bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deriving polarization properties of desert-reflected solar spectra with PARASOL data
Authors: Sun W. , Baize R. R. , Lukashin C. , Hu Y.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. One of the major objectives of the Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory (CLARREO) is to conduct highly accurate spectral observations to provide an on-orbit inter-calibration standard for relevant Earth-observing sensors with various channels. To calibrate an Earth-observing sensor's measurements with the highly accurate data from the CLARREO, errors in the measurements caused by the sensor's sensitivity to the polarization state of light must be corrected. For correction of the measurement errors due to the light's polarization, both the instrument's dependence on the incident polarization state and the on-orbit knowledge of the polarization state of light as a function of observed scene type, viewing geometry, and solar wavelength are required. In this study, an algorithm for deriving the spectral polarization state of solar light from the desert is reported. The desert/bare land surface is assumed to be composed of two types of areas: fine sand grains with diffuse reflection (Lambertian non-polarizer) and quartz-rich sand particles with facets of various orientations (specular-reflection polarizer). The Adding–Doubling Radiative Transfer Model (ADRTM) is applied to integrate the atmospheric absorption and scattering in the system. Empirical models are adopted in obtaining the diffuse spectral reflectance of sands and the optical depth of the dust aerosols over the desert. The ratio of non-polarizer area to polarizer area and the angular distribution of the facet orientations are determined by fitting the modeled polarization states of light to the measurements at three polarized channels (490, 670, and 865 nm) by the Polarization and Anisotropy of Reflectances for Atmospheric Science instrument coupled with Observations from a Lidar (PARASOL). Based on this physical model of the surface, the desert-reflected solar light's polarization state at any wavelength in the whole solar spectra can be calculated with the ADRTM.
Particle size-resolved source apportionment of primary and secondary organic tracer compounds at urban and rural locations in Spain
Authors: van Drooge B. L. , Grimalt J. O.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) was fractionated in six aerodynamic sizes, > 7.2, 7.2–3, 3–1.5, 1.5–1, 1–0.5 and < 0.5 μm, using a cascade impactor. These fractions were collected at urban and rural sites during warm and cold seasons. Organic tracer compounds, such as levoglucosan, isoprene, pinene oxidation products, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and quinones, were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. These analyses showed that the composition in the smallest size fractions (< 0.5 μm) was more uniform than in the larger sizes (7.2> PM > 0.5 μm). Thus, markers of photochemically synthesized organic compounds or combustion sources, either biomass burning or traffic emissions, were predominantly observed in the fraction < 0.5 μm, whereas the larger particles were composed of mixed sources from combustion processes, vegetation emissions, soil resuspension, road dust, urban lifestyle activities and photochemically synthesized organic compounds. Important seasonal differences were observed at the rural site. In the < 0.5 μm fraction these were related to a strong predominance of biomass burning in the cold period and photochemically transformed biogenic organic compounds in the warm period. In the 7.2 > PM > 0.5 μm fractions the differences involved predominantly soil-sourced compounds in the warm period and mixed combustion sources, photochemical products and vegetation emissions in the cold. Multivariate curve resolution/alternating least squares showed that these organic aerosols essentially originated from six source components. Four of them reflected primary emissions related to either natural products, e.g., vegetation emissions and upwhirled soil dust, or anthropogenic contributions, e.g., combustion products and compounds related to urban lifestyle activities like vehicular exhaust and tobacco smoking. Two secondary organic aerosol components were identified. They accumulated in the smallest (< 0.5 μm) or in the larger fractions (> 0.5 μm) and involved strong or mild photochemical transformations of vegetation precursor molecules, respectively. Toxicologically relevant information was also disclosed with the present approach. Thus, the strong predominance of biomass burning residues at the rural site during the cold period involved atmospheric concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that were 3 times higher than at the urban sites and benzo[a]pyrene concentrations above legal recommendations.
A Systematic Review of Usability Challenges and Testing in Mobile Health
Authors: Al-Saadi Tareq Ali , Aljarrah Tamer Mohammed , Alhashemi Anahed Mudheher , Hussain Azham
Published: July 2015

Nowadays, the combining of advanced mobile communications and mobile account now in portable devices named "smart phones" has becomes more great uses. Among of these include health care professionals. Few studies in the challenge, blurred reality challenge facing the patient and developer alike in the usability of mobile health. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the usability challenges in mobile health and usability testing. The systematic review was using for collecting the prior studies that relation with our study. This study concentrates on the three digital libraries Google scholar, ACM and IEEE, as well as, the researcher selected the studies between 2007 and 2015. The results from this systematic were selected 11 studies of 106 based on the inclusions criteria. In more details, the usability challenges found that 27% offered User Interface, 22% tasks and screen size, 16% insert media and 13% network. On the other hand, usability use found that, 46% of the selected studies the usability use of formal type of 45% informal and 9% mixed formal and informal. Sum up, the use of smart phones is getting more on health care and day out. Medical applications make smart phones useful tools in the practice of evidence-based medicine at the point of care, in addition to its use in mobile clinical communications. This study will making a contribution to the researchers to extract over the impact of the challenges on usability testing and the types of usability in mobile health.
Feed Plate and Feed Adsorbent Temperature Optimisation of Distillation – Adsorption Process to Produce Absolute Ethanol
Authors: Taufany Fadlilatul , Soewarno Nonot , Yuwono Koko , Ardiyanta Dimas , Eliana Melvina , Raisa Girsang Indi
Published: July 2015

