bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1.1-µm Band Extended Wide-Bandwidth Wavelength-Swept Laser Based on Polygonal Scanning Wavelength Filter
Authors: Lee Gi Hyen , Ahn Soyeon , Gene Jinhwa , Jeon Min Yong
Published: April 2021

We demonstrated a 1.1-µm band extended wideband wavelength-swept laser (WSL) that combined two semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) based on a polygonal scanning wavelength filter. The center wavelengths of the two SOAs were 1020 nm and 1140 nm, respectively. Two SOAs were connected in parallel in the form of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. At a scanning speed of 1.8 kHz, the 10-dB bandwidth of the spectral output and the average power were approximately 228 nm and 16.88 mW, respectively. Owing to the nonlinear effect of the SOA, a decrease was observed in the bandwidth according to the scanning speed. Moreover, the intensity of the WSL decreased because the oscillation time was smaller than the buildup time. In addition, a cholesteric liquid crystal (CLC) cell was fabricated as an application of WSL, and the dynamic change of the first-order reflection of the CLC cell in the 1-µm band was observed using the WSL. The pitch jumps of the reflection band occurred according to the electric field applied to the CLC cell, and instantaneous changes were observed.
The Relationship of CSR Performance and Voluntary CSR Disclosure Extent in the German DAX Indices
Authors: Danisch Christian
Published: April 2021

Empirical studies present mixed evidence on the relationship of CSR performance and CSR disclosure extent, thus spurring academic ambiguity as legitimacy- and voluntary disclosure theory provide competing explanations. By applying content analysis to 144 voluntary GRI reports of listed firms in Germany from 2015 to 2018, I construct environmental and social disclosure indices to capture the reports’ disclosure extents. The contents are extracted from the corresponding GRI content indices in order to mitigate potential coding errors. ESG scores are used as a third-party measure to proxy environmental and social performance. I propose that this approach could be more suitable to address the challenge within the literature concerning methodological heterogeneity. The results show a positive relationship of environmental performance and environmental disclosure, but no relationship of social performance and social disclosure. Hence, there is evidence for an at least partial performance driven reporting behavior as companies seem to signal their superior environmental performance via more extensive disclosure, as predicted by voluntary disclosure theory. This evidence supports the idea of tightening Directive 2014/95/EU.
Long Short-Term Memory Networks for Pattern Recognition of Synthetical Complete Earthquake Catalog
Authors: Cao Chen , Wu Xiangbin , Yang Lizhi , Zhang Qian , Wang Xianying , Yuen David A. , Luo Gang
Published: April 2021

Exploring the spatiotemporal distribution of earthquake activity, especially earthquake migration of fault systems, can greatly to understand the basic mechanics of earthquakes and the assessment of earthquake risk. By establishing a three-dimensional strike-slip fault model, to derive the stress response and fault slip along the fault under regional stress conditions. Our study helps to create a long-term, complete earthquake catalog. We modelled Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) networks for pattern recognition of the synthetical earthquake catalog. The performance of the models was compared using the mean-square error (MSE). Our results showed clearly the application of LSTM showed a meaningful result of 0.08% in the MSE values. Our best model can predict the time and magnitude of the earthquakes with a magnitude greater than Mw = 6.5 with a similar clustering period. These results showed conclusively that applying LSTM in a spatiotemporal series prediction provides a potential application in the study of earthquake mechanics and forecasting of major earthquake events.
Research on the Impact of Popular Tourism Program Involvement on Rural Tourism Image, Familiarity, Motivation and Willingness
Authors: Zheng Min-Yuan , Chen Chao-Chien , Lin Hsiao-Hsien , Tseng Chih-Hung , Hsu Chin-Hsien
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of people’s involvement in tourism programs on the imagination and familiarity of rural tourism destinations, as well as the motivation and desire to visit them. The results were validated by using SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 21.0 statistical software to calculate and analyze the samples and to explore and infer the causal relationships. The results showed that: the degree of travel program involvement significantly correlated with familiarity and imagery of the destination (p < 0.000), and the degrees of familiarity and imagery of the destination also significantly correlated with motivation to travel (p < 0.000), and, lastly, the higher the motivation to travel in the last village, the greater the desire to travel (p < 0.000).
Dense and σ-Porous Subsets in Some Families of Darboux Functions
Authors: Ivanova Gertruda , Domnik Irena
Published: April 2021

G. Ivanova and E. Wagner-Bojakowska shown that the set of Darboux quasi-continuous functions with nowhere dense set of discontinuity points is dense in the metric space of Darboux quasi-continuous functions with the supremum metric. We prove that this set also is σ-strongly porous in such space. We obtain the symmetrical result for the family of strong Świątkowski functions, i.e., that the family of strong Świątkowski functions with nowhere dense set of discontinuity points is dense (thus, “large”) and σ-strongly porous (thus, asymmetrically, “small”) in the family of strong Świątkowski functions.
Accurate Spectral Collocation Computations of High Order Eigenvalues for Singular Schrödinger Equations-Revisited
Authors: Gheorghiu Călin-Ioan
Published: April 2021

In this paper, we continue to solve as accurately as possible singular eigenvalues problems attached to the Schrödinger equation. We use the conventional ChC and SiC as well as Chebfun. In order to quantify the accuracy of our outcomes, we use the drift with respect to some parameters, i.e., the order of approximation N, the length of integration interval X, or a small parameter ε, of a set of eigenvalues of interest. The deficiency of orthogonality of eigenvectors, which approximate eigenfunctions, is also an indication of the accuracy of the computations. The drift of eigenvalues provides an error estimation and, from that, one can achieve an error control. In both situations, conventional spectral collocation or Chebfun, the computing codes are simple and very efficient. An example for each such code is displayed so that it can be used. An extension to a 2D problem is also considered.
Bioengineered Liver Cell Models of Hepatotropic Infections
Authors: Arez Francisca , Rodrigues Ana F. , Brito Catarina , Alves Paula M.
Published: April 2021

