bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Publiczne posługi transportowe w okresie Księstwa Warszawskiego w świetle postanowień dekretu z dnia 22 maja 1810 roku „względem koni i podwód dostarczonych pod transporty i wojskowych”
Authors: Konarski Marcin
Published: October 2020

Celem niniejszych rozważań jest analiza zagadnień związanych z publicznymi posługami transportowymi w okresie istnienia Księstwa Warszawskiego (1807-1815). Wobec uciążliwości świadczenia tych posług przez ludność państwa, która to sięgała jeszcze czasów prawa feudalnego, zdecydowano się uregulować dostarczanie świadczeń tego rodzaju w drodze szczegółowej regulacji prawnej w formie dekretu z dnia 22 maja 1810 roku. Analiza postanowień tego dekretu stanowi główny cel rozważań, przy czym rozbiór ten dokonany został na tle porównawczym uwzględniającym postanowienia pruskiego regulaminu podwodowego z dnia 1 października 1793 roku, na którym wzorowano się przy tworzeniu regulacji polskiej. Autor prezentuje wpierw charakter powinności transportowych i komunikacyjnych w ich rozwoju dziejowym na tle regulacji dawnego prawa polskiego – przede wszystkim książęcego, zaś w dalszej części rozważań podejmuje się tytułem wprowadzenia do przedmiotowej analizy, zwięzłej charakterystyki genezy i istoty Księstwa Warszawskiego.
Carla Schmitta krytyka liberalizmu w latach 1916-1938. Próba syntezy i interpretacji
Authors: Engelking Wojciech
Published: October 2020

Artykuł jest analizą krytyki, której niemiecki filozof prawa i teoretyk polityki poddał w swoich pisanych przed 1939 r. pracach liberalizm – jako filozofię polityczną, system zarządzania państwem, jak również system prawny, tj. pozytywizm z liberalizmu wynikający. Autor skupia się na prześledzeniu owej krytyki od pierwszych dzieł Schmitta, czyli analiz filologicznych, poprzez schmittiańską krytykę konstytucji Republiki Weimarskiej z 1919 r., dochodząc do sporu prowadzonego przez myśliciela z Plettenbergu z Hansem Kelsenem; stara się pokazać pewne stałe elementy poczynionej przez Schmitta krytyki (akcentowanie wpływu rozwoju technologicznego na proces polityczny, teorię obszaru centralnego) jak również te, które zmieniały się w czasie (stosunek Schmitta do Hobbesa jako ojca liberalizmu, jego namysł nad neutralizacją sfery publicznej). Tekst uzupełnia analiza pozytywnego – w pewnym przynajmniej sposobie – remedium na liberalizm, jakie Schmitt wynalazł, czyli teoria stanu wyjątkowego, analizowanego po pierwsze na gruncie art. 48 konstytucji Republiki Weimarskiej, po drugie zaś: jako zsekularyzowanego pojęcia teologicznego „stanu bez nazwy”.
Uchylanie się od obowiązku służby wojskowej w orzecznictwie Wojskowego Sądu Garnizonowego w Białymstoku w latach 1944–1945 na przykładzie wybranych spraw
Authors: Mudel Iwona
Published: October 2020

Artykuł dotyczy orzecznictwa Wojskowego Sądu Garnizonowego w Białymstoku z lat 1944-1945 w stosunku do osób cywilnych uchylających się od obowiązku służby wojskowej. Analizie poddano dziewięć spraw sądowych, w których osoby pomimo ciążącego na nich obowiązku służby wojskowej, nie uczynili temu zadość, czym naruszyli przepisy artykułu 118 § 1 w związku z artykułem 117 § 1 i § 2  Kodeksu Karnego Wojska Polskiego z września 1944 roku. Oskarżeni na swoją obronę, jako przyczynę uchylania się od obowiązku służby wojskowej wskazywali głównie motywy rodzinne lub też konieczność pracy na gospodarstwie rolnym. Za popełnione przestępstwo przeciwko obowiązkowi wojskowemu byli skazywani przez Wojskowy Sąd Garnizonowy w Białymstoku na wieloletnie kary więzienia, kilka osób skierowano ponadto do oddziału karnego w którym mieli odbyć służbę wojskową.
Z dziejów seminariów warszawskich w dawnej diecezji poznańskiej. Biskupi oraz inni przedstawiciele znamienitych rodów doby staropolskiej w gronie wychowanków seminarium externum i seminarium internum Misjonarzy św. Wincentego à Paulo przy kościele Świętego Krzyża w Warszawie (1675/1676-1864/1865)
Authors: Prokop Krzysztof R.
Published: October 2020

