bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Climate Change: Causes, Risks, Consequences, Problems of Adaptation and Management (CLIMATE-2019)
Authors: Mokhov I I , Chernockulsky A V , Repina I A
Published: November 2020

The conference “Climate Change: Causes, Risks, Consequences, Problems of Adaptation and Management” was held in Moscow in November 2019. The results of various areas of climate research were presented at the conference, including the diagnosis of modern climate change based on observational data, reanalysis and paleoreconstructions; modeling of current and future climate change; risk assessment of extreme climatic events; determination of the relative role of natural and anthropogenic factors in climate change; studies of the socio-economic consequences of climate change and adaptation to them. The conference was attended by 214 participants from 46 organizations of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Roshydromet, universities and others. 72 oral reports were presented, including 15 invited talks, and 86 poster presentations.

List of titles 1. Diagnosis of modern climate changes based on observational data, reanalysis, and paleoreconstructions. 2. Modeling of modern and future climate change. 3. The risk of extreme climatic events. 4. The relative role of natural and anthropogenic factors in climate change. 5. Socio-economic consequences of climate change and adaptation to them are available in this pdf.
Role of the deep ocean in forming of the global warming slowdown
Authors: Bekryaev R V
Published: November 2020

A slowdown of the increase of the surface air temperature (SAT) at the beginning of the 21 century has provoked the discussion for the phenomenon nature and responsible physical mechanisms. One of the most accepted hypothesis connects the slowdown of SAT rise to anomalously intensive uptake of heat energy by the deep ocean layers. We suppose that verification of the theory can be achieved via the study of the interrelationship of the surface and the deep ocean layers temperatures. Establishing the time shifts and especially the sign of the cross-correlation function of the two temperatures can shed light on the solidity of the theory background. For the aims of the study, we have used a stochastically forced two-box climate model. Analytical estimation of correlation functions and spectral characteristics of the model demonstrates that deep ocean heat uptake cannot serve as a driver of the SAT slowdown (at least in the framework of the model). The cross-correlation function of upper layer and deep ocean temperatures stays nonnegative for any time lag. It means that heat redistribution between layers cannot lead to hiatus forming. Moreover, a comparison of the two-box model and Hasselmann model spectral characteristics evidences that the deep ocean serves as a pacemaker of climate variability in the broad range of frequencies.
Response of the atmospheric rivers and storm tracks to the Sudden Stratospheric Warming events on the basis of North Atlantic Atmospheric Downscaling (1979+)
Authors: Gavrikov A V , Krinitsky M , Tilinina N , Zyulyaeva Y , Dufour A , Gulev S K
Published: November 2020

In this study, we analyse fast (within 30 days) response of the atmospheric rivers and storm tracks positioning over the western European coast to the Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) events. Analysis is done on the basis of North Atlantic Atmospheric Downscaling (NAAD) product with 14 km and 3-hourly spatial and temporal resolutions. Atmospheric rivers and cyclones are synoptic atmospheric phenomena characterized by the strong impact onto the mid- and high latitude costal zones. This impact results in extreme precipitation and wind events, floodings, long wet episodes, etc. Among other mechanisms controlling the positioning of the storm track and atmospheric rivers, we show that SSW events cause a significant southward shift of both storm track and location of the hit of the European coast by atmospheric rivers within 30 days after the SSW event. Thus, we provide a qualitative and quantitative measure of the SSWs impact on the location of the potentially extreme weather events over the European coast with 30 days predictive time scale.
Heat and cold waves at the South of the Russian Far East in 1999-2017
Authors: Grigorieva E A
Published: November 2020

Threshold values of 3% and 97% percentiles of annual distribution of mean daily temperature are used to determine the cold and heat waves, respectively, for weather stations in the southern part of the Russian Far East for the period from December 1999 to 2017. Cold waves are identified mainly in December and January. The coldest winter seasons with the longest cold waves, up to 11 days, were observed in 2000/2001 and 2012/2013; the maximum total excess of negative temperatures over the threshold value was 116°C in weather station Poliny Osipenko. Heat waves were registered mainly in July. The hottest summer was in 2011, when heat wave was observed during July and August, with the longest wave at the northern Nikolaevsk-on-Amur; the maximum total excess of positive temperatures over the threshold was 74°C in Poliny Osipenko. There was no clear trend in the inter-annual dynamics of mean temperatures of winter and summer, but temperature variations can reach ±6°C and ±4, respectively. Climate extremes vary significantly during the study period, but usually rarely go beyond two standard deviations. Taking into account the possible impact of extreme temperatures on human health, their effect on the increase of mortality in Khabarovsk is discussed.
Long-term trends in the mass concentration of near-surface aerosol at Zvenigorod Scientific Station of the A. M. Obukhov Institute of Atmospheric Physics RAS from 1991-2019 measurements
Authors: Gruzdev A N , Isakov A A , Anikin P P
Published: November 2020

