bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Form‐ Synechococcus
Authors: Herdman Michael , Castenholz Richard W. , Waterbury John B. , Rippka Rosmarie
Published: August 2015

Syn.e.cho.coc' cus
. Gr. n.
synechia
continuity; Gr. n.
kokkos
grain or kernel; M.L. masc. n.
Synechococcus
contiguous cells.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection I / Incertae Sedis / Form‐ Synechococcus

This form‐genus serves as a provisional repository for unicellular cyanobacteria that share the morphological properties of members assignable to the botanical genus
Synechococcus
Nägeli 1849. Cells are spherical to rod shaped, 0.6–2.1 µm in diameter and contain photosynthetic thylakoids located peripherally. Reproduction occurs by transverse binary fission in a single plane. The cells may be united into colonial aggregates by mucilage formation, but never produce well defined sheath layers.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 47–66.
Form‐ Arthrospira
Authors: Castenholz Richard W. , Rippka Rosmarie , Herdman Michael , Wilmotte Annick
Published: August 2015

Ar.thro.spi' ra
. Gr. n.
arthron
a joint; L. n.
spira
a coil; M.L. fem. n.
Arthrospira
jointed coil.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection III / Incertae Sedis / Form‐ Arthrospira

The entire trichome is arranged as an
open helix
, in which cross‐walls may be seen via light microscopy, but not too easily when gas vacuoles are abundant (Figure 1). However, the vesicles can be easily collapsed by centrifugation or by exerting pressure on a suspension in a plastic syringe by pushing against a rubber stopper. Cells are generally shorter than broad or isodiametric. Slight constrictions at crosswalls may be present or absent. In some strains the terminal cells may acquire a cap‐like thickening of the outer cell wall, termed a calyptra. A single circle of junctional pores (i.e., near crosswalls) seems to be typical for members of this genus, and fimbriae are closely appressed along the trichome (E.M.) (Guglielmi and Cohen‐Bazire, 1982a, b). Persistent sheaths are not produced. Gliding motility is evident in most strains. Thylakoids have a radial arrangement in trichome cross‐section. Trichome width among the numerous isolates in culture varies from about 5–12 µm, although smaller forms (3 µm) have been described from nature. The helix is an open spiral with wave amplitudes ranging from 30 to 60 µm, with interhelical spacing of similar dimensions (Ciferri, 1983; Ciferri and Tiboni, 1985). On solid medium, the helix undergoes a transition to a “flat spiral”. Considerable variation in degree of helix pitch occurs within some strains, and culture variants that are nearly straight are also found (Jeeji‐Bai, 1985; R. Rippka, unpublished).
Form‐ Planktothrix
Authors: Castenholz Richard W. , Rippka Rosmarie , Herdman Michael , Wilmotte Annick
Published: August 2015

Plank' to.thrix
. Gr. n.
planktos
wandering; Gr. n.
thrix
thread or hair; M.L. fem. n.
Planktothrix
wandering (or planktonic) hair.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection III / Incertae Sedis / Form‐ Planktothrix

This genus (Anagnostidis and Komárek, 1988) corresponds to Cluster 5 of
Oscillatoria
(
sensu
Rippka and Herdman, 1992). It is based primarily on the
structural and ecological features of
O. agardhii
and
O. rubescens
, which are well known planktonic filamentous cyanobacteria
with abundant gas vacuoles
(Figure 1). Typical of eutrophic or hypereutrophic freshwater lakes or reservoirs, the trichomes of these organisms often form clusters or fascicles and often represent a major constituent of “water blooms”. Like
Oscillatoria
(
sensu stricto
) the
cells are shorter than broad or isodiametric
, and the
trichomes exhibit gliding motility
by rotation; prominent sheath layers are not produced; the cell diameter of all representatives presently in culture ranges from 3.5 to 10 µm (Skulberg and Skulberg, 1982; Rippka, unpublished). C‐PE may be present or absent. Some strains were reported to produce the secondary metabolite 7‐methylheptadecane (Jüttner, 1991).
Form‐ Prochlorothrix
Authors: Castenholz Richard W. , Rippka Rosmarie , Herdman Michael
Published: August 2015

Pro' chlor' o.thrix
. Gr. pref.
protos
first (primordial); Gr. adj.
chloros
green; Gr. n.
thrix
hair or thread; M.L. fem. n.
Prochlorothrix
primordial green hair.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection III / Incertae Sedis / Form‐ Prochlorothrix

Prochlorothrix
is a filamentous organism that divides exclusively by binary fission in one plane and has slight to prominent constrictions at the cross‐walls. Cells are longer (3–10 µm) than broad (0.5–1.5 µm in diameter). However, under salt stress (i.e., 25 mM NaCl) cells may enlarge to reach 15 µm in length and 3 µm in width. Thylakoids arranged in layers parallel to the long axis at the periphery of the cytoplasm.
Phycobilisomes absent
. Motility absent;
polar gas vacuoles present
; sheaths absent or poorly developed; apical cells undifferentiated (rounded). Lacks N
2
‐fixing ability.

Phycobiliproteins (i.e., CPE, C‐PC, and APC) absent; chlorophyll
a
and chlorophyll
b
present

. Zeaxanthin and β‐carotene are the major carotenoids.
Form‐ Pseudanabaena
Authors: Castenholz Richard W. , Rippka Rosmarie , Herdman Michael , Wilmotte Annick
Published: August 2015

Pseud' an.a.baen' a
. Gr. adj.
pseud
false;
anabaena
(cf. genus
Anabaena
); M.L. fem. n.
Pseudanabaena
false
Anabaena
.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection III / Incertae Sedis / Form‐ Pseudanabaena

Trichomes that divide exclusively by binary fission in one plane and have
conspicuous constrictions at the crosswalls
that may exceed half the cell diameter (Figure 1). In some strains, the total constriction is less but is still more than 1/8 the cell diameter (Guglielmi and Cohen‐Bazire, 1984a).
Cells are longer than broad to isodiametric and are often barrel‐shaped
. Trichomes of strains characterized in culture range from ∼1
to 3 µm in diameter
. The formation of the transverse septum involves a partial centripetal ingrowth of all wall layers. In some cases, the remaining connection appears quite narrow, as if the cells were strung as beads. The structural (peptidoglycan) layer of the cross‐wall is 3–6 times thicker than the layer surrounding the rest of the cell (Guglielmi and Cohen‐Bazire, 1984a) (Figure 2). Another characteristic observed through T.E.M. is the consistency of
peripheral thylakoids, parallel to the cell walls
. Near the cross‐walls, the continuity of thylakoids may be interrupted by gas vesicle clusters. The trichomes are usually straight and, depending on the morphotype, may be quite short (consisting of less than 3 to ∼10 cells) or may be longer (>10 cells). Reproduction by
intercellular trichome breakage
. Single detached cells are frequently found in cultured populations and may be confused with unicellular cyanobacteria (Castenholz, unpublished). Gliding motility, probably without rotation, occurs at rates usually <1 µm/s. Gliding motility has been lost in a few cultured strains (Guglielmi and Cohen‐Bazire, 1984a).
Form‐ Symploca
Authors: Castenholz Richard W. , Rippka Rosmarie , Herdman Michael
Published: August 2015

