bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genesis of QRS in the ruminant: Graphic simulation
Authors: Hamlin Robert L. , Glower Donald D. , Pimmel Russell L.
Published: February 2025

Graphic simulation of ventricular activation for a typical ruminant with complete endocardial-epicardial penetration of Purkinje's fibers was performed. Voltages recorded from points on the torso simulating electrodes V10 and aVF were predicted. These compared favorably in amplitudes and durations with voltages actually recorded from typical ruminants.
Serum chemical values of gestating and lactating swine: Reference values
Authors: Reese D. E. , Peo E. R. , Lewis A. J. , Hogg A.
Published: February 2025

Reference values of 18 serum constituents were determined in gestating (n = 33) and lactating (n = 13) swine. Serum concentrations of calcium, glucose, urea nitrogen, cholesterol, total protein, and globulin were lower (P < 0.10) during gestation than during lactation. Concentrations of creatinine, triglycerides, and creatine phosphokinase were higher (P < 0.10) during gestation than during lactation. Creatinine concentration increased (P < 0.05) from lactation days 14 to 26.
Serum erythromycin concentration in sheep fed two diets
Authors: Wilson Robert C. , Huber Thomas L. , Goetsch Dennis D.
Published: February 2025

Serum erythromycin concentrations following a single iv injection (12.5 mg/kg) were compared in 6 sheep during feeding of a grass hay diet and a concentrate diet. The concentrate diet resulted in a mean decrease of at least 1 pH unit in forestomach fluid, but did not significantly alter either the serum drug concentrations or half-life. Variable antibacterial activity was present in forestomach fluid as early as 1 or 2 hours after injection. This study indicates that ion-trapping in forestomach fluid as a result of normal dietary changes does not require therapeutic dosage adjustment.
Hepatic metabolite concentration in lactic acidotic sheep
Authors: Huber T. L. , Wilson R. C. , McGarity S. A.
Published: February 2025

The concentration of hepatic metabolites associated with energy-producing pathways and hepatic oxygen consumption were measured in clinically normal and lactic acidotic sheep. Significantly (P < 0.005) lower pyruvate concentrations in livers of acidotic sheep produced significantly larger l-lactate to pyruvate concentration ratios. Glycogen concentrations were significantly (P < 0.005) lower in liver from acidotic sheep. Oxygen consumption by liver from acidotic sheep was depressed when compared with oxygen consumption by normal sheep liver. Seemingly, limited available carbohydrate substrate and not tissue oxygenation may be limiting aerobic glycolysis in liver of lactic acidotic sheep.
Pharmacokinetics of phenobarbital in dogs after multiple oral administration
Authors: Ravis W. R. , Nachreiner R. F. , Pedersoli W. M. , Houghton N. S.
Published: February 2025

Sodium phenobarbital (phb) was administered orally as tablets 3 times a day to 6 healthy mature dogs of mixed breeding for 5 days at a dose of 2 mg/kg of body weight. On the 6th day, phb was administered at 9 am and venous blood samples were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 23, 35, 47, 59, 71, 83, 95, 107, 119, and 131 hours. Additional phb was not given on day 6. Drug serum concentrations were described by a 1-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination with fitted correlation coefficients of 0.991 ± 0.007 (mean ± sd). The observed phb half-lives were between 37.3 and 74.6 hours with a mean of 53.0 ± 15 hours. The calculated volume of distribution (Vd/F) was 743.6 ± 69.8 ml/kg, and the total body clearance (ClT/F) was 0.173 ± 0.053 ml/min/kg. The absorption half-life was 1.27 ± 0.21 hours. Based on the observed biological half-life after 5 days of dosing, approximately 11 days (8 to 15.5 days) of multiple dosing would be required to achieve steady-state serum concentrations. From average values, predicted maintenance doses of 1.8 mg/kg of body weight 3 times a day or 5.5 mg/kg once daily would be required to achieve average serum concentrations of 20 μg/ml. Due to intersubject variations in ClT/F, these doses would result in subtherapeutic or toxic serum concentrations in 2 of the 6 dogs. Further disposition and dosing regimen studies need to be performed during chronic phb administration in dogs to evaluate autoinduction and intersubject differences in disposition kinetics.
Campylobacter microagglutination tests of swine with proliferative enteritis
Authors: Chang Kechen , Kurtz Harold J. , Ward Gilbert E. , Gebhart Connie J.
Published: February 2025

A microagglutination test was developed to determine campylobacter titers in swine with proliferative enteritis. Formalinized whole cell antigens from 24 Campylobacter isolates, including C hyointestinalis (chi), C sputorum ss mucosalis (csm), C jejuni/coli (cjc), C fetus ss fetus (cff), and C fecalis (cf), were tested with 9 rabbit antisera prepared against each of 3 strains of chi, csm, and cjc.

The chi appeared to be antigenically homogeneous. All 6 isolates of chi agglutinated with homologous antisera at high dilutions and did not react with csm antisera. Five of 6 isolates of csm agglutinated with homologous antisera, whereas 1 isolate did not. Seven strains of cjc autoagglutinated in saline solution and various antisera. One of 3 cjc antisera, however, cross-reacted with chi and csm antigens at high dilutions. The antigens from 5 strains of cff and cf did not react with chi, csm, and cjc antisera.

