bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN OVINE COENUROSIS
Authors: Gonzalo‐Orden J. Manuel , Díez Argimiro , Altónaga José R. , Gonzalo José M. , Orden M. Asunción
Published: May 2005

Computed tomographic imaging was conducted in twenty ewes with cerebral coenurosis. CT imaging allowed precise evaluation of the size and location of the cyst, which appeared as a hypoattenuating structure with a mass effect. No meaningful correlation between clinical signs and the location of parasitic cyst was detected.
CORRELATIVE IMAGING FINDINGS IN SEVEN DOGS AND ONE CAT WITH SPINAL ARACHNOID CYSTS
Authors: Galloway Annabelle M. , Curtis Nia C. , Sommerlad Susan F. , Watt Philip R.
Published: May 2005

Information regarding 7 dogs and 1 cat with a spinal arachnoid cyst is presented. All patients were evaluated with survey radiographs and myelography. Computed tomography (CT) following myelography, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, and sonography, were used in some of the patients. These imaging techniques were evaluated to determine their efficacy in diagnosing arachnoid cysts, ascertaining the extent and internal cyst architecture and detecting associated spinal cord abnormalities. Survey radiographs were nondiagnostic in all patients. Myelographically, the arachnoid cyst was visible in all patients, with partial blockage to flow of contrast medium. CT provided additional information on localization and lateralization of the cyst, and allowed measurement of the degree of spinal cord compression. MR imaging enabled identification of an associated syringomyelia. Sonography was useful for defining the cyst wall and characterizing the internal architecture of the cyst cavity and adjacent spinal cord. Measurements of the degree of spinal cord compression could be made and were similar to measurements made from CT. Additionally, sonography was considered a useful technique for orientating the surgeon to the location and extent of the cyst. In the absence of the availability of CT or MR imaging for evaluating patients with an arachnoid cyst, sonography is considered a valuable technique for directly assessing the spinal cord for associated disease. Decompressive surgery was performed on 4 dogs and 1 cat, all with successful outcomes.
ASSESSMENT OF BARIUM IMPREGNATED POLYETHYLENE SPHERES (BIPS®) AS A MEASURE OF SOLID‐PHASE GASTRIC EMPTYING IN NORMAL DOGS‐COMPARISON TO SCINTIGRAPHY
Authors: Lester Nola V. , Roberts Gregory D. , Newell Susan M. , Graham John P. , Hartless Christine S.
Published: May 2005

Barium impregnated polyethylene spheres (BIPS) are radiopaque markers used for investigation of a variety of gastrointestinal disorders. One proposed use of the small (1.5 mm) marker is quantitative assessment of solid‐phase gastric emptying, which may offer a simple, inexpensive alternative to nuclear medicine studies. In this study the rate and pattern of gastric emptying of a radiolabeled meal containing 30 small BIPS was evaluated in normal dogs by simultaneous comparison of the radiopaque marker method and a scintigraphic method. Serial scintigraphic images and radiographs were obtained for 8 hours or until 95% of the markers had left the stomach. Emptying curves were constructed and statistical analyses performed. There were significant differences in gastric emptying times and lag phase characteristics between the BIPS and scintigraphic studies. These results indicate that in normal dogs there are differences in both the rate and the pattern of solid‐phase gastric emptying of a radiolabeled meal as assessed by scintigraphy and the gastric emptying of small BIPS.
DEVELOPMENT OF REFERENCE INTERVALS FOR THE LARGE INTESTINAL TRANSIT OF RADIOPAQUE MARKERS IN DOGS
Authors: Bruce Sara J. , GUILFORD W.G. , Hedderley Duncan I. , Mccauley Miho
Published: May 2005

Ten healthy dogs were fed 30 1.5 mm and 10 5 mm radiopaque markers (BIPS, MedID, Grand Rapids) mixed with sufficient quantities of a high fibre diet to meet 25% of their estimated daily caloric requirements. Abdominal radiographs were made at two hour intervals until 90% of the small and large markers had left the colon. The mean residence times (MRT) of each size of marker in the proximal, distal and total colon were calculated using kinetic analysis. The MRT's of the small markers were 4.9 hours (SD 4.4), 7.1 hours (SD 3.3) and 12.0 hours (SD 7.1) respectively. The MRT's of the large markers were not significantly different from the small markers except in the proximal colon where they were significantly shorter (3.2 hours, SD 2.3). Reference colonic filling and colonic transit curves for both sizes of markers were constructed. These may be useful to detect abnormal colonic transit in dogs.
THE DORSOPROXIMAL‐DORSODISTAL PROJECTION OF THE DISTAL CARPAL BONES IN HORSES: AN EVALUATION OF DIFFERENT BEAM‐CASSETTE ANGLES
Authors: Uhlhorn Henrik , Eksell Per
Published: May 2005

To estimate the extent of the third carpal bone (C3) visible for evaluation in the dorsoproximal‐dorsodistal oblique projection of the distal row of carpal bones, 13 forelimbs collected at post mortem from 7 horses were examined radiographically. The limbs were frozen with the carpal joints flexed then radiographed using fixed beam‐cassette angles of 15° to 45°, at 5° intervals. The influence of beamcassette angle on; the depth of the proximal articular surface examined, the radiographic appearance of C3 and the assessment of subchondral sclerosis was evaluated. Beam‐cassette angles of 25° to 40° produced subjectively acceptable radiographs and did not appear to influence assessments of sclerosis. The mean depth of the examined proximal articular surface of the C3 increased significantly with each 5° increase in beam‐cassette angle up to 40°. The use of beam‐cassette angles >35° is recommended for the DPr‐DDiO projection.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE NORMAL FELINE ABDOMEN: AN ANATOMIC REFERENCE
Authors: Samii Valerie F. , Biller David S. , Koblik Philip D.
Published: May 2005

