bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE SALIVARY GLAND CHROMOSOMES OF SIX CLOSELY RELATED BLACK FLIES NEAR EUSIMULIUM CONGAREENARUM (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE)
Authors: Dunbar Robert W.
Published: August 2008

The salivary gland chromosomes of nearctic black flies which form a natural group in Eusimulium close to E. congareenarum were analyzed in detail. Comparisons of their giant chromosome banding patterns disclosed six cytological segregates in two subgroups; subgroup A, with E. innocens, E. anatinum, E. congareenarum, and a cytologically distinct form near the latter designated E. congareenarum 'b'; subgroup B, with E. excisum and E. rivuli. Within each subgroup closely related species differ at least by (1) two or three interspecific inversions, (2) the intraspecific specific inversions present, and (3) the details of the X and Y chromosomes. The differences between the subgroups include (1) the position of the nucleolus, (2) the identity of the sex chromosomes as either the first or third pair, and (3) about 15 interspecific inversions between E. congareenarum and E. excisum, the most closely related species from either subgroup. The phylogenetic interrelationships have been traced by means of the interspecific inversions.
THE INFLUENCE OF EPIDERMIS ON THE DEVELOPING FLIGHT MUSCLES IN GALLERIA MELLONELLA
Authors: Sahota T. S. , Beckel W. E.
Published: August 2008

In Galleria mellonella, the flight muscles in the mesothorax develop from four myoblast aggregations. There are no larval muscles or rudimentary imaginal muscles to impose their own orientation on that of the developing muscles. However, the myoblasts get attached to the epidermis before a final sorting of the myoblasts has been achieved and before orientation is final. Therefore the epidermal attachment must influence the orientation. Influence of the removal of epidermis on the orientation of the developing flight muscles has been studied. The evidence suggests that certain patches of epidermis are involved with myoblasts, and other patches often closely associated are not. There must be specific epidermis for myoblast attachment. The epidermis therefore plays a prime role in muscle orientation.
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND THE CLASSIFICATION OF THE PHILODROMUS RUFUS COMPLEX IN NORTH AMERICA (ARANEIDA: THOMISIDAE)
Authors: Dondale C. D.
Published: August 2008

The mating behaviors of Philodromus rufus-like spiders from the Pacific coast, northern Ontario, and southern Ontario near Belleville revealed two species and a subspecies. P. rufus Walckenaer is identified as a transcontinental species in which the males vibrate their legs in courtship and possess an "angular" retro-lateral apophysis on the palpal tibia. P. rufus vibrans Dondale is a small, heavily-speckled subspecies of rufus. The second species is P. exilis Banks, in which the males do not vibrate and have a "non-angular" apophysis, and which occurs in the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence-Acadian forests of eastern North America.
TARSAL SENSITIVITY OF FEMALE TABANID FLIES TO SUCROSE AND SODIUM CHLORIDE
Authors: Lall Suresh B. , Davies D. M.
Published: August 2008

The foretarsi of females of the tabanid flies, Tabanus lineola Fab., Chrysops vittatus Wied., and Hybomitra lasiophthalma (Macq.), possess contact chemoreceptive sensillae that are sensitive to sucrose and sodium chloride solutions. The tarsi play an important part in the discrimination of acceptable substrates from unacceptable ones.Differences were exhibited between the tarsal acceptance thresholds for sucrose solution; that of T. lineola was 0.05 M −0.025 M, of C. vittatus 0.0125 M −0.0625 M, and of H. lasiophthalma 0.025 M −0.0125 M. The tarsal rejection threshold of NaCl in 0.5 M sucrose solution for T. lineola was 0.80 M, for C. vittatus 0.90 M, and for H. lasiophthalma 0.90 M.
COMPARATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE CANINE TEETH IN WILD AND CAPTIVE BLACK BEARS, URSUS AMERICANUS PALLAS
Authors: Rausch Robert L.
Published: August 2008

Development of the canine teeth in continuously growing captive black bears, Ursus americanus Pallas, has been investigated by means of an intravital dye, alizarin red S, injected intraperitoneally in phosphate-buffered saline. The dye is deposited with the dentin and cementum, forming pigmented layers which delimit increments of growth. In continuously growing captives, the root of the canine tooth closes at the apex in about 3 years, whereas this does not take place in wild bears in southcentral Alaska until about the end of the sixth summer of life. In captive bears injected at 6-month intervals over a period of 3 years, the 6-month increments in dentin corresponded to those produced annually in wild bears. After the first autumn of life, up to which time wild and captive bears develop at the same rate, five 6-month periods of growth are required by both for completion of the canine root. This work confirms experimentally that the annual increments of dentin in the canine root of wild bears represent 6-month periods of growth, and that the canine teeth do not grow during the period spent in the den. It was confirmed also that a single layer of cementum is produced annually in the teeth of wild bears. The layers of cementum provide the best means for determining age of individual animals.
NEODISCOCOTYLE CARPIODITIS N. GEN., N. SP., MONOGENETIC TREMATODE (DISCOCOTYLIDAE: NEODISCOCOTYLINAE SUBFAM. N.) FROM THE GILLS OF THE QUILLBACK, CARPIODES CYPRINUS (LE SUEUR) OF LAKE ERIE
Authors: Dechtiar Alex O.
Published: August 2008

