bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Overview of Numerical Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Artun Emre
Published: September 2016

Numerical reservoir simulation can be defined as the the process of constructing and running a model that mimic the appearance and flow dynamics of an actual reservoir system, including the subsurface porous and permeable reservoir and its other physical components to produce (wellbore) and process the reservoir fluids (surface facilities). The model properties are typically populated from a detailed geological model to capture the heterogeneity of the reservoir system and its effects on the flow. The formulation includes the discretized forms of the flow equations that describe multiphase fluid flow in porous media. These equations are linearized either at the partial differential equation level or at the discretized level to obtain a linear system of equations. The solution is represented at both time and space domains to solve for the time dependent characteristics such as pressures, fluid saturations/compositions and temperatures, which are representative of the performance of a reservoir. Because of the benefits that have been made possible with developments in both theory/formulation/solution-related aspects and computational technologies, numerical reservoir simulation has become a standard tool for decision-making purposes in the petroleum industry. Although these advantages are quite evident, it is still critically important to understand the strengths and weaknesses of the approach similar to any other available approach to forecast the reservoir performance. Objectives and scope of a reservoir simulation study must be carefully determined after considering available resources. This chapter gives an overview of numerical modeling of hydrocarbon reservoirs for those who are not familiar with the subject. Therefore, theoretical foundations are kept such that to describe the general characteristics of a three-phase (black-oil formulation) model in rectangular coordinates, which is the most common type of modeling approach used in most of the reservoir-modeling studies. After summarizing the black-oil formulation and its theoretical foundation, application and practical aspects are presented to highlight the important characteristics of a typical reservoir-simulation study by following the most common guidelines and practical rules followed in the petroleum industry.
Three-Dimensional Dynamic Simulation of Pool-Forming and Trap Evaluation
Authors: Wu Chonglong , Mao Xiaoping , Liu Gang
Published: September 2016

Simulation of pool-forming and trap evaluation is a sort of quantitative analysis technology for petroleum system and an effective method for testing pool-forming models obtained by way of geological analysis. To solve a series of challenges that occur in constructing the modeling systems of petroleum pool-forming, application of respective specific methods should be made. Reconstruction of physical space for oil and gas generation, expulsion, migration, accumulation, and dispersion is realized by combination of topological structure simulation and application of topological structure simulation. The integral nonlinear process of petroleum system is described successfully with the combination of general and system dynamic simulation. On the basis of integration of numerical simulation and artificial intelligence simulation, nonlinear process description of petroleum generation, expulsion, migration, accumulation, and dispersion is achieved. This system further works on the following technologies: spatial interpolation and vector cutting edge of three-dimensional (3D) digital geological body, 3D back-stripping and volume balance of basin tectonic history and subsidence history, multiple thermal sources and multistage superimposed metamorphism simulation, 3D dynamics simulation of petroleum generation and expulsion, artificial intelligence simulation of petroleum migration and accumulation, dynamics simulation system of petroleum pool-forming, and the dynamic connection and integration technology. Correspondingly, trap quantitative evaluation based on pool-forming process simulation is introduced, including trap quantitative evaluation model, geological evaluation method of trap, the method of trap economic evaluation, and the method of trap comprehensive evaluation. As a quantitative tool of petroleum system analysis and optimal selection of exploration targets, the software has been applied successfully in modeling petroleum systems of Shengli Oil Field, China.
Shale- and Mudstone-Hosted Oil and Gas
Authors: Boak Jeremy , Kleinberg Robert
Published: September 2016

Oil and gas are commonly generated in source rock formations consisting primarily of fine-grained, highly impermeable mudstone containing a few percent of organic matter. Although commonly referred to as shale, source rocks are made up of mudstone and siltstone, with minor fine-grained sandstone, and grain-size equivalents among carbonate-rich and siliceous rocks. When hydrocarbons migrate out of the source rock to porous rock capped by an impermeable stratum, they form conventional oil and gas reservoirs. Oil and natural gas extracted directly from these petroleum source rocks and from nearby and also relatively impermeable sedimentary rocks constitute one of the fastest growing energy resources in the world. This chapter describes these tight oil and gas resources and the processes required to extract them from the rocks, including both hydraulic fracturing for mature and overmature source rocks, and surface and in situ retorting for immature source rocks (oil shale). For conventional reservoirs, horizontal well construction and hydraulic fracturing are, individually, relatively longstanding practices. The merging of these in long-reach horizontal legs and multistage hydraulic fracturing programs, as well as the monitoring of microseismic events related to fracturing, are newer developments. For oil shale, that is, rock formations containing mainly solid organic matter that must be heated to drive generation and mobilization of oil and gas from the rock, a variety of old, modified, and new technological solutions are producing oil and gas or are being tested to do so. Other chapters in this volume discuss aspects of unconventional resources and recovery methods, such as hydraulic fracturing and drilling technology. This chapter will focus on shale oil, tight oil, and shale gas and will discuss the technology used to extract these resources, with a shorter section on hydraulic fracturing.
Changing Trends in the Production and Consumption of Oil and Natural Gas in the World
Authors: Biresselioglu Mehmet Efe
Published: September 2016

