bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two New Trematodes fromPetropedates natatorBoulenger, in Sierra Leone
Authors: Williams Modupe O. , Coker Millicent R.
Published: June 2009

1. A number of frogs (Petropedates natator) from a stream at Mount Aureol, Freetown, Sierra Leone were found to be infected with two species of trematodes in the intestine and one species of trematode in the lung.

2. One of the trematodes from the intestine is considered to be a new species and namedPlenrogenoides peiropedatisand the trematode from the lung is considered to be a new subspecies and namedHaematoloechus (Haematoloechus) variegatus leonensis.
Acquired Immunity to Trichostrongylus axei in Lambs: Investigations of the Development of Immune Competence
Authors: Ross J. G.
Published: June 2009

Investigations are described in which lambs were given either 1,000 or 5,000 3rd stage infected larvae of T. axei at 2, G, or 10 weeks age and were subsequently challenged with 200,000 3rd stage larvae at either 5 or 7 months of age. The immunity acquired following primary infection was manifest by a reduction in the numbers and size of the worms developing after challenge infection.
The Migration Route of the Third Stage Larvae ofNippostrongylus brasiliensis(Travassos, 1914)
Authors: Clarke Karen R.
Published: June 2009

1. 24: rats were infected with 5,000 N.brasiliensislarvae and were examined hourly from 12 to 24 hours after infection for larvae in the blood and the lymph nodes.

2. Larvae were found in small numbers in the blood and the lymph nodes; the maximum number of positive blood samples occurring sooner after infection than the maximum number of positive lymph nodes.

3. These results were discussed particularly in relation to the timing of the skin to lung migration, and it was concluded that the larvae ofN. brasiliensismigrate mainly in the blood but also in the lymph.
The Mode of Attachment within the Host of Acanthocephalus ranae (Schrank, 1788), Luhe, 1911
Authors: Hammond R. A.
Published: June 2009

It has been suggested (Hammond, 1967) that Acanthocephalus ranae absorbs a large proportion of its nutrients through the surface of the trunk, while lipids may be excreted through the surface of the proboscis. The performance of these functions by the proboscis and trunk may well be affected by the mode of attachment of the parasite, and by its behaviour within the host.

The working of the proboscis apparatus of Acanthocephalus ranae has been described (Hammond, 1966a), but its operation in attaching parasite to host has been outlined only briefly (Hammond, 1965).
On the Growth and Maturation of Fasciola hepatica L. in the Mouse
Authors: Dawes Ben
Published: June 2009

1. The recovery of nearly 400 specimens of Fasciola hepatica from experimental infections of the mouse, representing 20 stages covering the period from the first day of infection to maturity at 37 days, has made possible for the first time a study of growth and maturation. Flukes have reached the bile duct on the 32nd day of infection, and in two instances reached this final location on the 29th and 24th days.
Studies onOnchocerca cervicalisRailliet and Henry 1910 microfilariae in the jird,Meriones unguiculatus
Authors: Rabalais Francis C.
Published: June 2009

Microfilariae ofOnchocerca cervicaliswere injected subcutaneously into jirds,Meriones unguiculatus. At 72 hours post-inoculation the microfilariae had redistributed and the distribution pattern remained stable for approximately 100 days. Live active microfilariae were recovered from jird skin 168 days post-inoculation.

Fifty nine per cent of the microfilariae recovered at 72 hours were from the skin of the tail and inguinal region. The inguinal region was the preferred site in male hosts and the tail in females, the difference in distribution being attributed to temperature differences in the inguinal region of the hosts. It is suggested that the microfilariae migrate along a thermal gradient rather than at random.
The larva of Echinobothrium reesae Ramadevi, 1969 (Cestoda: Diphyllidea) from the body cavity of a pasiphaeid crustacean Leptochela aculeocaudata Paulson, 1875
Authors: Ramadevi P. , Rao K. Hanumantha
Published: June 2009

The structure and affinities of the progenctic larva of Echinobothrium reesae Ramadevi, 1969, are described and discussed.
A comparison of the pathogenicity of two strains of Schistosoma mansoni in Cercopithecus aethiops monkeys in the Sudan
Authors: Saeed A. A. , Hussein M. F.
Published: June 2009

A comparative study on the pathogenicity of two strains of Schistosoma mansoni one from Bor District and the other from the Gezira in the Sudan, using Cercopithecus aethiops monkeys as experimental hosts. The results, which were based on the assessment of various clinical, parasitological and pathological parameters, indicated that Bor strain was responsible for a more severe type of disease than its Gezira counterpart. Monkeys infected with Bor parasite generally revealed higher worm and egg loads, more marked changes in
Hb content and body weight gain and more extensive lesions in the liver and two monkeys died.

