bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE RIBOSOMES OF DROSOPHILA. III. RNA AND PROTEIN HOMOLOGY BETWEEN D. MELANOGASTER AND D. VIRILIS
Authors: Weber Lee , Berger Edward , Vaslet Charles , Yedvobnick Barry
Published: April 2021

The extent of interspecific homology between D. melanogaster and D. virilis for ribosomal RNA and ribosomal protein was examined using the techniques of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, and RNA-DNA filter hybridization. Only 2 of the 71 ribosomal proteins resolved were found to be species specific, while comparisons of soluble larval hemolymph protein patterns showed little similarity. Depending on the technique employed, the sequence homology for 18S + 28S ribosomal RNA was found to be between 83-94%, and sequence homology for 5S rRNA was judged to be complete.
SULFHYDRYL COMPOUNDS IN MELANOCYTES OF YELLOW (Ay/a), NONAGOUTI (a/a), AND AGOUTI (A/A) MICE
Authors: Galbraith Donald B , Patrignani Alan M
Published: April 2021

Cleffmann (1953, 1963a,b) has reported that yellow but not black melanocytes of agouti (A/A) rabbits contained reducing sulfhydryl compounds. We have attempted to repeat Cleffmann's observations in mouse melanocytes of the lethal yellow (Ay/a), nonagouti (a/a) and agouti (A/A) genotypes. Our results contradict those of Cleffmann and reveal that yellow and black melanocytes, regardless of genotype, possess equivalent amounts of histochemically detectable sulfhydryl compounds. These results do not support the hypothesis that agouti-locus genes act by controlling the sulfhydryl metabolism of pigment cells.
TESTING FOR SELECTIVE NEUTRALITY OF ELECTROPHORETICALLY DETECTABLE PROTEIN POLYMORPHISMS
Authors: Weir B S , Brown A H D , Marshall D R
Published: April 2021

The statistical assessment of gene-frequency data on protein polymorphisms in natural populations remains a contentious issue. Here we formulate a test of whether polymorphisms detected by electrophoresis are in accordance with the stepwise, or charge-state, model of mutation in finite populations in the absence of selection. First, estimates of the model parameters are derived by minimizing chi-square deviations of the observed frequencies of genotypes with alleles (0,1,2…) units apart from their theoretical expected values. Then the remaining deviation is tested under the null hypothesis of neutrality. The procedure was found to be conservative for false rejections in simulation data. We applied the test to Ayala and Tracey 's data on 27 allozymic loci in six populations of Drosophila willistoni. About one-quarter of polymorphic loci showed significant departure from the neutral theory predictions in virtually all populations. A further quarter showed significant departure in some populations. The remaining data showed an acceptable fit to the charge state model. A predominating mode of selection was selection against alleles associated with extreme electrophoretic mobilities. The advantageous properties and the difficulties of the procedure are discussed.
THE POPULATION GENETICS OF SPERM DISPLACEMENT
Authors: Prout Timothy , Bundgaard Jørgen
Published: April 2021

This article reports the results of some sperm displacement experiments, as well as the results of a theoretical study of selection arising from genetic differences in displacing ability. The experimental work involved the use of three genetic marker stocks in double and triple matings. The speed of displacement following the matings was determined by scoring the progeny of each female daily. There were clear differences between strains in their displacing ability. It is shown how new information concerning the displacement process results when three markers are used; however, no new light is shed by these experiments on the mechanism of displacement.

The theoretical study of selection resulting from displacement uses a one-locus, two-allele model in which three diploid male genotypes confer different displacing abilities. The results indicate stable equilibria if (1) there is heterosis, and (2) there are certain nontransitive relationships in displacing ability among the different kinds of double matings.

Some evolutionary consequences are discussed in which sperm displacement is regarded as a form of sexual selection.
REGULATION OF NEWLY EVOLVED ENZYMES. III EVOLUTION OF THE ebg REPRESSOR DURING SELECTION FOR ENHANCED LACTASE ACTIVITY
Authors: Hall Barry G , Clarke Norma D
Published: April 2021

The evolution of lactose utilization by lacZ deletion strains of E. coli occurs via mutations in the ebg genes. We show that one kind of mutation in the regulatory gene ebgR results in a repressor which retains the ability to repress synthesis of ebg enzymes, but which permits 4.5-fold more ebg enzyme synthesis during lactose induction than does the wild-type repressor. A comparison between the growth rate of various ebg  + strains on lactose and the amount of ebg enzyme synthesized by these strains shows that the rate of enzyme synthesis permitted by the wild-type repressor is insufficient for growth on lactose as a sole carbon source by a cell with the most active ebg lactase yet isolated. We conclude, therefore, that the evolution of lactose utilization requires both a structural and a regulatory mutation.
BIPARTITE STRUCTURE OF THE ade3 LOCUS OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Authors: Jones Elizabeth W
Published: April 2021

