bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alfalfa Foliar Sprays for Potato Leafhopper Control, 1977
Authors: Simonet D. E. , Martinez D.G. , Pienkowski R. L.
Published: March 2022

A 2 year old stand of Saranac AR alfalfa in Montgomery County, Virginia was used to assess insecticide efficacy on potato leafhoppers. Eight treatments (40 x 40 ft) arranged in a randomized block design with 4 replicates were compared to an untreated check. Insecticides were applied to 16 in. alfalfa on August 4 with a hand-carried compressed air sprayer at a rate of 20 gallons per acre at 40 psi. Potato leafhopper nymphs and adults were sampled 48 hr, 1 wk, and 2 wk after treatment. Two sets of 15 sweeps from each block were taken using a 180° sweep with a 15 in. sweep net. The total number of leaf-hoppers counted in each sample was transformed to Log (X+ 1) for analysis. Yield and green weight were taken on August 25 at 25% bloom with a flail forage harvester using a 3 x 20 ft swath per plot. Percent dry matter was also measured.
Field Corn, Northern Corn Rootworm Larval Suppression, 1977
Authors: Szatmari-Goodman Gary , Treece R. E. , Clement S. L.
Published: March 2022

Field corn was planted near Wooster (Wayne County) Ohio on May 9. Two recommended and 8 experimental insecticides were applied at planting in a 7 in. band in front of the presswheel at 1 lb ai/acre using electric Gandy insecticide boxes at 3 mph tractor ground speed. A randomized complete block design with 4 replicates was used. Plots were 2 rows wide (38 in. spacing), 40 ft long, with four buffer rows between replicates that were contiguous and 20 ft alleyways between those that were not. The field had been in corn for 7 years; the only previous insecticides use was 1 lb ai/acre Furadan in 1976. Soil type was silt loam, pH 6.64, organic matter 2.1%. Rainfall during May was less than half normal, but abundant rain during the following months brought the season’s total to above average. Soil temperature at planting (4" depth) was 13°C. Larval damage was assessed on August 8, by digging and washing 24 root systems from each treatment (6/plot x 4 reps) and evaluating each root system on the standard Iowa 1-6 scale where 1 = little or no damage, and 6 = three or more nodes of roots destroyed.
Laboratory Insecticide Bioassays,

M

.

Sanguinipes

, Bozeman, Montana, Winter, 1973-74
Authors: Mazuranich Philip C.
Published: March 2022

Laboratory insecticide bioassays utilize laboratory-reared nymphs from eggs laid by field-collected adults. The basic diet consisted of greenhouse grown Balbo rye seedlings and commercial wheat bran. The candidate materials are tested on a microgram (active)/gram body weight basis. The numphs are weighed as a group for those data needed to obtain the average weight.
Laboratory Insecticide Bioassays,

M

.

Sanguinipes

, Bozeman, Montana, Winter, 1974-75
Authors: Mazuranich Philip C. , Onsager Jerome A.
Published: March 2022

Laboratory-reared nymphs from eggs laid by field-collected adults were used in the bioassays. The nymphs were fed a diet of Balbo rye seedlings and wheat bran. Dosages of all toxicants were based on microgram (active) per gram body weight.
Laboratory Bioassays, Grasshopper Control, 1975-76
Authors: Mazuranich Philip C. , Onsager Jerome A.
Published: March 2022

Test 1 - Encapsulated Sumithion was tested against nymphs from eggs harvested from field-collected adults; the nymphs were reared in the laboratory on a diet of Balbo rye seedlings and wheat bran. Four concentrations (from approximately 10-40 μg ai/g of body weight) of each formulation were tested both topically and orally with ten 5th-instar M. sanguinipes per replicate. Topical treatment: A microapplicator was used to apply a 1-ul droplet to test insects. The droplets of TD-2010 and TD-2011 in water were applied under the inner wing pad so the material would adhere to grasshopper until the water evaporated. The standard EC formulation of Sumithion was mixed with acetone, and the droplets were applied to the dorsal surface of the third or fourth abdominal segment. All treatments were replicated four times.
Soybean, Potato Leafhopper and Bean Leaf Beetle Control, 1977
Authors: Radcliffe Edward B. , Cancelado Rafael E.
Published: March 2022

Soybeans were planted May 16 at Rosemount, MN. Plots were 6 rows, 60 ft long, randomized in complete blocks with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied August 11 and August 18, with a tractor drawn boom sprayer, in 60 gal water/acre at 175 psi. Insect samples were taken the day after spraying with a standard sweeping net. Each sample consisted of 2 sets of 25 sweeps/plot.
Apple, Insecticide Test, 1977
Authors: AliNiazee M. T.
Published: March 2022

An experimental insecticide pydrin was compared with two rates of Guthion and Penncap M for the control of codling moths as well as for the harmful effects on a common predatory mite species, Typhlodromus arboreus. Sprays were applied to single tree plots in a randomized block design. Each treatment was replicated four times. Trees were thoroughly sprayed to the point of run-off using a powered, pull-tank type sprayer with a hand gun. Chemicals were applied at about 350 psi pressure and at a rate of 350-400 gallons/acre. The codling moth emergence was monitored using Zoecon’s pherocon traps and spray timing determined accordingly. The first spray was applied June 11, 1977 and repeated on July 14 and August 16. The effectiveness of various treatments against codling moth was determined by examining approximately 100 apples/plot at harvest. The harmful effect of these insecticides on the predatory mite population was determined by collecting 25 leaves/plot at weekly intervals and examining for the number of eggs and mobile mites.
Smaller European Elm Bark Beetle Panel Tests, 1975
Authors: Barger Jack H.
Published: March 2022

