bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mass spectrometry in untargeted liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry metabolomics: Electrospray ionisation parameters and global coverage of the metabolome
Authors: Tugizimana Fidele , Steenkamp Paul A. , Piater Lizelle A. , Dubery Ian A.
Published: October 2017

Rationale

Liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC/MS) is a dominant analytical platform in metabolomics, because of the high sensitivity and resolution, thus enabling large‐scale coverage of metabolomes. Correspondingly, electrospray ionisation (ESI) is the favoured ionisation method in untargeted LC/MS metabolomics given the ability to produce large numbers of ions. In the workflow of LC/ESI‐MS metabolomics, maximising the ionisation efficiency over a wide mass range is inevitably an essential and determining step, subsequently defining the extent of coverage of the metabolome under investigation. Thus in this study, electronic factors related to the functioning of the ESI source, namely the capillary and sample cone voltages, were explored to investigate the influence on the data acquired in metabolomic investigations.

Methods

Hydromethanolic samples from an untargeted study (sorghum plants responding dynamically to fungal infection) were analysed on a high‐resolution/definition LC/ESI‐MS system. Here the capillary and sample cone voltages of the ZSpray™ ESI source were varied between 1.5–3.0 kV and 10.0–40.0 V, respectively. The acquired data were processed with MarkerLynx™ software and analysed using central composite design response surface methodology and chemometric approaches (principal component analysis and orthogonal projection latent structures‐discriminant analysis).

Results

The results evidently demonstrate that both capillary and sampling cone voltages not only significantly influence the recorded MS signals with regard to the number and abundance of features, but also the overall structure of the collected data. This consequently impacts on the information extracted from the data and thus affects coverage of the metabolome.

Conclusions

The observations postulate in that, untargeted LC/MS metabolomics, 'what you see is what you ionise'. Although there is convergence of collected data under different ESI conditions, the nuances observed indicate that the exploration of different ion source settings could be the best trade‐off in expanding and maximising the metabolome coverage in untargeted metabolomic experiments.
Responses of fishes and lampreys to the re‐creation of meanders in a small English chalk stream
Authors: Champkin J. D. , Copp G. H. , Sayer C. D. , Clilverd H. M. , George L. , Vilizzi L. , Godard M. J. , Clarke J. , Walker A. M.
Published: October 2017

River rehabilitation initiatives have become commonplace in European water courses as a result of European Union Water Framework Directive requirements. However, the short‐term responses of fishes to such work have thus far been varied, with some river rehabilitation efforts resulting in demonstrable improvements in diversity and size structure, whereas others have resulted in little or no change. Electrofishing and channel character surveys were conducted annually between 2009 and 2014 on a reach of the River Glaven (North Norfolk, UK) before and after rehabilitation work (embankment removal in 2009 and re‐meandering in 2010) as well as on a control reach immediately upstream. To assess the effects of rehabilitation work, before‐after‐control‐impact analysis tested for changes in channel character (geomorphology, substratum composition, and mesohabitat structure) and in fish species richness, relative abundance, population density, and size structure (calculated after fish data entry into the UK Environment Agency's National Fisheries Population Database). Following re‐meandering work (i.e., treatment), habitat heterogeneity and depth variation increased in the treatment reach, but fish responses were not significant except for biomass and density increases of brown trout Salmo trutta and abundance decreases of European eel Anguilla anguilla, in the treatment but not the control reach. These results are consistent with comparable river rehabilitation initiatives elsewhere, and they suggest that larger‐scale rehabilitations are probably needed to produce greater increases in fish density and diversity. It is recommended that future rehabilitation initiatives address catchment‐scale factors that can enhance ecosystem recovery, for example, removal of barriers to colonization, and increases in connectivity and water quality issues linked to eutrophication, elevated fine sediment inputs, and various pollutants.
Sensitivity analysis for publication bias in meta‐analysis of diagnostic studies for a continuous biomarker
Authors: Hattori Satoshi , Zhou Xiao‐Hua
Published: October 2017

Publication bias is one of the most important issues in meta‐analysis. For standard meta‐analyses to examine intervention effects, the funnel plot and the trim‐and‐fill method are simple and widely used techniques for assessing and adjusting for the influence of publication bias, respectively. However, their use may be subjective and can then produce misleading insights. To make a more objective inference for publication bias, various sensitivity analysis methods have been proposed, including the Copas selection model. For meta‐analysis of diagnostic studies evaluating a continuous biomarker, the summary receiver operating characteristic (sROC) curve is a very useful method in the presence of heterogeneous cutoff values. To our best knowledge, no methods are available for evaluation of influence of publication bias on estimation of the sROC curve. In this paper, we introduce a Copas‐type selection model for meta‐analysis of diagnostic studies and propose a sensitivity analysis method for publication bias. Our method enables us to assess the influence of publication bias on the estimation of the sROC curve and then judge whether the result of the meta‐analysis is sufficiently confident or should be interpreted with much caution. We illustrate our proposed method with real data.
Educators' emotion regulation strategies and their physiological indicators of chronic stress over 1 year
Authors: Katz Deirdre A. , Harris Alexis , Abenavoli Rachel , Greenberg Mark T. , Jennings Patricia A.
Published: October 2017

