bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Statistical analysis plan for the ‘Rapid Intervention with Glyceryl trinitrate in Hypertensive stroke Trial-2 (RIGHT-2)’
Authors: Scutt Polly , Appleton Jason P , Dixon Mark , Woodhouse Lisa J , Sprigg Nikola , Wardlaw Joanna M , Montgomery Alan A , Pocock Stuart , Bath Philip M
Published: February 2018

Rationale:

Glyceryl trinitrate, a nitric oxide donor, is a candidate treatment for acute stroke; it lowers blood pressure, does not alter cerebral blood flow or platelet function and is neuroprotective in experimental stroke. The ongoing rapid intervention with glyceryl trinitrate in hypertensive stroke trial-2 trial aims to assess the safety and efficacy of paramedic-delivered glyceryl trinitrate in patients with ultra-acute stroke. Aims and design: The rapid intervention with glyceryl trinitrate in hypertensive stroke trial-2 trial is a multicentre UK-based prospective randomised sham-controlled outcome-blinded parallel-group trial in patients with presumed stroke who present to the ambulance service following a 999 emergency call. The primary outcome is the modified Rankin scale measured by central telephone follow-up at 90 days.

Results

This paper describes the statistical analysis plan for the rapid intervention with glyceryl trinitrate in hypertensive stroke trial-2 trial and was developed prior to unblinding to treatment allocation. The statistical analysis plan includes details of methods for analyses and unpopulated tables and figures to be included in the primary and other secondary publications.

Discussion

Statistical analysis plan details what analyses will be done prior to unblinding to treatment allocation to avoid bias in the findings. Rapid intervention with glyceryl trinitrate in hypertensive stroke trial-2 trial will determine whether glyceryl trinitrate administered ultra-acutely can improve outcome after stroke. The rapid intervention with glyceryl trinitrate in hypertensive stroke trial-2 trial is registered as ISRCTN26986053.
Multilevel model of meme diffusion of fracking through Twitter
Authors: Sharag-Eldin Adiyana , Ye Xinyue , Spitzberg Brian
Published: February 2018

The recent identification of potentially extensive shale-gas resources within the United States has generated mixed public and political responses. The purpose of this study is to apply the Multilevel Model of Meme Diffusion (M3D) in an empirical case study of the fracking controversy. This analysis supports the heuristic value of the M3D and the value of digital technologies as indexes of controversial opinions, showing the potential of monitoring and registering social opinion trends with geospatially sensitive methods. This study integrates the fields of geography and computer-mediated communication technology to account for social processes.
Synergistic role of HSP90α and HSP90β to promote myofibroblast persistence in lung fibrosis
Authors: Bellaye Pierre-Simon , Shimbori Chiko , Yanagihara Toyoshi , Carlson David A. , Hughes Philip , Upagupta Chandak , Sato Seidai , Wheildon Nolan , Haystead Timothy , Ask Kjetil , Kolb Martin
Published: February 2018

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive disease of the lung parenchyma, causing significant morbidity through worsening dyspnoea and overall functional decline. IPF is characterised by apoptosis-resistant myofibroblasts, which are a major source for the excessive production of extracellular matrix (ECM) overtaking normal lung tissue. We sought to study the role of heat shock protein (HSP) isoforms HSP90α and HSP90β, whose distinct roles in lung fibrogenesis remain elusive.

We determined the level of circulating HSP90α in IPF patients (n=31) and age-matched healthy controls (n=9) by ELISA. The release of HSP90α and HSP90β was evaluatedin vitroin primary IPF and control lung fibroblasts andex vivoafter mechanical stretch on fibrotic lung slices from rats receiving adenovector-mediated transforming growth factor-β1.

We demonstrate that circulating HSP90α is upregulated in IPF patients in correlation with disease severity. The release of HSP90α is enhanced by the increase in mechanical stress of the fibrotic ECM. This increase in extracellular HSP90α signals through low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) to promote myofibroblast differentiation and persistence. In parallel, we demonstrate that the intracellular form of HSP90β stabilises LRP1, thus amplifying HSP90α extracellular action.

We believe that the specific inhibition of extracellular HSP90α is a promising therapeutic strategy to reduce pro-fibrotic signalling in IPF.
Social deprivation and prognosis in Scottish patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Pellino Katherine , Kerridge Simon , Church Colin , Peacock Andrew J. , Crowe Timothy , Jayasekera Geeshath , Johnson Martin K. , MacKenzie Alison M.
Published: February 2018

Several demographic and clinical factors have prognostic significance in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH). Studies in China and the USA have suggested an association between low socioeconomic status and reduced survival. The impact of social deprivation on IPAH survival in the UK is not known.

280 patients with IPAH and hereditary PAH (HPAH) attending the Scottish Pulmonary Vascular Unit (Glasgow, UK) were assigned to social deprivation quintiles using the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation database. The association between survival and social deprivation quintile was assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression analysis.

The distribution of IPAH/HPAH patients was more socially deprived than would be expected based on Scottish citizenry as a whole (Chi-squared 16.16, p=0.003), suggesting referral and access to care is not impeded by socioeconomic status. Univariate analysis demonstrated no significant association between social deprivation and survival (p=0.81), and this association failed to reach significance with inclusion of time, sex and age as covariates in the model (p=0.23). There were no statistically significant correlations between social deprivation and baseline clinical variables of prognostic importance except for age, sex and quality of life.

