bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SKIN GRAFTS IN NUDE MICE
Authors: Rygaard Jørgen
Published: August 2010

Nude mice of each of the three genetic backgrounds BALB/c, C3H, and C57/BL readily accept skin heterotransplants from inbred Fischer strain rats and other rat strains. Second set transplants from the same donors are also readily accepted. In all instances graft take was uneventful, and the final appearance of grafts was as in normal animals of the donor strain. This event contrasts strongly with that observed in similar nude mice receiving allotransplants. Allograft take was delayed, and although ultimate acceptance was virtually 100 per cent, many grafts evidenced endogenous damage occurring during the acceptance process. This damage was manifested by tufted irregular hair growth in many cases, and by bare atrophic, though vital, areas of graft skin. Also strikingly contrasting were the findings that allografting in nude mice excited no cytotoxic antibody response, while cytotoxic antibody titres in serum of nude mice receiving heterotransplants were moderate to high. Thymus grafting confers capacity for heterograft rejxsection.
CARCINOGENICITY IN MICE OF SOME FATTY ACID METHYL ESTERS
Authors: Arffmann E. , Glavind J.
Published: August 2010

Two oxygen‐containing derivatives of unsaturated fatty acids, methyl 12‐oxo‐trans‐10 octadecenoate and methyl hydroxyoctadecadienoate, both highly active in the newt test for carcinogenicity, have been tested as complete carcinogens and as promoting agents by application to the skin of ST/a mice. Through observation for two years the tumourigenic effect was recorded and compared with that of methyl oleate and of adequate positive control substances: 7,12‐dimethylbenz[α]anthracene and croton oil. Both methyl oxooctadecenoate and hydroxyoctadecadienoate showed a significant potency to promote the induction of skin papillomas. The genesis of malignant skin tumours was promoted by methyl oleate and oxooctadecenoate, and all the three methyl esters had a weak activity as complete carcinogens to the skin. As a systemic effect all the esters promoted the induction of malignant lymphomas, most markedly methyl oxooctadecenoate. Even without preceding initiation this ester and methyl oleate had some activity in lymphoma cancerogenesis. The various observations show that, when tested by our experimental procedures, methyl oxooctadecenoate is the ester most active in the induction of tumours, and the effect is essentially that of a promoter. The relation between molecular configuration and carcinogenicity of fatty acids is discussed.
DATING OF THE HUMAN CORPUS LUTEUM OF MENSTRUATION USING HISTOLOGICAL PARAMETERS
Authors: Visfeldt Jakob , Starup Jørgen
Published: August 2010

The aim of this investigation has been to examine which histological parameters are of value in the dating of the corpus luteum of menstruation. Further to express these parameters in a graphical form which is of practical use for a histological dating. The material comprises histological specimens of the ovaries from 24 women selected according to strongly limiting criteria. The following histological parameters have been found useful for the dating: 1) Extravasated blood and capillaries in the granulosa cell layer. 2) The size of the granulosa cells. 3) Degeneration of the granulosa cells. 4) Invasion of theca cells into the granulosa cell layer. 5) Organization of the central cavity. These parameters have been graded semiquantitatively, and the results have been the basis of the curves prepared by electronic data processing of the observations. Finally some indications for histological dating of the corpus luteum of menstruation are mentioned.
CYTOLOGIC STUDIES IN CASES WITH CARCINOMA IN SITU AND MICROINVASIVE CARCINOMA OF THE UTERINE CERVIX
Authors: Rubio C. A.
Published: August 2010

Cervico‐vaginal smears from 256 patients with carcinoma in situ and 103 with microinvasive carcinoma were investigated. The malignant cell population was classified according to the predominant cell type into 4 groups; undifferentiated, basal, parabasal, and mature. Carcinoma in situ could not be differentiated from micro‐invasive carcinoma on the basis of the cytologic appearance in smear preparations, not even by detailed cell analysis including micrometric determinations.
AN IN VITRO STUDY OF CYTOSTATIC DRUG EFFECT ON THE DNA SYNTHESIS IN METHYLCHOLANTHRENE INDUCED MOUSE SARCOMAS. CORRELATION BETWEEN IN VITRO RESULTS AND THE RESPONSE IN VIVO
Authors: Tropé Claes , Håkansson Leif
Published: August 2010

The present work uses an in vitro test model to study the effect of vinblastine sulphate, melphalan, and cytosine arabinoside on the DNA synthesis of methylcholanthrene induced mouse sarcoma. With this model, we studied the possible correlation between the in vitro results and the response to these cytostatic drugs in vivo. Seven different tumours were tested and at the same time the tumour cell suspension was transplanted to a number of recipients. The in vitro effects of the drugs were measured as differences in incorporation of labelled H3‐thymidine in drug‐containing tubes and in control tubes. The effects of the drugs on the methylcholanthrene‐induced sarcomas varied greatly, from strong sensitivity to resistance. Two days after transplantation, cytostatic drug treatment began and continued for 10 days. Its effect was checked with white blood cell counts. The effect on the in vivo growth of the transplanted tumours was evaluated by registration of the number of palpable tumours on different days in each experimental group. A correlation was found between the in vitro test results and those of in vivo treatment. Its biological significance is discussed.
DIFFUSE PLEURAL MESOTHELIOMA WITH DISTANT BONE METASTASIS
Authors: Laurini R. N.
Published: August 2010