Plywood panels (15 x 15 cm) were treated with 8 insecticides from June 23-27, 1975, to determine effectiveness in controlling smaller European elm bark beetles attracted to Multilure-baited surfaces. The experiment was a 5 x 3 x 8 factorial design. The treatment factors were 5 chemical concentrations (1, 3, 6, 12, and 18 or 24%; Baygon 1, 3,6, and 12%), 3 beetle exposure times (5, 20, and 60 sec), and 8 bioassay periods (every 2 weeks for 16 weeks). Each combination was replicated 3 times. Concentrations were prepared by serial dilution; 2 ml of each were pipetted onto a 144-cm2 center surface area (1% = 0.14 mg/cm2 ai) of each panel, and were spread evenly with a glass rod. Panels were weathered outside; the mean tempergture was 18°C (range: -1.6 to 34.4°C), and total rainfall was 26 cm during the study. Bioassays were conducted by confining 20 newly emerged beetles between a treated panel surface and an inverted plastic petri dish (15 x 100 mm) for specified lengths of time at appropriate posttreatment intervals. After each exposure, beetles were placed on filter paper in petri dishes, and held in darkness for 24 h at 30 ± 1°C and 92 ± 2% RH before mortality was determined. Mortaility was pooled and averaged for all 3 exposure times at each concentration, because there were no significant differences in mortality among exposure times. LC50 and LC90 values were determined by interpolation.
Effectiveness of Foliar Systemic Insecticides for Controlling Scales on Forest and Ornamental Hemlock, 1976, 1977
Authors: McClure Mark S.
Published: March 2022

A row of 40 ornamental Eastern hemlock, Tsugacanadensis (12 m tall), and an adjacent hemlock forest (trees to 18 m tall), heavily infested with Fioriniaexterna, located in Westport, CT, were sprayed in mid-June during peak activity of crawlers to evaluate the effectiveness of two foliar systemic insecticides. Treatments were applied to the point of runoff using either a John Bean Hydraulic Sprayer (Hereafter HS) operating at 200 psi or a mistsprayer attachment for a leaf-blower (U.S. Pat. No. 3,776,459, hereafter MS). A conscientious effort was made to cover the foliage completely and to direct the spray to the lower surface of the foliage, the feeding sites of F. externa. For ornamentals a minimum of 10 trees was used for each treatment; for forest trees all hemlocks within the 10-acre forest were sprayed. For each of five randomly selected ornamentals in each treatment four branches were sampled from the inner and outer crown at two heights 1 wk prior to and 3 and 7 wk following treatment. The numbers of living and dead scales occurring on 100 needles of current year growth were determined for each branch. Five randomly selected, mature forest hemlocks were sampled 3 wk following treatment. Four branches were taken from each of three vertical levels of the crown and scale mortality was determined as previously discussed. Data were subjected to an analysis of variance.
Feeding Toxicity of Carbofuran to Mountain Pine Cone Beetle, 1976
Authors: Gillette Nancy L. , Robertson Jacqueline L.
Published: March 2022

The toxicity of carbofuran (Furadan 4.0 Flowable) to mountain pine cone beetle was determined by feeding the toxicant in an artificial diet to adults. Beetles were removed from western white pine cones collected near Missoula, Montana, and held at 5°C until used. Five concentrations of carbofuran were serially diluted with water from stock solutions freshly prepared for each of 5 replications. Methyl blue chloride (0.1%) was added to the toxicant solution as a visual guide to thorough mixing with the diet. Ten ml of water were placed in each I oz plastic jelly cup and the level marked with a marking pen. Hot artificial diet was then transferred to each cup and packed firmly to the 10 ml level. Two hundred μl of toxicant was added to each 10 ml portion of diet and the mixture thoroughly stirred. Ten to 15 holes were made in the diet. After it had cooled, adult beetles were put headfirst into the holes. A paper lid was placed on each cup. Mortality was tallied after 5 days.
Citrus Mealybug Control on Palms in the Greenhouse, California, 1977
Authors: Oetting Ronald , Morishita Frank S.
Published: March 2022

Palms were maintained in 6 inch pots on greenhouse benches. Each of ten different treatments was applied to a single plant and each replicated 4 times. Application of insecticides was made on May 14, 1977. Foliar sprays were applied to the point of runoff with a 1 gal hand sprayer at 80 psi utilizing a 6502 nozzle. Greenhouse temperature was ca 26°C. Temik was applied as a granule and UC 21865 as a drench to the soil. Counts were taken of live and dead mealybugs on 4 tagged leaves on each plant at 7 day intervals and expressed as the mean number of live and dead mealybugs observed/replicate.
Scotch Pine, Pales Weevil and Northern Pine Weevil Control, Dover, Ohio, 1977
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Baldersron C. P.
Published: March 2022

A commercial stand of Scotch pine Christmas trees partially harvested in 1975 and 1976 was used for insecticide evaluation. Pretreatment populations were verified by collecting adult weevils of both species from an adjacent block of Scotch pine. A row of trees containing at least 10 newly cut stumps (less than 6 months old) was treated as one replicate/treatment. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each stump received ca 6 oz finished spray in kerosene delivered by a CO2 compression sprayer at 40 psi. Application was made March 30-31 when ambient temperatures were 25°C and 5°C, respectively. Weevils were sexually active at least 3 days prior to treatment. Observation of population development June 17 indicated most larvae were forming chip cocoons; some had already pupated. Beginning June 30, 20 stumps from each treatment (5/each of 4 replicate rows) were inspected for chip cocoons following removal of bark to first lateral roots. No attempt was made to differentiate pales weevil cocoons from those of northern pine weevil.
Mole Cricket Control, Jacksonville, Florida, 1975; Gainesville, Florida, 1976; Ocala, Florida, 1976
Authors: Short D. E. , Koehler P. G.
Published: March 2022

