bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Deponie in einer ökologisch orientierten Volkswirtschaft
Authors: Baccini Peter , Belevi Hasan , Lichtensteiger Thomas
Published: March 2017

Landfill strategies of a society are based, consciously or unconsciously, on ethical demands. An ecologically orientated economy is challenged to control its metabolism according to the principle of precaution. With regard to landfilling of solid wastes, the principle of precaution
can be interpreted as follows: The material should have properties similar to those of the earth crust, that is natural sediments, rocks, minerals or soils. Each generation should handle its waste in a way that these properties are reached within the producers lifespan. In industrialized and
affluent societies the landfills of the youngest past do not meet these criteria. They are biological and chemical reactors which have to be controlled at present and by future generations, most probably at least several hundreds of years to prevent detrimental emissions to the biosphere.
The most problematic substances are the organic components which endanger the groundwater quality. With regard to their resource potential these heterogeneous mixtures of a wide variety of substances (for example municipal solid waste, industrial waste) are of minor or no value. It becomes
evident that such landfill types are in contradiction to the principle of precaution. An ecologically orientated landflll strategy should be based on models of modern geology. Landfills should be understood as anthropogenic sediments which undergo diagenetic processes. The recorded history
of different geogenic sediments in geological times gives informations on their physical and chemical transformations under different boundary conditions. From this one can deduce quality criteria for anthropogenic sediments. A first evaluation of two products of waste treatment plants, namely
bottom ashes and filter dust from incineration of municipal solid waste, shows that these criteria are not yet met. It follows that on a short-term range a strong improvement of process engineering and a capacity increase of waste treatment plants (mainly separate collection and thermal treatment)
is indispensable. However, projects of new waste treatment plants in densely populated regions are very often rejected by the people of the community which is selected. On a long-term range only an adaptation of the whole economy to the above mentioned criteria is ecologically reasonable.
Such an adaptation can not be achieved solely by technical means. It touches severely the existing hierarchy of values of a national economy. Therefore it is necessary to combine the methods of political and social sciences with those of the natural and engineering sciences to transpose landfill
strategies into practice.
Klimaschutz im Alleingang – der richtige Weg für die Schweiz?
Authors: Stephan Gunter , van Nieuwkoop Renger , Wiedmer Thomas
Published: March 2017

This paper discusses two aspects of the economic effects of curtailing carbon dioxide emissions in Switzerland, that is in a small and open economy. First, using a Computable General Equilibrium is the most adequate methodological approach to evaluate the economic impact of cutting
back CO2 emissions. Second, reducing Swiss CO2 emissions has only a negligible effect on the global CO2 concentration, but affects the Swiss economy significantly. Hence, it seems reasonable to stabilize CO2 emissions in Switzerland on the 1985
level and to enforce international agreements and monetary compensations for cutting CO2 emissions in countries contributing most to the greenhouse effect.
Ökobilanzen – “Streichhölzer gegen das ökologische Dunkel”
Authors: Braunschweig Arthur
Published: March 2017

Ökobilanzen sind Instrumente der Entscheidungs-Unterstützung, wenn es gilt, verschiedene Möglichkeiten einer Problemlösung möglichst systematisch, möglichst umfassend und zugleich möglichst rasch und kostengünstig auf ihre ökologischen
Vor- und Nachteile zu überprüfen. Rückblickend auf drei Veranstaltungen in den letzten Monaten wird der Stand der Diskussion über “Ökobilanzen” skizziert. Begriff und Inhalt von Ökobilanz sind noch nicht eindeutig definiert. Ökobilanzen werden
heute vor allem in der Privatwirtschaft bei der Evaluation von Produkt-Alternativen angewendet. Daten über ökologisch relevante Einflüsse von Produkten liegen bisher primär für Packstoffe vor, aber auch für Energieträger, Verkehrsmittel sowie einzelne spezielle
Erzeugnisse (etwa Windeln). Veröffentlichte Daten sind meist grob und beschreiben durchschnittliche Prozesse. Umstritten sind heute – neben der grundsätzlichen Diskussion über die der Ökobilanz eigene “Optimierung im Einzelfall” – vor allem Abgrenzungsfragen
(zum Beispiel: Was gilt als Recycling?) und die Frage, ob und wie eine ökologische Gesamtbewertung von Alternativen möglich ist. In Zukunft ist zu erwarten, daß neben Verpackungen bald auch andere Produktbereiche ökologisch bilanziert und die vorhandenen Bewertungsansätze
weiterentwickelt werden.
Zur unzumutbaren politischen Rolle der Naturwissenschaften in der umweltpolitischen Debatte
Authors: Knoepfel Peter
Published: March 2017