A new species of discocotylidian, Neodiscocotyle carpioditis, from the gills of quillback from Lake Erie, is described. A new subfamily Neodiscocotylinae and a new genus Neodiscocotyle are erected to accommodate this new species.
EFFECT OF HUMIDITY AND TEMPERATURE ON THE BIOLOGY OF AËROGLYPHUS ROBUSTUS (BANKS) (ACARINA: GLYCYPHAGIDAE)
Authors: Barker Philip S.
Published: August 2008

The biology and reproductive rates of Aëroglyphus robustus (Banks) were examined at two humidities and different temperatures. The life cycle was shorter at 70–75% relative humidity (r.h.) than at 85–90% r.h. At 28 °C more eggs were laid at 85–90% r.h. than at 70–75% r.h. Low net reproduction rates were found for this species.
DIOCTOPHYMA RENALE INFECTIONS IN MANITOBA
Authors: McLeod J. A.
Published: August 2008

Eight cases of Dioctophyma renale infection in dogs are reported from Manitoba. Six of the hosts comprised a single team of sledge dogs all of which had coincident infections of the liver with Metorchis conjunctus. In all cases there was little external evidence of disease apart from slight emaciation but the postmortem examinations of the sledge dogs showed extensive destruction of the right kidney in every case. One dog had a massive infection and yielded 15 adult worms of which 8 were females and 7 were males. The results of the examination of several other sledge dogs were negative.
STUDIES ON THE MODE OF ACTION OF ROYAL JELLY IN HONEYBEE DEVELOPMENT: VIII. THE UTILIZATION OF SUGAR UNIFORMLY LABELED WITH 14C AND OF ASPARTIC-1-14C ACID
Authors: Lue Peter F. , Dixon S. E.
Published: August 2008

The amino acid requirements of developing honeybee larvae were determined by the indirect method using glucose-U-14C and sucrose-U-14C. The amino acids proline, hydroxyproline, alanine, glutamine, glutamic acid, α-amino-n-butyric acid, γ-amino-n-butyric acid, glycine, serine, and β-alanine were classified as nonessential. Cystine, aspartic acid, asparagine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, methionine, tryptophan, valine, threonine, tyrosine, lysine, histidine, and arginine were considered to be essential. The metabolism of sugar and aspartic acid are discussed in relation to caste development.
A HISTOLOGICAL AND HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SALIVARY GLANDS IN THE CHICK (GALLUS DOMESTICUS)
Authors: Shih L. , Gibson M. A.
Published: August 2008

The anterior submaxillary glands of the domestic fowl are paired, compound tubular glands. Each is divided into four lobes and each lobe is composed of branching lobules. Secretory acini are distributed along the lobules and each lobule drains into the oral cavity by a separate duct. The lobules originate as ingrowths of the oral epithelium at the 9-day incubation stage. These primordia later increase in number and length, and become branched. The secretory product is produced by both the acinar and duct cells and is demonstrable at the 14-day incubation stage. It is a mucous secretion containing sulfated mucopolysaccharides and mucoproteins. Sialomucin, if present, could not be demonstrated. The secretory product increases in amount within the cells and lumina during the prehatching period. The duct and acinar cells stain positively for ribonucleic acid and alkaline and acid phosphatase, and possess mitochondria and Golgi bodies. The evolution of these substances and organelles parallels cytogenesis and the rate of elaboration of the secretory product. Lipids are present only as components of the cell organelles.
THE STRUCTURE AND SECRETION OF THE SPERMATHECA OF RHODNIUS PROLIXUS STÅL: A HISTOCHEMICAL STUDY
Authors: Davey K. G. , Webster G. F.
Published: August 2008

This paper presents a light microscope study of the cytology of the cells which secrete a substance into the lumen of the spermatheca of Rhodnius prolixus. On the basis of histochemical tests, the material in the lumen appears to be a mucoprotein or glycoprotein. It is suggested that the secretion provides a source of energy for the maintenance of the spermatozoa.
ON THE INCIDENCE OF GASTROINTESTINAL PARASITES IN NOVA SCOTIA BEAVER
Authors: Smith H. J. , Archibald R. McG.
Published: August 2008

Complete gastrointestinal tracts from 132 Nova Scotia beaver (Castor canadensis) and partial tracts from 14 others were examined for the presence of parasites. The nematode, Travassosius americanus, and the trematodes, Stichorchis subtriquetrus, Stephanoproraoides lawi, and Echinostomum armigerum, were the only parasites recovered. T. americanus and S. subtriquetrus were recovered from a high proportion of the beaver, and E. armigerum and S. lawi were recovered in one and three beaver respectively.
EUBRANCHIPUS INTRICATUS N.SP., A WIDELY DISTRIBUTED NORTH AMERICAN FAIRY-SHRIMP, WITH A NOTE ON ITS ECOLOGY
Authors: Hartland-Rowe R.
Published: August 2008

The name Chirocephalopsis bundyi (Forbes 1876) has been applied to two species. One of these is Eubranchipus bundyi (Forbes), of which Eubranchipus gelidus (Hay and Hay, 1889) is a synonym. The other, referred to by Brtek (1966) as E. gelidus (Hay and Hay), is described as E. intricatus n.sp. Both species are widely distributed in North America and occur in temporary pools of low salinity.
THE MONONCHIDAE OF NIGERIA
Authors: Mulvey R. H. , Jensen H. J.
Published: August 2008

