bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity of Endothelium-Dependent Responses to Acetylcholine in Canine Femoral Arteries and Veins
Authors: Rubanyi Gabor M. , Vanhoutte Paul M.
Published: March 2022

The purpose of this study was to determine whether heterogeneity in endothelium-dependent responses to acetylcholine between canine blood vessels of different anatomical origin reflects variations in endothelial function or in responsiveness of vascular smooth muscle cells. Experiments were conducted in a bioassay system, where segments of femoral artery or vein with endothelium were perfused intraluminally and the perfusate used to superfuse rings of femoral arteries or veins without endothelium. Indomethacin was present in all experiments to prevent the synthesis of prostanoids. The blood vessels were contracted by phenylephrine. Measurement of wall tension in both the perfused segment and bioassay ring allowed simultaneous detection of endothelium-derived relaxing factor(s) released abluminally (segment) and intraluminally (ring). Intraluminal infusion of acetylcholine (ACh) induced relaxations in the perfused artery but not in vein segments. During arterial superfusion ACh induced relaxation in femoral arterial rings but contraction in venous rings. After treatment with atropine the arterial perfusate evoked relaxations in venous rings. Infusion of ACh through the femoral vein evoked only moderate relaxations in arterial rings. These data demonstrate that depressed endothelium-dependent relaxation to ACh in femoral veins compared to femoral arteries is due to a masking effect of the direct stimulating action of ACh and decreased release of the same mediator or the release of a different relaxing factor from venous endothelium.
Influence of Cold-Induced Increases in Sympathetic Nerve Activity on Norepinephrine Content in the Vasculature of the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat
Authors: Cassis L.A. , Stitzel R.E. , Head R.J.
Published: March 2022

In spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY), we have examined both the endogenous norepinephrine (NE) contents of caudal arteries, mesenteric arteries and cardiac tissue as well as the rates of decline of NE in these tissues after inhibition of NE synthesis. The endogenous NE contents of caudal and mesenteric arteries from SHR rats were greater than those from WKY rats. In contrast, the NE contents of hearts from SHR and WKY rats were similar. After synthesis inhibition with α-methy -p-tyrosine (300 mg/kg i.p.), the NE contents of hearts and mesenteric arteries decreased in a monoexponential fashion. The rates of decline of NE were similar for corresponding tissues from SHR and WKY rats. Cold stress, reported to selectively activate sympathetic discharge, did not influence the rates of decline of NE in mesenteric arteries of either SHR or WKY animals. In contrast, cold exposure dramatically accelerated the rate of decline of NE in cardiac tissue from both SHR and WKY rats. It is concluded that in mesenteric arteries from SHR rats there is a larger pool of NE with turnover characteristics not dissimilar from that prevailing in vessels from normotensive animals. The failure of cold stress to modify the rates of decline of NE in mesenteric and caudal arteries of SHR and WKY rats suggests that these arteries are under considerable sympathetic influence at ambient temperature. The results support the view that the hypernoradrenergic innervation found in SHR blood vessels, together with normal functioning of the sympathetic nervous system, may have the potential for producing a heightened peripheral vascular resistance in this model.
Hypernoradrenergic Innervation: Its Relationship to Functional and Hyperplastic Changes in the Vasculature of the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat
Authors: Head R.J.
Published: March 2022

There is now compelling evidence indicating that there is a greater sympathetic innervation of blood vessels in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) when compared with the innervation of corresponding vessels in the normotensive genetic control rat (WKY). In selected vascular beds in the SHR, increased sympathetic innervation occurs immediately after birth and prior to the expression of hypertension in the animal. In contrast, the available evidence suggests that the sympathetic innervation of cardiac tissue in SHR and WKY are similar in young and adult rats. The functional significance of the enhanced sympathetic innervation of blood vessels in the SHR with regard to the development or maintenance of hypertension relates in two ways to the well-established phenomena of vascular smooth muscle cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, which are thought to be the pathophysiological basis for the increased peripheral vascular resistance and elevated blood pressure in this animal model of hypertension. First, the enhanced innervation of blood vessels in the SHR leads to an augmented release of the vasoconstrictor transmitter noradrenaline (NA). The predicted consequences of this augmented release of NA upon vascular contraction are modulated by the presence of a larger number of sites for neuronal inactivation (i.e. reuptake sites) of NA by virtue of the presence of the increased innervation. Second, and of more significance, is the inter-relationship between hypernoradrenergic innervation and vascular smooth muscle hyperplasia, as the early appearance of such changes is a powerful indicator for the subsequent expression of hypertension in the SHR. In view of the substantial evidence that implicates vascular smooth muscle cells in regulating the degree of their sympathetic innervation and confirms the influence of sympathetic nerves upon vascular smooth muscle hyperplastic change, attention is drawn to the role of trophic factors in providing the setting for the development of hypertension in the SHR.
Endothelium-Dependent Relaxing Factors Do Not Affect the Smooth Muscle of Portal-Mesenteric Veins
Authors: Feletou M. , Hoeffner U. , Vanhoutte P.M.
Published: March 2022

