bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multiple feedbacks due to biotic interactions across trophic levels can lead to persistent novel conditions that hinder restoration.
Authors:   U.S. Geological Survey Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center,Hawai'i,USA., Yelenik Stephanie G. , D’Antonio Carla M. ,   Environmental Studies Program,University of California,Santa Barbara,California,USA., Rehm Evan M. ,   Department of Biology,Austin Peay State University,Clarksville,Tennessee,USA., Caldwell Iain R. ,   Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies,James Cook University,Townsville,Queensland,Australia.
Published: June 2021

Unlike traditional successional theory, Alternate Stable Equilibrium (ASE) theory posits that more than one community state is possible in a single environment, depending on the order that species arrive. ASE theory is often invoked in management situations where initial stressors have been removed, but native-dominated communities are not returning to degraded areas. Fundamental to this theory is the assumption that equilibria are maintained by positive feedbacks between colonizers and their environment. While ASE has been relatively well studied in aquatic ecosystems, more complex terrestrial systems offer multiple challenges, including species interactions across trophic levels that can lead to multiple feedbacks. Here, we discuss ASE theory as it applies to terrestrial, invaded ecosystems, and detail a case study from Hawai'i that exemplifies how species interactions can favour the persistence of invaders, and how an understanding of interactions and feedbacks can be used to guide management. Our system includes intact native-dominated mesic forest and areas cleared for pasture, planted with non-native grasses, and later planted with a monoculture of a native nitrogen-fixing tree in an effort to restore forests. We discuss interactions between birds, understorey fruiting native species, understorey non-native grasses, soils and bryophytes in separate feedback mechanisms, and explain our efforts to identify which of these feedbacks is most important to address in a management context. Finally, we suggest that using models can help overcome some of the challenges that terrestrial ecosystems pose when studying ASE.
How To Ensure Senior Management Approval For Your Next Regulated IT System
Authors: Harris David
Published: June 2021

Senior Leadership has to make hard decisions about investments. We see headlines about mergers, acquisitions, partnerships, opting in on products that have exciting development or preclinical results. The headlines may also include significant investment in internal infrastructure. Hundreds of millions of dollars may be directed to building a new...
Transient fluctuation-induced forces in driven electrolytes after an electric field quench
Authors: Mahdisoltani Saeed , Golestanian Ramin
Published: June 2021

Understanding how electrolyte solutions behave out of thermal equilibrium is a long-standing endeavor in many areas of chemistry and biology. Although mean-field theories are widely used to model the dynamics of electrolytes, it is also important to characterize the effects of fluctuations in these systems. We have recently shown that the dynamics of the ions in a strong electrolyte that is driven by an external electric field can generate long-ranged correlations manifestly different from the equilibrium screened correlations; in the nonequilibrium steady state, these correlations give rise to a novel long-range fluctuation-induced force (FIF). Here, we extend the Langevin analysis of the FIF by considering the dynamics of a strong electrolyte after it is quenched from thermal equilibrium by a constant electric field. We show that the asymptotic long-distance limit of both of the charge and density correlation functions is long-ranged and generally diffusive in time. These correlations give rise to long-ranged FIFs acting on uncharged confining plates with long-time regimes that are governed by slow power-law temporal decays toward the steady-state value of the force amplitude; at early times, the temporal variations of the FIF are non-monotonic with possible sign changes in some parameter regimes. These findings show that nonequilibrium fluctuations have nontrivial implications on the dynamics of objects immersed in a driven electrolyte, and they could be useful for exploring new ways of controlling long-distance forces in charged solutions.
Green valley galaxies in the cosmic web: internal versus environmental quenching
Authors: Das Apashanka , Pandey Biswajit , Sarkar Suman
Published: June 2021

We analyze the SDSS data to classify the galaxies based on their
colour using a fuzzy set-theoretic method and quantify their
environments using the local dimension. We find that the fraction of
the green galaxies does not depend on the environment and
10%–20% of the galaxies at each environment are in the green
valley depending on the stellar mass range chosen. Approximately
10% of the green galaxies at each environment host an
AGN. Combining data from the Galaxy Zoo, we find that ∼ 95% of
the green galaxies are spirals and ∼ 5% are ellipticals at
each environment. Only ∼ 8% of green galaxies exhibit signs of
interactions and mergers, ∼ 1% have dominant bulge, and ∼ 6% host a bar. We show that the stellar mass distributions for the
red and green galaxies are quite similar at each environment. Our
analysis suggests that the majority of the green galaxies must
curtail their star formation using physical mechanism(s) other than
interactions, mergers, and those driven by bulge, bar and AGN
activity. We speculate that these are the massive galaxies that have
grown only via smooth accretion and suppressed the star formation
primarily through mass driven quenching. Using a Kolmogorov-Smirnov
test, we do not find any statistically significant difference
between the properties of green galaxies in different
environments. We conclude that the environmental factors play a
minor role and the internal processes play the dominant role in
quenching star formation in the green valley galaxies.
Reviving chaotic inflation with fermion production: a supergravity model
Authors: Roberts Michael A. , Sorbo Lorenzo
Published: June 2021

