bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spexin Regulates Hypothalamic Leptin Action on Feeding Behavior
Authors: Jeong Bora , Kim Kwang-Kon , Lee Tae-Hwan , Kim Han-Rae , Park Byong-Seo , Park Jeong-Woo , Jeong Jin-Kwon , Seong Jae-Young , Lee Byung-Ju
Published: January 2022

Spexin (SPX) is a recently identified neuropeptide that is believed to play an important role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. Here, we describe a mediating function of SPX in hypothalamic leptin action. Intracerebroventricular (icv) SPX administration induced a decrease in food intake and body weight gain. SPX was found to be expressed in cells expressing leptin receptor ObRb in the mouse hypothalamus. In line with this finding, icv leptin injection increased SPX mRNA in the ObRb-positive cells of the hypothalamus, which was blocked by treatment with a STAT3 inhibitor. Leptin also increased STAT3 binding to the SPX promoter, as measured by chromatin immunoprecipitation assays. In vivo blockade of hypothalamic SPX biosynthesis with an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide (AS ODN) resulted in a diminished leptin effect on food intake and body weight. AS ODN reversed leptin’s effect on the proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA expression and, moreover, decreased leptin-induced STAT3 binding to the POMC promoter sequence. These results suggest that SPX is involved in leptin’s action on POMC gene expression in the hypothalamus and impacts the anorexigenic effects of leptin.
Development of Stereo NIR-II Fluorescence Imaging System for 3D Tumor Vasculature in Small Animals
Authors: Su Shih-Po , Lin Syue-Liang , Chan Yang-Hsiang , Lee Yi-Jang , Lee Yun-Chen , Zeng Pin-Xuan , Li Yi-Xuan , Yang Muh-Hwa , Chiang Huihua Kenny
Published: January 2022

Near-infrared-II (NIR-II, 1000–1700 nm) fluorescence imaging boasts high spatial resolution and deep tissue penetration due to low light scattering, reduced photon absorption, and low tissue autofluorescence. NIR-II biological imaging is applied mainly in the noninvasive visualization of blood vessels and tumors in deep tissue. In the study, a stereo NIR-II fluorescence imaging system was developed for acquiring three-dimension (3D) images on tumor vasculature in real-time, on top of the development of fluorescent semiconducting polymer dots (IR-TPE Pdots) with ultra-bright NIR-II fluorescence (1000–1400 nm) and high stability to perform long-term fluorescence imaging. The NIR-II imaging system only consists of one InGaAs camera and a moving stage to simulate left-eye view and right-eye view for the construction of 3D in-depth blood vessel images. The system was validated with blood vessel phantom of tumor-bearing mice and was applied successfully in obtaining 3D blood vessel images with 0.6 mm- and 5 mm-depth resolution and 0.15 mm spatial resolution. The NIR-II stereo vision provides precise 3D information on the tumor microenvironment and blood vessel path.
Recent Advances in Single Fe-Based Nanoagents for Photothermal–Chemodynamic Cancer Therapy
Authors: Zhang Li , Forgham Helen , Shen Ao , Qiao Ruirui , Guo Bing
Published: January 2022

Monomodal cancer therapies are often unsatisfactory, leading to suboptimal treatment effects that result in either an inability to stop growth and metastasis or prevent relapse. Thus, synergistic strategies that combine different therapeutic modalities to improve performance have become the new research trend. In this regard, the integration of photothermal therapy (PTT) with chemodynamic therapy (CDT), especially PTT/CDT in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) biowindow, has been demonstrated to be a highly efficient and relatively safe concept. With the rapid development of nanotechnology, nanoparticles can be designed from specific elements, such as Fe, that are equipped with both PTT and CDT therapeutic functions. In this review, we provide an update on the recent advances in Fe-based nanoplatforms for combined PTT/CDT. The perspectives on further improvement of the curative efficiency are described, highlighting the important scientific obstacles that require resolution in order to reach greater heights of clinical success. We hope this review will inspire the interest of researchers in developing novel Fe-based nanomedicines for multifunctional theranostics.
Acknowledgment to Reviewers of Birds in 2021
Authors:   Birds Editorial Office
Published: January 2022

Rigorous peer-reviews are the basis of high-quality academic publishing [...]
Suppressive Effects of Gelsemine on Anxiety-like Behaviors Induced by Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress in Mice
Authors: Yu Hui , Tang Mo-Huan , Zeng Zi-Yue , Huang Si-Juan , Zheng Xiao-Feng , Liu Zhao-Ying
Published: January 2022

Gelsemine is an active principle and a major alkaloid found in Gelsemium genus of plants belonging to the Loganiaceae family. The aim of the present study was to explore whether gelsemine exerts anxiolytic effects on a mouse model of chronic-unpredictable-mild-stress (CUMS)-induced anxiety-like behaviors. NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, downregulated cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were also evaluated as potential mechanisms. First, gelsemine reversed a CUMS-induced decrease in body-weight gain in mice. Next, gelsemine alleviated CUMS-induced anxiety-like behaviors, as evidenced by the increased distance traveled in the central zone of the open-field test, both the increased percentage of time spent and distance traveled in the light compartment, the increased number of transitions between compartments in the light/dark-transition test, and the increased percentage of entries and time spent in the open arm of the elevated plus-maze. In addition, gelsemine decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6, in the hypothalamus and hippocampus of CUMS mice. Interestingly, further investigations revealed that gelsemine inhibited the CUMS-induced activation of NLRP3-inflammasome pathways and downregulated CREB and BDNF overexpression in the hypothalamus. In summary, gelsemine alleviated anxiety-like behaviors in the CUMS-induced mouse model. Gelsemine exerted its anxiolytic effects by modulating the NLRP3 and CREB/BDNF pathways.
Biomarkers in Neuropsychiatric Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Systematic Literature Review of the Last Decade
Authors: Lindblom Julius , Mohan Chandra , Parodis Ioannis
Published: January 2022

