bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical Control of Boll Weevil and Heliothis SPP. Larvae in Cotton, 1986
Authors: Graham L. C. , Gaylor M. J.
Published: March 2022

A field evaluation of insecticides to control boll weevil and Heliothis spp. larvae on cotton was conducted on sandy loam soil at the Plant Breeding Unit of Auburn University, Tallassee, AL. Cotton was planted on 24 May in 40-inch rows. Eleven treatments were replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. Plots were 9 rows × 75 ft with 25-ft alleys between blocks. Insecticides were applied with a high-clearance sprayer at the rate of 8.8 gal of spray per acre (3.5 mph, 50 psi, 2 Teejet TX6 nozzles/row). Foliar applications were made on 1, 12, 15, 20, and 25 Aug, and 5, 10, 15, 19, and 24 Sep. Boll weevil damage was estimated by examining 25 squares collected at random in each plot. Heliothis damage and larval numbers were estimated by examining 25 randomly selected plant terminals in each plot. Data were taken from 2 of the middle three rows of each plot 2 to 3 days following treatment. Due to drought conditions, cotton was planted late and maturity was late.
Efficacy of Foliar Insecticides on Early Season Thrips and Aphids and Mid-Season Aphids in Cotton, 1986
Authors: Ratchford Kevin , Graves J. B. , Pavloff A. M. , Burris Gene
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to plots that were 8 rows (40 inches wide) × 65 ft at the Macon Ridge Branch of the Northeast Research Station. The experimental design was a complete randomized block with 4 replications. Temik soil treatments were applied at planting (1 May) with a John Deere 7100 series planter, equipped with granular applicators. All plots received an infurrow treatment of Terraclor Super-X fungicide (1.0 + 0.25 lb (AI)/acre). Foliar insecticides were applied with a high clearance sprayer equipped with a compressed air system for spraying small plots and delivering 2.5 gal/acre with 2 X-3 hollow cone nozzles/row. The center 6 rows of all plots were sprayed in order to minimize drift. Early season application were sprayed on 2 Jun and evaluated 1, 3, and 7 days after treatment. Efficacy was evaluated by randomly collecting 10 plants from the center 2 rows of each plot. Plants were immediately placed in 1 qt glass jars and transferred to the lab for processing. A solution of water, soap, and bleach was added to the jars, and the samples in individual jars were washed through a series of mesh sieves (#100 and #40) in order to separate insects from plant samples. In the final step of processing, the contents collected on the #100 mesh sieve were washed into a Buchner funnel and collected on filter paper for observation under the microscope. A mid-season application was applied 15 Jun to evaluate effects on aphids. Insecticides were evaluated 7 days after treatment by randomly collecting 5 leaves from the upper third of plants in the center 2 rows of all plots. Leaves were placed in 1 qt glass jars and processed in the same manner as explained above. The test was over-sprayed with conventional insecticides at recommended rates for major pest control during Aug and Sep. The test was defoliated with Harvade (0.5 pt/acre) on 3 Sep. The center 4 rows of each plots were mechanically harvested on 15 Sep and 7 Oct. Yields were converted to lb seedcotton/acre.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Boll Weevil Control in Mississippi, 1986
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R.
Published: March 2022

Four treatments were tested for relative efficacy against Boll Weevil in nonirrigated cotton planted 19 May. Plots 8 rows (38 inch centers) by 50 ft long, separated by 15 ft plowed alleys were located at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications and 4 cages per replication. Total spray volume was 5 gal/acre at 4 mph and 38 psi. Plots within a replication were sprayed consecutively with the boom being rinsed twice and blown clear between plots. Prior to insecticide application, 4 sleeve cages 44 inches in diam by 28 inches long, fabricated from a light cotton-acetate blend material, were tied in each block by tying the lower end of each cage around a plant ca. 1.5 ft from the terminal, rolling the sleeve down and covering it with aluminum foil to protect if from spray. Immediately following spray application on 8 Jul, the cages were rolled up over treated plants and 10 live laboratory-reared boll weevils were inserted into each cage. The cages were then secured with a string. After 24 hr of exposure the plants with cages were cut from the field and brought to the laboratory where boll weevil mortality was determined. Weevils were classified as live if they kicked actively when submerged in warm water. The study was repeated at 1, 3, and 6 days post treatment.
Evaluation of Insecticide Combinations for Heliothis SPP. Control in Mississippi, 1986
Authors: Reed Jack T. , Grant Robert R.
Published: March 2022

Thirteen treatments were tested for relative efficacy against Heliothis spp. larvae in nonirrigated cotton planted 19 May and thinned to ca. 20,500 plants/acre. Plots 8 rows (38 inch centers) by 50 ft long, separated by 15 ft plowed alleys were located at the Plant Science Research Farm, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replications. Insecticides were applied to 8 rows by a high clearance spray tractor equipped with a compressed air spray system and 3 TX-3 nozzles/row with 15 inch drops between rows. Total spray volume was 5 gal/acre at 4 mph and 38 psi. Plots within a replication were sprayed consecutively with the boom being rinsed twice and blown clear between plots. Treatment dates were 23 Jul, 30 Jul, and 14-15 Aug. All plots received additional applications of insecticide for control of early season thrips, boll weevils and aphids as needed throughout the season. Aphids were evaluated by counting the number of aphids on 3 leaves of 2 plants in each plot on 1 Aug. Heliothis spp. larvae were counted by whole plant search of 10 plants in the 2 center rows of each plot. Yield was obtained by picking the 2 center rows of each plot by mechanical picker on 24 Oct
Evaluation of Baythroid for Control of Boll Weevil on Dryland Cotton, 1986
Authors: Treacy M. F. , Benedict J. H. , Anderson R. M. , Schmidt K. M.
Published: March 2022

