bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time’s Up! Shorter Hours, Public Policy, and Time Flexibility as an Antidote to Youth Unemployment
Authors: Eva Maich Katherine , McCallum Jamie K. , Grant-Sasson Ari
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores the relationship between hours of work and unemployment. When it comes to time spent working in the United States at present, two problems immediately come to light. First, an asymmetrical distribution of working time persists, with some people overworked and others underemployed. Second, hours are increasingly unstable; precarious on-call work scheduling and gig economy–style employment relationships are the canaries in the coal mine of a labor market that produces fewer and fewer stable jobs. It is possible that some kind of shorter hours movement, especially one that places an emphasis on young workers, has the potential to address these problems. Some policies and processes are already in place to transition into a shorter hours economy right now even if those possibilities are mediated by an anti-worker political administration.
The Enduring Case for Full Employment
Authors: Kuttner Robert
Published: November 2018

This concluding chapter examines the importance of full employment. With full employment, all is possible. Without full employment, there is insufficient bargaining power to raise wages, no matter how many overeducated young people graduate. Full employment is the ultimate case of targeting within universalism. Tight labor markets help all wage earners, but during the rare periods of full employment the greatest gains have gone to the young, the unskilled, and people of color. The chapter then recalls the history of full employment as a concept and as a politics. For full employment to be possible, one strategy would be to ensure that all human service work pays a living, middle-class wage.
Cabals and Satires
Authors: Woodfield Ian
Published: November 2018

This is a study of the political context in which Mozart wrote his three Italian comedies, Figaro, Don Giovanni, and Così fan tutte. Joseph II’s decision to place his opera buffa troupe in competition with the re-formed Singspiel provoked a struggle between supporters of the rival national genres. Cabals soon became active, organizing claques to cheer or hiss as required, and encouraging press correspondents to circulate slanted notices. In the spring of 1786, Mozart was caught up in the infighting. Figaro, the flagship work for the Italian troupe, received a mixed reception, whereas Dittersdorf’s Der Apotheker for the German party scored a triumph. In this fraught atmosphere, satire flourished. A rival setting of Die Hochzeit des Figaro by Dittersdorf, the music for which is lost, lampooned Mozart in the guise of Cherubino, focusing on his obsession with dancing. The intertroupe contest came to an abrupt end at the start of 1788, when the deteriorating international situation for the Austrian Monarchy necessitated cutbacks in expenditure, including the closure of the Singspiel. During the ensuing years of the Austro-Turkish War, Mozart successfully negotiated the unpredictable twists and turns of theater politics. The revival of Figaro in 1789, now as a Habsburg festive work following its gala performance in Prague, sealed his reputation. He was ideally placed to accept a commission from the commercial stage, the revitalization of which was the most lasting musical consequence of the war years.
Conclusion
Authors: Woodfield Ian
Published: November 2018

In the first half of 1791, during and following the visit by the Neapolitan royal family, Leopold II and other members of the Habsburg dynasty, made a point of attending suburban Singspiel performances to demonstrate their support for German culture. Both Mozart and Dittersdorf benefitted from commissions, as commercial impresarios competed for imperial favor. Die Zauberflöte, a full-length Singspiel on a libretto by Schikaneder was an immediate success, although there is no evidence that the emperor ever attended a performance. When news of Mozart’s death arrived in Silesia, Dittersdorf received it coolly, unable to hide his mixed feelings about his rival.
The Form of the Firm
Authors: Singer Abraham A.
Published: November 2018

Contemporary discussions of the corporation tend to fall into one of two camps. The side that dominates much of public discourse is those who conceive of the corporation as purely economic. According to this view, corporations are “nexuses of contracts” that have no greater duties than to maximize profits for their shareholders and that should be given legal and political deference to do so. On the other side are those who conceive of the corporation in almost entirely political terms. In this view, corporations are created by government and exercise powers and privileges that are conceded to it by the state; governments have a responsibility to organize and constrain corporations such that they act for the benefit of society as a whole. This book offers a third way that sees the corporation as being both economic and political. It begins historically, by exploring and explaining the development and strength of the economic theory of the corporation. Despite their strength, such approaches miss the mark: while corporations exist largely to increase economic efficiency, they achieve this in ways that distinguish them from standard economic processes in markets. Corporations are not natural outgrowths of the free market, but institutions that use “norm-governed productivity”—social power, norms, and state-sanctioned authority—to effect economic cooperation that markets cannot. Corporations serve economic ends, but with political and social means. These facts suggest a radical rethinking of how corporations should be legally ordered, who should control them, and what sorts of obligations corporate managers have.
The Managerial Challenge to Liberalism
Authors: Singer Abraham A.
Published: November 2018

