bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Academic Malpractice in Tests and Exams from an International Perspective
Authors: Sendur Agnieszka Małgorzata
Published: September 2022

Cheating in exams and other forms of academic dishonesty have been reported to be a serious issue in many countries. A lot of research has been conducted on the topic, but it focuses mainly on the US context. Studies pertaining to the problem in other countries are rather scarce. The existing research considers the issue from different perspectives. Some studies concentrate on the scope of the problem in a particular country, others choose to research individual and contextual factors in cheating, or students’ perceptions of and attitudes towards exam malpractice. The surveys are often restricted to selected nationalities, the questions arelimited to the frequency of cheating and they rarely include reference to the methods used. In reaction to the rarity of research on cheating methods among students from different cultural backgrounds, an international questionnaire survey was undertaken. Its aim, among others, was to answer two research questions: (1) What methods do students use to cheat in tests and exams? (2) Are there significant cultural differences in the way students cheat in tests and exams? Students from France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Ukraine, the USA and other countries were asked in an online questionnaire about the methods they have used to cheat in tests and exams. The results of the survey conducted on 1309 students show that there are similarities but also differences between the cultures with reference to the scope and to the methods used to cheat. The findings should be taken into consideration in classroom and high-stakes assessment, but also in any cross-national comparisons of students’ outcomes. Teachers, administrators and researchers ought to be aware that the differences in attitudes towards academic cheating between the nationalities may influence test validity.
The Implementation of Reflexive Methodology and a Storyline in Dual-Language Field Research
Authors: Muszyńska Barbara
Published: September 2022

This article attempts to illustrate the process of incorporating a model of reflexivity into dual- language field research as an alternative method of scientific enquiry. It also contributes to the ongoing discussion regarding how to approach reflexivity in a methodologically consistentmanner. The study is rooted in classical grounded theory and therefore it did not attempt to test or expand upon any existing or preconceived theory. However, it began with a research question on how mainstream curricula address the nature of minority cultural diversity. The research was conducted in primary schools in Texas in the United States, where dual-language curricula incorporate cultural aspects of students’ backgrounds. An overt non-participantobservation research technique was applied. The researcher was observing in an unobtrusive manner and making notes within the study environment. The codes and concepts emerging from the data were “put into dialogue” with the researcher’s voice, existing concepts and knowledge. The dialogue took place before, during, and after data collection as part of a literature review, and later to discuss the concepts and categories that emerged from the data. A storyline is used here to present the findings and emerging theories. This study demonstrates that the use of the model of reflexivity in GT research strengthens the rigor of the research process and the development of the researcher.
Oddziaływanie sądu konstytucyjnego na porządek prawny Austrii, Niemiec i Polski
Authors: Florczak-Wątor Monika , Czarny Piotr
Published: September 2022

Przedmiotem książki jest analiza oddziaływania orzecznictwa sądów konstytucyjnych na obowiązujący porządek prawny w wybranych państwach (Austria, Niemcy, Polska). Praca ta dotyczy zupełnie podstawowych problemów prawa konstytucyjnego, które są istotne w każdych warunkach ustrojowych. Jej zaletą jest to, że obejmuje sądy konstytucyjne orzekające w różnych warunkach politycznych i prawnych. Autorzy potrafili metodologicznie powiązać analizę orzecznictwa z rolą historyczną sądów i ich oddziaływaniem na porządek prawny. Jest to udana próba pokazania, jak bogata tematyka kryje się za „działalnością orzeczniczą” sądów, która i tak jest rozpatrywana w zakresie jednej (głównej) ich kompetencji do orzekania o zgodności prawa z konstytucją. Książka przekonuje do siebie metodą, starannością i precyzją wywodów Redaktorów i Autorów. Jestem przekonany, iż będzie ona mieć duże znaczenie dla nauki prawa w Polsce. Z recenzji prof. Mirosława Granata
Representações de família em calouros de Psicologia: estudo longitudinal
Authors: Rossato Lucas , Santeiro Tales Vilela , Barbieri Valéria , Scorsolini-Comin Fabio
Published: September 2022

Este estudo longitudinal teve por objetivo conhecer as representações de família por parte de estudantes de um curso de Psicologia a partir de dois momentos da formação: no início do curso, na transição para a universidade, e ao final do primeiro semestre letivo. Participaram 16 estudantes de Psicologia de uma universidade pública com idades entre 17 e 21 anos, entrevistados individualmente nesses dois momentos e submetidos a uma intervenção grupal que contou com a discussão de filmes que retratavam o tema família. Nas primeiras entrevistas a família emergiu como espaço afetivo-relacional que transcende laços consanguíneos, em uma concepção ampliada. Nas entrevistas finais, emergiu a dificuldade para definição de uma representação única que englobe todas as possibilidades de ser família. O exercício de reflexão promovido pelas atividades permitiu que os estudantes transitassem de uma representação mais cristalizada do que é família para uma leitura mais flexível sobre o que pode ser essa instituição e suas configurações. Em um contexto sociocultural permeado por discursos sociopolíticos em defesa de uma única representação familiar, atividades como a apresentada neste estudo podem fornecer condições para formação de psicólogos críticos e comprometidos com as diferentes possibilidades de ser família na atualidade.
Non-thermal laser: how patients with a body mass index of up to 40 can be treated
Authors: Geary Natalie
Published: September 2022

