bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reputation management explains the apparent contagiousness of immorality (manuscript under review)
Authors: Kupfer Tom , Giner-Sorolla Roger
Published: July 2018

One feature attributed to moral disgust is the sensation that immorality is physically contaminating, as shown by experiments in which participants are unwilling to contact immoral objects like a Nazi officer’s hat. We propose that a different concern drives the apparent contagiousness of immorality: associating visibly with immoral stimuli risks reputation damage because observers will infer immorality by association. Hypothetical (Study 1) and behavioral (Study 2) evidence supported this account. Forced to choose, participants preferred to wear a Nazi armband under rather than over their clothing, even though this meant direct skin contact. The “under” preference was stronger with an audience. Despite reporting strong disgust towards the armband, participant reported little contamination concern but strong reputation concern. Changing perspective, targets who touched but concealed the armband were not seen as contaminated or immoral (Study 3). Contrary to previous conceptions, moral disgust may not involve intuitions of physical contamination.
Exploring the role of Effort within the Proximity Effect: A Study Protocol
Authors: Knowles Daniel , Brown Kyle , Aldrovandi Silvio
Published: July 2018

Obesity prevalence is increasing around the globe, with interventions manipulating the decision environment thought to have a large potential to change behaviour. One such simple yet effective intervention utilises the Proximity Effect, whereby snack consumption is decreased as the physical distance (proximity) between the individual and the snack is increased. Recent studies have suggested that visual salience and physical effort may underpin the effect. The current protocol outlines the first study to experimentally manipulate effort to determine its potential role in the proximity effect. A sample of 90 university students will be randomly allocated to one of four conditions in a 2 (proximity; 20cm vs 70cm) x 2 (effort; unwrapped vs wrapped) between subjects study. Twenty chocolate brownies will be presented at either 20cm or 70cm, with these brownies being either unwrapped or wrapped in a single layer of clear plastic film (high effort). Participants will also complete self-report measures for potential moderating factors including eating behaviour and perceived visual salience.Primary outcomes of the study are likelihood of consumption (whether an individual consumed any of the snack), and the actual amount consumed (kCal) according to experimental conditions. Implications of the results may be implemented in food service areas to decrease consumption of unhealthy foods by increasing the physical effort required to attain such foods.
Selective facial mimicry of native over foreign speakers in preverbal infants
Authors: de Klerk Carina , Bulgarelli Chiara , Hamilton Antonia , Southgate Victoria
Published: July 2018

Mimicry, the spontaneous copying of others’ behaviours, plays an important role in social affiliation, with adults selectively mimicking in-group over out-group members. Despite infants’ early documented sensitivity to, and preference for, in-group members, previous work suggests that it is not until 4 years of age that spontaneous mimicry is modulated by group status. Here we demonstrate that mimicry is sensitive to cues to group membership at a much earlier age, if the cues presented are more relevant to infants. 11-month-old infants observed videos of facial actions (e.g. mouth opening, eyebrow raising) performed by models who either spoke their native language or an unfamiliar foreign language, while we measured activation of their mouth and eyebrow muscle regions using electromyography to obtain an index of mimicry. We simultaneously used functional near-infrared spectroscopy to investigate the neural mechanisms underlying differential mimicry responses. We found that infants showed greater facial mimicry of the native compared to the foreign speaker, and that mimicry regulation was associated with activation over the left temporal parietal cortex. These findings provide the first demonstration of the modulation of facial mimicry by linguistic group status in preverbal infants, and suggest that the tendency to mimic in-group over out-group members is present from as early as the first year of life.
Negative urgency is correlated with the use of reflexive and disengagement emotion regulation strategies
Authors: King Kevin Michael , Feil Madison C. , Halvorson Max Andrew
Published: July 2018

Negative urgency predicts both internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. Although it is hypothesized that urgency is characterized by reflexive responses to negative emotion that focus on immediate relief from distress, little research has addressed this hypothesis. Using data from four independent samples of adolescents and college students (n=1,268), we estimated the association between trait negative urgency and emotion regulation strategies that reflect either reflexive responses or disengagement. We verified these effects in two samples ecological momentary assessments (EMA) (n=198). In retrospective data, negative urgency was correlated with using more disengagement or reflexive emotion regulation strategies relative to engagement strategies (r=.39; .38, 95% CI =0.30–0.49; 0.18–0.57). This finding replicated in EMA data (r=.24, 95% CI =0.11–0.38). Emotion regulation may be a key mechanism of the effects of urgency on psychopathology. Interventions targeting emotion regulation among those high on urgency may be warranted.
The Role of Culture in Understanding and Evaluating Emotional Intelligence
Authors: Huynh Alex , Oakes Harrison , Grossmann Igor
Published: July 2018