A diffuse malignant mixed type of pleural mesothelioma with distant bone metastasis is reported. Distant bone metastasis has only been recorded once in the literature but not adequately documented. Metastases in this patient were with one exception, all osseous. Staining properties of the pleural tumour and metastases are compared. All metastases showed epithelial‐like and fibrosarcomatous component with staining properties similar to the pleural tumour.
THE EFFECT OF CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE, METHOTREXATE AND X‐IRRADIATION ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE AND ENDOCYTIC CAPACITY OF MURINE PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES
Authors: Rhodes J. M. , Andersen A. Birch , Ravn H.
Published: August 2010

100 mg/kg cyclophosphamide given subcutaneously daily for 5 days and whole‐body X‐irradiation (500 r) had an appreciable effect on the phagocytosis of E. coli by mouse peritoneal macrophages. Less bacteria were ingested by cells from the treated mice as compared with control cells. In contrast, whole‐body X‐irradiation had a stimulatory effect on pinocytosis as compared with cells from cyclophosphamide treated mice or control mice. Morphological changes in the cells from animals treated with cyclophosphamide or X‐rays were evident. The cells were larger than normal macrophages and contained large amounts of lipid and phagolysosomes and had more vacuoles as compared with control cells. Many giant cells were present in the treated mice. Treatment of mice with methotrexate for 5 days, although affecting the cells morphologically in that they were larger than normal cells and had many vacuoles did not appear to have any effect on either phagocytosis or pinocytosis. Cells from methotrexate treated animals did not contain the large quantities of lipid seen in cells from the cyclophosphamide treated and X‐irradiated mice.
MULTIPLE EPIPHYSEAL DYSPLASIA.
Authors: Rasmussen P. G.
Published: August 2010

The cartilage of epiphysis and cuboid bones from three Beagle puppies bred from parents with a constant heredity of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, was examined macroscopically, histo‐morphologically and histochemically. The puppies were euthanized at the age of one week, three weeks and five weeks, respectively. The investigation showed that foci of the disease develop in a broad subarticular zone where normally strong three‐dimensional growth of the cartilage takes place. The first signs of the disease appeared about the time of birth and new foci reached a climax when the puppies were about three weeks old. Histomorphological and histochemical examination of the cartilage showed that the disease developed in a sequence of confluent stages. In the initial stage, there was an accumulation of abnormal cartilage matrix in the chondrocyte and/or chondrocyte lacunae. The abnormal substance consisted apparently of concentrated or free chondroitin sulphates not bound to protein. Then followed a second stage of liquefaction and coalescence of the abnormal cartilage matrix which formed cysts of different sizes, some of them visible macroscopically. In the third stage of calcification of the cyst content and surrounding abnormal cartilage, it was found that the calcium was deposited in grains bound to chondroitin sulphates. The results of the present study of the pre‐calcification stage of the disease in Beagle dogs seem to be comparable with or equivalent to the results of the study of the post‐natal stage of the disease in children and may explain something of the prenatal pathogenesis in children.
HISTOCHEMICAL DEMONSTRATION OF AN LNA‐SPLITTING ENZYME IN THE CEREBELLUM OF THE RAT.
Authors: Albrechtsen R. , Jensen H.
Published: August 2010

Histochemical investigations of leucine aminopeptidase using LNA (L‐leucyl‐β‐napthylamide) as a substrate reveals a marked enzyme activity selectively localized to the granular layer with inconspicuous reaction in the stratum moleculare and the Purkinje cells in the rat cerebellum. The LNA‐splitting enzyme differs from the well known leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) by its optimum at pH 5.5. The necessary long incubation period used in the present study, and its focal precipitation of the enzyme reaction product in the same place, like acid phosphatases, in the granular layer, suggest a lysosomal localization. The functional role of the LNA‐splitting enzyme has been discussed; it is considered that it is involved not only in the protein transformation for synaptic function, but may perhaps also play an important pathogenic role in necrosis, atrophy or even autolysis.
THE POSSIBLE UTILIZATION OF NUCLEAR POCKETS ON LYMPHOCYTES IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUCOSIS
Authors: Bloch B. , Bendixen H. J. , Lund Ebba
Published: August 2010

A comparative study of the presence of lymphocytosis and nuclear pockets in lymphocytes was carried out using blood samples from animals belonging to herds with bovine enzootic leucosis and from herds free from leucosis. It was found that there was a correlation between the presence of such nuclear projections in a certain percentage of the lymphocytes and a state of lymphocytosis. As this correlation seemed to be independent of the aetiology of the lymphocytosis, it was not considered possible to employ the demonstration of nuclear pockets as a more specific tool in the diagnosis of bovine enzootic leucosis than the lymphocyte counts in themselves.
ON HISTOCHEMICAL ENZYME CHANGES IN ASSOCIATION WITH CANALICULAR ACTIVITY OF ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE IN HUMAN LIVER
Authors: Hägerstrand Inga
Published: August 2010

56 human liver biopsy specimens with insignificant or no histological changes, but with abnormally strong canalicular alkaline phosphatase activity, were studied histochemically for other enzyme changes. In comparison with normal specimens, more extensive and increased canalicular activity of gamma‐glutamyl transferase, and increase of canalicular leucine amino‐peptidase, was found, while the sinusoidal activity of the latter enzyme was decreased. Staining for adenosine triphosphatase regularly disclosed the normal pattern of sinusoidal and canalicular activity. The lysosomal enzymes, acid phosphatase and beta‐glucuronidase, stained more intensely than ordinarily, while the reactions for enzymes present in the cytosol (lactic dehydrogenase), in the mitochondria (succinic dehydrogenase, monoamine oxidase) and in the endoplasmic reticulum (glucose‐6‐phosphatase) were normal.
THE ROLE OF THE PARATHYROIDS FOR THE ADAPTATION TO A LOW CALCIUM INTAKE
Authors: Larsson Sven‐Erik , Ahlgren Olof
Published: August 2010