Hepatitis viruses and liver-stage malaria are within the liver infections causing higher morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. The highly restricted tropism of the major human hepatotropic pathogens—namely, the human hepatitis B and C viruses and the Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax parasites—has hampered the development of disease models. These models are crucial for uncovering the molecular mechanisms underlying the biology of infection and governing host–pathogen interaction, as well as for fostering drug development. Bioengineered cell models better recapitulate the human liver microenvironment and extend hepatocyte viability and phenotype in vitro, when compared with conventional two-dimensional cell models. In this article, we review the bioengineering tools employed in the development of hepatic cell models for studying infection, with an emphasis on 3D cell culture strategies, and discuss how those tools contributed to the level of recapitulation attained in the different model layouts. Examples of host–pathogen interactions uncovered by engineered liver models and their usefulness in drug development are also presented. Finally, we address the current bottlenecks, trends, and prospect toward cell models’ reliability, robustness, and reproducibility.
Preparation of Pd–Ni Nanoparticles Supported on Activated Carbon for Efficient Removal of Basic Blue 3 from Water
Authors: Alam Sultan , Khan Muhammad Sufaid , Umar Ali , Khattak Rozina , Rahman Najeeb ur , Zekker Ivar , Burlakovs Juris , Rubin Sergio S. dC , Ghangrekar Makarand Madhao , Bhowmick Gourav Dhar , Kallistova Anna , Pimenov Nikolai , Khan Abbas , Zahoor Muhammad
Published: April 2021

Pd–Ni nanoparticles supported on activated carbon (Pd–Ni/AC) were prepared using a phase transfer method. The purpose of synthesizing ternary composites was to enhance the surface area of synthesized Pd–Ni nanoparticles, as they have a low surface area. The resulting composite was characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) for investigating its surface morphology, particle size, percentage of crystallinity and elemental composition, respectively. The XRD data and EDX analysis revealed the presence of Pd–Ni alloys impregnated on the AC. Pd–Ni/AC was used as an adsorbent for the removal of the azo dye basic blue 3 from an aqueous medium. Kinetic and isotherm models were used to calculate the adsorption parameters. The most suitable kinetic model amongst the applied models was the pseudo-second-order model, confirming the chemisorption characteristics of the process, and the most suitable isotherm model was the Langmuir model, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 333 mg/g at 333 K. Different experimental parameters, such as the adsorbent dosage, pH, temperature and contact time, were optimized. The optimum parameters reached were: a pH of 12, temperature of 333 K, adsorbent dosage of 0.01 g and optimum contact time of 30 min. Moreover, the thermodynamics parameters of adsorption, such as Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°), showed the adsorption processes being exothermic with values of ΔH° equal to −6.206 kJ/mol and being spontaneous with ΔG° values of −13.297, −13.780 and −14.264 kJ/mol, respectively at 293, 313 and 333 K. An increase in entropy change (ΔS°) with a value of 0.0242 kJ/mol K, indicated the enhanced disorder at a solid–solution interface during the adsorption process. Recycling the adsorbent for six cycles with sodium hydroxide and ethanol showed a decline in the efficiency of the selected azo dye basic blue 3 up to 79%. The prepared ternary composite was found effective in the removal of the selected dye. The removal of other pollutants represents one of the possible future uses of the prepared adsorbent, but further experiments are required.
Spatial Development Strategy: Identification Problems of the Russian Promising Economic Specializations
Authors:   Kuban State Technological University, Kozyr’ Natalia S.
Published: April 2021

The Spatial Development Strategy (Strategy) needs a radical overhaul, and the priority actions should detail the promising economic specializations of the Russian regions. Methodological and substantive gaps are actively discussed by analysts and the academic community. At the same time, the fact of the absence of one of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation dropped out of account, and therefore, the detailed elaboration of promising activities contains only 84 out of 85 regions. In the presented study, a quantitative analysis of promising economic specializations of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation was made based on a comparison of the Strategy data with the NACE. There is given a constructive criticism of the applied system for identifying the industry specialization of the subjects of the Russian Federation based on the NACE’ approach. There are done recommendations on primary measures in identifying the industry specialization of the Russian state. The results of the study confirm the need for a radical revision of the classification of industry specialization of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation
To the 100th Anniversary of the USSR State Planning Committee
Authors:   Russian Foreign Trade Academy of the Ministry for Economic Development of the Russian Federation, Pchelkin Victor A. , Kuznetsova Galina Yu. ,   Russian Foreign Trade Academy of the Ministry for Economic Development of the Russian Federation, Zheltonozhko Tatiana А. ,   Russian Foreign Trade Academy of the Ministry for Economic Development of the Russian Federation
Published: April 2021

A step-by-step and objective review of the history of the State Planning Committee of the USSR (Gosplan), presented by the authors, helps to form a holistic idea of how the power of the USSR arose and what objective necessity or what subjective factors led to a radical change in the political and socio-economic structure of the country.
Innovative developments and modern technical means for seeded hemp harvesting
Authors:   Federal Research Center of Fibre Crops, Popov R.A.
Published: April 2021

