bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revision of the circumglobal deep-sea genus Leucicorus (Teleostei, Ophidiidae) with two new species
Authors: SCHWARZHANS WERNER W. , NIELSEN JØRGEN G. , MUNDY BRUCE C.
Published: February 2022

The rare deepsea ophidiid genus Leucicorus was described by Garman (1899) based on L. lusciosus Garman, 1899 caught in the East Pacific. Until 1973 only three additional specimens were caught of which two from the East Pacific belong to L. lusciosus and one from off Hawaiʽi is an undescribed species here described as L. lentibus n. sp. In 1973 a Soviet expedition to the Caribbean Sea trawled 18 specimens from abyssal and hadal depths and based on this material a second Leucicorus species was described, L. atlanticus Nielsen, 1975. Since then eight Leucicorus specimens from the Indo-Pacific and Atlantic Oceans have been caught of which two from the West Atlantic belong to a new species, L. gerringerae n. sp., herein described, four to L. atlanticus and two remain as Leucicorus sp. About 35 demersal Leucicorus specimens have been observed and photographed by ROV (remotely operated vehicle) at depths of 3804-5768 meters in the Pacific Ocean.
New species and records of Elachistinae (Lepidoptera: Gelechioidea, Elachistidae) from Nepal
Authors: SRUOGA VIRGINIJUS
Published: February 2022

Six species of Elachistinae are newly reported from Nepal, four of which are described as new: Elachista conspecta sp. nov., E. marginata sp. nov., E. minor sp. nov. and E. simulans sp. nov.

                The new species are diagnosed and illustrated with photographs of the adults and genitalia. E. siamensis Sruoga & Kaila, 2019 and E. kurokoi Parenti, 1983 are recorded for the first time in Nepal.
Criminalizing Poverty: The Consequences of Court Fees in a Randomized Experiment
Authors: Pager Devah , Goldstein Rebecca , Ho Helen , Western Bruce
Published: February 2022

Court-related fines and fees are widely levied on criminal defendants who are frequently poor and have little capacity to pay. Such financial obligations may produce a criminalization of poverty, where later court involvement results not from crime but from an inability to meet the financial burdens of the legal process. We test this hypothesis using a randomized controlled trial of court-related fee relief for misdemeanor defendants in Oklahoma County, Oklahoma. We find that relief from fees does not affect new criminal charges, convictions, or jail bookings after 12 months. However, control respondents were subject to debt collection efforts at significantly higher rates that involved new warrants, additional court debt, tax refund garnishment, and referral to a private debt collector. Despite significant efforts at debt collection among those in the control group, payments to the court totaled less than 5 percent of outstanding debt. The evidence indicates that court debt charged to indigent defendants neither caused nor deterred new crime, and the government obtained little financial benefit. Yet, fines and fees contributed to a criminalization of low-income defendants, placing them at risk of ongoing court involvement through new warrants and debt collection.
Incidence of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy and Post-Operative Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Chimney Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair
Authors: Caradu Caroline , Coatsaliou Quentin , Colacchio Elda Chiara , Ducasse Eric , Lareyre Fabien , Raffort Juliette
Published: February 2022

Chimney endovascular aortic aneurysm repair (ch-EVAR) has become a valid alternative to treat complex aneurysms but the occurrence of contrast-induced kidney injury (CI-AKI) is poorly known. This study investigated the incidence and the impact of CI-AKI on post-operative outcomes after ch-EVAR. Consecutive patients who underwent ch-EVAR between July 2010 and 2021 were retrospectively included. CI-AKI was defined based on plasma creatinine levels within 7 days after the intervention according to the “Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes” (KDIGO) classification. Among 102 patients included, CI-AKI occurred in 14 cases (13.7%). The 30-day post-operative mortality and complications were significantly higher in patients who developed CI-AKI compared with those who did not (50 vs 9.1%, P = .001 and 57.1 vs 20.5%, P = .007). Over a median follow-up of 24 months (3-39), overall mortality was also significantly higher (78.6 vs 33.0%, P = .002). The pre-operative platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) was significantly higher in patients who developed CI-AKI (224.5 vs 147.6, P = .008). CI-AKI is frequent after ch-EVAR and is associated with worse post-operative outcomes. This should increase awareness of clinicians to optimize preventive and therapeutic strategies.
Diffuse Reflection Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy and Partial Least Squares Regression Analysis for Temperature Prediction of Irreversible Thermochromic Paints
Authors: Kitagawa Akiharu , Welsh Calum , Mackilligin Harry , Licence Peter
Published: February 2022

