bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Varenna workshop report. Operational earthquake forecasting and decision making
Authors: Warner Marzocchi  , Thomas H. Jordan  , Gordon Woo
Published: June 2021

A workshop on Operational earthquake forecasting and decision making was convened in Varenna, Italy, on June 8-11, 2014, under the sponsorship of the EU FP 7 REAKT (Strategies and tools for Real-time EArthquake risK reducTion) project, the Seismic Hazard Center at the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), and the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC). The main goal was to survey the interdisciplinary issues of operational earthquake forecasting (OEF), including the problems that OEF raises for decision making and risk communication. The workshop was attended by 64 researchers from universities, research centers, and governmental institutions in 11 countries. Participants and the workshop agenda are listed in the appendix.
The workshop comprised six topical sessions structured around three main themes: the science of operational earthquake forecasting, decision making in a low-probability environment, and communicating hazard and risk. Each topic was introduced by a moderator and surveyed by a few invited speakers, who were then empaneled for an open discussion. The presentations were followed by poster sessions. During a wrap-up session on the last day, the reporters for each topical session summarized the main points that they had gleaned from the talks and open discussions. This report attempts to distill this workshop record into a brief overview of the workshop themes and to describe the range of opinions expressed during the discussions.
Annex 1 to: Passive Degassing at Nyiragongo (D.R. Congo) and Etna (Italy) Volcanoes.
Authors: Sergio Calabrese  , Sarah Scaglione  , Silvia Milazzo  , Walter D'Alessandro  , Nicole Bobrowski  , Giovanni Bruno Giuffrida  , Dario Tedesco  , Francesco Parello  , Mathiew Yalire
Published: June 2021

Volcanic Emissions

The technique for the assessment of the metal output from volcanoes was based on direct (in- plume) collection of the plume on filter substrates. Gas and aerosols in the volcanic plume have been sampled from the rims of the active craters. [...]
Use of the ESI-2007 scale to evaluate the 2003 Boumerdès earthquake (North Algeria)
Authors: Aicha Heddar  , Hamoud Beldjoudi  , Christine Aurhemayou  , Roza SiBachir  , Abdelkrim Yelles-Chaouche  , Azzedine Boudiaf
Published: June 2021

In this study, we applied the environmental seismic intensity (ESI-2007) scale to a major recent Algerian earthquake. The ESI-2007 scale is an effective tool to assess the seismic hazard and has been applied to onshore earthquakes. Here we applied the scale to a recent earthquake (Mw 6.8, 2003) that took place offshore in the province of Boumerdès in the north of Algeria along the boundary between African and Eurasian plates. The main shock was associated to an unknown submarine structure. No surface ruptures were observed on the onshore domain, but many earthquake environmental effects (EEEs) were reported during several field investigations. In addition to onshore ground effects, this event triggered turbidity currents responsible for 29 submarine cable breaks. Mapping and describing coseismic ground effects allowed us to distinguish primary and secondary effects like coastal uplifts, liquefaction phenomena, tsunami waves, turbidity currents, cracks, rock falls, slope movements and hydrological anomalies. Considering the total area affected and the distribution of ground effects, we suggest intensity X that appears in agreement with intensity calculated in previous study with the EMS-98 scale. Thus, this method is validated even in the case of a coastal earthquake, and could be applied in the future to Algerian historical earthquakes that have affected scarcely inhabited zones but where EEEs were listed and located.
Harmonizing and comparing single-type natural hazard risk estimations
Authors: Kevin Fleming  , Stefano Parolai  , Alexander Garcia-Aristizabal  , Sergey Tyagunov  , Sergiy Vorogushyn  , Heidi Kreibich  , Holger Mahlke
Published: June 2021

Single-type hazard and risk assessment is the usual framework followed by disaster risk reduction (DRR) practitioners. There is therefore a need to present and compare the results arising from different hazard and risk types. Here we describe a simple method for combining risk curves arising from different hazard types in order to gain a first impression of the total risk. We show how the resulting total (and individual) risk estimates can be examined and compared using so-called risk matrices, a format preferred by some DRR practitioners. We apply this approach to Cologne, Germany, which is subject to floods, windstorms and earthquakes. We then use a new series of risk calculations that consider epistemic uncertainty. The Mann-Whitney test is applied to determine if the losses arising from pairs of hazards are comparable for a given return period. This benefits decision makers as it allows a ranking of hazards with respect to expected damage. Such a comparison would assist planners in the allocation of resources towards the most efficient mitigation actions. However, the results are dependent upon the distribution of estimates (i.e., level of uncertainty), which is in turn a function of our state of knowledge.
Slip of a one-body dynamical spring-slider model in the presence of slip-weakening friction and viscosity
Authors: Jeen-Hwa Wang
Published: June 2021

This study is focused on analytic study at small displacements and numerical simulations of slip of a one-body dynamical slider-slider model in the presence of slip-weakening friction and viscosity. Analytic results with numerical computations show that the displacement of the slider is controlled by the decreasing rate, [gamma], of friction force with slip and viscosity, [eta], of fault-zone material. The natural period of the system with slip-weakening friction and viscosity is longer than that of the system without the two factors. There is a solution regime for [eta] and [gamma] to make the slider slip steadily without strong attenuation. The viscous effect is stronger than the frictional effect. Meanwhile, a change of [eta] results in a larger effect on the slip of the slider than a change of [gamma]. Numerical simulations are made for a one-body dynamical slider-slider model in the presence of three slip-weakening friction laws, i.e., the thermal-pressurization (TP) friction law, the softening-hardening (SH) friction law, and a simple slip-weakening (SW) friction law, and viscosity. Results show that slip-weakening friction and viscosity remarkably affect slip of the slider. The TP and SW friction laws cause very similar results. The results caused by the SH friction law are quite different from those by the other two. For the cases in study, the fixed points are not an attractor.
PROLOGUE
Authors: José Morales  , Giuseppe Puglisi
Published: June 2021

