bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is the Ipsilateral Cortex Surrounding the Lesion or the Non-Injured Contralateral Cortex Important for Motor Recovery in Rats with Photochemically Induced Cortical Lesions?
Authors: Takata Kotaro , Yamauchi Hideki , Tatsuno Hisashi , Hashimoto Keiji , Abo Masahiro
Published: September 2006

Primary Objective:To determine whether the ipsilateral cortex surrounding the lesion or the non-injured contralateral cortex is important for motor recovery after brain damage in the photochemically initiated thrombosis (PIT) model. Research Design:We induced PIT in the sensorimotor cortex in rats and examined the recovery of motor function using the beam-walking test.Methods and Procedures: In 24 rats, the right sensorimotor cortex was lesioned after 2 days of training for the beam-walking test (group 1). After 10 days, PIT was induced in the left sensorimotor cortex. Eight additional rats (group 2) received 2 days training in beam walking, then underwent the beam-walking test to evaluate function. After 10 days of testing, the left sensorimotor cortex was lesioned and recovery was monitored by the beam-walking test for 8 days. Main Outcomes and Results: In group 1 animals, left hindlimb function caused by a right sensorimotor cortex lesion recovered within 10 days after the operation. Right hindlimb function caused by the left-side lesion recovered within 6 days. In group 2, right hindlimb function caused by induction of the left-side lesion after a total of 12 days of beam-walking training and testing recovered within 6 days as with the double PIT model. The training effect may be relevant to reorganization and neuromodulation. Motor recovery patterns did not indicate whether motor recovery was dependent on the ipsilateral cortex surrounding the lesion or the cortex of the contralateral side. Conclusion: The results emphasize the need for selection of appropriate programs tailored to the area of cortical damage in order to enhance motor functional recovery in this model.
Interpretation of Ambiguous Idiomatic Statements in Schizophrenic and Depressive Patients. Evidence for Common and Differential Cognitive Patterns
Authors: Iakimova Galina , Passerieux Christine , Hardy-Baylé Marie-Christine
Published: September 2006

Background: This study is concerned with the comprehension of ambiguous idiomatic statements in schizophrenic and depressive patients. Aims: Using a multiple-choice procedure, we simultaneously tested the presence of concrete and literal elements in the understanding of idiomatic statements. Method: Fourteen schizophrenic and 10 patients undergoing a major depressive episode as well as 14 control subjects completed a questionnaire with 10 idiomatic expressions with two possible interpretations (figurative and literal) of equivalent prominence. The participants had to choose one word linked with the different interpretations of these idioms (figurative, literal, concrete or inappropriate meaning). Results: The main results show that, in all the subjects, the contextual characteristics of the task induced a bias in favor of figurative interpretations despite the equivalent prominence of the literal interpretations of the idioms. The selection of responses relating to the concrete meaning of a single word in the idiom constituted a response mode common to both the schizophrenic and depressed patients. Despite the contextual constraints of the task, the schizophrenics opted for the literal responses more often than the other participants. The descriptive analysis argues in favor of a cognitive and clinical heterogeneity of schizophrenic patients. Conclusion: Results support the idea that literality and concreteness in idiomatic interpretation are possibly due to distinct cognitive impairments, though only some are specific to schizophrenic patients.
Plasma Concentrations of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha May Predict the Outcome of Patients with Acute Renal Failure
Authors: Ficek Rafał , Kokot Franciszek , Chudek Jerzy , Adamczak Marcin , Ficek Joanna , Więcek Andrzej
Published: September 2006

Background/Aims: Elevated plasma tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) concentration is frequently found in patients with chronic renal failure on hemodialysis (HD) and correlates with their mortality. The present study aimed to analyze the relationship between plasma TNFα concentrations and survival of patients with nonseptic acute renal failure (ARF). Methods: Twenty-seven patients with ARF and 27 HD patients were examined. In ARF the patients’ plasma TNFα concentrations were assessed 3 times: before the first HD session (phase I), 5 days later at the anuric/oliguric phase (phase II), and at the polyuric phase at discharge of the patients from the hospital (phase III). In 17 ARF patients kidney function recovered and 10 patients died in phase I. Results: In ARF patients plasma TNFα concentration was markedly higher [70 pg/ml (37–275)] than reference values (<5 pg/ml) but significantly lower than in HD patients [216 pg/ml (18–350)]. Moreover, also plasma TNFα levels at the polyuric phase remained elevated. An initial plasma TNFα concentration in ARF patients lower than 70 pg/ml predicted the beneficial outcome with a sensitivity of 64.7% and a specificity of 70.0%. Conclusions: (1) Plasma TNFα concentration may predict the outcome in patients with ARF. (2) Plasma TNFα concentration remained elevated at the polyuric phase in ARF despite a marked improvement of excretory kidney function.
Supportive Interaction Between Cell Survival Signaling and Angiocompetent Factors Enhances Donor Cell Survival and Promotes Angiomyogenesis for Cardiac Repair
Authors: Jiang Shujia , Haider Husnain Kh. , Idris Niagara M. , Salim Asmat , Ashraf Muhammad
Published: September 2006

