bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dosage of Sulfadoxine–Pyrimethamine and Risk of Low Birth Weight in a Cohort of Zambian Pregnant Women in a Low Malaria Prevalence Region
Authors: Stoner Marie C. D. , Vwalika Bellington , Smid Marcela , Kumwenda Andrew , Stringer Elizabeth , Chi Benjamin H. , Stringer Jeff S. A.
Published: November 2016

In Lusaka, Zambia, where malaria prevalence is low, national guidelines continue to recommend that all pregnant women receive sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine (SP) for malaria prophylaxis monthly at every scheduled antenatal care visit after 16 weeks of gestation. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–positive women should receive co-trimoxazole prophylaxis for HIV and not SP, but many still receive SP. We sought to determine whether increased dosage of SP is still associated with a reduced risk of low birth weight (LBW) in an area where malaria transmission is low. Our secondary objective was to determine whether any association between SP and LBW is modified by receipt of antiretroviral therapy (ART). We analyzed data routinely collected from a cohort of HIV-positive pregnant women with singleton births in Lusaka, Zambia, between February 2006 and December 2012. We used a log-Poisson model to estimate the risk of LBW by dosage of SP and to determine whether the association between SP and LBW varied by receipt of ART. Risk of LBW declined as the number of doses increased and appeared lowest among women who received three doses (adjusted risk ratio [ARR] = 0.78; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.64–0.95). In addition, women receiving combination ART had a higher risk of delivering an LBW infant compared with women receiving no treatment or prophylaxis (ARR = 1.18; 95% CI = 1.09–1.28), but this risk was attenuated among women who were receiving SP (risk ratio = 1.09; 95% CI = 0.99–1.21). SP was associated with a reduced risk of LBW in HIV-positive women, including those receiving ART, in a low malaria prevalence region.
Children using Day Nurseries’ Facilities can be Associated with more Risk to Nonnutritive Sucking Habits
Authors: Alves Fabiana BT , Wambier Denise S , Alvarez Jenny HA , da Rocha José CF , Kummer Thais R , de Castro Vanessa C , Cabral Howard , Kozlowski Vitoldo A
Published: November 2016

Introduction

This study evaluated the expression of nonnutritive sucking habits and the presence of malocclusion in children using day nurseries’ facilities.

Materials and methods

The 195 children (7–40 months) attending 18 public day nurseries were evaluated clinically in Ponta Grossa, Brazil. Statistical package software was used for descriptive, univariate, bivariate, and multiple logistic regressions of the data about the socioeconomic condition, educational family status, malocclusions, and prevalence of nonnutritive sucking habits among the children.

Results

The pacifier users had a statistically significant, explanatory association with open bite [odds ratio (OR) = 10.97; 95% confidence interval (CI): 4.95, 24.31; p < 0.0001]. The children older than 25 months had more open bite than younger children (OR = 6.07; 95% CI: 2.81, 13.11; p < 0.0001). Of the children examined, 35.4% had an anterior open bite, 0.51% had posterior cross-bite, and 1.03% showed finger-sucking habits. A high frequency of pacifier-sucking habits was found (52%), with a significant association between this habit and anterior open bite (p < 0.0001, OR = 7.49; 95% CI: 3.71, 15.15). The 126 children without open bite (36.5%) were pacifier users. There was suggestive, though nonsignificant, evidence of a difference in pacifier use by gender (males, 34%; females, 46%; p = 0.07). The 69 children with open bite (81.16%) were pacifier users and (18.84%) nonusers. The boys showed a slightly greater association with open bite (OR = 21.33; 95% CI: 6.12, 74.40; p < 0.0001) than girls (OR = 5.03; 95% CI: 1.26, 20.00; p = 0.02) in the age group of 25 to 40 months; however, it was not observed in younger children.

Conclusion

Pacifier use is a predictor for open bite in children from the lower socioeconomic classes using day nurseries’ facilities.

Clinical significance

The parents, guardians, and caregivers working in public day nurseries should be advised to monitor nonnutritive sucking habits in order to avoid or minimize the occurrence of malocclusion. It demonstrates that the permanence of the children in day nurseries may be linked with deleterious oral habits, and it discusses strategies to minimize the occurrence of alterations in the normal occlusion.

How to cite this article

Alves FBT, Wambier DS, Alvarez JHA, da Rocha JCF, Kummer TR, de Castro VC, Cabral H, Kozlowski VA Jr. Children using Day Nurseries’ Facilities can be Associated with more Risk to Nonnutritive Sucking Habits. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(9):721-727.
A Cross-sectional Study of the Prevalence of Dental Caries among 12- to 15-year-old Overweight Schoolchildren
Authors: Ahmad Zeeshan H , Anil Sukumaran , Bhat Sham S , Hegde K Sundeep , Peedikayil Faizal C , Chandru TP
Published: November 2016

Introduction

Overweight and obesity are growing healthrelated problems worldwide, and it is currently the most prevalent nutritional disorder among children and adolescents. The objective of this study was to assess the association between overweight and dental caries among 12- to 15-year-old schoolchildren in Mangaluru district, Karnataka, India.

