bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LRRC4 inhibits human glioblastoma cells proliferation, invasion, and proMMP‐2 activation by reducing SDF‐1α/CXCR4‐mediated ERK1/2 and Akt signaling pathways
Authors: Wu Minghua , Chen Qiong , Li Dan , Li Xiaoling , Li Xiayu , Huang Chen , Tang Yunlian , Zhou Yanhong , Wang Di , Tang Ke , Cao Li , Shen Shourong , Li Guiyuan
Published: June 2007

Gliomas take a number of different genetic routes in the progression to glioblastoma multiforme, a highly invasive variant that is mostly unresponsive to current therapies. The α‐chemokine stromal cell‐derived factor (SDF)‐1α binds to the seven transmembrane G‐protein‐coupled CXCR‐4 receptor and acts to modulate cell migration and proliferation by activating multiple signal transduction pathways. Leucine‐rich repeats containing 4 (LRRC4), a putative glioma suppressive gene, inhibits glioblastoma cells tumorigenesis in vivo and cell proliferation and invasion in vitro. We also previously demonstrated that LRRC4 controlled glioblastoma cells proliferation by ERK/AKT/NF‐κB signaling pathway. In the present study, we demonstrate that CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is expressed in human glioblastoma U251 cell line, and that SDF‐1α increases the proliferation, chemotaxis, and invasion in CXCR4+ glioblastoma U251 cells through the activation of ERK1/2 and Akt. The reintroduction of LRRC4 in U251 cells inhibits the expression of CXCR4 and SDF‐1α/CXCR4 axis‐mediated downstream intracellular pathways such as ERK1/2 and Akt leading to proliferate, chemotactic and invasive effects. Furthermore, we provide evidence for proMMP‐2 activation involvement in the SDF‐1α/CXCR4 axis‐mediated signaling pathway. LRRC4 significantly inhibits proMMP‐2 activation by SDF‐1α/CXCR4 axis‐mediated ERK1/2 and Akt signaling pathway. Collectively, these results suggest a possible important “cross‐talk” between LRRC4 and SDF‐1α/CXCR4 axis‐mediated intracellular pathways that can link signals of cell proliferation, chemotaxis and invasion in glioblastoma, and may represent a new target for development of new therapeutic strategies in glioma. J. Cell. Biochem. 103: 245–255, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential effects of anoxia on heart rate in developmental stages of the annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus that differ in their tolerance of anoxia
Authors: Fergusson‐Kolmes Linda , Podrabsky Jason E.
Published: June 2007

Embryos of the annual killifish Austrofundulus limnaeus can experience oxygen deprivation as part of their normal developmental environment. We exposed embryos to anoxia and monitored heart activity for 48 hr, and subsequent aerobic recovery from anoxia for 40 hr. Embryos were tested at four different developmental stages that differ in their tolerance of anoxia. Our results indicate that high tolerance of anoxia is associated with an arrest of heart contractility during the first 24 hr of anoxia. These embryos recover to normoxic levels of heart rate within 16 hr of aerobic recovery. In contrast, embryos from later developmental stages that have a highly reduced ability to survive long‐term anoxia experience a severe bradycardia but not an arrest of heart rate. These data illustrate a new and potentially powerful model for investigating the effects of anoxia on the developing cardiovascular system in vertebrates. J. Exp. Zool. 307A:419–423, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quality of life of children with neurological impairment who receive a fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease
Authors: Srivastava Rajendu , Downey Earl C. , Feola Peter , Samore Matthew , Coburn Laurie , Holubkov Richard , Mundorff Michael , Nkoy Flory , Desrochers Dan , James Brent C. , Rosenbaum Peter , Young Paul C. , Dean Jonathan M. , O'Gorman Molly
Published: June 2007

BACKGROUND

Children with neurological impairment (NI) commonly have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) treated with a fundoplication. The impact of this procedure on quality of life is poorly understood.

OBJECTIVES

To examine the quality of life of children with NI who have received a fundoplication for GERD and of their caregivers.

METHODS

The study was a prospective cohort study of children with NI and GERD who underwent a fundoplication at a children's hospital between January 1, 2005, and July 7, 2006. Quality of life of the children was assessed with the Child Health Questionnaire (CHQ) and of the caregivers with the Short‐Form Health Survey Status (SF‐36) and Parenting Stress Index (PSI), both at baseline and 1 month after fundoplication. Functional status was assessed using the WeeFIM®. Repeated‐measures analyses were performed.

RESULTS

Forty‐four of the 63 parents (70%) were enrolled. The median WeeFIM® score was 31.2 versus the age‐normal score of 83 (P= .001). Compared with the baseline scores, mean CHQ scores improved over 1 month in the domains of bodily pain (32.8 vs. 47.5,P= .01), role limitations–physical (30.6 vs. 56.6,P= .01), mental health (62.7 vs. 70.6,P= .01), family limitation of activities (43.3 vs. 55.1,P= .03), and parental time (43.0 vs. 55.3,P= .03). The parental SF‐36 domain of vitality improved from baseline over 1 month (41.3 vs. 48.2,P= .001), but there were no changes from baseline in Parenting Stress scores.