By means of four examples (curve diameter formula for the construction of highways; heavy metal standards for sewage sludges; evaluation of environmental impacts in environmental impact assessment procedures; evaluation of the greenhouse effect) important political implications within
pretended scientific and technical research results are demonstrated. While politicians today offen decide on pretty unimportant matters (for example, the introduction of the summer time and so on) crucial aspects of environmental quality are actually increasingly decided by the scientific
community without any precise political mandate. Hence, real political substances within environmental policies seem to have disappeared. But this is a misleading optical illusion. The present paper puts foreward some strategies aiming at making again appear these still existing political
contents within “technizised” environmental policies. The political responsibility for these political contents must be assumed by those being democratically elected to bear the burden of political risks, namely the politicians. Whenever natural or social sciences should assume
this heavy responsibility they inevitably run the risk of loosing their independency.
Biologische Aspekte des Gewässerschutzes in urbanisierten Gebieten
Authors: Frutiger Andreas , Gammeter Sonja
Published: March 2017

In Europe more and more storage ponds are installed in sewer systems in order to prevent sewage water to get unpurified into the receiving water course during rainfall. Although this strategy is very expensive its ecological use has hardly been verified. Investigations in receiving
rivers show that the biological effects of sewage pollution during storms are usually modest and offen negligible compared to the impacts of morphological modifications of the river bed or the river bank and the pollutional effects of dry weather flow. The benthic biocenosis of such running
waters is often poor and consists of only few “generalist-species”, which are typically very robust and hardly limited by short-time pollution during storms. Yet no general concepts for an ecologically optimal strategy for urban drainage and waste water treatment system can
be given. Since each species has its own ecological demands, which have to be fulfilled for it to survive in the river, each river has to be treated individually. First its main problems (morphology? water quality? flow regime? et cetera) have to be identified and subsequently an optimal strategy
should be defined.
Biodiversität am Stinkberg Eine integrative Betrachtung der Natur auf der Deponie Riet bei Winterthur
Authors: Frey Ruedi
Published: March 2017

The area of the Deponie Riet, a land-fill near Winterthur, Switzerland shows a remarkably high diversity with respect to its vegetation and its nesting birds. In combination with the results obtained through inventory of the present arthropods, snails and slugs, amphibians, reptiles
and mammals, it was concluded that the present state of biodiversity represents an early phase in succession, where no specialized species could be found. Based on the collected data on the investigated groups, measures to conserve and enhance the present diversity have been elaborated and
proposed to the management authorities.
Von der Umwelttechnik zur umweltverträglichen Technologie: Eine neue technologische Revolution steht bevor
Authors: von Weizsäcker Ernst Ulrich
Published: March 2017

From Environmental Technology to Sustainable Technologies – A Sweeping Technological Revolution Ahead. Environmental technology was established as a new branch of the modern economy. Half a million jobs are offered in this domain in Germany alone. Under the
global criteria of sustainability, however, environmental technology is just not enough. Taking the Climate Convention seriously will force the North to fundamentally change the direction of technological progress, from the increase of labor productivity towards an increase of energy productivity.
For this to happen, market signals are a more powerful tool than bureaucratic regulations. Prices should tell the ecological truth. A revenue-neutral ecological tax reform, gradually raising fossil and nuclear energy prices by 5 percent per annum (in constant dollars) would lead within
some 40 years to a dramatic increase in both energy productivity and renewables, at the expense of fossil and nuclear energy. A far-reaching technological transformation would ensue. New high-efficiency “sunrise” technologies are bound to emerge. Complex services would
gain ground. It is assumed that not all problems can be solved by ecologizing professional labor. Eventually, professional labor may shrink without loss of well-being.
Preis-Signal vor der Energieschranke: Der Alternativenergie-Preis der SATW
Authors: Zuberbühler Andreas
Published: March 2017

The Swiss Academy of Engineering Sciences (SATW) opens a competition in the field of renewable energy with a price money of sFr. 500 000.–. It is supported by the federal govemment of Switzerland. The competition aims at promoting the use of renewable energies at a significant
scale and is considered to be a contribution to the federal program “Energy 2000”. Main conditions of the competition are a minimum potential of 50 or 100 megawatt mean power in Switzerland and costs not exceeding 0.6 or 0.2 sFr./kWh for electricity and hot water, respectively.
The competition is intemationally open to individuals, private companies and public institutions. It is part of the continuing efforts of the energy commission of the SATW to support and further the development of a sustainable energy policy in Switzerland. Some comments on energy and entropy
in our society are given as an introduction. The present (mis)use of fossil resources is compared to operating a mill wheel against its natural course, using external energy and producing additional entropy but no useful work.
Die Begutachtung der deutschen Umweltforschung
Authors: Hempel Gotthilf
Published: March 2017

