bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Primary Cerebellar Neuroendocrine Tumors: Chimeras or Real Entities A Case Report with a 6-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Vernieri Claudio , Femia Daniela , Pusceddu Sara , Capella Carlo , Rosai Juan , Calareso Giuseppina , Concas Laura , Prinzi Natalie , Lo Russo Giuseppe , de Braud Filippo , Buzzoni Roberto
Published: August 2016

We report the case of a 38-year-old patient who was diagnosed with a cerebellar well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor (WDNET) in 2009. At first glance, we believed that it was a metastasis from an unrecognized WDNET arising outside the cerebellum. However, despite a prolonged follow-up of 6 years, an extracranial WDNET has never been found. During this time, the tumor recurred locally twice, and the patient was treated with surgery and radiotherapy. At the moment, he enjoys good general conditions and his tumor is under control. Due to the histopathological characteristics and clinical behavior of the tumor, we believe that this is the first report to date of a primary cerebellar WDNET.
Mechanosensory Lateral Line Nerve Projections to Auditory Neurons in the Dorsal Descending Octaval Nucleus in the Goldfish, Carassius auratus
Authors: McCormick Catherine A. , Gallagher Shannon , Cantu-Hertzler Evan , Woodrick Scarlet
Published: August 2016

The nucleus medialis is the main first-order target of the mechanosensory lateral line (LL) system. This report definitively demonstrates that mechanosensory LL inputs also terminate in the ipsilateral dorsal portion of the descending octaval nucleus (dDO) in the goldfish. The dDO, which is the main first-order auditory nucleus in bony fishes, includes neurons that receive direct input from the otolithic end organs of the inner ear and project to the auditory midbrain. There are two groups of such auditory projection neurons: medial and lateral. The medial and the lateral groups in turn contain several neuronal populations, each of which includes one or more morphological cell types. In goldfish, the exclusively mechanosensory anterior and posterior LL nerves terminate only on specific cell types of auditory projection neurons in the lateral dDO group. Single neurons in the lateral dDO group may receive input from both anterior and posterior LL nerves. It is possible that some of the lateral dDO neurons that receive LL input also receive input from one or more of the otolithic end organs. These results are consistent with functional studies demonstrating low frequency acoustic sensitivity of the mechanosensory LL in teleosts, and they reveal that the anatomical substrate for sensory integration of otolithic and LL inputs is present at the origin of the central ascending auditory pathway in an otophysine fish.
Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase-Positive Anaplastic Large Cell Lymphoma with Cardiac Metastasis and Arterial Tumor Embolisms during First-Course Chemotherapy
Authors: Nagai Kozo , Suyama Yukari , Koga Daisuke , Nishi Masanori , Iida Chiaki , Tashiro Katsuya , Danjo Atsushi , Kai Keita , Matsuo Muneaki
Published: August 2016

We described an 11-year-old boy suffering from pediatric anaplastic lymphoma kinase-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma with heart metastasis at diagnosis and arterial tumor embolisms during chemotherapy. Both the heart metastasis and pericardial effusion showed improvement with prednisolone, but numbness and pallor sequentially developed in his lower extremities during the first course of chemotherapy. Contrast-enhanced imaging revealed occlusion of the right anterior tibial artery and left popliteal artery. These symptoms were spontaneously remitted due to the compensation of other arteries. Arterial tumor embolism is a rare but possible complication when a lymphoma shows intracardiac infiltration.
Streptococcus pyogenes Escapes Killing from Extracellular Histones through Plasminogen Binding and Activation by Streptokinase
Authors: Nitzsche Ramona , Köhler Juliane , Kreikemeyer Bernd , Oehmcke-Hecht Sonja
Published: August 2016

Histones are small basic proteins and highly conserved among eukaryotes. Their main function is binding, packaging and organizing of DNA in the nucleus, but extracellular histones are also potent antimicrobial proteins. Here we found that Streptococcus pyogenes - an important human pathogen - protects itself from histone-killing by the acquisition of plasminogen. Plasminogen, bound to the streptococcal surface, efficiently prevents histone-mediated killing. Moreover, the streptokinase/plasminogen complex degrades all classes of histones and abrogates their antibacterial and hemolytic effects. This novel streptokinase-mediated virulence mechanism may contribute to the escape of S. pyogenes from the human innate immune system.
State-of-the-Art Treatment and Novel Agents in Local and Distant Recurrences of Cervical Cancer
Authors: Tempfer Clemens B. , Beckmann Matthias W.
Published: August 2016