The current understanding of emotional intelligence (EI) is flawed and incomplete. In the present chapter we briefly highlight some of the major controversies surrounding EI, including the lack of agreement on how to define it and measurement inconsistencies. We propose that the key gap in current EI scholarship concerns the lack of awareness of cultural impacts on affective processes that underlie various components of EI abilities. Drawing from prior theoretical models, we overview three components that have been described as encompassing the construct of ability EI: emotion perception, emotion understanding, and emotion regulation. For each of these components, we review the relevant cultural literature and discuss how cultural differences can play a substantial role in our understanding of EI as an overall construct. We conclude by discussing how culture should be incorporated into the application and assessment of EI abilities. Ultimately, we propose that one cannot truly understand and talk about EI without considering the context of culture.
C-tactile system and affective touch: history of discovery and current state of the concept [in Russian] (V. 1.1)
Authors: Varlamov Anton , Portnova Galina , McGlone Francis
Published: July 2018

It is hard to overestimate the importance of affiliative touch for our emotional comfort but only recently specific neural mechanisms underlying emotional processing have been suggested. A system of low-threshold mechanosensitive C-fibers innervating the hairy skin of the body (C-tactile or CT-afferents) has been identified and characterized; this system is hypothesized to represent the neurobiological substrate for the affective and rewarding properties of touch. This article provides a review of the history of this discovery and of the current state of CT-research - to our knowledge, it is the first scientific review on C-tactile system in Russian. Трудно переоценить важность телесных контактов с другими людьми для эмоционального благополучия человека, но лишь недавно были установлены нейробиологические механизмы, лежащие в основе эмоциональных аспектов тактильного восприятия. За последние 30 лет была открыта и описана специализированная система, объединяющая высокочувствительные механорецепторы, связанные с немиелинизированными волокнами типа С и наиболее сильно активирующиеся в ответ на легкие медленные прикосновения. Эта система обеспечивает возникновение положительных эмоциональных ощущений в ответ на социальные тактильные контакты (прикосновения, объятия, поглаживания). В обзоре рассмотрена история открытия С-тактильной системы, современное состояние исследований и потенциальная значимость этой области нейробиологии в понимании значения телесных контактов и особенностей тактильного восприятия для психоэмоционального и социального развития в норме и при различных психических расстройствах.
High concordance rates in the categorization of movies
Authors: Whritner Jake Alden , Wallisch Pascal
Published: July 2018

When asking people how much they liked a given movie, their agreement is low. Thiscould be due to them disagreeing about what they saw or agreeing about what theysaw but disagreeing about its valence. Film theorists, historians, and critics suggestthat the categorization of films is an arduous, and frequently inconsistent task. In orderto test whether this is the case empirically, we asked participants to categorize—bygenres that we provided— a list of movies that was previously used in research onappraisal. We find that whereas people do not use all genres at an equal proportion,they do so consistently across observers—at a rate that is surprisingly high. We alsofind that this concordance in genre classification is highest if people were exposed to asimilar cultural experience, such as a film studies program, whereas other factors suchas biological sex or the number of movies seen did not matter. We conclude thatdifferences in appraisal cannot be attributed to differences in categorical perception.
Counting polyamorists who count: Prevalence and definitions of an under-researched form of consensual nonmonogamy
Authors: Burleigh Tyler , Rubel Alicia
Published: July 2018

Despite a growing interest in polyamory, it is unknown how many polyamorists there are in the general population. In acknowledging that the meaning of ‘polyamory’ is contested (e.g., Klesse, 2014), we estimated the prevalence of polyamory when it was defined as: 1) an identity, 2) relationship beliefs/preferences, 3) relationship status, and 4) relationship agreements. We recruited 972 individuals from Mechanical Turk and used a sample weighting procedure to approximate a representative sample of the United States population. Point prevalence estimates ranged from about 0.6% to 5%, and lifetime estimates ranged from about 2% to 23%. Thus, we estimate that there are at least 1.44 million adults in the US who count as polyamorous.
Pouw, Wassenburg, Hostetter, de Koning, & Paas. Does Gesture Strengthen Sensorimotor Knowledge of Objects? The Case of the Size-Weight Illusion
Authors: Pouw Wim , Wassenburg Stephanie I. , Hostetter Autumn , de Koning Bjorn , Paas Fred
Published: July 2018

Co-speech gestures have been proposed to strengthen sensorimotor knowledge related to objects’ weight and manipulability. In this pre-registered study (N =159) designed to provide a robust, direct, and detailed test of this proposal, participants practiced a problem-solving task with small and large objects that were designed to induce a size-weight illusion (i.e., objects weigh the same but are experienced as different in weight). Participants then explained the task with or without co-speech gesture, or completed a control task. Afterwards, participants judged the heaviness of objects from memory and then while holding them. Confirmatory analyses revealed that gesturing did not affect heaviness ratings. However, exploratory analyses revealed reliable correlations between participants’ heaviness judgments from memory and a) the amount of gestures produced that simulated actions, and b) the kinematics of the lifting phases of those gestures. These findings suggest that gestures emerge as sensorimotor imaginings that are governed by the agent’s history of sensorimotor interactions with the environment.
Human Computer Collaboration at the Edge: Enhancing Collective Situation Understanding with Controlled Natural Language
Authors: Bakdash Jonathan Z , Zaroukian Erin , Preece Alun , Braines Dave
Published: July 2018