Global energy consumption is rapidly increasing due to growing population and economic activity, and currently fossil fuels account for 87 % of this demand. Fossil fuels have always been at the center of governments' agenda around the globe, not only at present but also from the beginning of the industrialization period. The escalating need for energy in industry together with the mechanization of labor has led to a significant increase in the demand for fossil fuels. Advancement in coal-powered steam engines in the mid-1800s and the emerging electricity market in the late 1800s paved the way for a significant increase in coal consumption. Technological, economical, environmental, and political developments related to production of oil and natural gas, as well as new energy systems, have decreased the role of coal in the global energy mix. This study puts forth the argument that the main impetus for the expansion of the production of oil and natural gas began with World War I in 1914. Oil and gas started to reduce the importance of coal because of their higher energy density, especially after World War II. This process continued with the increase in car ownership and the development of mass transportation in the Cold War era. Moreover, major events in history, such as energy crises, wars, economic crises, natural disasters, political issues, and technological advancement, influenced oil production as well as consumption trends. Different eras brought different tendencies, related to the major geopolitical shifts. Therefore, the main aim of this chapter is to analyze the impact of these issues on the changing trends from a historical perspective, with the aim of producing a comprehensive overview.
Natural Gas Hydrates
Authors: Makogon Yuri F. , Makogon Taras Y.
Published: September 2016

The chapter describes the history and current state of the art in gas hydrate technology. Both industrial and naturally occurring gas hydrates are described, with effects of other flow assurance subjects, paraffin wax, and corrosion. Authors formulate priority areas for the academic research on gas hydrates. Some data and tools for practicing engineers are provided on the stability and properties of natural gas hydrates, as well as their transformation in the production and transport of petroleum and gas in real geological formations, with references to literature to find more data. The chapter includes an example and specifics of commercial development of the Messoyakha accumulation of hydrated gas, and a discussion of the potential effect of gas hydrates on the environment and process safety.
Enhanced Oil Recovery Methods
Authors: Romero-Zerón Laura
Published: September 2016

Oil and natural gas remain the dominant components of the worldwide energy system. The International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts that global energy demand will increase by at least 30 % over the next 20 years. It is expected that 99.7 million barrels per day will be needed in 2035. Therefore, the world economy depends on the availability of oil and natural gas resources, advances in oil production technologies, the development of alternative energy sources, and the existence of reliable energy supply routes. At present, the average worldwide oil recovery factor after primary and secondary oil recovery is in the order of one third of the total original-oil-in-place depending on the reservoir characteristics; hence, significant amounts of oil are left in the formation. To achieve oil recovery factors higher than 30 % from mature reservoirs, it is necessary to implement enhanced oil recovery (EOR) processes. Consequently, EOR methods will become increasingly important in the future. This chapter presents a brief description of the most common EOR processes as well as information on recent developments and field applications.
Basics of Petroleum Geomechanics
Authors: Savitski Alexei A. , Dudley John W.
Published: September 2016

This chapter introduces the basic concepts of petroleum geomechanics, many of the basic parameters needed for making geomechanical assessments, and some of the common ways they are obtained in the lab or in the field. It is written by practicing geomechanicists specifically for the nongeomechanicists who are working in other upstream petroleum subsurface disciplines. Geomechanics has become a prominent discipline over the past two decades, driven by increasingly complex development scenarios and required risk mitigation in the upstream petroleum business. Examples include (but are not limited to) the following: offshore deepwater drilling and development, including depleted drilling needs and high-pressure water flood management; optimizing unconventional resource development, such as oil sands and shale gas; high-temperature thermal recovery processes; and cap rock integrity and fault activation associated with primary, secondary, or enhanced recovery and fluid disposal or sequestration operations. Many nonspecialists have to deal knowingly or not with significant geomechanical impacts, problems, and risks. This section is written mainly for these professionals. The first part presents the concepts of material deformation, strain, and stress and discusses the basic parameters of elasticity, including rudimentary porous and thermal-related parameters. Only a minimal amount of mathematical development is provided, enough to understand the basic concepts, with references provided to sources in which detailed mathematical formulations can be found. The inelastic nature of most porous materials is identified, along with the basics of material failure. The remainder of the chapter focuses on the geomechanical characterization of materials, including the common methods for determining the geomechanical parameters via laboratory and field measurements and observations. Finally, geomechanical field surveillance technologies are discussed, with illustrative references provided. This chapter provides an essential base that should help the reader understand the geomechanical aspects important to the upstream petroleum industry.
Asphaltene Deposition: Impact on Oil Production, Experimental Methods, and Mitigation Strategies
Authors: Tavakkoli Mohammad , Boggara Mohan , Garcia-Bermudes Miguel , Vargas Francisco M.
Published: September 2016

