bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nickel Poisoning of a Cracking Catalyst Unravelled by Single‐Particle X‐ray Fluorescence‐Diffraction‐Absorption Tomography
Authors: Gambino Marianna , Veselý Martin , Filez Matthias , Oord Ramon , Ferreira Sanchez Dario , Grolimund Daniel , Nesterenko Nikolai , Minoux Delphine , Maquet Marianne , Meirer Florian , Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: December 2019

Ni contamination from crude oil in the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process is one of the primary sources of catalyst deactivation, thereby promoting dehydrogenation–hydrogenation and speeding up coke growth. Herein, single‐particle X‐ray fluorescence, diffraction and absorption (μXRF‐μXRD‐μXAS) tomography is used in combination with confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM) after thiophene staining to spatially resolve Ni interaction with catalyst components and study zeolite degradation, including the processes of dealumination and Brønsted acid sites distribution changes. The comparison between a Ni‐lean particle, exposed to hydrotreated feedstock, and a Ni‐rich one, exposed to non‐hydrotreated feedstock, reveals a preferential interaction of Ni, found in co‐localization with Fe, with the γ‐Al2O3 matrix, leading to the formation of spinel‐type hotspots. Although both particles show similar surface zeolite degradation, the Ni‐rich particle displays higher dealumination and a clear Brønsted acidity drop.
Orientation‐Controlled 2D Anisotropic and Isotropic Photon Transport in Co‐crystal Polymorph Microplates
Authors: Liu Yong , Hu Huiping , Xu Ling , Qiu Bing , Liang Jie , Ding Fang , Wang Kang , Chu Manman , Zhang Wei , Ma Ming , Chen Bo , Yang Xinzheng , Zhao Yong Sheng
Published: December 2019

2D anisotropic transport of photons/electrons is crucial for constructing ultracompact on‐chip circuits. To date, the photons in organic 2D crystals usually exhibit the isotropic propagation, and the anisotropic behaviors have not yet been fully demonstrated. Now, an orientation‐controlled photon–dipole interaction strategy was proposed to rationally realize the anisotropic and isotropic 2D photon transport in two co‐crystal polymorph microplates. The monoclinic microplate adopts a nearly horizontal transition dipole moment (TDM) orientation in 2D plane, exhibiting anisotropic photon–dipole interactions and thus distinct re‐absorption waveguide losses for different 2D directions. By contrast, the triclinic plate with a vertical TDM orientation, shows 2D isotropic photon–dipole interactions and thus the same re‐absorption losses along different directions. Based on this anisotropy, a directional signal outcoupler was designed for the directional transmission of the real signals.
New Promise and Opportunities for Allosteric Kinase Inhibitors
Authors: Lu Xiaoyun , Smaill Jeff B. , Ding Ke
Published: December 2019

Drugs that function through allosteric inhibition of kinase signaling represent a promising approach for the targeted discovery of therapeutics. The majority of developed allosteric kinase inhibitors are characterized as type III and IV inhibitors that show good kinome selectivity but generally lack the subtype selectivity of same kinase family. Recently allosteric inhibitors have been developed that bind outside the catalytic kinase domain with high selectivity for specific kinase subtypes. Allosteric inhibitors that bind to the pseudokinase domain of pseudokinase or the extracellular domain of receptor tyrosine kinases are reviewed. We also review recent developments in the field of allosteric kinase inhibitors including examples of proteolysis targeting chimeras, and highlight the unique binding modes for each type of inhibitors and address future opportunities in this area.
Graphene oxides as support for the synthesis of nickel sulfide–indium oxide nanocomposites for photocatalytic, antibacterial and antioxidant performances
Authors: Ashraf Muhammad Aqeel , Li Cheng , Zhang Dangquan , Fakhri Ali
Published: December 2019

NiS (nickel sulfide)–In2O3 (indium oxide) nanostructures and NiS–In2O3 decorated on graphene oxide (GO) were demonstrated by ultrasonic/hydrothermal method. The structural study demonstrates the preparation of bixbyite and hexagonal phase of In2O3 and NiS for all of the synthesized catalysts. The band gap of the synthesized catalyst was determined to be in the range of 2.30–3.00 eV. A morphological evaluation by field emission scanning electron microscopy of NiS–In2O3 decorated on graphene oxide shows support for the NiS–In2O3 on the graphene oxide layer. Different test parameters were performed to study the phase and morphology. The particle sizes of the In2O3, NiS–In2O3 and NiS–In2O3/GO nanocomposites were 56.0, 62.0 and 66.0 nm, respectively. The photocatalytic performance of NiS–In2O3/GO nanocomposites was examined for the degradation of methylene blue dye under a UV lamp. The prepared sample shows 98.25% photocatalytic degradation within 40 min and at pH 9. With the presence the NiS and GO, the photo‐degradation capacities of In2O3 and NiS–In2O3 are improved owing to the low band gap being calculated in UV–vis DRS analysis. The high ratio of NiS causes the highest photocatalytic properties of NiS–In2O3 nanocomposites owing to the enhancement of charge separation efficiency and generation of hydroxyl radicals. This study presents a facile and low‐cost method to prepare highly active NiS–In2O3/GO nanocomposites. The antibacterial data indicate the significant properties of NiS–In2O3/GO nanocomposites for this study.
Tailoring Crystalline Structure Using High‐Intensity Ultrasound to Reduce Oil Migration in a Low Saturated Fat
Authors: da Silva Thais L. T. , Cooper Zachary , Lee Juhee , Gibon Veronique , Martini Silvana
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study was to use high‐intensity ultrasound (HIU) to change the crystalline structure of an interesterified soybean oil (IESBO) with 33% of saturated fats and to evaluate how these changes affect oil migration. The IESBO was crystallized at different temperatures (26, 28, 30, and 32 °C) with and without HIU. Results show that oil migration was significantly affected by HIU (P < 0.05). HIU promoted crystallization and induced the formation of harder crystalline networks that were more resistant to oil migration with lower melting peak temperatures and sharper melting profiles. Samples processed with HIU had fewer crystalline clusters as observed by microscopy. Changes observed on the physical properties of the IESBO due to sonication that consequently improved oil migration were attributed to the ability of HIU to induce secondary nucleation and crystallize low‐melting point triacyclglycerols (SUU) that would not crystallize without the HIU and to the stronger and stable crystalline network formed capable of entrapping liquid TAG (UUU).
The Elephant in the Room: Nurses’ Views of Communication Failure and Recommendations for Improvement in Perioperative Care
Authors: Işık Işıl , Gümüşkaya Oya , Şen Sevim , Arslan Özkan Hediye
Published: December 2019

