bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
More, Better, Faster...
Authors: Levy E.
Published: October 2005

The pressure to publish is borne by journals as well as by research scientists. The Editor discusses meeting the challenge of an ever‐increasing number of manuscript submissions while simultaneously improving the quality of the journal and reducing publication times.
Cover Picture: Closing the Gap Between Self‐Assembly and Microsystems Using Self‐Assembly, Transfer, and Integration of Particles (Adv. Mater. 20/2005)
Authors: Kraus T. , Malaquin L. , Delamarche E. , Schmid H. , Spencer N. D. , Wolf H.
Published: October 2005

The cover shows 100  μm diameter glass spheres covered by a grid of hexagonally packed polystyrene beads. Wolf and co‐workers placed the 500 nm diameter polystyrene beads onto the larger spheres using the self‐assembly, transfer, and integration (SATI) process that they report on p. 2438. The cover illustrates the capability of SATI to process uneven surfaces in addition to the planar substrates discussed in the article. The carrier that holds the smaller beads deforms during their transfer onto the larger spheres, so that on the larger spheres patterned “caps” are formed. Using this process, which is compatible with standard microfabrication techniques, a variety of particle assemblies can be achieved.
Titelbild: Linking Rings through Diamines and Clusters: Exploring Synthetic Methods for Making Magnetic Quantum Gates (Angew. Chem. 40/2005)
Authors: Affronte Marco , Casson Ian , Evangelisti Marco , Candini Andrea , Carretta Stefano , Muryn Christopher A. , Teat Simon J. , Timco Grigore A. , Wernsdorfer Wolfgang , Winpenny Richard E. P.
Published: October 2005

Verbundene paramagnetische Käfigkomplexe eignen sich möglicherweise als Quanten‐Gates für die Verarbeitung von Quanteninformationen. Das Titelbild zeigt ein derartiges supramolekulares Ensemble aus zwei Heterometall‐Achtecken (paramagnetischen {Cr7Ni}‐Käfigen), die durch ein Metalldimer verbunden sind. Der weiße Pfeil symbolisiert die Bestrahlung, die die Wechselwirkung zwischen den beiden Hälften des Quanten‐Gates verändert. Einzelheiten dazu finden Sie in der Zuschrift von M. Affronte, G. A. Timco, R. E. P. Winpenny et al. auf S. 6654 ff.
Cover Picture: Linking Rings through Diamines and Clusters: Exploring Synthetic Methods for Making Magnetic Quantum Gates (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 40/2005)
Authors: Affronte Marco , Casson Ian , Evangelisti Marco , Candini Andrea , Carretta Stefano , Muryn Christopher A. , Teat Simon J. , Timco Grigore A. , Wernsdorfer Wolfgang , Winpenny Richard E. P.
Published: October 2005

Linked paramagnetic cage complexes could potentially be used as quantum gates for quantum information processing. The cover picture shows such a supramolecular assembly, which consists of two heterometallic octagons (paramagnetic {Cr7Ni} cages) linked through a metal dimer. The white arrow represents the light input that switches the interaction between the two halves of the quantum gate. For more details see the Communication by M. Affronte, G. A. Timco, R. E. P. Winpenny et al. on page 6496 ff.
Non‐nucleoside HIV Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors, Part 6[1]: Synthesis and Anti‐HIV Activity of Novel 2‐[(Arylcarbonylmethyl)thio]‐6‐arylthio DABO Analogues
Authors: Sun Guang‐Fu , Kuang Yun‐Yan , Chen Fen‐Er , De Clercq Erik , Balzarini Jan , Pannecouque Christophe
Published: October 2005

2‐(Arylcarbonylmethyl)thio‐6α‐naphthylmethyl derivatives of dihydro‐alkoxy‐benzyl‐oxopyrimidines (DABO) were newly found to exhibit activity against both HIV‐1 and HIV‐2. To further explore their structure‐activity relationship, the modified S‐DABO analogues (5a–g and 6e–f) with a 1‐naphthylthio or phenylthio group at the C‐6 position were synthesized. S‐Alkylation of 5‐ethyl‐2‐thiouracil with substituted 2‐bromo‐acetophenones provided crude 2‐[(arylcarbonylmethyl)thio]‐5‐ethyl‐(3H)‐uracil 2a–e, which was directly subjected to toluenesulfonylation with TsCl to afford disulfonate 4a–e. Substitution of 4a–e with arylthiol afforded the desired S‐DABO analogues 5a–g and 6e–f. The compounds were evaluated for their in vitro anti‐HIV activity in MT‐4 cells. The IC50 values for anti‐HIV‐1 activity fall into the range 0.37–29.50 μM, and the IC50 values for anti‐HIV‐2 activity fall into the range 23.11–181.07 μM. The results indicated that these compounds are moderately active against HIV‐1 and HIV‐2.
Adaptation of DELFIATM Cortisol Kit for Determination of Salivary Cortisol Concentration
Authors: Höferl Martina , Krist Sabine , Buchbauer Gerhard
Published: October 2005

