bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feng Shui and the Demarcation Project
Authors: Fernandez-Beanato Damian
Published: August 2021

The vast majority of well-informed philosophers of science and scientists who are clearly (uncontroversially) scientists are able to extensionally differentiate between almost all scientific and non-scientific practices, disciplines, theories, attitudes, modes of procedure, etc., and do so or would do so in much the same way. This legitimately leads to the conclusion that the main problem of scientific demarcation has already, in a sense, been solved, although an explicative integrated account of that solution has not yet been given. Doing so is the goal of the project proposed in Fernandez-Beanato (Journal for General Philosophy of Science51(3):375–391, 2020b). To advance toward the solution of the scientific demarcation problem, this article executes part of that project: a first step for scientific demarcation is the composition of a broad “list” (set) of accepted characteristics, conditions, or properties of science, or indicators of scientificity (most of them, by themselves, unnecessary and insufficient) which might be collectively used to establish a demarcation between those theories, cognitive fields, practices, etc. which are scientific and those which are not. This article deals with feng shui as a clear case of a non-science. It defines feng shui and then lists properties of science that feng shui possesses and properties of science that it lacks. This article then shows that the proposed demarcatory list demarcates feng shui as non-scientific, in agreement with the current philosophical and scientific consensus.
Sustainable mechanochemical synthesis of β-cyclodextrin polymers by twin screw extrusion
Authors: Rubin Pedrazzo Alberto , Trotta Francesco , Hoti Gjylije , Cesano Federico , Zanetti Marco
Published: August 2021

Cyclodextrin nanosponges (CD-NS) are cross-linked cyclodextrin polymers characterized by a nanostructured three-dimensional network. CD-NSs in the last years found many different applications in the pharmaceutical field for the controlled release of drugs and for the absorption of undesired substances from physiological media, food, and wastewater. Most of CD-NS syntheses involve the solubilization of the chosen CD in closed batch, using a suitable organic polar aprotic liquid, which may affect potential environmental or biomedical applications. Since the research is now moving towards more sustainable approaches, new and greener syntheses of CD-NS are now being developed. Here, it is reported a new eco-friendly and efficient synthesis of nanosponges through mechanochemistry. Mechanochemistry involves the application of mechanical forces to drive and control chemical reactions by transferring energy to chemical bonds. The mechanochemical approach involves the use of a twin-screw extruder (TSE) as a chemical reactor: TSE are capable of fine temperature control and, furthermore, TS Extrusion is a continuous process and not a batch process. Among the many available CD-NS syntheses, we tested our solvent-free approach on a β-CD/citric acid (CA) system. Moreover, using TSE, the same polymer was obtained in a considerably shorter time. The so obtained NSs were used for the adsorption and removal of probe molecules, in comparison with NSs prepared by cross-linking β-CD with CA in batch.

Graphical Abstract
Quantitative 3D imaging of partially saturated granular materials under uniaxial compression
Authors: Milatz Marius , Hüsener Nicole , Andò Edward , Viggiani Gioacchino , Grabe Jürgen
Published: August 2021

Gauging the mechanical effect of partial saturation in granular materials is experimentally challenging due to the very low suctions resulting from large pores. To this end, a uniaxial (zero radial stress) compression test may be preferable to a triaxial one where confining pressure and membrane effects may erase the contribution of this small suction; however, volume changes are challenging to measure. This work resolves this limitation by using X-ray imaging during in situ uniaxial compression tests on Hamburg Sand and glass beads at three different initial water contents, allowing a suction-dependent dilation to be brought to the light. The acquired tomography volumes also allow the development of air–water and solid–water interfacial areas, water clusters and local strain fields to be measured at the grain scale. These measurements are used to characterise pertinent micro-scale quantities during shearing and to relate them to the measured macroscopic response. The new and well-controlled data acquired during this experimental campaign are hopefully a useful contribution to the modelling efforts—to this end they are shared with the community.
Effects of B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 on COVID-19 Dynamics: A Campus Reopening Study
Authors: Linka Kevin , Peirlinck Mathias , Schäfer Amelie , Tikenogullari Oguz Ziya , Goriely Alain , Kuhl Ellen
Published: August 2021

The timing and sequence of safe campus reopening has remained the most controversial topic in higher education since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. By the end of March 2020, almost all colleges and universities in the United States had transitioned to an all online education and many institutions have not yet fully reopened to date. For a residential campus like Stanford University, the major challenge of reopening is to estimate the number of incoming infectious students at the first day of class. Here we learn the number of incoming infectious students using Bayesian inference and perform a series of retrospective and projective simulations to quantify the risk of campus reopening. We create a physics-based probabilistic model to infer the local reproduction dynamics for each state and adopt a network SEIR model to simulate the return of all undergraduates, broken down by their year of enrollment and state of origin. From these returning student populations, we predict the outbreak dynamics throughout the spring, summer, fall, and winter quarters using the inferred reproduction dynamics of Santa Clara County. We compare three different scenarios: the true outbreak dynamics under the wild-type SARS-CoV-2, and the hypothetical outbreak dynamics under the new COVID-19 variants B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 with 56% and 50% increased transmissibility. Our study reveals that even small changes in transmissibility can have an enormous impact on the overall case numbers. With no additional countermeasures, during the most affected quarter, the fall of 2020, there would have been 203 cases under baseline reproduction, compared to 4727 and 4256 cases for the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants. Our results suggest that population mixing presents an increased risk for local outbreaks, especially with new and more infectious variants emerging across the globe. Tight outbreak control through mandatory quarantine and test-trace-isolate strategies will be critical in successfully managing these local outbreak dynamics.
Understanding Town Centre Performance in Wales: Using GIS to Develop a Tool for Benchmarking
Authors: Jones Samuel , Newing Andy , Orford Scott
Published: August 2021