One‐year‐old selectively parathyroidectomized rats were found to have lost the ability to adapt themselves to a reduced calcium intake. Of importance in this respect was certainly the demonstrated inability to mobilize skeletal calcium to the blood. Thus, when the normal intake of calcium in the diet is reduced in the adult intact rat, skeletal calcium reserves must become mobilized with resulting osteoporosis. Histological and morphometric analyses of the adrenal glands showed no apparent effect of the parathyroidectomy upon the functional state of the adrenal cortex.
THE ROLE OF THE PARATHYROIDS FOR THE ADAPTATION TO A LOW CALCIUM INTAKE.
Authors: Ahlgren Olof , Larsson Sven‐Erik
Published: August 2010

The effects of selective parathyroidectomy on the adaptation to a low calcium intake were studied in one‐year‐old male rats. Parathyroidectomized animals showed increased net absorption of intestinal calcium compared to that of intact animals both at a normal and at a low intake of dietary calcium. The difference was highly significant on the low level of dietary calcium. In the parathyroidectomized animals, significantly higher values were found in the group of rats fed the low calcium diet than in those supplied the calcium supplemented diet. Urinary calcium excretion was reduced because of the reduced plasma calcium level. While there was no disturbance of intestinal calcium absorption, selective parathyroidectomy resulted in a reduced ability to mobilize skeletal calcium as shown in a previous study. This was found to be necessary for the adaptation to a low calcium intake in the adult animal.
7,12‐DMBA‐INDUCED RAT MAMMARY TUMOUR STUDIED FOR HORMONAL RESPONSIVENESS
Authors: Aspegren K.
Published: August 2010

The effect of testosterone, progesterone, and 17‐β‐oestradiol on the incorporation of tritiated thymidine into DNA was studied in vitro using cell suspensions from DMBA‐induced rat mammary carcinomas and subcutaneous sarcomas. Both stimulatory and inhibitory effects of the hormones were seen. The two types of tumour reacted similarly. The validity of hormonal responsiveness in vitro compared with in vivo is discussed.
7,12‐DMBA INDUCED RAT MAMMARY TUMOUR STUDIED FOR HORMONAL RESPONSIVENESS IN VITRO.
Authors: Aspegren K.
Published: August 2010

Specimens of DMBA‐induced mammary tumour, DMBA‐induced subcutaneous sarcomas, and virus induced sarcomas in the rat were incubated for 24–72 hours as organ cultures. The effect of various concentrations of testosterone, progesterone, and 17‐β‐oestradiol on cell survival and multiplication was measured as changes in incorporation of H3‐TdR into DNA. All three types of tumour reacted to the hormones. Statistical analysis of data demonstrated possible influence of factors other than hormone treatment. The specificity of hormone sensitivity assays in vitro is questioned.
EXPERIMENTAL MURINE LEPROSY.
Authors: Closs Otto , Haugen Olav A.
Published: August 2010

M. lepraemurium was injected subcutaneously into two inbred strains of mice, C3H and C57/BL, in order to study the local reaction at various time intervals. Within 6 hours an acute inflammatory reaction developed at the site of injection. In the course of the following days it was replaced by a mononuclear infiltrate. The influx of mononuclear cells appeared to be somewhat greater in C57/BL than in C3H mice. Apart from this, little difference was observed between the two strains until at 4 weeks when a vigorous granulomatous reaction developed in the C57/BL strain. This reaction apparently arrested further local spread of the infection. The histological appearance of the infiltrate indicated that a delayed hypersensitivity reaction was taking place. No signs of such reaction was observed in the C3H strain.
EXPERIMENTAL MURINE LEPROSY.
Authors: Closs Otto , Haugen Olav A.
Published: August 2010

Mice of the inbred strains C57/BL and C3H were inoculated subcutaneously on the thorax with M. lepraemurium. In C57/BL mice a firm, raised, sharply defined nodular infiltrate developed 4 weeks afterwards, while in the C3H strain the infection produced a soft, flattened infiltrate with ill‐defined margins, which did not become palpable until 10 weeks after inoculation. A limited spread of the infection occurred early in both strains, but apparently multiplication of the microorganisms was very restricted in C57/BL mice; progressive, disseminated growth of the bacilli was observed in the C3H strain only. In C57/BL mice the granulomatous reaction, developing 4 weeks after inoculation and leading to abcess formation, ulceration and scar formation, apparently inhibited both local multiplication and further spread of the bacilli. In C3H mice no host reaction was detected and the bacilli appeared to grow unrestrictedly. In some C57/BL animals, decrease in host resistance occurred during the infection, causing reactivation of the local lesion and an apparently rapid proliferation of bacilli. Observations regarding the lesions in superinfected animals indicated that a systemic immune reaction develops in the C57/BL strain about 4 weeks after inoculation, whereas this does not occur in the C3H strain.
SUBCLINICAL ELASTOFIBROMAS IN THE SCAPULAR REGION IN AN AUTOPSY SERIES.
Authors: Järvi Osmo H. , Länsimies P. Hillevi
Published: August 2010

