bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of land use changes on the soil temperature regime of Andosols on Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
Authors: Jiménez C. , Tejedor M. , Rodríguez M.
Published: February 2007

Soil temperature influences both soil formation processes and land use possibilities, and is a classification criterion in some systems. Vegetation cover is one of the factors that affects temperature. In this paper, we estimate the classes of soil temperature regimes, using Soil Taxonomy, for Andosols located in parts of the island of Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, which are influenced by the trade winds. The study focuses on soils under three types of natural vegetation – cloud forest, tree‐heath woodland and pine forest – and adjacent plots where the vegetation has been replaced with, respectively, pine forest, herbaceous plants and cropping, and herbaceous plants. Temperature was measured monthly at 50‐cm depth for a period of 2–4 years at three sites, both in the natural vegetation plots and in the plots where the vegetation was modified. Under natural vegetation the soil temperature regimes are all ‘iso’ (difference < 6°C between summer and winter temperatures) and reflect tropical conditions. The switch to shorter vegetation, and particularly to use of the land for cropping, causes the soil temperature regime to change from iso to non‐iso.
Scale‐dependent relationships between soil organic carbon and urease activity
Authors: Corstanje R. , Schulin R. , Lark R. M.
Published: February 2007

Many soil properties and processes vary at different spatial scales. As a result, relationships between soil properties often depend on scale. In this paper we show this for two soil properties of biological importance, by means of a nested analysis of covariance. The variables were urease activity (UA) and soil organic carbon (SOC), sampled on an unbalanced nested design at three sites with different land uses (arable, forest and pasture). The objective of this study was to investigate the scale‐dependent relationships of UA and SOC at these three sites to exemplify the phenomenon of scale‐dependency in the covariation of biogeochemical variables. At each site the variables showed different scale dependencies, expressed in their correlations at different scales. At the pasture site, UA and SOC were uncorrelated at all scales in the sampling design (0.2 m, 1 m, 6 m and ≥15 m), and the overall product moment correlation was 0.10. A significant positive scale dependent correlation (0.65) was found at the 1‐m scale for the forested site. The soil properties were not spatially correlated at any of the other scales and the associated product moment correlation for this site was 0.14. Urease activity and soil organic C were found not to be correlated at the shorter scales in the arable site. However, significant positive correlation coefficients of 0.89 and 0.82 were obtained at the longer scales of 6 and ≥15‐m respectively for the arable site. The product moment correlation at this site was 0.65. At both the arable and forest site, we found that correlations at particular scales were stronger than the overall product moment correlation. This approach allowed us to identify significant relationships between urease activity and soil organic carbon and the scales at which these relationships occur and to draw conclusions about the spatial scales, which must be resolved in further studies of these variables in these contrasting environments. This study highlights the pervasive effect of scale in soil biogeochemistry and shows that scale‐dependence must not be disregarded by soil scientists in their investigations of biogeochemical processes.
The influence of strain of Holstein‐Friesian dairy cow and pasture‐based feeding system on grazing behaviour, intake and milk production
Authors: McCarthy S. , Horan B. , Rath M. , Linnane M. , O'Connor P. , Dillon P.
Published: February 2007

A comparative study of grazing behaviour, herbage intake and milk production of three strains of Holstein‐Friesian dairy cow was conducted using three grass‐based feeding systems over two years. The three strains of Holstein‐Friesian cows were: high production North American (HP), high durability North American (HD) and New Zealand (NZ). The three grass‐based feeding systems were: high grass allowance (MP), high concentrate (HC) and high stocking rate (HS). In each year seventy‐two pluriparous cows, divided equally between strains of Holstein‐Friesian and feeding systems were used. Strain of Holstein‐Friesian cow and feeding system had significant effects on grazing behaviour, dry matter (DM) intake and milk production. The NZ strain had the longest grazing time while the HD strain had the shortest. The grazing time of cows in the HC system was shorter than those in both the HS and MP systems. There was a significant strain of Holstein‐Friesian cow by feeding system interaction for DM intake of grass herbage and milk production. The NZ strain had the highest substitution rate with the HP strain having the lowest. Hence, response in milk production to concentrate was much greater with the HP than the NZ strain. Reduction in milk yield as a consequence of a higher stocking rate (MP vs. HS system) was, however, greater for the HP and HD strains compared with the NZ strain. The results suggest that differences in grazing behaviour are important in influencing DM intake and milk production.
The genetic diversity of perennial Leymus chinensis originating from China
Authors: Liu Z. P. , Li X. F. , Li H. J. , Yang Q. C. , Liu G. S.
Published: February 2007

Leymus chinensis is an economically and ecologically important grass that is widely distributed across eastern areas of the Eurasian steppe. A better knowledge of genetic diversity of L. chinensis could be valuable in the efficient utilization, conservation and management of germplasm collections. Genetic diversity in thirty‐seven morphological characters of 293 accessions was assessed in three successive years. Based on these qualitative and quantitative characters, the genetic diversity indices (Shannon indices) of traits and geographical populations were estimated, and a principal coordinates analysis and a path analysis were undertaken. Compared with the yellow‐green type of L. chinensis, the grey‐green type had significantly (P < 0·05) more genetic diversity. In addition, the path analysis suggested that the combined effects of genetic diversity and vegetative traits could explain 0·206 of the total variance in plant reproductive traits. The highest Shannon genetic diversity index of accessions (H = 2·252) was observed in accessions from the region of longitude of 124–128°E, suggesting the most abundant germplasm of L. chinensis in this region.
Dietary cation–anion difference of Timothy (Phleum pratenseL.) as influenced by application of chloride and nitrogen fertilizer
Authors: Pelletier S. , Bélanger G. , Tremblay G. F. , Seguin P. , Drapeau R. , Allard G.
Published: February 2007

