bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
V.—The Work of Professor Lacroix on the Laterites of French Guinea
Authors: Fermor L. Leigh
Published: May 2009

A short while ago I received from Professor A. Lacroix a copy of a recently published memoir on the laterites of French Guinea, accompanied by the request that I should, if possible, give an account of this work in the Geological Magazine, “puisque c'est là qu'ont paru les articles les plus importants sur cette question.” I have undertaken this task with the greater pleasure because Professor Lacroix was so good as to show me, when I was passing through Paris recently, both his hand-specimens and his microscopic preparations of these rocks, and because the memoir in question seems to me to be one of the most important and thorough pieces of work on laterite published since Max Bauer's account of the laterite of the Seychelles. Although Professor Lacroix' memoir deals professedly with French Guinea only, yet it is probable that many of the conclusions will be found to apply to other regions, and on this account, and because the series in which the memoir appears will probably not be readily accessible to all, I have thought it desirable to expound it at some length.
II.—Radio-activity and the Earth's Thermal History
Authors: Holmes Arthur
Published: May 2009

Two years ago, in discussing the thermal energy of the earth, I suggested that while it had become impossible to deduce the earth's age from its thermal condition alone, Kelvin's problem might profitably be reversed by accepting the earth's age as a known factor, and deducing with its help the thermal history of the earth. This paper is a first attempt to attack the new problem then suggested. For geological purposes, one of the most fundamental aspects of the problem is that relating to the depth within the earth's crust at which temperatures are attained such that, under suitable conditions of pressure, molten rock magmas may exist. The determination of the minimum depth of possible rock fusion is a first essential to any adequate theory of vulcanism, and indeed of igneous activity in general. It is not sufficient, however, to ascertain that depth for present conditions alone, its variation during the earth's geological history must also be investigated ; for if, as is generally believed, the earth is a cooling body, the depth must be slowly increasing, and in former periods it must necessarily have been nearer the surface than it is now. In the limiting conditions both of position and time, tlie depth of fusion may have been at, or so near as to be for all practical purposes at, the surface itself. That is to say, at the beginning of geological history the earth may have been in a molten condition at, or immediately below, the then existing surface
I.—On Schlotheimia Greenoughi, J. Sowerby, sp.
Authors: Spath L. F.
Published: May 2009

While working at the Lower Liassic Ammonites of the Sowerby Collection, preserved in the British Museum (Nat. Hist.), the author happened to come upon one of the paratypes of Ammonites Greenoughi, J. Sowerby, which could be recognized at once as being allied to Schlotheimia Charmassei, d'Orbigny, sp. On going into the matter in greater detail it was found that the suspicions of some Ammonite workers regarding the misinterpretation of the species by most previous authors were, indeed, well founded. Quenstedt, for example, had stated that Wright, having found Sowerby's type very much disfigured by decomposition of pyrites, substituted for it a gigantic specimen of a diameter of 440 mm., “which, however, looks different again.” Pompeckj again stated that the gigantic specimen drawn by Wright, as well as his description defined the species in a not very precise manner, and that, therefore, it was not certain that the specimen agreed with Sowerby's original.
IV.—Studies in Edrioasteroidea, VII. Morphology and Bionomics of the Edrioasteridae
Authors: Bather F. A.
Published: May 2009

There have now been described all the known members of the Edrioasteridae and the very similar genus Stegarioblastus, as well as a genus apparently connected with the Agelacrinidae but presenting some remarkable features, namely Pyrgoeystis. It is proposed in this and the following Study to deal particularly with the Edrioasterid organization, first considering what the known facts of skeletal structure imply as to the general anatomy and mode of life, secondly comparing the structure with that of other echinoderms, especially the Asteroidea. Although it may be necessary to refer to various facts that fall to be dealt with in future Studies, still the present seems a convenient opportunity for this general discussion, because of the recent publication by Mr. W. K. Spencer of the introduction to “A Monograph of the British Palaeozoic Asterozoa” (Feb., 1914, Palæontogr. Soc. vol. for 1913), by Dr. J. F. Gemmill of his highly important memoirs on the starfishes Solaster endeca (1911, Proc. R. Phys. Soc. Edinburgh, vol. 18, pp. 174-91 ; and Feb., 1912, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 20, pp. 1-71, pis. i-v) and Asterias rubens (Oct., 1914, Phil. Trans., ser. B., vol. 205, pp. 213-94, pis. xviii-xxiv, and March, 1915, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, pp. 1-19, pis. i-iii), and by Dr. A. F. Foerste of some suggestive “ Notes on Agelacrinidæ” (Sept., 1914, Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., vol. 17, pp. 399-486, pis. i-vi).
VI.—The Genesis of Chiastolite; and its suspected Occurrence in Association with a Basic Intrusive
Authors: Brammall Alfred
Published: May 2009

Introduction.—The following account of the alteration produced in shale by the sill-like intrusion at Marston Jabet, near Nuneaton, supplements the more general paper dealing with the intrusion as a whole. (See GEOL. MAG., April, 1915, pp. 162-8, Plate VI.)
VII.—A Contribution to the Petrology of North-Western Angola
Authors: Holmes Arthur
Published: May 2009

