bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regionally extensive ejecta layer of the Australasian tektite strewn field: the MIS 20/19 large meteorite impact in mainland South-East Asia
Authors: Carling Paul A. , Tada Toshihiro , Tada Ryuji , Songtham Wickanet , Cresswell Alan J. , Sanderson David C. W. , Porat Naomi , Duangkrayom Jaroon , Darby Stephen E. , Chansom Praphas
Published: November 2024

Aspects of the Quaternary sedimentary geology of South-East Asia have proven problematic in terms of interpretation as to the origins and relationships of the surface sediment layers. The MIS 20 large meteorite impact (c., 788 to 785 ka) occurred within mainland South-East Asia, evident from the well-researched ‘Australasian Tektite Strewn Field’ which extends over at least one tenth of the surface of the Earth. Key questions include: 1) whether the sedimentary impact signature is preserved in the Quaternary sediment cover of the region and 2) whether stratigraphic indicators and dating methods can discriminate meteorite impact-related associations of sedimentary strata, despite subsequent reworking and diagenesis. The importance of the questions raised relate to the search for the impact site, which has not been located conclusively. Moreover, the sedimentary signatures of meteorite impacts are not well known and the descriptions in this study should aid the recognition of impact signatures elsewhere in the world. An hypothesis was developed: Surface Quaternary sediments across a wide area of mainland South-East Asia represent the effects of a regionally significant meteorite impact. Over one hundred sedimentary sections were logged across five countries in mainland South-East Asia. Methods used, defining the stratigraphy and sedimentology, include computed tomography and X-ray scanning, geochemistry, magnetic susceptibility, and environmental luminescence as well as conventional grain size analyses. Luminescence analyses were applied to samples from key strata to provide age constraints and indications of reworking through dose distributional analysis of quartz fractions. The results of the investigation explain the nature of the stratigraphy and relate it specifically to the meteorite impact. In this manner, the strata and sedimentary signatures of the ejecta from a large cosmic impact are defined across a broad region, rather than being described at singular and isolated sections. The novelty is the spatial scale of the investigation which nevertheless remains detailed. A summary model of impact stratigraphy is presented that applies to the regional ejecta blanket covering at least 300,000 km2. Tektites were co-deposited with the ejecta and not introduced by surface processes reworking the deposits. Similar models may be applicable outside of mainland South-East Asia, wherever other large impacts are suspected to have occurred.
Epidemiological description of fire blight introduction patterns to Central Asia and the Caucasus region based on CRISPR spacer typing and genome analysis
Authors: Rezzonico Fabio , Bobushova Saykal , Gaganidze Dali , Konurbaeva Mahabat , Mukhanov Sergey , Jordan Sara , Sadunishvili Tinatin , Drenova Nataliya , Smits Theo H. M. , Doolotkeldieva Tinatin
Published: November 2024

In the last two decades, fire blight has progressively spread eastward from Europe and the Mediterranean area to several pome-fruit producing regions of Asia. Its causative agent, the bacterial pathogen Erwinia amylovora, was detected in several new countries, including Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan. In the latter two states, the disease creates a threat not only to the commercial apple and pear production, but also to the wild Malus and Pyrus species that constitute the basis of the local forest ecosystems. In this study, we investigated the genetic diversity of the pathogen in Central Asia and the Caucasus region utilizing CRISPR Repeat Regions (CRRs) genotyping and genome sequencing, with the aim to understand its dissemination patterns across the continent. Genome sequence analysis revealed that all strains from these two regions exclusively derived from the archetypal CRR1 genotype A. Our analysis revealed three main E. amylovora clades in Central Asia, with distinct yet partial overlapping geographical distributions. Genomic relationships among isolates indicate that Central Asian strains are genetically closest to those from the Persian region and the Middle East, while the Georgian population is genetically more distant and can align with strains from the Volga District in southern Russia and the Eastern Mediterranean area. Notably, this study also includes strains from the first confirmed occurrences of fire blight in Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and China. Our findings highlight the importance of phylogenetic analysis and genome sequencing in understanding the phytopathogen epidemics and protecting key agricultural species and the genetic resources of their wild counterparts in the forest.
A comprehensive review of cellulose nanomaterials for adsorption of wastewater pollutants: focus on dye and heavy metal Cr adsorption and oil/water separation
Authors: Yang Yadong , Li Xuanze , Wan Caichao , Zhang Zhe , Cao Wenzhe , Wang Guanyu , Wu Yiqiang
Published: November 2024

Cellulose is widely distributed in higher plants and constitutes the most abundant natural biopolymer on Earth. Nanocellulose is a cellulose material with nanoscale dimensions, obtained through special processing and treatment. Up to now, nanocellulose has been widely investigated as a biosorbent to absorb various types of pollutants in wastewater due to its excellent properties, such as large specific surface area, antifouling behaviour, high aspect ratio, high heat resistance, excellent mechanical properties, biodegradability and biocompatibility. In addition, nanocellulose can be rationally structured by different recombination techniques such as membranes, sponges, aerogels, hydrogels and microspheres and provide specialised functionality for the adsorption of various types of pollutants from wastewater. This review introduces the basic properties, classification and modification methods of nanocellulose; discusses the preparation strategies of nanocellulose-based recombinant materials (including vacuum/pressurised filtration, sol–gel and electrospinning); reviews research progress in the adsorption of organic dyes and heavy metal Cr, as well as the separation of oil/water using nanocellulose-based recombinant materials; and explores the potential of nanocellulose in treating tannery wastewater. Finally, the problems faced by nanocellulose-based recombinant materials and future prospects are presented.

