bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Of History and Memory
Authors: Lerner Gerda
Published: November 2023

The prize with which you honor me today is doubly meaningful for me: because it honors women and research on women, and because it is given in the name of K äthe Leichter. Kathe Leichter personifies the highest ideals of feminism-lifelong activity on behalf of all women, but especially of working-class women; conviction that social reforms are only just if they serve the interests of women as well as men; uncompromising struggle against fascism and National Socialism, which cost her her life. In K äthe Leichter’s life there was no divide between theory and praxis: she combined her work as a journalist and organizer with her duties as mother and wife, her po­litical leadership role with her research work as a social scientist. K ähe Leichter was heroic in her achievements, for she dared in a time of terror and oppression to organize resistance and to oppose the horrors of Nazi state power with the brave words of humanism on thin leaflets. It was for this she was jailed and finally gassed in the concentration camp Ravensbruck. In honoring other women we remember her and in a way continue her work and her ideals.
The Necessity of History
Authors: Lerner Gerda
Published: November 2023

There is no adequate preparation for writing a presidential address. Trying to choose among the many urgent themes that 4emand attention, one is painfully aware of the wisdom of one’s predecessors and one’s own limitations. The audience to be addressed is the most critical and important one will ever face: a national audience of colleagues. For a woman, following a long line of male presidents, there is an added responsibility: one wishes to be representative of the profession as a whole and yet not neglectful of those long sifenced.
Why History Matters
Authors: Lerner Gerda
Published: November 2023

Ahuman beings are practicing historians. As we go through fe we present ourselves to others through our life story; as we grow and mature we change that story through different interpretations and different emphasis. We stress different events as having been decisive at different times in our life history and, as we do so, we give those events new meanings. People do not think of this as “doing history”; they engage in it often without special awareness. We live our lives; we tell our stories. It is as natural as breathing.
Upward Bound
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

Chase’s socializing with Cincinnati’s elite, while it satisfied some of his personal needs, had not brought him much business. His practice barely made enough to support him. After a year of struggling he was finally able to form a partnership with two leading lawyers, Edward King and Timothy Walker. Still shying away from court appearances, Chase handled the office work and drafted most of the correspondence. The arrangement did not work out. King was not well much of the time-he died in 1836-and he and Walker decided that the partnership could not bear the expense of a junior member not bringing in his share of new business.
Mid-passage
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

Occasionally after an extremely busy workday, Chase would sit back in his law office and let his mind wander over events or incidents long past. One such Saturday evening in January 1849 he did some reminiscing after clients, callers, politicians, partners, and students had left him alone with his thoughts. As his eyes wandered over the shelves of law books, he imagined that learned jurists such as Coke, Littleton, Mansfield, Holt, and Blackstone were “looking down on me, not as full wigged and full robed judiciaries but as quaint elves with solemn faces, peering out from between dusty leaves.”
As Others See Us
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

Chase arose early in his rooms at Kelsey’s American Hotel in Columbus on January 14, 1856. Since his election in October he had spent considerable time reflecting on what he would say in his inaugural address as the first Republican governor of a major northern state. By now he was deeply involved in exploiting his victory for political advantage with Know Nothing Whigs and hesitant antislavery Democrats. He was particularly active in soliciting advice and support from the political sachems in the East, not the least of whom was Horace Greeley, whose New York Tribune had looked askance at Chase’s relationship with the Know Nothings.
Emancipation with Exceptions
Authors: Niven Emancipation with Exceptions[CT] John
Published: November 2023

Though Chase would never admit it, emancipation was not that popular among the northern masses or conservative business communities. However he might discount the factor of racism, however he might scorn the fulminations of the New York World as partisan propaganda, he could not entirely dismiss the apparent upsurge of the Democratic party. Leading Democrats and their presses had seized upon emancipation as foreclosing any peaceful settlement of the conflict. And they used the implications of eventual equality among the races as a promising topic to drum up racist fears and a latent antiabolitionist bias. Chase’s blindness to the connection between the failure to merchandize bonds and the Emancipation Proclamation was to be expected. Moral issues and economic problems were usually kept distinct from each other in his way of thinking. He did believe however that a temporary rally in the price of government bonds during October had resulted from the proclamation. This judgment turned out to be faulty.1 Emancipation had been on his mind during much of his public career. He had seen it as an aspect of moral suasion to be carried out through state action that harmonized human freedom with Jeffersonian states’ rights. Nevertheless he applauded Lincoln’s action in the matter. Indeed, he had long considered the President to be a laggard in what he believed to be a matter of fundamental human concern.
Old Greenbacks
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

