bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of Platelet Orosomucoid
Authors: Tripodi D. , Weis J. W. , Bonness P. E. , Pollack W.
Published: October 2009

A component which is either identical or similar to serum orosomucoid has been found associated with platelet membranes. Immunochemical procedures, including absorption, Immunoelectrophoresis, and gel diffusion, demonstrated serological identity with serum orosomucoid. The component isolated from platelets had sedimentation properties consistent with the serological findings.
Effect of Fatty Acid Salts on Reactivity of Albumin Preparations with Sera Containing Albumin Auto‐agglutinating Factor
Authors: Spence L. , Jones D. , Moore B. P. L.
Published: October 2009

Two sera containing albumin auto‐agglutination factor (AAF) were tested with non‐reactive albumin preparations to which various concentrations of the salts of different monocarboxylic fatty acids and other heat stabilizers of albumin had been added. The salts were also added directly to the sera in the absence of extraneous albumin. The ability to convert a nonreactive albumin preparation, or the patient's own serum, to reactivity appeared to be a general property of fatty‐acid salts with aliphatic chains between three and eight carbons in length.
Experimental Transfusion Reactions and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Produced by Incompatible Plasma in Monkeys
Authors: Lopas H. , Birndorf N. I. , Robboy S. J.
Published: October 2009

Hemolytic plasma transfusion reactions were produced in six Macaca irus monkeys. The plasma for these transfusions was obtained from alloimmunized animals with agglutinins of high titer and, in some cases, hemolysins directed against the recipients' red blood cells. The transfusion reactions were characterized by varying degrees of intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinemia and hemoglobinuria, and disseminated intravascular coagulation accompanied by marked falls in Factors VIII and V, and fibrinogen. Shortening of euglobulin clot lysis time was seen in three animals.

Two animals died and had fibrin thrombi in renal glomeruli, myocardial veins, pulmonary arteries, and hepatic sinusoids.
Calcium Ion Activity During Rapid Exchange Transfusion with Citrated Blood
Authors: Perkins H. A. , Snyder M. , Thacher C. , Rolfs M. R.
Published: October 2009

Measurement of ionized calcium levels by the technic of Soulier during massive transfusion of ACD blood supplemented with various quantities of calcium led to the apparently erroneous conclusion that ionized calcium levels would rise in the recipient when each unit was supplemented with 0.6 g CaCl2, the quantity which restores normal ionized calcium levels in vitro.

Measurement of ionized calcium activity with the Orion electrode indicates that this ratio of CaCl2 will maintain an approximately normal ionized calcium level in dog recipients if it is infused simultaneously with the blood. Based on this information, it appears reasonable to assume that heparinized ACD blood, recalcified with 0.6 g CaCl2 per unit, may be used to prime the extracorporeal circuit for open heart surgery with the confidence that it will not alter the ionized calcium activity of the patient's blood.

Addition of calcium to the circulation following administration of ACD blood causes a sharp rise and then a fall in the recipient's level of ionized calcium. Further studies in a variety of situations are required before final guidelines can be formulated for supplementation of ACD blood with calcium in massive transfusion.
Mathematical Consideration of Cross Circulation and Exchange Transfusion*
Authors: Marsaglia G. , Thomas E. D.
Published: October 2009

Equations are presented that describe the kinetics of cross circulation and of exchange transfusion. These equations should be useful in calculating the movement of cells and metabolic substances between vascular and extravascular compartments.
Independence of Colton Blood Group
Authors: Lewis M. , Kaita H. , Anderson C. , Chown B.
Published: October 2009

Independence from Kell and Lutheran of the blood group alleles defined by anti‐Coa and anti‐Cob is reported, and independence from MNSs, P, Rh, Duffy, and Dombrock, as well as from sex is confirmed.
Serological and Genetic Studies of the HL‐A System
Authors: Legrand L. , Dausset J. , Rapaport F. T.
Published: October 2009

Immunization of 35 recipients with skin allografts and leukocytes obtained from genetically haplo‐indentical donors induced the formation of antibodies directed against HL‐A antigens in 25 instances. The resulting antibodies could be divided into three main categories: (i) “broad” antibodies capable of reacting equally well with at least two allelic HL‐A specificities; (ii) “narrow” antibodies which reacted with one antigenic specificity, but could be absorbed by and eluted from cells bearing another specificity, without any cytotoxic reaction (CYNAP); (iii) antibodies which may be considered monospecific in the light of current knowledge.

Antisera produced in the course of thir study have resulted in the definition of four new HL‐A antigens. Two of these, Da17 (HL‐A10) and Da25, were detected by the lymphmytotoxicity method, and have a gene frequency of 0.060 and 0.053, respectively. (The other two antigens, Da18 and Da22, were detected by the platelet complement fixation technic and have a gene frequency of 0.043 and 0.040, respectively.) Further absorption and elution of the antisera permitted the isolation of at least two populations of antibodies in a number of the immunized recipients. As a result, three HL‐A speciticities were subdivided into two allelic antigens: HG‐A9 was divided into HL‐A9′ and HL‐A9” HG‐AlO was divided into HL‐AlO' and HL‐A10” and Da25 was divided into Da25′ and Da25”.