Perioperative communication failures endanger patient safety and may reduce efficiency. The objective of our phenomenological research study was to determine the reasons for and consequences of perioperative communication failures and to seek recommendations for improvement. Fourteen perioperative nurses participated in this study. We conducted in‐depth interviews with a semi‐structured questionnaire following Colaizzi's seven‐step methodology to extract themes. We organized the themes into categories: causes, consequences, and recommendations for preventing communication failure. Some themes for causes were inadequate time for preoperative preparation, lack of personnel, and disruptive behaviors of physicians. Consequences of communication failure were decreased staff retention, avoidance of colleagues, threats to patient safety, and intra‐team violence. Two recommendations included enforcing institutional regulations and creating team spirit. The study revealed that nurses believe that institutional regulations should not only be present but enforced. Further, nurses believe that strengthening employees’ interpersonal skills is essential to preventing communication issues.
Effect of incorporation of microstructured carbonized cellulose on surface and mechanical properties of epoxy composites
Authors: Bartoli Mattia , Rosso Carlo , Giorcelli Mauro , Rovere Massimo , Jagdale Pravin , Tagliaferro Alberto , Chae Michael , Bressler David C.
Published: December 2019

In this study, we reported the use of cellulose derived microstructured biochars for the production of reinforced plastics. Cellulose nanocrystals and wasted cotton fibers were used as cellulose template structures and converted into carbonaceous materials under pyrolytic conditions. Biochars particles were produced with the shape of deformed spheres or rods and dispersed into an epoxy matrix with a loading ranging from 1 wt % to 10 wt %. Biochar‐based composites showed remarkably elongation properties of up to 8.2% using 2 wt % of carbonized cellulose nanocrystals and a very low friction coefficient of 0.22 using 10 wt % of carbonized cotton fibers. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 137, 48896.

HIGHLIGHTS

Carbon spheres and carbon rods were produced through pyrolytic conversion of cellulose nanocrystals and wasted cotton fibers.

Mechanical properties of carbon spheres and carbon rods epoxy composites were studied showing the differences induced by the particle shapes.

An ultimate tensile strength improvement of 57% was reached using 5 wt % of carbonized cellulose nanocrystals.

A maximum elongation improvement of 100% was reached using 2 wt % of carbonized cellulose nanocrystals.

A friction coefficient reduction of 61% was reached using 10 wt % of carbonized cotton fibers.
Simple and efficient anionic polymerization of N‐phenylmaleimide with fluorides as an initiator
Authors: Wu Jingbo , Sun Shasha , Novak Bruce M.
Published: December 2019

The facile anionic polymerization of N‐phenylmaleimide (N‐PMI) using fluorides as an initiator has been discovered and systematically investigated. Effect of different solvents such as dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane (DCM), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N‐methylpyrrolidone, acetonitrile, toluene, and acetone and effect of anionic initiators such as tetra‐n‐butylammonium fluoride (TBAF), cesium fluoride, and potassium fluoride have been studied. The kinetics of polymerization using TBAF as an initiator in DMSO is also studied. Some of the resulting poly(PMI)s are characterized by gel permeation chromatography, solubility test, attenuated total reflection‐Fourier transform infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and 13C‐NMR spectral analysis. The thermal behaviors are studied by thermogravimetric and differential scanning calorimetric analysis. A proposed polymerization mechanism is also discussed. Our results show fluoride can effectively induce the polymerization of N‐PMI in various solvents under very mild conditions with good to excellent yields. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 137, 48909.
Synthesis and anti‐inflammatory effects of novel emodin derivatives bearing azole moieties
Authors: Zhu Xiaokang , Chen Qifang , Yang Yujin , Ai Xixi , Chen Si , Song Yang
Published: December 2019

