bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anti-endotoxic activity and structural basis for human MD-2·TLR4 antagonism of tetraacylated lipid A mimetics based on βGlcN(1↔1)αGlcN scaffold
Authors: Garate Jose Antonio , Stöckl Johannes , del Carmen Fernández-Alonso María , Artner Daniel , Haegman Mira , Oostenbrink Chris , Jiménez-Barbero Jesús , Beyaert Rudi , Heine Holger , Kosma Paul , Zamyatina Alla
Published: November 2014

Interfering with LPS binding by the co-receptor protein myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD-2) represents a useful approach for down-regulation of MD-2·TLR4-mediated innate immune signaling, which is implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of human diseases, including sepsis syndrome. The antagonistic activity of a series of novel synthetic tetraacylated bis-phosphorylated glycolipids based on the βGlcN(1↔1)αGlcN scaffold was assessed in human monocytic macrophage-like cell line THP-1, dendritic cells and human epithelial cells. Two compounds were shown to inhibit efficiently the LPS-induced inflammatory signaling by down-regulation of the expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and IL-12 to background levels. The binding of the tetraacylated by ( R)-3-hydroxy-fatty acids (2 × C12, 2 × C14), 4,4′-bisphosphorylated βGlcN(1↔1)αGlcN-based lipid A mimetic DA193 to human MD-2 was calculated to be 20-fold stronger than that of Escherichia coli lipid A. Potent antagonistic activity was related to a specific molecular shape induced by the β,α(1↔1)-diglucosamine backbone. ‘Co-planar’ relative arrangement of the GlcN rings was inflicted by the double exo-anomeric conformation around both glycosidic torsions in the rigid β,α(1↔1) linkage, which was ascertained using NOESY NMR experiments and confirmed by molecular dynamics simulation. In contrast to the native lipid A ligands, the binding affinity of βGlcN(1↔1)αGlcN-based lipid A mimetics to human MD-2 was independent on the orientation of the diglucosamine backbone of the synthetic antagonist within the binding pocket of hMD-2 (rotation by 180°) allowing for two equally efficient binding modes as shown by molecular dynamics simulation.
Open Fractures of the Foot and Ankle
Authors: Manway Jeffrey , Highlander Peter
Published: November 2014

Open fractures have been associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Morbidity and mortality rates have improved with the advancements in infectious disease, plastic and reconstructive surgery, as well as damage control orthopaedics. Despite these advancements, few reports have focused on management of open foot and ankle fractures. This review outlines evidence-based principles for open fracture management and how these principles are applied to the foot and ankle.

Levels of Evidence: Level V, Expert Opinion
Free Will, Counterfactual Reflection, and the Meaningfulness of Life Events
Authors: Seto Elizabeth , Hicks Joshua A. , Davis William E. , Smallman Rachel
Published: November 2014

Research has found that counterfactual reflection, the act of mentally undoing past events, imbues major life experiences with meaning. The current studies examined whether individual differences in free will beliefs moderate this relationship. Participants described a significant event in their lives, were randomly assigned to counterfactual or factual reflection about the event, and completed measures of meaning and free will. Two studies found that counterfactual reflection enhanced the meaningfulness of life events for people with high belief in free will but not for people with low belief in free will. These studies suggest that beliefs in free will are an important factor in meaning-making processes.
Voiding difficulties in the elderly
Authors: Toozs-Hobson Philip , Parsons Matthew , Robinson Lynne , Robinson Dudley
Published: November 2014

Voiding difficulties are more common in the elderly. This occurs because of physiological changes such as replacement of muscle fibres with collagen, from life effect insults such as the effects of childbirth, lead to a reduction in contractility and changes in the nerve supply from cholinergic to NANC fibres lead to a change in sensation leading to a delay in first sensation. Symptoms are often similar to those of overactive bladder and the history in older women should include those of hesitancy and poor flow. Likewise, the diagnosis should be considered in women presenting with recurrent urinary tract infections. A failure to consider voiding difficulties can precipitate a crisis and simple strategies such as teaching self-catheterization and using estrogen cream may prevent problems occurring. When acute problems occur, catheterization is required and a review of precipitating factors may identify medications contributing to the condition. The mainstay for treatment, however, remains draining with an indwelling catheter or clean intermittent clean catheterisation.
Transcription factor IRF8 plays a critical role in the development of murine basophils and mast cells
Authors: Sasaki Haruka , Kurotaki Daisuke , Osato Naoki , Sato Hideaki , Sasaki Izumi , Koizumi Shin-ichi , Wang Hongsheng , Kaneda Chika , Nishiyama Akira , Kaisho Tsuneyasu , Aburatani Hiroyuki , Morse Herbert C. , Ozato Keiko , Tamura Tomohiko
Published: November 2014

Key Points

IRF8 promotes Gata2 expression in GPs, thereby playing a key role in the development of basophils and mast cells.
Myosin-II repression favors pre/proplatelets but shear activation generates platelets and fails in macrothrombocytopenia
Authors: Spinler Kyle R. , Shin Jae-Won , Lambert Michele P. , Discher Dennis E.
Published: November 2014