Social deprivation is not a significant referral barrier or prognostic factor for IPAH and HPAH in Scotland.
Effects of continuous positive airway pressure therapy on left ventricular diastolic function: a randomised, sham-controlled clinical trial
Authors: Shim Chi Young , Kim Darae , Park Sungha , Lee Chan Joo , Cho Hyung-Ju , Ha Jong-Won , Cho Yang-Je , Hong Geu-Ru
Published: February 2018

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy may decrease left ventricular (LV) loads and improve myocardial oxygenation. In this study, we investigated the effect of CPAP on LV diastolic function compared with sham treatment in patients with severe obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA).

This 3-month prospective single-centre randomised sham-controlled trial analysed 52 patients with severe OSA. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either CPAP or sham treatment for 3 months. The main investigator and patients were masked to the trial randomisation. The primary end-point was change of early diastolic mitral annular (e′) velocity over the 3-month period. Secondary end-points were pulse wave velocity (PWV), 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (BP) and variables of ventricular-vascular coupling at 3 months.

After 3 months of follow-up, CPAP treatment significantly increased the e′ velocity, and was greater than the sham treatment (0.65±1.70versus−0.61±1.85 cm·s−1, p=0.014). The PWV, 24-h mean diastolic BP, night-time diastolic BP, arterial elastance index and ventricular-vascular coupling index after 3 months of follow-up decreased significantly in the CPAP group.

In patients with severe OSA, CPAP treatment for 3 months improved LV diastolic function more than sham treatment, and was accompanied by improvements in arterial stiffness and ventricular-vascular coupling.
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in COPD: a cluster randomised controlled trial
Authors: Farver-Vestergaard Ingeborg , O'Toole Mia S. , O'Connor Maja , Løkke Anders , Bendstrup Elisabeth , Basdeo Sharee A. , Cox Donal J. , Dunne Pádraic J. , Ruggeri Kai , Early Frances , Zachariae Robert
Published: February 2018

A considerable proportion of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) entering pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) report psychological distress, which is often accompanied by poor physical health status. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) has been shown to improve psychological and physical outcomes in other chronic diseases. We therefore evaluated the efficacy of MBCT as an add-on to a standard PR programme in COPD.

COPD patients eligible for PR were cluster randomised to receive either an 8-week, group-based MBCT programme as an add-on to an 8-week PR programme (n=39), or PR alone (n=45). The primary outcomes of psychological distress and physical health status impairment were measured with the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the COPD Assessment Test (CAT) before randomisation (T1), mid- (T2) and post-intervention (T3), and at 3 (T4) and 6 (T5) months’ follow-up .

A statistically significant time×arm effect was found for the HADS (Cohen'sd=0.62, 95% CIs (d)=0.18–1.06, p=0.010). The treatment effect on the CAT failed to reach statistical significance (d=0.42, 95% CIs (d)=−0.06–0.90, p=0.061).

MBCT showed a statistically significant and durable effect on psychological distress, indicating that MBCT may be an efficacious add-on to standard PR programmes in COPD.
“Past Echoes of Cruelty and Nonsense” in Stevie Smith
Authors: Gargaillo Florian
Published: February 2018

In a review of T. S. Eliot’s Murder in the Cathedral, Stevie Smith lamented that “so many writers of these times, which need courage and the power of criticism, and coolness, should find their chief delight in terrifying themselves and their readers with past echoes of cruelty and nonsense.” Paradoxically, those twin nouns—“cruelty and nonsense”—have often been used to describe her own poetry. This essay examines Smith’s allusions to Eliot, Algernon Swinburne, and John Keats and demonstrates that such “past echoes” helped her weigh the risk of dwelling on cruelty to the point of morbidity against that of finding too much pleasure in the cruel and absurd. More broadly, Smith’s allusiveness presents a significant alternative to Harold Bloom’s anxiety of influence. Her attitude toward her predecessors is not agonistic but playful, elusive, and polyvalent. She writes through the poetry of the past to work out problems of ethics and aesthetics that were of great importance to her.
Evaluation of periprostatic neurovascular fibers before and after radical prostatectomy by means of 1.5 T MRI diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: Di Paola Valerio , Cybulski Adam , Belluardo Salvatore , Cavicchioli Francesca , Manfredi Riccardo , Pozzi Mucelli Roberto
Published: February 2018

Objective:

To evaluate if diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is able to detect changes of periprostatic neurovascular fibers (PNFs) before and after radical prostatectomy (RP), and if these changes are related to post-surgical urinary incontinence and erectile dysfunction.

Methods:

22 patients (mean age 62.6 years) with biopsy-proven prostate cancer underwent 1.5 T DTI before and after RP. The number, fractional anisotropy (FA) values and length of PNFs before and after RP were compared using Student’s t-test. Each patient filled out two questionnaires before and after RP, one for the evaluation of urinary continence (ICIQ-SF) and one for the evaluation of erectile function (IIEF-5). The ratios of the number, FA values and length of PNFs before and after RP (DTI B-A RATIOs) and the ratios between the scores obtained before and after RP for both ICIQ-SF and IIEF-2 (ICIQ-SF B-A RATIOs and IIEF-2 B-A RATIOs) were calculated to perform the Kendall’s τ-test between them.

Results:

There was a statistically significant decrease of the number of PNFs after RP at base, midgland, and apex (p < 0.01) and of FA values at midgland (p < 0.05), with positive statistically significant correlation between the DTI B-A RATIOs of the number of PNFs and IIEF-2 B-A RATIOs (p < 0.05, ρ = 0.47).

