bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Greek Archives: From Record to Monument
Authors: Davies John k.
Published: November 2023

‘Archive’ as used in a classical or hellenistic Greek context has a significantly different denotation, in respect of format, location, intention, and audience, from its use in a Near Eastern context. Comparison will best be served by a straightforward description of what we have, together with some attempt to sketch the underlying procedures, assumptions, and values. I shall confine myself to Greek documentation of the archaic, classical, and hellenistic periods, and shall not broach the rather different phenomena and problems presented by the documentation from Roman Italy of the Republic, the Roman empire in general, or Graeco-Roman Egypt. For three reasons, no simple picture of Greek documentary records can be satisfactory. First, though Greek cultural unity was real, Greek political society was a mosaic of well over 150 pieces (some would put the figure much higher), each with its own procedures, although family resemblances and predominant patterns are visible. Second, the recovery of literacy in or by the mid-eighth century bc had far-reaching consequences. Though levels of literacy varied by gender, class, region, and period,2 while much (but not all)3 public and private business could be carried on by non-literates, literacy was widespread enough by the fifth century.
Queen Victoria
Authors: Plunkett John
Published: November 2023

The nineteenth century saw the arrival of the mass media: high-volume illustrated newspapers and magazines, photography, and the telegraph which connected every part of the Empire. From the beginning, royalty was an essential subject for the media; Victoria’s reign was documented in a detail never known before: her accession and coronation, her very public marriage, her travels at home and abroad, her Jubilees, and ultimately her death and funeral. John Plunkett’s book is the first to study the role of the media in Queen Victoria’s reign. He argues that the development of popular print and visual media in the nineteenth century helped to reinvent the position of the monarchy in national life. He reveals how the royal family was one of the principal beneficiaries of the growth of cheap newspapers and illustrated periodicals and the advent of new media. He brings to light a wealth of previously unexamined material, including a detailed account of the emergence of royal journalism and the role of functionaries like the Court Newsman, and shows how photographs of Victoria were routinely retouched and manipulated in the latter decades of the century.
The Evolution of Print Culture and the Libels of Public Discourse
Authors: Knights Mark
Published: November 2023

Earlier chapters have explored sites where ‘politics’ and ‘the public’ met. Petitions, addresses, associations, and electioneering all necessitated some form of appeal to, and agency for, the public. Each of these points of con­ tact between state and people relied in some sense on print. Print allowed petitions and addresses to evolve from their manuscript forerunners into something novel. Similarly, the publication of nationwide addresses and electioneering advice helped to expand a national political culture. And it will also have been evident that print seemed to fix misrepresentations and hence provoked counter-claims, sparking a contested public dialogue. This chapter therefore examines the role of print more closely. More specifically, it seeks to relate the expansion of vituperative printed polemic to perceptions about an increasingly abusive, libellous, public discourse.
Introduction
Authors: Roe Nicholas
Published: November 2023

The writers, painters, and musicians in the Oxford Guide to Romanticism include Jane Austen, Anna Laetitia Barbauld, William Blake, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, John Constable, Franz Josef Haydn, Leigh Hunt, John Keats, Mary Shelley, Charlotte Smith, J. M. W. Turner, Mary Wollstonecraft, and William Wordsworth. None of them thought of themselves or their age as ‘Romantic’, and the word ‘Romanticism’ did not become current until the mid-nineteenth century, long after most of them were dead. In Europe the meaning of ‘Romantic’ has varied from country to country, while the historical period of ‘Romanticism’ is a matter of continuing debate.
The Historical Context
Authors: Bainbridge Simon
Published: November 2023

The period from the American Declaration of Independence in 1776 to the passing of the Great Reform Bill in 1832 was one of the most dramatic in British history. It is often characterized as ‘the age of revolution’, in reference to events in America and France, to the rise of democracy, and to the various developments known collectively as the ‘industrial revolution’. However, while many historians have emphasized the extent to which Britain was transformed politically, economically, and socially during these years, some have argued that these transformations were produced in what might better be thought of as an ‘age of counter-revolution’ as the nation responded to the serious challenges posed by revolution and war (see Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age, pp. 3–4).
Philosophy and Religion
Authors: Gregory Alan
Published: November 2023

Romanticism has often been described as a ‘revolt’ against the eighteenth-century ‘Enlightenment’. Enlightenment thinkers emphasized the role and authority of ‘Reason’ in religious matters and in assessing traditional Christian ideas such as miracles, original sin, and the atoning death of Christ. ‘Have courage to use your own reason’, wrote the German philosopher, Immanuel Kant, ‘that is the motto of the enlightenment.’ By contrast, Romantic writing and art frequently affirmed the value of feeling, the importance of unconscious forces, the mysterious depths of religious experience, and the limits of human rationality.
Easts
Authors: Leask Nigel
Published: November 2023

