bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Last Lie September 10, 2019
Authors: Michael Graff , Nick Ochsner
Published: May 2023

McCrae Dowless was the first person in line to vote at his precinct the morning of the special election. He had to vote and then get over to help his friend harvest grapes. He predicted Bishop would win. And he did. But Dowless’s prediction was off by about a couple thousand votes. That didn’t stop him from claiming he called it just right in a call with Nick at the end of the night.
America’s Chief Deportation Depot
Authors: Pegler-Gordon Anna
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores how immigration officials were extensively involved in the investigation, detention, and deportation of Asian New Yorkers. Starting in the 1920s, as most arriving immigrants were no longer brought to Ellis Island, the immigration station was increasingly used for deportation and detention. Throughout the 1910s and 1920s, immigration officials expanded deportation laws and practices. They pushed for Chinese to be excluded under a broader range of restrictions, not limited to exclusion laws. And they developed national transportation systems to efficiently and economically deport larger and larger numbers. These new strategies provided new means to expel Chinese when enforcement of exclusion laws became less reliable. As New York City became the largest Chinese community in the eastern United States starting in the 1920s, it was unsettled by tong violence and extensive deportation. Federal immigration officials in New York used tong violence as a pretext for massive raids against Chinatown. These indiscriminate raids impacted all Chinese residents but did little to control the tongs. After exploring the expansion of deportation law and the impacts on Chinese New Yorkers, this chapter concludes with the everyday experiences of those detained at Ellis Island.
Detroit Futures
Authors: Rector Josiah
Published: May 2023

In 2013, the same year that Detroit entered Emergency Management, the city adopted a “rightsizing” plan, called Detroit Future City (DFC). The plan, funded by Kresge, Erb, Kellogg, and other local foundations, promised to reduce or decommission services (including water, sewers, and streetlights) in over a third of the city. In addition, the plan called for concentrating resources in a downtown-centered “digital/creative” zone for “new professionals and young entrepreneurs” while replacing dozens of miles of decommissioned neighborhoods with urban forests, prairies, stormwater retention ponds, and commercial farms. Between the mid-2000s and the 2010s, Detroit activists employed three strategic responses to green gentrification and urban triage: accommodation, resistance, and prefiguration. Accommodation involved supporting while seeking to modify elite-driven redevelopment projects. Resistance involved direct actions and arrests, protest demonstrations, lawsuits, and other oppositional tactics. Prefiguration involved creating alternative food, energy, water, and other life-supporting systems, often as small-scale alternatives to public services eviscerated under urban austerity. These strategies often blurred together in practice, and some activists and organizations used a combination of all three. Nevertheless, these categories demarcate significant political and ideological differences among Detroit activists.
Epilogue
Authors: Rector Josiah
Published: May 2023

On the winter evening of January 18, 2019, a network of activist groups called the Frontline Detroit Coalition held a protest rally outside the North American Auto Show at Cobo Center in downtown Detroit. The theme of the rally was “Make Detroit the Engine of a Green New Deal.” Beginning with this rally, the epilogue reexamines the history of environmental inequality in Detroit since the original New Deal, using it to critically evaluate debates about the Green New Deal in the context of global climate change and the challenges facing Rust Belt cities. It argues that, although African Americans benefited less than whites from the “New Deal order” of regulated Fordist capitalism, both in economic and environmental terms, they suffered more from its dismantling in the neoliberal period that followed. In the 21st century, decarbonization in Detroit must be combined with large-scale public investments in infrastructure and anti-poverty policies like a job guarantee or guaranteed income, to address problems of toxic contamination, water shutoffs, lead poisoning, and vulnerability to disaster in extreme weather events. Small-scale, prefigurative projects must be complemented by larger structural solutions which address racial disparities created by past discrimination through “targeted universalism.”
Introduction
Authors: Rosenthal Gregory Samantha
Published: May 2023

This introduction uses an auto-theory approach to explore the impact of queer theory and queer history on the author’s gender transition. It explores hidden LGBTQ histories in the author’s own family, how queer theory shaped her coming out experience, and how oral histories with transgender women propelled her into her identity as a transgender woman. Meanwhile, the author introduces key concepts related to queer space and memory and draws upon literatures in public history, oral history, and urban history to introduce the book’s themes of remembrance and belonging. The introduction also sets the stage for the author’s arrival in Roanoke, Virginia, and the founding of the Southwest Virginia LGBTQ+ History Project.
Magic Tricks
Authors: Rosenthal Gregory Samantha
Published: May 2023

