bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Approach to Include Interfacial Wear Effects in Modeling Fatigue Crack Growth of Titanium Matrix Composites
Authors: Ward GT , Hillberry BM
Published: March 2009

An approach has been developed that includes the effects of interfacial wear on the fiber-bridging behavior of titanium matrix composites during fatigue crack propagation. This approach uses a Coulomb friction-based fiber-bridging model in which the effect of fiber surface roughness on the clamping stress between the fiber and matrix is included. A previously developed wear model has been incorporated into this bridging model as a means to determine the reduction of the fiber surface roughness amplitude during fatigue cycling. As the roughness decreases, its contribution to the clamping stress also decreases, resulting in a lower interfacial shear stress. In order to include this effect in model fatigue crack growth rates, the combined Coulomb friction and wear models have been applied to a discrete composite model formulation. Crack growth predictions were then performed using a single set of input parameters by allowing the fiber surface roughness to decrease due to wear over a discrete increment of fatigue crack geometry based on bridging conditions determined by the composite model. These predictions correlated very well with experimental results for different loading conditions, especially those at relatively high crack growth rates.
Environmental Fatigue of Pultruded Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Authors: Liao K , Schultheisz CR , Hunston DL , Brinson LC
Published: March 2009

Pultruded glass-fiber-reinforced vinyl ester composite coupons were subjected to four-point-bend environmental fatigue to study their long-term durability for infrastructure applications. Specimens were tested dry and while immersed in water and in solutions of water containing mass fractions of 5 and 10% NaCl salt. Some specimens were also preconditioned by soaking in water or salt solutions for five to six months without loading; the preconditioned specimens showed a fractional decrease of 5 to 13% in flexural strength compared to dry specimens. For specimens cyclically loaded at or above 45% of the average flexural strength of dry coupons, no change in fatigue life was observed for specimens tested while immersed in the fluids (with or without preconditioning) as compared to specimens tested dry. However, water and salt solutions are detrimental to the fatigue life of the material during long-term loading: at a cyclic load of 30% flexural strength, all specimens tested in air survived beyond 107 cycles, while all those tested under environmental fatigue did not. It is found that long-term environmental fatigue behavior is not controlled by the quantity of water absorbed; rather, it is governed by a combination of both load and fluid environment. However, a difference in fatigue life in the different fluid environments was not demonstrated. Microscopic examination revealed evidence of degraded fiber/matrix interphase, which is believed to be a controlling factor in the environmental performance of the glass composite.
The Effects of Tensile Preloads on the Impact Response of Carbon/Epoxy Laminates
Authors: Nettles AT
Published: March 2009

Low-velocity instrumented dropweight impact tests were performed on carbon/ epoxy laminates. The composite plates were 8-ply (+45, 0, -45, 90)s laminates supported in a clamped-clamped/free-free configuration with varying amounts of in-plane load, Nx applied. The amount of damage induced into the specimen was evaluated using the instrumented impact data and X-ray inspection. Results showed that for a given impact energy level, more damage was induced into the specimen as the external in-plane load, Nx, was increased. The majorityof damage observed consisted of backface splitting of the matrix parallel to the fibers in that ply, associated with delaminations emanating from these splits. A free-edge delamination model was used to explain the type and extent of the major delaminations caused by the preload/impact combinations.
Testing and Simulation of Laminated Composites Subjected to Impact Loading
Authors: Liu D , Dang X
Published: March 2009

Because composite laminates are very susceptible to impact loading even at low velocity, low-velocity impact is an important subject in laminated composite analysis. The impact-induced damage is usually invisible to the naked eye and can cause serious structural degradation. Many low-velocity impact tests were performed in previous studies; however, most were phenomenological analysis. In an effort to further understand the responses of composite laminates under low-velocity impact and to develop an accurate and efficient quantitative simulation in the future, this study was aimed at performing instrumented impact tests and computer simulations. A commonly used computer code—LS-DYNA3D—was evaluated in this study, and the results are valuable for future development of a new computer code. In the study, a low-velocity impact event investigated by Sun and Chen with an indentation law and verified by experiments was used to justify the finite element model and contact parameters. Once the computational scheme was established, it was used for a broader investigation consisting of composite laminates with various thicknesses, fiber angles, and impact velocities. Computational results revealed that the peak contact force and maximum deflection were strongly affected by the thickness of composite laminates, while the fiber angles investigated seemed to play a less significant role. In addition, it was concluded that because delamination modeling was not included in the LS-DYNA3D, the computer code needed to be modified if it was to be used for accurate impact simulations.
Bioaccumulation and Food-Chain Analysis for Evaluating Ecological Risks in Terrestrial and Wetland Habitats: Availability-Transfer Factors (ATFs) in ‘Soil → Soil Macroinvertebrate → Amphibian’ Food Chains
Authors: Linder G , Bollman M , Callahan C , Gillette C , Nebeker A , Wilborn D
Published: March 2009