Nervous system involvement in patients with SLE, termed neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE), constitutes a diagnostic challenge, and its management is still poorly optimised. This review summarises recent insights over the past decade in laboratory biomarkers of diagnosis, monitoring, and prognosis of NPSLE. An initial systematic search in the Medline and Web of Science was conducted to guide the selection of articles. Emerging diagnostic biomarkers in NPSLE that displayed satisfactory ability to discriminate between NPSLE and controls include serum interleukin (IL)-6, microRNA (miR)-23a, miR-155, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) α-Klotho. CSF lipocalin-2, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and immunoglobulin (Ig)M also displayed such ability in two ethnically diverse cohorts. Serum interferon (IFN)-α and neuron specific enolase (NSE) were recently reported to moderately correlate with disease activity in patients with active NPSLE. CSF IL-8, IL-13, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) exhibited excellent sensitivity, yet poorer specificity, as predictors of response to therapy in patients with NPSLE. The overall lack of validation studies across multiple and diverse cohorts necessitates further and well-concerted investigations. Nevertheless, we propound CSF lipocalin 2 among molecules that hold promise as reliable diagnostic biomarkers in NPSLE.
Acknowledgment to Reviewers of Behavioral Sciences in 2021
Authors:   Behavioral Sciences Editorial Office
Published: January 2022

Rigorous peer-reviews are the basis of high-quality academic publishing [...]
KRAS and RAS-MAPK Pathway Deregulation in Mature B Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Authors: Vendramini Elena , Bomben Riccardo , Pozzo Federico , Bittolo Tamara , Tissino Erika , Gattei Valter , Zucchetto Antonella
Published: January 2022

KRAS mutations account for the most frequent mutations in human cancers, and are generally correlated with disease aggressiveness, poor prognosis, and poor response to therapies. KRAS is required for adult hematopoiesis and plays a key role in B cell development and mature B cell proliferation and survival, proved to be critical for B cell receptor-induced ERK pathway activation. In mature B cell neoplasms, commonly seen in adults, KRAS and RAS-MAPK pathway aberrations occur in a relevant fraction of patients, reaching high recurrence in some specific subtypes like multiple myeloma and hairy cell leukemia. As inhibitors targeting the RAS-MAPK pathway are being developed and improved, it is of outmost importance to precisely identify all subgroups of patients that could potentially benefit from their use. Herein, we review the role of KRAS and RAS-MAPK signaling in malignant hematopoiesis, focusing on mature B cell lymphoproliferative disorders. We discuss KRAS and RAS-MAPK pathway aberrations describing type, incidence, mutual exclusion with other genetic abnormalities, and association with prognosis. We review the current therapeutic strategies applied in mature B cell neoplasms to counteract RAS-MAPK signaling in pre-clinical and clinical studies, including most promising combination therapies. We finally present an overview of genetically engineered mouse models bearing KRAS and RAS-MAPK pathway aberrations in the hematopoietic compartment, which are valuable tools in the understanding of cancer biology and etiology.
Expression of CTLA-4 and CD86 Antigens and Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia—Any Link with Known Prognostic Factors?
Authors: Grywalska Ewelina , Mielnik Michał , Podgajna Martyna , Hymos Anna , Ludian Jarosław , Rolińska Agnieszka , Gosik Krzysztof , Kwaśniewski Wojciech , Sosnowska-Pasiarska Barbara , Smok-Kalwat Jolanta , Pasiarski Marcin , Stelmach-Gołdyś Agnieszka , Góźdź Stanisław , Roliński Jacek
Published: January 2022

Infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) worsens the prognosis in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), but the underlying mechanisms are not yet established. We intended to assess whether EBV affects the course of CLL by the deregulation of the CTLA-4/CD86 signaling pathway. We used polymerase chain reaction to measure the load of EBV DNA in the blood of 110 newly diagnosed patients with CLL. The expression of CTLA-4 and CD86 antigen on lymphocytes was assessed with flow cytometry. Additionally, CTLA-4 and CD86 serum concentrations were measured through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Fifty-four percent of the patients had detectable EBV DNA [EBV(+)]. In EBV(+) patients the CTLA-4 and CD86 serum concentrations and their expressions on investigated cell populations were significantly higher than in EBV(−) patients. EBV load correlated positively with unfavorable prognostic markers of CLL and the expression of CTLA-4 on CD3+ lymphocytes (r = 0.5339; p = 0.027) and CD86 on CD19+ cells (r = 0.6950; p < 0.001). During a median follow-up period of 32 months EBV(+) patients were more likely to require treatment or have lymphocyte doubling (p < 0.001). Among EBV(+) but not EBV(−) patients, increased expressions of CTLA-4 lymphocytes were associated with elevated risks of progression. We propose that EBV coinfection may worsen prognosis in CLL patients, partly due to EBV-induced up-regulation of CTLA-4 expression.
Comparison of Different Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors for Treatment of Poor Performance Status Patients with EGFR-Mutated Lung Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Wu Chiao-En , Chang Ching-Fu , Huang Chen-Yang , Yang Cheng-Ta , Kuo Chih-Hsi , Hsu Ping-Chih , Chang John
Published: January 2022