Salivary cortisol concentration seems to be an excellent indicator of the biologically active plasma cortisol level because of the nearly absence of corticoid‐binding proteins in saliva. With regard to the easy, noninvasive, and stress‐free nature of saliva sampling, this parameter greatly facilitates studies of the HPA (hypothalamus‐pituitary‐adrenocortical) axis, especially in children. A commercially available TR‐FIA (time‐resolved fluoroimmunoassay), the DELFIATM (dissociation‐enhanced lanthanide fluoroimmunoassay) method, proposed for plasma and urine cortisol analyses, was adapted for salivary cortisol measurement by means of simple modifications of the assay protocol. The sensitivity was determined to be 0.53 nmol/L. The intra‐ and interassay coefficients of variation ranged from 5.5 to 8.2 % and from 6.0 to 10.4 %, respectively. The present findings suggest that the DELFIATM procedure provides a reliable, sensitive, and convenient alternative procedure to the assay for salivary cortisol.
Determination of Salbutamol in Pharmaceuticals by Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Mikuš Peter , Valášková Iva , Havránek Emil
Published: October 2005

A capillary electrophoresis (CE) method for the separation and determination of salbutamol (SAL) in commercial pharmaceuticals was developed. Several parameters affecting the separations were studied including type and concentration of the carrier ion, counter ion, and the pH of the buffer. A hydrodynamically closed CE separation mode employing a 300 μm I.D. capillary, dynamically coated by polymeric buffer additive, provided good performance parameters (precision, accuracy, sensitivity). The obtained results suggest that the proposed method is suitable for routine assay of SAL in pharmaceutical preparations and can be used as an alternative to the conventional open CE mode for this application.
N,N‐Dichlorotaurine: Chemical and Bactericidal Properties
Authors: Gottardi Waldemar , Hagleitner Magdalena , Nagl Markus
Published: October 2005

The biogenous antimicrobial agent N‐chlorotaurine (NCT) converts by disproportionation to N,N‐dichlorotaurine (NDCT) at a rate proportional to acidity. This occurs at appreciable amounts already in weakly acidic biological systems. To understand the consequences of NDCT formation, a thorough investigation of this undescribed compound was mandatory, which needed its synthesis. Differently from NCT, this was possible in the aqueous system using trichloroisocyanuric acid. While the free acid, Cl2HNCH2CH2SO3H, was not available in pure form, its sodium and potassium salts were analytically pure and showed melting points (decomposition) of 125–128 °C (potassium) and 162–164 °C (sodium). The sodium salt demonstrated unexpected long‐term stability even at room temperature (8.4 % loss of activity within 4 months). The aqueous solutions of both salts exhibited a weak acid reaction, and they were less stable than NCT. With regard to chlorination of amines (transhalogenation), NDCT was, surprisingly, less efficacious than NCT, which manifested itself by a lack of reactivity at pH < 7, for which a mechanistic explanation is given. Compared on a molar scale, NDCT was more bactericidal than NCT against the gram‐negative bacteria E. coli, P. aeruginosa and P. mirabilis, while there was no difference concerning the gram‐positive ones, S. aureus and S. epidermidis. The increase of bactericidal activity at acidic pH was the same as observed with NCT and is attributed to a higher susceptibility of bacteria in this environment. Taken together, NDCT seems not to be suited to substitute NCT as a preparation fit for medical practice.
Comparison and visualisation of high‐resolution transport modelling with aircraft measurements
Authors: O'Connor F. M. , Carver G. D. , Savage N. H. , Pyle J. A. , Methven J. , Arnold S. R. , Dewey K. , Kent J.
Published: October 2005

This article presents a case study of a comparison of an Eulerian chemical transport model (CTM) and Lagrangian chemical model with measurements taken by aircraft. High‐resolution Eulerian integrations produce improved point‐by‐point comparisons between model results and measurements compared to low resolution. The Lagrangian model requires mixing to be introduced in order to model the measurements. Copyright © 2005 Royal Meteorological Society
Removal of kinetic traps and enhanced protein folding by strategic substitution of amino acids in a model α‐helical hairpin peptide
Authors: Chapagain Prem P. , Gerstman Bernard S.
Published: October 2005

The presence of non‐native kinetic traps in the free energy landscape of a protein may significantly lengthen the overall folding time so that the folding process becomes unreliable. We use a computational model α‐helical hairpin peptide to calculate structural free energy landscapes and relate them to the kinetics of folding. We show how protein engineering through strategic changes in only a few amino acid residues along the primary sequence can greatly increase the speed and reliability of the folding process, as seen experimentally. These strategic substitutions also prevent the formation of long‐lived misfolded configurations that can cause unwanted aggregations of peptides. These results support arguments that removal of kinetic traps, obligatory or nonobligatory, is crucial for fast folding. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 81: 167–178, 2006

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
The cost of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with early‐stage breast carcinoma
Authors: Oestreicher Nina , Ramsey Scott D. , McCune Jeannine S. , Linden Hannah M. , Veenstra David L.
Published: October 2005

BACKGROUND

In the U.S., the majority of premenopausal patients with early‐stage breast carcinoma are treated with adjuvant chemotherapy. However, to the authors' knowledge, there have been few formal analyses of adjuvant chemotherapy cost performed to date, especially in premenopausal women. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the direct medical cost of adjuvant chemotherapy in women with early‐stage breast carcinoma.

