bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Combined CT texture analysis and nodal axial ratio for detection of nodal metastasis in esophageal cancer
Authors: Lee Han Na , Kim Jung Im , Shin So Youn , Kim Dae Hyun , Kim Chanwoo , Hong Il Ki
Published: April 2020

Objective:

To assess the accuracy of a combination of CT texture analysis (CTTA) and nodal axial ratio to detect metastatic lymph nodes (LNs) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

Methods:

The contrast-enhanced chest CT images of 78 LNs (40 metastasis, 38 benign) from 38 patients with ESCC were retrospectively analyzed. Nodal axial ratios (short-axis/long-axis diameter) were calculated. CCTA parameters (kurtosis, entropy, skewness) were extracted using commercial software (TexRAD) with fine, medium, and coarse spatial filters. Combinations of significant texture features and nodal axial ratios were entered as predictors in logistic regression models to differentiate metastatic from benign LNs, and the performance of the logistic regression models was analyzed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC).

Results:

The mean axial ratio of metastatic LNs was significantly higher than that of benign LNs (0.81 ± 0.2 vs 0.71 ± 0.1, p = 0.005; sensitivity 82.5%, specificity 47.4%); namely, significantly more round than benign. The mean values of the entropy (all filters) and kurtosis (fine and medium) of metastatic LNs were significantly higher than those of benign LNs (all, p < 0.05). Medium entropy showed the best performance in the AUROC analysis with 0.802 (p < 0.001; sensitivity 85.0%, specificity 63.2%). A binary logistic regression analysis combining the nodal axial ratio, fine entropy, and fine kurtosis identified metastatic LNs with 87.5% sensitivity and 65.8% specificity (AUROC = 0.855, p < 0.001).

Conclusion:

The combination of CTTA features and the axial ratio of LNs has the potential to differentiate metastatic from benign LNs and improves the sensitivity for detection of LN metastases in ESCC.

Advances in knowledge:

The combination of CTTA and nodal axial ratio has improved CT sensitivity (up to 87.5%) for the diagnosis of metastatic LNs in esophageal cancer.
Estudos empíricos da ironia: revisão sistemática e implicações para uma análise funcional
Authors: Messa Luciana Chequer Saraiva , Borloti Elizeu , Bender Haydu Verônica
Published: April 2020

A ironia é um operante verbal complexo cuja função depende de variáveis múltiplas específicas. Contribuindo para uma análise funcional da ironia, o objetivo deste artigo é, a partir de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, mapear as variáveis (ou indicadores de variáveis) estudadas em pesquisas empíricas e indicar elementos essenciais para essa análise. Buscas nas bases de dados BVS, NCBI, Science Direct, PsycInfo e Ebsco, sem restrição do período, feitas por meio dos descritores ironia, ironia verbal, sarcasmo, controle múltiplo, irônico e comportamento verbal, localizaram 43 artigos em Psicologia, Linguística ou Neurociência. Verificou-se que na análise funcional da ironia deve-se atentar às: (a) características dos integrantes do episódio verbal irônico (falante, ouvinte, ouvinte qualificado, ouvinte não qualificado) e dos eventos antecedentes e consequentes da ironia (tipos e efeitos sobre falante e ouvinte); e (b) consequências das variáveis ambientais que controlam a ironia em diferentes nuances como o humor, o sarcasmo, o cinismo ou o deboche. A descrição destes elementos empíricos em outras abordagens teóricas pode ser útil para uma análise funcional do comportamento verbal irônico e contribuir para o conhecimento e para pesquisas experimentais sobre o mesmo na Análise do Comportamento.
Mitigating weak dispersion in affordable RF-over-fiber channels
Authors: Granot Er’el
Published: April 2020

A dispersion-compensating filter for next-generation low-cost analog and digital optical links is developed. In these high-frequency optical channels, even weak dispersion can be detrimental to data encoding (e.g., radar detection). Dispersion-compensating filters must be affordable for these low-cost channels, and they must be reliable for weak dispersion channels. In this paper, we design a dispersion-compensating filter based on three properties of the analog channel: weak modulation depth, a spectrally bounded signal, and a low-dispersion channel. We calculate the fundamental performance limits of the channel with and without the filter and quantify the improvement. Furthermore, numerical simulations are taken to estimate the filter’s performances for both pulse amplitude modulation digital channels and for analog ones. The simulations agree with the analytical derivation, and, in both cases, the filter’s integration improves the channels’ performances considerably.
Thin thermally grown oxide thickness detection in thermal barrier coatings based on SWT-BP neural network algorithm and terahertz technology
Authors: Luo Manting , Zhong Shuncong , Yao Ligang , Tu Wanli , Nsengiyumva Walter , Chen Weiqiang
Published: April 2020

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy is a contactless and nondestructive testing technique that is often used to measure the thickness of layered materials. However, the technique presents limited thickness detection resolution, especially in the thin thermally grown oxide (TGO) of thermal barrier coatings whose thickness is below 30 µm. In this study, an SWT-BP algorithm combining a stationary wavelet transform (SWT) and a backpropagation (BP) neural network was proposed, and the regression coefficient of SWT-detailed results was 0.92. The prediction results were in good agreement with the real-time results; it demonstrated that the proposed algorithm was able to achieve a thickness prediction of up to 1–29 µm of the TGO. The proposed algorithm is suitable for thin thickness detection of the TGO.
High-resolution random fiber laser acoustic emission sensor
Authors: Miao Shuaije , Zhang Wentao , Song Ying , Huang Wenzhu
Published: April 2020

