bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Short-Term Risk of Bleeding and Arterial Thromboembolic Events in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation Patients Newly Treated With Dabigatran or Rivaroxaban Versus Vitamin K Antagonists
Authors: Maura Géric , Blotière Pierre-Olivier , Bouillon Kim , Billionnet Cécile , Ricordeau Philippe , Alla François , Zureik Mahmoud
Published: September 2015

Background—

The safety and effectiveness of non–vitamin K antagonist (VKA) oral anticoagulants, dabigatran or rivaroxaban, were compared with VKA in anticoagulant-naive patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation during the early phase of anticoagulant therapy.

Methods and Results—

With the use of the French medico-administrative databases (SNIIRAM and PMSI), this nationwide cohort study included patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation who initiated dabigatran or rivaroxaban between July and November 2012 or VKA between July and November 2011. Patients presenting a contraindication to oral anticoagulants were excluded. Dabigatran and rivaroxaban new users were matched to VKA new users by the use of 1:2 matching on the propensity score. Patients were followed for up to 90 days until outcome, death, loss to follow-up, or December 31 of the inclusion year. Hazard ratios of hospitalizations for bleeding and arterial thromboembolic events were estimated in an intent-to-treat analysis using Cox regression models. The population was composed of 19 713 VKA, 8443 dabigatran, and 4651 rivaroxaban new users. All dabigatran- and rivaroxaban-treated patients were matched to 16 014 and 9301 VKA-treated patients, respectively. Among dabigatran-, rivaroxaban-, and their VKA-matched–treated patients, 55 and 122 and 31 and 68 bleeding events and 33 and 58 and 12 and 28 arterial thromboembolic events were observed during follow-up, respectively. After matching, no statistically significant difference in bleeding (hazard ratio, 0.88; 95% confidence interval, 0.64–1.21) or thromboembolic (hazard ratio, 1.10; 95% confidence interval, 0.72–1.69) risk was observed between dabigatran and VKA new users. Bleeding (hazard ratio, 0.98; 95% confidence interval, 0.64–1.51) and ischemic (hazard ratio, 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.47–1.85) risks were comparable between rivaroxaban and VKA new users.

Conclusions—

In this propensity-matched cohort study, our findings suggest that physicians should exercise caution when initiating either non-VKA oral anticoagulants or VKA in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.
Validation of the Valve Academic Research Consortium Bleeding Definition in Patients With Severe Aortic Stenosis Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation
Authors: Stortecky Stefan , Stefanini Giulio G. , Pilgrim Thomas , Heg Dik , Praz Fabien , Luterbacher Fabienne , Piccolo Raffaele , Khattab Ahmed A. , Räber Lorenz , Langhammer Bettina , Huber Christoph , Meier Bernhard , Jüni Peter , Wenaweser Peter , Windecker Stephan
Published: September 2015

Background

The Valve Academic Research Consortium (
VARC
) has proposed a standardized definition of bleeding in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve interventions (
TAVI
). The
VARC
bleeding definition has not been validated or compared to other established bleeding definitions so far. Thus, we aimed to investigate the impact of bleeding and compare the predictivity of
VARC
bleeding events with established bleeding definitions.

Methods and Results

Between August 2007 and April 2012, 489 consecutive patients with severe aortic stenosis were included into the Bern‐
TAVI
‐Registry. Every bleeding complication was adjudicated according to the definitions of
VARC
,
BARC
,
TIMI
, and
GUSTO
. Periprocedural blood loss was added to the definition of
VARC
, providing a modified
VARC
definition. A total of 152 bleeding events were observed during the index hospitalization. Bleeding severity according to
VARC
was associated with a gradual increase in mortality, which was comparable to the
BARC
,
TIMI
,
GUSTO
, and the modified
VARC
classifications. The predictive precision of a multivariable model for mortality at 30 days was significantly improved by adding the most serious bleeding of
VARC
(area under the curve [
AUC
], 0.773; 95% confidence interval [
CI
], 0.706 to 0.839),
BARC
(
AUC
, 0.776; 95%
CI
, 0.694 to 0.857),
TIMI
(
AUC
, 0.768; 95%
CI
, 0.692 to 0.844), and
GUSTO
(
AUC
, 0.791; 95%
CI
, 0.714 to 0.869), with the modified
VARC
definition resulting in the best predictivity (
AUC
, 0.814; 95%
CI
, 0.759 to 0.870).