This chapter introduces the history of Roanoke, Virginia as a “sexual city,” an urban hub on the edge of Appalachia that has fostered queer spaces and queer community for over a century. The narrative traces the history of Roanoke from a late 19th-century railroad boom through mid-20th-century urban decline to early 21st-century urban renaissance including contemporary struggles over gentrification and policing. All along the author demonstrates the persistence of queer and trans behaviors and spaces which existed in opposition to the efforts of city leaders, urban planners, and the police who all sought to erase any signs of visible queerness. The chapter draws upon both archival evidence as well as oral histories with LGBTQ elders to reconstruct this history. The narrative pays attention to histories of racism and racial segregation within and between LGBTQ communities, as well as gender and class divisions between gay men and lesbians and transgender people, including sex workers. This chapter demonstrates that there is no universal LGBTQ history of Roanoke, Virginia, but rather multiple, diverse strands that form the foundations of today’s communities.
The Whiteness of Queerness
Authors: Rosenthal Gregory Samantha
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores Roanoke, Virginia’s Black LGBTQ community, and interracial conflict within and between local LGBTQ communities, including the Southwest Virginia LGBTQ+ History Project which is a predominantly white project. The narrative toggles between exploring the whiteness of the History Project and how queer history so often perpetuates white supremacy and detailing the histories and voices of Black queer people in Southwest Virginia. This chapter highlights The QTPOC Project, an initiative of the larger History Project to recruit, train, and pay young Black queer people to conduct oral histories and create public programming in collaboration with Black LGBTQ elders. The author explores her own white and Jewish identity and her friendships with several older Black gay men in Roanoke.
Cheap Behavior and Costly Secrets Taboo Topics in Toni Morrison’s Love
Authors: Brooks Robin
Published: May 2023

The second chapter focuses on Toni Morrison’s treatment of rape, consent, and vulnerability to sexual violence. It argues Morrison’s Love uses a cross-class relationship trope to illustrate and disrupt the continued silence around Black people’s historical legacy of sexual violence and commodification, including during slavery. The chapter also explains that the narrative exposes how society villainizes African Americans who have a working-class status, whether they are survivors or perpetrators of sexual violence. It focuses on Morrison’s attention to working-class characters and these topics to convey ways in which Morrison’s work addresses core questions about inequality and strategies for resistance even in the midst of simultaneously addressing supposedly taboo issues. A contentious part of discussions on sexual assault involves the so-called gray area where people have to prove the behavior was nonconsensual. Love features two key relationships that fall in a supposed gray or debatable area.
Human Rights and Wrongs
Authors: Brooks Robin
Published: May 2023

The fourth chapter focuses on the middle-class (uptown) and working-class (downtown) inhabitants, or those who make up the so-called Two Jamaicas, in McCaulay’s Dog-Heart. The chapter extends the discussion of class inequalities to the realm of human rights violations during the contemporary phase of globalization and acknowledges structural and behavioral constraints. It demonstrates how McCaulay’s novel, and particularly her use of the cross-class relationship trope, acts as a cultural lens through which to view the intersections of class relations, globalization, and human rights. This chapter argues that the use of the cross-class relationship trope in McCaulay’s Dog-Heart operates to identify and foreground human rights violations as a demonstration of the limited efficacy of human rights treaties in the fictive contemporary Jamaican society.
Like a Cord Through the Whole Country
Authors: Thomson David K.
Published: May 2023

This chapter addresses the critical $800 million 7-30 Campaign, the largest bond drive of the entire Civil War and the one that brought these new markets into maturity. Following the conclusion of the 5-20 drive, Cooke was not enlisted as an exclusive agent for subsequent sales by Chase. This practice continued with the acrimonious departure of Chase’s successor Senator William Pitt Fessenden. When Fessenden enacted the 7-30 campaign, he relied on the National Banks to sell the bond issue. It was his hope that the banks would see the benefit of the loan scheme so aptly demonstrated by Cooke without forcing Fessenden to resort to and thereby deeply enrich, one individual. After continued lagging sales, however, Secretary Fessenden again turned to Cooke as general subscription agent in January 1865.
Who bought these bonds is also a vital story to this chapter and the work at large. By drawing on several case studies of communities throughout the country, the chapter examines the various men and women of all classes and backgrounds who invested in these bonds and why they chose to do so. By the end of the war, approximately 3.5 million Americans purchased bonds—a staggering number by nineteenth-century standards.
Introduction
Authors: Mayar Mahshid
Published: May 2023

Examining the far-from-linear, cross-generational exchanges and disruptions that characterize any and every political project as tenuous as empire, this introductory chapter aims to discuss the semantic career of geography and cartography as geo-technologies for teaching American children about the world in the 1890s. Studying the liaison between childhood and empire both inside and outside American classrooms, the chapter explores the points of convergence between geopolitics, imperial literacy, cognitive mapping, and the imagined place of the young American nation in—and in relation to—the world at large. The chapter argues that since modern imperialism has always been a longitudinal project that coincides with the growing-up of at least two generations, it is imperative to revise the study of US empire by questioning both the boundaries and the contents of historical archives. The chapter sets the stage for the ensuing, theory-driven discussions in Citizens and Rulers of the World for a microhistorical investigation of US empire in the frame of what the chapter terms “a semiotics of the overlooked”: meaning-making instances of cognitive mapping that read the contents of school primers, cartographic maps, and geographic toys designed for children alongside letters, geographical brainteasers, and puzzles composed primarily by well-off white children.
Quiet as Mice
Authors: Mayar Mahshid
Published: May 2023

