bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Short Stories and Interaction in Literature Online in the Gulf (s. 48-57)
Authors: Lenze Nele
Published: May 2017

Short stories and poems have been, and still are, popular with readers and writers in the Gulf. They are distributed through websites, e-publishers, blogs, Twitter, Tumblr, forums and performed on YouTube. Online literary production shares similarities with traditional storytelling popular in the Gulf, but is also an enabler for a new degree of freedom and author-reader interaction.
Adapting to Climate Change
Authors: Moyer Jack
Published: May 2017

It's essential for water and wastewater systems to identify and manage risks associated with climate change and reduce its effects. Water professionals can tap a wide range of approaches and tools to understand their systems' climate change vulnerabilities, act to maintain operations, and protect public health.
Hydraulic Modeling Finds, Fixes Chlorine Residual Gaps
Authors: Shurtz Kayson M. , Jones Steven C. , Sowby Robert B. , Hill D. Scott , Woodbury Daniel ‘K’
Published: May 2017

After switching from wells to surface water, Riverton, Utah, experienced elevated levels of adenosine triphosphate in its water system. Hydraulic modeling helped solve the problem.
Correction of Minor-Form and Microform Cleft Lip Using Modified Muscle Overlapping with a Minimal Skin Incision
Authors: Kim Min Chul , Choi Dong Hun , Bae Sung Gun , Cho Byung Chae
Published: May 2017

Background In treating minor-form or microform cleft lip, obtaining an optimal result is a challenge because of the visible scarring caused by traditional surgery. We present a refined method using muscle overlapping with a minimal skin incision in patients younger than 3 years, a group characterized by thin muscle.

Methods The surgical technique involves restoration of the notched vermillion using Z-plasty, formation of the philtral column using overlapping of an orbicularis oris muscle flap through an intraoral incision, and correction of the cleft lip nasal deformity using a reverse-U incision and V-Y plasty. A single radiologist evaluated ultrasonographic images of the upper lip.

Results Sixty patients were treated between September 2008 and June 2014. The age at the time of operation ranged from 6 to 36 months (mean, 26 months). The follow-up period ranged from 8 to 38 months (mean, 20 months) in minor-form cases and from 14 to 64 months (mean, 37 months) in microform cases. A notched cupid's bow was corrected in 10 minor-form cases and 50 microform cases. Ultrasonographic images were obtained from 3 patients with minor-form cleft lip and 9 patients with microform cleft lip 12 months after surgery. The average muscle thickness was 4.5 mm on the affected side and 4.1 mm on the unaffected side.

Conclusions The advantages of the proposed procedure include the creation of an anatomically natural philtrum with minimal scarring. This method also preserves the continuity and function of the muscle and provides sufficient augmentation of the philtral column and nostril sill.
Pyridone-based nucleotide analogues accepted for DNA biosynthesis
Authors: Mikalkėnas Algirdas , Ravoitytė Bazilė , Tauraitė Daiva , Serva Saulius
Published: May 2017

Novel pyridone-based nucleotides were investigated for maintenance of DNA synthesis, carried on by representatives of different classes of polymerases. Five different nucleoside triphosphates of similar structure were addressed, demonstrating involvement in primer extension. The  nucleotides containing 4-chloro- and 4-bromo-2-pyridone as a nucleobase were preferred by all DNA polymerases tested. These nucleotides were incorporated up to several instances in a  row and unexpectedly failed to ensure DNA primer termination. Temporary polymerase stalling obeys kinetic constrain and is alleviated by availability of nucleotides readily acquired by the polymerase. Lack of inhibitory properties of 2-pyridone nucleobase confirms the processivity of DNA polymerases challenged by incorporated nucleotides.
Deletion of HNF1α in hepatocytes results in fatty liver‐related hepatocellular carcinoma in mice
Authors: Ni Qi , Ding Kai , Wang Ke‐Qi , He Jin , Yin Chuan , Shi Jian , Zhang Xin , Xie Wei‐Fen , Shi Yong‐Quan
Published: May 2017

Hepatocyte nuclear factor 1α (HNF1α) is a liver‐enriched transcription factor that is critical for the maintenance of hepatocyte function. Our previous studies have demonstrated the therapeutic effects of HNF1α on hepatic fibrosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in animals. In this study, we created hepatocyte‐specific Hnf1α knockout mice using the Cre‐loxP recombination system. The knockout mice display increased fatty acid synthesis in the liver. Moreover, these mice spontaneously develop HCC through fatty liver without cirrhosis. Inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α and IL‐6, are upregulated and accompanied by increased phosphorylation of Akt, p‐65 and STAT3 in the livers of HNF1α knockout mice. Our findings suggest that HNF1α plays a crucial role in hepatocyte lipid metabolism and hepatocarcinogenesis.
Impact of substorm time O+ outflow on ring current enhancement
Authors: Nakayama Y. , Ebihara Y. , Fok M. C. , Tanaka T.
Published: May 2017

