bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pengaruh Perbandingan Bahan Pelarut dan Lama Ekstraksi terhadap Karakteristik Ekstrak Pewarna Daun Pandan Wangi (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.)
Authors: Dwipayana I Made , Wartini Ni Made , Wrasiati Luh Putu
Published: June 2020

Dyes from fragrant pandan leaves contain chlorophyll obtained through the extraction process. The purpose of this study were to determine the effect of the ratio of ingredients to solvents and the length of extraction on the characteristics of natural coloring extracts of fragrant pandan leaves and determine the best treatment from the comparison of ingredients with solvents and extraction time to produce natural coloring extracts of fragrant pandan leaves. This study used a 2 factor factorial randomized block design. The first factor is the comparison of materials with solvents consisting of 3 levels, namely 1:13, 1:15, and 1:17. The results showed that the comparative treatment of the material with the solvent and the extraction time greatly influenced the extract yield, chlorophyll a levels, chlorophyll b levels, total chlorophyll levels, brightness level L *, redness level a *, yellowish level b *, interactions greatly influenced the levels chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b level, total chlorophyll content, redness level (a *), yellowish level (b *) but have no effect on extract yield and brightness level (L *). Comparison of material treatment with solvent 1:15 and extraction time for 36 hours, is the best treatment to produce pandanus fragrant leaf extract coloring with extract yield characteristics of 10.32%, chlorophyll a levels of 3402.04 ppm, chlorophyll b levels of 612.23 ppm, total chlorophyll content of 4013.42 ppm, brightness level (L *) 35.27, redness level (a *) 17.15, yellowish level (b *) 30.43.

Keywords: Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb., chlorophyll, nature color, extraction.
Fermentasi Produksi Asam Sitrat menggunakan Aspergillus Niger ATCC 16404 dengan Substrat Hidrolisat Cair Limbah Padat Industri Brem
Authors: Kusuma Gede Asstaradi , Antara Nyoman Semadi , Suwariani Ni Putu
Published: June 2020

Dregs of solid waste brem industry contained 12 percent of sugar and 10,8 percent of starch. Component contained in the dregs are expected to produce citric acid. The aims of this study were to determine the effect of static cultivation on the production of citric acid from liquid hydrolyzate brem waste by using Aspergillus niger. The experimental design used in this study was a simple randomized block design (RAK), which the static cultivations (0, 1, 2, 3 days) as a treatment. The results showed that the static cultivation treatment significantly affected the level of acidity (pH), total soluble solids, biomass, reducing sugar, calcium citrate, citric acid and yield. The static cultivation for 1 day was the best treatment to produce Ca-citrate which the production level was 3,84 ± 0,05 g/L. By the stoichiometry method the citric acid production could be calculated, which equal to 2,12 ± 0,03 g/L.

Keywords: Aspergillus niger, dregs of brem, static cultivation, Ca-citrate, citric acid
Pengaruh Jenis Pelarut dan Perbandingan Bahan dengan Pelarut terhadap Ekstrak Warna Kulit Pisang Kepok (Musa paradisiaca F.).
Authors: Widiantara I Gede Esti , Wartini Ni Made , Suhendra Lutfi
Published: June 2020

The aims of this study were to determine the effect of solvent type and their ratio between material and solvent on the color of banana peel extract.The experiment in this study using factorial randomized block design with two factor. The first factor was the solvent type which consists of three levels: n-hexsane, acetone, and ethanol. The second factor was the ratio of the solvent that consists of four levels: 1:6, 1:8, 1:10, and 1:12. The experiment were grouped into 2 group and its implementation in order to obtain 24 experimental units. Variables observed are yield, total carotenoid, and the best color intensity. The results of this study indicate that the comparison of ingredients with solvents significantly affected the total carotenoids and the level of redness (a *) while the yield, brightness (L *), and yellowish level (b *) had no effect. The interaction of solvent types significantly affected the total carotenoids and the level of redness (a *) while the interaction of solvent types on yield, brightness (L *), and yellowish level (b *) had no effect. The type of ethanol solvent with a ratio of material to of solvent (1: 6) is the best solvent that produces extracts of banana peels which produce dye extracts with a yield characteristic of 2,40 ± 0,11 %, carotenoids 0,67 ± 0,00 %, L* 2,40 ± 0,11, a* 56,58 ± 6,92, b* 1,66 ± 0,17.

