bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Locus of Control and Stressful Life Events
Authors: Tyson G.A.
Published: March 2013

Crandall and Lehman (1977) suggest that an accummulation of life stresses causes a person to change his/her perceived locus of control. The present study argues that the converse is more likely, i.e., locus of control influences one's perception of life events. The SRRS and l-E scales were administered to 191 subjects. Locus of control did not correlate with normally computed SRRS scores, but it did correlate with SRRS scores when these were based on the subjects' own rating of degree of stressfulness. These results appear to support the hypothesis.
An Assessment of a Microcounseling Model for Nurse Training in Facilitative Interpersonal Skills
Authors: Spruce M.F. , Snyders F.J.A.
Published: March 2013

Many large psychiatric hospitals, being overcrowded and understaffed, lack a healthy treatment atmosphere. The need for maximizing every staff member's potential cannot thus be overemphasized. Although psychiatric nursing staff have maximum contact with patients, they frequently lack training in interpersonal skills.

The aim of the study was to tentatively assess the feasibility of implementing a brief counselling training programme for psychiatric nurses in a hospital context. A set of skills, conducive to the establishment of a therapeutic milieu, was selected. A number of available programmes were assessed in terms of their suitability for training these specific skills, and a microcounseling programme was chosen and implemented. A small sample of nurses was drawn, and no control group was utilized. An own-control, time-series design was used, and methodological difficulties relating to implementation and assessment are discussed.

Significant trainee gains were demonstrated, although methodological shortcomings allowed only tentative conclusions. The value of a more rigorous design and extensive process analyses is stressed.
Measuring Authoritarianism by Behaviour Inventory among Afrikaners
Authors: Heaven Patrick C.L.
Published: March 2013

Although adequately reliable short forms of the Ray Directiveness scale have been produced for use among English-speaking populations, research using one short form among Afrikaans-speaking samples has shown the reliability to be low. This study reports an Afrikaans short form of the scale with suitable reliability.
Raakpunte tussen faktorontleding, hoofkomponentontleding en meerdimensionele verskaling
Authors: Vorster J.F.
Published: March 2013

Aangesien wanopvattings oor die aard en plek van bogenoemde metodes steeds bestaan by gebruikers in die sielkunde, opvoedkunde en sosiologie word 'n kort oorsig oor die literatuur gegee. Bewerings dat faktorontleding (FA) en hoofkomponentontleding (HK) slegs maar 'n onderafdeling van meerdimensionele skaling is, kom in die literatuur voor.

Uit hierdie literatuuroorsig het dit duidelik geblyk dat ooreenkomste en verskille tussen FA, HK en MDS bestaan met betrekking tot:

die aannames wat gemaak word in verband met die aard van die onderliggende data; die doelstellings van die verskillende metodes; die prosedures wat gevolg word in algoritmes vir berekeninge wat gedoen word, en die aard en interpretasie van die verkreë oplossings.

Die bewerings naamlik dat FA en HK onder MDS ingedeel moet word, kon nie ondersteun word nie. Daar word voorgestel dat FA onder die modelle vir kovariansiestruktuurontleding geklassifiseer word terwyl HK en MDS onder die skakelingsmetodes kan ressorteer.

HK wat slegs 'n beskrywende data-ontledingsprosedure verteenwoordig het nie te doen met enige kovariansiestruktuur of formele model nie terwyl daar in FA wel sprake is van 'n formele model waar die doelstelling is om die korrelasies tussen die waargenome veranderlikes te verklaar.
A Revision of the JSAIS Composite Scale Norms
Authors: Beck Howard
Published: March 2013

The JSAIS defines five composite scales — the GIQ, VIQ, PIQ, Numerical and Memory scales — for which norm tables are provided. Additionally a method for calculating the norms of an arbitrarily defined set of subtests, the so-called Deviation Score, has been described in the JSAIS manual (Madge, 1981). Bias is found to be present in both of these forms of composite norms. A revision is provided.
Selfkonsepverandering by begaafde kinders
Authors: Stander Cora
Published: March 2013

In hierdie Studie is daar met kwantitatiewe navorsingsmetodes nagegaan of begaafde kinders wat naskoolse programme bywoon beduidende positiewe selfkonsepveranderinge vertoon. Die ondersoekgroep het uit 60 blanke, Engelssprekende begaafde kinders tussen die ouderdomme agt en 12 jaar bestaan. 'n Solomon-viergroepontwerp is gebruik en die eksperimentele groepe het 'n driemaande kursus in paleontologie by 'n naskoolsentrum vir begaafdes gevolg. Die ‘Piers-Harris Selfkonsepskaal’ is vir voor- en natoetsings gebruik. Daar is bevind dat selfkonsepveranderings van begaafde kinders wat die program deurloop nie beduidend verskil van dié wat nie die program deurloop nie en dat selfkonsepte in 'n positiewe sowel as in 'n negatiewe rigting verander. Alle beskikbare gegewens oor dié proefpersone wie se selfkonseptellings, in verhouding met die res van die groep, beduidend meer positief of meer negatief verander het, is toe kwalitatief ontleed.

