bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Safe Etching Route of Nb2SnC for the Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Nb2CTx MXene: An Electrode Material with Improved Electrochemical Performance
Authors: Singh Karan Kishor , Pushpan Soorya , Loredo Shadai Lugo , Cerdán-Pasarán Andrea , Hernández-Magallanes J. A. , Sanal K. C.
Published: May 2023

In this study, low-temperature synthesis of a Nb2SnC non-MAX phase was carried out via solid-state reaction, and a novel approach was introduced to synthesize 2D Nb2CTx MXenes through selective etching of Sn from Nb2SnC using mild phosphoric acid. Our work provides valuable insights into the field of 2D MXenes and their potential for energy storage applications. Various techniques, including XRD, SEM, TEM, EDS, and XPS, were used to characterize the samples and determine their crystal structures and chemical compositions. SEM images revealed a two-dimensional layered structure of Nb2CTx, which is consistent with the expected morphology of MXenes. The synthesized Nb2CTx showed a high specific capacitance of 502.97 Fg−1 at 1 Ag−1, demonstrating its potential for high-performance energy storage applications. The approach used in this study is low-cost and could lead to the development of new energy storage materials. Our study contributes to the field by introducing a unique method to synthesize 2D Nb2CTx MXenes and highlights its potential for practical applications.
Synthetic Calcium Silicate Biocomposite Based on Sea Urchin Skeleton for 5-Fluorouracil Cancer Delivery
Authors: Papynov Evgeniy K. , Shichalin Oleg O. , Kapustina Olesya V. , Buravlev Igor Yu. , Apanasevich Vladimir I. , Mayorov Vitaly Yu. , Fedorets Alexander N. , Lembikov Alexey O. , Gritsuk Danila N. , Ovodova Anna V. , Gribanova Sofia S. , Kornakova Zlata E. , Shapkin Nikolay P.
Published: May 2023

Synthetic calcium silicates and phosphates are promising compounds for targeted drug delivery for the effective treatment of cancerous tumors, and for minimizing toxic effects on the patient’s entire body. This work presents an original synthesis of a composite based on crystalline wollastonite CaSiO3 and combeite Na4Ca4(Si6O18), using a sea urchin Mesocentrotus nudus skeleton by microwave heating under hydrothermal conditions. The phase and elemental composition and structure of the obtained composite were studied by XRF, REM, BET, and EDS methods, depending on the microwave heating time of 30 or 60 min, respectively, and the influence of thermo-oxidative post-treatment of samples. The role of the sea urchin skeleton in the synthesis was shown. First, it provides a raw material base (source of Ca2+) for the formation of the calcium silicate composite. Second, it is a matrix for the formation of its porous inorganic framework. The sorption capacity of the composite, with respect to 5-fluorouracil, was estimated, the value of which was 12.3 mg/L. The resulting composite is a promising carrier for the targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs. The mechanism of drug release from an inorganic natural matrix was also evaluated by fitting its release profile to various mathematical models.
Studies on High-Temperature Evolution of Low-Loaded Pd Three-Way Catalysts Prepared by Laser Electrodispersion
Authors: Rostovshchikova Tatiana N. , Shilina Marina I. , Gurevich Sergey A. , Yavsin Denis A. , Veselov Grigory B. , Stoyanovskii Vladimir O. , Vedyagin Aleksey A.
Published: May 2023

Pd/Al2O3 catalyst of the “crust” type with Pd loading of 0.03 wt.% was prepared by the deposition of 2 nm Pd particles on the outer surface of the alumina support using laser electrodispersion (LED). This technique differs from a standard laser ablation into a liquid in that the formation of monodisperse nanoparticles occurs in the laser torch plasma in a vacuum. As is found, the LED-prepared catalyst surpasses Pd-containing three-way catalysts, obtained by conventional chemical synthesis, in activity and stability in CO oxidation under prompt thermal aging conditions. Thus, the LED-prepared Pd/Al2O3 catalyst showed the best thermal stability up to 1000 °C. The present research is focused on the study of the high-temperature evolution of the Pd/Al2O3 catalyst in two reaction mixtures by a set of physicochemical methods (transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and diffuse reflectance UV-vis spectroscopy). In order to follow the dispersion of the Pd nanoparticles during the thermal aging procedure, the testing reaction of ethane hydrogenolysis was also applied. The possible reasons for the high stability of LED-prepared catalysts are suggested.
Role of Fe/Co Ratio in Dual Phase Ce0.8Gd0.2O2−δ–Fe3−xCoxO4 Composites for Oxygen Separation
Authors: Fischer Liudmila , Ran Ke , Schmidt Christina , Neuhaus Kerstin , Baumann Stefan , Behr Patrick , Mayer Joachim , Bouwmeester Henny J. M. , Nijmeijer Arian , Guillon Olivier , Meulenberg Wilhelm A.
Published: May 2023