Processes of particle production during inflation can increase the amplitude of the scalar metric perturbations. We show that such a mechanism can naturally arise in supergravity models where an axion-like field, whose potential is generated by monodromy, drives large field inflation. In this class of models one generally expects instanton-like corrections to the superpotential.
We show, by deriving the equations of motion in models of supergravity with a stabilizer, that such corrections generate an interaction between the inflaton and its superpartner. This inflaton-inflatino interaction term is rapidly oscillating, and can lead to copious production of fermions during inflation, filling the Fermi sphere up to momenta much larger than the Hubble parameter. In their turn, these fermions source inflaton fluctuations, increasing their amplitude, and effectively lowering the tensor-to-scalar ratio for the model, as discussed in [1,2]. This allows, in particular, to bring the model where the inflaton potential is quadratic (plus negligibly small instanton corrections) to agree with all existing observations.
Renewable energy source selection for a green port with AHP
Authors: Perwira Mulia Tarigan A , Hasan Md Mobassurul , Khairi Abd Wahab M , Dogheche Elhadj , Djamaludin Achmad
Published: June 2021

In view of the need to reduce the greenhouse gas emission causing global climate change coupled with the necessity to protect the environment around port vicinities, the green port concept receives considerable attention. This concept’s motivation is to balance environmental challenges with economic demands such that seaports improve their financial, commercial, and operational performances. In this regard, the use of renewable energy is one of the viable solutions. Based on the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) method, this paper presents a systematic approach for selecting the most suitable alternative of renewable energy sources. The results show that for the case of Kuala Tanjung Port, solar energy is the most favored alternative, followed by wind energy, biomass, and wave energy. It is hoped that this paper provides a starting point to plan for a long-term renewable energy strategy in the context of a green port.
Analysis of the impact of harmonic increase due to penetration of variations in the number of roof PV in the distribution network during the Covid-19 pandemic
Authors: Jintaka D R , Priambodo N W , Habibie A S , Tofani K M , Ridwan M
Published: June 2021

The increased penetration of rooftop PV in the distribution network was triggered by the reason for free energy obtained from the sun and an incremental decrease in prices for solar panels. These were bringing it closer to grid parity. However, massive rooftop PVs without storage at medium and low voltages will cause power quality problems, namely increased voltage fluctuation, unbalanced voltage, and harmonics, in addition to active load fluctuations and power factor on nearby buses. The use of an inverter to convert DC to AC will increase the number of non-linear loads on the network so that it will increase the presence of harmonics. In early 2020 the Coronavirus pandemic was spread over the world and brought people to have activities from home. This condition shifts the portion of power consumption for each sector and increases the probability of rooftop PVs usage. This paper analysed the comparison of the use of two inverters with different harmonic characteristics with various levels of rooftop PV penetration in the distribution network. From the simulation results, it can be concluded that the existing harmonic characteristics of the inverter used has a more significant impact than the PV rooftop penetration level on the increase of harmonics in the distribution network.
Performance analysis of an improved solar dryer with hybrid system
Authors: Romauli N D M , Sihombing H V , Ambarita H
Published: June 2021

This study describes the development of a solar dryer system by using the hybrid photovoltaic solar dryer. The study also compares the conventional solar dryer collector system and the solar dryer hybrid system. Measurements under the same conditions of temperature, humidity, solar radiation, and moisture ratio were performed for both systems. The results showed that drying by using the hybrid solar dryer collector system is 10 % faster than by using conventional solar dryer system. The result of current study is beneficial to increase the drying performance of the solar dryer on the future.
Improvement of thermal performance of the finned tube flat plate solar water heater
Authors: Sihombing H V , Yohanes Setyawan Eko , Ambarita H
Published: June 2021

The collector is the main component of the solar thermal system. The collector collects the heat of the sun’s energy, and then transfer this heat into a fluid. This paper studies the effect of an absorber tube with a tube finned of a solar flat plate water heater. The investigation of this system is carried using an experimental study. A plat absorber of 1.6 m x 1.1 m size was employed. Here, fins are used as an extended surface inside an absorber tube. Radiation, ambient temperature, mass flow, temperature water inlet, temperature water outlet was collected during the experiment. The performance of the water heater was discussed. The experimental performance of the system solar water heater was focused on measured collector’s outlet hot water temperature and solar irradiance power available during sunny hours. Thermal efficiency is found to be higher for utilized of tube fin.
The novel algorithm of dual-axis solar tracker in severe weather condition
Authors: Pratama A Y , Irianto C G
Published: June 2021

Fulfilling the energy demand by using fossil fuel is still heavily dependent. Eco-friendly-based energy like solar energy is being employed. Solar energy possess the potential to adequately fulfil more than ten times of current energy demand, which means it is profitable in terms of energy and environment. Harvesting solar energy using solar cells has issues with its efficiency. The tracking system is believed to enhance the efficiency of solar panels. In other hand, the current system failed when it comes to severe. Global horizon irradiance in severe weather, solar radiation is scattered evenly in the horizontal plane. So, adding the diffused irradiance parameter to the algorithm hopefully tackle the double axis solar tracker (DAST) current issues. This DAST system uses Arduino Uno as the main control. Light dependent resistor (LDR) as a sensor in the DAST system. Servo motor as an actuator is used. Experiment result in sunny day, cloudy day, and rainy day, respectively 59.67Wh, 38.20 Wh, and 2.5 Wh. In other hand, a fixed tilt angle system generates 46.51 Wh on sunny day, 29.84 Wh on cloudy day, and 1.95 Wh on rainy day.
Natural gas transportation business contribution to Indonesia’s national energy policy and carbon emission offset by on-grid solar PV utilization: Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Dhina Nadhilah , Permana Tegar
Published: June 2021