‘Stick to the East;—the oracle [Madame de Staël] told me it was the only poetical policy. The North, South, and West, have all been exhausted . . . the public are orientalizing, and pave the path for you.’ Thus Lord Byron to the Irish poet Tom Moore in May 1813, a year after he had achieved fame with the first two cantos of Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, based on his own Levantine Grand Tour of 1809–11. Byron’s remarks give us insight into the workshop of Romantic orientalism, spiriting us behind the splendid façade to the nitty-gritty of poetic production. His canny exhortation ‘stick to the East’ suggests both the importance of oriental settings and materials for Romantic poets, as well as the sheer popular demand which stimulated them. Byron was the most accomplished orientalist poet of his generation: by 1813 he had completed The Giaour, the first of a series of Turkish Tales (The Bride of Abydos, The Corsair, and The Siege of Corinth).
New Historicism
Authors: Johnston Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

A method of literary interpretation called ‘New Historicism’ is, at the present moment, the dominant procedure for studying British Romantic literature in the Anglo-American academy. Indeed, its practice is so pervasive that its hegemony is being protested by scholars who feel they might be penalized if they write in any other way. The present volume itself is a product of the impetus given to Romantic studies by the New Historicism, especially in its representation of authors who would not have appeared in such a volume a generation ago, most of whom have been rediscovered by New Historicist imperatives.
Formalism
Authors: Cronin Richard
Published: November 2023

Formalism is more often a tendency in literary criticism than a theory. It is characterized by a refusal to explain a work of literature by reference to the historical circumstances, whether biographical, political, economic, or social, out of which it was produced. Rather, the literary work is to be understood as it is ‘in itself’, which may mean that it is to be understood as a unique object, or, more often, that it is to be understood only in its relation to other literary works. Formalist critics deny that works of literature are either referential or practical; that is, literature does not represent the world, and it does not act upon the world, by, for example, prompting the reader to give to the poor or foment a political revolution
The novel
Authors: Russell Corinna
Published: November 2023

‘I hate to read new books’, announced William Hazlitt in 1826. With this, the opening line of his essay ‘On Reading Old Books’, the foremost commentator on his age begins an exercise in subjective canon-formation. Looking back, four years before his death, over a reading career spanning most of the Romantic period, the essayist makes a wry boast of his ‘scanty library’, comprising ‘twenty or thirty volumes that I have read over and over again, . . . the only ones that I have any desire ever to read at all’.
Romance
Authors: Kucich Greg
Published: November 2023

When Keats pronounced the need to write ‘a tale of chivalry’ near the outset of his poetic career, he was responding to a recent surge in the historical development of the literary genre of romance (see Keats’s ‘Specimen of an Induction to a Poem’). In heavy demand from its medieval point of origin and throughout its many post-Romantic formulations—such as science fiction; the Western; potboiler supermarket novels of love and lust—during the Romantic age romance soared to an unprecedented high point and outstripped all other literary genres in popularity.
Forgeries
Authors: Lee Debbie
Published: November 2023

‘There are upwards of 10,000 practising scoundrels in London, whose manoeuvres are daily directed against its unsuspecting inhabitant’, wrote William Kidd in his 1832 book London and All Its Dangers, Frauds, Iniquities, Deceptions, &tc. Kidd was not the only one warning Britons to beware of impostors and forgers. On any day, a person in Romantic England could open one of the newspapers to find headlines like: ‘Infamous Impostor’, ‘Singular Case’, ‘Fabrication’, ‘Celebrated Hoax!’ Impostors and forgers were important figures not only in London street culture, but also in Romantic literature and history.
Non-fictional prose
Authors: Whale John
Published: November 2023

The prose writings of the Romantic period form a rich and varied body of work which is only now beginning to receive the kind of attention it deserves from critics and scholars. The dominance of the idea of the ‘Romantic’ in the past has meant that only a selection of this variety has received its due. Because of the foregrounding of the self and the dominance of a poetic aesthetic, the kind of prose writings which have figured most prominently in literary histories have been literary reviews, autobiographies, and essays.
Modernism and postmodernity
Authors: Larrissy Edward
Published: November 2023

Modernism is a movement which, while it had various different tendencies, often prized a concentration on the essential, the avoidance of extraneous comment, and an analytic approach to form such as one can find in Cubism. Many canonical modernist writers define their work in opposition to Romanticism, or to nineteenth-century writing in general. In the latter case, it is clear that they are opposed to tendencies which they believe originated in the Romantic period, and it is easy to show that late nineteenth-century writers still found models there. Oscar Wilde, for instance, when he visited Rome, went to the Protestant cemetery to pay respects at Keats’s grave, which he did by prostrating himself upon it.
Politics
Authors: Kitson Peter J
Published: November 2023

What was the political legacy bequeathed to us by the Romantics and how positive is it? At first it might seem odd or even perverse to want to view the Romantic poets and writers as political thinkers rather than as creative artists and visionaries; yet, even in their own day, the leading Romantics were perceived as very political animals and their works were seen as contributing to the current debates of the times. The period coincided with the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars; with the most intense agitation against the transatlantic slave trade and the institution of slavery (formally ended by Britain and its colonies in 1807 and 1833 respectively); with the development of colonial and imperial ambitions around the globe, but especially in India and the Near East; and with the rise and professionalization of new sciences, such as anthropology and ethnology.
Environmentalism
Authors: Morton Timothy
Published: November 2023