It had been a year of vexing trials and of limited triumphs for Chase and the administration as a whole. In the ongoing patronage contest, Chase had generally gotten his way, but not before the President had slowly and inexorably reduced his scope for independent choice on important patronage positions. However, in minor posts that could be useful politically, Congress had passed legislation broadening Chase’s power to appoint Treasury agents and increasing their numbers. Jay Cooke, whom Chase had made general agent for marketing the 5-20 bonds, had performed magnificently. Utilizing innovative organizing and sales techniques that tapped the currency reserves of the general public, Cooke had sold more than $320 million of these securities. Over Chase’s objections to certain aspects of the bill, Congress approved and Lincoln signed the Third Legal Tender Act which added another $150 million worth of greenbacks and another $50 million in fractional currency to the circulating medium. Chase was also given authority to borrow $900 million dollars in bonds carrying 6 percent interest. At his discretion, $400 million of this sum could be issued as Treasury notes that bore no more than 6 percent interest payable in “lawful money,” or as legal tender, excluding interest payments. The law recognized that Chase should have the authority to set prices in accordance with fluctuating market values.
Bad Company
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

The year 1864 was scarcely two months old when the House of Representatives resolved itself into a committee of the whole for debate. Francis Preston Blair,Jr., or Frank, as he was generally known, had the floor. Everyone present expected an attack on Chase and they were not disappointed. Blair was a handsome, dynamic figure, slightly under six feet tall, lean but well muscled, his reddish-brown hair and full beard showing little sign of graying despite his forty-three years. His piercing gray eyes and high cheekbones, which complementing his wide brow and full chin, gave him a youthful appearance. Unhappily his nature was impulsive, even reckless as a military commander and as a politician. He was a heavy drinker and an equally heavy smoker of strong cigars, weaknesses that were already undermining his strong frame. Blair had been elected to a second term in Congress from the St. Louis district of Missouri. While serving as a corps commander in General Sherman’s Army of the Tennessee, he had given a good account of himself in the battles around Chattanooga. Blair enjoyed army life and was in a quandary over whether he should resign his commission or take his seat in Congress. He asked his brother, Montgomery, to explain his dilemma to Lincoln and say that he would be guided by the President’s wishes.
“So Help Me God”
Authors: Niven John
Published: November 2023

If the acceptance of his resignation caught Chase by surprise, it was met with consternation in the Congress and particularly among members of the finance committees. Government accounts were as usual in bad shape. Gold had continued to rise. Business and banking interests blamed speculators for the precipitous decline in the value of the currency. In response Congress had hastened to pass a law giving the secretary wide latitude in selling government gold reserves on the open market, the reason being that this action, it was thought, would curb speculation and increase the monetary value of the paper currency.
High Technology Organizations: An Introduction
Authors: Mohrman Susan Albers , Von Glinow Mary Ann
Published: November 2023

The high technology arena includes a critical portion of the economy of all developed and newly industrialized countries. The ultimate shape of the evolving global economy of the 1990s will most likely depend on how the various segments of high technology industries evolve.
International Competition in High Technology: The Case of the United States, Japan, and Europe
Authors: Ungson Gerardo R
Published: November 2023

Firms confront today’ s agenda for international competition amidst the throes of change. For nearly two decades, scholars have predicted the emergence of new industries based on the creation and processing of information that would usher in a postindustrial society. Consistent with such predictions, these high technology industries-computers, semiconductors, computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAM/CAD), telecommunications, and software-have provided much of the dynamism in the recent development of world economy.
Unemployment Duration and Wage Data
Authors: Devine Theresa J , Kiefer Nicholas M
Published: November 2023

Whereas reservation wage data are infrequently available and often difficult to interpret, many microdata sets provide observations on unemployment spell durations, accepted wages, and previous earnings. A variety of approaches have been taken to analyze these data in the search framework-in the absence of reservation wage data. In this chapter, we review this work.
Refugeeing: The Second Crisis in Paternalism
Authors: Durrill Wayne K
Published: November 2023

By January 1863, Josiah Collins, master of Somerset Place, had moved to the town of Hillsboro in Orange County. His slaves now resided in three separate groups. Sixty-six, mostly older men and women, remained at Somerset Place with George Spruill in charge. The Reverend George Patterson, “transporting their children and their household stuff in the farm wagons” by way of Tarboro, had led a second group to Hurry Scurry plantation in northern Orange County. And a third group went to Northwood plantation in Vance County. But these were not satisfactory arrangements from a planter’s point of view.
Upstream, Inland: Other People’s Languages
Authors: Dakubu M E Kropp
Published: November 2023

Although both widespread polyglotism and societal multilingualism may have been encouraged by the massive assimilation of people who spoke languages other than Ga, they are obviously not a simple result of it. Linguistic assimilation of a population can lead to the elimination of its language as a second language as well as to its maintenance. Many individual descendants of assimilated populations have indeed lost all command of their ancestral community language, and only one of the various languages mentioned in the last chapter, Akan, has in fact taken hold as a second language in Accra. Moreover, Hausa, perhaps the only true lingua franca other than English, did not appear at all. In this chapter, we consider the history of Akan and Hausa as second languages in the Volta basin and why they and not other languages dominate Accra and its hinterland.
Junk Bonds
Authors: Yago Glenn
Published: November 2023