This paper contains a taxonomic survey of nematodes belonging to the predaceous family Mononchidae, collected by Dr. Fields Caveness in western Nigeria during 1959–61. Four genera, new to science, Crassibucca, Hadronchus, Polyonchulus, and Prionchulellus, and 16 new species, Crassibucca penicula, C. macrocauda, C. microdonta, Hadronchus bisexualis, H. monohystera, Iotonchus acuticaudus, I. clarki, I. nigeriensts. I. parabasidontus, I. tarjani, Miconchus pararapax, M. thornei, Mylonchulus curvicaudus, Polyonchulus cobbi, P. megadontus, and Prionchulellus cavenessi are described and illustrated.Several already described species are also included. Iotonchus piracicabae (Lordello) and Mononchus (I.) piracicaboides Carvalho are placed in synonymy of I. trichurus (Cobb). Miconchus dadayi (Micoletzky) in Schneider, 1953 is considered a synonym of Miconchus pararapax n. sp. Miconchus dadayi (Micoletzky, 1914), (=Mononchus macrostoma of Daday, 1910) is regarded as species inquirenda. Mylonchulus hawaiiensis (Cassidy) is removed from synonymy, and Iotonchus similis (Cobb) is designated incertae sedis. Mylonchulus montanus (Thorne) is considered a synonym of Mylonchulus lacustris (Cobb). An illustrated taxonomic key to the 14 genera in the family Mononchidae is presented. Keys to most of the world species in these genera are also included.The value of the tuberculate and non-tuberculate valve as a generic character is discussed.
RADIOACTIVE 54Mn AND 65Zn IN EURYHALINE FISH
Authors: Gustafson P. F. , Brar S. S. , Nelson D. M. , Muniak S. E.
Published: August 2008

Radioactive 54Mn and (or) 65Zn were found in the seven species of euryhaline fish examined; alewife, char, eel, salmon, shad, smelt, and sturgeon. These two radionuclides were not observed in any of the more than 30 stenohaline species investigated. Retention of 65Zn was demonstrated only in euryhaline fish taken from a marine (saltwater) environment, whereas 54Mn was retained by euryhaline fish living in either fresh or salt water. Their complex osmoregulatory systems, in addition to their feeding habits, are advanced as causal factors for the accumulation of 54Mn and 65Zn by euryhaline fish. Because shad and salmon (and probably both the sturgeon and char) were caught during the spawning migration there may be a hormonal influence as well on the metabolism of 54Mn and 65Zn.
AN ARTIFICIAL DIET AND SOME GROWTH FACTOR REQUIREMENTS FOR THE PALE WESTERN CUTWORM
Authors: Kasting R. , McGinnis A. J.
Published: August 2008

The pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morr., was reared in the laboratory on an artificial, partly defined diet that contained no extracts or parts from green plants. This diet permitted the determination of some growth factor needs for the larvae. Deletion of niacinamide, choline chloride, calcium pantothenate, and pyridoxine from the diet stopped growth and development of larvae in the second or third instar. Deficiencies of riboflavin, folic acid, or thiamine allowed development of larvae to the fifth instar but no pupae were produced. Omission from the diet of inositol, biotin, or vitamine B12 had no apparent effect on the growth and development of this cutworm.The inhibitory effect of the diet lacking thiamine on growth of newly hatched larvae was not caused by a decreased consumption of the deficient diet.
BILL LENGTH VARIABILITY IN BIRDS OF THE TRES MARÍAS ISLANDS, MEXICO
Authors: Grant P. R.
Published: August 2008

Variability of bill length was compared between populations of species present on the Tres Marías Islands and appropriate nearby mainland. Four species were significantly less variable on the islands, one species was significantly more variable, and 11 species were not significantly different in the two regions. Explanations are offered in terms of available food supply: availability may be influenced by competitors. Data from other islands are consistent with this interpretation. However, no clear trend towards greater or less variability on islands has so far been revealed.
THE GENUS HAEMOBAPHES (COPEPODA: LERNAEOCERIDAE) IN THE WATERS OF BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Kabata Z.
Published: August 2008

The paper describes two species of Haemobaphes (Copepoda: Lernaeoceridae) found on fishes in the waters of British Columbia. The species are: H. diceraus Wilson, 1917 and H. intermedius sp.nov., whose adult, modified females have been found in Georgia Strait. In addition, lernaeocerid larvae of the genus Haemobaphes have been found and several developmental stages are described. The paper also discusses the present status of the genus Haemobaphes and speculates on the possible life cycles of the two species described.
THE LIFE CYCLE OF CRANGONYX RICHMONDENSIS LAURENTIANUS BOUSFIELD (CRUSTACEA: AMPHIPODA)
Authors: Sprules W. Gary
Published: August 2008

Crangonyx richmondensis laurentianus Bousfield, a freshwater amphipod crustacean, occurs in small acid lakes of the Precambrian Shield where it is restricted to the shallow waters where vegetation is scarce and the sediment contains clay. Breeding occurs in late April in Little Minnow Lake, Algonquin Park. Juveniles are released from the female marsupium in mid-June and adults die soon afterwards. Immatures reach a peak of abundance in mid-July and gradually decline to a constant level in October. The summer generation does not breed until it reaches maturity the following spring. Curves of growth in length are linear during the growing season. Egg numbers increase faster than the volume of the females, and the sex ratio appears to be displaced toward the male.
THE MONONCHIDAE: A FAMILY OF PREDACEOUS NEMATODES: VI. GENUS MONONCHUS (NEMATODA: MONONCHIDAE)
Authors: Mulvey R. H.
Published: August 2008

