bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endothelial function in end-stage renal failure
Authors: Glassberg Helene L , Loscalzo Joseph
Published: October 2023

The vascular endothelium regulates vascular function through synthesis and local release of several substances, including endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF)/nitric oxide (NO), prostacyclin, and endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF), that modulate vascular tone and vascular remodeling. Through elaboration of these factors, the normal endothelium supports vasodilation, inhibition of platelet activation, and inhibition of leukocyte adhesion and intimal proliferation, and helps to maintain blood fluidity and tissue perfusion.
Lipoprotein abnormalities in end-stage renal failure
Authors: Kronenberg Florian
Published: October 2023

Characterization of lipoproteins Cholesterol and triglycerides are hydrophobic substances that can be transported in plasma only as lipoproteins. Therefore, lipoproteins are essential ‘couriers’ which deliver lipids where they are needed and remove them from peripheral cells when in excess. Lipoproteins are macromolecular complexes with a core of hydrophobic triglycerides and cholesteryl esters. The surface of lipoproteins is mainly composed of a monolayer of phospholipids in contact with the lipids of the lipoprotein core on the end official aspect and with the plasma compartment on the official aspect.
Microabuminunia and atherosclerotic vascular disease
Authors: Yi Jong-Yoon , Bakris George L
Published: October 2023

Microabuminuia (MAU) is defined as the presence of albumin in the urine above the normal range (of less than 30 milligrams per day) but below the detectable range with the conventional dipstick methodology. Data from several pioneering studies over the last two decades demonstrate that MAU is not only a predictor of diabetic complications but also a powerful independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease (CVD).H Moreover, MAU predicts development of ischemic cardiovascular events related to development of atherosclerosis.
Hemodynamic instability, arrhythmias, and dialysis reactions
Authors: Leunissen K M L , Kooman J P , Sande F M van der
Published: October 2023

Intermittent hemodialysis induces rapid changes in the fluid and solute status of the patient. This may lead to clinical symptoms which can vary from slight discomfort to life-threatening complications. The most frequently occurring symptom is hypotension. Other, less common complications are chest pain, cardiac arrhythmias, and anaphylactoid reactions. Although these complications are sometimes unavoidable, they can often be avoided with careful clinical judgment and modification of the dialysis regimen. This chapter will discuss the pathophysiology, treatment, and prevention of acute complications during intermittent dialysis.
Glutamatergic contributions to cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia
Authors: Krystal John H , Belger Aysenil , Abi-Saab Walid , Moghaddam Bita , Charney Dennis S , Anand Amit , Madonick Steven , D’Souza Cyril
Published: October 2023

Both cognitive neuroscience and schizophrenia research have moved beyond the study of single regions and single neurotransmitters toward an appreciation of the importance of networks and neurotransmitter interactions (Krystal et al., 1998b). One factor driving these shifts in schizophrenia research has been the appreciation that dopamine (DA) is one of many neurotransmitter systems implicated in the symptoms and cognitive dysfunction associated with schizophrenia (Carlsson and Carlsson, 1990). Rapid growth in the molecular neuroscience and psychopharmacology of glutamate systems has provided a number of potential insights into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia related to the N-methyl-n-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist model psychosis (Krystal et al., 1998b). As a result, there is increasing interest in reviewing this progress in order to integrate this body of research more fully into the schizophrenia literature.
The Central Cholinergic System and Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia
Authors: McGurk Susan R , Powchik Peter
Published: October 2023

Cognitive impairment of varying degrees of severity is seen in virtually all patients with chronic schizophrenia (Gold and Harvey, 1993). In some cases, the impairment is quite mild, detectable only by neuropsychological examination, and perhaps only in comparison with an identical twin. In other cases, the impairment is obvious and severe enough to warrant an additional diagnosis of dementia (Davidson et al., 1995). Unlike psychotic symptoms, cognitive deficits in schizophrenia do not remit spontaneously nor are they ameliorated by treatment with typical antipsychotic drugs (for a review, see Cassens et al., 1990).
Complications of myocardial infarction
Authors: Jennings Kevin
Published: October 2023

This can be usefully defined as sudden cessation of cardiovascular function. This is usually a legacy of cardiac arrhythmias. When it occurs early after infarction (primary ventricular fibrillation) it may not be associated with a poor prognosis provided successful resuscitation is performed. All personnel with patient-contact should be trained in efficient cardiac arrest procedures.
Psychiatric disorders mimicking dementia
Authors: Berrios G E , Marková I S
Published: October 2023