Twelve azole derivatives of emodin were designed to possess anti‐inflammatory activity and synthesized via a two‐step sequence composed of the Williamson ether reaction and N‐alkylation. The anti‐inflammatory properties of these compounds were evaluated in RAW264.7 cells by measuring lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced nitric oxide (NO) production. The introduction of imidazole and four carbons into the scaffold of emodin led to the discovery of the potent compound 7e, which showed the best inhibition of NO production among twelve analogs. In our experiential setting, the IC50 of compound 7e in NO production is 1.35 µM, which is lower than that of indomethacin. Mechanically, compound 7e effectively inhibited the protein and messenger RNA expressions of cyclooxygenase‐2 and inducible NO synthase, as well as that of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin‐6, and the cytokines interleukin‐1β and tumor necrosis factor‐α in the LPS‐stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Compound 7e exerted inhibitory effects on the nuclear factor κB pathway by reducing the LPS‐induced phosphorylation of the inhibitor of NF‐κB and the nuclear translation of p‐p65. These results suggest the potential of compound 7e in improving inflammatory conditions and diseases.
Optically Active Helical Lanthanide Complexes: Storable Chiral Lewis Acidic Catalysts for Enantioselective Diels–Alder Reaction of Siloxydienes
Authors: Harada Shinji , Nakashima Saki , Sekino Shihori , Oishi Wakana , Nishida Atsushi
Published: December 2019

Lanthanide triflates and a series of hexadentate chiral ligand complexes were synthesized. X‐ray‐quality crystals were obtained from mixtures of the lanthanide complexes, which were helical in shape. The complexes showed Lewis acidity and catalyzed the enantioselective Diels–Alder reaction of electron‐rich siloxydienes. The complexes were stable enough to be stored at ambient temperature on a laboratory bench and retained their Lewis acidity even after a month.
Discussion on Spatial and Time Averaging Restrictions Within the Electromagnetic Exposure Safety Framework in the Frequency Range Above 6 GHz for Pulsed and Localized Exposures
Authors: Neufeld Esra , Samaras Theodoros , Kuster Niels
Published: December 2019

Both the current and newly proposed safety guidelines for local human exposure to millimeter‐wave frequencies aim at restricting the maximum local temperature increase in the skin to prevent tissue damage. In this study, we show that the application of the current and proposed limits for pulsed fields can lead to a temperature increase of 10°C for short pulses and frequencies between 6 and 30 GHz. We also show that the proposed averaging area of 4 cm2, that is greatly reduced compared with the current limits, does not prevent high‐temperature increases in the case of narrow beams. A realistic Gaussian beam profile with a 1 mm radius can result in a temperature increase about 10 times higher than the 0.4°C increase the same averaged power density would produce for a plane wave. In the case of pulsed narrow beams, the values for the time and spatial‐averaged power density allowed by the proposed new guidelines could result in extreme temperature increases. Bioelectromagnetics. 2020;41:164–168. © 2019 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
Effective biofilm control in a membrane biofilm reactor using a quenching bacterium (Rhodococcus sp. BH4)
Authors: Taşkan Banu , Hasar Halil , Lee Chung‐Hak
Published: December 2019

The biofilm thickness in membrane biofilm reactors (MBfRs) is an important factor affecting system performance because excessive biofilm formation on the membrane surface inhibits gas diffusion to the interior of the biofilm, resulting in a significant reduction in the performance of contaminant removal. This study provides innovative insights into the control of biofilm thickness in O2‐based MBfRs by using the quorum quenching (QQ) method. The study was carried out in MBfRs operated at different gas pressures and hydraulic retention times (HRTs) using QQ beads containing Rhodococcus sp. BH4 at different amounts. The highest performance was observed in reactors operated with 0.21 ml QQ bead/cm2 membrane surface area, 12 HRTs and 1.40 atm. Over this period, the performance increase in chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal was 25%, while the biofilm thickness on the membrane surface was determined to be 250 μm. Moreover, acetate and equivalent oxygen flux results reached 6080 and 10 640 mg·m−2·d−1 maximum values, respectively. The extracellular polymeric substances of the biofilm decreased significantly with the increase of gas pressure and QQ beads amount. Polymerase chain reaction denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis results showed that the microbial community in the MBfR system changed depending on operating conditions and bead amount. The results showed that the QQ method was an effective method to control the biofilm thickness in MBfR and provide insights for future research.
Immediate and delayed autologous abdominal microvascular flap breast reconstruction in patients receiving adjuvant, neoadjuvant or no radiotherapy: a meta-analysis of clinical and quality-of-life outcomes
Authors: Khajuria A , Charles W N , Prokopenko M , Beswick A , Pusic A L , Mosahebi A , Dodwell D J , Winters Z E
Published: December 2019

Background

Effects of postmastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) on autologous breast reconstruction (BRR) are controversial regarding surgical complications, cosmetic appearance and quality of life (QOL). This systematic review evaluated these outcomes after abdominal free flap reconstruction in patients undergoing postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy (PMRT), preoperative radiotherapy (neoadjuvant radiotherapy) and no radiotherapy, aiming to establish evidence-based optimal timings for radiotherapy and BRR to guide contemporary management.

Methods

The study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42017077945). Embase, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, CENTRAL, Science Citation Index and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched (January 2000 to August 2018). Study quality and risk of bias were assessed using GRADE and Cochrane's ROBINS-I respectively.