Estimates of seasonally dependent trends in the mass concentration of the near-surface aerosol are presented on the base of results of 29-year measurements at the Zvenigorod Scientific Station of the A. M. Obukhov Institute of atmospheric physics. The station is located in the woody countryside, 50 km west to Moscow. The multiple regression method is used for the analysis, in which autocorrelation of measurement data on large time scales is taken into account. Two periods are considered: 1991-2002 and 2013-2019. Excluded is the period 2003-2012 when abnormally high aerosol concentrations of unknown origin were often observed. For the periods 1991-2002 and 2013-2018, statistically significant negative trends were obtained for spring and summer seasons, respectively, and for the entire year. The spring trend in logarithm of concentration in 1991-2002 was -2.6% per year, and the annual trend was about -0.7% per year. For 2013-2019 a strong negative trend of about -6% per year was obtained in the summer season, and the annual trend estimate was -2.3% per year. The probable cause of the negative aerosol trend in the spring seasons of 1991-2002 is long-term changes in atmospheric transport. The negative trend in the summer seasons of 2013-2019 is probably due to the negative trend of summer temperature, drying and felling of spruce forest.
Analysis of continentality and anomality of Svalbard climate according to observations of surface air temperature in the second half of the XX century
Authors: Ivanov B V , Prokhorova U V , Sviashchennikov P N
Published: November 2020

The article discusses the regional features of the Svalbard climate based on the data of regular meteorological observations obtained at Norwegian, Russian and Polish stations. Attention is paid to the spatial features of the multi-year regime of surface air temperature (SAT). Climatic norms (1961-1990, WMO recommendations) calculated from all meteorological stations, as well as long-term changes in the spatial gradients of the SAT and estimates of the range of annual fluctuations, revealed stations (area) with a “continental” and “marine” type of climate, as well as trends in spatial heterogeneities of the Svalbard climate. The rate of “modern” climate warming (1990-2016) was, on average, three times higher compared with the period after II World War (1948-2016). The continentality and abnormality of the climate are analyzed. Conclusions are formulated about a regular change in the spatial features of the climate (SAT) and the manifestation of its anomalous nature in different periods (1960-1970, 1988 and 2005-2014).
Preliminary data on the methane emission from lake seeps of the Western Siberia permafrost zone
Authors: Kazantsev V S , Krivenok L A , Dvornikov Y A
Published: November 2020

Lakes are one of the most important sources of the greenhouse gas methane. Usually, only diffusive emission is counted towards in estimates of the Arctic lakes contribution to the atmospheric methane budget. At the same time, for some regions, giving the importance for the ebullition of various genesis significantly increases previous assessments of ecosystem-based lake methane emission. This paper presents the results of a study of two gas seeps on the Central Yamal lake. The methane concentration in seep gas varies from 94.2 to 100%. Mean annual methane emission from each seep is estimated as 46.1 and 67.1 kgCH4per year respectively. According to the analysis of the methane isotopic composition, it is of biogenic origin. Studied gas seeps are obviously direct channels of methane emission from permafrost to the atmosphere.
Diagnostics of the upper-air temperature and wind climate changes based on radiosonde observations and on the fifth-generation reanalysis
Authors: Lavrov A S , Sterin A M , Khohlova A V
Published: November 2020

RIHMI-WDC carries out monitoring of the components of the climate system, such as temperature and wind speed in the free atmosphere. The basis for monitoring are global radiosonde observations accumulated at RIHMI-WDC. Reanalyses of the latest generation, characterized by high temporal and spatial resolution, are also a source of data for climate monitoring of the free atmosphere. The article presents the results of comparison of time series from different sources, discusses the features of the distribution of the upper-air temperature and wind speed over the northern hemisphere, as well as their trends. A comparison of the results obtained from various sources is discussed.
Sea ice - atmosphere heat exchange during expedition “Transarctica-2019”
Authors: Makhotina I A , Makshtas A P , Yu Kustov V
Published: November 2020

This paper describes the characteristics of atmospheric surface layer and heat balance components of snow-ice cover during drift of RV “Akademik Treshnikov” to the north of the archipelagos Franz Josef Land and Svalbard, in the area 80 - 82N, 30 - 45E, in comparison with observations at drifting station North Pole-35”, worked in the same area in April 2008, and “Ice Base Cape Baranova” in April 2019. Characteristics of atmospheric surface layer and the energy exchange processes during the drift of the expedition”Transarctica-2019” were significantly affected by the presence of clouds and the state of the ice cover. The influence of these factors led to a decrease in the radiative cooling of the surface, the formation of a warmer and wetter ABL and to a weakening of the turbulent exchange between the atmosphere and the snow-ice cover. Comparison of energy exchange characteristics, calculated for the Bolshevik Island (79° N) and for expedition “Transarctica 2019” area shows good agreement between the monthly averaged values and trends in heat fluxes, despite the fact that in the first case the underlying surface was sea ice cover, and in the second it was the land surface.
Assessment of the effect of long-range transport on air pollution trends for different Russian regions
Authors: Makosko A A , Matesheva A V
Published: November 2020

