bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
John Sloan's Veiled Politics and Art
Authors: Gelburd Gail
Published: November 2010

During the 1909 New York mayoral campaign, the Socialist newspaper, the New York Call, published a series of seven political cartoons signed by Josh Nolan. Analysis of the subject and style of these cartoons suggest that the signature on them was an anagrammatic pseudonym for painter John Sloan, a leading figure of the Ash Can School and later art director for the Masses. Sloan confirms this in his diary, which provides the reader with evidence of the painter's inclination to use anagrams and fictitious names. The cartoons document a forgotten aspect of the artist's career and reveal many of his political and aesthetic influences. The images also explicate Sloan's personal political commitments and the origins of his later unique imagery. This essay examines Sloan's early cartoons, while questioning why Sloan would choose to hide his identity when creating images for the New York Call.
Hibernians Versus Hebrews? A New Look at the 1902 Jacob Joseph Funeral Riot
Authors: O'Donnell Edward T.
Published: November 2010

On July 29, 1902 a massive funeral procession for Jacob Joseph, the esteemed Chief Rabbi of the Orthodox community, wound its way through the streets of New York's Lower East Side. The solemn occasion was marred, however, when the procession was attacked by a group of factory workers. As the melee blossomed into a full-scale riot, a contingent of New York City policemen arrived and proceeded to pummel and arrest the mourners rather than the instigators. Historians have consistendy cited this ugly incident as a vivid example of Irish Catholic antisemitism, noting that both the workers and policemen were “predominantly Irish.” Indeed, it was a quest to learn more about the roots of Irish Catholic antisemitism that drew this historian to the subject. And yet, a thorough examination of the incident produced a startling result: a dearth of Irish defendants and a flawed historiography that ultimately call into question the validity of the Jacob Joseph Funeral Riot as an example of Irish Catholic antisemitism.
Connecting Alaska: The Washington-Alaska Military Cable and Telegraph System
Authors: Jessup David Eric
Published: November 2010

In response to the Klondike gold rush, the U.S. Army established isolated forts throughout Alaska. Between 1900 and 1905, the Signal Corps connected those posts with each other and with the contiguous United States by means of the Washington-Alaska Military Cable and Telegraph System (WAMCATS). A significant logistical and technological achievement, the system of thousands of miles of suspended landlines and underwater cable included the first successful long-distance radio operation in the world. The first physical link between the United States and Alaska, the telegraph was also the first major contribution to Alaskan infrastructure provided by the federal government, marking the beginning of the government's central role in the development of Alaska.
The Hello Girls: Women Telephone Operators with the American Expeditionary Forces during World War I
Authors: Frahm Jill
Published: November 2010

When historians describe the American woman who served overseas with the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) during World War I, they typically fall back on generalizations. The American women who served “over there” were white, single, well-educated, and from an urban area of the Northeast or West Coast of the United States. Most were gainfully employed before going to Europe, holding a teaching, clerical, or other position suitable for respectable white women of that period. Frequently, they were financially independent and lived on their own. While such generalizations are valuable, their obvious drawback is that they obscure the diversity of women serving in specific organizations. Also, such generalizations can prove misleading when applied to any one organization; what might be true for a YMCA worker might be false for a telephone operator.
Bridge of Understanding, Bridge of Straw
Authors: Tamura Eileen H.
Published: November 2010

Joseph Kurihara was a son of immigrants, a Japanese American who did everything he could to become a bridge of understanding. Ultimately, however, he came to believe that the bridge that he had built was made of straw.

How did he come to this conclusion? When Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, Kurihara immediately volunteered his services for the war effort. He volunteered a number of times but to no avail. Instead, he was rejected and—like other Japanese Americans and their parents—he was forced to leave his home and job, and move to what the U.S. government first called “concentration camps” and later, euphemistically, “relocation centers.” What Kurihara learned later, he said, was that his “Japanese features” and his job as a fishing-boat navigator made him suspect in the eyes of the U. S. government, and as a result FBI agents had been tailing him since the Pearl Harbor attack. He could accept these actions as government mistakes.
Parametric study of the physical properties of hydrate‐bearing sand, silt, and clay sediments: 2. Small‐strain mechanical properties
Authors: Lee J. Y. , Francisca F. M. , Santamarina J. C. , Ruppel C.
Published: November 2010