The U.S. Energy Information Administration predicts that world energy consumption will grow by 56 percent between 2010 and 2040. To meet ever-increasing energy demand and to tackle the uncertainties in energy supply, the petroleum industry faces the need to produce oil and gas in unconventional and complex conditions, deep waters, and difficult-to-access formations. One of the major challenges in this pursuit is to implement a holistic flow assurance program (i.e., to guarantee the continuous and economic production and the flow of oil/ gas to the refinery). Asphaltenes constitute the heaviest fraction of oil, which can deposit during oil production, clogging wellbores and production facilities. This can cause excessive downtime and high cleaning costs running into several millions of dollars per occurrence. Understanding asphaltene deposition and therefore implementing effective mitigation as well as remediation strategies is at the core of a successful flow assurance program. In this report, we present an overview of some of the previous and current efforts in the “Asphaltenes” research field: (1) on the experimental and thermodynamic modeling of crude oils focused on asphaltene precipitation; (2) on the experimental and fluid dynamics modeling of asphaltene deposition both in the oil pipelines and in the reservoir; and (3) on some of the mitigation and remediation strategies used. This report aims to serve as a quick immersion for any researcher interested in the development of standard test methods to probe asphaltene behavior.
Environmental and Safety Issues and Solutions Related to Oil and Gas Production
Authors: Obaid Juwairia , Obaid-ur Rahman Syed , Elkamel Ali
Published: September 2016

In the twenty-first century, it is nearly impossible to imagine life without crude oil and natural gas. From everyday activities and materials to industrial processes, these resources are essential commodities on which we depend. The production of these resources is associated with severe environmental, health, and safety concerns, however, and oil and gas operations should be conducted in a manner that minimizes these concerns. This chapter provides a brief history of the oil and gas industry, identifies the major producers of oil and gas, briefly outlines the oil and gas production process, and summarizes the regulatory framework that governs oil and gas operations in various countries worldwide, while focusing on the legislation pertaining to health, safety, and the environment. The chapter also describes in detail the environmental, health, and safety concerns associated with oil and gas production. Additionally, it discusses several associations that relate to different aspects of the oil and gas industry. The chapter also discusses the key elements of environmental, health, and safety management and discusses in depth operational and technological changes that can be adopted to minimize environmental, health, and safety concerns pertaining to oil and gas operations.
Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids and Production
Authors: Barati Reza , Aghababa Hajar
Published: September 2016

This chapter provides a review of hydraulic fracturing fluids and its effect on fracture propagation. It also reviews the effect of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling on the aggregate economy, the factors that construct the cash flow of a project over its lifetime, and finally the production curves of hydraulically fractured wells. The first section of this chapter provides an in-depth review of economics of hydraulic fracturing including the variables that impact the cash flow and net present value analysis. The second section reviews the principals of hydraulic fracture propagation and summarizes the most applied models by the industry. A review of hydraulic fracturing fluid systems followed by their rheological properties and an example schedule of a hydraulic fracturing job are reported in the fourth section of this chapter. The fifth section provides a review of the environmental aspects of hydraulic fracturing fluids with a focus on chemical characteristics and produced water issues. The last section reviews different classes of production decline curve models with details of the analysis techniques for each model and discusses an example decline curve model from Kansas.
Future Direction in Oil and Gas Exploration and Production
Authors: Suicmez V. S.
Published: September 2016

The energy industry played an important role in shaping the 20th century and remains a major force driving economic development well into the 21st century. Hydrocarbons are an important commodity rather than being a luxury in our lives. Recently published data indicate that roughly 55–60 % of the world's energy demand is met by oil and natural gas resources. Serious concerns remain, however, that an increase in production cannot really cope with the increase in the global demand, at least at the current cost and price range. Those trends force energy companies to search for hydrocarbon resources in deeper and tighter formations, such as arctic and deepwater, and to look for opportunities for extracting hydrocarbon resources from extremely tight formations, such as shales, which would have been hard to imagine a decade ago. In addition, a significant number of oil companies at all sizes are now looking into enhanced oil recovery (EOR) deployment opportunities in different parts of the world. Significant growth in global energy demand and technical challenges associated with extracting hydrocarbons from deeper and tighter formations as well as the cost intensity of the EOR projects will force the oil industry to become more technology and innovation oriented in the next few decades. Regrettably, oil is a nonrenewable energy source and finite. Technically and economically feasible oil will inevitably run out. The current debate is how much longer these fossil fuels will continue to be the dominant energy source of the world.
Production of Heavy Oil and Unconventional Oil and Gas
Authors: Romero-Zerón Laura
Published: September 2016

This chapter provides an overview of the technologies applied for the recovery of heavy oil and unconventional hydrocarbon (oil and gas) resources. The worldwide distribution of these resources is presented. The current classification of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs is depicted as well as the latest field development. The processes of horizontal and directional drilling and hydraulic fracturing are revised, including the composition of hydraulic fracturing fluids, proppants, and disposal options for fracturing-fluid flowback. A clear distinction between deep offshore reservoirs and deepwater Arctic oil and gas resources is provided. Finally, operational challenges for the exploitation of these hydrocarbon resources are discussed.
Specters of the Ballad
Authors: Jackson Virginia
Published: September 2016

