bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diversity of the floral nectaries surface of four Crataegus L. species
Authors: Chwil Mirosława , Konarska Agata , Weryszko-Chmielewska Elżbieta
Published: June 2013

The performed studies focused on the surface structure of floral nectaries of four species from the following genus: C. coccinea L. , C. crus-galli L., C. curvisepala Lindm and C. prunifolia (Poiret) Pers. The observations of the epidermis area were made in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). A nectary appears to be shaped like a slightly curved disk situated between the pistil style and the basal part of the stamens filaments. The nectary area of the studied species differed substantially as regards the cuticle sculpture and stomata number. The nectary secretion in Crataegus flowers proceeds through the stomata located below a level of the other epidermis cells, in the deep indents of the secretory tissue. The highest stomata number in 1 mm2 nectary epidermis was recorded in C. crus-galli, C. coccinea, C. prunifolia and finally, C. curvisepala. Analyzing the nectary cuticular structure in respect of its increasing complexity (absence or presence of stripes), the investigated taxons can be ordered as following: Crataegus curvisepala, C. coccinea, C. crus-galli and C. prunifolia.
Micromorphology of Sorbus intermedia Pers. nectary surface in different phases of blooming
Authors: Weryszko-Chmielewska Elżbieta , Konarska Agata
Published: June 2013

The structure of floral nectary surface of Sorbus intermedia in different phases of flower development was examined using scanning electron microscopy. Nectaries in S. intermedia flowers represent a receptacle type. The sculpture of cuticule on nectary epidermis and overlaying cells was described. The differences in the size of striaes on the outer cell wall of epidermis during the flower development were stated. Nectarostomata were situated in small hollows. In the buds, they were closed and not fully developed. During pollen release phase, the outer ledges of the guard cells were better developed than at the beginning of blooming. Depressions on nectary epidermis cell walls were observed in the final phase of blooming.
Disturbances in microsporogenesis and pollen grain development in Gagea lutea (L.) Ker. Gaw.
Authors: Szczuka Ewa , Bohdanowicz Jerzy , Świerczyńska Joanna , Sobieska Jolanta , Pietrusiewicz Jacek
Published: June 2013

The meiotic division of microsporocytes and pollen grain development in Gagea lutea (L.) Ker.-Gaw. (Liliaceae) with fluorescence microscope (excitation light 400 nm) was observed after squashing the anthers in DAPI solution (fluorochrom dying DNA). Up to 70% of microsporocytes and pollen grains during the microsporogenesis and pollen grain development take a regular course. In the remaining microsporocytes and pollen grains (30%) the disturbances in course of both processes were observed. The most often observed disturbances are "late" chromosomes and a presence of micronuclei. The divisions of microsporocytes in the anther loculi show a big asynchrony, which, like the disturbances during the course of microsporogenesis and pollen grain development, may be caused by the external factors. The microsporogenesis takes place during autumn and winter months: the pollen grains develop in winter. At this time the dividing microsporocytes and developing pollen grains are under the influence of abiotic factors as low temperature and a lack of water. These factors disturb the formation of microtubular cytoskeleton of the dividing microsporocytes and pollen grains, which causes the formation of sterile pollen grains.
Ecological adaptations of Hypocyrta glabra Hook. flowers
Authors: Czernećkyj Mychajło , Weryszko-Chmielewska Elżbieta
Published: June 2013

The research on the blooming ecology and the flower morphology of Hypocyrta glabra Hook. (Gesneriaceae) cultivated in laboratories and outdoors have been carried out. The life span of flowers and morphological changes in successive phases of the blooming period have been observed. The H. glabra flowers are protandrous and the stamens translocate during the flowering process. The macro- and microstructure of calyx, corolla, androecium, gynoecium and nectaries have been analyzed. The size, shape and viability of pollen grains have been designated and their number per stamen head has been calculated. The location of nectaries in H. glabra flowers has suggested that they stem from the 5th stamen during phylogenesis. It has been proved that the nectaries are provided by numerous vascular bundles and that the nectar is secreted by stomata. The stomatal field comprises 2/5 of nectary height and is situated on the abaxial side of the apix part. The average number of stomata is 63.2 per 1 mm2. The average amount of nectar produced by 10 flowers in their fourth day of life reached 223.7 mg. The sugar concentration was 32.7%. Numerous glandular and non-glandular trichomes have been noticed on the surface of calyx, corolla and gynoecium, which indicate the xeromorphic adaptation of the flower. It has been observed that the numbers of glandular and non-glandular trichomes per unit of the external surface of corolla are similar. Outdoors the secretion produced by calyx and corolla glands was willingly collected by wasps. It seems that such features of H. glabra flowers as position, shape and colour of corolla, the abundance of the nectar and pollen produced are connected with their adaptation to pollination by humming-birds in the species natural environment.
Large-scale vs. small-scale factors affecting flowering patterns in Senecio macrophyllus M.BIEB., a long-lived perennial
Authors: Czarnecka Bożenna
Published: June 2013

