bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conjointness restored?
Authors: Owen Nicholas
Published: July 2019

Chapter 10 defines and assesses five new approaches to adherence which respond to the late-modern obligation of “having to be what one cannot be.” They are drawn from contemporary social and critical theories, especially those influenced by poststructuralist thinking. These involve loosening the obligation to be what one cannot be (intersectionality, chains of equivalence, translation); denying the impossibility of being what one cannot be (Judith Butler’s performativity); being it anyway (Slavoj Žižek’s unabashed approach); sharing incompleteness (Derridean approaches); and beginning from equality (Jacques Rancière). The chapter argues that that each response has its merits and will be attractive to some forms of social movement work, but none of them produces answers with which all movements can be content.
Becoming- work
Authors: Owen Nicholas
Published: July 2019

Chapter 11 describes a new approach to adherence. Earlier chapters have examined the various forms of work that social movements do and asked whether and when such work can be pursued conjointly, by adherents as well as constituents. Chapter 11 reverses the question and looks beyond the answers so far given. It asks: what else would the work have to be, in order for it to be possible for adherents and constituents to pursue it conjointly? It defines a sixth approach, beyond the five already discussed in chapter 10—which it terms “becoming- work,” drawing on the work of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari. It assesses the implication of becoming- work for the older dilemmas of adherence and describes some contemporary and emerging examples of the approach in alter-globalization politics and queer theory.
Conclusions and future work
Authors: Owen Nicholas
Published: July 2019

The final chapter—chapter 12—reviews the main findings of the book and its implications. It also makes some proposals for future scholarly work on adherence. The chapter addresses the three principal audiences of the book—social movement theorists, political theorists, and historians, especially of Britain—indicating the possibilities for future work and interdisciplinary conversations between them. It also considers the ambivalence of contemporary responses to adherence and argues that exploring this ambivalence in greater depth is a good direction for future work.
Setting Health-Care Priorities
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn
Published: July 2019

The three most promising theories of distributive ethics are presented: Utilitarianism, with or without a prioritarian amendment. The maximin/leximin theory. Egalitarianism. Utilitarianism urges us to maximize the sum-total of happiness. When prioritarianism is added to utilitarianism we are instead urged to maximize a weighted sum of happiness, where happiness weighs less the happier you are and unhappiness weighs more the more miserable you are. The maximin/leximin theory urges us to give absolute priority to those who are worst off. Egalitarianism gives us two goals: to maximize happiness but also to level out differences with regard to happiness between persons. All of these theories are justifiable. In abstract thought experiments they conflict. When applied in real life they converge in an unexpected manner: more resources should be directed to mental health and less to marginal life extension. It is doubtful if the desired change will take place, however. What gets in its way is human irrationality.
The Maximin/Leximin Theory
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn
Published: July 2019

Presented in this chapter is the Rawlsian idea that one should take seriously the distinction between (and integrity of) persons. This distinction between, and integrity of, persons, is the metaphysical rationale behind the normative idea here discussed to the effect that absolute priority should be given to the person who is worst off. This is the maximin idea. Once the needs of those who are worst off have been catered to, we ought to tend to the needs of those who come next in line. This is the leximin idea. In the defence of these normative ideas it is taken for granted that interpersonal comparisons of happiness are possible and that compensation within lives but not between lives is permissible. This idea is contrasted with the utilitarian maxim that we ought to maximize the sum total of happiness. It is argued that the metaphysical rationale behind the maximin/leximin idea is consistent with utilitarianism so the choice between the maximin/leximin and utilitarianism relies in the final analysis on normative, not metaphysical, considerations.
Population Ethics
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn
Published: July 2019

The three most promising theories of distributive justice are discussed in the context of population ethics. They all allow for what has been called the repugnant conclusion (i.e. the conclusion that some world, the Z-world, with an enormous population of persons living a life just worth living, is preferable to a world with ten billion extremely happy persons (the A-world). Utilitarianism implies the repugnant conclusion. It urges us to move from the A-world to the Z-world. It is different with the maximin/leximin theory and egalitarianism. They are person-affecting moralities. They refer to actual persons. These theories do not urge us to move to from the A-world to the Z-world but they allow for such a move. Does this spell problem for the theories? It does not, it is argued. The repugnant conclusion is after all acceptable. It is shown how the intuition that the Z world is worse than the A world tends to go away when submitted to cognitive psycho-therapy. It is typically not replaced by an intuition to the opposite effect, but there exists a sound argument to the effect that the Z-world is indeed better than the A-world.
Utilitarianism
Authors: Tännsjö Torbjörn
Published: July 2019