Conclusion:

DTI was able to detect that the decrease of the number of the PNFs after RP was statistically related to the post-surgical erectile dysfunction (p < 0.05).

Advances in knowledge:

This work demonstrates that: (1) 1.5 T MRI DTI is able to detect the decrease of the number and of the FA of PNFs after prostatectomy; (2) the decrease of the number of PNFs after prostatectomy is related with the post-surgical erectile dysfunction; (3) 1.5 T MRI DTI has demonstrated to be a reproducible technique in detecting the changes of the PNFs induced by RP, with high interobserver agreement.
Spectrum of MRI brain lesion patterns in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: a pictorial review
Authors: Wang Kevin Yuqi , Chetta Justin , Bains Pavit , Balzer Anthony , Lincoln John , Uribe Tomas , Lincoln Christie M
Published: February 2018

Neuromyelitis optica is a neurotropic autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system traditionally thought to exclusively involve the optic nerves and spinal cord. With the discovery of the disease-specific aquaporin-4 antibody and the increasing recognition of clinical and characteristic imaging patterns of brain involvement in what is now termed neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), MRI now plays a greater role in diagnosis of NMOSD based on the 2015 consensus criteria and in distinguishing it from other inflammatory disorders, particularly multiple sclerosis (MS). Several brain lesion patterns are highly suggestive of NMOSD, whereas others may serve as red flags. Specifically, long corticospinal lesions, hemispheric cerebral white matter lesions and periependymal lesions in the diencephalon, dorsal brainstem and white matter adjacent to lateral ventricles are typical of NMOSD. In contrast, juxtacortical, cortical, or lesions perpendicularly oriented to the surface of the lateral ventricle suggests MS as the diagnosis. Ultimately, a strong recognition of the spectrum of MRI brain findings in NMOSD is essential for accurate diagnosis, and particularly in differentiating from MS. This pictorial review highlights the spectrum of characteristic brain lesion patterns that may be seen in NMOSD and further delineates findings that may help distinguish it from MS.
Equine influenza
Authors: BOUNTOURI (Μ. ΜΠΟΥΝΤΟΥΡΗ) M. , FRAGKIADAKI (Ε. ΦΡΑΓΚΙΑΔΑΚΗ) E. , DAFIS (Β. ΝΤΑΦΗΣ) V. , XYLOURI (Ε. ΞΥΛΟΥΡΗ) E.
Published: February 2018

Equine Influenza (ΕΙ) is an acute, highly contagious, respiratory disease of equine. The causative agent of EI infections is a type A influenza virus, classified into the family Orthomyxovirìdae. Up to today two subtypes of EI are known, subtype 1 (H7N7) and subtype 2 (H3N8). Subtype 1 has not been isolated since 1977 and is presumed that has been replaced by the subtype 2, which is the causative agent of many recent outbreaks. Antigenic drift of H3N8 viruses resulted in the divergence of strains into two distinct evolutionary lineages, which co-circulate. The high morbidity of equine influenza disease was demonstrated in all resent widespread outbreaks all over the world. On the other hand, the mortality rate of influenza disease in equids is generally low, unless secondary bacterial infections occurred. Devastating economic loss of the disease in breeding and race animals reinforced the importance of vaccination. Despite the extensive use of vaccines, outbreaks of equine influenza continue to occur. In 2003 there were widespread outbreaks of equine influenza among un vaccinates and regularly vaccinated horses in Europe and later all over the world, even in regions that rarely report equine influenza outbreaks. However, studies have shown that vaccination does not prevent transmission and on the other hand multiple booster doses could result to paralysis of the immune system. Furthermore, all these developments including transmission to swine and dogs, shows the unpredictable evolutionary pathways the equine influenza virus follows. In conclusion, influenza surveillance and research should go on and provide useful tools to better evaluate when vaccine strains should be updated.
iPemphigus foliaceous in a dog associated with asymptomatic inflammation of the liver and heart
Authors: PAPADOGIANNAKIS E. , FRAGIA K. , SPANAKOS G. , KOUTINAS A. , MATRALIS D.
Published: February 2018

No abstract available
Impact of a porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome inactivated vaccine on the health and semen traits of boars
Authors: PAPATSIROS (Β. ΠΑΠΑΤΣΙΡΟΣ) V. G. , ALEXOPOULOS (Κ. ΑΛΕΞΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) C. , BOSCOS (Κ. ΜΠΟΣΚΟΣ) C. , KYRIAKIS (Σ.Κ. ΚΥΡΙΑΚΗΣ) S. C.
Published: February 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a commercial European Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) - inactivated vaccine on health status, semen characteristics and semen fertilizing capacity in vivo of boars. In a farrow to finish farm that suffered from chronic course of PRRS, 7 donor boars (1.1-2.2 years old) were initially twice vaccinated, with a 4 weeks interval. At the same time, all gilts / sows of the herd were, also, vaccinated. Boars were monitored for abnormal clinical signs 24 h prior to 15 days after each vaccination. Ejaculates were collected 24 h prior, 24 h after and 15 days after each vaccination and the semen characteristics were evaluated. A total of 305 sows were inseminated twice with the collected semen 2 weeks prior up to 6 weeks after the 1st vaccination. No systemic clinical signs and significant differences in semen characteristics, except of sperm viability, were noticed. After the 1st vaccination, sperm viability increased, but this was probably due to the increase of the age of 7 boars during the trial and not due to the vaccination. All semen characteristics were decreased 24h after each vaccination, but they were not lower than the value of accepted criteria semen quality. No change was noticed in sow's fertility parameters, apart from the farrowing rate, that was not, however, of clinical importance. In conclusion, the use of a PRRSV - inactivated vaccine in boars is safe and has not negative effects on health status and their semen characteristics neither on fertilizing capacity in vivo.
New vaccination protocols for the dog and cat: the challenge of today for a better and safer prevention
Authors: MYLONAKIS (Μ.Ε. ΜΥΛΩΝΑΚΗΣ) M. E. , KOUTINAS (Α.Φ. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ) A. F. , SARIDOMICHELAKIS (Μ. ΣΑΡΙΔΟΜΙΧΕΛΑΚΗΣ) M. , KOUTINAS (Χ.Κ. ΚΟΥΤΙΝΑΣ) C. K. , SOUBASIS (Ν. ΣΟΥΜΠΑΣΗΣ) N. , ADAMAMA-MORAITOU (Κ.Κ. ΑΔΑΜΑΜΑ-ΜΩΡΑΪΤΟΥ) K. K. , KONTOS (Β.Ι. ΚΟΝΤΟΣ) V. I.
Published: February 2018

