bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facet‐Oriented Coupling Enables Fast and Sensitive Colloidal Quantum Dot Photodetectors
Authors: Biondi Margherita , Choi Min‐Jae , Wang Zhibo , Wei Mingyang , Lee Seungjin , Choubisa Hitarth , Sagar Laxmi Kishore , Sun Bin , Baek Se‐Woong , Chen Bin , Todorović Petar , Najarian Amin Morteza , Sedighian Rasouli Armin , Nam Dae‐Hyun , Vafaie Maral , Li Yuguang C. , Bertens Koen , Hoogland Sjoerd , Voznyy Oleksandr , García de Arquer F. Pelayo , Sargent Edward H.
Published: July 2021

Charge carrier transport in colloidal quantum dot (CQD) solids is strongly influenced by coupling among CQDs. The shape of as‐synthesized CQDs results in random orientational relationships among facets in CQD solids, and this limits the CQD coupling strength and the resultant performance of optoelectronic devices. Here, colloidal‐phase reconstruction of CQD surfaces, which improves facet alignment in CQD solids, is reported. This strategy enables control over CQD faceting and allows demonstration of enhanced coupling in CQD solids. The approach utilizes post‐synthetic resurfacing and unites surface passivation and colloidal stability with a propensity for dots to couple via (100):(100) facets, enabling increased hole mobility. Experimentally, the CQD solids exhibit a 10× increase in measured hole mobility compared to control CQD solids, and enable photodiodes (PDs) exhibiting 70% external quantum efficiency (vs 45% for control devices) and specific detectivity, D* > 1012 Jones, each at 1550 nm. The photodetectors feature a 7 ns response time for a 0.01 mm2 area—the fastest reported for solution‐processed short‐wavelength infrared PDs.
Self‐Assembly of 0D–2D Heterostructure Electrocatalyst from MOF and MXene for Boosted Lithium Polysulfide Conversion Reaction
Authors: Ye Zhengqing , Jiang Ying , Li Li , Wu Feng , Chen Renjie
Published: July 2021

The design of nanostructured electrocatalysts with high activity and long‐term durability for the sluggish lithium polysulfide (LiPS) conversion reaction is essential for the development of high‐performance lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. Here, the self‐assembly of bimetallic selenides on nitrogen‐doped MXene (CoZn‐Se@N‐MX) based on the self‐assembly of metal–organic framework and MXene is reported. A combination of 0D CoZn‐Se nanoparticles and 2D N‐MX nanosheet co‐catalysts forms double lithiophilic‐sulfifilic binding sites that effectively immobilize and catalytically convert LiPS intermediates. This 0D–2D heterostructure catalyst has a hierarchical porous architecture with a large active area and enables rapid Li ion diffusion, reduces the activation energy of Li2S deposition, and lowers the energy barrier of Li2S dissolution. In addition, an assembled CoZn‐Se@N‐MX hybrid synergistically prevents the aggregation of the CoZn‐Se nanoparticles and restacking of the active areas of N‐MX nanosheets during assembly and the LiPS conversion process. The Li–S battery with this 0D–2D catalyst delivers excellent rate capability, ultralong cycling life (over 2000 cycles), and a high areal capacity of 6.6 mAh cm−2 with a low electrolyte/sulfur ratio of 5 µL mg−1.
Fabrication and Application of Single Crystal Fiber: Review and Prospective
Authors: Liu Bo , Ohodnicki Paul R.
Published: July 2021

The state of the art of single crystal fiber (SCF) fabrication has evolved and improved over the last five decades. Nowadays, edge‐defined film‐feed growth, micro‐pulling down, and laser heated pedestal growth are three major techniques for the fabrication of SCF. Solid state crystal growth and temperature gradient technology are also very active recently making small size SCF. These optical fiber growth techniques are powerful material research tools employed globally for both scientific inquiry and practical applications. This article introduces the development of SCF growth techniques, with particular emphasis on recent practical applications including temperature sensing, radiation environment sensing, fiber laser and power delivery, chemical and medical application, imaging application, and piezoelectric application. In all cases, the application‐oriented point of view provides the reader with an up‐to‐date panorama of the vast possibilities offered by SCF. In the end, perspectives on the trends and future development of single crystal fibers are discussed.
Light‐Gated Control of Conformational Changes in Polymer Brushes
Authors: Bialas Sabrina , Krappitz Tim , Walden Sarah L. , Kalayci Kubra , Kodura Daniel , Frisch Hendrik , MacLeod Jennifer M. , Nelson Andrew , Michalek Lukas , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: July 2021

Herein, a strategy to control conformational changes in grafted polymer brushes via photoinduced crosslinking of photoreactive groups embedded into the lateral architecture of a polymer brush is reported. Poly(methylmethacrylate)‐based polymer brushes containing UV‐light (λ = 325 nm) photoreactive o‐methyl benzaldehyde moieties are synthesized using surface‐initiated reversible deactivation polymerization. The conformational changes in polymer brushes upon UV‐light triggered crosslinking are comprehensively analyzed through a full suite of surface sensitive characterization methods including time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, UV/vis spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, nanoplasmonic sensing, and neutron reflectometry. The spatiotemporal control of the induced conformational changes is demonstrated via photolithography experiments. To enable an additional level of control, a second gate, the visible light (λ = 445 nm) active styrylpyrene moiety, is incorporated into the polymer brush architecture. Critically, wavelength‐selective crosslinking behavior is observed in the diblock copolymer structures allowing to crosslink specific sections of the lateral brush architecture as a function of irradiation wavelength.
Click Reaction of Selenols with Isocyanates: Rapid Access to Selenocarbamates as Peroxide‐Switchable Reservoir of Thiol‐Peroxidase‐Like Catalysts
Authors: Capperucci Antonella , Petrucci Alessandra , Faggi Cristina , Tanini Damiano
Published: July 2021