In the Sudan, it has often been noted that the disease produced by Schistosoma mansoni, as observed among patients from Bor District in the Southern Region, is far more severe than that usually encountered in those from the Gezira in the northern part of the country. These two areas which are about 500 miles apart differ widely in their climate, indigenous population, and social and economic status. It has been suspected that differences in the pathogenicity of the local S. mansoni strains may be one of the important factors determining the clinical presentation of the disease. Accordingly, a comparison of these two strains was undertaken, using the green monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops, as an experimental model. These animals varied in their response to the schistosomal infection, irrespective of the strain used, but the group infected with the Bor strain generally suffered from a more severe illness than their counterparts infected with the Gezira form of the parasite. This was evidenced by the higher worm and egg loads, and consequently the more severe clinical and pathological effects shown by the former group.
Cephalic Structures in the Microfilaria of Chandlerella hawkingi
Authors: Bano S. , Sen A.B.
Published: June 2009

Microfilariae of Chandlerella hawkingi, a filarial parasite of the Indian jungle crow Corvus macrorhynchos Wagler, have been studied using the special staining techniques of Laurence and Simpson (1969). At the tip of the cephalic space a fang-like hook, bifurcated at the base, was visible. Near the hook four equilateral triangle-shaped spines could be seen arranged in a transverse row. There is a well defined oral ring. The pharyngeal thread starts as a funnel-shaped structure to end in the Innenkorper situated in the posterior third of the body.
Morphology ofEuclinostomum heterostomum(Rudolphi, 1809) Trematoda: Clinostomatidae) fromBulbicus ibis
Authors: Dennis Emmet A. , Sharp Marian
Published: June 2009

Adult stages ofEuclinostomum heterostomum(Rudolphi, 1809) were collected from the oral cavity and oesophagus ofBulbicusibis in Liberia, West Africa. Structural relationships within the trematodes are clarified. A prepharynx from the oral sucker leads to a well developed pharynx to which the intestinal caeca communicate via a bulb-shaped oesophagus. The origin and extent of gonadal ducts are described including a Laurer's canal, whose aperture is dorsal. A discussion of the characters previously used to differentiate species ofEuclinostomumcorroborates the views expressed by Ukoli (1996) that the genus consists of two distinct species, E.heterostomum(Rudolphi, 1809) and E.multacaecumTubangui and Maslungan, 1935. E.shrjabiniKurashvili, 1948 is proposed as a synonym of E.heterostomum. A compilation of the range in measurements of the adult and metacercarial stages of E.heterostomumis presented in the form of a table.
The Conglutinating Complement Absorption Test for the Sero-diagnosis of Cysticercus tenuicollis Infection in Sheep and Goats
Authors: Varma T. L. , Kulshrespha S. B. , Rao B. V. , Kumar S.
Published: June 2009

The conglutinating complement absorption test (CCAT) has been used to detect Cysticercus tenuicollis (Taenia hydatigena cysticercus) infection in sheep and goats. Sera from naturally infected sheep and goats showing a titre above 1:40 were considered positive for cysticercosis. Experimentally infected lambs gave a higher antibody response than sheep and goats.
Some Observations on the Behaviour of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in different kinds of Laboratory Animals
Authors: Gharib H. M.
Published: June 2009

(1) Rats and mice are specific hosts to N. brasiliensis.

(2) The life span of the parasite may reach up to 100 days in the rat but is much shorter in other experimental animals.

(3) Chickens do not become infected with this parasite.

(4) It was found that the route of migration of this parasite inside the body to the lungs was via the lymph system and not via the blood in all experimental animals.

(5) The larvae, after application to the skin, reach the lymph glands draining the site of infection, not before 12 hours ; and they reach the lungs at 18 hours after exposure to infection.
Studies on Larval Trematodes Infecting Freshwater Snails in London (U.K.) and Some Adjoining Areas. Part III. “Lophocercous” Cercariae
Authors: Khan D.
Published: June 2009

Representatives of the ‘Lophocercous’ group are recorded from Britain for the first time. Two new species are described and a summary of the classification of this group is discussed.
The cercaria and metacercaria of Galactosomum ussuriense Oshmarin, 1963 (Trematoda: Heterophyidae)
Authors: Rekharani Z. , Madhavi R.
Published: June 2009