Review of the antigenic relationships existing between donors and recipienta in each of the 35 families studied indicates that (i) the occurrence of cross‐reacting antigens in donor and recipient is usually not associated with the production of antibodia (i.c, it constitutes a situation of nonimmunogenicity) and (ii) antibodies capable of reacting with one or several specificities, absent in the donor and in the recipient but which crossreact with the immunizing antigen, may occur with relative frequency. One other recipient developed three defferent antibody populations. Two of these antibodies were “broad” antibodies, capable of reacting with two allelic specificities. This observation supports the concept that the same munizing cell may bear several determinants, each of which may share a common structure with other defic products of the same locus. These data have been discuesed on the basis of two not mutually exclusive hypotheses: (i) complex antibodies capable of reacting with different allelic determinants and (ii) complex antigens bearing several antigenic factors.
Mixed Leukocyte Culture Response in HL‐A “Identical Individuals”
Authors: Sengar D. P. S. , Mickey M. R. , Myhre B. A. , Chen H. H. , Terasaki P. I.
Published: October 2009

Eight sets of unrelated HL‐A identical individuals and five pairs of parent‐child HL‐A identical persons were tested for response in oneway MLC. Among 52 unrelated HL‐A identical combinations, approximately 65 per cent of the one‐way combinations and 90 per cent of the reciprocal combinations resulted in significant stimulation. Simultaneous serotyping with 200 highly selected and unclassified antisera revealed that these individuals were not actually HL‐A identical. Two types of discrepant reactions were observed: (i) attributable to new antigens possibly of a third HL‐A segregant series and (ii) attributable to the ‘variants’ of certain well‐defined HL‐A groups, e.g., HL‐A2. Though the conclusion is that compatible unrelated donors will be more difficult to find than previously estimated, progress toward this goal is indicated by the present findings that a third of the unrelated combinations selected by phenotyping for 27 antigens were nonstimulatory by mixed leukocyte culture.
Quantitative Studies of the Rho(D) Antigenic Determinants on Gorilla Erythrocytes
Authors: Masouredis S. P.
Published: October 2009

Human and simian red blood cells were tested for 125I anti‐D binding at equilibrium and for their ability to adsorb 125I anti‐D. On the basis of the equilibrium quantity of red blood cell‐bound anti‐D at different ionic strengths, the rate of binding of anti‐D, and adsorption studies, evidence has been obtained that D‐antigenic specificities occur on the erythrocytes of orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus), chimpanzees (Pan troglocytes) and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla). Gorillas, like chimpanzees, appear to be polymorphic with respect to the presence of D‐components on their erythrocytes. Individual animals have been found whose red blood cells take up very little anti‐D and are similar to human D‐negative cells. The quantity of anti‐D bound at equilibrium, as a fraction of that bound to human D‐positive red blood cells was: for gorillas 0.6 to 4.0; for chimpanzees 0.08 to 0.51; for orangutans 0.06 to 0.09, and for human Du red blood cells 0.04. At low ionic strength there was almost a twofold increase in anti‐D binding. At low ionic strength, the adsorbing capacities of these erythrocytes, as compared to a human D‐positive cell, were: orangutans 10 to 20 per cent; chimpanzees about 50 per cent; human Du 86 per cent; and gorillas 97 per cent. Evidence is presented to indicate that the discrepancy between adsorbing capacity and the binding of anti‐D at equilibrium, for Du and simian erythrocytes, is due to absence of some of the D‐antigenic components found on human D‐positive red blood cells.
Atypical Polyagglutination Associated with an Acquired B Antigen
Authors: Beck M. L. , Walker R. H. , Oberman H. A.
Published: October 2009

The finding of an acquired B antigen, together with polyagglutination, in an elderly man led to studies indicating adsorption of bacterial material as the likely cause of both of these red blood cell anomalies. The various causes of polyagglutination are discussed. Based upon the differential characteristics of each type, a classification of polyagglutination is proposed.
Quantitative Blood Typing Profiles of Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Berkman E. M. , Nusbacher J. , Kochwa S. , Rosenfield R. E.
Published: October 2009

Automated, sequential, quantitative blood typing has been achieved by modification of two previously described single channel AutoAnalyzers. In each of these channels, agglutination has been potentiated, either with bromelin and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP K‐90) or mannitol and protamine sulfate. Phased pulse‐sampling of both erythrocytes and prediluted antisera through micro‐probes and micro T‐fittings allow sampling rates of 80 tests/hour.

Fifty‐five erythrocytic antigenic determinants within all major blood group systems have been assayed and quantitative reproducibility was evident in the identity of data for identical twins and, within sibships, identical genotypes.

The degree of agglutinability of unrelated Rhl (Rho or D) and MN phenotypes assayed with IgM antibodies or with lectins is directly related to the strength of the antigen as measured by the amount of antibody bound by test cells. In contrast, when IgG antibodies are sufficiently potentiated by either sugar or PVP, the relation between strength of cell antigen and degree of agglutination for M and Rhl may be reversed.
Studies on Rh Prophylaxis
Authors: Pollack W. , Ascari W. Q. , Crispen J. F. , O'Connor R. R. , Ho T. Y.
Published: October 2009

The incidence of Rh immunization of Rh‐negative volunteers given approximately 500 ml of Rh‐positive blood is 18 out of 22. Complete Rh immune suppression was achieved in a treated group given a precalculated dose of Rh immune globulin. Rh immune prophylaxis is safe, effective and practical after transfusion accidents or massive fetomaternal hemorrhages where large volumes of Rh‐positive blood enter the circulation of Rh‐negative individuals.