A large-plot field study was conducted on a commercial farm near Corpus Christi, TX, to evaluate the effectiveness of Baythroid for control of boll weevil on dryland cotton. Treatments were compared in 87-row by 800-ft plots of cotton planted 18 Mar on 38-inch rows. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a paired-block design. At one end of the test field, a 35-row by 100-ft plot was left untreated so that we could estimate intensity of weevil infestation during the study. Treatment applications were initiated at ca. 2 wk past first-bloom. Baythroid at 0.022 lb (AI)/acre was applied on 17, 20, 23, 26, 30 Jun, and 3 Jul. Baythroid at 0.033 lb (AI)/acre was applied on 17, 20, 23, 26 Jun and 3 Jul. All applications were made with a Hahn high-clearance spray machine calibrated to deliver 5.0 gal total spray/ acre through size 6-X hollow-cone nozzles (3 nozzles/row) at 40 psi. Efficacy of the treatments was evaluated by inspecting 25 randomly chosen squares and bolls in each plot for the presence of damage from boll weevil. Seed cotton was hand-harvested from designated 10-ft sections of row in each plot for yield analysis.
Evaluation of the Yield Enhancement Potential of Fundal, 1984
Authors: Walmsley M. H. , Benedict J. H. , Zummo G. R. , Maher B. R.
Published: March 2022

Fundal was evaluated in 2 different spray strategies, 4 applications vs. 6 applications, for effects on early season insect pest densities and subsequent cotton yields. The test field was located near Corpus Christi, TX. Test plots were 5.5 to 6 acres, ca. 32 rows wide and 2,450 ft long, planted 10 Mar in rows spaced 38 inches apart. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a completely randomized block design: (1) 6 weekly applications of Fundal in a 20 inch band at 0.125 lb (AI)/acre beginning at the first true leaf stage, (2) 4 weekly applications banded at 0.125 lb (AI)/acre beginning at the pinhead square stage (6th true leaf), and (3) an untreated check. Treatment (1) was initiated on 6 Apr and (2) on 27 Apr. All applications were made with a Hahn high-clearance spray machine calibrated to deliver 5.0 gal total spray/acre through 6-X hollow cone nozzles at 40 psi. All plots were oversprayed with Bidrin on 18 Apr and Vydate on 4 May to control fleahoppers and boll weevils. Data collected were counts of aphids, thrips, fleahoppers, boll weevils, and bollworms, and insect damage per 50 terminals or squares. These data were measured weekly, 3 days after each spray, until 5 weeks after first bloom. Stratified hand harvests of 41/1000 acre samples per plot were collected 17 and 24 Jul. Machine stripped harvests of ca. 0.35 acre/plot were taken 26 Jul.
Comparison of Insecticides to Control Grasshoppers in Non-Crops Land in West Central Nehraska, 1985
Authors: Johnson Gregory D. , Campbell John B.
Published: March 2022

In-secticides were tested against grasshoppers at the University of NE-Sandhills Ag Lab (SAL) and the University of NE-Dryland Farm. Test plots at SAL measured 30 m × 12 m and 30 m × 6 m at the Dryland Farm. Treatments were randomized and replicated 3 times. Test one treatments were applied 26 Jun '84 at each location using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer calibrated at 4 mph at 40 psi to deliver ca. 22 gal per acre. Test two treatments were applied 24 Jun '85 at each location through a 3 m boom with adjustable Conejet nozzles (Tip no. 5500) powered by a 12 volt motor driven pump. The sprayer was mounted on a Honda ATC vehicle and calibrated at 30 psi to deliver ca. 17 gal/acre. Grasshopper populations were monitored using a one meter square screened aluminum fram0065c
Lesser Cornstalk Borer Control in Sorghum in North Florida, 1986
Authors: Gilreath M. E. , Funderburk J. E. , Sprenkel R. K. , Gorbet D. W. , Herzog D. C.
Published: March 2022