Studying the playing child outside the confines of the schoolroom, this chapter studies world geography as child entertainment. Following a survey of the origins of geographical games that were initially designed in imperial Europe and a discussion on dissecting and playing with world maps, the chapter examines how dissected maps and geographical games tutored children in heavily racialized ways of seeing the larger world and imagining the United States as a central, or at least prominent, part of it. The chapter further illustrates how dissected maps and geography-themed picture puzzles placed children in an intimate, at once cognitive and tactile relationship to cartography, teaching children about the geographic urgencies of the US empire at the turn of the twentieth century. Examining US-manufactured dissected maps and picture puzzles (including The Battle of Manila (1898), Up the Heights of San Juan (1898), and The Philippines Dissected Map (1900)) in tandem with the imperatives of an ever more complex and globally involved United States, the chapter studies dissected maps as geographically scripted material with a range of intended and unintended meanings and uses in fostering lessons in “home geography” and in direct conversation with the shifting geopolitical interests of the expanding US empire.
We Sing a Geography Song
Authors: Mayar Mahshid
Published: May 2023

By examining a wide collection of letters children wrote and sent to St. Nicholas: Scribner’s Illustrated Magazine for Girls and Boys, this chapter discusses the range of often subversive spatial practices that children engaged with while consuming what adults had designed for them (e.g. schoolbooks and geographical games and toys). The chapter tracks the effects of seemingly unimportant events, such as a visit to a quarantine station off New York Harbor, a school fight in Weimar, Germany, etc., placing emphasis on what children “perceived” the world to be like. Close reading children’s often heavily edited letters, the chapter traces the responses that children had to compulsory education as they connected the individual, the local, and the child-specific to the collective, the global, and the geopolitical. Most significantly, what this chapter records includes the many ways the writing child related to American and non-American worlds as practices in home geography. The chapter establishes that the repository of children’s letters found in the juvenile periodicals of the time provides an essential supplement to the publicly available documents that were generated by adults, furnishing evidence, however mediated, as to how children perceived of the empire and its place in the world at large.
Feeding Washington's Army
Authors: Herrera Ricardo A.
Published: May 2023

In this major new history of the Continental Army’s Grand Forage of 1778, award-winning military historian Ricardo A. Herrera uncovers what daily life was like for soldiers during the darkest and coldest days of the American Revolution: the Valley Forge winter. Here, the army launched its largest and riskiest operation—not a bloody battle against British forces but a campaign to feed itself and prevent starvation or dispersal during the long encampment. Herrera brings to light the army’s herculean efforts to feed itself, support local and Continental governments, and challenge the British Army. Highlighting the missteps and triumphs of both General George Washington and his officers as well as ordinary soldiers, sailors, and militiamen, Feeding Washington’s Army moves far beyond oft-told, heroic, and mythical tales of Valley Forge and digs deeply into its daily reality, revealing how close the Continental Army came to succumbing to starvation and how strong and resourceful its soldiers and leaders actually were. This is the first serious study of the Grand Forage. It highlights Washington’s maturing strategic insight and willingness to take risks. Tough soldiers, sailors, militiamen, and talented officers like Nathanael Greene, Anthony Wayne, Henry Lee, Jr., John Barry, Joseph Ellis, and others marched, maneuvered, rowed, and fought as they ferreted out supplies for starving American soldiers. Examining some rarely used archival sources, and based on extensive research in the United States, England, and Scotland, this book tells a little known, but important story about the Continental Army’s survival at Valley Forge.
Every Thing Wanted for the Use of the Army
Authors: Herrera Ricardo A.
Published: May 2023

The Continental Army’s poor conditions at Valley Forge were due to several factors: the inefficient logistical system established by the Continental Congress, the poor leadership of the quartermaster general’s and commissary general’s departments, the lack of wagons and drivers, and the wild variations in weather because of the Little Ice Age (1300-1850). Congress created complex regulations governing the purchasing power and organization of the quartermaster general and commissariat meant to curb the growth of military power. Instead, the regulations created an inefficient logistical system that forced purchasing agents to use their own credit to purchase supplies and wait for reimbursement, which was often delayed. Congress divided authority in the commissary general’s department, with a commissary general for purchases and another for issues, and it required that the quartermaster general be physically present with congress rather than with the army. The men appointed to lead the departments or serving as purchasers were often unprepared for their responsibilities. Adding to the problem was the difficulty hiring or impressing wagons or drivers because of the poor pay offered in weak Continental dollars. Violent variations in weather which ranged from snow, freezing temperatures, rain, thawing, and flooding streams compounded the problems.
Hungary's Cold War
Authors: Békés Csaba
Published: May 2023