Depending on the stage at initial presentation, cervical cancer will recur in 25-61% of women. Typical manifestations of recurrent cervical cancer include the central pelvis and the pelvic side walls as well as retroperitoneal lymph node basins in the pelvis and the para-aortic region, and - more rarely - supraclavicular lymph nodes. There are no typical symptoms of recurrent cervical cancer. Women with suspected recurrence after cervical cancer based on gynecological examination or organ-specific symptoms must undergo imaging studies and - if technically feasible - biopsy with histological verification, especially in cases of distant metastases, in order to rule out a second primary. Radiotherapy-naïve women should be treated with salvage radiochemotherapy with curative intention. For women with previous radiotherapy, surgery in the form of hysterectomy, local resection, or pelvic exenteration is the treatment of choice. Pelvic exenteration can lead to cure in selected patients, but at the price of a high rate of complications and significant morbidity and mortality. If complete surgical resection is not feasible or if the woman is not a candidate for surgery, chemotherapy with palliative intent should be offered. Patients with recurrent disease outside the pelvis are candidates for systemic chemotherapy. Several agents have shown to be active in this situation, either in single-agent or combination regimens. Platinum-containing regimens have a superior efficacy over non-platinum regimens and bevacizumab may be added to chemotherapy.
Afastamento e retorno ao trabalho: relatos de servidores públicos municipais
Authors: Toniolo Ana Carolina , Lussi Isabela Aparecida de Oliveira
Published: August 2016

objetivo do estudo foi verificar qual(is) suporte(s) trabalhadores afastados por transtornos mentais e do comportamento receberam no momento do afastamento do trabalho, mas,especialmente, no retorno às atividades, após receberem benefício auxílio-doença concedido pelo INSS. Participaram do estudo sete trabalhadores de uma Prefeitura Municipal do interior do estado de São Paulo, que conseguiram retornar às atividades de trabalho após serem afastados por 30 dias ou mais com diagnóstico primário de Transtornos Mentais e do Comportamento, no período de janeiro de 2008 a dezembro de 2012. A coleta de dados se deu por meio do preenchimento de um protocolo de informações pessoais, profissionais e referentes ao processo de afastamento e retorno ao trabalho e da aplicação de uma entrevista semiestruturada. Para análise dos dados, foi utilizada a técnica de Análise Temática. Osresultados mostraram que os participantes identificam família, amigos, profissionais da saúde e da prefeitura e eles mesmos como suporte durante o afastamento e no retorno às atividades de trabalho.
Retorno ao trabalho de trabalhadores com amputação de dedos em Curitiba, PR, Brasil
Authors: Simonelli Angela Paula , Jackson Filho José Marçal , Lessa Schneider Bruna Roberta , Machado Débora Regina
Published: August 2016

O retorno ao trabalho de trabalhadores, vítimas de traumas de membros superiores, é determinado, não apenas por sua condição física ou biomédica, mas também por fatores psicosociais, organizacionais e ocupacionais. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar o retorno ao trabalho de um grupo de 15 sujeitos que tiveram dedos amputados em acidentes de trabalho, tratados no ambulatório de terapia ocupacional do Hospital do Trabalhador de Curitiba, PR noano de 2012. Foi aplicado um questionário buscando informações sobre: dados sócio-demográficos, grau e mecanismo da lesão, função laboral anterior a lesão, retorno ao trabalho, função exercida após retorno e, limitações e ou dificuldades ao exercer a atividadede trabalho atual. Os resultados mostraram que dos 15 sujeitos a maioria foi re-inserida na função que exercia anteriormente, porém, muitos alegaram dificuldades na execução de suas atividades após seis meses do retorno. Isto indica a necessidade de acompanhamento no processo de retorno ao trabalho a fim de permitir a adequação das situações de trabalho aos trabalhadores re-inseridos ou estratégias para busca de outros tipos de trabalho.
Gestante agricultora: agravos e riscos ocupacionais
Authors: Ferraz Lucimare , Marchiori Paula Marco
Published: August 2016

O processo gestacional requer acompanhamento pré-natal e os aspectos relacionados ao ambiente de trabalho da gestante devem ser considerados. Este estudo objetivou apresentar os agravos e riscos ocupacionais nos processos laborais de gestantes trabalhadoras rurais. A pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa foi realizada em seis unidades de Estratégia Saúde daFamília que abrangem a área rural de um município do Oeste catarinense. Participaram do estudo sete gestantes trabalhadoras rurais, quatro médicos e quatro enfermeiros. Para a coleta de dados realizou-se entrevistas semiestruturadas e observações dos ambientes de trabalho das gestantes. Os resultados apontam que na atividade laboral das gestantes há diversas exposições a riscos químicos, físicos, biológicos, de acidentes e ergonômicos,potencialmente agravados frente ao não uso dos equipamentos de proteção individual. Frente a essa realidade, evidencia-se a importância de novos estudos que busquem identificar riscose meios para mitigar os problemas ocupacionais da gestante trabalhadora rural.
Increased Frontal Lobe Activation After Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: da Costa Leodante , Dunkley Benjamin T. , Bethune Allison , Robertson Amanda , Keller Anne , Pang Elizabeth W.
Published: August 2016

Background and Purpose—

Neurocognitive deficits are common among survivors of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, even among those with good outcomes and no structural lesions. This study aims to probe the neurophysiological underpinnings of cognitive dysfunction among patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms using magnetoencephalography (MEG).

Methods—

Thirteen patients who had undergone uncomplicated coiling for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and 13 matched controls were enrolled. Neuropsychological tests were done before magnetoencephalography scans. Magnetoencephalography data were acquired in a 151-channel, whole-head magnetoencephalography system for resting state and 2 cognitive tasks (go-no-go and set-shifting). Mean time from treatment to test was 18.8 months.

