bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die Forstschutz-Strategie im Kanton Bern nach Lothar | Forest protection strategy in the canton of Berne post-Lothar
Authors: Meier Adrian Lukas
Published: May 2007

Hurricane Lothar left 4.2 million cubic metres of damaged wood in its wake when it passed over the canton of Berne on 26th December 1999. The forest protection strategy to deal with the consequences is based on legal requirements and experience gained from hurricane Vivian from 1999. The goal of the protection measures is to preserve as much as possible of the forest that the storm left standing. To begin with, extended damaged zones where the development and damage caused by the bark beetle could run its course in a more or less closed cycle were excluded from any measures. Next, it was decided to assign each remaining zone to one of two categories;either a zone needed to be examined more closely before deciding whether or not to impose protection measures(action zones) or to generally renounce treatment (free zones). In a third step each action zone was subjected to a discriminating examination. Forestry protection measures were prescribed for about 2 million cubic metres of storm wood. By applying this strategy, it was possible to set necessary priorities.
Le vin de palme, aliment et source de revenu pour les populations rurales en Côte d'Ivoire | Palm Wine: dietary component and source of income for the rural population of the Ivory Coast
Authors: Béhi Yavo Eric Norbert , Mollet Matthias , Girardin Olivier , Sorg Jean-Pierre , Herzog Felix
Published: May 2007

In the Ivory Coast, palm wine is the preferred beverage of the rural population. It is extracted from various species of palm tree. Palm wine is part of the staple diet of the population. Although seen as a marginal activity, the sale of palm wine provides significant income for its producers.
Untersuchungen über die Entwicklung der Verjüngung und des Verbisses im Vivian-Sturmgebiet Pfäfers | Examination of the developments of regeneration and browsing in areas around Pfäfers damaged by hurricane Vivian
Authors: Rüegg Dani , Schwitter Raphael
Published: May 2007

The forests around Pfäfers (SG) were very badly damaged by hurricane Vivian in 1990. Three of the affected areas were chosen and since 1994 surveys have been carried out in order to monitor reforestation. Investigations on regeneration and browsing in upper and high montane forests regarding silver fir/beech and silver fir/spruce forests show that the regeneration which took place before the hurricane is decisive for the consequent development of the areas hit by the storm. Even ten years after the storm, very little new natural seeding is to be found. It would be advantageous for silvicultural planning and monitoring if browsing intensity and the accompanying limit values of Eiberle and Nigg were taken more into account. In this way existing risks could be assessed and preventional measures taken.
Der Wolf im Nationalpark der Abruzzen – Erfahrungen sammeln und Vergleiche mit der Schweiz ziehen | The Wolf in the Abruzzi National Park – Gaining experience and comparing with Switzerland
Authors: Rüegg Dani , Camin Paolo , Fischer Luzius , Heimann Philippe
Published: May 2007

Slowly but surely the wolf is moving north and has reached the southern frontiers of Switzerland. Individual animals have already crossed the border and surfaced in the media as the«problem animals». The pressure arising from the wolf's impulse to settle will continue, and probably even increase. The working group Forest and Wild Animals of the Swiss Forestry Society spent 5 days in Italy on a field trip with the aim of collecting information and gaining knowledge of the wolf in Italy, in order to carry out a comparative study with Switzerland. In central Italy, where the wolf has always lived, hunting is not made impossible nor has cattle breeding ever been in doubt. In addition, local tourist industries have cleverly managed to market the wolf. The most striking feature is that the population in Italy understands how to go about their work without – or with a minimum of – conflict with the wolf. This is also the determining difference when it comes to coping with the diffusion of the wolf with as little conflict as possible. People in Switzerland still have to learn to cope with the wolf. Consistent and thorough herding and protection measures for sheep must be introduced and supported. The game populations in Switzerland are high but – as with sheep holding – not adapted to the presence of the wolf. Initially, therefore,attacks are to be expected in some regions until the game has acquired a more adaptive behaviour.

The immigration of the wolf into Switzerland will hardly pass without conflict. Perhaps, however, it can be facilitated if the population of Switzerland can (re-)learn to live with the wolf. One great difference between Italy and Switzerland springs immediately to mind: while the population density is low in those areas of Italy where the wolf has its habitat, in Switzerland there are very few regions with a comparably low population density. This does not pose a problem for the wolf– it is adaptable – but it does add to the potential for conflict that can be expected to arise from the ongoing immigration.

Within the present, ever-changing framework, humankind's relation with the wolf will continue to give rise to new questions. Successful answers and results will only follow from consistently solid work based on accurate information. This is all the more true because it concerns long-term development to meet a goal which calls for the integration of demands, claims,opinions and realpolitik, and the pressure from the wolf. We believe that our report contributes towards this goal.
Eine Studie zum individuellen Erleben waldbezogener Nachhaltigkeit und zu Effekten einer Wissensvermittlung im Rahmen von Befragungen | A study on the individual perception of sustainability and on the effects of communicating knowledge as an integrated part of forest surveys
Authors: Hansmann Ralf , Scholz Roland W.
Published: May 2007

This work presented here is based on interviews carried out with people living in Zurich, who filled in a standard questionnaire. The questions served to evaluate whether, and if so how strongly, individuals weight economic,ecological and social aspects of forest sustainability. In addition, with the help of a psychological experiment, we found out to what degree people, who had enjoyed participating, would be prepared to take part in future comparable surveys.
Schweizer Wälder und Klimaveränderungen: Vergleich von Simulationen quantitativer Vegetationsmodelle | Swiss forests and climate change: comparison of simulated quantitative vegetation models
Authors: Bolliger Janine
Published: May 2007

