bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using cultural trauma:Gandhi's assassination, partition and secular nationalism in post‐independenceIndia
Authors: Debs Mira
Published: September 2013

Nationalism theorists have noted the link between traumatic events and national identity, and cultural trauma theory presents a framework for understanding how these events become trauma narratives. I argue for greater consideration of how these narratives are strategically linked to ideological frames of national identity. A case study of post‐IndependenceIndia considering the assassination ofMahatmaGandhi and thePartition ofIndia andPakistan demonstrates how two very different events were promoted as cultural traumas by various carrier groups in order to promote a secular vision of the Indian nation. AdaptingArmstrong andCrage (2006),Isuggest that the success of these trauma narratives depend on several criteria: the ease of narrating the event, how it is linked to underlying cultural meanings/frames and how the event interacts with historical contingencies.
Influence of a neurokinin‐1 receptor antagonist (aprepitant) on gastric sensorimotor function in healthy volunteers
Authors: Ang D. , Pauwels A. , Akyuz F. , Vos R. , Tack J.
Published: September 2013

Background

Substance P (SP) is a member of the neurokinin (NK) family and is one of the established neurotransmitters in the mammalian central and enteric nervous system. It is unclear whether NK1 receptors are involved in the control of gastric sensorimotor function in man.

Methods

We studied the effects of aprepitant, an NK1 receptor antagonist used in the treatment of chemotherapy‐induced emesis, on gastric sensorimotor function in healthy volunteers. Sixteen healthy volunteers (six males, 32.4 ± 2.7 years) were studied on three separate occasions after placebo, aprepitant 80 or 125 mg in randomized double‐blind study to assess gastric compliance, perception to isobaric distensions, and gastric accommodation with a gastric barostat.

Key Results

Compared to placebo, both doses of aprepitant did not influence gastric compliance or sensitivity to gastric distension. Aprepitant 80 and 125 mg did not have any significant effects on gastric accommodation compared with placebo (mean postprandial gastric volume increase, respectively, 83.4 ± 28.4 vs 35.3 ± 16.2 vs 83.9 ± 30.4 mL, NS). Postprandial gastric compliance and sensitivity to distention were also not altered.

Conclusions & Inferences

In health, NK1 receptors do not appear to be involved in the control of gastric compliance, accommodation or sensitivity to distention in man.
A ghrelin agonist fails to show benefit in patients with diabetic gastroparesis: let's not throw the baby out with the bath water
Authors: Camilleri M. , Acosta A.
Published: September 2013

Ghrelin is the endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue‐1a receptor and is a potential target for treatment of gastroparesis. This viewpoint assesses the potential role of ghrelin agonists in the treatment of gastroparesis through a review of the early phase, randomized, controlled trials of ghrelin agonists in patients with diabetes and, either, delayed gastric emptying at the time of the trial or symptoms at the time of the trial, and prior documentation of delayed gastric emptying of solids. Whereas recent experience with ghrelin agonists that have a macrocycle structure (TZP‐101, TZP‐102) has not confirmed earlier promising results, there is little evidence that ghrelin receptors downregulate with repeated treatment, in contrast to motilin receptors. Phase IIa clinical trials performed with a different agent (RM‐131, which is a small molecule ghrelin agonist) suggest that, as a class, ghrelin agonists may be efficacious in stimulating gastric emptying. It is premature to dismiss ghrelin agonists as potential therapies for gastroparesis.
Long‐term changes in microbiology and clinical periodontal variables after completion of fixed orthodontic appliances
Authors: Ghijselings E. , Coucke W. , Verdonck A. , Teughels W. , Quirynen M. , Pauwels M. , Carels C. , van Gastel J.
Published: September 2013

Structured Abstract

Objectives

The aim of this prospective study was to monitor patients' microbiological and clinical periodontal parameters prior and up to 2 years after orthodontic treatment.

Material and Methods

Twenty‐four adolescents were treated with brackets. Fourteen of them received bands on upper first molars for extra‐oral force application before bonding brackets to the remaining teeth. Microbiology, periodontal probing depth, bleeding on probing (BOP), and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) flow were assessed at baseline (T1), bracket removal (T2), and 2 years post‐treatment (T3). A statistical comparison was made over time and between bands and brackets.

Results

A significant increase from T1 to T2 and a decrease from T2 to T3 in pathogenicity of plaque were noted. No significant difference was observed concerning supragingival colony‐forming units (CFU) ratio (aerobe/anaerobe) between T3 and T1. However, the subgingival CFU ratio (aerobe/anaerobe) at T3 did significantly differ from the ratio at T1. Periodontal probing depth, BOP and GCF flow showed a significant increase between T1 and T2 and a reduction between T2 and T3, resulting in the absence of significant differences between T3 and T1, except for BOP at banded sites.

Conclusion

Placement of fixed appliances has an impact on periodontal parameters. The results showed that not all parameters were normalized at T3, indicating that the changes are only partially reversible.
Medium‐Term Effects of Septal and Apical Pacing in Pacemaker‐Dependent Patients: A Double‐Blind Prospective Randomized Study
Authors: MOLINA LUIS , SUTTON RICHARD , GANDOY WILLIAM , REYES NICOLÁS , LARA SUSANO , LIMÓN FROYLÁN , GÓMEZ SUSANA , ORIHUELA CONSUELO , SALAME LATIFE , MORENO GABRIELA
Published: September 2013

Background

Pacing the right ventricle is established practice, but there remains controversy as to the optimal site to preserve hemodynamic function.