Magnacercous cercariae with heavily pigmented tails and possessing a pair of eyespots and seven pairs of penetration glands, some of which are para vesicular, were found to develop in the prosobranch gastropod, Cerithium coralium collected from a brackish water locality at Bheemunipatnam, A. P. India. The cercariae developed into metacercariae of Galactosomum ussuriense in the viscera of the fish Therapon jarbua. Successive stages in the development of metacercaria from the cercaria were followed. Natural infections with metacercariae were found in T. jarbua, Valamugil cunnesius and Megalops cyprinoides. The definitive host of G. ussuriense in the present area of investigation is still not known. This represents the second account of part of a life-cycle in the genus Galactosomum.
Studies on the abomasal pathology of immunized and non-immunized sheep infected with Haemonchus contortus
Authors: Salman S. K. , Duncan J. L.
Published: June 2009

Five adult ewes and five lambs were repeatedly immunized with weekly doses of 10,000 irradiated Haemonchus contortus L3 before challenge with 100,000 and 10,000 normal larvae respectively. Two groups of non-immunized ewes and lambs were similarly challenged and one animal from each of the four groups killed on days 3,5,7,10 and 24 post-challenge. The cellular changes in the abomasal mucosa were less marked in the non-immunized groups than in the immunized animals and appeared later in the lambs than in the ewes. Thus, in the immunized ewes increases in the numbers of mast cells and eosinophils were evident within five days of challenge whereas similar changes appeared later in the immunized lambs. Also marked lymphoid aggregates at the base of the mucosa and in the submucosa were detected only in the immunized ewes. However, both immunized and non-immunized ewes showed rises in the numbers of IgA plasma cells after challenge which were not evident in either group of Iambs.
Non-specific alkaline phosphomonoesterases of eight species of digenetic trematodes
Authors: Nizami Wajih A. , Siddiqi Ather H. , Yusufi A. N. K.
Published: June 2009

Alkaline phosphatases from different trematodes occupying the same habitat have identical pH optima but different levels of enzyme activities.Isoparorchis hypselobagri, from the fishWallago attu, shows four to six times more enzyme activity thanFasciolopsis buski, Gastrodiscoides hominis and Echinostoma malayanum, from the pigSus scrofa, andFasciola gigantica, Gigantocotyle explanatum, Cotylophoron cotylophorumandGastrothylax crumenifer, from the buffaloBubalus bubalis.

At least two peaks of activity at different levels of pH were obtained for each trematode examined. BothGastrodiscoides hominisandIsoparorchis hypselobagrienzymes had three peaks of alkaline phosphatase activity.

The optimum temperature for maximum enzyme activity was 40°C, above which rapid inactivation occurred. At temperatures below 40°C, the enzymes of fish and mammalian trematodes did not behave similarly;I. hypselobagrienzyme being active over a wider range of temperature (20°–40°C.

Various concentrations of KCN and arsenate proportionately inhibited enzyme activity. NaF did not significantly influence enzyme activity, while Mg++and CO++acted as activators. The extent of inhibition or activation of enzyme activity of different trematodes varied, probably due to species differences. Both inhibition and activation ofI. hypselobagrienzyme was higher than in the case of other trematodes.
The growth of the metacestodes of Taenia crassiceps in white mice
Authors: Chernin Jack
Published: June 2009

The effect of the sex of the intermediate host on the growth and development of the metacestodes of Taenia crassiceps has been investigated. Three different strains of mice were used, the C R S, L A C A and C F L P strains and two strains of metacestode, the Toi and the E R S strains.

The results show that metacestodes of T. crassiceps grow and multiply more rapidly in female than in male mice, although both sexes are equally susceptible to the infection. The origin of the parasite, i.e., from a rat or mouse host, affects the parasite growth.
The pathology of experimentalSchistosoma bovisinfection in sheep
Authors: Hussein M. F. , Bushara H. O. , Ali K. E.
Published: June 2009

Five desert sheep were exposed to 5000 or 10000Schistosoma boviscercariae each, and the parasitological, clinical and pathological parameters were recorded. The pre-patent period was approximately 7 weeks and from that time onwards, the animals became progressively ill and emaciated. Following necropsy at the 12th week, a percentage schistosome recovery ranging from 36%—63.6% was found, and there were high egg densities in the intestinal tract and the liver. These organs revealed severe pathological lesions which were described in detail along with the changes occurring in other tissues.
Studies on trematodes of the genus Lecithodendrium Looss, 1896 from some Egyptian bats, with a description of two new species
Authors: Saoud M. F. A. , Ramadan M. M.
Published: June 2009