The features of the dynamics of long-range atmospheric pollution of the territories of the Russian Federation under current conditions, in the immediate and distant prospects (from 1980 to 2050) taking into account two scenarios of the changing climate in the 21st century were studied. To assess contribution and trends of long-range atmospheric pollution in Russian regions, a two-dimensional numerical model is constructed, which implements the solution of the coupled problem of transport and diffusion of impurities in spherical coordinates, as well as an improved method for identifying sources of transboundary and local air pollution. The results indicate general trends in the directions of the flow of pollutants to the Russian regions in 1980-2050 from zonal (western) to meridional (southern). Such dynamics is markedly expressed in the regions of Siberia and the Far East and slightly in the European territory of Russia and the Urals. In the climatic scenario RCP8.5, despite the general tendency towards the southern transport of impurities, a certain dispersion of directions from where the regions are polluted becomes noticeable. It indicates an increase in atmospheric pollution from the west in certain regions, mainly in the central part and in the south of the ETR. The greatest danger to long-range atmospheric pollution of the regions of Siberia and the Far East in the coming decades will be sources located south of these territories; of the regions of the ETR and the Urals – sources located to the west and south. These results are important for the development of proposals for ensuring the environmental safety of Russian regions and for planning economic development of the country’s territories that affect the pollution of the environment of ecologically significant zones.
Marine cold air outbreaks in the Russian Arctic: climatology, interannual variability, dependence on sea-ice concentration
Authors: Narizhnaya A I , Chernokulsky A V , Akperov M G , Chechin D G , Esau I , Timazhev A V
Published: November 2020

In this study, we evaluated the climatology and interannual variability of marine cold-air outbreaks (MCAOs) in the Russian Arctic marginal seas (from the Barents to Chukchi seas). We used a simple index for identifying MCAOs based on the vertical potential temperature gradient between the sea surface and the 800 hPa level. We calculated the index using 6-hourly Era-Interim data for the 1979–2018 period. Given the index, we evaluated spatial and temporal variability of weak, medium, and strong MCAOs frequency as well as their dependence on sea-ice concentration using non-parametric tests. The most intense MCAOs were found in the Barents and Kara seas. The annual cycle maximum for the western Russian Arctic (WRA) were found in wintertime, while it was revealed in mid-late autumn for the eastern Russian Arctic (ERA). In the WRA, we found a statistically significant decrease in amount of strong MCAOs in winter and late autumn and a general strengthening of MCAOs in spring. Meanwhile, over the ERA region, increase of moderate and weak cold-air intrusions during October and November was revealed.
Characteristics of the upper troposphere wind field according to the satellite measurements and their connection with climatic parameters
Authors: Nerushev A F , Visheratin K N , Ivangorodsky R V
Published: November 2020

The results of the study of the spatio-temporal variability of the main characteristics of jet streams and turbulence zones in the upper troposphere of the Northern Hemisphere according to measurements from European geostationary meteorological satellites for the period 2007 - 2018 are presented. Their relationship with the essential parameters of the Earth’s climate system — the temperature of the troposphere, the area of sea ice, and also large-scale atmospheric phenomena is considered. It has been shown that over the past 12 years there has been a significant increase in the area of regions occupied by relatively weak and moderate turbulence and a slight decrease in areas with strong and very strong turbulence. Based on the cross-wavelet analysis in the time-frequency space, the relationships between the variations in the areas of the turbulent regions and the majority of the characteristics of jet streams are revealed. A close relationship has been established between the characteristics of jet streams and the areas of turbulent zones with the temperature of the upper troposphere. In this case, the effect of temperature on the area of turbulent zones manifests itself indirectly through the characteristics of jet streams. A significant association of variations in the average area of the jet stream and the latitudinal position of its center with the area of sea ice are noted. According to spectral and wavelet analysis of the characteristics of jet streams, along with annual and quasi-biennial oscillations, short-period oscillations are observed with periods in the range of 10-40 days, which can be interpreted as a manifestation of Rossby waves..
Short-lived climate forcers in the Russian Arctic atmosphere according to ship-borne measurements in 2015-2019
Authors: Pankratova N , Belikov I , Belousov V , Kopeikin V , Skorokhod A , Shtabkin Yu , Malafeev G , Muravya V , Flint M
Published: November 2020