Using simulation models various climate change scenarios are described and the possible consequences to forests in Switzerland are discussed. Consequences to be reckoned with range from less acute to serious, e.g., with displacement of species and timberline and, in the long term, with desertification of already dry areas.
Schweizer Wald und die CO2-Problematik – ein Diskussionsbeitrag | The CO2-problem and forests in Switzerland – towards a discussion
Authors: Coleman Evelyn
Published: May 2007

Implementing the decisions taken in Bonn and Marrakech to meet resolutions set out in the Kyoto protocol provides Switzerland with the possibility of using the forest to reduce CO2 and to help meet the Swiss reductions goal. But how are climate policy and forest policy goals related in Switzerland?Using data from Switzerland's forests, climate and forest policy goals are set side by side and compared. We ascertain that many of the fixed goals have a common basis. The use of fossil fuels, for example, as far as wood is concerned, benefits both climate protection and Swiss forest management. However,from the point of view of the forests, negative incentives were created by the Kyoto protocol, that lead to the temptation of maximising the storage function of the forest which overlooks aspects of biological and agricultural diversity.

Accordingly, this contribution is a call to all interested parties in Switzerland's forests to involve themselves in finding an active solution, which takes both climate and forestry policy into account.
Moderne forstbetriebliche Planung | Modern forest management planning
Authors: Bachmann Peter , Ammann Simon , Kunz Beat , Rupf Alfred
Published: May 2007

With the inception of a two-step forestry plan, forest management planning takes on a new, more important, meaning. The new plan aims to optimise production performance in forestry enterprises and is strongly oriented towards economic considerations. In the medium term the emphasis is on strategic planning and operative planning takes place within the annual plan. The content of modern forest management planning is very different to prevailing management plans and calls for new solutions.

The examples of forest enterprises of the City of Winterthur(2000 ha) and the Exchequer of Württemberg (5200 ha) serve to show how – apart from traditional policies – a business plan in accordance with modern management doctrine becomes the main steering instrument.

In smaller forest enterprises it probably makes good sense to convert the business plan into a strategic planning instrument with a strong economic orientation which, in addition to sovereign considerations, strongly builds on the goals of ownership. Strategic planning will be an important task for the manager. The influence of the state is limited to those aspects which concern binding regulations in the public interest. The supply of information needs to be partially re-regulated with regard to survey levels, accuracy, repartition of coasts and responsibilities.
Die Eignung von Schallgeschwindigkeit und Bohrwiderstand zur Beurteilung von simulierten Defekten in Fichtenholz | Use of sound velocity and drilling resistance to evaluate simulated defects in Norway spruce
Authors: Niemz Peter , Bues Claus-Thomas , Herrmann Steffen
Published: May 2007

The influence of stem thickness and artificially made defects (drill holes and cracks of different sizes) was tested in spruce for sound velocity using two different instruments;an Impulshammer with 300 Hz and a BP 5 with 50 kHz). Comparative drilling resistance was measured with a Resistograph 1410, and we were able to identify very small defects.
Holzfeuchte in Fichtenstämmen (Picea abies (L.) Karst.)bei Ganzbaumlagerung im Bestand | Moisture content of stems of Norway spruce(Picea abies (L.) Karst.) after full tree storage in the stand
Authors: Klaiber Volker , Seeling Ute , Mutz Rüdiger
Published: May 2007

Possibilities of pre-drying stems using a full tree storage are proved, and the consequences for the development of the moisture content quantified. Based on the mathematical derivation of an exponential function, radial areas are separated according to their empirical variation of moisture content along the diameters of the stems.
Zu wenig Verjüngung im Schweizer Gebirgs-Fichtenwald: Nachweis mit einem neuen Modellansatz | A new modelling approach suggests insufficient regeneration in Swiss Norway spruce mountain forests
Authors: Brang Peter , Duc Philippe
Published: May 2007

A be-value for tree regeneration cover was derived from a static model of a Norway spruce mountain selection forest and published data. If those assumptions that seem most realistic are adopted in the model, the be-value is 10%cover. According to data from the second Swiss National Forest Inventory, some 55% of the mountain forests in Switzerland with Norway spruce dominance do not meet this be-value. Due to the uncertainty of several assumptions in the model it is not possible to quantify precisely the lack of regeneration, but the extent of insufficient regeneration has been shown to be considerable.
Die Höhenverbreitung von Esche, Buche und Tanne. Diskussion am Beispiel der Luzerner Voralpen | Altitudinal distribution of ash, beech and silver fir: Discussion using the example of the Prealps in the canton of Lucerne
Authors: Wyl Beat Von , Häfliger Pius , Baggenstos Markus
Published: May 2007

In the upper montane forests in the region of Entlebuch,Lucerne the current proportion of mixed stands of ash, beech and silver fir is low. Cultivation and management of stable,well-adapted stands is therefore illusory. If promotion of the missing species is to be encouraged in the future, the natural potential must first be ascertained. In order to achieve this the canton of Lucerne effectuated an expansive plant-sociological site map. The exact altitudinal distribution of each forest community first had to be ascertained, as the identification of the relevant species is hardly possible at a glance. In order to draw up a complete and accurate plant-sociological site map, the exact altitudinal distribution of each forest community had to be inventoried, as the determination of species is hardly possible at a glance. Only the systematic search for individual trees in the higher altitudes delivered a good database. In a survey,carried out from 1995 to 2000 along the northern slopes of the alps between Marbach and Pilatus, a total of 396 individual trees or tree groups of the three species were catalogued. By combining the collection of this data with the drawing up of the site map, the workload entailed in this survey remained within acceptable limits.