Graphical Abstract
Liver and spleen stiffness measurement using the new FibroScan module for prediction of esophageal varices and monitoring response to beta blockers in portal hypertension
Authors: Elshimy Ahmed , Abouelhoda Ahmed Mohamed , Al-Banna Wael M. , Farouk Omar
Published: November 2024

Background

This study aimed to assess the clinical use of the new FibroScan module for measurement of liver and spleen stiffness (LS and SS), comparing their usefulness in prediction of esophageal varices (EV) in patients with portal hypertension (PH) and their clinical value for monitoring response to non-selective beta blockers (NSBB) treatment in these cases. The study included 120 patients with compensated cirrhosis and PH, in addition to 30 healthy comparable controls. Based on gastrointestinal endoscopy, patients were classified into three groups: 48 without EV, 42 with small EV, and 30 with large varices needing treatment. Then, abdominal ultrasound and assessment of LS and SS using new FibroScan 630 Expert module were done for both patients and controls. Group 3 patients were then initiated on NSBB (propranolol), and follow-up of these parameters was done after 3 months.

Results

LS and SS were significantly increased in cirrhotic patients compared to controls and were positively correlated with ultrasonography parameters (spleen length and portal vein diameter). Moreover, they were significantly higher in patients with varices than in those without varices (compared to other noninvasive parameters), correlating with varices severity, and significantly decreased with NSBB treatment, especially SS.

Conclusion

Screening of cirrhotic patients for development of EV by elastography (LS and especially SS) using the new FibroScan machine seems to be an optimal method in clinical practice and superior to other noninvasive tests in the diagnosis, assessment of severity, and follow-up of response to treatment in these patients.
Phasor estimation using micro-phasor measurement unit (μPMU) in distribution network for situational awareness
Authors: Deepa B. , Hampannavar Santoshkumar , Mansani Swapna
Published: November 2024

Phasor estimation plays a critical role in island detection, fault detection, voltage stability monitoring, and state estimation within power systems. This paper proposes a phasor estimation method using micro-Phasor Measurement Units (µPMUs) in a Smart Distribution Network. A µPMU model is developed utilizing a recursive Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) algorithm combined with high-precision filters to enhance accuracy. The optimal placement of µPMUs in the distribution network is determined using a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming (MILP) approach for the IEEE 33 bus test system. The model is tested on the IEEE 33 bus system with Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS) and Distributed Generators (DGs) under both nominal and off-nominal frequencies. The results comply with the IEEE C37.118.1 standard, achieving phasor magnitude errors as low as + 0.01% and frequency accuracy of 1 mHz with minimal ripple. This study demonstrates the robustness and precision of the µPMU model, highlighting its potential for enhancing real-time monitoring and control in smart grid applications.
Horizontal transfer of plasmid-like extrachromosomal circular DNAs across graft junctions in Solanaceae
Authors: Zhang Aijun , Wang Tingjin , Yuan Lu , Shen Yuxin , Liu Ke , Liu Bin , Xu Kexin , Elsadek Mohamed A. , Wang Yiting , Wu Liang , Qi Zhenyu , Yu Jingquan , Zhang Mingfang , Chen Liping
Published: November 2024

The transfer of genetic material between stocks and scions of grafted plants has been extensively studied; however, the nature and frequency of the transferred material remain elusive. Here, we report a grafting system involving woody goji as the stock and herbaceous tomato as the scion, which was developed using in vitro and in vivo approaches; the results confirmed horizontal transfer of multiple nuclear DNA fragments from donor goji cells to recipient tomato cells. Tomato tissues containing goji donor DNA fragments at or near the grafting junctions had a perennial-biased anatomical structure, from which roots or shoots were regenerated. Most of the fragments were plasmid-like extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs) present in the regenerants derived from the cells and in their asexual offspring. Plants with transferred eccDNAs in regenerated roots or shoots (designated “Go-tomato”) were grown perennially and showed excellent agronomic performance. The present study provides new insights into the replication, expression, and potential function of eccDNAs in the pleiotropic traits of Go-tomato. Mobile eccDNAs offer evidence of stock-to-scion horizontal DNA transfer beyond chromosomes and organelles, thereby contributing to the molecular understanding of graft-induced genetic variation, evolution, and breeding.
“Scientists are People too”: Biology Students Relate More to Scientists When They are Humanized in Course Materials
Authors: Schultheis Elizabeth H. , Zemenick Ash T. , Youngblood Rachel M. , Costello Robin A. , Driessen Emily P. , Kjelvik Melissa K. , Weber Marjorie G. , Ballen Cissy J.
Published: November 2024