Forty ade3 mutants were examined with respect to their growth requirements, levels of the tetrahydrofolate interconversion enzymes, and/or map positions. Four deletions were detected. Mutations that result in a requirement for adenine and histidine map in one region of the locus; those which result in a requirement for adenine only map in a quite separate region of the locus, a region not disclosed in previous studies. No correlation was observed between growth properties of the strains and enzyme levels.
KINETICS OF MUTATION INDUCTION BY ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT IN EXCISION-DEFICIENT YEAST
Authors: Eckardt Friederike , Haynes R H
Published: April 2021

We have measured the frequency of UV-induced reversions (locus plus suppressor) for the ochre alleles ade2-1 and lys2-1and forward mutations (ade2 adex double auxotrophs) in an excision-deficient strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (rad2-20). For very low UV doses, both mutational systems exhibit linear induction kinetics. However, as the dose increases, a strikingly different response is observed: in the selective reversion system a transition to higher order induction kinetics occurs near 9 ergs/mm2 (25% survival), whereas in the nonselective forward system the mutation frequency passes through a maximum near 14 ergs/mm2 (4.4% survival) and then declines. This contrast in kinetics cannot be explained in any straightforward way by current models of induced mutagenesis, which have been developed primarily on the basis of bacterial data. The bacterial models are designed to accommodate the quadratic induction kinetics that are frequently observed in these systems. We have derived a mathematical expression for mutation frequency that enables us to fit both the forward and reversion data on the assumptions that mutagenesis is basically a "single event" Poisson process, and that mutation and killing are not necessarily independent of one another. In particular, the dose-response relations are consistent with the idea that the sensitivity of the revertants is about 25% less than that of the original cell population, whereas the sensitivity of the forward mutants is about 29% greater than the population average. We argue that this relatively small differential sensitivity of mutant and nonmutant cells is associated with events that take place during mutation expression and clonal growth.
THE EVOLUTION OF ONE- AND TWO-LOCUS SYSTEMS. II
Authors: Nagylaki Thomas
Published: April 2021

Weak selection in a monoecious population is studied in two multiallelic panmictic models. In the first, a single locus is considered with continuous time and age-independent fertilities and mortalities. If the fertilities of the various matings and the genotypic mortalities may be expressed with an error at most of the second order in s (i.e., O(s  2)), where s is the intensity of selection, as sums of terms corresponding to the different genotypes and alleles, respectively, then after several generations the deviations from Hardy-Weinberg proportions are of O(s  2). In the second model, two loci are treated with discrete nonoverlapping generations. It is shown that if the epistatic parameters are of O(s2), then after several generations the linkage disequilibria are reduced to O(s  2). Assuming only weak selection, it is proved that in both models, after several generations, the total change in mean fitness is generally positive. It is likely that the exclusion of the initial period is usually unnecessary in natural populations. Exceptions are discussed.
A METHOD FOR FATE MAPPING THE FOCI OF LETHAL AND BEHAVIORAL MUTANTS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Flanagan James R
Published: April 2021

A new method of mosaic fate mapping, called focusing, is introduced. Its advantages are that it allows a mapping, on the blastoderm surface, of the site of action of functions defined by either pre-adult lethal or behavioral mutations. Moreover, it does not require that the mosaics used be 50% of one genotype and 50% of the other. Methods for quantitative evaluation of the results of focusing, and a comparison of this method with others, are discussed.—Focusing is applied to the analysis of a new mutant, doomed (symbol: dmd), a distally located X-linked recessive in D. melanogaster, that causes the deaths of males and females around the time of eclosion. The dmd phenotype among eclosing flies is first seen as the loss of thoracic motor coordination and as ether sensitivity. Fate mapping by the method of focusing places the site of action of the dmd  + function in the same region of the map as that of the thoracic neural ganglia primordia, but not that of muscle, suggesting the possibility that the effect of dmd is on a thoracic neural function rather than a muscular one.
TRAUMATIC INDUCTION OF EARLY MATURITY IN TETRAHYMENA
Authors: Nanney D L , Meyer E B
Published: April 2021

Exposure of conjugating pairs of Tetrahymena thermophila to high temperature (37°) during macronuclear development causes an abortion of many macronuclei, but it also often induces an early appearance of sexual maturity in clones completing macronuclear development. Lines become mature after about 15 cell divisions rather than after 50 or more cell divisions in untreated pairs. The phenotype resembles that associated with Em (early maturity) mutants but, because it is not transmitted to the progeny in the next generation, it must be considered a phenocopy. The hypothesis is developed that an early genotype-environment incompatibility, whether associated with an abnormal genotype or an unusual environment, activates a shunt mechanism permitting the organisms to undertake quickly an ordinarily forbidden sexual lottery.
SITES OF THE 5S RIBOSOMAL GENES IN DROSOPHILA. I. THE MULTIPLE CLUSTERS IN THE VIRILIS GROUP
Authors: Wimber D E , Wimber Doris R
Published: April 2021

