bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strict Discretization Error Bounds on Quantities of Interest in Transient Dynamics
Authors: Zheng Qisheng , Liu Jike , Chamoin Ludovic , Wang Li
Published: December 2024

This work proposes a guaranteed error estimator for linear transient elastodynamics, accounting for both time and space discretization errors. The key lies in the definition of a novel dynamic constitutive relation error formulation, which is proven to be a strict bound of the discretization error. Moreover, based on the established dynamic constitutive relation error and the goal‐oriented error estimation framework, strict upper and lower bounds on quantities of interest are also obtained. Numerical examples are conducted to verify the proposed strict bounds and to explore the application of these bounds to adaptive time stepping and mesh refinement.
Design and Validation of the Flipped‐Learning Assessment Scale for Undergraduate Nursing Education
Authors: Urcola‐Pardo Fernando , Subiron‐Valera Ana Belen , Anton‐Solanas Isabel , Orkaizagirre‐Gomara Aintzane , Torres‐Enamorado Dolores , Gonzalez‐Sanz Juan Diego
Published: December 2024

Aim

To design and validate the Flipped‐Learning Assessment Scale; a tool for assessing students' experience of flipped learning.

Background

Frequently, university students are introduced to new content during lectures. In contrast, active learning activities, such as Flipped Learning, are designed as an instructional method to engages students in the learning process.

Design

Cross‐sectional descriptive study.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was carried out in three phases ((1) item selection, rephrasing and translation; (2) content analysis through expert panel and (3) confirmatory factor analysis). The final version of the scale was piloted on a sufficient sample of undergraduate student nurses from three Spanish universities.

Results

A total of 455 students completed the questionnaire; 373 women and 82 men. The total Cronbach's alpha value for the complete instrument was 0.893. Cronbach alpha for each separate dimension ranged between 0.660 and 0.897. Goodness‐of‐fit values were acceptable, implying that the model was validated.

Conclusion

The flipped learning approach has become increasingly popular in academic settings. Evaluating the students' flipped learning experience is important to analyse aspects such as acceptability and effectiveness of this methodology. The Flipped‐Learning Assessment Scale is a valid and reliable tool for analysing students' experience of flipped learning.

Impact

Flipped learning has been a useful pedagogical model very for cultivating student skills in problem‐solving, critical thinking, teamwork and self‐active learning in nursing education. A key issues, such as student satisfaction, has been explored further before implementing this teaching and learning methodology.

Patient or Public Contribution

None.
Convergence Analysis of a Nonconforming Virtual Element Method for Compressible Miscible Displacement Problems in Porous Media
Authors: Kumar Sarvesh , Shylaja Devika
Published: December 2024

This article presents a priori error estimates for the miscible displacement of one compressible fluid by another in a porous medium. The study utilizes the conforming virtual element method (VEM) for the approximation of the velocity, while a non‐conforming virtual element approach is employed for the concentration. The pressure is discretized using the standard piecewise discontinuous polynomial functions. These spatial discretization techniques are combined with a backward Euler difference scheme for time discretization. Error estimates are established for velocity, pressure, and concentration. The article also includes numerical results that validate the theoretical estimates.
Microlayer Framework: Extension to Viscoelastic Material Behaviour for Finite Strains
Authors: May Marcel , Wollny Ines , Platen Jakob , Kaliske Michael
Published: December 2024

The microlayer framework is a novel, powerful method for the numerical simulation of heterogeneous materials, such as aggregate‐matrix composites across different scales. In this work, the microlayer framework is prepared for viscoelastic material behaviour for the first time. The kinematics of the representative volume element on the microlevel is selected in a manner that the material behaviour of typical composites, such as asphalt or concrete, can be modelled. The constitutive relationships on the microscale are developed independently from the macroscale. The prerequisites for correct computational homogenisation are thus met. The thermodynamically motivated scale transition is demonstrated using the Principle of Multiscale Virtual Power. Numerical examples are presented to show that the chosen formulation can reproduce the typical characteristics of viscoelastic material behaviour.
Revisiting Photovoltaic Module Antireflection Coatings: A Novel, Dense Sol–Gel Design to Address Long‐Standing Durability Limitations
Authors: Zeng Yiyu , Gentle Angus , Webster Richard , Yang Zhen , Zhou Zibo , Song Ning , Keevers Mark , Green Martin , Jiang Jessica Yajie
Published: December 2024

The antireflection (AR) coating applied to solar glass in photovoltaic modules has remained largely unchanged for decades, despite its well‐documented lack of durability. Traditional porous structured single‐layer AR coatings last as little as 5 years in the field. In this paper, we propose a novel five‐layer dense AR coating design that offers improved durability and effectiveness compared to traditional coatings. This paper provides detailed insights into the development and characterization of the novel five‐layer AR coating, including simulation, optical measurements, and abrasion testing, providing guidance to the photovoltaic community seeking to improve the efficiency and longevity of solar modules.
Scholarly Productivity of School Psychology Faculty 2016–2020
Authors: Hulac David M. , Aspiranti Kathleen B. , Nyberg Jaden
Published: December 2024