Keywords: Kepok banana peel, solvent type, ratio between material and solvent, extraction, natural coloring
Analisis Nilai Tambah dan Kelayakan Finansial pada Usaha Produksi Extract Powder Kunyit
Authors: Ariesta Putra Pande Ketut Raka , Mulyani Sri , Sedana Yoga I Wayan Gede
Published: June 2020

Turmeric extract powder was processed product of turmeric which were produced in powder form. This study aimed to determine the value added obtained in the process of producing extract powder, knowing the financial feasibility obtained from the productin process of turmeric into extract powder products. The financial feasibility study uses the calculation of profit and loss analysis, Net Present Value, Internal Rate of Return, Net B / C Ratio, Payback Period, and Break Event Point and Hayami method to determine the added value..The business of extract powder was feasible to obtain, and the Net Present Value was Rp. 290.897.909. The Internal Rate of Return of 13% showed that the rate of return was greater the specified Bank interest rate. Payback Period for 1 year 2 months and B/C Ratio of 1,68. The value added of extract powder obtained a value of Rp. 20.000 per kg, the income value added ratio was 57,14%. The sensitivity analysis scenario showed that both an increased in operational costs of 3%-6% and income decreased by 3%-6% resulting in positive NVP. Therefore, the turmeric extract powder business was feasible.

Keywords : Turmeric, extract powder, value added analysis, and financial feasibility
Simulasi Model Sistem Dinamik Ketersediaan Bawang Putih (Allium sativum, L.) di Provinsi Bali
Authors: Ima Dudin Muhammad Dika , Wiranatha Agung Suryawan , Sadyasmara Cokorda Anom Bayu
Published: June 2020

The demand of garlics in Bali is considerably high and exceed the capability of farmers in Bali to produce garlics. Therefore garlics were supplied from other islands of Indonesia. Demand of garlics will increase along with the increasing number of population and the number of foods industry. The aims of this research were to determine the factors that affect demand and supply garlic, to analyze the stock of garlics, and policy recommendations which can be implemented to provide sufficient garlics in Bali, therefore the price will remain stable. This research was conducted in Bali Province using a system dynamics modelling, with the length of simulation period from 2012 to 2024. The research results showed the factors that affected of garlic stock in Bali were the production of garlics, demand of garlics, inter island supply and price. Further, the simulation results showed that the production of garlics in Bali wasn’t able to fulfill the demand of garlics therefore it affected the price. So, it requires inter-island supply to stabilize price and to fulfill the demand of garlics. Based on some simulation scenarios, the most effective policy could be developed in order to minimize inter-island supply and stabilize prices is through increasing garlic planting area of 35%/year and increasing land productivity of garlic plantation of 5 ton/year.

Keywords: system dynamics, availability of garlic, Bali Province.
Zinc deficiency and febrile seizure: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Heydarian Farhad , Nakhaei Alireza Ataei , Majd Hasan Mehrad , Bakhtiari Elham
Published: June 2020

Background and Objectives. Zinc has been reported to be low in children with febrile seizure compared to febrile cases without seizures, but results are inconsistent. A meta-analysis was performed to systematically evaluate the serum level of zinc in febrile children aged between 6-72 months with or without seizures.
Material and Methods. A systematic search of databases was performed from January 2000 to January 2019. Studies comparing the serum level of zinc in febrile children with or without seizure were selected.
Results. The major outcome was serum level of zinc. Random effect model was used to calculate pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). A total of 31 articles were included. Meta-analysis suggested that the serum level of zinc is lower in patients with febrile seizure versus febrile cases without seizure (SMD: -1.2, 95%CI= (-1.47, -0.93). In subgroup and sensitivity analysis no significant change was observed in pooled SMD. In meta-regression analysis sample size as a continuous variable had a significant influence on between-study variance (p= 0.02). According to cumulative analysis the difference of serum level of zinc in febrile children with or without seizure decreased with time.
Conclusion. This meta-result indicated a significant association of zinc deficiency with seizure in febrile children. It is suspected that decreased level of zinc may be involved in seizure occurrences and it may play a role in the pathogenesis of febrile seizure.
Human Trafficking: Canadian Government Policy and Practice
Authors: Oxman-Martinez Jacqueline , Martinez Andrea , Hanley Jill
Published: June 2020

A recent study undertaken by the authors (Oxman-Martinez and Martinez 2000) examined the Canadian government’s response to the traffic of human beings. Information from twenty-one government and ngo informants and a thorough review of state agency policies and international conventions revealed that trafficking and refugee movements have many links. The question raised by the Metropolis Project—Is clandestine entry to Canada a crime or a new form of migration?—is important, given that trafficking may be the only option available to legitimate refugees waiting to escape dangerous or oppressive situations. Rather than seeking to ease the migration of refugees or addressing the structural causes of trafficking or its social implications, however, Canada’s response is focused on the prevention of “irregular movements” (through immigration and border control) and prosecution of the few traffickers successfully apprehended. Preliminary evidence suggests that border control will fail to adequately address the exploitation of women, children, and men—often refugees— within our frontiers. The temporarily defunct Bill c- 31 (with its measures to control the borders and restrict immigration) threatens the rights of refugees while doing little to prevent human trafficking, protect its victims, or prosecute those who profit from trafficking.
Controlling the Borders: C-31 and Interdiction
Authors: Dench Janet
Published: June 2020

