bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SIOP‐PODC recommendations for graduated‐intensity treatment of retinoblastoma in developing countries
Authors: Chantada Guillermo , Luna‐Fineman Sandra , Sitorus Rita S. , Kruger Mariana , Israels Trijn , Leal‐Leal Carlos , Bakhshi Sameer , Qaddoumi Ibrahim , Abramson David H. , Doz François ,   SIOP‐PODC graduated‐intensity retinoblastoma guidelines writing committee
Published: January 2013

Retinoblastoma remains incurable in many regions of the world. The major obstacles to cure are delayed diagnosis, poor treatment compliance, and lack of evidence‐based recommendations for clinical management. Although enucleation is curative for intraocular disease, in developing countries retinoblastoma is often diagnosed after the disease has disseminated beyond the eye. A SIOP‐PODC committee generated guidelines for the clinical management of retinoblastoma in developing countries and developed a classification system based on the resources available in those settings. Recommendations are provided for staging and treatment of unilateral and bilateral retinoblastoma and counseling of families for whom compliance is an issue. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 719–727. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sequential administration of methotrexate and asparaginase in relapsed or refractory pediatric acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Buaboonnam Jassada , Cao Xueyuan , Pauley Jennifer L. , Pui Ching‐Hon , Ribeiro Raul C. , Rubnitz Jeffrey E. , Inaba Hiroto
Published: January 2013

Background

The efficacy of combination chemotherapy with methotrexate (MTX) and asparaginase is not well known in relapsed and refractory acute leukemia after contemporary therapy.

Procedure

A retrospective study of pediatric patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia (AML) who received MTX and asparaginase as a salvage therapy at St. Jude Children Research Hospital was performed. MTX was given intravenously followed by a dose of asparaginase intramuscularly or intravenously 24 hours later. The chemotherapy cycle was repeated every 7–10 days. Response, survival, and toxicities were evaluated.

Results

Fifteen patients, median age 10.5 years (range, 1.1–18.5 years), were treated. Median number of previous therapeutic regimens was three (range, 1–4). Six patients responded to treatment (three had morphologic complete remission with incomplete blood count recovery, two had partial remission, and one had stable disease for 16 months), and four are still alive. Three of six responders had monoblastic leukemia, and also developed tumor lysis syndrome. The 1‐ and 2‐year overall survival rates are 35.6% and 17.8%, respectively. The most common adverse event was transient elevation of transaminases (nine patients). Two patients developed pancreatitis. Episodes of febrile neutropenia were rare (two patients), and most courses (75 out of 93 total courses) were given in an outpatient setting.

Conclusions

Combination chemotherapy with MTX and asparaginase appears to be an effective salvage therapy and well tolerated in patients with relapsed or refractory childhood AML, even in those heavily pretreated with contemporary frontline or salvage therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013; 60: 1161–1164. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How Implicit–Explicit Consistency of the Intelligence Self–Concept Moderates Reactions to Performance Feedback
Authors: Gerstenberg Friederike X. R. , Imhoff Roland , Banse Rainer , Altstötter–Gleich Christine , Zinkernagel Axel , Schmitt Manfred
Published: January 2013

At present, it is not well understood which individual characteristics determine whether individuals will benefit or suffer from feedback about suboptimal performance. Three separate studies tested the idea that individuals‘ reactions to (neutral versus negative; positive versus negative) feedback as either improving or deteriorating performance in intelligence tests depended on their explicit and implicit self–concept of intelligence (eSCI and iSCI). In all studies (Study 1, N = 177; Study 2, N = 165; Study 3, N = 132), persons with low eSCI/high iSCI showed a boost in performance after negative feedback, whereas persons with any other combination showed a decline in performance. The studies also provide an explanation for these effects in terms of mediating mechanisms. Whereas the performance boost of individuals with low eSCI/high iSCI can be best explained by achievement–related reactance (Studies 2 and 3) and decrease in ruminative thinking (Study 3), the performance declines in the other configurations were mediated by decreased achievement motivation, increased frustration and increased outrage (Study 3). All these mediating mechanisms proved independent and incremental in a bootstrapping–based moderated meditation analysis. The results are discussed in light of the construct validity of our Implicit Association Test (IAT) and IATs in general. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of osteoblastic and osteolytic proteins in prostate cancer bone metastases
Authors: Larson Sandy R. , Zhang Xiaotun , Dumpit Ruth , Coleman Ilsa , Lakely Bryce , Roudier Martine , Higano Celestia S. , True Lawrence D. , Lange Paul H. , Montgomery Bruce , Corey Eva , Nelson Peter S. , Vessella Robert L. , Morrissey Colm
Published: January 2013

BACKGROUND

Approximately 90% of patients who die of Prostate Cancer (PCa) have bone metastases, which promote a spectrum of osteoblastic, osteolytic or mixed bone responses. Numerous secreted proteins have been reported to promote osteoblastic or osteolytic bone responses. We determined whether previously identified and/or novel proteins were associated with the osteoblastic or osteolytic response in clinical specimens of PCa bone metastases.