Akt is a major cell survival and angiogenic mediator downstream of angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1)/Tie-2 signaling pathway. We hypothesize that transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) co-overexpressing Ang-1 and Akt lead to better prognosis. Ang-1 and Akt genes were adenovirally transduced into MSCs from male Fischer rats. Cytoprotective effects of transgene overexpression in vitro were assessed by exposure of cells to 8 hours of anoxia. TUNEL and measurement of lactate dehydrogenase showed that MSCs co-overexpressing Ang-1 and Akt (MAAs) were more resistant to anoxia as compared with the nontransduced MSCs or those transduced with Ang-1 or Akt alone. For in vivo studies, after permanent coronary artery occlusion, animals were grouped (n=20/group) to receive intramyocardial injections of 70 μL of basal medium without cells (group 1) or containing 3×10
6
nontransduced MSCs (group 2) or MAAs (group 3). Four animals per group were euthanized on 4, 7, and 14 days after cell transplantation for molecular studies. Extensive survival of MAAs was observed in group 3, which continued to co-overexpress transgenes in rat heart at 2 weeks after cell transplantation. Immunohistology at 4 weeks revealed myogenic differentiation of donor cells at the site of cell graft. Blood vessel density was highest in the infarct and periinfarct regions in group 3 (
P
<0.05). Echocardiography at 4 weeks showed that heart function indices were significantly improved in group 3 (
P
<0.05), including ejection fraction and fractional shortening as compared with groups 1 and 2. We conclude that supportive interaction between Ang-1 and Akt during MSC transplantation gave better prognosis via enhanced cell survival, improved angiomyogenesis, and restored global cardiac function.
Being There Together and the Future of Connected Presence
Authors: Schroeder Ralph
Published: September 2006

Research on virtual environments has provided insights into the experience of presence (or being there) and copresence (being there together). Several dimensions of this experience, including the realism of the environment and of the avatar embodiment, have been investigated. At the same time, research on a number of new media has begun to use concepts that are similar to copresence—such as mutual awareness, connected presence, and engagement. Since digital environments can be reconfigured and combined easily, and since an increasing number of such environments are used to connect people in their everyday lives, it is useful to think about the various modalities of connected presence as a continuum—with shared virtual environments in which people are fully immersed as an end-state. This paper proposes a model for the different modalities of connected presence whereby research on shared virtual environments can be modeled as approaching this end-state. It is argued that this model can improve our understanding both of the uses of shared virtual environments and of their future development among a variety of media for “being there together.” This paves the way for integrating research on shared virtual environments with research on other new media.
Joan Woodward Memorial Lecture: Applied social science: Is it just common sense?
Authors: Klein Lisl
Published: September 2006

Joan Woodward (1916–71) introduced the teaching of industrial sociology at Imperial College. Her best-known study, comparing organizations on the basis of their production technologies, was followed by research on the behavioural consequences of management control systems. Together they laid a major foundation stone for the contingency approach to organization. Although not explicitly concerned with application, the contingency approach makes possible analysis and some degree of prediction about organization. For applied work, three further conditions are necessary, that come from the arena of dynamics rather than research: internalizing a finding and turning it into use; starting from where the other is; and creating some transitional space. Whether an outcome is regarded as ‘common sense’ has to do with experience of a situation before it is researched, familiarity with findings afterwards, and the kind of language used. The capacity to think institutionally shifts these boundaries: with it, more things become accessible as common sense that without it would be split-off ‘science’, needing to be re-integrated.
Compressive Strain at the Onset of Densification of Cellular Solids
Authors: Li Q. M. , Magkiriadis I. , Harrigan J. J.
Published: September 2006

The onset of densification of cellular solids represents the start of the cell wall interactions, which enhance the compressive resistance of a cellular solid. Currently, there exists ambiguity in the definition and uncertainty in the determination of the compressive strain, from which the densification regime starts. The onset strain of densification and the densification strain are defined and distinguished in the present study. Several commonly used methods to determine the onset strain of densification are examined. It is shown that the method based on the energy absorption efficiency curve gives unique and consistent results. Two types of energy absorption efficiency curves are identified. Further justifications of the use of the energy absorption efficiency method are provided for various types of cellular solids.
Liberalism of Restraint and Liberalism of Imposition: Liberal Values and World Order in the New Millennium
Authors: Sørensen Georg
Published: September 2006