Reviews of the scholarly productivity of school psychologists are useful for informing people who are in positions to review school psychology faculty member work. Normative data can serve as a benchmark to understand how productive school psychology faculty members are. The current research investigates faculty members at universities who have been identified as teaching future school psychology by the National Association of School Psychologists (NASP). Data were collected for a total of 921 faculty members regarding their research output between January of 2016 and December of 2020. Faculty members who were visiting, adjunct, or appeared not to have a requirement for research publication were removed from the analysis. Additionally, the 50 most productive scholars were listed to provide researchers an opportunity to understand high productivity. These study results represent the most comprehensive review of the field's publication output over the 5‐year period and may be useful to tenure, promotion, and hiring committees who are in situations where they need to evaluate school psychology faculty members' scholarly output.
Study of Nanocomposites Based on Organoclay‐Filled Polypropylene/Poly(Butylene Succinate) Blends With Improved Electrical Properties
Authors: Taktak Sirine , Fakhfakh Slim , Jbara Omar , Rondot Sébastien
Published: December 2024

This study explores the behavior of the polypropylene/polybutylene succinate (PP*/PBS) polymer blend and its nanocomposites containing varying amounts of organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) (Cloisite20: C20) (1%, 2%, 3%, 5%, and 10%) when subjected to electron beam irradiation in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). More specifically, we have studied the electrical properties of nanocomposites, in particular the trapping and transport of electrons in the material, as well as the emission of electrons. To examine the storage and spreading of injected electrical charge in nanocomposites under electron irradiation, we used time‐resolved current analysis method by measuring the induced currents (displacement and leakage currents). In order to verify whether there is a link between the electrical properties and the dispersion of the nanoclay particles in the polymer matrix, structural analyses were also carried out by x‐ray diffraction (XRD). The results revealed a significant increase in the equilibrium trapped charge as the amount of clay nanoparticles introduced into the matrix increased. This trend can be attributed to both an increase in the number of involved traps and the presence of interfaces that act as defect sites. This was checked by determining the energy distribution of the traps using Simmons' approach. Correlating the measured displacement and leakage currents allowed us to demonstrate that the presence of clay nanoparticles leads to a decrease in the electron emission efficiency.
Socioeconomic impacts and assistance in economically and socially disadvantaged households in Maharashtra, India, during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Masa Rainier , Pathare Suresh , Varghese Jaimon , Srivastava Ankur , Jare Pradeep , Manzanares Miranda , Bilotta Neil , Chowa Gina
Published: December 2024

COVID‐19 has disproportionately affected the world's most economically and socially disadvantaged groups. Responses to COVID‐19's economic and social impacts differ between and within countries. Using data collected from 4814 households residing in India's Maharashtra state, we sought to characterize the magnitude of COVID‐19 impacts and the scale of social support or assistance provided to households affected during the onset of the first wave of COVID‐19 in the state of Maharashtra. In the state of Maharashtra, households in urban areas and from socially and economically disadvantaged groups had higher incident rates of experiencing COVID‐19 socioeconomic impacts. The most affected groups also reported receiving more COVID‐19 assistance than less affected groups. Household characteristics such as location, caste, and employment type may influence the rate at which impacts are experienced. Findings from this study suggest that social assistance reached the most affected groups, particularly socioeconomically vulnerable households.
Enhancing Mass Transfer of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Plasma‐Activated Water: A Molecular Dynamics Study on the Impact of Plasma Electric Fields
Authors: Zhu Haiwei , Luo Yuqing , Liu Dawei , Zhang Song , Lu Xinpei
Published: December 2024

This study investigates the impact of plasma electric fields on the mass transfer characteristics of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS), specifically NO2 and O3, in water using molecular dynamics simulations. The results demonstrate that the plasma electric field significantly increases the thickness of the Gibbs Dividing Surface, reduces surface tension at the gas–liquid interface, and disrupts the hydrogen bond network. These changes lead to an enhanced solubility and self‐diffusion coefficient for both NO2 and O3. Due to stronger dipole–dipole interactions, NO2 exhibits superior mass transfer performance compared to O₃. This research provides theoretical support for the application of plasma‐activated water technology.
Teneurin C‐Terminal Associated Peptide (TCAP)‐1 Attenuates Restraint Stress‐Induced Corticosterone Increases in Male Mice and Rats
Authors: Mueller Lauren E. , Wexler Roseanne S. , Lovejoy David A. , Stein Robert B. , Slee Andrew M.
Published: December 2024

Hyperactivation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis response can result in anxiety and other neuropsychiatric disorders and effective therapeutics are needed to mitigate this maladaptive response. Here we examined the effects of Teneurin C‐terminal Associated Peptide (TCAP)‐1, a peptide known to inhibit corticotropin releasing factor (CRF)‐mediated stress, on the physiological expression of stress, and whether the effects of TCAP‐1 were dependent on the route of administration. We first examined whether subcutaneous administration of TCAP‐1 influenced tube restraint stress‐induced corticosterone (CORT) increases in both male mice and rats. Using a similar model, we further examined the efficacy and time course of intranasal TCAP‐1. Results showed that subcutaneous TCAP‐1 administration attenuated the expression of the physiological manifestation of stress in male mice and rats, and that intranasal TCAP‐1 delivered prophylactically is effective at attenuating stress‐induced CORT increases in male rats. These data indicate that TCAP‐1 delivered though non‐invasive routes of administration could have potential as a clinically relevant anxiolytic.
Entrepreneurial Back‐to‐Landers: How Neo‐Farmers in Turkey Choose Where to Settle
Authors: Turkkan Candan
Published: December 2024