The small‐strain mechanical properties (e.g., seismic velocities) of hydrate‐bearing sediments measured under laboratory conditions provide reference values for calibration of logging and seismic exploration results acquired in hydrate‐bearing formations. Instrumented cells were designed for measuring the compressional (P) and shear (S) velocities of sand, silts, and clay with and without hydrate and subject to vertical effective stresses of 0.01 to 2 MPa. Tetrahydrofuran (THF), which is fully miscible in water, was used as the hydrate former to permit close control over the hydrate saturation Shyd and to produce hydrate from dissolved phase, as methane hydrate forms in most natural marine settings. The results demonstrate that laboratory hydrate formation technique controls the pattern of P and S velocity changes with increasing Shyd and that the small‐strain properties of hydrate‐bearing sediments are governed by effective stress, σ′v and sediment specific surface. The S velocity increases with hydrate saturation owing to an increase in skeletal shear stiffness, particularly when hydrate saturation exceeds Shyd≈ 0.4. At very high hydrate saturations, the small strain shear stiffness is determined by the presence of hydrates and becomes insensitive to changes in effective stress. The P velocity increases with hydrate saturation due to the increases in both the shear modulus of the skeleton and the bulk modulus of pore‐filling phases during fluid‐to‐hydrate conversion. Small‐strain Poisson's ratio varies from 0.5 in soft sediments lacking hydrates to 0.25 in stiff sediments (i.e., subject to high vertical effective stress or having high Shyd). At Shyd ≥ 0.5, hydrate hinders expansion and the loss of sediment stiffness during reduction of vertical effective stress, meaning that hydrate‐rich natural sediments obtained through pressure coring should retain their in situ fabric for some time after core retrieval if the cores are maintained within the hydrate stability field.
Interdisciplinary Studies of Eruption at Chaitén Volcano, Chile
Authors: Pallister John S. , Major Jon J. , Pierson Thomas C. , Hoblitt Richard P. , Lowenstern Jacob B. , Eichelberger John C. , Lara Luis , Moreno Hugo , Muñoz Jorge , Castro Jonathan M. , Iroumé Andrés , Andreoli Andrea , Jones Julia , Swanson Fred , Crisafulli Charlie
Published: November 2010

High‐silica rhyolite magma fuels Earth's largest and most explosive eruptions. Recurrence intervals for such highly explosive eruptions are in the 100‐ to 100,000‐year time range, and there have been few direct observations of such eruptions and their immediate impacts. Consequently, there was keen interest within the volcanology community when the first large eruption of high‐silica rhyolite since that of Alaska's Novarupta volcano in 1912 began on 1 May 2008 at Chaitén volcano, southern Chile, a 3‐kilometer‐diameter caldera volcano with a prehistoric record of rhyolite eruptions [Naranjo and Stern, 2004semi; Servicio Nacional de Geología y Minería (SERNAGEOMIN), 2008semi; Carn et al., 2009; Castro and Dingwell, 2009; Lara, 2009; Muñoz et al., 2009]. Vigorous explosions occurred through 8 May 2008, after which explosive activity waned and a new lava dome was extruded.
A new system for measuring alternating current magnetic susceptibility of natural materials over a wide range of frequencies
Authors: Kodama Kazuto
Published: November 2010

A new measurement system has been developed for detecting frequency dependence of low‐field alternating current (AC) magnetic susceptibility in natural samples. Instead of employing intricate AC bridge circuits, this system configuration is simple and consists of a set of primary, secondary (pickup), and compensation coils; a function generator; and a two‐phase lock‐in amplifier. This system can measure both in‐phase and out‐of‐phase components of AC susceptibility. The operating frequency can be chosen at any value between 1 Hz and 2.5 kHz, and the AC magnetic field intensity is changeable up to 1.0 × 103 A/m. The resolution is 1 × 10−8 m3/kg (mass‐specific SI) for the 10–102 Hz range and 2–5 × 10−8 m3/kg for >102 Hz. Reconnaissance measurements made on Chinese loess and paleosol samples revealed a stronger frequency dependence for the paleosol than for the loess over the entire frequency range. This result suggests that the frequency dependence spectrum over wide band of frequencies can be useful, especially in environmental magnetism, as a new rock magnetic property to estimate the grain size distribution of superparamagnetic particles.
Simulation of electric field and current during the 11 June 1993 disturbance dynamo event: Comparison with the observations
Authors: Zaka K. Z. , Kobea A. T. , Doumbia V. , Richmond A. D. , Maute A. , Mene N. M. , Obrou O. K. , Assamoi P. , Boka K. , Adohi J.‐P. , Amory‐Mazaudier C.
Published: November 2010

The ionospheric disturbance dynamo signature in geomagnetic variations is investigated using the National Center for Atmospheric Research Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model. The model results are tested against reference magnetically quiet time observations on 21 June 1993, and disturbance effects were observed on 11 June 1993. The model qualitatively reproduces the observed diurnal and latitude variations of the geomagnetic horizontal intensity and declination for the reference quiet day in midlatitude and low‐latitude regions but underestimates their amplitudes. The patterns of the disturbance dynamo signature and its source “anti‐Sq” current system are well reproduced in the Northern Hemisphere. However, the model significantly underestimates the amplitude of disturbance dynamo effects when compared with observations. Furthermore, the largest simulated disturbances occur at different local times than the observations. The discrepancies suggest that the assumed high‐latitude storm time energy inputs in the model were not quantitatively accurate for this storm.
Multisatellite low‐altitude observations of a magnetopause merging burst
Authors: Newell Patrick T. , Lee Anna R. , Liou Kan , Ohtani Shin , Wing Simon , Hairston Marc
Published: November 2010