The collected data show that scattered remnants of earlier mixed stands can still be found today. The maximum distribution altitude for silver fir lies at 1800 m.a.s.l., for beech at 1600 m.a.s.l. and for ash at 1400 m.a.s.l. In the uppermost 150 metres of distribution, trees only grow to the middle of this level and are not silviculturally relevant. Although in the next lowest 150 metres the three species do not generally attain numbers that are relevant regarding the function of stands, in certain adapted sites they can make up a considerable proportion and therefore greatly influence the structure, dynamics and stability of these stands.

Today's underrepresentation of the three species in question can be plausibly explained within an historical context. The enormous requirement of wood in early industrial times,especially in the glass industry, played a central role.

If the silvicultural management of protection forests is to be carried out in an economical sound manner with all embracing,long term goals the promotion of the examined tree species will play a considerable role. We have formulated a number of recommendations to help achieve these goals.
Entwicklung eines Indikatorenkatalogs zur Evaluierung einer nachhaltigen Waldbewirtschaftung auf betrieblicher Ebene | Development of an indicator catalogue for the evaluation of sustainable forest management at the forestry unit level
Authors: Vacik Harald , Wolfslehner Bernhard
Published: May 2007

The Paneuropean Operational Level Guidelines for Sustainable Forest Management (PEOLG) were adopted in 1998 by 37 signatory states and the EU in the wake of the 2nd Ministerial Conference on the Protection of Forests in Europe in Lisbon. These recommendations provide a limited insight on operational definitions of mode, extent and time scale of valuable measures in forest management and planning. In this paper a set of criteria and indicators at forest management unit level is proposed by means of a Pressure-State-Response (PSR) model. The demands for the development of the indicator set, the adapted PSR approach and the methodogy of the Delphi survey are demonstrated. The paper concludes with a discussion of experiences gained within the process of the development and the implications for the evaluation of sustainable forest management at forest management unit level.
Fichtenstarkholz – Problemsortiment oder Chance? | Timber from large diameter round wood –Problem or chance?
Authors: Glos Peter , Pahler Andreas
Published: May 2007

In Central Europe, stocks of spruce exceeding 50 cm DBH are continuously increasing. On the other hand, demand for large diameter round wood is stagnating even though sawn timber production is growing immensely. Over the last 10 years several research projects have been carried out dealing with sawn timber from large diameter spruce. The most important results are that the wood density increases from pith to bark, while the knot area ratio of sawn timber decreases. Sawn timber from the outer parts of the stem therefore has higher strength and stiffness properties than timber taken from the inner parts of the stem. Machine strength grading makes best use of this potential of higher strength properties. Moreover, sawn timber from the outer parts of the stem has the tendency to distort and to split far less during drying than timber from the inner parts. To make the best use of large dimension round wood and to the advantage of the entire forest-wood-production chain, these results have to be taken into account by all stakeholders of the value chain. Advanced products considering this advantage therefore need to be developed to create a sustainable market for innovative and consumer-orientated products made from large dimension round wood.
Preliminary study of the safety and efficacy of donepezil hydrochloride in children with Down syndrome: A clinical report series
Authors: Spiridigliozzi Gail A. , Heller James H. , Crissman Blythe G. , Sullivan‐Saarela Jennifer A. , Eells Rebecca , Dawson Deborah , Li Jennifer , Kishnani Priya S.
Published: May 2007

There is growing evidence to support the use of early central cholinergic enhancement to improve cognitive functioning in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). This report summarizes preliminary safety and cognitive efficacy data for seven children (8–13 years) with DS who participated in a 22‐week, open‐label trial of donepezil hydrochloride. Donepezil was dosed once daily at 2.5 mg and, based on tolerability, increased to 5 mg/day. Safety assessments were conducted at Week 1 (baseline), Week 8 (2.5 mg donepezil), Week 16 (5 mg) and Week 22 (after the donepezil had been discontinued). Measures of cognitive function were administered at each visit, encompassing the following domains: memory; attention; mood; and adaptive functioning. Donepezil was well tolerated at the 2.5 and 5 mg doses. The side effects were mild, transient, and consistent with the adverse events noted with cholinesterase inhibitors. Some children showed improvement on measures of memory (NEPSY Memory for Names and Narrative Memory) and sustained attention to tasks (Conners' Parent Rating Scales), although increased irritability and/or assertiveness were noted in some patients. Overall, this clinical report series adds to our initial findings of language gains in children with DS treated with donepezil. It also supports the need for larger, double‐blind studies of the safety and efficacy of donepezil and other cholinesterase inhibitors for children with DS. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polymorphisms in the homeobox gene OTX2 may be a risk factor for bipolar disorder
Authors: Sabunciyan Sarven , Yolken Robert , Ragan Christina M. , Potash James B. , Nimgaonkar Vishwajit L. , Dickerson Faith , Llenos Ida C. , Weis Serge
Published: May 2007

We investigated the possible involvement of OTX2, a homeobox gene crucial for forebrain development, in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. The disruption of this gene results in cortical malformations and causes serotonergic and dopaminergic cells in the midbrain to be expressed in aberrant locations. Resequencing of DNA from OTX2 exons and surrounding introns from 60 individuals (15 schizophrenia, 15 bipolar disorder, 15 depression, and 15 control) revealed two intronic polymorphisms, rs2277499 (C/T) and rs28757218 (G/T), but no other variations. The minor allele of rs2277499 (T) did not associate with clinical diagnosis. However, using a Taqman genotyping assay, we found the rs28757218 minor allele (T) in 30 out of 720 (4.2%) individuals with bipolar disorder but only in 6 out of 526 (1.1%) control individuals (odds ratio 3.5, 95% confidence interval 1.4–10.4, P = 0.003). On the other hand, the rs28757218 minor allele was only found in 6 out of 458 (1.3%) individuals with schizophrenia. All individuals with the rs28757218 polymorphism were heterozygous for the allele. Based on this positive case‐control association finding, we conclude that variations in OTX2 might confer risk for the development of bipolar disorder. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the Determination of Spin‐Parity of Elementary Particles Produced in Collisions of Polarized Particles
Authors: Kłosiński J. , Kosiński P. , Tybor W.
Published: May 2007