Experiments were designed to analyze the difference in endothelium-dependent responsiveness to acetylcholine between arteries and veins. The effect of endothelium-derived relaxing factor(s) released from femoral arteries of the dog was compared on the coronary artery of the dog, the aorta of the rat, and portal-mesenteric veins of both species. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor(s) released by canine femoral arteries induced comparable relaxation of the canine coronary artery and the aorta of the rat. However, neither the canine nor the rat portal vein relaxed when exposed to endothelium-derived relaxing factors) released by the femoral arterial segments. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor(s) did not affect the action potentials and the spontaneous activity of the rat portal vein. Sodium nitroprusside induced complete relaxation of the canine coronary artery but failed to abolish the spontaneously evoked contractions of the portal veins. These experiments suggest that the longitudinal smooth muscle of portal veins is insensitive to endothelium-derived relaxing factor(s), presumably because of a different sensitivity of guanylate cyclase. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor does not possess calcium-entry blocking properties.
Could SARS-CoV-2 Infection Be a Novel Risk Factor for Multiple Sclerosis?
Authors: Magdy Rehab , Hussein Mona
Published: March 2022

The outbreak of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has challenged the healthcare community worldwide. The SARS-CoV-2 primarily affects the respiratory system; however, strong evidence suggests that SARS-CoV-2 can be neuroinvasive, resulting in several neurological complications. It was previously assumed that some coronaviruses are involved in multiple sclerosis (MS) pathology via various mechanisms. The mechanisms involved in coronavirus-induced central demyelination are complex and largely redundant. Molecular mimicry was proposed to be one of the possible mechanisms. Disruption of the blood-brain barrier, dysregulation in several inflammatory cytokines, and upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases were also thought to induce central demyelinating pathology. This raises a question about the possible role of SARS-CoV-2 as a novel risk factor for MS.
Gastric Transposition for Repair of Long-Gap Esophageal Atresia: Indications, Complications, and Outcome of Minimally Invasive and Open Surgery
Authors: Lieber Justus , Mayer Benjamin F.B. , Schunn Matthias C. , Neunhoeffer Felix , Fideler Frank , Schäfer Jürgen F. , Kirschner Hans-Joachim , Fuchs Jörg
Published: March 2022

Background: Gastric transposition (GT) is a possible option for esophageal replacement in long-gap esophageal atresia (LGEA). The present study aims to report and compare indications and outcome of laparoscopic-assisted GT (LAGT) versus open (OGT) GT for LGEA repair. Methods: Retrospective single-center analysis of all LGEA patients undergoing GT between 2002 and 2021. Results: Thirty-one children with LGEA underwent GT. Of these, 19 underwent LAGT (mean weight at surgery 5.6 kg; mean age 167 days) and 12 underwent OGT (6.1 kg; 233 days). Indications for OGT were previous surgery (n = 7), associated severe cardiac malformations (n = 4), and a simultaneous resection of a choledochal cyst (n = 1). The conversion rate was 1. The two procedures (LAGT/OGT) differed in anesthetic time (308/350 min), duration of ventilation (5.1/5.3 days), hospital stay (34/32 days), and complications (22/15). None of the differences reached statistical significance. Outcome was also comparable: completely oral nutrition uptake in 66%/73%, slow weight gain in the low centiles in both groups, no patient developed dumping syndrome, symptomatic reflux was seen in 1 patient after OGT. Conclusion: In our cohort, LAGT for repair of LGEA provided similar outcomes as open surgery. The minimally invasive approach preserves thoracal structures, prevents additional thoracotomy or laparotomy, and is faster. To realize LAGT, a postpartal treatment concept including gastrostomy placement via a microincision to minimize adhesions is essential. The open surgical approach should be considered in cases of previous extensive surgical attempts of EA correction causing severe adhesions as well as associated anomalies or genetic syndromes causing hemodynamic instability.
Oxygenierung bei der Bronchoskopie: High-Flow-Sauerstoffapplikation als Alternative zur Sauerstoffbrille
Authors: Hagmeyer Lars
Published: March 2022