In a series of 235 autopsies, changes in the subcapsular thoracic fascia similar to elastofibroma dorsi (Järvi & Saxén 1959, ‐et al. 1969) were found in 39 cases, all at least 58 years old. In people over 55 years, the frequency was 24.4 per cent in females and 11.2 per cent in males. In addition to hypertrophy and secondary degeneration of elastic fibres, necrosis of collagenous‐, adipose‐, muscular‐, and nervous tissue, as well as formation of clefts, cysts and bursae was found in 85 per cent of cases presenting elastic changes—both in connection with them and outside the degenerated areas—as well as in 39 per cent of cases where no elastic degeneration occurred. Other changes included extensive scarring of the tissue, followed by reduction of fat and, more seldom, oedema and inflammatory infiltration. Breaks in the elastic cage, necrosis and fibrosis of arterial walls were found in 44 per cent of cases of elastic degeneration and in 14 per cent of cases without degeneration. In veins, more extensive wall fibrosis occurred, leading to necrosis; in cases of elastic degeneration the adventitial elastic network was also involved. Venous changes were found in 90 per cent of the cases of elastic degeneration and in 30 per cent of cases without degeneration. Direct mechanical stress on elastic tissue may be an important cause of hypertrophy and secondary degeneration of elastic fibres, and also of diffuse increase of collagenous tissue. On the other hand, nutritional deficiency due to failing resistance of the vascular system against friction of the scapula and streching movements of the upper extremities may play a main part in necrotic tissue changes.
STRUCTURE OF THE ADRENAL GLANDS IN MICE WITH THE OBESE‐HYPERGLYCAEMIC SYNDROME (GENE SYMBOL ob)
Authors: Naeser Peter
Published: August 2010

Quantitative histological methods were used to study the adrenal glands of obese‐hyperglycaemic mice and their lean litter mates of various ages. Five weeks old obese mice had significantly enlarged adrenals, due to increased volumes of the zona fasciculata and a persistent cortical X‐zone. The enlarged zona fasciculata persisted also in the 5‐ and 18‐month‐old obese mice whereas the X‐zone had disappeared at these ages. Further, the adrenals of 18‐month‐old obese mice showed deposits of amyloid in the juxtamedullary cortical zone. It is apparent that the adrenal cortical enlargement coincides in time with the appearance of the other manifestations of the obese‐hyperglycaemic syndrome. This further emphasizes that also the adrenal cortical enlargement is an integral part of the syndrome and may contribute to the insulin resistance already at an early stage in the development of the syndrome. The more pronounced weight gain of the adrenal glands of the obese mice together with the morphological changes of the adrenal cortex further suggest an increased ACTH stimulation in these animals. The delayed disappearance of the adrenal X‐zone probably reflects the hypogonadism previously demonstrated in these animals.
PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATORS IN OVARIAN TUMOURS
Authors: Svanberg L. , Linell F. , Pandolfi M. , åstedt B.
Published: August 2010

Ovarian tumours obtained at laparotomy were histochemically examined for their local fibrinolytic activity, and simultaneous fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (FDP) were determined in the serum. The fibrinolytic activity was confined mainly to vessels of both malignant and benign tumours. A very close correlation was demonstrated between the fibrinolytic activity and the vascularity of the sections. FDP were found in the serum in 13 of 14 patients with malignant tumours, but in none with benign tumours. The difference in occurrence of FDP in patients with malignant and benign tumours might be due to the invasive growth of the former with the entrance of thromboplastic substances, fibrinolytic activators or locally formed FDP into the bloodstream.
CHRONIC RHEUMATIC VALVULAR HEART DISEASE
Authors: Hallgrímsson Jonas
Published: August 2010

The incidence of chronic rheumatic valvular heart disease in Iceland was investigated via autopsies performed from November 1965 through December 1974. During this period, approximately 12.400 Icelanders died at the age of 16 years and older and 28.8 per cent of these are included in the study. At autopsy, males were found to outnumber females by 2:1. Rheumatic valvular heart disease was found in 38 subjects, i.e. in 1.08 per cent of the cases, the sex distribution being 0.67 per cent males and 1.83 per cent females. As regards the hearts with chronically deformed valves, the deformity was of rheumatic origin only in 20 per cent of the cases; the majority, or 69 per cent, presented calcified aortic stenosis. Hospital records applying to most of the subjects were available and according to these, only 18 per cent disclosed a history of rheumatic fever. The diagnosis of rheumatic valvular disease was first established at autopsy in 71 per cent of the cases. An evaluation of the functional derangements of the diseased valves was not attempted, but there is reason to believe that many of the lesions were too mild to provoke significant symptoms and signs. Previous doubts about the existence of rheumatic heart disease in Iceland have been settled in this study.
HISTOLOGY OF THE HUMAN CORPUS LUTEUM OF EARLY AND LATE PREGNANCY
Authors: Visfeldt Jakob , Starup Jørgen
Published: August 2010

The aim of this investigation has been to examine which histological parameters are of value in the age determination of the corpus luteum of pregnancy. The material comprises representative ovarian biopsies from 16 women from the 10th through 42nd week of gestation. The following histological parameters have been found useful for the age determination of the corpus luteum: 1) the size of the granulosa cells; 2) the number of K‐cells, vacuoles and colloid inclusions in the granulosa cell layer; 3) the size of the theca interna cells; 4) the number and size of vessels in the theca interna. Furthermore, the differentiation of the corpus luteum of pregnancy from the corpus luteum of menstruation is described, and some indications for a histological age determination of the corpus luteum of pregnancy are mentioned.
EXPERIMENTAL MURINE LEPROSY
Authors: Haugen Olav A. , Skjørten Fredrik , Closs Otto
Published: August 2010

