bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microstructure of the cerebellum and its afferent pathways underpins dystonia in myoclonus dystonia
Authors: Tarrano Clément , Zito Giuseppe , Galléa Cécile , Delorme Cécile , McGovern Eavan M. , Atkinson‐Clement Cyril , Brochard Vanessa , Thobois Stéphane , Tranchant Christine , Grabli David , Degos Bertrand , Corvol Jean Christophe , Pedespan Jean‐Michel , Krystkowiak Pierre , Houeto Jean‐Luc , Degardin Adrian , Defebvre Luc , Didier Mélanie , Valabrègue Romain , Apartis Emmanuelle , Vidailhet Marie , Roze Emmanuel , Worbe Yulia
Published: September 2024

Background and Purpose

Myoclonus dystonia due to a pathogenic variant in SGCE (MYC/DYT‐SGCE) is a rare condition involving a motor phenotype associating myoclonus and dystonia. Dysfunction within the networks relying on the cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia was presumed to underpin the clinical manifestations. However, the microarchitectural abnormalities within these structures and related pathways are unknown. Here, we investigated the microarchitectural brain abnormalities related to the motor phenotype in MYC/DYT‐SGCE.

Methods

We used neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging, a multicompartment tissue model of diffusion neuroimaging, to compare microarchitectural neurite organization in MYC/DYT‐SGCE patients and healthy volunteers (HVs). Neurite density index (NDI), orientation dispersion index (ODI), and isotropic volume fraction (ISOVF) were derived and correlated with the severity of motor symptoms. Fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) derived from the diffusion tensor approach were also analyzed. In addition, we studied the pathways that correlated with motor symptom severity using tractography analysis.

Results

Eighteen MYC/DYT‐SGCE patients and 24 HVs were analyzed. MYC/DYT‐SGCE patients showed an increase of ODI and a decrease of FA within their motor cerebellum. More severe dystonia was associated with lower ODI and NDI and higher FA within motor cerebellar cortex, as well as with lower NDI and higher ISOVF and MD within the corticopontocerebellar and spinocerebellar pathways. No association was found between myoclonus severity and diffusion parameters.

Conclusions

In MYC/DYT‐SGCE, we found microstructural reorganization of the motor cerebellum. Structural change in the cerebellar afferent pathways that relay inputs from the spinal cord and the cerebral cortex were specifically associated with the severity of dystonia.
N‐of‐1 trials in epilepsy: A systematic review and lessons paving the way forward
Authors: Defelippe Victoria M. , Brilstra Eva H. , Otte Willem M. , Cross Helen J. , O'Callaghan Finbar , De Giorgis Valentina , Poduri Annapurna , Lerche Holger , Sisodiya Sanjay , Braun Kees P. J. , Jansen Floor E. , Perucca Emilio
Published: September 2024

Objective

Defined as prospective single‐patient crossover studies with repeated paired cycles of active and control intervention, N‐of‐1 trials have gained attention as an option to obtain high‐quality evidence of efficacy, particularly for patients with rare epilepsies in whom conduction of well‐powered randomized controlled trials can be challenging. The objective of this systematic review is to provide an appraisal of the literature on N‐of‐1 trials in individuals with epilepsy.

Methods

We searched PubMed and Embase on January 12, 2024, for studies meeting the following criteria: prospectively planned, within‐patient, multiple‐crossover design in individuals with epilepsy and outcomes related to comorbidities. Information on design, outcome measurements, intervention, and analyses was retrieved. Risk of bias assessment was performed using the Risk of Bias in N‐of‐1 Trials (RoBiNT) scale. We highlighted methodological aspects of the N‐of‐1 trials identified and discuss future recommendations.

Results

Five studies met our inclusion criteria. An additional multiple‐crossover trial that evaluated treatment effects exclusively at group level was also included because of its relevance to N‐of‐1 study methodology. The studies enrolled individuals with focal seizures, absences or cognitive impairement and electrographic discharges. Treatments included established or investigational antiseizure medications, off‐label medications, neurostimulation or lifestyle intervention. Three of the five N‐of‐1 trials reported on individual cases. The studies' strengths were the use of individualized treatment dosages and symptom‐specific patient‐reported outcomes. Limitations were related to minimal reporting of baseline characteristics and seizure burden.

Significance

The trials identified by our search exemplify how the N‐of‐1 design can be applied to assess interventions in individuals with epilepsy‐related disorders. Future N‐of‐1 trials of antiseizure interventions should take into account baseline seizure frequency, should apply statistical models suited to capture seizure frequency changes reliably and make predefined interim assessments. Non‐seizure outcome measures evaluable over short periods should be considered. Tailored N‐of‐1 methodology could pave the way to evidence‐based, treatment selection for patients with rare epilepsies.
Factors associated with poor sleep in children with drug‐resistant epilepsy
Authors: Proost Renee , Cleeren Evy , Jansen Bastiaan , Lagae Lieven , Van Paesschen Wim , Jansen Katrien
Published: September 2024

Objective

We aimed to investigate sleep in children with drug‐resistant epilepsy (DRE), including developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEEs). Next, we examined differences in sleep macrostructure and microstructure and questionnaire outcomes between children with well‐controlled epilepsy (WCE) and children with DRE. Furthermore, we wanted to identify factors associated with poor sleep outcome in these children, as some factors might be targets to improve epilepsy and neurodevelopmental outcomes.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted in children 4 to 18‐years‐old. Children without epilepsy, with WCE, and with DRE were included. Overnight electroencephalography (EEG), including chin electromyography and electrooculography, to allow sleep staging, was performed. Parents were asked to fill out a sleep questionnaire. Classical five‐stage sleep scoring was performed manually, spindles were automatically counted, and slow wave activity (SWA) in the first and last hour of slow wave sleep was calculated.