Background: Hypoxemia frequently occurs during bronchoscopy. High-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) oxygen therapy may be a feasible alternative to prevent the deterioration of gas exchange during bronchoscopy. With the convenience of clinical use in mind, we modified an HFNC using a single cannula. This clinical trial was designed to test the hypothesis that a modified HFNC would decrease the proportion of patients with a single moment of peripheral arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) <90% during bronchoscopy. Methods: In this single-center, prospective randomized controlled trial, hospitalized patients in the respiratory department in need of diagnostic bronchoscopy were randomly assigned to a modified HFNC oxygen therapy group or a conventional oxygen therapy (COT) group. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients with a single moment of SpO2<90% during bronchoscopy. Results: Eight hundred and twelve patients were randomized to the modified HFNC (n = 406) or COT (n = 406) group. Twenty-four patients were unable to cooperate or comply with bronchoscopy. Thus, 788 patients were included in the analysis. The proportion of patients with a single moment of SpO2 <90% during bronchoscopy in the modified HFNC group was significantly lower than that in the COT group (12.5% vs. 28.8%, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the fraction of inspired oxygen between the two groups. The lowest SpO2 during bronchoscopy and 5 min after bronchoscopy in the modified HFNC group was significantly higher than that in the COT group. Multivariate analysis showed that a baseline forced vital capacity (FVC) < 2.7 L (OR, 0.276; 95% CI, 0.083–0.919, p = 0.036) and a volume of fluid instilled > 60 ml (OR, 1.034; 95% CI, 1.002–1.067, p = 0.036) were independent risk factors for hypoxemia during bronchoscopy in the modified HFNC group. Conclusion: A modified HFNC could decrease the proportion of patients with a single moment of SpO2 <90% during bronchoscopy. A lower baseline FVC and large-volume bronchoalveolar lavage may predict desaturation during bronchoscopy when using a modified HFNC. Trial registration ClinicalTrials. Gov: NCT02606188. Registered 17 November 2015.
Relative Brain Volume of Carnivorans Has Evolved in Correlation with Environmental and Dietary Variables Differentially among Clades
Authors: Lynch Leigha M. , Allen Kari L.
Published: March 2022

Carnivorans possess relatively large brains compared to most other mammalian clades. Factors like environmental complexity (Cognitive Buffer Hypothesis) and diet quality (Expensive-Tissue Hypothesis) have been proposed as mechanisms for encephalization in other large-brained clades. We examine whether the Cognitive Buffer and Expensive-Tissue Hypotheses account for brain size variation within Carnivora. Under these hypotheses, we predict a positive correlation between brain size and environmental complexity or protein consumption. Relative endocranial volume (phylogenetic generalized least-squares residual from species’ mean body mass) and 9 environmental and dietary variables were collected from the literature for 148 species of terrestrial and marine carnivorans. We found that the correlation between relative brain volume and environment and diet differed among clades, a trend consistent with other larger brained vertebrates (i.e., Primates, Aves). Mustelidae and Procyonidae demonstrate larger brains in species with higher-quality diets, consistent with the Expensive-Tissue Hypothesis, while in Herpestidae, correlations between relative brain size and environment are consistent with the Cognitive Buffer Hypothesis. Our results indicate that carnivorans may have evolved relatively larger brains under similar selective pressures as primates despite the considerable differences in life history and behavior between these two clades.
Expression of Programmed Cell Death-1 and Programmed Cell Death Ligands in Nodal Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma: Expression Pattern and Potential Prognostic Relevance
Authors: Asawapanumas Thiti , Tangnantachai Nichthida , Sukswai Narittee , Assanasen Thammathorn , Chanswangphuwana Chantiya , Lawsut Panisinee , Polprasert Chantana , Rojnuckarin Ponlapat , Bunworasate Udomsak , Wudhikarn Kitsada
Published: March 2022

Programmed cell death (PD)/PD-ligands (PD-Ls) pathway plays an important role in the regulation of physiologic immune response. Several cancers, including lymphoma exhibit abnormal PD-1/PD-Ls expression, which may contribute to treatment failure, progression, and inferior outcomes. PD-1/PD-Ls expression has predominantly been described in B-cell lymphoma; such data in peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) is limited. We described PD-1/PD-Ls expression patterns and associations with clinical characteristics and outcomes, in patients with systemic PTCLs. Correlation between PD-1/PD-Ls expression and outcomes was analyzed in patients who received lymphoma-specific therapy. PD-1/PD-Ls expression was observed across all common PTCL histologies at different proportions (PD-1 0%–76.9%, PD-L1 38.5%–62.5%, and PD-L2 62.5%–100%) with PD-1 being highly expressed in angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma. Baseline characteristics were comparable between PD-1/PD-Ls expression status. Of 47 patients who received lymphoma-specific therapy, outcomes were similar across all PD-L1/PD-L2 subgroups. In the Cox proportional hazard analysis, treatment response was the only factor associated with survival outcomes. However, PD-1/PD-Ls expression, either in lymphoma or stroma, was not a predictor for survival outcomes. In conclusion, differential PD-1/PD-Ls expressions were observed among various histological PTCL subtypes. In this study, we were unable to demonstrate an association between PD-1/PD-Ls expression, clinical characteristics, treatment response, and outcomes of PTCL patients.
Retrospective Evaluation of Oral Glucose Tolerance Test in Young Patients with Transfusion-Dependent Beta-Thalassemia
Authors: Dritsa Maria , Economou Marina , Perifanis Vasilios , Teli Aikaterini , Christoforidis Athanasios
Published: March 2022