Hemp growing is becoming a promising direction for the development of agriculture in Russia in the coming years due to the tasks of import substitution of cotton for domestic fiber from hemp and flax. The most important technological process in the cultivation of seeded hemp is its harvesting, which requires the use of specialized equipment and equipment due to the peculiarities of the structure of the stem and the significant height of the crops. The purpose of this work is to study the issue of technical equipment of domestic hemp growing and to find modern machines and technical solutions for hemp harvesting. Cannabis sativa L. is cultivated for seeds, fiber, and two-way use. Hence, various technologies are used for its harvesting. In our country, hemp harvesting equipment has not been produced for a long time; classic combines and general-purpose machines are used for harvesting crops. The technique used in hemp growing farms in Russia is considered. Combine harvesters such as PALESSE – GS12, ACROS – 585/595, Don – 1500B, etc., are adapted to collect hemp seeds; the flow of the process and high-quality threshing are ensured. However, an uncut stem with a height of 1.2 meters remains in the field. For harvesting crops for fiber (‘zelenets’), innovative machines have been developed based on domestic forage harvesters Don – 680M and RSMF – 2450 with a set of conversions for hemp. Field tests of prototypes have shown a positive result. Harvesters completely cut the stems, chop them into 50 cm lengths and put them in a swath, but do not comb them from green leaves and inflorescences. Based on the results of the work, a scheme of an innovative universal hemp harvester was proposed for harvesting sowing hemp in all directions of cultivation. Its application will fully mechanize the process of sowing hemp harvesting, collecting seeds and stems and obtaining high-quality hemp raw materials.
Ecological response of spring barley varieties to abiotic and biotic factors in the southern forest-steppe of the Omsk region
Authors:   Omsk Agrarian Scientific Center, Yusova O.A. , Nikolaev P.N. ,   Omsk Agrarian Scientific Center, Aniskov N.I. ,   Federal Research Centre N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR), Safonova I.V. ,   Federal Research Centre N. I. Vavilov All-Russian Institute of Plant Genetic Resources (VIR)
Published: April 2021

The purpose of the research was to assess the adaptability of Omsk varieties of spring barley (Hordeum Sativum Jess.) in the context of yield parameter under conditions of the southern forest-steppe of the Omsk region. The studies were conducted from 2015 to 2019. Spring barley varieties were evaluated by the sum of the ranks of several calculated adaptability parameters: crop yield variability (d, according to V.V. Zykin guidelines), environmental condition index and ecological plasticity of varieties (Jsp, calculated according to S.A. Eberhart and W.A. Russell), stability factor (S. F., determined according to D. Lewis), homeostaticity and breeding value (Hom and Sc, by the method of V.V. Khangildin), relative stability and stability criteria (St² and А, according to N. A. Sobolev), coefficient of variation (V, by B.A. Dospekhov methodology). Fourteen varieties and lines of spring barley created in the Omsk Agrarian Scientific Center served as the material for the research. According to the ranking, two-row covered (hulled) varieties ‘Sasha’ and ‘Omskiy 101’ had increased indicators of yield potential realization (85.0 and 85.5%) and breeding value (Sc = 3.42 and 3.18); they are stable (S.F. = 1.61 and 1.75, St² = 0.956) and homeostatic (Hom = 10.63 and 9.50). Variety ‘Omskiy 100’ had low yield variability (d = 2.59 t/ha), high stability (S.F. = 1.65), increased breeding value (Sc = 3.30) and homeostaticity (Hom = 10.46), as well as optimal combination of average yield and relative stability (A = 5.34). The sum of the ranks of this group varied from 48 to 100. Among multi-row hulled varieties, varieties ‘Omskiy 99’ and line ‘Rikotenze 4885’ were characterized as adaptive, namely by increased indicators of yield potential realization (89.1–90.3 %), breeding value (Sc=3.56–3.64), stability (S.F.=1.42–1.49), homeostaticity (Hom=17.7–22.56). The sum of the ranks at the level of standard – ‘Omskiy 99’ (42) was also observed for the line ‘Rikotenze 4885’ (43). In the hulless or “naked” barley group, adaptive was multi-row variety ‘Omskiy Golozerny 4’. This variety is of intensive type (I = 59.8%) with increased indicators of yield potential realization (84%) and breeding value (Sc = 3.65). Its sum of the ranks (79) was significantly lower than the same of the standard ‘Omskiy Golozerny 2’ (81).
Modern level of nature conservation and ways of soil resources reproduction in zonal agrotechnologies of the post-virgin regions of the Urals and Western Siberia
Authors:   Institute of the Steppe of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences ‒ a separate unit of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Orenburg Federal Research Center” of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Gulyanov Yu.A.
Published: April 2021

Analysis of the level of intensification and identification of the type of zonal agriculture orientation (ecologically or soil-waste ones) are necessary for the scientific justification of measures for the conservation and reproduction of soil resources. The aim of the research was to assess the approaches to agriculture implemented in the post-virgin regions of the Urals and Western Siberia according to the specified parameters. The object of the research was data on the structure of sown areas, volume of mineral and organic fertilizers, number of cattle in dynamics for 2005–2019, which was obtained from open sources. It has been established that grain crops in the current structure of sown areas occupy more than 60 %, of which more than 40 % is wheat. Furthermore, above 13 % is occupied by industrial or non-food crops, and only 20 % – by fodder crops. This is a sign of a low level of nature conservation, as well as of a predominantly resource-wasteful orientation of zonal agriculture. The neglect of the introduction of mineral and organic fertilizers in scientifically grounded rates indicates the orientation of zonal agricultural technologies mainly to the mobilization of natural soil fertility and emphasizes their mainly extensive nature. A reduced quantity of cattle both in the total herd of cattle in the regions and in those that belong to the agricultural organizations leads to a decrease in the amount of organic fertilizer applied. Optimization of the structure of sown areas with the increased quantity of soil-restorative crops and the search for opportunities for the introduction of mineral and organic fertilizers in scientifically grounded rates, which ensure soil-saving and yield effect, is recommended as measures for the reproduction of soil resources. These measures should become a part of a unified landscape-adaptive system of steppe land use built on the platform of nature conservation and rational use of natural and anthropogenic resources.
Aplicación web para fortalecer la gestión del transporte en la recolección de residuos sólidos urbanos
Authors: Apacani Fernández Carla Claudia
Published: April 2021

