bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Who is marketing alcohol in the slums of Kampala? A closer look at marketing types, content and brands
Authors: Madden Joseph , Swahn Monica , Kasirye Rogers
Published: August 2024

Objective: To understand alcohol marketing strategies used in an urban slum, photographs of street-level (defined as being seen while walking along the streets) alcohol advertisements were assessed to determine the marketing types, content, and brands in Kampala, Uganda. The content of these photographs was categorized and analyzed to understand the strategies implemented in marketing alcoholic beverages at the street-level in the community.
Methods: We collected pilot data in May 2019 of the content and placements of alcohol advertisements in urban slums using smart phones. Three teams of researchers walked a set route of four stretches of 100 meters surrounding the boda boda (motorcycle) taxi stand in the urban retail center in three selected areas in Makindye in Kampala, Uganda. After the data collection, the photographs were reviewed, categorized, and simple, descriptive statistics were computed.
Results: Across three locations, 181 photos of alcohol advertisements were taken with 129 of the photos meeting the criterion for analysis. The most common marketing message was focused on the product itself with quality, taste, and national pride being the top three sub-categories. Overall, 80% of the advertisements were posters found outside bars, restaurants, or supermarkets. Of the products advertised, 75% of the products were produced by one of two companies: Diageo or AB InBev.
Conclusions: The approach for capturing and coding alcohol marketing in urban slums can be refined and used in future research. Also, the approach can be instrumental for characterizing the alcohol environment at a specific time or for continuous monitoring of marketing to inform and evaluate intervention strategies aimed at reducing alcohol advertisement exposure.
Twenty‐Five Years of Interdisciplinary Global Change Science
Authors: Meehl Gerald A. , Moss Richard
Published: December 2014

An interdisciplinary approach to global change research is required for scientific advances that are both fundamental and relevant to real‐world problems. The Aspen Global Change Institute (AGCI), under the leadership of director John Katzenberger, has provided global leadership for such interdisciplinary science over the past 25 years. From its first workshop, AGCI has brought together physical and social scientists researching the drivers of change, Earth system response, natural and human system impacts, and options for risk management. The sessions are small (usually around 30 participants), held in a retreat‐like setting (recently in a tent near a stream), and long enough (a week or more) to allow communication, reflection, and planning. Landmark AGCI science sessions have frequently set the course of future global change research.
Mantle below North American plate newly modeled
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: December 2014

Dynamics of the Earth's mantle play an important role in processes that occur farther up toward the surface. For instance, although the eastern coast of the United States is considered a passive margin, convection in the upper mantle can result in activity in the crust. To get a better look at the mantle underneath the North American plate, Schmandt and Lin analyzed data collected by the EarthScope project, which installed a vast network of seismometers across the United States.
Sensitivities of eyewall replacement cycle to model physics, vortex structure, and background winds in numerical simulations of tropical cyclones
Authors: Zhu Zhenduo , Zhu Ping
Published: December 2014

A series of sensitivity experiments by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model is used to investigate the impact of model physics, vortex axisymmetric radial structure, and background wind on secondary eyewall formation (SEF) and eyewall replacement cycle (ERC) in three‐dimensional full physics numerical simulations. It is found that the vertical turbulent mixing parameterization can substantially affect the concentric ring structure of tangential wind associated with SEF through a complicated interaction among eyewall and outer rainband heating, radial inflow in the boundary layer, surface layer processes, and shallow convection in the moat. Large snow terminal velocity can substantially change the vertical distribution of eyewall diabatic heating to result in a strong radial inflow in the boundary layer, and thus, favors the development of shallow convection in the moat allowing the outer rainband convection to move closer to the inner eyewall, which may leave little room both temporally and spatially for a full development of a secondary maximum of tangential wind. Small radius of maximum wind (RMW) of a vortex and small potential vorticity (PV) skirt outside the RMW tend to generate double‐eyewall replacement and may lead to an ERC without a clean secondary concentric maximum of tangential wind. A sufficiently large background wind can smooth out an ERC that would otherwise occur without background wind for a vortex with a small or moderate PV skirt. However, background wind does not appear to have an impact on an ERC if the vortex has a sufficiently large PV skirt.
Carbonyl sulfide produced by abiotic thermal and photodegradation of soil organic matter from wheat field substrate
Authors: Whelan Mary E. , Rhew Robert C.
Published: December 2014

Carbonyl sulfide (COS) is a reduced sulfur gas that is taken up irreversibly in plant leaves proportionally with CO2, allowing its potential use as a tracer for gross primary production. Recently, wheat field soil at the Southern Great Plains Atmospheric Radiation Measurement site in Lamont, Oklahoma, was found to be a measureable source of COS to the atmosphere. To understand the mechanism of COS production, soil and root samples were collected from the site and incubated in the laboratory over a range of temperatures (15–34°C) and light conditions (light and dark). Samples exhibited mostly COS net uptake from the atmosphere in dark and cool (<22–25°C) trials. COS emission was observed during dark incubations at high temperatures (>25°C), consistent with field observations, and at a lower temperature (19°C) when a full spectrum lamp (max wavelength 600 nm) was applied. Sterilized soil and root samples yielded only COS production that increased with temperature, supporting the hypothesis that (a) COS production in these samples is abiotic, (b) production is directly influenced by temperature and light, and (c) some COS consumption in soil and root samples is biotic.
Discotic Liquid Crystal‐Functionalized Gold Nanorods: 2‐ and 3D Self‐Assembly and Macroscopic Alignment as well as Increased Charge Carrier Mobility in Hexagonal Columnar Liquid Crystal Hosts Affected by Molecular Packing and π–π Interactions
Authors: Feng Xiang , Sosa‐Vargas Lydia , Umadevi S. , Mori Taizo , Shimizu Yo , Hegmann Torsten
Published: December 2014