A fortuitous multisatellite observation of a dayside merging event driven by a sharp southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) turning illuminates several ionospheric particle and auroral reconnection signatures. Shortly after the southward IMF turning, as propagated from ACE, DMSP F13 observed a region equatorward of the cusp emptied of magnetospheric ions and bounded by two sharp intensifications of electron energy flux. The equatorward electron burst occurred at 74.4° magnetic latitude. That is also both the boundary to which magnetospheric ions were depleted and to which magnetosheath ions appeared in a DMSP F12 satellite pass 4 min later. These latter ions evinced a low‐energy cutoff, implying that about 4–5 min elapsed since merging. The equatorward electron burst observed by F13 reached an intensity of 8.6 ergs/cm2 s, and thus must have produced a strong auroral signature. Indeed, Polar UVI observed a dayside auroral transient at the appropriate latitude and local time. This burst was likely Alfvénic (it was not monoenergetic (not associated with a quasi‐static electric field)). The poleward electron burst observed by F13 (up to 4.6 ergs/cm2 s), was at the equatorward edge of the old cusp and also had a broadband (Alfvénic) signature. Drift meter data on F13 indicates that the merging burst produced flow speeds up to 2 km/s and a 47 kV cusp contribution to the polar cap potential, of which 25 kV was in a narrow high‐speed spike. Thus, this event probably constituted a significant fraction of the cross‐polar cap potential.
Detecting young, slow‐slipping active faults by geologic and multidisciplinary high‐resolution geophysical investigations: A case study from the Apennine seismic belt, Italy
Authors: Improta L. , Ferranti L. , De Martini P. M. , Piscitelli S. , Bruno P. P. , Burrato P. , Civico R. , Giocoli A. , Iorio M. , D'Addezio G. , Maschio L.
Published: November 2010

The Southern Apennines range of Italy presents significant challenges for active fault detection due to the complex structural setting inherited from previous contractional tectonics, coupled to very recent (Middle Pleistocene) onset and slow slip rates of active normal faults. As shown by the Irpinia Fault, source of a M6.9 earthquake in 1980, major faults might have small cumulative deformation and subtle geomorphic expression. A multidisciplinary study including morphological‐tectonic, paleoseismological, and geophysical investigations has been carried out across the extensional Monte Aquila Fault, a poorly known structure that, similarly to the Irpinia Fault, runs across a ridge and is weakly expressed at the surface by small scarps/warps. The joint application of shallow reflection profiling, seismic and electrical resistivity tomography, and physical logging of cored sediments has proved crucial for proper fault detection because performance of each technique was markedly different and very dependent on local geologic conditions. Geophysical data clearly (1) image a fault zone beneath suspected warps, (2) constrain the cumulative vertical slip to only 25–30 m, (3) delineate colluvial packages suggesting coseismic surface faulting episodes. Paleoseismological investigations document at least three deformation events during the very Late Pleistocene (<20 ka) and Holocene. The clue to surface‐rupturing episodes, together with the fault dimension inferred by geological mapping and microseismicity distribution, suggest a seismogenic potential of M6.3. Our study provides the second documentation of a major active fault in southern Italy that, as the Irpinia Fault, does not bound a large intermontane basin, but it is nested within the mountain range, weakly modifying the landscape. This demonstrates that standard geomorphological approaches are insufficient to define a proper framework of active faults in this region. More in general, our applications have wide methodological implications for shallow imaging in complex terrains because they clearly illustrate the benefits of combining electrical resistivity and seismic techniques. The proposed multidisciplinary methodology can be effective in regions characterized by young and/or slow slipping active faults.
Effects of the 1989 fracture system in the dynamics of the upper SE flank of Etna revealed by volcanic tremor data: The missing link?
Authors: Falsaperla S. , Cara F. , Rovelli A. , Neri M. , Behncke B. , Acocella V.
Published: November 2010

Fracture reactivation is a widespread process in nature even though evidence of magma‐induced reactivation is less documented. Here we provide evidence of the reactivation of a fracture system on the upper flank of the Mt. Etna volcano and consider its possible implications in understanding the recent volcanic and tectonic activity. A NNW–SSE trending fracture, partly accompanied by magma emplacement in the form of a laterally propagating dike, formed in 1989 on the upper SE flank of Etna. Lava effusions in 1991–1993, 2001, and 2006 were associated with volcano‐tectonic (VT) seismicity and ground deformations on the upper part of the volcano, which document the seismogenetic involvement of the 1989 fractures, although without eruptive phenomena along the discontinuity. In addition to the aforementioned episodes of VT seismicity, differences in the characteristics of the background seismic radiation (volcanic tremor) were measured at stations close to these fractures during the eruptive activity on 24 November 2006, for which more detailed volcanological and seismological time histories are available. Moving on from these findings, we analyze volcanic tremor data recorded close to the summit and along the S flank of the volcano to highlight the interactions between seismic radiation and the 1989 fracture system. Centroid location of volcanic tremor and wave field characteristics at stations of the permanent local seismic network of Etna highlight the guidance role played by the 1989 fractures during the eruptive activity on 24 November 2006. In addition, the collected data shed light on hitherto unknown structural features, which appear to connect the volcano summit to the lower SE slope and also play an important role in controlling the instability of the E flank. More generally, this study shows how (1) using an integrated approach, it is possible to link apparently different features to a common structure, showing uniform and distinct dynamics relevant at the volcano scale, and (2) fracture reactivation can also occur by means of magma intrusion, playing an important role in the transfer of magma within a volcanic edifice.
Eyes Pursue Moving Objects, Not Retinal Motion Signals
Authors: Anstis Stuart , Ito Hiroyuki
Published: November 2010

For smooth-pursuit eye movements, a moving target is necessary, but we show that it is not sufficient. Observers pursued targets that appeared to move in one direction even though they really moved in another. Changes in perceived direction did not disrupt pursuit eye movements, but motion-based failures in object parsing did.
Properties of Long-Range Illusory Contours Produced by Offset-Arcs
Authors: Francis Gregory , Wede Joshua
Published: November 2010