El propósito de la investigación es el desarrollo de una aplicación Web para  para fortalecer la gestión del transporte en la recolección de residuos sólidos urbanos de la Empresa Municipal de Aseo Potosí (EMAP). Se parte de un diagnóstico de las necesidades de los usuarios y prestadores de servicio. Se estableció como objeto de estudio al sistema de gestión del transporte en esta empresa. La investigación es proyectiva tecnológica, el diseño es de campo. Las técnicas de recolección de datos son la observación, la encuesta y la entrevista y los instrumentos la guía de observación, el cuestionario y el guion de entrevista. Como resultado se presenta la aplicación Web para la gestión del transporte en EMAP que se construyó aplicando la metodología de gestión de proyectos SCRUM que permite dar respuesta a las necesidades de la empresa.
Importancia de la gestión de proyectos en la construcción civil de un Teleférico
Authors: Molina Galván Jorge Antonio
Published: April 2021

La gestión de proyectos en la construcción civil y el análisis de casos reales cobraron importancia en las últimas décadas, así este estudio se propone analizar en retrospectiva la gestión del proyecto de construcción de la infraestructura de un teleférico, manifestando problemas y soluciones adoptadas durante su ejecución. Aplicando el método estudio de caso (Líneas Blanca y Celeste del Teleférico de La Paz, Bolivia), se investigó y evaluó la gestión del proyecto, siguiendo 4 pasos: descripción del proyecto, identificación de problemas, retro análisis, descripción de soluciones implementadas. Esta metodología permitió identificar 5 problemas trascendentales, relacionados con: modificación de la funcionalidad de operación, liberación de predios, cambios de trazado y modificación de la infraestructura e inestabilidad de taludes. Se concluye que frente a problemas de gran magnitud la gestión del proyecto fue crucial. Asimismo, resaltan lecciones aprendidas que son de gran utilidad para proyectos similares alrededor del mundo.
Infraestructura tecnológica para supermercados
Authors: Rossells Lovera Sergio Andrés
Published: April 2021

En el ámbito empresarial, es cada vez más necesario implementar arquitectura de seguridad electrónica e infraestructura de telecomunicaciones, la complejidad en el diseño de estos sistemas exige aplicar un proceso sistemático específico para el rubro en el que la empresa se desenvuelve. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue proponer un proceso para el dimensionamiento de soluciones de infraestructura tecnológica integral, específica para supermercados. La investigación se desarrolló en dos fases: una fase documental que, mediante el método bibliográfico y consultas a expertos, permitió crear el proceso propuesto y una fase de campo que permitió su validación en un supermercado ubicado en La Paz, Bolivia. Como resultado se cuenta con un proceso iterativo capaz de integrar sistemas de redes de datos, seguridad, CCTV, control de acceso y cableado estructurado. La aplicación del proceso generó ahorro en tiempo, recurso humano y tecnología. El proceso podrá aplicarse en otros contextos.
A Review on Green Concrete Using Low-Calcium Pond Ash as Supplementary Cementitious Material
Authors: K Yuvaraj , S Ramesh
Published: April 2021

Nowadays, the construction cost is very high with the use of crucial material such as cement, fine aggregate and coarse aggregate. This study includes the use of Pulverized fuel ash waste materials as partial replacement of cement and fine aggregate. Industries in India produce a large amount of waste such as fly ash, Bottom ash, Pond ash, etc., that can be useful in the partial replacement of all raw materials due to their different properties. Therefore, we study the number of useful research documents in this field and try to improve with locally available waste material can be proven economical as well. The objective of this study was to determine the environmental impacts of open dumping of pond ash around a thermal power plant.
Study of Municipal Sludge Ash as a Brick Material -A Review
Authors: M Jagadeshwaran , K Vijaya Sundravel
Published: April 2021

The municipalities produce sludge of different quality and in different quantities. Sludge resulting from municipalities creates problems of disposal. Generally, dewatered sludge’s are disposed of by spreading on the land or by land filling. However, for highly urbanized cities, sludge disposal by land filling might not be appropriate due to land limitation. Incineration might be an alternative solution. However, a substantial amount of ash will be produced after the burning process and must be disposed of by other means. This paper presents the results of the utilization of sludge ash as brick making materials.  The different engineering properties were also studied by conducting tests on brick specimens of various mix proportions prepared. It was seen that when percentage of sludge was increased, water requirement as well as water absorption of the bricks increased. But at the same time, compressive strength of the brick decreased. But on addition of cement and fly ash the compressive strength increased and the properties of the bricks improved. Further it can be added that other alternatives like sisal fibres, charcoal husk, lime whose addition shall enhance the properties which can be considered as the scope for future research.
Experimental study on mechanical properties of concrete by adding bottle caps and pet bottles in concrete
Authors: S Divyabharathi , S Pavithran
Published: April 2021