In this paper we adopt Peshkin's “maximum complexity method” for reactions 0 + 1/2 → j + s, γ + 0 → j + 0 with polarized initial particles. The produced particles undergo the decays s → 0 + 1/2, and j decays strongly into 0 + 0 + 0. Study of certain correlations in such processes allows to determine the spins of the produced particles. Because the spin of the X° (960) meson is not firmly established we apply the general results obtained to the reactions: K−p → X° Δ, πp → X°N★, γHe → X°He.
Noether's Theorem and the Conservation Laws of the KORTEWEG‐DE VRIES Equation
Authors: Steudel H.
Published: May 2007

A method developed recently by the author to derive a continuum of conservation laws by Noether's theorem from the so‐called extended Bäcklund transformations is applied to the KORTEWEG‐DE VRIES equation that describes various nonlinear dispersive wave phenomena in hydrodynamics, plasma physics and solid state physics. Further applications of Noether's theorem concerning this equation are given. It is shown that the Galilean transformation in the present case has an analogous function as Lie's transformation has with respect to the sine‐Gordon equation.
The Finslerian Structure of Space‐Time, Defined by its Absolute Parallelism
Authors: Asanov G. S.
Published: May 2007

In this paper it is shown that absolute parallelism defines the Finslerian metric structure of the underlying space‐time manifold. The possible consequences of the generalized metric of space‐time are investigated.
Experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Ionisierung und Umladung von Alkanolen durch 6‐25 keV Wasserstoffionen
Authors: Mach R. , Drost H. , Behlke H. , Spangenberg H.‐J.
Published: May 2007

Die Ionisierungs‐ und Umladungswirkungsquerschnitte wurden für die Wechselwirkung von H+‐, H‐ und H‐Ionen (E = 6‐25 keV) mit den Alkanolen vom Methanol bis zum Oktanol bestimmt. Die gemessenen Wirkungsquerschnitte zeigen eine deutliche Abhängigkeit von der Molekülstruktur (Molekülgröße, Ionisationspotential, Polarisierbarkeit, molekulare Bindungsverhältnisse).
Exponential Transformations for the Harmonic Chain with a Molecular Defect
Authors: Brühl S. , Sigmund E. , Wagner M.
Published: May 2007

The exponential transformation, developed in an earlier paper [1], is applied to the Hamiltonian of a linear harmonic chain with a molecular defect. The resulting eigenvalue equation is solved for the localized frequency. A discussion of the renormalized in‐band frequencies shows that in good approximation the entire Hamiltonian is diagonalized by a single transformation. This is of great advantage, since in the classical Lifshitz formalism each single frequency has to be evaluated separately.

Furthermore, a simpler transformation is discussed, which is derived from an U‐matrix formalism. Numerical results of the two transformations are given for a chain with 999 lattice points and compared with the exact values from the classical Lifshitz formalism.
Theorie der parametrischen Vier‐Photonen‐Wechselwirkung. VI Einfluß von Phasenverstimmung und Doppelbrechung auf die Schwellenleistung des doppeltresonanten Vier‐ Photonen‐Oszillators
Authors: Fischer R. , Wieczorek L. W.
Published: May 2007

Es wird gezeigt, daß die Schwellenleistung eines doppeltresonanten Vier‐Photonen‐Oszillators mit Zunahme einer Phasenverstimmung und der Doppelbrechung stark zunimmt.
Elektronenspinecho‐Untersuchungen der Spektraldiffusion bei Mn2+‐Zentren in Trissarkosinkalziumchlorid‐Einkristallen
Authors: Völkel G. , Windsch W. , Höselbarth J. , Brunner W.
Published: May 2007

Elektronenspinecho‐Untersuchungen der Phasengedächtniszeit von Mn2+‐Zentren in TSCC‐Einkristallen zeigen, daß der Echoabfall durch Spektraldiffusion bestimmt wird. Der zeitliche Abfall des primären Echos ist nicht exponentiell und von der Konzentration der Mn2+‐Zentren abhängig. Die Umorientierung der nichtresonanten Mn2+‐Spins, die über Dipol‐Dipol‐Wechselwirkung die Spektraldiffusion der resonanten Mn2+‐Spins verursachen, wird durch die Spin‐Gitter‐Relaxation bewirkt.
Über den Einfluß von Wirbelströmen auf die Frequenzabhängigkeit der komplexen Permeabilität hochpermeabler Mangan‐Zink‐Ferrite
Authors: Dietzmann G. , Schaefer M.
Published: May 2007

Nach der Einleitung, in der die Bedeutung der Wirbelströme für den Anstieg der Verluste mit der Frequenz in hochpermeablen Mn‐Zn‐Ferriten dargelegt wird, werden in Abschn. 2 gemessene Ortskurven der komplexen Permeabilität von Mn‐Zn‐Ferriten mit Werten der Anfangspermeabilität von 4000 bis 8000 und des spezifischen Widerstandes von 7 bis 138 Ω cm (bei R. T.) vorgestellt. In Abschn. 3 wird der Versuch erläutert, einen gewissen Anfangsteil dieser Ortskurve durch theoretische Wirbelstromortskurven der komplexen Permeabilität, bei denen die Relaxation der komplexen Leitfähigkeit in Form eines von GRANT angegebenen Ausdruckes berücksichtigt ist, wiederzugeben. Die Ergebnisse, die in Abschn. 4 diskutiert werden, erlauben den Schluß, daß die mit der Relaxation der Leitfähigkeit verknüpften kapazitiven Wirbelströme für den Charakter des Anfangsverlaufes der an Ringkernen gemessenen Ortskurven der komplexen Permeabilität von hochpermeablen Mn‐Zn‐Ferriten bestimmend sein können.
Dipolare Spin‐Gitter‐Relaxation in Polyethylen niederer Dichte
Authors: Ludwigs K. , Geschke D.
Published: May 2007