For years, body sculpting and contouring were the preserve of those people who were a healthy body weight according to the body mass index (BMI) scale. However, when heavier people searched for the same solutions, they had to be turned away, as there were no non-invasive fat loss treatments for those with higher BMIs. Dr Natalie Geary explains how this is changing due to the low-level light laser
Diagnostic ability of a computer algorithm to identify prehospital STEMI
Authors: Funder Jordan L , Bowles Kelly-Ann , Ross Linda J
Published: September 2022

Background:

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) accounts for 43% of deaths related to ischaemic heart disease, with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) accounting for 25%–40% of all AMI presentations. Given the impact of these diseases, there is a strong prehospital focus on early identification, treatment and transport of patients with acute coronary syndrome. The main aim of the STEMI system of care is to reduce the time to reperfusion of the myocardium, thereby improving morbidity and mortality rates. Therefore, the identification of STEMI by paramedics can have a dramatic effect on patients' long-term health outcomes. Ambulance Victoria paramedics play a crucial role in the care provided to AMI patients across the state, with the assistance of a computer-automated interpretation of 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) to aid STEMI identification.

Objectives:

This study's objective is to analyse the diagnostic capability of the computer-automated interpretation to diagnose STEMI in the out-of-hospital setting.

Methods:

Quantitative data from January 2018 to December 2019 was sourced from the Victorian Ambulance STEMI Quality Initiative. These data were periodically matched with hospital outcome and diagnosis data from the Victorian Cardiac Outcomes Registry to compare provisional paramedic diagnoses with the final hospital diagnoses.

Results:

Of the 5269 cases of suspected STEMI, 765 (14.5%) could be matched with outcome data. Of these 765 cases, 88.9% were correctly identified as STEMI. The remaining 10% were categorised as either non-STEMI or unstable angina. No data were available for 1.1%.

Conclusions:

The diagnostic capability of the Zoll Inovise 12L interpretive algorithm to diagnose STEMI in the out-of-hospital setting appears safe and feasible. However, because of limited data matching paramedic findings with patient outcomes in hospital, no hard conclusions can be drawn. Furthermore, there is no way to ascertain how many false positives the Zoll monitor is interpreting. Further investigation is required to assess the true diagnostic capability of the Zoll Inovise 12L interpretive algorithm.
The good fight: lessons from the pandemic
Authors: Costello Barry
Published: September 2022

Barry Costello finds lessons to take forward from the gruelling pandemic of the last 2+ years
Process optimization of Titanium alloy machining with Wire Electro Discharge Machining using Taguchi’s Grey Relational Analysis
Authors: RADHADEVI M. , KUMAR G. VIJAY , OPALAKRISHNAIAH P. G
Published: September 2022

Titanium alloys have exceptional mechanical properties together with high strength to weight ratio and have widespread applications in the aerospace sector. Generally, these alloys have drawback with machinability. Wire-Electro Discharge Machining (WEDM) is in use to make complex shapes. Titanium alloy efficient machining includes choosing appropriate process parameters to optimize the performance characteristics. The present experimental investigation deals with process optimization of Wire Electro Discharge Machining (WEDM) process on Titanium grade 5 material using brass wire of 0.25 mm. Servo Voltage, Peak current, Pulse-on-time and Pulse-off-time, are considered as input parameters. Experiments are carried out utilizing Taguchi's L27 orthogonal array. Every process parameter is analyzed at 3 levels by using Grey Relational Analysis (GRA). The finest process parameters that optimize the Wire Wear Ratio (WWR) and Surface Roughness (SR) are identified. ANOVA is accomplished to estimate the significance of all input parameters on output performance characteristics. Confirmation tests are conducted. Experimental results are in acceptable concurrence with the confirmation test values.
Annealing temperature effect on the performances of porous ZnO nanosheet-based self-powered UV photodetectors
Authors: Chen Zhitao , Yao Juan , Zhao Hongli , Bi Tengfei , Fu Yuechun , Shen Xiaoming , He Huan
Published: September 2022

Porous ZnO nanosheets (ZnO NSs) may play an important role in self-powered UV photodetectors due to their excellent properties, and their porosity feature affects the photoresponse performance greatly. Porous ZnO NSs were prepared by the hydrothermal method followed with a one-step annealing treatment. The effects of the annealing temperature on the microstructure and photoresponse of porous ZnO NSs and n-ZnO NSs/p-PEDOT:PSS self-powered UV photodetectors were investigated. The results show that the pore density and size of ZnO NSs can be tuned by changing the annealing temperature. At an optimum annealing temperature of 450°C, ZnO NSs exhibit greater absorption capacity for the suitable pore density and size. Meanwhile, more crystal defects due to surface contractile properties increase the number of photogenerated carriers. On this basis, the n-ZnO NSs/p-PEDOT:PSS photodetector presents a larger photocurrent and fast photodetection speed without external bias voltage, indicating the self-powered performance. The higher light absorption and large number of electron-hole pairs resulting from dense pores and surface defects in porous ZnO NSs might account for the enhanced performances.
Site selective and enhanced blue emitting of Eu2+ activated fluorapatite-type phosphors with high color purity for NUV excited pc-wLEDs
Authors: Zhao Zihan , Zhang Ran , Song Hao , Zhang Yanjie , Wu Xiuping , Li Desheng , Li Bing
Published: September 2022