Results

Some 12 studies were identified, involving 1756 patients (350 PMRT, 683 no radiotherapy and 723 neoadjuvant radiotherapy), with a mean follow-up of 27·1 (range 12·0–54·0) months for those having PMRT, 16·8 (1·0–50·3) months for neoadjuvant radiotherapy, and 18·3 (1·0–48·7) months for no radiotherapy. Three prospective and nine retrospective cohorts were included. There were no randomized studies. Five comparative radiotherapy studies evaluated PMRT and four assessed neoadjuvant radiotherapy. Studies were of low quality, with moderate to serious risk of bias. Severe complications were similar between the groups: PMRT versus no radiotherapy (92 versus 141 patients respectively; odds ratio (OR) 2·35, 95 per cent c.i. 0·63 to 8·81, P = 0·200); neoadjuvant radiotherapy versus no radiotherapy (180 versus 392 patients; OR 1·24, 0·76 to 2·04, P = 0·390); and combined PMRT plus neoadjuvant radiotherapy versus no radiotherapy (272 versus 453 patients; OR 1·38, 0·83 to 2·32, P = 0·220). QOL and cosmetic studies used inconsistent methodologies.

Conclusion

Evidence is conflicting and study quality was poor, limiting recommendations for the timing of autologous BRR and radiotherapy. The impact of PMRT and neoadjuvant radiotherapy appeared to be similar.
Combined treatment with N‐acetylcysteine and gefitinib overcomes drug resistance to gefitinib in NSCLC cell line
Authors: Li Jun , Wang Xiao‐Hui , Hu Jing , Shi Meng , Zhang Lu , Chen Hong
Published: December 2019

We aimed to explore the molecular substrate underlying EGFR‐TKI resistance and investigate the effects of N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) on reversing EGFR‐TKI resistance. In the current research, the effects of NAC in combination with gefitinib on reversing gefitinib resistance were examined using CCK‐8 assay, combination index (CI) method, matrigel invasion assay, wound‐healing assay, flow cytometry, western blot, and quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR). CCK8 assay showed that NAC plus gefitinib combination overcame EGFR‐TKI resistance in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells by lowering the value of half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). CI calculations demonstrated a synergistic effect between the two drugs (CI < 1). Matrigel invasion assay and wound healing assay demonstrated a decrease in migration and invasion ability of PC‐9/GR cells after NAC and gefitinib treatment. Flow cytometry displayed enhanced apoptosis in the combination group. Western blot and qRT‐PCR revealed that increased E‐cadherin and decreased vimentin in the combination group. When PP2 was administered with gefitinib, the same effects were seen. Our findings suggest that NAC could restore the sensitivity of gefitinib‐resistant NSCLC cells to gefitinib via suppressing Src activation and reversing epithelial‐mesenchymal transition.
LncRNA TDRG1/miR‐214‐5p axis affects preeclampsia by modulating trophoblast cells
Authors: Gong Fengyan , Cheng Huiyan , Shi Yuee , Cui Lifeng , Jia Guifeng
Published: December 2019

Because of limited treatment options, preeclampsia (PE) is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Recently, lncRNA TDRG1 is reported to be aberrantly down‐regulated in PE placenta, and the abnormal expression of TDRG1 might play a key or partial role in PE development. In this study, we found that TDRG1 was significantly down‐regulated in PE placenta compared with the normal placenta. The cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and cell cycle were explored by CCK‐8, wound‐healing, transwell, and flow cytometer assay, respectively. Experimental results showed that TDRG1 accelerated the proliferation, migration, and invasion of trophoblast cells. Dual‐luciferase reporter assays confirmed that TDRG1 could bind to miR‐214‐5p. Besides, knockdown of TDRG1 suppressed the cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, while knockdown of miR‐214‐5p reversed the effect. Jagged1 and Notch1 were negatively regulated by miR‐214‐5p while positively modulated by TDRG1. In conclusion, TDRG1 promoted trophoblast cells viability and invasion by negatively regulating miR‐214‐5p expression, contributing to a better understanding of PE pathogenesis and providing new light on TDRG1‐directed diagnosis and treatment.

Significance of the study

In this work, we observed that TDRG1 was able to promote cell proliferation, migration, and invasion cells by suppressing the expression of miR‐214‐5p and regulating the Notch signalling pathway in trophoblast cells. As far as we know, the effect of TDRG1/miR‐214‐5p axis on cell viability, migration, and invasion of trophoblast cells was firstly introduced. Our findings provided a better understanding of the mechanism of PE. Moreover, it is reasonable to believe that TDRG1 may be employed as a strategy to treat PE in the future.
Effects of neural stem cell‐derived extracellular vesicles on neuronal protection and functional recovery in the rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion
Authors: Mahdavipour Marzieh , Hassanzadeh Gholamreza , Seifali Elham , Mortezaee Keywan , Aligholi Hadi , Shekari Faezeh , Sarkoohi Parisa , Zeraatpisheh Zahra , Nazari Abdoreza , Movassaghi Shabnam , Akbari Mohammad
Published: December 2019

Stroke imposes a long‐term neurological disability with limited effective treatments available for neuronal recovery. Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) is reported to improve functional outcomes in the animal models of brain ischemia. However, the use of cell therapy is accompanied by adverse effects, so research is growing to use cell‐free extracts such as extracellular vesicles (EVs) for targeting brain diseases. In the current study, male Wistar albino rats (20 months old) were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Then, EVs (30 μg) were injected at 2 hours after stroke onset via an intracerebroventricular (ICV) route. Measurements were done at day 7 post‐MCAO. EVs administration reduced lesion volume and steadily improved spontaneous locomotor activity. EVs administration also reduced microgliosis (ionized calcium‐binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1)+ cells) and apoptotic (terminal‐deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated nick end labelling [TUNEL]) positive cells and increased neuronal survival (neuronal nuclear (NeuN)+ cells) in the ischemic boundary zone (IBZ). However, it had no effect on neurogenesis within the sub‐ventricular zone (SVZ) but decreased cellular migration toward the IBZ (doublecortin (DCX)+ cells). The results of this study showed neuroprotective and restorative mechanisms of NSC‐EVs administration, which may offer new avenues for therapeutic intervention of brain ischemia.