A high resolution fiber-optic acoustic emission (AE) sensor using a random fiber laser (RFL) is proposed. The AE probe is undertaken by a random-gratings-based erbium-doped RFL. A narrow linewidth π-FBG is used as a wavelength locking and sensing element in the RFL. The random distributed feedback in RFL significantly extends the effective cavity length of the laser, thus reduces the thermal frequency noise of the laser and improves the resolution of AE signal. A narrow lasing operation with a 20 dB linewidth of ∼10.41 kHz and a frequency noise of ∼10 Hz/√Hz above 1 kHz is realized. The 3×3 coupler interrogation technique is used for signal demodulation. A high AE signal resolution of ∼280 fɛ/√Hz @ 1 kHz is obtained. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that RFL is used in the 3×3 coupler based AE demodulation scheme to improve the system resolution.
Performance scaling of a 10-GHz solid-state laser enabling self-referenced CEO frequency detection without amplification
Authors: Krüger Léonard M. , Mayer Aline S. , Okawachi Yoshitomo , Ji Xingchen , Klenner Alexander , Johnson Adrea R. , Langrock Carsten , Fejer Martin M. , Lipson Michal , Gaeta Alexander L. , Wittwer Valentin J. , Südmeyer Thomas , Phillips Christopher R. , Keller Ursula
Published: April 2020

A simple and compact straight-cavity laser oscillator incorporating a cascaded quadratic nonlinear crystal and a semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) can deliver stable femtosecond modelocking at high pulse repetition rates >10 GHz. In this paper, we experimentally investigate the influence of intracavity dispersion, pump brightness, and cavity design on modelocking with high repetition rates, and use the resulting insights to demonstrate a 10.4-GHz straight-cavity SESAM-modelocked Yb:CALGO laser delivering 108-fs pulses with 812 mW of average output power. This result represents a record-level performance for diode-pumped femtosecond oscillators with repetition rates above 10 GHz. Using the oscillator output without any optical amplification, we demonstrate coherent octave-spanning supercontinuum generation (SCG) in a silicon nitride waveguide. Subsequent f-to-2f interferometry with a periodically poled lithium niobate waveguide enables the detection of a strong carrier-envelope offset (CEO) beat note with a 33-dB signal-to-noise ratio.
Subattosecond x-ray Hong–Ou–Mandel metrology
Authors: Volkovich Sergey , Shwartz Sharon
Published: April 2020

We show that subattosecond delays and subangstrom optical path differences can be measured by using Hong–Ou–Mandel interference measurements with x-rays. Our scheme relies on the subattosecond correlation time of photon pairs that are generated by x-ray spontaneous parametric down-conversion, which leads to a dip in correlation measurements with a comparable width. Therefore, the precision of the measurements is expected to be better than 0.1 attosecond. We anticipate that the scheme we describe in this work will lead to the development of various techniques of quantum measurements with ultra-high precision at x-ray wavelengths.
Joint spectral intensity of entangled photon pairs from a warm atomic ensemble via stimulated emission beat interferometry
Authors: Jeong Taek , Moon Han Seb
Published: April 2020

Photonic quantum states generated from atomic systems play prominent roles in long-distance quantum networks and scalable quantum communication, because entangled photon pairs from atomic ensembles possess a universal identity and narrow spectral bandwidth for quantum repeaters. In this study, we propose and demonstrate a novel, to the best of our knowledge, method for the joint spectral intensity measurement of narrowband continuous wave (CW)-mode photon pairs from a warm atomic ensemble using stimulated emission and beat interferometry for the first time. Our approach offers the advantage of sub-megahertz resolution, absolute optical frequency measurements with megahertz-level accuracy, fast collection time, and high signal-to-noise ratio; thus, our method can find important applications in the characterization of narrowband photon pairs generated from sources including atoms and artificially structured material.
Predicting the influence of climate on grassland area burned in Xilingol, China with dynamic simulations of autoregressive distributed lag models
Authors: Shabbir Ali Hassan , Zhang Jiquan , Johnston James D. , Sarkodie Samuel Asumadu , Lutz James A. , Liu Xingpeng
Published: April 2020

The influence of climate change on wildland fire has received considerable attention, but few studies have examined the potential effects of climate variability on grassland area burned within the extensive steppe land of Eurasia. We used a novel statistical approach borrowed from the social science literature—dynamic simulations of autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models—to explore the relationship between temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, wind speed, sunlight, and carbon emissions on grassland area burned in Xilingol, a large grassland-dominated landscape of Inner Mongolia in northern China. We used an ARDL model to describe the influence of these variables on observed area burned between 2001 and 2018 and used dynamic simulations of the model to project the influence of climate on area burned over the next twenty years. Our analysis demonstrates that area burned was most sensitive to wind speed and temperature. A 1% increase in wind speed was associated with a 20.8% and 22.8% increase in observed and predicted area burned respectively, while a 1% increase in maximum temperature was associated with an 8.7% and 9.7% increase in observed and predicted future area burned. Dynamic simulations of ARDL models provide insights into the variability of area burned across Inner Mongolia grasslands in the context of anthropogenic climate change.
Kitchen sink erotica: Working-class lads, nudity, aspiration and spectatorship in modern British culture and fashion photography
Authors: Doron Itai
Published: April 2020