Aims

To evaluate clinical and hemodynamic differences between apical and septal pacing in pacemaker‐dependent patients.

Methods

Patients receiving their first pacemaker for advanced atrioventricular block, with the atria in sinus rhythm, were randomized to receive apical (Group A) or septal (Group S) ventricular leads. After implant, with the device programmed VVI 70 beats/min fixed rate, patients underwent a 6‐minute walk test and a transthoracic echocardiogram. Then, DDDR was programmed at nominal settings. The same tests were performed at 6 months and 12 months follow‐up. If ventricular pacing was less than 98%, the patient was excluded.

Results

A total of 142 patients were included in the study. During the study year, 71 (50%) were excluded for not fulfilling the condition of 98% ventricular pacing. Groups A and S had 34 and 37 patients, respectively. Age and gender were similar in the groups. At implant, QRS duration was significantly greater in Group A (158 ms) than Group S (146 ms; P = 0.018), and the QRS axis was different: –74.5° in Group A and 1° in Group S (P < 0.001). At 1 year, the 6‐minute walk improved significantly in both groups: Group A 15% (P = 0.048) and Group S 24% (P = 0.001). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) increased from 0.57 to 0.61 (P = 0.008) in Group S, without significant change in Group A.

Conclusions

After 1 year, pacemaker‐dependent patients with septal ventricular leads have better clinical and functional (LVEF) outcome.
Impacts of light and temperature on shoot branching gradient and expression of strigolactone synthesis and signalling genes in rose
Authors: DJENNANE SAMIA , HIBRAND‐SAINT OYANT LAURENCE , KAWAMURA KOJI , LALANNE DAVID , LAFFAIRE MICHEL , THOUROUDE TATIANA , CHALAIN SÉVERINE , SAKR SOULAIMAN , BOUMAZA RACHID , FOUCHER FABRICE , LEDUC NATHALIE
Published: September 2013

Light and temperature are two environmental factors that deeply affect bud outgrowth. However, little is known about their impact on the bud burst gradient along a stem and their interactions with the molecular mechanisms of bud burst control. We investigated this question in two acrotonic rose cultivars. We demonstrated that the darkening of distal buds or exposure to cold (5 °C) prior to transfer to mild temperatures (20 °C) both repress acrotony, allowing the burst of quiescent medial and proximal buds. We sequenced the strigolactone pathway MAX‐homologous genes in rose and studied their expression in buds and internodes along the stem. Only expressions of RwMAX1, RwMAX2 and RwMAX4 were detected. Darkening of the distal part of the shoot triggered a strong increase of RwMAX2 expression in darkened buds and bark‐phloem samples, whereas it suppressed the acropetal gradient of the expression of RwMAX1 observed in stems fully exposed to light. Cold treatment induced an acropetal gradient of expression of RwMAX1 in internodes and of RwMAX2 in buds along the stem. Our results suggest that the bud burst gradient along the stem cannot be explained by a gradient of expression of RwMAX genes but rather by their local level of expression at each individual position.
Lack of photosynthetic or stomatal regulation after 9 years of elevated [CO2] and 4 years of soil warming in two conifer species at the alpine treeline
Authors: STREIT KATHRIN , SIEGWOLF ROLF T. W. , HAGEDORN FRANK , SCHAUB MARCUS , BUCHMANN NINA
Published: September 2013

Alpine treelines are temperature‐limited vegetation boundaries. Understanding the effects of elevated [CO2] and warming on CO2 and H2O gas exchange may help predict responses of treelines to global change. We measured needle gas exchange of Larix decidua Mill. and Pinus mugo ssp. uncinata DC trees after 9 years of free air CO2 enrichment (575 µmol mol−1) and 4 years of soil warming (+4 °C) and analysed δ13C and δ18O values of needles and tree rings. Tree needles under elevated [CO2] showed neither nitrogen limitation nor end‐product inhibition, and no down‐regulation of maximal photosynthetic rate (Amax) was found. Both tree species showed increased net photosynthetic rates (An) under elevated [CO2] (L. decidua: +39%; P. mugo: +35%). Stomatal conductance (gH2O) was insensitive to changes in [CO2], thus transpiration rates remained unchanged and intrinsic water‐use efficiency (iWUE) increased due to higher An. Soil warming affected neither An nor gH2O. Unresponsiveness of gH2O to [CO2] and warming was confirmed by δ18O needle and tree ring values. Consequently, under sufficient water supply, elevated [CO2] induced sustained enhancement in An and lead to increased C inputs into this ecosystem, while soil warming hardly affected gas exchange of L. decidua and P. mugo at the alpine treeline.
Predicting treatment‐seeking for visual hallucinations among Parkinson's disease patients
Authors: Rana Abdul Qayyum , Siddiqui Ishraq , Zangeneh Masood , Fattah Abdul , Awan Naeem , Yousuf Muhammad Saad
Published: September 2013

Aim

While much research has been conducted towards understanding the basis of visual hallucinations in Parkinson's disease, little has focused on characterizing the content and patients' emotional experience. These factors are likely very influential on a patient's decision to seek treatment, a critical aspect of any symptom from the clinical perspective.

Methods

A retrospective chart analysis was performed on Parkinson's disease patients seen in a community‐based Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorder Clinic between 2005 and 2010.