Key Points

Myosin-II inhibition (with blebbistatin) and MYH9-RD mutations enhance shear fragmentation to pre/proplatelet sizes. Sustained shear activates normal myosin-II, which then favors division of pre/proplatelets to smaller platelets.
Boost and loss of immune responses against tumor-associated antigens in the course of pregnancy as a model for allogeneic immunotherapy
Authors: Lutz Mathias , Worschech Andrea , Alb Miriam , Gahn Sabine , Bernhard Laura , Schwab Michael , Obermeier Stefanie , Einsele Hermann , Kämmerer Ulrike , Heuschmann Peter , Klinker Erdwine , Otto Christoph , Mielke Stephan
Published: November 2014

Key Points

Pregnancy recalls short-lived immunity against TAAs mimicking antileukemic responses after allogeneic stem cell transplantation.
Riociguat for the treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a long-term extension study (CHEST-2)
Authors: Simonneau Gérald , D’Armini Andrea M. , Ghofrani Hossein-Ardeschir , Grimminger Friedrich , Hoeper Marius M. , Jansa Pavel , Kim Nick H. , Wang Chen , Wilkins Martin R. , Fritsch Arno , Davie Neil , Colorado Pablo , Mayer Eckhard
Published: November 2014

Riociguat is a soluble guanylate cyclase stimulator approved for the treatment of inoperable and persistent/recurrent chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). In the 16-week CHEST-1 study, riociguat showed a favourable benefit–risk profile and improved several clinically relevant end-points in patients with CTEPH. The CHEST-2 open-label extension evaluated the long-term safety and efficacy of riociguat.

Eligible patients from CHEST-1 received riociguat individually adjusted up to a maximum dose of 2.5 mg three times daily. The primary objective was the safety and tolerability of riociguat; exploratory efficacy end-points included 6-min walking distance (6MWD) and World Health Organization (WHO) functional class (FC).

Overall, 237 patients entered CHEST-2 and 211 (89%) were ongoing at this interim analysis (March 2013). The safety profile of riociguat in CHEST-2 was similar to CHEST-1, with no new safety signals. Improvements in 6MWD and WHO FC observed in CHEST-1 persisted for up to 1 year in CHEST-2. In the observed population at 1 year, mean±sd6MWD had changed by +51±62 m (n=172)versusCHEST-1 baseline (n=237), and WHO FC had improved/stabilised/worsened in 47/50/3% of patients (n=176)versusCHEST-1 baseline (n=236).

Long-term riociguat had a favourable benefit–risk profile and apparently showed sustained benefits in exercise and functional capacity for up to 1 year.
A contemporary survival analysis of individuals with cystic fibrosis: a cohort study
Authors: Stephenson Anne L. , Tom Melissa , Berthiaume Yves , Singer Lianne G. , Aaron Shawn D. , Whitmore G.A. , Stanojevic Sanja
Published: November 2014

Previously established predictors of survival may no longer apply in the current era of cystic fibrosis (CF) care. Our objective was to identify risk factors associated with survival in a contemporary CF population.

We used the Canadian CF Registry, a population-based cohort, to calculate median age of survival and summarise patient characteristics from 1990 to 2012. Clinical, demographic and geographical factors, and survival were estimated for a contemporary cohort (2000–2012) using Cox proportional hazards models.

There were 5787 individuals in the registry between 1990 and 2012. Median survival age increased from 31.9 years (95% CI 28.3–35.2 years) in 1990 to 49.7 years (95% CI 46.1–52.2 years) in the most current 5-year window ending in 2012. Median forced expiratory volume in 1 s improved (p=0.04) and fewer subjects were malnourished (p<0.001) over time. Malnourished patients (hazard ratio (HR) 2.1, 95% CI 1.6–2.8), those with multiple exacerbations (HR 4.5, 95% CI 3.2–6.4) and women with CF-related diabetes (HR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2–2.7) were at increased risk of death.

Life expectancy in Canadians with CF is increasing. Modifiable risk factors such as malnutrition and pulmonary exacerbations are associated with an increased risk of death. The sex gap in CF survival may be explained by an increased hazard for death in women with CF-related diabetes.
A moving direction prediction-assisted handover scheme in LTE networks
Authors: Wang Hsiu-Lang , Kao Shang-Juh , Hsiao Chung-Yi , Chang Fu-Min
Published: November 2014

The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) defines a wireless network standard for high packet transmission rate and low packet latency provisions. Handover is one of the important features for helping user equipments (UEs) to roam between LTE networks. However, LTE networks adapt a make-before-break handover procedure, which may cause a brief disconnection, therefore results in the packet transmission delay and packet loss problems. In this paper, we propose a moving direction prediction-assisted handover scheme for LTE networks to lower the number of handovers. We first track the location of user equipments (UEs) to predict their moving direction. By referencing previous locations, the next moving direction of UEs is estimated with the cosine function in order to determine the candidate E-UTRAN NodeBs (eNBs) for handover. Then, a target eNB is selected from the candidate eNBs through an angle-based dynamic weight adjustment scheme. By selecting a proper target eNB for handover, thus the quality of network transmission can be enhanced. Simulation results demonstrate the ability of the proposed scheme in reducing 17% average handover times, compared with the standard handover procedure, thereby reducing 12% average number of packet loss and 5% average packet delay time.
A migrant study of pubertal timing and tempo in British-Bangladeshi girls at varying risk for breast cancer
Authors: Houghton Lauren C , Cooper Gillian D , Bentley Gillian R , Booth Mark , Chowdhury Osul A , Troisi Rebecca , Ziegler Regina G , Hoover Robert N , Katki Hormuzd A
Published: November 2014

Introduction

Earlier menarche is related to subsequent breast cancer risk, yet international differences in the age and tempo of other pubertal milestones and their relationships with body mass index (BMI) are not firmly established in populations at differing risk for breast cancer. We compared age and tempo of adrenarche, thelarche, pubarche, and menarche in a migrant study of Bangladeshi girls to the United Kingdom (UK) and assessed whether differences by migration were explained by differences in BMI.