Temperature measurement of internal components of a jet engine is a crucial control parameter to ensure its component life and efficiency. Particularly for thermal analysis of internal components of jet engines, irreversible thermochromic paints (TPs) have been developed at Rolls-Royce plc to evaluate the surface temperature of engine components where it is otherwise impossible. Thermochromic paints change color with respect to an increased temperature whereby the resulting change in the TP color corresponds to the maximum temperature experienced by the surface of engine components during testing. To improve the reliability and reproducibility of the temperature measurement by TPs, this work explored the potential use of diffuse reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS) combined with partial least squares regression (PLSR) analysis. The outcome of the prediction of the raw and pre-processed datasets was compared and discussed. The major contributors to the prediction models were the change in the property of the surface M–OH bonds, the structural change of the inorganic pigments and fillers, and their solid-state reaction at a higher temperature. The result showed improved reliability of the prediction model after the combined pre-process treatments with reported RMSEC of 4.5 °C and RMSECV of 13.0 °C using three latent variables.
Physicochemical Changes in Bone Bioapatite During the Late Postmortem Interval Pre- and Post-Burning
Authors: Végh Emese I. , Márquez-Grant Nicholas , Schulting Rick J.
Published: February 2022

Postmortem chemical transformation of bone bioapatite can take place during early diagenesis, resulting in a more thermodynamically stable mineral phase. This paper examines the impact of a one year postmortem interval on unburnt and burnt bone’s structural and chemical alterations. This question is of importance for the reconstruction of funerary practices involving cremation in the archaeological record, as well as forensic anthropological investigations. Fleshed pig ( Sus scrofa) tibiae were left exposed in a field, then collected at 14, 34, 91, 180, and 365 day intervals prior to being burnt in an outdoor fire (≤750 °C bone temperature). Fresh (fleshed) tibiae acted as unburnt and burnt controls. Also included in the study were two cremated human bone fragments from Middle–Late Neolithic (ca. 3300–2500 BCE) Ireland. Samples were analyzed for major and trace elements using an electron microprobe wavelength dispersive analyzer and molecular structures using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Linear regression, principal component analysis, linear discriminant analysis, and multivariate analysis of variance were performed for statistical analysis. Results indicate that the concentrations of elements associated with extracellular fluid (K, Na, and Cl) change with the postmortem interval (PMI) and survive burning. K values under 0.07 ± 0.01 wt% in the inner and mid-cortical zones of burnt bones suggest that bones were not burnt immediately after death. Using this criterion, results from the archaeological samples would indicate a PMI of at least weeks to months prior to cremation. Ca, P, Fe, Al, Si, and Sr are not significantly altered with burning, and Fe, Al, Si, and Sr are also unaffected by the PMI. In unburnt bones increased crystallinity and carbonate loss are detectable in <1 year, but both are obscured by burning. Structurally, the carbonate to phosphate ratio (C/P), the phosphate high temperature, and cyanamide to phosphate (CN/P) are the most useful ratios for discriminating between unburnt and burnt bones.
When ‘I’ becomes ‘we’: An ethnographic study of power and responsibility in a large food retail cooperative
Authors: Huber Guy , Knights David
Published: February 2022

Based on ethnographic research of a large food retail cooperative in New York (the Co-op), this article raises the research question of whether organizations can cultivate an ethic of responsibility to others and, if so, how this can be secured in everyday working practices? It draws principally on the work of Foucault and especially his later writings on the care of the self and ethics but seeks to link these deliberations to Levinas in identifying responsibility to the Other as prior to identity. Indeed, one message that we seek to convey is that attachments to identities are frequently a stumbling block for developing ethically responsible relations and organizations and this may necessitate some normative control. While recognizing that normative control can easily become oppressive and there were occasional signs of this where staff were watching one another and demanding compliance, our research provides a platform for exploring conversations about alternative forms of organization. We explore how relations of power can produce ethically progressive relations, through generative norms that give space to, and nurture, care and responsibility for others to constitute morally engaging organizational life.
A view from above: Space and the Canadian Armed Forces
Authors: Budning Kevin , Wilner Alex , Cote Guillaume
Published: February 2022

A connected battlespace aims to enable seamless, real-time connectivity between various military assets across all domains of contemporary warfare. Such a program, however, cannot be accomplished without the use of space-based assets that are designed to store and transmit data; enable communications, surveillance, and imagery; and bolster interoperability between different military forces and services. Given recent technological advancements, coupled with international interest and the diminishing cost of launching satellites into low Earth orbit, this article explores the opportunities and drawbacks associated with the Canadian Armed Forces’ embrace of novel space-based technologies. Following dozens of consultations and a stakeholder workshop held with academic, industry and policy experts, we argue that developing, procuring, and exploiting these capabilities is essential for Canada’s future force development, augmenting situational awareness in a pan-domain environment, and retaining a degree of sovereignty in an era marked by disruptive technologies, strategic uncertainty and great power competition.
Japanese Internment of Allied Civilians in the Second World War China: Perspectives on the Enemy Aliens Protection Mechanism
Authors: Yang Chan
Published: February 2022

