bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feminist Readings and Poetic Paintings
Authors: Rose Lucy Ella
Published: September 2018

Chapters 6 and 7 are linked in their exploration of artists’ readings, literary sources and subjects, and in their focus on paintings of women and water: from the drowned ‘fallen woman’ in George’s work to the empowered mermaids in Evelyn’s work. Chapter 6 explores the Wattses’ private library, their conjugal reading practice, and Mary’s engagement with contemporary feminist writers and writings, before discussing George’s series of female-focused social-realist paintings inspired by poetry, in order to show how the couple engaged with, were inspired by, and contributed to early feminist literary and visual culture. It focuses specifically on Mary Watts’s readings of early feminist writings and on George Watts’s paintings provoked by articles and contemporary debates on ‘fallen women’, female suicide and the exploitation of women. The author aims to show how the Wattses were influenced by writers engaging with issues at the heart of Victorian feminism, and to reveal Mary’s interactions with writers of New Woman fiction. This further reveals the Wattses’ progressive socio-political positions, and especially Mary’s keen – if largely private – interest in early feminist writing and culture during her marital years, to which she more actively contributed in widowhood.
Introduction: Words, Language, Message
Authors: Mendel Yonatan , AlNajjar Abeer
Published: September 2018

The Introduction, co-written by Yonatan Mendel and Abeer AlNajjar, highlights that language – including ones’ verbal and written expression, selected or forgotten terminology, vowels pronounced or not pronounced, and locations written on road signs – provides researchers with a nuanced, honest and deep analysis of society, of what it tells us and of what it keeps away from us. The authors highlight that for Yasir Suleiman, to whom the book is dedicated, and as seen in his extensive academic research, language deeply and profoundly exposes social and political realities. The authors therefore refer to language in its larger context, including the words which form the building blocks of language, the context in which such words are written and the phraseology selected, and to the way that the study of language may emerge as the ‘Black Box’ of human social and political journeys.
The Hauntology of Language and Identity1
Authors: Joseph John E.
Published: September 2018

This article, written by John E. Joseph’s, begins with a reference to Yasir Suleiman by highlighting how language and identity – a connection featured in a considerable part of Suleiman’s academic work – are embedded in one another as they occupy what Joseph terms ‘the same memory’. Joseph then employs the term hauntology (Fr.: hantologie), coined by Derrida in his Specters of Marx, to explicate linguistic identity. Joseph’s argument is further developed in his reference to a paper by Wernberg-Møller (1999) which was published following series of conferences on language and society in the Middle East and North Africa organised by Suleiman at Edinburgh in the late 1990s. Through Wernberg-Møller’s paper in which a conversation by a Moroccan family that had been living in Edinburgh for around twenty years is analysed, Joseph demonstrates the value of the hauntological perspective in understanding text and in identifying its hidden meanings. Emphasising the strong emotive component of identity, Joseph urges us to challenge our ‘rational comfort zone’ through the lens of hauntology’s analytical strategies.
Challenging the Standard
Authors: Lunde Ingunn
Published: September 2018

After a brief exposition of the history and status of the standard language in Russia, this chapter looks at the various ways in which the standard language has been challenged in the post-Soviet era. The case of the internet slang iazyk padonkov, a ‘fashion’ of the mid-2000s, serves to illustrate the potential of a linguistic practice not only to inspire explicit language discussions, but also to comment implicitly on language issues, that is, acquire a metalinguistic dimension. The chapter is rounded off by a brief analysis of the radical grammar nazi movement, a post-padonki reaction to linguistic liberties and orthographic errors.
Confronting Linguistic Legacies
Authors: Lunde Ingunn
Published: September 2018

This chapter sets out to investigate how the implications and broader dimensions of the Soviet linguistic legacy is represented in two post-Soviet prose texts, Evgenii Popov’s novel Podlinnaia istoriia ‘zelenykh muzykantov’ (The True Story of the ‘Green Musicians’, 1998) and Vladimir Sorokin’s short-story ‘Monoklon’ (2010). Popov’s ‘novel in footnotes’ comments on a text from the 1970s (reproduced in the novel), using humour and satire to expose the emptiness of clichés and make links to the present-day language debates. Sorokin, in turn, invokes the historical memory of Soviet speak through fragments, slogans, words and concepts, creating in his text a ‘simultaniety of the non-simultaneous’ by juxtaposing elements from two very different parts of the Soviet past and showing the need to tackle this past (or these pasts) in present-day Russian society.
Beckett's Breath
Authors: Goudouna Sozita
Published: September 2018