As blue emitting component in phosphor-converted white-light-emitting-diodes (pc-wLEDs) encapsulated with near-ultraviolet (NUV) chips, Eu2+ activated fluorapatite structure phosphors play key roles because of strong structural stability and excellent photoluminescent properties. A series of M5(PO4)3F: Eu2+ (M = Ca, Sr) samples have been newly prepared by deposition-precipitation process (DP) and exhibited a 6.7-fold enhancement of photoluminescent (PL) intensity due to the highly dispersed Eu2+ luminescence centers when compared with the reference samples synthesized via traditional solid-state reaction method (SSR). Detailed analysis of crystal field around Eu2+ and the nonlinear fitting of PL spectra concludes that Eu2+ activators with the 4f6 → 4f75d transition preferentially replace Ca1 in 4f symmetry sites leading to a fitted peak at 446 nm and the other sites of 6h are contributed to the 479 nm emitting of Eu2+ ions. Remarkably, tunable chromaticity of DP-M5(PO4)3F: Eu2+ with high color purity (97.79%) retains steady photoelectric converting and full width at half maxima (FWHM) of 46 nm in the device of DP-FAp: 0.03Eu2+@365 nm LED under diverse driving currents, which perfectly satisfies the requirements of excitation light source for oral photocuring materials. Further, the 123.4% color gamut of National Television System Committee (NTSC) standard is efficiently obtained by matching Sr5(PO4)3F: Eu2+, CsPbBr3 and Lu3Al5O12: Mn4+ phosphors with a 365 nm chip (1 W) to achieve high-quality white light (CRI value reaches to 86, CCT is 7107 K and CIE chromaticity coordinate arrives at (0.292, 0.376), indicating a potential candidate for dentistry curing light and high-quality NUV excited pc-wLEDs.
Ambiguity drives higher-order Pavlovian learning
Authors: Zbozinek Tomislav D. , Perez Omar D. , Wise Toby , Fanselow Michael , Mobbs Dean
Published: September 2022

In the natural world, stimulus-outcome associations are often ambiguous, and most associations are highly complex and situation-dependent. Learning to disambiguate these complex associations to identify which specific outcomes will occur in which situations is critical for survival. Pavlovian occasion setters are stimuli that determine whether other stimuli will result in a specific outcome. Occasion setting is a well-established phenomenon, but very little investigation has been conducted on how occasion setters are disambiguated when they themselves are ambiguous (i.e., when they do not consistently signal whether another stimulus will be reinforced). In two preregistered studies, we investigated the role of higher-order Pavlovian occasion setting in humans. We developed and tested the first computational model predicting direct associative learning, traditional occasion setting (i.e., 1st-order occasion setting), and 2nd-order occasion setting. This model operationalizes stimulus ambiguity as a mechanism to engage in higher-order Pavlovian learning. Both behavioral and computational modeling results suggest that 2nd-order occasion setting was learned, as evidenced by lack and presence of transfer of occasion setting properties when expected and the superior fit of our 2nd-order occasion setting model compared to the 1st-order occasion setting or direct associations models. These results provide a controlled investigation into highly complex associative learning and may ultimately lead to improvements in the treatment of Pavlovian-based mental health disorders (e.g., anxiety disorders, substance use).
Fecal glucocorticoid metabolite levels in captive Indian leopards (Panthera pardus fusca) housed under three different enrichment regimes
Authors: Panchal Nirali , Desai Chena , Ghosal Ratna
Published: September 2022

Environmental enrichment improves the health and wellbeing of zoo animals. To test this hypothesis, we used Indian leopards (Panthera pardus fusca), one of the popular zoo animals, as a model organism to understand effects of active and passive enrichment elements on stress hormone levels of captive individuals. We included three enrichment categories, category ‘A’ (having both active: cage size of 1204 m3with raised platforms and earthen flooring, and passive: controlled temperature, playback of forest sounds and sound proof glass to filter visitors’ noise, enrichment elements), category ‘B’ (active enrichment type I, cage size of 264 m3with air coolers), and category C (active enrichment type II, cage size of 517 m3without air coolers) for leopards (n = 14) housed in two Indian zoos. We used a group-specific enzyme immunoassay to measure fecal glucocorticoid metabolites (fGCM) in captive leopards. For comparison, we analysed samples from free-ranging leopards, as well. fGCM levels (Mean±SEM) were 10.45±2.01 and 0.95±0.003 μg/g dry feces in captive and free-ranging leopards, respectively. Our results revealed that fGCM levels of leopards in categories B and C were significantly (P<0.05) different from each other, thus, indicating cage size (an active enrichment element) as an important factor in influencing the physiology of the sampled animals. Overall, the findings of the study will contribute towards informed policies for management of captive Indian leopards.
COVID-19 vaccine for people who live and work in prisons worldwide: A scoping review
Authors: Ismail Nasrul , Tavoschi Lara , Moazen Babak , Roselló Alicia , Plugge Emma
Published: September 2022