Researchers have used several different types of illusory contours to investigate properties of human perception. One rarely used illusory contour is a combination of the abutting grating and Kanizsa illusions. We call this the offset-arcs illusion and provide an empirical investigation of the illusion. Through a series of four experiments, using different methods of measurement, we show that changes to the phase of the abutting-grating part of the inducing stimulus can dramatically change the perceived strength and clarity of the long-range illusory contour. The easy manipulation of illusion strength should make the offset-arcs illusion applicable to a wide range of studies that utilize long-range illusory contours. The lack of a brightness component to the illusion should allow the offset-arcs illusion to help separate perceptual grouping from surface brightness effects that are often confounded in other illusory contours.
Rapid Learning by Walking Observers Wearing a Reversing or Inverting Prism
Authors: Ito Hiroyuki , Sunaga Shoji , Tomimatsu Erika , Ogata Yukiko
Published: November 2010

We measured the initial rapid learning of walking observers who wore an up–down inverting or left–right reversing prism. This prism-walking version of the ‘mirror-drawing’ experiment revealed that the learning curve as a function of the trial number was the same as that typically acquired from a traditional mirror-drawing experiment. We suggest that the initial short-term learning process involved in prism walking is similar to that in mirror drawing and is related to the high-level decision-making process involved in visuo-motor planning of actions with feedback from transformed vision.
The Potential Hedonic Role of Olfaction in Sexual Selection and its Dominance in Visual Cross-Modal Interactions
Authors: Capparuccini Ottavia , Berrie Christopher P , Mazzatenta Andrea
Published: November 2010

Perfumes are commonly used to cover body odour, or to provide a positive, attracting, and interesting impact, or a smell that belongs to a social group. A role in sexual communication of such non-pheromonal olfactory cues has been suggested in the literature. However, there remain the questions whether these stimuli are involved in human chemosexual communication and, if so, at what level, and whether they interact with other sensorial modalities, in particular vision. To answer these, we investigated the influence of male and female perfumes as non-conscious stimulation during visual assessments of a range of facial qualities across and within the sexes. The female subjects were in their ovulatory phase, to avoid changes in perception across the menstrual cycle. Our data indicate that non-pheromonal olfactory cues are potentially involved in mate choice and may elicit strong hedonic responses that can dominate visual signs, with a cross-modal interaction.
Sex Difference in Subjective Duration of Looming and Receding Sounds
Authors: Grassi Massimo
Published: November 2010

Looming sounds (sounds increasing in intensity over time) are more salient than receding sounds (a looming sound reversed in time). For example, they are estimated as being longer, louder, and more changing in loudness than receding sounds. Some authors interpret the looming salience as evolutionarily adaptive, because it increases the margins of safety of the perceiver in the case of preparatory behaviours (eg a motor reaction to an approaching sound source). Recently, Neuhoff et al (2009, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance35 225–234) found that females more than males show overestimation of the spatiotemporal properties of virtually simulated looming sound sources. Here, I investigated whether the sex difference could be observed for the subjective duration of looming and receding sounds, and found that females more than males overestimate the duration of looming sounds in comparison to receding sounds.
Judging a Book by its Cover: The Unconscious Influence of Pupil Size on Consumer Choice
Authors: Wiseman Richard , Watt Caroline
Published: November 2010

Past research suggests that men perceive women with large pupils as especially attractive. We employed an innovative methodology to examine whether this effect influences consumer decision-making. A popular psychology book was published with two slightly different front covers. Both covers contained the same photograph of a woman; however, the woman's pupils on one cover were digitally enlarged. Readers indicated whether they were male or female, and whether they possessed the cover with small or large pupils. A significantly greater percentage of men than women had chosen the cover with the large pupils. None of the participants who attempted to guess the nature of the experiment was correct, suggesting that the influence exerted by pupil size was unconscious. These findings provide further support for the notion that people's judgments are unconsciously swayed by pupil size, and demonstrate that this effect operates in a real world setting.
Measuring asthma‐specific quality of life: structured review
Authors: Apfelbacher C. J. , Hankins M. , Stenner P. , Frew A. J. , Smith H. E.
Published: November 2010

To cite this article: Apfelbacher CJ, Hankins M, Stenner P, Frew AJ, Smith HE. Measuring asthma‐specific quality of life: structured review. Allergy 2011; 66: 439–457.

Measuring quality of life (QoL) has become an increasingly important dimension of assessing patient well‐being and drug efficacy. As there are now several asthma QoL questionnaires to choose from, it is important to appreciate their strengths and weaknesses. To assist in this choice, we have reviewed the existing questionnaires in a structured way. Information relating to the conceptual and measurement model, reliability, validity, interpretability, burden, administration format and translations was extracted from the published literature. The instruments differ in almost all criteria considered, and therefore it cannot be assumed that they measure the same thing. We recommend the selection of questionnaires that are designed only for asthma and that do not assess symptoms as part of QoL. Only two of the questionnaires reviewed fulfill these requirements: the Sydney Asthma QoL Questionnaire (AQLQ‐S) and the Living with Asthma Questionnaire (LWAQ). However, for multinational studies, it may be convenient or practical to use questionnaires that have been linguistically validated in many languages (AQLQ‐J, SGRQ). It remains unclear which of these questionnaires best reflects patient perceptions of QoL. Our review did not involve patients, so for the time being choosing from existing questionnaires requires a compromise based on the rigor of the development process and the target patient group.
Changes in Photosynthesis of Wheat Plants Infected with Wheat Stem Rust (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici)
Authors: Berghaus R. , Reisener H. J.
Published: November 2010