Selenols react with isocyanates under mild catalyst‐free conditions to generate selenocarbamates in good yield and with high selectivity over potentially competing nucleophilic additions. The methodology enables the incorporation of a wide variety of functional groups providing access to a broad array of densely functionalised selenocarbamates. In the presence of competing heteroatom‐centered nucleophiles, isocyanates selectively couple with selenols. Selenocarbamates exhibited thiol‐peroxidase‐like properties, enabling the reduction of hydrogen peroxide at the expense of thiols, which are converted into the corresponding disulfides. A series of control experiments suggested that the catalytic mechanism proceeds through a pathway, involving a H2O2‐promoted transcarbamoylation reaction leading to a thiocarbamate with concomitant releasing of catalytically active selenolate anions. By undergoing peroxide‐driven thiol‐selenol exchange, selenocarbamates behave as equivalents of selenolate anions with thiol‐peroxidase‐like activity.

magnified image
Carbocatalytic Cascade Synthesis of Polysubstituted Quinolines from Aldehydes and 2‐Vinyl Anilines
Authors: Mäkelä Mikko K. , Bulatov Evgeny , Malinen Kiia , Talvitie Juulia , Nieger Martin , Melchionna Michele , Lenarda Anna , Hu Tao , Wirtanen Tom , Helaja Juho
Published: July 2021

Oxidized active carbon (oAC) catalyses the formation of polysubstituted quinolines from o‐vinyl anilines and aldehydes. The reaction proceeds in a cascade manner through condensation, electrocyclization and dehydrogenation, and gives access to a wide range of quinolines with alkyl and/or aryl substituents as demonstrated with 40 examples. The metal‐free catalytic procedure allows a heterogeneous protocol for the synthesis of various polysubstituted quinolines. The mechanistic studies imply that both the acid and quinoidic groups in oAC are integral for the catalytic manifold.

magnified image
Spline‐Based Drift Analysis for the Reliability of Semiconductor Devices
Authors: Hofer Vera , Nowak Thomas , Lewitschnig Horst
Published: July 2021

Design and production of semiconductor devices for the automotive industry are characterized by high reliability requirements, such that the proper functioning of such devices is ensured over their whole lifetime. Manufacturers subject their products to extensive testing, such as high‐temperature operating life (HTOL) tests that simulate the tough requirements products have to withstand. In the present study, the drift behavior of a representative electrical parameter under HTOL stress conditions is modeled, using linear splines, and a model for the determination of test limits used to ensure reliability is formulated. These test limits are computed such that for a predefined probability the electrical parameters under consideration remain within their specification limits over the whole product lifetime. Additionally, the yield loss that might be caused by this quality control procedure should be kept as small as possible. These test limits can then be used by automated test equipment to detect conforming and non‐conforming devices immediately after production. Extensive numerical simulations are conducted in order to demonstrate the performance of this model under a wide set of different scenarios for inter‐ and intra‐device variabilities.
Remote Modular Electronics for Wireless Magnetic Devices
Authors: Boyvat Mustafa , Sitti Metin
Published: July 2021

Small‐scale wireless magnetic robots and devices offer an effective solution to operations in hard‐to‐reach and high‐risk enclosed places, such as inside the human body, nuclear plants, and vehicle infrastructure. In order to obtain functionalities beyond the capability of magnetic forces and torques exerted on magnetic materials used in these robotic devices, electronics need to be also integrated into them. However, their capabilities and power sources are still very limited compared to their larger‐scale counterparts due to their much smaller sizes. Here, groups of milli/centimeter‐scale wireless magnetic modules are shown to enable on‐site electronic circuit construction and operation of highly demanding wireless electrical devices with no batteries, that is, with wireless power. Moreover, the mobility of the modular components brings remote modification and reconfiguration capabilities. When these small‐scale robotic modules are remotely assembled into specific geometries, they can achieve, if not impossible, challenging electrical tasks for individual modules. Using such a method, several wireless and battery‐free robotic devices are demonstrated using milli/centimeter‐scale robotic modules, such as a wireless circuit to power light‐emitting diodes with lower external fields, a device to actuate relatively high force‐output shape memory alloy actuators, and a wireless force sensor, all of which can be modified on‐site.
Constructing Active Sites from Atomic‐Scale Geometrical Engineering in Spinel Oxide Solid Solutions for Efficient and Robust Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysts
Authors: Yue Xin , Qin Xueping , Chen Yangdong , Peng Yang , Liang Caihong , Feng Min , Qiu Xinzhuo , Shao Minhua , Huang Shaoming
Published: July 2021

Spinel oxides are considered as promising low‐cost non‐precious metal electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) due to their desirable catalytic activities and fast kinetics. However, as a result of the structural complexity of spinel oxides, systematic and in‐depth studies on enhancing the OER performance of spinel oxides remain inadequate. In particular, the construction of active sites regarding the large number of unoccupied octahedral interstices has not yet been explored. Herein, more octahedral sites with high OER activities are constructed on the surface of spinel oxides via a cationic misalignment, which is induced by the defects in the spinel oxide solutions, i.e., MoFe2O4 and CoFe2O4 nanosheets supported on an iron foam (MCFO NS/IF). With increased active sites and modified electronic structure, the state‐of‐the‐art electrocatalyst exhibits the excellent OER catalytic activity with an onset potential of 1.41 V versus RHE and an overpotential of 290 mV to achieve a current density of 500 mA cm−2. Moreover, such an electrocatalyst also demonstrates fast kinetics with the Tafel slope of 38 mV dec−1 and superior durability by maintaining the OER activity at 250 mA cm−2 for 1000 h.
Organic Memory and Memristors: From Mechanisms, Materials to Devices
Authors: Yuan Lei , Liu Shuzhi , Chen Weilin , Fan Fei , Liu Gang
Published: July 2021