The effectiveness of forages to prevent post‐calving hypocalcaemia, when used as a feed source for non‐lactating dairy cows, can be predicted by the dietary cation–anion difference (DCAD). Three to four weeks before calving, the ration of non‐lactating dairy cows should have a DCAD around −50 mmolc kg−1DM. In an experiment, swards, based on Timothy (Phleum pratenseL.), were used to (i) evaluate the impact of two types (CaCl2and NH4Cl) and four application rates of chloride fertilizer per season (0, 80, 160 and 240 kg Cl ha−1) in combination with two N application rates (70 and 140 kg N ha−1) on mineral concentrations and DCAD in the herbage, and (ii) determine the economically optimal rate of chloride fertilizer (Clop) for DCAD in herbage. Chloride and N fertilizers were applied in the spring and, after the first harvest in 2003 and 2004 at four locations that differed in K content of their soils. Two harvests were taken during each year. Averaged across N‐fertilizer application rates, harvests and locations, the highest rate of chloride fertilizer increased chloride concentration in herbage by 8·5 g kg−1dry matter (DM) and decreased DCAD in herbage by 190 mmolc kg−1DM to values as low as −9 mmolc kg−1DM. Both types of chloride fertilizer had the same effect on chloride concentration and DCAD in herbage and had no effect on DM yield. When no chloride fertilizer was applied on soils with a high content of available K, application of N fertilizer increased DCAD in herbage by 47 mmolc kg−1DM at both harvests. Herbage DCAD was lower in summer than in spring by 47–121 mmolc kg−1DM depending on the location. Application of chloride fertilizer can effectively lower the DCAD of Timothy‐based herbages; the economically optimal rate of chloride fertilizer in the spring varied from 78 to 123 kg Cl ha−1, depending on soil K and chloride contents and expected DM yield.
Residual fertilizer effects on dry‐matter yield and nutritive value of Mediterranean pastures
Authors: Martiniello P. , Berardo N.
Published: February 2007

Five pastures in an Mediterranean environment in southern Italy were fertilized for 6 years (1993–1998) with nitrogen (N) fertilizer, phosphorus (P) fertilizer and two levels low (L) and high (H) of combined nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer (N‐P), and compared with a no‐fertilizer control treatment, and the effects on soil variables, dry matter (DM) yield of herbage and floristic composition of the pastures measured. From 1998–2002, half of each plot was fertilized with the same treatments (continued treatment) while the other half received no fertilizer (discontinued treatment). In the year 2001–2002, the plots on the discontinued fertilizer treatments and the plots on the control treatment were used to evaluate the residual effects of the fertilizer treatments. The P and N‐P fertilizer continued and discontinued treatments, in comparison to the control treatment, had a higher content of available P2O5 in the soil while under the N fertilizer treatment it decreased. The N and P fertilizer treatments and the residual effects of these treatments led to higher DM yields and proportions of Gramineae and Leguminosae, respectively, compared to the control treatment. Furthermore, differences in the nutritive value of the herbage and floristic composition were observed between the N‐P fertilizer treatments and the control treatment. The residual effect of the N, P and N‐P fertilizer treatments increased DM yield proportionately by 0.063, 0.385 and 0.404, respectively, and reduced the crude protein content of the herbage. The residual effects of the fertilizer treatments on milk forage units (MFU) were 261 for N, 1107 for P and 1003 MFU ha−1 for N–P fertilizer treatments. Among fertilizers, the residual effect of the N‐P fertilizer treatment promoted an increase in DM yield but produced little variation in floristic composition of the pasture. In general, the fertilizer treatments increased DM yield and nutritive value of herbage and reduced floristic composition in pastures on these Mediterranean sites.
32P colloid radiosynovectomy in treatment of chronic haemophilic synovitis: Iran experience
Authors: MORTAZAVI S. M. J. , ASADOLLAHI S. , FARZAN M. , SHAHRIARAN S. , AGHILI M. , IZADYAR S. , LAK M.
Published: February 2007

Summary. Repeated intra‐articular bleeding with subsequent development of chronic synovitis and cartilage changes, leading to haemophilic arthropathy, is one the most debilitating problems in haemophilic patients. Radiosynovectomy is a familiar therapeutic choice in management of chronic synovitis in haemophilia. We report the treatments results of synoviorthesis with32P chromic phosphate with emphasis on clinical aspects. Between 2002 and 2006 we performed 66 procedures in 53 patients. Seven patients were excluded. The remaining 46 patients were followed for an average of 31 months. The mean age of patients at the time of injection was 15.9 years (range: 6–28). There were three repeat injections. According to Fernandez‐pallazi and Cavilgia clinical classification (Table 1) [23], nine joints were Stage II and 46 were Stage III. In latest follow‐up, 77% of patients reported at least a 50% decrease in bleeding frequency after treatment (P < 0.0001). The need for antihaemophilic factor consumption dropped by about 74% postradiosynovectomy (P < 0.0001). In most of the injected joints, the range of motion remained stable or improved. A trend was found for the number of haemarthrosis to increase after a period of considerable improvement. Synoviorthesis using32P effectively reduces the intra‐articular bleeding rate and factor concentrate use. Durability of the response seems to be unpredictable, perhaps attributable to the late intervention. An early radiosynovectomy might be more helpful in terms of stability of response to treatment.