Experiments were conducted on heavily infested bermudagrass golf courses. A series of 73 insecticidal treatments were applied at three locations in Florida August 27, 1975, August 10, 1976 and August 16, 1976. Plots measuring 10 x 10 ft separated by 3 ft borders were treated with candidate insecticidal baits, granules or sprays. The experiments were established as a randomized complete block design and replicated 5 times. Baits and granules were applied by hand, and sprays were applied with a 2 gal watering can. Two gals of formulated spray were applied to each plot. Plots treated with sprays or granules were irrigated with ca 1/4 in. water immediately following application. Plots treated with toxic baits were irrigated with ca. 1/4 in. water prior to treatment. In the first three days following application, dead or moribund mole crickets found in the soil surface were counted and removed from each plot. The data were analyzed by analyzing variance; the means were separated by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test.
Evaluation Of Bolt Roach Bait, 1977
Authors: Lund Rea Dorette , Bennett Gary W.
Published: March 2022

The Raid® spray treatment had a higher initial reduction than the bait alone treatment, but by 2 weeks post-treatment the levels of reduction were virtually equal and were maintained up to 2 months. considering the severe type of infestations treated, the baits achieved very high reductions
Horses, Evaluation of Fenvalerate and Tetrachlorvinphos for House Fly and Face Fly Control, 1977
Authors: Combs Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Ten ma-ture horses, averaging 270 kg, were located in 3 adjacent pastures. Two horses were used per treatment. Each horse was lightly sprayed at a rate of ca. 60 ml/head with an aequeous solution of three concentrations of Fenvalerate 10% WDL, one concentration of Tetrachlorvinphos 23% E. C., and a control (no treatment). Laboratory-reared face flies and house flies were confined, 10 per species, in circular plastic cages ca. 7.5 x 7.5 cm. The base of each cage was removable galvanized metal ca. 15 x 15 cm. At 10 minutes and 7-day intervals, posttreatment individual cages with test flies were transferred from metal base to the topline of each horse.
Apple, Orchard Insecticide Studies, 1976
Authors: Gauthier Norman L.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at the Agway Orchard, Fabius, NY, on dwarf rootstock apple trees of the varieties, Mcintosh, Red Delicious, Macoun and Cortland. Single rows (each 1/10 acre) of 22 trees were sprayed to run-off with hand-gun sprays at IX concentration using platform sprayer dilute equivalent of 300 GPA from first to ninth cover starting at 1/2” green. Blocks G & H received 1.5 tons/acre of dolomitic lime and Nitrogen; all trees received 6-8 oz of Urea 45/tree spread evenly on ground under branches Apr20 to May01’76. Between first and second cover and second and third cover, all trees received equivalent of 15 lbs Epsom salts/100 gallons in sprays. In Spring, when grass and weed growth was 3" tall, Paraquat + Simazine were band sprayed (3’ band) under trees. Benlate 50W was used as standard fungicide when insecticides were not combined with fungicides. Fruit was sampled at first cover and at normal variety harvest dates to assess insect damage. A total of 100 fruit per variety from three trees was composited at harvest to assess late season (cover spray period) insect injury. The average percent insect injury was pooled for 300-fruit samples for damage resulting from apple maggot, plum curculio, oblique banded leafroller, green fruitworm and tarnished plant bug.
House Fly, Musca Domestica L.; Insect Growth Regulator, Dimilin® 1977
Authors: Wright James E.
Published: March 2022

Dimilin (1,10,25,50,100, or 300 ppm, based on dry weight) was incorporated into 25 g of larval diet (ground sugarcane pulp, whole wheat flour, and fish meal) in a 250-ml beaker by adding the chemical in 75 ml of water. Each beaker was seeded with 100 eggs from the laboratory colony, covered with black muslin and held at 27°C. Pupae were removed from the beaker and placed in small holdings cages for adult emergence. There was 3 replications of each dose.
Blueberry Thrips Control, 1977
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

On a new burn field at Sedgwick, Maine, test materials were applied to 2 x 3 ft plots on May 19 (newly emerging stems averaged 1/4 inch in height) and again on May 21 (new growth averaged 1/2 inch). Dusts were placed into test tubes and applied onto the plots with a bicycle hand pump; a cage covered with clear plastic and located over the plot during the dusting was used to confine the dust to the plot. Dylox, Malathion EC, and Pyrenone were each mixed with water added at a rate of 50 gal per acre and sprayed onto the plots with a hand sprayer. No other pesticides were applied to the plots. There were 4 replications per treatment. A randomized complete block design was utilized with some blocks located in high thrips’ pressure areas and some in low. On July 28 all stems in each plot were counted, and stems were recorded as being curled (thrips’ injury) or noncurled. Percent effectiveness is based on Abbott’s formula. The number of stems ranged from 720 to 1412 per treatment.
Citrus Leaf-Miner Control with Systemic Insecticides, 1976
Authors: Beattie G. A. C.
Published: March 2022

Soil applications of granular formulations of Temik and Furadan, and foliar applications of Rogor were compared with untreated controls. Three hundred nursery trees (near Gosford, N.S.W., Australia) were used; 5 replicates/treatment, 10 trees/replicate. The distance between rows and trees within rows was 76 cm and 15 cm respectively. Rogor was applied (to run-off) to all trees on March 30 ‘76, to standardise the population and to the specific treatment plots on May 5’76 and May 18’76. Temik and Furadan were applied on April 6’76. The granules were mixed into the top 2.5 cm of the soil and small walls were made around each group of 10 trees (15 cm from the trees) to prevent run-off. The number of active mines on 10 randomly selected leaves from the last growth flush was recorded on several dates.
Pecan, Black Pecan Aphid Management, 1977
Authors: Harris Marvin K. , Cutler Bradford L.
Published: March 2022