Conclusions

The
VARC
bleeding definition offers a severity stratification that is associated with a gradual increase in mortality and prognostic information comparable to established bleeding definitions. Adding the information of periprocedural blood loss to
VARC
may increase the sensitivity and the predictive power of this classification.
Food, Agriculture & the Environment: Can We Feed the World & Save the Earth?
Authors: Tilman David , Clark Michael
Published: September 2015

Secure and nutritious food supplies are the foundation of human health and development, and of stable societies. Yet food production also poses significant threats to the environment through greenhouse gas emissions, pollution from fertilizers and pesticides, and the loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services from the conversion of vast amounts of natural ecosystems into croplands and pastures. Global agricultural production is on a trajectory to double by 2050 because of both increases in the global population and the dietary changes associated with growing incomes. Here we examine the environmental problems that would result from these dietary shifts toward greater meat and calorie consumption and from the increase in agricultural production needed to provide this food. Several solutions, all of which are possible with current knowledge and technology, could substantially reduce agriculture's environmental impacts on greenhouse gas emissions, land clearing, and threats to biodiversity. In particular, the adoption of healthier diets and investment in increasing crop yields in developing nations would greatly reduce the environmental impacts of agriculture, lead to greater global health, and provide a path toward a secure and nutritious food supply for developing nations.
Closing Yield Gaps: Consequences for the Global Food Supply, Environmental Quality & Food Security
Authors: Mueller Nathaniel D. , Binder Seth
Published: September 2015

The social, economic, and environmental costs of feeding a burgeoning and increasingly affluent human population will depend, in part, on how we increase crop production on under-yielding agricultural landscapes, and by how much. Such areas have a “yield gap” between the crop yields they achieve and the crop yields that could be achieved under more intensive management. Crop yield gaps have received increased attention in recent years due to concerns over land scarcity, stagnating crop yield trends in some important agricultural areas, and large projected increases in food demand. Recent analyses of global data sets and results from field trials have improved our understanding of where yield gaps exist and their potential contribution to increasing the food supply. Achieving yield gap closure is a complex task: while agronomic approaches to closing yield gaps are generally well-known, a variety of social, political, and economic factors allow them to persist. The degree to which closing yield gaps will lead to greater food security and environmental benefits remains unclear, and will be strongly influenced by the particular strategies adopted.
Notes on three braconid wasps (Hymenoptera: Braconidae, Doryctinae) parasitizing oak long-horned beetle, Massicus raddei (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a severe pest of Quercus spp. in China, together with the description of a new species
Authors: CAO LIANGMING , YANG ZHONGQI , TANG YANLONG , WANG XIAOYI
Published: September 2015

Three species of Doryctinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) parasitize larvae of oak longhorn beetle Massicus raddei Blessig (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a serious wood borer pest in North China. Rhoptrocentrus quercusi sp. nov., is described as a new species and Doryctes petiolatus Shestakov, as well as Zombrus bicolor (Enderlein). The three species are idiobiont ectoparasitoids, and may have potential for biological control of oak longhorn beetle.
Two new species of the genus Aalatettix Zheng & Mao (Orthoptera, Tetrigoidea, Tetrigidae) from Taiwan, China
Authors: ZHENG FANG-QIANG , SHI JIAN-PING , YIN ZHAN
Published: September 2015

Two new species of the genus Aalatettix Zheng & Mao, 2002, namely Aalatettix yangi sp. nov. and Aalatettix xiai sp. nov. are described and illustrated. The new species Aalatettix yangi sp. nov. is allied to Aalatettix gibbosa Zheng, Cao & Chen, 2011, but upper margin of pronotum waved in lateral view, width of frontal ridge narrower than width of basal joint of antennae, hind tibiae dark brown, base not pale. The new species Aalatettix xiai sp. nov. is allied to Aalatettix yangi sp. nov., but length of pronotum shorter, not reaching epiproct, width of vertex 1.5 times diameter of eye, lateral carinae of pronotum contracted backward distinctly, posterior apex of lower margin angular on lateral lobe of pronotum, lower margin of median femur waved, antennae placed under lower margin of eyes.        The type specimens are deposited in the National Museum of Natural Science, Taichung, Taiwan, China.
New records and synonymy in the genus Macropsidius (Hemiptera, Cicadellidae, Macropsinae) from China and description of a new Pediopsis species
Authors: YANG LIYUAN , ZHANG YALIN
Published: September 2015

Leafhopper species Macropsidius duuschulus Dlabola and M. niger Matsumura are recorded for the first time from China. Macropsidius fukangensis (Li et Xu) comb. nov. (from Macropsis) is proposed. A new species, Pediopsis bannaensis sp. nov., is described and illustrated from China and Thailand.
Pole semantyczne barw fioletu w twórczości Stefana Żeromskiego
Authors: Handke Kwiryna
Published: September 2015

Semantic field of violet colors in the works of Stefan ŻeromskiThe analyzed vocabulary material originates from the works of Stefan Żeromski. The violet field comprises therein the colors named: violet, of the violet, lilac – which are used in different grammatical forms of type and numbers. There are no derivative forms of adverbs and verbs and there is no the lila lexeme.The author considers the vocabulary of this thematic field in its textual usages and context functions – as the result of Żeromski’s message – in order to show, on the one hand, how the writer looks at the real world and, on the other hand, the writer’s creations of the presented world.On the basis of the fragment of expanded colors appearing in Żeromski’s works, the author examines the degree of the writer’s artistic sensitivity and his creative opportunities in the use of colors – of the chosen field of colors. The author also examines relations between linguistic and physical indicators of colors, which were fixed in a given national language (including, inter alia, prototypes of colors), and simultaneously were reflected in the collection of texts of this writer.The above composes the background of Żeromski’s masterly abilities in the paintbrush creation of pictures with the help of linguistic and stylistic means.
Ewolucja niektórych elementów stereotypu psa w polszczyźnie
Authors: Raszewska-Żurek Beata
Published: September 2015