Mice of the inbred strains C57BL and C3H were inoculated in the foot‐pads with Mycobacterium lepraemurium (MLM) and the inflammatory reaction was studied using light and electron microscopy. In C57BL mice a granulomatous reaction developed 3–4 weeks after inoculation. The inflammatory exudate at this stage showed numerous lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages. The latter cell type often contained many lysosomes and appeared activated. The bacilli which were all within phagosomes showed extensive electron dense aggregates of the cytoplasm suggesting severe damage. Lymphocytes and macrophages in close contact with eachother were often observed. In macrophages which contained damaged bacilli, spherical lipid‐like bodies surrounded by granular endoplasmic reticulum were observed. It is suggested that this cell product could be of some significance for the bactericidal function of the macrophage. Contrary to these findings, the cellular infiltrate developing in C3H mice showed no lymphocytes and consisted exclusively of macrophages. These were all heavily loaded with bacilli. The vast majority of bacilli encountered in this strain was morphologically intact and presumably viable. Lipid‐like bodies similar to those observed in infected C57BL macrophages were not encountered in C3H mice. It is concluded that unless the infected macrophages become immunologically activated they are unable to cause bacterial damage or to inhibit the growth of MLM.
THE EFFECT ON THE RAT LIVER OF LONG‐TERM ADMINISTRATION OF DIFFERENT ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES TOGETHER WITH INADEQUATE DIETS
Authors: Jordö Lars , Olsson Rolf
Published: August 2010

Rats were given 36 per cent of calories as ethanol, gin, brandy, whisky or red wine together with hypocaloric (25 per cent of normal), hypocaloric—low‐protein—highfat, or hypocaloric—low vitamin diets for several months and compared with rats given isocaloric amounts of glucose instead of alcohol. In spite of high mortality rate no severe liver lesions occurred, especially no cirrhosis. Congeners present in different alcoholic beverages therefore seem to lack important hepatotoxic effects at least in the rat.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON LONG‐TERM CELL ADHESION
Authors: Attramadal Audun
Published: August 2010

The effect of temperature on the development and maintenance of long‐term cell adhesion was studied. Cell metabolism appeared to be essential for the maintenance of long‐term cell adhesion at 37°C. The maintenance of cell adhesion at low temperatures, however, was less dependent on cell metabolism.
ON THOROTRAST LEUCAEMIA
Authors: Visfeldt Jakob , Jensen Grethe , Hippe Erik
Published: August 2010

Results are presented of chromosome studies of bone marrow cells from a 62‐year‐old woman. The patient had been given 40 ml of Thorotrast in connection with a neuro‐radiological examination 34 years earlier. Clinically, the patient was now considered to be in an incipient myeloid leucaemic phase. Ninety‐seven per cent of the bone marrow cells belonged to a clone with characteristic marker chromosomes induced by radiation. Few data are available on chromosome analysis of bone marrow cells from Thorotrast patients. Therefore, the results of the present study are compared with data from chromosome analyses of 32P‐treated patients with polycythaemia vera, in whom large clones were found in the bone marrow. The results of chromosome analysis of bone marrow cells from the Thorotrast patient support previous hypotheses concerning the carcinogenesis in radiation‐induced leucaemia in patients with polycythaemia vera, treated with 32P. In the latter patients, the clone cells are pressumed to represent cell populations with selective qualities, originating from radiation‐damaged cells, which possibly possess an increased tendency to malignant transformation because of a more pronounced sensitivity to carcinogenic agents. The cells might also be potentially malignant and manifest themselves as leucaemic cells, if the patient's immunological defence mechanism is broken.
PURIFICATION OF ZYMOGEN GRANULES FROM MONKEY PAROTID GLANDS
Authors: Arneberg Pål , Dahl Erik , Hars Renate
Published: August 2010

A method giving highly purified zymogen granules from Macaca irus and Cercopithecus aethiops parotid glands is reported. A 0.3 M sucrose medium for homogenization was supplemented with 10 mM tris/HCl, pH 7.3, and 0.1 mM lauric acid to stabilize the fragile monkey zymogen granules. Nuclei and cell debris were sedimented at 150 ×g. A “crude” zymogen granule fraction was trapped in the 1.0 M sucrose layer of a discontinuous sucrose gradient at 1000 X g. Equilibrium centrifugation in a continuous sucrose gradient gave a fraction of zymogen granules at 1.85 M sucrose. Compared to the homogenate, this fraction exhibited about two‐fold increase in zymogen granule marker, whereas mitochondrial marker was reduced to 1/4 and lysosomal marker to 1/2. A low level of contamination from other cell organelles was confirmed by electron microscopic investigation.
THE EXTENT OF CARCINOMA IN SITU IN URINARY BLADDERS WITH PRIMARY CARCINOMAS
Authors: Starklint H. , Jensen N. K. , Thybo E.
Published: August 2010