Overcrowding, poor conditions, and high population turnover make prisons highly susceptible to COVID-19. Vaccination is key to controlling COVID-19, yet there is disagreement regarding whether people who live and work in prisons should be prioritised in national vaccination programmes. To help resolve this, we critically examine the extent, nature, and quality of extant literature regarding prioritisation of COVID-19 vaccinations for people who live and work in prisons. Using a scoping review as our methodological framework, we conducted a systematic literature search of 17 databases. From 2,307 potentially eligible articles, we removed duplicates and screened titles and abstracts to retain 45 articles for review and quality appraisal. Findings indicated that while most countries recognise that prisons are at risk of high levels of COVID-19 transmission, only a minority have explicitly prioritised people who live and work in prisons for COVID-19 vaccination. Even among those that have, prioritisation criteria vary considerably. This is set against a backdrop of political barriers, such as politicians questioning the moral deservingness of people in prison; policy barriers, such as the absence of a unified international framework of how vaccine prioritisation should proceed in prisons; logistical barriers regarding vaccine administration in prisons; and behavioural barriers including vaccine hesitancy. We outline five strategies to prioritise people who live and work in prisons in COVID-19 vaccination plans: (1) improving data collection on COVID-19 vaccination, (2) reducing the number of people imprisoned, (3) tackling vaccine populism through advocacy, (4) challenging arbitrary prioritisation processes via legal processes, and (5) conducting more empirical research on COVID-19 vaccination planning, delivery, and acceptability. Implementing these strategies would help to reduce the impact of COVID-19 on the prison population, prevent community transmission, improve vaccine uptake in prisons beyond the current pandemic, foster political accountability, and inform future decision-making.
A potent and selective inhibitor for the modulation of MAGL activity in the neurovasculature
Authors: Kemble Alicia M. , Hornsperger Benoit , Ruf Iris , Richter Hans , Benz Jörg , Kuhn Bernd , Heer Dominik , Wittwer Matthias , Engelhardt Britta , Grether Uwe , Collin Ludovic
Published: September 2022

Chronic inflammation and blood–brain barrier dysfunction are key pathological hallmarks of neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Major drivers of these pathologies include pro-inflammatory stimuli such as prostaglandins, which are produced in the central nervous system by the oxidation of arachidonic acid in a reaction catalyzed by the cyclooxygenases COX1 and COX2. Monoacylglycerol lipase hydrolyzes the endocannabinoid signaling lipid 2-arachidonyl glycerol, enhancing local pools of arachidonic acid in the brain and leading to cyclooxygenase-mediated prostaglandin production and neuroinflammation. Monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors were recently shown to act as effective anti-inflammatory modulators, increasing 2-arachidonyl glycerol levels while reducing levels of arachidonic acid and prostaglandins, including PGE2 and PGD2. In this study, we characterized a novel, highly selective, potent and reversible monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor (MAGLi 432) in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide-induced blood–brain barrier permeability and in both human and mouse cells of the neurovascular unit: brain microvascular endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes. We confirmed the expression of monoacylglycerol lipase in specific neurovascular unit cells in vitro, with pericytes showing the highest expression level and activity. However, MAGLi 432 did not ameliorate lipopolysaccharide-induced blood–brain barrier permeability in vivo or reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain. Our data confirm monoacylglycerol lipase expression in mouse and human cells of the neurovascular unit and provide the basis for further cell-specific analysis of MAGLi 432 in the context of blood–brain barrier dysfunction caused by inflammatory insults.
Identification of interaction partners using protein aggregation and NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Chae Young Kee , Shin Han Bin , Woo Tae Rin
Published: September 2022

The interaction among proteins is one of the most fundamental methods of information transfer in the living system. Many methods have been developed in order to identify the interaction pairs or groups either in vivo or in vitro. The in vitro pulldown/coprecipitation assay directly observes the protein that binds to the target. This method involves electrophoresis, which is a technique of a low resolution as well as a low throughput. As a better alternative, we wish to propose a new method that is based on the NMR spectroscopy. This method utilizes the aggregation of the target protein and the concomitant signal disappearance of the interacting partner. The aggregation is accomplished by the elastin-like polypeptide, which is fused to the target. If a protein binds to this supramolecular complex, its NMR signal then becomes too broadened in order to be observed, which is the basic phenomenon of the NMR spectroscopy. Thus, the protein that loses its signal is the one that binds to the target. A compound that interferes with these types of bindings among the proteins can be identified by observing the reappearance of the protein signals with the simultaneous disappearance of the signals of the compound. This technique will be applied in order to find an interaction pair in the information transfer pathway as well as a compound that disrupts it. This proposed method should be able to work with a mixture of proteins and provide a higher resolution in order to find the binding partner in a higher throughput fashion.
Association between dairy consumption and cardiovascular disease events, bone fracture and all-cause mortality
Authors: Guo Jing , Givens David I. , Heitmann Berit Lilienthal
Published: September 2022