The evolution of dog’s view in Polish languageThe article presents the evolution of dog’s view in Polish language within the centuries – from Old Polish to the present, considering vocabulary dialect.The components of a dichotomous present stereotype of dog (the two negative ones and one positive) are analyzed in the work. The negative ones seem to belong to the older structure of the language. The example of association with “a lie” – in Polish łże jak pies – and its metaphorical meaning of the verb, is well-known from the Old Polish and still used, however, less frequent. The phenomenon seems to be similar to the attributing a dog with its small value, as it is documented in the used meanings of adjectives such as: psi / pieski (‘dog-ass’).Late testified, but extremely important element of the dog’s view, is associating it with dog’s fidelity that was expressed in a phrase wierny jak pies – that is focused on being a faithful dog.This combination of two meanings resulting in its dichotomy, and even its internal contradiction, rejected the negative stereotype of a dog.Nowadays, due to the cultural changes including our attitude to animals generally, especially domestic ones, its primary association with fidelity seems to be priority.
Poradnik Piotra Krescencjusza jako tekst użytkowy
Authors: Kamper-Warejko Joanna
Published: September 2015

Petrus Crescentius’s Guide-Book as a utilitarian text The article is based on the materials constituting the second edition of the Polish version of the Italian agronomist’s guide-book titled O pomnożeniu i rozkrzewieniu wszelakich Pożytkow Kśiag Dwoienaście: Ludźiom Stanu káżdego, ktorzyby śię uczciwym Gospodárstwem báwili, wielce potrzebne á pożyteczne (About Multiplication and Distribution of all Benefits of Twelve Books: For the People of Each Position Who Would Deal With Honest Economy, Very Necessary and Useful) dating back to the year 1571. The author made an attempt to present the selected properties of the work, which compose a specific style of the guide-book text. From the excerpted stylistic means – of more than 700 columns – subordinated to the didactical purpose of the guide-book, the lexical stylistic means, directive structures, modal verbs and specific structures contained in the recipes of mixtures, infusions, and preserves were derived. Certain formulas are well known from other natural science texts, for example, herbariums. On the basis of the presented material, the Polish translation of Petrus Crescentius’s Guide-Book was placed among the works that were written in the didactic-scientific style.
Transferencja italianizmów i wenecjanizmów w chorwackich gwarach czakawskich Dalmacji
Authors: Baran Urszula
Published: September 2015

The borrowing process of Italianisms and Venecianisms in Croatian Čakavian local languages of DalmatiaItalian and Venetian loanwords in the territory of Dalmatia were the result of complex, lengthy and intensive contacts, first Croatian-Romanian and later Croatian-Italian. In Dalmatia these are the Roman languages which have clearly indicated their presence in vocabulary and numerous works of linguists and dialectologists were devoted to this phenomenon. Apart from linguistic sources, also the historical ones inform us about multiculturalism and bilingualism, which developed in the Dalmatian cities. The outcomes of language contacts are numerous linguistic borrowings from Italian and Venetian dialect in Čakavian lexical system. The adaptation process of Venetian and Italian borrowings occurs at the phonological, morphological and semantic level. This article describes only the adaptation at the morphological and linguistic level in the language system of Čakavian dialect. It should be noted, however, that a linguistic borrowing is adapted at the phonological level first. As it is clear from the material discussed, a linguistic borrowing goes through three phases of transmorphemisation. At the formative level, Čakavian lexical system was enriched by new suffixes. At the semantic level, we can see that a borrowing in the recipient language retains the original meaning, there is also an expansion or a narrowing of the meaning compared to the one of the donor language. The most productive class of borrowed words are nouns, verbs are more rarely borrowed, as well as adjectives, adverbs, prepositions and interjections. It seems that the cause of the advantage of nouns borrowed over other parts of speech lies in their semantics.
Projekt języka czarnogórskiego
Authors: Molas Jerzy
Published: September 2015