Dual-phase membranes are increasingly attracting attention as a solution for developing stable oxygen permeation membranes. Ce0.8Gd0.2O2−δ–Fe3−xCoxO4 (CGO-F(3−x)CxO) composites are one group of promising candidates. This study aims to understand the effect of the Fe/Co-ratio, i.e., x = 0, 1, 2, and 3 in Fe3−xCoxO4, on microstructure evolution and performance of the composite. The samples were prepared using the solid-state reactive sintering method (SSRS) to induce phase interactions, which determines the final composite microstructure. The Fe/Co ratio in the spinel structure was found to be a crucial factor in determining phase evolution, microstructure, and permeation of the material. Microstructure analysis showed that all iron-free composites had a dual-phase structure after sintering. In contrast, iron-containing composites formed additional phases with a spinel or garnet structure which likely contributed to electronic conductivity. The presence of both cations resulted in better performance than that of pure iron or cobalt oxides. This demonstrated that both types of cations were necessary to form a composite structure, which then allowed sufficient percolation of robust electronic and ionic conducting pathways. The maximum oxygen flux is jO2 = 0.16 and 0.11 mL/cm2·s at 1000 °C and 850 °C, respectively, of the 85CGO-FC2O composite, which is comparable oxygen permeation flux reported previously.
Transient Strain Monitoring of Weldments Using Distributed Fiber Optic System
Authors: Mackey David , Martinez Marcias , Goldak John , Tchernov Stanislav , Aidun Daryush K.
Published: May 2023

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the capability of a distributed fiber optic sensor to capture in situ dynamic transient strain formation during and post-weldment on the surface of a steel plate. The study involved a vertical manual weld of a bead on a plate on a 300 mm × 300 mm × 6.35 mm A36 steel plate (European equivalent S235J2; Chinese equivalent Q235B) clamped at the corners. A fiber optic distributed sensor was used to measure the surface total and thermal strains on the welded side of the plate adjacent to the weld path. Experimental results show a complex behavior of strain changes during the welding process and the residual strain formation post-welding. This study aims to document the use of distributed fiber optic sensing techniques in welding applications. Validations of the experimental data were performed using VrWeld, a commercial software framework for computational weld mechanics, and an iPhone FLIR One Pro. thermographic camera. The experimental results demonstrated that although distributed fiber optic sensing based on Rayleigh backscattering is an appropriate and useful technique for total strain measurements, the manufacturing and the materials used for the thermal sensors are critical in obtaining optimal results. Finally, this study highlights the challenges encountered in synchronizing large experimental data sets captured with different instruments with computational welding mechanic (CWM) models.
WAAM Technique: Process Parameters Affecting the Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of Low-Carbon Steel
Authors: Nguyen Van-Thuc , Minh Pham Son , Uyen Tran Minh The , Do Thanh Trung , Ngoc Han Vuong Thi , Le Minh-Tai , Tien Nguyen Van Thanh
Published: May 2023

This study surveys the influences of travel speed, voltage, and intensity on the characteristics of low-carbon steel samples generated by the Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) technique. The results indicated that the WAAM samples have isotropy grain shape, with grain size number values varying from about 8 to 12. Interestingly, the WAAM sample achieves better mechanical properties with a higher ultimate tensile strength (UTS) value and higher elongation at break value than the original wire. The UTS value of the WAAM sample is 21–40% higher than the original steel wire. The WAAM sample with a travel rate of 350 mm·min−1, a voltage of 24 V, and an electrical intensity of 120 A reaches the highest UTS value of 694 MPa. The WAAM sample with a travel rate of 400 mm·min−1, a voltage of 22 V, and an electrical intensity of 170 A gains the lowest UTS value of 599 MPa. Moreover, the elongation values oscillate around 41–57%, two or three times higher than the original steel wire. SEM microstructure reveals a ductile fracture surface with dimples of the samples after the tensile test, indicating the toughness of the samples. The fracture surface also shows the equiaxial shape and grain size of the WAAM samples. According to Taguchi analyses, the travel rate factor greatly impacts grain size. The voltage factor has the highest effect on the UTS value. The intensity factor has the most significant impact on the elongation value.
Secondary Metabolites Isolated from Artemisia afra and Artemisia annua and Their Anti-Malarial, Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulating Properties—Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics: A Review
Authors: Shinyuy Lahngong Methodius , Loe Gisèle E. , Jansen Olivia , Mamede Lúcia , Ledoux Allison , Noukimi Sandra Fankem , Abenwie Suh Nchang , Ghogomu Stephen Mbigha , Souopgui Jacob , Robert Annie , Demeyer Kristiaan , Frederich Michel
Published: May 2023

There are over 500 species of the genus Artemisia in the Asteraceae family distributed over the globe, with varying potentials to treat different ailments. Following the isolation of artemisinin (a potent anti-malarial compound with a sesquiterpene backbone) from Artemisia annua, the phytochemical composition of this species has been of interest over recent decades. Additionally, the number of phytochemical investigations of other species, including those of Artemisia afra in a search for new molecules with pharmacological potentials, has increased in recent years. This has led to the isolation of several compounds from both species, including a majority of monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, and polyphenols with varying pharmacological activities. This review aims to discuss the most important compounds present in both plant species with anti-malarial properties, anti-inflammatory potentials, and immunomodulating properties, with an emphasis on their pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics properties. Additionally, the toxicity of both plants and their anti-malaria properties, including those of other species in the genus Artemisia, is discussed. As such, data were collected via a thorough literature search in web databases, such as ResearchGate, ScienceDirect, Google scholar, PubMed, Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical databases, up to 2022. A distinction was made between compounds involved in a direct anti-plasmodial activity and those expressing anti-inflammatory and immunomodulating activities or anti-fever properties. For pharmacokinetics activities, a distinction was made between compounds influencing bioavailability (CYP effect or P-Glycoprotein effect) and those affecting the stability of pharmacodynamic active components.
Current Status and De Novo Synthesis of Anti-Tumor Alkaloids in Nicotiana
Authors: Habib Md. Ahsan , Islam Md. Mobinul , Islam Md. Mukul , Hasan Md. Mohidul , Baek Kwang-Hyun
Published: May 2023