In 1989 the first bases of what is now a strong and consolidated Spanish-Italian scientific relationship in Seismology and in Volcano-Seismology were established. The first stage took place at the University of Catania, in the former Department of Earth Sciences, placed in the old Science Faculty, when a pre-doctoral student from the University of Granada, Cartuja Observatory (now called Andalusian Institute of Geophysics), arrived to complete his formation in seismology. During this stage, in addition to the training process, new contacts with researchers and mainly with pre-doctoral students of the former International Institute of Volcanology of the Italian National Research Council (IIV-CNR) were stablished. These contacts have endured, grown and created a strong international scientific network with consolidated and credible research production. In a short time new working groups were integrated such as the Osservatorio Vesuviano in Naples or the Department of Physics of the University of Salerno from the Italian side, and the Department of Applied Physics of the University of Almería or the Volcanology Department of the Spanish Research Council (CSIC) in Spain. At the present this non-official (but very active) network comprises many Italian Research Centers belonging to the National Institute of Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV) such as Catania, Naples, Rome, Palermo, Pisa or Bologna; Italian Universities as Salerno, Naples, L’Aquila or Calabrian, several Spanish Universities such as Granada, Almería, Jaen, Complutense, Cádiz or La Laguna, but also from other countries such as USA, Russia, Ireland, Portugal, México, Argentina, Germany, France, Norway or UK among others. This collaboration includes a continuous pre-doctoral students training protocols in which the exchange of fellows among the different institutions is fluent. [...]
The marine activities performed within the TOMO-ETNA experiment
Authors: Mauro Coltelli  , Danilo Cavallaro  , Marco Firetto Carlino  , Luca Cocchi  , Filippo Muccini  , Antonino D’Alessandro  , Maria Eloisa Claude  , Clara Monaco  , Jesús M. Ibáñez  , Fabrizio Zgur  , Domenico Patanè  , Cosmo Carmisciano  , Giuseppe D’Anna  , Maria Teresa Pedrosa Gonzales  , Teresa Teixidò  , Roberto D’Anna  , Gioacchino Fertitta  , Giuseppe Passafiume  , Stefano Speciale  , Fausto Grassa  , Aristomenis P. Karageorgis  , Lorenzo Sormani  , Lorenzo Facchin  , Giampaolo Visnovic  , Diego Cotterle  , Rita Blanos  , Paolo Mansutti  , Attilio Sulli  , Fabrizio Cultrera  , Francisco Carrión  , Salvatore Rapisarda
Published: June 2021

The TOMO-ETNA experiment was planned in order to obtain a detailed geological and structural model of the continental and oceanic crust beneath Mt. Etna volcano and northeastern Sicily up to the Aeolian Islands (southern Italy), by integrating data from active and passive refraction and reflection seismic methodologies, magnetic and gravity surveys. This paper focuses on the marine activities performed within the experiment, which have been carried out in the Ionian and Tyrrhenian Seas, during three multidisciplinary oceanographic cruises, involving three research vessels (“Sarmiento de Gamboa”, “Galatea” and “Aegaeo”) belonging to different countries and institutions. During the offshore surveys about 9700 air-gun shots were produced to achieve a high-resolution seismic tomography through the wide-angle seismic refraction method, covering a total of nearly 2650 km of shooting tracks. To register ground motion, 27 ocean bottom seismometers were deployed, extending the inland seismic permanent network of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia and a temporary network installed for the experiment. A total of 1410 km of multi-channel seismic reflection profiles were acquired to image the subsurface of the area and to achieve a 2D velocity model for each profile. Multibeam sonar and sub bottom profiler data were also collected. Moreover, a total of 2020 km of magnetic and 680 km of gravity track lines were acquired to compile magnetic and gravity anomaly maps offshore Mt. Etna volcano. Here, high-resolution images of the seafloor, as well as sediment and rock samples, were also collected using a remotely operated vehicle.
Shallow velocity model in the area of Pozzo Pitarrone, Mt. Etna, from single station, array methods and borehole data
Authors: Luciano Zuccarello  , Mario Paratore  , Mario La Rocca  , Ferruccio Ferrari  , Alfio Messina  , Stefano Branca  , Danilo Contrafatto  , Danilo Galluzzo  , Salvatore Rapisarda  , Luz García
Published: June 2021