The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the tolerability and survival outcomes of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) treatment in patients with a performance status ≥ 2. The data for 517 patients treated with EGFR-TKIs between January 2011 and January 2018 at a regional hospital in northern Taiwan were analyzed. Clinical and pathological features were collected, and univariate as well as multivariable analyses were undertaken to identify potential prognostic factors. The overall objective response rate, median progression-free survival (PFS), and median overall survival (OS) were 56.3%, 11.4 months, and 15.3 months, respectively. The mutation status (exon 19 deletion), locally advanced disease, dose adjustment, and the lack of liver and pleural metastasis were independent and favorable prognostic factors for PFS. Age < 60 years, mutation status (exon 19 deletion), dose adjustment, and lack of lung, liver, and no pleural metastasis were independent and favorable prognostic factors for OS. GFR-TKIs demonstrated acceptable efficacy and safety in the current cohort. Dose adjustment was identified as an independent prognostic factor for both PFS and OS, regardless of which EGFR-TKIs were used. The current research provided novel evidence of the clinical prescription of frontline EGFR-TKIs for EGFR-mutated lung adenocarcinoma patients with a PS score ≥2.
A Comprehensive Grading System for a Magnetic Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy Procedure in Head and Neck Cancer Patients
Authors: Nieuwenhuis Eliane R. , Kolenaar Barry , Hof Jurrit J. , van Baarlen Joop , van Bemmel Alexander J. M. , Christenhusz Anke , Scheenen Tom W. J. , ten Haken Bernard , de Bree Remco , Alic Lejla
Published: January 2022

A magnetic sentinel lymph node biopsy ((SLN)B) procedure has recently been shown feasible in oral cancer patients. However, a grading system is absent for proper identification and classification, and thus for clinical reporting. Based on data from eight complete magnetic SLNB procedures, we propose a provisional grading system. This grading system includes: (1) a qualitative five-point grading scale for MRI evaluation to describe iron uptake by LNs; (2) an ex vivo count of resected SLN with a magnetic probe to quantify iron amount; and (3) a qualitative five-point grading scale for histopathologic examination of excised magnetic SLNs. Most SLNs with iron uptake were identified and detected in level II. In this level, most variance in grading was seen for MRI and histopathology; MRI and medullar sinus were especially highly graded, and cortical sinus was mainly low graded. On average 82 ± 58 µg iron accumulated in harvested SLNs, and there were no significant differences in injected tracer dose (22.4 mg or 11.2 mg iron). In conclusion, a first step was taken in defining a comprehensive grading system to gain more insight into the lymphatic draining system during a magnetic SLNB procedure.
The Current Landscape of Targeted Clinical Trials in Non-WNT/Non-SHH Medulloblastoma
Authors: Ghasemi David R. , Fleischhack Gudrun , Milde Till , Pajtler Kristian W.
Published: January 2022

Medulloblastoma is an embryonal pediatric brain tumor and can be divided into at least four molecularly defined groups. The category non-WNT/non-SHH medulloblastoma summarizes medulloblastoma groups 3 and 4 and is characterized by considerable genetic and clinical heterogeneity. New therapeutic strategies are needed to increase survival rates and to reduce treatment-related toxicity. We performed a noncomprehensive targeted review of the current clinical trial landscape and literature to summarize innovative treatment options for non-WNT/non-SHH medulloblastoma. A multitude of new drugs is currently evaluated in trials for which non-WNT/non-SHH patients are eligible, for instance immunotherapy, kinase inhibitors, and drugs targeting the epigenome. However, the majority of these trials is not restricted to medulloblastoma and lacks molecular classification. Whereas many new molecular targets have been identified in the last decade, which are currently tested in clinical trials, several challenges remain on the way to reach a new therapeutic strategy for non-WNT/non-SHH medulloblastoma. These include the severe lack of faithful preclinical models and predictive biomarkers, the question on how to stratify patients for clinical trials, and the relative lack of studies that recruit large, homogeneous patient collectives. Innovative trial designs and international collaboration will be a key to eventually overcome these obstacles.
Chemokines as Regulators of Neutrophils: Focus on Tumors, Therapeutic Targeting, and Immunotherapy
Authors: Bonecchi Raffaella , Mantovani Alberto , Jaillon Sebastien
Published: January 2022

Neutrophils are an important component of the tumor microenvironment, and their infiltration has been associated with a poor prognosis for most human tumors. However, neutrophils have been shown to be endowed with both protumor and antitumor activities, reflecting their heterogeneity and plasticity in cancer. A growing body of studies has demonstrated that chemokines and chemokine receptors, which are fundamental regulators of neutrophils trafficking, can affect neutrophil maturation and effector functions. Here, we review human and mouse data suggesting that targeting chemokines or chemokine receptors can modulate neutrophil activity and improve their antitumor properties and the efficiency of immunotherapy.
Green Synthesis of TiO2 Nanoparticles Using Acorus calamus Leaf Extract and Evaluating Its Photocatalytic and In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Ansari Afzal , Siddiqui Vasi Uddin , Rehman Wahid Ul , Akram Md. Khursheed , Siddiqi Weqar Ahmad , Alosaimi Abeer M. , Hussein Mahmoud A. , Rafatullah Mohd
Published: January 2022