Significance of the study

Based on our results, EVs administration can effectively reduce microglial density and neuronal apoptosis, thereby steadily improves functional recovery after MCAO. These findings provide the beneficial effect of NSC‐EVs as a new biological treatment for stroke.
Strategies To Design and Synthesize Polymer‐Based Stimuli‐Responsive Drug‐Delivery Nanosystems
Authors: Qin Xing , Li Yongsheng
Published: December 2019

The emergence and development of nanomedicine have alleviated problems existing in traditional chemotherapy drugs, such as short lifetime, concomitant side effects, and weak tumor‐targeting capability. Nevertheless, the further applications of drug‐loaded nanocarriers are still limited by their premature leakage, weak targeting capability, and insufficient intracellular release. In past decades, various nanocarriers, including gold nanoparticles, porous silica nanoparticles, carbon‐based nanoparticles, micelles, liposomes, and polymer–drug conjugates, have been intensively investigated for tumor therapy. Among these, polymer‐based nanocarriers have attracted more attention due to their biocompatibilities and capability of being modified for stimuli‐responsive drug release. In this review, three popular strategies to design and synthesize polymer‐based stimuli‐responsive nanocarriers are discussed. The discussion goes from stimuli‐responsive polymers with responsive backbones or modified by responsive functional groups for drug encapsulation and release to polymer–drug conjugates with responsive covalent linkages. In particular, due to the facile synthetic processes and mild reaction conditions for crosslinked structures, the latest progress in responsive crosslinked structures is emphasized. Finally, future perspectives for these nanomaterials are given, which are expected to provide inspiration for researchers to design more effective and safer tumor‐killing nanomedicines.
CCN5 inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells
Authors: Sun Shiqun , Cui Zhi , Yan Tongtong , Wu Jian , Liu Zhihui
Published: December 2019

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common cancer with poor prognosis and high mortality. The role of CCN5 has attracted a great focus on the regulation of cancer progression. However, the biological function and mechanism of CCN5 in OSCC are still not well elucidated. The current study was designed to determine the effects of CCN5 on OSCC cell proliferation and apoptosis using two OSCC cell lines. Further, LY294002, a PI3K/AKT antagonist, was employed to explore the mechanism underlying the effects of CCN5 in the regulation of OSCC. The results showed that overexpression of CCN5 in TSCCa cells significantly reduced viable cell number, arrested cell cycle, and suppressed cell‐cycle regulators (cyclin D1, cyclin E, and CDK2). CCN5 overexpression increased the apoptotic ratio and Hoechst‐positive cell number, and altered the apoptotic‐related proteins (caspase‐3/9, Bax, and Bcl‐2). However, CCN5 silencing induced opposite effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis in Tca‐8113 cells. In addition, we observed that CCN5 knockdown increased the expression levels of PI3K (p85α and p110α) and phosphorylated AKT at serine 473 (p‐AKT Ser473) in Tca‐8113 cells. Inhibiting PI3K/AKT signaling with LY294002 rescued the apoptotic process in CCN5‐silenced OSCC cells. Finally, xenograft analysis showed that CCN5 represses tumorigenesis of OSCC cells. These findings together suggest that CCN5 functions as a tumor suppressor for OSCC cell development through inactivation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, providing a potential candidate for OSCC therapy.
Small Sequence‐Sensitive Compounds for Specific Recognition of the G⋅C Base Pair in DNA Minor Groove
Authors: Farahat Abdelbasset A. , Guo Pu , Shoeib Hadir , Paul Ananya , Boykin David W. , Wilson W. David
Published: December 2019

A series of small diamidines with thiophene and modified N‐alkylbenzimidazole σ‐hole module represent specific binding to single G⋅C base pair (bp) DNA sequence. The variation of N‐alkyl or aromatic rings were sensitive to microstructures of the DNA minor groove. Thirteen new compounds were synthesized to test their binding affinity and selectivity. The dicyanobenzimidazoles needed to synthesize the target diamidines were made via condensation/cyclization reactions of different aldehydes with different 3‐amino‐4‐(alkyl‐ or phenyl‐amino) benzonitriles. The final diamidines were synthesized using lithium bis‐trimethylsilylamide (LiN[Si(CH3)3]2) or Pinner methods. The newly synthesized compounds showed strong binding and selectivity to AAAGTTT compared to similar sequences AAATTT and AAAGCTTT investigated by several biophysical methods including biosensor‐SPR, fluorescence spectroscopy, DNA thermal melting, ESI‐MS spectrometry, circular dichroism, and molecular dynamics. The binding affinity results determined by fluorescence spectroscopy are in accordance with those obtained by biosensor‐SPR. These small size single G⋅C bp highly specific binders extend the compound database for future biological applications.
Electronic Properties of Oxidized Cyclometalated Diiridium Complexes: Spin Delocalization Controlled by the Mutual Position of the Iridium Centers
Authors: Hu Yu Xuan , Zhang Jing , Zhang Fangfang , Wang Xiaoyan , Yin Jun , Hartl František , Liu Sheng Hua
Published: December 2019