Sym.plo' ca
. Gr. adj.
sym
together; Gr. n.
plokos
lock of hair; M.L. fem. n.
Symploca
clustered hair.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection III / Incertae Sedis / Form‐ Symploca

Trichomes that divide by binary fission in one plane only, with a prominent and persistent sheath (
a single trichome per sheath, often with frequent false branching
). In contrast to
Lyngbya
(as treated here), the
cells are isodiametric, or slightly longer than broad, and less than 6 µm in width
. The
constrictions between cells are shallow
. The sheathed filaments are
arranged in bundles, often forming tufts or turfs
in moist terrestrial or intertidal habitats. Geitler (1932) recognized 22 species. This form‐genus is very tentative, since many types of ensheathed filamentous cyanobacteria may correspond to this poor definition and some strains of the form‐genus
Leptolyngbya
, and of
Lyngbya
as defined here, exhibit aerial growth on solid substrates or form pinnacles or tufts under moist culture conditions. However, an approach such as has been taken for the genus
Microcoleus
, which under the current definition is primarily based on a single morpho‐ and ecotype (
Microcoleus chthonoplastes
, see earlier), may be necessary for a more precise concept of
Symploca
. Strain PCC 8002, although originally described as
Microcoleus chthonoplastes
(Pearson et al., 1979), does not share the structural features of this species, but rather conforms more to the description of
Symploca atlantica
Gomont 1892 or
Symploca funicularis
Setchell and Gardner 1918. The former species has been extensively described by Gomont (1893) on the basis of field collections from intertidal mats in France (where it was found in association with
Microcoleus chthonoplastes
), whereas the description of
S. funicularis
, possibly a synonymous species, is based on field material from the coast in California (Setchell and Gardner, 1918). Typically for these two botanical species, the trichomes of strain PCC 8002 are of medium size (
5–6 µm in diameter
) and are
heavily ensheathed
. In contrast to
Microcoleus chthonoplastes
, the
terminal cells
are not conical but
rounded and carry a small “hat‐like” flat‐pointed to convex calyptra; 1–10 subterminal cells are consistently less pigmented
(yellowish), irrespective of the source of nitrogen; on solid media the trichomes exhibit upright aerial growth; although isolated from a marine environment, this strain is euryhaline (Rippka, unpublished). It synthesizes neither
PE nor PEC, and MAA
(mycosporine‐like amino acids) were not detected (Karsten and Garcia‐Pichel, 1996). Most importantly, strain PCC 8002 is one of the rare nonheterocystous filamentous cyanobacteria

capable of fixing N
2
under oxic conditions

(Pearson et al., 1979), even if incubated under a continuous light regime (Rippka, unpublished).
Form‐ Tychonema
Authors: Castenholz Richard W. , Rippka Rosmarie , Herdman Michael
Published: August 2015

Ty'cho.nem' a
. Gr. n.
tychos
luck, accident; Gr. n.
nema
thread; M.L. fem. n.
Tychonema
accidental thread.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection III / Incertae Sedis / Form‐Tychonema

This genus was created by Anagnostidis and Komárek (1988) and includes filamentous cyanobacteria that resemble in most respects strains typical of
Oscillatoria
(as defined here). The only characteristics of diagnostic value are thought to be the presence of a sap vacuole (as in eucaryotic algae) and
a reticulated network of cytoplasmic strands which contain the thylakoids
(Figures 1 and 2). Trichomes of freshwater morphotypes range in diameter from 2 to 16 µm and
gas vacuoles are lacking
(Anagnostidis and Komárek, 1988). However, cultured isolates of the botanical morphotypes
Oscillatoria bornetii
Zukal 1894 ex Geitler 1932 and
O. bornetii
f.
tenuis
Skuja 1930, later assigned to
Tychonema
(Anagnostidis and Komárek, 1988), exhibit a more narrow range in size (diameters 12–16 µm and 4–8 µm, respectively) (Skulberg and Skulberg, 1985). These isolates all contain PE and undergo complementary chromatic adaptation; myxoxanthophyll and oscillaxanthin seem to be the characteristic carotenoids (Skulberg and Skulberg, 1985). Another representative of this “genus” that has been cultured but subsequently lost, is a much larger species (diameter up to 60 µm) that occurs commonly in tychoplankton of protected marine waters of Bermuda (R.W. Castenholz, unpublished; Figure 3).
Form‐Anabaenopsis
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Castenholz Richard W. , Iteman Isabelle , Herdman Michael
Published: August 2015

A.na.bae' n.op' sis. Anabaena
genus of cyanobacteria; Gr.
opsis
appearance; M.L. fem. n.
Anabaenopsis Anabaena
‐like in appearance.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection IV / Subsection IV.I / Form‐Anabaenopsis

Short, immotile trichomes form a loose half circular to a full circular coil composed of 8–16 ellipsoidal, cylindrical, or barrelshaped cells that contain gas vesicle clusters dispersed throughout the vegetative cells. Sheath layers are lacking. Terminal heterocysts often present at both ends of a trichome; new heterocyst differentiate in pairs in the center of the trichome. Akinetes, singly or in pairs, are formed distant from the heterocysts. Structurally distinct hormogonia not produced.
Form‐Cyanospira
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Castenholz Richard W. , Iteman Isabelle , Herdman Michael
Published: August 2015

Cy'an.o.spi' ra
. Gr. adj.
kuanos
blue (color); L. n.
spira
a coil; M.L. fem. n.
Cyanospira
blue‐(green) coils.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection IV / Subsection IV.I / Form‐ Cyanospira