Welsh Government policy establishes town centres as central places of community activity and local prosperity, recognising the positive impact towns have on the local economy and the well-being and cohesion felt amongst local communities. In light of this, recent declines in the usage of town centres are a major cause for concern. These have not been experienced uniformly across all towns, with some towns out-performing others. This paper applies principles outlined in Welsh Government’s Planning Policy Wales to develop a tool which classifies a sample of 71 towns and cities in Wales based on their centre and catchment characteristics. Catchment areas have been delineated using a Spatial Interaction Model to account for complex consumer behaviours and competition between centres. The tool identifies six distinct types of towns alongside key socio-economic catchment area characteristics. Once developed, we demonstrate our tool’s application by exploring variations in town centre performance between and within each town type. Case study examples exemplify how policymakers may use this tool to benchmark between towns, evaluating the suitability of a town’s retail offering based on its performance relative to the benchmark, guiding decisions relating to the types of businesses and uses a town should pursue to improve its appeal to its catchment community. In conclusion, several recommendations to policymakers are suggested.
A structured methodical process for populating a crime script of organized crime activity using OSINT
Authors: Chainey Spencer P. , Alonso Berbotto Arantza
Published: August 2021

Crime script analysis is becoming an increasingly used approach for examining organized crime. Crime scripts can use data from multiple sources, including open sources of intelligence (OSINT). Limited guidance exists, however, on how to populate the content of a crime script with data, and validate these data. This results in crime scripts being generated intuitively, restricts them from being scrutinised for their quality, and limits the opportunity to combine or compare crime scripts. We introduce a practical process for populating the content of a crime script that involves simple coding procedures and uses document analysis to quality assure data that are extracted from open sources. We illustrate the process with the example of theft of oil from pipelines in Mexico committed by organized crime groups. The structured methodical process we introduce produces a crime script of high quality, helps to improve the systematic analysis of decision-making performed by members of organized crime groups, and can improve the identification of opportunities for crime control.
Mechanisms to exclude local people from forests: Shifting power relations in forest transitions
Authors: Pichler Melanie , Schmid Martin , Gingrich Simone
Published: August 2021

Forest transitions may significantly contribute to climate change mitigation but also change forest use, affecting the local people benefiting from forests. We analyze forest transitions as contested processes that simplify multifunctional landscapes and alter local livelihoods. Drawing on the Theory of Access, we develop a conceptual framework to investigate practices of multifunctional forest use and the mechanisms that exclude local forest use(r)s during forest transitions in nineteenth century Austria and twenty-first century Lao PDR. Based on historical sources, interviews and secondary literature, we discuss legal, structural and social-metabolic mechanisms to exclude multifunctional forest practices, marginalizing peasants and shifting cultivators. These include, for example, the increasing enforcement of private ownership in forests or the shift from fuelwood to coal in Austria and restrictive land use planning or the expansion of private land concessions in Laos. By integrating political ecology and environmental history in forest transitions research we unravel shifting power relations connected to forest change.
Hautkrebs durch natürliche UV‑Strahlung
Authors: Strehl C. , Wittlich M.
Published: August 2021

Hintergrund

Tätigkeitsbezogene Daten zur beruflichen und privaten UV-Exposition als Grundlage sowohl für die retrospektive Überprüfung von Kriterien der BK-Nr. 5103, aber auch die prospektive Modellierung anderer möglicher epidemiologischer Zusammenhänge, lagen bisher nur in unzureichender Form vor. Ziel der Arbeit war es, durch systematische Messungen der UV-Exposition in Beruf und Freizeit ein Expositionskataster zu entwickeln, das als Grundlage zur Einführung einer neuen und wesentlich genaueren Metrik im Berufskrankheitenverfahren dienen soll.

Material und Methoden

Im Rahmen der GENESIS-UV-Messkampagnen wurde seit 2014 die UV-Exposition bei beruflichen Tätigkeiten mittels eines Datenlogger-Dosimeters erfasst. Zur Vervollständigung der Datenlage wurde zudem seit 2019 die Messung der UV-Exposition auf den privaten Bereich ausgeweitet. An praktischen Rechenbeispielen zur retrospektiven Expositionsermittlung im Berufskrankheitenverfahren werden die Unterschiede zwischen alter und neuer Metrik herausgestellt.