Drosophila melanogaster  125I-5S RNA was annealed to salivary gland preparations of 6 species in the virilis group of Drosophila. Two patterns of annealing were found. D. virilis, D. montanaand D. borealis showed three 5S gene clusters on chromosome 5; Sd-f and Wc-j were strongly labeled, but Xa-e was weakly labeled. D. montana and D. borealis have a greater percentage of their total 5S cistrons at S d-f than does D. virilis. D. americana americana, D. americana texana and D. novamexicana showed 2 sites labeled; no label was seen at Sd-f while Wc-j was weakly labeled and Xa-e was strongly labeled, the reciprocal of the previous pattern in the W-X region. Hybrids between D. a. americana and D. virilis showed no difference in chromosome banding at the sites of the 5S clusters despite their pattern differences. D. a texana x D. virilis, on the other hand, did show a difference in staining the Xa-e region. These patterns fall squarely into the biosystematic groupings deduced by many previous workers.
THE GENETIC STRUCTURE OF NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER XIII. FURTHER STUDIES ON LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM
Authors: Mukai Terumi , Voelker Robert A
Published: April 2021

The Raleigh, North Carolina, population of Drosophila melanogaster was examined for linkage disequilibrium in 1974, several years after previous analyses in 1968, 1969, and 1970. αglycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-1 (αGpdh-1), malate dehydrogenase-1 (Mdh-1), alcohol dehydrogenase (Adh), and hexokinase-C (Hex-C, tentative name, F. M. Johnson, unpublished; position determined by the present authors to be 2-74.5) were assayed for 617 second chromosomes, and esterase-C (Est-C) and octanol dehydrogenase (Odh) were assayed for 526 third chromosomes. In addition, two polymorphic inversions in the second chromosomes [In(2L)t and In(2R)NS] were examined, and the following findings were obtained: (1) No linkage disequilibrium between isozyme genes was detected. Significant linkage disequilibria were found only between the polymorphic inversions and isozyme genes [In(2L)t vs. Adh, and In(2R)NS vs. Hex-C]. Significant disequilibrium was not detected between In(2L)t and αGpdh-1, which is included in the inversion, but a tendency toward disequilibrium was consistently found from 1968 to 1974. The frequency of two-strand double crossovers within inversion In(2L)t involving a single crossover on each side of αGpdh-1 was estimated to be 0.00022. Thus, the consistent but not significant linkage disequilibrium between the two factors can be explained by recombination after the inversion occurred. (2) Previously existing linkage disequilibrium between Adh and In(2R)NS (the distance is about 30 cM, but the effective recombination value is about 1.75%) was found to have disappeared. (3) No higher-order linkage disequilibrium was detected. (4) Linkage disequilibrium between Odh and Est-C (the distance of which was estimated to be 0.0058 ± 0.002) could not be detected (χ2  df=1 = 0.9).—From the above results, it was concluded that linkage disequilibria among isozyme genes are very rare in D. melanogaster, so that the Franklin-Lewontin model (Franklin and Lewontin 1970) is not applicable to these genes. The linkage disequilibria between some isozyme genes and polymorphic inversions may be explained by founder effect.
GENETIC VARIATION IN HAWAIIAN DROSOPHILA. IV. ALLOZYMIC SIMILARITY BETWEEN D. SILVESTRIS AND D. HETERONEURA FROM THE ISLAND OF HAWAII
Authors: Sene F M , Carson H L
Published: April 2021

The species are endemic to the newest island in the archipelago and are broadly sympatric. They are easily distinguished morphologically in both sexes. Using standard electrophoretic procedures, we have examined 25 loci encoding for structural proteins from 539 silvestris and 325 heteroneura collected at three widely-separated localities where the two species are sympatric. Pairwise comparisons within and between the species show the following coefficients of genetic identity (Nei's I): within silvestris, 0.961 ± 0.01; within heteroneura, 0.949 ± 0.02; between silvestris and heteroneura, 0.939 ± 0.01. Neither the differences within nor between the species are significant. There are no fixed allelic differences either within or between the species. At the three areas of sympatry, the species show gene frequency differences (P < 0.05) at 9, 11 and 13 loci respectively. This is not much different from the variation within either one of the species across the three localities. The two species have similar heterozygosity (H) levels (silvestris, 0.083; heteroneura, 0.089) and percent of polymorphic loci (both 0.37). It is suggested that despite their morphological divergence, these species are much more newly formed than classical sibling species. Significant allozymic differences may not have had time to accumulate.
AMINO ACID REPLACEMENTS RESULTING FROM SUPPRESSION AND MISSENSE REVERSION OF A CHAIN-TERMINATOR MUTATION IN NEUROSPORA
Authors: Seale T W , Brett M , Baron A J , Fincham J R S
Published: April 2021