Helically coiled, immotile, trichomes with intercalary and terminal heterocysts; the vegetative cells are spherical to ovoid and are separated by relatively deep constrictions; gas vesicle clusters are dispersed throughout the vegetative cells. Defined sheaths are lacking. Asymmetric cell division prior to de novo heterocyst differentiation does not take place. Akinetes differentiate distant from heterocysts, often forming chains. Hormogonia distinct in morphology from mature trichomes not produced.
Form‐Cylindrospermum
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Castenholz Richard W. , Herdman Michael
Published: August 2015

Cy.lin.dro.sper' mum
. Gr. n. kylindros roller, cylinder; Gr. n.
sperma
seed; M.L. neut. n.
Cylindrospermum
(filament) cylinder of seedlike cells.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection IV / Subsection IV.I / Form‐ Cylindrospermum

Trichomes, generally motile, are untapered and differentiate exclusively terminal heterocysts at one or both ends. The vegetative cells are cylindrical in shape and do not contain gas vesicle clusters. A single large cylindrical to ovoid akinete is formed adjacent to one or both heterocysts in the trichome. Sheath envelopes and structurally distinct hormogonia are not produced.
Form‐Nodularia
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Castenholz Richard W. , Iteman Isabelle , Herdman Michael
Published: August 2015

Nod.u.la' ri.a
. L. adj.
nodulus
diminutive of nodus, small and knotty, knobby; L. n.
arium
place; M.L. fem. n.
Nodularia
knobby microbial filament.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection IV / Subsection IV.I / Form‐ Nodularia

The trichomes, motile or immotile, are composed of vegetative cells that are shorter than broad (“discoid” or “disk‐like”) and may be enclosed in a thin sheath layer. Terminal cells do not differ from intercalary cells. Heterocysts and akinetes are similar in shape to the vegetative cells but often appear compressed. Differentiation of heterocysts takes place predominantly in intercalary positions. Akinetes are initiated usually distant from heterocysts and may occur in short chains. Structurally distinct hormogonia not produced. Planktonic members exhibit gas vesicle clusters dispersed throughout the vegetative cells.
Rivularia
Authors: Rippka Rosmarie , Castenholz Richard W. , Herdman Michael
Published: August 2015

Ri.vu.la' ri.a
. L. adj.
rivularius
pertaining to a small creek; M.L. fem. n.
Rivularia
the one of a small creek.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection IV / Subsection IV.II / Form‐Rivularia
Form‐Chlorogloeopsis
Authors: Hoffmann Lucien , Castenholz Richard W.
Published: August 2015

Chlor
'
ogloe
.
op
'
sis
. Gr. adj.
chloros
green; Gr. adj.
gloios
sticky; Gr. n.
opsis
appearance, hence resemblance; M.L. fem. n.
Chlorogloeopsis
(cyanobacterium) resembling
Chlorogloea
Mitra.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection V / Incertae Sedis / Form‐Chlorogloeopsis

The filamentous nature of this organism is often unclear, except in the hormogonia. Hormogonia are composed of short chains of cylindrical or barrel‐shaped cells which, after ceasing motility, enlarge to become spherical cells (Figure 1). Extracellular sheath is present. Heterocysts develop in both intercalary and terminal positions when levels of combined nitrogen are low. Growth continues, with cell divisions in more than one plane (Figure 1), so that multiseriate trichomes develop. The filamentous nature of the organisms is usually lost, however, since the growing mass of cells commonly fragments into clusters or amorphous aggregates of cells, generally within a mucilaginous sheath (Rippka et al., 1979) (Figure 1). Hormogonia arise from such aggregates. Uneven (asymmetric) divisions of vegetative cells occur; small heterocysts occur when strains are deprived of combined nitrogen (Foulds and Carr, 1981). Masses of vegetative cells may also enlarge to form thicker‐walled cells (akinetes or akinete‐like cells). Akinete germination takes place with division in several planes and the shedding of extra wall layers (Rippka et al., 1979). Synaptic “pore channels”, common in many other genera in Subsection V, are not present.
Form‐Geitleria
Authors: Hoffmann Lucien , Castenholz Richard W.
Published: August 2015

Geit.ler' i.a
. M.L. fem. n.
Geitleria
Geitler, named after L. Geitler, Austrian botanist and specialist in cyanobacteria, 1899–1990.

Cyanobacteria / Subsection V / Incertae Sedis / Form‐Geitleria

Branching is pseudodichotomous, dichotomous, and lateral (Figure 1). The sheath becomes heavily calcified, and only cells near the tips of trichomes are able to give rise to a lateral branch or, when an apical cell undergoes an oblique division followed by further divisions of both cells, to a false dichotomy (Friedmann, 1955). The ultrastructure of decalcified specimens, including pore channels (i.e. “pit connections”), has been studied by Couté (1982, 1985) (Figure 1). No cultures of this genus have been established.
Deferribacter
Authors: Greene Anthony C. , Patel Bharat K. C.
Published: August 2015

De.fer.ri.bac' ter
. L. pref.
de
from; L. n.
ferrum
iron; Gr. hyp. masc. n.
bacter
rod; M.L. masc. n.
Deferribacter
rod that reduces iron.

Deferribacteres / Deferribactere / Deferribacterales / Deferribacteraceae / Deferribacter

Gram‐negative rods. Nonsporulating. Nonmotile. Anaerobic. Fe(III), Mn(IV), and nitrate utilized as electron acceptors. Complex organic extracts and organic acids used as electron donors. No fermentation occurs.

Type species
:
Deferribacter thermophilus
Greene, Patel and Sheehy 1997, 509.
Natrialba
Authors: Kamekura Masahiro
Published: August 2015

Na.tri.al' ba
. M.L. n.
natrium
sodium; M.L. fem. adj.
alba
white; M.L. fem. n.
Natrialba
sodium white.

Euryarchaeota / Halobacteria / Natrialbales / Natrialbaceae / Natrialba

Cells are rods when grown under optimum conditions
, 0.5–1.0 × 1.0–5.0 µm. Cells stain Gram‐negative. Motile.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 60.3–63.1.

Type species
:
Natrialba asiatica
Kamekura and Dyall‐Smith 1 9 9 6, 625 (Effective publication: Kamekura and Dyall‐Smith 1 9 9 5, 348.)
Methanothermus
Authors: Stetter Karl O.
Published: August 2015

Me.tha.no.ther' mus
. M.L. neut. n.
methanum
methane; Gr. fem. n.
therme
heat; M.L. masc. n.
Methanothermus
methane‐ (producing) thermophile.