Draft of the Montenegrin languageThe authors of the grammar of the Montenegrin language (Gramatika crnogorskoga jezika, Podgorica 2010) have constructed a linguistic system which definitely stands apart from other standards which grew out from the Shtokavian dialects. Such elements as phonemes |ś| and |ź|, potencijal imperfekta, the negative form of the verb biti, the doublets of the forms of the verb htjeti // šćeti, lexemes with results of iotacismes make up – against the Bosnian, Croatian, and Serbian languages – a separate system both in terms of quality and quantity: potentially they are so frequent that would radically change the picture of Montenegrin texts with regard to the “classic” Shtokavian languages/dialects.In addition, the authors have managed to not go too far and have avoided a temptation to introduce into the system more specific characteristics, which have not been used by the modern language for a long time, such as, for example, the expanded form of the adjectival conjugation of the Njegošowski type: momci prsih vatrenijeh czy raniš od Vidova dana junačkijem i konjskijem mesom gavranove i mrke vukove! or phoneme |з|.In addition, it would also be difficult to specify the elements, which would prove unequivocally the tendency of the proposed Montenegrin standard becoming similar to one of the remaining Shtokavian languages.The weakness of the project is its potential nature. In case of the grammar, one cannot speak about the descriptive nature thereof. It is a proposal of the norm and the standard, which can genuinely come into existence solely given the support of the political elites and on the basis of their introduction into the educational and administrative system, as well as – which is most probably the most important and the most difficult aspect – given the goodwill of the decisive majority of the users of the Montenegrin language, which at the current point is rather out of the question.
O instrumentach, narzędziach, przyrządach, przyborach w językach słowiańskich
Authors: Rusek Zbigniew
Published: September 2015

Names for instruments, tools, devices and accessories in Slavonic languagesThis article is devoted to the names for ‘instruments’, ‘tools’, ‘devices’ and ‘accessories’ in Slavonic languages. As it was described in this paper, there is no common name, which is an equivalent of Latin ‘instrumentum’ in Slavonic languages. The name, coming from Latin instrumentum, is known in the majority of the languages (except Czech and Slovak), but its scope of the meaning is not the same. In Polish it concerns only musical and medical (mainly surgical, dental, laryngological) instruments, but for instance in Bulgarian and Macedonian it is also used in the meaning ‘tool’ (sometimes also in Serbo-Croatian). In Slovenian it is used both in the meaning ‘musical instrument’, but also ‘special device, used in medical, scientific and measurement purpose’. This name has also a wide range of meaning in the East-Slavonic languages, especially in Russian (concerns not only to musical and medical (surgical) instruments, but also to any tool, used by craftsmen). The name, continuing *pri-borъ is known in the majority of Slavonic languages, but their semantic scope is different (the largest is in Serbo-Croatian). An Old Slavonic word *orǫdьje in the majority of the Slavonic languages has the meaning ‘tool, instrument’, in some languages means ‘canon’, but in Polish it has quite different meaning (for instance, Orędzie Prezydenta RP). The noun, continuing *na-rędъ is present in each West-Slavonic language, and – with a preffix – also in the East Slavonic. The noun, coming from the *pri-rędъ, exists only in Polish, but it has an equivalent *pri-ladъ in Ukrainian and Byelorussian. The word, origins from Turkish alât is a lexical Balkanism, noticed only in the languages of Balkan Slaves (Bulgarian, Macedonian, Serbo-Croatian). Other names for ‘instruments, tools, devices, accessories’, described in this article, are not common, and exist only in separate languages.
Słowiańskie nazwy ‘brwi’ w świetle materiałów gwarowych i źródeł historycznych
Authors: Siatkowski Janusz
Published: September 2015

Slavic names for ‘eyebrows’ in light of dialectal materials and historical sources‘Eyebrows’ have in OlA only several more frequent names (that are marked on the map by areas), the remaining ones occupy small areas or are absolutely rare.The most frequent names are those connected with the core *-brъv-, that are internally very different. There is an expressive contrast/opposition between the northern area with forms from *brъv- and the large southern area with the forms from prefixed *obrъv-. The forms from the core *-brъv- are also divided into two areas due to the preservation of the indigenous [old Slavonic semivowel] “jor/jer”: in the west, the forms with the disappeared weak “jor” exist in the west, while in the each these forms show its secondary vocalization. These macro-divisions also include the differentiations that are the result of morphological transformations of primary forms *bry, *brъve and *obry, *obrъve that show the early transition to -i stems with the accusative form in the nominative case, in turn the transition to former -a stems or to former -ja stems, the emergence of the secondary form of the neuter *obrъvьje, and finally – most probably due to the treatment of the form of the singular of the feminine gender *(o)brъva as the plural form and its depluralization – the emergence of the singular of the neuter  *(o)brъvo.Vast areas are formed by forms from *vědja (in pl *vědję or *vědji) in the eastern part of the southern Slavic languages and by forms from the base *ob-oč- (or most frequently *//obočьje) in the Czech Republic, Morava and Slovakia and as the island-like presence can be found in Lusatia (Łużyce) and in Hungary.
Z zagadnień leksyki gwarowej – polskie ludowe nazwy ważek
Authors: Kucharzyk Renata
Published: September 2015