Results

One hundred eighty‐two patients were included: 48 without epilepsy, 75 with WCE, and 59 with DRE. We found that children with DRE have significantly lower sleep efficiency (SE%), less time spent in rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, fewer sleep spindles, and a lower SWA decline over the night compared to children with WCE. Subjectively more severe sleep problems were reported by the caregivers and more daytime sleepiness was present in children with DRE. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression showed that multifocal interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs), benzodiazepine treatment, and longer duration of epilepsy were associated with lower SE% and lower REM sleep time. The presence of multifocal discharges and cerebral palsy was associated with fewer spindles. Benzodiazepine treatment, drug resistance, seizures during sleep, intellectual disability, and older age were associated with lower SWA decline.

Significance

Both sleep macrostructure and microstructure are severely impacted in children with DRE, including those with DEEs. Epilepsy parameters play a distinct role in the disruption REM sleep, spindle count, and SWA decline.
Investigating EFL teacher agency in instructional practice of blended learning in Chinese higher education: An activity theory perspective
Authors: Rong Mi , Yao Yuan
Published: September 2024

Teacher agency is considered a key driver of teacher professional growth, student improvement, and educational change. This study contributes to the sparse research on language teacher agency in blended learning (BL). Using activity theory to conceptualize teacher agency, this study explores how two English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers exerted agency while implementing BL at a Chinese university. This study also examines the factors that mediate the exercise of agency. Data were collected through classroom observations, interviews with both teachers and their students, and course documents to provide a thorough understanding of teachers’ experiences with blended teaching. The data analysis revealed that successful agentic actions to address contradictions included selecting the appropriate delivery to match learning goals, making good use of online tools for interaction, assigning students active roles, flexibly enacting rules, and building a supportive climate. However, some contradictions within the instructional activity system remain unresolved. Mediating factors such as tools (teachers’ expertise and beliefs), community (students and other professors), and rules (curriculum assessment) were found to shape teacher agency in the BL context. This study contributes to the literature on teacher agency in BL, and provides practical recommendations for teacher professional development and curriculum reform.
Peripheral intravenous catheter clinical care standard adherence in emergency departments: A qualitative study underpinned by the behaviour change wheel
Authors: Xu Hui , Bowdery Julie , To Yeng , Duff Jed , Griffin Bronwyn , Ullman Amanda J. , Rickard Claire M. , Plummer Karin
Published: September 2024

Aim

To explore the barriers and facilitators influencing emergency department clinicians' adherence to the Australian Peripheral Intravenous Catheter (PIVC) Clinical Care Standard, using the Behaviour Change Wheel (BCW).

Background

Suboptimal PIVC practices are frequently linked to a range of patient‐important adverse outcomes. The first Australian Peripheral Intravenous Catheter Clinical Care Standard was introduced in 2021, aiming to standardize practice. However, a recent national survey revealed a lack of adherence to the Standard among emergency department clinicians.

Design

A qualitative descriptive study.

Method

The study was conducted across two Australian emergency departments in 2023. Utilizing purposive sampling, semi‐structured interviews were conducted. The analysis incorporated both deductive and inductive approaches, mapping the findings to the BCW.

Findings

Interviews with 25 nurses and doctors revealed nine key subthemes. The main barriers were the stressful environment, insufficient education and training, and the absence of a feedback mechanism. The main facilitators were recognition of suboptimal practice, belief in the importance of patient engagement, and the desire to improve practice.

Conclusion

Multiple complex factors have an impact on clinicians' adherence to the Standard. The identified interventions will serve as a guide for future implementation of the Standard.

Implications for the Profession and Patient Care

The findings inform healthcare organizations of the significance of implementing strategies to enhance clinicians' acceptance of the Standard. Clinicians should consider incorporating the multifaceted interventions developed in accordance with the BCW for future implementation projects.

Impact

Promoting adherence to standards opens avenues to challenge suboptimal practice and has the potential to instigate a culture shift in the fundamental skills of frontline clinicians.

Reporting Method

The study is designed and reported according to the Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research checklist.