Facing the exponential growth of data digital communications and the advent of artificial intelligence, there is an urgent need for information technologies with huge storage capacity and efficient computing processing. However, the traditional von Neumann architecture and silicon‐based storage and computing technology will reach their limits and cannot meet the storage requirements of ultrasmall size, ultrahigh density, and memory computing. Considering these issues, organic material resistance switching memory and memristor devices have become promising candidates for high‐density storage, logic computing, and neuromorphic computing because of their advantages of fast speed, high energy efficiency, nonvolatile storage, and low cost. In this article, the working mechanism, material design strategy, and device performance of organic memory and memristors are reviewed.
Location and plant spacing affect biomass yield and nutritional value of pigeon pea forage
Authors: Mekonen Tefera , Tolera Adugna , Nurfeta Ajebu , Bradford Barry , Mekasha Aklilu
Published: July 2021

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of row spacing (RS) and interplant spacing (IPS) on the yield of total biomass, leaf, and edible twigs, and nutritive value of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan L. Millsp.) at three locations in the Rift Valley area of Ethiopia. The authors used a randomized completed block design with three replications in 3 × 3 factorial arrangement: three RS (25, 50, and 75 cm) and three IPS (15, 30, and 45 cm). Row spacing × IPS of 25 × 30 cm and 50 × 15 cm gave greater total biomass yield than the other RS and IPS combinations. A similar result was found for edible plant yield. At Hawassa, the greater leaf crude protein was found for the wider IPS of 45 cm than the narrower IPS of 30 cm (318 vs. 303 g kg–1). At Wondo‐Genet, the greater leaf in vitro digestible organic matter (597 vs. 582 g kg–1) was found for the wider RS of 75 cm than narrower RS. Similar to leaf, a better nutritional value of edible twigs was found for a wider RS and IPS than narrower RS and IPS at Hawassa and Wondo‐Genet. In contrast at Aliyu‐Amba, a better nutritional value of edible twigs was found for narrower RS and IPS than the wider spacing. Thus, it can be concluded that RS × IPS of 25 × 30 cm or 50 × 15 cm are advisable for pigeon pea forage production.
Beef cattle feeding costs as impacted by hay yield and quality
Authors: Rushing J. Brett , Lemus Rocky W. , Maples Joshua G. , Rivera J. Daniel , Lyles Johnson C.
Published: July 2021

Reducing dependence onstored feed, particularly dry hay, is a major factor in beef cattle production systems in the southeastern United States. Increasing the nutritive value of the hay that is fed, however, can ultimately reduce total feed costs and boost profitability. A field trial was conducted in east‐central Mississippi evaluating several warm‐season perennial grass hay crops under varying N and harvest regimes in order to assess their ability to meet beef cow nutritional demands and to estimate total feed costs. Cultivars included ‘Argentine’ (ARG) and ‘Pensacola’ (PEN) bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flueggé), ‘Common’ (COM) and ‘Cheyenne II’ (CHE) bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.), and ‘Pete’ (PET) eastern gamagrass (Tripsacum dactyloides L.). Plots were assigned to an annual N treatment (0, 112, 224, 336, or 448 kg N ha−1 yr−1) and a harvest frequency (30, 40, 60, and 120 d). Argentine produced the greatest amount of forage mass (FM) at the 448 kg N ha−1 yr−1 rate (14,422 kg DM ha−1). Increasing N rates resulted in greater mean crude protein (CP) values, whereas harvest frequency had a greater impact on total digestible nutrients (TDN). Total feed costs were calculated based on field trial data and were combined with either soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] hulls (SH) or corn (Zea mays L.) gluten (CG) to match nutritional demand. The most economical feed costs were those where hay was fertilized (>224 kg N ha−1 yr−1) and harvested three or more times a year and was combined with CG.
Cotton cultivar response to potassium fertilizer application in Texas’ southern high plains
Authors: Kusi Nana Yaw O. , Lewis Katie L. , Morgan Gaylon D. , Ritchie Glen L. , Deb Sanjit K. , Stevens Richard D. , Sintim Henry Y.
Published: July 2021

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) and potassium (K) dynamics are not well understood particularly in soils with high K levels. Potassium is important for cotton reproductive development as it influences the number, size, and weight of bolls and can improve fiber quality by mitigating moisture stress. In the case that soil cannot replenish solution K from exchangeable reserves to meet the plant demands, deficiencies may occur leading to decreased yield (lint and seed) and fiber quality, reduced drought and disease tolerance, and premature boll opening. Studies were conducted in 2016 and 2017 in Lubbock (Olton clay loam and Acuff loam) and Lamesa (Amarillo fine sandy loam), TX, to determine the effects of K application rates and timing on lint yield and fiber quality of modern cotton cultivars (DP 1518 B2XF, DP 1522 B2XF, DP 1321 B2XF, and DP 1612 B2XF). Pre‐plant soil tests were >250 mg K kg–1at both locations and years at the 0‐to‐15‐cm soil depths. Potassium treatments were applied at 0 (control), 90, and 180 kg K ha–1as pre‐plant, side‐dress, or split applications. Harvest results determined that pre‐plant and side‐dress K applications produced significantly greater lint yield only for DP 1518 B2XF at both locations, while effects on fiber quality varied by location. The response of DP 1518 B2XF to K fertilizer was due to greater K use efficiency and possibly K demand of this cultivar compared to the others. This research provides evidence for continued investigation of cultivar by environment‐based K management.
Identification of M‐NH2‐NH2 Intermediate and Rate Determining Step for Nitrogen Reduction with Bioinspired Sulfur‐Bonded FeW Catalyst
Authors: Zhao Yilong , Li Fusheng , Li Wenlong , Li Yingzheng , Liu Chang , Zhao Ziqi , Shan Yu , Ji Yongfei , Sun Licheng
Published: July 2021