The Neurospora crassa super-suppressor mutation, ssu-1, suppresses the auxotrophic phenotype of the mutant am(17) by inserting tyrosine at residue 313 of NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase, a position occupied in the wild type by glutamate. Two classes of am(17) revertants due to further mutation within the am gene have, respectively, tyrosine and leucine at residue 313. These replacements are consistent with a chain-terminating codon in am(17) of either the amber (UAG) or the ochre type (UAA), but are inconsistent with UGA. The Leu313 and Tyr313 variants of the enzyme have effective activity but are grossly different from the wild type in Michaelis constants (especially for ammonium) and heat stabilities at two different pH values. They show smaller but significant differences in these respects from each other.
Multimorbidity Accumulation Among Middle-Aged Americans: Differences by Race/Ethnicity and Body Mass Index
Authors: Botoseneanu Anda , Markwardt Sheila , Nagel Corey L , Allore Heather G , Newsom Jason T , Dorr David A , Quiñones Ana R
Published: April 2021

Background

Obesity and multimorbidity are more prevalent among U.S. racial/ethnic minority groups. Evaluating racial/ethnic disparities in disease accumulation according to body mass index (BMI) may guide interventions to reduce multimorbidity burden in vulnerable racial/ethnic groups.

Method

We used data from the 1998–2016 Health and Retirement Study on 8 106 participants aged 51–55 at baseline. Disease burden and multimorbidity (≥2 co-occurring diseases) were assessed using 7 chronic diseases: arthritis, cancer, heart disease, diabetes, hypertension, lung disease, and stroke. Four BMI categories were defined per convention: normal, overweight, obese class 1, and obese class 2/3. Generalized estimating equations models with inverse probability weights estimated the accumulation of chronic diseases.

Results

Overweight and obesity were more prevalent in non-Hispanic Black (82.3%) and Hispanic (78.9%) than non-Hispanic White (70.9 %) participants at baseline. The baseline burden of disease was similar across BMI categories, but disease accumulation was faster in the obese class 2/3 and marginally in the obese class 1 categories compared with normal BMI. Black participants across BMI categories had a higher initial burden and faster accumulation of disease over time, while Hispanics had a lower initial burden and similar rate of accumulation, compared with Whites. Black participants, including those with normal BMI, reach the multimorbidity threshold 5–6 years earlier compared with White participants.

Conclusions

Controlling weight and reducing obesity early in the lifecourse may slow the progression of multimorbidity in later life. Further investigations are needed to identify the factors responsible for the early and progressing nature of multimorbidity in Blacks of nonobese weight.
Body Mass Index and Polygenic Risk for Alzheimer’s Disease Predict Conversion to Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Moody Jena N , Valerio Kate E , Hasselbach Alexander N , Prieto Sarah , Logue Mark W , Hayes Scott M , Hayes Jasmeet P ,   Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI)
Published: April 2021

Body mass index (BMI) is a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) although the relationship is complex. Obesity in midlife is associated with increased risk for AD, whereas evidence supports both higher and lower BMI increasing risk for AD in late life. This study examined the influence of individual differences in genetic risk for AD to further clarify the relationship between late-life BMI and conversion to AD. Participants included 52 individuals diagnosed as having mild cognitive impairment (MCI) at baseline who converted to AD within 24 months and 52 matched MCI participants from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) cohort. BMI was measured at baseline. Genetic risk for AD was assessed via genome-wide polygenic risk scores. Conditional logistic regression models were run to determine if BMI and polygenic risk predicted conversion to AD. Results showed an interaction between BMI and genetic risk, such that individuals with lower BMI and higher polygenic risk were more likely to convert to AD relative to individuals with higher BMI. These results remained significant after adjusting for cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of AD. Exploratory sex-stratified analyses revealed this relationship only remained significant in males. These results show that higher genetic risk in the context of lower BMI predicts conversion to AD in the next 24 months, particularly among males. These findings suggest that genetic risk for AD in the context of lower BMI may serve as a prodromal risk factor for future conversion to AD.
Introduction
Authors: Blevins Cameron
Published: April 2021

How did the American state consolidate its power over the vast and remote territory of the western United States? This chapter orients readers to the period of western expansion spanning the 1860s to the early 1900s and the crucial, often unseen, role of the US Post within this project. It explains the book’s methodology of using a dataset of more than one hundred thousand post offices to map the spread of the western postal network, part of a larger approach of digital history. This spatial analysis leads to four findings about the US Post and its status as a “gossamer network”: that it was big, spatially expansive, fast moving, and ephemeral. The chapter then introduces the concept of the agency model, a new organizational framework for understanding the American state. It concludes with an overview of the book’s chapter structure, major themes, and narrative strategies.
Introduction
Authors: Korver-Glenn Elizabeth
Published: April 2021

The Introduction presents the book’s driving question: How does racism contribute to the persistence of racial segregation in urban America? It sets up the book’s answer to that question by highlighting a group of people the author theorizes are central to housing exchange: housing market professionals. Housing market professionals are the influential gatekeepers, or brokers, who connect—or avoid connecting—housing consumers to housing resources and opportunities. Professionals’ decisions about whether and whom to connect occur through what the author calls the racist market rubric—the set of racist ideas that links racial status with market worth—or the people-oriented market rubric—the set of equitable, people-affirming ideas that equalizes market worth. Professionals’ use of the racist market rubric in particular is supported by real estate organizational routines. The Introduction provides a brief overview of the book’s research methods and data, as well as brief chapter summaries.
Lending Capital
Authors: Korver-Glenn Elizabeth
Published: April 2021