Some problems of the dialectal vocabulary – the Polish folk names of dragonfliesThis paper deals with the Polish folk names of a dragonfly – an insect belonging to the order Odonata. Over 90 Polish dialectal names were gathered and analyzed here. The motivation of these names has been discussed in this paper. Moreover, the information about the geographical occurrence of these lexemes is given here.As it has been appeared, these names mainly refer metaphorically to some typical morphological or behavioral characteristic feature of the dragonfly, for example samolot, lalka, szklarz. Some lexemes reflect also the folk beliefs. For example, there are names in which an association between the dragonfly and the snake is expressed – gadzia głowa, węzi pastuch. Generally, the names of a dragonfly in Polish dialects are culturally determined.
Symbolika nominacji ludzi za pomocą rzeczownika baran – wpływ religii na kształtowanie się personifikowanego znaczenia apelatywu
Authors: Luto-Kamińska Anetta
Published: September 2015

The symbolism of the noun baran (‘ram’) used to denominate people. The influence of religion on the development of the personified meaning of an appellativeThe paper describes the semantic changes of the meaning of the Polish appellative baran (ram) used to denote a person. The core meanings of the anthropomorphized noun in the sixteenth century were established on the basis of religious texts and related lay writings. The meanings were decidedly positive as they referred to Christ, Catholics, and, to a greater extent, to virtuous and righteous people. In the next centuries, the marking changed completely and the very noun baran was used as an insult and conveyed unequivocally negative values.Parallel to the above study, a comparative analysis of the semantic evolution of the diminutive baranek (lamb), which could also function as personal designation, was conducted. In texts written in the Middle Polish language, the word functioned parallel to the root baran; however, in time, the distribution of both words diverged and their semantic evolution followed two completely different directions. The deminutivum did not undergo such a significant meaning amelioration as the noun baran.
Die Interpunktion im Gesangbuch Jesličky Staré nové písničky von Fridrich Bridelius
Authors: Kosek Pavel
Published: September 2015

The punctuation of the hymn-book Jesličky. Staré nové písničky by Fridrich BrideliusThe article is focused on analysis of the punctuation of the Early Modern Czech printed hymn-book Jesličky. Staré nové písničky (1658), which was collected by Fridrich Bridelius. The analysis is concerned both with the punctuation inventory in the hymn-book and with the rules that influence their distribution. The development of Czech punctuation, which has been yet analyzed superficially, is characterized by the competition of two principles: grammatical principle that connects punctuation with the syntactic and semantic structure of a sentence, 2. rhetorical principle that connects punctuation with the speaking form of a sentence, esp. with the pause. So the main goal of this article is to discover how is this conflict reflected in Jesličky. The article also analyzes how is the punctuation influenced by the musical matter of the printed hymns, which is a new moment in discovering history of Czech punctuation.
Poszukiwanie męskości w dyskursie filologicznym. Odrodzeniowe wyobrażenia o czeszczyźnie
Authors: Filipowicz Marcin
Published: September 2015

Searching for masculinity in linguistic discourse. Ideas of Czech language created by the national movementThe article concerns itself with answering the question what was the relationship between the concept of masculinity and the Czech language included in the linguistic and literary production of the Czech national revival. Examining the ideas of the gender of language seems particularly justified referring to the turn of the 18-th and 19-th centuries. It was the time, when the thorough transformation of thinking about the language and gender order happened in Europe. The article tries, on the basis of the analysis of different types of texts to demonstrate, that the attitude towards the language let us to inquire also a lot of about thinking masculinity by the participants of the Czech national movement. The article answers the question, whether the reviving Czech language was perceived as the language masculine enough to prove the masculinity of its users or it was just the opposite.
Community factors influencing child and adolescent depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Stirling Katie , Toumbourou John W , Rowland Bosco
Published: September 2015

Objective:

Depression has been identified as a priority disorder among children and adolescents. While numerous reviews have examined the individual and family factors that contribute to child and adolescent depressive symptoms, less is known about community-level risk and protective factors. The aim of this study was to complete a systematic review to identify community risk and protective factors for depression in school-aged children (4–18 years).

Method:

The review adopted the procedures recommended by the Cochrane Non-Randomised Studies Methods Working Group and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was conducted to identify both observational and intervention study designs in both peer-reviewed and non-peer reviewed publications.

Results:

A total of 21 studies met the inclusion criteria. Seventeen of the 18 community association studies and 2 of the 3 intervention studies reported one or more significant effects. Results indicated that community safety and community minority ethnicity and discrimination act as risk factors for depressive symptoms in school-aged children. Community disadvantage failed to achieve significance in meta-analytic results but findings suggest that the role of disadvantage may be influenced by other factors. Community connectedness was also not directly associated with depressive symptoms.

Conclusion:

There is evidence that a number of potentially modifiable community-level risk and protective factors influence child and adolescent depressive symptoms suggesting the importance of continuing research and intervention efforts at the community-level.
Effect of Standing or Walking at a Workstation on Cognitive Function
Authors: Bantoft Christina , Summers Mathew J. , Tranent Peter J. , Palmer Matthew A. , Cooley P. Dean , Pedersen Scott J.
Published: September 2015

Objective:

In the present study, we examined the effect of working while seated, while standing, or while walking on measures of short-term memory, working memory, selective and sustained attention, and information-processing speed.