This article seeks to evaluate the prospects for a liberal world order. Sceptical visions of renewed conflict and major terrorist threat are rejected. But this does not pave the way for a peaceful, cooperative liberal order in any simple way. Liberal progress also produces illiberal counter-reactions, and strong political forces are pursuing a liberal order with elements that are essentially illiberal. There has been much too little debate about the substantial contents of a liberal world order. The article identifies two major currents in liberalism, Restraint and Imposition. Each is problematic and a stable liberal world order will have to find a course which avoids the pitfalls of these extremes.
Sacred Rules and Secular Politics: Religion and Rules
Authors: Aguilar Mario I.
Published: September 2006

This article explores the relationship between rules and politics in the intersection of the secular and the sacred. When identity in Europe was firmly fixed to Christianity, the rules governing the sacred and secular neatly meshed. With the onset of modernity, however, a cleavage arose between those two sets of rules, leading to theoretical and political conflict and confusion. Understanding the role of rules within modern religious traditions reveals the tension between symbols and authority, a conflict found in secular contexts as well. Hermeneutics, the study of interpretation which had its roots in biblical interpretation, also provides insights on rules and rule-making.
The Reform of the UN Security Council
Authors: Imber Mark
Published: September 2006

This article focuses on the United Nations' reform debates, particularly those surrounding changes to the Security Council. These debates are largely about rules, both formal and informal, that shape the roles of the veto powers and the ways in which other member-states can attain a seat on the Council. In order to implement the largely rule-governed system of collective security, it is necessary to have a Security Council that reflects a legitimate structure of authority. As the current debate demonstrates, however, the rules governing the powers of the Security Council raise numerous questions of legitimacy and authority, questions that are at the heart of a rule-governed order.
Rules in the Shadow of the Future: Prudential Rule-Making under Ambiguity in the Aviation Sector Business
Authors: Lampel Joseph
Published: September 2006

Rules often develop in response to past catastrophes and in order to prevent those catastrophes from occurring in the future. In complex economic, technological and political systems rule-making without solid historical foundations must contend with intrinsically ambiguous relationships between present conditions and future predictions. This rule making in situations of ambiguity is explored through a study of rules governing the use of personal electronic devices in the aviation industry. It points to how the rules that currently govern the use of such devices result from prudential concerns about hypothetical futures rather than any statistical or technological certainty about the future. This point applies to business but also to political rule-making.
Beyond the Convergence–Divergence Debate: The Role of Spatial Scales in Transforming Organizational Logic
Authors: Spicer André
Published: September 2006

Studies of organizational globalization typically assume that space is progressively ‘overcome’, resulting in the convergence of organizational logics, or that organizations continue to be embedded within the space of the nation state, resulting in divergent organizational logics. I argue that organizational logics are transformed as they move across space. Transformations in organizational logic are also underpinned by changes in space. I use the concept of spatial scale to theorize changes in space. I argue that spatial scales are multiple spatial levels that are produced through three interconnected processes: capital accumulation, regulation and articulation of discourse. Organizational logics are typically positioned on a number of spatial scales at once. The transformation of organizational logic is underpinned by processes of rescaling and resistance involving the political contestation of scale. I conclude by reflecting on what contributions the concept of scales makes to studies of the transformation of organizational logics.
The Secret Life of Mundane Transaction Costs
Authors: Langlois Richard N.
Published: September 2006

Transaction costs, one often hears, are ‘the economic equivalent of friction in physical systems’. Like physicists, economists can sometimes neglect friction in formulating theories; but like engineers, they can never neglect friction in studying how the system actually does — let alone should — work. Interestingly, however, the present-day economics of organization also ignores friction. That is, almost single-mindedly, the literature analyzes transactions from the point of view of misaligned incentives and (especially) transaction-specific assets. The costs involved are certainly costs of running the economic system in some sense, but they are not obviously ‘frictions’. Stories about frictions in trade are not nearly as intriguing as stories about guileful trading partners and expensive assets placed at risk. But I will argue that these seemingly dull categories of cost — what Baldwin and Clark call mundane transaction costs — actually have a secret life. They are at least as important as, and quite probably far more important than, the more glamorous costs of asset specificity in explaining the partition between firm and market. These costs also have a secret life in another sense: they have a secret life cycle. I will argue that these mundane transaction costs provide much better material for helping us understand how the boundaries among firms, markets, and hybrid forms change over time.
Pharmacogenetics as Alien Science
Authors: Hedgecoe Adam
Published: September 2006

