bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can Birth Trauma Be Confused for Abuse?
Authors: Patonay Bryan C. , Oliver William R.
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  An unexpected infant death is usually investigated with a complete autopsy. If evidence of prior trauma is found at autopsy in these cases, suspicion is raised for nonaccidental trauma. In a young infant, the residua of trauma received during birth has the potential to be incorrectly interpreted as nonaccidental trauma. We report a the findings of a 4 1/2‐month‐old‐infant that died unexpectedly with a healing linear skull fracture and a circular lesion over the calvarium found at autopsy. Though this lesion was concerning, the remainder of the autopsy and the histological findings did not support a diagnosis of recent trauma. Review of the literature describing birth injuries made the diagnosis of healing, residual birth trauma more convincing in this case.
Inquiry into the Scientific Basis for Bitemark Profiling and Arbitrary Distortion Compensation
Authors: Bush Mary A. , Cooper Howard I. , Dorion Robert B. J.
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  Prediction of dental characteristics from a bitemark (bitemark profiling) and arbitrary photographic distortion compensation are two practices proposed in bitemark analysis. Recent research on the effect of inherent skin tension properties in bitemark analysis suggests that these practices are subject to review. A biting apparatus was used to create 66 bitemarks in human cadaver skin. The bitemarks were photographed, sized 1:1, and evaluated with Adobe Photoshop®. Metric/angular measurements and hollow volume dental overlays were employed. Distortion produced was calculated and assessed. Results showed distortional ranges were nonuniform both between bites, as well as within each bite. Thus, enlarging/decreasing the photograph uniformly would not correct the distortion that resulted. With regard to bitemark profiling, 38% of the bites created patterns that could be misleading if profiled. Features were present/absent that were inconsistent with the biter’s dentition. Conclusions indicate bitemark profiling and arbitrary distortion compensation may be inadvisable.
Cylinder seals and their use in the Arabian Peninsula
Authors: Potts D.T.
Published: April 2010

Cylinder seals were used in the ancient Near East from the fourth to the first millennium BC. Although the numbers known from sites in the Arabian Peninsula seem relatively small, more have been found there than is generally recognised. A comprehensive overview of the cylinder seals of Arabia is presented, and the cylinder and stamp sealing traditions of the region are discussed.
Quelques nouvelles inscriptions du Jawf
Authors: Bron François
Published: April 2010

Six inscriptions recently acquired by the National Museum in (Yemen) are published. Several of these come from the temple of at as‐.
An overview of bitumen trade in the Near East from the Neolithic (c.8000 BC) to the early Islamic period
Authors: Connan Jacques , Van de Velde Thomas
Published: April 2010

The aim of the paper is to summarise the present state of knowledge concerning bitumen trade in the Near East from the Palaeolithic (70,000 BP) to the Early Islamic period. During the Palaeolithic and Early Neolithic period, bitumen utilisation was mostly concentrated in settlements close to oil seeps. From the Ubaid 3 period, bitumen from the Mosul area became more important and was traded as far as the southern Persian Gulf. The Uruk period is a turning point for Mesopotamian history as settlements evolved into city‐states. These cities had a great need for raw materials, and this marks the beginning of large‐scale exploitation of Hit bitumen. This bitumen was traded at settlements along the Euphrates, where a large trade network was established. Hit bitumen entered the Persian Gulf at the turn of the second millennium (Dilmun period). Bitumen from Iraq (Mosul and Hit) became predominantly used in most settlements along the southern coast of the Gulf. During this period Iranian bitumen was also exported and this supply tended to increase, especially during the Partho‐Sasanian period. Dead Sea bitumen had its own exchange network, which was concentrated across present‐day Israel and Egypt where it was extensively used for mummification.
Chihr de l’encens (Yémen)
Authors: Hardy‐Guilbert Claire , Le Maguer Sterenn
Published: April 2010

Frankincense burners found in al‐Shihr’s excavations in Yemen, a frankincense harbour during the Islamic period, represent a rare corpus of this type, which is an indication of both specific use and goods from South Arabia. Although associated with the pre‐Islamic South Arabian kingdoms, the frankincense burner evolved throughout the Islamic period. This is proved by the long chronological sequence of the al‐Shihr site (780–1996). Texts quoting the presence of frankincense, its use and its trade in al‐Shihr are cited in this article to support the reputation of this harbour‐town, which is part of the maritime trade networks of medieval Islam. The aim of this article is to create a renewal of interest in future archaeological research about this object, which is so often neglected in spite of its importance as a testimony of the customs and exchanges that are deeply rooted in Arabian civilisation.
Early Islamic inscriptions from Danqūr al‐Khaznah at Petra
Authors: Al‐Salameen Zeyad
Published: April 2010

The article presents seven early Islamic inscriptions discovered at Danqūr al‐Khaznah in Petra in 2005. These constitute an important addition to the corpus of known texts from this period. The study analyses their contents and sheds light on the Petra region during the Islamic periods.
Reliability of voxel values from cone‐beam computed tomography for dental use in evaluating bone mineral density
Authors: Nomura Yoshikazu , Watanabe Hiroshi , Honda Eiichi , Kurabayashi Tohru
Published: April 2010

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate whether it was possible to evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) using voxel values from cone‐beam CT (CBCT) for dental use.