The occurrence of carcinoma in situ was examined in a consequtive series of cystectomy specimens from 43 patients. All patients were suffering from or had been suffering from primary bladder cancer. Carcinoma in situ was defined as a definitive polymorphia of enlarged nuclei with abnormal chromatin structure in non‐tumour bearing areas. It was found in 26 bladders. By means of a systematic technique of cutting the specimens, the extent of the alterations was quantified, relating the number of blocks containing the alteration to the total number of blocks in which the changes possibly might be present. The extent of carcinoma in situ ranged from 2 to 81 per cent with an average of 20 per cent. The distribution of the alterations was unpredictable, often strongly focal, most often in continuation of the tumour. In one specimen, the margins of resection were involved. The extent was largest in bladders with poorly differentiated tumours. A temporal relationship between in situ carcinoma and invasive carcinoma could not be shown, as regards tumour size and duration of clinical symptoms. The morphology of the changes is discussed seen in the light of variations in the normal epithelium lining the lower urinary tract. Minor degrees of atypia of the epithelium showed rather bad reproduction. The dominating occurrence of carcinoma in situ in bladders with poorly differentiated tumours may either be a manifestation of a biological difference between tumours of different grades of differentiation or that the morphological criteria used correspond to the in situ type of poorly differentiated tumours.
TYPES OF METAPLASIA IN FORTY UROTHELIAL BLADDER CARCINOMAS.
Authors: Starklint H. , Kjårgaard J. , Jensen N. K.
Published: August 2010

In a systematic study of bladders from consecutively cystectomized patients, 40 primary urinary bladder carcinomas were examined with regard to the type of differentiation. Metaplastic areas were found in 24 of the tumours. A positive reaction of keratin to Kreybergs stain was required for the definition squamous metaplasia. Squamous areas were found in 16 of the tumours. In 4 tumours there was, in addition to squamos metaplasia, glandular metaplasia which was defined as definite glandular tissue with dysplasia of the epithelium. In 4 tumours, glandular metaplasia was also present in addition to the urothelial carcinoma. In 18 cases, metaplastic changes were present in the luminal portion of the tumour from which the biopsy material and desqaminated material originated. The occurrence of metaplasia was related to the degree of differentiation of the urothelial part of the tumour. Metaplastic changes were most frequent in the poorly differentiated tumours. The biopsies obtained pre‐operatively permitted of the diagnosis metaplasia being made in 15 cases, while the cytological material suggested metaplastic changes in 4 cases only. The biological function of metaplasia is unknown. The possibility that these areas will react differently to radiation and chemotherapy is present and the frequency of such changes would suggest that their importance should be studied by their registration as mixed forms as stated by WHO.
KURLOFF CELLS.
Authors: Kortelainen Leena , Korhonen L. Kalevi
Published: August 2010

Kurloff cells (KB cells) containing a glycoprotein inclusion body appear in female guinea pigs and can be induced in males by oestrogen administration. These cells are found in bone marrow, thymus, and in the red pulp of the spleen, but not in the lymph nodes. Gradually growing inclusion bodies were observed in a series of cells in these organs. Morphological and histochemical features suggested an active synthesis of the inclusion body material: cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum fused with the membrane surrounding the inclusion body and by way of electron histochemical methods periodate reactive material was demonstrated in the endoplasmic reticulum, in the Golgi cisternae, and in the inclusion body. Enzymatic activities were not observed in the inclusion body, but otherwise the KB cells showed enzymatic activities of oxidative and glycolytic pathways. Marker enzymes for the granulocytes series, the plasma cells, the mast cells, and the monocyte‐reticulum cell group were negative in the KB cells and thus, classification of the KB cells into a particular cell type was not possible, although these cells obviously belong to the lymphoreticuar system. Phagocytosis was not observed, either. The possible role of the KB cells in the immune system are discussed.
SPECIFICITY OF HORMONAL RESPONSIVENESS IN VITRO.
Authors: Aspegren Knut
Published: August 2010

Since mammary tumours and sarcomas in the rat both have been shown to be sensitive to steroid hormone in vitro, a search for a non‐steroid sensitive rat tissue was made. Neonatal cerebellar medulloblasts in the rat did not respond to high concentrations of steroids if cultured as organ culture. The relevance of this finding to the specificity of steroid response assays in vitro is discussed.
CYTOPLASMIC EFFECTS OF X‐IRRADIATION ON CULTURED CELLS IN A NONDIVIDING STAGE.
Authors: Hamberg Hans , Brunk Ulf T. , Ericsson Jan L. E. , Jung Bo
Published: August 2010

The investigation was initiated with the aim of establishing a suitable experimental model with respect to mode of radiation and radiation dose for elucidating morphologically the sequential development of radiation induced damage of interphase cells (human glia cells in vitro). Adequately defined and reproducible cellular changes were obtained using X‐radiation generated by an 8 MeV linear accelerator at a dose of 20,000 rad. The cellular alterations were studied in the light microscope and by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The most conspicuous changes—first appreciable about 5 hours after irradiation—occurred in the lysosomal vacuome, and the plasma membrane and associated structures.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN RENAL DAMAGE INDUCED IN THE RAT BY THE FINNISH MUSHROOM, CORTINARIUS SPECIOSISSIMUS
Authors: Pyy L. Nieminen and K.
Published: August 2010

The sensitivity of male and female rats to Cortinarius speciosissimus toxins was compared. Dried, homogenized mushroom was given orally hy stomach tubing at a dose of 250 mg dried mushroom/kg body weight. Both in males and in females, the kidneys were the only organs showing macroscopical changes. Sex differences in renal damage were observed in the area of the inner cortex.
THE ROLE OF THYMUS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT AND PROGNOSIS OF HYPERTENSION AND HYPERTENSIVE VASCULAR DISEASE IN MICE FOLLOWING RENAL INFARCTION
Authors: Svendsen Ulrik Gerner
Published: August 2010

