bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Sequence-related Amplified Polymorphism Markers for Characterization of Turfgrass Species
Authors: Budak H. , Shearman R.C. , Gaussoin R.E. , Dweikat I.
Published: February 2019

A simple marker technique called sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) provides a useful tool for estimation of genetic diversity and phenetic relationships in natural and domesticated populations. Previous studies and our initial screen showed SRAP is highly polymorphic and more informative when compared to AFLP, RAPD and SSR markers. In this study, applicability of the SRAP markers to obtain an overview of genetic diversity and phenetic relationships present among cool-season (C3) and warm-season (C4) turfgrass species and their relationship with other Gramineae species were tested. Phenetic trees based on genetic similarities (UPGMA, N-J) were consistent with known taxonomic relationships. In some cases, well-supported relationships as well as evidence by genetic reticulation could be inferred. There was widespread genetic variation among C3 and C4 turfgrass species. In Dice based cophenetic matrix, genetic similarities among all species studied ranged from 0.08 to 0.94, whereas in Jaccard based cophenetic matrix, genetic similarities ranged from 0.05 to 0.85. C3 and C4 species were clearly distinguishable and a close relationship between italian ryegrass and tall fescue were obtained based on SRAP. Genome structures of turfgrasses are comparable to other Gramineae species. This research indicates that the SRAP markers are useful for estimating genetic relationships in a wide range of turfgrass species. The SRAP markers identified in this study can provide a useful reference for future turfgrass breeding efforts.
Anthocyanin Pigment and Total Phenolic Content of Three Vaccinium Species Native to the Pacific Northwest of North America
Authors: Lee Jungmin , Finn Chad E. , Wrolstad Ronald E.
Published: February 2019

The total anthocyanin and total phenolic content of wild (samples from 4 populations) and cultivated (samples from 32 populations) Pacific Northwestern American Vaccinium species (V. membranaceum, V. ovalifolium, and V. deliciosum) were evaluated. The total monomeric anthocyanin content of all huckleberry samples analyzed ranged from 101 to 400 mg/100 g (expressed as cyanidin-3-glucoside), and the total phenolics varied from 367 to 1286 mg/100 g (expressed as gallic acid). Cluster analysis separated the samples into four different groups based on their anthocyanin and total phenolic content. Two groups had greater anthocyanin pigment and total phenolics; one consisted entirely of cultivated V. ovalifolium (LIG10, VAC485, VAC487, LIG33, LIG9, LIG2, and VAC349) and the other consisted of just cultivated V. membranaceum (LIG25). Significant variations in total anthocyanins, total phenolics, and the ratio of the total anthocyanins and total phenolics were observed among the different V. membranaceum, V. ovalifolium, and V. deliciosum populations cultivated in the Willamette Valley, Ore. The profile of the individual anthocyanins of the wild V. membranaceum, wild V. ovalifolium, and V. corymbosum `Rubel' were conducted by high-performance liquid chromatography. The chromatograms of V. membranaceum, V. ovalifolium, and `Rubel' were distinctly different in the amounts of delphinidin, cyanidin, and malvidin glycosides.
Pruning Affects the Development of Correlative Phenomena among Lateral Shoots in Dormant Two-year-old `Royal Gala' Apple Branches
Authors: Cronjé Paul J.R. , Jacobs Gerard , Cook Nigel C.
Published: February 2019

Two-year-old apple branches, ≈50 cm long, were selected from a commercial `Royal Gala' orchard in the Ceres (Koue Bokkeveld) region of the Western Cape, South Africa [33 °S, 945 m, 1500 Utah model chilling units (CU)]. In 2000, the branches received either cold storage at 5 to 7 °C or natural chilling in the field. In 2001, the trial was repeated, but only with field chilling. The branches received five dormant pruning treatments: control (not pruned); pruning back to the fourth lateral shoot (heading) before or after chilling; and removal of the second and third lateral shoots (thinning) before or after chilling. After pruning and chilling, the branches were removed from the orchard or cold room every 2 weeks and forced in a growth chamber at 25 °C. The rate of budburst (1/days to budburst) was determined for the terminal buds of the lateral shoots. Lateral shoots on the 2-year-old branches were categorized according to position: the most distal extension shoot, and all other laterals grouped. Removing distal tissue by pruning (heading more than thinning) enhanced the effect of chilling on the terminal buds on the lateral shoots and promoted budburst. Pruning was more effective before than after chilling. Pruning enhanced the growth potential of the terminal buds on proximal shoots on 2-year-old branches.
Superoxide Dismutase and Stress Tolerance of Four Tomato Cultivars
Authors: Rahman S.M. Lutfor , Mackay Wayne A. , Nawata Eiji , Sakuratani Tetsuo , Uddin A.S.M. Mesbah , Quebedeaux Bruno
Published: February 2019