Die resultate dui daarop dat begaafde kinders wat aanvanklik oor die algemeen positief geëvalueer word, baat vind by die kognitiewe stlmulering wat die spesiale program bied, terwyl dié kinders met emosionele problematiek negatiewe selfkonsepveranderings vertoon. Daar moet egter op gewys word dat hierdie bevindinge slegs op die spesifieke ondersoekgroep van toepassing is en dat dit nie na alle begaafde kinders veralgemeen kan word nie.
Psychology and Labour: A Relationship of Neglect
Authors: Fullagar C.
Published: March 2013

Traditionally, industrial psychology has tended to neglect the area of organized labour and trade unions. This is especially so in South Africa where little reference is made to the issues of labour in industrial psychological texts used at universities. Two questions are posed: (i) Can industrial psychology make a valid contribution to the area of industrial relations, or is its neglect a function of its irrelevance? (ii) Why has industrial psychology ignored the issues of labour for such a long time? Concerning the first question, it is suggested that most systems approaches to the study of industrial relations acknowledge a role for psychological investigation. In answering the second question, it is posited that, among other factors, industrial psychology's historical association with management, its endeavour to be Accepted 00 as a ‘science’, and its misconceptions concerning the nature of ‘conflict’ have facilitated its indifference to the area of labour-management relations.
Meningsverskil rondom die Amerikaanse Psigiatriese Vereniging se besluit om homoseksualiteit as psigopatologiese versteuring te skrap
Authors: Theron A.
Published: March 2013

Die Amerikaanse Psigiatriese Vereniging se skrapping van homoseksualiteit as 'n psigiatriese versteuring nadat dit reeds vir meer as 100 jaar as abnormaal beskou is, was 'n kontroversiële besluit, wat groot meningsverskil tussen professionele persone ontketen net. Dit net ook daartoe bygedra dat 'n dilemma vir die psigoterapeut geskep is, aangesien hy voor die keuse gestel is om òf die homoseksuele kliënt se seksuele oriëntasie te verander, òf om hom te help om sy oriëntasie te aanvaar.

Ofskoon die Amerikaanse Psigiatriese Vereniging se besluit die aandag op homoseksueles as 'n minderheidsgroep gevestig het, net dit nie duidelikheid gebring oor die normaliteit of abnormaliteit van homoseksualiteit nie. Dit word veral benadruk deur die feit dat hoewel homoseksualiteit uit die psigiatriese klassifikasie-stelsel verwyder is, dit met 'n nuwe nosologiese entiteit ego-distoniese homoseksualiteit vervang is. Dit blyk verder dat die verskillende sienings wat oor die normaliteit of abnormaliteit van homoseksualiteit bestaan, aanvegbaar is en dat meer navorsing oor homoseksualitiet gedoen sal moet word, alvorens uitsluitsel gegee sal kan word oor die wysheid of kortsigtigheid van die Amerikaanse Psigiatriese Vereniging se besluit.
Die faktorstruktuur van die Nuwe Suid-Afrikaanse Groeptoets (NSAG) by verskillende bevolkingsgroepe
Authors: Claassen N.C.W. , Cudeck R.
Published: March 2013

Die faktorstruktuur van die Nuwe Suid-Afrikaanse Groeptoets Intermediar G ten opsigte van vier bevolkingsgroepe is ondersoek. Die toetslinge was 13-jarige St. 5-leerlinge: Afrikaanssprekend Wit, Engelssprekend Wit, Engelssprekend Indiër, en Afrikaanssprekend Kleurling. Daar is gesoek na die faktormodel wat vir al die populasies optimaal sou wees wat eenvoud en akkuraatheid betref. Alhoewel daar 'n groot mate van ooreenkoms is tussen die faktorstrukture van die vier populasies, is daar beslis geen sprake van faktoriale invariansie oor populasies nie. Die faktorstrukture van die twee hoësosio-ekonomiese statusgroepe enersyds en die twee laesosio-ekonomiese statusgroepe andersyds is egter invariant. Verder het die aard van die nie-verbale redeneringsfaktore by al die populasies grootliks ooreengekom.
A Free-Format Values Inventory: Explorations with Zimbabwean Student Teachers
Authors: Munro D.
Published: March 2013

Studies of values have been rare in Africa, and have been confined mainly to work values. Furthermore, most such research have used value constructs which emerged from Western research, rather than establishing which factors best describe the local data. A form of measuring instrument is proposed in which each item defines a value construct at a level that can be understood by any respondent; the importance of each value is rated on a simple scale, and the resultant data analysed at the individual and group levels. A prototype 81 item Life and Work Values inventory is described, and data from 400 male and female Black student teachers are presented. The results are shown to correspond broadly with expectations based on other research. Minor sex differences are evident, but factors concerning a comfortable life, conformity to convention, competence and activity, freedom for the self, and achievement and recognition emerge for the total sample. It is argued that the method warrants further development, and strategies for research at the individual, societal, and cross-cultural levels are discussed.
Environmental Concern in South Africa: An Attitudinal Study
Authors: Grieve Katharine W. , van Staden Frederik J.
Published: March 2013