This article examines the subject and visual representation of the English working-class lad as both an identification figure for young, modern-day fashion aficionados and a fantasy figure to a predominantly gay audience. It pays special attention to the character’s clothed and naked body, and its performance down the runway; in recent fashion editorials and British-made gay porn. The article investigates how mostly male British artists view and promote working-class male imagery and specifically how fashion photography of the past two decades frames, produces and articulates stories about social class and class difference in the context of masculinity and nudity, and what do these stories tell us about contemporary models of success, failure, struggle and aspiration in multiracial, present day Britain. By linking the current fashion industry’s fascination with working-class imagery with a similar cultural trend in 1960s Britain, the research aims to establish that today’s fashion image makers share similar tendencies with British Social Realist writers and filmmakers in romanticizing the working class, while sticking to a similar, fabricated aesthetic. This enduring fascination for working-class heroes and all things ‘street’ could become problematic when contextualized with industries and commercial ventures such as fashion, and the promotion of clothing and advertising.
Artifacts related to cone beam computed tomography technology (CBCT) and their significance for clinicians: illustrated review of medical literature.
Authors: Olszewski Raphael
Published: April 2020

Objective: to explain the meaning and to illustrate technical artifacts (aliasing as well as the ring artifact) and beam hardening (metal artifact) that can be present in the dentomaxillofacial cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), and to check the accessibility of free illustrations of these artifacts in medical publications.

Material and methods: One observer applied five search equations using database PubMed. The exclusion criteria were: experimental studies, animal studies, studies not related to dentomaxillofacial area, and articles with closed access. There was no time limit for the search of articles. We limited our search to English and French language.

Results: Only 3 articles out of 434 publications were retained after application of inclusion/exclusion criteria. In these articles only 4 annotated figures were freely accessible in medical publications from PubMed.

In this paper we presented examples of aliasing, ring artifact, and beam artifacts from I-CAT, Carestream 9000 3D (Kodak), and Planmeca Promax 3D Mid CBCT. The intensity of beam hardening artifact varies from major degradation of image (i.e., subperiosteal implants, bridges, crowns, dental implants, and orthodontic fix appliances), through mean degradation (screws securing titanium mesh, head of mini-implant) to no beam hardening on metallic devices (orthodontic anchorage, orthodontic contention wire) or on dense objects (endodontic treatments, impression materials, Lego box). Some beam hardening artifacts arising from nasal piercing, hairs, or hearing aid device may be present on the image but they will not disturb the evaluation of the field of view.

Conclusions: reduction of aliasing artifact is related with the improvement of detectors quality. The presence of ring artifact means that CBCT device has lost its calibration. The field of view (FOV) needs to be reduce in order to avoid scanning regions susceptible to beam hardening (e.g., metallic restorations, dental implants). Finally, the accessibility to open knowledge on technique -related CBCT artifacts seems extremely limited when searching at PubMed database.
Comparison of bladder voiding efficiency in women when calculated from a free flow versus an intubated flow
Authors: Valentini Françoise A. , Marti Brigitte G. , Zimmern Philippe E. , Robain Gilberte , Nelson Pierre P.
Published: April 2020

Objectives: To assess the reproducibility of bladder voiding efficiency (BVE, Void%) between free flow (FF) and intubated flow (IF) and to correlate BVE measurements with urinary incontinence (UI) complaints and urodynamic (UDS) findings in women.
Methods: UDS recordings of women referred for LUTD evaluation to our UDS center were reviewed. Each file included FF at arrival, filling cystometry, and IF. Post-void residual volumes (PVR) were measured by catheterization after FF and IF. Women unable to void during the study or who expelled the catheter during IF, as well as studies with voided volume < 100 ml were excluded. Data was sub-analyzed according to 3 age categories, and UI complaints and UDS findings.
Results: Over the past 3 years, 237 UDS studies for FF and IF met all criteria. There was significant difference between voided volumes (232 vs. 335 ml) and PVR (24 vs. 71 ml) respectively (P < 0.0001). For the whole population, BVE IF (79.8 ± 28.6) was significantly lower than BVE FF (90.7 ± 15.9) (P < 0.0001). A significant decrease of BVE during IF was only noted for UI. BVE IF was significantly different in women in the peri-menopause and older groups. PVR IF increased with age and was significantly higher than PVR FF for women older than 45 years (P < 0.0001).
Conclusions: BVE measurement in women has a role, but is most reliable from a FF. BVE is influenced by age and urinary incontinence complaints as well as UDS findings.
Calcification of bladder wall after intravesical mitomycin C therapy: a case report and review of literature
Authors: Chang Dwayne T. S. , Lozinskiy Mikhail
Published: April 2020

Bladder wall calcification is an under-reported adverse effect of intravesical mitomycin C therapy. We report our experience of a man who developed extensive bladder wall calcification within three weeks of being treated with just a single 40 mg dose of intravesical mitomycin C for non-muscle invasive, low-grade transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. To date, only six other cases were reported in the scientific literature in English, all of which used higher doses of mitomycin and had a longer time to diagnosis than this case. We compared the salient points of this case with previously reported cases.
The answer depends on the question: Optimal conditions for western blot characterization of muscle collagen type 1 depends on desired isoform
Authors: J. Iannarone Victoria , E. Cruz Geneva , A. Hilliard Brendan , F. Barbe Mary
Published: April 2020