Gold nanorods functionalized with triphenylene‐based discotic liquid crystal (LC) motifs show striking self‐assembly behavior both on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) grids as well as in the bulk enforced by the π–π‐stacking of triphenylene groups of adjacent nanorods. TEM images confirm that these discotic LC nanorods form ribbons of parallel‐stacked nanorods several hundred nanometer long. The pursued silane conjugation approach to decorate the nanorods allows for the preparation of dispersions of the nanorods in the hexagonal columnar phases of parent discotic LCs, where the nanorods can be macroscopically aligned with almost 80% efficiency by a simple shearing protocol. Doping the parent host materials with about 1% by weight of the discotic LC‐capped nanorods also reduces the lattice parameter and the intracolumnar packing, which gives rise to enhanced charge carrier mobility in these hosts as determined by time‐of‐flight measurements.
Electrical Manipulation of Orbital Occupancy and Magnetic Anisotropy in Manganites
Authors: Cui Bin , Song Cheng , Gehring Gillian A. , Li Fan , Wang Guangyue , Chen Chao , Peng Jingjing , Mao Haijun , Zeng Fei , Pan Feng
Published: December 2014

Electrical manipulation of lattice, charge, and spin is realized respectively by the piezoelectric effect, field‐effect transistor, and electric field control of ferromagnetism, bringing about dramatic promotions both in fundamental research and industrial production. However, it is generally accepted that the orbital of materials are impossible to be altered once they have been made. Here, electric field is used to dynamically tune the electronic‐phase transition in (La,Sr)MnO3 films with different Mn4+/(Mn3+ + Mn4+) ratios. The orbital occupancy and corresponding magnetic anisotropy of these thin films are manipulated by gate voltage in a reversible and quantitative manner. Positive gate voltage increases the proportion of occupancy of the orbital and magnetic anisotropy that were initially favored by strain (irrespective of tensile and compressive), while negative gate voltage reduces the concomitant preferential orbital occupancy and magnetic anisotropy. Besides its fundamental significance in orbital physics, these findings might advance the process towards practical oxide‐electronics based on orbital.
Targeting and Microenvironment‐Responsive Lipid Nanocarrier for the Enhancement of Tumor Cell Recognition and Therapeutic Efficiency
Authors: Gao Wei , Meng Tingting , Shi Nianqiu , Zhuang Hongmeng , Yang Zhenzhen , Qi Xianrong
Published: December 2014

Poor recognition and penetration of chemotherapeutic agents in solid tumors have been recognized as one of the major challenges limiting the efficacy of cancer therapies. Folic acid and tumor microenvironment‐sensitive polypeptide (TMSP) co‐modified lipid‐nanocarrier (F/TMSP‐NLC) are successfully formulated in response to the overexpression of folate receptor (FR) and the upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) in tumor microenvironment. The F/TMSP‐NLC accumulates in tumor via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect, and folate moiety binds selectively to the FR once it reaches the tumor. In addition, cell‐penetrating peptide (CPP)‐penetrating activity is initiated by MMP‐2 protease‐oversecretion tumor. The specificity and efficacy of the co‐modified nanocarriers to tumor are investigated in KB, HT‐1080 and A549 cells in vitro. Multivalent interactions induce the enhancement of cancer cell recognition and internalization, which subsequently result in cancer cell apoptosis or death. The F/TMSP‐NLC shows long‐circulation effect, high accumulation in tumor, strong tumor inhibition, increased apoptotic indices, and negligible toxicity in vivo. In conclusion, the present nanocarrier modified with both TMSP and folic acid is a potential drug delivery system for tumor cell recognition and therapy, implying that using more than one target from the pool of tumor–stroma interactions is profoundly beneficial to therapeutic approaches.
Funktionsmaterialien mit Cellulose‐basierten Flüssigkristall‐Templaten
Authors: Giese Michael , Blusch Lina K. , Khan Mostofa K. , MacLachlan Mark J.
Published: December 2014

Cellulose‐Nanokristalle (cellulose nanocrystals, CNCs) sind seit über 50 Jahren bekannt, gewinnen aber erst heute große Aufmerksamkeit aufgrund ihrer Eigenschaften wie hoher spezifischer Festigkeit, hohen Elastizitätsmoduls, großer Oberfläche und faszinierender optischer Eigenschaften. Erst kürzlich wurde ihr Potenzial als supramolekulare Template erkannt, bei denen ihr Selbstorganisationsverhalten in wässrigen Dispersionen in Gegenwart geeigneter Vorstufen genutzt wird. Die Kombination von Mesoporosität, photonischen Eigenschaften und chiral‐nematischer Ordnung der Funktionsmaterialien, die als freistehende Filme verfügbar sind, führte zu zahlreichen vielversprechenden Entdeckungen. Unser Aufsatz fasst die Verwendung von Cellulosederivaten, besonders von CNCs, als neuen Templaten zusammen und gibt eine Übersicht über die aktuellen Entwicklungen im Kontext neuer Funktionsmaterialien.
β‐CuN3: die übersehene Grundzustandsmodifikation des Kupferazids mit heterographenartigen Schichten
Authors: Liu Xiaohui , George Janine , Maintz Stefan , Dronskowski Richard
Published: December 2014