Last year I received from Colonel Freire d'Andrade a number of interesting alkaline igneous rocks, from a valuable collection made by him during an extensive exploration in North-Western Angola undertaken some years ago. Until recently our knowledge of the geology of that part of Africa was very scanty. Already in 1897 Cornet had described the western tongue of the Belgian Congo which separates the Portuguese provinces of Cabinda and Congo. Moreover, the occurrence of copper ores at Bembe and Senza do Itombe had attracted some geological attention, but it was not until Colonel Andrade's journey that any systematic geological observations were made over a large area of the territory. Since then a number of prospecting expeditions have been conducted by J. J. MacHugh, the results of which serve to extend our knowledge to the south of the area described by Colonel Andrade. In view of the inaccessibility of much of the literature dealing with Angola, it may be interesting, before giving petrological details of some of the rocks, to present in English a short sketch of the geology of part of Portuguese Congo and Loanda, embodying the observations made by Andrade and MacHugh.
I.—The Solway Basin and its Permo-Triassic Sequence
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: May 2009

The Solway Firth is the only important ria on the western coast of 1 Scotland; it has a complex history, for denudation and earthmovements of several different dates have contributed to its formation. Uncertainty as to the essential structure of the Solway valley at present renders doubtful its position in the valley system of Southern Scotland. The Solway—Carlisle basin is generally represented as occupying a synclinal between the Lower Palaeozoic hills of the Lake District and of the Southern Uplands of Scotland. Thus the sections by E. W. Binney (1865, p. 369, ref. p. 249) and Mr. T. V. Holmes (1889, p. 247, and 1899, pp. 22, 40) represent the valley of the Solway and its eastern continuation as lying along a synclinal and resting on a great thickness of Triassic rocks. The axis of the synclinal is marked by the Lias which occurs to the west of Carlisle. The Solway-Carlisle basin cannot, however, have such a simple synclinal structure, for Carboniferous rocks occur at the surface near the northern shore of the Eastern Solway. This fact is shown by a boring for coal made in 1794 in an old quarry beside the Kirtle Water at Redkirk Mill, 1£ miles to the south-west of Gretna Green. The bore journal was published in Singer's Agricultural Survey of the County of Dumfries, 1812, pp. 670-3 ; and as that book is scarce and the bore important the record may be conveniently reprinted.
II.—The Petrology of the Suffolx Box-stones (Crag)
Authors: Boswell P. G. H.
Published: May 2009

Although much has been written upon the palæontology of the Suffolk box-stones, no description appears hitherto to have been published of the petrology of these boulders. This is the more curious on account of the light it might throw upon the disputed question of their source, no similar sandstone having yet been recognized with certainty in situ. The most recent account of the molluscan fauna is by my friend Mr. Alfred Bell. In a preliminary paper he has given a list of sixty-three species (excluding cetacean bones, teeth, crustaceans, etc.), about twelve new species and varieties being described. Mr. Bell has now kindly let me see in advance the MS. of a revised list of Mollusca (seventy-six species), much new box-stone material having been obtained in the last few years. As a result of recent work, he considers the affinities of the fauna to be rather with the Rupelian (Continental Oligocene) than with the Bolderian or Diestian, as he formerly thought. Mr. Clement Reid, in The Pliocene Deposits of Britain (Mem. Geol. Survey, 1890), considered the box-stones to be of about the same age as the Diestian Beds, but Mr. F. W. Harmer has, in later publications, been inclined to consider them to be rather older and of very early Pliocene age.
VI.—The Age of the Earth and the Sodium of the Sea
Authors: Hunt Arthur R.
Published: May 2009

Professor J. Joly, in his interesting paper estimating the geological age of the earth from the amount of sodium contained in the sea, mentions in an appendix seven possible errors which may render his estimate a minimum, and seven others which may render it a maximum. Neither among the former errors guarded against in the appendix, nor in the body of the paper, does there appear any reference to the possibility of sea-water being absorbed by the surface rocks of the globe, either by capillary attraction, as maintained by Daubrée, or by means of fissures, as contended by De la Beche.
I.—On ‘Pyrgoma cretacea,’ a Cirripede, from the Upper Chalk of Norwich and Margate
Authors: Woodward Henry
Published: May 2009

In the year 1865 I noticed the occurrence of what appeared to be a sessile Cirripede from the Upper Chalk of Norwich, and referred it to Leach's genus Pyrgoma. For this unique example the name of Pyrgoma cretacea was then proposed, and afterwards, in 1868, it was more fully described and figured by me in the GeologicalMagazine. I also pointed out that Charles Darwin, in his Monograph on the Fossil Cirrepedia, had described a fossil form belonging to this genus under the name of Pyrgoma anglicum, from the Coralline Crag of Ramsholt, Suffolk, a species found living off the south coast of England and of Ireland, Sicily, Madeira, Cape de Verde Islands, etc.; while Michelotti had named, but not described, a species (Pyrgoma undata) from the North Italian Tertiary strata.
III.—Notes on the Geology of the Eastern Desert of Egypt
Authors: Barron T. , Hume W. F.
Published: May 2009

The paper is divided into two parts, viz.:—

1. Sedimentary Rocks.

2. Igneous and Metamorphic Rocks.
I.—Notes on the Phylogeny of the Graptolites
Authors: Nicholson H. A. , Marr J. E.
Published: May 2009