CONCLUSIONS

Parents reported that the quality of life of children with NI who receive a fundoplication for GERD was improved from baseline in several domains 1 month after surgery. The quality of life and stress of caregivers did not improve in nearly all domains, at least in the short term. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2007;2:165–173. © 2007 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Comparison of resource utilization and clinical outcomes between teaching and nonteaching medical services
Authors: Khaliq Amir A. , Huang Chiung‐Yu , Ganti Apar Kishor , Invie Kristie , Smego Raymond A.
Published: June 2007

PURPOSE

To compare the resource utilization and clinical outcomes of medical care delivered on general internal medicine inpatient services at teaching and nonteaching services at an academic hospital.

METHODS

From February to October 2002, 2189 patients admitted to a 450‐bed university‐affiliated community hospital were assigned either to a resident‐staffed teaching service (n = 1637) or to a hospitalist‐ or clinic‐based internist nonteaching service (n = 552). We compared total hospital costs per patient, length of hospital stay (LOS), hospital readmission within 30 days, in‐hospital mortality, and costs for pharmacy, laboratory, radiology, and others between teaching and nonteaching services.

RESULTS

Care on a teaching service was not associated with increased overall patient care costs ($5572 vs. $5576; P = .99), LOS (4.92 days vs. 5.10 days; P = .43), readmission rate (12.3% vs. 10.3%; P = .21), or in‐hospital mortality (3.7% vs. 4.5%; P = .40). Mean laboratory and radiology costs were higher on the teaching service, but costs for the pharmacy and for speech therapy, occupational therapy, physical therapy, respiratory therapy, pulmonary function testing, and GI endoscopy procedures were not statistically different between the 2 services, and residents did not order more tests or procedures. Case mix and illness severity, as reflected by the distribution of the most frequent DRGs and mean number of secondary diagnoses per patient and DRG‐specific LOS, were similar on the 2 services.

CONCLUSIONS

At our academic hospital, admission to a general internal medicine teaching service resulted in patient care costs and clinical outcomes comparable to those admitted to a nonteaching service. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2007;2:150–157. © 2007 Society of Hospital Medicine.
Repair of large osteochondral defects with allogeneic cartilaginous aggregates formed from bone marrow‐derived cells using RWV bioreactor
Authors: Yoshioka Tomokazu , Mishima Hajime , Ohyabu Yoshimi , Sakai Shinsuke , Akaogi Hiroshi , Ishii Tomoo , Kojima Hiroko , Tanaka Junzo , Ochiai Naoyuki , Uemura Toshimasa
Published: June 2007

Our objective was to examine the technique of regenerating cartilage tissue from bone marrow‐derived cells by three‐dimensional (3D) culture using the rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor. Three‐dimensional and cylindrical aggregates of allogeneic cartilage with dimensions of 10 × 5 mm (height × diameter) formed by the RWV bioreactor were transplanted into osteochondral defects of Japanese white rabbits (Group T, n = 15). For the control, some osteochondral defects were left empty (Group C, n = 18). At 4, 8, and 12 weeks postimplantation, the reparative tissues were evaluated macroscopically, histologically, and biochemically. In Group T at as early as 4 weeks, histological observation, especially via safranin‐O staining, suggested that the reparative tissues resembled hyaline cartilage. And we observed no fibrous tissues between reparative tissue and adjacent normal tissues. In the deeper portion of the bony compartment, the osseous tissues were well remodeled. At 4 and 8 weeks postimplantation, the mean histological score of Group T was significantly better than that of Group C (p < 0.05). The glycosaminoglycans (GAG)/DNA ratio in both groups increased gradually from 4 to 8 weeks and then decreased from 8 to 12 weeks. We herein report the first successful regeneration of cartilage in osteochondral defects in vivo using allogeneic cartilaginous aggregates derived from bone marrow‐derived cells by 3D culture using the RWV bioreactor. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 25:1291–1298, 2007
The experience of sexual trauma
Authors: Roth Susan , Lebowitz Leslie
Published: June 2007

The present research was designed to describe women's experience of sexual trauma and its aftermath as it relates to difficulties in coping with the trauma. A small, but heterogeneous, sample of survivors seeking treatment was interviewed in an unstructured format and encouraged to present their story of what had happened and what it had meant to them. The definition and examples of 14 themes are presented. They provide evidence that sexual trauma confronts the individual with affects and meanings which are extremely difficult to manage and which may have long‐term effects. The themes are discussed in reference to general psychological processes involved in the response to acute stress, the cultural context of sexual trauma, and the implications for the psychotherapeutic treatment of sexual trauma victims.
Emergency workers' cognitive appraisal and coping with traumatic events
Authors: McCammon Susan , Durham Thomas W. , Jackson Allison E. , Williamson Joseph E.
Published: June 2007