The multimetallic sulfur‐framework catalytic site of biological nitrogenases allows the efficient conversion of dinitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) under ambient conditions. Inspired by biological nitrogenases, a bimetallic sulfide material (FeWSx@FeWO4) was synthesized as a highly efficient N2 reduction (NRR) catalyst by sulfur substitution of the surface of FeWO4 nanoparticles. Thus prepared FeWSx@FeWO4 catalysts exhibit a relatively high NH3 production rate of 30.2 ug h−1 mg−1cat and a Faraday efficiency of 16.4 % at −0.45 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode in a flow cell; these results have been confirmed via purified 15N2‐isotopic labeling experiments. In situ Raman spectra and hydrazine reduction kinetics analysis revealed that the reduction of undissociated hydrazine intermediates (M‐NH2‐NH2) on the surface of the bimetallic sulfide catalyst is the rate‐determing step for the NRR process. Therefore, this work can provide guidance for elucidating the structure–activity relationship of NRR catalysts.
Suppressing fire hazard of poly(vinyl alcohol) based on (NH4)2[VO(HPO4)]2(C2O4)·5H2O with layered structure
Authors: Zhu Haojie , Chen Yongming , Huang Shuai , Wang Yuan , Yang Ru , Chai Huiyu , Zhu Fang , Kong Qinghong , Zhang Yunlong , Zhang Junhao
Published: July 2021

Two‐dimensional layered ammonium vanadium oxalate‐phosphates (AVOPh) with the structural formula of (NH4)2[VO(HPO4)]2(C2O4)·5H2O are synthesized though a hydro‐thermal method, which is dispersed into poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix to prepare PVA/AVOPh composites. The results of thermal analysis indicate that AVOPh and PVA have similar decomposition temperature from 280 to 500°C, which is critical for choosing flame retardant. The incorporation of AVOPh significantly improves the thermal stability and flame retardancy of PVA/AVOPh composites that the T5% value of PVA/2 wt% AVOPh composites is up to 215°C, and the residue of PVA/8 wt% AVOPh composites is enhanced to 16.9%, while those of pure PVA are only 178°C and 2.4%. PVA/4 wt% AVOPh composites can pass V‐0 level, and its limiting oxygen index value is up to 32.0%. Furthermore, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) of PVA/AVOPh composites are obviously decreased, which reduced by 43.4% and 43.8% with the addition of 4 wt% AVOPh, compared with those of pure PVA. The excellent thermal stability and flame retardancy are mainly attributed to the uniform dispersion and barrier effect of 2D layered AVOPh, the release of crystal water, ammonia and phosphorus free radicals and the two‐phase flame retardant catalytic mechanism of vanadium and phosphorus.
Highly porous, water‐swellable, and reusable chelating polymeric gels for heavy metal ion removal from aqueous waste
Authors: Tyagi Reshu , Jacob Josemon
Published: July 2021

Sequestration and removal of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions pose multiple challenges. Ease of synthesis, high adsorption capacity and ease of regeneration are important considerations in the design of polymeric adsorbent materials developed for this purpose. To meet this objective, a new approach was used to design and synthesize a highly porous polystyrene‐based resin (IDASR15) bearing iminodiacetate functional groups in every repeat unit by free radical polymerization with N, N'‐methylenebisacrylamide as crosslinker followed by base hydrolysis. The physiochemical chemical properties of the resin were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope, equilibrium swelling value (ESV) and thermogravimetric analysis. Metal uptake capacity of IDASR15 towards low concentrations of various toxic heavy metal ions such as Cu2+, Cd2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Ni2+, Co2+, Co3+, Cr3+, Fe2+, Fe3+, and Al3+ were investigated from their aqueous solution by batch method and found to be 0.943–2.802 mmol/g. The maximum capacity was 2.802 mmol/g obtained for Cu2+ ion at pH 5. The potential for regeneration and reuse has been demonstrated with Cu2+ ion by batch and column methods. The reported results suggest that IDASR15 is a highly efficient and porous complexing agent for commonly found toxic metal ions in aqueous streams with a high ESV of 68.55 g of water/1.0 g of IDASR15. It could also be reused ~99.5% of adsorption efficiency which is very promising and holds significant potential for waste‐water treatment applications.
Elucidating the interactions between carbon nanotubes and carbon black with styrene butadiene rubber
Authors: García Daniela B. , Mansilla Marcela A. , Monsalve Leandro N. , Bilbao Emanuel , Garraza Ana Lucía Rodríguez , Escobar Mariano M.
Published: July 2021