Durch die Untersuchung der Spin‐Gitter‐Relaxation der dipolaren Energie ist es möglich, langsame Bewegungen in den verschiedenen morphologischen Bereichen des Polyethylens getrennt zu erfassen. Die Ergebnisse werden mit Hilfe eines Dreibereichsmodells diskutiert.
A Green's Function Approach to the Shift of Spectral Lines in Dense Plasmas
Authors: Röpke G. , Seifert T. , Kilimann K.
Published: May 2007

Variations of the spectral lines in high dense ion plasmas with temperature and pressure may be characterized by the broadening as well as by the shift of spectral lines. For dense hydrogen‐ and alkali‐plasmas (free carrier density larger than 1016/cm3) one of the possible mechanisms responsible for line profiles is considered to be the Coulomb interaction with free charged carriers. Using thermodynamic Green's functions, a systematic approach to the theory of spectral lines starting from the complex dielectric function is outlined. The line shift is derived from a perturbative treatment of the two‐particle Green's function in the surrounding plasma. The shift of several lines proportional to the carrier density is evaluated as a function of the temperature and compared with experimental results.
Construction of Propagators for Quantum Crystals
Authors: Yukalov V. I.
Published: May 2007

We present here a mathematical basis of the iterative procedure developed earlier by the author for strongly anharmonic crystals. We generalize the approach to the case of any strongly nonideal nonuniform system. The convergence of this procedure is defined as a convergence in the mean with respect to averages of observable‐quantity operators. The definitions yield self‐consistent conditions for a zero‐order iteration in a natural way. Divergences in high‐order iterations are considered and two ways to eliminate them are proposed. The method is applied to a strongly‐anisotropic strongly‐anharmonic quantum crystal.
The Influence of Admixtures of Molecular Gases on the Efficiency of Radiation Production by ArHg Mixture Plasmas used in Fluorescent Lamps
Authors: Winkler R. B. , Wilhelm J. , Winkler R.
Published: May 2007

Starting from former investigations of pure ArHg mixture plasmas in parameter ranges typical of fluorescent lamps we studied the influence of additional admixtures of molecular gases (N2, H2) on the energy transfer from the electrons heated by an electric field to the lowest excited states of Hg atoms which are the energy source for the resonance radiation production. By calculation of the different power loss rates via solving the appropriate Boltzmann equation for three component mixture plasmas it was found that already a threshold level of molecular impurities of about 10−4 Torr leads to a marked energy dissipation by the impurities and thus to a pronounced reduction of the efficiency of the resonance radiation production. This is caused by the great effectivity of vibrational excitation of molecules in electron collisions due to the great cross sections for such collisions and their low thresholds.
Synchronisationserscheinungen in Anordnungen aus zwei Josephson‐Verbindungen
Authors: Krech W.
Published: May 2007

Im Rahmen des RSJ‐Modells untersuchen wir die Synchronisation der Oszillationen von zwei Josephsonverbindungen, die separat stromgespeist und durch einen Resonator geshuntet sind. Mit Hilfe einer adiabatischen Approximation erster Ordnung in der Fehlanpassung werden Grundgleichungen für die langsam variierenden Phasen abgeleitet. Diese Gleichungen gestatten die Berechnung der expliziten Form der Strom‐Spannungs‐Kennlinie und der Strahlungseigenschaften im locking‐Bereich der Anordnung. Weiterhin ist es möglich, die Reichweite der starren Phasenkopplung im Fall eines zusätzlichen Wechselstroms zu bestimmen. Die Modifikation der internen Kopplung durch den äußeren Zwang wird unter Verwendung von Stabilitätsbetrachtungen der Lösungen diskutiert.
Desorptions‐ und Reaktionskinetik der Erdalkalien Calcium und Strontium mit Chlor an Wolfram. Part II: Kinetics of the Elementary Steps of the Surface Reaction M + Cl ⇌ MCl (M = Ca, Sr)
Authors: Biedermann B. , Wassmuth H. W.
Published: May 2007

Mit Hilfe gepulster Atom‐bzw. Molekularstrahlen wurde die Desorptionskinetik von Strontium, Calcium und Chlor sowie die Desorptionskinetik der sich auf einer heißen Wolframoberfläche bildenden SrCl‐und CaCl‐ Moleküle untersucht. Als Aktivierungsenergien zur Desorption erhielten wir: Ẽ = (3,76 ± 0,05) eV, Ẽ =(3,32 ± 0,07) eV, Ẽ =(4,16 ± 0,05) eV sowie Ẽ =(4,2 ± 0,3) eV und Ẽ =(3,9 ± 0, 3)eV.

In Kombination mit den im stationären Zustand erhaltenen Ergebnissen aus Teil I [1] läßt sich damit ein Einblick in die Kinetik der Reaktion M + Cl = MCl auf der wolframoberfläche gewinnen und die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Ratenkonstanten der Dissoziation und der Rekombination bestimmen. FuUr die Dissoziationsenergie DSMCl von SrCl bzw. CaCl an der Wolfram‐Oberfläche erhielten wir (0,5 ± 0,5) eV bzw. (0,3 ± 0,5) eV; die MCl‐Moleküle sind an der Oberfläche also praktisch nur durch die Aktivierungsschwelle zur Dissoziation ⇌SMCl stabilisiert, die wir für SrCl zu (2,8 ± 0,5) eV und für CaCl zu (2,3 ± 0,5) eV bestimmten.
Electrical Conductivity of Non‐ideal Plasmas and the Ion Distribution Function
Authors: Meister C.‐V. , Röpke G.
Published: May 2007

The theory of electrical conductivity of electron‐ion‐systems is developed for a density region which reaches from the region of non‐ideal plasmas up to the region of liquid metals.