Virginia Jackson, “Specters of the Ballad” (pp. 176–196)

This essay argues that Paul Laurence Dunbar’s ballad “The Haunted Oak” (1901) indexes Dunbar’s invention of the modern American lyric through the (lynching) form of modern racism. How does race ghost-write poetry’s redefinition around the lyric? How does it create a dramatically abstract “speaker” that gives voice to and for an imagined community? Dunbar inverts both romantic apostrophe and Victorian dramatic monologue and dialogue in his speaking bough. He does this by framing his poem as a pre-romantic border ballad, a tale of Scots rebellion and English law superimposed upon American racist violence. What Jacqueline Goldsby has dubbed “racism’s modern life form” thus becomes modern American poetry’s life form, a lyricized poetic history haunted from root to branch.
Scottish Sounds in Colonial South Africa
Authors: Rudy Jason R.
Published: September 2016

Jason R. Rudy, “Scottish Sounds in Colonial South Africa: Thomas Pringle, Dialect, and the Overhearing of Ballad” (pp. 197–214)

This essay uses Scottish ballads to think through the ways poems circulated in nineteenth-century emigrant communities. Dialect was a significant feature of colonial poetry, capturing the particular sounds of localities: the borderlands of Scotland, for example. Given the long association between dialect and oral culture, dialect in the context of ballad poetry signaled an especially communal form of identification. Scottish dialect poems in emigrant communities had an especial power to invoke a communal consciousness, a sense of being together that arose from having come from the same place. I take the Scottish poet Thomas Pringle as an example of a larger phenomenon, tracing the revisions he made to ballad poems as he moved from Edinburgh to South Africa and then London.
Parodies of the Pre-Raphaelite Ballad Refrain
Authors: Williams Carolyn
Published: September 2016

Carolyn Williams, “Parodies of the Pre-Raphaelite Ballad Refrain” (pp. 227–255)

Parodies of literary ballads changed over the course of the nineteenth century, as did their implicit commentaries on practices of poetic revival in general. In the 1870s and 1880s a focused reaction against the Pre-Raphaelite ballad refrain has much to show us about the function of the refrain, which operates as a timing device yet also guides a gradual increase in the ballad’s incrementally modulated sense of pain, making meaning by turning away from narrative progression and meaning-making. Debates about the poetics of revival, a subject across the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, culminate in the great theorizations of Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde, who both comment on the ballad refrain. The dynamics of literary history may also be illuminated by this attention to parodies of the ballad refrain, for the role of the refrain within any given ballad may be seen as homologous to the role of parody within literary history—simultaneously interrupting, turning away, and binding a sense of continuity. This essay glances at the ballads of “Bon Gaultier” (1845) and demonstrates the general parodic interest in—and defenses of—the Pre-Raphaelite ballad refrain later in the century, before attending to parodies of D. G. Rossetti’s “Sister Helen” (1870, 1881) by Robert Buchanan in 1871 and Henry Duff Traill in 1882.
Busy Defendants and Phantom Trials
Authors: Göhler Johanna
Published: September 2016

A defendant’s continuous attendance at a trial before the International Criminal Court has long been purported to be her absolute obligation and an irrevocable principle of international criminal justice. Yet, when the first prosecution of sitting heads of state caused the most serious political crisis ever faced by the Court, its legislative body recently decided to arbitrarily relax this obligation in order to accommodate the special needs of elite defendants. Whereas proponents of this reform claim that it was practically unavoidable to prevent a collapse of the ICC, opponents insist that it sacrificed justice for politics. As this article shows, both sides to the debate neglect the elephant in the room, however: the long-purported obligation of the defendant to attend the trial is in fact illegitimate. To establish this conclusion, the article demonstrates that defendants before the ICC enjoy the right to be absent from trials and can only be obliged to attend specific hearings. Building on this analysis, the article presents a novel comprehensive framework for regulating the attendance requirement. The proposed new framework strengthens the international criminal justice system’s recognition of fundamental rights, upholds the objectives of the ICC, and mitigates the most serious challenges faced by the Court.
The Nonexceptionalism Thesis
Authors: Laguardia Francesca
Published: September 2016

Contrary to the assumption that “9/11 changed everything,” post-2001 criminal justice practices in the area of terrorism show a surprising consistency with pre-2001 criminal justice practices. This article relies on an analysis of over 300 terrorism prosecutions between 2001 and 2010, as well as twenty full trial transcripts, content coding, and traditional legal analysis, to show the continuity of criminal justice over this time in regard to some of the most controversial supposed developments. This continuity belies the common assumption that current extreme policies and limitations on due process are a panicked response to the terror attacks of 2001. To the contrary, terrorism cases appear to have shed light on the direction in which the United States was heading for decades.
Challenges Shared by Restorative Justice and Strict Liability in the Absence of Mens Rea
Authors: Luzon Golan
Published: September 2016