Studies show teaching is a highly stressful profession and that chronic work stress is associated with adverse health outcomes. This study analysed physiological markers of stress and self‐reported emotion regulation strategies in a group of middle school teachers over 1 year. Chronic physiological stress was assessed with diurnal cortisol measures at three time points over 1 year (fall, spring, fall). The aim of this longitudinal study was to investigate the changes in educators' physiological level of stress. Results indicate that compared to those in the fall, cortisol awakening responses were blunted in the spring. Further, this effect was ameliorated by the summer break. Additionally, self‐reported use of the emotion regulation strategy reappraisal buffered the observed blunting that occurred in the spring.
Porphyrins and BODIPY as Building Blocks for Efficient Donor Materials in Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Bucher Léo , Desbois Nicolas , Harvey Pierre D. , Sharma Ganesh D. , Gros Claude P.
Published: October 2017

Advances in the synthesis and application of highly efficient polymers and small molecules over the last two decades have enabled the rapid advancement in the development of organic solar cells and photovoltaic technology as a promising alternative to conventional solar cells, based on silicon and other inorganic semiconducting materials. Among the different types of organic semiconducting materials, porphyrins and BODIPY‐based small molecules and conjugated polymers attract high interest as efficient semiconducting organic materials for dye sensitized solar cells and bulk heterojunction organic solar cells. The highest power conversion efficiency exceeding 9% has been reported so far for porphyrin small molecules and 8.60% for conjugated polymers based on porphyrins. On the other hand, small molecules and conjugated polymers based on BODIPY moiety have been successfully used as donor materials for solution processed bulk heterojunction organic solar cells, and the resultant devices showed power conversion efficiencies exceeding 5.5%. In this article, the development of molecular design of porphyrins and BODIPY small molecules and polymers for bulk heterojunction organic solar cells are reviewed, and a guideline for the structure‐performance relationship is provided.
Metabolism in cancer metastasis: bioenergetics, biosynthesis, and beyond
Authors: Teoh Shao Thing , Lunt Sophia Y.
Published: October 2017

Metabolic changes accompany tumor progression and metastatic dissemination of cancer cells. Yet, until recently, metabolism has received little attention in the study of cancer metastasis. Cancer cells undergo significant metabolic rewiring as they acquire metastatic traits and adapt to survive in multiple environments with varying nutrient availability, oxygen concentrations, and extracellular signals. Therefore, to effectively treat metastatic cancer, it is important to understand the metabolic strategies adopted by cancer cells during the metastatic process. Here, we focus on the metabolic pathways known to play a role in cancer metastasis, including glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, tricarboxylic acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, amino acid metabolism, and fatty acid metabolism. Recent studies have uncovered roles for these pathways in cellular events that promote metastasis, including reactive oxygen species‐mediated signaling, epigenetic regulation, and interaction with the extracellular matrix. We also discuss the metabolic interplay between immune cells and cancer cells supporting metastasis. Finally, we highlight the current limitations of our knowledge on this topic, and present future directions for the field. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2018, 10:e1406. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1406

This article is categorized under:

Biological Mechanisms > Metabolism
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of the layered Selenogallate RbGaSe2
Authors: Friedrich Daniel , Schlosser Marc , Pfitzner Arno
Published: October 2017

The chalcogenogallate RbGaSe2 was synthesized by thermal decomposition of rubidium azide in the presence of gallium selenide and selenium. RbGaSe2 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c (no. 15) with the lattice parameters a = 10.954(1) Å, b = 10.949(1) Å, c = 16.064(1) Å, β = 99.841(4)°, V = 1898.2(2) Å3, and Z = 16 (single‐crystal data, 20 °C) in the TlGaSe2 structure type. Its crystal structure features anionic layers 2∞[Ga4Se84–] with a van der Waals distance of 3.30(1) Å. Thermal analysis revealed a melting point of about 930 °C. Using UV/Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, a wide bandgap of 3.16 eV was determined for the colorless semiconductor. The bonding situation in the compound was further compared with the isotypic cesium phases based on the results from Raman spectroscopy and DFT calculations. The slight shifts of the Raman bands suggest a slightly higher covalency of the rubidium compound.
Risky Play
Authors: Kvalnes Øyvind
Published: October 2017

This chapter explores how the upbringing of children can affect the extent to which they are capable of and prepared to deal with risk, uncertainty, and fallibility in adulthood. More specifically, it discusses how children’s engagement in risky play can have anti-phobic effects that help to prepare them for encounters with real and probable adversity as adults, and also the critical quality moments where the next decision they make will crucially impact the outcome of processes at work. The aim of the chapter is to consider possible links from findings in childhood research to theories about people’s capabilities to cope with fallibility in work settings. It does so by applying the concept of resilience, and the distinctions between growth and fix mindset, and between agent and pawn mentality.
Moral Risk in a Nursing Home
Authors: Kvalnes Øyvind
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses narratives from a nursing home where the residents express a wish to come closer to social life and be more active. Based on the residents’ answers to inquiries about what they considered to be a good life, the leaders at the home initiated a range of social activities. The intention was to provide the residents with more room for meaningful practices, but some of the activities also increased the risk of harm. Starting from the nursing home narratives, the chapter addresses three principled questions regarding responsibility and risk at work: (1) To what extent do our moral evaluations of past decisions and behavior depend on actual outcomes? (2) What kind of protection against sanctions should be in place for people who take risky decisions at work? (3) What is the role of leaders in cases where either active or passive mistakes from employees lead to bad outcomes? These questions are discussed in the light of the distinction between active and passive mistakes, and the distinction between prescriptive (do good) and proscriptive (do not harm) ethics.
Fallibility and Trust in Healthcare
Authors: Kvalnes Øyvind
Published: October 2017