Materials and methods: A water phantom with an aluminum rod and sample tubes containing iodine solutions of various concentration was imaged by CBCT and multi‐slice CT (MSCT). Voxel values and CT numbers, respectively, of the samples were measured and their correlation was investigated. In addition, based on the CT numbers of a hydroxyapatite (HA) reference phantom, a conversion formula from voxel value to BMD was obtained.

Results: There was a positive correlation between the voxel values of CBCT and the iodine concentration of the solutions, regardless of the X‐ray dose or the mean energy, although the voxel values had a slight tendency to be saturated at higher iodine concentrations. An excellent correlation between the voxel values and CT numbers was also observed. A regression analysis showed that nonlinear (linear‐quadratic model) regression was more appropriate than linear regression fitting for plotting these two values, although the latter might be usable for clinical applications. The conversion formula from the voxel value of CBCT to the equivalent BMD was as follows: y=−0.03669x2+3.602x−350.3 (x: voxel value, y: BMD mg/cm3 HA).

Conclusions: This study revealed that there was a high correlation between the voxel values of CBCT and the CT numbers of MSCT. Although this was an in vitro study with assumed ideal conditions for measuring voxel values, there was a clear possibility for estimating CT numbers and BMD using the voxel values from the CBCT images, but the relationship was not entirely linear and should be examined further.

To cite this article:
 Nomura Y, Watanabe H, Honda E, Kurabayashi T. Reliability of voxel values from cone‐beam computed tomography for dental use in evaluating bone mineral density. Clin Oral Impl Res. 21, 2010; 558–562. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01896.x
Long‐term, retrospective evaluation (implant and patient‐centred outcome) of the two‐implant‐supported overdenture in the mandible. Part 2: marginal bone loss
Authors: Vercruyssen M. , Quirynen M.
Published: April 2010

Objective: In part 2 of this long‐term, retrospective study on the two‐implant‐supported overdenture in the mandible, the annual marginal bone loss was evaluated in detail and parameters, with a significant effect on the annual bone loss, were verified.

Material and methods: For all 495 patients with an overdenture in the mandible at least 5 years in function, data up to their last follow‐up visit had been collected, including long‐cone radiographs (taken at the abutment connection and after years 1, 3, 5, 8, 12 and 16 of loading) and probing data at their last evaluation. General information (medical history, implant data, report on surgery) was retrieved from the patient's file. Two hundred and forty‐eight patients had been clinically examined recently. For the others, information on bone level and probing depths were retrieved from the patient's files, as all patients had been enrolled in our annual follow‐up schedule.

Results: The mean annual bone loss on a site level (without considering the first year of bone remodelling) after 3 years of loading was 0.08 mm/year (SD=0.22, n=1105), after 5 years of loading 0.07 mm/year (SD=0.14, n=892), after 8 years of loading 0.06 mm/year (SD=0.12, n=598), after 12 years 0.04 mm/year (SD=0.07, n=370) and 0.05 mm/year (SD=0.05, n=154) after 16 years of loading. Ongoing bone loss was seen in a number of implants (n=26) with the annual bone loss exceeding 0.2 mm. Some factors clearly showed a significant impact on bone loss: smoking (≥10 cigarettes/day), GBR, the presence of dehiscence and bone quantity(the latter only during the first year). The probing data showed a favourable condition, with <1.2% of the approximal pockets being ≥6 mm, and 4.1%=5 mm.

Conclusions: The mean annual bone loss over the study period was <0.1 mm/year after the first year of loading. However, a small number (2.5%) of the implants showed continuing bone loss.

To cite this article: Vercruyssen M, Quirynen M. Long‐term, retrospective evaluation (implant and patient‐centred outcome) of the two‐implants‐supported overdenture in the mandible. Part 2: marginal bone loss. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 466–472. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01902.x
Complication and failure rates in patients treated for chronic periodontitis and restored with single crowns on teeth and/or implants
Authors: Schmidlin Kurt , Schnell Natascha , Steiner Stefanie , Salvi Giovanni E. , Pjetursson Bjarni , Matuliene Giedre , Zwahlen Marcel , Brägger Urs , Lang Niklaus P.
Published: April 2010

Objectives: To assess the biological and technical complication rates of single crowns on vital teeth (SC‐V), endodontically treated teeth without post and core (SC‐E), with a cast post and core (SC‐PC) and on implants (SC‐I).

Material and methods: From 392 patients with chronic periodontitis treated and documented by graduate students during the period from 1978 to 2002, 199 were reexamined during 2005 for this retrospective cohort study, and 64 of these patients were treated with SCs. Statistical analysis included Kaplan–Meier survival functions and event rates per 100 years of object‐time. Poisson regression was used to compare the four groups of crowns with respect to the incidence rate ratio of failures, and failures and complications combined over 10 years and the entire observation period.