Samuel Beckett, one of the most prominent playwrights of the twentieth century, wrote a thirty-second playlet for the stage that does not include actors, text, characters or drama but only stage directions. Breath (1969) is the focus and the only theatrical text examined in this study, which demonstrates how the piece became emblematic of the interdisciplinary exchanges that occur in Beckett's later writings, and of the cross-fertilisation of the theatre with the visual arts. The book attends to fifty breath-related artworks (including sculpture, painting, new media, sound art, performance art) and contextualises Beckett's Breath within the intermedial and high-modernist discourse thereby contributing to the expanding field of intermedial Beckett criticism.
Hegemony, Representation and Britishness
Authors: Thomassen Lasse
Published: September 2018

This chapter lays out Ernesto Laclau’s theory of discourse and hegemony as the theoretical framework that, together with Jacques Derrida’s deconstruction, guides the analyses of the cases studied in the book. The chapter engages with the existing literature on the contemporary representations of Muslims in Western society in order to explain how the position developed in the book – that representation is constitutive – differs from that literature. To help illustrate the implications of the theoretical framework, the chapter uses Gordon Brown’s discourse of Britishness and illustrates the theoretical points with examples from his writings and speeches and with the citizenship tests introduced by New Labour.
Being and Appearing: Self-falsification, Exchange and Freedom in Rousseau and Adam Smith
Authors: Griswold Charles L.
Published: September 2018

We are familiar with the charge that commercial society reduces exchange (social and economic) to a sort of play-acting characterized by bad faith, false consciousness, and estrangement. Rousseau famously insists that the phenomenon of not appearing as who or what one really is, of living “outside” as opposed to “within” oneself, constitutes a pervasive defect of modern society especially. Remarkably, Smith’s review of the Second Discourse included translations of relevant passages. This chapter explores what Rousseau means by I will call “self-falsification.” Passages from Smith are deployed as a way of fleshing out both the strongest version of Rousseau’s claims and the tenability of Smith’s response. The debate turns in part on how one understands freedom or agency and their connection to spectatorship, role-playing, and delusion. With the help of work by Langton and others, I reflect on Smith’s notion of agential freedom in view of Rousseau’s claims.
Citizens, Markets and Social Order: An Aristotelian Reading of Smith and Rousseau on Justice
Authors: Hurtado Jimena
Published: September 2018

Justice is the corner stone of society; but not any justice. Adam Smith and Jean-Jacques Rousseau differ on the type of justice needed to guarantee a well-ordered and prosperous society. There are different types of justice that regulate different kinds and levels of social interactions. Some involve our direct relationships with our fellow-beings others our relationship with the law as the expression of our will as citizens. This chapter uses Aristotle’s understanding of justice in the city to assess the differences in the types of justice Smith and Rousseau consider fundamental for society. Through this lens it is possible to understand the difference between commutative justice, which Smith rendered the building block of society, and universal justice, which Rousseau considered the backbone of the society of the general will. This difference furthers our understanding of the coincidences and differences in their appraisal of commercial society.
Left to Their Own Devices: Smith and Rousseau on Public Opinion and the Role of the State
Authors: Neidleman Jason
Published: September 2018

This chapter explores the role of the state in the formation of public opinion. Both Smith and Rousseau recognized the urgency of this endeavor; both likewise recognized the threat that such a project could pose to personal liberty and popular sovereignty. However, while they framed the problem similarly, their responses to it differed in two ways. First, the stakes were greater for Rousseau: Without civic virtue, there could be no political freedom. For Smith, by contrast, moral turpitude did not automatically undermine the social fabric. The second difference—related to the first—lies in the extent to which the magistrate must be concerned with public opinion. While Smith’s magistrate needed only to direct and constrain it, Rousseau’s was tasked with transforming human nature. The explanation for these differences, the chapter argues, lies in the disparity between the thinkers’ views on the role played by citizens in the formulation of legislation.
Raymond Bellour
Authors: Radner Hilary , Fox Alistair
Published: September 2018

This volume offers a succinct and clear account of the evolution of the work of noted French scholar Raymond Bellour (b. 1939) as expressed in his most important publications in the areas of cinema studies and art theory, published over the last four decades of the twentieth century and the first decades of the twenty-first. A film scholar and theorist, his interests ranged across film, literature, art and philosophy The book’s first four chapters (Part 1 of the volume) provide a synthetic account of Bellour’s thought on cinema and its relations to the development of moving-image installation art. Chapter one covers his perspectives on film analysis; chapter two continues with his views on the advent of digital media, including video; chapter three follows with his ideas about new forms of spectatorship, the body and classical cinema; chapter four concludes with his contribution to the debates about the end of cinema and the evolving dispositifs (situations or set-ups and their consequent viewing conventions) that have produced contemporary moving-image installation art. A recent interview with Raymond Bellour forms Part 2 of the book’s three sections. Divided into six chapters, it covers the following topics: his formative influences; film analysis and the symbolic; Thierry Kuntzel and the rise of video art; arrested images and “the between-images”; spectators, dispositifs, and the cinematic body; hypnosis, emotions and animality. Part 3 concludes the volume with a short biographical sketch and a select annotated bibliography of Bellour’s most important publications.
Cinema and the Body: The Ghost in the Theater
Authors: Radner Hilary , Fox Alistair
Published: September 2018