The aim of the study was to establish which of environmental factors affect flowering patterns in a long-lived herbaceous plant Senecio macrophyllus. The study was conducted in the population of Biała Góra (White Mountain) near Tomaszów Lubelski in the years 1989-2004. The results allow to conclude that in the reproductive patterns of the analysed population small-scale environmental factors (soil moisture and trophism, light intensity) are more important than large-scale climatic factors (temperature, precipitation), which to a comparable extent affect the plants in the whole population area.
The phenology of flowering and fluctuations of airborne pollen concentrations of selected trees in Poznań, 2003-2004
Authors: Stach Alicja , Kluza-Wieloch Magdalena , Zientarska Alicja
Published: June 2013

The aim of the study was to describe the relationships between the flowering phase of selected tree species, whose pollen is known to be allergenic, and fluctuations in the pollen in the air, and to use results obtained for making allergological forecasts. Studies were conducted of five tree taxa: Populus, Ulmus, Salix, Aesculus, and Tilia, in the years 2003-2004. Aeropalinological analyses concerned the above mentioned genera, while in phenological studies specific species were investigated, i.e. the most common representatives of a given genus found in Poland, that is Populus wilsonii, Ulmus laevis Pall. C. K.Schneid., Salix caprea L., Aesculus hippocastanum L. and Tilia cordata Mill. Aerobiological monitoring was performed using a the volumetric method and phenological observations of flowering phases were made according to the Łukasiewicz method. While observing the emergence of individual phenological symptoms and measurements of the concentration of pollen of the investigated taxa in the air of Poznań, a distinct acceleration was observed in 2004, a year that was characterized by a milder winter. This applied not only to the species blooming in early spring, but also to the later ones. Pollen grains of the investigated taxa, except for Aesculus, appeared earlier in aeropalinological observations than the macroscopically observed beginning of flowering in selected trees. Apart from a poplar, the end of flowering in the other trees occurred each year earlier than would follow from the aerobiological observations. This may be explained by the abundance of species within a taxon, and the effect of medium - and long-distance transport.
Ragweed (Ambrosia) pollen in aeroplankton of Upper Silesia
Authors: Chłopek Kazimiera , Tokarska-Guzik Barbara
Published: June 2013

The work contains the analysis of Ambrosia pollen producing seasons in the atmosphere of Upper Silesia in the years 1998 - 2004. The research was carried out applying a volumetric method (Burkard pollen sampler) in Sosnowiec and the gravimetric method, for comparative purposes, in Sosnowiec, Będzin, Czeladź and Katowice. The highest pollen concentration in the research years was found in Sosnowiec and in 1999 in Czeladź. The ambrosia pollen in aeroplankton was noticed in the first ten days of August until the middle of October. The maximum pollen concentrations were from 16 August to 21 September. The highest pollen concentration was found in 1999 and 2002 (222 and 127 grains per 1m3 per 24h) on September 4th, the lowest concentration in 2001. Two genera - Ambrosia artemisiifolia and A. psilostachya - can be found over an area of Upper Silesia. They constitute the main source of pollen in aeroplankton, but its transportation from distant areas cannot be excluded. The pollen of these plants can be transported by the wind from neighbouring countries (the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ukraine, Hungary).
Diurnal variations of airborne fungal spores concentration in the town and rural area
Authors: Kasprzyk Idalia
Published: June 2013

Airborne fungal spores were monitored in 2001-2002 in Rzeszów (town) and its neighborhood. The aim of investigations was to ascertain if there were differences in diurnal variations of airborne fungal spores concentration between town and rural area. The sampling was carried out using volumetric method. Traps were located at the same heights - app. 12 m. Airborne spores were sampled continuously. Microscopical slides were prepared for each day. Analysis was carried out on one longitudinal band of 48 mm long divided into 24 segments corresponding following hours of day. The results were expressed as mean number of fungal spores per cubic meter per 24 hours. For this survey, five geni of allergenic fungi were selected: Alternaria, Botrytis, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Ganoderma. The concentrations of their airborne spores were high or very high. It was calculated theoretical day, where the hourly count was the percentage mean of number of spores at that time every chosen day without rainfall from 2001 and 2001 years. The diurnal periodicity of Alternaria, Cladosporium, Epicoccum and Ganoderma showed one peak, while Botrytis two. Anamorphic spores peaked in the afternoon, while their minima occurred in the morning. The highest concentrations of Ganoderma basidiospores were at down or at night, but minima during the day. There were no clear differences in the peak values between two studied sites. The results indicate that maximum concentrations of all spores generally occurred a few hour earlier in the rural area than in the town. Probably, in the rural area airborne spores came from many local sources and their diurnal periodicity reflected rhythm of spore liberation. Towns are characterized by specific microclimate with higher temperature and wind blowing to the centre. In Rzeszów fungal spores could be transported outside and carried out by wind from distant sources. This study showed, among others, that habitat conditions are an important factors influenced diurnal periodicity of airborne fungal spores.
Influence of corm planting date on Sparaxis tricolor Ker-Gawl. blooming
Authors: Marcinek Barbara , Hetman Jerzy
Published: June 2013