 Classification of haemophilic arthropathy according to clinical severity developed by Fernandez‐pallazi and Cavilgia.

StageDefinitionI Transitory synovitisWith no postbleeding sequelaeII Permanent synovitisWith persistent thickening of the synovial membrane and diminution of range of motionIII Chronic arthropathyAs for Grade 2 plus muscular atrophy and axial deformity of the limbIV AnkylosisFibrous or osseous ankylosis
A comparison of paracetamol, ibuprofen or their combination for pain relief following extractions in children under general anaesthesia: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: GAZAL GIATH , MACKIE IAIN C.
Published: February 2007

Objective.  This study was designed to compare the effectiveness of different oral analgesics for relieving pain and distress in children following the extraction of teeth under general anaesthesia (GA). The analgesics included paracetamol alone, ibuprofen alone, and paracetamol and ibuprofen in combination.

Methods.  Two hundred and one subjects were randomly allocated to one of four groups. Forty‐seven children were included in the ibuprofen alone (5 mg kg−1) group, 51 in the paracetamol/ibuprofen combination (15/5 mg kg−1) group, 48 in the high‐dose paracetamol (20 mg kg−1) group, and 55 children were included in the usual‐dose paracetamol (15 mg kg−1) group (control group). Evaluation of distress for children was made immediately pre‐operatively, on recovery from anaesthesia and again after 15 min by using a five‐point face scale. Furthermore, each child was observed immediately postoperatively and 15 min postoperatively for signs of pain using the Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain Scale.

Results.  There were significant decreases in the mean pain and distress scores for both the ibuprofen alone and paracetamol/ibuprofen combination groups compared to the control group (usual‐dose paracetamol) at 15 min postoperatively.

Conclusions.  This study provides evidence to support the oral administration of ibuprofen alone or in combination with paracetamol for postoperative analgesia in children who are having teeth extracted under GA.
Development of acute Henoch–Schönlein purpura subsequent to endodontic treatment
Authors: TAHMASSEBI JINOUS F. , PATERSON SUSAN A.
Published: February 2007

Background.  Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP) is an inflammatory disorder of unknown origin that is characterized by IgA‐dominant immune complexes in smaller blood vessels. It results in a triad of symptoms, including a purpuric rash on the lower extremities, abdominal pain or renal involvement, and arthritis. Any of the triad may be absent, however, which often leads to confusion in diagnosing the condition. Cases of acute HSP developing subsequent to dental treatment have not been previously reported in the dental literature.

Case report.  This study reports the unusual case of a 14‐year‐old female who developed acute HSP following endodontic treatment.

Conclusion.  Treatment for this condition is supportive and children affected by this disorder need close follow‐up of their renal status.
Multiple‐species analysis of point count data: a more parsimonious modelling framework
Authors: ALLDREDGE MATHEW W. , POLLOCK KENNETH H. , SIMONS THEODORE R. , SHRINER SUSAN A.
Published: February 2007

Although population surveys often provide information on multiple species, these data are rarely analysed within a multiple‐species framework despite the potential for more efficient estimation of population parameters.

We have developed a multiple‐species modelling framework that uses similarities in capture/detection processes among species to model multiple species data more parsimoniously. We present examples of this approach applied to distance, time of detection and multiple observer sampling for avian point count data.

Models that included species as a covariate and individual species effects were generally selected as the best models for distance sampling, but group models without species effects performed best for the time of detection and multiple observer methods. Population estimates were more precise for no‐species‐effect models than for species‐effect models, demonstrating the benefits of exploiting species’ similarities when modelling multiple species data. Partial species‐effect models and additive models were also useful because they modelled similarities among species while allowing for species differences.

Synthesis and applications.We recommend the adoption of multiple‐species modelling because of its potential for improved population estimates. This framework will be particularly beneficial for modelling count data from rare species because information on the detection process can be ‘borrowed’ from more common species. The multiple‐species modelling framework presented here is applicable to a wide range of sampling techniques and taxa.
Online or face‐to‐face? Experimenting with different techniques in teacher training
Authors: Delfino M. , Persico D.
Published: February 2007

Abstract  This paper illustrates a 5‐year case study (from 2001 to 2005) regarding a course in educational technology that involved from 100 to 150 student teachers per year for a total of more than 500 trainees. Since the first version of the course, which was entirely based on a face‐to‐face approach, computer mediated collaborative learning techniques have gradually been introduced into the training program. The paper outlines the main problems faced in the various versions of the course, where different combinations were experimented with, and discusses the solutions adopted. The difficulties concern the demands of a large, diversified population and the methodological problems related to the non‐neutrality of the introduction of online learning in the socio‐cultural and organizational context of the study. The solutions include a highly flexible course design and a good balance and strict integration between traditional and online training techniques in the delivery of the course and in the assessment of trainees. Finally, we suggest possible directions for further research aimed at facilitating the infusion of online techniques in initial teacher training.
The effects of scaffolded computerized science problem‐solving on achievement outcomes: a comparative study of support programs
Authors: Fund Z.
Published: February 2007