Magnetic resonance images of two adult domestic short‐haired cats were obtained with a whole body scanner. Images of the abdomen were compared with cross‐sectional anatomy cadaver specimens from the same two cats. Anatomic structures were first identified on the cadaver specimens with the aid of anatomy texts and references and were then identified and labeled on the magnetic resonance images. Results from this project provide an atlas of normal cross‐sectional MRI anatomy of the feline abdomen.
M‐MODE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC REFERENCE VALUES IN CATS IN THE FIRST THREE MONTHS OF LIFE
Authors: Schille Susanne , Skrodzki Marianne
Published: May 2005

Thirty‐five young cats were studied by echocardiography from the 2nd to 12th weeks of life to analyze correlation between body weight, body surface area, age and heart rate with fourteen echocardiographic parameters. There was a positive linear correlation (r= 0.49–0.78) between the independent variables (body weight, body surface area, age) and left ventricular wall thickness and diameter, aortic diameter and left atrial diameter, whereas there was a negative correlation (r= ‐0.39 andr= ‐0.43) between the heart rate and left ventricular diameter during systole and diastole. No linear dependence of the fractional shorteing, ejection fraction, percentage thickening of the interventricular septum and left ventricular posterior wall, LA/AO ratio, and the ratio IVSED/LVWED to the independent variables was observed.
AGREEMENT BETWEEN A‐MODE AND B‐MODE ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN THE MEASUREMENT OF OCULAR DISTANCES
Authors: Hamidzada Wali A. , Osuobeni Ebi P.
Published: May 2005

It is generally accepted that A‐mode ultrasonography is more accurate than B‐mode in measuring intraocular dimensions. Consequently, A‐mode ultrasonography is the procedure of choice in ocular biometry while B‐mode ultrasonography is used prinicpally for diagnostic purposes. In this study, we investigated the agreement between measurement of intraocular distances using A‐ and B‐mode ultrasonography on freshly enucleated camel eyes. Our results suggest that relative to average A‐mode values, B‐mode overestimates corncal thickness (bias = 0.06 mm) and anterior chamber depth (bias = 0.03 mm), while it underestimates lens thickness (bias = ‐0.11 mm), vitreous chamber depth (bias = ‐0.32 mm) and axial length (bias = ‐0.40 mm). In general, difference between A‐ and B‐mode values is larger for deeper intraocular dimensions. This implies that the two methods are more likely to give different readings for measurements of lens thickness, vitreous chamber depth and axial length.
PALLIATIVE RADIOTHERAPY OF APPENDICULAR OSTEOSARCOMA IN 95 DOGS
Authors: Ramirez Oscar , Dodge Richard K. , Page Rodney L. , Price G. Sylvester , Hauck Marlene L. , Ladue Tracy A. , Nutter Felicia , Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2005

Ninety‐five dogs with either a presumptive (n= 24) or biopsy confirmed diagnosis (n= 71) of soteosarcoma received palliative radiotherapy using60Co photons. Parallel opposed beams were used with each dog receivign either 10 Gy on days 0,7 and 21 (n= 58) or 8 Gy on days 0 and 7 (n= 37). The 8 Gy fractionation scheme was given with the intent of retreating upon relapse from pain relief. Only 9 of 37 (24%) dogs in the 8 Gy group returned for retreatment, Forty‐seven of the 95 dogs (49%) received concurrent or sequention chemotherapy. Seventy of the 95 dogs (74%) experienced pain relief following treatment. In dogs experiencing pain relief the median duration of response was 73 days. Numerous clinical variables were evaluated as predictors of response. The only variable significantly related to achieving a response was the use of chemotheraphy. The following variables were significanly related to the duration of response: extent of bone lysis, chemotherapy use, length of bone involved and tumor site (humerus). In a multivariate analysis (n= 73 dogs), after adjusting for chemotherapy use, extent of bone involvement (p= 0.01) and tumor site (p= 0.02) retained statistical significance, while degree of bone lysis did not (p= 0.11). No difference in response incidence or duration was found between 3 fractions of 10 Gy vs. 2 fractions of 8 Gy. Administration of a low initial dose with the intent of retreatment was not a successful strategy.
RENAL NUCLEAR MEDICINE: A REVIEW
Authors: Daniel Gregory B. , Mitchell Sally K. , Mawby Dianne , Sackman Jill E. , Schmidt Dorothy
Published: May 2005

Renal nuclear medicine is used to evaluate renal function and morphology. Renal scintigraphy is the best imaging modality for evaluation of functional parameters such as glomerular filtration rate and effective renal plasma flow. The commonly used renal radiopharmaceuticals are reviewed. Both imaging and non‐imaging techniques are presented. Specific applications of renal nuclear medicine are discussed.
REVERSIBLE MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING ABNORMALITIES IN DOGS FOLLOWING SEIZURES
Authors: Mellema Linda M. , Koblik Philip D. , Kortz Gregg D. , Lecouteur Richard A. , Chechowitz Melissa A. , Dickinson Peter J.
Published: May 2005

Reversible magnetic resonance (MR) imaging lesions have been described in humans following seizures. This condition has not yet been reported in animals. This paper describes reversible abnormalities identified in 3 dogs using MR imaging that was performed initially within 14 days of the last seizure and follow‐up imaging that was performed after 10 to 16 weeks of anticonvulsant therapy. All three dogs had lesions in the piriform/temporal lobes, characterized by varying degrees of hyperintensity on T2‐weighted images and hypointensity on T1‐weighted images. In one dog, contrast enhancement was evident. On reevaluation, partial resolution occurred in all 3 dogs. In a fourth animal with an olfactory meningioma, similar appearing lesions in the temporal cortex and right and left piriform lobes were identified after seizure activity. A surgical biopsy of the temporal cortex and hippocampus was performed and edema, neovascularization, reactive astrocytosis, and acute neuronal necrosis were evident. These histologic findings are similar to those reported in humans with seizures. Recognizing the potential occurrence of reversible abnormalities in MR images in important in developing a diagnostic and therapeutic plan in canine patients with seizures. Repeat imaging after seizure control may help differentiate between seizure‐induced changes and primary multifocal parenchymal abnormalities.
RADIOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT OF CARDIAC SIZE IN NORMAL FERRETS
Authors: Stepien Rebecca L. , Benson Keith G. , Forrest Lisa J.
Published: May 2005