Background: Current guidelines recommend yearly evaluation of glucose metabolism with oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in patients with thalassemia major (TM) from their 10th year onwards. Aims: The aim of the study was to retrospectively evaluate all the OGTT tests performed in a single pediatric center during the last decade and assess the necessity of yearly performed OGTT in patients with TM during the second decade of life. Results: One hundred and seventy tests performed on 39 patients (24 boys) were included in the analysis. Mean age at the time of each OGTT was 14.15 ± 2.79 years. Seventeen tests (10%) in 8 patients (5 boys) were characterized as impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), whereas in 2 tests (1.18%), fasting glucose values were above 200 mg/dL (diabetes mellitus). Acknowledging the fact that there could be sporadic technical errors, especially in fasting glucose abnormal values, we selectively separated patients with either IGT and abnormal HOMA, MATSUDA, or QUICKI indices or persistently impaired fasting glucose or IGT. With these criteria, 7 patients (4 boys) were identified. No significant differences were observed in demographic and anthropometric parameters, ferritin levels, and mean volume of blood transfused in patients with a definite abnormal glucose metabolism. In order to address selection criteria for performing OGTT without missing a single patient with a definite glucose intolerance, these criteria should include (i) a first OGTT test at the initiation of puberty, (ii) OGTT in any patient with a fasting glucose above 100 mg/dL, and (iii) OGTT in any patient with a ΗΟΜΑ-IR index above 1.85 and yearly onwards. By adopting these criteria, total OGTT tests performed could have been reduced from 170 to only 91, translating to a significant reduction of 46.47%. Conclusions: Only a small percentage of young patients with transfusion-dependent b-thalassemia exhibit abnormal glucose metabolism during their second decade of life. By adopting specific selection criteria, one may avoid performing this time- and money-consuming test in a significant proportion of patients, albeit without sacrificing timely detection and intervention.
Myeloid
Piezo1
Deletion Protects Renal Fibrosis by Restraining Macrophage Infiltration and Activation
Authors: He Yu , Deng Bo , Liu Silin , Luo Shangfei , Ning Yile , Pan Xianmei , Wan Rentao , Chen Yuan , Zhang Ziyan , Jiang Jintao , Xu Honglin , Xia Mingfeng , Li Jing
Published: March 2022

Background:

Macrophages play important roles in renal fibrosis, partially by sensing mechanical forces, including shear stress and increased stiffness. The mechanically activated cationic channel Piezo1 drives vascular formation and blood pressure regulation to inflammatory responses, or cancer, but its role in macrophages in fibrotic kidney is elusive. Here, we hypothesized that Piezo1 in macrophages may have functions in renal fibrosis.

Methods:

We established a genetically engineered mouse model with
Piezo1
specific knockout in myeloid cells and challenged with unilateral ureteric obstruction operation and folic acid treatment to induce the renal fibrosis, aiming to investigate the function of the mechanical-sensitive protein Piezo1 in macrophages in renal fibrosis and its underlying mechanisms.

Results:

Myeloid
Piezo1
was indispensable for renal fibrosis generation.
Piezo1
gene deletion in the myeloid lineage was protective in mice with renal fibrosis. Further analyses revealed that macrophage accumulation in the injured kidney depended on the Piezo1-regulated C-C motif chemokine ligand 2, C-C motif chemokine receptor 2 pathway, and Notch signaling cascade. Moreover,
Piezo1
deletion restrained macrophage inflammation and consequently suppressed kidney fibrosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In vitro assays showed that
Piezo1
deficiency blocked lipopolysaccharide and Piezo1 activation-induced inflammatory responses in bone marrow–derived macrophages. Mechanistically, Piezo1 regulated inflammation through the Ca
2+
-dependent intracellular cysteine protease, as the pharmacological inhibition of calpain blocked the proinflammatory role of Piezo1.

Conclusions:

This study characterized the important function of Piezo1 in renal fibrosis. Targeting the Piezo1 channels by genetic or pharmacological manipulations may be a promising strategy for the treatment of renal fibrosis.
Functional Impairment and Postacute Care Discharge Setting May Be Useful for Stroke Survival Prognostication
Authors: Springer Mellanie V. , Skolarus Lesli E. , Feng Chunyang , Burke James F.
Published: March 2022

Background

The aim of this study was to discussions about post‐stroke outcomes related to post‐stroke function and post‐acute care discharge setting.inform patient‐provider.

Methods and Results

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of Medicare beneficiaries with acute ischemic stroke or intracerebral hemorrhage in 2013. Our primary outcome was mortality within at least 1‐year post discharge. We performed multivariate logistic regression to estimate 90‐day odds ratios (ORs) and Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate post 90‐day hazard ratios on mortality, adjusting for demographics, procedures, comorbidities, discharge setting (inpatient rehabilitation facility, skilled nursing facility, or home health care agency), post‐stroke function (measured by the Functional/Pseudo‐Functional Independence Measure) and setting‐function interactions. There were 167 000 patients with a mean follow‐up of 441 days. Mortality within 90 days was associated with post‐stroke function (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.19–0.27 comparing highest to lowest quintile of post‐stroke function) and discharge setting (OR, 4.05; 95% CI, 3.78–4.33 for skilled nursing facility versus inpatient rehabilitation facility). Among the highest functioning patients, those discharged to inpatient rehabilitation facility had a 1‐year mortality of 9% and those discharged with home health had 11% mortality at 1 year. The lowest functioning survivors of stroke discharged to a skilled nursing facility had 64% mortality at 1 year and those discharged to an inpatient rehabilitation facility had 29.6% mortality at 1 year.