It is a sobering thought that in the new brave world of neuroimaging, neuropsychology, and high power discriminators, on occasions clinicians are not yet able to distinguish between the mental state caused by echte ‘dementia’ from its copies or mimics. It is known that the latter can be generated by a variety of clinical states, ranging from mental symptoms and diseases to iatrogenic states. The diagnosis and management of these mimics is hampered by the fact that little is known about their mechanisms. Indeed, at this stage it is even unclear where the problem really lies, namely whether it is due to fuzziness inherent in the clinical concepts themselves (e.g. dementia, depression, cognitive impairment, confusion) or to a mere lack of sensitivity in current discriminators. If the issue is concepts, then the emphasis should be on understanding the genesis of the concepts involved and the creation of more imaginative operational definitions; if it is a matter of sensitivity, then the effort ought to go into empirical research.
Dementia with Lewy bodies
Authors: Salmon David P , Galasko Douglas , Hansen Lawrence A
Published: October 2023

Recent clinico-neuropathological studies have shown that 15–25% of patients who manifest a syndrome similar to dementia of the Alzheimer type during life have Lewy bodies diffusely dis- tributed in widespread regions of the neocortex (Kosaka et al. 1984; Lennox et al. 1989). This cortical Lewy body pathology occurs along with the typical subcortical changes of Parkinson’s disease (PD) (i.e. Lewy bodies and cell loss), and in many cases with the typical cortical distribution of senile plaques (but often not neurofibrillary tangles) associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (Hansen et al. 1990). A variety of designations have been applied to this clinico- neuropathological entity including diffuse Lewy body disease (Dickson et al. 1987; Kosaka 1990; Kosaka et al. 1984), Lewy body dementia (Gibb et al. 1985, 1989), and senile dementia of the Lewy body type (Perry et al. 1990a). Recently, the designation dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) has been proposed as a more descriptive and all encompassing label (McKeith et al. 1996b).
Locally Induced Hyperthermia In Bladder Cancer
Authors: Rigatti Patrizio , Lev Avidgor , Pozzo Luigi Filippo Da , Salonia Andrea , Colombo Renzo
Published: October 2023

For long time now local hyperthermia (LHT) has appeared to be a promisi.ng approach for treating solid tumours, particularly those located on the surface of the body or within a natural body cavity. Unfortunately, lack of a suitable and safe technology has prevented so far the implementation of this therapeutic solution. Based on advances in technology and on knowledge regarding the pathophysiology of the neoplastic diseases, recently acquired, many interesting clinical applications concerning hyperthermia alone or in combination with chemo- and/or radiotherapy in tumour ablation and prevention have been documented. A supra-additive, or at least additive antitumoral effect induced by the associated administration of local hyperthermia and radiation or cytostatic drugs has been indeed demonstrated in vitro, in animal models, as well as in many clinical trials.
Fatigue and depression in cancer patients: Conceptual and clinical issues
Authors: Jacobsen Paul , Weitzner Michael
Published: October 2023

There is a growing recognition among oncology professionals that fatigue is one of the most common and distressing symptoms experienced by cancer patients (Winningham et al. 1994; Richardson 1995). In seeking to learn more about the aetiology and treatment of fatigue, clinicians and researchers alike have been challenged to understand how fatigue and depression may be related in patients with cancer.
The nature and the role counselling in primary care
Authors: Bond Tim
Published: October 2023

The development of counselling services in primary health care is at a critical and fairly unpredictable phase. By 2000, it was estimated that over half the practices in Britain had counsel1ors as members of the primary care team (Mellor-Clark et al., 2001). The introduction of primary care group purchasing has created a period of uncertainty and change, with some practices losing counselling services either temporarily or in the longer term. Equally, in some areas, there has been a growth in pro vision with counselling being made available to more practices. The management of counselling services also appears to be changing with a trend towards delivering counselling within psychological therapy teams through mental health trusts. Coincidental with all these changes are strong indications that government is deter mined to introduce statutory regulations for the psychological therapies.
Counselling the sceptical view
Authors: Harris Myles
Published: October 2023

In rather leaden prose, the Concise O>.ford Dictionary ( 1990) defines counselling as ‘The process of assisting and giving guidance to clients especially by a trained person on a professional basis to resolve (esp.) personal, social, psychological problems and difficulties.’ This tight, bureaucratic language does scant justke to one of the great phenomena of the twentieth O:’.ntury. There are said to be more counsellors in Britain today than GPs, and in the NHS the number of surgeries having direct access to a counsellor (usually in-house) has risen from around 511/0 in the early 1980s, to dose to 40(),h today. An editorial in J 993 described ‘an explosion of counselling’ taking place in the UK (Laverty 1993).
Problems of interpersonal relationships
Authors: Eatock John , Bond Tim
Published: October 2023

This chapter considers the interpersonal aspects of providing counselling in primary care. It opens by considering the significance of relationships in this setting. The sections that follow consider different challenges faced by the counsellor. The first section will consider the counsellor’s own relationship with the primary health care team, especially the GP, and the referral process.
Trauma
Authors: Wright Michael
Published: October 2023