Euryarchaeota / Methanobacteria / Methanobacteriales / Methanothermaceae / Methanothermus

Straight to slightly curved rods
, usually 0.3–0.4 × 1–3 µm,
occurring singly and in short chains
. Motile by bipolar polytrichous flagellation. The
cell envelope consists of a double layer, an inner layer of pseudomurein and
an
outer S‐layer
(Sleytr and Messner, 1983)
of protein
subunits (Figure 1). At the poles, flagellum‐containing channels are visible, leading radially through the pseudomurein. Gram positive. Strictly anaerobic.
Optimum temperature
:
80–88°C
; maximum, ~97°C; minimum, 55–60°C.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 33.

Type species
:
Methanothermus fervidus
Stetter 1982b, 267 (Effective publication: Stetter
in
Stetter, Thomm, Winter, Wildgruber, Huber, Zillig, Janekovic, König, Palm and Wunderl 1981, 177).
Methanococcus
Authors: Whitman William B.
Published: August 2015

Me.tha.no.coc' cus. M.L. neut. n.methanummethane; Gr. n.kokkosa spherical cell; M.L. masc. n.Methanococcusmethane coccus.

Euryarchaeota / Methanococcales / Methanococcales / Methanococcaceae / Methanococcus

Irregular cocci, 1.0–2.0 µm in diameter during balanced growth. Cells from older cultures or colonies are extremely irregular. Cells lose integrity during Gram staining and lyse completely within 10 s when suspended in either distilled water or 0.01% sodium dodecylsulfate.Motile, by means of polar tufts of flagella. Obligately anaerobic. Mesophilic (temperature optima: 35–40°C). pH optimum between 6 and 8. NaCl required for growth, optimal concentrations 0.5–4% (w/v).Obligately methanogenic; H2and formate serve as electron donors. Acetate, methanol, and methylamines are not substrates for methanogenesis. Alcohols, including isopropanol, are not substrates for methanogenesis. With one exception, all species grow autotrophically in mineral medium. Amino acids and acetate are stimulatory for some species. Nitrogen sources include ammonium, N2gas and alanine. Storage materials include glycogen. Organisms are found insalt‐marsh, marine, and estuarine sediments.

The mol%G+C of the DNA is: 29–34.

Type species:Methanococcus vannieliiStadtman and Barker 1951b, 269 (Nom. Cons., Opinion 62 of the Jud. Comm. 1986a, 491).
Pyrococcus
Authors: Stetter Karl O. , Huber Harald
Published: August 2015

Pyr.o.coc' cus
. Gr. neut. n.
pyr
fire; Gr. masc. n.
kokkos
berry; M.L. masc. n.
Pyrococcus
fireball.

Euryarchaeota / Thermococci / Thermococcales / Thermococcaceae / Pyrococcus

Cells slightly irregular cocci
, 0.8–2.5 µm in width,
occurring singly or in pairs
. Monopolar polytrichous flagellated. Strictly anaerobic.
Heterotrophic
growth on peptone, tryptone, yeast extract, meat extract, extracts of
Bacteria
and
Archaea
, casein, starch, maltose, and Casamino acids.
Temperature for growth, 67–103°C; optimum, around 100°C
. pH for growth, 5–9; optimum, ~7. Optimum NaCl concentration: 2–3%; maximum, 5%; minimum, 0.5%. Shortest doubling time, about 35 min under optimum conditions. Gram negative. Isopranyl ether lipids present. ADP ribosylation of elongation factor 2 by diphtheria toxin.

The mol
%
G
+
C of the DNA is
: 38–47.

Type species
:
Pyrococcus furiosus
Fiala and Stetter 1986b, 573 (Effective publication: Fiala and Stetter 1986a, 60.)
Tetragenococcus
Authors: Dicks Leon M.T. , Holzapfel Wilhelm. H. , Satomi Masataka , Kimura Bon , Fujii Tateo
Published: August 2015

Tet.ra.geno.coccus. Gr. pref.
tetra
four; G. v. suff.
genes
producing or forming; Gr. n.
kokkos
a grain or berry; N.L. masc. n.
Tetragenococcus
tetrad arrangement of cells.

Firmicutes / “Bacilli” / “Lactobacillales” / “Enterococcaceae” / Tetragenococcus

The cells are
nonmotile
,
spherical
,
and occasionally ovoid
and divide in two planes at right angles to
form tetrads
. Cells
may also form pairs or occur singly
,
especially during early or midexponential growth
. Individual cells measure 0.5–1.0 µm. The cells are Gram‐positive, asporogenic, and catalase‐ and oxidase‐negative. No cytochromes.
Homofermentative
with no CO
2
production from glucose.
Chemo‐organotroph
.
Facultatively anaerobic
.
Moderately halophilic
.
Growth in the presence of 4–18
%
NaCl
, with optimum concentration of 5–10% NaCl; most of the strains will grow at 1% and 25% NaCl.
No growth at pH 4
.
5
and optimum pH is 7.0–8.0.
No growth at 10 and 45
°
C
, optimum temperature of growth is 25–35 °C. Produces

l

(+)‐
lactic acid from glucose
. Traces of
D
(−)‐lactic acid may be produced and is species‐specific.
Arginine is not hydrolyzed
and nitrate not reduced.
Tetragenococcus halophilus
requires the growth factors nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, and biotin. Cellular fatty acids are long‐chain saturated, monounsaturated, and cyclopropane‐ring types, predominantly of the ω7 isomer (
cis
‐vaccenic acid) type (Collins et al., 1 990b). Peptidoglycan type is Lys–
D
‐Asp (Satomi et al., 1 997). There are four species in the genus:
Tetragenococcus halophilus
(type = ATCC 33315
T
),
Tetragenococcus muriaticus
(type = JCM 10006
T
),
Tetragenococcus koreensis
(type = DSM 16501
T
; KCTC 3924
T
), and
Tetragenococcus solitarius
(type = DSM 5634
T
).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 34–36 mol% (
T
m
), 36–38.3 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Tetragenococcus halophilus
(Mees 1934) Collins, Williams and Wallbanks 1993, 188
VP
(Effective publication: Collins, Williams and Wallbanks 1990b, 261.) (
Pediococcus halophilus
Mees 1934, 96.).
Acetitomaculum
Authors: Rainey Fred A.
Published: August 2015

A.ceti.to.ma'cu.lum. L. n.
acetum
vinegar; L. n.
tomaculum
sausage; N.L. neut. n.
Acetitomaculum
vinegar sausage.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Lachnospiraceae” / Acetitomaculum