Abstract  This study examined the effect of scaffolding learning components in a computerized environment, for students solving qualitative science problems in a simulation of laboratory experiments. Four scaffolding components were identified (structural, reflective, subject‐matter and enrichment) and used in different configurations to construct four unique cognitive and meta‐cognitive support programs based on human teaching. These ranged from low (Enrichment) to full support (Integrated). We compared the scaffolded groups with one another and with a non‐scaffolded control group. A ‘mathematics and reading comprehension’ questionnaire was used to divide the participants (n = 473) into ability levels. At different points of time, achievement outcomes were measured by three open‐ended subject‐matter questionnaires, tapping knowledge and understanding. The findings indicate differential effects of the support programs mostly in the following order: Integrated > Strategic > Operative >  Enrichment > Control. The structural component seems to be a sine qua non for success and has a consistent and powerful influence. The combination of reflection and structural components, however, are needed for superior achievement. Both reflection and subject‐matter components work cumulatively over time.
A novel device detects a rapid ozone‐induced transient stomatal closure in intact Arabidopsis and its absence in abi2 mutant
Authors: Kollist Triin , Moldau Heino , Rasulov Bahtijor , Oja Vello , Rämma Heikko , Hüve Katja , Jaspers Pinja , Kangasjärvi Jaakko , Kollist Hannes
Published: February 2007

To follow stomatal responses to ozone (O3) in different Arabidopsis lines, we constructed a rapid‐response O3 exposure/gas‐exchange measurement device consisting of eight through‐flow whole‐rosette cuvettes. To separate rosette from roots and growth substrate, plant is grown through an agar‐filled hole in a polished glass plate fixed on the pot. Following insertion of the plant, the plate forms air‐tight bottom surface of the cuvette; thus the rosette is enclosed without touching it during any phase of the insertion of the plant to the cuvette. The device allows monitoring rapid responses in the stomatal function. For example, an acute exposure to 150 ppb O3 decreased stomatal conductance to 60–70% of its initial value within 9–12 min. Thereafter, the conductance regained its preexposure value within further 30–40 min in spite of the continuing O3 exposure. The transient decrease was absent in the abscisic acid‐insensitive mutant abi2 defective in a class 2C protein phosphatase. This provides an in vivo confirmation that the early transient decrease in stomatal conductance is not a result of physical damage by the reactive oxygen species (ROS) formed from O3 breakdown but reflects the biological action of ROS, transduced through a signalling cascade. Thus, the apparatus will be helpful in specifying complex molecular and genetic interactions in rapid responses in guard cells in vivo.
Patent Protection for Chinese Herbal Medicine Product Invention in Taiwan
Authors: Hsiao Jerry I.‐H.
Published: February 2007

Taiwan has aimed to develop a local Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) industry targeting the global market. The main patent issues concern whether the inventions constitute patentable subject matter, and their patentability. Currently, it is difficult for CHM inventions to comply with patent standards developed in conjunction with the Western pharmaceutical industry. Despite its increasing prominence, thus far, Taiwan is the only country in the world to address specifically the characteristics of herbal medicines. Based on examining currently available literature and conducting interviews with patent examiners and CHM professors in Taiwan, this article compares CHM with Western and indigenous medicines. This article assesses the inefficiencies of the current patent law and explains the necessity for the new examination guideline. It is concluded that this new examination guideline will meet the needs of the CHM industry.
Peginterferon α‐2a (40 KD) plus ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C in Japanese patients
Authors: Kuboki Makoto , Iino Shiro , Okuno Tadao , Omata Masao , Kiyosawa Kendo , Kumada Hiromitsu , Hayashi Norio , Sakai Takahiro
Published: February 2007

Background:  The efficacy and safety of peginterferon alpha‐2a (40 KD) (peg‐IFNα‐2a) plus ribavirin has not been reported for Japanese patients with chronic hepatitis C. The aim of this study was to evaluate this combination in treatment‐naïve patients and in non‐responders or relapsers to interferon monotherapy.

Methods:  Overall, 201 treatment‐naïve patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype‐1b were randomly assigned to 180 µg peg‐IFNα‐2a once‐weekly plus ribavirin 600–1000 mg/day or peg‐IFNα‐2a plus placebo for 48 weeks. Additionally, peg‐IFNα‐2a plus ribavirin was administered for 48 weeks to 100 non‐responders or relapsers (85% genotype‐1) to previous interferon monotherapy.

Results:  A sustained virological response (SVR) was attained among significantly more treatment‐naïve patients receiving combination therapy than monotherapy (61% vs 26%, P < 0.001). For patients with high baseline HCV RNA, the SVR rate was 59% with peg‐IFNα‐2a plus ribavirin versus 24% with peg‐IFNα‐2a monotherapy. Among non‐responders or relapsers to previous interferon monotherapy, 54% attained an SVR. Adverse events were generally mild, and discontinuations rates due to adverse events or laboratory abnormalities were low.

Conclusion:  In Japanese patients, peg‐IFNα‐2a plus ribavirin provided significant improvement in SVR rates compared with peg‐IFNα‐2a alone in treatment‐naïve patients, and was effective as re‐treatment for non‐responders or relapsers to previous treatment with interferon monotherapy.
Up‐regulation of TFF1 (pS2) expression by TNF‐α in gastric epithelial cells
Authors: Koike Takero , Shimada Tadahito , Fujii Yoichiro , Chen Guozhong , Tabei Kyoko , Namatame Takashi , Yamagata Michiko , Tajima Akihiro , Yoneda Masashi , Terano Akira , Hiraishi Hideyuki
Published: February 2007

Background and Aim:  TFF1 (pS2) is expressed at a high level in gastric epithelial cells and plays an important role in protecting the gastric mucosa. However, the regulatory mechanisms of TFF1 expression are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of TNF‐α, a representative proinflammatory cytokine, on TFF1 expression.