Background:

The advent of computer-based technology has revolutionized the adult workplace, such that average adult full-time employees spend the majority of their working day seated. Prolonged sitting is associated with increasing obesity and chronic health conditions in children and adults. One possible intervention to reduce the negative health impacts of the modern office environment involves modifying the workplace to increase incidental activity and exercise during the workday. Although modifications, such as sit-stand desks, have been shown to improve physiological function, there is mixed information regarding the impact of such office modification on individual cognitive performance and thereby the efficiency of the work environment.

Method:

In a fully counterbalanced randomized control trial, we assessed the cognitive performance of 45 undergraduate students for up to a 1-hr period in each condition.

Results:

The results indicate that there is no significant change in the measures used to assess cognitive performance associated with working while seated, while standing, or while walking at low intensity.

Conclusion:

These results indicate that cognitive performance is not degraded with short-term use of alternate workstations.
Friendly Fire and the Sustained Attention to Response Task
Authors: Wilson Kyle M. , Head James , de Joux Neil R. , Finkbeiner Kristin M. , Helton William S.
Published: September 2015

Objective:

We investigated whether losses of inhibitory control could be responsible for some friendly-fire incidents.

Background:

Several factors are commonly cited to explain friendly-fire incidents, but failure of inhibitory control has not yet been explored. The Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) could be a valid model for inhibition failures in some combat scenarios.

Method:

Participants completed small-arms simulations using near infrared emitter guns, confronting research assistants acting as friends or foes. In Experiment 1, seven participants completed three conditions with three different proportions of foes (high, medium, low). In Experiment 2, 13 participants completed high-foe (high-go) and low-foe (low-go) versions of a small-arms simulation as well as comparative computer tasks.

Results:

Participants made more friendly-fire errors (errors of commission) when foe proportion was high. A speed–accuracy trade-off was apparent, with participants who were faster to fire on foes also more likely to accidentally shoot friends. When foe proportion was higher, response times to foe stimuli were faster, and subjective workload ratings were higher.

Conclusion:

Failures of inhibitory control may be responsible for some friendly-fire incidents and the SART could be a suitable empirical model for some battlefield environments. The effect appears to be disproportionately greater at higher foe proportions. The exact nature of performance reductions associated with high-foe proportions requires further investigation.

Application:

The SART may be a useful model of friendly-fire scenarios. It could be used to indicate a soldier’s likelihood to commit a friendly-fire mistake and to identify high-risk environments.
Best practices to address (or reduce) bullying in schools
Authors: Ansary Nadia S. , Elias Maurice J. , Greene Michael B. , Green Stuart
Published: September 2015

The authors quantify and unpack the prevalence and effects of bullying on children and adolescents before prescribing provisos for schools to consider when planning preventive and responsive approaches to bullying.
Questions to consider before flipping
Authors: Moran Clarice M. , Young Carl A.
Published: September 2015

Flipping the classroom is one of the hottest new educational ideas that promises to increase student engagement. However, recent research suggests that not all content areas are equal when it comes to flipping. English language arts and humanities-based subjects may not benefit as much as math and science classes and, in fact, decrease student engagement. The authors posit five key questions that teachers and administrators should consider before advocating a flipped classroom approach.
The Editor’s Note
Authors: Richardson Joan
Published: September 2015

Twenty years of unrelenting teacher bashing has not managed to budge the American public’s views of teachers: The public thinks teachers are great. When you ask public school parents if they trust and have confidence in teachers, 62% answer yes. But they don’t stop there. In this year’s PDK/Gallup Poll of the Public’s Attitudes Toward the Public Schools, Americans back up that response with some specifics: Communicating with their child’s teacher is easy; parents believe schools are safe places where children are able to do their best work; and teacher salaries are too low. But Americans also have high expectations of teachers, on par with the professionalism expected of doctors and lawyers.
Highlighted & Underlined
Authors: Richardson Joan
Published: September 2015

A team of researchers connected to the University of Chicago found that children of math-anxious parents learned less math over the school year and were more likely to be math-anxious themselves. Fewer than half of high school students across the country feel they’re ready for college and careers, even though these remain top goals for students, according to a survey by YouthTrust. Figuring out how to tap the “micro-expertise” of individual educators and then aggregate their learning is the way to create greater wisdom in the field and solve big problems in education, according to Anthony Bryk, lead writer of a report from the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Adults put childhood obesity, bullying, and drug abuse at the top of the list of big health problems facing children across the U.S., according to the C.S. Mott Children’s Hospital National Poll on Children’s Health.
Clinical evaluation of contemporary oxygenators
Authors: Stanzel Roger DP , Henderson Mark
Published: September 2015

Advances in cardiopulmonary bypass equipment have played a critical role in improving outcomes for cardiac surgery patients. Recent advancements include reduced priming volumes, biocompatible coatings and gaseous microemboli handling, as well as the incorporation of an arterial filter into the oxygenator.