Conclusions

Nearly two thirds of the lowest functioning survivors of stroke discharged to a skilled nursing facility die within a year. This finding should inform discussions between providers and patients/caregivers in aligning goals of care with the care survivors of stroke receive.
Insurgent Armies: Military Obedience and State Formation after Rebel Victory
Authors: Martin Philip A.
Published: March 2022

Why do some winning rebel groups build obedient and effective state militaries after civil war, while others suffer military defections? When winning rebels face intense security threats during civil wars, rebel field commanders are more likely to remain obedient during war-to-peace transitions. Intense security threats incentivize militants to create more inclusive leadership structures, reducing field commanders’ incentives to defect in the postwar period. Intense security threats also reduce commanders’ capacity for postwar resistance by forcing insurgents to remain mobile and adopt shorter time horizons in rebel-governed territory, reducing the likelihood that field commanders will develop local ties and independent support bases. The plausibility of the argument is examined using a new list of winning rebel groups since 1946. Two case studies—Zimbabwe and Côte d'Ivoire—probe the causal mechanisms of the theory. The study contributes to debates about the consequences of military victory in civil war, the postwar trajectories of armed groups, and the conditions necessary for civil-military cohesion in fragile states.
Parameter Identification Problem in the Hodgkin-Huxley Model
Authors: Valle Jemy A. Mandujano , Madureira Alexandre L.
Published: March 2022

The Hodgkin-Huxley (H-H) landmark model is described by a system of four nonlinear differential equations that describes how action potentials in neurons are initiated and propagated. However, obtaining some of the parameters of the model requires a tedious combination of experiments and data tuning. In this letter, we propose the use of a minimal error iteration method to estimate some of the parameters in the H-H model, given the measurements of membrane potential. We provide numerical results showing that the approach approximates well some of the model's parameters, using the measured voltage as data, even in the presence of noise.
Notes for a Biography: A Portrait of Isaiah Sonne (1887–1960)
Authors: Mampieri Martina
Published: March 2022

Isaiah Sonne (1887–1960) was a distinguished scholar, paleographer, bibliographer, librarian, book dealer, and collector whose activities spanned Habsburg Galicia, Fascist Italy, Mandatory Palestine, and the United States during the first six decades of the 20th century. Although he was a prolific author and appreciated by many individuals especially because of his paleographic skills and profound knowledge of Jewish manuscripts and early printed books, his life and scholarship have only received modest attention since his death. The portrait offered in this brief article represents the first fruits of a book project that aims to produce the very first cultural biography of this scholar.
A taxonomic revision of the tube-web spiders of the genus Ariadna (Araneae: Segestriidae) in Tasmania
Authors: MARSH JESSICA R. , STEVENS MARK I. , FRAMENAU VOLKER W.
Published: March 2022

The genus Ariadna Audouin, 1826 is revised for Tasmania to include 13 species, ten of which are described as new: Ariadna abbreviata sp. nov., A. alta sp. nov., A. amabilia sp. nov., A. crypticola sp. nov., A. ferrogrisea sp. nov., A. fragilis sp. nov., A. gonzo sp. nov., A. muscosa Hickman, 1929, A. segmentata Simon, 1893, A. subnubilum sp. nov., A. thylacinus sp. nov. and A. tigrina sp. nov.. The species described in this manuscript exhibit high levels of sympatry.
A new Hyalella species (Crustacea: Amphipoda: Hyalellidae) from South American Highlands (Argentina)  with comments on its cuticular ultrastructure
Authors: VERÓNICA ISA MIRANDA ÁGUEDA , ALEJANDRA PERALTA MARCELA
Published: March 2022

Hyalella Smith, 1874 includes approximately 92 species present only in the Neotropical and Nearctic regions. Hyalella is a dominant taxon in Central Andean Highland wetlands of Northwestern Argentina. We describe a new Hyalella species from Chorrillos, a cold-hyperfresh Puna peatbog in Salta province. Two other species occur in the Puna biogeographic province, namely H. kochi González & Watling, 2001 and H. puna Peralta & Isa Miranda, 2019. The new species differs from H. puna mainly in having a smooth body surface; propodus of male gnathopod 1 hatchet-shaped, with nine serrate setae on inner margin; uropod 3 peduncle with two strong distal setae; and number and distribution of telson setae; from H. kochi by having the male uropod 1 without modified curved seta on inner ramus; six sternal gills on pereionites II-VII; globose peduncle of uropod 3 with two strong distal setae; long palp of maxilla 1. We also compared its external morphology with that of H. fossamancinii Cavalieri, 1959, another species recorded in the High Andes. We contribute new details on ultrastructural morphology of cuticular extensions (setae; microtrichs; denticles and pores). With this new species, the number of known Hyalella species in Argentina and Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) rises to 13.
Oceanic Rossby Waves Induced Two Types of Ocean–Atmosphere Response and Opposite Indian Ocean Dipole Phases
Authors: Zhang Yuhong , Du Yan
Published: March 2022