Curved rods
, 0.8–1.0 µm in diameter and 2.0–4.0 µm in length. Occurring in singles, pairs, or small clumps.
Gram‐stain‐positive
. Older cultures stain Gram‐stain‐negative. Cells may be flagellated.
Endospores not observed
.
Obligate anaerobe
. Strains of this organism are catalase‐negative. Mesophilic with growth in the temperature range 34–43 °C. Growth occurs in the pH range 6.4–7.3. Cell wall contains
L
‐serine,
D
‐glutamate,
D
‐alanine,
m
‐diaminopimelic acid,
D
‐ornithine, and
D
‐lysine.
Acetogenic
,
fermentative metabolism
. Ferments formate, glucose, cellobiose, fructose, and esculin to acetic acid.
Oxidizes hydrogen
and
reduces carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide
. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis,
Acetitomaculum
belongs to the family
Lachnospiraceae
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 32–36 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Acetitomaculum ruminis
Greening and Leedle 1995, 879
VP
(Effective publication: Greening and Leedle 1989, 405.)
Dorea
Authors: Blaut Michael , Collins Matthew D. , Taras David
Published: August 2015

Do.ré.a. N.L. fem. n.
Dorea
named in honor of the French microbiologist Joel Doré, in recognition of his many contributions to gut microbiology.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Lachnospiraceae” / Dorea

Nonsporeforming
,
Gram‐stain‐positive rods
. Nonmotile.
Obligately anaerobic
.
Chemo‐organotrophic
. Major end products of glucose metabolism are
ethanol
,
formate
,
acetate
,

H
2

,

and CO
2

. Butyrate is not produced.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 40–45.6 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Dorea formicigenerans
(Holdeman and Moore 1 9 7 4) Taras, Simmering, Collins, Lawson and Blaut 2 0 0 2, 426
VP
(
Eubacterium formicigenerans
Holdeman and Moore 1 9 7 4, 274).
Hespellia
Authors: Whitehead Terence R. , Lawson Paul A. , Cotta Michael A.
Published: August 2015

Hes.pel'li.a. N.L. fem. n.
Hespellia
named to honor the late American microbiologist Robert B. Hespell, in recognition of his many contributions to anaerobic microbiology.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Lachnospiraceae” / Hespellia

Short
,
rod‐shaped cells that occur singly and in pairs or short chains
. Gram‐stain‐positive. Nonmotile. Does not form spores.
Strictly anaerobic and negative for catalase‐ and oxidase
.

Acid is produced from
D
‐glucose and some other carbohydrates

. Major end products of glucose metabolism are formic, acetic, lactic, and propionic acids.
Butyric acid is not formed
. Esculin and starch are hydrolyzed, but gelatin is not. Negative for indole and does not reduce nitrate. Isolated from swine manure slurry.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 43.7–43.8.

Type species
:
Hespellia stercorisuis
Whitehead, Cotta, Collins and Lawson 2004, 244
VP
.
Oribacterium
Authors: Carlier Jean‐Philippe
Published: August 2015

O.ri.bac.te'ri.um. L. gen. n.
oris
of the mouth; N.L. neut. n.
bacterium
from Gr. dim. n.
bakterion
a small rod; N.L. neut. n.
Oribacterium
small rod from the mouth.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Lachnospiraceae” / Oribacterium

Elongated ovoid rods
, about 1.7–2.2 µm × 0.8–1.0 µm, usually occurring singly or in pairs and occasionally in short chains.
Motile
with laterally inserted flagella.
Gram‐stain‐positive
but may stain Gram‐negative.
Strictly anaerobic
. Does not form spores.
Catalase
is not produced. Weakly fermentative.
Abundant gas is produced
in glucose broth cultures;
nitrate reduction is negative
;
indole production is positive
. Major metabolic end products in trypticase‐glucose‐yeast extract (TGY, see below) broth are
acetic and lactic acids
. Habitat: mouth, upper respiratory tract.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 42.4.

Type species
:
Oribacterium sinus
Carlier, K'ouas, Bonne, Lozniewski and Mory 2004, 1614
VP
.
Parasporobacterium
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

Pa.ra.spo.ro.bac.te'ri.um. Gr. prep.
para
besides, next to; N.L. neut. n.
Sporobacterium
name of a bacterial genus; N.L. neut. n.
Parasporobacterium
a genus similar to
Sporobacterium
.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Lachnospiraceae” / Parasporobacterium

Strictly anaerobic rods
.
Stains Gram‐negative
. Nonsporeforming. Unusual metabolism that
produces dimethyl sulfide and methanethiol
from methoxy‐containing aromatic compounds and sulfide.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): not reported.

Type species
:
Parasporobacterium paucivorans
Lomans, Leijdekkers, Wesselink, Bakkes, Pol, van der Drift and Op den Camp 2004, 307
VP
(Effective publication: Lomans, Leijdekkers, Wesselink, Bakkes, Pol, van der Drift and Op den Camp 2001, 4022.).
Syntrophococcus
Authors: Sekiguchi Yuji
Published: August 2015

Syn.tro.pho.coc'cus. Gr. adj.
syn
together with; Gr. n.
trophos
one who feeds; Gr. n.
kokkos
a grain, berry; N.L. masc. n.
Syntrophococcus
coccus which feeds together with (another species).

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Lachnospiraceae” / Syntrophococcus

Coccus‐shaped cells. Gram‐stain‐negative. Nonmotile. Nonspore‐forming.
Strictly anaerobic. Sugars are oxidized to acetate when an electron‐accepting system is present, such as formate, methoxyl‐containing benzoids, or a hydrogenotrophic methanogen
. Habitats are mesophilic, anaerobic, microbial ecosystems where complex organic matter is degraded.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 52.

Type species
:
Syntrophococcus sucromutans
Krumholz and Bryant 1986c, 489 (Effective publication: Krumholz and Bryant 1986a, 317.)
Cryptanaerobacter
Authors: Juteau Pierre
Published: August 2015

Crypt.an.ae'ro.bac.ter. Gr. adj.
kryptos
hidden; Gr. pref.
an
not; Gr. n.
aer
air;
anaero
not (living) in air; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Cryptanaerobacter
referring to the fact that this anaerobic rod was hidden within a culture of another organism taken for pure.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Peptococcaceae / Cryptanaerobacter

Short, rod‐shaped cells, 1 µm × 2 µm.
Gram‐stain‐positive
. Not flagellated.
Strictly anaerobic
. Sulfate, thiosulfate, nitrate, nitrite, FeCl
3
, fumarate, and arsenate are not used as electron acceptors. Sulfite is not normally used even though growth stimulation has been noted in certain culture conditions. Not fermentative.
Phenol or 4‐hydroxybenzoate
(
4‐OHB
)
is required for growth
. 4‐OHB is believed to be an electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration. Isolated from a methanogenic consortium derived from a mixture of swamp water, sewage sludge, swine waste, and soil.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 51.