Results—

Cognitive tasks of inhibition (go-no-go) indicated greater activation in the right anterior cingulate and inferior frontal gyrus, and cognitive set-shifting tasks (mental flexibility) indicated greater activity in the bilateral anterior cingulate cortex and right medial frontal gyrus among aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage patients, with significantly different timing of activation between groups. Resting-state, beta-band connectivity of the anterior cingulate correlated negatively with Montreal Cognitive Assessment scores (left:
r
=−0.56;
P
<0.01 and right:
r
=−0.55;
P
<0.01): higher connectivity of this region was linked to poorer cognitive test performance.

Conclusions—

We have shown increased activation in areas of the anterior cingulate gyrus and frontobasal regions during the execution of more demanding tasks in good grade. The degree of activation in the anterior cingulate gyrus has a negative correlation with cognitive (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) scores. These subtle differences may be related to the common neurocognitive and behavioral complaints seen in this patient population.
The Unkempt Heritage: On the Role of Latin in the Arabic-Islamic Sphere
Authors: König Daniel G.
Published: August 2016

As linguistic systems, Latin and Arabic have interacted for centuries. The article at hand aims at analysing the status of the Latin language in the Arab and Arabic-Islamic sphere. Starting out from the observation that Latin-Christian and Arabic-Islamic scholarship dedicated a very different degree of attention to the study of the respective ‘other’ language in the course of the centuries, the article traces the impact of Latin on an emerging Arabic language in Antiquity, provides an overview on the various references to Latin found in works of Arabic-Islamic scholarship produced in the medieval and modern periods, and provides an exhaustive list of Arabic translations of Latin texts. A description of the role played by Latin in the Arabic-speaking world of our times is followed by a discussion of several hypotheses that try to explain why Latin was rarely studied systematically in the Arabic-Islamic sphere before the twentieth century.

Le latin et l’arabe, en tant que systèmes linguistiques, furent en interaction pendant des siècles. Le présent article a pour objectif d’analyser le statut de la langue latine dans le monde arabe et arabo-musulman. Partant de l’observation que les érudits latins chrétiens et arabo-musulmans se consacrèrent à différents degrés à l’étude de la langue de « l’Autre », l’article retrace l’impact du latin sur une langue arabe émergeant dans l’Antiquité, donne un aperçu des références à la langue latine dans les œuvres des érudits arabo-musulmans produites aux époques médiévale et moderne, et fournit une liste exhaustive des traductions des textes latins en arabe. Après avoir esquissé le statut actuel de la langue latine dans le monde arabophone de nos jours, l’article aborde plusieurs hypothèses qui essaient d’expliquer pourquoi le latin n’a guère été un objet d’études systématiques dans le monde arabo-musulman avant le xxe siècle.

This article is in English.
Lamproconiaceae fam. nov. to accommodate Lamproconium desmazieri
Authors: NORPHANPHOUN CHADA , HONGSANAN SINANG , DOILOM MINGKWAN , BHAT DARBHE J. , WEN TING-CHI , SENANAYAKE INDUNIL C. , BULGAKOV TIMUR S. , HYDE KEVIN D.
Published: August 2016

The genus Lamproconium comprises species that are endophytes, saprobes and pathogens on a wide variety of plants. This genus is currently placed in Diaporthales genera incertae sedis. Fresh specimens of Lamproconium were collected in Russia and studied to provide morphological and phylogenetic data. Phylogenetic analyses of single spore isolates generated from maximum likelihood, maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference analyses using combined ITS and LSU sequence data, place L. desmazieri in the order Diaporthales. Melanconis desmazieri is synonymized under Lamproconium desmazieri, and Lamproconiaceae is introduced as a new family to accommodate L. desmazieri and Hercospora tiliae, based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses.
Anatomical, palynological and karyological remarks of Silene brevicalyx and Silene ozyurtii (Caryophyllaceae)
Authors: ATASAGUN BAYRAM , AKSOY AHMET , MARTİN ESRA
Published: August 2016

Anatomical, palynological, karyological and morphological seed characters of Silene brevicalyx and S. ozyurtii (Caryophyllaceae) were investigated for the first time. S. brevicalyx grows on serpentine rocky slopes and open forest in Muğla province (southwestern Turkey), while S. ozyurtii is an East Mediterranean element growing on serpentine stony slopes and again open forest. Anatomically, cross-section of root of both species have a periderm as the protective tissue at the outermost layer and locally druse crystals are encountered in cortex layer. Stems have a thick well-developed sclerenchyma layer. The walls of outward sclerenchyma cells are wider than the walls of inward cells. Leaves are equifacial. Pollen are prolate-spheroidal, symmetry radially, polarity apolar, with aperture periporate, ornamentation microechinate-perforate. Seeds of both species are reniform, with surface concave and granulation coarse-medium, hylar zone recessed, dark-brown or fuscous coloured. Somatic chromosome numbers of 2n = 24 were found for both taxa. The karyotypes are analyzed for the first time for S. brevicalyx and S. ozyurtii. Ideograms of these taxa were drawn by use of an Image Analysis System.
Amorphophallus bubenensis (Araceae), a new species from Yunnan, China
Authors: YIN JIAN-TAO , YONG LUO , LIU JIAN-WU , LIU QIANG , HUANG ZI-YUN , HETTERSCHEID WILBERT
Published: August 2016