Corporations need to assess their practices in environmental management. PT Pertamina Gas, as energy SOE which runs natural gas transportation, is considered to contribute to National Energy Policy particularly in terms of achieving 23% part of the energy mix by renewable resources. Pertamina Gas Operation East Java Area transports natural gas in a 370 km subsea pipeline to 69 km onshore. It needs 1,459.73 GJ for supporting facilities derived from electricity and fuel in 2019 alone. This study aims to analyze energy management practices in the natural gas business with related policies. The 5.25 kwp on-grid Solar PV utilization, an in-office area located in Surabaya, substitutes 3.3% electricity from state-owned provider source, as a result, 2% part of its energy mix profile fulfilled by renewable energy. It reached 7,281.1 kWh per year. Its cost and benefits analysis show positive cash flow in year-15; PI >1. Its levelized cost of energy (LCoE) is Rp 949.72, which is competitive enough to East Java electricity generation cost (BPP). It is followed by coal-based power carbon emission reduction to about 5.95 ton CO2 in a year. Thus, it is possible for East Java Area to contribute in corporate sustainability policy and to achieve the global goals.
Challenges and prospects of developing city gas to reduce imported LPG in Indonesia
Authors: Sadiyah H , Iswandi E , Thamrin S , Sasongko, N A , Dwi Kuntjoro Y
Published: June 2021

Indonesia has natural gas potential that can be developed through the city gas program. Although the city gas program has been designed since 2009, its effectiveness in addressing the critical LPG issues is still insignificant. The achievement of the city gas development target in 2019 has only reached 12% of the government’s target of 4.7 million SR (house connections) in 2025. We conducted content analysis and in-depth studies on several legal products and literature related to opportunities and challenges in the city gas development. We found that the main problem was the limited investment from both the government budget and the corporate budget. Challenges of city gas development are low project economics, delays in upstream natural gas projects and natural gas infrastructure development, and low customer satisfaction. Meanwhile, obstacles to city gas development are the length of the licensing process, social problems, unclear KPBU (Community - Business Entity Cooperation) scheme, and undefined handling of LPG subsidy (3 Kg). This finding is expected to be taken into consideration in the formulation of a more effective and massive city gas development strategy in the future.
Value creation by capitalizing goodwill: equity funding using shareholder loan scheme to reduce electricity cost of provision
Authors: Ibrahim Irsyam Surya , Nico Siagian Herry
Published: June 2021

In order to support national economic growth, the government created a 35,000 MW program for Indonesia.. PT PLN (Persero) has assigned PT PJB to developed some projects under the IPP scheme as shareholders and project sponsors. PJB throughs its subsidiary, PJBI, has to carry out its role as a shareholder and project sponsor of projects with a 51% stake. PJBI could only deposit cash equity of 10% equity. The equity portion of 49% is the responsibility of the partner and 41% of the equity portion is fulfilled through loans. There are three equity funding scheme options discussed in this paper, namely a loan partner (option 1), shareholder loans (option 2), and bond issuance (option 3). It is assumed that the three options have the same project profiles. The feasibility indicators calculated in this paper are Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Project, IRR Equity, NPV of PJBI, and IRR of PJBI. The approach taken is to lock the tariffs of components A, B, C, D, and E on the three options, so that the effect of differences between schemes is generated in each output. Financial model calculations show that option 2 offers the largest NPV and IRR for PJBI, up to US$ 68,385,771 and 16.90%, followed by option 3 and option 1. Based on these calculations, option 2 is giving the greatest benefits to PJBI and suggested as the equity-funding schema.
A progressive alternative of energy planning for West Sumatera province
Authors: Arisyadi Ridho
Published: June 2021

To ensure energy security for people, the Government develops energy planning, a plan that contains the baseline condition and projected energy consumption and energy supply in specific years. In West Sumatera Province’s Regional Energy Plan (RUED), The Local Government targeted 70.9% renewable energy share in its primary energy mix in 2050. The alternative scenario of power plant generation in West Sumatera base on the Regional Energy Plan Document for 2050 is developed in this paper. The share of renewable energy in the alternative scenario in 2050 is 100%. The alternative energy planning we design meet the expected electricity consumption each year. The Levelized Cost of energy for the alternative scenario cheaper than the RUED scenario in present value. With the rapid development of renewable energy technology, West Sumatera can achieve 100% renewable energy electricity in 2050 and give reasonable energy security confidence.
The identification of coal mining clearance impact on hydrology behavior of Batang Ombilin catchment area
Authors: Elok Mukhlisah Indah
Published: June 2021