The genus Lecithodendrium Looss, 1896 is reviewed and its prevalence in some Egyptian bats is reported. Lecithodendrium aegyptiacus n.sp. is described from Asellia tridens tridens and Rhinopoma hardwickei cystops. It can be easily differentiated from other species of the genus by the lobulation of the ovary and testes and the presence of tegumental spines all over the body of the trematode. Lecithodendrium duboisi n.sp. is described from Taphozous nudiventris nudiventris. It differs from the other known species of the genus by the characteristic arrangement of the vitellaria in the form of a continuous band posterior to the testes, while in the other species of the genus the vitellaria occur in the form of two separate clusters of posttesticular vitelline follicles.
Durinema a Nematode Genus belonging to the Family Belondiridae Thome, 1939
Authors: Jairajpuri M. Shamim
Published: June 2009

A detailed description and affinities of Durinema gracile, a nematode genus belonging to the family Belondiridae Thome, 1939 collected from Veraval (Gujarat) and Saharanpur (U.P.), India, are provided. It is characterized by its prominent lips, short, slightly dorsally arcuate spear, rod-like extensions, sheath of spiral muscles around the basal expanded portion of oesophagus, two ovaries and a conoid tail.
Cooling Ponds and Heated Industrial Waters as Potential Environments of Schistosomiasis in Britain
Authors: Markowski S.
Published: June 2009

An investigation was made to determine whether British species of freshwater snail can reproduce in warm water and become susceptible to infection by Schistosoma mansoni. Twenty-seven species were cultured at 20 and 26°C, and it was found that most of them could reproduce at these temperatures. Sixteen species were exposed at the same temperature to miracidia of S. mansoni of the Egyptian, Liberian and Puerto Rican strains; a cyst was found in A plexa hypnorum exposed to the Egyptian strain, which could be attributed as being a juvenile stage of a sporocyst, but no positive conclusions can be drawn.
The Structure and Histochemistry of some Trematode Metacercarial Cysts
Authors: Asanji M. F. , Williams M. O.
Published: June 2009

The nature and histochemistry of the metacercarial cyst wall of five species of trematodes of different ecological habitats was investigated. Both structurally and chemically, the cysts of Posthodiplostomum sp. and Posthodiplostomoides leoncnsis are similar. They differ from the metacercarial cysts of Parorchis acanthus, Posthodiplostomum nanum and Clinostomum tilapiae
Developing protoscoleces ofEchinococcus granulosuson the outer surface of the brood capsule, detected by scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Thompson R. C. A.
Published: June 2009

By means of scanning electron microscopy, stalked protrusions were observed arising from the outer surface of intact brood capsules ofEchinococcus granulosus. Histological studies showed these protrusions to be developing protoscoleces. However, complete development is not attained and the protoscoleces eventually die. It is suggested that external development is a result of overcrowding within the brood capsule.
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of helminth fauna in Rattus rattus rufescens
Authors: Nama H. S. , Parihar Aruna
Published: June 2009

A hclminthological survey of 149 house rats in Jodhpur during the year 1975 revealed infection with 8 helminth species: 4 cestodes, Vampirolepis fraterna, Hymenolepis diminuta, Mathevotaenia symmetrica and Taenia taenlaeformis (larval stage); 3 nematodes, Aspiculuris pakistanica, Rictularia ratti and Syphacia sp. and one acanthocephalan, Moniliformis sp. Vampirolepis fratema, H. diminuta and A.pakistanica were most common, R.ratti and M. symmetrica less frequent, and T. taeniaeformis, Syphacia sp. and Moniliformis sp. of occasional occurrence. Multiple infections were more frequent among male than female hosts.
Application of a ‘Standardized factor‘ to egg counting techniques for better prediction of worm burdens
Authors: Sinniah B. , Sinniah D. , Subramaniam K.
Published: June 2009

The reliability of Stoll's dilution egg count technique, Beaver's direct smear technique and Katz's modified thick smear technique were evaluated on patients with ascariasis. Studies revealed that the modified thick smear technique appears to be more reliable and accurate. The use of these three techniques revealed a significant correlation between the number of eggs per gram (e.p.g.) and worm load. Following the introduction of a standardized factor in a study of 30 patients with worm infections, a highly significant correlation was obtained between the e.p.g. and the worm load for all three techniques. The use of a Standardized Factor is recommended for better prediction of the worm burden. The results of this study reveal that a female Ascaris lumbricoides lays an average of 218,094 (range 82,251–365,200) eggs daily. The ratio of male to female A. lumbricoides was 1:1·4
Schistosoma mansoni: an in vivo study of drug-induced autophagy in the gastrodermis
Authors: Clarkson Johanna , Erasmus D. A.
Published: June 2009