Since the remarkable paper by Professor Lapworth “On an Improved Classification of the Rhabdophora” was published in the Geological Magazine for 1873, a great deal of fresh information has been gathered as to these interesting fossils; but the classification given in that paper, though to some extent confessedly artificial, is still generally adhered to. Observations made by the authors in recent years lead them to suppose that that classification will in the future undergo considerable modification; but in the present state of our knowledge it serves a purpose so useful, that it is not our intention to propose any immediate change in it. Our object, on the other hand, is to bring forward certain conclusions which we have independently reached, and which will, we believe, enhance the value of Graptolites to the stratigraphical geologist, and lead to results important to the biologist. Our conclusions are based upon an examination of a large number of forms generally referred to the family Dichograptidæ; but, as we propose very briefly to indicate, they affect the relationships of Graptolites belonging to other families also.
V.—The Destruction of the Chalk
Authors: Cole A. J.
Published: May 2009

Mr. A. C. G. Cameron, of the Geological Survey of England and Wales, published in 1893 an account of a boulder of chalk so large that the village of Catworth has been built upon it, while springs arise between it and the clays which underlie the mass. Sir A. Geikie now reports the interesting discovery that “a cake or floor of chalk, lying at the base of the Boulder-clay, may be traced over an area of more than twenty square miles in the west and north of Huntingdonshire and in northern Bedfordshire. It crops out more or less continuously along the brow of the hills under the Boulder-clay and rests on the Oxford Clay. It probably consists of many large sheets of chalk which, at the beginning of the deposit of the Boulder-clay, were transported from the chalk hills lying to the east and north-east.”
III.—On the Enon Conglomerate of the Cape of Good Hope, and its Fossil Estheriæ
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

In the “Annual Report of the Geological Commission” published at Cape Town in 1895, Dr. Corstorphine refers at pp. 16–19 to the extent and features of the Enon Conglomerate, and to the occurrence of fossil Estheriæ in some of its strata. His two assistant geologists, Messrs. A. W. Rogers and E. H. L. Schwartz, in their “Reports on the Southern Districts between Breede River and George” and “On Oudtshoorn,” at pp. 73, 76–79, describe in detail the position and characters of the Enon Conglomerate and its ‘Estheria shale.’
IV.—On the Reported Occurrence of the Camel and the Nilghai in the Upper Miocene of Samos
Authors: Major C. I. Forsyth
Published: May 2009

In a notice on “Fossil Camels in Europe,” inserted in the periodical Natur und Haus (1901, ix, 5, p. 179), it is stated that amongst the fossils from Samos in the Stuttgart Museum there occurs, under a wrong name, the well-preserved skull of a Camel, and likewise “a near relative of the Indian Nylgau, Portax pictus.”
VII.—Geological Notes from Tanganyika Northwards
Authors: Fergusson Malcolm
Published: May 2009

The southern shore of Lake Tanganyika and the country for a distance of 40 miles south of the lake consist of sandstones and conglomerates, dipping north about 10°. These sandstones stretch some little way up the eastern and western shores, and appear to continue away to the south-west. Proceeding further north along the lake shore they get harder, being in places metamorphosed into a pink quartzite.
V.—Further Remarks upon the Carboniferous Arachnid Anthracosiro, with the description of a second species of the Genus
Authors: Pocock R. I.
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine for June of this year I proposed the new specific and generic names Anthracosiro woodwardi for a Carboniferous Arachnid represented in the British Museum by a single specimen (No. 1551) from Coseley, near Dudley, that formerly belonged to the collection of Mr. Henry Johnson. A further communication from Dr. Friĉ, of Prague, drew my attention to three additional specimens, with the same history, numbered 1554, 1555, and 1556, and ticketed Eophrynus, sp. nov. No. 1555 is the under-side of a scorpion, without the tail; the others are referable to the genus Anthracosiro.
I.—Notes on some specimens of Straight-Shelled Nautiloidea Collected by the Rev. Samuel Couling, M.A., Ching Chow fu, Klaochow, North Cnina
Authors: Crick G. C.
Published: May 2009

The specimens, etc., upon which the following notes are based were sent from China by the Rev. Samuel Couling, M.A., to Dr. Henry Woodward, F.R.S., who has kindly permitted me to examine them. They consist of two examples displayed in longitudinal section upon the surface of two blocks of limestone, and photographs of three other examples, together with the rubbing of a fourth similarly preserved.
II.—On the Carboniferous Ichthyodorulite Listracanthus
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: May 2009

The problematical fish-spine, Listracanthus, has already been found in the English Coal-measures; but neither the specimens from this country nor the earlier discoveries elsewhere are sufficient to show the exact nature of the fossil, or even to determine its complete form. Two groups of remains of this spine, recently discovered by Mr. John Ward, F.G.S., in the Middle Coal-measures of North Staffordshire, are therefore of much interest as tending towards a more satisfactory knowledge of its characters.
III.—The Hypostomic Eyes of Trilobites
Authors: Spencer W. K.
Published: May 2009