As part of the ecological risk assessment process for terrestrial and wetland habitats, the evaluation of bioaccumulative chemicals of concern (BCCs) is frequently pursued through food-chain analysis with a subsequent comparison of daily doses to benchmark toxicity reference values, when available. Food-chain analysis has frequently been applied to the analysis of exposure to BCCs identified as chemicals of potential ecological concern (COPECs) in the ecological risk assessment process. Here, designed studies focused on wetland food-chains such as “hydric soil → soil macroinvertebrate → amphibian” and terrestrial food-chains such as “soil → plant → small mammal” illustrate an approach for the derivation and validation of trophic transfer factors for metals considered as COPECs such as cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, and zinc. The results clearly indicate that the transfer of chemicals between trophic levels is critical in the bioaccumulation process in wetland and terrestrial food-chains and is influenced by numerous interacting abiotic and biotic factors, including physicochemical properties of soil, and the role, if any, that the metal has in the receptor as a required trace element.
Procedural and Computerized Methods for Assessing Site Risks to Achieve Remediation Goals
Authors: Mohr DE , Illich FS
Published: March 2009

A methodology was developed to characterize risks at hazardous waste sites to expedite evaluation of remedial alternatives in various types of environmental media. This methodology is composed of standard operating procedures that define the data collection and evaluation process and is assisted by a computerized system designed to maximize the analysis of large quantities of environmental data. The procedural process incorporates regulatory guidance and study plan design. The computerized data management system incorporates data qualification, data reduction, and risk analysis. Together, the process and the supporting system provide a framework used to rapidly process and analyze environmental data through risk characterization. The results from risk characterization are then directly used to formulate and evaluate remedial alternatives. This approach significantly streamlines the work necessary to establish remediation goals in compliance with environmental regulation.
Small Specimen Test Techniques
Authors: Corwin WR , Rosinski ST , van Walle E
Published: March 2009

Description

Features a global review of state-of-the-art research in miniature specimen testing. This comprehensive volume includes 38 peer-reviewed papers from an international collection of experts in the field and covers the following areas:

• International testing program evaluation to compare miniature specimen testing results and investigate the impact of testing variables on component behavior predictions

• Innovative methods for obtaining and applying data from small specimens

• Improved correlation methods with standard-size specimens and test techniques

• The impact of numerous crucial parameters on the reconstitution process, including such areas as welding technique, insert size and specimen orientation

• Ways to correct and utilize measurements made using very small fracture toughness specimens

• The use of small fatigue-precracked round bars to measure pressure vessel materials fracture toughness

• Improvements and innovations in punch and disk testing techniques.

An important resource for materials testing engineers, fracture mechanics experts, nuclear engineers, researchers in engineering of structural components, and metallurgists.
Finite Element Analysis of Racked vs. Traditionally Applied Three Tab, Seal Tab, Strip Shingles, and Blister Tests for Asphalt-Glass Felt Shingles
Authors: Cash CG , Kan FW
Published: March 2009

This paper compares the stresses developed by wind and by a sudden drop in temperature, using finite element analyses on three tab, self-sealing, asphalt-glass fiber felt shingles, that are rack installed (with three and four nails per shingle in alternate tiers), with the same shingles that are conventionally installed (diagonal lay-up, with four nails per shingle). From these studies, we concluded that the nailing pattern is not significant, as long as the shingle tabs remained sealed. We confirmed these conclusions using our wind tunnel and environmental chamber on commercially produced shingles.

As a separate and unrelated matter, this paper also discusses the evaluation of blistered asphalt-glass fiber felt strip shingles using digital fluoroscopy, and the results of several laboratory tests that are intended to measure the blistering tendency of asphalt coated products.
Qualitative Assessment of Soil Behavior Utilizing the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Moo-Young HK , Ochola CE
Published: March 2009

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has been extensively used to examine individual and groups of clay platelets at high magnification. SEM and other optical and electron microscopy require that the pore fluid be removed, replaced, or frozen. To remove the pore water without disturbance of the original fabric is difficult. The environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) is a relatively new instrument that examines materials including liquids and oils in their natural state with no prior sample preparation. The environmental chamber can contain gas or vapor at a pressure as high as 50 Torr (0.066 atm). The gas in the environmental chamber operates as a cascade electron multiplier to enhance the secondary electron signal and to provide a source of positive ions, which neutralizes any negative charge, which in turn accumulate on the sample. The ability to manipulate temperature and pressure, and to add or remove fluids or gas in the ESEM greatly increases the range and diversity of experimental conditions. Accessory equipment for cooling, heating, and applying tension and compression makes it possible to image the effects of dynamic processes such as freezing, melting, desiccation, and consolidation on soil microstructure.

