensions as well as economic, legal, and political ones. Black Americans presumed that they would participate actively in the process, but white Americans often viewed them as passive observers or objects of other people's actions. Elected officials and assorted commentators on public affairs posed the question: "what is to be done with the Negroes?" Following promulgation of the Emancipation Proclamation, the Secretary of War established the American Freedmen's Inquiry Commission to advise the government regarding appropriate national action. Among other things, the commissioners recommended the formation of a bureau of emancipation to help usher the freed people and their former owners into the post-slavery era, and Congress concurred, creating the Freedmen's Bureau in the closing weeks of the war. When ratified in December 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment outlawed slavery and empowered Congress to define what freedom entailed.
Epilogue
Authors: Reidy Joseph P.
Published: January 2020

The defeat of the Confederacy destroyed slavery and the slaveholders' quest for an independent nation. The Freedmen's Bureau, established by Congress weeks before the surrender, aimed to construct a system of compensated labor on the ruins of slavery and to identify and protect the rights that freed people needed to function in the new world of freedom. They encountered strong opposition from former slaveholders, which President Andrew Johnson's lenient reconstruction policy appeared to encourage. When Radical Republicans gained the upper hand, they enacted sweeping legislation designed to reconstruct the seceded states on the principle of racial democracy (the Reconstruction Acts) and to safeguard black Americans' civil and political rights (a Civil Rights Act and the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments). But by failing to legislate a redistribution of Southern land, the Radicals squelched the freed people's most cherished hope for economic advancement. Although this and other setbacks-including the violent overthrow of Radical Reconstruction in 1876-dampened hopes, the quest for freedom and equality endured.
Prologue
Authors: Blee Lisa , O’Brien Jean M.
Published: January 2020

This introductory chapter discusses the book's origins and the authors' research experiences in Plymouth, Utah, and Kansas City. It also introduces the concept of mobility in Wampanoag culture and history, noting that Wampanoag people have long travelled and made connections in surprising ways and places - historically on whaling ships and more recently on mishoonash (dugout canoes) journeys. This section then discusses contemporary debates over the removal of monuments erected during the Jim Crow era, while also widening this debate to include monuments to settler colonialism.
Introduction
Authors: Blee Lisa , O’Brien Jean M.
Published: January 2020

This chapter explains the connection between monuments and the stories about the past they convey to viewers over time. While monuments are considered static and place-bound, this statue of the Massasoit became mobile in numerous ways: in stories that travel with the viewer; as small replicas carried away as souvenirs or purchased as art across the country and the world; and in full-sized casts installed in diverse public settings in the Midwest and West. This chapter argues that the fact that the statue represents a Native leader with a connection to the story of the first Thanksgiving makes its mobility uniquely revealing of the fraught historical memory of colonialism in the U.S. This chapter introduces the argument that Wampanoag and other Native peoples have long resisted, challenged, and refigured the popular celebratory story of peaceful colonization often attached to the figure of the Massasoit. This chapter also introduces the history of the Thanksgiving myth, recounts Wampanoag and English settler relations, explains the popular interest in Indian statuary, and provides background on the public art movement that lead to the commission of the Massasoit statue.
Introduction
Authors: Gonaver Wendy
Published: January 2020

The introduction surveys nineteenth-century asylums. Two features are emphasized: 1) the transatlantic appeal of moral treatment and its demise in the United States after the Civil War; and 2) the refusal of most asylums to admit black patients. Advocates of moral treatment eschewed corporal punishment and sought to minimize reliance on mechanical restraint, depending instead on positive psychological inducements to inculcate temperate behavior. Most superintendents worried that the presence of black patients on the wards would denote pauper disgrace to the white public. Because the Eastern Lunatic Asylum in Virginia did accept slaves and free black patients, its records offers unique insight into the relationship between race and early psychiatry. These records are more nuanced than the proslavery publications of Samuel Cartwright. Although the inherent violence of slavery made impossible the creation of a therapeutic environment free of coercion, it is argued that the asylum simultaneously promoted patients’ rights and a medical model of suffering that was detrimental to African Americans.
Servants, Obey Your Masters
Authors: Gonaver Wendy
Published: January 2020

One of the key cultural functions of nineteenth-century asylums was reframing mental suffering or “insanity” as medical illness—a secular experience—while also promoting the values of mainstream Protestantism, which, in the South, included the preservation of slavery. This process of cognitive reframing posed particular challenges for enslaved and white patients who adhered to marginal beliefs. Engaging in voodoo, believing oneself “tricked,” and espousing abolitionism were characterized as superstition or fanaticism by administrators who attempted to suppress these ideas and practices. Distinguishing between religion that promoted social conformity and that which fomented dissension was perceived as especially important at a time in which denominational schisms over slavery divided the nation’s churches and permeated political discourse.
Now She Is Choked
Authors: Gonaver Wendy
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the chaotic lives of women committed to the asylum, and reveals how the principles of moral therapy were often undermined by the violence experienced by these patients, especially enslaved women. Domestic violence and poverty often precipitated problematic behavior and crimes like infanticide, yet asylum administrators increasingly chose to focus on female reproductive and sexual organs instead of the trauma that destabilized so many women. The asylum also promoted a racialized vision of healthy womanhood and motherhood that ignored the trauma of abuse, fostered dependency in white women, and disproportionately characterized black women as promiscuous imbeciles. This somatic emphasis on pregnancy, parturition, and puerperal fever as productive of insanity was at odds with the environmentalism of asylum medicine, but complemented the paternalism of asylum superintendents.
Conclusion
Authors: Gonaver Wendy
Published: January 2020