Restorative justice programs have rapidly gained in popularity as a means of peaceful conflict resolution. At the same time, the programs raise concerns because in order to join, offenders assume responsibility for their acts, are automatically held culpable, and forfeit their rights under criminal law for representation, judicial review, and uniform sentencing, among others. Restorative justice shares this automatic culpability with strict liability, an older and proven legal tool that has had long experience convicting defendants without the need to prove mens rea. The present article explores the similarities between restorative justice programs and strict liability, with a view toward learning from the experience accumulated by strict liability in dealing with the absence of mens rea. To this end, the article discusses the distinction made under strict liability between incriminating and escalating responsibility, and explores the benefits that restorative justice programs can derive from such a distinction.
Sexual Liberation or Violence against Women? The debate on the Legalization of Prostitution and the Relationship to Human Trafficking
Authors: Swanson Jessica
Published: September 2016

This article explores arguments about the legalization of prostitution and how they impact human trafficking. One argument holds that prostitution is a form of sexual liberation, expression, and women’s agency. The counterargument views prostitution as a form of violence against women and maintains that, where prostitution is legal, human trafficking will increase to meet the open demand for sex. These arguments, however, do not account for variations in cultural beliefs and traditions, gender inequality, or the impact of the formation of a global society. The complementary theoretical frames of gender inequality and the formation of a global society are viewed through a global criminal justice lens. Through this framework, this article discusses the prostitution and human trafficking laws of the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and the United States, which have varying stances on the legalization of prostitution, and how their laws create challenges for law enforcement. Without consideration for complementary theoretical frames, differing laws among jurisdictions, and challenges for law enforcement, problems such as overgeneralization, faulty assumptions, and passing ineffective or shortsighted laws will fuel the debate on the legalization of prostitution and, in turn, inhibit progress in efforts to combat human trafficking.
ENDOCRINE TUMOURS: Advances in the molecular pathogenesis of thyroid cancer: lessons from the cancer genome
Authors: Riesco-Eizaguirre Garcilaso , Santisteban Pilar
Published: September 2016

Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy giving rise to one of the most indolent solid cancers, but also one of the most lethal. In recent years, systematic studies of the cancer genome, most importantly those derived from The Cancer Genome Altas (TCGA), have catalogued aberrations in the DNA, chromatin, and RNA of the genomes of thousands of tumors relative to matched normal cellular genomes and have analyzed their epigenetic and protein consequences. Cancer genomics is therefore providing new information on cancer development and behavior, as well as new insights into genetic alterations and molecular pathways. From this genomic perspective, we will review the main advances concerning some essential aspects of the molecular pathogenesis of thyroid cancer such as mutational mechanisms, new cancer genes implicated in tumor initiation and progression, the role of non-coding RNA, and the advent of new susceptibility genes in thyroid cancer predisposition. This look across these genomic and cellular alterations results in the reshaping of the multistep development of thyroid tumors and offers new tools and opportunities for further research and clinical development of novel treatment strategies.
Heterozygous inactivating CaSR mutations causing neonatal hyperparathyroidism: function, inheritance and phenotype
Authors: Glaudo Markus , Letz Saskia , Quinkler Marcus , Bogner Ulrich , Elbelt Ulf , Strasburger Christian J , Schnabel Dirk , Lankes Erwin , Scheel Sandra , Feldkamp Joachim , Haag Christine , Schulze Egbert , Frank-Raue Karin , Raue Friedhelm , Mayr Bernhard , Schöfl Christof
Published: September 2016

Background

Homozygous inactivating mutations of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) lead to neonatal severe hyperparathyroidism (NSHPT), whereas heterozygous inactivating mutations result in familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH). It is unknown why in some cases heterozygousCaSRmutations cause neonatal hyperparathyroidism (NHPT) clinically similar to NSHPT but with only moderately elevated serum calcium.

Methods

A literature survey was conducted to identify patients with heterozygousCaSRmutations and NHPT. The common NHPT CaSR mutants R185Q and R227L were compared with 15 mutants causing only FHH in the heterozygous state. We studiedin vitrocalcium signaling including the functional consequences of co-expression of mutant and wild-type (wt) CaSR, patients’ phenotype, age of disease manifestation and mode of inheritance.

Results

All inactivating CaSR mutants impaired calcium signaling of wt-CaSR regardless of the patients’ clinical phenotype. The absolute intracellular calcium signaling response to physiologic extracellular calcium concentrationsin vitroshowed a high correlation with patients’ serum calcium concentrationsin vivo, which is similar in NHPT and FHH patients with the same genotype. Pedigrees of FHH families revealed that paternal inheritanceper sedoes not necessarily lead to NHPT but may only cause FHH.