The dose of RhoGAM,* Rho(D) Immune Globulin (Human) found to be effective in suppressing an immune response to the Rh factor was 20 μg/ml of red blood cells (not whole blood). Since each vial contains no less than 300 μg of anti‐Rho(D), the potency for RhoGAM is 15 ml of red blood cells/vial.
Disposable Plastic Centrifuge Bowls for Separation of Red Blood Cells and Plasma in the Processing of Frozen Blood
Authors: Tullis J. L. , Gibson J. G. , Tinch R. J. , Hinman J. , Baudanza P. , DiForte S. , Smith T. , Breed A. T.
Published: October 2009

A simplified method for automated red blood cell processing is described. The method uses sterile, disposable plastic centrifuge bowls with attached tubing and reagent solutions. It can be used for the separation of red blood cells and plasma and the glycerolization and deglycerolization of red blood cells for storage in the frozen state. Data is presented on operational performance of the equipment and on red blood cell yields and post‐thaw transfusion survival.
Australin Antigen Detection
Authors: Lewis J. H. , Coram J. E.
Published: October 2009

Two hundred and fifty potentially Australia Antigen (AuAg)‐positive serum samples had been collected from individuals who were recovering from AuAg+ hepatitis. These were tested for AuAg by five counterlectrophoresis (CEP) methods and by a radioimmunoassay (RIA) technic. Of these, 149 (6%) were negative by all CEP tests as well as by RIA, and 67 (27%) were positive by all tests. In only 13 per cent was there disagreement. Eighteen (7%) were positive by RIA only, and 16 (6%) were positive by RIA with variable results in the different CEP tests.

Additional studies on the RIA method showed that it could detect standard AuAg diluted 1:1,000. CEP was negative at dilutions greater than 1:10. Kinetic studies suggested that RIA could be adapted to a reasonably rapid test (2 hours) with only a slight loss in sensitivity.
Agglutination of Erythrocytes Freshly Washed with Saline Solution
Authors: Allan C. J. , Lawrence R. D. , Shih S. C. , Williamson K. R. , Sweatt M. A. , Taswell H. F.
Published: October 2009

Four cases are reported in which the patients' sera agglutinated all erythrocytes tested, including their own, provided the cells first had been freshly washed with saline solution. The reactions of these sera are described and compared with other reports of panagglutination and autoagglutination specifically related to the use of common laboratory solutions (albumin, saline, citrate, or oxalate).
Quinine‐induced Thrombocytopenic Purpura Due to an IgM and an IgG Antibody
Authors: Eisner E. V. , Korbitz B. C.
Published: October 2009

Severe thrombocytopenia developed in a young man following the ingestion of quinine water. Quinine‐dependent antiplatelet antibodies were found in both IgM and IgG components of the patient's immunoglobulins. The data demonstrate that drug‐related antiplatelet activity is not a unique property of 7 S gamma globulins, and that both IgM and IgG antibodies may occur simultaneously in drug‐related thrombocytopenia.
An IgG Anti‐IT Detected in a Caucasian American
Authors: Garratty G. , Haffleigh B. , Dalziel J. , Petz L. D.
Published: October 2009

An isoantibody was detected in the serum of a Caucasian with Hodgkin's disease. The antibody reacted strongly by the indirect antiglobulin test with all fetal cord cells but was negative or only weakly positive when tested with adult cells, including five examples of the rare adult i cells. Rhesus monkey and rabbit cells also failed to react. No autoagglutination was seen and the direct antiglobulin test was negative. The antibody sensitized cells optimally at 37 C, reacting with anti‐IgG but not anti‐IgM, anti‐IgA or anti‐complement antiglobulin reagents. It was not inhibited by human saliva, milk, or 2‐mercaptoethanol. The specificity met the criteria set for anti‐IT. It is unique among antibodies of this specificity since it is an IgG isoantibody, reacting optimally at 37 C by the indirect antiglobulin test, showing a marked difference in reaction between cord and adult cells and occurring in a Caucasian. This contrasts with the only other anti‐IT antibodies described in the literature which are all cold autoagglutinins occurring in isolated populations (Melanesians and Yanomama Indians of Venezuela), showing only marginal differences between adult and cord cells.
Intraoperative Blood Transfusions and Hyperacute Renal Allograft Rejection in a Presensitized Recipient
Authors: Braun W. E. , Magnusson M. , Nakamoto S. , Popowniak K. L. , Kiser W. S.
Published: October 2009

A maternal renal allograft was rejected in a hyperacute manner by the presensitized recipient whose lymphocytotoxic antibodies did not react with lymphocytes of the kidney donor but did react with those of all 3 blood donors whose blood was transfused into the kidney recipient during the transplant operation. The resulting hyperacute rejection is believed to have been precipitated by the interaction of the recipient's cytotoxic antibody with blood donors' lymphocytes and platelets and/or an additional kidney donor antigen detected only after treatment with trypsin. The use of blood with a negative lymphocyte cross‐match for renal allograft recipients having preformed lymphocytotoxic antibody should be considered.
Continuous Flow Filtration—Leukopheresis
Authors: Djerassi I. , Kim J. S. , Suvansri U. , Mitrakul C. , Ciesielka W.
Published: October 2009

A practical method for continuous granulopheresis of normal individuals, based on selective filtration–adsorption of the granulocytes, was developed. Large numbers of granulocytes (up to 0.6 × 1011) can thus be separated and collected under sterile conditions from one donor on a single donation. The cells are viable by in vitro criteria including eosin exclusion and phagocytic ability. The procedure is tolerated well by the donors. The granulocytes separated by filtration–leukopheresis are suitable for clinical studies.
Polybrene‐induced Red Blood Cell Aggregation In Vitro
Authors: Dembitzer H. M. , Oberhardt B. J. , Duffy J. L. , Lalezari P.
Published: October 2009