Alkaloids are the most diversified nitrogen-containing secondary metabolites, having antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, and are extensively used in pharmaceuticals to treat different types of cancer. Nicotiana serves as a reservoir of anti-cancer alkaloids and is also used as a model plant for the de novo synthesis of various anti-cancer molecules through genetic engineering. Up to 4% of the total dry weight of Nicotiana was found to be composed of alkaloids, where nicotine, nornicotine, anatabine, and anabasine are reported as the dominant alkaloids. Additionally, among the alkaloids present in Nicotiana, β-carboline (Harmane and Norharmane) and Kynurenines are found to show anti-tumor effects, especially in the cases of colon and breast cancers. Creating new or shunting of existing biosynthesis pathways in different species of Nicotiana resulted in de novo or increased synthesis of different anti-tumor molecules or their derivatives or precursors including Taxadiane (~22.5 µg/g), Artemisinin (~120 μg/g), Parthenolide (~2.05 ng/g), Costunolide (~60 ng/g), Etoposide (~1 mg/g), Crocin (~400 µg/g), Catharanthine (~60 ng/g), Tabersonine (~10 ng/g), Strictosidine (~0.23 mg/g), etc. Enriching the precursor pool, especially Dimethylallyl Diphosphate (DMAPP), down-regulating other bi-product pathways, compartmentalization or metabolic shunting, or organelle-specific reconstitution of the precursor pool, might trigger the enhanced accumulation of the targeted anti-cancer alkaloid in Nicotiana.
Mechanism for the Combined Li–Na Ionic Conductivity in Sugilite (Fe2Na2K[Li3Si12O30])-Type Compounds
Authors: Park So-Hyun , Paulmann Carsten , Hoelzel Markus , Hochleitner Rupert
Published: May 2023

This study explains the ionic conductivity in the mineral sugilite (idealized formula: Fe2Na2K[Li3Si12O30]) by resolving the dynamic disorder of both Li and Na cations using synchrotron X-ray single-crystal diffraction from 298 K to 1023 K. Non-zero anharmonic atomic displacement parameters at Na and Li sites at 1023 K adumbrated long-range charge transport routes for Li and Na cations commonly parallel to the (a–b) plane. Temperature-enhanced diffuse residuals in Fourier maps could unambiguously localize two interstitial sites suitable for Li, as well as three for Na. Each two-dimensional (2D) network of Li and Na interstitials was formed parallel to each other, providing Li and Na hopping pathways. The higher concentration of Na cations hopping in short distances of 2.0962(4)–2.3015(5) Å could be the main reason for the higher bulk conductivity values evaluated by impedance spectra of sugilite in comparison to those of its structural relatives with low Na contents, e.g., the mineral sogdianite ((Zr,Al,Fe)2Na0.36K[Li3Si12O30]). Bond valence sum landscape maps supported the critical role of dynamic disorder of Na+ over densely packed 2D interstitial networks for combined ionic conductivity along with mobile Li+ in sugilite-type compounds.
Fluorescence and Phosphorescence Spectroscopies and Their Applications in Gem Characterization
Authors: Zhang Zhiqing , Shen Andy
Published: May 2023

Fluorescence and phosphorescence are listed as mineral optical–physical properties in classical gemology textbooks. The trace elements which exist in gems, certain defects in the crystal lattice, and some luminous molecules contribute to luminescence phenomena in gem materials, including fluorescence and phosphorescence. A systematic luminescence study using an excitation-emission matrix (EEM) not only provides detailed information about the emission and excitation peaks, but also indicates the presence of specific trace elements, lattice defects, or luminous substances in gem materials. This provides reliable evidence for the characterization of gems. In this review paper, we briefly summarize luminescence spectroscopy and illustrate its applications in gem materials in our laboratory, including diamonds, fluorite, jadeite jade, hauyne, and amber. Meanwhile, this project is in process and needs more samples from reliable sources to confirm the described data.
Microstructure and Mineral Phase Evolution of Vanadium Slag by Modulating the CaO/V2O5 Ratio
Authors: Yang Han , Liu Yan , Wan Xingyuan , Zhang Tingan , Lin Shengnan , Wang Kun , Li Xiaolong
Published: May 2023

The slag mineral phase is reconstructed by adding CaO to the molten vanadium slag to obtain a slag with high metallurgical characteristics. In this paper, the effects of the CaO/V2O5 ratio on the microstructure of molten vanadium slag, the phase composition of vanadium slag, and the non-salt roasting-(NH4)2CO3 leaching performance of modified vanadium slag were comprehensively investigated. Molecular dynamics simulation was used to examine the microstructure of the simplified vanadium slag system (FeO-V2Ox-SiO2-CaO) at varied CaO/V2O5 ratios. The results show that V (3+, 4+, and 5+) in the molten vanadium slag is similar to the network former. The V-O structure is dominated by four-fold coordination, and V3+ and V5+ show rich coordination configurations. With the increased CaO content, the overall diffusivity of the system increases, and the network structure is destroyed by CaO. The addition of CaO realizes the mineral phase reconstruction of vanadium slag, and vanadium slag with a more concentrated vanadium distribution and a wider Ca distribution is obtained. The concentration of vanadium in vanadium spinel increases from 17% to 29.4%. A suitable CaO/V2O5 ratio reduces the dependence of the vanadium leaching recovery on the vanadium slag’s roasting temperature and duration.
Influence of Ni and Sn Perovskite NiSn(OH)6 Nanoparticles on Energy Storage Applications
Authors: Velmurugan G. , Ganapathi Raman R. , Prakash D. , Kim Ikhyun , Sahadevan Jhelai , Sivaprakash P.
Published: May 2023