A résumé of the genus Mononchus Bastian, 1865 is presented, including two new species, M. macropapillatus and M. sheri, which are described and illustrated. All known species in this genus are considered and several are redescribed and illustrated. M. cristatus, M. brevicavatus, and M. fovearum are designated species inquirendae, and M. crassiusculus, M. hainanensis, M. intermedius, M. obtusus, M. neotumbridgensis, and M. serramarginatus insertae sedis. Taxonomic keys for the males and females are provided.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF BLOOD PROTEINS IN THE AFRICAN MIGRATORY LOCUST
Authors: Tobe S. S. , Loughton B. G.
Published: August 2008

The blood proteins of the African migratory locust were investigated at timed stages of development by immunodiffusion and gel electrophoresis. Blood protein concentration was also determined during the life cycle. The blood proteins showed a cyclical change in concentration during each nymphal instar studied. In the adult, blood protein concentration began to increase 6 days after the final molt and reached a maximum at 21 days. Variations in blood protein pattern detected by immunodiffusion and electrophoresis were most marked in the first instar and in the adult insect. These stages were the only ones in which the egg protein was detected. The egg protein was found in the maturing ovary of the adult female, but was absent from the male. No other tissue was found to contain blood protein at any stage of development. Histochemical staining of the polyacrylamide gels by the PAS method, Alcian blue, and Sudan black demonstrated that carbohydrate, mucopolysaccharide, and lipid were associated with certain of the blood proteins.
COLLECTING SIMULIUM VENUSTUM FEMALE IN FAN TRAPS AND ON SILHOUETTES WITH THE AID OF CARBON DIOXIDE
Authors: Fallis A. M. , Bennett G. F. , Griggs G. , Allen T.
Published: August 2008

Female black flies were taken abundantly in fan traps, on "sticky" mannequins, and on "sticky" flesh-colored paper cylinders when carbon dioxide was released beside them, but few were taken without the carbon dioxide. More flies were taken from the cylinders placed horizontally than vertically and more from the ends of the horizontal cylinders than from the mid-portions. More flies landed on the ends of the vertical cylinders near which the carbon dioxide was escaping than on the opposite ends. Many flies were collected using human breath as a stimulus. Heating the silhouettes did not predictably affect their attractiveness. The combined results indicate that carbon dioxide and vision are especially significant to the orienting and landing of Simulium venustum.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPICAL STUDIES ON DITYLENCHUS DIPSACI (KÜHN): I. STOMATAL REGION
Authors: Yuen Pick-Hoong
Published: August 2008

The stomatal region of Ditylenchus dipsaci, approximately 15 μ long, was studied in cross-section. The cuticle consists of a thin cortex and a thick matrix whose inner layer consists of regularly arranged crystalloid structures. The head skeleton is basically a hexagonal tube with six radiating blades. The somatic musculature begins with two muscle cells in each sector. Each muscle cell consists of alternating bands of thick and thin myofilaments. Three stylet protractors are present which gradually become trifid as they extend anteriorly. They originate at the body wall and are inserted on the ridges on the surfaces of the stylet knobs. The guiding apparatus consists of a steep-sided cone and a cylindrical stalk of approximately the same length. Its anterior end is fused onto the base of the head skeleton and its posterior end fuses onto the anterior surface of the stylet knobs. The four dorsolateral and ventrolateral cephalic nerves could be traced from the level of the stylet knobs. Each of them branches twice. The two lateral cephalic nerves do not seem to conform to the same branching pattern. Cilia were observed in the amphidial pouches. The two myelin figures observed were identified as part of the amphidial nerves but there is no conclusive evidence that the cilia are their end processes.
A CHECKLIST OF POLYCHAETA RECORDED FROM BRITISH COLUMBIA SINCE 1923, WITH REFERENCES TO NAME CHANGES, DESCRIPTIONS, AND SYNONYMIES. I. ERRANTIA
Authors: Berkeley C.
Published: August 2008

A hundred and eighty species of Polychaeta Errantia comprise this list. A majority of them were included in a contribution to the Canadian Pacific Fauna Series (No. 9b(1)) published by my wife and self in 1948, but, not only have a number of others been described from British Columbia since then, but also there have been many modifications of classification and nomenclature suggested by other workers in the field. The purpose of the present list is to bring together all the species recorded by us from British Columbia waters up to date and to provide for these reclassifications.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE BUCCAL REGION OF SALVELINEMA TROFIMENKO, 1962 (NEMATODA: CYSTIDICOLINAE)
Authors: Margolis L. , Kabata Z.
Published: August 2008

The buccal region of Salvelinema is described from material of S. salmonicola and S. walkeri from Pacific area salmonids. Its main features are: the heavy cuticularization, the existence of two well-developed lateral pseudolabia, and the division of the buccal cavity into a chambered buccal capsule and a narrow, cylindrical pharynx.
AGING IN AN ADULT INSECT HEART
Authors: McFarlane J. E.
Published: August 2008

The rate of beating in semi-isolated preparations of the heart of adult males and females of Acheta domesticus (L.) increased with age up to 6 weeks after emergence, after which it declined during the last few weeks of life. The hearts of young adults tended to be accelerated with acetylcholine, serotonin, and dopamine, whereas the hearts of older adults tended to be inhibited by the same concentration of these substances. On the basis of these results, aging of the heart might be considered as a process of adaptation to the forces controlling the heart. The varying effect of drugs with age, a relationship not noticed before, limits the usefulness of pharmacological studies with an insect heart which presupposes a similar effect of a drug on all hearts.
CARIBOU MILK: I. BARREN-GROUND CARIBOU (RANGIFER TARANDUS GROENLANDICUS): GROSS COMPOSITION, FAT AND PROTEIN CONSTITUTION
Authors: Hatcher V. B. , McEwan E. H. , Baker B. E.
Published: August 2008