Police, fire, emergency medical and hospital personnel were surveyed following two disasters in the same county: An apartment building explosion followed 1 year later by a devastating tornado. They completed a symptom checklist, the Coping Inventory, and rated the extent of their support net‐works. Reported symptoms revealed clinically significant emotional effects postdisaster. More post‐traumatic symptoms were reported following the tornado. Coping theory emphasizing cognitive appraisal was used as the conceptual framework for studying reported adjustment strategies. Workers' comments illustrated the cognitive processes intervening between the emergency events and reactions to them. The most frequently endorsed coping strategies following both events involved attempts to reach cognitive mastery over the event and to ascertain meaning. Strategies of altering activities and finding new interests were not frequently endorsed. A greater number of coping responses were endorsed following the tornado along with strategies which involved seeking support from others. Factor analysis of Coping Inventory responses revealed four factors: seeking of meaning, regaining mastery through individual action, regaining mastery through interpersonal action, and philosophical self‐contemplation.
Stability of positive treatment outcome and symptom relapse in post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Perconte Stephen T.
Published: June 2007

Eighteen Vietnam combat veterans who had successfully completed a partial hospitalization PTSD treatment program were contacted for follow‐up at least 1 year following completion of treatment. The 10 veterans responding to the follow‐up survey had shown significant improvement in symptoms and distress level immediately following treatment on both self‐report and observer rating scales. On follow‐up, however, there had been significant self‐report symptom relapse, although the group maintained significant improvement over pretreatment levels of distress. Despite partial relapse, the veterans in this group continued to show improved functioning in terms of subsequent hospitalization and employment. Various causes of relapse following treatment of PTSD are briefly presented.
Post‐traumatic psychosis among Cambodian refugees
Authors: David Kinzie J. , Boehnlein James J.
Published: June 2007

Of 100 consecutive Cambodian patients with post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), seven had severe persistent psychotic symptoms. Those with psychosis did not differ demographically or in severity of trauma from those without psychosis. The behavior of these seven patients was disruptive to their families; all required hospitalizations and were difficult to treat. This report as well as other clinical literature indicate that psychosis, usually associated with PTSD, is an infrequent but definite occurrence after massive psychological trauma.
Patterns of PTSD among police officers following shooting incidents: A two‐dimensional model and treatment implications
Authors: Gersons Berthold P. R.
Published: June 2007

Shooting incidents are a rare phenomenon in low violence police work. However, when an incident occurs, the psychological impact for the officers involved may take the form of severe PTSD symptomatology. Of 37 police officers who had been involved in serious shooting incidents between 1977 and 1984 we found that 17 (46%) fulfilled DSM‐III criteria for PTSD, either at the time of the interview (n = 7, 19%) or prior to it (n = 10, 27%). Of the PTSD‐negative group 17 still showed an impressive pattern of PTSD symptoms. Only three showed no symptoms of PTSD at all. Laufer et al. (1985) presented a two‐dimensional model which seems to fit the PTSD‐pattern in police officers reacting to trauma. From clinical experience, it is apparent that most police officers involved in these incidents seek refuge in denial (Lazarus, 1984). Focused psychotherapy in combination with working through of the incidents and sometimes psychopharmacological intervention appear to be of value in alleviating PTSD in police officers. Preliminary experience in psychotherapy with these police officers is presented in two case vignettes.
The psychological processing of traumatic experience: Rorschach patterns in PTSD
Authors: van der Kolk Bessel A. , Ducey Charles P.
Published: June 2007

The Rorschach records of 13 Vietnam veterans with PTSD were compared with 11 matched combat controls and were analyzed for both content and structural features. These Rorschachs showed an unmodified reliving of traumatic material and revealed the biphasic cognitive processing of traumatic experiences of rigidly defended, affective numbing versus overwhelmed intrusive reliving. They demonstrated how trauma and its concomitant affects persist with little modification over time and confirm the clinical impression that people with severe PTSD have an impaired capacity for affect modulation. The lack of integration of the traumatic experience accounts for extreme reactivity to environmental stimuli: the initially over whelming external event, through lack of assimilation, is perpetuated internally and continues to exert disorganizing effects on the psyche. The authors discuss the claims that the presence of mute, unsymbolized, and unintegrated experiences causes reenactment of the trauma, until the victim learns to put into words both the associated facts and the feelings.
The dissociation theory of Pierre Janet
Authors: van der Hart Onno , Horst Rutger
Published: June 2007

Although the concept of dissociation had been described earlier, Pierre Janet was the first to show clearly and systematically how it is the most direct psychological defence against overwhelming traumatic experiences. He demonstrated that dissociative phenomena play an important role in widely divergent post‐traumatic stress responses which he included under the 19th‐century diagnosis of hysteria. His dissociation theory is outlined here as a background for Janet's specific studies of trauma, it is based on nine concepts developed or elaborated by Janet: psychological automatism, consciousness, subconciousness, narrowed field of consciousness, dissociation, amnesia, suggestibility, fixed idea, and emotion.
The relation between physical assault and psychological functioning in a sample of university women, and the relative effects of physical and sexual assault
Authors: Wayland Kathleen , Lochman John E. , Roth Susan
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was threefold: to determine the prevalence and descriptive characteristics of physically abusive relationships in a sample of university women, to identify the psychological correlates of physical abuse and the relative effects of physical and sexual assault on psychological functioning, and to determine the relationship between psychosocial functioning and various abuse characteristics. Fifteen percent of respondents had been physically assaulted in the course of their lifetime, with 4% of women assaulted in the last year. The risk of physical assault increased with closer relationship intimacy, and with a history of prior assault. Results indicate that physical assault constitutes a mild concurrent risk factor for psychological dysfunction among nonclinical women. Social cognitive variables appeared to moderate victims' response to physical assault, as the subjective perception of threat was related to poor social adjustment in several areas. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Warrior therapist: Vets treating vets
Authors: Catherall Donald R. , Lane Christopher
Published: June 2007