Wir berichten über die Synthese einer unerwarteten Modifikation der hochgradig energiereichen Phase CuN3, die in der orthorhombischen Raumgruppe Cmcm mit a=3.3635(7), b=10.669(2), c=5.5547(11) Å und V=199.34(7) Å3 kristallisiert. Die schichtartige Struktur ähnelt Graphit mit einem Schichtabstand von 2.777(1) Å (=1/2 c). Sofern man N3− als strukturelle Einheit ansieht, liegen innerhalb einer Schicht annähernd hexagonale Zehnerringe mit heterographenartigem Motiv vor. Kupfer‐ und Stickstoffatome sind mit Cu‐N=1×1.91 und 2×2.00 Å kovalent aneinander gebunden, und die N3−‐Gruppe fällt mit N‐N=1.14 und 1.20 Å linear aus. Berechnungen der Elektronenstrukturen und experimentelle Thermochemie ergeben, daß die als β‐CuN3 bezeichnete neue Modifikation stabiler als die bekannte Phase α‐CuN3 ist. Des weiteren erweist sich β‐CuN3 anhand der berechneten phononischen Zustandsdichte als dynamisch und deshalb auch thermochemisch metastabil. β‐CuN3 zeigt in den heterographenartigen Schichten eine negative thermische Ausdehnung.
Intramolecular Frustrated Lewis Pair with the Smallest Boryl Site: Reversible H2 Addition and Kinetic Analysis
Authors: Chernichenko Konstantin , Kótai Bianka , Pápai Imre , Zhivonitko Vladimir , Nieger Martin , Leskelä Markku , Repo Timo
Published: December 2014

Ansa‐aminoborane 1 (ortho‐TMPC6H4BH2; TMP=2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperid‐1‐yl), a frustrated Lewis pair with the smallest possible Lewis acidic boryl site (BH2), is prepared. Although it is present in quenched forms in solution, and BH2 represents an acidic site with reduced hydride affinity, 1 reacts with H2 under mild conditions producing ansa‐ammonium trihydroborate 2. The thermodynamic and kinetic features as well as the mechanism of this reaction are studied by variable‐temperature NMR spectroscopy, spin‐saturation transfer experiments, and DFT calculations, which provide comprehensive insight into the nature of 1.
The Role of Salts and Brønsted Acids in Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed Aqueous‐Phase Glucose Dehydration to 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural
Authors: Wrigstedt Pauli , Keskiväli Juha , Leskelä Markku , Repo Timo
Published: December 2014

The effect of salts and Brønsted acids on the Lewis acid (CrCl3⋅6 H2O)‐catalyzed glucose dehydration to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in aqueous media are described. We show that the reaction with bromide salts in place of chlorides leads to higher HMF yields. The influence of salts can be attributed to the anions in solution, specifically to the bromide anions enhancing the fructose dehydration step. Additionally, we demonstrate that the reaction kinetics are governed strongly by acidity. Although the fructose dehydration step is accelerated by the addition of Brønsted acids, even on a catalytic scale, a significant retardation of the glucose conversion rate results in a substantial drop in HMF yields. The suppression in glucose‐to‐fructose isomerization rate with increasing acidity is ascribed to the restrained formation of the chromium–glucose chelate complex during the reaction.
Asymptotic Localization of Energy in Nondisordered Oscillator Chains
Authors: De Roeck Wojciech , Huveneers François
Published: December 2014

We study two popular one‐dimensional chains of classical anharmonic oscillators: the rotor chain and a version of the discrete nonlinear Schrödinger chain. We assume that the interaction between neighboring oscillators, controlled by the parameter ɛ > 0, is small. We rigorously establish that the thermal conductivity of the chains has a nonperturbative origin with respect to the coupling constant ɛ, and we provide strong evidence that it decays faster than any power law in ɛ as ɛ → 0. The weak coupling regime also translates into a high‐temperature regime, suggesting that the conductivity vanishes faster than any power of the inverse temperature. To our knowledge, it is the first time that a clear connection has been established between KAM‐like phenomena and thermal conductivity. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Across the Board: Licheng Sun
Authors: Sun Licheng
Published: December 2014

In this series of articles the board members of ChemSusChem discuss recent research articles that they consider of exceptional quality and importance for sustainability. In this entry, Prof. Licheng Sun discusses how solar fuel production (such as water splitting) can be made more efficient and economic on an industrial scale. Recommended is the work by Prof. Xuping Sun, who use non‐noble metal–phosphorus‐based nanostructures as efficient electrocatalysts for hydrogen generation from water.
Analysis of the Carnegie Classification of Community Engagement: Patterns and Impact on Institutions
Authors: Driscoll Amy
Published: December 2014

This chapter describes the impact that participation in the Carnegie Classification for Community Engagement had on the institutions of higher learning that applied for the classification. This is described in terms of changes in direct community engagement, monitoring and reporting on community engagement, and levels of student and professor involvement in service learning and engagement projects.
Targeted methods for quantitative analysis of protein glycosylation
Authors: Goldman Radoslav , Sanda Miloslav
Published: December 2014