In this magisterial and pathbreaking work, Csaba Békés shares decades of his research to provide a sweeping examination of Hungary’s international relations with both the Soviet Bloc and the West from the end of World War II to the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. Unlike many studies of the global Cold War that focus on East-West relationships—often from the vantage point of the West—Békés grounds his work in the East, drawing on little-used, non-English sources. As such, he offers a new and sweeping Cold War narrative using Hungary as a case study, demonstrating that the East-Central European states have played a much more important role in shaping both the Soviet bloc's overall policy and the East-West relationship than previously assumed. Similarly, he shows how the relationship between Moscow and its allies, as well as among the bloc countries, was much more complex than it appeared to most observers in the East and the West alike.
Hungary’s Road to the Soviet Bloc
Authors: Békés Csaba
Published: May 2023

This chapter presents how the Hungarian Communists used the case of the forthcoming peace treaty to prepare for a future takeover and it describes the process of Hungary’s incorporation into the emerging Soviet Bloc. It reveals that at Rákosi’s initiation, in turn for serious political concessions from the Smallholders Party, having gained a 57% landslide victory at the national elections in November 1945, Stalin promised to consider favorably Hungary's claim for a minor strip of territory of some 4–10 thousand km2s, populated mostly by Hungarians along the Hungarian-Romanian border. As it turned out, Stalin had no such intention at all, and he was treating the Hungarian Communists themselves as mere puppets in a game where the only aim of the Soviets was to use both their allies and their enemies to create more favorable conditions for a future takeover. The chapter also reveals that the Hungarian leadership became involved in the cautious early process of opening to the West, when, from the beginning of 1952, it attempted to at least partially restore economic relations with the Western states that were at a low after 1949.
East Central Europe and the First Phase of Long Détente, 1953–1956
Authors: Békés Csaba
Published: May 2023

This chapter offers a new interpretation of the détente process, arguing that emerging from 1953 it never ended up until 1991 as it was not a linear category as generally interpreted, but a new model of compelled East-West superpower coexistence. That is, after 1953 the main characteristic in the relationship of the conflicting superpowers was — despite the ever-increasing competition in the arms race — the continuous interdependence and compelled co-operation of the United States and the Soviet Union and their respective political-military blocs, while immanent antagonism obviously remained.
The chapter analyses the by now mostly forgotten policy of “active foreign policy” (turned into a doctrine by the author) announced by the Soviet leadership in the spring of 1954 to increase the reputation and influence of the Eastern Bloc in the international political scene. Connected to this trend, it introduces the concept of the gradual emancipation of the Soviet Bloc states that evolved in three directions from the mid-1950s: in their relationship with the Soviet Union, with the West and third word states.
The International Impact of the Polish and Hungarian Revolts
Authors: Békés Csaba
Published: May 2023

This chapter analyses the state of East-West relations after 1956, arguing that the revolts in Poland and Hungary, and especially the passive reaction of the Western powers contributed to the confirmation of the European status quo system, by consolidating Moscow’s dominance in the region. From 1956 on, a primary aim of US foreign policy was to arrest the development of Soviet influence in the Third World, and to correspondingly increase American presence there. The UN General Assembly provided an ideal arena for this; the Americans kept the Hungarian question on the agenda until 1962 as a device of this political objective.
US policy towards East-Central Europe was reformulated on a new, more pragmatic, and reserved basis. Thus, the new US approach toward the region completely did away with the theory of liberating these nations; from now on the goal was to liberalize and “soften” their Communist regimes and this policy lasted until the late 1980’s.
Hungary and the Soviet Bloc in the Khrushchevian Experimental Era, 1956–1964
Authors: Békés Csaba
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the Soviet Bloc states’ reaction to the second Berlin crisis and the Cuban missile crisis, the failed plan of withdrawing Soviet troops from Hungary in 1958 and the challenge of West Germany’s early Ostpolitik in 1962–1963. It introduces a novel typology for the crises of the Cold War era, distinguishing real and pseudo crises, explaining that some of the most spectacular crises of the era, e.g., all the intra-bloc crises of the Soviet Bloc, including the Hungarian revolution of 1956 were not genuine East-West conflicts. A special subchapter is dedicated to Hungarian leader János Kádár’s first meeting with the new Soviet leaders after Khrushchev’s removal from office in October 1964, where he not only criticized the way of the personnel change but suggested a new pattern for Moscow for conducting their relationship with their allies. This can be dubbed as the Kádár doctrine: whether they like it or not, Moscow’s sovereignty is also limited, therefore, even when making decisions at home, the Soviet Union’s leaders must take into consideration the interests of the whole Soviet Bloc.
Aliens in a Strange Land
Authors: Butler Lindley S.
Published: May 2023