Two subsequent separation processes are required to produce absolute ethanol (at least purity of 99.5% v/v),namely the distillation and adsorption processes. Thus, it is important to find the optimum operation conditionfor those following processes. The aims of the present study are to optimize the feed plate of distillation and thetemperature of feed adsorbent. This study is conducted using a continuous sieve tray distillation system with thenumber of 16 trays, the length-diameter ratio of 80.64, the reflux ratio of 3.5, and the feed with ethanol contentof 10 % v/v ethanol, which is produced via the fermentation process of molasses. To conduct the first aim of thisstudy, the feed enters the distillation column with several of variable feed plate, i.e. 12, 13, 14, and 15. This feedplate location is calculated from the top of the column. On the other hand, the second aim of this study, isconducted using the subsequent combination of distillation and adsorbent columns, where the distillate (purity ofethanol around 95% v/v) from the distillation column is then flowed into the adsorbent column with various feedadsorbent temperature, i.e. 80 °C, 90 °C, 100 °C, and 110 °C, to be purified as an absolute ethanol. Here theadsorbent column is designed as a fix bed adsorption column with a molecular sieve of 3A (zeolite) is used as anadsorbent for that purification process. Our results showed that the optimum feed plate is 14, because at thisplate the ethanol distillate has the highest content among those various variables. Meanwhile, the optimumtemperature of feed adsorbent is 90° C, which requires the least energy for the distillation - adsorption process,i.e. at 18691 kJ/kg absolute ethanol. This primary study is expected to be an alternative way to optimize theoperating condition of the sieve tray distillation-molecular sieve adsorption system by means of acquiring aminimum energy involving in the process to achieve the highest purity of ethanol.
Performance of Appended Wire Mesh Packing in Sieve Tray Distillation Column of Ethanol-Water System
Authors: Taufany Fadlilatul , Soewarno Nonot , Eliana Sutanto Melvina , Raisa Girsang Indi
Published: July 2015

For the separation process in liquid-liquid mixture such as ethanol-water mixture, a sieve tray distillation columnis an alternatif for affordable process and maintenance. However to date, this sieve tray system is still currentlyhaving a lower Murphee efficiency and smaller interfacial area, as compared to other tray system, that is, either abubble cap or valve tray. Therefore it is of important to optimize the performance of sieve tray distillation bymeans of adding the wire mesh packing on that tray, as being the aim of the present study. This study isconducted by using a batch sieve tray distillation system, where the wire mesh packing is added on the third traythat is calculated from the top of the column, to avoid flooding inside the column. Here the resulting fermentedmolasses of containing a 10% volume of ethanol is used as a mixture distillation feed. The height of the wiremesh packing being studied is varied as 5 cm, 3 cm, and 2 cm. Our results showed that the Murphee efficiencyobtained by the variation of the packing height of 5 cm, 3 cm, 2 cm and without packing were 73.5%, 66.27%,56.86%, and 46.7% respectively, and were increased by subsequent level of the packing height. Thecorresponding hydrodynamic properties of this appended packing sieve tray distillation by means of theinterfacial area were 11.88 cm2/cm3, 0.48 cm2/cm3, and 0.32 cm2/cm3, while its pressure drop measured from thewater manometer height were 38.33 cm H2O/m, 30 cm H2O/m, 10 cm H2O/m for the packing height of 5 cm, 3cm, 2 cm height, respectively. The increasing of the performance of appended packing sieve tray distillation bymeans of the Murphee efficiency is explained by the increasing of the interfacial area for vapour-liquid than thetray itself. This preliminary study is expected to be a pioneer study of strategy to increase the performance ofconventional sieve tray distillation that is known as a kind of affordable distillation process.
Optimal Synthesis of Energy Efficient Distillation Columns Sequence Using Driving Force Method
Authors: Nafais Rahimi Ahmad , Faris Mustafa Mohd. , Zakwan Zaine Muhammad , Ibrahim Norazana , Asri Ibrahim Kamarul , Kamaruddin Abd. Hamid Mohd.
Published: July 2015

This paper presents the study of the optimal synthesis of energy efficient distillation columns (EEDCs) sequenceby using the driving force method. In order to perform the study and analysis, the EEDCs sequence methodologyhas been developed. Accordingly, the methodology consists of four hierarchical sequential steps; Step 1: ExistingSequence Energy Analysis, Step 2: Optimal Sequence Determination, Step 3: Optimal Sequence Energy Analysis,and Step 4: Energy Comparison. The capability of this methodology has been tested in designing minimumenergy distillation column sequence for hydrocarbon mixture separation process. The results show that themaximum of 39.6 % energy reduction was able to achieve by changing the sequence suggested by the drivingforce method. It can be concluded that, the sequence determined by the driving force method is able to reduceenergy requirement for hydrocarbon mixture separation process. All of this findings show that the methodologyis able to design minimum energy distillation column sequence for hydrocarbon mixture separation process in aneasy, practical and systematic manner.
Prediction of the Amount of Ice Formation in the Water Dispersed Phase of a W/O Emulsion
Authors: Wardhono Endarto , Lanoiselle Jean-Louis , Clausse Daniele
Published: July 2015

