bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Vitamin C coadministration augments bisphenol A, nonylphenol, and octylphenol induced oxidative damage on kidney of rats
Authors: Korkmaz Aslı , Aydoğan Müfide , Kolankaya Dürdane , Barlas Nurhayat
Published: December 2009

The aim of this study was to investigate whether bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP), and octylphenol (OP) induce oxidative stress on the kidney tissue of male rats and whether coadministration of vitamin C, an antioxidant, can prevent any possible oxidative stress. The Wistar male rats were divided into seven groups, including control, BPA, NP, OP, BPA+C, NP + C, OP +C. BPA, NP, and OP (25 mg/kg/day) was administered alone; vitamin C (60 mg/kg/day) was administered along with BPA, OP, and NP to the rats for 50 days. There was a decrease in serum concentration of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in NP and OP groups compared with control group. Vitamin C coadministration with BPA, NP, and OP did not produce significant increase in BUN concentration in BPA +C, NP+ C, and OP + C group as compared with BPA, NP, and OP groups, respectively. The lowest serum creatinine activity and the highest lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was present in kidney of BPA+C, NP+C and OP+C groups compared with BPA, NP, and OP groups. The malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were significantly higher while glutathione (GSH) levels were lower in treatment groups than controls. Furthermore, an increase was observed in MDA levels whereas a decrease was observed in GSH levels in BPA+ C, NP + C, and OP+ C groups compared with BPA, NP, and OP groups, respectively. These finding are in accordance with immunohistochemical staining of MDA and GSH. Histopathological examination of the kidneys of rats in BPA, OP, NP, BPA+ C, NP + C, and OP+ C groups revealed necrotic lesions, congestion, and mononuclear cell infiltration. In conclusion BPA, NP, and OP might induce oxidative damage in kidney of rats. In addition, coadministration of vitamin C with BPA, NP, and OP to male rats augments this damage in the kidney of male rats. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2011.
Retronasal triangle: a sonographic landmark for the screening of cleft palate in the first trimester
Authors: Sepulveda W. , Wong A. E. , Martinez‐Ten P. , Perez‐Pedregosa J.
Published: December 2009

Objectives

To describe a new first‐trimester sonographic landmark, the retronasal triangle, which may be useful in the early screening for cleft palate.

Methods

The retronasal triangle, i.e. the three echogenic lines formed by the two frontal processes of the maxilla and the palate visualized in the coronal view of the fetal face posterior to the nose, was evaluated prospectively in 100 consecutive normal fetuses at the time of routine first‐trimester sonographic screening at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation. In a separate study of five fetuses confirmed postnatally as having a cleft palate, ultrasound images, including multiplanar three‐dimensional views, were analyzed retrospectively to review the retronasal triangle.

Results

None of the fetuses evaluated prospectively was affected by cleft lip and palate. During their first‐trimester scan, the retronasal triangle could not be identified in only two fetuses. Reasons for suboptimal visualization of this area included early gestational age at scanning (11 weeks) and persistent posterior position of the fetal face. Of the five cases with postnatal diagnosis of cleft palate, an abnormal configuration of the retronasal triangle was documented in all cases on analysis of digitally stored three‐dimensional volumes.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the feasibility of incorporating evaluation of the retronasal triangle into the routine evaluation of the fetal anatomy at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation. Because fetuses with cleft palate have an abnormal configuration of the retronasal triangle, focused examination of the midface, looking for this area at the time of the nuchal translucency scan, may facilitate the early detection of cleft palate in the first trimester. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating offspring production using capture‐mark‐recapture and genetic methods in red squirrels
Authors: Di Pierro Erica , Bertolino Sandro , Martinoli Adriano , Preatoni Damiano , Tosi Guido , Wauters Lucas A.
Published: December 2009

Reproductive rate is a key demographic parameter of life history and population ecology. In traditional population‐ecology studies of small mammals, this and other vital rates are inferred from capture‐mark‐recapture (CMR) data. However, CMR assumes that immigrants at first capture can be distinguished from unmarked locally born offspring, an assumption not always met. We verified CMR estimates of locally born red squirrel (Sciurus vulgaris) offspring as a measure of reproductive rate, with candidate offspring (CO)–candidate parent (mothers, CPs) assignment by CERVUS, using ten DNA microsatellite loci. Seventy‐two of 122 candidate offspring (59%) were assigned to 52 of 125 CPs in six populations. Estimates of mean litter size were 1.5 young (range 1–3). The 50 CO (41%) not assigned to a reproducing female in the study site were considered immigrants. Parentage assignment also provided evidence of dispersal between two of our sites. Overall, CMR and CERVUS agreed in 77% of cases. Considering only the 55 juveniles determined as locally born by CMR, 50 (91%) were also assigned as local offspring with CERVUS. The main discrepancy between the two methods was that 22 subadult squirrels classified immigrants by CMR, were assigned by CERVUS to females which had reproduced in our sites. It is concluded that although in our study system agreement between CMR and CERVUS in determining local offspring was high, using genetic parentage assignment helped to correctly classify some subadults, considered immigrants by CMR, as locally born. Hence, in large‐scale demographic studies, combining CMR with parentage assignment will allow more precise estimates of reproduction and dispersal.
The effect of patch reef size on fish species richness in a shallow coral reef shore zone where territorial herbivores are abundant
Authors: Hattori Akihisa , Shibuno Takuro
Published: December 2009