This chapter considers the “managerial” approach to the corporation by unpacking Berle and Means’s famous argument about the problems of the modern corporation. This approach is important because it has proven influential in its own right; the “separation of ownership from control” that Berle and Means famously observed, and the resulting power and discretion that managers enjoy, has been an important trope for critics of corporate capitalism. It is also important because it represents precisely the kind of analysis that the Chicago school’s theory of the corporation was meant to counter. The chapter concludes by contextualizing Berle and Means’s account within political theory more generally.
Filthy Material
Authors: Forster Chris
Published: November 2018

Modernist literature is inextricable from the history of obscenity. The trials of such figures as James Joyce, D. H. Lawrence, and Radclyffe Hall loom large in accounts of twentieth-century literature. Filthy Material: Modernism and the Media of Obscenity reveals the ways that debates about obscenity and literature were shaped by changes in the history of media. The emergence of film, photography, and new printing technologies shaped how “literary value” was understood, altering how obscenity was defined and which texts were considered obscene. Filthy Material rereads the history of modernist obscenity to discover the role played by technological media in debates about obscenity. The shift from the intense censorship of the early twentieth century to the effective “end of obscenity” for literature at the middle of the century was not simply a product of cultural liberalization but also of a changing media ecology. Filthy Material brings together media theory and archival research to offer a fresh account of modernist obscenity with novel readings of works of modernist literature. It sheds new light on figures at the center of modernism’s obscenity trials (such as Joyce and Lawrence), demonstrates the relevance of the discourse of obscenity to understanding figures not typically associated with obscenity debates (such as T. S. Eliot and Wyndham Lewis), and introduces new figures to our account of modernism (such as Norah James and Jack Kahane). It reveals how modernist obscenity reflected a contest over the literary in the face of new media technologies.
Skirmishing with Jolly Roger
Authors: Forster Chris
Published: November 2018

Although James Joyce’s encounter with the book pirate Samuel Roth is well known in the literature on modernism and copyright, this chapter reveals that D. H. Lawrence’s essay “Apropos of Lady Chatterley’s Lover” offers an alternative response to modernist book piracy. While Joyce invokes property and ownership, Lawrence’s response is part of wider ranging meditation on copying itself. Lawrence develops a distinction predicted not on ownership but on authenticity, elaborating the qualities which separate a good copy of his novel from degraded, bad copies. This logic of copying fascinatingly links Lawrence’s response to book piracy to themes that are central to Lawrence’s thinking more broadly, evident in his novels and in his own practice as a painter.
The Science of Marijuana
Authors: Iversen Leslie
Published: November 2018

Marijuana (cannabis) is the most widely used recreational drug after nicotine and alcohol. This book reviews the rapidly growing body of scientific evidence on cannabis—how it works, the role of endogenous cannabinoids in the brain and body, and the opportunities for new medicines based on such knowledge. The regulation of cannabis use varies considerably throughout the world. This book reviews the rapid changes that have occurred in liberalizing the medical use of cannabis, and in some instances the full legalization of cannabis use, with an emphasis on events in the United States and Canada. The advantages and disadvantages of liberalizing the medical and recreational use of cannabis are discussed in a neutral manner, leaving the reader to decide.
The Pharmacology of Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
Authors: Iversen Leslie
Published: November 2018

The 19th century was a great era for plant chemistry. Many complex drug molecules, known as alkaloids, were isolated and identified from plants. This chapter discusses the history of the discovery of delta-9-tetrahyrocannabinol (THC) as the psychoactive substance in cannabis products and also the discovery of the cannabinoid receptors CB-1 and CB-2 in the body and brain. The mechanism of action of cannabinoids on such receptors to inhibit neurotransmitter release or other actions is also discussed. In addition, various methods for the ingestion of cannabis, such as smoking and vaping, are reviewed. Synthetic agonists and antagonists at cannabinoid receptors and the proliferation of synthetic agonists as novel psychoactive agents are also discussed.
Peripheral and Central Effects of THC
Authors: Iversen Leslie
Published: November 2018

Although there is currently only limited knowledge of how activation of the CB-1 receptor in brain leads to the many actions of THC, some general features of cannabinoid control mechanisms are emerging. This chapter discusses THC in relation to the inhibition of neurotransmitter release, cardiovascular effects, effects on motility and pain, and behavioral models including the “Billy Martin tetrad.” It also discusses human laboratory models, including studies on learning and memory. A key effect of cannabis is intoxication, and the subjective effects of cannabis are reported in detail. Finally, the value of animal behavior studies is discussed, including discriminative stimulus effects, effects on cognition, and anti-anxiety effects.
Endocannabinoids
Authors: Iversen Leslie
Published: November 2018