Environmentalism is a set of cultural and political responses to a crisis in humans’

relationships with their surroundings. Those responses could be scientific, activist, or artistic, or a mixture of all three. Environmentalists try to preserve areas of wilderness or ‘outstanding natural beauty’. They struggle against pollution, including the risks of nuclear technologies and weaponry. They fight for animal rights and vegetarianism in campaigns against hunting and scientific or commercial experimentation on animals. They oppose globalization and the patenting of life forms.
Sophocles’ Philoctetes, Seamus Heaney’s, and Some Other Recent Half-Rhymes
Authors: Taplin Oliver
Published: November 2023

In 1995 the United States had a President who believed that poetry might be important enough to quote in public. That December, Bill Clinton visited Derry in Northern Ireland, and made a speech which culminated with a full quotation of what have become some of the best-known lines of later twentieth-century poetry in English:
Greek Tragedy in the Opera House and Concert Hall of the Late Twentieth Century
Authors: Brown Peter
Published: November 2023

About a hundred new musical versions of Greek tragedy have been performed in the last thirty-five years. Many of them will suffer the usual fate of operas and never be performed again, and even their composers are for the most part not household names. But they are among the leading composers of their generation(s), and they have been inspired by ancient drama in a remarkable variety of ways. Some have shown a sustained engagement with Greek tragedy in a succession of works, and it is also noticeable that several (such as Gavin Bryars and John Buller among English composers) have turned to Greek tragedy for their first venture into operatic composition.
Demographic issues
Authors: Rebhun Uzi
Published: November 2023

Jews are variously defined as a community, a religious or ethnic group, a nation, or a people. Each of these definitions reflects an important, but incomplete, aspect of Jewish historical existence. A more comprehensive approach might see the most appropriate way of understanding the maintenance of Jewish continuity, despite periods of devastation, exile, and return, and in the light of fundamental changes in lifestyles and religious orientations, in terms of ‘civilization’. Jewish identity may be differently conceived by people from outside the group (objective identity) and by the consciousness of the members of the group from within (subjective identity).
Modernist movements
Authors: Freud-Kandel Miri
Published: November 2023

The age of Enlightenment raised questions that undermined the central tenets of religion in general and created a particular crisis for Judaism and Jewish identity. Enlightenment thought was predicated on the perception that all human beings shared an innate capacity to engage in rational thought. Ultimately this led to emancipation, as the notion of discriminating against people for their religion came to appear inappropriate. This notion of rationalism also inculcated the principle of individual autonomy, the idea that every person was empowered to use their rational capacities to choose and determine how to act for themselves.
French Jewry
Authors: Hyman Paula E
Published: November 2023

The history of France and its Jews is complex. On the one hand, France was the first nation in Europe to accord full civic equality to its Jewish population. On the other hand, with the Dreyfus Affair, France experienced the single most significant outbreak of antisemitism in nineteenth-century Europe. During the Second World War the Vichy regime decreed its own antisemitic laws and collaborated with the Nazis in the murder of more than 75,000 Jews. At the turn of the twenty-first century a new form of antisemitism has emerged in France.
British Jewry
Authors: Freud-Kandel Miri
Published: November 2023

The modern history of Jews in Britain, their experiences of tolerance, persecution, and emancipation, differs markedly from that of Jews in continental Europe, although continental European Jewry itself was not subject to uniform processes of emancipation. Anglo-Jewry, as the predominantly London-based community is popularly known despite small contingents from elsewhere in the United Kingdom, was influenced by a number of crucial factors. Upon resettling in Britain in 1656 the developing Jewish community was greatly affected by the presence of an established church. This served to influence both the discrimination directed against Jews and Anglo-Jewry’s construction of communal and specifically religious institutions.
Fundamentalism
Authors: Stadler Nurit
Published: November 2023

Since its penetration into popular modern discourse, the term ‘fundamentalism’ has given new meaning to concepts such as religious zealotry, martyrdom, suicidebomber, and holy war. In common parlance, the term conjures up a type of behaviour associated with violence justified on religious grounds. Even though it has a significant impact in the political sphere, the term continues to be misused and has thus been subject to endless reinterpretation. In contrast, the vast academic literature has emphasized the need to define the term and has developed various theoretical frameworks to analyse and discuss fundamentalist issues, several of which are Jewish. Nonetheless, this literature has also produced confusion, since it has been applied to a wide range of phenomena.
Print Culture and the Medieval Author
Authors: Gillespie Alexandra
Published: November 2023