Type species
:
Cryptanaerobacter phenolicus
Juteau, Côté, Duckett, Beaudet, Lépine, Villemur and Bisaillon 2005, 249
VP
.
Desulfonispora
Authors:   The Editorial Board
Published: August 2015

De.sul.fo.ni.spo'ra. N.L. pref.
desulfono
desulfonating; Gr. fem. n.
spora
spore; N.L. fem. n.
Desulfonispora
desulfonating spore (‐former).

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Peptococcaceae / Desulfonispora

Rods with subterminal spores
.
Gram‐stain‐positive
. Motile.
Strictly anaerobic
.
Ferments taurine to acetate
,
ammonia
,
and thiosulfate
. Oxidase negative.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 52.

Type species
:
Desulfonispora thiosulfatigenes
Denger, Stackebrandt and Cook 1999, 1602
VP
.
Pelotomaculum
Authors: Rainey Fred A.
Published: August 2015

Pe.lo.to.ma'cu.lum. Gr. adj.
pelos
dark‐colored, hence anaerobic mud; L. neut. n.
tomaculum
sausage; N.L. neut. n.
Pelotomaculum
sausage‐shaped bacteria living in anaerobic environments.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Peptococcaceae / Pelotomaculum

Nonmotile, sausage‐shaped cells with spherical endospores. Gram reaction negative but has Gram‐positive cell‐wall structure. Strictly anaerobic. Mesophilic and thermophilic. Growth by syntrophy with hydrogenotrophs or by fermentation. Can use a limited number of compounds including propionate, primary alcohols, low molecular mass aromatics, or lactate in association with hydrogenotrophic methanogens. Organic compounds such as fumarate are used by some species as alternative electron acceptors. Sulfate, sulfite, thiosulfite, elemental sulfur, nitrate, and ferric ion are not reduced. The major cellular fatty acid is C
15:0 iso
. Major quinones are MK‐7, MK‐7(H
4
), or MK‐9(H
4
). Member of the family
Peptococcaceae
on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons (Figure 1).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 52.8–53.6.

Type species
:
Pelotomaculum thermopropionicum
Imachi, Sekiguchi, Kamagata, Hanada, Ohashi and Harada 2002, 1734
VP
.
Peptococcus
Authors: Ezaki Takayuki
Published: August 2015

Pep.to.coc'cus. Gr. adj.
peptos
cooked, digested; Gr. n.
kokkos
a grain berry; N.L. masc. n.
Peptococcus
the digesting coccus.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Peptococcaceae / Peptococcus

Cells are Gram‐stain‐positive, non‐spore‐forming anaerobic cocci that occur singly, in pairs, and irregular mass. Chemo‐organotrophs. Found in human intestine, vagina, or human umblicus. Metabolize peptone and amino acids to acetic acid, butyric acid, isocaproic acid. Nonsaccharolytic. Cell‐wall diamino acid is lysine.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 50–51 (
T
m
) (Ezaki et al., 1983).

Type species
:
Peptococcus niger
(Hall 1930) Kluyver and van Niel 1936, 400
AL
.
Sporotomaculum
Authors: Rainey Fred A.
Published: August 2015

Spo.ro.to.ma'cu.lum. Gr. n.
spora
spore; L. n.
tomaculum
sausage. N.L. neut. n.
Sporotomaculum
a sporeforming sausage‐shaped organism.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Peptococcaceae / Sporotomaculum

Gram positive, strictly anaerobic. Metabolism fermentative, inorganic electron acceptors not used. Member of the family
Peptococcaceae
on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons (Figure 1).

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 46.8–48.0.

Type species
:
Sporotomaculum hydroxybenzoicum
Brauman, Müller, Garcia, Brune and Schink 1998, 219
VP
.
Filifactor
Authors: Jalava Jari , Eerola Erkki
Published: August 2015

Fi.li.fac'tor. L. n.
filum
thread; L. masc. n.
factor
maker; N.L. masc. n.
Filifactor
thread‐maker.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Peptostreptococcaceae” / Filifactor

Rods
, which are obligately
anaerobic
chemo‐organotrophs. Cells do not have flagella. Produce
acetate
and
butyrate
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 28–34.

Type species
:
Filifactor villosus
Collins, Lawson, Willems, Cordoba, Fernández‐Garayzábal, Garcia, Cai, Hippe and Farrow 1994, 822
VP
(
Clostridium villosum
Love, Jones and Bailey 1979, 242).
Tepidibacter
Authors: Slobodkin Alexander
Published: August 2015

Te.pi.di.bac'ter. L. adj.
tepidus
warm; N.L.
bacter
masc. equivalent of Gr. neut. dim. n.
bakterion
rod; N.L. masc. n.
Tepidibacter
a warm rod.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Peptostreptococcaceae” / Tepidibacter

Straight to slightly curved
rods
0.7–0.9 µm in diameter and 3.5–6.0 µm in length.
Gram‐positive type cell wall
. Cells occur singly, in pairs or in short chains and exhibit tumbling motility due to peritrichous flagellation.
Forms
round or ovoid refractile
endospores
in terminally or subterminally swollen sporangia.
Anaerobic. Moderately thermophilic
, the temperature range for growth is 30–60°C. Neutrophilic. Optimal growth at marine salinity.
Grows organotrophically
on a number of proteinaceous substrates and carbohydrates. Elemental sulfur may be reduced, but sulfur reduction does not stimulate growth.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 24–29 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Tepidibacter thalassicus
Slobodkin, Tourova, Kostrikina, Chernyh, Bonch‐Osmolovskaya, Jeanthon and Jones 2003, 1133
VP
.
Acetivibrio
Authors: Rainey Fred A.
Published: August 2015

A.cet.i.vib.ri'o. L. n.
acetum
vinegar; N.L. masc. n.
Vibrio
genus of bacteria. N.L. masc. n.
Acetivibrio
vinegar (acetic) vibrio.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Ruminococcaceae” / Acetivibrio

Gram‐stain‐negative rods or slightly curved rods. Spores are not formed. Obligate anaerobe. Chemoorganotroph. End products of fermentation include acetic acid, ethanol, H
2
, and CO
2
. Member of the family
Ruminococcaceae
on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 38–44 (
T
m
/HPLC).