Vaccinations are an integral part of a comprehensive preventive health care program targeting to minimize the incidence of major canine and feline infectious diseases. Currently, vaccination practices are re-evaluated globally towards a twofold objective: to strengthen "herd immunity", which depends on the percentage of vaccinated animals in a population, and to reduce the "vaccine load" per animal in order to minimize the vaccine-associated adverse reactions. To this end, the updated canine and feline vaccination guidelines, encourage the vaccination of as many animals as possible, while at the same time classify the vaccines into core, non-core and not recommended. Core vaccines should be administered, if possible, to every dog and cat.Canine parvovirus-2, canine adenovirus-2, canine distemper virus, feline parvovirus, feline calicivirus/herpesvirus-1 and rabies vaccines fall into this category. Non-core vaccines are selectively given to dogs and cats after assessing the risk/benefit ratio. There are also vaccines for which there is currently no sufficient scientific evidence to justify their use. Importantly, after the one-year booster inoculation that follows the completion of the initial puppy/kitten vaccination series, core vaccines should be given no more frequently than every three years, as the duration of the protective immunity far exceeds this time interval. This review focuses on the updated canine and feline vaccination guidelines pertaining to the individual animal as well as to those living in groups. Important questions related to vaccination programs and to relevant adverse reactions are also answered. An effort has been made to align these guidelines according to what is considered a "norm" among the small amimal practitioners in Greece.
Mechanical ventilation. Part II: Basic principles and function of ventilators.
Authors: PAVLIDOU (Κ. ΠΑΥΛΙΔΟΥ) K. , SAVVAS (Ι. ΣΑΒΒΑΣ) I. , ANAGNOSTOU (Τ. ΑΝΑΓΝΩΣΤΟΥ) T.
Published: February 2018

Mechanical ventilation is the process of supporting respiration by manual or mechanical means. When normal breathing is inefficient or has stopped, mechanical ventilation is life-saving and should be applied at once. The ventilator increases the patient's ventilation by inflating the lungs with oxygen or a mixture of air and oxygen. Ventilators play an important role in the anaesthetic management of patients, as well as in the treatment of patients in the ICU. However, there are differences between the anaesthetic ventilators and the ventilators in ICU. The main indication for mechanical ventilation is difficulty in ventilation and/or oxygenation of the patient because of any respiratory or other disease. The aims of mechanical ventilation are to supply adequate oxygen to patients with a limited vital capacity, to treat ventilatory failure, to reduce dyspnoea and to facilitate rest of fatigued breathing muscles. Depression of the central nervous system function is a pre-requirement for mechanical ventilation. Some times, opioids or muscle relaxants can be used in order to depress patient's breathing. Mechanical ventilation can be applied using many different modes: assisted ventilation, controlled ventilation, continuous positive pressure ventilation, intermittent positive pressure ventilation and jet ventilation. Furthermore, there are different types of automatic ventilators built to provide positive pressure ventilation in anaesthetized or heavily sedated or comatose patients: manual ventilators (Ambu-bag), volumecontrolled ventilators with pressure cycling, volume-controlled ventilators with time cycling and pressure-controlled ventilators. In veterinary practice, the ventilator should be portable, compact and easy to operate. The controls on most anaesthetic ventilators include settings for tidal volume, inspiratory time, inspiratory pressure, respiratory rate and inspiration: expiration (I:E) ratio. The initial settings should be between 10-20 ml/kg for tidal volume, 12-30 cmH2 0 for the inspiratory pressure and 8-15 breaths/min for the respiratory rate. Mechanical ventilation is a very important part of treatment in the ICU, but many problems may arise during application of mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients. All connections should be checked in advance and periodically for mechanical problems like leaks. Moreover, complications like lung injury, pneumonia, pneumothorax, myopathy and respiratory failure can occur during the course of mechanical ventilation causing difficulty in weaning.
D-dimer as a diagnostic tool for canine thromboembolic disorders
Authors: GIANNOULOPOULOS (Γ.Δ. ΓΙΑΝΝΟΥΛΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) G. D. , ATHANASIOU (Λ.Β. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΙΟΥ) L. V. , POLIZOPOULOU (Ζ.Σ. ΠΟΛΥΖΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) Z. S.
Published: February 2018