METHODS

Gene expression was analyzed on 14 PCa metastases from 11 patients by microarray profiling and qRT‐PCR, and protein expression was analyzed on 33 PCa metastases from 30 patients by immunohistochemistry on highly osteoblastic and highly osteolytic bone specimens.

RESULTS

Transcript and protein levels of BMP‐2, BMP‐7, DKK‐1, ET‐1, and Sclerostin were not significantly different between osteoblastic and osteolytic metastases. However, levels of OPG, PGK1, and Substance P proteins were increased in osteoblastic samples. In addition, Emu1, MMP‐12, and sFRP‐1 were proteins identified with a novel role of being associated with either the osteoblastic or osteolytic bone response.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first detailed analysis of bone remodeling proteins in human specimens of PCa bone metastases. Three proteins not previously shown to be involved may have a role in the PCa bone response. Furthermore, our data suggests that the relative expression of numerous, rather than a single, bone remodeling proteins determine the bone response in PCa bone metastases. Prostate 73: 932–940, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Circular dichroism in angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy of topological insulators
Authors: Wang Yihua , Gedik Nuh
Published: January 2013

magnified image

Topological insulators are a new phase of matter that exhibits exotic surface electronic properties. Determining the spin texture of this class of material is of paramount importance for both fundamental understanding of its topological order and future spin‐based applications. In this article, we review the recent experimental and theoretical studies on the differential coupling of left‐circularly versus right‐circularly polarized light to the topological surface states in angle‐resolved photoemission spectroscopy. These studies have shown that the polarization of light and the experimental geometry play a veryimportant role in both photocurrent intensity and spin polarization of photoelectrons emitted from the topological surface states. A general photoemission matrix element calculation can quantitatively explain the observations and is also applicable to topologically trivial systems with strong spin–orbit coupling. These experimental and theoretical investigations suggest that optical excitation with circularly polarized light is a promising route towards mapping the spin–orbit texture and manipulating the spin orientation in topological and other spin–orbit coupled materials.

magnified image

The circular‐dichroic angle‐resolved photoemission spectrum of Bi2Se3 as obtained by the difference between spectra taken with left‐circularly vs. right‐circularly polarized light using a time‐of‐flight electron spectrometer.

(© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Ensemble prediction of coastal flood risk arising from overtopping by linking meteorological, ocean, coastal and surf zone models
Authors: Zou Qing‐Ping , Chen Yongping , Cluckie Ian , Hewston Richard , Pan Shunqi , Peng Zhong , Reeve Dominic
Published: January 2013

This paper presents an integrated ‘Clouds‐to‐Coast’ ensemble modelling framework of coastal flood risk due to wave overtopping. The modelling framework consists of four key components: meteorological forecasts, wave–tide–surge predictions, nearshore wave models and surf zone models. This type of ensemble prediction approach allows us to estimate the probabilities of various outcomes and so improve our understanding of the reliability of results. It also provides a measure of the uncertainty associated with predictions, which can be particularly large for extreme storms, and allows us to assess how the uncertainty propagates from meteorological forecasts to overtopping and subsequent coastal flood risk predictions. Copyright © 2013 Royal Meteorological Society
Assimilation of GNSS ZTD and radar radial velocity for the benefit of very‐short‐range regional weather forecasts
Authors: de Haan S.
Published: January 2013

Wind, humidity and temperature observations from aircraft and radiosondes are generally used to find the best initial state of the atmosphere for numerical weather prediction (NWP). To be of use for very‐short‐range numerical weather forecasting (or numerical nowcasting), these observations need to be available within several minutes after observation time. Radiosondes have a typically observation latency of over 30 min and arrive too late for numerical nowcasting. Zenith Total Delay (ZTD) observations obtained from a ground‐based network of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers can fill this gap of lacking rapid humidity information. ZTD contains information on the total amount of water vapour. Other rapidly available observations, such as radial wind estimates from Doppler weather radars, can also be exploited. Both observations are available with a delay of less than 5 min with adequate spatial resolution. In this article, the impact of assimilation of these humidity and wind observations in a very‐short‐range regional forecast model is assessed over a four‐month summer period and a six‐week winter period. As a reference for the impact, GNSS observations are also assimilated in a three‐hourly NWP scheme with longer observation cut‐off times. The quality of the forecasts is evaluated against radiosonde observations, radar radial wind and hourly precipitation observations. Assimilation of both GNSS ZTD and radar radial winds resulted in a positive impact on humidity, rainfall and wind forecasts.
Steady and unsteady nonlinear internal waves incident on an interface
Authors: Grimshaw Roger , McHugh John
Published: January 2013

Steady nonlinear internal waves are commonly described by the Dubreil‐Jacotin–Long equation. This equation contains unknown functions of the stream function, representing the density and vorticity fields. Often these are determined by upstream conditions where the flow is assumed to be known. But for the case when the waves are periodic in the horizontal direction, these functions need to be determined instead by consideration of the source of the waves, and in particular by the wave‐induced mean flow. Here we show that this situation is particularly important for waves incident and reflected from an interface, representing a sharp change in the background density stratification, such as that at the tropopause. The combination of the incident and reflected wave‐induced mean flows generates a sharp shear near the interface.
Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering imaging using noble metal nanoparticles
Authors: Wilson Andrew J. , Willets Katherine A.
Published: January 2013

Surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) imaging is a powerful technique for studying biological systems both in vitro and in vivo. In SERS, Raman scattering from molecules located near the surface of either gold or silver nanoparticles is enhanced by 105–108. This review describes the basic enhancement mechanism of SERS and provides experimental details that must be considered when performing a SERS imaging experiment with a focus on cellular imaging. Specific examples highlighting the power of SERS for measuring chemical distributions in cells, signal multiplexing, and following dynamic motion of SERS probes in vivo are provided. Potential future directions in which SERS is combined with super‐resolution imaging are also described. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2013, 5:180–189. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1208

This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices

Diagnostic Tools > In Vitro Nanoparticle-Based Sensing

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Dark Matter in a twisted bottle
Authors: Arbey Alexandre , Cacciapaglia Giacomo , Deandrea Aldo , Kubik Bogna
Published: January 2013

Abstract

The real projective plane is a compact, non-orientable orbifold of Euler characteristic 1 without boundaries, which can be described as a twisted Klein bottle. We shortly review the motivations for choosing such a geometry among all possible two-dimensional orbifolds, while the main part of the study will be devoted to dark matter study and limits in Universal Extra Dimensional (UED) models based on this peculiar geometry. In the following we consider such a UED construction based on the direct product of the real projective plane with the standard four-dimensional Minkowski space-time and discuss its relevance as a model of a weakly interacting Dark Matter candidate.

One important difference with other typical UED models is the origin of the symmetry leading to the stability of the dark matter particle. This symmetry in our case is a remnant of the six-dimensional Minkowski space-time symmetry partially broken by the compactification. Another important difference is the very small mass splitting between the particles of a given Kaluza-Klein tier, which gives a very important role to co-annihilation effects. Finally the role of higher Kaluza-Klein tiers is also important and is discussed together with a detailed numerical description of the influence of the resonances.
2:1 for naturalness at the LHC?
Authors: Arkani-Hamed Nima , Blum Kfir , D’Agnolo Raffaele Tito , Fan JiJi
Published: January 2013

Abstract

A large enhancement of a factor of 1.5 - 2 in Higgs production and decay in the diphoton channel, with little deviation in the ZZ channel, can only plausibly arise from a loop of new charged particles with large couplings to the Higgs. We show that, allowing only new fermions with marginal interactions at the weak scale, the required Yukawa couplings for a factor of 2 enhancement are so large that the Higgs quartic coupling is pushed to large negative values in the UV, triggering an unacceptable vacuum instability far beneath the 10 TeV scale. An enhancement by a factor of 1.5 can be accommodated if the charged particles are lighter than 150 GeV, within reach of discovery in almost all cases in the 8 TeV run at the LHC, and in even the most difficult cases at 14 TeV. Thus if the diphoton enhancement survives further scrutiny, and no charged particles beneath 150 GeV are found, there must be new bosons far beneath the 10 TeV scale. This would unambiguously rule out a large class of fine-tuned theories for physics beyond the Standard Model, including split SUSY and many of its variants, and provide strong circumstantial evidence for a natural theory of electroweak symmetry breaking at the TeV scale. Alternately, theories with only a single fine-tuned Higgs and new fermions at the weak scale, with no additional scalars or gauge bosons up to a cutoff much larger than the 10 TeV scale, unambiguously predict that the hints for a large diphoton enhancement in the current data will disappear.
Tinnitus and Patterns of Hearing Loss
Authors: Tan Christine M. , Lecluyse Wendy , McFerran Don , Meddis Ray
Published: January 2013

Tinnitus is strongly linked with the presence of damaged hearing. However, it is not known why tinnitus afflicts only some, and not all, hearing-impaired listeners. One possibility is that tinnitus patients have specific inner ear damage that triggers tinnitus. In this study, differences in cochlear function inferred from psychophysical measures were measured between hearing-impaired listeners with tinnitus and hearing-impaired listeners without tinnitus. Despite having similar average hearing loss, tinnitus patients were observed to have better frequency selectivity and compression than those without tinnitus. The results suggest that the presence of subjective tinnitus may not be strongly associated to outer hair cell impairment, at least where hearing impairment is evident. The results also show a different average pattern of hearing impairment amongst the tinnitus patients, consistent with the suggestion that inner hair cell dysfunction with subsequent reduced auditory innervation is a possible trigger of tinnitus.
The secreted oligomeric form of α‐synuclein affects multiple steps of membrane trafficking
Authors: Chai Ye-Jin , Kim DongKyu , Park Joohyun , Zhao Haiyan , Lee Seung-Jae , Chang Sunghoe
Published: January 2013

