bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energy efficient collaborative spectrum sensing with clustering of secondary users in cognitive radio networks
Authors: Sharma Girraj , Sharma Ritu
Published: February 2019

Collaborative sensing also known as cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) is an efficient spectrum sensing technique to improve the sensing accuracy in cognitive radio (CR). However, it brings extra collaborative sensing overhead due to mutual exchange of large information among CR users. In CSS, the number of cooperative users, fusion rule, transmission power and sensing time affects the energy efficiency (EE) of the CSS. In this study, a cluster‐based CSS is proposed with four fusion rules. Optimised fusion rule is determined that maximises the EE. For the proposed CSS, joint optimal sensing time and transmission power of energy efficient CSS is determined. The joint optimisation design problem is formulated as function of sensing time and transmission power subjected to primary user protection constraints. An iterative algorithm is proposed to determine joint optimal sensing time and transmission power that maximises the EE of CSS. Results show that EE is maximum for AND–OR fusion at sensing duration 2.3 ms and transmission power 1.11 W at SNR = −20 dB. Maximum EE at optimal point is = 3.735 Mbits/Hz/J.
Shortest‐path‐based back‐pressure routing with single‐FIFO queueing in ad hoc networks'
Authors: Wang Nan , Zhao Hai , Hai Long
Published: February 2019

Owing to the limited network resources in ad hoc networks, improving network throughput is the key to solve network congestion and increase network transmission efficiency. Back‐pressure routeing, as an optimal routeing strategy for throughput, has recently received substantial attention for joint routeing and scheduling over multi‐hop wireless networks. However, the inefficient routeing decision and complex queueing management of back‐pressure routeing make it unsuitable for practical applications. This study proposes an improved back‐pressure routeing algorithm with one first‐input–first‐output (FIFO) queueing structure using the shortest‐path decision. By making use of the shortest‐path knowledge, the feasible routes quickly converge to the shortest path when the network is lightly loaded. On the other hand, when the network load is heavy, the proposed algorithm remains optimal for exploring all the feasible paths between each source and destination. The back‐pressure routeing design based on a single‐FIFO queue architecture greatly simplifies the complexity of packet queueing management. The authors’ results indicate that the proposed routeing algorithm achieves lower end‐to‐end delay than that of some other back‐pressure algorithms without reducing the network throughput performance.
Prediction and analysis of energy demand of high energy density AC/DC park based on spatial static load forecasting method
Authors: Xiao Xiang , Xie Wenjing , Zhou Yongyan , Zhao Wei , Liu Xin , Zhang Chi
Published: February 2019

The fast economic development of China in recent years is raising demand for construction of AC/DC power supply park with high power consumption density. This correspondingly requires grid to forecast the load of these AC/DC power supply park to be built. Here, based on the comprehensive comparison of multiple load forecasting methods, according to the actual situation of AC/DC power supply park, such mission belongs to long‐term forecasting type have been chosen, in which three typical methods, electricity consumption per capita method, load intensity method, and load type estimation method, were selected. The forecasting methods were used for a selected demonstration AC/DC power supply park in Guangdong for analysing its power consumption trend of 2017–2030 and long‐term future. Through the comprehensive analysis of the impact of AC/DC power supply park load forecasting, the main factors of load forecasting have been revealed. The calculation results obtained by the three methods exhibited good consistency. The main factors that influence the load forecast of this kind are load density, load growth rate, and proportion of refrigeration requirements.
Study on fault ride‐through control of islanded wind farm connected to VSC‐HVDC grid based on the VSC converter AC‐side bus forced short circuit
Authors: Li Yan , Liu Chao , Tian Xinshou , Wang Zhibing
Published: February 2019

Wind farms integrated to an AC power system through a voltage source converter‐based high‐voltage direct current system (VSC‐HVDC) are viewed as islanded wind farms. The wind farm side converter of VSC‐HVDC maintains a constant frequency of the wind farm collection network and also controls its voltage. However, the transient responding time of VSC‐HVDC is very short, and its fault responding feature is at the millisecond (ms) level. As a result, under grid fault conditions, the VSC station could be overloaded and even operation could be quitted because of blocking if islanded wind farms fail to limit their power generation in time. This study proposes a fault ride through control method for VSC‐HVDC connected with islanded wind farms based on the forced short circuit of the AC‐side bus of the VSC station. When there is a fault in the VSC‐HVDC and the protection equipment is not able to cut off the excessive power at the ms level, the short‐circuit resistance installed on the AC side of the VSC station would be switched to make a forced short circuit. That would activate the low‐voltage ride through mode of islanded wind farms, and therefore reduce the power flowing into the VSC quickly. The HVDC fault and short circuit on the AC side would be cleared at the same time. The VSC‐HVDC system accomplishes fault ride through.
Power oscillation coordination damping control strategy of DFIG for fault ride through after clearing the fault
Authors: Tang Haiyan , Chi Yongning , Tian Xinshou , Li Yan
Published: February 2019