Sparaxis corms were planted on 20.04, 29.04, 10.05 and 20.05. The highest number of flower stems and flowers were obtained when planting corms on the earliest date. The longest blooming (42-83 days) was when corms were planted in the first decade of May. Delaying of planting successively decreased a number of inflorescences and flowers. Planting corms from the second decade of April till the first decade of May allows to maintain blossom continuity from the half of July till the end of August (in Lubelszczyzna region).
The influence of flurprimidol on the morfological traits, flowering and decorative value of Pelargonium hortorum 'Omega'
Authors: Zawadzińska Agnieszka , Dobrowolska Agnieszka , Janicka Dorota
Published: June 2013

The effects of flurprimidol at the concentration of 7.5 i 15 mg×dm-3 on the growth and flowering of Pelargonium hortorum 'Omega' were examined in the years 2003 and 2004. Pelargonium plants were sprayed either once or twice; 2 weeks after planting rooted seedlings - first, and next - 2 weeks later. At the beginning, the plants were grown in a greenhouse, and then in a foil tunnel. Flurprimidol at the concentration of 15 mg×dm-3 increased the number of leaves and intensified their colour, but reduced the plant height and diameter, shortened peduncles lowering their decorative value. 7.5 mg×dm-3 of the retardant had weaker effects on Pelargonium morphological traits, but resulted in more abundant flowering, compact and proportional conformation and high decorative value.
Flowering and pod setting of seven snap bean cultivars (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) at the differentiated crop conditions
Authors: Łabuda Helena , Baran Anna , Papliński Rafał
Published: June 2013

In the field experiment in 2003-2004 years 5 yellowpods and 2 greenpods cultivars of snap bean in unheated high tunnel were cultivated. The sowing date in tunnel was 16 April, and 24 or 26 April in the field when soil of nonwoven PP 17 were cover. Flowering of plants periods in tunnel were 25-32 days and in the field - 31-37 days. Snap bean plants in differentiated condition of cultivations in tunnel as well as in the field created a similar number of inflorescence and flowers in inflorescence. However pod setting were differentiated. Number of pods per plant in tunnel condition in relation to of cultivars were 13-22 and in the field were twice more in the range as mean 24.5-35.5.
Florescence and fructification of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. and Cucumis sativus L. growing in the medium contaminated with nickel under presence of the ion exchange substrate BIONA 312
Authors: Matraszek Renata
Published: June 2013

The purpose of undertaken investigation was to test the possibility of decreasing nickel toxic influence on florescence and fructification of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) 'Koralik' cv. and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) 'Hermes F1' cv. plants by introducing into contaminated medium the ion exchange substrate BIONA 312 - ion exchange resin possessing sorptive properties and containing nutrient elements. In experiment, two levels of nickel (NiSO4·7H2O), i.e. 40 or 100 mg Ni·kg-1 of the substrate, as well as two doses of the ion exchange substrate BIONA 312 ie. 20 or 50 g·kg-1 of the substrate (relatively 2 and 5% of medium weight), were applied. As a substrate hortisol and quartz sand at rate 2:1 was used. Nickel significantly influenced florescence and fructification date of experimental plants. Nickel at dose 40 mg Ni·kg-1 of the substrate caused earlier florescence and earlier setting of tomato fruits, as well as significant decrease in the number of cucumber female flowers. Late and limited blooming of tomato plants growing in the medium contained 100 mg Ni·kg-1 of the substrate resulted in not ripping fruits till the ened of experiment. Under these circumstances, during florescence a complete lack of cucumber female and male flowers was recorded that resulted in complete lack of fruit crop. Ion exchange substrate BIONA 312 introduced to the contaminated medium decreased toxic influence of nickel on the experimental plant species significantly increasing flowers and fruits number. Irrespective of the nickel dose introduced to the medium more efficent for the reduction of this metal phytotoxicity turned out to be addition of ion exchange substrate BIONA 312 at the dosage 5 than 2%. Moreover after introducing 2 or 5% ion exchange substrate dose tomato plants groving in the medium containing 40 mg Ni·kg-1 earlier and more intensive florescence as well as eariel fruits ripeness were observed.
Allelopathic activity of some grass species on Phleum pratense seed germination subject to their density
Authors: Lipińska Halina
Published: June 2013

Efficient utilization of allelopathy in the agricultural practice requires searching for some species and developmental stages when the allelopathic substances are generated in bioactive concentrations. That also requires the knowledge of allelopathy mechanisms and primarily its separation from the other aspects of plant activity, mainly from competition for environmental resources. This task, however, has remained vital in the studies on plant interference, being extremely difficult to perform under field conditions. Therefore, the studies were conducted in the laboratory. To determine the activity of an allelopathic agent of the selected grass species, the density dependent phytotoxicity model was employed. The model is based on the fact that an increase of acceptor plants density evokes a decrease of their response to the allelopathic compounds, whereas the negative effects of the competition become more intense. A higher rate of acceptor plants growth accompanying their density increase in the given object does not agree with the competition rules and thus, it may imply an allelopathic background of the observed changes. In the presented studies, the allelopathic properties of grasses - donors were evaluated by studying the effect of two densities of the emerging seeds and two- and four weeks aged seedlings of F. arundinacea, L. multiflorum, L. perenne and P. pratensis. The tested species - acceptor Ph. pratensis was sown in the density of 10 and 20 seeds in a pan. The results revealed that the germination of acceptor seeds was differentiated depending on their density in the pan, and on the species, density and the age of the donor. Inhibition of Ph. pratense seed germination in objects with a lover density may prove allelopathic effects of the studied donor grasses.
Induction of anthocyanins accumulation by methyl jasmonate in shoots of Crassula multicava Lam.
Authors: Saniewski Marian , Harbowicz Marcin , Puchalski Jerzy
Published: June 2013