To date little attention has been paid to the investigation of South Africans' attitudes toward the natural — physical environment. In the present study, the issue of environmental concern is taken as a basic unit of analysis in assessing different groups' attitudes toward ecological issues such as pollution and wildlife preservation. The sample ( N = 2131) consisted of four groups of white South Africans, namely adolescent girls, adolescent boys, adult women, and adult men. Attitudes were assessed on the Environmental Concern Scale (ECS) developed by Weigel and Weigel (1978). The overall mean ECS scores differed with age, sex, and language groups, with English-speaking women showing the greatest degree of environmental concern. The mean ECS scores also correlated significantly with educational qualifications, membership of youth organizations, and participation in nature-orientated activities. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed.
Self-Report Evaluations of Training Effectiveness: Measuring Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Change
Authors: Birkenbach Xavier C.
Published: March 2013

Although self-report measures are often used as criteria in treatment interventions, the contaminating effects of response-shift bias associated with these scales are less frequently evaluated. G.S. Howard and his co-workers (Howard, Schmeck, & Bray, 1979) have suggested that response-shift bias can be measured and controlled by gathering and analysing retrospective Pretest scores in addition to the conventional Pretest and Posttest information normally obtained in change studies. In this study these measures were gathered from participants in an assertiveness training programme. The aim was to assess the extent to which subjects had recalibrated the scales of measurement (i.e., beta change) and reconceptualized the construct of assertiveness (i.e., gamma change) from Pretest to Posttest. These two forms of response-shift bias were recorded for a number of trainees. Apart from finding that the usual Pretest/Posttest design offers a more conservative estimate of treatment effects than the approach using retrospective scores, the results showed that the latter approach has particular utility in diagnosing the nature and extent of change experienced by individuals in treatment interventions.
On Suicide in a South African General Hospital Psychiatric Inpatient Unit
Authors: Schlebusch Lourens , Luiz H.A. , Bosch B.A. , Levin A.
Published: March 2013

Few studies have reported specifically on suicide in general hospital psychiatric inpatient units. Results of a study over a 10-year period of nine patients who committed suicide while being treated in such a unit are presented. Total admissions during the study period were 6 961 giving an average suicide rate of 1,4 suicides per 1 000 admissions. More males committed suicide than females. Most patients were unemployed with a history of parasuicide and psychiatric hospitalization. Psychiatric diagnoses of schizophrenia, affective disorder, and alcohol dependence predominated. Jumping from high-rise buildings near the hospital was the most common suicide method. Ward milieu and staff changes may have influenced suicide rates and the results are discussed in terms of psychological aspects with reference to system theory.
Die fenomenologiese oriëntasie in die psigoterapie
Authors: Preller A.C.N.
Published: March 2013

Die taak om die fenomenologiese benadering tot die psigoterapie te beskryf is buitengewoon moeilik. Die rede hiervoor is geleë in die feit dat die fenomenologie geen teoretiese struktuur of spesifieke psigoterapeutiese tegniek aanbied nie. Sy doel is liewer daarop toegespits om die wetenskapshouding van die wetenskaplike ten opsigte van sy werksgebied te beïnvloed. In 'n poging om tot klaarheid te kom is hier gebruik gemaak van die kontrastering van twee uiteenlopende gesigspunte aangaande die mens. In die een geval is daar gekyk na 'n suiwer natuurwetenskaplike oriëntasie. Dié standpunt is as positivisties en reduksionisties aangetoon. Ten einde aan te toon dat 'n sodanige benadering onaanvaarbaar vir 'n holistiese menswetenskap is, is 'n alledaagse, maar warm menslike situasie as teenstellende illustrasie gebruik. Hierdie twee uiteenlopende benaderingswyses tot die mens word, met verskeie grade daartussen, ook in die sielkunde as vak aangetref. Aan die een uiterste vind ons 'n ontmoeting tussen sielkundige en proefpersoon waar die persoonlike kontak tot 'n minimum beperk word. Dit kan die statistiese benadering genoem word. Die ander uiterste word verteenwoordig deur wat die eksistensiële ontmoeting genoem kan word. Dit is die ontmoeting wat in die fenomenologies-georiënteerde psigoterapie nagestreef word. Die voorwaardes vir die daarstelling van die milieu waarin 'n sodanige ontmoeting kan gedy, word beskryf.
Psychology: Science and Politics. Theoretical Developments and Applications in a Plural Society
Authors: Biesheuvel S.
Published: March 2013

Can psychology make a contribution to the resolution of conflicts disturbing our society? What is its status as a science today? Numerous specialities have developed, not all equally well founded scientifically. There has been a shift from a mechanistic to a system-theoretical model of behaviour. The theorems of general psychology are now seen to be reflecting western cultural values and circumstances. We need to search for value-free and culture-free universals, as well as recognize the need for culture-specific constructs. Politically motivated action research is acceptable, provided it does not bias empirical research procedures or declare certain topics taboo, e.g., genetic explanations. Our society needs research into values, aggression, and violence but psychology can be more immediately useful by concentrating on short-term studies of cross-cultural attitude measurement, conflict management, media censorship, leadership development, and early-learning programmes for environmentally disadvantaged children.
Perceived Competence in School Functioning of Indian Children
Authors: Bhana Kastoor
Published: March 2013