We observed the surface concentration and isotopic composition (δ13CCH4) of methane (CH4), ozone (O3), nitrogen oxide (NO/NO2) and carbon monoxide (CO), as well as black carbon (BC) content in the Russian Arctic seas aboard the research vessel. The effect of emissions from the vessel chimney on the data obtained is analyzed. We investigate the local areas of CH4 emissions from seabed where the concentration of CH4 can increase to 3.5 ppm. Notwithstanding that fact, mainly large-scale processes of air mass transfer determine the average concentration of methane in surface air in the Arctic seas. In addition, we analyze the distribution of BC along the route of the vessel. It was found that excess concentrations of BC over background values are observed occasionally during advection of air masses from the mainland, from areas of associated gas burning and forest fires.
Effect from polynyas in the Siberian Arctic seas to atmospheric transport of heat and moisture
Authors: Prokhorova U V , Urazgildeeva A V
Published: November 2020

Coastal and fast ice polynyas in the Arctic seas can have a noticeable effect on the Arctic climate, increasing the temperature of the cold air which coming from continental Siberia in winter to these seas and in the Arctic basin [1-2]. In this paper, were studied the effect of polynyas on surface air temperature and on the meridional heat and moisture transfers according to expeditionary observations and ERA-Interim reanalysis. According to the results of expeditionary observations carried out in the 1990s, estimates of heat inflows from the surface of the polynya were calculated. From reanalysis, meridional heat transfers were obtained through 70 ° N, air temperature profiles, wind speed in the region of the Laptev Sea (100 - 140 ° E.), and polynya which located in the Laptev Sea (120 - 130 ° E). It was confirmed that winter transfers of cold air from the mainland do not have a cooling effect on the average winter air temperature north of 70 ° N due to the heating effect of polynya.
Projections of temperature-dependent mortality in Russian subarctic under climate change scenarios: a longitudinal study across several climate zones
Authors: Revich B A , Shaposhnikov D A , Shkolnik I M
Published: November 2020

The magnitude of climate change in Arctic is greater than in other regions. Climate projections confirmed the ongoing warming in the circumpolar areas. The study goal was to estimate the fraction of mortality attributable to the exposition to non-optimal ambient temperatures during the 21st Century under the selected IPCC Representative Concentration Pathways RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. Three study areas were chosen to represent the different types of subarctic climate: from marine-type to transitional to extremely continental. Our dataset comprised 160363 deaths occurred between 1999 and 2016 in the cities of Murmansk, Archangelsk and Yakutsk. Non-linear distributed lag model was used to estimate the relationship between daily air temperatures and mortality rates. Daily temperature anomalies projected by the decades 2050-2059 and 2090-2099 were derived from the ensemble modelling with the regional climate model developed in the Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory. The study showed positive net health impacts in all locations, and indicated uneven distribution of the benefits of climate change. Under the RCP8.5 scenario, mortality from all natural causes in the age group over 30 years will decrease by 4.5% (95% CI 1.1%; 7.9%) in Murmansk, 3.1% (1.1%; 5.1%) in Archangelsk and 3.6% (0.3%; 7.0%) in Yakutsk between the decades 1990-99 and 2090-99.
Sudden Stratospheric Warming (SSW) climatic contribution to winter temperature in Belarus: case of SSW 2017/2018
Authors: Schlender T V , Zhuchkevich V V , Krasouski A N , Umreika S D
Published: November 2020

The influence of stratospheric processes on the troposphere is defined by a multifactorial mechanism containing various geophysical and photochemical processes. This interaction determines the weather and climate of a particular region of the Earth. The number of sudden stratospheric warmings (SSW) over Eurasia has doubled over the past 20 years if compared with the second half of the 20th century. As a result, one had an increase in dangerous weather phenomena associated with those stratospheric-tropospheric interactions. In this regard, there is a certain need for an early forecast of such dangerous weather phenomena and their study within the framework of the climate of a given region. The paper presents a possible mechanism of the interaction of the mesosphere, stratosphere and troposphere layers (the so-called “ozone mechanism”). Due to its orographical and geographical position, the northern region of the East European Plain is characterized by accumulation of total ozone (TO) over this territory and formation of sharp and severe colds during SSW. The conclusion is made about the key contribution of the “ozone mechanism” to the development of SSW in 2018, which has become the largest in the Northern Hemisphere over the past 20 years.
On the climatic changes of the surface air temperature in the White Sea region
Authors: Serykh I V , Tolstikov A V
Published: November 2020

Analysis of the monthly average surface air temperature (SAT) data of the White Sea showed its significant growth over the past decades. Against the background of this growth, the interannual variability was revealed with periods close to the periods of El Niño – Southern Oscillation (2-7 years) and the North Atlantic Oscillation (7-10 years). The effect of these oscillations on the interannual variability of the SAT of the White Sea is shown and the periods of their synchronization and desynchronization are found. During the periods of 1960s and from the second half of the 1980s to the mid-2010s during the El Niño events in the White Sea negative SAT anomalies were usually observed, and during the La Niña events – positive anomalies. In the period from the late 1960s to the mid-1990s, NAO had a strong positive effect on the SAT anomalies of the White Sea, in the second half of the 1990s this influence changed its sign, but from the beginning of the 2000s it became positive again.
Managing climate risks associated with socio-economic development of the Russian Arctic
Authors: Soldatenko S A , Alekseev G V
Published: November 2020