Methods:  MKN45 and AGS cells, derived from human gastric carcinoma, were used. Endogenous TFF1 mRNA expression was analyzed by real‐time quantitative RT‐PCR. The sequences of the human TFF1 promoter were cloned into the pGL3‐basic vector and reporter gene assays were performed. Nuclear factor (NF)‐κB activity was monitored using a reporter vector that contained multiple copies of NF‐κB responsive element upstream of the luciferase gene. Interaction between NF‐κB and TFF1 cis‐element was examined by electophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA).

Results:  TNF‐α activated NF‐κB and up‐regulated endogenous TFF1 mRNA expression as well as the transcription of the TFF1 reporter genes in a dose‐dependent manner. IL‐1β, another proinflammatory cytokine, also up‐regulated TFF1 expression. TNF‐α responsive element was mapped between −342 and −147 of the human TFF1 promoter and a putative NF‐κB binding site was identified at −231. When this element was deleted, the reporter genes became almost insensitive to TNF‐α treatment. EMSA showed binding of NF‐κB to this element.

Conclusions:  Inflammatory stimuli that activate NF‐κB appear to up‐regulate TFF1 expression in gastric epithelial cells. This mechanism may aid in the protection of the gastric mucosa under inflammatory conditions.
Long pediatric colonoscope versus intermediate length adult colonoscope for colonoscopy
Authors: Hsieh Yu‐Hsi , Zhou An‐Liang , Lin Hwai‐Jeng
Published: February 2007

Background:  Controversy exists on how the length and diameter of colonoscopes affect the quality of colonoscopy. The aim of this study was to compare a long pediatric colonoscope with an intermediate length adult colonoscope with regards to completion rate and cecal intubation time. Whether either scope may be more efficient in any subgroups was also investigated.

Methods:  Asymptomatic patients admitted to the physical check‐up department of Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital were included. A single endoscopist performed all of the colonoscopic examinations under sedation. Consecutive patients were randomized to undergo colonoscopy with either intermediate length adult colonoscope (CF‐240I) or long pediatric colonoscope (PCF‐240L). The success rate and time required to reach cecum were compared between the two groups.

Results:  Between April 2005 and February 2006, a total of 918 patients were enrolled. Incomplete colonoscopy occurred in 21 (2.3%) cases (14 in the CF‐240I group and seven in the PCF‐240L group, P > 0.1). The overall cecal mean insertion time was 6.00 ± 3.66 min. There was no significant difference between the CF‐240I and PCF 240L groups with regard to the cecal intubation rate (96.9% vs 98.5%, P = 0.18), the need for abdominal pressure (71.7% vs 73.4%, P = 0.55) and change of position (13.5% vs 11.5%, P = 0.37). However, the cecal intubation time was shorter in the CF‐240I group (5.75 ± 3.18 vs 6.26 ± 3.30 min, P = 0.02). Subgroup analysis by sex, age, and body mass index showed comparable outcomes between the two groups except that the cecal intubation times were significantly shorter in the CF‐240I group when only men (4.78 ± 2.57 vs 5.50 ± 2.93 min, P < 0.01) or those younger than 50 years (5.50 ± 2.90 vs 6.25 ± 3.68 min, P = 0.02) were considered.

Conclusion:  Cecal intubation time is shorter in patients examined with an intermediate length adult colonoscope, mainly in the subgroups of men and those younger than 50 years of age.
Selective Th2 pattern of cytokine secretion in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infected Crohn's disease
Authors: Ren Zhigang , Turton Jacqueline , Borody Tom , Pang Gerald , Clancy Robert
Published: February 2007

Background and Aims:  The pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD) remains unclear. A major controversy has been whether infection with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) plays a significant role. Current support for a role of MAP is largely based on epidemiological data. The aim of this study was to determine whether MAP detection in gut biopsies is associated with a different cytokine secretion profile as observed in whole blood culture.

Methods:  A whole blood culture system was employed to measure cytokine secretion, using an ELISA assay, in subjects with CD (n = 46), ulcerative colitis (n = 30), irritable bowel syndrome (n = 22) and normal controls (n = 18). MAP status was defined by nested PCR using an IS900 sequence unique to MAP.

Results:  Significantly higher levels of interleukin (IL)‐4 (P < 0.05) and IL‐2 (P < 0.05) were found in MAP+ CD compared to MAP– CD. This was selective, as MAP+ subjects in both normal and disease controls had similar levels of IL‐4 and IL‐2 to those with no detectable MAP. IL‐4 secretion was correlated with IL‐2 production in blood cultures in CD (P < 0.01), consistent with a skewed Th2 immune response.

Conclusions:  This data set provides the first evidence of altered T cell function linked to MAP infection in CD, and provides a link between detection of MAP and disease. The pattern of cytokine shift in CD is consistent with the concept that the increasing incidence of CD is in part related to the hygiene theory.
Primary urinary tract infection in infants: Prophylaxis for uncomplicated pyelonephritis
Authors: WAN KONG‐SANG , LIU CHIH‐KUANG , CHEN LI‐HUI
Published: February 2007

Background:  Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common causes of unexplained fever in infants with a reported prevalence range of 5–11%. The clinical and laboratory findings were reviewed, and diagnosis and treatment for 95 infants with primary UTI were evaluated in this study.