The effects of Astiban, Lucanthone, Hycanthone and Niridazole on autophagic activities in the gastrodermis of Schistosoma mansoni were determined in vivo, using different dosage levels and dosage times. With Astiban, high levels of autophagy were observed in the gastrodermis 2 hours after an injection of the drug into the mouse, and this response had declined by 20 hours, marking a recovery by the parasite from the drug. Hycanthone and Lucanthone produced an autophagic response several days after the onset of treatment, and no recovery was observed in the morphology of the gastrodermis after the drug was discontinued. The effects of Niridazole on the gastrodermis were to produce the most dramatic ultrastructural changes after high doses and over several days of treatment. With all the drugs examined, gastrodermal autophagy was characterized by the formation of vacuoles containing cell components, lipid droplets and sometimes hydrolytic enzyme reaction product. The autophagic vacuoles appeared to be formed by the sequestration of cytoplasmic material by the basal membrane infoldings, and the transfer of enzymes into the vacuole from within the limiting membrane. The residues from intracellular digestion appeared to be emptied into the caecal lumen.
Microfilarial periodicity in Mastomys natalensis
Authors: Reddy A.B. , Chandrashekar R. , Chandrashekar R. , Chandrashekar R. , Chandrashekar R. , Chandrashekar R. , Rao U.R. , Subrahmanyam D.
Published: June 2009

The microfilarial level in the peripheral blood of Mastomys natalensis infected with the filarial parasites, Litomosoides carinii, Brugia pahangi, B. malayi and Dipetalonema viteae was monitored at two-hour intervals for 24 hours. The microfilariae of B. pahangi and B. malayi exhibited nocturnal and diurnal subperiodicity, respectively; no such periodicty was seen in L. carinii and D. viteae infections.

The level of B. pahangi and D. viteae microfilariae in peripheral blood was significantly increased when the host was anaesthetized with diethylether or pentothal sodium. Ether-induced anaesthesia had no effect on tne level of B. malayi microfilariae but pentothal was most effective. The peripheral blood count of L. carinii microfilariae tended to decrease in the anaesthetized animals but the reduction was not statistically significant.
Litomosoides cariniiin jirds (Meriones unguiculatus): ability to retard development of challenge larvae can be transferred with cells and serum
Authors: Weiner David J. , Abraham David , D'antonio Robert
Published: June 2009

To test the ability of cells and/or serum from jirds (Meriones unguiculatus) infected withLitomosoides cariniito transfer the ability to retard development of challenge larvae, a series of transfer experiments were done. Groups of jirds received larval challenge preceded by one of eight preparations: spleen cells and/or serum from 10-day-patent infected jirds; normal spleen cells and/or normal serum; primary larvae; challenge larvae only.

No significant differences in size or numbers of larvae recovered were found among groups receiving either cells or serum only. However, significant differences in larval size were found between groups receiving both cells and serum from infected donors and those receiving normal cells and serum. These comparisons indicate that the ability of infected jirds to retard development of challenge infection larvae can be transferred with cells and serum together but not separately.
The histopathology of Neoechinorhynchus hutchinsoni Datta, 1936 (Neoacanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae) infection in Nemacheilus kashmirensis Hora
Authors: Raina M.K. , Koul PL
Published: June 2009

Histopathological studies of Neoechinorhynchus hutchinsoni infection in Nemacheilus kashmirensis show partial or complete damage of the host intestinal wall, depending upon the degree of penetration. Increased number of goblet cells are seen at the site of unperforated wounds but where the intestinal wall is completely perforated the goblet cells were undifferentiated. The parasite destroys the mucosa, lamina propria, muscle layer and serosa leading to perforation. This report of perforation by Neoechinorhynchus hutchinsoni is the first in the genus Neoechinorhynchus.
A comparative study of the death of schistosomula ofSchistosoma haematobiumandSchistosoma mansoniin the skin of mice and hamsters
Authors: Ghandour A. M. , Webbe G.
Published: June 2009

This study shows that some cercariae ofS. haematobiumandS. mansonidie during penetration of mouse or hamster skin.

Approximately 30–38% of cercariae of both species die in mouse skin and 14–16% die in hamster skin. The greater number of cercariae which die in the skin of mice seems to account for the higher yield of adult worms recovered in hamsters. Adult worm recoveries from animals infected withS. haematobiumwere, however, only about half the worm recoveries from hosts infected withS. mansoni.
The anthelmintic effects of a new compound “E” (Friedheim) onOnchocerca gutturosain the cow—a possible tertiary screening system for drug action againstO. volvulusin man
Authors: Denham D. A. , Mellor P.
Published: June 2009

Three cows were treated with different levels of compound “E” which is known to have strong filaricidal activity. In all three animals the number of microfilariae ofOnchocerca gutturosadeclined after treatment. At autopsy most of the adult worms found were dead and in those still living embryogenesis appeared to have ceased.