This chapter focuses its attention on why, in returning in the twenty-first century to a preoccupation with classical cinema, Bellour argued that hypnosis rather than the dream (as in the view of Christian Metz) offers the most accurate metaphor for understanding the cinematic viewer’s relationship to screen narrative. Like an animal, Bellour explains, the spectator is caught by, and subject to, somatic responses that are basically emotional in nature (hence not under his or her rational control) and generated from outside him or her, but which he or she experiences as autogenic in origin as vitality affects, borrowing from Daniel Stern. The chapter explores how, in Bellour’s view, the physicality of these responses highlights the tenuous dividing line between that which is human and that which is animal, within a worldview that dispenses with “the soul” under modernity. Finally, the chapter examines Bellour’s argument that the images of animals that appear in films “mirror” the condition of the spectator in the theater.
Spectators, Dispositifs, and the Cinematic Body
Authors: Radner Hilary , Fox Alistair
Published: September 2018

Raymond Bellour explains why he returned to a preoccupation with cinema in general, and the spectator in particular, and how he came to write Le Corps du cinéma, emphasizing his interest in the diverse dispositifs represented by Foucault’s Panopticon on one hand, and by the phenomena of panoramas and phantasmagorias on the other. He describes how his discovery of Daniel Stern’s The Interpersonal World of the Infant marked a critical turning point, leading him to explore an analogy between the infant and a spectator watching a film in the cinema – an analogy that enabled him to break with the psychoanalytic model, reflected in his eventual substitution of the notion of the body for that of the text.
Volpone's Bastards
Authors: Hui Isaac
Published: September 2018

Through studying Volpone’s three bastard children – the dwarf, the androgyne and the eunuch – from the theoretical arguments of Freud, Lacan, Derrida and Foucault, this book discusses how Jonson’s comedies are built upon the tension between death, castration and nothingness on one hand, and the comic slippage of identities in the city on the other. This study understands Jonson, first and foremost, as a comedy writer, linking his work with modern film comedies such as the Marx Brothers, Woody Allen, Mel Brooks and Monty Python. It is a new approach to Jonsonian studies, responding to the current Marxist-Lacanian studies of literature, film and culture made popular by scholars such as Slavoj Žižek, Alenka Zupančič and Mladen Dolar. While the book pays close attention to the historical context of Jonson’s time, it brings him into the twenty-first century by discussing early modern comedies with modern critical theories and film.
We are a Little Land: Informational Film and Small-nation Cinema
Authors: Thomson C. Claire
Published: September 2018

Et lille land’ - a little land - is a trope of Danish identity which recurs in many of the short informational films about Denmark made from the 1930s to the 1960s. This chapter outlines why the notion of Denmark as a small country has historically been fundamental to the nation’s self-understanding as an imagined community, and how and why it has been employed in informational films made for domestic and foreign consumption. The chapter discusses the role of film in the national imagination, and the importance of medium-specific qualities in that process of imagining: for the purposes of this book, such qualities include the films’ shortness, which impacts on narrative as well as distribution and exhibition. The chapter then discusses recent scholarship on ‘small-nation’ cinema, especially in the Nordic region, and the place of informational filmmaking within the small-nation context. A final chapter section outlines a further body of scholarship on cultural diplomacy, soft power, and nation-branding in the Nordic region as a framework for understanding how images (including informational films) move across borders and re-negotiate auto- and xenostereotypes.
The Film World’s Cooperative Store: Institutions and Films of the 1930s and 1940s
Authors: Thomson C. Claire
Published: September 2018

This chapter traces the early history of state-sponsored informational filmmaking in Denmark, emphasising its organisation as a ‘cooperative’ of organisations and government agencies. After an account of the establishment and early development of the agency Dansk Kulturfilm in the 1930s, the chapter considers two of its earliest productions, both process films documenting the manufacture of bricks and meat products. The broader context of documentary in Denmark is fleshed out with an account of the production and reception of Poul Henningsen’s seminal film Danmark (1935), and the international context is accounted for with an overview of the development of state-supported filmmaking in the UK, Italy and Germany. Developments in the funding and output of Dansk Kulturfilm up to World War II are outlined, followed by an account of the impact of the German Occupation of Denmark on domestic informational film. The establishment of the Danish Government Film Committee or Ministeriernes Filmudvalg kick-started aprofessionalisation of state-sponsored filmmaking, and two wartime public information films are briefly analysed as examples of its early output. The chapter concludes with an account of the relations between the Danish Resistance and an emerging generation of documentarists.
A Film-progressive Nation: The Social Denmark Series and the British Documentary Movement
Authors: Thomson C. Claire
Published: September 2018