Recently, a new trajectory of urban‐to‐rural migration has begun to emerge in the Turkish countryside. This trajectory consists of primarily white‐collar workers, born and raised in the cities, with no background in agriculture, leaving their jobs in the cities, moving to villages and taking up farming. In this paper, through semi‐structured interviews with 83 such ‘neo‐farmers,’ I explore how they choose where to settle. I argue that even though they are concentrated in the Marmara, the Aegean and the western Mediterranean regions, commonly considered as vacation resorts with easy access to major cities, this concentration does not indicate a desire to continue urban habits and lifestyles. Rather, I show that they choose where to settle through a tradeoff between new lifestyle priorities, and political, social and economic constraints. I argue that economic and non‐economic factors act as priorities and constraints, and that the eventual choice rests on a complex calculation, determined, in the final stage, by non‐economic factors; more precisely, migrants' perceptions of the social and the political leanings of the larger community into which they are thinking of moving, and their thoughts on whether they can fit in or not.
Impacts of O2/(O2+Ar) Flow Ratio on the Properties of Li‐Doped NiO Thin Films Fabricated by Pressure‐Gradient Radiofrequency Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Abe Yosuke , Nishimura Takahito , Yamada Akira
Published: December 2024

Herein, Li‐doped NiO thin films are deposited on glass substrates using pressure‐gradient radiofrequency magnetron sputtering, with Ar and O2 as sputtering gases. Following film fabrication, their crystal structures, optical features, and electrical properties are investigated as functions of O2 flow rate to the total flow rate (O2/(O2 + Ar)) of 10 sccm. The deposited films are also annealed at 600 °C for 1 h in an oxygen atmosphere. Notably, the resistivity of the as‐deposited films decreases significantly by three orders of magnitude from 106 to 0.0232 Ω cm when the sputtering gas is changed from pure Ar to pure O2. However, the transmittance decreases with increasing oxygen flow rate. Investigations on the temperature dependence of conductivity reveal hole conduction in the range of ≈320–420 K owing to small polaron hopping.
Optical Investigations of Nano‐LEDs Based on Submicron‐Sized III‐Nitride Platelets
Authors: Gustafsson Anders , Bi Zhaoxia , Samuelson Lars
Published: December 2024

A study of submicron‐sized InGaN containing a single quantum well, intended for use as nano‐light‐emitting diodes in high‐resolution display based on direct emission, is presented. Herein, the structures are grown by a bottom‐up method from holes in a masked GaN/sapphire substrate and are intended for red emission. Many of the platelets show dark lines in cathodoluminescence images, previously identified as stacking mismatch boundaries. These introduce local shifts in the reduced emission, perhaps related to local strain. However, the total emission position stays unaffected, just reduced in intensity. Due to an unintended variation in the size of the c‐facet, there is a gradient in the indium content which, in turn, leads to a significant shift in the peak position of the quantum well emission. With increasing probe current there is a slight blueshift, likely a result of the quantum confined Stark effect.
A simple and cost‐effective sample preparation and storage method for stable isotope analysis of atmospheric CO2 for GasBench II/continuous flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Manaj Savio , Kim Sang‐Tae
Published: December 2024

Rationale

The stable isotope compositions of atmospheric CO2 can provide useful insight into various geochemical processes and carbon cycles on Earth, which is critical for understanding of Earth's changing climate. Here, we present a simple and cost‐effective analytical method for the collection and measurement of carbon and oxygen isotope compositions of atmospheric CO2.

Methods

Air samples of ~150 mL were collected individually or collectively using our simple active air collection system and then extracted on a vacuum purification line to remove noncondensable gases and atmospheric water vapor. The efficiency of removing atmospheric water vapor was tested by using a magnesium perchlorate desiccant trap and a dry ice/ethanol trap. Lastly, a “J‐Cut tube sealing/cracking method” was developed to store and transfer purified atmospheric CO2 to the GasBench II and CF‐IRMS system for δ13C and δ18O measurements.

Results

The collective active air collection method combined with the full sample air extraction method for a 3‐min transfer time or “Full 3m TE” yields the best analytical precision of 0.07‰ (δ13C) and 0.04‰ (δ18O). Removing atmospheric water vapor from air samples is not necessary for δ13C, but essential for δ18O measurements. The J‐Cut tube sealing/cracking method shows a near 100% effectiveness for the storage and transfer of atmospheric or any CO2.

Conclusions

A simple and cost‐effect method was developed for the collection, purification, storage, and isotopic analysis of indoor/outdoor atmospheric CO2 samples for general users. This method utilizes a popular headspace gas sample preparation system for CF‐IRMS and an easy‐to‐build vacuum purification line without involving complex and high‐cost devices for the preparation of atmospheric CO2.
Mild Magnetothermal Immunotherapy for Malignant Pleural Effusion
Authors: Min Tao , Yang Chunzheng , Zhang Minghui , Hu Ping , Shi Jianlin
Published: December 2024

Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is one of the most difficult complications of cancer to cure, usually indicating poor prognosis in late‐stage cancer patients. Due to the presence of a large number of tumor‐associated immune cells with the tumor promoting phenotype in MPE and pleural tumors, current clinical therapy offers limited effectiveness. Here, a mild magnetothermal regulation strategy is proposed based on a magnetic nanocatlytic nanoplatform ZCMF@PEG‐AF (ZCMF‐AF) constructed by surface‐modifying anti‐F4/80 antibody (AF) on ZnCoFe2O4@ZnMnFe2O4 magnetic nanoparticles (ZCMF) to target and polarize tumor‐associated macrophages. Under alternating magnetic field‐induced hyperthermia (41–42 °C), ZCMF‐AF exhibits in situ nanocatalytic production of hydroxyl radicals via released iron ions under acidic cellular environment, which induces repolarization from the immunosuppressed M2 phenotype to the M1 phenotype. More importantly, the tumor cell damage induced by M1 macrophages and magnetic hyperthermia promote the maturation of dendritic cells, which subsequently awakens cytotoxic T lymphocytes to combat tumor cells. The integrated innate and adaptive immunity activations based on ZCMF‐AF nano‐immunomedicine through intrapleural administration elicit substantially regulated immune microenvironment of MPE and pleural tumors. Moreover, the interpleural magnetic nanoparticle‐based immunotherapy effectively reduced the MPE volume and inhibited tumor growth in the pleural cavity, significantly prolonging the survival of the MPE‐bearing mice.
Effective Strain Engineering of 2D Materials via Metal Deposition
Authors: Sun Xuechun , Chen Han , Ji Chen , Yu Lida , Wang Rui , Shen Jichuang
Published: December 2024

2D materials, especially their monolayers, have garnered significant attention due to their unique electrical, optical and mechanical properties. Strain engineering is an effective way to modulate these properties. However, challenges remain in preventing slip or decoupling between the 2D material and the substrate due to the inherent weak van der Waals interactions. In this study, metal films are employed to apply strain to 2D materials. The high surface energy of metals helps to provide higher interaction forces, thereby improving strain transfer efficiency. Biaxial compressive and uniaxial tensile strain can be applied to monolayer MoS2, with the highest modulation rate of 542 and 161.7 meV/%, respectively, as characterized by photoluminescence (PL) spectra. Furthermore, this new approach can be broader to other 2D materials, such as WS2 or WSe2, allowing for precise control over strain manipulation. The work introduces a promising new approach for efficient and controllable strain engineering of 2D materials.
Recent Advances of Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction Based on Hybrid Molecular Catalyst/Semiconductor Photocatalysts: A Review
Authors: Xu Shuang , Li Xuejing , Li Shuming , Rao Heng , Qin Jun‐sheng , She Ping , Cheong Weng‐Chon (Max) , Jing Liqiang
Published: December 2024

Molecular catalysts often exhibit superior activity and selectivity in the process of photocatalytic reduction of CO2 (PCR). However, the practical application of molecular catalysts is restricted by the unsatisfied charge separation, low stability, and recycling difficulty. Fortunately, constructing organic–inorganic hybrids of molecular catalysts and semiconductors can tackle the above problems, which can improve the efficiency of charge separation and keep beneficial active sites simultaneously. However, there is no comprehensive review of the state‐of‐the‐art of the molecular catalyst/semiconductor hybrids. Herein, the present advances and challenges of the molecular catalyst/semiconductor hybrids for PCR application are outlined. Specifically, the review is summarized by the composition of semiconductors adopted to form the hybrids with molecular catalysts, including metal oxide, carbon nitride (CN), graphene, quantum dots, sulfides, layered double hydroxides (LDH), molecular complexes, and so on. The review presented here is expected to guide the design of efficient inorganic‐organic composites for solar energy conversion.
Tackling the Activity Trend of Metal‐Loaded Metal Nitride Catalysts for NH3 Synthesis by a First‐Principles Microkinetic Study
Authors: Yang Qianqian , Gao Qijun , Song Jia , Cheng Anqi , Wu Xinhe , Liu Peng Fei , Yang Hua Gui , Yuan Haiyang
Published: December 2024

Ammonia (NH3) is one of the most widely produced chemicals globally, primarily synthesized through the Haber‐Bosch process, which requires high temperatures and pressures. Dual‐site catalysts can activate N2 and H2 at spatially separated sites, enabling efficient NH3 synthesis under milder conditions. Despite the rapid experimental progress of the dual‐site catalysts (e.g., Ni‐LaN), the feasibility and design of dual‐site catalysts are challenged recently. Herein, the different metal‐loaded metal nitride catalyst models are employed, and their activity map for NH3 synthesis is explored by the first‐principles microkinetic simulation. The optimum active region of this type of dual‐site catalyst is identified in terms of the formation energy (Ev) of nitrogen vacancy (Nvac) on metal nitride and the adsorption energy (EH) of hydrogen atom on metal cluster, with Ev and EH ideally located around ≈1.50 and ≈−0.30 eV, respectively. This offers a framework for designing effective metal‐loaded metal nitride catalysts for NH3 synthesis. Importantly, this trend aligns with and rationalizes the current experimental observations of metal‐loaded metal nitride reported for NH3 synthesis. This theoretical work provides significant insights into NH3 synthesis on dual‐site mechanism, and provides a rational direction for designing metal‐loaded metal nitride catalysts.
MicroRNAs Dependent G‐ELNs Based Intervention Improves Glucose and Fatty Acid Metabolism While Protecting Pancreatic β‐Cells in Type 2 Diabetic Mice
Authors: Bajaj Geetika , Choudhary Diksha , Singh Vishal , Priyadarshi Nitesh , Garg Priyanka , Mantri Shrikant Subhash , Rishi Vikas , Singhal Nitin Kumar
Published: December 2024