This chapter describes how White mortgage bankers relied on segregated interindustry networking with real estate agents to shore up their lending portfolios. In doing so, they helped sustain racially segregated buyer–agent–banker networks and loan opportunities. The chapter also demonstrates how White real estate agents undertook such networking and, in some cases, used the racist market rubric to interpret mortgage bankers of color, whom they excluded from their professional circles. In addition, the chapter describes how mortgage bankers depended on the routine of racialized discretion when they interpreted mortgage borrower and property risk. They gave White borrowers and homes in White neighborhoods the benefit of the doubt, assuming they were the least risky and most valuable. By contrast, they cast shadows of doubt on borrowers of color and homes in neighborhoods of color, interpreting these individuals and areas through the racist market rubric. Racialized discretion has consequences for whether and under what conditions mortgage loans are approved.
Liberal Non-Domination
Authors: Schemmel Christian
Published: April 2021

This chapter develops the fundamental features of liberal non-domination. It connects the expressive perspective (chapter 2) to a liberal framework for social justice, aiming at fair cooperation between free and equal individuals endowed with two moral powers—sense of justice and capacity for a conception of the good—and derives a conception of non-domination from it. Domination consists of the asymmetrical capacity of one agent to arbitrarily interfere in the choices of another; interference is arbitrary when it is not forced to respect others’ prima facie relevant claims arising out of cooperation. This conception improves upon neo-republican accounts of non-domination by showing that domination is a very important, but not the only, requirement of social justice, and by giving a substantive determination to the claims and choices justice requires it to range over. Concluding critical analyses of Lovett’s, Forst’s, and Pettit’s rival conceptions of just non-domination confirm its advantages.
Relational Equality beyond Non-Domination
Authors: Schemmel Christian
Published: April 2021

Non-domination is not the only demand of relational equality. This chapter rejects two important attempts to make sense of demands for other kinds of egalitarian relations, based on the goods of community, friendship, trust, and self-respect. The first is a pluralist, free-standing approach, according to which social equality goes beyond, and sometimes conflicts with, social justice. This approach either leads to egalitarian perfectionism, which should worry liberals, or fails to yield a mandate to shape society according to its demands. The second approach extends distributive theories of equality by incorporating fair shares of the various goods at stake in egalitarian relations. The chapter shows how resulting variants of relation-sensitive distributivism either fail to capture what is distinctive about relational goods, or to yield recognizably egalitarian demands. This result confirms the case for the liberal approach, while underscoring the need to extend it to matters of social status and self-respect.
Introduction
Authors: Haynes Justin A.
Published: April 2021

By placing twelfth-century Latin epic in the context of the Virgilian tradition, this study seeks to promote wider interdisciplinary knowledge of these poems. At the same time, it attempts to bridge a gap in scholarship between late antique epic and early modern epic. The Introduction presents what information is known about the lives of Joseph of Exeter, Walter of Châtillon, Alan of Lille, and John of Hauville, as well as the chronology of the composition of their poems, the Ylias, Alexandreis, Anticlaudianus, and Architrenius, respectively. The poets all lived in close geographical proximity—all were active in northern France for all or much of their careers. There was also a narrow window of time in which all four poems were composed—roughly a decade, centered around the 1180s. These facts suggest the possibility of direct competition and mutual influence.
Blurring the Lines between History and Allegory
Authors: Haynes Justin A.
Published: April 2021

This chapter explores the possibility that the allegorical epics, the Anticlaudianus and Architrenius, and the historical epics, the Alexandreis and Ylias, are not so diametrically opposed as is often thought. If historical and allegorical epic in the twelfth century can both be said to be founded on a medieval reading of the Aeneid, then the allegorical epics should be able to be read as historical epics and vice versa. The Architrenius is read both as a possible autobiography and as a biography of John of Hauville’s patron. Previous historical readings of characters in the Anticlaudianus are re-evaluated—such as Nero as Henry II, the New Man as Philip Augustus, and the New Man as Christ. The plots of both the Alexandreis and Ylias seem to show the imprint of global allegory, in the style of Fulgentius’s and Bernard Silvestris’s allegorizations of the Aeneid.
Parent Religiousness, Parenting Styles, and Intergenerational Religious Transmission
Authors: Smith Christian , Adamczyk Amy
Published: April 2021

Parents’ religious beliefs and practices, along with their parenting styles, matter for shaping how parents choose to transmit religious belief to their children and the extent to which they are effective. This chapter explores the direct, independent effects of parents’ religiousness and to some extent their parenting styles on children’s religious outcomes. Survey data are used to show how parenting styles moderate the relationship between parents’ religious importance and adult children’s religious importance and attendance. The chapter shows that an authoritative approach, whereby parents combine high expectations of and involvement with their children with emotional warmth and good communication can help more religious parents transmit religion to their children. This chapter also explores the role of religion in strengthening the connection between parents and offers important context and insight for understanding the relationship between corporal punishment and religion.
The Big Picture of American Religious Parenting
Authors: Smith Christian , Adamczyk Amy
Published: April 2021