This research is to see the impact of coal mining activities between before and after the rise of coal mining; since the Regional Autonomy Regulation executed to the latest conditions, based on the hydrological behavior of the Batang Ombilin Catchment in Sawahlunto. The Batang Ombilin Catchment is one of the significant drains in Sawahlunto with ± 2215 km2 of its area. Henceforth, this research focus is only on the analysis of ten sub-catchments with area ± 348.42 km2 of ± 2215 km2 total of the catchment area that they contribute significantly to the catchment. This research uses Land cover data from Landsat images of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Earth Explorer. Henceforward, the Interpretation used is Guided Interpretation with the Maximum Likelihood method. This such Interpretation is to ease the distinction of vegetated lands classification (i.e., densely vegetated land, sparsely vegetated land (bare), and open land; due to rivers, housing, gardens, fields, and mining areas). The research results that changes in government regulations have a significant impact on the growth of the mining industry in Sawahlunto, which is direct, impacted the land utilization to the mining industry utilization for years. The regulations also guide the behavior of the people involved in the mining industry of the land utilization management directly. This indication based on the decrease of the land utilized for the open area that the mining industry boomed after the reclamation went through. In short, the change in land utilization has a direct impact on hydrological behavior.
Company participation in supporting national energy security through collective installation of rooftop solar panel of employees’ houses as an effort to accelerate increased utilization of solar energy
Authors: Ohira Yosi , Tjahja Kartika Bagus , Sarono Toto
Published: June 2021

To support the achievement of government targets in the New and Renewable Energy Program, and to play an active role in responding to global issues related to energy, environment, global warming, and energy conservation issues, large and medium-sized companies can encourage them to use renewable energy. energy through a campaign for all employees to take advantage of the solar panel system in every home, which can be integrated with the electricity grid of the State Electricity Company (PLN). The direct benefit that employees get from using a solar panel system is that it can reduce household electricity bills. The campaign was continued by realizing a collective rooftop solar panel installation program for employee rooftops with an instalment system that was not burdensome for 24 to 36 months, which was deducted from wages through the payroll system, of course taking into account the Company’s ability to fund the purchase and installation of rooftop solar panels. With this program, assuming a total capacity of 200 kWp in each company (around 100 employee houses), the maximum cost impact for the company is around Rp. 3.6 billion. If this program can be implemented simultaneously by all large and medium-sized companies in Indonesia, the potential for achieving solar energy use in 7 months could reach 6.72 GWp. Meanwhile, the Indonesian government is targeting the use of solar energy for the national energy mix in 2025 at 6.5 GW. With the participation of companies and supporting them, it is one way to achieve the target of using solar energy in Indonesia, which is 6.5 GW by 2025.
Nuclear energy contribution potential to secure electricity demand with low carbon emission and low risk of power plant in Indonesia
Authors: Permana Sidik , Trianti Nuri , Rahmansyah Adi
Published: June 2021

The Government of Indonesia has shifted the paradigm to envisage energy as capital to develop the country. By far, the electricity produced from the power plant, which reaches 283.8 TWh in 2018, mostly originated from coal-fired power plants (56.4%). The remains produced by gas power plant (20.2%), diesel (6.3%), and renewable energy (17.1%). In National Energy General Plan, it stated that the new and renewable energy should be utilized at least 23% by 2025 and 31% by 2050. The NRE potential which Indonesia has is around 431,745 MW. However, the installed capacity was only around 6,830 MW. Despite the large NRE potential, only a small portion of the capacity which already utilized for electricity production. In the 2014 National Energy Policy (KEN), the government-mandated five policy points regarding priority directions for national energy development, including nuclear as a last resort. Nuclear is one of the environmentally friendly energy sources and has considerable power potential, which can contribute 25% of total energy supply based on capacity factor and based load power plant approaches and synergy with other new and renewable energy resources for about 70% contribution from the total electricity supply. Nuclear energy has several features compared to other energy sources, including a cleaner and safer life cycle, high density energy as well as low cost for generating levelized cost and external cost. It is recommended that Indonesia consider nuclear energy as a potential new energy source to accelerate the country’s development.
Polymorphism of Insulin-induced Gene 1 (INSIG1) in Bali cattle (Bos javanicus) from small farmer at Badung district, Bali island
Authors: Sudrajad P , Cahyadi M , Wulandari A S , Kusminanto R Y , Rifki M , Volkandari S D
Published: June 2021

Bali cattle is originated from Bali Island, Indonesia and domesticated from Banteng (Bibos banteng). Bali cattle are well known as a beef cattle with good performance, high carcass percentage and good reproduction traits. Carcass and growth traits were influenced by genetic and environment. Genetically, both of them was influenced several gene or polygene. Insulin- induced gene 1 (INSIG1) is one of the gene which effected of growth traits in cattle. The aim of this study was to identify the polymorphism of INSIG1 gene in Bali cattle from small farmer at Badung district, Bali. Fifty three of fresh bloods were taken from Bali cattle and DNA was extracted using high salt method. Detection of SNP A4366G in INSIG1 gene used PCR-RFLP with TaqI restriction enzyme. Data was analyzed by Cervus 3.07 including allele and genotype frequencies, heterozygosity while Hardy Weinberg equilibrium was calculated directly using formula. Results showed that three variants of genotype (AA, AG, and GG) with two alleles, A (0.5%) and G (0.5%) were found in this population and polymorphism was detected. Heterozygosity observed and expected were 0.505 and 0.500, respectively. PIC value reached 0.375. This population was in genetic equilibrium based on HWE. In conclusion, polymorphism of INSIG1 gene in SNP A4366G of Bali cattle from small farmer at Badung district was detected and has genetic diversity. This result could be early genetic information of Bali cattle to identify of their potencies.
Polymorphism of GH Exon 2 (c.100A>G) and GH Exon 4 (c.68A>C) in Sapera Goat
Authors: Saputra F , Dewi G S , Anggraeni A , Sumantri C
Published: June 2021