This paper examines elements in the Bill C-31 package that relate to interdiction, setting them in the context of the failure of the international human rights to effectively protect the right to seek asylum. The Bill C-31 proposals are shown to be a continuation of longstanding Canadian policies and practices, as well as a reflection of international (particularly Western) preoccupations with migrant smuggling and trafficking in persons, especially as evidenced in the recently negotiated protocols to the un Convention against Transnational Organized Crime.
Refugees, Rights, and Human Security
Authors: Harvey Colin J.
Published: June 2020

This essay explores the connection between discourses of
membership, and refugee and human rights law. The argument is that state practice is often anchored in conceptions of democracy that refugee advocates must challenge at a fundamental level. I am particularly interested in the idea of human security. In addition, it is suggested that although human rights law has an essential role to play, we should not neglect the importance of refugee law as a status-granting mechanism. In the end, specific problems in refugee law call for progressive reform. For example, the essay calls for serious engagement with the idea of international or regional regulatory mechanisms to monitor state practice in this area. Many of the ideas applied in domestic contexts, such as the Canadian, come from international discussions. These discussions are often removed from effective participation. If states now function—and construct policy—at this level, then why should we not strongly advocate the creation of systems of accountability that operate at this level also?
The Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees: Continuing Challenges after a Half Century
Authors: Dirks Gerald
Published: June 2020

The world’s refugee phenomenon attracted oscillating levels of interest from governments as early as the inter-war era. Only with the establishment of UNHCR a half-century ago, however, did governments reluctantly acknowledge that managing the refugee phenomenon required an institutional structure and a genuine, continuous, multilateral effort by the international community.
Since the founding of UNHCR, its role, operational approach, and, according to some observers, even its mandate have changed remarkably. Governments, frequently wavering in their support for these modifications, have at least begrudgingly endorsed UNHCR’s efforts in order to limit the spread of political instability, which too often resulted in regional economic turmoil and widespread despair.
This paper analyzes how effectively and at what political and fiscal cost UNHCR has dealt with intensifying refugee flows in light of shifting priorities of governments, themselves the policy and budgetary masters of this UN body. To achieve this, the reasons behind UNHCR’s expanded responsibilities are identified, the agency’s important advocacy work is analyzed, and its expanded role and constantly altering operational approach are examined. Despite the innumerable obstacles that have confronted the agency over the past half century, the conclusions suggest that at least partial success has been achieved.
Women and the 1951 Refugee Convention: Fifty Years of Seeking Visibility
Authors: Valji Nahla
Published: June 2020

The refugee regime, built on the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, has long excluded women from the international right to protection from persecution. The gender-blind parameters of the Convention have been exacerbated by the same qualities in the international legal system of which it is a part; state practices toward asylum-seekers; and the dichotomous construction of the refugee regime as a whole, which has produced and reproduced victimizing identities of refugee women. Advances today, such as the adoption of gender guidelines in a number of states, have been more symbolic in effect than transforming. New policy paths need to be evaluated to ensure that the next half-century of refugee protection does not duplicate the inequalities of the past.
South Asia and the Creation of the International Refugee Regime
Authors: Oberoi Pia
Published: June 2020

This paper traces the initial interaction of the states of South Asia with the formalized international refugee regime, as embodied within the Office of the UNHCR. It explores the debates surrounding the creation of the Office and the 1951 Refugee Convention, and attempts to analyze the disillusionment felt by India and Pakistan with the outcome of these deliberations. Both these states arrived at the United Nations in this period with the burden of hosting up to 14 million Partition refugees weighing heavily on their inexperienced shoulders. Expecting that any international regime created for the relief of refugees would take into account this vast refugee crisis, India and Pakistan were disappointed to realize that cold war politics largely dictated the eventual outcome of the content of the Convention and the mandate of the UNHCR. Fifty years later, neither state has acceded to the 1951 Refugee Convention, preferring to interact with UNHCR on a strictly ad hoc basis. This paper argues that many reasons for the hesitancy with which these states approach UNHCR can be traced to their initial understanding of the mandate of the Office.
Systemic Racism: Refugee, Resettlement, and Education Policy in New Zealand
Authors: Humpage Louise
Published: June 2020

Public policy in New Zealand increasingly makes reference to “inclusion of diversity,” “equality,” and “equity.” Yet refugees resettling in New Zealand continue to experience systemic racism based on the application of ostensibly neutral rules and universal standards to unequal situations. This paper draws attention to the way in which poorly formulated refugee and resettlement policy has resulted in quota refugees being favoured over others and in assumptions that refugees have needs similar to those of general migrants. The way in which such racism has been translated into general policy arenas, such as education, is also explored.
Human Security and Refugee Protection after September 11: A Reassessment
Authors: Freitas Raquel
Published: June 2020

In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, the security environment in the Western world has changed considerably. Threat perception and risk management are being reassessed, and the word “security” has acquired an added relevance in the political agenda. This paper addresses a particular derivation of the concept of security, which is human security, from the perspective of refugee protection and human rights of the individual, assessing the advantages and disadvantages, together with the possible uses and misuses of the notion in the post-September 11 context. In particular, it deals with the question of what has changed that could demand greater attention in crafting a human security regime, which may in specific regions be inclusive of some but exclusive of others. It concludes by cautioning against a drift of the concept towards incorporating too many different elements that may be used perversely and against the interests of refugees.
Roundtable Report “No One Is Illegal”: The Fight for Refugee and Migrant Rights in Canada
Authors: Lowry Michelle , Nyers Peter
Published: June 2020