New NiSn(OH)6 hexahydroxide nanoparticles were synthesised through a co-precipitation method using various concentrations of Ni2+ and Sn4+ ions (e.g., 1:0, 0:1, 1:2, 1:1, and 2:1; namely, N, S, NS-3, NS-2, and NS-1) with an ammonia solution. The perovskite NiSn(OH)6 was confirmed from powder X-ray diffraction and molecule interactions due to different binding environments of Ni, Sn, O, and water molecules observed from an FT-IR analysis. An electronic transition was detected from tin (Sn 3d) and nickel (Ni 2p) to oxygen (O 2p) from UV-Vis/IR spectroscopy. Photo luminescence spectroscopy (PL) identified that the emission observed at 400–800 nm in the visible region was caused by oxygen vacancies due to various oxidation states of Ni and Sn metals. A spherical nanoparticle morphology was observed from FE-SEM; this was due to the combination of Ni2+ and Sn4+ increasing the size and porosity of the nanoparticle. The elemental (Ni and Sn) distribution and binding energy of the nanoparticle were confirmed by EDAX and XPS analyses. Among the prepared various nanoparticles, NS-2 showed a maximum specific capacitance of 607 Fg−1 at 1 Ag−1 and 56% capacitance retention (338 Fg−1 and 5 Ag−1), even when increasing the current density five times, and excellent cycle stability due to combining Ni2+ with Sn4+, which improved the ionic and electrical conductivity. EIS provided evidence for NS-2’s low charge transfer resistance compared with other prepared samples. Moreover, the NS-2//AC (activated carbon) asymmetric supercapacitor exhibited the highest energy density and high-power density along with excellent cycle stability, making it the ideal material for real-time applications.
Examining Nutrition Knowledge, Skills, and Eating Behaviours in People with Severe Mental Illness: A Cross-Sectional Comparison among Psychiatric Inpatients, Outpatients, and Healthy Adults
Authors: Mötteli Sonja , Provaznikova Barbora , Vetter Stefan , Jäger Matthias , Seifritz Erich , Hotzy Florian
Published: May 2023

Compared to the general population, people with severe mental illness (SMI) have an increased risk of weight gain and metabolic syndrome, but also of malnutrition, in part due to unhealthy lifestyle behaviours. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to identify barriers to healthy eating, including nutrition knowledge and skills in people with SMI. For this purpose, we compared the means of anthropometric data such as body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, and interview data on nutrition knowledge and skills, health-related variables, eating behaviours, personality, motivation, and attitudes in 65 inpatients and 67 outpatients of the Psychiatric Hospital of the University of Zurich and 64 healthy adults using ANOVA and chi-squared tests. The results showed that patients with SMI had worse nutritional status and lifestyle compared to the healthy controls, including disordered (e.g., night eating) and unhealthy (e.g., high intake of sugary foods) eating habits. However, levels of nutrition knowledge, cooking and food skills, and motivation to eat healthily were not significantly lower in the psychiatric patients than in the healthy adults and were not associated with weight change. Based on our findings, nutritional support for people with SMI is urgently needed and should include not only educational but also behavioural and long-term approaches.
Phase Angle as a Prognostic Indicator of Survival in Institutionalized Psychogeriatric Patients
Authors: Barrera Ortega Sara , Redondo del Río Paz , Carreño Enciso Laura , de la Cruz Marcos Sandra , Massia María , de Mateo Silleras Beatriz
Published: May 2023

Phase angle (PhA) has been evidenced to be a useful survival indicator and predictor of morbi-mortality in different pathologies, but not in psychogeriatric patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical utility of PhA as a prognostic indicator of survival in a group of institutionalized psychogeriatric patients. A survival study was conducted on 157 patients (46.5% dementia, 43.9% schizophrenia). Functional impairment stage, frailty, dependence, malnutrition (MNA), comorbidity, polypharmacy, BMI, and waist circumference were registered. Body composition was analyzed using a 50-kHz whole-body BIA; PhA was recorded. The association between mortality and standardized-PhA was evaluated through univariate and multivariate Cox regression models and ROC-curve. The risk of death decreased when Z-PhA, BMI, and MNA were higher. Mortality increases with age, frailty, and dependence. The risk of death was statistically significantly lower (56.5%) in patients with schizophrenia vs. dementia (89%). The Z-PhA cut-off point was −0.81 (Sensitivity:0.75; Specificity:0.60). Mortality risk was multiplied by 1.09 in subjects with a Z-PhA < −0.81, regardless of age, presence of dementia, and BMI. PhA presented a remarkable clinical utility as an independent indicator of survival in psychogeriatric patients. Moreover, it could be useful to detect disease-related malnutrition and to identify subjects eligible for an early clinical approach.
Zinc and Central Nervous System Disorders
Authors: Wang Bangqi , Fang Tianshu , Chen Hongping
Published: May 2023