Every aspect of human activities in the Arctic faces a wide range of risks. By the beginning of the XXI century, mankind had recognized a new class of risks, namely the risks associated with anthropogenic climate change, which is more noticeable in the Arctic, where the rate of warming is twice as high as the world average. The global and especially Arctic climate is likely to continue to change, thereby significantly affecting future socio-economic development, biodiversity, ecosystems and human society. In this paper, we consider climate risks associated with socio-economic development of the Russian Arctic, and propose a modelling framework that allows stakeholders to identify and manage climate risks, assess the economic impacts of climate change in the Arctic, and assist in the development of climate change adaptation strategies.
Urban heat island of the Moscow megacity: the long-term trends and new approaches for monitoring and research based on crowdsourcing data
Authors: Varentsov M I , Konstantinov P I , Shartova N V , Samsonov T E , Kargashin P E , Varentsov A I , Fenner D , Meier F
Published: November 2020

This paper reports on various aspects of the urban heat island (UHI) of the Moscow megacity – its spatial and temporal variability and linkages with human thermal comfort. Firstly, we analyze long-term trends of air temperature, UHI intensity and thermal stress indices based on meteorological observations over the period 1977-2018. We show that the city exhibits 40% higher rates of summertime climate warming than the countryside, as well as higher rates of human thermal comfort deterioration. Secondly, we present a new approach for spatially-resolving urban climate studies and real-time monitoring applications based on the usage of crowdsourced air temperature data from Netatmo citizen weather stations (CWSs). The CWSs provide uncertified and often misrepresentative data. However, their quality could be controlled by application of statistically-based algorithms. Additionally, we have experimentally evaluated uncertainties of the Netatmo temperature observations and regard them to be acceptable for UHI studies. Observations from more than 1500 CWSs as well as reference observations were used to analyze spatial patterns of the summertime nocturnal UHI. Both types of data shown an UHI covering the whole city and its suburbs, with a tendency of a temperature decrease with the distance from the city center. As a prototype a monitoring application, based on CWS data, we developed a web-service for real-time temperature mapping in Moscow, which is available at http://carto.geogr.msu.ru/mosclim/.
Weather and climate features of the Northern Hemisphere in 2019 in the context of long-period variability
Authors: Vilfand R M , Kulikova I A , Makarova M E
Published: November 2020

The features of the spatial and temporal distribution of the main meteorological values in the Northern Hemisphere in 2019 are considered. A brief description of climate change on the background of long-period variability of extreme meteorological phenomena, which identified by WMO climate indices, is given. Quartile analysis and nonparametric Mann-Kendall criterion are used to assess the significance of changes in the frequency and intensity of extreme meteorological phenomena in different regions of Russia. The increase in the growth of the average temperature in the Northern Hemisphere in the spring and summer of 2019 compared to 2018 and early 2019 is noted. The prolonged large-scale anomalies of weather regimes were observed in the warm period of 2019: heatwaves in Western Europe, in the south of European Russia, in Siberia, Alaska, and as well heavy rainfall in the Irkutsk region and in the south of the Far East. Possible mechanisms of weather and climate changes in the Northern Hemisphere are discussed. The focus is on the Arctic, which is the most vulnerable to climate warming. It is concluded that, with an abundance of physical hypotheses, there are many contradictions and uncertainties in the study of the mechanisms of weather and climate variability. Solving the problems requires further research based on modern technologies, the development of satellite monitoring systems and hydrodynamic modeling.
Impact of global warming on the conditions of the Siberian rivers discharge formation: significance of atmospheric transport
Authors: Vyazilova A , Alekseev G V , Kharlanenkova N , Glok N
Published: November 2020

Impact of climate change on the Ob, Lena and Yenisei runoff is under discussion. Indexes of zonal, meridional and general circulation were used to assess the effect of changes in atmospheric circulation. Correlations between the indexes and surface air temperature, precipitation, atmospheric moisture content in the regions of catchment areas confirmed the influence of atmospheric transport in the cold part of the year. Assessment of the relationship between changes of climatic conditions in the catchment areas and interannual changes of river runoff parameters indicated that annual runoff increases and mostly is affected by increase of average annual precipitation. Frequency of maximum river discharges during climate warming is reduced.
A taxonomy for autonomy in industrial autonomous mobile robots including autonomous merchant ships
Authors: Rødseth Ørnulf Jan , Vagia Marialena
Published: November 2020