On 8 December 2002, a roundtable discussion was held with members of the Action Committee for Non-Status Algerians (Montreal), the Ontario Coalition Against Poverty (Toronto), and No One Is Illegal (Montreal). In this transcription of the discussion, the non-status Algerian refugees share their experiences of living in Canada without formal status, a situation which they characterize as being degrading, unlivable, and absurd. The participants discuss the possibilities for organizing opposition to increasingly restrictive and repressive refugee and immigration policies. They examine the viability of anti-deportation campaigns, direct action casework, and the prospects for a broad-based movement in defence of refugee and migrant rights.
Promoting Protection: Multilateral Efforts to Enhance Refugee Protection and the Search for Durable Solutions
Authors: Golberg Elissa , Scoffield Bruce
Published: June 2020

Many commentators have expressed concern about the state of the international refugee regime, including perceived deficiencies in how States have addressed issues related to access to asylum and the differentiated quality of protection offered among countries. Importantly, however, the last three years have seen a concerted effort by the international community to reinvigorate debate over practical approaches to refugee protection and the need to identify solutions for refugees in protracted refugee situations. This process has resulted in a frank exchange of views among a broad range of States, NGOs, and academics about the challenges and opportunities presented by refugee and other population flows. It has led to a reaffirmation of the centrality of the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 Protocol, and a recognition that the development of new tools, strategies, and mechanisms is warranted if the international community is going to respond effectively to contemporary population movements. Canada has been at the forefront in these international discussions, promoting an agenda aimed at securing more holistic responses to refugee protection and using creative approaches to resolve outstanding refugee caseloads. A key challenge will be to sustain the momentum and focus on practical efforts geared towards securing the ultimate goal of refugee protection – finding durable solutions.
The Strategic Use of Resettlement: Changing the Face of Protection?
Authors: Van Selm Joanne
Published: June 2020

Discussion about resettlement is increasing worldwide. Traditional resettlement countries look to the EU to establish new programs to expand the use of this durable solution. Some EU Member States appear most interested in resettlement for the potential it might offer in resolving the problems of smuggling, high asylum-seeker arrivals, and widespread anti-immigrant tendencies. This article sets out four key arguments on: the reasons for conducting resettlement; the “see-saw” numbers hypothesis; perceptions of refugees according to their means of arrival; and the links between asylum and resettlement, while discussing the European developments and global discussion of the strategic use of resettlement.
Refugees in Diaspora: From Durable Solutions to Transnational Relations
Authors: Van Hear Nicholas
Published: June 2020

When people flee conflict or persecution, a common pattern is for most to seek safety in other parts of their country, for a substantial number to look for refuge in a neighbouring country or countries, and for a smaller number to seek asylum in countries further afield, perhaps on other continents. If displacement persists and people consolidate themselves in their territories of refuge, complex relations will develop among these different domains of what we may call the “refugee diaspora”: that is, among those at home, those in neighbouring territories, and those spread further afield. Each of these domains corresponds to some extent to one of the sites associated with the three “durable solutions” that UNHCR is charged with pursuing for refugees: integration in the country of first asylum, resettlement in a third country, or return to the homeland. Taking its cue from the burgeoning literature on diasporas and transnationalism, this paper explores whether the notion of “durable solutions” can be squared with the transnational character of refugees. It offers a simple schema for considering diaspora and transnational relations, and suggests that transnationalism might be considered in itself as an “enduring” if not a “durable” solution to displacement.
Australia and Stateless Palestinians
Authors: Taylor Savitri
Published: June 2020

This article considers Australia’s treatment of stateless Palestinian asylum seekers and discusses whether that treatment discharges Australia’s legal and/or moral obligations towards the individuals in question. The conclusion drawn is that it does not.
IDP and Refugee Return to Northern Iraq: Sustainable Returns or Demographic Bombs?
Authors: Romano David
Published: June 2020

Regime change in Iraq has opened the door to the return of hundreds of thousands of refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs), the majority of whom were expelled from Kirkuk and other areas in northern Iraq. The Iraqi case presents three broad, readily identifiable categories of displaced persons: refugees in Iraq's neighbouring states, internally displaced persons, and refugees and migrants in third countries further afield. The first two categories include the largest numbers of displaced people as well as the majority of those with a great desire or pressing need to return to their homelands in Iraq. Although some of those displaced have succeeded in making a good life for themselves in their new new homes, those who did not manage well after their displacement generally long to return to their original towns and homes. However, the following general problems, in order of gravity, impede the success and sustainability of returns to northern Iraq: (i) sectarian competition over political structures and power distributions in post-Saddam Iraq; (ii) increasing lack of security in Iraq; (iii) insufficient preparations and slow policy implementation by the former CPA and Coalition Forces; (iv) insufficient financial resources to deal with the full magnitude of the displacement problem in Iraq; and (v) high expectations of returnees vis-a-vis continuing lack of opportunities and the slow rate of positive developments in the social, economic and political situation in Iraq. However, the emerging political contests over the future of the new Iraq greatly complicate effective and comprehensive return programs; the ultimate test of success and sustainability of return to Iraq will depend on the future of post-Saddam Iraq itself.
Refugee Integration in Canada: A Survey of Empirical Evidence and Existing Services
Authors: Yu Soojin , Ouellet Estelle , Warmington Angelyn
Published: June 2020