Human erythrocytes, aggregated by non‐immunological means, were studied by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Cells within the Polybrene®‐induced aggregates appeared spheroidal at their free surfaces and flattened at their interfaces. The outer leaflets of apposing plasma membranes were found to approach each other very closely at several points so that no measurable intervening extracellular space was discernible. This finding is consistent with the concept that Polybrene acts by diminishing intercellular distances.
A Study of Platelet Counts During Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Pike O. M. , Marquiss J. E. , Weiner R. S. , Breckenridge R. T.
Published: October 2009

Platelet counts were performed before, during and after cardiopulmonary bypass in 88 patients who underwent open‐heart surgery. Seven of these individuals had excessive blood loss postoperatively; their platelet studies were compared to those who did not hemorrhage. In this study no direct correlation could be found between the platelet count and post‐operative bleeding, suggesting that the preparation of platelet concentrates is unnecessary as a routine measure prior to open‐heart surgery.
Rate of Disappearance of Infused Aged Albumin in Human Subjects
Authors: Woolf I. L. , Pappas P. , Pennell R. B. , Babior B. M.
Published: October 2009

Human serum albumin stored for more than 10 years was studied. The biologic lifetime of this outdated albumin is only slightly shorter than that of freshly prepared human albumin. No determinations were done to determine safety or therapeutic efficacy.
Fees and Replacement Policies of Institutional Members of the American Association of Blood Banks
Authors: Hemphill B. M.
Published: October 2009

As a part of its continual surveillance of the economic and administrative aspects of blood banking, the replacement and processing charges of the Institutional Member Banks are reported. Information for the years 1968, 1969 and 1970 was furnished by 781 member banks that have replacement or processing charges. The weighted mean processing and replacement fees were determined and reported in respect to the geographical distribution of reporting banks and the type of blood bank. The data were compared with similar information obtained in 1960.
Use of Frozen Cryoprecipitate for the Preparation of Clinical Factor VIII Concentrate
Authors: Sgouris J. T. , Wickerhauser M.
Published: October 2009

Two years of experience is described in the preparation of factor VIII concentrate for clinical use, prepared from frozen cryoprecipitate by a modified polyethylene glycol procedure. The yield of factor VIII was fire plasma equivalents per gram of starting material with a 100‐fold purification over plasma. Anti‐A and B isoagglutinin levels were consistently higher in factor VIII concentrates derived from paid donors than from volunteer donors. The incidence and levels of hepatitis B antigen in the factor VIII concentrates from paid unscreened donors were significantly higher than that derived from volunteer donors. Factor VIII concentrates derived from screened paid or volunteer donors contained little or no detectable hepatitis B antigen. These highly soluble concentrates met all the Bureau of Biologics requirements and have been clinically effective.
Efficacy of the Latham Blood Processor To Perform Plateletpheresis
Authors: Szymanski I. O. , Patti K. , Kliman A.
Published: October 2009

Platelets were separated during extracorporeal circulation by the method of Tullis et al. in the Latham Blood Processor equipped with a 375 ml disposable centrifuge bowl. The average yield of platelets recovered from each 710 ml unit of blood was 0.665 × 1011 ± 0.244 × 1011 (± 1 S. D.) N = 105, corresponding to an efficiency of 45.8 ± 12.4 per cent.

Platelets were also separated during extracorporeal circulation by a modification of the method. In this technic the final platelet concentrate contained about 50 ml of red blood cells that were removed by an additional centrifugation. The average quantity of platelets recovered from each 710 ml of blood was 1.23 × 1011 ± 0.285 × 1011 (± I S. D.) corresponding to an efficiency of removal of 69.5 ± 14.6 per cent (± I S. D.). The modified method permitted a collection of large numbers of platelets from single donors in a relatively short time.

Donor effects of the procedure were insignificant. Mild to moderate donor reaction consisting of chilling and hypotensive reactions occurred in three of 145 donors. Transient decreases occurred in hematocrit and platelet count. No untoward effects were observed following repeated procedures.
The Unsuitability of Outdated Blood for Making Therapeutically Effective Cryoprecipitate
Authors: Burka E. R. , Puffer T. M. , Holburn R. R. , Sherwood W. C.
Published: October 2009

The factor VIII activity in cryoprecipitates prepared from plasma separated from whole blood stored for 21 days was examined. The concentration of factor VIII in plasma separated from outdated blood averaged less than 25 per cent of that found in fresh plasma, and the cryoprecipitate prepared from outdated plasma averaged only 23 factor VIII units per bag. A significant amount of free hemoglobin was present in cryoprecipitates prepared from outdated plasma. Factors in the decrease in plasma factor VIII activity in stored whole blood include both degradation and a change in the cryoprecipitability of factor VIII itself. The findings indicate that cryoprecipitate prepared from plasma separated from outdated blood is of little therapeutic effectiveness.
Positive Antiglobulin Tests in Patients Maintained on Methadone
Authors: Sivamurthy S. , Frankfurt E. , Levine M. E.
Published: October 2009