Growth hormone gene plays a key role in regulating body growth and in developing mammary gland. Saanen and Etawah Grade (Peranakan Etawah) are widely cultivated in Indonesia to produce milk. Sapera goat is the crossing between Saanen goat and Etawah Grade goat. Sapera goats are used in Indonesia because they are more adaptive to the tropical climate compared to Saanen and more milk yield compared to Etawah Grade. This study aimed to identify on two single nucleotide polymorphisms of the growth hormone gene, namely GH exon 2 (SNP: c.100A>G) and GH exon 4 (SNP: c.68A>C). These two SNPs were identified by the PCR-RFLP method. The GH exon 2 showed three genotypes (AA, AG, and GG). All breeds of dairy goat exhibited the highest AG genotype frequency (0.600-0.100). On the other hand, GH exon 4 was monomorphic. GH exon 2 could be employed as a useful marker to assist selection related to the growth and milk traits in dairy goat breeds. Further analysis is needed to investigate GH exon 4 (SNP: c.68A>C) in a larger sample size.
Estimation output of Aceh cattle in livestock breeding and forage center of Indrapuri
Authors: Widyaningrum R , Budisatria I G S , Mukhtar  , Maharani D
Published: June 2021

Livestock Breeding and Forage Center (BPTU-HPT) Indrapuri is a technical implementation unit tasked with carrying out cattle breeding, especially the Aceh cattle. The objective of this study is to determine the estimated Aceh cattle output in BPTU-HPT Indrapuri, Aceh. Recording data covering the structure of the population, death and birth of cattle, expenditure, and income data in 2019 were used in this study. The results indicated that value of natural increase (NI) was 19.08%. Male cattle population exceeded 140.08% of the male breeding stock. Similary, the female population also was over the population’s female breeding stock (73.03%) with male and female net replacement rate (NRR) of 240.08% and 173.33%, respectively. Output estimation of Aceh cattle was 19.08% of population number. The calling rate of female cattle (5.58%) was almost twice compare to male Aceh cattle (3.92%). Meanwhile, male replacement stock remains at 5.49%, and female replacement remains at 4.09% of the total Aceh cattle population. In conclusion, Livestock Breeding and Forage Center (BPTU-HPT) Indrapuri is suitable as a source of Aceh cattle breeds, albeit it needs to be increased by natural increase through increasing birth rate and reducing death rate with better management so that it can be sustainable.
Genetic marker exploration of fertility genes IGF 1 and IGF 2 at Ongole Cross breed cattle with naturally twin birth
Authors: Aryogi
Published: June 2021

The phenomenon of beef cattle with twin births naturally is still unknown. The aim of this research is to explore genetic marka of IGF1 and IGF 2 genes as regulators of fertility in beef cattle with twin births naturally. Ongole Cross (OC) breed catte, each 10 cows with single or twin births naturally in Beef Cattle Research Station, take blood to make plasma samples according to the Boyan method, than make DNA isolation samples according to the QIAamp method, to be PCR analysis according to the Perkin-Elmer method and to be sequencing according to the Phenol-Chloroform method, in the Tropical Disease Center (TDC) Hospital, Airlangga University. The primers used are IGF 1 forward 5’-CCTCTGCGGGGCTGAGTTGGT-3’, reverse 5’-CGACTTGGCGGGCTTGAGA GGC-3’ and IGF 2 forward 5’-TCTGTGCGGCGGGGAGCTGGT-3’, reverse 5’-AGTCTCCAGCA GGGCCAGGTCG-3. Parameters observed: allele band, genotypic diversity and nucleotide acids composition of IGF genes. Allele band variation data is processed with Nt programe software to determine its genotype, nucleotide gene sequens data is processed using the GENETIC MAC version 8 program to determine gemone mutation construction of IGF, then presented descriptively. The results showed: the spread of IGF 1 allele band in cows with single birth at position 875–1200 bp and twin birth at position 875–1485 bp; spreading of IGF 2 allele band in cows with single birth at position 450-590 bp and twin birth at position 455–1110 bp; genotype diversity of IGF 1 genes at cows with single birth was homozygous AA with allele size 920–1200 bp and twin birth was heterozygote AB with allele size A 875-1150 bp and B allele 1250–1485 bp; genotype diversity of IGF 2 genes in cows with single birth was homozygous AA with allele size 460–560 bp and twin birth was heterozygote AB with allele size A 450-590 bp and B allele 940–1110 bp; at certain positions and nucleotide acids arrangement in both IGF 1 and IGF 2 genes of cows with single birth, was different with twin birth. It was concluded, the genetic marka of IGF 1 and IGF 2 genes of OC breed cattle, were different among cows with single birth and cows with twin birth.
Carcass percentage of male KUB-2 KK chicken on different body weight
Authors: Komarudin  , Sartika T , Pratiwi N , Brahmantiyo B
Published: June 2021