While a fairly large body of empirical research and policy documents exists on immigrant integration in Canada, studies on refugee integration are scarce. This paper attempts to fill this gap. It summarizes what is known about refugees’ economic and socio-cultural integration patterns in Canada and what integration services are available to them in order to identify empirical knowledge gaps and service gaps. Whenever salient and possible, the distinction among the Government-Assisted Refugees, Privately Sponsored Refugees, Landed-in-Canada Refugees and refugee claimants is made.
La dynamique triangulaire dans le processus d’incorporation des demandeurs d’asile, les politiques migratoires et le rôle des organismes communautaires
Authors: Oxman-Martinez Jacqueline , Jimenez Estibaliz , Hanley Jill , Bohard Isabelle
Published: June 2020

Cet article analyse comment le régime d’incorporation au Canada, à travers ses politiques et ses pratiques, facilite ou met à l’épreuve l’incorporation des demandeurs d’asile dès leur arrivée au Québec. Les auteurs examinent comment les intervenants des organisations communautaires perçoivent les obstacles dressés par le statut provisoire des demandeurs d’asile. Les dynamiques politiques enchevêtrées dans l’activité sociale où interagissent les demandeurs d’asile et les membres de la société d’accueil sont aussi analysées. L’étude se fonde sur les données et les résultats issus d’une revue documentaire et des entrevues faites auprès des intervenants et des représentants des différents paliers gouvernementaux.
Who Wants to Return Home? A Survey of Sudanese Refugees in Kakuma, Kenya
Authors: Eidelson Roy J. , Horn Rebecca
Published: June 2020

With the goal of better understanding some of the psychological factors related to refugees’ desire to return home, surveys were administered to 235 South Sudanese refugees living in the Kakuma Refugee Camp in Kenya. Respondents were asked about how much they wanted to return to Sudan, their emotional reactions about returning, their views on the prospects for peace, their expectations regarding how they would be received upon return, and their concerns about specific challenges they might face. In addition, they completed an inventory measuring their personal beliefs about issues in five domains: vulnerability, injustice, distrust, superiority, and helplessness in regard
to prospective returnees to Sudan. A large majority was very eager to repatriate. Individual differences in attitudes toward returning were significantly linked to the strength of their beliefs in the five domains. Stronger beliefs about vulnerability, injustice, distrust, and helplessness were associated with more negative perceptions of return, while a stronger belief about returnee superiority was correlated with a more favourable perspective on repatriation.
In the Space between Employees and Clients: The Impact of Organizational Context on a Refugee Program in Sierra Leone
Authors: Ramarajan Lakshmi
Published: June 2020

This paper uses a case-study approach to describe how organizational characteristics may influence program outcomes in humanitarian aid situations. Organizational structure and human resource management are discussed as organizational factors that influence the vulnerabilities of clients and employees. Interview and archival data from a program on reintegrating refugee and internally displaced women and girl survivors of sexual violence in Sierra Leone and observations based on the author’s experience with the organization provides a relevant basis for isolating the firm as an important context within which refugee programs are embedded.
Post-Disaster Mental Distress Relief: Health Promotion and Knowledge Exchange in Partnership with a Refugee Diaspora Community
Authors: Simich Laura , Andermann Lisa , Rummens Joanna Anneke , Lo Ted
Published: June 2020

After the 2004 Asian tsunami, a group of concerned scientists, physicians, and community service providers united to form a Local Distress Relief Network (LDRN) to provide information, referral, and care to affected members of the large Sri Lankan Tamil community in Toronto. The LDRN organized a workshop that brought together community-based organizations and international and local experts in mental health and disaster response to review existing knowledge on disaster response and to share community knowledge and experience. This article summarizes the development of the network, the workshop proceedings and joint recommendations for communitybased, culturally appropriate mental distress relief.
"The Refugee Crisis:
British and Canadian
Responses"
International Symposium Report
Authors: Lanphier C. Michael , Spencer-Nimmons Noreen
Published: June 2020

January 4-7, 1989 marked the third
international symposium to be co-sponsored
by the Refugee Studies Programme
at the University of Oxford, and the
Centre for Refugee Studies (formerly the
Refugee Documentation Project) at York
University, Canada. The symposium title
reflects the framework for British participants
to address current refugees issues
from the perspective of Britain's Race
Relations Act, and Canadians from the
perspective of the recent Multicultural
Act.
The New Refugee System:
Success or Failure?
Authors: Adelman Howard
Published: June 2020