Utilitarianism and prioritarianism are compared. It may seem that only prioritarianism takes suffering seriously enough. Even if utilitarianism is more sensitive to suffering than is the maximin/theory or egalitarianism, it does not take suffering seriously enough. According to prioritarianism, we should help a person in deep distress rather than improving the situation of a very happy person, even if this means some waste of happiness (the person in distress gains fewer hedons that the happy person would do if instead we tended to her needs). The prioritarian needs to tell us exactly how much weight should be given to momentary suffering and happiness, however. They need to specify the relevant function. This has been shown to be a difficult task to undertake. Moreover, according to prioritarianism a life with a net surplus of happiness may be worth not living. Some may give up on prioritarianism because of this implication of the theory. Others may stick to the rationale behind it, bite the bullet, and amend utilitarianism with prioritarianism. Both moves are considered justifiable.
Introduction
Authors: Cargill Robert R.
Published: July 2019

The introduction provides a summary of the research questions pursued and the arguments made in the book, focusing on two central theses regarding Melchizedek, with the second depending on the first. The first thesis is that Melchizedek, king of Shalem, was originally king of Sodom, and that his dominion was altered deliberately to prevent the Jewish patriarch Abram from having positive interactions with the king of Sodom, whose city would soon be destroyed by God. The second thesis is that Shalem was originally associated with the city of Shechem, in the shadow of Mt. Gerizim in Samaria, but later came to be associated with Jerusalem through a number of scribal and interpretative maneuvers designed to promote Jerusalem and denigrate Samaria.
Religious Engagement
Authors: Bettiza Gregorio
Published: July 2019

The chapter shows how two epistemic communities embedded in postsecular modes of thinking provided the intellectual impetus since the 1990s that led to the creation of the Religious Engagement regime in 2013. It identifies how both epistemic communities shaped the regime during the Obama presidency. The chapter then assesses the multiple processes of foreign policy desecularization that the regime is both a product of and contributes to. In terms of global effects, it argues that the regime has potentially shaped religious landscapes internationally by empowering what it views as “good” religion; that it has tended to religionize world politics through mechanisms of elevation; and that it has contributed to the diffusion and consolidation of similar policies across Western governments and international institutions. The conclusion summarizes the chapter’s findings and compares the Religious Engagement regime to the previous three regimes. It then considers developments taking place under the Trump administration.
Between Complicit Entanglement and Creative Dissonance
Authors: Dharampal-Frick Gita , Banerjee Milinda
Published: July 2019

Focusing on the nexus between Rammohun Roy’s religious deliberations and William Wilberforce’s religious policies, the chapter emphasizes the interconnections between the developments of the nineteenth-century public spheres in Britain and India. Wilberforce’s intervention involved constructing a new model of Hinduism and the Hindu ‘other’ from the perspective of Anglo-Protestant Christianity. Rammohun Roy set a trajectory of transnational ethical–religious debate followed subsequently by other Indian public intellectuals. However, the meaning both gave to the term ‘religion’ differed. While Wilberforce regarded only one religion as authentic and true, Roy looked for the truth shared by all (elite) forms of religion. Starting with a comparative evaluation of different theological–religious traditions, he later integrated this with Enlightenment as well as Christian reformist and anti-Trinitarian vocabularies. At the same time, Roy shared the anti-idolatry penchant of Christian missionaries, while he undertook what the authors call a de-provincialization of Christian theology.
Satellite-based monitoring of biodiversity
Authors: Pettorelli Nathalie
Published: July 2019

This chapter explores how satellite information can help track biodiversity at multiple spatial scales and resolutions. To attempt to capture the various organisational dimensions of biodiversity, the chapter focuses on six classes of variables: genetic structure and composition, species populations, species traits, ecosystem extent and structure, ecosystem composition, and ecosystem functions. From helping map species and ecosystem distribution to supporting the monitoring of ecosystem composition, structure, and functioning, this contribution provides a series of examples that demonstrate how satellite remote sensing can open multiple opportunities for various stakeholders to improve on the management of wildlife. The chapter concludes with a discussion on limitations and possible ways forward.
Satellite remote sensing and natural disturbances
Authors: Pettorelli Nathalie
Published: July 2019

This chapter provides an overview of how satellite remote sensing can help map the occurrence, and risk of occurrence, of several environmental disturbances; assess the extent of the associated damages; and monitor the recovery of the areas impacted by these disturbances. It particularly focuses on floods, wild fires, droughts, frost, extreme winter warming events, infestations and blooms, and bleaching events, as these are all well-known natural disturbances likely to change in frequency of occurrence and intensity over the coming decades. Through the use of examples, this chapter demonstrates how the utility of satellite remote sensing resides in the ability it provides to separate and characterise (i.e. through form, intensity, and trajectory) disturbances and responses at various spatial and temporal scales, thereby facilitating ecological knowledge expansion and the identification of relevant management actions. In particular, this contribution shows how satellites offer multiple opportunities to gain accurate information on the location, spatial extent, and duration of disturbances at the continental scale, which is needed to evaluate the ecosystem impacts of land cover changes due to, for example, wild fire, insect epidemics, and flooding, thereby reducing uncertainties in our ability to model global carbon budgets.
Satellite remote sensing, environmental quality, and human health and wellbeing
Authors: Pettorelli Nathalie
Published: July 2019