Seismic noise recorded by a temporary array installed around Pozzo Pitarrone, NE flank of Mt. Etna, have been analysed with several techniques. Single station HVSR method and SPAC array method have been applied to stationary seismic noise to investigate the local shallow structure. The inversion of dispersion curves produced a shear wave velocity model of the area reliable down to depth of about 130 m. A comparison of such model with the stratigraphic information available for the investigated area shows a good qualitative agreement. Taking advantage of a borehole station installed at 130 m depth, we could estimate also the P-wave velocity by comparing the borehole recordings of local earthquakes with the same event recorded at surface. Further insight on the P-wave velocity in the upper 130 m layer comes from the surface reflected wave observable in some cases at the borehole station. From this analysis we obtained an average P-wave velocity of about 1.2 km/s, compatible with the shear wave velocity found from the analysis of seismic noise.
PARTOS - Passive and Active Ray TOmography Software: description and preliminary analysis using TOMO-ETNA experiment’s dataset
Authors: Alejandro Díaz-Moreno  , Ivan Koulakov  , Araceli García-Yeguas  , Andrey Jakovlev  , Graziella Barberi  , Ornella Cocina  , Luciano Zuccarello  , Luciano Scarfì  , Domenico Patanè  , Isaac Álvarez  , Luz García  , Carmen Benítez  , Janire Prudencio  , Jesús M. Ibáñez
Published: June 2021

In this manuscript we present the new friendly seismic tomography software based on joint inversion of active and passive seismic sources called PARTOS (Passive Active Ray TOmography Software). This code has been developed on the base of two well-known widely used tomographic algorithms (LOTOS and ATOM-3D), providing a robust set of algorithms. The dataset used to set and test the program has been provided by TOMO-ETNA experiment. TOMO-ETNA database is a large, high-quality dataset that includes active and passive seismic sources recorded during a period of 4 months in 2014. We performed a series of synthetic tests in order to estimate the resolution and robustness of the solutions. Real data inversion has been carried out using 3 different subsets: i) active data; ii) passive data; and iii) joint dataset. Active database is composed by a total of 16,950 air-gun shots during 1 month and passive database includes 452 local and regional earthquakes recorded during 4 months. This large dataset provides a high ray density within the study region. The combination of active and passive seismic data, together with the high quality of the database, permits to obtain a new tomographic approach of the region under study never done before. An additional user-guide of PARTOS software is provided in order to facilitate the implementation for new users.
Correction to “Moment tensor inversion of early instrumental data: application to the 1917 High Tiber Valley, Monterchi earthquake” by F. Bernardi et al.
Authors: Fabrizio Bernardi  , Maria Grazia Ciaccio  , Barbara Palombo  , Graziano Ferrari
Published: June 2021

This article corrects: F. Bernardi, M.G. Ciaccio, B. Palombo and G. Ferrari, Moment tensor inversion of early instrumental data: application to the 1917 High Tiber Valley, Monterchi earthquake, Annals of Geophysics, 59 (3), 2016, S0318; doi:10.4401/ag-6850.
Preliminary analysis of radon time series before the Ml=6 Amatrice earthquake: possible implications for fluid migration
Authors: Valentina Cannelli  , Antonio Piersanti  , Elena Spagnuolo  , Gianfranco Galli
Published: June 2021

On August 24, 2016, a Ml=6.0 earthquake occurred in Central Apennines, Italy, between the towns of Norcia and Amatrice, causing severe destruction and casualties in a wide area around the epicenter. We present a preliminary analysis of continuous radon concentration data collected from the second half of 2012 to the day after the earthquake by a long term radon monitoring station, installed at Cittareale (Rieti, Italy), about 11 km south-west of the epicenter. We combine the field data analysis with the outcome of dedicated laboratory experiments, aimed to study real time radon emission dynamics from rock samples subject to normal and shear stress loads in absence of fluid transport and migration phenomena. Our results suggest the possibility of a minor role played by phenomena related to fluid migration for the Amatrice seismic event with respect to other recent Apennine earthquakes.
The Italian Seismic Bulletin: strategies, revised pickings and locations of the central Italy seismic sequence
Authors: Alessandro Marchetti  , Maria Grazia Ciaccio  , Anna Nardi  , Andrea Bono  , Francesco Mariano Mele  , Lucia Margheriti  , Antonio Rossi  , Patrizia Battelli  , Cinzia Melorio  , Barbara Castello  , Valentino Lauciani  , Michele Berardi  , Corrado Castellano  , Luca Arcoraci  , Giulio Lozzi  , Alexia Battelli  , Corrado Thermes  , Nicola Pagliuca  , Giorgio Modica  , Arianna Lisi  , Luca Pizzino  , Paola Baccheschi  , Stefano Pintore  , Matteo Quintiliani  , Alfonso Mandiello  , Carlo Marcocci  , Massimo Fares  , Daniele Cheloni  , Alberto Frepoli  , Diana Latorre  , Anna Maria Lombardi  , Milena Moretti  , Marina Pastori  , Massimiliano Vallocchia  , Aladino Govoni  , Laura Scognamiglio  , Alberto Basili  , Alberto Michelini  , Salvatore Mazza
Published: June 2021