Concrete is widely used as construction material around the world and it's properties have been undergoing changes through technological advancement. Generally, concrete having four constituents materials namely cement, sand, coarse aggregate and water. Advancement in technology enhance human comforts and at the same time it causes damages to environment. Waste plastic bottles are major cause of solid waste disposal and also disposal of metal caps of soft drinks bottles are headache to environmental engineers and involve either to recycle or reuse. Here we are going to add metal caps and PET bottles in concrete to increase the strength. This project represents the results to study the behavior of concrete by adding of bottles caps and PET with dosage of 0.5% of weight of cement as fiber to reduce the cement content to achieve IS10262:2009 and IS456:2000 requirements. PET bottles and metal bottle caps are added to the concrete at 0%,0.5%,1.0% and 1.5% by volume of total mixture and also analysis of the compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and them mechanical properties are compared with the conventional concrete. Grade of concrete used in the project is M20. Mix ratio is 1:1.5:3.
الــــركن المـــــادي لجريمة تجنيد الأطفال في النزاعات المُسلحـــــة
Authors: ابراهيم صباح سامي , جاسم اسراء عبد الصاحب
Published: April 2021

تعد النزاعات بحكم طبيعتها ظرفاً مناسباً لارتكاب تجاوزات وانتهاكات لحقوق الانسان , وان اكثر الناس تعرضاً لويلاتها واضرارها هم الفئات الضعيفة ولاسيما الاطفال . إذ يعد الاطفال الفئة الاكثر تضرراً في النزاعات المسلحة , وذلك لتعدد وتنوع صور الاعتداء عليهم , الذي يعد تجنيدهم في النزاعات المسلحة احد هذه الصور واخطرها عليهم , لذا فإن استخدام الاطفال في النزاعات المسلحة ليست ظاهرة حديثة تقتصر فقط على النزاعات المسلحة المعاصرة , وانما تم استخدامهم في الحروب القديمة وعبر الازمنة والحضارات المختلفة , الا ان هذه الظاهرة اخذت ابعاداً جديدة في ظل النزاعات المعاصرة , ذلك لان بعض الاطراف المتحاربة باتت تعتبر وجود الاطفال شيئاً اساسياً في صفوفها , كونها فئات يسهل استخدامهم وتجنيدهم في النزاعات المسلحة , إذ لم يعد يقتصر وجودهم على القيام بإدوار مساعدة في تلك النزاعات , وانما باتوا يمارسون ادواراً اساسية فيها تتمثل بحمل الاسلحة والاشتراك في القتال في الصفوف الامامية لتلك النزاعات .

وبذلك تعد جريمة تجنيد الاطفال في النزاعات المسلحة من الجرائم الخطرة وذات الاهمية المتجددة , كونها تشكل انتهاكاً واضحاً وصريحاً لكل القواعد الجنائية الدولية والداخلية والاخلاقية التي تحث على احترام حقوق الاطفال ورعايتهم وتوفير سبل الحماية لهم .
الحَوْكَمَة التشريعية لتقييم الأداء الوظيفي
Authors: راضي مازن ليلو , عبدالحميد أحمد طلال
Published: April 2021

الحِوْكَمَة مصطلح حديث نسبياً وهو يمثل الترجمة العربية لكلمة (Governance) الانكليزية، وهو يشير إلى معايير ومناهج وسياسات تحقيق الجودة والتميُّز في مجال تطبيقها، وقد ظهر هذا المصطلح في المجال السياسي والاقتصادي والإداري، وقد بدأت الحاجة تظهر إلى استخدام معايير الجودة والفاعلية في المجال التشريعي، فالتشريعات الجيدة هي تلك التشريعات التي تمتاز بالجودة والفاعلية والواقعية والشفافية والعدالة مع إمكانية التوقع من قبل المخاطبين بها، وقدر تعلق الأمر بموضوع هذه الدراسة فأنها تركز على إخضاع التشريعات المنظمة لموضوع تقييم الأداء الوظيفي للموظف العام لمعايير الجودة والفاعلية حتى يؤدي التشريع أغراضه سواء على مستوى معايير الأداء أو على مستوى مناهج وأساليب التقييم أو ضماناته.
Altered Autonomic Functions in Exam Stress: Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Interactions
Authors: TAŞKIN Seyhan
Published: April 2021

Background: Medical training involves a long and exhaustive curriculum in which students are frequently evaluated by examinations. Pre-examination stress is a common condition faced by students prior to exams and is one of the most widely experienced problems for medical students. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of exam stress on autonomic nervous system functions of students through cardiovascular parameters and respiratory tests.

Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 29 second-year medical students. This cross-sectional study was carried out from February to March 2020 at Harran University, Turkey. The parameters used were oxygen saturation, pulse rate (PR), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and pulmonary function tests. Data were collected four times during an exam period.

Results: There is a statistically significant difference between the measurements of PR, SBP, and DBP at different times (p˂0.001; p=0.001; p=0.003, respectively). It was found that exam stress caused an increase in lung function. The results of correlation analysis showed a negative relationship between PR, and Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), vital capacity (VC).

Conclusion: As a result of the sympathetic nervous system induction, hemodynamic and respiratory tests increased gradually until the examination. The presence of a negative correlation between PR and FEV1, FVC, and VC indicates that physiological compensation occurs through the dynamic balance between the respiratory cycle and PR. It is thought that respiratory sinus arrhythmia contributes to this physiological compensation mechanism.
Red de Semillas Libres: crítica a la biohegemonía en Colombia
Authors:   Universidad de Carolina del Norte en Chapel Hill, Gutiérrez Escobar Laura , Fitting Elizabeth ,   Dalhousie University
Published: April 2021