This study analyzed the downwelling Rossby waves in the south Indian Ocean (IO)-induced spring asymmetric mode and the relationship with the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) event based on observations and reanalysis datasets. The westward downwelling Rossby waves favor significant sea surface temperature (SST) warming in the Seychelles thermocline dome that triggers atmosphere response and the asymmetric mode in spring. The zonal sea level pressure gradient causes anomalous easterly winds in the central and eastern equatorial IO, cooling the SST off Sumatra–Java. Meanwhile, the remainder of the downwelling Rossby waves reach the west coast, transform to northward coastal-trapped waves, and then reflect as eastward downwelling Kelvin waves along the equator. The downwelling Kelvin waves reach the Sumatra–Java coast during late spring to early summer, favoring SST warming in the southeastern tropical Indian Ocean. Thus, there are two types of ocean–atmosphere response almost at the same time along the equator. The final SST status depends on which process is stronger and, as a consequence, triggers a negative or a positive phase of the IOD event in the fall season. The results show four positive and three negative IOD events related to the above processes from 1960 to 2019. The strong downwelling Rossby waves are easier to induce an intense asymmetric mode and negative IOD event, usually associated with preceding strong El Niño in the Pacific. In contrast, the weak downwelling Rossby waves tend to induce a weak asymmetric mode and positive IOD event, usually associated with preceding weak El Niño or anomalous anticyclonic atmospheric circulation in the southeastern IO.
Improving Wind Speed Forecasts at Wind Turbine Locations over Northern China through Assimilating Nacelle Winds with WRFDA
Authors: Sun Wei , Liu Zhiquan , Song Guiting , Zhao Yangyang , Guo Shan , Shen Feifei , Sun Xiangming
Published: March 2022

To improve the wind speed forecasts at turbine locations and at hub height, this study develops the WRFDA system to assimilate the wind speed observations measured on the nacelle of turbines (hereafter referred as turbine wind speed observations) with both 3DVAR and 4DVAR algorithms. Results exhibit that the developed data assimilation (DA) system helps in greatly improving the analysis and the forecast of wind turbine speed. Among three experiments with no cycling DA, with 2-h cycling DA, and with 4-h cycling DA, the last experiment generates the best analysis, improving the averaged forecasts (from T + 9 to T + 24) of wind speed over all wind farms by 32.5% in the bias and 6.3% in the RMSE. After processing the turbine wind speed observations into superobs, even bigger improvements are revealed when validating against either the original turbine wind speed observations or the superobs. Taken the results validated against the superobs as an example, the bias and RMSE of the forecasts (from T + 9 to T + 24) averaged over all wind farms are reduced by 38.8% and 12.0%, respectively. Compared to the best-performed 3DVAR experiment (4-h cycling and superobs), the experiment following the same DA strategy but using 4DVAR algorithm exhibits further improvements, especially for the averaged bias in the forecasts of all wind farms, and the changing amount in the forecasts of the enhanced wind farms. Compared to the control experiment, the 4DVAR experiment reduces the bias and RMSE in the forecasts (from T + 9 to T + 24) by 54.6% (0.66 m s−1) and 12.7% (0.34 m s−1).
The Dead Hand of Cellophane and the Federal Google and Facebook Antitrust Cases: Market Delineation Will Be Crucial
Authors: White Lawrence J.
Published: March 2022

The U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) and Federal Trade Commission (FTC) monopolization cases against Google and Facebook, respectively, represent the most important federal nonmerger antitrust initiatives since (at least) the 1990s. As in any monopolization case, market delineation will be a central feature of both cases—as it was in the du Pont Cellophane case of sixty-five years ago. Without a delineated market, how can one determine whether a company has engaged in monopolization? Unfortunately, there is currently no accepted market delineation paradigm that can help the courts address this issue for monopolization cases. And this void generally cannot be filled by the market delineation paradigm that is embedded in the DOJ-FTC “Horizontal Merger Guidelines”: although this paradigm has had almost forty years of usage and is now well established and well accepted for merger analysis, this paradigm generally has no applicability for market delineation in monopolization cases. This article expands on this argument and shows the potential difficulties that are likely to arise in this area of market delineation and the consequent problems for both cases. This article also points the way toward a paradigm that offers a sensible approach to dealing with these difficulties.
Public School District Characteristics and the Formation of Longitudinal Interdistrict Collaboration Networks
Authors: Hugg Victor G. , Siciliano Michael D. , Daly Alan J.
Published: March 2022

Purpose: School leaders rely on a number of collaborative policy tools to address fiscal and governance issues. While prior research has examined the dynamics and implications of research-practice and public-private partnerships, this study addresses a third form of collaboration: interdistrict cooperative agreements. Method: We develop a unique data set to study the formation of interdistrict agreements formed among 333 public school districts in the state of Iowa from 2008 through 2017. Aimed at reducing costs and improving student outcomes, these agreements collectively reflect an intergovernmental network that develops through predominantly bilateral agreements. We examine the factors and mechanisms that can facilitate and hinder interdistrict collaboration through a stochastic actor-oriented model for analyzing panels of network observations. Findings: We find both transitivity and popularity to be positively associated with the inclination to form cooperative relationships. Further, school districts are more likely to collaborate with districts that have a: (1) greater number of enrolled students; (2) smaller percentage of students that receive free or reduced-price lunch; (3) higher student-to-teacher ratio; and (4) lower average teacher salary. Propinquity and homophily effects are present as well: between any two given school districts, the likelihood of collaboration improves as geographical distance and the absolute difference in district-level measures decreases. Implications: Understanding the antecedents of education network formation enables examinations of how network characteristics can reduce the cost of providing education or improve student outcomes.
Astrologica athribitana: Four demotic-hieratic horoscopes from Athribis (O. Athribis 17-36-5/1741 and ANAsh.Mus.D.O.633 reedited)
Authors: Escolano-Poveda Marina
Published: March 2022