The reinforcement mechanism of carbon nanotubes (CNT) on styrene butadiene rubber is studied through dynamic and swelling tests. Compounds containing carbon black (CB) and an unfilled one were prepared for comparison purposes. The dynamic properties are interpreted through the Maier‐Göritz model to distinguish the contributions of stable and unstable crosslinks to the storage modulus, finding that the unstable ones become more relevant in samples containing a CNT concentration higher than 5 phr. In addition, the crosslinks density estimated by swelling and the stable contribution obtained with dynamical properties present the same tendency with the CNT amount. The former presents lower values, which can be explained considering that only stable crosslinks remain in the equilibrium‐swollen state, while in the second one both stable and unstable are considered. In addition, differences in the filler‐polymer interaction mechanisms are observed according to the morphology and aspect ratio of CNT in contrast to CB.
An in vitro evaluation of Genipin‐crosslinked and Hypericum perforatum incorporated novel membranes for skin tissue engineering applications
Authors: Ceylan Seda
Published: July 2021

Incorporating medicinal plant extracts in membranes have a great potential as scaffolds for tissue engineering applications or vehicles for delivering therapeutic agents. Herein, Hypericum perforatum oil (0.25, 0.50, % vol/vol) loaded membranes were developed with Polyvinyl alcohol and chitosan polymer, where Genipin works as a chemical crosslinker to obtain a wound dressing material with acceptable characterization properties. Chemical groups, surface morphology, water uptake capacity, water vapor permeability rate, hydrophilicity, and mechanical properties of membranes were thoroughly investigated. Increasing oil concentration had a significant effect on the water uptake, surface morphology. and water vapor permeability rate of the membranes. Cytocompatibility of the membrane was also investigated with mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazoyl‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay for direct and indirect cell culture studies. SEM was used to investigate the cell morphology on the membranes. The MTT assay findings prove that Genipin crosslinked H. perforatum oil loaded scaffolds are highly biocompatible and enhance the adhesion and proliferation of MEF cells. In addition to this, the genotoxicity test was performed to show DNA fragmentation. Results showed that the H. perforatum oil loaded polyvinyl alcohol‐chitosan membrane presents suitable properties for potential skin tissue engineering applications.
Effect of creep on the mode II residual fracture energy of adhesives
Authors: Carneiro Neto Ranulfo M. , Akhavan‐Safar Alireza , Sampaio Eduardo M. , Assis Joaquim T. , da Silva Lucas F. M.
Published: July 2021

Viscous flow that often occurs in adhesive materials leads to a permanent deformation when adhesives are subjected to creep loading. Creep loading has a significant influence on the strength of bonded structures. Due to the viscous behavior, the fracture energy also may change with time for joints that experience creep loading in service. In this work the effects of two creep parameters (creep load and time) on the residual mode II fracture energy of an adhesive was investigated using end notched flexure (ENF) specimens. To achieve this, ENF samples were subjected to different creep loading levels at different creep times followed by quasi static tests to obtain the residual shear fracture energy of the adhesive. Experimental results showed that pre‐creep loading of the bonded structures can significantly improve the fracture energy and the static strength of the joints.
Characterization and flocculation evaluation of a new organic–inorganic hybrid polymer flocculant (PAC‐AM‐DMC)
Authors: Chen Meijun , Zou Changjun , Tang Wenyue , Huang Yushuang , Sun Huahong
Published: July 2021

A novel organic–inorganic hybrid flocculant PAC‐AM‐DMC is synthesized using potassium persulfate as an initiator, which was used in industrial wastewater treatment. Comparing with the traditional inorganic flocculant, this new flocculant has the advantage of low dosage and high efficiency. Simultaneously, it is less toxic and more environmentally friendly than the organic flocculant. The organic–inorganic hybrid flocculant PAC‐AM‐DMC demonstrates better flocculation than the commercial single type flocculant (PAC, PAM), and the effect is better than simply combining the two flocculants. It has potential for commercialization. When PAC:(AM + DMC) = 2:8, the initiator is 0.2 wt%, and the flocculant obtained by reacting at 50°C for 4 h has the best effect on sewage treatment. When the pH is 7, the treatment effect of PAC‐AM‐DMC is best with the dosage of 10 ppm. Correspondingly, the amount of flocculant is 10 mg/L, and the turbidity of simulated sewage is 172 nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU), which is over 98% of turbidity removal efficiency. In addition, the prepared hybrid flocculant is nearly non‐corrosive and posed little damage to the equipment. And the hybrid flocculant has excellent salt resistance.
Glycerol‐regulated tough and electroresponsive alginate hydrogels for a muscle‐like biobased polymer actuator with highly sensitive and durable output force
Authors: Yang Junjie , Wang Zhijie , Wang Siyong
Published: July 2021

In this work, with glycerol as a moisturizer, effect and enhancement mechanism of glycerol doping content on the responsiveness, force output and tremor behavior of the muscle‐like biobased polymer actuator (MBPA) were intensively investigated. Then its electroresponsive properties were characterized by a set of valid test methods proposed in detail. Experiments revealed that the optimal glycerol doping content was 3 ml, then MBPA had the best force output and responsiveness characteristics of the maximum about 5.78 mN and 0.230 mN/s, respectively, which were 3.5 and 5.5 times larger than that of the undoped MBPA. Besides, at 5 ml glycerol doping content, tremor amplitude and frequency of MBPA on the force output were around 0.7 mN and three, which were correspondingly 0.27 and 0.12 times lower than the maximum. Moreover, enhancement principle of the MBPA was that doping glycerol could make its surface form a thin membrane to retain moisture inside the MBPA with a stable ion migration environment. Because of small molecules, glycerol was able to interpenetrate with sodium alginate, which destroyed the interaction force but promoted the relative sliding capability between its macromolecular chains, with the number of hydrogen bonds and the rotational activation energy reducing.
Further developing the Frith–Happé animations: A quicker, more objective, and web‐based test of theory of mind for autistic and neurotypical adults
Authors: Livingston Lucy A. , Shah Punit , White Sarah J. , Happé Francesca
Published: July 2021