This paper deals with the investigation of the effect of solute concentration on the amount of ice formed within some materials such as NaCl + water and glycerol + water solutions dispersed into a W/O emulsion. The investigations were carried out by inserting sample emulsions into a Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC-131 evoSetaram, France). The sample emulsions were submitted to a steady cooling-heating program at constant heating rate,  = 2.5 K/min between + 20 and – 60 °C in order to get the freezing of water during cooling and its melting during heating. The proportion of ice formed, P was then calculated from the area of the recorded melting signal related to the amount of water frozen. The values obtained were compared to the ones deduced from thermodynamics treatments that needs the knowledge of the conditions of freezing of the solutions in the equilibria domain ice + solution completed by the extension of the equilibrium curve ice + solution in the metastable area of the solutions respect to the salt. The results obtained are in good agreement for glycerol solutions. For NaCl solutions the results obtained from DSC determination show lower values due to the difficulties to determine precisely the ice melting energies deduced from the melting signals. In that case the theoretical determination from the phases diagram appears to be more reliable.
Experimental and Estimation of Vapor-Liquid Equilibria in AqueousElectrolyte System: CO2-K2CO3-MDEA+DEA-H2O
Authors: Kuswandi K. , Altway Ali , Kurniati Yuni
Published: July 2015

Absorption with chemical reaction process of CO2 gas using K2CO3solution or known as hot potassiumcarbonate promoted with amine was widely used in many chemical industries. DEA and MDEA mixture wasproposed as promoter. Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data of CO2-K2CO3-MDEA+DEA-H2O system areneeded for rational design and optimal operation of CO2 removal unit. The purpose of this research is todertermine solubility data of CO2 gas in aqueous solution of potassium carbonate with DEA and MDEA as apromotor at various temperatures of 30-50°C with 30% K2CO3, 1-3% MDEA and 1-3% DEA. The CO2solubility is very important property when establishing thermodynamics models for the VLE. In order to obtainthe CO2 solubility, the normal procedure is to use the N2O analogy since the CO2 solubility cannot be directlymeasured. Solubility was measured volumetrically in absorption flask using a shaking waterbath. The increase ofDEA concentration in solution gives higher Henry’s constant or lower gas solubility. It also makes the empiricalcorrelation between Henry’s constant andtemperature in various concentrations of MDEA and DEA. The resultsof N2O analogy experiment were used to calculate the vapor liquid equilibria of CO2-K2CO3-MDEA+DEA-H2Osystem by using the electrolyte NRTL model. The model gives a good representation of the experimental VLEdata for CO2 partial pressures with Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) of 5.93%.
Subcritical Water Extraction of Polysaccharides Using a Semi-Batch Extractor
Authors: Kodama Shoko , Shoda Tetsuya , Wahyudiono Wahyudiono , Machmudah Siti , Kanda Hideki , Goto Motonobu
Published: July 2015

Subcritical water is an environmentally friendly method with a wide range of applications, such as extraction,hydrolysis, and wet oxidation of organic compounds. Here, water at subcritical conditions was applied to extractpolysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) and barley grains at 120 – 180 oC and 4.0 MPa using asemi-batch system. The liquid products were directly micronized and contacted with hot air to form microsphereparticles. During extraction process, cell wall disruptions of G. lucidum and barley grains took place, allowingthe removal of the polysaccharides isolating other constituents in G. lucidum and barley grains viaautohydrolysis. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images described that the particle products produced hadsphere and wrinkled morphology of particles with diameters varying from 1 to 10 μm. The experimental resultrevealed that the particles formed from G. lucidum and barley grains extract contained 40-45% and 30-35%weight β-glucan, respectively.
Hydrocracking of Nyamplung Oil (Calophyllum inophyllum 0il) Using CoMo/γ-Al2O3 and CoMo/SiO2 Catalysts
Authors: Rasyid Rismawati , Prihartantyo Adrianto , Mahfud Mahfud , Roesyadi Achmad
Published: July 2015

The purpose of this research is to study hydrocracking process of nyamplung oil using 5% and 15% CoMo catalyst and supported on γ-Al2O3 and SiO2. Catalyst was prepared using wet impregnation method and calcined at 500oC for 5 hours without sulfidation process. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) were performed to analyze the crystalinity and surface morphology. Based on the XRD that MoO2 was deposited on the surface of the catalysts. The hydrocracking of nyamplung (Calophyllum inophyllum) oil was conducted in Parr pressure reactor at 350oC and 3 MP. Hydrocracking product was analyzed by using Gas Cromotography – Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). The highest catalytic activity was obtained by 15% loading CoMo over γ-Al2O3 and the highest yields were 39.58% gasoil, 31.32% gasoline and 7.44% kerosene.
Development of Hybrid Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Catalysts for Direct Production of Synthetic Gasoline from Coal-Based Syngas: An Indonesian Perspective
Authors: Bhuana Donny , Zhang Junshe , Li Fanxing , Cooper Matthew , Brantley Timothy
Published: July 2015

The Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) represents an environmentally friendly method for producing liquid fuelfrom coal-based syngas via the hydrogenation of carbon monoxide. In order for such a process to be feasible,better catalysts that are capable of enhancing the reaction performance are required. In response to these needs,new catalysts were investigated and introduced in this work. The incorporation of zeolite into the iron based FTScatalyst was expected to help refine the hydrocarbon products and shift the product distribution from the typicalFTS product range to the middle iso-paraffins, which is a gasoline range, and eventually increase the yield of theliquid fuel. This study aims to develop catalyst for producing liquid fuel, particularly gasoline, from carbonmonoxide and hydrogen. The pH of the catalysts was found to have significant effect on the catalytic activity dueto its ability to control the amount of promoter to be precipitated in the catalyst, which results in a lowerreduction temperature. Physically mixing the iron based FTS catalyst with zeolite was found to have little effecton the catalytic activity and the product distribution, apart from slightly increasing the selectivity of iso-paraffins,which is the indication of isomerization activity. Coating of zeolite onto the iron based FTS catalyst to form acore-shell structure was intended to enhance the ease of migration of the reactant and thus increasing thecatalytic activity and shifting the product distribution towards the gasoline range. While zeolite shell has beensuccessfully coated uniformly on the iron based core using hydrothermal synthesis technique, the formation ofthick zeolite shell might have blocked the active FTS sites on the iron based catalyst to some extent and isbelieved to have contributed to the low activity of the core-shell catalyst.
Food Grade Ethanol Production Process of Sorghum Stem Juice Using Immobilized Cells Technique
Authors: Widjaja Tri , Altway Ali , Widjaja Arief , Rofiqah Umi , Erlian Rr Whiny Hardiyati
Published: July 2015

One form of economic development efforts for waste utilization in rural communities is to utilize stem sorghum to produce food grade ethanol. Sorghum stem juice with 150 g/L of sugar concentration was fermented using conventional batch process and cell immobilization continuous process with K-carrageenan as a supporting matrix. The microorganism used was Mutated Zymomonas Mobilis to be compared with a mixture of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Pichia Stipitis, and a mixture of Mutated Zymomonas Mobilis and Pichia Stipitis. Ethanol in the broth, result of fermentation process, was separated in packed distillation column. Distilate of the column, still contain water and other impurities, was flown into molecular sieve for dehydration and activated carbon adsorption column to remove the other impurities to meet food grade ethanol specification. The packing used in distillation process was steel wool. For batch fermentation, the fermentation using a combination of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Pichia Stipitis produced the best ethanol with 12.07% of concentration, where the yield and the productivity were 63.49%, and 1.06 g/L.h, respectively. And for continuous fermentation, the best ethanol with 9.02% of concentration, where the yield and the productivity were 47.42% and 174.27 g/L.h, respectively, is obtained from fermentation using a combination of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Pichia Stipitis also. Fermentation using combination microorganism of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae and Pichia Stipitis produced higher concentration of ethanol, yield, and productivity than other microorganisms. Distillation, molecular sieve dehydration and adsorption process is quite successful in generating sufficient levels of ethanol with relatively low amount of impurities.
The Production of Biofuels from Coconut Oil Using Microwave
Authors: Suryanto A , Suprapto Suprapto , Mahfud Mahfud
Published: July 2015

Biofuels including biodiesel, an alternative fuel, is renewable, environmentally friendly, non-toxic and lowemission energy. The raw material used in this work was coconut oil, which contained saturated fatty acids about90% with medium chain (C8-C12), especially lauric acid and myristic acid. Reaction was conducted in batchreactor assisted by microwave. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of power and NaOH catalystin transesterification enhanced by microwave and to obtain a biofuels (biodiesel and biokerosene) derived fromcoconut oil. The reaction was performed by mixing oil and methanol with mole ratio of 1:6, catalystconcentration of 1% w/w with setting electrical power at 100, 264, 400, 600 and 800 W. The reaction time wasconditioned at of 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 and 15 min. The results showed that microwave could accelerate thetransesterification process to produce biodiesel using NaOH catalyst. The highest yield of biodiesel was 97.76 %,or 99.05 % conversion at 5 min reaction, meanwhile biokerosene was 48% after distillation.
War and Defense onCerros de Trincherasin Sonora, México
Authors: McGuire Randall H. , Villalpando Maria Elisa
Published: July 2015

At the turn of the twenty-first century, critics suggested that warfare profoundly shaped cultural change in the prehistoric Southwest/Northwest. This challenge was part of a much larger debate concerning violence and warfare before civilization. It has become clear that scholars need to consider violence and warfare to understand the aboriginal history of the Southwest/ Northwest. Increasingly, archaeologists are asking: How did indigenous peoples practice war? How did warfare relate to social organization, adaptation, and religion? How did these relations change over time? Many authors have argued that we best answer these questions in well researched and carefully considered case studies. In Sonora, México, prehispanic peoples constructed terraces on isolated volcanic hills and built rooms, compounds, and other edifices on their summits to createcerros de trincheras. The Cerros de Trincheras and Defense Project mapped and collected Trincheras Tradition cerros de trincheras in Sonora. We used Geographic Information Systems analysis to demonstrate how thesecerros de trincheraswere defensive, what defenses protected, and how these relationships changed over time. This article compares Trincheras Traditioncerros de trincherasto general models of “primitive “ war, Yuman warfare, Andean Collapukaras, and New Zealand Maoripasin order to infer a Trinchereño way of war.
Revisiting Hohokam Paleodemography
Authors: McClelland John A.
Published: July 2015

Archaeological evidence documents apparent depopulation of the Hohokam region of Southern Arizona at the end of the Classic period (A.D. 1150-1450). Major population centers were no longer occupied, and many distinctive material culture traits associated with the Hohokam tradition seem to disappear. Proposed explanations include migration, dispersion of the population into less archaeologically visible settlements, and wholesale population decline. The latter hypothesis is attractive partly because of a seminal study of paleodemography and health at the Classic-period site of Pueblo Grande in the Phoenix Basin. That study suggested that the population was not sustainable due to very low life expectancy, a very high dependency ratio of juveniles to adults, and other indicators of biological stress. A hazards analysis of the published demographic data reveals life expectancy at birth in the expected range for prehistoric populations with no evidence of a dependency crisis. Population decline at the end of the Classic period is more likely explained by reduced fertility than by increased mortality. Birth rates are sensitive to cultural and economic forces, and we should look beyond health factors in trying to account for the disappearance of Hohokam traditions.
How Atlatl Darts Behave: Beveled Points and the Relevance of Controlled Experiments
Authors: Pettigrew Devin B. , Whittaker John C. , Garnett Justin , Hashman Patrick
Published: July 2015

