bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Anabolic Steroids on Reproductive Function of Young Mares
Authors: Maher J. Μ. , Squires E. L. , Voss J. L. , Shideler R. K.
Published: February 2025

The effect of anabolic steroids on reproductive functions was studied in 48 yearling mares. Mares were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups and received either: (1) the manufacturer's recommended dosage of 1.1 mg of boldenone undecylenate/kg of body weight (bu); (2) 4.4 mg of boldenone undecylenate/kg (4BU); (3) 1.1 mg of nandrolone decanoate/kg (nd); (4) 0.04 ml of sesame oil/kg (c). Injections were given once every 3 weeks for 54 weeks, beginning Dec 9, 1980.

None of the mares receiving anabolic steroids displayed normal estrous behavior, whereas mares in the control group had normal estrous cycles. All mares in the c and bu groups ovulated, but only 2 mares in the 4BU group ovulated and mares in the nd group were anovulatory. Mares in all anabolic steroid-treatment groups had fewer (P<0.05) ovulations and estrous cycles/mare than did control mares. Anabolic steroids decreased (P<0.05) ovarian size and number of large follicles and tended to depress the number of small- and medium-size follicles. Mares in the 4BU and nd groups were most severely affected. The ovarian size (volume) of mares in all anabolic steroid treatment groups was decreased (P<0.05). The decrease was more severe in mares in the 4BU and nd groups. There was a decrease (P<0.05) in the number of large follicles from January to May in mares in all anabolic steroid-treatment groups. During the physiologic breeding season (beginning May 1), there was no difference in the number of large ovarian follicles between mares receiving bu and controls. However, the number of large follicles continued to be depressed (P<0.05) in mares in the 4BU and nd groups. Concentrations of luteinizing hormone were depressed (P<0.05) diưing the luteal phase of the cycle, whereas concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone were depressed 1 day before ovulation and during the luteal phase in mares in the bu group, compared with controls. Concentrations of progesterone in mares in the bu group were lower (P<0.05) 7 to 10 days prior to ovulation. Concentrations of luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, and progesterone were lower (P<0.05) for mares in the 4BU and nd groups than for control mares.

Administration of anabolic steroids caused abnormal sexual behavior in all anabolic steroid-treated mares. Abnormal behavior was characterized by mounting other mares and aggressiveness toward other horses. None of the control mares was observed mounting or exhibiting male aggressiveness.

Clitoral hypertrophy developed in all mares treated with anabolic steroids. The degree of clitoral development was dose- and drug-dependent (P<0.05). Anabolic steroid treatment had no effect on weight gain or on height at withers.
Use of cloprostenol in a reproductive management system for dairy cattle
Authors: Seguin B. E. , Tate D. J. , Otterby D. E.
Published: February 2025

A reproductive management system for dairy cattle, combining selective use of cloprostenol (cp) with insemination based on detection of estrus, was tested in a controlled experiment involving 3 herds and 546 reproductive cycles (447 in lactating cows and 99 in breeding-age heifers). Each herd was visited weekly and experimental group animals ready for insemination were given cp (500 µg im) if found to have a mature corpus luteum before being seen in estrus. Animals assigned to the experimental system were inseminated sooner than controls, 11 days sooner for cows and 13 days for heifers, and became pregnant sooner than controls, 18 days sooner for both cows and heifers. Pregnancy rates for 1st inseminations in experimental group animals were higher than in controls. This was due to pregnancy rates for those inseminations done 2 to 5 clays after cp treatment being higher than those for all other inseminations, regardless of group assignment. Of the 266 animals inseminated in the experimental system, 228 (86%) were treated with at least 1 dose of cp. A total of 313 doses were used and 228 (73%) of the treatments resulted in an observed estrus and insemination in 2 to 5 days. Distribution of the occurrence of estrus after cp treatment differed among the 3 herds. In all herds, however, day 3 after treatment was the most common day for estrus and insemination. In the 1 herd in which heifers were included, they were in estrus sooner after cp treatment than were herdmate cows. Outside the day 2 through 5 posttreatment response period, extraneous responses occurred following use of 22 (7%) of the 313 cp doses. Distributions of estrous activity by day of the week were significantly affected by the experimental management system, as 46% of 1st inseminations and 39% of all inseminations were done on the 3rd day after herd visits, and 88% of 1st inseminations and 82% of all inseminations were done on days 2 through 5 after herd visits. It was concluded that the routine use of prostaglandin products such as cp can improve reproductive performance and alter labor requirements on dairy farms.
Recovery of Mycoplasma agalactiae from mastitic goat milk
Authors: DaMassa A. J.
Published: February 2025

An organism recovered from mastitic milk of a newly freshened goat was identified as Mycoplasma agalactiae. The number of mycoplasmas in the mammary secretions was 6.3 × 107 colony-forming units/ml, indicating active infection. This was the second recovery of M agalactiae in the United States, but in contrast to the previous isolate from the joint of a goat reported to be avirulent following experimental inoculation, the large concentration of M agalactiae from mastitic milk is evidence that it possesses pathogenic potential.
Management of umbilical hernias in cattle and horses
Authors: Fretz P. B. , Hamilton G. F. , Barber S. M. , Ferguson J. G.
Published: February 2025

The medical records of 60 cattle and 47 horses treated for umbilical hernia at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine over a 3-year period were studied retrospectively. Age, hernia size, physical signs at admission, reducibility, method of repair, prevalence, and types of complications were evaluated.