Results: Forty‐one (64%) female and 23 (36%) male patients participated in the reexamination. At the time of seating the crowns, the mean patient age was 46.8 (range 24–66.3) years. One hundred and sixty‐eight single unit crowns were incorporated. Their mean follow‐up time was 11.8 (range 0.8–26.4) years. During the time of observation, 22 biological and 11 technical complications occurred; 19 SC were lost. The chance for SC‐V (56) to remain free of any failure or complication was 89.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 76.1–95.4) after 10 years, 85.8% (95% CI 66–94.5) for SC‐E (34), 75.9% for SC‐PC (39), (95% CI 58.8–86.7) and 66.2% (95% CI 45.1–80.7) for SC‐I (39). Over 10 years, 95% of SC‐I remained free of failure and demonstrated a cumulative incidence of failure or complication of 34%. Compared with SC‐E, SC‐I were 3.5 times more likely to yield failures or complications and SC‐PC failed 1.7 times more frequently than did SC‐E. SC‐V had the lowest rate of failures or complications over the 10 years.

Conclusions: While SCs on vital teeth have the best prognosis, those on endodontically treated teeth have a slightly poorer prognosis over 10 years. Crowns on teeth with post and cores and implant‐supported SCs displayed the highest incidence of failures and complications.

To cite this article: Schmidlin K, Schnell N, Steiner S, Salvi GE, Pjetursson B, Matuliene G, Zwahlen M, Brägger U, Lang NP. Complication and failure rates in patients treated for chronic periodontitis and restored with single crowns on teeth and/or implants Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 21, 2010; 550–557. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2009.01907.x
Role of melatonin in mucosal gastroprotection against aspirin‐induced gastric lesions in humans
Authors: Konturek P. C. , Konturek S. J. , Celinski K. , Slomka M. , Cichoz‐Lach H. , Bielanski W. , Reiter R. J.
Published: April 2010

Abstract:  Melatonin and its precursor, l‐tryptophan, have been shown to exert gastroprotective effects in animals, but their influence on the gastric damage by aspirin (ASA) in humans has been sparingly investigated. In this study, we designed to determine the effects of melatonin and l‐tryptophan on ASA‐induced gastric mucosal damage, gastric microbleeding, mucosal generation of prostaglandin E2, and plasma melatonin, and gastrin levels. Three groups of healthy male volunteers (n = 30) with intact gastric mucosa received daily for 11 days either ASA alone or that combined with melatonin or tryptophan. Gastric blood loss and mucosal damage were evaluated at 3rd, 7th, and 11th days of ASA administration by endoscopy using Lanza score. ASA alone caused a marked rise of gastric damage and gastric blood loss, mainly at day 3rd and 7th, but they were significantly reduced at 11th day. Pretreatment with melatonin or tryptophan remarkably reduced ASA‐induced gastric lesions and microbleeding. Gastric mucosal generation of PGE2 was suppressed by about 90% in all subjects treated with ASA alone without or with addition of melatonin or tryptophan. Plasma melatonin was markedly increased after treatment with melatonin or tryptophan plus ASA, but it was also raised significantly after application of ASA alone. Plasma gastrin levels were raised in subjects given melatonin or tryptophan plus ASA, but not in those with ASA alone. We conclude that melatonin and its precursor tryptophan given orally significantly reduce gastric lesions induced by ASA possibly due to (a) direct gastroprotective action of exogenous melatonin or that generated from tryptophan and (b) gastrin released from the gastric mucosa by melatonin or tryptophan.
REVIEW ARTICLE: B7 Family Molecules as Regulators of the Maternal Immune System in Pregnancy
Authors: Petroff Margaret G. , Perchellet Antoine
Published: April 2010

Citation Petroff MG, Perchellet A. B7 family molecules as regulators of the maternal immune system in pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010

Placental and fetal growth and development are associated with chronic exposure of the maternal immune system to fetally derived, paternally inherited antigens. Because maternal lymphocytes are aware of fetal antigens, active tolerance mechanisms are required to ensure unperturbed progression of pregnancy and delivery of a healthy newborn. These mechanisms of tolerance may include deletion, receptor downregulation, and anergy of fetal antigen‐specific cells in lymphoid tissues, as well as regulation at the maternal–fetal interface by a variety of locally expressed immunoregulatory molecules. The B7 family of costimulatory molecules comprises one group of immunoregulatory molecules present in the decidua and placenta. B7 family members mediate both inhibitory and stimulatory effects on T‐cell activation and effector functions and may play a critical role in maintaining tolerance to the fetus. Here, we review the known functions of the B7 family proteins in pregnancy.
REVIEW ARTICLE: HIV Infection in the Female Genital Tract: Discrete Influence of the Local Mucosal Microenvironment
Authors: Kaushic Charu , Ferreira Vitor H. , Kafka Jessica K. , Nazli Aisha
Published: April 2010

Citation Kaushic C, Ferreira VH, Kafka JK, Nazli A. HIV infection in the female genital tract: discrete influence of the local mucosal microenvironment. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010