Trauma is encountered in primary health care (PHC) resulting from a wide range of circumstances. These include transport or workplace accidents, fires, violent or sexual assaults, robberies and refugee status.
Japan
Authors: Asai Atsushi , Miura Yasuhiko , Nagata Shizuko , Fukurhara Shunichi , Kurokawa Kiyoshi
Published: October 2023

In Japan as in many other countries, health care professionals and society as a whole have become increasingly aware of a growing number of ethical issues in health care since the 1980s. Many issues remain controversial even today; they include to what ex tent respect for patient autonomy is relevant in decision making; whether or not brain death is the death of the individual; and how decisions about life-prolonging treatments and end-of-life issues should be determined, to name only a few. Under these circumstances, it was not until the end of the 1990s that ethical problems in nephrology began to attract physicians’ attention.
Depression
Authors: Ballard Clive , O’Brien John , James Ian , Swann Alan
Published: October 2023

Depression and dementia are the two most common psychiatric disorders in the elderly, so it is not surprising that they often co-exist. The prevalence of dementia is usually quoted as 5% among those aged >65 years, while the corresponding prevalence of major depression is 1-3%. However, approximately 10-20% of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (Burns et al. 1990) and probably a higher pro portion of those with vascular dementia, also suffer from depression (Newman 1999), demonstrating that the two co-exist more often than would be expected on the basis of chance.
Consumer health informatics in the Internet age
Authors: Eysenbach Gunther , Jadad Alejandro R
Published: October 2023

For the past 100,000 years, people have been able to produce, distribute, and process information in a synchronized manner. About 500 years ago, the situation started to change rapidly. With the advent of the mobile type press, our ability to produce and distribute information started to accelerate, outpacing our capacity to process information. During the past 10 years, we have witnessed how the Internet and the World Wide Web have led to a hyper-production and hyper-distribution of information, which have clearly overwhelmed our capacity to process it.
Oral zolmitriptan for acute Migraine
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry
Published: October 2023

Comprehensive searches of the following databases were made: MEDLINE (1966–July 2001), EMBASE (1980–June 2001), Cochrane Library (Issue 3, 2001), PubMed (to September 2001) and the Oxford Pain Relief Database (1950–1994). A series of free text searches were undertaken, using generic and trade names. There was no restriction to language. Retrieved reports were searched for additional trials. Neither individual authors nor pharmaceutical companies were contacted for unpublished data.
Antidepressants for diabetic neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry
Published: October 2023

For over 30 years the management of neuropathic pain has involved the use of both antidepressants and anticonvulsants, but which drug class should be the first-line choice remains unclear. The dogma that the character of the pain was predictive of the response, burning pain responding to antidepressants and shooting pain to anticonvulsants, was shown to be incorrect in diabetic neuropathy, where patients experiencing both burning and shooting pain responded to tricyclic antidepressants. Most studies on neuropathic pain have involved diabetic neuropathy and post herpetic neuralgia, because these conditions represent the majority of patients with neuropathic pain with discrete diagnoses.
Systemic local anaesthetic-type drugs in chronic pain
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry
Published: October 2023

Clinical bottom line. Sodium channel blockers can be used to reduce pain due to nerve damage. Intravenous lignocaine and oral mexiletine both reduce neuropathic pain. Intravenous lignocaine is effective in fibromyalgia (based on small patient numbers), but not in cancer related pain. Intranasal lignocaine is not effective in myofascial pain (based on small patient numbers). Lignocaine and related local anaesthetic-type drugs which block sodium channels have been used to relieve clinical pain, as a last resort in cancer-related pain and in other conditions when more traditional treatments fail. It has been demonstrated that the neuroma and the dorsal root ganglion display spontaneous activity and increased sensitivity after peripheral nerve injury.
Coxibs for treating rheumatoid and osteoarthritis
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry
Published: October 2023

The key issue is this. Cyclooxygenase-1 is largely constitutive and responsible for, among other functions, protecting the stomach and duodenum from acid attack. Inhibition leads to poorer protection, and the development of erosions and ulcers, bleeding, and even death from a bleeding ulcer (see section 5.6). Cyclooxygenase-2 is largely inducible and responsible for actions that lead to pain. Inhibition should reduce pain.Cyclooxygenase-2 is constitutive in brain and kidney.
TNF antibodies and rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry
Published: October 2023

A real difficulty with original treatments is that evidence emerges slowly. This is particularly the case for chronic diseases where treatments may have to be assessed over long periods. This slow emergence means that initially there can be some difficulty in assessing whether the treatment works, how well it works, in whom it works, and what the economics are if it does work. There comes a point, though, when there is sufficient evidence on which to pass a judgement, which is one reason the UK government set up its National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE). As part of its work, NICE now publishes on its Internet site the evidence on which its judgements are based. The way in which it assessed the evidence on anti-TNF treatments for rheumatoid arthritis [1] demonstrates a growing quality and maturity in its processes.
Palliative care delivery Systems
Authors: Moore Andrew , Edwards Jayne , Barden Jodie , McQuay Henry
Published: October 2023