It is too early to provide any
definitive judgement on the success of
the new legislation concerning refugee
daimants made within Canada or at
our border. After aIl, the legislation
has only been in effect for five
months. But it is not too early to take
a preliminary reading.
Two criteria for judging the
system are fairness to genuine
refugees and efficiency and cost
effectiveness in processing claims. As
a by-product of such efficiency, bogus
claims will be dramatically
discouraged, further, enhancing the
efficiency of the system.
Les Personnes Deplacees de la Corne de l'Afrique1
Authors: Mputu Jean-Pierre
Published: June 2020

Human suffering within the Horn has become endemic. The multidimensional
crisis that has surrounded the region for decades has been exacerbated
by inter- and intra-ethnic violence, conflicts and wars. These conflicts and
wars have had disastrous social, economic, political and environmental
consequences - in particular human displacement within the Horn. This
paper defines new categories of refugees. The author questions whether
displaced people in the Horn are Convention refugees, environmental refugees
or simply economic migrants. The problems that they face in the first
country of asylum and the resettlement country are discussed.
I. International Administration
Authors: Newland Kathleen , Vitkovskaia Galina
Published: June 2020

The authors were asked to consider the best
means for international administration of
the proposed reformed system of international
refugee protection. They suggest
that the UNHCR, in its present form,
would not be able to administer the proposed
system. They explore the possible
shape of a successor organization, perhaps
a revamped UNHCR, with secured levels
of funding, a greater vesting of authority
in regional bodies and an enhanced role for
non-state actors, which would actively engage
in refugee determination and allocation
of responsibility for temporary
protection among states. This is a substantially
abbreviated version of the authors'
original work. Please refer to the notice at
the end of this section if you are interested
in obtaining a full copy of the paper, which
is expected to be published in mid-1996.
Struggling for Legal Status:
Mainland Chinese Mobilization in Canada
Authors: Guang Tian , Jin Lu
Published: June 2020

Between the end of 1993 and the spring of 1994, about 5000
Mainland Chinese rejected refugee (MCR) claimants mobilized
themselves in Canada to lobby the Canadian government to
make a special policy for them so that they could be considered
for landed immigration status. The mobilization, launched by
the Mainland Chinese Refugee Organization (MCRO), won
wide sympathy and support from the Chinese community and
mainstream society in Canada. The MCRs stated their goals
and demands through Chinese ethnic media and mainstream
media, started a dialogue with the Canadian government and
even staged a protest in front of the Parliament Buildings in Ottawa. On July 7,1994, the Minister of Citizenship and Immigration
Canada issued a policy, known as the Deferred Removal
Orders Class (DROC) program, designed for claimants
in similar situations.
In this paper, we examine the process of the movement, analyze
its features, and discuss its effects on the Chinese diaspora
community in Canada. The movement emerged out of the 'fear"
of a group of Chinese claimants, caused by the threat of being
deported from Canada. The success of the movement was based
on the mobilization of ethnic and social resources by the MCRO.
Early Warning: Much Ado About Nothing?
Authors: Ruso Sharon
Published: June 2020

This article provides a critical view of
the history of early warning as well as
existing early warning efforts. The author
scrutinizes the "early earning debate,"
including what early warning is
and who the actors might be. The paper
surveys existing efforts on early warning from a
critical perspective and raises
many questions concerning the institutional
obstacles that still need to be addressed
before we can arrive at a
functional early warning mechanism
for the purpose of conflict prevention.
Globalization, Refugee Crisis and the
Work of International Non-Government
Organisations
Authors: Holton Robert
Published: June 2020

The author suggests that increasing
economic rationalism in the post-Cold
War era has engendered a retreat from
public moral responsibility along with
the hardening of attitudes to refugees.
While deconstructing the international
refugee system, he focuses on the roles
played by non-government organisations
within it, arguing that the existence
of NGOs does exert a moral
influence on nation-states with respect
to treatment of refugees. The author asserts
a positive view of the role of NGOs
in the changing global refugee resettlement
regime and argues that NGOs
form an important part of international
civil society.
How to Establish an Early Warning System:
Concept and First Steps in Switzerland
Authors: Kohlschutter Andreas V. , Bachler Gunther
Published: June 2020

The authors introduce a pilot project on
a general conflict warning system
mainly designed to serve the Swiss Foreign
Ministry. Especially after the
Rwanda disaster, the administration
(backed by the Foreign Committee of the
Parliament) underlines the need for a
computerized system that builds the
ground for early recognition and, thus,
enhances the "institutionalized" pressure
to (re)act in a stage of a conflict as
early as possible. Questions arise on the
state of the art as weIl as on the interface
between early warning on one hand and
decision making and early action on the
other.
How to Make Them Hear: Challenging International Oil Interests in Ecuador's Amazon Region
Authors: Rogge Malcolm
Published: June 2020