Methods

Included were groups of Bangladeshi (n =168), British-Bangladeshi (n =174) and white British (n =54) girls, aged 5 to 16 years. Interviewer-administered questionnaires obtained pubertal staging; height and weight were measured. Salivary dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate concentrations >400 pg/ml defined adrenarche. Median ages of pubertal milestones and hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated from Weibull survival models.

Results

In all three groups, adrenarche occurred earliest, followed by thelarche, pubarche, and finally menarche. Neither median age at adrenarche (Bangladeshi = 7.2, British-Bangladeshi = 7.4, white British = 7.1; P-trend = 0.70) nor at menarche (Bangladeshi = 12.5, British-Bangladeshi = 12.1, white British = 12.6; P-trend = 0.70) differed across groups. In contrast, median age at thelarche (Bangladeshi = 10.7, British-Bangladeshi = 9.6, white British = 8.7; P-trend <0.01) occurred earlier among girls living in the UK. Compared with Bangladeshi girls, HRs (95% CI) for earlier thelarche were 1.6 (1.1 to 2.4) for British-Bangladeshi girls and 2.6 (1.5 to 4.4) for white British girls (P-trend <0.01), but were attenuated after adjustment for BMI (British-Bangladeshi = 1.1 (0.7 to 1.8), white British = 1.7(1.0 to 3.1); P-trend =0.20).

Conclusions

Thelarche occurred earlier, but puberty progressed slower with increasing exposure to the UK environment; differences were partially explained by greater BMI. The growth environment might account for much of the ethnic differences in pubertal development observed across and within countries.
Lighter: fast and memory-efficient sequencing error correction without counting
Authors: Song Li , Florea Liliana , Langmead Ben
Published: November 2014

Lighter is a fast, memory-efficient tool for correcting sequencing errors. Lighter avoids counting k-mers. Instead, it uses a pair of Bloom filters, one holding a sample of the input k-mers and the other holding k-mers likely to be correct. As long as the sampling fraction is adjusted in inverse proportion to the depth of sequencing, Bloom filter size can be held constant while maintaining near-constant accuracy. Lighter is parallelized, uses no secondary storage, and is both faster and more memory-efficient than competing approaches while achieving comparable accuracy.
A genomic and evolutionary approach reveals non-genetic drug resistance in malaria
Authors: Herman Jonathan D , Rice Daniel P , Ribacke Ulf , Silterra Jacob , Deik Amy A , Moss Eli L , Broadbent Kate M , Neafsey Daniel E , Desai Michael M , Clish Clary B , Mazitschek Ralph , Wirth Dyann F
Published: November 2014

Background

Drug resistance remains a major public health challenge for malaria treatment and eradication. Individual loci associated with drug resistance to many antimalarials have been identified, but their epistasis with other resistance mechanisms has not yet been elucidated.

Results

We previously described two mutations in the cytoplasmic prolyl-tRNA synthetase (cPRS) gene that confer resistance to halofuginone. We describe here the evolutionary trajectory of halofuginone resistance of two independent drug resistance selections in Plasmodium falciparum. Using this novel methodology, we discover an unexpected non-genetic drug resistance mechanism that P. falciparum utilizes before genetic modification of the cPRS. P. falciparum first upregulates its proline amino acid homeostasis in response to halofuginone pressure. We show that this non-genetic adaptation to halofuginone is not likely mediated by differential RNA expression and precedes mutation or amplification of the cPRS gene. By tracking the evolution of the two drug resistance selections with whole genome sequencing, we further demonstrate that the cPRS locus accounts for the majority of genetic adaptation to halofuginone in P. falciparum. We further validate that copy-number variations at the cPRS locus also contribute to halofuginone resistance.

Conclusions

We provide a three-step model for multi-locus evolution of halofuginone drug resistance in P. falciparum. Informed by genomic approaches, our results provide the first comprehensive view of the evolutionary trajectory malaria parasites take to achieve drug resistance. Our understanding of the multiple genetic and non-genetic mechanisms of drug resistance informs how we will design and pair future anti-malarials for clinical use.
The conjunctival microbiome in health and trachomatous disease: a case control study
Authors: Zhou Yanjiao , Holland Martin J , Makalo Pateh , Joof Hassan , Roberts Chrissy h , Mabey David CW , Bailey Robin L , Burton Matthew J , Weinstock George M , Burr Sarah E
Published: November 2014

Background

Trachoma, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, remains the worlds leading infectious cause of blindness. Repeated ocular infection during childhood leads to scarring of the conjunctiva, in-turning of the eyelashes (trichiasis) and corneal opacity in later life. There is a growing body of evidence to suggest non-chlamydial bacteria are associated with clinical signs of trachoma, independent of C. trachomatis infection.

Methods

We used deep sequencing of the V1-V3 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene to characterize the microbiome of the conjunctiva of 220 residents of The Gambia, 105 with healthy conjunctivae and 115 with clinical signs of trachoma in the absence of detectable C. trachomatis infection. Deep sequencing was carried out using the Roche-454 platform. Sequence data were processed and analyzed through a pipeline developed by the Human Microbiome Project.