This paper takes Harry Collins' concept of the ‘core set’ and combines it with emerging work in the sociology of sociotechnical expectations to explore the continued citation in review papers of a research result that is widely rejected by experts. The result in question, a putative pharmacogenetic link between carrying the APOE4 allele and reduced response to the anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) drug Tacrine, was first reported in 1995. Since then it has been widely cited, helping to create expectations about pharmacogenetics or ‘personalized medicine’. To the majority of clinicians and researchers specialized in AD (the core set) this result is of little value–both scientifically defunct and ethically risky–although some supporters continue to suggest that the value of the result has been masked by commercial interests. This paper shows how the value of this result as an example of pharmacogenetics leads commentators outside the core set to ignore its controversial qualities and use it as a resource for expectation-building, but in the process producing a representation of AD pharmacogenetics that resembles an ‘alien science’ (an inaccurate picture an outsider conveys of a scientific topic based on the literature, rather than interviews with the scientists involved).
A Secret Formula, a Rogue Patent and Public Knowledge about Nerve Gas
Authors: Balmer Brian
Published: September 2006

What makes knowledge dangerous? How does secrecy operate to help produce knowledge that is dangerous or otherwise? What happens when ‘nothing happens’? This paper addresses these questions through a case study in the history of chemical weapons research in the UK. It focuses on the publication and subsequent treatment in 1975 of a newspaper article reporting that the patent on the chemical warfare agent, VX, was available in a number of public libraries. Within 10 days, copies of the patent had been withdrawn, a government review of declassification procedures was announced, and in Parliament the Minister for Defence announced that the Government had never patented VX. The implication was that nothing, or nothing worth worrying about, had happened. This paper draws on recently declassified documents to trace the modifications of position that occurred in order for the Minister to arrive at this announcement. I argue that secrecy enabled different readings of the patent in different places and thus acted as a spatial–epistemic tool in the exercise of power. Key features that differed were: the relationship between essential properties attributed to VX and the additional tacit knowledge deemed necessary to make the nerve agent; the degree of revelation that was deemed to have occurred as the secret was differently constructed; and the presumed intent and abilities of putative abusers. The paper closes with a brief consideration of the relevance of a science studies analysis of this case study to contemporary security concerns.
Rationality, Inaccurate Mental Models, and Self-confirming Equilibrium
Authors: de Figueiredo Rui J. P. , Rakove Jack , Weingast Barry R.
Published: September 2006

Rational choice theorists have long been ambivalent about the rationality postulate. Although many agree that humans have imperfect foresight and inaccurate understandings of the world within which they act, no satisfactory approach relaxing the rationality postulates exists. In this article, we apply a new method that allows us to model directly rational action when agents have incomplete or inaccurate mental models of their world. In particular, we utilize the game theoretic notion of self-confirming equilibrium. The self-confirming equilibrium framework allows us to model an environment where a player's predictions about one another's behavior are inaccurate. It also allows us to model a common aspect of disputes; viz., that both sides believe they are acting reasonably while the other side is acting unreasonably. Finally, the approach allows a type of surprise in which a player's mis-conjectures about another's behavior results in behavior that was not anticipated. We apply this framework to the problem of the American Revolution, helping to resolve several unexplained puzzles in the historical literature. Historians of the Revolution emphasize the role of ideas in underpinning the revolutionary crisis. From the rational choice standpoint, a critical omission in the literature is that historians do not connect the realm of ideas with the realm of action. We demonstrate how the framework we propose can more directly shed light on three aspects absent in the existing literature. First, to explain why either side fought about abstract ideals or how those ideals were connected to the realm of action, and thus why the two sides failed to come to some accommodation despite their differences. Second, to explain why the colonists became so incensed over seemingly trivial taxes imposed by the British after the Seven Years' War ended in 1763. And, finally, to explain that if the clash of fundamental ideals led the two sides to armed confiict, how the British and the Americans could be unaware of their profound differences during the previous 100 plus years of cooperation.
Strong and Wrong
Authors: Schotter Andrew
Published: September 2006

The main purpose of rational choice theory is to lay out in clear and transparent terms what conditions are necessary and/or sufficient for the validity of statements about consistent human behavior. Strong criteria for rationality are ‘wrong’ if understood as a positive description. However, their very strength provides a sharp guide for experimental social science’s project of mapping the properties of individual behavior.
Is It a Prosecutor's World?
Authors: Ball Jeremy D.
Published: September 2006

Prosecutors have virtually unfettered discretion in their plea negotiations with defendants. Where discretion is unrestricted, unwarranted disparity is likely to follow. The current study examines the relationship between offender characteristics and count bargaining. From an integrated theory approach (integrating concession and consensus models, liberation hypothesis, and focal concerns theory), the current study hypothesizes that race and ethnicity, sex, age, and employment status of the offender has an effect on count bargaining decisions in only the borderline serious cases. Data were collected on 2,578 guilty pleas in Chicago, Illinois, in 1993 and analyzed using a backwards selection logistic regression analysis partitioning cases by severity of the most serious charge. The results from these analyses indicate that offender characteristics do not have a statistically significant effect on count bargaining. However, there may be important differences masked by straight pleas, symbolic bargaining, and overcharging practices.
The Rhythmic Consequences of Ion Channel Stochasticity
Authors: Dorval Alan D.
Published: September 2006