Wind turbines should have fault ride through capability, and also it can provide damping for the power grid by improving the control strategy. However, the currently corresponding control strategy is designed independent for the fault voltage through control and damping control. If the fault ride through control and damping control of a converter is uncoordinated under the grid fault, the output of the two control branches can be superimposed, which will affect the output power dynamic performance of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) after clearing the fault. At the same time the overcurrent and other issues may occur in serious cases, and even lead to DFIG trip off. Based on the dynamic process analysis of DFIG after clearing the fault, an additional damping controller in the rotor side converter control of DFIG is designed, which damps the system low‐frequency oscillation by modulating the rotor active current component. A coordination damping control strategy of DFIG based on a fault ride through control and damping control is proposed for damping the power oscillation after clearing the fault, the correctness of the proposed control method has been verified through time‐domain simulation.
Fast two‐stage charge equaliser based on state‐of‐charge (SOC) balancing for series‐connected supercapacitors
Authors: Luo Cheng , Zhao Jinbo , Ma Siyuan , Zha Ming , Xiong Qiaopo , Luo Zhiqing , He Jie , Yang Miao , Long Gen , Liu Jianfeng , Bao Jiayi
Published: February 2019

New energy storage vehicles which use supercapacitors (SCs) as the unique source of traction power are developing rapidly recently. To satisfy the operating voltage requirement of energy storage vehicle, hundreds of SCs are needed to be connected in series. In this case, there is a voltage imbalance between the energy storage cells during rapid charging, resulting in reduced energy efficiency and service life of the energy storage device. A layered equalisation scheme is proposed to solve the problem of voltage imbalance. A single‐input multiple‐output synchronous rectification equalising circuit is proposed to ensure voltage consistency of series supercapacitor monomer in bottom module. The proposed circuit resolves the existing slow balancing speed and low‐voltage balancing precision problems in the current supercapacitor equalising circuits. Meanwhile, an equalisation strategy based on module SOC is adopted to solve voltage imbalance problem of the upper supercapacitor module. The results of MATLAB/Saber co‐simulation and experiment demonstrate that the layered equalisation system achieves the target of fast equilibrium and high precision balance.
Novel fault current‐limiting scheme for MMC‐based flexible HVDC system
Authors: Ma Yueyang , Zou Guibin , Song Shenglan , Guo Jianbao , Gao Zhanjun
Published: February 2019

Currently, the flexible direct current transmission technique becomes a research focus around the world, and be applied in power engineering projects gradually. However, due to the topology of the modular multi‐level converter (MMC), a rapidly rising fault current will appear in case of the fault on the DC side, which constraints the development of MMC‐based flexible high‐voltage direct current (MMC–HVDC) system. To restraint the fault current, this paper proposes a novel fault current‐limiting scheme for symmetrical bipolar MMC–HVDC system, which consists of a current‐limiting resistance and dozens of serial controllable power electronics in parallel with the current‐limiting resistance. The current‐limiting resistance is designed to reduce the fault current and the requirement for the direct current circuit breaker (DCCB) capacity. The novel current‐limiting scheme configuration and operation principles are analysed. Finally, a symmetric bipolar MMC–HVDC system model is constructed, and simulation results show the feasibility of the proposed fault current‐limiting scheme.
Exploring the R CrA environment with SPHERE
Authors: Mesa D. , Bonnefoy M. , Gratton R. , Van Der Plas G. , D’Orazi V. , Sissa E. , Zurlo A. , Rigliaco E. , Schmidt T. , Langlois M. , Vigan A. , Ubeira Gabellini M. G. , Desidera S. , Antoniucci S. , Barbieri M. , Benisty M. , Boccaletti A. , Claudi R. , Fedele D. , Gasparri D. , Henning T. , Kasper M. , Lagrange A.-M. , Lazzoni C. , Lodato G. , Maire A.-L. , Manara C. F. , Meyer M. , Reggiani M. , Samland M. , Van den Ancker M. , Chauvin G. , Cheetham A. , Feldt M. , Hugot E. , Janson M. , Ligi R. , Möller-Nilsson O. , Petit C. , Rickman E. L. , Rigal F. , Wildi F.
Published: February 2019

Aims. R Coronae Australis (R CrA) is the brightest star of the Coronet nebula of the Corona Australis (CrA) star forming region. This star is very red in color, probably due to dust absorption, and is strongly variable. High-contrast instruments allow for an unprecedented direct exploration of the immediate circumstellar environment of this star.

Methods. We observed R CrA with the near-infrared (NIR) channels (IFS and IRDIS) of SPHERE at the Very Large Telescope (VLT). In this paper, we used four different epochs, three of which are from open time observations while one is from SPHERE guaranteed time. The data were reduced using the data reduction and handling pipeline and the SPHERE Data Center. We implemented custom IDL routines on the reduced data with the aim to subtract the speckle halo. We have also obtained pupil-tracking H-band (1.45−1.85 μm) observations with the VLT/SINFONI NIR medium-resolution (R ∼ 3000) spectrograph.

Results. A companion was found at a separation of 0.156″ from the star in the first epoch and increasing to 0.184″ in the final epoch. Furthermore, several extended structures were found around the star, the most noteworthy of which is a very bright jet-like structure northeast from the star. The astrometric measurements of the companion in the four epochs confirm that it is gravitationally bound to the star. The SPHERE photometry and SINFONI spectrum, once corrected for extinction, point toward a spectral type object that is early M with a mass between 0.3 and 0.55 M⊙. The astrometric analyis provides constraints on the orbit paramenters: e ∼ 0.4, semimajor axis at 27–28 au, inclination of ∼70°, and a period larger than 30 yr. We were also able to put constraints of few MJup on the mass of possible other companions down to separations of few tens of au.
On the evaluation of dislocation densities in pure tantalum from EBSD orientation data
Authors: Fressengeas Claude , Beausir Benoît , Kerisit Christophe , Helbert Anne-Laure , Baudin Thierry , Brisset François , Mathon Marie-Hélène , Besnard Rémy , Bozzolo Nathalie
Published: February 2019