Partial infarction of one kidney and contralateral nephrectomy was followed by a rapid and significant increase in blood pressure both in haired mice with a normal thymus function and in nude mice with genetical aplasia of the thymus. The level of blood pressure and the prognosis were not influenced by the presence of thymus within the first 3 months after partial infarction of the kidney; but a significantly more pronounced increase in blood pressure after 4 months was observed in a small group of haired mice than in a similarly treated small group of nude mice. A marked degree of round cell infiltration around intrarenal arteries was only found in the haired mice, commencing 2 months after partial infarction of the kidney. Degenerative changes were observed in the kidneys of the haired mice 2–4 months after infarction. Very few of these lesions were found in the nude mice. Attempts to transfer the hypertension by means of viable lymph node cells from hypertensive donors to normotensive syngeneic recipients failed. The results support the assumption that high intravascular pressure induces thymus‐dependent immune reactions against substances in the vascular walls which, in turn, may have a prognostic significance; the results give no support for the assumption that the earlier phase of the hypertension which follows partial infarction of the kidney and contralateral nephrectomy is thymus‐dependent.
LIVER BIOPSIES FROM PSORIATICS RELATED TO METHOTREXATE THERAPY.
Authors: Nyfors A. , Poulsen H.
Published: August 2010

Eightyeight patients with severe, recalcitrant psoriasis had liver biopsies performed before and after Methotrexate (MTX) therapy. MTX was given for an average of 26 months as a single, weekly, oral dose of 25 mg maximum. The mean cumulative dose was 1733 mg (range 175–4590 mg). A statistically significant increase in the number of pathological post‐MTX liver biopsies was found (p<0.0001). Of the 88 patients 6 developed cirrhosis and another 5 developed fibrosis, in all 12.5 per cent, during MTX therapy (95 per cent confidence limits for cirrhosis: 3–14 per cent). There was no statistically significant correlation between the number of pathological post‐MTX liver biopsy findings in the 88 patients and the following variables one by one: cumulative dose of MTX, duration of MTX therapy and admitted alcoholic intake during MTX therapy. Cirrhosis and fibrosis did not develop statistically more frequently from pathological than normal pre‐MTX liver histology (p = 0.062). The liver damage appeared to be due to a multifactorial interaction of straining factors on the liver during MTX therapy. A multifactorial index comprising: cumulative dose of MTX, admitted alcoholic intake during MTX therapy, age, obesity and, if available, pre‐MTX liver histology gave an estimate of the probability of developing cirrhosis or fibrosis during treatment of psoriasis with weekly, oral doses of MTX. For use of MTX therapy in psoriasis the following precautions are suggested: MTX therapy should be used only in disabling cases; a pre‐MTX liver biopsy and repeat liver biopsies at regular intervals of 1/2–1 year should be performed, alcohol should be prohibited and frequent inquiries should be made about the patient's alcoholic intake; and strong reliance should not be placed on the SGOT as an indicator of abnormal liver histology.
CYTOPHOTOMETRIC STUDIES OF THE DNA, NUCLEIC ACID AND PROTEIN CONTENT OF LIVER CELL NUCLEI FROM PATIENTS WITH VIRUS HEPATITIS
Authors: Ranek Leo
Published: August 2010

With a view to investigating some of the causes why the size of liver cell nuclei increase in virus hepatitis, the nuclear size and the nuclear contents of DNA, nucleic acid and protein were measured by cytophotometry. The liver cell nuclei could be grouped in classes according to their contents of DNA, nucleic acid, and protein and, as in control livers, diploid nuclei were always most frequent. Nuclei with intermediate DNA values, probably S‐phase nuclei, were more frequent in hepatitis livers than in controls. The average size of nuclei from patients with hepatitis was significantly larger than that from controls, whereas the DNA content was the same. A significant, positive correlation between nucleic acid content, protein content and nuclear area was found. The high correlation between nuclear protein content and nuclear size simultaneously with the increased nuclear size during hepatitis is assumed to reflect an increased nuclear function.
RENIN INACTIVATION IN VITRO IN NON‐PREGNANT RABBIT UTERINE AND KIDNEY TISSUE
Authors: Jorgensen Jorgen
Published: August 2010

In slices of non‐pregnant rabbit uterus, renin was gradually inactivated during incubation in vitro at 37°C., for 44 hours. The percentual rate of inactivation (40 per cent/44 hours) was, however, only about half of that found in uterine slices from pregnant and post‐partum animals despite the fact that the endogenous renin concentration was much lower in the non‐pregnant uteri. In control experiments with kidneys with the same high renin content as in the pregnant uteri only about 30 per cent of the renin was inactivated in 44 hours.
IMMUNOLOGICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL STUDIES OF TEMPORAL ARTERIES FROM PATIENTS WITH TEMPORAL ARTERITIS AND/OR POLYMYALGIA RHEUMATICA
Authors: Waaler Erik , Tönder Olav , Milde Einar‐Johan
Published: August 2010

Biopsies from the temporal arteries of 62 out of 80 patients presenting the clinical picture of temporal arteritis and/or polymyalgia rheumatica showed morphologically active or healed arteritis. Fifty‐five of these biopsies revealed anti‐IgG activity as measured by the mixed agglutination test. In 21 of the 27 cases which could be completely studied, the anti‐IgG activity was connected with the presence of IgA, either alone, or together with IgG or IgM, or both, and complement. All of these 21 biopsies showed morphologically active granulomatous arteritis with signs of tissue destruction. In 6 biopsies, the active component appeared to be some type of Fc receptor in the tissue. Morphologically these biopsies showed either nongranulomatous mononuclear arteritis without definite necrosis or they represented various stages of healing arteritis with no or minor signs of tissue destruction. Weak anti‐IgG activity was often found in a morphological type characterized by minimal inflammatory activity. These lesions are easily overlooked and the mixed agglutination test proved to be a good diagnostic tool in such cases. Arteries without anti‐IgG activity showed no signs of active arteritis.
GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS AND PROTEOGLYCANS OF HUMAN BONE TISSUE AT DIFFERENT STAGES OF MINERALIZATION
Authors: Engfeldt Bengt , Hjerpe Anders
Published: August 2010