Methods:  All patients underwent renal ultrasonography, voiding cystourethrogram and 99mTc dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scan during hospitalization before treatment, with treatment consisting of 2‐ or 4‐week appropriated antibiotic therapy for the patients associated upper UTI, followed by a second DMSA scan 6 months after therapy.

Results:  In the present study the main symptom of UTI in infants was fever. High white blood cell count was not necessarily present, and urinalysis was also an imperfect diagnostic tool for discriminating UTI. In addition, colony count from urine culture and kidney ultrasonography was not efficacious in terms of predicting the occurrence of pyelonephritis. Intravenous antibiotic for 1 week followed by 3 weeks of the same oral antibiotic provided good prophylaxis for uncomplicated pyelonephritis.

Conclusion:  Four weeks of antibiotic treatment resulted in good recovery from pyelonephritis in the present sample of infant primary UTI cases. voiding cystourethrogram, DMSA and ultrasonography scanning should be performed in primary infant UTI.
Molecular genetic study of congenital nephrogenic diabetes insipidus and rescue of mutant vasopressin V2 receptor by chemical chaperones
Authors: CHEONG HAE IL , CHO HEE YEON , PARK HYE WON , HA IL SOO , CHOI YONG
Published: February 2007

Aim:  X‐linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is a rare disease caused by mutations in the arginine vasopressin V2 receptor (AVPR2) gene, which encodes vasopressin V2 receptor (V2R). More than a half of reported mutations in AVPR2 are missense mutations, and a large number of missense mutant receptors fail to fold properly and therefore are not routed to the cell surface.

Methods:  We analysed the AVPR2 gene in 14 unrelated patients with X‐linked nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, and found 13 different mutations including eight missense point mutations. The cellular expression patterns of three missense mutant (A98P, L274P and R113W) and wild‐type V2R were determined in transfected COS‐7 cells.

Results:  In contrast to wild‐type V2R, the cell‐surface expressions of mutant receptors were totally (A98P and L274P) or partially (R113W) absent. Instead, they were retained intracellularly. However, treatment of cells with two chemical chaperones (100 mmol/L trimethylamine oxide or 2% dimethyl sulfoxide) or incubation at 26°C restored the cell‐surface expressions of mutant receptors.

Conclusion:  These data show that some chemical chaperones correct the mistrafficking of misfolded A98P, L274P and R113W V2R. Thus, we believe that a therapeutic strategy based on chemical chaperones in patients with these mutations is worth trying.
Effect of antihypertensive agents on plasma adiponectin levels in hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome
Authors: YILMAZ MAHMUT I , SONMEZ ALPER , CAGLAR KAYSER , CELIK TURGAY , YENICESU MÜJDAT , EYILETEN TAYFUN , ACIKEL CENGIZHAN , OGUZ YUSUF , YAVUZ IZZET , VURAL ABDULGAFFAR
Published: February 2007

Aim:  Plasma adiponectin levels are well associated with metabolic syndrome. However, the relationship between hypertension and plasma adiponectin levels is not clear. Also, there is not enough data about the effects of different antihypertensive regimens on plasma adiponectin levels.

Methods:  Ninety‐six hypertensive patients (48 male, 48 female) who fulfil the diagnostic criteria of metabolic syndrome were enrolled. Patients were treated for 3 months with metoprolol (n = 18, 100 mg/day), amlodipine (n = 20, 10 mg/day), doxazosin (n = 18, 4 mg/day), ramipril (n = 20, 5 mg/day) and valsartan (n = 20, 80 mg/day). Blood biochemistry and plasma adiponectin concentrations were measured both before and after the study. Insulin resistance was measured by homeostasis assessment index (HOMA).

Results:  Plasma adiponectin levels were correlated with the total cholesterol (r = −0.244, P = 0.017), triglyceride (r = −0.306, P = 0.002), high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (r = 0.286, P = 0.005), body mass index (r = −374, P < 0.001), systolic (r = −502, P < 0.001) and diastolic blood pressures (r = −235, P = 0.021). The independent predictors of plasma adiponectin levels were HOMA (β = −0.199, P = 0.02), body mass index (β = −0.313, P < 0.001) and sytolic blood pressures (β = −0.483, P < 0.001). Ramipril and valsartan increased the plasma adiponectin levels significantly higher than the other regimens (P < 0.05 for both) while metoprolol did not make a significant effect.

Conclusion:  According to the results, plasma adiponectin levels are associated with the arterial blood pressures, body fat content and the lipid parameters in hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome. The effects of antihypertensive drugs on plasma adiponectin levels are parallel to their effects on blood pressures and insulin sensitivities. The different effects of several regimens on plasma adiponectin levels and insulin sensitivities may account for the diversity of the cardiovascular outcomes in patients with hypertension.
Effect of pravastatin on markers of endothelial activation in dialysis patients
Authors: JEFFS LISA S , SKILTON FRANCES , NITSCHKE JODIE , BANNISTER KYM M , FAULL RANDALL J
Published: February 2007

Aim:  The aim of this pilot study was to test the effect of pravastatin on serum levels of high‐sensitivity CRP (hs‐CRP), IL‐6 and the soluble adhesion molecules sVCAM‐1, sICAM‐1 and sE‐selectin in chronic dialysis patients.