Conclusions

There is a significant correlation betweenin vitrofunctional impairment of the CaSR at physiologic calcium concentrations and the severity of alterations in calcium homeostasis in patients. Whether a particular genotype leads to NHPT or FHH appears to depend on additional predisposing genetic or environmental factors. An individual therapeutic approach appears to be warranted for NHPT patients.
Risk of Autism Associated With Hyperbilirubinemia and Phototherapy
Authors: Wu Yvonne W. , Kuzniewicz Michael W. , Croen Lisa , Walsh Eileen M. , McCulloch Charles E. , Newman Thomas B.
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE:

Whether neonatal hyperbilirubinemia and/or phototherapy increase the risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is unclear. We sought to quantify the risk of ASD associated with elevated total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels and with phototherapy.

METHODS:

In a retrospective cohort study of 525 409 infants born at ≥35 weeks’ gestation in 15 Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC) hospitals, 1995–2011, we obtained all TSB levels and determined which infants received phototherapy. From the KPNC Autism Registry, we identified patients with ASD diagnosed at a KPNC Autism Center, by a clinical specialist, or by a pediatrician. We calculated Cox proportional hazard ratios (HRs) for time to diagnosis of ASD, adjusting for confounding factors.

RESULTS:

Among infants in the birth cohort, 2% had at least 1 TSB level ≥20 mg/dL, and 8% received phototherapy. The rate of ASD was 13 per 1000 births. Crude analyses revealed an association between TSB ≥20 and ASD (relative risk: 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.1–1.6), and between phototherapy and ASD (relative risk: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.5–1.8). After adjusting for confounders, TSB ≥20 (HR: 1.09; 95% CI: 0.89–1.35) and phototherapy (HR: 1.10; 95% CI: 0.98–1.24) were no longer significantly associated with ASD. Independent risk factors for ASD included maternal and paternal age; maternal and paternal higher education; male sex; birth weight <2500 g or ≥4200 g; and later year of birth.

CONCLUSIONS:

After adjustment for the effects of sociodemographic factors and birth weight, neither hyperbilirubinemia nor phototherapy was an independent risk factor for ASD.
The line between fornication and prostitution: The prostitute versus the Subaşi (police chief)
Authors: Yilmaz Fikret
Published: September 2016

This paper examines the approaches to prostitution within the frame of legal norms and social life in the Ottoman Empire via the case study of a Muslim woman who was adjudged to be a prostitute at a court in 1580. Compared with similar case reports, this case study also demonstrates the struggle of a prostitute for her rights against the unjust and arbitrary practices applied by officers and common people, which allows us to think about gender mainstreaming. One of the results of this paper establishes that there are no special regulations about prostitution in Islamic Law. Although it is viewed as ‘adultery’ in Hanefi Islamic Law, prostitution is understood to be punished with light sentences since most prostitutes were not married. The severe penalties in Islamic Law were designed to prevent married women’s adultery. Upon marriage a woman grants or transfers her right of sexual intercourse to her husband and if she lets another person use that right, it is seen as allowing someone to steal her husband’s property. In the case of unmarried women and prostitutes, the fee taken is counted as a gift or other consideration. The paper attempts to explain why the concept of prostitution did not occur in Islamic Law and why it was regulated in the Ottoman Empire as a part of private life.
On the Yenisei Kirghiz title ā-rè
Authors: Alimov Rysbek
Published: September 2016

This paper examines the term ā-rè recorded in mediaeval Chinese historical sources as the title of the ruler of the Yenisei Kirghiz state. The author aims to discover which Old Turkic title this Chinese phonetic transcription corresponds to. By reconstructing the sounds in ā-rè according to Middle Chinese the author argues that the most likely pronunciation of the term was änäl, which he suggests is a phonetic variant of the Old Turkic title inäl. The author also argues that this was a temporary title of the ruler of the Yenisei Kirghiz during their vassalage under the Uyghurs.
Dialectal elements in the vocabulary of the Uyghur Khanate inscriptions
Authors: Aydin Erhan
Published: September 2016

One of the significant problems with Old Turkic inscriptions is that it is not known by which peoples’ or tribe’s Turkic language the inscriptions were written in. Although among the clans and persons who wrote and erected the large inscriptions of the Turkic and Uyghur Khanates, those of Köl Tegin, Bilge Kaghan, Şine Usu, Tariat, Tes and Karabalghasun I were identified, the peoples or clans having erected the other inscriptions are mostly unknown. The most serious problem encountered by researchers in consideration of the tribal seals present in the inscriptions is the uncertainty whether the seal belonged to the tribe that wrote or erected the inscription, or the tribe that was in power at that time.