Results

The study consisted of 334 patients with Parkinson's disease, among whom 10.5% had visual hallucinations. Hoehn and Yahr disease stage (P = 0.001), concurrent presence of dementia (P = 0.001),and sex (P = 0.031) were significant onset predictors. The most significant determinant of treatment‐seeking was emotional reaction, namely whether hallucinations were bothersome (P = 0.008). However, the specific type of content during hallucinations was sometimes more influential and contradicted emotional response.

Conclusion

Although treatment‐seeking can be predicted by how individuals feel about hallucinations, a patient's decision may not be logically consistent. We suggest that clinicians offer treatment based on patients' recollections and opinions.
Prevalence of and risk factors for early postoperative arrhythmia in children after cardiac surgery
Authors: Alp Hayrullah , Narin Cüneyt , Baysal Tamer , Sarıgül Ali
Published: September 2013

Background

The aims of this study were to (i) evaluate postoperative arrhythmias following congenital heart surgery, on 12‐lead electrocardiography and Holter monitoring; and (ii) analyze the association between the type of repair and postoperative arrhythmia.

Methods

A total of 229 children and 10 neonates with a mean age of 4.71 ± 0.41 years (range, 15 days–17 years) who underwent congenital cardiac surgery were included the study. Twelve‐lead electrocardiography and Holter monitoring were used to evaluate arrhythmias after the operation.

Results

Within the evaluation period, 104 patients (43.5%) developed arrhythmias after surgery. No arrhythmias were observed in neonates. Female sex (51.9%) was slightly associated with the occurrence of arrhythmias after operation. The most common arrhythmia was supraventricular extra‐systoles (65.4%). Risk factors for supraventricular extra‐systoles were repair of secundum atrial septal defect (32.3%), ventricular septal defect (25%) and tetralogy of Fallot (14.7%). Also, ventricular extra‐systoles were associated with repair of ventricular septal defect.

Conclusions

Postoperative arrhythmia is usually a frequent and transient phenomenon after congenital cardiac surgery, and is provoked by both mechanical irritation of the conduction system and humoral factors. Postoperative arrhythmia should be anticipated in patients with congenital cardiac surgery. Finally, the association between this type of surgical repair and arrhythmia may be helpful for estimating the type of arrhythmia that develops after congenital cardiac surgery in children.
Impact of seasonal flux on 25‐hydroxyvitamin D and bone turnover in pre‐ and early pubertal youth
Authors: Rajakumar Kumaravel , Holick Michael F , Moore Charity G , Cohen Elan , Olabopo Flora , Haralam Mary Ann , Bogusz Jaimee , Nucci Anita , Greenspan Susan L
Published: September 2013

Background

Seasonal fluxes in 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in children can affect bone turnover, and in turn potentially affect bone accrual and peak bone mass. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of seasonal flux on the association among 25(OH)D, parathyroid hormone (PTH) and markers of bone turnover in pre‐ and early pubertal black children and white children.

Methods

Data were collected during summer (June–September) and winter (December–March) in 6–12‐year‐old children. Measurements included serum 25(OH)D, PTH, osteocalcin (OC), collagen type 1 cross‐linked C‐telopeptide (CTx), dietary intake of vitamin D and calcium, skin color, sunlight exposure, and body mass index (BMI).

Results

A total of 138 children (mean age, 9.1 ± 1.7 years; black, n = 94; male, n = 81) were studied. 25(OH)D was higher (41.2 ± 13 vs 34.5 ± 11.1 ng/mL; P < 0.001) and CTx was lower (0.8 ± 0.3 vs 0.9 ± 0.5 ng/mL; P < 0.001) in all participants during summer when compared to winter. Furthermore, seasonal differences in CTx were more pronounced in black children (summer, 0.7 ± 0.3 vs winter, 1.0 ± 0.5 ng/mL; P < 0.001). PTH was a significant predictor of serum CTx and OC after adjusting for race, season, Tanner stage, dietary calcium, skin color and BMI.

Conclusion

25(OH)D declined significantly in both black children and white children during winter. CTx significantly increased during winter in black children compared to white children, suggesting increased rates of resorption in black children during winter. Benefits of enhancement of wintertime vitamin D status on bone health need further exploration.
Surgical treatment of primary liver tumors in children: Outcomes analysis of resection and transplantation in the SEER database
Authors: McAteer Jarod P. , Goldin Adam B. , Healey Patrick J. , Gow Kenneth W.
Published: September 2013

Adjusted survival outcomes following hepatic resection and transplantation for pediatric liver tumors have not been compared. To address this question, we conducted a retrospective cohort study using the SEER registry. While SEER lacks certain specifics regarding staging, chemotherapy, comorbidities, and recurrence, important hypothesis‐generating data are available and were analyzed using Kaplan–Meier statistics and Cox proportional hazards regression. All SEER patients under the age of 20 yr undergoing surgery for HB (n = 318) or HCC (n = 80) between 1998 and 2009 were included. Of HB patients, 83.3% underwent resection and 16.7% transplantation. Advanced disease, vascular invasion, and satellite lesions were more common among transplant patients. Unadjusted five‐yr survival was equivalent, as was the adjusted hazard of death for transplant relative to resection (HR = 0.58, p = 0.63). Of HCC patients, 75.0% underwent resection and 25.0% transplantation. Transplant patients had a higher prevalence of vascular invasion and satellite lesions. Five‐yr survival was 53.4% after resection and 85.3% after transplant, and the adjusted hazard of death was significantly lower after transplantation (HR = 0.05, p = 0.045). While transplantation is generally reserved for unresectable tumors, the favorable survival seen in HCC patients suggests that liberalized transplant criteria might improve survival, although further prospective data are needed.
Successful treatment of a classic Hodgkin lymphoma‐type post‐transplant lymphoproliferative disorder with tailored chemotherapy and Epstein–Barr virus‐specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes in a pediatric heart transplant recipient
Authors: Basso Sabrina , Zecca Marco , Calafiore Lucia , Rubert Laura , Fiocchi Roberto , Paulli Marco , Quartuccio Giuseppe , Guido Ilaria , Sebastiani Roberta , Croci Giorgio Alberto , Beschi Claudia , Nardiello Ida , Ginevri Fabrizio , Cugno Chiara , Comoli Patrizia
Published: September 2013