Colostrum and early milk were obtained from a caribou captured in the Beverly Lake area of the Northwest Territories and maintained in captivity at the Wildlife Research Unit of the University of British Columbia. The gross composition of the colostrum and early milk, the amino acid composition of the casein and whey proteins isolated from the early milk, and the fatty acid composition of the early milk were determined.
SPLENDIDOFILARIA PECTORALIS N. SP. (FILARIOIDEA: ONCHOCERCIDAE) FROM TETRAONID BIRDS IN NORTHWESTERN NORTH AMERICA
Authors: Gibson George G.
Published: August 2008

Descriptions are presented for the adults and fourth-stage larvae of Splendidofilaria pectoralis n. sp. from the pectoral subcutaneous tissues of blue grouse, Dendragapus obscurus pallidus Swarth, in British Columbia, Canada, and for its microfilaria. It is concluded tentatively that in British Columbia this species is absent from the coastal region and is restricted to Galliformes (probably to the Tetraonidae). The new species is reported from the following additional hosts in British Columbia: Franklin's grouse, Canachites canadensis franklinii; ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus affinis; sharp-tailed grouse, Pedioecetes phasianellus Columbianus; and from two hosts in Alaska: spruce grouse, C. c. atratus, and sharp-tailed grouse, P. p. caurus. Observations on prevalence, epizootiology, and pathology of S. pectoralis n, sp. are discussed. The most similar of the other species of Splendidofilaria inhabiting subcutaneous sites is S. papillocerca (Lubimov, 1946) from which S. pectoralis u, sp. differs most noticeably as follows: vagina about half as long, spicules longer, tail of female much longer.
A HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MANTLE-EDGE AND SHELL IN THE FRESHWATER GASTROPOD, HELISOMA DURYI EUDISCUS (PILSBRY)
Authors: Kapur S. P. , Gibson M. A.
Published: August 2008

The mantle-edge originates as a peripheral thickening of the evaginated shell gland. During the prehatching stages, it differentiates to form a dorsal lobe including the mantle-edge gland, a median lobe, and a ventral lobe possessing numerous mucous glands. The connective tissue core contains yellow body cells, amoebocytes, and mucoprotein glands. The protoconch is composed of fibers embedded in an amorphous ground substance. Initially it is secreted by the entire mantle-edge but, as development advances, its secretion is progressively limited to the mantle-edge gland. The adult shell is composed of the periostracum, crystalline layer, and an inner layer. The periostracum is a highly tanned layer of fibers embedded in a ground substance. The crystalline layer consists of calcium crystals, the smaller of which contain a nucleus. The inner layer is composed of organic plates which possess amoebocyte nuclei, yellow bodies and calcium granules, and which are surrounded by a thick envelope containing sulfated mucopolysaccharides. These calcium crystals and organic plates are embedded in a ground substance. It is believed that the mantle-edge gland produces the periostracum, that the dorsal lobe contributes to the inner two shell layers, and that the mucous and mucoprotein glands, yellow body cells, and amoebocytes play a significant role in the deposition and calcification of the shell.
THE CLAVIFORM PEDICELLARIAE AND THEIR STALK GLANDS IN THE TROPICAL SEA URCHIN DIADEMA ANTILLARUM PHILIPPI
Authors: Lewis John B. , Saluja Gail
Published: August 2008

The morphology and histology of the stalk glands of the claviform pedicellariae of the sea urchin Diadema antillarum are described. Upon stimulation, the stalk glands secrete a non-sulfated acid mucopolysaccharide.
THE LIFE CYCLE OF TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS: I. THE INTESTINAL PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Shanta C. S. , Meerovitch E.
Published: August 2008

In experimental infections in mice, Trichinella spiralis larvae in the intestines molted twice before reaching sexual maturity. In both sexes, the first molt occurred between 12 and 16 hours post infection; in males, the second molt occurred between 24 and 32 hours, and in females, between 22 and 30 hours. The females were inseminated after the 36th hour post infection, but some males had spermatozoa in the seminal vesicles before the completion of the second molt. Structures, believed to be amphids, were observed after 2 hours post infection; they increased in size up to the 6th hour, after which they regressed and finally disappeared. The function of these amphids is believed to be related to osmoregulation.
THE LIFE CYCLE OF TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS: II. THE MUSCLE PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT AND ITS POSSIBLE EVOLUTION
Authors: Shanta C. S. , Meerovitch E.
Published: August 2008

Larvae from gravid female Trichinella spiralis in the intestines of experimentally infected mice migrated through the peritoneal cavity and connective tissues to reach the muscles about the 6th day after infection. Larvae began to coil in the muscles about the 17th day, became resistant to pepsin digestion on the 19th, and began to form cysts on the 21st day. Larvae did not molt during the extraintestinal phase. Because T. spiralis molts only twice in the intestine and not at all in the muscles, two hypotheses are postulated to explain their mode of development. The first postulates that originally two molts occurred in the extraintestinal phase and that during the evolution of the parasite the necessity of these two molts gradually disappeared so that the infective larva may be considered to be a modified third-stage one. The second hypothesis postulates that in the absence of molting in the extraintestinal phase, the infective larva is in the first stage. It is further suggested that because only two molts occur during the life cycle of T. spiralis, the so-called adults are actually third-stage neotenic larvae.
Effect of insecticide-free rearing on the reproductive potential of organophosphorus-resistant African strains of Aedes aegypti (L.)
Authors: Inwang E. E.
Published: August 2008