A survey of sera from 1,052 adult pigs from production herds indicated that the majority had high titers to chi and csm (mean, in log2: chi = 5.57, csm = 6.05). Similar titers were found in weaned pigs from 3 herds with the disease and 2 of 3 herds without the disease. Pigs with confirmed lesions of proliferative enteritis, however, had low titers (mean in log2: chi = 2.44, csm = 3.11). Agglutinating antibodies to chi and csm were transmitted from farrowing gilts to neonatal pigs via colostrum. The acquired antibodies decayed to low levels in pigs at 4 weeks of age (mean in log2: chi = 1.09, csm = 1.27).
Analytical evaluation of urinary excretion of furosemide in barrows
Authors: Ray Allen C. , Tanksley T. D. , LaRue David C. , Reagor John C.
Published: February 2025

Market weight barrows were dosed with furosemide im or orally, and urine (5 barrows) and blood (1 barrow) samples were collected. Extraction procedures and high-performance liquid chromatographic conditions were modified and adapted for analysis of porcine samples. Furosemide was cleared rapidly from plasma, but could be detected in urine 4 to 5 days after administration, using fluorescent or ultraviolet detection. Fluorescent detection was the preferred method for screening for furosemide. Approximately 12% of furosemide was excreted as the glucuronide conjugate.
Neutrophil adherence and movement in poorly and well-controlled diabetic dogs
Authors: Latimer Kenneth S. , Mahaffey Edward A.
Published: February 2025

Neutrophil adherence, random movement, and chemotaxis were quantitated in healthy nondiabetic dogs and in dogs with experimentally induced diabetes mellitus. On the basis of glycosylated serum protein values, the diabetic dogs were subdivided into well-controlled and poorly controlled groups. Neutrophil adherence was decreased significantly in poorly controlled diabetic dogs, but significant differences in neutrophil adherences were not found between nondiabetic and well-controlled diabetic dogs. Significant differences in neutrophil random or chemotactic movements were not found between nondiabetic and diabetic dogs. The decreased neutrophil adherence observed in poorly controlled diabetic dogs may predispose these animals to bacterial infection. Therefore, stringent regulation of blood glucose concentrations may decrease the frequency of secondary bacterial infections in spontaneous diabetes mellitus in dogs.
Evaluation of a calculolytic diet in female dogs with induced struvite urolithiasis
Authors: Abdullahi Shehu U. , Osborne Carl A. , Leininger Joel R. , Fletcher Thomas F. , Griffith Donald P.
Published: February 2025

The calculolytic effect of a diet designed to reduce the urine concentration of urea, P, and Mg was evaluated in female Beagles with induced urease-positive urinary tract infections and struvite urolithiasis and in female Beagles with induced sterile struvite urolithiasis. The reduced-protein calculolytic diet induced urolith dissolution in 5 of 6 infected dogs with struvite urolithiasis in 2 to 5 months (X = 14.4 weeks). At the end of 6 months, uroliths in comparable control dogs fed a maintenance diet were 5 times larger and 14 times heavier than at the beginning of the study. The calculolytic diet induced urolith dissolution in 6 of 6 noninfected dogs with struvite uroliths in 2 to 4 weeks (X = 3.3 weeks). Four uroliths in noninfected dogs fed the maintenance diet dissolved over a period of 2 to 5 months (X = 14 weeks).

Urolith dissolution in dogs fed the calculolytic diet was associated with diet-induced diuresis, reduction in urine pH, reduction in urine concentration of urea ammonia, P, and Mg, and increase in urine titratable acidity.

Consumption of the calculolytic diet was also associated with significant (P = < 0.01) reduction in the serum concentration of urea and albumin and a significant (P = < 0.01) increase in serum hepatic alkaline phosphatase activity. Concomitant occurrence of hydropic degeneration of hepatocytes indicated that these biochemical and morphologic changes were associated with dietary protein restriction.
Epidemiology of bovine brucellosis in the Mexicali Valley, Mexico: Literature review of disease-associated factors
Authors: Salman Mowafak D. , Meyer Margaret E.
Published: February 2025

The world literature was searched to document the variables known to affect the initiation, spread, maintenance, and/or control of bovine brucellosis. Each variable was classified into 1 of 3 categories, depending upon whether it was related to the animal population, to management, or to the biology of the disease. These variables were documented and categorized as the initial step for a quantitative path analysis on the epidemiology of bovine brucellosis in a defined geographic area in northern Mexico.
Effects of oxytetracycline in propylene glycol, oxytetracycline in saline solution, and propylene glycol alone on blood ionized calcium and plasma total calcium in sheep
Authors: Button C. , Mülders M. S. G.
Published: February 2025

Intravenous injection of oxytetracycline HCl (otc) in propylene glycol (pg), otc in saline solution, and pg alone in sheep had no significant (P < 0.01) effects on total plasma calcium concentrations over a 60-minute period. In contrast, ionized calcium concentrations in whole blood were significantly (P < 0.01) depressed for approximately 3 minutes after otc in pg and otc in saline solution, iv. A slight depression of ionized calcium concentrations was noticed after injection of pg alone. Seemingly, calcium chelation by otc may be a major factor in the collapse syndrome of ungulates given preparations containing otc by rapid iv injection.
Evidence for plasmid DNA in Alcaligenes faecalis
Authors: Luginbuhl G. H. , Rader J. M. , Simmons D. G.
Published: February 2025