Evaluation of Germany's Environmental Research. In the course of Germany's re-unification the German Science Council evaluated the research institutions of the former GDR with the aim of restructuring research in East Germany. In environmental sciences special emphasis
was given to the creation of regional networks of research units within and outside universities. As a follow-up and expansion of the evaluation in eastem Germany, a similar project was launched in West Germany. In the course of 18 months, a study group of 14 permanent members with about
100 temporary experts is visiting all kinds of institutions engaged in environmental research. The reviews are based on the replies to an extensive questionnaire and on scientific presentations and discussions. Meetings with nation-wide attendance are also held on topics like the socio-economic
research related to environmental issues. The primary objective of the study are recommendations to be made on certain structural improvements of German environmental research and its links with neighbouring countries. The study is still going on and its report will not be available before
the second half of 1993. Therefore only personal impressions can be reported. They include the need for further flexible, multidisciplinary centers within and outside universities. More coordination is needed and more setting of priorities, although competition between institutes and teams
remains indispensable. More emphasis is needed on the psychological, social, economical and legal parts of environmental research.
Kultur: Der verdrängte Schwerpunkt des Nachhaltigkeits-Leitbildes
Authors: Kurt Hildegard , Wehrspaun Michael
Published: March 2017

The sustainability debate suffers from a chronic cultural deficit. Beginning with the Rio documents until today, the cultural factor tends to be overlooked and is in general structurally underestimated. Nonetheless, the sustainability model, as far as it implies a fundamental revision
of acquired standards, values and practices in all areas, from politics to the economy to the environment, contains a genuine cultural core. Sustainability requires and produces culture – as a shaping mode of communication and activity through which value orientations are developed,
reflected and changed, and interests weighed up. What else but culture could provide the energy to fuel the harmonizing of often contradictory interests in the "magical triangle" of economy, ecology and social issues? With increasing cultural integration of the sustainability idea in the living
conditions of modern industrial societies, there will be better chances to strike a decisive spark of life for ecological reorganization from the idea and the understanding of sustainable development, in contrast to the current state of confusion. Against the background of the decreasing importance
of environmental politics and the current crisis of environmental communication, we are trying to bridge the gap between the rather unconnected fields of environment and sustainability on the one hand and culture and cultural politics on the other.
Ärztliches Wissen als Vorbild für eine ethisch relevante Naturwissenschaft?
Authors: Schmid Leonhard
Published: March 2017

An idealized science-based "medical knowledge" is distinguished from an idealized "doctors' knowledge", the latter being qualitative, context dependent, subject related, communicative, process oriented, and practical. Whereas scientific "medical knowledge" is free of values and therefore
needs the addition of ethics from outside, "doctors' knowledge" has intrinsic ethical relevance due to its above-mentioned properties. Although the theoretical roots of ethically relevant knowledge are found in natural philosophy and natural science itself, this knowledge is hardly propagated
and applied in scientific practice, teaching, and research. In health care, however, this knowledge has become increasingly important. In order to overcome today's medical crisis, it is systematically applied, practised and also evaluated. In this respect the ethically relevant "doctors' knowledge"
might be a model for the natural sciences. In order to overcome the environmental crisis, an intrinsically ethical knowledge of nature has become urgent, since moral appeals to a science free of value judgements appear to be ineffective.
Ökologische Integrität: Risikovorsorge im nachhaltigen Landschaftsmanagement
Authors: Barkmann Jan , Baumann Rainer , Meyer Ulrike , Müller Felix , Windhorst Wilhelm
Published: March 2017

Sustainable Development stresses the relevance of ecological systems for fulfilling social and economic development objectives. It demands a risk-averse treatment of the global life-support systems in environmental decision-making, e.g., in sustainable landscape management. While specific
sustainability guidelines exist for many facets of the human-environment interaction, management guidelines are lacking for a pro-active, prophylactic treatment of unspecific environmental risks. Such guidelines would facilitate an adequate way how to deal with ecological systems in face of
fundamental uncertainties associated with the development of the human-environment interaction. These uncertainties prevent the application of risk-protection strategies that are based on impact-oriented risk concepts as well as the implementation of specific measures against – as yet
unknown – environmental threats. In this paper, we introduce an interpretation of ecological integrity that aims at pro-active provisions against non-specific ecological risks which could endanger the capacity of ecological systems to provide ecosystem services. In
order to cope with these risks, we suggest referring to the most general, particularly thermodynamic properties of ecological systems constitutional for ecological self-organization. These properties serve as a basis for indicators of the capacity for ecological self-organization. Indicator
data are presented for two examples, thus sketching possible quantification and monitoring strategies. We finally discuss the relation of this ecosystem-based risk protection strategy to current German environmental regulations, and its application in landscape management.
Umwelt und Profession – Ein Status-Bericht aus der Schweiz
Authors: Mieg Harald A.
Published: March 2017