Results

The microbiome of healthy participants was influenced by age and season of sample collection with increased richness and diversity seen in younger participants and in samples collected during the dry season. Decreased diversity and an increased abundance of Corynebacterium and Streptococcus were seen in participants with conjunctival scarring compared to normal controls. Abundance of Corynebacterium was higher still in adults with scarring and trichiasis compared to adults with scarring only.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that changes in the conjunctival microbiome occur in trachomatous disease; whether these are a cause or a consequence is yet unknown.
Decreasing Laboratory Turnaround Time and Patient Wait Time by Implementing Process Improvement Methodologies in an Outpatient Oncology Infusion Unit
Authors: Gjolaj Lauren N. , Gari Gloria A. , Olier-Pino Angela I. , Garcia Juan D. , Fernandez Gustavo L.
Published: November 2014

Streamlining workflows and placing a phlebotomy station inside of the Comprehensive Treatment Unit (CTU) decreased laboratory turnaround times by 53% for patients who required same-day laboratory and CTU services.
The National Practice Benchmark for Oncology, 2014 Report on 2013 Data
Authors: Towle Elaine L. , Barr Thomas R. , Senese James L.
Published: November 2014

The National Practice Benchmark (NPB) is a unique tool to measure oncology practices against others across the country in a way that allows meaningful comparisons despite differences in practice size or setting. In today's economic environment every oncology practice, regardless of business structure or affiliation, should be able to produce, monitor, and benchmark basic metrics to meet current business pressures for increased efficiency and efficacy of care. Although we recognize that the NPB survey results do not capture the experience of all oncology practices, practices that can and do participate demonstrate exceptional managerial capability, and this year those practices are recognized for their participation.

In this report, we continue to emphasize the methodology introduced last year in which we reported medical revenue net of the cost of the drugs as net medical revenue for the hematology/oncology product line. The effect of this is to capture only the gross margin attributable to drugs as revenue. New this year, we introduce six measures of clinical data density and expand the radiation oncology benchmarks.
TRPV1 mediates cellular uptake of anandamide and thus promotes endothelial cell proliferation and network-formation
Authors: Hofmann Nicole A. , Barth Sonja , Waldeck-Weiermair Markus , Klec Christiane , Strunk Dirk , Malli Roland , Graier Wolfgang F.
Published: November 2014

Anandamide (N-arachidonyl ethanolamide, AEA) is an endogenous cannabinoid that is involved in various pathological conditions, including cardiovascular diseases and tumor-angiogenesis. Herein, we tested the involvement of classical cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) and the Ca2+-channel transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) on cellular AEA uptake and its effect on endothelial cell proliferation and network-formation. Uptake of the fluorescence-labeled anandamide (SKM4-45-1) was monitored in human endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) and a human endothelial-vein cell line (EA.hy926). Involvement of the receptors during AEA translocation was determined by selective pharmacological inhibition (AM251, SR144528, CID16020046, SB366791) and molecular interference by TRPV1-selective siRNA-mediated knock-down and TRPV1 overexpression. We show that exclusively TRPV1 contributes essentially to AEA transport into endothelial cells in a Ca2+-independent manner. This TRPV1 function is a prerequisite for AEA-induced endothelial cell proliferation and network-formation. Our findings point to a so far unknown moonlighting function of TRPV1 as Ca2+-independent contributor/regulator of AEA uptake. We propose TRPV1 as representing a promising target for development of pharmacological therapies against AEA-triggered endothelial cell functions, including their stimulatory effect on tumor-angiogenesis.
Pre-metazoan origins and evolution of the cadherin adhesome
Authors: Murray Paul S. , Zaidel-Bar Ronen
Published: November 2014

Vertebrate adherens junctions mediate cell–cell adhesion via a “classical” cadherin–catenin “core” complex, which is associated with and regulated by a functional network of proteins, collectively named the cadherin adhesome (“cadhesome”). The most basal metazoans have been shown to conserve the cadherin–catenin “core”, but little is known about the evolution of the cadhesome. Using a bioinformatics approach based on both sequence and structural analysis, we have traced the evolution of this larger network in 26 organisms, from the uni-cellular ancestors of metazoans, through basal metazoans, to vertebrates. Surprisingly, we show that approximately 70% of the cadhesome, including proteins with similarity to the catenins, predate metazoans. We found that the transition to multicellularity was accompanied by the appearance of a small number of adaptor proteins, and we show how these proteins may have helped to integrate pre-metazoan sub-networks via PDZ domain–peptide interactions. Finally, we found the increase in network complexity in higher metazoans to have been driven primarily by expansion of paralogs. In summary, our analysis helps to explain how the complex protein network associated with cadherin at adherens junctions first came together in the first metazoan and how it evolved into the even more complex mammalian cadhesome.
Shear-sensitive MicroRNA-34a Modulates Flow-dependent Regulation of Endothelial Inflammation
Authors: Fan Wendong , Fang Rong , Wu Xiaoyuan , Liu Jia , Feng Mingzhe , Dai Gang , Chen Guojun , Wu Guifu
Published: November 2014