Insecticide-free rearing of organophosphorus-resistant African strains of Aedes aegypti results in approximately a threefold enhancement of follicular development, a fourfold increase in fecundity, and over twice increased fertility and viability within five to six generations. Although the level of oviposition tended to stabilize within 5 to 6 generations, the level of susceptibility to malathion and parathion steadily decreased for 10 generations, indicating that an increase in the number of recombinant types was probably responsible. A molecular basis for reversal of insecticide-resistance has been postulated. It involves a release of the inhibitory effects of selection on protein biosynthesis; this results in increased fecundity and thus increased variation in the population. The increase in recombinant types due to a higher fecundity must inevitably bring about a relative increase in the number of susceptible genotypes.
The nutrition of the female mink (Mustela vison). I. The metabolic rate of the mink
Authors: Farrell D. J. , Wood A. J.
Published: August 2008

The resting heat production of two female mink subjected to different ambient temperatures was minimal at 25 ± 2 °C. These animals, when exposed to temperatures above 29 °C and to a high relative humidity, became restless, but showed no such discomfort at temperatures close to 0 °C.The basal heat production (76.5 kcal/W0.73) of three sleeping female mink was within the range that would be predicted from work with other species.
The nutrition of the female mink (Mustela vison). II. The energy requirement for maintenance
Authors: Farrell D. J. , Wood A. J.
Published: August 2008

The apparent digestible energy requirement of the adult female mink for maintenance purposes has been determined and found to be in close agreement with that suggested by the Committee on Animal Nutrition of the United States National Research Council. The energy intake data recorded are best described by the equation, intake = 0.226 weight + 14, under conditions of body weight stasis with the animals housed in ranch-type cages. Cage size had a definite influence on the requirement for energy. The mink appears to have a higher maintenance requirement than would be predictable from work with other species.
Contributions to the systematics of the caddisfly genera Pseudostenophylax and Philocasca with special reference to the immature stages (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae)
Authors: Wiggins G. B. , Anderson N. H.
Published: August 2008

Larval and pupal stages have been associated and are described for western North American species in the caddisfly genera Pseudostenophylax and Philocasca. Diagnostic structures of the adults are described where they are necessary for a clear definition of the species.In the genus Pseudostenophylax, the larva of P. edwardsi (Banks) has been associated. It is described and shown to be identical with that designated by previous workers as Limnephilid Genus A. The diagnostic characters of the female genitalia in this species are illustrated for the first time. Observations on the habitat of this species are offered.In the genus Philocasca, larvae and pupae are described for two species, and the larva of a third, unassociated to species, is assigned to this genus and described. The rearing of a species not previously known, and here described in all except the egg stage, raises to five the number known in Philocasca. To bring the diagnoses for all of these species into a consistent form the holotype males of all have been reexamined, illustrated, and comparatively described. Females are associated and described for three species, representing the first information on the females in this genus. Diagnostic keys are provided for the identification of males, females, and larvae, insofar as these are known. New distributional records are provided for certain of the species but members of the genus as a whole must be regarded as extremely localized in distribution.
Bionomics of Glycyphagus domesticus (de Geer) (Acarina: Glycyphagidae), a pest of stored grain
Authors: Barker Philip S.
Published: August 2008

The life history and reproductive rates of Glycyphagus domesticus (de Geer) were examined at different temperatures and two humidities. Most rapid development of the eggs occurred at 24.4 °C; the optimum temperature for the post-embryonic stages was 22.2 °C. A higher percentage of hypopi were formed at 70 to 75% than at 95 to 100% relative humidity. G. domesticus has a net reproductive rate of over 20, which was intermediate between those of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) and Aëroglyphus robustus (Banks).
Fat deposition in the scissors-tailed flycatcher (Muscivora t. tyrannus) and the small-billed elaenia (Elaenia parvirostris) during the austral migratory period in northern Venezuela
Authors: McNeil Raymond , Itriago Mirian Carrera de
Published: August 2008

The scissors-tailed flycatcher (Muscivora t. tyrannus) and the small-billed elaenia (Elaenia parvirostris) are two migrating bird species which come to Venezuela during the austral winter from the austral regions of South America. A quantitative analysis of the fat deposits in specimens of both species collected in northeastern Venezuela showed a considerable increase in the amount of fat at the end of the molt, before the beginning of the spring migration. The data indicate that Elaenia parvirostris arrives at its winter ground before initiating the molt, still having a high amount of fat (50% of lean dry weight). On the other hand, Muscivora t. tyrannus seems to arrive at the winter ground after the initiation of the molt with a low fat level. While the lean dry weight remained constant during the whole austral winter, the total dry weight fluctuated in a parallel direction with the fat deposition. The lean fresh weight rose at the time of higher molt intensity, parallel with an increase of water content. The fresh weight first increased at the time of higher molt intensity in proportion to an increase of water and a decrease of fat, and secondly at the end of the molt in proportion to a considerable increase of fat and a decrease of water. We suggest that the inverse correlation found between the water index and the fat index could allow the bird to load itself with more fuel at the beginning of the migration, without increasing its total weight too much, an important factor to consider since the bird is fighting gravity during flight. The estimation of the potential flight-ranges showed that any of both species could fly more than 1500 km in a non-stop flight. We suggest that both species begin the migration making short flights and accumulate more and more fat on each stop-point, in such a way that they could make longer and longer flights as they come nearer to the breeding ground. A gradual increase in fat reserves may have an adaptive value.
Experiments in hybridizing the warble flies Hypoderma lineatum (de Villers) and H. bovis (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Oestridae)
Authors: Weintraub J. , Robertson R. H. , Gooding R. H.
Published: August 2008