Professor lindström in a recent paper has described sense organs discovered by him on the hypostome of very many genera of Trilobites. His description is as follows:— “In the plurality of species there are two tiny patches or maculæ, sometimes elevated above the surrounding surface like tubercles, and so they have also been called by some authors. But I have preferred to use the name ‘macula’ for them, as the plurality does not form tubercles. They are generally smooth and glossy, and situated next to the anterior groove, either above it or in it, at a regular distance from each other and the lateral margins. They may form a sunk spot, or, as commonly, an ovoid or elliptic area surrounded by a linear elevated border.” “Common for a great number of maculæ in various groups, whether they show any organic structure or not, is the excessive thinness of their shell in comparison with that of the surrounding hypostoma. This is also in accordance with the tenuity of the cephalic eyes in relation to the test of the cheeks.”
VII.—A Rapid and Easy Method of Estimating Specific Gravities
Authors: Mackie William
Published: May 2009

The following rapid and for most purposes sufficiently accurate method of estimating specific gravities of rocks, minerals, sands, etc., will recommend itself to those familiar with the apparatus of the chemical laboratory.
I.—On some Carboniferous Shale from Siberia
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

In December last M. J. Tolmatschow, Conservator of Geology in the Museum of the Imperial Academy of Sciences in St. Petersburg, sent for my examination a quantity of two fossiliferous shales from the (Upper ?) Coal - measures in the Basin of Kousnetzk, thinking that specimens of Estheria might be found in them.
V.—Notes on the Fossils of the Silurian Area of North-East Ireland
Authors: Clark R.
Published: May 2009

It would be difficult after the closest investigation to add much to the exhaustive list of species given in the excellent paper on this subject which was read by Mr. Swanston before the Belfast Naturalists Field Club some twenty-five years ago. In that paper reference is made to the classification by the Geological Survey of the rocks of the district, under the general heading of Lower Silurian. Subsequently to the publication of the maps of the area, the information as to the Silurian fauna was greatly extended by the labours of Professor Lapworth and Mr. Swanston, to whom science is so largely indebted. The completion of the one-inch Geological Map of Ireland enabled the revision of work done in the earlier stages of the Survey's existence to be undertaken, and in this revision the North-East Silurians were amongst the first dealt with, and I was detailed to search the most promising localities for fossils, and to zone the beds in which they might occur.
III.—Eoliths from South and South-West England
Authors: Bullen R. Ashington
Published: May 2009

The labours of Mr. Benjamin Harrison around Ightham, in Kent, have been before the scientific world since May, 1889, when Sir Joseph Prestwich read his now historic paper before the Geological Society “On the occurrence of Palæolithic Flint Implements in the neighbourhood of Ightham, Kent; their distribution and probable age.”
VI.—The Geological Chronometer
Authors: Bulman G. W.
Published: May 2009

The pleasant relations normally existing among geologists, biologists, and physicists have of late become a trifle strained on the question of the age of the earth. Biologists, having failed to induce either geologists or physicists to draw sufficiently large cheques on the bank of time, have taken to signing the same them-selves, adding the ciphers ad lib. Professor Poulton has ably championed the rights of the biologists to do so, and in the course of his argument he contends that there is evidence in the sedimentary strata to show that their rate of formation was not greater than that at which deposits are now being accumulated.

So far as I am aware, Professor Poulton's contention has not been either controverted or supported by any geologist. Hence it seems to be a suitable subject for discussion in the Geological Magazine.

In the first place, then, what would be the nature of the evidence we might a priori expect to find to show that one set of beds was accumulated in a shorter time than another of equal thickness ? Would there, in fact, be any difference such as would enable us positively to decide the question ?

Secondly, we may examine and compare rocks which we know, or have reason to suppose, have been formed at different rates. Now, according to Sir A. Geikie, if the rocks of the stratified systems were laid down at the greatest rate suggested by the facts of denudation. 73,000,000 years would be required; if at the least, 680,000,000.
III.—On Kent's Cavern with reference to Buckland and his Detractors
Authors: Hunt Arthur R.
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine for September, 1901, I pointed out that Sir Henry Howorth had done Professor Huxley a great injustice in charging him with having suppressed certain important evidence. In the Magazine for January, 1902, Sir Henry, instead of hastening to acknowledge his error, proceeds to deepen his guilt by joining the pack that yelps at the heels of the great Dean Buckland.
I.—Some Account of a nearly complete Skeleton of Hippopotamus Madagascariensis, Guldb., from Sirabé, Madagascar, obtained in 1895
Authors: Major C. I. Forsyth
Published: May 2009

The skeletou of a Hippopotamus Madagascariensis, Guldb., in the British Museum (Natural History) has been mounted from materials excavated by myself in the marshes of Sirabé (Central Madagascar) during the year 1895. The skull, lower jaw, several of the vertebræ, and presumably some other bones belong to the same individual.
VI.—Notes on Footprints from the Keuper of South Staffordshire
Authors: Woodward A. Smith
Published: May 2009

The footprints from the fissile Keuper sandstones of Chillington comprise, in addition to the ordinary Cheirotherian impressions, two interesting series. A number of fragments of rock covered with worm tracks and castings, show several imperfectly preserved footprints of a small five-toed animal, with posterior limbs of much greater size than the anterior; and three portions of comparatively smooth slabs afford evidence of a larger animal, probably of the same genus, of which the impressions of the feet are preserved with remarkable distinctness. There are also singular reticulated markings upon the surface of another small slab from the same beds, which may be interpreted as the impression of reptilian (? or labyrinthodont) skin. (See Fig. 2, p. 217.)
II.—Preliminary Note on some Recently Discovered Extinct Vertebrates from Egypt. (Part III.)
Authors: Andrews Chas. W.
Published: May 2009