Ergebnisse

Die deutlichen Vorteile der neuen Metrik zeigen sich insbesondere bei detailreicheren beruflichen Expositionen, wie wechselnden Arbeitsverhältnissen oder Teilzeitexpositionen. Es wird deutlich, dass die bisher genutzte Metrik zum Teil nur unzureichend das reale Spektrum der Exposition im beruflichen Bereich wiedergeben kann.

Diskussion

Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Anwendung der neuen Metrik im Berufskrankheitenverfahren eine weitaus differenziertere Bewertung der beruflichen Exposition zulässt und somit für die individuelle Expositionsermittlung wesentlich besser geeignet ist. Der Grund dafür ist in erster Linie die deutlich umfassendere Datenbasis der im Expositionskataster vorliegenden Werte.
Recent Progress in Emerging Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Carbides
Authors: Qin Tianchen , Wang Zegao , Wang Yuqing , Besenbacher Flemming , Otyepka Michal , Dong Mingdong
Published: August 2021

As a new member in two-dimensional materials family, transition metal carbides (TMCs) have many excellent properties, such as chemical stability, in-plane anisotropy, high conductivity and flexibility, and remarkable energy conversation efficiency, which predispose them for promising applications as transparent electrode, flexible electronics, broadband photodetectors and battery electrodes. However, up to now, their device applications are in the early stage, especially because their controllable synthesis is still a great challenge. This review systematically summarized the state-of-the-art research in this rapidly developing field with particular focus on structure, property, synthesis and applicability of TMCs. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives are outlined for the application of 2D TMCs.
Echinacoside Protects Against Dysfunction of Spermatogenesis Through the MAPK Signaling Pathway
Authors: Zhao Guifang , Wang Ying , Lai Zengyan , Zheng Lianwen , Zhao Donghai
Published: August 2021

Dysfunction at various levels of spermatogenesis (SD) is one of the important causes of infertility in men of reproductive age and requires advanced treatment strategies. Increasing evidence suggests that the therapeutic effects of echinacoside (ECH) mainly depend on their capacity to inhibit cell death. This study aimed to explore the therapeutic potential of ECH in SD rat models. Treatment with ECH reverted the morphological changes observed in testes with spermatogenesis dysfunction. It improved total sperm number, decreased the sperm deformity rate, and increased the sperm forward motility rate. The level of glutathione (GSH) was significantly higher in ECH-treated mice, whereas the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and SOD activities were improved compared with those in the spermatogenesis dysfunction model. Moreover, the increased expression of p38 and JNK was partially reversed by ECH. The number of normal TM3 cells increased gradually in an Echinacea dosage-dependent manner, suggesting that ECH promoted the proliferation of TM3 cells. In addition, treatment with ECH partially reversed the increased expression of p38 and JNK in TM3 cells. ECH protects against oxidative stress damage by activating antioxidant enzymes and MAPK signaling-related factors (p38 and JNK). It suggested that treatment with ECH alleviated spermatogenetic dysfunction of testes in male mice and it could be a promising strategy for patients suffering severe SD.
The other side of the screen: The impact of perspective‐taking on adolescents’ online communication
Authors: Bowman‐Smith Celina K. , Sosa‐Hernandez Linda , Nilsen Elizabeth S.
Published: August 2021

Introduction

In recent decades, adolescents' interactions with peers have increasingly transitioned online. While socially interactive technologies provide multiple avenues for positive communication between peers, adolescents may experience harmful online peer interactions, with such interactions negatively impacting their well‐being. A paucity of work exists investigating how adolescents' characteristics are related to their communicative choices on social media and if such choices can be influenced by cues to consider a recipient. Addressing this gap, this work examines experimental manipulations of perspective‐taking and individual differences in socio‐cognitive skills as they relate to adolescents’ communicative choices online.

Method

Within individual sessions, 12‐ to 15‐year‐old Canadian participants (N = 72, 36 girls) viewed pictures of other adolescents on a simulated social media app similar to Snapchat and chose between pre‐written aggressive or prosocial comments to send to a recipient under three conditions: a perspective‐taking cue, a time‐delay, no delay. Participants also completed self‐report questionnaires assessing emotion regulation and empathy.

Results

Following perspective‐taking cues, participants chose more prosocial comments to send compared to when participants were permitted to choose a comment immediately after viewing another adolescent's picture, while controlling for a brief time‐delay. Adolescents' individual characteristics (i.e., Social Media Use, State Mood, Affective Empathy, Gender) were associated with their communicative choices online.