The practice of using Vietnam veteran therapists to treat other Vietnam veterans with PTSD is examined in terms of the impact upon the client, the therapist, and the therapy. The roles of warrior and therapist rely upon different coping strategies which produces inherent conflicts. However, the integrated warrior therapist can help warriors to make the transformation to nonwarrior coping strategies which can allow them to make better use of psychotherapy. The practice of using therapists who are trauma survivors to treat other trauma survivors is discussed in terms of its advantages and disadvantages. Treatment recommendations include a modified stance, focus on the nature of the therapeutic alliance, and personal work on the therapist's own integration of the disparate identities.
Debriefing the debriefers: An intervention strategy to assist psychologists after a crisis
Authors: Talbot Alison , Manton Monica , Dunn Peter J.
Published: June 2007

This article looks at the stresses inherent in crisis intervention work in general, and on the effects on psychologists in particular. The authors review debriefing strategies currently used and argue that the needs of psychologists differ from those of other crisis interveners such as police or ambulance workers. They present a debriefing strategy that takes into account the psychologist's need for psychological understanding and integration.
Reliability of delayed self‐reports in disaster research
Authors: Norris Fran H. , Kaniasty Krzysztof
Published: June 2007

In studies of traumatic stress, researchers often find themselves asking questions about an event and its aftermath long after the crisis has passed. The purpose of this study was to assess the reliability of these delayed self‐reports. In January, 1990, 65 residents of Charleston, SC, were interviewed by telephone about their experiences following Hurricane Hugo, which had devastated the area on September 22, 1989. The interview included assessments of disaster‐related losses, preparedness, social support received from others, and social support provided to others. In October, 1990, 53 of these persons (82% of the original sample) were reinterviewed and asked the exact same questions. For reports of losses and preparedness, accuracy of the later reports was excellent. Both the sample and individuals showed remarkable stability over time. For measures of social support, there was a sample tendency to recall more social support as time passed, but individuals generally retained their same rank order. Thus, these reports were also reliable.
The psychological impact of an earthquake on rescue workers: A follow‐up study of the Swedish group of rescue workers in Armenia, 1988
Authors: Lundin Tom , Bodegård Magnus
Published: June 2007

After the disastrous earthquake in Armenia in December 1988, many international teams assisted in the rescue work in response to an official request from the Soviet authorities. On December 10th and 12th, 50 Swedish rescue workers were sent to Leninakan in Armenia. This group was recruited at very short notice and there was no opportunity for any briefing sessions before departure. Twenty persons were professionals, with various degrees of experience in disaster rescue operations. None of the group had previously worked with earthquake victims. These 50 rescue workers camped in the center of the area for 4 days and nights and thus closely observed the devastating effects on people and their homes and possessions and other buildings. The group was followed up with debriefing sessions and a prospective 9‐month questionnaire study. Some significant differences in the psychological outcome were found between professionals and non‐professionals both during the first month and in the further follow‐up.
Early psychological responses to traumatic injury
Authors: Shalev Arieh Y. , Schreiber Shaul , Galai Tamar
Published: June 2007

Sixteen injured survivors of a terrorist act, hospitalized in a large medical center, were followed daily by a team of mental‐health consultants. The survivors' rapidly changing mental states and the subsequent responses of their careproviders are described. Intrusive recollections of the event were experienced by all, however with various degrees of distress and arousal. Early psychological assistance was aimed at increasing the survivors' sense of self‐control and their mastery over secondary stressors. Flexible and skilled therapeutic technique was required to meet the survivors' changing needs. The consultants' own emotional burden was addressed by structuring the interventions and providing opportunities for disclosure.
A causal model of the etiology of war‐related PTSD
Authors: Fontana Alan , Rosenheck Robert
Published: June 2007

Structural equation modeling is used to evaluate a network of causal hypotheses concerning the relationships of premilitary vulnerabilities, military entry conditions, war zone experiences, and dissociative reactions with current symptoms of PTSD and general psychiatric distress. The analyses are directed toward resolving three general issues: (1) the relative contributions of premilitary vulnerabilities and exposure to traumatic events to the development of PTSD, (2) the features of the causal network that are distinctive to the development of PTSD as compared to general psychiatric symptoms, and (3) the major pathways mediating causation among the variables in the model. 381 Vietnam theater veterans who sought treatment from VA's new PTSD Clinical Teams Program and who provided complete data constituted the sample for the study. War zone experiences were the variables that contributed most strongly to the development of both PTSD and general psychiatric symptoms. Combat exposure, however, contributed directly to PTSD symptoms but not to general psychiatric symptoms. The overall fit of the model to the data proved to be quite satisfactory for both PTSD and general psychiatric symptoms, accounting for 59% and 60% of the variance, respectively.
Malignant memories: Post‐traumatic changes in memory in adults after a school shooting
Authors: Schwarz Eitan D. , Kowalski Janice M. , McNally Richard J.
Published: June 2007