CHL type is the least common major form of EBV‐related PTLD but rarely occurs in pediatric recipients; development of CHL subsequent to other PTLD subtypes in the same transplant recipient is even more unusual. Because of its rarity, indications on the best treatment strategy are limited. Patients have been mostly treated with standard HL chemotherapy/radiotherapy, and prognosis seems more favorable than other monomorphic PTLDs. Herein, we describe a pediatric case of EBV‐associated, stage IV‐B, CHL arising in a heart allograft recipient eight yr after diagnosis of B‐cell polymorphic PTLD. The patient was successfully treated with adjusted‐dose HL chemotherapy and autologous EBV‐specific CTL, without discontinuation of maintenance immunosuppression. At two yr from therapy completion, the patient is in CR with stable organ function. With this strategy, it may be possible to reproduce the good prognostic data reported for CHL‐type PTLD, with decreased risk of organ toxicity or rejection.
Aliphatic β‐Nitroalcohols for Therapeutic Corneoscleral Cross‐Linking: Chemical Stability Studies Using 1H‐NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Li Xia , Li Yongjun , Kim MiJung , Trokel Stephen L. , Turro Nicholas J. , Paik David C.
Published: September 2013

Recent studies suggest that aliphatic β‐nitro alcohols may represent a useful class of compounds for use as in vivo therapeutic corneoscleral cross‐linking agents with higher order nitroalcohols (HONAs) showing enhanced efficacy over the mono‐nitroalcohols. The current study was undertaken in order to evaluate the chemical stability of these compounds during storage conditions. Two mono‐nitroalcohols (2‐nitroethanol=2ne and 2‐nitro‐1‐propanol=2nprop) and two HONAs, a nitrodiol (2‐methyl‐2‐nitro‐1,3‐propanediol=MNPD), and a nitrotriol (2‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐nitro‐1,3‐propanediol=HNPD) were monitored for chemical stability by 1H‐NMR for up to 7 months. Each compound was studied at two concentrations (1% and 10%) either in unbuffered H2O or 0.2 m NaH2PO4/Na2HPO4 (pH=5), and at 0°C and room temperature (RT) for a total of eight conditions for each compound. The 1H‐NMR spectra for the starting material were compared to subsequent spectra. Under all four of the conditions studied, both the nitrodiol (MNPD) and nitrotriol (HNPD) were stable for the duration of 7 months. 2nprop became unstable under all conditions at 3 months. 2ne was the most unstable of all the compounds tested. HONAs exhibit excellent chemical stability under long‐term storage conditions. In contrast, the nitromonols tested are significantly less stable. These findings are relevant to the translation of this technology into clinical use.
A quantitative assessment of the effects of formal sun protection education on photosensitive patients
Authors: Huang Chunyun , Yan Shuxian , Ren Jie , Xiang Leihong , Hu Yue , Kang Kefei , Seite Sophie
Published: September 2013

Purpose

To quantitatively assess the effect of formal sun protection education on sun exposure habits and quality of life in photosensitive patients.

Methods

Patients with chronic actinic dermatitis (CAD) or polymorphous light eruption (PLE) were randomized to either the intervention or the control group. General advice about sun protection and broad‐spectrum sunscreen were provided to all participants. The intervention group was given two additional intensive sun protection instruction classes at the beginning of spring and then in summer. At baseline and 12 months, each participant completed interviews that included a questionnaire about sun protection behaviors and a modified Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire.

Results

In the intervention group, after the first intensive sun protection instruction, all aspects of sun exposure habits were significantly improved from baseline (P < 0.01). At study's end, there had been no significant change in sun exposure habits in the control group compared with baseline, whereas sun exposure habits in the intervention group significantly improved (P < 0.01). After two intensive sun protection training sessions, the modified DLQI significantly decreased in the intervention group compared with baseline (P < 0.001), while no change was observed in the control group.