α‐Synuclein (α‐syn) can be secreted from neurons into the extracellular space, affecting the homeostasis of neighboring cells, but the pathophysiology of secreted α‐syn remains largely unknown. We found that when exogenously applied to COS‐7 cells, α‐syn secreted from differentiated SH‐SY5Y cells was taken up by dynamin‐dependent endocytosis. Upon internalization, α‐syn significantly increased the rate of transferrin receptor (TfR) internalization and recycling, and subsequently the surface levels of TfR. The effects are attributable to the oligomeric form, but not monomeric or fibrillar form, of extracellular α‐syn. Together, multiple alterations in membrane trafficking by secreted oligomeric α‐syn may contribute to the early stages of pathogenesis in Parkinson's disease.
The crystal structure of the cysteine protease Xylellain from Xylella fastidiosa reveals an intriguing activation mechanism
Authors: Leite Ney Ribeiro , Faro Aline Regis , Dotta Maria Amélia Oliva , Faim Livia Maria , Gianotti Andreia , Silva Flavio Henrique , Oliva Glaucius , Thiemann Otavio Henrique
Published: January 2013

Xylellain and Xylellain bind by X‐ray crystallography (View interaction)
A representational parameter for onsetless syllables
Authors: SCHWARTZ GEOFFREY
Published: January 2013

Syllables without consonantal onsets may be invisible for stress-assignment, reduplication, or tone. Many authors attribute this behavior to some sort of prosodic deficiency, while having little to say about cases in which onsetless syllables act as well-formed constituents. In the Onset Prominence (OP) representational environment, the ambiguous behavior of onsetless syllables is explained by means of a single representational parameter. Prosodically active initial vowels are assumed to be specified for the Vocalic Onset (VO) layer of structure, a specification lacking in prosodically inert onsetless syllables. Diverse phonological implications of VO specification for KiKerewe, Eastern Arrernte, Tashlhiyt Berber and Polish are examined. In the case of Polish, phonetic data on the glottalization of initial vowels provide additional support for the representational proposal. Finally, the place of the OP environment within the context of modern phonological theory is discussed.
XIX.—The Brachiopoda of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition (1902 to 1904)
Authors: Jackson J. Wilfrid
Published: January 2013

The Brachiopoda of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition of the S.Y. Scotia (1902–1904), though in some cases somewhat scanty in number of individuals, are of particular interest, mainly on account of increasing very materially our knowledge in regard to the geographical range of certain forms, as well as of adding other species to those already known from the Antarctic coast-line.
XXIV.—The Specialized Area of Skin Glands in Aotes Humboldt (Simiæ Platyrrhini)
Authors: Hill W. C. Osman , Appleyard H. M. , Auber L.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

The scent-producing area of closely packed holocrine and apocrine skin-glands in Aotes has an atypical, caudal position. Whilst most of the holocrine glands open into hair follicles by ordinary short ducts, some of the ducts are elongated, opening either into follicles or on the skin surface. The holocrine and apocrine secretions, in conjunction with the peculiar splitting of individual hairs, cause felting of the pelage on the gland field. A peculiar structure of the hairs facilitates their splitting. Evolution and function of the gland field are discussed.
XXVII.—A Structural History of the Girvan District, S.W. Ayrshire
Authors: Williams Alwyn
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

An analysis of the structural style of the Palæozoic rocks exposed around Girvan in S.W. Ayrshire suggests that it was fashioned by at least nine phases of deformation. Five of these phases were active when maximum pressures were horizontal and together constitute the local expression of the Caledonian orogeny. The oldest phase recognized, the Main fold phase, consisted of overfolding due to an over-riding maximum pressure from between 150° and 170° and was penecontemporaneous with thrusting generated by a modal maximum stress from 145° to 325°. Three important thrust belts resulted but there were considerable local swings in the azimuths of maximum stress, a variation which culminated in the propagation of the Ardwell fold and reverse fault phase by a maximum stress from 110°. Later Caledonian movements, presumably influenced by an increase in overburden due to folding and thrusting, were represented by two episodes of wrench faulting: an older Ardwell “cross-fold” phase due to a maximum stress from north-east to south-west and a younger Main wrench system with a maximum stress aligned at 160–340° which generated an intricate pattern of sinistrai and dextral shears together with second-order relatives. The three following phases, the first, second and third “normal” phases represented an episode in stress history when the relief of pressure was horizontal and aligned from approximately north to south, north-north-west to south-south-east and just north of west to south of east respectively. Maximum pressures tended to vacillate between the vertical and near horizontal and as a result much of the faulting was oblique-slip. All three phases were responsible for important faults and some evidence is put forward to suggest that all three are possibly Proto-Armorican or probably not later than Armorican, although the existence of a few mineral veins shows that reactivation certainly took place in Borcovician times. An analysis of the tensional joints recorded for the area indicates that, apart from the dominant Caledonian and less conspicuous Armorican sets, Tertiary joints were formed when there was a relief of pressure from north-east to south-west and this final phase of deformation was accompanied by the intrusion of dykes.

