bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantifying the effect of isoflurane on mivacurium infusion requirements
Authors: MD M. KANSANAHO , OLKKOLA K. T.
Published: February 2007

We evaluated the effect of different concentrations of isoflurane in a nitrous oxide/oxygen mixture on the infusion requirements of mivacurium in 60 adult surgical patients. Anaesthesia was induced with thiopentone andfentanyl, and intubation was facilitated with mivacurium 0.15mg.kg‐1. The patients were randomly assigned to one of four study groups. The control group received nitrous oxide in oxygen (2:1) anaesthesia supplemented with fentanyl. In the other groups, isoflurane was administered at different end‐tidal concentrations: 0.29%, 0.58% and 1.15%, corresponding to 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 MAC of isoflurane, respectively. Neuromuscular block was maintained at 95% with a computer‐controlled infusion of mivacurium and monitored with electromyography. The mean (SD) steady‐state infusion requirements of mivacurium in patients receiving nitrous oxide‐fentanyl anaesthesia or isoflurane 0.25–0.5 MAC were similar, ranging from 6.1 (2.2) to 5.1 (2.1) μg.kg‐1.min‐1. Isoflurane 1.0 MAC reduced mivacurium infusion requirements by 32% (p < 0.01). Interindividual differences in mivacurium infusion requirements were large.
Comparison of bladder, oesophageal and pulmonary artery temperatures in major abdominal surgery
Authors: Russell S. H. , Freeman J. W.
Published: February 2007

In this study we compared urinary bladder and oesophageal temperatures with the core temperature obtained from a pulmonary artery catheter in patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation. The bladder temperature was a closer approximation to pulmonary artery temperature in this group of patients than the oesophageal temperature and has much to recommend it in terms of convenience, safety and postoperative patient comfort.
Postanaesthetic shivering in children
Authors: LYONS B. , TAYLOR A. , POWER C. , FFARCSI W. CASEY
Published: February 2007

This study was designed to assess the incidence, severity and possible aetiological factors ofpostanaesthetic shivering in children. Three hundred and seventy‐six children undergoing general anaesthesia were enrolled in the study. Tympanic membrane temperatures were recorded pre‐operatively and every 15 min postoperatively in the recovery room until discharge to the ward. Also recorded were all anaesthetic data including fluid administration, methods of temperature preservation used, sedation scores and shivering (using a four‐point scale). The overall incidence of shivering was 14.4%. Multiple regression analysis identified three factors that were significantly related to shivering: age, the administration of atropine and peri‐operative temperature changes. Children who shivered rewarmed faster in the recovery room.
The effect of syntocinon on blood loss during first trimester suction curettage
Authors: Ali P. B. , Smith G.
Published: February 2007

We have studied 64 pregnant women (9 weeks gestation and greater undergoing elective vaginal termination of pregnancy.) They were allocated randomly to one of two groups to receive either 1 ml (10 units) of syntocinon or 1 ml of saline (placebo) after cervical dilatation. Anaesthesia was standardised and surgery was performed by a single blinded gynaecologist, who assessed the size of the uterus and graded uterine contractility. All patients received a Cervagem vaginal suppository 70‐270 min before surgery. The volume of blood loss was calculated colorimetrically and found to be less than 100 ml in all patients. The median blood loss in the syntocinon group (n = 30) was 17.6 ml, (range 6.1‐12.7) and was significantly less than that in the placebo group (n = 34), median blood loss 24.5ml, (range 6.7–94.3) (p = 0.02). Six patients in the saline group had unsatisfactory uterine contraction compared with none in the syntocinon group (p = 0.025).
Does post‐laparoscopy pain relate to residual carbon dioxide?
Authors: Jackson S. A. , Laurence A. S. , Hill J. C.
Published: February 2007

We studied 20 day case gynaecological laparoscopy patients, who had an erect chest X ray taken before discharge. Patients were telephoned the next day for a semi‐structured interview. Particular note was made of shoulder tip pain and pain relieved by changing posture. The X ray was analysed for measurements of the length of arc and height of the gas bubble under each hemi‐diaphragm, from which an estimation of bubble volume was also made. We found statistically significant correlations between both the length of arc (p = 0.005) and volume of gas bubble (p = 0.008) on the right side, with the pain score. Residual gas can be a prominent cause of post‐laparoscopy pain.
The haemodynamic effects of propofol in combination with ephedrine
Authors: Gamlin F. , Vucevic M. , Winslow L. , Berridge J.
Published: February 2007