Print Culture and the Medieval Author is a book about books. Examining hundreds of early printed books and their late medieval analogues, Alexandra Gillespie writes a bibliographical history of the poet Geoffrey Chaucer and his follower John Lydgate in the century after the arrival of printing in England. Her study is an important new contribution to the emerging 'sociology of the text' in English literary and historical studies. At the centre of this study is a familiar question: what is an author? The idea of the vernacular writer was already contested and unstable in medieval England; Gillespie demonstrates that in the late Middle Ages it was also a way for book producers and readers to mediate the risks - commercial, political, religious, and imaginative - involved in the publication of literary texts. Gillespie's discussion focuses on the changes associated with the shift to print, scribal precedents for these changes, and contemporary understanding of them. The treatment of texts associated with Chaucer and Lydgate is an index to the sometimes flexible, sometimes resistant responses of book printers, copyists, decorators, distributors, patrons, censors, owners, and readers to a gradual but profoundly influential bibliographical transition. The research is conducted across somewhat intractable boundaries. Gillespie writes about medieval and modern history; about manuscript and print; about canonical and marginal authors; about literary works and books as objects. In the process, she finds new meanings for some medieval vernacular texts and a new place for some old books in a history of English culture.
Translation or Transubstantiation
Authors: Walton J Michael
Published: November 2023

The last thirty years have seen a great deal of theoretical and speculative writing associated with the nature of reception in theatre and in film. Not everyone would agree with Brook’ s instinctive analysis of the difference between the media, but he does point to the intangible and unpredictable nature of theatre in a way that is enlightening for some of the more neglected aspects of Greek plays as immediate performance pieces. Drama is almost always, and certainly was in the theatre of the fifth and fourth centuries bc, a collaborative art. That collaboration includes the audience at the point of impact, bringing to their perception their own historical, political and cultural experience. What sticks in the memory may so diver from the experience of one person to that of another, that the ‘ reality’ of the performance is no more than an agglomeration of all the partial recollections of everyone involved as creators and as audience.
Virtue, Nature, and Providence
Authors: Lovibond Sabina
Published: November 2023

I had better begin by declaring that there is one sense of ‘virtue ethics’ in which I am definitely not an advocate of that position: I would not argue that the concept of virtue should be credited with a foundational role in moral thought or theory, or that moral thinking couched in terms of rules, rights, preferences, practices, or any of our other current concepts should be seen as reducible to a single, virtue-centred form. This is by no means to identify myself with some other, putatively competing foundationalist view such as ‘deontology’ or ‘consequentialism’, but simply to locate what I have to say within ‘virtue ethics’ in the minimal sense of reflection on the virtues (as distinct from any other bunch of ethical notions). That project implies no hostility either to the ‘deontological’ view that actions prompted by respect for morality are good in themselves, or to the ‘teleological’ view that living well means engaging in an intelligent pursuit of happiness—each of which, after all, represents one part of the moral philosophy of that well-known ‘virtue theorist’, Aristotle.
Practical Mediterraneanism: Excuses for Everything, from Epistemology to Eating
Authors: Herzfeld Michael
Published: November 2023

At the beginning of a new century, I confess to a feeling of astonishment that we are still talking about the utility, or otherwise, of the concept of ‘the’ Mediterranean. I do not mean that I am astonished to find that the Mediterranean Sea is still there, although the ecological mess we seem to be making of the planet might give one pause before accepting even this apparently simple certainty (and certainly the fish that were once a defining feature of the diet to which it has given its name appear to be getting ever scarcer and more expensive). Indeed, if Horden and Purcell are right to see a nexus of ‘environmental opportunism’ and ‘frequency of change’ as what constitutes the basis for acknowledging some degree of systemic and chronologically deep distinctiveness in the region, these latest vicissitudes would seem to offer a magnificent test from which their thesis may well emerge in good order even if the place itself does not.
Egypt and the Concept of the Mediterranean
Authors: Bagnall Roger S
Published: November 2023

These remarks began as a response to a pair of papers in the Columbia colloquium, those of Herzfeld and Armstrong, and they retain that character even as they take up ideas raised in other papers in this volume and reflect on the place of Egypt in The Corrupting Sea itself. Those two original papers have in common that they step back from the Mediterranean itself to those who create and represent it as a category, a concept, or a political fact. Although in neither case were scholars and teachers the group under consideration, it is evident that we ourselves are engaged in just this work of creation and representation. A number of other papers printed as chapters in this volume do raise related issues of inclusion and exclusion in the constituting of the Mediterranean as a subject of academic study and public perception, and already as I listened to them it became obvious to me that collectively they bore on an issue of perennial concern to me as an historian of Hellenistic and Roman Egypt, namely, the place of that society in the contemporary Mediterranean world. It was, however, equally striking how slight a place in the conversation of the colloquium Egypt occupied, and this near-omission only reinforced that concern over Egypt’s place in the larger Mediterranean conversation. This invisibility takes on an additional irony when one considers that if one thinks of a work other than Braudel’s before Horden and Purcell for which the Mediterranean was the programmatic theme, it is unavoidably Goitein’s great work, A Mediterranean Society. That study, as Abulafia’s chapter points out, centres on a community in Egypt.
Shakespeare’s Late Work
Authors: Lyne Raphael
Published: November 2023