This article discusses how oil development
in the Amazon basin of Ecuador
threatens to displace indigenous peoples
through environmental contamination
and colonization. It presents approaches
to capacity-building for indigenous and
mestizo-settler communities to deal
with threats to human rights and the
environment due to oil development.
While the focus is on transnational oil
operations in the Ecuadorian Oriente,
many of the issues and empowerment
methods discussed here are transferable
to other local/global conflicts around the
world, especially where indigenous and
peasant communities are adversely affected
by transnational resource extraction
activities (mining, forestry, and
oil).
Gender-Related Persecution as a Basis for Refugee Status:
The Emergence of an International Norm
Authors: Kuttner Stephanie
Published: June 2020

In 1993, Canada was the first country to
formally open its doors to refugees fleeing
gender-related persecution. While
the timing of Canada's move may have
been motivated by domestic politics, it
was also tied to an international process
through which the human rights of
women and gender-related persecution
had become politically relevant issues.
This article investigates the emergence
of an international norm accepting gender-
related persecution as a basis for
refugee status. It begins with an overview
of developments on the matter in
other jurisdictions and reveals the role
Canada played by taking a first step. The
article also reveals the process through
which domestic, transnational and international
actors converged to put the
issue of gender-related persecution on
the international agenda.
Refugee Stories:
Constructing a Bosnian Girl's Identity in Exilea Case Study
Authors: Asikainen Eija
Published: June 2020

The breakup of Yugoslavia turned into a
violent civil war in Bosnia in the summer
of 1991. The war did not begin as
ethnic conflict, but ethnic traits were
defined and collective memories were
manipulated to mobilize people and to
justify the violence between groups. In
the case of Bosnian refugees, the questions
concerning ethnicity and identity
are especially important. The objective
of this paper is to discuss the constitution
ofthe refugee identity of an adolescent
Bosnian girl in the context of exile.
The research methods used were collection
of refugee stories and participant
observation. By collecting refugee stories,
it is possible to examine the processes
of identity constitution and the
flexibility of identities.
Role Adjustment in Southeast Asian Refugee Families
Authors: Lynch Maureen , Richards Leslie
Published: June 2020

Little is known about the relationship
between family history and family identity.
One way to initially explore
whether or how families incorporate
their history into the development of
their identity would be to talk to members
of families who have had a discrete
event in their history. Refugee families
are such families. Seventeen members
from ten refugee families who fled Cambodia
or Vietnam and resettled in the
United States between 1975 and 1990,
were interviewed about their perceptions
of how their experience affected
·their family identity. Transcripts were
qualitatively analyzed. The findings
presented here are limited to descriptions
of adjustment that occurred in
family roles.
Human Rights: Setting the Stage for Protecting Refugee Women
Authors: Schmuki Maryanna
Published: June 2020

This paper explores the social construction
of women refugees from the perspective of
the human rights regime with an
eye to revealing whether the voices of
refugee women are reflected. To this end
the paper examines the development of
women refugees as a category within
human rights discourse and how this
category has been bolstered by the concept
of women's human rights within the last
decade.
Sociopolitical Situation in the Northeast Caucasus:
Challenges to Nongovernmental Organizations
Authors: Kamenshikov Andre , Sukhov Vladimir , Charaev Mikhail
Published: June 2020

The authors provide a general analysis of
the sociopolitical situation in three basic
regions of the Northeast Caucasus,
Chechnya, Ingushetia and Dagestan, from
the perspective of practical action in the
area of humanitarian and charitable
activities there. These efforts are directed
toward assisting the interaction and implementation
of constructive programs on
the level of international and
nongovernmental organizations, as well as
on the level of individual initiatives. Thus,
the authors cite examples of organizations
which have been successful in these
initiatives. They also describe projects that
may be implemented in the near future.
The International Criminal Court: An Historie Step to
Combat Impunity
Authors: Schabas William A.
Published: June 2020

Fifty years after it was originally promised
in article VI ofthe Genocide Convention,
the International Criminal Court
(ICC) has finally seen the light of day. It
was created by the Rome Conference,
which met from June 15 to July l7, 1998,
following four years of intense negotiations.
This article provides an overview
of the Rome Statute for an International
Criminal Court along with a discussion
of entry into force of the treaty.
Refugees, UNHCR and Human Rights:Current Dilemmas of Conflicting Mandates
Authors: Warner Daniel
Published: June 2020

There continues to be an increase in concern for human rights in different areas, and refugies are no exception. Specifically, UNHCR has become more concerned with human rights issues. This article reviews the standard phrases used to indicate the the relationship between human rights and refugees before examining the specificity refugees in terms of human rights. The point of view taken is that the specïficity of the refugee situation is different from normal human rights concems, and the conclusion is that including refugees, within a human rights framework actually weaken refugee protection. That is we propose that although human rights in and of themselves cannot be argued against, the inclusion of refugies within a human rights régime may actually weaken the kinds of protection necessary for refugees and their particular situation. UNHCR would do well to focus on its limited mandate rather than including refugees within the human rights régime.
Middle East and Southeast Asian Refugees in Canada and Finland:
Case Studies in "Mature" and in "Incipient" Multiculturalism
Authors: Valtonen Kathleen
Published: June 2020