Small patch reefs can harbor many reef fishes because most fishes have a drifting larval phase to randomly disperse over patchy habitats. We examined the species–area relationship (SAR) of damselfish (Pomacentridae) assemblages over 84 small patch reefs (0.05–45.4 m2) using an enlarged section of a high‐resolution color aerial photograph as a field map (1/2500) in a shallow coral reef shore zone (<2 m deep, 3.6 ha, Shiraho Reef, Ishigaki Island, Japan). This study confirmed that the logarithmic function is better than other functions (including the power function) to explain the SAR in this scale. Actual species richness (24) over the entire study site was much higher than the species richness (15.4) extrapolated from the regression line in semi‐log space. Better estimates were obtained using random placement models and computer simulations. These results suggest that several small patch reefs are likely to have higher species richness than a single large reef of equivalent area at the study site. The total number of individuals of the four most abundant territorial herbivores increased almost linearly with patch reef area, but that of other species roughly increased with the square root of the area. While no territorial species were found in the smallest reefs, the large territorial herbivore, Hemiglyphidodon plagiometopon, was abundant and had negative effects on species richness in large reefs. Although the well‐known single‐large‐or‐several‐small (SLOSS) debate has largely been settled, this dichotomy can be important in places where territorial herbivores do not occupy the smallest reefs.
Metabolite fingerprinting of urine suggests breed-specific dietary metabolism differences in domestic dogs
Authors: Beckmann Manfred , Enot David P. , Overy David P. , Scott Ian M. , Jones Paul G. , Allaway David , Draper John
Published: December 2009

Selective breeding of dogs has culminated in a large number of modern breeds distinctive in terms of size, shape and behaviour. Inadvertently, a range of breed-specific genetic disorders have become fixed in some pure-bred populations. Several inherited conditions confer chronic metabolic defects that are influenced strongly by diet, but it is likely that many less obvious breed-specific differences in physiology exist. Using Labrador retrievers and miniature Schnauzers maintained in a simulated domestic setting on a controlled diet, an experimental design was validated in relation to husbandry, sampling and sample processing for metabolomics. Metabolite fingerprints were generated from ‘spot’ urine samples using flow injection electrospray MS (FIE-MS). With class based on breed, urine chemical fingerprints were modelled using Random Forest (a supervised data classification technique), and metabolite features (m/z) explanatory of breed-specific differences were putatively annotated using the ARMeC database (http://www.armec.org). GC-MS profiling to confirm FIE-MS predictions indicated major breed-specific differences centred on the metabolism of diet-related polyphenols. Metabolism of further diet components, including potentially prebiotic oligosaccharides, animal-derived fats and glycerol, appeared significantly different between the two breeds. Analysis of the urinary metabolome of young male dogs representative of a wider range of breeds from animals maintained under domestic conditions on unknown diets provided preliminary evidence that many breeds may indeed have distinctive metabolic differences, with significant differences particularly apparent in comparisons between large and smaller breeds.
Diet-induced acidosis: is it real and clinically relevant?
Authors: Pizzorno Joseph , Frassetto Lynda A. , Katzinger Joseph
Published: December 2009

The concept of diet-induced ‘acidosis’ as a cause of disease has been a subject of interest for more than a century. The present article reviews the history of our evolving understanding of physiological pH, the physiological support for the concept of ‘acidosis’, the causes of acidosis, how it is recognised, its short-term effects as well as the long-term clinical relevance of preventative measures, and the research support for normalisation of pH. Further, we suggest differentiation of the terms ‘acidosis’ and ‘acidaemia’ as a way to resolve the conflation of these topics which has led to confusion and controversy. The available research makes a compelling case that diet-induced acidosis, not diet-induced acidaemia, is a real phenomenon, and has a significant, clinical, long-term pathophysiological effect that should be recognised and potentially counterbalanced by dietary means.
‘Signs of churning’: Muslim Personal Law and public contestation in twenty-first century India
Authors: JONES JUSTIN
Published: December 2009

For many Muslims, the preservation of Muslim Personal Law has become the touchstone of their capacity to defend their religious identity in modern India. This paper examines public debate over Muslim Personal Law, not as a site of consensus within the community, but rather as an arena in which a varied array of Muslim individuals, schools and organisations have sought to assert their own distinctiveness. This is done by discussing the evolution of the All India Muslim Personal Law Board, the most influential organisation to speak on such matters since the 1970s, with particular focus on its recent disintegration at the hands of a number of alternative legal councils formed by feminist, clerical and other groups. These organisations have justified their existence through criticism of the organisation's alleged attempts to standardise Islamic law, and its perceived dominance by the Deobandi school of thought. In truth, however, this process of fragmentation results from a complex array of embryonic and interlinked personal, political and ideological competitions, indicative of the increasingly fraught process of consensus-building in contemporary Indian Muslim society.
Session 1: Allergic disease The challenges of managing food hypersensitivity
Authors: Venter Carina , Meyer Rosan
Published: December 2009