Forty ASA1 patients presenting for minor gynaecological surgery were randomly allocated into four study groups to compare the haemodynamic effects of adding different doses of ephedrine to an induction dose of propofol. Heart rate, oxygen saturation and non‐invasive arterial blood pressure were monitored before and for 5 min after induction. In those patients who received propofol alone, there was a significant decrease in both systolic (p < 0.001) and diastolic (p = 0.003) blood pressure. The addition of ephedrine 15 mg or 20 mg to 1% propofol 20 ml was very effective in maintaining blood pressure at pre‐induction values. There was a statistically significant increase from baseline in systolic (p = 0.004) and diastolic (p = 0.031) pressures, but this only occurred at 1 min postinduction. The addition of ephedrine 10 mg was insufficient to prevent hypotension. There was no significant effect on either heart rate or oxygen saturation in any group. We conclude that ephedrine may be safely employed to reduce the degree of hypotension during induction with propofol in this patient group.
Spinal anaesthesia induced by intrathecal magnesium sulphate An experimental study in a rat model
Authors: BAHAR M. , CHANIMOV M. , GRINSPUN E. , KOIFMAN I. , COHEN M. L.
Published: February 2007

We have demonstrated in a rat model that the intrathecal injection of 0.02 ml of 6.3% magnesium sulphate, a concentration iso‐osmolar with rat plasma, will produce a state of spinal anaesthesia and general sedation, lasting approximately 1 h. These effects reversed completely after 6 h, without evidence of neurotoxicity, immediately or during the period 1 week following the injection. The accompanying changes in haemodynamic and respiratory functions were minimal throughout the period of anaesthesia and compare favourably with those induced by an intrathecal bolus of 0.04 ml of 2% lignocaine.
An investigation of the effects of heparin, low molecular weight heparin, protamine, and fentanyl on the balance of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines in in‐vitro monocyte cultures
Authors: McBRIDE W.T. , ARMSTRONG M.A. , McMURRAY T.J.
Published: February 2007

We report a study conducted to determine if drugs given peri‐operatively during cardiac surgery could themselves modulate the balance of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines. We determined the cytokine response of 10 separate in vitro monocyte cultures to the administration of drugs at concentrations used during cardiac surgery: fentanyl (25ng.ml‐1), heparin 2.5 i.u.ml‐1, heparin with an equal concentration of protamine, and enoxaparin 2.5i.u.ml‐1. Fentanyl, heparin and low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) led to increased tumour necrosis factor alpha but this did not reach statistical significance. Tumour necrosis factor soluble receptor 1 and 2 was not elevated. Interleukin‐1 beta was increased by heparin (p < 0.05), whereas interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist was increased by fentanyl (p < 0.05). Protamine blocked the heparin‐induced increase in tumour necrosis factor alpha and interleukin‐1 beta. These data raise the possibility that endogenous and exogenously administered opioids may be partly contributing to the interleukin‐1 receptor antagonist response seen during major surgery.
Silent myocardial ischaemia in patients undergoing transurethral prostatectomy
Authors: WINDSOR A. , FRENCH G. W. G. , SEAR J. W. , SEAR J. W. , FOËX P. , MILLETT S. V. , HOWELL S. J.
Published: February 2007

Ninety four patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate underwent Holter electrocardiographic monitoring pre‐and postoperatively. There was no difference in silent myocardial ischaemia incidence or load between the spinal (n = 60) ami the general anaesthesia (n = 34) groups. Ischaemic heart disease and a higher Detsky score both significantly increased the incidence of silent myocardial ischaemia but not the ischaemic load of those patients that actually demonstrated ischaemia. In this specific surgical population, not undergoing cardiac or vascular surgery, both ischaemic heart disease and cardiac risk scores are poor predictors of ischaemic load. Merely the presence of short duration silent myocardial ischaemia probably has little predictive value for postoperative adverse outcome.
Prolapsed intervertebral disc after epidural analgesia in labour
Authors: Forster M. R. , Nimmo G. R. , Brown A. G.
Published: February 2007

Back pain and minor neurological symptoms are commonly experienced postpartum, often being attributed to non‐specific causes such as maternal obstetric factors, or the use of epidural analgesia. We report a case in which neurological problems associated with a prolapsed intervertebral disc occurred after epidural analgesia in labour and a normal vaginal delivery.
Lignocaine to aid the insertion of the laryngeal mask airway with thiopentone
Authors: Cook T. M. , Seavell C. R. , Cox C. M.
Published: February 2007

Conditions for insertion of a laryngeal mask airway in 90 unpremedicated adult patients were assessed in a randomised, single‐blinded trial. Each patient received fentanyl 1 μg.kg‐1 and thiopentone 5 mg.kg‐1, and this was preceded either by lignocaine 0.5mg.kg‐1intravenously (group 1), lignocaine 1.5mg.kg‐1 intravenously (group 2) or 40mg of topical lignocaine spray to the posterior pharyngeal wall (group 3). Conditions for laryngeal mask airway insertion were recorded. The group receiving topical lignocaine had a lower incidence of laryngospasm (p < 0.05), required fewer attempts for successful insertion of the laryngeal mask (p < 0.05) and coughed or gagged less frequently than either group receiving lignocaine intravenously (p > 0.05). Overall, the conditions for laryngeal mask airway insertion were better in the topical group (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in haemodynamic response and apnoea between the three groups. Topical lignocaine spray prior to thiopentone provides conditions for insertion of a laryngeal mask that are superior to those provided by lignocaine and thiopentone intravenously.
The effect of the addition of lignocaine on propofol emulsion stability
Authors: LILLEY E. M. M. , ISERT P. R. , CARASSO M. L. , KENNEDY R. A.
Published: February 2007