Sorghum was planted 16 Jul at a seeding rate of ca. 7 lb/acre in Jackson Co. Experimental design was an RCB with 4 replicates. Plot size was four rows by 100 ft. Standard practices were followed for sorghum production and weed and disease control. Treatments made at planting were applied with a tractor mounted applicator equipped with an electronic metering device set to deliver granules immediately in front of the press wheel. Spray treatments were applied in 25 gal/acre of spray at the 3-4 leaf stage (29 Jul) with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer equipped with three nozzles/row and set at 36 psi. Beauveria bassiana (Abbott Laboratories, RS-252, 1 × 1010 coni-dia/g) was applied in a 0.01% Tween 20 solution. All other spray materials were applied in water alone. Efficacy data were taken 25-26 Aug, at the 8-10 leaf stage. Stand density was determined by counting the number of live plants in three 1-m by 1-row samples/plot. LCB damage and density were evaluated by uprooting and visually inspecting all plants in each 1-m sample for larvae or characteristic damage symptoms. Yield data were taken 29-30 Oct by harvesting two 2-row by 8-ft samples/plot.
Insecticidal Control of Sorghum Webworm in Louisiana, 1985
Authors: Riley Thomas J. , Riley Edward G.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticides were evaluated for control of the sorghum webworm at the LSU, Idlewild Experiment Station, East Feliciana Parish, LA. Grain sorghum was planted in a conventional manner on 25 May. Insecticide treatments were 50 ft × 1 row with an untreated row between treatments. A completely randomized block design was used with 4 replications, 5 ft alleys between replicates and 38 inch row spacing. Insecticides were applied using a backpack CO2 pressurized sprayer delivering 16 gal/acre at 55 psi through a single Teejet 8002 E nozzle. Sprays were applied approximately 6 inches above the sorghum heads on 6 Aug. The effectiveness of the treatments was evaluated on 9 Aug by counting the number of live webworms on 5 randomly selected sorghum heads from each treatment in each replication. Webworms were counted by clipping and bagging the heads, shaking them over a white porcelain pan, and counting the number of live webworm larvae.
Evaluation of Spray Timing with Lorsban and Asana to Control Sorghum Midge in the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, 1986
Authors: Royer T. A. , Cartwright B. , Fernandez D. , East D.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted in 4 row by 50 ft plots of ‘Pioneer 8244’ variety grain sorghum planted 26 Mar at the TAMU-Hoblitzelle Farm near Mercedes, TX. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Lorsban 4E and Asana HP were sprayed through a CO2 powered, backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gal/acre (1 TX6 hollow cone nozzles/row, 40 psi, 2 mph). Lorsban XRM was delivered at 2.5 gal/acre (1 TX2 hollow cone nozzle/row, 40 psi, 2 mph). Asana HP @ 0.0125 and Lorsban XRM @ 0.125 lb (AI)/acre were applied on 3, 4, 5, or 6 day intervals. Lorsban 4E @ 0.25 lb (AI)/acre was applied on 3 and 6 day intervals. The first application for all treatments was made on 31 May. Efficacy was evaluated by cutting 3 sorghum heads from each plot on 13 Jun and holding them in rearing chambers made from 1 qt cardboard ice cream containers. Emergent midges were collected in an 8 ml vial that was inserted into the side of the rearing chamber. Counts of adult midges were recorded daily until emergence had ceased. Sorghum plots were harvested on 16 Jul with a 4-row combine and weighed.
Control of Soybean Insects in South Mississippi, 1986
Authors: Andrews Gordon L. , Kitten W. F.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at the White Sands Unit of the South Mississippi Branch Station of the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station in Poplarville, MS. Soybean plots consisted of 7, 30 inch rows 50 ft long planted 3 Jun. Plots were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Five of the 7 rows were sprayed Sep 3 with a Hi-Boy mounted boom with 20 inch nozzle spacing, using COa as a propellant, and delivering 5 gpa total volume. The other 2 rows were unsprayed border rows. Samples consisted of 25 sweeps with a 15 inch sweep net. Net contents were transferred into paper bags, killed, and counted in the laboratory. Sample numbers of all species and the family represented include all life stages detectable from the sweep net samples. Yields were obtained by harvesting 2 rows from each plot. Plants were maturing rapidly when the 12 day sample was taken and oviposition from the 3 foliage feeding caterpillars declined after the spray application.
Foliar-Applied Insecticide Trials on Soybean, 1986
Authors: Hammond Ronald B. , Ressler Elaine
Published: March 2022

Thirty-six plots were established near Hebron, OH. Plots measured 22.9 m by 4 rows and were bordered by 2 buffer rows (76 cm centers). Experimental design was a randomized complete block, 4 replications with 9 treatments. Insecticides were applied on 6 Aug with a 4-row, CO2-charged bicycle sprayer. Sevin treatments were applied with Spraying Systems TX3 nozzles with a liquid output of 24.8 ml/sec at 40 psi (14.3 gal/acre), while the other treatments were applied with Spraying Systems TX6 nozzles with a liquid output of 49.6 ml/sec at 40 psi (28.5 gal/acre). Weather conditions at application were 24�C with no breeze. Soybeans were in plat growth stage R5, pods filling. Samples were taken (25 sweeps/sample) with a 38 cm dia sweep net at pretreatment and 1-, 7-, and 14-days posttreatment. Insect data were transformed prior to analysis with Vx + 0.05; means presented are pretransformed data.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Insect Control in Louisiana Soybeans, 1986
Authors: Layton Blake , Boethel David J.
Published: March 2022

Two tests were conducted to examine the efficacy of selected insecticides against soybean insect pests. Test 1 was applied on 8 Sep to ‘Asgrow 5980’ soybean (R6) in Avoyelles parish LA. Plots were 50 ft long by ten 30 inch rows wide. Most insecticides in Test 2 were applied on 23 Sep to ‘Centennial’ soybeans (R6) in Iberville parish LA. The 2 Dimilin treatments had been applied 40 days earlier on 14 Aug. Plots were 50 ft long by eight 36 inch rows wide. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 15 gal/acre at 30 psi through 8002 nozzles. In both tests a ‘trace’ of rain fell between application and the 2 day sampling. Both tests were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. One 25-sweep sample was taken per plot at 2, 7, and 14 days posttreatment with a 15 inch dia sweepnet.
Effects of Larvin 3.2F and Pounce 3.2Ec on Corn Earworms, Green Cloverworms, and Beneficial Arthropods in a High-Cycle Test, 1986
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Moss Teresa
Published: March 2022

Larvin 3.2F, applied at three different rates, and Pounce 3.2EC were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling corn earworms and green cloverworms in soybeans. ‘Essex’ soybeans were no-till planted in early June after barley harvest on the F. F. Chandler, Jr. Farm in Westmoreland County, VA. A John Deere 6000 high-cycle ground rig was utilized with a 50-ft boom set at 65 psi that delivered 16 gal of finished formulation per acre. Larvin 3.2F was applied at rates of 4 oz, 6 oz, and 10 oz of formulated material per acre and Pounce 3.2EC was applied at 4 oz per acre on 23 Aug ‘86. Individual plots were 100 ft wide by the length of the field (about 5 acres). Each sprayed strip was partitioned into four replications (edge, middle, far middle, far end). Individual treatments were evaluated 1-, 3-, 7- and 14-days after application by comparing the number of insect pests and predators per 25 sweeps (using a 15-inch diameter sweep net) in the treated plots to those in the untreated checks.
Sugarcane Borer (Scb) Control, Small Plot Insecticide Test, 1986
Authors: Showier A. T. , Bessin R. T. , Fuller B. W. , Reagan T. E.
Published: March 2022