Ion channels are membrane-spanning proteins with central pores through which ions cross neuronal membranes. The pores through each ion channel flicker between open and closed states, starting and stopping the flow of ions and the electrical current they carry. Hence the current flickers on and off, varying widely on very short time scales. Recent evidence suggests that this noisy current is a source of rhythmic behaviors in neurons. In this review, we begin by providing an illustrative model that links the stochastic flicker of ion channels to neuronal rhythms. The author explores recent experimental work that shows channel flicker is necessary for at least one rhythm that characterizes a class of cortical neurons in vitro. Finally, the author highlights a number of novel studies that link ion channel stochasticity to neuronal rhythmic behaviors in other interesting ways.
Axon Pruning and Synaptic Development: How Are They per-Plexin?
Authors: Waimey Kathryn E. , Cheng Hwai-Jong
Published: September 2006

During the development of the nervous system, neurons must first migrate to their appropriate locations and then send out axons to make connections. Various environmental cues guide these migrating neurons and growing axons. After axons reach their target regions, neuronal contacts are created through the formation of synapses. Because excess axonal branches and synaptic contacts are often formed during early development, they are pruned or eliminated at later stages to create specific neuronal connections. Several groups of ligand-receptor pairs have been identified to regulate each of these cellular events. Evidence also indicates that these same molecules may be used in multiple developmental processes. Here, we discuss semaphorins and plexins, the largest family of axon guidance ligand-receptor pairs. Because the roles of semaphorins in neuronal migration and axonal repulsion have been extensively reviewed, we will focus on plexin receptors. We will discuss how semaphorin signals are specifically passed through these receptors into cells and how plexins mediate their newly identified roles in axon pruning and synaptic development.
“Aren’t I a Victim?”
Authors: Rajah Valli , Frye Victoria , Haviland Mary
Published: September 2006

The mandated arrest of domestic violence perpetrators is a policy response to the problem of partner violence. Mandatory arrest can result, however, in unintended and sometimes undesirable arrest outcomes, including dual arrests (when both parties are arrested), retaliatory arrests (when the perpetrator has his or her partner wrongfully arrested), and failures to make an arrest (when one is warranted by law). Using an inter-actionist perspective, this research focuses on one negative effect of mandatory arrest: the identity challenge faced by female victims of domestic violence who experience undesirable arrest outcomes. The authors discuss policy implications, focusing on the potential empowerment effects of mandatory arrest.
Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Kingsnorth Rodney
Published: September 2006

This article seeks to identify the variables that predict intimate partner violence recidivism. Neither prosecutorial actions, such as case rejection or subsequent dismissal, nor judicial imposition of jail terms or placement in a batterer treatment program demonstrated predictive value. Extralegal variables associated with the defendant, such as cohabitation status, marital status, gender, employment, and substance use at the time of the incident, all failed to attain significance. Victim support for arrest and prosecution were also unrelated to revictimization. Conversely, use of a weapon, the offender’s prior arrest for any offense, and the presence of a protective order at the time of the precipitating incident all predicted rearrest for intimate violence within an 18-month follow-up period. Policy implications are discussed.
Fiscal Impacts of an Innovative Highway Financing Alternative on State Highway Expenditures
Authors: Ryu Jay Eungha
Published: September 2006

The National Highway System Designation Act of 1995 (P.L. 104-59) authorized the U.S. Department of Transportation to establish the State Infrastructure Bank (SIB) Pilot Programs. The bank allows the states to leverage state-matching funds and federal assistance funds by recycling the capitalization equity funds through various loan programs and borrowing directly from the credit market using the federal funds as collateral. This article analyzes the fiscal impacts of the federal assistance funds in the SIB programs, which are a new form of federal transportation grants to states, on state highway expenditures. Empirical findings, using the 32 SIB state data, show that $1 federal assistance fund deposited into the bank as of 1997 stretches limited state highway resources by as much as $7.55 for 3 years (1998-2000), for which data are available, mainly due to the leveraging effect. This study further suggests future research and policy directions.
Rethinking Highway Effects on Population Change
Authors: Chi Guangqing , Voss Paul R. , Deller Steven C.
Published: September 2006

Little systematic work has been undertaken to explain highway impacts on population change. In this study, the authors review the literature in regional economics and demographics in an attempt to shed light on the mechanisms by which investments in highway infrastructure influence population change. First, they categorize the indirect causal paths by which highways influence population change at the county and municipal levels. Then they propose a spatio-temporal approach to revisit highway effects on population change from the stage of highway development and areal characteristics specifically. Finally, it is concluded that at the county and municipal levels, the effect of highways on population change varies from preconstruction to postconstruction periods and across urban, suburban, and rural areas.
Why is There No International Historical Sociology?
Authors: Rosenberg Justin
Published: September 2006