Amorphophallus Bl. in Decaisne (1834: 366) is a genus of about 200 species (Li & Hetterscheid 2010) of which 16 occur in China. Of these, 7 species are endemic to China. The new species adds the 8th endemic species to this flora.
Cryptic diversity in Australian stick insects (Insecta; Phasmida) uncovered by the DNA barcoding approach
Authors: Velonà A. , Brock P. D. , Hasenpusch J. , Mantovani B.
Published: August 2016

The barcoding approach was applied to analyze 16 Australian morphospecies of the order Phasmida, with the aim to test if it could be suitable as a tool for phasmid species identification and if its discrimination power would allow uncovering of cryptic diversity. Both goals were reached. Eighty-two specimens representing twelve morphospecies (Sipyloidea sp. A, Candovia annulata, Candovia sp. A, Candovia sp. B, Candovia sp. C, Denhama austrocarinata, Xeroderus kirbii, Parapodacanthus hasenpuschorum, Tropidoderus childrenii, Cigarrophasma tessellatum, Acrophylla wuelfingi, Eurycantha calcarata) were correctly recovered as clades through the molecular approach, their sequences forming monophyletic and well-supported clusters. In four instances, Neighbor-Joining tree and barcoding gap analyses supported either a specific (Austrocarausius mercurius, Anchiale briareus) or a subspecific (Anchiale austrotessulata, Extatosoma tiaratum) level of divergence within the analyzed morphospecies. The lack of an appropriate database of homologous coxI sequences prevented more detailed identification of undescribed taxa.
The identity of Tachina westermanni Wiedemann, 1819 (Diptera: Calliphoridae or Tachinidae) with a solution to a nomenclatural problem
Authors: ROGNES KNUT , O’HARA JAMES E. , CERRETTI PIERFILIPPO
Published: August 2016

Tachina westermanni Wiedemann, 1819 was based on four syntypes, two conspecific calliphorids and two conspecific tachinids. Two existing but contradictory lectotype fixations have resulted in confusion as to the correct application of the specific name westermanni Wiedemann. Evidence is presented showing that the lectotype fixation of Townsend in 1931 is valid and assigns westermanni Wiedemann to the Calliphoridae, with Pericallimyia westermanni as the valid binomen. The valid name for the tachinid taxon becomes Brachelia westermanni Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 and a neotype is designated for it in the interests of nomenclatural stability.
Description of two new cicada species of the genus Poviliana Boulard (Insecta: Hemiptera, Cicadoidea, Cicadidae) from New Caledonia
Authors: Delorme Quentin , Jourdan Hervé , Mille Christian
Published: August 2016

Poviliana dayubiikii Delorme sp. nov. and Poviliana montrouzieri Delorme sp. nov. are described from New Caledonia. They are respectively found in mid altitude rain forest on Mont Panié (570 m) and Col des Roussettes (300 m). Male calling songs of the two new species are described from the field recordings. A key to the species of Poviliana is also provided.
Tropical Cyclone Intensity Estimation Using RVM and DADI Based on Infrared Brightness Temperature
Authors: Zhang Chang-Jiang , Qian Jin-Fang , Ma Lei-Ming , Lu Xiao-Qin
Published: August 2016

An objective technique is presented to estimate tropical cyclone intensity using the relevance vector machine (RVM) and deviation angle distribution inhomogeneity (DADI) based on infrared satellite images of the northwest Pacific Ocean basin from China’s FY-2C geostationary satellite. Using this technique, structures of a deviation-angle gradient co-occurrence matrix, which include 15 statistical parameters nonlinearly related to tropical cyclone intensity, were derived from infrared satellite imagery. RVM was then used to relate these statistical parameters to tropical cyclone intensity. Twenty-two tropical cyclones occurred in the northwest Pacific during 2005–09 and were selected to verify the performance of the proposed technique. The results show that, in comparison with the traditional linear regression method, the proposed technique can significantly improve the accuracy of tropical cyclone intensity estimation. The average absolute error of intensity estimation using the linear regression method is between 15 and 29 m s−1. Compared to the linear regression method, the average absolute error of the intensity estimation using RVM is between 3 and 10 m s−1.
Failure to Converge
Authors: Bartels Larry M.
Published: August 2016

The logic of electoral competition suggests that candidates should have to adopt moderate issue positions to win majority support. But U.S. presidential candidates consistently take relatively extreme positions on a variety of important issues. Some observers have attributed these “polarized” positions to the extreme views of the parties’ core supporters. I characterize the issue preferences of core Republicans, core Democrats, and swing voters over the past three decades and assess how well the positions of presidential candidates reflect those preferences. I find that Republican candidates have generally been responsive to the positions of their base. However, Democratic candidates have often been even more extreme than the Democratic base, suggesting that electoral polarization is due in significant part to candidates’ own convictions rather than the need to mollify core partisans. Neither party’s presidential candidates have been more than minimally responsive to the views of swing voters.
The system of carbon fibre-reinforced plastics micro-tubes for self-healing of glass fibre-reinforced plastics laminates
Authors: Vidinejevs Sergejs , Aniskevich Andrey
Published: August 2016