Forty-one studies were included: they were published between 1978 and 1996. Thirty-three were found in electronic databases and eight were found in reference lists. Eighteen were published in 1988 and later. All were published in English. 11 were RCTs; 30 were nonrandomised comparative studies. Only four of the 41 studies provided information on all of the clinically relevant elements selected a priori: type of care provided, type of health care providers, setting, and outcomes. It was clear that most efforts have focused on adults with cancer and little has been done to increase understanding of palliative care in paediatric or non-cancer populations.
Contemporary Approaches to the Study of Hysteria
Authors: Halligan Peter W , Bass Christopher , Marshall John C
Published: October 2023

Patients with striking physical symptoms suggestive of a neurological disease, but no evidence of nervous system damage are typically labelled as suffering from “hysterical conversion”. Despite claims that conversion disorders have disappeared from clinical practice, patients with conversion symptoms continue to present diagnostic conundrums to clinicians. The disorder accounts for 4% of all referrals to neurology services. This book covers aspects neglected by previous works on this controversial condition, moving away from traditional historico-sociological accounts towards neuroscientific theories about the causes and categorization of hysteria. Recent investigations using functional imaging and hypnosis are covered, as are the neuropsychological accounts inspired by them, alongside more traditional psychodynamic accounts. A section on medico-legal aspects is innovative and timely. The key causal role of life events is also addressed, along with the influence of military conflict and culture in shaping and modifying clinical presentations, and changes in physical manifestations of hysteria through the centuries. With contributions from a distinguished international team, representative of all interested specialty groups, this books aims to demonstrate that hysterical conversion remains clinically important, with potential for empirical research in both social and medical sciences, as well as offering a fertile source for advancing neuroscience.
Factitious disorders and malingering
Authors: Bass Christopher
Published: October 2023

Factitious disorders are characterized by ‘physical or psychological symptoms that are intentionally produced or feigned in order to assume the sick role’ (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The judgement that a particular symptom is intentionally produced is made both by direct evidence and by excluding other causes of the symptom. In factitious disorder, the motivation for producing the symptom is deemed to be a psychological need to assume the sick role, as evidenced by ‘an absence of external incentives for the disorder’ (American Psychiatric Association, 1994).
Non-epileptic seizures
Authors: Trimble Michael R
Published: October 2023

The motor and sensory symptoms of hysteria are amongst the most dramatic of its presentations. They have been observed since ancient times, and the hysterical anaes- thetic areas were deemed witches’ ‘patches’ in the Middle Ages. The extravagant move- ment disorders formed part of the dancing manias which occurred around the same time. In the mid- to late nineteenth century it was the French physicians in particular who described the glorious clinical manifestations of a large number of patients with hysteria, and again it was the motor and sensory pictures which dominated attention. Charcot’s book, Clinical Lectures on Diseases of the Nervous System , is illustrated with pictures of contortions, contractures, and anaesthetic areas.
Colds through the centuries
Authors: Tyrrell David , Fielder Michael
Published: October 2023

My involvement with the common cold seemed to come about almost by accident, though I suspect that very little in life occurs purely by chance. In 1957 I was running a virus research laboratory in Sheffield. The work was going well and I was looking forward to pursuing my line of research to a successful conclusion. And then an informal message, an even more informal interview, and I found myself transplanted, complete with family, to a remote site in the south of England. I was to run the research programme of the CCU.
Patient-centred care and the team approach
Authors: Duffy Ciarán
Published: October 2023

The aim of this chapter is to describe how an ideal paediatric rheumatology clinic might be structured, recognizing that such an ideal is not always obtainable. The rationale for a paediatric team and the important concept of making the patient a central component of the team is discussed. The delivery of health care to the population at large is an incredibly complex task that has become increasingly more difficult over these past few decades. Amazing technological advances, groundbreaking new discoveries, new treatments, evidence-based approaches, out- comes research, ‘managed care’, and easy access to information via the Internet are some of the factors that have contributed to this complexity.
Clinical trials
Authors: Feldman Brian
Published: October 2023

The aim of this chapter is to explain the rationale for the use of clinical trials in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA). Some important clinical issues that dictate the need for clinical trials are discussed. The clinical trials that have been performed in JIA are detailed, with their strengths and weaknesses. The overriding concept presented in this chapter is that in order for the most rapid, and effective advance in the treatment of JIA to occur the great majority of all children with JIA should be routinely enrolled in clinical trial protocols.
Early Rome and Italy
Authors: Crawford Michael
Published: October 2023