This paper describes the procedures for utilizing the ESEM and provides an example of its use to analyze soil fabric. In the first portion of the study, the ESEM was used to study the effects of freeze-thaw on the microstructure of fine-grained soils. Micrographs were obtained before and after laboratory freezing and thawing. The second phase showed the effect of hydration on a sand-bentonite mixture, and how the voids are affected
Experimental Study of the Relationship Between Formation Factor, Porosity, and Cementation
Authors: Harig MD , Chaney RC
Published: March 2009

Cemented granular soils are classified based on the size and distribution of the individual grains and qualitatively on the basis of cementation. To uniquely classify these types of soils, information about the fabric (pore geometry and/or level of cementation) of the specimen needs to be quantified. Electrical resistivity, or its reciprocal, conductivity, methods have been extensively used both in situ and in the laboratory to provide a means for determining a variety of soil index, structural, erosional, and cyclic properties. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between formation factor (F), porosity (n), and cementation factor (m) of remolded sand-cement specimens. This relationship is shown to provide a mechanism for estimating the level of cementation in undisturbed specimens. The formation factor is the ratio of the electrical resistivity of the sand-water-cement mixture to that of the interstitial water.
The Design and Application of Controlled Low-Strength Materials (Flowable Fill)
Authors: Howard A , Hitch J
Published: March 2009

Description

Features the most current research on design procedures and flowable fill applications, as well as five ASTM standards on CLSM. 26 peer-reviewed papers cover a wide range of new developments in the field, including:

Ingredients -- Fly ash and aggregates including recycled glass are explored in four papers.

Properties of CLSM -- Five papers examine a wide range of properties, including bearing strength, diggability, compressibility and long term strength gain.

Test Methods, Standards, and Specifications -- Innovative testing techniques as well as a history of CLSM testing and new industry standards are featured in four papers.

Case Histories -- Numerous new uses for flowable fill, such as use in substandard bridge replacement, tilt-up construction, and use as backfill in sequential excavations are some of the applications presented in eight papers.

Pipeline Applications -- Five papers deal with specific uses for CLSM on varying types of pipeline construction and installations.
Borehole SASW Testing to Evaluate Log(Gmax) - Log(σ') Relationships in Situ
Authors: Kalinski ME , Stokoe KH , Young YL , Roesset JM
Published: March 2009

A new method is being developed for the in-situ measurement of shear wave velocity, Vs, in the soil surrounding a borehole. The method involves the measurement of axially propagating surface waves inside an uncased borehole using the Spectral-Analysis-of-Surface-Waves (SASW) approach. Testing is performed with instrumentation housed inside an inflatable tool. Inflation pressures applied by the tool are used to vary radial stresses in the soil surrounding the borehole. Surface wave velocities over a range of frequencies are measured at each inflation pressure. These measurements are then theoretically modeled so that the variation in Vs (and hence small-strain shear modulus, Gmax) with distance behind the borehole wall is determined at each pressure. The results of field tests with the borehole SASW tool at two sites composed of unsaturated clayey soils are presented. These results are compared with independent field seismic measurements and with laboratory tests on intact specimens using the torsional resonant column to assess the validity of the new field method.
Measurement of Construction Induced Vibrations
Authors: Shao L , Borden RH
Published: March 2009

This paper describes the major aspects of a computerized field vibration measurement system. By using this system, construction-induced vibrations were monitored along the ground surface and with depth within the soil profile. Vibrations were measured by 3-D surface geophones and 3-D bore-hole geophones, and directly recorded and processed by an automated computer data acquisition system. This data acquisition system includes a notebook computer, a PCMCIA data acquisition card, and “virtual instrument” programs developed in the LabView Window environment. The appearance and operation of these “virtual instrument” programs imitate actual instruments, and replace conventional oscilloscopes, voltmeters, counters, and tape recorders. The same computer and data acquisition board can be used to perform different functions by simply changing computer programs. Therefore, the concept of “virtual instrument” can be used to reduce the equipment cost and improve versatility.

The vibration frequency, wave speed, and peak particle velocity were analyzed by the “virtual instrument” programs developed. This system was used to measure the pile driving vibrations in Selma, NC. Within the soil profile, vibration attenuation with depth in both the horizontal and vertical directions was investigated and compared with Rayleigh wave attenuation function in the vertical direction. In this paper, details of the equipment setup, testing procedures, analytical methods, and testing results are provided.
Automated Triaxial Apparatus for Elevated Pressures
Authors: Cuccovillo T , Coop MR
Published: March 2009

Triaxial testing at elevated pressures has received an increasing amount of attention in recent years, not only for the measurement of design parameters for deep engineering structures, but also to gain a deeper understanding and a complete characterization of the behavior of many natural soils and soft rocks. The paper describes the design of three high pressure triaxial apparatus with capacities between 5 and 70 MPa, each of which is automated for full stress path capability and yet has an emphasis on economy of cost. The apparatus are also designed to measure stiffness from very small strains (0.0001%) to large strains (beyond 10%) over the whole working range of pressures. Examples of data for both soils and soft rocks are used to show the apparatus performance and to highlight the importance of testing over an extended range of pressures.
Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics: 29th Volume
Authors: Panontin TL , Sheppard SD
Published: March 2009

Description

Fatigue and Fracture Mechanics: 29th Volume (STP 1332) provides advanced, state-of-the-art techniques for predicting fracture and fatigue, as well as applications and engineering problem solving in a number of key industries.