Effects of water stress on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, changes in protein content, leaf water potential (Ψl) and growth were studied in drought-sensitive Kyokko (KK) and Ratan (RT), and drought-tolerant TM 0126 (TM) and VF-134-1-2 (VF) cultivars of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in order to obtain fundamental information for breeding drought tolerant cultivars that may be adapted to water stress in many parts of the world. Growth of drought-tolerant TM and VF was greater than that of drought-sensitive KK and RT under water stress conditions. Leaf water potential (Ψl) decreased by water stress treatments in all the cultivars, but the reduction was much more rapid and pronounced in KK and RT than VF and TM. Ψl of stressed cultivars decreased by 30% to 40% compared to the untreated control cultivars. The initial reduction in the range of 20% to 35% was more rapid in KK and RT than TM and VF. SOD activities were increased by water stress in all cultivars. Increase of SOD activities by water stress was much more rapid and pronounced in TM and VF than in KK and RT. Leaf protein concentration was decreased by the water stress treatments in all cultivars evaluated. In KK and RT, much more rapid reductions in protein concentration were observed than in TM and VF. The regression analysis of Ψl and SOD suggest the possibility to using SOD activities as an additional screening criterion for tomato drought tolerance improvement.
Relationship of Seasonal Changes in Endogenous Plant Hormones and Alternate Bearing of Olive Trees
Authors: Baktir I. , Ulger S. , Kaynak L. , Himelrick David G.
Published: February 2019

Changes in hormone concentrations in leaf, node, shoot tip, and fruit samples of three Turkish olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars (`Gemlik', `Memecik', and `Tavsan Yuregi') were monitored at monthly intervals over two successive years of the alternate-bearing cycle. Concentrations of abscisic acid (ABA), indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid-like substances (GA), and kinetin-like cytokinin were determined and their relationship to flower bud formation were examined during “on” and “off” years. Results showed significant differences in IAA, ABA, GA3-like, and kinetin-like cytokinins between “on” and “off” cropping years in various tissues of olive trees. Relative balances between GA3-like and ABA concentrations of tissues appears to exhibit evidence of being a key regulator of floral development and alternate bearing.
Reduced Tillage Alternatives for Machine-harvested Cucumbers
Authors: Lonsbary Sheryl K. , O'Sullivan John , Swanton Clarence J.
Published: February 2019

Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is grown using intensive tillage practices, which increase the cost of production and may lead to an increase in soil and water erosion. Research on alternative tillage practices for cucumber production has been limited primarily to exploring the benefits of no tillage. Alternative tillage practices, such as disking (one pass with a tandem disk) and zone tillage (one pass with a Trans-till) have not been investigated. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare the influence of reduced tillage practices on the growth, development, and yield of cucumbers. Seedling emergence varied between years, but was unaffected by a reduction in tillage, while cucumber leaf number, leaf area index, and vine growth were reduced by no tillage (P ≤ 0.05). Total dry matter accumulation and days to 50% open flower varied with tillage. No-tillage plots produced an average of 34 g·m-2 of dry matter compared to 47 g·m-2 for conventional tillage plots and took 1 day longer to reach 50% flower. Although growth differences were observed under all reduced tillage treatments, no reduction in total yield was observed when compared with conventional tillage yields. Alternative reduced tillage practices, such as disking or zone tillage, were found to be viable options for successful cucumber production. These alternative practices will reduce the cost of production, provide growers with greater time flexibility and ease of land preparation, and reduce the potential for water and wind erosion.
Growth Stage, Auxin Type, and Concentration Influence Rooting of Virginia Pine Stem Cuttings
Authors: Rosier Christopher L. , Frampton John , Goldfarb Barry , Wise Farrell C. , Blazich Frank A.
Published: February 2019

Seven concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), seven concentrations of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), and a nonauxin control were tested over three growth stages to determine their ability to promote adventitious rooting of stem cuttings from 3- and 4-year-old stock plants of virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.). Cuttings were harvested September 2000 (semi-hardwood), February 2001 (hardwood), June 2001 (softwood), and October 2001 (semi-hardwood), treated with auxin concentrations ranging from 0 to 64 mm and placed under intermittent mist in a greenhouse. Rooting percentage, percent mortality, number of primary roots, total root length, root symmetry, root angle, and root diameter were assessed following 16 weeks. Growth stage affected every rooting trait measured except root symmetry and diameter. Auxin type affected total root length and root diameter, while auxin concentration affected every rooting trait except root angle. The highest predicted rooting percentages (46%) occurred when semi-hardwood cuttings were collected in September 2000 and treated with 7 mm auxin. Cuttings collected within the same growing season (2001) exhibited the highest predicted rooting percentage (33%) when softwood cuttings were treated with 6 mm auxin. Semi-hardwood cuttings rooted in 2001 produced the greatest number of roots and root lengths. Root diameter was significantly greater when NAA rather than IBA was applied, especially at higher concentrations.
Characterization and Identification of the Main Spanish and Italian Olive Cultivars by Simple-sequence-repeat Markers
Authors: Belaj A. , Cipriani G. , Testolin R. , Rallo L. , Trujillo I.
Published: February 2019

Nine simple-sequence-repeat (SSR) primer pairs were assayed in 35 Spanish and Italian olive cultivars of commercial interest. All microsatellites were polymorphic, showing 5 to 13 alleles per locus (7.5 alleles per locus on average). The frequency of each alleles was generally low, with most of the alleles present at one or two cultivars. Heterozigosity ranged from 0.15 to 0.95; the discrimination power (PD) ranged from 0.30 to 0.93 (mean 0.79). The set of microsatellites analyzed discriminated all cultivars investigated. The combination of only three SSR primer pairs—UDO99-009+UDO99-043+UDO99-14—made possible the identification of all cultivars included in the study. Cluster analysis did not find differences between Spanish and Italian cultivars, but most of the cultivars from southern and central Spain grouped together. Hence, microsatellites markers are recommended for olive fingerprinting to generate a database for olive cultivar identification.
Microsatellite Markers and Genetic Diversity in Japanese Apricot (Prunus mume)
Authors: Gao Zhi-Hong , Shen Zhi-Jun , Han Zhen-Hai , Fang Jing-Gui , Zhang Yu-Ming , Zhang Zhen
Published: February 2019