Right lateral, left lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs were obtained in 20 normal ferrets (11 male). Three independent observers recorded measurements of the cardiac silhouette and results for each parameter were averaged. Long axis (length), short axis (width) and total of length plus width (L+W) were recorded in each view. Comparative measurements were calculated, including the ratio of L+W/length of thoracic vertebrae 5–8, and a modified vertebral heart score (VHS) method, measuring the heart in vertebral units. Measurements made in ventrodorsal views were usually larger than corresponding measurements in lateral views. Weight and most absolute measurements differed significanlty between male and female ferret (P< 0.05), but the differences in absolute measurements were not apparent when related to measures of body size (Ratio and modified VHS methods). Given the variability in body weight and size in ferrets, measurements of the cardiac silhouette normalized for body size may be more universally applicable than absolute measurements.
THE VISIBLE ANIMAL PROJECT: A THREE‐DIMENSIONAL, DIGITAL DATABASE FOR HIGH QUALITY THREE‐DIMENSIONAL RECONSTRUCTIONS
Authors: BÖTtcher Peter , Maierl Johann , Schiemann Thomas , Glaser Christian , Weller Renate , Hoehne Karl‐Heinz , Reiser Maximilian , Liebich Hans‐Georg
Published: May 2005

The “Visible Animal Project” (VAP) is comprised of axial anatomic cryosections and corresponding CT and MR images of a mature dog. The digital database is used for the creation of three‐dimensional computer graphics of canine anatomy. The technique of cryodissection is described in detail. The combining of the corresponding CT and MR images, and cryosections as well as the data processing for the creation of three‐dimensional reconstructions is presented and examples are shown. For the first time a complete high‐resolution three‐dimensional database of a dog is available, which can be used as the base for further high quality three‐dimensional reconstructions, similar to the “Visible Human Project” (VHP).
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF NECROTIZING MENINGOENCEPHALITIS IN 3 YORKSHIRE TERRIERS
Authors: Ducoté Julie M. , Johnson Kathalyn E. , Dewey Curtis W. , Walker Michael A. , Coates Joan R. , Berridge Brian R.
Published: May 2005

A necrotizing meningoencephalitis of Yorkshire terriers has recently been reported in 6 dogs in Switzerland, 1 dog in Japan and 1 dog in the United States. The purpose of this report is to describe the computed tomographic (CT) findings in 3 dogs with this disease, and to correlate the CT abnormalities with the clinical and pathologic findings in each case. Three Yorkshire Terriers between 2 and 10 years old were evaluated. Physical and neurologic examinations, complete blood count (CBC), serum biochemistry profile, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and CT scan were performed on all 3 dogs. Brainstem auditory evoked responses (BAER) were evaluated for 2 dogs. Two dogs were euthanized at the owners' request and necropsies were performed. Neurologic examination findings were consistent with a multifocal/diffuse encephalitis involving the cerebrum and brainstem in all 3 dogs. Complete blood count and biochemistry profiles were normal. Elevated protein concentration and a mononuclear pleocytosis were demonstrated in 2 of 3 dogs on cerebrospinal fluid evaluation. Multifocal, extensive areas of decreased opacity throughout the cerebral hemispheres, asymmetric ventriculomegaly, and lack of contrast enhancement were appreciated on CT images of all three dogs. No mass effect was seen. These findings correlated well with pathologic findings at necropsy, which included multiple malacic cavitations within the brain, representing areas of locally extensive necrosis. CT abnormalities in combination with signalment, clinical findings and cerebrospinal fluid analysis should facilitate a presumptive diagnosis of Yorkshire Terrier necrotizing meningoencephalitis.
NECROTIZING ENCEPHALITIS IN A YORKSHIRE TERRIER: CLINICAL, IMAGING, AND PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS
Authors: Lotti Donatella , Capucchio Maria Tresa , Gaidolfi Elena , Merlo Monica
Published: May 2005

A 5‐year‐old, male Yorkshire Terrier had chronic and progressive neurologic signs compatible with lesions in the right brain stem and right forebrain. In magnetic resonance images of the brain there were multifocal lesions at different stages of evolution, consistent with an inflammatory disease. The lesions were located in the white matter of the cerebrum, in the diencephalon and mesencephalon. These lesions were hypointense in T1‐weighted images and hyperintense in T2‐weighted images with no mass effect and minimal enhancement with gadolinium. Necrotizing encephalitis was confirmed post mortem.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FEATURES OF TUMORS OF THE SPINE AND SPINAL CORD IN DOGS
Authors: Kippenes Hege , Gavin Patrick R. , Bagley Rodney S. , Silver Gena M. , Tucker Russell L. , Sande Ronald D.
Published: May 2005

Twenty‐one dogs with confirmed tumors of the spinal cord or paraspinal tissues were imaged with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Anatomical location, location in relation to the dura and the medulla (spinal cord), and bone infiltration were assessed on the MR images and compared to findings at surgery or necropsy. Localization of tumors in the intradural‐extramedullary compartment was not always possible. Bone infiltration was correctly assessed in all but one dog, and the anatomical locations involved were accurately determined in all dogs. Sagittal T2‐weighted images were helpful to determine the anatomical location. Transverse T1‐weighted images pre and post Gd‐DTPA administration were helpful for additional localization and definition of tumor extension.
MALIGNANT TRANSFORMATION OF SOLITARY SPINAL OSTEOCHONDROMA IN TWO MATURE DOGS
Authors: Green Eric M. , Adams William M. , Steinberg Howard
Published: May 2005