Metabolic disorders such as Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) imposes a significant global health burden. Plant‐derived exosome like nanoparticles (P‐ELNs) have emerged as a promising therapeutic alternate for various diseases. Present data demonstrates that treatment with Ginger‐derived exosome like nanoparticles (G‐ELNs) enhance insulin dependent glucose uptake, downregulate gluconeogenesis and oxidative stress in insulin resistant HepG2 cells. Furthermore, oral administration of G‐ELNs in T2DM mice decreases fasting blood glucose levels and improves glucose tolerance as effectively as metformin. These improvements are attributed to the enhanced phosphorylation of Protein kinase B (Akt‐2), the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase at serine 474 which consequently leads to increase in hepatic insulin sensitivity, improvement in glucose homeostasis and decrease in ectopic fat deposition. Oral administration of G‐ELNs also exerts protective effect on Streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced pancreatic β‐cells damage, contributing to systemic amelioration of T2DM. Further, as per computational tools, miRNAs present in G‐ELNs modulate the phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K)/Akt‐2 pathway and exhibit strong interactions with various target mRNAs responsible for hepatic gluconeogenesis, ectopic fat deposition and oxidative stress. Furthermore, synthetic mimic of G‐ELNs miRNA effectively downregulates its target mRNA in insulin resistant HepG2 cells. Overall, the results indicate that the miRNAs present in G‐ELNs target hepatic metabolism thus, exerting therapeutic effects in T2DM.
Designing Multi‐functional Separators With Regulated Ion Flux and Selectivity for Macrobian Zinc Ion Batteries
Authors: Luo Zhixuan , Zhao Yiming , Huyan Yu , Ren Lingbo , Wang Mingyao , Li Xu , Wang Jian‐Gan
Published: December 2024

The success of achieving scale‐up deployment of zinc ion batteries is to selectively regulate the rapid and dendrite‐free growth of zinc anodes. Herein, this is proposed that a creative design strategy of constructing multi‐functional separators (MFS) to stabilize the zinc anodes. By in situ decorating metal‐organic‐framework coating on commercial glass fiber, the upgraded separator is of remarkable benefit for strong anion (SO42−) anchoring, uniform ion flux across the interface, and boosted Zn2+ desolvation. Such a feature selectively promotes the Zn2+ transportation efficiency, which enables a high Zn2+ transference number of 0.81, enhanced ionic conductivity, and a superb exchange current density of 12.80 mA cm−2. Consequently, the zinc anode can be operated stably with an ultra‐long service lifetime of over 4800 h in symmetric cells and improved cycling endurance in full batteries. This work paves an attractive pathway to design multi‐functional separators with regulated ion flux and selectivity toward high‐energy metal batteries beyond zinc chemistry.
Cargo Quantification of Functionalized DNA Origami for Therapeutic Application
Authors: Young Olivia J. , Dembele Hawa , Rajwar Anjali , Kwon Ick Chan , Ryu Ju Hee , Shih William M. , Zeng Yang C.
Published: December 2024

In recent years, notable advances in nanotechnology‐based drug delivery have emerged. A particularly promising platform in this field is DNA origami‐based nanoparticles, which offer highly programmable surfaces, providing precise control over the nanoscale spacing and stoichiometry of various cargo. These versatile particles are finding diverse applications ranging from basic molecular biology to diagnostics and therapeutics. This growing interest creates the need for effective methods to quantify cargo on DNA origami nanoparticles. The study consolidates several previously validated methods focusing on gel‐based and fluorescence‐based techniques, including multiplexed quantification of protein, peptide, and nucleic acid cargo on these nanoparticles. In this work, how gel band intensity and nanodrop fluorescence readings can be used to quantify protein, peptide, and RNA cargo on a DNA origami nanoparticle is demonstrated. This work may serve as a valuable resource for groups of researchers keen on utilizing DNA origami‐based nanoparticles in therapeutic applications.
The effect of racial and ethnic attitudes on Hispanic identity in the United States
Authors: Hadah Hussain
Published: December 2024

I study the determinants of choosing to identify as Hispanic among individuals who are eligible—those whose parents, grandparents, or themselves were born in a Spanish‐speaking country. Using a multiple proxy regression approach, I construct a bias measure based on the Implicit Association Test (IAT) and the American National Election Studies (ANES). I find that individuals with Hispanic ancestry are significantly less likely to self‐identify as Hispanic if they reside in states with high levels of bias. A one standard deviation increase in bias reduces self‐reported Hispanic identity by 4 percentage points among all Hispanics. These effects are more pronounced among second‐generation immigrants with both parents born in a Spanish‐speaking country compared to children of inter‐ethnic parents. These findings have implications for interpreting research on ethnic gaps in economic outcomes and for accurately counting the population.
Solid‐State Photochromic Transparent Photovoltaics with Bisthienylethene‐Based Molecules
Authors: Zhou Zibo , Shao Wei , Wang Qinan , Jiang Qianqing , Liu Dianyi
Published: December 2024

Photochromic transparent photovoltaic is a promising candidate for developing smart windows in the building‐integrated photovoltaic field. However, most reported photochromic solar cells must employ liquid electrolyte in the device to achieve the photochromic function. Herein, solid‐state photochromic semitransparent organic photovoltaics (ST‐OPVs) based on a photochromic molecule with bisthienylethene (BTE) unit are reported. ST‐OPVs show a transmittance change of up to 6.10% under light irradiation, demonstrating a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.21% and an average visible transmission of over 50%. The coloration–decoloration process is reversible under UV irradiation and thermal annealing. After five coloration–decoloration cycles, the photochromic ST‐OPVs can maintain 66.6% of the initial PCE. This work presents a promising application of photochromic molecules in ST‐OPVs, providing a feasible strategy for photochromic photovoltaics.
Applications and Progress of Machine Learning Techniques in the Ladle Furnace Refining Process: A Review
Authors: Wang Zixian , Xie Yu , Wang Lin , Liu Xiang , Hu Shaowei , Zhang Liqiang , Zhang Chaojie
Published: December 2024