Women acquire HIV infections predominantly at the genital mucosa through heterosexual transmission. Therefore, the immune milieu at female genital surfaces is a critical determinant of HIV susceptibility. In this review, we recapitulate the evidence suggesting that several distinctive innate immune mechanisms in the female genital tract (FGT) serve to significantly deter or facilitate HIV‐1 infection. Epithelial cells lining the FGT play a key role in forming a primary barrier to HIV entry. These cells express Toll‐like receptors and other receptors that recognize and respond directly to pathogens, including HIV‐1. In addition, innate biological factors produced by epithelial and other cells in the FGT have anti‐HIV activity. Female sex hormones, co‐infection with other pathogens and components in semen may also exacerbate or down‐modulate HIV transmission. A combination of innate and adaptive immune factors and their interactions with the local microenvironment determine the outcome of HIV transmission. Improving our understanding of the female genital microenvironment will be useful in developing treatments that augment and sustain protective immune responses in the genital mucosa, such as microbicides and vaccines, and will provide greater insight into viral pathogenesis in the FGT.
Subconjunctival ecchymosis after extraction of maxillary molar teeth: a case report
Authors: Kumar Raichoor Anil , Moturi Kishore
Published: April 2010

Abstract –  Extraction of teeth is usually performed by either intra‐alveolar or trans alveolar methods. Subconjunctival ecchymosis occurring after intra‐alveolar extraction of maxillary first and second molar teeth is a rare entity and finds no mention in the latest clinical literature. The etiology of subconjunctival ecchymosis includes traumatic and non‐traumatic causes. We report a case and discuss the possible etiology and management of this complication.
Crown and crown–root fractures: an evaluation of the treatment plans for management proposed by 154 specialists in restorative dentistry
Authors: De Castro Mara Antonio Monteiro , Poi Wilson Roberto , De Castro José Carlos Monteiro , Panzarini Sônia Regina , Sonoda Celso Koogi , Trevisan Carolina Lunardelli , Luvizuto Eloá Rodrigues
Published: April 2010

Abstract – Traumatic tooth injuries involve function and aesthetics and cause damage that range from minimal enamel loss to complex fractures involving the pulp tissue and even loss of the tooth crown. Technical knowledge and clinical experience are essential to establish an accurate diagnosis and provide a rational treatment. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge of Restorative Dentistry specialists about the management of crown and crown–root fractures based on treatment plans proposed by these professionals for these cases. A descriptive questionnaire was mailed to 245 Restorative Dentistry specialists with questions referring to their professional profile and the treatment plans they would propose for the management of crown and crow‐root fractures resulting from dental trauma. One hundred and fifty‐four questionnaires were returned properly filled. The data were subjected to descriptive statistics and the chi‐square test was used to determine the frequency and the level of the significance among the variables. The analysis of data showed that in spite of having a specialist title, all interviewees had great difficulty in planning the treatments. As much as 42.8% of the participants were unable to treat all types of dental trauma. Complicated and uncomplicated crown–root fractures posed the greatest difficulties for the dentists to establish adequate treatment plans because these fractures require multidisciplinary knowledge and approach for a correct case planning and prognosis.
A successful outcome using a minimal invasive approach to manage a severe trauma to the primary maxillary incisor in a toddler
Authors: Charone Senda , Kuchler Erika Calvano , De Castro Costa Marcelo , Maia Lucianne Cople
Published: April 2010

Abstract –  Intrusive and lateral luxation are common traumatic injuries in children. The aim of this work is to report the successful conservative management of severe intrusion and lateral luxations of the primary maxillary central incisors in a 27‐month‐old patient.
Distribution of the C1473G polymorphism in tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene in laboratory and wild mice
Authors: Osipova D. V. , Kulikov A. V. , Mekada K. , Yoshiki A. , Moshkin M. P. , Kotenkova E. V. , Popova N. K.
Published: April 2010

The neurotransmitter serotonin is implicated in the regulation of various forms of behavior, including aggression, sexual behavior and stress response. The rate of brain serotonin synthesis is determined by the activity of neuronal‐specific enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase 2. The missense C1473G substitution in mouse tryptophan hydroxylase 2 gene has been shown to lower the enzyme activity and brain serotonin level. Here, the C1473G polymorphism was investigated in 84 common laboratory inbred strains, 39 inbred and semi‐inbred strains derived from wild ancestors (mostly from Eurasia) and in 75 wild mice trapped in different locations in Russia and Armenia. Among all the classical inbred strains studied, only substrains of BALB/c, A and DBA, as well as the IITES/Nga and NZW/NSlc strains were homozygous for the 1473G allele. In contrast to laboratory strains, the 1473G allele was not present in any of the samples from wild and wild‐derived mice, although the wild mice varied substantially in the C1477T neutral substitution closely linked to the C1473G polymorphism. According to these results, the frequency of the 1473G allele in natural populations does not exceed 0.5%, and the C1473G polymorphism is in fact a rare mutation that is possibly eliminated by the forces of natural selection.
Partnership Transitions and Maternal Parenting
Authors: Beck Audrey N. , Cooper Carey E. , McLanahan Sara , Brooks‐Gunn Jeanne
Published: April 2010

We use data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (N = 1,975) to examine the association between mothers' partnership changes and parenting behavior during the first 5 years of their children's lives. We compare coresidential with dating transitions and recent with more distal transitions. We also examine interactions between transitions and race/ethnicity, maternal education, and family structure at birth. Findings indicate that both coresidential and dating transitions were associated with higher levels of maternal stress and harsh parenting; recent transitions had stronger associations than distal transitions. Maternal education significantly moderated these associations, with less‐educated mothers responding more negatively to instability in terms of maternal stress and more‐educated mothers responding more negatively in terms of literacy activities.
Race/Ethnic Differences in Effects of Family Instability on Adolescents' Risk Behavior
Authors: Fomby Paula , Mollborn Stefanie , Sennott Christie A.
Published: April 2010