The central Italy seismic sequence, started with the Mw = 6.0 Amatrice earthquake on August 24th 2016, is the first significant one after the Italian Seismic Bulletin (BSI) changed its analysis strategies in 2015. These new strategies consist on the release of the BSI every four months, the review of the events with ML ≥ 1.5 and the priority on the review of events with ML ≥ 3.5. Furthermore, in the last year we improved the bulletin tools and made possible the analysis of all the stations whose data are stored in the European Integrated Data Archive (EIDA). The new procedures and software utilities allowed, during the first month of 2016 emergency, to integrate, in the Bulletin, the temporary stations installed by the emergency group SISMIKO, both in real–time transmission and in stand-alone recording. In the early days of the sequence many of the BSI analysts were engaged in the monitoring room shifts, nevertheless at the end of August all events occurred in those days with ML ≥ 4 were analyzed; the largest event recovered and localized is a ML = 4.5 event immediately following the main shock. In September 2016, 83 events with ML ≥ 3.5 were analyzed and re-checked, the number of pickings greatly improved. The focal mechanism of the main shock was evaluated using first motion polarities, and compared with the available Time Domain Moment Tensors and Regional Centroid Moment Tensor. The first eight hours of the day on August 24th, the most critical for the INGV surveillance room, were carefully analyzed: the number of located events increased from 133 to 408. The magnitude of completeness, after the analysis of the BSI, has dropped significantly from about 3.5 to 2.7. The mainshock focal mechanism and the relative locations of the first 8 hours’ aftershocks give clues on the initial fault activation. The seismic sequence in November 2016 is still ongoing; it included a mainshock of Mw = 6.5 on October 30th and 3 events of magnitude greater than 5.0 one on August 24th and two on October 26th.
Preliminary engineering analysis of the August 24th 2016, ML 6.0 central Italy earthquake records
Authors: Iunio Iervolino  , Georgios Baltzopoulos  , Eugenio Chioccarelli
Published: June 2021

An earthquake of estimated local magnitude (ML) 6.0 struck central Italy on the 24th of August (01:36:32 UTC) in the vicinity of Accumoli (close to Rieti, central Italy) initiating a long-lasting seismic sequence that also featured events of larger magnitude within a few months. The earthquake caused widespread building damage and around three-hundred fatalities. Ground motion was recorded by hundreds of seis-mic stations. This work uses accelerometric records for a preliminary discussion, from the earthquake en-gineering perspective, of strong motion caused by the earthquake. Peak and integral ground motion inten-sity measures, are presented. The response spectra at some select stations are analysed with respect to the code-mandated design actions for various return periods at the recording sites. Hazard disaggregation for different return periods is discussed referring to the site of the epicentre of the earthquake. Finally, some preliminary considerations are made concerning the impact of rupture propagation on near-source ground motion; i.e., the records are scanned for traces of pulse-like forward-directivity effects.
Surface faulting during the August 24, 2016, Central Italy earthquake (Mw 6.0): preliminary results
Authors: Franz A. Livio  , A. M. Michetti  , E. Vittori  , L. Gregory  , L. Wedmore  , L. Piccardi  , E. Tondi  , G. Roberts  , CENTRAL ITALY EARTHQUAKE W.G.  , A. M. Blumetti  , L. Bonadeo  , F. Brunamonte  , V. Comerci  , P. Dimanna  , M. F. Ferrario  , J. Faure Walker  , C. Frigerio  , F. Fumanti  , L. Guerrieri  , F. Iezzi  , G. Leoni  , K. McCaffrey  , Z. Mildon  , R. Phillips  , E. Rhodes  , R. J. Walters  , M. Wilkinson
Published: June 2021

We present some preliminary results on the mapping of coseismically-induced ground ruptures following the Aug. 24, 2016, Central Italy earthquake (Mw 6.0). The seismogenic source, as highlighted by InSAR and seismological data, ruptured across two adjacent structures: the Vettore and Laga faults. We collected field data on ground breaks along the whole deformed area and two different scenarios of on-fault coseismic displacement arise from these observations. To the north, along the Vettore fault, surface faulting can be mapped quite continuously along a well-defined fault strand while such features are almost absent to the south, along the Laga fault, where flysch-like marly units are present. A major lithological control, affects the surface expression of faulting, resulting in a complex deformation pattern.
INGV data lifecycle management system performances during Mw 6.0 2016 Amatrice earthquake sequence
Authors: Stefano Pintore  , Fabrizio Bernardi  , Andrea Bono  , Peter Danecek  , Licia Faenza  , Massimo Fares  , Valentino Lauciani  , Francesco Pio Lucente  , Carlo Marcocci  , Donatella Pietrangeli  , Matteo Quintiliani  , Salvatore Mazza  , Alberto Michelini
Published: June 2021

At 01:36:32 UTC on August 24, 2016 an earthquake of magnitude 6.0 occurred in Central Italy, affecting many small towns and municipalities in the Lazio, Umbria, Marche and Abruzzo regions. The event caused severe damages, many victims and 299 fatalities. Only 21 seconds after the beginning of the earthquake, the first automatic location of this earthquake was available and stored in our earthquakes database. The first magnitude estimate followed 68 seconds after the origin time. Few seconds later the INGV seismologists on duty in accordance to the agreed protocols provided the first alert to the Italian Civil Protection Department (Dipartimento di Protezione Civile, DPC) and thereby triggered the seismic emergency protocol. Subsequently, they elaborated the data in order to produce the first manually reviewed hypocenter, which was published on the Institute’s website at 01:53:18 UTC. The sequence following this mainshock generated thousands of earthquakes in the epicentral area, which the INGV automated localization system processed and detected along with the usual seismic activity in the rest of the Italian territory. In this paper we analyze the behavior of the automated system and of the data lifecycle management procedures in such extraordinary conditions. In particular we want to measure the capability of the system to manage the huge data flow, in terms of frequency and size of seismic events and its ability to remain fairly responsive and accurate in accomplishing its duty in the expected time. This will help us to identify potential problems and to suggest necessary improvements to better serve the INGV mission for Civil Protection.
Spatial variation of the b-value observed for the periods preceding and following the 24 August 2016, Amatrice earthquake (ML 6.0) (Central Italy)
Authors: Caterina Montuori  , Maura Murru  , Giuseppe Falcone
Published: June 2021