In the immediate post-WWII period, Danish documentary filmmaking was recognised overseas as productive and of high quality. This chapter tells the story of a collaboration between Ministeriernes Filmudvalg and the British Documentary Movement, which resulted in a package or series of five films made for the foreign market and entitled Social Denmark. The British documentarist Arthur Elton was invited to Copenhagen to oversee the production of one or more films which would promote newly-liberated Denmark to the world as a modern, progressive, democratic nation. Elton’s report on the state of Danish documentary and recommendations for its further development is discussed in detail as a snapshot of the state-of-the-art in international informational film production and distribution. Informational filmmaking was regarded in and of itself as a progressive act. The film People’s Holiday (Søren Melson, 1947) is analysed as an example of the Social Denmark films. The impact of conflicting political and aesthetic interests on its production is discussed, as well as the routes by which ‘facts’ emerge as such in the film, and its reception. The role of the auteur Carl Th. Dreyer in the production and promotion of Social Denmark is also considered.
Somethin’ about Scandinavia: Danish Shorts on the Post-war International Scene
Authors: Thomson C. Claire
Published: September 2018

Building on the picture of post-war Anglo-Danish documentary collaboration established in the previous chapter, this chapter examines three cases of international collaboration in which Dansk Kulturfilm and Ministeriernes Filmudvalg were involved in the late 1940s and 1950s. They Guide You Across (Ingolf Boisen, 1949) was commissioned to showcase Scandinavian cooperation in the realm of aviation (SAS) and was adopted by the newly-established United Nations Film Board. The complexities of this film’s production, funding and distribution are illustrative of the activities of the UN Film Board in its first years of operation. The second case study considers Alle mine Skibe (All My Ships, Theodor Christensen, 1951) as an example of a film commissioned and funded under the auspices of the Marshall Plan. This US initiative sponsored informational films across Europe, emphasising national solutions to post-war reconstruction. The third case study, Bent Barfod’s animated film Noget om Norden (Somethin’ about Scandinavia, 1956) explains Nordic cooperation for an international audience, but ironically exposed some gaps in inter-Nordic collaboration in the realm of film.
Animated Pasts and Unseen Futures: on the Comic Element in Hong Kong Horror
Authors: Grossman Andrew
Published: September 2018

Analyses of horror cinema seldom focus on the genre’s intersections with comedy, perhaps because the dominant influence of psychoanalysis on horror has emphasized gender, sexuality, trauma, abandonment, and various aspects of the unconscious. Yet Hong Kong might well boast world cinema’s most successful engagement of the horror-comedy as a sustained genre. From the late 1970s through the early 1990s, the ghosts and animated corpses of Taoist folklore became invested with the martial arts comedy advanced by Jackie Chan and Sammo Hung, rendering supernatural bodies as clownish cyphers rather than the romantic entities of Enchanting Shadow or AChinese Ghost Story. If spirits represent an intermediary stage between life and death, so too does the stylized clown, whose death-defying feats and transgression of “normal” human limitations render our mortal fears absurd. Presenting superstition as a comedy of stubborn familiarity and reveling in the foolishness of a premodern past, the Hong Kong horror-comedy resists the ideology of the encroaching Mainland, which has often censored “backwards” depictions of Chinese folklore and fantasy. In addition to examining the phenomenology of Hong Kong’s horror-comedies, this chapter also considers how such films fit into overall theories of physical comedy, from Bergson to Koestler.
Meat Markets
Authors: Geier Ted
Published: September 2018

Meat Markets articulates the emergent ‘nonhuman thought’ developed across literatures of the long nineteenth century and inflecting recent critical theories of abject life and animality. It presents important connections between meat and popular serial press industries, the intersections of criminals and public readership, and the long history of bloody spectacle at London’s Smithfield Market including public executions, criminal escapades, death and horror tales, and the fungible ‘penny press’ forms of mass consumption. Through analysis of subjection, address, and narration in canonical and penny literatures, this book reveals the mutual forces of concern and consumption that afflict objects of a weird cultural history of bloody London across the long nineteenth century. Players include butchers, Smithfield, Parliament, Dickens, Romantics, Sweeney Todd, cattle, and a strange, impossible London.
Post-meat
Authors: Geier Ted
Published: September 2018

Briefly reiterates the durability of the nonhuman condition, across a vast literary, civic, legal, and cultural history of production and consumption. Frames the ironies of rights and improvement movements against a broader critique of class and authority. A dazzling, inarticulate coexistence attends such organizing logics.
Introduction: A Hieroglyphic Civilisation
Authors: Schotter Jesse
Published: September 2018

The introduction traces how, through the comparison to Egyptian hieroglyphs, twentieth-century writers, directors, and theorists incessantly invoked other media as well as other nations as they sought to define the most essential qualities and capabilities of their own. Rather than attempting to combine media, the modernists defined the uniqueness of any medium by its hybridity, its ability to enclose or embody the sonic, visual, or semantic characteristics of other media forms. At the same time, by situating conceptions of hieroglyphics within the historical context of Egypt in the 1920s and in relation to the novels of Tawfiq al-Hakim and Naguib Mahfouz, the book insists on the fundamental connection between theories of new technologies on the one hand and colonialism, nationalism, and the universalist desire to bridge linguistic and cultural boundaries on the other.
Misreading Egypt
Authors: Schotter Jesse
Published: September 2018