This chapter discusses examples from healthcare, to illustrate further the relevance of Reason’s barrier model beyond aviation, and to introduce the concept of trust into the discussion about fallibility. Hospital staff face situations where it is important that they voice a concern, and intervene to stop chains of events that may lead to unnecessary injury or death. Hospitals and other organizations in the health sector need to create a barrier system where people do not hesitate to voice their concerns, a communication climate where it is normal and appreciated to intervene when you sense that something is wrong. The guiding ideas of this chapter are that openness about mistakes (i) can serve a foundation for trust within a professional unit, (ii) is necessary for further learning and improvement of professional services, and (iii) can strengthen public trust in the service providers.
Approaches to Help in Organizations
Authors: Kvalnes Øyvind
Published: October 2017

This chapter addresses how initiatives to seek, offer, and provide help is a central ingredient in coping with fallibility at work. First, it discusses how bystander effects and confirmation fallacies can create hesitancy to seek and offer help. Second, it focuses on the perception of social cost as an explanation of why people might refrain from seeking help in critical situations at work. The starting point for that discussion is two examples from healthcare, one real and one fictitious, in which inexperienced professionals attempt to do things on their own, without help or support from colleagues. Third, it considers how systems of holding back can make people mute and passive in situations where they either need or are in a position to offer help.
A formal verification technique for behavioural model-to-model transformations
Authors: de Putter Sander , Wijs Anton
Published: October 2017

In Model Driven Software Engineering, models and model transformations are the primary artifacts when developing a software system. In such a workflow, model transformations are used to incrementally transform initial abstract models into concrete models containing all relevant system details. Over the years, various formal methods have been proposed and further developed to determine the functional correctness of models of concurrent systems. However, the formal verification of model transformations has so far not received as much attention. In this article, we propose a formal verification technique to determine that formalisations of such transformations in the form of rule systems are guaranteed to preserve functional properties, regardless of the models they are applied on. This work extends our earlier work in various ways. Compared to our earlier approaches, the current technique involves only up to
n
individual checks, with
n
the number of rules in the rule system, whereas previously, up to 2

n

− 1 checks were required. Furthermore, a full correctness proof for the technique is presented, based on a formal proof conducted with the Coq proof assistant. Finally, we report on two sets of conducted experiments. In the first set, we compared traditional model checking with transformation verification, and in the second set, we compared the verification technique presented in this article with the previous version.
Cut branches before looking for bugs: certifiably sound verification on relaxed slices
Authors: Léchenet Jean-Christophe , Kosmatov Nikolai , Le Gall Pascale
Published: October 2017

Program slicing can be used to reduce a given initial program to a smaller one (a
slice
) that preserves the behavior of the initial program with respect to a chosen criterion. Verification and validation (V&V) of software can become easier on slices, but require particular care in the presence of errors or non-termination in order to avoid unsound results or a poor level of code reduction in slices with respect to the initial program. This article proposes a theoretical foundation for conducting V&V activities on a slice instead of the initial program. We introduce the notion of
relaxed slicing
that is still capable of producing small slices, even in the presence of errors or non-termination, and establish an appropriate soundness property. It allows us to give a precise interpretation of verification results (absence or presence of errors) obtained for a slice in terms of the initial program. The implementation of these results in the Coq proof assistant is presented and some of its difficult points are discussed.
Enhancing Adoption Studies: The Case of Residential Stormwater Management Practices in the Midwest
Authors: Shin Dong Won , McCann Laura
Published: October 2017

This study explores factors affecting adoption of two stormwater management practices, rain gardens and rain barrels. Mail survey data from Columbia, Missouri indicate adoption rates of 3.12 percent (rain gardens) and 7.47 percent (rain barrels). This unique dataset enables us to distinguish among nonadopters using knowledge levels, and to investigate the effect of practice-specific barriers. Clustered multinomial logistic regressions reveal serious gardeners are more likely to adopt both practices. Specific barriers differ by practice and type of nonadopter. Adding practice-specific barriers increased pseudo R2values from 0.12 to 0.22 for rain gardens and from 0.13 to 0.26 for rain barrels.
Examining stress: an investigation of stress, mood and exercise in medical students
Authors: O’Flynn J. , Dinan T. G. , Kelly J. R.
Published: October 2017

Objectives

Stress is an event that threatens homoeostasis and thus causes physiological and behavioural responses to reinstate equilibrium. Excessive and/or chronic stress can be psychologically and physiologically detrimental. Examinations can represent a significant source of stress for students. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) is the core endocrine stress system. Investigations into the HPA response to examinations have yielded inconsistent results. The aim of this study is to further explore the relationship between examination stress, HPA axis activity, mood, sleep and exercise in students undergoing a naturalistic examination period stressor.