Quantification of proteins by LC‐MS/MS‐MRM has become a standard method with broad projected clinical applicability. MRM quantification of protein modifications is, however, far less utilized, especially in the case of glycoproteins. This review summarizes current methods for quantitative analysis of protein glycosylation with a focus on MRM methods. We describe advantages of this quantitative approach, analytical parameters that need to be optimized to achieve reliable measurements, and point out the limitations. Differences between major classes of N‐ and O‐glycopeptides are described and class‐specific glycopeptide assays are demonstrated.
Dietary inflammatory index and risk of pancreatic cancer in an Italian case–control study
Authors: Shivappa Nitin , Bosetti Cristina , Zucchetto Antonella , Serraino Diego , La Vecchia Carlo , Hébert James R.
Published: December 2014

Previous studies have shown that various dietary components may be implicated in the aetiology of pancreatic cancer. However, the possible relationship between diet-related inflammation and the risk of pancreatic cancer has not yet been investigated. We examined the ability of a newly developed literature-derived dietary inflammatory index (DII) to predict the risk of pancreatic cancer in a case–control study conducted in Italy between 1991 and 2008. This included 326 incident cases and 652 controls admitted to the major teaching and general hospitals for non-neoplastic diseases, frequency-matched to cases by study centre, sex and age. The DII was computed based on dietary intake assessed using a validated and reproducible seventy-eight-item FFQ. Logistic regression models were used to estimate multivariable OR adjusted for age, sex, study centre, education, BMI, smoking status, alcohol drinking and history of diabetes. Energy adjustment was performed using the residual method. Subjects with higher DII scores (i.e. representing a more pro-inflammatory diet) had a higher risk of pancreatic cancer, with the DII being used as both a continuous variable (ORcontinuous1·24, 95 % CI 1·11, 1·38) and a categorical variable (i.e. compared with the subjects in the lowest quintile of the DII, those in the second, third, fourth and fifth quintiles had, respectively, ORquintile2 v. 11·70, 95 % CI 1·02, 2·80; ORquintile3 v. 11·91, 95 % CI 1·16, 3·16; ORquintile4 v. 11·98, 95 % CI 1·20, 3·27; ORquintile5 v. 12·48, 95 % CI 1·50, 4·10;Ptrend= 0·0015). These data suggest that a pro-inflammatory diet increases the risk of pancreatic cancer.
Impact of voluntary food fortification practices in Ireland: trends in nutrient intakes in Irish adults between 1997–9 and 2008–10
Authors: Hennessy Áine , Hannon Evelyn M. , Walton Janette , Flynn Albert
Published: December 2014

Because of the discretionary nature of voluntary food fortification in the European Union, there is a need to monitor fortification practices and consumption of fortified foods in order to assess the efficacy and safety of such additions on an ongoing basis. The present study aimed to investigate the nutritional impact of changes in voluntary fortification practices in adults aged 18–64 years using dietary intake data from two nationally representative cross-sectional food consumption surveys, the North/South Ireland Food Consumption Survey (NSIFCS) (1997–9) and the National Adult Nutrition Survey (NANS) (2008–10). The supply of fortified foods increased between 1997–9 and 2008–10, resulting in a higher proportion of adults consuming fortified foods (from 67 to 82 %) and a greater contribution to mean daily energy intake (from 4·6 to 8·4 %). The overall nutrient profile of fortified foods consumed remained favourable, i.e. higher in starch and dietary fibre and lower in fat and saturated fat, with polyunsaturated fat, sugars and Na in proportion to energy. Women, particularly those of childbearing age, remained the key beneficiaries of voluntary fortification practices in Ireland. Continued voluntary fortification of foods has increased protection against neural tube defect-affected pregnancy by folic acid and maintained the beneficial impact on the adequacy of Fe intake. Increased consumption of fortified foods did not contribute to an increased risk of intakes exceeding the tolerable upper intake level for any micronutrient. Recent increases in voluntary fortification of foods in Ireland have made a favourable nutritional impact on the diets of adults and have not contributed to an increased risk of adverse effects.
Safeguarding biodiversity: what is perceived as working, according to the conservation community?
Authors: Chapman Colin A. , DeLuycker Anneke , Reyna-Hurtado Rafael A. , Serio-Silva Juan Carlos , Smith Thomas B. , Strier Karen B. , Goldberg Tony L.
Published: December 2014

Dramatic increases in human populations and per capita consumption, climate change, overexploitation of marine and freshwater resources, and deforestation have caused a litany of negative consequences for biodiversity. Such doom-and-gloom scenarios are widely known, frequently cited and frankly depressing. Although accurate assessments of threats have clear value for intervention planning, we believe there is also a need to reflect on successes. Such reflection provides balance to negative scenarios and may shift attention towards constructive, positive action. Here we use a systematic evaluation of 90 success stories provided by conservation scientists and practitioners to explore the characteristics of the projects perceived as being associated with success. Success was deemed to have occurred for 19.4% of the projects simply because an event had occurred (e.g. a law was passed) and for 36.1% of projects quantitative data indicated success (e.g. censuses demonstrated population increase). However, for most projects (63.9%) there was no evaluation and success was defined by the subjective opinion of the respondent. Conservation community members viewed successful projects most often as those being long-term (88%), small in spatial scale (52%), with a relatively low budget (68%), and involving a protectionist approach alone or in combination with another approach. These results highlight the subjectivity of definitions of success in conservation but also the characteristics of conservation efforts that the conservation community perceives as indicative of success.
Making nursing homes more community-oriented: insights from an exploratory study in Germany
Authors: HÄMEL KERSTIN
Published: December 2014