This article discusses the Japanese internment of Allied civilians in occupied China during the Second World War (WWII), with a focus on the period leading up to July 1943, by which point most Allied civilians had entered various internment sites throughout occupied China. This article mainly utilises the archives of the Japanese, the Allied governments and international mediators. The study argues that a provisional international mechanism for protecting enemy aliens was formulated shortly after the outbreak of war. It also finds that although Allied civilians did suffer physically and mentally during Japanese internment in occupied China, at least in the beginning, the Allied governments and the Japanese foreign affairs apparatus, based on this provisional international mechanism and the principle of ‘reciprocity’, intended to treat them fairly.
Re-examining women leaders and military spending
Authors: Imamverdiyeva Ulkar , Shea Patrick E
Published: February 2022

Do women leaders enact more hawkish foreign policies? Some research argues women leaders are more likely to adopt aggressive and masculine characteristics to obtain national office. As a result, women leaders should exhibit more hawkish behavior than men. In this study we re-examine the relationship between the women leaders and foreign policy by focusing on military spending behavior. We argue that conventional empirical methods, such as linear regression, are ill-suited to examine data on women leaders and military spending. These methods are sensitive to outliers and small sample sizes: two characteristics of women leadership. To address these issues, we use the synthetic control method to estimate the military spending behavior of women leaders. By creating unique synthetic counterfactuals for three prominent women leaders – Thatcher, Gandhi, and Meir – we analyze what would have happened if a particular state had a male leader. Generalizing beyond these cases, we also conduct a multiple treatment test that examines the effect of women leadership jointly across multiple countries and time periods. We find that women leaders do not spend more on the military than men. We analyze plausible explanations of these null results and discuss their implications.
Moonshots to Nowhere? The Metroliner and Failed High-Speed Rail in the United States, 1962–1977
Authors: Reinecke David
Published: February 2022

In September 1962, President John F. Kennedy challenged Americans to send and return astronauts to the Moon by the close of the decade. So-called “moon shots” like the Apollo Program of the 1960s became emblematic of a new paradigm in federally-funded research and development: large in scale, ambitious in scope, technologically challenging, and most importantly public facing. The success of the moon landings, in turn, inspired federal policymakers to seek similarly ambitious moon shots in other domains including communications, energy, housing, and transportation. The moonshot paradigm, however, proved to be a poor fit when applied in civilian settings. Drawing upon original archival research, this paper details government-led efforts to implement high-speed passenger rail along the Northeast Corridor. The moonshot paradigm saddled this program in no-win scenarios, encouraging implementing agencies to overstate program benefits, underestimate their costs, and ignore technological complexity and risk.
Lived Experiences of Bereaved Family Members During COVID-19 Pandemic in a Tertiary Care Hospital With Special Reference to Imposed Restrictive COVID Guidelines—a Qualitative Study
Authors: Patel Preet S , Desai Nimisha D. , Shah Sandip H. , Shah Saurabh N.
Published: February 2022

This study aimed to understand the experiences of bereaved family members in view of restrictive COVID guidelines using qualitative approach. 10 Hindu, Gujarati bereaved family members who lost their loved ones during the first wave were interviewed telephonically after a month of their loss. Findings were difficulty in proper communication during hospitalization, disrupted end-of-life and funeral rituals and accepting harsh realities related to the changes imposed by using content analysis. Most of the family members felt that there was a need of staying with the patients. Telephonic mode of communication was not sufficient for them and created doubts related to death. Most of them felt remorseful as they were not able to see or bring their loved one home during their last moments and felt deprived of the traditional rituals. Also, they had to deal with their grief by themselves.
Is it possible to attain the same soil organic matter content in arable agricultural soils as under natural vegetation?
Authors: Powlson David S. , Poulton Paul R. , Glendining Margaret J. , Macdonald Andy J. , Goulding Keith W.T.
Published: February 2022

Clearing natural vegetation to establish arable agriculture (cropland) almost invariably causes a loss of soil organic carbon (SOC). Is it possible to restore soil that continues in arable agriculture to the pre-clearance SOC level through modified management practices? To address this question we reviewed evidence from long-term experiments at Rothamsted Research, UK, Bad Lauchstädt, Germany, Sanborn Field, USA and Brazil and both experiments and surveys of farmers’ fields in Ethiopia, Australia, Zimbabwe, UK and Chile. In most cases SOC content in soil under arable cropping was in the range 38–67% of pre-clearance values. Returning crop residues, adding manures or including periods of pasture within arable rotations increased this, often to 60–70% of initial values. Under tropical climatic conditions SOC loss after clearance was particularly rapid, e.g. a loss of >50% in less than 10 years in smallholder farmers’ fields in Zimbabwe. If larger yielding crops were grown, using fertilizers, and maize stover returned instead of being grazed by cattle, the loss was reduced. An important exception to the general trend of SOC loss after clearance was clearing Cerrado vegetation on highly weathered acidic soils in Brazil and conversion to cropping with maize and soybean. Other exceptions were unrealistically large annual applications of manure and including long periods of pasture in a highly SOC-retentive volcanic soil. Also, introducing irrigated agriculture in a low rainfall region can increase SOC beyond the natural value due to increased plant biomass production. For reasons of sustainability and soil health it is important to maintain SOC as high as practically possible in arable soils, but we conclude that in the vast majority of situations it is unrealistic to expect to maintain pre-clearance values. To maintain global SOC stocks at we consider it is more important to reduce current rates of land clearance and sustainably produce necessary food on existing agricultural land.
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors Among Middle-Aged and Older Adult Vietnamese American Members of a Northern California Health Plan
Authors: Haysbert Donna B. , Lo Joan C. , Ramalingam Nirmala D. , Gordon Nancy P.
Published: February 2022