Fibrillar collagen type 1 is the most abundant type of collagen within the body and is a critical component of extracellular infrastructure. In order to assess collagen synthesis and extracellular accumulation in fibrotic disorders, improved methods are needed to detect changes in procollagen versus mature collagen at the protein level. Using Western blot methodology, we systematically examined: (1) gel composition (Tris-glycine vs. bis-Tris, gradient vs. non-gradient, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) vs. no SDS); (2) sample preparation (SDS vs. no SDS, β-mercaptoethanol (BME) vs. no BME, boiling vs. no boiling); and (3) running buffer composition (SDS vs. no SDS). Our results indicate full native gel conditions prevent resolution of all collagen type 1 bands. The best resolution of type 1 procollagens is achieved using 4%–12% Tris-glycine gels without the presence of SDS in the gel itself, although SDS in the running and sample buffers are needed. Also, BME must not be added to the sample buffer and samples should not be boiled. For characterization of mature collagen 1(I), both 8% and gradients type gels are appropriate, although still without SDS, yet with SDS included in both running and sample buffers, BME must be added to the sample buffer, and samples should not be boiled. Boiling is to be avoided as the antigenic site recognized by the monoclonal antibody used is sensitive to thermal denaturation, as is the case with many monoclonal antibodies available on the market. Thus, the exact parameters employed are dependent upon the collagen protein product that the scientist desires to identify.
Comparing NGS and NanoString platforms in peripheral blood mononuclear cell transcriptome profiling for advanced heart failure biomarker development
Authors: Bondar Galyna , Xu Wenjie , Elashoff David , Li Xinmin , Faure-Kumar Emmanuelle , Bao Tra-Mi , Grogan Tristan , Moose Jim , C. Deng Mario
Published: April 2020

In preparation to create a clinical assay that predicts 1-year survival status of advanced heart failure (AdHF) patients before surgical/interventional therapies and to select the appropriate clinical assay platform for the future assay, we compared the properties of next generation sequencing (NGS) used in the gene discovery phase to the NanoString platform used in the clinical assay development phase. In 25 AdHF patients in a tertiary academic medical center from 2015 to 2016, PBMC samples were collected and aliquoted for NGS RNA whole transcriptome sequencing and compared to 770 genes represented on NanoString’s PanCancer IO 360 Gene Expression research panel. Prior to statistical analysis, NanoString and NGS expression values were log transformed. We computed Pearson correlation coefficients for each sample, comparing gene expression values between NanoString and NGS across the set of matched genes and for each of the matched genes across the set of samples. Genes were grouped by average NGS expression, and the NanoString-NGS correlation for each group was computed. Out of 770 genes from the NanoString panel, 734 overlapped between both platforms and showed high intrasample correlation. Within an individual sample, there was an expression-level dependent correlation between both platforms. The low- vs. intermediate/high-expression groups showed NGS average correlation 0.21 vs. 0.58–0.68, respectively, and NanoString average correlation 0.07–0.34 vs. 0.59–0.70, respectively. NanoString demonstrated high reproducibility (R2 > 0.99 for 100 ng input), sensitivity (probe counts between 100 and 500 detected and quantified), and robustness (similar gene signature scores across different RNA input concentrations, cartridges, and outcomes). Data from NGS and NanoString were highly correlated. These platforms play a meaningful, complementary role in the biomarker development process.
Generation of bone marrow chimeras using X-ray irradiation: comparison to cesium irradiation and use in immunotherapy
Authors: Eng Jason , Orf Jessica , Perez Kristy , Sawant Deepali , DeVoss Jason
Published: April 2020

Bone marrow chimeras represent a key tool employed to understand biological contributions stemming from the hematopoietic versus the stromal compartment. In most institutions, cesium irradiators are used to lethally irradiate recipient animals prior to the injection of donor bone marrow. Cesium irradiators, however, have significant liabilities—including concerns around domestic security. Recently, X-ray irradiators have been implemented as a potential alternative to cesium sources. Only a small number of publications in the literature have attempted to compare these two modalities and, in most cases, the emphasis was on irradiation of human blood productions. We were able to find only a single study that directly compared X-ray and cesium technologies in the generation of murine bone marrow chimeras, a standard laboratory practice. This study focused on chimerism in the blood of recipient animals. In the present study, we begin by comparing cesium and X-ray based sources for irradiation, then transition to using X-ray-based systems for immunology models with an emphasis on immunotherapy of cancer in immunocompetent mouse models—specifically evaluating chimerism in the blood, spleen, and tumor microenvironment. While our data demonstrate that the two platforms are functionally comparable and suggest that X-ray based technology is a suitable alternative to cesium sources. We also highlight a difference in chimerism between the peripheral (blood, spleen) and tumor compartments that is observed using both technologies. While the overall degree of chimerism in the peripheral tissues is very high, the degree of chimerism in the tumor is cell type specific with T and NK cells showing lower chimerism than other cell types.
Psychologie v přípravě budoucích učitelů: diskurzy studijních textů vybraných psychologických předmětů
Authors: Juklová Kateřina , Vondroušová Jindra
Published: April 2020

Abstrakt: Příspěvek se zabývá otázkou aktuální role psychologie v přípravě budoucích učitelů, která je nahlížena prostřednictvím diskurzu studijních textů doporučovaných v rámci studia dvou psychologických předmětů − psychologie sociální a psychologie pedagogické. Studie využila smíšeného výzkumného přístupu a kombinovala metodu diskurzivní analýzy s obsahovou kvantitativní analýzou a analýzou latentních tříd. Nominace studijních textů do analýzy proběhla na základě aktuálních sylabů učitelských studií pro 2. stupeň základních škol všech pedagogických fakult v České republice. Celkový počet analyzovaných jednotek čítal 113 studijních textů. Metodou diskurzivní analýzy bylo identifikováno pět kvalitativně odlišných repertoárových konstrukcí, které se v diskurzu studijních textů zařazených do studia příslušných disciplín uplatňují. Obsahová kvantitativní analýza přinesla porovnání četností a proporcí ve využívání těchto konstrukcí v celkovém rozsahu i s ohledem na příslušný předmět. Získané výsledky jsou interpretovány s ohledem na širší aktuální kontext profesní přípravy učitelů a diskutována jsou rovněž omezení studie.