La Red de Semillas Libres de Colombia (RSL) cuestiona la expansión de, y el discurso dominante sobre, la biotecnología agrícola y los Derechos de Propiedad Intelectual (DPI) respecto a las semillas, o lo que se conoce como biohegemonía. Sostenemos que, a pesar de sus desafíos, la RSL cuestiona la biohegemonía por medio de demandas legales que apoyan la «soberanía en semillas» y reformulan el discurso alusivo a las variedades de semillas locales como materias primas y recursos para ser «descubiertos», «inventados» y mercantilizados por la industria y la tecnociencia occidental. Con base en la investigación etnográfica, extendemos el concepto de biohegemonía para incluir la lucha y el cuestionamiento al examinar cómo la red busca aquella soberanía.
La turistificación en el Centro Histórico de Oaxaca
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma Benito Juárez de Oaxaca, Yescas Sánchez Mabel
Published: April 2021

En este trabajo se analiza la evolución de la turistificación en el Centro Histórico de Oaxaca. Tres aspectos son abordados: la identificación de las relaciones existentes entre actores sociales y gubernamentales: municipal, estatal y federal; el comportamiento de la dinámica turística en la ciudad; y la exposición de los efectos que su desarrollo genera, en el nivel físico y socioespacial. Se plantea una modificación del discurso que sustenta la actividad turística, inicialmente enmarcada por la política federal de volverla motor de desarrollo de la ciudad, por una concepción de rescate económico y afluencia turística derivada de los hechos sociales de 2006 con el desalojo de maestros del centro. El empleo de estrategias metodológicas permitió la definición de etapas en el análisis, un antes y un después del conflicto magisterial, a fin de corroborar lo señalado en discursos y contrastar eventuales resultados después de una década de los problemas sociales.
Expansion patterns of single Shockley stacking faults from scratches on 4H-SiC
Authors: Do Euihyeon , Kaneko Mitsuaki , Kimoto Tsunenobu
Published: April 2021

Single Shockley-type stacking faults (1SSFs) in the 4H-SiC epilayer exhibits numerous expansion patterns determined by the relationship between initial basal-plane dislocation (BPD) direction and Burgers vector. In this study, patterns of BPDs and 1SSFs generated by UV illumination near linear scratches on a SiC epilayer were investigated. The correlation between the observed 1SSF patterns and the scratch line directions was discussed by considering shear stress near the scratch lines. This result suggests that it is possible to form 1SSFs with a desired shape by adjusting the components of shear stress through the setting of scribing conditions.
Dependence of dose rate on the sensitivity of the resist under ultra-high flux extreme ultraviolet (EUV) pulse irradiation
Authors: Okamoto Kazumasa , Kawai Shunpei , Ikari Yuta , Hori Shigeo , Konda Akihiro , Ueno Koki , Arai Yohei , Ishino Masahiko , Dinh Thanh-Hung , Nishikino Masaharu , Kon Akira , Owada Shigeki , Inubushi Yuichi , Kinoshita Hiroo , Kozawa Takahiro
Published: April 2021

Efforts are being focused on increasing the power of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light sources used in semiconductor manufacturing to increase the throughput. As a result, the investigation of the effect of high power sources on resist materials is a critical issue. A chemically amplified resist (CAR) and a non-CAR were irradiated with 13.5 nm EUV high-flux pulses from a soft X-ray free-electron laser (FEL). In the non-CAR, the positive-tone resist (ZEP520A) exhibited lower sensitivity at high irradiation densities, while the negative-tone resist exhibited a higher sensitivity. In addition, the dose rate did not considerably affect the sensitivity of the CAR.
Discrimination of Rapid and Gradual Deterioration for an Enhanced Gas Turbine Life-cycle Monitoring and Diagnostics
Authors: Fentaye Amare , Zaccaria Valentina , Kyprianidis Konstantinos
Published: April 2021

Advanced engine health monitoring and diagnostic systems greatly benefit users helping them avoid potentially expensive and time-consuming repairs by proactively identifying shifts in engine performance trends and proposing optimal maintenance decisions. Engine health deterioration can manifest itself in terms of rapid and gradual performance deviations. The former is due to a fault event that results in a short-term performance shift and is usually concentrated in a single component. Whereas the latter implies a gradual performance loss that develops slowly and simultaneously in all engine components over their lifetime due to wear and tear. An effective engine life-cycle monitoring and diagnostic system is therefore required to be capable of discriminating these two deterioration mechanisms followed by isolating and identifying the rapid fault accurately. In the proposed solution, this diagnostic problem is addressed through a combination of adaptive gas path analysis and artificial neural networks. The gas path analysis is applied to predict performance trends in the form of isentropic efficiency and flow capacity residuals that provide preliminary information about the deterioration type. Sets of neural network modules are trained to filter out noise in the measurements, discriminate rapid and gradual faults, and identify the nature of the root cause, in an integrated manner with the gas path analysis. The performance of the proposed integrated method has been demonstrated and validated based on performance data obtained from a three-shaft turbofan engine. The improvement achieved by the combined approach over the gas path analysis technique alone would strengthen the relevance and long-term impact of our proposed method in the gas turbine industry.
推进我国农业水价改革基本思路研究
Authors: 余 永清
Published: April 2021

我国是一个农业大国,农业水费是维持我国农业水利工程运行的必要条件,但 是 农 业 水 价 应 该 在 农 民 可 接 受 的 范 围内,合理的定制农业水价可以使水利工程正常运行和维护,也能起到一定的节水作用。
节水防污型农田水利系统方案设计及应用分析
Authors: 施 凯
Published: April 2021

在时代不断发展以及社会不断进步的背景下,水资源的重要性变得越来越明显。 农业发展过程不仅面对着水资源紧缺的问题,同时还面临着较为严重的水资源污染问题。 农业面源污染问题的存在与农业发展过程不合理的农田水肥管理具有紧密的联系,因此应当重视节水防污型农田水利系统的应用。 本文主要对节水防污型农田水利系统进行简单介绍,然后分析了节水防污型农田水利系统方案设计及应用,期望可以为农田水肥管理合理性的提高提供参考。
基于振荡浮子式海洋波浪能发电装置设计与开发
Authors: 李 奥 , 王 千逸
Published: April 2021