A block of 1st stubble sugarcane (SCB susceptible commercial variety) at the St. Gabriel Experiment Station, near Baton Rouge, LA, was sectioned into plots 3 rows (1.8 m centers) × 7.31 m (0.004 ha). Insecticide treatments for season-long control of SCB were assigned to plots in a completely randomized design with 5 replications. Each spray concentrate was applied to the sugarcane canopy in water at 30 psi with a knapsack sprayer that delivered 135 liters of formulation per hectare per application. The insecticides were applied when SCB infestations exceeded the L.S.U. recommended economic threshold (5% of the stalks harboring SCB larvae in the leafsheaths) in the plots treated with Pydrin (0.14 lb (AI)/acre). Counts made just prior to the first application revealed a 10% infestation level. Dates for the 4 applications were 13 and 29 Jul, 28 Aug and 15 Sep. Plots treated with Alsystin 4F (0.05 lb (AI)/acre) on the alternating application regime were sprayed on 13 Jul and 28 Aug only. Season-long control of SCB was evaluated on 18 Oct (just prior to harvest) by examining 25 stalks randomly selected from the center row of each plot for SCB entrance and exit holes.
Sunflower Beetle Larval Control, 1985
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Ricard Michele , Holen Carlyle , Stanislawski Harold
Published: March 2022

Plots were located near Greenbush, Roseau county, MN. Plot size was 4 rows × 35 ft long. Treatments were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide application was made 10 Jul using a handheld CO2 sprayer with flat fan nozzles held approximated 18-24 inches above the crop. The application pressure was 40 psi using about 20 gal total material per acre. Live larval counts were made on 10 plants at 24 h pre and posttreatment and 120 h posttreatment.
Value of a Sticker-Extender for Sunflower Beetle Larval Control, 1985
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Ricard Michele , Holen Carlyle
Published: March 2022

The trial was located near Greenbush, MN in Roseau county. Plot size was 4-30 inch rows by 35 ft in length. Treatments were replicated 4 times and were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Insecticide and insecticide plus sticker applications were broadcast applied on 12 Jul using a hand held CO2 sprayer with 40 psi, fan type nozzles, and approximately 20 gal total material per acre. The sticker, Bond, is a latex type sticker-extender. Larval counts were taken on 10 plants 24 h pre- and posttreat and at 120 h posttreat. The data was corrected using the Henderson-Tilton method, transformed using ARCSINE and then compared.
Single Vs Double Applications for Banded Sunflower Moth Larval Control, 1985
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Ricard Michele
Published: March 2022

Plots were established in a growers field near Gary, Norman county, MN. Plot size was 4-30 inch rows × 30 ft long. Treatments were replicated 3 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design. The first insecticide application was made 15 Aug with the plants at 30% 5.1 stage of bloom. The second application was made 21 Aug at the 5.7 stage of bloom. Applications were made using a CO2 sprayer using flat fan nozzles, 40 lb psi and applying about 20 gal total material per acre. Daytime application temperature was 70�F both days. The heads from the second and third rows were hand harvested, dried and then crushed. A sample of seeds was removed prior to cleaning and BSM infested seeds counted. The whole plot samples were then cleaned, weighed and yields recorded.
Banded Sunflower Moth Larval and Seed Weevil Adult Control in Sunflower, 1985
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Ricard Michele
Published: March 2022

A trial was established in a growers lield near Breckenridge, MN. Individual plot size was 4-30 inch rows × 30 ft in length. Treatments were replicated 3 times and arranged in a randomized :�mplete block design. Insecticides were applied 8 Aug with a temperatures of 80�F and plant stage 50% 5.1. Applications were made using a hand held CO2 sprayer with flat fan nozzles, a pressure of 40 psi and using approximately 20 gal total material per acre. Heads from 20 ft of row from the center 2 rows vere harvested and dried. Heads were crushed and a precleaning sample removed. BSM & SW infested seeds were counted, and the total material then jleaned. Clean seed weights were recorded for yields.
Sitona Scissifrons Control in Sweetclover; 1986
Authors: Lester Donald G. , Morrill Wendel L.
Published: March 2022

The experimental field was second year growth in Gallatin Co., Montana. Treatments were applied on 2 Jun with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer delivering 20 gal/acre to plots 20 ft × 20 ft. There were 4 replications of treatments assigned in a randomized complete block design.
Effects of Tank Mix Combinations of Insecticides and a Herbicide on Cutworms, Weeds, and Flue-Cured Tobacco, Ontario, Canada, 1985
Authors: Cheng H. H. , Hanlon J. J.
Published: March 2022