In Crassula multicava Lam. anthocyanins are formed naturally mostly in the stem near nodes and only traces in other parts of internodes. Methyl jasmonate (JA-Me) applied in lanolin paste at concentrations of 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0% on the middle part of internodes greatly stimulated anthocyanins accumulation in the internodes and in the nodes of Crassula multicava. The stimulatory effect was higher in younger tissues of the Crassula multicava stem than in older ones, and depends on the used concentration of JA-Me. The possible role of jasmonates on anthocyanins formation in Crassula multicava is discussed.
The comparative analysis of anatomical traits of four largefruited hazelnut cultivars showing different susceptibility to filbert aphid (Myzocallis coryli Goetze) feeding
Authors: Weryszko-Chmielewska Elżbieta , Gantner Magdalena , Kostrzewska-Kuczumow Jadwiga
Published: June 2013

Investigations related to morphological and anatomical traits of leaves of four largefruited hazelnut (Corylus L.) cultivars characterised by different susceptibility to filbert aphid (Myzocallis coryli Goetze) feeding. The following parameters were measured: the thickness of leaf blade, the number of stomata, the length of secretory and mechanical hairs and their density on the leaf, the thickness of adaxial and abaxial epidermis and the thickness of their external cell walls. Observations of cross sections of the leaves were made in a light microscope and the surface of the adaxial epidermis was analysed in a scanning electron microscope. It was shown that leaves of the cultivars susceptible to M. coryli feeding had the thinnest leaf blade, especially in the main vein, and many more stomata. Besides, the cultivar most resistant to filbert aphid feeding, White Filbert, was marked by the largest height of the adaxial epidermis cells and the strongest striation of the cuticle in abaxial epidermis. On leaves of this cultivar, the number of mechanical hairs was the highest, while the lowest number of them was noted on Wonder from Bollwiller, the most susceptible cultivar.
Xanthium strumarium L. pollen concentration in aeroplankton of Lublin in the years 2003-2005
Authors: Weryszko-Chmielewska Elżbieta , Zwolan W. , Wolski T. , Baj T.
Published: June 2013

Xanthium strumarium (common cocklebur) pollen grains are included in allergenic types. During a three-year study (2003-2005) conducted by using the gravimetric method at two trap sites in Lublin, daily concentrations, maximum concentrations and annual sums of pollen grains, as well as the length of pollen seasons of this species were compared. The pollen season of common cocklebur starts in the first or second decade of July and lasts until the third decade of September. The length of the pollen season is 70-80 days. The highest cocklebur pollen concentrations, amounting to 40-59 z·cm-2, occurred between 8 and 18 August. The maximum cocklebur pollen concentrations differed slightly in particular trap sites over the period of three years of study. A statistically significant correlation between the Xanthium strumarium pollen concentration and average temperature was demonstrated only in one year of study (2004).
Comparative analysis of the concentration of fungal spores in the air of Lublin and Rzeszów (Eastern Poland)
Authors: Kasprzyk Idalia , Konopińska Aleksandra
Published: June 2013

Studies of the concentration of fungal spores were carried out in the cities of Lublin and Rzeszów simultaneously in 2002. At both sites the volumetric method of measurement was applied, using the Lanzoni VPPS 2000 trap. Only the allergenic taxa were analysed: Alternaria, Botrytis, Cladosporium, Drechslera type, Epicoccum, Torula, Stemphylium, Pithomyces, Polythrincium, and Ganoderma. The research showed considerable differences in the concentration and frequency of spores in the air at the sites compared. Higher mean concentrations of spores were usually observed in Lublin. Only for two taxa were the concentrations higher in Rzeszów. No significant differences were observed for the genus of Polythrincium and Torula. Also the lengths of periods of occurrence of the spores were determined using the 95% method. It was determined that the geobotanical conditions in Rzeszów have a positive effect on the lengthening of the presence of the spores in aeroplankton. The results of the observations were analysed statistically, which confirmed the occurrence of significant differences between the cities compared.
Fungi inhabiting healthy grapevine canes (Vitis spp.) in some nurseries
Authors: Król Ewa
Published: June 2013