Conclusions

Findings from this work provide new insight into the ways adolescents navigate their complex and increasingly online peer interactions. Further, the results suggest that adolescents’ social media communication is malleable with a brief perspective‐taking cue to consider a recipient.
Preemptive Authority: The Challenge From Outrageous Expert Judgments
Authors: Grundmann Thomas
Published: August 2021

Typically, expert judgments are regarded by laypeople as highly trustworthy. However, expert assertions that strike the layperson as obviously false or outrageous, seem to give one a perfect reason to dispute that this judgment manifests expertise. In this paper, I will defend four claims. First, I will deliver an argument in support of the preemption view on expert judgments according to which we should not rationally use our own domain-specific reasons in the face of expert testimony. Second, I will argue that the preemption view does not leave room for rejecting an expert judgment simply because it is outrageous. Third and finally, I will argue that outrageous expert judgments are ambiguous. Whereas some of them should be rationally rejected by laypeople, others are true and rationally acceptable. So, being outrageous is not, in and of itself, a reason to reject the judgment. Finally, I will argue that there are resources available to the preemption view that enable the layperson to reject some but not all outrageous expert judgments. This is sufficient to overcome the challenge from outrageous expert judgments to the preemption view.
Effect of environmental variables and their interaction on gordiid hairworm larvae (Nematomorpha)
Authors: Achiorno C.L. , Minardi G. , Ferrari L.
Published: August 2021

The different stages of the life cycle of parasites are important components of ecosystems. Changes in environmental conditions may affect free-living stages, host–parasite interactions and ecosystem functioning. The larvae of Chordodes nobilii, which belongs to the parasitic phylum Nematomorpha, are susceptible to extreme temperatures and different pollutants, but the effects of pH and moderate temperature variations have not been evaluated yet. Our objective was to assess the effect of temperature, pH and their interaction on the infectivity of C. nobilii larvae to Aedes aegypti larvae over time. Larvae were treated with factorial combinations of temperature (18, 23 and 28°C), pH (7, 8 and 9) and time periods (24 and 48 h). Results show a highly significant interaction among all variables. The highest infectivity was recorded at 18°C and pH 7 at 24 and 48 h, and the lowest one at 28°C and pH 8 at 24 and 48 h. Infectivity differed significantly among the three temperatures only at pH 8 and 48 h, decreasing with increasing temperature. Our study is the first report of the effect of pH on a Nematomorpha species and suggests that the infectivity of C. nobilii larvae may be affected negatively by an increase in temperature and its interaction with pH and time. Since parasites must be considered for a better understanding of the effects of stressors on freshwater ecosystems, our results may help in the design and analysis of studies of anthropogenic impact.
Prevalence and seasonal variation of Fasciola hepatica in slaughtered cattle: the role of climate and environmental factors in Mexico
Authors: Hernández-Guzmán K. , Molina-Mendoza P. , Olivares-Pérez J. , Alcalá-Canto Y. , Olmedo-Juárez A. , Córdova-Izquierdo A. , Villa-Mancera A.
Published: August 2021

The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of Fasciola hepatica infection in cattle slaughterhouses, as well as its association with climatic/environmental factors (derived from satellite data), seasonality and climate regions in two states in Mexico. Condemned livers from slaughtered animals were obtained from three abattoirs in the states of Puebla and Veracruz. The overall prevalence of the parasite in cattle between January and December of 2017 was 20.6% (1407 out of 6834); the highest rate of condemnation was observed in Veracruz (26.3%; tropical climate), and the lowest rate was found in Puebla (15.5%; temperate climate). The seasonal prevalence of fluke infection was 18.6%, 14.8% and 28.4% during the wet season, and 17.1%, 12.4% and 22.8% during the dry season in the three abattoir sites, located in the districts of Zacatlán, Teziutlán and Ciudad Alemán, respectively. Liver condemnations due to bovine fasciolosis were prevalent in the Zacatlán, Teziutlán and Ciudad Alemán districts during summer, autumn and summer, respectively. Using generalized estimating equations analysis, we determined six variables – rainfall (wet/dry), land surface temperature day, land surface temperature night, normalized difference vegetation index, seasonality and climate regions (temperate/tropical) – to be significantly associated with the prevalence of condemned livers. Climate region was the variable most strongly associated with F. hepatica infection (odds ratio (OR) 266.59; 95% confidence interval (CI): 241.90–353.34), followed by wet and dry seasons (OR 25.56; 95% CI: 20.56–55.67).
Haemostatic devices in parotid surgery: a systematic review
Authors: Allen L , MacKay C , Rigby M H , Trites J , Taylor S M
Published: August 2021

Objective

The Harmonic Scalpel and Ligasure (Covidien) devices are commonly used in head and neck surgery. Parotidectomy is a complex and intricate surgery that requires careful dissection of the facial nerve. This study aimed to compare surgical outcomes in parotidectomy using these haemostatic devices with traditional scalpel and cautery.

Method

A systematic review of the literature was performed with subsequent meta-analysis of seven studies that compared the use of haemostatic devices to traditional scalpel and cautery in parotidectomy. Outcome measures included: temporary facial paresis, operating time, intra-operative blood loss, post-operative drain output and length of hospital stay.

Results

A total of 7 studies representing 675 patients were identified: 372 patients were treated with haemostatic devices, and 303 patients were treated with scalpel and cautery. Statistically significant outcomes favouring the use of haemostatic devices included operating time, intra-operative blood loss and post-operative drain output. Outcome measures that did not favour either treatment included facial nerve paresis and length of hospital stay.