The study also includes discussions on the methods and merits of the resolution by stereographic means of the stress fields responsible for oblique-slip faults and on the nature and origin of first- and second-order wrench faulting in the light of the abundant statistical data available.
V.—Polychæta of the Families Serpulidæ and Sabellidæ, collected by the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition
Authors: Pixell Helen L. M.
Published: January 2013

For the opportunity of examining these specimens I am indebted to Dr W. S. Bruce, the leader of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, 1902–1904. I should like to take this opportunity of expressing my thanks to him, and also to Dr Marett Tims for his assistance during the preparation of the paper.
XIX.—The Physiography of the Moray Firth Coast
Authors: Ogilvie Alan G.
Published: January 2013

Physiographic investigation was undertaken in the coastal belt of the Moray Firth between Golspie and Port Gordon in the hope that it would serve a double purpose. So far as was known no detailed morphological study of any large section of the British coasts had been made, and it appeared that such an investigation upon a varied coast-line would increase our knowledge of marine processes and the work they accomplish. Furthermore, since the area selected includes some of the finest and most complex examples of raised beach at several levels, it was possible by careful attention to heights, absolute and relative, to contribute evidence that may serve in future geological studies of a broader character. The exceptional wealth and variety of features of marine abrasion and deposit in these 250 miles of coast is due largely to the fact that they have been produced on a rising land margin, and so have been preserved.
XIX.—Contributions towards a Knowledge of the Anatomy of the Lower Dicotyledons. II. The Anatomy of the Stem of the Berberidaceæ
Authors: Harvey-Gibson R. J. , Horsman Elsie
Published: January 2013

The present paper is the second of a series of investigations into the anatomy of the lower Dicotyledons (1), aiming at the accumulation of anatomical data which, it is hoped, may prove of service in elucidating the phylogeny of the complex of orders usually regarded as situated somewhere near the base of the Angiosperm phylum. The continuance of the War has again materially retarded these investigations, and has also rendered it almost impossible to obtain material from abroad that would, doubtless, have been available in peace time. We are greatly indebted for substantial assistance in this relation more especially to Sir David Prain, F.R.S., Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, and to Sir Frederick Moore, F.R.S., Director of the Glasnevin Gardens, Dublin, and to them we tender our grateful thanks.
I.—Studies in Floral Morphology. II. The Staminal Zygomorphy of Couroupita guianensis, Aubl.
Authors: Thompson John M'Lean
Published: January 2013

In a former memoir published in these Transactions (20) the developmental study of floral characters has been reopened. It has there been shown that by this study, which for long has received little attention, the investigator, aided by modern technical methods, may gain a fuller understanding of the value of the characters by which his judgment in systematic matters is guided. The subject then dealt with was the initiation of staminal zygomorphy in certain dicotyledonous plants. It was there shown that in the history of a stamen from its initiation as a primordium until its anther is dehisced and its pollen shed there are three more or less distinct consecutive phases. In the first, or phase of initiation, the stamen-primordium is defined. From this primordium an undifferentiated multicellular body arises by rapid cell-division. In the second phase this body undergoes differentiation into the component parts of a stamen ; an anther and frequently a filament and connective are defined, and their cellular construction is completed. In the third and final phase the stamen is extended and functionates forthwith as a disseminator of pollen-grains. In this phase the extensible and elastic walls of the cells of the filament are distended by internal hydraulic pressure, and the anther-walls are dried and finally rupture by inequalities in their rate of shrinkage and by the agency of fibrous devices. These steps form the prelude to the actual functionating of the stamen, and since the final enlargement of the stamen-filament is due to water-pressure, this phase is known as the phase of extension.
II.—Shackleton Antarctic Expedition, 1914–1917 : Geological Observations in the Weddell Sea Area
Authors: Wordie J. M.
Published: January 2013

The original, plan of the Shackleton Expedition, had it been realised, would have yielded geological results of no little value. The base would have been on Coats Land, and next in importance to crossing the Antarctic continent was the projected geological sledging trip across the Wilhelm Barrier, westwards from the head of the Weddell Sea to the southern. continuation of Graham Land. Had it been carried out, it would of course have settled finally the relationship of Graham Land to the rest of Antarctica. The besetment and destruction of the Endurance, however, put an end to the original plan, and no landing was ever made either on the eastern or on the southern side of the Weddell Sea.
VIII.—The Archæan and Torridonian Formations and the Later Intrusive Igneous Rooks of Iona
Authors: Jehu T. J.
Published: January 2013

The Island of Iona, celebrated for its ecclesiastical remains and venerated as the centre of St Columba's activities and as the cradle of Christianity in Scotland, is designated by various names. In Gaelic it is known as “Hy” or “I” (the Island), and has been termed also “Innis-nan-Druidneach” (the Island of the Druids), “I-Colm-Kill” (the Island of Colum of the Cell). The term “Iona” (or “Ioua”) was used by Adamnan in his Latin Life of St Columba, and was thought to be derived from the Hebrew “Ionah” (a dove). A more probable derivation is from the Irish “I-thon” (the Island of Waves).
XVIII.—The Geology of the Highland Border: Stonehaven to Arran
Authors: Anderson J. G. C.
Published: January 2013