Objective:

There is increasing recognition that cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors vary by Asian subgroups. We examined CVD risk factor prevalence among Vietnamese adults in a northern California health plan.

Methods:

We used electronic health record data to examine smoking, overweight/obesity (body mass index ≥23.0 kg/m2), obesity (body mass index ≥27.5 kg/m2), prediabetes, diabetes, and hypertension among middle-aged (n = 12 757; aged 45-64 years) and older (n = 3418; aged 65-84 years) Vietnamese adults, including 37.8% whose preferred language was Vietnamese. Findings were compared with East Asian adults.

Results:

Current smoking prevalence was 20.3% for middle-aged men, 7.0% for older men, and <1% for women in both age groups. Obesity prevalence was 12.0% for older men, 17.9% for middle-aged men, and 10% for women in both age groups. Among middle-aged men and women, 20.9% and 17.0% had hypertension and 13.5% and 8.5% had diabetes, respectively. Among older men and women, 64.0% and 60.0% had hypertension and 32.8% and 29.3% had diabetes, respectively. In both age groups, Vietnamese language preference was associated with higher risk of smoking (men only) and of diabetes and hypertension (women only). Compared with East Asian adults, Vietnamese adults had lower obesity prevalence but similar prevalence of diabetes, prediabetes, and hypertension. Vietnamese men were more likely and Vietnamese women less likely than East Asian adults to be current smokers.

Conclusions:

Study results suggest that more research on health conditions, lifestyle, and social factors among Vietnamese American adults is needed to develop culturally competent interventions to reduce CVD risk in this growing ethnic group.
Research on Cutting Performance of Conical Pick Cutting Rock Plate with One Side Constrain and Three Sides Free
Authors: Lu Zhenguo , Wang Hongbin , Zeng Qingliang , Wang Zhiwen , Wan Lirong , Li Changjiang
Published: February 2022

To improve the conical pick cutting performance by per cutting to the free surface. The cutting performance of rock and rock plate breaking are investigated by theoretical and experimental methods. Analyzed the fracture position of the rock plate with constrained one side by the pick to study the effect of rock properties and the rock plate structural parameters on cutting force. The results indicated that the rock plate fracture is mainly from the constrained side and center of the rock plate. The cutting force of the conical pick is significantly affected by the rock plate structural parameters and the constraint sides of the rock plate number. The cutting force increases obviously with the increase of plate thickness, cutting point depth, and the rock uniaxial compressive strength. However, the influence of rock plate constrains sides number is opposite. It provides a basis for improving the cutting performance of pick and predicting the rock plate fracture.
Interlocal interactions, municipal boundaries and water and wastewater expenditure in city-regions
Authors: Leon-Moreta Agustin , Totaro Vittoria
Published: February 2022

Urban regions derive social and economic benefits as local governments supply water and wastewater services. We analyse differences in water and wastewater spending programmes in US city-regions. The municipal provision of water and wastewater services is situated in a regional context, examining how cities respond to different needs for services within regions. We use pooled data from 2002 to 2017 to examine changes in municipal water and wastewater expenditures. Our central finding is that water and wastewater programmes vary considerably across city-regions. Additional findings are that the municipal provision of these programmes appears to be correlated with the interaction between adjacent cities and changes to their jurisdictional boundaries. City governments may adapt their allocation of resources to water and wastewater functions according to the regional conditions surrounding city jurisdictions. This article connects theories of boundary change with systems of interlocal cooperation that support water and wastewater functions in urban regions.
Analysis of effects of laryngopharyngeal reflux disease and proton pump inhibitor treatment on Eustachian tube function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea
Authors: Yan Suying , Feng Yanjun , Yao Linyin
Published: February 2022