The central theme of this chapter is the Italian element in Roman history. Already under her early kings, before 509 BC, Rome was beginning to expand at the expense of her immediate neighbours. This process continued under the Republic, so that by the early third century Rome had no serious rivals south of the Po valley, where the Gauls remained an active threat. But Rome had not simply conquered Italy, she had also forced its different peoples to fight for her when required. The military manpower thus acquired was used first to defeat an invader from the east, then to win two wars against Carthage, then to conquer the whole of the Mediterranean basin.
The Founding of the Empire
Authors: Stockton David
Published: October 2023

The future Emperor Augustus was born at Rome in September 63 BC. His father, Gaius Octavius, held a praetorship two years later, but any hopes there may have been of a consulship died with him in 58 BC. The Octavii of Velitrae were well-to-do, but hitherto of only equestrian standing, and Octavius’ wife Atia came of no higher than modest senatorial stock on her father’s side; it is not surprising that a story later spread that the destined ruler of the world had been fathered on her by the god Apollo.
The Arts of Government
Authors: Purcell Nicholas
Published: October 2023

In AD 193 the military and political crisis of AD 69 was repeated; the commanders of provincial armies contended for the position of princeps. The balance of power of the armies had shifted east from the Rhine, but in almost every respect the conflicts were very similar. The crisis of 193 exchanged Commodus, the last of the Antonines in a succession of adoption and blood which had been continuous since the accession of Nerva in 96, for Septimius Severus, nominal heir to that tradition and founder of a similar sequence of succession which lasted until 235. Many have seen this disturbance as the harbinger of the chaos of the middle of the third century. Nothing could be further from the truth. In its resemblance to the turmoil of 69 the war of 193 is one of our most striking indications of the stability of the high principate.
Roman Historians
Authors: Lintott Andrew
Published: October 2023

A small proportion of the works of the Roman historians has survived the hiatus in culture and learning that followed the decline of the western half of the Roman Empire. We have only about a half of Tacitus’ major works, for example, thanks to precisely two manuscripts, and only thirty-five of the 142 books of Livy. Such is the fate of the acknowledged masters; our information about the pioneers and many other later historians is confined to brief comments and quotations. Greek historians by contrast fared much better as a result of Byzantine scholarship. Generalization from this limited evidence is made easier by the homogeneity of what survives.
Silver Latin Poetry and the Latin Novel
Authors: Jenkyns Richard
Published: October 2023

The word ‘silver’, applied to those Latin poets who wrote after the death of Augustus, is a modern label. Like all such labels, it can easily be misleading; time flows on continuously, and any attempt to divide the past into ages or periods is bound to be a more or less artificial attempt to impose simple patterns upon a complex and unceasing flux. None the less, the phrase ‘silver age’ has its uses. We customarily think of the Augustan age as a time of dazzling poetic achievement, but it is often forgotten that this achievement belongs largely to the first half of Augustus’ long reign. During his last twenty-five years and more there was no major poet still active except Ovid; and there is evidence in his later work that Ovid saw himself as a lone survivor, the last of a line. The quarter century following Ovid’s death is one of the most barren for poetry in Latin literary history; it is not unrealistic to think in terms of one chapter closing and another beginning.
NEP and the Future of the Revolution
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila
Published: October 2023

The Bolsheviks’ victory in the Civil War brought them face to face with the country’s internal problems of administrative chaos and economic devastation. The towns were hungry and half empty. Coal production had dropped catastrophically, the railways were breaking down, and industry was almost at a standstill. The peasants were mutinously resentful about food requisitioning.
Stalin’s Revolution
Authors: Fitzpatrick Sheila
Published: October 2023

The industrialization drive of the First Five-Year Plan (1929-32) and the forced collectivization of agriculture that accompanied it have often been described as a ‘revolution from above’. But the imagery of war was equally appropriate, and at the time-’in the heat of the battle’, as Soviet commentators liked to put it-war metaphors were even more common than revolutionary ones.
Introduction
Authors: Robbins Keith
Published: October 2023

No individual can embrace the full complexity of the world since 1945. No single person can enter ‘from the inside’ all of its complex structures and cultures. There is no detached vantage point which permits an author to see the world ‘as it really is’ removed from the inescapable limitations produced by his own location in time and place. What constitutes ‘due weight’ is itself culturally determined. So, this historian confesses himself to be British and male, not able fully to shake off a perspective derived from education and employment in a small group of islands off the coast of Europe which has had, even in the late twentieth century, a ‘disproportionate’ place in world history.

He first went to school in 1945, a year in which his school atlas disclosed that a large part of the world was coloured red and was in some sense British. His atlas now discloses a very different picture.
Cold Division
Authors: Robbins Keith
Published: October 2023

In March 1953 Stalin died. His death is indeed a turning point. In the years after 1945, if any one man had the whole world potentially in his hands, it was this diminutive but perhaps demonic figure. That was how matters were often perceived in ‘the West’. Early in 1946 Frank Roberts, a British diplomat in Moscow, wondered whether ‘the world is not now faced with the danger of a modern equivalent of the religious wars of the 16th century, in which Soviet Communism will struggle with western social democracy and the American version of capitalism for the domination of the world’. And, while Stalin lived, this was what was happening. There were two alternative systems and the peoples and states of the world had to choose this day whom they would serve.