More detailed examination of the material collected by Mr. Beadnell and myself in the Fayûm in 1901 has led to the recognition of two additional species of Mœritherium, and has made it clear that the Sirenian belongs to a distinct genus, which presents some characters of much interest and is nearly related to Prototherium (Halitherium) veronense, described by Zigno from remains found in beds of Upper Eocene age at Monte Zuello in Northern Italy.
IV.—List of Thomas Say's Types of Maryland (U.S.) Tertiary Mollusca in the British Museum
Authors: Newton R. Bullen
Published: May 2009

To those students interested in the palæontology of Maryland, United States, it may be welcome intelligence to know that the “John Finch Collection” of Tertiary Mollusca from that State, including some of the type-specimens figured and described by Thomas Say in 1824, is in the possession of the British Museum. This fact has only recently been recognized through the examination of certain documentary evidence connected with the history of the fossil invertebrate collections contained in that institution.
II.—On the Genus Peripristis, St. John
Authors: Eastman C. R.
Published: May 2009

The genus Peripristis was established in 1870 by Orestes H. St. John for the reception of two species of Carboniferous fish-remains, one of which had been previously described by Newberry & Worthen under the name of Ctenoptychius semicircularis, and was selected as type of the new genus. The other was known in collections and printed catalogues under Agassiz's manuscript title of Pristodus falcatus, but this name did not acquire validity until J. W. Davis adopted it in his monograph of 1883. As there can be no question that the two species are congeneric, it follows that St. John's appellation of Peripristis has priority over Davis' term, and the type species becomes P. semicircularis (N. & W.) instead of P. falcatus, Davis.
I.—Woodwardian Museum Notes. On Calamites undulatus (Sternb.)
Authors: Seward Albert C.
Published: May 2009

At the end of his monograph on the structure of Calamites, Prof. Williamson makes the following remark: —“I am disposed to regard all existing specific names and definitions as worthless. They separate things that I believe to be identical, and confound others that are obviously distinct.” The specimen described below affords an interesting example in support of this view.
VI.—Note on the Classification of the Ichthyopterygia (with a Notice of Two New Species)
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: May 2009

Having devoted several weeks to the study of the magnificent collection of the remains of Ichthyopterygians preserved in the British Museum (Natural History), I purpose on this occasion to give a brief notice of some of the conclusions at which I have arrived, since a considerable interval will elapse before the publication of that part of the Museum “Catalogue of Fossil Eeptilia” in which my observations will be more fully recorded.
III.—Recent Observations on the Glaciation of British Columbia and Adjacent Regions
Authors: Dawson Geo. M.
Published: May 2009

Previous observations in British Columbia have shown that at one stage in the Glacial period—that of maximum glaciation—a great confluent ice-mass has occupied the region which may be named the Interior Plateau, between the Coast Mountains and Gold and Eocky Mountain Kanges. From the 55th to the 49th parallel this great glacier has left traces of its general southward or southeastward movement, which are distinct from those of subsequent local glaciers. The southern extensions or terminations of this confluent glacier, in Washington and Idaho Territories, have quite recently been examined by Mr. Bailley Willis and Prof. T. C. Chamberlin, of the U.S. Geological Survey. There is, further, evidence to show that this inland-ice flowed also, by transverse valleys and gaps, across the Coast Range, and that the fiords of the coast were thus deeply filled with glacier-ice which, supplemented by that originating on the Coast Range itself, buried the entire great valley which separates Vancouver Island from the mainland and discharged seaward round both ends of the island. Further north, the glacier extending from the mainland coast touched the northern shores of the Queen Charlotte Islands.
VI.—On a Portion of the Osborne Beds of the Isle of Wight, and on some Remarkable Organic Remains recently discovered therein
Authors: Colenutt G. W.
Published: May 2009

At several places along the north-eastern coast of the Isle of Wight the Osborne Beds crop out on the shore to some extent and admit of examination. From the great difficulty which is usually experienced by geologists in getting at any workable section or outcrop of these beds but little, one might say almost nothing, is known about them. There are few divisions of the Tertiary strata of the Island which present so many variations both of composition and of fossil contents as do the Osborne Beds at their various outcrops; and at the three places where they are most usually examined—at Whitecliff Bay, at St. Helen's, and at Alum Bay—they yield few fossils, and there is nothing extraordinary about the composition of the clayey strata.
II.—Woodwardian Museum Notes: A new Carboniferous Cephalopod, Pleuronautilus? scarlettensis, sp. nov.
Authors: Reed F. R. Cowper
Published: May 2009

Four fragments of a large cephalopod (from the Carboniferous Limestone) were collected by Professor Hughes' party in 1892 at Scarlett Quarry, Isle of Man. On fitting three of these together they were found to compose nearly the complete shell, and in a sufficiently good state of preservation to warrant description. The fourth fragment is a cast of a portion of the external surface. Mr. G. C. Crick has expressed his opinion that they represent a new species and probably a new subgenus or genus.
V.—Sections of Bagshot Beds at Finchampstead, Berks
Authors: Irving A.
Published: May 2009