This chapter reviews how satellite data can provide key information relevant to efforts to improve human health and wellbeing. It first discusses how satellite remote sensing can be used to track, predict, and manage vectorborne disease such as malaria, dengue fever, and trypanosomiasis. The second section of this chapter focuses on the use of satellite data to monitor air quality, looking at how satellites can help (1) track air pollution associated with the release of harmful substances into the atmosphere through human activities, such as nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs); (2) detect and forecast outbreaks of airborne substances that trigger an allergic reaction, such as pollen grains; (3) assess emissions from volcanic eruptions; and (4) monitor dust storms in space and time. The third part of this chapter explores how satellite data can be used to report on water quality, detailing how these data can be used to predict and manage harmful algae blooms and to study eutrophication. The fourth section addresses satellite remote sensing in the context of human wellbeing, highlighting how satellite data can be used to estimate economic welfare and poverty, and how this information can be used to test various hypotheses pertaining to the role of greenness in determining various aspects of our physical and mental health.
Future directions and challenges ahead
Authors: Pettorelli Nathalie
Published: July 2019

This final chapter is dedicated to discussing possible new ways forward, aiming to highlight future opportunities and challenges likely to be connected with the continued development of remote sensing technology and associated algorithms to manipulate, visualise, and interpret satellite data. The first section discusses future directions in remote sensing, looking at upcoming sensors and expected benefits for the environmental management community; introducing the concept of big data analysis and its potential to drive a step-change in analytical processes; and detailing upcoming opportunities associated with the rise of nanosatellites and unmanned aerial vehicles. The second part of the chapter focuses on upcoming opportunities associated with the use of satellite remote sensing data for natural resource management, discussing how satellite data could support the development of rewilding as an alternative to traditional biodiversity conservation approaches; the assessment of collapse risk for ecosystems around the world; ecosystem accounting initiatives; and the enforcement of environmental policy at multiple scales. The third part details the challenges associated with building a consensus on how to prioritise satellite missions and data collection; and reflects on upcoming issues related to validation, capacity building, and scale. The chapter ends with a general conclusion that summarises some of the key principles that underpin the future success of satellite remote sensing in environmental management.
On the Origins of Political Societies and the Principles which are the Basis of their Organisation.
Authors: Allain Jean
Published: July 2019

Book One considers the origins and formation of societies into States around Rayneval’s leitmotiv of self-preservation, as the essence of natural law. In so doing, Rayneval is setting the foundation for his examination of the Law of Nations to come in Books Two and Three. Within Book One, he considers the inner workings of a State: its societal norms; forms of government; and the division of powers as between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. Rayneval then turns his attention to the place of law within a society and the objectives of public, private and criminal law; while dealing with the other, diverse, dynamics at play within a State including religion, education, and honour.
Nation to Nation Relations
Authors: Allain Jean
Published: July 2019

In Book Two, the emphasis of Rayneval’s text shifts from the development of the Nation and the internal dynamics of the State to consider the relationship between Nations via the Law of Nations. This Book considers the essence of the State, both in regard to independence and sovereignty. It provides an understanding of trade between Nations and of alliances and the European system of Balance of Power. Rayneval sets out a number of technical elements of the Law of Nations as well, including the acquisition of territory, of boundaries, of the treatment of foreigners, of the law of the sea, of reprisals, and of the titles and rank of diplomatic agents.
Mother Hagar
Authors: Junior Nyasha
Published: July 2019

Chapter 1 examines Hagar as the mother of Ishmael in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. It analyzes the depiction of Hagar in the Hebrew Bible, in the New Testament, and in later Jewish, Christian, and Islamic texts. These texts provide the foundations for other interpretations of Hagar in different time periods. Although these texts provide limited details regarding Hagar’s origins or her appearance, this chapter analyzes how these interpretations of Hagar highlight particular elements of difference, including gender, ethnicity, and status. It demonstrates that early interpretations tend not to racialize Hagar or to link her to Blackness. Hagar’s distinctiveness is connected to her construction as mother of Ishmael and as mother of a people.
Egyptian Hagar
Authors: Junior Nyasha
Published: July 2019