The study explores changes in retrospective reports of experiences after a manmade disaster. Six and 18 months after a school shooting, 12 school personnel recalled in identical self‐report questionnaires their proximity to the site, and emotional, including life threat, and sensory experiences the day of the incident. All changed some aspect of their recall on retest. Those close to the shooting increased and those far decreased their reported proximity to the site; and most respondents both enlarged and diminished at the same time reports of specific emotional, life threat, and sensory experiences. Enlargement on retest appeared associated with PTSD symptoms, while diminishment with lessening of anxiety and depression and increase in self confidence. The authors offer these preliminary findings for further inquiry into the biopsychological basis of post‐traumatic memory.
Assessing the effects of violence on women in battering relationships with the Keane MMPI‐PTSD scale
Authors: Perrin Sean , van Hasselt Vincent B. , Basilio Isandy , Hersen Michel
Published: June 2007

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)‐Keane Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Scale (PK) has proven to be a reliable and valid measure of PTSD in combat veterans. However, few studies have examined the scale's validity in battered women, who often present with PTSD. Using empirically derived cutoff scores for the PK Scale, 69 battered women were assigned to PTSD‐Positive and PTSD‐Negative groups and then compared on measures of PTSD, distress, social support, and history of abuse in and out of the battering relationship. The PTSD‐Positive group scored significantly higher across all measures of PTSD and distress, supporting the concurrent validity of the PK Scale in this population. However, the two groups differed only for the frequency of death threats, suggesting that the PK Scale is only mildly sensitive to the level of trauma exposure. Finally, lower levels of perceived social support were found in the PTSD‐Positive than the PTSD‐Negative group. Implications of these findings for the assessment of PTSD in battered women are discussed.
Resiliency and adult adaptation in women with and without self‐reported histories of childhood sexual abuse
Authors: Lam Judy N. , Grossman Frances K.
Published: June 2007

This study investigated the relationship of protective factors (PF) to adult adaptation in a nonclinical sample consisting of 264 undergraduate women: two groups without childhood sexual abuse (CSA), high (n = 109) and low (n = 99) on PF; and two groups with CSA, high (n = 17) and low (n = 27) on PF. The first hypothesis that higher levels of PF would be significantly associated with higher levels of functioning for all individuals was supported by the data. The second hypothesis that the women with CSA and higher levels of PF would appear similar in adaptation to those without CSA was also supported. The findings further suggest that though the protective factors were beneficial for most individuals, they were significantly more helpful for those with CSA.
Thematic resolution, PTSD, and complex PTSD: The relationship between meaning and trauma‐related diagnoses
Authors: Newman Elana , Riggs David S. , Roth Susan
Published: June 2007

The role of modifying schemas in trauma‐focused psychotherapy has received theoretical and clinical attention. However, the relationship of schematic processing to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis has not been examined empirically. The current study compared measures of thematic disruption among individuals with PTSD alone, PTSD with concurrent complex PTSD, and no PTSD. Eighty two participants were interviewed to assess PTSD status, complex PTSD status, traumatic life events, and trauma‐related thematic processing. Results indicated that variables quantifying thematic disruption and thematic resolution significantly distinguished those individuals with concurrent PTSD plus complex PTSD from the other two groups. Exploratory analyses indicated that PTSD symptom severity and the interpersonal nature of the trauma were related to thematic disruption.
Development and validation of the sources of trauma‐related guilt survey—war‐zone version
Authors: Kubany Edward S. , Abueg Francis R. , Kilauano William L. , Manke Frederic P. , Kaplan Aaron S.
Published: June 2007

Despite clinical observations that many veterans have multiple sources of war‐related guilt, many problematic guilt issues are commonly not treated or even detected by clinicians. We describe development of a survey that systematically assesses idiosyncratic sources of guilt across the spectrum of events that are potential sources of trauma‐related guilt from the war‐zone. A multimethod strategy was used to develop a survey with strong content validity. Results indicate the survey is temporally stable, substantially correlated with other measures of guilt, and highly correlated with measures of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Findings confirm that many Vietnam veterans have multiple sources of severe war‐related guilt. The survey may have important clinical utility for problem identification, treatment planning, and evaluating treatment efficacy.
The Honolulu posttraumatic stress disorder stimulus set
Authors: Chemtob Claude M. , Roitblat Herbert L. , Hamada Roger S. , Carlson John G. , Muraoka Miles Y. , Bauer Gordon B.
Published: June 2007