Conclusion

Overall, haemostatic devices were found to reduce operating time, intra-operative blood loss and post-operative drain output.
A population-wide analysis of the familial risk of suicide in Utah, USA
Authors: Bakian Amanda V. , Chen Danli , Zhang Chong , Hanson Heidi A. , Docherty Anna R. , Keeshin Brooks , Gray Douglas , Smith Ken R. , VanDerslice James A. , Yu David Z. , Zhang Yue , Coon Hilary
Published: August 2021

Background

The degree to which suicide risk aggregates in US families is unknown. The authors aimed to determine the familial risk of suicide in Utah, and tested whether familial risk varies based on the characteristics of the suicides and their relatives.

Methods

A population-based sample of 12 160 suicides from 1904 to 2014 were identified from the Utah Population Database and matched 1:5 to controls based on sex and age using at-risk sampling. All first through third- and fifth-degree relatives of suicide probands and controls were identified (N= 13 480 122). The familial risk of suicide was estimated based on hazard ratios (HR) from an unsupervised Cox regression model in a unified framework. Moderation by sex of the proband or relative and age of the proband at time of suicide (<25v.⩾25 years) was examined.

Results

Significantly elevated HRs were observed in first- (HR 3.45; 95% CI 3.12–3.82) through fifth-degree relatives (HR 1.07; 95% CI 1.02–1.12) of suicide probands. Among first-degree relatives of female suicide probands, the HR of suicide was 6.99 (95% CI 3.99–12.25) in mothers, 6.39 in sisters (95% CI 3.78–10.82), and 5.65 (95% CI 3.38–9.44) in daughters. The HR in first-degree relatives of suicide probands under 25 years at death was 4.29 (95% CI 3.49–5.26).

Conclusions

Elevated familial suicide risk in relatives of female and younger suicide probands suggests that there are unique risk groups to which prevention efforts should be directed – namely suicidal young adults and women with a strong family history of suicide.
Oily Cart's Space to Be: Exploring the Carer's Role in Sensory Theatre for Neurodiverse Audiences during COVID-19
Authors: Mahoney Alison M.
Published: August 2021

Because sensory theatre productions are designed with neurodiverse audiences in mind, practitioners are first and foremost concerned with accessibility at all levels for their audience members, incorporating multiple senses throughout a performance to allow a variety of entry points for audiences that may have wildly divergent—and often competing—access needs. One-to-one interaction between performers and audience members results in highly flexible performances that respond to physical and auditory input from individual audience members, through which performers curate customized multisensory experiences that communicate the production's theatrical world to its audience. Given this reliance on close-up interaction, the circumstances surrounding the COVID-19 pandemic have posed a particular challenge for sensory theatre makers. In in-person sensory theatre, performers focus on neurodivergent audience members, with parents and paid carers often taking a (literal) back seat, but remotely delivered sensory theatre during COVID-19 hinges on the carer's facilitation of sensory engagement curated by sensory theatre practitioners. Oily Cart, a pioneering London-based sensory theatre company, responded to COVID-19 restrictions with a season of work presented in various formats in audiences’ homes, and their production Space to Be marked a shift in the company's audience engagement to include an emphasis on the carer's experience.1 Using this production as a case study, I argue that the pivotal role adopted by carers during the pandemic has the potential to shape future in-person productions, moving practitioners toward a more holistic, neurodiverse audience experience that challenges a disabled–nondisabled binary by embracing carers’ experiences alongside those of neurodivergent audience members.2
Harvard’s Answer to the Gulf Oil Question
Authors: Schoenau Charles C.
Published: August 2021

On April 20, 1972, thirty-five black students at Harvard University — members of the Pan African Liberation Committee (PALC) and of the Harvard-Radcliffe Association of African and Afro-American Students (AFRO) — moved into Massachusetts Hall and announced that they had taken over the administration building in protest over the decision of the Harvard Corporation to retain its stock in the Gulf Oil Corporattion. The occupation lasted seven days and was supported by a large segment of the Harvard student body, many Boston community and church organizations, some of the most prominent black leaders in the United States, as well as spokesmen for the major nationalist groups in Angola.
China in Africa
Authors: Hull Richard W.
Published: August 2021

The Chinese presence in Black Africa has grown enormously in the last five years and is triggering a dangerous new Great Power scramble for strategic positions.