Over 50 comprehensive, peer-reviewed papers from the world's leading experts are divided into three major categories:

Fracture Mechanics areas explored include: The effects of geometry, specimen size and loading rate onfracture behavior and toughness in the transition region; The impact of global loading on fracture prediction; Load-type effects on fracture; and Innovative crack solutions and analysis techniques in analytical fracture mechanics.

Fatigue issues examined include: Findings on the effects of crack closure, stress ratio, residual stresses and load-type on fatigue; and Improved fatigue testing methods

Structural Applications presented include: Specific applications of predicting or measuring fatigue performance; Fracture mechanics applications in aircraft fuselages, nuclear reactor shells and piping, cannon components and ship beams

This is a critical resource for mechanical, materials, and structural engineers involved with structural parts design and analysis; regulatory and investigative organizations; and national laboratories.
Modeling Pre-Failure Stress-Strain Properties of Sedimentary Softrock Based on Very Small Strain Stiffness
Authors: Hayano K , Tatsuoka F , Yoshiizumi N
Published: March 2009

The pre-peak stress-strain properties of sedimentary softrocks were investigated by triaxial compression tests and large-amplitude cyclic loading tests extending triaxial compression and extension stress states. Axial strains were measured locally to a resolution of 0.0001%. Young's moduli Ev at quasi-elastic small axial strains of less than about 0.001% were evaluated at different isotropic and anisotropic stress states during those tests and isotropic compression tests. The Ev value increased rather uniquely with the vertical stress σv' while it decreased with large-amplitude cyclic straining, compared with those measured at isotropic stress states. A normalization method is proposed for the drained tangent Young's modulus Etan to exclude the effects of pressure change and damage by shearing on the Etan values by dividing each Etan value by the current Ev value. The Etan/Ev and q/qmax relationships are considered to have more general strain-nonlinear features than the relationships between the ratio of Etan to the initial elastic Young's modulus E0 and q/qmax.
The Value of Numerical Modeling in Understanding the Complete Load/Deformation Behavior of Cohesive-Frictional Materials
Authors: Potyondy DO , Fairhurst CE
Published: March 2009

The post-peak load/deformation behavior of cohesive-frictional materials is an integral part of the overall response of a specimen to compressive loading. A more comprehensive understanding of the pre- and post-peak behavior is necessary. Recent developments in numerical modeling that allow study of the overall response of a synthetic material containing discrete heterogeneities and discontinuities both at the micro (particle) scale and at the larger scale of jointed rock masses can greatly aid the interpretation and application of laboratory test results on these materials.
Experiences with Automated Geotechnical Testing
Authors: Marr WA , Torosian GT , Hankour R
Published: March 2009

Automated geotechnical testing has been available in some form for about 30 years. Tens of papers have been written by researchers describing various types of automated equipment and illustrating their function. Few if any of these papers address the practical issues of using automated testing equipment in a commercial laboratory operation. Our commercial laboratory has used automated testing equipment for eight years to conduct triaxial, unconfined compression, California Bearing Ratio, consolidation, direct shear and large shear box testing. As one of the highest volume testing facilities in the country, we have amassed considerable experience on the benefits and drawbacks of using automated testing equipment. This paper presents some guidelines for assessing the potential benefits of automation to other commercial laboratories. The paper also gives recommendations to improve the implementation of automated testing in a commercial laboratory. We also identify changes to existing standards and the need for additional standards that we believe would improve the overall efficiency and reliability of automated geotechnical laboratory testing.
Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (EIFS) Water Resistance/Leakage
Authors: Chin IR , Thompson TS , Rouse BK
Published: March 2009

Exterior insulation and finish systems (EIFS) are intended to act as a barrier against water penetration and not allow water to penetrate through the system to the backup wall construction and leak into the interior of the building. Recent investigations of EIFS on several buildings including a 15-year-old building that does not have any windows and buildings that are about five to ten years old that have windows, have revealed that failure of the joints between the EIFS and the windows and other openings in the EIFS, and at terminations in the EIFS, is the primary cause of water leakage and water damage in EIFS on buildings. Other conditions that cause water leakage in EIFS, to a lesser degree, include cracks in the EIFS, delamination of the base coat from the rigid insulation, and window deficiencies.