D-dimers are small protein fragments present in the blood after a blood clot is degraded by plasmin. During the fibrin(ogen) degradation, a number of products are produced called fibrin(ogen) degradation products (FDPs). D-dimers are part of the FDPs, formed as a result of plasmin activity on cross-linked fibrin. Thus, D-dimers indicate the activity of both thrombin and plasmin and are specific markers for fibrinolysis. D-dimer measurement is widely used in the diagnostic work-up of human patients as the most sensitive test to diagnose pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and it is, also, considered essential in the evaluation of antithrombotic therapy. During the last decade, there was considerable research regarding the potential utility of D-dimer in veterinary medicine, particularly in canine and equine species. In dogs, D-dimer plasma concentrations can be used to rapidly detect the thrombotic complications and DIC associated with many systemic diseases (high quantitative D-dimer levels). The symptoms of PTE are subtle and the confirmation of diagnosis with routine hematological tests can be difficult, thus jeopardizing the patient's survival. Several techniques have been employed for the detection of D-dimer; the immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA), the immuno-turbidimetric assay and several latex agglutination assays are more commonly used.
Estimation of seasonality and prevalence of the isopod parasite Ceratothoa oestroides, Risso, 1836, in Greece
Authors: VAGIANOU (ΣΤ. ΒΑΓΙΑΝΟΥ) St. , BITCHAVA (Κ. ΜΠΙΤΧΑΒΑ) C. , YAGNISI (Μ. ΓΙΑΓΝΙΣΗ) M. , ATHANASSOPOULOU (Φ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) F.
Published: February 2018

The aim of the present study was the investigation of the seasonality of isopod parasite Ceratothoa oestroides (Risso, 1836), in two different farms, in the region of Chios and in the region of Astakos. In each area, in total 80 sea bass and 80 gilthead sea breams in each sampling were examined. One seasonal sampling in each farm for the two species was taken and four samplings were performed in a year for the two species. The samples were collected by the same cages and their medium weights as well as themedium temperatures per stockfarming were recorded. In gilthead sea bream the isopod parasite Ceratothoa oestroides was found only in the region of Astakos at a prevalence of 31,2%, which presented a maximum value during the summer months. In sea bass the parasite was found in the two regions (prevalence 33,75% and 55,25%, respectively). It was observed that the rate of pollution in Astakos was higher in spring, whereas in Chios the prevalence was higher in summer. Finally, the young individuals of stage of puliiII parasitise were what caused serious alterations and finally the death of mainly young fishes of gilthead sea bream (Spams aurata)and bassfish (Dicentrarchus labrax). The adults hosts appearred that they were not influenced particularly by the presence of parasitises.
Ethics and laboratory animals
Authors: KOSTOMITSOPOULOS (Ν. ΚΩΣΤΟΜΗΤΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) N.
Published: February 2018

Despite all the benefits, the use of animals in biomedical research was, and still is, a subject of debate with respect to its true usefulness. The sensitivity of the community and the interest of scientists working in the field of laboratory animal science and welfare have clearly demonstrated that the use of animals in biomedical research must be conducted under specific scientific, legal and ethical rules. The ethical justification of a research project starts from the initial designing phase of the project until the completion of the study and the review of the obtained results. Main considerations of an ethical documentation are: the precise definition of the goals of the project and the existing probabilities for its success, the selection of the appropriate animal model, the implementation of the 3Rs' concept for replacement, reduction and refinement, a cost/benefit analysis on the expected benefits for science and society with direct consideration to the harm created to animals, a pilot study and a systematic review of previously published animal research on the topic, the availability of the appropriate facilities, equipment and expertise to guarantee high standards of animal accommodation, husbandry, care and use. The ethical documentation of a project by scientists themselvesinvolves team work and a sustainable rather than a one-off procedure. The ethical justification of the laboratory animal research protocols reflects the interest and the responsibility of scientists for reduction and refinement of animal experimentation. Thisprocess built a trust relationship between scientists and the society.
Veterinary Graduate and Postgraduate Studies. European Colleges. Continuing Education: Problems and Opportunities for Greece
Authors: KYRIAKIS (Σ. Κ. ΚΥΡΙΑΚΗΣ) S. C.
Published: February 2018

Veterinary medicine education has undergone substantial changes from a strong occupational oriented training towards trainingwith much diversity in veterinary and life science areas. This evolution has been clearly dictated by the society since the Veterinarian became the expert not only in treating animals, but also in the prevention of animal diseases, in animal welfare, in public health by means of control of foodstuff of animal origin and of zoonotic type of diseases. The broader spectrum of tasks of the Veterinarianis reflected in the veterinary education and specialization
Animal health and welfare measures in the EU
Authors: HOPPENSTEDT K. F.
Published: February 2018

NO ABSTRACT
Dolphin therapy
Authors: GOUVA (Ε. ΓΚΟΥΒΑ) E. , ERGOLAVOU (Α. ΕΡΓΟΛΑΒΟΥ) A. , PASCHOS (Ι. ΠΑΣΧΟΣ) I. , PERDIKARIS (Κ. ΠΕΡΔΙΚΑΡΗΣ) C. , NATHANAILIDES (Κ. ΝΑΘΑΝΑΗΛΙΔΗΣ) C. , DAMIGOU (Ν. ΔΑΜΙΓΟΥ) N. , ATHANASSOPOULOU (Φ. ΑΘΑΝΑΣΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) F.
Published: February 2018