In the long run, its effect may be to repartition the continent into new ideological and economic spheres of influence. It is forcing the Great Powers to focus aid on areas of strategic value rather than on regions of greatest human need. It is also compelling communist and capitalist powers to overlook racial and social injustice in order to preserve their strategic stakes.
Rhodesia's “Pro-Settlement Groups” and the Anglo-Rhodesian Constitutional Dispute
Authors: Kirk Tony
Published: August 2021

The present political uncertainty in Rhodesia has complex origins. Until 1965 the country was a member of the British Commonwealth. It enjoyed “Responsible Government” (in the constitutional sense) which allowed its politicians much latitude in running affairs to suit their own desires. The black majority of the population had virtually no voice in the government. Britain retained a few residual legal rights arising from the situation when Rhodesia was colonized in 1890. In 1965 the Rhodesian politicians representing the white population of under 250,000 renounced their obligations in terms of these British rights and proclaimed their country a sovereign, independent power. The British government responded to the unilateral declaration of independence (U.D.I.) by imposing an economic blockade on Rhodesia. Rhodesia's financial assets abroad were frozen and its export trade embargoed. Its access to foreign money markets to raise investment capital was blocked.
Constitutional Engineering and Economic Recolonization in South Africa
Authors: Adam Heribert
Published: August 2021

On November 2, 1983, white voters in South Africa decided by a two-thirds majority in a nation-wide referendum to approve a new South African constitution. The new political dispensation still excludes the 70 percent African population from participation in central political decision making but includes symbolically the 10 percent so-called coloureds and 3 percent Indians in separate Parliaments. White control has been streamlined into a more technocratic, expanded executive state with greater powers for the ruling Nationalist Party and the office of the state president. The “coloureds” and Indians now play the minor role of educating whites in non-racialism.
The Quest for Unity in the Zimbabwe Liberation Movement
Authors: Mubako Simbi
Published: August 2021

In the past fifteen years African heads of state and the Organization of African Unity have striven with little success to unite liberation movements fighting the settlers and colonialists in their countries in Southern Africa. The first attempt was made by Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana and other leaders, and was directed at uniting the Pan-Africanist Congress and its rival African National Congress of South Africa soon after both were banned and forced into exile following the Sharpeville demonstrations. When leaders of both parties fanned out into the world to solicit support, some of the would-be supporters forced them into a makeshift marriage of convenience.
Panel on South African Theater
Authors: Brutus Dennis , Mphahlele Ezekiel , Pieterse Cosmo , Jeyifous Abiodun , Aidoo Ama Ata
Published: August 2021

Dr. Ezekiel Mphahlele spoke at the end of the session yesterday, and since there is considerable misunderstanding about at least one of the points he made, he has offered to make a clarification this morning.

Yesterday I got the impression that people left the meeting under the impression that I was trying to be an iconoclast and trying to bust things up. I am always considered to be a bull in a china shop. But far be it from me to want to bust people’s games up. Just before I spoke, my longstanding friend from the University of Nigeria at Nsukka, Donatus Nwoga, said the same things in so many words, expressing a wish that he could be back home.
Africa’s Uprooted People: Shaping a Humanitarian Response
Authors: Ruiz Hiram A. , Frelick Bill
Published: August 2021

Utterly destitute, exhausted, and terrorized, hundreds of Mozambicans each day make their way to neighboring countries seeking protection. More than a million Mozambican refugees have now fled that nation. Millions more are displaced within Mozambique. In southern Sudan, hundreds of thousands have died and many more are at risk of starvation. More than two million other southern Sudanese have been uprooted from their homes. Many of them are living in squalid shantytowns built atop garbage dumps outside the Sudanese capital, Khartoum. Elsewhere in Africa, refugees languish in settlements where they have remained for years, dependent on international food aid, while more recently arrived refugees struggle just to survive.
Africa’s Approach to Human Rights at the United Nations
Authors: Weinstein Warren
Published: August 2021

International concern with the rights of man is not new. During the 1800s the movement to abolish slavery was an emanation of this concern. In the mid-1800s the International Committee of the Red Cross was founded in reaction to the lack of care for wounded soldiers on battlefield. Under its aegis there developed humanitarian law, both the Law of Geneva and the Law of The Hague.

In the post World War I period, civil and political rights were given international protection in a series of “minorities treaties.” In addition, economic and social rights received international recognition with the creation of the International Labor Organization (I.L.O.) in 1919. Refugees received assistance with the establishment of a High Commissioner for Refugees. It has, however, only been in the post World War II period that international human rights, and their protection, have received extensive recognition.
Editor’s Introduction: Surviving the Job Crunch
Authors: Reefe Thomas Q.
Published: August 2021

Employment prospects in academia are the bleakest for new Ph.D.’s since the early 1950s, and there is little evidence that the situation will change in the 1980s. Between now and the end of the next decade it is estimated that tens of thousands of Ph.D.’s will be produced in the humanities and social sciences, and that the nation’s colleges and universities will be able to absorb only a fraction of the total. Employment prospects for students of third world areas like Africa are particularly dim. During the 1975-6 recruitment year only five or six tenure-track positions for African history graduate majors were nationally advertised for an active candidate pool of approximately 40-50 Ph.D.’s and ABD’s (All But Dissertation). This job market has substantially reduced the morale of graduate faculty and students since the halcyon days of full employment in the mid-1960s.
The Recruitment Committee
Authors: Patterson David
Published: August 2021

People seeking academic positions will find themselves dealing with a small, mysterious body which will either end their hopes or bring their candidacy to the brink of final success. Few applicants will ever be in a position to influence a department to hire them unless they first pass the scrutiny of a committee which screens credentials, arranges short interviews at major professional meetings, and decides which candidate or candidates will be invited to campus for inspection by their colleagues. Since the activities of a recruitment committee are generally puzzling to job seekers, who are likely to receive only short, formal, and perhaps tardy communications at irregular intervals, this description may be interesting, even if it does not reduce the anxiety level of prospective academics.
Africans, Africanists, and the Image of Africa
Authors: Makward Edris
Published: August 2021

Friday, November 4, 1977, I am sure, is just another day for most of you gathered here to deal with some important business concerning this honorable association of scholars, professionals and other genuinely interested men and women.