There has inevitably been elaborate and enduring debate on the world’s path from 1945. Was this division inevitable? Did it flow from legitimate anxieties? Naturally, there is no simple answer to these questions. Some writers, both at the time and subse-quently, have argued that there is no real problem to address. Suggesting that it would have been absurd to take the rhetoric of ‘One World’ seriously, they contend that international order depends, paradoxically, not on some supposed ‘natural’ har-mony but on there being ‘friends’ and ‘enemies’ who can be held in balance. In 1945, after the defeat of Germany and Japan, there was necessarily a power vacuum which had to be filled.
The Roman revolution
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

The Roman Revolution is a profound and unconventional treatment of a great theme - the fall of the Republic and the decline of freedom in Rome between 60 BC and AD 14, and the rise to power of the greatest of the Roman Emperors, Augustus. The transformation of state and society, the violent transference of power and property, and the establishment of Augustus' rule are presented in an unconventional narrative, which quotes from ancient evidence, refers seldomly to modern authorities, and states controversial opinions quite openly. The result is a book which is both fresh and compelling.
Introduction: Augustus And History
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

He greatest of the Roman historians began his Annals with the accession to the Principate of Tiberius, stepson and son by adoption of Augustus, consort in his powers. Not until that day was the funeral of the Free State consummated in Bolemn and legal ceremony. The corpse had long been dead. In common usage the reign of Augustus is regarded as the foundation of the Roman Empire. The era may be variously computed, from the winning of sole power by the last of the dynasts through the War of Actium, from the ostensible restoration of the Republic in 27 B.c., or from the new act of settlement four years later, which was final and permanent.
The Organization Of Opinion
Authors: Syme Ronald
Published: October 2023

In Rome of the Republic the aristocracy guided literature through individual patronage. As in politics, the other classes were susceptible to auctoritas, taking their tone and their tastes from above. Political invective was vigorous, ferocious—but indiscriminate, save when there was a government in being. Then it mustered for the attack. Pamphlets and poems assailed the Threeheaded Monster, concentrating, as was just, upon Pompeius Magnus; and the plebs of Rome was encouraged to make public demonstrations in the Forum or at the theatre, rallying in defence of a constitution that meant nothing to them, and leaping with avidity upon any dramatic phrase that fitted the domination of Pompeius:
Systems
Authors: Heskett John
Published: October 2023

8 Systems

The growing emphasis in design on systems of various kinds, in contrast to a focus on dedicated forms, stems in part from an awareness of the growing complexity of modern life, with multiple interconnections and overlaps between elements influencing overall performance. The spread of technical infrastructure systems is basic to modern life, as witness the failures of electricity supply in California that began in late 2000.The role of information technology in increasing awareness of connections between disparate functions (as well as increasing consumption of electricity) has also been profound. On another level, enhanced awareness of the environmental consequences of human intervention in natural systems and of the resultant concepts of ecological, organic relationships is also a contributing factor.
Contexts
Authors: Heskett John
Published: October 2023

Contexts

In broad terms, three areas of contextual influence are relevant to design practice: the professional organization of design, or how designers view themselves; the business context in which a majority of design practice is located; and, in addition, the level of government policy, which varies between countries, but in many can be a significant dimension.
Prelude
Authors: Bradley Mark Philip
Published: October 2023

In the early 1990s a short story by a young author, Tran Huy Quang, entitled ‘The Prophecy’ (‘Linh Nghiem’), appeared to great interest in Hanoi. It told the tale of a young man named Hinh, the son of a mandarin, who longed to acquire the magical powers that would one day enable him to lead his countrymen to their destiny. The destiny itself does not particularly concern Hinh, but he is intent upon leading the Vietnamese people to it. In a dream one evening, Hinh meets a messenger from the gods, who tells him to seek out a small Xower garden. Once he reaches the garden, Hinh is told, he should walk slowly with his eyes fastened on the ground to ‘look for this’. It will only take a moment, the messenger tells Hinh, and as a result he will ‘possess the world’.
The coming of the American war
Authors: Bradley Mark Philip
Published: October 2023

On the morning of 11 June 1963, more than 300 Buddhist monks and nuns marched through the streets of Saigon. At the head of the procession was a blue Austin Westminster sedan carrying the 76-year-old monk Thich Quang Duc. Born in the central Vietnamese village of Hoi Khanh in 1897, he was ordained as a monk at 20 and played an active role in the Buddhist reform movement of the late colonial period, supervising the construction of more than fifty new temples in central and southern Vietnam.
Experiencing War
Authors: Bradley Mark Philip
Published: October 2023