Dolphin therapy emerged during the 1950s. The work of Dr. John Lilly played an important role, since he investigated the impact of dolphins on disabled people. From 1978 onwards, the therapeutic aid of dolphins was further advanced, especially after the success of Dr Davis Nathanson with Down-syndrome children and Dr. Ludmila Lukina, who developed many therapeutic methods. The therapeutic method is based on the hypersonic stimulus transmitted by the dolphin sonar (a strong organ at the top of the head, which helps dolphins to produce and receive sounds) towards the central nervous system of humans, resulting in the synchronization of brain hemispheres for a certain period (brain waves are concerted in both hemispheres regarding frequency and phase), which is in turn contemplated as neurologically uncommon. The scientific experience of supplementary therapeutic approaches using dolphins reinforces the classical medical therapies and has provided solid proofs of positive effects of such programmes on: autism, Rett syndrome, Down syndrome, mental delay, brain paralysis, depression, cognitive difficulties, hyperkinetic syndrome. Therapeutic centres, such as Dolphin Assisted Therapy, provide various therapeutic programs of different duration, targeting to assist people with a variety of problems. Scientific results documented that dolphins affect the speech during interaction with humans, decrease the depression symptoms and reduce the pain in people suffering from multiple sclerosis. The present work provides up to date data regarding dolphin therapy in a worldwide context. It is actually a thorough literature review, which attempts to cover a gap in the field of therapeutic contribution of animals to human's health.
Legislative framework for the proper carrying out experimental protocols in laboratory animals and the management of carcasses
Authors: MONOGIOU (Ε. ΜΟΝΟΓΙΟΥ) E.
Published: February 2018

There is a specific legal, both national and EU framework, that regulates animal testing and cadaver disposal. Indicatively, as far as the National legislation is concerned, the Presidential Decree 160/1991 and the Law 2015/1992 on the validation of the European Convention on the protection of laboratory animals is mentioned. As for the European legislation, the Council Directive 86/609/EEC as well as the Recommendation of the European Commission E (2007) 2525 is mentioned. Animal testing on laboratory animals consists of four actions as defined by meaning: the field of study, the licensing of experimentation (Reduction-Refinement-Replacement), the recommendation of a Commission of Ethics assessment and finally the Cost-benefit analysis. The aims of the above mentioned legislation are the following: reduction in the number of the laboratory animals in use, providing care to them, reduction of the fear and pain, suppress any attempt to avoid the unnecessary repetitions of experimental protocols and, finally, acquirement of alternative methods of research. The cadavers of laboratory animals (considered to be animal by-products) are part of category 1 and are handled accordingly based on the Veterinary legislation (European Regulation 1774/2002, Presidential Decree 211/2006) through the following stages: collection in special collectors, frozen storage, transfer with licensed vehicles and eventually, arrival at a licensed processing unit and final disposal of the material as waste via cremation or burial under hygienic conditions. The proper handling of laboratory animals is documented with many kinds of ancillary material. However, they can be handled also through the Medical Waste Legislation (as dangerous-infectious-toxic waste / category 2) with stages that take place either within or out of health units (Ministerial Decision 8668/2007, Joint Ministerial Decision 24944/1159) as follows: firstly, collection in appropriate confection and frozen storage, followed by transfer by licensed vehicles to a licensed unit, followed by cremation or sterilization and finally, disposal through burial under hygienic conditions. This way of handling of laboratory animals is documented by many kinds of subsidiary material. The Veterinary legislation, as well as the legislation concerning public health, imposes serious penalties to any violators. The current legal framework is accepted as the foundation which provides a basis for any efforts (a) improving care on the assessment of the cost/living quality ratio of laboratory animals, (b) substitution of these animals with alternative methods of research and (c) protection of the environment, in general, through the proper handling / traceability of the cadavers of the animals that are part of experiments.
Medical education. Modern methods and alternative methods to animal procedures
Authors: PAPALOIS (Α.Ε. ΠΑΠΑΛΟΗΣ) A. E.
Published: February 2018

The purpose of medical education, as well as of skills for medical doctors and veterinary doctors (continuing medical education and professional development), is to encourage decision-makers and healthcare professionals to ensure appropriate mechanisms for safe medical care. Medical education has been affected by several technological and financial developments. The rapidly evolving technology and knowledge challenged traditional educational concepts. Also alternative methods for training are in use in many centres worldwide (patient simulators, cadaver tissues, robotics, participation in daily surgery and other).
From the idea to implementation of the in vivo experiment. Organizing and planning a new protocol
Authors: PAPALOIS (Α.Ε. ΠΑΠΑΛΟΗΣ) A. E.
Published: February 2018

A brief overview is presented of the key steps involved in designing a research animal experiment, with reference to resources that specifically address each topic of discussion in more detail. After an idea for a research project is conceived, a thorough review of the literature and consultation with experts in that field are pursued to refine the problem statement and to assimilate background information that is necessary for the experimental design phase. Other practical considerations include defining the necessary control groups, randomly assigning animals to control/treatment groups, determining the number of animals needed per group, evaluating the logistics of the actual performance of the animal experiments and identifying the most appropriate statistical analyses and potential collaborators experienced in the area of study. Also important concerns are anaesthesia, trial dosages of molecules-elements, definition of surgical procedures, sham experiments as control group and cost per experiment. Other factors are probable or expected timeframe for completion of experiments, sufficient financing, pathology and final histopathological examination, specific indicators or values necessary for the evaluation of the results and the origin of the research protocol (doctoral thesis, master or research interests). All of these factors are critical to designing an experiment that will generate scientifically valid and reproducible data, which should be considered the ultimate goal of any scientific investigation.
Lactate in intensive care unit
Authors: PAVLIDOU (Κ. ΠΑΥΛΙΔΟΥ) K. , SAVVAS (Ι. ΣΑΒΒΑΣ) I. , KAZAKOS (Γ. ΚΑΖΑΚΟΣ) G.
Published: February 2018