This Association is after all basically a membership organization and it exists primarily through, and for its constituent members. Characteristically the first line of our By-Laws (as revised in April 1970) states that ‘The Corporation shall consist of not less than 100 members.”
The Case against the C.I.A.
Authors: Stockwell John
Published: August 2021

Following several years of shocking revelations about the United States intelligence service, we now have a unique opportunity to rethink our objectives in the Third World, especially in Africa, and to modify our intelligence activities to complement rather than contradict sound, long term policies. The revelations, and their related publicity, have been a healthy exercise, making the American public aware of what enlightened people throughout the world already knew, that CIA operations had plumbed the depths of assassination, meddlesome covert wars, and the compulsive recruitment of foreign officials to commit treason on our behalf; activities which, if they did not border on international terrorism, certainly impressed their victims as harsh and cruel, whatever their bureaucratic authentication and national security justification in Washington.
South Africa: Foreign Investment and Separate Development
Authors: Raiford William
Published: August 2021

South Africa’s system of apartheid and policy of separate development is unique among nations. Apartheid is the pervasive institutionalization of discrimination by law on the basis of race; separate development would deny South African citizenship to the blacks of South Africa. A central goal of U.S. policy with respect to South Africa is to encourage that country to end apartheid and grant full political participation to all its peoples. This key policy is diametrically opposed to the position of the government of South Africa.
Settler State, Guerrilla War and Rural Underdevelopment in Rhodesia
Authors: Bratton Michael
Published: August 2021

[The designation “Rhodesia” is used to distinguish the colonial state, with which this article is concerned, from the future decolonized “Zimbabwe”. Readers interested in a less theoretical but more closely documented version of the arguments presented in this paper, plus analysis of the options and prospects for the administration of rural development in Zimbabwe, are referred to Beyond Community Development: The Political Economy of Rural Administration in Zimbabwe (London, Catholic Institute for International Relations, 1978, 64 pp.) by the same author.]
Directory of Current Research on Southern Africa
Authors: Crossey J. M. D.
Published: August 2021

This directory is a revision and updating of two earlier publications issued in limited numbers in xerox form, “A Select Register of Current and Recently Completed Research on South Africa in the Humanities and Social Sciences,” (New Haven, CT, 1977) and “Inventory of Current Research on Southern Africa” (2nd Preliminary version. New Haven, CT, 1977. Plus “Supplement,” Jan. 1978).
Africa in a Capitalist World
Authors: Wallerstein Immanuel
Published: August 2021

African studies has gone through three well-known phases as a field of study.
Up until 1950 or thereabouts, those studying Africa — they were not yet called
Africanists — tended to concentrate almost exclusively on the capturing (or
recapturing) of a description of Africa eternal: Launcelot the ethnographer in
search of a holy grail of the past that was written in the present tense and was
undefiled by contact and uncorrupted by civilization. What was once a myth is now
a fairy tale and it would be silly to waste time tellling each other the obvious
truth that fairy tales are modes of the social control and the education of
children.
Montreal in 1969: A Personal View
Authors: Gutkind Peter
Published: August 2021

When I took on the job as local arrangements chairman (what we would now call
chairperson) for the 1969 annual meeting of our association, held in Montreal, I
did not expect to cater for the largest meeting in our history. Nor was I really
prepared for the historic occasion that it was. Of course there had been rumblings
the previous year, for after all that was the time when we were still involved
with various confrontations. Today the excitement has gone, we are now all very
inward looking, and it is rather difficult to tell what, if anything, lingers from
those days. But historic occasion it was, of that there is no doubt. Almost
eighteen hundred people registered, and the program we published for the occasion
is now a collector’s item. I was recently offered twenty-five dollars for a
copy!
Africana Librarians and Outreach
Authors: Nyquist Corinne
Published: August 2021

Librarians have always served a wider clientele than those we are
expected to serve. In part this is due to our reluctance to question the
status of individuals who come before us and in part it is due to the public
service orientation of most librarians. In college and university libraries
this wider clientele includes people of all ages from the community, former
students, visiting scholars who come to the library and, through
interlibrary loan, many others long distances away. Some librarians would
say that “outreach” is what every good librarian does.
New Directions for Education in Liberated Zimbabwe
Authors: Suransky Leonard
Published: August 2021