It is concluded that, despite the disadvantages, this system represents a possible way of assessing onchocercicidal activity before undertaking human trials.
The Experimental Transmission of the Spirochaete of European Relapsing Fever to Rats and Mice
Authors: Bayon H.
Published: June 2009

On clinical grounds alone sufficient evidence is available to postulate that European relapsing fever and Central African tick-fever are caused by different, though closely allied, organisms. However, as the spirochaetes of both diseases are morphologically identical (Schellack, 1908; Darling, 1909), I should like to record some experiments and observations I made during the winter of 1910–11 in Moscow, so as to give an exact impression of the difficulty or ease with which Spirochaeta recurrentis can be transmitted to mice when compared with S. duttoni under the same conditions. Moreover, I wish to describe some appearances in S. recurrentis, the exact counterpart of which have not so far been published in the case of any blood spirochaete.
The Sensory Perceptions of Argas persicus (Oken)
Authors: Hindle Edward , Merriman Gordon
Published: June 2009

1. All stages of Argas persicus are negatively phototropic. In addition, they are also susceptible to pronounced differences in the intensity of the illumination and select the darker places.

2. In the gorged state, the ticks are slightly positively geotropic. In the unfed state, this property is not developed.

3. At all stages the tick endeavours to bring as much of its surface as possible in contact with its surroundings.

4. A. persicus is attracted by heat.

5. In all stages an olfactory sense is well developed.

6. “Haller's organ” is olfactory in function and constitutes a means by which a tick is able to recognise its host. By depriving ticks of this organ it is possible by suitable means to cause them to feed on media other than blood, thus showing that a sense of taste is absent. Argas persicus, Ornithodorus moubata and Hyalomma aegyptium have all given similar results with regard to the latter point and we believe that this constitutes a method by which perhaps other blood-sucking arthropods, after being deprived of the organ or organs necessary for the recognition of their hosts, may be made to feed on any desired medium.
Gastrothylax bubalis, n. sp. with a few Notes on the Genus Gastrothylax (Poirier)
Authors: Innes J. Alexander
Published: June 2009

The trematode described in this paper was found by Dr Alexander Brown, British Central Africa, in the stomach of a Rhodesian hartebeest (Bubalis sp.). About 120 specimens were collected and placed at my disposal for investigation by Dr John Rennie, Lecturer on Parasitology in this University, to whom I am much indebted for the use of the interesting material. The specimens proved to belong to a new species to which the name Gastrothylax bubalis has been given. Although a fuller knowledge of recorded species rather than the recovery of new trematodes is to be desired, it is hoped that the description of this parasite may be interesting from the fact that the genus includes only ten other known species.
Acid phosphatase activity demonstrated in the nematodes,Dirofilaria immitisandAngiostrongylus cantonensiswith special reference to the characters and distribution
Authors: Maki Jun , Yanagisawa Toshio
Published: June 2009

Acid phosphatase activity was demonstrated in the intact blood nematodes,Dirofilaria immitisandAngiostrongylus cantonensis. Biochemical studies on acid phosphatase, using intact females and whole worm, body-wall and visceral homogenates were undertaken to clarify the characteristics and the distribution of the enzyme. InD. immitis, high acid phosphatase activity was observed at pH 3·8–5·8 and inA. cantonensis, at pH 4·5–6·0. Molybdate, fluoride, copper and zinc ions and L(+)-tartrate were effective inhibitors of the enzymes of both parasites while cobalt and magnesium ions and D(−)-tartrate had no noticeable effect on the activity. When the effect of substrate concentration on the phosphatase activity was studied, kinetic curves of Michaelis–Menten type were obtained with the 2 species of intact worms as well as their homogenates. The reproductive organs and body wall ofD. immitisshowed high total acid phosphatase activity. InA. cantonensis, the majority of the enzyme was localized in the body wall. The activity of intactA. cantonensisexpressed as μg Pi/h/mg dry weight decreased with increase in mean worm weight. The characteristics of the acid phosphatase of the 2 nematodes are compared with those of other parasitic helminths and of acid phosphatase of mammalian origin. The localization of the phosphatase responsible for the hydrolysis of the external substrate has been discussed forD. immitisandA. cantonensisbased on results of the kinetics and distribution of the enzyme.
The development of Trypanosoma cruzi in macrophages in vitro. Interaction with lysosomes and host cell fate
Authors: Milder Regina , Kloetzel Judith
Published: June 2009