Patient or Public Contribution

No patient or public contribution.
Application of linaclotide in bowel preparation for colonoscopy in patients with constipation: A prospective randomized controlled study
Authors: Xu Haoxin , He Zhu , Liu Yulin , Xu Hong , Liu Pengfei
Published: September 2024

Background and Aim

Colonoscopy plays a crucial role in the early diagnosis and treatment of colorectal cancer. Adequate bowel preparation is essential for clear visualization of the colonic mucosa and lesion detection. However, inadequate bowel preparation is common in patients with constipation, and there is no standardized preparation protocol for these patients. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness and tolerability of a pre‐colonoscopy combination regimen of linaclotide and polyethylene glycol (PEG).

Methods

In this prospective, single‐center, randomized controlled trial, 322 participants were divided into two groups: a 3‐L PEG + 870‐μg linaclotide group (administered as a single dose for 3 days) and a 4‐L PEG group. The primary endpoints were the Boston Bowel Preparation Scale (BBPS) score and the rate of adequate and excellent bowel preparation. Secondary endpoints were the rates of detection of colonic adenomas and polyps, cecal intubation rates, colonoscopy time, adverse reactions, patient satisfaction, and physician satisfaction.

Results

The study included 319 patients. The 3‐L PEG + linaclotide group showed significantly higher rates of adequate and excellent bowel preparation than the 4‐L PEG group (89.4% vs 73.6% and 37.5% vs 25.3%, respectively; P < 0.05). The mean BBPS score for the right colon in the 3‐L PEG + linaclotide group was significantly higher than that in the 4‐L PEG group. There were no significant between‐group differences regarding the detection rates of colonic polyps and adenomas (44.4% vs 37.7% and 23.1% vs 20.1%, respectively; P > 0.05). There were no significant between‐group differences regarding cecal intubation rates, colonoscopy operation, and withdrawal times. However, patient tolerance and sleep quality were better in the 3‐L PEG + linaclotide group.

Conclusion

The combination of 3‐L PEG and 870‐μg linaclotide, because of its lower volume of intake, can be considered as an alternative bowel preparation regimen for constipated patients undergoing colonoscopy, especially for the elderly.
Masculinity's (mis)fortune: Historicizing affect as extractivist infrastructure in Bolivian sodalite mining
Authors: Winchell Mareike
Published: September 2024

How is alienability produced as a mode of relation? Is capital a (racialized) affect? This article examines clashing expectations about minerals, specifically sodalite, at the Cerro Sapo mine in Ayopaya Bolivia. It describes how Cerro Sapo's current owner, a white Kenyan, engaged in narrative and bodily practices that sought to detach him from earlier labor histories and Indigenous demands for redistributive aid. Through a life history approach, the analysis centers one figure to provide insight into what capitalism looks like on the ground. This case sharpens scholarly understanding of the affective workings of extraction, highlighting the need to historicize feelings of trust and accountability by dis‐aggregating the figure of “the mine” and “the firm.” By illuminating Cerro Sapo's continuities with, and revisions to, colonial structures of racial violence and exchange, the article aims to advance studies of racial capitalism and add a new layer to public debates about colonial debts and reparations for slavery.
Deforesting the forest: Territory and relations in the Argentinean Chaco
Authors: Tola Florencia C.
Published: September 2024

This article examines in depth the nuances of the Toba (Qom) people's territorial claims over the Argentinean Chaco. Ethnographic fieldwork carried out from 1997 to the present in Qom communities in the center of the Argentinean Chaco allows me to analyze the relationships that these communities have maintained and continue maintaining with their territory since their insertion into the regional economy after the Chaco's colonization. The analysis of the alternation of destructive and protective practices shows us the Qom cosmological understandings of human‐forest relations and the ambiguities of their coexistence in which Indigenous people, the nation‐state, nongovernmental organizations (NGO), settlers, and nonhuman beings participate. I propose that the forest, rather than being seen by the Qom people as a common good to be protected amid a planetary crisis, is a relation within relations intersected by ambiguity. This article aims to contribute to studies on the particularities of Indigenous people standing against the destruction that the Anthropocene has brought, avoiding unitary ideas about the Anthropocene.
From BBB to PPP: Bioenergetic requirements and challenges for oligodendrocytes in health and disease
Authors: Fernandes Milton Guilherme Forestieri , Pernin Florian , Antel Jack P. , Kennedy Timothy E.
Published: September 2024

Mature myelinating oligodendrocytes, the cells that produce the myelin sheath that insulates axons in the central nervous system, have distinct energetic and metabolic requirements compared to neurons. Neurons require substantial energy to execute action potentials, while the energy needs of oligodendrocytes are directed toward building the lipid‐rich components of myelin and supporting neuronal metabolism by transferring glycolytic products to axons as additional fuel. The utilization of energy metabolites in the brain parenchyma is tightly regulated to meet the needs of different cell types. Disruption of the supply of metabolites can lead to stress and oligodendrocyte injury, contributing to various neurological disorders, including some demyelinating diseases. Understanding the physiological properties, structures, and mechanisms involved in oligodendrocyte energy metabolism, as well as the relationship between oligodendrocytes and neighboring cells, is crucial to investigate the underlying pathophysiology caused by metabolic impairment in these disorders. In this review, we describe the particular physiological properties of oligodendrocyte energy metabolism and the response of oligodendrocytes to metabolic stress. We delineate the relationship between oligodendrocytes and other cells in the context of the neurovascular unit, and the regulation of metabolite supply according to energetic needs. We focus on the specific bioenergetic requirements of oligodendrocytes and address the disruption of metabolic energy in demyelinating diseases. We encourage further studies to increase understanding of the significance of metabolic stress on oligodendrocyte injury, to support the development of novel therapeutic approaches for the treatment of demyelinating diseases.