Zinc (Zn2+) is the second most abundant necessary trace element in the human body, exerting a critical role in many physiological processes such as cellular proliferation, transcription, apoptosis, growth, immunity, and wound healing. It is an essential catalyst ion for many enzymes and transcription factors. The maintenance of Zn2+ homeostasis is essential for the central nervous system, in which Zn2+ is abundantly distributed and accumulates in presynaptic vesicles. Synaptic Zn2+ is necessary for neural transmission, playing a pivotal role in neurogenesis, cognition, memory, and learning. Emerging data suggest that disruption of Zn2+ homeostasis is associated with several central nervous system disorders including Alzheimer’s disease, depression, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, epilepsy, and traumatic brain injury. Here, we reviewed the correlation between Zn2+ and these central nervous system disorders. The potential mechanisms were also included. We hope that this review can provide new clues for the prevention and treatment of nervous system disorders.
A Technology-Driven, Healthcare-Based Intervention to Improve Family Beverage Choices: Results from a Pilot Randomized Trial in the United States
Authors: Lewis Kristina H. , Hsu Fang-Chi , Block Jason P. , Skelton Joseph A. , Schwartz Marlene B. , Krieger James , Hindel Leah Rose , Ospino Sanchez Beatriz , Zoellner Jamie
Published: May 2023

Background: Healthcare-based interventions to address sugary beverage intake could achieve broad reach, but intensive in-person interventions are unsustainable in clinical settings. Technology-based interventions may provide an alternative, scalable approach. Methods: Within an academic health system in the United States that already performs electronic health record-based sugary drink screening, we conducted a pilot randomized trial of a technology-driven family beverage choice intervention. The goal of the intervention was to reduce sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) and fruit juice (FJ) consumption in 60 parent–child dyads, in which children were 1–8 years old. The pediatrician-initiated intervention consisted of a water promotion toolkit, a video, a mobile phone application, and 14 interactive voice-response phone calls to parents over 6 months. The study was conducted between June 2021 and May 2022. The aim of the pilot study was to assess the potential feasibility and efficacy of the newly developed intervention. Results: Intervention fidelity was excellent, and acceptability was high for all intervention components. Children in both the intervention and the control groups substantially decreased their consumption of SSB and FJ over follow-up (mean combined baseline 2.5 servings/day vs. 1.4/day at 6 months) and increased water consumption, but constrained linear mixed-effects models showed no differences between groups on these measures. Compared to parents in the control group, intervention parents had larger decreases in SSB intake at 3 months (−0.80 (95% CI: −1.54, −0.06, p = 0.03) servings daily), but these differences were not sustained at 6 months. Conclusion: These findings suggest that, though practical to implement in a clinical care setting and acceptable to a diverse participant group, our multicomponent intervention may not be universally necessary to achieve meaningful behavior changes around family beverage choice. A lower-intensity intervention, such as EHR-based clinical screening alone, might be a less resource-intense way for health systems to achieve similar behavioral outcomes. Future studies might therefore explore whether, instead of applying a full intervention to all families whose children overconsume SSB or FJ, a stepped approach, starting with clinical screening and brief counseling, could be a better use of health system resources.
Increased Intake of Vegetables and Fruits Improves Cognitive Function among Chinese Oldest Old: 10-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Qin Afei , Wang Meiqi , Xu Lingzhong
Published: May 2023

Background: In view of the rapidly accelerating aging process in China, this study looked at the associations between vegetables and fruits intake pattens and cognitive function among the oldest old in China using the genetic sub study from the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). Methods: This study screened respondents who participated in all four surveys of longitudinal data from the CLHLS, and a total of 2454 participants were ultimately included. The relationships of cognitive function with vegetables and fruits intake patterns were examined using Generalized-estimating equations. Results: The prevalence range of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) was 14.3% to 16.9% at T1 to T3 and 32.7% at T4. There was a significant increase in the prevalence of MCI from T1 to T4 (β = 0.054; 95% CI, 0.037 to 0.070; p < 0.001; adjusted). The V+/F+ pattern significantly improved cognitive function in Chinese older adults compared with the V−/F− pattern (OR, 1.026; 95% CI, 1.001–1.053; p < 0.05). Conclusion: Older adults who frequently consume both fruits and vegetables experience a reduction in MCI risk relative to those consuming these food groups infrequently—emphasizing the critical importance of the regular intake of both fruits and vegetables in maintaining cognitive function.
Effectiveness of a Digitally Delivered Continuous Care Intervention (Defeat Diabetes) on Type 2 Diabetes Outcomes: A 12-Month Single-Arm, Pre–Post Intervention Study
Authors: Kolivas Despina , Fraser Liz , Schweitzer Ronald , Brukner Peter , Moschonis George
Published: May 2023

Low-carbohydrate dietary approaches can lead to improvements in blood glucose levels and weight loss, as well as a reduction and/or cessation in medication use in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Recent technological advances have led to the development of health-related applications (apps), including a high proportion dedicated to the management of diabetes. The Defeat Diabetes Program is a smartphone- and web-based app that provides guidance on a low-carbohydrate dietary approach for T2D and was designed to be used in conjunction with standard care in the medical management of T2D. The primary aim of this protocol is to provide the rationale and design of a single-arm 12-month pre–post intervention clinical trial using the Defeat Diabetes Program in an Australian community-based cohort of people with T2D who were referred by their general practitioner (GP). The study seeks to engage the GP community to help demonstrate whether the results of using a low-carbohydrate dietary approach for T2D can be achieved by the Defeat Diabetes Program in their patients. This protocol describes (1) the rationale for the selection of primary and secondary outcome measures, (2) the sampling procedures and methodological steps used to identify eligible participants and collect data, and (3) the approach followed to involve and educate GPs to support the trial.
Nutrient Therapy for the Improvement of Fatigue Symptoms
Authors: Barnish Michael , Sheikh Mahsa , Scholey Andrew
Published: May 2023