Canine osteochondroma is an uncommon bony tumor that arises in skeletally immature animals. Consequently, clinical signs typically occur in young dogs as a result of impingement of normal structures by the tumor. Radiographically, osteochondromas are benign in appearance. They are well circumscribed and cause no bony lysis nor periosteal proliferation. Osteochondromas may occur in two forms; solitary or multiple. Although histology and biologic behavior are identical, when in the multiple form the condition has been termed multiple cartilaginous exostoses. Malignant transformation of multiple cartilaginous exostoses has been reported in three mature dogs. We report two dogs with malignant transformation of solitary spinal osteochondromas. Both underwent transformation to osteosarcoma. Despite the benign radiographic appearance of osteochondromas and multiple cartilaginous exostoses, clinical signs should alert the clinician to the possibility of malignant transformation.
MALIGNANT PERIPHERAL NERVE SHEATH TUMOR IN A CAT
Authors: Watrous Barbara J. , Lipscomb Thomas P. , Heidel Jerry R. , Normal Lindsay M.
Published: May 2005

A report of a cat with a cranial tumor of nerve sheath origin is presented. The cranial mass, with a cyst‐like character on presentation to the referring veterinarian suggested a benign lesion, but the clinical course was rapid and indicative of central nervous system involvement. The tumor was poorly differentiated by histologic examination, but immunohistochemistry was consistent with Schwann cell origin. Features of peripheral nerve sheath tumors in cats and other species are briefly discussed.
RENAL TRANSIT TIME OF99mTc‐DIETHYLENETRIAMINEPENTACETIC ACID (DTPA) IN NORMAL DOGS
Authors: Barthez Paul Y. , Wisner Erik R. , DiBartola Stephen P. , Chew Dennis J.
Published: May 2005

The transit time of99mTc‐DTPA in the kidneys is an indicator of renal function that has been used in humans for the diagnosis of renal obstruction, renal artery stenosis, and rejection of renal transplants. Its use, however, has not been reported in the dog.99mTc‐DTPA scintigraphy was performed in 8 normal dogs and the time of peak was calculated as the time between the injection and the maximum renal uptake. Deconvolution analysis was performed to estimate the renal retention function using 3 different techniques, i.e. the matrix method, the fast Fourier transform (FFT) method, and the constrained least square method. The parenchymal and whole kidney mean transit times were calculated from the deconvolved renogram using alternatively the thorax and the aorta as the input function. Average mean transit times ranged from 137 to 184 seconds. Parenchymal mean transit time was significantly shorter than whole kidney mean transit time (P< 0.03). Mean transit time calculated with the thorax as the input function was significantly longer than mean transit time calculated with the aorta (P< 0.001). No differences were observed between mean transit time calculated with the matrix, FFT and constrained least square methods.
GASTRIC EMPTYING AND INTESTINAL TRANSIT TIMES OF RADIOPAQUE MARKERS IN CATS FED A HIGH‐FIBER DIET WITH AND WITHOUT LOW‐DOSE INTRAVENOUS DIAZEPAM
Authors: Chandler Marjorie L. , Guilford W. Grant , Lawoko Charles R.O. , Whittem Ted
Published: May 2005

Reference ranges for gastric emptying time (GET), small intestinal transit time (SITT), and colonic transit time of 1.5‐mm and 5‐mm radiopaque markers in healthy cats fed a high‐fiber meal were determined, and the influence of low‐dose diazepam intravenous injection on the gastrointestinal transit of the markers was examined. The mean GETs and SITTs, and the mean residence times (MRTs) and geometric centers (GCs) of markers in the colon were determined. The effect of intravenous diazepam injection and marker size on these parameters was examined. Diazepam injection had no significant influence on gastrointestinal transit. The GETs of the 1.5‐mm markers were significantly more rapid than those of the 5.0‐mm markers. There were no significant differences between the SITTs or GCs of the 1.5‐mm and 5.0‐mm markers. Reference values were developed for GET, SITT, and colonic transit of radiopaque markers for cats fed a high‐fiber meal. Diazepam injection had no effect on these parameters.
A TECHNIQUE FOR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF EQUINE CADAVER SPECIMENS
Authors: Widmer William R. , Buckwalter Kenneth A. , Hill Michael A. , Fessler John F. , Ivancevich Susan
Published: May 2005

We tested an adaptation of a technique for performing magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of human cadaver limbs in the horse. The forelimbs from a normal horse were collected, frozen, and sealed with a paraffin‐polymer combination prior to imaging with either a high‐ or midfield magnetic resonance scanner. Each forelimb was defrosted, scanned, and refrozen on two separate occasions. A five‐point scale was used to evaluate the quality of each set of sagittal and transverse, T1‐weighted images of each digit. There was no difference in image quality between first and second scans of either specimen (p> 0.05). We conclude that this technique allows investigators to bank tissue specimens for future magnetic resonance imaging without significant loss of image quality.
EVALUATION OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING TECHNIQUES IN THE EQUINE DIGIT
Authors: Kleiter M. , Kneissl S. , Stanek Ch. , Mayrhofer E. , Baulain U. , Deegen E.
Published: May 2005