Objective: This study aims to explore the effects of laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) and proton pump inhibitor (PPI) treatment on Eustachian tube function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods: The Eustachian tube score-7 (ETS-7) was observed before and after PPI treatment in the control group, OSA only group, and OSA + LPRD group. Results: Age, sex, smoking history, and drinking history showed no differences among 3 groups (P > .05). The body mass index (BMI) in the control group was lower than that in other groups (P < .017). Before PPI treatment, the abnormality rate of ETS-7 in the OSA + LPRD group statistically differed from that in the control group and the OSA only group (P < .017). After PPI treatment, the abnormality rate of ETS-7 in the OSA + LPRD group exhibited no significant differences compared with that in the control group and the OSA only group (P > .017), and it declined remarkably compared with that before PPI treatment (75% vs 35%, χ2 = 13.334, P = .001). Moreover, the multivariate analysis revealed that only LPRD had an independent correlation with the abnormality of ETS-7 (OR = 1.245, 95% CI: 1.759–6.861, P = .000). Conclusion: In view of its high incidence in OSA patients, LPRD may be a considerable factor for the high incidence of abnormality rate of ETS-7 in OSA patients, and PPI therapy is of significant value in improving Eustachian tube function in OSA patients with LPRD.
Isolated neurofibromas of the great auricular nerve: A rare localization in a pediatric patient with neurofibromatosis type-1
Authors: Mesolella Massimo , Allosso Salvatore , Insabato Luigi , Franca Raduan Ahmed , Salerno Grazia
Published: February 2022

Peripheral nerve sheath tumors encompass a spectrum of well-defined clinicopathologic entities, ranging from benign tumors, such as neurofibromas, to high grade malignant neoplasms termed malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Morphologic variability of these tumors is wide, and they engender some of the most controversial, difficult differential diagnoses. Localized neurofibromas often involve a major nerve and result typically in fusiform expansion of the nerve trunk (intraneural subtype). We report a case of circumscribed solitary neurofibromas in a 14-year-old boy with NF1 who presented to our department with a left neck swelling. The neurofibromas lesion involved the anterior branch of the great auricular nerve. The sensory symptoms initially reported by the patient (paresthesia and hyperesthesia) in the lower preauricular region. Surgical treatment represents the therapeutic method of choice in the approach to neurofibromas, considering functional disorders and possible aesthetic deformities. The case described presented difficulties in surgical excision, based on risk of functional and aesthetic results.
Constructing Explicit Prejudice: Evidence From Large Sample Datasets
Authors: Lee Kent M. , Lindquist Kristen A. , Payne B. Keith
Published: February 2022

How does implicit bias contribute to explicit prejudice? Prior experiments show that concept knowledge about fear versus sympathy determines whether negative affect (captured as implicit bias) predicts antisocial outcomes (Lee et al.). Concept knowledge (i.e., beliefs) about groups may similarly moderate the link between implicitly measured negative affect (implicit negative affect) and explicit prejudice. We tested this hypothesis using data from the American National Election Studies (ANES) 2008 Time Series Study (Study 1) and Project Implicit (Study 2). In both studies, participants high in implicit negative affect reported more explicit prejudice if they possessed negative beliefs about Black Americans. Yet, participants high in implicit negative affect reported less explicit prejudice if they possessed fewer negative beliefs about Black Americans. The results are consistent with psychological constructionist and dynamic models of evaluation and offer a more ecologically valid extension of our past laboratory work.
Advanced scaling and modeling of children’s theory of mind competencies: Longitudinal findings in 4- to 6-year-olds
Authors: Osterhaus Christopher , Kristen-Antonow Susanne , Kloo Daniela , Sodian Beate
Published: February 2022

First-order theory of mind (ToM) development has shown to conform to a Guttman scale, with desire reasoning developing before belief reasoning. There have been attempts to test for internal consistency and scalability in advanced ToM, but not over a broad age range and only with a limited set of tasks. This 2-year longitudinal study ( N = 155; Mage = 4.2; SD = 0.85 months; 68 girls, 87 boys) tests for the scalability of a broader range of ToM tasks, and we model the developmental transition from first-order to advanced ToM in 4- to 6-year-olds. Rasch analyses showed that psychometrically sound and developmentally sequenced scales emerge when measures of morally relevant and second-order false belief, as well as mental verb understanding, metacognition, and recognition of nonliteral speech are included. Individual differences were moderately stable over time, and there were systematic transitions from failure to success in children’s performance, suggesting that conceptual continuity exists between first-order and advanced ToM.
COVID-19 and Its Impact on Course Design of Finance Courses
Authors: Srivastava Vikas
Published: February 2022

The continuing COVID-19 crisis is informing global investors, chief finance officers, risk managers, policymakers, regulatory bodies and the public at large that natural disasters can cause economic/financial damage on a previously unprecedented scale. It is different from a potential nuclear war that no one can survive or climate risk that is slow-moving or even localized disasters (Goodell, 2020, Finance Research Letters, Vol. 35, p. 101512). One thing is for sure, for researchers and academics in finance, the crisis brings in challenges that require investigation in almost all disciplines that spin out of core corporate finance and risk management.