The endocannabinoids are part of a large family of lipid signaling molecules derived from arachidonic acid, including the prostaglandins and leukotrienes, which are important mediators of inflammation. Far less is known about the newer members of the endocannabinoid group, and it remains unclear whether they all play important functional roles. This chapter reviews the multiple members of this family and their biosynthesis and inactivation. Physiological functions, including retrograde synaptic signaling, control of energy metabolism, regulation of pain sensitivity, and cardiovascular control, are discussed. In addition, the chapter reports the synthesis of novel agonists, antagonists, and compounds inhibiting endocannabinoid inactivation as novel medicines.
How Art Works
Authors: Winner Ellen
Published: November 2018

This book is an examination of what psychologists have discovered about how art works—what it does to us, how we experience art, how we react to it emotionally, how we judge it, and what we learn from it. The questions investigate include the following: What makes us call something art? Do we experience “real” emotions from the arts? Do aesthetic judgments have any objective truth value? Does learning to play music raise a child’s IQ? Is modern art something my kid could do? Is achieving greatness in an art form just a matter of hard work? Philosophers have grappled with these questions for centuries, and laypeople have often puzzled about them too and offered their own views. But now psychologists have begun to explore these questions empirically, and have made many fascinating discoveries using the methods of social science (interviews, experimentation, data collection, statistical analysis).
Perennial Questions
Authors: Winner Ellen
Published: November 2018

This chapter explains the approach of the book: taking puzzling questions about the arts, often posed by philosophers, and examining how psychologists have reframed these questions so that they can be addressed empirically. The topics covered in each subsequent chapter are then previewed: Part I (Chapters 1–2) introduces the book and deals with the question of defining art, Part II (Chapters 3–7) is about art and emotion, Part III (Chapters 8–11) is about art and judgment, Part IV (Chapters 12–14) is about how art making affects us, Part V (Chapter 15) is about who becomes an artist, and Part VI (Chapter 16) concludes the book by summarizing the key ways in which psychologists have taken philosophical questions as a jumping off point for examining how we experience art.
Color and Form
Authors: Winner Ellen
Published: November 2018

This chapter addresses the philosophical puzzle of how abstract arrangement of forms and colors can communicate emotions. Research shows that adults as well as children perceive emotional properties in abstract art (thus not needing to rely on representational cues like weeping people). Our tendency to perceive emotions in abstract visual art is part of a broader tendency to perceive such connotations in simple lines and shapes, and indeed is not limited to art. We see expressive properties in rocks, trees, columns, cracks, drapery, and the like. Such perception is made possible by an isomorphism between physical and mental life: we droop when we are sad; we reach upward when we are striving. Thus, while our perception of emotion in music is in part due to music’s resemblance to speech prosody, our perception of emotion in visual art grows out of our ability to see expressive properties in all visual forms.
Emotions in the Art Museum
Authors: Winner Ellen
Published: November 2018

This chapter addresses the topic of emotional responses to visual art. There is far less philosophizing about emotional responses to visual art than to music, and there are fewer studies from psychologists about this as well. Existing studies suggest that people have weaker emotional reactions to paintings than to music. Nonetheless, the visual arts (like all arts) can move us strongly, and there is fascinating evidence about the areas of the brain activated when paintings move us—areas that are related to introspection. The chapter concludes with reflection on why it is that people seem to be more willing to report feeling specific emotions in response to music than to the visual arts.
Is It Good? Or Just Familiar?
Authors: Winner Ellen
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines the philosophical question of whether aesthetic judgments have truth value or are simply subjective matters of opinion. Whether or not such judgments do have any objective basis, lay people believe that such judgments have no objective basis, classifying them as mere matters of opinion. What then determine our aesthetic preferences? Psychologist James Cutting aims to show that the answer is familiarity: the more familiar we become with a work, the more we value it, and the more we value it, the more we look at it, deepening our familiarity. An alternative interpretation of Cutting’s research is put forward: works make it into the canon because they are of higher objective quality than works that did not make it into the canon. This would explain why some works have withstood the test of time, and have been and continue to be valued for centuries by people from many different artistic cultures.
“But My Kid Could Have Done That!”
Authors: Winner Ellen
Published: November 2018

Many of us have a deep mistrust of abstract art. How can we tell if it is any good when we can’t use realism, subject matter, or narrative implications as a guide? In addition, abstract art looks superficially like paintings by preschoolers. This is why people say “My kid could have done that.” This chapter examines studies with adults and children showing that the untutored eye can distinguish works by children (and certain animals) from superficially similar works by abstract expressionist painters. We make this discrimination by perceiving intentionality. A computer can also be programmed to make this discrimination—and at about the same rate of accuracy as a human! The chapter concludes that your kid could not have done that. We see more than we think we do in abstract art. When we evaluate a work of art, we are thinking about the mind that made it.
The Lives of Others
Authors: Winner Ellen
Published: November 2018