Klíčová slova: výuka psychologie, budoucí učitel, pojetí přípravy, role, repertoár, žánr, diskurz, diskurzivní analýza, kvantitativní obsahová analýza, analýza latentních tříd, učebnice, studijní text, odborný text, metodický text.
Využívání služeb kariérového poradenství žáky středních odborných škol
Authors: Hloušková Lenka
Published: April 2020

Význam služeb kariérového poradenství je obvykle spojován s jednotlivci, ale v této studii je pozornost zaměřena na jeden ze společenských cílů těchto služeb, konkrétně na otázku, jak mohou služby kariérového poradenství přispívat k sociální spravedlnosti ve společnosti. Cílem je identifi kovat roli služeb kariérového poradenství při střetu se sociálními nerovnostmi. Metoda: Text vychází z dat sbíraných dotazníkem v průběhu března a dubna 2018 mezi žáky posledních ročníků denní formy studia na středních odborných učilištích a středních odborných školách v Jihomoravském a Moravskoslezském kraji. Role kariérového poradenství jsou rozkrývány na základě charakteristik žáků a statisticky významných rozdílů mezi těmi, kteří služeb využili, a těmi, kteří služeb nevyužili, stejně tak jako s oporou o korelace mezi pohlavím, subjektivním hodnocením vzdělávacích výsledků, typem ukončení studia, vzdělávacími aspiracemi a využíváním služeb. Výsledky: Z 3096 respondentů se s odborníkem radilo 14 % žáků. Častěji služeb využili žáci, kteří v průběhu svého studia změnili školu, kteří hodnotili své studijní výsledky na prvními stupni klasifi kační stupnice, deklarovali zlepšování studijních výsledků v průběhu studia, a ti, kteří mají představu o své studijní nebo/i pracovní budoucnosti. Naopak žáci, kteří hodnotí své studijní výsledky jako dostatečné nebo nejsou se svými výsledky spokojení, častěji plánují využít služeb odborníka. Jednorázově poradce vyhledali častěji ti, kteří nespojují svou budoucnost s dosavadním oborem studia, ale mají aspiraci dosáhnout vyššího stupně vzdělání, než které právě končí. Závěr: Uvedená zjištění naznačují, že kariérové poradenství má potenciál přispívat k sociální spravedlnosti prostřednictvím tří rolí, které se odvíjí od charakteristik žáků-klientů a jejich důvodů vyhledání služby.
K vývoji vzdělanostní struktury žáků středního a vyššího vzdělávání
Authors: Vojtěch Jiří , Úlovec Martin
Published: April 2020

Abstrakt: Text popisuje vývoj vzdělanostní struktury a změny v podílu žáků vstupujících do středního a vyššího odborného vzdělávání. K popisu vzdělanostní struktury a jejího vývoje využívá relativní četnosti, které jsou z hlediska postižení dynamiky a změn systému relevantnější než absolutní četnosti. Východiskem je populační vývoj v ČR a jeho souvislost s vývojem rozdělení žáků do jednotlivých kategorií vzdělání. Kromě národní úrovně postihuje i pohled na problematiku v krajském měřítku. Dále se věnuje vývoji počtu absolventů a souvisejícím problémům. Ze srovnání s dalšími evropskými zeměmi vyplývá, že má ČR nejvyšší zastoupení žáků v technických oborech a nejnižší podíl gymnazistů. Podíly jednotlivých kategorií vzdělání jsou v ČR poměrně stabilní, zaměstnavatelé však pociťují nedostatek kvalifi kované pracovní síly. Hlavní přičiny jsou demografi cký pokles a předčasné odchody ze vzdělávání. Ty představují velké riziko z hlediska sociální koheze, protože mladí lidé se základním vzděláním, bez kvalifi kace, jsou ohroženi opakovanou, dlouhodobou nezaměstnaností se všemi negativní dopady v oblasti sociálně patologických jevů.
Význam začleňování učiva o technice a praktických činnostech do kurikula základních škol
Authors: Dostál Jiří
Published: April 2020

Současná společnost prochází v globálním měřítku intenzivnější vlnou proměn, která je charakteristická především nebývalou dynamikou, rozsahem a objemem. Především se jedná o technologické a ekonomické změny, které mají podstatný vliv na podobu společnosti. Tempo rozvoje a implementace technologií založených na robotice, umělé inteligenci a informačních systémech do celé řady oblastí lidského konání – i přímo nesouvisejících s technikou – a vedle toho expanze digitální a sdílené ekonomiky vyvolávají nové vzdělávací potřeby, na které je nezbytné neprodleně reagovat. Je žádoucí připravovat budoucí generace na život v nových podmínkách, a proto zde sehrává významnou roli školství. V důsledku toho vyvolané požadavky na provedení inovací se týkají všech úrovní vzdělávání, avšak zaměřovat se budeme především na základní školství v podmínkách České republiky. Logicky se nabízejí otázky, zda jsou aktuálně indikované vývojové tendence natolik zásadní, aby byly příčinou pro kurikulární transformaci podoby vzdělávání, a zda již nastala vhodná doba pro její realizaci. Odpověď mj. hledáme v mezinárodní poznatkové komparaci s důrazem na stěžejní kategorie provázané s výukou technických a prakticko-činnostních předmětů. Rovněž jsou analyzovány koncepční a prováděcí dokumenty související s realizovanými změnami vzdělávání, vč. klíčových oborově-didaktických výzkumně laděných i teoretických studií. Na základě provedené poznatkové syntézy vyvozujeme a diskutujeme podněty pro inovativní podobu učiva o technice na základních školách, které se stává neopomenutelným faktorem přispívajícím k vytváření komplexu kompetencí nezbytných pro život jedince v moderní společnosti.
Meziškolní mobilita žáků středních škol v České republice
Authors: Dvořák Dominik , Vyhnálek Jan
Published: April 2020