Until 1798 Warsaw remained in the diocese of Poznań despite taking over from Cracow numerous functions of a capital city in the 17th and 18th centuries (nominally it never became the capital of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth). During this time two seminaries ran by the Missionaries of St. Vincent de Paul functioned in Warsaw: Seminarium Internum and Seminarium Externum. They were founded in 1675-1676 and educated – especially the latter one – a large group of clergy who later held prominent positions in the structures of the Catholic Church on Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian soil. Among the seminary’s graduates were 66 future bishops (only eight of them underwent formation in Seminarium Internum), who were to minister as ordinaries or suffragans in a majority of dioceses then existing within the borders of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (and also on the territory of historical Greater Poland).                Both of the above mentioned theological institutes located in Warsaw continued to function for some decades after the collapse of the pre-partition Polish-Lithuanian state (by then already within the Warsaw diocese and from 1818 in the Warsaw archdiocese). Their existence came to an end in 1864 as a result of repressions by Russian administration after the collapse of the January Uprising. In this second period of the seminaries’ operation the number of alumni who later filled episcopal offices was markedly lower, the last one being the future Gniezno-Poznań metropolitan and cardinal, Mieczysław Ledóchowski, whose name stands out illustriously in the history of the Church in Greater Poland.
Życie religijne mieszkańców Poznania pod okupacją niemiecką na przykładzie parafii Matki Boskiej Bolesnej
Authors: Wilczyński Leszek
Published: October 2020

Artykuł przedstawia życie religijne mieszkańców Poznania w latach 1939-1945 na przykładzie parafii Matki Boskiej Bolesnej na poznańskim Łazarzu. Omówiono postawy moralno-obywatelskie duchowieństwa i wiernych, ich troskę o zapewnienie sobie minimum potrzeb kulturalnych, a także ukazano działania podziemnego systemu dobroczynnego i edukacyjnego w okupowanym mieście. Tekst prezentuje również aktywność internowanego w parafii biskupa pomocniczego poznańskiego Walentego Dymka oraz atmosferę ostatnich dni okupacji. Podstawą źródłową artykułu są zasoby Archiwum Parafii Matki Bożej Bolesnej w Poznaniu, nieliczne powojenne artykuły, a także opracowania dotyczące okupacji i omawianej parafii.
Adjektiv-Substantiv-Kollokationen als Translationsproblem
Authors: Żmudzki Jerzy
Published: October 2020

The aim of this paper is to show what sort of translation problems appear in the adjective-substantive collocations in Polish and German. A special class of collocations is represented by lexicalised and idiomatised syntagmas. These units include characteristic attributive perspectives specified by the two languages and the two culture communities. This phenomeneon refers to conventional valuing, attributions and métaphorisations of concepts represented in substantives used. In this way collocations form and fix the cultural profiles of reality. Because of that they can be regarded as cognitive formulas which need to be reprofiled in a concrete translation process through their projection on the target language and culture. As a result of these cognitive and linguistic operations the translator identifies the convergences and divergences as determined by the language system and the text between both the two languages. He secondly constructs equivalent attributive profile of the concept transferred into the target text, thus guaranteeing the reciprocity of perspectives between both of the texts. The essay classifies the cases and types of disparities between Polish and German adjeck-tive-substantive collocations, showing how they can be reprofiled according to linguistic and cultural requirements of the target text. This class of translation problems is only a subfield of the larger domain, but the main mechanism of the important translation transfer can be already demonstrated and exemplified basing on these specific translation units.
"Die Fremde ist nicht Heimat geworden, aber die Heimat Fremde."(Alfred Polgar)- Überlegungen zum Jahr des interkulturellen Dialogs 2008
Authors: Wolting Stephan
Published: October 2020

The present article tries to attract attention to the connection between the idea of the European Commision to create in 2008 a Year of the interculturaal dialogue and empiric studies in researching of being abroad. It will be one of the most important purposes in future to develop the studies in intercultural communications in the premise of consulting, coaching and mediation for foreign assignment or a deployment abroad. In this fields there's no doubt that there's a need for focussing new researches on the public and private life of employers abroad or on that what's called the working migration.
Grammar and Formulaicity in Foreign Language Teaching
Authors: Gozdawa-Gołębiowsk Romuald
Published: October 2020

There are three general problem areas in the production of native-like language by the foreign learner: lexically based co-occurrence restrictions, inflectional paradigms and function words with little semantic impact. Remedial action can either be rule-based or dictionary-based. This corresponds to two traditionally recognized modes of sentence processing: analytic (with conscious reference to the grammatical system) or holistic (formulaic, where whole chunks are attended to). I argue for the existence of a third, middle-of-the-road strategy, which I tentatively label the "contentive" mode of sentence processing, with the focus on content-bearing individual lexical items.. Contentive processing is a key factor in the modular concept of formulaicity, proposed in this paper. A formula can be thought of as a bundle of opaque features, a recurrent unit, a social token or a morphosyntactic exemplar. This puts a different perspective on language teaching.
The relationship between language learning experience, motivation and some other individual variables of mature foreign language learners
Authors: Chłopek Zofia
Published: October 2020

The present paper investigates the issue of motivation of foreign language learners. The main research question, concerning a possible link between the amount of language learning experience and learner motivation, remains unanswered. However, it turns out that a few learner characteristics which some researchers believe to correlate with language learning experience can probably serve as good predictors of foreign language learners’ motivation.
Die Entwicklung interner grammatischer Regeln im gesteuerten Fremdsprachenunterricht
Authors: Czarnecka Małgorzata
Published: October 2020