Methods

In total, 16 medical students participated. Students completed self-reported stress, anxiety, mood, sleep and physical activity questionnaires, and provided saliva samples during an examination-free period and an examination period 1 month later. The cortisol awakening response, representative of HPA activity, was determined from saliva samples by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Anxiety levels increased (p=0.04) and mood decreased (p=0.05) during the examination period. There was concomitant decease in physical activity levels (p=0.02). There was no significant increase in HPA activity during the examination period (p=0.29). Sleep quality did not significantly worsen (p=0.55) during the examination period.

Conclusions

Examination periods are associated with increased anxiety levels, lower mood and decreased physical activity. Future studies incorporating examination results and cognitive function may help to identify potential protective interventional strategies, while optimising performance.
Weakening of northeast trade winds during the Heinrich stadial 1 event recorded by dune field stabilization in tropical Brazil
Authors: Conforti Ferreira Guedes Carlos , Fonseca Giannini Paulo César , Oliveira Sawakuchi André , DeWitt Regina , Paulino de Aguiar Vitor Ângelo
Published: October 2017

The identification, characterization, and mapping of large areas of stabilized eolian features along the tropical northeastern Brazilian coast enabled recognition of the existence of one of the largest Quaternary dune fields (16,000 km2) in South America. This paleodune system is observed inland of the Lençóis Maranhenses transgressive dune field (2.5°S, 43°W) and comprises deflation plains, stabilized parabolic dunes, and barchanoid chains developed under the action of northeast (NE) trade winds. Optically stimulated luminescence ages coupled with geomorphological analysis were used to constrain the time of dune field stabilization. Ages of stabilization of parabolic dunes and barchanoid chains throughout this paleodune system range between 19 to 14 ka showing heterogeneous dune stabilization by vegetation growth during a 5 ka time interval. Dune field stabilization is related to a decrease in NE trade wind strength and increase in precipitation as a consequence of the southward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone during the Heinrich stadial 1 event (18–15 ka), which resulted in a lower eolian drift potential, less sand input by alongshore transport, and low sediment availability to eolian transport, due to an increase in moisture to support vegetation growth and rising relative sea level.
Associations of dietary patterns with bone mass, muscle strength and balance in a cohort of Australian middle-aged women
Authors: Wu Feitong , Wills Karen , Laslett Laura L. , Oldenburg Brian , Jones Graeme , Winzenberg Tania
Published: October 2017

Influences of dietary patterns on musculoskeletal health are poorly understood in middle-aged women. This cross-sectional analysis from a cohort of 347 women (aged 36–57 years) aimed to examine associations between dietary patterns and musculoskeletal health outcomes in middle-aged women. Diet was measured by the Cancer Council of Victoria FFQ. Total body bone mineral content (TB BMC), femoral neck and lumbar spine bone density (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), lower limbs muscle strength (LMS) and balance tests (timed up and go test, step test, functional reach test (FRT) and lateral reach test) were also measured. Exploratory factor analysis was used to identify dietary patterns and scores for each pattern generated using factor loadings with absolute values ≥0·20. Associations between food pattern scores and musculoskeletal outcomes were assessed using multivariable linear regression. Three dietary patterns were identified: ‘Healthy’ (high consumption of a plant-based diet – vegetables, legumes, fruit, tomatoes, nuts, snacks, garlic, whole grains and low intake of high-fat dairy products), ‘high protein, high fat’ (red meats, poultry, processed meats, potatoes, cruciferous and dark-yellow vegetables, fish, chips, spirits and high-fat dairy products) and ‘Processed foods’ (high intakes of meat pies, hamburgers, beer, sweets, fruit juice, processed meats, snacks, spirits, pizza and low intake of cruciferous vegetables). After adjustment for confounders, Healthy pattern was positively associated with LMS, whereas Processed foods pattern was inversely associated with TB BMC and FRT. The associations were not significant after accounting for multiple comparisons. There were no associations with any other outcomes. These results suggest that maintaining a healthy diet could contribute to bone acquisition, muscle strength and balance in adult life. However, while they provide some support for further investigating dietary strategies for prevention of age-related loss of muscle and deterioration in balance, the exploratory nature of the analyses means that confirmation in longitudinal studies and/or trials with pre-specified hypotheses is needed.
Associations of dietary carbohydrates, glycaemic index and glycaemic load with risk of bladder cancer: a case–control study
Authors: Augustin Livia S. A. , Taborelli Martina , Montella Maurizio , Libra Massimo , La Vecchia Carlo , Tavani Alessandra , Crispo Anna , Grimaldi Maria , Facchini Gaetano , Jenkins David J. A. , Botti Gerardo , Serraino Diego , Polesel Jerry
Published: October 2017