Nursing homes have been criticised for restricting the lifestyle of older people in need of care. As concepts of elder care have changed and services in formal care have developed further, efforts towards deinstitutionalisation have led to the enhancement of community care models. This paper discusses how ideas of community care can also influence reform within institutional care. The study focuses on the challenges and obstacles of practice change arising in German nursing homes by opening up to civil society principles. Applying the model of organisational hybridisation, the concept of 12 German nursing homes regarding family and community partners' involvement were analysed through explorative qualitative interviews with nursing home directors. The nursing homes have conceived various forms of co-operation with community actors. Nevertheless, emerging tensions between state, market and civil society conceptions of the nursing homes limit practical change. The ‘organisational hybridisation’ has generated two general problems to be discussed here: first, the difficulty nursing homes have in opening their doors to new perceptions of care as well as to the interests of their community partners. Second, the fact that the nursing homes tend either to strive for an integration in community life or for the maintenance of a ‘sheltered zone’ for their residents implies that nursing homes' definition of ‘normality’ has a strong influence on their chosen concept of care.
Activated astrocytes enhance the dopaminergic differentiation of stem cells and promote brain repair through bFGF
Authors: Yang Fan , Liu Yunhui , Tu Jie , Wan Jun , Zhang Jie , Wu Bifeng , Chen Shanping , Zhou Jiawei , Mu Yangling , Wang Liping
Published: December 2014

Astrocytes provide neuroprotective effects against degeneration of dopaminergic (DA) neurons and play a fundamental role in DA differentiation of neural stem cells. Here we show that light illumination of astrocytes expressing engineered channelrhodopsin variant (ChETA) can remarkably enhance the release of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and significantly promote the DA differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs)in vitro. Light activation of transplanted astrocytes in the substantia nigra (SN) also upregulates bFGF levelsin vivoand promotes the regenerative effects of co-transplanted stem cells. Importantly, upregulation of bFGF levels, by specific light activation of endogenous astrocytes in the SN, enhances the DA differentiation of transplanted stem cells and promotes brain repair in a mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Our study indicates that astrocyte-derived bFGF is required for regulation of DA differentiation of the stem cells and may provide a strategy targeting astrocytes for treatment of PD.
High-quality genome (re)assembly using chromosomal contact data
Authors: Marie-Nelly Hervé , Marbouty Martial , Cournac Axel , Flot Jean-François , Liti Gianni , Parodi Dante Poggi , Syan Sylvie , Guillén Nancy , Margeot Antoine , Zimmer Christophe , Koszul Romain
Published: December 2014

Closing gaps in draft genome assemblies can be costly and time-consuming, and published genomes are therefore often left ‘unfinished.’ Here we show that genome-wide chromosome conformation capture (3C) data can be used to overcome these limitations, and present a computational approach rooted in polymer physics that determines the most likely genome structure using chromosomal contact data. This algorithm—named GRAAL—generates high-quality assemblies of genomes in which repeated and duplicated regions are accurately represented and offers a direct probabilistic interpretation of the computed structures. We first validated GRAAL on the reference genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well as other yeast isolates, where GRAAL recovered both known and unknown complex chromosomal structural variations. We then applied GRAAL to the finishing of the assembly of Trichoderma reesei and obtained a number of contigs congruent with the know karyotype of this species. Finally, we showed that GRAAL can accurately reconstruct human chromosomes from either fragments generated in silico or contigs obtained from de novo assembly. In all these applications, GRAAL compared favourably to recently published programmes implementing related approaches.
Multivariate statistical methodologies applied in biomedical Raman spectroscopy: assessing the validity of partial least squares regression using simulated model datasets
Authors: Keating Mark E. , Nawaz Haq , Bonnier Franck , Byrne Hugh J.
Published: December 2014

In the drive towards biomedical applications of Raman spectroscopy, it is critically important to validate the data analysis tools.
The synthesis of ZnO/SnO2 porous nanofibers for dye adsorption and degradation
Authors: Chen Xiang , Zhang Feng , Wang Qian , Han Xiao , Li Xin , Liu Jiuyu , Lin Huiming , Qu Fengyu
Published: December 2014

ZnO/SnO2 hetero-nanofibers about 250 nm in diameter and several micrometers in length are synthesized via an electrospun method using zinc chloride and stannous chloride as inorganic sources.
Participation of non-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib) residues in the 310helical conformation of Aib-rich foldamers: a solid state study
Authors: Pike Sarah J. , Boddaert Thomas , Raftery James , Webb Simon J. , Clayden Jonathan
Published: December 2014

310helical conformations that extend over 21 Å result when selected non-Aib terminal and central residues are incorporated into Aib-rich foldamers.
Highly stable triple helix formation by homopyrimidine (l)-acyclic threoninol nucleic acids with single stranded DNA and RNA
Authors: Kumar Vipin , Kesavan Venkitasamy , Gothelf Kurt V.
Published: December 2014

Homopyrimidine acyclic (l)-threoninol nucleic acid (aTNA) was synthesized and found to form highly stable (l)-aTNA–DNA–(l)-aTNA and (l)-aTNA–RNA–(l)-aTNA triple helical structures.
Probing a dip-coated layer of organic molecules by an aerosol nanoparticle sensor with sub-100 nm resolution based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering
Authors: Gen Masao , Lenggoro I. Wuled
Published: December 2014