This paper deals with a preliminary spatial and temporal analysis of the b-value variability, observed in the ar-ea where the August 2016 Amatrice earthquake (M_L 6.0) occurred. With comparison of the pre-and post-periods of the mainshock, an investigation of anomalous zone of b-values was performed aiming to find possi-ble links with barriers and/or asperities in the crustal volume where seismic sequence was developed. Prelimi-nary results show an area with high b-value (b=1.6) where the mainshock originated. Conversely, two low b-value (b=0.8) volumes are located at the border of the seismogenic structure. The location of these two areas is consistent with a preliminary fault slip inversion, suggesting the presence of two highly stressed patches of co-seismic deformation located NW and SE of the mainshock, with a high potentiality to rupture causing a possible moderate or larger event: the first one in the North (Norcia), the second one in South, next to the area of Amatrice and Campotosto.
The MCS intensity distribution of the devastating 24 August 2016 earthquake in central Italy (MW 6.2)
Authors: P. Galli  , E. Peronace  , F. Bramerini  , S. Castenetto  , G. Naso  , F. Cassone  , F. Pallone
Published: June 2021

Here we describe the macroseismic survey of the 24 August 2016 earthquake in central Italy (M_W 6.2). By applying a revised version of the Mercalli-Cancani-Sieberg scale, we estimated the site intensity in more than 300 localities of Lazio, Abruzzi, Umbria and Marche regions, providing the Civil Protection with a quick and robust snapshot of the earthquake. The most severe effects are focused south of the instrumental epicenter, in the Amatrice intermountain basin, where intensity reached 10-11 MCS. Highest damage (area inside 9 MCS isoseismal) is focused in a NNW-SSE belt of the hangingwall of the causative faults, i.e. the southern segment of the Mount Vettore fault system and the northern segment of the Laga Mounts fault system, with northward damage propagation in the far-field. The intensity dataset allows to evaluate a M_W 6.16±0.5, which is very close to the instrumental magnitude, with a seismogenic box striking N161°, mimicking the geological active faults. Epicentral intensity is I_0 10 MCS, I_MAX 10-11. The elevated level of destruction is mainly due to the high vulnerability of buildings, mostly made by cobblestone masonry. Integrating the macroseismic information with the geological, geodetical and geophysical data it is possible to hypothesize a bidirectional rupture propagation (toward NNW and SSE) along the two different faults. It is also possible to attribute the 1639, M_W 6.0 earthquake to the same source of the southern 2016 rupture (northernmost Laga Mounts faults).
Preliminary remarks on the earthquake focal mechanism forecasts applied in the Amatrice sequence (central Italy)
Authors: Pamela Roselli  , Maria Teresa Mariucci
Published: June 2021

We place the Amatrice (central Italy) seismic sequence and the related epicentral area in a contest of Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA). We apply a procedure to compute the probability to observe in the future a normal, reverse or strike-slip event and the average distribution of the P, T and N axes. This is a fundamental step to reduce the uncertainty connected to the Ground Motion Prediction Equation models, part of PSHA. For this purpose we use a significant focal mechanism catalogue and the latest present-day stress field data release for Italy to produce forecasted information that we compare with the equivalent data observed during the sequence.
PREFACE
Authors: Carlo Doglioni  , Marco Anzidei  , Silvia Pondrelli  , Fabio Florindo
Published: June 2021

The M=6.0 earthquake that struck central Italy at 01:36 UTC (Universal Time Coordinated) on August 24, 2016, marked the beginning of a long, still-ongoing seismic sequence, which culminated in the Mw 6.5 event at 06:40 UTC on October 30, 2016, while this volume was already in preparation, and reactivated again when this preface was almost complete. This dramatic seismic sequence, which on January 18, 2017, released four additional events of M between 5.0 and 5.5 in a few hours, caused 298 casualties, hundreds of injuries, and the practically total destruction of several villages across a wide area of the central Apennines, covering the Italian Regions of Lazio, Umbria, Marche and Abruzzo. In particular, the historical village of Amatrice was completely destroyed. [...]
Covid-19 and the entrenchment of a virtual Elite private school: Rethinking education policies in Zimbabwe
Authors: Baldwin Hove , Bekithemba Dube
Published: June 2021

By using a critical emancipatory research framework, this theoretical paper discusses the COVID-19-induced commercialisation of the education system in Zimbabwe. It argues that COVID-19 exposed and widened the digital gap between privileged and underprivileged learners, regardless of the learners’ geographical location. The digitalisation of the education space –in adherence to World Health Organization’s COVID-19 guidelines – has resulted in the creation of virtual elite schools. Learners from privileged families found sanctuary in digital learning, whilst underprivileged learners continue to be exposed to the reality of commercialised education. This trend has revealed educational inequalities between privileged and underprivileged learners. The paper answers two major questions: 1. What are the inequalities that were reintroduced by the COVID-19 pandemic in the Zimbabwean education system? and 2. How effective is stakeholders’ response to COVID-19-induced inequalities? The paper argues that COVID-19 has dashed the hopes of free education for all, by creating a digital gap that perpetuates and entrenches inequalities in relation to learners. In light of these findings, the study suggests that education stakeholders invest in digital infrastructure, with special attention being paid to learners’ economic status, as opposed to their geographical location.
Hubungan Pengetahuan dengan Perilaku Sedentari yang Berisiko Obesitas pada Remaja di Kota Medan
Authors: Asyera br Sinulingga Pika , Sri Andayani Lita , Lubis Zulhaida
Published: June 2021