We analyze measurements of dislocation densities carried out independently by several teams using three different methods on orientation maps obtained by Electron Back Scattered Diffraction on commercially pure tantalum samples in three different microstructural states. The characteristic aspects of these three methods: the Kernel average method, the Dillamore method and the determination of the lattice curvature-induced Nye’s tensor component fields are reviewed and their results are compared. One of the main features of the uncovered dislocation density distributions is their strong heterogeneity over the analyzed samples. Fluctuations in the dislocation densities, amounting to several times their base level and scaling as power-laws of their spatial frequency are observed along grain boundaries, and to a lesser degree along sub-grain boundaries. As a result of such scale invariance, defining an average dislocation density over a representative volume element is hardly possible, which leads to questioning the pertinence of such a notion. Field methods allowing to map the dislocation density distributions over the samples therefore appear to be mandatory.
Üben im Handstütz – Eine biomechanische Herausforderung für das Handgelenk
Authors: Klomp Carolin
Published: February 2019

Liegestütz, Vierfüßlerstand, Seitstütz – Üben im Handstütz ist für viele Therapieziele sinnvoll. Allerdings ist die biomechanische Belastung im Handgelenk nicht zu unterschätzen. Trainiert ein Patient zu oft, zu lange oder nicht gut eingestellt im Handstütz, kann es zu Überlastungen im Bereich der Handwurzel kommen. Grund genug, das Stützen gut vorzubereiten und zu instruieren. Der Prozess ist hierbei das Ziel und bereits Teil der Therapie.
Passagier mit Nebenwirkungen – Beckenbeschwerden während und nach der Schwangerschaft
Authors: Vielitz Arne
Published: February 2019

Dicker Bauch, strahlende Augen – doch wenn Schmerzen im Beckengürtel auftreten, vergeht vielen Schwangeren das Glücksgefühl. Häufig werden die Beschwerden durch das Sakroiliakalgelenk oder die Symphyse ausgelöst. Mithilfe welcher Schmerzprovokationstests man die Ursache ermittelt und welche Maßnahmen den Frauen vor und nach der Geburt helfen, zeigt dieser Artikel.
Die Rechtsfrage: Darf der Arbeitgeber einfach mein Gehalt kürzen?
Authors: Bossow Karsten
Published: February 2019

„Mein Arbeitgeber hat mir nach meiner Kündigung ohne Begründung Geld vom Gehalt abgezogen – vermutlich, weil die Krankenkasse nicht alle Verordnungen bezahlt hat. Darf er das?“

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Willkommene Knochendoktoren – Als Physiotherapeutin in Tansania
Authors: Koetz Ina
Published: February 2019

In Tansania sind Physiotherapeuten „Daktari wa mifupa“, die Ärzte für Knochen. Für drei Monate nimmt sich Ina Maria Koetz eine Auszeit, um dort in einem Krankenhaus zu arbeiten. Dass Therapeuten hier Röntgenbilder auswerten, Frakturen versorgen und sogar Medikamente verschreiben, ist für sie Neuland.
Der Zauberer sind Sie – Teamgestaltung
Authors: Freitag-Herse Barbara
Published: February 2019

Schon Aristoteles wusste: Das Ganze ist mehr als die Summe seiner Teile. Das gilt auch für Ihr Praxisteam. Etwas Unterstützung von Ihnen braucht es allerdings, um aus den Individuen, die in Ihrer Praxis arbeiten, ein WIR zu formen. Also schnappen Sie sich Ihren persönlichen „Zauberstab“ und legen Sie los!
Do it yourself! – Videos für Patienten drehen
Authors: Kraus Dennis
Published: February 2019

Die Nachfrage von Patienten nach informativen Videos wächst. Das können sich Therapeuten zunutze machen, indem sie per Video ihr Fachwissen jederzeit und überall verfügbar machen. Damit steigern sie ihren Expertenstatus und gewinnen an Wertschätzung. Physiotherapeut und physiopraxis-Themenscout Dennis Kraus zeigt, wie man in neun Schritten zur perfekten Aufnahme kommt.
Prä- und postoperatives Vorgehen bei der primären
Endoprothetik am Kniegelenk
Authors: Matziolis Georg , Röhner Eric
Published: February 2019

Nicht alle der Patienten, die mit einer Knieendoprothese versorgt werden, sind
mit dieser komplett zufrieden im Sinne eines „Forgotten Knee“. Die stetige
Verbesserung der Operationstechnik und Nachbehandlung sowie die Verringerung von
Komplikationen stehen daher weiterhin im Fokus der Endoprothetik. Die Autoren
geben hierzu einen umfassenden Überblick.
Endoprothesen des Kniegelenks – ein Überblick für
Manualtherapeuten
Authors: Ranker Alexander , Steinbrück Arnd
Published: February 2019