Most patients were less that 6 months old, with hernias less than 10 cm long. Affected cattle had a higher prevalence of organic diseases associated with umbilical hernias and more postsurgical complications than did affected horses.
Ventricular septal defects in the horse
Authors: Lombard C. W. , Scarratt W. K. , Buergelt C. D.
Published: February 2025

Clinical, echocardiographic, and right-side cardiac catheterization data were collected in 6 horses with ventricular septal defects. The defects were confirmed by necropsy in 5 horses. On echocardiography, the cardiac dimensions were normal in 3 horses and enlarged in 2 others. A step-up in partial oxygen pressure between right atrium and right ventricle suggested a left-to-right shunt in 3 of the 4 horses catheterized. In 1 foal, a small defect without PO2 step-up was documented by angiocardiography. The oxymetry and pressure data were compared with previous cases from the reviewed literature, and the importance of pressure measurements to rule out concomitant defects was emphasized.
Echocardiographic assessment of congenital aortic stenosis in dogs
Authors: Wingfield Wayne E. , Boon June A. , Miller Charles W.
Published: February 2025

Eleven dogs with congenital aortic stenosis were studied with M-mode echocardiography. In these dogs, the aorta was increased in dimension during diastole (P<0.02) and systole (P<0.05). The left ventricular outflow tract was decreased in dimension (P<0.01). There was premature, early systolic closure of the aortic valve in 45% of the dogs. Concentric hypertrophy of the left ventricle was confirmed via echocardiography, as evidenced by increased dimension of the left ventricular wall (P<0.01) and interventricular septum (P<0.01).
Giant cell tumor of soft parts in six horses
Authors: Render James A. , Harrington Daniel D. , Wells Roger E. , Dunstan Robert W. , Turek John J. , Boosinger Timothy R.
Published: February 2025

Giant cell tumor of soft parts was diagnosed in 6 horses 3 to 12 years old (mean, 6.8 ±3.5 years): 3 Quarter Horse geldings, 2 Standardbred mares, and 1 Standardbred stallion. The neoplasms developed as raised, solitary masses, approximately 1 to 4 cm in diameter, which were firmly attached to subcutaneous tissue of the neck (1 horse), shoulder (1 horse), thigh (2 horses), or stifle (2 horses). Excision was followed by local recurrence in 3 horses within 1 to 11/2 months.

The neoplasms were firm and cut with resistance. On cut surface, they were white, with mottled red hemorrhagic areas.
In vitro susceptibilities of canine urinary bacteria to selected antimicrobial agents
Authors: Rohrich Pamela J. , Ling Gerald V. , Ruby Annette L. , Jang Spencer S. , Johnson Deedra L.
Published: February 2025

Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were conducted on bacteria that were isolated from urine specimens collected by antepubic cystocentesis from dogs with urinary tract infections. Antimicrobics to which ≥90% of these urinary bacteria were susceptible in vitro included trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz), nitrofurantoin, cephalexin, nalidixic acid, and gentamicin for isolates of Escherichia coli; ampicillin, tmp-smz, cephalexin, nalidixic acid, and gentamicin for isolates of Proteus mirabilis; ampicillin chloramphenicol, tmp-smz, nitrofurantoin, cephalexin, kanamycin, and gentamicin for isolates of coagulase-positive staphylococci; cephalexin, nalidixic acid, and gentamicin for isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae; ampicillin, tmp-smz, and gentamicin for isolates of Streptococcus faecalis, Str faecium, and Str zymogenes; ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tmp-smz, and gentamicin for isolates of Str viridans; and ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tmp-smz, nitrofurantoin, cephalexin, kanamycin, and gentamicin for isolates of Str canis. No antimicrobial agent tested was effective in vitro at the 90% level for isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but gentamicin was closest, at 89%.
Microphthalmia, retinal dysplasia, and anterior segment dysgenesis in a litter of doberman pinschers
Authors: Jeiffer Robert J. , Fischer Craig A.
Published: February 2025

Blindness was found in 5 of 11 7-week-old Doberman Pinscher littermates. Each eye in the affected pups had moderate to marked corneal opacification, and there was variable microphthalmia. Gross and microscopic examination of the globes revealed multiple ocular defects highlighted by anterior segment and lenticular dysgenesis, hyperplastic primary vitreous, and retinal dysplasia. The cause of the ocular malformations was undetermined.
Treatment of canine aural hematoma with an indwelling drain
Authors: Kagan Kenneth G.
Published: February 2025

Aural hematomas in 9 dogs were managed by manual expression through stab incisions in the pinna and placement of indwelling silicone rubber drains, without compression bandaging. The drains were well tolerated. Seromas developed in 2 ears when the drains were removed at 7 and 10 days, but the seromas resolved when the drains were replaced. Healing without deformation of the pinna was obtained when the drains were maintained 13 to 28 days.
Short-Limbed dwarfism and ocular defects in the Samoyed dog
Authors: Meyers Vicki N. , Jezyk Peter F. , Aguirre Gustavo D. , Patterson Donald F.
Published: February 2025

A syndrome of short-limbed dwarfism and ocular defects was found in Samoyed dogs. The most prominent abnormalities were small stature and valgus deformity of the carpi. Radiographic evidence of retarded growth at the distal ulnar physis was apparent by 12 weeks of age. Ocular defects included cataracts and retinal detachment. Family studies and limited breeding experiments were consistent with an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance.
Effects of modified protein diets in dogs with chronic renal failure
Authors: Polzin David J. , Osborne Carl A. , Hayden David W. , Stevens Jerry B.
Published: February 2025