This chapter zooms out to explore findings from two other nationally representative surveys of American parents about their priorities for, expectations about, and practices to influence their children’s religious futures. The surveys analyzed are the Culture of American Families survey conducted in 2012 by the Institute for the Advanced Study of Culture at the University of Virginia; and the Faith and Family in America survey conducted in 2005 for Religion and Ethics Newsweekly by Greenberg Quinlan Rosner Research, Inc. Findings explore American parents’ beliefs about, values of, and strategies for the religious socialization of their children.
Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Cole Allan Hugh
Published: April 2021

This chapter provides an introduction to Parkinson’s disease (PD) for the nonmedical specialist reader. It covers the history and prevalence of PD, the disease process and its symptoms (motor and non-motor), disease diagnosis, the stages of Parkinson’s, rates of progression, and treatment approaches. Although no form of treatment stops the disease process, there are treatments that can ease its symptoms. These approaches include pharmacological options, such as carbidopa/levodopa; technological devices, surgical interventions, such as deep brain stimulation; and lifestyle practices, such as regular vigorous exercise. The latter has also been shown to slow disease progression. The chapter concludes with a description of current and future research into treating and possibly stopping the progression of Parkinson’s disease.
Counseling Persons with Parkinson’s
Authors: Cole Allan Hugh
Published: April 2021

This chapter demonstrates how a counselor may utilize phase 1 of the loss-based counseling (LBC) approach in practice by presenting a case study of a man, Manny, who has recently been diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease. The five components of the LBC approach, education, identification, formulation, implementation, and evaluation receive attention as concerns Manny’s experience and needs. Showing how a Parkinson’s diagnosis results in feelings of significant loss, the chapter also suggests how attention to purposeful actions (tasks) geared toward ameliorating particular problems-in-living may help ease the burdens of Parkinson’s and, likewise, promote an experience of mourning. The result can be a life with greater measures of acceptance, peace, purpose, joy, and contentment.
Crab Fisheries
Authors: Stevens Bradley G. , Miller Thomas J.
Published: April 2021

The principal crab fisheries around the world are reviewed with regard to patterns of exploitation and existing management systems. Thirty-five species and thirty fisheries were evaluated using a series of sustainability indexes based on landings, biological information, and assessment data. Indexes were scored as Good, Fair, or Poor, adapting the traffic light approach of Caddy et al. (2005). Examples include Jonah crab (Cancer borealis), for which landings have increased by a factor of 6.5 since 2000 (Poor); gazami (Portunus trituberculatus), which supports the largest crab fishery in the world (Fair); and blue crab (Callinectes sapidus), which has had stable landings for decades (Good). Management systems that incorporate stock assessment, biological information, and rights-based management (quota systems) generally outperform those without such attributes. Challenges for sustainable management were identified, including selective harvest (especially use of minimum size limits), climate change and its impacts on reproduction, and bycatch and discard mortality. Conserving populations and sustaining fisheries will require solving these problems in the near future.
Systems of Complexity
Authors: Phelps Charles E. , Madhavan Guru
Published: April 2021

Every day people make decisions, from trivial to critical, just as organizations. Groups making decisions commonly have some rules guiding their approach—bylaws, constitutions, or just custom. Each approach can be vague and subject to different interpretation and also manipulation. This chapter starts off our discussion about how to make better choices, individually but primarily in groups where the preferences of multiple individuals must somehow be combined to create a collective choice. Decision making on consequential matters often come down to making tradeoffs. Becoming better off on one dimension might mean becoming worse off on another. These decisions are innately matters of sacrifices and compromises. Both systems analysis and social choice analysis focus on how to make these types of tradeoffs. These issues form our goals for this book—how to help organizations make better decisions, by focusing on all three of the key issues: who gets to decide, how do they decide, and what should they decide.
Mind Reading, Gossip, and Liars
Authors: Wellman Henry M.
Published: April 2021

This chapter discusses mind reading and theory of mind in adults, preparatory to looking at children in many further chapters. It starts by looking at adult gossip. Gossip appeals to people because it gives them a massive arena for learning about the inner workings of far more people than they could ever know individually. Through gossip, one learns about people’s intentions, quirks, likes, beliefs, deeds, and misdeeds. Then the chapter outlines in more detail just what theory of mind is, its components, and its structures. It is an everyday (not a scientific) theory used to understand ourselves and others; ordinary and commonsensical, it is also called commonsense psychology. Despite all its usefulness, people’s theories of mind can fail them. An everyday example is people’s sense of if and when someone is lying. Despite years of being concerned about lying, most adults’ theories about lying are wrong.
Expertise
Authors: Mitchell Neil J.
Published: April 2021