Die Anzahl der Erstimplantationen einer Knieendoprothese stieg in den letzten
Jahren stetig an. Und auch die Erwartungen der Patienten an eine Prothese sind
gestiegen: Das künstliche Gelenk sollte nach einer gewissen Zeit im besten Fall
nicht mehr als solches wahrgenommen werden. Eine adäquate postoperative
Therapie, in der die Manuelle Therapie ein wichtiger Baustein ist, trägt dazu
bei, dass der Zustand des „Forgotten Knee“ erreicht werden kann. Ein
grundlegendes Wissen über die unterschiedlichen Knieendoprothesen kann dabei
unterstützen, postoperative Funktionsdefizite besser zu verstehen und die
bestmögliche Therapie anzubieten.
Thoracoscopic Diagnosis of Follicular Lymphoma Relapsing after 13 Years
Authors: Kanbur Serda , Derdiyok Onur , Kiral Hakan , Yilmaz Hakan , Demir Mine , Tezel Cagatay , Baysungur Volkan , Evman Serdar
Published: February 2019

Relapse in lymphoproliferative malignancies is not an exceptional entity and generally occurs within the first 2 or 3 years following the primary treatment. Lymph node biopsy is essential for the diagnosis of relapse and treatment. A 64-years-old woman was referred to our clinic for back pain and dyspnea. Chest X-ray and computed tomography (CT) showed pleural thickening in the right hemithorax and pleural effusion. Hereby, we report a patient with a history of follicular lymphoma treatment 13 years ago, presenting with unilateral pleural effusion and being diagnosed, unpredictably, with relapsing lymphoma by video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery pleural biopsy.
Bilateral Simultaneous Endoscopic Dacryocystorhinostomy: Outcome and Impact on the Quality of Life of the Patients
Authors: Herzallah Islam R. , Marglani Osama A. , Alherabi Ameen Z. , Faraj Nuha S. , Bukhari Deemah H.
Published: February 2019

Introduction Bilateral simultaneous endoscopic dacryocystorhinostomy (endo-DCR) has received little attention in the literature, thus many surgeons continue to address bilateral nasolacrimal duct obstruction at two stages, rather than in the same setting.

Objective To evaluate the feasibility and the outcome of simultaneous bilateral Endo-DCR and its impact on the quality of life of the patients.

Methods We have conducted a retrospective analysis of patients who underwent bilateral simultaneous endo-DCR between March 2013 and February 2017 at our tertiary care institution. The reviewed data included clinical presentation; operative details; success rate; pre and postoperative evaluation of the symptoms of the patients, using the Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction Symptom Score Questionnaire; satisfaction of the patients, and improvement in the quality of life, assessed by the Glasgow Benefit Inventory (GBI) questionnaire.

Results Out of 128 cases in which endo-DCRs were performed, 13 were bilateral (26 sides). Postoperative success was documented in 24 of the 26 sides (92.3%), with a mean follow-up duration of 16.2 months. The two failed sides were reported in the same case. The preoperative symptom score ranged between 12 and 80 (mean ± standard deviation [SD]: 38.23 ± 15.7). The postoperative symptom score was significantly lower (mean ± SD: 5.4 ± 12.9). The success rates in unilateral and bilateral cases were comparable, with no statistically significant difference. A notable improvement in the quality of life of the patients was also reported, with a mean GBI score of 81.38 ± 12.37.

Conclusion Our results support that a simultaneous bilateral endo-DCR is a safe procedure that offers a high success rate, spares the patient from the stress of a second surgery, provides the patient with a bilateral resolution of the symptoms, and confers an immediate improvement in the quality of life of the patients.
Metastatic Disease, Myeloma, and Lymphoma Affecting the Hip
Authors: Gianakos Arianna , Patel Jay , Miller Justin , Sonnylal Laura , Wittig James
Published: February 2019

The three most common causes for bony lesions in patients over 40 years of age are metastatic disease, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma. Oftentimes, these conditions have a predilection for the hip region. The authors present the incidence, characteristics, and treatment of metastatic disease, multiple myeloma, and lymphoma affecting the hip joint to help clinicians accurately diagnose and manage these conditions. They also present the senior author's technique of cemented long stem hemiarthroplasty for treating these conditions when they affect the proximal femur.
Mechanisms regulating spatial changes in grassland productivity following nutrient addition in northern China
Authors: Zhao Na , Shao Xinqing , Chen Chao , Fan Jiangwen , Wang Kun
Published: February 2019

Plant biomass is the most fundamental component of ecosystems. The spatial stability of plant biomass is important, and the mechanisms regulating plant biomass spatial variability in variable environments are a central focus of ecology. However, they have rarely been explored. We conducted an experiment to test how diversity and functional traits affected variation in biomass and community response to nutrient availability in three plant communities: natural; forb, legume, and bunchgrass; and rhizomatous grass. We found that biomass stability rarely changed with increasing taxonomic species richness and functional group richness but declined with increasing Shannon–Weiner indices (the combination of richness and evenness) and functional trait diversity. However, differences in plant species composition generated different responses in both the amount and spatial variation of biomass following nutrient addition. Because rhizomatous grasses are weakly competitive in nutrient-poor conditions, interaction between resource-acquisitive (grass) and stress-tolerant (forb) species in the natural community conferred the greatest overall stability. The rapid nutrient acquisition ability of the rhizomatous grass Leymus chinensis was stimulated in nutrient-abundant conditions. The functional traits of this dominant species overrode the diversity interaction effects of the natural and forb, legume, and bunchgrass communities. This ultimately resulted in the rhizomatous grass community being the most stable. Community stability was strongly determined by a few key species, particularly rhizomatous grasses, rather than by the average response of all species, thereby supporting the mass ratio hypothesis. Our results indicated that rhizomatous grasses could provide vegetative productivity to reduce soil loss and prevent degradation of L. chinensis-dominant grassland. Thus, protecting specific species is critical for maintaining rangeland ecosystem functions. Moreover, the conservation importance of grasses, non-leguminous forbs, legumes, or even rare species could not be ignored. Maintaining stability mechanisms in natural grasslands is complex, and therefore, further studies need to focus on finding a unified mechanism that can regulate appreciable biomass variation under shifting environmental conditions.
Polentone vs terrone
Authors: Viola Lorella
Published: February 2019