Shakespeare’s Late Work is a detailed reading of the plays written at the end of Shakespeare’s career, centring on Pericles, Cymbeline, The Winter’s Tale, and The Tempest. Unlike many previous studies it considers all the late work, including Henry VIII, The Two Noble Kinsmen, the revised Folio version of King Lear, and even what can be ascertained about the lost Cardenio. From this broadened canon emerge signs of a distinct identity for the late work. Lyne explores how Shakespeare sets great store in grand principles-faith in God, love of family, reverence for monarchs, and belief in theatrical representations of truth. However, there is also a ubiquitous and structuring irony whereby such principles are questioned and doubted. Audiences and readers are left with a difficult but empowering decision whether to believe, or to question, or to accommodate both faith and scepticism. Alongside this interest in the new and characteristically ‘late’ qualities of this phase in Shakespeare’s career. Shakespeare’s Late Work puts it in a wider cultural context. A chapter on the collaborations and broader dramatic relationships with John Fletcher and Thomas Middleton illuminates how Shakespeare’s canon interacts with other writing of its time. A chapter on how the late work revisits and reconsiders themes from earlier plays shows that continuity needs to be remembered alongside novelty. Overall this is an introduction to the key works of this period which advances a new reading of them. They emerge as fascinating and dazzling explorations of their potential and their limitations.
Seeing is Believing
Authors: Lyne Raphael
Published: November 2023

When considering romance in general, it is not always a good idea to start at the end. Extended adventures, digressions, and encounters are vital: it is often better to focus on the process than on the goal. However, in Shakespearian romance— perhaps in dramatic romance overall— endings have special importance. The unfolding of time is a rich feature of the theatrical experience, and the ingenuity expended in testing the endurance of characters and audience never escapes the need for time to reveal all. In another sense, as has already been established, one should not be too end-obsessed in dealing with Shakespearian romance. However in this chapter The Tempest, that perennial pseudo-finale, is indeed the culmination of a key theme, and a new direction too.
Faith and Revelation
Authors: Lyne Raphael
Published: November 2023

In Shakespeare’s late work characters find things that are terribly important to them; in this chapter broader ramifications of the theme of finding and discovery will be examined. In these works it often seems as if grand, powerful ideas are being put forward, ideas that promise rejuvenation and new security. However, these new directions are not proposed without being questioned, and a rich ironic texture results. One of these sets of ideas is a religious and spiritual one, and this version of discovery has a particular intensity in Pericles, not least because the play itself also seems to enact and indeed to be a kind of discovery.
Sounds of the City: Virginia Woolf and Modern Noise
Authors: Flint Kate
Published: November 2023

Between 1880 and 1937-the calendar span of The Years-the sounds of the city changed. The human and animal cacophony of the streets gave way to a mechanical roar and hum, the product, above all, of the internal combustion engine on the ground, and-more intermittently-the drone and throb of the aeroplane in the sky above. The shift was between the acoustic ambience of the streets where ‘musicians doled out their frail and for the most part melancholy pipe of sound’,’ and the ‘deafening’ noise of London, the persistent hooting of car horns, ‘the dull background of traffic noises, of wheels turning and brakes squeaking’, that greets North on his return to London from Africa in the present day.
‘Claiming Him as Her Son ‘: William Stukeley, Isaac Newton, and the Archaeology of the Trinity
Authors: Haycock David Boyd
Published: November 2023

In 1730 the recently ordained clergyman Dr William Stukeley (1687-1765) declared in a letter to his fellow antiquary Roger Gale that his ‘main motive ‘ in pursuing his antiquarian studies into the ancient religion and remains of Celtic Britain was to ‘combat the deists from an unexpected quarter ‘. It was this same motivation that had led him to seek ordination the previous year, when he had told another friend, William Wake, numismatist and Archbishop of Canterbury, that he had ‘ever been studious in divinity, especially in the most abstruse & sublime parts of it ‘, and that his ‘disquisitions into the history of our Celtic ancestors, & their religion, have ... given me the opportunity of discovering some notions about the Doctrine of the Trinity which I think are not common ‘. Indeed, Stukeley told the Archbishop that he believed he could ‘prove ‘ the Trinity ‘to be so far from contrary to, or above, human reason, that ‘tis deducible from reason its self.
Introduction
Authors: Walker Rebecca L , Ivanhoe Philip J
Published: November 2023

In contemporary society, talk about virtue and vice may sound hopelessly old- fashioned. To some, an exhortation to ‘be virtuous’ is on par with ‘just saying no’ to sex, drugs, and rock and roll. Yet when the discussion turns serious and focuses on the virtues themselves, these initial impressions fade quickly. Everyone who cares about being a good person can see that this involves being courageous and generous. Adults with children of their own hope that those children will grow into young adults with a strong sense of kindness and justice.
The Foundations of Two-Dimensional Semantics
Authors: Chalmers David J
Published: November 2023

Why is two-dimensional semantics important? One can think of it as the most regency act in a drama involving three of the central concepts of philosophy: meaning, reason, and modality. First, Kant linked reason and modality, by suggesting that what is necessary is knowable a priori, and vice versa. Second, Frege linked reason and meaning, by proposing an aspect of meaning (sense) that is constitutively tied to cognitive significance. Third, Carnap linked meaning and modality, by proposing an aspect of meaning (intension) that is constitutively tied to possibility and necessity.
From Reduction to Emergence
Authors: Clayton Philip
Published: November 2023