Energetic O+ ions (tens of keV) rapidly increase in the inner magnetosphere and contribute significantly to the ring current during substorms. Previously, two source regions of the energetic O+ ions have been proposed. The first one is the dayside polar region. Ions from the dayside polar region are transported to the lobe; then they are injected to the nightside plasma sheet during substorm expansion phase. The second one is the nightside aurora region. After the substorm onset, energetic O+ ions are extracted from the ionosphere with the auroral acceleration processes, and the O+ ions are directly supplied to the nightside plasma sheet. We investigated the relative importance of these two regions on supplying the energetic O+ ions in the inner magnetosphere. We performed a test particle simulation in global MHD electromagnetic fields. We obtained the following results. (1) During the substorm growth phase, O+ ions at tens of eV are extracted from the dayside polar region, resulting in the enhancement of the warm O+ ions (hundreds of eV) in the lobe. After the substorm onset, the warm O+ ions are nonadiabatically accelerated to tens of keV and injected to the inner magnetosphere. These O+ ions contribute to most of the O+ ring current. (2) O+ ions at < a few keVs are supplied from the nightside aurora region to the plasma sheet. However, their contribution to the O+ ring current remains small. From the results, we concluded that the main source of the energetic O+ ions is the dayside polar region.
Testing the daily PRISM air temperature model on semiarid mountain slopes
Authors: Strachan Scotty , Daly Christopher
Published: May 2017

Studies in mountainous terrain related to ecology and hydrology often use interpolated climate products because of a lack of local observations. One data set frequently used to develop plot‐to‐watershed‐scale climatologies is PRISM (Parameter‐elevation Regression on Independent Slopes Model) temperature. Benefits of this approach include geographically weighted station observations and topographic positioning modifiers, which become important factors for predicting temperature in complex topography. Because of the paucity of long‐term climate records in mountain environments, validation of PRISM algorithms across diverse regions remains challenging, with end users instead relying on atmospheric relationships derived in sometimes distant geographic settings. Presented here are results from testing observations of daily temperature maximum (TMAX) and minimum (TMIN) on 16 sites in the Walker Basin, California‐Nevada, located on open woodland slopes ranging from 1967 to 3111 m in elevation. Individual site mean absolute error varied from 1.1 to 3.7°C with better performance observed during summertime as opposed to winter. We observed a consistent cool bias in TMIN for all seasons across all sites, with cool bias in TMAX varying with season. Model error for TMIN was associated with elevation, whereas model error for TMAX was associated with topographic radiative indices (solar exposure and heat loading). These results demonstrate that temperature conditions across mountain woodland slopes are more heterogeneous than interpolated models (such as PRISM) predict, that drivers of these differences are complex and localized in nature, and that scientific application of atmospheric/climate models in mountains requires additional attention to model assumptions and source data.
Woody plant encroachment reduces annual runoff and shifts runoff mechanisms in the tallgrass prairie, USA
Authors: Qiao Lei , Zou Chris B. , Stebler Elaine , Will Rodney E.
Published: May 2017

Woody plant encroachment into semiarid and subhumid rangelands is a global phenomenon with important hydrological implications. Observational and experimental results reported both increases and decreases in annual runoff for encroached watersheds and little is known regarding the underlying runoff generation mechanisms. To systematically study the effect of woody plant encroachment on runoff generation processes, seven experimental watersheds were instrumented in 2010, three on grassland sites and four on adjacent sites that were heavily encroached by eastern redcedar (Juniperus virginiana) in the southern Great Plains, USA. Results showed that the runoff coefficient was 1.4 ± 0.6% in eastern redcedar encroached watersheds, significantly lower than 4.4 ± 0.7% in grassland watersheds for the four water years from 2011 to 2014. Eastern redcedar encroachment resulted in reduction of both surface and subsurface flows and the magnitude of reduction depended on annual precipitation. While there were nearly equal contributions between overland flow and subsurface flow, 87% of the total runoff from grassland watersheds occurred under saturated or nearly saturated soil condition, while 86% of runoff under encroached watersheds was generated under unsaturated soil condition, suggesting a shift from saturation excess overland flow to infiltration excess overland flow. These results permitted reconciliation of observed difference of streamflow responses associated with Juniperus spp. encroachment in the region and provided insights to better predict change in water resources under vegetation changes in subhumid regions of the south‐central USA.
A vegetation‐focused soil‐plant‐atmospheric continuum model to study hydrodynamic soil‐plant water relations
Authors: Deng Zijuan , Guan Huade , Hutson John , Forster Michael A. , Wang Yunquan , Simmons Craig T.
Published: May 2017

A novel simple soil‐plant‐atmospheric continuum model that emphasizes the vegetation's role in controlling water transfer (v‐SPAC) has been developed in this study. The v‐SPAC model aims to incorporate both plant and soil hydrological measurements into plant water transfer modeling. The model is different from previous SPAC models in which v‐SPAC uses (1) a dynamic plant resistance system in the form of a vulnerability curve that can be easily obtained from sap flow and stem xylem water potential time series and (2) a plant capacitance parameter to buffer the effects of transpiration on root water uptake. The unique representation of root resistance and capacitance allows the model to embrace SPAC hydraulic pathway from bulk soil, to soil‐root interface, to root xylem, and finally to stem xylem where the xylem water potential is measured. The v‐SPAC model was tested on a native tree species in Australia, Eucalyptus crenulata saplings, with controlled drought treatment. To further validate the robustness of the v‐SPAC model, it was compared against a soil‐focused SPAC model, LEACHM. The v‐SPAC model simulation results closely matched the observed sap flow and stem water potential time series, as well as the soil moisture variation of the experiment. The v‐SPAC model was found to be more accurate in predicting measured data than the LEACHM model, underscoring the importance of incorporating root resistance into SPAC models and the benefit of integrating plant measurements to constrain SPAC modeling.
Integrative Oncology in Cancer Care
Authors: Lopez Gabriel , Lee Richard T. , Chaoul Alejandro , Garcia M. Kay , Cohen Lorenzo
Published: May 2017