Sequencing amplification fragments produced using simple-sequence repeat (SSR) primer pairs pchgms2 and UDP96008 in `Dayezhugan' japanese apricot showed that SSRs obtained included a microsatellite locus originally identified in peach. The microsatellite sequence homogeneity between UDP96008 in japanese apricot in this study and UDP96008 in the peach in GenBank was 98%. Twenty-four japanese apricot genotypes originating in diverse geographic areas had been identified with 14 SSR primer pairs developed in different species of Prunus. In total, 129 alleles were obtained and per primer pairs detected 2.5 alleles on the average. The results from cluster analysis showed that the genetic distance between `Nanhong' and `Zhonghong' was the closest, and cultivars from China and from Japan could not be separated completely.
Plant Density Influences Marketable Yield of Directly Seeded `Piquillo' Pimiento Pepper
Authors: Ortega R. Gil , Gutierrez M. , Cavero J.
Published: February 2019

Pimiento pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum L. `Piquillo') was directly seeded on raised beds in double rows 0.35 cm apart. Plants were thinned within the row to establish densities ranging from 13,333 to 186,667 plants/ha. Marketable yield of pepper increased as plant density increased to 100,000 plants/ha. However, with plant densities >100,000 plants/ha, marketable yield did not increase (2001) or slightly decreased (2000). Plant density affected pepper yield only in the first harvest date. Fruit number and fruit weight per plant decreased with increasing plant populations. Weight per fruit decreased slightly at densities >100,000 plants/ha. The increase in yield per hectare as plant density increased was mainly a result of increased number of fruit per hectare. The intercepted PAR by the pepper canopy increased with increases in plant density to about 100,000 plants/ha and this increased interception of PAR resulted in an increase in yield. Plant densities in the range of 100,000 to 120,000 plants/ha were optimal in terms of marketable yield.
Field Evaluation of Watermelon Grown on Paper-Polymerized Vegetable Oil Mulches
Authors: Shogren Randal L. , Hochmuth Robert C.
Published: February 2019

Biodegradable mulches made from kraft paper coated with polymerized (cured) vegetable oils were compared to black polyethylene mulches for promoting the growth of watermelon in northern Florida. Data from three spring growing seasons have been collected. Yields of watermelon planted on paper-soy oil and paper-linseed oil mulches were similar to those obtained for the control polyethylene mulches. This was the case where the paper-oil was cured before field application as well as when the paper-oil was applied to the field wet and curing took place in situ. Paper-oil mulches containing carbon black effectively blocked nutsedge growth, while nutsedge pierced and grew through the black polyethylene mulch. Degradation of the buried tucks were more rapid initially for paper-soy oil than paper-linseed oil mulch, but both lasted long enough to hold the mulch in place until spring harvests (≈2.5 months). In conclusion, paper coated with polymerized vegetable oil appears to be an effective substitute for polyethylene mulch for growing watermelon in Florida, although drawbacks include messiness in handling oily paper, slower application speeds, higher initial costs than polyethylene, and variability in rates of curing and degradation depending on soil and weather conditions.
Influence of Plant Storage Duration on Strawberry Runner Tip Viability and Field Performance
Authors: Hokanson Stan C. , Takeda Fumiomi , Enns John M. , Black Brent L.
Published: February 2019

Tissue-culture derived mother plants were established in a greenhouse suspended-gutter, nutrient-film technique growing system to evaluate runner tip productivity in the system. Effects of cultivar (`Allstar', `Chandler', `Latestar', `Northeaster', and USDA selection B 27) and duration (0, 1, or 2 months) of cold storage at 1 °C on tip viability, rooting success, and performance in fruit production were determined. The average number and weight of runner tips produced in the gutter production system, the capacity of runner tips to form cohesively rooted plug plants, and the number and length of adventitious roots produced by runner tips varied significantly among the cultivars and the three storage durations (0, 1, or 2 months). In the field, plants produced from runner tips stored for 2 months produced more runners than plants produced from freshly harvested runner tips. Crown number differed among the cultivars, but was not affected by cold storage treatment. No treatment differences were noted for the fruit harvest parameters evaluated. The results suggest that the transplants derived from mother plants grown in a greenhouse-based soilless system can be useful for annual plasticulture strawberry production in colder climates. Although long periods of cold storage of runner tips resulted in lower tip-to-transplant conversion ratios, field performance of transplants was not adversely affected. Additional research is needed to improve greenhouse strawberry production practices for increasing runner output and storage conditions that maintain the integrity of cold-stored runner tips. Without these improvements it is unlikely that soilless runner tip production will become a widely accepted technique that would replace the field nursery tip production method currently used by commercial strawberry propagators.
Tergitol TMN-6 for Thinning Peach Blossoms
Authors: Wilkins B.S. , Ebel R.C. , Dozier W.A. , Pitts J. , Boozer R.
Published: February 2019