Featuring a diversity of scientists within curriculum provides opportunities for students to relate to them. We manipulated the amount and type of information students received about scientists. We found including personal, humanizing information increased the extent to which students related to them, with implications for curriculum development.
Waiting to Exhale: The Feasibility and Appropriateness of Home Blood Oxygen Monitoring in Oncology Patients Post–Hospital Discharge
Authors: Liu Si-Yang , Doshi Sahil D. , Ebstein AnnMarie Mazzella , Holland Jessie , Sapir Ayelet , Leung Michael , Huang Jennie , Fahy Rosanna , Salvaggio Rori , Begue Aaron , Kuperman Gilad , Polubriaginof Fernanda G.C. , Stetson Peter D. , Mao Jun J. , Panageas Katherine , Li Bob , Daly Bobby
Published: November 2024

PURPOSE

Pulse oximetry remote patient monitoring (RPM) post–hospital discharge increased during the COVID-19 pandemic as patients and providers sought to limit in-person encounters and provide more care in the home. However, there is limited evidence on the feasibility and appropriateness of pulse oximetry RPM in patients with cancer after hospital discharge.

METHODS AND MATERIALS

This feasibility study enrolled oncology patients discharged after an unexpected admission at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center from October 2020 to July 2021. Patients were asked to measure their blood oxygen (O
2
) level daily during the hours of 9
am
-5
pm
during a 10-day monitoring period posthospitalization. An automated system alerted clinicians to blood O
2
levels below 93.0%. We evaluated the feasibility (>50.0% of patients providing at least one measurement from home) and appropriateness (>50.0% of alerts leading to a clinically meaningful patient interaction) of pulse oximetry RPM.

RESULTS

Sixty-two patients were enrolled in the study, with 53.2% female patients and a median age of 68 years. The most prevalent malignancy was thoracic (62.9%). The feasibility metric was met, with 45 patients (72.6%, 45 of 62) providing blood O
2
levels at least once during the 10-day monitoring program. The appropriateness threshold was not met; of the 121 alerts, only 39.7% (48 alerts) was linked to a clinically meaningful interaction.

CONCLUSION

This feasibility study showed that while patients with cancer were willing to measure blood O
2
levels at home, most alerts did not result in meaningful clinical interactions. There is a need for improved patient support systems and logistical infrastructure to support appropriate use of RPM at home.
Development of a Composite Score Based on Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 Dynamics to Predict Survival in Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9–Producing Patients With Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma After Neoadjuvant Treatment
Authors: Rompen Ingmar F. , Sereni Elisabetta , Habib Joseph R. , Garnier Jonathan , Galimberti Veronica , Perez Rivera Lucas R. , Vatti Deepa , Lafaro Kelly J. , Hewitt D. Brock , Sacks Greg D. , Burns William R. , Cohen Steven , Kaplan Brian , Burkhart Richard A. , Turrini Olivier , Wolfgang Christopher L. , He Jin , Javed Ammar A.
Published: November 2024

PURPOSE

Dynamics of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) often inform treatment decisions during and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAT) of patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). However, considerable dispute persists regarding the clinical relevance of specific CA19-9 thresholds and dynamics. Therefore, we aimed to define optimal thresholds for CA19-9 values and create a biochemically driven composite score to predict survival in CA19-9-producing patients with PDAC after NAT.

METHODS

Patients with PDAC who underwent NAT and surgical resection from 2012 to 2022 were retrospectively identified from three high-volume centers. CA19-9 nonproducers and patients with 90-day mortality, and macroscopically incomplete resections were excluded. A composite score was created on the basis of relative CA19-9 change and newly defined optimal thresholds of pre- and postneoadjuvant values for overall survival (OS) using patients from two centers and validated using data from the third center.

RESULTS

A total of 492 patients met inclusion criteria in the development cohort. Optimal CA19-9 cutoff values for predicting a difference in OS were 202 U/mL for preneoadjuvant and 78 U/mL for postneoadjuvant levels. Furthermore, increase in CA19-9 during neoadjuvant treatment was associated with worse OS (median-OS, 17.5 months
v
26.0 months;
P
= .008). Not surpassing any or only one of these thresholds (composite score of 0-1) was associated with improved OS compared with patients with 2-3 points (median-OS, 29.9 months
v
15.8 months;
P
< .001). Major serological response (90% decrease of CA19-9) had a positive and negative predictive value of 32% and 88%, respectively.

CONCLUSION

The composite score consisting of CA19-9 levels at diagnosis, after neoadjuvant treatment, and its dynamics demonstrates prognostic discrimination between low and high scores. However, better predictive biomarkers are needed to facilitate treatment decisions during neoadjuvant treatment.
Bone Material Strength Index Is Low in Patients With Cushing's Syndrome Even After Long-term Remission
Authors: Schoeb Manuela , Sintenie Paula J C , Bakker Leontine E H , Biermasz Nienke R , van Haalen Femke M , Nijhoff Michiel F , de Vries Friso , Winter Elizabeth M , Pereira Alberto M , Appelman-Dijkstra Natasha M
Published: November 2024

Objective

Hypercortisolism in endogenous Cushing's syndrome (CS) results in decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk. Although after remission BMD improves, the fracture rate remains elevated, suggesting that BMD may not adequately reflect fracture risk in this group. The aim was to evaluate bone material properties, another component of bone quality, using impact microindentation in patients with CS in remission.