To minimize water leakage in buildings with EIFS, the backup wall, EIFS, windows, doors and all other wall components and the joints between them should be designed and constructed to act as a facade system consistent with the barrier behavior of EIFS or as a unified facade system with a coordinated secondary line of defense against water penetration, rather than as separate elements joined together; and the design and construction of the substrate to which the EIFS is attached should be the responsibility of the EIFS manufacturer and contractor. Recommendations on the design of a unified facade system with a secondary line of defense against water penetration are provided for consideration.
Hygrothermal Performance of EIFS-Clad Walls: Effect of Vapor Diffusion and Air Leakage on the Drying of Construction Moisture
Authors: Karagiozis AN , Salonvaara MH
Published: March 2009

Hygrothermal performance describes the response of the material layers that make up the wall to thermal and moisture loads. Modelling can be applied to determine the drying and wetting potential of walls with various initial construction moisture loads and to test alternative innovations. This paper investigates the drying performance of a particular barrier EIFS clad wall as a function of vapor diffusion control with a specific air leakage path. This investigation was conducted with constant interior temperature and relative humidity.

The LATENITE model, developed at NRC, is employed in the investigation. This advanced hygrothermal model can incorporate system and sub-system performances by introducing simulated defects and wall system details derived from laboratory and field measurements. Moisture loads available to the EIFS structure originating either from the interior, the exterior or from initial construction moisture can be included.

In this paper the authors present a study to determine the drying potential of a barrier EIFS clad wall for the climate of Wilmington, NC. This climate is characterized by the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals as being mixed. The effect of drying and wetting by airflow was investigated by introducing airflow paths. Hygrothermal performance with three differentvapor diffusion control strategies and two air leakage conditions was simulated for a period of one year. Initial oriented strand board (OSB) moisture content was assumed to be very high. The influence of rain water, solar radiation and air movement within the cavity was included in the analysis.

Results showed that the vapor control strategies were an important parameter dictating the drying performance of the particular barrier EIFS clad wall. Air leakage through the building wall system was also found to have a significant effect. Proper EIFS performance analysis must include both vapor and liquid diffusion control mechanisms, initial conditions, air leakage, climate, material and system and sub-system characterization. This investigation showed the importance of the vapor diffusion control strategy and air leakage on the hygrothermal drying performance of a particular barrier EIFS clad wall with a specific air leakage path.
Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Seventh Volume
Authors: Little EE , Greenberg BM , DeLonay AJ
Published: March 2009

Description

45 papers present the development of new reserach techniques, synopses of available techniques, findings concerning various environmental stressors, and the application of techniques and processes to environmental assessment.

In eight sections:

• Aquatic Toxicology and Use of Experimental Ecosystems

• Biomarkers

• Effluent Toxicity and Simulated Treatment

• Environmental Neurotoxicology

• Plants for Toxicity Assessments

• Risk Assessment

• SAR/QSAR in the Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics

• Sediment Toxicology.
Evaluation of Moisture Problems in Exterior Wall Assemblies
Authors: Krogstad NV , Weber RA
Published: March 2009

Many buildings, especially those in hot and humid climates, have problems with moisture infiltration into the exterior wall assembly. This can lead to premature deterioration of the finish materials and/or lead to poor interior air quality. In addition to water leakage, these moisture problems can take the form of mold and mildew growth, and can contribute to high humidities inside of buildings. Absorptive cladding materials such as masonry can present additional challenges because of the high moisture content that can be created due to water stored within the exterior wall assembly.

The source of the moisture infiltration is difficult to identify at times, since there is often no obvious signs of water entry during rainstorms. Both water infiltration and air infiltration can deposit moisture within walls. Moisture stored within the walls will redistribute as a result of evaporation and will condense behind vapor-impermeable wall coverings and other surfaces that are below the dew point temperature of the air. The moisture problems are sometimes attributed to air infiltration while potential water leakage problems are ignored. At other times, the problems are attributed to water leakage where, in fact, air infiltration may play a factor. What is required is an understanding of all potential contributors to moisture problems so that an appropriate and complete investigation can be conducted. Only after all the conditions that are contributing to the moisture intrusion problems are identified can effective repairs be made.
The Use of Polyurethane Foam to Provide a Watertight Concrete Masonry Wall and a Sealed Connection of the Wall to the Foundation
Authors: Janopaul P
Published: March 2009

This paper outlines a construction procedure used to insure a watertight masonry wall and a sealed connection, of this same wall, to the foundation. This procedure was discovered as the byproduct of using an insulated dual cavity concrete masonry unit that is foamed in the field. This insulated concrete masonry system has been developed in the past 12 years by our company, and has been utilized in almost 100 buildings (in Arizona, California, Nevada, Oregon, and Utah) with climates that range from hot desert to Sierra Nevada snow country to the Pacific Northwest rainfall.