Here, we present an innovative and creative sustainable technique for the fabrication of titania (TiO2) using Acorus calamus (A. calamus) leaf extract as a new biogenic source, as well as a capping and reducing agent. The optical, structural, morphological, surface, and thermal characteristics of biosynthesized nanoparticles were investigated using UV, FTIR, SEM, DLS, BET, and TGA-DSC analysis. The phase formation and presence of nanocrystalline TiO2 were revealed by the XRD pattern. FTIR analysis revealed conjugation, as well as the presence of Ti–O and O–H vibrational bands. The nanoparticles were noticed to be globular, with an average size of 15–40 nm, according to the morphological analysis, and the impact of size quantification was also investigated using DLS. The photocatalytic activity of bare, commercial P-25 and biosynthesized TiO2 (G-TiO2) nanoparticles in aqueous solution of rhodamine B (RhB) dye was investigated under visible light irradiation at different time intervals. The biosynthesized TiO2 nanoparticles exhibited strong photocatalytic activity, degrading 96.59% of the RhB dye. Different kinetic representations were utilized to analyze equilibrium details. The pseudo-first-order reaction was best suited with equilibrium rate constant (K1) and regression coefficients (R2) values 3.72 × 10−4 and 0.99, respectively. The antimicrobial efficacy of the prepared nanoparticles was investigated using the disc diffusion technique. Further, biosynthesized TiO2 showed excellent antimicrobial activity against the selected gram-positive staining (B. subtilis, S. aureus) over gram-negative (P. aeruginosa, E. coli) pathogenic bacteria in comparison to bare TiO2.
MicroRNA-100 Reduced Fetal Bovine Muscle Satellite Cell Myogenesis and Augmented Intramuscular Lipid Deposition by Modulating IGF1R
Authors: Mir Bilal Ahmad , Albrecht Elke , Ali Asghar , Hansson Ola , Maak Steffen
Published: January 2022

Previously, microRNA-100 (miR-100) and its putative mRNA target, insulin-like growth factor receptor-1 (IGF1R) were identified as differentially and inversely expressed in bovine longissimus dorsi (LD) muscles with divergent intramuscular fat (IMF) content by our group. While IGF1R signaling is implicated in myogenesis and muscle lipid metabolism, the underlying regulatory mechanisms are poorly understood. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the regulation of IGF1R by miR-100 during bovine muscle satellite cell (BMSC) myogenesis and lipid deposition. MiR-100 was confirmed to target the IGF1R 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR) by luciferase reporter assay. Furthermore, expression of miR-100 and IGF1R was reciprocal during BMSC differentiation, suggesting a crosstalk between the two. Correspondingly, miR-100 mimic (agomiR) suppressed the levels of IGF1R, PI3K/AKT pathway signaling, myogenic gene MYOG, muscle structural components MYH7 and MYH8, whereas the inhibitor (antagomiR) had no clear stimulating effects. The IGF1R inhibitor (BMS-754807) curtailed receptor levels and triggered atrophy in muscle myotubes but did not influence miR-100 expression. AgomiR increased oleic acid-induced lipid deposition in BMSC myotubes supporting its involvement in intramuscular fat deposition, while antagomiR had no effect. Moreover, mitochondrial beta-oxidation and long-chain fatty acid synthesis-related genes were modulated by agomiR addition. Our results demonstrate modulatory roles of miR-100 in BMSC development, lipid deposition, and metabolism and suggest a role of miR-100 in marbling characteristics of meat animals and fat oxidation in muscle.
Immunity and Nutrition: The Right Balance in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Tamburini Bartolo , La Manna Marco Pio , La Barbera Lidia , Mohammadnezhad Leila , Badami Giusto Davide , Shekarkar Azgomi Mojtaba , Dieli Francesco , Caccamo Nadia
Published: January 2022

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an increasingly urgent medical problem that strongly impairs quality of life for patients. A global rise in incidence has been observed over the last few decades, with the highest incidence rates recorded in North America and Europe. Still, an increased incidence has been reported in the last ten years in newly industrialized countries in Asia, including China and India, both with more than one billion inhabitants. These data underline that IBD is an urgent global health problem. In addition, it is estimated that between 20% and 30% of IBD patients will develop colorectal cancer (CRC) within their lifetime and CRC mortality is approximately 50% amongst IBD patients. Although the exact etiology of IBD is still being defined, it is thought to be due to a complex interaction between many factors, including defects in the innate and adaptive immune system; microbial dysbiosis, i.e., abnormal levels of, or abnormal response to, the gastrointestinal microbiome; a genetic predisposition; and several environmental factors. At present, however, it is not fully understood which of these factors are the initiators of inflammation and which are compounders. The purpose of this review is to analyze the complex balance that exists between these elements to maintain intestinal homeostasis and prevent IBD or limit adverse effects on people’s health.
Cerebrospinal Fluid EV Concentration and Size Are Altered in Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia with Lewy Bodies
Authors: Longobardi Antonio , Nicsanu Roland , Bellini Sonia , Squitti Rosanna , Catania Marcella , Tiraboschi Pietro , Saraceno Claudia , Ferrari Clarissa , Zanardini Roberta , Binetti Giuliano , Di Fede Giuseppe , Benussi Luisa , Ghidoni Roberta
Published: January 2022