Conclusion

Formal sun protection education improved sun exposure and protection behaviors as well as quality of life in photosensitive patients.
Managing Disruptions in Decentralized Supply Chains with Endogenous Supply Process Reliability
Authors: Tang Sammi Y. , Gurnani Haresh , Gupta Diwakar
Published: September 2013

Supply disruptions are all too common in supply chains. To mitigate delivery risk, buyers may either source from multiple suppliers or offer incentives to their preferred supplier to improve its process reliability. These incentives can be either direct (investment subsidy) or indirect (inflated order quantity). In this study, we present a series of models to highlight buyers’ and suppliers’ optimal parameter choices. Our base‐case model has deterministic buyer demand and two possibilities for the supplier yield outcomes: all‐or‐nothing supply or partial disruption. For the all‐or‐nothing model, we show that the buyer prefers to only use the subsidy option, which obviates the need to inflate order quantity. However, in the partial disruption model, both incentives—subsidy and order inflation—may be used at the same time. Although single sourcing provides greater indirect incentive to the selected supplier because that avoids order splitting, we show that the buyer may prefer the diversification strategy under certain circumstances. We also quantify the amount by which the wholesale price needs to be discounted (if at all) to ensure that dual sourcing strategy dominates sole sourcing. Finally, we extend the model to the case of stochastic demand. Structural properties of ordering/subsidy decisions are derived for the all‐or‐nothing model, and in contrast to the deterministic demand case, we establish that the buyer may increase use of subsidy and order quantity at the same time.
Implementation of aquaculture parks in Federal Government waters in Brazil
Authors: Bueno Guilherme W. , Ostrensky Antônio , Canzi Carla , de Matos Flávia T. , Roubach Rodrigo
Published: September 2013

The Brazilian Government has been promoting studies on the zoning and demarcation of aquaculture parks dedicated to the production of fish in net‐cages in the large public reservoirs of the country. The methodology employed for the zoning of these aquaculture parks consists of the execution in three consecutive stages of multidisciplinary evaluations for their social, environmental and economical characterization (global, regional and local). The purpose of the studies involves the generation of thematic maps and scenarios of environmental models that facilitate the process of understanding the regional peculiarities and taking the decisions to identify the most appropriate areas for the installation of the aquaculture parks. The application of this instrument for zoning the reservoirs will assist a more effective planning of investments and efforts, both by the government and by private initiative, in the aquaculture activity. With the implantation of aquaculture parks along the lines of an ecosystemic aquaculture, Brazil has the potential to become one of the largest producers of fish in net‐cages in the world.
Ideology and the Study of Religion: Marx, Althusser, and Foucault
Authors: Martin Craig
Published: September 2013

Karl Marx famously argued that ideology advances the interests of the ruling class. As a means of challenging the mystification of social relations, he initiated a project of ideology critique, a project that remains important to this day. This article explores three branches of ideology critique, focusing on the legacies of Marx, Althusser, and Foucault.
Orchestrating sustainability: The case of European Union biofuel governance
Authors: Schleifer Philip
Published: September 2013

This article provides an empirical analysis of orchestration – that is, the initiation, support, and embracement of private governance arrangements through public regulators – in the field of European Union biofuel governance. It examines the emerging sustainability regime and shows that orchestration has been extensively practiced. Regulators in the European Union have used a range of directive and facilitative measures to initiate and support private biofuel certification schemes and to incorporate them in their regulatory frameworks. This has given rise to a hybrid regime in which public and private approaches are closely intertwined. Discussing the benefits and complications of engaging with private biofuel sustainability governance, the article's findings point to a partial failure of orchestration in this policy area.
Major Factors Influencing the Health Impacts from Controlling Air Pollutants with Nonlinear Chemistry: An Application to China
Authors: Zhou Ying , Hammitt James , Fu Joshua S. , Gao Yang , Liu Yang , Levy Jonathan I.
Published: September 2013

Predicting the human‐health effects of reducing atmospheric emissions of nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from power plants, motor vehicles, and other sources is complex because of nonlinearity in the relevant atmospheric processes. We estimate the health impacts of changes in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone concentrations that result from control of NOx emissions alone and in conjunction with other pollutants in and outside the mega‐city of Shanghai, China. The Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Modeling System is applied to model the effects on atmospheric concentrations of emissions from different economic sectors and geographic locations. Health impacts are quantified by combining concentration‐response functions from the epidemiological literature with pollutant concentration and population distributions. We find that the health benefits per ton of emission reduction are more sensitive to the location (i.e., inside vs. outside of Shanghai) than to the sectors that are controlled. For eastern China, we predict between 1 and 20 fewer premature deaths per year per 1,000 tons of NOx emission reductions, valued at $300–$6,000 per ton. Health benefits are sensitive to seasonal variation in emission controls. Policies to control NOx emissions need to consider emission location, season, and simultaneous control of other pollutants to avoid unintended consequences.
The Limits of Listening: Particularity, Compassion, and Dostoevsky's “Bookish Humaneness”
Authors: SCHUR ANNA
Published: September 2013

An extension of the anti‐visual turn of twentieth‐century Continental philosophy, listening‐based ethics is frequently presented as at odds with traditional ethics and is said to be more effective in promoting inclusiveness, care, respect for difference, and other progressive values. These discussions typically present listening as uniquely sensitive and open to otherness and encouraging of acceptance, mutuality, and sympathy. The paper examines these claims, as well as the analogy between listening and reading, in relation to the understanding of listening by the champions of the Russian 1864 Judicial reform, and in relation to the story and the narrative situation of “Akul'ka's Husband,” an inset tale in Dostoevsky's Notes from the House of the Dead. The paper argues that “Akul'ka's Husband” and reformers' discourse challenge the analogy between reading and listening, as well as the twin claims that listening to another and being made aware of the particulars of her story cannot but provoke a sympathetic response.
Peasant Listening, Listening to Peasants: Miscommunication and Ventriloquism in Nekrasov's “Komu na Rusi zhit′ khorosho”
Authors: OGDEN J. ALEXANDER
Published: September 2013