The stability of propofol emulsion following the addition of various amounts of lignocaine solution was investigated, The investigations used were macroscopic and microscopic observations and electroacoustic determination of both droplet size and zeta potential. Evidence of emulsion instability was present following the addition of even small amounts of lignocaine. Resultant changes are unlikely to be clinically important following the addition of less than 20 mg of lignocaine to 200 mg of propofol (20 ml of propofol emulsion). It is recommended, however, that anaesthetists consider the possibility of destabilisation of propofol emulsion when adding larger doses of lignocaine, or when there is a delay between formulation and administration of the propofol‐lignocaine mixtures.
Thiopentone requirements in adults after varying pre‐induction doses of fentanyl
Authors: WANG L. P. , HERMANN C. , WESTRIN P.
Published: February 2007

The thiopentone dose needed for satisfactory induction of anaesthesia was determined in 60 adult patients using a double‐blinded study design. No premedication was given. The effect of pretreatment with four different doses of fentanyl on ED50 for thiopentone was determined and compared with a control group not receiving fentanyl. The cardiovascular effects of the combinations were also studied. ED50 for thiopentone was reduced from 4.0 mg kg‐1 in the control group to 2.2mg kg‐1 in patients receiving fentanyl 5.0 μg kg‐1. Only in the group of patients receiving fentanyl 5.0 μg. kg‐1 was there no significant change in systolic arterial blood pressure. An increased heart rate was noted in patients induced with thiopentone in combination with fentanyl 0.625 μg kg‐1. No adcerse effkcts of thiopentone, fentanyl or the combinations were noted.
A new critical incident monitor for use with the paediatric T‐piece
Authors: HATCH D. J. , JACKSON E. A.
Published: February 2007

In vitro studies and clinical evaluation suggest that the Magtrak Infanta Electronic respirometer provides a useful additional critical incident monitor for use with the paediatric T‐piece. During ventilation with the Nuffield 200 ventilator and Newton valve it provides early warning of leaks or disconnections in the breathing system, airway obstruction and reduction in fresh gas flow. Some of these events may not be detected by, conventional monitors.
The hazards of anaesthetic gas scavenging systems
Authors: Farquhar‐Thomson D. R. , Goddard J. M.
Published: February 2007

The function of scavenging equipment is to remove waste anaesthetic gases from the operating theatre and thus reduce the potentially harmful effects these agents may have on staff. However, these systems can pose a serious risk to patients which is not well recognised. We describe two cases where harm to patients could have occurred as a result of faulty or inappropriate equipment being used and inadequate checking of scavenging systems.
Remote controlled prolonged conscious sedation for gynaecological radiotherapy
Authors: Oei‐Lim V. L. B. , Kalkman C. J.
Published: February 2007

Conscious sedation with subanaesthetic doses of propofol is an effective technique for the management of highly anxious patients in dentistry. Prolonged administration of propfol to achieve conscious sedation in spontaneously breathing patients without an airway adjunct has not been reported previously. We describe the management of target‐controlled conscious sedation with propofol for 21 h in a patient undergoing gynaecological radiotherapy.
Intrathecal administration of morphine for elective Caesarean section
Authors: Milner A. R. , Bogod D. G. , Harwood R. J.
Published: February 2007

This study compared the quality of analgesia and incidence of adverse effects with two doses of intrathecal morphine in patients undergoing elective Caesarean section. Fifty patients were randomly allocated to receive either morphine 0.1 mg or 0.2 mg in addition to a standard intrathecal dose of 2.5 ml bupivacaine 0.5% in 8% dextrose. The quality of analgesia was assessed using visual analogue scores and the incidence of nausea, vomiting and itching were recorded during the first 24 h postoperatively. There was no statistically significant difference in the quality of analgesia nor in the incidence and severity of itching between the two groups. Fewer patients in the 0.1 mg morphine group experienced postoperative nausea and vomiting (7 versus 14, p < 0.05). We conclude that the use of 0.1 mg morphine intrathecally produces comparable analgesia to 0.2 mg after Caesarean section with significantly less nausea and vomiting.
Routine suxamethonium in children
Authors: Robinson A. L. , Jerwood D. C. , Stokes M. A.
Published: February 2007

This survey aimed to assess the extent and pattern of use of suxamethonium for elective tracheal intubation in children and the occurrence of major complications. A postal questionnaire was sent to 280 consultant anaesthetists and senior registrars in the West Midlands Region. Of the 180 replies received, 84% of respondents use suxamethonium routinely. Usage was more common amongst those more recently trained (all anaesthetists with less than 10 years experience reported using suxamethonium for routine intubation compared with 81% of those with over 20 years experience). Reported side effects directly attributable to suxamethonium were common, the most freqent being cardiac arrhythmias (especially bradycardia) following the first dose (24% respondents) or the second dose (43%), and prolonged apnoea (36% of respondents). There were 13 reported cardiac arrests (requiring external cardiac massage), three of which were associated with repeat dosing and one with undiagnosed Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Three cases of documented hyperkalaemia did not lead to cardiac arrest. There were two deaths, neither of which could be solely attributed to the use of suxamethonium. We conclude that suxamethonium remains popular in puediatric practice and that minor side effects are common and usually preventable. Life‐threatening reactions are rare and until a truly comparable alternative is produced this drug will continue to be used in children.
WVD2 is a novel microtubule‐associated protein in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Perrin Robyn M. , Wang Yan , Yuen Christen Y.L. , Will Jessica , Masson Patrick H.
Published: February 2007