Considering the interest that has been awakened of late in the Bagshot Beds of the London Basin, and the paucity of good sections open to the light of day exhibiting any considerable vertical range of those beds, it has occurred to me that a fuller description of these Finchampstead sections may be of sufficient interest to students of Tertiary geology to justify its appearance in the pages of the Geological Magazine. In the task we have before us of attempting to workout the old physical geography of the Lower Thames Basin in later Eocene times, every contribution of facts (by no means the easiest part of inductive science) must be welcome to students of the subject. The problem was sketched in its outlines and bequeathed to his successors by the versatile mind of the late Prof. John Phillips, F.R.S. “In considering these remarkable strata (he says, of the London Bagshot Beds), which were accumulated in a period so near, geologically speaking, to our own, we are presented with problems of great interest, which, if they can be solved, will have more than local application.
III.—Further Observations on the Form of Vesuvius and Monte Somma
Authors: Johnston-Lavis H. J.
Published: May 2009

In the year 1884 a paper of mine, entitled “The Geology of Monte Somma and Vesuvius,” was published (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soo. vol. xl. pp. 35 to 119), in which I proposed a new explanation for the peculiarities in form of this volcano. An endeavour was made to show that the truncation of Monte Somma by the series of explosive eruptions, especially of Phase VI., had occurred around an eruptive axis different from that which belonged to the period of vesuvian activity, by which the original Somma cone had been built up. Furthermore, a law was enunciated, which is applicable to a very large number of volcanoes, of which, even in Italy, the following examples may be taken in their order of perfection, viz. Eoccamonfina, Mt. Vultura, Etna, Stromboli, Vulcano, and some of the Roman ones. The following are some of the words used: “There is very good reason to deny the concentricity of the great, crater of the Atrio with the original cone of Monte Somma. If within a cone we scoop out an inverted conical hollow around an axis eccentric, but parallel, to that of the solid, we shall have the included space bounded by an annular ridge, not horizontal, but sloping down in the direction of the axis of excavation, and inclined proportionally more, the further the axis of excavation is removed from that of the solid.
I.—Note on the Orbitoidal Limestone of North Borneo
Authors: Jennings A. Vaughan
Published: May 2009

The specimens which form the subject of the present note were brought to England by Mr. H. T. Burls, A.R.S.M., F.G.S., late Geologist to Rajah Brooke, of Borneo.

It was Mr. Burls's intention to communicate to the Geological Magazine the results of his observations in North Borneo, and in this connection I undertook the examination of the limestone with a view to obtaining evidence as to its age. On his departure for South Africa, Mr. Burls left the specimens at the Science Schools, asking me to make what I could out of them without stratigraphical details.
II.—The Geology of Bad Nauheim and its Thermal Salt-Springs
Authors: Jennings A. Vaughan
Published: May 2009

The eastern extremity of the wooded range of the Taunus, where its last spurs slope down to the Wetterau Plain and the streams from its valleys give up hurrying and wander lazily across the fertile flats towards the Main, has been a spot rich in interest since at least pre-Germanic times. The ancient Kelts, when overwhelmed by their Germanic foes, left behind them, now deep in the detritus at the foot of the Johannisberg, their hearths, chisels, and millstones, mixed up with shells and bones. In addition to these typical relics of the race, there have also been found special forms of earthen vessels, used evidently for evaporating the waters of the saline springs. The tribes described by Tacitus as being in possession at the end of the first century do not seem to have been similarly enterprising, but it is known the victorious Romans of the third century resorted thither for medicinal baths.
IV.—Note on the Age of the English Wealden Series
Authors: Lamplugh G. W.
Published: May 2009

In recent discussions arising from the renewed attempts to define more closely the boundary between the Jurassio and Cretaceous systems in Russia, Germany, Belgium, and France, and also in North America, constant reference has been made to the English Wealden deposits as affording a standard of comparison. But, meanwhile, doubt has been thrown, by palæontologists who have studied certain portions of the Wealden flora and fauna, on the hitherto accepted classification of these English deposits with the Lower Cretaceous, on the grounds that the fossils showed strong Jurassic affinities. This opinion has been expressed by the late Professor O. C. Marsh in regard to the reptiles, by Dr. A. Smith Woodward in regard to the fish, and by A. C. Seward in regard to the plants. To prevent further confusion it is therefore desirable that certain facts which have been overlooked in this discussion, though for the most part already published, should be restated, since these facts seem sufficient to prove that, at any rate, the greater portion of the English Wealden series must remain as part of the Lower Cretaceous.
IV.—A Greywether at South Kensington
Authors: Woodward H. B.
Published: May 2009

In the Geological Magazine for March, 1891, p. 119, I drew attention to the occurrence of a large Greywether in Moscow Street, Bayswater. Another and smaller example has lately been discovered in the foundations for the new buildings of the Victoria and Albert Museum, South Kensington. The excavations show:

Made ground and soil, about 5 feet.

Gravel, full thickness about 20 feet.