Dairy products are important constituents of a healthy and balanced diet, but their association with health outcomes remains to be established. We investigated the association of total dairy, total fermented dairy, and different dairy subtypes (including total/high-fat/low-fat milk, yogurt, cheese, butter, and cream) and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), coronary heart disease (CHD), bone fracture and all-cause mortality among 1746 Danish healthy men and women (30–60 years, 52%female). Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs were estimated using the multivariable Cox proportional hazard models. During a mean follow-up of 30 years, incident cases of CVD (n = 904), CHD (n = 332), fracture (n = 447) and all-cause mortality (n = 680) were reported. High intake of total fermented dairy was associated with lower fracture risk (HR 0.67, 95% CI: 0.51–0.90, P = 0.02) than observed in the lowest tertile of the fermented dairy group. Furthermore, high intake of low-fat milk was associated with lower risks of CVD (HR 0.84, 95% CI: 0.68–1.03, P = 0.03), CHD (HR 0.82, 95% CI: 0.59–1.16, P = 0.04), and all-cause mortality (HR 0.77, 95% CI: 0.61–0.97, P = 0.004) compared with the lowest tertile of low-fat milk group. No associations were found with other dairy subtypes. The findings from this prospective cohort study suggest an inverse association between total fermented dairy and fracture risk, and also inverse associations were found between low-fat milk consumption and risk of CVD, CHD and all-cause mortality.
TMExplorer: A tumour microenvironment single-cell RNAseq database and search tool
Authors: Christensen Erik , Naidas Alaine , Chen David , Husic Mia , Shooshtari Parisa
Published: September 2022

Motivation

The tumour microenvironment (TME) contains various cells including stromal fibroblasts, immune and malignant cells, and its composition can be elucidated using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). scRNA-seq datasets from several cancer types are available, yet we lack a comprehensive database to collect and present related TME data in an easily accessible format.

Results

We therefore built a TME scRNA-seq database, and created the R package TMExplorer to facilitate investigation of the TME. TMExplorer provides an interface to easily access all available datasets and their metadata. The users can search for datasets using a thorough range of characteristics. The TMExplorer allows for examination of the TME using scRNA-seq in a way that is streamlined and allows for easy integration into already existing scRNA-seq analysis pipelines.
Procalcitonin as a predictive marker in COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kumar Amit , Karn Era , Trivedi Kiran , Kumar Pramod , Chauhan Ganesh , Kumari Aradhana , Pant Pragya , Munisamy Murali , Prakash Jay , Sarkar Prattay Guha , Prasad Kameshwar , Prasad Anupa
Published: September 2022

Background

Coronavirus disease 2019 has emerged as a global pandemic causing millions of critical cases and deaths. Early identification of at-risk patients is crucial for planning triage and treatment strategies.

Methods and findings

We performed this systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the pooled prognostic significance of procalcitonin in predicting mortality and severity in patients with COVID-19 using a robust methodology and clear clinical implications.

Design

We used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses and Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions guidelines. We included thirty-two prospective and retrospective cohort studies involving 13,154 patients.

Results

The diagnostic odds ratio of procalcitonin for predicting mortality were estimated to be 11 (95% CI: 7 to 17) with sensitivity, specificity, and summary area under the curveof 0.83 (95% CI: 0.70 to 0.91), 0.69 (95% CI: 0.58 to 0.79), and 0.83 (95% CI: 0.79 to 0.86) respectively. While for identifying severe cases of COVID-19, the odds ratio was 8.0 (95% CI 5.0 to 12.0) with sensitivity, specificity, and summary area under the curve of 0.73 (95% CI 0.67 to 0.78), 0.74 (0.66 to 0.81), and 0.78 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.82) respectively.

Conclusion

Procalcitonin has good discriminatory power for predicting mortality and disease severity in COVID-19 patients. Therefore, procalcitonin measurement may help identify potentially severe cases and thus decrease mortality by offering early aggressive treatment.
High nutrient loads amplify carbon cycling across California and New York coastal wetlands but with ambiguous effects on marsh integrity and sustainability
Authors: Watson Elizabeth Burke , Rahman Farzana I. , Woolfolk Andrea , Meyer Robert , Maher Nicole , Wigand Cathleen , Gray Andrew B.
Published: September 2022