Představujeme pilotní údaje o přestupech českých žáků mezi středními školami. Vycházíme při tom z administrativních mikrodat – z jarního sběru údajů školní matriky v roce 2017. Analyzovali jsme 4533 případů přestupů. Agregovaná data ilustrujeme třemi případy řetězených přestupů. Výsledky ukazují, že 11,5 % přestupů směřovalo z maturitního na nematuritní obor, v opačném směru jen 3,2 %. Ostatní přestupy nevedly ke změně typu studia. Počet změn školy bez změny obce trvalého pobytu výrazně regionálně kolísá. Meziškolní mobilita by mohla být důležitým indikátorem upozorňujícím na rizikové žáky i školy. Metodologie analýzy administrativních dat má značný potenciál, ale současný systém sběru a správy dat v českém školství zaostává za vyspělými zeměmi.
Jak učitelé vnímají komunikaci s rodiči: Spokojení vs. vyhořelí
Authors: Viktorová Ida
Published: April 2020

Abstrakt: V této studii jsme se zaměřili na otázku, jak vidí komunikaci s rodiči učitelé dvou skupin na opačných pólech: spokojení v profesi učitele vs. nespokojení, resp. s rozvíjejícím se syndromem vyhořením. Zkoumali jsme totiž v rámci většího projektu profesní nároky a syndrom vyhoření u učitelů základních škol. Jako jeden ze zdrojů stresu ve škole je často uváděna složitá komunikace mezi aktéry (učitelé, vedení, žáci a rodiče). Vycházeli jsme z 58 rozhovorů s učiteli z různých míst republiky. Výsledky ukázaly velmi rozdílný subjektivní obraz rodičů u těchto dvou skupin. Vyhořelí učitelé mají více konfliktů s rodiči žáků, mnohem hůře je prožívají a obtížněji hledají jejich řešení. Spokojení učitelé jsou realističtější, často konfliktům předcházejí, mají pevnější hranice komunikace a neprožívají problémy osobně, rodičů se nebojí.

Klíčová slova: učitel základní školy, vyhoření, komunikace s rodiči, konflikty s rodiči, řešení konfliktů s rodiči.
Didaktika obecné didaktiky: Od deklarativní znalosti pojmů směrem k rozvoji didaktického myšlení
Authors: Duschinská Karolina , High Radka
Published: April 2020

Abstrakt: Obecná didaktika má klíčové postavení ve studijních plánech navazujícího magisterského studia oborů učitelství všeobecně vzdělávacích předmětů a právem se od ní očekává položení teoretických základů učitelské profese. Tato studie sleduje tři hlavní cíle: reflektovat vzdělávací potřeby budoucích učitelů, zpracovat tematickou analýzu nejpoužívanějších vysokoškolských učebnic obecné didaktiky a analyzovat proces inovací výuky obecné didaktiky ve světle požadavků na kvalitu vysokoškolské výuky. Osmiletý proces inovací je ilustrován průběžnými výsledky studentského hodnocení výuky, dále jsou analyzovány základní aspekty výuky předmětu obecná didaktika: cíle předmětu, obsah, zkouška, činnosti ve výuce i mimo výuku a využívání příkladů z praxe. Záměrem těchto inovací bylo postupně dojít k vyváženému modelu výuky obecné didaktiky založenému na propojování teorií učení a výsledků empirického pedagogického výzkumu s porozuměním konkrétním didaktickým situacím. Hlavním výsledkem této studie je šest požadavků na výuku obecné didaktiky v učitelských studijních programech.

Klíčová slova: obecná didaktika, didaktika obecné didaktiky, studium učitelství, rozvoj didaktického myšlení.
Elicitor induced increased rosmarinic acid content of in vitro root cultures of Ocimum basilicum L. (Sweet Basil)
Authors: Biswas Trayee
Published: April 2020

In vitro root cultures provide an alternative means for producing secondary metabolites of pharmaceutical and industrial importance. The present investigation is an attempt to study the effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) as an elicitor, on the production of rosmarinic acid through in vitro root cultures of Ocimum basilicum L. The rosmarinic acid is a preformed constitutively accumulated defense compound having several biological activities including antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidative activity. Uniform progeny of O. basilicum L. was obtained through in vitro shoot bud multiplication as reliable source of explants. In vitro root cultures were established in one fourth strength of Murashige and Skoog (MS) liquid medium supplemented with 1.0 mg l–1 ?-napthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Methyl jasmonate, was supplemented to the root cultures at different concentrations (0.01, 0.1 and 1.0 mM), and their effect on total phenol content as well as rosmarinic acid production was studied. Rosmarinic acid was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Compared to the control set of cultures 1.60 fold increase in rosmarinic acid concentration (4.05 ± 0.74 % of dry wt) was observed in elicitor treated cultures.
Progress towards a rigorous error propagation for total least-squares estimates
Authors: Schaffrin Burkhard , Snow Kyle
Published: April 2020