This is a study of the high yield bond market, popularly called `junk bonds.' Glenn Yago has studied how companies that use junk bond financing compare in economic performance with their industry averages. This book shows that, contrary to what might be assumed, especially in view of the mixed reputation junk bonds have, the performance of these companies was superior in the vast majority of cases.
The Origins of Junk
Authors: Yago Glenn
Published: November 2023

To understand the high yield market today, it is important to know something about its history. Financial innovation has been an enduring trait of U.S. capital markets since their beginning. The rise of the junk bond market is only the most recent episode of the ongoing evolution of financial markets that reflects structural economic changes, business requirements for financing, and investor needs for higher returns on investment. This chapter reviews changes in the bond market and the advances in credit analysis that led to new debt instruments that could be used to build and rebuild companies. Specifically, it reviews institutional changes in the financial markets engendered by junk bonds, and the role of Drexel Burnham Lambert in popularizing this new financial technology. Finally, it closes with a discussion of the role of leverage in corporate capital structure and evaluates the vulnerability of U.S. companies to greater debt exposure.
Shake-outs and Showdowns in the Capital Market
Authors: Yago Glenn
Published: November 2023

A junk bond backlash in the courts, Congress, legislatures, and turmoil in the bond market itself has unfolded since most of the evidence in this book was gathered and analyzed; Does this mean, as some business writers have suggested, that the high yield market is dead? Has that market’s explosive growth ended, and have we returned to the old economic order of static book accounting and the staid dominance of the country’s largest firms? Was the high yield market a passing fancy of paper shufflers on Wall Street or has it become an institutionalized part of modern corporate finance and business practice to build a value-added economy?
Introduction
Authors: Kohut Thomas A
Published: November 2023

Although the last few years have witnessed renewed scholarly interest in the Kaiser, for decades historians ignored Wilhelm II while focusing considerable attention on the period of German history that bears his name.’ Over those same decades numerous popular biographies of the Kaiser appeared. This combination of scholarly neglect and popular interest corresponds to the mixture of irritation and adulation with which Wilhelm II was regarded by his con temporaries. He seemed at once an inept posturer and a dynamic hero. In explaining this paradox, it is useful to distinguish between the two principal leadership functions Wilhelm II was expected to perform, defined by his friend and confidant Count Philipp zu Eulenburg as “the governing statesman and the sleeping Hero-Kaiser.” On the one hand, the Kaiser was to be a political leader, a framer and executor of policy. He was to function as a traditional politician, basing his actions on an assessment of what would be to his advantage, to the advantage of those groups on which his power depended, and to the advantage of the nation. In this context “political leadership” is defined primarily in terms of self-interest.
The Tragedy of Friedrich and Victoria
Authors: Kohut Thomas A
Published: November 2023

Victoria “looks marvelous and blissfully happy, Fritz also,” Queen Victoria wrote of her daughter and son-in-law to Augusta, Princess of Prussia, mother of the groom, three days after their marriage in the Chapel Royal at Windsor on 25 January 1858. “One cannot describe,” Queen Victoria continued, “what a wonderful sensation it is for us both [the queen and her husband, Prince Albert] to see these dear children so happy and contented.” Despite the couple’s happiness on their wedding day, there are few more tragic figures in the long and often unhappy history of European royalty than Wilhelm II’s parents, Friedrich and Victoria.
The Kaiser, the Navy, and Weltpolitik
Authors: Kohut Thomas A
Published: November 2023

The wish that the German Kaiser and the German people be listened to in every corner of the world found expression in the burning ambition to practice Weltpolitik, to practice world politics. Events during the reign of Wilhelm II that otherwise seem unintelligible or unrelated become comprehensible and consistent if they are understood as manifestations of the demand that the Reich be accepted and respected as a great world power: the founding of the Pan-German League in 1891 and of the Naval League in 1899; the Kruger telegram in 1896; the German occupation ofKiaochow in 1897; the Kaiser’s visit to the Holy Land in 1898; the Samoan tangle and the Samoan treaty in 1899; the conflict over the construction of a Mittellandkanal in 1899; the reaction to the Boxer Rebellion in 1900; the Bagdad railway; German conduct in the Moroccan crises of 1905 and 1911; the deterioration of Anglo-German relations; and the building of a German battlefleet. So perplexing from the per spective of Bismarckian Realpolitik, German naval development becomes readily intelligible if world politics are understood from the perspective of Gefuhlspolitik, the Wilhelmian politics of feeling.’ It was appropriate, therefore, that the Kaiser regarded the construction of a high seas’ fleet to be his grandest achievement. Bringing his subjects to share his feeling that a mighty navy represented national strength and would therefore secure international recognition for the Reich was the culmination of Wilhelm II’s symbolic leadership of the Germans.
Between the British and the Germans
Authors: Kohut Thomas A
Published: November 2023