Machine learning techniques have now become key technologies in optimizing the ladle furnace (LF) refining process, significantly improving prediction accuracy and operational efficiency in various aspects such as temperature control, slag optimization, and alloying processes. This article first reviews the principles of neural networks, utilizing their significant advantages in data processing capability and model generalization to explore the current applications and development trends of machine learning techniques in the LF refining process. It analyzes the advantages of hybrid dynamic models and ensemble learning methods in improving prediction accuracy and handling complex data. Additionally, this article explains the optimization of the LF refining process by combining machine learning techniques with traditional methods to reduce costs and improve production efficiency. It demonstrates the application effects and potential value of machine learning techniques in actual production, discusses the strategies and challenges in real‐time control and prediction accuracy, and envisions the future development direction of intelligent models for the LF refining process, providing a scientific basis and technical reference for the subsequent development of LF refining technology.
Students' situational engagement profiles in formal and informal science learning environments
Authors: Beymer Patrick N. , Schell Matthew J. , Alberts Kimberly M. , Phun Vicky , Rosenberg Joshua M. , Schmidt Jennifer A.
Published: December 2024

Student engagement is widely considered to be a multidimensional construct consisting of behavioral, cognitive, and affective components. Recent research has examined student engagement in science learning contexts using holistic approaches that account for multidimensionality through the identification of engagement profiles. However, it is not yet clear whether identified science engagement profiles are consistent across different samples, different learning environments, or different modes of measurement. Using data from three extant datasets involving middle‐ and high‐school aged youth, we explored the consistency of students' situational engagement profiles across science learning environments (formal and informal) and modes of measurement (experience sampling and end‐of‐class reports). Results from latent profile analyses of students' behavioral, cognitive, and affective engagement identified four common profiles across the three datasets, though each dataset had its own unique profile solution (ranging from five to seven profiles). Consistent profiles across the three datasets included universally low, moderate, recreational, and full engagement. Three additional engagement profiles were identified (rational, purposeful, and busy engagement), though they emerged inconsistently across the samples. Findings speak to the applicability of conceptual frameworks of engagement to science learning contexts. Results are discussed considering environmental (formal vs. informal learning environments) and methodological considerations (experience sampling vs. end of class report).
A systematic DNS approach to isolate wall-curvature effects in spatially developing boundary layers
Authors: Appelbaum Jason , Kloker Markus , Wenzel Christoph
Published: December 2024

A methodology to numerically assess wall-curvature effects in boundary layers is introduced. Wall curvature, which directly induces streamline curvature, is associated with several changes in boundary-layer flow. By necessity, a local radial pressure gradient emerges to balance mean flow turning. Moreover, a streamwise (wall-tangential) pressure gradient can appear for configurations with non-constant wall curvature or a particular freestream condition; zero pressure gradient is a special case. In laminar concave flow, the Görtler instability and the associated Taylor-Görtler vortices destabilize the flow and promote laminar-turbulent transition, whereas in the fully turbulent regime, unsteady coherent structures formed by the centrifugal instability mechanism dramatically redistribute turbulent shear stress. One difficulty of assessing centrifugal effects on boundary layers is that they often appear simultaneously with other phenomena, such as a streamwise pressure gradient, making their individual evaluation often ambiguous. For numerical studies of transitional and turbulent boundary layers, it is therefore beneficial to understand the interactive nature of such coupled effects for generic configurations. A methodology to do so is presented, and is verified using the case of a subsonic, compressible turbulent boundary layer. Four direct numerical simulations have been computed, forming a

$$2{\times }2$$

2
×
2

matrix of turbulent boundary-layer states; namely with and without concave wall curvature, each having a zero and a non-zero streamwise-pressure-gradient realization. The setup and accompanying procedures to determine appropriate boundary conditions are discussed, and the methodology is evaluated through analysis of the mean flow fields. Differences in mean flow properties such as wall shear stress and boundary-layer thickness due to either streamwise pressure gradient or wall curvature are shown to be remarkably independent of one another.
A Dynamical Yukawa$$_{2}$$ Model
Authors: Chandra Ajay , Hairer Martin , Peev Martin
Published: December 2024

We prove local (in space and time) well-posedness for a mildly regularised version of the stochastic quantisation of the

$$\hbox {Yukawa}_{{2}}$$

Yukawa
2

Euclidean field theory with a self-interacting boson. Our regularised dynamic is still singular but avoids non-local divergences, allowing us to use a version of the Da Prato–Debussche argument (Da Prato and Debussche in Ann Probab 31(4):1900–1916, 2003. https://doi.org/10.1214/aop/1068646370). This model is a test case for a non-commutative probability framework for formulating the kind of singular SPDEs arising in the stochastic quantisation of field theories mixing both bosons and fermions.
Spectrum of the Maxwell Equations for a Flat Interface Between Homogeneous Dispersive Media
Authors: Brown Malcolm , Dohnal Tomáš , Plum Michael , Wood Ian
Published: December 2024