JEL Codes: G1, G10, G21, I20, I23, I26
Register variation in spoken and written language use across technology-mediated and non-technology-mediated learning environments
Authors: Kyle Kristopher , Eguchi Masaki , Choe Ann Tai , LaFlair Geoff
Published: February 2022

In the realm of language proficiency assessments, the domain description inference and the extrapolation inference are key components of a validity argument. Biber et al.’s description of the lexicogrammatical features of the spoken and written registers in the T2K-SWAL corpus has served as support for the TOEFL iBT test’s domain description and extrapolation inferences. In the time since the T2K-SWAL corpus was collected, however, university learning environments have increasingly become technology-mediated. Accordingly, any description of the linguistic features of university language should account for the language produced in technology-mediated learning environments (TMLEs) in addition to non-technology-mediated learning environments (non-TMLEs). Kyle et al. recently began to address this issue by collecting a corpus of TMLE language use, which they then compared to language use in non-TMLEs using multidimensional analysis (MDA). The results indicated both similarities and substantive differences across the learning environments, but the study did not investigate the effects of particular registers on these results. In this study, we build on previous research by investigating lexicogrammatical features of specific spoken and written registers across technology-mediated and non-technology-mediated learning environments.
Percutaneous radiological interventions of the portal vein: a comprehensive review
Authors: Madhusudhan Kumble Seetharama , Sharma Sanjay , Srivastava Deep Narayan
Published: February 2022

The portal vein is the largest vessel supplying the liver. A number of radiological interventions are performed through the portal vein, namely for primary pathologies of the portal vein, for inducing liver hypertrophy or to treat the sequelae of portal hypertension among others. The routes used include direct transhepatic, transjugular, and, uncommonly, trans-splenic and through subcutaneous varices. Portal vein embolization and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt are among the most common portal vein interventions that are performed to induce hypertrophy of the future liver remnant and to treat complications of portal hypertension, respectively. Other interventions include transhepatic obliteration of varices and shunts, portal vein thrombolysis, portal vein recanalization, pancreatic islet cell transplantation, and embolization of portal vein injuries. We present a detailed illustrative review of the various radiological portal vein interventions.
Classroom demonstration of a stagnation flow using cell phone-captured particle image velocimetry data
Authors: Goushcha Oleg , Angira Shalin
Published: February 2022

Courses in fluid mechanics and aerodynamics often require lengthy and involved mathematical derivations. However, these subjects are also associated with visually appealing flow features. In an effort to provide students with a full appreciation for fluid mechanics, it is desirable to not only provide a theoretical background, but also perform some visual demonstrations; this can be achieved through quantitative flow visualization demonstration. The cost of research-grade equipment is prohibitive for a teaching college, especially if only used for classroom demonstration. This article describes a Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) demonstration of flow around a vertical plate using widely available cell phone cameras, reducing the cost of the required equipment. The velocity field calculated using PIV analysis was compared to a velocity field predicted using potential flow theory. The two showed an agreement of about 30% – a sufficient accuracy for an in-classroom demonstration. The learning effectiveness of this demonstration was evaluated using course evaluations and an end-of-semester survey. Overall, students expressed their appreciation for added experimental work and visualization to the course curriculum.
Energy and labour: Thinking across the continuum
Authors: Bouzarovski Stefan
Published: February 2022

Metabolisms of energy in society and space are predicated upon human labour, in ways that are often poorly recognized in relation to the global climate challenge. I synthesize and interrogate existing scholarship on the relationship between energy and labour across different spatio-temporal contexts, so as to reveal the overlapping networks that bind energy workers, consumers and producers. Drawing upon geographical, feminist, social practice and political ecology insights, I propose a research agenda that foregrounds the role of social reproduction – through capital-labour regimes and the gendered division of labour – in shaping the circulation and contestation of energy use.
Blade icing detection of wind turbine based on multi-feature and multi-classifier fusion
Authors: Lu Chao , He Guodong , Shou Chunhui , Wu Yiwen , Shen Yang , Zhu Jinkui
Published: February 2022