Professionalization of environmental services is possible and needed. Professionalization is possible since essential prerequisites for the development of an autonomous environmental profession are fulfilled. We show this for the example of the environmental services in Switzerland.
Here we find an active professional association as well as an academic basis (Environmental Sciences at ETH). Professionalization is needed, particularly with respect to the ongoing European harmonization of the environmental market: At a European level, an environmental profession should
participate in the discussion on how to define the environmental services; it should not completely leave this field to engineering associations.
Wozu Umweltforschung? – Über das Spannungsverhältnis zwischen Forschungstraditionen und umweltpolitischen Leitbildern Teil II: Zum Leitbild “Reflexive Umweltforschung”
Authors: Böschen Stefan , Scheringer Martin , Jaeger Jochen
Published: March 2017

In the treatment of environmental problems, there is often a discrepancy between the needs of planners and decision makers and the results provided by scientific research. This discrepancy is related to the different aims, priorities, and codes of practice of scientists, on the one
hand, and decision- and policy-makers, on the other hand. To explore how this discrepancy could be reduced to some extent, we first introduce the distinction between knowledge-oriented and decision-oriented reduction of complexity. The challenge today's environmental research is faced with
is that, to some extent, decision-oriented reduction of complexity should be incorporated in the selection and solution of scientific problems. This can be achieved by orientation towards societal guiding principles such as sustainability or the precautionary principle. Following this approach,
we then introduce the guiding principle of “reflexive environmental research” and point out how it differs from the guiding principles of “classical scientific research”. Key elements of reflexive environmental research are: reflection of guiding ideas external to science
(e.g. sustainability); addressing explicitly the uncertainty and openness of scientific results and forecasts; transdisciplinarity; the aim of contributing to the solution of complex and controversial real-world problems; adherence to relevant scientific standards. Finally, we discuss the
way reflexive environmental research can contribute to scientific consulting in decision-making processes in both business and politics.
Biosphärenreservate und regionale (Natur-)Parke – Neue Konzepte für die nachhaltige Regional- und Kulturlandschaftsentwicklung?
Authors: Hammer Thomas
Published: March 2017

The significance, the function, and the organisation of protected-area management have strongly changed since the 1970s, a development which is linked to global and regional change. UNESCO Biosphere Reserves based on the Sevilla strategy, and Regional Nature Parks represent a new, integrative
perspective on man-environment relationship. Biosphere Reserves and Regional Nature Parks can be considered as models of sustainable regional and landscape development. The theoretical basis, the practical experiences, and the analysis of the existing potentials indicate that the two concepts
foster a transdisciplinary regional management, which can create various impacts in the three dimensions of sustainable development.
Umweltforschung im fächerübergreifenden Verbund: Probleme von Forschung und Forschungsförderung und ein aktuelles Förderangebot
Authors: Hof Hagen
Published: March 2017

Research and research funding in the field of environmental 'sciences' are faced with specific problems due to the necessity of interdisciplinary cooperation, not only as far as project planning and realization are concerned, but also with respect to peer review. The Volkswagen Foundation
presents experience made in this field. A number of projects granted illustrate the Foundation's present funding programme.
Der Förderschwerpunkt "Sozial-ökologische Forschung" im BMBF
Authors: Wächter Monika
Published: March 2017

In the year 2000, the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) officially initialed the funding programme "Social-ecological research", which is planned for a duration of 10 years. This article provides an overview of the funding programme's history of origins, of the
focus of it contents, and of its conception and general framework.
Nachhaltigkeitsforschung in der Helmholtz-Gemeinschaft: Verknüpfung von konzeptioneller Arbeit, empirischer Forschung und Technologieentwicklung
Authors: Grunwald Armin
Published: March 2017

Sustainability problems are attributed partly to technologies and their use, but on the other hand, their solution partly relies on innovative technologies. On the basis of an integrative sustainability concept, the Helmholtz Association conducts conceptional sustainability research
and develops technologies contributing to more sustainability.
"Green Global Governance": Weltpolitik im Anthropozän
Authors: Biermann Frank
Published: March 2017

Global Change in the 'anthropocene' era require a new conceptualisation of the nation state system. Yet the recent emergence of intenational regimes that embed the autonomy of government within global nonnative frameworks, as well as the increasing role of private actors such as environmentalists'
groups and scientific networks, puts into question the democratic legitimacy of global governance.
Das Vorsorgeprinzip – Refine it or replace it?
Authors: Köck Wolfgang , Hansjürgens Bernd
Published: March 2017

The rise of the precautionary principle is accompanied by growing criticism. Crities are speaking about the "perils of precaution". They ask for more science and assert that the precautionary principle does not bring more good than harm. But is it true? This article discusses the assertions
of the critics and advocates the precautionary principle, especially from a legal point of view.
Quantitative Vorsorgebewertung neuer Chemikalien im Hinblick auf globale Gefährdungsszenarios
Authors: Müller-Herold Ulrich
Published: March 2017