Four cyclometalated diiridium complexes, with IrCp*Cl (Cp*=η5‐C5Me5−) termini bridged by 1,4‐ and 1,3‐bis(p‐tolyliminoethyl)benzene (1, 2), or 1,4‐ and 1,3‐bis(2‐pyridyl)benzene (3, 4), were prepared and characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (complexes 1, 2, and 4). The two iridium centers in complexes 1 and 3 are thus bound at the central benzene ring in the para‐position (trans‐Ir2), whereas those in complexes 2 and 4 are in the meta‐position (cis‐Ir2). Cyclic voltammograms of all four complexes show two consecutive one‐electron oxidations. The potential difference between the two anodic steps in 1 and 3 is distinctly larger than that for 2 and 4. The visible–near‐infrared (NIR)–short‐wave infrared (SWIR) absorption spectra of trans‐Ir2 monocations 1+ and 3+ are markedly different from those of cis‐Ir2 monocations 2+ and 4+. Notably, strong near‐infrared electronic absorption appears only in the spectra of 1+ and 3+ whereas 2+ and 4+ absorb only weakly in the NIR‐SWIR region. Combined DFT and TD‐DFT calculations have revealed that (a) 1+ and 3+ (the diiridium‐benzene trans‐isomers) display the highest occupied spin‐orbitals (HOSO) and the lowest unoccupied spin‐orbital (LUSO) evenly delocalized over both molecule halves, and (b) their electronic absorptions in the NIR‐SWIR region are attributed to mixed metal‐to‐ligand and ligand‐to‐ligand charge transfers (MLCT and LLCT). In contrast, cis‐isomers 2+ and 4+ do not feature this stabilizing π‐delocalization but a localized mixed‐valence state showing a weak intervalence charge‐transfer (IVCT) absorption in the SWIR region.
Multi‐Color Photoluminescence Based on Mechanically and Thermally Induced Liquid‐Crystalline Phase Transitions of a Hydrogen‐Bonded Benzodithiophene Derivative
Authors: Seki Atsushi , Yoshio Masafumi
Published: December 2019

Controlling assembled structures of π‐conjugated liquid‐crystalline molecules is of great interest in the development of stimuli‐responsive luminescent materials due to their molecular motility in the ordered states. Herein, we describe a mechanoresponsive hydrogen‐bonded benzodithiophene liquid‐crystalline molecule that exhibits a tricolor photoluminescence switching at ambient temperature. The compound shows a shear‐induced phase transition from a rectangular columnar to a metastable optically anisotropic mesophase, which is accompanied by the luminescent color change from yellow to sky‐blue. The metastable mesophase exhibits a time‐responsive transformation to another metastable mesophase showing a blue‐green emission through isothermal aging at room temperature. The luminescent color of aged sample reverts back to the initial yellow color by thermal annealing at 150 °C. These dynamic structural changes accompanied by the emission color changes are governed by distinct π‐stacking modes and hydrogen‐bonded patterns. The shear‐induced luminescent color change from yellow to blue is found to occur above the shear strain of 390 % at which the shear stress is 2.4×105 Pa as determined from dynamic viscoelastic measurements.
Design and ex vivo characterization of narrow implants with custom piezo‐activated osteotomy for patients with substantial bone loss
Authors: Wirz Holger , Teufelhart Stefan , McBeth Christine , Gyurko Robert , Dibart Serge , Sauer‐Budge Alexis
Published: December 2019

Objective

Bone augmentation delays implant placement and increases risks due to additional surgeries. Implant systems compatible with reduced alveolar bone volume are required. To design, manufacture, and test a non‐cylindrical dental implant system using piezotomes and custom‐designed matching titanium mini‐implants to address the needs of patients with missing teeth and narrow jawbone.

Materials and methods

Tapered mini‐implants with a rectangular cross‐section (4.6 mm × 2.1 mm) were machined with dimensions that could accommodate narrow alveolar ridges. The performance of the implants were tested in both static and fatigue cycle 30° compression tests. Tapered, rectangular cutting tools that matched the overall trapezoidal morphology of the implant were also designed. These novel tools were engineered to be compatible with commercially available piezoelectric osteotomes. Tools were optimized using finite element analysis and were manufactured accordingly and were used by a periodontal surgery team in a pork rib bone model to monitor utility of the device and ease of use.

Results

The rectangular design of the implant allows for a full occlusal load due to the larger implant flexural rigidity compared to a similar diameter mini‐implant with a standard cylindrical design. During 30° compression fatigue tests, the implant tested at 340 N did not fail after 5M cycles as shown in Kaplan‐Meier survival curves. Finite element analysis allowed for functional optimization of the roughing and finishing tools. In the pork rib model, these tools successfully cut trapezoidal holes that matched the dimensions of the implant.