METHODS

The attributable cost of adjuvant chemotherapy was evaluated by comparing the total cost of care for patients with breast carcinoma (cases) during the period from diagnosis to 9 months subsequent with the cost for age‐matched and gender‐matched control patients without breast carcinoma over an equivalent time period. The authors identified cases from a linked database of claims records from a managed care organization, and the Cancer Surveillance System registry. Controls were identified from the managed care organization from which the cases originated. Resource prices were based on reimbursements from the managed care organization.

RESULTS

The attributable cost of adjuvant chemotherapy was estimated to be $23,019 (95% confidence interval, $19,596–$26,441), based on 1239 women. The cost appeared to decrease with increasing age at diagnosis, with total costs of $26,834, $19,889, and $17,098 for women < 50, 50–59, and ≥ 60 years, respectively. Also, costs were higher for regional versus local disease ($36,076 vs. $12,659), for women who had a mastectomy versus breast‐conserving surgery ($31,075 vs. $17,889), and for women who had no comorbidities versus ≥ 1 comorbidity ($23,606 vs. $21,340). Contributors to high chemotherapy cost included use of chemotherapy agents not included in clinical guidelines during the study period, use of supportive care agents, and hospitalizations.

CONCLUSIONS

The attributable cost of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with early‐stage breast carcinoma is significant. The integration of managed care claims data with clinical data from the Cancer Surveillance System registry offered a unique opportunity to derive more informative and accurate disease burden estimates in oncology. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Single‐fraction radiosurgery for the treatment of spinal breast metastases
Authors: Gerszten Peter C. , Burton Steven A. , Welch William C. , Brufsky Adam M. , Lembersky Barry C. , Ozhasoglu Cihat , Vogel William J.
Published: October 2005

BACKGROUND

The spine is the most common site of bony metastases in patients with osseous breast carcinoma metastases. Spine metastases are the source of significant pain and occasionally neurologic deficit in this patient population. Conventional external beam radiotherapy lacks the precision to allow delivery of large single‐fraction doses of radiation and simultaneously limit the dose to radiosensitive structures such as the spinal cord. This study evaluated the clinical efficacy of the treatment of spinal breast carcinoma metastases with a single‐fraction radiosurgical technique.

METHODS

In this prospective cohort evaluation, 68 breast carcinoma metastases to the spine in 50 patients were treated with a single‐fraction radiosurgery technique with a follow‐up period of 6–48 months, median 16 months. The most common indication for radiosurgery treatment was pain in 57 lesions, as a primary treatment modality in 8 patients, and for radiographic tumor progression, as a postsurgical boost, and for a progressive neurologic deficit in 1 patient each.

RESULTS

Tumor volume ranged from 0.8–197 cm3 (mean, 27.7 cm3). Maximum tumor dose was maintained at 15–22.5 Gy (mean, 19 Gy). No radiation‐induced toxicity occurred during the follow‐up period (6–48 mo). Long‐term axial and radicular pain improvement occurred in 55 of 57 (96%) patients who were treated primarily for pain. Long‐term radiographic tumor control was seen in all patients who underwent radiosurgery as their primary treatment modality, for radiographic tumor progression, or as a postsurgical treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Spinal radiosurgery was found to be feasible, safe, and clinically effective for the treatment of spinal metastases from breast carcinoma. The results indicate the potential of radiosurgery in the treatment of patients with spinal breast metastases, especially those with solitary sites of spine involvement, to improve long‐term palliation. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Impulsivity and compulsivity in bulimia nervosa
Authors: Engel Scott G. , Corneliussen Stephanie J. , Wonderlich Stephen A. , Crosby Ross D. , le Grange Daniel , Crow Scott , Klein Marjorie , Bardone‐Cone Anna , Peterson Carol , Joiner Thomas , Mitchell James E. , Steiger Howard
Published: October 2005

Objective

A primary objective of the current article is to investigate the relationship between impulsivity and compulsivity in patients with bulimia nervosa (BN). A second goal is to explore the relationship between impulsivity and compulsivity and related psychiatric problems.

Method

Two‐hundred four females with BN completed several measures of impulsivity and compulsivity as well as measures of personality, substance use, eating pathology, and depression.

Results

Participants reported considerable variability on measures of impulsivity and compulsivity and these scores were positively correlated with each other. Impulsive‐compulsive groups differed in personality, substance use, eating, and depression.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that impulsivity and compulsivity can coexist in BN patients and that both traits may provide useful information about comorbid problems in women with BN. © 2005 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Problematic eating and feeding behaviors of 36‐month‐old children
Authors: Lewinsohn Peter M. , Holm‐Denoma Jill M. , Gau Jeffrey M. , Joiner Thomas E. , Striegel‐Moore Ruth , Bear Patty , Lamoureux Becky
Published: October 2005

Objective

We incorporated selected items from several existing instruments to create a comprehensive multifactorial instrument to measure problematic eating behaviors in young children and to examine the prevalences and correlates of these behaviors.

Method

A community sample of young mothers (N = 93) completed the inventory of problematic eating behaviors for their 36‐month‐old children.