London Clay with cement stones.
I.—On a New Specimen of the Mesosaurian Reptile, Stereosternum tumidum, from San Paulo, Brazil
Authors: Woodward Arthur Smith
Published: May 2009

When in Rio de Janeiro last October, Dr. Orville A. Derby gave me for publication in the GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE the photograph of a fine new specimen of Stereosternum tumidum, reproduced in the accompanying Plate V. Like the type-specimens discovered by Dr. Derby, it was obtained from a light-grey limestone in a quarry on the estate of Senhor Antonio Machado de Campos, near the town of Limeira, in the State of San Paulo, Brazil. It is interesting as showing for the first time the general proportions of the trunk and tail of this strange extinct reptile; and it also permits the identification of another fossil from the same formation, now in the British Museum, which has hitherto escaped notice.
V.—On the Subdivisions of the Carboniferous Series in Great Britain, and the True Position of the Beds Mapped as the Yoredale Series.
Authors: Hind Wheelton
Published: May 2009

The correlation of the various series of Carboniferous rocks which occur in different districts of Great Britain according to the fourfold subdivision proposed by the late Professor Phillips, has always presented great difficulties, on account of the marked changes in sequence, thickness, and lithological character which occur in districts only a few miles apart. The consideration of this difficulty was the subject of a special Sub-Committee of the International Geological Congress of 1888. The Report, however, indicated only a difference of opinion, and consisted chiefly in a series of typical sections showing the local development of Carboniferous rocks, and the schemes of classification proposed by various members of the Sub-Committee.
VI.—Foreign Boulders in the Chalk
Authors: Martin Edward A.
Published: May 2009

The recent find by Mr. Stebbing, F.G.S., of two large boulders of granite in the Middle Chalk of Betchworth (Surrey), has called to mind the various discoveries of boulders which had previously been made in the same marine formation by other observers.
I.—On some Fossil Entomostraca from South America
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

Valves subcircular, approaching subquadrate, like some small Lamellibranchs. Umbo at the antero-dorsal corner, and at aa angle of 40° to the extreme curvature of the concentric ridgelets. Hinge-line straight, behind the umbo, about half the length of the longest diameter of the valve. The other edges rounded; the anterior nearly semicircular; the ventral obliquely curving up to meet the steeper and narrower posterior curve.
III.—More Notes on the Terraced Hill Slopes of North Oxfordshire
Authors: Walford Edwin A.
Published: May 2009

The green slopes of many of the minor vales of North Oxford-shire are scored with parallel terraces or terraced banks frequently of such regularity in depth of step and slope as to present to the mind any other origin for their formation than that of the every-day work of natural forces. A student who has mastered the elements of this natural work and has gained a clue to the mode of the making of the terraces reads with some amusement the varied accounts of their human origin. The best summary of these accounts is given in Mr. G. L. Gomme's book “The Village Community.” And though these accounts refer to wider tracts of country than can be discussed here, our local antiquarians assign similar human causes, and we read of the terraced slopes as camps, entrenchments, vineyards, bear-gardens, and the like.
VI.—On Some Life Zones in the Lower Palæozoic Rocks of the British Areas, as Defined Mainly by Researches During The Past 30 Years
Authors: Hicks Henry
Published: May 2009

It not unfrequently happens in these days of superabundant scientific periodical literature that articles appear in which the authors, usually unwittingly, and generally from want of leisure, fail to give an adequate idea of the work of authors anterior to periods with which the writers are more specially acquainted. The injustice thus perpetrated can best be prevented by giving occasionally a brief resumé of work done in certain formations and in special areas during a given period.
V.—Memoranda, chiefly on the Drift Deposits in various parts of England and Wales: being Extracts from the Notebooks and other MSS. of the late Sir Joseph Prestwich, M.A., D.C.L., F.R.S., etc.
Authors: Woodward H. B.
Published: May 2009

[For a period of nearly sixty years Sir Joseph Prestwich recorded his geological observations in a series of notebooks. These records, together with the illustrative sections, were afterwards copied, in many instances, into folio volumes dealing respectively with the Eocene and Miocene, the Pliocene and Post-Pliocene formations, and with well-sinkings, springs, etc. The systematic arrangement and indexing of his very copious notes no doubt greatly facilitated the labours of the author. The majority of his notes and sections have been published, but here and there among the notebooks and MSS. there are records of pits and railway-cuttings, as well as some statements of opinion, which appear never to have been printed. A selection of these is now given, together with references to published papers dealing with the same subjects. All additions are put in square brackets.

It was the desire of Sir J. Prestwich to have dealt more fully with the phenomena of the Glacial Period, but owing to the many calls upon his time, and to his aim invariably to obtain and to submit fully to his readers all the evidence bearing upon his subjects, he was led to postpone for many years his more elaborate works. Thus his important papers on the Crag formations were issued long after most of his observations had been made. Meanwhile other geologists had entered the field and made known many of the facts which he had previously gathered, a proceeding natural enough and one by no means to be regretted. Thus Sir J. Prestwich remarks in his paper on the Westleton Beds, Part I (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xlvi, 1890, p. 86), that “The Memoirs of the [Geological] Survey, to which I shall have frequent occasion to refer, now supply a mass of valuable details, which greatly facilitate the task and do away with the necessity of much local description.” The notebooks rarely contain any particular expressions of opinion; they simply record facts and only occasionally suggest correlations. The conclusions were for the most part worked out subsequently and embodied in various published papers.