Effective coalition operations require support for dynamic information gathering, processing, and sharing at the network edge for Collective Situation Understanding (CSU). To enhance CSU and leverage the combined strengths of humans and machines, we propose a conversational interface using Controlled Natural Language (CNL), which is both human readable and machine processable, for shared information representation. We hypothesize that this approach facilitates rapid CSU when assembled dynamically with machine assistance, via social sensing, from local observations, with information rapidly disseminated among people at the network edge. We report a behavioural experiment wherein small groups of users attempted to build CSU via social sensing, interacting with the machine via Natural Language (NL) and CNL. To simulate a tactical environment, participants answered 36 questions (operationalized as CSU) by visiting various locations and describing their discoveries to a mobile conversational agent. To test our hypothesis, we compared the performance of groups of users between the:1) Online Condition: CSU, the status of all questions, dynamically updated by the machine as users collect information.2) Offline Condition: No dynamic machine-supported CSU, simulating unreliable connectivity at the edge. Each participant was restricted to their own information until the end of the experiment. Results indicated the Online Condition had greater agreement in CSU, but individual participants answered significantly fewer questions than the Offline Condition. In other words, the Offline Condition group provided more answers, but there was more consistency among the answers provided by the Online Condition group.
Understanding How Grammatical Aspect Influences Legal Judgment
Authors: Magliano Joseph P. , Zwaan Rolf Antonius , Eerland Anita , Sherrill Andrew Michael
Published: July 2018

This project includes a series of four experiments that examine how grammatical aspect may influence legal judgment.
A communicative approach to early word learning
Authors: Yurovsky Daniel
Published: July 2018

Young children learn the meanings of thousands of words by the time they can run down the street. Many efforts to explain this rapid development generally begin by assuming that the computational-level problem being solved is acquisition. Consequently, work in this line has sought to understand how children infer the meanings of words from cues in the communicative signals of the speakers around them. I will argue, however, that this formulation of the problem is backwards: the computational problem is communication, and language acquisition provides cues about how to communicate successfully. Under this framing, the natural unit of analysis is not the child, but the parent-child dyad. A necessary consequence of this shift is the realization that the statistical structure of the input to the child is itself dependent on the child. This dependency radically simplifies the computational problem of learning and using language.
Top-Down Contributions to Attention Shifting and Disengagement: A Template Model of Visual Attention
Authors: Yamaguchi Motonori
Published: July 2018

Two separate systems are involved in the control of spatial attention; one that is driven by a goal, and the other that is driven by stimuli. While the goal- and stimulus-driven systems follow different general principles, they also interplay with each other. However, the mechanism by which the goal-driven system influences the stimulus-driven system is still debated. The present study examined top-down contributions to two components of attention orienting, shifting and disengagement, with an experimental paradigm in which participants held a visual item in short-term memory and performed a prosaccade task with a manipulation of the gap between fixation offset and target onset. Four experiments showed that the short-term memory content accelerated shifting and impaired disengagement, but the influence on disengagement depended on the utility of short-term memory in guiding attention toward the target. Thus, the use of short-term memory was strategic. Computational models of visual attention were fitted to the experimental data, which suggested that the top-down contributions to shifting was more prominent than those to disengagement. The present study indicates that the current modeling framework was particularly useful when examining the contributions of theoretical constructs for the control of visual attention, but it also suggests limitations.
Video can make science more open, transparent, robust, and reproducible
Authors: Gilmore Rick Owen , Adolph Karen E
Published: July 2018

Amidst the recent flood of concerns about transparency and reproducibility in the behavioral and clinical sciences, we suggest a simple, inexpensive, easy-to-implement, and uniquely powerful tool to improve the reproducibility of scientific research and accelerate progress—video recordings of experimental procedures. Widespread use of video for documenting procedures could make moot disagreements about whether empirical replications truly reproduced the original experimental conditions. We call on researchers, funders, and journals to make commonplace the collection and open sharing of video-recorded procedures.
The History and Future of Human Prospection
Authors: Bulley Adam
Published: July 2018