It is widely but falsely held that there are only two major ways to interpret the world: in a physicalist or in a dualist fashion. The mistaken belief in this dichotomy has its roots in the confrontation of Newtonian physics with the metaphysical systems that still dominated in the seventeenth century, which were built up out of Greek, Christian, and medieval elements—but we will not worry here about the historical backgrounds to the conflict. It is the thesis of this book that the days of this forced dilemma are past.
An Alien’s Act of Sedition: ‘Trans-atlantic peculiarities’ and North African Attachments in The Algerine Captive
Authors: Wood Sarah F
Published: November 2023

There is no denying it: Sancho Panza repeatedly outshines and upstages his master in the literature of the early republic. In Joseph Dennie’s ‘Farrago’ columns, published in various periodicals between 1792 and 1802, Don Quixote barely gets a mention, passed over in favour of the ‘pithy PANZA’, the ‘SANCHO PANZA’ whose ‘very simplicity’ enables him to ‘inform and amuse’. And even though Royall Tyler, in the voice of ‘Spondee’, complains about the ‘Sancho Panza proverbs of Benjamin Franklin’, associating them with the ‘extravagant bloated style [ … ] too prevalent’ in American letters, he nonetheless devotes an entire play to Sancho’s antics in The Island of Barrataria (c .1808–15).
The Beautiful Burial in Roman Egypt
Authors: Riggs Christina
Published: November 2023

This important new study looks at the intersection of Greek and Egyptian art forms in the funerary sphere of Roman Egypt. A discussion of artistic change, cultural identity, and religious belief foregrounds the detailed analysis of more than 150 objects and tombs, many of which are presented here for the first time. In addition to the information it provides about individual works of art, supported by catalogue entries, the study explores fundamental questions such as how artists combine the iconographies and representational forms of different visual traditions, and why two distinct visual traditions were employed in Roman Egypt.
The Oxford Movement: Wordsworth to Hopkins
Authors: Knight Mark , Mason Emma
Published: November 2023

The Oxford Movement, also known as Tractarianism, is perhaps the most literary of those nineteenth-century theologies discussed in this book, and emerged in the 1830s from the academic environment of Oxford University. The movement’s central figures were poets as well as preachers, and its doctrinal system was grounded in poetics as much as theology. This chapter will discuss both its main leaders, John Keble, John Henry Newman, Edward Bouverie Pusey, and Isaac Williams; and also the poets who were attracted by its theological and aesthetic innovations, notably Wordsworth, Dora Greenwell, Adelaide Anne Procter, Christina Rossetti, and Newman. Grasping Tractarian beliefs can be a slippery task due to internal disagreements regarding key doctrines like reserve, the eucharist, confession, the Incarnation, and analogy. The Tracts for the Times, however, a series of treatises published by several of its members, grant us some idea of their collective philosophy. As we will show, the Oxford Movement was rooted in the pre-Reformation liturgical practice of the Church of England, revived primarily by the anti-Calvinist, William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury from 1633. The ceremonial changes Laud promoted were taken to an extreme within the Movement’s late nineteenthcentury preference for an intensely medieval ‘ritual’, a word they used to denote both the words in the liturgy and the ornate ceremonial practised in the church space. This medieval bent of late Tractarianism merged, for some problematically, with a Pre-Raphaelite fascination with Britain’s chivalric past and the Movement’s theological ideas became both gradually secularized by writers such as Walter Pater, and also Romanized by poets like Gerard Manley Hopkins.
Catholicism and Mysticism: Huysmans to Chesterton
Authors: Knight Mark , Mason Emma
Published: November 2023

One of the most surprising converts to Roman Catholicism in the late nineteenth century was the Decadent writer, J. K. Huysmans. Well before his conversion in 1892 and the subsequent ‘Catholic phase’ of his writing, Huysmans’s writing had signalled an interest in Catholicism. As Ellis Hanson observes in Decadence and Catholicism: ‘In fact, both A Rebours [Against Nature] and L`a-Bas [The Damned] are Christian conversion narratives, replete with the sort of scholarly disquisitions on mysticism, the liturgy, and Church architecture that are characteristic of his post-conversion work.’ Against Nature’s engagement with Catholicism is far from straightforward, however, as Hanson goes on to explain, and the parallel of the novel with a conversion narrative is not without its limitations: ‘The final passionate prayer of A Rebours is by no means a resolution to Des Esseintes’s oscillations. It is, rather, an inconclusive repetition in a circular narrative that rearticulates over and over the same eccentric sensibility in different words.’ By reminding us that the narrative does not culminate in a clear and unambiguous religious resolution, Hanson points towards the way in which Huysmans’s text exemplifies the complex and difficult place of Catholicism in late nineteenth-century literature. Catholicism proves incapable of answering Des Esseintes’s spiritual questions and explorations: the ending of the novel may continue to use Catholic discourse but it does so in an inconclusive, even hopeless, manner.
Introduction
Authors: Currie Bruno
Published: November 2023