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Functional diversity along the anteroposterior axis of the ventromedial hypothalamus
Authors: Gutierrez‐Castellanos Nicolas , Dias Inês C. , Husain Basma F. A. , Lima Susana
Published: September 2024

Innate behaviors ensure animal survival and reproductive success. Defending their territory, escaping from predators or mating with a sexual partner, are fundamental behaviors determining the ecological fitness of individuals. Remarkably, all these behaviors share a common neural substrate, as they are under the control of the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH). Decades of research have contributed to understanding the exquisite diversity of functional ensembles underlying the wide array of functions that the VMH carries out. These functional ensembles are usually distributed throughout the dorsoventral and mediolateral axes of this nucleus. However, increasing evidence is bringing to attention the functional diversity of the VMH across its anteroposterior axis. In this review, we will overview our current understanding of how different ensembles within the VMH control a wide array of animal behaviors, emphasizing the newly discovered roles for its anterior subdivision in the context of conspecific self‐defense.
Socioeconomic Deprivation Weighs Heavily on Liver Fibrosis and Mortality After Hepatitis C Cure (ANRS CO22 Hepather)
Authors: Barré Tangui , Parlati Lucia , Bourlière Marc , Ramier Clémence , Marcellin Fabienne , Protopopescu Camelia , Di Beo Vincent , Moins Cécile , Dorival Celine , Nicol Jérôme , Zucman‐Rossi Jessica , Mathurin Philippe , Larrey Dominique , Boursier Jérôme , Carrat Fabrice , Carrieri Patrizia ,   the ANRS/AFEF Hepather Study group
Published: September 2024

Although Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection can be cured with direct‐acting antivirals (DAA), some cured patients face a serious risk of advanced liver damage and early mortality. In order to avoid these two negative health outcomes, it is important to identify and assess related risk factors. Little is currently known about socioeconomic and behavioural factors in this context. Using data from the ANRS CO22 Hepather cohort, we tested for associations between socioeconomic and behavioural factors and (i) advanced liver fibrosis (defined as an FIB‐4 > 3.25) assessed longitudinally using a mixed‐effects logistic regression model (both the whole population and stratified on advanced liver fibrosis status at the time of HCV cure) and (ii) all‐cause mortality (Cox proportional hazards model), during post‐HCV cure follow‐up. Among 5833 participants cured of HCV, living in poverty was associated with postcure advanced liver fibrosis in participants without this diagnosis at the time of HCV cure (population attributable fraction—PAF—of 8.6%) and with mortality in the whole study population (PAF of 10.6%). The detrimental effects of unhealthy alcohol use and heavy tobacco smoking, as well as the beneficial effect of living with a stable partner were also highlighted. We highlighted the major role of poverty and behavioural factors in advanced liver fibrosis and all‐cause mortality in patients cured of HCV. Encouraging linkage to social support services and healthy behaviours after successful DAA treatment could limit morbidity and increase survival in this population.

Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01953458
Turning the industrially relevant marine alga Nannochloropsis red: one move for multifaceted benefits
Authors: Liu Meijing , Yu Lihua , Zheng Jie , Shao Shengxi , Pan Yufang , Hu Hanhua , Shen Lili , Wang Wenda , Zhou Wenguang , Liu Jin
Published: September 2024

Nannochloropsis oceanica is an industrially relevant marine microalga rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, a valuable ω‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid), yet the algal production potential remains to be unlocked.

Here we engineered N. oceanica to synthesize the high‐value carotenoid astaxanthin independent of high‐light (HL) induction for achieving multifaceted benefits.

By screening β‐carotenoid ketolases and hydroxylases of various origins, and strategically manipulating compartmentalization, fusion patterns, and linkers of the enzyme pair, a remarkable 133‐fold increase in astaxanthin content was achieved in N. oceanica. Iterative metabolic engineering efforts led to further increases in astaxanthin synthesis up to 7.3 mg g−1, the highest reported for microalgae under nonstress conditions. Astaxanthin was found in the photosystem components and allowed the alga HL resistance and augmented EPA production. Besides, we achieved co‐production of astaxanthin and EPA by the engineered alga through a fed‐batch cultivation approach.

Our findings unveil the untapped potential of N. oceanica as a robust, light‐driven chassis for constitutive astaxanthin synthesis and provide feasible strategies for the concurrent production of multiple high‐value biochemicals from CO2, thereby paving the way for sustainable biotechnological applications of this alga.
Higher maternal bread and thiamine intakes are associated with increased infant allergic disease
Authors: Pretorius Rachelle A. , McKinnon Elizabeth , Palmer Debra J.
Published: September 2024

Background

A mother's diet during pregnancy may influence her infant's immune development. However, as potential interactions between components of our dietary intakes can make any nutritional analysis complex, here we took a multi‐component dietary analysis approach.