In the spring of 1967 Dang Thuy Tram, a young woman fresh out of medical school in Hanoi, arrived in the mountainous central Vietnamese province of Quang Ngai to serve as the chief physician at a thatched-roof Weld hospital. In this lonely and remote spot, she cared for wounded North Vietnamese and NLF soldiers. Tram kept a diary: simple notebooks of five by seven inches, dull brown with cardboard covers.
A Hunter’s World
Authors: McGhee Robert
Published: October 2023

My Early Fascination with the Arctic Was Fed By images of its alien beauty. Like other southerners I saw a land of rock and ice, stripped to its essential stark form by the absence of forests, farmlands and the intrusive remains of human endeavour. The perpetual daylight of Arctic summers added to the disorienting, dreamlike strangeness of this land, while the endless darkness and homicidal cold of winter were alluring in their menace.
In Arctic Siberia
Authors: McGhee Robert
Published: October 2023

The Old Antonov 24, nearing the end of its twice-weekly flight from Anadyr, broke out of low cloud over the Bering Sea. Wheels and wing-flaps clunked into place, the whine of turboprops dropped in pitch, the loosely bolted seats and the piles of freight lashed at the front of the cabin began to vibrate as we sank towards grey water lined with whitecaps. Suddenly we crossed a gravel beach, then an expanse of grassy tundra littered with oil drums and rusted chunks of abandoned machinery. The airstrip lay in the centre of the small town, and a confusing panorama of decrepit buildings and smoking metal stacks scrolled past the window as we touched down. My seatmate, a Chukchi teenager dressed in jeans and ski jacket, stirred from sleep for the first time since we came aboard, and stared out the window at home.
The Post-War Army 1945–1963
Authors: Farrar-Hockley Anthony
Published: October 2023

Looking back, years after the war, Lord Attlee remarked, ‘You have to remember that we could never be sure when the war was going to end. One day we were contemplating months of fighting for the Japanese islands, the next it was all over. Gearing to a war economy could not immediately be disengaged any more than war damage at home and abroad could immediately be mended.’ In the period 1945–7 the army lost the majority of its matured leaders and specialists just as new commitments were assumed. There was extraordinary promotion for those remaining to cope with the fresh national servicemen; in some cases corporals found themselves warrant officers overnight. To what end? Burdened by huge international debts, Mr Attlee’s Government had no intention of keeping the armed forces at their wartime peak of 5.1 million, but inescapable occupation and internal security duties in Europe, the Middle, and Far East could only be discharged by a large army. Still, with twenty divisions in the field and no major enemy in sight, some members of the parliamentary Labour Party believed that the army should be halved in 1946 and conscription abandoned as morally objectionable and abominated by the public. This latter view proved false. Families were so used to the process of the call-up that few queried its continuance. Conscription of women ceased in 1945, and in that year, also, conscription of men for the mines came to an end; thereafter, all national service was undertaken in the armed forces. Yet when the young men were drafted to training units, they were taught during 1945–6 to fight an enemy frequently referred to inadvertently as ‘Germans’ or ‘Japanese’.
The Thirty Years Peace
Authors: Strawson John
Published: October 2023

Between 1963 and 1992, the British army helped to keep the peace in Europe while waging numerous little wars elsewhere. Its strength declined from 170,000 to 153,000. Its capabilities were enhanced by excellent equipment which could be used as effectively in Europe as it could in the South Atlantic or Arabia. Although small the army led the world in experience. Its soldiers saw much active service as the campaign medals on their tunics showed. Composed entirely of volunteers, organized in regi-ments and corps with fiercely guarded tradition and spirit, it spread itself round the world and adapted itself to tasks as various as those in Cyprus, Belize, Borneo, the Falkland Islands, Arabia, Northern Ireland, and BAOR. In 1963 Macmillan’s Government argued that the Suez crisis had emphasized Britain’s economic weakness. Military expenditure would have to be cut. This meant reducing overseas commitments. Moreover, it was decided to end national service. These measures were given effect by the Sandys White Paper of 1957, and determined the army’s composition in the early 1960s. There was still much for the now all-regular army to do. In all 55,000 troops made up the British Army of the Rhine. In June 1961, 6,000 soldiers had been sent to Kuwait to meet a threat from Iraq. British forces were still committed in 1963 to support Aden’s joining the Federation of South Arabia. There were bases in Kenya, Hong Kong, Malaya, and Singapore. The British army was soon to be heavily engaged in both the Middle East and Far East.
Partition and Power
Authors: Fitzpatrick David
Published: October 2023

The effect of civil conflict in both Irish states was to enhance mutual suspicion and consolidate partition. Ulster loyalists were more than ever inclined to regard their Catholic neighbours as treacherous Fenians, sustained and aided by the government and people of the Free State. The victors in the southern civil war, having barely withstood the armed republican challenge, had no stomach for a renewed border campaign or even a constitutional crusade for unification. The Council of Ireland, through which cross-border cooperation was to have been initiated under the Government of Ireland act and the treaty, was never convened.
‘Individualism’ and ‘Laisser-Faire’
Authors: Ashton T S
Published: October 2023