Eutrophic conditions in estuaries are a globally important stressor to coastal ecosystems and have been suggested as a driver of coastal salt marsh loss. Potential mechanisms in marshes include disturbance caused by macroalgae accumulations, enhanced soil sulfide levels linked to high labile carbon inputs, accelerated decomposition, and declines in belowground biomass that contribute to edge instability, erosion, and slumping. However, results of fertilization studies have been mixed, and it is unclear the extent to which local environmental conditions, such as soil composition and nutrient profiles, help shape the response of salt marshes to nutrient exposure. In this study, we characterized belowground productivity and decomposition, organic matter mineralization rates, soil respiration, microbial biomass, soil humification, carbon and nitrogen inventories, nitrogen isotope ratios, and porewater profiles at high and low marsh elevations across eight marshes in four estuaries in California and New York that have strong contrasts in nutrient inputs. The higher nutrient load marshes were characterized by faster carbon turnover, with higher belowground production and decomposition and greater carbon dioxide efflux than lower nutrient load marshes. These patterns were robust across marshes of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts that varied in plant species composition, soil flooding patterns, and soil texture. Although impacts of eutrophic conditions on carbon cycling appeared clear, it was ambiguous whether high nutrient loads are causing negative effects on long-term marsh sustainability in terms of studied metrics. While high nutrient exposure marshes had high rates of decomposition and soil respiration rates, high nutrient exposure was also associated with increased belowground production, and reduced levels of sulfides, which should lead to greater marsh sustainability. While this study does not resolve the extent to which nutrient loads are negatively affecting these salt marshes, we do highlight functional differences between Atlantic and Pacific wetlands which may be useful for understanding coastal marsh health and integrity.
COVID-19 symptom relationship to antibody response and ACE2 neutralization in recovered health systems employees before and after mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine
Authors: Huhn Gregory , Poorbaugh Josh , Zhang Lin , Beasley Stephanie , Nirula Ajay , Brothers Jennifer , Welbel Sharon , Wilson James , Gillani Sheena , Weber Kathleen M. , Morack Ralph , Keckler Kody , Benschop Robert J.
Published: September 2022

Background

The humoral response to SARS-CoV-2 can provide immunity and prevent reinfection. However, less is known about how the diversity, magnitude, and length of the antibody response after a primary infection is associated with symptoms, post-infection immunity, and post-vaccinated immunity.

Methods

Cook County Health employees provided blood samples and completed an online survey 8–10 weeks after a PCR-confirmed positive SARS-CoV-2 test (pre-vaccinated, N = 41) and again, 1–4 weeks after completion of a 2-dose series mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine (post-vaccinated, N = 27). Associations were evaluated between SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers, participant demographics, and clinical characteristics. Antibody titers and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) neutralization were compared before and after the mRNA BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine.

Results

Antibody titers to the spike protein (ST4), receptor binding domain (RBD), and RBD mutant D614G were significantly associated with anosmia and ageusia, cough, and fever. Spike protein antibody titers and ACE2 neutralization were significantly higher in participants that presented with these symptoms. Antibody titers to the spike protein N-terminal domain (NTD), RBD, and ST4, and ACE2 IC50 were significantly higher in all post-vaccinated participant samples compared to pre-vaccinated participant sample, and not dependent on previously reported symptoms.

Conclusions

Spike protein antibody titers and ACE2 neutralization are associated with the presentation of anosmia and ageusia, cough, and fever after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Symptom response to previous SARS-CoV-2 infection did not influence the antibody response from subsequent vaccination. These results suggest a relationship between infection severity and the magnitude of the immune response and provide meaningful insights into COVID-19 immunity according to discrete symptom presentation.
The effects of laryngeal mask airway versus endotracheal tube on atelectasis in patients undergoing general anesthesia assessed by lung ultrasound: A protocol for a prospective, randomized controlled trial
Authors: Li Xuebin , Liu Bin , Wang Yaxin , Xiong Wei , Zhang Yuan , Bao Di , Liang Yi , Li Ling , Liu Gaifen , Jin Xu
Published: September 2022

Background

The incidence of atelectasis is high in patients undergoing general anesthesia. This may cause oxygenation impairment and further contribute to postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs). As important airway management devices for general anesthesia, few studies have compared the effects of laryngeal mask airway (LMA) and endotracheal tube (ETT) on atelectasis. Additionally, lung ultrasound has been increasingly used for bedside atelectasis diagnosis. For the above considerations, this trial is designed to compare the effects of LMA and ETT on atelectasis assessed by lung ultrasound scores, further providing more powerful clinical evidence for perioperative respiratory management of non-laparoscopic elective lower abdominal surgery under general anesthesia.

Methods

This is a prospective, single-center, single-blind, randomized controlled trial. From July 2021 to July 2022, 180 patients undergoing elective non-laparoscopic lower abdominal surgery under general anesthesia will be recruited and randomly divided into the ETT and LMA groups at a ratio of 1:1. The primary outcome is the total atelectasis LUS of 12 lung regions 15 min after the establishment of the artificial airway. The total atelectasis LUS at the end of surgery and 30 min after extubation, oxygenation index, postoperative airway complications, PPCs, and length of stay will be analyzed as secondary indicators.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: ChiCTR1900020818. Registered on January 20, 2019. Registered with the name of “Laryngeal mask airway versus endotracheal tube for atelectasis.” URL: https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=35143.
Biperiden for prevention of post-traumatic epilepsy: A protocol of a double-blinded placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial (BIPERIDEN trial)
Authors: Foresti Maira Licia , Garzon Eliana , Pinheiro Carla Cristina Gomes , Pacheco Rafael Leite , Riera Rachel , Mello Luiz Eugênio
Published: September 2022

Background

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most important causes of acquired structural epilepsy, post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE), however, efficient preventative measures and treatment are still not available to patients. Preclinical studies indicated biperiden, an anticholinergic drug, as a potential drug to modify the epileptogenic process. The main objective of this clinical trial is to evaluate the efficacy of biperiden as an antiepileptogenic agent in patients that suffered TBI.