The first chapter of Hieroglyphic Modernisms exposes the complex history of Western misconceptions of Egyptian writing from antiquity to the present. Hieroglyphs bridge the gap between modern technologies and the ancient past, looking forward to the rise of new media and backward to the dispersal of languages in the mythical moment of the Tower of Babel. The contradictory ways in which hieroglyphs were interpreted in the West come to shape the differing ways that modernist writers and filmmakers understood the relationship between writing, film, and other new media. On the one hand, poets like Ezra Pound and film theorists like Vachel Lindsay and Sergei Eisenstein use the visual languages of China and of Egypt as a more primal or direct alternative to written words. But Freud, Proust, and the later Eisenstein conversely emphasize the phonetic qualities of Egyptian writing, its similarity to alphabetical scripts. The chapter concludes by arguing that even avant-garde invocations of hieroglyphics depend on narrative form through an examination of Hollis Frampton’s experimental film Zorns Lemma.
The Meaning of Meaning
Authors: McElvenny James
Published: September 2018

This chapter outlines the semiotic theory presented in Ogden and Richards’ 1923 book The Meaning of Meaning and examines the historical context in which it was written. The motivating concern that runs through the entire book is the establishment of an adequate theory to fight the dangers of ‘word-magic’, the confusions engendered through ignorance of the workings of language. The chief influences on Ogden and Richards are shown to be the logical atomism of Bertrand Russell and Ludwig Wittgenstein and the significs of Victoria Lady Welby. The broader intellectual background of contemporary philosophy, psychology and linguistics against which these ideas were developed is also discussed, along with the influence of the social and political climate of the time.
Popular Politics and Political Culture
Authors: Petrie Malcolm
Published: September 2018

The years between 1918 and 1939, witnessing as they did the unprecedented extension of the franchise, the decline of the Liberal Party, and the emergence of Labour as a party of government, are central to an understanding of modern Scottish politics. This book presents a distinctive reading of this period, reinterpreting the consequences of the expanded post-war electorate by focusing on the political culture of urban Scotland and re-evaluating the decline of the radical left in the inter-war years. In particular, it examines shifting understandings of political representation, and explores the extent to which national party loyalties supplanted local class identities. Focusing on the relationship between the Labour Party and the Communist Party of Great Britain, the book also traces the declining importance of the public traditions of popular politics. Drawing upon a range of untapped sources including local newspapers, cartoons, and contemporary accounts of demonstrations, the book illuminates the political perspectives of ordinary Scots in an age of mass democracy.
From Intellectual to Professional: The Move from ‘Contributor’ to ‘Journalist’ at Ruz al-Yusuf in the 1920s and 1930s
Authors: Temimi Sonia
Published: September 2018

This chapter examines the prosopography of those who ‘made’ Ruz al-Yusuf, an Egyptian weekly magazine founded by the actress Fatima al-Yusuf in 1925. It addresses the presentation of an intellectual milieu through an examination of the authors who contributed to the title from 1925 to 1937, among them ‘Abbas Mahmud al-‘Aqqad, and Muhammad al-Tabi‘i, a gifted editor and journalist. A detailed study of their biographies and lived histories reveals generational similarities rooted in a particular political context and demonstrates how journalism was in the process of being defined by the aspirations, personal histories and aims of its practitioners. The second theme concerns the professionalisation of journalism and explores whether professional journalism necessarily means the development of a ‘news press’ following the Anglo-Saxon model or the French ‘opinion press’ model.
Affects, Actions and Passions in Spinoza
Authors: Jaquet Chantal
Published: September 2018

Nowadays there is a great enthusiasm for the Spinozan conception of the union of mind and body among modern researchers, such as Damasio. The fact that the Spinozan model has become very relevant is an opportunity to reflect on the impact and value of these references to Spinoza, which historians of philosophy eye with caution because they are all too often based on second-hand knowledge, and frequently distort the philosopher's thought. That is why it is crucial to reexamine the question of the mind-body relationship and its affective modalities in Spinoza from a philosophical angle and identify a model for interpreting it that is capable of informing contemporary debates.
Introduction
Authors: Jaquet Chantal
Published: September 2018

The observation that the Spinozan model of the union of the body and mind serves as a reference point and a model in contemporary neurobiology, particularly in the works of Damasio, Changeux, and Atlan, is a starting point for a reflection on Spinoza's current popularity. The author highlights the need to go back to historical sources and re-examine the mind-body relationship on a philosophical basis, founded on an analysis of Spinoza's thought on the subject, and how it evolved over the entire corpus.
The Nature of the Union of Mind and Body in Spinoza
Authors: Jaquet Chantal
Published: September 2018