Historical sociological studies in IR face a challenge similar to that discussed by Martin Wight in ‘Why is There no International Theory?’ Classical social theorists conceptualized ‘society’ in the ontological singular, leaving their successors with a ‘domestic analogy’ problem which has dogged attempts to provide a social theory of International Relations. Overcoming this problem requires an expansion of the premises of social theory to incorporate those general features of social reality which generate the phenomenon of ‘the international’. This expansion can be achieved using Leon Trotsky's idea of ‘uneven and combined development’. Specifically, the existence of ‘the international’ arises ultimately from the ‘unevenness’ of human sociohistorical existence; its distinctive characteristics can be derived from analysis of the resultant condition of ‘combined development’; and its significance, thus sociologically redefined, entails a reconceptualization of ‘development’ itself — one which removes the source of the ‘domestic analogy’ problem for historical sociology.
Ontological Security in World Politics: State Identity and the Security Dilemma
Authors: Mitzen Jennifer
Published: September 2006

This article proposes that in addition to physical security, states also seek ontological security, or security of the self. Ontological security is achieved by routinizing relationships with significant others, and actors therefore become attached to those relationships. Like its physical counterpart, the ontological security motive is a constant. But states may adhere to routines rigidly or reflexively, and variation in attachment style has implications for security-seeking. This article conceptualizes the individual-level need for ontological security, scales it up to states, and applies the ontological security-seeking assumption to the security dilemma. Realists argue that states want to escape security dilemmas but uncertainty prevents them. Ontological security-seeking suggests that states may not want to escape dilemmatic conflict. Because even dangerous routines provide ontological security, rational security-seekers could become attached to conflict. Ontological security-seeking sheds new light on seemingly irrational conflict, and suggests lines of research into the stability of other outcomes in world politics.
A Dogma of Democratic Theory and Globalization: Why Politics Need not Include Everyone it Affects
Authors: Agné Hans
Published: September 2006

This article examines and questions a principle in democratic theory which has become particularly fashionable in analyses of globalization and European integration, namely that everyone affected by a decision should be able to participate in making it. It is found that this principle is too strong to fit with the meaning of democracy, leads to tautological arguments, is indeterminate in politically important cases and, if its indeterminacy is rectified, fails to support ideas of political equality and accountability. Removing this principle from the concept of democracy implies, among other things, that empirical analysis becomes more significant, indeed necessary, for assessment of effects of globalization on democracy. Parallel to the development of critical arguments is the defence of a theoretical alternative according to which the delimitation of democratic communities should be decided on the grounds of what effect it produces in terms of autonomy for everyone, those included as well as those excluded.
Male prisoners’ orientations towards female officers in an English prison
Authors: Crewe Ben
Published: September 2006

Drawing on material collected as part of a semi-ethnographic study of an English training prison for men, this article describes the orientations of male prisoners towards female prison officers. A number of attitudes and orientations are outlined, some of which privilege the significance of femaleness over professional identity and practices (for example through discourses of sexualization and chivalry), while others focus primarily on the officer role and professional practices and treatment. The article suggests that prisoner life experiences and the nature of imprisonment are significant influences on the relationships between male prisoners and female officers, and that the high emotional charge that characterizes many of these relationships reflects a complex set of issues around incarceration, masculine self-identity, power and desire.
Countering catastrophic criminology
Authors: Hutchinson Steven
Published: September 2006

This article argues that accounts that envisage rupture in penality tend to overplay the coherence of ‘modern’ punishment and underplay the inconsistency of current developments. It suggests that this problem stems in large part from a failure to appreciate the ‘braided’ nature of modern liberal punishment, which is always about both punishment and reform. Part of the ‘secret’ to this is found in David Garland's earlier work in which the ‘welfare sanction’ appears as a compromise between modernist scientific expertise and liberal legalism and individualism. Normative regulation coupled with punishment in this bargain. As a result, even during the heyday of the welfare sanction and at rehabilitation's height, punitive and deterrent penalties remained important. Similarly, there is substantial evidence that increasingly widespread approaches such as restorative justice, therapeutic justice and risk-need models carry a newly revised correctionalism into the present. Rather than conceive recent changes as indicative of a watershed in penal rationality and practice, this article suggests that it is more important to think about the ways in which neo-liberal assaults on the modernist side of this equation have transformed its character.
Effective Components for Nutrition Interventions: A Review and Application of the Literature
Authors: Sahay Tina B. , Ashbury Fredrick D. , Roberts Melody , Rootman Irving
Published: September 2006