The paper determines and classifies the spectrum of a non-self-adjoint operator pencil generated by the time-harmonic Maxwell problem with a nonlinear dependence on the frequency for the case of two homogeneous materials joined at a planar interface. We study spatially one-dimensional and two-dimensional reductions in the whole space

$${\mathbb {R}}$$

R

and

$${\mathbb {R}}^2$$

R

2

. The dependence on the spectral parameter, i.e. the frequency, is in the dielectric function and we make no assumptions on its form. These function values determine the spectral sets. In order to allow also for non-conservative media, the dielectric function is allowed to be complex, yielding a non-self-adjoint problem. The whole spectrum consists of eigenvalues and the essential spectrum, but the various standard types of essential spectra do not coincide in all cases. The main tool for determining the essential spectra are Weyl sequences.
A simplified fluid-sensitive MRI protocol for the hands to detect inflammation without contrast administration: a large study of symptom-free subjects from the general population as a reference for normality
Authors: Boeren Anna M. P. , Ton Dennis A. , van Mulligen Elise , Klerk Bianca Boxma-de , de Jong Pascal H. P. , Oei Edwin H. G. , Reijnierse Monique , van der Helm-van Mil Annette H. M.
Published: December 2024

Objective

MRI of the hands is valuable for risk-stratification in patients with arthralgia at-risk for developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Contrast-enhanced MRI is considered standard for assessment of RA, but has practical disadvantages. It also shows inflammation-like features in the general population, especially at older age, which should be considered in image interpretation. The modified-Dixon (mDixon) technique is reliable compared to contrast-enhanced sequences. Moreover, this short protocol without contrast-enhancement is patient-friendly. Whether it also shows inflammation-like features in the general population is unknown. We studied this to support accurate use in the clinic.

Methods

Two hundred twenty symptom-free volunteers from different age-categories were recruited from the general population and underwent mDixon MRI of both hands. Two readers independently scored MRIs for synovitis, tenosynovitis, and bone marrow edema (BME) in the metacarpophalangeal-joints (MCP) and wrists according to the RAMRIS. Features were considered present if scored by both readers; frequencies > 5% were considered relevant in terms of specificity and determined per age-category (< 40/40- < 60/ ≥ 60-years).

Results

Higher age correlated with higher BME-scores (p-value < 0.005), but not with synovitis and tenosynovitis-scores. BME (grade 1) occurred in some bones in people aged ≥ 60, 14% had BME in the lunate, 7% in metacarpal-1, and 6% in the trapezium. Synovitis and tenosynovitis did not occur in > 5%, except for grade-1 synovitis in the right distal radio-ulnar-joint in people aged ≥ 60 (11%).

Conclusion

On mDixon MRI, inflammatory features in the hands of the general population are rare. This facilitates image interpretation. To prevent overinterpretation, only several locations should be considered when evaluating people aged ≥ 60-years.
$$\Gamma $$-Convergence for Plane to Wrinkles Transition Problem
Authors: Bella Peter , Marziani Roberta
Published: December 2024

We consider a variational problem modeling transition between flat and wrinkled region in a thin elastic sheet and identify the

$$\Gamma $$

Γ

-limit as the sheet thickness goes to 0, thus extending the previous work of the first author (Bella et al. in Arch Ration Mech Anal 218(1):163–217, 2015). The limiting problem is scalar and convex, but constrained and posed for measures. For the

$$\Gamma -\liminf $$

Γ
-
lim inf

inequality, we first pass to quadratic variables so that the constraint becomes linear, and then obtain the lower bound using Reshetnyak’s theorem. The construction of the recovery sequence for the

$$\Gamma -\limsup $$

Γ
-
lim sup

inequality relies on mollification of quadratic variables and careful choice of multiple construction parameters. Eventually for the limiting problem, we show existence of a minimizer and equipartition of the energy for each frequency.
OP-Video-Kurs erhält bessere Bewertung als OP-Hospitation im Rahmen der studentischen Lehre
Authors: Gniesmer Stefanie , Sonntag Svenja Rebecca , Grisanti Swaantje , Pawlik Vera Elisabeth , Piria Roya , Prasuhn Michelle , Grisanti Salvatore , Mohi Armin
Published: December 2024

Hintergrund

Die Vermittlung von Kenntnissen im OP-Saal stellt eine besondere Herausforderung in der studentischen Lehre dar.

Ziel

Die Hospitation im OP-Saal wurde einem OP-Video-Kurs im Rahmen des Blockpraktikums Augenheilkunde der Universität zu Lübeck gegenübergestellt und verglichen.

Methoden

Alle Studierenden nahmen sowohl an der OP-Hospitation als auch am OP-Video-Kurs teil und wurden anhand eines Fragenkatalogs mit den gleichen Fragen zu beiden Unterrichtsformen befragt. Anhand der Auswertung dieser Fragen führten wir einen direkten Vergleich zwischen der Teilnahme im OP-Saal und dem Unterricht mit OP-Videos durch.

Ergebnisse

Die Vermittlung der OP-Inhalte und -Schritte (p < 001), des zugrundeliegenden Krankheitsbilds (p < 001), der OP-Indikation (p < 001) und des OP-Ergebnisses (p < 001) wurde besser bewertet im OP-Video-Kurs als in der OP-Hospitation. Die Einschätzung des Lernzuwachses (p < 001) fiel ebenfalls im OP-Video-Kurs höher aus. Lediglich das Interesse an der Ophthalmochirurgie (p = 0,62) wurde im OP-Video-Kurs und in der OP-Hospitation ähnlich bewertet.