Wind farms are usually located in high altitude areas with a high probability of ice occurrence. Blade icing has the potential to result in unexpected mechanical failures and downtimes. In order to avoid these problems, the priority we need to do is to detect blade icing accurately. For this purpose, a novel icing detection method based on multi-feature and multi-classifier fusion is proposed in this paper. Firstly, multi-feature composed of basic features and statistical features are extracted from the operational data. Significant features are then extracted by utilizing Light Gradient Boosting Machine. Secondly, a multi-classifier fusion approach is employed to build an fusion model, which aims to obtain a much more accurate estimation for the icing state. Overall, the proposed method in this paper can achieve more accurate detection on blade icing, compared with other models. This will minimize false alarms, helping wind farms manage the operations more efficiently.
Application of Protection Motivation Theory to Quantify the Impact of Pandemic Fear on Anticipated Postpandemic Transit Usage
Authors: Mashrur Sk. Md. , Wang Kaili , Loa Patrick , Hossain Sanjana , Nurul Habib Khandker
Published: February 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic had an unprecedented impact on transit usage, primarily owing to the fear of infection. Social distancing measures, moreover, could alter habitual travel behavior, for example, using transit for commuting. This study explored the relationships among pandemic fear, the adoption of protective measures, changes in travel behavior, and anticipated transit usage in the post-COVID era, through the lens of protection motivation theory. Data containing multidimensional attitudinal responses about transit usage at several pandemic stages were utilized for the investigation. They were collected through a web-based survey in the Greater Toronto Area, Canada. Two structural equation models were estimated to examine the factors influencing anticipated postpandemic transit usage behavior. The results revealed that people taking relatively higher protective measures were comfortable taking a cautious approach such as complying with transit safety policies (TSP) and getting vaccinated to make transit trips. However, the intention to use transit on vaccine availability was found to be lower than in the case of TSP implementation. Conversely, those who were uncomfortable taking transit with caution and who were inclined to avoid travel and rely on e-shopping were most unlikely to return to transit in the future. A similar finding was observed for females, those with vehicle access, and middle-income individuals. However, frequent transit users during the pre-COVID period were more likely to continue to use transit after the pandemic. The study’s findings also indicated that some travelers might be avoiding transit specifically because of the pandemic, implying they are likely to return in the future.
Exploratory Evaluation of Incentives to Increase High-Occupancy Vehicle Use on Priced Highway Facilities
Authors: DeCorla-Souza Patrick T. , Zahedian Sara , Nohekhan Amir , Nejad Mohammad , Erdogan Sevgi
Published: February 2022

This paper introduces an innovative way to incentivize increased person throughput on priced highway facilities such as toll roads, express toll lanes, and high-occupancy toll (HOT) lanes, using cash rewards for carpoolers and transit riders. An exploratory evaluation of the concept is demonstrated for the I-66 HOT facility inside the Capital Beltway in Northern Virginia. The results of the analysis suggest that the concept could provide significant benefits at a relatively low cost to public agencies for cash incentives.
Would You Wait? Bus Choice Behavior Analysis Considering Various Incentives
Authors: Pan Long , Waygood E. O. D. , Patterson Zachary
Published: February 2022

During the peak hour, ridership is much higher, and this can lead to problems such as overcrowding for customers and vehicle bunching for the operator as dwell times increase for the lead bus. In this paper, we examined whether to avoid overcrowding people might be willing to wait for the next bus knowing there were seats and if they were offered an incentive. Three distinct types of incentive were offered, defined according to goal-framing theory. To obtain the choice data, a discrete choice experiment was developed and incorporated into an online survey that was distributed to public transport users. A binary logit model and a mixed multinomial logit model were used to investigate how different factors influence public transport users’ bus choice behavior. Results show several considerations that increase the likelihood of users agreeing to the request to wait. These include the weather being sunny/fine, not very cold, or both, the purpose being seeing a friend or shopping, longer in-vehicle time, shorter proposed bus waiting time, and the incentive. The results of the mixed multinomial logit model show variation among the respondents with regard to the incentives. We found that age, gender, work status, possession of a driver ID, and vehicle availability are significant predictors for incentive preference. In that our models target specific groups of users with tailored incentives, the results indicate how to persuade public transport users to avoid overcrowded buses.
High-Speed Rail Development and Regional Inequalities: Evidence From Japan
Authors: Miwa Norihiro , Bhatt Ayushman , Kato Hironori
Published: February 2022

This study investigates the impact of the introduction of high-speed rail (HSR) on regional income and innovation, focusing on peripheral regions in Japan. Average income per capita (IN) and number of patent applications per employee (PA) are assumed to represent regional income and innovation, respectively. “Peripheries” are defined based on each municipality’s employment density and its accessibility, the latter is measured by effective density, an index representing interregional communication opportunities. Municipality-level panel data from Japan for a 40-year period are used. A difference-in-differences analysis of municipalities with variable treatment timings is employed to investigate the impact of HSR on the IN and PA of peripheries. The findings indicate that the introduction of HSR has been able to contribute to the mitigation of regional inequalities by positively affecting the IN and PA of peripheries. Furthermore, the results estimated with the accessibility-based peripheries show that the impacts of HSR on IN are smaller and on PA are larger in these peripheries than in core regions. These suggest the crucial role that accessibility may play in peripheries for catching up with the economic growth of core regions, particularly in a context of geographical concentration of economic activities, as in the case of Japan. It is also argued that the enhanced PA in peripheries with poor accessibility might not have been well exploited for economic gains because of their underdeveloped industrial structures and distance to large hub cities, leading to challenges in catching up.
Novel Growth Factor Combination for Improving Rotator Cuff Repair: A Rat In Vivo Study
Authors: Zhu Mark , Lin Tay Mei , Lim Khoon S. , Bolam Scott M. , Tuari Donna , Callon Karen , Dray Michael , Cornish Jillian , Woodfield Tim B.F. , Munro Jacob T. , Coleman Brendan , Musson David S.
Published: February 2022

Background:

The lack of healing at the repaired tendon-bone interface is an important cause of failure after rotator cuff repair. While augmentation with growth factors (GFs) has demonstrated promise, the ideal combination must target all 3 tissue types at the tendon-bone interface.