Alzheimer’s disease (AD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) represent the three major neurodegenerative dementias characterized by abnormal brain protein accumulation. In this study, we investigated extracellular vesicles (EVs) and neurotrophic factors in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 120 subjects: 36 with AD, 30 with DLB, 34 with FTD and 20 controls. Specifically, CSF EVs were analyzed by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis and neurotrophic factors were measured with ELISA. We found higher EV concentration and lower EV size in AD and DLB groups compared to the controls. Classification tree analysis demonstrated EV size as the best parameter able to discriminate the patients from the controls (96.7% vs. 3.3%, respectively). The diagnostic performance of the EV concentration/size ratio resulted in a fair discrimination level with an area under the curve of 0.74. Moreover, the EV concentration/size ratio was associated with the p-Tau181/Aβ42 ratio in AD patients. In addition, we described altered levels of cystatin C and progranulin in the DLB and AD groups. We did not find any correlation between neurotrophic factors and EV parameters. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest a common involvement of the endosomal pathway in neurodegenerative dementias, giving important insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying these pathologies.
A Comprehensive Review on the Surgical Aspect of Lung Transplant Models in Mice and Rats
Authors: Jin Xin , Kaes Janne , Van Slambrouck Jan , Inci Ilhan , Arni Stephan , Geudens Vincent , Heigl Tobias , Jansen Yanina , Carlon Marianne S. , Vos Robin , Van Raemdonck Dirk , Zhang Yi , Vanaudenaerde Bart M. , Ceulemans Laurens J.
Published: January 2022

Lung transplantation improves the outcome and quality of life of patients with end-stage pulmonary disease. However, the procedure is still hampered by the lack of suitable donors, the complexity of the surgery, and the risk of developing chronic lung allograft dysfunction. Over the past decades, translational experiments in animal models have led to a better understanding of physiology and immunopathology following the lung transplant procedure. Small animal models (e.g., rats and mice) are mostly used in experiments regarding immunology and pathobiology and are preferred over large animal models due to the ethical aspects, the cost–benefit balance, and the high throughput possibility. In this comprehensive review, we summarize the reported surgical techniques for lung transplantation in rodent models and the management of perioperative complications. Furthermore, we propose a guide to help identify the appropriate species for a given experiment and discuss recent experimental findings in small animal lung transplant models.
Decrease in the Size of Fat-Enlarged Axillary Lymph Nodes and Serum Lipids after Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Dwan Dennis , Ramin Seth K. , Chen Youdinghuan , Muller Kristen E. , diFlorio-Alexander Roberta M.
Published: January 2022

Background: Ectopic fat deposition in obesity is associated with organ dysfunction; however, little is known about fat deposition within the lymphatic system and associated lymphatic dysfunction. Methods: One hundred fifty-five women who underwent routine screening mammography before and after a Roux-en-y gastric bypass or a sleeve gastrectomy were retrospectively reviewed and after excluding women without visible nodes both before and after bariatric surgery, 84 patients were included in the final analysis. Axillary lymph node size, patient weight in kilograms, body mass index, and a diagnosis of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia were evaluated before and after surgery. Binary linear regression models and Fischer’s exact test were used to evaluate the relationship between the size of fat-infiltrated axillary lymph nodes, patient age, change in patient weight, and diagnosis of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and dyslipidemia. Results: Fat-infiltrated axillary lymph nodes demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in size after bariatric surgery with a mean decrease of 4.23 mm (95% CI: 3.23 to 5.2, p < 0.001). The resolution of dyslipidemia was associated with a decrease in lymph node size independent of weight loss (p = 0.006). Conclusions: Mammographically visualized fat-infiltrated axillary lymph nodes demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in size after bariatric surgery. The decrease in lymph node size was significantly associated with the resolution of dyslipidemia, independent of weight loss, age, and type of surgery.
Evidence from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Pointing to the Antidiabetic Effect of Polyphenol-Rich Plant Extracts from Gymnema montanum, Momordica charantia and Moringa oleifera
Authors: Krawczyk Michal , Burzynska-Pedziwiatr Izabela , Wozniak Lucyna Alicja , Bukowiecka-Matusiak Malgorzata
Published: January 2022

In vitro and animal model studies are of great interest for selecting new phytochemicals, including polyphenols with antioxidative properties, as candidates for antidiabetic drugs. This review provides evidence from a critical literature data analysis on the effects of plant extract supplementation in diabetes mellitus management. We considered and meta-analyzed the efficacy of oral supplementation of plant extracts in animal model studies and examined physiological and oxidative stress parameters. Finally, 23 articles were included in the meta-analysis, revealing three plants with experimentally confirmed in vivo and in vitro antidiabetic properties: Gymnema montanum, Momordica charantia and Moringa oleifera. The following parameter changes resulted from an investigation of the supplementation: reduced oxidative stress, decreased insulin resistance, increased insulin release, reduced adiposity, and a modulatory effect on glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, as well as attenuation of diabetes-associated weight loss, reduced fasting blood glucose and lowered oxidative status. A comparison of Gymnema montanum versus Glybenclamide revealed the superiority of extracts over drug administration in some aspects. Although the analyzed extracts are promising candidates for antidiabetic treatment, there is much inconsistent data in the literature. Therefore, ultimate references for using these compounds in the prevention of diabetes are currently not applicable.
Bio-Based 2K PU Coating for Durable Textile Applications
Authors: De Smet David , Uyttendaele Willem , Vanneste Myriam
Published: January 2022