Each of the 3 insecticides and a herbicide, Enide, were applied in tank-mixed combinations on tobacco seedling; after transplanting to determine their effects on cutworms, weeds, and on the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco in Ontario. Tobacco seedlings of the variety Candel were transplanted into a field of Fox loamy sand on 28 May. Plots were 76 × 14 ft, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design, anc consisted of 4 rows with 38 tobacco plants in each row. Furthermore, 2 subplots (12 × 12 inches each) containing 3 tobacco seedlings were established ir each plot. Ten 6th and 7th-instar larvae were introduced in each subplot 2 h before treatment and then 5 days after treatment. The larvae were retained in the subplots by aluminum barrier strips 8 inches high with 3 inches embedded in the ground to prevent the cutworm larvae from escaping. The tank mixtures of insecticides and Enide were applied in a 10-inch band over the row in each plot on 5 Jun, using a power sprayer equipped with 65-06 flat nozzles applying 11 gal of liquid per acre at 15 psi and 3.5 mph speed. Cutworm damaged plants from the 2 central rows in each plot were counted weekly after treatment for 4 weeks and the number of weeds was counted 2 weeks after treatment. Mortality counts of the larvae in the subplots were made daily for 5 days. Abbott’s formula was used to correct for the mortality occurring in the check. The harvest and curing of each plot were carried out in the conventional manner. Cured tobacco leaves were analyzed for reducing sugars and total alkaloids as measures of the quality of the tobacco. Agronomic parameters measured were yield (lb/acre) and grade index (0/lb). The percentages of larval mortality in the subplots were transformed into angular units, and square root transformation VX + 0.5 was used for the number of cutworm damaged plants before analysis of variance. Means were converted to original units of presentation in the table.
Control of Tobacco Budworms with Foliar Insecticides, 1986
Authors: Lampert E. P. , Stephenson A. S.
Published: March 2022

Flue-cured tobacco ‘var. K-373’ was transplanted at the Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, NC on 12 May in a field of Norfolk loamy sand. Plots 4 rows wide (45 inches on center) by 40 ft in length were arranged in a randomized complete-block design for a test containing 10 treatments and 4 blocks (Test I) and 9 treatments and 4 blocks (Test II). On 9 and 11 Jun (Test I and II, respectively) 15 uniformly sized and undamaged plants from each of the 2 left-most rows in each plot were tagged and infested with a single 2-day-old laboratory-reared tobacco budworm larva. Larvae were transfered to the plant bud via a camel’s hair brush. The right-most rows provided an untreated buffer. Treatments were applied on 10 and 12 Jun (Test I and II, respectively) through a single D2-33 full cone nozzle per row at the rate of 25 gpa and a pressure of 60 psi. Three and 10 (Test I) and 4 and 11 (Test II) days post-treatment the surviving larvae on tagged plants were counted and after 14 days damage was rated in Test I as follows: 0 = no damage, 1 = light damage (holes < 1 cm), 2 = moderate damage (1 cm < holes < 6.4 cm), 3 = heavy damage (holes > 6.4 cm and on several leaves) and 4 = topped plant. Consumption was rated in Test II as 0.1 leaves consumed on all tagged plants per plot. On 7 and 25 Jul (Test I and II, respectively) all plants in the buffer rows were cut off at 3 to 4 leaves above the ground. Suckers grew from the axils of the remaining leaves and on 23 Jul and 8 Aug all but 1 healthy sucker were removed. Due to the presence of a naturally occurring budworm population, plants containing a single early instar budworm were selected and tagged on 4 and 19 Aug (Test I and II, respectively). Variable numbers of plants were tagged in each plot. Treatments were applied on 5 and 20 Aug (Test I and II, respectively) as previously described. Three and 10 days post-treatment the number of surviving larvae were counted and the proportion of surviving calculated. Damage ratings (0 to 4 scale) were made after 14 days. Prior to ANOVA, count data were transformed to and proportions were transformed to arsin .
Green Peach Aphid Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Foliar Insecticides, 1986
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , David Reed T.
Published: March 2022

Tobacco was transplanted in a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil near Blackstone, VA, on 15 May (Experiment I) and 12 May (Experiment II). Experimental plots, 4 × 40 ft (1 row × 24 plants), were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Plots were separated by single untreated border rows and blocks were separated by 5 ft vacant alleys. Insecticide treatments were applied to Experiment I on 3 Jul and to Experiment II on 26 Aug. Aphid populations were estimated for 4 upper leaves on 10 plants/plot in both tests. Treatments were applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 3 TX12 tips delivering the spray at 29 gal/acre at 60 psi over the row. AG-98 spreader-sticker was added at 8 fl oz/100 gal to all spray treatments except for one Orthene treatment and the Azodrin treatment in Experiment I. Weather conditions were sunny on both application dates. The wind speed ranged from 5-12 mph each day and the ambient temperatures were 78-84 degrees F and 85-92 degrees F on 3 Jul and 26 Aug, respectively. Precipitation was less than 0.1 and 0.4 inch during the first and second weeks, respectively, of Experiment I. Experiment I was irrigated with 1 inch of water on 8, 16 and 23 Jul. In Experiment II there was 0.24 and 0.51 inch of precipitation 8 hr and 1 day after application, respectively. The only precipitation thereafter was 0.6 inch during the second week. Data were transformed to Log10 (counts + 1) for ANOVA and DMRT.
Early Season Control with Transplant Water Insecticides, 1986
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Onks D. O.
Published: March 2022

Dark and Burley tobacco were transplanted on 22 May and 23 May respectively at the Highland Rim Experiment Station, Springfield. Plots were 4 rows × 741 ft for the Dark tobacco and 4 rows × 455 ft for the Burley tobacco. Plots were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design with 42 inch spacing between rows. Plants were spaced 18 and 36 inches within rows for Burley and Dark tobacco respectively. Orthene at .75, 1.5 and 3.0 lb (AI)/acre was applied in the transplant water solution at the time of setting. Soil type for the Dark tobacco was Dixon silt loam with 2-5% slope of pH 7.0. Soil type for the Burley tobacco was Sango silt loam, 2-5% slope of pH 6.1. Total rainfall for the growing season was 18.13 inches and 9.64 inches of that amount fell during a three week period after transplanting. All plots were sprayed with Orthene (.75 lb (AI)/acre) on 1 Jul for hornworms. Flea beetle damage was reported as average number of feeding holes/10 leaves; counts were made on the fifth leaf (of width greater than 2 inches) from the top of the plant.
Control of Vegetable Weevils with Foliar Insecticides, 1986
Authors: Southern P. S. , Lampert E. P.
Published: March 2022