Results

The most common child problems reported by mothers were the spitting out of food during feedings and becoming upset when food was restricted. A four‐factor solution identified pickiness (e.g., child eats a limited variety of food), food refusal (e.g., child refuses to eat specific foods), struggle for control (e.g., frequent struggles with child over food), and positive parental behavior (e.g., praising child about his/her food intake) domains. Internal consistency was moderate to good for all factors. Only the struggle for control factor was related to other problematic behaviors as measured by the Child Behavior Check List (CBCL). The food refusal factor was related to mothers' lifetime history of any psychopathology. The pickiness factor was related to mothers' lifetime history of alcohol dependence.

Conclusion

Findings suggest that child clinicians should be sensitive to the quality of mother‐child interactions during feeding. © 2005 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of race, gender, and socioeconomic status on binge eating frequency in a population‐based sample
Authors: Reagan Patricia , Hersch Joni
Published: October 2005

Objective

This study investigates race and gender differences in the demographic and socioeconomic determinants of frequency of binge eating using a population‐based sample.

Method

An analysis of self‐reported data on 573 women and 360 men (range, 18–97 years) from a cross‐sectional, multistage area probability sample of individuals aged 18 years and older residing in the Detroit metropolitan area conducted in 1995.

Results

For women, the frequency of binge eating is negatively associated with age and family income, and positively associated with being married, depression, and time residing in polluted neighborhoods. For men, the frequency of binge eating is negatively associated with age. The frequency of binge eating was not affected by education, race, obesity, or current dieting.

Conclusion

The frequency of binge eating is highest among adults younger than 40 years. It follows an income gradient for women, but not for men. After controls for individual disadvantage, there is no residual Black/White difference in binge eating. © 2005 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Disordered eating attitudes and behaviors in ballet students: Examination of environmental and individual risk factors
Authors: Thomas Jennifer J. , Keel Pamela K. , Heatherton Todd F.
Published: October 2005

Objective

The current study compared the prevalence of disordered eating attitudes and behaviors among adolescent ballet dancers at national, regional, and local schools.

Method

Female ballet students (N = 239; mean age = 15.0 ± 1.5 years) from five geographically disparate summer programs completed the Eating Dis‐order Inventory (EDI) and answered questions regarding eating disorder symptoms.

Results

Students from both national and local schools reported significantly higher EDI total, Drive for Thinness, and Perfectionism scores compared with regional students. In contrast, national students reported significantly greater dieting scores and lifetime histories of self‐induced vomiting compared with regional and local students.

Conclusion

Eating pathology among adolescent ballet dancers may be a function of both genetic and environmental risk. Dancers who exhibit high levels of perfectionism and, perhaps consequently, place themselves in highly competitive environments, may exhibit a significantly increased risk for disordered eating in comparison to dancers who are less perfectionistic and/or place themselves in less competitive environments. © 2005 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Continuous Homogeneous Catalysis (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 20/2005)
Authors: Müller Christian , Nijkamp Marije G. , Vogt Dieter
Published: October 2005

The cover picture shows the concept of operating a homogeneous catalyst under continuous operation conditions: The recycling of molecular‐weight‐enlarged transition‐metal complexes by suitable filtration methods and equipment in order to combine the advantages of both classical homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. Various aspects of molecular‐weight enlargement and immobilization of catalysts, and recent developments, are reported in the Microreview by D. Vogt et al. on p. 4011 ff.
An Electrochemical Robotic System for Routine Cathodic Adsorptive Stripping Analysis of Ni2+ Ion Release from Corroding NiTi Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Ruhlig Dirk , Schulte Albert , Schuhmann Wolfgang
Published: October 2005

Cathodic adsorptive stripping voltammetry (AdSV) as highly sensitive and selective method for quantifying trace amounts of dissolved Ni2+‐ions has been integrated into an electrochemical robotic device using the wells of microtiter plates as low‐volume electrochemical cells. A three‐electrode assembly integrating a Bismuth film‐modified glassy carbon electrode as working electrode and a glass capillary for delivering Ni2+ standard solution in conjunction with an adapted software allowed multiple AdSV measuring cycles to be performed one after the other in the individual compartments of a 24‐well microtiter plate. Of advantage for the automation was the possibility of an in‐well electrochemical removal of used and a replating of fresh Bi films in between distinct measuring cycles. With optimized parameters for the accumulation of the complex between Ni2+‐ions and dimethylglyoxime onto the surface of the Bi film electrode and the subsequent stripping procedure, automated adsorptive stripping voltammetry in the established system offered a linear dynamic range of up to 170 nM, a sensitivity of 12 nA/nM Ni2+ and a limit of of detection of 2.1 nM (N=16) for the detection of trace levels of Ni2+‐ions. Automated AdSV certainly is of convenience for studying larger number of samples due to the high‐throughput capability of the robotic apparatus. As example, the automatic quantification of Ni2+‐ion release from electropolished surfaces of NiTi shape memory alloys during corrosion in NaCl solutions is described.
The influence of top management team attention patterns on global strategic posture of firms
Authors: Levy Orly
Published: October 2005

Drawing upon the managerial cognition and the upper echelons perspectives, this study proposes that the cognitive capabilities of top executives significantly affect globalization efforts. Specifically, the study suggests that managerial attention patterns or the cognitive processes of [noticing and constructing meaning] about the environment influence strategic posture of firms. Based on a longitudinal sample of U.S. firms operating in technologically intensive industries, the results indicate that firms were more likely to develop an expansive global strategic posture when their top management paid attention to the external environment and considered a diverse set of elements in this environment. On the other hand, firms led by top management that paid more attention to the internal environment were less likely to be global. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Osteoclastogenesis in the nonadherent cell population of human bone marrow is inhibited by rhBMP‐2 alone or together with rhVEGF
Authors: Wan Chao , He Qiling , Li Gang
Published: October 2005