Among the MSS. left by Prestwich is the rough draft of the Table of Contents of a paper dated 1892. It includes the following heads:—]
I.—The Skull of Protoceras
Authors: Marsh O. C.
Published: May 2009

The genus Protoceras, described by the writer in 1891, from the Miocene of South Dakota, is now known to include some of the most interesting extinct mammals yet discovered. It likewise represents a distinct family, and thus deserves careful investigation and description. Before this discovery, no horned artiodactyles were known to have lived during Miocene time, and Protoceras is thus the earliest one described.
I.—Eminent Living Geologists: The Rev. P. B. Brodie M.A., F.G.S.
Authors: Brodie P. B.
Published: May 2009

The Rev. Peter Bellinger Brodie was born in London in 1815. His father, Mr. P. B. Brodie, was an eminent conveyancer and barrister-at-law, while his uncle, Sir Benjamin C. Brodie, Bart, the celebrated surgeon, was President of the Royal Society from 1858 to 1861.
III.—On some Rock-Specimens from Kimberley, South Africa
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: May 2009

Although not strictly in the order of the title, we may describe of first a specimen from the so-called “melaphyre,” which forms a great sheet high up in the group through which the diamondbearing pipes have been driven. This, which bears the label “No. 5, Melaphyre,” is nearly 5″ in length. Macroscopically, it may be described as a compact dark basalt, showing slight signs of decomposition, and containing rather sparse amygdales of irregular size and shape (the maximum length being about half an inch), filled mostly with calcite and spotted occasionally with dark-green.
IV.—Woodwardian Laboratory Notes
Authors: Seward A. C.
Published: May 2009

No better example could perhaps be quoted of fossil plants which have given rise to a number of species and even genera founded on imperfect and fragmentary specimens than the Sigillariæ and Lepidodendra.
I.—On some More Fossil Estheriæ
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: May 2009

In the September Number of the Geological Magazine, 1890, I offered some notes on certain Triassic Estheriœ of North America and Bavaria, and on an Estheria from the Purbeck strata of Wiltshire. An interesting example of E. membranacea from the Old Red of Orkney was figured, but not described. We have now the Rev. W. R. Andrews's other Purbeck Estheria, referred to at p. 389, ready for description; another Triassic Estheria from Pennsylvania; and some most interesting specimens of the rare Estheriella, instituted as a subgenus by the late Professor Dr. Ch. Ernst Weiss.
II.—On the British Earthquakes of 1889.
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: May 2009

I Propose in this paper to write a short account of the earthquakes that have been felt in Great Britain during the year 1889, and to consider the relations of these earthquakes with the geological structure of the districts in which, they occurred. The attempt seems to me worth making, for two reasons. The first is that, though few in number and slight in intensity, the earthquakes which visit this country are individually and in their connexion with preceding shocks, of considerable interest. And, secondly, the accounts, even when published, are widely dispersed, and, appearing chiefly in local newspapers, become difficult of access in after years.
V.—Report upon the National Geological Surveys of Europe
Authors: Topley W.
Published: May 2009

In the following pages a brief account is given of the organization and publications of the chief Geological Surveys in Europe. The statements are taken from official sources, or from an inspection of the publications.

In formation has been kindly supplied by the directors of the following surveys: — Austro-Hungary, Bavaria, Belgium, Italy, Norway, Saxony, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland.

In the preparation of this report my colleague, Mr. W. H. Dalton, has given me much assistance; my thanks are also due to Professor G. A. Lebour and to Mr. F. W. Rudler.

The “Geological Record” gives descriptions of maps published in and since 1874.
III.—Note on the Distribution in Time and Space of the Genera of Siwalik Mammals and Birds
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: May 2009

Having completed the description of the mammals and birds at present known from the Siwaliks of India and Burma (a list of the former being given in the September number of this Magazine, pp. 426–8), I have thought it well to publish a short account of the distribution in time and space of the Siwalik genera of these two classes, as a prelude to a more extended notice, which I hope to give in the “Palæontologia Indica” when I have completed the description of the whole vertebrate fauna of the Siwaliks.
I.—On the very Recent and Rapid Elevation of the Highlands of Eastern Asia
Authors: Howorth Henry H.
Published: May 2009

Among the many interesting issues raised by the discovery of Mammoth remains in large numbers along the Arctic borders of Eastern Asia, one has, I think, ceased to be polemical. So far as I know, there is no serious student who now contests the fact that the Mammoth and his companions lived where their remains are found. The rooted trees upon which they fed, and the southern river-shells which were their contemporaries, both of which are found with their remains (both being incapable of migration), prove incontestably what a score of other arguments show, that the fauna of North-Eastern Siberia in the Mammoth age, like its flora, must be explained by some other theory than migration. This I have urged in many ways in my work on the Mammoth.
VI.—Note on a Pliocene Mammalian Fauna at Olivola in the Upper Val di Magra (Prov. Massa-Carrara), Italy
Authors: Major C. J. Forsyth
Published: May 2009

Fossil Mammalian remains from Olivola were already known in the last century. Giovanni Targioni Tozzetti describes and figures several bones from that locality, which he refers to some species of Tricliechus or Phoca, but which, as far as the figures permit of a judgment, belonged to Ruminants. In this century, the deposit was mentioned by Pareto, and by Cocchi, who from stratigraphical considerations ascribe it to the Pleistocene.