Chapter 2 explores the interpretation of Hagar in nineteenth-century pro- and anti-slavery literature in the United States. This chapter illustrates how nineteenth-century interpreters distance Hagar’s Egyptian ethnicity from any connection with African Americans. As well, it shows how they regard biblical enslavement as distinct from US chattel enslavement. While abolitionists and pro-slavery advocates argue using biblical texts, interpreters on both sides tend not to cite texts relating to the Hagar/Ishmael narrative. Although Hagar is an enslaved Egyptian woman, these interpreters tend not to regard her plight as analogous to that of enslaved African peoples in the United States.
Epilogue
Authors: Junior Nyasha
Published: July 2019

The Epilogue offers the author’s reflections on being a Black woman biblical scholar and writing on issues relating to race, gender, and biblical interpretation. It includes the author’s discussion of hopes for the future of biblical studies, including biblical reception history projects on race. It discusses the desires of reading communities to see themselves reflected in biblical texts and to interpret Hagar in ways that resonate with their experiences and concerns. It addresses the potential benefits and drawbacks of the ethnic and racial identification of and cultural appropriation of biblical characters. It concludes that the story of Hagar offers us a unique opportunity to investigate the ways in which we use biblical texts to illustrate how we see ourselves and others.
The Field of Study
Authors: Crouch David
Published: July 2019

The field of study is explained here as Latin Europe, housing a continent-wide culture rising above its several vernaculars: ‘a vast area geared to cultural interchange’. The chapter maps how people and social ideas could readily cross cultures in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries by means of a highly mobile elite with a common culture, practising fosterage of its male children across borders and seas. Its Latin conduct literature is one symptom of this, principally intended for the school room, which created a European-wide emphasis on moral issues in conduct since it took classical handbooks as its pattern. However, by contrast and largely unused by social historians is the vernacular conduct literature produced by and for the same aristocrats and their households, whose extent and genres are explored here. The question of the chivalric turn within these literary genres is presented and defined.
The Origins of Cortesia
Authors: Crouch David
Published: July 2019

Superior conduct before the chivalric turn was defined across Europe as something called Courtliness (Lat. curialitas, Fr. courtoisie, Occ./It. cortesia, MHG Hofzuht). Using the early twelfth-century literature of Occitania and England, the chapter establishes it to be then well understood amongst the laity and taught across Europe in elite households (not just those of kings and princes) and considers how far back such lay conduct fit for the court might be found. A case can be made that it was already a pan-European phenomenon by 1000, which partly explains how it was so widespread by 1100. The chapter argues, in contradiction to earlier work, that it was a habitus generated within the aristocracy and taught to youth within its halls, not devised by a civilizing Church from classical models.
Villeins, Villains and Vilonie
Authors: Crouch David
Published: July 2019

Medieval society had ways of reinforcing social boundaries. Cortoisie as superior conduct was further defined by the literary concept of Vilonie, its dark opposite. The character of the ‘villain’ was a teaching aid designed to stigmatize people whose behaviour conflicted with the habitus. Unfortunately for the agricultural labourer, the same word became the usual term for a peasant, a grim irony which added to the developing exclusivity of the noble classes and their courtly environment. It was deployed to curb the social rise of the rich bourgeoisie, perceived as a threat to the courtly habitus in the later twelfth century.
The Insurgent Woman
Authors: Crouch David
Published: July 2019

Conduct literature concerning women is frequently adversarial and assumes women are trying to escape male control, and it can range from casually misogynistic to the extreme anti-feminism of clerical tracts. Since European society allowed woman a social role in court and hall and interchange was common between sexes in public, intersexual relations were a major stress point in courtly society, and conduct literature directed at women in society was extensive. Tracts identify the dangers of social interchange, not least the narcissism and predatory nature of male behaviour. Defences were available to vulnerable women in dress, in limiting access, and in the model of the preudefemme, while a new one of ostentatious hyper-religiosity grew up as a response to the emerging masculine hypermorality of Chivalry.
The Conspiracy of Deference
Authors: Crouch David
Published: July 2019

Nobility was a concept that came under urgent scrutiny as the chivalric turn was happening. It was in 1100 an ill-defined concept linked in the classical tradition to ‘superiority’ and in the Isidorian tradition to ‘notability’: so a man could be noble, and so could his horse. It included the idea of noble blood and descent, however, which demanded social deference to the supposed possessor and justified his hegemony. As the elite of European society changed at the end of the twelfth century, possession of Nobility became more urgent to individuals (like knights) who needed the deference it demanded to assist their membership of the elite. A binary debate began in the schools pitting the Aristotelian idea of Nobility of Mind against the embedded vernacular sense of Nobility of Blood, which the schools settled in favour of the former, but which elite society repudiated by a mixture of contorted theology and history, an origin myth.
The Chivalric Virus
Authors: Crouch David
Published: July 2019