Arabidopsis WAVE‐DAMPENED 2 (WVD2) was identified by forward genetics as an activation‐tagged allele that causes plant and organ stockiness and inversion of helical root growth handedness on agar surfaces. Plants with high constitutive expression of WVD2 or other members of the WVD2‐LIKE (WDL) gene family have stems and roots that are short and thick, have reduced anisotropic cell elongation, are suppressed in a root‐waving phenotype, and have inverted handedness of twisting in hypocotyls and roots compared with wild‐type. The wvd2‐1 mutant shows aberrantly organized cortical microtubules in peripheral root cap cells as well as reduced branching of trichomes, unicellular leaf structures whose development is regulated by microtubule stability. Orthologs of the WVD2/WDL family are found widely throughout the plant kingdom, but are not similar to non‐plant proteins with the exception of a C‐terminal domain distantly related to the vertebrate microtubule‐associated protein TPX2. in vivo, WVD2 and its closest paralog WDL1 are localized to interphase cortical microtubules in leaves, hypocotyls and roots. Recombinant glutathione‐S‐transferase:WVD2 or maltose binding protein:WVD2 protein bind to and bundle microtubules in vitro. We speculate that a C‐terminal domain of TPX2 has been utilised by the WVD2 family for functions critical to the organization of plant microtubules.
A high‐throughput screen of cell‐death‐inducing factors in Nicotiana benthamiana identifies a novel MAPKK that mediates INF1‐induced cell death signaling and non‐host resistance to Pseudomonas cichorii
Authors: Takahashi Yoshihiro , Nasir Khairun Hisam Bin , Ito Akiko , Kanzaki Hiroyuki , Matsumura Hideo , Saitoh Hiromasa , Fujisawa Shizuko , Kamoun Sophien , Terauchi Ryohei
Published: February 2007

A high‐throughput overexpression screen of Nicotiana benthamiana cDNAs identified a gene for a mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) as a potent inducer of the hypersensitive response (HR)‐like cell death. NbMKK1 protein is localized to the nucleus, and the N‐terminal putative MAPK docking site of NbMKK1 is required for its function as a cell‐death inducer. NbMKK1‐mediated leaf‐cell death was compromised in leaves where NbSIPK expression was silenced by virus‐induced gene silencing. A yeast two‐hybrid assay showed that NbMKK1 and NbSIPK physically interact, suggesting that NbSIPK is one of the downstream targets of NbMKK1. Phytophthora infestans INF1 elicitor‐mediated HR was delayed in NbMKK1‐silenced plants, indicating that NbMKK1 is involved in this HR pathway. Furthermore, the resistance of N. benthamiana to a non‐host pathogen Pseudomonas cichorii was compromised in NbMKK1‐silenced plants. These results demonstrate that MAPK cascades involving NbMKK1 control non‐host resistance including HR cell death.
Alanine aminotransferase catalyses the breakdown of alanine after hypoxia in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Miyashita Yo , Dolferus Rudy , Ismond Kathleen P. , Good Allen G.
Published: February 2007

Alanine aminotransferase (AlaAT) catalyses the reversible transfer of an amino group from glutamate to pyruvate to form 2‐oxoglutarate and alanine. The regulation of AlaAT in several plant species has been studied in response to low‐oxygen stress, light and nitrogen application. In this study, induction of Arabidopsis AlaAT1 and AlaAT2 during hypoxia was observed at the transcriptional level, and an increase in enzyme activity was detected in hypoxically treated roots. In addition, the tissue‐specific expression of AlaAT1 and AlaAT2 was analysed using promoter:GUS fusions. The GUS staining patterns indicated that both AlaAT genes are expressed predominantly in vascular tissues. We manipulated AlaAT expression to determine the relative importance of this enzyme in low‐oxygen stress tolerance and nitrogen metabolism. This was done by analysing T‐DNA mutants and over‐expressing barley AlaAT in Arabidopsis. The AlaAT1 knockout mutant (alaat1‐1) showed a dramatic reduction in AlaAT activity, suggesting that AlaAT1 is the major AlaAT isozyme in Arabidopsis. Over‐expression of barley AlaAT significantly increased the AlaAT activity in the transgenic plants. These plants were analysed for metabolic changes over a period of hypoxic stress and during their subsequent recovery. The results showed that alaat1‐1 plants accumulate more alanine than wild‐type plants during the early phase of hypoxia, and the decline in accumulated alanine was delayed in the alaat1‐1 line during the post‐hypoxia recovery period. When alanine was supplied as the nitrogen source, alaat1‐1 plants utilized alanine less efficiently than wild‐type plants did. These results indicate that the primary role of AlaAT1 is to break down alanine when it is in excess. Therefore, AlaAT appears to be crucial for the rapid conversion of alanine to pyruvate during recovery from low‐oxygen stress.
Narrative and Legitimacy: U.S. Congressional Debates about the Nonprofit Sector
Authors: Jacobs Ronald N. , Sobieraj Sarah
Published: February 2007