A system of pultruded carbon fibre-reinforced plastics micro-tubes is used for self-healing simulation in laminated polymer composite. The system consists of a package of micro-tubes, placed in the symmetry plane of the GFR/epoxy laminate stack. Healing agent is a mixture of the epoxy resin and hardener. The healing agent releases and penetrates into the cracks after the composite is damaged by the quasi-static indentation. The specimens are healed at 30℃ for 24 h. Rectangular specimens notched under ASTM D2733 have been subjected to tensile test to determine interlaminar shear strength. Shear strength of specimens has been compared in three states (virgin, damaged and healed) for various ways of healing. After the most effective self-healing, the interlaminar shear strength has been recovered to 70 ± 15% of those for virgin specimens that almost twice exceeds the residual strength of the damaged specimens.
Virtual Burglary
Authors: van Gelder Jean-Louis , Nee Claire , Otte Marco , Demetriou Andrew , van Sintemaartensdijk Iris , van Prooijen Jan-Willem
Published: August 2016

Objectives:

This article explores the potential of virtual reality (VR) to study burglary by measuring user responses on the subjective, physiological, and behavioral levels. Furthermore, it examines the influence of individual dispositions, such as sensation seeking and self-control, on behavior during a virtual burglary event.

Methods:

Participants, male university undergraduates ( N = 77), could freely move around a virtual neighborhood wearing a VR headset and using a game controller and were instructed to burgle one of the houses in the neighborhood. Participant movement, items stolen from the house, and heart rate (HR) were recorded throughout the burglary event. Individual dispositions were measured before, and subjective user responses were measured after, the event. Additionally, we experimentally varied whether there was an alarm sounding and participants’ beliefs about the chance of getting caught (deterrence).

Results:

Participants reacted subjectively to the burglary event by reporting high levels of presence in the virtual environment (VE) and physiologically by showing increased HRs. In terms of behavior, high deterrence resulted in fewer items being stolen and a shorter burglary. Furthermore, sensation seekers stole more valuable items, while participants high in conscientiousness stole fewer items.

Conclusions:

The results suggest that VEs have substantial potential for studying criminal behavior.
The Democratic Horizon
Authors: Rasmussen David M.
Published: August 2016

The Democratic Horizon offers us the project for the renewal of political liberalism through a response to hyperpluralism in the context of an emerging democratic ethos worldwide. While the book reads as a ringing endorsement of Political Liberalism, authored by John Rawls, it goes beyond that project in significant ways. In my view The Democratic Horizon represents something of a tour de force; a truly original contribution for those who recognize the imperative significance of our worldwide confrontation with the fact of pluralism.
Single versus multiple lung biopsies for suspected interstitial lung disease
Authors: Khalil Mohammed , Cowen Michael , Chaudhry Mubarak , Loubani Mahmoud
Published: August 2016

Background

There is a belief that in patients with suspected interstitial lung disease, multiple biopsies from different lobes are more likely to result in a diagnosis. We compared the results of single biopsies with those of multiple biopsies in terms of positive yield of histological diagnoses and the patients’ postoperative outcomes.

Methods

Data of 115 patients who underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic lung biopsy, between 2009 and 2015, for suspected interstitial lung disease were analyzed retrospectively and grouped according to single or multiple lung biopsies. High-resolution computed tomography of the chest was reviewed prior to the procedure, and the most appropriate areas for sampling were chosen. Data analysis was carried out with the Mann-Whitney U test, using MedCalc version 16.1 statistical software.

Results

Of the 115 patients, 67 had a single biopsy and 48 had more than one biopsy. A histological diagnosis was arrived at in all cases. The duration of chest drainage ( p = 0.033) and postoperative hospital stay ( p = 0.012) were longer in the multiple-biopsies group .

Conclusion

A single lung biopsy is sufficient to arrive at a diagnosis of interstitial lung disease when the sampling site is guided by high-resolution computed tomography and a multidisciplinary approach. Multiple biopsies are less cost-effective, offer no added advantage in terms of diagnostic yield, and are associated with more morbidities and a longer hospital stay.
Reporting Crimes to the Police Depends on Relationship Networks: Effects of Ties Among Victims, Advisors, and Offenders
Authors: Knoth Lauren K. , Ruback R. Barry
Published: August 2016

A victim’s decision to report a crime to the police is typically made after talking with someone else, usually a friend or relative, but sometimes a stranger. The advice this person gives depends primarily on the seriousness of the crime, and to some extent on the gender and age of the victim. The present research, which used experimental vignettes, examined the role of social networks in reporting: How do the relationships among a victim, the advisor, and the offender affect the advice to report or not to report a violent or nonviolent crime? Results from Study 1 indicated that relationships matter: Crimes are least likely to be reported if the offender is part of the same triad as the victim and the advisor, and crimes are most likely to be reported if the victim, the advisor, and the offender are all strangers. Study 1 also found that males are more likely to protect friends who are offenders (by advising against reporting), while females are more likely to protect friends who are victims (by advising them to report). Study 2 found that the effect of these relationships on reporting is conditioned by the nature of the organization to which the offender belongs, such that males are particularly likely to protect their friends in athletic organizations and fraternities when accused of minor property crimes. Both studies found that gender differences in the advice to report are moderated by characteristics of the crime and triad structure.
The wear analysis model and rock-breaking mechanism of a new embedded polycrystalline diamond compact
Authors: Tian Jialin , Liu Gang , Yang Lin , Wu Chunming , Yang Zhi , Yuan Changfu
Published: August 2016