A surface coated with organic molecules has been probed by a sub 100 nm resolution particulate sensor by surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique.
Influence of the degree of polymerisation and of the architecture on the elastic properties of new polyurea elastomers
Authors: Sánchez-Ferrer Antoni , Rogez Daniel , Martinoty Philippe
Published: December 2014

The elastic properties of new polyurea elastomers have been studied by varying the segmental molecular weight and the chemical nature of the polymer end groups showing up to two plateaus.
Advanced construction of heterostructured InCrO4–TiO2and its dual properties of greater UV-photocatalytic and antibacterial activity
Authors: Kamalakkannan J. , Chandraboss V. L. , Prabha S. , Senthilvelan S.
Published: December 2014

Advanced recylable heterostructured InCrO4–TiO2was prepared by a simple co-precipitation method, and exhibits high UV-photocatalytic activity and antibacterial activity mechanism owing to the behaviour of its electrons and holes.
Experimental correlation between thermal hysteresis activity and the distance between antifreeze proteins on an ice surface
Authors: Drori Ran , Davies Peter L. , Braslavsky Ido
Published: December 2014

Temperature-controlled microfluidic devices and fluorescence microscopy illustrate the correlation between freezing-point depression and the distance between antifreeze proteins on an ice surface.
An ultrasensitive electrochemical immunosensor for determination of estradiol using coralloid Cu2S nanostructures as labels
Authors: Zhang Sen , Wang Yaoguang , Zhang Yunhui , Yan Tao , Yan Liangguo , Wei Qin , Du Bin
Published: December 2014

Ultrasensitive electrochemical immunoassay based on coralloid Cu2S nanostructure for determination of estradiol.
Vanadium phosphate as a promising high-voltage magnesium ion (de)-intercalation cathode host
Authors: Huang Zhen-Dong , Masese Titus , Orikasa Yuki , Mori Takuya , Yamamoto kentarou
Published: December 2014

Electrochemically de-lithiated Li3V2(PO4)3, are investigated as high-voltage (∼3.0 V vs. Mg/Mg2+) cathode hosts for Mg2+ (de)-intercalation. The exceptional high voltage surpasses the hitherto reported values of cathodes for magnesium batteries.
Photocatalytic hydroxylation of arylboronic acids using continuous flow reactors
Authors: Penders Inès G. T. M. , Amara Zacharias , Horvath Raphael , Rossen Kai , Poliakoff Martyn , George Michael W.
Published: December 2014

Photocatalytic oxidation of mono- and di-substituted arylboronic acids to phenols has been investigated in a continuous flow LED photoreactor. In EtOH–H2O, conversion was accelerated at 2 MPa; whereas reactions at 0.1 MPa led to 64% desymmetrisation.
High-efficiency and stable quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell based on low molecular mass organogelator electrolyte
Authors: Tao Li , Huo Zhipeng , Ding Yong , Li Yi , Dai Songyuan , Wang Lu , Zhu Jun , Pan Xu , Zhang Bing , Yao Jianxi , Nazeeruddin Mohammad K. , Grätzel Michael
Published: December 2014

A quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell with high photoelectric conversion efficiency (9.61%) and long-term stability is fabricated with a low molecular mass organogelator based gel electrolyte.
Carotid-Cavernous Fistula as a Complication of Facial Trauma: A Case Report
Authors: Lazaridou Maria , Bourlidou Eleni , Kontos Konstantinos , Mangoudi Doxa
Published: December 2014

Posttraumatic carotid-cavernous fistula is a very rare complication that can occur in patients with craniomaxillofacial trauma. Symptoms involve headache, diplopia, ptosis of the upper lid, conjunctival chemosis, pulsating exophthalmos, and ophthalmoplegia. Diagnosis can be challenging because various pathologic entities can present with similar symptoms such as superior orbital fissure syndrome, orbital apex syndrome, retrobulbar hematoma, and cavernous sinus syndrome. However, accurate and early diagnosis is of utmost importance because treatment delay may lead to blindness or permanent neurologic deficits. In this article, a case of posttraumatic carotid-cavernous fistula that was twice misdiagnosed is presented.
Modeling of molecular nitrogen collisions and dissociation processes for direct simulation Monte Carlo
Authors: Parsons Neal , Levin Deborah A. , van Duin Adri C. T. , Zhu Tong
Published: December 2014

The Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method typically used for simulating hypersonic Earth re-entry flows requires accurate total collision cross sections and reaction probabilities. However, total cross sections are often determined from extrapolations of relatively low-temperature viscosity data, so their reliability is unknown for the high temperatures observed in hypersonic flows. Existing DSMC reaction models accurately reproduce experimental equilibrium reaction rates, but the applicability of these rates to the strong thermal nonequilibrium observed in hypersonic shocks is unknown. For hypersonic flows, these modeling issues are particularly relevant for nitrogen, the dominant species of air. To rectify this deficiency, the Molecular Dynamics/Quasi-Classical Trajectories (MD/QCT) method is used to accurately compute collision and reaction cross sections for the N2(\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$^1\Sigma _{\rm g}^{+}$\end{document}Σg+1)–N2(\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}\begin{document}$^1\Sigma _{\rm g}^{+}$\end{document}Σg+1) collision pair for conditions expected in hypersonic shocks using a new potential energy surface developed using a ReaxFF fit to recent advanced ab initio calculations. The MD/QCT-computed reaction probabilities were found to exhibit better physical behavior and predict less dissociation than the baseline total collision energy reaction model for strong nonequilibrium conditions expected in a shock. The MD/QCT reaction model compared well with computed equilibrium reaction rates and shock-tube data. In addition, the MD/QCT-computed total cross sections were found to agree well with established variable hard sphere total cross sections.
Improved source design for p-type tunnel field-effect transistors: Towards truly complementary logic
Authors: Verreck Devin , Verhulst Anne S. , Sorée Bart , Collaert Nadine , Mocuta Anda , Thean Aaron , Groeseneken Guido
Published: December 2014