Polyurethane (PU) coatings are often applied on high added value technical textiles. To date, most PU textile coatings are solvent based or water based. Recent advances are made in applying high solid and two-component (2K) PU on textiles. Currently, polymers made from renewable raw materials are experiencing a renaissance, owing to the trend to reduce CO2 emissions and switch to CO2-neutral renewable products. There is also the tendency towards the “bio, eco, natural” consciousness-awakening of the end consumer and the market-driven question to implement renewable materials. However, the application of bio-based coatings on textiles is limited. In this regard, the present study is conducted to develop bio-based 2K PU coating specifically designed for waterproof textiles. A 2K PU coating formulation, composed of bio-based polyol and bio-based isocyanate Desmodur Eco N7300, was made and directly applied on a polyester fabric prior to thermal curing in an oven. The coating was characterized via Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The coatings were not thermoplastic and had a glass transition temperature of approximately 50 °C. Since a bio-based pentamethylene diisocyanate trimer (PDI-trimer), Desmodur Eco N7300 was used as an isocyanate source and not a diisocyanate derivative, and the resulting bio-based 2K coating was a thermoset instead of a thermoplastic. The effect of the additives and content of isocyanate on the elongation and stress at break was studied by performing tensile tests (ISO 13934-1) on 50 µm 2K PU films and comparing the obtained values. The performance of the coating was studied by evaluating the resistance to hydrostatic pressure initially and after washing, the Q-panel Laboratory UltraViolet (QUV) aging and the hydrolysis test. The developed bio-based 2K PU coating had excellent hydrostatic pressure, QUV aging resistance, hydrolysis resistance and wash fastness at 60 °C.
Electrodeposited Ni/TiN-SiC Nanocomposites on the Dumbbell: Reducing Sport Injuries
Authors: Bai Haijun , Li Qiang
Published: January 2022

Sports are becoming an important part of everyday life. In this study, an excellent Ni-SiC nanocomposite was prepared on the dumbbell surface using the pulse electrodeposition (PE) method to improve the durability of sports equipment and prevent sports injuries. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), abrasion testing, triboindentry, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to evaluate the impact of plating conditions upon the microhardness, microstructure, morphology, and wear behavior of the fabricated coatings. The obtained results showed that several SiC and TiN nanoparticles were incorporated into Ni/TiN-SiC nanocomposites obtained at 4 A/dm2. SiC and TiN nanoparticles had mean diameters of 37.5 and 45.6 nm, respectively. The Ni/TiN-SiC nanocomposite produced at 4 A/dm2 showed an excellent mean microhardness value of 848.5 HV, compared to the nanocomposites produced at 2 and 6 A/dm2. The rate of wear for Ni/TiN-SiC nanocomposite produced at 4 A/dm2 was 13.8 mg/min, demonstrating outstanding wearing resistance. Hence, it has been suggested that the Ni/TiN-SiC nanocomposite can effectively reduce sports injuries.
Asynchronous Synergistic Damage Effect of Atomic Oxygen and Space Micro Debris on Kapton Film
Authors: Tong Peiyi , Wei Qiang , Hu Ning , Chen Xueguang
Published: January 2022

In the low earth orbit environment, many environmental factors lead to the degradation of material properties. The synergistic effect of long-term atomic oxygen (AO) irradiation and instantaneous impact of micro debris (MD) on long-term and transient space environmental factors has attracted more and more attention. In this paper, the performance evolution of Kapton films under the conditions of MD, AO single factor load spectrum and MD + AO, AO + MD asynchronous synergistic load spectrum were studied by laser driven flyer and microwave atomic oxygen technology. The macro morphology, optical properties and quality changes of Kapton films before and after each load spectrum were compared, and the mechanism of micro morphology and structure changes was explored. The results show that compared with MD + AO loading spectrum, the surface holes of Kapton films are larger under AO + MD load spectrum condition, the residual aluminum particles formed by reverse sputtering of Al particles during impact are less, the average transmittance of the film decreases slightly, and the weight loss of Kapton film is slightly more under the same atomic oxygen exposure time. Under the condition of MD + AO load spectrum, plastic tearing cracks, craters and holes are formed on the surface of Kapton film; the edge of the hole formed under the condition of AO + MD load spectrum is straight, without obvious depression and tear characteristics. Under the condition of MD + AO load spectrum, due to the adhesion of Al after the impact of micro debris, the subsequent atomic oxygen erosion of the film is reduced, so the C-C bond is not seriously damaged, and a considerable part of the residual aluminum flyer is oxidized to alumina by atomic oxygen; The AO + MD loading spectrum test makes the film first eroded by atomic oxygen, resulting in the reduction in C–O bond and C–C bond. The fracture of C–N bond is caused by the hypervelocity impact of micro debris. Hypervelocity impact leads to the thermal decomposition of the material, destroys the C–N bond in the imide ring and generates an N–H bond. This study will provide a method reference and a reference for the multi-factor ground collaborative simulation of space environment of spacecraft materials.
High-Fidelity Mock Development for the Insensitive High Explosive TATB
Authors: Burch Alexandra C. , Herman Matthew J. , Woznick Caitlin S. , Nguyen Thuy-Ai D. , Scott Brian L. , Yeager John D.
Published: January 2022