The concept of autonomous mobile robots (AMR) has gained much popularity in recent years, particularly in commercial settings where the name industrial autonomous mobile robot (IAMR) is proposed. In addition to automatic guided vehicles and automated mining trucks, IAMR also includes autonomous merchant ships. AMR is an old concept which was first introduced in the 1980s. Although the concept of AMRs is old and broadly used, there is still no common definition of autonomy when mobile robots are concerned. This paper will review some of the most known definitions and develop a taxonomy for autonomy in mobile autonomous robots. This will be used to compare the different definitions of robotic autonomy. This paper will mainly look at industrial autonomous mobile robots, i.e. systems that are designed to operate with a clear commercial objective in mind and which are normally supported by a remote control centre. This means that the robot is not fully autonomous, but to varying degrees dependent on humans in some control and monitoring functions.
Develop and evaluate of intelligent autonomous-ship framework
Authors: Moon Kyeong Deok , Jeong Chi Yoon , Kim Moo Seop , Park Yun Kyung , Lee Kwangil
Published: November 2020

The Autonomous Ship(AS) is a dream ship which navigates the sea on its own without any captains or crews. Many related studies on AS and the advent of deep learning technologies enable ASs voyage in the near future. They have been focused on proposing and verifying feasibility of their concept. However, there have not been little tried to compare results of ASs to that of captains. In this paper, we propose an Intelligent Autonomous-Ship Framework(IASF) which enables to develop ASs based on deep-learning while supporting fundamental functions necessary for ASs such as collecting navigational information, recognizing navigational status, and controlling route. The IASF-based AS was evaluated through simulation with compared to results of captains.
Human Factors, autonomous ships and constrained coastal navigation
Authors: Porathe T , Fjortoft K , Bratbergsengen I L
Published: November 2020

This is a concept paper making propositions for MASS navigation in national coastal waters. The focus is on human factors and the interaction between automation and operators in a remote control centre, as well as seafarers on conventional ships interacting with MASS. Important element is to understand the hand-over process of command, from automation to humans in control, based on the automation on board the vessel as well as the infrastructure surrounding the vessel.
Prediction of vessel propulsion power from machine learning models based on synchronized AIS-, ship performance measurements and ECMWF weather data
Authors: Liang Q , Tvete H A , Brinks H W
Published: November 2020

In this paper, AIS (Automatic Identification System), ship performance measurement and ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) weather data were synchronized as a complete dataset. Detailed processing steps and methods are introduced which can be used as best practice for future related studies. All the data preparation was processed on a spark cluster. The optimization and turning of cluster performance will also be introduced. The synchronized dataset was adapted to train different machine learning models to predict ship propulsion power. The dataset includes 228 container vessels covering a time scale of 50 months. The performance of deep learning models with different architecture was compared and discussed. Compared to previous paper [1] in the same project, this paper is an extended scenario which combines the data adapted in scenario 1 and 2. The analysis of the models’ performance in different scenarios was discussed. More features were included in scenario 3 (this study). Hence, the best performing model from scenario 3 has more complex structure compared to scenario 1 and 2. The overall absolute R2 score for test data is slightly lower than scenario 2. However, the performance for individual ships (relative R2 score) is much better. This means, models that consider more features (operation, ship characters and environment) are beneficial for individual analysis. For general fleet or wide scope analysis, models that require less data and fewer features are better.
Considerations on the common regulatory issues among the IMO instruments for realization of maritime autonomous surface ships
Authors: Shiokari M , Ota S
Published: November 2020

The Maritime Safety Committee (MSC) of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) included an agenda item “Regulatory Scoping Exercise (RSE) for the use of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS)” in order to determine how the safe, secure and environmentally sound operation of MASS may be introduced in the regulations. The results of the RSE have been reported to the MSC, and they will be discussed in the 102th session. The purpose of this study is to provide suggestions for making decisions on the necessary future work at the MSC. The authors have reviewed all the results of the RSE under the purview of the MSC and made discussions on the ways of addressing some important common issues. The suitability of the specific ways of addressing these issues may be turned out in the actual works for amendments. On the other hand, regarding the priority of the discussions, the authors consider that it is appropriate to give priority to the discussions on the partial automation and remote operation with seafarers on board over the fully autonomous or remote operations without seafarers on board. Also, it seems appropriate to give priority to the discussions on the navigation systems and tasks.
Technology assessment on the astonomous ships: key findings and recommendations
Authors: Yoon Ikroh
Published: November 2020

Maritime autonomous surface ship (MASS) has been developed rapidly. MASS could be disruptive technology that will bring about a paradigm shift in related industries as well as the maritime transport system. Due to huge implications and uncertainties, it is required to understand complex socio-economic behaviour induced by MASS for the international society. This paper presents the key findings and some recommendations from technology assessment on MASS which investigated the potential effects from MASS in terms of economic, social, cultural and ethical aspects. The results can be used to design a future driven by MASS in a desirable direction.
The need for a public key infrastructure for automated and autonomous ships
Authors: Rødseth Ørnulf Jan , Frøystad Christian , Meland Per Håkon , Bernsmed Karin , Nesheim Dag Atle
Published: November 2020