After several attempts at a formal derivation of the dispersion matrix for Total Least-Squares (TLS) estimates within an Errors-In-Variables (EIV) Model, here a refined approach is presented that makes rigorous use of the nonlinear normal equations, though assuming a Kronecker product structure for both observational dispersion matrices at this point. In this way, iterative linearization of a model (that can be established as being equivalent to the original EIV-Model) is avoided, which might be preferred since such techniques are based on the last iteration step only and, therefore, produce dispersion matrices for the estimated parameters that are generally too optimistic. Here, the error propagation is based on the (linearized total differential of the) exact nonlinear normal equations, which should lead to more trustworthy measures of precision.
Unbleached and bleached handsheet characteristics of Subabul heartwood and sapwood
Authors: Pydimalla Madhuri , Adusumalli Ramesh Babu
Published: April 2020

The objective of this study was to understand the influence of bleaching on % residual lignin, water retention value, brightness and morphological properties of Subabul heartwood and sapwood pulps. The second aim was to compare the properties of unbleached and bleached handsheets with respect to tensile index and fractography. Screened wood chips of Subabul were subjected to kraft cooking (165 °C, 3 hours) followed by ECF bleaching and refining. When unbleached handsheets were compared, higher tensile index was found for sapwood sheets (29.8 N.m/g) than heartwood sheets (12.8 N.m/g). Therefore, it is recommended to use unbleached sapwood sheets for packaging grade applications. The bleached pulps have exhibited negligible residual lignin (0.1 %), higher water retention value (∼21) and higher brightness (88 %) compared to unbleached pulps. Subsequently, the bleached heartwood sheets revealed higher tensile index (∼7 fold) and higher modulus of elasticity (∼2.7 fold) compared to unbleached heartwood sheets. For printing grade applications bleached sapwood and bleached heartwood pulps are equally recommended, because no differences were observed in their pulp and sheet characteristics.
Old, New, and Newer Still in Book 7 of the Speculum musice
Authors: Zayaruznaya Anna
Published: April 2020

In chapter 27 of the last book of his Speculum musice, Jacobus faults an unnamed theorist for misattributing some ars nova doctrine to the ars antiqua; he then excuses the offense by explaining that the oldest ars nova theory might already seem old to current practitioners. This passage and several others suggest that Jacobus was writing at a time when the ars nova was hardly new. And yet the earliest ars nova theory dates from 1319, while the completion of the Speculum musice is often placed in the mid-1320s or ca. 1330. Since the Speculum cites a range of ars nova treatises that in turn cite a repertoire of motets, Jacobus's comments serve as a terminus ante quem for the ars nova writ large. This study reconsiders the date of completion for the last, seventh book of the Speculum musice. It is clear that Jacobus was older than the moderni and finished his treatise as an old man, but he also reveals that he wrote over a long span of time and revised his work repeatedly. His notational proclivities are those of a musician who came of age in a post-Franconian idiom prevalent until ca. 1320, but the latest notational developments he mentions include semiminims, dragmas, and even note shapes otherwise associated with the so-called ars subtilior. In light of this, I suggest that the Speculum musice could have been finished as late as the 1350s by an author in his mid- to late seventies. This redating, in turn, invites broad reconsideration of the transition between ars antiqua and ars nova.
Two Synthetic 18-Way Outcrossed Populations of Diploid Budding Yeast with Utility for Complex Trait Dissection
Authors: Linder Robert A , Majumder Arundhati , Chakraborty Mahul , Long Anthony
Published: April 2020

Advanced-generation multiparent populations (MPPs) are a valuable tool for dissecting complex traits, having more power than genome-wide association studies to detect rare variants and higher resolution than F2 linkage mapping. To extend the advantages of MPPs in budding yeast, we describe the creation and characterization of two outbred MPPs derived from 18 genetically diverse founding strains. We carried out de novo assemblies of the genomes of the 18 founder strains, such that virtually all variation segregating between these strains is known, and represented those assemblies as Santa Cruz Genome Browser tracks. We discovered complex patterns of structural variation segregating among the founders, including a large deletion within the vacuolar ATPase VMA1, several different deletions within the osmosensor MSB2, a series of deletions and insertions at PRM7 and the adjacent BSC1, as well as copy number variation at the dehydrogenase ALD2. Resequenced haploid recombinant clones from the two MPPs have a median unrecombined block size of 66 kb, demonstrating that the population is highly recombined. We pool-sequenced the two MPPs to 3270× and 2226× coverage and demonstrated that we can accurately estimate local haplotype frequencies using pooled data. We further downsampled the pool-sequenced data to ∼20–40× and showed that local haplotype frequency estimates remained accurate, with median error rates 0.8 and 0.6% at 20× and 40×, respectively. Haplotypes frequencies are estimated much more accurately than SNP frequencies obtained directly from the same data. Deep sequencing of the two populations revealed that 10 or more founders are present at a detectable frequency for > 98% of the genome, validating the utility of this resource for the exploration of the role of standing variation in the architecture of complex traits.
Letter from the Editors
Authors: Beiting Molly A. , Gasoyan Hamlet , Ibrahim Jennifer K. , Sarwer David B. , Spitzer Jacqueline C.
Published: April 2020

We are delighted to welcome you to the inaugural issue of CommonHealth, an interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed, open-access journal of the College of Public Health at Temple University.

Establishment of this journal is an exciting milestone and a natural next step in our trajectory of growth and leadership in public health education and research. The College of Public Health (CPH) is home to more than 50 academic programs within 17 disciplines. Our departments have earned 24 program-specific accreditations and four of our graduate programs are within the top 25% nationwide. In 2017, the College received full accreditation by the Council on Education for Public Health. One of the key differentiators of CPH is our active research community and commitment to interdisciplinary research and education. In 2018, the work of CPH investigators was supported by over $22 million dollars in funding. Students at every level in CPH participate in meaningful collaborations with faculty, receive hands-on research training, and produce impactful research.