Although many studies have described the roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the modulation of the endothelial response to shear stress, the mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we demonstrated that atheroprotective physiological high shear stress (HSS) downregulated, whereas atheroprone oscillatory shear stress (OSS) upregulated, miR-34a expression in endothelial cells (ECs). Blockade of endogenous miR-34a dramatically decreased basal vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) protein expression levels. Conversely, miR-34a overexpression increased the protein levels of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1, consequently promoting monocyte adhesion to ECs. Furthermore, miR-34a overexpression attenuated HSS-mediated suppression of VCAM-1 protein expression on ECs, but promoted HSS-induced ICAM-1 expression. In addition, the OSS induction of ECs VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 was suppressed by an miR-34a inhibitor, which led to a reduction of monocyte adhesion to ECs. Mechanistically, sirtuin 1 overexpression partially prevented miR-34a-induced VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 expression. Subsequent investigation demonstrated that miR-34a increased nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) p65 subunit acetylation (on Lys310), and silencing NF-κB signaling reduced miR-34a-induced VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 protein expression. These results demonstrated that miR-34a is involved in flow-dependent regulation of endothelial inflammation.
Actin-capping proteins play essential roles in asymmetric division of maturing mouse oocytes
Authors: Jo Yu-Jin , Jang Woo-In , Namgoong Suk , Kim Nam-Hyung
Published: November 2014

Actin polymerization is essential for various stages of mammalian oocyte maturation, including spindle migration, actin cap formation, polar body extrusion, and cytokinesis. The heterodimeric actin-capping protein (CP) is an essential element of the actin cytoskeleton. It binds to the fast-growing (barbed) ends of actin filaments and plays essential roles in various actin-mediated cellular processes. However, the roles of CP in mammalian oocyte maturation are poorly understood. We investigated the roles of CP in mouse oocytes and found that CP is essential for correct asymmetric spindle migration and polar body extrusion. CP mainly localized in the cytoplasm during maturation. By knockdown or ectopically overexpression of CP revealed that CP is critical for efficient spindle migration and maintenance of the cytoplasmic actin mesh density. Expression of the CP inhibiting protein CARMIL impaired spindle migration and polar body extrusion during oocyte maturation and decreased the cytoplasmic actin mesh density. Taken together, these findings show that CP is an essential component of the actin cytoskeleton machinery that plays crucial roles in oocyte maturation, presumably by controlling the cytoplasmic actin mesh density.
Connecting undergraduate science education with the needs of today’s graduates
Authors: Callier Viviane , Singiser Richard H. , Vanderford Nathan L.
Published: November 2014

Undergraduate science programs are not providing graduates with the knowledgebase and skills they need to be successful on today’s job market. Curricular changes relevant to today’s marketplace and more opportunities for internships and work experience during students’ secondary education would facilitate a smoother transition to the working world and help employers find graduates that possess both the hard and soft skills needed in the workplace. In this article, we discuss these issues and offer solutions that would generate more marketplace-ready undergraduates.
Management and therapeutic options for equine gastric ulceration — looking beyond omeprazole
Authors: Sutton David
Published: November 2014

Ulceration of both the squamous and glandular mucosa of the equine stomach is extremely common. The clinical presenting features of each condition overlap and these vary in severity from minor changes in performance to loss of condition and recurrent colic in severe cases. Within the individual horse there is a poor correlation between the severity of squamous and glandular ulcer scores, and the risk factors for the development of each condition appear to differ. Squamous mucosal ulceration is known to be caused by imbalance between damaging factors (hydrochloric acid, pepsin and bile acids) and the mucosal protective factors (mucus and saliva). Risk factors which augment squamous damage include inadequate forage intake which increases gastric acidity, and high intensity work, which both reduces mucosal blood flow and causes gastric compression. Omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, has been established as the most effective drug for increasing gastric pH when given at the optimum dose and formulation. The correct treatment protocol for glandular ulceration is not so clear as the aetiopathogenesis has not been fully established. Stress factors and elevated plasma cortisol may predispose to development of glandular ulcers, which in some cases may become colonised by acid resistant bacteria. In addition to reducing gastric acidity by therapeutic and management intervention, oral antibiotics and a variety of additional treatments have been proposed as supplemental treatments in horses with glandular ulceration. Further prospective clinical trials are required to determine the efficacy of these different agents in the treatment of equine glandular ulceration.
Rückkehr zur Lehre vorn gerechten Krieg?
Authors: Huber Wolfgang
Published: November 2014

The wars in Kosovo ( 1999), Afghanistan (2001) and Iraq (2003) have caused some German Theologians and Church Leaderstoplead for a renewal of the classical doctrine of just war, maybe modified into thc form of the so-called »just and limited war«- theory. In contrast to this it is obvious that the concept of »just peace« bears the basic idea of contemporary Christian Peace Ethics. This idea should of coursenot be understood as a complete contradiction to the doctrine of just war since the criteria ( e.g. ultima ratio) that are part of this doctrine, which were always intended to prevent and to Iimit warfare and violence, reappear within the concept of just peace. Therefore the doctrine of just peace is no synonym for pacifism. Two key arguments should be considered: (1) The doctrine of just peace names the goal and measure of all policy which is peace and peace alone. Never can war be the aim of policy, especially when policy is inspired by Christi an faith. The doctrine of just war is likely to overlook this logical connection. (2) The notion »just peace« emphasizes the unity and interdependence of peace, law and justice. Peace can only grow where law and justice prosper and vice versa. So »just peace« is much more substantial than the term »just war«. In any case another problern must be solved: It is not clear if the criteria included in both concepts have tobe combined by the logical figure of a conjunction or a disjunction.
THE PREVALENCE OF MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS AMONG DENTISTS IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC
Authors: Šustová Zdeňka , Hodačová Lenka , Kapitán Martin
Published: November 2014