A 10.6 megadalton plasmid was isolated from a virulent strain (NC-D) of Alcaligenes faecalis. Virulence and antibiotic sensitivity of this strain were compared with those characteristics of a mutant plasmid-free derivative, strain NC-D1. Strain NC-D1 was avirulent and lacked the streptomycin and sulfonamide resistances of the parent strain.
The importance of dietary antigen in the cause of postweaning diarrhea in pigs
Authors: Miller B. G. , Newby T. J. , Stokes C. R. , Hampson D. J. , Brown P. J. , Bourne F. J.
Published: February 2025

Food was given to pigs before weaning to determine whether a hypersensitive response to dietary antigen might be a predisposing factor to postweaning diarrhea. Small amounts of food increased the severity and accelerated the onset of postweaning diarrhea. Postweaning diarrhea was dependent on the presence within the diet of antigenic material (bovine casein). A weaning diet, containing little antigenic material (hydrolyzed casein), had less effect on sucrase concentration in intestinal brush borders than did diets rich in antigens (native casein). Seemingly, immune-mediated intestinal damage may predispose the pig to postweaning diarrhea.
In vitro and in vivo detection of infectious pancreatic necrosis virus in fish by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Hattori M. , Kodama H. , Ishiguro S. , Honda A. , Mikami T. , Izawa H.
Published: February 2025

A double antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was used to detect infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (ipnv). The elisa detected VR299 strain of ipnv at a dose of 10 to 20 ng of purified ipnv protein or 104 tcid50 in tissue culture fluid. Specificity of elisa was demonstrated by an elisa inhibition test. The elisa did not detect infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus. Normal cell culture fluid and virus-noninoculated rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson) homogenate did not react in the test system. The ipnv was detected in rainbow trout fry inoculated with ipnv. Although infective virus titer in fish decreased rapidly 1 week after inoculation, ipnv antigen was detected by elisa for 15 days. The ipnv antigen was detected in the fish tissue after inactivation of infective virus. The elisa is a rapid and reliable method for the diagno-sis of ipnv infection.
Control of bovine coccidiosis with monensin: In nonresistant newborn calves
Authors: Fitzgerald Paul R. , Mansfield Manford E.
Published: February 2025

Newborn Holstein male calves were purchased within 3 days after birth and were removed from the local farms to the Dixon Springs Agricultural Research Center. They were hand-fed for 7 weeks and then weaned to a prepared feed. Eight groups, each of 4 calves, were housed in separate pens. In each of 4 pens (pens 2 to 5), 1 calf was inoculated with sporulated oocysts of Eimeria bovis (and was not medicated); 1 calf was inoculated and given feed with added monensin at the dosage level of 10 g/906 kg of feed; and 2 calves were inoculated and given medicated feed with added monensin at the dosage level of 20 g/906 kg or 30 g/906 kg. In the 4 other pens (6 to 9), the calves were inoculated with E zuernii and otherwise were given feed without or with added monensin as in pens 2 through 5. Another group of 5 calves (all kept in 1 pen), served as noninoculated, nonmedicated controls.

At 14 days after inoculations with E bovis, the single calves in each of the 4 pens that were given the nonmedicated feed began to show clinical signs of coccidiosis and discharged increasing numbers of oocysts. The other inoculated calves (given monensin) had fewer clinical signs and discharged fewer oocysts in the feces as the level of medication in the feed increased. The calves inoculated with E zuernii developed only moderately severe infections when compared with those inoculated with E bovis, Inoculated (with E bovis) nonmedicated calves had severe reductions in feed consumption and weight, and 3 of 4 died. Calves given feed containing 10 g of monensin also had reductions in feed consumption and weight loss, but none died. Calves given feed containing 20 or 30 g of monensin had only slightly reduced feed consumption and no weight loss when compared with the noninoculated controls.
Intranasal vaccination of pigs against pseudorabies: Absence of vaccinal virus latency and failure to prevent latency of virulent virus
Authors: van Oirschot J. T. , Gielkens A. L. J.
Published: February 2025

The avirulent Bartha's K strain of pseudorabies virus (prv) was used to vaccinate 8 pigs at 10 weeks of age by the intranasal route (experiment 1). On postvaccination days(pvd) 63 and 91, pigs were treated with corticosteroids. Viral shedding could not be detected. Explant cultures of trigeminal ganglia and tonsils did not produce virus.

Four pigs with maternal antibody were vaccinated intranasally with Bartha's (attenuated) K strain of prv at 10 weeks of age and were challenge exposed with a virulent strain of prv on pvd 63 (experiment 2). Corticosteroid treatment, starting on postchallenge exposure day 70 (pvd 133) resulted in viral shedding in 1 of 4 pigs. In another pig of these 4, a 2nd corticosteroid treatment was required to trigger reactivation. In both pigs, sufficient reactivated virus was excreted to infect susceptible sentinel pigs. Restriction endonuclease analysis indicated that viruses isolated from the 2 pigs after challenge exposure and corticosteroid treatment were indistinguishable from the virulent virus. Evidence was not obtained for simultaneous excretion of vaccinal and virulent virus.

Of 4 pigs without maternal antibody vaccinated twice with 1 of 2 inactivated prv vaccines, challenge exposed on pvd 84, and treated with corticosteroids on postchallenge exposure day 63 (pvd 147), 1 was latently infected, as evidenced by the shedding of prv (experiment 3). However, its sentinel pig remained noninfected.