The first chapter has three parts:
– An analysis of the givens of the problem
– A critique of the parallelism issue
– The definition and nature of equality, which expresses the link between body and mind in Spinoza
Spinoza conceives of the body and mind as one and the same thing expressed in two ways, under the attribute of thought, and under the attribute of extension. The problem is finding out how these two ways interrelate and come together, in order to understand human nature. Most commentators have interpreted the mind-body relationship according to the psychophysical parallelism model imported from Leibniz, which is unsatisfactory because it introduces a duality where there is unity, and reduces the differences of expression to the uniformity of self-replicating lines. That is why we must return to Spinoza's text, in order to inventory the terms he uses to expresses the mind-body union. The author's analysis reveals that the key concepts are equality and simultaneity. It then becomes necessary to examine psychophysical equality and simultaneity, and the special occasions on which they appear in Spinoza's corpus. That is why studying the affects becomes crucial – it makes it possible to comprehend the mind and body at the same time.
Spinoza’s Break with Descartes Regarding the Affects in Ethics III
Authors: Jaquet Chantal
Published: September 2018

Against this background, Chapter II addresses the question of the affects first by restoring Spinoza's thought to its historical context, and then measuring its originality with respect to Descartes and his Passions of the Soul. The chapter is divided into three main sections:
– The problem of originality in Spinoza’s conception
– The tribute to Descartes’s ingenium
– The reasons for the break
For the first time in history, Spinoza makes the concept of affect a key one that goes well beyond the concept of passion, which is at the heart of Cartesian thought. The author gauges the impact of this innovation by analyzing the Preface to Ethics III, where Spinoza pays an unusual tribute to Descartes, then the Preface to Ethics V, where he breaks completely with the author of The Passions of the Soul.
Final Remarks
Authors: Haddad Youssef A.
Published: September 2018

This chapter highlights the crucial role that context plays in interaction. It hastens to add that the interplay between context and language use is an empirical issue; that is, the investigation of the social functions of a linguistic phenomenon, include the phenomenon of attitude datives examined in this study, requires a close and systematic analysis of the context in which the phenomenon occurs; thus, the focus on Levantine Arabic. The chapter goes on to delineate the three types of context that need to be taken into account in any sociopragmatic analysis. These are the co-textual context, the situation context, and the sociocultural context. Finally, it underlines the significance of sociopragmatic analyses of the type put forth and employed in this study from a learnability perspective, including foreign language education.
Forage Warm-Season Legumes and Grasses Intercropped with Corn as an Alternative for Corn Silage Production
Authors: La Guardia Nave Renata , Corbin Michael Dereck
Published: September 2018

Intercropping of forage grasses and legumes can increase forage productivity and nutritive value; however, intercropping of corn with warm-season forages has not yet been studied in southeast U.S., thus requiring more information. The purpose of this study was to determine the yield and nutritive value potential of warm-season annual forages intercropped with corn (Zea mays L.) for silage production. Crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.)] is considered a weed for corn production systems; however, our study shows that if crabgrass is interseeded with corn, it does not compete for resources and can maintain high corn yields. Forage mass for sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) was higher than that of cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] and crabgrass in 2016, due to a drought in spring and summer, giving sunn hemp a competitive advantage. Crude protein content was higher for cowpea as compared to crabgrass and sunn hemp, due to cowpea’s ability to maintain its vegetative stage and high N-fixation, when compared to crabgrass and sunn hemp. Despite differences in the mass of the intercropped forages, the total herbage mass of the produced silage did not differ in 2016 and 2017. Intercropped forages can be harvested and ensiled with corn for silage production or can be left with the corn residue after harvesting to be grazed on in integrated crop-livestock systems.
Can Faba Bean Physiological Responses Stem from Contrasting Traffic Management Regimes?
Authors: Guenette Kris G. , Hernandez-Ramirez Guillermo
Published: September 2018

Our study examined how faba beans (Vicia faba L.) grown in soil conditions that simulate common traffic management regimes and water availabilities displayed alterations to their physiological state. Physiological changes were tracked through plant and sensor-based measurements, such as evapotranspiration, water use efficiency, aboveground biomass, stomatal conductance, and normalized difference vegetation index. A greenhouse experiment comprised of faba beans were sown into pots of two different soil types that were separated by treatments of dry bulk density and volumetric water content. The compaction treatment with a bulk density of 1.2 g cm−3 coupled with a volumetric water content of 41% displayed more favorable changes to the physiological state of the faba beans than the contrasting treatment of 1.4 g cm−3 bulk density at 33% volumetric water content. Handheld sensor-based measurements, such as the normalized difference vegetation index, exhibited a strong correlation with faba bean biomass production. Furthermore, the stomatal conductance was able to reveal plant water stress and capture evapotranspiration responses. Conclusive observations showed that increasing soil compaction restricted plant productivity. However, the presence of high water content was shown to offset the negative effects of heavily applied compaction while relatively lower water contents exacerbated differences in plant responses across compaction treatments.
Molecular Cloning of the B4GALNT2 Gene and Its Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Association with Litter Size in Small Tail Han Sheep
Authors: Guo Xiaofei , Wang Xiangyu , Liang Benmeng , Di Ran , Liu Qiuyue , Hu Wenping , He Xiaoyun , Zhang Jinlong , Zhang Xiaosheng , Chu Mingxing
Published: September 2018