Nikolai Nekrasov's fascination with peasant speech culminated in his book‐length narrative poem “Komu na Rusi zhit' khorosho” (1860s–1870s). Nekrasov's words seem almost to merge with a larger world of folk production—an apparent convergence that glosses over a number of questions about the distance between the poem's actual author and audience, on the one hand, and its narrator and implied audience, on the other. The work as a whole provides a particularly interesting case study for ideas of communication between peasants and non‐peasants, since listening to and telling stories lie at the heart of “Komu na Rusi zhit' khorosho.” The times within the work when communication breaks down are particularly noticeable; Nekrasov often uses the misunderstandings or deceptions that arise to comment indirectly on the characters or situations involved. The issues raised by the kinds of miscommunication highlighted within the poem are ignored, however, on a metapoetic level. In addition to examining both examples of miscommunication within “Komu na Rusi zhit' khorosho” and the communicative situation between Nekrasov and his audience, this article places Nekrasov's work in two larger contexts: the interactions between peasants and nonpeasants in Reform‐era Russian, which were dependent on listening and were often fraught with misunderstandings, and the pan‐European romantic insistence on the role folk language should play in revitalizing culture. The article also introduces a recent elaboration of speech act theory to clarify the ventriloquy Nekrasov engages in to “channel” a peasant voice.
The Travelogue and the Ode—Aleksandr Radishchev's Polemic with the Court Ode in Puteshestvie iz Peterburga v Moskvu
Authors: KOKOBOBO ANI
Published: September 2013

In the oft‐quoted dedication of his Puteshestvie iz Peterburga v Moskvu, Aleksandr Radishchev's narrator highlights the need to “look straight” and attributes mankind's misery to obscured vision. He sets on his journey in an effort restore proper visual perception to his people. Yet the manner in which the journey can enable this restoration is less than clear. In fact, this issue has prompted several recent reevaluations of vision in the travelogue. In this essay I return to the problem of vision and reconsider Radishchev's visual challenge in the Puteshestvie. I suggest that restoration of vision is deeply tied to artistic genre and its means of representing reality. As Mikhail Bakhtin and P. N. Medvedev have argued in the Formal Method in Literary Scholarship that every genre has its unique “means of seeing and conceptualizing reality.” As they suggest, the artist “must learn to see reality through the eyes of the genre.” These remarks are especially relevant to the neoclassical ode, a genre with a peculiar perspective defined by aesthetic distance. Due to its status as foundational genre of Russian literature, the ode and its peculiar “eye” are given substantial attention in Radishchev's thoughts about artistic vision. Radishchev spends considerable time addressing and polemicizing against the ode on both political and aesthetic grounds. As I show, Radishchev's narrator is drawn to the ode's dominant visual perspective, but employs his experience as traveler to move away from that aesthetic. This endeavor does not result in a comprehensive new visual perspective; instead, Radishchev's polemic is aimed at reorienting the Russian literary gaze and locating it closer to the phenomenology of being. It is this relocation, rather than a proper emendation of the gaze, that is at the heart of Radishchev's project.
Tensed Supervenience: A No‐Go for Presentism
Authors: Baron Sam
Published: September 2013

Recent attempts to resolve the truthmaker objection to presentism employ a fundamentally tensed account of the relationship between truth and being. On this view, the truth of a proposition concerning the past supervenes on how thingsare, in the present, along with how thingswere, in the past. This tensed approach to truthmaking arises in response to pressure placed on presentists to abandon the standard response to the truthmaker objection, whereby one invokes presently existing entities as the supervenience base for the truth of past‐directed propositions. In this paper, I argue that a fundamentally tensed approach to truthmaking is implausible because it requires the existence of cross‐temporal supervenience relations, which are anathema to presentism.
On Explaining Why Time Seems to Pass
Authors: Deng Natalja
Published: September 2013

Usually, the B‐theory of time is taken to involve the claim that time does not, in reality, pass; after all, on the B‐theory, nothing really becomes present and then more and more past, times do not come into existence successively, and which facts obtain does not change. For this reason, many B‐theorists have recently tried to explain away one or more aspect(s) of experience that they and their opponents take to constitute an experience of time as passing. In this paper, I examine three prominent proposals of this kind and argue that, though intriguing, the proposals undermine, to some extent, the assumption that there is an element of experience that B‐theorists need to take to be illusory.
Deleuze's Use of Kant's Argument from Incongruent Counterparts
Authors: Somers‐Hall Henry
Published: September 2013

The aim of this paper is to explore Deleuze's use of Kant's argument from incongruent counterparts, which Kant uses to show the existence of what he calls an “internal difference” within things. I want to explore how Deleuze draws out an important distinction between the concept and the Idea, and provides an incisive account of his relationship to both the Kantian and Leibnizian projects. First, I look at Kant's use of the argument to provide a refutation of the Leibnizian account of space, before showing how this criticism in fact rests on the question of the conceptual determination of object. Second, I show how Deleuze develops a taxonomy of difference on the basis of his reading of Kant's argument. Finally, I look at what Deleuze sees as the limitations in Kant's understanding of this concept and Deleuze's attempt to overcome these limitations through the introduction of the notion of the Idea, which will provide a genetic and nonconceptual account of the object. In doing so, I show why Deleuze takes the formulation of an adequate account of difference to be one of the central aims of his own metaphysics.
Navigating the Unknown: Towards a Positive Conception of Anonymity
Authors: Ponesse Julie
Published: September 2013