Test blocks were established at Hidden Valley Farms near Hamilton, TX in Hamilton County in July, 1977. Each block consisted of at least 10 trees and pretreatment monitoring of aphids was conducted to time applications. Sampling consisted of counting the aphids on each of 25 leaves on each of 8 trees within each block. All chemicals were applied with a 500 gallon capacity John Bean Speed Sprayer as a dilute solution sprayed on the foliage to the point of run-off. No phytotoxicity to foliage or nuts was noted from the materials used, however the characteristic defoliation associated with black pecan aphid injury was observed to be about 50% on the untreated check and less than 5% on the chemical treatments in early September. Both Torak and GCD 9646 effectively controlled the high black pecan aphid infestation.
A Program for Split Plot Analysis of Variance Using Small, Programable Calculator
Authors: Hadley Bruce A.
Published: March 2022

Many field experiments conducted by plant pathologists and entomologists can be analyzed in minutes without knowledge of the computations involved or the use of large scale computer-data processing facilities which are often inefficient of both time and cost for small statistical tests. The Texas Instruments SR-52 hand held programable calculator provides an economical, rapid, and simple means for data analysis from field experiments. A description of this calculator and a practical program for a two-way analysis of variance of a randomized complete block designed experiment was given in InsecticideandAcaricideTests, 2:7-10. The purpose of this article is to describe a program for the split plot analysis of variance in randomized complete blocks.
Insect Control in Sweet Peppers, Delaware, 1977
Authors: Burbutis Paul P.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated 3 times, in 3-row, 40-ft-long plots in a randomized complete block design. Transplants were set out on May 20. Sprays were applied using a 2-gallon, CO2-pressurized sprayer at 35 psi in 1 gallon water per treatment (= 38 gal/acre). Granular materials were applied by hand with a small shaker. Furdan 10G granules were placed in a furrow ca. 2 inches deep and 5 inches out from plant on one side of the rows; Temik 15G granules were applied in a similar manner but to both sides of the rows. Ripe (= red) pepers were sampled for “worm” infestations on August 25 and commercial size reds and greens on September 20 from the middle row of each plot. Leaves were randomly sampled each week for green peach aphid counts.
Field Screening for Control of

M

.

Persicae

, 1976
Authors: Powell D. M. , Mondor W. T.
Published: March 2022

‘Russet Burbank’ potato seed was planted April 16, 1976, in Ritzville silt loam soil at Yakima, Washington, in plots 2 rows wide and 50 ft long (15.2 m). On June 14, 1976, the insecticides were applied in 40 gallon of spray per acre (61 liters/ha) with a 2-row, backpack, CO2 hand sprayer. Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Twenty compound potato leaves were collected from each plot 3, 7, 11, and 14 days after treatment (June 17, 21, 25, and 28), and the number of aphids was counted. The data were transferred to log 10 (X+l) and subjected to analysis of variance and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. UC 21865 at 3 lb ai/acre (3.36 kg/ha) was as effective as Monitor for control of the green peach aphid. None.of the materials were phytotoxic to potatoes.
Vegetable Leafminer Control on Tomato, 1977-78
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Two experiments were conducted on Manatee County, FL, commercial fields of ‘Walter’ tomato beginning about 3 wk before the first harvest. Plots were seep irrigated and grown .6 (Expt. 1) or .8 m (Expt. 2) apart on black polyethylene plastic mulched sand beds (0.8 m wide by 0.2 m high) 1.8 m apart. Plots were single rows consisting of 5 (Expt. 1) or 10 (Expt. 2) plants. Treatments were applied to runoff with a hand-held 7.6 liter sprayer at 2.8 kg/cm2 pressure. Four replications were arranged in randomized complete blocks designs. Treatments were applied Oct 31, Nov 7, 14, and 21‘77 for Expt. 1 and Apr 28, May 5, 12, 19, and 26‘78 for Expt. 2. The number of mines were counted on the first trifoliate (terminal 3 leaflets) from the fourth fully expanded leaf from the top of 10 stems on Nov 28‘77 for Expt. 1 and Jun 1 ‘78 for Expt. 2
Potato Leafhopper Control in Alfalfa, 1978
Authors: Hellman John L. , Azarion G. , Newton P.
Published: March 2022

A six year old production stand of Saranac AR alfalfa was used for the test. Alfalfa was 17 inch to 19 inch in height and in full bloom. Treatment plots were 20 ft x 20 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Precounts and treatments were made Aug 9‘78 when adult and numph counts averaged 35 leafhoppers/5 sweep for all plots. Pendular sweeps were made with a 15 inch dia net. Sprays were applied with a “sulky” type CO2 sprayer calibrated to deliver 20 gpa at 30 psi. Post treatment counts were made on Aug I1‘78 and Aug 14‘78. Leafhopper populations and damage were light during the test period.
Aerial Application for the Control of Alfalfa Weevil Larvae in Virginia, 1978
Authors: Roberts James E. , Snider Michael T.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied on May 11 ‘78 to large nonreplicated plots. The airplane used was a Gruman Ag Cat G164A equipped with 4664 jet nozzles spraying a swath width of 45 to 50 ft at a speed of approximately 100 mph. Spray concentrates were applied in 2,3, or 5 gal of H20/acre at 22 psi. Weevil larvae data were recorded 2 days prior to treatment and posttreatment at 7 and 14 day intervals. Weevil population data were recorded from 10 stems plucked from each plot. Total population counts were made on the first two of ten stems found containing larvae. The remaining tips were counted as either being infested or not infested and totals were combined and recorded under percent infestation. Rain fell for four consecutive days beginning May 14 and ending May 17 (3.52 inches). Sumithion 8E, Imidan in 5 gal H2O/A and Supracide were the only treatments to give better than 80% control during the test. Sevin UCSF-1 and Imidan in two gallons H2O/A were the only treatments that gave consistentor increasing rates of control.
Bermudagrass, Fall Armyworm Suppression, Tifton, 1977
Authors: Martin P.B. , Monson W. F. , Burton G. W.
Published: March 2022