Well-designed precautionary filters can effectively preselect new chemicals with respect to global threat potentials. Testing filter performance shows that with a sequence of only two filters, all Montreal Kyoto/Stockholm chemicals are retained whereas the top 33 high production volume
organic chemicals pass. The filter procedure is a resource-saving shortcut to a 50-year history of chemical regulation.
Herausforderungen für die Umweltforschung
Authors: Hoffmann-Riem Holger
Published: March 2017

Starting from incomplete knowledge, environmental research has to establish reliable knowledge that can be transformed into effective measures. This requires a purposeful combination of laboratory experiments and field observations, based upon a variety of different disciplinary perspectives.
Ökologische Steuerreform: Hemmnisse ihrer Durchsetzung und Ansätze zur Überwindung institutioneller Restriktionen auf EU-Ebene
Authors: Schlegelmilch Kai
Published: March 2017

The Ecological Tax Reform has once been broadly supported by many stakeholder. However, the public became more critical after its introduction. A major barrier to further steps is the unlikely meaningful harmonisation of minimum tax rates at EU level. This article thus examine possibilities
how to though follow this approach whilst maintaining the incentive for saving energy.
Ökologische Steuerreform: Im Schacher um die Ökosteuer sind sich zu viele nicht grün
Authors: Bode Thilo
Published: March 2017

The excellent idea of a revenue-neutral energy tax has been badly implemented by the "red-green" Federal Government of Germany. A reform is urgently required. The tax income collected from households shall be repaid in equal amounts per cent to them ("Eco-Bonus") For industry and commerce
a CO2-emission certificate trading shall be installed.
"Good Governance" für eine zukunftsfähige und innovative Umwelt- und Ressourcenpolitik
Authors: Kissling-Näf Ingrid , Kern Kristine
Published: March 2017

This article focuses on forms of governance. Such as state, market and self-organisation, and provides an assessment of their effects on an innovative environmental and resource policy. The need to combine different coordination mechanisms is outlined. These institutional innovations
are of major importance insofar as they broaden the scope of action for environmental and resource policy.
Institutional innovation and the environment: "frontstage" and "backstage" politics
Authors: Arts Bas , van Tatenhove Jan
Published: March 2017

Environmental governance has changed in style from state-centric to society-oriented, thereby creating new institutional space for public and private actors to take responsibility for the environment. FSC certificate and 'green energy' illustrate how the interplay between frontstage
and backstage politics can result in new policy arrangements to protect the environment.
GAIA: Gehversuche in Sachen Ganzheitlichkeit
Authors: Hadorn Gertrude Hirsch
Published: March 2017

Three ideas of ecological perspectives in science. humanities and economic are discussed. Integrating civilisation in an ecosystems view gives rise to variou research approaches. Holism studies metaphysical principles as normative ground for human behaviour. Transdisciplinarity crosses
boundaries between disciplines as well as between academia and society in problem-oriented empirical research.
Waldsterben – Was ist daraus geworden?
Authors: Broggi Mario F.
Published: March 2017

The forest decline predicted in the early eighties fortunately did not occur. Research initiated in these days showed that a quick answer to these extremely complex problems was hardly possible. The forest condition inventories, which are continuing today, emphasize: the importance
of long-term research. It is recognized today that air pollution generally causes less acute damage than long-term impact.
Zehn Jahre Erfolgspolitik zum Schutz der Ozonschicht – nicht aber der globalen Atmosphäre
Authors: Peter Thoma
Published: March 2017

In Copenhagen 1992, the international community finally decided to curb chlorine emissions of industrial gases in order to protect the ozone layer. This amendment to the 1987 "Montreal Protocol" could mark a paradigm shift in international environmental policy. However, our current
climate policy ignores that future climate change may lead to a massive delay in ozone recovery.
Chemiepolitik und Nachhaltigkeit
Authors: Henseling Karl Otto
Published: March 2017

The number and amount of chemicals being produced and used is still increasing. There are two ways to minimize negative impacts for the environment: On the one hand, European Policy is renewing the legislation concerning chemicals. On the other hand, the challenge for producers and
users is to substitute dangerous chemical in a cooperative process.
Vom Umgang mit Leben – und seiner Erschaffung
Authors: Abt Theodor
Published: March 2017

The insane creator game: A dream reported by a PhD student in my seminar "Dreams on environmental problems" at ETH is discussed ,,Party participants sculpted little human plasticine figures, which might become alive when put into the fridge. Suddenly the dreamer was horrified: She was
creating inhuman cripples. Later she hear that in a similar game in Japan a suffering cripple fish had become alive…
Passivhäuser für Mieter – Eine Chance für nachhaltiges Bauen und Wohnen
Authors: Hübner Hartmut , Hermelink Andreas
Published: March 2017