We present word and picture stimuli constituting a validated stimulus set appropriate for cognitive investigations of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Combat related and neutral words and pictures were rated by Vietnam veterans with PTSD and by three comparison groups along four dimensions: unpleasantness, Vietnam relevance, stressfulness, and memorability. There were distinctive patterns of responses by the PTSD group which efficiently discriminated the individuals in this group from those in the control groups. These stimuli have the potential to be developed as a diagnostic instrument.
Weak Forms of the Axiom of Choice and the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis
Authors: Rubin Arthur L. , Rubin Jean E.
Published: June 2007

In this paper we study some statements similar to the Partition Principle and the Trichotomy. We prove some relationships between these statements, the Axiom of Choice, and the Generalized Continuum Hypothesis. We also prove some independence results. MSC: 03E25, 03E50, 04A25, 04A50.
How to develop Proof‐Theoretic Ordinal Functions on the basis of admissible ordinals
Authors: Rathjen Michael
Published: June 2007

In ordinal analysis of impredicative theories so‐called collapsing functions are of central importance. Unfortunately, the definition procedure of these functions makes essential use of uncountable cardinals whereas the notation system that they call into being corresponds to a recursive ordinal. It has long been claimed that, instead, one should manage to develop such functions directly on the basis of admissible ordinals. This paper is meant to show how this can be done. Interpreting the collapsing functions as operating directly on admissible sets also renders a new and perspicuous approach to well‐ordering proofs possible. MSC: 03F15, 03F35.
Witnessing numbers of Shelah Cardinals
Authors: Suzuki Toshio
Published: June 2007

We consider minimal ranks of extenders associated with Shelah cardinals by introducing witnessing numbers. Using these numbers we shall investigate effects of Shelah cardinals above themselves. MSC: 03E55.
Isols and maximal intersecting classes
Authors: Dekker Jacob C. E.
Published: June 2007

In transfinite arithmetic 2n is defined as the cardinality of the family of all subsets of some set v with cardinality n. However, in the arithmetic of recursive equivalence types (RETs) 2N is defined as the RET of the family of all finite subsets of some set v of nonnegative integers with RET N. Suppose v is a nonempty set. S is a class over v, if S consists of finite subsets of v and has v as its union. Such a class is an intersecting class (IC) over v, if every two members of S have a nonempty intersection. An IC over v is called a maximal IC (MIC), if it is not properly included in any IC over v. It is known and readily proved that every MIC over a finite set v of cardinality n ≥ 1 has cardinality 2n‐1. In order to generalize this result we introduce the notion of an ω‐MIC over v. This is an effective analogue ot the notion of an MIC over v such that a class over a finite set v is an ω‐MIC iff it is an MIC. We then prove that every ω‐MIC over an isolated set v of RET N ≥ 1 has RET 2N‐1. This is a generalization, for while there only are χ0 finite sets, there are ϰ isolated sets, where c denotes the cardinality of the continuum, namely all the finite sets and the c immune sets. MSC: 03D50.
La connaissance commune en logique modale
Authors: Lismont Luc
Published: June 2007

The problem of Common Knowledge will be considered in two classes of models: a class K.* of Kripke models and a class S of Scott models. Two modal logic systems will be defined. Those systems, KC and MC, include an axiomatisation of Common Knowledge. We prove determination of each system by the corresponding class of models. MSC: 03B45, 68T25.
A formalization of Sambins's normalization for GL
Authors: Haeusler Edward Hermann , Pereira Luiz Carlos
Published: June 2007

Sambin [6] proved the normalization theorem (Hauptsatz) for GL, the modal logic of provability, in a sequent calculus version called by him GLS. His proof does not take into account the concept of reduction, commonly used in normalization proofs. Bellini [1], on the other hand, gave a normalization proof for GL using reductions. Indeed, Sambin's proof is a decision procedure which builds cut‐free proofs. In this work we formalize this procedure as a recursive function and prove its recursiveness in an arithmetically formalizable way, concluding that the normalization of GL can be formalized in PA. MSC: 03F05, 03B35, 03B45.
Seperating the intrinsic complexity and the derivational complexity of the word problem for finitely presented groups
Authors: Cohen Daniel E. , Madlener Klaus , Otto Friedrich
Published: June 2007

A pseudo‐natural algorithm for the word problem of a finitely presented group is an algorithm which not only tells us whether or not a word w equals 1 in the group but also gives a derivation of 1 from w when w equals 1. In [13], [14] Madlener and Otto show that, if we measure complexity of a primitive recursive algorithm by its level in the Grzegorczyk hierarchy, there are groups in which a pseudo‐natural algorithm is arbitrarily more complicated than an algorithm which simply solves the word problem. In a given group the lowest degree of complexity that can be realised by a pseudo‐natural algorithm is essentially the derivational complexity of that group. Thus the result separates the derivational complexity of the word problem of a finitely presented group from its intrinsic complexity. The proof given in [13] involves the construction of a finitely presented group G from a Turing machine T such that the intrinsic complexity of the word problem for G reflects the complexity of the halting problem of T, while the derivational complexity of the word problem for G reflects the runtime complexity of T. The proof of one of the crucial lemmas in [13] is only sketched, and part of the purpose of this paper is to give the full details of this proof. We will also obtain a variant of their proof, using modular machines rather than Turing machines. As for several other results, this simplifies the proofs considerably. MSC: 03D40, 20F10.
Computable limits and colimits in categories of partial enumerated sets
Authors: Orlicki Andrzej
Published: June 2007