The test ares included several plantings of various bermudagrasses (6-8 inch high) growing in sandy loam soil. Temperature was 22° - 33°C with rain showers on most days during the test period. Pesticides (1 application) were applied in water as 50 gal/acre with a Solo® 425 back-pack sprayer having 8006 nozzles. Treatments were randomized over the 4.6 x 19.0 ft plots in 5 blocks. Plots were surrounded by 2-5 ft of closely clipped grass. Three 2 ft2 areas (including grass and ground surface) were inspected in a systematic fashion across the long center line of each plot.
Coastal Bermudagrass, Fall Armyworm Suppression, Alapaha, 1977
Authors: Martin P. B.
Published: March 2022

The test area was a ‘Coastal’ bermudagrass hay pasture growing in Berrien Co., GA in loamy sand. Temperature was 20° - 34° C and there were several showers during the test period. Treatments (1 application) were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer as 25 gal liquid/acre at 30 psi. Plots (0.8 - 3.3 acre) in size were randomly stripped in 2 blocks in a 50-acre pasture. Three series of 5 sweeps were taken in a systematic fashion along the center line of each plot.
Corn Planting Time Treatments for Black Cutworm Control, 1978
Authors: Sechriest Ralph E. , Shaw John
Published: March 2022

This experiment was planted on August 31, 1978, at Urbana, Illinois. The design was a randomized complete block with 3 replicates. Each plot was 10 ft x 10 ft and each plot was surrounded by 4-in. aluminum barriers in September. The emulsifiable formulations were measured with a milliliter pipette, diluted by 1 gal of water, and broadcast by a hand garden watering can to the plots and immediately incorporated to 3 in. by a rototiller (PPI) on August 31 ‘78. Two rows of corn were planted through the plots with International uniplanters. The soil temperature was 69°F. On the morning of September 1, the band treatments were hand applied over the presswheel and lightly incorporated with a rake. The bait treatments were applied on September 1, but were not incorporated. The corn began to emerge September 5 from the soil and 3rd, 4th, and 5th (mainly 4th) instar larvae were selected from the laboratory reared culture for infestation in the plots. Five larvae were placed in each plot along side a seedling plant the evening of September 7, and one larvae the early morning of September 8. Each cut seedling was marked by a 6-in. wooden stake on the date the cutting was observed. The corn was 1 -leaf stage on September 6, 2-leaf stage on September 11, and 3-leaf stage on September 14. From September 6-12 the evenings were cool with temperatures in higher 60‘s with heavy fog and dew on the soil surface and plants each morning. The soil was ideal for planting with adequate moisture for quick germination, but by September 13 the soil was dry to approximately 1 inch. A 1 -in. shower occurred on September 14 and 17. The soil was a Flanagan silt clay loam.
Control of Grasshoppers on Pasture
Authors: Mazuranich Philip C. , Onsager Jerome A.
Published: March 2022

Bozeman, Montant, August 1978: Three types of bait with 1% SD 43775 were tested on dry pastureland simulating rangeland conditions. One-hundredth-acre plots divided into four 0.0025-acre subplots were treated with a Cyclone® seed spreader with each of two rates of each bait. Two commercially-produced baits, extruded wheat bran pellets and apple/grape pomace, were tested at rates of 10 and 20 pounds/acre; mill-run wheat bran bait prepared by this laboratory was tested at 1.5 and 3 pounds/acre. After application of a bait to the 0.01 -acre plot, a 1/2-yd2 cage was placed on the ground in each subplot and the sides were banked with sand. Then 10 adult grasshoppers were placed into each cage. Untreated control cages were also established.
Control of Greenbug by Seed Treatment, 1978
Authors: MacFarlane John , Hairston William G. , Turney H. A.
Published: March 2022

‘Texas Triumph RS-610’ sorghum seed were treated in a laboratory “tumbler” type treating apparatus on March 21’78. All seed except the untreated check had been previously treated with Captan-30 Flowable at the rate of 1.28 oz. ai per 100 pounds of seed. Plots were planted on March 22’78, at Stockard Farms, Argyle, Texas. Each treatment was replicated four times in a randomized complete block design with each replication being four rows wide by 75 feet long. Greenbug counts were made on April 14’78 (22 days after planting). In lieu of additional counts at other dates and since economically damaging populations of greenbugs rose and fell so rapidly due to climatic conditions in the untreated check and non-systemic insecticide plots, plant height and weight measurements were made on April 14’78, as an indicator of greenbug damage.
Apple, Miticide Evaluation Experiment, 1978
Authors: Horsburgh R. L. , Parrella M. P. , McCaffrey J. P.
Published: March 2022