The Frith–Happé Animations Test, depicting interactions between triangles, is widely used to measure theory of mind (ToM) ability in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This test began with recording, transcribing, and subjectively scoring participants' verbal descriptions, which consistently found ToM‐specific difficulties in ASD. More recently in 2011, White et al. created a more objective version of this ToM test using multiple‐choice questions. However, there has been surprisingly little uptake of this test, hence it is currently unclear if White et al.'s findings replicate. Further, the lack of an online version of the test may be hampering its use in large‐scale studies and outside of research settings. Addressing these issues, we report the development of a web‐based version of the Frith–Happé Animations Test for autistic and neurotypical adults. An online version of the test was developed in a large general population sample (study 1; N = 285) and online data were compared with those collected in a lab‐based setting (study 2; N = 339). The new online test was then administered to adults with a clinical diagnosis of ASD and matched neurotypical controls (study 3; N = 231). Results demonstrated that the test could successfully be administered online to autistic adults, who showed ToM difficulties compared to neurotypical adults, replicating White et al.'s findings. Overall, we have developed a quicker, more objective, and web‐based version of the Frith–Happé Animations Test that will be useful for social cognition research within and beyond the field of autism, with potential utility for clinical settings.

Lay Summary

Many autistic people find it hard to understand what other people are thinking. There are many tests for this ‘mentalising’ ability, but they often take a long time to complete and cannot be used outside of research settings. In 2011, scientists used short silent animations of moving shapes to create a fast way to measure mentalising ability. We developed this into an online test to use in research and clinics to measure mentalising ability in autism.
Determination of human COVID‐19 total antibodies in serum using a time‐resolved fluorescence immunoassay
Authors: Xu Yunjian , Chen Cuicui , Lai Hongrui , He Ying , Guo Guiling , Feng Jianming , Li Laiqing
Published: July 2021

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) is spreading rapidly around the world. Antibody detection plays an important role in the diagnosis of COVID‐19. Here, we established a new time‐resolved fluorescence immunoassay (TRFIA) to determine COVID‐19 total antibodies. A double‐antigen sandwich TRFIA was optimized and established: recombinant nucleocapsid phosphoprotein (N protein) and spike protein (S protein) of COVID‐19 immobilized on 96‐well plates captured human COVID‐19 antibodies and then banded together with the N/S proteins labeled with europium(III) (Eu3+) chelates, and finally, time‐resolved fluorometry was used to measure the fluorescence values. We successfully established a TRFIA method for the detection of human COVID‐19 total antibodies, and the cutoff value was 2.02. There was no cross‐reactivity with the negative reference of the National Reference Panel for IgM and IgG antibodies to COVID‐19. The CV of the precision assay was 3.19%, and the assay could be stored stably for 15 days at 37°C. Compared with that of the colloidal gold method and chemiluminescence method, the sensitivity of the TRFIA method was higher, and the false positive/negative rate was lower. This established TRFIA has high sensitivity, accuracy, and specificity, which indicates that this method provides a new detection method for the high‐throughput routine diagnosis of COVID‐19.
Diversity on Boards Should Be at the Top of Your Agenda
Authors: Grindon Tonya Mitchem
Published: July 2021

Tonya Mitchem Grindon is a corporate finance shareholder at Baker Donelson. She is chair of the firm's business department and a member of its audit and finance committee. She is a former member of the firm's board of directors. In this article, she discusses the current state of board diversity and how critical it is for boards to improve on this metric.
Gamma‐synuclein is a novel prognostic marker that promotes tumor cell migration in biliary tract carcinoma
Authors: Takemura Yusuke , Ojima Hidenori , Oshima Go , Shinoda Masahiro , Hasegawa Yasushi , Kitago Minoru , Yagi Hiroshi , Abe Yuta , Hori Shutaro , Fujii‐Nishimura Yoko , Kubota Naoto , Masuda Yuki , Hibi Taizo , Sakamoto Michiie , Kitagawa Yuko
Published: July 2021

Gamma‐synuclein (SNCG) promotes invasive behavior and is reportedly a prognostic factor in a range of cancers. However, its role in biliary tract carcinoma (BTC) remains unknown. Consequently, we investigated the clinicopathological significance and function of SNCG in BTC. Using resected BTC specimens from 147 patients with adenocarcinoma (extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma [ECC, n = 96]; intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma [ICC, n = 51]), we immunohistochemically evaluated SNCG expression and investigated its correlation with clinicopathological factors and outcomes. Furthermore, cell lines with high SNCG expression were selected from 16 BTC cell lines and these underwent cell proliferation and migration assays by siRNAs. In the results, SNCG expression was present in 22 of 96 (22.9%) ECC patients and in 10 of 51 (19.6%) ICC patients. SNCG expression was significantly correlated with poorly differentiated tumor in both ECC and ICC (p = 0.01 and 0.03, respectively) and with perineural invasion and lymph node metastases in ECC (p = 0.04 and 0.003, respectively). Multivariate analyses revealed that SNCG expression was an independent poor prognostic factor in both OS and RFS in both ECC and ICC. In vitro analyses showed high SNCG expression in three BTC cell lines (NCC‐BD1, NCC‐BD3, and NCC‐CC6‐1). Functional analysis revealed that SNCG silencing could suppress cell migration in NCC‐BD1 and NCC‐CC6‐1 and downregulate cell proliferation in NCC‐CC6‐1 significantly. In conclusion, SNCG may promote tumor cell activity and is potentially a novel prognostic marker in BTC.
Clinical predictors and impact of postoperative mean gradient on outcome after transcatheter edge‐to‐edge mitral valve repair
Authors: Oguz Didem , Padang Ratnasari , Pislaru Sorin V. , Nkomo Vuyisile T. , Mankad Sunil V. , Alkhouli Mohamad , Guerrero Mayra , Reeder Guy S. , Eleid Mackram F. , Rihal Charanjit S. , Thaden Jeremy J.
Published: July 2021

Background

The predictors and clinical significance of increased Doppler‐derived mean diastolic gradient (MG) following transcatheter edge‐to‐edge mitral valve repair (MVTEER) remain controversial.