During bone development and repair, angiogenesis, osteogenesis, and bone remodeling are closely associated processes that share some common mediators. In the present study nonadherent human bone marrow mononuclear cells under the induction of sRANKL and M‐CSF, differentiated into osteoclasts with TRAP‐positive staining, VNR expression, and Ca‐P resorptive activity. The effects of various combinations of rhBMP‐2 (0, 3, 30, and 300 ng/mL) and rhVEGF (0 and 25 ng/mL) on osteoclastogenesis potentials were examined in this experimental system. The percentages of TRAP‐positive multiple nucleated cells represent osteoclast differentiation potential, and the percentages of resorptive areas in the Ca‐P coated plates resemble osteoclast resorption capability. The presence of rhBMP‐2 at 30 and 300 ng/mL showed inhibitory effects on osteoclast differentiation and their resorptive capability in the human osteoclast culture system. rhVEGF (25 ng/mL) enhanced the resorptive function of osteoclast whenever it was used alone or combined with 3 ng/mL rhBMP‐2. However, rhVEGF‐induced resorptive function was inhibited by 30 ng/mL and 300 ng/mL rhBMP‐2 in a dose‐dependent manner. Statistical analysis demonstrated that an interactive effect exists between rhBMP‐2 and rhVEGF on human osteoclastogenesis. These findings suggested that an interactive regulation may exist between BMPs and VEGF signaling pathways during osteoclastogenesis; exact mechanisms are yet to be elucidated. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Recombinant human BMP‐7 effectively prevents non‐union in both young and old rats
Authors: Hak David J. , Makino Takeshi , Niikura Takahiro , Hazelwood Scott J. , Curtiss Shane , Reddi A. Hari
Published: October 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of age on the effectiveness of rhBMP‐7 treatment in a fracture with severe periosteal damage that is known to result in non‐union formation. Closed stabilized femur fractures were produced in 3‐month‐old and 18‐month‐old rats. The fracture site was exposed and 2 mm of the periosteum cauterized circumferentially to impair normal fracture healing. The cauterized fracture site was immediately treated with either 100 µg rhBMP‐7 (BMP‐7 group), or with 25 µL of vehicle alone (control group). Fracture healing was evaluated with radiographs taken at 3 and 6 weeks. Animals were sacrificed at 3 and 6 weeks and specimens subjected to biomechanical and histological evaluation. In both age groups, none of the control animals healed throughout the 6 weeks experimental duration. All of the rhBMP‐7–treated 3‐month‐old animals were radiographically healed at 3 weeks. In comparison, only 56% (9/16) of the rhBMP‐7–treated 18‐month‐old animals were radiographically healed at 3 weeks. At 6 weeks, however, all of the 18‐month‐old rhBMP‐7–treated animals had healed. Histology revealed slower healing in the 18‐month‐old animals. Treatment with rhBMP‐7 significantly increased all of the biomechanical properties in both age groups. In the 3‐month‐old animals the mechanical strength approached that of the intact femur at 3 weeks, while in the 18‐month‐old animals this did not occur until 6 weeks. In conclusion, rhBMP‐7 can effectively stimulate fracture repair in both young (3‐month‐old) and old (18‐month‐old) rats. However, the effect of rhBMP‐7 on the rate of fracture healing is greater in young rats compared to old rats. © 2005 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Evaluation of inherent variation in porcine M. thoracis et lumborum and M. semimembranosus
Authors: McDonagh Ciara , Mullen Anne Maria , Kerry Joseph P , Troy Declan J
Published: October 2005

Variation in quality traits may occur between the different muscles within a carcass and also within a muscle. This study examined inter‐ and intramuscular variation and the resulting effect on measurements (pH, conductivity and colour) taken within 24 h post mortem. The effect of shackling on these quality prediction measurements was also determined. Finally the inherent variability of quality attributes within porcine M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) was examined at 4 days post mortem. Significant intermuscular variation was detected at 24 h post mortem, with higher pH and conductivity values recorded in the M. semimembranosus (SM) than in the LTL. pH and conductivity measurements in both muscle types were correlated (r = 0.46–0.88, P < 0.05) at 45 min and 3 h post mortem. CIE L* and a* values, % reflectance and Japanese pork colour scores were significantly (P < 0.001) different in the neck region (M. biventer cervicis and M. splenius) than on the surface of the SM and M. gluteus medius. An intramuscular effect was not observed in either SM or LTL muscles. Shackling did not introduce a significant variation between sides for pH, conductivity and colour measurements taken up to 24 h post mortem. At 4 days post mortem it was determined that the water‐holding capacity, tenderness (Warner–Bratzler Shear force) and composition of the LTL are not dependent on sampling location within the muscle. These results suggest that meat quality measurements are uniform throughout the LTL (loin) and that a significant relationship exists between the LTL and SM muscles. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Computing the Trivariate Chain Length/Degree of Branching/Number of Combination Points Distribution for Radical Polymerization with Transfer to Polymer and Recombination Termination
Authors: Iedema Piet D. , Hoefsloot Huub C. J.
Published: October 2005