A maintenance diet containing 44.4% dry weight protein and 2 reduced protein diets containing 17.2% and 8.2% dry weight protein were studied in dogs with induced chronic renal failure to determine effects on their (1) clinical status, (2) renal function, (3) electrolyte and acid-base balance, (4) divalent ion balance, (5) nutritional status, (6) hematologic status, and (7) hemostasis. A cross-over design of feeding was utilized so that the effect of diet could be studied in each dog at a known state of renal dysfunction and so that reversibility of effects could be determined. The inulin clearance rate was higher when the 44.4% protein diet was fed than when the 8.2% or 17.2% protein diets were fed. However, consumption of lower protein diets was associated with greater physical activity and reduction in serum urea nitrogen concentrations, compared with consumption of the 44.4% protein maintenance diet. Varying degrees of hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis developed in dogs fed the 8.2% and 17.2% protein diets. Reduced total serum protein and albumin concentrations, and hypercholesterolemia developed in dogs fed the 8.2% protein diet. All effects were reversible after diets were changed. It was concluded that diet-induced alterations in renal function associated with moderate dietary protein restriction did not adversely effect clinical and biochemical status of dogs with renal failure. It was unclear whether the clinical and biochemical changes observed with more severe protein restriction resulted from diet-induced changes in renal function.
Comparison of plasma aldosterone concentration among clinical status groups of dogs with chronic heart failure
Authors: Knowlen Grant G. , Kittleson Mark D. , Nachreiner Raymond F. , Eyster George E.
Published: February 2025

The plasma aldosterone concentration (pac) among clinical status groups of 23 dogs with chronic heart failure was compared at various times after diagnosis of the problem. Eighteen dogs admitted in New York Heart Association (NYHA) class IV clinical status had significant elevations in pac (P< 0.0001), when compared with clinically normal dogs. Five dogs admitted in NYHA class III status and 4 dogs that responded with a change to NYHA class III status had significant elevations in pac (P<0.01), when compared with clinically normal dogs. In patients with NYHA class IV status, the pac was significantly greater (P<0.01) than in patients in NYHA class III status.

For patients with the poorest prognosis, ie, severe signs of NYHA class IV status, the pac was not markedly different, when compared with that for patients with a favorable prognosis, ie, recent onset of signs of NYHA class IV status. Patients treated with Captopril had significantly lower pac after therapy (P<0.01), whereas patients treated with hydralazine had significantly higher pac (P<0.05) after therapy.

It was concluded that heart failure in the dog increases pac, most likely because of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-system activation, and that the increase is related directly to the clinical status of the patient. Further, it was concluded that treatment of dogs in heart failure with Captopril causes a decrease in circulating pac, whereas treatment with hydralazine causes an increase in circulating pac.
Rheumatoid factor determination in 50 dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Authors: Kaswan Renee L. , Martin Charles L. , Dawe Donald L.
Published: February 2025

Sera from 50 dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca were examined for rheumatoid factor. In 17 (34%) of dogs tested, rheumatoid factor was found at titers equal to or greater than 1:16. Fifteen dogs (30%) had probable concurrent immunologic disorders. Ten dogs (20%) had xerostomia, as indicated by dry oral mucosa, marked periodontitis, and loss of teeth.
Complications associated with the dorsolateral muscleseparating approach for thoracolumbar disk fenestration in the dog
Authors: Bartels Kenneth E. , Creed James E. , Yturraspe Daniel J.
Published: February 2025

In a series of over 125 cases, complications associated with the dorsolateral muscle-separating approach for thoracolumbar intervertebral disk fenestration have been pneumothorax, hemorrhage, and neuromuscular deficits. Most of the complications were neuromuscular in origin and of short duration. It was concluded that the approach provides excellent visualization and is rapid, precise, and unlikely to lead to permanent complications.
Simultaneous cystometry and uroflowmetry for evaluation of micturition in two dogs
Authors: Moreau Philippe M. , Lees George E. , Hobson H. Phil
Published: February 2025

A recently developed urodynamic testing procedure was used to evaluate disorders of micturition in 2 dogs. The procedure simultaneously recorded intravesical pressure and urine flow during micturition. In an 11-year-old spayed female Sheltie that could not urinate normally, a micturition study demonstrated functional outflow obstruction of the urinary bladder. Although the urethra was patent, the urethral resistance factor, as calculated from pressure and flow data, was extremely high during voiding efforts. A urethral transitional cell carcinoma along with secondary infection, inflammation, and fibrosis were found to be responsible for the dog's problem. Ability to urinate was restored following removal of the affected portion of the urethra. In a 6-year-old spayed female Doberman Pinscher with urinary incontinence during sleep, a micturition study demonstrated urethral incompetence. During infusion of 0.9% NaCl solution into the bladder, the fluid flowed through the urethra before the detrusor muscle contracted, and urethral resistance during voiding was low. The dog's incontinence was responsive to estrogen administration.
Natural history of infection with Pasteurella multocida in rabbits
Authors: DiGiacomo Ronald F. , Garlinghouse Leland E. , Van Hoosier Gerald L.
Published: February 2025