This study was conducted to determine efficacy of Tergitol TMN-6 in thinning peach blossoms. A pretest was conducted and demonstrated no difference between TMN-6 and TMN-10 in efficacy when applied at full bloom or petal fall and at rates of 20 and 40 mL·L-1. In the main test, Tergitol TMN-6 was sprayed once at 10, 20, or 30 mL·L-1 at full bloom or petal fall and compared to an unsprayed control for 3 years. Tergitol caused widespread necrosis of flower parts including sepals, petals, pistils, stamens and peduncles. There was a difference among chemical treatments with more fruit removed at higher concentrations, although the amount of fruit removed was similar for the 20 and 30 mL·L-1 rates. There was no difference in thinning response at full bloom or petal fall, indicating a wide window of efficacy. There was also a difference among years, which was apparently not related to temperature or relative humidity during time of application. Tergitol caused some leaf yellowing and tip burn especially at the higher rates when leaves were present, but the trees did not appear to be seriously affected. Fruit weight was either not affected or larger in some years from treatment. Unlike higher concentrations, tergitol at 10 mL·L-1 did not negatively impact fruit number per tree at harvest. At harvest, fruit weight, skin blush, firmness, and soluble solids at harvest were not affected by treatment. Tergitol TMN-6 proved to be an effective thinning agent and when applied from full bloom to petal fall at 10 mL·L-1 it did not adversely affect the tree or fruit.
Growth of Fraser Fir Christmas Trees In Response to Annual Shearing
Authors: Hinesley L. Eric , Derby Scott A.
Published: February 2019

Fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] Christmas trees were sheared once annually over a 4-year period using fixed schedules ranging from July to March. Shearng in July reduced potential growth of the upper crown by 38%; when done in October or March, the reduction was about 50%. Length, dry weight, and one-sided area of individual needles were smallest on nonsheared trees, and increased to maximum values on trees sheared in March. In the upper crown (top three internodes), trees sheared in July were 16% to 33% heavier than those sheared in August or later. Dry matter in the upper crown was 30% foliage and 70% woody material. Sixty-one percent of the biomass in the upper crown was branches for trees sheared in July, compared to 55% for October. In the upper crown, foliage comprised about 50% of the branch dry weight (all treatments); in 3-year-old branches, it was 54% to 58%. Among treatments, shearing in July caused the smallest reduction of potential growth and yielded the largest and heaviest branches with significantly more foliage and lateral shoots, all of which would be expected to improve crown density and commercial value. October was the least favorable time to shear.
Growth and Flowering Responses of Lupinus varius L. to Paclobutrazol
Authors: Karaguzel Osman , Baktir Ibrahim , Cakmakci Sadik , Ortacesme Veli
Published: February 2019

The effects of method of application and dose of paclobutrazol on the growth and flowering characteristics of Lupinus varius L. were studied. On 17 Dec., seeds were sown into 18-cm pots (three seeds per pot) filled with a mixture consisting of 2 peat: 1 river sand (by volume). On 25 Mar., when 5% of the plants had elongated first internodes, doses of paclobutrazol at 0 (control), 0.625, 1.250, and 2.500 mg a.i./plant were applied to plants as a foliar spray or media drench. The application of paclobutrazol led to a slight shortening of the time to flowering, especially when applied as a foliar spray. Plant height and internode length, length, and internode length of the main inflorescence significantly decreased with increased doses of paclobutrazol and this also happened with the number of branches per plant, branch length, and length and internode length of branch inflorescence. On the contrary, stem, main, and branch inflorescence diameters significantly increased with increased doses of paclobutrazol, whether applied as a foliar spray or media drench. However, drench applications of paclobutrazol were consistently more effective than foliar spray treatments on most of the growth characteristics investigated. Paclobutrazol, in particular when applied as a foliar spray, also increased the number of flowers on main and branch inflorescences relative to the control, but media drenched applications of paclobutrazol at doses of 1.250 and 2.500 mg a.i./plant resulted in consistent significant reductions in the number of flowers on branch inflorescences. Chemical name used: (±)-(R*,R*)-β[(4-chlorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).
Influences of Carbon Sources and their Concentrations on Shoot Proliferation and Rooting of `Hosui' Japanese Pear
Authors: Kadota Masanori , Niimi Yoshiji
Published: February 2019

We investigated the influence of sorbitol, sucrose, fructose, glucose, maltose, lactose, and mannitol carbon sources at various concentrations on shoot proliferation, hyperhydricity and rooting of pear. Shoot tips were cultured in woody plant medium (Lloyd and McCown, 1981) containing 11.0 μm 6-benzyladenine, 0.5 μm indole-3-butyric acid, 0.8% (w/v) agar and 30, 60, or 120 mm of each of seven carbon sources for eight weeks. Sorbitol at 60 mm was the most effective carbon source for shoot proliferation. Using 30 mm sorbital and 30 and 120 mm sucrose resulted in a high number of hyperhydric explants. Shoots rooted with 60 mm glucose, sucrose and sorbitol in media; media with sucrose resulting in the highest rooting frequency, root number and root length. Shoots failed to root when fructose, lactose, maltose, or mannitol were used.
Germination of Leitneria floridana Seeds from Disjunct Populations
Authors: Sharma Jyotsna , Graves William R.
Published: February 2019