Both philosophers and psychologists have claimed that fiction makes us more empathetic. Literature introduces us to a much wider range of people than we could ever meet in real life. We empathize with these fictional characters, fearing for their safety, weeping at their suffering. The question discussed in this chapter is again about transfer: does empathizing with fictional characters cause us to empathize more with others very different from ourselves (as fictional characters often are) once we close the pages of our novel? This chapter shows that there is only the weakest of evidence for this rosy view of what reading fiction can do, but goes on to consider how we might gain more convincing evidence. On the other hand, there is stronger evidence that enacting a fictional character leads to greater understanding of others and more altruistic behavior toward others.
How Art Works
Authors: Winner Ellen
Published: November 2018

The final chapter of this book briefly summarizes what psychologists have learned about how art works—how we experience art. The key questions and contrasting philosophical positions and commonsense views discussed in each chapter are reviewed, followed by findings from empirical studies on how ordinary people (non-philosophers, and individuals without art or art history training) think about these questions. While philosophers search for the best answer to these questions based on careful reasoning, psychologists look at how ordinary people answer these questions, without raising the question of what is “correct.” The answers that psychologists have revealed as they explore ordinary people’s responses to philosophical questions help us understand how ordinary people experience art.
Deferring Crisis
Authors: Mauldin Erin Stewart
Published: November 2018

This chapter explores the ecological regime of slavery and the land-use practices employed by farmers across the antebellum South. Despite the diverse ecologies and crop regimes of the region, most southern farmers employed a set of extensive agricultural techniques that kept the cost of farming down and helped circumvent natural limits on crop production and stock-raising. The use of shifting cultivation, free-range animal husbandry, and slaves to perform erosion control masked the environmental impacts of farmers’ actions, at least temporarily. Debates over westward expansion during the sectional crisis of the 1850s were not just about the extension of slavery, they also reflected practical concerns regarding access to new lands and fresh soil. Both were necessary for the continued profitability of farming in the South.
Accelerating Change
Authors: Mauldin Erin Stewart
Published: November 2018

Emancipation proved to be a far-reaching ecological event. Whereas the ecological regime of slavery had reinforced extensive land-use practices, the end of slavery weakened them. Freedpeople dedicated less time to erosion control and ditching and used contract negotiations and sharecropping arrangements to avoid working in a centrally directed gang. Understandably, freedpeople preferred to direct their own labor on an individual plot of land. The eventual proliferation of share-based or tenant contracts encouraged the physical reorganization of plantations. The combination of these two progressive alterations to labor relations tragically undermined African Americans’ efforts to achieve economic independence by tightening natural limits on cotton production and reducing blacks’ access to the South’s internal provisioning economy. The cessation, or even reduced frequency, of land maintenance on farms exacerbated erosion, flooding, and crops’ susceptibility to drought.
Darwinism as Religion
Authors: Ruse Michael
Published: November 2018

This chapter prepares the way for the purpose of the book, to use war as a case study for the claim that in major respects, thinking based on Darwin’s ideas—“Darwinism”—has from the first functioned as a form of secular religion, a variety of humanism. Although natural selection makes it very implausible to claim that there is an inevitable evolutionary progression up to humankind, this has not stopped Darwinians, from Darwin himself through to people like Edward O. Wilson today, seeing such progress and using this belief as a peg on which to hang social and moral views, in major respects alternatives to the social and moral views of Christianity. Often, as in the case of Julian Huxley, the intent to produce an alternative religion is made explicit. Rival views on the illicit use of seminal fluid are used as an illustration. For Christians, through self-abuse, it leads to degeneration. For Darwinians, through the failures of the sexually profligate, it leads to advance.
Realists and Pacifists
Authors: Ruse Michael
Published: November 2018

Christians, in the years after the Great War until the end of the Second War, continued divided. There were those who regretted war but felt it sometimes necessary. Prominent here was the American Lutheran theologian, Reinhold Niebuhr. His “Christian realism” started with original sin but did not follow a strict just-war-theory line. He argued that privately we ought to follow Jesus and eschew violence, but as members of society we sometimes need to fight. Karl Barth, who broke from his mentor Adolf von Harnack over the morality of the First War, stood against the Nazis and, although also not a just war theorist, argued the necessity of conflict against Hitler. Countering all of these were the pacifists, notably in America the preacher Harry Emerson Fosdick, and in England the Anglican priest Dick Sheppard. When war was again declared in 1939, the Christian leaders on both sides again took up the call to arms in the name of Jesus. A notable exception was the still-undergraduate, recent Catholic convert, future Wittgensteinian philosopher Elizabeth Anscombe, who was no pacifist but who argued that entering the conflict against Hitler did not fill the requirements demanded of an Augustinian just war.
Sri Ramakrishna’s Harmonizing Philosophy of Vijñāna Vedānta
Authors: Maharaj Ayon
Published: November 2018