The field of "building and dwelling" is especially important to the development of strategies for a sustainable consumption. About 30 percent of all energy and matter fluxes related to consumption occur in this field. Passive houses are an advancement of low-energy-houses. In Kassel/Germany,
the first passive houses for tenants were built in 2000. One of these houses was evaluated regarding its ecologic, economic and social performance, thus considering the three dimensions of sustainable development. Physical values like heating energy consumption and room temperature were measured,
and tenants were regularly interviewed about their expectations and experiences. The heating energy in the passive houses was reduced by a factor four compared to low-energy-houses. Lower energy consumption resulted in reduced energy costs for the tenants. Higher costs for heat insulation,
windows and ventilating systems were compensated because no conventional heating system was implemented. The tenants widely claimed passive houses offer a higher dwelling comfort than conventional housing.
Moralische Pflichten des Klimaschutzes
Authors: Schüßler Rudolf
Published: March 2017

Cost-benefit analyses of mitigation options for climatic change suffer from an overwhelming amount of uncertainty and dissension about climatic change, its consequences, and their evaluation. Therefore, this article assumes a skeptical stance concerning our knowledge of climate change,
but it nevertheless develops a rationale for moral duties of intervention against global warming. It starts from weak informational premises and identifies the outer bounds of the mean atmospheric temperature variation since the ice-age as intervention points for a tolerable-windows approach
of climate policy. Finally, a gametheoretical modification of the idea of moral self-legislation leads to the derivation of a further half-way intervention point in the interior of the assumed temperature range.
Trends in der Ernährung – eine nachhaltige Entwicklung?
Authors: Rösch Christine
Published: March 2017

German supermarkets offer an immense choice of high quality food at low cost. However, the abundance of cheap food has a hidden cost, not apparent in the prices paid at the checkout counter: Namely, the prices do not include the ecological, health and social costs of food production
and consumption. The aim of this article is to characterise major trends in nutrition which develop within the framework of changing economic and socio-demographic factors. Four different trends in nutrition are defined: money-saving, time-saving, health-conscious and environmentally aware
consumption. The sustainability profiles of these consumption patterns are analysed and compared using ten sustainability indicators. The most sustainable consumption pattern is environmentally aware consumption, characterising consumers who care for the environment and for animals and who
consider the economic welfare of the region they live in. This type of customer represents only a few percent of the German population – a percentage that may increase along with further growth in prosperity and an increasing awareness of the negative impacts of conventional production
and nutrition patterns on human health and the environment.
Das Wollsocken-Image überwinden! Kleidung als Kommunikationsmedium und das Marketing von Öko-Textilien"
Authors: Fischer Dirk
Published: March 2017

For the past few years, the producers and sellers of eco-clothing have had to deal with a marked decline in sales. This seems surprising in view of eco-fashion having become increasingly similar to current fashion trends and, according to various surveys, a large portion of consumers
claiming a preference towards ecologically optimized clothing. This paper attempts to explain this (apparent) contradiction based on a socio-psychological, culturally scientific approach to fashion theory. Particular emphasis is placed upon clothing's socio-psychological function and the role
of clothing as a means of communication. It is argued that in the course of the "eco" and "nature fashion" wave in late 80s / early 90s, a specific code was established that, partially independent from actual product features, still determines consumer (pre)conceptions. Finally, a few recommendations
regarding the design and marketing of eco-clothing are made.
The Egalitarian Case Against Brundtland's Sustainability
Authors: Gosseries Axel
Published: March 2017

At the heart of any concept of sustainable development lies an idea of intergenerational justice. The latter can be understood in various ways, depending on the general theory of justice one considers most defensible. The author spells out six possible philosophical views on the matter.
He shows the extent to which differences in logic also translate as significant differences in the intergenerational principles to be followed, using notions of savings and dissavings. Special attention is being paid to two reasons why the directives of a luck egalitarian theory of intergenerational
justice do not necessarily coincide with Brundtland's view on intergenerational justice. Such differences become clear once we understand that, as a matter of principle, luck egalitarians should oppose not only generational dissavings, but also generational savings, hence stick to a strict
"neither less, nor more" rule.
Alarm: Assessing Large-scale environmental Risks for biodiversity with tested Methods
Authors: Settele Josef , Hammen Volker , Hulme Phil , Karlson Ulrich , Klotz Stefan , Kotarac Mladen , Kunin William , Marion Glenn , O'Connor Martin , Petanidou Theodora , Peterson Kaja , Potts Simon , Pritchard Hap , Pysek Petr , Rounsevell Mark , Spangenberg Joachim , Steffan-Dewenter Ingolf , Sykes Martin , Vighi Marco , Zobel Martin , Kühn Ingolf
Published: March 2017