This paper presents the edition of three new horoscopes from Athribis in Upper Egypt (O. Athribis 17-36-5/1741), and the reedition of ANAsh.Mus.D.O.633, identified as part of the same group of horoscopes originating from Athribis. The first three horoscopes date to the reign of Augustus (27, 21, and 6 BCE), and the Ashmolean text to year 8 of Cleopatra, 44 BCE. The Athribis group constitutes the earliest attestation of horoscopes from Egypt. They include the date of birth, name, and origin of the native, entries for the two luminaries and the planets, and the position of the four cardines and Places. Relevant features not commonly present in other Demotic horoscopes are a series of lunar dates following the 25-year cycle of P. Rylands IV 589, the complete listing of the Places, Term rulers in the longitudes, and a short phrase that may be connected to the calculation of the length of life.
Criminality among Young People With Substance Use Problems in Sweden: A One-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Anderberg Mats , Dahlberg Mikael , Wennberg Peter
Published: March 2022

Swedish drug policy has a strong focus on minor drug violations. This longitudinal study analyses the association between criminality and substance use problems among young people who have received outpatient treatment and risk factors that predict continued problems with criminality. Research on this target group is under development in Sweden, but there are few follow-up studies. The study indicates that about one-quarters of the young people who begin outpatient treatment have been convicted of crimes at 1-year follow-up. Most of them who had been convicted with offences also have ongoing problems with substance use and three-quarters of the young people had been charged with a drug-related offence. More than five risk factors give an elevated risk of continued criminality. Interventions meeting the needs of young people, moving away from the current emphasis on penal law principles, may also contribute to reduced criminality in this target group.
Voice of Educators: What is the Perspective of Educators about Power Card Strategy?
Authors: Güleç-Aslan Yeşim
Published: March 2022

The Power Card Strategy is one of the story-based interventions, and it is an evidence-based intervention for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although international literature includes studies on the effectiveness of this strategy, there is a dearth of reflection articles that examine relevant opinions of educators working children with ASD. In this reflection, perspectives of educators who used this strategy were gathered. Various suggestions were provided based on the opinions of the educators. This article is expected to make a qualitative contribution to the literature together with a cultural contribution from Turkey to the international literature.
Patients Receiving Palliative Care and Their Experiences of Encounters With Healthcare Professionals
Authors: Elina Haavisto , Sofia Eriksson , Tricia Cleland Silva , Jaana-Maija Koivisto , Katariina Kausamo , Anu Soikkeli-Jalonen
Published: March 2022

The study aimed to explore experiences of encounters with health care professionals among patients receiving palliative cancer care in specialist palliative care inpatient units. A qualitative explorative study design was conducted in a specialist palliative care inpatient setting. Data collection was implemented using semi-structured individual interviews (20 palliative care cancer patients) and analysed with inductive content analysis. Palliative care patients experienced both meaningful and disrespectful encounters with healthcare professionals. The meaningful encounters encompassed authentic and supportive experiences, while the disrespectful encounters included indifferent and inadequate experiences. Caring for a patient receiving palliative care requires care beyond tending to a patient’s physical needs. Patients should be encountered holistically and as equal human beings without highlighting their roles as patients. The healthcare professionals and the organisations should also acknowledge the importance of time and effort spent for encounters and conversations with the patients instead of concentrating resources mainly on physical care.
Building performance evaluation of low-energy dwellings with and without smart thermostats
Authors: Gupta Rajat , Gregg Matt
Published: March 2022

Smart thermostats allow continuous learning, remote scheduling and control of indoor temperature. This paper empirically evaluates indoor environmental conditions, occupant experiences and prevalence of summertime overheating in three low-energy dwellings with smart thermostats and compares the results with three similar dwellings with standard programmable thermostats. The study uses building performance evaluation methods combining time-series data on temperature, relative humidity and window opening with survey data on occupant perception of thermal comfort and heating control over the period 2019–2020. While there was little difference observed in the measured and perceived indoor temperatures between dwellings with and without smart thermostats, the six dwellings were different in the way they heated their homes and controlled their indoor environment. A wide indoor temperature range of 16oC–22oC was observed in dwellings with smart thermostats during the heating season. The majority of dwellings also experienced summertime overheating with temperatures in bedrooms going up to 34oC. Individual heating preferences dominated the use of smart or standard thermostats ranging from Cool Conserver, On-off Switcher to On-demand Sizzler. It is vital that energy models consider a range of heating preferences to avoid a gap between expectation and reality. Practical application: Actual in-use performance of dwellings with smart thermostats is necessary for their large-scale deployment. A wide range of thermostat behaviours are documented; therefore, it is vital that energy models consider a range of heating preferences to minimise the gap between energy models and reality. As smart home appliances and controls become more commonplace, the findings demonstrate their need for resident training and trouble-shooting support to ensure smart thermostats deliver their expected benefits. Since most of the case study dwellings experienced summertime overheating, it is also vital that building design tackles overheating through passive measures.
The appropriating subject: Cultural appreciation, property and entitlement
Authors: Cattien Jana , Stopford Richard John
Published: March 2022