Materials and methods

Data were obtained from 2000 schoolgoing children aged 12 to 15 years. The children were categorized as overweight and normal-weight group by assessing the body mass index (BMI). Body mass index was categorized using the classification system given by the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) and obtained in units of kg/m2. The dental caries was assessed by detection and was performed according to decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index.

Results

Of the 2000 children examined, the mean BMI recorded was 26.87 ± 2.26 for the overweight children and 20.82 ± 1.48 for the normal-weight children. Even though the DMFT (3.90 ± 2.95) in the overweight children was slightly higher than the control group (3.36 ± 2.73), it was not statistically significant.

Conclusion

Within the confines of the present study, it can be concluded that there is no significant association between overweight and dental caries among the schoolchildren of Mangaluru district in Karnataka. Longitudinal studies are necessary to substantiate the possible relationships between dental caries and overweight in children. Knowledge of these relationships could lead to preventive health measures designed to reduce the prevalence of both obesity and dental caries.

How to cite this article

Kottayi S, Bhat SS, Hegde KS, Peedikayil FC, Chandru TP, Anil S. A Cross-sectional Study on the Prevalence of Dental Caries among 12- to 15-year-old Overweight Schoolchildren. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(9): 750-754.
Crown-root Fracture Restoration on a Patient with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Perez Edna , Behar-Horenstein Linda S , Guelmann Marcio
Published: November 2016

Introduction

Children with intellectual and physical disabilities including autism are susceptible to dental trauma as a sequela from falls due to poor muscular coordination. In addition, their altered muscle tonus often results in an open bite with labial flaring of the maxillary incisors and lip incompetence, predisposing these teeth to fractures. This case report describes an alternative approach of restoring a fractured maxillary permanent central incisor with a composite strip crown during surgical repositioning of the periodontium on an autistic patient. The prognosis of the incisor is guarded due to the probability of re-injury. However, the decision to maintain the tooth clinically was esthetically preferable in comparison to an extraction or decoronation.

How to cite this article

Perez E, Behar-Horenstein LS, Guelmann M. Crown-root Fracture Restoration on a Patient with Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(9):769-773.
Comparison of Accuracy of determining the Distance between Alveolar Crest and Cementoenamel Junction in Digital Radiography with Scanora and DentalEye Software Programs
Authors: Mehdizadeh Mojdeh , Maarefat Negar , Bagherieh Shervin
Published: November 2016

Aim

To compare the accuracy of determining the distance between alveolar crest and cementoenamel junction (CEJ) in digital radiography with two image processing software programs.

Materials and methods

In this in vitro study, 63 sites in a dried human mandible underwent digital periapical radiography. The distance from the alveolar crest to the CEJ was calculated using DentalEye and Scanora software programs and compared with the standard mode (measured on the skull). Statistical analysis was performed with analysis of variance (ANOVA) and paired t-test using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) 23 at α = 0.05.

Results

There were significant differences in the distances between CEJ and the alveolar crest at the mesial surfaces as measured by the three techniques in standard mode, using DentalEye and Scanora (p-value ≤0.03) softwares; however, there were no significant differences between the results on distal surfaces (p-value = 0.248).

Conclusion

Under the limitations of the present study, the measurements made to determine the distance from the CEJ to the alveolar crest with DentalEye and Scanora, relative to each other, and relative to the standard mode, were accurate only on distal surfaces of teeth.

Clinical significance

Digital dental software programs are useful assets that can enhance the diagnosing ability and reduce the need of taking extra images.

How to cite this article

Mehdizadeh M, Maarefat N, Bagherieh S. Comparison of Accuracy of determining the Distance between Alveolar Crest and Cementoenamel Junction in Digital Radiography with Scanora and DentalEye Software Programs. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(10):815-819.
Influence of Different Etching Modes on Bond Strength to Enamel using Universal Adhesive Systems
Authors: Tonetto Mateus R , Diniz Ana CS , Pinheiro Larissa M , Almeida Lauber J dos Santosh , Torres Carlos RG , Pinto Shelon CS , Tavarez Rudys R De Jesus , Firoozmand Leily M
Published: November 2016

Introduction

The adhesive systems and the techniques currently used are designed to provide a more effective adhesion with reduction of the protocol application. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bond strength of universal adhesive systems on enamel in different etching modes (self-etch and total etch).

Materials and methods

The mesial and distal halves of 52 bovine incisors, healthy, freshly extracted, were used and divided into seven experimental groups (n = 13). The enamel was treated in accordance with the following experimental conditions: FUE-Universal System – Futurabond U (VOCO) with etching; FUWE – Futurabond U (VOCO) without etching; SB-Total Etch System – Single Bond 2 (3M); SBUE-Universal System – Single Bond Universal (3M ESPE) with etching; SBUWE – Single Bond Universal (3M ESPE) without etching; CLE-Self-etch System – Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray) was applied with etching; CLWE – Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray) without etching. The specimens were made using the composite spectrum TPH (Dentsply) and stored in distilled water (37 ± 1°C) for 1 month. The microshear test was performed using the universal testing machine EMIC DL 2000 with the crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute. The bond strength values were analyzed using statistical tests (Kruskal–Wallis test and Mann–Whitney test) with Bonferroni correction.

Results

There was no statistically significant difference between groups (p < 0.05), where FUE (36.83 ± 4.9 MPa) showed the highest bond strength values and SBUWE (18.40 ± 2.2 MPa) showed the lowest bond strength values. The analysis of adhesive interface revealed that most failures occurred between the interface composite resin and adhesive.