Food hypersensitivity (FHS) is the umbrella term used for food allergies that involve the immune system and food intolerances that do not involve the immune system. FHS has a huge impact on quality of life and any dietary advice given should aim to minimise this effect. Despite many advances made in diagnosing and managing patients with FHS, the cornerstone of management still remains avoidance of the relevant food. However, a commonly-presenting dilemma in clinical practice is deciding to what extent the food(s) should be avoided. The level of avoidance required is currently based on the type of FHS the patient has, characteristics of the particular food protein and the natural history of the particular FHS. In addition to management of other FHS, management of cow's milk allergy requires the healthcare professional to choose the appropriate formula. Information required by the patient also includes understanding food labels and issues surrounding cross-contamination. In order to ensure that the diet is nutritionally sound, advice should be given about suitable food choices and following a healthy balanced diet, whilst taking into account the dietary restrictions. Practical issues that need to be addressed include going on holiday, travelling and eating away from home. The dietitian plays a crucial role in this process. At present, there are no standardised documents or protocols for the management of FHS and practices differ within and between countries. If adrenaline auto-injectors are prescribed, correct administration should be demonstrated and reviewed on an ongoing basis.
Session 3 (Joint with the British Dietetic Association): Management of obesity Weight-loss interventions in the treatment of obesity
Authors: Hankey C. R.
Published: December 2009

Treatments to induce weight loss for the obese patient centre on the achievement of negative energy balance. This objective can theoretically be attained by interventions designed to achieve a reduction in energy intake and/or an increase in energy expenditure. Such ‘lifestyle interventions’ usually comprise one or more of the following strategies: dietary modification; behaviour change; increases in physical activity. These interventions are advocated as first treatment steps in algorithms recommended by current clinical obesity guidelines. Medication and surgical treatments are potentially available to those unable to implement ‘lifestyle interventions’ effectively by achieving losses of between 5 kg and 10 kg. It is accepted that the minimum of 5% weight loss is required to achieve clinically-meaningful benefits. Dietary treatments differ widely. Successful weight loss is most often associated with quantification of energy intake rather than macronutrient composition. Most dietary intervention studies secure a weight loss of between 5 kg and 10 kg after intervention for 6 months, with gradual weight regain at 1 year where weight changes are 3–4 kg below the starting weight. Some dietary interventions when evaluated at 2 and 4 years post intervention report the effects of weight maintenance rather than weight loss. Specific anti-obesity medications are effective adjuncts to weight loss, in most cases doubling the weight loss of those given dietary advice only. Greater physical activity alone increases energy expenditure by insufficient amounts to facilitate clinically-important weight losses, but is useful for weight maintenance. Weight losses of between half and three-quarters of excess body weight are seen at 10 years post intervention with bariatric surgery, making this arguably the most effective weight-loss treatment.
Session 4: CVD, diabetes and cancer Evidence for the use of the Mediterranean diet in patients with CHD
Authors: McKeown Pascal P. , Logan Karen , McKinley Michelle C. , Young Ian S. , Woodside Jayne V.
Published: December 2009

Diet is associated with the development of CHD. The incidence of CHD is lower in southern European countries than in northern European countries and it has been proposed that this difference may be a result of diet. The traditional Mediterranean diet emphasises a high intake of fruits, vegetables, bread, other forms of cereals, potatoes, beans, nuts and seeds. It includes olive oil as a major fat source and dairy products, fish and poultry are consumed in low to moderate amounts. Many observational studies have shown that the Mediterranean diet is associated with reduced risk of CHD, and this result has been confirmed by meta-analysis, while a single randomised controlled trial, the Lyon Diet Heart study, has shown a reduction in CHD risk in subjects following the Mediterranean diet in the secondary prevention setting. However, it is uncertain whether the benefits of the Mediterranean diet are transferable to other non-Mediterranean populations and whether the effects of the Mediterranean diet will still be feasible in light of the changes in pharmacological therapy seen in patients with CHD since the Lyon Diet Heart study was conducted. Further randomised controlled trials are required and if the risk-reducing effect is confirmed then the best methods to effectively deliver this public health message worldwide need to be considered.
Mathematical modelling of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): vaccination strategies and budget applications
Authors: ACEDO L. , DÍEZ-DOMINGO J. , MORAÑO J.-A. , VILLANUEVA R.-J.
Published: December 2009

We propose an age-structured mathematical model for respiratory syncytial virus in which children aged <1 year are especially considered. Real data on hospitalized children in the Spanish region of Valencia were used in order to determine some seasonal parameters of the model. Weekly predictions of the number of children aged <1 year that will be hospitalized in the following years in Valencia are presented using this model. Results are applied to estimate the regional cost of paediatric hospitalizations and to perform a cost-effectiveness analysis of possible vaccination strategies.
Identities and Inequalities for Tree Entropy
Authors: LYONS RUSSELL
Published: December 2009