This chapter presents an introduction to what eventually led the eight lords proprietors to establish civil structures in North Carolina and Virginia. Initially, a faster route to China was attempted to be unveiled but the Americas was the result. This chapter goes over how land north of the Cape Fear River was discovered. The initial settlement of the Americas is discussed, as well as colonies including Roanoke and Jamestown. The Spanish settlement of La Florida is mentioned, including how the French tried to establish a privateering base within La Florida. Debate as to who had an initial claim of the land is mentioned. Was it the Spanish settlement of La Florida, or the English settlements north of the Cape Fear?
Albemarle County
Authors: Butler Lindley S.
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the start of a Grand Council in Albemarle County. Throughout the chapter, the different levels and responsibilities of council positions are defined. The people who played a part in creating the Grand Council are also mentioned.
Life in the Tidewater
Authors: Butler Lindley S.
Published: May 2023

The day-to-day life of those living in Albemarle is discussed in this chapter. From daily chores to medicine and even a longer life expectancy, the life in Albemarle was quite different than that of those residing in London or more developed colonies further North. Anna Sothel claimed that her “Country was sickley,” but she and her contemporaries often prospered in their mid-Atlantic enclave.
A New Century
Authors: Butler Lindley S.
Published: May 2023

Lords of Albemarle County begin to urge expansion into the south as a new century begins. The treatment of Native Americans is discussed in more detail throughout this chapter and how it influenced the expansion of America. Discoveries of fossils and plants within the North Carolina and Virginia area is also mentioned throughout this chapter.
The End of an Era
Authors: Butler Lindley S.
Published: May 2023

The end of the Lords Proprietors’ ownership of North Carolina is mentioned in this final chapter. Changes within imports and exports for North Carolina is discussed, as well as how North Carolina eventually became the leading supplier of forest products. To conclude this chapter, the expansion and commercial growth of North Carolina is discussed.
Toward a New State
Authors: Butler Lindley S.
Published: May 2023

Throughout the epilogue, new wars between colonists and Native Americans in the mid-seventeenth century is discussed. Issues such as the economy of North Carolina and other northern colonies are mentioned. To conclude the epilogue, the independence of the colonies, as well as the political and social ideals in the Declaration of Independence is mentioned.
Chaplaincy in the United States: A Short History
Authors: Stahl Ronit Y.
Published: May 2023

This chapter offers a concise overview of the history of chaplaincy and spiritual care in the United States. The author considers this history in light of the American separation of church and state and of the settings—the military, federal prisons, and the Veterans Administration—where chaplains are required. She also explores places like higher education, healthcare, ports and airports, and community contexts where chaplaincy has been present but optional. She shows growing diversity in who serves as chaplains and the settings where they work as well as the ways the profession remains young and in transition.
Interpersonal Competencies in Spiritual Care
Authors: O’connor Thomas St. James , Kirby Michelle
Published: May 2023

Chaplains and community religious leaders may be first responders when people struggle with four kinds of suffering: suicide and despair, addictions, trauma, and moral injury. How can they offer immediate and ongoing evidence-based spiritual care? What interpersonal competencies do they need in order to build trust when people struggle with suicide, addictions, post-traumatic symptoms, and moral injury? In this chapter, we use the Helping Styles Inventory along with an extended case study to illustrate how chaplains integrate research-based knowledge with interpersonal competencies in response to these forms of suffering.
A Commissioning
Authors: Haythorn Trace , Callahan Jason
Published: May 2023

Cadge and Rambo conclude with less of a “final word” and more of a commissioning to those who sense the preceding chapters speaking to them, encouraging them in their own work and exploration. The work of chaplaincy is both a science and an art. As such, it has both rules and freedom, boundaries and explorations. There are best practices and experts of the craft, and there are ways for those with very little training to demonstrate the kinds of compassionate care one can expect from a chaplain. As an art, it is always and already being refined, reimagined, and challenged, even as its history is recognized for its important grounding and shaping of the field.
Love and Duty
Authors: Elder Angela Esco
Published: May 2023

Between 1861 and 1865, approximately 200,000 women were widowed by the deaths of Civil War soldiers. They recorded their experiences in diaries, letters, scrapbooks, and pension applications. In Love and Duty, Angela Esco Elder draws on these materials—as well as songs, literary works, and material objects like mourning gowns—to explore white Confederate widows’ stories, examining the records of their courtships, marriages, loves, and losses to understand their complicated relationship with the Confederate state. Elder shows how, in losing their husbands, many women acquired significant cultural capital, which positioned them as unlikely actors to gain political influence.
Confederate officialdom championed a particular image of white widowhood—the young wife who selflessly transferred her monogamous love from her dead husband to the deathless cause for which he’d fought. But a closer look reveals that these women spent their new cultural capital with great shrewdness and variety. Not only were they aware of the social status gained in widowhood; they also used that status on their own terms, turning mourning into a highly politicized act amid the battle to establish the Confederacy’s legitimacy. Death forced all Confederate widows to reconstruct their lives, but only some would choose to play a role in reconstructing the nation.
Introduction
Authors: Elder Angela Esco
Published: May 2023