All acaricide treatments and the water control were applied in a manner to duplicate the alternate-row application technique employed by many commercial growers. A Swanson airblast sprayer, calibrated to deliver 25 gal/acre (94.64 liter/ha) at 100 psi (7.03 kg/cm2) at a ground speed of 2 mph (3.22 km/hr) when spraying one side of the row, was used to apply all materials on each spray date. Each plot consisted of a single row of 35 trees of 8-yr-old Red Del icious. Samples for the Plictran standard included in the tables were taken from similar adjacent trees in the remainder of the 4-acre block. Four subsamples of 25 leaves collected from each of 4 trees, spaced evenly along the treatment row were collected in plastic bags, placed in an ice chest, and taken to the laboratory where they were brushed following the Henderson-McBurnie method. Counts of European red mites, European red mite eggs, and Apple rust mites were recorded. Two applicationsweremade, the first on Jul 16 to the south side ofthe row and the second on Jul 28 to the north side. Countswere madeon Jul 15, 18, 25, 28, and 29. Data are presented as percent change between the two counting dates indicated in each table. The average number of mites or mite eggs is also included to give relevance to the percentages. No phytotoxic effects were noted.
Sugarcane Borer (SCB) Control, 1978
Authors: Reagan T. E. , Flynn J. P.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide sprays were applied 3-weeks apart in a block of first stubble sugarcane (variety CP 61-37) located at Savoie Sugars near Belle Rose, Louisiana for midseason control of SCB infestations. A randomized complete block experimental design was employed with treatments replicated 5 times. Individual plots were 3 rows spaced 6 ft apart x 24.2 ft (0.1 acre). Each spray concentrate was applied to the sugarcane plant canopy in water at 30 psi with a compressed air knapsack sprayer that delivered 25 gallons of finished formulation per acre, per application. Insecticide applications were begun after an average of 4 inter-nodes were visible above ground and when 5% of the stalks contained small SCB larvae in leaf sheaths. Application dates were August 19 and September 9. The efficacy of individual insecticide treatments was determined with 72 h live-dead counts (September 12) and residual control comparisons with % internodes bored in treated plots versus untreated plots at harvest time. Twenty stalks were selected at random from the center row of each plot October 9 and examined for external signs of SCB entrance and exit holes.
Aphid Control on Shade Tobacco, 1977
Authors: Moore Robert E. B.
Published: March 2022

Temik was compared with Standak as a means for controlling green peach aphids on shade grown tobacco, ‘Windsor Shade 117’ strain. Seedlings were hand transplanted on Jun 21’77 in a Merrimac sandy loam at a spacing of 14 inch. Individual plots were one row wide and 25 ft long. Row spacing was 39 inch and plots were separated by a common buffer row. Treatments were replicated 4 times. To encourage aphid numbers the test was not conducted under the customary tobacco shade tent. Preplant incorporated applications (PPI) were applied with a watering can; a 12 inch wide band over the center of the row was rorotilled to a depth of 2-3 inch. Setter water (SW) plots were also rototilled before planting and 0.5 pint of finished solution was placed in each treatment hole along with each plant. The plots were not irrigated; rainfall during the test was: Jun (21-30) 0.96 inch, Jul 3.24 inch, and Aug 2.24 inch. The sampling procedure was to count all aphids on the underside of 0.5 leaf at the mid-section of each of the five plants located at the center of each plot.
Western Spruce Budworm Control with Orthene Implants,1978
Authors: Markin George P.
Published: March 2022

Orthene medicaps were field tested near Cascade, Idaho, using a randomized block experiment. Each of the eight blocks contained four equal-sized Douglas-fir trees, 6 to 14 inches d.b.h., 25 feet tall. In each block treatment, medicaps (0.8 g ai) were implanted at the rate of I per 4,6, and 8 inches tree circumference. An untreated tree served as control. Implants were driven into a 1/2 inch hole, 2 inches deep, until the outer end was level with the cambium layer, then the hole in the bark was sealed. Implants were done on June 12, while buds were swelling, about I week before bud burst. Tallies of insect populations were based on counts from four midcrown branches at pretreatment and 3 posttreatment sampling intervals. Prespray populations were number of attack holes per 100 new buds; postspray populations were number of larvae per 100 new shoots. Defoliation was estimated as % of new needles eaten or destroyed at last sampling interval.
Eastern Red Cedar, Bagworm Control, 1978
Authors: Pinkston Ken , Price Richard , Ree Bill , Hart Dottie
Published: March 2022

A hedge of red cedar 467 feet long and approximately 8 to 12’ high was divided into 8 treatments. Each treatment was 10 feet long replicated five times in a randomized block design. Plants were treated on June 28 using a John Bean 55 sprayer, series L-1565-2 and a 785 John Bean Spraymaster deluxe which delivered 1.76 gal/min of finish spray at 300 psi. Plants were treated until runoff. Temperature at time of treatment was 95° and the wind was 0-5 mph. Mortality was determined by examining 10 larvae from each treatment at 1,3 and 7 days after application. A pretreatment count from 10 locations showed an average of 3.7 larvae 1/4 to 3/8 inch in size per 18 inches of terminal branch.
Choke Cherry, Chemical Control of Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Carrolton, Ohio, 1978
Authors: Dunlap M. J. , Nielsen D. G. , Boggs J. F.
Published: March 2022

Choke cherry 10-12 ft (3-4m) growing in a 1.25 acre (.5 hectare) area on a ridge top were used for evaluating efficacy of selected insecticides. A CO2 compression sprayer operating at 40 psi with a Tee Jet SS8004 flat fan nozzle was used to apply ca 1 qt (11) of finished spray per tree. Three randomly chosen, single-tree replicates (each with at least 1 tent with 20-300 living larvae) were treated May 26 between 8:30 and 10:00 A.M. (EDT). At time of spraying larvae were 1-1.5 inch (2.5-3.75 cm) long. Abient temperature was 71-75°F (22-24°C) with the sky clear and no wind. Spray was first directed to the tent(s) and then to surrounding branches and foliage. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 5 days post-treatment and required 3 man-hours. A Bailey beating tray was positioned beneath one tent in each test tree. The larvae were extracted from the tent and mortality accessed (see table).
Control of Adult Black Vine Weevil on Nursery Grown Taxus in Connecticut, 1978
Authors: Moore Robert E. B.
Published: March 2022