Methods

Cross-sectional study in 60 CS patients and 60 age-, sex-, and BMD-matched controls at a tertiary referral center between 2019 and 2021. Bone material strength index (BMSi) was measured by impact microindentation using the OsteoProbe® device at the tibia. In addition, laboratory investigation, BMD, and vertebral fracture assessment were performed.

Results

By design, patients and controls were comparable for age (median age 56.5 years), sex (48 women), and BMD at the lumbar spine and femoral neck. They were also comparable regarding the number of fragility fractures (21 vs 27, P = .22). The median time of remission in patients was 6 years (range 1 to 41). Despite comparable BMD, BMSi was significantly lower in CS patients compared to controls (76.2 ± 6.7 vs 80.5 ± 4.9, P < .001). In CS patients, BMSi was negatively correlated with body mass index (r = −0.354, P = .01) but not related to the presence of fracture, physiological hydrocortisone replacement use, other pituitary insufficiencies, or time since remission.

Conclusion

Bone material properties remain altered in patients with endogenous CS, even after long-term remission. These abnormalities, known to be associated with fractures in other populations, may play a role in the persistent bone fragility of steroid excess.
Development of Chronic Thyroiditis During Cyclosporin A Treatment
Authors: Hataya Yuji , Nomura Takumi , Fujishima Yuko , Fujimoto Kanta , Iwakura Toshio , Matsuoka Naoki
Published: November 2024

Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a calcineurin inhibitor used as an immunosuppressant. Although CsA effectively suppresses T cells, excessive suppression of regulatory T cells may exacerbate autoimmune diseases. Here, we report a case of chronic thyroiditis developing during CsA treatment. A 64-year-old woman, on CsA for 2 years for aplastic anemia, presented with a nodule in the right thyroid lobe, raising concern for malignant lymphoma. Right hemithyroidectomy confirmed mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma without chronic thyroiditis in the adjacent normal tissue. Owing to the localized lesion, the patient was monitored with a reduced dose of CsA. Initial thyroid ultrasonography showed a normal left lobe; however, hypoechoic areas appeared 1-year postsurgery, followed by diffuse thyroid enlargement and further expansion of these hypoechoic areas. Postoperative fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography showed progressive uptake in the left lobe, and thyroid autoantibodies, initially negative, became positive. Five years later, suspected lymphoma recurrence prompted a residual thyroidectomy, which confirmed mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma with chronic thyroiditis. This case suggests that excessive suppression of regulatory T cells by CsA may induce chronic thyroiditis. Further studies on chronic thyroiditis in patients treated with CsA may enhance our understanding of its pathogenesis.
First record of Arion ater s.l. (Gastropoda: Arionidae) in Ukraine
Authors: Gural-Sverlova Nina , Zinenko Oleksandr , Gural Roman , Shparyk Viktor
Published: November 2024

Slugs in the Arion ater complex have been reliably recorded in Ukraine for the first time. In recent years, large specimens with an intense black colouration and very prominent skin tubercles have been observed in two neighbouring villages of the Bohorodchany district of the Ivano-Frankivsk region, Stara Huta and Huta. Even externally, they were very different from Arion vulgaris, which has already become common in western Ukraine. The structure of the distal genitalia of such slugs collected in Stara Huta in early July 2024 is similar to the older descriptions and images of Arion rufus. However, DNA barcoding classifies them as A. ater s.s. We assume that A. ater s.l. could have been accidentally introduced into the studied area from abroad together with ornamental plants. The initial source of the slug dispersal here could have been the administrative territory of the Syniohora National Nature Park or the presidential residence of the same name located nearby. For comparison, a map of known records of A. vulgaris in Ukraine is shown, only a few of which have been anatomically verified so far.
The invasive Sinanodonta woodiana (Bivalvia: Unionidae) continues to spread in North Africa (Algeria): A new locality for an established population and further perspectives
Authors: Bensaâd-Bendjedid Lamia , Telailia Salah , Boutabia Lamia , Rouidi Samir , Zaidi Raouf , Baba-Ahmed Fadia
Published: November 2024

Native to Eastern Asia, the Chinese Pond Mussel (Sinanodonta woodiana) (Mollusca: Bivalvia) is one of the most threatening invaders of freshwater habitats worldwide. Algerian waters are no exception. In 2023, the mussel was discovered in two locations, one of which is a protected area. Here, we report Babar Dam reservoir as a new site of its occurrence and the southernmost record of the species in the country. The present survey was conducted in May 2023 and included a set of live S. woodiana specimens in variable sizes (from 95.4 to 210.4 mm) and developmental stages (from 4 to 11 years old), which suggests that the species succeeded in establishing a sustainable population that can spread and colonise new territories. The possible pathway of introduction of the Chinese Pond Mussel and its occurrence in the whole country are discussed. Overall, the spread of S. woodiana in Algeria appears to be seriously underestimated and overlooked; it is crucial to establish a monitoring plan to manage the species’ progress and assess its impact on recipient ecosystems and indigenous communities.
Application of machine learning techniques to profile smoking behavior of adolescent girls in Ghana
Authors: Flanagan Sara V. , Vargas Ariadna , Smith Jana
Published: November 2024