It is only a year and a half since the landslide victory of Robert Mugabe’s Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) movement heralded the liberation of Zimbabwe from the control of the rebel minority Smith regime and its latter-day puppet Bishop Muzorewa. Hence, it is as yet very early in the life of a country reborn to expect a coherent picture of their national policies or their particular plans for education, especially when we find ourselves at such a distance from these events.
Zimcord Conference Documentation
Authors: Dougherty Edward A.
Published: August 2021

The Zimbabwe Conference on Reconstruction and Development (Zimcord) was held in Salisbury from March 23-27, 1981. Thirty-one nations and twenty-six international agencies pledged about $1.45 billion in economic aid to be disbursed over a three-year period beginning in July of 1981. The United States government, through the Agency for International Development, pledged $225 million. USAID has just begun to set up a mechanism for the distribution of those funds. Because of the presence of well-trained personnel and the substantial bureaucracy that has remained intact during the transition from a white- to a black-led government, USAID intends to utilize the existing decision-making structure in Salisbury as much as possible. For those interested in potential Zimbabwean projects, one of the key documents that needs to be studied is the Zimcord Conference Document. In the following discussion the main points of the document are summarized.
The Refugee Situation in the Horn of Africa and Sudan
Authors: Adepoju Aderanti
Published: August 2021

– “One of the most pressing problems of the world today–the plight of over 5 million refugees in Africa”

– “Every other refugee in the world is an African”

– “The refugee tragedy in Africa is a human tragedy”

– “The largest refugee problem on the continent is in the Horn of Africa”

The quotations above succinctly describe the refugee situation in Africa, in general, and especially in the Horn of Africa. In recent years, the Horn of Africa has been experiencing a rapidly worsening refugee situation. In 1979, the Organization of African United indicated that Africa, apart from “becoming the continent with the largest number of least developed countries and harbouring the largest number of the most economically backward regions in the world–constituting the periphery of the periphery in the international economic system, Africa is ... becoming the continent with largest number of refugees who constitute more than 40 per cent of the world refugee population.” The situation has since worsened as the number of refugees has reached, perhaps passed, the 5 million mark.
Foreign Aid to Sadcc: An Analysis of the Reagan Administration’s Foreign Policy
Authors: Brown Ed
Published: August 2021

During the past decade, American foreign policy interests in Southern Africa have steadily increased. In 1974, the collapse of the Portuguese government led to independence for Mozambique and Angola. More recently the Zimbabwean and Namibian liberation struggles have occupied center stage. International attention to South African events has also increased while Western concerns about Soviet influence in the region have intensified. Policy-makers in the United States have not remained immune to these changes. In fact, while American interests in the region have not really changed, they have increased because of the foregoing events and the way they are perceived by American policy makers.

In April 1980, all the majority-ruled states of Southern Africa gathered in Lusaka, Zambia, and formed the Southern African Development Coordination Conference.
Exploring the opportunities for alignment of regulatory postauthorization requirements and data required for performance-based managed entry agreements
Authors: Eichler Hans-Georg , Adams Roisin , Andreassen Einar , Arlett Peter , van de Casteele Marc , Chapman Suzannah J. , Goettsch Wim G. , Martinsson Jonathan Lind , Llinares-Garcia Jordi , Nachtnebel Anna , Pean Elias , Rasi Guido , Reksten Tove Ragna , Timmers Lonneke , Vreman Rick A. , van de Vijver Inneke , Wenzl Martin
Published: August 2021

Performance-based managed entry agreements (PB-MEAs) might allow patient access to new medicines, but practical hurdles make competent authorities for pricing and reimbursement (CAPR) reluctant to implement PB-MEAs. We explored if the feasibility of PB-MEAs might improve by better aligning regulatory postauthorization requirements with the data generation of PB-MEAs and by active collaboration and data sharing. Reviewers from seven CAPRs provided structured assessments of the information available at the European Medicines Agency (EMA) Web site on regulatory postauthorization requirements for fifteen recently authorized products. The reviewers judged to what extent regulatory postauthorization studies could help implement PB-MEAs by addressing uncertainty gaps. Study domains assessed were: patient population, intervention, comparators, outcomes, time horizon, anticipated data quality, and anticipated robustness of analysis. Reviewers shared general comments about PB-MEAs for each product and on cooperation with other CAPRs. Reviewers rated regulatory postauthorization requirements at least partly helpful for most products and across domains except the comparator domain. One quarter of responses indicated that public information provided by the EMA was insufficient to support the implementation of PB-MEAs. Few PB-MEAs were in place for these products, but the potential for implementation of PB-MEAs or collaboration across CAPRs was seen as more favorable. Responses helped delineate a set of conditions where PB-MEAs may help reduce uncertainty. In conclusion, PB-MEAs are not a preferred option for CAPRs, but we identified conditions where PB-MEAs might be worth considering. The complexities of implementing PB-MEAs remain a hurdle, but collaboration across silos and more transparency on postauthorization studies could help overcome some barriers.