Carbohydrate foods with high glycaemic index (GI) and load (GL) may negatively influence cancer risk. We studied the association of dietary carbohydrates, GI, GL, intake of bread and pasta with risk of bladder cancer using data from an Italian case–control study. The study included 578 men and women with histologically confirmed bladder cancer and 608 controls admitted to the same hospitals as cases for acute, non-neoplastic conditions. OR were estimated by logistic regression models after allowance for relevant confounding factors. OR of bladder cancer for the highest v. the lowest quantile of intake were 1·52 (95 % CI 0·85, 2·69) for available carbohydrates, 1·18 (95 % CI 0·83, 1·67) for GI, 1·96 (95 % CI 1·16, 3·31, Ptrend<0·01) for GL, 1·58 (95 % CI 1·09, 2·29, Ptrend=0·03) for pasta and 1·92 (95 % CI 1·28, 2·86, Ptrend<0·01) for bread. OR for regular consumption of legumes and whole-grain products were 0·78 (95 % CI 0·60, 1·00) and 0·82 (95 % CI 0·63, 1·08), respectively. No heterogeneity in risks emerged across strata of sex. This case–control study showed that bladder cancer risk was directly associated with high dietary GL and with consumption of high quantity of refined carbohydrate foods, particularly bread. These associations were apparently stronger in subjects with low vegetable consumption.
THE SPECTRE OF ALEXANDER: CASSIUS DIO AND THE ALEXANDER-MOTIF
Authors: Mallan C. T.
Published: October 2017

In the opinion of Cassius Dio, Septimius Severus' capture of Nisibis and annexation of the province of Mesopotamia were not among the emperor's more worthwhile ventures. The costs were great and the yields slight. Our knowledge of the campaign is sketchy, although we do have a narrative outline supplied by Dio's eleventh-century epitomator, John Xiphilinus. Xiphilinus preserves the following anecdote, which takes place after Severus and his army had crossed the Euphrates and were starting to feel the effects of thirst and heat. The epitomator says:

κεκμηκόσι γὰρ αὐτοῖς ἐκ τῆς πορείας καὶ τοῦ ἡλίου καὶ κονιορτὸς ἐμπίπτων ἰσχυρῶς ἐλύπησεν, ὥστε μήτε βαδίζειν μήτε λαλεῖν ἔτι δύνασθαι, τοῦτο δὲ μόνον ϕθέγγεσθαι, ‘ὕδωρ ὕδωρ’. ἐπεὶ δὲ ἀνεϕάνη μὲν ἰκμάς, ἐξ ἴσου δὲ τῷ μὴ εὑρεθέντι ἀρχὴν ὑπὸ ἀτοπίας ἦν, ὁ Σεουῆρος κύλικά τε ᾔτησε καὶ τοῦ ὕδατος πληρώσας ἁπάντων ὁρώντων ἐξέπιε.

(Dio Cass. 75[75].2.2 [Xiph.])

For when they were already wearied by their march and the hot sun, they encountered a dust-storm that caused them great distress, so that they could no longer march or even talk, but only cry, ‘Water, Water’. And when some little vapour did appear, on account of its strangeness it meant no more to them than if it had not been found at all, until Severus called for a cup, and filling it with the water, drank it in full view of all.
TALKING WITH THE EMPEROR: DIPLOMACY AND LANGUAGE BETWEEN GREECE AND ROME
Authors: Gordillo Hervás Rocío
Published: October 2017

A prominent feature of the dynamics between Rome and the Greek territories is represented by the extensive use of the imperial figure as a political and ideological instrument. The epigraphic sources underline how the Greek cities offered rites and honours to the emperor who was currently in power, employing them as a key element and the perfect prop to ensure the emperor's approval. Moreover, in their attempts to gain the emperor's favour, cities, leagues, and synods tended to employ a characteristic language that remained broadly unchanged from early Imperial times to the end of the second centuryad.
Latin Literature
Authors: Langlands Rebecca
Published: October 2017

I still remember the thrill of reading for the first time, as an undergraduate, Frederick Ahl's seminal articles ‘The Art of Safe Criticism’ and the ‘Horse and the Rider’, and the ensuing sense that the doors of perception were opening to reveal for me the (alarming) secrets of Latin poetry. The collectionWordplay and Powerplay in Latin Poetryis a tribute to Ahl, and all twenty-two articles take his scholarship as their inspiration. Fittingly, this book is often playful and great fun to read, and contains some beautiful writing from its contributors, but also reflects the darker side of Latin literature's entanglement with violence and oppression. For the latter, see especially Joy Connolly's sobering discussion of ‘A Theory of Violence’ in Lucan, which draws on Achille Mbembe's theory of the reiterative violence of everyday life that sustains postcolonial rule in Africa (273–97), which resonates bleakly beyond Classical scholarship to the present day. Elsewhere there is much emphasis (ha!) on the practice and effects of veiled speech, ambiguity, and hidden meanings. Pleasingly, Michael Fontaine identifies what he calls ‘Freudian Bullseyes’ in Virgil: a ‘correct word that hits the mark’ (141) that also reveals – simply and directly – the unspoken guilty preoccupations of the speaker: Dido's lust for Aeneas, Aeneas’ grief-stricken sense of responsibility for Pallas’ death. A citation from F. Scott Fitzgerald'sTender is the Nightprovides the chilling final line of Emily Gowers’ delicious article about what ripples out beyond the coincidence of sound of Dido/bubo. The volume explores subversive responses to power (for example, the articles of Erica Bexley and David Konstan), as well as the risk of powerful retaliation (Rhiannon Ash considers the political consequences of poetry as represented by Tacitus). There are also broader methodological reflections on interpretation, from musings on the reader's pleasure at decoding the hidden messages of wordplay such as puns, anagrams, and acrostics (as Fitch puts it, ‘the pleasure of wit, combined with the pleasure of active involvement’ [327]) to exploration of the anxiety of a reader who worries that they may be over-interpreting a text. Contributions variously address the ‘paranoia’ of literary criticism and the drive to try to ground meaning in the text and prove authorial intention: while John Fitch asks if the wordplay ‘really is there’ in the etymological names used by Seneca in his plays (314), Alex Dressler's article (37–68) helps frame the various modes of interpretation that we find in subsequent articles, by putting interpretation itself under scrutiny. His intriguing analysis introduces the helpful motif of espionage (interweaving Syme's possible post-war role in intelligence with Augustan conspiracy and conspiracy theories) and concludes that – like double agents – ‘secret meanings’ need a handler (53) and we readers need to take responsibility for our own partisan readings.
Greek History
Authors: Vlassopoulos Kostas
Published: October 2017