Talk of anonymity floats freely and, in many contexts, rampantly in everyday, nonphilosophical discourse. But despite a surge of interest in anonymity—in anonymity protections, on the one hand, and anonymity harms and abuses, on the other—it is not at all clear what anonymity is. Is it simply a matter of being unknown? Or is anonymity something more, or less, than this? Unfortunately, existing analyses frame anonymity very generally as a phenomenon of unknowability and/or concealment. Consequently, they fail to capture what distinguishes anonymity and anonymity relations from, for example, privacy and privacy relations. In this paper, I explore a more precise way of articulating anonymity, developing what I call the “central anonymity paradigm,” which frames anonymity as the result of a specific exercise of control in which true pieces of information about a person are concealed from others with an effect of dissociability. I use this paradigm to show how anonymity is characteristically interpersonal and network‐relative, and deeply connected to issues of personal identity.
Some Theoretical Considerations on Attitude, Arousal and Affect during Cognitive Dissonance
Authors: Martinie Marie‐Amélie , Milland Laurent , Olive Thierry
Published: September 2013

This article provides a general overview of cognitive dissonance research with the induced compliance paradigm. We begin by describiang how dissonance affects individuals' attitude change and address issues related to measurement of attitude. Next, we describe the arousal component of dissonance, how it has been measured and the issues that have been raised about its nature. Finally, we explore the emotional component of dissonance and review different ways for measuring and identifying the negative affect associated to dissonance. We conclude by claiming that a more intensive study of the process of dissonance, and particularly of its arousal and emotional components, will allow a more in‐depth understanding of the mental processes involved in cognitive dissonance.
The Biopsychosocial Model of Challenge and Threat: Using the Heart to Measure the Mind
Authors: Seery Mark D.
Published: September 2013

The biopsychosocial model of challenge and threat (BPS) holds that during active goal pursuit, psychological processes reliably lead to specific patterns of cardiovascular responses. Because psychological experience during goal pursuit is not otherwise easily accessible, using cardiovascular responses to infer psychological states can provide valuable insight. In this context, challenge results from evaluating high resources and low demands, whereas threat results from evaluating low resources and high demands. Both challenge and threat lead the heart to beat faster and harder than during rest, but challenge results in dilation in arteries and more blood pumped, whereas threat results in constriction and less blood pumped. This article summarizes the BPS, presents recent research applications, and discusses remaining questions and future directions, including how research from other theoretical perspectives may clarify the nature of task engagement and how the BPS can inform the study of resilience to stressors.
Anchoring and ordering NGS contig assemblies by population sequencing (POPSEQ)
Authors: Mascher Martin , Muehlbauer Gary J. , Rokhsar Daniel S. , Chapman Jarrod , Schmutz Jeremy , Barry Kerrie , Muñoz‐Amatriaín María , Close Timothy J. , Wise Roger P. , Schulman Alan H. , Himmelbach Axel , Mayer Klaus F.X. , Scholz Uwe , Poland Jesse A. , Stein Nils , Waugh Robbie
Published: September 2013

Next‐generation whole‐genome shotgun assemblies of complex genomes are highly useful, but fail to link nearby sequence contigs with each other or provide a linear order of contigs along individual chromosomes. Here, we introduce a strategy based on sequencing progeny of a segregating population that allows de novo production of a genetically anchored linear assembly of the gene space of an organism. We demonstrate the power of the approach by reconstructing the chromosomal organization of the gene space of barley, a large, complex and highly repetitive 5.1 Gb genome. We evaluate the robustness of the new assembly by comparison to a recently released physical and genetic framework of the barley genome, and to various genetically ordered sequence‐based genotypic datasets. The method is independent of the need for any prior sequence resources, and will enable rapid and cost‐efficient establishment of powerful genomic information for many species.
Deletion of the RUNX1 binding site in the erythroid cell‐specific regulatory element of the ABO gene in two individuals with the Am phenotype
Authors: Takahashi Y. , Isa K. , Sano R. , Nakajima T. , Kubo R. , Takahashi K. , Kominato Y. , Tsuneyama H. , Ogasawara K. , Uchikawa M.
Published: September 2013

Background and Objectives

An erythroid cell‐specific regulatory element, referred to as the +5·8‐kb site, had been identified in the first intron of the human ABO blood group gene. Subsequent studies revealed that either a 5·8‐kb deletion including the +5·8‐kb site or disruption of a GATA factor binding motif at the site was present in all Bm and ABm individuals examined. We investigated the molecular mechanism of the Am phenotype, which is analogous to the Bm phenotype.

Materials and Methods

Genomic DNAs were prepared from peripheral blood of two Am individuals, and the nucleotide sequences were investigated using PCR and direct sequencing. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and promoter assay with K562 cells were carried out.

Results

A novel 23‐bp nucleotide deletion was found at the +5·8‐kb site in both individuals. EMSAs demonstrated binding of the transcription factor RUNX1 to the nucleotides within the deletion. Promoter assays showed that the deletion reduced the transcriptional activity of the +5·8‐kb site.