(a) Scope of Paper.—The distinction between Highlands and Lowlands is a most striking feature of the topography of Scotland and has for long played an important part in the political, economic and social life of the country. Although the dividing line between the two regions, in a purely geographical sense, is ill-defined in some districts, on the whole it coincides fairly closely with a powerful geological dislocation which can be traced across Scotland from Stonehaven to Arran (fig. 1), a distance of 160 miles. This dislocation has for long been termed the Highland Boundary Fault. On detailed study it is found to be only one of several faults making up a complex fracture-zone, one of the most important in the British Isles, within which movements on a considerable scale have taken place from Ordovician to Carboniferous times.
XIX.—The Alcyonaria of the Cape of Good Hope and Natal. Alcyonacea
Authors: Thomson J. Stuart
Published: January 2013

The following is the first of a series of papers which I intend to issue on South African Alcyonaria. During a lengthened residence at the Cape of Good Hope, I devoted special attention to the Alcyonaria collected on board the Government steam trawlerPieter Faure. Professor Hickson has contributed two papers on Cape Alcyonarians to the volumesMarine Investigations in South Africa; but since then a large number of forms have been dredged, and there still remain in the collection entrusted to me many unidentified and undescribed species. In this first instalment I have confined myself to the Alcyonacea. The present work has been carried on in the Zoological Institute and Museum of Natural History, Berne, and it would be difficult to overstate my indebtedness to Professor Studer, who, besides giving me much valuable advice, stimulus, and encouragement, placed the entire literature of the subject at my disposal.
XIII.—Contributions to the Geology of Benguella
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: January 2013

Benguella is a province of Angola, the chief Portuguese colony in western Africa. From the chief town, Benguella (lat. 12·35° S.) and from Catumbella (lat. 12·25° S.) old-established trade routes go inland on to the Benguella plateau, and across it along the watershed between the Congo and the Zambesi to Katanga and the Upper Congo. The geographical pioneers in this part of Africa showed that the land rises in steps from the coast to a high plateau, which consists of a foundation, of ancient crystalline and sedimentary rocks, and is flanked by younger marine beds along the coast.
XVII.—On some Cretaceous Echinoidea from the Neighbourhood of Lobito Bay
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: January 2013

Nine species of Echinoidea were described by De Loriol From Benguella and mainly from the neighbourhood of Dombe Grande.

1. One of his species, Epiaster catumbellensis, is common in the Lobito district. It is recorded by Be Loriol from the Inflata beds at Catumbella, and the younger Cyprina ivensi sandstone at Dombe Grande. It is a variable species. According to the dimensions given by De Loriol, the length varies from 25 to 36 mm., and the breadth varies from 88 to 94 per cent, of the length and the height from 66 to 77 per cent, of the length. His illustrations show that the species has two chief forms: in one the shape is depressed and the posterior margin is nearly vertical; in the other the posterior interambulacrum is subcarinate, and the posterior margin is more sloping owing to the projection of the lower posterior corner. In De Loriol's figure, pl. viii, No. 4, the posterior margin has a slope of only 7° from the vertical; in his fig. 5 this slope is 15° from the vertical.
XXII.—Contributions to our Knowledge of British Palæozoic Plants. Part I. Fossil Plants from the Scottish Coal Measures
Authors: Kidston R.
Published: January 2013

In this series of papers it is proposed to describe new or interesting Palæozoic plants, many of which were collected several years ago. Some of these are in the possession of the Geological Surveys of England and Scotland, others belong to personal friends or are in the collections of public museums, while the remainder are in my own collection. They come from various localities and horizons, and a few from coalfields of which papers dealing with their fossil plants have already been published, and they are, in many cases, additions to these lists.
XII.—On Tetrastichia bupatides: A Carboniferous Pteridosperm from East Lothian
Authors: Gordon W. T.
Published: January 2013

Following the discovery of well-preserved fossil plants at Weak Law, North Berwick (Gordon, 1935, p. 280), a search of all the volcanic ashes in the neighbourhood was undertaken and special attention was given to those localities from which plant-remains had been recorded in the past. Isolated specimens had been from time to time discovered, but were usually of an unsatisfactory character—mostly fragments of charred wood such as frequently occur in volcanic ashes. More satisfactory specimens were found by Mr James Whitecross of North Berwick, and were recorded by the late Mr T. Cuthbert Day (Day, 1928, p. 48), from a thin bed of limestone in the ashes of Gin Head, Tantallon, and elsewhere in the vicinity.
XV.—OnRhamphodopsis, a Ptyctodont from the Middle Old Red Sandstone of Scotland
Authors: Watson D. M. S.
Published: January 2013

In 1858 C. H. Pander described asPtydodusa number of teeth from Upper Devonian limestones in Russia. His admirable figures of complete teeth and of sections through them established the very chimæroid structure of these bodies. Since that time similar teeth have been repeatedly described, and have served for the establishment of three genera and many species from rocks of Middle and Upper Devonian age.
XIX.—The Female Reproductive System and Corpora Lutea of the False Killer Whale, Pseudorca crassidens Owen
Authors: Comrie L. C. , Adam Ann B.
Published: January 2013