Internal rules of grammar exist in the language irrespective of how they are described by the linguists. This paper is an attempt to answer the question in what way internal rules develop both in the mother tongue and in instructed second language acquisition. The author refers to the hierarchy of processing procedures, chunk related and cognitively based research and demonstrates how this development may be supported in instructed second language acquisition.
Einige Überlegungen zur Wortbildungslehre im fremdsprachlichen Deutschunterricht
Authors: Mac Agnieszka
Published: October 2020

The goal of this article is to expatiate on the important function of the morphological structures in foreign language teaching. Firstly, I will try to answer the question about morphology’s position in foreign language teaching. Furthermore, I will focus on the difficulties arising with implementing teaching methods of word formation rules. The third part deals with the effects of morphology in the didactical field with regard to teaching German as a foreign language.
Linearisierungsmöglichkeiten und Kasuszuweisung in deverbalen Nominalphrasen. Ein deutsch-polnischer Vergleich
Authors: Aptacy Jarosław
Published: October 2020

In the following paper German and Polish deverbal noun phrases will be examined in respect to the linearization of their constituents. The point of departure will be the adjacency condition which is obligatory in the Genitive DPs in German, but optional in Polish. In other words, Polish displays more linearization possibilities than German. In addition to adjacency which is conditioned by grammar also communicative factors and text grammar condition the linearization of DPs. Constituents with a higher comment value tend to appear as far to the right of the deverbal noun as possible, while topic constituents stand closer to the noun.
On branching onsets in Norwegian
Authors: Czarnecki Przemysław
Published: October 2020

Syllable margins and the phonotactic peculiarities of word-edges have always drawn attention of researches working within different theoretical approaches. In the following paper some Norwegian consonantal clusters will be examined, with special reference to the left-margin of the words. Our attention will be focused on establishing the set of possible branching onsets in Norwegian, both word-initially and in the word-internal position.
Eine harte Nuss zu knacken«. Phraseologismen im Unterricht Deutsch als Fremdsprache
Authors: Zenderowska-Korpus Grażyna
Published: October 2020

In the present article I paid attention to teaching idioms in German as a second language. Is the knowledge of idioms possible to master? How many idioms does a student of foreign language need? How should we teach them? How can an idiomatic optimum be achieved? The article starts with a definition of phraseology and idiomatic competence. Then it presents my experience with teaching and knowledge of idioms by students.
Der frühe Fremdsprachenunterricht – je früher desto besser?
Authors: Sopata Aldona
Published: October 2020

The article aims to summarize investigations which shed some light on the mechanisms of early second language acquisition and to draw from them pedagogical implications. Developing an optimal outline for foreign language teaching in early childhood should involve factors which make possible the use of inductive mechanisms of language acquisition by children.
Interkulturelle Kompetenz im Fremdsprachenunterricht Deutsch nach Englisch Eine Pilotuntersuchung der Klassen 4–6 im Raum Poznań
Authors: Zuzok Nadja
Published: October 2020

The following essay is about teaching German after English and the intercultural traces that can be found in German teaching and learning after having been learned English. The current polish situation makes this topic relevant, as German is taught as second foreign language. The present study wants to investigate which influence this learning German after English has when speaking of intercultural competence.
Informal talks about writing as a constructive way to develop young L2 learner print awareness
Authors: Zawodniak Joanna
Published: October 2020

The article examines the possibilities of fostering young L2 learner print awareness via teaching for conversing about and reflecting on writing. In order to achieve this goal the present author conducted the qualitative research on a group of 2nd-graders engaged in the performance of a series of open-ended L2 written tasks accompanied by L1 cues. The analysis of collected data shows that drawing children’s conscious attention to writing might encourage the constructive transferability of linguistic skills from L1 to L2, thus being conducive to the development of logical thinking necessary for the enhancement of their print awareness.
Intelligibility within a Modified CLIL Framework
Authors: Nikolić Dušan
Published: October 2020

The paper provides a brief summary of what CLIL is and why it is regarded as a mainstreampedagogical approach today. The paper’s aim is to state the significance of language withinZydatiß’ modified version of 4Cs framework of CLIL and to recommend the re-modified 4Csframework of CLIL. The paper further stresses the importance of pronunciation for communicationfocusing on intelligibility as a necessary linguistic category arguing that intelligibility should become an essential part of communication within CLIL. The paper also lists the important implications for the further proceedings in this direction.
An outline of Knowledge Management
Authors: Rozenberg Magdalena
Published: October 2020

Knowledge management is the concept concerning the question how to use knowledgein the most efficient way within an organization and creating and managing new knowledgewhich allows for improving efficiency of a modern organization. The author of the article hasmade an attempt to clearly present the concept of knowledge management. She has described and defined its main presumptions and has made use of economic science in order to explain howmanagement is understood in economy. Finally the author has posed the question of the meaningof knowledge management in the process of a foreign language teaching and learning.
Da oder weil, daher oder deswegen? / Weil es nicht zielsprachenadäquat ist…? Deswegen! Zielsprachenadäquate Ausdrücke von Kausalität in L1- und L2-Texten im Deutschen
Authors: LAURENTZEN CHRISSY , JENTGES SABINE
Published: October 2020