An anatomic study of the equine digit using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed. Seventeen isolated forelimbs and one hindleg of nine warmblood horses were imaged in transverse, sagittal, and dorsal planes with a 1.5 Tesla magnet using T1‐, T2‐ proton density‐weighted spin echo sequences as well as T2* gradient echo sequences. One scan plane in each horse was compared with corresponding anatomic and histologic sections. The best imaging planes to visualize various anatomic structures were determined. Fibrocartilage was visualized in the insertion of the deep digital flexor tendon and the suspensory ligament as well as in the distal sesamoidean ligaments. The correlation of MRI images with anatomic and histologic sections confirmed that all of the anatomic structures in the equine digit could be evaluated in PD and T2 studies.
EFFECT OF HYDRATION ON SIGNAL INTENSITY OF GELATIN PHANTOMS USING LOW‐FIELD MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING: POSSIBLE APPLICATION IN OSTEOARTHRITIS
Authors: Baird Debra K. , Kincaid Steven A. , Hathcock John T. , Rumph Paul F. , Kammerman John , Visco Denise M.
Published: May 2005

Five gelatin phantoms were constructed to study the effect of matrical hydration on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) signal intensity using a low‐field strength imager. Water content of the phantoms ranged from 75 to 95% weight/weight. Signal intensity values of each phantom were measured using five imaging sequences: proton density, T1‐weighted, T2‐weighted, inversion recovery with short inversion time, and inversion recovery with long inversion time. There was significant positive correlation (p < .05) of signal intensity with differences in hydration using the T2‐weighted sequence and the inversion recovery sequence with short inversion time. Significant negative correlations (p < .05) were found with T1‐weighted imaging and the inversion recovery sequence with long inversion time. In a second part of the study, in vivo focal variations in MRI signal intensity were evaluated in a canine cranial cruciate ligament deficient model of osteoarthritis. Signal intensity measurements were obtained from multiple areas of articular cartilage to identify an initial stage in osteoarthritis that is characterized in part by increased hydration of articular cartilage. At 6 weeks post‐transaction of the cranial cruciate ligament, an increase in signal intensity was detected in the articular cartilage of the weight‐bearing portion of the lateral femoral condyle and the caudal portion of the medial tibia1 condyle with T1‐weighted imaging. The increase in signal intensity may reflect increased proteoglycan synthevis by chondrocytes that also occurs early in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE EQUINE SHOULDER: TECHNIQUE AND NORMAL APPEARANCE
Authors: Tnibar Mohamed A. , Auer Joerg A. , Bakkali Saoussane
Published: May 2005

This study was intended to document normal ultrasonographic appearance of the equine shoulder and anatomic landmarks useful in clinical imaging. Both forelimbs of five equine cadavers and both fore‐limbs of six live adult horses were used. To facilitate understanding of the images, a zoning system assigned to the biceps brachii and to the infraspinatus tendon was developed. Ultrasonography was performed with a real‐time B‐mode semiportable sector scanner using 7.5‐ and 5‐MHz transducers. On one cadaver limb, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed using a system at 1.5 Tesla, T1‐weighted spin‐echo sequence. Ultrasonography images were compared to frozen specimens and MRI images to correlate the ultrasonographic findings to the gross anatomy of the shoulder. Ultrasonography allowed easy evaluation of the biceps brachii and the infraspinatus tendon and their bursae, the supraspinatus muscle and tendons, the superficial muscles of the shoulder, and the underlying humerus and scapula. Only the lateral and, partially, the caudal aspects of the humeral head could be visualized with ultrasound. Ultrasonographic appearance, orientation, and anatomic relationships of these structures are described. Ultrasonographic findings correlated well with MRI images and with gross anatomy in the cadavers’ limbs.
TRANSCUTANEOUS ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE AVIAN UROGENITAL TRACT
Authors: Hofbauer Helmut , Krautwald‐Junghanns Maria‐E.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this article is to provide a survey of the diagnostic use of transcutaneous sonographic examination of the urogenital tract of pet birds. Possibilities and limitations in imaging normal and altered components of this organ system are discussed. Ultrasonographic examination of the avian urogenital tract was evaluated in 386 pet birds. Abnormal clinical signs were present in 289 birds; 97 birds were normal. Transcutaneous ultrasonography proved to be a useful, noninvasive, and fast diagnostic tool, especially in imaging laminated eggs and changes of the oviduct. Until now, these pathologic changes were not diagnosable in birds with other common noninvasive methods (e.g. radiography). The imaging of low‐grade changes of the oviduct, disorders of the kidney without enlargement of the organ, as well as roughening of the egg shell proved to be difficult. Sonographic imaging of neither the normal kidney nor the inactive gonads was possible
ULTRASONIC DIAGNOSIS OF OVARIAN CYSTS IN TEN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Beregi Attila , Zorn Susanne , Felkai Ferenc
Published: May 2005

Ten guinea pigs with an ovarian cyst had clinical signs of anorexia, alopecia, or depression. Ultrasonographic features of the 2‐ to 3‐cm diameter fluid‐filled cysts included compartmentalization and connection to the ovary. In two animals, a unilateral cyst was present, and in two others, the cysts were bilateral. Diagnosis of the disease by plain radiography is difficult because of the similar opacity of ovarian cysts, abdominal neoplasms, and trichobezoars.
DOPPLER MEASUREMENT OF HEPATIC ARTERIAL FLOW IN DOGS: TECHNIQUE AND PRELIMINARY FINDINGS
Authors: Lamb C.R. , Burton C.A. , Carlisle C.H.
Published: May 2005