The two themes of this book are stated in its title: it is a study in Greek poetry and religion. The simple conjunction of the two themes, ‘Pindar and the cult ofheroes’, is meant to allow scope to pursue each, where appropriate, independently of the other, but the point of conjoining them is the hope that the one may illuminate the other.
Kraton, Son of Zotichos: Artists’ Associations and Monarchic Power in the Hellenistic Period*
Authors: Le Guen Brigitte
Published: November 2023

Kraton, son of Zotichos, from Calchedon, is undoubtedly the aulos-player from the ancient world about whom we are best informed. A musician active in the second century BC and an eminent member of the Association of Dionysian Technitai in Asia Minor (a group of stage performers under the protection of the god of the theatre), he is known to us through around ten items of epigraphic evidence.
Writing in Another (French) Language
Authors: Rigaud-Drayton Margaret
Published: November 2023

Rather than participating in the desecration of conventional French, ‘poetry’ is a spiritual experience, according to Michaux. Its capacity to transfigure its readers recalls the illumination of the ‘reader’ in ‘Portrait de A.’ and É cuador, and prefigures his account of Supervielle’s poetic transfiguration in his ‘lettremémo’ to Bertelé. Privileging a simultaneously physical and spiritual ‘frisson’ over the beauty of ideas, it speaks of and to emotions rather than the intellect, in that concrete language of ‘things’ which Michaux described in Les Rêves et la jambe as the pre-Babelic language of humankind.
Writing and Painting Vision
Authors: Rigaud-Drayton Margaret
Published: November 2023

The same year that saw the publication of Épreuves-exorcismes, where Michaux rebels against the murderous ‘Immense voix’ of conventional linguistic expression, also saw that of Liberté d’action (1945). Closing on his renunciation of murder and writing, the book announces his turn to painting: ‘Apr`es tuer, les caresses. … J’en ai trop dit. A écrire on s’expose décidément à l’excès. D’ailleurs je ne tue plus. Tout lasse. Encore une époque de ma vie de finie. Maintenant je vais peindre.’ In the ‘Renseignements’, Michaux’s 1947 ‘voyages d’oubli des maux’ similarly suggest, through a homophonic pun with mots, that from that period of time onwards he began to draw away from the pain of linguistic expression.
Natural Signs between Writing and Drawing
Authors: Rigaud-Drayton Margaret
Published: November 2023

Michaux’s exploration in his illustrated books of the tensions between the figural and the discursive, and between the visionary and the visible, finds interesting echoes in those works where he plays with the ambiguities surrounding Western ideas of what does and does not constitute writing. In the illustrated books that I looked at in the previous chapter, Michaux’s analyses of the discursive and figural qualities of verbal and visual expression implicitly question their difference by pointing at some of the ways in which they overlap. In other works, he takes this challenge to the delimitation of verbal and visual modes of signification further by experimenting with the visual qualities of texts. However, just as it is impossible simultaneously to look at the visual works and read the texts in an illustrated book, so one cannot at once read a text and see it. By submitting his readers to the temptation of a visual spectacle even as he offers them the possibility of conventional legibility in graphically expressive texts, Michaux tests the limits of reading and seeing, and of writing and drawing.
Young Ludwig
Authors: McGuinness Brian
Published: November 2023

Ludwig Wittgenstein is universally recognized as one of the most original and influential philosophers of his age and as a personality of great magnetism and power. Not all who recognize his importance admire him or approve of it; his life and work are both surrounded by controversy. In this welcome reissue of his classic biographical study, complete with a brand-new Preface, Brian McGuinness traces the early years of this fascinating figure and examines the formative influences which shaped his extraordinary life.
Trinity and Kenosis
Authors: Thompson Thomas R , Plantinga Cornelius
Published: November 2023

More obvious even than love and marriage, or horse and carriage, do the doctrines of Trinity and Incarnation ‘go together’, as it was the event of the Incarnation that first gave rise to the distinctive Christian conception of God-as-Trinity, its transcendental ground. The revelation of Jesus Christ, the eternally begotten, but now enfleshed Son of the Father, compelled the Christian confession of a personal plurality within the one, true God.
Kenosis and Feminist Theory
Authors: Groenhout Ruth
Published: November 2023