The interaction between mouse peritoneal macrophages and ‘Y’ strain Trypanosoma cruzi bloodstream forms was studied at optical and electron microscopical levels. The method of marking lysosomes with Thorotrast, either before or after infection of cell monolayers with parasites, revealed that secondary lysosomes fused with phagosomes shortly after trypanosome interiorization. In spite of this, 24 h later most parasites were no longer in a vacuole but lay free within the host cell cytoplasm, multiplying actively. At this time, and up to shortly before 96 h when parasites escaped to the external milieu, most parasitized cells were not lethally injured, as revealed by the Trypan blue dye-exclusion test. Only when parasites were released into the external medium was this situation reversed and infected macrophages took up the dye.
The growth of Trypanosoma cruzi in human diploid cells for the production of trypomastigotes
Authors: Sanderson C. J. , Thomas Jennifer A. , Twomey Cheryl E.
Published: June 2009

The use of human diploid cell lines of finite life for the in vitro production of Trypanosoma cruzi is described. Both MRC5 and WI38 cells release trypomastigotes with less than 5% amastigotes. This could form the basis for biochemical and immunological studies, which were previously limited by the problems of separating parasites from blood. By selecting the in vitro passage number of the parasite it is possible to select for either the broad or the slender forms of trypomastigotes, allowing comparative studies of these forms within a single strain of the parasite. It is also possible to isolate amastigotes by disrupting the cells before trypomastigotes appear, and separating them from cell debris with Metrizamide. It is shown that by incorporating [3H]uridine in the cell-culture medium, labelled trypomastigotes are obtained. The release of this label (putative RNA) provides a relatively simple isotopic assay for parasite death. Examples of this assay for testing drug toxicity and in immunological lysis are presented.
The response of Awassi sheep to re-infection with Haemonchus contortus larvae
Authors: Altaif K. I. , Al-Abbassy S. N. , Abboud H. B.
Published: June 2009

The response of Awassi sheep to primary infection with 10000 Haemonchus contortus larvae and subsequent challenge with 20000 larvae was studied. Two types of response to re-infection were observed. The first, characterized by a sharp decline in egg counts, progressive improvement in packed cell volume (PCV) and a marked loss of adult worms and challenge larvae, was considered as self-cure and protection. In the second type of response there was a temporary decline in egg counts, no improvement in PCV and necropsy findings indicated hyperinfection with challenge larvae.
The structure and possible function of the ventral papillae of Notocotylus attenuatus (Rudolphi, 1809) Kossack, 1911, (Trematoda: Notocotylidae)
Authors: Radlett A. J.
Published: June 2009

Specimens of Notocotylus attenuatus were examined in life and their ventral papillae studied by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the papillae are non-secretory, very mobile and similar in ultrastructure to the papillae of other notocotylids previously described. Worms were removed from the host's caecum and the caecum surface examined where it had been in contact with the papillae; this revealed that the crypts in this region had been distorted and enlarged. It is suggested that the papillae serve to attach the worms to the distinct surface of the distal caecum by acting as hydraulically operated anchors working in conjunction with the lateral margins of the worm and allowing the oral sucker of this monostome fluke to be used for feeding.
Isolation of second-generation schizonts of avian coccidia and their use in biochemical investigations
Authors: James S.
Published: June 2009

A technique is described for the isolation of a pure suspension of second-generation schizonts ofEimeria necatrixandE. tenella. Most of the schizonts appeared viable as judged by their ability to exclude Trypan blue and the use of this criterion is examined. They were able to metabolize radio-isotope labelled glucose and accumulate thiamine against a concentration gradient. A formula allowing detailed consideration of the latter process is introduced. Crude extracts of these schizonts exhibited serine hydroxymethyl transferase activity which is significantly different from that of the host tissue in terms of optimal pH (8·3 for the parasite and 7·8 for the avian intestinal cells) and Michaelis constant (approximately 2·6 × 10−3mand 0·6 × 10−3mrespectively). Differences in response to potential inhibitors are also shown.
Antigenic variation in trypanosomes: a computer analysis of variant order
Authors: Kosinski R. J.
Published: June 2009

African trypanosomes can undergo antigenic variation and evade the host immune response. Whether the antigenic variants arise in an ordered sequence or randomly has been in dispute but has not been statistically tested. The coefficient of concordance (W), a statistic designed to detect similarities between sequences of objects, was applied to the literature data. The tendency towards a reproducible order of variants was strong, although in several of the studies the number of experimental animals was so low that no conclusions could be drawn. A computer model was used to determine whether this degree of order could arise with random generation of variants followed by selection. The model simulated a trypanosome clone with 90 possible variants, widely differing variant-specific growth rates, random variant origin and variant eradication by an anamnestic host immune response. Parameters varied were maximum parasitaemia, growth rate differential between ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ variants, and parasitologist ability to detect minor variants. Random generation and selection by growth rate alone could not produce the degree of variant orderliness reported in the literature. However, experiments with larger numbers of host animals and direct investigation of variant growth rates and competitive interactions are necessary before the random generation-selection hypothesis can be proven or disproven.
Fatal Enteritis in a Tiger caused by Physaloptera praeputialis
Authors: Harrison A. J. , Hall I. Walker
Published: June 2009