Due to the violent reaction potential of high explosives, in tests where a reaction is not desired, it can be safe and convenient to use an inert mock that can mimic relevant properties of the associated explosive. Use of mock materials is well-established in explosives work, but most existing mocks are generally meant to mimic only one or two properties of a given explosive, potentially failing to match the explosive in other critical ways. Recently, there has been interest in developing robust thermomechanical mocks for many common explosives. Here, eleven materials are systematically chosen and investigated as potential thermomechanical mocks for TATB, the explosive component of PBX 9502. DSC, nanoindentation, and compression testing are used to narrow down to most appropriate mocks and identify their advantages and limitations. Hardness and elastic modulus are reported for the first time for the molecular crystals iodoanthranilic acid, hexamine, melamine, and trithiolane dioxide, and the crystal structure is reported for the first time for the molecular crystals iodoanthranilic acid and iodosalicylic acid.
Humidity Sensitivity of Hydration of Expansive Agent and Its Expansive Efficiency in Ultra-High Performance Concrete
Authors: Wang Yujiang , Tian Qian , Li Hua , Wang Yang
Published: January 2022

Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) has a potential cracking risk due to its large autogenous shrinkage. The use of an expansive agent is an effective approach to reduce autogenous shrinkage of UHPC. However, different kinds of expansive agents show different expansive efficiency in UHPC. To study the cause for the difference in expansive efficiency, this study selected three expansive agents, namely highly reactive MgO-based, medium reactive MgO-based, and CaO-based expansive agents, and carried out the following experiments: autogenous shrinkage, hydration heat, hydration process of expansive agent under different relative humidity (RH), and micrographs. The results showed that the CaO-based expansive agent has high hydration activity at RH of more than 44.0%, while the hydration activity of two kinds of MgO-based expansive agents, especially a medium reactive MgO-based expansive agent, decreases significantly when RH drops below 80%. Meanwhile, the CaO-based expansive agent had higher expansive efficiency in UHPC than the MgO-based expansive agent. This study suggested that the CaO-based expansive agent is more suitable for compensating autogenous shrinkage of UHPC due to its low humidity sensitivity compared to the MgO-based expansive agent.
Deconvolution of the MBP-Bri2 Interaction by a Yeast Two Hybrid System and Synergy of the AlphaFold2 and High Ambiguity Driven Protein-Protein Docking
Authors: Smirnova Evgeniya V. , Rakitina Tatiana V. , Saratov George A. , Kudriaeva Anna A. , Belogurov Alexey A.
Published: January 2022

Myelin basic protein (MBP) is one of the key proteins in the development of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, very few intracellular MBP partners have been identified up to now. In order to find proteins interacting with MBP in the brain, an expression library from the human brain was screened using a yeast two-hybrid system. Here we showed that MBP interacts with the C-terminal 24-residue peptide of Integral transmembrane protein II associated with familial British and Danish dementia (ITM2B/Bri2 or Bri2). This peptide (Bri23R) was one residue longer than the known Bri23 peptide, which is cleaved from the C-terminus of Bri2 during its maturation in the Golgi and has physiological activity as a modulator of amyloid precursor protein processing. Since the spatial structures for both MBP and Bri2 were not known, we used computational methods of structural biology including an artificial intelligence system AlphaFold2 and high ambiguity driven protein-protein docking (HADDOCK 2.1) to gain a mechanistic explanation of the found protein-protein interaction and elucidate a possible structure of the complex of MBP with Bri23R peptide. As expected, MBP was mostly unstructured, although it has well-defined α-helical regions, while Bri23R forms a stable β-hairpin. Simulation of the interaction between MBP and Bri23R in two different environments, as parts of the two-hybrid system fusion proteins and in the form of single polypeptides, showed that MBP twists around Bri23R. The observed interaction results in the adjustment of the size of the internal space between MBP α-helices to the size of the β-hairpin of Bri23R. Since Bri23 is known to inhibit aggregation of amyloid oligomers, and the association of MBP to the inner leaflet of the membrane bilayer shares features with amyloid fibril formation, Bri23 may serve as a peptide chaperon for MBP, thus participating in myelin membrane assembly.
Microstructure and Mechanical Property of a Multi-Scale Carbide Reinforced Co–Cr–W Matrix Composites
Authors: Wang Shiyang , Zhan Sheng , Hou Xingyu , Wang Long , Zhang Hongwei , Zhang Hongyu , Sun Yuan , Huang Lujun
Published: January 2022

In order to meet the demand for high wear-resistant Co-based material used in fields such as aerospace, energy, medical, etc., this study attempts to improve the comprehensive performance of this material by adding some reinforced phases and adjusting the sintering temperature. Results indicate the pure Co–Cr–W alloy is composed of γ-Co, M29C, and M6C (Ni3W3C), and the Co–Cr–W matrix composites are composed of γ-Co, M29C, M6C (Co2W4C), M23C6, and WC. With increasing the hot-pressing sintering temperature, the element diffusion in the material becomes sufficient, and the microstructure of Co–Cr–W alloy and composites materials becomes denser. When the sintering temperature is over 1150 °C, the bending strength and the toughness of the Co–Cr–W matrix composites are higher than that of the pure Co–Cr–W alloys. The added reinforced phases help the composites to gain a multi-scale strengthening effect, which makes the composites have a more comprehensive performance. Our results emphasize the importance of added reinforced phases and help to optimize the preparing process in preparing the Co–Cr–W alloys.
Research on the Diffusion Behavior of Cu in Low-Carbon Steel under High Temperatures
Authors: Li Huirong , Ma Tao , He Yueying , Li Yungang
Published: January 2022