海洋面积约占全球面积的 70%,海水中蕴藏着丰富的可再生能源,对这些能源进行利用具有十分重要的战略意义。相较于其他形式的海洋能源,波浪能是一种品质比较高的能源,而且利用起来十分方便,因此,目前波浪能己成为各沿海国家研究利用新能源的重点,其中浮子式波浪发电装置更是研究的热点,该装置主要采用波浪能—机械能—电能的转换方式,通过浮子装置采集波浪能,再应用液压装置转化能量,最终使能量转化为电能,在此基础上,我们还将进行智能化设计,与时代接轨,从而更好地使用海洋浮子式波浪发电装置。
基于多传感器的刀具磨损检测系统研究
Authors: 冯 九发 , 钟 元蔚 , 邱 鸿华 , 许 键宏 , 彭 燕薇
Published: April 2021

如今智能制造快速发展,机械加工中刀具又作为重要的工具,为提高刀具加工得到产品的质量和生产效率,针对现有刀具的利用率不高、传感器获取制造过程中信号复杂且噪声多的问题,本文设计了基于声发射、振动传感器融合的刀具磨损检测系统,通过实验证明,刀具磨损检测系统实现了对刀具加工过程中的状态进行智能诊断,利用小波包分析和神经网络建立的检测系统智能、准确。
基于大数据的配网物资管理体系探索
Authors: 黄 松 , 方 明利 , 朱 皓 , 王 银 , 李 洪 , 叶 远红 , 唐 婉莹
Published: April 2021

随着人民生活质量的提高,对配网的电力供应提出了新要求。 配网供电系统是面对客户用电的最后一道关卡,电力供应,物资先行,决定客户平均停电时间、客户平均停电次数、电压合格率等安全生产指标的关键在于配网运维,配网运维中的核心是人力资源和物资资源,如何管控物资资源的可靠质量、供应速度,可以直接反应到安全生产指标的建设;物资资源的管理直接也关系到配网运维高质量、高效率发展,如何在保障配网运行安全、可靠、稳定的同时,确保物资可靠高效管理,是一个迫切问题。 利用大数据互联网平台,搭建配网物资就地供应体系,推进配网物资管理穿透力,从配网自动化、电网发展新形势对配网物资供应的可靠高效提出新要求,从物资大数据、物资管理新体系方向中寻求突破。
国际工程项目属地分包商的现状及管理对策分析
Authors: 李 飞
Published: April 2021

随着国际工程的不断发展,越来越多的国际承包商采取属地化的管理模式开拓国际市场,通过属地化管理,能有效控制项目管理成本,提升项目管理水平,提高公司国际竞争力。 本文结合中国港湾工程有限责任公司在牙买加多年总承包项目管理实践,对属地专业分包商的发展现状、存在的问题进行了研究,并对管理策略进行了分析,为国际工程参建者提供借鉴。
THORACIC COMBINED SPINAL EPIDURAL ANESTHESIA FOR LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY
Authors: Anand Smriti , Prasad Arjun , Jana Debarshi
Published: April 2021

Background and Aims: The use of regional anesthesia for laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been reserved for patients who are at high-risk under
general anesthesia (GA). The aim of this study was to assess whether thoracic combined spinal epidural (CSE) anesthesia is a feasible option for
American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I and II patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Material and Methods: Thirty ASA physical status I and II patients undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy received thoracic CSE
anesthesia at T9-T10 or T10-T11 interspinous space using the midline approach. Two ml of isobaric levobupivacaine 0.5% with 25 μg of fentanyl
was given intrathecally. Surgery was conducted successfully in all except Results: one patient. Thoracic CSE was performed at T9-T10 interspace
in 25 patients and T10-T11 interspace in ve patients. Paresthesia occurred in two patients (6.6%) transiently on Whitacre needle insertion that
disappeared spontaneously. Dural puncture on epidural needle insertion occurred in one patient, and intrathecal placement of epidural catheter
occurred in one. Ten patients (33%) complained of shoulder pain. Conversion to GA was done in one patient due to severe shoulder pain and
anxiety. Hypotension occurred in 11 patients (36%) and all responded to single dose of mephenteramine 6 mg and uid bolus. Bradycardia
occurred in six patients (20%) which was managed in all with a single dose of atropine. Thoracic CSE anesthesia can be used Conclusion:
effectively for ASA I and II patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy with signicant postoperative benets
STUDY OF MATERNALAND PERINATAL OUTCOME IN CASES OF PRETERM PREMATURE RUPTURE OF MEMBRANES
Authors: Rani Madhuri , Jha Kumudini , Jana Debarshi
Published: April 2021

Background: Preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) occurs in 3%to6% of pregnancies and is responsible for approximately one
third of all preterm births.
Aims & Objective: of present study was to analyse the maternal and perinatal outcome of PPROM patients between 28 to 36 weeks +6days
admitted in labour room of obs and gynae dept. of DMCH from January 2019 to April 2020.
Material and Methods: It is hospital based prospective observational study of 100 patients of preterm premature rupture of membranes in between
28-36 weeks+6 days gestation with singleton pregnancy admitted in our tertiary care centre (Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, DMCH,
Laheriasarai, Bihar).
Results: In this study 42% patients went into spontaneous labour and 58% needed induction or augmentation. 68% patients had vaginal delivery
and 23% required LSCS. The main indications for LSCS being malpresentation (26%) followed by foetal distress (22%). There was no maternal
mortality; morbidity was found in 15% patients.
Perinatal morbidity was seen in 40% and was mainly due to RDS, sepsis andhyperbilirubinaemia . Perinatal mortality was seen in 17% and was
due to sepsis in 29.4%, RDS in 52.94% and birth asphyxia in 17.6%.
Conclusion: PPROM is one of the important causes of preterm birth that can result in high perinatal morbidity & mortality along with maternal
morbidity. Looking after a premature infant puts immense burden on the family, economy and health care resources of the country. Therefore
management of PPROM requires accurate diagnosis and evaluation of the risks and benets of continued pregnancy or expeditious delivery. An
understanding of gestational age dependent neonatal morbidity and mortality is important in determining the potential benets of conservative
management of preterm PROM at any gestation
HERPES ZOSTER OPHTHALMICUS MASQUERADING AS IRRITANT CONTACT DERMATITIS - A CASE REPORT
Authors: Joshua S. Jefferson , Saranya S. M. , Thomas Jayakar
Published: April 2021