In psychology, neuroscience, artificial intelligence and philosophy, “prediction” is widely recognized as central to cognition. Mental time travel into the future is the form of cognitive prediction (“prospection”) most intimately connected to adaptive human functioning. It underpins explicit goal-setting, collaborative planning, and the pursuit of creative innovation. Theories focusing on prediction have a long intellectual history. Broadly construed, they offer perhaps the best opportunity yet for a global picture of neural and cognitive functioning. Exploiting this opportunity requires building bridges between prediction—as instantiated in perception or reinforcement learning—and fully-fledged mental time travel into the future. The surge of recent work on these topics indicates consensus about the promise of prospection for understanding diverse aspects of cognition, but subfields still lack theoretical synthesis.
Women in Motion: Experiences with Contact & Movement Improvisation
Authors: Bieze Wilson Ashley
Published: July 2018

This research uses a grounded theory approach to examine women’s experiences in contact and movement improvisation communities. Eight women ages 26 to 54 were interviewed regarding their initial experiences with contact improvisation, their current experiences, and their motivations for participation. The four main themes from these interviews are Motivation, Physiology and Psychology, Safety, and Community and Society. Based on the responses it seems that contact and movement improvisation provides a space for participants that may temporarily lessen the pressures they feel from patriarchal society. However, contact and movement improvisation does not exist in a vacuum and societal norms still permeate these communities.
The Colombian Signed Peace Agreement: A Text Mining Analysis of its Comprehension Difficulty
Authors: Correa Juan C. , García-Chitiva María del Pilar , García-Vargas Gustavo R.
Published: July 2018

A proposed solution to finish the Colombian armed conflict was recently subjected to a plebiscite. Colombians had to support or reject the idea of ceasing the fire and mutual hostilities between the government and guerrilla group “FARC-EP”, along with other socio-economic reforms. Given a 62.57% of abstention, the solution was rejected by only 18.44% of the electorate. The contribution of this work is the development of a methodological approach that shows how nations’ peace agreements can be linguistically analyzed as political products. Our approach illustrates with sufficient computationaldetail a text mining method to scrutinize the Colombian signed peace agreement and compare its ease of comprehension by the ordinary citizen with other Latin American peace deals. The results of our approach, based on the readability SMOG formula, showed that the linguistic features of these accords were beyond the schooling years of the general audience. The implications of our perspective and its applications to political communication purposes are finally discussed.
Does Construal Level Affect the Development of Automaticity? Abstract versus Concrete Mindsets and Choice Repetition
Authors: Sweeney Allison , Freitas Antonio L.
Published: July 2018

Through practice, erratic behaviors become consistent. However, considerable variability exists in the time it takes for newly learned relations between cues and behaviors to become automatic. The present research investigated whether construing action abstractly vs. concretely moderates the development of automaticity. In combination with a construal-level manipulation, participants completed a speeded response-time task in which they repeatedly chose between two possible choices (e.g., “business” or “visitors”) as descriptors of a target word (e.g., “company”). We tested two pre-registered hypotheses that participants in the concrete (vs. abstract) group would (1) show a greater speed-up in response times across repetitions; (2) more quickly settle on a consistent preference. Despite strong evidence of the efficacy of our construal-level manipulation, neither hypothesis was supported
The role of vigilance in the relationship between neuroticism and health
Authors: Weston Sara J , Jackson Joshua James
Published: July 2018

The theory of healthy neuroticism, that neuroticism can impact health through both negative and positive pathways, often relies on descriptions of vigilance to illustrate beneficial effects. The current study is among the first to describe the relationship of neuroticism to body vigilance and test the degree to which this relationship impacts health. In an online participant panel (N = 1,055), neuroticism was associated with one factor of vigilance: sensation awareness belief. This factor had a suppression effect on the relationship between neuroticism and healthy behavior, such that the effect of neuroticism through vigilance was healthy, whereas the direct effect was unhealthy. We discuss the implications of these findings and caution against using vigilance to explain the heterogeneity in neuroticism- health relationships.
It Takes Two to Make an Interview Go Right: Round-Robin Designs to Demonstrate Interviewer and Witness Variance
Authors: Hudson Charlotte A. , Satchell Liam , Adams-Quackenbush Nicole M
Published: July 2018

Purpose: Investigative interviews are complex, dyadic, activities typically studied by focusing on developing techniques to improve witness performance. However, in field settings, interviewers are known to vary in their presentation of good interviewing practice. Thus, it is important to conduct research reflective of complex idiosyncrasies in witnesses, interviewers and unique pairings of both. This study explores such sources of variation in an by making use of a 'round-robin' design. Such methodology allows the statistical demonstration of individual difference and unique partner-generated variance in interview performance. Methods: In our study, a total of 45 witnesses were questioned about five real crime videos. After witnessing each event, witnesses were interviewed by a different interviewer (or a computer self-administered interview). In total, nine 'rounds' of interviews occurred, with five new witnesses being interviewed in the same five interview settings (resulting in 225 interviews). After each interview both interviewers and witnesses were asked to complete subjective interview experience ratings. The quality (grain size) and quantity of information in the statements was coded to index witness report accuracy. Results: Principally, the results demonstrate the degree to which witnesses and interviewers affect statement quality, and highlight the influence of unique interviewer-witness pairs. (Participant personality and interviewer behaviour were also analysed, but with limited effects). Conclusion: This study presents the useful round-robin methodology for studying interviewer-witness behaviour. Whilst the current personality and behavioural measures do not account for these individual differences, we advocate this methodology be adopted more widely to better understand interview performance.
Normative data for accuracy and response times at the computerized Benton Facial Recognition Test (BFRT-c)
Authors: Rossion Bruno , Michel Caroline
Published: July 2018