Attributes of Leitneria floridana Chapman have been recognized, but this North American shrub remains rare in commerce, and little information on propagation is available. We studied germination of seeds collected from several disjunct populations of L. floridana in 2002 and 2003. In 2002, ≤5% germination occurred when ripe drupes from Missouri and Florida were sown soon after collection. Effects of GA3 (750 mg·L-1 for 24 hours) were assessed on stored drupes leached with water and on seeds excised from stored drupes. Germination percentages were 21 and 32 for leached drupes and excised seeds from Florida, respectively, but ≤5% germination occurred among germplasm from Missouri and among untreated drupes from both provenances. Viability of ungerminated seeds among treatments ranged from 0% to 7%. In 2003, fleshy, apparently unripe drupes from Texas, which were scarified with H2SO4 and then treated with 1000 mg·L-1 GA3 showed 48% germination (germination value = 3.9). Up to 29% germination (germination value = 2.7) occurred when seeds were excised from unripe drupes from Arkansas and Missouri and then were treated for 24 hours with 750 or 1000 mg·L-1 GA3. We conclude that provenance, developmental stage of drupes when collected, storage, and pregermination treatments influence viability and germination of seeds of L. floridana. Barriers to germination may be avoided by collecting drupes when they are green and fleshy.
Seed Priming Effect on Symbiotic Germination and Seedling Development of Orchis palustris Jacq.
Authors: Esitken Ahmet , Ercisli Sezai , Eken Cafer , Tay David
Published: February 2019

Seeds of Orchis palustris Jacq. were primed for 1- to 5-day in polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) solutions at -0.5, -1.0 or -1.5 MPa. The seeds were symbiotically germinated with BNR 8-3 mycorrhizal fungus on oatmeal agar at 22 °C. In general, priming hastened rapid germination. At -1.5 MPa water potential, the first to germinate was eight days compared to 18 days for the control. Percentage germination increased as priming water potential decreased, and the percentage germination was 55%, 58%, and 65%, at -0.5, -1.0, and -1.5 MPa, respectively, versus 43% for the nonprimed control. Priming duration from 1 to 5 days had little effect on germination performance. The best germination percentage (68%) was obtained from 1 day at -1.5 MPa treatment.
Drip Application of Alternative Fumigants to Methyl Bromide for Strawberry Production
Authors: Ajwa Husein A. , Trout Thomas
Published: February 2019

Strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duchesne) is a high-value cash crop that benefits from preplant soil fumigation with methyl bromide (MB) and chloropicrin (CP). Methyl bromide will be banned in the U.S. and other developed countries by 2005 for most uses. Potential alternative chemicals to replace methyl bromide for soil fumigation include CP, 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D), and methyl isothiocyanate (MITC) generators such as metam sodium (MS). Commercial formulations of these fumigants applied singly and in combination through drip irrigation systems were evaluated at two sites for three consecutive growing seasons as alternatives to MB:CP fumigation for strawberry production. A mixture of 1,3-D and CP was shank injected as Telone C35 (62% 1,3-D and 35% CP) at 374 kg·ha-1. An emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulation of 1,3-D and CP was applied as InLine (60% 1,3-D and 32% CP) at 236 and 393 L·ha-1 through drip irrigation systems in three amounts of irrigation water (26, 43, and 61 L·m-2). Chloropicrin (CP EC, 96%) was drip applied singly at 130 or 200 L·ha-1. Metam sodium was applied singly as Vapam HL in three amounts of water and in combination with InLine and CP EC. Strawberry growth, fruit yields, disease pressure, and weed biomass were compared to an untreated control and shank injection with MB:CP mixture (67:33) at 425 kg·ha-1. For soils high in pathogen populations, fruit yield from the untreated plots was 34% to 50% relative to the MB:CP treatment. The greatest (95% to 110%) yields relative to MB:CP were in the high rates of the InLine treatments. Yields from simultaneous drip fumigation with a combination of Vapam HL and InLine or CP EC were less (67% to 79%) than yields from shank fumigation with MB:CP due to 1,3-D and CP hydrolysis reactions with Vapam HL or the generated MITC in the irrigation water that reduced the efficacy of these combinations to control soilborne pathogens. Application of reduced rates of InLine or CP EC followed 6 days later with reduced rates of Vapam HL controlled soil borne pathogens and weeds and produced the greatest fruit yield relative to all treatments. Chemical names used: 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D); methyl bromide (MB); trichloronitromethane (chloropicrin, CP); sodium methyldithiocarbamate (metam sodium); methyl isothiocyanate (MITC).
Turfgrass Renovation Using Dazomet to Control the Poa annua L. Soil Seed Bank
Authors: Branham Bruce E. , Hardebeck Glenn A. , Meyer Joseph W. , Reicher Zachary J.
Published: February 2019

Annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) is an invasive weed producing copious amounts of viable seed that compete with seedling turfgrasses during renovation. These field studies were conducted to determine the effectiveness of dazomet (tetrahydro-3,5-dimethyl-2H-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione), a granular soil sterilant that breaks down in soil to release methyl isothiocyanate (MITC), for controlling the soil seed bank of annual bluegrass during turfgrass renovation. Field trials in Urbana, Ill., and West Lafayette, Ind., in Spring and Fall 2000 and 2001 evaluated dazomet rate from 0 to 504 kg·ha-1 and soil preparation techniques to determine the most effective practices to reduce annual bluegrass reestablishment into a creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.) seeding. The interval, in days, between dazomet application and creeping bentgrass planting was also examined to determine the optimal seeding time as measured by the level of annual bluegrass reestablishment. Spring trials generally gave poor results that were attributed to windy conditions resulting in rapid loss of MITC. The annual bluegrass soil seed bank was reduced 46% in spring trials compared to 78% in fall trials. Increasing dazomet rates reduced the absolute number of viable annual bluegrass seeds remaining in the soil. However, significant quantities of viable seed remained, regardless of dazomet rate. Annual bluegrass infested the renovated turf in all trials to varying degrees. Dazomet rates of 420 or 504 kg·ha-1 yielded the lowest rates of annual bluegrass reestablishment. Trials conducted in the fall at these rates resulted in annual bluegrass cover of 1% to 20% in the resulting turf. Creeping bentgrass planted at 1 day after dazomet application had significantly less annual bluegrass than when seeded at 7 or 9 days after dazomet application. Dazomet is a tool that can help reestablish a new turf with lower levels of annual bluegrass. However, eradication of annual bluegrass with dazomet is not likely and environmental conditions will dramatically affect the success of the sterilization.
(237) Hybridization of Hydrangea arborescens and H. involucrata
Authors: Jones Keri , Reed Sandra
Published: February 2019

Hydrangea arborescens L., or smooth hydrangea, is a shrub native to the eastern United States that produces large corymbs of pure white flowers in early summer. Rated as hardy to USDA cold hardiness zone 4, it is one of the most cold-hardy members of the genus. Hydrangea involucrata Sieb. is an Asian species that produces lavender-blue flowers in midsummer. This species, which is not widely cultivated in the United States, is only rated as hardy to zone 6 to 7. The objective of this study was to hybridize H. arborescens and H. involucrata for the purpose of combining cold hardiness and flower color. Reciprocal crosses were made between H. involucrata and H. arborescens during Summer 2003. No seed were obtained when H. involucrata was used as the maternal parent. Approximately 500 seeds were collected from H. arborescen × H. involucrata hybridizations, 36 of which germinated. Several of these seedlings were extremely weak and died at a young age. The remaining eight plants have not flowered and all possess reduced growth rates. Hybridity was verified using RAPD markers and morphological comparisons of hybrids and parents.
(238) The Inheritance of Blue Flower Color in Phalaenopsis pulcherrima
Authors: Griesbach Robert J.
Published: February 2019

Flower color results from the interaction of a pigment (anthocyanin) with a co-pigment (usually a flavonone or flavonol) at a specific pH. At more alkaline pHs (pH 5 to 6), an anthocyanin/co-pigment complex is blue; while at more acidic pHs (pH 3-4), the same anthocyanin/copigment complex is red. In Phalaenopsis pulcherrima, a mutation in pH resulted in a bluer flower color. The difference in pH between the normal-colored magenta flowers (pH 5.8) and mutant violet flowers (pH 5.5) was due to a single co-dominantly inherited gene.
(166) Economic Return in Production of Lettuce and Cantaloupe Is Affected by Cropping System and Value of Hand Weeding
Authors: Ogbuchiekwe Edmund J. , Ngouajio Mathieu , McGiffen Milton E.
Published: February 2019

Field experiments were established at the University of California Desert Station in Coachella Valley from 1998 to 2000. The main plot treatments included: 1) summer cowpea used as mulch in the fall; 2) summer cowpea incorporated into soil in the fall; 3) summer sudangrass incorporated into the soil in the fall; and 4) summer fallow (bare-ground). An economic comparison of cover crop treatments and crop management programs vs. the effect on yield, crop value, value of hand weeding, costs of production and net return, and dollar investment from each treatment was determined. Among the cropping systems tested in 1999, lettuce following the incorporation of a cowpea cover crop produced the highest yield (1082.43 boxes/ha), with a net return of $883.04/ha. The return for each dollar invested in the cowpea-incorporated system was an additional $0.65 if cowpea-incorporated was chosen over cowpea mulch. In 2000, the net return from lettuce following cowpea-incorporated was much higher with 1294.23 boxes/ha and a net return of $1698.46/ha. In 1999, cantaloupe grown in the cowpea-incorporated system had the highest net return of $973.34/ha, with 874.58 boxes. An additional $0.93 was made for choosing cowpea-incorporated over sudangrass. In 2000, cantaloupe grown in the cowpea-incorporated system had even higher yields than in 1999, producing 1522.89 boxes/ha and returning over $3000.00. And an additional $0.93 was made for choosing cowpea-incorporated over sudangrass cover crop. Overall, the rate of return on investment favored cowpea-incorporated over all cover crops.
(167) The Effect of Cover Crops and Alternative Management Practices for the Management of Soil-borne Diseases in Sweet Onions
Authors: Valenzuela Hector , Shimabuku Robin , Cho John
Published: February 2019