Seemingly, vaccinal virus could not be reactivated from vaccinated pigs; intranasal or parenteral vaccination failed to prevent the establishment of latency by virulent prv.
An ultraviolet-attenuated egg vaccine for swine ascariasis: Parameters affecting the development of protective immunity
Authors: Urban J. F. , Tromba F. G.
Published: February 2025

Pigs inoculated with uv-irradiated Ascaris suum eggs developed immunity against challenge exposure with A suum infective eggs. Trials were conducted to determine the optimal conditions necessary to induce high levels of protective immunity and minimize liver lesions related to larval migration. Protective immunity was defined as the percentage of reduction in the recovery of larvae from the lungs of inoculated pigs, compared with controls, 7 days after challenge exposure with 5 × 103 or 104 infective eggs. Initial experiments showed that protective immunity was higher in pigs inoculated orally with uv-irradiated eggs than in those inoculated intraperitoneally. The highest level of protection (94%) was obtained by immunization with 5 oral inoculations of 104 eggs that had been uv-irradiated at total energy doses (et) of 150, 100, 75, 75, and 75 μ W-min/cm2, respectively. A level of 83% protection was induced with as few as 2 oral inoculations of eggs irradiated at 150 and 75 et, respectively. However, protection was reduced when pigs received eggs that were irradiated at and above 400 et. The minimum number of irradiated eggs required to induce significant (P < 0.05) protection was determined by feeding pigs 104, 103, or 102 eggs irradiated on 3 consecutive weeks at 150, 100 and 75 et; the levels of protection induced were 94%, 89%, and 83%, respectively. Pigs inoculated with equal numbers of uv-irradiated eggs or normal eggs developed a similar level of protective immunity after challenge exposure. However, worms developing from the inocula were detected in the intestines of some of those pigs that had received normal eggs, but not in those pigs given uv-irradiated eggs. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from pigs inoculated with increasing numbers of uv-irradiated eggs had a corresponding dose-related increase in the blastogenic response to larval-derived metabolic antigens in vitro. Evidence is presented indicating that inoculation of pigs with uv-irradiated eggs may beagood experimental model ofacquired immunity to A suum because of its simplicity, reproducibility, compatibility with exposure to normal eggs, and its quantitation in vitro by immunologic analysis.
Glycosylated albumin and serum protein in diabetic dogs
Authors: Mahaffey E. A. , Buonanno A. M. , Cornelius L. M.
Published: February 2025

Glycosylated albumin and glycosylated protein in serum were measured in 4 well-controlled diabetic dogs, 4 poorly controlled diabetic dogs, and 21 nondiabetic dogs. Concentrations of both glycosylated components in the well-controlled dogs were similar to those in nondiabetic dogs. Serum concentrations of glycosylated albumin and protein in the poorly controlled diabetic dogs were higher (P < 0.001) than those of the nondiabetic and well-controlled diabetic dogs. Because of the essentially irreversible nature of the glycosylation reaction and the relatively short turnover time of albumin and other serum proteins, measurements of glycosylated serum components may provide an index of glycemia during the preceding days or weeks.
Effect of ivermectin in heifers on mortality and egg production of Psoroptes ovis
Authors: Wright Fred C. , Guillot Frank S.
Published: February 2025

Ten stanchioned heifers, heavily infested with Psoroptes ovis (Hering), were each given a single subcutaneous injection of 200 μg of ivermectin/kg. Another 10 heavily infested heifers (stanchioned) were injected subcutaneously with the solvent system (vehicle) used to formulate the ivermectin. Treatment with the vehicle did not reduce mite populations or total egg counts. The 10 heifers treated with ivermectin had an immediate reduction in live mite and egg counts (an increase in the percentage of mortality of mites) and were completely free of psoroptic mites by 20 days after treatment. Ivermectin was equally effective against adult and immature psoroptic mites.
Extracellular virulence factors of fish Vibrio: Relationships between toxic material, hemolysin, and proteolytic enzyme
Authors: Kodama Hiroshi , Moustafa Mohamed , Ishiguro Shinryo , Mikami Takeshi , Izawa Hisao
Published: February 2025

Biological activities of cell-free culture filtrate of 3 virulent strains of fish Vibrio were examined to determine the relationship to the pathogenesis of fish vibriosis, Among the 3 strains examined, V anguillarum strains NCMB6 and NCMB571 produced hemolysin and protease, whereas V ordalii strain N7802 did not. Culture filtrate of strain NCMB571 were lethal to rainbow trout and produced a cytotoxic effect on fish cell line. Results revealed that the extracellular products may be involved in the pathogenesis of fish vibriosis.
Electro-olfactography: A technique with potential for diagnosis of anosmia in the dog
Authors: Myers Lawrence J. , Nash Renee , Elledge Holly S.
Published: February 2025

Diagnosis of olfactory dysfunction in the dog has been rare. Few techniques for this diagnosis are available.