This article develops a theory about the narrative foundations of public policy. Politicians draw on specific types of narratives in order to connect the policies they are proposing, the needs of the public, and their own needs for legitimacy. In particular, politicians are drawn to policy narratives in which they themselves occupy the central and heroic character position, and where they are able to protect the scope of their jurisdictional authority. We demonstrate how this works through a historical analysis of congressional debate about the nonprofit sector in the United States. Two competing narratives framed these debates: (1) a selfless charity narrative, in which politicians try to empower heroic charity workers and philanthropists, and then stay out of the way; and (2) a masquerade narrative, in which fake charities are taking advantage of the nonprofit tax exemption, in order to pursue a variety of noncivic and dangerous activities. Members of Congress quickly adopted the masquerade narrative as the dominant framework for discussing the nonprofit sector because it provided a more powerful and flexible rhetoric for reproducing their political legitimacy. By developing innovative elaborations of the masquerade narrative (i.e., identifying new categories of “false heroes”), while remaining faithful to its underlying narrative format, politicians were able to increase the persuasive impact of their legislative agendas. We argue that the narrative aspects of political debate are a central component of the policy-making process because they link cultural and political interests in a way that involves the mastery of cultural structure as well as the creativity of cultural performance.
CONSTRUCTING A DISCRETE‐ITEM GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY TEST: SOME PROBLEMS AND PROPOSALS
Authors: REES ALUN L. A.
Published: February 2007

For several years we have employed a discrete‐item testing format as part of an examination battery taken annually by 20,000 secondary school children who have studied French as their common second language, and English for some 450 hours under rather difficult circumstances. This article takes a critical look at the Grammar and Vocabulary (G and V) component, and offers some practical solutions to the problems the test‐compiler, teacher, and candidate are likely to face.
ADDING SIGHT AND SOUND TO COMPUTER‐ASSISTED INSTRUCTION: INTERACTIVE VIDEO
Authors: RIETMANN KEARNEY
Published: February 2007

Most people in education and training have had at least an introduction to the world of computers and advanced video technology. They may not have bought their own computer yet, or collected a library of their favorite films for a video system. But, if only from advertising, they know about the engaging fun of computer games, the possibilities for showing commercially made films in their homes, and the chance to record television programs so that they may never miss an episode of their favorite series again.
TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE (TPR): ACTION SERIES FOR THE ENGLISH CLASSROOM
Authors: SEELY CONTEE
Published: February 2007

The material we have developed for use with groups of students from a number of different ethnic backgrounds consists of commands—action series—which students learn to respond to physically and to produce orally to evoke physical response by others, providing them with meaningful live language practice.
AUTHENTIC TRANSACTIONS: DEVELOPING ORAL COMMUNICATION AT INTERMEDIATE AND ADVANCED LEVELS
Authors: CRIPWELL KENNETH
Published: February 2007

Writers of textbooks published since the beginning of 1978 are invited to submit 1000 word articles discussing the principles underlying their work and accompanied by two pages from the book in question. The articles should be problem‐based, not advertisements, and the extracts should be in a form suitable for reproduction without redrawing. Writers will be responsible for obtaining all necessary permissions.
INTERMITTENT MASTICATORY NOISE AS A DETERMINANT OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE COMPREHENSION
Authors: PERCIVAL VERNON
Published: February 2007

Feedback from the Applied Linguists suggests that Diogenes has not given them a fair deal in previous issues. Diogenes is therefore pleased to publish this article as evidence to the contrary.
FOREIGN‐LANGUAGE TEACHING WITHIN THE SCHOOL FRAMEWORK: THE EDUCATIONAL CHALLENGE OF A LEARNER‐CENTRED APPROACH
Authors: RAZ HANA
Published: February 2007

Foreign‐language teaching methodology has been constantly swayed by trends and developments in allied disciplines, especially the various branches of linguistics. Such influence is inevitable, since a methodology must be based on a certain view of language and of language acquisition. However, as Rivers (1976) pointed out, too great a dependence on other academic disciplines leads to ‘swings of the pendulum’ and leaves the classroom teacher confused and often rather sceptical about any kind of theoretical principles.
DRAMA IN ESL TEACHING: ONE TEACHER'S EXPERIENCE OF THE LIFE OF THE IMAGINATION AND THE SEARCH FOR LANGUAGE
Authors: WILLIAMS BERYL
Published: February 2007