IN THE eighteenth century the characteristic instrument of social purpose was not the individual or the State, but the club. Men grew up in an environment of institutions which ranged from the cock-and-hen club of the tavern to the literary group of the coffee-house, from the ‘box’ of the village inn to the Stock Exchange and Lloyd’s, from the Hell Fire Club of the blasphemers to the Holy Club of the Wesleys, and from the local association for the prosecution of felons to the national Society for the Reformation of the Manners among the Lower Orders and the Society of Universal Good Will. Every interest, tradition, or aspiration found expression in corporate form. The idea that, somehow or other, men had become self-centred, avaricious, and anti-social is the strangest of all the legends by which the story of the industrial revolution has been obscured.
History and the Community
Authors: Thompson Paul
Published: October 2023

All history depends ultimately upon its social purpose. This is why in the past it has been handed down by oral tradition and written chronicle, and why today professional historians are supported from public funds, children are taught history in schools, amateur history societies blossom, and popular history books rank among the strongest bestsellers. Sometimes the social purpose of history is obscure.
Historians and Oral History
Authors: Thompson Paul
Published: October 2023

The extensive modern use of the term ‘oral history’ is new, like the tape recorder; and it has radical implications for the future. But this does not mean that it has no past. In fact, oral history is as old as history itself. It was the firstkind of history. And it is only quite recently that skill in handling oral evidence has ceased to be one of the marks of the great historian.
Projects
Authors: Thompson Paul
Published: October 2023

Oral history is peculiarly suited to project work. This is because the essential nature of the method is itself both creative and co-operative. It is true that oral evidence once collected can be used by the traditional independent scholar who works only in the library. But this is to miss one of the key advantages of the method-the ability to locate new evidence exactly where it is wanted, through going out into the field.
Introduction: Conquest, The State, And Society
Authors: Beinart William
Published: October 2023

By the early 1870s, the area that became South Africa had been washed by successive waves of European expansion, notably the Dutch maritime empire of the seventeenth and eighteenth centur ies and British imperialism in the nineteenth. Four settler states had been established. The original Cape Colony, which passed finally to Britain in 1806, boasted the largest area and settler population. It had recently acquired a parliamentary system and a measure of self-government. Natal remained a British colony. The Boer states of the Orange Free State and South African Republic on the interior high veld of the country struggled to maintain their independence from British and Cape influence.
Economic and Social Change on the Settler Farmlands
Authors: Beinart William
Published: October 2023

In the early twentieth century commentators on the history of the white-owned parts of the South African countryside-roughly three-quarters of the country’s surface area-emphasized their backwardness. Colonial land policies and settler predispositions, so historians argued, combined to produce an extensive rather than intensive form of agriculture: pastoralism remained wide spread, investment low, and improvement rare. The prevalence of systems of African tenancy in which large numbers of African families actually lived on white-owned farms seemed to retard modernization and efficient use of labour. White impoverishment in the early twentieth century was seen as a result of isolation and outdated ideas, a barrier to economic growth, and a strong spur to racial protection and segregation. Their comparative foil was the settler Dominions such as Australia, as well as the USA and Britain itself, where agriculture seemed to be modernizing more rapidly.
The Settler State in Depression and War, 1930-1948
Authors: Beinart William
Published: October 2023

White authority was securely established after the tumultuous decades of the early twentieth century. Union was given political and administrative content and the challenges of popular protests were seen off by ruling groups. The great depression of the early 1930s signalled a sharp break in South African history. Hertzog’s National Party, victorious in the late 1920s, succumbed to the economic whirlwind. As a result, Afrikaners lost their relatively united political front between 1934 and 1948. Smuts and the South African Party were brought into a national government that presided over a period of rapid economic expansion. From 1939 to 1948, Smuts again ruled as Prime Minister. Despite Afri kaner demographic preponderance, white party affiliations remained fluid. The broad accommodations that had been reached by different white interest groups under the umbrella of segregation did not preclude bitter divisions. White dominance was assured but its pattern was by no means predictable.
Economy and Society in the 1960s and 1970s
Authors: Beinart William
Published: October 2023

Many opponents of apartheid in the 1950s and 1960s argued that it was not only morally unjust but economically inefficient. Yet the first two decades of Nationalist rule were distinctive as a period of rapid economic growth-in particular of new manufacturing industries. From the late 1960s, a new generation of radical historians and social scientists attempted to reassess the relationship between apartheid and economic growth. Elements of this reinterpretation have been discussed in preceding chapters, but it is worth summarizing here. It was a debate of the high apartheid years and, although analyses are more fluid now, a good deal of academic literature was influenced by it.