Beveled retouch on stone projectile points has often been considered as a device to spin and stabilize a projectile. A recent paper showed that a beveled point will spin a small shaft under tightly controlled laboratory conditions. However, this experiment has little relevance for real projectiles such as atlatl darts, which flex dramatically and spin unevenly inflight, quite independent of point form. The spinning is related to the flexibility of the dart, which is necessary for spearthrower functión. A beveled point cannot spin a dart in the air, but is likely to cause some rotation when encountering a solid target like flesh. Beveled points are probably not related to spinning either darts or arrows inflight and present a good example of why we need to have both theoretical understanding and experimental observations of details of projectile behavior before interpreting artifacts. Spinning in a carcass could make beveled points more lethal, but the suggestion that beveling mostly results from sharpening and other modification of stone points remains the best explanation.
Inughuit Open Water Hunting Before the Nineteenth Century: New Dates and Questions from Washington Land, Northwest Greenland
Authors: Walls Matthew , Knudsen Pauline , Larsen Frederik
Published: July 2015

This report re-examines the Morris Bay Kayak, which was discovered in Washington Land, Northwest Greenland in 1921. Kayaks rarely preserve archaeologically, and the find is especially significant because the closest Inuit group, the Inughuit, were thought to have lost the technology sometime before the nineteenth century. In this context, radiocarbon dating of caribou antler pieces from the kayak places the date of the assemblage as surprisingly recent. Through comparison with regional assemblages, we argue that the Morris Bay Kayak is representative of a locally developed tradition of kayaking that was practiced until shortly before the colonial period and that this has important implications for understanding the deeper history of Inughuit open-water hunting.
Uso de las redes sociales como elemento formativo en el aula: Análisis de la motivación del alumnado universitario
Authors: Hortigüela Alcalá David , Pérez Pueyo Ángel
Published: July 2015

El presente estudio, realizado en la Facultad de Educación de Burgos en el curso escolar 2013-2014, analiza la percepción del alumnado universitario sobre la motivación hacia el aprendizaje que genera el uso de las redes sociales como estrategia metodológica. Han participado 187 alumnos de cuatro asignaturas, dos del Grado de Educación en Primaria (grupo A: uso NNTT) y dos del Grado en Terapia Ocupacional (grupo B: no uso NNTT), así como dos docentes. En las asignaturas del grupo A se han utilizado las redes sociales como vía fundamental para el desarrollo de las actividades del alumno, mientras que en el grupo B el uso de estas herramientas no se ha llevado a cabo. La metodología de la investigación ha sido mixta, empleándose tanto un análisis cuantitativo (descriptivo e inferencial) como cualitativo (entrevistas). Se emplea un pretest-postest, comprobando en qué medida varía la motivación del alumnado tras haber cursado las asignaturas. Se observa cómo los estudiantes que ha utilizado las redes sociales como elemento formativo presentan una implicación hacia los contenidos significativamente mayor que aquellos que no lo han hecho. La edad y el uso de las redes sociales fuera del aula son las variables que presentan diferencias entre grupos sobre el bagaje de los contenidos adquiridos. Por otra parte, los docentes muestran una gran disparidad de opiniones respecto al uso formativo que pueden tener las redes sociales.
Comunicación y Redes Sociales Presentación
Authors: Martinez-Rodrigo Estrella , Sánchez-Martín Lourdes
Published: July 2015

Comunicación y Redes Sociales Presentación
La aplicación de la cláusula de conciencia de los periodistas en España. Problemas y limitaciones de un modelo incompleto
Authors:   Centro Universitario Villanueva, Madrid, España, Fuente Cobo Carmen , García Avilés José Alberto ,   Universidad Miguel Hernández, Alicante, España
Published: July 2015

El Informe Leveson sobre la prensa británica, publicado tras el escándalo de las escuchas telefónicas que culminó con el cierre del diario News of the World y la detención de decenas de periodistas, incluye entre sus recomendaciones la incorporación de una cláusula de conciencia en los contratos de los periodistas con sus empresas, como mecanismo de protección frente a órdenes que vayan contra la ética profesional. España es el primer país europeo que constitucionalizó este derecho al incluirlo en la Constitución de 1978 y desarrollarlo en 1997 mediante una Ley Orgánica. Sin embargo, transcurridos más de treinta años desde su reconocimiento constitucional, el balance que cabe hacer es negativo. Los periodistas españoles se sienten sometidos a presiones cada vez mayores de sus empresas, sin que el derecho a la cláusula de conciencia represente una solución real y eficaz. En el artículo se exploran algunas causas que explican esta limitada eficacia.
El pasado no sirve, el futuro no lo conocemos. Aceleración y Presente Extendido en la publicidad chilena
Authors:   Universidad Alberto Hurtado. Santiago, Chile, Larraín Matte Blanca
Published: July 2015