Three cities dominated the late antique eastern Mediterranean: Constantinople, Alexandria, and Antioch. Constantinople was the late Roman re-foundation of an archaic Greek apoikia, Byzantion; Alexandria and Antioch were cities created by Alexander and his Hellenistic successors. This review includes two important books that examine the long-term history of two of these cities: Byzantion and Antioch. Both books stress the need to situate these cities within the landscapes and territories from which they drew their economic, political, and spiritual sustenance; both also adopt a long-term perspective, covering roughly a millennium each, which makes it possible to trace wider continuities, trends, and changes.
Roman History
Authors: Grig Lucy
Published: October 2017

Let's begin at the beginning, with a book by Jeremy Armstrong that takes us back to the Early Republic, from the sixth to fourth centuries bce, examining the social and political transformations of that period and looking at the very foundation of the Roman state. The challenges of working on this early period are well known. Indeed, Armstrong early on says that he will eschew an overly optimistic, positivistic approach to the later literary account and make use of the substantial archaeological evidence. This archaeological evidence is crucial in drawing up a picture of the social and economic context of early Latium. However, the problematic literary accounts still often appear as rather too unproblematic framing narratives for what follows. Armstrong's account is chronological, taking us, as the title suggests, from the early ‘warlords’ to the military society of the Republic in the wake of the Latin Settlement in 338 bce. What we have here is a properly ambitious attempt to explain this crucial transition – but many problems and questions undoubtedly remain in the study of the early days of the Republic.
Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis: A Celebrity Afterlife in American Culture
Authors: EATON OLINE
Published: October 2017

In modern life, we encounter stories of people with a frequency unfathomable even twenty years ago. In American culture, the lives of celebrities, in particular, have proven the dominant form of mainstream life-texts from the mid-twentieth century to the present day. Dynamic, volatile and open-ended, celebrity lives are useful for examining the renegotiation and revision of biographical narratives within culture over time. In this article, I will use the life of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis to analyze a specific life-story's flow through culture. Focussing upon the intersections between multiple stories in a given historical moment, this article will demonstrate the revision such intersections prompt and the ways in which those revisions reverberate through subsequent scholarship. The article will argue that these narrative corruptions should be accounted for when we use stories of lives as a mode of cultural analysis.
Variability of foraminifera associations in seagrass ecosystems in shallow water during winter (Kerkennah – Southern Tunisian coasts)
Authors: Trabelsi Raida , Elloumi Jannet , Hamza Asma , Ayadi Najla , Zghal Ihsen , Ayadi Habib
Published: October 2017

This study intends to reliably estimate the general status of the benthic and the epiphytic foraminifera community related to each studied seagrass ecosystem (Posidonia oceanica,Cymodocea nodosaandHalophila stipulacea) distributed in different shallow sites in the coastal archipelago of Kerkennah (Gulf of Gabes, Tunisia) during winter. We were able to first sort and subsequently identify some characteristics conditioning their behaviour. Twenty-four species of foraminifera were encountered. Among them, three epiphytic species identified on these seagrass leaves had a much lower abundance than those in the sediment. We were interested in highlighting the foraminiferal community related toHalophila stipulacea, since this seagrass species is newly introduced into the Mediterranean sea. Thanks to the statistical study, we were able to identify the favourable habitat for epiphytic and benthic foraminifera among the three seagrass ecosystems. A correlation between the identified foraminifera species and some environmental parameters was addressed using a variety of software.
Last Rites for the Private Language Argument
Authors: Madell Geoffrey
Published: October 2017

Wittgenstein's Private Language Argument has had an extraordinary influence, but examination reveals it to be nothing but multi-layered confusion. Section 1 argues that it is quite unclear what exactly Wittgenstein took to be his target, but one approach clearly leads to an infinite regress. Section 2 argues that his comments on the ‘private object’ commit him to the rejection of the principle ‘like cause, like effect’, with disastrous results, and to the absurdity that, although I may be woefully inept in identifying my sensations, the relation between the private object and the public world miraculously changes in such a way that this ineptitude is never discovered. Section 3 argues that Wittgenstein has nothing remotely acceptable to say about what it is to speak of sensations. Sections 4 and 5 argue that Wittgenstein's rejection of the notion of privileged access means that he cannot distinguish between genuine manifestations of consciousness and agency and mere mechanical or computerised happenings (‘mind the gap’; ‘doors closing’), a distinction which ultimately rests on the primacy of the first-person perspective.
MY WORLD AS I REMEMBER IT: AN INTERVIEW WITH CHRISTOPHER BUTTERFIELD
Authors: Höstman Anna
Published: October 2017