Summary: Polymer molecules made by radical polymerization with transfer to polymer and recombination termination contain branch points (connecting branch arms to backbones) and combination points (connecting various molecular structures). The trivariate chain length/degree of branching/number of combination points distribution (CLD/DBD/CPD) was calculated using a two‐dimensional version of a previously used pseudo‐distribution approach. This yielded the CPD moments for given chain length n and number of branches i. Both DBD and CPD at given chain length resemble a binomial distribution. For the construction of the full DBD and CPD a set of orthogonal polynomials, the Krawtchouk polynomials, in combination with the binomial distribution was employed. A first‐order Krawtchouk approximation enabled to compute the full CLD/DBD/CPD from the three CPD moments as a function of n and i. Results agree well with those from a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation method. However, the large scatter due to the small numbers of molecules collected in the MC method at longer chain lengths prevents comparison in this range.

Solutions of 3D CLD/DBD/CPD: CPD at constant chain length (20 000) and number of branch points (20).

magnified image

Solutions of 3D CLD/DBD/CPD: CPD at constant chain length (20 000) and number of branch points (20).
Prevalence study of primary dystonia in Iceland
Authors: Asgeirsson Hilmir , Jakobsson Finnbogi , Hjaltason Haukur , Jonsdottir Helga , Sveinbjornsdottir Sigurlaug
Published: October 2005

In Iceland, the crude prevalence for all types of primary dystonia was 37.1/105(confidence interval, 30.4–44.9). Focal dystonia had the highest prevalence (31.2/105), followed by segmental (3.1/105), multifocal (2.4/105) and generalized dystonia (0.3/105). Cervical dystonia was the most common focal dystonia (11.5/105), followed by limb dystonia (8.0/105), laryngeal dystonia (5.9/105), blepharospasm (3.1/105), and oromandibular dystonia (2.8/105). The male:female ratio for all patients was 1:1.9 (P= 0.0007), and females outnumbered males in all subtypes except oromandibular dystonia. Mean age of onset for all patients was 42.7 years (range, 3–82 years). This prevalence of primary dystonia is higher than in most reported studies, possibly because of more complete ascertainment but the relative frequencies of dystonia subtypes is similar. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
HS1‐BP3 gene variant is common in familial essential tremor
Authors: Higgins Joseph J. , Lombardi Roni Q. , Pucilowska Joanna , Jankovic Joseph , Golbe Lawrence I. , Verhagen Leo
Published: October 2005

Essential tremor (ET) is a movement disorder characterized by a postural or kinetic tremor of the hands, head, or voice. It is typically a familial condition and affects 1% to 4% of the general population. The trait is genetically linked to chromosome 2p in some families. A variant (828C→G) in exon 7 of the hematopoietic‐specific protein 1 binding protein 3 gene (HS1‐BP3) on chromosome 2p recently has been found to segregate with ET in 2 families. To determine the frequency of this variant in a larger series, we studied patients with ET, Parkinson disease (PD), and controls without tremor. Affected singletons representing 73 families from the United States with dominantly inherited ET, 35 individuals with PD, and 304 healthy controls older than age 60 were tested for the 828C→G variant in exon 7 of the HS1‐BP3 gene by a BseYI restriction enzyme digest of the polymerase chain reaction product. Heterozygous carriers of the mutant allele were identified in 12 individuals with ET (16.4%) and in 1 individual with PD and postural tremor (3%). All of the healthy controls (608 chromosomes) were homozygous for the wild‐type allele. The 828C→G genetic variant in the HS1‐BP3 gene occurs relatively frequently in subjects with ET. The variant may also be found in some individuals with PD and postural tremor. The HS1‐BP3 gene plays a putative role in regulating catecholamine and serotonin metabolism, but the functional consequences of the amino acid substitution (A265G) caused by this genetic variant is unknown. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Learning a high‐precision locomotor task in patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: van Hedel Hubertus J.A. , Waldvogel Daniel , Dietz Volker
Published: October 2005

We evaluated the acquisition and performance of a high‐precision locomotor task in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and healthy subjects. All subjects walked on a treadmill and had to step repetitively as low as possible over an obstacle without touching it. During blocks 1 and 2, the subjects had full vision and received additional acoustic warning and feedback signals. During block 3, vision became restricted. Changes in foot clearance and the number of obstacle hits were evaluated. Initially, PD patients performed poorer and improved foot clearance slower. After task repetition, the groups performed similarly. Restricting vision deteriorated performance in both groups. The similar performance of PD patients after task repetition might indicate that adequate training could improve adaptive locomotor behavior in PD patients. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
On‐demand deep brain stimulation for essential tremor: A report on four cases
Authors: Kronenbuerger Martin , Fromm Christoph , Block Frank , Coenen Volker A. , Rohde Ina , Rohde Veit , Noth Johannes
Published: October 2005