Background Tobacco use trends among adolescents in low- and middle-income countries, and in particular narrowing gender gaps, highlight the need for interventions to prevent and/or reduce tobacco use among adolescent girls. We evaluated a social marketing program in Ghana discouraging tobacco use among adolescent girls and additionally investigated the pathways influencing smoking behaviors to identify programmatic opportunities for impact. Leveraging the data collected through the stepped wedge cluster randomized trial and panel survey of 9000 girls aged 13–19 , we sought to apply machine learning (ML) techniques to identify the most important variables for predicting initiation of smoking. Methods To identify predictors of smoking initiation we sought to develop a model which could accurately differentiate smokers from non-smokers and evaluated various ML approaches for training classifier algorithms to achieve this. We selected a Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique (SMOTE) because it optimized the recall and precision of the model. We then utilized the technique of feature importance for greater insight into how the model arrived at its decisions and to rank the most important variables for predicting smokers. To explore different dimensions of smoking behavior, including initiation and continuation, we trained our model by using several combinations of target outcomes and input variables from the panel survey. Results The resulting features of smokers highlight the importance of girls’ independence and connectivity, social environment, and peer influence on likelihood of smoking, and in particular subsequent initiation. These results were largely consistent with our formative research findings based on qualitative interviews informed by behavioral science. Conclusions This novel application of ML techniques demonstrates how data science approaches can generate new programmatic insights from rigorous evaluation data, especially when data collection is informed by behavioral theory. Such insights about the relative importance of different features can be valuable input for program planning and outreach.
Protocol for the development of an intervention to improve the use of Point-of-caRE DiagnostICs in the management of respiraTOry tRact infectionS in primary care (the PREDICTORS study)
Authors: O'Shea Joseph , Hughes Carmel , Molloy Gerard , Cadogan Cathal , Vellinga Akke , Fahey Tom , Hayward Gail , Ryan Paul , Fleming Aoife , Morrissey Eimear , Cooke Laura , Ryan Cristin
Published: November 2024

Background Antimicrobial resistance is a significant global health challenge, exacerbated by inappropriate antibiotic prescribing, particularly in primary care where up to 50% of antibiotic prescriptions prescribed by general practitioners (GPs) and dispensed by community pharmacists (CPs) are deemed inappropriate. Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are among the most common conditions leading to GP consultations and subsequent antibiotic prescribing, much of which is inappropriate as most RTIs are viral in nature or self-limiting bacterial infections. Point-of-care tests (POCTs) have emerged as tools to improve the diagnosis and appropriate treatment of RTIs. Objective This study aims to develop and test an intervention to improve the use of POCTs in managing RTIs involving GPs and CPs in Irish primary care, following the UK’s Medical Research Council’s (MRC) framework for complex intervention development, involving five work-packages (WPs). Methods WP1 involves creating best practice guidance for using POCT in managing RTIs, informed by a scoping review and validated with an expert Delphi panel. This guidance will be used to define target behaviour(s) for GPs and CPs related to POCT use. WP2 explores GP and CP perceived barriers and facilitators to these behaviours using the Theoretical Domains Framework, mapping influential domains to Behaviour Change Techniques to develop draft interventions. WP3 gathers patients’ perspectives on using POCTs for RTIs. In WP4, a task group will review and finalise the intervention(s). They will consider patients’ perspectives from WP3 and assess feasibility of the intervention(s). WP5 involves a proof-of-concept study to test the feasibility of the newly developed intervention(s). Conclusion A theoretically informed intervention(s) for using POCT(s) in the management of RTIs in primary care in Ireland will be developed and tested in a proof-of-concept study, following MRC guidance. Further refinement and larger studies will be needed to determine its effectiveness before widespread implementation.
Benign Economic Statecraft in the Making: the Case of German Approach towards Africa
Authors: Michalski Bartosz , Morozowski Tomasz
Published: November 2024