El objetivo de esta investigación es conocer y caracterizar la presencia y relación de los fenómenos temporales de la Aceleración y Presente Extendido en la narrativa publicitaria gráfica publicada en Chile entre los años 2008 y 2012. La propuesta teórica de la investigación plantea la existencia de una relación de interdependencia e implicancia entre ambos fenómenos. Esta relación fue identificada y analizada en el proceso de investigación mediante una metodología cualitativa de análisis de contenido y análisis narrativo, con fuerte inspiración en la teoría fundamentada. El resultado principal de esta investigación se centra en la generación de un “mapa conceptual o modelo teórico-empírico” que pretende dar cuenta de la relación de ambos fenómenos y sus dimensiones centrales. Si bien el mapa conceptual da cuenta de esta relación en el contexto del discurso publicitario, es posible afirmar su enorme potencialidad para el análisis temporal en otros discursos o artefactos culturales.
Desigualdad ambiental y desigualdad comunicacional. Las portadas de El Mercurio de Valparaíso sobre el derrame de petróleo en la bahía de Quintero
Authors:   Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile, Carmona Javiera , Jaimes Melisa ,   Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
Published: July 2015

El derrame de petróleo en septiembre de 2014 en la bahía de Quintero (Valparaíso, Chile) atrajo la atención de los medios nacionales y locales por la gran cantidad de crudo disperso y porque se produjo en una localidad altamente contaminada, escenario de varios episodios medioambientales catastróficos. Se analizó las portadas del periódico local El Mercurio de Valparaíso y se confirmó la tendencia de los medios chilenos por atender la cuestión ambiental en la perspectiva del conflicto, desplazando los contenidos ambientales por los judiciales. Al omitir el marco del conflicto ambiental en relación con el derrame, enfoque que corresponde a la condición de desigualdad socioambiental de Quintero-Puchuncaví, el medio impreso lo deja fuera de la esfera pública local, constituyéndose así en un factor de desigualdad comunicacional.
On the use of remote infrasound and seismic stations to constrain the eruptive sequence and intensity for the 2014 Kelud eruption
Authors: Caudron Corentin , Taisne Benoît , Garcés Milton , Alexis Le Pichon , Mialle Pierrick
Published: July 2015

The February 2014 eruption of Kelud volcano (Indonesia) destroyed most of the instruments near it. We use remote seismic and infrasound sensors to reconstruct the eruptive sequence. The first explosions were relatively weak seismic and infrasound events. A major stratospheric ash injection occurred a few minutes later and produced long‐lasting atmospheric and ground‐coupled acoustic waves that were detected as far as 11,000 km by infrasound sensors and up to 2300 km away on seismometers. A seismic event followed ∼12 minutes later and was recorded 7000 km away by seismometers. We estimate a volcanic intensity around 10.9, placing the 2014 Kelud eruption between the 1980 Mount St. Helens and 1991 Pinatubo eruptions intensities. We demonstrate how remote infrasound and seismic sensors are critical for the early detection of volcanic explosions, and how they can help to constrain and understand eruptive sequences.
Climatologies of nighttime thermospheric winds and temperatures from Fabry‐Perot interferometer measurements: From solar minimum to solar maximum
Authors: Fisher Daniel J. , Makela Jonathan J. , Meriwether John W. , Buriti Ricardo A. , Benkhaldoun Zouhair , Kaab Mohamed , Lagheryeb Amine
Published: July 2015

We present a climatology of quiet time thermospheric winds and temperatures estimated from high‐resolution Fabry‐Perot interferometer measurements of the 630.0 nm airglow emission spectral line shape. Three locations are examined in this long‐term study: northeastern Brazil (August 2009 to August 2014), a midlatitude site in North Carolina, USA (June 2011 to December 2014), and a midlatitude site in Morocco (November 2013 to December 2014). We discuss the day‐to‐day, seasonal, and solar cycle trends and variations of thermospheric meridional winds, zonal winds, neutral temperatures, and for the first time vertical winds. Observations made from solar minimum to solar maximum (with F10.7 values ranging from ∼70 to ∼159 solar flux units) confirm that neutral temperatures have a strong solar cycle dependence. However, this data set shows that the neutral winds are more closely tied to the seasonal variation, rather than the solar cycle. We also present comparisons between the two midlatitude sites and include neutral wind comparisons to the updated Horizontal Wind Model 14.
A Simple and Efficient Access to Naphtho[b]furans by Claisen Rearrangement/Cyclization of Bromonaphthyl 3‐Phenylallyl Ethers
Authors: Wang Wei , Huang Jin , Zhou Rong , Jiang Zhi‐Jie , Fu Hai‐Yan , Zheng Xue‐Li , Chen Hua , Li Rui‐Xiang
Published: July 2015

A transition‐metal‐free Claisen rearrangement/cyclization reaction was developed for the synthesis of naphthofuran derivatives from bromonaphthyl 3‐phenylallyl ethers. The nature of the base employed in this reaction plays an important role in determining the ratio for the formation of naphthofuran and naphthol products. By using K2CO3 as base and DMF as solvent, we have synthesized a variety of functionalized naphthofurans in good to high yields (49–92 %) and with satisfactory selectivities.