Electro-olfactography, an electrophysiologic technique for evaluating the function of the olfactory mucosa, was developed as a relatively noninvasive technique for diagnosis of functional abnormalities of the olfactory mucosa in mesatocephalic canines. The technique was validated by several experiments and normative values for the electro-olfactogram were obtained.
Surgical technique to cannulate the rete testis of the goat
Authors: Brown B. G. , Kogelschatz E. R. , Gray B. W. , Garrett P. D. , Ganjam V. K.
Published: February 2025

A surgical technique was devised to collect rete testis fluid from 14 mature goats. The tubular portion of the extratesticular rete testis was cannulated where it penetrated the tunica albuginea of the testis under the center of the head of the epididymis. The tip of the cannula was sutured in place in the extratesticular rete testis and the opposite end was passed through the scrotum and into a plastic collection bottle. The bottle was glued to pillow ticking, which was sutured to the scrotum. Continuous flow of rete testis fluid occurred for 0 to 14 days and was usually terminated by a sperm clot in the cannula. The flow rate was 0.59 ± 0.37 ml/hr.
Equine cell-mediated immune response to Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi
Authors: Ellenberger Mary A. , Kaeberle Merlin L. , Roth James A.
Published: February 2025

A lymphocyte blastogenic assay was developed to serve as an in vitro correlate of cell-mediated immunity to Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi (R equi) in the equine species. Lymphocytes obtained from a group of experimental ponies showed no response in cell culture to R equi heat extract or lysozyme extract antigens. Ponies were assigned to groups for experimental inoculation. Three ponies were inoculated subcutaneously with live R equi, 3 were given live R equi by intranasal and intratracheal routes, and 4 ponies were left untreated. Lymphocytes from all inoculated ponies had a mitogenic response to R equi antigens in lymphocyte blastogenic assays performed between the 7th and 40th days after inoculation. Lymphocytes from noninoculated control ponies remained unresponsive to R equi antigens. Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions developed in all experimentally exposed ponies after intradermal administration of the R equi antigen preparations. In a 2nd phase of experimentation, blastogenesis assays were performed on lymphocytes from horses in herds with endemic R equi infections. Results indicated that many of the animals had significant (stimulation index > 2) cell-mediated responses to the bacterium, but there was no distinct correlation between the immune response and clinical history. These data indicated that cell-mediated immunity is involved in the interaction of the equine immune system with R equi.
Equine humoral immune response to Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi
Authors: Ellenberger Mary A. , Kaeberle Merlin L. , Roth James A.
Published: February 2025

An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed to test equine serum for the presence of antibodies to Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi. Experimental ponies had no detectable antibody to R equi before exposure to the bacterium. After experimental inoculation, animals in groups that received live R equi subcutaneously or intranasally/intratracheally developed high titers to R equi. Noninoculated controls remained seronegative. Serum was also collected from horses of various ages that were naturally exposed to R equi. There was a wide range of anti-R equi titers in these horses. Because experimentally infected horses seroconverted when some naturally infected foals did not seroconvert, the function of antibody in resistance to R equi infection remains unknown.
Free fatty acid-induced hypocalcemia in food-deprived dairy cattle
Authors: Stevens J. B. , Olson W. G.
Published: February 2025

Food deprivation in 6 dairy cows caused significant increases (P > F = 0.0054) in serum free fatty acid concentrations, but did not cause clinically important decreases in serum ionized calcium concentration. Several determinants, including blood pH, serum albumin, and serum bicarbonate were studied as factors that could potentially alter calcium ion concentration. Although several changes were significant, they were small and were not considered to be clinically important in the context of calcium-ion binding. It was concluded that free fatty acid binding of calcium ion did occur, but that such binding did not contribute significantly to the etiopathogenesis of calcium responsive midlactational downer cow syndrome.
Antimicrobic effects of Lactobacillus fermentation on edible waste material contaminated with infected carcasses
Authors: Shotts E. B. , Wooley R. E. , Dickens J. A.
Published: February 2025

Survival of Newcastle disease virus (ndv) and Salmonella enteritidis serovar typhimurium (introduced as infected carcasses) in Lactobacillusfermented edible waste material was studied to determine the ability of the fermentation to activate disease agents in carcasses. Two trials were conducted. In the 1st trial, the fermented wastes contained 20% infected carcasses (protein) consisting of equal numbers of chicken (ndv) and rat (Salmonella) carcasses, and the 2nd trial contained 40% carcasses (protein). Mixtures were incubated at 20 C, 30 C, and 40 C for 216 hours. Samples were obtained daily for quantitative virus and bacterial isolation. Temperature, pH, and redox potential were monitored. In both trials, pH and redox potential changes occurred between 24 and 48 hours depending on the incubation temperature. In both trials, ndv survived 4 days at 20 C, 2 days at 30 C, and 1 day at 40 C. Salmonella enteritidis serovar typhimurium survived 5 days at 20 C, 1 day at 30 C, and was not isolated from the 40 C samples after 24 hours in both trials.
Toxicologic studies with lambs fed sugar beets grown on municipal sludge-amended soil: Lowered relative hemoglobin in red blood cells and mutagens in blood and excreta
Authors: Telford J. N. , Babish J. G. , Dunham P. B. , Hogue D. E. , Miller K. W. , Stoewsand G. S. , Magee B. H. , Stouffer J. R. , Bache C. A. , Lisk D. J.
Published: February 2025

Sugar beets grown on municipal sludge-amended soil were fed to growing lambs for 66 days. The relative hemoglobin content was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in the lambs fed the sludge-grown sugar beets. The concentration of direct-acting mutagens was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than controls in blood and urine of the lambs fed the sludge-grown beets. Cadmium concentration was higher, but not significantly (P > 0.05) in the livers and kidneys of the lambs fed the sludge-grown beets as compared with controls. Significant differences between treatment groups were not observed in active or passive K+ influxes in rbc; in the activity of hepatic microsomal aniline hydroxylase in p-nitroanisole-O-demethylase, aminopyrene-N-demethylase, or arylhydrocarbon hydroxylase; in tissue ultrastructure of kidney, liver, or muscle as examined by electron microscopy; or in carcass weight, dressing percentage, quality, or yield grade.
Influence of endotoxin-induced fever on the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in ewes
Authors: Wilson Robert C. , Goetsch Dennis D. , Huber Thomas L.
Published: February 2025

The pharmacokinetics of gentamicin (3 mg/kg of body weight) were evaluated in 6 adult ewes before and after fever was induced with Escherichia coli endotoxin (1 μg/ kg). In the ewes with normal rectal temperature, significant (P < 0.05) increases in rectal temperature occurred before gentamicin injection and during the first 2 hours. Other mild clinical signs of fever also were present.