Background The emergence of a multipolar order and the growing potential of African states have captured the attention of German authorities. Through our examination of the policy frameworks directed towards Africa, we elucidate the fundamental motivations behind strategic considerations, which tackle the nexus of economic and security issues while striving to influence the architecture of global governance. Methods We have embedded our research at the intersection of foreign policy analysis (FPA) and the realistic stream of thought within the international political economy (IPE), focusing on economic statecraft in particular. Our novel approach unlocks the complexity of internal decision-making processes in German foreign policy towards Africa. Furthermore, we underscore the interconnectedness between foreign policy and globalisation through the synergistic transformationalist approach. In terms of the pragmatic implementation of economic statecraft, we have studied how harnessing global economic dynamics and presence in Africa may bolster the likelihood of achieving German strategic interests. Results The German approach highlights the importance of the foreign economic policy toolkit while transforming Africa's perception and image from being seen as 'requiring assistance' to one of 'chances and opportunities'. Consequently, the German government seeks to develop a framework that would enable German businesses to increase their investments in Africa, provide local employment opportunities, enhance indigenous industrial capabilities, and promote fair economic transformation within the region. Conclusions Germany seeks to maintain, safeguard, and strengthen the global order, recognising itself as a primary beneficiary. Therefore, key objectives are supposed to mitigate the impacts of de-globalisation and weaponisation of economic interdependencies. Cultivating and fostering collaboration with Africa, having in mind its untapped potential, determines the anticipated effectiveness of this approach. While peace and stability in Africa constitute essential preconditions, strategic orientation necessities economic initiatives that advance German interests: effective diversification and de-risking.
Magnesium and Zinc as Vital Micronutrients Enhancing Athletic Performance and Recovery – a Review
Authors: Kaczorowski Rafal , Forenc Tomasz , Hunia Jaromir , Górny Julia , Janiszewski Michał , Jurek Jonasz , Komorowski Marcin , Kapciak Alicja , Pelczarska Aleksandra
Published: November 2024

Introduction and Aim of the ReviewMagnesium and zinc are vital for cellular metabolism and maintaining homeostasis, playing a particularly significant role for athletes. Magnesium, which is largely stored in bones and muscles, is essential for protein synthesis. Zinc, a critical trace element found in muscle and bone tissue, participates in over 300 enzymatic reactions, acts as an antioxidant and making both minerals crucial for physical performance. This study aims to explore the physiological role of magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) in the context of athletic performance and to examine their impact on energy metabolism, muscle function, protein synthesis and potential benefits of Mg and Zn supplementation for improving athletic outcomes and post-exercise recovery.
MethodsA comprehensive review of scientific literature was conducted through a thorough search of the PubMed database to explore the latest findings on the utility of magnesium and zinc in sports. Only articles in English were considered.
Current KnowledgeThe review results indicate that Mg and Zn play critical roles in energy metabolism, muscle and immune system health. Mg deficiency can impair muscle function and reduce endurance, while its supplementation supports muscle relaxation, cardiovascular health, and respiratory efficiency. Although required in small amounts, Zn is indispensable for enzymatic activity, protein synthesis, hormonal balance, and muscle recovery, making it vital for post-exercise recovery and immune response modulation.
ConclusionsAvailable data suggest that Mg and Zn supplementation may positively influence athletic performance, energy metabolism, and recovery post-exercise, though further research is needed to establish specific supplementation guidelines. This review provides a foundation for developing supplementation strategies aimed at enhancing athletic performance and supporting healthy recovery.
Despojo y contrarreforma agraria: significado y mecanismos
Authors: Gutiérrez Sanín Francisco , Castillo Rojas Luis David , Pedraza Norato Emily Johana , Villamil Castellanos Paula Alejandra , Cristancho Bohada Sebastián
Published: November 2024

El capítulo procede de la siguiente manera. En la primera sección, revisamos algunos conceptos básicos para entender el despojo y sus límites y problemas. En la segunda, clasificamos las diferentes maneras de entender el despojo colombiano como contrarreforma agraria. En la tercera, consideramos algunos de los problemas de estas opciones. En la cuarta, examinamos, basados en casos tomados del Magdalena, Sucre y Córdoba, la relación entre coerción, concentración y despojo. En la quinta, usando el mismo elenco de casos, consideramos la ilegalidad y la concentración, y sus relaciones con el despojo. En las conclusiones, recapitulamos y proponemos una agenda de análisis y de políticas públicas, que enfatiza que el ejercicio de clarificación conceptual que proponemos no es simplemente “académico” en el sentido peyorativo del término.
Élites rurales y paramilitares en el Magdalena: participación directa pero diferenciada
Authors: Castillo Rojas Luis David
Published: November 2024

El capítulo se divide en cinco secciones. La primera discute la literatura relevante y sitúa la pertinencia teórica de este trabajo. Luego, se presenta un contexto general sobre la formación de las élites rurales en el Magdalena y su afectación durante el conflicto armado. Las siguientes dos secciones comparan la participación de ganaderos y bananeros en la experiencia paramilitar, respectivamente. Por último, la sección final recapitula la argumentación y perfila algunas líneas de investigación académica.
Disentangling intersectionality in action: the new cycle of contention of feminist movements in Italy
Authors: Bonu Rosenkranz Giada , della Porta Donatella
Published: November 2024