Indian children's perceptions of their own competency in different domains of school functioning as well as in the general area of self-worth were examined using the Perceived Competence Scale of Harter (1982). Six hundred Indian school children, comprising 75 boys and 75 girls from each of Stds 2 to 5, were tested. In addition, their teachers were asked to complete a similar form reflecting their perceptions of the children's competencies. Teacher assessments were obtained for 138 randomly selected children. The major results indicated that (a) the children perceived their competencies to be higher in the cognitive and social domains than in the physical and general self-worth areas; (b) their perceptions varied less across the standards tested in the latter domains than in the former; and (c) there were significant correlations between the perceptions of teachers and children. The results are discussed in terms of their practical and educational implications.
Researching Family Therapy
Authors: Wassenaar Douglas R.
Published: March 2013

The field of family therapy has enjoyed a rapid increase in popularity over the last decade, particularly amongst practically orientated clinical psychologists who are possibly more concerned with pragmatic though poorly defined outcomes than with rigorous and systematically defined outcome criteria. The present article stresses the importance of rigorous evaluation in family therapy process research and explores some of the limitations of applying conventional quantitative methods and criteria to such research. A review of research projects suggests that there is an impasse in the development of research which is simultaneously of use to the systems-orientated practitioner and satisfies criteria of methodological and theoretical rigor. Clinicians and researchers in the field are urged to promote the development of innovative research approaches in an attempt to resolve the impasse.
Thematic Apperception Testing across Cultures: Tests of Selection versus Tests of Inclusion
Authors: Retief Alexis I.
Published: March 2013

A review of international and local research on projective personality testing across cultures is given. It is concluded that thematic apperception tests have been used more frequently, and the possible reasons for this are discussed. Features common to the adaptations of various projective techniques for cross-cultural use are pointed out, and discussed in terms of a distinction between the more traditional ‘tests of inclusion’ and the more recent ‘tests of selection’ that are useful in cross-cultural testing contexts. The conclusion is drawn that this reconceptualization elucidates a centrally important aspect of testing across cultures, namely, the transmission of meanings.
Leporello is on his Knees. In Search of Relevance in South African Psychology
Authors: Mauer K.F.
Published: March 2013

By making use of a metaphor derived from Mozart's opera Don Giovanni, the author indicates that there are many opportunities for psychologists in South Africa to become involved in some of the burning issues of the day, and that there is a great need for research investment in appropriate areas related to the societal problems that exist in the country. He expresses his concern about the possibility that psychology may become trivialized if the approach adopted becomes excessively academic. The issue of relevance in psychology is addressed in some detail, and he illustrates his concern and draws attention to priorities by means of examples related to policy, peace and international issues, the psychological impact of new technology, crime and violence, disability, and health delivery.
Brief Strategic Family Therapy and the Management of Adolescent Indian Parasuicide Patients in the General Hospital Setting
Authors: Wassenaar Douglas R.
Published: March 2013

This article describes a model for brief strategic family intervention for use with adolescent parasuicides in a general hospital setting. A rationale and structured therapeutic procedure for intervention are provided. The intervention uses a systemic, time and cost-effective approach which attempts to use the crisis to facilitate resolution of a developmental impasse within the family as a whole. The approach incorporates elements of crisis intervention theory and strategic family therapy. While no formal outcome study was conducted, a three-year follow- up period suggested a zero parasuicide readmission rate for cases receiving family intervention.
From Victim to Villain: A ‘Slight’ of Speech? Media Representations of Township Youth
Authors: Straker G.
Published: March 2013

This paper concerns predictions, reported in the press, which have been made by professional bodies and human rights organizations concerning the long-term effects on black youth of exposure to township conditions. It is contended that these predictions lend themselves to secondary victimization of black youth and it is postulated that they are not based on empirical evidence. Furthermore, they reflect several unquestioned assumptions concerning the nature of personality and childhood which permeate the very hegemonic order they intend to oppose. The implications of this for the future are explored. The difficulties of ever freeing oneself from operating within the categories inherent in a particular dominant ideology are highlighted by the author's own inevitable recourse to those very categories of which the validity is questioned in this paper.
Family Characteristics of Indian Parasuicide Patients: A Controlled Study
Authors: Wood Nicholas , Wassenaar Douglas R.
Published: March 2013

In this article a controlled study of the family structure of a South African Indian parasuicide population is described. Twenty subjects from a local general hospital were scored on the Suicidal Intent Scale (SIS) and the Family Assessment Device (FAD). Twenty matched medical patients without a history of parasuicide were selected from the same hospital as a control group. They were matched for age, sex, educational standard, ethnic group and socio-economic status. All subjects were scored on the Family Assessment Device (FAD). Subjects from both groups were re-tested between six to eight weeks after the initial assessment. Analyses of variance indicated significant differences between the two groups on indicators of family interactional pathology. This seems to be compounded by family stresses emanating from socio-cultural transition. The results of the study support the view that family therapy should be implemented in the treatment of parasuicide. The unique population under study provides cross-cultural data relevant to parasuicide research and invites possibilities for further investigation.
The Free State Floods: A Case Study
Authors: Burger Linde , van Staden Fred , Nieuwoudt Johan
Published: March 2013