Antiglobulin tests (AGT) and other immunologic parameters were studied in a group of 80 drug addicts before and after they entered a methadone maintenance program. The postmethadone incidence of direct AGT was 85 per cent in contrast to a premethadone incidence of 8.9 per cent. Of eluates prepared from direct AGT positive samples, 17.6 per cent gave positive hemagglutination reaction against red blood cells treated with methadone. Immunoelectrophoresis of the same samples did not reveal any specific class of immunoglobulins. The incidence and intensity of positive AGT did not correlate with either the total dose of or duration of methadone therapy. No hemolytic anemia was demonstrated in this group of patients. The recognition of this laboratory phenomenon is important in pretransfusion compatibility testing.
The Incidence of Antibodies to Leukocytes and Gammaglobulin IgG and IgA in a Population of Multitransfused Southern African Negroes
Authors: Vos G. H. , Downing H. J. , Vos D.
Published: October 2009

Posttransfusion samples of serum from Southern African Negroes who suffered mild to severe hypersensitivity reactions possessed more antileukocyte than antiglobulin antibodies to IgG and IgA. On the other hand, multitransfused patients who did not develop adverse transfusion reactions showed a lower incidence of antileukocyte antibodies and a higher incidence of antiglobulin antibodies. The reduced incidence of antiglobulin antibodies found in posttransfusion samples of serum from patients who developed transfusion reactions may reflect in vivo consumption of such antibodies by antigenin‐excess conditions. For the increased incidence of antileukocyte antibodies in the same group of patients the infusion of relatively small amounts of incompatible leukocytes appears to be inadequate to reduce the corresponding antibody levels.
Influence of ACD and CPD Anticoagulants on White Cell Aggregation
Authors: Lycette R. M.
Published: October 2009

Red blood cells separated from plasma by centrifugation showed consistently greater white blood cell clumping where CPD was the anticoagulant, as compared to ACD. This resulted in an apparently low count of leukocytes in the packed red blood cells. Such was true whether samples were observed at 26 C (room temperature) or at 37 C. With both anticoagulants, aggregation could be significantly reduced by acidification of the plasma to below pH 7.0; while above this pH, clumps remained intact. However, at any pH, clumping was less in ACD.
Spectrum of Albumin Auto‐Agglutinins
Authors: Golde D. W. , Greipp P. R. , McGinniss M. H.
Published: October 2009

The properties of four albumin‐agglutinating sera demonstrating a spectrum of reactivities are reported. All cause pan‐ and auto‐agglutination in albumin. Direct and indirect reacting caprylate‐dependent agglutinins are described, as are two sera with undefined specificity not related to the presence of caprylate stabilizer in the albumin. Immunoelectrophoretic evidence was obtained to support the concept of albumin‐immunoglobulin complex formation in the genesis of albumin agglutination. Most albumin agglutinins react only with albumin stabilized by short‐chain fatty acids; however, other specificities may be represented. Albumin agglutinins should be clearly identified in the blood bank to prevent confusion with blood group antibodies.
Paradoxical Bleeding in Intensively Transfused Hemophiliacs: Alteration of Platelet Function
Authors: Hathaway W. E. , Mahasandana C. , Clarke S. , Humbert J. R.
Published: October 2009

Platelet function tests (bleeding time, platelet adhesiveness, platelet factor 3 release, and platelet aggregation to ADP) were done on a group of severe factor VIII deficient hemophiliacs before, during, or after transfusion therapy with cryoprecipitate or factor VIII concentrate. Mild decreased platelet function was seen in nonbleeding hemophiliacs after a single transfusion of cryoprecipitate. More severe abnormalities of platelet function were observed in a group of patients receiving factor VIII therapy for severe hemorrhages or in the postoperative period. Several of these intensively transfused patients bled when their circulating factor VIII level was normal or near normal. In one patient, who was studied repeatedly, prolongation of the thrombin time and partial thromboplastin time occurred in association with high levels of fibrinogen. Fibrin split products (fsp) were increased in most of the patients during bleeding episodes. Mixtures of cryoprecipitate or factor VIII‐concentrate with normal plasma contained increased protamine precipitable material and fibrin split products. Paradoxical bleeding can occur in intensively transfused hemophilic patients and may be related to either abnormal platelet function or increased levels of circulating fibrin monomer, fsp, or fibrinogen interfering with thrombin‐fibrinogen interaction.
Variations in the Agglutinability of Red Blood Cells from Patients with Hematologic Disorders
Authors: Buchholz D. H. , Bove J. R.
Published: October 2009

The agglutinability of red blood cells from patients with various hematologic disorders was compared with that of erythrocytes from normal persons by quantitative hemagglutination in the ABH blood group system. Red blood cells from six patients with hypoplastic anemia or metastatic marrow disease as well as normal reticulocytes (five experiments) were less agglutinable than normal mature cells. Erythrocytes from one patient with lymphoma and an acquired hemolytic anemia showed enhanced agglutinability. Our data suggest that changes in erythrocyte reactivity may be more common than suspected, although usually undetected by less sensitive methods.
Absorption of Red Cells from the Peritoneal Cavity of an Hydropic Twin
Authors: Lewis M. , Bowman J. M. , Pollock J. , Lowen B.
Published: October 2009

A pair of monozygotic erythroblastotic twins, one with hydrops, the other without, were treated by intrauterine transfusion. The twins had a monochorionic, diamniotic placenta with gross surface vascular anastomoses; at birth their circulating blood was of a single composition. The composition established that the presence of ascites per se does not inhibit absorption of blood from the peritoneal cavity.
Laboratory Proficiency in Blood Banking: The Variability of Blood Bank Reagents—1971 (A Follow‐up Study)
Authors: Koepke J. A. , Cicchetti D. V.
Published: October 2009