Overview

Integrative medicine seeks to merge conventional medicine and complementary therapies in a manner that is comprehensive, personalized, evidence based, and safe. Integrative oncology is the term used to describe the application of integrative medicine to cancer care. The field of integrative oncology is a constantly evolving set of disciplines. This chapter reviews the role of integrative medicine in cancer care with an emphasis on effective communication, an overview of the evidence, integrative‐based resources to guide health care providers and patients, and presents a model of how to effectively incorporate integrative medicine within cancer care. Existing research suggests that the majority of cancer patients desire communication with their physicians about integrative medicine. It is the healthcare professional's responsibility to ask patients about their use of complementary medicines and to provide evidence‐based advice to guide patients in this evolving area. Key findings in the areas of mind‐body practices, massage, and acupuncture are presented. Mind‐body practices help to improve mood, sleep quality, physical functioning, and overall well‐being. Massage is helpful at relieving pain, anxiety, and increasing relaxation. Acupuncture has the greatest evidence to support its use in managing symptoms such as chemotherapy‐induced nausea, vomiting, and pain; initial research suggests benefit in providing relief for radiation‐induced xerostomia and other symptoms. Many authoritative resources now exist to help guide patients' appropriate use of complementary therapies, allowing the medical team to follow evidence‐based guidelines.
Feeling unrestricted by rules: Ostracism promotes aggressive responses
Authors: Poon Kai‐Tak , Teng Fei
Published: May 2017

The current research consisted of three studies (overall N = 338; 59 men; mean age = 19.98; SD = 1.75), which aimed to examine whether ostracism promotes aggression through enhanced feelings of rule negligence by adopting a multi‐method approach. Participants were undergraduate students in a public university in Hong Kong and they only participated in one of the three studies. The results showed that ostracized participants reported higher levels of rule negligence and aggression than non‐ostracized participants (Studies 1 and 2). Moreover, enhanced feelings of rule negligence significantly mediated the relation between ostracism and aggression (Studies 1 and 2). In addition, priming ostracized people with the importance of following social rules weakened the effect of ostracism on aggression (Study 3). In sum, these findings highlight the critical influence of rule negligence in understanding when and why ostracism promotes aggression and how to diminish such an effect. Implications were discussed.
Wet‐Chemical Synthesis of Hollow Red‐Phosphorus Nanospheres with Porous Shells as Anodes for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion and Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhou Jianbin , Liu Xianyu , Cai Wenlong , Zhu Yongchun , Liang Jianwen , Zhang Kailong , Lan Yang , Jiang Zhuoheng , Wang Gongming , Qian Yitai
Published: May 2017

Large‐volume‐expansion‐induced material pulverization severely limits the electrochemical performance of red phosphorous (P) for energy‐storage applications. Hollow nanospheres with porous shells are recognized as an ideal structure to resolve these issues. However, a chemical synthetic approach for preparing nanostructured red P is always of great challenge and hollow nanosphere structures of red P have not yet been fabricated. Herein, a wet solvothermal method to successfully fabricate hollow P nanospheres (HPNs) with porous shells via a gas‐bubble‐directed formation mechanism is developed. More importantly, due to the merits of the porous and hollow structures, these HPNs reveal the highest capacities (based on the weight of electrode materials) of 1285.7 mA h g−1 for lithium‐ion batteries and 1364.7 mA h g−1 for sodium‐ion batteries at 0.2 C, and excellent long‐cycling performance.
A Red Fluorescent Emitter with a Simultaneous Hybrid Local and Charge Transfer Excited State and Aggregation‐Induced Emission for High‐Efficiency, Low Efficiency Roll‐Off OLEDs
Authors: Liu Tengxiao , Zhu Liping , Gong Shaolong , Zhong Cheng , Xie Guohua , Mao Erqian , Fang Junfeng , Ma Dongge , Yang Chuluo
Published: May 2017

Most red/deep‐red fluorescent organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) suffer from a low exciton utilization efficiency (ηγ) and a drastic efficiency roll‐off at high brightness. This work reports a new red fluorescent emitter with a D–π–A–π–D architecture, namely, 4,9‐bis(4‐(9,9‐dimethylacridin‐10(9H)‐yl)phenyl)naphtho[2,3‐c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (NZ2AC). The new emitter shows a hybrid local and charge transfer (HLCT) excited state, which can utilize the triplet excitons by the reverse intersystem cross process via the high‐lying triplet channel. A red OLED with an emission peak at 612 nm achieves a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 6.2% at a doping concentration of 8 wt% NZ2AC in a 4,4′‐bis(9‐carbazolyl)‐2,2′‐biphenyl host. Moreover, the new emitter reveals a typical aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) property, and consequently, the nondoped OLEDs exhibit a deep‐red emission at 663 nm with a maximum EQE of 2.8%, corresponding to a maximum exciton utilization ratio of 93%. Attributed to the simultaneous HLCT and AIE features, both the doped and nondoped devices exhibit low efficiency roll‐off at high brightness, with their EQEs remaining at high values of 3.0% and 2.3% at the high luminance of 5000 cd m−2, respectively, which are among the highest efficiencies at such high luminance for red/deep‐red OLEDs.
Carbonylative Tertiary Amide Synthesis from Aryl Iodides and Tertiary Amines via Oxidant‐Free C−N Bond Cleavage Catalyzed by Palladium(II) Chloride in Polyethylene Glycol/Water
Authors: Mane Rajendra S. , Bhanage Bhalchandra M.
Published: May 2017