This introduction outlines the book’s three major takeaways. First, analyzing the expressions of nineteenth century Confederate widows changes the way scholars think about the Civil War household. Though they shared a gender, women did not wound the same or work the same, and these differences emerged particularly when their relationships were put under stress. Second, emotion mattered; for Confederate widows, the political was personal, and the personal political, a fact that left a lasting impression on both Confederate officials and communities. With an analysis of emotions history, emotional regimes, and the political significance of mourning, this book gives us a much-needed chapter in the history of widows in the American Civil War. And third, widows existed. Love and Duty argues that the emotional expressions of widows carried new political meaning amid the battle to establish the Confederacy’s legitimacy.
Surfing the South
Authors: Estes Steve
Published: May 2023

When most Americans think of surfing, they often envision waves off the coasts of California, Hawai’i, or even New Jersey. What few know is that the South has its own surf culture. To fully explore this unsung surfing world, Steve Estes undertook a journey that stretched more than 2,300 miles, traveling from the coast of Texas to Ocean City, Maryland. Along the way he interviewed and surfed alongside dozens of people—wealthy and poor, men and women, Black and white—all of whom opened up about their lives, how they saw themselves, and what the sport means to them. They also talked about race, class, the environment, and how surfing has shaped their identities. The cast includes a retired Mississippi riverboat captain and alligator hunter who was one of the first to surf the Gulf Coast of Louisiana, a Pensacola sheet-metal worker who ran the China Beach Surf Club while he was stationed in Vietnam, and a Daytona Beach swimsuit model who shot the curl in the 1966 World Surfing Championships before circumnavigating the globe in search of waves and adventure. From these varied and surprising stories emerge a complex, sometimes troubling, but nevertheless beautiful picture of the modern South and its people.
Atlantis on the Gulf
Authors: Estes Steve
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses surfing in Louisiana, which is influenced by the oil industry, climate change, the Mississippi River, and pollution in the Gulf of Mexico.
Surf City, USA
Authors: Estes Steve
Published: May 2023

Based on interviews with three Alabama surfers, this chapter addresses the role of surf music and movies in spreading the culture of the sport from Southern California to the rest of the US in the 1960s.
Introduction
Authors: Fleming Daniel T.
Published: May 2023

The introduction frames Martin Luther King Jr. Day in the context of US memorial tradition. It argues that memorial entrepreneurs, such Coretta Scott King and John Conyers, designed a celebratory and uplifting holiday that they hoped would inculcate the US with King’s philosophy of nonviolence. As they canonized King however, Americans also deradicalized his legacy, downplaying his critique of racism, materialism, and militarism. To create a holiday that appealed to the widest possible audience, Coretta Scott King fought against those, such as Senator Jesse Helms, who wanted to stereotype King Day as a Black holiday. Civil rights veterans, such as Andrew Young, sought to expand King’s influence by reshaping the US’s collective memory, desegregating the US and southern calendars.
Living the Dream
Authors: Fleming Daniel T.
Published: May 2023

In 1984, Congress established the Martin Luther King Jr. Holiday Commission to organize the inaugural King Holiday. When President Ronald Reagan appointed conservatives, particularly Black conservatives to the commission, Coretta Scott King found that she had to work with people who opposed many civil rights movement policies, such as affirmative action. To minimize controversy, Coretta and the commission invented traditions and rituals that highlighted King’s philosophy of nonviolence and downplayed his criticism of racism, materialism, and militarism. Coretta wanted Martin Luther King Jr. Day to help transform the US into “the first nonviolent society in human history.” The commission promoted the holiday with the slogan “Living the Dream.” The heightened emphasis on King’s “dream” came at the expense of his radicalism yet fitted with Reagan’s colorblind politics.
The World House
Authors: Fleming Daniel T.
Published: May 2023

This chapter argues that President George H. W. Bush used the King Holiday to promote anti-communism. As communist governments fell in Eastern Europe and the USSR, and the Chinese Communist Party violently suppressed protests in China, Bush used King as an exemplar of the art of nonviolent protest. Further, both Nelson Mandela and South Africa’s President F. W. De Klerk used King’s legacy as they dismantled South Africa’s discriminatory apartheid system. When Bush launched the Gulf War under the banner of his New World Order concept, superficial comparisons were made to King’s World House idea. Yet the comparison faltered when the US issued Iraq with an ultimatum to withdraw from Kuwait, by King’s birthday, or war would ensue. This angered Coretta Scott King, who denounced the looming war as the antithesis of King’s World House idea. At the same time, the Martin Luther King Jr. Holiday Commission continued to lobby for the King Holiday to be observed in every state of the nation. When Arizona and New Hampshire finally agreed, the commission emerged victorious.
In the Streets
Authors: Fleming Daniel T.
Published: May 2023