Complementary logic based on tunnel field-effect transistors (TFETs) would drastically reduce power consumption thanks to the TFET's potential to obtain a sub-60 mV/dec subthreshold swing (SS). However, p-type TFETs typically do not meet the performance of n-TFETs for direct bandgap III-V configurations. The p-TFET SS stays well above 60 mV/dec, due to the low density of states in the conduction band. We therefore propose a source configuration in which a highly doped region is maintained only near the tunnel junction. In the remaining part of the source, the hot carriers in the exponential tail of the Fermi-Dirac distribution are blocked by reducing the doping degeneracy, either with a source section with a lower doping concentration or with a heterostructure. We apply this concept to n-p-i-p configurations consisting of In0.53Ga0.47As and an InP-InAs heterostructure. 15-band quantum mechanical simulations predict that the configurations with our source design can obtain sub-60 mV/dec SS, with an on-current comparable to the conventional source design.
Comment on “Theoretical analysis of high-field transport in graphene on a substrate” [J. Appl. Phys. 116, 034507 (2014)]
Authors: Tan Michael L. P. , Arora Vijay K.
Published: December 2014

In a recent article, Serov et al. [J. Appl. Phys. 116, 034507 (2014)] claim: “This study represents the first time that the high-field behavior in graphene on a substrate was investigated taking into account intrinsic graphene properties,” ignoring the most recent anisotropic distribution function [V. K. Arora et al., J. Appl. Phys. 112, 114330 (2012)] also published in J. Appl. Phys., targeting the same experimental data [V. E. Dorgan et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 082112 (2010)]. The claim of Serov et al. of being first is refuted and many shortcomings of the hydrodynamic model for a highly quantum and degenerate graphene nanolayer are pointed out.
Perfluorooctanoic acid binds to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ and promotes adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes
Authors: Yamamoto Junpei , Yamane Takumi , Oishi Yuichi , Kobayashi-Hattori Kazuo
Published: December 2014

We examined the effect of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) on adipose cells using 3T3-L1 adipocytes and found that PFOA increased adipocyte differentiation, triglyceride accumulation, and the mRNA level of factors related to adipocyte differentiation. In addition, PFOA bound to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR γ). These results suggest that PFOA promotes adipocyte differentiation as a PPAR γ ligand.
The Interplay of Morphology and Phonology
Authors: Inkelas Sharon
Published: December 2014

This book presents a phenomenon-oriented survey of the ways in which phonology and morphology interact, including ways in which morphology, i.e. word formation, demonstrates sensitivity to phonological information and in which phonological patterns can be sensitive to morphology. Chapters focus on morphologically conditioned phonology, process morphology, prosodic templates, reduplication, infixation, phonology-morphology interleaving effects, prosodic-morphological mismatches, ineffability and other cases in which phonology interferes with morphology, and paradigmatic effects of morphology on phonology, and vice versa. The overview points out theoretical issues on which particular phenomena bear. These include the debate over item-based vs. realizational approaches to morphology, the question of whether cyclic effects can be subsumed under paradigmatic effects, whether reduplication is phonological copying or morphological doubling, whether infixation and suppletive allomorphy are phonologically optimizing, and more. The book is intended to be used in graduate or advanced undergraduate courses or to have as a reference for those pursuing individual topics in the phonology-morphology interface. The overarching aim of the book is to bring together, and connect in as many ways as possible, the large and diverse set of topics that fall under the umbrella of the phonology-morphology interface.
Trends in CD4 Count at Presentation to Care and Treatment Initiation in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2002–2013: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Siedner Mark J. , Ng Courtney K. , Bassett Ingrid V. , Katz Ingrid T. , Bangsberg David R. , Tsai Alexander C.
Published: December 2014

Background.  Both population- and individual-level benefits of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are contingent on early diagnosis and initiation of therapy. We estimated trends in disease status at presentation to care and at ART initiation in sub-Saharan Africa.

Methods.  We searched PubMed for studies published January 2002–December 2013 that reported CD4 cell count at presentation or ART initiation among adults in sub-Saharan Africa. We abstracted study sample size, year(s), and mean CD4 count. A random-effects meta-regression model was used to obtain pooled estimates during each year of the observation period.

Results.  We identified 56 articles reporting CD4 count at presentation (N = 295 455) and 71 articles reporting CD4 count at ART initiation (N = 549 702). The mean estimated CD4 count in 2002 was 251 cells/µL at presentation and 152 cells/µL at ART initiation. During 2002–2013, neither CD4 count at presentation (β = 5.8 cells/year; 95% confidence interval [CI], −10.7 to 22.4 cells/year), nor CD4 count at ART initiation (β = −1.1 cells/year; 95% CI, −8.4 to 6.2 cells/year) increased significantly. Excluding studies of opportunistic infections or prevention of mother-to-child transmission did not alter our findings. Among studies conducted in South Africa (N = 14), CD4 count at presentation increased by 39.9 cells/year (95% CI, 9.2–70.2 cells/year; P = .02), but CD4 count at ART initiation did not change.