Fatigue, characterised by lack of energy, mental exhaustion and poor muscle endurance which do not recover following a period of rest, is a common characteristic symptom of several conditions and negatively impacts the quality of life of those affected. Fatigue is often a symptom of concern for people suffering from conditions such as fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, cancer, and multiple sclerosis. Vitamins and minerals, playing essential roles in a variety of basic metabolic pathways that support fundamental cellular functions, may be important in mitigating physical and mental fatigue. Several studies have examined the potential benefits of nutrients on fatigue in various populations. The current review aimed to gather the existing literature exploring different nutrients’ effects on fatigue. From the searches of the literature conducted in PubMed, Ovid, Web of Science, and Google scholar, 60 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. Among the included studies, 50 showed significant beneficial effects (p < 0.05) of vitamin and mineral supplementation on fatigue. Altogether, the included studies investigated oral or parenteral administration of nutrients including Coenzyme Q10, L-carnitine, zinc, methionine, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), and vitamins C, D and B. In conclusion, the results of the literature review suggest that these nutrients have potentially significant benefits in reducing fatigue in healthy individuals as well as those with chronic illness, both when taken orally and parenterally. Further studies should explore these novel therapies, both as adjunctive treatments and as sole interventions.
Maternal Weight Management to Prevent the Developmental Programming of MAFLD in Offspring of Obese Mothers
Authors: Purcell Amanda Renae , Glastras Sarah Jean
Published: May 2023

The global surge of obesity amongst women of reproductive age has raised concerns surrounding the health consequences for their offspring as there is a formidable link between an obesogenic maternal environment and the developmental programming of metabolic dysfunction in the offspring. Specifically, the offspring of mothers with obesity have a three-fold higher risk of developing metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) compared to the offspring of healthy-weight mothers. Given the burgeoning burden of obesity and its comorbidities, it is essential to focus research efforts on methods to alleviate the intergenerational onset of obesity and MAFLD. This review summarizes the current research surrounding the developmental programming of MAFLD in the offspring of mothers with obesity and examines the potential for weight interventions to prevent such metabolic dysfunction in the offspring. It focuses on the benefits of pre-pregnancy interventional strategies, including dietary and exercise intervention, to ameliorate adverse liver health outcomes in the offspring. The utility and translation of these interventions for humans may be difficult for prospective mothers with obesity, thus the use of pre-pregnancy therapeutic weight loss aids, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, is also discussed.
The Evolution of Post-Vaccine G8P[4] Group a Rotavirus Strains in Rwanda; Notable Variance at the Neutralization Epitope Sites
Authors: Mwangi Peter N. , Potgieter Robyn-Lee , Uwimana Jeannine , Mutesa Leon , Muganga Narcisse , Murenzi Didier , Tusiyenge Lisine , Mwenda Jason M. , Mogotsi Milton T. , Rakau Kebareng , Esona Mathew D. , Steele A. Duncan , Seheri Mapaseka L. , Nyaga Martin M.
Published: May 2023

Africa has a high level of genetic diversity of rotavirus strains, which is suggested to be a possible reason contributing to the suboptimal effectiveness of rotavirus vaccines in this region. One strain that contributes to this rotavirus diversity in Africa is the G8P[4]. This study aimed to elucidate the entire genome and evolution of Rwandan G8P[4] strains. Illumina sequencing was performed for twenty-one Rwandan G8P[4] rotavirus strains. Twenty of the Rwandan G8P[4] strains had a pure DS-1-like genotype constellation, and one strain had a reassortant genotype constellation. Notable radical amino acid differences were observed at the neutralization sites when compared with cognate regions in vaccine strains potentially playing a role in neutralization escape. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the closest relationship was with East African human group A rotavirus (RVA) strains for five of the genome segments. Two genome sequences of the NSP4 genome segment were closely related to bovine members of the DS-1-like family. Fourteen VP1 and eleven VP3 sequences had the closest relationships with the RotaTeq™ vaccine WC3 bovine genes. These findings suggest that the evolution of VP1 and VP3 might have resulted from reassortment events with RotaTeq™ vaccine WC3 bovine genes. The close phylogenetic relationship with East African G8P[4] strains from Kenya and Uganda suggests co-circulation in these countries. These findings highlight the need for continued whole-genomic surveillance to elucidate the evolution of G8P[4] strains, especially after the introduction of rotavirus vaccination.
Galacto-Oligosaccharides as an Anti-Infective and Anti-Microbial Agent for Macrolide-Resistant and -Sensitive Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Authors: Zhu Hongzhen , Cai Yang , Slimmen Lisa J. M. , de Bruijn Adrianus C. J. M. , van Rossum Annemarie M. C. , Folkerts Gert , Braber Saskia , Unger Wendy W. J.
Published: May 2023