This chapter outlines Sri Ramakrishna’s overall philosophical framework. Militating against narrow sectarian interpretations of Sri Ramakrishna’s philosophical teachings, Maharaj argues that Sri Ramakrishna’s philosophy is best characterized as “Vijñāna Vedānta,” a resolutely nonsectarian worldview—rooted in his own mystical experience of vijñāna—that harmonizes apparently conflicting religious faiths, sectarian philosophies, and spiritual disciplines. Maharaj first delineates five interpretive principles that he employs throughout the book in order to reconstruct Sri Ramakrishna’s philosophical views. He then elaborates the six main tenets of Sri Ramakrishna’s Vijñāna Vedānta. On the mystical basis of vijñāna, Sri Ramakrishna affirms that both the impersonal nondual Brahman of Advaitins and the loving personal God of theists are equally real aspects of one and the same Infinite Reality.
The Magic Ring
Authors: O'Shea Janet
Published: November 2018

This chapter investigates how combat sport establishes itself as play, rather than violence, through its relationship to designated spaces. Opening with competing definitions of magic in martial arts versus in game theory, this section moves on to explore the importance of spaces of practice—boxing rings, cages, dojos, and academies—to martial arts and combat sport training. Spaces are transformed through practices that in turn rely on alterations of movement, time perception, and self-awareness. The chapter concludes with an exploration of edge play, acknowledging both that games often simulate situations that we would otherwise avoid and that the line between game and reality can, in the case of combat sport, be a thin one.
Making Work Play
Authors: O'Shea Janet
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines instances where work can be turned back into play. It begins by examining self-defense as a form of work: an action that is focused on outcome, in which the only rules are ultimate ones, and in which form and function unite. IMPACT Personal Safety trainings mobilize the elements of play depicted in earlier sections of this book: providing opportunities to experience mastery through accomplishment and mobilizing that mastery in perilous situations; managing risk and working through failure; encouraging an exploration of shared vulnerabilities; and providing access to the flow state. This chapter also returns to a consideration of the term “fight” and its connotations of agency and mutual engagement. It includes a challenge to the postfeminist criticism that self-defense is victim-blaming via an analysis of self-defense training as freely chosen, effective, and of a fixed duration.
US Assistance for Family Planning
Authors: Rodgers Yana van der Meulen
Published: November 2018

Chapter 3 places the global gag rule into a broader context by examining the longer-term history of US family-planning assistance within a framework of global reproductive governance characterized by three paradigms: population control, safe motherhood, and women’s reproductive health. Early proponents of family-planning assistance were motivated primarily by fears of explosive population growth in developing countries. Their answer was to disseminate modern contraceptives across large populations to reduce fertility rates and control population growth. As the predictions of Malthusian-type disaster failed to materialize, the paradigm surrounding population assistance shifted to safe motherhood. Growing pressure from feminists and women’s groups to focus on the rights of all women, not just mothers, contributed to the third paradigm shift toward women’s reproductive health. Each time the United States has imposed the global gag rule it has antagonized donors, agencies, and governments who have set the priorities of these paradigms in reproductive governance.
Introduction
Authors: Ben-Herut Gil
Published: November 2018

The introduction refers to modern scholarly notions about the origins of the Vīraśaiva tradition and the perceived narrative about the egalitarian and protestant dispositions of the twelfth-century devotees considered as the forefathers of the tradition. Building on recent critique of the long-standing reliance on vacanas (devotional poems associated with the twelfth-century devotees) as the main historical source about the early tradition, the introduction turns to consider previously unread Kannada hagiographies about the twelfth-century saints, which complexify common notions about the early tradition, its claimed egalitarian and iconoclastic nature, its ideological separation from the greater society and competing religious sects, and its nomenclature, including the tradition’s accepted titles today, vīraśaiva and liṅgāyata, which are absent from the early texts. In addition, the introduction argues for a greater and more integrative role of devotional poets in the history of Kannada literature and presents several strategies for close reading the relevant saints’ biographies.
The Elite Circuit
Authors: Kucinskas Jaime
Published: November 2018

The mindful elite attracted new high-status sympathizers in targeted organizations by using their professional symbolic power, social status, and social skill to build legitimacy for meditation and other contemplative practices. In this chapter the author builds upon scholarship on legitimation by identifying the various kinds of legitimation the contemplatives are able to secure. These different kinds of legitimacy are interrelated and build upon each other over time, creating a cultural movement that is increasingly difficult to derail. However, in building their base among a privileged coterie of social, economic, and intellectual elites, the contemplatives risk losing touch with ordinary people and the issues of inequality that affect them. This weakens the contemplatives’ ability to stand by and implement direct social reforms to influence root causes of the issues they care about, such as rising inequality, greed, and materialism.
In Conclusion
Authors: Kucinskas Jaime
Published: November 2018