In the last ten years, feminist movements have seen a global resurgence, with massive protest campaigns addressing gender-based violence, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans, Queer rights (LGBTQ+ rights), health and reproductive rights, migration, and labour market issues, all influenced by intersecting oppressions. This article examines the incorporation of intersectionality into contemporary feminist movements in Italy, particularly through the lens of Non Una Di Meno. Drawing on social movement studies, the article explores how intersectionality has been adapted to address Italy’s unique feminist challenges. It investigates both the discontinuities brought by the intersectional perspective and the historical continuities with Italian feminist traditions. Through an analysis of collective framing, strategies and forms of action, this study highlights how intersectionality has catalysed innovation in Italian feminist movements, addressing complex social injustices while maintaining a strong anti-capitalist stance. The findings emphasize the importance of inclusive practices and the ongoing need for self-reflexivity in implementing intersectional approaches.
Feminist critical friendship: an approach to researching institutional change in academia
Authors: Campanini Vilhena Fernanda
Published: November 2024

This article explores the application of feminist critical friendship (FCF) as a research approach to study institutional change in academic settings, contributing to feminist institutionalism-informed research with ethical and methodological reflections. Discussing the theoretical underpinnings of FCF, its practical application in academia and the ethical considerations of conducting research as an insider, the study underscores the importance of adopting a feminist ethic of care, acknowledging the complex reality of gender reform and the role of change agents in navigating and implementing change. It highlights the potential of FCF to foster collaborative and horizontal relationships between researchers and participants, aiming for knowledge production that reflects the nuanced reality of institutional change.
The Temporality of the Early Modern English Almanac
Authors: Evans Catherine
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT: This article explores the place that almanacs held in early modern English culture, offering evidence of how they shaped practices of time keeping and history writing. During a period in which the calendar was a site of religious discord and political debate, did the printed time of the almanac act as a regularizing force? How was history writing used to shape local and national identity in both England and New England colonies? Did the ephemeral nature of the almanac make time less valuable? Drawing on evidence from the previously unstudied annotated almanacs in the Huntington Library and the Beinecke Library, this article attends to the ways in which the time of the almanac was personalized and multitemporal. By focusing on traces of book use, the article examines the symbiotic relationship between readers and their books, arguing that the materiality of texts both reveals and shapes patterns of thought.
“Burne this when yow have red it”: Secret Intelligence, Information Wars, and Political Satire in William Trumbull the Elder’s Papers
Authors: Fernández José María Pérez
Published: November 2024

ABSTRACT: William Trumbull the Elder was an efficient English diplomatic agent in the Netherlands, and his papers illustrate the intersection of diplomacy, espionage, and public controversies in late sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century Europe. This article examines a series of samples from his collection of printed pamphlets and the ways in which they relate to his manuscript archive. It therefore lays a path toward further research into Trumbull’s rich collections, which represent a singular hybrid lying at the intersection of manuscript and print, on the one hand, early modern journalism, prose fiction, and political satire, on the other. It focuses on a publishing genre that repurposed private manuscript documents into ostentatiously public political propaganda in print, frequently distributed in translation and in multilingual formats for an international readership. Trumbull’s documents, and the practices that they inform, are all part of the long history of information and knowledge production. As such, they constitute excellent case studies for the panoply of documentary genres used in the competition for political legitimacy conducted in the public arena, many of which resorted to a series of strategies that can be described as the manufacture of truth.
Selected Resource Insecurities and Abstinence Self-Efficacy Among Urban and Rural Incarcerated Women with Opioid Use Disorder
Authors: Annett Jaxin , Dickson Megan , Tillson Martha , Leukefeld Carl , Webster J. Matthew , Staton Michele
Published: November 2024

Abstract: Purpose. To investigate the relationship between selected resource insecurities (i.e., food, housing, and transportation) and abstinence self-efficacy among women with criminal legal system (CLS)-involvement and opioid use disorder (OUD) and examine potential moderating effects of living in a rural or urban area. Methods. Data were collected as part of the NIDA-funded Kentucky Justice Community Opioid Innovation Network (JCOIN) trial. Women ( N = 900) were randomly selected from nine Kentuckyjails, screened for OUD, enrolled, and interviewed. Measures included resource insecurity and a single-item measure of abstinence self-efficacy. Findings. Results from a multivariable regression analysis examining independent correlates of abstinence self-efficacy demonstrated significant associations with food insecurity ( p = .008), controlling for sociodemographic covariates. Rurality moderated the relationship between transportation and abstinence self-efficacy ( p = .001). Conclusions. Resource insecurity, particularly transportation insecurity in rural areas, may reduce abstinence self-efficacy. Addressing resource disadvantages is vital to improving treatment engagement and recovery among women.
Racial Disparities in Hospital Utilization Among Patients with Multimorbidity
Authors: Crump Alisha , Brown Clare C. , Garza Maryam Y. , Porter Austin , Sexton Kevin , Vincenzo Jennifer L. , Robins Taiquitha , Williams Tremaine B.
Published: November 2024