The purpose of this study, conducted in the years 2000 - 2002, was to identify fungi species colonizing apparently healthy canes and to investigate whether canes storage modify the quantitative and qualitative composition of these fungi. The plant material was collected from 5 commercial plantations growing in various regions of Poland, taking into consideration 8 cultivars which were the most frequently cultivated. From each plantation and cultivar 20 apparently healthy canes were randomly sampled in two terms: before storage - November/December (term I) and 3-4 months after storage - February/March (term II). The results showed that from asymptomatic canes 2746 isolates of fungi belonging to 23 species were obtained, but the majority of them origined from canes analysed after storage. It was found that P. viticola is able to live latently within grapevine tissue in Polish conditions because isolates of this fungus from visually healty canes the all studied plantations and terms were obtained. Among the other fungi species inhabiting grapevine canes Alternaria alternata and Fusarium spp. dominated. Moreover, both in term I and term II Botrytis cinerea, Phoma spp., Epicoccum purpurascens and Cladosporium cladosporioides were frequently isolated, whereas fungi from the genus Acremonium only in the term I. Each time isolates of Trichoderma spp. and Gliocladium spp. were also obtained. Inhabitation of grapevine canes by various fungi species shown in the present experiment indicate the danger of pathogens spread with propagation material on the new plantations.
Flowering and fruiting intensity of small - sized tomato, due to the regulation of the quantity of light reaching the plant top
Authors: Dobromilska Renata , Kujath Katarzyna
Published: June 2013

The experiments were carried out in 2001-2003 in a high unheated plastic tunnel. The influence of reduction of leaves and application of reflection matter on flowering and fruiting of small-sized tomato was studied. The experiment focused on the following factors: methods of increasing the amount of light in plant tops (reflection matter, cutting leaves, reflection matter + cutting leaves) and cultivars of small sized tomato ('Conchita F1', 'Picolino F1'). The cutting of leaves and reflection matter mulching resulted in the increase of the intensity of radiation reaching plant tops and the reflected radiation. The above measures increasing the light access to plant tops significantly increased the number of flowers, germs and fruits. The reflection matter mulching along with cutting leaves resulted in the substantial growth of early yield of small-sized tomato. The 'Conchita F1' cultivar set a relatively greater number of flowers and fruits on a plant and in cluster than 'Picolino F1'.
The effect of the times and the budding methods on the quality of young trees and the nursery efficiency of cherry trees cv. 'Łutówka'
Authors: Baryła Piotr , Kapłan Magdalena
Published: June 2013

The studies concerning the effect of the times and the methods of budding on the growth of young cherry trees were conducted in the years 1997-2000 at Felin Experimental Farm of Lublin Agricultural University. The objects of investigations were the young cherry trees obtained as a result of budding of mahaleb cherry (Prunus mahaleb L.) and sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) seedlings in the way by the chip budding-15th July and T-budding-on the 15th July and the 1st September. The used terms and budding methods did not affect the bud taking and the quality of cherry trees during three years studies. Chip budding of the sweet cherry on the 15th July was the most effective way of this seedling budding. Late budding-on the 1st September-did not change the efficiency of the nursery only in case of mahaleb cherry. The highest number-33 000 of the young trees, average per 1 ha was got as a result of the chip and "T" mahaleb cherry budding on the 1st September.
The effect of the time and the budding method on the growth of young cherry trees cv. 'Łutówka'
Authors: Baryła Piotr
Published: June 2013

The studies concerning the effect of the time and the methods of budding on the growth of young cherry trees were conducted in the years at Felin Experimental Farm of Lublin Agricultural University. The objects of investigations were the young cherry trees obtained as a result of budding of mahaleb cherry (Prunus mahaleb L.) and sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) seedlings in the way by the chip budding-15th July and T-graft-15th July and 1st September. The used methods and the times of budding insignificantly affected the growth of young cherry trees cv. «Łutówka» in a nursery. There was showed that quality features of the trees were dependet on stock used type. Cherry trees obtained on mahaleb cherry were thicker, higher and better branched than on sweet cherry.
Fruiting phenology of some weed species in sowing of chosen cultivar plants
Authors: Wesołowski Marian
Published: June 2013

In the paper, the percentage shares of the phases of fruiting and diaspore shedding of some weed species during fodder beet, spring wheat and faba bean harvest are presented. The results of the study were gathered in the years 2000-2003 on river alluvial soil made from light loam. The experimental scheme included mechanical and chemical control of the cultivated plants. On weed-free objects treated with herbicides, the following herbicides were used: fodder beet - Buracyl 80 WP (lenacyl 80%) in dose 1 kg.ha-1; spring wheat - Chwastox Turbo 340 SL (MCPA + dicamba) in dose 2l.ha-1; faba-bean - Afalon (linuron 50%) in dose 1,5 kg.ha-1. Phenological observations were carried out at 10-day intervals beginning from the day of sowing the cultivated plant. It was proven that weeds had the most favourable conditions of fruiting and seed shedding in fodder beet and faba bean. Fruiting and shedding of most weed species were limited by herbicides, as well as cold years. The following weed species: fodder beet without herbicides - Lamium amplexicaule, Chenopodium polyspermum, Anagallis arvensis i Echinochloa crus-galli; fodder beet with herbicides - Convolvulus arvensis, Lamium purpureum i Echinochloa crus-galli; spring wheat without herbicides - Capsella bursa-pastoris i Fallopia convolvulus; spring wheat with herbicides - Avena fatua; faba been without herbicides - Galium aparine, Anagallis arvensis i Convolvulus arvensis; faba been with herbicides - Galium aparine, shed diaspores in the greatest degree.
Plant communities of the cultivated fields of the Podlaski Przełom Bugu mesoregion. Part 2. Cereal communities
Authors: Rzymowska Zofia , Skrzyczyńska Janina
Published: June 2013