The worldwide increase in the incidence of antibiotic resistance of the atypical bacterium Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) challenges the treatment of MP infections, especially in children. Therefore, alternative strategies for the treatment of MP infections are warranted. Galacto- and fructo-oligosaccharides (GOS and FOS) are a specific group of complex carbohydrates that were recently shown to possess direct anti-pathogenic properties. In this study, we assessed whether GOS and FOS exert anti-microbial and anti-infective effects against MP and, especially, macrolide-resistant MP (MRMP) in vitro. The MIC values of GOS for MP and MRMP were 4%. In contrast, the MIC values of FOS for both MP and MRMP were 16%. A time-kill kinetic assay showed that FOS possess bacteriostatic properties, while for GOS, a bactericidal effect against MP and MRMP was observed after 24 h at a concentration of 4x MIC. In co-cultures with human alveolar A549 epithelial cells, GOS killed adherent MP and MRMP and also concentration-dependently inhibited their adherence to A549 cells. Further, GOS suppressed (MR)MP-induced IL-6 and IL-8 in A549 cells. None of the aforementioned parameters were affected when FOS were added to these co-cultures. In conclusion, the anti-infective and anti-microbial properties of GOS could provide an alternative treatment against MRMP and MP infections.
Exposure of Cryptococcus neoformans to Seven Commonly Used Agricultural Azole Fungicides Induces Resistance to Fluconazole as Well as Cross-Resistance to Voriconazole, Posaconazole, Itraconazole and Isavuconazole
Authors: Drakulovski Pascal , Krasteva Donika , Bellet Virginie , Randazzo Sylvie , Roger Frédéric , Pottier Cyrille , Bertout Sébastien
Published: May 2023

Background: Cross-resistance to medical azoles by exposure to azole pesticides is well documented for Aspergillus family fungi but is poorly evaluated for other environmental pathogen fungi, particularly for yeasts belonging to the Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii species complexes. Methods: One thousand C. neoformans yeast were exposed to various concentrations of seven different commonly used azole pesticides. Clones surviving exposure were picked randomly, and their minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of fluconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, itraconazole and isavuconazole were assessed. Results: Depending on the pesticide used for exposure, up to 13.3% of selected Cryptococcus colonies showed a phenotype of resistance to fluconazole, and among them, several showed cross-resistance to another or several other medical azoles. Molecular mechanisms involved in the resistance setups seem to be dependent on ERG11 and AFR1 gene overexpression. Conclusion: Exposure to any of the seven azole pesticides tested is capable of increasing the MIC of fluconazole in C. neoformans, including up to the level of the fluconazole-resistant phenotype, as well as generating cross-resistance to other medical azoles in some cases.
Molecular Characterization of Leptospira Species Detected in the Kidneys of Slaughtered Livestock in Abattoirs in Gauteng Province, South Africa
Authors: Dogonyaro Banenat B. , van Heerden Henriette , Potts Andrew D. , Fasina Folorunso O. , Casanovas-Massana Arnau , Kolo Francis B. , Lötter Christine , Byaruhanga Charles , Ko Albert I. , Wunder Elsio A. , Adesiyun Abiodun A.
Published: May 2023

Leptospira was investigated in kidneys (n = 305) from slaughtered livestock in the Gauteng Province abattoirs, South Africa, using a culture medium to isolate Leptospira, followed by the LipL32 qPCR to detect Leptospira DNA. The SecY gene region was amplified, sequenced, and analyzed for LipL32 qPCR-positive samples or Leptospira isolates. The overall frequency of isolation of Leptospira spp. was 3.9% (12/305), comprising 4.8% (9/186), 4.1% (3/74), and 0% (0/45) from cattle, pigs, and sheep, respectively (p > 0.05). However, with LipL32 qPCR, the overall frequency of Leptospira DNA was 27.5%, consisting of 26.9%, 20.3%, and 42.2% for cattle, pigs, and sheep, respectively (p = 0.03). Based on 22 SecY sequences, the phylogenetic tree identified the L. interrogans cluster with serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae and the L. borgpetersenii cluster with serovar Hardjo bovis strain Lely 607. This study is the first molecular characterization of Leptospira spp. from livestock in South Africa. The reference laboratory uses an eight-serovar microscopic agglutination test panel for leptospirosis diagnosis, of which L. borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo bovis is not part. Our data show that pathogenic L. interrogans and L. borgpetersenii are circulating in the livestock population. Diagnostic use of molecular methods will eliminate or reduce the under-reporting of leptospirosis in livestock, particularly sheep, in South Africa.
Peptide Radioligands in Cancer Theranostics: Agonists and Antagonists
Authors: Nock Berthold A. , Kanellopoulos Panagiotis , Joosten Lieke , Mansi Rosalba , Maina Theodosia
Published: May 2023

The clinical success of radiolabeled somatostatin analogs in the diagnosis and therapy—“theranostics”—of tumors expressing the somatostatin subtype 2 receptor (SST2R) has paved the way for the development of a broader panel of peptide radioligands targeting different human tumors. This approach relies on the overexpression of other receptor-targets in different cancer types. In recent years, a shift in paradigm from internalizing agonists to antagonists has occurred. Thus, SST2R-antagonist radioligands were first shown to accumulate more efficiently in tumor lesions and clear faster from the background in animal models and patients. The switch to receptor antagonists was soon adopted in the field of radiolabeled bombesin (BBN). Unlike the stable cyclic octapeptides used in the case of somatostatin, BBN-like peptides are linear, fast to biodegradable and elicit adverse effects in the body. Thus, the advent of BBN-like antagonists provided an elegant way to obtain effective and safe radiotheranostics. Likewise, the pursuit of gastrin and exendin antagonist-based radioligands is advancing with exciting new outcomes on the horizon. In the present review, we discuss these developments with a focus on clinical results, commenting on challenges and opportunities for personalized treatment of cancer patients by means of state-of-the-art antagonist-based radiopharmaceuticals.
Enhanced Cell Osteogenic Differentiation in Alendronate Acid and Flufenamic Acid Drug-Impregnated Nanoparticles of Mesoporous Bioactive Glass Composite Calcium Phosphate Bone Cement In Vitro
Authors: Liu Shih-Ming , Chen Jian-Chih , Huang Ssu-Meng , Lin Shang-Hong , Chen Wen-Cheng
Published: May 2023