This article explores how the internal conflict between the Italian Northern and Southern regions’ ideologies is linguistically apparent in the use of the discriminating words polentone (literally, polenta eater) attached to people from the North and terrone (literally, person from the land) referred to people from the South. The research hypothesis is that, although at first these terms appear to carry a similar derogatory connotation, terrone is in fact more offensive. It is argued here that such difference may find its roots in the Italian central government political strategies which, by historically favouring one part of the country to the disadvantage of the other, have factually aggravated the production and reproduction of discriminatory prejudices against the South. By using the “discourse-historical approach” (Wodak 2001), the study triangulates linguistic, social and historical data to unveil correlations between the discursive discrimination against Italian intra-migrants and the implicit ideologies circulated by governmental choices.
Practical reasoning and metaphor in TV discussions on immigration in Greece
Authors: Butulussi Eleni
Published: February 2019

This article investigates the dynamic processes taking place in relation to the choice of specific fixed metaphors which function as framing devices by rival politicians to reinforce their proposals for action in the media immigration discourse of Greek TV discussions (1996-2016). In this research context a critical, integrated, multi-level metaphor analysis model is suggested which combines different methods (see Cameron 2008; Fairclough et al. 2012; Charteris-Black 2014; Musolff 2016; Semino et al. 2016) for a linguistic, cognitive and discursive-communicative-rhetorical analysis in the context of practical reasoning focusing on the framing power of metaphor. Results revealed that around these metaphors the different political ideologies are framed in agreement with the rhetorical tendencies (e.g simplification, bipolarization, hyperbole) of the political media discourse.
Possession and ownership in Modern Uyghur
Authors: Memtimin Aminem
Published: February 2019

The article deals with the linguistic expression of possession and ownership in Modern Uyghur, a Turkic language spoken in Northern China. It describes the structure and semantics of Uyghur attributive and predicative possessive constructions and their interaction with the categories of inalienability, tense, aspect and mood. The paper distinguishes canonical and non-canonical possessive constructions, and shows their semantic and structural features. Special attention is paid to the structure of complex constructions with possessors and possessees as subjects of dependent clauses with the predicate in the -(i)p converb form. The relations of inalienability between the subjects of the dependent and main clauses license this use of the -(i)p converb.
Grammaticalization of possessive markers in the Beserman dialect of Udmurt
Authors: Serdobolskaya Natalia , Usacheva Maria , Arkhangelskiy Timofey
Published: February 2019

The paper is focused on the functions of possessive suffixes in the Beserman dialect of Udmurt. Considering the data from the Beserman corpus of oral texts we find the parameters influencing the presence/omission of the possessive suffixes in the contexts of possessive (alienable and inalienable) and non-possessive contexts. We review the claim about the grammaticalization of the Beserman possessives into markers of definiteness, and suggest that they are subject to pragmaticization in terms of Fried (2009).
Grammatical relations in Sanzhi Dargwa
Authors: Forker Diana
Published: February 2019

This chapter analyses grammatical roles in Sanzhi Dargwa, a Nakh-Daghestanian language spoken in central Daghestan (Russian Federation). It also provides an overview on argumenthood and valency patterns. Sanzhi Dargwa combines head marking and dependent marking. It has a rich case inventory and two independently operating agreement systems: gender/number agreement and person agreement. Sanzhi has ergative alignment at the morphological level, namely in the gender/number agreement and the case marking. Outside the realm of morphology there are almost no indications for ergativity. Instead, accusative alignment, neutral alignment and no alignment are found. Person agreement and reflexivization/reciprocalization are neutral. In contrast, relativization largely depends on a suitable context and does not make use of grammatical roles at all.
Grammatical relations in Movima
Authors: Haude Katharina
Published: February 2019

Movima (isolate, Bolivia) has two transitive constructions: direct/ergative and inverse/accusative. The most straightforward argument selector is relativization. Relativization selects the P of the direct and the A of the inverse construction, which, in each case, is the argument whose referent ranks lower on scales of person, animacy, and topicality. In terms of constituency, this is the “external” argument, and it aligns with S. Certain oblique-marked arguments can be relativized as well, so relativization is a test to distinguish oblique arguments from adjuncts. Other constructions that privilege the external argument are demonstrative fronting and argument incorporation – although the latter is restricted to the direct construction and therefore also to the P argument. Two constructions select an argument on the basis of its semantic role: possessor ascension privileges P, and imperatives, which participate in the direct/inverse alternation, privilege A. Other cross-linguistically typical argument selectors do not seem to show a preference for a particular argument or semantic role: reflexives, coordination, embedding, and quantifier floating.
Grammatical relations in Telkepe Neo-Aramaic
Authors: Coghill Eleanor
Published: February 2019