This is an exploratory study of the stress experiences of 20 flood victims in the Bloemfontein area. Measures consisted of demographic variables, Rotter's Locus of Control scale, Horowitz's Impact of Event scale and unstructured interviews. Whereas female subjects reported higher levels of stress than male subjects, no differences in the subjects' experiences of stress were found with regard to age, occupation or the measure of internal-external locus of control. In accordance with Lazarus's stress model, the interviews revealed that the subjects' initial reactions to the disaster (primary appraisals) included feelings of numbness, despondency, helplessness and reduced control over their circumstances. With regard to secondary appraisals the subjects reported having employed a number of successful as well as inadequate coping strategies. Sex differences occurred especially with regard to the subjects' accounts of primary appraisals and their use of external (outwardly directed) coping strategies.
The Negotiation of Meaning in Psychotherapy: Implications for Assessment and Diagnosis
Authors: Strydom John
Published: March 2013

The assessment and diagnosis of psychopathological conditions have traditionally been located within a positivistic paradigm which encourages the view that psychotherapists study their clients in a manner analogous to that employed by natural scientists. Linguistic studies of psychotherapeutic interaction have, however, suggested that the process in psychotherapeutic interviews is radically different since the object of study — the patient — is not passive, and that progress in the psychodiagnostic or psychotherapeutic interview depends upon the patient's co-operation, not merely as a purveyor of information, but as a full and active partner. This notion undermines the traditional view of assessment, and is the basis of this study. Pragmatic analyses of video recordings of first interviews reveal that patients and therapists structure their contributions according to an apparently implicit and ritualized framework of interaction, which leads to consensus regarding word use, communication strategies, and problem formulation. It is suggested that this process is an integral part of the psychotherapeutic routine and that, therefore, the notion of a therapist unilaterally deciding upon a diagnosis or formulation is rendered questionable. This has important procedural implications for psychodiagnosis and psychotherapy, especially when considered against the background of problems with current diagnostic practice.
Die rol van die kerk as ondersteuningsnetwerk — Die verwantskap tussen psigo-sosiale klimaat, kerklike betrokkenheid en sielkundige welsyn
Authors: Pretorius T.B. , Malan D.J. , Heyns P.M.
Published: March 2013

The role of the church as a supportive network: The relationship between psycho-social climate, church involvement and psychological well-being. The aim of the present study was to determine whether mere involvement in church activities is enough to perceive the church as supportive, or whether the church should possess certain qualities before it is experienced as being supportive. The concept of psycho-social climate was used as a conceptual frame of reference to study the characteristics of the church. Two hundred and fourteen members of 10 different congregations completed a battery of questionnaires designed to measure their involvement in the church, their perception of the psycho-social climate of the church and their level of psychological well-being. No relationship between church involvement and psychological well-being could be found. On the other hand the analysis of the relationship between the dimensions of church climate and psychological well-being produced a number of significant correlations. Step-wise multiple regression analysis confirmed that the psycho-social dimensions of order/clarity, social concern, stability and activity were significant predictors of level of psychological well-being. The obtained relationship was interpreted as confirmation of the impact that the psycho-social environment has on individual functioning.
Ambient Temperature and the Occurrence of Collective Violence: A South African Replication
Authors: Tyson G.A. , Turnbull O.
Published: March 2013

A factor which is often cited in textbooks as causing or precipitating riots is temperature. The support given for this contention is usually the finding of the US Riot Commission relating to the role of the ‘long hot summer’ in riots and the archival study by Baron and Ransberger of the relationship between temperature and riots in the late 1960s in the USA. In this article the authors report a replication of Baron and Ransberger's study in a South African context. The relationship between temperature and riots in South Africa in the period 1960–1984 was examined. No relationship between temperature and riots was found and the seasonal distribution of riots was the obverse of that found by Baron and Ransberger. Possible social and climatological factors are proposed to account for the discrepancy in findings.
A Factor Analytic Study of the Home Screening Questionnaire for Infants
Authors: Grieve K.W. , Richter L.M.
Published: March 2013

In this study some of the dimensions of the home environments of infants as measured by the Home Screening Questionnaire (HSQ) were examined. The sample consisted of 305 urban African infants between 2 and 30 months. Because the influence of the environment has been found to increase dramatically during the child's second year, two age groups were defined: 183 infants between 2 and 17 months and 122 between 18 and 30 months. Three factors were extracted for both age groups: The first factor for both groups was labelled Opportunities for Stimulation, the second factor for the older group and the third for the younger group was labelled Family (particularly father) Support for Child Development, the second factor for the younger group was labelled Mother's Social Extension and the third factor for the older group was called Encourage Independence. The factor structure found is in many respects similar to that reported for the HOME Scales. The significant correlation found between the HSQ and the mental development of infants was primarily accounted for by the factor labelled Opportunities for Stimulation, that is, the mother's ability to structure the environment for learning by providing stimulating play materials and by her involvement with the child in activities which promote development.
Groepverskille in akademiese intelligensie verklaar op grond van verskille in sosio-ekonomiese status
Authors: Claassen Nicolaas C.W. , Schepers Johan M.
Published: March 2013