Conclusion

Deletion of the 23‐bp nucleotides including the RUNX1 binding site decreases transcription of the A allele, resulting in the reduction in A antigen expression in the Am phenotype.
Modular subgroups, dessins d’enfants and elliptic K3 surfaces
Authors: He Yang-Hui , McKay John , Read James
Published: September 2013

We consider the 33 conjugacy classes of genus zero, torsion-free modular subgroups, computing ramification data and Grothendieck’s dessins d’enfants. In the particular case of the index 36 subgroups, the corresponding Calabi–Yau threefolds are identified, in analogy with the index 24 cases being associated to K3 surfaces. In a parallel vein, we study the 112 semi-stable elliptic fibrations over ${ \mathbb{P} }^{1} $ as extremal K3 surfaces with six singular fibres. In each case, a representative of the corresponding class of subgroups is identified by specifying a generating set for that representative.
Explicit application of Waldspurger’s theorem
Authors: Purkait Soma
Published: September 2013

For a given cusp form $\phi $ of even integral weight satisfying certain hypotheses, Waldspurger’s theorem relates the critical value of the $\mathrm{L} $-function of the $n\mathrm{th} $ quadratic twist of $\phi $ to the $n\mathrm{th} $ coefficient of a certain modular form of half-integral weight. Waldspurger’s recipes for these modular forms of half-integral weight are far from being explicit. In particular, they are expressed in the language of automorphic representations and Hecke characters. We translate these recipes into congruence conditions involving easily computable values of Dirichlet characters. We illustrate the practicality of our ‘simplified Waldspurger’ by giving several examples.
Nonlinear Cascade Strategy for Longitudinal Control of Electric Vehicle
Authors: El Majdoub K. , Giri F. , Ouadi H. , Chaoui F. Z.
Published: September 2013

The problem of controlling the longitudinal motion of front-wheels electric vehicle (EV) is considered making the focus on the case where a single dc motor is used for both front wheels. Chassis dynamics are modelled applying relevant fundamental laws taking into account the aerodynamic effects and the road slope variation. The longitudinal slip, resulting from tire deformation, is captured through Kiencke's model. Despite its highly nonlinear nature the complete model proves to be utilizable in longitudinal control design. The control objective is to achieve a satisfactory vehicle speed regulation in acceleration/deceleration stages, despite wind speed and other parameters uncertainty. An adaptive controller is developed using the backstepping design technique. The obtained adaptive controller is shown to meet its objectives in presence of the changing aerodynamics efforts and road slope.
Rapid, Label-Free Detection of Brain Tumors with Stimulated Raman Scattering Microscopy
Authors: Ji Minbiao , Orringer Daniel A. , Freudiger Christian W. , Ramkissoon Shakti , Liu Xiaohui , Lau Darryl , Golby Alexandra J. , Norton Isaiah , Hayashi Marika , Agar Nathalie Y. R. , Young Geoffrey S. , Spino Cathie , Santagata Sandro , Camelo-Piragua Sandra , Ligon Keith L. , Sagher Oren , Xie X. Sunney
Published: September 2013

Stimulated Raman scattering microscopy provides a rapid, label-free means of detecting tumor infiltration of brain tissue ex vivo and in vivo.
Seeing the Big Picture in Fragile X Syndrome
Authors: Sohal Vikaas S.
Published: September 2013

Measuring activity in many neurons at once reveals abnormal patterns of circuit activity in a mouse model of Fragile X syndrome.
Amphotericin B-Impregnated Bone Cement To Treat Refractory Coccidioidal Osteomyelitis
Authors: Zhu Elizabeth S. , Thompson George R. , Kreulen Christopher , Giza Eric
Published: September 2013

Use of amphotericin B-impregnated bone cement in combination with systemic antifungals for the treatment of coccidioidal osteomyelitis offers the potential for sustained local concentrations of drug at the site of the infection. Amphotericin B levels in bone of up to 5.1 μg/g have been demonstrated 4 months after placement of bone cement.
Causal Role of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms within the
mprF
Gene of Staphylococcus aureus in Daptomycin Resistance
Authors: Yang Soo-Jin , Mishra Nagendra N. , Rubio Aileen , Bayer Arnold S.
Published: September 2013

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the
mprF
open reading frame (ORF) have been commonly observed in daptomycin-resistant (DAP
r
)
Staphylococcus aureus
strains. Such SNPs are usually associated with a gain-in-function phenotype, in terms of either increased synthesis or enhanced translocation (flipping) of lysyl-phosphatidylglycerol (L-PG). However, it is unclear if such
mprF
SNPs are causal in DAP
r
strains or are merely a biomarker for this phenotype. In this study, we used an isogenic set of
S. aureus
strains: (i) Newman, (ii) its isogenic Δ
mprF
mutant, and (iii) several in
trans
plasmid complementation constructs, expressing either a wild-type or point-mutated form of the
mprF
ORF cloned from two isogenic DAP-susceptible (DAP
s
)-DAP
r
strain pairs (616-701 and MRSA11/11-REF2145). Complementation of the Δ
mprF
strain with singly point-mutated
mprF
genes (
mprF
S295L
or
mprF
T345A
) revealed that (i) individual and distinct point mutations within the
mprF
ORF can recapitulate phenotypes observed in donor strains (i.e., changes in DAP MICs, positive surface charge, and cell membrane phospholipid profiles) and (ii) these gain-in-function SNPs (i.e., enhanced L-PG synthesis) likely promote reduced DAP binding to
S. aureus
by a charge repulsion mechanism. Thus, for these two DAP
r
strains, the defined
mprF
SNPs appear to be causally related to this phenotype.