The purpose of this study was to conduct a comprehensive clinical evaluation of adult oxygenators on the market. Oxygenators assessed included the Sorin Synthesis® (n = 30), the Sorin Inspire 6F® (n = 10) and Inspire 8F® (n = 30), the Terumo FX15® (n = 13) and FX25® (n = 30), the Maquet Quadrox-i® (n = 30) and the Medtronic Fusion® (n = 30). Parameters assessed included functional prime volumes, gas exchange, pressure gradients and the effects on patient hematology.

The Synthesis had the largest functional prime volume (1426 ml), the FX15 the lowest (956 ml). The Inspire 6F, 8F and Fusion had the greatest O2 transfer. The Sorin oxygenators required the lowest sweep gas flows to obtain a PaCO2 of 40 mmHg. The Sorin oxygenators had the largest pressure gradients. While no differences were observed for hemoglobin and platelet levels post cross-clamp removal, the Sorin Synthesis and Inspire 8F had the largest increases in white blood cell (WBC) counts (122% and 141% of baseline, respectively) and neutrophils (162% and 185% of baseline, respectively).

The data demonstrate that no single product is superior in all aspects. The choice of ideal oxygenator depends on the aspect(s) of oxygenator performance the perfusion team believes most clinically acceptable based on available data.
Understanding the delivery of experience: Conceptualising business models and sports tourism, assessing two case studies in Istria, Croatia
Authors: Peric Marko , Wise Nicholas
Published: September 2015

Business models describe an organisation's activities and how value is delivered to the customer. When it comes to sports tourism, value delivered to the guests takes the form of a sports experience. Indeed, attractive sports experiences have become products that require much effort to design, manage, and eventually sell. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether two cases, having access to similar key resources, could provide tourists with identical sports experiences. The focus will be on the linkage between customer value proposition, sports facilities, and processes as major building blocks of the business providing different sports experiences. A case study method was used for a holistic and in-depth analysis of how sports tourism experiences are delivered by looking at two existing case studies in Istria, Croatia. The concept of experience was used to analyse tennis experiences that these two cases offer to tourists. Data were gathered by observations on site and by qualitative semi-structured interviews with key sports managers and organisers in the case study companies. The research results indicate that despite different approaches, both companies provide its tourists with similar tennis experiences, and that some other variables, primarily features of a sports facility (in our case tennis courts) affect the type of an experience.
From Upton Park to Olympic Park: What does West Ham’s move tell us about sport and regeneration?
Authors: Robbins Glyn
Published: September 2015

In 2016 West Ham United Football Club is due to relocate from their ground in Upton Park, where they have been for a hundred years, to the Olympic Stadium in Stratford. It is argued that the move will generate multiple regenerative benefits at local, regional and national levels. Newham Council, an authority with a reputation for civic entrepreneurialism, envisages a ‘win, win, win’, by keeping the club in the borough, bolstering the status of the Olympic Park and securing housing on the site of the old stadium. Similar goals are envisaged by the Mayor of London and central government, keen to ensure an ‘Olympic Legacy’. However, other voices question the financial, policy and social integrity of the move. The Olympics have consumed a considerable amount of public money, but the stadium is due to be transferred to a private company (West Ham United Football Club) via a complex and controversial financial transaction. Claims of regeneration are challenged by contested interpretations of ‘affordable’ housing and broader concerns about the removal of an important local institution from its traditional, culturally diverse working class neighbourhood to a corporate-dominated environment where collective memories and identity may be trammelled by commercial interests. This paper critically interrogates the orthodoxy of the sport-regeneration discourse and argues that important socio-geographic, cultural and policy issues are silenced and threatened by the commercially driven rhetoric of ‘legacy’.
Accounting for Inequality
Authors: Reitz Charles
Published: September 2015

Piketty’s study of capital and inequality, especially the distribution of the national income through a “capital-labor split,” is examined and compared with a model developed from data sets from the U.S. Department of Commerce. Piketty’s inclusion of executive supersalaries as labor income is questioned as over-estimating labor’s share of national income distribution and labor’s role as a causal factor in the intensification of inequality.
Correlation between urinary cadmium and thyroid hormones in outdoor workers exposed to urban stressors
Authors: Rosati Maria Valeria , Montuori Lucio , Caciari Tiziana , Sacco Carmina , Marrocco Mariasilvia , Tomei Gianfranco , Scala Barbara , Sancini Angela , Anzelmo Vincenza , Bonomi Sergio , Tomei Francesco
Published: September 2015

Objectives:

The aim of this study is to evaluate whether exposure to low concentrations of cadmium (Cd) can have effects on the thyroid hormone level of outdoor workers exposed to urban pollutants.

Methods:

The study was conducted on a final sample of 277 individuals (184 males and 93 females). The environmental monitoring of Cd was evaluated through the use of portable dosimeters, while the biological monitoring was achieved through the assessment of urinary Cd and thyroid hormones. The total sample was divided according to sex and task. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient among the variables was calculated after subdivision on the basis of sex and task. The multiple linear regression was performed to take into account the major confounding factors.

Results:

Statistical tests showed a negative correlation between urinary Cd levels and free triiodothyronine and free thyroxine and a positive correlation between urinary Cd and thyroid-stimulating hormone levels.