Monitoring of rabbits at a commercial rabbitry for Pasteurella multocida infection revealed that the nares of 10 litters of New Zealand White rabbits were not colonized before weaning at 8 weeks of age, regardless of whether or not the does were infected. The earliest nasal infection was detected at 12 weeks of age, and by 22 weeks of age, 23% had P multocida infection. Rhinitis developed 2 or more weeks after infection was detected in most rabbits. A survey of 76 adult rabbits in the breeding colony revealed that 72% had P multocida infection. In 31 rabbits with rhinitis, 90% were infected, whereas in 55 rabbits with P multocida infection, only 50% had rhinitis. During the period of surveillance, there was an epizootic of rhinitis caused by P multocida. All age groups except preweanlings were affected. Serotyping of 29 isolates of P multocida revealed that 93% were somatic type 12. Surveillance of rabbits for pasteurellosis at a laboratory animal facility revealed that the following clinical syndromes developed in decreasing order of magnitude: rhinitis, conjunctivitis, abscesses, and otitis media.
Amebiasis in red-footed tortoises
Authors: Jacobson Elliott , Clubb Susan , Greiner Ellis
Published: February 2025

Of 500 red-footed tortoises imported to southern Florida, approximately 200 died during a 2-month period. Clinical signs were nonspecific and included anorexia, listlessness, and watery diarrhea, with lingering death. Necropsy consistently revealed thickened duodenum, with necrotic mucosa and multifocal to diffuse areas of hepatic necrosis. Histologic evaluation of tissues demonstrated numerous amebae in intestinal and hepatic lesions.
Toxicity and efficacy of ivermectin in chelonians
Authors: Teare J. Andrew , Bush Mitchell
Published: February 2025

Five red-footed tortoises (Geochelone carbonaria) treated for intestinal nematode parasitism with a single im injection of ivermectin (0.4 mg/kg) were found in a state of extreme paresis or flaccid paralysis. One tortoise recovered normal motor function over the next 7 to 10 days. The remaining tortoises died within 3 days of receiving the ivermectin. The only consistent postmortem finding was a marked fatty change in the liver.

Studies in the red-footed tortoise showed that some paresis will occur with dosages as low as 0.05 mg/kg. At least 3 other species of chelonians were found to be susceptible to ivermectin toxicosis at similar dosages (0.1 mg/kg or less). The leopard tortoise (Geochelone pardalis) appeared to be the most susceptible of the species tested, consistently developing mild paresis with a dosage of0.025 mg/kg. Death occurred with dosages as low as 0.3 mg/kg.

A dosage of 0.05 mg/kg was found to be safe in red-footed tortoises, provided that treatment was not repeated at intervals of less than 7 days. Shedding of nematode larvae and eggs in the feces of parasitized red-footed tortoises was prevented with 2 to 6 weekly im injections of ivermectin at a dosage of 0.05 mg/kg, but limited necropsy findings indicated that elimination of adult nematodes from the intestines was incomplete.
Panophthalmitis and otitis interna in fire-bellied toads
Authors: Brooks Dennis E. , Jacobson Elliott R. , Wolf E. Daniel , Clubb Susan , Gaskin Jack M.
Published: February 2025

Microbiologie and histologic studies were made of fire-bellied toads with signs of ocular and central nervous system disease. Providencia alcalifaciens, Citrobacter freundii, Aeromonas hydrophila, and other gram-negative bacilli were isolated from the eyes and multiple tissues of ill toads. The histologic evaluations revealed severe panophthalmitis and otitis interna.
Leucocytozoon simondi infection in European and American eiders
Authors: Miller R. Eric , Trampel Darrell W. , Desser Sherwin L. , Boever William J.
Published: February 2025

An adult European eider (Somateria mollissima mollissima) died at the St Louis Zoo and was found to be infected with numerous blood and tissue stages of Leucocytozoon simondi. Necropsy revealed massive air sac aspergillosis, but histologic examination revealed a diffusely distributed protozoon organism that was identified as L simondi. Examination of tissues from a previously necropsied European eider and from 2 American eiders (Somateria mollissima dresseri) that later died also revealed evidence of L simondi infection.
Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection in wild-type turkeys living in close contact with domestic fowl
Authors: Jessup David A. , DaMassa A. J. , Lewis Robert , Jones Karen R.
Published: February 2025

Mycoplasma gallisepticum was isolated from 2 wild-type turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) and 1 domestic turkey living in close contact on a farm in Tehama County, California. Sinusitis was detected in 2 of 14 wild-type turkeys and in 1 of 12 feral broad-breasted bronze turkeys, but in none of several chickens on the premises. The entire mixed flock was captured, sinus aspirates were collected from affected birds, and blood samples were obtained from all birds for serologic testing. Blood samples also were obtained from 10 domestic turkeys on adjacent premises from which breeding stock had been borrowed.

The M gallisepticum isolated from sinus aspirates was typed and inoculated into susceptible chickens, resulting in airsacculitis. California wild turkeys with and without histories of exposure to domestic fowl and wild turkeys shipped into California from Texas for release were tested for antibodies to M gallisepticum, using the plate agglutination test. Evidence of M gallisepticum infection was not found in wild turkeys at any location other than the original premises.
Detection and control of rotavirus infections in zoo animals
Authors: Baumeister B. M. , Castro A. E. , McGuire-Rodgers S. J. , Ramsay E. C.
Published: February 2025