A follow‐up statistical analysis of the 1971 College of American Pathologists Comprehensive Blood Bank Survey was made to determine if the variability of blood bank reagents noted in the 1970 Survey had significantly changed between 1970 and 1971. These studies revealed discordant results only in sera used to detect B‐positive and A1‐negative red cells. No significant differences were found in any of the Rh typing sera. However, there was significant improvement from 1970 to 1971 in all manufacturers' sera as measured by this method.
A Method for Removing Leukocytes from Stored Blood
Authors: Halterman R. H. , Yanchulis E. , Woodruff P. , Yankee R. A.
Published: October 2009

A method for preparing leukocyte‐poor blood from packed red cells that have been stored in ACD for ten days is described. The addition of heparin and CaCl2 to buffy coat poor‐packed cells followed by nylon fiber filtration removes approximately 97 per cent of the leukocytes when compared with whole blood. Fresh plasma and platelets are useful by‐products of this procedure.
Preservation of Red Blood Cell 2,3‐Diphosphoglycerate in Stored Blood Containing Dihydroxyacetone
Authors: Brake J. M. , Deindoerfer F. H.
Published: October 2009

In a search for red blood cell metabolites which would preserve 2,3‐DPG during storage of blood, it was discovered that dihydroxyacetone (DHA) prolonged the maintenance of 2,3‐DPG levels for up to four weeks of storage, compared to about one week for presently used preservatives such as CPD. Four‐week preservation of 2,3‐DPG at normal levels was desired. CPD‐adenine was used as the starting point and a formulation having a pH of 7.0 and a DHA concentration of 20 millimoles per liter of blood was developed. The 2,3‐DPG level at four weeks of storage was proportional to DHA concentration in the 5 to 20 mM range. The osmotic fragility, red blood cell ATP levels, and plasma sodium, potassium, and hemoglobin during four weeks of storage in CPD‐adenine‐DHA were similar to those in blood stored in CPD‐adenine.
Di‐2‐ethylhexyl Phthalate, a Plasticizer Contaminant of Platelet Concentrates
Authors: Jaeger R. J. , Rubin R. J.
Published: October 2009

Di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), a plasticizer used in polyvinyl chloride plastic blood bags, is extracted by human blood during storage at 4 C. The rate of extraction (0.25 mg/100 ml/day) suggested that after only two days of storage, a concentration of 0.5 mg/100 ml might be found in human blood. In contrast to this, five platelet concentrates that were stored at 22 C for two days had a calculated DEHP concentration of approximately 19 mg/100 ml. The concentration of DEHP in platelet‐poor plasma was 16.7 mg/100 ml while the platelets were found to contain 37.7 mg/100 ml packed platelet volume. This result might suggest that platelets can preferentially accumulate DEHP. It is not known if such concentrations of DEHP are injurious to humans who receive platelet transfusions.
Red Blood Cell Transfusion
Authors: Becker G. A. , Aster R. H.
Published: October 2009

A method used to increase the utilization of packed red blood cells and components is described. This required the staff of the blood center to visit hospital staff meetings and explain the use of platelet concentrates, cryoprecipitates, fresh frozen plasma, leukocyte‐poor blood, and packed red blood cells.
Selected Types of Frozen Blood for Patients with Multiple Blood Group Antibodies
Authors: Grove‐Rasmussen M. , Huggins C. E.
Published: October 2009

A statistical study of the incidence and specificity of multiple irregular blood group antibodies shows predominance of those within the Rh‐Hr, Kell, and Duffy systems. When multiple antibodies included those in the Lewis, Lutheran, MNS, P, or Kidd systems, the other antibodies were usually in the Rh‐Hr, Kell, and Duffy systems.

The following categories of donors: 1a Group O Rh‐neg. (dce/dce) K‐neg. Fya‐neg. 1b Group O Rh‐neg. (dce/dce) K‐neg. Fyb‐neg. 2a Group O Rh‐pos. (R1R1‐DCe) K‐neg. Fya‐neg. 2b Group O Rh‐pos. (R1R1‐DCe/DCe) K‐neg. Fyb‐neg. 3a Group O Rh‐pos. (R2R2‐DcE7DcE) K‐neg. Fya‐neg. 3b Group O Rh‐pos. (R2R2‐DcE/DcE) K‐neg. Fyb‐neg. are further subtyped for Lea, Leb, P, Jka, Jkb, M, N, S, s, and Lua.

Erythrocytes from these donors, frozen in glycerol, with Anti‐A, and Anti‐B antibodies removed during deglycerolization simplifies the problem of finding compatible blood for patients with multiple antibodies.
In Vitro Analysis of Platelet Function During Storage of Platelets from Plasmapheresed Donors
Authors: Moore G. L. , Mallin W. S. , Roberts S. C. , Failla M. L. , Gray J. L.
Published: October 2009

Several in vitro platelet function assays were examined. Two units of platelets from each of ten volunteer donors were obtained by plasmapheresis, stored three days, and examined by various functional parameters. The second unit of platelets from an individual had generally lower functional parameters than the first, suggesting a subtle physiological change in the donors' circulation between the time of drawing the first and second units. For in vitro comparisons, this difference was overcome by a pooling procedure. Platelet storage was examined at room temperature and at 4 C.
Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria (P.C.H.) Following Mycoplasma Infection: Anti‐I Specificity of the Biphasic Hemolysin
Authors: Bell C. A. , Zwicker H. , Rosenbaum D. L.
Published: October 2009