Professionals are in good standing in the principal-agent literature. With a sense of professional responsibility, an honor code or an oath, they bring extra effort to challenging and difficult to monitor tasks. Often they repay our trust. But there are also substantial challenges in delegating to those with difficult to replace knowledge and specialized training. These challenges are discussed in this chapter in a variety of individual and organizational contexts and in particular in analyzing the use that religious institutions and governments make of those with specialized training. Notwithstanding their rigidly hierarchical organizational structures, complete with rules of conduct and quite fearsome methods of control, the Catholic Church and the military have difficulty keeping agents on task. The chapter shows how these agents exploit their positions. Observing the theoretically unexpected passivity of principals when confronted with non-compliant behavior in these organizations, this chapter modifies the accepted account with the argument that group loyalties, asset specificity, and what the author refers to as the “agent confidence factor” put up the cost of punishment for the principal and protect noncompliant agents from the normal consequences of their actions.
Ignorance
Authors: Stoltz Jonathan
Published: April 2021

This chapter engages in a prolonged discussion of those episodes of cognition that are not instances of knowledge. More explicitly, it focuses on Tibetan Buddhist epistemological developments in the eleventh to thirteenth centuries. Three overarching categories of ignorant cognition are discussed: mistaken cognition, nonascertaining perception, and factive assessment. Of particular interest are those cognitions that are correct or true but which, nonetheless, fail to yield knowledge. In examining these forms of cognition, this chapter explores the boundary between knowledge and ignorance, and does so by highlighting the conditions for knowledge that fail to be satisfied in these different forms of ignorant cognition.
The Colorado State Constitution
Authors: Collins Richard , Oesterle Dale
Published: April 2021

The Colorado State Constitution (2020) is the second edition of the state’s contribution to The Oxford Commentaries on the State Constitutions of the United States. The book opens with a detailed history of the constitution that focuses on events and amendments that transformed the state. As expected in the West, it features some lively adventure stories. Since the first edition in 2002, the state’s population has grown by more than a third. The book explains the many new challenges its legal system has faced. The main section analyzes in detail every provision of the constitutional text. All relevant judicial interpretations are examined. A comprehensive index and a table of cases guide researchers. Interaction with the federal Constitution is carefully explained. Background and interpretations of Colorado’s complex and unique tax revolt, known as TABOR, are carefully analyzed. The state’s extensive provisions for direct democracy, the initiative, veto referendum, and recall of elected officials, are studied in detail. The Colorado Bill of Rights is fully reviewed. The state’s strong system for constitutional home rule for cities, counties, and towns is examined from its adoption into today’s governing system. The state’s strong system for all levels of public education is explained. Its leadership in the marijuana legalization movement is another subject well covered.
Executive Department
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence
Published: April 2021

This chapter looks at Article IV of the Colorado Constitution, which defines the executive department. By providing for the separate election of the secretary of state, treasurer, and attorney general, Section 1 seems to divide executive branch authority. In practice, this tension has mattered only when the attorney general and governor belonged to different political parties, and the attorney general asserted a legal position opposed by the governor. Section 1 imposes term limits on the state’s elective executives. Section 11 gives the governor the usual veto power followed by Section 12, giving the special power of the line-item veto over appropriations bills. Section 13 has complex provisions for succession if the governor’s office becomes vacant during a term.
Revenue
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence
Published: April 2021

This chapter highlights Article X of the Colorado Constitution, dealing with revenue. It is one of the constitution’s most distinctive sections Detailed provisions lay out the state’s tax structure. Sections 3, 3.5, and 15 are extensive rules for property taxes and their equalization across the state. Sections 4 and 5 exempt public, religious, and charitable property. Sections 17 and 19 authorize and define the state income tax. Section 20, the Taxpayers Bill of Rights or TABOR requires prior voter consent to new or increased taxes and public debt and for public revenue above specified formulas. It also forbids specified taxes. The chapter explains in detail the many legal disputes about interpretation of this section.
Counties
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence
Published: April 2021

This chapter looks at Article XIV of the Colorado Constitution, governing counties. It defines the state’s counties and specifies detailed procedures for changing them. Section 2 governs designations of country seats, a subject formerly much contested.
Public Utilities
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence
Published: April 2021

This chapter addresses Article XXV of the Colorado Constitution, which governs public utilities. Added in 1954, the article grants the general assembly authority, which it had lacked, to regulate privately owned public utilities operating in home rule cities. It also affirms the general assembly’s power over privately owned utilities located elsewhere in the state and its authority over the Public Utilities Commission (PUC). A bit unusual is the article’s delegation to the PUC of full legislative discretion until the general assembly provides otherwise. This gave the PUC rather open-ended powers for a short time. The general assembly has now preempted the field with specific legislation. Meanwhile, Article XXV’s last phrase states that it does not “apply to municipally owned utilities.” This preserves immunity from legislative, and thus PUC, control.
The Beatles: Today . . . and Tomorrow
Authors: Campbell Kenneth L.
Published: April 2021