Before concluding this study of Wilhelm II, it is necessary to consider one last area of his political activity that is as significant as it is puzzling: the Kaiser’s attitude and policy toward England. From the moment of his birth, England played an important role in Wilhelm’s life. Through his mother and other English relatives, English values and attitudes were deeply rooted in his psyche. It is not too much to say that he possessed a partial English identity. At the same time Wilhelm’s affiliation with England created personal and political difficulties for him. Because of its association with figures in his life who were psychologically important and problematic, Victoria par excellence, England was a country about which Wilhelm had powerful and decidedly mixed feelings.
The Technology: Recurring Problems And Integrated Solutions
Authors: Cusumano Michael A
Published: November 2023

Problems often occur in building large software programs in every phase of development and in every aspect of management planning and con­ trol because the technology is inherently complex, developers need to understand programming as well as specific applications, customer needs vary widely, and the industry continues to evolve in both products and tools and techniques.
The Changing Nature of United States Government Policy on the Transfer of Strategic Technology: An Overview
Authors: Good Alexander
Published: November 2023

The basic premise for controlling the export of strategic commodities and technology is clear and few question it. Yet, the implementation of that premise generates intense debate among the Free World countries. To understand the changing nature of U.S. government policy, a review of some of the major driving forces is appropriate.
China and Opportunities for Economic Development Through Technology Transfer
Authors: Fischer William A
Published: November 2023

Technology, be it hardware or software, is value-laden. It reflects, in design, operation, and inherent expectations about its utilization and advantages, the culture in which it was conceived. Sometimes this is an important factor and sometimes it is not.
Pros and Cons of International Technology Transfer: A Developing Country’s View
Authors: Kim Linsu
Published: November 2023

Recently, international technology transfer has been a subject of debate in both developed countries (DCs) and less developed countries (LDCs). Many argue that international technology transfer from DCs to LDCs should be promoted because it is mutually beneficial.
Introduction
Authors: Peterson William
Published: November 2023

The papers presented as chapters in this volume have been selected by the Program Committee from among those presented at the Eighth International Conference on Input -Output Techniques, held in August 1986 in Sapporo, Japan. The Conference was made possible by the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), which gave financial and organizational help, and the University of Hokkaido, which hosted the event. On behalf of all those who attended the Conference I would like to thank both for their efforts. It is clear from the wide range of papers presented at the Conference and from the worldwide home bases of the participants that input-output analysis has become an essential tool of applied economics. Yet it would be misleading in this introduction lo ignore the fact that, particularly in the developed market economics, the combination of the evolution of macroeconomic theory since the early 1970s and the methodological insistence that models must be based on analysis of the optimizing behavior of rational agents threatens to distance input--output analysis from “mainstream” economics. Since I believe that both of these fields would lose from such a development, it seems appropriate here both to discuss factors that have contributed to it and to suggest how input-output economics can learn from, and also contribute to, the more general development of empirical economics.
Input-Output, Technical Change, and Long Waves
Authors: Fontela E , Pulido A
Published: November 2023

During the 1950s and 1960s research on long-term fluctuations of economic activity was given very low priority. If cycles and long waves had ever exist d, they were pre Kcyncsian; they could be avoided by appropriate use of macroeconomic management tools.
Private-Led Technical Change in Prewar Japanese Agriculture
Authors: Nagata Shin
Published: November 2023

The purpose of our research is twofold: to build a model in which agricultural producers themselves carry out innovative activities, and to apply the model to prewar Japanese agriculture in order to test its empirical validity. We believe that the construction of such a model, and its empirical verification, are essential to acquiring a deeper understanding of prewar Japanese agricultural development.
A Planning Scheme Combining Input-Output Techniques with a Consumer Demand Analysis: A Concept and Preliminary Estimates for Poland
Authors: Podkaminer Leon , Wyznikiewicz Bohdan , Zienkowski Leszek
Published: November 2023

If the flexibility of wages and consumer prices is low, some degree of disequilibrium in consumer markets may be unavoidable. (Also, as developments in the market situation in Poland during the period 1980-1985 have proved, high-but misguided--flexibility of prices and wages may bring about accelerating inflation without substantial equilibration of the markets.) However, the structure of the “exogenously” prescribed vector of private consumption and the resulting size of the wage fund may both significantly contribute to market disequilibria.
Design For Manufacturing In An Environment Of Continuous Change
Authors: Sanderson Susan Walsh
Published: November 2023