Conclusions:

Our early results seem to point out that occupational exposure to low concentrations of Cd present in urban air affects the thyroid hormone levels in exposed workers.
Advanced Reading Comprehension Expectations in Secondary School
Authors: Ciullo Stephen , Ortiz Miriam B. , Al Otaiba Stephanie , Lane Kathleen Lynne
Published: September 2015

The debate around recent implementation of the Common Core State Standards (CCSS) has perplexed many policy makers, practitioners, and researchers; yet, there remains broad agreement for the need to improve reading outcomes and college and career readiness for all students, including students with disabilities. One of the most vulnerable populations with disabilities in terms of college and career readiness is students with emotional disorders (ED). A considerable percentage of students with ED encounter unfavorable academic and long-term outcomes, often due to reading difficulties and behavioral variables that impede learning. To date, the impact of rising expectations in reading on the education of students with ED has been absent from this conversation about CCSS. In this article, we consider the implications of new reading expectations in the critical period of Grades 6 through 12 for students with ED. First, we summarize grade-level expectations of the standards. We next describe the characteristics and underachievement of students with ED. We then evaluate challenges in meeting the expectations based on extant research and provide recommendations for practice based on the intervention literature. We conclude by prioritizing a research and policy agenda that advocates for increasing the likelihood of success in reading for students with ED in middle school and high school.
The Paperless Music Classroom
Authors: Giebelhausen Robin
Published: September 2015

In an age where the world is becoming ever more aware of paper consumption, educators are turning toward technology to cut back on paper waste. Besides the environmental reasons, a paperless music classroom helps students develop their musicianship in new and exciting ways. This article will look at the considerations for setting up a paperless music classroom by examining hardware, software, and hybrid models for the music classroom.
Tele-ophthalmology: Opportunities for improving diabetes eye care in resource- and specialist-limited Sub-Saharan African countries
Authors: Matimba Alice , Woodward Richmond , Tambo Ernest , Ramsay Michele , Gwanzura Lovemore , Guramatunhu Solomon
Published: September 2015

Tele-ophthalmology using portable retinal imaging technology, mobile phone and Internet connectivity offers a solution to improve access to diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening services in sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries where the burden of diabetes is increasing and there is limited access to eye care services and specialists. The Zimbabwe Retinopathy Telemedicine Project (ZRTP) established routine DR screening at a hospital-based diabetic clinic in the urban capital city, Harare. A handheld ‘point and shoot’ digital camera operated by a trained nurse was used to acquire retina images of 203 diabetic patients. A secured ‘store-and forward’ approach was set up and used for sharing and transfer of images to a retinal specialist at a remote site for reading. This method enabled detection of non-macular DR (11%), diabetic macular oedema (5%), cataract (5%) and glaucoma (6%) among the patients screened. ZRTP demonstrated the utility of tele-ophthalmology for routine retinal screening for diabetic patients in Zimbabwe who have limited access to eye care services. In addition, ZRTP showed how tele-ophthalmology services can provide an empirical framework for providing patient education, and a platform for research in the detection of DR. This approach could be used as a model to address the DR challenges in other countries in SSA.
Evaluation of the Functional Movement Screen as an Injury Prediction Tool Among Active Adult Populations
Authors: Dorrel Bryan S. , Long Terry , Shaffer Scott , Myer Gregory D.
Published: September 2015

Context:

The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is an assessment tool for quality of human movement. Research reports a significant difference between FMS scores of subjects who later experienced injury and those who remain uninjured.

Objective:

To systematically review literature related to predictive validity of the FMS. From the aggregated data, a meta-analysis was conducted to determine the prognostic accuracy of the FMS.

Data Sources:

PubMed, Ebscohost, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane Review databases were searched between 1998 and February 20, 2014.

Study Selection:

Identified studies were reviewed in full detail to validate inclusion criteria. Seven of the 11 identified studies were included. Articles were reviewed for inclusion criteria, then bias assessment and critical analysis were conducted.

Study Design:

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Level of Evidence:

Level 3.

Data Extraction:

Extracted data included the following: study type, methodology, study subjects, number of subjects, injury classification definition, FMS cut score, sensitivity, specificity, odds ratios, likelihood ratios (LR), predictive values, receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis, and area under the curve (AUC).

Results:

Overall bias for the included 7 studies was low with respect to patient selection. Quality assessment scored 1 study 5 of a possible 7, 2 studies were scored 3 of 7, and 4 studies were scored 2 of 7. The meta-analysis indicated the FMS was more specific (85.7%) than sensitive (24.7%), with a positive predictive value of 42.8% and a negative predictive value of 72.5%. The area under the curve was 0.587 (LR+, 1.7; LR–, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.6-6.1) and the effect size was 0.68.

Conclusion:

Based on analysis of the current literature, findings do not support the predictive validity of the FMS. Methodological and statistical limitations identified threaten the ability of the research to determine the predictive validity of FMS.