Grammar books for L2-learners mostly follow grammatical themes, e.g. sentence – verb – conjunctions. However, when a L2-learner composes a text, he will probably focus more on the function he wants to express than the form he wants to use. In this article, functionality versus grammatical categories will be discussed in order to answer the question, whether and – if so – how German and Dutch students differ in their way of expressing causality in academic writing. An analysis of German Bachelor’s and Master’s theses written by German and Dutch students showed differences between these groups in their use of subcategories (word classes) and specific words for expressing causality. The absence of a functional structure and specific information about the use of causal connectives in grammar books can therefore be regarded asan important cause for these findings. Especially for advanced L2-learners of German it seems recommendable to organize grammar books to put a greater focus on function (rather than form).
Fremdheit übersetzen. Erfahrungen aus einem übersetzerischen Projekt einer studentischen Arbeitsgemeinschaft
Authors: SMYKAŁA MARTA
Published: October 2020

The article partially sums up the results of a translating project realized by a students’ science club. The aim of the project was to translate into German an interview with the caretaker of the synagogue in Łańcut. The interview deals with the history of the building and the history of the former Jewish community in Łańcut. Particularly problematic in the translation process were terms originating from Yiddish or Hebrew: realia, cultural artefacts, religious terms and some other exoticisms. Another barrier was connected with the ability to approach the text from the receiver’s perspective. The article discusses those and other difficulties involved in the process of translation and some possible ways of solving them.
Le doublage comme un moyen de travailler sur la prononciation française : théorie et pratique
Authors: Kotuła Krzysztof
Published: October 2020

Pronunciation is an often-neglected aspect of language instruction. Teachers usuallyplace the blame on lack of time and resources, as well as curricular restrictions. However, in recent years, we have witnessed a proliferation of various tools that can be used to render work on different aspects of pronunciation much more interesting. In the present paper, we will focus on one particular technique: video dubbing. By examining the answers provided by the participants of a dubbing project conducted by the author of the present study, we will try to reflect on the potential advantages of such activities, and determine whether they are considered stimulating and effective by language learners.
Abhängigkeitsrelation zwischen Übersetzungsqualität und Organisation von mentalen Lexika
Authors: Legutko-Marszałek Iwona
Published: October 2020

I have discussed cognitive aspects of translation and have attempted to pay particularattention to the cognitive conditions guaranteeing the correct process of translation. Translating from one language into another is, in my opinion, possible thanks to reference to the conceptual ground and information processing outside language. The division of a single mental lexicon common to two languages into two separate mental lexicons influences the quality of translation. The condition of a successful translation is the correct identification of the conceptual structure and this, in turn, is possible only after the division of the mental lexicons so that the lexical units have direct access to concepts beyond language and are able to activate them.
Von der disziplinären Abhängigkeit zum gleichberechtigten Miteinander? Eine Diskussion über das sensible Verhältnis von Sprachwissenschaft und Sprachdidaktik am Beispiel der Germanistischen Linguistik und der DaF-Didaktik
Authors: Pieklarz-Thien Magdalena
Published: October 2020

The role of linguistics in language education has always been contested and has generated non-homogeneous opinions since the beginning of the existence of that discipline. This paper attempts to provide a broader examination of the interrelation between these two disciplines over the last few decades. Considerations are based on the example of German linguistics and the teaching of German as foreign language. It constitutes a contribution to the discourse on the identity and autonomy of language education as a science.
Compétence de savoir-être dans l'apprentissage des langues. Redéfinitions, applications, défis
Authors: Smuk Maciej
Published: October 2020

This article deals with the notion of savoir-être (existential competence) and the meanings that can be attributed to it in the teaching of foreign languages. After discussing the most important, sometimes contradictory, definitions and their possible interpretations, we propose our conception of the competence of savoir-être. The categories of savoir-être (4ACS model) are listed, classified and discussed, the sub-competencies that are part of it, its stakes and its relations with other competences qualified as general. The description of the model is accompanied by terminological explanations concerning the impact of individual variables on language learning.
Zur Kommunikationsleistung des Fremdsprachenlerners
Authors: Szczodrowski Marian
Published: October 2020

The structures of a foreign language, presented by a teacher-sender, are received bya learner as specific signals that are subject to phonetic-phonological and graphic-graphemic decoding. They are accordingly transferred to the foreign-language center, in which semanticgrammatical decoding is performed. Individual structures acquired in this fashion constitute constructive elements of the storage mechanism for learning language in the form of constant structure-matrices. In the process of the receptive-productive dynamization of the language’s structures, the learner simultaneously masters their effectiveness and potential, which make it possible to apply the codified information to current situations. Autonomous forms of learning a foreign language lead to an increase in the reserves of vocabulary and to its more effective application. Independent manipulation of a foreign language in emergent situations means that the learner develops the ability to use it in contacts with communicative partners.
Translation didactics: A proposal for teaching consecutive interpreting
Authors: Woodward-Smith Elizabeth , Lankiewicz Hadrian A. , Szczepaniak-Kozak Anna
Published: October 2020