What is cultural ‘appropriation’? What is cultural ‘appreciation’? Whatever the complex answer to this question, cultural appropriation is commonly defined as ‘the taking of something produced by members of one culture by members of another’ (Young 2005: 136), whilst appreciation is typically understood as mere ‘exploration’: ‘Appreciation explores whatever is there’. (Gracyk 2007: 112). These provisional definitions suggest that there is an in-principle distinction between the two concepts that presupposes the following: what is appreciated is already available; what is appropriated was, prior to its being taken, not already there or available. Moreover, perhaps appreciation, when contrasted to appropriation, is unproblematic precisely due to this basic difference.

In this paper, we argue that the exclusive disjunction – appropriation or appreciation – rests on a false distinction between the two. We also show that this distinction presupposes a false normative principle that to the extent that x is appreciation rather than appropriation, then x is not – relevant to this issue – a wrong. Against these presuppositions, we defend the view that appropriation is already built into appreciation. This does not mean that we cannot ask questions of appreciation, but that questions of appreciation do not preclude the problematics of appropriation.
Digital Moral Outrage, Collective Guilt, And Collective Action: An Examination of How Twitter Users Expressed Their Anguish During India's Covid-19 Related Migrant Crisis
Authors: Sharma Neelam
Published: March 2022

This paper examines the intersection of group-based expressions including digital moral outrage, collective guilt, and collective action on Twitter, following the tragic incident of 8 May 2020, in which 16 migrant workers were run over by a train after the Indian government imposed a sudden COVID-19-related lockdown. Twitter data were gathered immediately at three different times - May 8–15, May 16- 23, May 24-May 31, and 4598 tweets were manually coded. The analysis revealed that digital moral outrage was the most frequently expressed emotion. It, however, gradually decreased, signaling digital outrage fatigue. Collective guilt and sympathy constituted the second-largest portion of the total tweets, and tweets reflecting collective action by the community progressively increased. The network of relationships among different group-based emotions, the promotion of one-sided narratives and virtue signaling on social media platforms are discussed.
Native and second language processing of quantifier scope ambiguity
Authors: Chung Eun Seon , Shin Jeong-Ah
Published: March 2022

The present study investigates native (L1) and second language (L2) processing of scope ambiguities in English sentences containing the universal quantifier every in subject NP and negation. Previous studies in L1 and L2 processing of scope ambiguities have found speakers to generally employ a ‘minimal effort’ principle that highly prefers the surface scope reading regardless of contextual support because accessing the inverse scope reading incurs significant processing cost. The present study compared L1 and L2 scope judgments and processing strategies of sentences such as Every horse didn’t jump over the fence and examined whether the two groups differ in their speed and manner of analysis. Thirty native English speakers and 42 Korean learners of English participated in a self-paced reading/interpretation task that has context (ambiguous vs. unambiguous) and scope reading (surface vs. inverse) as variables. The results revealed significant differences in scope endorsement rates with L2 learners arriving at the surface scope as the dominant reading and L1 learners’ judgments being highly dependent on contextual ambiguity. Moreover, L1 vs. L2 differences in processing strategies were found: L2 learners exhibited a strong tendency to arrive at the most economical interpretation while L1 speakers consulted detailed syntactic and semantic rules of computation.
The Leech airway or Pharyngeal Bulb Gasway
Authors: Haridas R. P.
Published: March 2022

Beverley Charles Leech (1898 to 1960) patented the Leech airway or “Pharyngeal Bulb Gasway” in 1937. The Leech airway formed a seal with the pharyngeal tissues, resulting in a closed system during cyclopropane anaesthesia. Two prototypes and four commercially available versions of the airway have been identified.
Who am I? The Politics of Lying, Not Knowing and Truth-Telling in the West German History of Child Adoption
Authors: Hitzer Bettina
Published: March 2022

This article traces the history of the West German debate about whether, how, and why adoptive parents should or should not tell their children the truth about their origins. Concepts of biological and social parenthood, family, parental love, and the maternal bond play a role in this context, as does the ensuing legal discussion on full and partial adoption, anonymous adoption, and finally the novel instrument of “open adoption” that was developed in the 1970s. The conclusion attempts to place these discussions within the context of a more comprehensive history of truth. In drawing attention to how the current trend towards unconditional truth-telling has been shaped by changing historical contexts, the paper reveals that the answers are context-bound, that it is advisable to carefully ponder what effects the overarching emphasis on a single form of truth (or secrecy) may have, and what dangers it may hold.