This chapter examines the King Holiday in the 21st century, from 2001 to the present. It examines how George W. Bush used the holiday to honor the 9/11 first responders and incongruously used King’s legacy to support for the War on Terror. The chapter then examines the conjunction of Barack Obama’s first inaugural and King Day, analyzing contemporary claims that Obama’s election brought King’s dream to life and supposedly ushered in a post-racial era in US history. The chapter then documents how Black Lives Matter activists protested police brutality and the passivity of King Holiday services and activities, particularly in 2015. The chapter then examines the holiday in the Donald Trump presidency in the context of his defense of confederate statues and traditional American memorialization with his 1776 Project and National Garden of American Heroes program.
Conclusion
Authors: Fleming Daniel T.
Published: May 2023

The conclusion reflects on the memorialization of Martin Luther King Jr. and the King Holiday. It situates King memorialization as one aspect of an overall trend to commemorate the Civil Rights Movement and to overthrow the previously segregated memorial landscape. It argues that while the memorial entrepreneurs such as Coretta Scott King and John Conyers did not get all that they sought from the holiday, they succeeded in placing a Black American and African American life and history on the previously all white US calendar and southern calendars.
Border Bodies
Authors: Hernández Bernadine Marie
Published: May 2023

In this study of sex, gender, sexual violence, and power along the border, Bernadine Marie Hernández brings to light under-heard stories of women who lived in a critical era of American history. Elaborating on the concept of sexual capital, she uses little-known newspapers and periodicals, letters, testimonios, court cases, short stories, and photographs to reveal how sex, violence, and capital conspired to govern not only women’s bodies but their role in the changing American Southwest. Hernández focuses on a time when the borderlands saw a rapid influx of white settlers who encountered elite landholding Californios, Hispanos, and Tejanos. Sex was inseparable from power in the borderlands, and women were integral to the stabilization of that power.
In drawing these stories from the archive, Hernández illuminates contemporary ideas of sexuality through the lens of the borderland’s history of expansionist, violent, and gendered conquest. By extension, Hernández argues that Mexicana, Nuevomexicana, Californiana, and Tejana women were key actors in the formation of the western United States, even as they are too often erased from the region’s story.
Technology of “Unproductive” Brown Bodies
Authors: Hernández Bernadine Marie
Published: May 2023

Chapter 5 tells the story of how prostitutes’ local political and economic power in Tucson and throughout the state dwindled and became racially pathologized and dangerous within the first decade of the twentieth century. Drawing on newspaper accounts, Chapter 5 uncovers the thriving sexual economy of prostitution in Arizona at the time in relation to discussions of statehood, an economy hampered by moral reform laws introduced by one of the biggest anti- prostitution proponents of the time, Tucson’s Josephine Hughes. Later, immigration reports from Arizona dating from around 1909 reveal the increasingly dangerous and violent nature of sex work in the region. These reports focus on male procurers, but they also incidentally deport only the Mexican prostitutes; men seemed to escape un-scathed. This chapter connects this pathology of prostitution with the photography of Gustav Schneider, which was used as a technology of power to target Mexican sex workers on the border. The turn of the century on the border provided the legal and social contract that shifted racialized sexuality from productive racialized sex to unproductive racialized sex during the U.S. Progressive Era and the rise of the welfare state.
Pluripresence
Authors: Hunt Irvin J.
Published: May 2023

﻿This chapter argues that Hamer’s Freedom Farm creatively worked to survive the double afterlife of slavery: both the burden and denial of legal personhood. The chapter offers the concept of pluripresence, a simultaneous inhabitance of different spaces and times, to clarify both the all-at-once-ness of Hamer’s Farm her complex navigation of property law. Her 680-acre “farm” provided food, health care, scholarships, free housing, and jobs. It did all this under a paradoxical, or pluripresent, use of the law. Hamer incorporated the Farm as a nonprofit, a business owned by no one, but then discussed and advertised it as a cooperative, a business owned by all. Reading a range of documents from speeches to grant proposals, the chapter demonstrates that this production of tension in property rights was deliberate. Hamer needed some form of private property as a Black woman seeking to protect her private space and her newly formed commons, while also detaching property logics from the violence of its Lockean tradition. Pluripresence registers the temporal dynamics of Hamer’s deployment of the law to protect what the law itself cannot legitimate, personal privacy without private property and a commons without ownership.
Conclusion
Authors: Hunt Irvin J.
Published: May 2023

Taking direction from Theodore Ward’s play “Our Lan’,” which closes with a short-lived cooperative society, the conclusion draws out the implications of this book for recent studies on the riot. What happens when one thinks of these movements as riots? And what happens when one thinks of all their temporalities as a kind of resonance rather than as a linear wave? One answer is that one would be compelled to see these movements, and perhaps black social movements at large, as an effort to recover or to sustain an instability, rather than to bring about stable conditions. Finally, the chapter places the book in the context of present-day cooperative projects, like Cooperation Jackson in Mississippi and the Earthseed Land Collective in North Carolina.
Introduction
Authors: Khor Denise
Published: May 2023