Hypothesis:

The GF combination of transforming growth factor beta 1, Insulin-like growth factor 1, and parathyroid hormone will promote tenocyte proliferation and differentiation and improve the biomechanical and histological quality of the repaired tendon-bone interface.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

In vitro, human tenocytes were cultured in the presence of the GF combination for 72 hours, and cell growth assays and the expression of genes specific to tendon, cartilage, and bone were analyzed. In vivo, adult rats (N = 46) underwent detachment and repair of the left supraspinatus tendon. A PVA-tyramine gel was used to deliver the GF combination to the tendon-bone interface. Histological, biomechanical, and RNA microarray analysis was performed at 6 and 12 weeks after surgery. Immunohistochemistry for type II and X collagen was performed at 12 weeks.

Results:

When treated with the GF combination in vitro, human tenocytes proliferated 1.5 times more than control ( P = .04). The expression of scleraxis increased 65-fold ( P = .013). The expression of Sox-9 ( P = .011), type I collagen ( P = .021), fibromodulin ( P = .0075), and biglycan ( P = .010) was also significantly increased, while the expression of PPARγ was decreased ( P = .007). At 6 and 12 weeks postoperatively, the quality of healing on histology was significantly higher in the GF group, with the formation of a more mature tendon-bone interface, as confirmed by immunohistochemistry for type II and X collagen. The GF group achieved a load at failure and Young modulus >1.5 times higher at both time points. Microarrays at 6 weeks demonstrated upregulation of genes involved in leukocyte aggregation ( S100A8, S100A9) and tissue mineralization ( Bglap, serglycin, Fam20c).

Conclusion:

The GF combination promoted protendon and cartilage responses in human tenocytes in vitro; it also improved the histological appearance and mechanical properties of the repair in vivo. Microarrays of the tendon-bone interface identified inflammatory and mineralization pathways affected by the GF combination, providing novel therapeutic targets for further research.

Clinical Relevance:

The use of this GF combination is translatable to patients and may improve healing after rotator cuff repair.
Effect of Mechanical Stimulation Combined With Platelet-Rich Plasma on Healing of the Rotator Cuff in a Murine Model
Authors: Peng Yundong , Li Xiaomei , Wu Wenxia , Ma Haozhe , Wang Guanglan , Jia Shaohui , Zheng Cheng
Published: February 2022

Background:

Mechanical stimulation and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) have been shown to be beneficial for healing of the bone-tendon interface (BTI), but few studies have explored the efficacy of a combination of these applications. We investigated the effect of mechanical stimulation combined with PRP on rotator cuff repair in mice.

Hypothesis:

Mechanical stimulation combined with PRP can enhance BTI healing in a murine model of rotator cuff repair.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

A total of 160 C57BL/6 mice were used. Overall, 40 mice were used to prepare PRP, while 120 mice underwent acute supraspinatus tendon (SST) repair. The animals were randomly assigned to 4 groups: control group, mechanical stimulation group, PRP group, and mechanical stimulation combined with PRP group (combination group). At 4 and 8 weeks postoperatively, animals were sacrificed, the eyeballs were removed to collect blood, and the SST–humeral complexes were collected. Histological, biomechanical, immunological, and bone morphometric tests were performed.

Results:

Histologically, at 4 and 8 weeks after surgery, the area of the fibrocartilage layer at the BTI in the combination group was larger than in the other groups. The content and distribution of proteoglycans in this layer in the combination group were significantly greater than in the other groups. At 8 weeks postoperatively, trabecular number, and trabecular bone thickness of the subchondral bone area of interest at the BTI of the combination group were greater than those of the other groups, bone volume fraction of the combination group was greater than the control group. On biomechanical testing at 4 and 8 weeks after surgery, the failure load and ultimate strength of the SST–humeral complex in the combination group were higher than in the other groups. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed that, at 4 weeks postoperatively, the serum concentrations of transforming growth factor beta 1 and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in the combination group were significantly higher than in the other groups; at 8 weeks, the PDGF-AB concentration in the combination group was higher than in the control and mechanical stimulation groups.

Conclusion:

Mechanical stimulation combined with PRP can effectively promote the early stage of healing after a rotator cuff injury.

Clinical Relevance:

These findings imply that mechanical stimulation combined with PRP can serve as a potential therapeutic strategy for rotator cuff healing.