This chapter describes grammatical relations in the North-Eastern Neo-Aramaic. Telkepe Neo-Aramaic has nominative-accusative alignment. The core arguments that can be clearly distinguished are subject, direct object of a transitive verb, dative object of a ditransitive verb and theme of a ditransitive verb. Core grammatical relations are predominantly encoded on the verb and there is no case-marking, while word order is conditioned not by syntactic roles but by information structure. Up to three arguments may be indexed on the verb, but only subjects are always indexed on the verb. In certain constructions, specific semantic roles may be indexed: one suffix may index a goal, affectee or human source, while another indexes location or metaphorically expresses ability. Telkepe exhibits a type of differential object marking, conditioned by definiteness and topicality and manifested in two separate ways: indexing on the verb and (less consistently) flagging of the object with a dative preposition. Telkepe shows an unusual inversion in the syntactic roles of the indexes on verbs. The suffix set which indexes the subject in Present Base forms indexes the object in Past Base forms, while the suffix set which indexes the object in Present Base forms indexes the subject in Past Base forms.
Grammatical relations in Kubeo
Authors: Chacon Thiago Costa , Genetti Carol
Published: February 2019

This paper describes a number of argument selectors for grammatical relations in Kubeo, an Eastern Tukanoan language spoken in the Vaupes River area in Northwestern Amazonia. The main selectors discussed in this paper are: verbal agreement, case marking, constituent ordering, causative, applicative, non-finite clauses, passive, noun incorporation and anaphoric constructions. The overwhelming grammatical pattern selects S, A, and Aditr for similar treatment in contrast to the remaining argument types; some constructions suggest a distinction between two types of S arguments, which we analyze as Sa versus Sp. The language presents the phenomenon of differential object marking, as well as analytical challenges related to non-canonical passivization and the way that animacy, referentiality and argument hierarchies correlate in the organization of grammatical relations.
Grammatical relations in Katla
Authors: Hellwig Birgit
Published: February 2019

This chapter describes grammatical relations in Katla, a Niger-Congo language of Sudan. Katla exhibits a close match between semantic and syntactic valency, and monovalent, bivalent and trivalent verbs can be distinguished by their ability to occur with one, two or three unmarked arguments respectively. Katla shows evidence for the existence of a subject category (including S, A and ADITR, whereby ‘DITR’ as subscript arguments) and of a primary object category (including P and G arguments; but excluding T arguments). Evidence for these categories comes from argument indexing, constituent order and valency-changing morphology. Other potential argument selectors are also discussed, but they provide inconclusive evidence. The chapter concludes with a brief comparison to the closest relative, Tima, showing considerable differences between the two languages.
The Influence of Fluid Management on Outcomes in Preeclampsia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Pretorius T. , van Rensburg G. , Dyer R.A. , Biccard B.M.
Published: February 2019

(Int J Obstet Anesth. 2018;34:85–95)

One of the leading causes of maternal mortality is complications due to hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Many guidelines for severe preeclampsia advocate a restrictive approach to fluid management; however, data to support these recommendations are limited. This systematic review and meta-analysis was undertaken to update the evidence regarding the effect of fluid management in preeclampsia on patient outcomes.
Risk-stratification, Resource Availability, and Choice of Surgical Location for the Management of Parturients With Abnormal Placentation: A Survey of United States-based Obstetric Anesthesiologists
Authors: Grant T.R. , Ellinas E.H. , Kula A.O. , Muravyeva M.Y.
Published: February 2019

(Int J Obstet Anesth. 2018;34:56–66)

Best outcomes are achieved for patients with abnormally adherent placentation when deliveries are well-coordinated with a multidisciplinary team and the ready availability of needed resources is ensured. It is most appropriate for smaller hospitals to transfer patients with suspected abnormal placentation if the institution is unlikely to have the necessary resources to provide optimal care, including sufficient blood supply, subspecialty providers, and other necessary personnel. The objective of this survey was to obtain information from obstetric anesthesiologists in the United States regarding risk-stratification and surgical-location decision-making for parturients with abnormal placentation.
Aspirin for Evidence-based Preeclampsia Prevention Trial: Effect of Aspirin on Length of Stay in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Wright D. , Rolnik D.L. , Syngelaki A. , de Paco Matallana C. , Machuca M. , de Alvarado M. , Mastrodima S. , Tan M.Y. , Shearing S. , Persico N. , Jani J.C. , Plasencia W. , Papaioannou G. , Molina F.S. , Poon L.C. , Nicolaides K.H.
Published: February 2019

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018;218:612.e1–e6)

Preeclampsia is a major cause of maternal and perinatal death and other adverse outcomes for mothers and babies, and has important health care cost implications. Previous studies have found a reduction of the risk of preeclampsia with the use of aspirin. This study aimed to examine the effect of aspirin on the length of stay in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), as well as evaluate the impact of screening for preeclampsia and aspirin treatment for high-risk patients on health care costs.
The Association of Targeted Cell Salvage Blood Transfusion During Cesarean Delivery With Allogeneic Packed Red Blood Cell Transfusions in a Maternity Hospital in China
Authors: Yan H. , Hu L.Q. , Wu Y. , Fan Q. , Wong C.A. , McCarthy R.J.
Published: February 2019

(Anesth Analg. 2018;127:706–713)