The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of musculoskeletal problems among Czech dentists and to analyze the factors that affect these disorders. Information was gathered through questionnaire completed by 581 physicians. The questionnaire ascertained general information about physicians including their work habits and the characteristics of their work environment along with the occurrence of musculoskeletal problems as well as their intensity. In the past year the occurrence of at least mild difficulties associated with the locomotive system was reported by 96.9% of dentists surveyed (n = 557), with 66.3% of respondents (n = 381) reporting difficulties of a moderate or major nature. Most respondents of both sexes indicated neck pain. A statistically significant correlation with the occurrence of musculoskeletal complaints of medium and major intensity was demonstrated for the following factors: sex, age, running a private practice, past injury or musculoskeletal diseases, and the perception of work as psychologically demanding. Musculoskeletal disorders in dentists in Czech Republic are relatively frequent and serious health problem. The causes of these diseases must be identified and appropriate preventive interventions undertaken that will contribute to a reduction in the incidence of these problems.
TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY IN PATIENTS WITH PARKINSON'S DISEASE
Authors: Mathew Pradeep George , Šponer Pavel , Kučera Tomáš , Grinac Michal , Knížek Jiří
Published: November 2014

The aim of this study is to evaluate the results of total hip arthroplasty in patients with Parkinson’s disease during a period of five years, focusing on the assessment of the risks and benefits of surgery. During this period we performed total hip arthroplasty in 14 patients (15 hips) with Parkinson’s disease. Patients were evaluated by subjective symptoms and objective findings, with a focus on the use of support while walking and walking distance, severity of Parkinson’s disease before surgery and at the time of the last follow-up. During the postoperative period, the following parameters were assessed: length of ICU stay, mobilization, complications, the total duration of hospitalization and follow-up care after discharge.

Of the 11 patients (12 hips) followed-up 1–5 years with an average of 3 years after operation 8 cases showed progression of neurological disability. 5 patients (6 hips) showed an increased dependence on the use of support when walking and reduced distance that the patient was able to walk. Subjectively, 10 hip joints were completely painless and 2 patients complained of only occasional mild pain in the operated hip. Complications that were encountered were urinary tract infection (5 patients), cognitive impairment (3 patients) and pressure ulcer (2 patients). We did not observe any infection or dislocation of the prosthesis. Three patients fell and fractured the femur and 3 patients in our cohort died during follow up.

Implantation of total replacement is possible with judicious indication after careful evaluation of neurological finding in patients with minimal or mild functional impairment of the locomotor system. Prerequisite for a good result is precise surgical technique and optimal implant position with balanced tension of the muscles and other soft tissues around the hip.
MYOPERICYTOMA OF THE TONGUE: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Akbulut Sevtap , Berk Derya , Demir Mehmet G , Kayahan Sibel
Published: November 2014

Myopericytoma is a rare benign tumour composed of pericytic cells that show myoid differentiation and have a tendency for concentric perivascular growth. It belongs to a spectrum of perivascular myoid cell neoplasms. To date, only a small number of cases of myopericytoma involving the oral cavity have been reported. We describe a case of myopericytoma presenting as a slowly growing tongue nodule in a 61-year-old woman. A diagnosis of myopericytoma was established with the histopathological findings combined with immunohistochemical staining. Myopericytoma should be included in the differential diagnosis of well-circumscribed, slow-growing lesions of the oral cavity.
SECULAR TRENDS AND LATITUDE GRADIENTS IN THE MALE-FEMALE RATIO AT BIRTH IN YUGOSLAVIA AND THE EX-YUGOSLAVIAN STATES
Authors: Grech Victor
Published: November 2014

Background: Latitude gradients and secular trends in Europe and North America have been found in the male-female ratio at birth (M/F: male births divided by total births) which approximates 0.515. Methods: Annual national data for Yugoslavia and the post-Yugoslavia States for male and female live births were obtained from the World Health Organisation and analysed with contingency tables. Results: This study analysed 22,020,729 live births. There was a increasing trend in M/F prior to the breakup of the former Yugoslavia (1950–1990, p = 0.002), followed by a decreasing trend after 1990 (p = 0.02). A latitude gradient was also noted, with more males being born in southern, warmer latitudes (p < 0.0001). There was an overall excess of 42,753 male births based on an anticipated M/F of 0.515. Conclusion: M/F is decreasing in this region, similar to the rest of Europe and North America. A latitude gradient is also present with more males being born in warmer (more Southern) latitudes (p < 0.0001), even in this small region and over the short time-frame studied.
RESULTS OF TREATMENT OF PERIPROSTHETIC FEMORAL FRACTURES AFTER TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY
Authors: Korbel Martin , Šponer Pavel , Kučera Tomáš , Procházka Egon , Proček Tomáš
Published: November 2014

Periprosthetic fractures are the third most common reason for revision total hip arthroplasty. Surgical treatment of periprosthetic fractures belongs to the most difficult procedures due to the extensive surgery, elderly polymorbid patients and the high frequency of other complications. The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of operatively treated periprosthetic femoral fractures after total hip arthroplasty.

We evaluated 47 periprosthetic fractures in 40 patients (18 men and 22 women) operated on between January 2004 and December 2010. The mean follow-up period was 27 months (within a range of 12–45 months). For the clinical evaluation, we used modified Merle d’Aubigné scoring system.