We report normative data from a large (N=307) sample of young adult participants tested with a computerized version of the long form of the classical Benton Facial Recognition Test (BFRT; Benton & Van Allen, 1968). The BFRT-c requires to match a target face photograph to one or three of 6 face photographs simultaneously presented. Percent accuracy at the BFRT-c (81%-83%) is below ceiling yet well above chance level, with little interindividual variance in this typical population sample, as expected from a sensitive clinical test. While split-half reliability on accuracy rates is relatively low due to the large variability in difficulty across items, correct response times (RTs) measured in this version – completed in 3 minutes on average - provide a reliable and critical complementary measure of performance at individual unfamiliar face matching. In line with previous observations from other measures, females outperform male participants at the BFRT-c, especially for female faces. In general, performance is also lower following lighting changes than head rotations, in line with previous studies emphasizing limited ability at matching pictures of unfamiliar faces with important variations in lighting direction. Overall, this normative data set supports the validity of the BFRT-c as a key component of a battery of tests identifying clinical impairments at individual face recognition such as observed in acquired prosopagnosia. However, beyond global indexes of performance based on accuracy rates only, this analysis strongly recommends full consideration of the time taken to match individual faces as well as the variability in performance across items.
Physical Aggressiveness and Gray Matter Deficits in Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Chester David , Lynam Donald , Milich Richard , DeWall C. Nathan
Published: July 2018

What causes individuals to hurt others? Since the famous case of Phineas Gage, lesions of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC) have been reliably linked to physically aggressive behavior. However, it is unclear whether naturally-occurring deficits in VMPFC, among normal individuals, might have widespread consequences for aggression. Using voxel based morphometry, we regressed gray matter density from the brains of 138 normal female and male adults onto their dispositional levels of physical aggression, verbal aggression, and sex, simultaneously. Physical, but not verbal, aggression was associated with reduced gray matter volume in the VMPFC and to a lesser extent, frontopolar cortex. Participants with less gray matter density in this VMPFC cluster were much more likely to engage in real-world violence. These findings suggest that even granular deficits in normal individuals’ VMPFC gray matter can promote physical aggression.
A Robust Bias Against Interracial Couples Among White and Black Respondents, Relative to Multiracial Respondents
Authors: Skinner-Dorkenoo Allison Louise , Rae James Richard
Published: July 2018

Interracial couples are an understudied but increasingly common social group in the U.S. We used direct and indirect measures to examine implicit and explicit biases (respectively) against interracial couples among samples of: (a) predominantly White (non-Black; n=1,217), (b) Black (n=293), and (c) Multiracial (n=284) respondents recruited from the U.S. Results provide evidence of implicit and explicit bias against Black-White interracial couples among respondents in the predominantly White Sample and the Black Sample. There was no evidence of such biases among self-identified Multiracial respondents, in fact, they self-reported favoritism for interracial couples. Consistent with psychological theory and our preregistered hypotheses, we found that personal experience with interracial romance and self-reported contact with interracial couples tended to predict lower levels of bias against interracial couples. This research exposes a robust bias against a growing social group (interracial couples) among predominantly White respondents and Black respondents relative to respondents who identify as Multiracial.
How are fraction values constructed?
Authors: Prather Richard
Published: July 2018

Fractions are a difficult symbolic number format to master for children and adults alike. Errors made with symbolic fraction numbers suggest that even experienced adults can lack fluency with fractions. The importance of the fraction format in formal education has motivated a great deal of research in focused on why fractions are so difficult for peoples to use. In the current study, we investigate the question of how people construct an internal representation of fraction values from the symbols. We present data across two behavioral experiments and mathematical modeling to demonstrate how people construct fraction values from the constituent parts. In the behavioral experiments we manipulate the temporal dynamics of stimulus presentation in the canonical number comparison task. We demonstrate that a small delay in the presentation of specific fraction components affects the relative response time. We find that participants are significantly faster to complete numerator delayed trials, suggesting that participants can use the denominator to begin construction of the fraction value. We further characterize the cognitive processes and strategies that account for the behavioral data using a dynamic systems neural network mathematical model. We conclude that participants begin the construction of fraction values with the denominator and can initiate such construction before the numerator is known.
Exploring the role of Visual Salience within the Proximity Effect
Authors: Knowles Daniel , Brown Kyle , Aldrovandi Silvio
Published: July 2018