The taxonomic characters in about 23% first- and 8% second-instar larvae of Hypoderma bovis (Linnaeus) and H. lineatum (de Villers) collected in nature were sufficiently aberrant to suggest hybridization. However, similar aberrations were found in larvae from known intraspecific matings.Measurements of genitalia indicated no morphological barrier to cross-mating. Cross-mating in both directions was achieved in the laboratory with transfer of active sperm to the spermathecae. None of the eggs laid by cross-mated females showed embryonic development. The possibility is discussed of eradicating warble fly populations by encouraging cross-mating to produce non-viable offspring.
The displays and call notes of cardinals
Authors: Lemon Robert E.
Published: August 2008

This paper presents descriptions of the calls and visual displays of the cardinal, Richmondena cardinalis, and suggests some motivational factors behind the displays. Of the several calls, some occur in highly specific situations as exemplified by the piping call of the male during courtship feeding. Others occur in more than one context, an example being the chitter call used in intense situations of agonism or alarm. In agonistic encounters, several calls of similar structure occur together.Among the displays the most interesting are those used in courtship, namely, song-flight, song-dance, lopsided, and courtship-feeding displays. All of them share components with non-display actions, but the motivations behind them appear to be complex.The displays of the cardinal are similar in some cases to those of other richmondenine finches and to those of birds in the related subfamilies Emberizinae and Carduelinae.
Physical properties of blood in the red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus)
Authors: Ronald K. , Foster M. E. , Dyer M. I.
Published: August 2008

The physical properties, including erythrocyte numbers, leucocyte numbers, and differential ratio, pH, pCO2, pO2, O2 saturation, haemoglobin levels, haematocrits, and mean cell volumes are recorded for the red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus).
A study of clicking and its source in some avian species
Authors: McCoshen John A. , Thompson Robert P.
Published: August 2008

An investigation was carried out to study clicking and its source in 12 avian species. Clicking sounds were found to be qualitatively the same for all birds examined although the frequency and the intensity varied. After hatching, the sounds continued in all but one species (e.g. the ringnecked pheasant), and continued for the longest duration in the passerine birds, where it lasted for 5 days. Records were kept of minimum and maximum frequencies of regular clicking sounds. The glottis was observed to be the source of clicking in 9 of the 12 species studied, the results from the three precocial species being inconclusive. The passage of air through the glottis was found to have no bearing on the emission of clicking, but the sounds are related to the events of inspiration and expiration. The clicking sounds may be caused by the movement of cartilage tissue within the glottis.
The fine structure of the cuticle and interchordal hypodermis of the parasitic nematodes, Capillaria hepatica and Trichuris myocastoris
Authors: Wright K. A.
Published: August 2008

The cuticle and underlying hypodermis of the parasitic nematodes, Capillaria hepatica and Trichuris myocastoris, were examined by light and electron microscopy. The cuticle in both species consists of a filamentous, collagenous, basal layer, which contains a zone of striated material in its outer region; a matrix layer; and thin cortical layers which may appear as three osmiophilic lines. It is suggested that the striated layer of the cuticle provides the tensile strength given by fiber layers in the cuticle of other species. The matrix layer of T. myocastoris contains large amounts of non-glycogen polysaccharide while the matrix layer of C. hepatica does not. It is speculated that the polysaccharide content of the cuticle may determine its permeability characteristics. The interchordal hypodermis contains little endoplasmic reticulum, very few Golgi zones, but abundant mitochondria. In C. hepatica the interchordal hypodermis is formed of cell processes from cells of the lateral and median hypodermal chords, while in T. myocastoris, it is cellular.
The comparative morphology of cephalic structures in the superfamily Filarioidea (Nematoda)
Authors: Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

Cephalic structures in 62 genera of the nematode superfamily Filarioidea are compared. Vestiges of pseudolabia do not occur in filarioids and the persistence of internal cephalic papillae in some genera indicates that this superfamily branched off early from a stem which also gave rise to the Spiruroidea. The hypothesis of Chabaud (1955) on the formation of papillae patterns in filarioids is followed generally but Pseudofilaria is regarded as the most primitive type which links the filarioids to the spiruroid family Thelaziidae. The condition of only four papillae, known conclusively only in Splendidofilaria, may have resulted from fusion of pairs of external papillae since in several genera there is a tendency towards fusion. Tetracheilonema, Litomosoides, and perhaps other genera (e.g. Icosiella, Setaria equina) apparently fall outside the main line of evolution which led to the commonest pattern of four pairs of submedian papillae (external papillae). Study of the cephalic ends of filarioids reveals characters useful in the identification of species.
Inductive capacity of killed Hensen's node and head process in the chick embryo
Authors: Leikola A. , McCallion D. J.
Published: August 2008

The inductive action of killed Hensen's node and head process of the chick blastoderm upon isolated competent chick ectoderm was studied. Both of these structures elicited neural differentiation in the ectoderm. Killed Hensen's node and head process of the chick, therefore, have an action comparable to that of killed dorsal blastoporal lip of the amphibian gastrula on competent amphibian ectoderm.
The embryology of Lytta viridana Le Conte (Coleoptera: Meloidae). III. The structure of the chorion and micropyles
Authors: Sweeny P. R. , Church N. S. , Rempel J. G. , Gerrity R. G.
Published: August 2008