The material to be described here was taken from individuals of a school of Pseudorca crassidens, forty-one of which were stranded at Buddon Ness in the estuary of the Tay in November 1935. There is very little published work on this species beyond reports on the occurrence of stranded individuals. Beebe (1924) refers to six skeletons found on the shores of the Galapagos Archipelago, and West (1935) gave a preliminary account of a male fœtus taken from a female stranded in Wales. More recently, Peacock, Comrie, and Greenshields (1936) gave an account of the Tay specimens, while Fraser (1936) published a review of various strandings around our British coasts, and Gill (1935) has dealt with those stranded in South Africa (see abstract in Nature, September 1936). With regard to the reproductive system valuable assistance has been obtained from recent researches on other species by MacIntosh and Wheeler (1929), Wheeler (1930), Ommanney (1932), and Laurie (1937), published in Discovery Reports, while earlier papers, also on other species, by Schulte (1916) and Meek (1918) have also been consulted.
XI.—Serpentine Lavas, the Ankara Mélange and the Anatolian Thrust
Authors: Bailey E. B. , McCallien W. J.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Evidence is given that many of the Mesozoic, geosynclinal serpentines of Turkey are deep-sea lavas, and that they functioned as efficient fertilizers of surface waters leading to rich crops of radiolaria now preserved in cherts and limestones. Furthermore, in anticlinals at Ankara and Alaca Höyük, Palæozoic, Triassic and Jurassic rocks in the condition of a tectonic mélange are overlain unconformably by Upper Cretaceous and Eocene; while, in associated synclinals at Ayas and Kirsehir, crystalline schists and granites, probably Palæozoic or earlier, emerge from beneath unconformable Oligocene. It is suggested that these crystallines are parts of a Pontic nappe which advanced southwards during Upper Cretaceous times, in part overriding and breaking local rocks to yield the Ankara Mélange, in part bulldozing them forwards to form the Taurus Mountains. The displacement along the Anatolian Thrust at the base of the invading Pontic nappe is reckoned at about 350 km.
XV.—The Distribution and Biology of Drosophilidæ (Diptera) in Scotland, including a New Species of Drosophila
Authors: Basden E. B.
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

The paper presents the results of an investigation of the distribution and biology of flies of the family Drosophilidæ in Scotland. Methods of sampling the population are described and notes are given on the breeding of many species in the laboratory. All earlier records of Drosophilidæ in Scotland are brought together for the first time, and the new species, Drosophila silvestris, is described.
XVI.—Caradocian Trilobites from Mudstones at Craighead Quarry, near Girvan, Ayrshire
Authors: Tripp Ronald Pearson
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Sixteen new species of trilobites are described and named, and thirty species are figured. The specimens were collected from a small exposure of mudstones at Craighead Quarry; most of the species are only known from this one exposure. The occurrence of several species which show strong affinities with forms from higher horizons indicates that the mudstones are more recent than other Balclatchie Group (Lower Caradocian) deposits.
XI.—The Pharmacological Action of Harmaline.
Authors: Gunn James A.
Published: January 2013

Harmaline is one of two alkaloids found in the seeds of Peganum Harmala, a strong-smelling herbaceous plant belonging to the order of Rutaceæ. This plant grows to a height of from 1 to 3 feet, is much branched, and profusely covered with leaves. It is found wild in S. Europe, Asia Minor, Egypt, Arabia, N.W. India, and Siberia. It is the Πήγανον ἄγριον (wild rue) of Dioscorides, Πήγανον being the name still applied in Greece to several species of Ruta.
XII.—The Pharmacological Action of Protocatechyl-Tropeine.
Authors: Marshall C. R.
Published: January 2013

Protocatechyl-tropeine is one of a series of new tropeines investigated primarily with the object of determining the difference in pharmacological action between a lactone and the corresponding hydroxy-acid. Its constitution is shown in the following formula :—

Like most other tropeines, it paralyses the vagal nerve endings in the heart. It also diminishes the irritability of voluntary muscle and its myo-neural junctions, and paralyses the respiratory centre.
II.—The Varying Form of the Stomach in Man and the Anthropoid Ape
Authors: Cunningham D. J.
Published: January 2013

There are few organs which have engaged the attention of the topographical anatomist more than the stomach, and few which have yielded him so small a reward as the result of his labours. The changes which so rapidly set in after death through relaxation of its muscular wall, combined with the many different forms which the organ may assume during life, make the investigation one of great difficulty. Improved methods, and more especially the introduction of formalin as a hardening and preserving agent, have, however, placed the modern anatomist in a much more favourable position than his predecessor for attacking problems of this nature, and have enabled him to do justice to many views which have been more or less tentatively put forward by the earlier observers in this branch of study.
III.—The Development of the Skull and Visceral Arches in Lepidosiren and Protopterus
Authors: Agar W. E.
Published: January 2013