The common hepatic artery in 10 healthy adult beagles, 20 healthy pups (13 Deerhounds and seven Irish Wolfhounds), and seven dogs with either a congenital or acquired hepatic disorder was examined by duplex‐Doppler ultrasonography. Peak systolic velocity (V), resistive index (RI), pulse rate, angle of insonation, and sample volume depth were recorded. Measurements in Beagles were made after a 24 h fast and repeated 2 h after feeding. The mean V, and RI in fasted Beagles were 1.5 m/s (range 1.1–2.3 m/s) and 0.68 (range 0.62–0.74), respectively. Postprandially, there were no significant differences in any of these variables. Mean V, and RI were lower in pups: 1.0 m/s (range 0.8–1.3 m/s) and 0.59 (range 0.46–0.65), respectively (P < .001). Two dogs with congenital arterioportal fistula had higher mean V, (P < .001) and lower mean RI (P < .05) than normal pups. No significant differences were detected between normal Beagles, three dogs with portal vein thrombosis, and two dogs with acquired hepatic insufficiency. Differences in measured hepatic blood flow in dogs of different age or breed will complicate diagnostic use of hepatic arterial Doppler measurements
ULTRASOUND‐GUIDED FINE‐NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY OF BONE LESIONS: A PRELIMINARY REPORT
Authors: Samii Valerie F. , Nyland Thomas G. , Werner Linda L. , Baker Thomas W.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this preliminary study was to determine the feasibility of ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of suspected neoplastic lesions of bone. Ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy samples were obtained in 23 patients (22 dogs and one cat) with radiographic evidence of a destructive or destructive/productive bone lesion. The lesions were located in the appendicular skeleton in 20 patients and in the axial skeleton in three. Histopathology from tissue core biopsies and/or necropsy was not deemed necessary in 11 patients where ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy results were conclusive for neoplasia. A cytologic diagnosis from ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy was confirmed by histologic samples obtained at surgery or necropsy in five patients. In one of these five, ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy samples were diagnostic for sarcoma when tissue‐core biopsy was inconclusive. Both ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy and tissue core biopsy techniques were inconclusive in one patient. Ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy samples were nondiagnostic in five patients where a follow‐up histopathologic diagnosis of neoplasia was made. It was concluded that ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy of bone, if diagnostic, may help avoid the need for a tissue‐core biopsy in some instances. However, a negative ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy sample does not rule out neoplasia. A negative ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy should be followed by a tissue‐core biopsy and histologic analysis in all patients. Ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration biopsy seems to be a promising technique for the diagnosis of bone lesions.
MAMMARY GLAND UPTAKE OF SODIUM TC‐PERTECHNETATE IN A CAT WITH A DRUG‐INDUCED GYNECOMASTIA
Authors: Patricelli Alison J. , Lappin Michael R. , Steyn Phillip F.
Published: May 2005

Sodium Tc‐pertechnetate accumulated in the mammary glands of a male cat. It was determined that the uptake was attributable to gynecomastia induced by medroxyprogesterone acetate injections. Gyneco‐mastia and pertechnetate uptake resolved following cessation of medroxyprogesterone acetate treatment.
COMPARISON OF GASTRIC EMPTYING TIMES IN HEALTHY CATS SIMULTANEOUSLY EVALUATED WITH RADIOPAQUE MARKERS AND NUCLEAR SCINTIGRAPHY
Authors: Goggin Justin M. , Hoskinson James J. , Kirk Claudia A. , Jewell Dennis , Butine Michael D.
Published: May 2005

Gastric emptying in 18 healthy cats was assessed simultaneously using scintigraphy and barium‐impregnated polyethylene spheres (BIPS®). Canned Prescription Diet(r) Feline c/d(r) (Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc., Topeka, KS) labeled with 99mTc‐disofenin (Hepatolite, DuPont Merck Pharmaceutical Co., Billerica, Mass.) was fed on four separate days, Scintigraphic images were obtained at time 0 and then every 30 minutes to 6 hours. On the fourth scan day, 30 small (1.5 mm) and 10 large (5 mm) BIPS® (Chemstock Animal Health Ltd., Christchnrch, New Zealand) were mixed with the labeled meal, and in addition to scintigraphy, radiographs were made at 60‐minute intervals for 6 hours. Gastric emptying was 11 to 15% slower on the day of simultaneous radiography as compared with the 3 days when only scintigraphy was performed (p≤ .05). Percentage retention of 1.5 mm BIPS® in the stomach was significantly greater than the percentage retained gastric activity at hours 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 (p≤ .05).BIPS® were clustered in the pyloric region of the stomach by 3 hours in all cats. In 10/18 animals, all BIPS® were retained in pyloric region of the stomach at 6 hours, despite observable decreased size of the gastric silhouette and ≤15% retained gastric activity. In conclusion, gastric emptying of 1.5‐mm BIPS® does not parallel gastric emptying of 99mTc‐disofenin labeled canned Prescription Diet(r) Feline c/d(r). Stress associated with radiography may delay gastric emptying. Diet type should be considered when evaluating clinical radiographic studies where BIPS® have been used.
EVALUATION OF CANINE LUMBOSACRAL STENOSIS USING INTRAVENOUS CONTRAST‐ENHANCED COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Jones Jeryl C. , Shires Peter K. , Inzana Karen D. , Sponenberg D. Phillip , Massicotte Christiane , Renberg Walter , Giroux Alain
Published: May 2005

The objective of this study was to evaluate intravenous contrast‐enhanced computed tomography as a technique for predicting the within‐level location(s) of compressive soft tissues in the canine lumbosacral spine. Pre‐operative intravenous contrast‐enhanced computed tomography of the L5‐S3 vertebral levels was performed in 12 consecutive large breed dogs with lumbosacral stenosis. The images were evaluated for enhancement of soft tissues by two radiologists who were unaware of the surgical findings. For each within‐level location (dorsal canal, ventral canal, right lateral recess, left lateral recess) enhancement was classified as present, absent or equivocal. The results were compared with the results of surgical exploration and histopathology of excised tissues. The positive predictive values of intravenous contrast‐enhanced computed tomography for compressive soft tissues involving the dorsal canal, ventral canal and lateral recesses were 83%, 100%, and 81% respectively. Negative predictive values for compressive soft tissues involving these locations were 29%, 50%, and 40% respectively.
SPINAL SUBARACHNOID CYST IN A CAT
Authors: Vignoli Massimo , Rossi Federica , Sarli Giuseppe
Published: May 2005