Christopher Butterfield is a composer and composition teacher. His music has been performed across Canada and in Europe, with recordings on the CBC, Artifact, and Collection QB labels. He is currently the Director of the School of Music in the Faculty of Fine Arts at the University of Victoria. Christopher was born in 1952 in Vancouver, BC. He studied composition at the University of Victoria with Rudolf Komorous and at the State University of New York at Stony Brook with Bülent Arel. He was a performance artist, rock guitar player and composer while living in Toronto between 1977 and 1992, after which he returned to the University of Victoria as Assistant Professor of Composition.

I studied composition with Christopher between 2000 and 2005. Earlier this year, I had the opportunity to sit down with him in Victoria. During our interview, I asked him about his life and work, and for his thoughts on how Czech-Canadian composer Rudolf Komorous has influenced composition in Canada over the last few decades.
OCCAM HEX II: A COLLABORATIVE COMPOSITION
Authors: Hope Cat , Robinson Carol
Published: October 2017

In 2014 composer, flutist and director of Western Australian new music ensemble Decibel, Cat Hope, sought to commission a work from Éliane Radigue. During discussions, Radigue proposed a collaborative composition with another composer, performer and lead interpreter of her acoustic work, Carol Robinson. The result was Radigue's first co-composed work, and the first work by Radigue for an Australian group. Robinson came to Australia to work directly with the Decibel ensemble for a nine-day development phase that culminated in a thirty-minute acoustic work, part of the OCCAM series, for flute, clarinet, percussion, viola and cello. Each OCCAM work is completely defined, and yet never exactly reproducible, because the particular interaction between sound, instrument, musician and acoustics requires constant adaptation. The process of developing the work, though extremely demanding, was fascinating and thoroughly rewarding because it obliges the performer to enter into a state of hyper acuteness, sensitivity and in some ways, belief. The musician is guided toward a level of awareness and reactivity that increases as the sound material itself is assimilated. It is never a question of replicating an event or sequence, but rather of understanding the elements that created the event and then allowing those elements to develop further. This article discusses the unique process involved in the elaboration of this new work and how it differs from the development of previous OCCAM pieces. It is written in the voices of both the commissioner, Cat Hope (main text), and the co-composer of the work, Carol Robinson (indented text in italics).
FOUR PORTUGUESE MINIMALISTS? IBERIAN REFLECTIONS
Authors: Moody Ivan
Published: October 2017

The impact of minimalism in Portugal has barely been studied; the establishment and subsequent institutionalisation of post-serial and other avant-garde thinking meant that approaches to other kinds of modernism – and whether or not ostensibly postmodernist approaches could be included in such categories – only gradually came to be employed, during the course of the 1990s. This article discusses the work of four composers, Luís Tinoco, Nuno Côrte-Real, Eugénio Rodrigues and Tiago Cutileiro, as part of this context. Their approaches are radically different from each other, but each of these four demonstrates an engagement with compositional approaches from outside what Paulo Ferreira de Castro calls the ‘sacralised avant-garde’ that is proof of the remarkable stylistic expansion evident in contemporary composition in Portugal during recent decades which is, in its turn, closely intertwined with a perceptible aesthetic and philosophical broadening in the teaching of the subject.
TAPE LEADERS: EXCAVATING EARLY BRITISH ELECTRONIC MUSIC
Authors: Helliwell Ian
Published: October 2017

This article questions the narrow representation of the history of much early British electronic music, and challenges the way historians and writers have tended to cherry-pick and lionize certain individuals, while ignoring all the others that fall outside of the limited and regularly repeated version of events. It is an extension of the research presented in my compendium Tape Leaders, conceived during 2010 with the aspiration to catalogue all the early British electronic music composers who became active before 1970, presenting a biographical entry for as many experimenters as I could trace and documenting more than 100 individuals, including hobbyist tape activists, who have never before received recognition. Tape Leaders presents a completely different picture to the consensus that positions the BBC Radiophonic Workshop, and a handful of others, at the centre of electronic activity in Britain, with allegedly very little else happening until universities caught on at the end of the 1960s and began to offer courses and studio facilities.
REBUILDING BABEL: ON FRAGILITY AND THE PALIMPSEST IN JAKOB ULLMANN'SVOICE, BOOKS AND FIRE
Authors: Thurley Oliver
Published: October 2017

This article serves as an overview of Jakob Ullmann'svoice, books and FIREseries, providing an examination of the cycle's scores, and the fragmented memories contained within.voice, books and FIREstands monolithically in the composer's catalogue. The music – Ullmann refers to it as an ‘imaginary folklore’ – is presented through an elaborate notational system: partly effaced by layers of religious iconography, abstract imagery and fragments of religious texts and lists of names. The series (currently unfinished) serves as an elaborate memorial to the victims of Stalinist persecution as well as the demise of religious and cultural traditions across European history. In Ullmann's most ambitious and striking body of work to date, the score is encountered as a palimpsest – an overlaying and effacement of memory. The notion of the palimpsest is also traced through the music's performance and subsequent recording, assessing Ullmann's use of extreme quietness – a partial erasure – as a destabilising force for the performers, which ultimately renders the work fragile.
Tectonics Festival Glasgow
Authors: Mackay Sam
Published: October 2017