The objectives of design for manufacturing (DFM) are to identify product concepts that are inherently easy to manufacture, to focus on component design for ease of manufacturing and assembly, and to integrate manufacturing process design and product design to ensure better matching of needs and requirements. Most research on design for manufacturing has focused on the interaction between design and manufacturing in the development of initial prototypes for new products and ignored the problem of upgrades, extensions, and enhancements to products that occur in the normal life cycle of a product. Design for manufacturing is often interpreted as “get it right the first time” with little if any concern for the management of the design process over time.
Modular Design And The Economics Of Design For Manufacturing
Authors: Shirley Gordon v.
Published: November 2023

During the past two decades there have been a number of fundamental trends that have affected manufacturing-based industries. Among the more significant of these have been a rapid rate of development of new materials and material processing technologies, a large increase in the number of international players, and a growing integration of global markets. Together these changes have had a significant impact on the nature of competition. As a result, manufacturers in the affected industries have had to develop new approaches to remain competitive.
The Disparate Uses of a Code Phrase
Authors: Laycock Douglas
Published: November 2023

The cases reveal judicial behavior very different from what the irreparable injury rule would predict. Courts do not deny plaintiff’s preferred remedy without a functional reason. They do not deny specific relief just because that is the rule, because of some lingering hostility to equity, or because it was so laid down in the time of Edward III.
Holmes, Posner, and Efficient Breach
Authors: Laycock Douglas
Published: November 2023

The mistaken belief that specific remedies are exceptional and damages the norm is central to one of the most famous and pro vocative claims in legal scholarship. This is the claim that in a wide range of circumstances, people are entitled to violate the rights of others so long as they pay the resulting damages.1 But if courts generally stand ready to grant specific relief where feasible, then there is no such entitlement.
Introduction
Authors: Morton Michael S Scott
Published: November 2023

The Management in the 1990s Research Program was created in 1984 to examine the profound impact that information technology (IT) is having on organizations of all kinds. Its mission was to explore how IT will affect the way organizations will be able to survive and prosper in the competitive environment of the 1990s and beyond. This book is the “final report” of the program. The program began with two basic premises:
The Past and Present as a Window on the Future
Authors: vates Joanne , Benjamin robert i.
Published: November 2023

The focus of this chapter is shown in Figure 3-1. This chapter considers the MIT90s framework from a historical perspective, beginning with the development of the telegraph in the mid-1800s. By understanding changes accompanying information technology in the past we will be better able to understand its future possibilities as well as what is necessary to realize them.
Impact of IT on Jobs and Skills
Authors: Osterman Paul
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses on the parts of the 1990s model highlighted in Figure 8-1. The impact of information technology on the organization is contingent upon its context. We have already seen in Part II of this book the importance of the external environment, particularly the dynamics of industry structure under the new forces of IT. Part II also discussed new strategic options available for exploitation.
The Popperian School
Authors: Redman Deborah A
Published: November 2023

There is a certain risk involved in grouping Popper, Lakatos, Feyerabend, and Bartley together under the heading “the Popperian school.” Their philosophies are in some ways glaringly divergent. Despite their differences, their works do have common features: perhaps most important, they take Popper’s philosophy as their starting point. Lakatos, Feyerabend, and Bartley were all Popper’s students and have achieved a reputation of their own. The Popperian school is hardly limited to the small group that will be discussed here.
Conclusions
Authors: Redman Deborah A
Published: November 2023

I have purposefully concluded with the role of the history of science because it has been serving as a thorny reminder to philosophers of science that their canons of rationality do not always correspond to actual practice. Although swinging too far to the opposite (sociological) extreme, the historical aspects have certainly brought to light many of the difficulties of the modern philosophy of science. Those historically minded philosophers, remarks Kuhn (1977g, p. 121), “have at least raised problems that the philosophy of science is no longer likely to ignore.… There is as yet no developed and matured ‘new philosophy’ of science.” The ideas of the historically oriented philosophers of science are still evolving. Hence, it is impossible at this juncture to assess how the school will fare.
Sir Karl Popper’s Philosophy of the Social Sciences: A Disjointed Whole
Authors: Redman Deborah A
Published: November 2023

Unlike many philosophers of science who generally concern themselves only with physics, Popper has aimed at influencing the social sciences. Whereas in the English-speaking world Popper is most often associated with his Logic of Scientific Discovery, where he first develops his falsification thesis, in the German-speaking world Popper is regarded as one of the world’s most important philosophers of social science (Popper, 1987c, p. 54).