In this work, we have described the carbonylative synthesis of amides from aryl iodides and tertiary amines as an aminal source via oxidant‐free C(sp3)−N bond cleavage using in situ formation of palladium(0) nanoparticles from palladium(II) chloride in polyethylene glycol 400/water. Notably, these reactions were performed under base‐free, ligand‐free conditions and do not require any oxidant for the C−N bond cleavage. The developed protocol offers the selective N‐dealkylation of tertiary amines in a polyethylene glycol/water solvent system. Numerous symmetrical and unsymmetrical aliphatic, alicyclic, benzyl, as well as aromatic tertiary amines with aryl iodides were well tolerated and afforded the desired products in good yields. Furthermore, the in situ generation of palladium(0) nanoparticles in the polyethylene glycol 400 was confirmed by TEM, FEG‐SEM, EDS and XRD techniques, which strongly indicate that the palladium nanoparticles are highly active species and the reaction proceeds through the classical palladium(0)/palladium(II) pathway. Additionally, the syntheses can be easily scaled up and the catalytic system can be recycled up to five times without loss of its catalytic activity and selectivity.

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Ein Organoruthenium‐Tumortherapeutikum mit unerwartet hoher Selektivität für Plectin
Authors: Meier Samuel M. , Kreutz Dominique , Winter Lilli , Klose Matthias H. M. , Cseh Klaudia , Weiss Tamara , Bileck Andrea , Alte Beatrix , Mader Johanna C. , Jana Samir , Chatterjee Annesha , Bhattacharyya Arindam , Hejl Michaela , Jakupec Michael A. , Heffeter Petra , Berger Walter , Hartinger Christian G. , Keppler Bernhard K. , Wiche Gerhard , Gerner Christopher
Published: May 2017

Metallorganische Tumortherapeutika werden durch Ligandenaustausch aktiviert, und es wird gemeinhin angenommen, dass die resultierenden aktivierten Spezies geringe Selektivität für potenzielle zelluläre Ziele zeigen. Durch ein Proteomik‐basiertes Ziel‐Antwort‐Profiling konnte jedoch nachgewiesen werden, dass ein Ruthenium‐Aren‐Pyridincarbothioamid (Plecstatin) eine unerwartet hohe Selektivität für Plectin, ein Strukturprotein und Vernetzer des Zytoskeletts, zeigt, was in einem Plectin‐Knock‐out‐Modell in vitro validiert wurde. In Sphäroidkulturen konnte gezeigt werden, dass die gezielten Wechselwirkungen mit Plectin das Potenzial haben, den invasiven Charakter von Tumoren zu inhibieren. Nach oraler Gabe wirkte Plecstatin‐1 im invasiven B16‐Melanom stärker tumorinhibierend als im CT‐26‐Kolonkarzinom‐Tumormodell.
Insulin – von seiner Entdeckung bis zur industriellen Synthese moderner Insulin‐Analoga
Authors: Moroder Luis , Musiol Hans‐Jürgen
Published: May 2017

Nach der Entdeckung des Insulins als Medikament gegen Diabetes stand die pharmazeutische Industrie vor der Aufgabe, den Bedarf an Insulin aus tierischen Quellen in möglichst hoher Reinheit und in den benötigten Mengen zu decken. Infolge der Immunreaktion vieler Patienten auf Insulin aus tierischem Pankreasextrakt erlangte der Zugang zu Human‐Insulin höchste Priorität. Nur die enzymkatalysierte Semisynthese am C‐Terminus der Insulin‐B‐Kette ermöglichte eine kommerzielle Herstellung, die jedoch von der Bereitstellung von Schweine‐Insulin abhängig war und zu Versorgungsengpässen führte. Erst die Entwicklung der rDNA‐Technologie ermöglichte die kommerzielle Herstellung von Human‐Insulin über Biosynthese in nahezu unbegrenzten Mengen. Eine erhöhte chemische Diversität war nur durch chemische Synthese erreichbar, vereinfacht durch Fortschritte bei der Festphasenpeptidsynthese und der chemischen Ligation. So wurden Synthesen einkettiger Insulin‐Vorstufen entwickelt, die schnelle Screenings von Insulin‐Analoga mit verbesserten biophysikalischen, biologischen und damit auch neuen therapeutischen Eigenschaften sowie die industrielle Herstellung biosynthetisch nicht zugänglicher Insulin‐Analoga ermöglichten.
Sol–Gel‐Derived Biohybrid Materials Incorporating Long‐Chain DNA Aptamers
Authors: Carrasquilla Carmen , Kapteyn Emily , Li Yingfu , Brennan John D.
Published: May 2017

Sol–gel‐derived bio/inorganic hybrid materials have been examined for diverse applications, including biosensing, affinity chromatography and drug discovery. However, such materials have mostly been restricted to the interaction between entrapped biorecognition elements and small molecules, owing to the requirement for nanometer‐scale mesopores in the matrix to retain entrapped biorecognition elements. Herein, we report on a new class of macroporous bio/inorganic hybrids, engineered through a high‐throughput materials screening approach, that entrap micron‐sized concatemeric DNA aptamers. We demonstrate that the entrapment of these long‐chain DNA aptamers allows their retention within the macropores of the silica material, so that aptamers can interact with high molecular weight targets such as proteins. Our approach overcomes the major limitation of previous sol–gel‐derived biohybrid materials by enabling molecular recognition for targets beyond small molecules.
Continuous Synthesis and Purification by Coupling a Multistep Flow Reaction with Centrifugal Partition Chromatography
Authors: Örkényi Róbert , Éles János , Faigl Ferenc , Vincze Péter , Prechl Anita , Szakács Zoltán , Kóti János , Greiner István
Published: May 2017