We used data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (N = 7,686) to determine whether racial and ethnic differences in socioeconomic stress and social protection explained group differences in the association between family structure instability and three risk behaviors for White, Black, and Mexican American adolescents: delinquent behavior, age at first nonmarital sex, and age at first nonmarital birth. The positive association between mothers' union transitions and each outcome for White adolescents was attenuated by social protection. The association of instability with age at first sex and first nonmarital birth was weaker for Black adolescents but not for Mexican American adolescents. The weaker association was explained by Black adolescents' more frequent exposure to socioeconomic stress in the context of union instability.
Adolescent Triangulation Into Parental Conflicts: Longitudinal Implications for Appraisals and Adolescent‐Parent Relations
Authors: Fosco Gregory M. , Grych John H.
Published: April 2010

Although triangulation into parental conflict is a risk factor for child and adolescent maladjustment, little is known about how triangulation affects adolescents' functioning or the factors that lead children to be drawn into parental disagreements. This prospective study examined the relations between triangulation, appraisals of conflict, and parent‐child relations in a sample of 171 adolescents, ages 14 to 19 years, at 2 time points. Cross‐lagged path analyses revealed that youths who experienced greater threat in response to conflict reported increases in triangulation over time, and triangulation was associated with increased self‐blame and diminished parent‐adolescent relations. This study highlights links between intrapersonal, dyadic, and triadic processes and suggests a mechanism by which interparental discord spills over into parent‐adolescent relations.
The Nature and Correlates of Sibling Influence in Two‐Parent African American Families
Authors: Whiteman Shawn D. , Bernard Julia M. Becerra , McHale Susan M.
Published: April 2010

Guided by research and theory on sibling similarities and differences, this study explored the nature and correlates of 2 processes of sibling influence—social learning and sibling differentiation—during adolescence. Participants included 2 adolescent‐age siblings (M = 16.29 years for older siblings and M = 12.59 years for younger siblings, respectively) from 166 two‐parent African American families. Significant nonlinear associations between these two influence dynamics and some sibling relationship qualities were discovered. For sibling differentiation, but not social learning, these links were further moderated by gender composition of the sibling dyad. Additional analyses revealed that youths' reports of social learning were generally linked to smaller differences between siblings, whereas differentiation processes were linked to greater differences in siblings' individual characteristics.
The Interactive Effects of Marital Conflict and Divorce on Parent – Adult Children's Relationships
Authors: Yu Tianyi , Pettit Gregory S. , Lansford Jennifer E. , Dodge Kenneth A. , Bates John E.
Published: April 2010

This study examines main effect and interactive models of the relations between marital conflict, divorce, and parent – adult child relationships and gender differences in these relations. Data were drawn from a longitudinal study of a community sample (N = 585). Parental marital conflict and divorce were measured from age 5 through age 17 years. Mother‐child and father‐child relationship quality at age 22 years was assessed in terms of closeness‐support and conflict‐control. Results indicated that both marital conflict and divorce are associated with poorer quality parent – adult child relationships. Divorce moderated the link between marital conflict and subsequent negativity in mother‐child relationships, with the estimated effects being stronger in continuously married families than in divorced families, especially for women.
Mothering, Fathering, and Externalizing Behavior in Toddler Boys
Authors: Verhoeven Marjolein , Junger Marianne , Van Aken Chantal , Deković Maja , Van Aken Marcel A. G.
Published: April 2010

This study examined the effects of reported maternal and paternal support, psychological control, and spanking on externalizing behavior of toddler boys. Questionnaires were administered to both parents of 104 two‐parent families with a 3‐year‐old son. Both maternal and paternal psychological control was related to boys' externalizing behavior. Interaction effects were found, in that the association between maternal spanking and boys' externalizing behavior was stronger when levels of maternal support were high. High levels of paternal support strengthened the association between maternal support and boys' externalizing behaviors. Results suggest that the associations between specific parenting dimensions and children's externalizing behavior need to be considered within the context of other parenting dimensions that are displayed within the family.
Mothers' Differentiation and Depressive Symptoms Among Adult Children
Authors: Pillemer Karl , Suitor J. Jill , Pardo Seth , Henderson Charles
Published: April 2010

Parents' differentiation has been linked to negative psychological and behavioral outcomes in children, adolescents, and young adults. This line of research, however, has not been extended to families in later life. In this article, we use data from 671 mother‐child dyads in 275 families in the greater Boston area to explore whether mothers' differentiation among their children is related to psychological well‐being among offspring. We examined actual and perceived maternal differentiation in the domains of closeness, expectations for care, and conflict. We hypothesized that depressive symptoms would be higher when mothers differentiated among their children and when adult children perceived differentiation. Although the specific patterns varied somewhat by mothers' and children's reports, the findings indicated that, across all 3 domains, maternal differentiation was related to higher depression scores.
Intimate Partner Violence in Young Adult Dating, Cohabitating, and Married Drinking Partnerships
Authors: Wiersma Jacquelyn D. , Cleveland H. Harrington , Herrera Veronica , Fischer Judith L.
Published: April 2010

Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, this study examined intimate partner violence (IPV) and drinking partnerships in 741 young adults in male‐female dating, cohabitating, and married relationships. Cluster analyses revealed four similar kinds of drinking partnerships: (a) congruent light and infrequent, (b) discrepant male heavy and frequent, (c) discrepant female heavy and infrequent, and (d) congruent moderate/heavy‐frequent drinkers. Overall, there were no significant main effect differences across relationship type and clusters. The type of relationship and the type of drinking partnership interacted with contexts examined (i.e., type of violence severity, gender, and whether the violence was perpetration or victimization). Given the severity of IPV in couple relationships, additional empirical attention to drinking partnerships is warranted.
Gender Asymmetry in Family Migration: Occupational Inequality or Interspousal Comparative Advantage?
Authors: Shauman Kimberlee A.
Published: April 2010

This paper examines gender inequality in the determinants of job‐related long‐distance migration among married dual‐earner couples during the 1980s and 1990s. The analysis tested the structural explanation, which attributes gender asymmetry in family migration to structural inequality in the labor market, and the comparative advantage explanation derived from relative resource theory. The analysis used individual‐ and family‐level data from 5,504 Panel Study of Income Dynamics families, occupation‐level data from the 1980–2000 U.S. Decennial Censuses Integrated Public Use Micro Samples, and discrete‐time event history models. Gender differences in the determinants of family migration were not explained by gender differences in occupational characteristics, but the results partially support the relative resource theory by illustrating the conditioning influence of interspousal comparative advantage.
Happiness among the elderly in communities: A study in senior clubs of Chonburi Province, Thailand
Authors: SUMNGERN Chommanard , AZEREDO Zaida , SUBGRANON Rarchaneeporn , SUNGVORAWONGPHANA Narirat , MATOS Eduarda
Published: April 2010

Aim:  To study the levels of happiness perception in the elderly in different regions, and determine the reasons affecting it.

Methods:  The Thai Happiness Indicators: THI‐15; 2001 were used in this study of 306 participants (≥60 years) in different regions: rural, suburban, and urban. The elderly were chosen by chance from those belonging to Thai senior clubs in opportunistic random.

Results:  The elderly perceived their happiness as good, fair, and poor, respectively, 12.4%, 37.9%, and 49.7%. There was a difference in happiness perception among the regions: poor happiness perception (64.5%, 61.2%, and 22.8% in rural, suburban, and urban areas, respectively) (P < 0.001). We also verified that there was a difference in poor happiness perception between males (57.9%) and females (42.2%) (P < 0.01). There were differences in the happiness perception among people with different levels of education (χ2 (4, N = 306) = 14.15, P = 0.007). There was also a difference between happiness perceptions as related to occupation: the results showed elderly who were not working had a better score of happiness perception than the elderly who had to work.

Conclusions:  Although we cannot generalize from the results the happiness of all Thai elderly, the present study found that formal education, geographical areas, and gender can influence happiness. Health‐care providers should be concerned about and provide the proper intervention and/or activities in order to alleviate the mental health problems among the elderly in communities, especially the elderly who are identified with poor happiness.
Low frequency of horizontal and vertical transmission of two begomoviruses through whiteflies exhibits little relevance to the vector infectivity
Authors: Wang J. , Zhao H. , Liu J. , Jiu M. , Qian Y.‐J. , Liu S.‐S.
Published: April 2010

Transmissions of plant viruses between individuals of their vector insects through mating are rare events. Recently, three begomoviruses were found to be transmitted between males and females of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci through mating, and two viruses were shown to be transmitted transovarially to progeny. However, results between reports were not consistent. Here we examined the horizontal and vertical transmission of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV) by the B and Q biotypes of B. tabaci, using virus isolates and whitefly colonies established recently in China. Both TYLCV DNA and TYLCCNV DNA were shown to be transmitted horizontally and vertically by each of the two biotypes of the whitefly, but frequency of transmission was usually low. In transovarial transmission, virus DNA was detected in eggs and nymphs but not in the adults of the first generation progeny, except in the combination of TYLCV and Q biotype whitefly where 2–3% of the offspring adults contained the virus DNA. We also showed that the first generation adults, which developed from eggs of viruliferous whiteflies, were not infective to plants. These results demonstrated that for the viruses and whiteflies tested here low frequency of horizontal and vertical transmission can be expected but these two modes of transmission are unlikely to have much epidemiological relevance in the field.
Proof Theory in Philosophy of Mathematics
Authors: Arana Andrew
Published: April 2010

A variety of projects in proof theory of relevance to the philosophy of mathematics are surveyed, including Gödel's incompleteness theorems, conservation results, independence results, ordinal analysis, predicativity, reverse mathematics, speed‐up results, and provability logics.
Problems of Other Minds: Solutions and Dissolutions in Analytic and Continental Philosophy
Authors: Reynolds Jack
Published: April 2010