In group of Vancouver A fractures, 3 patients were treated with a mean score of 15.7 points (good result). We recorded a mean score of 14.2 points (fair result) in 6 patients with Vancouver B1 fractures, 12.4 points (fair result) in 24 patients with Vancouver B2 fractures and 12.7 points (fair result) in 7 patients with Vancouver B3 fractures. In group of Vancouver C fractures, we found a mean score of 16.2 points (good result) in 7 patients.

Therapeutic algorithm based on the Vancouver classification system is, in our opinion, satisfactory. Accurate differentiation of B1 and B2 type of fractures is essential. Preoperative radiographic images may not be reliable. If in doubt, checking the stability of the prosthesis fixation during surgery should be performed.
BROWN TUMOR AT THE JAW IN PATIENTS WITH SECONDARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM DUE TO CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE
Authors: Pechalova Petia F. , Poriazova Elena G.
Published: November 2014

Brown tumors are bony lesions caused by rapid osteoclastic activity, which rare involved jaws. Renal osteodystrophy (ROD) is associated with different pathogenetic mechanisms – disorder of calcium-phosphate metabolism, impaired metabolism of vitamin D, increased parathyroid activity that lead to extreme concentrations of parathormone.

The authors report two cases of jaw enlargement in patients received haemodialysis with excessive increase values of alkaline phosphatase and parathormone in serum. The patients were treated surgically with corrective procedures in maxillo-facial area.

ROD of the jaws could be severe complication in dialysis patients with end stage of CKD if no appropriate care aimed at correction or prevention of parathyroid hyperfunction was applied to them.
ASSOCIATION OF CAROTID INTIMA-MEDIA THICKNESS WITH LEPTIN AND APOLIPOPROTEIN B/APOLIPOPROTEIN A-I RATIO REVEALS IMMINENT PREDICTORS OF SUBCLINICAL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN PSORIASIS PATIENTS
Authors: Asha Kumari , Sharma Suman B. , Singal Archana , Aggarwal Amitesh
Published: November 2014

Psoriasis patients are often susceptible to cardiovascular diseases (CVD), including atherosclerosis. Traditional markers (biochemical and inflammatory) and diagnostic tools could detect occlusive but not subclinical atherosclerosis. Carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT), has recently been recognised as a non invasive diagnostic tool for identification of premature atherosclerosis. Therefore we evaluated 80 psoriasis patients and 80 age sex matched healthy controls for serum leptin levels and apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I ratio (apoB/apoA-I ratio) in relation with CIMT of carotid artery. Carotid intima-media thickness and carotid plaques were simultaneously measured by carotid sonography. Serum concentration of leptin and apolipoprotein were measured using enzyme-linked immuno sorbent assay (ELISA) and nephelometry respectively. Raised CIMT correlated to age of onset of the disease, serum leptin and apoB/apoA-I ratio in psoriasis patients. Taking into account, values that were above the 75 percentile of the three markers (leptin, apoB/apoA-I ratio and CIMT) the odds ratio was 4.26 (2.06–8.80 CI). Leptin and apoB/apoA-I ratio showed significant cumulative association with CIMT. Results of predictive analysis supports measurement of CIMT along with estimation of serum leptin and apoB/apoA-I ratio for prediction of premature atherosclerosis in psoriasis patients.
CLINICAL CASE REPORT OF A LARGE ANTROCHOANAL POLYP
Authors: Špadijer-Mirković Cveta , Perić Aleksandar , Vukomanović-Đurđević Biserka , Stanojević Ivan
Published: November 2014

Antrochoanal polyps are benign lesions originating from the mucosa of the maxillary sinus. Nasal obstruction and rhinorrhea are their main symptoms. Their endoscopical and radiological appearance makes them relatively easy to diagnose. These polyps are usually presented unilaterally, although bilateral presentation is also possible. We described two cases of atypically giant antrochoanal polyps: in a 15-year-old child and in a 38-year-old man. In both cases, the diagnosis was done by nasal endoscopy and computed tomography (CT) of the paranasal sinuses and supported by histopathological analysis. In the first patient, the excised polyp had the histological characteristic of an angiomatous antrochoanal polyp. Because of their unusual dimension, the combined transoral and endonasal endoscopic approach was performed for complete polyp excision. We discussed the clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical characteristics of choanal polyps in comparison to inflammatory nasal polyps, and the applicable surgical techniques for treatment of these polyps.
A CASE OF CLOSED LOOP SMALL BOWEL OBSTRUCTION WITHIN A STRANGULATED INCISIONAL HERNIA IN ASSOCIATION WITH AN ACUTE GASTRIC VOLVULUS
Authors: Kosai Nik Ritza , Gendeh H. S. , Noorharisman M. , Sutton Paul Anthony , Das Srijit
Published: November 2014

Small bowel obstruction is a common clinical problem presenting with abdominal distention, colicky pain, absolute constipation and bilious vomiting. There are numerous causes, most commonly attributed to an incarcerated hernia, adhesions or obstructing mass secondary to malignancy. Here we present an unusual cause of a small bowel obstruction secondary to an incarcerated incisional hernia in association with an acute organoaxial gastric volvulus.
MULTIPLE VARIATIONS OF THE SUPERFICIAL JUGULAR VEINS: CASE REPORT AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE
Authors: Paraskevas George , Natsis Konstantinos , Ioannidis Orestis , Kitsoulis Panagiotis , Anastasopoulos Nikolaos , Spyridakis Ioannis
Published: November 2014