I began using a drama method in teaching ESL because I was mad about drama myself. I had had many years' experience in teaching drama to English children, with pleasing results. This work had included free dancing, dance‐drama, mime, improvisation, and the production of ‘proper’ plays for paying audiences. When I entered EFL teaching, I resolved to incorporate this delightful activity into my timetable and to see what happened next.
Bridging the paradigm gap: second language acquisition theory and indigenized varieties of English
Authors: SRIDHAR KAMAL K. , SRIDHAR S. N.
Published: February 2007

Abstract: It is argued that there is a paradigm gap that has prevented research on second‐language acquisition (SLA) theory and indigenized varieties of English (IVEs) from making substantive contributions to each other. While it is true that studies of IVEs and their acquisition have been impressionistic (non‐empirical) and often atheoretical, the lack of rapprochement is also due to SLA theory's excessive reliance for its models on acquisition in native‐speaker environments and ignorance of the dynamics of language use in multilingual settings. This has resulted in the neglect and misunderstanding of IVEs. It is shown that IVEs represent a number of significant sociolinguistic and psycholinguistic variables, the investigation of which will put SLA theory on firmer theoretical ground and give it greater explanatory power.
Second language acquisition research and the study of non‐native varieties of English: some issues in common
Authors: RITCHIE WILLIAM C.
Published: February 2007

Abstract: It is proposed that the study of basilectal and acrolectal Singapore English can contribute to a better understanding of second‐language acquisition and use. This proposal is made on the basis of developmental and performance parallels among: the speech continuum of Singapore English (acrolect, mesolect and basilect), dialectal variation in New York City, and the evidence from second‐language development and use. This paper particularly emphasizes the operation of the monitor and specifications of the hierarchy of difficulty in the acquisition of syntactic structures. This paper suggests some ways in which the two lines of research (i.e. the descriptions of non‐native varieties of English and stages/variability in second‐language production) might be combined to enhance the advancement of each. The primary focus is on Singapore English.
English and Tagalog in Philippine literature: a study of literary bilingualism
Authors: CRUZ ISAGANI R.
Published: February 2007

Abstract: Attacks on Philippine literature in English have come from left‐wing intellectuals, who see the English language as a tool of American neo‐colonialism, and literary historians, who see the 80‐year‐old literature as insignificant in the context of five centuries of Philippine writing in various vernacular languages. Despite these attacks, Filipino creative writers have continued to write in the English language, even during the last 20 years when the nationalist campaign against English was at its height. Ironically, even those who strongly advocate the sole use of Tagalog (or Tagalog‐based Pilipino) and, therefore, the rejection of a foreign language, as a medium of creative expression have written extensively in English. Several major Filipino writers today write in both English and Tagalog. Some write in both English and other vernacular languages. These bilingual writers belong to a long line of Filipinos who wrote in both their first and their second languages. Because of the large number of individual literary pieces that can be said to shed light on the phenomenon of bilingualism in creative writing, it is not possible at this time to do a comprehensive survey of writing done by bilingual or multilingual writers. It is more manageable to focus on the poetry of representative writers. Three modern Filipino writers who have published books of poetry in both English and Tagalog can be taken as representative: Cirilo F. Bautista, Edgar B. Maranan and Epifanio San Juan, Jr. Established methods of literary criticism reveal that Filipino writers use English for two main reasons: to capture certain realities not within the lexical capabilities of Tagalog, and to exploit the musical qualities of the foreign language. On the other hand, they use Tagalog primarily to capture nationalist realities. In broad terms, it may be said that English is used primarily to enhance form and Tagalog to enhance content. Because of the international character of English, poetry in English tends to import not only the words of the language, but also literary trends identified with the language. In a sense, then, poetry in English is more ‘Western’ than poetry in Tagalog. On the other hand, because of the ability of Tagalog to express nuances of meaning, especially in the areas of Filipino philosophy, psychology and sociology, poetry in Tagalog tends to be more homologous to Philippine society.
Language as power apparatus: observations on English and cultural policy in nineteenth‐century India
Authors: RAHIM SYED A.
Published: February 2007