In this article a case study of resettling
Middle East and South Asian refugees in
the Metropolitan Toronto area is presented
and juxtaposed with a parallel
study conducted in Finland. The main
strategies for labour market participation
in Canada were education, "volunteering"
and networking activity. The
agency principle was pronounced. Interethnic
accord is evident at individual
level, while at the group level of collaboration
it is more elusive. The large size of
the communities and Canadian
multicultural policy allows for a decentralized
style of intra-community activism,
but in Finland, the mode of
issue-focused civil and political activism
across groups could enhance participation
of small communities.
The Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord:
A Landmark Model for a Viable Solution to the Refugee Problem
Authors: Saha K. C.
Published: June 2020

The Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) area
of Bangladesh, home to the Chakma and
eleven other major tribes, has experienced
civil strife since the early 1970s.
The demand for autonomy by the local
tribal leaders and the settlement of
Bengalees into the CHT sparked armed
insurgency. The fighting between the
tribal hill people and Bangladlesh army
continued for almost two decades, resulting
in a large flight of predominantly
Chakma refugees into India. Talks between
India and Bangladesh officials regarding
these refugees resulted in the
creation of tribally-Ied local governments
in the CHT, and a rehlilbilitation
package for Chakma and other refugees.
This process laid the groundwork for the
Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord
signed on December 2,1997 between the
Bangladesh government and the Hill
Tracts People's Solidarity Association
(PCJSS). Shortly after, about 60,000
refugees returned to the CHT from India,
and guerillas surrendered their arms.
The objective of this background paper is
to examine the Chittagong Hill Tracts
Peace Accord and its role in providing a
framework for a viable solution to the
refugee problem in the CHT. It also highlights
those aspects of the Accord which
serve as a model for preventing refugee
flight and displacement of people in any
conflict situation.
Kosovo's Refugees and the ED: Wherein Lies the Threat?
Authors: Selm Joanne van
Published: June 2020

The crisis in Kosovo, which has developed
over the course of a decade into a conflict
involving more states than any since
World War II has resulted in the
displacement of almost the entire Kosovar-
Albanian population, as well as of a great
many Serbs and other regional
populations. The European Union (EU)
memberstates have prided themselves on
their unity of action under NATO, in
tackling this crisis. However, there has
been no unity of policy toward the "refugees"
- in spite of the entry into force of the
Treaty of Amsterdam, with its goal of 'an
area of freedom security and justice'
involving a common asylum and immigration
policy. The most frequently heard
arguments for the reluctance to accept
Kosovars in EU states are that this would
only encourage ethnic cleansing, and that
EU states already have too many
immigrants, asylum-seekers and refugees
who will not go home. The position of the
"refugees" is thus a politically difficult
one, and becomes a security issue in many
senses. In this article, the author explores
some ideas about the nature of the nexus
between refugees (and migration more
generally) and security in the post-Cold
War world. In doing this, she will set out
to critique the writings on 'societal
security' in particular, posing the key
question as to where exactly the threat lies
as far as refugees are concerned.
A Standing International Criminal Court:
Step By Step Towards the Enforcement of International Justice
Authors: Almeida Iris
Published: June 2020

The institutional arrangements for
the promotion of peace, truth, justice,
reparation and reconciliation of
countries that are rebuilding democratic
institutions following long
years of war and conflict, are complex
and should necessarily be varied.
This article will focus on one salutary
global development, namely the
adoption of the Rome Statute for the
establishment of an International
Criminal Court. The author argues
that it is essential that states display
courage, tenacity and strong political
will in actively pursuing the path of
international justice and realizing
the project of making the court a reality.
The article highlights the contribution
that civil society
organizations including non-governrnental
organizations, women's
rights groups, academics, journalists,
church groups and legal experts
can play in educating their fellow
citizens and in encouraging states to
ratify the Rome Statute. This article
approaches the International Criminal
Court from three vantage points:
First, the opening up of international
law to a diversity of actors in the field
of human rights; second, the universality
of human rights and third, the
emerging alliance between some
States and civil society actors in ending
the cycle of impunity.
Creating a "Community of Learners" Through Cultural
Mediation: A School's Perspective
Authors: Irving Patricia , Vargas Claudia Maria
Published: June 2020

Schools in diverse settings pose leadership challenges
with the principal. They
also afford opportunities. A principal
who asserts a leadership role and takes
the risk of reculturing the school engages
students and teachers as well as the community
at large in the educational
endeavor. Through a case study of
Rideau High School, Ottawa, this article
explores interventions that help build a
"community of leamers. " In this case,
the principal taps on the uniqueness of
the community by linking outside and
inside resources in the school through
cultural interpreters.