The conductivity is expressed by quantum mechanical correlation functions. Different forms of the electron‐ion pseudopotentials are considered. The ion distribution function is derived using the mean spherical approximation (MSA) theory or the nonlinear Debye‐theory. Higher order scattering effects are treated by introducing scattering phase shifts for the statically screened electron‐ion potential.

The numerical results for the conductivity show a SPITZER‐like behaviour in the low‐density non‐degenerate limit where higher order scattering is important, and a ZIMAN‐like behaviour in the strongly degenerate high‐density limit where the ion distribution functions and the form of the electron‐ion pseudopotential become more important.
Intensity Correlation of the Resonance Fluorescence Light in Quasi‐monochromatic Chaotic Fields
Authors: Süsse K.‐E. , Vogel W. , Welsch D.‐G.
Published: May 2007

The behaviour of the intensity correlation function of the resonance fluorescence light from a single atom is studied in the case of a quasi‐monochromatic chaotic pump field of arbitrary mean intensity. In particular, it is found that the factorization of the intensity correlation function, which is impossible in the case of a narrow band chaotic pump field of low intensity, becomes a better approximation when the mean intensity of the pump field is enhanced.
A Variational Principle for Thermodynamical Waves
Authors: Bhattacharya D. K.
Published: May 2007

When the dissipative processes are dominant in the system, the assumption of local equilibrium holds good and the space time evolution of irreversible system can be described by the variational principle of GYARMATI. However when imposed changes in the state variables are fast, the system can not be in a state of local equilibrium and to define the nonequilibrium state of the system it is necessary to extend the formalism of classical irreversible thermodynamics. The wave approach of Onsagerian thermodynamics is one such pursuit and is a direct generalization of the original Onsager‐Machlup proposition. An important consequence of this theory is that it leads to transport equations with finite propagation velocities, which are referred to as thermodynamical waves. In this note we endeavour to write the appropriate form of GYARMATI'S variational principle for thermodynamical waves.
Kohärenz in linearen Anordungen von Josephsonverbindungen mit induktiver Kopplung
Authors: Krech W.
Published: May 2007

Mit Hilfe von verkürzten Gleichungen für die Phasen der Spannungsoszillationen untersuchen wir das Synchronisationsverhalten einer linearen Anordnung von Josephsonverbindungen mit induktiver Kopplung. Als Beispiele dienen die Kopplung zwischen nächsten Nachbarn, die Kopplung großer Reichweite und die SQUID‐Kopplung. Wir betrachten insbesondere die Ausprägung von kohärenten Moden und deren Stabilitätsverhalten, den Effekt der Gleichstromleitfähigkeit auf das phase‐locking and die Toleranz der kritischen Ströme der Josephsonverbindungen.
Erhaltungssätze und Topologie
Authors: Kreisel Eckhard
Published: May 2007

Es wird gezeigt, daß für jeden divergenzfreien Materietensor T ein in einem vorgegebenen Gravitationsfeld orthonormiertes Bezugssystem h existiert, derart, daß die Komponenten hT vier erhaltene Ströme sind. Die Definition von globalem Energie‐Impuls, die mit diesen Strömen verbunden ist, enthält die Definition von Inertialsystemen im Minkowski‐Raum ebenso wie die Definition der Energie im mitbewegten Bezugssystem bei Existenz von Killing‐vektoren in der allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie.

Wenn in einer Raum‐Zeit mit nicht‐trivialer Topologie vier geschlossene 3‐Formen gegeben sind, kann man umgekehrt ein orthonormiertes Bezugssystem h einführen, so daß die Raum‐Zeit‐Komponenten der zugehörigen dualen 1‐Formen einen symmetrischen Materietensor definieren, der entsprechend den Einsteinschen Gleichungen das Gravitationsfeld erzeugt. Das bedeutet eine teilweise topologische Definition von Materie, da der nichttrivial geschlossene Teil der 3‐Formen durch die Topologie der Mannigfaltigkeit gegeben ist.
Über Planetenbewegung und Lichtbahnen im Schwarzschild‐ und im Reissner‐Nordström‐Raum
Authors: Gackstatter Fritz
Published: May 2007

Wir untersuchen die beiden sphärisch‐symmetrischen Metriken von Schwarzschild und Reissner‐Nordström. Mit Hilfe der Theorie der elliptischen Funktionen und Integrale können die Planeten‐ und Lichtbahnen in geschlossener Form angegeben werden. Im Reissner‐Nordström‐Raum finden wir fast‐geradlinige und fast‐kreisförmige Lichtstrahlen, damit tritt die Dualität des Lichtes in Erscheinung.
The Electron Relaxation to Stationary States in Collision Dominated Plasmas in Molecular Gases
Authors: Capitelli M. , Gorse C. , Wilhelm J. , Winkler R.
Published: May 2007