A new fecundity gene named the FecL (mutation), which regulates the ovulation rate, was discovered in French Lacaune sheep. The B4GALNT2 (beta-1, 4-N-acetyl-galactosaminyl transferase 2) gene was considered as the potential FecL mutation gene. This study explores whether the effect of the FecL mutation exists in other sheep breeds, and the features of the B4GALNT2 gene in terms of the molecular structure and its expression profile. Using Sanger sequencing, we found that high and low fecundity breeds from among 11 measured sheep breeds all had no variation in the three specific mutation sites, which were linked with the FecL mutation. However, two mutations of g.36946470C > T and g.36933082C > T in the exon of B4GALNT2 had a significant effect on litter size in the first parity for Small Tail Han (STH) Sheep (p < 0.05). Two transcription start sites (TSS) of B4GALNT2 in its 5′-flanking region were discovered in ovine granule cells in vitro, through the RACE (Rapid amplification of cDNA ends) method. Except for in the kidney and oviduct, no significant difference in expression levels had been found between STH sheep and Tan sheep breeds. The B4GALNT2 gene, as a candidate for FecL, may have a relationship with the differences in litter size in STH sheep. B4GALNT2 is mainly expressed in the ovine ovary, which also suggests that B4GALNT2 plays an important role in sheep reproduction.
Cell-Type-Specific Modulation of Hydrogen Peroxide Cytotoxicity and 4-Hydroxynonenal Binding to Human Cellular Proteins In Vitro by Antioxidant Aloe vera Extract
Authors: Cesar Vera , Jozić Iva , Begović Lidija , Vuković Tea , Mlinarić Selma , Lepeduš Hrvoje , Borović Šunjić Suzana , Žarković Neven
Published: September 2018

Although Aloe vera contains numerous bioactive components, the activity principles of widely used A. vera extracts are uncertain. Therefore, we analyzed the effects of genuine A. vera aqueous extract (AV) on human cells with respect to the effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE). Fully developed A. vera leaves were harvested and analyzed for vitamin C, carotenoids, total soluble phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, human cervical cancer (HeLa), human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC), human keratinocytes (HaCat), and human osteosarcoma (HOS) cell cultures were treated with AV extract for one hour after treatment with H2O2 or HNE. The cell number and viability were determined using Trypan Blue, and endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was determined by fluorescence, while intracellular HNE–protein adducts were measured for the first time ever by genuine cell-based HNE–His ELISA. The AV extract expressed strong antioxidant capacities (1.1 mmol of Trolox eq/g fresh weight) and cell-type-specific influence on the cytotoxicity of H2O2, as well as on endogenous production of ROS and HNE–protein adducts induced by HNE treatment, while AV itself did not induce production of ROS or HNE–protein adducts at all. This study, for the first time, revealed the importance of HNE for the activity principles of AV. Since HMEC cells were the most sensitive to AV, the effects of AV on microvascular endothelia could be of particular importance for the activity principles of Aloe vera extracts.
Induction Motors Dynamic Eccentricity Fault Diagnosis Based on the Combined Use of WPD and EMD-Simulation Study
Authors: Tian Kun , Zhang Tao , Ai Yibo , Zhang Weidong
Published: September 2018

The frequency-domain analysis using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) for diagnosis of eccentricity fault has been widely used in squirrel-cage induction motor (IM). However, with the restriction of sampling frequency and time acquisition, FFT analysis could not provide ideal results under low levels of dynamic eccentricity (DE). In this paper, a combined use of the wavelet packet decomposition (WPD) and empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method is presented to diagnose the IM fault under low degrees of purely DE. The proposed method is based on the decomposition of apparent power signal and extracts the characteristic component. The fault severity factor (FSF) has been defined to evaluate the eccentricity severity. Simulation results using the finite element method (FEM) are tested to verify the effectiveness of the presented method under different load conditions.
A Weighted Turbo Equalized Multi-Band Underwater Wireless Acoustic Communications
Authors: Lee Hui-Su , Baek Chang-Uk , Jung Ji-Won , Kim Wan-Jin
Published: September 2018