The Beatles played an important role in the lives of many young people in the second decade of the 21st century. Whether exposed to the Beatles through parents, grandparents, or popular culture, they had not experienced the Fab Four as part of some distant past but as part of their own childhood and growing up. Many colleges and universities now expose students to the Beatles through academic study, making the group an important part of these students’ experience. This chapter illustrates the ways these students have connected with the music of the Beatles and discovered how it can help them cope with and better understand their own lives. As they continue to pass along their love and knowledge of the group, the Beatles’ relevance and popularity will not decline anytime soon. Evidence from online listening and music subscription services reinforce the idea that the Beatles and their music will continue to live on.
The First basilissa
Authors: Carney Elizabeth D.
Published: April 2021

This chapter focuses on the life and career of Phila (c. 350–294 bce), daughter of Antipater and first of the many wives of Demetrius Poliorcetes, the first woman to whom the title of basilissa (a coinage of uncertain meaning formed by putting a feminine ending on the Greek word for “king,” basileus) was applied. It considers why she served as the prototype for so many other aspects of the role of royal women in Hellenistic monarchy. It argues that the critical role her husband and father-in-law Antigonus played in the formation of Hellenistic kingship, the ways in which Phila’s actions and titles mirrored theirs, as well as Phila’s function as a legitimator of her husband’s rule of Macedonia (because she was the daughter of Philip II’s and Alexander’s general Antipater) are the primary reasons she became an exemplar of the role of women in Hellenistic monarchy.
The Murder of Apronia
Authors: Levick Barbara
Published: April 2021

This chapter investigates the possibility that the murder of Apronia by her husband M. Plautius Silvanus, recounted by Tacitus in 24 CE, was part of the break-up of a political faction built up by the grande dame Urgulania in the aftermath of the death of Tiberius’ heir Drusus Caesar. Apronia’s father was a new man who rose through military talent and jocular relations with Tiberius. He joined those who rose with the fortunes of Tiberius as Augustus’ daughter and granddaughter and granddaughter, the elder and younger Julia, were disgraced along with their candidate for power Agrippa Postumus. Apronius’ position in this nexus is traced by his marriage connection and it seems to have been created by Urgulania; the power she wielded over the emperor’s mother Livia (Julia Augusta) as well as Tiberius himself is shown elsewhere in Tacitus’ Annals. Public opinion attributed to the empress power which was effectively being wielded by Urgulania. The handling of Apronia’s death is contrasted with the powerlessness of women in (e.g.) Indian society. It was she who tried to save her clique by ordering her grandson’s death; it was only speculation that the order came from Julia Augusta or Tiberius. In her time, she was the female equivalent of the leading statesmen who played dominant roles in Roman politics.
Cosmetics in Daily Life of the Ancient Mediterranean
Authors: Hanson Ann Ellis
Published: April 2021

This chapter probes papyri and other relevant sources for evidence about the cosmetics salutiferously employed by men and women of the Roman province of Egypt in order to preserve the natural attractiveness of their faces and bodies with all their parts intact. We hear about shopping lists from Nemesion, collector of money taxes for Julio-Claudian emperors at Philadelpheia (Fayum), for top-grade Italian rose oil and cubes of silphium, as well as warnings from both Xenophon and Galen about the deceptiveness of makeup, hair dyes, and artificial enhancements to the person, as opposed to salubrious exercises and restorative, cosmetic preparations.
The Perpetrators
Authors: Heath Deana
Published: April 2021

This chapter turns from the facilitation of torture to its perpetration. It endeavours to explicate the agency of the torturers, especially why they chose to do what they did, through analysing the key factors that transformed Indian police officers into perpetrators of torture, who the police tortured, and how they did so. Focusing on why sexual violence, in particular, became a key component of Indian policing, the chapter draws upon what Ervin Straub terms the ‘three levels’ of torture in order to elucidate the motivations and psychological processes that drove subaltern Indian men to become torturers, the particular group dynamics and institutional structures that led to the production of a culture of torture in the Indian police, and the historical processes and cultural characteristics that provided fertile ground for the emergence of torture and other forms of extreme harm doing. Since torturers are made, not born, the chapter suggests, in addition, that police torturers in colonial India be viewed not only as perpetrators of colonial violence but as victims of it.
Negotiation
Authors: Ó Dochartaigh Niall
Published: April 2021

The first high-level attempt to negotiate an end to the conflict took place in July 1972 when a team of six IRA leaders was flown to London to negotiate with Secretary of State William Whitelaw. Existing accounts argue that those talks failed because the IRA made impossible demands driven by ideological extremism. Chapter Two provides an alternative analysis that re-examines the IRA’s ideological positions in the context of its negotiating relationship with the British government. It highlights the political flexibility that underlay the IRA’s often harsh and uncompromising rhetoric. It draws on negotiation theory to explain the failure of this first engagement, arguing that internal struggles and lack of centralized control are more important than ideological rigidity in explaining the breakdown.