The concept of kenosis is that of a self-emptying, a self-giving, a self-sacrificing. It has become commonplace in feminist thought to argue that women are socialized to be inordinately self-sacrificing, and that this socialization is a very bad thing. So can a feminist endorse a kenotic theology? Wouldn’t a theology that makes an act of selfsacrifice theologically central to an understanding of Christianity be necessarily opposed to a feminism that advocates the empowerment and self-ownership of women? Feminist theory is developed out of a concern for the rights of women to live full, flourishing lives. Kenosis holds up for us the example of a self-sacrificing saviour whom we are to emulate by giving up our claims to power and authority, and by sacrificing our selves for the sake of others. The contradiction seems clear and incontrovertible, and the notion of a kenotic feminist theology seems to be, at least on the face of it, an oxymoron.
Critice in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries and the Rise of the Notion of Historical Criticism
Authors: Bravo Benedetto
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this essay is to call attention to one of the components of the multifarious cultural process that engendered the notion of criticism as an intellectual approach or an intellectual operation indispensable for any kind of knowledge aspiring to objective validity. I shall try to show how scholars professionally studying ancient (Greek and Latin, pagan and Christian) texts in the last quarter of the sixteenth and in the first half of the seventeenth century used the word critice (or critica), how its meaning and function changed during that time, and how, in the last quarter of the seventeenth century (during the great mutation that Paul Hazard called ‘the crisis of European consciousness’), the rather confused conglomerate of notions that had formed around the term critice as a result of the efforts and aspirations of viri docti of that craft, inﬂuenced
Plotinus on Eudaimonia
Authors: Mcgroarty Kieran
Published: November 2023

A philosophical commentary on a section of the Enneads written by the last great Neoplatonist thinker, Plotinus. The treatise is entitled 'Concerning Well-Being' and was written at a late stage in Plotinus' life when he was suffering from an illness that was shortly to kill him. Its main concern is with the good man and how he should pursue the good life. The treatise is therefore central to our understanding of Plotinus' ethical theory, and the commentary seeks to explicate and elucidate that theory. Plotinus' views on how one should live in order to fulfil oneself as a human being are as relevant now as they were in the third century AD. All Greek and Latin is translated, while short summaries introducing the content of each chapter help to make Plotinus' argument clear even to the non-specialist.
Holy Terror
Authors: Eagleton Terry
Published: November 2023

Holy Terror is a profound and timely investigation of the idea of terror, drawing upon political, philosophical, literary, and theological sources to trace a genealogy from the ancient world to the modern day. Rather than add to the mounting pile of political studies of terrorism, Terry Eagleton offers here a metaphysics of terror with a serious historical perspective. Writing with remarkable clarity and persuasive insight he examines a concept whose cultural impact predates 9/11 by millennia. From its earliest manifestations in rite and ritual, through the French Revolution to the ‘War on Terror’ of today, terror has been regarded with both horror and fascination. Eagleton examines the duality of the sacred (both life-giving and death-dealing) and relates it, via current and past ideas of freedom, to the idea of terror itself. Stretching from the cult of Dionysus to the thought of Jacques Lacan, the book takes in en route ideas of God, freedom, the sublime, and the unconscious. It also examines the problem of evil, and devotes a concluding chapter to the idea of tragic sacrifice and the scapegoat. Written by one of the world's foremost cultural critics, Holy Terror is a provocative and ambitious examination of one of the most urgent issues of our time.
States of Sublimity
Authors: Eagleton Terry
Published: November 2023

FOR Thomas Aquinas, God is a kind of nothingness about whom nothing really intelligible can be said, even if Aquinas himself managed to say it at extraordinary length. There is a sense in which he would have endorsed Lenin ‘s scathing comment that theology is ‘a subject without an object’. God for Judaeo-Christian theology is not an object, principle, entity, or existent being. He is rather what makes these things possible in the first place. He defeats all representation and strikes language dumb—which is to say, in aesthetic terms, that he is sublime.
The Living Dead
Authors: Eagleton Terry
Published: November 2023

LET us summarize the argument so far. The sacred is a Janus-faced power, at once life-giving and death-dealing, which can be traced all the way from the orgies of Dionysus to the shattering enthralments of the sublime. For late modern civilization, some of its primary incarnations are known as the unconscious, the death drive, or the Real. This monstrous ambivalence, which for the Judaeo-Christian lineage finds its epitome in the holy terror of God, is also to be found at the root of the modern conception of freedom.
Introduction
Authors: Corns Gordon Campbell Thomas N
Published: November 2023

Writing a biography of John Milton seems seductively easy, for two powerful reasons. First, much of the necessary information appears to be readily available. In the closing decades of the seventeenth century five lives were written by people who knew Milton or could draw information from others who did. Edward Phillips prepared an account of his uncle’s life for inclusion in an edition of Milton’s state papers published in 1694. The antiquary John Aubrey assembled a collection of notes on Milton’s life (now in the Bodleian Library in Oxford), in part based on interviews with relatives, including Milton’s brother Christopher and his widow Elizabeth.
Cambridge: The Postgraduate Years
Authors: Campbell Gordon , Corns Thomas N
Published: November 2023

Milton’s undergraduate studies concluded in a pivotal year in early Stuart history. After the death of the duke of Buckingham, Charles I took stock of the militant foreign policy he and his favourite had pursued. It had signally failed in its primary objectives. The Protestant cause in continental Europe had not been advanced. The Palatinate remained a problem and a taint on the honour of his dynasty. The French Protestant Huguenots had gained little from his abortive interventions. Furthermore, the need to finance the war had led the early Caroline administration into a series of dubious fiscal manoeuvres, the alleged illegality of which would not be forgiven.