The temporal collision dominated relaxation of electrons to new stationary states, starting from initial stationary states and due to jump‐like changes of the electric field, was studied in the plasmas of the molecular gases N2 and CO. Numerical solving of the time dependent Boltzmann equation for the electrons yields the temporal evolution of their energy distribution function and of resulting macroscopic quantities. The varying relaxation due to different values of the field strength in the final stationary state has been investigated considering the molecules of the plasma only as vibrationally non‐excited and, in another case, including the additional impact of collisions with vibrationally excited molecules. The results obtained are discussed and, in particular, the relaxation times found for the transitions to the new stationary states are analysed on the basis of the energy transfer effectiveness by the collision processes. An approximative microphysical basis for the understanding of the main features of the relaxation in such complex molecular gas plasmas could be obtained.
Das CARNOTsche „Paradigma”︁ und seine erkenntnistheoretischen Implikationen
Authors: Schöpf Hans‐Georg
Published: May 2007

Der vorliegende historisch‐kritische Essay führt die Eigentümlichkeiten der klassischen phänomenologischen Thermodynamik auf das von CARNOT geschaffene „Paradigma”︁ zurück und greift einige damit zusammenhängende Fragen auf.
Cosmological Solutions of Bi‐metric Theories of Gravitation
Authors: Liebscher Dierck‐Ekkehard , Mücket Jan
Published: May 2007

The evidence in solar system tests of gravitation theories shows that in cosmological models the propagation velocities of gravitation and light may differ only by action of the local gravitational potential. The condition of approximately equal propagation velocities is shown to be consistent with cosmological models of some bi‐metric tetrad theories. The way to analyze the situation is explained. We find a connection between the linear approximation of the theories with those properties of cosmological models, which are responsible for the local propagation of gravitation.
Kosmologische Koinzidenzen und Diracsche Kosmologie
Authors: Treder Hans‐Jürgen
Published: May 2007

Die sich in den EDDINGTONschen Zahlen in der kosmischen Massenskala und den Relationen zwischen Makro‐ und Mikrokosmos ausdrückenden kosmologischen Koinzidenzen sind nicht mit einem universellen „Urknall”︁ vereinbar, sondern erfordern eine permanente Materie‐Entstehung, welche dem DIRACschen Weltmodell entspricht.

Tatsächlich sollte nicht die Meta‐Galaxis in einem „big bang”︁ entstanden sein, sondern jedes ihrer Groß‐Strukturen, die Super‐Galaxien, für sich ein eigenes Evolutionssystem darstellen, das approximativ durch ein Friedmannsches „Weltmodell”︁ mit besonderen Hubble‐Parametern beschrieben wird.
On Gravitons: Hohlraumstrahlung and Compton Effect
Authors: v. Borzeszkowski H.‐H.
Published: May 2007

It is shown that from gravitational Hohlraumstrahlung and Compton effect no conclusion on the existence of gravitons can be drawn.
A Method for Finding Solutions of the Hermitian Theory of Relativity which Depend on Three Co‐ordinates
Authors: Antoci S.
Published: May 2007

A method is presented, which can generate solutions of the Hermitian theory of relativity from known solutions of the general theory of relativity, when the latter depend on three co‐ordinates and are invariant under reversal of the fourth one.
Optimierung von mikrobiologischen Stoffwandlungen. Zusammenhang zwischen der Geschwindigkeit der Zellreproduktion und dem thermodynamischen Wirkungsgrad mit dem Ziel der Optimierung von mikrobiologischen Stoffwandlungen
Authors: Baumann F. , Heinritz B. , Ringpfeil M.
Published: May 2007

Der Zusammenhang zwischen dem thermodynamischen Wirkungsgrad und der Geschwindigkeit des mikrobiellen Wachstums wurde auf der Grundlage der linearen Nichtgleichgewichtsthermodynamik und der Kinetik abgeleitet. Die optimale Geschwindigkeit des mikrobiellen Wachstums wurde aus den Ergebnissen bestimmt.
Uniqueness Theorem for the Relativistic Center of a System of Events
Authors: Klepikov N. P.
Published: May 2007

The proof is given that the expressions found previously for the components of the center of a system of events occuring to relativistic particles, are the only ones compatible with the requirements of the correct canonical commutation and the correct nonrelativistic limits of the collective variables, of the correct relative coordinates and symmetrizable with respect to the particles. This theorem provides the justification of the classical theory of the radiation of systems of charged particles.
A Remark about the Point Interaction in one Dimension
Authors: Šeba P.
Published: May 2007

The zero range limit of one dimensional Schrödinger operator is studied by scaling technique and new results are obtained for potentials V with \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \mathop \smallint \limits_{\rm R} $\end{document} V(x)dx = 0.
Synchronisationseffekte in Anordnungen aus zwei Josephsonverbindungen mit endlichem McCumber‐Parameter
Authors: Krech W. , Riedel M.
Published: May 2007

Im RCSJ‐Modell wird die mutuelle Synchronisation von zwei identischen Josephsonelementen mit endlichem McCumber‐Parameter betrachtet, wobei die Kopplung durch einen gemeinsamen elektromagnetischen Shunt vermittelt wird. Dazu werden im Rahmen einer modifizierten Näherung der ersten Harmonischen sog. reduzierte Gleichungen langsam variierender Anteile der Josephsonphasen hergeleitet. Sie gestatten die Untersuchung der Stabilität von Kohärenzeigenschaften, die Berechnung der Toleranz der individuellen Stromspeisungen und eine Untersuchung der Leistungsabstrahlung. Analytisch gefundene Eigenschaften des phase‐locking werden anhand numerisch berechneter Strom‐Spannungs‐Kennlinien diskutiert.
Paketimpulse in der magnetischen Kernresonanz
Authors: Haase Jürgen
Published: May 2007