Research into why the proximity effect occurs and understanding of the underpinning mechanisms is relatively scarce. Attempts have been made to explore whether cognitive load and physical effort underpin the effect, but no previous study has experimentally manipulated visual salience to determine its role in the proximity effect. The present study aims to be the first to do so, starting with a pilot study to determine an effective operationalisation of visual salience in a laboratory setting. The selected manipulation will then be used in a laboratory study conducted with 68 individuals in a 2(Distance; 20cm vs 70cm) x 2(Visual Salience; Low vs High) between subjects design. Actual and Likelihood of consumption will be measured and statistically compared between conditions to determine the potential role of Visual Salience within the Proximity Effect.
Wolsink et al., Dual Cognitive Pathways to Voice Quality
Authors: Wolsink Inge , Hartog Deanne Den , Belschak Frank , Sligte Ilja Gabriel
Published: July 2018

We investigate the involvement of Working Memory Capacity (WMC, the cognitive resource necessary for controlled elaborate thinking) in voice behavior (speaking up with suggestions, problems, and opinions to change the organization). While scholars assume voice requires elaborate thinking, some empirical evidence suggests voice might be more automatic. To explain this discrepancy, we distinguish between voice quantity (frequency of voice) and voice quality (novelty and value of voiced information) and propose that WMC is important for voice quality, but not voice quantity. Furthermore, we propose that people who voice often need less WMC to reach high voice quality than people who voice rarely. To test our ideas, we conducted three studies: a between-participant lab-study, a within-participant experiment, and a multi-source field-study. These studies confirmed that voice quantity is unrelated to WMC. Voice quality is positively related to WMC, but only for those who rarely voice. This indicates that the decision to voice (quantity) might be more automatic and intuitive than often assumed, whereas its value to the organization (quality), relies more on the degree of cognitive elaboration of the voicer. It also suggests that frequent and infrequent voicers use distinct cognitive pathways to voice high quality information: frequent voicers improvise, while infrequent voicers elaborate.
Prior expectation of objects in space is dependent on the direction of gaze
Authors: Odegaard Brian , Beierholm Ulrik , Carpenter Jason , shams ladan
Published: July 2018

Many studies of multisensory spatial localization have shown that observers' responses are well-characterized by Bayesian inference, as localization judgments are influenced not only by the reliability of sensory encoding, but expectations about where things occur in space. Here, we investigate the frame of reference for the prior expectation of objects in space. Using an audiovisual localization task, we systematically manipulate fixation position and evaluate whether this prior is encoded in an eye-centered, head-centered, or hybrid frame of reference. Results show that in a majority of participants, this prior is encoded in an eye-centered frame of reference.
Postprint "Who believes in the storybook image of the scientist?" accepted for publication in Accountability in Research
Authors: Veldkamp Coosje Lisabet Sterre , Hartgerink Chris Hubertus Joseph , van Assen Marcel A. L. M. , Wicherts Jelte M.
Published: July 2018

Do lay people and scientists themselves recognize that scientists are human and therefore prone to human fallibilities such as error, bias, and even dishonesty? In a series of three experimental studies and one correlational study (total N = 3,278) we found that the ‘storybook image of the scientist’ is pervasive: American lay people and scientists from over 60 countries attributed considerably more objectivity, rationality, open-mindedness, intelligence, integrity, and communality to scientists than other highly-educated people. Moreover, scientists perceived even larger differences than lay people did. Some groups of scientists also differentiated between different categories of scientists: established scientists attributed higher levels of the scientific traits to established scientists than to early-career scientists and PhD students, and higher levels to PhD students than to early-career scientists. Female scientists attributed considerably higher levels of the scientific traits to female scientists than to male scientists. A strong belief in the storybook image and the (human) tendency to attribute higher levels of desirable traits to people in one’s own group than to people in other groups may decrease scientists’ willingness to adopt recently proposed practices to reduce error, bias and dishonesty in science.
Is infant-directed speech interesting because it is surprising? – Linking properties of IDS to statistical learning and attention at the prosodic level
Authors: Räsänen Okko , Kakouros Sofoklis , Soderstrom Melanie
Published: July 2018