The notion of tree entropy was introduced by the author as a normalized limit of the number of spanning trees in finite graphs, but is defined on random infinite rooted graphs. We give some new expressions for tree entropy; one uses Fuglede–Kadison determinants, while another uses effective resistance. We use the latter to prove that tree entropy respects stochastic domination. We also prove that tree entropy is non-negative in the unweighted case, a special case of which establishes Lück's Determinant Conjecture for Cayley-graph Laplacians. We use techniques from the theory of operators affiliated to von Neumann algebras.
Discourse planning for information composition and delivery: A reusable platform
Authors: PARIS CÉCILE , COLINEAU NATHALIE , LAMPERT ANDREW , VANDER LINDEN KEITH
Published: December 2009

To work effectively in information-rich environments, knowledge workers must be able to distil the most appropriate information from the deluge of information available to them. This is difficult to do manually. Natural language engineers can support these workers by developing information delivery tools, but because of the wide variety of contexts in which information is acquired and delivered, these tools have tended to be domain-specific, ad hoc solutions that are hard to generalise. This paper discusses Myriad, a platform that generalises the integration of sets of resources to a variety of information delivery contexts. Myriad provides resources from natural language generation for discourse planning as well as a service-based architecture for data access. The nature of Myriad's resources is driven by engineering concerns. It focuses on resources that reason about and generate from coarse-grained units of information, likely to be provided by existing information sources, and it supports the integration of pipe-lined planning and template mechanisms. The platform is illustrated in the context of three information delivery applications and is evaluated with respect to its utility.
SEARCH FRICTIONS ON PRODUCT AND LABOR MARKETS: MONEY IN THE MATCHING FUNCTION
Authors: Lehmann Etienne , Van Der Linden Bruno
Published: December 2009

This paper builds a macroeconomic model of equilibrium unemployment in which firms persistently face difficulties in selling their production, and this affects their decisions to create jobs. We show that the competitive search equilibrium is not efficient and that inflation is detrimental to unemployment.
WHY DO EMERGING STOCK MARKETS EXPERIENCE MORE PERSISTENT PRICE DEVIATIONS FROM A RANDOM WALK OVER TIME? A COUNTRY-LEVEL ANALYSIS
Authors: Lim Kian-Ping , Brooks Robert D.
Published: December 2009

This paper employs the rolling bicorrelation test to measure the degree of nonlinear departures from a random walk for aggregate stock price indices of fifty countries over the sample period 1995–2005. We find that stock markets in economies with low per capita GDP in general experience more frequent price deviations than those in the high-income group. This clustering effect is not due to market liquidity or other structural characteristics, but instead can be explained by cross-country variation in the degree of private property rights protection. Our conjecture is that weak protection deters the participation of informed arbitrageurs, leaving those markets dominated by sentiment-prone noise traders whose correlated trading causes stock prices in emerging markets to deviate from the random walk benchmarks for persistent periods of time.
MUTUALLY ORTHOGONAL FAMILIES OF LINEAR SUDOKU SOLUTIONS
Authors: LORCH JOHN
Published: December 2009

For a class of ‘linear’ sudoku solutions, we construct mutually orthogonal families of maximal size for all square orders, and we show that all such solutions must lie in the same orbit of a symmetry group preserving sudoku solutions.
ON VON NEUMANN–JORDAN CONSTANTS
Authors: HASHIMOTO KAZUO , NAKAMURA GEN
Published: December 2009

In this note, we provide an example of a Banach space X for which $\tilde {C}_{NJ}(X)=1$ that is not isomorphic to any Hilbert space, where $\tilde {C}_{NJ}(X)$ denotes the infimum of all von Neumann–Jordan constants for equivalent norms of X.
Challenges and opportunities for managing respiratory disease in dairy calves
Authors: Stanton Amy
Published: December 2009

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is important for the Ontario dairy industry due to the large economic and welfare costs of this disease. Practical science-based management techniques are needed to control and reduce the risk of this disease. Currently, the emphasis on BRD is focused on early detection of disease and prevention. These areas are important but it is not practical to assume this disease will be eliminated in the near future. It is necessary to determine the best practices for caring for sick animals, monitoring their recovery and making changes to their management to facilitate health and recovery. If management changes can be made for animals that are failing to thrive in a current situation, a more complete recovery may be possible and the welfare and economic costs of BRD may be minimized.
Veterinary ethics and production diseases
Authors: Rollin Bernard E.
Published: December 2009

An animal's welfare should be governed by five freedoms, namely, freedom from hunger and thirst, freedom from discomfort, freedom from pain, injury or disease, freedom to express normal behavior and freedom from fear and distress. If the essence of veterinary medicine is to act like a physician for animals then the profession must be vocal in opposition to production diseases, which can be prevented by changing the system of production.
Host response to bovine respiratory pathogens
Authors: Czuprynski Charles J.
Published: December 2009