Continuous‐flow multistep synthesis is combined with quasi‐continuous final‐product purification to produce pure products from crude reaction mixtures. In the nucleophilic aromatic substitution of 2,4‐difluoronitrobenzene with morpholine followed by a heterogeneous catalytic hydrogenation, the desired monosubstituted product can be continuously separated from the co‐ and by‐products in a purity of over 99 % by coupling a flow reactor sequence to a multiple dual‐mode (MDM) centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) device. This purification technique has many advantages over HPLC, such as higher resolution and no need for column replacement or silica recycling, and it does not suffer from irreversible adsorption.
CsPbBr3 QD/AlOx Inorganic Nanocomposites with Exceptional Stability in Water, Light, and Heat
Authors: Loiudice Anna , Saris Seryio , Oveisi Emad , Alexander Duncan T. L. , Buonsanti Raffaella
Published: May 2017

Herein, the assembly of CsPbBr3 QD/AlOx inorganic nanocomposites, by using atomic layer deposition (ALD) for the growth of the amorphous alumina matrix (AlOx), is described as a novel protection scheme for such QDs. The nucleation and growth of AlOx on the QD surface was thoroughly investigated by miscellaneous techniques, which highlighted the importance of the interaction between the ALD precursors and the QD surface to uniformly coat the QDs while preserving the optoelectronic properties. These nanocomposites show exceptional stability towards exposure to air (for at least 45 days), irradiation under simulated solar spectrum conditions (for at least 8 h), and heat (up to 200 °C in air), and finally upon immersion in water. This method was extended to the assembly of CsPbBrxI3−x QD/AlOx and CsPbI3 QD/AlOx nanocomposites, which were more stable than the pristine QD films.
Mannich Curcuminoids as Potent Anticancer Agents
Authors: Gyuris Márió , Hackler László , Nagy Lajos I. , Alföldi Róbert , Rédei Eszter , Marton Annamária , Vellai Tibor , Faragó Nóra , Ózsvári Béla , Hetényi Anasztázia , Tóth Gábor K. , Sipos Péter , Kanizsai Iván , Puskás László G.
Published: May 2017

A series of novel curcuminoids were synthesised for the first time via a Mannich‐3CR/organocatalysed Claisen–Schmidt condensation sequence. Structure–activity relationship (SAR) studies were performed by applying viability assays and holographic microscopic imaging to these curcumin analogues for anti‐proliferative activity against A549 and H1975 lung adenocarcinoma cells. The TNFα‐induced NF‐κB inhibition and autophagy induction effects correlated strongly with the cytotoxic potential of the analogues. Significant inhibition of tumour growth was observed when the most potent analogue 44 was added in liposomes at one‐sixth of the maximally tolerated dose in the A549 xenograft model. The novel spectrum of activity of these Mannich curcuminoids warrants further preclinical investigations.
‘Carrots for Corporate Sustainability’: Impacts of Incentive Inclusiveness and Variety on Environmental Performance
Authors: Dahlmann Frederik , Branicki Layla , Brammer Stephen
Published: May 2017

In this paper we explore the role that managerial incentives play in improving corporate environmental performance, finding that greater inclusiveness of incentive beneficiaries and greater variety of incentive types are important factors in firms' incentive schemes. Drawing on a large dataset of multinational enterprises, our results suggest that including more beneficiaries from different levels within the corporate hierarchy and offering both monetary and non‐monetary rewards are generally more likely to lead to reductions in corporate greenhouse gas emissions. Developing two principles of incentive design, inclusiveness and variety, and the conceptualization of patterns of these in organizations as configurations of incentives, our research contributes substantially to normative advice regarding the relative effectiveness of alternative systems of environmental incentives. Such an understanding of the potential of incentives is critical to informing how firms address complex problems such as sustainability in the context of increasingly extended organizational hierarchies and designs. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Medical students and professional anatomists do not perceive gender bias within imagery featuring anatomy
Authors: Morgan Susan , Plaisant Odile , Lignier Baptiste , Moxham Bernard J.
Published: May 2017

Previous studies suggest that, while both medical students and professional anatomists recognize the importance of gender issues and do not wish to associate with sexism, most are unaware of the possible negative aspects of sexism within anatomy (Morgan et al. , J. Anat. 224:352–365; , Clin. Anat. 29:892–910). To further investigate this issue, we provided second year medical students at Cardiff University (n = 293) and at the University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité (n = 142) and professional anatomists (n = 208) with a questionnaire inviting them to address the possibility that gender factors within anatomical imagery (both historical and contemporary) hinder the dispassionate representation of anatomy. Ethical approval for the survey was obtained from the universities at both Cardiff and Paris. In the light of previous findings, the hypothesis tested was that medical students and professional anatomists do not perceive a gender bias when reflected in imagery that is based on anatomical iconography. Our survey results support this hypothesis and suggest that most students and anatomists are unaware of the possible negative aspects of sexism within the culture of anatomy. We consequently recommend that teachers of anatomy and authors of anatomical textbooks should be aware of the possibility of adverse effects on professional matters relating to equality and diversity issues when using imagery. Clin. Anat. 30:711–732, 2017. © 2017Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aortic arch origin of the left vertebral artery
Authors: Tardieu Gabrielle G. , Edwards Bryan , Alonso Fernando , Watanabe koichi , Saga Tsuyoshi , Nakamura Moriyoshi , Motomura Mayuko , Sampath Raghuram , Iwanaga Joe , Goren Oded , Monteith Stephen , Oskouian Rod J. , Loukas Marios , Tubbs R. Shane
Published: May 2017