The effective diffusion of Cu in Fe is the key to forming a stable transition layer between copper and low-carbon steel, but it is seriously affected by several factors, especially temperature, and the diffusion of Cu can only be completed at high temperatures. In order to analyze the diffusion coefficient of Cu in low-carbon steel under high temperatures, and to obtain the best diffusion temperature range of Cu in steel, the electrodeposition method was used to prepare the diffusion couple of copper and low-carbon steel, which would be annealed under different temperatures for 6 h; meanwhile, the MD models were also used to analyze the diffusion behavior of Cu in Fe at different temperatures. The results show that the diffusion of Cu in low-carbon steel could be realized by high-temperature annealing, and as the temperature increases, the thickness of the Cu/low-carbon steel transition layer shows an increasing trend. When the annealing temperature is between 900 °C and 1000 °C, the thickness of the transition layer increases the fastest. The results of the MD models show that, when the temperature is in the phase transition zone, the main restrictive link for the diffusion of Cu in Fe is the phase transition process of Fe; additionally, when the temperature is higher, the main restrictive link for the diffusion of Cu in Fe is the activity of the atom.
Circulating Exosomal microRNAs as Predictive Biomarkers of Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Response in Breast Cancer
Authors: Todorova Valentina K. , Byrum Stephanie D. , Gies Allen J. , Haynie Cade , Smith Hunter , Reyna Nathan S. , Makhoul Issam
Published: January 2022

Background: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is an increasingly used approach for treatment of breast cancer. The pathological complete response (pCR) is considered a good predictor of disease-specific survival. This study investigated whether circulating exosomal microRNAs could predict pCR in breast cancer patients treated with NACT. Method: Plasma samples of 20 breast cancer patients treated with NACT were collected prior to and after the first cycle. RNA sequencing was used to determine microRNA profiling. The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was used to explore the expression patterns and survivability of the candidate miRNAs, and their potential targets based on the expression levels and copy number variation (CNV) data. Results: Three miRNAs before that NACT (miR-30b, miR-328 and miR-423) predicted pCR in all of the analyzed samples. Upregulation of miR-127 correlated with pCR in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). After the first NACT dose, pCR was predicted by exo-miR-141, while miR-34a, exo-miR182, and exo-miR-183 predicted non-pCR. A significant correlation between the candidate miRNAs and the overall survival, subtype, and metastasis in breast cancer, suggesting their potential role as predictive biomarkers of pCR. Conclusions: If the miRNAs identified in this study are validated in a large cohort of patients, they might serve as predictive non-invasive liquid biopsy biomarkers for monitoring pCR to NACT in breast cancer.
Imaging Spectrum of Intrahepatic Mass-Forming Cholangiocarcinoma and Its Mimickers: How to Differentiate Them Using MRI
Authors: Kovač Jelena Djokic , Janković Aleksandra , Đikić-Rom Aleksandra , Grubor Nikica , Antić Andrija , Dugalić Vladimir
Published: January 2022

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is the second most common primary hepatic malignancy, with mass-forming growth pattern being the most common. The typical imaging appearance of mass-forming ICC (mICC) consists of irregular ring enhancement in the arterial phase followed by the progressive central enhancement on portal venous and delayed phases. However, atypical imaging presentation in the form of hypervascular mICC might also be seen, which can be attributed to distinct pathological characteristics. Ancillary imaging features such as lobular shape, capsular retraction, segmental biliary dilatation, and vascular encasement favor the diagnosis of mICC. Nevertheless, these radiological findings may also be present in certain benign conditions such as focal confluent fibrosis, sclerosing hemangioma, organizing hepatic abscess, or the pseudosolid form of hydatid disease. In addition, a few malignant lesions including primary liver lymphoma, hemangioendothelioma, solitary hypovascular liver metastases, and atypical forms of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), such as scirrhous HCC, infiltrative HCC, and poorly differentiated HCC, may also pose a diagnostic dilemma by simulating mICC in imaging studies. Diffusion-weighted imaging and the use of hepatobiliary contrast agents might be helpful for differential diagnosis in certain cases. The aim of this manuscript is to provide a comprehensive overview of mICC imaging features and to describe useful tips for differential diagnosis with its potential mimickers.
Morphology and Viability of Pollen from Three Hardy Water Lilies and Their Cross-Compatibility with Nymphaea hybrid
Authors: Zhang Huihui , Zhou Qi , Wu Huaiyan , Sheng Qianqian , Zhu Zunling
Published: January 2022

Owing to the wide variation in their morphological characteristics across diverse geographies, the identification and classification of plants in the Nymphaea genus are challenging. Therefore, the present study investigated the pollen morphological characteristics of hardy water lilies (N. ‘Rose Arey’, N. ‘Perry’s Fire Opal’, and N. ‘Peter Slocum’), their relationship with species classification and system evolution, and their cross-compatibility with three strains of Nymphaeahybrid (NH-1, NH-2, and NH-3), a tropical waterlily. Pollen of the hardy water lilies was single-grained, oblate, and 18.31–20.47 × 32.51–37.64 μm. The pollen apertures were of the ring-groove type, and the pollen exine ornamentation was rod- and tumour-shaped. Pollen grains of different species differed in size, the obviousness of tumour ornamentation, and the size and density of rod-like ornamentation; their germination rates also differed significantly. Viabilities of N. ‘Rose Arey’ and N. ‘Peter Slocum’ pollen were the highest and lowest, respectively. According to the artificial pollination results, all hybrid combinations except three (NH-1 × N. ‘Peter Slocum’, NH-2 × N. ‘Peter Slocum’, and NH-3 × N. ‘Peter Slocum’) bore seeds; combinations with NH-2 as the female parent and N. ‘Rose Arey’ as the male parent had the highest seed-setting rates.