 We are cordially inviting authors from Temple University and the public health community at large to submit their original research, research commentary, clinical innovation and practice, teaching innovation and practice, community connection articles, and multimedia submissions to CommonHealth. We look forward to seeing your scholarship.
DUPLEX POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION UNTUK DETEKSI SIMULTAN KOI HERPESVIRUS DAN Aeromonas hydrophila PADA IKAN MAS (Cyprinus carpio)
Authors: Novita Hessy , Sugiani Desy , Taukhid Taukhid , Sumiati Tuti
Published: April 2020

Koi herpesvirus (KHV) dan Aeromonas hydrophila adalah patogen yang dapat mengkoinfeksi ikan mas secara bersamaan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan metode duplex polymerase chain reaction (dPCR), deteksi simultan untuk diagnosis KHV dan bakteri Aeromonas hydrophila pada ikan mas. Dua pasang primer yang menargetkan sekuen spesifik SphI dan gen aerolisin, yang sering digunakan untuk mendeteksi KHV dan A. hydrophila dalam uji reaksi tunggal PCR dan menghasilkan target pita PCR 290 bp dan 417 bp. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode duplex PCR dapat mendeteksi ganda infeksi KHV dan A. hydrophila pada ikan mas dan metode ini lebih efektif mendeteksi dua patogen secara bersamaan dalam satu reaksi PCR pada suhu pradenaturasi, 94°C selama dua menit, denaturasi pada suhu 95°C selama satu menit, annealing pada suhu, 55°C selama satu menit, dan 72°C selama satu menit, dengan 30 siklus amplifikasi dan final extention pada suhu 72°C selama lima menit. Metode dPCR untuk deteksi simultan kedua patogen adalah salah satu metode yang dapat diaplikasikan untuk deteksi koinfeksi virus dan bakteri dalam satu reaksi PCR.Koi herpesvirus (KHV) and Aeromonas hydrophila are pathogens that can co-infect common carp. This study aimed to develop a duplex polymerase chain reaction (dPCR) method to detect KHV and Aeromonas hydrophila in common carp simultaneously. Two pairs of primers targeted the specific sequences of SphI and aerolysin genes, often used in detecting KHV and A. hydrophila, in a single PCR reaction test and produced target bands of PCR 290 bp and 417 bp. This proposed method was more effective in simultaneously detecting the two pathogens in one PCR reaction at pre-naturation temperature of 94°C for two minutes, denaturation at 95°C for one minute, annealing at temperature, 55°C for one minute, and 72°C for one minute, with 30 cycles of amplification and final extension at 72°C for five minutes. The findings showed that the duplex PCR method could be used to double detect KHV and A. hydrophila infection in common carp. The duplex PCR method for simultaneous detection of both pathogens is one method that can be applied for the detection of co-infection of viruses and bacteria in a PCR reaction.
ANALISIS PENGARUH KONSENTRASI VANADAT (VO4³-) DALAM MEDIA KULTUR TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN Dunaliella sp.
Authors: Kurniawan Andi , Firdaus Mohammad Elham , Salamah Lutfi Ni’matus , Ulfa Siti Mariyah
Published: April 2020

Dunaliella sp. adalah mikroalga halotoleran yang banyak dijumpai pada lingkungan hipersalin. Mikrolaga ini mengandung berbagai substansi yang berharga seperti karetonoid, gliserol, lipid, protein dan vitamin sehingga banyak dibudidayakan. Salah satu faktor utama yang memengaruhi pertumbuhan Dunaliella sp. yang dibudidayakan adalah ketersediaan senyawa di dalam media kulturnya. Salah satu senyawa yang dapat menstimulus pertumbuhan mikroalga adalah vanadat (VO43-). Penelitian ini menganalisis pengaruh konsentrasi vanadat dalam media kultur terhadap pertumbuhan Dunaliella sp. Konsentrasi vanadat yang digunakan adalah 0,002 mg/L; 0,02 mg/L; 0,2 mg/L; dan 0 mg/L (kontrol). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa keberadaan vanadat dalam media kultur memengaruhi secara signifikan pertumbuhan Dunaliella sp. di mana pertumbuhan terbaik didapatkan pada pemberian vanadat dengan konsentrasi 0,002 mg/L. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, vanadat dalam media kultur dapat digunakan sebagai penstimulus pertumbuhan Dunaliella sp.Dunaliella sp. is halotolerant microalgae commonly found in hypersaline waters. This microalgae contains various valuable substances such as carotenoids, glycerol, lipid, protein, and vitamins, and thus, widely cultivated. One of the primary factors that influence the growth of cultured Dunaliella sp. is the availability of certain nutrient/chemical compounds in its culture media. One of the compounds that can stimulate the growth of microalgae is vanadate (VO43-). This study analyzed the effects of vanadate concentration in the culture media on the growth of Dunaliella sp. The vanadate concentrations used were 0.002 mg/L, 0.02 mg/L, 0.2 mg/L, and 0 mg/L as the control concentration. The results of this study suggested that the existence of vanadate in the culture media significantly affected the growth of Dunaliella sp. in which the best growth of Dunaliella sp. was obtained by the treatment with 0.002 mg /L of vanadate. This study recommends that the vanadate with concentration of 0.002 mg/L should be used in the culture media of Dunaliella sp.