The current article presents an example of a consecutive interpreting activity, which draws on the concept of autonomy in language learning. With regard to the "applied" component of translation studies, as formulated by Holmes (1988), the authors intend to demonstrate the need for enhancingforeign language competence in translator education, accentuating its role in the conceptualization of the discipline. Considering the context of this type of education, which is offered frequently to undergraduate students, the authors posit the need to concomitantly develop the command of a foreign language. They propose to compensate teaching practices derived from translation studies with the use of foreign language methodology for developing translating and interpreting skills.
Reflection before action: Students’ perceptions of selected aspects of the language teaching profession
Authors: Michońska-Stadnik Anna
Published: October 2020

The study explores trainee teachers’ opinions on selected aspects of the languageteaching profession. Reflecting on the reasons for becoming a teacher, on a language teacher’s professional qualities, and on the positive and negative aspects of the profession appears to be necessary at the starting point of professional training. A qualitative method was employed to collect the data. The students were asked to answer four survey questions pertaining to the issues mentioned above. Thirty-five undergraduate students completed the survey. Their answers were then analysed, which resulted in suggesting some procedures that could be implemented in the training programme. The findings revealed generally positive attitudes to the language teaching profession. However, some actions should be also taken to eliminate a few subjective theories that could negatively influence the students’ approach, such as the feeling of having power over learners, or controversial ways of dealing with discipline problems in the classroom. The study emphasised the role of reflection in the initial stages of teacher training
An analysis of abstracts in medical and economics journals: Microstructure and practical applications
Authors: Mureşan Oana , Kic-Drgas Joanna
Published: October 2020

Writing abstracts, both in a professional and academic environment, is a crucialskill, reflecting the ability to think synthetically and express thoughts in a concise way. Due to the rising popularity of indexing scientific papers in different databases, abstracts can determine the readability of a paper and its future quotation rate. This paper presents the results of an analysis of the microstructure of 40 abstracts from prestigious impact factor medical and economics journals, offering guidelines for designing abstract writing exercises in foreign language courses for specific purposes
Zur korpusbasierten Vermittlung der Funktionsverbgefüge im DaF-Unterricht. Syntagmatische Muster als „Gebrauchsanleitung“ für Deutschlernende
Authors: Piątkowski Łukasz
Published: October 2020

The aim of the study is to show the possibilities of using corpus analyses for theintroduction of light verb constructions in German during foreign language lessons. The corpus analyses of three selected light verb constructions Maßnahmen ergreifen, einen Beschluss fassen and Bericht erstatten show the co-occurrence of these units and enable the creation of syntagmatic patterns and the allocation of individual light verb constructions to thematic areas. The results of the analysis confirm the thesis that syntagmatic patterns are an aid to learners of German, as they present their use in a sentence and show the partner words with their syntactic function. This method can present the context of use and the thematic area of the light verb constructions. The results of the analyses are also a guideline to placing the syntagmatic patterns in German-Polish dictionaries to help learners to use them and communicate with them correctly
Kanal, Roboter, Geist, Eindringling, Chamäleon oder Mediator? Überlegungen zu den verschiedenen Rollen eines Kabinendolmetschers
Authors: Tymoszuk Katarzyna Barbara
Published: October 2020

The following paper is aimed at presenting and discussing the various roles – often mutually conflicting, or even unwanted – of the cabin interpreter. The starting point for the presented examples is an outline of the debate between practitioners and theoreticians of translation, centred around the actions that are expected from or prohibited for an interpreter in the situation of linguistic and cultural interpretation. The discussed concepts of roles are subsequently confronted with real-life examples of translator behaviours which have been taken from a broad research corpus obtained by the author
„Jedem seine Geschichte“ – Reflexionen zu Storytelling und Kreativem-Autobiographischem-Literarischem Schreiben „Each his story“
Authors: Wolting Stephan
Published: October 2020

The aim of the text is to discuss some issues related to the academic principles ofautobiographical writing and practical workshops aiming to improve intercultural, trans- and cross-cultural competences. We have to keep in mind that the significance of terms as narration, telling, storytelling particularly with regard to different academic contexts is growing. The study is based on different tried and tested writing exercises, on writing plays as flash-fiction, writing based on a model, so as to motivate and inspire the students, to produce their own creative, autobiographical and, in a broader sense, “literary works” and to take this into account for foreign language teaching
Leichte Sprache im Polnischen. Überlegungen zu einem neuen sprachlichen Phänomen
Authors: Radünzel Claudia
Published: October 2020

The present article deals with Easy-to-read Polish, a language variety which has been created for target groups with difficulties in reading and understanding written standard text. It is systematically simplified in both syntax and vocabulary. In order to describe Easy-to-read Polish, this article consults findings made in the last few years in examinations of Easy-to-read German. The analysis is based on texts in Easy-to-read Polish which were published by the organization “Inclusion Europe” on their homepage. With the help of these texts, characteristic features of the Easy-to-read language on various linguistic levels such as the system of symbols, morphology, syntax, vocabulary, semantics, and text are being worked out and illustrated by examples. It turns out that findings on Easy-to-read German are definitely helpful and inspiring for the elaboration of this language variety in Polish. Yet, in many cases more detailed language specific research is required
Barbara Skowronek. Fremdsprachenunterricht als Kommunikation unter Berücksichtigung von lautsprachlich kommunizierenden Gehörlosen. Poznań: Wydawnictwo Naukowe UAM. 2019. S. 240
Authors: Kic-Drgas Joanna
Published: October 2020