In the same ewes with endotoxm-induced fever, statistically (P < 0.05) increased gentamicin concentrations occurred at 15 and 40 minutes and at 6 hours after injection of gentamicin. Changes were not observed in the apparent volume of distribution calculated by the area method, the volume of distribution at steady state, the overall biological half-life, or body clearance. Significant (P < 0.05) reductions occurred in the zero time intercept for distribution, the distribution rate constant, the concentration in plasma at time of injection, the volume of the peripheral compartment, and the first order transfer rate constants; only the volume of the central compartment was increased. Total amounts of gentamicin were increased in the central compartment and decreased in the peripheral or tissue compartment.
Clinical evaluation of a temperature-sensitive bovine viral diarrhea vaccine strain
Authors: Lobmann M. , Charlier P. , Florent G. , Zygraich N.
Published: February 2025

A naturally occurring strain of bovine viral diarrhea (bvd) virus was chemically treated to produce a genetically stable, temperature-sensitive mutant, designated RIT 4350. The RIT 4350 strain had a restrictive growth temperature of 39.5 C, so that systemic replication or fetal infection was not detected after parenteral administration in cattle. The RIT 4350 strain was tested as a cell culture-adapted vaccine in healthy heifers, immunodepressed calves, and pregnant cows. In a pathogenicity test in 5 healthy heifers, vaccination with 10 times the field dose resulted in seroconversion, but produced no clinical signs of disease or leukopenia.

In a pathogenicity test in immunodepressed calves, 7 test animals were treated with dexamethasone and inoculated with 10 times the field dose. The calves developed mild enteric signs, but virus isolation attempts were negative. Following vaccination, the immunodepressed vaccinated calves were challenge exposed with the Osloss strain of bvd virus; all these vaccinated calves remained healthy. Two of 68 postchallenge serum samples from vaccinated calves were positive for bvd virus, compared with 9 of 20 samples from control calves.

In another pathogenicity test, 7 pregnant cows vaccinated with 4 times the field dose seroconverted, remained clinically healthy, and delivered healthy calves.
Actinomyces hordeovulneris, a canine pathogen that produces L-phase variants spontaneously with coincident calcium deposition
Authors: Buchanan Audria M. , Scott Jamon L.
Published: February 2025

The spontaneous production of cell-wall-deficient filaments and protoplasts by a strain of Actinomyces hordeovulneris (UCD 81-332-9) in 10% sucrose l-form media is reported. Multiple mineral deposits were present within the variants at 48 hours. Electron microscopy revealed that these deposits were amorphous, dense, and at the inner face of the cytoplasmic membrane in wall-less protoplasts and also in filaments which had a thin wall of 10 nm. These cell-wall-deficient variants produced l-form colonies when cultured for an additional 48 hours on 10% sucrose-BYE l-form plates. The colonies were composed of only a few filaments and many vesicles which were negative with Dienes' stain. Silver substitution stains of UCD 81-332-9 cells that had been grown in l-form broth for 5 days revealed heavy calcification of all cells including protoplasts. Gram stains of l-form grown cells revealed the presence of long-beaded, infrequently branched gram-positive filaments similar to those observed in clinical specimens. The formation of cell wall-deficient variants with coincident mineralization is believed to be related to the phenomenon of sulfur granule formation in vivo.
Immune responses and plasma hormone concentrations in cold-exposed, xeranol-implanted calves
Authors: Kelley Keith W.
Published: February 2025

Hormonal involvement in the regulation of immune events was studied by exposing calves to cold air (−15 C) for 12 hours or by implanting animals with a growth promotant (xeranol) that is known to affect plasma hormone concentrations. Cold exposure significantly reduced serum IgM concentration by 23%, increased expression of tuberculin reactions to purified protein derivative by 60%, and augmented contact-sensitivity reactions to dinitrofluorobenzene by 31%. There was also a significant increase in plasma cortisol and insulin values and a reduction in growth hormone and prolactin values in cold-exposed calves. The cold-induced increase in contact reactions and plasma insulin was higher in xeranol-implanted calves, but the increase in plasma cortisol concentration caused by cold exposure tended to be reduced by the xeranol treatment. These data demonstrate that cold exposure alters immune reactions of calves and that these changes in immune events are associated with changes in a variety of plasma hormones. These results also indicate that it may be possible to augment immune reactions in vivo by appropriate hormonal modulation.
Susceptibility of Bacteroides from swine abscesses to 13 antibiotics
Authors: Benno Y. , Mitsuoka T.
Published: February 2025