The critical elements in perfecting this procedure are the detailing of the base of the wall, with a continuous exterior first course foam side cleanout, then following this detailing in the field construction of the wall, and properly foaming the constructed wall with polyurethane foam. The polyurethane foam must be poured into the foam cavity after the face shells have been replaced at the first course cleanout.
Common “Unique” Cavity Wall Flashing Problems: Mistakes Frequently Made, Their Resolution, and Presentations from Case Histories
Authors: Wilson MD
Published: March 2009

Building design drawings for masonry cavity wall construction generally attempt to contain most of the information needed to instruct the construction team on the types and placement of wall flashings. Some unique, low frequency conditions are often not described in detail in the drawings, and reliance is placed on the contractors to detail and install these unique flashing areas for watertight performance, using the concepts shown in the drawings for other areas. Frequently the resulting installation does not perform well, and leakage and disputes result. For example, the designer did not detail the trouble area fully or at all, and the contractor attempted to install using past experience or the available design information, yet the installation leaks. One such condition occured at the transition between a sloped roof ridge against the base of a higher masonry cavity wall, to a rake condition where the higher wall turns outward at an inside corner, as well as the rake condition itself. Another situation occured where a horizontal architectural feature penetrates a masonry veneer wall, bridging the cavity between veneer and backup wall, and is structurally secured into or through the backup wall.

Sometimes subcontractor trades do not realize or anticipate how their work interfaces with another trade. Masonry flashings that are possibly installed in a water-tight and well-performing manner can be damaged by other trades who do not realize the damage being caused, and the resulting combination leaks. One example is the manner in which window heads are sometimes anchored or fastened to the underside of steel shelf angles which support brick masonry veneer above.

This paper will discuss several examples of common leakage problems in masonry cavity wall construction, attributed to the above two concepts. The resolution of the problems, performed in recent case histories, will be presented, with suggestions for changes in original design drawings to help prevent the problems.
Engine Coolant Testing: Fourth Volume
Authors: Beal RE
Published: March 2009

Description

The most current information on engine coolant technologies and testing requirements. 25 papers from the world's leading scientists in the field are divided among the following major categories:

• Organic acid inhibition technology research covering an impressive sampling of organic preparations;

• State-of-the-art test methods on a wide range of metals and other surfaces;

• special requirements involved with heavy-duty coolant technology

• Developments in the growing field of engine coolant recycling technology;

• New procedures and proposed alterations in engine coolant characteristics and quality improvement

• and improved efficient engine coolant service and disposal.

An invaluable resource for automotive and trucking manufacturers, vehicle service operators, municipal fleet managers, coolant formulators and manufacturers, and oil and chemical companies.
Design of Impressed Current Cathodic Protection (ICCP) Systems for U.S. Navy Hulls
Authors: Lucas KE , Thomas ED , Kaznoff AI , Hogan EA
Published: March 2009

The goal of impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) design for ship hulls, under the Navy Ship's Technical Manual (NSTM, Chapter 633), is to provide a uniform potential distribution at -0.85 V, ± 0.05 V, versus a silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) reference cell, over the wetted hull surface during all operational aspects of an active ship. To accomplish this, the physical scale modeling (PSM) technique, combined with a rigid design protocol, has been used extensively by the U.S. Navy to provide optimal and retrofit upgrade designs of ICCP systems for hulls. The ICCP design guidance, provided by the protocol, defines the hull properties, hull damage and general power supply requirements. PSM is utilized to determine optimal placement of ICCP components (anodes and reference cells) and to evaluate performance for up to a 15% wetted hull coatings loss under static (pierside) and dynamic (underway) conditions. Data are provided which illustrate the use of the design protocol criteria, along with the integrated PSM technique, to determine ICCP system design and evaluate performance.
Relationship of Chemical Components and Impurities of Aluminum Galvanic Anodes Upon the Cathodic Protection of Marine Structures
Authors: Schrieber CF
Published: March 2009

Aluminum galvanic anodes form the principal basis for cathodic protection of offshore structures and marine vehicles. A satisfactory cathodic protection (CP) design using the galvanic mode must employ a valid anode. It follows, therefore, that highly responsible compositional consideration be associated with such anodes. Since applications extend from very low temperature to above ambient seawaters, this factor is addressed in the paper. Applications in sea muds and its effect upon anode behavior is also considered. Primary emphasis will be given the indium-activated alloys with occasional comparisons to the mercury-activated aluminum anodes. The grounds for this emphasis lies in the fact that the indium-activated anodes constitute the great majority of use. The data and observations discussed are based primarily on low temperature, ambient and higher temperature laboratory and pilot tests supplemented by user field applications over the last 25–30 years.