Zur Verringerung des Einflusses von Hochfrequenz‐Feldinhomogenitäten und von Fehljustierungen können in der NMR sogenannte Paketimpulse an Stelle von Einzelimpulsen verwendet werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit behandelt quantitativ den Einfluß von Resonanzabweichungen auf die Wirkung der Paketimpulse. Es wird gezeigt, ebenfalls anhand experimenteller Untersuchungen, daß die verschieden konstruierten \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \frac{\pi }{2}{\rm - } $\end{document}Impulspakete (im Gegensatz zu den π‐Impulspaketen) je nach der Wahl der Phase ihrer Einzelimpulse bzw. des Vorzeichens der Resonanzabweichung nur zu zwei unterschiedlich starken Reduktionen des Einflusses von Fehljustierungen führen.
On the Cosmological Origin of Population III Objects
Authors: Haubold H. J. , Mücket J. P. , Tornambé A.
Published: May 2007

It is the aim of our letter to embedd the presently well understood scale of stellar mass into a simple cosmological scenario for the origin of Population III objects. The result of our consideration will be that if the first bound objects with typical stellar mass of the order of 30 M⊙ could evolve as ordinary stars ending up exploding (Type II supernovae) the problem of the pregalactic enrichment of a primordial gas cloud be solved.
Coupled Maxwell‐Pseudoscalar Field from the Einstein‐Mayer Theory
Authors: Mahanta M. N. , Gupta Y. K.
Published: May 2007

A coupled system of field equations representing interacting gravitational, electromagnetic and pseudoscalar fields is obtained using the five‐dimensional formalism of Einstein and Mayer (1931–1932). Solutions of the system for concrete cases are under investigation.
On the Bilinearisation Approach to the Soliton Solutions of Cylindrical and Nonlocal K‐P Equation
Authors: Chowdhury A. Roy , Sasmal Srikanta
Published: May 2007

We have obtained the N‐soliton solution for the two nonlinear partial differential equations — the cylindrical K‐P equation and non‐local K‐P equation. The phenomenon of soliton resonance is demonstrated in the case of cylindrical K‐P equation.
On Schrödinger's Search for a Stochastic Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: Marić Z.
Published: May 2007

Following Schrödinger a stochastic interpretation of quantum mechanics is given based on the introduction of an intermediate probability in diffusion processes. The Schrödinger equation is derived following Nelson's approach and following a variational approach. Some problems of the quantum theory of measurement are discussed.
On the Significance of the Bell Inequalities for the Locality Problem in Different Realistic Interpretations of Quantum Mechanics
Authors: de Muynck W. M. , van Stekelenborg J. T. P. M.
Published: May 2007

The relation between the Bell inequalities, locality and the existence of joint probability distributions is discussed in different realist interpretations of quantum mechanics. We distinguish four realist interpretations, viz., the objectivistic one, the contextualistic one, the strictly nonobjectivistic and the quasi‐objectivistic interpretation. Conclusions are differing largely in different interpretations. We also distinguish between two kinds of locality, viz, macrolocality and Einstein/Bell locality. From a classical model of stochastic measuring processes a definition of Einstein/Bell locality is derived that differs from the Bell/Clauser/Horne/Shimony factorizability condition. It is demonstrated that only in the quasi‐objectivistic interpretation the Einstein/Bell locality condition plays a role in the derivation of a Bell inequality for quantities that are experimentally relevant. It is argued that even in this interpretation it is not possible to arrive at the conclusions that the Bell inequalities stem from the locality condition because of the tacit assumption of an additional property, namely the existence of probability distributions conditionalized on the dispersionfree states of the hidden variables. Consideration of a phase space representation of the Schrödinger equation demonstrates that this latter assumption is at odds with the statistics of quantum systems.
Schrödingers Katze und Wigners Freund (zur Beweglichkeit des Heisenbergschen Schnittes)
Authors: Treder H.‐J.
Published: May 2007

Schrödingers Katze und Wigners Freund sind ein und dasselbe Problem, das sich durch die Beweglichkeit des Heisenbergschen Schnittes löst
A Comparative Study of Proton‐Emulsion and Heavy‐Ion‐Emulsion Interactions at 4.5 GeV/c per Nucleon
Authors: Ghosh D. , Sengupta R. , Ghosh A. , Mukhopadhyay A. , Roy J.
Published: May 2007

This paper presents a comparative study of inelastic interactions of proton‐Emulsion, 12C‐Emulsion and 24Mg‐Emulsion at 4.5 GeV/c per nucleon. The multiplicity distribution and their correlations have been studied. A strong correlation between 〈ns〉 and nh in case of 24Mg‐Emulsion and 12C‐Emulsion is observed which is not so in the case of proton‐Emulsion interaction. It is also observed that 〈ns〉 increases with the increase of the projectile mass. The angular distribution of the target fragments in 24Mg‐Emulsion and 12C‐Emulsion interactions show massive forward collimations. Comparison is also made in the pseudorapidity distributions of 24Mg‐Emulsion, 12C‐Emulsion and proton‐Emulsion interactions. The result shows many interesting features.
Coulomb Forces in Three Charged Particles Interacting via Stripping Nuclear Reactions
Authors: Osman Ahmed
Published: May 2007

Coulomb forces are examined for three charged interacting particles following the Faddeev formalism. Application of stripping nuclear reactions is studied for 6Li projectile incident on 12C target with alpha particle transfer. Differential corss‐sections are calculated. The results are found to be improved by about 12.41% due to the inclusion of the Coulomb forces.
Multi Soliton Solution for Langmuir Ion‐Acoustic System in an Arbitrary Background
Authors: Chowdhury A. Roy , Mahato G.
Published: May 2007

We have found compact formulas for the general N‐Soliton Solution for Langmuir Ion Acoustic System through the dressing‐up technique proposed by Neugebauer et al. In this approach the initial solution can be any solution known as ‘seed solution’ which is referred to as the ‘arbitrary background’.