Fecal specimens from 15 exotic animal species, with and without diarrhea, were examined for the presence of rotavirus, bacterial enteropathogens, and intestinal parasites. A commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect antigens of rotavirus. Rotavirus was detected in the feces of 20 (57%) of 35 of the animals, which included addax (Addax nasomaculatus), nyala (Tragelaphus angasi), saiga (Saiga tatarica), white-tailed gnu (Connochaetus gnou), greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekei), Grant's gazelle (Gazella granti roosevelti), sable antelope (Hippotragus niger niger), kob (Kobus kob leucotis), pygmy marmoset (Callithrix pygmaea), bush dog (Speothos venaticus), grizzly bear (Ursus arctos horribilis), and red kangaroo (Megaleia rufa). Bacterial pathogens were found in 8 animals, 5 of which had concurrent rotavirus infections. Most (60%) of the animals with rotavirus infection were less than 2 weeks old; however, rotavirus also was detected in feces from adult animals. Although most of the cases of rotavirus infection were detected in nursery-reared animals, exhibit-reared animals also were infected with rotavirus.
Hematologic and serum chemical effects of a ketamine/xylazine combination when used for immobilizing springbok
Authors: Jacobson Elliott R.
Published: February 2025

A ketamine hydrochloride/xylazine combination was found effective for immobilizing springbok. Following intramuscular injection by hand, the onset of immobilization ranged from 3 to 10 minutes and duration of immobilization ranged from 1 hour to 2 hours 20 minutes. Hematologic and serum chemical values before and after immobilization were compared. Serum alanine transaminase and serum glucose values were significantly higher after immobilization, whereas serum potassium was significantly lower.
Survival of erythrocytes after autologous and allogeneic transfusion in cats
Authors: Marion Richard S. , Smith Joseph E.
Published: February 2025

Mean survival time of 14C-cyanate-labeled feline erythrocytes was determined after autologous and allogeneic transfusions. Mean survival time was defined as that time when one half of the transfused cells have been removed from circulation. Autologously transfused cells had a mean survival time of 38.0 days ± 2.02. For allogeneic transfusion between cats of the same blood type, the mean cell survival time was 30 days. Cells from primary allogeneic transfusions between cats of differing blood groups had a mean survival time between 10 and 14 days, whereas cells from cats having had repeated transfusions had a mean survival time of less than 5 days. It was concluded that the life span of cross-transfused red cells can be affected by blood type, and that blood transfusions should be between cats of the same blood type for maximal effectiveness.
Epidemiologic and diagnostic considerations of strychnine poisoning in the dog
Authors: Blakley Barry R.
Published: February 2025

Records pertaining to 261 cases of canine strychnine poisoning during a 15-year period (1968 to 1982) were retrieved from the toxicology laboratory files at the Western College of Veterinary Medicine. Strychnine poisoning occurred more often in younger dogs, with 61% of the cases being in animals <2 years old. Large breeds of dogs and male dogs were affected more often. The German Shepherd Dog was the most common breed of dog affected (14.6%). Numbers of cases were similar for urban and rural districts. About 15% to 20% of the cases were recorded as multiple occurrences of strychnine poisoning.

Chemical analysis of tissues and ingesta containing strychnine indicated that the highest concentrations were in stomach contents, 229.0 ± 21.1 μg/g, followed by the liver, 18.1 ± 3.2 μg/g and the kidney, 14.6 ± 1.0 μg/g.
Two-dimensional, gray-scale ultrasonography for assessment of hepatic and splenic neoplasia in the dog and cat
Authors: Feeney D. A. , Johnston G. R. , Hardy R. M.
Published: February 2025

An analysis was made of 17 cases of microscopically proven hepatic and splenic neoplasms, with the objective of describing the ultrasonographic findings and determining how interpretation of these findings contributed to the diagnosis and prognosis of these cases. The ultrasonographic appearance of these tumors ranged from focal, large (6 to 20 cm diameter) mixed hyperechoic/hypoechoic masses to multifocal (0.5 to 2.0 cm diameter) hypoechoic masses. The ultrasonographic appearance was not specific for the microscopic cell-type of the neoplasm. When the combined clinical, hematologic, serum chemical, and ultrasonographic findings were interpreted, neoplasia was always the primary consideration, but microscopic confirmation was mandatory.

The uses of ultrasonography in these cases were: (1) to characterize the internal architecture of a mass identified radiographically, (2) to confirm the organ of origin of the mass, (3) to define the extent of disease in or around an affected organ, (4) to evaluate palpable abdominal mass(es) in the presence of poor abdominal radiographic contrast, and (5) to identify previously undetected or unsuspected metastases. Three interpretive errors were found, but only one would have influenced the prognosis for that specific patient.
Radiotherapy of brain tumors in dogs
Authors: Turrel Jane Μ. , Fike John R. , LeCouteur Richard A. , Pflugfelder Christina Μ. , Borcich Janice K.
Published: February 2025

Brain tumors in 4 dogs were treated with external beam, megavoltage radiation. X-ray computed tomography was used to localize and characterize brain tumors and to assess treatment response. Total radiation doses were 3,000 or 3,600 rad, given in 5 or 6 fractions over 14 to 19 days. Complete tumor regression, as determined from computed tomography scans, improvement in clinical signs, and reduction in medication, were documented in all irradiated dogs. The median survival time for irradiated dogs was 322 days, which was significantly (P<0.05) longer than the median survival time of 56 days in 8 dogs with brain tumors treated symptomatically. The one-year survival rate for the irradiated dogs, after correcting for deaths from intercurrent disease, was 100%. It was concluded that canine brain tumors may be treated effectively by use of megavoltage radiation.
Isolation of mastitis pathogens from quarters of cows recently treated with antimicrobial agents
Authors: Stem E. S. , Barnes Frances D. , Olmsted Stephen , White Maurice E.
Published: February 2025

Milk samples for aerobic culturing were collected from 72 quarters of cows with clinical mastitis that had been nonresponsive to antimicrobial intramammary treatment. All samples were collected within 24 hours of the most recent treatment. Mastitis pathogens were isolated from 56 samples (78%).
Blood culture of the canine patient
Authors: Hirsh Dwight C. , Jang Spencer S. , Biberstein Ernst L.
Published: February 2025

Blood for bacteriologic culture was obtained from 581 sick dogs. Of these, 134 (23%) were considered to have bacteremia. The conditions most frequently associated with bacteremia were malignant neoplasms and infections of the skeletal, cardiovascular, and urogenital systems. The most frequently isolated bacteria were members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and coagulase-positive staphylococci, in sum accounting for more than 50% of the 150 isolates.