Abstract:This paper raises some theoretical issues on language as power and examines the role of English language and media in modern India in terms of the British cultural policies in nineteenth‐century India, and Indian reactions to those policies. The power of language is conceptualized as forces of strategic relations supporting and suported by types of knowledge. The British cultural policies in India, based on particular types of knowledge about India, first developed as the Orientalist policy, and later changed to the Anglicist policy. Each of those had a different knowledge‐base, each supported a different position regarding English and Western education for the Indians, and each elicited a different response from the Indians. The role of English as a power apparatus was determined by certain relationships between the British colonialists and the Indian intellectuals, as they confronted each other in the context of the cultural policies and reactions to those policies. The net result was the appropriation of English in India as a special cultural resource allocated and used for specific strategies purposes. The development of Indian English was the result of that cultural appropriation.
Orthography as a pronunciation resource
Authors: DICKERSON WAYNE B.
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: Of the newest trends in English pronunciation teaching‐the emphases on fast‐speech phenomena, phrase rhythm, word stress, and the use of orthography as a learning tool‐only this last is calculated to produce independent, self‐sufficient learners, capable of increasing in oral proficiency outside the classroom, away from textbooks, and beyond the influence of teachers. This article draws together and illustrates the most compelling reasons for teachers to introduce spelling information into their pronunciation work. Highlighted throughout are two points: (1) the significant benefits to students from a systematic exposure to spelling‐based prediction patterns, and (2) the nature of learner‐orientated rules of pronunciation, often less familiar to teachers than rules of grammar.
Reference grammars and pedagogical grammars
Authors: GREENBAUM SIDNEY
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: Four types of grammar are distinguished according to mode of use: reference grammars, pedagogical grammars, theoretical grammars, and teach‐yourself grammars. Four factors are shown to enter into a typology of grammars: the mode of use, the language of the user, the level of the user, and the aims of use. Reference grammars and pedagogical grammars are characterized, the former with particular respect to A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. In general it is not desirable to attempt to combine in one book the functions of these two types of grammars.
The cultural and linguistic context of English in West Germany
Authors: BERNS MARGIE
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: A growing number of studies document the spread and influence of English in Afrka and Asia and its subsequent nativization in these non‐native contexts. However, the spread and nativization of English has not been restricted to former colonies. In Europe, too, English plays a significant role in the daily lives of Germans, Italians and Danes. This paper considers the linguistic creativity of West German users of English and their particular variety of English. Attention will be given to describing the forms and functions of this variety, processes of nativization, especially the process of borrowing, and West Germans’ attitudes toward English and toward the development of a variety of English that is distinctly German. Throughout, the term ‘German English’ will be used to highlight the unique social, cultural and linguistic role English plays in the German context or situation.
Reiconization
Authors: BOLINGER DWIGHT
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: Reiconization refers to the process of reanalysis in which a meaningless or semantically opaque item is replaced by a new item with a transparent meaning. When the replaced (deiconized) item combines with other items to form a larger expression, the effect of reiconization is to maintain or restore the original meaning of the larger expression. This process is readily observable in the case of prepositions. For instance, the preposition of lacks a central meaning, and consequently, it is often replaced by the more iconic about or for, as in talk about rather than talk of. Similar examples can be found for other prepositions. Reiconization is not restricted to the replacement of prepositions, but operates at higher levels as well. The respecification of each in the reciprocal, each other, and the reanalysis evidenced by folk etymologies furnish examples of the operation of reiconization at different levels.
English and India's three‐language formula: an empirical perspective
Authors: AGGARWAL KAILASH S.
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: This article presents the findings of a sociolinguistic study of Indian university students’ attitudes and perceptions towards English and of their use of English. The study was undertaken to provide feedback from learners for the purpose of language policy and planning. The major findings of the study are that students have a favorable attitude towards English, recognize its prestige and are instrumentally motivated to study it. Furthermore, they prefer English to Hindi as a link language, and do not want Hindi to be taught in educational institutions. It also shows that they favour a two‐language formula to the present three‐language formula. A brief description of present and past language policy in India is presented in order to provide the historical context for the present study.
ENGLISH IN ADVERTISING
Authors: FRANK JANE
Published: February 2007