Presence of communities without species characteristic for cereal associations was observed in the cultivations of the Podlaski Przełom Bugu mesoregion. Community Scleranthus annuus and community with species characteristic for alliance Aperion spica-venti were observed in winter cereals. Phytocoenoses similar in floristic composition to root cultivations were noted in spring cereals of the studied area. Plots of communities with participation of species characteristic for alliance Panico-Setarion were observed on loose soils while on more compact and fertile habitats community with species characteristic for Polygono-Chenopodion was noted.
Interleukin 8 and Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Allen Timothy Craig , Kurdowska Anna
Published: June 2013

Acute lung injury is a complex clinical syndrome involving acute inflammation, microvascular damage, and increased pulmonary vascular and epithelial permeability, frequently resulting in acute respiratory failure culminating in often-fatal acute respiratory distress syndrome. Interleukin 8 (IL-8), a potent neutrophil attractant and activator, plays a significant role in acute lung injury via the formation of anti–IL-8 autoantibody:IL-8 complexes and those complexes' interaction with FcγRIIa receptors, leading to the development of acute lung injury by, among other possible mechanisms, effecting neutrophil apoptosis. These complexes may also interact with lung endothelial cells in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Continuing research of the role of neutrophils, IL-8, anti–IL-8 autoantibody:IL-8 complexes, and FcγRIIa receptors may ultimately provide molecular therapies that could lower acute respiratory distress syndrome mortality, as well as reduce or even prevent the development of acute lung injury altogether.
Exploring Relationships Between Setting Up Complex Tasks and Opportunities to Learn in Concluding Whole-Class Discussions in Middle-Grades Mathematics Instruction
Authors: Jackson Kara , Garrison Anne , Wilson Jonee , Gibbons Lynsey , Shahan Emily
Published: June 2013

This article specifies how the setup, or introduction, of cognitively demanding tasks is a crucial phase of middle-grades mathematics instruction. We report on an empirical study of 165 middle-grades mathematics teachers' instruction that focused on how they introduced tasks and the relationship between how they introduced tasks and the nature of students' opportunities to learn mathematics in the concluding whole-class discussion. Findings suggest that in lessons in which (a) the setup supported students to develop common language to describe contextual features and mathematical relationships specific to the task and (b) the cognitive demand of the task was maintained in the setup, concluding whole-class discussions were characterized by higher quality opportunities to learn.
Questioning Assumptions about Race, Social Class and Crime Portrayal: An Analysis of Ten Years of Law and Order
Authors: Case Patricia
Published: June 2013

Social researchers have paid significant interest to the portrayal of non-whites and members of the lower classes in both news broadcasts and the fictional crime drama. They have also explored whether social programming uses educational entertainment to positively sway public opinion or as propaganda to support the status quo. Little has been done recently to determine the representation of intra- versus interracial crime in the crime drama. Also, there is the underlying assumption that may be taken almost a priori by viewers that criminals are more often portrayed as poor and non-white and victims are more often portrayed as whites with more resources. This study utilizes the first ten year of Law and Order, an immensely successful crime drama. It explores both the portrayal of victims and perpetrators by race and social class as well as an examination of how these topics are framed and communicated to the public. Descriptive statistics are used to determine whether the portrayal by race and social class is reflective of crime rates during the decades. A content analysis is used to determine if topics that deal specifically with these factors are designed to educate, maintain the status quo, or perhaps accomplish both goals.
A Circumscribed Commemoration: Mrs. Rudolph Anderson and the Canadian Arctic Expedition Memorial
Authors: Cavell Janice
Published: June 2013

In 1926 a plaque commemorating the sixteen men who died during the Canadian Arctic Expedition, 1913–1918 (CAE) was unveiled. The expedition was highly controversial because of the deep divide between the leader, Vilhjalmur Stefansson, and the scientists of the expedition, many of whom were civil servants. Despite their official positions, the scientists were under constraints that blocked their efforts to secure public recognition of their dead colleagues’ services to Canada. Belle Allstrand Anderson, the wife of scientist Rudolph Anderson, was theoretically under even more stringent constraints. Yet, using her persona of devoted wife and her connections with the bereaved families — especially the wives and mothers of the dead men — she successfully negotiated the creation of the memorial. The personal and gendered element in its history gives the CAE memorial an unusual position among state-sponsored commemorations. Recent scholarship has placed increasing emphasis on the role played by intimate domestic relations in the history of polar exploration. Drawing on the Andersons’ extensive personal archive, this paper examines the interplay between the domestic and the political in the commemoration of what was perhaps the most significant twentieth-century Canadian venture in the Far North.
Irene Baird’s ‘North and South’ in The Climate of Power
Authors: Sangster Joan
Published: June 2013

This article explores the production and publication of The Climate of Power, Irene Baird’s fictionalized account of the post-World War II Ottawa civil service and its interactions with administrators and Indigenous peoples in the Canadian Arctic. While written primarily as a satirical exploration of the Ottawa political scene, particularly the bureaucracy and its policies in the North, the book also reveals much about the gendered nature of the Ottawa bureaucracy, a decidedly masculine space of power. Baird’s experience as an information officer in the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs left her with a rich archive of ideas and impressions about northern development. Her observations are incorporated into the novel as critical social commentary on the ‘contact zones’ of north and south, the colonial space in which unequal encounters between white settlers and Indigenous peoples took place.
Engendering Nationality: Haudenosaunee Tradition, Sport, and the Lines of Gender1
Authors: Downey Allan
Published: June 2013