Conclusion

The universal adhesive system used in dental enamel varies according to the trademark, and the previous enamel etching for universal systems and the self-etch both induced greater bond strength values.

Clinical significance

Selective enamel etching prior to the application of a universal adhesive system is a relevant strategy for better performance bonding.

How to cite this article

Diniz ACS, Bandeca MC, Pinheiro LM, dos Santos Almeida LJr, Torres CRG, Borges AH, Pinto SCS, Tonetto MR, De Jesus Tavarez RR, Firoozmand LM. Influence of Different Etching Modes on Bond Strength to Enamel using Universal Adhesive Systems. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(10):820-825.
Assessment of Various Risk Factors for Success of Delayed and Immediate Loaded Dental Implants: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Kumar Sachin , Shah Aditi , Thukral Rishi , Prasant MC , Sadrani Sannishth M , Baxi Harsh
Published: November 2016

Introduction

Ever since its introduction in 1977, a minimum of few months of period is required for osseointegration to take place after dental implant surgery. With the passage of time and advancements in the fields of dental implant, this healing period is getting smaller and smaller. Immediate loading of dental implants is becoming a very popular procedure in the recent time. Hence, we retrospectively analyzed the various risk factors for the failure of delayed and immediate loaded dental implants.

Materials and methods

In the present study, retrospective analysis of all the patients was done who underwent dental implant surgeries either by immediate loading procedure or by delayed loading procedures. All the patients were divided broadly into two groups with one group containing patients in which delayed loaded dental implants were placed while other consisted of patients in whom immediate loaded dental implants were placed. All the patients in whom follow-up records were missing and who had past medical history of any systemic diseases were excluded from the present study. Evaluation of associated possible risk factors was done by classifying the predictable factors as primary and secondary factors. All the results were analyzed by Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. Kaplan–Meier survival analyses and chisquare test were used for assessment of level of significance.

Results

In delayed and immediate group of dental implants, mean age of the patients was 54.2 and 54.8 years respectively. Statistically significant results were obtained while comparing the clinical parameters of the dental implants in both the groups while demographic parameters showed nonsignificant correlation.

Conclusion

Significant higher risk of dental implant failure is associated with immediate loaded dental implants. Tobacco smoking, shorter implant size, and other risk factors play a significant role in predicting the success and failure of dental implants.

Clinical significance

Delayed loaded dental implant placement should be preferred as they are associated with decreased risk of implant failure.

How to cite this article

Prasant MC, Thukral R, Kumar S, Sadrani SM, Baxi H, Shah A. Assessment of Various Risk Factors for Success of Delayed and Immediate Loaded Dental Implants: A Retrospective Analysis. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(10):853-856.
Effects and Effectiveness of Cavity Disinfectants in Operative Dentistry: A Literature Review
Authors: Bin-Shuwaish Mohammed S
Published: November 2016

The degree of success in the elimination of bacteria during cavity preparation and prior to the insertion of a restoration may increase the longevity of the restoration and therefore the success of the restorative procedure. The complete eradication of bacteria in a caries-affected tooth, during cavity preparation, is considered a difficult clinical task. In addition to weakening the tooth structure, attempts to excavate extensive carious tissue completely, by only mechanical procedures, may affect the vitality of the pulp. Therefore, disinfection of the cavity preparation after caries excavation can aid in the elimination of bacterial remnants that can be responsible for recurrent caries, postoperative sensitivity, and failure of the restoration. However, the effects of disinfectants on the restorative treatment have been a major concern for dental clinicians and researchers. This review aims to explore existing literature and provide information about different materials and techniques that have been used for disinfecting cavity preparations and their effects and effectiveness in operative dentistry and, therefore, helps dental practitioners with clinical decision to use cavity disinfectants during restorative procedures. Antimicrobial effectiveness and effects on the pulp and dental restorations, in addition to possible side effects, were all reviewed in this paper.

How to cite this article

Bin-Shuwaish MS. Effects and Effectiveness of Cavity Disinfectants in Operative Dentistry: A Literature Review. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(10):867-879
Network design for quantifying urban CO2 emissions: assessing trade-offs between precision and network density
Authors: Turner Alexander J. , Shusterman Alexis A. , McDonald Brian C. , Teige Virginia , Harley Robert A. , Cohen Ronald C.
Published: November 2016