On 7 May, plots 1 row wide (46 inches on center) by ca 30 ft (16 plants) were laid out along the edge of a commercial field in Pender Co., NC. Existing plants in this field had been heavily damaged by adult vegetable weevils prior to initiation of the test. New plants were hand set between existing plants (double set) for evaluation of weevil damage after treatment. Treatments were made in a randomized complete block design with 8 treatments and 4 blocks. Because of the severe border effect and a damage gradient along the rows, 2 untreated checks were incorporated into the test design. Treatments were applied with a CO2 powered backpack sprayer fitted with a single TG-2 nozzle per row delivering 25 gpa of finished spray at 60 psi. At the time of application (7 to 8:30 PM), soil moisture was short, skies were clear, temp was 27 C, and winds were calm. On 12 May, all double set plants were rated for weevil damage as follows: 0 = no damage, 1 = very light leaf damage, 2 = moderate leaf damage (1 leaf cut), 3 = heavy leaf damage (2+ leaves cut), and 4 = stem or bud cut or severely damaged. Prior to ANOVA, counts were transformed to arsin (sqrt(proportion of plants damaged)). Treatment means were separated by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test.
Apple, Early Season Rosy Apple Aphid Control, 1986
Authors: Hull Larry A.
Published: March 2022

The experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 6 insecticide treatments and a control replicated 4 times. Plots consisted of 4 trees, one each of the cultivars York Imperial, Delicious, Golden Delicious, and Rome Beauty. Experimental sprays were applied with a Myers Mity Mist airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 50 gpa. Spray dates corresponded to the following phenological stages (cv. Golden Delicious): Half-inch green—3 Apr; Pink—21 Apr. A regular fungicide schedule (Cyprex, Benlate, Bayleton, Manzate) was maintained throughout the season. Post-bloom insecticide sprays were applied to 1- to 2-week intervals after test treatments were completed. Effectiveness of sprays for RAA was evaluated by examining the entire tree (all cvs.) and determining the total number of infested leaves per tree. A leaf was considered infested if it contained one or more live aphids or showed visible signs of curling. Pest pressure was light.
Seedcorn Maggot Control in Wheat, 1986
Authors: Lidell M. C. , Schuster M. F. , Reid D. J.
Published: March 2022

The efficacy of 2 granular systemic insecticides for control of the seedcorn maggot and other soil insects was evaluated in ‘Bounty 301', a hard winter wheat cultivar, and ‘Coker 983', a soft winter wheat cultivar. The test was located near Rhea Mills, Collin County, TX on a Houston black clay soil. Insecticides were applied in-furrow at planting on 7 Dec, 1985. Thimet 15G and DiSyston 15G were both applied at the rate of 1.0 lb (AI)/acre. Sampling of the top soil at the time of wheat emergence indicated the seedcorn maggot to be the most prevalent insect pest species present, although some losses may have been caused by wireworms (Conoderus spp.) and white grubs (Phyllophaga spp.). The seedcorn maggot infestation was heavy and distributed throughout the field. A completely randomized design of 8 replications was used and plots were 4 ft × 20 ft. The mean number of seedlings per foot of row was determined on 25 Feb, ‘86 by counting seedlings/ft in four subsamples per plot. Plots were harvested 27 Jun.
Cereal Leaf Beetle Control in Late Planted Winter Wheat, 1986
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Beahm Mary M.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticidal treatments were evaluated to determine their efficacy in controlling cereal leaf beetle (CLB) larval populations in soft red winter wheat. Foliar insecticides were applied on 7 May ‘86 on ‘Saluda wheat planted on 14 Nov, ‘85 on the Vernon Delano Farm in Richmond County, Virginia. Plots were 6 ft by 25 ft with 5-ft alleys between treatments, and were arranged in a randomized block design with 3 replications. Spray concentrates were applied with a CO2-powered compressed air sprayer at 32.8 ps; that delivered 32.6 gal of finished formulation per acre. Flat Fan, Tee Jet AL8002, nozzles were utilized. The efficacy of individual insecticide treatments was determined 1-, 5-, 7-, 12-, and 16-days after application by inspecting whole plants for the presence of live larvae per 10 culms. Yield estimates wen obtained from 20 ft of row collected from the 2 center rows of each plot. Yields were adjusted to 14% moisture.
Phytotoxicrry on Anthurium, Hawaii, 1986
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H.
Published: March 2022

During Feb to Sep, phototoxicity trials were conducted on plants grown in volcanic cinder under 80% polypropylene net shade. Prior to application, all abnormal symptoms were noted. Insecticides and miticides were tested at 4 × the recommended use rate and sprayed at weekly intervals for a minimum of 4 applications (dependent upon weather conditions). Sprays were applied to runoff (ca. 250 gal/ acre) using a compressed air sprayer at 40 psi equipped with a no. 8004 Teejet nozzle. Phytotoxic effects on flower, buds and leaves were evaluated weekly. Each treatment consisted of 18 plants.
Efficacy of Avid on Gypsophila for Leafminer 1986
Authors: Begley J. , Harris M. , Warkentin D.
Published: March 2022