Computable limits and colimits are “recursive counterparts” of the suitable classical concepts from category theory. We present mainly some interesting problems related to computable products. Moreover, some “computable counterparts” of well‐known classical facts from category theory are given. MSC: 03D45, 18A30.
Completeness of the infinitary polyadic axiomatization
Authors: Fleischer Isidore
Published: June 2007

The present note is a reworking and streamlining of Daigneault and Monk's Representation Theory for Polyadic Algebras. MSC: 03G15.
On Wainer's notation for a minimal subrecursive inaccessible ordinal
Authors: Kadota Noriya
Published: June 2007

We show the following results on Wainer's notation for a minimal subrecursive inaccessible ordinal τ: First, we give a constructive proof of the collapsing theorem. Secondly, we prove that the slow‐growing hierarchy and the fast‐growing hierarchy up to τ have elementary properties on increase and domination, which completes Wainer's proof that τ is a minimal subrecursive inaccessible. Our results are obtained by showing a strong normalization theorem for the term structure of the notation. MSC: 03D20, 03F15.
Analytic completeness theorem for singular biprobability models
Authors: Đordević Radosav S.
Published: June 2007

The aim of the paper is to prove tha analytic completeness theorem for a logic L(∫1, ∫2)As with two integral operators in the singular case. The case of absolute continuity was proved in [4]. MSC: 03B48, 03C70.
Modal sequents for normal modal logics
Authors: Cerrato Claudio
Published: June 2007

We present sequent calculi for normal modal logics where modal and propositional behaviours are separated, and we prove a cut elimination theorem for the basic system K, so as completeness theorems (in the new style) both for K itself and for its most popular enrichments. MSC: 03B45, 03F05.
A boolean transfer principle from L*‐Algebras to AL*‐Algebras
Authors: Nishimura Hirokazu
Published: June 2007

Just as Kaplansky [4] has introduced the notion of an AW*‐module as a generalization of a complex Hilbert space, we introduce the notion of an AL*‐algebra, which is a generalization of that of an L*‐algebra invented by Schue [9, 10]. By using Boolean valued methods developed by Ozawa [6–8], Takeuti [11–13] and others, we establish its basic properties including a fundamental structure theorem. This paper should be regarded as a continuation or our previous paper [5], the familiarity with which is presupposed. MSC: 03C90, 03E40, 17B65, 46L10.
Quasi‐Stone algebras
Authors: Sankappanavar Nalinaxi H. , Sankappanavar Hanamantagouda P.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this paper is to define and investigate the new class of quasi‐Stone algebras (QSA's). Among other things we characterize the class of simple QSA's and the class of subdirectly irreducible QSA's. It follows from this characterization that the subdirectly irreducible QSA's form an elementary class and that the variety of QSA's is locally finite. Furthermore we prove that the lattice of subvarieties of QSA's is an (ω + 1)‐chain. MSC: 03G25, 06D16, 06E15.
A theory of sets with the negation of the axiom of infinity
Authors: Baratella Stefano , Ferro Ruggero
Published: June 2007

In this paper we introduce a theory of finite sets FST with a strong negation of the axiom of infinity asserting that every set is provably bijective with a natural number. We study in detail the role of the axioms of Power Set, Choice, Regularity in FST, pointing out the relative dependences or independences among them. FST is shown to be provably equivalent to a fragment of Alternative Set Theory. Furthermore, the introduction of FST is motivated in view of a non‐standard development. MSC: 03E30, 03E35.
Variations of Rado's lemma
Authors: Howard Paul
Published: June 2007

The deductive strengths of three variations of Rado's selection lemma are studied in set theory without the axiom of choice. Two are shown to be equivalent to Rado's lemma and the third to the Boolean prime ideal theorem. MSC: 03E25, 04A25, 06E05.
Lebesgue Convergence Theorems and Reverse Mathematics
Authors: Yu Xiaokang
Published: June 2007

Concepts of L1 space, integrable functions and integrals are formalized in weak subsystems of second order arithmetic. They are discussed especially in relation with the combinatorial principle WWKL (weak‐weak König's lemma and arithmetical comprehension. Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem is proved to be equivalent to arithmetical comprehension. A weak version of Lebesgue monotone convergence theorem is proved to be equivalent to weak‐weak König's lemma.

Mathematics Subject Classification: 03F35.
Choices of Convenient Sets
Authors: Sochor Antonín
Published: June 2007

Proceeding in the theory with extensionality, comprehension for classes, existence of the empty set and the assumption the addition of one element to a set makes again a set (others usual set‐theoretical operations are not required) we show a week assumption which guarantees existence of a saturated elementary extension (with absolute ϵ) of the system of hereditarily finite sets.