Most of the dogs with bacteremia had high proportions of immature neutrophils, segmented neutrophils, and monocytes in blood. Dogs with bacteremia and osteomyelitis due to staphylococci had normal hemograms. Blood from dogs with bacteremia due to gram-negative bacteria was more likely to have a high proportion of immature and segmented neutrophil leukocytes than was blood from dogs with bacteremia due to a gram-positive species. Toxic neutrophils were observed more often in blood obtained from patients with bacteremia due to gram-negative bacteria. The development of fever correlated with the bacteremic state regardless of the species of bacteria in the blood.
Intramural intestinal hematoma causing obstruction in three dogs
Authors: Moore Ronda , Carpenter James
Published: February 2025

Intramural hematoma of the intestine caused intestinal obstruction in three dogs. Two dogs were examined because of vomiting and anorexia of several weeks' duration. In one of these, an intramural hematoma of the duodenum was associated with chronic pancreatitis. A cause was not found in the second dog. The third dog, which had clinical and radiographic evidence of gastric dilatation, was found at surgery to have hemoperitoneum associated with a ruptured intramural intestinal hematoma.

In 1 dog, the hematoma was evacuated through a serosal incision. In the other 2 dogs, the problem was resolved by resection of the involved segment of intestine, followed by anastomosis. All 3 dogs recovered without complications.
A sampling protocol for the thyrotropin-stimulation test in the horse
Authors: Held J. P. , Oliver J. W.
Published: February 2025

A study was designed to assess the secretory response of thyroid glands in horses to an economically feasible dose (5 IU) of thyrotropin injected iv, and to establish valid blood sampling periods in cases in which thyroxine concentrations were different from base-line values. Significant (P<0.001) response (doubling or near-doubling of base line) occurred as early as 3 hours after thyrotropin administration, with peak response at 4 to 5 hours. It was concluded that administration of 5 IU of thyrotropin is economical and effective in the horse, with collection of a second blood sample possible as early as 3 hours after administration.
Evaluation of ammonium chloride as a urinary acidifier in the cat
Authors: Taton Glenda F. , Hamar Dwayne W. , Lewis Lon D.
Published: February 2025

Twenty-four cats were fed a dry commercial cat food once daily for 2 weeks and then ad libitum for 2 weeks. Urine pH was measured 4 times daily the last 3 days of each feeding period. Subsequently, the cats were allotted to 2 equal groups and fed ad libitum an experimental, dry ration with or without 1.5% ammonium chloride for 11 months. During this period, urine pH was measured at 1, 3, 6, and 9 weeks, then monthly through 29 weeks, and then every 6 weeks for the duration of the study.

When the cats were fed ad libitum, urine pH remained constant throughout the day, regardless of ration. In cats fed once daily, urine pH increased to 7.6 by 2 hours after feeding and remained between 6.6 and 7.6 for 9 hours. Urine pH remained constant throughout the study when cats were fed the experimental ration with or without 1.5% ammonium chloride, but was significantly different (P<0.01) between the 2 groups, 5.9 ± 0.3 (n = 1,035) and 7.0 ± 0.5 (n = 616), respectively. Ammonium chloride consumption had no effect on food and water consumption or body weight.

It was concluded that ammonium chloride was an effective urinary acidifier for a prolonged time, maintained urine pH below 6.6, and did not decrease food intake when given at a concentration of 1.5% of the diet.
Mandibular resection for removal of oral tumors in 30 dogs and 6 cats
Authors: Bradley R. L. , MacEwen E. G. , Loar A. S.
Published: February 2025

In 30 dogs and 6 cats with oral tumors involving the mandible or soft tissues adjacent to the mandible, the tumors were removed by mandibular resection. The most common tumors in the dog were malignant melanoma (10 cases; 33%) and squamous cell carcinoma (8 cases; 27%). The most common tumor in the cat was the squamous cell carcinoma (5 cases; 83%). Thirteen dogs (43%) were evaluated as locally tumor-free at a median follow-up of 15.4 months. Local recurrence of tumor and/or metastasis was evident in another 10 dogs (33%). Four of the 6 tumors in the cat recurred within 8 months.
Radioactive iodine therapy in cats with hyperthyroidism
Authors: Turrel Jane M. , Feldman Edward C. , Hays Marguerite , Hornof William J.
Published: February 2025

Eleven cats with hyperthyroidism were treated with radioactive iodine (131I). Previous unsuccessful treatments for hyperthyroidism included hemithyroidectomy (2 cats) and an antithyroid drug (7 cats). Two cats had no prior treatment. Thyroid scans using technetium 99m, showed enlargement and increased radionuclide accumulation in 1 thyroid lobe in 5 cats and in both lobes in 6 cats. Serum thyroxine concentrations were high and ranged from 4.7 to 18 μg/dl.