The Language of Advertising.By Torben Vestergaard and Kim Schroder.
Nativization and anglicization in Solomon Islands Pijin
Authors: JOURDAN CHRISTINE
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: Solomon Islands Pijin, the lingua franca of the Solomon Islands, has become the primary language for the urban community of Honiara, the nation's capital. In the process, Pijin is undergoing nativization: an increasing number of young children now speak Pijin as their mother tongue. However, English rather than Pijin is the language of social advancement and the key to well‐paid jobs in the Solomons. It is also the official language of the country, and the medium of instruction for schools. With more and more urbanites in contact with English, is English having an impact on Pijin? This paper presents preliminary results of a study evaluating the anglicization of Pijin.
Marshallese and English: evidence for an immersion model of education in the Republic of the Marshall Islands
Authors: PINE PAMELA , SAVAGE WILLIAM
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: The Republic of the Marshall Islands, located in the Pacific region most commonly referred to as Micronesia, recently assumed a new and more independent political status after nearly 400 years of colonization. We examine the history of language issues and education policies in the Marshall Islands, and provide an overview of administrative, financial, curricular and staffing features of current language and education programs. A summary of negative school outcomes which occur at all levels of the Marshallese education system and possible causes for these outcomes are considered from both infrastructural and global perspectives. An immersion model of bilingual Marshallese–English education is proposed. We argue for additive bilingualism as the most appropriate model for the Marshallese student population.
The source of Tok Pisin structures
Authors: GOULDEN RICK J.
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: In the past two decades, pidgins and creoles (PCs) have attracted the attention of numerous linguists for the insights they may provide on the genesis, development and nature of language. A central concern of many PC studies is the source of the modern structures of such languages, in particular the source of those structures that are not derived from the target language. Of several approaches for the explanation of such PC structures, the most popular include: (1) simplification, (2) substratum influence, (3) independent innovation, and (4) universal grammar. Although many authors concede that these and other explanatory approaches are not mutually exclusive, there is a strong tendency in PC studies to argue for or against the explanatory power of each approach. It is suggested here, however, that each of these approaches has explanatory weight for certain developments in the history of PCs. A given explanation may appear to be ‘better’ than others for particular structures, but ultimately a model of PC genesis and development must recognize that no single explanation exists independently of the others, and that each approach has played some rôle in the development of these languages. In this paper, I would like to address this ‘conspiracy’ of explanations with reference to the development of plural marking in Tok Pisin from an English lexical base.
Lexico‐semantic variation in Nigerian English
Authors: ADEGBIJA EFUROSIBINA
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: This study describes some aspects of lexico‐semantic variation in Nigerian English. The causes and types of variation are discussed within a sociolinguistic framework. Typical Nigerian English innovations are related to the local socio‐cultural and linguistic context of Nigerian culture and society. Five major classes of lexico‐semantic variation are identified: transfer, analogy, acronyms, semantic shift or extension, and coinage or neologisms. The paper also discusses the implications of such variation with reference to international intelligibility and communicative strategies.
Code‐mixing and modernization
Authors: KAMWANGAMALU NKONKO MUDIPANU
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: Current studies of code‐mixing (CM) have been limited to analyzing CM only in individual bilingual communities. This paper focuses on the neglected dimension of CM: the treatment of CM as a cross‐cultural phenomenon. Three points are presented which show that CM has characteristic features one can witness in every bilingual community. First it is shown that from a sociofunctional perspective, the bilingual may use CM for expressing modernization. The concept of modernization is viewed here with respect to how a bilingual code‐mixer perceives himself/herself, how he/she would like to be perceived, how he/she is actually perceived, and why he/she often resorts to CM when interacting with other bilinguals with whom he/she shares the same linguistic repertoire of codes. The second section contrasts such sociofunctional use of and attitudes toward CM. It is found that although people's attitudes toward CM have until recently generally been negative, CM has imposed itself as the norm of language use in most bilingual communities. The last section discusses briefly the impact of CM on language structure, with special reference to the vernaculars. A survey of the literature on CM in various bilingual communities reveals that the use of CM, whether for expressing modernization or any other function, is generally accompanied by changes and innovations in the structure of the languages involved. Some such innovations and changes are presented with particular reference to vernacular‐English CM across cultures.
The seed concepts constraint in code switching
Authors: NAVAL UDAY C.
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: The ‘seed concepts’ hypothesis states that there exists in the human mind a set of most fundamental concepts that crystallize during the earliest period of ‘concept formation’ in the mind of the infant, a period which is broadly concomitant with the incipient ‘single‐word’ stage (around 18–24 months) in the child's language acquisition process. These concepts seem to stem from the child's need to distinguish his ‘self from the ‘nonself through the instrumentality, primarily, of sensorimotor activity. This notion of ‘seed concepts’, in turn, gives rise to the ‘seed concepts constraint’, on all‐encompassing, universal principle. This principle holds that in the intra‐sententially code‐switched speech of the bilingual the ‘seed concepts’ get heavily marked for realization in the phonetics of the first language (the ‘seed language’) in contradistinction to the second language (the ‘feed language’). It is claimed that, although subject to parameterization to a limited extent, the ‘seed concepts constraint’ suffices to replace the various particularistic grammatical claims concerning intrasentential code switching hitherto proposed in the literature.
The topic‐comment construction in Japanese‐English code‐switching
Authors: NISHIMURA MIWA
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: In many bilingual communities, two languages are often used back and forth in a single situation, even with a single sentence. In the last several years, there has been a considerable interest in syntactic aspects of intrasentential code‐switching. Attempts have been made within various linguistic frameworks to characterize the rules that govern switches. A study of Japanese–English code‐switching is promising in this regard in that Japanese and English are typoligically different languages. One of the differences between the two is that Japanese is a topic‐prominent language while English is a subject‐prominent language. This paper deals with an interaction between these two language types. More specifically, it will analyze a set of sentences which consist of a Japanese topic and an English sentence uttered by Japanese–English bilingual speakers in North America. First, it is discussed how these sentences should be treated in the formal account of intrasentential code‐switching, considering what topic is in relation to the sentence. Then, forms and functions of the topic of these sentences are analyzed in light of what is said about Japanese topics in general in both syntactic and semantic terms in order to understand why these bilingual speakers use Japanese topics as they do in the code‐switching mode. Finally, our case will be compared with the early English interlanguage of a speaker of Hmong, another topic‐prominent language. We will see whether these two different cases (code‐switching vs interlanguage) share a common process with respect to the way in which these two language types interact with each other.
Memory, childhood and exile: self‐representation in post‐colonial writing
Authors: SHARRAD PAUL
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper takes up the concept of memory that is a capacity basic to human selfhood, and seeks to describe a common attitude to narration in writers in English from countries that have liberated themselves from a colonial past. The author maintains that memory is a central element in post‐colonial narrative, and shows how it is associated with two important domains of cognition and imagination—recall of childhood and awareness of exile. Examining the work of writers like Thomas Wolfe, Christopher Koch, Raja Rao and Albert Wendt, the author seeks to explicate the complexities of self‐representation in post‐colonial literature in relation to memory, childhood and exile.