It is unfortunate that there seems to be no full treatment of Popper’s philosophy of the social sciences, or of economics, his favorite social science. If one wants to assess whether and to what extent economists have used and benefited from Popper’s philosophy, one must inevitably first understand Popper’s philosophy itself.
Introduction
Authors: London Nancy R
Published: November 2023

Japanese corporate philanthropy is predominantly a phenomenon of the postwar era and, in particular, of the period of rapid reindustrialization of the country that became evident in the mid-1960s. Large-scale international corporate philanthropy-of the type that has grabbed headlines in the United States and Europe-is even newer, having begun with the Mitsubishi Group’s $1 million gift to Harvard Law School in 1972 and been followed in rapid and dramatic succession by the Sumitomo Group’s contribution of $2 million to Yale University in 1973 and the Mitsui Group’s donation of $1 million to the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1974.
The Development of the Nonprofit System
Authors: London Nancy R
Published: November 2023

Economic growth and prosperity in Japan have led to an increased concern with and ability to provide for social welfare. At the same time, political pressure and the growing diversity of society have begun to alter traditional perceptions of what constitutes social welfare and by what means it ought to be looked after.
Taxation
Authors: London Nancy R
Published: November 2023

Tax-exempt status follows automatically from the granting of non-profit status to an organization by the supervising ministry and, as such, is subject to all the discretion inherent in that approval process. The rules that govern the deductibility of contributions, on the other hand, are within the purview of the Finance Ministry and are laid down with greater specificity, though still subject to a great deal of discretion. In this chapter we shall consider the major provisions of the tax law affecting nonprofit organizations, as well as some problems with the current system and proposals for reform.
The Effect of Changes in Corporate Control on Firm Performance
Authors: Healy Paul M
Published: November 2023

There have been dramatic changes in corporate ownership during the past ten years with mergers, acquisitions, and leveraged buyouts reaching record levels. In 1988 merger and acquisition transactions alone totaled $246.9 billion, approximately 57 percent of total business investment expenditures.
Organizational Change and Decision Making About New Technology
Authors: Thomas Robert J
Published: November 2023

Recent reports on the “state of manufacturing” emphasize the critical role technology can play in the achievement of strategic advantage.1 Two of the key requirements for gaining strategic advantage through technology are speed, particularly in the movement from concept to implementation, and effectiveness or usability of the new technique or system. Unfortunately, the studies that make these claims tend to underplay the complex organizational challenges which can slow the development and introduction of new technology and, in some cases, prevent its most effective use. For example, efforts to implement new technology can be stymied by existing organizational structures, especially when technology implies changes that threaten the distribution of authority, responsibility, and status among different functions, occupations, and professional groups (Crozier, 1964; Pettigrew, 1973). However, it is important to recognize that new technology also challenges the “historical” organization, that is, the routines, vested interests, and customs that accumulate as an organization ages. Technologyinduced changes in organizational structure may be difficult and even painful.
Work, Labor, and Action: Work Experience in a System of Flexible Production
Authors: Piore Michael J
Published: November 2023

Since 1987 the Institute of Labour Studies of the International Labour Organization in Geneva has been examining the changing size distribution of firms in industrial economies. At the heart of the Institute’s work is a set of commissioned papers reviewing the evolution of small businesses in nine countries. The papers collect both quantitative evidence and qualitative material, drawn largely from case studies of industrial regions where small business has been particularly prominent. The papers confirm the general impression of policymakers and practitioners that in all of these countries there has been a trend, since the 1970s, toward smaller business units. This represents a reversal of the trends of earlier postwar decades, which in some countries can be traced back to the nineteenth century, toward large business units (Sengenberger and Loveman, 1987). Most surprising, however, is the finding that many small businesses —or at least the industrial districts that are constituted by them —exhibit a dynamism in the creation of new products and in the evolution of productive technology which we conventionally associated with large corporate organizations.
Transition: From There to Here
Authors: Lane Roger
Published: November 2023

Urban black history in the 20th century has not moved along straight lines. Its three major themes for the purposes of this book are, first, the basic migration from farm to city; second, the assault on racism and move toward acceptance; and third, the change in economic opportunity and conditions, from those of wage-earners and the unemployed at the bottom to educated professionals at the top. The first two have proceeded unevenly, in fits and starts, but generally up; economic conditions have followed an even more complex path, sometimes up and sometimes down. Americans in general were aware of the first two movements as they occurred, as African-Americans were ever more visible on city streets, and the milestones in their long battle for dignity and inclusion were visible in the daily papers, or later on television. Some of the social problems with economic roots, notably rising rates of crime, were also all too apparent. But in general the basic economic situation was not as clear as the more dramatic events which made the headlines, from the Great Migration and Harlem Renaissance of the 191Os and 1920s to the protests and later riots of the 1960s and 1970s. The muse of history, Minerva’s owl, “flies at dusk,” surveying the day only after its close, and it often took years to compile the dry statistics which trace economic and educational trends, and even more years for this historian, at least, to appreciate what they meant.
College Track: From the Paper Chase to Olympic Gold
Authors: Smith Ronald A
Published: November 2023

sports, while crew and baseball were supreme before the rise of the gridiron game. Track and field became the fourth major college sport of the 1800s, and, like the other three, was imported from the British Isles. Track, of course, was much older than British history or even written history. One may recall that Odysseus won the foot race in Homer ‘s Iliadwhen the goddess Athena made Aias slip in manure, causing the victim to spit out cow dung rather than receive the silver bowl which went to the winner. While the silver trophy remained symbolic of track success, track and field in America never attained the status of baseball, crew,or football, or of running in ancient Greece.
The Swarthmore Case: An Addendum on Freedom
Authors: Smith Ronald A
Published: November 2023