Seven wheat cultivars of infection types 0, 1, 2 and 4 were inoculated with wheat stem rust, Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici race 32. Net photosynthesis activity was measured polarographically with an oxygen sensor during the first ten days of pathogenesis. With the exception of highly resistant cultivars, which showed only small changes in assimilation activity, oxygen evolution in infected plants declined 4—5 days after inoculation as compared to healthy ones. The decrease was more pronounced in resistant plants belonging to infection type 1—2 than in susceptible cultivars, which, even though they were heavily inoculated maintained a part of their photosynthetic activity. Some cultivars showed an increase in assimilation activity during the first few days. This phenomenon proved to be independent of infection type. Chlorophyll content decreased in all interactions, and was most marked in infection type 1—2. Our results suggest that in moderately‐resistant cultivars the decline in the rate of net photosynthesis is due to a drop in chlorophyll content but that in susceptible cultivars additional factors are responsible for the decrease in O2 evolution. The possibility is discussed of the reduction in photosynthesis and chlorophyll content alone acting as a resistance factor which is quite distinct from the hypersensitive reaction (HR).

Es wurden sieben Weizensorten mit den Infektionstypen 0, 1, 2 und 4 mit Schwarzrost, Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici, Rasse 32, inokuliert, und die Nettophotosyntheserate wurde polarographisch mittels einer Sauerstoffelektrode während der ersten 10 Tage der Pathogenese gemessen. Auβer bei hochresistenten Sorten nahm die Assimilation infizierter Pflanzen 4—5 Tage nach der Inokulation signifikant gegenüber den gesunden Kontrollen ab, wobei gemäβigt resistente Varietäten des Infektionstyps 1—2 einen deutlicheren Rückgang aufwiesen als suszeptible Formen, die auch bei starker Inokulation einen Restbetrag ihrer Photosynthesekapazität behielten. Einige Sorten zeigten einen anfänglichen, resistenzunabhängigen Anstieg der Assimilationsrate. Der Chlorophyllgehalt nahm bei allen Interaktionen ab, besonders jedoch bei Sorten mit dem Infektionstyp 1—2. Unsere Ergebnisse legen nahe, daβ der Rückgang der Photosyntheserate bei gemäβigt resistenten Varietäten hauptsächlich auf eine Verminderung des Chlorophyllgehaltes zurückzuführen ist, während bei suszeptiblen Formen zusätzliche Faktoren eine Rolle spielen. Der Rückgang der Assimilationsrate und des Chlorophyllgehaltes wird als eigenständiger Resistenzmechanismus gegenüber der HS‐Reaktion diskutiert.
Pathotypes et variations du pouvoir pathogène chez Chalara elegans Nag Raj et Kendrick (= Thielaviopsis basicola)
Authors: Corbaz R.
Published: November 2010

The pathogenicity of 24 strains of Chalara elegans Nag Raj et Kendrick was examined and the presence of races was looked for. These strains were isolated from root of cherry and plum trees, japanese holly, gooseberry, cyclamen, poinsettia, French beans and tobacco. Some of the strain isolated from cherry‐tree could infect tobacco, others were unable. Endoconidial subcultures of a pathogenic strain from cherry‐tree were heterogenous on tobacco. The strains were divided in 4 groups, whose spectra covered themselves partially: 1) strains isolated from tobacco and/or legumes. 2) from Prunus sp. 3) from Centrospermae. 4) from Ribes sp. One white pigmentfree but stable subculture los completely its pathogenicity.

A partir de 24 souches de Chalara elegans Nag Raj et Kendrick isolées de racines de cerisier, prunier, houx du Japon, groseiller, cyclamen, poinsettia, haricot et tabac, on a tenté d'établir l'existence de pathotypes. Certains isolats de cerisier peuvent infecter le tabac, d'autres pas. La descendance endoconidienne d'une souche pathogène envers cerisier et tabac est hétérogène sur tabac. On a réparti les souches en 4 groupes selon les plantes hôtes, et dont les spectres se recoupent partiellement: 1) les souches isolées de tabac et/ou de légumineuses. 2) Celles isolées de Prunus sp. 3) Celles de Centrospermées. 4) Celles de Ribes sp. Une sous‐culture, dépourvue de pigment, mais stable, a perdu tout pouvoir pathogène.

Mit der Untersuchung von 24 Stämmen von Chalara elegans Nag Raj et Kendrick wurde versucht, das Vorhandensein von Pathotypen festzustellen. Die Stämme wurden aus Wurzeln von Kirsch‐ und Pflaumenbäumen, Japanischer Stechpalme, Johannisbeere, Zyklamen, Weihnachtstern, Buschbohnen und Tabak isoliert. Gewisse aus Kirschbaumwurzeln isolierte Pilzstämme konnten den Tabak infizieren, andere nicht. Die Endokonidiennachkommenschaft eines pathogenen Stammes erweist sich auf Tabak als heterogen. Die Pilzstämme wurden in 4 Gruppen eingeteilt, deren Spektra sich zum Teil überschneiden: 1) die vom Tabak und/oder Schmetterlingsblüter isolierten Stämme, 2) aus Prunus sp. 3) aus Centrospermeen, 4) aus Ribes sp. Eine pigmentlose aber stabile Subkultur hatte seine Pathogenität ganz verloren.
Antagonistische Wirkung von Trichothecium roseum (Pers.) Link ex Gray auf Pestalotia funerea Desm
Authors: Urbasch I.
Published: November 2010

When Trichothecium roseum and Pestalotia funerea occurred together on Thuja occidentalis cones from the previous year, Trichothecium always asserted itself after vigorous mycelial growth and sporulation, whereas Pestalotia died.