Dependable aluminum anode performance in the subject waters and muds point to careful control of iron and copper impurities, coupled with the correct balance of indium, zinc and silicon. Generalized recommendations are presented with regard to composition. The future challenges of cathodic protection at greater seawater depths are also addressed. Possible effects upon anode current capacity and voltage are so related.
Computational Design of ICCP Systems: Lessons Learned and Future Directions
Authors: DeGiorgi VG , Lucas KE
Published: March 2009

Computational modeling using boundary element techniques has been proposed for design and evaluation of shipboard impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) systems. LaPlace's equation, the governing differential equation for electrochemical corrosion, is well suited for solution by the boundary element method. There has been much work performed in this field during the past two decades. Computational modeling efforts designed to validate boundary element procedures are reviewed. U. S. Navy ship systems discussed are CG-59, CG-66 and CVN-68. Computational analysis accuracy is determined by comparison with physical scale modeling experimental results. Lessons learned from the analyses described are summarized. Advantages and disadvantages of boundary element modeling are discussed.
Very Large-Scale Fires
Authors: Keltner NR , Alvares NJ , Grayson SJ
Published: March 2009

Description

The first volume of its kind to explore the hazards and risks associated with massive complex fire phenomena in order to expand understanding of fire behavior. 11 comprehensive, peer-reviewed papers cover:

Rapid or Large Structure Fires -- Four papers explore rapidly developing fires, including the wind-driven fire at the Branch Davidian Complex, high-rise apartment building fires, methods for extracting information from test burns, and high temperature accelerant arson.

Industrial and Wild Land Fires -- To examine the causes and character of fires and explosions, topics including boiling liquid-expanding vapor explosions, scale model experimental facility usage for exploring dangerous fire whirl generation, petrochemical fire characterization, and the use of CFD modeling for studying fire brand transport in forest fires are taken up in four papers.

Marine Fires -- Three papers discuss Halon-based fire suppression systems replacement, thermal exposure of radioactive material shipping containers, and smoke movement in passenger ships.
Computer Fire Model Selection and Data Sources
Authors: Janssens ML
Published: March 2009

Performance-based fire codes specify performance goals and objectives, and permit, or even encourage, the use of modern tools, such as computer fire models, to demonstrate that minimum performance requirements are met. Computer models that are “acceptable” for this purpose must be suitable for the intended use, well documented, and adequately evaluated. ASTM developed four standard guides to facilitate computer fire model selection and identification of sources of data for model input and evaluation. The ASTM guides address evaluation of the predictive capability, documentation, and uses and limitations of computer fire models. One guide also deals with data for models. The ASTM guides are briefly described, and their use is illustrated with an example of a simple compartment fire model, FIRM-Q.
Recombination Lifetime Measurements in Silicon
Authors: Gupta D , Backer FR , Hughes W
Published: March 2009

Description

Presents state-of-the-art research on measurement interpretation, lifetime applications, measurement interferences and future directions for silicon and device processing. This unique volume features 30 comprehensive, peer-reviewed papers from an array of international experts in the field covering such topics as:

• Lifetime Concepts

• Photoconductivity Techniques

• Elymat Techniques

• Surface Photovoltaic Techniques

• Comparisons Between Measuring Techniques

• Applications of Lifetime Measurement in Silicon

• Standardization and Industry Practices

• Round Robin Testing Results.

This is an invaluable publication for semiconductor process, equipment and reliability engineers, fab technologists, quality engineers and silicon material scientists, as well as material characterization analysts and device engineers.
Alternative Bearing Surfaces in Total Joint Replacement
Authors: Jacobs JJ , Craig TL
Published: March 2009

Description

Although in widespread use in certain centers abroad, alternative bearing surfaces are currently in the developmental or early clinical stage in the United States. There are numerous manufacturing, regulatory, scientific, and clinical issues that need to be carefully examined prior to the widespread introduction of these devices. STP 1346 reflects the discussion of these issues in the context of relevant standards development.

18 peer-reviewed papers written by members of industry, academia, clinical practice, and the regulatory and standards communities are presented in four sections: Wear Testing (2 papers); • Metal-on-Metal Bearings (9 papers); • Ceramic Bearings (4 papers); • and Alternative Polymeric Bearings (3 papers).
Roofing Research and Standards Development: Fourth Volume
Authors: Wallace TJ , Rossiter WJ
Published: March 2009

Description

Features the latest research on topics that are crucial for the roofing industry. Experts in the field present nine comprehensive, peer-reviewed papers split into the following two categories:

Low-Sloped Roofing -- Key areas discussed include: Standardization of roofing membranes service life prediction • In-Service thermoplastic olefin roof membrane evaluation • Field performance of single-ply chlorinated polyethylene roof membranes • Comparison of standard and modified asphalt roof systems • Hail resistant coating standards.