This paper investigates the inscriptions of the Uyghur Khanate. Our scrutiny is based on the examination of the peculiarities of the Uyghur Khanate inscriptions which cannot be observed in any other inscriptions of Mongolia, Yenisei, Altai and Kyrgyzstan. By substituting these peculiar words with other words to be found in other inscriptions, an attempt has been made to prove that these words are Uyghur dialectal words. After an inquiry whether the words were used subsequent to the runic period, etymological suggestions concerning the words have also been put forward.
Die Rolle der Buddhisten in der frühindischen Gesellschaft: Abkehr vom Konzept des sogenannten buddhistischen Indiens
Authors: Lakos Katalin
Published: September 2016

Der Artikel befasst sich mit der Rolle der Buddhisten in der frühindischen Gesellschaft. Das monolithische Bild eines buddhistischen Zeitalters erfuhr in den letzten Jahrzehnten eine starke Änderung, wobei die sozioökonomischen Prozesse, statt eines großen Sprunges, eher als ein zeitlich und räumlich länger andauernder Entwicklungsprozess beschrieben wurden. Zu dieser Änderung beigetragen haben unter anderem die philologische Forschung, die neuere Datierungsergebnisse der Stadtentwicklung aufgrund der archäologischen Funde in den letzten Jahrzehnten, sowie die ertragreiche und immer noch offene Debatte über die Buddha-Datierung und nicht zuletzt die Ansicht, dass das Zeitalter des historischen Buddha im Vergleich zur traditionellen Auffassung etwas später anzusetzen sei. Das Ziel dieses Artikels ist es, eine neue Lesart des sogenannten buddhistischen Zeitalters wahrnehmbar zu machen.
The Constitutionality of Death-Qualified Juries (Research Note)
Authors: Chastain Charles
Published: September 2016

In August of 1983 Federal Judge G. Thomas Eisele of the Eastern District of Arkansas held that a person is entitled to a new trial if he/she is tried for a capital crime and convicted in a two-stage trial and those persons who could never vote for the death penalty are automatically excluded for participation in the guilt-innocence phase of the trial.1 In a long opinion, analyzing the various aspects of the “death-qualified jury” issue, Judge Eisele relied very heavily on social science data from psychologists to conclude that barring those opposed to the death penalty in any form from the guilt-innocence phase of a trial would have the effect of eliminating a “distinctive group” in the community and thus violate the right of the defendant to be tried by a jury drawn from a cross-section of the community (See Duren v. Missouri (1979).
Governor Clinton and Educational Reform: The Use of Non- Language Based Symbolism
Authors: De Boer Marvin E.
Published: September 2016

By the close of the extra-ordinary session of the Arkansas General Assembly on November 10,1983, a significant program of public education reform had been endorsed and a one cent increase in the sales tax had been passed to fund it. Aside from the question of the value of this public policy for the future of education in Arkansas, scholars in a number of disciplines may well examine this situation to validate theory and to discover useful insights. Converging in this effort, are, at least, political scientists and communication scholars who view these concerns as a common domain. As noted political scientist Murray Edelman has observed, gestures and speeches make up the drama of the state (Edelman, 1964: 172).
ACUTE ENTERIC INFECTIONS POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ASSAY IN PEDIATRIC PRACTICE: OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
Authors: Sokolova E. D. , Galtaeva A. M. , Zamurei O. U. , Didichenko O. V. , Sokolova U. V. , Muratova V. A. , Ligorova O. U. , Zhuravleva I. N. , Makarova M. A. , Kaftyreva L. A.
Published: September 2016

The aim of the study is estimate the opportunities of local multi-prime PCR reagents kits in children enteric infections etiological diagnostics amongst the patients with diarrhoea vs traditional bacteriological methods. We used 4 kits of reagents that provide multiple pathogens simultaneous indication in one sample: 1) Rotavirus, Norovirus, Astrovirus; 2) Shigella spp./EIEC, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp.; 3) Yersinia enterocolitica and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis; 4) E. coli: EIEC (enteroinvasive), EPEC (enteropathogenic), ETEC (enterotoxigenic), EHEC (enterohaemorrhagic), EAgEC (enteroaggregative). It has been shown that the viral intestinal infections is increased by 14%, bacterial — in 2,5 times. PCR diagnostics identified in 62% of patients the viral gastroenteritis: Rotavirus (52%), Norovirus (9%), Astrovirus (1%). Detected bacterial pathogens PCR markers number proved up to 2.5 times high than according to bacteriological examination. The spectrum of bacterial agents increased due to E. coli and Y. enterocolitica. PCR diagnostics increased detection of Campylobacter up to 2 times. Detected E. coli DNA prevalence: EPEC — 66%, EAgEC, ETEC and EHEC were 31%, 9% and 4%, respectively. DNA Campylobacter spp. and E. coli constituted 2/3 of all findings: Campylobacter spp. (41%), E. coli (24%), Salmonella spp. (19%), Yersinia spp. (11%), Shigella spp./EIEC (5%). The positive results of bacteriological and serological methods duplicate the positive results of PCR diagnostics. In general, the positive results of PCR diagnosis of bacterial pathogens were detected in 46.35% of the examined patients. In 48.4% of patients identified PCR markers viral — bacterial infection, in 5.25% — of bacterial associations, in 11% of them were found the DNA 2–3 bacterial pathogens. The study was shown in children in St. Petersburg in 2012–2014 dominated rotavirus infection, campylobacteriosis and escherichiosis. The prevalence of viral-bacterial confections is more than 50% of all diagnosed cases.
Probabilistic assessment of liquefiable soil thickness considering spatial variability and model and parameter uncertainties
Authors: Wang Y. , Fu C. , Huang K.
Published: September 2016