Methods

Nutritional intake data was collected from 639 pregnant women using a validated semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire to reflect their dietary intakes during 32–36 weeks of gestation. To investigate their dietary intake pattern, we calculated Dietary Inflammatory Index scores. Maternal consumption of 12 food groups, 20 individual whole foods, and 18 specific nutrient intakes, along with any vitamin and mineral supplementation, were determined. Infant outcomes included eczema, allergen sensitization, and IgE‐mediated food allergy. Regression‐based analyses with covariates adjustment were applied.

Results

Women with higher white bread consumption were more likely to have an infant with doctor‐diagnosed eczema (adjusted relative risk [aRR] 1.16; 95% CI 1.08, 1.24; p < .001) and IgE‐mediated food allergy (aRR 1.14; 95% CI 1.02, 1.28; p = .02). Higher maternal intakes of fiber‐rich bread (aRR 1.14; 95% CI 1.04, 1.25; p = .01) and legumes (aRR 1.11; 95% CI 1.02, 1.21; p = .02) were also associated with infant doctor‐diagnosed eczema. Higher maternal thiamine intakes were associated with increased parent‐reported infant eczema (aRR 1.08; 95% CI 1.03, 1.12; p < .001).

Conclusion

In Australia, where bread flour is fortified with thiamine, we identified consistent links between higher maternal thiamine‐rich diets and increased risk of infant eczema and food allergy. Our results highlight a need for further investigation of potential effects of high thiamine exposures on immune development, especially in‐utero.
Moving Beyond Regulation: Cross‐Sectoral Coordination in Providing Holistic Care in For‐Profit Residential Homes for Disabled People
Authors: Cui Jialiang
Published: September 2024

The recent decades have seen an increasing trend in market‐oriented reforms in long‐term care, yet concerns about the quality of care persist, especially with for‐profit providers. Recently, Hong Kong has pioneered a shift from reinforcing government regulation to a collaborative model that leverages the capabilities of the nonprofit sector to support for‐profit providers. A key aspect of this approach is the coordination involving different sectors, which remains a less explored domain in health and social care literature. Through interviews and focus groups with stakeholders, including nonprofit operators, for‐profit providers, service users, and their carers, this study explored the coordinated work process in this newly initiated project. Analysis of participant accounts highlights the importance of relational coordination to the approach, as effective coordination among stakeholders in this context greatly depended on the quality of stakeholder relationships. This coordination was characterized by shared goals, shared knowledge, and timely, problem‐solving, and supportive communication. The dedicated efforts of nonprofit operators supported relational coordination by acting as a ‘boundary spanner’ that liaised with major stakeholders, and serving as a change agent which seized every opportunity to enhance the quality of coordination in the original system. The paper showcases a successful approach that utilizes cross‐sectoral coordination to enhance service quality in the private sector and reveals various strategies and concerns in engaging for‐profit operators, demonstrating a promising way for closer collaboration between the two sectors to mitigate the mixed effects of the marketization of long‐term care.
What does a scientist look like? Children's perceptions of scientist gender and skin tone
Authors: Joy Angelina , Mathews Channing J. , Hartstone‐Rose Adam , Mulvey Kelly Lynn
Published: September 2024

When asked to draw a scientist, children typically draw a gender stereotypical male representation; however, research has not yet assessed these representations in terms of scientist stereotypical skin tone. The current study examined children's (N = 69, 66.7% female, Mage = 7.60, SD = 2.13) scientist perceptions by analyzing both the gender and skin tone of their scientist drawings as well as stereotypical features represented (lab coats, scientific instruments, etc.). This study also examined how these perceptions as reflected in the drawings were related to children's explicit gender stereotypes and their science growth mindset. Boys were less likely to draw a female scientist than were girls. Additionally, children with higher growth mindset were more likely to draw a female scientist. Lastly, with age, children were less likely to draw a female scientist, or a darker skin‐toned scientist as compared with a male or lighter skin‐toned scientist and were more likely to draw a scientist with stereotypical features. This study furthers our knowledge of children's perceptions about scientists.
Lead Isotopes Constrain Precambrian Crustal Architecture, Thermal History and Lithospheric Foundering in Laurentia
Authors: Hillenbrand Ian W.
Published: September 2024

Laurentia (ancestral North America) records nearly 4 billion years of crustal evolution. Here, a newly compiled continental‐scale Pb isotopic database is used to evaluate the Precambrian crustal evolution of Laurentia. Pb model ages yield a 2.7 Ga peak, a 2.5–1.8 Ga minimum and 1.8–0.9 Ga continuum. Pb model ages yield thermochronometric data and track crustal growth via arc‐related magmatism and accretionary orogenesis. Model 232Th/204Pb and 238U/204Pb broadly correlate with mapped crustal domains. More homogeneous and less radiogenic 238U/204Pb and 232Th/238U after 2.7 Ga suggests a shift to more juvenile sources, loss of early isotopic reservoirs and greater crustal reworking. U and Th are fractionated from Pb in Proterozoic orogens with abundant ferroan and anorthosite–mangerite–charnockite–granite(AMCG)‐suite magmatism. This fractionation suggests the removal of Pb‐rich lower crust, supporting petrogenetic models involving lithospheric foundering and magmatic underplating. Lithospheric thinning and associated magmatism may have contributed to high middle Proterozoic geothermal gradients.
A comprehensive approach to continuous quality improvement of massive transfusion by developing key performance indicators
Authors: Ninan Ancy , Krishnan Vimal , Shastry Shamee , Mohan Ganesh , Chenna Deepika , Madkaiker Deep , Balakrishnan Jayaraj Mymbilly
Published: September 2024