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Danuta Rytel-Schwarz / Alina Jurasz / Lesław Cirko / Ulrich Engel. Deutsch-polnische kontrastive Grammatik. Band 2: Der Satz. 2., neu bearbeitete und ergänzte Auflage. Hildesheim / Zürich / New York: Georg Olms Verlag. 2018. S. 462.
Authors: Poźlewicz Agnieszka
Published: October 2020

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HISTORIA NAJNOWSZA - POMIĘDZY PEWNOŚCIĄ A ZWĄTPIENIEM?
Authors: ŁASZKIEWICZ Hubert
Published: October 2020

The paper discuss the regulatory principles which might be included into discussion on the controversy over the uses and misuses of contemporary history in Poland. The main proposals are as follow. We need greater methodological awareness that sources we are using whilst describing and interpreting the history are not refl ecting the whole past (which is simply impossible). While observing divergent versions of reconstructed past one should notice that the most divergent matt ers are connected with ethics. Three levels of ethics and moral judgments are listed: professional ethic of historian (is he a judge or observer), ethics/moral judgments of the past we investigate, moral judgment about the past. However tempting, metaphorical use of language should be limited at least at this stage of controversy, for there are not a commonly agreed set of metaphors, thus their use might only complicate the exchange of opinions.
The success of Adi Nes’s "ctional photographic portraits: "gures of alterity and the utilization of memories in visual self-portraiture
Authors: Bettel Carrie
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Bettel Carrie, The success of Adi Nes’s fictional photographic portraits: figures of alterity and the utilization of memories in visual self-portraiture. “Images” vol. XXV, no. 34. Poznań 2019. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. Pp. 45–55. ISSN 1731-450X. DOI 10.14746/i.2019.34.03.

This paper demonstrates the way an autobiographer shapes his/her identity in the creation of his/her narrative. The autobiographer’s struggle in his/her understanding of the self is sometimes evident in the work. This project focuses specifically on the work of Adi Nes, an Israeli photographer. His photographs demonstrate the ways in which he feels like an outsider in Israel, as both a member of the Sephardic community and a homosexual. His photographs are staged, and he uses figures of alterity by projecting himself into his images with the use of models, which may lead the viewer to question the referentiality, or truthfulness, of each image. While demonstrating his identity through personal experience and memories, his images are created in the context of a stratified society, demonstrating the power dynamics of the military and the different groups that reside within Israel. The paper draws on images from three series – “Boys” (2000), “Soldiers” (1994–2000) and “Prisoners” (2000).
Art as a laboratory – Guy Ben-Ary’s work
Authors: Szykowna Sylwia
Published: October 2020

Szykowna Sylwia, Art as a laboratory – Guy Ben-Ary’s work. “Images” vol. XXV, no. 34. Poznań 2019. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. Pp. 115–124. ISSN 1731-450X. DOI 10.14746/i.2019.34.07.

The present paper deals with the work of an Israeli artist, Guy Ben-Ary. His work is a prime example of artistic practice in the field of bio art. Bio art provokes critical thinking about the place and role of people in today’s world. The main purpose of the article is to describe changes in contemporary artistic practices within the framework of art as a laboratory, the aim of which is to study reality.
Artysta jako nieświadomy neurobiolog. Filmoznawczo-neurokognitywistyczna analiza myśli Hugo Münsterberga i Lwa Kuleszowa
Authors: Przybysz Hanna
Published: October 2020

Przybysz Hanna, Artysta jako nieświadomy neurobiolog. Filmoznawczo-neurokognitywistyczna analiza myśli Hugo Münsterberga i Lwa Kuleszowa [An artist treated as an unconscious neurobiologist in the context of cognitive film studies: Hugo Münsterberg and Lev Kuleshov]. “Images” vol. XXV, no. 34. Poznań 2019. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. Pp. 137–147. ISSN 1731-450X. DOI 10.14746/i.2019.34.08.

The history and theory of art have often shown, before the era of neurobiology, cognitive psychology and cognitive science, that great artists are unconscious neurobiologists, activating with their art the areas of the brain of recipients that cause aesthetic experience, and using in their works the principles of perception or optical illusions, unknown to ordinary mortals, and sometimes also to creators at the level of consciousness. The following considerations are intended to approximate and, to some extent, to rehabilitate and save film creators and theoreticians who are being forgotten, the ones who, long before the discoveries of the cognitive sciences, considered theoretically and carried out empirical experiments aimed at showing and explaining the mysteries of human perception and the influence of the film on the viewer. I will present the profiles of the two pioneers of pre-cognitive thought on the basis of film studies: Hugo Münsterberg and Lew Kuleszow. I will show that half a century before neuroscientific research, they dealt with the cognitive processes of human cognition. I will present the contemporary state of cognitive sciences to illustrate the pioneering and legitimacy of visions, intuitions and achievements of the above creators, who are underestimated and forgotten by time and the achievements of “cold” science, although neuroesthetics researchers who have been involved in the problem of perception of works of art and rehabilitation of the merits of the past in the area of neuroscience for some time cannot be denied their achievements. Ignoring their contribution and achievements in the science of cognition, especially as to this day they are continued in research laboratories, in my subjective opinion, equals the potential underestimation of Leonardo da Vinci’s contribution to medical science or Darwin’s to research emotions.
Modernizm a film autorski lat sześćdziesiątych w Chorwacji
Authors: Gilić Nikica
Published: October 2020