Perilaku sedentari disebut aktivitas fisik yang kurang bergerak atau ketidakaktifan fisik. Pada saat ini remaja banyak mengadopsi perilaku sedentari, terlebih lagi pada saat ini sedang terjadi pandemi COVID-19 sehingga membatasi aktivitas dan kegiatan remaja. Perilaku sedentari dapat menyebebakan risiko obesitas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan pengetahuan remaja terhadap perilaku sedentari. Jenis penelitian merupakan penelitian kuantitatif menggunakan desain cross sectional. Jumlah responden penelitian ini terdiri dari 267 orang. Data diperoleh melalui hasil lembar kuisioner yang dilakukan secara online menggunakan google form. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa remaja memiliki pengetahuan yang baik berjumlah 192 orang (71,9%), memiliki pengetahuan yang cukup berjumlah 73 orang (27,3%), dan memiliki pengetahuan yang kurang baik berjumlah 2 orang (0,7%), dan tidak terdapat hubungan pengetahuan dan sikap terhadap perilaku sedentari pada remaja. Untuk melihat hubungan pengetahuan terhadap perilaku sedentari dilakukan uji statistik menggunakan chi square, dan diperoleh nilai p = 0,113 (> α = 0,05). Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan pengetahuan dengan perilaku sedentari yang berisiko obesitas pada remaja di kota Medan.
Hubungan Perilaku dan Faktor Penyebab Penggunaan Antibiotik Tanpa Resep di Kalangan Mahasiswa Universitas Tadulako
Authors: Randy Saputra Tri , Rumi Amelia , Hardani Ririen
Published: June 2021

Perilaku dan faktor penyebab berpengaruh terhadap tingkat penggunaan antibiotik tanpa resep karena upaya mengobati diri sendiri membutuhkan sejauh mana pemahaman mahasiswa tentang penggunaan antibiotik yang baik dan juga benar. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui perilaku penggunaan antibiotik tanpa resep di kalangan mahasiswa Universitas Tadulako, untuk mengetahui faktor penyebab penggunaan antibiotik tanpa resep di kalangan mahasiswa Universitas Tadulako, untuk mengetahui hubungan perilaku dan faktor penyebab penggunaan antibiotik tanpa resep di kalangan mahasiswa Universitas Tadulako dan untuk mengetahui antibiotik apa yang paling banyak dikonsumsi tanpa resep di kalangan mahasiswa Universitas tadulako. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan cross sectional dengan jumlah responden 396 orang. Adapun teknik pengambilan sampel dalam penelitian ini, yaitu memakai purposive sampling pengambilan datanya menggunakan kuesioner di Google Form. Hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa antibiotik paling banyak digunakan yakni amoxicillin. Variabel perilaku yaitu tergolong dalam kategori cukup yakni sebesar (63%). Variabel faktor penyebab tergolong dalam kategori cukup yakni sebesar (66%). Tingkat variabel faktor penyebab yang termasuk dalam kategori penilaian baik yakni sub variabel kemudahan mendapatkan antibiotik. Jika dilihat berdasarkan usia, jenis kelamin dan angkatan memiliki pengetahuan cukup. Kesimpulannya itu hasil uji chi square, didapatkan nilai 0.000 < 0.05 yang berarti terdapat hubungan signifikasi antara perilaku dan faktor penyebab penggunaan antibiotik tanpa resep di kalangan mahasiswa Universitas Tadulako.
Dentists’ Behavior of Preventive Measures toward COVID-19 transmission at Dental Clinics in Pekanbaru City
Authors: Dewi Oktavia , Nurlisis Nurlisis , Reyhan M
Published: June 2021

ackground Dentist professions are the greatest risk of being infected with Covid-19 virus. Dentists are very often exposed to bioaerosol, which is produced during dental work. There were 202 dentists in Indonesia who died due to exposure to the covid-19 virus. Dentists' behavior and attitude in dealing with the Covid-19 virus outbreak is very important in preventing transmission of the virus their practice room. This study aims to analyze the behavior of dentists to prevent covid transmission during dental treatment in the practice room. This research was a qualitative research with an exploratory approach. The research subjects were several dentists practicing independently in Pekanbaru City who were selected by purposive sampling. The data were collected by conducting in-depth interviews and incidental observations when the dentist performed treatment in the practice room. Data analysis was performed using the theme design and data validity test using source triangulation and data triangulation. All dentists have good knowledge and attitudes in preventing the transmission of covid-19, however, not all dentists have taken infection prevention measures because they have not used personal protective equipment (PPE) according to the standards recommended by the Indonesian Association of Dentists (PDGI) and Indonesian Doctor Association (IDI). This is due to inconvenience at work and limited costs. The behavior of preventing the transmission of covid-19 carried out by dentists in an independent practice room is not optimal. It is expected that dentists wear level 3 personal protective equipment and the government facilitates periodic swab checks and provides vaccinations.
Implementation of Covid-19 on Character Education
Authors: Suwarno Suwarno , Durhan Durhan , Muhaimin Muhaimin
Published: June 2021