Using ultracentrifugation, compact bone from a growing 15 years old man was separated into three fractions with different degrees of mineralization. The finely powdered material was fractionated in a density gradient of acetone and bromoform in varying proportions. The glycosaminoglycans were isolated after papain digestion of the tissue fractions. The glycosaminoglycan elution profiles from CPC‐cellulose microcolumns indicated the presence of chondroitin‐4‐sulphate and, possibly, minor traces of hyaluronic acid. The degree of sulphatation was the same in all three fractions, while the total amount and molecular size of the glycosaminoglycans decreased somewhat with increasing degree of mineralization. The glycosaminoglycans of the tissue fractions were also extracted with 4 M guanidinium chloride and then purified chromatographically on DEAE. Gel chromatography of the isolated material showed three different peaks, two probably representing low molecular weight proteoglycans. The proportion of intermediate molecular size material increased with increasing degree of mineralization. The results are discussed briefly in relation to the mineralization process.
PRIMARY CARCINOMA OF THE SEMINAL VESICLE
Authors: Kindblom Lars‐Gunnar , Pettersson Gösta
Published: August 2010

A 72‐year‐old man with a seminal vesicle carcinoma is reported. The patient was treated by local excision of the tumour and radiotherapy. When the patient deteriorated and radiological and scintographic signs of skeletal metastases developed, hormone therapy (oestrogen) was initiated. Within a few weeks the patient was free from his severe pain. The radiological and scintographic signs of metastases had either diminished in size or disappeared after one year of oestrogen therapy. The patient is still alive and well 2 years after the diagnosis was established.
LIPOSARCOMA OF THE MENINGES
Authors: Sima Anders , Kindblom Lars‐Gunnar , Pellettieri Luigi
Published: August 2010

A report on a liposarcoma in the meninges of a 70‐year‐old woman is presented. Pre‐operative clinical and angiographic findings indicated that the tumour might be a meningeoma. Pathological examination revealed a predominantly lipoma‐like, well‐differentiated liposarcoma with round‐cell and pleomorphic areas. The angiographic and pathological differential diagnosis are discussed.
CARCINOID TUMOURS:
Authors: Berge Thorbjörn , Linell Folke
Published: August 2010

The frequency of carcinoids was studied in a 12‐year‐period (1958–1969) in Malmö, a town with a population of 220,000 at the beginning of the period and 250,000 at the end of it. Of all persons who had died in Malmö, 46 per cent were necropsied in the first year of the study and 70 per cent in the last (altogether 62.6 per cent). The series was examined in a uniform way atonedepartment of pathology. Carcinoid tumours were found in 1.22 per cent (199 patients) of patients comprised in the entire necropsy series (16,294 autopsies). Bronchial carcinoid accounted for 0.1 per cent, the remaining lesions were found in the digestive tract. About 90 per cent of the carcinoids were found incidentally at necropsy. During the same period, 44 carcinoids were diagnosed in surgical specimens examined in Malmö. The average annual frequency of carcinoid in the entire series was about 8.4 per 100,000 inhabitants, which is about 7 times as high as that recorded in the National Cancer Register applying to the whole of Sweden. The value of such country‐wide reports is discussed. The carcinoid syndrome is extremely rare and was observed only once during the entire 12‐year‐period. The localization, frequency of metastases and sex‐distribution of carcinoids are described and discussed in detail.
UROTHELIAL HYPERPLASIA OF THE RENAL PAPILLAE IN FEMALE SPRAGUE‐DAWLEY RATS INDUCED BY LONG TERM FEEDING OF PHENACETIN
Authors: Johansson Sonny , Angervall Lennart
Published: August 2010

Twenty‐one of 40 rats fed phenacetin in the diet for up to 86 weeks developed urothelial hyperplasia of the renal papillae. Two of 30 rats in the control group had similar changes associated with chronic pyelitis. The difference is statistically significant (p≤ 0.01).
UROTHELIAL CHANGES OF THE RENAL PAPILLAE IN SPRAGUE‐DAWLEY RATS INDUCED BY LONG TERM FEEDING OF PHENACETIN
Authors: Johansson Sonny , Angervall Lennart
Published: August 2010

Thirty female Sprague‐Dawley rats were fed 0.535 per cent phenacetin in the diet for up to 110 weeks. Twenty‐six of these rats developed urothelial hyperplasia, partly papillary, of the renal papillae. Twenty‐eight rats showed dilatation of the vasa recta frequently associated with thrombus formation and calcification. One phenacetin fed rat had epithelial hyperplasia associated with chronic pyelitis. In 2 of the 30 control rats urothelial hyperplasia was found to be associated with chronic pyelitis. The hyperplastic urothelial changes and vascular changes were often, but not always, present simultaneously. One control rat developed a mammary carcinoma, as compared with 5 rats in the phenacetin group. Four phenacetin fed rats developed carcinoma of the ear duct. The results of the present investigation provide evidence that phenacetin can induce proliferative lesions of the urothelium of the rat renal pelvis with weak carcinogenic activity in the ear duct and mammary glands.