A foliar spray program was initiated in June, two weeks after the first adult weevils were found around taxus plants in a commercial nursery in Waterford. The weevil population had been abundant enough in the test area to kill 2-3% of the plants in 1977. Insecticide treatments were timed to prevent weevils from reaching maturation. The time between treatments depended on established residual activity of each chemical on taxus foliage. The test was run on 3-year old plants and the plots were 3 rows (6 ft) wide and 16 plants (32 ft) long. Plots were laid out in a complete block design and randomized four times. Pydrin was applied only once on June 22, Guthion was applied two times, June 22 and Aug 4. Orthene and Ficam were applied four times, June 22, Jul 14, Aug 4 and 25. Insecticides were applied with a hydraulic sprayer developing 50 psi. Foliage was sprayed to runoff and the soil under each plant was moistened with the spray. Weevils were fairly uniformly distributed throughout the test area with a pretreatment count on June 20 showing 18 weevils per plot. Counts were made by counting all weevils under 3 plants in the center of each plot and allowing 3 minutes counting time per plant. Beetles were not removed after counting. A heavy rainfall of 2.45 inches occurred July 3-4, but precipitation for the whole test period was below normal.
Insecticides for Cat Flea Control, 1978
Authors: Silverman Jules , Reierson Donald A. , Rust Michael K.
Published: March 2022

Adult fleas were maintained on laboratory cats (4) housed in individual metal cages with metal mesh floors. The cages were tapered below the mesh and were fitted with a 1 -gal glass Jar into which flea eggs dropped from each cat and were collected. Larvae were reared in 1-qt jars on a pulverized mixture of dry dog chow, dried beef blood, and brewers yeast (10:1.5:1) mixed with equal parts of fine grain sand and sawdust. After 7 days, pupae were separated daily from the larval medium with a No. 16 screen. A glass funnel fitted with 16 mesh screen fastened to a Jar lid was used to separate adults and pupae. Adult fleas 2-5 days old were exposed to treated 78 cm2 plush nylon carpet discs. Liquid insecticides were applied with a B&G compression sprayer equipped with a Sprayer Systems multijet nozzle set to deliver a fine mist from 1-2 ft. Aerosol was sprayed to visible dampness. The Al applied was determined by immediately weighing filter paper sprayed simultaneously with the carpet (ca 0.10 mg/cm2 per 1% spray). Each treated disc was allowed to dry for ca 24 hr. Discs were placed, treated surface up, at the bottom of leucite cylinders (10.0 cm i.d. x 38.1 cm). Replicates (n = 3) of 30-120 fleas were placed onto the treated carpet discs and allowed to remain on the discs 4 hours. The discs were subsequently removed from the cylinder with long forceps and placed on a pedestal in a covered enamel pan containing ca 2 cm of water. Live fleas jumped off the carpet into the water and were counted. Dead fleas on the carpet were counted. Control mortality was corrected by Abbott’s Formula.
Cattle-

Hypoderma

Lineatum

Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1978
Authors: Drummond R. O.
Published: March 2022

Government-owned Hereford and Angus yearlings on pasture at Camp Stanley and Camp Bullis, Bexar County, Texas, that are naturally infested with the common cattle grub, Hypodermalineatum (de Villers), are treated with new animal systemic insecticides detected by using the mouse-Cuterebra animal systemic insecticide test (Drummond, R.O., 1978, Insect. Acaric. Tests 3:188-9). Animals are weighed and given insecticides in initial tests either orally by capsule (usually technical grade insecticide) or dermally by whole-body spray of 4 litres/animal at > 150 psi (usually formulated as an EC in xylene (65 parts), Triton X-100 (10 parts), and Al (25 parrs). In succeeding tests, insecticides may be administered dermally by pouron of a specific volume of insecticide (usually water-diluted EC as above or solution in oil) per body weight or intramuscularly by injection (usually technical grade insecticide in diethyl succinate). Normally cattle are treated initially at the highest nonlethal dosages as determined by cooperating veterinary toxicologists; maximum dosages of initial tests are 100 mg/kg orally and 1% spray. After the treat-ment in May or June, the backs of treated cattle (usually 3 animals/treatment) and untreated cattle of the same age and breed from the same herd are examined monthly from August to February of the next year for encapsulated cattle grubs. As cattle grubs appear, they are located on an outline map of the back of each animal; the cumulative number of grubs in each animal is obtained. Effectiveness of a treatment is determined by comparing the average number of grubs in treated cattle with the average number of untreated cattle. The most recent report of tests with new systemics in cattle was presented by Drummond, R.O., 1978, Insect. Acaric. Tests 3:180.
Horn and Face Fly Control with Fenvalerate and RabonR Ear Tags, 1978
Authors: Gerhardt R. R. , Mullens B. A.
Published: March 2022

Fenvalerate ear tags (SD 43775, 8% ai) were attached to 22 adult cows in two herds on May 1’78. RabonR ear tags (SD 8447, 13.7% ai) were attached to 15 adult cows in one herd on May 17’78. All animals were tagged in both ears. None of the 23 calves in the three treatment herds was treated. Six herds of similar size with no fly treatment constituted the control. Horn and face flies were counted on the face and one side of the animals with the aid of binoculars. Half of the calves in all herds were treated for cattle grubs on Sept 12’78 with famphur pour-on. This apparently caused the sharp reduction in horn fly numbers in the untreated herds on Sept 19’78.
Mouse-Cuterebra Animal Systemic Insecticide Test, 1978
Authors: Drummond R. O.
Published: March 2022