The Native game of lacrosse has undergone a considerable amount of change since it
was appropriated from Aboriginal peoples beginning in the 1840s. Through this reformulation,
non-Native Canadians attempted to establish a national identity through the sport and barred
Aboriginal athletes from championship competitions. And yet, lacrosse remained a significant
element of Aboriginal culture, spirituality, and the Native originators continued to play
the game beyond the non-Native championship classifications. Despite their absence from
championship play the Aboriginal roots of lacrosse were zealously celebrated as a form of
North American antiquity by non-Aboriginals and through this persistence Natives developed
their own identity as players of the sport. Ousted from international competition for more
than a century, this article examines the formation of the Iroquois Nationals
(lacrosse team representing the Haudenosaunee Confederacy in international competition)
between 1983-1990 and their struggle to re-enter international competition as a sovereign
nation. It will demonstrate how the Iroquois Nationals were a symbolic element of a
larger resurgence of Haudenosaunee “traditionalism” and how the team was a catalyst for
unmasking intercommunity conflicts between that traditionalism—engrained within the
Haudenosaunee’s “traditional” Longhouse religion, culture, and gender constructions— and new
political adaptations.
History, Interactive Technology and Pedagogy: Past Successes and Future Directions
Authors: Brier Stephen
Published: June 2013

Based on a keynote presentation at the 2012 Canadian Historical Association conference, this paper surveys the state of digital technology and its impact on academic publication and teaching in the contemporary university. Focusing on the dramatic rise of the Digital Humanities in the last few years, the paper examines alternative forms of peer review, academic scholarship and publication, and classroom teaching as they have been reshaped by the adoption of a variety of digital technologies and formats, including open-access, online peer reviewing, use of databases and visualization techniques in humanities work, online journal publication, and the use of blogs and wikis as teaching tools. Examining the digital production and education work of the American Social History Project at CUNY, which he co-founded, and the Interactive Technology and Pedagogy doctoral certificate program that he heads at the CUNY Graduate Center, the author discusses a range of digital projects and approaches designed to improve the quality of teaching and learning in college classrooms.
Pain in Medieval and Modern Contexts
Authors: Trembinski Donna
Published: June 2013

Intellectual historians of the High Middle Ages have generally argued that scholastic medicine had little influence on the study of theology in medieval universities, especially in the thirteenth century. Yet three chairs of theology at the University of Paris in the early 1200s had previous careers as physicians. Their extant work suggests that they did turn to their medical roots to explicate theological problems, sometimes rarely, as in the work of Guerric of St. Quentin, but sometimes more often as in the work of Roland of Cremona. Indeed Roland’s work on human and divine emotions, including his discussions of sadness and pain, demonstrates that Roland was dedicated to integrating his medical learning into his theological arguments and to ensuring that the positions of his medical training were in agreement with the theological arguments he made. A short conclusion suggests historiographical reasons for why the medical influence on early Parisian theological treatises has generally been overlooked, pointing to the separate nature of study of mind and body that has occurred since the rise of Cartesian dualism in the seventeenth century.
Icons in Motion: Sacred Aura and Religious Identity in Late Tsarist Russia
Authors: Chulos Chris J.
Published: June 2013

Throughout Russian Orthodox history the icon has been an important part of the visual and emotional experience of the faithful. Icons that exhibited wondrous powers inspired pilgrimages to their shrines and requests for temporary visitations to local communities hoping that this mobile sacred aura would protect against epidemics or crop failure. As Russia’s autocracy began the long process of modernization in the 1860s and 1870s, loans of wondrous icons became increasingly commonplace as newly literate peasants read about these sacred images in the emerging religious and secular press. Faced with the untested medical and agricultural practices that were being brought to the countryside by educated outsiders, peasant believers supplemented these new techniques with processions honoring wondrous icons. In this way wondrous icons served as important bridges between traditional and modern life as they provided spiritual, physical, and psychological comfort to believers in an uncertain and changing world. For communities whose visitation requests were denied and for believers who wanted their own personal reminder of sacred aura, mass icon reproduction filled this need as millions of copies were manufactured and distributed for free or at negligible cost. The rise in requests for icon visitations and the proliferation of cheaply produced sacred images troubled Church authorities who, facing growing criticism from secular and revolutionary activists and the new religious toleration law of 1905, struggled to bring these popular forms of folk piety within the institutional and bureaucratic structure of Orthodoxy without dampening religious fervor. As spiritual essence emanated from shrines to local communities of believers through visitations and reproductions believers were reminded of the fundamental cultural fragments that bound them together as members of the same faith and as inheritors and creators of modern Orthodox experience as Russia became increasingly modern, secular, and revolutionary.
Oxfam Aid to Canada’s First Nations, 1962–1975: Eating Lynx, Starving for Jobs, and Flying a Talking Bird
Authors: Marshall Dominique , Sterparn Julia
Published: June 2013