Conclusions

The implant system here demonstrates the feasibility of a mini‐implant system that has superior flexural rigidity and potentially circumvents the need for patient bone augmentation.
Critical analysis of information about integrated management systems and environmental policy on the Portuguese firms' website, towards sustainable development
Authors: Carvalho Filipe , Santos Gilberto , Gonçalves Joaquim
Published: December 2019

The aim of this work was to determine the nature of the content that is often disseminated and the profile of a typical Portuguese firm which disseminates information on integrated management systems (IMS), environmental policy, corporate sustainability (CS), and corporate social responsibility (CSR) on its corporate website, towards sustainable development. The investigation consists of an exploratory analysis of 523 firms' websites that were certified by 2011, under the quality (ISO 9001), environment (ISO 14001), and occupational health and safety (OHSAS 18001) management systems. Four hundred twenty‐two firms from the overall population constitute a sample (n). The research method was based on the technique of content analysis, which allowed quantifying the contents of the information disclosed on the firm's website by category and subcategories of analysis. A holistic view on the size of the content available on the firm's website was determined using the index of information disclosure (IIDIMS/CS/CSR). As main findings, we can highlight management systems having been reported by 388 (91.9%) firms; quality management system, having been reported by 360 (85.3%) firms; environmental management system that contains environmental policy having been reported by 337 (79.9%) firms; and occupational health and safety management systems, which were disclosed by 332 (78.7%) firms. Another important finding is that disclosure of information on IMS/CS/CSR, on certified firms' website QEOHS, is more prominent when the dimension (size) of the firm is greater and when the legal form (structure) of the firm is a corporation.

In terms of theoretical assumptions to the contribution to the knowledge, it can be highlighted the mathematical foundation of the IID for IMS that was developed.
FPGA‐based implementation of single‐phase seven‐level quasi‐Z‐source inverter
Authors: Rahul Jammy Ramesh , Annamalai Kirubakaran
Published: December 2019

In this paper, a new single‐phase seven‐level quasi‐Z‐source (qZs) inverter with reduced switch count for multistring photovoltaic applications is proposed, which is capable of supplying both direct current (dc) and alternating current (ac) loads simultaneously. The proposed configuration is derived from a combination of qZs networks and asymmetrical seven‐level inverter. The front‐end qZs converter boosts the input voltage obtained from the dc sources to the desired value, whereas the asymmetrical seven‐level inverter performs dc‐ac conversion with reduced switch count and provides better efficiency. The steady‐state performance of the model is evaluated in both continuous conduction mode (CCM) and discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) of operation. In addition, the dynamic performance of the model is tested for the load as well as input voltage changes. A simple proportional‐integral (PI) controller is implemented in FPGA Spartan‐6 Processor using Xilinx system generator blocks. An experimental prototype is also developed to validate the feasibility of the proposed topology. Finally, a brief comparative assessment is formulated with other topologies to show the merits of the proposed structure.
Cervical lymph node metastasis of ovarian dysgerminoma: A case report with fine needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Maekawa Kazunari , Tokumitsu Takako , Minematsu Eiko , Noguchi Hiroshi , Nakamura Eriko , Asada Yujiro , Nakayama Tetsuo , Sameshima Hiroshi , Sato Yuichiro
Published: December 2019

Dysgerminoma is a rare germ cell tumor, accounting for 1% to 2% of all malignant ovarian tumors. Here, we report a case of dysgerminoma diagnosed by aspiration cytology of a cervical lymph node. A 20‐year‐old woman presented with an abdominal mass and left cervical swelling. CT revealed a large pelvic tumor, along with a nodular lesion on the left side of neck. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology of a cervical lymph node showed large atypical cells and small lymphocytes. Immunocytochemical staining on cell block material revealed that these large tumor cells were positive for placental alkaline phosphatase, D2‐40, and c‐kit. Dysgerminoma was suggested by FNA cytology. Furthermore, bilateral oophorectomy was performed, and histology confirmed the diagnosis of ovarian dysgerminoma. FNA cytology of metastatic lymph nodes along with immunocytochemistry is a useful tool for diagnosis of dysgerminoma.
Beta2‐adrenergic agonist clenbuterol increases energy expenditure and fat oxidation, and induces mTOR phosphorylation in skeletal muscle of young healthy men
Authors: Jessen Søren , Solheim Sara A. , Jacobson Glenn A. , Eibye Kasper , Bangsbo Jens , Nordsborg Nikolai B , Hostrup Morten
Published: December 2019

Clenbuterol is a beta2‐adrenoceptor agonist marketed as an asthma reliever but is not approved for human use in most countries due to concerns of adverse cardiac effects. Given its demonstrated hypertrophic and lipolytic actions in rodents, clenbuterol is one of the most widely abused doping substances amongt athletes and recreational body‐builders seeking leanness. Herein, we examined the effect of clenbuterol ingestion on metabolic rate as well as skeletal muscle mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation and protein kinase A (PKA)‐signaling in six young men. Before and 140 min after ingestion of 80 μg clenbuterol, resting metabolic rate and contractile function of the quadriceps muscle were measured, and blood samples as well as vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were collected. Clenbuterol increased resting energy expenditure by 21% (P < 0.001), and fat oxidation by 39% (P = 0.006), whereas carbohydrate oxidation was unchanged. Phosphorylation of mTORSer2448 and PKA substrates increased by 121% (P = 0.004) and 35% (P = 0.006), respectively, with clenbuterol. Maximal voluntary contraction torque decreased by 4% (P = 0.026) and the half‐relaxation time shortened by 9% (P = 0.046), while voluntary activation, time to peak twitch, and peak twitch torque did not change significantly with clenbuterol. Glycogen content of the vastus lateralis muscle did not change with clenbuterol. Clenbuterol increased circulating levels of glucose (+30%; P < 0.001), lactate (+90%; P = 0.004), insulin (+130%; P = 0.009), and fatty acids (+180%; P = 0.001). Collectively, these findings indicate that clenbuterol is an efficient thermogenic substance that possibly also exerts muscle hypertrophic actions in humans. For these reasons, the restrictions imposed against clenbuterol in competitive sports seem warranted.
#recovery: Understanding recovery from the lens of recovery‐focused blogs posted by individuals with lived experience
Authors: Kenny Therese E. , Boyle Sarah L. , Lewis Stephen P.
Published: December 2019