In vitro T. roseum produced water soluble, heat resistant metabolites with toxic effects on the mycelial growth and conidia germination of P. funerea.

The significance of this toxin production by T. roseum as possible cause of its competitive ability against P. funerea in the natural environment is discussed.

Bei gleichzeitigem Vorkommen von Trichothecium roseum und Pestalotia funerea auf vorjährigen Zapfen von Thuja occidentalis setzte sich Trichothecium nach kräftigem Mycelwachstum und Sporulation stets durch, während Pestalotia abstarb.

In vitro bildete T. roseum wasserlösliche, hitzebeständige Stoffwechselprodukte mit toxischer Wirkung auf das Mycelwachstum und die Konidienkeimung von P. funerea.

Die Bedeutung dieser Toxinproduktion durch T. roseum als wahrscheinliche Ursache für dessen Konkurrenzfähigkeit gegenüber P. funerea am natürlichen Standort wird diskutiert.
Introduction to a Virtual Special Issue on pathogenic plant–fungus interactions
Authors: Panstruga Ralph
Published: November 2010

Link to the Virtual Special Issue
Localization and Trafficking of an Isoform of the AtPRA1 Family to the Golgi Apparatus Depend on Both N‐ and C‐Terminal Sequence Motifs
Authors: Jung Chan Jin , Hui Lee Myoung , Ki Min Myung , Hwang Inhwan
Published: November 2010

Prenylated Rab acceptors (PRAs) bind to prenylated Rab proteins and possibly aid in targeting Rabs to their respective compartments. In Arabidopsis, 19 isoforms of PRA1 have been identified and, depending upon the isoforms, they localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus and endosomes. Here, we investigated the localization and trafficking of AtPRA1.B6, an isoform of the Arabidopsis PRA1 family. In colocalization experiments with various organellar markers, AtPRA1.B6 tagged with hemagglutinin (HA) at the N‐terminus localized to the Golgi apparatus in protoplasts and transgenic plants. The valine residue at the C‐terminal end and an EEE motif in the C‐terminal cytoplasmic domain were critical for anterograde trafficking from the ER to the Golgi apparatus. The N‐terminal region contained a sequence motif for retention of AtPRA1.B6 at the Golgi apparatus. In addition, anterograde trafficking of AtPRA1.B6 from the ER to the Golgi apparatus was highly sensitive to the HA:AtPRA1.B6 level. The region that contains the sequence motif for Golgi retention also conferred the abundance‐dependent trafficking inhibition. On the basis of these results, we propose that AtPRA1.B6 localizes to the Golgi apparatus and its ER‐to‐Golgi trafficking and localization to the Golgi apparatus are regulated by multiple sequence motifs in both the C‐ and N‐terminal cytoplasmic domains.
Effects of Pioglitazone and Metformin Fixed‐Dose Combination Therapy on Cardiovascular Risk Markers of Inflammation and Lipid Profile Compared With Pioglitazone and Metformin Monotherapy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Perez Alfonso , Jacks Randal , Arora Vipin , Spanheimer Robert
Published: November 2010

J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich).

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) treatment should not increase cardiovascular (CV) risk and at best could provide benefit beyond lowering glucose. Pioglitazone has demonstrated a favorable CV profile relative to other oral antidiabetic drugs (OADs) in outcome and observational studies. This randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group controlled study examined circulating biomarkers of CV risk in T2DM patients receiving a fixed‐dose combination (FDC) of pioglitazone/metformin compared with the respective monotherapies. Patients with stable glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) for 3 months taking no OADs were treated with pioglitazone 15 mg/metformin 850 mg FDC twice daily (bid), pioglitazone 15 mg bid, or metformin 850 mg bid for 24 weeks. FDC and pioglitazone increased high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol by 14.20% and 9.88%, respectively, vs an increase of 6.09% with metformin (P<.05, metformin vs FDC). Triglycerides decreased with all three treatments −5.95%, −5.54% and −1.78%, respectively; P=not significant). FDC and pioglitazone significantly decreased small low‐density lipoprotein and increased large low‐density lipoprotein particle concentrations. Reductions in high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein were greater in the FDC and pioglitazone groups. Increases in adiponectin were significant in the FDC and pioglitazone groups (P<.0001 vs metformin). Overall, adverse events were not higher with the FDC. Thus, treatment with the FDC resulted in improved levels of CV biomarkers, which were better than or equal to monotherapy. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2010;12:973–982. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hydration and electrolyte balance in horses during an endurance season
Authors: ROBERT C. , GOACHET A.‐G. , FRAIPONT A. , VOTION D.‐M. , Van ERCK E. , LECLERC J.‐L.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study:Limited information exists about the physiological training‐induced changes in electrolyte balance of horses competing in long distance endurance races.