The conclusion opens with discussion of Edgar Allen Poe’s “The System of Dr. Tarr and Prof. Feather,” a satire of moral treatment. Poe was a distant cousin of Superintendent John M. Galt, and he might have based his fictional institution on the Eastern Lunatic Asylum, particularly his depiction of the attendants as African apes. This story provides an opportunity to review the ideals and shortcomings of moral therapy, and to connect the history of psychiatry to analysis of race. It is asserted that racial antipathy undermined humane asylum care and stalled implementation of successful outpatient care models. Instead, moral medicine gave way to moral hygiene and eugenics as asylum and prison moved closer together. The conclusion ends with a brief discussion of psychiatrist Franz Fanon, who drew upon his professional experiences to outline a different asylum nightmare than that envisioned by Poe.
Introduction
Authors: Helderman Ira
Published: January 2020

The Introduction begins by laying out the methodological and theoretical foundations of the book. It explains that, currently, religious studies research on this topic has been limited, only conducted on select aspects such as mindfulness practices. Methodologically, ethnographic observation and interviews add significant texture to historical and discourse analysis and reveals the full diversity of ways therapists have related to Buddhist traditions. Further, at a theoretical level, previous studies often present binary interpretations of psychotherapists’ approaches to Buddhist traditions as either cases of secularization or religious transmission. These totalizing interpretations do not take account of research on the social construction of classifications of the religious and not-religious (the secular, science, medicine, etc.). The Introduction then outlines six major sets of approaches that clinicians have taken to Buddhist traditions: clinicians (1) therapize, (2) filter, (3) translate, (4) personalize, (5) adopt, and (6) integrate those aspects of Buddhist traditions that they view to be religious. These categories, though highly artificial, are a useful method for mapping therapists’ approaches to Buddhist traditions because they illustrate how they arise out of the relational configurations clinicians believe they make between the religious and the not-religious. And yet, these configurations always prove unstable.
Research Tested, Science Approved
Authors: Helderman Ira
Published: January 2020

This chapter describes clinicians’ filtering religion approaches to Buddhist traditions. Contemporary psychotherapists often express a prodigious enthusiasm about neuroscientific research purporting to prove the healing potential of Buddhist practices. Here scientific experimentation is seen as filtering away the taint of the religious or as leaving only a religious essence that is compatible with science – a “filtered religion” akin to filtered coffee. The seeds of filtering religion approaches lie in the work of early psychologists of religion like William James and James Bisset Pratt who also sought to filter Buddhist teachings through the high-technology psychologies of their own day in a search for new therapeutic religious forms (epitomized by “mind-cure” and James’ “religion of healthy-mindedness”). Today, experimental research design is applied to Buddhist meditation and Christian petitionary prayer practices alike in order to validate their so-called secular biomedical use. The chapter thus concludes that therapists’ filtering religion approaches to Buddhist traditions destabilize religion/secular binaries even as they submit the religious to the scientific or biomedical.
Introduction
Authors: Hustwit William P.
Published: January 2020

The introduction establishes the importance of Alexander v. Holmes and situates the civil rights case within the relevant, scholarly literature. There are also vignettes of well- and lesser known figures who played key roles in the trajectory of the case.
Race and Education before Alexander
Authors: Hustwit William P.
Published: January 2020

Chapter one provides an overview of the history of race and education in Holmes County from Reconstruction through 1954. The chapter also examines local history and race relations.
The Holmes County Movement
Authors: Hustwit William P.
Published: January 2020

Chapter two covers the grassroots struggle for civil rights in Holmes County. The movement in Holmes became the most vibrant and well-organized in rural Mississippi, if not the entire state, and stimulated a lawsuit to desegregate the schools.The chapter focuses on the voting rights campaign as well as segregationist resistance.
The Grassroots and the Lawyers
Authors: Hustwit William P.
Published: January 2020

Chapter three examines the convergence of the Holmes County civil rights movement and legal assistance from the NAACP LDF. Civil rights lawyers and activists combined forces to begin the long campaign to desegregate the schools. The chapter also traces the origins of the Alexander v. Holmes suit.
Alexander in the High Court
Authors: Hustwit William P.
Published: January 2020

Chapter six provides a dramatic retelling of Alexander v. Holmes in the U.S. Supreme Court. The chapter recounts the oral arguments and Court deliberations. On October 29, 1969, the Court handed down the Alexander v. Holmes ruling and ordered desegregation “now.”
Coda
Authors: Hustwit William P.
Published: January 2020

The coda returns the story to Holmes County and brings the reader close to the present day. The legacy of the case and local movement receive special consideration.There are also concluding remarks about the long-term significance of Alexander v. Holmes.
Introduction
Authors: Neumann David J.
Published: January 2020

This book explores Paramahansa Yogananda’s ministry as an Indian, an American, and the founder of a global religious organization. As a figure often associated with the origins of yoga in the United States, he has been curiously neglected in the scholarly literature. Yogananda’s ministry was fueled by a religious nationalism that led him to conclude that Hinduism could uniquely fill the spiritual void in “the West.” Rejecting both exclusivism and pluralism, he embraced an inclusivism that viewed Hinduism as the ultimate expression of truth. He illuminates the nature of religious entrepreneurialism as he invented a variety of products to keep his ministry financially viable. His ministry reveals how missionary Hinduism’s success hinged on a deep understanding of Christian belief and practice; apart from his famed Autobiography, Yogananda’s longest text was a commentary on the New Testament Gospels, which explained how Jesus was a yogi. Yogananda’s life story demonstrates the connectedness of spirituality and place. He began to gain traction in his ministry only after he found Southern California. Yogananda “reenchanted” the modern world through his instruction and his claims to divine authority.