Steep Roofing -- major topics include: Artificial slate deterioration • Asphalt shingle wind resistance research • Racked vs. traditionally applied three tab strip shingles • Asphalt-glass felt shingles blister tests • Fiber glass asphalt crack-initiation fracture toughness.
Nondestructive and Automated Testing for Soil and Rock Properties
Authors: Marr WA , Fairhurst C
Published: March 2009

Description

The first publication of its kind to feature state-of-the-art research on economical and timely ways to evaluate a wide range of soil and rock characteristics.

20 comprehensive peer-reviewed papers are divided into the following key areas:

Nondestructive Testing Methods In The Laboratory -- Evaluation techniques including X-ray absorption, medical imaging, active and passive acoustic imaging and the environmental scanning electron microscope are explored in eight papers.

Nondestructive Testing in the Field -- Four papers discuss such methods as time-domain reflectometry, surface wave measurement and modeling in drilled rock shafts, and construction induced vibrations.

Automated Testing -- In addition to a survey of geotechnical laboratory automation practices and actual experience with automated geotechnical testing, such areas as direct shear testing, modeling pre-failure stress-strain properties, and the use of an automated triaxial apparatus are examined in eight papers.
The Use of and Need for Preservation Standards in Architectural Conservation
Authors: Sickels-Taves LB
Published: March 2009

Description

The first publication of its kind to compile and evaluate international building preservation issues for the purpose of developing overall protective guidelines. Leading experts from ten countries have written 17 comprehensive, peer-reviewed papers divided into the following categories:

Theory and Practice -- Building data management, standards comparisons and Italy's conservation approach are explored in 3 papers.

Building Assemblies/Systems -- 4 papers examine cutting edge technology as it relates to architectural lighting standards, weathering and performance evaluation, and consolidant penetration of stone by minimal drilling and non-destructive methods.

Materials -- Alternative approaches to historic building mortar restoration, wood strength compatibility, and fractured stone rejoining are presented in 6 papers.

Structural Repairs-- 4 papers address varying structural safety issues including settlement, natural hazard risks such as earthquakes, vibration testing and retrofit techniques.

For architectural conservators, historic preservationists, preservation academics, architects, and engineers.
Lessons from a Case Study of Property Databases in Materials Development
Authors: Tomiura A
Published: March 2009

Since computational science has come to be widely adopted in research and development, various databases and models have been developed. Their industrial applications, however, are limited to specific cases. The author analyzed various cases that he experienced in his company and pointed out several key issues that impede industrial applications. They are (1) development of theoretical models and versatile databases having high compatibility with models, (2) study of interfacial conditions for the integration of simple systems into a complex system, (3) development of the methods for appropriate utilization of analog information, and (4) generation of useful data from existing databases. He further discussed (1) the integrated study of the structural influence on material properties, (2) databases for non-linear or time-dependent objects, and (3) databases and models for objects of large-scale and heterogeneous elements. In these discussions, he emphasized that anthropo-technological matters that bridge the gap between humans and technology will increase in importance.
Control of Metal/Oxide Interface Reactions by the Use of Chemical Potential Diagrams
Authors: Inaba H
Published: March 2009

The interface reactions of FeO/Cr, Cu2O/Ni (undoped and doped), TiAl/Al2O3, Ti/Al2O3, and TiAl/TiO2 and the oxidation of TiAl have been investigated, and the reaction paths of these reactions have been analyzed in chemical potential diagrams. The reaction paths of the interface reactions are dependent on the thickness of the sample and on the reaction time. The reaction paths and the diffusion behavior of these interface reactions have been reasonably explained by a simple model assuming a local equilibrium at the interfaces which predicts that the reaction path should be represented by lines in the chemical potential diagrams. Examples of computer simulations using chemical potential diagrams are presented as a tool in the design and control of the metal/oxide interface reactions.
Classification and Prediction of the Corrosion Behavior of Nickel-Containing Alloys from Field Test Data
Authors: Sturrock CP , Bogaerts WF
Published: March 2009

Stainless steels and other nickel-containing alloys are the principal materials used for key corrosion-resistant equipment in the chemical process industries. Since 1982, the National Institute of Standards and Technology has accumulated considerable data from thousands of field corrosion tests. Classification methods from a diversity of technical disciplines were applied to data documenting the corrosion behavior of three commonly used stainless steel alloys in industrial acetic acid environments. These data are characterized by statistical uncertainty; there is no completely accurate solution obtainable for the problem investigated. The classification methods examined include linear discriminants, nearest neighbor methods, polynomial networks, and decision trees. Extensive resampling techniques were used to estimate the true error rates to facilitate a comparative analysis. For this highly dimensional problem, the nearest neighbor method performed the best, given the feature selection determined by the decision trees and polynomial networks, which performed second and third best, respectively. The transparency of the decision tree approach, along with its feature selection abilities and commendable performance, make this classification method most attractive overall.