Methods

This prospective multicenter (n = 10) interventional study will include 312 adult patients admitted to emergency care units with a diagnosis of moderate or severe TBI. Following inclusion and exclusion criteria, patients will be randomized, using block randomization, to receive double-blind treatment with placebo or biperiden for 10 days. Follow-up will occur at specific time windows up to 2 years. Main outcomes are incidence of PTE after TBI and occurrence of severe adverse events. Other outcomes include exploratory investigation of factors that might have benefits for the treatment or might influence its results, such as genetic background, clinical progression, electroencephalographic abnormalities, health-related quality of life and neuropsychological status. Analyses will be conducted following the safety, intention-to-treat and efficacy concepts.

Discussion

We hypothesize that biperiden treatment will be effective to prevent or mitigate the development of post-traumatic epilepsy in TBI patients. Other health measures from this population also may benefit from treatment with biperiden.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04945213. Registered on June 30, 2021.
A comparative phytochemical study of nine Lauraceae species by using chemometric data analysis
Authors: Oh Mira , Park Hyun-Seung , Um Soohyun , Yang Tae-Jin , Kim Seung Hyun
Published: September 2022

The diversity of secondary metabolites of individual plants results from multiple enzymatic processes in planta and various environmental factors, such as temperature, moisture, and soil conditions. Chemical composition analysis of plants can lead to a new method to understand relationship among comparable plants along with biological classification such as genetic and anatomical method. In this study, the chemical diversity of nine different Lauraceae species was investigated, and the plant samples were chemically analyzed and classified. Multivariate analysis methods, such as PLS-DA, were used to select important metabolites distinguishing the nine Lauraceae species. The selected metabolites were identified through preparative LC-MS or MS/MS fragment pattern analysis. In addition, the chemical dendrogram for the nine Lauraceae species was interpreted through molecular network analysis and compared with the genetic dendrogram. This approach enabled us to compare the complete chemical compositions of multiple plant samples to identify relationships among plants.
Community-based medication delivery program for antihypertensive medications improves adherence and reduces blood pressure
Authors: Tran Dan N. , Kangogo Kibet , Amisi James A. , Kamadi James , Karwa Rakhi , Kiragu Benson , Laktabai Jeremiah , Manji Imran N. , Njuguna Benson , Szkwarko Daria , Qian Kun , Vedanthan Rajesh , Pastakia Sonak D.
Published: September 2022

Non-adherence to antihypertensive medications is a major cause of uncontrolled hypertension, leading to cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Ensuring consistent medication possession is crucial in addressing non-adherence. Community-based medication delivery is a strategy that may improve medication possession, adherence, and blood pressure (BP) reduction. Our program in Kenya piloted a community medication delivery program, coupled with blood pressure monitoring and adherence evaluation. Between September 2019 and March 2020, patients who received hypertension care from our chronic disease management program also received community-based delivery of antihypertensive medications. We calculated number of days during which each patient had possession of medications and analyzed the relationship between successful medication delivery and self-reported medication adherence and BP. A total of 128 patient records (80.5% female) were reviewed. At baseline, mean systolic blood pressure (SBP) was 155.7 mmHg and mean self-reported adherence score was 2.7. Sixty-eight (53.1%) patients received at least 1 successful medication delivery. Our pharmacy dispensing records demonstrated that medication possession was greater among patients receiving medication deliveries. Change in self-reported medication adherence from baseline worsened in patients who did not receive any medication delivery (+0.5), but improved in patients receiving 1 delivery (-0.3) and 2 or more deliveries (-0.8). There was an SBP reduction of 1.9, 6.1, and 15.5 mmHg among patients who did not receive any deliveries, those who received 1 delivery, and those who received 2 or more medication deliveries, respectively. Adjusted mixed-effect model estimates revealed that mean SBP reduction and self-reported medication adherence were improved among individuals who successfully received medication deliveries, compared to those who did not. A community medication delivery program in western Kenya was shown to be implementable and enhanced medication possession, reduced SBP, and significantly improved self-reported adherence. This is a promising strategy to improve health outcomes for patients with uncontrolled hypertension that warrants further investigation.
Methodology to estimate natural- and vaccine-induced antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in a large geographic region
Authors: DeSantis Stacia M. , León-Novelo Luis G. , Swartz Michael D. , Yaseen Ashraf S. , Valerio-Shewmaker Melissa A. , Talebi Yashar , Brito Frances A. , Ross Jessica A. , Kohl Harold W. , Messiah Sarah E. , Kelder Steve H. , Wu Leqing , Zhang Shiming , Aguillard Kimberly A. , Gonzalez Michael O. , Omega-Njemnob Onyinye S. , Lakey David , Shuford Jennifer A. , Pont Stephen , Boerwinkle Eric
Published: September 2022