A 7‐year‐old neutered female domestic short hair cat was presented with hind limb ataxia. A subarachnoid cyst in the T10‐T11 spinal cord region was identified by myelography as a collection of contrast medium in the subarachnoid space.
PNEUMOPERITONEUM AND GASTRIC PERFORATION IN A MINIMALLY CLINICALLY AFFECTED DOG
Authors: Lonsdale Rebecca A. , Richardson Jennifer L.
Published: May 2005

A 13‐year‐old female sheepdog had a reduced appetite, depression, vomiting and moderate tympanic abdominal distension. A severe pneumoperitoneum was detected radiographically. The cause of the pneumoperitoneum was a small perforation in the gastric cardia secondary to necrosis. This report describes severe pneumoperitoneum due to gastric perforation in a minimally clinically affected patient.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF NORMAL CANINE CARPAL LIGAMENTS
Authors: Nordberg Cynthia C. , Johnson Kenneth A.
Published: May 2005

Magnetic resonance imaging was conducted on previously frozen left carpi from six normal dogs using a 1.5 Tesla magnet in combination with a transmit/receive wrist coil. Three‐millimeter thick T1‐weighted spin‐echo images and 1‐mm thick T2*‐weighted gradient‐recalled 3‐D images were obtained in dorsal and sagittal planes. Carpi were embedded, sectioned, and stained. Anatomic structures on the histologic sections were correlated with the MR images. All of the carpal ligaments plus the radioulnar articular disc and the palmar fibrocartilage were identified on MR images. The accessorio‐quartile ligament, which had not been well described previously in dogs, was also identified. It originated on the accessory carpal bone and inserted on the fourth carpal bone. The T2*‐weighted gradient echo imaging technique provided better images than T1‐weighted technique, largely because thinner slices were possible (1 mm vs. 3 mm), resulting in less volume averaging of thin ligaments with surrounding structures. Although MRI is currently the imaging modality of choice to identify ligamentous injury in humans, further studies are needed to determine if abnormalities can be detected in canine carpal ligaments using MRI.
RELATIONSHIP OF CERVICAL SPINAL CORD DIAMETER TO VERTEBRAL DIMENSIONS: A RADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF NORMAL DOGS
Authors: Fourie Sheryl L. , Kirberger Robert M.
Published: May 2005

Cervical spinal cord abnormalities are often unapparent on myelographic studies, because no normal values for cervical spinal cord diameter are currently available. The purpose of this study was to establish, myelographically, the normal sagittal diameter of the cervical spinal cord in large and small breed dogs and its relationship to the sagittal diameter of the vertebral canal and sagittal heigh/length of the corresponding vertebral bodies. Forty‐one adult dogs underwent cervical radiography and myelography. Spinal cord and vertebral canal sagittal diameter, vertebral body height at C2 to 5, body length at C3 to 5, and dorsal spine length of C2 were measured on lateral views. Ratios of spinal cord:vertebral canal diameter, spinal cord:body height, and spinal cord:body lengthhpine were calculated, and a normal range was determined for small and large breed dogs. The spinal cord:vertebral canal ratios showed that small breeds have a higher cervical cord‐to‐canal ratio than large breeds. The mean values and ranges of 14 ratios are reported. The ratios of spinal cord:body length at C2 to 4 in small breeds and spinal cord:body height at C3 to 5 in large breeds were found to be the most accurate for assessing spinal cord sagittal diameter. These normal ranges would allow quantitative and objective evaluation of the cervical spinal cord by myelography and early identification of dogs with altered spinal cord diameter, which could be further evaluated by means of alternative imaging techniques.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF EQUINE TENDONS: A QUANTITATIVEIN VITROSTUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF AMPLIFIER GAIN LEVEL, TRANSDUCER‐TILT, AND TRANSDUCER‐DISPLACEMENT
Authors: van Schie J.T.M. , Bakker E.M. , van Weeren P.R.
Published: May 2005

The objective of thein vitroexperiments described in this paper was to quantify the effects of some instrumental variables on the quantitative evaluation, by means of first‐order gray‐level statistics, of ultrasonographic images of equine tendons. The experiments were done on three isolated equine superficial digital flexor tendons that were mounted in a frame and submerged in a waterbath. Sections with eithernormal tendon tissue, anacute lesion, or achronic scar, were selected. In these sections, the following experiments were done: 1) a gradual increase of total amplifier gain output subdivided in 12 equal steps; 2) a transducer tilt plus or minus 3° from perpendicular, with steps of 1°; and 3) a transducer displacement along, and perpendicular to, the tendon long axis, with 16 steps of 0.25 mm each. Transverse ultrasonographic images were collected, and in the regions of interest (ROI) first‐order gray‐level statistics were calculated to quantify the effects of each experiment. Some important observations were: 1) the total amplifier gain output has a substantial influence on the ultrasonographic image; for example, in the case of anacute lesion, a low gain setting results in an almost completely black image; whereas, with higher gain settings, a marked “filling in” effect on the lesion can be observed; 2) the relative effects of the tilting of the transducer are substantial innormal tendon tissue(18%) andchronic scar(12%); whereas, in the event of anacute lesion, the effects on the mean gray level are dramatic (40%); and 3) the relative effects of displacement of the transducer are small innormaltendon tissue, but on the other hand, the mean gray‐level changes7%inchronic scar, and even 20% in anacute lesion. In general, slight variations in scanner settings and transducer handling can have considerable effects on the gray levels of the ultrasonographic image. Furthermore, there is a strong indication that this quantitative method, as far as based exclusively on the first‐order gray‐level statistics, may be not discriminative enough to accurately assess the integrity of the tendon. Therefore, the value of a quantitative evaluation of the first‐order gray‐level statistics for the assessment of the integrity of the equine tendon is questionable
IMAGING FINDINGS IN A COW WITH A RETROPHARYNGEALLY DISPLACED MAGNET
Authors: Braun Ueli , Lischer Christoph , Koller Urs , Müller Reudi , Geissbühler Urs
Published: May 2005