Background and Objectives

To develop key performance indicators (KPI) for use in quality assessment of our institutional goal‐directed massive transfusion (GDMT).

Materials and Methods

A team comprising our transfusion and emergency medicine departments carried out a cross‐sectional data analysis of GDMT in adult patients from January 2021 to December 2022. The study was rooted in the Define, Measure, Analyse, Improve, Control (DMAIC) approach. Features of KPIs were (a) importance, (b) scientific soundness and (c) feasibility. Study parameters were defined and analysed using measures of central tendencies and benchmark comparison.

Results

Ninety‐two massive transfusion events occurred and 1405 blood components were used. Trauma was the leading cause, followed by postpartum haemorrhage and upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Appropriate GDMT activation was observed only in 43.47% of events. The turnaround time (TAT) was within the benchmark in 85.8% of events with an average of 16 ± 10 min. The average utilization of blood components was 20.5 (interquartile range [IQR] = 11.3) in the appropriate group and 5.5 (IQR = 4.25) in the inappropriate group with a wastage rate of 3.5%. Duration of activation was 6.19 ± 4.59 h, and the adherence to thromboelastography was 66.3%. Overall mortality was 45.65%, and the average duration of hospital stay was 6.1 ± 5.9 days.

Conclusion

The KPIs developed were easy to capture, and the analysis provided a comprehensive approach to the quality improvement of the GDMT protocol.
Experiences of empathy of caregivers caring for persons with dementia: a qualitative systematic review protocol
Authors: Han Meiling , Sethabouppha Hunsa , Chaloumsuk Nonglak , Bhatarasakoon Patraporn
Published: September 2024

Objective:

The aim of this systematic review will be to explore the experiences of empathy in informal caregivers caring for persons with dementia.

Introduction:

Positive caregiving experiences of informal caregivers caring for persons with dementia have many beneficial outcomes, such as improved well-being of both caregivers and care receivers and a higher quality of care for the persons with dementia. Empathy is a factor associated with positive caregiving experiences and is strongly correlated with reduced depression and reduced anxiety in informal caregivers of persons with dementia. Therefore, it is essential to understand the experiences of empathy, especially the caregiver characteristics such as their caring behaviors, relationship with the patient, and cultural beliefs.

Inclusion criteria:

This review will include studies on the empathy experiences of informal caregivers caring for persons with any type of dementia. It will consider qualitative studies, including, but not limited to, designs such as phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, action research, and feminist research.

Methods:

This study will follow the JBI guidance for systematic reviews of qualitative evidence and will use the meta-aggregation approach to synthesise qualitative studies. The search strategy will aim to locate both published and unpublished studies in English, Chinese, and Thai, with no date restrictions. Methodological quality will be evaluated using the standard JBI critical appraisal checklist for qualitative research. The findings will be pooled using the meta-aggregation approach or will be presented in narrative format.

Systematic review registration number:

PROSPERO CRD42023490472
On Complex Liquid-Gas Interface Morphology Beyond Spherical Drop and Bubble Through Surface Curvature Distribution (SCD)
Authors: Demoulin François Xavier , Huang Longxiang , Vegad Chetankumar , Réveillon Julien , Duret Benjamin
Published: September 2024

Liquid-gas flow are very common in many applications where interactions of interest between both phases are controlled by the state of the liquid-gas interface. This interface can have a very complex morphology but only few morphologic states have been studied intensively: when the interface has small deformation from an initial known state linear instability formalism can be used; when one phase is dispersed in the other one (bubbly cloud or spray), the dispersed phase can be considered as a discrete phase in a carrier phase and the so-called multiphase flow formalism holds. For this latter case droplet and bubble are characterized by their diameter and determining the diameter distribution is generally one of the principals aims of the description. However, there are many other regimes that does not correspond to these three situations. For instance, when liquid and gas volume fraction are between 10% and 90% in a turbulent flow, the so-called dense regime occurs. It may contain bubbles or droplets, but they interact strongly leading to interface deformation that are far from being spherical. Thus, it is not possible to characterize droplets and bubble by their diameter distribution since diameter is not defined. A representative application of this problem concerns atomization process: typically, a liquid flow is forced to interact with an external gas leading to an evolution of the liquid volume fraction from 100% to less than 1%, thus main mechanism of atomization occurs within the dense regime with the aim to produce a spray with a controlled diameter distribution. Accordingly, we have researched a way to describe the interface complex morphology from the early stage of liquid jet destabilization up to the formation of the final spray. Initially, thanks to direct numerical simulation (DNS) we have studied the interface morphology with the surface curvature distribution (SCD) [1] among other possibility [2]. The SCD allows to describe continuously the destabilization of the initial liquid structure, through complex interface such a as ligament, blobs, liquid sheet until the apparition of first spherical structures which ultimately become droplets. Beyond the description of the interface it has been possible to show that a careful analysis of the liquid-gas surface through the SCD allows for determining at early stage of the atomization process the final characteristics of the spray, even its diameter distribution [3]. Present works are developing on two directions: the way to measure directly the surface curvature distribution experimentally thanks to 2PLIF and contour analysis, careful DNS simulation of different break up process to elucidate more generally the evolution and the dynamic of the surface curvature distribution.
Linear Versus Non-Linear Machine Learning Feature Selection for Erosion Rate Prediction
Authors: Li Yijie (Jamie) , Zhang Jun , McKinney Brett , Karimi Soroor , Shirazi Siamack A.
Published: September 2024