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) involves complex interactions amongst viral and bacterial pathogens that can lead to intense pulmonary inflammation (fibrinous pleuropneumonia). Viral infection greatly increases the susceptibility of cattle to secondary infection of the lung with bacterial pathogens likeMannheimia haemolyticaandHistophilus somni. The underlying reason for this viral/bacterial synergism, and the manner in which cattle respond to the virulence strategies of the bacterial pathogens, is incompletely understood. Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV-1) infection of bronchial epithelial cellsin vitroenhances the binding ofM. haemolyticaand triggers release of inflammatory mediators that attract and enhance binding of neutrophils. An exotoxin (leukotoxin) released fromM. haemolyticafurther stimulates release of inflammatory mediators and causes leukocyte death. Cattle infected withH. somnifrequently display vasculitis. Exposure of bovine endothelial cells toH. somniior its lipooligosaccharide (LOS) increases endothelium permeability, and makes the surface of the endothelial cells pro-coagulant. These processes are amplified in the presence of platelets. The above findings demonstrate that bovine respiratory pathogens (BHV-1,M. haemolyticaandH. somni) interact with leukocytes and other cells (epithelial and endothelial cells) leading to the inflammation that characterizes BRD.
Update on viral pathogenesis in BRD
Authors: Ellis John A.
Published: December 2009

Many viruses, including bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), parainfluenzavirus-3 (PI3), bovine coronavirus, bovine viral diarrhea virus and bovine reovirus, have been etiologically associated with respiratory disease in cattle. This review focuses on the pathogenesis of BHV-1 and BRSV, two very different agents that primarily cause disease in the upper and lower respiratory tract, respectively.
Vaccination for respiratory immunity: latest developments
Authors: Harland Richard
Published: December 2009

Advances over the last 20 years in immunology and molecular biology have provided many new tools for identifying the important antigens and new ways to achieve the appropriate immune responses to these antigens. These provide many more options to achieve the best immune response from deletion mutations, subunit antigens, vectors or DNA immunization. These tools are being adopted to screen, discover and produce the appropriate antigens and to deliver them by the optimal method and with novel adjuvants to achieve the appropriate immune response. These developments will result in vaccines for respiratory disease that are safer and more efficacious, and provide greater flexibility for use and administration.
Cultivation and molecular monitoring of halophilic microorganisms inhabiting an extreme environment presented by a salt-attacked monument
Authors: Ettenauer Jörg , Sterflinger Katja , Piñar Guadalupe
Published: December 2009

In the last few years several investigations, based on culture-dependent and -independent techniques, have shown that salt-attacked stone surfaces present a habitat for extremely salt tolerant and moderate halophilic microorganisms. The inner walls of the Chapel of St. Virgil in Vienna (Austria) are an example of this phenomenon. Salt crusts cover most of the wall surfaces and salt crystallization in the porous space of the stone is causing decohesion of material and destruction of the original medieval paintings. The salt, together with the oligotrophic conditions, creates a very special and extreme habitat for halotolerant and halophilic microorganisms.

In this study we investigate and monitor the cultivable and non-cultivable members of the microbial community present on the stonework of the medieval Chapel of St. Virgil after several severe disturbances of the microbial environment caused by desalination and disinfection treatments. With this finality, a combination of culture-dependent and -independent techniques was selected. The genetic diversity of a total of 104 bacterial strains isolated from the stone samples was analysed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Strains were distributed over 29 groups on the basis of their RAPD patterns. Only 19 groups were differentiated by DGGE. Comparative sequence analyses showed that the isolated strains belong to related species of the generaHalobacillus(47.1%),Bacillus(35.6%),Acinetobacter(4.8%),Halomonas(3.9%),Nesterenkonia(2.9%),Paucisalibacillus(2.9%),Paenibacillus(1%),Staphylococcus(1%) andExiguobacterium(1%).

In addition, polymerase chain reaction DGGE fingerprints, in combination with the creation of clone libraries and sequencing analyses, were used to monitor and identifyArchaea, the non-cultivable fraction of the microbial community. The detected archaeal sequences were closely related to different uncultured archaeons as well as to the cultured generaHalococcusandHalalkalicoccusandHalobacterium.

Cultivation and molecular analyses revealed the presence of highly specialized microorganisms that were able to thrive and survive after several desalination and disinfection treatments in the extreme environment presented by the salt-attacked Chapel of St. Virgil.
Pore space percolation in sea ice single crystals
Authors: Pringle D. J. , Miner J. E. , Eicken H. , Golden K. M.
Published: December 2009