The final chapter and conclusion of the book validates the Enlightenment idea of chivalric knighthood—a shared explanation of superior behaviour which emerged into the full consciousness of medieval people around the beginning of the thirteenth century, but places it in a new context, as superseding an earlier shared explanation of superior conduct, weakened by the internal contradictions of courtly culture. It places the nexus point between societies as the Angevin-Flemish courts of the 1170s and 1180s, where knighthood was exalted as the mainspring of their princes’ social prestige. Consideration is given to non-cultural reasons for the weakness of Courtliness, particularly princely aggression against their aristocracies.
Apprehensive Alleviation
Authors: James David
Published: July 2019

When might the source of sorrow be the expectation of alleviation itself? How could the very prospect of solace effectively morph into a jeopardizing moment from which one wants to flee or, in wishful desperation, to forestall? And in such situations, whether immediate or remote, what other resources of emotional rescue are at our disposal when consolation wears out its welcome? Chapter 5 takes up these questions with the help of writers who combine retrospection with expectant threat and anticipated mourning. After an introduction centred on the recent short stories of Graham Swift, it turns to an unequivocally bleak work that offers a stark forewarning of the perils of biotechnology: Kazuo Ishiguro’s Never Let Me Go (2005). The chapter argues that this speculative novel about state-authorized cloning shows how, through its depiction of what some critics have deemed futile, institutionalized forms of care, Ishiguro provokes readers to reflect on their own parameters of sympathy and judgment—most notably, on our grounds for subjecting to critique what his characters utilize to console.
State Capture in Ben Ali’s Tunisia
Authors: Arouri Hassen , Baghdadi Leila , Rijkers Bob
Published: July 2019

This chapter assesses state capture by former Tunisian president Ben Ali’s family. It documents evidence consistent with abuse of investment regulation and privatization as well as tax evasion by politically connected firms. Market share and profit premia on being Ben Ali owned are especially large and significant among firms at the top end of the market share and profits distributions in sectors subject to authorization and foreign direct investment (FDI) restrictions, where the potential for regulatory abuse is greatest. Firms privatized into the Ben Ali family were among the largest privatized firms, and exhibited supranormal profits growth post privatization. In addition, Ben Ali-owned firms were more likely to evade tariffs and other taxes.
The Future of the Private Sector in an Age of Uncertainty
Authors: Diwan Ishac
Published: July 2019

The chapter is concerned with the future of state–business relations (SBRs) in the MENA region, and about the potential for private sector growth. Can the new environment of heightened popular demands and lower oil prices encourage the political regimes in place to improve their efforts at boosting economic growth, even at the political risk of tolerating a larger private sector? The chapter outlines four types of relatively successful SBRs models that have taken hold in the MENA region in the recent past, and asks if particular models can be replicated in the rest of the region. It outlines how the intensity of social movements, and the ways the state reacts to them, influences the formation of SBRs. The main conclusion is that for many regimes, there seem to be only bad options to choose from, ushering an age of dilemma with uncertain choices and prospects.
Practical time consciousness in musical performance
Authors: Doffman Mark
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines the idea of time consciousness in performance as constitutive of musical practice, and as itself being a form of practice. It introduces practical time consciousness, directed towards two forms of temporal engagement—timekeeping and timeliness, which correspond to the Greek understanding of chronos and kairos—that together underpin the collective coherence and the singular expressive qualities in music. With reference to practice theory, the chapter also explores the pre-reflective awareness of time in music and musicians’ focused attention to time, and how these might change in the moment of performance and in the development of players over time. Drawing on interviews, excerpts from recordings, and a semi-controlled study, this account examines these awarenesses as practices in themselves, occurring at distinct timescales and within different socio-cultural milieux. The chapter concludes with the idea that a practical time consciousness suggests a timeworld, an overarching horizon within which musical time is experienced and practised.
Musical imagery and the temporality of consciousness
Authors: Bailes Freya
Published: July 2019

Musical imagery can be defined as the conscious experience of an internal representation of music—a form of inner hearing. This chapter adopts a psychological approach to considering temporal aspects of musical imagery, from the characteristics and frequency of episodes ranging in scale from seconds and minutes (e.g. the mental continuation of interrupted music), to the potential impact of circadian (24-hour) rhythms upon the subjective experience of musical imagery. The common ground between musical imagery and other forms of spontaneous cognition, combined with evidence of temporal fluctuations in our conscious awareness of inner music, suggests a new cyclical model of musical imagery. Exploring the music in our ‘mind’s ear’ has the potential to shed light on the time course of consciousness, with consequences not just for what it means to re-present music in the mind but also for how and when new ideas come to be experienced in our imaginations.
Word order in the nominal phrase
Authors: Nicolae Alexandru
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines the main changes in the syntax of Romanian nominal phrases as they are reflected in the ordering of DP-internal constituents. The first part of the chapter focuses on the ‘low definite article’, i.e. structures in which the noun bearing the definite article occupies a non-DP-initial position. The low definite article is relevant to the emergence of the Romanian article (its suffixal nature singles out Romanian in Romance) on the one hand and to the understanding of the freer DP-internal word order characteristic of old Romanian on the other hand. The changes in the position of adjectives relative to the head noun and in the linearization of adjectives with respect to one another are then addressed. Finally, residual head-final structures in the nominal and adjectival domain and discontinuous constituents are analysed.
Young people’s uses of music for emotional immersion
Authors: Dingle Genevieve , Sharman Leah , Larwood Joel
Published: July 2019