Corona Virus Disease 2019 or known as COVID-19 outbreak was first discovered in Wuhan, China in December 2019 and then designated as a pandemic by WHO on March 11, 2020. This study uses the method of literature research or literature studies. To implement character education during the covid-19 pandemic, good cooperation between parents, educators (teachers), communities and governments (educational units) is needed to achieve success in character building.
Hong Kong Public Social Communication Strategies in a Demonstration Against the Proposed Extradition Law
Authors: Rico Rico , Fatimah Siti , Akbar Hayat Muzahid
Published: June 2021

Hong Kong, one of the global financial centers, was plunged into chaos for almost two months straight from June to July 2019. For eight weeks, demonstrations by the Hong Kong people have been going on and on until they become violent. The demonstration was intended to deny the proposed extradition law, which would allow Hong Kong prisoners, including foreigners, to be extradited to China. The extradition bill is also called to threaten the freedom of local people, to threaten democracy and law in the Hong Kong region. The different political systems between China and Hong Kong make the relationship both vulnerable. As a special region in China, Hong Kong needs to get the attention of the Chinese government by conceding its rights and upholding its systems so that demonstrations need not be too worried. Hong Kong people are making a variety of attempts at demonstration and even some social communication strategies are used to reject the traditional bill. The method used in this study is qualitative deskriftive with case studies of direct observation of sites and several demonstration articles in Hong Kong. As a result of this study, several unique strategies of Hong Kong's demonstrations have been carried out to maintain a message being delivered by another group that the Hong Kong government has even brought attention to the world.
One Busy Day! A Critical Analysis of New Faculty Orientation Programs
Authors: Miller Michael T.
Published: June 2021

New faculty orientation programs can serve as an important introduction to an academic community. They can create expectations, provide exposure to technical assistance, and welcome faculty members to new communities. The current study explored new faculty orientation programs, cataloging their activities to identify the most common practices in research-centered universities. Findings revealed a strong reliance on one-day programs that often host a variety of speakers from different offices, yet they rarely were found to have any sort of outcomes based approach to their design. To be effective, these programs should possibly incorporate longer activities that might last an entire semester or academic year. Further, these programs might include virtual as well as in-person opportunities to learn about the institution, the students they serve, and the offices and other tools that the institution provides to help faculty be successful. Further study on the effectiveness of different models is also recommended.
Non-Muslim Pakistanis’ Loyalties and their Services for Interfaith Harmony in Pakistan
Authors: Farooq Muhammad , Ahmad Imtiaz , Qazi Hafiz Mohsin Zia , Hamid Abdul
Published: June 2021

Loyalty and reliability have always been the aim of high ranked societies, striving for better living. Loyalty and reliability are like a flower that blooms out of pleasant and friendly atmosphere, found online people with similar mind-sets, wanting to achieve prosperous goals. Envy, hatred and jealousy don’t give loyalty a chance to flourish instead, they remove it immediately. This passion only grows and propagates in the atmosphere of love, kindness and great heartedness, while it withers away and ends slowly in the hostile environment. Every citizen in Pakistan is a servant and well-wisher of Pakistan. The loyalty of Muslim community is appreciable at its place, but non-Muslim citizens are also heading forward in serving Pakistan. It is only through this unity that the conditions of stress and misconceptions can be eliminated among one another. In this article, in the historical context of Pakistan, it is sought to clarify that non-Muslims of Pakistan, like the Muslim citizens of Pakistan, are loyal and faithful to Pakistan and love the soil of their homeland, so that their haters get involved in the color of love, and the fortunes of mutual misunderstandings can be eliminated and the honorable citizens of Pakistan can promote peace and prosperity for Pakistan.
LGBTQ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer) and the Question of Holistic Human Life Development: Issues and Perspectives
Authors:   Holy Family Fathers and Brothers of the Youth Novitiate Okija, Anambra State, Nigeria, Anaelom Hilary Elochukwu
Published: June 2021

Sexuality is a fundamental component of human personal existence. Human sexuality as an aspect of human existence in the world involves a variety of dimensions, in dealing with these dimensions of human sexuality, this paper adopts a favored option regarding the multi-disciplinary procedural framework. In the context of the multidisciplinary procedural framework this paper pays attention to the question of terminology and theories in relation to the origins of homosexuality, health and disease categories, together with the holistic Development of human life viz-a-viz issues and perspectives. In the polarized arena of public and social discourse, with a cacophony of voices calling for or against the legal institutionalization of “gay marriage,” it is also important to call attention to the imperative of responsibility as an overarching ethical imperative. However, this papers overall goals are to stimulate thought by disrupting the present paradigm of counseling psychology as a primarily ameliorative endeavor, and to replace professional rhetoric regarding prevention and advocacy with concrete recommendations informed by pastoral doctrinal theory and research.
The Expansion of Protestantism and Culture Change among Gedeo
Authors:   Assistant Professor, Department of History and Heritage Management, Wolaita Sodo University, P.O. Box: 138, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia, Retta Eshettu Tesfaye
Published: June 2021