Accurate estimates of natural and/or vaccine-induced antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 are difficult to obtain. Although model-based estimates of seroprevalence have been proposed, they require inputting unknown parameters including viral reproduction number, longevity of immune response, and other dynamic factors. In contrast to a model-based approach, the current study presents a data-driven detailed statistical procedure for estimating total seroprevalence (defined as antibodies from natural infection or from full vaccination) in a region using prospectively collected serological data and state-level vaccination data. Specifically, we conducted a longitudinal statewide serological survey with 88,605 participants 5 years or older with 3 prospective blood draws beginning September 30, 2020. Along with state vaccination data, as of October 31, 2021, the estimated percentage of those 5 years or older with naturally occurring antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in Texas is 35.0% (95% CI = (33.1%, 36.9%)). This is 3× higher than, state-confirmed COVID-19 cases (11.83%) for all ages. The percentage with naturally occurring or vaccine-induced antibodies (total seroprevalence) is 77.42%. This methodology is integral to pandemic preparedness as accurate estimates of seroprevalence can inform policy-making decisions relevant to SARS-CoV-2.
CCT196969 effectively inhibits growth and survival of melanoma brain metastasis cells
Authors: Reigstad Agathe , Herdlevær Christina Frantzen , Rigg Emma , Hoang Tuyen , Bjørnstad Ole Vidhammer , Aasen Synnøve Nymark , Preis Jasmin , Haan Claude , Sundstrøm Terje , Thorsen Frits
Published: September 2022

Melanomas frequently metastasize to the brain. Despite recent progress in the treatment of melanoma brain metastasis, therapy resistance and relapse of disease remain unsolved challenges. CCT196969 is a SRC family kinase (SFK) and Raf proto-oncogene, serine/threonine kinase (RAF) inhibitor with documented effects in primary melanoma cell lines in vitro and in vivo. Using in vitro cell line assays, we studied the effects of CCT196969 in multiple melanoma brain metastasis cell lines. The drug effectively inhibited proliferation, migration, and survival in all examined cell lines, with viability IC50 doses in the range of 0.18–2.6 μM. Western blot analysis showed decreased expression of p-ERK, p-MEK, p-STAT3 and STAT3 upon CCT196969 treatment. Furthermore, CCT196969 inhibited viability in two B-Raf Proto-Oncogene (BRAF) inhibitor resistant metastatic melanoma cell lines. Further in vivo studies should be performed to determine the treatment potential of CCT196969 in patients with treatment-naïve and resistant melanoma brain metastasis.
Simplification of 2D shear wave elastography by enlarged SWE box and multiple regions of interest in one acquisition
Authors: Weiher Moritz , Richtering Felix Gunnar , Dörffel Yvonne , Müller Hans-Peter
Published: September 2022

Two-dimensional (2D) Shear Wave Elastography (SWE) is an easy to perform technique to evaluate the liver stiffness. To simplify the procedure and reduce the acquisition time we enlarged the size of the SWE-box and set ten regions of interest (ROI) in one acquisition. We compare the accuracy of this method to ten separate acquisitions in a small box each with a single ROI measurement. Sixty-nine volunteers with diffuse chronic liver disease were studied with 2D-SWE using a Canon Aplio i800 ultrasound system. The shear-wave-speed was measured in the right lobe in ten separate acquisitions and compared to one acquisition with increased size of the SWE-box and ten different ROI measurements. A Bland-Altmann plot was drawn and the interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to compare both methods. Finally, 2D-SWE was successfully performed thru both methods in sixty-six participants. Between both methods the ICC is 0.82. The results of this study show a good reliability between ten separate measures and one grouped measure with ten ROI if the mean is below 1.6m/s (7.7kPa). For higher degrees of fibrosis (≥F2) further investigations are needed.
Associations between self-reported masticatory dysfunction and frailty: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kojima Gotaro , Taniguchi Yu , Iwasaki Masanori , Aoyama Reijiro , Urano Tomohiko
Published: September 2022

Background

Oral health is a key factor of overall health and closely associated with well-being and quality of life. Mastication is one the most important oral functions and may deteriorate with aging. Evidence on association between masticatory dysfunction and frailty in the literature is scarce and not coherent.

Methods

A search strategy was developed to conduct a systematic review of the literature in PubMed, CINAHL, and AMED in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We searched for studies published in 2000 or later that examined associations between self-reported masticatory dysfunction and frailty risk. The reference lists of the relevant articles were reviewed for additional studies. We calculated pooled odds ratios (OR) of association between self-reported masticatory dysfunction and the risk of frailty by fixed-effects meta-analysis. The Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist was used to assess risk of bias. Publication bias was assessed by visually inspecting a funnel plot.

Results

A total of 285 studies were identified by the literature search. Among 5 studies selected for this review, 4 cross-sectional studies including a total of 7425 individuals were used for meta-analysis. The pooled results by a fixed-effects model showed that there was a significant association between self-reported masticatory dysfunction and frailty risk (pooled OR = 1.83, 95%CI = 1.55–2.18, p<0.00001). There was no evidence of publication bias observed.

Conclusions

This systematic review and meta-analysis highlighted pooled cross-sectional evidence that community-dwelling older people who report masticatory dysfunction are significantly more likely to be frail than those who do not. The limitations of this study are: inclusion of only cross-sectional studies, no gold standard to measure masticatory functions, self-reported information on masticatory function, and the limited number of included studies. More longitudinal studies are warranted for further understanding of the causal pathways and elucidate underlying mechanisms.

Registration: PROSPERO CRD42021277173