Complications from anterior approaches to the cervical spine are uncommon with normal anatomy. However, variant anatomy might predispose one to an increased incidence of injury during such procedures. We hypothesized that left vertebral arteries that arise from the aortic arch instead of the subclavian artery might take a more medial path in their ascent making them more susceptible to iatrogenic injury. Fifty human adult cadavers were examined for left vertebral arteries having an aortic arch origin and these were dissected along their entire cervical course. Additionally, two radiological databases of CTA and arteriography procedures were retrospectively examined for cases of aberrant left vertebral artery origin from the aortic arch over a two‐year period. Two cadaveric specimens (4%) were found to have a left vertebral artery arising from the aortic arch. The retrospective radiological database analysis identified 13 cases (0.87%) of left vertebral artery origin from the aortic arch. Of all cases, vertebral arteries that arose from the aortic arch were much more likely to not only have a more medial course (especially their preforaminal segment) over the cervical vertebral bodies but also to enter a transverse foramen that was more cranially located than the normal C6 entrance of the vertebral artery. Spine surgeons who approach the anterior cervical spine should be aware that an aortic origin of the left vertebral artery is likely to be closer to the midline and less protected above the C6 vertebral level. Clin. Anat. 30:811–816, 2017. © 2017Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Alkynyl N‐Nosylhydrazones: Easy Decomposition to Alknynl Diazomethanes and Application in Allene Synthesis
Authors: Yang Yang , Liu Zhaohong , Porta Alessio , Zanoni Giuseppe , Bi Xihe
Published: May 2017

The decomposition of N‐tosylhydrazones is a safe and convenient method for the generation of donor carbenes. However, alkynyl carbenes cannot be isolated by this route because they readily undergo intramolecular cyclization to pyrazoles as soon as formed from alkynyl N‐tosylhydrazones. Here, the use of alkynyl N‐nosylhydrazones for the in situ generation of alkynyl carbenes and their coupling reaction with boronic acids under metal‐free conditions is reported, giving rise to a wide array of di‐ and trisubstituted allenes. Preliminary mechanistic investigations demonstrated that γ‐protodeboration of propargyl boric acid was responsible for the initial allene formation. This methodology based on the nosyl group allows for novel transformations that involve an alkynylcarbene transient species.
Metal‐Dependent Strengthening and Weakening of M−H and M−C Bonds by an Oxo Ligand: Thermal Gas‐Phase Activation of Methane by [OMH]+ and [MH]+ (M=Mo, Ti)
Authors: Firouzbakht Marjan , Zhou Shaodong , González‐Navarrete Patricio , Schlangen Maria , Kaupp Martin , Schwarz Helmut
Published: May 2017

The thermal gas‐phase reactions of methane with [OMoH]+ and [MoH]+ were investigated by using electrospray‐ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) complemented by quantum‐chemical calculations. In contrast to the inertness of [MoH]+ towards methane, [OMoH]+ activates the C−H bond to form the ionic product [OMo(CH3)]+ concomitantly with the liberation of H2. The origin of the varying reactivities is traced back to a different influence of the oxo ligand on the Mo−C and Mo−H bonds. While the presence of this ligand weakens both the Ti−H and the Ti−CH3 bonds, both the Mo−H and Mo−CH3 bonds are strengthened. The more pronounced strengthening of the Mo−CH3 bond compared to the Mo−H bond favors the exothermicity of the reaction of [OMoH]+ with CH4.
Self‐Assembly of Di‐N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Gold‐Adorned Corannulenes on C60
Authors: Mejuto Carmen , Escobar Luis , Guisado‐Barrios Gregorio , Ballester Pablo , Gusev Dmitry , Peris Eduardo
Published: May 2017

The deprotonation of a corannulene‐based bisazolium salt allowed the preparation of a corannulene‐based NHC di‐AuI complex. The prepared di‐AuI‐complex was tested in the recognition of fullerene‐C60, demonstrating good binding affinity in toluene solution, and producing a host–guest complex with 3:1 stoichiometry, as evidenced by a combination of NMR spectroscopy and ITC titrations. The experimental results are fully supported by DFT calculations. The binding of C60 with the di‐AuI complex in toluene solution is enthalpically and entropically favoured. Remarkably, the entropic term is the dominant parameter in the binding process. The good complementarity that exists between the concave shape of the corannulene‐di‐gold complex and the convex surface of the fullerene, together with the presence of tBu groups and the AuCl fragment are key factors for the measured high affinity between host and guest. The obtained results indicate that fullerene may be acting as a template for the formation of a self‐assembled aggregate involving up to three molecules of the di‐AuI complex.
Tellurite‐Squarate Driven Assembly of a New Family of Nanoscale Clusters Based on (Mo2O2S2)2+
Authors: Purcell Jamie W. , Miras Haralampos N. , Long De‐Liang , Markopoulou Panagiota , Cronin Leroy
Published: May 2017