The minimal inhibitory concentrations (mic) of 129 strains of genus Bacteroides, isolated from abscesses in pigs, for 13 different antimicrobial agents were determined by an agar-dilution method under anaerobic conditions. Clindamycin, the most active antibiotic tested, had a median mic of 0.8 μg/ml. Penicillin G, talampicillin, minocycline, chloramphenicol, and cefoxitin also inhibited all isolates at lower concentrations. Some isolates of B pyogenes were susceptible to gentamicin (mic, 0.4 μg/ml), erythromycin (mic, 0.8 μg/ml), cephalexin (mic, 0.8 μg/ml), and cefoxitin (mic, 3.2 μg/ml). Erythromycin, at a concentration of 3.2 μg/ml, was active against 70% of B suis tested, but it was less active against the other Bacteroides species. Some strains tested were resistant to streptomycin and neomycin.
Equine tracheobronchial lavage: Comparison of lavage cytologic and pulmonary histopathologic findings
Authors: Larson Vaughn L. , Busch Robert H.
Published: February 2025

Differential cell counts were done on bronchial lavage specimens from 166 horses. Postmortem gross and histologic examinations were done to determine the pathologic diagnosis of the lungs from these horses. Ninety-two (55%) were normal, 18 (11%) had interstitial pneumonia, 13 (8%) had bronchopneumonia, 13 (8%) had focal eosinophilia, 11 (7%) had diffuse eosinophilia, 11 (7%) had chronic bronchitis, and 8 (5%) had suppurative bronchitis. Little relationship was found between cellular features of the lavage specimens and the pathologic status of the lungs of individual horses.
Neutrophil function in the dog: Shape change and response to a synthetic tripeptide
Authors: Stickle Julia E. , Kwan David Kam-Hung , Smith C. Wayne
Published: February 2025

Isolated dog neutrophils exposed to known chemotactic factors assumed a bipolar configuration in suspension. This response was initiated within 2 minutes with a gradual return to spherical shape. The rate of return to sphere was positively correlated with the dose of stimulant. Dog neutrophils exposed to N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fmlp) did not adapt to bipolar conformation and did not bind radiolabeled fmlp. These findings are consistent with other species (pig and cow) that also did not respond to fmlp.
Efficacy of a combined paste formulation of praziquantel/febantel against immature Echinococcus granulosus and immature Echinococcus multilocularis
Authors: Andersen Ferron L. , Short Jeffery A. , McCurdy H. Dennis
Published: February 2025

A combined paste formulation of praziquantel (1 mg/kg of body wt)/febantel (10 mg/kg) given for 3 consecutive days gave 100% clearance of immature Echinococcus granulosus and E multilocularis in experimentally infected dogs. The formulation was extremely convenient to administer. Adverse reactions were not noted in the treated animals.
Enhancement of lymphocyte blastogenesis and neutrophil function by avridine in dexamethasone-treated and nontreated cattle
Authors: Roth James A. , Kaeberle Merlin L.
Published: February 2025

The lipoidal amine, N, N-dioctadecyl-N′, N′-bis (2-hydroxyethyl) propanediamine (avridine or CP 20,961), formulated in liposomes, was evaluated for its effect on leukocyte kinetics, lymphocyte blastogenesis, and polymorphonuclear leukocyte (pmn) function in dexamethasone-treated and nontreated cattle. In the 1st experiment, cattle were given avridine in a single im injection of 0.1, 1.0, or 10 mg/kg of body weight. All doses induced swelling at the injection site, a febrile response, and a leukocytosis due to a neutrophilia. Mononuclear cell numbers were normal. All 3 groups of avridine-treated animals had a higher mean lymphocyte blastogenic response to mitogens on the 4 days after administration than did the control nontreated animals. Avridine administration was associated with an enhanced ability of pmn to ingest Staphylococcus aureus and to mediate antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (adcc). The highest dose (10 mg/kg) was associated with a depression of the ability of pmn to iodinate protein. An effect of avridine on pmn random migration under agarose or nitroblue tetrazolium (nbt) reduction was not observed.

In a 2nd experiment, cattle were given no treatment, 0.04 mg of dexamethasone/kg im, or 10 mg of avridine/kg im followed 24 hours later by 0.04 mg of dexamethasone/kg. Dexamethasone administration caused a leukocytosis due to a neutrophilia with normal mononuclear cell numbers, an enhancement of pmn random migration under agarose, and an inhibition of nbt reduction, iodination, and adcc activity of pmn. Dexamethasone did not have a detectable effect on lymphocyte blastogenesis or on ingestion of S aureus by pmn. Cattle that were given dexamethasone 24 hours after avridine had a prolonged leukocytosis due to a neutrophilia, which was gradually replaced by a marked increase in mononuclear cell numbers. An increase in mononuclear cells was not observed with either drug alone, Dexamethasone administration did not prevent the enhancement of lymphocyte blastogenesis or prevent pmn S aureus ingestion induced by avridine. Administration of avridine 24 hours before dexamethasone prevented the effects of dexamethasone on pmn random migration, nbt reduction, and adcc activity. Avridine did not prevent the dexamethasone-induced depression of pmn iodination.
Vasculitis associated with ovine progressive pneumonia virus infection in sheep
Authors: Cutlip Randall C. , Lehmkuhl Howard D. , Brogden Kim A. , McClurkin Arlan W.
Published: February 2025