The exaggerated intonation and special rhythmic properties of infant-directed speech (IDS) have been hypothesized to attract infant’s attention to the speech stream. However, there has been little work actually connecting the properties of IDS to models of attentional processing or perceptual learning. A number of such attention models suggest that surprising or novel perceptual inputs attract attention, where novelty can be operationalized as the statistical (un)predictability of the stimulus in the given context. Since prosodic patterns such as F0 contours are accessible to young infants who are also known to be adept statistical learners, the present paper investigates a hypothesis that F0 contours in IDS are less predictable than those in adult-directed speech (ADS), given previous exposure to both speaking styles, thereby potentially tapping into basic attentional mechanisms of the listeners in a similar manner that relative probabilities of other linguistic patterns are known to modulate attentional processing in infants and adults. Computational modeling analyses with naturalistic IDS and ADS speech from matched speakers and contexts show that IDS intonation has lower overall temporal predictability even when the F0 contours of both speaking styles are normalized to have equal means and variances. A closer analysis reveals that there is a tendency of IDS intonation to be less predictable at the end of short utterances whereas ADS exhibits more stable average predictability patterns across the full extent of the utterances. The difference between IDS and ADS persists even when the proportion of IDS and ADS exposure is varied substantially, simulating different relative amounts of IDS heard in different family and cultural environments. Exposure to IDS is also found to be more efficient for predicting ADS pitch contours in new utterances than exposure to the equal amount of ADS speech, indicating that the more variable prosodic contours of IDS also generalize to ADS, and may therefore enhance prosodic learning in infancy. Overall, the study suggests that one reason behind infant preference for IDS could be its higher information value at the prosodic level, as measured by the amount of surprisal in the F0 contours, providing the first formal link between the properties of IDS and the models of attentional processing and statistical learning in the brain. However, this finding does not rule out the possibility that other differences between the IDS and ADS also play a role.
Caregiver Burden and Caregiver Appraisal of Psychiatric Symptoms are not Modulated by Subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation for Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Mosley Philip E , Breakspear Michael , Coyne Terry , Silburn Peter , Smith David
Published: July 2018

Subthalamic deep brain stimulation is an advanced therapy that typically improves quality of life for persons with Parkinson’s disease (PD). However, the effect on caregiver burden is unclear. We recruited sixty-four persons with PD and their caregivers from a movement disorders clinic during the assessment of eligibility for subthalamic DBS. We used clinician, patient and caregiver-rated instruments to follow the patient-caregiver dyad from pre- to postoperative status, sampling repeatedly in the postoperative period to ascertain fluctuations in phenotypic variables. We employed multivariate models to identify key drivers of burden. We clustered caregiver-rated variables into ‘high’ and ‘low’ symptom groups and examined whether postoperative cluster assignment could be predicted from baseline values. Psychiatric symptoms in the postoperative period made a substantial contribution to longitudinal caregiver burden. The development of stimulation-dependent mood changes was also associated with increased burden. However, caregiver burden and caregiver-rated psychiatric symptom clusters were temporally stable and thus predicted only by their baseline values. We confirmed this finding using frequentist and Bayesian statistics, concluding that in our sample, subthalamic DBS for PD did not significantly influence caregiver burden or caregiver-rated psychiatric symptoms. Specifically, patient-caregiver dyads with high burden and high levels of psychiatric symptoms at baseline were likely to maintain this profile during follow up. These findings support the importance of assessing caregiver burden prior to functional neurosurgery. Furthermore, they suggest that interventions addressing caregiver burden in this population should target those with greater symptomatology at baseline and may usefully prioritise psychiatric symptoms reported by the caregiver.
Childhood Environmental Harshness Predicts Coordinated Health and Reproductive Strategies: A Cross-sectional Study Of A Nationally Representative (France) Sample.
Authors: Mell Hugo , Safra Lou , Algan Yann , Baumard Nicolas , Chevallier Coralie
Published: July 2018

There is considerable variation in health and reproductive behaviours within and across human populations. Drawing on principles from Life History Theory, psychosocial acceleration theory predicts that individuals developing in harsh environments decrease their level of somatic investment and accelerate their reproductive schedule. Although there is consistent empirical support for this general prediction, most studies have focused on a few isolated life history traits and few have investigated the way in which individuals apply life strategies across reproductive and somatic domains to produce coordinated behavioural responses to their environment. In our study, we thus investigate the impact of childhood environmental harshness on both reproductive strategies and somatic investment by applying structural equation modelling (SEM) to cross-sectional survey data obtained in a representative sample of the French population (n=1015, age: 19-87 years old, both genders). This data allowed us to demonstrate that (i) inter-individual variation in somatic investment (e.g. effort in looking after health) and reproductive timing (e.g. age at first birth) can be captured by a latent fast-slow continuum, and (ii) faster strategies along this continuum are predicted by higher childhood harshness. Overall, our results support the existence of a fast-slow continuum and highlight the relevance of the life history approach to understand variations in reproductive and health related behaviors.
The Narcissism in Situations Framework: Person and Situation Effects on State Narcissism
Authors: Maaß Ulrike , Lüdtke Oliver , Ziegler Matthias
Published: July 2018