Objectives:To determine the effects of endurance training and racing on hydration and electrolyte balance in horses.

Methods:Blood and urine were sampled at rest in 8 endurance horses before training and after two 11 week training periods (T1 and T2). Each training was followed by a 120 km endurance ride and horses were sampled before, during and 2 h after the rides. Blood was analysed for packed cell volume (PCV), total protein (TP), urea, creatinine and electrolyte concentrations. Urine was analysed for pH, specific gravity, creatinine and electrolyte concentrations, which allowed calculation of fractional excretion of electrolytes (FE). Changes associated with training and with the rides were assessed using a Student pairedttest (P≤0.05).

Results:Plasma TP, urea, creatinine and sodium concentrations increased during T1 and PCV decreased significantly during T2. FEClincreased during T1 then decreased. FEKincreased significantly during both training periods. Other blood and urine parameters did not show remarkable changes with training. PCV, plasma TP, urea, creatinine and total Ca concentrations increased and plasma Na+and Cl‐concentrations decreased during both rides. Urine concentrations of Na+, K+and Cl‐, FENaand FECldecreased during the rides while urinary creatinine increased. FEKincreased during the first part of the rides then decreased.

Conclusions:These data contribute to the understanding of changes associated with training and prolonged endurance exercise.
Distances travelled by feral horses in ‘outback’ Australia
Authors: HAMPSON B. A. , De LAAT M. A. , MILLS P. C. , POLLITT C. C.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study: The distance travelled by Australian feral horses in an unrestricted environment has not previously been determined. It is important to investigate horse movement in wilderness environments to establish baseline data against which the movement of domestically managed horses and wild equids can be compared.

Objectives: To determine the travel dynamics of 2 groups of feral horses in unrestricted but different wilderness environments.

Methods: Twelve feral horses living in 2 wilderness environments (2000 vs. 20,000 km2) in outback Australia were tracked for 6.5 consecutive days using custom designed, collar mounted global positioning systems (GPS). Collars were attached after darting and immobilising the horses. The collars were recovered after a minimum of 6.5 days by re‐darting the horses. Average daily distance travelled was calculated. Range use and watering patterns of horses were analysed by viewing GPS tracks overlaid on satellite photographs of the study area.

Results: Average distance travelled was 15.9 ± 1.9 km/day (range 8.1–28.3 km/day). Horses were recorded up to 55 km from their watering points and some horses walked for 12 h to water from feeding grounds. Mean watering frequency was 2.67 days (range 1–4 days). Central Australian horses watered less frequently and showed a different range use compared to horses from central Queensland. Central Australian horses walked for long distances in direct lines to patchy food sources whereas central Queensland horses were able to graze close to water sources and moved in a more or less circular pattern around the central water source.

Conclusions: The distances travelled by feral horses were far greater than those previously observed for managed domestic horses and other species of equid. Feral horses are able to travel long distances and withstand long periods without water, allowing them to survive in semi‐arid conditions.
Acid‐base imbalances during a 120 km endurance race compared by traditional and simplified strong ion difference methods
Authors: VIU J. , JOSE‐CUNILLERAS E. , ARMENGOU L. , CESARINI C. , TARANCÓN I. , RIOS J. , MONREAL L.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study:Acid‐base disturbances are traditionally assessed using the Henderson‐Hasselbach equation. The simplified strong ion approach describes more accurately the complex acid‐base and electrolyte abnormalities present in endurance horses.

Objective:To describe acid‐base and electrolytes changes in fit horses competing in a FEI*** 120 km endurance race and to compare the traditional vs. strong ion approaches.

Methods:Thirty horses were initially enrolled in the study. Venous blood samples were obtained before the race (n = 25), at the second (n = 29; 65.4 km) and third vet‐gates (n = 23, 97.4 km) and upon race completion (n = 17). Blood gas analysis was performed to determine pH, PCO2, PO2, Na+, K+and iCa++, and calculate HCO3‐, base excess and tCO2. Packed cell volume and total protein, globulin, albumin, lactate, phosphate, glucose and creatinine concentrations, as well as muscle enzymes activities, were also determined. Calculated variables included strong ion difference (SIDm), strong ion gap (SIG) and nonvolatile buffer concentration (Atot). A longitudinal linear model using the general estimating equation methodology was used for statistical analysis.

Results:Mild but significant increases in PCO2, SIDm, lactate, plasma protein, globulins and Atot, as well as a decrease in potassium concentrations were observed from the second vet‐gate to race finish when compared to prerace values (P<0.05). Using the strong ion approach, 67% samples showed acid‐base disturbances vs. 70% when using the traditional method, but their interpretations only matched in 24% of measurements.

Conclusions:A complex acid‐base imbalance characterised by a mild strong ion alkalosis (hypochloraemia attenuated by hyperlactataemia), nonvolatile buffer acidosis and compensatory mild respiratory acidosis were present in most horses, although pH did not significantly change during a 120 km endurance race. The strong ion approach to interpretation of acid‐base balance should be favoured over the traditional approach in endurance horses, given the frequent and complex alterations in PCO2, SIDm and Atotduring a race.
Single‐injection glucose kinetics with compartmental modelling during rest and low‐intensity exercise in horses
Authors: TREIBER K. H. , BOSTON R. C. , GEOR R. J. , HESS T. M. , HARRIS P. A. , KRONFELD D. S.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study: Tools and criteria to evaluate and understand glucose metabolism are essential to optimise equine energy utilisation for exercise performance and reduced metabolic health risks.