This report describes the ultrasonographic and radiographic findings and the treatment of a Swiss Brown cow with a retropharyngeal abscess caused by improper administration of a magnet.
EVALUATION OF SOLID PHASE RADIOLABELS OF DOG FOOD FOR GASTRIC EMPTYING
Authors: Kunze Christopher P. , Hoskinson James J. , Butine Michael D. , Goggin Justin M.
Published: May 2005

99mTc‐Pertechnetate,99mTc‐mebrofenin,99mTc‐disofenin,99mTc‐sulfur colloid, and99mTc‐Dowex resin beads were evaluated forin vitrostability as a label for both dry extruded, and canned dog food for gastric emptying scintigraphy. A sample of each radiolabeled diet was added to water, gastric juice, intestinal juice, or gastric juice followed by intestinal juice forin vitrodigestion. After a 3‐hour digestion period, tubes were centrifuged and percentage solid phase retention (%SPR) was calculated. The experiment was repeated three times over a 14‐day period to minimize day‐to‐day variation. For dry dog food,99mTc‐mebrofenin and99mTc‐disofenin had similar %SPR in water (96 and 93%, respectively) and gastric juice (>95% each) and were significantly higher than other labels. For canned dog food, mebrofenin had a 91% SPR for the water or gastric juice digestions, and99mTc‐Dowex had a %SPR of >99%.99mTc‐mebrofenin and99mTc‐Dowex were also tested in vivo, where99mTc‐Dowex had poor stability, and99mTc‐Mebrofenin had excellent stability.99mTc‐Mebrofenin is a suitable label for dog food for gastric emptying scintigraphy.
DEVELOPMENT OF AN AUTOMATED 12‐8 BIT CONVERSION ALGORITHM FOR DISPLAYING AND ARCHIVING SCANNED RADIOGRAPHS
Authors: Hornof William J. , Ballance Dennis W. , Nyland Thomas G. , Koblik Phillip D. , Crabb‐Hartman Angela
Published: May 2005

The lossless capture of the entire range of optical densities encountered in a radiograph can require up to 4000 individual shades of gray. Most inexpensive computer displays, and most grayscale image formats contain only 256 gray shades. To use these systems, a look up table must be generated to display the scanned image, which maps the approximately 4000 gray shades in the digitized radiograph to the 256 gray shades on the monitor, However, if this conversion is inappropriately performed, much of the information contained in the original image could be lost. This study was undertaken to develop an histogram equalization algorithm that would automatically convert the 4000 gray shade digitized radiograph into a 256 gray shade image file, without perceptable loss of diagnostic information or image quality.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE CERVICAL SPINE IN 27 DOGS
Authors: Levitski Robin E. , Lipsitz David , Chauvet Anne E.
Published: May 2005

The cervical spine of 27 dogs with cervical pain or cervical myelopathy was evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Spin echo T1, T2, and post‐contrast T1 weighted imaging sequences were obtained with a 0.5 Tesla magnet in 5 dogs and a 1.5 Tesla magnet in the remaining 22 dogs. MRI provided for visualization of the entire cervical spine including the vertebral bodies, intervertebral discs, vertebral canal, and spinal cord. Disorders noted included intervertebral disc degeneration and/or protrusion (12 dogs), intradural extramedullary mass lesions (3 dogs), intradural and extradural nerve root tumors (3 dogs), hydromyelia/syringomyelia (1 dog), intramedullary ring enhancing lesions (1 dog), extradural synovial cysts (1 dog), and extradural compressive lesions (3 dogs). The MRI findings were consistent with surgical findings in 18 dogs that underwent surgery. Magnetic resonance imaging provided a safe, useful non‐invasive method of evaluating the cervical spinal cord.
IDENTIFICATION OF AN OSSICLE ASSOCIATED WITH THE PALMAR ASPECT OF THE CARPUS IN THE HORSE
Authors: Martens Per
Published: May 2005

An ossicle associated with the palmar aspect of the carpus is described in five horses. The size of the ossicle varied from 3 × 4 mm to approximately 12 × 10 mm. The ossicles were located at the junction of the proximal and distal rows of carpal bones, between the palmaromedial aspect of the fourth carpal bone and the ulnar carpal bone. In 3 horses they were bilateral, in one horse unilateral, and only one limb was examined in the remaining horse. In all horses it was an incidental finding and not regarded to be a pathologic entity.
DETECTION OF A RADIOGRAPHICALLY OCCULT FRACTURE OF THE LATERAL PALMAR PROCESS OF THE DISTAL PHALANX IN A HORSE USING COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Martens Per , Ihler Carl F. , Rennesund Jan
Published: May 2005

A horse with a suspected injury of the distal phalanx was examined using radiography at day two and 19 after the onset of the lameness, with no definite diagnosis. Using computed tomography an incomplete fracture of the lateral wing of the distal phalanx was diagnosed at day 25. Based on computed tomography it was determined that the fracture probably did not enter the joint or involve the palmar cortex throughout its length which were of prognostic importance. The day following the CT examination a new oblique radiographic projection was made. In this radiography which was based on, and never would have been attempted without, the information about the geometric pattern of the fracture achieved by CT examination, a radiolucent area indicative of a wing fracture was seen. This report emphasizes the value of computed tomography in diagnosing a geometric complicated nonarticular oblique fracture of the palmar process of the pedal bone in a horse.1,2