This paper was primarly concerned with the expansion of Protestantism and culture change among the Gedeo people. It attempted to document the coming of branches of Christianity and their methods of expansion and the conversion of the people. Special emphasis is given to examine the impacts of expansion of Protestantism on the Gedeo traditional culture. The researcher employed qualitative paradigm; primary data were collected by formal and informal interview, document analysis, the use of oral tradition and secondary sources such as reports, journals and electronics media. Finally, the collected sources will be cross-checked and analyzed by using content narrating and descriptive method. Based on the study findings and analysis, it is deduced that, in the study area, before the introduction of Christianity, most of the people practiced indigenous belief known as Maganno, literally meant the “Sky God”. Mainly, the research reveals that Christianity arrived among the Gedeo before a century ago, following the conquest of the area by Emperor Menilek’s force. Protestantism expanded in the area by convincing method of donations and often by pulling factors that attract the people from traditional religion to Protestantism. The then general contextual background: political oppression, low economic status, lack of infrastructures, the event of epidemic and other world historical incidents have contributed to the peoples’ active conversion to Protestantism. The mass conversion of the people resulted in creating new spiritual orientations, which brought hollistic change, including the missing of indigenous cultural practices. Accordingly, the Gedeo indigenous culture was changed in many aspects: social customs, material cultures, oral literature and verbal arts or oral performance.
Learning to Work While Homebound – The Effects of Remote Work on Job Performance during the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors:   Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Pudahuel, Valle Generoso 577, Rebolledo Oscar Aliaga
Published: June 2021

The lockdown measures and population movement restrictions as a consequence of the Covid-19 pandemic as well forced the companies to implement the “Working from Home (WFH)” modality, this situation created an involuntary expansion that has incorporated different functions that cannot be correctly performed in a remote way. WFH characteristic have changed as a consequence of movement restrictions, the incorporation of administrative functions and the work schedule inflexibility, creating this way the rising job category “Working Homebound with Reduced Flexibility” (THC, from its name in Spanish). This is the main reason why we have questioned its effect over the labor productivity and performance. The realized inquiries point out a learning process that has been stablished and does not decline the labor performance. Nevertheless, the TCH side effects on leadership, communication and organizational culture show ambiguous results, depending on the organization base conditions and the place where TCH is done. We are looking forward to creating a discussion over TCH, pointing out the motivation and commitment risks due to the impossibility to decide where, how and when to work, adding the management focus based on duties that decrease the motivation, creativity, and performance in long terms.
Giloy (Tinospora Cordifolia): In Vitro Evaluation of Antibacterial Properties
Authors:   PhD Scholar, Sri Venkateshwara University, Devi Tulsa
Published: June 2021

Antibiotic resistance has become a global concern and hence, the search for other source of antimicrobials initiated to find a way to control infections in future. The main objective of this paper is to screen Giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) for its antibacterial activity. The stem of Tinospora cordifolia is used to prepare extract for determining it’s in vitro antibacterial activity as per the agar well diffusion method. In the agar well diffusion method 100μl of 24 hr broth culture of bacteria was aseptically and evenly swabbed on Mueller Hinton agar plates. Wells of about 8 mm diameter were aseptically cut using sterile cork-borer. 100 μl of plant extracts of different concentrations were then placed into the separate wells. The plates were incubated at 37 oC for 24hr. Antimicrobial activity of the giloy was determined by measuring the diameter of zone of inhibition. The methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia showed 13, 11, 9 and 5 mm zone of inhibition in S. aureus cultures by using 100, 75, 50 and 25 mg/ml concentration, respectively while hot water extract of Tinospora cordifolia showed 14, 12, 10 and 8 mm zone of inhibition for S. aureus by using 100, 75, 50 and 25 mg/ml concentration, respectively and the cold extract of Tinospora cordifolia showed 10, 8, 5 and 0 mm zone of inhibition for S. aureus by using 100, 75, 50 and 25mg/ml concentration, respectively. The methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia indicated 12, 10, 6 and 4 mm zone of inhibition in cultures of E.coli by using 100, 75, 50 and 25 mg/ml concentration, respectively and the hot water extract of Tinospora cordifolia showed 16, 14, 12 and 10 mm zone of inhibition in cultures of E.coli by using 100, 75, 50 and 25mg/ml concentration, respectively. The cold water extract of Tinospora cordifolia showed 13, 10, 8, and 5 mm zone of inhibition in cultures of E.coli by using 100, 75, 50 and 25 mg/ml concentration, respectively. It has been observed that Tinospora cordifolia showed very promising results as indicated by the zone of inhibition of bacterial culture through agar well diffusion method that varies from few mm to few cm. This study indicates the in-vitro antibacterial effect of Giloy which needs further validation through in-vivo studies.
DEVELOPMENT OF LOW PROTEIN POTATO PRODUCTS FOR NUTRITION OF PEOPLE WITH PHENYLALANINE METABOLISM
Authors: Lovkis Z. V. , Belyakova N. I. , Shylau V. V. , Sadovskaya A. V. , Usenya Yu. S. , Artyukh Yu. A. , Shemsheleva H. M.
Published: June 2021

The article presents the data of research work on the development of technology for the production of low-protein potato products (mashed potatoes, dumplings) for the nutrition of people with impaired phenylalanine metabolism, the results of evaluating the developed products in terms of organoleptic, structuralmechanical, rheological properties. The values of the nutritional value of the prototypes of concentrates of low-protein potato products made according to the developed technology were: protein — from 2.5 to 4 g, phenylalanine — from 120 to 245 mg per 100 g of product, in a portion of the prepared product (100 g) the protein content is 0.5–1 g, phenylalanine 30–48 mg. The article also presents the results of a study of changes in postprandial blood glucose levels when eating low-protein potato products (dumplings and mashed potatoes).