Radioactive iodine tracer studies were used to determine peak radioactive iodine uptake (raiu) and effective and biological half-lives. Activity of 131I administered was calculated from peak raiu, effective half-life, and estimated thyroid gland weight. Activity of 131I administered ranged from 1.0 to 5.9 mCi. The treatment goal was to deliver 20,000 rad to hyperactive thyroid tissue. However, retrospective calculations based on peak raiu and effective half-life obtained during the treatment period showed that radiation doses actually ranged from 7,100 to 64,900 rad.

Complete ablation of the hyperfunctioning thyroid tissue and a return to euthyroidism were seen in 7 cats. Partial responses were seen in 2 cats, and 2 cats became hypothyroid. It was concluded that 131I ablation of thyroid tumors was a reasonable alternative in the treatment of hyperthyroidism in cats. The optimal method of dosimetry remains to be determined.
Nonclinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa mastitis in a dairy herd
Authors: Kirk John H. , Bartlett Paul C.
Published: February 2025

Atypical Pseudomonas aeruginosa mastitis in a dairy herd was characterized by nonclinical mastitis that responded to antibiotic treatment, but only for the cows to become reinfected because of a persisting source of contamination in the milking parlor wash water. At least 36% of the cows were infected during a 37-month period. The source of infection was contaminated water, wash hoses, and spray nozzles in the parlor. After the source of infection was removed and long-term control measures were instituted, the nonclinical infections became less severe and shorter in duration and they occurred for a lesser percentage of the lactation period.
Radiographic diagnosis and surgical management of fragmented medial coronoid process in dogs
Authors: Henry W. B.
Published: February 2025

The diagnosis of fragmented (ununited) medial coronoid process was made in 21 dogs, with 10 dogs having bilateral lesions. Ten of these dogs were presented to surgery.

The diagnosis of fragmented medial coronoid process was made in young and middle-aged large- and giant-breed dogs with a history of intermittent or persistent lameness. Diagnosis was based on history as well as results of clinical examination and radiographic study of both elbows. Concomitant elbow lesions seen with fragmented medial coronoid processes were ununited anconeal process and osteochondritis dissecans of the medial humeral condyle. Avulsion of the medial epicondyle and posteromedial supracondylar ridge of the humerus were thought not to have occurred in these cases. Instead, dystrophic ossification of the synovial membrane and periosteal proliferation on the medial epicondyle and posteromedial supracondylar ridge had taken place. It was concluded that, with a questionable radiographic diagnosis of fragmented medial coronoid process, exploratory arthrotomy may be necessary to confirm the diagnosis.

Without surgery, the eventual outcome of fragmented coronoid process is degenerative joint disease. Even with degenerative joint disease, however, clinical improvement was seen following removal of the fragment of the medial coronoid process.
Propylthiouracil-associated hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and antinuclear antibodies in cats with hyperthyroidism
Authors: Peterson Mark E. , Hurvitz Arthur I. , Leib Michael S. , Cavanagh Paul G. , Dutton Ronald E.
Published: February 2025

Nine of 105 cats with hyperthyroidism treated with propylthiouracil developed a serious immune-mediated drug reaction during treatment. Adverse clinical signs, which developed after 19 to 37 days (mean, 24.8 days) of propylthiouracil administration, included lethargy, weakness, anorexia, and bleeding diathesis. Physical examination revealed pale mucous membranes, and petechial hemorrhages of the skin and oral cavity. Results of hematologic testing revealed severe anemia and thrombocytopenia. The direct antiglobulin (Coombs') test was positive in all 7 cats evaluated, whereas the serum antinuclear antibody titer was ≥ 1:10 in 5 of the 8 cats tested. In 4 of the cats, treatment included appropriate supportive therapy and cessation of propylthiouracil; in these cats, anemia and thrombocytopenia resolved and Coombs' and antinuclear antibody tests became negative within 2 weeks.
Histologic classification as an indication of therapeutic response in malignant lymphoma of dogs
Authors: Gray Kenneth N. , Raulston Gilbert L. , Gleiser Chester A. , Jardine John H.
Published: February 2025

In retrospective evaluation of treatment of canine malignant lymphoma, 12 of 13 dogs that had received doxorubicin alone or in combination with dacarbazine attained complete remission. Doxorubicin had been given alone, with combination chemotherapy being used only when complete remission could not be achieved and maintained with doxorubicin. The response to single or combined chemotherapy was correlated with histologic cell type of the malignant lymphoma. Histiocytic cell types did not respond to doxorubicin alone, but lymphoblastic types did respond. Combination chemotherapy was effective against histiocytic types. A mixed-cell type, which was initially responsive to doxorubicin alone, but not responsive after relapse, was observed to be histiocytic on rebiopsy.
Hypernatremia and adipsia in a dog
Authors: Crawford M. A. , Kittleson M. D. , Fink G. D.
Published: February 2025

Primary adipsia and defective osmoreceptor function were diagnosed in a 7-month-old female Miniature Schnauzer. Also, the dog was noted to be dehydrated and to have chronic hypernatremia. On multiple occasions the dog's urine osmolality:plasma osmolality was > 4. The dog had inappropriate responses to isoosmotic and hypertonic NaCl infusions. Chlorpropamide administration initiated water intake but the volume was insufficient to avoid hypernatremia. The chronic hypernatremia and dehydration were treated successfully by mixing the calculated maintenance fluid volume in canned food. At 25 months of age, the dog died several days after becoming dehydrated and severely hypernatremic. Astrogliosis and neuronal degeneration were noted in both the thalamic and hypothalamic regions, but were believed to be nonspecific degenerative lesions compatible with seizures and severe dehydration.
Orthovoltage radiotherapy of acanthomatous epulides in 39 dogs
Authors: Thrall Donald E.
Published: February 2025

Acanthomatous epulides in 39 dogs were treated with orthovoltage x-rays. The acanthomatous epulis recurred in only 3 dogs, 2 of which were successfully retreated with x-rays. Malignant tumors other than acanthomatous epulis developed at the site of the irradiated acanthomatous epulis in 7 of the dogs. Five of the tumors were squamous cell carcinoma, one was a fibrosarcoma, and one was an osteosarcoma.