Abstract. The majority of anthropogenic CO2 emissions are attributable to urban areas. While the emissions from urban electricity generation often occur in locations remote from consumption, many of the other emissions occur within the city limits. Evaluating the effectiveness of strategies for controlling these emissions depends on our ability to observe urban CO2 emissions and attribute them to specific activities. Cost-effective strategies for doing so have yet to be described. Here we characterize the ability of a prototype measurement network, modeled after the Berkeley Atmospheric CO2 Observation Network (BEACO2N) in California's Bay Area, in combination with an inverse model based on the coupled Weather Research and Forecasting/Stochastic Time-Inverted Lagrangian Transport (WRF-STILT) to improve our understanding of urban emissions. The pseudo-measurement network includes 34 sites at roughly 2 km spacing covering an area of roughly 400 km2. The model uses an hourly 1  ×  1 km2 emission inventory and 1  ×  1 km2 meteorological calculations. We perform an ensemble of Bayesian atmospheric inversions to sample the combined effects of uncertainties of the pseudo-measurements and the model. We vary the estimates of the combined uncertainty of the pseudo-observations and model over a range of 20 to 0.005 ppm and vary the number of sites from 1 to 34. We use these inversions to develop statistical models that estimate the efficacy of the combined model–observing system in reducing uncertainty in CO2 emissions. We examine uncertainty in estimated CO2 fluxes on the urban scale, as well as for sources embedded within the city such as a line source (e.g., a highway) or a point source (e.g., emissions from the stacks of small industrial facilities). Using our inversion framework, we find that a dense network with moderate precision is the preferred setup for estimating area, line, and point sources from a combined uncertainty and cost perspective. The dense network considered here (modeled after the BEACO2N network with an assumed mismatch error of 1 ppm at an hourly temporal resolution) could estimate weekly CO2 emissions from an urban region with less than 5 % error, given our characterization of the combined observation and model uncertainty.
Why do models overestimate surface ozone in the Southeast United States?
Authors: Travis Katherine R. , Jacob Daniel J. , Fisher Jenny A. , Kim Patrick S. , Marais Eloise A. , Zhu Lei , Yu Karen , Miller Christopher C. , Yantosca Robert M. , Sulprizio Melissa P. , Thompson Anne M. , Wennberg Paul O. , Crounse John D. , St. Clair Jason M. , Cohen Ronald C. , Laughner Joshua L. , Dibb Jack E. , Hall Samuel R. , Ullmann Kirk , Wolfe Glenn M. , Pollack Illana B. , Peischl Jeff , Neuman Jonathan A. , Zhou Xianliang
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Ozone pollution in the Southeast US involves complex chemistry driven by emissions of anthropogenic nitrogen oxide radicals (NOx  ≡  NO + NO2) and biogenic isoprene. Model estimates of surface ozone concentrations tend to be biased high in the region and this is of concern for designing effective emission control strategies to meet air quality standards. We use detailed chemical observations from the SEAC4RS aircraft campaign in August and September 2013, interpreted with the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model at 0.25°  ×  0.3125° horizontal resolution, to better understand the factors controlling surface ozone in the Southeast US. We find that the National Emission Inventory (NEI) for NOx from the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is too high. This finding is based on SEAC4RS observations of NOx and its oxidation products, surface network observations of nitrate wet deposition fluxes, and OMI satellite observations of tropospheric NO2 columns. Our results indicate that NEI NOx emissions from mobile and industrial sources must be reduced by 30–60 %, dependent on the assumption of the contribution by soil NOx emissions. Upper-tropospheric NO2 from lightning makes a large contribution to satellite observations of tropospheric NO2 that must be accounted for when using these data to estimate surface NOx emissions. We find that only half of isoprene oxidation proceeds by the high-NOx pathway to produce ozone; this fraction is only moderately sensitive to changes in NOx emissions because isoprene and NOx emissions are spatially segregated. GEOS-Chem with reduced NOx emissions provides an unbiased simulation of ozone observations from the aircraft and reproduces the observed ozone production efficiency in the boundary layer as derived from a regression of ozone and NOx oxidation products. However, the model is still biased high by 6 ± 14 ppb relative to observed surface ozone in the Southeast US. Ozonesondes launched during midday hours show a 7 ppb ozone decrease from 1.5 km to the surface that GEOS-Chem does not capture. This bias may reflect a combination of excessive vertical mixing and net ozone production in the model boundary layer.
Anthropogenically induced environmental changes in the northeastern
Adriatic Sea in the last 500 years (Panzano Bay, Gulf of Trieste)
Authors: Vidović Jelena , Nawrot Rafał , Gallmetzer Ivo , Haselmair Alexandra , Tomašových Adam , Stachowitsch Michael , Ćosović Vlasta , Zuschin Martin
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Shallow and sheltered marine embayments in urbanized areas are prone to the accumulation of pollutants, but little is known about the historical baselines of such marine ecosystems. Here we study foraminiferal assemblages, geochemical proxies and sedimentological data from 1.6 m long sediment cores to uncover  ∼  500 years of anthropogenic pressure from mining, port and industrial activities in the Gulf of Trieste, Italy. From 1600 to 1900 AD, normalized element concentrations and foraminiferal assemblages point to negligible effects of agricultural activities. The only significant anthropogenic activity during this period was mercury mining in the hinterlands of the gulf, releasing high amounts of mercury into the bay and significantly exceeding the standards on the effects of trace elements on benthic organisms. Nonetheless, the fluctuations in the concentrations of mercury do not correlate with changes in the composition and diversity of foraminiferal assemblages due to its non-bioavailability. Intensified agricultural and maricultural activities in the first half of the 20th century caused slight nutrient enrichment and a minor increase in foraminiferal diversity. Intensified port and industrial activities in the second half of 20th century increased the normalized trace element concentrations and persistent organic pollutants (PAH, PCB) in the topmost part of the core. This increase caused only minor changes in the foraminiferal community because foraminifera in Panzano Bay have a long history of adaptation to elevated trace element concentrations. Our study underlines the importance of using an integrated, multidisciplinary approach in reconstructing the history of environmental and anthropogenic changes in marine systems. Given the prolonged human impacts in coastal areas like the Gulf of Trieste, such long-term baseline data are crucial for interpreting the present state of marine ecosystems.
Revisiting ocean carbon sequestration by direct injection: a global carbon budget perspective
Authors: Reith Fabian , Keller David P. , Oschlies Andreas
Published: November 2016