Lactate is produced in cells under anaerobic conditions. Hyperlactatemia is the increase of the plasma lactateconcentration and lactic acidosis is the elevation in lactate concentration with a decrease in arterial pH. Hyperlactatemia and lactic acidosis are common in shock, but may also occur in many other clinical syndromes. Clinical studies in humans have reported that lactate concentration may contribute to the diagnosis of diseases in an intensive care unit and the estimation of the prognosis. In veterinary literature, clinical trials on lactate concentration in critical patients are rare, however, there are reports indicating its potential significance. Moreover, the severity of disease is linked to high lactate concentrations in the arterial blood, which is considered to be a negative prognostic index, at least in dogs. Lactate is formed in skeletal muscles, brain, heart, skin, intestinal tract, red and white blood cells. In the liver and kidneys it is metabolized up to 50%. In most human cases in intensive care units, hyperlactatemia and lactic acidosis are the result of hypoxia and tissue hypoperfusion. These patients are in a great risk of developing multi-organ failure and they present with high mortality rates. The persistent systemic acidosis affects myocardial contractility, reduces cardiac output and organ perfusion and leads to severe hypoxia. The causes of hyperlactatemia are: high glycolytic flux (alkalosis, release of catecholamine), high production of pyruvate acid and increased metabolic state conditions. Lactic acidosis may be of type A or type B. Lactate concentration can be measured either in whole blood or plasma by two methods: enzymatic chromatography and enzymatic amperometry. The lactate measurement in intensive care units is important, as it can be used to assess organ hypoperfusion and hypoxia, effectiveness of treatment and prognosis of various pathological conditions, such as septic peritonitis, gastric volvulus, pyometra and babesiosis. The treatment of lactic acidosis depends on the severity and management of the underlying disease. The goal of treatment is adequate tissue perfusion and oxygenation, which is achieved by ventilation and fluid therapy. The microbial infections are treated with antibiotics. The use of bicarbonate is still controversial.
Equine enterolithiasis
Authors: DIAKAKIS (Ν.ΔΙΑΚΑΚΗΣ) N.
Published: February 2018

Enterolithiasis is characterized by the presence of enteroliths in the large colon of horses with the ascending colon being the most common site of obstruction. Enteroliths are composed of ammonium magnesium phosphate, which is supplied both by the digestive processes intestinal bacteria and by feeds. The enteroliths typically form around a central nidus. Although enterolithiasis is seen all over the world, the most cases are reported from North America, and more specifically, California, South West Indiana and Florida. As far as breed is concerned, it affects predominantly Arab horses and rarely Quarter and Thoroughbreds. As far as age is concerned, it is usually seen in middle-aged horses. Although the pathogenesis of enterolithiasis is not fully understood, nutrition and heritability are believed to be a part in it. A rich diet in ammonium, magnesium and phosphorus predisposes to enterolith formation, as those elements are the main components of enteroliths. Clinical signs vary considerably and are rarely characteristic of the disease. Usually, the presence of the enterolith is free of symptoms unless it leads to obstruction. In most cases of enterolithiasis a small amount of faeces, air and the administered mineral oil could pass from the obstruction site. On the contrary, in complete obstructions the passage is closed, defecation is absent and no laxative can pass the obstruction site. The enterolith is rarely found by rectal examination. A history of recurrent colic might be connected to the presence of enteroliths that cause partial or temporary obstruction. The most accurate method for diagnosing enterolithiasis is abdominal radiography. The treatment of choice is the surgical removal of enteroliths, which has a favorable prognosis provided that the laparotomy is going to take place early in course of the disease, before the onset of peritonitis. Intestinal rupture, which rapidly leads to peritonitis, is the gravest and commonest complication. Other complications are colitis, leakage through the laparotomy site and peritonitis. In order to prevent reformation of enteroliths, the daily consumption of alfalfa hay has to be reduced dramatically and poor quality hay has to be administered.
Late osteosarcoma development following osteosynthesis of a diaphysial femoral fracture in a dog
Authors: SIDERI (ΑΙΚ. Ι. ΣΙΔΕΡΗ) I. K. , LOUKOPOULOS (Π. ΛΟΥΚΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) P. , PRASSINOS (Ν. Ν. ΠΡΑΣΙΝΟΣ) N. N. , KAZAKOS (Γ. ΚΑΖΑΚΟΣ) G. , PAPADOPOULOS (Π. ΠΑΠΑΔΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ) P. , SIDIROPOULOS (Α. ΣΙΔΗΡΟΠΟΥΛΟΣ) A.
Published: February 2018