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An Efficient Synthesis of N‐(Hetero)arylcarbazoles: Palladium‐Catalyzed Coupling Reaction between (Hetero)aryl Chlorides and N‐Carbazolylmagnesium Chloride
Authors: Nakayama Yuji , Yokoyama Naota , Nara Hideki , Kobayashi Tohru , Fujiwhara Mitsuhiko
Published: July 2015

An efficient method for the synthesis of N‐(hetero)arylcarbazoles, useful compounds for functional materials, is reported. Various (hetero)aryl chlorides reacted with N‐carbazolylmagnesium chloride in the presence of a palladium catalyst (0.05 to 0.2 mol%) prepared from allylpalladium(II) chloride dimer {[PdCl(allyl)]2} and di‐tert‐butyl(2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐methylcyclopropan‐1‐yl)phosphine (cBRIDP) under mild conditions (110 °C) in a short period of time (15 min to 2 h) to give N‐(hetero)arylcarbazoles in high yields. The reactions of bromochlorobenzenes proceeded in favour of the bromo group to afford N‐(chlorophenyl)carbazoles in a highly selective manner. Functional materials for use in organic light‐emitting diodes, such as mCP, 26mcPy, CBP and TCB, were also obtained in high yields within 15 min by the reaction of (hetero)aryl polyhalides. Optimization of the reaction conditions and a postulated catalytic cycle for the reaction are also discussed.

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Rhodium(I)‐Catalyzed Intermolecular Hydroacylation of α‐Keto Amides and Isatins with Non‐Chelating Aldehydes
Authors: Kou Kevin G. M. , Longobardi Lauren E. , Dong Vy M.
Published: July 2015

The application of the bidentate, electron‐rich bisphosphine ligand, 1,3‐bis(dicyclohexyl)phosphine‐propane (dcpp), in rhodium(I)‐catalyzed intermolecular ketone hydroacylation is herein described. Isatins and α‐keto amides are shown to undergo hydroacylation with a variety of non‐chelating linear and branched aliphatic aldehydes. Also reported is the synthesis of new bidentate chiral phosphine ligands, and their application in hydroacylation is discussed.

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Depletion of cross‐stream diffusion in the presence of viscoelasticity
Authors: Sadeghi Arman
Published: July 2015

An effort to analyze the viscoelasticity effects on transverse transport of neutral solutes between two miscible streams in an electrokinetic T‐sensor is presented. The analysis is based on an approximate analytical solution for the depthwise averaged concentration, assuming a channel of large width to depth ratio for which a one‐dimensional profile is sufficient for describing the velocity field. We show that the solution derived is surprisingly accurate even for very small channel aspect ratios and the maximum error reduces to only about 1% when the aspect ratio is 5. The developed model reveals that the mixing length for a viscoelastic fluid may be by far larger than that for a Newtonian fluid. Moreover, the Taylor dispersion coefficient for electroosmotic flow of viscoelastic fluids, which its determination is a main part of the analysis, is found to be an increasing function of both the elasticity level and the EDL thickness. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 4533–4541, 2015
Ockham's razor for paring microkinetic mechanisms: Electrical analogy vs.Campbell's degree of rate control
Authors: O'Malley Patrick D. , Datta Ravindra , Vilekar Saurabh A.
Published: July 2015

Elucidation of the key molecular steps and pathways in an overall reaction is of central importance in developing a better understanding of catalysis. Campbell's degree of rate control (DRC) is the leading methodology currently available for identifying the germane steps and key intermediates in a catalytic mechanism. We contrast Campbell's DRC to our alternate new approach involving an analysis and comparison of the “resistance” and de Donder “affinity,” that is, the driving force, of the various steps and pathways in a mechanism, in a direct analogy to electrical networks. We show that our approach is as just rigorous and more insightful than Campbell's DRC. It clearly illuminates the bottleneck steps within a pathway and allows one to readily discriminate among competing pathways. The example used for a comparison of these two methodologies is a DFT study of the water–gas shift reaction on Pt–Re catalyst published recently. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIChE J, 61: 4332–4346, 2015
Three‐dimensional hydrogel encapsulated embryonic stem and carcinoma cells as culture platforms for cytotoxicity studies
Authors: Oberai Sneha , Teo Ailing , Lim Mayasari , Ramamoorthi Kalpith , Hara Jared , Asuri Prashanth
Published: July 2015

The utility of alginate hydrogels for three‐dimensional (3‐D) culture of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) and future development of 3‐D stem cell culture‐based in vitro screens of toxicity is described. Using alginate hydrogels of various stiffness, we first evaluated the impact of substrate modulus on mESC viability, proliferation, as well as expression of pluripotency and germ‐layer markers and observed that low concentration alginate hydrogels (0.5% and 1% alginate) were most suitable for long‐term culture of mESCs. These results were not unique to mESCs; long‐term viability and proliferation of mouse embryonic carcinoma cells (mECCs) was also best supported by similar conditions. Finally, we determined cytotoxic responses of alginate encapsulated cells to commercially available chemicals and interestingly observed similar responses for mESCs and mECCs, thereby suggesting that mECCs can predict stem cell responses to chemicals. These studies will facilitate future design of optimal stem cell‐based platforms of organ‐specific and developmental toxicity. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3180–3184, 2015
2015 Clinical trials update in sickle cell anemia
Authors: Archer Natasha , Galacteros Frédéric , Brugnara Carlo
Published: July 2015