We present a case of Herpes zoster ophthalmicus masquerading as irritant contact dermatitis
Multivariate versus Univariate Sensor Selection for Spatial Field Estimation
Authors: Nguyen Linh
Published: April 2021

The paper discusses the sensor selection problem in estimating spatial fields. It is demonstrated that selecting a subset of sensors depends on modelling spatial processes. It is first proposed to exploit Gaussian process (GP) to model a univariate spatial field and multivariate GP (MGP) to jointly represent multivariate spatial phenomena. A Mat\'ern cross-covariance function is employed in the MGP model to guarantee its cross-covariance matrices to be positive semi-definite. We then consider two corresponding \textit{univariate} and \textit{multivariate sensor selection} problems in effectively monitoring multiple spatial random fields. The sensor selection approaches were implemented in the real-world experiments and their performances were compared. Difference of results obtained by the univariate and multivariate sensor selection techniques is insignificant; that is, either of the methods can be efficiently used in practice.
Characteristics of EGFR Gene Mutation in Lung Adenocarcinoma at Adam Malik General Hospital
Authors: Ambarita Novita Margaretta , Soeroso Noni Novisari , Tarigan Setia Putra , Zalukhu Fotarisman
Published: April 2021

Background: Epidermal growth factor (EGFR) is a transmembrane receptor that plays an important role in the development of cancer phenotypes. Some patients with lung cancer have genetic mutations. Several studies have found a close correlation of EGFR gene mutation with 15-20% of lung adenocarcinoma cases. This study aimed to determine the EGFR profile in adenocarcinoma lung cancer patients at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital.Methods: This was a prospective cohort study conducted at Haji Adam Malik General Hospital, Medan. This study used patients data for 3 years, starting from January 1, 2014 to D1ecember 31, 2016. The sample size in this study was 34 patients. The data were then analyzed using SPSS.Results: All patients were adenocarcinoma lung cancer patients with positive EGFR mutation. There were 9 subjects with EGFR mutation in exon 19; 11 subjects with exon 21 L858R mutation; and 3 subjects with exon 21 L861Q mutation. Meanwhile, there were 3 subjects with uncommon EGFR mutations, namely exon 18 mutation. Majority of subjects with exon 19 mutation were male, aged >60 years, smokers with mixed types of cigarettes and severe brinkmann index. In subjects with exon 21 L858R mutation, most of the patients were male, aged 50-60 years, smokers with mixed cigarette types and severe brinkmann index. The same characteristics were also observed in subjects with exon 18 mutation. However, for exon 21 L861Q mutation, the majority of subjects were female with varying ages, and were not smokers.Conclusion: Most of the study subjects profiles were male, aged over 60 years, smokers, with mixed types of cigarettes, and with severe Brinkman Index. The EGFR mutations most commonly occured in exon 21, followed by exon 19 (ins/del exon 19), exon 18, and a combination of 2 exons.
An underage as a guilty person and as a victim person: on the question of formulations in the Criminal code of the Russian Federation
Authors: Trapaidze Konstantin
Published: April 2021

The article shows that the concept of «minor» of the Criminal code of the Russian Federation is used in two meanings — to characterize the guilty (convicted) and the victim. Various legislative formulations of this concept are considered. Comparative and philological methods of analysis will allow us to assert that there is no correlation between them and consistency in their use. Proposals were made, including in the order de lege ferenda, in order to unify the definition of “minor”in the Criminal code of the Russian Federation.
Forensic accounting and its founder (in memory of professor S.P. Golubyatnikov)
Authors: Lekhanova Elena
Published: April 2021

The article is devoted to the history of the formation of forensic accounting as a scientific direction and academic discipline. The enormous contribution of Professor S.P. Golubyatnikov in the development of forensic science, charming image.
To the question of the relationship between the government and the population through the prism of history
Authors: Alekseyeva Lilia , Mayorova Svetlana
Published: April 2021

The article is devoted to the study of the development of political and legal thought, devoted to the problem of the relationship between power and the state, as well as the real implementation of these concepts.
EVALUATION OF THE POSSIBILITY OF THE PRODUCTION A SOLVENT WITH A LOW CONTENT OF AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN JSC «ANHK»
Authors: Bahmatov Mihail , Kuzora Igor'
Published: April 2021

. In connection with the emerging demand for gasoline solvent with a low content of

aromatic hydrocarbons we carrier out the analysis of intermediate products obtained in JSC " ANHK "

suitable for the producing of the solvent. The most suitable for the separation of the fraction are gaso line fractions producing from the hydrogenation product of the hydrocracking of light vacuum gas oil

and the hydrogenation product of high conversion hydrogenation of the heavy middle distillate frac tions. We performed work on the recovery of a narrow fraction of gasoline solvent and its tests for

compliance with the requirements.