We have imaged sea ice single crystals with X‐ray computed tomography, and characterized the thermal evolution of the pore space with percolation theory. Between −18°C and −3°C the porosity ranged from 2 to 12% and we found arrays of near‐parallel intracrystalline brine layers whose connectivity and complex morphology varied with temperature. We have computed key porosity‐dependent functions of classical percolation theory directly from the thermally driven pore space evolution of an individual sample. This analysis is novel for a natural material and provides the first direct demonstration of a connectivity threshold in the brine microstructure of sea ice. In previous works this critical behavior has been inferred indirectly from bulk property measurements in polycrystalline samples. From a finite‐size scaling analysis we find a vertical critical porosity pc,v = 4.6 ± 0.7%. We find lateral anisotropy with pc,pll = 9 ± 2% parallel to the layers and pc,perp = 14 ± 4% perpendicular to them. Lateral connectivity is established at higher brine volumes by the formation of thin necks between the brine layers. We relate these results to measured anisotropy in the bulk dc conductivity and fluid permeability using a dual porosity conceptual model. Our results shed new light on the complex microstructure of sea ice, highlighting single crystal anisotropy and a step toward a realistic transport property model for sea ice based on percolation theory. We present full experimental details of our imaging and segmentation methodology based on a phase relation formulation more widely applicable to ice‐solute systems.
Changes in freshwater organic matter fluorescence intensity with freezing/thawing and dehydration/rehydration
Authors: Hudson N. , Baker A. , Reynolds D. M. , Carliell‐Marquet C. , Ward D.
Published: December 2009

The effects of photodegradation and biodegradation upon aquatic organic matter lability have been extensively researched in all aquatic systems because of the impact of these processes upon carbon cycling, with most studies undertaken on the dissolved organic fraction. Little research has been published into the effect of freezing/thawing and dehydration/rehydration although these are mechanisms which are often encountered in nature. In this work, 13 freshwaters from central England were analyzed for chemical water quality, total organic carbon, and organic matter fluorescence using excitation‐emission‐matrices (EEMs). Samples were stored unfiltered under dehydrated or frozen conditions, then rehydrated or thawed, and analyzed for fluorescence over five cycles. The effect of freezing/thawing and dehydration/rehydration upon total organic matter fluorescence was assessed through changes in fluorescence intensity of four common peaks measured on the EEM spectra. Sample spectra were found to respond in a sample specific manner after one and five cycles of analysis; although fluorescence intensity generally decreased, the magnitude of decrease was variable between fluorescence peaks and samples. Freezing/thawing and dehydration/rehydration provide useful information on the sensitivity of freshwater organic matter fluorescence to these environmental processes.
Five million years of compositionally diverse, episodic volcanism: Construction of Davidson Seamount atop an abandoned spreading center
Authors: Clague D. A. , Paduan J. B. , Duncan R. A. , Huard J. J. , Davis A. S. , Castillo P. R. , Lonsdale P. , DeVogelaere A.
Published: December 2009

Davidson Seamount, a volcano located about 80 km off the central California coast, has a volume of ∼320 km3 and consists of a series of parallel ridges serrated with steep cones. Davidson was sampled and its morphology observed during 27 ROV Tiburon dives. During those dives, 286 samples of lava, volcaniclastite, and erratics from the continental margin were collected, with additional samples from one ROV‐collected push core and four gravity cores. We report glass compositions for 99 samples and 40Ar‐39Ar incremental heating age data for 20 of the samples. The glass analyses are of hawaiite (62%), mugearite (13%), alkalic basalt (9%), and tephrite (8%), with minor transitional basalt (2%), benmoreite (2%), and trachyandesite (2%). The lithologies are irregularly distributed in space and time. The volcano erupted onto crust inferred to be 20 Ma from seafloor magnetic anomalies. Ages of the lavas range from 9.8 to 14.8 Ma. The oldest rocks are from the central ridge, and the youngest are from the flanks and southern end of the edifice. The compositions of the 18 reliably dated volcanic cones vary with age such that the oldest lavas are the most fractionated. The melts lost 65% to nearly 95% of their initial S because of bubble loss during vesiculation, and the shallowest samples have S contents similar to lava erupted subaerially in Hawaii. Despite this similarity in S contents, there is scant other evidence to suggest that Davidson was ever an island. The numerous small cones of disparate chemistry and the long eruptive period suggest episodic growth of the volcano over at least 5 Myr and perhaps as long as 10 Myr if it began to grow when the spreading ridge was abandoned.
Ionospheric response to the corotating interaction region–driven geomagnetic storm of October 2002
Authors: Pokhotelov D. , Mitchell C. N. , Jayachandran P. T. , MacDougall J. W. , Denton M. H.
Published: December 2009