Children are typically able to integrate emotion information from multiple cues by the age of 8 years, although their developmental trajectory for understanding emotions appears to slow down as they enter adolescence. Adolescence is a period of intense emotions and the age group with the highest consumption of music. In this chapter, we argue that young people may be emotionally immersing in music as a way of ‘practising’ negative emotions and developing their emotional regulation skills. We present data showing that emotional immersion is one mechanism through which music is linked with wellbeing among young people. An international survey of 372 participants shows that young people use music more to immerse in sadness and anger than those aged over 25 years. Finally, studies in which angry or sad mood was evoked reveal that participants select music that allowed them to immerse in these emotions which helped to process them.
Music and violence: Working with youth to prevent violence
Authors: Wölfl Andreas
Published: July 2019

The prevention of youth violence is one of the major challenges of our time. Based on important key concepts on youth violence from the report of the World Health Organization, opportunities are presented for music therapy with youth to prevent violence. As music in its various forms reaches a very large number of young people all around the world on an emotional level, it is important to note its special ability to promote aggressive emotions as well as to regulate these same emotions. Integrated with more mainstream approaches, music therapy can have preventive potential at different levels: in individual settings, group programmes, and community approaches. Different music therapy approaches for the challenges of violence prevention are presented and developmental tasks for the future are discussed.
Music as a structuring resource in identity formation processes by adolescents engaging in music therapy—a case study from a Norwegian child welfare setting
Authors: Krüger Viggo
Published: July 2019

This chapter presents a case narrative to illustrate various aspects of working with children and adolescents in a Norwegian child welfare context. The sociocultural concept structuring resource is used to discuss the following research question: How can music function as a structuring resource in identity formation processes by adolescents using music therapy in a child welfare context? I present three different strategies that can be seen in relation to preparation of a United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child-oriented practice (UNCRC). First, I describe music therapy as a person-oriented strategy. Second, I propose a strategy of music therapy as a community-oriented strategy. The third strategy described is music therapy as citizen participation.
‘There is a good spot in my heart’: A story of a music therapy group that enables young sex offenders to reconnect with themselves, their stories, and their communities
Authors: Oosthuizen Helen
Published: July 2019

The South Africa-based ‘Support Programme for Abuse Reactive Children’ combines psycho-educational and cognitive behavioural diversion approaches with creative programmes, including music therapy, to offer holistic rehabilitation to young sex offenders. This chapter offers a case story describing key moments in the music therapy process for one group of young offenders. From my perspective as the music therapist, I consider how collaborative drumming enabled participants to experience belonging and acceptance and how musical story-writing and improvisation motivated group members to support and challenge one another as they took ownership of their personal stories. I further explore how the experience of creating and performing a group rap offered a means through which group members could reconnect with their home communities as adolescents with potential, hope for the future, and a willingness to take responsibility to make relevant changes in their lives.
My iPod, YouTube, and our playlists: Connections made in and beyond therapy
Authors: Cheong-Clinch Carmen
Published: July 2019

This chapter will outline young people’s music listening engagement, particularly those who have mental illness, who are often seen to be isolated and disengaged from school and everyday life. Their engagement with preferred music in music therapy during a stay in an acute adolescent mental health facility provides a rationale for the development of a music-based e-platform in a multimedia youth health portal. Technological advances and current trends in online engagement influence the ways young people engage with each other and mental health promotion. These will be discussed to highlight the importance of connecting in meaningful and relevant ways beyond therapy to improve youth mental health literacy and promote pathways to help-seeking and adolescent wellbeing.
Travel and Home in Homer's Odyssey and Contemporary Literature
Authors: Dougherty Carol
Published: July 2019