Ondersoek is ingestel na die mate waarin dié deel van die variansie in ASAT-tellings wat deur groeplidmaatskap verklaar word alternatiewelik deur houdings-, motiverings- en omgewingsveranderlikes verklaar kan word. Omgewingsveranderlikes is geoperasionaliseer in 'n indeks van sosio-ekonomiese status (SES). Houdings- en motiveringsveranderlikes het net 'n klein deel van die variansie verklaar, maar 'n groot deel van die variansie kon deur SES verklaar word. Daar is afgelei dat verskille in ASAT-tellings wat tussen bevolkingsgroepe gevind word in 'n groot mate verklaar kan word in terme van omgewingsveranderlikes wat met bepaalde SES-vlakke geassosieer is.
The Nature and Measurement of in-Company Industrial Relations Climate
Authors: Bluen Stephen D. , Donald Craig
Published: March 2013

There is an increased awareness of industrial relations climate as an index of labour-management relations. Yet there are conceptual and methodological problems associated with this topic. Consequently, in the present article a model of industrial relations climate is proposed that focuses on six central components of in-company industrial relations, namely, industrial relations policy, supervision, worker representation, grievance procedures, disciplinary procedures, and organizational communications. The In-Company Industrial Relations Climate Scale (IIRCS) is then developed. The scale consists of six, five-item sub-scales, designed to assess perceptions of the six components of the industrial relations climate model. Based on studies among 1 950 members of three South African mines (gold, diamond and platinum, respectively), satisfactory internal and temporal consistency was found. Factor analyses confirmed the six-factor structure of the IIRCS for all three samples. The IIRCS also displayed acceptable criterion-related validity. Future research priorities for the IIRCS and industrial relations climate in general are reviewed.
‘Race’ and Racism in South African Psychology
Authors: Foster D.
Published: March 2013

In this paper the author sketches how the issues of ‘race’ and racism have been taken up on the psychological terrain in South Africa over the past century. Racism manifested as both segregation and inequality in mental health provisions, and was actively promoted by leading psychologists. Psychologists on the other side of a political divide however turned attention to analysis of race relations mainly through the study of prejudice. Three areas of research are reviewed. While some useful findings have emerged, certain criticisms may be directed against this liberal framework of ‘race’ as prejudice.
Homography and Polysemy as Factors in Bilingual Word Recognition
Authors: Klein Denise , Doctor Estelle Ann
Published: March 2013

This study reports an experiment which examines semantic representation in lexical decisions as a source of interconnection between words in bilingual memory. Lexical decision times were compared for interlingual polysemes such as HAND which share spelling and meaning in both languages, and interlingual homographs such as KIND which share spelling but not meaning. The main result was faster “response times for polysemes than for interlingual homographs. Current theories of monolingual word recognition and bilingual semantic representation are discussed, and the findings are accommodated within the model of bilingual word recognition proposed by Doctor and Klein.
The Validity of the Senior South African Individual Scale-Revised (SSAIS-R) for Different Population Groups
Authors: van Eeden René , Visser Deléne
Published: March 2013

The Senior South African Individual Scale-Revised (SSAIS-R) was developed jointly for coloured, white and Indian pupils. The functioning of the scale for a sample in which the three population groups were represented proportionally is described in the test manual. In the present study the validity of the scale for each group was investigated by performing factor analyses and by obtaining correlations with other intelligence tests and examination scores. The results demonstrated the construct and predictive validity of the SSAIS-R for each group. Although the factor structures corresponded for the groups, coefficients of congruence indicated that the construct being measured differed to some extent for some age groups. Differences in correlations with external criteria between the various groups imply that the value of the scale for classification according to intellectual level and for the prediction of academic achievement also varied to some extent for the respective groups. The scale may safely be used in educational situations to differentiate between pupils within any one population group. However, the results of the study should be kept in mind when norms are used to differentiate between members of the three population groups.
Die verband tussen verbale/nie-verbale intelligensieverskille en persoonlikheidsfunksionering by matriekleerlinge
Authors: Venter A.S. , Beukes R.B.I. , Esterhuyse K.G.F.
Published: March 2013

Die doel met die ondersoek was om die verband tussen verbale/nie-verbale intelligensieverskille op die Nuwe Suid-Afrikaanse Groeptoets (NSAG) en persoonlikheidsfunksionering van adolessente te ondersoek. Die ondersoekgroep het uit matriekleerlinge bestaan. Hulle is volgens IK-tellings onderverdeel in drie groepe: een groep by wie die nie-verbale telling die verbale telling met 15 punte oorskry, 'n tweede groep by wie die verbale telling die nie-verbale telling met dieselfde aantal punte oorskry en 'n derde groep by wie die verbale en nie-verbale tellings met nie meer as vyf punte verskil nie. Die drie groepe is vergelyk ten opsigte van die Hoërskoolpersoonlikheidsvraelys (HSPV) en die Persoonlike, Huislike, Sosiale en Formele Verhoudingevraelys (PHSF). Eenrigtingvariansie-ontledingsis afsonderlik vir die geslagte uitgevoer om die beduidendheid van verskille tussen die groepgemiddeldes vas te stel. Seuns met 'n VIK<NVIK verskiltelling is sosiaal, veral wat hulle huislike en formele verhoudinge betref, nie so goed aangepas as die seuns met ander IK-telling patrone nie. Geen beduidende groepverskille kon vir die dogters gevind word nie.
School Guidance — What Do the Pupils Want?
Authors: Euvrard George
Published: March 2013