The preparation and characterization of a new family of four polyoxothiometalate (POTM) clusters are reported, with varying size and complexity, based upon the dimeric [Mo2O2S2(H2O)6]2+ cation with the general formula (NMe4)aKb[(Mo2O2S2)c(TeO4)d(C4O4)e(OH)f] where a,b,c,d,e,f={1,7,14,2,4,10}=1, {Mo28Te2}; {2,26,36,12,10,48}=2, {Mo72Te12}; {0,11,15,3,3,21}=3, {Mo30Te3}; {2,6,12,2,4,16}=4, {Mo24Te2}. The incorporation of tellurite anions allowed the fine tuning of the templating and bridging of the available building blocks, leading to new topologies of increased complexity. The structural diversity of this family of compounds ranges from the highly symmetrical cross‐shaped {Mo24Te2} to the stacked ring structure of {Mo72Te12}, which is the largest tellurium‐containing POTM cluster reported so far. Also a detailed experimental analysis revealed that the pH isolation window extends from acidic to basic values. ESI‐MS analyses not only confirmed the stability of this family in solution but also revealed the stability of the observed virtual building blocks.
Organizational attention and learning under regulatory intervention: Governmental investigation into auto engine quality
Authors: Rhee Mooweon , Kim Young‐Choon
Published: May 2017

We examine the efficacy of government regulation on a firm's product. We draw on the behavioural approach of organization research in order to understand the micromechanisms whereby the regulatory intervention process affects corporate operation. We suggest that while government investigations may limit the improvements in product quality by distracting a firm's attention, this unintended outcome depends on the extent to which the firm engages in a substantive problem‐solving process with the regulator during an investigation process. A longitudinal analysis of the US government's investigation into motor vehicle engine production offers overall support for our argument. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications that our findings present to learning theory and institutional literature. Copyright © 2017 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of Protonated Model Disaccharides from Tandem Mass Spectrometry and Chemical Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Rossich Molina Estefania , Eizaguirre Ane , Haldys Violette , Urban Dominique , Doisneau Gilles , Bourdreux Yann , Beau Jean‐Marie , Salpin Jean‐Yves , Spezia Riccardo
Published: May 2017

The fragmentation mechanisms of prototypical disaccharides have been studied herein by coupling tandem mass spectrometry (MS) with collisional chemical dynamics simulations. These calculations were performed by explicitly considering the collisions between the protonated sugar and the neutral target gas, which led to an ensemble of trajectories for each system, from which it was possible to obtain reaction products and mechanisms without pre‐imposing them. The β‐aminoethyl and aminopropyl derivatives of cellobiose, maltose, and gentiobiose were studied to observe differences in both the stereochemistry and the location of the glycosidic linkage. Chemical dynamics simulations of MS/MS and MS/MS/MS were used to suggest some primary and secondary fragmentation mechanisms for some experimentally observed product ions. These simulations provided some new insights into the fundamentals of the unimolecular dissociation of protonated sugars under collisional induced dissociation conditions.
The Effect of Temperature on Selectivity in the Oscillatory Mode of the Phenylacetylene Oxidative Carbonylation Reaction
Authors: Parker Julie , Novakovic Katarina
Published: May 2017

Reaction temperature plays a major role in product selectivity in the oscillatory mode of the palladium‐catalyzed phenylacetylene oxidative carbonylation reaction. At 40 °C, dimethyl (2Z)‐2‐phenyl‐2‐butenedioate is the major product whereas at 0 °C the major product is 5,5‐dimethoxy‐3‐phenyl‐2(5H)‐furanone. The occurrence of oscillations in pH coincides with an increase in the rate of phenylacetylene consumption and associated product formation. Experiments were performed isothermally in a reaction calorimeter to correlate reactant consumption and product formation with the occurrence of pH oscillations and the heat released by the reaction. An increase in the size of the pH drop in a single oscillation correlates with an increase in energy, indicating that this section of a single oscillation relates to reactant consumption. Based on these observations, a reaction pathway responsible for product formation is provided.
Psilocybin: Good Trip or Bad Trip
Authors: Sellers EM
Published: May 2017

Much of the history of pharmacology and therapeutics involves finding new uses for old drugs. The latest rediscovery is that of psychedelic drugs. Since they can cause profound distortions of perception and were once used as part of religious ceremonies, such research may seem unusual at this time.
“Polka Dot Macrophages” on cytology of bilateral adrenal masses—Nailing disseminated histoplasmosis
Authors: Grover Sumit , Selhi Pavneet Kaur , Sood Neena , Sood Ridhi , Kaur Harpreet
Published: May 2017

Histoplasma capsulatum is a saprophytic fungus that in immunocompetent individuals causes self‐limited pulmonary infection; however, in immunosuppressed patients involvement of the reticuloendothelial system, alimentary tract, urinary tract, and central nervous system is fairly common. Rarely patients present with bilateral adrenal masses which mimic tuberculosis and metastasis on radiology because of associated central necrosis. Ultrasound guided FNAC aided by special stains like Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and Gomori Methenamine Silver (GMS) may help in early diagnosis in such dubious cases. Polka dot macrophages were the clue to diagnosis of histoplasmosis on toluidine blue rapid staining, Hematoxylin & Eosin, and Pap stained smears. We report this case because of its rarity, diagnostic difficulty on radiology, and rapidity of diagnosis by FNA due of its characteristic cytomorphology.
Discontinuity surfaces and microfacies in a storm‐dominated shallow Epeiric Sea, Devonian Cedar Valley Group, Iowa
Authors: Brady Mara , Bowie Christopher
Published: May 2017