The mindfulness movement’s unobtrusive, consensus-based tactics were effective in popularizing, embedding, and legitimizing contemplative practices in a wide array of powerful social institutions. Yet, using consensus-based tactics and relying upon elite endorsements and support also opened the movement up to criticisms of potential cooptation along many fronts. Although movement leaders succeeded in changing the minds and hearts of many professionals, the movement as a whole failed to produce desired organizational reform. This concluding chapter discusses these implications of these tactics’ strengths and shortcomings not only for the contemplative movement but for other similar movements trying to change institutions through insiders working within and across targeted organizations and movements. These include the movements for LGBTQ rights, women’s equality, and environmental protection.
A City in Motion
Authors: Slobin Mark
Published: November 2018

This introductory section thumbnails Detroit’s early history and sudden rise to prominence after 1915, as the auto industry created new forms of production and nearly two million people arrived from abroad and the American South. Accounts are scarce of early music history. The chapter outlines chapter coverage for the period roughly of the 1940s-60s, including European heritage musics and the music of white and black southerners, with some emphasis on the author’s own experience and circles, as well as other writers’ and artists’ retrospective glances at their hometown. Detroit’s identification through transportation leads to the guiding metaphors of the chapters, as musical and literal traffic overlap throughout the book.
Border Traffic
Authors: Slobin Mark
Published: November 2018

This chapter focuses on Detroit’s Jewish community, first taking up its complex, many-layered internal musical life, from religious to politically radical, across a range of initiatives and institutions. Next comes an analysis of how the group used music as a mode of outreach to mainstream Detroit, impacting the city’s cultural life, especially through intense engagement with classical music. The role of the Jews in the survival of the Detroit Symphony Orchestra is outlined. Profiles of key activists’ careers—Julius Chajes, Mischa Mischakoff, Mischa Kottler, Emma Schaver--and the development of institutional life illustrate these practices of “border traffic.”
The Age of Anxiety
Authors: Mangrum Benjamin
Published: November 2018

This chapter considers the effects of psychoanalysis, existentialism, and existential psychology on American intellectual culture. The chapter frames the history of these broad movements by reference to the fiction of Patricia Highsmith during the 1950s. The effects of these movements upon American intellectual life were detrimental to liberal support for an activist-managerial state. In addition to Highsmith’s novels, the chapter also considers work by Richard Yates, Alfred Hitchcock, Philip Rahv and the Partisan Review, Raymond Chandler, Gwendolyn Brooks, Theodore Dreiser, the reception history of modernism, the reception of Sigmund Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis, and changing perceptions about literary naturalism. The intellectual history of these authors and movements shows how structural reform became subordinate to psychological templates for societal problems.
Mergers and Acquisitions
Authors: Mangrum Benjamin
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines changes in American business culture through shifts in postwar management theory, on the one hand, and fiction about corporate life by Sloan Wilson and Saul Bellow, on the other. The chapter also analyzes the American reception of Franz Kafka’s fiction and Martin Heidegger’s philosophy. Additional considerations include Abraham Maslow’s humanistic psychology and the history of managerial capitalism in the United States. The chapter demonstrates that these various trends exhibit the development of a new philosophy of liberal management. This philosophy stands in opposition to the “scientific efficiency” of Frederick Winslow Taylor, and more generally it also turns against the “wage hierarchy” as the primary site for liberal intervention.
Authority Apart from Truth
Authors: Wanner Kevin J.
Published: November 2018

This chapter suggests that fictional narratives, such as superhero comics, can play the role of myths in Bruce Lincoln’s sense and perhaps even carry a powerful sort of authority, despite their lack of “truth.”
Hobbes on Sovereign AuthorityHow the Right of Nature Becomes Sovereign Right
Authors: Gauthier David
Published: November 2018

The right to (private) property in Hobbes’s Leviathan is established by each man authorizing the sovereign, acting in the person of each, to renounce the natural right to unlimited possession in favor of an exclusive claim right (i.e., one that obligates others) to goods acquired and exchanged in accordance with procedures established by the sovereign. Yet this useful way to ground the right to private property and other rights runs afoul of punishment because Hobbes both asserts and denies that a person may authorize his own punishment. This chapter introduces a “Neo-Hobbesian” definition of punishment, which permits authorizing the sovereign to punish oneself if one expects to gain from the system of punishment.
Secret Tribunals and the Limits of Sovereignty
Authors: May Larry
Published: November 2018