A liberal arts college located outside of Philadelphia at Swarth more was small, peace-loving, and Quaker. The time was 1907. The Swarthmore incident came about during the turmoil surrounding football ethics and brutality. While Swarthmore was not one of the athletic powers of the east, it was represented at the original Mac Cracken meeting to “ban or reform “ football late in 1905, and had voted with the 8-5 majority toreform rather than abolish the game. It sent a delegate to the original meeting of the NCAA that same December, and it was a charter member of the NCAA. Unlike Columbia and Union colleges in the east, Swarthmore continued to play football under the reformed rules.
Coherence In Psychotic Discourse
Authors: Ribeiro Branca Telles
Published: November 2023

Based on analysis of two psychiatric interviews, this book investigates ways of establishing coherence in the discourse of a thought-disordered patient. In the first interview, the patient is diagnosed as being in an acute psychotic state. In the second, the same patient is considered to be fully recovered and ready to be discharged from hospital. Ribeiro concludes that psychotic discourse, while incoherent on the level of topic, is coherent on another - that of frame. Hence both topic and frame analysis contribute to an understanding of psychotic discourse and of the contexts of talk where discourse emerges.
Coherence in Psychotic Talk
Authors: Ribeiro Branca Telles
Published: November 2023

Entering another world-the inner world-can be a lonely experience for the traveler and a mystery to us who are left behind. Only by listening to the voices of those who have stepped beyond can we come closer to them. In listening we may find meaning and coherence. This is the opening of a psychiatric interview between a patient and a doctor. The interview takes place two days after sixty-one-year-old Jurema has been hospitalized in an acute psychotic crisis. The most striking and repetitive aspect of the patient’s behavior reveals a psychological regression as she assumes the role of a child and establishes with her real audience-the doctor-a mother-daughter relationship.
Frame Analysis In The Admitting Interview: Where Coherence Emerges
Authors: Ribeiro Branca Telles
Published: November 2023

As one listens to Dona Jurema’s talk in the admitting interview, one has at first the impression of a totally fragmented and incoherent text. Chunks of language are connected in a seemingly illogical way, and new references are presented without any link to the previous talk. Doctor Edna, as a listener, feels that she cannot follow what the patient says, although she may be familiar with the vocabulary and the sentence structure patterns. The patient, as a speaker, seems uninterested in participating in the encounter proposed by the doctor.
The Judiciary Act of 1789: Political Compromise or Constitutional Interpretation?
Authors: Marcus Maeva , Wexler Natalie
Published: November 2023

The Judiciary Act of 1789 has often been viewed as the embodiment of Article III of the Constitution.1 The assumption has some validity: many of those who had a hand in drafting the Judiciary Act also contributed to the framing of the Constitution. It is not unreasonable, for example, to presume that Oliver Ellsworth, the principal author of the Judiciary Act, had the same general conception of the federal judiciary in 1789 that he had had in 1787.2 But while Ellsworth may have had no doubt about the meaning of Article III, others in the First Congress did. Debates on the floor of the House of Representatives indicate that congressmen in 1789 found just as much ambiguity in the constitutional language as do judges and lawyers in 1989: each side was able to extract a constitutional clause supporting its position.
Temples of Justice: The Iconography of Judgment and American Culture
Authors: Kammen Michael
Published: November 2023

Nineteenth-century Americans tended to be tardy in their com memorative observances, and the centennial of the Judiciary Act of 1789 turned out to be no exception. In September 1889, a commit tee formed by the New York City Bar Association finally got around to discussing a celebration planned for February 2, 1890. All the nation’s federal judges as well as New York State’s appellate judges were invited to attend. Better late than never. Then, on December 7, 1889, the Judiciary Centennial Committee met at the Federal Building in New York City to adopt a plan that had been submitted for festivities honoring the hundredth anniversary of the first sitting of the Supreme Court of the United States. It would take place on February 4, 1890, at the Metropolitan Opera House in Manhattan. Former president Grover Cleveland consented to preside over ceremonies attended by the entire Supreme Court. Following remarks by the chief justice, President Benjamin Harrison would give an address. The New York City Bar Association would hold a reception the next day in honor of the justices.
The Judiciary Act of 1789and Judicial Independence
Authors: Casper Gerhard
Published: November 2023