It is an accepted truism that guidance should be based upon the needs of those who are to receive it. School guidance programmes, therefore, must be designed so as to address the needs of the pupils concerned. In order for this to be done, a clear picture must be gained of the actual needs of these pupils. In particular, if the programme is to be experienced as being relevant by the pupils, it must take into account what these pupils themselves say they would like to learn through the guidance programme. However, little useful research has been done in this area in South Africa, so that although the legislation and official manuals suggest that the pupils' needs and wishes be taken into account, the actual programmes and syllabuses presented are not based upon any such research. Nor is there any indication of how a school should go about conducting such necessary investigations. There is a glaring void in the development of our guidance programmes which must be filled. This paper is an attempt to address this problem.
Commitment, Participation in Decision-Making and Social Support: Direct and Moderating Effects on the Stress-Burnout Relationship within an Educational Setting
Authors: Pretorius T. Brian
Published: March 2013

The aim of the present study was to identify factors that might have a direct or buffering effect on the stress-burnout relationship. Ninety-four ( N = 94) faculty members of the University of Western Cape, completed instruments developed to measure participation in decision-making, social support, organizational commitment, role conflict and role ambiguity. The results of moderated multiple regression analyses indicated a buffering effect for social support on the stress-emotional exhaustion relationship, a direct effect for participation in decision-making on personal accomplishment as well as a stress-buffering and direct effect for organizational commitment on depersonalization. The results appear to indicate that different factors play a role in each of the components of burnout and that interventions aimed at addressing the problem of burnout need to take this fact into account.
Functional Hemispheric Asymmetry and Impaired vs. Optimal Psychological Functioning: Evaluation of a Model
Authors: Wissing Marié P. , Sander Elmien
Published: March 2013

The aim of this study was to propose and evaluate a model in which differential relationships are hypothesized between the nature and degree of functional hemispheric asymmetry (FHA), or neuropsychological differentiation on the one hand, and optimal or healthy personality functioning (OPF) vs. impaired personality functioning (IPF), on the other. FHA is operationalized by means of indices of the degree of left-hemisphere specialization for processing verbal information and the degree of right-hemisphere specialization for the recognition of emotional facial expressions. The degree of optimal personality functioning is operationalized with indices of self-actualization and autonomy, and the degree of impaired personality functioning with indices of the degree of anxiety and depression. The model was evaluated with the aid of the RAMONA program for path analysis with latent variables. The hypothesized model fits the data relatively well. A complex pattern of relationships emerged, in which specific qualities of FHA are associated with healthy vs. impaired personality functioning. From a systems perspective functional differentiation as well as functional integration seem to be important processes to consider when relationships between aspects of personality functioning and neuropsychological processes are investigated.
Sex-role Orientation and Psychological Well-being: A Critique of the Masculinity Model
Authors: Forshaw Karen , Shmukler Diana
Published: March 2013

As a model of the relationship between sex-role orientation and psychological well-being, the masculinity model has proved more successful than either the androgyny or the congruence models. In this article, it is, nevertheless, argued that the model has many shortcomings and limitations which need to be addressed by future research. The central criticisms of the model are that it fails to provide a theoretical understanding of its own success, cannot infer causality and represents an oversimplification of psychological life.
An Overview of Jenkins Activity Survey Data in South Africa
Authors: Strümpfer D.J.W.
Published: March 2013

Jenkins Activity Survey (JAS) data on samples of executives are reviewed first, followed by data on non-executive samples. A strong possibility exists of an unusually high incidence of the Type A behaviour pattern, as measured by the JAS Type A scale, among white managers in business and industries characterized by a strong marketing orientation and in occupations characterized by fast, personalized feedback on performance. Afrikaans speakers tended to obtain higher mean Type A scores than English speakers, in some cases significantly so. Patterns of scores on the Factor S, J and H scales suggest that the high Type A scores do not necessarily imply a high risk for coronary heart disease. However, the possibility of other ill-health as a consequence should be considered.
Do Values Share Universal Content and Structure? A South African Test
Authors: Burgess Steven M. , Schwartz Shalom , Blackwell Roger D.
Published: March 2013

Schwartz recently proposed a new theory concerning the universal content and structure of values, a new value survey for measuring them and reported empirical support from 35 countries for many elements of the theory. In this article the validity of the theory is examined in two studies of diverse groups not previously tested using multiple value measurement instruments. In Study 1, 1364 subjects from the four major racial groupings completed the Rokeach Value Survey, a widely used values scale applicable to the theory, as part of a doctoral research project not previously analysed in this way. Study 2 subjects completed the new Schwartz Value Survey as part of a study of consumption patterns, media use, and leisure preferences of skilled labour, administrative and managerial staff commissioned by the Midrand Town Council. The results of both studies are consistent with the new theory and suggest important implications regarding value meaning in South Africa. The authors close by suggesting directions for future southern African values research.
Eensaamheid en intimiteit by getroude studente in vroeë volwassenheid
Authors: le Roux Anda , de Beer Ester
Published: March 2013