Allogeneic blood transfusion is an important component in the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. Short-term risks include acute transfusion reactions, hemolytic anemia, and transfusion-related acute lung injury, whereas long-term risks include immunosuppression. One method to reduce the need for allogeneic packed red blood cell (PRBC) transfusion after cesarean delivery (CD) is to use autologous blood transfusion obtained via intraoperative cell salvage (ICS). Consensus statements suggest that ICS is particularly beneficial in cases of anticipated massive blood loss—>20% or more of the patient’s estimated blood volume. In the current study, the authors assessed allogeneic transfusion rates before and after implementation of a targeted ICS infusion program in women undergoing CD at the Ningbo Women and Children’s Hospital (NWCH) in China.
Determination of the Optimal Programmed Intermittent Epidural Bolus Volume of Bupivacaine 0.0625% With Fentanyl 2 μg/mL at a Fixed Interval of 40 Minutes: A Biased Coin Up-and-down Sequential Allocation Trial
Authors: Zakus P. , Arzola C. , Bittencourt R. , Downey K. , Ye X.Y. , Carvalho J.C.
Published: February 2019

(Anaesthesia. 2018;73:459–465)

The use of programmed intermittent epidural bolus (PIEB) to provide labor analgesia has been increasing in popularity as commercially available pumps have become available. A variety of dosing strategies have been evaluated but the optimal settings for PIEB have not yet been established. The majority of studies have included PIEB in conjunction with patient controlled epidural analgesia (PCEA). The current investigators had previously investigated which PIEB dosing strategy would minimize breakthrough pain and the need for PCEA boluses. They determined the optimal regimen was 10 mL of bupivacaine 0.0625% with fentanyl 2 µg/ml administered every 40 minutes. However, 34% of women exhibited a sensory block to ice above T6, which might indicate an unnecessarily high spread of local anesthetic. Therefore, they conducted this prospective, double-blind, dose-finding study to investigate whether it was possible to reduce the PIEB volume without compromising the efficacy of the technique.
A Triple-blind, Placebo-controlled Randomized Trial of the Ilioinguinal-transversus Abdominis Plane (I-TAP) Nerve Block for Elective Cesarean Section
Authors: Staker J.J. , Liu D. , Church R. , Carlson D.J. , Panahkhahi M. , Lim A. , LeCong T.
Published: February 2019

(Anaesthesia. 2018;73:594–602)

Moderate or severe pain after cesarean section has been reported in 7% of women. The ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric block and the transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block have both been effective at reducing postoperative opioid requirements after lower abdominal surgery. However, in studies that compared either of these blocks with spinal morphine, there was no benefit found with the nerve blocks. Regardless, some patients do develop postcesarean pain despite receiving spinal morphine. At the investigators’ institution they began performing a combined ilioinguinal-transversus abdominis plane (I-TAP) nerve block and found it provided improved analgesia. Therefore, this prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was performed to formally evaluate the efficacy of the I-TAP block, hypothesizing that the addition of the block to a multimodal analgesic regimen that included spinal morphine would reduce opioid consumption in the first 24 hours after cesarean section.
Toward a Model of HPV Vaccine Series Completion in Adolescent Hispanic Males
Authors: Roncancio Angelica M. , Carmack Chakema C. , Ward Kristy K. , Vernon Sally W. , Muñoz Becky T. , Cano Miguel A. , Cribbs Felicity L.
Published: February 2019

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine series completion among adolescent Hispanic males (35%) is lower than the Healthy People 2020 80% goal. This directed qualitative content analysis identified mothers' beliefs about their sons completing the series. We found that mothers (N = 19) (1) express positive feelings; (2) believe the vaccine has positive effects; (3) identify the father and doctors as supporters and friends as nonsupporters; (4) list health insurance, transportation, and clinic reminders as facilitators; and (5) mention affordability as a barrier to vaccine completion. Results provide guidance for interventions. Increasing HPV vaccination among boys will decrease the overall incidence of HPV in this population.
Effect of calcium ions and pH on the morphology and mechanical properties of hyaluronan brushes
Authors: Chen Xinyue , Richter Ralf P.
Published: February 2019

Hyaluronan (HA) is a linear, regular polysaccharide that plays as a chief structural and functional component in peri- and extracellular matrices, thus contributing significantly to many basic cellular processes. To understand more comprehensively the response of the supramolecular organization of HA polymers to changes in their aqueous environment, we study the effects of Ca2+concentration and pH on the morphology and rigidity of films of end-grafted HA polymers on planar supports (HA brushes), as a well-definedin vitromodel system of HA-rich matrices, by reflection interference contrast microscopy and quartz crystal microbalance. The thickness and softness of HA brushes decrease significantly with Ca2+concentration but do not change with pH, within the physiological ranges of these parameters. The effect of Ca2+on HA brush thickness is virtually identical to the effect of Na+at 10-fold higher concentrations. Moreover, the thickness and softness of HA brushes decrease appreciably upon HA protonation at pH less than 6. Effects of pH and calcium ions are fully reversible over large parameter ranges. These findings are relevant for understanding the supramolecular organization and dynamics of HA-rich matrices in biological systems and will also benefit the rational design of synthetic HA-rich materials with tailored properties.
Harnessing glycoenzyme engineering for synthesis of bioactive oligosaccharides
Authors: Benkoulouche Mounir , Fauré Régis , Remaud-Siméon Magali , Moulis Claire , André Isabelle
Published: February 2019