The first project financed by Oxfam Canada after its incorporation in 1962 was an emergency relief operation towards First Nations in Northern Manitoba, which made national headlines. A decade later, Oxfam Canada funded the floating plane of the Yukon Native Brotherhood, to foster communications between distant First Nations communities of the far north. The ship ended up carrying many of the aboriginal politicians who launched the modern round of reclamations for land claims and aboriginal rights. A close study of the actors and ideas at stake shows how the British-born NGO had to face the disapproval of provincial and federal authorities, and of churches traditionally responsible for Indian welfare, for the embarrassment it brought them. As the British and Canadian humanitarians considered the deeper economic, political and cultural stakes of aboriginal hardships, each step of their interventions called for decisions about the extent and the nature of their involvement in Canada’ Indian policy, the new kind of industrial relations brought to the North by large projects of exploitation of natural resources, and the unequal development of the universal welfare state for First Nations. In turn, these external demands revealed and shaped Oxfam’s very structure of governance, and its own internal debates between charity and justice, neutrality and support for movements of colonial liberation, and the often competing goals of large fundraising and education of the Euro-Canadan public about the global South.
Résilience, appartenance et tourisme à Nain, Nunatsiavut
Authors: Harvey Lemelin Raynald , Dawson Jackie , Johnston Margaret E. , Stewart Emma J. , Mattina Charlie
Published: June 2013

Dans le cadre de notre projet de recherche sur la vulnérabilité et la résilience du tourisme dans l’Arctique, nous avons évalué les interactions entre le changement climatique et le tourisme dans les communautés de l’Arctique canadien. Dans cet article, nous nous intéressons à la capacité d’adaptation en présentant les résultats d’entrevues menées à Nain au Nunatsiavut, dans la province de Terre-Neuve-et-Labrador. Alors que de nombreux résidents ont manifesté leur enthousiasme à propos de la nouvelle désignation de leur communauté en tant que point d’entrée du parc national du Canada des Monts-Torngat, il y avait aussi une insatisfaction par rapport à certains aspects du nouveau parc, comme le manque de possibilités d’emplois locaux. Certains se sont montrés optimistes à propos du potentiel encore inexploité que constitue le tourisme (de la croisière aux visites écotouristiques accompagnées de guides locaux), alors que d’autres ont manifesté leur inquiétude. En tenant compte du fait que le développement touristique au Nunatsiavut en est à ses débuts, nous concluons que les stratégies d’adaptation devraient continuer à mettre l’accent sur l’éducation et viser l’information et la mobilisation des résidents dans les initiatives locales et régionales.
Tourisme de croisière et communautés éloignées au Groenland
Authors: Tommasini Daniela
Published: June 2013

Ces dernières années, Greenland Tourism, l’organisation nationale du tourisme au Groenland, a eu pour politique d’encourager fortement les croisières. De grands paquebots, transportant parfois jusqu’à 3000 passagers, essayent d’aller de plus en plus au nord pour montrer aux touristes des sites et des communautés éloignées. Un bref historique du développement du tourisme au Groenland montre que ce dernier a toujours été planifié avec des moyens locaux mais que celui des croisières a pris progressivement de l’ampleur. Fortement encouragé, ce secteur poursuit sa croissance tant sur le plan du nombre des visiteurs que sur celui de la recherche de destinations nouvelles sur les rivages du Groenland. Dans ses périples, le tourisme de croisière recherche les lieux les plus marquants et les plus «typiques». Il s’agit le plus souvent de lieux périphériques et isolés qui sont habités par de petites communautés. Ces dernières vivent au quotidien une crise économique et sociale assez importante et le tourisme est considéré comme une option de développement pouvant diversifier et accroître leurs revenus. En prenant comme exemples quatre communautés du Groenland (Ukkusissat, Itilleq, Qaanaaq et Ittoqqortoormiit), l’auteure discute des impacts et des bénéfices du tourisme de croisière sur ces communautés qui n’ont pas toujours les infrastructures pour accueillir les touristes qui viennent les visiter pour quelques heures et souvent en grand nombre. Les points de vue de la population locale sont aussi présentés.
Renewable-Energy Education for Mechanical Engineering Undergraduate Students
Authors: Islam Mazharul , Amin M. Ruhul
Published: June 2013

Mechanical engineering (ME) encompasses a broad array of topics and subjects. A significant portion of renewable-energy technologies (RETs) can be directly or indirectly linked with different ME undergraduate courses or specializations. Gradually, the job markets for diverse fields of RETs are emerging for ME graduates. It will be beneficial for students to be well aware of the fundamentals of different RETs. This paper highlights the significance of different renewable sources of energy along with their contributions in the present global energy scenario. The diverse emerging modern technological options to harness these energy sources are discussed from an ME perspective. Finally, a model undergraduate ME course on the fundamentals of renewable energy is outlined.
Notes on the Centre of Shear
Authors: Ecsedi István , Baksa Attila
Published: June 2013

Two methods are known for calculating the position of the shear centre of a bar. By using them we obtain different results. Some authors state that the position of the centre of shear depends on the Poisson ratio, whereas others that it does not. The purpose of this paper is to give a new interpretation for this disagreement.