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
Owned, Controlled, and Operated by Japanese
Authors: Khor Denise
Published: May 2023

This chapter explores early Japanese American independent filmmaking as it emerged over and against the development of early Hollywood. It recovers the film production efforts of Japanese in the United States as an alternative system of film production and circulation. Even before Sessue Hayakawa established Haworth Pictures, filmmaking enterprises by Japanese burgeoned in California and beyond. As early as 1912, Japanese in Portland, Oregon were making educational films that showcased the abundance of agricultural crops harvested by Japanese farmers in California as well as other successes of the immigrant pioneers. Building on these early efforts, in 1914, the Japanese American Film Company opened offices in the emerging filmmaking capital, Los Angeles, and produced The Oath of the Sword, while the Fujiyama Film Company in 1916 followed suit and established a studio in nearby Redlands, California. Japanese working in Hollywood contributed to other early film efforts. Oriented by their geographic and professional proximity to the major studios, these early filmmaking enterprises charted a path in independent filmmaking while also envisioning a new cinema in which Japanese were behind the scenes and in front of the camera.
Audible Divides
Authors: Khor Denise
Published: May 2023

Across a rapidly changing industry, Japanese in Hollywood found themselves incorporated into the efforts of the major studios as they sought to recapture global audiences. The emergence of sound technology introduced the problem of Hollywood’s nationalization—as film became audible not only of sound, but also of national languages. As this chapter reveals, Hollywood looked to Japanese working in the industry to engage the development of the new medium as translators, interpreters, foreign language actors, and writers. Yet, these changes in the film industry also reinforced and fortified the system of racialized casting and production practices. Additionally, this chapter also examines the residual practices of the silent era as they continued across multiple aspects of Japanese American film culture. It looks at the first and only independent Japanese language film made in the sound transition in the United States, along with a handful of amateur films made by Japanese producers. Finally, the chapter examines the continual circulation of Japanese silent films within the sound era and the persistence of the benshi, whose work seemed to gain momentum with the outbreak of war in the Asia Pacific and as Japanese war and propaganda films began their circulation in the United States.
Robert Kennedy, Kennedy Men, the Kennedy Legacy, and the Johnson Alliance
Authors: Kirkendall Andrew J.
Published: May 2023

Liberal Democrats argued over the future of the Alliance for Progress. Former Kennedy aides tried to create a Kennedy legacy for the region without any of its complexities and contradictions as US attention turned toward Southeast Asia during the Vietnam War.
Jimmy Carter and Human Rights in South America
Authors: Kirkendall Andrew J.
Published: May 2023

Carter tried to make human rights a priority in foreign policy, particularly in Latin America. This proved more difficult than it had seemed. Carter reduced military aid to South American countries in order to encourage a change in the behavior of military dictatorships.
A Life Begins
Authors: Leonard Elizabeth D.
Published: May 2023

This chapter discusses the early years of Butler’s life, from his birth in Deerfield, New Hampshire, through his education at Waterville (now Colby) College in Maine (class of 1838), to his admission to the bar as a lawyer in Lowell, Massachusetts, in 1840. Here the stage is set for understanding the roots of Butler’s life-long commitment to democracy and economic justice, as well as to the defense of those he deemed society’s “underdogs.”
The Final Journey
Authors: Leonard Elizabeth D.
Published: May 2023

This chapter presents the final years of Butler’s life, including his actions, aims, and performance during his year as governor of Massachusetts, his ongoing search for a political party “home,” and his unsuccessful candidacy for president of the U.S. in 1884. During these years Butler wrote his massive autobiography and slowly diminished the time he spent engaged in legal professional work, turning much of his attention back to his family, not least, his daughter Blanche and her husband, Adelbert Ames, and their children, and cherished his relationship with his “bodyman,” Albert West. The chapter ends with Butler’s funeral and the public response to his sudden and unexpected demise.
Language and Social Death
Authors: Lettman Stacy J.
Published: May 2023

To address violence within a larger Caribbean context, this chapter explores NourbeSe Philip’s boundary-crossing, an element of the slave sublime aesthetic, as she moves away from the realistic novel toward an exploration of poetic forms to investigate and subvert the paradigmatic quality of colonial violence, language structures, and narrative forms. Philip uses magical realism in Looking for Livingstone to represent symbolically the violence of colonization in 19th century Africa and the related hegemonic discourses (racialized discourses embedded within colonial languages and Christian ideology), which undermine an African person’s ontological and epistemological frames of reference. Another text, She Tries Her Tongue , completes the work of Looking for Livingstone by opening up another angle on the questions of colonialism and violence within language structures. Her formal experimentation reveals how violence might enter into language art, and her writing, both in the generic disruption and in the formal assault on standard English that it foregrounds and thematizes, makes possible an engagement with the legacies of violence, both colonial and gendered. She draws upon the Rastafari privileging of the letter “I” in words for giving “tangible form” to what she calls the “i-magination” to highlight the important role the imagination plays in ideation.