KUB2 KK chicken is an improved KUB1 chicken, the improved local chicken created by the Indonesian Research Institute for Animal Production (IRIAP). Carcass percentage is an important indicator to evaluate the productivity of the slaughtered chicken. The objective of this research was to evaluate the carcass percentage of male KUB2 KK chicken on different body weights. 94 heads of ten weeks old male KUB2 KK chicken were used and it was divided into six bodyweight groups (G1: 700 to 799 g, G2: 800 to 899 g, G3: 900 to 999 g, G4: 1,000 to 1,099 g, G5: 1,100 to 1,199 g and G6: 1,200 to 1,299 g). Resulted data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. The results showed carcass percentage of G1, G2, G3, G4, G5 and G6 were 61.12 %, 61.62 %, 62.50 %, 63.47 %, 63.72 % and 64.10 %, respectively. The group of body weight resulted significantly different on carcass percentage. Carcass percentage increased with increasing body weight. Thighs were the biggest part of the carcass. It was followed by breast, back, and wings. Abdominal fat had a tendency to increase by an increasing of body weight.
The characteristics of Sasra cattle, a local cattle from Sragen - Central Java
Authors: Subiharta  , Sudrajad P , Kusumaningrum R
Published: June 2021

Efforts to conserve local cattle are important in order to get potential beef-producing cattle. A local cattle from Sragen District—Central Java, commonly referred to Sasra cattle, is one of the potential local cattle that will be developed. This study is intended to identify the characteristics of Sasra cattle, as part of the initial development steps. In 2017, a series of Focus Group Discussion was held by inviting historical actors, leaders, breeders, inseminators, the Sragen Regency Livestock and Fisheries Service officers, and Lembang’s Artificial Insemination Center to obtain historical data, characteristics, and farmer community responses related to the Sasra cattle. Body measurements (i.e. chest circumference, body length, and shoulder height) were taken in order to see the cattle performance. Genetical reviews of the molecular aspects have also been carried out. Results of the study showed that based on the history, Sasra cattle were a descent from the hibridization of Aberdeen Angus, American Brahman, and Ongole grade cattle breeds. Based on its phenotype, Sasra cattle could be characterized by the different head to body shape and color if compared to their ancestries, but at a glance, the body shape and color are close to the Angus cattle. There were 10 unique characteristics of Sasra cattle. The quantitative measurement of Sasra cattle is greater compared to that in other local cattle in Indonesia. Molecular evidence show that Sasra cattle have high similarity level to Bos indicus, than to Bos taurus and also confirms that Sasra cattle might have ancestry from Bos javanicus.
Quantitative characteristics of weaned Saburai goats in Tanggamus Regency, Lampung Province
Authors: Adhianto K , Sulastri  , Hamdani M D I , Ingsasu I M T
Published: June 2021

This study aims to determine the quantitative characteristics of Saburai goats in Gisting and Sumberejo district, Tanggamus regency. This research was conducted in June–July 2019 in Tanggamus regency. This study uses a survey method and the research sample is determined by purposive sampling. Testing data in this study using t-test. As an observation unit, there were 71 male and 79 female Saburai goats when weaning. The variables in this study were body length, shoulder height, chest circumference, chest width, ear width, ear length, and body weight. Data from observations and analysis of variances uses a 5% significance level. The results showed that the quantitative characteristics of male Saburai goats in Tanggamus regency, body length (48.21±3.13 cm), shoulder height (48.46± 3.31 cm), chest circumference (53.54±2.53 cm ), chest width (15.89±1.75 cm), ear width (7.32±0.98 cm), ear length (13.82±1.77 cm) and body weight (20.31±3.42 kg). Quantitative characteristics of Saburai goats female in Tanggamus regency, body length (45.29± 3.61 cm), shoulder height (44.35±3.40 cm), chest circumference (49.54±4.54 cm), chest width (15.00± 1.59 cm), ear width (7.49±1.59 cm), ear length (13.37±2.28 cm) and body weight (18.32± 3.32 kg). Comparison of quantitative characteristics of male and female Saburai goats in Gisting district was not significantly different (P>0.05) with quantitative characteristics of male and female Saburai goats in Sumberejo district. From the results of this study concluded that the characteristics of the saburai goats in Gisting and Sumberejo were not different.
Phylogenetic analysis of Gayo and Toraya buffalo breed of Indonesian through mitochondrial D-loop region
Authors: Sari E M , Abdullah M A N , Koesmara H , Dagong M I A
Published: June 2021