Type species
:
Acetivibrio cellulolyticus
Patel, Khan, Agnew and Colvin 1980, 184
VP
.
Subdoligranulum
Authors: Holmstrøm Kim , Lawson Paul A.
Published: August 2015

Sub.do.li.gra'nu.lum. L. adj.
subdolus
deceptive, alludes to the somewhat deceptive and unusual coccoid form; L. neut. n.
granulum
a small grain; N.L. neut. n.
Subdoligranulum
a deceptive grain.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / “Ruminococcaceae” / Subdoligranulum

Cells are coccoid in shape but may show some pleomorphism
. Gram‐stain‐negative. Nonmotile and nonspore‐forming.
Strictly anaerobic
;
no growth occurs in 2
%
oxygen
. Cells do not survive heating at 80°C for 10 min.
Catalase‐negative
. Glucose and some other carbohydrates are fermented.
The major acid products formed in PYG broth are butyric and lactic acids
together with minor amounts of acetic and succinic acids. Cells are indole‐negative and nitrate is not reduced to nitrite.
Esculin is hydrolyzed
,
but starch is not
.
Lecithinase
‐,
urease
‐,
and lipase‐negative
. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence and phylogenetic analysis, this genus belongs to the
Clostridium leptum
rRNA super cluster (cluster IV). Isolated from human feces. A 16S rRNA‐derived probe, Svariab_645: 5′‐TGCACTACTCAAGGCCAG‐3′, has been designed that specifically detects this genus by
in situ
hybridization to human fecal samples.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 52.2.

Type species
:
Subdoligranulum variabile
Holmstrøm, Collins, Møller, Falsen and Lawson 2004, 1909
VP
(Effective publication: Holmstrøm, Collins, Møller, Falsen and Lawson 2004, 202.).
Syntrophomonas
Authors: Sekiguchi Yuji
Published: August 2015

Syn.tro.pho.mon'as. Gr. adj.
syn
together with; Gr. n.
trophos
one who feeds; Gr. n.
monas
a unit, monad; N.L. fem. n.
Syntrophomonas
monad which feeds together with (another species).

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Syntrophomonadaceae / Syntrophomonas

Slightly helical rods, 0.5–1.0 by 2–7 µm, with slightly tapered rounded ends. Most cells occur singly or in pairs with helical chains of three or more. Multiplication is by binary fission. Cells possess 2–8 flagella (about 20 nm in diameter) that are inserted laterally in a linear fashion on the concave side of the cell, about 130 nm or more apart. Under most conditions, cells usually exhibit only sluggish twitching motility. Cells have an
unusual multilayered cell wall that stains Gram‐negative
. Muramic and
meso
‐diaminopimelic acids are present and the organism is susceptible to penicillin. Poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate is present. Cells β‐
oxidize saturated fatty acids anaerobically with protons serving as the electron acceptors in co‐cultures with a hydrogenotroph
. Growth is much faster with
Methanospirillum hungatei
, which utilizes both H
2
and formate, than with methanogens such as
Methanobacterium bryantii
that utilize only H
2
. In co‐culture, cells produce acetate and H
2
from butyrate and longer straight‐chain, even‐numbered‐carbon fatty acids and acetate, propionate, and H
2
from n‐valerate and longer straight‐chain, odd‐numbered‐carbon fatty acids. At least some strains produce acetate, isovalerate, and H
2
from iso acids such as isoheptanoate and some strains produce acetate, propionate, and H
2
from 2‐methylbutyrate. It is possible, but has not yet been determined, that anteiso acids such as anteisooctanoate are degraded to acetate, anteisohexanoate, and H
2
. The strains studied so far can, with considerable difficulty, be adapted to
grow slowly in axenic culture on crotonate
,
with acetate and butyrate as the products
.
Carbohydrates
,
proteinaceous materials
,
alcohols
,
and other organic compounds do not support growth
. Common electron acceptors such as
fumarate
,
malate
,
nitrate
,
oxygen
,
sulfate
,
sulfite
,
sulfur
,
and thiosulfate are not utilized with butyrate as the electron donor
. Growth may be stimulated in co‐cultures by factors in rumen fluid or mixtures of vitamins or both. Isolated as co‐cultures from anaerobic ecosystems, such as aquatic sediments, sewage digester sludge, the rumen, and rice field mud, where organic matter is degraded, with CO
2
and CH
4
as major products. The temperature range for growth of co‐cultures with
Methanospirillum hungatei
is in the broad mesophilic range, with an optimum of 30–37°C. Phylogenetically, as determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, the genus
Syntrophomonas
forms a deeply branched lineage in the bacteria related to the
Firmicutes
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 40–47.

Type species
:
Syntrophomonas wolfei
McInerney, Bryant, Hespell and Costerton 1982, 267
VP
(Effective publication: McInerney, Bryant, Hespell and Costerton 1981, 1037.) emend. Lorowitz, Zhao and Bryant 1989, 126.
Syntrophothermus
Authors: Sekiguchi Yuji
Published: August 2015

Syn.tro.pho.ther'mus. Gr. adj.
syn
together with; Gr. fem. n.
trophos
one who feeds; Gr. adj.
thermos
hot; N.L. masc. n.
Syntrophothermus
thermophilic syntroph, referring to growth in syntrophic association with hydrogenotrophic organisms at high temperature of around 55°C.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Syntrophomonadaceae / Syntrophothermus

Slightly
curved rods
, 0.4–0.5 × 2–4 µm that often show binary fission.
Gram‐stain‐negative
. Weakly motile by means of flagella. Spore formation is not observed.
Obligately anaerobic
. Fastest growth at around 55°C. Energy metabolism by reduction of protons with butyrate and higher homologs as electron donors in the presence of hydrogenotrophic microbes. Capable of growth in pure culture with crotonate.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 51 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Syntrophothermus lipocalidus
Sekiguchi, Kamagata, Nakamura, Ohashi and Harada 2000, 778
VP
.
Thermosyntropha
Authors: Wiegel Juergen
Published: August 2015

Ther.mo.syn.tro'pha. Gr. adj.
thermos
hot; Gr. prefix
syn
with, together; Gr. v.
trophein
to eat; Gr. masc. n. s
yntrophos
foster brother or sister; N.L. fem. n.
thermosyntropha
“foster sisters liking it hot”, referring to the fact that the bacterium grows at elevated temperatures on fatty acids only in syntrophic cultures with