Methods:  At the commencement of the study, serum levels of lipids, liver function tests and endothelial markers (CRP, IL‐6, sICAM‐1, sVCAM‐1, sE‐selectin) were measured. Patients then commenced 1 month of 10 mg of pravastatin per day, and if tolerated, then 4 months of 40 mg of pravastatin per day. Serum levels of lipids, liver function tests and endothelial markers were repeated after the total of 5 months of pravastatin therapy.

Results:  Thirty‐nine patients were enrolled, and 25 (male/female 17/8; 21 haemodialysis, 4 peritoneal dialysis) patients completed the study. Pravastatin therapy significantly improved the patients' lipid profiles, but had no significant effect on the levels of CRP, IL‐6, sICAM‐1, sVCAM‐1, or sE‐selectin.

Conclusion:  Short‐term (5 months) treatment with pravastatin in patients receiving chronic dialysis improved their lipid profile, but had no significant effect on surrogate markers of endothelial activation.
Study of the oral microbial flora in patients with renal disease
Authors: TAKEUCHI YOHEI , ISHIKAWA HIROYUKI , INADA MINORU , SHINOZUKA OSAMU , UMEDA MAKOTO , YAMAZAKI TSUNEYOSHI
Published: February 2007

Aim:  The aim of this study is to bacteriologically investigate the oral environment in patients with renal disease and thereby reveal their influence on both caries and periodontal diseases.

Methods:  The authors compared oral microbial flora between patients with renal disease (non‐haemodialysis: n = 40, haemodialysis: n = 41) and healthy people (n = 62), and also between haemodialysis patients and non‐haemodialysis patients in the disease group. Cariogenic bacteria were identified according to Dentocult System, whereas periodontal bacteria were identified using the polymerase chain reaction method.

Results:  When comparing between patients with renal disease and healthy people, the detected number of cariogenic bacteria and the detection rates of the periodontal bacteria in the patients with renal disease were significantly higher than in healthy people (P < 0.05). When comparing the patients on haemodialysis with those not receiving it, no significant differences in the detected number of cariogenic bacteria were observed. However, the detection rates of periodontal bacteria were lower in patients on haemodialysis (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:  The findings suggest that patients with renal disease tend to have a high risk of dental caries and periodontal disease than the control.
Chlamydia pneumoniae and age‐related macular degeneration: a role in pathogenesis or merely a chance association?
Authors: Guymer Robyn , Robman Luba
Published: February 2007

Abstract

The role of inflammation in the aetiology of age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) has become very topical as the discovery that genetic variation in complement pathway genes influences the risk of developing AMD. Complement factor H gene, an inhibitor of the alternative complement activation pathway along with other complement pathway genes factor F (BF) and C2 show significant contribution to the risk of AMD. The alternative complement pathway is activated by a trigger, which is often microbial in nature. One current model of AMD aetiology implicates aberrant regulation of the alternative pathway of complement, in combination with some unknown infectious agents. Chlamydia pneumoniae could be one such potential trigger of the alternative complement pathway and several investigations have linked C. pneumoniae to AMD. However, there are only a few studies to date and numbers in most studies are small. Also there are many difficulties in verifying laboratory techniques for the detection of C. pneumoniae chronic infection. As such we need to be cautious not to over interpret the current results. However, the findings certainly give impetus for further work on C. pneumoniae and AMD. This paper provides an overview of work in this area.
Acute corneal hydrops with perforation after LASIK‐associated keratectasia
Authors: Chen Ching‐Long , Tai Ming‐Cheng , Chen Jiann‐Torng , Chen Chiao‐Hong , Chang Cheng‐Jong , Lu Da‐Wen
Published: February 2007

Abstract

Herein a case of acute corneal hydrops with perforation in keratectasia 9 years after bilateral laser in situ keratomileusis is presented. A 27‐year‐old man presented with right eye sudden loss of vision. Right eye best‐corrected visual acuity was counting fingers. Left eye best‐corrected visual acuity was 6/9. Right eye slit‐lamp examination revealed diffuse corneal oedema with central epithelial cystic change. The interface between the flap and residual stroma was open and filled with fluid. This separation extended nearly to the flap margin. Shallow anterior chamber and aqueous leakage were noted the following day. An emergency penetrating keratoplasty was performed to the right eye. Histopathology of corneal button revealed reactive keratocytes with irregular, wrinkled collagen formation over ablated stroma. Marked stromal oedema was observed. Twelve months after corneal transplantation, vision improved to 6/6 with correction in the right eye.
Reversible anterior segment ischaemia after carotid endarterectomy
Authors: Rose Loreto , Zamir Ehud
Published: February 2007

Abstract

Carotid artery disease has long been implicated in ocular ischaemic syndrome. The classical changes of ocular ischaemic syndrome have not been described to resolve with carotid endarterectomy. Herein, a case of documented carotid artery disease presenting with anterior segment ischaemia and retinal artery emboli is described. Prompt carotid endarterectomy resulted in resolution of most of the anterior segment ischaemic signs within a few days.
In vivo confocal microscopy findings in a patient with posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy
Authors: Erdem Uzeyir , Muftuoglu Orkun , Hurmeric Volkan
Published: February 2007