The objective of this research was to find the basic data on genetic diversity of DNA D-Loop on Gayo and Toraya buffalo breed and its association with 6 local buffalo (Aceh, Sumut, Riau, Banten, Jateng, NTB, Sulsel). To the best of our knowledge this is the first published data on the complete mitochondrial D-Loop sequence of Gayo and Toraya buffalo. There were 83 samples of DNA which had been sequence; i.e. 45 from Gayo, 5 from Simeulue, 3 from Aceh Besar, Sumut and Riau, 4 from Banten, Jateng, NTB and Sulsel, 8 from Toraya. Results show that Toraya buffalo have a specific haplotype, while gayo buffalo have a closer relationship to Sumut buffalo. The total nucleotide sequenced of Gayo and Toraya buffalo and 6 local buffalo was 317 bp. The genetic distance ranges among Gayo buffalo, Riau, Jateng, Sulsel, NTB (0.010), Gayo buffalo-Sumut buffalo (0.016), and Gayo buffalo-Toraya buffalo (0.023). D-Loop mtDNA analyses showed that most of Gayo buffalo form a haplotype together with six other local buffalo populations, while the Toraya buffalo (striped buffalo) population forms one haplotype that is separate from the entire local Indonesian buffalo population. These finding could be assumed that the Toraya buffalo (striped buffalo) originating from Enrekang forms a specific haplotype which identifies that the Toraya buffalo (striped buffalo) originating from Enrekang is animal genetic resource of native livestock that must be preserved.
Evaluation of scrotal circumference and testosterone levels at different ages of Gayo buffalo as local animal genetic resources
Authors: Ammar M , Sari E M , Siregar T N
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the scrotum circumference and testosterone levels at various ages of the Gayo buffalo. This study involved 10 Gayo buffalo with four different age groups I: (1.0–2.0), II (2.1–3.0), III (3.1–4.0), IV (4.1–5.0). Blood serum sampling, measurement of scrotal circumference, and age were carried out in Central Aceh regency. The analysis of blood serum testosterone levels was carried out in the physiology laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine at Universitas Syiah Kuala. Data on testosterone levels, scrotal circumference, and age were analyzed for variance and continued with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test for data with significant differences. Simple regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between scrotal circumference, age, and testosterone levels. The results of the analysis in the age group and the concentration of the hormone testosterone showed significant differences (P <0.05). The age group of 3.1 to 4.0 years was significantly different from the age group of 1.0–2.0, 2.1–3.0 years, and 4.1–5.0 years. The results of the analysis on the scrotal circumference and testosterone concentration showed no significant difference (P>0.05) in various age groups. There was a significant relationship (P<0.05) between the concentration of the testosterone hormone with age and scrotal circumference, with a regression equation Y= 1.009-0.076X1+0.002X2, with a correlation coefficient (r) of 1 and a coefficient of determination (R2) of 1. These results indicated that scrotal circumference and age greatly influenced the concentration of the testosterone hormone of Gayo buffalo. The conclusion was that age affected the scrotal circumference, but it did not affect the concentration of the testosterone hormone. Gayo buffalo aged 3.1–4.0 and 4.1–5.0 years had a stronger correlation than Gayo buffalo aged 1.0–2.0 and 2.1–3.0 years to scrotal circumference and testosterone concentration.
Polymorphism of DMA (DM a Chain) gene in IPB-D2 chicken
Authors: Lestari D , Ulupi N , Murtini S , Sumantri C
Published: June 2021

The DM gene group is a non-classical MHC Class II gene group that plays a role in the process of presenting antigens by producing DM protein. The DMA gene, which is a group of DM genes, has an a chain that helps present exogenous antigens to CD4 + via MHC class II molecules. IPB-D2 chickens are the result of selection from IPB-D1 chickens which have disease-resistant trait. The aim of this study was to determine genetic polymorphism of DMA genes in IPB-D2 chickens. In this study, blood samples were collected from 21 weeks old chickens that are raised in the field laboratory of the Faculty of Animal Science IPB University. The PCR was used to amplify 601 bp fragments for DMA gen locus. SNP identification used direct sequencing method and analyzed using MegaX and Bioedit. The results found 4 SNPs, namely base position c.2328 G>A on exon 3, c.2c612 G>A, c.2686 G>A, and c.2710 G>A on exon 4. All SNPs are polymorphic and in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The highest allele frequency for each SNP is allele A (0.5745; 0.5851; 0.9362), except at SNP c.2612 G>A (0.4575).
A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) c.20G>A in somatostatin gene (SST|BsrT) on Madura cattle
Authors: Kuswati  , Furqon A , Septian W A , Suyadi S , Susilawati T
Published: June 2021

Madura cattle is one of the local cattle in Indonesia that have the various phenotype, especially in growth. The objective of this study was to identify SNP of Somatostatin gene on Madura cattle at Village Breeding Centre (VBC), Madura Island. A total of 66 Madura cattle was used in this study and 34 Ongole Grade cattle as a population reference. Blood samples were collected at VBC Waru, Pamekasan Regency. A potential SNP in exon 1 was analyzed using Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restricted Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). A restriction enzyme of BsrI was used to identify the SNP. The results showed that a 464 bp of DNA fragment was successfully amplified and an SNP c.20G>A was identified in this study. This SNP was categorized as a missense mutation with the change of amino acid from serine (AGT) to asparagine (AAT). An A allele was only found on Madura cattle. The frequency of A allele was 1.00 in this population and was defined as monomorphic or monoallelic. This result probably indicated that Madura cattle at VBC Waru were selected in this locus.
The influence used of calcium and acidifier to performance, internal egg quality, and metabolizable energy of laying hens: In-vivo trial
Authors: Sjofjan O , Adli D N , Natsir M H , Nuningtyas Y F , Audina C , Ihsan A F , Firmansyah K
Published: June 2021