Abstract. In this study we look beyond the previously studied effects of oceanic CO2 injections on atmospheric and oceanic reservoirs and also account for carbon cycle and climate feedbacks between the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere. Considering these additional feedbacks is important since backfluxes from the terrestrial biosphere to the atmosphere in response to reducing atmospheric CO2 can further offset the targeted reduction. To quantify these dynamics we use an Earth system model of intermediate complexity to simulate direct injection of CO2 into the deep ocean as a means of emissions mitigation during a high CO2 emission scenario. In three sets of experiments with different injection depths, we simulate a 100-year injection period of a total of 70 GtC and follow global carbon cycle dynamics over another 900 years. In additional parameter perturbation runs, we varied the default terrestrial photosynthesis CO2 fertilization parameterization by ±50 % in order to test the sensitivity of this uncertain carbon cycle feedback to the targeted atmospheric carbon reduction through direct CO2 injections. Simulated seawater chemistry changes and marine carbon storage effectiveness are similar to previous studies. As expected, by the end of the injection period avoided emissions fall short of the targeted 70 GtC by 16–30 % as a result of carbon cycle feedbacks and backfluxes in both land and ocean reservoirs. The target emissions reduction in the parameter perturbation simulations is about 0.2 and 2 % more at the end of the injection period and about 9 % less to 1 % more at the end of the simulations when compared to the unperturbed injection runs. An unexpected feature is the effect of the model's internal variability of deep-water formation in the Southern Ocean, which, in some model runs, causes additional oceanic carbon uptake after injection termination relative to a control run without injection and therefore with slightly different atmospheric CO2 and climate. These results of a model that has very low internal climate variability illustrate that the attribution of carbon fluxes and accounting for injected CO2 may be very challenging in the real climate system with its much larger internal variability.
Forest impacts on snow accumulation and ablation across an elevation gradient in a temperate montane environment
Authors: Roth Travis R. , Nolin Anne W.
Published: November 2016

Abstract. Forest cover modifies snow accumulation and ablation rates via canopy interception and changes in sub-canopy energy balance processes. However, the ways in which snowpacks are affected by forest canopy processes vary depending on climatic, topographic and forest characteristics. Here we present results from a 4 year study of snow-forest interactions in the Oregon Cascades. We continuously monitored snow and meteorological variables at paired forested and open sites at three elevations representing the Low, Mid, and High seasonal snow zones in the study region. On a monthly to bi-weekly basis, we surveyed snow depth and snow water equivalent across 900 m transects connecting the forested and open pairs of sites. Our results show that the dense, relatively warm on forests at Low and Mid sites impede snow accumulation through increased canopy snow interception and increase energy inputs to the sub-canopy snowpack. Compared with the Forest sites, snowpacks are deeper and last longer in the Open site at the Low and Mid sites (4 – 26 days and 11 – 33 days, respectively). However, we see the opposite relationship at the relatively colder High sites with the Forest site maintaining snow longer into the spring by 15 – 29 days relative to the nearby Open site. Over a 4 year study, canopy interception efficiency (CIE) values in the Low- and Mid-Forest sites, were 79 % and 76 % of the total event snowfall, whereas CIE was 31 % at the lower density High-Forest site. At all elevations, longwave radiation in forested environments appears to be the primary energy component due to the maritime climate and forest presence, accounting for 82 %, 88 %, and 59 % of total energy inputs to the snowpack at the Low-, Mid-, and High-Forest sites, respectively. Higher wind speeds in the High-Open site significantly increase turbulent energy exchanges and snow sublimation. Lower wind speeds in the High-Forest site create preferential snowfall deposition. These results show the importance of understanding the effects of forest cover on sub-canopy snowpack evolution and highlight the need for improved forest cover model representation to accurately predict water resources in maritime forests.
Annular arrays for novel ultrasonic measurement techniques
Authors: Wolf Mario , Kühnicke Elfgard , Kümmritz Sebastian , Lenz Michael
Published: November 2016

Abstract. The paper shows how the precise knowledge of the sound field of an ultrasonic annular array can contribute to the development of novel measurement techniques. Emphasis is placed on (a) a non-invasive method for sound velocity measurements in fluids using the echo signals from scattering p]articles, (b) a non-invasive method for the combined determination of thickness and sound velocity in layered structures by using a novel focusing technique, and (c) a non-scanning curvature measurement method exploiting the wave front curvature of a reflected wave. To demonstrate the methods, the principles as well as results of simulations and measurements are discussed.
Moléstias e milagres em Goiás (1900-1930): os ex-votos como denunciadores nosológicos
Authors: Reinato José Eduardo , Melo Wdson C. Freire de
Published: November 2016