Conclusions.  CD4 counts at presentation to care and at ART initiation in sub-Saharan Africa have not increased over the past decade. Barriers to presentation, diagnosis, and linkage to HIV care remain major challenges that require attention to optimize population-level benefits of ART.
An axisymmetric model for Taylor impact test and estimation of metal plasticity
Authors: Chakraborty Sukanta , Shaw Amit , Banerjee Biswanath
Published: December 2014

The impact of a flat-ended cylindrical rod onto a rigid stationary anvil, often known as the Taylor impact test, is studied. An axisymmetric model is developed to capture the deformation behaviour of the rod after impact. The most distinctive feature of the proposed model is that it takes into account the spatial and temporal variation of both longitudinal and radial deformation and consequently the strains and strain rates. The final deformed shapes and time histories of different field variables, as obtained from the model, are found to be in good agreement with corresponding experimental and numerical results reported in the literature. The proposed model is then used to formulate an inverse framework to estimate the Johnson–Cook constitutive parameters. In the inverse formulation, the objective function is constructed using the final deformed length and diameter at the impact end of the retrieved rod. Finally, the potential of the proposed model in estimating material parameters is illustrated through some examples.
Emergent parabolic scaling of nano-faceting crystal growth
Authors: Watson Stephen J.
Published: December 2014

Nano-faceted crystals answer the call for self-assembled, physico-chemically tailored materials, with those arising from a kinetically mediated response to free-energy disequilibria (thermokinetics) holding the greatest promise. The dynamics of slightly undercooled crystal–melt interfaces possessing strongly anisotropic and curvature-dependent surface energy and evolving under attachment–detachment limited kinetics offer a model system for the study ofthermokineticeffects. The fundamental non-equilibrium feature of this dynamics is explicated through our discovery of one-dimensional convex and concave translating fronts (solitons) whose constant asymptotic angles provably deviate from the thermodynamically expectedWulffangles in direct proportion to the degree of undercooling. Thesethermokineticsolitons induce a novel emergent facet dynamics, which is exactly characterized via an original geometric matched-asymptotic analysis. We thereby discover an emergent parabolic symmetry of its coarsening facet ensembles, which naturally implies the universal scaling lawL∼t1/2for the growth in timetof the characteristic lengthL.
Discriminating signal from noise in the fossil record of early vertebrates reveals cryptic evolutionary history
Authors: Sansom Robert S. , Randle Emma , Donoghue Philip C. J.
Published: December 2014

The fossil record of early vertebrates has been influential in elucidating the evolutionary assembly of the gnathostome bodyplan. Understanding of the timing and tempo of vertebrate innovations remains, however, mired in a literal reading of the fossil record. Early jawless vertebrates (ostracoderms) exhibit restriction to shallow-water environments. The distribution of their stratigraphic occurrences therefore reflects not only flux in diversity, but also secular variation in facies representation of the rock record. Using stratigraphic, phylogenetic and palaeoenvironmental data, we assessed the veracity of the fossil records of the jawless relatives of jawed vertebrates (Osteostraci, Galeaspida, Thelodonti, Heterostraci). Non-random models of fossil recovery potential using Palaeozoic sea-level changes were used to calculate confidence intervals of clade origins. These intervals extend the timescale for possible origins into the Upper Ordovician; these estimates ameliorate the long ghost lineages inferred for Osteostraci, Galeaspida and Heterostraci, given their known stratigraphic occurrences and stem–gnathostome phylogeny. Diversity changes through the Silurian and Devonian were found to lie within the expected limits predicted from estimates of fossil record quality indicating that it is geological, rather than biological factors, that are responsible for shifts in diversity. Environmental restriction also appears to belie ostracoderm extinction and demise rather than competition with jawed vertebrates.
Comparison of silver and molybdenum microfocus X-ray sources for single-crystal structure determination
Authors: Krause Lennard , Herbst-Irmer Regine , Sheldrick George M. , Stalke Dietmar
Published: December 2014

The quality of diffraction data obtained using silver and molybdenum microsources has been compared for six model compounds with a wide range of absorption factors. The experiments were performed on two 30 W air-cooled Incoatec IµS microfocus sources with multilayer optics mounted on a Bruker D8 goniometer with a SMART APEX II CCD detector. All data were analysed, processed and refined using standard Bruker software. The results show that Ag Kα radiation can be beneficial when heavy elements are involved. A numerical absorption correction based on the positions and indices of the crystal faces is shown to be of limited use for the highly focused microsource beams, presumably because the assumption that the crystal is completely bathed in a (top-hat profile) beam of uniform intensity is no longer valid. Fortunately the empirical corrections implemented inSADABS, although originally intended as a correction for absorption, also correct rather well for the variations in the effective volume of the crystal irradiated. In three of the cases studied (two Ag and one Mo) the finalSHELXL R1 against all data after application of empirical corrections implemented inSADABSwas below 1%. Since such corrections are designed to optimize the agreement of the intensities of equivalent reflections with different paths through the crystal but the same Bragg 2θ angles, a further correction is required for the 2θ dependence of the absorption. For this,SADABSuses the transmission factor of a spherical crystal with a user-defined value of μr(where μ is the linear absorption coefficient andris the effective radius of the crystal); the best results are obtained whenris biased towards the smallest crystal dimension. The results presented here suggest that the IUCr publication requirement that a numerical absorption correction must be applied for strongly absorbing crystals is in need of revision.