While there is a great diversity of treatments of other minds and inter‐subjectivity within both analytic and continental philosophy, this article specifies some of the core structural differences between these treatments. Although there is no canonical account of the problem of other minds that can be baldly stated and that is exhaustive of both traditions, the problem(s) of other minds can be loosely defined in family resemblances terms. It seems to have: (1) an epistemological dimension (How do we know that others exist? Can we justifiably claim to know that they do?); (2) an ontological dimension that incorporates issues having to do with personal identity (What is the structure of our world such that inter‐subjectivity is possible? What are the fundamental aspects of our relations to others? How do they impact upon our self‐identity?); and (3) A conceptual dimension in that it depends on one’s answer to the question what is a mind (How does the mind – or the concept of ‘mind’– relate to the brain, the body and the world?). While these three issues are co‐imbricated, I will claim that analytic engagements with the problem of other minds focus on (1), whereas continental philosophers focus far more on (2). In addition, this article will also point to various other downstream consequences of this, including the preoccupation with embodiment and forms of expressivism that feature heavily in various forms of continental philosophy, and which generally aim to ground our relations with others in a pre‐reflective manner of inhabiting the world that is said to be the condition of reflection and knowledge.
Confucianism and Ethics in the Western Philosophical Tradition I: Foundational Concepts
Authors: Bockover Mary I.
Published: April 2010

Confucianism conceives of persons as being necessarily interdependent, defining personhood in terms of the various roles one embodies and that are established by the relationships basic to one's life. By way of contrast, the Western philosophical tradition has predominantly defined persons in terms of intrinsic characteristics not thought to depend on others. This more strictly and explicitly individualistic concept of personhood contrasts with the Confucian idea that one becomes a person because of others; where one is never a person independently or in and of oneself but develops into one only in community. This article surveys some differences between Confucian and Western ideas of self and their connection to ethics mainly in light of the relational self of the Confucian Analects and Mencius. A Philosophy Compass article called Confucianism and Ethics in the Western Philosophical Tradition: A Comparative Analysis of Personhood (CEWII) will follow, that examines how the more individualistic way of conceiving of personhood in the West has had moral and political implications that differ, and even conflict, with those of Confucianism. [Correction added after online publication 31 May 2010: Sentence changed.]
The Grounds of Necessity
Authors: Cameron Ross P.
Published: April 2010

Some truths are necessary, others could have been false. Why? What is the source of the distinction between the necessary and the contingent? What’s so special about the necessary truths that account for their necessity? In this article, we look at some of the most promising accounts of the grounds of necessity: David Lewis’ reduction of necessity to truth at all possible worlds; Kit Fine’s reduction of necessity to essence; and accounts of necessity that take the distinction between the necessary and the contingent to be a matter of convention.
Uridine adenosine tetraphosphate affects contractility of mouse aorta and decreases blood pressure in conscious rats and mice
Authors: Hansen P. B. , Hristovska A. , Wolff H. , Vanhoutte P. , Jensen B. L. , Bie P.
Published: April 2010

Aim: In the anaesthetized rat, uridine adenosine tetraphosphate (Up4A) is a circulating, endothelium‐derived vasoconstrictor presumably operating as such in un‐anaesthetized animals. The present study investigated thein vivoeffects of Up4A in conscious mice and rats, and its direct vascular effects in the mouse aortain vitro.

Methods: In vivo, Up4A was given as step‐up infusion at rates of 8–512 nmol min−1 kg−1for 30 min periods in chronically catheterized rodents.In vitro, the effect of Up4A on rings of mouse aortae mounted in a myograph was tested.

Results: High doses of Up4A (mice: 512 nmol min−1 kg−1; rats: 128 nmol min−1 kg−1) caused hypotension (99 ± 4 to 64 ± 7 mmHg and 114 ± 3 to 108 ± 3 mmHg, respectively, bothP < 0.01). In rats, Up4A significantly decreased sodium excretion by >75% and potassium excretion by ∼60% without significant changes in urine flow. Exposure of phenylephrine‐contracted rings to increasing concentrations of Up4A elicited contraction at 10−7and 10−6 mol L−1(18 ± 2% and 76 ± 16% respectively); unexpectedly, 10−5 mol L−1caused a biphasic response with a contraction (19 ± 6%) followed by a relaxation (−46 ± 6%). No relaxation was observed when the concentration was increased further. Bolus exposure to 10−5 mol L−1of Up4A caused contraction (+80 ± 2%). Added successively to untreated vessels, increasing concentrations of Up4A (10−7–10−5 mol L−1) induced a biphasic response of contraction followed by relaxation.

Conclusion: Up4A has direct biphasic effects on vascular smooth muscle of the mouse aorta but vasoconstriction dominates at low concentrations. In conscious rodents, step‐up infusions of Up4A elicit hypotension and electrolyte retention.
Hypoxia preconditioning by cobalt chloride enhances endurance performance and protects skeletal muscles from exercise‐induced oxidative damage in rats
Authors: Saxena S. , Shukla D. , Saxena S. , Khan Y. A. , Singh M. , Bansal A. , Sairam M. , Jain S. K.
Published: April 2010

Aim:  Training under hypoxia has several advantages over normoxic training in terms of enhancing the physical performance. Therefore, we tested the protective effect of hypoxia preconditioning by hypoxia mimetic cobalt chloride against exercise‐induced oxidative damage in the skeletal muscles and improvement of physical performance.