This paper deals with the morphology of the chorion and associated structures in the egg of Lytta viridana as observed through the light microscope and the electron microscope. The chorion proper is a thin, single layer exhibiting a delicate banded pattern at high magnification. The micropyles are extremely complex protrusions of the chorion, having central cavities from which flap-like arms extend at various angles. These flaps exhibit the same banding pattern as the chorion, although the periodicity is more variable. Exterior to the chorion is found a frothy mucilaginous material which holds the eggs together in a clump after they are laid. Between the chorion and the vitelline membrane a thin layer of homogeneous material is found in laid eggs. The peculiar characteristics of these structures are compared with those of other insect eggs, and their significance in connection with water conservation, respiration, and sperm entry is discussed.
Respiratory metabolism studies on red-winged blackbird nestlings
Authors: Dyer M. I.
Published: August 2008

Nestling red-winged blackbirds exhibited two distinct metabolic reactions to lowering temperatures. One group, which maintained homeothermic conditions, elevated its metabolism linearly according to a drop in ambient temperature and the second decreased its metabolic response in a curvilinear fashion. Core temperatures showed that although there was a progression toward the establishment of homeothermy throughout the nestling period, the birds could and did drop their core temperatures when the temperature gradient was too great to maintain constant body temperature. In some instances it is felt that oxygen consumption, and thus metabolism, was lowered before body temperature was suddenly dropped. No differences in the rates of metabolism could be found between upland and marshland populations; however, differences between values of the respiratory quotient for the two populations were found (p < 0.001). In addition differences in R.Q. values were found between well-developed nestlings practicing homeothermy and those that became hypothermic in response to lowering environmental temperature.
Molting in a parasitic nematode, Phocanema decipiens. II. Histochemical study of the larval and adult cuticle
Authors: Kan Sau Pheng , Davey K. G.
Published: August 2008

The last larval and adult cuticles of Phocanema decipiens are similar in composition. Polysaccharides are absent except in the fiber layer of the larval cuticle. Lipids, if present, are bound tightly to proteins. The cuticles are principally proteinaceous and rich in collagen. The extreme resistance of the outer cortical layer to enzymatic digestion is a result of the formation of disulfide bonds. There was no evidence of tanning nor of nucleic acids or enzymes in the cuticles.
Comparative morphology of juxtaglomerular cells. I. Juxtaglomerular cells in fish
Authors: Capréol S. V. , Sutherland L. E.
Published: August 2008

By the use of the Bowie staining technique, juxtaglomerular cells or their homologues were identified in almost every member of Osteichthyes studied. Despite the fact that juxtaglomerular cells in the mammal, at least, belong to the sodium-retaining rennin–angiotensin–aldosterone system they occurred with frequency in salt-water as well as freshwater fish. Early evidence for the presence of renin in the kidney of certain freshwater fish was strengthened by the identification of granulated afferent arteriolar cells in the kidneys of these species. In an attempt to determine which structural components are necessary for the development of juxtaglomerular cells, their anatomical relationships in the fish were compared with the ones existing in higher forms.
Comparative morphology of juxtaglomerular cells. II. The presence of juxtaglomerular cells in embryos
Authors: Sutherland L. E. , Hartroft P. M.
Published: August 2008

Earlier work failed to establish the presence of juxtaglomerular cells (JG-cells) in the kidney of the hog embryo, although renin was found in both the embryonic metanephros and mesonephros. By the use of the fluorescent-antibody technique and the Bowie stain, mature granulated JG-cells were found in both instances. These cells possessed the same anatomical relationships as the JG-cells in the adult hog. These findings offer further evidence for the presence of renin in juxtaglomerular cells. JG-cells were also identified in the embryonic metanephros of the rat.
Molineus vexillarus Dunn, 1961 from South American primates
Authors: Webster W. A.
Published: August 2008

New host and distribution records are reported for the nematode Molineus vexillarus Dunn, 1961, parasitic in the South American primates Oedipomidas oedipus and Saimiri sp.
Osmorégulation et métabolisme de l'urée : comparaison entre Bufo viridis et Rana temporaria
Authors: Harpur Robert P.
Published: August 2008

A comparison is made between the euryhaline species Bufo viridis, which can survive in more than 50% sea water, and the stenohaline species Rana temporaria, which cannot. The elevated blood urea, which B. viridis uses for osmoregulation, comes from a temporary reduction in the amount of urea excreted and possibly from an increased urea production. Below 40% seawater B. viridis shows no change in body weight but in 30% seawater there is a marked reduction in urea excretion and an increase in liver arginase activity. High salinity does not increase arginase activity further. The toads do show a weight loss with each increment of salinity above 40% seawater but the daily urea excretion returns towards the level of freshwater controls. In 60% seawater (546 milliosmolal) the bladder urine concentration is 575 ± 51 mosmolal with urea accounting for 107 ± 8 mosmolal and that of the contents of the large intestine is 582 ± 41 mosmolal but with only traces of urea. Nematodes (Aplectana sp.) in the large intestine are unaffected by 60% seawater.On the other hand, R. temporaria shows an increase in body weight when placed in 10% and in 20% seawater. In 30% seawater there is weight loss and increased urea excretion but no increase in liver arginase activity.