The EU-funded research project ALARM will develop and test methods and protocols for the assessment of large-scale environmental risks in order to minimise negative human impacts. Research focuses on the assessment and forecast of changes in biodiversity and in the structure, function,
and dynamics of ecosystems. This includes the relationships between society, the economy and biodiversity.
Do Nanoparticles Interfere with Human Health?
Authors: Brüske-Hohlfeld Irene , Peters Annette , Wichmann H.-Erich
Published: March 2017

The years to come will probably see a dramatic increase in the industrial generation and use of nanomaterials. The impact of this development on worker safety, consumer protection, public health and the environment has to be considered carefully, especially as the toxicity of nanomaterials
is a priori not predictable from that of bulk material. Concerns have been expressed that the very properties that are being exploited by researchers and the industry might have negative health and environmental impacts and, particularly, that they might result in greater toxicity.
Habitat Fragmentation and Ecological Networks in Europe
Authors: Tillmann Jörg E.
Published: March 2017

This article describes the status quo of habitat fragmentation and gives an introduction to nature conservation initiatives on the European scale. The main focus lies on the concepts of ecological networks and the EU COST 341 Action (Cooperation in the field of Scientific and Technical
Research) as a programme comprising expertise on the effects of linear transportation infrastructure on habitats. The discussion of this subject is still in its infancy, as is the exchange of information which could optimize "de-fragmenting" measures. It is recommended that an international
forum be established on the basis of an initiative at the European scale as a COST Action. Such an on-going international forum would facilitate bilateral co-operation for the designation of trans-boundary ecological corridors, which is one of the major challenges of European habitat
protection.
Conservation Value of Wildlife Crossings: Measures of Performance and Research Directions
Authors: Clevenger Anthony P.
Published: March 2017

In the last ten years, there has been a surge of interest in the ecological effects of roads on landscape ecology and in devising means of reducing road impacts on wildlife populations. The number of wildlife crossings built in North America and worldwide has increased during the last
decade and their design and performance as mitigation measures has received considerable attention. In this paper I will discuss current approaches to restoring connectivity across roads with wildlife crossing structures. Once in place, wildlife crossings must be monitored and evaluated to
determine their conservation value and ecological performance. I discuss some guiding principles for planning and measuring performance of mitigation crossings for wildlife that consider a range of ecological goals, time-frames, and changes in landscape conditions. Last, cost-effective designs
and integrated planning are seen as important areas to make significant advances in designing sustainable transport systems.
Begrenzung der Landschaftszerschneidung bei der Planung von Verkehrswegen Begrenzung der Landschaftszerschneidung bei der Planung von Verkehrswegen
Authors: Penn-Bressel Gertrude
Published: March 2017

In Germany, landscape fragmentation by the main road network is still increasing. This paper reports recent developments and identifies trends for the next decade. Based on two different quantitative indicators for landscape fragmentation, propositions for environmental goals in order
to slow fragmentation are presented. Suggestions are given on how to introduce these quantitative environmental goals into regional development plans and plans for the development of main road infrastructure. Finally, the paper suggests a way in which landscape fragmentation can be adequately
considered in the benefit-cost analysis that is part of the German federal road network planning. In Germany, landscape fragmentation by the main road network is still increasing. This paper reports recent developments and identifies trends for the next decade. Based on two different
quantitative indicators for landscape fragmentation, propositions for environmental goals in order to slow fragmentation are presented. Suggestions are given on how to introduce these quantitative environmental goals into regional development plans and plans for the development of main road
infrastructure. Finally, the paper suggests a way in which landscape fragmentation can be adequately considered in the benefit-cost analysis that is part of the German federal road network planning.
Mit handelbaren Flächenzertifikaten die Flächeninanspruchnahme für Siedlung und Verkehr begrenzen Mit handelbaren Flächenzertifikaten die Flächeninanspruchnahme für Siedlung und Verkehr begrenzen
Authors: León Christian D. , Renn Ortwin
Published: March 2017

The Sustainability Council of Baden-Württemberg has suggested to use tradable permits (certificates) for controlling future land use. The main idea is to hand out a limited amount of development rights to communities so that they can issue permits to private developers of land.
Since housing development is strongly linked with road construction, it is assumed that this instrument would also reduce landscape fragmentation even though additional measures have to be taken into consideration to tackle this specific problem. The proposal was inspired by the obvious inability
of traditional planning tools to curb the pace of land use. Each day the State of Baden-Württemberg loses around ten hectares of land due to development. All efforts to reduce this loss or even to reverse it have been unsuccessful. The Council is therefore convinced that with the instrument
of tradable permits a ceiling amount can be reached and a market system of efficient permit trading can be installed. The Sustainability Council of Baden-Württemberg has suggested to use tradable permits (certificates) for controlling future land use. The main idea is to hand out
a limited amount of development rights to communities so that they can issue permits to private developers of land. Since housing development is strongly linked with road construction, it is assumed that this instrument would also reduce landscape fragmentation even though additional measures
have to be taken into consideration to tackle this specific problem. The proposal was inspired by the obvious inability of traditional planning tools to curb the pace of land use. Each day the State of Baden-Württemberg loses around ten hectares of land due to development. All efforts
to reduce this loss or even to reverse it have been unsuccessful. The Council is therefore convinced that with the instrument of tradable permits a ceiling amount can be reached and a market system of efficient permit trading can be installed.
Defragmentation in the Netherlands: A Success Story?
Authors: van der Grift Edgar A.
Published: March 2017