Polycrystalline diamond layer peel-off is a hot topic in oil and gas drilling engineering. When an integrated polycrystalline diamond compact cutter suffers overload, there is a rapid decline in its rock-breaking performance and drilling rate of penetration. To modify the comprehensive performance of polycrystalline diamond compact, we innovatively propose a new embedded polycrystalline diamond compact. According to geometric analysis theory combined with the linear combination rule, the three typical embedded design schemes – the imitation palm-shaped, imitation Z-shaped and ring-embedded designs – are discussed. The influences of the number, size, location and combination of the embedded polycrystalline diamond layer on the polycrystalline diamond compact wear mechanism and rock-breaking performance are analysed. The results show that the embedded element and carbide matrix are combined by brazing welding, which not only exerts high abrasion resistance on the polycrystalline diamond layer but also combines with the good impact performance of carbide matrix. Compared with ordinary polycrystalline diamond compact, the intake amount of a single-embedded polycrystalline diamond compact is smaller, and it wears more evenly during the rock-breaking process. Comparing the results from before and after drilling, it effectively prevents the ordinary polycrystalline diamond compact from easily peeling off when suffering overload. The unique wear analysis model can be applied to other types of polycrystalline diamond compact by adjusting the embedding method. The research conclusions provide useful insights into the study of the polycrystalline diamond compact wear mechanism and rock-breaking performance.
Representation on the Courts? The Effects of Trial Judges’ Sex and Race
Authors: Boyd Christina L.
Published: August 2016

Scholars have long sought to resolve whether and to what degree political actor diversity influences the outputs of political institutions like legislatures, administrative agencies, and courts. When it comes to the judiciary, diverse judges may greatly affect outcomes. Despite this potential, no consensus exists for whether judicial diversity affects behavior in trial courts—that is, the stage where the vast majority of litigants interact with the judicial branch. After addressing the research design limitations in previous trial court-diversity studies, the results here indicate that a trial judge’s sex and race have very large effects on his or her decision making. These results have important implications for how we view diversity throughout the judiciary and are particularly timely given the Obama Administration’s over 200 female and minority appointments to the federal trial courts.
Paclitaxel pre-medication: A comparison of two steroid pre-medication protocols
Authors: Yenilmez Ayberk , Hood Annette P , Nguyen Lien H , Merl Man Y
Published: August 2016

Purpose

To evaluate and compare the rate of hypersensitivity reactions between two low-dose steroid pre-medication regimens for paclitaxel-based treatments.

Methods

This was a single-center, retrospective, descriptive study, comparing the incidence of hypersensitivity reactions in two different dexamethasone pre-medication regimens that took place between July 2013 to December 2014. Patients who were paclitaxel-naïve with a diagnosis of breast or gynecological cancers were included. Patients in the early termination protocol were pre-medicated with a standard pre-medication regimen and if tolerated with no hypersensitivity reaction occurrence, all pre-medications were discontinued after the first two infusions. Patients in the low-dose steroid continuation protocol were pre-medicated with lower doses of dexamethasone, and if the infusion was tolerated with no hypersensitivity reaction, dexamethasone doses were further reduced after the first two infusions.

Results

A total of 120 patients were included for data analysis. The hypersensitivity reaction rate in the early termination protocol group was 7% (4 out of 60 patients). The hypersensitivity reaction rate in the low-dose continuation protocol group was 5% (3 out of 60 patients). All hypersensitivity reactions occurred during the first infusion, with no hypersensitivity reactions occurring once the dexamethasone pre-medications were discontinued or dose-reduced. All of the patients who experienced a hypersensitivity reaction were successfully re-challenged with paclitaxel and were able to continue their therapy uninterrupted.

Conclusion

Discontinuing dexamethasone pre-medication altogether after two uneventful infusions or decreasing the dose of dexamethasone paclitaxel pre-medication are both safe alternatives to high-dose steroid pre-medications recommended in product labeling.
Overcoming the tyranny of distance: An audit of process and outcomes from a pilot telehealth spinal assessment clinic
Authors: Beard Matthew , Orlando Joseph F , Kumar Saravana
Published: August 2016

Introduction

There is consistent evidence to indicate people living in rural and remote regions have limited access to healthcare and poorer health outcomes. One way to address this inequity is through innovative models of care such as telehealth. The aim of this pilot trial was to determine the feasibility, appropriateness and access to a telehealth clinic. In this pilot trial, the telehealth clinic outcomes are compared with the outreach clinic. Both models of care are commonly utilised means of providing healthcare to meet the needs of people living in rural and remote regions.