Rooted cuttings were planted in 3 inch pots with Metro Mix 500 in the greenhouse, held under mist for 3 days and kept on regular water and feed schedules for an additional 10 days during Feb. Plants were exposed to a leafminer cage colony for 6 h and returned to the greenhouse. When small mines became evident plants were treated using a hand held mist bottle. Prior to leaf exit by mature larvae, leaves were stripped and placed in 1 pt plastic containers for pupae collection.
Fall Control of White Grubs with Labelled and Experimental Insecticides on a Golf Course, Syracuse, Ny, 1986
Authors: Villani M. G. , Wright R. J.
Published: March 2022

Six insecticides were applied to a fairway at Drumlins Country Club, Syracuse, NY on 21 Aug for control of a mixed population of Japanese beetle, and European chafer grubs. The fairway consisted of Kentucky bluegrass (40%), annual bluegrass (45%), bentgrass (10%), and broadleaf weeds (5%). Thatch was minimal (<.25 in.) in all plots. The experimental design was RCB with 4 replications. Individual plots were 10 ft by 10 ft. Granular materials were applied with a precalibrated Gandy 2.5 spreader. Liquid materials were premeasured in the laboratory and applied with 11.4 liters (3 gal) of water through a watering can. All liquid applications were made in 2 directions within each plot. At treatment time the following environmental conditions existed: air temp, 80°F; soil temp (1 inch), 78 F; (3 inch), 75 F; soil pH, 5.57; water pH, 6.78; soil moisture, 26%. Following application of insecticides, the plots were irrigated by sprinkler for 10 min. Posttreatment counts were taken 47 DAT (7 Oct) by cutting a 1 ft by 10 ft strip (2.25 inches deep) lengthwise through each plot with a mechanical sod cutter and examining the sod and underlying soil for grubs. Three 1-ft2 samples of sod were examined in each plot and the no. of surviving grubs counted. Species identifications were made in the field. At this time, Japanese beetles were predominantly third instars, with some second ins tars; all European chafers were third instars.
Effect of Liquid Aqua-Grow on Efficacy Of Dursban Against Japanese Beetle Grubs, Massachusetts Golf Course, 1986
Authors: Vittum P J. , Mimms R. A.
Published: March 2022

Dursban 4E was applied at 2 rates to a golf course fairway maintained at ca. 2.5 inches cutting height. Each rate was applied in combination with Aqua-Grow at a rate of 0, 2, 4, or 6 oz per 1,000 sq ft. All materials were applied with 3 qt water in a watering can. All applications were made in 2 (perpendicular) directions within each 8-ft by 8-ft plot. All plots were replicated 5 times in a CRB design. The test area received 0.5 inch irrigation (pH 6.8) 1.5 hr after application. All materials were applied 30 Jul and plots were sampled 8 Oct. Two 1-sq-ft sections of sod, ca. 4 inch deep, were removed from the center of each plot, inspected on the spot, and the number of healthy grubs recorded.
Aphicide and Phytotoxicity Evaluations, 1986
Authors: Warkentin D. , Begley J. , Harris M.
Published: March 2022

Plants were potted 1 per container in Metro Mix 500 medium and maintained withir; a covered greenhouse where natural aphid infestation occurred in Jan. For each cultivar, a pretreatment determination of all live aphids was made for each of 3 replicate pots per treatment. Sprays were applied to the point of runoff with hand-held mist bottles. There were 5 applications made at 5-day intervals, with an efficacy evaluation of 3 of the cultivars made 5 days after the first treatment. Phytotoxicity evaluations on all 4 cultivars were made following the lasi treatment.
Control of Spider Mites on Greenhouse Ornamentals, 1986
Authors: Browning H. W. , Royer T. A.
Published: March 2022

4 inch pots of each plant species were arranged in a random design with 12 replicates per treatment. One application of all treatments was made 7 Jan. Pesticides were applied until runoff. Each plant received 32 ± 8 ml total spray formulation. Rates were calibrated in lb AI per 100 gal of finished formulation. Each plant was inoculated with ca. 5 adult female spider mites from a laboratory culture on 1 Jan. Treatments were applied one week later through a CO2-driven hand-held sprayer at 30 psi using a 8015 E flat fan nozzle until runoff. Total output of the sprayer was 500 ml/min. Whole plant counts of adult female mites were recorded immediately prior to and 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 DAT. Data were analyzed with ANOVA. Due to significant pre-treatment levels, post-treatment counts were subjected to Analysis of Covariance and means were separated using Fisher's Protected LSD.
Control of Vegetable Mites on Carnation, Hawaii, 1986
Authors: Hara A. H. , Hori T.
Published: March 2022

Field efficacy trials were conducted at Kula, Maui, Hawaii at 2,000 ft elev. Experimental plots measured 3 by 7 ft and were arranged in a RCB with 3 blocks. A total of 12 leaves were collected per plot (3 leaves per plant, 4 plants) and observed for eggs, nymphs and adult mites. Insecticides were applied at weekly intervals beginning 25 Mar for four weeks using a compressed G02 sprayer with a no. 9503 Tee Jet nozzle at 40 psi delivering ca. 200 gal/acre. The spreader-sticker, Triton BB 1956 was added to each treatment at a rate of3floz/100gal.
Insecticides and Combinations for Control of Green Peach Aphid, 1986
Authors: Warkentin D. , Begley J. , Harris M.
Published: March 2022