Α 5.5 - year - old Great Dane was admitted for evaluation of a progressive lameness of the right hind limb of twenty days duration. The dog had sustained a mid-shaft fracture of the right femur five years ago in a traffic accident, which was initially managed unsuccessfully with the application of external stabilization, and was later successfully treated using a bone plate and screws. Radiographs revealed a fracture of the mid-shaft of the femur, under the bone plate, increased radiodensity of the surrounding soft tissues and the presence of bone spicules out of the limits of the femur. Histopathology revealed the presence of a high-grade osteoblastic productive osteosarcoma, whereas Staphylococcus spp were identified on culture. Due to the poor prognosis associated with osteosarcoma and the rapid deterioration of the dog's general condition, the owners decided to have the animal euthanized. Fractured associated sarcoma is a known, but rarely reported condition. The long-standing presence of metal implants, the tissue damage, as well as the presence of infection have been suggested as possible predisposing factors to the altered cellular activity leading to neoplasia.
Overview of the situation of sheep production in the area of Eordea Kozani
Authors: GIANNENAS (Η. ΓΙΑΝΝΕΝΑΣ) I. , LEONIDIS (Γ. ΛΕΩΝΙΔΗΣ) G. , CHRISTOFI (Α. ΧΡΙΣΤ0ΦΗ) A. , ROSSIOS (Κ. ΡΩΣΣΙΟΣ) K.
Published: February 2018

In this paper it was examined the current status of sheep production in the area of Eordea of the prefecture of Kozani, that is mainly based in the semi-intensive system. The aim of this research was the collection of information of the current status of the sheep production sector with emphasis on its current problems and future perspectives. For this purpose, a questionnaire based research was conducted, using an objective sample (17.8%) of the total sheep farms in the area of Eordea from 16 separate settlements. The collection of the data and their statistical analysis gave a plethora of conclusions: the farms operate in a traditional way and have not been systematically upgraded; there is lack of uptake of new technologies (automated milking, artificial rearing and buildings). The low milk yields achieved are mainly due to the low genetic status of the animals used and the deficiencies in their feeding (non satisfactory combination between grazing and supplementary feeding, non rational feeding in the farm). Also, farms have high production costs due to their relatively small size and fractionation i.e. ineffective management. Other constraining factors include the age of farmers (they are old enough) and the unsatisfactory trade of the sheep products mainly due to the total lack of farmer cooperatives to market sheep products (milk, meat) and buy animal feeds. Although the sector of sheep husbandry does not seem to face at present intense antagonisms among the European Union countries, there are a lot of problems and disorders. However, many of the above mentioned problems may be overcome in the next years, through collaboration of sheep farmers with the relevant expert scientists, but also with the concern of the responsible services of the state.
Adaptation of velogenic Newcastle disease virus in Vero cells: velogenicity of virus unaltered after adaptation
Authors: RAVINDRA P. V. , RATTA B. , CHATURVEDI U. , PALIA S. K. , SUBUDHI P. K , TIWARI A. K.
Published: February 2018

In the present experiment, velogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) was adapted to Vero cells without the addition of exogenous trypsin. The cytopathic effect (CPE) in NDV-infected Vero cells was observed from passage 3 (P 3) onwards with concomitant increase in the haemagglutination (HA) and virus titres. The CPE was characterized by rounding of cells, their detachment from the surface and syncytia formation. The Vero-adapted NDV was confirmed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), which detected the amplification of haemagglutinin neuraminidase (HN) gene from virus-infected cells. The mean death time (MDT) of 58 hours upon inoculation to embryonated chicken eggs and the intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) of 2.12 following inoculation to SPF chicken suggested that Vero adapted virus retained the velogenicity even after ten passages. Furthermore, the nervous signs and haemorrhages in the pro-ventriculus of birds that died at day 5 post inoculation with PIO virus confirmed that the Vero-adapted NDV was a neurotropic viscerotropic velogenic strain.
The feeding of rams on farms of the "Macedonia" Cooperative of Chios sheep breeders
Authors: VALERGAKIS (Γ. Ε. ΒΑΛΕΡΓΑΚΗΣ) G. E. , GELASAKIS (Α. Ι. ΓΕΛΑΣΑΚΗΣ) A. I. , OIKONOMOU (Γ. ΟΙΚΟΝΟΜΟΥ) G. , BAZDAGIANNI (Ζ. ΜΠΑΣΔΑΠΑΝΝΗ) Z. , ARSENOS (Γ. ΑΡΣΕΝΟΣ) G.
Published: February 2018

The aim of this study was to verify the adequacy of ram rations in intensively reared flocks of the Chios breed. Data were collected from the 66 farms of the "Macedonia" Cooperative of Chios Sheep Breeders and were evaluated using requirements published by INRA and NRC. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance. Ram requirements for net energy lactation, digestible protein, absorbable calcium and absorbable phosphorus were greatly exceeded. Farm classification in three groups (A, Β and C, 26,15 and 25 farms, respectively), based on net energy offered during maintenance (100%, 122% and 154% of requirements, respectively), showed that there was considerable area for improvement; the use of large quantities of concentrates is unjustified. Location, considerable on-farm feed production and zero grazing were associated with farm classification in group C. Rations used during the pre-breeding and the breeding periods offered 40-50% more net energy than required. Protein requirements were greatly exceeded (200-250%); alfalfa hay was the basic roughage and soybean and other oilseed meals (10% and 5%, respectively) were included in the concentrates. Calcium requirements were greatly exceeded as well. However, 1 out of 4 farms was providing inadequate amounts of phosphorus during maintenance. Moreover, adequate amounts of vitamins and trace minerals were offered by 37.9% of farms only, during maintenance. This situation was improved during the pre-breeding and the reeding periods (54.5% and 74.2%, respectively), but it was still far from desirable. It was estimated that balanced rations would decrease annual ram feeding expenses by at least 20€. At the same time, incidences of elevated body condition scores and their detrimental effects on ram fertility and some diseases, like urolithiasis, would be greatly reduced.