This chapter will address two questions: (1) Can secret laws be valid?, and (2) Are secret courts justifiable? Answering the first question requires examining how much is needed to satisfy the promulgation requirement (the idea that laws have to be promulgated in order to be legitimate). Clearly satisfying the promulgation requirement does not require that every citizen has a copy of all of the laws to which they are subject. And it does not require that each citizen know the content of each law to which they are subject. Most of the literature on this topic concerns ex post facto laws. Secret laws might raise somewhat different issues, but they are also difficult to show to be valid. This chapter will argue that some secret laws can be valid. Answering the second question requires examining two issues: How important is the prohibition on trials where the defendant is in absentia, and how significant are transparency and publicity for the justification of tribunals? This chapter will argue that this question is considerably harder than the first to answer in the affirmative.
Defense and Ignorance
Authors: Guerrero Alexander A.
Published: November 2018

This chapter has a negative thesis and a positive thesis. The negative thesis is that, at least in the arena of national security, electoral representative democracy is incompatible with popular sovereignty, a prerequisite of political legitimacy. The incompatibility arises due to five distinct but interrelated factors. First, confidentiality: strategic requirements of confidentiality and secrecy undermine meaningful political accountability. Second, ignorance: national security policy is technical and complicated to an extent that the average voter lacks the information and competence required to hold elected political officials meaningfully accountable for enacting responsive policy. Third, voter psychology: national security policy is an area in which low information leads to easy psychological distortion. Fourth, electoral pathology: national security policy is an area where elected officials have dramatically and inappropriately circumscribed policy options, given the electoral repercussions of appearing :weak” on security and given that many of the most significant costs of ineffective policy are borne by others—either people in other countries or future generations of Americans. Fifth, money: national security policy is a policy arena where there is a lot of money to be made by a relatively small number of individuals and corporations, making lobbying and electioneering for certain political outcomes a very high-value proposition for those entities. These five factors work together and overlap in complex ways. The end result is that national security policy created by elected officials (and their appointees) is (1) largely unresponsive to the core beliefs, values, and preferences of those in whose name it is enacted; and (2) bad policy for those in whose name it is enacted. Thus, in the arena of national security policy, we have at most nominal popular sovereignty, not real popular sovereignty. The positive thesis of this chapter is that there may be institutional reforms that could be made which would help us reclaim popular sovereignty in the arena of national security policy. In particular, we should consider the use of lottocratic institutions, which employ randomly selected citizens in policymaking roles. The chapter introduces and briefly defends these institutions as a possible solution to the problem of popular sovereignty in the national defense context.
Getting to a Global Constitution Expanding Human Rights Law
Authors: Capaldo Giuliana Ziccardi
Published: November 2018

The expansion of the global constitutional principle of no-impunity and its application to serious violations of social and economic rights are part of the process of constitutionalization of global law and its principles through jurisprudential cross-fertilization. The author identifies in the ECJ’s innovative approach to serious tax frauds in the Taricco judgment an opportunity to develop a judicial dialogue between international and national courts aimed at strengthening the paradigm of the no-impunity-imprescriptibility of the new criminal jurisdiction centered on the International Criminal Court (ICC). As announced in the Policy Paper on Case Selection and Prioritisation (PCSP), the ICC will now expand its focus on prosecuting with national governments such serious crimes as “financial crimes”. The ICC is not formally extending its jurisdiction to these cases, but this process has begun—based on the Rome Statute that recognizes that serious international crimes “threaten the peace, security and well-being of the world”.
M. Cherif Bassiouni (1937–2017)
Authors: Matwijkiw Anja , Matwijkiw Bronik
Published: November 2018

Professor M. Cherif Bassiouni’s death sent shockwaves through the community of legal scholars and practitioners. As an influential figure in the post–World War II era, Bassiouni helped determine the direction of international criminal law and international criminal justice. Bassiouni joined the Editorial Board of The Global Community YILJ in 2001, upon the invitation of its founder and General Editor Giuliana Ziccardi Capaldo. Like the United Nations and the various universities, institutes and societies Bassiouni served, the Yearbook is saddened by the loss of a modern master. His contributions cover doctrine, human rights advocacy that accentuates humanistic values, holistic post-conflict justice principles and projects, together with a life-long campaign for fair (global) law-making and (global) law-enforcement. With the death of Bassiouni, the community witnessed the departure of one of the innovative, inspirational and illustrious masterminds in the fight against impunity and realpolitik and for accountability and the rule of law.
A Bifurcated Global Nuclear Order
Authors: Thakur Ramesh
Published: November 2018

The very destructiveness of nuclear weapons makes them unusable for ethical and military reasons. The world has placed growing restrictions on the full range of nuclear programs and activities. But with the five NPT nuclear powers failing to eliminate nuclear arsenals, other countries acquiring the bomb, arms control efforts stalled, nuclear risks climbing, and growing awareness of the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of nuclear war, the United Nations adopted a new treaty to ban the bomb. Some technical anomalies between the 1968 and 2017 treaties will need to be harmonized and the nuclear-armed states’ rejection of the ban treaty means it will not eliminate any nuclear warheads. However, it will have a significant normative impact in stigmatizing the possession, use and threat of use of nuclear weapons and serve as a tool for civil society to mobilize domestic and world public opinion against the doctrine of nuclear deterrence.
Dual Provisional Measures Prescribed by ITLOS and Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal: Reflections on the “Enrica Lexie” Incident Case
Authors: Tanaka Yoshifumi
Published: November 2018