A review of the nutrition intervention literature was conducted for Cancer Care Ontario (CCO) to develop a provincial nutrition and healthy body weight strategy. Controlled trials that were conducted between 1994 and 2000 in North America, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand were included. Fifteen interventions were included, 10 of which showed significant intervention effect and 5 reporting negative effect. Elements of effective interventions included theoretical basis, family involvement, participatory planning and implementation models, clear messages, and adequate training and ongoing support for intervenors. CCO applied these practices to design a pilot intervention. Stakeholders participated in the intervention design and tested for clear messaging. Consistent with social cognitive theory, the intervention included activities for children and parents and provided environmental supports such as transportation and child care. Training and support for implementers and evaluators was provided by CCO.
Promovisión: Designing a Capacity-Building Program to Strengthen and Expand the Role of Promotores in HIV Prevention
Authors: Ramos Rebeca L. , Hernandez Apolonia , Ferreira-Pinto João B. , Ortiz Melchor , Somerville Gerlinda Gallegos
Published: September 2006

This article describes the development of Promovisión, a program based on the utilization of promotores in community-based organizations (CBOs) to improve the provision of HIV prevention services to recent immigrants and Latinos who are less acculturated. Promovisión aims to demonstrate the contribution of promotores as a cost-effective strategy in HIV prevention efforts, and how promotores facilitate the formation of community, regional, and national CBO networks working collaboratively to prevent the spread of HIV in Latino communities. In addition, this article examines the interpersonal, organizational, community, and sociocultural dimensions that facilitate or hinder community mobilization, and coalition formation and growth, and how these findings shaped the final design of the program. Finally, the Promovisión program seeks to demonstrate that a promotor-based program is a culturally appropriate model for HIV prevention and care, which can be successfully implemented in community and clinical settings among ethnic populations with limited English proficiency.
Applying the Transtheoretical Model to Exercise: A Systematic and Comprehensive Review of the Literature
Authors: Spencer Leslie , Adams Troy B. , Malone Sarah , Roy Lindsey , Yost Elizabeth
Published: September 2006

Three questions guided a literature review of the transtheoretical model (TTM) as applied to exercise to address the evidence for stage-matched interventions, the description of priority populations, and the identification of valid TTM measurement tools. One-hundredand-fifty studies were reviewed. Results indicate preliminary support for the use of stage-matched exercise interventions. Most studies have focused on White, middle-class, female populations, limiting the generalizability of their findings. Valid and reliable measures exist for stage of change, decisional balance, processes of change, self-efficacy, and temptations to not exercise; however, more research is needed to refine these measures. Evidence for the construct validity of the TTM as applied to exercise is mixed. When designing and implementing TTM-based exercise interventions, practitioners and policy makers are encouraged to clearly define the term exercise, choose a valid and reliable staging tool, and employ all TTM constructs and not just stage membership.
The Case of Jane
Authors: Harris Max , Lane Robert C.
Published: September 2006

One of the goals of psychodynamic psychotherapy is to address not only patients’ symptoms but also their personality dynamics. In this case, a psychodynamic approach based on the four psychologies (drive, ego, object, self) suggested by Fred Pine was used to facilitate assessment, to guide psychotherapy, and to evaluate the outcomes. It is proposed that this eclectic and integrative approach honors the richness of the dignity and tragedy of the human condition.
The Five Therapeutic Relationships
Authors: Antoniou Artemis S. , Blom Tania G.
Published: September 2006

Founded on research evidence, Clarkson declares that it is not any specific psychological counseling paradigm itself that is the quintessence of therapeutic effectiveness but the tangible therapeutic relationship between the therapist and client. Clarkson states that there are five types of relationships potentially present in the therapeutic encounter. These are (a) the working alliance, (b) the transference/countertransference relationship, (c) the developmentally needed/reparative relationship, (d) the person-to-person relationship, and (e) the transpersonal relationship. This case study presents the theoretical framework of the five relationships; it demonstrates how this was utilized in the clinical context with a male client referred to as Harry and what were for him the implications of the therapeutic relationship assisting him to overcome low self-esteem, childhood sexual abuse, and depression.
Neutrophil-derived APRIL concentrated in tumor lesions by proteoglycans correlates with human B-cell lymphoma aggressiveness
Authors: Schwaller Juerg , Schneider Pascal , Mhawech-Fauceglia Paulette , McKee Thomas , Myit Samir , Matthes Thomas , Tschopp Jurg , Donze Olivier , Le Gal Frederique-Anne , Huard Bertrand
Published: September 2006