Polymerization of HbS and cell sickling are the prime pathophysiological events in sickle cell disease (SCD). Over the last 30 years, a substantial understanding at the molecular level has been acquired on how a single amino acid change in the structure of the beta chain of hemoglobin leads to the explosive growth of the HbS polymer and the associated changes in red cell morphology. O2 tension and intracellular HbS concentration are the primary molecular drivers of this process, and are obvious targets for developing new therapies. However, polymerization and sickling are driving a complex network of associated cellular changes inside and outside of the erythrocyte, which become essential components of the inflammatory vasculopathy and result in a large range of potential acute and chronic organ damages. In these areas, a multitude of new targets for therapeutic developments have emerged, with several ongoing or planned new therapeutic interventions. This review outlines the key points of SCD pathophysiology as they relate to the development of new therapies, both at the pre‐clinical and clinical levels. Am. J. Hematol. 90:934–950, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Age and dPCR can predict relapse in CML patients who discontinued imatinib: The ISAV study
Authors: Mori Silvia , Vagge Elisabetta , le Coutre Philipp , Abruzzese Elisabetta , Martino Bruno , Pungolino Ester , Elena Chiara , Pierri Ivana , Assouline Sarit , D'Emilio Anna , Gozzini Antonella , Giraldo Pilar , Stagno Fabio , Iurlo Alessandra , Luciani Michela , De Riso Giulia , Redaelli Sara , Kim Dong‐Wook , Pirola Alessandra , Mezzatesta Caterina , Petroccione Anna , Lodolo D'Oria Agnese , Crivori Patrizia , Piazza Rocco , Gambacorti‐Passerini Carlo
Published: July 2015

Imatinib is effective for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However even undetectable BCR‐ABL1 by Q‐RT‐PCR does not equate to eradication of the disease. Digital‐PCR (dPCR), able to detect 1 BCR‐ABL1 positive cell out of 107, has been recently developed. The ISAV study is a multicentre trial aimed at validating dPCR to predict relapses after imatinib discontinuation in CML patients with undetectable Q‐RT‐PCR. CML patients under imatinib therapy since more than 2 years and with undetectable PCR for at least 18 months were eligible. Patients were monitored by standard Q‐RT‐PCR for 36 months. Patients losing molecular remission (two consecutive positive Q‐RT‐PCR with at least 1 BCR‐ABL1/ABL1 value above 0.1%) resumed imatinib. The study enrolled 112 patients, with a median follow‐up of 21.6 months. Fifty‐two of the 108 evaluable patients (48.1%), relapsed; 73.1% relapsed in the first 9 months but 14 late relapses were observed between 10 and 22 months. Among the 56 not‐relapsed patients, 40 (37.0% of total) regained Q‐RT‐PCR positivity but never lost MMR. dPCR results showed a significant negative predictive value ratio of 1.115 [95% CI: 1.013–1.227]. An inverse relationship between patients age and risk of relapse was evident: 95% of patients <45 years relapsed versus 42% in the class ≥45 to <65 years and 33% of patients ≥65 years [P(χ2) < 0.0001]. Relapse rates ranged between 100% (<45 years, dPCR+) and 36% (>45 years, dPCR‐). Imatinib can be safely discontinued in the setting of continued PCR negativity; age and dPCR results can predict relapse. Am. J. Hematol. 90:910–914, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Novel KIF7 missense substitutions in two patients presenting with multiple malformations and features of acrocallosal syndrome
Authors: Tunovic Sanjin , Barañano Kristin W. , Barkovich James A. , Strober Jonathan B. , Jamal Leila , Slavotinek Anne M.
Published: July 2015

We present two children who both had two missense mutations in the Kinesin Family Member 7 (KIF7) gene. A seven year old female with severe developmental delays, failure to thrive and growth retardation, infantile spasms, a cardiac vascular ring and right‐sided aortic arch, imperforate anus, hydronephrosis with a right renal cyst, syndactyly and abnormal white matter was a compound heterozygote for c.3365C > G, predicting p.(Ser1122Trp) that was maternally inherited and c.2482G > A, predicting p.(Val828Met) that was paternally inherited. An eight year old female with severe developmental delays, epilepsy, left postaxial polydactyly of the hand and abnormalities of brain development including hydrocephalus, pachygyria and absence of the body and splenium of the corpus callous was a compound heterozygote for c.461G > A, predicting p.(Arg154Gln) and c.2959 G > A, predicting p.(Glu987Lys) that was maternally inherited and her father was unavailable for testing. The presentations in these children include features of acrocallosal syndrome, such as hypoplasia of the corpus callosum, enlarged ventricles, facial dysmorphism with a prominent forehead and broad halluces in the first child, but included atypical findings for individuals previously reported to have truncating mutations in KIF7, including imperforate anus, infantile spasms and severe growth retardation. We conclude that these phenotypes may result from the KIF7 sequence variants and abnormal hedgehog signaling, but that the full spectrum of KIF7‐associated features remains to be determined. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nucleophilic Addition versus SNAr Study: Chemo‐, Regio‐ and Stereoselective Hydrothiolation of Haloaryl Alkynes over S‐Arylation of Aryl Halides
Authors: Patel Monika , Saunthwal Rakesh K. , Dhaked Devendra K. , Bharatam Prasad V. , Verma Akhilesh K.
Published: July 2015

Base‐mediated regio‐, stereo‐, and chemoselective nucleophilic addition of thiophenols onto bromo‐substituted aryl alkynes over S‐arylation of aryl halides is described. The regio‐ and stereochemistry of the products is well supported by spectral studies and X‐ray crystallography. Competitive experiments showed that hydroamination is preferred over hydrothiolation. The stereoselectivity, competitive nucleophilic addition, and mechanistic pathway were corroborated by experimental and computational evidence.