The multi-band UWAS (Underwater Wireless Acoustic Sensor) communication techniques are effective in terms of performance and throughput efficiency because they can overcome selective frequency fading by allocating the same data to different frequency bands, in an environment of rapidly changing channel transfer characteristic. However, the multi-band configuration may have a performance worse than the single-band one because performance degradation in one particular band affects the output from all the other bands. This problem can be solved by using a receiving end that analyzes the error rates of each band, sets threshold values and allocates the lower weights to the inferior bands. There are many methods of setting threshold values. In this paper, we proposed an algorithm to set the threshold value by using the preamble error rates, which are known data that have to be transmitted and received. In addition, we have analyzed the efficiency of multi-band transmission scheme in the UWAS communication by applying 1~4 number of multi-bands, using turbo pi codes, with a coding rate of 1/3. We evaluated the performance of the proposed multi-bands transmission model in real underwater environments. Experimental results showed that the performance increased as the number of multiple bands increased. Furthermore, the performance of multi-band was improved when the proposed threshold algorithm was applied.
Seismic Damage Investigation of Spatial Frames with Steel Beams Connected to L-Shaped Concrete-Filled Steel Tubular (CFST) Columns
Authors: Zhang Jicheng , Li Yong , Zheng Yu , Wang Zhijie
Published: September 2018

Currently, the frame structures with special-shaped concrete-filled steel tubular columns have been widely used in super high-rise buildings. Those structural members can be used to improve architectural space. To investigate the seismic behavior of spatial composite frames that were constructed by connecting steel beams to L-shaped concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) columns, a finite element analysis (FEA) model using commercial finite element software ABAQUS was proposed to simulate the behavior of the composite spatial frames under a static axial load on columns and a fully-reversed lateral cyclic load applied to frames in this paper. Several nonlinear factors, including geometry and material properties, were taken into account in this FEA model. Four spatial specimens were designed, and the corresponding experiments were conducted to verify the proposed FEA model. Each testing specimen was two-story structure consisting of eight single span steel beams and four L-shaped CFST columns. The test results showed that the proposed FEA model in this paper could evaluate the behavior of the composite spatial frames accurately. Based on the results of the nonlinear analysis, the stress developing progress of columns is investigated. The load transferring mechanism and failure mechanism are also determined. The results are discussed and conclusions about the behavior of those spatial frame structures are presented.
Tunable Coloring via Post-Thermal Annealing of Laser-Processed Metal Surface
Authors: Zhou Rui , Huang Tingting , Lu Yuyao , Hong Minghui
Published: September 2018

Thermal annealing is performed as a post treatment to tune the color generated by pulsed laser processing of a titanium substrate surface. A comparison of the reflectance spectra before and after thermal annealing shows the peak shift, as well as an increase in overall reflectance, which demonstrates that the color hue changes and the lightness of color increases. Microscope image shows that additional blue and yellow colors on the titanium surfaces are generated through the thermal annealing treatment. Further analyses show that the rate and area of the color shift depend on the annealing temperature and duration. Chemical composition analyses reveal that a TiO2 layer is generated after the laser processing of the titanium surface. Post-thermal annealing causes further oxidation and generates Ti2O3. The tuning process and mechanism behind it are discussed.
Diurnal and Seasonal Variations of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Concentration in Urban, Suburban, and Rural Areas around Tokyo
Authors: Imasu Ryoichi , Tanabe Yuka
Published: September 2018

Site environments and instrumental characteristics of carbon dioxide (CO2) measurements operated by local governments in the Kanto Plain, the center of which is Tokyo, were summarized for this study. The observation sites were classified into environments of three types: urban, suburban, and woodland. Based on a few decades of accumulated hourly data, the diurnal and seasonal variations of CO2 concentrations were analyzed as a composite of anomalies from annual means recorded for each site. In urban areas, the highest concentrations appear before midnight in winter. The second peak corresponds to the morning rush hour and the strengthening of the inversion layer. Suburban areas can be characterized as having the highest concentration before dawn and the lowest concentration during the daytime in summer in association with the activation of respiration and photosynthesis of vegetation. In these areas, concentration peaks also appear during the morning rush hour. Woodland areas show background features, with the highest concentration in early spring, which are higher than the global background by about 5 ppmv.
Integrin-Mediated Delivery of Drugs and Nucleic Acids for Anti-Angiogenic Cancer Therapy: Current Landscape and Remaining Challenges
Authors: Majumder Poulami
Published: September 2018

Angiogenesis, sprouting of new blood vessels from pre-existing vasculatures, plays a critical role in regulating tumor growth. Binding interactions between integrin, a heterodimeric transmembrane glycoprotein receptor, and its extracellular matrix (ECM) protein ligands govern the angiogenic potential of tumor endothelial cells. Integrin receptors are attractive targets in cancer therapy due to their overexpression on tumor endothelial cells, but not on quiescent blood vessels. These receptors are finding increasing applications in anti-angiogenic therapy via targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs and nucleic acids to tumor vasculatures. The current article attempts to provide a retrospective account of the past developments, highlight important contemporary contributions and unresolved set-backs of this emerging field.