Objective

Definitions of eating disorder (ED) recovery have primarily focused on symptom management (i.e., weight regain, reduced/absent ED behaviors, and normalized ED thoughts). Notwithstanding the importance of these approaches, there are arguably additional considerations in ED recovery. In order to get a more comprehensive understanding of recovery, it is necessary to turn to individuals with lived experience. Here, we examine how individuals with lived experience of an ED conceptualize and define recovery in narrative, recovery‐focused blogs and consider how this understanding may contribute to definitions of recovery in the field.

Method

Inductive thematic analysis was used to examine 168 blogs posted by at least 120 unique authors (95% women; 36% reporting anorexia nervosa diagnosis) to 10 moderated, ED websites.

Results

Results from the thematic analysis yielded seven themes: recovery as (1) existing in contrast to the ED, (2) existing in a broader context, (3) subjective, (4) a choice, (5) a complex, nonlinear process, (6) transformative, and (7) overcoming.

Discussion

The present findings are consistent with previous qualitative research, suggesting that recovery is multifaceted and encompasses more than just symptom management. Notably, bloggers highlighted that recovery may not be equally attainable for all individuals, citing numerous social justice issues in the conceptualization of recovery. This multifaceted and intersectional view of recovery is consistent with consumer models of recovery. We argue that a dimensional model of recovery may be a good starting framework for researchers and clinicians to develop a more comprehensive definition of recovery.
Synthesis and Structure of the Sodium Phosphidosilicate Na2SiP2
Authors: Haffner Arthur , Hatz Anna‐Katharina , Hoch Constantin , Lotsch Bettina V. , Johrendt Dirk
Published: December 2019

Ion conductors of light alkaline metals based on earth‐abundant elements are important components for all‐solid‐state batteries. The new sodium‐rich phosphidosilicate Na2SiP2 was synthesized by solid state reaction of stoichiometric amounts of the elements at 973 K and characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (space group Pccn (no. 56), a = 12.7929(5) Å, b = 22.3109(9) Å, c = 6.0522(2) Å and Z = 16) and solid‐state NMR under MAS conditions. The compound forms dark‐red twinned crystals, and its crystal structure contains edge‐sharing SiP4 tetrahedra connected to infinite ∞1[SiP4/2] chains. The sodium ions between the chains are fairly mobile. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy shows a total ionic conductivity of σ(Na+, 373 K) = 2.3 ? 10–6 Scm–1 with an activation energy of Ea = 0.43 eV, and the galvanostatic polarization reveals mixed conduction behavior with a transference number of 0.8.
Prevalence and associated psychosocial and health factors of chronic pain in adolescents: Differences by sex and age
Authors: Wager Julia , Brown Donnamay , Kupitz Anna , Rosenthal Nicola , Zernikow Boris
Published: December 2019

Background

Chronic pain is a common issue in adolescents. Prevalence of pain and associated factors present differently in sex and age subgroups; however, the interaction of sex and age combined has not been thoroughly assessed. This study aimed to identify psychosocial and health factors associated with chronic pain in younger and older adolescent girls and boys.

Methods

Students from five schools in grades 5–10 self‐completed a pain survey. Participants were 2,280 adolescents (52% girls) aged 10–18 years (M = 12.95, SD = 1.84). Data were analysed using multivariate logistic regression models.

Results

Chronic pain was present in 33% of participants. The risk of chronic pain increased by 29% in girls, compared to 16% in boys, per year of age (p = .039). Overall, depression (OR = 2.05, p < .001), anxiety (OR = 1.51, p < .001), lower school satisfaction (OR = 1.41, p = .034) and sleep issues (OR = 2.34, p < .001) were associated with chronic pain. Stratified analyses identified unique significant associations between chronic pain and psychosocial factors. In boys aged 10–13 years, higher socioeconomic status (OR = 1.76, p = .024) and poorer school performance (OR = 1.60, p = .027) were uniquely important; in girls aged 10–13 years, lower school satisfaction (OR = 2.92, p = .003) was associated with pain, and in older girls aged 14–18 years, anxiety (OR = 1.74, p = .009) was significantly associated with pain. When these differences were assessed statistically, only lower school satisfaction had significant differences between subgroups (p = .049).

Conclusions

Many psychosocial and health factors are similarly important, with few differences, for chronic pain in girls and boys at different stages of adolescence.

Significance

We report evidence that negative psychosocial and health factors are related to a higher prevalence of chronic pain in adolescents. Furthermore, the relationships between anxiety, socioeconomic status, lower school satisfaction and lower school performance with pain may vary between adolescents of differing sexes and ages. Understanding how possible risk factors for chronic pain contribute differently to the pain experience of adolescent girls and boys is an important step towards lowering the prevalence of this common health condition.