Discontinuity surfaces develop in carbonate successions in response to a range of environmental changes and represent an integral part of the stratigraphic record. In Palaeozoic shallow epeiric basins that are typified by extremely slow subsidence and intermittent sedimentation, discontinuity surfaces may represent the majority of the time‐rock record. A depositional and sequence‐stratigraphic model was developed through microfacies analysis and discontinuity surface characterization using three cores in a proximal to distal transect across the Middle to Upper Devonian Iowa Basin. Twelve microfacies are recognized, spanning supratidal to deep subtidal facies tracts. A total of 105 discontinuity surfaces were documented and classified as either submarine omission surfaces, subaerial exposure surfaces or submarine erosional surfaces. Omission surfaces increase in frequency basinward, indicating increased sediment starvation in the offshore direction. Exposure surfaces increase in frequency shoreward, indicating more frequent subaerial exposure in a shallower setting. Erosional surfaces are dominant in the inner and middle ramp and interpreted as the base of storm beds (tempestites); these surfaces are rare in the outer ramp due to its generally deeper setting below storm wave base. Moreover, discontinuity surfaces exhibit systematic groupings stratigraphically (vertically) across the three localities spanning the Devonian carbonate ramp. Zones of either exposure‐dominated, erosion‐dominated or omission‐dominated surfaces were recognized and correlated with their landward or basinward equivalents (along with shifts in major facies belts) and interpreted in a sequence‐stratigraphic context. This study highlights the importance of including a detailed characterization of both depositional facies and non‐depositional discontinuity surfaces in order to better understand the stratigraphic history of a basin. The framework of analysis provided here is particularly useful for marine carbonate strata deposited in epeiric basins, which are especially common in the Palaeozoic and where non‐deposition and erosion occur frequently, but can also be applied to other geological time periods and settings.
Transcriptome predictors of coral survival and growth in a highly variable environment
Authors: Bay Rachael A. , Palumbi Stephen R.
Published: May 2017

Concern over rapid environmental shifts associated with climate change has led to a search for molecular markers of environmental tolerance. Climate‐associated gene expression profiles exist for a number of systems, but have rarely been tied to fitness outcomes, especially in nonmodel organisms. We reciprocally transplanted corals between two backreef locations with more and less variable temperature regimes to disentangle effects of recent and native environment on survival and growth. Coral growth over 12 months was largely determined by local environment. Survival, however, was impacted by native environment; corals from the more variable environment had 22% higher survivorship. By contrast, corals native to the less variable environment had more variable survival. This might represent a “selective sieve” where poor survivors are filtered from the more stressful environment. We also find a potential fitness trade‐off—corals with high survival under stressful conditions grew less in the more benign environment. Transcriptome samples taken a year before transplantation were used to examine gene expression patterns that predicted transplant survival and growth. Two separate clusters of coexpressed genes were predictive of survival in the two locations. Genes from these clusters are candidate biomarkers for predicting persistence of corals under future climate change scenarios.
Infochemical use and dietary specialization in parasitoids: a meta‐analysis
Authors: van Oudenhove Louise , Mailleret Ludovic , Fauvergue Xavier
Published: May 2017

Many parasitoid species use olfactory cues to locate their hosts. In tritrophic systems, parasitoids of herbivores can exploit the chemical blends emitted by plants in reaction to herbivore‐induced damage, known as herbivore‐induced plant volatiles (HIPVs). In this study, we explored the specificity and innateness of parasitoid responses to HIPVs using a meta‐analysis of data from the literature. Based on the concept of dietary specialization and infochemical use, we hypothesized that (i) specialist parasitoids (i.e., with narrow host ranges) should be attracted to specific HIPV signals, whereas generalist parasitoids (i.e., with broad host ranges) should be attracted to more generic HIPV signals and (ii) specialist parasitoids should innately respond to HIPVs, whereas generalist parasitoids should have to learn to associate HIPVs with host presence. We characterized the responses of 66 parasitoid species based on published studies of parasitoid behavior. Our meta‐analysis showed that (i) as predicted, specialist parasitoids were attracted to more specific signals than were generalist parasitoids but, (ii) contrary to expectations, response innateness depended on a parasitoid's target host life stage rather than on its degree of host specialization: parasitoids of larvae were more likely to show an innate response to HIPVs than were parasitoids of adults. This result changes our understanding of dietary specialization and highlights the need for further theoretical research that will help clarify infochemical use by parasitoids.
β‐Trisubstituted “Push–Pull” Porphyrins – Synthesis and Structural, Photophysical, and Electrochemical Redox Properties
Authors: Yadav Pinky , Kumar Ravi , Saxena Amit , Butcher Ray J. , Sankar Muniappan
Published: May 2017

A family of tri‐β‐substituted porphyrins, MTPP(CH3)2X (M = 2H, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn; X = NO2or CHO; TPP = tetraphenylporphyrin), was synthesized and characterized by various spectroscopic techniques. The single‐crystal X‐ray structures of NiTPP(CH3)2CHO and H2TPP(CH3)2NO2revealed ruffled and saddle conformations of the porphyrin core, respectively. The effects of the β substituents were reflected in bathochromic shifts of the electronic spectral features and positive or negative shifts of the redox potentials. H2TPP(CH3)2NO2and H2TPP(CH3)2CHO exhibited very high dipole moments (5.76–7.59 D) compared with that of H2TPP (0.052 D) owing to the push–pull effect. These push–pull porphyrins exhibited lower HOMO–LUMO gaps than those of MTPP(NO2) and MTPP. The redox tunability was achieved through the introduction of electron donor and acceptor groups at the porphyrin backbone.