A PRoliferation-Inducing TNF Ligand (APRIL) costimulates B-cell activation. When overexpressed in mice, APRIL induces B-cell neoplasia, reminiscent of human B-cell chronic lymphoid leukemia (B-CLL). We analyzed APRIL expression in situ in human non-Hodgkin lymphomas. APRIL up-regulation was only observed in high-grade B-cell lymphomas, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), and Burkitt lymphoma (BL). Up-regulation was seen in 46% and 20% of DLBCL and BL, respectively. In DLBCL, neutrophils, constitutively producing APRIL and infiltrating the tumor tissue, were the main cellular source of APRIL. Rare DLBCL cases showed a predominance of histiocytes or mesenchymal cells as APRIL source. APRIL secreted by neutrophils accumulated on tumor cells via proteoglycan binding. In addition to proteoglycans, DLBCL tumor cells expressed the APRIL signaling receptor, TACI and/or BCMA, indicating that these tumor cells are fully equipped to respond to APRIL. A retrospective clinical analysis revealed a significant correlation between high expression of APRIL in tumor lesions and decreased overall patient survival rate. Hence, APRIL produced by inflammatory cells infiltrating lymphoma lesions may increase tumor aggressiveness and affect disease outcome.
KLF4 suppresses transformation of pre-B cells by ABL oncogenes
Authors: Kharas Michael G. , Yusuf Isharat , Scarfone Vanessa M. , Yang Vincent W. , Segre Julia A. , Huettner Claudia S. , Fruman David A.
Published: September 2006

Genes that are strongly repressed after B-cell activation are candidates for being inactivated, mutated, or repressed in B-cell malignancies. Krüppel-like factor 4 (Klf4), a gene down-regulated in activated murine B cells, is expressed at low levels in several types of human B-cell lineage lymphomas and leukemias. The human KLF4 gene has been identified as a tumor suppressor gene in colon and gastric cancer; in concordance with this, overexpression of KLF4 can suppress proliferation in several epithelial cell types. Here we investigate the effects of KLF4 on pro/pre–B-cell transformation by v-Abl and BCR-ABL, oncogenes that cause leukemia in mice and humans. We show that overexpression of KLF4 induces arrest and apoptosis in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. KLF4-mediated death, but not cell-cycle arrest, can be rescued by Bcl-XL overexpression. Transformed pro/pre-B cells expressing KLF4 display increased expression of p21CIP and decreased expression of c-Myc and cyclin D2. Tetracycline-inducible expression of KLF4 in B-cell progenitors of transgenic mice blocks transformation by BCR-ABL and depletes leukemic pre-B cells in vivo. Collectively, our work identifies KLF4 as a putative tumor suppressor in B-cell malignancies.
CD26 inhibition enhances allogeneic donor-cell homing and engraftment after in utero hematopoietic-cell transplantation
Authors: Peranteau William H. , Endo Masayuki , Adibe Obinna O. , Merchant Aziz , Zoltick Philip W. , Flake Alan W.
Published: September 2006

In utero hematopoietic-cell transplantation (IUHCT) can induce donor-specific tolerance to facilitate postnatal transplantation. Induction of tolerance requires a threshold level of mixed hematopoietic chimerism. CD26 is a peptidase whose inhibition increases homing and engraftment of hematopoietic cells in postnatal transplantation. We hypothesized that CD26 inhibition would increase donor-cell homing to the fetal liver (FL) and improve allogeneic engraftment following IUHCT. To evaluate this hypothesis, B6GFP bone marrow (BM) or enriched hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) were transplanted into allogeneic fetal mice with or without CD26 inhibition. Recipients were analyzed for FL homing and peripheral-blood chimerism from 4 to 28 weeks of life. We found that CD26 inhibition of donor cells results in (1) increased homing of allogeneic BM and HSCs to the FL, (2) an increased number of injected animals with evidence of postnatal engraftment, (3) increased donor chimerism levels following IUHCT, and (4) a competitive engraftment advantage over noninhibited congenic donor cells. This study supports CD26 inhibition as a potential method to increase the level of FL homing and engraftment following IUHCT. The resulting increased donor chimerism suggests that CD26 inhibition may in the future be used as a method of increasing donor-specific tolerance following IUHCT.
Human Langerhans-cell activation triggered in vitro by conditionally expressed MKK6 is counterregulated by the downstream effector RelB
Authors: Jörgl Almut , Platzer Barbara , Taschner Sabine , Heinz Leonhard X. , Höcher Bernhard , Reisner Peter M. , Göbel Florian , Strobl Herbert
Published: September 2006

Environmentally exposed epithelial Langerhans cells (LCs) encounter diverse innate stress signals, which lead to the activation of complex intracellular signaling cascades. Among these, p38 MAPK is consistently phosphorylated. For which aspects of LC activation triggering of p38 signaling is sufficient remains to be elucidated. We show that conditional induction of a dominant active form of MAPK kinase 6 (d.a.MKK6), a direct upstream kinase of p38, in LCs efficiently induces the up-regulation of costimulatory molecules and enhances their T-cell stimulatory capacity. These immediate effects showed no or only a minor requirement for classical NF-κB signaling. Concomitant with LC activation, d.a.MKK6 induced the alternative NF-κB member RelB, whose nuclear localization marks mature DCs. Specific inhibition of nuclear RelB during d.a.MKK6-induced LC activation further enhanced their maturation state. This observation was validated using the p38 activator anisomycin, thus suggesting a novel LC intrinsic control mechanism regulated by RelB.