Combined with chemical synthesis, the use of glycoenzyme biocatalysts has shown great synthetic potential over recent decades owing to their remarkable versatility in terms of substrates and regio- and stereoselectivity that allow structurally controlled synthesis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates. Nonetheless, the lack of appropriate enzymatic tools with requisite properties in the natural diversity has hampered extensive exploration of enzyme-based synthetic routes to access relevant bioactive oligosaccharides, such as cell-surface glycans or prebiotics. With the remarkable progress in enzyme engineering, it has become possible to improve catalytic efficiency and physico-chemical properties of enzymes but also considerably extend the repertoire of accessible catalytic reactions and tailor novel substrate specificities. In this review, we intend to give a brief overview of the advantageous use of engineered glycoenzymes, sometimes in combination with chemical steps, for the synthesis of natural bioactive oligosaccharides or their precursors. The focus will be on examples resulting from the three main classes of glycoenzymes specialized in carbohydrate synthesis: glycosyltransferases, glycoside hydrolases and glycoside phosphorylases.
Glycan-decorated protocells: novel features for rebuilding cellular processes
Authors: Omidvar Ramin , Römer Winfried
Published: February 2019

In synthetic biology approaches, lipid vesicles are widely used as protocell models. While many compounds have been encapsulated in vesicles (e.g. DNA, cytoskeleton and enzymes), the incorporation of glycocalyx components in the lipid bilayer has attracted much less attention so far. In recent years, glycoconjugates have been integrated in the membrane of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs). These minimal membrane systems have largely contributed to shed light on the molecular mechanisms of cellular processes. In this review, we first introduce several preparation and biophysical characterization methods of GUVs. Then, we highlight specific applications of protocells investigating glycolipid-mediated endocytosis of toxins, viruses and bacteria. In addition, we delineate how prototissues have been assembled from glycan-decorated protocells by using lectin-mediated cross-linking of opposed glycoreceptors (e.g. glycolipids and glycopeptides). In future applications, glycan-decorated protocells might be useful for investigating cell–cell interactions (e.g. adhesion and communication). We also speculate about the implication of lectin–glycoreceptor interactions in membrane fusion processes.
Synthetic glycobiology
Authors: Turnbull W. Bruce , Imberty Anne , Blixt Ola
Published: February 2019

Re-engineering carbohydrates and carbohydrate-binding proteins for novel applications was the topic of a Royal Society Theo Murphy meeting at the Kavli Royal Society Centre, Chichelely Hall in Buckinghamshire, UK, 8–9 October 2018.
Single-cell analysis reveals different age-related somatic mutation profiles between stem and differentiated cells in human liver
Authors: Brazhnik Kristina , Sun Shixiang , Alani Omar , Kinkhabwala Milan , Wolkoff Allan W. , Maslov Alexander Y. , Dong Xiao , Vijg Jan
Published: February 2019

Accumulating somatic mutations have been implicated in age-related cellular degeneration and death. Because of their random nature and low abundance, somatic mutations are difficult to detect except in single cells or clonal lineages. Here we show that in single hepatocytes from human liver, an organ normally exposed to high levels of genotoxic stress, somatic mutation frequencies are high and increase substantially with age. Significantly lower mutation frequencies were observed in liver stem cells and organoids derived from them. These results could explain the increased age-related incidence of liver disease in humans and stress the importance of stem cells in maintaining genome integrity.
Activation of a Latent Epitope Causing Differential Binding of Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies to Proteinase 3
Authors: Moura Marta Casal , Thompson Gwen E. , Nelson Darlene A. , Fussner Lynn A. , Hummel Amber M. , Jenne Dieter E. , Emerling Daniel , Volkmuth Wayne , Fervenza Fernando C. , Kallenberg Cees G.M. , Langford Carol A. , McCune W. Joseph , Merkel Peter A. , Monach Paul A. , Seo Philip , Spiera Robert F. , Clair E. William St. , Ytterberg Steven R. , Stone John H. , Robinson William H. , Pang Yuan-Ping , Specks Ulrich ,   the WGET and RAVE-ITN Research Groups
Published: February 2019

Objective

Proteinase 3 (PR3) is the major antigen for anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) in the systemic autoimmune vasculitis, granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). PR3 anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (PR3-ANCAs) recognize different epitopes on PR3. We aimed to study the effect of mutations on PR3 antigenicity.

Methods

The recombinant PR3 variants, iPR3 which is clinically used to detect PR3-ANCAs and iHm5 which contains three point mutations in Epitope 1 and 5 generated for epitope mapping studies, immunoassays and serum samples from patients enrolled in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) clinical trials were used to screen the differential PR3-ANCA binding. Selective binding was determined by inhibition experiments.

Results

Rather than a reduced binding of PR3-ANCAs to iHm5, we found substantially increased binding of the majority of PR3-ANCAs to iHm5 compared with iPR3. A monoclonal ANCA (moANCA518) from a patient with GPA was found to selectively bind to iHm5 within the mutation-free Epitope 3 and distant from the point mutations of iHm5 contained in Epitope 1 and 5. Binding of iPR3 to monoclonal antibody MCPR3-2 also induced recognition by moANCA518.

Conclusion

The preferential binding of PR3-ANCAs from patients like the selective binding of moANCA518 to iHm5 is conferred by increased antigenicity of Epitope 3 on iHm5. This can also be induced on iPR3 when it is captured by monoclonal antibody MCPR-2. This previously unrecognized characteristic of PR3-ANCA interactions with its target antigen has implications for studying antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases, understanding of variable performance characteristics of immunoassays and design of potential novel treatment approaches.