In the Netherlands the problem of habitat fragmentation due to transport corridors is being addressed by a Long-Term Defragmentation Programme. Priority spots for defragmentation measures (i.e., locations where wildlife passages are most urgently required) were assessed by combining
population viability modelling with local knowledge of critical road sections. Monitoring studies proved that wildlife passages are frequently used by a variety of wildlife species, but only if regularly inspected and maintained. Model simulations suggest that improperly managed passages may
result in the extinction of local populations. More robust passages may considerably mitigate problems associated with poor management. In order to judge the success of the implemented defragmentation measures, their long-term effect on population viability needs to be assessed in future monitoring
studies.
Großflächige Planungen zur Landschaftsentschneidung in Deutschland Großflächige Planungen zur Landschaftsentschneidung in Deutschland
Authors: Grau Stephanie
Published: March 2017

This paper presents the first overview of existing programs and studies on defragmentation in Germany, both on the federal and state levels. Defragmentation measures include all means to mitigate barrier effects of linear transportation infrastructure and should be implemented along
the entire transportation network. Therefore, this paper suggests a hierarchical defragmentation planning. A survey conducted in 2004 found at least nine countrywide and 13 state-wide studies and programs – planned or already in existence – that met the basic requirements for defragmentation
plans by mapping potential corridors and barriers for wildlife. However, these programs and studies are difficult to compare because they vary greatly in method and scale, ranging from ideas and concepts to tangible action plans. Finally, recommendations for mitigating fragmentation due to
the transportation network are presented. This paper presents the first overview of existing programs and studies on defragmentation in Germany, both on the federal and state levels. Defragmentation measures include all means to mitigate barrier effects of linear transportation infrastructure
and should be implemented along the entire transportation network. Therefore, this paper suggests a hierarchical defragmentation planning. A survey conducted in 2004 found at least nine countrywide and 13 state-wide studies and programs – planned or already in existence – that
met the basic requirements for defragmentation plans by mapping potential corridors and barriers for wildlife. However, these programs and studies are difficult to compare because they vary greatly in method and scale, ranging from ideas and concepts to tangible action plans. Finally, recommendations
for mitigating fragmentation due to the transportation network are presented.
Lebensraumkorridore für Mensch und Natur in Deutschland Lebensraumkorridore für Mensch und Natur in Deutschland
Authors: Böttcher Marita , Reck Heinrich , Hänel Kersten , Winter Armin
Published: March 2017

The plan of the "German habitat corridor network" is an integrated approach to preserve, restore and develop ecological interrelationships that maintain species diversity and areas for human use, such as recreation. The article reviews aims and methods used in setting up a first coherent
draft (working scale 1 : 1 000 000, for details see www.bfn.de/03/031301_korridore.htm). The draft should promote projects for establishing a network of interlinked biotopes. It should provide basic information for identifying priorities and areas to minimise ecological barriers and
to mitigate, or compensate, the impact of future transportation infrastructure or building sites. Furthermore, it should provide essential information for Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) procedures, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Habitat Impact Assessment (HIA) according to
Article 6 of the EU Habitats Directive, and for impact regulation according to Article 18 of the Federal Nature Conservation Act. The plan appeals for improvements in the planning of interlinked biotopes on a more detailed scale and for improvements of landscape data. The
plan of the "German habitat corridor network" is an integrated approach to preserve, restore and develop ecological interrelationships that maintain species diversity and areas for human use, such as recreation. The article reviews aims and methods used in setting up a first coherent draft
(working scale 1 : 1 000 000, for details see www.bfn.de/03/031301_korridore.htm). The draft should promote projects for establishing a network of interlinked biotopes. It should provide basic information for identifying priorities and areas to minimise ecological barriers and to mitigate,
or compensate, the impact of future transportation infrastructure or building sites. Furthermore, it should provide essential information for Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) procedures, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), Habitat Impact Assessment (HIA) according to Article 6 of
the EU Habitats Directive, and for impact regulation according to Article 18 of the Federal Nature Conservation Act. The plan appeals for improvements in the planning of interlinked biotopes on a more detailed scale and for improvements of landscape data.