Gilić Nikica, Modernizm a film autorski lat sześćdziesiątych w Chorwacji [Modernism and auteurial Cinema in Croatia in the 1960s]. “Images” vol. XXV, no. 34. Poznań 2019. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. Pp. 148–154. ISSN 1731–450X. DOI 10.14746/i.2019.34.09.

Croatian film of the 1960s is colored by the poetics of auteurial cinema which was already emerging in the previous decade, but dominated in the 1960s, both in the production of cinema (both fiction films and animation), but also in the reception of these films with independent and ambitious critics. The text discusses the production modes of the era in Croatia and Yugoslavia, as well as several aspects of the poetics of cinematic modernism (its history and the importance of innovation), with Branko Ivanda’s feature debut Gravity (Gravitacija), in which all sorts of stylistic experiments blend well with traditional motifs and cinematic procedures, anticipating Ivanda’s auteuristic oevure.
Neoserial, serial premium czy post soap opera? W poszukiwaniu wyznaczników dla seriali nowej generacji
Authors: Borowiecki Artur
Published: October 2020

Borowiecki Artur, Neoserial, serial premium czy post soap opera? W poszukiwaniu wyznaczników dla seriali nowej generacji [Neo series, premium series or post soap opera? In looking for characteristics of the new generation TV series]. “Images” vol. XXV, no. 34. Poznań 2019. Adam Mickiewicz University Press. Pp. 163–171.ISSN 1731–450X. DOI 10.14746/i.2019.34.11.

Modern television series are a product of quality television and thus significantly differ from the models that have been deeply rooted in serial culture since the very beginning of the media’s existence. In the past, television formats were thematically subject to the requirements of television broadcast programming. They were characterized by five-act structures, with climaxes forced by television stations to occur before subsequent commercial breaks. At that time, the dominating category constituted series with an episodic structure closed within one episode. This resulted in the appearance of the currently widespread procedurals. Nonetheless, the three-act structure of sitcom plots dominates nowadays, in the post-network era. Another significant feature of the post soap is its narrative complexity (Mittell), which, in addition to formal procedures, often uses quotes, and autotematic references. The purpose of this article is to analyze the narrative complexity of new generation TV series, called “post soap”. A new genre of TV series has been examined through the examples of a popular show: Ślepnąc od świateł (2018).
Bułgarskie przekłady bajek Ezopa i ich rola w kształtowaniu odrodzonego społeczeństwa w XIX wieku
Authors: Walczak-Mikołajczakowa Mariola
Published: October 2020

The article considers the Bulgarian translations of Aesop’s fairy tales done in the nineteenth century. Then they occupied an important place in the textbooks for the newly emerging secular schools. As a popular reading, they also played an important role in the discussion on normalization of the Bulgarian language.
An Approach to Characterize the Impact Absorption Performance of Construction Helmets in Top Impact
Authors: Pan Christopher S. , Wimer Bryan M. , Welcome Daniel E. , Wu John Z.
Published: October 2020

The helmets used by construction site workers are mainly designed for head protection when objects are dropped from heights. Construction helmets are also casually called “hard hats” in industries. Common construction helmets are mostly categorized as type 1 according to different standards. All type 1 helmets have to pass type 1 standard impact tests, which are top impact tests—the helmet is fixed and is impacted by a free falling impactor on the top crown of the helmet shell. The purpose of this study was to develop an approach that can determine the performance characterization of a helmet. A total of 31 drop impact tests using a representative type 1 helmet model were performed at drop heights from 0.30 to 2.23 m, which were estimated to result in impact speeds from 2.4 to 6.6 m/s. Based on our results, we identified a critical drop height that was used to evaluate the performance of helmets. The peak impact forces and peak accelerations varied nonproportionally with the drop height. When the drop height is less than the critical height, the peak force and peak acceleration increase gradually and slowly with increasing drop height. When the drop height is greater than the critical height, the peak force and peak acceleration increase steeply with even a slight increase in drop height. Based on the critical drop height, we proposed an approach to determine the safety margin of a helmet. The proposed approach would make it possible to determine the performance characteristics of a helmet and to estimate the safety margin afforded by the helmet, if the helmet first passes the existing standardized tests. The proposed test approach would provide supplementary information for consumers to make knowledgeable decisions when selecting construction helmets.
Differential Distribution of Ca2+Channel Subtypes at Retinofugal Synapses
Authors: Govindaiah Gubbi , Campbell Peter W. , Guido William
Published: October 2020