Vasculitis, involving small muscular arteries and arterioles, was found in 5 of 18 sheep naturally infected with ovine progressive pneumonia (opp) virus and in 5 of 11 sheep experimentally infected with opp virus. In order of frequency, arterial lesions were seen in carpal joint capsules, kidneys, meninges, brains, lungs, and tracheas. The lesions were intramural edema and hemorrhage, mononuclear cell infiltration, fibrinoid necrosis of media, and thrombosis. The vascular lesions were frequently associated with interstitial pneumonitis, arthritis, and encephalitis also induced by opp virus.
Cellular and lipopolysaccharide subunit requirements for the caprine lymphoblastogenic response to endotoxin
Authors: Greenlee Anne , Banks Keith L.
Published: February 2025

Caprine B lymphocytes were established as the cell type that divided when cultured with lipopolysaccharide (lps), and lipid A was defined as the in vitro mitogenic component of lps. The conclusion that the caprine B lymphocyte was stimulated by lps was based on 3 observations: (i)Numbers of B lymphocytes increased in cultures containing lps, but not in unstimulated or concanavalin A-stimulated cultures, (ii) mixtures of T lymphocytes and monocytes did not incorporate tritiated thymidine when lps was added, and (iii) removal of monocytes from mixtures of T and B lymphocytes did not reduce the lps-stimulated reaction. Stimulation of B lymphocytes by lps occurred when < 1% monocytes were present and was augmented by > 5% monocytes. The lipid A subunit of lps was most likely responsible for mitogenesis, since purified lipid A stimulated lymphocytes and the addition of polymyxin B, a specific inhibitor of lipid A activity, blocked the lymphocyte reaction.
Evaluation of Key's hypothesis in the feline tibia: An experimental model for augmented bone healing studies
Authors: Toombs James P. , Wallace Larry J. , Bjorling Dale E. , Rowland George N.
Published: February 2025

Key's hypothesis states that a segmental long bone defect 1.5 times the diaphyseal diameter exceeds the regenerative capacity of bone in skeletally mature dogs and results in nonunion. This hypothesis was evaluated in 5 adult cats with rigidly fixated segmental tibial ostectomies ranging from 1.25 to 1.52 times the diaphyseal diameter. Clinical, radiographic, and histologic data were obtained over a 12-week period. Healing was classified as mature bony union, clinical union, delayed union, or nonunion.

Absence of a consolidating callus and instability after removal of fixation devices was found for all cats at 12 weeks. Scant formation of new bone within the gap was histologically evident for only 1 cat. In the remaining 4 cats, fibrous tissue and striated muscle predominated within the gap, and independent healing of the proximal and distal cut ends of the bone were observed. The occurrence of 4 nonunions and 1 equivocally delayed union indicated that Key's hypothesis overestimates the regenerative capacity of bone in the cat. Failure of this experimental model to produce clinical union within 12 weeks demonstrated that this model is a valid method of investigating augmented bone healing techniques that promote union within this period in the cat.
Release of immunosuppressive substances from tissue culture cells infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus
Authors: Markham R. J. F. , Ramnaraine M. L.
Published: February 2025

Bovine fetal lung tissue culture cells were infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus. The cells released substances into the supernatant fluid that suppressed the proliferative response of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells which had been stimulated with concanavalin A. Activity could be found in low molecular weight fractions (≤ 2,000 daltons). During the assay, these fractions were required to inhibit the response of leukocytes to concanavalin A. Addition of indomethacin to the infected tissue culture cells inhibited generation of immunosuppressive supernatants; addition of indomethacin to the suppressive supernatants did not block their activity. The possible involvement of prostaglandins in this immunosuppressive activity is discussed.
Nucleotide sequences of the genes for Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin I of bovine, avian, and porcine origins
Authors: Sekizaki Tsutomu , Akashi Hiroomi , Terakado Nobuyuki
Published: February 2025

The nucleotide sequences of cloned Escherichia coli heat-stable toxin 1 (STI) genes isolated from bovine, avian, and porcine origins were determined. They were found to be almost identical to that of Tn1681. The nucleotide sequences were completely preserved in bovine and avian genes, whereas the porcine gene had different sequences at 3 positions in the external region of STI structural genes, as compared with Tn1681. The amino acid sequences of the STI genes of the 3 animal origins corresponded to STIa, which had initially been found in a bovine strain.
Plasma and serum concentrations of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone in racing Thoroughbreds 24 hours after treatment with various dosage regimens
Authors: Soma L. R. , Sams R. , Duer W. , Tobin T. , Woodward C. , McDonald J.
Published: February 2025

The plasma and serum concentrations of phenylbutazone (pbz) and oxyphenbutazone were measured in 158 Thoroughbred horses after various doses of pbz were given. All horses were competing or training at racetracks in various parts of the country. All horses used in the study had not been given pbz 24 hours before they were placed on a specific dosage schedule. Samples were collected 24 hours after the last pbz administration. Four grams of pbz were given daily by stomach tube, paste, or tablet for 3 days. On day 4, 24 hours before sample collection, an iv dose of 2 g of pbz was given, regardless of the dose and method of administration. The 24-hour pbz plasma concentrations were 3.51, 6.13, and 6.40 μg/ml, respectively. After 2 g of pbz was administered iv daily for 4 days, the plasma pbz concentration was 4.16 g/ml; after a single 2-g iv administration, the serum concentration was 0.87 g/ml. Concentrations of oxyphenbutazone were 3.35 (stomach tube), 4.29 (paste), 3.60 (tablet), 3.65 (4-day iv), and 1.11 g/ml (single iv). A significant relationship was not found between the serum and the urinary concentrations at this 24-hour measurement. Split samples sent to various laboratories confirmed the stability of high-performance liquid chromatography as a method of analysis.