A presente pesquisa parte da análise de alguns ex-votos bibliográficos ofertados ao Divino Pai Eterno de Trindade nas três primeiras décadas do século XX. São cartas escritas por devotos de diferentes regiões do Estado de Goiás. A ideia principal aqui é enxergar essas expressões votivas como uma fonte capaz de revelar aspectos da realidade social das devoções. Do ponto de vista folkcomunicacional, pretende-se relacionar devoção, doenças e milagres, pensando o ex-voto enquanto veículo da linguagem e dos sentimentos da cultura popular. Na ausência de recursos, a população recorria à medicina popular, às tradições, aos santos e divindades, formando assim, a partir dessa junção, um imaginário mágico-religioso principalmente nas comunidades rurais, regiões pobres ou nas recolhidas paragens de Goiás.
VULCANIZATION OF RUBBER COMPOUNDS WITH PEROXIDE CURING SYSTEMS
Authors: Kruželák Ján , Sýkora Richard , Hudec Ivan
Published: November 2016

Vulcanization or curing is one of the most important processes in rubber technologies. During this process, plastic rubber compounds by parallel and subsequent physical and mainly chemical reactions change into highly elastic products—vulcanizates. The fundamental goal of curing is forming chemical cross-links between rubber macromolecules, which leads to the formation of a three-dimensional network or rubber matrix. A number of curing systems have been introduced in cross-linking of elastomers; each system has its own characteristics and composition; therefore, vulcanizates with different properties also can be prepared. We characterize organic peroxides as curing agents and their decomposition mechanisms and characteristics and bring a detailed view to understanding mechanisms between peroxides and different types of rubber matrices. Then, we focus on the classification and characterization of co-agents used in peroxide cross-linking and explain the mutual interactions and reaction mechanisms between peroxide, co-agents, and rubber matrices in relation to the properties of prepared materials. Finally, the drawbacks and the main features of final cross-linked materials are outlined.
Study of Resistance to 82 Clinical Cases Enterobacteriaceae to Beta-lactam Antibiotics
Authors: Milani Mahnaz
Published: November 2016

Knowledge of antimicrobial resistance patterns in E. coli, the predominant pathogen associated with urinary tract infections (UTI) is important as a guide in selecting empirical antimicrobial therapy. To describe the antimicrobial susceptibility of E. coli associated with UTI in a major university hospital in Tehran (Iran), seventy-six clinical isolates of E. coli were studied for susceptibility to Beta-lactam antibiotics by the disc diffusion method and Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations determination. All isolates were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin and oxacillin. Resistance to the other tested antibiotics was shown to be 93.4% to cefradine, 76.3% to carbenicillin, 47.3% to cefazoline, 50% to cefalexin and 32.8% to cephalothin while 1.3% expressed resistance to cefoxitime, and 2.6% were resistant to ceftizoxime and ceftriaxone. Substrate hydrolysis by ultra violet spectroscopy showed that 87.4% harbored penicillinases, 9% produced cephlosporinases and 3.6% degraded both substrates. Clavulanic acid inhibited enzyme activity in 82.9%, of which 78.95% was penicillinases (group IIa) and 3.95% was cephalosporinases (group IIb) of the Bush classification system. These results indicate that E. coli can posses a variety of Beta-lactamases that are responsible for Beta-lactam resistance. Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, particularly Escherichia coli is the most common causes of urinary tract infections in hospitals and societies. Beta-lactam antibiotics, particularly the third and fourth generation of cephalosporins are effective in treating these infections.
Diskursivní analýza a její využití ve výzkumu edukačních jevů
Authors: Klapko Dušan
Published: November 2016

Obsahem odborného textu je charakteristika diskursivní analýzy jako metodologického a vědního přístupu a teoretické ukotvení působení diskursů v sociální realitě v kontextu moci a vědění. Součástí výkladu je stručná charakteristika diskursivních přístupů. Na závěr výkladu prezentujeme možnosti využití přístupů diskursivní analýzy ve výzkumu z oblasti edukační reality. V širším smyslu je cílem sdělení popsat v oblasti pedagogického výzkumu aplikování transdisciplinárního přístupu za účelem komplexnějšího vysvětlení edukační reality. V užším smyslu je cílem sdělení prezentovat teoretické ukotvení diskursivní analýzy a její využití ve zkoumání edukační reality.
Uplatnění fenomenografického přístupu na příkladu výzkumu využívání digitálních technologií ve vzdělávání
Authors: Staudková Hana
Published: November 2016

Příspěvek se věnuje možnostem využití fenomenografie v pedagogickém výzkumu na příkladu výzkumu digitálních technologií ve vzdělávání. Tato výzkumná orientace je v českém prostředí téměř neznámá a hlavním cílem příspěvku je otevřít diskusi o možnostech jejího využití. V první části je podán základní přehled o principech fenomenografie. Dále se článek zaměřuje na otázku vztahu fenomenografie a fenomenologie a představuje je jako samostatné přístupy, z nichž každý má odlišné zaměření, cíle a výsledky. Konkrétní fenomenograficko-metodologické postupy jsou konfrontovány s designem zakotvené teorie; příspěvek popisuje jejich základní odlišnosti i společné prvky. Možnosti využití tohoto přístupu jsou doloženy na konkrétních příkladech výzkumů týkajících se digitálních technologií ve vzdělávání a závěrem jsou diskutovány jeho přednosti i slabiny. Ukazuje se, že tato výzkumná koncepce v sobě nese velký a dosud nevyužitý potenciál pro český pedagogický výzkum, především pro výzkum ve vysokoškolském prostředí, kterému je „šita na míru“.
Prozatím nevyužitá šance: situační analýza v pedagogickém výzkumu
Authors: Kalenda Jan
Published: November 2016