Shipping undergoes rapid digitization, covering safety and security reporting, mandatory ship documentation, electronic port clearance as well as commercial and operational information exchanges. Increasing automation of information processing, including the specific needs for autonomous ships, requires increased “digital trust” to allow humans to remove themselves from the information processing loops. This includes better safeguards against cyber threats such as counterfeiting contents or the originator of critical messages. This paper describes thirteen use cases for maritime services and analyse how a Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) system can provide security barriers to mitigate relevant cyber threats and possible consequences of unwanted events. Such a PKI needs to be designed with the special maritime business constrains in mind; the most important being the international nature of shipping, the lack of connectivity for ships that are far from shore, the network constraints associated with existing communication technologies and regulatory considerations.
Risk of electronics failure on digitalization of shipping industry
Authors: Kim Dong Hyun
Published: November 2020

While digitalization drives the development of autonomous ships, the risks rising out of digitalization were reviewed. Adoption of digital technology has many benefits, but the technology itself has its own faults, which will have users suffering from the learning curve. The digital devices onboard are not permanently reliable, and they can fail due to harsh utilization conditions, fatigue, or latent defects. As the shipping industry continues to move down the road towards digitalization, an alert need to be delivered ahead in order to minimize the potential future risks.
Integrating accountability in the systems design of autonomous and remote-controlled operations
Authors: Myhre Bård , Rødseth Ørnulf Jan , Petersen Stig
Published: November 2020

In a previous paper we have suggested that the transferal of human accountability from an on-site human actor (such as the captain) to a remote human actor (such as the creator of the autonomous control system) could be regarded as the defining characteristic of autonomous systems. In this paper we take this approach one step further, by suggesting a methodology for how accountability can be used as a basis for systems design of autonomous and remote-controlled operations. Furthermore, the suggested methodology is applied on a hypothetical case of a vessel supporting both autonomous and remote-controlled operation.
From Sensors to MASS: Digital Representation of the Perceived Environment enabling Ship Navigation
Authors: Burmeister H-C , Constapel M , Ugé C , Jahn C
Published: November 2020

Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) do require shifting from human information processing to automation functions. While supporting the sensory processing of human navigation by automated information acquisition from different sensors is an already established (and even in many cases mandatory) technology with a set of framing standards and information exchanges, defining a common data set for a perceived environment model is currently neglected which hinders modularization of MASS technology development. Beginning with an introduction into the navigational process as well as information processing, this paper subsequently proposes an initial minimum data set for different aspects of ship navigation.
Analysis of manoeuvring characteristics through sea trials and simulations
Authors: Gug SeungGi , Harshapriya Dimantha , Jeong Haesang , Yun JuneHo , Kim DongJin , Kim YeonGyu
Published: November 2020

In recent years, Autonomous Surface Vehicles have secured the focus of major research and industrial initiatives around the world. Following this trend in the wake of fourth industrial revolution of oceans, Marine Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) have become the focus of numerous research. In order to shift from conventional ships to autonomous transportation, manoeuvring data collected through real-ship trials have to be available, and analysed. In this study, manoeuvring characteristics of a real ship were studied over a period of three years, data were collected and analysed to identify changes of manoeuvring characteristics over time. Real-ship data were then compared with simulation data to validate a manoeuvring simulator program. Through the real-ship experiments, not only the simulation results were validated, but also the possibility of predicting ship manoeuvrability using simulations in controlled environments was identified. In addition, the importance of accumulation of manoeuvring data in helping future designs of ships with similar characteristics is identified.
Evaluation of Navigation System Performance Requirements for Safe Autonomous Navigation.
Authors: Berge S P , Dæhlen J S , Hagaseth M
Published: November 2020

This paper describes how different motion sensors can be integrated and fused to obtain necessary navigational requirements needed for autonomous operations. Both autonomous coastal navigation and automatic docking operations are analysed with respect to trade-offs in position and velocity accuracies, integrity, availability and continuity. By using AIS measurements from typical docking operations for the Norwegian coastal express vessels it is possible to define feasible safe trajectories for the docking operations. Justified requirements can be obtained using closed-loop analysis for the specific vessel and its operation. Both vessel and passenger safety can be related to vessels horizontal velocity and the safe velocity concept has been introduced to derive requirements for integrity, availability, alarm limit and continuity in case of unreported/unhandled errors in the navigation system. The outcome of this study is a design tool, or a generic methodology for selecting the most promising combination of the integrated sensor components to obtain necessary navigation system performance for safe autonomous navigation.
Determination of frequency characteristics of thin-walled rods with transverse cracks
Authors: Gavrilov A , Grebenuk G , Morozov N
Published: November 2020