A 17‐year‐old boy developed paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria (P.C.H.) following a respiratory infection due to Mycoplasma. The Donath‐Landsteiner test was positive; the specificity of the biphasic hemolysin was anti‐I. The cold agglutinin phase of the hemolysin had specificity compatible with Marsh's concept10 of anti‐IFetaI and anti‐IDeveloped as shown by reactions with group O, I+, i adult and i cord cell, and serum inhibition studies with human milk.
Gamma Globulin Contamination of Commercial Bovine Albumin
Authors: Simmons A. , Jones J. , Hendrix D.
Published: October 2009

While investigating what appeared to be an albumin‐agglutinating antibody, it was discovered that two commercial albumins were heavily contaminated with gamma globulin.
Additional Examples of Cold Autoagglutinins with M Specificity
Authors: Hysell J. K. , Beck M. L. , Gray J. M.
Published: October 2009

Examples of both anti‐M and anti‐N have been reported in patients possessing these antigens; however, in only two instances has anti‐M been reported as an autoantibody. This paper describes two additional patients with auto anti‐M. In each case the anti‐M was shown to be an autoantibody by absorption and elution studies. Optimum reactivity was obtained at 4 C. Column chromatography and 2‐mercaptoethanol reduction indicated that the antibody was an IgM globulin. There was no evidence of autoimmune hemolysis in either of these patients.
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Due to Anti‐Jsa
Authors: Donovan L. M. , Tripp K. L. , Zuckerman J. E. , Konugres A. A.
Published: October 2009

A case of hemolytic disease of the newborn caused by Jsa sensitization is reported. The antibody, the sixth example of anti‐Jsa, was detected in the serum of the mother of a nine‐day‐old anemic infant who required supportive transfusion.
Analysis and Optimization of a Regional Blood Bank Distribution Process: II. Derivation and Use of a Method for Evaluating Hospital Management Procedures
Authors: Yahnke D. P. , Rimm A. A. , Makowski G. G. , Aster R. H.
Published: October 2009

The practice of allowing participating hospitals in a regional blood bank system to return unneeded blood units to the central bank for redistribution (recycling) makes it difficult to account for each hospital's role in the production of outdates. The usual blood management efficiency criterion of measuring the rate of outdating occurring at a particular hospital has limited meaning when there is recycling because some hospitals avoid high outdate rates by “dumping” their old units on the central bank, while other hospitals have high outdate rates, because they receive disproportionately large numbers of old blood units which have been returned by other hospitals. By using data from a one‐year period at Milwaukee Blood Center, a new blood management efficiency criterion, effective outdate rate, is derived with the use of basic Markovian principles. This is the rate at which a hospital contributes to outdates anywhere in the regional system. The rate for each hospital may be compared to evaluate the relative performance of that hospital. The rate is also converted to a “cost of transfusion” to give a direct “dollar” method for informing hospital blood bank managers of their performance.
Post‐Konyne Hepatitis: The Ineffectiveness of Screening for the Hepatitis B Antigen (HBAg)
Authors: Sandler S. G. , Rath C. E. , Wickerhauser M. , Dodd R. Y. , Greenwalt T. J.
Published: October 2009

Sixteen patients who received Konyne for bleeding episodes or for hemostasis during surgical procedures were evaluated for signs of posttransfusion hepatitis. Four patients died from their primary disease. Of the remaining 12 patients at risk, six patients developed posttransfusion hepatitis. Sera from four of the six patients with hepatitis were positive for the hepatitis B antigen (HBAg). Aliquots of Konyne from the specific lot (K4797) implicated in three cases of HBAg‐positive hepatitis were negative for HBAg by immunodiffusion, immunoelectroosmophoresis, and radioimmunoassay. The high incidence of hepatitis associated with Konyne considerably limits the use for this specialized coagulation factor concentrate. HBAg screening by available technics does not necessarily detect Konyne preparations capable of transmitting HBAg‐positive hepatitis.
Six Additional Examples of Anti‐Ata
Authors: Gellerman M. M. , McCreary J. , Yedinak E. , Stroup M.
Published: October 2009

Six additional examples of anti‐Ata are reported. Four of the antibodies studied prior to the publication of the original anti‐Ata (Mrs. August.) were known to be identical to each other but the antibody had never been assigned a name. Besides the propositi, three additional At(a—) people have been found among the siblings. The propositi in these six families as well as that of the original report are Negroes indicating the At(a—) phenotype to be a predominantly Negro characteristic. The characteristics of the sera indicate the antibodies are IgG but there is no clinical evidence that they caused hemolytic disease of the newborn. Many additional antigens of high frequency have been excluded from being the same as Ata. Further information excluding the possible allelic relationship of Ata to known factors of low frequency has been obtained.
Comparison of the Sensitivities of the Newer Detection Systems for Hepatitis B Antigen
Authors: Roche J. K. , Stengle J. M.
Published: October 2009

Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI), reverse passive hemagglutination (RPH), and modifications of the radioimmunoassay (RIA) recently have been developed and proposed as sensitive screening tests for hepatitis B antigen, potentially capable of reducing the hepatitis risk of the nation's blood resource. In order to compare these newer tests with older methods (complement fixation, counterelectrophoresis), a multicenter collaborative study by laboratories active in developing hepatitis B antigen assays was undertaken to evaluate the tests' sensitivity and reproducibility in detecting HB Ag subtypes ad and ay. Virtually all modifications of the RIA for HB Ag appeared more sensitive than counterelectrophoresis, complement fixation, and HAI for the detection of HB Ag subtype ad, and, to a lesser extent, HB Ag subtype ay. RPH, a technic convenient for use in blood banks, most closely rivaled the RIA in sensitivity. Nevertheless, a lack of sufficient sensitivity by all methods evaluated in this study (including RIA) was inferred to be a major reason why their use cannot be expected to eliminate all posttransfusion type B hepatitis. Only controlled clinical studies with careful follow‐up of patients can establish the effectiveness of new methods for detecting hepatitis B antigen and define the extent to which they result in an actual reduction in the incidence of hepatitis following blood transfusion.
Improved Granulocyte Procurement with the Continuous Flow Centrifuge
Authors: Clift R. A. , Buckner C. D. , Williams B. M. , Hickman R. O. , Thomas E. D.
Published: October 2009

The results of 139 consecutive buffy‐coat collections from 21 normal donors are presented. Modifications of procedure and technic produced greatly increased granulocyte harvests. These modifications are described in detail and include the use of arteriovenous silastic shunts in the donors and use of two continuous flow centrifuges arranged in parallel.
Comparison of Commercial Blood Bank Antisera
Authors: Greendyke R. M. , Banzhaf J. C.
Published: October 2009

Forty‐one lots of commercial anti‐A and anti‐B typing sera and 34 lots of antiglobulin sera, obtained from nine different manufacturers, were compared for potency in quantitative hemagglutination studies employing an electronic particle counter. Marked differences in antiserum reactivity were found, particularly in the ability of various antiglobulin sera to detect bound complement components. Quality control programs in the hospital blood bank should include routine testing of both typing and antiglobulin sera with weakly reactive red blood cell suspensions.
Effects of Ethacrynic Acid on Human Red Blood Cells
Authors: da Costa A. J. , White A. G.
Published: October 2009

Ethacrynic acid is a diuretic which has been recommended for intravenous administration in renal failure and for addition to packed red cells prior to transfusion in severe anemia. We have studied the effect of this drug on red blood cell lysisin vitroand have shown that hemolysis can occur with concentrations of ethacrynic acid of 1 mg/ml and increases with increasing drug concentration, temperature of incubation, and duration of exposure to the drug. With scanning electron microscopy, drug‐treated cells have undergone spheroechinocyte transformation. Autologous drug‐treated red blood cells invivohave shown reduced 24‐hour posttransfusion survival and T½Cr with splenic sequestration after exposure of red cells for two hours to concentrations of ethacrynic acid which do not produce demonstrable lysisin vitro. Red cell survival in five out of six subjects taking oral ethacrynic acid 50 mg/bd was normal. It is suggested that the drug is contraindicated for addition to blood infusions and its use in high intravenous doses to children should, if possible, be avoided.
Three Examples of Rh‐Positive, Good Responders to Blood Group Antigens
Authors: Issitt P. D. , McKeever B. G. , Moore V. K. , AVilkinson S. L.
Published: October 2009

Three patients are described who produced a variety of blood group antibodies following exposure to foreign red cells. These findings are considered in relation to the theory that a small group of individuals possess an ability, possibly genetically determined, to readily form antibodies and the theory that the first antibody formed may augment the production of other antibodies.
Osmotic Fragility Changes of ACD Blood Units From Polycythemic Donors
Authors: Ben‐David A. , Gavendo S.
Published: October 2009

Osmotic fragility of blood from polycythemic donors collected in ACD was determined for 21 days and compared to normal donor blood. Polycythemic blood appears to have a higher osmotic fragility and a more heterogenous population of cells than does normal blood. There is also an indication of a difference in characteristics of osmotic fragility between polycythemia vera and secondary polycythemia.
Frozen Blood: A Method for Low‐Glycerol, Liquid Nitrogen Freezing Allowing Different Postthaw Deglycerolization Procedures
Authors: Akerblom O. , Högman C. F.
Published: October 2009

A new method for preservation of blood in liquid nitrogen is presented. Red blood cell concentrates treated with a small volume of a cryoprotective glycerol solution are frozen in liquid nitrogen. A blood freezing bag with a rational design suitable to blood bank routines was developed. Postthaw deglycerolization can be performed by centrifugation as well as agglomeration. The processed red blood cells are equivalent to those of fresh ACD blood with regards to ATP and 2,3‐DPG levels and posttransfusion survival.
The High Incidence of Anti‐HL‐A Antibodies in Anti‐D Typing Reagents. Illustrated by a Case of Matuhasi‐Ogata Phenomenon Mimicking a “D with Anti‐D” Situation
Authors: Wilkinson S. L. , Vaithianathan T. , Issitt P. D.
Published: October 2009

On rare occasions persons are found whose red blood cells react as D‐positive yet have anti‐D present in their serum. The usual explanation of this finding is that the red blood cells lack a portion of the D antigen mosaic and the individual has formed anti‐D directed against the missing portions of the mosaic. This paper presents details of a case that closely resembled this situation but in which it was eventually possible to prove that misleading serological results had been obtained because of the Matuhasi‐Ogata phenomenon. The specific antigen‐antibody complex responsible for the Matuhasi‐Ogata phenomenon in this case was Bgb‐anti‐Bgh. Investigation of a large number of anti‐D typing sera revealed the presence of anti‐Bg (anti‐HL‐A) antibodies in nearly 50 per cent of them. The implications of these findings are discussed.