In the “Enrica Lexie” Incident case between Italy and India, two judicial organs, i.e. the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea (ITLOS) and the Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal prescribed provisional measures. It is rare that ITLOS and the Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal prescribed different provisional measures in the same dispute. The “Enrica Lexie” Incident case provides an insight into the procedural law governing provisional measures under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea. This article examines the provisional measures prescribed by ITLOS and the Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal in the “Enrica Lexie” Incident case focusing particularly on three issues: (1) the relationship between the request by Italy submitted to ITLOS and that submitted to the Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal, respectively, (2) the existence of the urgency of the situation, and (3) the legal effect of considerations of humanity.
Introductory Note
Authors: Seatzu Francesco
Published: November 2018

The year 2016 was characterized by three elements: the incorporation of the Civil Service Tribunal within the General Court and transfer of jurisdiction; the implementation of the reform of the European Court of Justice (ECJ) through an increase in the number of judges at the General Court; a rise in judicial decisions of the ECJ concerning intellectual property rights and freedoms. Also, 2016 was the year in which the ECJ and the General Court dealt with cases concerning restrictive measures relating to Afghanistan, Belarus, Côte d’Ivoire, Egypt, Iran, Libya, Russia, Syria, Tunisia, Ukraine and Zimbabwe. Emblematic of this jurisprudential trend are the judgments on the cases of Yanukovych and Others, where the General Court upheld the freezing of funds of several Ukrainians.
Conclusion
Authors: Woolley Samuel C. , Howard Philip N.
Published: November 2018

Political communication around the world has evolved significantly through social media. Changes are apparent both in terms of social practices and core technological tools: these include the infrastructure upon which political communication occurs, the salience of its effects, and the habits of its practitioners. Several of these advancements have benefited global democracy. Platforms such as Twitter, YouTube, and Facebook have been at the heart of communication and organization during pivotal moments of popular activism since 2010: the Arab Spring, the Occupy Movement, and the Umbrella Protests in Hong Kong among them (Howard, 2010; Bennett & Segerberg, 2013; Woolley, 2016). These same sites have been, increasingly over the last five years, normalized for political control by the powerful. Each of the chapters in this collection highlight the ways that digital media have been co-opted in efforts to manipulate public opinion for various means from the usage of bot armies.
Decentralized Administration
Authors: Arceneaux Craig
Published: November 2018

Chapter 9 explores the diversity of electoral practices, laws, and regulations across 50 U.S. states and thousands of localities. The chapter starts by laying out guidelines for assessing how federalism affects electoral integrity, both in cross-national perspective and in the U.S. case. The argument itself is rather simple: the impact of federalism varies because federalism itself can be designed in many different ways and because the impact of these arrangements is also affected by the broader institutional setting. Though simple, the consequences of the argument are more complex: federalism does indeed weigh upon electoral integrity, but its significance must be appreciated in the context of the country under consideration. The chapter offers a general survey on the relationship between federalism and electoral integrity and draws evidence from selected cases of federalism in the Americas—specifically from Canada, Mexico, and Brazil—for comparison with the United States.
Competitions: From Village to City
Authors: Nagarajan Vijaya
Published: November 2018

This chapter describes three very different kōlam competitions in Tamil Nadu. The first is an unofficial, informal, and playful village contest. The second is part of a festival celebrating Āṇṭāḷ, the female saint. The third is a large, official competition in the city of Madurai, cosponsored by a museum, a newspaper, and the multinational corporation Colgate. These larger competitions have thrust the kōlam into the public sphere, revealing the continual reinvention of the kōlam. The author meditates on the difference between the public and private sphere throughout the chapter, how the kōlam ritual oscillates between the two, and how this influences women’s larger role in society.
Carmen’s Music-Hall Embrace
Authors: Christoforidis Michael
Published: November 2018

The fluidity between the worlds of opera and popular entertainment during the Belle Époque admitted Carmen and her Spanish impersonators into music hall and popular theatrical spectacle in the early years of the twentieth century. Chapter 8 explores the hybrid Franco-Spanish entertainment scene in Paris, examining the presence of Carmenesque themes in the chanson market, in the context of a significant subgenre of Spanish-styled songs. During the years leading up to World War I, this new Spanish fashion extended onto the stage in dance-focused Spanish spectacles, which blended new and old styles and often played with references to Bizet’s famous opera. Carolina “la Belle” Otero reached the final stage of her stellar career with a rare—although not unprecedented—transition from music-hall Carmen to operatic protagonist, performing the role at the Opéra-Comique in 1912.