Methods

A prospective audit was conducted on a Spinal Assessment Clinic Telehealth pilot trial for patients with spinal disorders requiring non-urgent surgical consultation. Data were recorded from all consultations managed using videoconferencing technology between the Royal Adelaide Hospital and Port Augusta Community Health Service, South Australia between September 2013 and January 2014. Outcomes included analysis of process, service activity, clinical actions, safety and costs. Data were compared to a previous spinal assessment outreach clinic in the same area between August and December 2012.

Results

There were 25 consultations with 22 patients over the five-month telehealth pilot trial. Spinal disorders were predominantly of the lumbar region (88%); the majority of initial consultations (64%) were discharged to the general practitioner. There were three requests for further imaging, five for minor interventions and three for other specialist/surgical consultation. Patient follow-up post telehealth pilot trial revealed no adverse outcomes. The total cost of AUD$11,187 demonstrated a 23% reduction in favour of the spinal assessment telehealth pilot trial, with the greatest savings in travel costs.

Discussion

The telehealth model of care demonstrated the efficient management of patients with spinal disorders in rural regions requiring non-urgent surgical consultation at low costs with no adverse outcomes reported.
Epic video games: Narrative spaces and engaged lives
Authors: Zarzycki Andrzej
Published: August 2016

Contemporary video games such as Mass Effect or Assassin’s Creed are emerging as a new form of media departing from traditional games purely seen as problem-solving exercises. They represent a new creative direction enjoyed by a broader audience, similar to those of TV and cinema. At the same time, they are significantly different from TV and cinema, since they place the user at the center of interactions, allowing content creation and forming strong emotional bonds. This article discusses the role of narratives in these new epic games as the main driver behind their social appeal and commercial success. It also poses a number of questions in the context of architecture and the possible fusion of both architecture and narrative.
Indian moored observatory in the Arctic for long-term in situ data collection
Authors: Venkatesan R , Krishnan KP , Arul Muthiah M , Kesavakumar B , Divya David T , Atmanand MA , Rajan S , Ravichandran M
Published: August 2016

This article describes the first Indian arctic multi-sensor mooring (IndARC) observatory in Kongsfjorden of Arctic waters. The Ministry of Earth Sciences evolved a unique moored observatory ‘IndARC’ with suite of sensors for physico-chemical and oceanographic in situ long-term data collection. The Arctic Ocean plays an important role in governing the earth’s climate and also faithfully records its past climatic history and represents a significant gap in ocean observations. This indigenously designed and installed observatory IndARC, for the first time, collected various parameters from July 2014 to July 2015. The uniqueness of this system, the challenges faced and results from data collected are presented in this article.
Equidistant Intervals in Perspective Photographs and Paintings
Authors: Erkelens Casper J.
Published: August 2016

Human vision is extremely sensitive to equidistance of spatial intervals in the frontal plane. Thresholds for spatial equidistance have been extensively measured in bisecting tasks. Despite the vast number of studies, the informational basis for equidistance perception is unknown. There are three possible sources of information for spatial equidistance in pictures, namely, distances in the picture plane, in physical space, and visual space. For each source, equidistant intervals were computed for perspective photographs of walls and canals. Intervals appear equidistant if equidistance is defined in visual space. Equidistance was further investigated in paintings of perspective scenes. In appraisals of the perspective skill of painters, emphasis has been on accurate use of vanishing points. The current study investigated the skill of painters to depict equidistant intervals. Depicted rows of equidistant columns, tiles, tapestries, or trees were analyzed in 30 paintings and engravings. Computational analysis shows that from the middle ages until now, artists either represented equidistance in physical space or in a visual space of very limited depth. Among the painters and engravers who depict equidistance in a highly nonveridical visual space are renowned experts of linear perspective.
Influence of health warnings on the use of rosiglitazone and pioglitazone in an area of Spain: A time-series study
Authors: Carracedo-Martínez Eduardo , Pia-Morandeira Agustin
Published: August 2016

Background:

Throughout 2007 and January 2008, several glitazones health warnings were published on rosiglitazone myocardial infarction risk. The impact of such warnings on glitazones prevalence of utilization has been extensively studied in the United States but only in one European country (England), which has showed different pattern from US studies. The aim of this study is to evaluate the impact of such safety warnings on glitazones utilization in an area of another European country.

Methods:

We calculated the number of defined daily doses per thousand inhabitants per day of glitazones each month during the period from 2006 to 2008 in a health area of Spain. We analyzed the data graphically and through a segmented regression analysis.

Results:

Rosiglitazone defined daily doses per thousand inhabitants per day were growing before the safety warnings, after the warnings a change in trend occurred and rosiglitazone utilization showed a downturn slope. Pioglitazone defined daily doses per thousand inhabitants per day were stable before the safety warnings, and a linear growth was observed after the safety warnings. Throughout the study period, rosiglitazone defined daily doses per thousand inhabitants per day were higher than pioglitazone defined daily doses per thousand inhabitants per day until near the end of 2008.