Machine learning feature has been utilized to demonstrate the importance and prioritize the parameters in erosion rate prediction. With the expansion of experimental data, application of machine learning models has become more feasible. Feature selection is critical for machine learning to make models more physically interpretable while reducing the dimensionality of the models to reduce over fitting. Previous data-driven erosion rate predictions used all parameters from the experimental data to train the models. Thus, previous studies did not examine feature importance and correlation structure during training of machine learning models. In the current study, first a correlation to identify linear relationships between variables and the erosion rates has been used. However, not all the parameters are linearly correlated with the physics of the erosion process. Moreover, extra model parameters in a high dimensional model could lead to over fitting. Thus, we compare linear (Elastic Net, Penalized Linear Regression) and non-linear (Random Forest, Extreme Gradient Boosting) machine learning feature selection for erosion rate prediction to find the most important minimal set of features affecting erosion rate. Understanding the differences between features selected by linear and non-linear methods provides us with experimental guidance and predictive inputs for more physically motivated and generalizable erosion prediction models.
Enhancing RANS Simulations Through Neural Network-Optimized Closure Coefficients
Authors: Schlichter Philipp , Sebald Jonas , Pieringer Jutta , Indinger Thomas
Published: September 2024

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations play a vital role in engineering, assisting flow field prediction and shape optimization. While machine learning (ML) based methods have shown significant advances in these tasks, traditional flow simulations, particularly those based on Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, continue to be widely used. To address the inherent challenges in RANS simulations, this study investigates the use of ML techniques by optimizing the closure coefficients of the k-ω SST RANS turbulence model with an artificial neural network (ANN) to refine the simulation setup. This optimization process focuses on a bluff body geometry characterized by flow separation and wake regions. A 2D cylinder is selected as the geometry of interest for detailed investigation. Multiple simulations of the same geometry with varying closure coefficients, obtained through the Design of Experiment (DoE) methodology, are conducted to generate training data. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) reduces dimensionality in the simulation results, facilitating efficient data handling. The ANN model is trained to predict the closure coefficients used based on the simulated flow fields. A reference is set using a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) for the same geometry. Consequently, the trained model enables the adjustment of coefficients to tune the flow field towards the reference, ensuring desirable outcomes while preserving the computational efficiency of RANS simulations.
Analysis of Instability Phenomena Occurring in a Centrifugal Pump With a Low-Solidity Fan-Type Inducer
Authors: Narimatsu Shimpei , Nakayama Sota , Konno Shinichi , Ejiri Shinichiro , Miyabe Masahiro
Published: September 2024

This study aims to clarify the causes of flow instabilities in low-solidity inducers. High-speed photography was utilized to observe the instability phenomena around a low-solidity inducer. Additionally, FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) analysis was conducted to classify the characteristics of the static pressure fluctuation at the suction side, discharge side, and near the inducer. Furthermore, CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) calculations were performed to investigate the internal flow around the inducer. As a result of this study, the instability phenomena were caused by the leak back flow at the inlet of the impeller. The pressure pulsations occurring in a pump with a low-solidity inducer is caused by cavitation formation and dissipation at the tailing edge of the inducer. This phenomenon is due to the leakage flow from the impeller, which alters the primary flow of the inducer, resulting in a backflow vortex at the tailing edge and subsequent cavitation. Cavitation will not occur at the tailing edge without the influence of the impeller leakage flow. The impact of the impeller leakage flow is intermittent, and the periodic phenomena lead to pressure pulsations.
Comparative Study of Erosion in Elbows and Cushion Tees and Implications for Modeling and Geometry Selection
Authors: Zhang Jun , Li Jamie (Yijie) , Karimi Soroor , Shirazi Siamack
Published: September 2024