The range of survival times (1 to 102 months), mean survival time (38 months), median survival time (37 months), 1-year survival rate (85%), and 2-year survival rate (67%) were encouraging and suggested that the described treatment was satisfactory for acanthomatous epulides. Cause of death in most dogs was not related to the acanthomatous epulis.
Intestinal sclerosis with pseudo-obstruction in three dogs
Authors: Moore Ronda , Carpenter James
Published: February 2025

Intestinal sclerosis causing chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction was diagnosed in 3 dogs. The pseudo-obstruction was characterized by vomiting and weight loss of 2 weeks' to 3 months' duration. A patent intestinal lumen was determined by contrast radiography and verified at surgery. Intestinal biopsy revealed diffuse atrophy, fibrosis, and mononuclear cell infiltration of the tunica muscularis. Each dog was euthanatized because of a progressive, deteriorating clinical course.
Lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis in the cat
Authors: Nelson R. W. , Dimperio M. E. , Long G. G.
Published: February 2025

Lymphocytic-plasmacytic colitis was diagnosed in 6 cats. Owners sought veterinary care because of semiformed-to-liquid feces, tenesmus, fresh blood and/or mucus in the feces, or increased frequency of defecation in their cats. Lymphocytic, plasmacytic infiltration in the colonic lamina propria was found on colon biopsies. Clinical signs resolved in all 6 cats after dietary management, utilizing lamb and rice, horsemeat, or a feline prescription diet. Clinical improvement also occurred in 1 cat following sulfasalazine therapy.
Esophageal anastomosis in two foals
Authors: Gideon Leonard
Published: February 2025

Esophageal anastomosis was performed on 2 foals after resecting a midcervical stricture. Nasogastric tube alimentation and antibiotic therapy allowed these foals to recover, and they matured to useful performing horses. These cases demonstrated a feasible and successful surgical management regimen for the strictured esophagus.
Conjunctival fungal flora in horses, cattle, dogs, and cats
Authors: Samuelson D. A. , Andresen T. L. , Gwin R. M.
Published: February 2025

Conjunctival swab specimens were obtained from both eyes of 43 horses, 25 cows, 50 dogs, and 25 cats without keratitis or other ophthalmologic problems. Fungi were isolated from 95% of the horses, 100% of the cows, 22% of the dogs, and 40% of the cats. Aspergillus spp were isolated from 56% of the horses, 12% of the cows, 8% of the cats, and none of the dogs. Penicillium spp and Cladosporium spp were isolated ubiquitously. Collectively, 28 species from 209 isolants were identified.
Lacerations of the equine eye: A review of 48 cases
Authors: Lavach J. D. , Severin G. A. , Roberts S. M.
Published: February 2025

Perforating corneal wounds in horses have a better prognosis than wounds that involve both cornea and sclera. Sharp objects tend to produce more isolated corneal wounds and have a better prognosis than do wounds produced by blunt objects.

The records of 43 horses that sustained penetrating wounds of the cornea were reviewed. In addition, the surgical approach and postoperative wound management is described. The report attempts to provide more information regarding the management of ocular trauma in horses.
Treatment of canine blastomycosis with amphotericin B and ketoconazole
Authors: Legendre Alfred M. , Selcer B. A. , Edwards David F. , Stevens Reenee
Published: February 2025

The treatment of 62 dogs with blastomycosis was reviewed to identify prognostic factors and response to various treatment regimens. Severity of lung involvement, as determined by radiography, and the number of nonsegmented neutrophils were useful prognostic factors. Females survived treatment better than did males, but females were more prone to relapse. Ketoconazole treatment at a dose of 10 mg/kg daily for 60 days was not as effective as amphotericin B. The most notable adverse effect of amphotericin B treatment was nephrotoxicosis. Treatment with amphotericin B followed by ketoconazole was as effective as amphotericin B alone and resulted in less nephrotoxicosis. Most dogs that had relapses were retreated effectively with amphotericin B and/or ketoconazole. Canine blastomycosis was shown to be a treatable disease, with a cure rate of approximately 75%.
Disseminated protothecosis causing acute blindness and deafness in a dog
Authors: Cook J. R. , Tyler D. E. , Coulter D. B. , Chandler F. W.
Published: February 2025

A 3-year-old Collie bitch was euthanatized two weeks after the onset of blindness and deafness. The hearing deficit had been localized by clinical signs, brain stem auditory evoked responses, and impedance audiometry. Protothecosis was diagnosed by cytologic and histologic examinations. The organism was identified as Prototheca zopfii. Organisms and granulomatous lesions were found in kidney, heart, liver, skeletal muscle, thyroid gland, colon, bronchial lymph node, brain, and cochlea.