Conclusion:

Despite the fact that cardiovascular warnings affected rosiglitazone and not pioglitazone, rosiglitazone was more utilized than pioglitazone until near the end of 2008 which is a pattern similar to the one found in another European studies in England, but very different from studies in the United States, where rosiglitazone was less utilized than pioglitazone from the first month after rosiglitazone cardiovascular safety warnings.
Complicating Race
Authors: Petersen Amanda M.
Published: August 2016

Much research on race and sentencing utilizes broad racial categories to estimate the effect of race on sentencing outcomes; however, more nuanced conceptualizations of race have begun to appear in the literature. Specifically, a small but growing body of literature has assessed the role of discrimination based on Black stereotypicality of facial features, or Afrocentric facial feature bias, on sentencing outcomes for convicted males. By using Department of Corrections data from Black females and males incarcerated in Oregon, paired with experimentally derived facial feature ratings, this study extends past research by conducting both sex and race analyses in a new locale. These analyses are theoretically contextualized in feature-trait stereotyping and the focal concerns perspective—two previously unrelated literatures. The regression of sentence length on Afrocentric facial features, other extralegal factors, and legally relevant factors suggests that Afrocentric facial features do not explain sentence length for females. Afrocentricity predicts sentence length for males in the univariate and extralegal models, but significance is diminished with the inclusion of legally relevant variables. In interactional models, the sentence lengths of Black females and males do not vary in relation to one another either before or after the inclusion of legal factors. These findings are discussed in light of sentencing mechanisms in the state of Oregon, possible stereotype bias at earlier stages in the court process, and the racialized nature of offense histories and seriousness ratings.
The ARtS Community Without Community
Authors: Moon Seungho
Published: August 2016

This article is about teaching art-based inquiry and equity pedagogy. The author introduces an aesthetic-inspired afterschool curriculum in the urban context in the United States and theorizes the meaning of active citizenship and community. Conceptually framed by “community without community,” this article explicates the ways in which the ARtS children (Aesthetic, Reflexive thoughts, & Sharing) investigated the meanings of community through dance, poetry, and clay art. The author imagines and theorizes community that goes beyond emphasizing solidarity and a collective “we”-ness in the pursuit of social transformation. Rather, the author argues that “community without community” could be an important framework to revisit children’s exploration of community, self-other, and active citizenship. The ARtS initiative opens up the possibility of valuing diverse epistemologies and calls for releasing the imagination for a different community. Most notably, the notion of community without community leaves open the possibility of reconceptualizing existing community and its vision for creating new communities always open to possibilities.
Emerging Trends in Ethnic Nationalism: Territoriality and Conflict in Manipur
Authors: Meetei Nameirakpam Bijen
Published: August 2016

One of the most serious issues in culturally diverse societies, like in Manipur, is the demand for territorial autonomy by ethnic conglomerates, which see themselves as a distinct nation. The communities included in the conglomerates are purposively mobilised on ethnic similarities to sharpen the claim for securing separate territories. The study on ethnic conflicts in Manipur highlights that most of the communities within the conglomerate groups are not only culturally diverse but also territorially dispersed. Thus, this article highlights two points. First, the trend of ethnic nationalism that emerged in Manipur (and other parts of the northeast region) is different from the earlier instances of nationalism found elsewhere. Second, the politics of differentiation within the conglomerates is a source not only for producing new demands for separate territories but also for intensifying ethnic conflicts in Manipur. As disagreements between them cannot be easily resolved, smaller groups often challenge the dominance of larger groups and demand new territories. This shows that when negotiating the claims of multiple identities, each of which sees itself as a distinct nation, conceding territorial autonomy will not resolve inter-ethnic conflict in a state like Manipur unless the issues of internal differences are adequately addressed.
Teaching about the Holocaust and Genocide in Rwanda
Authors: Gasanabo Jean-Damascène , Mutanguha Freddy , Mpayimana Aimable
Published: August 2016

Rwanda’s efforts to develop educational curricula about the Genocide against Tutsi require it to not only grapple with history, but also to draw lessons from elsewhere, especially the Holocaust. Rwandan education, formal and informal, has developed with a new generation of learners to study the genocide. Drawing on lessons from the Holocaust and the Genocide against the Tutsi, educational programs, both in and out of school of it, are guiding learners through encounter with these historical events, helping them to think critically. These tactics combine to help create resilient communities with the capacity to understand genocide and its dynamics.
Gene expression–based discovery of atovaquone as a STAT3 inhibitor and anticancer agent
Authors: Xiang Michael , Kim Haesook , Ho Vincent T. , Walker Sarah R. , Bar-Natan Michal , Anahtar Melodi , Liu Suhu , Toniolo Patricia A. , Kroll Yasmin , Jones Nichole , Giaccone Zachary T. , Heppler Lisa N. , Ye Darwin Q. , Marineau Jason J. , Shaw Daniel , Bradner James E. , Blonquist Traci , Neuberg Donna , Hetz Claudio , Stone Richard M. , Soiffer Robert J. , Frank David A.
Published: August 2016

Key Points

The FDA-approved drug atovaquone is a novel, clinically available inhibitor of STAT3 at standard human plasma concentrations. Atovaquone shows anticancer efficacy in vitro, in vivo, and in a retrospective study of AML patient outcomes after atovaquone treatment.