Schlussfolgerung

Das Videoformat ist gut geeignet zur reinen Wissensvermittlung. Allerdings ersetzt es nicht die Teilnahme im OP-Saal, bei der nicht nur die Operation selbst verfolgt werden kann, sondern auch die Vor- und Nachbereitung. Wir bevorzugen daher eine Kombination aus beiden Kursteilen und werden die dargestellte Struktur beibehalten. Zusätzlich werden wir die gewonnenen Erkenntnisse dazu nutzen, den Unterricht im OP-Saal weiter zu verbessern.
Old but Gold or New and Shiny? Comparing Tree Ensembles for Ordinal Prediction with a Classic Parametric Approach
Authors: Buczak Philip , Horn Daniel , Pauly Markus
Published: December 2024

Ordinal data are frequently encountered, e.g., in the life and social sciences. Predicting ordinal outcomes can inform important decisions, e.g., in medicine or education. Two methodological streams tackle prediction of ordinal outcomes: Traditional parametric models, e.g., the proportional odds model (POM), and machine learning-based tree ensemble (TE) methods. A promising TE approach involves selecting the best performing from sets of randomly generated numeric scores assigned to ordinal response categories (ordinal forest; Hornung, 2019). We propose a new method, the ordinal score optimization algorithm, that takes a similar approach but selects scores through non-linear optimization. We compare these and other TE methods with the computationally much less expensive POM. Despite selective efforts, the literature lacks an encompassing simulation-based comparison. Aiming to fill this gap, we find that while TE approaches outperform the POM for strong non-linear effects, the latter is competitive for small sample sizes even under medium non-linear effects.
Transient rheology and morphology in sheared nanolayer polymer films
Authors: Dmochowska Anna , Peixinho Jorge , Sollogoub Cyrille , Miquelard-Garnier Guillaume
Published: December 2024

The rheology of coextruded layered films of polystyrene/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS/PMMA) has been studied with small and large amplitude oscillations at a temperature above their glass transition. While the complex viscosity remains constant over the experimental time window for the micron-sized layered films, a decrease has been observed for the nanolayered films. The rheological behavior has then been correlated to the morphological evolution of the multilayer films while the nanolayers dewet. Layer breakup followed by retraction and coalescence leading to a lamellar-like blend morphology followed by a nodular-like morphology has been evidenced in the nanolayer films, for all compositions and conditions tested. The analysis of the microscopic images of the Lfilm cross-sections also provided the droplet size distribution. The nodular morphology is achieved more rapidly when the initial layers are the thinnest at low strains, while at high strains the formation of these droplets is prevented.

Graphical abstract
A Full Halin Grid Theorem
Authors: Georgakopoulos Agelos , Hamann Matthias
Published: December 2024

Halin’s well-known grid theorem states that a graph G with a thick end must contain a subdivision of the hexagonal half-grid. We obtain the following strengthening when G is vertex-transitive and locally finite. Either G is quasi-isometric to a tree (and therefore has no thick end), or it contains a subdivision of the full hexagonal grid.
Validation of the Japanese version of the Esophageal Hypervigilance and Anxiety Scale for esophageal symptoms
Authors: Sawada Akinari , Hoshikawa Yoshimasa , Hosaka Hiroko , Saito Masahiro , Tsuru Hirotaka , Kato Shunsuke , Ihara Eikichi , Koike Tomoyuki , Uraoka Toshio , Kasugai Kunio , Iwakiri Katsuhiko , Sifrim Daniel , Pandolfino John Erik , Taft Tiffany H. , Fujiwara Yasuhiro ,   Japan EHAS Study Group, Tanaka Fumio , Ominami Masaki , Ochiai Tadashi , Yamamoto Kei , Hisaki Yuki , Kuribayashi Shiko , Itami Hideaki , Yachi Kazuma , Shuto Yukihiro , Hata Yoshitaka , Wada Masafumi , Izawa Shinya , Funaki Yasushi
Published: December 2024

Background

The Esophageal Hypervigilance and Anxiety Scale (EHAS) is an English questionnaire created in the USA to assess these factors in all patients with esophageal diseases. The aim of this study was to develop and validate the Japanese version of EHAS and investigate the relationship between EHAS scores and symptoms in untreated disorders of esophagogastric junction (EGJ) outflow.

Methods

This prospective study recruited patients who underwent high-resolution manometry (HRM) at six tertiary centers in Japan. The EHAS was translated to Japanese using standard forward and backward translation methods. Patients completed the following questionnaires: the Japanese EHAS, Eckardt score, Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Questionnaire, and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale for assessment of construct validity. Logistic regression analysis identified factors associated with esophageal symptom severity in untreated disorders of EGJ outflow.

Results

Overall, we analyzed 432 patients. Their main symptoms were dysphagia and reflux. The most common HRM diagnosis was normal (35.9%), followed by achalasia (29.4%). The Japanese EHAS demonstrated excellent reliability, and construct validity, with two subscales similar to the original EHAS. Total EHAS score moderately correlated to Eckardt score (r = 0.545, p < 0.001). In 113 patients with untreated disorders of EGJ outflow, multivariable analysis demonstrated that younger age, type II achalasia, and higher EHAS score were independently associated with higher Eckardt score.

Conclusions

The Japanese EHAS is a reliable and valid questionnaire. Its subscale scores can be used as in the original version with some caution. Future studies are warranted to assess the appropriateness of factor loading.