This paper develops a probabilistic approach for identifying liquefiable soil layers and assessing the liquefiable soil thickness using cone penetration tests (CPTs). The inherent spatial variability of liquefaction resistance (i.e. cyclic resistance ratio (CRR)), the model uncertainty associated with the CPT-based Robertson and Wride model and input parameter uncertainty in cyclic stress ratio (CSR) are taken into consideration explicitly in the proposed approach. The probability distribution of the CRR and the thicknesses of soil layers with statistically homogeneous CRR are first identified. Then, for a given nominal seismic loading, the thicknesses of liquefiable soil layers are estimated. A ratio of the liquefiable soil thickness over the total thickness of all soil layers considered is quantified for assessment of liquefaction consequences, and it is determined probabilistically using Monte Carlo simulations. The proposed approach is illustrated using a set of CPT data collected from New Zealand. Case histories of the 2010–2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence in New Zealand are used to systematically validate the proposed approach. The proposed approach is shown to identify properly the liquefiable soil layers, quantify their liquefiable soil thicknesses and associated uncertainty and provide results that are consistent with earthquake field observations. It is also shown that deterministic analysis not only cannot quantify the uncertainty in the assessment results, but also fails to provide consistent results for the assessment of liquefaction consequences. It is therefore necessary to perform probabilistic analysis using the proposed approach. In addition, a sensitivity study is performed to explore the effect of spatial variability on soil liquefaction.
The Functional Status of Central Nervous System and Disturbances of Cognitive Functions of Children with Borderline Mental Disorder of Residual Organic Genesis
Authors: Bereskin D.
Published: September 2016

Results of research of functional characteristics of the central neural system and features of cognitive processes of children with borderline mental disorder of residual organic genesis are presented. 78 children, 56 boys (8–12 years old) and 22 girls (8–11 years old), with different borderline mental disorder are examined. It is shown that all patients have similar disorders in memory, attention and cognitive function with differences in central nervous system functionality characteristics depending on clinical particularities. The disorders consist in arousal and inhibition mobility. Based on the results obtained, the recommendations on psycho-correctional work with children are formulated in the dependence on central nervous system functionality characteristics and clinical manifestations.
Self-esteem and Self-control of Teenage Students of Boarding Schools
Authors: Timur O.
Published: September 2016

We investigate the cognitive and behavioral sub-consciousness of teenagers from the boarding schools. We used the method of Dembo-Rubinstein (the modification of A.M. Prihozhan), the express method Style of self-regulation of behavior in children SSBC1-M icons of V.I. Morosanova. It was discovered that almost all self-esteem indexes in adolescent orphans in regard to “I-Real” as the indicator of the cognitive development of self-consciousness is within the average level. An exception is the scale “Self-Confidence” where indexes in the majority of respondents are recorded as “very high”. In the perception of “I-perfect” indicators of all scales were also at a very high level. The total level of self-esteem of adolescent orphans is characterized as “medium”, while the total self-control is “low”. The comparative analysis of this sample of respondents from the respondents belonging to the deviant group of adolescents from families and young people from families with no deviations.
PERUBAHAN ASAM AMINO SURIMI IKAN LELE DENGAN FREKUENSI PENCUCIAN YANG BERBEDA
Authors: Wijayanti Ima - , Surti Titi - , Winarni Tri - , Darmanto Yudhomenggolo Sastro
Published: September 2016

Pencucian (leaching) merupakan faktor penting dalam proses pembuatan surimi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh frekuensi pencucian terhadap kandungan asam amino, komposisi proksimat dan karakteristik gel surimi lele (Clarias sp.). Metode yang digunakan adalah eksperimen di laboratorium dengan satu faktor, yaitu perlakuan pencucian dengan 4 taraf berbeda yaitu 1, 2, 3 dan 4 kali dengan menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). . Jenis uji yang digunakan adalah Kruskall wallis (non parametrik) dan dilanjutkan dengan uji Dun’s Multiple Comparison jika perlakuan berpengaruh nyata. Frekuensi pencucian berpengaruh nyata terhadap komposisi proksimat surimi lele (p<0,05), yaitu menurunkan kandungan protein, lemak dan meningkatkan kadar air, namun tidak nyata terhadap kandungan mineral. Bertambahnya frekuensi pencucian tidak berpengaruh nyata pada kadar asam amino esensial maupun non esensial kecuali pada asam glutamat. Frekuensi pencucian berpengaruh nyata pada gel surimi lele (p<0,05). Pada pencucian 3 dan 4 kali kali meningkatkan nilai hardness, deformasi, uji lipat dan uji gigit. Nilai EMC menurun seiring dengan bertambahnya frekuensi pencucian yang menunjukkan kemampuan menahan air pada gel meningkat. Pencucian 3 kali dianggap sudah cukup baik untuk membuat surimi lele karena mampu mempertahankan asam amino surimi lele dan meningkatkan kekuatan gelnya.
Kata kunci: asam amino, frekuensi pencucian, surimi lele