Objective

We sought to examine baseline correlates of Doppler‐derived increased MG post‐MVTEER and its impact on intermediate‐term outcomes.

Methods

Patients undergoing MVTEER were analyzed retrospectively. Post‐MVTEER increased MG was defined as >5 mmHg or aborted clip implantation due to increased MG intraprocedurally. Baseline MG and 3D‐guided mitral valve area (MVA) by planimetry were retrospectively available in 233 and 109 patients.

Results

243 patients were included; 62 (26%) had MG > 5 mmHg post‐MVTEER or aborted clip insertion, including 7 (11%) that had aborted clip implantation. Mortality occurred in 63 (26%) during a median follow up of 516 days (IQR 211, 1021). Increased post‐MVTEER MG occurred more frequently in females (44% vs. 16%, p <  0.001), those with baseline MVA <4.0 cm2 (71% vs. 16%), baseline MG ≥4 mmHg (61% vs. 20%), or multiple clips implanted (33% vs. 21%, p = 0.04). Increased post‐MVTEER MG was associated with increased subsequent mortality compared to those with normal gradient (HR 1.91 95% CI 1.15–3.18 p = 0.016) as was aborted clip insertion compared to all others (HR 5.23 95% CI 2.06–13.28 p <  0.001).

Conclusions

Smaller baseline MVA and increased baseline MG are associated with increased MG post‐MVTEER and patients with a Doppler‐derived post‐MVTEER MG >5 mmHg suffered excess subsequent mortality. In high risk patients considered for MVTEER, identification of those at risk of iatrogenic mitral stenosis with MVTEER is important as they may be optimally treated with alternate surgical or transcatheter therapies.
Rosai‐Dorfman disease: A case report of asymptomatic isolated renal involvement
Authors: Abrishami Alireza , Ziaeefar Pardis , Ebrahimi Sara , Khalili Nastaran , Nouralizadeh Akbar , Farjad Reza
Published: July 2021

A possible diagnosis of RDD should be kept in mind when encountering a patient with raised plasma creatinine levels and renal mass. Timely diagnosis and management of RDD will help prevent future kidney loss.
The chronological change in transvaginal ultrasound images of a hemorrhagic ovarian cyst observed during infertility treatment: A case report and literature review
Authors: Fujii Yu , Wakimoto Yu , Omote Maya , Sugiyama Yukiko , Ukita Yuji , Kato Toru , Fukui Atushi , Shibahara Hiroaki
Published: July 2021

Key Clinical Message

Insights gained from chronological ultrasonogram images in the current case report will provide useful information for diagnosing and conservatively treating HOC. This could help avoid unnecessary laparotomy.
The first reported case of Noonan syndrome complicated with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Kakizaki Satoru , Uehara Daisuke , Tojima Hiroki , Suga Takayoshi , Yamazaki Yuichi , Sato Ken , Kubo Norio , Shirabe Ken , Yokota Takayuki , Shibuya Kei , Maehara Tatsurou , Yokoo Hideaki , Naganuma Atsushi , Uraoka Toshio
Published: July 2021

Noonan syndrome is a genetic multisystem disorder and is associated with mutation of genes encoding the proteins in the RAS‐MAPK pathway. We reported the first case of Noonan syndrome complicated with hepatocellular carcinoma.
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener’s) complicated by splenic rupture and severe acute respiratory distress syndrome: A case report
Authors: Ahmad Yannis , Morawietz Gabrielle , Ksouri Hatem , Schefold Joerg C. , Zuercher Patrick
Published: July 2021

Even in the absence of disease‐specific radiological signs of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), severe intrapulmonary GPA may be present. Rapidly establishing the diagnosis with a confirmatory biopsy is key to initiate lifesaving therapy.
Acute epiglottitis after COVID‐19 infection
Authors: Renner Andreas , Lamminmäki Satu , Ilmarinen Taru , Khawaja Tamim , Paajanen Juuso
Published: July 2021

In patients with acute epiglottitis, the possibility of COVID‐19 should be ruled out. Repeated nasofiberoscopy examinations or a tracheostomy, which may produce infectious aerosols, may be required.
A rare cause of cyanosis: Congenital methemoglobinemia
Authors: Guedri Rahma , Missaoui Nada , Essaddam Leila , Ben Becher Saayda
Published: July 2021

Congenital Methemoglobinemia is a rare condition that may mimic congenital heart diseases. There are two types of congenital Methemoglobinemia. The type I is usually benign. The enzyme deficiency is limited to red blood cells. Clinically, the patient presents cyanosis without neurological disorders. Whereas, in type II, cyanosis is associated with severe neurological impairment.
A patient with RET D631Y mutation present with pheochromocytoma
Authors: Kim Jung Min
Published: July 2021