Studie se zabývá možnostmi využití situační analýzy v pedagogickém výzkumu. I když je situační analýza novou metodou, významně se rozvíjející až v poslední dekádě, lze se s ní dnes setkat v široké škále společenských a humanitních věd. Přes tento úspěch napříč různými obory prozatím nedošlo k výraznému rozšíření situační analýzy do výzkumu edukačního/pedagogického, a to ani v zahraničí, ani v ČR. Tomu stále dominuje zakotvená teorie první generace nebo konstruktivisticky orientovaná zakotvená teorie. Studie na tento deficit reaguje tím, že představuje situační analýzu jako „balík teorie/metody“, přičemž demonstruje nejenom její ontologicko-epistemologická východiska ke studiu sociální/edukační reality a hlavní rozdíly oproti klasické zakotvené teorii, ale i principy používání tří klíčových nástrojů situační analýzy: (1) situačních map, (2) map sociálních světů a arén a (3) pozičních map. U všech tří nástrojů pak ukazuje jejich využití při zkoumání rozmanitých aspektů vzdělávání. V rámci diskuse těchto aspektů studie upozorňuje na stěžejní výhody situační analýzy jako teoreticko-metodologického přístupu ke studiu pedagogických jevů.
Evaluating the Efficacy of PAC and Water Parameters to Remove Trace Organics
Authors: Valcarce Christine O. , Gonzaga Erica W. , Mazyck David W.
Published: November 2016

Multivariable regression modeling was used to evaluate the efficacy of commonly used powdered activated carbon (PAC) and water parameters for selecting a commercial PAC to remove trace organic contaminants from natural waters. Trace concentrations of radiolabeled methylisoborneol (MIB) and atrazine were spiked into natural waters, including surface and groundwater sources, and treated with PACs at varying contact times and PAC doses. A rigorous selection criterion was applied to the regression modeling effort to optimize the R2‐adjusted, hypothesis test the significance and prevent multicollinearity of regression coefficients. The results indicated that MIB and atrazine removal were affected by the same PAC parameters: tannin value and phenol value or trace capacity number in liquid phase (TCNL). The TCNL and phenol value were strongly correlated parameters. Similarly, ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm and specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm influenced performance and could be interchanged. Surface area and iodine number did not appear to be significant in the regression analysis.
Removal of Selected C‐ and N‐DBP Precursors in Biologically Active Filters
Authors: Selbes Meric , Brown Jess , Lauderdale Chance , Karanfil Tanju
Published: November 2016

The performance of four pilot‐ and full‐scale biologically active filters (biofilters) was evaluated in terms of change in water quality parameters and removal of disinfection by‐product (DBP) precursors. Biologically active filtration successfully decreased dissolved organic carbon (DOC) by 5–25% and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) by 5–38%. The removal of these parameters corresponded to some decreases in carbonaceous and nitrogenous DBP formation. Formation potential tests showed 13–45% and 18–57% reduction in the formation of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids, respectively. Bromine incorporation factors of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids increased across the biofilters. Biofilters also showed 25–48%, 15–20%, and 34–50% removal of halonitromethane, haloacetonitrile, and N‐nitrosodimethylamine precursors, respectively. The effects of filter media and phosphate amendment were also evaluated in full‐ and pilot‐scale systems. Results showed that replacing the anthracite layer with granular activated carbon increased the removal of DOC, DON, and DBP precursors. Phosphate amendment had no distinct effect on the removal of DOC, DON, or DBP precursors.
Comparing Water Source Knowledge in Cities that Exceed the Lead Action Level
Authors: Harnish Leah , Carpenter Adam T. , Moran Sharon
Published: November 2016

The authors studied the level of people's knowledge about their drinking water source, their level of concern for it, and how this relates to living in a city where lead levels in the water exceed the US Environmental Protection Agency's lead action level. Results show that, depending on how respondents perceived the issue, knowledge level and perception of a problem both are dominating factors in people's understanding of their water source. Using a survey to identify relationships, the study found that those respondents from cities with lead levels that exceeded the action level showed higher concern for their tap water quality; this increased when the respondents could not identify their water source. Looking at these results in the context of the theory of planned behavior (specifically perception, knowledge, and behavior), showed that the more people know about their source water, the less likely they are to express unnecessary concern due to a misperception of an issue.
PROMOTE Study: Safety of Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment During the Third Trimester by Labor and Delivery Outcomes
Authors: Hensel Kendi L. , Roane Brandy M. , Chaphekar Anita Vikas , Smith-Barbaro Peggy
Published: November 2016

Background: Few quality data exist on the safety of osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) during pregnancy. The Pregnancy Research on Osteopathic Manipulation Optimizing Treatment Effects (PROMOTE) study was a randomized controlled clinical trial that studied the application of an OMT protocol to manage pain and dysfunction in pregnant patients during their third trimester.

Objective: To evaluate the safety of an OMT protocol applied during the third trimester of pregnancy by analyzing incidence of high-risk status and labor and delivery outcomes.