Method:  Male Sprague–Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8), namely control, cobalt‐supplemented, training and cobalt with training. The red gastrocnemius muscle was examined for all measurements, viz. free radical generation, lipid peroxidation, muscle damage and antioxidative capacity.

Results:  Hypoxic preconditioning with cobalt along with training significantly increased physical performance (33%, P < 0.01) in rats compared with training‐only rats. Cobalt supplementation activated cellular oxygen sensing system in rat skeletal muscle. It also protected against training‐induced oxidative damage as observed by an increase in the GSH/GSSG ratio (36%, P < 0.001; 28%, P < 0.01 respectively) and reduced lipid peroxidation (15%, P < 0.01; 31%, P < 0.01 respectively) in both trained and untrained rats compared with their respective controls. Cobalt supplementation along with training enhanced the expression of antioxidant proteins haem oxygenase‐1 (HO‐1; 1.2‐fold, P < 0.05) and metallothionein (MT; 4.8‐fold, P < 0.001) compared with training only. A marked reduction was observed in exercise‐induced muscle fibre damage as indicated by decreased necrotic muscle fibre, decreased lipofuscin content of muscle and plasma creatine kinase level (16%, P < 0.01) in rats preconditioned with cobalt.

Conclusion:  Our study provides strong evidence that hypoxic preconditioning with cobalt chloride enhances physical performance and protects muscle from exercise‐induced oxidative damage via GSH, HO‐1 and MT‐mediated antioxidative capacity.
Regional variations in action potential alternans in isolated murine Scn5a+/− hearts during dynamic pacing
Authors: Matthews G. D. K. , Martin C. A , Grace A. A. , Zhang Y. , Huang C. L‐H.
Published: April 2010

Aim:  Clinical observations suggest that alternans in action potential (AP) characteristics presages breakdown of normal ordered cardiac electrical activity culminating in ventricular arrhythmogenesis. We compared such temporal nonuniformities in monophasic action potential (MAP) waveforms in left (LV) and right ventricular (RV) epicardia and endocardia of Langendorff‐perfused murine wild‐type (WT), and Scn5a+/− hearts modelling Brugada syndrome (BrS) for the first time.

Methods:  A dynamic pacing protocol imposed successively incremented steady pacing rates between 5.5 and 33 Hz. A signal analysis algorithm detected sequences of >10 beats showing alternans. Results were compared before and following the introduction of flecainide (10 μm) and quinidine (5 μm) known to exert pro‐ and anti‐arrhythmic effects in BrS.

Results:  Sustained and transient amplitude and duration alternans were both frequently followed by ventricular ectopic beats and ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation. Diastolic intervals (DIs) that coincided with onsets of transient (tr) or sustained (ss) alternans in MAP duration (DI*) and amplitude (DI′) were determined. Kruskal–Wallis tests followed by Bonferroni‐corrected Mann–Whitney U‐tests were applied to these DI results sorted by recording site, pharmacological conditions or experimental populations. WT hearts showed no significant heterogeneities in any DI. Untreated Scn5a+/− hearts showed earlier onsets of transient but not sustained duration alternans in LV endocardium compared with RV endocardium or LV epicardium. Flecainide administration caused earlier onsets of both transient and sustained duration alternans selectively in the RV epicardium in the Scn5a+/− hearts.

Conclusion:  These findings in a genetic model thus implicate RV epicardial changes in the arrhythmogenicity produced by flecainide challenge in previously asymptomatic clinical BrS.
MEMORIES OF ISABEL MENZIES LYTH
Authors: Davies Judith
Published: April 2010

abstract

I undertook analysis with Isabel Menzies Lyth in the course of my training in London as a child psychotherapist. This contribution is about my memories of her as my analyst, and in my long and friendly relationship with her after my analysis ended.
EARLY DAYS AT THE TAVISTOCK INSTITUTE
Authors: Spillius Elizabeth
Published: April 2010

abstract

The paper describes a developing sociological and psychoanalytic approach to the study of 20 London families in the early 1950s.
ON DISLIKING WRITING
Authors: Scott Ann
Published: April 2010

abstract

In this contribution I describe Isabel's approach to editing her papers for publication. I consider the ‘unanxiety’ that allowed for a constructive relationship to her work on her papers, and coexisted with her well‐known dislike of writing. I go on to consider possible reasons for the dislike, including Isabel's longstanding preoccupation with the issue of how to translate the language of psychoanalysis into terms that could be meaningful to the organizations she was working with. I suggest that Isabel felt that the face‐to‐face encounter was needed to achieve this, and illustrate this with an example from a piece of consultancy at the Cassel Hospital that she undertook, which I observed. It is hoped that work on her literary archive, just beginning, will shed further light on these issues.
IMPRESSIONS OF ISABEL MENZIES LYTH
Authors: Hinshelwood Bob
Published: April 2010

abstract

In this brief and personal appreciation, I have conveyed what seems to me a surprising diffidence in Isabel's assessment of her work. I have speculated that this reticence resulted in some small – but nevertheless quite significant – divergence from Elliott Jaques' original work, with which Isabel's is always closely linked. This divergence has relevance for Jaques' abandonment of the ‘social defence system’ theory, and Isabel's continuing allegiance to it.