Vibrations of a thin-walled cantilever rod of a box-shaped profile were studied. The natural vibrations frequencies of a rod with a crack of different depth and located in different places of the rod were determined. The method of conducting an experiment using a vibration analyzer is given. A variant of determining the location of the crack depending on the change in the natural vibrations frequency is proposed. The resulting expression for estimating the location of the crack has an error of no more than 2.7 percent of the length of the rod, which makes it effective in practical application. The puchnost points of each oscillation form of the cantilever rod are determined, taking into account internal friction, which allowed us to specify the locations of sensors for maximum efficiency in evaluating the influence of crack parameters on natural frequencies. We found that when the crack is located in the places where the puchnosty for the corresponding vibration form causes noticeable energy dissipation due to friction in the crack.
Forming of Architectural-Planning Organization Complex Enterprises in Front-Border Transport Units
Authors: Anufrieva N
Published: November 2020

Architectural and planning development of complex enterprises, located in the zones of transport hubs along the border of the Russian Federation is discussed in the article. Three main architectural and planning directions of complex enterprises organization are identified. Each type is characterized by a unique principles’ set of architectural and spatial organization. The first direction of the architectural and planning organization formation of complex enterprises in the zone of transport-border nodes is “autonomous”, the main direction feature is the location of construction object autonomously, the object’s grouping and architecture is formed, depending on the zonal type of natural conditions and throughput of an enterprise. The second direction of the architectural and planning organization formation of complex enterprises in the zone of transport and border nodes is “peripheral”, the main direction feature is the location of the construction object in the peripheral part of a settlement, grouping and architecture of the object’s construction is formed in part depending on natural conditions, urban infrastructure and enterprise capabilities. The third formation direction of the architectural and planning organization of complex enterprises in the zone of transport-border nodes is “integrated”, the main direction feature is the location of the object’s construction in the central part of the settlement, the grouping and architecture of the object’s construction is formed, depending on the city infrastructure and the throughput of an enterprise.
Integrated Microanalysis of Sediment Composition Waste Water with Heavy Metals Ions
Authors: Skolubovich Y , Pazenko T , Kurilina T , Voitov E
Published: November 2020

The comprehensive analysis results of sediment, containing heavy metal ions using standardless methods of X-ray phase (XRD) and X-ray spectral (XRD) analyzes to determine the elemental and phase composition of sediment samples, obtained during reagent treatment of industrial wastewater are shown. The analytical results of the processes that take place in these precipitation under the influence of certain temperature regimes are presented, which contributes to a change in the physicochemical properties of these precipitates and allows the most accurate qualitative and quantitative analysis of these precipitation. The obtained results are further used to determine the hazard class of precipitation and to develop a modern scheme for processing and disposal of precipitation, which makes it possible to reduce the technogenic load on the environment.
Treatment and disposal of surface wastewater and Sludge
Authors: Skolubovich Y , Voitov E , Tsyba A , Balchugov D , Belonogov D
Published: November 2020

The main sources of surface wastewater pollution are products of soil washout, destruction of asphalt and so on. Surface wastewater pollutes water bodies with suspended, surface-active substances, oil products, organic impurities, heavy metal ions and other pollutants. Precipitation leads to pollution and siltation of watercourse channels, disrupts the vital activity of living organisms, microorganisms, and has a negative effect on the biocenosis and self-cleaning ability of water bodies. The aim of the study was to develop a technology for treating surface wastewater from coal industry enterprises using a new water filtering facility, a clarifier reactor. The composition of the enterprise’s surface wastewater was studied. A draft of a new wastewater treatment plant and a clarifier reactor were developed. The quality of the treated water corresponded to the requirements. As a result of theoretical and experimental studies, a technology for the storm sewage treatment of industrial enterprises was developed, which allows them to be dumped into open water bodies or used for disposal in industrial water supply enterprises.
Combined Scheme of Permafrost Water Purification in Central Yakutia
Authors: Fedorova S , Kryzhanovsky A
Published: November 2020

The problem of providing the of the Sakha (Yakutia) Republic population with drinking water, taking into account severe climatic conditions, is extremely urgent. The uneven distribution of the population over the republic vast territory dictates special requirements for the water supply organization. One of the solutions may be the partial involvement of sub-permafrost waters in the local systems of drinking water supply for the population of Central Yakutia. They contain increased concentrations of lithium, fluorine and sodium and can be used for drinking water supply only after preliminary water treatment, despite the significant reserves of subpermafrost waters and their undoubted advantages. The choice complexity of the water treatment technological scheme is due to the lack of approved methods for purifying drinking water from lithium. The authors carried out an experimental-industrial approbation of the ion-exchange method for removing lithium from the subpermafrost waters of the Yakutsk artesian basin. On the basis of the results obtained, a comprehensive scheme for the purification of Central Yakutia subpermafrost waters for drinking water supply was developed, which provided for a decrease in the concentrations of lithium, fluorine and sodium to standard requirements.