Objectives: To re‐evaluate models of glucose kinetics in the horse at rest and during endurance type exercise using a single injection technique and compartmental modelling.

Methods: Twelve exercise trained Arabian geldings received a bolus of 100 µmol/kg bwt [6,6‐2H]glucose i.v. while at rest and while running at ∼4 m/s on a treadmill. Tracer and tracee glucose curves from 4–150 min after the bolus dose (while the subject maintained its resting or exercising state) were described by a 2 term exponential decay curve. Compartmental modelling was performed simultaneously for each horse's resting and exercise curves using an ‘exercise effect’ parameter for each compartmental exchange rate during exercise.

Results: Exercise increased all rate constants and transport flows for glucose between compartments by 110–145% (P≤0.004). Total glucose transport through the system increased from 8.9 ± 0.6 µmol/min/kg/bwt at rest to 25.0 ± 1.1 µmol/min/kg bwt during exercise (P<0.001). Exercise decreased the volume of the primary glucose compartment by 8% (P = 0.006) and increased plasma glucose clearance rate by almost 200% (P<0.001). Turnover times and mean residence times were decreased approximately 60% by exercise (P<0.001), whilst turnover rates were increased 125% (P<0.001).

Conclusions: Single‐injection tracer kinetics and compartmental modelling represent a valuable tool to quantify tracee availability to and use by tissue.

Potential relevance: This technique could represent a beneficial tool for future studies exploring the role of glucose metabolism in equine exercise performance and metabolic disease.
Effect of intensive exercise on plasmatic neutrophil elastase level in eventing and endurance horses
Authors: LEJEUNE J. P. , SANDERSEN C. , VOTION D. , CAUDRON I. , VANDER HEYDEN L. , FRANCK T. , CEUSTERS J. , MOUITHYS‐MICKALAD A. , NIESTEN A. , De La REBIÈRE de POUYADE G. , SERTEYN D.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study: Intensive exercise induces a systemic inflammatory response characterised by an increase of blood neutrophil count and myeloperoxidase (MPO) release. Neutrophil elastase (NE) could also contribute to tissues lesions by its proteinase activities.

Objective: To compare plasmatic NE concentrations before and after different forms of intensive exercise.

Materials and methods: EDTA blood samples were taken from 51 eventing horses (EvH) and 32 endurance horses (EndH) were sampled before the race (T0). Blood sampling was performed 2 h (T1) after completing either phase D of a one or 2 star eventing competition (n = 51), or a 120 or 160 km endurance race (n = 32). Plasmatic NE and MPO were measured by a specific equine ELISA. Neutrophil counts and creatine kinase (CK) levels were also measured. A Wilcox on test for paired samples was used to compare mean values of neutrophils, CK, MPO and NE at T0 and T1 in EvH and in EndH. Correlations were calculated between all the 4 parameters in EvH and EndH.

Results: At T0, mean NE levels were 14.43 ± 3.63 ng/ml for EvH and 11.7 ± 2.11 ng/ml for EndH. The competition induced a significant increase of NE levels in (58.57 ± 24.06 ng/ml) EvH and (95.74 ± 22.70 ng/ml) EndH (P<0.05). NE was significantly (P<0.0001) correlated to MPO in EvH (r = 0.293) and EndH (r = 0.594) and to CK (r = 0.297) in EndH (P<0.0001). Neutrophils, CK and MPO were significantly increased between T0 and T1 in both types of horses.

Conclusions: Significant increase of NE (EndH) was observed after intense exercise with a significant correlation between NE and MPO. The huge variability in MPO and NE indicates that not all horses show the same intensity of systemic inflammatory response.
Risk factors for exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage in Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: HINCHCLIFF K. W. , MORLEY P. S. , JACKSON M. A. , BROWN J. A. , DREDGE A. F. , O'CALLAGHAN P. A. , McCAFFREY J. P. , SLOCOMBE R. F. , CLARKE A. F.
Published: November 2010

Reasons for performing study:Risk factors for occult exercise‐induced pulmonary haemorrhage (EIPH) are poorly defined or quantified.

Objectives:To investigate the importance of putative risk factors for EIPH amongst Thoroughbred racehorses in Australia.

Methods:Tracheobronchoscopy was used to determine EIPH status of 744 Thoroughbred racehorses after flat racing in Melbourne, Australia. Horses were identified for study before racing, and over 50% of horses racing during the study period were examined. Statistical analysis included use of bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis to account for simultaneous effects of a large number of variables.

Results:The only risk factor identified as associated with both EIPH ≥1 or ≥2 was ambient temperature, with horses racing at temperatures <20°C being at ∼ 2 times risk of occult EIPH. There was no association of EIPH with age, sex, weight carried, track hardness, speed of racing, or air quality.

Conclusions:There do not appear to be individual risk factors, amongst those examined in this study, that are strongly associated with EIPH.

Potential relevance:The risk of developing EIPH cannot be readily determined from a combination of age, race speed, race distance, track hardness or air quality. This study does not provide support for the hypotheses that racing on hard surfaces or in polluted air contributes to the development of EIPH.