Mathematics Subject Classification: 03C62, 03C50, 03E70.
Complete, Recursively Enumerable Relations in Arithmetic
Authors: D'Agostino Giovanna , Magnago Mario
Published: June 2007

Using only propositional connectives and the provability predicate of a Σ1‐sound theory T containing Peano Arithmetic we define recursively enumerable relations that are complete for specific natural classes of relations, as the class of all r. e. relations, and the class of all strict partial orders. We apply these results to give representations of these classes in T by means of formulas.
Tarskian Structured Consequence Relations and Functional Completeness
Authors: Wansing Heinrich
Published: June 2007

In this paper functional completeness results are obtained for certain positive and constructive propositional logics associated with a Tarski‐type structured consequence relation as defined by Gabbay.
Polygones
Authors: Mustafin Tolende G. , Poizat Bruno
Published: June 2007

We study the class of structures formed by all the polygons over a given monoid, which is equivalent to the study of the varieties in a language containing only unary functions. We collect and amplify previous results concerning their stability and superstability. Then we characterize the regular monoids for which all these polygons are ω‐stable; the question about the existence of a non regular monoid with this property is left open.
Dimension Versus Number of Variables, and Connectivity, too
Authors: McColm Gregory L.
Published: June 2007

We present game‐theoretic characterizations of the complexity/expressibility measures “dimension” and “the number of variables” as Least Fixed Point queries. As an example, we use these characterizations to compute the dimension and number of variables of Connectivity and Connectivity.
The changing structure of industrial relations in South Africa
Authors: Jones Robert A.
Published: June 2007

This is the second of two papers dealing tvith the emergence of black shop‐floor union power and the changing structure of industrial relations in South Africa. This paper examines union developments in the post‐Wiehahn era, The policies of the major union federations and the impact of the black unions' emphasis on shop‐floor bargaining. It is clear that the established unions, the State and individual company managements have been significantly affected by this development. The main issue in the near future is seen to be the dividing‐line between managerial prerogatives and worker‐participation.
The economics of diamond price movements
Authors: Ariovich G.
Published: June 2007

Diamonds are traditionally classified into three different market segments —industrial, jewellery and investment. The empirical findings support the argument that diamond prices of these three group types respond differently to business cycles. Industrial diamond prices, especially those of natural stones, have been found to be influenced by the level of economic activity in general and the volume of manufacturing production in partiular. However, the price of synthetic diamonds, especially in grit form, have declined irrespective of the business cycle as a result of technological developments and the expansion of the market which enabled producers to gait scale advantages. Prices of jewellery diamonds have been found to be most highly correlated with disposable income. As could be expected, these price have also been found to be positively correlated with inflation rates and negatively correlated with real interest rates. Prices of investment diamonds have been found to be particularly sensitive to real interest rates, to the value of the exchange rates of the US dollar and, like other gems, to disposable income. The paper also describes and discusses the activity in various diamond markets and the business policy of De Beers, the ‘king’ of the rough diamonds.
Gold shares or gold bullion—which is the better investment?
Authors: Barr G. D. I. , Affleck‐Graves J. F.
Published: June 2007

This paper examines, from the standpoint of the US investor, the illative merits of an investment in gold bullion vis‐à‐vis South African gold shares. Markowitz portfolio‐selection techniques are used to examine the relative performance of gold bullion and SA gold shares quoted on the New York stock exchange over the period 1978 to 1983. It concludes that, on average, of the period examined gold shares have proved to be significantly better investments than gold bullion and considers possible reasons for this.
Market life, age structure and renewal—an analysis of pharmaceutical specialities and substances in Sweden 1960–82
Authors: Berlin Hans , Jönsson Bengt
Published: June 2007

The assortment of drugs on the Swedish market has been analysed in order to illustrate its current structure and its qualitative and quantitative changes. The analysis comprises both active substances and pharmaceutical specialities, and it has in several cases been divided into different pharmacological groups and into Swedish and imported products. The main aspects are: market life of products introduced since 1960; withdrawal of drugs; age of the current assortment of drugs; structural changes during 15 years; new drugs introduced since 1960; combinations; synonyms.
The effect of adverse publicity on sales: A case study
Authors: Happel Stephen K.
Published: June 2007

This paper estimates lost sales resulting from adverse publicity for a small company soon after it began selling solar hot‐water units. Ordinary least squares analysis generates estimates from seasonally adjusted data. To capture the structural shift in sales, alternative series of dummy variables are tested along with other explanatory variables. The ‘best’ of the equations is reported, and the outcome of the court suit is discussed.
The practice of decision‐making—some evidence
Authors: Hill Stephen , Blyton Paul
Published: June 2007

The theory of scientific decision‐making is a well developed and coherent discipline, which may be expected to have had some impact on the decision‐making processes employed by actual firms. This paper reports the results of a survey of engineering firms in South Wales, and casts some doubt on the hypothesis that advances in decision analysis have had a descernible impact on the practice of business. Moreover, the primary reason for this lack of impact appears to be that decision analysis is not perceived as relevant to the decision‐making needs of managers. The paper concludes with some suggestion for overcoming this obstacle to the application of decision analysis.