Cushion tees are used in mining and oil and gas transportation pipelines to reduce erosion compared to elbows. However, the effectiveness of this approach is under investigation as pipeline failures due to solid particle erosion have also been found in the field with the use of cushion tees instead of elbows. With a large amount of erosion data collected at the Erosion/Corrosion Research center at the University of Tulsa, CFD models can be calibrated and then used for predicting erosion in elbows and cushion tees for conditions that are seen in the field. Therefore, as the first step of the present work, CFD model is validated with various experimental data for erosion in elbows covering a wide range of process conditions from single phase flow to multiphase flow. Experiments are also conducted to investigate erosion characteristics in cushion tees under multiphase flow conditions and used as benchmark for calibrating the CFD model. Afterwards, the validated CFD model is applied to simulate erosion in both elbows and cushion tees under various flow conditions to unveil the maximum erosion ratio for the two geometries, which provides insights of erosion resistance capability of the geometries. The present work has greatly extended the CFD model to predict erosion in large pipe diameter pipes which are often used in the field. Finally, the obtained information can be used to draw an erosion resistance envelope for the geometries as a function of Stokes number and/or other related process parameters. Thus, presenting a comprehensive reference for engineering modeling, design, and geometry selection and provides a valuable tool for engineering design and prediction under complex conditions.
Advanced Smart-Oriented Approach in Creation of Modern Ultrasonic Meters
Authors: Gryshanova Iryna , Rak Andrii
Published: September 2024

The main goal of our research is based on the development of scientifically substantiated methodology for improving the design and ensuring the proper installation of modern ultrasonic meters. Their measurement principle is based on local flow velocity measurements in some defined planes, followed by mathematical transformations of the obtained results to estimate the flow rate as a whole by a circular cross-section in closed pressurized pipelines. In fact, the design of most current ultrasonic “time-of-flight” meters is based on this approach.

The specific activities of the investigation are focused on:

- development of the database using mathematical descriptions of flows with distorted axial symmetry caused by typical elements of closed pressurized pipelines;

- research of the degree of real flow disturbances influence on the measurement results of ultrasonic meters with different locations of measuring paths;

- development of scientifically substantiated methodology for optimal design and information processing algorithms aimed to improve the accuracy of ultrasonic meters in conditions of flow distortion.

The main task is to investigate both the flow characteristic at the inlet of the meters and the interaction of the meter’s transducers with the flow by evaluating their response to the known distorted velocity profiles.

Designated problem has been solved by a comprehensive investigation of physical processes occurring in pipelines, in particular with a complex velocity distribution, which can be caused by bends, spatial bends, contaminants or incorrect meter’s installations. Particular importance during the research was given to formulate the fundamental basis that can be used to minimize the measurement error of disturbed flows by ultrasonic meters.
Dynamic Characteristics Analysis on High Parameter Steam Spring-Loaded Safety Valve
Authors: Ye Zong-hao , Li Wen-qing , Chen Wei-ping , Xu Yi-xiang , Jin Zhi-jiang , Qian Jin-yuan
Published: September 2024

As the most typical direct-loaded safety valves, spring-loaded safety valves are automatically opened by fluid pressure. Their stable and reliable dynamic characteristics are vital for overpressure protection. It is the last ditch to realize overpressure protection function in equipment, device and pipeline system. The steam spring-loaded safety valve applied under high parameter needs to carry out strict thermal test to determine whether its dynamic characteristics meet the requirements. However, there is no thermal test device that can meet the working condition parameters such as temperature and pressure in the supercritical working condition. Therefore, a dynamic numerical simulation model of high parameter steams spring-loaded safety valve was established. The dynamic simulation of steam spring-loaded safety valve opening and closing process was realized through dynamic grid technology and user-defined function. The results indicate that the errors between the numerical simulation and the test results for each parameter are less than 10%. Under the test condition (10.16 MPa, 312.2 °C), the resultant force on the valve disc fluctuates greatly, but is always larger than zero during the opening process. This method will provide guidance for the research on the dynamic characteristics of spring-loaded safety valves under high parameter working conditions.
Shear-Induced Lift Force on Micro-Fiber Deposition in Low Reynolds Number Flows
Authors: Tian Lin , Li Jiang , Ahmadi Goodarz , Delgado-Gutiérrez Arturo Javier
Published: September 2024

Shear-induced lift lateral migration significantly affects fiber deposition in wall-bounded flows. In the absence of active physical transport mechanisms, the contribution of the shear-induced lift could become the driving deposition force. Due to technical difficulties, investigation into this phenomenon has been limited, and its implication on particle deposition has not been fully understood. This study explored the effect of shear-induced lift and rotation on micro-fiber transport and deposition in low Reynolds number flows. Transport and deposition of non-neutrally buoyant ellipsoidal fibers in Poiseuille flow in horizontal and vertical ducts are examined numerically, and various lateral migration scenarios are investigated. It was found that, in the absence of sideway gravity, shear-induced lift and rotation cause the fibers to drift across the flow streamlines in a vertical channel. This lateral movement is the driving force for fiber deposition in downward flows or moves. In contrast, the particles move toward the channel center in an upward flow configuration. The lateral migration velocity in the vertical channel correlates positively with fiber length and shear rate. The lateral migration in a horizontal duct is comparatively small, where the sideway gravity is dominant. The current study identified the flow scenarios where the lateral migration driven by the shear-induced lift is the dominant contributing factor for deposition and, therefore, should not be neglected.