Unlike the geomagnetic storms produced by coronal mass ejections (CMEs), the storms generated by corotating interaction regions (CIRs) are not manifested by dramatic enhancements of the ring current. The CIR‐driven storms are however capable of producing other phenomena typical for the magnetic storms such as relativistic particle acceleration, enhanced magnetospheric convection and ionospheric heating. This paper examines ionospheric plasma anomalies produced by a CIR‐driven storm in the middle‐ and high‐latitude ionosphere with a specific focus on the polar cap region. The moderate magnetic storm which took place on 14–17 October 2002 has been used as an example of the CIR‐driven event. Four‐dimensional tomographic reconstructions of the ionospheric plasma density using measurements of the total electron content along ray paths of GPS signals allow us to reveal the large‐scale structure of storm‐induced ionospheric anomalies. The tomographic reconstructions are compared with the data obtained by digital ionosonde located at Eureka station near the geomagnetic north pole. The morphology and dynamics of the observed ionospheric anomalies is compared qualitatively to the ionospheric anomalies produced by major CME‐driven storms. It is demonstrated that the CIR‐driven storm of October 2002 was able to produce ionospheric anomalies comparable to those produced by CME‐driven storms of much greater Dst magnitude. This study represents an important step in linking the tomographic GPS reconstructions with the data from ground‐based network of digital ionosondes.
Ion distributions near the reconnection sites: Comparison between simulations and THEMIS observations
Authors: Zhou X.‐Z. , Angelopoulos V. , Runov A. , Sitnov M. I. , Zong Q.‐G. , Pu Z. Y.
Published: December 2009

We study the evolution of ion distribution functions in a magnetotail thin current sheet using as a case study the 26 February 2008 substorm event observed by the THEMIS mission. The observed mushroom‐shaped velocity space ion distributions, whereby warmer ions are mostly moving duskward, are shown to appear when the current sheet thickness becomes comparable with thermal ion gyroradius. As magnetic reconnection starts earthward of the THEMIS satellite (probe) P1, these duskward moving warmer ions also start to stream tailward, gradually separating in velocity space from the colder ions that dominate the density moment. Test particle simulations demonstrate that the observed evolution of ion distributions is consistent with cucumber‐type trajectories in a current sheet with an X‐type configuration.
Nonuniform flow in compound channel: A 1‐D method for assessing water level and discharge distribution
Authors: Proust Sébastien , Bousmar Didier , Riviere Nicolas , Paquier André , Zech Yves
Published: December 2009

This paper investigates 1‐D modeling of nonuniform flows in compound channels. The issue is how to accurately predict both flow depth and mean velocity in the floodplain. A new model, called “Independent Subsections Method” (ISM), is presented here. Unlike classical 1‐D models that solve a dynamic equation on the total cross section, the ISM estimates the water surface profile within each subsection. This enables the water level and the subsection mean velocities to be simultaneously calculated, without priority to any variable. In opposition to the Divided Channel Method (DCM), corrected DCM or the Exchange Discharge Model, the ISM assumes independent evolution of the discharge in each subsection of the compound channel. Indeed, this method does not assume equal head loss gradients in all subsections, and it does not impose the downstream discharge distribution. The ISM consists in a set of three coupled 1‐D momentum equations (written within main channel, left‐hand, and right‐hand floodplains) and a mass conservation equation on the total cross section. Mass and momentum exchanges at the interfaces between subsections are explicitly accounted for. This method is validated against experimental data for developing flows in straight compound channel, flows in skewed compound channel, flows in a symmetric converging or diverging compound channel, and flows in an asymmetrical compound channel with an abrupt floodplain contraction. For the 46 runs, the ISM predicts flow depth and mean velocity in the floodplain with a maximum relative error of 8% and 19%, respectively. The ISM also appears to be a useful theoretical tool to improve our understanding of physical processes governing compound channel flows.
Influence of Sound Immersion and Communicative Interaction on the Lombard Effect
Authors: Garnier Maëva , Henrich Nathalie , Dubois Danièle
Published: December 2009

Purpose

To examine the influence of sound immersion techniques and speech production tasks on speech adaptation in noise.

Method

In Experiment 1, we compared the modification of speakers' perception and speech production in noise when noise is played into headphones (with and without additional self-monitoring feedback) or over loudspeakers. We also examined how this sound immersion effect depends on noise type (broadband or cocktail party) and level (from 62 to 86dB SPL). In Experiment 2, we compared the modification of acoustic and lip articulatory parameters in noise when speakers interact or not with a speech partner.

Results

Speech modifications in noise were greater when cocktail party noise was played in headphones than over loudspeakers. Such an effect was less noticeable in broadband noise. Adding a self-monitoring feedback into headphones reduced this effect but did not completely compensate for it. Speech modifications in noise were greater in interactive situation and concerned parameters that may not be related to voice intensity.

Conclusions

The results support the idea that the Lombard effect is both a communicative adaptation and an automatic regulation of vocal intensity. The influence of auditory and communicative factors has some methodological implications on the choice of appropriate paradigms to study the Lombard effect.
Aided Modeling Interventions for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders Who Require AAC
Authors: Drager Kathryn D. R.
Published: December 2009

Traditionally, instruction in Augmentative and Alternative Communication (AAC) has focused on facilitating expressive communication. However, several related interventions also have been described, with the goal of enhancing input. These “aided modeling interventions” require that the speaking partner use AAC as well as speech, in order to provide a model to the AAC user that is consistent with the type of output that is expected. Such interventions also show the child how the system can be used and may facilitate comprehension for children who have difficulty with spoken words alone, by providing additional visual information. Aided modeling interventions share several components: (a) they are implemented during opportunities that arise out of natural contexts, (b) they augment the spoken input the child receives, and (c) they employ modeling to expand vocabulary. This article discusses the research evidence suggesting that aided modeling interventions may be effective for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Future research directions are also discussed.
Pragmatic Organization Dynamic Display (PODD) Communication Books: A Promising Practice for Individuals With Autism Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Porter Gayle , Cafiero Joanne M.
Published: December 2009

Individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are severely challenged by their difficulties with language and communication. Some research suggests that augmented language input, whereby a speaking communication partner adopts and uses an augmentative or alternative communication (AAC) system for both expressive and receptive language, can be effective with these individuals. The Pragmatic Organization Dynamic Display (PODD) system is both a method and tool for developing and utilizing augmented language input. As a promising practice, PODD provides strategies to support the design, production, and implementation of communication systems that enable genuine communication for a variety of functions in all daily environments. PODD includes strategies to minimize some of the common difficulties associated with the use of multi-level communication books. Specifically, PODD: (a) supports the individual who relies on AAC and his/her communication partners to move efficiently between pages to locate required vocabulary, (b) reduces the time required to access vocabulary to produce multi-symbol messages, (c) provides a strategy for quick access to predictable messages, and (d) enables access to a broad range of vocabulary for spontaneous, unpredicted messages. This article explores the use of the PODD system for individuals with ASD, with emphasis on features that address the unique communication challenges faced by these individuals.
Improving Quality of Life in Long-Term Care
Authors: Calkins Margaret P. , Brush Jennifer
Published: December 2009

The entire field of long-term care is under tremendous pressure to change. Traditional environmental approaches based on staff-centric or medical models are no longer considered appropriate in long-term care settings. The new emphasis is on person-centered or self-directed care. This is reflected in settings where people can live comfortably and feel at home, as opposed to feeling like they are in a hospital. Increasingly, nursing homes are working to be more like assisted living facilities, which emphasize privacy, dignity, and choice. These changes affect all aspects of care from structure of governance to staff training to management structure and facility design. This article will cover the issues and the possible solutions to ensuring that long-term care living is more like a home than a hospital.
Towards a Taxonomy for Regulatory Issues in a Digital Business Ecosystem in the EU
Authors: Tsatsou Panayiota , Elaluf-Calderwood Silvia , Liebenau Jonathan
Published: December 2009

This article addresses the role of trust and regulation where small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) In the European Union (EU) make use of e-business in a digital business ecosystem (DBE). We argue that In order for digital business to develop among entrepreneurs In the EU and within different industry sectors and geographical locations, trust and regulation are of critical Importance. The article assesses the importance of this argument and focuses on the Interplay of regulatory and trust-based issues that need to be accommodated before one can expect SMEs to engage in e-business supported within a DBE environment. It then presents a taxonomy that addresses key regulatory issues and fosters trust. The article proposes the taxonomy as the vehicle for the simplification of a bewildering array of laws, standards, norms and expectations, as well as for the elimination of regulatory overlap and conflict. The contribution of the taxonomy is demonstrated in the last section of the article, where it is empirically tested and applied to SMEs which participated In the EU-funded DBE project.
Electric–field- and stress-induced R-O phase transformation in [011]-poled Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–(28–32)%PbTiO3 single crystals of [100]-length cut
Authors: Shanthi M. , Lim L. C.
Published: December 2009

The respective and combined effects of applied electric field and axial compressive stress on the rhombohedral-to-orthorhombic (R-O) phase transformation in d32 cut [011]-poled PMN-(28–32)%PT single crystals have been investigated. The axial compressive stress in the [100] length direction is found to reduce the R-O transformation field (ERO) of the crystal. On field or stress removal, PMN-(28–30)%PT reverted back to the rhombohedral state and the original good properties were restored. In contrast, field and/or stress-induced R-O transformation in PMN-32%PT single crystal is irreversible such that the initial properties of the crystal could not be recovered even after field and/or stress removal. The results indicate that while the poled single-domain orthorhombic state is the lowest energy state in PMN-32%PT, multidomain rhombohedral state is the lowest energy state in PMN-(28–30)%PT. The maximum electric-field-induced strains for the linear anhysteretic actuation of PMN-30%PT d32-cut crystals under concurrent field and stress condition are determined.
Frequency-dependent Monte Carlo simulations of phonon transport in two-dimensional porous silicon with aligned pores
Authors: Hao Qing , Chen Gang , Jeng Ming-Shan
Published: December 2009

In this work, phonon transport in two-dimensional (2D) porous silicon structures with aligned pores is investigated by Monte Carlo simulations considering the frequency-dependent phonon mean free paths (MFPs). A boundary condition based on the periodic heat flux with constant virtual wall temperature is developed for the studied periodic structures. Such periodic boundary conditions enable the simulation of the lattice thermal conductivities with a minimum computational domain. For the 2D case, it is found that phonon size effects caused by the periodically arranged pores can be remarkable even when the pore size and spacing are much larger than the averaged phonon MFPs. Our results show the importance of considering the frequency dependence of phonon MFPs in the analysis of micro- and nanostructured materials.