H
2

‐utilizing micro‐organisms.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Syntrophomonadaceae / Thermosyntropha

Gram‐positive cell‐wall type
,
but stains Gram‐negative
,
slightly polymorphic rods
. Obligately
anaerobic
,
thermophilic
,
and heterotrophic
. Members are able to utilize otherwise thermodynamically unfavorable substrates such as fatty acids in
syntrophic
cultures with H
2
‐utilizing sulfate‐reducing bacteria or methane‐producing archaea. Axenic cultures grow with crotonate or peptones as a sole carbon and energy sources.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
): 43–44 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Thermosyntropha lipolytica
Svetlitshnyi, Rainey and Wiegel 1996, 1136
VP
.
Acetonema
Authors: Rainey Fred A.
Published: August 2015

A.ce.to.ne’ ma. L. n.
acetum
vinegar; Gr. neut n.
nema
thread; N. L. neut. n.
Acetonema
vinegar‐forming thread.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / Acetonema

Thin
,
straight rods
, 0.3–0.4 µm in diameter and 6–60 µm in length. Motile by means of peritrichous flagella.
Gram‐negative cell wall
. Gram‐negative staining. Lipopolysaccharide present. Heat resistant, dipicolinic acid containing
endospores are formed
. Catalase‐positive, oxidase‐negative.
Strict anaerobe
.
Facultative chemolithotroph
. Mesophiles.

Ferments H
2

+

CO
2
to acetate

. Sugars and organic acids are fermented to acetate, propionate, butyrate, succinate, and H
2
and CO
2
depending on the substrate. Do not respire anaerobically with nitrate or sulfate. Cytochromes not detected. Isolated from gut contents of the termite
Pterotermes occidentis
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 55.1 (Bd).

Type species
:
Acetonema longum
Kane and Breznak 1992, 191
VP
(Effective publication: Kane and Breznak 1991, 97.).
Anaeromusa
Authors: Strömpl Carsten
Published: August 2015

An.ae.ro'mu.sa. L. v. Gr. pref.
an
not; Gr. n.
aer
air; N.L. n.
musa
a banana; N.L. fem. n.
Anaeromusa
an anaerobic banana.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / Anaeromusa

Cells are
curved Gram‐stain‐negative rods
, usually single or in pairs. Motile by means of lateral flagella.
Nonspore‐former
. Obligately
anaerobic chemo‐organotroph
. A limited range of amino acids are fermented mainly to acetate and propionate. Sulfate, thiosulfate, and nitrate are not reduced. Mesophilic.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): ~48.

Type species
:
Anaeromusa acidaminophila
(Nanninga, Drent and Gottschal 1987) Baena, Fardeau, Woo, Ollivier, Labat and Patel, 1999, 973
VP
(
Selenomonas acidaminophila
Nanninga, Drent and Gottschal 1987, 156).
Dendrosporobacter
Authors: Strömpl Carsten
Published: August 2015

Den.dro.spo.ro.bac'ter. Gr. n.
dendro
tree; Gr. n.
spora seed,
spore; N.L. masc. n.
bacter
equivalent of Gr. neut. dim. n.
bakterion
rod, staff; N.L. masc. n.
Dendrosporobacter
a spore‐bearing rod from a tree.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / Dendrosporobacter

Cells are straight rods
with
Gram‐stain‐negative
cell walls. Cells occur singly or in pairs and often show unequal division. Motile by one to three lateral flagella. Cell size is 0.4–0.6 × 1.2–2.7 µm.
Spores
are round and terminal or oval and central, and swell the cell.
Obligately anaerobic
.
Mesophilic
with optimal growth occurring at 25–30°C. Catalase and oxidase‐negative.
Chemoorganotrophic
. Major products in Peptone/Yeast extract (PY) broth with 0.5% (w/v) fructose. are acetate, propionate, propanol, and hydrogen. The modified
naphthoquinone
“lipid F”, with octa‐ and nonaprenologues (ratio approx. 1:1) as the predominant isoprenologues, is present, but
no cytochromes
. Predominant polar lipids are phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl serine, and an unidentified glycolipid, together with a number of minor phospholipids and unidentified components. 3‐Hydroxy fatty acids (C
11:0 3OH
, C
12:0 3OH
, and C
13:03OH
) are present, approximately half of which are not esterified. The predominant non‐hydroxylated fatty acids are C
11:0
, C
15:1
, C
15:0
and C
17:1
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 48.5 (HPLC) or 52–54 (
T
m
).

Type species
:
Dendrosporobacter quercicolus
(Stankewich, Cosenza and Shigo 1971) Strömpl, Tindall, Lünsdorf, Wong, Moore and Hippe 2000, 105
VP
(
Clostridium quercicolum
Stankewich, Cosenza and Shigo 1971, 302).
Dialister
Authors: Wade William G.
Published: August 2015

Di.a.lis'ter. The etymology, and therefore the gender, of the genus name is unknown. Downes et al. (2003) proposed that the gender of the genus name be assigned as masculine, as allowed under Rule 65(3) of the Bacteriological Code.

Firmicutes / “Clostridia” / Clostridiales / Veillonellaceae / Dialister

Cells are
obligately anaerobic
or
microaerophilic
, nonmotile, nonspore‐forming,
nonfermentative
, small Gram‐stain‐negative
coccobacilli
(0.2–0.4 × 0.3–0.7 µm). Growth in broth media is only slightly turbid at best. Esculin and urea are not hydrolyzed; indole and catalase are not produced. There is no growth in 20% bile.
Metabolic end products are variable amounts of acetate
,
lactate
,
and propionate
. The major cellular constituents of the type species
Dialister pneumosintes
,
Dialister micraerophilus
, and
Dialister propionicifaciens
include the fatty acids
C

18
:
1 ω9c

,
C

16
:
0

,
C

18
:
0

,
and C

16
:
1 ω7c

, but have not been determined for
Dialister invisus
.

DNA G
+
C content
(
mol
%): 35–46;
type species
, 35.

Type species
:
Dialister pneumosintes
(Olitsky and Gates 1921) (
ex
Bergey, Harrison, Breed, Hammer and Huntoon 1923, Moore and Moore 1994, 191
VP
emend. Downes, Munson and Wade 2003, 1940 emend. Jumas‐Bilak, Jean‐Pierre, Carlier, Teyssier, Bernard, Gay, Campos, Morio and Marchandin 2005, 2477 (
Bacterium pneumosintes
Olitsky and Gates 1921, 727;
Bacteroides pneumonsintes
Holdeman and Moore 1970, 33).