Methods: In the PROMOTE study, 400 pregnant patients were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 study groups: usual care plus OMT (OMT), usual care plus placebo ultrasound treatment (PUT), or usual care only (UCO). The incidence of high-risk status of participants and outcomes of labor and delivery, including length of labor, fever in mother during labor, operative vaginal delivery, conversion to cesarean delivery, need for forceps or vacuum device, need for episiotomy, incidence of perineal laceration, meconium-stained amniotic fluid, and infants’ Apgar scores, were analyzed.

Results: Data from 380 participants were studied. High-risk status was less likely to develop in participants who received OMT (95% CI, 0.16-0.91; P=.03). The OMT protocol also did not increase risk of precipitous labor, operative vaginal delivery, conversion to cesarean delivery, need for forceps or vacuum device, need for episiotomy, incidence of perineal laceration, or meconium-stained amniotic fluid when compared with participants in the other 2 groups (P>.05). Of all other maternal outcomes examined, no difference was reported among the 3 treatment groups with the exception of incidence of prolonged labor in the OMT group. Participants receiving OMT had longer durations of labor than participants in the other groups (P=.002).

Conclusion: These results suggest that the OMT protocol given during the third trimester of pregnancy as applied in the PROMOTE study is safe with regard to labor and delivery outcomes. The increased duration in labor in the OMT group needs further study. (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT00426244)
Pregnancy Research on Osteopathic Manipulation Optimizing Treatment Effects: The PROMOTE Study Protocol
Authors: Hensel Kendi L. , Carnes Michael S. , Stoll Scott T.
Published: November 2016

The structural and physiologic changes in a woman’s body during pregnancy can predispose pregnant women to low back pain and its associated disability, as well as to complications of pregnancy, labor, and delivery. Anecdotal and empirical evidence has indicated that osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) may be efficacious in improving pain and functionality in women who are pregnant. Based on that premise, the Pregnancy Research on Osteopathic Manipulation Optimizing Treatment Effects (PROMOTE) study was designed as a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, and blinded clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of an OMT protocol for pain during third-trimester pregnancy. The OMT protocol developed for the PROMOTE study was based on physiologic theory and the concept of the interrelationship of structure and function. The 12 well-defined, standardized OMT techniques used in the protocol are commonly taught at osteopathic medical schools in the United States. These techniques can be easily replicated as a 20-minute protocol applied in conjunction with usual prenatal care, thus making it feasible to implement into clinical practice. This article presents an overview of the study design and treatment protocols used in the PROMOTE study.
Does Replacing Live Demonstration With Instructional Videos Improve Student Satisfaction and Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment Examination Performance?
Authors: Seals Ryan , Gustowski Sharon M. , Kominski Carol , Li Feiming
Published: November 2016

Context: Instructional videos for osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) are a potentially valuable resource for novice learners.

Objective: To evaluate student experiences and the effectiveness of instructional videos in lieu of live faculty demonstration in a second-year osteopathic manipulative medicine course.

Methods: Faculty created and produced written instructions and videos for selected Still and facilitated positional release techniques. These materials incorporated curricular design principles and psychomotor skills development strategies. During a second-year OMT skills laboratory session, students used the videos as the primary source for technique demonstration and instruction. Table trainers monitored and assisted students per their request or if errors were observed. Students completed surveys regarding their previous experiences in the OMT skills laboratory sessions (presession survey) and the video-based instructional one (postsession survey). One month after the survey, students were also asked to complete a postexamination survey. Student scores on the skills competency examination were compared with scores from the previous year.

Results: Of the 230 students, 162 (70%), 135 (59%), and 86 (37%) responded to the presession, postsession, and postexamination surveys, respectively. The majority of students indicated that the OMT videos helped them feel more prepared (98%) and more confident for their examination (78%), were a valuable addition to learning (97%), and would help increase confidence in using osteopathic manipulative medicine on patients (84%). Two-thirds of students indicated that the videos were superior to faculty demonstration from the stage. Compared with students from the previous year, no statistically significant improvement was noted on the total clinical competency examination scores.

Conclusion: The faculty-created videos for teaching OMT techniques did not improve scores on the clinical competency examination but had subjective benefits as part of the OMT laboratory sessions. Instructional videos can serve as an alternative to live demonstration to allow more time in the laboratory for assessment and feedback.
Outcomes-Oriented Medical Training: A Critical Curricular Design Consideration in Developing 21st Century Health Care Professionals
Authors: D’Agostino Darrin , Papa Frank J.
Published: November 2016

The core competencies of medical schools and residencies have initiated a change in curricular design but have been limited in their execution of systems-based practice. The introduction of milestones and entrustable professional activities has emerged to enhance the current educational paradigm. Linking public health systemic approaches with evidence-based practices focused on population-level health care will affect patients more than current non–systems-based approaches. Curricular redesign, including population health–based strategies, public health competency, health care policy, and education linking the “determinants of health” to patient care, will better prepare future physicians to practice in the emerging paradigm of health care of the future. Thus, the University of North Texas Health Science Center Texas College of Osteopathic Medicine has launched a 3-phase model that addresses the specific foundational needs required to instantiate fundamental systems-based concepts in faculty, undergraduate medical curricula, and clinical practice.