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established therapy for essential tremor (ET), but loss of efficacy due to tolerance can occur. Our objective was to evaluate if it is feasible to use DBS only on‐demand and if this would prevent tolerance. We report on the effects of left‐side thalamic DBS in 4 ET patients who were instructed to switch on stimulation only when using their right hand for motor tasks and were followed‐up to 30 months after surgery. The patients were capable of using DBS only on‐demand (DBS use of 22.0 ± 13.5%/day). DBS led to a stable suppression of right arm tremor throughout the follow‐up. No problems associated with tolerance such as tremor rebound or late therapy failure occurred. In comparison to publications stating that ET patients had been using DBS continuously during the daytime, the use of on‐demand DBS saves battery life, which delays surgical replacement of the stimulator. Thus, on‐demand DBS saves money, may help to prevent tolerance, and should be adopted for the long‐term treatment of ET patients. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Eye–hand coordination in essential tremor
Authors: Trillenberg Peter , Führer Julia , Sprenger Andreas , Hagenow Ania , Kömpf Detlef , Wenzelburger Roland , Deuschl Günther , Heide Wolfgang , Helmchen Christoph
Published: October 2005

Patients with essential tremor (ET) or with cerebellar lesions have in common oculomotor abnormalities, with the exception of saccadic eye movements, which do not seem to be involved in ET. Since grasping is prolonged in ET and might be related to saccadic dysmetria, we tested whether simultaneous hand pointing could unmask it. Twelve ET patients and 14 controls performed saccades with and without simultaneous pointing movements to the same targets, and with and without a gap between the disappearance of the fixation point and the appearance of the target. Eye movements were recorded with the magnetic search‐coil method, hand movements with an ultrasound‐emitting probe. ET patients did not have saccadic dysmetria, and contrary to normal subjects their saccadic latency did not decrease during combined eye–hand movements compared with saccades performed in isolation. Hand movements had a longer duration in ET patients, with decreased peak acceleration, an increased latency of the peak velocity, and peak deceleration. In conclusion, this first study on eye–hand coordination in ET revealed abnormal kinematic changes in the early phase of pointing movements. These changes might be related to cerebellar disease but they are independent of the intention tremor component and saccade performance. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Unusual position‐sensitive jaw tremor responsive to botulinum toxin
Authors: Tarsy Daniel , Ro Susie I.
Published: October 2005

We report on a woman with a focal position‐sensitive jaw tremor present with the jaw held slightly open or while drinking from a cup. Electromyography demonstrated a rhythmic 5 Hz alternating tremor involving masseter and digastric muscles with normal reciprocal inhibition. The tremor was markedly reduced with botulinum toxin injections. © 2005 Movement Disorder Society
Detection of the myo‐inositol 4.06‐ppm resonance by selective J rewinding: Application to human prefrontal cortex in vivo
Authors: Choi Changho , Ogilvie Catherine J. , Malykhin Nikolai , Ngo Jennifer T. V. , Hartfeil Misha A. W. , Coupland Nicholas J.
Published: October 2005

A new proton NMR single‐voxel spectral editing strategy for the rapid measurement of myo‐inositol in human brain is proposed. The spectral editing detects the 4.06‐ppm, weakly coupled resonance by means of selective J rewinding. An 84.6‐ms‐long quadruple‐resonance selective 180° radiofrequency pulse, implemented within an adiabatic‐refocused localization sequence, induces an in‐phase triplet at 4.06 ppm, while eliminating the contribution from creatine, phosphorylethanolamine, lactate, and serine in this spectral region. The myo‐inositol concentration in human prefrontal cortex is estimated to be 5.7 ± 0.9 μmol/g (mean ± SD, n = 7), with reference to NAA at 10 μmol/g. Magn Reson Med, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self and partner personality in intimate relationships
Authors: Barelds Dick P. H.
Published: October 2005

Two studies were conducted to examine the relations between both partners' personality and marital quality in married or cohabiting heterosexual couples. In Study 1 (N = 1380, or 690 couples), personality was assessed by means of the Dutch Personality Questionnaire, whereas in Study 2 (N = 564, or 282 couples) personality was assessed by means of the Five‐Factor Personality Inventory. We expected neuroticism to relate negatively, and extraversion positively, to marital quality. Furthermore, we expected that spouses would only marginally resemble each other with regard to personality, and that differences in personality would not affect marital quality, when controlling for the individual's levels of personality. All expectations were confirmed. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radical polymerization behavior of trimethoxyvinylsilane
Authors: Seno Makiko , Hasegawa Makoto , Hirano Tomohiro , Sato Tsuneyuki
Published: October 2005

Trimethoxyvinylsilane (TMVS) was quantitatively polymerized at 130 °C in bulk, using dicumyl peroxide (DCPO) as initiator. The polymerization of TMVS with DCPO was kinetically studied in dioxane by Fourier transform near‐infrared spectroscopy. The overall activation energy of the bulk polymerization was estimated to be 112 kJ/mol. The initial polymerization rate (Rp) was expressed by Rp = k[DCPO]0.6[TMVS]1.0 at 120 °C, being closely similar to that of the conventional radical polymerization involving bimolecular termination. The polymerization system involved electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopically observable polymer radicals under the actual polymerization conditions. ESR‐determined apparent rate constants of propagation and termination were 13 L/mol s and 3.1 × 104 L/mol s at 120 °C, respectively. The molecular weight of the resulting poly(TMVS)s was low (Mn = 2.0–4.4 × 103), because of the high chain transfer constant (Cmtr = 4.2 × 10−2 at 120 °C) to the monomer. The bulk copolymerization of TMVS (M1) and vinyl acetate (M2) at 120 °C gave the following copolymerization parameters: rl = 1.4, r2 = 0.24, Q1 = 0.084, and e1 = +0.80. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5864–5871, 2005
Mobility and leaching of glyphosate: a review
Authors: Vereecken Harry
Published: October 2005