The material for this work was that collected and prepared by Professor J. Graham Kerr in the Chaco (Lepidosiren), and by Budgett from the Gambia (Protopterus). The process of development follows nearly the same course in the two genera, and where differences occur they are mainly such as are to be expected from a comparison of the adult skulls. While the series of stages of Lepidosiren left no unfilled gaps, the material was scantier in the case of Protopterus. Except where otherwise stated, the detailed descriptions were worked out in Lepidosiren, but whenever I was unable to verify that the process was substantially the same in the other genus, the fact has been mentioned. The stages are numbered in correspondence with the stages figured by Graham Kerr (Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc, B., vol. cxcii.). The Protopterus stages are numbered the same as the corresponding ones in the other genus. As far as possible, the nomenclature adopted by Gaupp* has been adhered to.
IV.—Observations on the Normal Temperature of the Monkey and its Diurnal Variation, and on the Effect of Changes in the Daily Routine on this Variation
Authors: Simpson Sutherland , Galbraith J. J.
Published: January 2013

The observations recorded in the following pages were begun upwards of four years ago. In the course of an investigation into the anatomy and physiology of the central nervous system of the monkey, it was deemed necessary, amongst other things, to note whether the lesions established had influenced the temperature of the affected limbs. On consulting the chapter on “Animal Heat” by Pembrey in Schäfer's Text-booh of Physiology, and Richet's article “Chaleur,” in the Dictionnaire de Physiologie to find what the normal temperature of the monkey was, it was discovered that very few observations on the temperature of this animal had been made. Considering the high position which the monkey occupies in the animal scale, it seemed to us that this was an omission which we might with advantage do something to remedy; we decided therefore to avail ourselves of the material at our disposal, and to record the temperature of such healthy monkeys as should come into the laboratory from time to time.
V.–Distribution of the Cells in the Intermedio-Lateral Tract of the Spinal Cord
Authors: Bruce Alexander
Published: January 2013

The term intermedio-lateral tract was introduced in 1859 (Phil. Trans., 1859, p. 445) by Lockhart Clarke to designate a tract or column of nerve cells in the spinal cord, which he had previously described in 1851 (Phil. Trans., 1851, ii. p. 613) as occupying that portion of the lateral margin of the grey matter which is intermediate between the anterior and posterior cornua. According to Clarke's original account, the column in question was very transparent in appearance, and resembled somewhat the substantia gelatinosa of the posterior horn. It was found in the upper part of the lumbar enlargement, extended upwards through the dorsal region, where it distinctly increased in size, to the lower part of the cervical enlargement. Here it disappeared almost entirely. In the upper cervical region it was again seen, and could be traced upwards into the medulla oblongata, where, in the space immediately behind the central canal, it blended with its fellow of the opposite side. In the more complete account of the tract published in 1859 (p. 446), its component cells are described as in part oval, fusiform, pyriform, or triangular, and as being smaller and more uniform in size than those of the anterior cornua. In the mid-dorsal region, where they are least numerous, they are found only near the lateral margin of the grey matter, with the exception of some cells which lie among the white fibres beyond the margin of the grey substance. In the upper dorsal region the tract is larger, and not only projects further outwards into the lateral column of the white fibres, but also tapers inwards across the grey substance, almost to the front of Clarke's column. In the cervical enlargement it gradually disappears, although it seems to contain, in part at least, a few scattered cells resembling those of the intermedio-lateral tract of the dorsal region. In the upper cervical region, as already stated, it is again seen occupying a lateral horn similar to that found in the dorsal region. It is composed of the same kind of cells, and can be followed up into the medulla, where it is said to give origin to some of the fibres of the vagus and the spinal accessory.
VIII.—On the Elevation of the Boiling Points of Aqueous Solutions of Electrolytes
Authors: Johnston S. M.
Published: January 2013

It has been known for a length of time that the presence of a non-volatile substance diminishes the vapour pressure of the solvent in which it is placed, and as the boiling point of a solvent or a solution is the temperature at which the vapour pressure is just equal to, or overcomes the pressure of the atmosphere, it follows that a solution has a higher boiling point than the solvent. Amongst the first experimenters in this field were Faraday, Legrand, Griffiths, and Raoult. TO Raoult we owe much for his development of the subject.
II.—Volcanic Neck Emplacement and Subsidence Structures at Dunbar, South-East Scotland
Authors: Francis E. Howel
Published: January 2013

Synopsis

Structures in and around volcanic necks at Dunbar are interpreted as belonging to two different stages in volcanism. Some, which are related to an early neck emplacement stage, include small ring structures—probably incipient (crypto-volcanic) necks—filled with marginally flow-banded breccias, dykes of similarly margined unbedded tuff, and tuff-penetrated wall rocks. Among the last are sandstones veined along planes of minor fracture by very fine sand.

Other structures belong to a later stage during which bedded tuffs, that had originally accumulated sub-ærially, subsided into the necks in a process here likened to caldera formation. In one large neck the bedding is relatively undisturbed, but in smaller necks there are high inward dips from the margins and collapse structures, sometimes accompanied by reconstitution of the clastics, at the centres. Diagnostic features of subsidence margins are anastomozing veins of carbonate, locally accompanied by hæmatite, and these appear to be related to dykes of flow-banded sandstone and sandy tuff intruded along fractures initiated inside the necks during subsidence. Other structures described are ring-fracture, with or without gouge, and down-drag of wall-rocks: these suggest a solution to the space problem posed by caldera mechanism.