The jugular venous system constitutes the primary venous drainage of the head and neck. It includes a profundus or subfascial venous system, formed by the two internal jugular veins, and a superficial or subcutaneous one, formed by the two anterior and two external jugular veins. We report one case of unilateral anatomical variations of the external and anterior jugular veins. Particularly, on the right side, three external jugular veins co-existed with two anterior jugular veins. Such a combination of venous anomalies is extremely rare. The awareness of the variability of these veins is essential to anesthesiologists and radiologists, since the external jugular vein constitutes a common route for catheterization. Their knowledge is also important to surgeons performing head and neck surgery.
The effects of the antecedents of service purchase intention in the context of monetary sales promotion
Authors: Chiang Cheng-Chen
Published: November 2014

This study investigated the correlations among variables for credence service in the context of monetary sales promotion. The findings suggested that perceived price directly affected perceived quality, with a negative effect. Perceived price had a positive effect directly on perceived value. Perceived quality directly affected perceived value. Perceived value was found as a key predictor of purchase intention. In addition, perceived quality had indirect and positive impact on purchase intention via value. The results of this study also suggested that there was a negative effect of perceived price on perceived risk. Moreover, it was also noted that perceived risk had negative effects on perceived value and purchase intention.
The impacts of social network on operating performance in micro-enterprises
Authors: Shieh Chich-Jen
Published: November 2014

In face of the rapidly changing market, a micro-enterprise could keep its ability for quick adaptation and create more core value. Small and medium enterprises present the majority among the enterprises in Taiwan, showing the importance of micro-enterprises in the economic development in Taiwan. Micro-enterprises are affirmed in international societies as they create employment opportunities, balance urban and rural development, enhance income equality, and cohere with social network. The creativity of micro-enterprises is indeed not inferior to large-scale enterprises; however, with effective management, they could create more value added.By distributing and collecting questionnaires on-site, the franchisees of Richmaker Diners are sampled for the investigation. A total of 200 copies of questionnaires were distributed, and 117 valid copies were retrieved, with the retrieval rate of 59%. Each retrieved copy was regarded as a valid sample. The research results show 1. partially positive effects of Social Network on Productivity in Operating Performance, 2. significantly positive effects of Social Network on Profitability in Operating Performance, 3. remarkably positive effects of Social Network on Growth Force in Operating Performance, 4. effects of some personal Background on Social Network, and 5. effects of some personal Background on Operating Performance.
Rolandic epilepsy and dyslexia
Authors: Oliveira Ecila P. , Neri Marina L. , Capelatto Lívia L. , Guimarães Catarina A. , Guerreiro Marilisa M.
Published: November 2014

Objective Although benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) is an idiopathic, age-related epilepsy syndrome with favorable outcome, recent studies have shown impairment in specific neuropsychological tests. The objective of this study was to analyze the comorbidity between dyslexia and BECTS. Method Thirty-one patients with clinical and electroencephalographic diagnosis of BECTS (group A) and 31 paired children (group B) underwent a language and neuropsychological assessment performed with several standardized protocols. Our findings were categorized as: a) dyslexia; b) other difficulties; c) without difficulties. Our results were compared and statistically analyzed. Results Our data showed that dyslexia occurred in 19.4% and other difficulties in 74.2% of our patients. This was highly significant when compared with the control group (p<0.001). Phonological awareness, writing, reading, arithmetic, and memory tests showed a statistically significant difference when comparing both groups. Conclusion Our findings show significant evidence of the occurrence of dyslexia in patients with BECTS.
Comportamento de risco para ortorexia nervosa em estudantes de nutrição
Authors: Souza Quetsia Jackeline Octacilio Vitorino de , Rodrigues Alexandra Magna
Published: November 2014

Objetivo Identificar comportamento de risco para o desenvolvimento de ortorexia nervosa em estudantes de Nutrição. Métodos Estudo descritivo e transversal. Participaram da pesquisa estudantes de Nutrição, do sexo feminino, com 18 anos de idade ou mais, de uma universidade do Vale do Paraíba do Sul/SP. Foram aplicados três instrumentos, sendo o primeiro para obter informações sobre idade, altura e massa corporal referidos, e ano do curso. Os dados de massa corporal e estatura referidos foram usados para cálculo do índice de massa corporal (IMC) e classificação do estado nutricional. O segundo foi utilizado para identificar distúrbio da imagem corporal, de acordo com a escala de silhuetas. O terceiro foi utilizado para verificar o comportamento de risco para desenvolvimento de ortorexia nervosa (Orto-15). Resultados Participaram do estudo 150 alunas, com idade média de 23,21 anos. Observou-se que a maioria das alunas estava eutrófica (74%, n = 111), segundo a classificação do IMC. Em relação à percepção da imagem corporal, verificou-se que 74,7% (n = 112) das alunas do curso de Nutrição apresentavam distúrbio da imagem corporal. Quanto à ortorexia nervosa, observou-se que 88,7% (n = 133) das alunas apresentavam risco de desenvolver comportamento ortoréxico. Ao relacionar o comportamento ortoréxico com a série cursada, com o estado nutricional e com o distúrbio da imagem corporal, verificou-se que não houve associação entre as variáveis (p > 0,05). Conclusão Conclui-se que um número considerável das alunas do curso de Nutrição apresenta comportamento ortoréxico e distúrbio da imagem corporal.