Retinofugal synapses serve as models for understanding how sensory signals from the periphery are relayed to the brain. Past studies have focused primarily on understanding the postsynaptic glutamatergic receptor subtypes involved in signal transmission, but the mechanisms underlying glutamate release at presynaptic retinal terminals remains largely unknown. Here we explored how different calcium (Ca2+) channel subtypes regulate glutamatergic excitatory synaptic transmission in two principal retinorecipient targets, the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and superior colliculus (SC) of the mouse. We used anin vitroslice preparation to record the synaptic responses of dLGN and SC neurons evoked by the electrical stimulation of optic tract (OT) fibers before and during the application of selective Ca2+channel blockers. We found that synaptic responses to paired or repetitive OT stimulation were highly sensitive to extracellular levels of Ca2+and to selective antagonists of voltage gated Ca2+channels, indicating that these channels regulate the presynaptic release of glutamate at retinal synapses in both dLGN and SC. Bath application of selective Ca2+channel blockers revealed that P/Q-type Ca2+channels primarily operate to regulate glutamate release at retinal synapses in dLGN, while N-type Ca2+channels dominate release in the SC.
The Plight of Migrants and Refugees in the Pandemic
Authors: Freier Luisa Feline , Jara Soledad Castillo , Luzes Marta
Published: October 2020

Forced migrants and refugees are affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in different and often more profound ways than local populations. This article examines the multilayered vulnerabilities these groups face due to forced immobility, precarious legal status, loss of income, and risks of eviction due to lockdown measures, as well as forced return migration. It discusses the public health and socioeconomic implications of each of these contexts, providing examples from different world regions, with a focus on South America. A key conclusion is the importance of providing regularization mechanisms for migrants, as well as including migrant and refugee populations in states’ emergency responses.
Conventional thyroidectomy vs thyroid thermal ablation on postoperative quality of life and satisfaction for patients with benign thyroid nodules
Authors: Jin Hao , Lin Weidong , Lu Ligong , Cui Min
Published: October 2020

Objective

The complications and treatment effects of conventional thyroidectomy and thyroid thermal ablation should be compared in order to identify the best intervention for patients with benign thyroid nodules.

Methods

Patients (18–50 years old) who had benign thyroid nodules and were eligible for both thyroidectomy and thyroid thermal ablation were randomly allocated (1:1) to either conventional thyroidectomy group or thyroid thermal ablation group. Patients’ satisfaction and condition-specific quality of life were measured with the Thyroid-Specific Quality-of-Life Questionnaire Scale (QoL) at the 15th post-randomization month and were set as the co-primary outcome.

Results

A total of 450 patients were enrolled and randomized (225 patients in each group). At the 15th month after randomization, more patients in the thyroid thermal ablation group were satisfied with the treatment effects compared to those in the conventional thyroidectomy group. More patients in the thyroid thermal ablation group have a QoL score of 410 (QOL scores ranges from 0 to 410) than patients in conventional thyroidectomy. Eight (4%) of the 209 patients in conventional thyroidectomy group and 6 (3%) of the 208 patients in thyroid thermal ablation group had at least one severe postoperative complication. The time to achieve volume reduction was longer in the thermal ablation group.

Conclusion

Thyroid thermal ablation is superior to conventional thyroidectomy in terms of patients satisfaction, post-operative quality of life, and shorter hospital stay but takes longer to achieve BTNs volume reduction. The complication rates between the two groups were similar.
Thyroid cancer after hysterectomy and oophorectomy: a nationwide cohort study
Authors: Kim Mijin , Kim Bo Hyun , Lee Hyungi , Nam Hyewon , Park Sojeong , Jang Min Hee , Kim Jeong Mi , Kim Eun Heui , Jeon Yun Kyung , Kim Sang Soo , Kim In Joo
Published: October 2020

Objective

Little is known about the role of estrogen in thyroid cancer development. We aimed to evaluate the association between hysterectomy or bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) and the risk of subsequent thyroid cancer.

Design

A nationwide cohort study

Methods

Data from the Korea National Health Insurance Service between 2002 and 2017 were used. A total of 78 961 and 592 330 women were included in the surgery group and no surgery group, respectively. The surgery group was categorized into two groups according to the extent of surgery: hysterectomy with ovarian conservation (hysterectomy-only) and BSO with or without hysterectomy (BSO).

Results

During 8 086 396.4 person-years of follow-up, 12 959 women developed thyroid cancer. Women in the hysterectomy-only (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.7, P < 0.001) and BSO (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.4, P < 0.001) groups had increased risk of thyroid cancer compared to those in the no surgery group. In premenopausal women, hysterectomy-only (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.7, P < 0.001) or BSO (adjusted hazard ratio = 1.4, P < 0.001) increased the risk of subsequent thyroid cancer, irrespective of hormone therapy, whereas, there was no significant association between hysterectomy-only (P = 0.204) or BSO (P = 0.857) and thyroid cancer development in postmenopausal women who had undergone hormone therapy.

Conclusions

Our findings do not support the hypotheses that sudden or early gradual decline in estrogen levels is a protective factor in the development of thyroid cancer, or that exogenous estrogen is a risk factor for thyroid cancer.