Among the more peculiar aspects of American historical conscious ness is the fact that we celebrated the bicentennial of the Bill of Rights in 1991 rather than, in analogy to the bicentennial of the Constitution, in 1989. Congressional agreement on the constitutional amendments was reached on September 24, 1789, and, but for the nonratification of two amendments, the Bill of Rights stands as adopted in 1789-at least as far as its text is concerned. If we viewed 1989 as the anniversary year of both the Judiciary Act and the Bill of Rights, we might give more weight to those elements of the Judiciary Act that are closely related to the Bill of Rights and that tell us much about attitudes toward the judiciary two years after the Constitutional Convention.
An Economic Study of the Information Technology Revolution
Authors: Jonscher Charles
Published: November 2023

The growing significance of information-its creation, processing, and management-in today’s economies has been well documented. The sociologist Daniel Bell (1973) observed that the developed world is entering a postindustrial phase in which “what counts is not raw muscle power, or energy, but information,” and economists have attempted to quantify this phenomenon.1 Their studies show that businesses in the United States now spend more on the office-based functions of information handling than on the physical production and processing of goods, a proportion that was less than 18 percent in 1900.2 This shift of economic resources from the traditional productive activities of industrial and agricultural workers to the information-handling functions of white-collar workers constitutes one of the major changes of this century in the structure of industrialized economies.
Joint Venture Formations and Stock Market Reactions: An Assessment in the Information Technology Sector
Authors: Koh Jeongsuk , Venkatraman N
Published: November 2023

A central area of research in contemporary strategic management research is concerned with “hybrid organizational arrangements” (Borys & Jemison, 1989) at the “interorganizational” or the “network” level (Powell, 1990) involving mechanisms such as joint ventures, technology licensing, cooperative research and development (R&D), and marketing arrangements (Contractor & Lorange, 1988; Harrigan, 1985; Kogut, 1988a; Mariti & Smiley, 1983). Within this general stream, joint venture is an important mechanism that can give a firm new and powerful sources of competitive advantage (Harrigan, 1988) and distinctive competencies (Kanter, 1989; Powell, 1990). Research on joint ventures spans disciplinary boundaries. As represented in Figure 12.1, we categorize the existing research into four types using two dimensions: (1) the dominant theoretical perspective, classified as either the strategic behavior or the transaction cost perspective, and (2) the research focus, namely, whether the focus is on the motives for the formation of joint ventures or on their impacts.
Profit Centers, Single-Source Suppliers, and Transaction Costs
Authors: Walker Gordon , Poppo Laura
Published: November 2023

Do organizations and markets govern transactions differently? This question has motivated a large body of research that has reached divergent conclusions. Proponents of transaction cost theory (Williamson, 1985) have found that organizations and markets differ in their governance capabilities. Other authors (Eccles & White, 1988; Granovetter, 1985; Stinchcombe, 1983), however, believe that the transaction cost argument is stated too strongly, .and they argue that organizations and markets are not discrete institutions to which the theory can be straightforwardly applied. A central hypothesis of transaction cost theory is that interunit relationships in which supplier assets are specialized have lower transaction costs inside an organization than when the relationship is between organizations (Demsetz, 1988; Klein, Crawford, & Alchian, 1978; Riordan & Williamson, 1986). Asset specialization will increase the buyer’s loss if the supply relationship is terminated. The potential for a higher loss gives the supplier an opportunity to bargain for a greater share of the value of the relationship. Thus, as the supplier’s assets become specialized, it should be more reluctant to bear the costs of adapting to changes in the buyer’s needs
Technological Innovation and Employment in Telecommunications
Authors: Lynch Lisa M , Osterman Paul
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the impact of technological innovation on employment structures in a firm. It addresses two related questions: First, how does the diffusion of information technology influence employment levels across occupations within a firm? Second, how does a firm choose among alternative personnel mechanismslayoffs, quits, retirements, early retirements, and transfers-to reach its target employment levels in each occupation? Our study draws on two sets of literature; one analyzes how technology influences labor demand, and the other models internal labor market flows. Within the production function or cost function framework, it is customary to distinguish between educated (or high-skill) and uneducated (low-skill) labor and estimate elasticities of substitution or complementarity. One of the most recent efforts along these lines is Bartel and Lichtenberg’s (1985) work, which builds on product cycle and learning curve ideas. The literature in this tradition typically provides few details about the impact of technological change on specific occupations because only very aggregated occupational data (e.g., blue collar versus white collar) are normally available. Another problem is that measures of technology are often crude (Bartel and Lichtenberg, e.g., have data only on the age of capital stock), and some occuptional categories are often poor reflections of changes in the nature of job tasks.