For those who, consciously or not, have come to associate today's exploratory music with small ensembles, electronics or performative physicality, the symphony orchestra can seem an unlikely source of new horizons. The orthodoxy of the concert hall, the uniforms, the absorption of human performers into an abstract whole, the stasis of musicians and audience: these aren't new anxieties but they persist in interesting ways.
A BORN-AGAIN GLOBAL FIRM:INÉS ROSALES SOCIEDAD ANÓNIMA UNIPERSONAL (SAU)IN THE TRADITIONAL SECTOR OF PASTRY PRODUCTION
Authors: Baños Juan , Fernández-Roca Francisco Javier
Published: October 2017

The literature on internationalisation processes in family businesses has boomed with the emergence of new approaches and different perspectives. One of these schemes analyses the so-called born-again global firms, mostly technology companies, which experienced an internationalisation process after one or more serious incidents affecting it. The case of Ines Rosales extends the frontier of the meaning of a global born-again firm to firms in industries and traditional products. One of its most striking aspects is that the flagship product is centennial and based on basic ingredients. In addition, the production process of the firm mix production by hand and mechanised developments. Inés Rosales shows the ability of a family Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) in a process of internationalisation even in culturally distant markets through the traditional cake of olive oil.
Roy Cape's labour of love: theorising work ethics through musical biography
Authors: Guilbault Jocelyne
Published: October 2017

While the recent scholarship on labour in cultural industries has drawn attention to the conditions and experiences of ‘creative’ workers, few publications have addressed the ethical values informing their work. In contrast to the widespread assumption that the commercialisation of culture in this era has led to the curtailing of moral values, this article argues that artistic work has never ceased to be informed by moral values, albeit not universal ones. I draw on recent theoretical considerations raised by Mark Banks concerning Alasdair MacIntyre's and Pierre Bourdieu's theories on work ethics within the problematics of creative and cultural industries. I provide an ethnographically grounded case study that extends the presentation ofRoy Cape: A Life on the Calypso and Soca Bandstand. The analysis offered suggests how the relationship between what MacIntyre calls the ‘internal and external goods' of a practice requires considerable historical and ethnographic contextualisation. I argue for a pragmatic and experience-centred approach to work ethics in the context of the broader discussion of creative labour.
Fano manifolds of indexn− 2 and the cone conjecture
Authors: COSKUN IZZET , PRENDERGAST-SMITH ARTIE
Published: October 2017

The Morrison–Kawamata Cone Conjecture predicts that the action of the automorphism group on the effective nef cone and the action of the pseudo-automorphism group on the effective movable cone of a klt Calabi–Yau pair have rational, polyhedral fundamental domains. In [CPS], we proved the conjecture for certain blowups of Fano manifolds of indexn- 1. In this paper, we consider the Morrison–Kawamata conjecture for blowups of Fano manifolds of indexn- 2.
Molecular and clinical characterization of human respiratory syncytial virus in South Korea between 2009 and 2014
Authors: PARK E. , PARK P. H. , HUH J. W. , YUN H. J. , LEE H. K. , YOON M. H. , LEE S. , KO G.
Published: October 2017

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause serious respiratory infections, second only to influenza virus. In order to know RSV's genetic changes we examined 4028 respiratory specimens from local hospital outpatients in Gyeonggi Province, South Korea over six consecutive years by real-time one-step RT–PCR; 183 patients were positive for RSV infection. To investigate the specific distribution of RSV genotypes, we performed partial sequencing of the glycoprotein gene. Of the 131 RSV-A specimens sequenced, 61 (43·3%) belonged to the ON1 genotype, 66 (46·8%) were NA1 genotype, 3 (2·1%) were GA5 genotype, and 1 (0·7%) belonged to the GA1 genotype. Of the 31 RSV-B specimens sequenced, 29 were BA9 genotype (87·9%) and 2 were BA10 genotype (6·1%). The most common clinical symptoms were fever, cough, nasal discharge, and phlegm; multiple logistic regression analysis showed that RSV-positive infection on pediatric patients was strongly associated with cough (OR = 2·8, 95% CI 1·6–5·1) and wheezing (OR = 2·8, 95% CI 1·7–4·4). The ON1 genotype was significantly associated with phlegm (OR = 11·8, 95% CI 3·8–46·7), while the NA1 genotype was associated with the pediatric patients’ gender (males, OR = 2·4, 95% CI 1·1–5·4) and presence of chills (OR = 5·1, 95% CI 1·1–27·2). RSV subgroup B was showed association with nasal obstruction (OR = 4·6, 95% CI 1·2–20·0). The majority of respiratory virus coinfections with RSV were human rhinovirus (47·2%). This study contributes to our understanding of the molecular epidemiological characteristics of RSV, which promotes the potential for improving RSV vaccines.