White mice are infested ocularly with 5 newly hatched larvae of Cuterebrafontinella Clark. Two days later, female mice are weighed and treated orally (mgAg basis) with candidate insecticides formulated in Tween 20; male mice have a plastic collar placed around their necks (to prevent grooming) and are dipped (body only) into 100-200 ml of an emulsion of the candidate insecticide usually formulated as an EC in xylene (65 parts), Triton X-100 (10 parts), and Al (25 parts). Highest dosages are 100 mg/kg and 1%. Four days later, mice are killed and bodies examined carefully for encapsulated larvae (usually in inguinal region). Effectiveness is determined by comparing numbers of larvae in treated mice with numbers in untreated mice. Probit analysis is conducted with corrected percent kill data. Details of the test have been presented by Gingrich, R.E., et al., 1972, J. Econ. Enlomol. 65(3):742-5, and Drummond, R.O., and R. E. Gingrich, 1972, J. Econ. Entomol. 65(4): 1211-2. Recent results were presented by Drummond, R. O., 1977, Insect. Acaric. Tests 3:188-9.
Blueberry, Thrips Control, 1978
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

On a new burn field at Sedgwick, Maine, test materials were applied to 2 x 3-ft plots on May 25 (newly emerging stems averaged .25 inch in height) and again on May 27 (new growth averaged .5 inch). Dusts were placed into test tubes and applied onto the plots with a bicycle hand pump; a cage covered with clear plastic and located over the plot during the dusting was used to confine the dust to the plot. Malathion EC and Pounce were each mixed with water added at a rate of 50 gal/acre and sprayed onto the plots with a hand sprayer. No other pesticides were applied to the plots. There were 5 replications/treatment. A randomized complete block design was utilized with some blocks located in high thrips’ pressure areas and some in low. On Jul 14 all stems in each plot were counted, and stems were recorded as being curled (thrips’ injury) or noncurled. Percent effectiveness is based on Abbott’s formula. The number of stems ranged from 2030 to 2160/treatment.
Control of

Erythroneura

Comes

on Concord Grapes, 1978
Authors: Jubb Gerald L.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were screened for efficacy against leafhoppers in North East, Pennsylvannia, in 1978. Plots consisted of 3 vines in a row replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Three J vines within rows and 1 row between treated rows isolated the plots. Sprays were applied using an Ortho Spray-ette Queen Size garden sprayer operated off a high pressure hose of a Myers 61256ET2 hydraulic sprayer. Operating pressure was 100 psi. Sprays were applied to runoff resulting in the equivalent of 100 gal of solution applied per acre. The equivalent of 4 oz DuPont spreader-sticker per 100 gal was used with each treatment. Sprays were applied on June 5, 1978, after overwintering leafhopper adults had entered the vineyard from nearby overwintering and feeding sites. Treatments were evaluated by counting the leafhoppers on each of 25 infested leaves selected randomly per plot. Only adults were counted on the 7- and 14-day posttreatment counts because egg hatch had not occurred and nymphs were not present. Nymphs only were counted on the 21- and 28-day posttreatments counts. Data were transformed to the square root of X +0.5 and treated by analysis of variance and Duncan’s modified (Bayesian) least significant difference test.
Citrus, D. Abbreviatus Control, Plymouth, Florida, 1978
Authors: Herbaugh Larry L.
Published: March 2022

Each insecticide treatment was applied to 5 citrus trees (tree height ca. 8 ft) by a hydraulic sprayer as a dilute solution sprayed to drip. Two hr after treatment, field-collected adult weavils were caged on sprayed trees, 5 weevils/cage. Weevil mortality counta were made after 1- and 3-da exposure. Additional cages were added at 3, 6, and 9 da posttreatment when an insecticide demonstrated residual activity. Tests were conducted in September-October, the period of peak weevil activity.
Control of Texas Citrus Mite with Acaricides, 1978
Authors: Tuttle D. M. , Arvizo G. L.
Published: March 2022

Nine treatments were evaluated for control on lemon trees (20 years old) using 5 gal spray/tree on Apr 14. Sprays were applied with a spray gun (pistol-type) from a John Bean sprayer using 400 psi. Three-tree plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. The daily average maximum temperature during the test was 88°F and there was no rainfall. The mite count on Apr 11 was 16.48 mites/leaf. There was an occasional citrus red mite found during the counts. This grove had a history of the Texas citrus mite during Nov and Dec of 1970 reaching a high of 23.78 mites/leaf on Nov 25. A slight infestation was found from Oct to Dec 1972 reaching a high of 1 mite/leaf on Oct 27, but no Texas citrus mite since.
Citrus Rust Mite Control, 1978
Authors: Bullock Robert C.
Published: March 2022

The absence of uniformly infested plantings during winter necessitated the dipping of infested fruit on individual trees to evaluate efficacy of several candidate miticides. Mature oranges on ten 18-yr-old trees were examined and 9 fruit/tree were selected for use that had population densities of at least 5 rust mites in each of two 1.2-cm2 lensfields searched/fruit. Fruit was assigned randomly to a treatment and tagged for identification. Foliage and twigs touching the selected fruit were pruned to prevent immediate reinfestation. Quart aliquots equivalent to the rate/100 gal for each material were made up, and fruit immersed for 10 sec in the solution on Dec 19’77. Population densities per two 1.2-cm2 lensfield/fruit were determined periodically after treatment.