Abstract: Background. It is reported that racial differences exist among patients with multimorbidity. However, there are no studies that have investigated racial disparities within multimorbidity-related hospitalization encounters among patients with multimorbidity in rural states such as Arkansas. Methods. Binomial logistic regression identified associations between race and hospitalization utilization. Insurance type was assessed as a potential effect modifier of the association. Results. Non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic Other and Hispanic patients collectively represented more than 50% of 18–34-year-old patients with multimorbidity. Compared with patients who were non-Hispanic White, Other patients were more likely to have a high length of stay. In the insurance-type stratified analysis, uninsured Hispanic patients demonstrated greater hospital length of stay during the study period. Conclusion. Results of the current study suggest that multimorbidity-related conditions differentially affect racially and ethnically minoritized, young patients. These findings highlight the need for future studies to understand the contributory factors involved in this disparity.
Patterns of Adverse Childhood Experiences Among Transitional-Age Youth Experiencing Homelessness: A Cluster Analysis
Authors: Lanni Sylvia R , Ducharme Peter , Wilens Timothy E. , Burke Colin W.
Published: November 2024

Abstract: Transitional-age youth experiencing homelessness (TAY-EH) represent a high-risk population with substantial exposure to adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and high rates of morbidity and mortality. The current study uses a person-centered analytical approach to identify patterns of ACEs among TAY-EH and inform more nuanced characterizations of this vulnerable group. Participants were aged 16–25 years accessing support at a psychosocial agency in Boston, Massachusetts. Data were gathered via structured assessment. Hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis identified subgroups of TAY-EH with differing ACE exposures. Within the sample of 138 TAY-EH, three unique clusters of ACE exposures were identified: two high-occurrence groups (one also endorsing sexual abuse and one not), and one lower-occurrence group. Clusters differed significantly on several variables including gender identity, sexuality, and suicidality. The ways in which trauma phenotypes inform treatment access, utilization patterns, and functional outcomes should be high-priority areas for ongoing research in TAY-EH and related marginalized youth populations.
The Road to Access: Addressing Transportation Challenges in Rural Primary Care
Authors: Bailey Joanna , Burchfield Katie , Redden Jacob , Adkins Keli , Thornton Andrea , Tah Sunanda , Bennett Trey , Wen Sijin , Baus Adam
Published: November 2024

Abstract: Central Appalachia’s coal fields are the site of health disparities influenced by social determinants of health including poverty and isolation, compounded by transportation barriers to health care. In this study, we conducted two surveys among patients at a rural federally qualified health center (FQHC) to evaluate the health and financial ramifications of transportation barriers to primary care. Our findings indicate that patients facing transportation barriers rely disproportionately on emergency department services or hospitalization. Most notably, we found that Medicaid beneficiaries, theoretically eligible for no- cost, non- emergency medical transportation (NEMT), often resort to paying for transportation to office visits. Patients, especially Medicaid beneficiaries, who are financially burdened by transportation costs exhibit higher likelihood of requiring emergency department services or hospitalization. Our study underscores the potential benefits of investing in NEMT services, with the potential to reduce health care spending by mitigating reliance on emergency care and hospitalization while increasing equitable access to care.
A Qualitative Study of Black and Latine HIV Care Consumers’ Perceptions of Providers’ Behaviors, Medical Mistrust, and Experiences of Discrimination
Authors: Adekunle Toluwani E. , Bogart Laura M. , Vincent Tim , Gilbert Marylou , González Isabelle , Ojikutu Bisola O. , Dong Lu
Published: November 2024

Abstract: Black and Latine Americans face the highest HIV burden among U.S. racial and ethnic groups, exacerbated by intersectional stigma and medical mistrust. We conducted 21 interviews with Black and Latine HIV care consumers between November–December 2021, investigating their views on medical mistrust and experiences of stigma. Key drivers of mistrust included perceptions of providers not prioritizing patient interests, perceived dishonesty, and doubts about their competence. In addition, participants highlighted a lack of individualized care, no partnership in decision making, insufficient follow-up, and overall institutional mistrust. Participants felt judged based on their HIV status and observed race and ethnicity- based disparities in care outcomes. In response to mistrust, they either switched providers or self- advocated. These insights may guide the creation of interventions to tackle medical mistrust among providers.
Postpartum Measles, Varicella, and Rubella Vaccination Rates in Serologically Non-Immune Mothers with Public Insurance at an Urban Tertiary Care Center
Authors: Kwon Daniel , Wang Anya , Park Jiwoo , Gamboa Sophia , Sue Rachel , Bahl Kajol , Linker Anne S , Aoun Reem , Abraham Cynthia
Published: November 2024

Abstract: The postpartum period provides an opportunity to improve maternal and infant health, including identifying risks and completing immunization series. Research on completion of varicella and measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine series among postpartum mothers is limited. This study examined data from mothers with public health insurance who received prenatal and postpartum care at the Mount Sinai Health System between January 1, 2021, and June 27, 2022. Two hundred and fifty-four (254; 11.9%) lacked immunity to at least one of these viruses: 104 to measles, 53 to rubella, and 137 to varicella. Forty-four percent (44.5%) and 52.7% initiated varicella and MMR series, respectively, during their immediate postpartum care. However, only 19% and 3.8% completed varicella and MMR series during their six-week postpartum visit, respectively. These findings underscore low rates of complete vaccination for measles, rubella, and varicella among serologically non-immune postpartum mothers with public health insurance.