In this article, we describe a general framework for the study of state narcissism considering person and situation effects as well as self-regulation processes. Also, we examined the suggested relationships in two experience-sampling studies (N = 243). Results underline that the subjective valence of social situations is associated with state narcissism (i.e., narcissistic entitlement): Positive feedback and negatively perceived social interactions were positively related to narcissistic entitlement. The relationship with negative interactions was even stronger when participants reported lower state self-esteem. In contrast, positive interactions were negatively related while negative feedback was unexpectedly uncorrelated with narcissistic entitlement. Specific situations (i.e., skills-related feedback, disagreements) were more relevant to narcissistic entitlement than the type of interaction partner (i.e., friend, colleague, sexual partner).
Experiencing Instigations and Trait Aggression Contribute to Harsh Parenting Behaviors
Authors: McCarthy Randy J.
Published: July 2018

Three studies (total N = 1,777 parents) examined whether harsh parenting behaviors would increase when parents experienced an instigation and whether this increase would be especially pronounced for parents who were high in trait aggression. These predictions were tested both when parents’ experience of an instigation was manipulated (Studies 1 and 2) and when parents’ perceptions of their child’s instigating behavior was reported (Study 3). Further, these predictions were tested across a variety of measures of parents’ harsh behaviors: (1) Asking parents to report their likelihood of behaving harshly (Study 1); (2) using proxy tasks for parents’ inclinations to behave harshly (Study 2); and (3) having parents report their past child-directed behaviors, some of which were harsh (Study 3). Both child instigations and parents’ trait aggression were consistently associated with parents’ child-directed harsh behaviors. However, parents’ trait aggression only moderated the extent to which the instigation was associated with their harsh parenting for self-reported physical harsh behaviors (Study 1). The results of the current studies demonstrate that both situational factors, such as experiencing an instigation, and individual difference variables, such as trait aggression, affect parents’ likelihood to exhibit harsh behaviors, but found little evidence these factors interact.
Clinical Science and the Replicability Crisis
Authors: Tackett Jennifer L , Lilienfeld Scott Owen , Patrick Christopher , Johnson Sheri L , Krueger Robert , Miller Josh , Oltmanns Thomas , Shrout Patrick E.
Published: July 2018

Psychology is in the early stages of examining a crisis of replicability stemming from several high-profile failures to replicate studies in experimental psychology. This important conversation has largely been focused on social psychology, with some active participation from cognitive psychology. Nevertheless, several other major domains of psychological science – including clinical science – have remained insulated from this discussion. The goals of this article are to (a) examine why clinical psychology and allied fields, such as counseling and school psychology, have not been central participants in the replicability conversation, (b) review concerns and recommendations that are less (or more) applicable to or appropriate for research in clinical psychology and allied fields, and (c) generate take-home messages for scholars and consumers of the literature in clinical psychology and allied fields, as well as reviewers, editors, and colleagues from other areas of psychological science.
All click, no action? Online action, efficacy perceptions, and prior experience combine to affect future collective action
Authors: Wilkins Denise , Livingstone Andrew G , Levine Mark
Published: July 2018

Social media is increasingly used for social protest, but does internet-enabled action lead to ‘slacktivism’ or promote increased activism? We show that the answer to this question depends on prior level of activism, and on beliefs about the effectiveness of individual contribution to the collective campaign. Internet-enabled action was varied quasi-experimentally, with participants (n = 143) choosing whether or not to share a campaign on social media. Participants were then informed that sharing on social media had a big (high action efficacy) or small (low action efficacy) impact on achieving the campaign’s goal. Prior levels of activism were measured before the experiment, and general levels of collective action were measured one week after the experiment. Taking internet-enabled action for one campaign increased future activism for other campaigns – but only in individuals who were already active and who perceived their actions to be an effective contribution to the campaign.
Culture, lay science, and analogies: Westerners think X -> Y, Easterners think X :: Y
Authors: Gilbert Elizabeth Ann
Published: July 2018

Myriad research establishes that Easterners think more holistically (i.e., attend to the “big picture” of how the world fits together and rely more on intuition) than Westerners do. Yet little is known about how Easterners integrate, structure, and make sense the information gleaned through holistic thinking. This paper proposes that, compared to Westerners, Easterners may rely more on analogical reasoning to integrate information and gain a sense of understanding their worlds. Four studies provide evidence that Easterners rely more on analogical reasoning that Westerners do. Compared to Westerners, Easterners found it easier to generate analogical explanations for understanding an outcome, preferred analogical to non-analogical explanations, showed some evidence of being more likely to spontaneously apply analogical solutions to the Duncker ray tumor problem, and tended to use more individual analogies in cultural products like children’s stories. Easterners, however, did not show evidence of being better at highly structured analogical reasoning (e.g., the Raven’s matrices) than Westerners. These findings suggest that Easterners and Westerners may both be able to reason analogically when required, but Easterners may spontaneously rely more on analogical reasoning to gain a sense of understanding of the world.