Pink root (Phomaterrestris) is among the major limiting factors for the production of sweet onions on Maui, Hawaii. Few management options exist for the control of pink root in onions. Two split-plot experiments were conducted in the area of Kula, Maui, over 2 years to evaluate several alternative management practices. In Expt. 1, the main plots were a rotation with cabbage, solarization with a clear plastic mulch, and a fallow period. Subplots were plus or minus Vapam fumigation. Sub-subplots were biomass application of Sudex or rape, inoculation with an EM biostimulant, and control. Each treatment had four replications for a total of 96 plots. In the follow-up experiment, the main plots were Vapam fumigation, rotation with either a Sudex or rape cover crop, and controls. The subplots were plus or minus EM biostimulant application. In Expt. 1, three separate treatments: solarization, cabbage rotation, and Sudex incorporation had a synergistic effect with Vapam fumigation. Fumigation and solarization also decreased pink root incidence. Rape contributed to a decreased disease incidence while EM contributed to increased bulb size. In Expt. 2, EM and rape contributed to increased yields. Rape and sorghum rotations contributed to decreased pink root incidence. EM inoculation had differential effects on several diseases, contributing to reduced bacterial bulb rot levels. The data indicate that growers may have several alternative management tools at their disposal, in addition to proper varietal selection, to improve yields and reduce disease incidence in sweet onions.
(228)`Golden Hills' Pistachio—A Replacement for `Kerman'
Authors: Parfitt Dan E. , Kallsen Craig E. , Maranto Joe
Published: February 2019

`Golden Hills' is a new female pistachio cultivar with improved performance characteristics compared to the standard female cultivar Kerman. `Golden Hills' produces a greater yield and higher percentage of split, edible nuts than `Kerman' while maintaining a similar low percentage of loose shells and kernels. Harvest date is 2–4 weeks earlier than `Kerman', which will permit growers to extend their harvest period and better utilize their harvesting equipment and personnel. Earlier harvest may reduce disease in the northern production areas of California by permitting an earlier harvest before fall rains, as well as reducing navel orangeworm infestations. The cultivar requires less chilling than `Kerman', which improves uniformity of foliation, bloom, nut set, nut fill, and uniformity of nut maturity at harvest in years with insufficient chilling for `Kerman'. Based on all of our evaluations, this cultivar appears to be an exceptional producer and has the potential to increase grower profits by more than 40%.
(232) `Randy' Pistachio—A New Early Flowering Male Cultivar
Authors: Parfitt Dan E. , Kallsen Craig E. , Maranto Joe
Published: February 2019

`Randy' is an early flowering male pistachio that will be used as a pollenizer for `West Hills' and `Lost Hills'. It has excellent flowering synchrony with `West Hills' and `Lost Hills' and can be used to cover the earlier part of the `Kerman' flowering period during seasons in which `Kerman' flowering is extended. This generally occurs during seasons of low chill, which are expected to become more frequent in the future due to continued global warming. `Peters', the standard male used to pollenize `Kerman', often flowers too late to cover the earlier part of the `Kerman' bloom period under these conditions or to serve as an effective pollenizer for the new female cultivars. `Randy' was selected for high pollen viability, pollen durability, and a high level of pollen production (based on visual evaluation). `Randy' flowers 1–3 weeks earlier than `Peters', the standard pollenizer for `Kerman'.
(304) Effects of Supporting Material and Nutrient Supply Cycle on the Growth of Potato Plantlets in a Nutrient-circulated Micropropagation System
Authors: Son Jung Eek , Jang Yil , Seo Jung Hyuk
Published: February 2019

Supporting materials for rooting have a considerable influence on the growth and quality of in vitro plantlets. Various supporting materials (rockwool, perlite, vermiculite, and polyurethane) and nutrient supply cycles (12, 24, 36, and 48 hours) were examined to find the optimum conditions for photoautotrophic micropropagation of potato plantlets in the nutrient-circulated micropropagation (NCM) system. In the NCM system, nutrient solution was circulated between the culture vessel and the nutrient reservoir. A plug cell tray with 70 plantlets was placed inside. The number of air exchanges was 10 hours under forced ventilation. Nodal leafy cuttings of plantlets were cultured at CO2 concentrations (mol·mol-1)/PPF s (mol·m-2·s-1) of 350/80, 700/120, and 1500/250 on day 5-11, 12-18, and 19-28, respectively, for all treatments. All growth factors of in vitro plantlets grown for 28 days using rockwool, perlite and vermiculite were greater than those grown using polyurethane. Dry weight of plantlets grown using rockwool was eight times greater than those grown using polyurethane. The same results were obtained in the growth and survival percentages 14 days after transplanting to ex vitro conditions. Optimum nutrient supply cycles were 12, 24, and 48 hours when perlite, rockwool, and vermiculite were used as supporting materials, respectively. It was considered that the range of optimum nutrient supply cycle was affected by water retention characteristics of supporting materials. This study proved that the supporting material and the nutrient supply cycle were very important environmental factors in photoautotrophic mass propagation.
(63) Production Systems for Celosia in a Tobacco Transplant Greenhouse
Authors: Niedziela Carl E. , Yang Guochen
Published: February 2019

Plug seedlings of Celosia cristata L. `Persimmon Chief' were planted in four production systems (harvest lugs, lay-flat bags, pots, and polystyrene trays) on 7 May 2004. Production systems were randomized in a Latin-square design with four replications of each system. Each treatment plot was 0.7 m × 1.1 m. Planting density was 31 plants/m2. The harvest lugs were 55 cm × 37 cm × 16 cm. The lay-flat bags were 114 cm × 30 cm × 3 cm. The pots were 25 cm bulb pans. The polystyrene trays were 67 cm × 34 cm × 5 cm and contained 32 square cells. All of the containers were filled with the same tobacco germination media. The plants in the harvest lugs, lay-flat bags and pots were irrigated daily with 150 mg·g-1 N from 20N–4.4P–16.6K. The plants in the polystyrene trays were floated on a solution of 150 mg·g-1 N from 20N–4.4P–16.6K. Float solutions were monitored and adjusted weekly for volume and fertilizer concentration. Individual stems were harvested at the appropriate stage of development for market. The fresh weight, stem length and flower diameter of individual stems were recorded. Stems produced in float trays had the lowest fresh weight (162.2 g). Stems grown in harvest lugs (363.5 g) weighed more than those in pots (298.4 g) but not lay-flat bags (338.4 g, lsd0.05 = 42.7). Stems grown in float trays (88.8 g) were shorter than lay-flat bags (121.5 g), harvest lugs (120.5 g), and pots (113.5 cm, lsd0.05 = 10.5). Flower diameter did not differ between production systems (mean diameter = 7.2 cm).
(352) Genetic and Environmental Effects Related to Water Use Efficiency in Peach
Authors: Glenn D. Michael , Scorza Ralph , Okie William R.
Published: February 2019