Travel and Home in Homer’s Odyssey and Contemporary Literature brings Homer’s Odyssey together with contemporary literary texts ranging from Rebecca West’s Return of the Soldier to Marilynne Robinson’s Housekeeping and Cormac McCarthy’s The Road to produce new readings that reframe, reorient, and ultimately revise aspects of Homer’s iconic story of travel and home. While some novels share with the Odyssey a celebration of the creative process of improvisation to rethink the relationship between home and travel, others draw upon nostalgia, our complicated longing for home, to unsettle the inevitability of return. Rather than offering an explicit retelling of Homer’s poem, each of these novels prompts us to revisit the relationship between travel and home that Odysseus and Penelope embody to ask new questions of that well-read text. Does travel reinforce or destabilize our notion of home? Are mobility and domesticity irrevocably gendered or can we imagine a world in which Penelope travels and Odysseus stays home? Just as Odysseus continually reinvents his own identity with each new encounter both abroad and at home, so too, we, as readers, participate in an improvisatory interpretive experiment of our own, and this book sets out a new model for reading ancient and contemporary texts together—one that challenges the conventional chronological assumptions inherent in many works of classical reception. No longer a stable text to which we as readers return time and again to find it the same, the Odyssey, together with the novels with which it engages, changes and adapts with each new literary encounter.
Introduction
Authors: Dougherty Carol
Published: July 2019

This book is an experiment in improvisatory criticism, and the introduction lays out a new interpretive rationale for reading Homer’s Odyssey together with a series of twentieth- and early twenty-first-century novels that share that poem’s interest in travel and return. Philosophers and musicians alike highlight the productive nature of improvisation—we gain new understanding of ourselves through improvised encounters with others in an inherently experimental and even deceptive process of self-enactment. Odysseus is famous for his metis, exactly the kind of experimental or practical reasoning upon which improvisation depends, and close readings of his encounters abroad with the Cyclops and at home with Eumaeus, Telemachus, Penelope, and Laertes show that Odysseus’ lies and acts of deception do not temporarily disguise his true identity but rather enable him to construct himself and his world in new ways. Read in this improvisatory context, the Odyssey is shown to focus on the creative instability of what it means to be Odysseus and these insights about the creative potential of the improvisatory encounter extend to my goals for the book overall. By putting the Odyssey in contact with other texts, we as readers are participating in a kind of improvisatory interpretive experiment—each text emerges from these literary encounters in a new light, and spaces are opened up for new readings. Rather than remain a stable text to which we as readers return time and again to find it unchanged, the Odyssey, together with the texts with which it engages, changes and adapts with each new literary encounter.
“It’s okay”
Authors: Dougherty Carol
Published: July 2019

This chapter offers a reading of Cormac McCarthy’s 2006 novel The Road—the story of a father and son traveling together in a world that has suffered an apocalypse of devastating magnitude. The novel puts father and son on the road together—in ways that the Odyssey may gesture at but never actually achieves—in order to consider a way for men to keep house on the road, in contrast to the way in which Marilynne Robinson’s Housekeeping tries to imagine a way for women to keep house that also allows them to travel. The male version of housekeeping it articulates differs from that of Penelope, who famously stays by her son, and has more in common with the wayfaring of Odysseus—it is a provisional kind of housekeeping, with father and son pushing their cart, carrying the fire, hoping to find some other good guys down the road: keeping going and making do.
Urban refugees: the hidden population
Authors: Verghis Sharuna , Balasundram Susheela
Published: July 2019

There has been a sharp increase in forced displacement in recent decades, particularly of urban refugees who comprise 60% of refugees worldwide. Urban refugees are largely concentrated in the developing world. Non-recognition of their status as refugees in countries of asylum contributes to unique legal, social, and material precarity which engenders a range of protection challenges, including health risks. This chapter provides an operational definition for urban refugees and discuss their unique health risks within the legal and policy contexts they live in, their access to health care, and the challenges experienced by host countries grappling with resource constraints and stretched health-care systems.
Methodological and ethical challenges in research with forcibly displaced populations
Authors: Pillai Veena , Mosier-Mills Alison , Khoshnood Kaveh
Published: July 2019

This chapter outlines key methodological and ethical issues that researchers face when conducting social science and health research with forcibly displaced populations. It highlights specific considerations for researchers, using case studies from research conducted with refugees in Malaysia and asylum seekers in Israel. The Malaysian case considers patient safety, accessing hidden populations, non-maleficence, beneficence, the nuances of researcher–participant relationships, and the importance of input from local ethics committees. The Israel case describes the intricacies of working with asylum seekers in non-camp settings, benefits for participants, the threat of deportation, the risk of participant reliance on researchers for support services, working as a cultural liaison, and the potential for hostility from the government. The chapter underscores the unique challenges stemming from the complexity and diversity of these populations. Finally, it provides guidelines and recommendations for ethical review boards evaluating proposals for research with forcibly displaced populations.
Objectives, Issues, and Findings
Authors: Mohaddes Kamiar , Nugent Jeffrey B. , Selim Hoda
Published: July 2019