Abstract

A 21‐year‐old man, with bilateral posterior amorphous corneal dystrophy, was studied by biomicroscopy, corneal topography and in vivo confocal microscopy. The best‐corrected visual acuity was 6/21 in the right eye and 6/6.9 in the left eye. Biomicroscopy revealed bilateral, asymmetric, sheet‐like opacification at the deep posterior stromal layer. The corneal topography displayed asymmetric against‐the‐rule astigmatism in the right eye and prominent steepening at the inferior paracentral cornea in both eyes. In vivo confocal microscopy of the corneas demonstrated microfolds and hyper‐reflective layer at the posterior stroma just adjacent to the endothelial layer. The epithelium, Bowman’s membrane, anterior stroma and the endothelial layer were normal. In vivo confocal microscopy is useful in evaluating the corneal dystrophies.
Ciprofloxacin‐induced toxic optic neuropathy
Authors: Samarakoon Nadeeka , Harrisberg Brian , Ell Jonathan
Published: February 2007

Abstract

A case of bilateral toxic optic neuropathy that developed in the setting of prolonged oral ciprofloxacin use for the treatment of chronic osteomyelitis is described. The patient experienced progressive, bilateral and symmetrical visual loss, central scotomas and loss of colour vision over a 2‐month period. The visual symptoms improved immediately upon cessation of ciprofloxacin with a gradual and near complete recovery over several years.
Leadership, Individual Differences, and Work‐related Attitudes: A Cross‐Culture Investigation
Authors: Walumbwa Fred O. , Lawler John J. , Avolio Bruce J.
Published: February 2007

This study builds on previous exploratory research (Walumbwa & Lawler, 2003) that examined allocentrism as a moderator of transformational leadership—work‐related attitudes and behaviors. Based on survey data collected from 825 employees from China (n= 213), India (n= 210), Kenya (n= 159), and the US (n= 243), we found that individual differences moderated the relationships between leadership and followers’ work‐related attitudes. Specifically, allocentrics reacted more positively when they viewed their managers as being more transformational. Idiocentrics reacted more positively when they rated their managers as displaying more transactional contingent reward leadership. The pattern of results was stronger for transformational leadership in more collectivistic cultures among allocentrics and stronger among idiocentrics in individualistic cultures for transactional contingent reward leadership. Implications of these findings for practice and research are discussed.

Cette recherche se situe dans le prolongement de travaux exploratoires antérieurs (Walumbwa & Lawler, 2003) qui ont étudié l’allocentrisme comme régulateur de la relation entre le leadership transformationnel et les conduites et attitudes relevant du travail. Nous avons constaté, à partir de données d’enquête recueillies auprès de 825 salariés chinois (n= 213), indiens (n= 210) kényens (n= 159) et américains (n= 243), que les différences individuelles régulaient les relations entre le leader et les attitudes des suiveurs liées au travail. Plus particulièrement, les allocentriques réagissaient plus positivement quand ils percevaient leurs managers comme étant plutôt transformationnel. Les égocentriques réagissaient plus positivement quand ils trouvaient que leurs managers présentaient plutôt un leadership transactionnel offrant des récompenses appropriées. La configuration des résultats parle en faveur du leadership transformationnel pour les allocentriques dans les cultures à tendance communautaire et en faveur du leadership transactionnel pour les égocentriques dans les cultures individualistes. On réfléchit aux implications de ces résultats pour la recherche et la pratique.
The Telework Tradeoff: Stress Mitigation vs. Constrained Restoration
Authors: Hartig Terry , Kylin Camilla , Johansson Gunn
Published: February 2007

As a coping strategy, telework may reduce stress from some sources; however, it may also undermine restorative functions of the home. Investigating this tradeoff between stress mitigation and the constraint of restoration, we analysed questionnaire data from 101 full‐time Swedish governmental employees whose workplace relocated to another city. After the relocation, 58 employees performed ≥ 20 per cent of their ordinary paid work at home. Coping with commuting and parenting demands frequently figured among reasons for teleworking. Having a separate room for telework appeared to ameliorate spatial but not temporal or mental overlap of work and non‐work life. Teleworkers and non‐teleworkers alike experienced the home more as a place of restoration than one of demands. Teleworking was reliably associated with restoration, conditional on gender; of those who teleworked, women reported less, and men more, effective restoration than their counterparts among non‐teleworkers.

Le télétravail, comme stratégie d’affrontement (coping), peut lutter contre le stress de diverses façons; mais il peut aussi miner les fonctions reconstituantes du foyer. Pour l’étude du compromis entre l’atténuation du stress et les contraintes du retour à l’état normal, nous avons analysé les réponses à un questionnaire rempli par 101 fonctionnaires suédois à plein‐temps dont le travail a été délocalisé. A la suite de ce changement, 58 de ces agents réalisaient au moins 20% de leur tâche habituelle chez eux. Le télétravail était souvent vu comme une réponse aux exigences parentales et au transport pour aller à sur son lieu de travail. Le fait de disposer d’une pièce séparée réservée au télétravail améliorait le recouvrement spatial, mais pas les recouvrements temporel et psychologique des vies de travail—hors travail. Les télétravailleurs, aussi bien que ceux qui ne l’étaient pas, vivaient leur foyer plus comme un lieu de repos que de contraintes. Le télétravail était régulièrement liéà la remise en forme, mais parmi les télétravailleurs, les hommes témoignaient de plus et les femmes de moins de récupération effective que leurs homologues non télétravailleurs.