The combination between CaCO3 and Averrhoa bilimbi L. as a novelty later namely calcidifier conducted to determined possible effect on the growth performance, internal egg quality, and energy of metabolism in laying hens. Eighty-lying hens of Isa Brown strain randomly allocated into five dietary treatments and four replicates with two lying hens each cages. The treatments were formulated as follows: To control, basal diet + calcidifier 0.1% (T1), 0.2% calcidifier (T2), basal feed + 0.3% calcidifier (T3), basal feed + calcidifier 0.3% (T4). The statistical analysis were performed according one-way-anova using SAS academic online Ed. It was shown that using those combination concomitantly no significance effect on overall parameters. In summary, the used of calcidifier did not impacted well on lying hens, in line, didn’t help improve on the lying hens.
Production performance of KUB chicken with the inclusion of Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala) leaf flour in the feed
Authors: Tirajoh S , Dominanto GP , Usman  , Soplanit A , Bakrie B
Published: June 2021

To reduce the feed cost in raising chickens it is necessary to find alternative feed sources. The feed ingredients must have relatively low prices, do not compete with human needs, and have abundant availability on location. The purpose of this study was to determine the performance of KUB chicken production with feed containing Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala) leaf flour (LLF). The study was conducted using 300 chickens aged 4 weeks, unsexed, which were allotted to 4 treatments, each with 5 replicates and 15 birds per replicate in a Completely Randomized Design. The treatments were in the form of a) T0: 0% LLF; b) T1: 3% LLF; c) T2: 5% LLF and d) T3: 7% LLF. The LLF was mixed with a basal feed in a mixture of concentrate, corn and bran. The study lasted for 6 weeks, i.e. until the chicken was 10 weeks old, with observations including daily weight gain (DWG), feed consumption, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and income over feed cost (IOFC). The results showed that the best performance of KUB chicken production was by the addition of 5% LLF in the feed, as it could increase the DWG value, reduce the FCR value and increase the IOFC value.
Optimization of medium composition for probiotic powder inoculum using the response surface methodology
Authors: Rohmatussolihat  , Ridwan R , Widyastuti Y , Sari N F , Fidryanto R , Astuti W D
Published: June 2021

Probiotic as feed additives have been developed as alternatives to improve animal health and productivity. Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer health benefits to the hosts by improving intestinal microbial balance. The aims of this study was to optimize the formulation of probiotic powder inoculum from Lactobacillus plantarum TSD-10 BTCC 531 using Response Surface Methodology with Central Composite Design (RSM-CCD). The RSM-CCD was prepared using three variables, consist of; skim milk, maltodextrin and CaCO3, with five-level combinations. The drying process of the probiotic powder inoculum used a freeze dryer for 16 hours. The L. plantarum TSD-10 BTCC 531 survival amounts were measured by the total plate count method. Statistical analysis showed that the viability of L. plantarum TSD-10 BTCC 531 was significantly affected by skim milk and CaCO3. Estimated optimum conditions of the factors on the bacterial viability have consisted of 5% (w/v) skim milk, 1.547% (w/v) maltodextrin, 0.5% (w/v) CaCO3, and with a maximum L. plantarum TSD-10 BTCC 531 number of surviving results at 1.945 × 1012 CFU/g, which significantly increased by 34.9%. The results of the validation experiments showed that the cell number of probiotic reaches 2.17 × 1012 CFU/ or 11.43% more than the predicted cell number of L. plantarum TSD-10 BTCC 531 from the regression model produced.
Effects of gambir (Uncaria gambir) leaf extract as a feed additive on meat quality and cholesterol content in goats
Authors: Antonius  , Jayanegara A , Wiryawan K G , Ginting S P , Syamsudin A A
Published: June 2021

The demand for high quality and healthy meat has been continuously increasing both in national and international markets. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of gambir (Uncaria gambir) leaf extract as a feed additive on cholesterol content and consumer preference of goat meat. Eighteen Boerka goats aged 10-11 months with an average initial body weight of 20.5±2.79 kg were randomly distributed to three dietary treatments, namely: GE0 (fed basal diet without gambir extract supplementation, GE100 (gambir extract supplementation at levels of 100 mg/kg body weight, and GE200 (gambir extract supplementation at levels of 200 mg/kg body weight. Meat cholesterol content was measured using the Liebermann Buchard method. The meat quality preference was measured using the hedonic scale of the organoleptic method from 16 panelists. Results showed that addition of gambir leaf at 200 mg/kg BW resulted meat cholesterol content of 14.9%, numerically lower than that of control. The meat color, flavour, juiciness and taste were similar among the dietary treatments. The meat was classified as mild juicy meat with a bright red color and well accepted flavour and taste. Based on the hedonic scale, the tenderness level of goat meat fed with 200 mg/kg BW of gambir leaf extract increased from mild tender (in the control treatment) to tender. In conclusion, gambir leaf extract has the potential to reduce cholesterol content and increase meat tenderness without having a negative effect on consumers preference regarding the color, flavour, juiciness and taste of the goat meat.