This volume aims to improve our understanding of the problems of macroeconomic management in oil-rich Arab economies. In doing so, it emphasizes the role of institutions and the political economy environment underlying them. Most importantly, it attempts to assess the effectiveness of these institutions in delivering macroeconomic stability and growth in the face of commodity price volatility, comparing actual practice in the Arab region with the budgeting procedures and countercyclical fiscal policies and rules shown to be successful in other parts of the world. The analysis here, however, goes considerably beyond that. It utilizes a political economy perspective to explain how budgeting and other fiscal policies are designed and implemented by political and administrative actors in ways that distinguish budget surpluses from deficits and pro-cyclicality from counter-cyclicality. Second, it includes monetary institutions and exchange rate regimes, and the interactions between both of these and both fiscal and political institutions.
Oil, Volatility, and Institutions
Authors: El-Anshasy Amany , Mohaddes Kamiar , Nugent Jeffrey B.
Published: July 2019

This chapter examines the long-run effects of oil revenue and its volatility on economic growth, as well as the role of institutions in this relationship. We collect annual and monthly data on 17 major oil producers between 1961 and 2013, and use the panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach as well as its cross-sectionally augmented version (CS-ARDL) for estimation. Therefore, in contrast to earlier literature on the resource curse, we take into account all three key features of the panel: dynamics, heterogeneity, and cross-sectional dependence. The results suggest that: (i) oil revenue volatility has a significant negative effect on output growth; (ii) a higher growth rate of oil revenue significantly raises economic growth; and (iii) better fiscal policy can offset some of the negative effects of oil revenue volatility. We therefore argue that volatility in oil revenues combined with poor governmental responses to this volatility drives the resource curse paradox.
Fiscal Outcomes in Bahrain
Authors: Enbaby Hoda El , Selim Hoda
Published: July 2019

This chapter argues that political economy factors, rather than oil wealth, shape the budgetary process and outcomes in Bahrain. Fiscal volatility and excessive current spending (in the form of wages, social welfare, and subsidies) leading to unsustainable non-oil deficits are not fully derived from oil price volatility. Weak institutions, including those underlying the budgetary process, have contributed to some fiscal laxity. These have allowed rulers to use current spending as a channel for the redistribution of oil rents and to secure political stability and allegiance to the regime in a turbulent sociopolitical environment. The budgetary process has been undermined by the structure of the bicameral parliament, while the absence of restrictions on parliament to amend the budget weakens the position of the executive. In the general context of limited transparency and accountability, the government may also be exercising its discretionary powers over the budget execution but this cannot be known.
The Uncertain Geo-Strategic Outlook for the US in Asia: The Pivot, the Re-Balance, TPP, and Now What?
Authors: Malone David M.
Published: July 2019

The Trans-Pacific Partnership (known in its TPP11 format as the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership) embodies a project of economic cooperation among countries of four continents sharing the Pacific Ocean. It was driven by the international political imperative felt by the Obama administration to bind Asian allies closer to the United States through a meaningful trade agreement at a time marked by China’s vertiginous rise economically and as a global power. The 2017 withdrawal of the United States from the TPP project undermined US credibility in Asia (and elsewhere), while doing little to impede China’s rise. This chapter assesses in Asian perspective the geopolitical implications of this profound disorientation in US foreign policy, and the consequences of the eleven remaining states having decided to proceed without the United States.
The Politics of Expertise in Transnational Economic Governance: Breaking the Cycle
Authors: Riles Annelise
Published: July 2019

The failure of the United States to ratify the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) evinced not merely lack of trust across national boundaries, but also a lack of trust within many nations in the institutions and people that produced TPP. Expert claims to superior knowledge are ceasing to inspire public confidence. The failure of TPP in the United States, therefore, raises questions about the premises and possibility of expert coordination in democratic governance, and the mechanisms by which authority can or should be meaningfully delegated by the citizenry. I argue that what is needed most at this moment in the trade regime is a new mechanism for engagement, across barriers of nation states but also across the cultural divides that separate experts from non-experts, and government officials from civil society.
In a World of Value Chains: What Space for Regulatory Coherence and Cooperation in Trade Agreements?
Authors: Hoekman Bernard , Sabel Charles F.
Published: July 2019

This chapter argues that the changes that make global supply chains a basic unit of industrial organization also prompt regulatory concern with rigorous, ex post, or post-approval monitoring domestically and in the economies of trade partners. Continuing and deep sectoral cooperation among regulatory authorities is increasingly important both to establish the operational equivalence of distinct regulatory regimes and to facilitate trade by reducing the incidence of non-tariff measures (NTMs) that have become relatively more important obstacles to trade as tariffs have declined. These emerging forms of regulatory cooperation, this chapter argues further and counterintuitively, do not decrease, but rather increase possibilities for holding sovereign commitments to trade partners accountable to continuing democratic oversight.