There is currently concern that glyphosate, a strongly sorbing non‐selective herbicide which is widely used in Europe, may be leached from the root zone into drainage water and groundwater. The purpose of this review is to present and discuss the state of knowledge with respect to the mobility and leaching of glyphosate from agricultural soils. Specific attention is given to the adsorption behaviour of glyphosate and the analysis of available studies on glyphosate transport. In addition, there are a number of experimental and numerical studies indicating that other strongly sorbing substances may be transported rapidly to the sub‐surface. The experimental studies analysed in the paper encompass column‐, lysimeter‐ and field‐scale experiments on glyphosate transport. The experimental findings, combined with transport studies on other strongly sorbing pesticides in the literature, support the hypothesis that transport of glyphosate may be caused by an interaction of high rainfall events shortly after application on wet soils showing the presence of preferential flow paths. Concentrations of glyphosate in European groundwater have been reported occasionally but monitoring is still limited. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
The outlook for peptide drugs and the intricate relationship between the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients manufacturer and their sponsors
Authors: de Chastonay Jose
Published: October 2005

As research laboratories discover an ever‐increasing number of peptides of pharmacological interest, there is an increased need for Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) services, as these drugs candidates undergo clinical trials. It is therefore essential to understand the importance of the relationship with the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) manufacturer and its implications in the development and commercialization of the future peptide drug. Copyright © 2005 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New direct evidence of point defects interacting with dislocations and grain boundaries in diamond
Authors: Mora A. E. , Steeds J. W. , Butler J. E. , Yan C.‐S. , Mao H. K. , Hemley R. J. , Fisher D.
Published: October 2005

The correlation of TEM imaging and micro‐photoluminescence studies of electron irradiated areas of diamond, developed in Bristol, has been extended to new optical centres and defects. In this paper, we show new evidence of the interaction of point defects with dislocations and grain boundaries in diamond. Optical centres at 518.6 and 518.8 nm are directly correlated with dislocations and an optical centre at 519.1 nm was correlated with a grain boundary. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
How do electronic properties of conventional III–V semiconductors hold for the III–V boron bismuth BBi compound?
Authors: Madouri D. , Ferhat M.
Published: October 2005

We have performed ab‐initio self‐consistent calculations using the full potential linear augmented plane wave method to investigate the structural and the electronic properties of the boron bismuth III–V compound BBi. Our calculations provide the first available information about the structural and electronic ground‐state properties of BBi. Total energy calculations of the cubic zinc‐blende, wurtzite, rock‐salt, cesium chloride and orthorhombic Cmcm phases are made. The zinc‐blende structure is found to be the ground‐state phase of BBi; within the generalized gradient approximation (local density approximation), we found a lattice constant of 5.529 Å (5.416 Å) and a bulk modulus of 72.20 GPa (86.27 GPa). We found that, contrary to other boron compounds, the band gap of BBi is direct at the Γ point. The relativistic contraction of the 6s orbital of Bi has a strong influence on the bands and bonds of BBi. Consequently, the electronic properties of BBi are shown to differ considerably from those of common group III–V semiconductors (e.g. GaAs); in particular, we found an unusually strong p–p mixing of the valence‐band maximum relative to most of the other III–V compounds. Furthermore, the calculated valence charge density shows an anomalous behavior, characterized by a charge transfer towards the ‘cation' B atom, further illustrating the rich behavior of boron bismuth compounds. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of imperfect surface on dielectric susceptibility in the ferroelectric thin film with second‐order phase transition
Authors: Lin Shan , Lü Tian‐Quan
Published: October 2005

A generalized Ginzburg–Landau–Devonshire free energy has been used to investigate the temperature and the thickness dependence of the dielectric susceptibility of ferroelectric (FE) thin films with imperfect surface layers and the second‐order phase transition. When the spontaneous polarization is depressed in the surface layer, the transition temperature of the film is lower than that of the bulk; the mean susceptibility of the film increases with the decrease of the film thickness and goes up rapidly near the critical thickness, and a size‐driven phase transition will take place in this case. When the spontaneous polarization is enhanced in the surface layer, the critical temperature of the film is higher than that of the bulk, the mean susceptibility decreases with decreasing the film thickness, and there is no size‐driven phase transition in this case. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effect of surface energy minima on the shape of self‐induced SiGe nanoislands
Authors: Yaremko A. M. , Dzhagan V. M. , Lytvyn P. M. , Yukhymchuk V. O. , Valakh M. Ya.
Published: October 2005

The results of a numerical modelling of the influence of discrete surface energy minima on the island shape transition are reported. The real composition of self‐induced (Ge)SiGe/Si nanoislands grown at high temperatures is taken into account in deriving the expression of the island total energy. The simulated values of the critical island size at which the transition occurs are compared with those observed in experiments. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)