Two unpruned willow leaf and two unpruned standard leaf peach [Prunuspersica(L.) Batsch.] selections were evaluated for physiological components related to water use efficiency (WUE). The purpose of the study was to assess the value of willow leaf phenotypes to improve water use efficiency in peach and separate the environmental from the genetic components. The willow leaf characteristic itself did not confer improved water use efficiency. Light interception was a key determinant of WUE in these genotypes and the relationship of WUE with intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) by the entire canopy indicated a significant negative correlation. Internal shading of the tree by excessive leaf area reduced WUE and canopies that intercept more than 60% of the PAR have reduced WUE. While WUE is improved by reducing the amount of PAR interception of the canopy, productivity is reduced. Neither of the willow leaf genotypes had a significant correlation of WUE with yield (leaf and fruit weight); however, the standard leaf type cultivars, `Bounty' and `Redhaven', had significantly different regressions that indicate greater productivity in `Bounty' for a given level of WUE. `Redhaven' was the least productive cultivar; `Bounty' was the most productive, and the two willow leaf genotypes were intermediate in the relationship of intercepted PAR with yield. Therefore, genetic differences in peach growth types can be selected for both increased WUE as well as increased productivity. Future work in peach breeding to improve WUE and productivity must take into consideration light interception, productivity, and WUE in an integrated manner to make progress in the efficient use of water and light.
(245)`WhipperSnapper', a Dual-purpose Southern pea for the Production of Both Snaps and Fresh-shell Peas
Authors: Fery Richard L. , Buckley Blair , Marsh Dyremple B.
Published: February 2019

Home gardeners and farmers in the southern United States have traditionally grown southernpeas to produce both fresh-shell peas and immature, fresh pods, or snaps. American growers do not presently have access to a single variety that is ideally suited for both uses. In 1988, a plant breeding effort was initiated to incorporate genes conditioning superior yield and seed characteristics of Asian “vegetable cowpeas” into American snap-type southernpeas. This effort resulted in the development of `WhipperSnapper', which is suited for use as a dual-purpose variety that can be used to produce both snaps and fresh-shell peas. Typical ready-to-harvest `WhipperSnapper' snaps are green colored, 6.4 mm in diameter, 7.6 mm in height, and 24 cm long. Typical mature-green pods suitable for fresh-shell harvest exhibit an attractive yellow color, are 25 cm long, and contain 14 peas. Fresh peas are cream-colored, kidney-shaped, and weigh 24.5 g per 100 peas. Dry pods exhibit a light straw color, and the dry peas have a smooth seedcoat. The total `WhipperSnapper' yield of snaps can be as much as 62% greater than the total snap yield of the snap-type variety `Bettersnap'; pea yield can be as much as 69% greater. The quality of `WhipperSnapper' seed is excellent and much superior to that of `Bettersnap'. `WhipperSnapper' can be used by home gardeners and market gardeners to produce abundant quantities of snaps and fresh-shell peas during seasons too hot for successful culture of such table legumes as snap beans. `WhipperSnapper' also has the potential for use as a mechanically harvested source of snaps for use by food processors in mixed packs of peas and snaps.
(246) Crude Lipid Content and Its Relationship to Carotenoid and Tocopherol Concentration in Carrot (Daucus carota)
Authors: Baeten Jennifer L. , Koch Thomas C. , Goldman Irwin L.
Published: February 2019

Carrot has been bred for increased levels of pro-vitamin E α-tocopherol. This vitamin is lipid soluble. Carrot root has been shown to have measurable levels of lipid, but it is not certain if the lipid level is correlated to α-tocopherol levels. The HPLC method is needed to quantify levels of α-tocopherol. Measuring lipids may be less time consuming in a breeding program. We developed a method for extracting lipids from carrot tissue based on the Soxhlet extraction method. The Soxhlet extraction uses a non-polar ether solvent to pull lipids out of freeze-dried tissue. A collection of carrot accessions ranging in α-tocopherol concentration 0.04–0.18 ppm and carotenoid concentration 10.63–1673.76 ppm were used in this investigation. Root tissue was freeze-dried and lipid levels were measured in an experiment with two replications. The mean lipid level of root tissue was 0.05 g fat/g tissue. The range was 0–1.1 g fat/g tissue. Phenotypic correlations were performed among lipid, α-tocopherol, and β-carotene concentrations in these samples. Twenty-four samples were tested for lipid levels (12 high and 12 low). From these results, percent lipid of the root was determined. Correlations were made between the lipid data and α-tocopherol data of the given samples.