Aphids from a greenhouse colony were introduced onto greenhouse-grown, vegetative, potted mums in Jan. All plants were initially pruned to equal height and six leaves. Two foliar sprays, 3 days apart were applied to runoff with hand-held mist bottles. Efficacy evaluations on both lower canopy leaves and 3-inch terminal shoots were based on the mean number of aphids per replicate pot, with 3 samples summed to comprise each replicate, and 4 replicate pots per treatment.
Evaluation of Cygon 4Ec for Aphid Control, 1986
Authors: Warkentin D. , Begley J. , Harris M.
Published: March 2022

Vegetative plants were grown single stem in Metro Mix 500 medium and maintained vithin a closed greenhouse where they were inoculated with aphids from a cultured colony. There were 3 plants per 6-inch pot, and 4 replicate pots per i reatment. A pre-treatment evaluation was made to determine the baseline number of live aphids on one stem per pot; these stems were tagged and used lor subsequent evaluations. Sprays were applied to the point of runoff with hand-held mist bottles. There were 2 applications with a 3-day interval; applications vere made on 22 Apr and 25 Apr immediately following the evaluations.
Selecron 6Ec for Control of Green Peach Aphid, 1986
Authors: Warkentin D. , Harris M. , Begley J.
Published: March 2022

Leaves were dipped in treatment solutions, allowed to air dry and then placed in 1 oz plastic creamer cups and 10 aphids introduced for testing residue efficacy. For contact/residue efficacy, 10 aphids were placed on leaves in each cup and then sprayed with hand-held atomizers. Each treatment was replicated 5 times with 10 aphids per replicate. Cups were capped with plastic snap-on lids and mortality evaluations made at 2 DAT.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in Butler Co., Pa, 1986
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The lawn consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 x 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a C02 sprayer with four 8504 Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 30 psi with a 4 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 68°F; soil temp, 72°F; % RH, 67; amount of thatch, 1.25 inches; soil type, clay-loam; % soil moisture, 12.7; soil pH, 7.2; % organic matter, 3.1; water pH, slightly acidic; no rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 1 day and 6 days after the initial 30 Jul treatment date. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling with water, and counting the number of chinch bug numphs and adults floating to the surface over a 10 min period. Three floatation samples were randomly taken from within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
Hairy Chinch Bug Control on a Home Lawn in Butler, Pa, 1986
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The lawn consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 x 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a C02 sprayer with four 8004VS Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi with a 4 gal/1,000 ft2 spray rate. Granular formulations were mixed with a fine grade of calcined clay top dressing (Terragreen) to facilitate product distribution. Then they were applied with a hand held shaker. At treatment time, the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temp, 76°F; soil temp, 84°F; % RH, 68; amount of thatch, 1.5-2.0 inches; soil type, silt-loam; % soil moisture, 12.0; soil pH, 5.7; % organic matter, 5.0; water pH, slightly acidic; no rain was recorded over the posttreatment period. Posttreatment counts were made 6 days after the initial 30 Jul treatment date. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface over a 10 min period. Three floatation samples were randomly taken from within each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
Phytotoxicity and Greenhouse Whitefly Control on Poinsettias, Massachusetts Greenhouse, 1986
Authors: Vittum P. J. , Mimms R. A.
Published: March 2022

Plants were grown in 6 inch plastic pots in 25% Metro Mix 350, 25% Terralite, and 50% sterilized field soil. Plants were pinched to 7 leaves on 9 Oct. Bracts began to color early in the second week of Nov. Insecticides were applied on 30 Sep and again on 14 Oct. Each insecticide except Lynx was sprayed to run-off with a C02-powered sprayer delivering 35 psi. Lynx was applied as a soil drench, with 100 ml of solution applied to each pot. Foliar sprays were directed to both upper and lower leaf surfaces of 4 plants, which were then arranged randomly on benches. Observations for efficacy and phytotoxicity were made at 3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 DAT.
Control of Bagworms on Oriental Arborvitae, 1986
Authors: Price Richard , Gladin Jodie , Pinkston Ken
Published: March 2022

Bagworm control was evaluated on a row of individual Oriental arborvitae plants, 10 ft high and 5 ft wide, located near a golf course in Stillwater, OK. Treatments were made on 6 Jun and replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. The plants were sprayed until runoff with a FMC DM 010 sprayer at 350 psi. The temperature and wind velocity at the time of treatment was 75°F and 5 mph, respectively. Mortality was determined by examining 10 larvae from each replication at 1, 4, 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment. Significant control was obtained in all treatments up to 21 days after treatment when compared to the check.
Control of Bagworms on California Incense Cedar, 1986
Authors: Gladin Jodie , Price Richard , Pinkston Ken
Published: March 2022

Bagworm control was evaluated on 2-3 ft high California incense cedars. Treatments were made on 23 Jul and were replicated 12 times in a randomized complete block design. The plants were sprayed until runoff with a Hardi RY-15 backpack sprayer at 6 psi. The temperature and wind velocity was 93°F and 0-5 mph, respectively. Mortality was determined by examining 2 larvae from each replication at 2, 7, and 14 days after treatment. The larval cases were approximately 1.5 in long.
Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Control, Claifornia, 1986
Authors: Ali A. D. , Garcia J. , Hartin J. S.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted on a 4-year-old commercial stand in Grand Terrace, CA. Experiment design was a randomized complete block with 3 replications. Each plot contained 4 trees. Average tree height was 5.5 ft. Treatments were applied with a Solo® knapsack sprayer using a hollow cone nozzle at 32 psi, and a 100 gal/acre spray rate. Nantucket pine tip moth damage was estimated by randomly selecting 40 terminals per tree (10 in each compass direction) and recording the number of damaged and healthy tips. Insecticides were applied on 2 Jun, 5 Aug, and 30 Sep, and damage evaluations were made on 11 Jul, 9 Sep and 28 Oct.