This study aims to compare the anti-osteoporotic drugs alendronic acid (ALN) and flufenamic acid (FA) alone impregnate into nanoparticles of mesoporous bioactive glass (nMBG), which further composites calcium phosphate cement (CPC) and investigates their in vitro performance. The drug release, physicochemical properties, and biocompatibility of nMBG@CPC composite bone cement are tested, and the effect of the composites on improving the proliferation and differentiation efficiency of mouse precursor osteoblasts (D1 cells) is also investigated. Drug release shows that FA impregnates nMBG@CPC composite, a large amount of FA is released rapidly within 8 h, gradually reaching a stable release within 12 h, followed by a slow and sustained release within 14 days, and then reaches a plateau within 21 days. The release phenomenon confirms that the drug-impregnated nBMG@CPC composite bone cement effectively achieves slow drug delivery. The working time and setting time of each composite are within 4–10 min and 10–20 min, respectively, meeting the operational requirements of clinical applications. The addition of nMBG nanoparticles in the CPC matrix did not prevent the aggregation phenomenon under microstructural observation, thus resulting in a decrease in the strength of the nMBG@CPC composite. However, after 24 h of immersed reaction, the strength of each 5 wt.% nMBG impregnated with different concentrations of FA and ALN is still greater than 30 MPa, which is higher than the general trabecular bone strength. The drug-impregnated nMBG@CPC composites did not hinder the product formation and exhibit biocompatibility. Based on the proliferation and mineralization of D1 cells, the combination of nMBG with abundant FA and ALN in CPC is not conducive to the proliferation of D1 cells. However, when D1 cells are contact cultured for 21 days, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity shows higher ALP secretion from drug-impregnated nMBG@CPC composites than drug-free composites. Accordingly, this study confirms that nMBG can effectively impregnate the anti-osteoporosis drugs FA and ALN, and enhance the mineralization ability of osteoblasts. Furthermore, drug-impregnated nMBG applications can be used alone or in combination with CPC as a new option for osteoporotic bone-filling surgery.
Near-Infrared Fluorescent Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles for Targeted Photothermal Cancer Therapy
Authors: Jo Gayoung , Park Yoonbin , Park Min Ho , Hyun Hoon
Published: May 2023

Near-infrared (NIR) fluorophores have attracted great attention due to their excellent optical and photothermal properties. Among them, a bone-targeted NIR fluorophore (named P800SO3) contains two phosphonate groups, which play important roles in binding with hydroxyapatite (HAP) as the main mineral component of bones. In this study, biocompatible and NIR fluorescent HAP nanoparticles functionalized with P800SO3 and polyethylene glycol (PEG) were readily prepared for tumor-targeted imaging and photothermal therapy (PTT). The PEGylated HAP nanoparticle (HAP800-PEG) demonstrated improved tumor targetability with high tumor-to-background ratios (TBR). Moreover, the HAP800-PEG also showed excellent photothermal properties, and the temperature of tumor tissue reached 52.3 °C under NIR laser irradiation, which could completely ablate the tumor tissue without recurrence. Therefore, this new type of HAP nanoparticle has great potential as a biocompatible and effective phototheranostic material, which enables the use of P800SO3 for targeted photothermal cancer treatment.
An In Vitro and In Silico Characterization of Salvia sclarea L. Methanolic Extracts as Spasmolytic Agents
Authors: Randjelović Milica , Branković Suzana , Jovanović Miloš , Kitić Nemanja , Živanović Slavoljub , Mihajilov-Krstev Tatjana , Miladinović Bojana , Milutinović Milica , Kitić Dušanka
Published: May 2023

The use of medicinal plant species and their products is widespread in the field of gastrointestinal and respiratory diseases. This study aimed to evaluate the traditional use of Salvia sclarea L., clary sage, finding the possible mechanisms of its spasmolytic and bronchodilator actions in in vitro conditions supported by molecular docking analysis, along with the antimicrobial effects. Four dry extracts were prepared from the aerial parts of S. sclarea, using absolute or 80% (v/v) methanol by the method of a single-stage maceration or an ultrasound-assisted extraction. Characterization of the bioactive compounds by high-performance liquid chromatography indicated the presence of significant amounts of polyphenolics, with rosmarinic acid as the prevalent one. The spontaneous ileal contractions were best inhibited by the extract prepared with 80% methanol and maceration. The same extract was superior in the carbachol- and KCl-induced tracheal smooth muscle contractions, being the strongest bronchodilator agent. The most powerful relaxation of KCl-induced ileal contractions was achieved with the extract made of absolute methanol by maceration, while the 80% methanolic extract made with the ultrasound method generated the best spasmolytic effects in the acetylcholine-induced ileal contractions. Docking analysis suggested that apigenin-7-O-glucoside and luteolin-7-O-glucoside exhibited the highest binding affinity to voltage-gated calcium channels. Gram (+) bacteria were more susceptible to the effects of the extracts, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, in contrast to Gram (−) bacteria and Candida albicans. This is the first study to point out the influence of S. sclarea methanolic extracts on the gastrointestinal and respiratory spasm reduction, paving the way for their potential place in complementary medicine.