Die primêre doel met hierdie studie was om die verband tussen eensaamheid en intimiteit tydens die ontwik-kelingstadium van vroeë volwassenheid te ondersoek. Vraelyste is deur 'n ondersoekgroep van 526 getroude UOVS-studente tussen die ouderdomme van 18 en 36 jaar voltooi. Die resultate dui op 'n hoogs beduidende (negatiewe) verband tussen eensaamheid en intimiteit by getroude studente in vroeë volwassenheid. Dit blyk voorts dat geslag, ouderdom, huweliksduur en aantal kinders nie belangrike determinante in die ervaring van eensaamheid by hierdie studente in vroeë volwassenheid aan die UOVS is nie. Wat die ouerhuisbeskrywing betref, is 'n beduidende verband met die mate van eensaamheid wat ervaar word, aangetref: proefpersone wat hul ouerhuise as nóg gelukkig, nóg ongelukkig beskryf het, het die hoogste mate van eensaamheid ervaar. Die ooreenkomste en verskille met vorige navorsing bevestig die kompleksiteit van die konstruk van eensaamheid.
The Social Identity of Township Youth: An Extension of Social Identity Theory (Part 1)
Authors: Campbell Catherine M.
Published: March 2013

Social Identity Theory in the Bristol tradition has been criticized for paying too little attention to the way in identity is shaped and constrained by a dynamically changing social context. The article develops an extension of Social Identity Theory which aims to address this criticism. Open-ended, semi-structured interviews were conducted with working-class township residents in the Durban area, 20 women and 20 men, aged between 17 and 23 years. Interviews were analysed by means of a coding frame within which identity construction was conceptualized in terms of a trialogue amongst Life Challenges, Group Memberships and Behavioural Options. Twenty key Life Challenges facing township youth are identified, as are the eleven most important Group Memberships providing youth with raw materials with which to construct their identities.
The Crisis in Modern Social Psychology and How to Find It
Authors: Burman Erica
Published: March 2013

The postmodern impulse within the modern discipline of psychology is analysed in this article in relation to the ways in which discourse and qualitative research is accounted for within student practical reports. I take these to exemplify key themes within the discipline that function to ward off the potential challenges of relativism and multiplicity offered by postmodern ideas. I discuss the arena of ‘methods’ as a central pedagogic structure for the filtering of knowledge and the erasing of subjectivity in psychology. After identifying key areas of both continuity and critique between postmodern ideas and psychology, I go on to analyse student accounts of the achievements and limitations of discourse and qualitative research which, alternatively, they claim improve upon, or fail to meet the standards of, psychological rigour and discovery. I argue that these highlight strategies of either incorporation or rejection of the critical potential of, in particular, discourse analysis. By such means ‘the crisis’ in modern social psychology becomes part of the continuing narrative of the discipline that can be identified, researched and ‘found’, rather than the story of the impossibility of its project and the desirability of its demise.
Psychology, Science Fiction and Postmodern Space
Authors: Parker Ian
Published: March 2013

This article traces the development of postmodern spaces in psychology and its wider culture through a consideration of new forms of virtual reality represented in science fiction writing. Psychology is a thoroughly modern discipline which rests upon the fantasy of observing behaviour directly. Recently, however, postmodern debates in the discipline have drawn attention to the construction of behaviour and experience in language organized through discourse. A correlative shift toward a postmodern sensitivity to language has also occurred in the neighbouring discipline of psychoanalysis, and discourse analysis thus provides the opportunity to link these two hitherto divided approaches to subjectivity. It is argued that discourse analysis combined with psychoanalysis can be employed to comprehend changes in culture which are anticipated and expressed in science fiction. Psychoanalytic theory is used alongside discourse analysis to read the film Total Recall and stories by Philip K. Dick. The analytic device of the ‘discursive complex’ is used to draw out patterns of meaning that structure the text. It is argued that this form of analysis is particularly appropriate to the subject matter, and to the new forms of subjectivity that necessarily escape the gaze of modern psychology. Virtual reality understood by way of a psychoanalytic discourse reading is able to make explicit the forms of subjectivity that inhabit varieties of postmodern space.
Crash
Authors: Blanche Martin Terre
Published: March 2013

This article introduces the special edition. I characterize the edition as representing an intersection between the historical trajectories described by the South African Journal of Psychology and the ongoing series of Qualitative Methods Conferences hosted by local psychology departments. With reference to the rhetoric used to introduce previous special editions of the SAJP, the papers presented at the first and second Qualitative Methods Conferences, and the articles included in this edition, I suggest that the SAJP may be en route from a technicist understanding of knowledge accumulation to a more politically aware, contextual view, while the Qualitative Methods Conferences may be in the process of increasing academic co-optation.