Patients with MEN2A with RET D631Y mutation most commonly present with pheochromocytomas. MTC is a less common part of the syndrome. Therefore, MEN2A caused by the RET D631Y mutation would be a benign nature.
Subcutaneous injection of organophosphate (Fenitrothion)—Management of preventing the appearance of toxic symptoms: A case report
Authors: Nakamura Hitomi , Hirayama Ichiro , Hiruma Takahiro , Doi Kent
Published: July 2021

There is a risk of unnecessary extensive incision because of swelling after the subcutaneous injection; however, removing completely the injected organophosphate by making a skin incision before the appearance of toxic symptoms could reduce sequelae.
Retracted: Atypical parkinsonism and self‐mutilation: A new lens on the old concept
Authors: Salari Mehri , Etemadifar Masoud , Ghanbari Kimia
Published: July 2021

We report a case of atypical parkinsonism and self‐mutilation.
Can COVID‐19 accelerate neurodegeneration?
Authors: Salari Mehri , Etemadifar Masoud
Published: July 2021

COVID‐19 may accelerate neurodegeneration in patients with neurodegenerative disease.
A rare initial presentation of a thymic neuroendocrine tumor as Cushing's syndrome
Authors: Matarneh Ahmad S. , Hamad Abdelrahman O. , Hamad Mohammad K. , Elouzi Elhadi B. , Mahmood Nabil S. , Al‐Sawalmeh Khaled , Al‐Bozom Issam , Hussein Mousa S. , Yassin Mohamed A.
Published: July 2021

While evaluating the cause of Cushing's syndrome, biochemical confirmation should be sought first as imaging studies might misdirect the diagnosis toward the wrong problem. One of the rare secondary causes that should be kept in mind while evaluating Cushing's syndrome is the thymic neuroendocrine tumor.
Oral pemphigus vulgaris: dentists take‐home message
Authors: Al‐Harbawee Aya , Kassam Karim , Patel Ankur Nilesh , Cottom Hannah , Cheng Leo
Published: July 2021

Pemphigus is a life‐threatening disease but timely recognition of oral lesions is critical to prevent serious cutaneous and fatal complications.
Hydrolysis of Sucrose over Sulfonic Acid Resins
Authors: Buttersack Christoph , Hofmann Jörg , Gläser Roger
Published: July 2021

Sucrose hydrolysis on acidic ion‐exchange resins is a long‐established process in the sugar industry, but the formation of side products is less understood. A resin typically used in the industrial process (C124SH, Purolite) was investigated in a broad range of sucrose concentration (7 to 75 % w/w) and temperatures from 25 to 80 °C. Fructose is converted to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) due to a 1/2 order reaction. This is explained by the formation of a fructose disaccharide (monoanhydride) as an intermediate decomposing to HMF and fructose. Difructose dianhydrides (DFAs) are separately formed as prevailing by‐products. The color of the product mixture is correlated to HMF and found to be reduced by size exclusion inside the resins. Diffusional limitations of the total reaction are investigated by comparison of the entire resin bead with its size‐reduced forms obtained by milling. Without diffusion limitation the catalytic activity increases with the sugar concentration while the diffusion control leads to a maximal activity around 40 % w/w sugar. Diffusion coefficients of sucrose are calculated.
Characterization of Tbr2‐expressing retinal ganglion cells
Authors: Chen Ching‐Kang , Kiyama Takae , Weber Nicole , Whitaker Christopher M. , Pan Ping , Badea Tudor C. , Massey Stephen C. , Mao Chai‐An
Published: July 2021

The mammalian retina contains more than 40 retinal ganglion cell (RGC) subtypes based on their unique morphologies, functions, and molecular profiles. Among them, intrinsically photosensitive RGCs (ipRGCs) are the first specified RGC type emerging from a common retinal progenitor pool during development. Previous work has shown that T‐box transcription factor T‐brain 2 (Tbr2) is essential for the formation and maintenance of ipRGCs, and that Tbr2‐expressing RGCs activate Opn4 expression upon native ipRGC ablation, suggesting that Tbr2+ RGCs contain a reservoir for ipRGCs. However, the identity of Tbr2+ RGCs has not been fully vetted. Here, using genetic sparse labeling and single cell recording, we showed that Tbr2‐expressing retinal neurons include RGCs and a subset of GABAergic displaced amacrine cells (dACs). Most Tbr2+ RGCs are intrinsically photosensitive and morphologically resemble native ipRGCs with identical retinofugal projections. Tbr2+ RGCs also include a unique and rare Pou4f1‐expressing OFF RGC subtype. Using a loss‐of‐function strategy, we have further demonstrated that Tbr2 is essential for the survival of these RGCs and dACs, as well as maintaining the expression of Opn4. These data set a strong foundation to study how Tbr2 regulates ipRGC development and survival, as well as the expression of molecular machinery regulating intrinsic photosensitivity.
Peripheral blood stem cell mobilization with pegylated granulocyte colony stimulating factor in children
Authors: Thakkar Dhwanee , Tiwari Aseem K , Pabbi Swati , Kapoor Rohit , Aggarwal Geet , Rastogi Neha , Yadav Satya Prakash
Published: July 2021

Background and Aim

We report here our experience of using pegylated granulocyte colony stimulating factor (peg‐GCSF) for peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) mobilization in children.

Methods and results

A total of nine children suffering from high‐risk/relapsed solid tumors were mobilized with chemotherapy and peg‐GCSF (100 microgram/kg single dose). Mean age was 7.7 years (range 2–15 years).The mean time from peg‐GCSF administration to PBSC harvest was 9.7 days. Adequate stem cells (median dose 26.9 million/kg) could be harvested in all children by a single apheresis procedure. No major adverse events observed.

Conclusion

It is feasible and safe to mobilize PBSC with peg‐GCSF in children with cancer.