A male Malay tiger was brought to the Clifton Zoological Gardens in July, 1908. He was then very thin and fed badly. After a time he settled down in his new quarters, and ate his food with greater relish. He appeared to be in good health and his coat was sleek and fine, but he never jumped or played in the usual way of his species. On February 4th he vomited, and had a severe attack of diarrhoea. His breathing became less abdominal and more thoracic in character, and death occurred two days later.
The Haemogregarines of Mammals and Reptiles; A Rejoinder to Dr Sambon
Authors: Patton W. S.
Published: June 2009

In a recent paper Dr Sambon (1909) has made a violent attack on me for my gentle reminder to him that he has overstepped the boundary of established truths regarding the haemogregarines, and has let his imagination run wild. As he still persists in maintaining his position I feel I am bound to expose his methods, and in the present paper I propose examining in some detail his recent observations on the haemogregarines, and at the same time dealing with his reply to my paper.
Note on Attempts to Infect the Fox and the Jackal with Piroplasma canis
Authors: Nuttall George H. F. , Graham-Smith G. S.
Published: June 2009

All attempts hitherto made to infect different species of animals with P. canis have failed, and the remarkable fact remains that this parasite is apparently only communicable to dogs.
Further Experiments upon the Drug Treatment of Canine Piroplasmosis
Authors: Nuttall George H. F. , Hadwen S.
Published: June 2009

1. Trypanblau injected subcutaneously into dogs a day before or a day after they have been inoculated with blood containing Piroplasma canis effectually prevents the development of piroplasmosis by destroying the parasites at the onset of infection.

2. Trypanblau given by the mouth is ineffective, since it exerts no apparent influence either upon the parasite or upon the course of the disease.

3. Tryparosan, when injected subcutaneously or when given by the mouth, has no effect upon the parasite and is ineffective as a remedy against piroplasmosis in the dog.
Note on two new Flagellate Parasites in Fleas—Herpetomonas ctenophthalmi, n. sp., andCrithidia hystrighopsyllae, n. sp
Authors: Mackinnon Doris L.
Published: June 2009

There seems little reason to doubt that most blood-sucking invertebrates harbour in their digestive tract natural flagellate parasites, which have erroneously been described by various authors as part of the life-cycles of blood-parasites from vertebrates. Among arthropods such natural flagellates have now been observed in ticks, lice, bugs, mosquitoes, biting and non-biting flies, and fleas; and the list of such hosts steadily grows.
Observations on Theileria parva, the Parasite of East Coast Fever of Cattle
Authors: Nuttall George H. F. , Fantham H. B. , Porter Annie
Published: June 2009

Although a good deal has been written about East Coast Fever in cattle, the literature relating thereto contains very little direct information regarding the parasite which stands in causal relation to the disease. Robert Koch (1898), who was the first to observe the parasite in cases of East Coast Fever occurring in German East Africa, regarded it as but a variety of Piroplasma bovis (= bigeminum) and described the disease as Texas Fever. Theiler (1904) was the first to distinguish clearly East Coast Fever from Redwater. He stated that “the disease has nothing to do with Texas Fever or Redwater; it is a new disease due to a parasite different to the one found in Texas Fever.” Koch (1903—1904), who gave the disease its distinctive name, reached the same conclusions as Theiler. The investigations of Theiler (1904) established the following facts: Cattle which are immune to Redwater are susceptible to East Coast Fever. East Coast Fever is not communicable by blood inoculations (30 experiments, wherein 5 to 2000 c.c. of East Coast Fever blood were inoculated). He noted the absence of haemoglobinuria in the majority of animals affected with East Coast Fever, its presence in the majority of the animals affected with Redwater. He found that in most cases of East Coast Fever, there was no appreciable decrease in the number of red blood corpuscles, this being in marked contrast to what is observed in Redwater. Theiler noted that cattle might harbour both the parasites of Redwater (P. bovis) and those of East Coast Fever (bacillary forms = T. parva). The former generally appeared in the blood “only towards the end of the fever reaction in East Coast Fever,” being previously latent in the animals which had been “salted” against Redwater. He distinguished “two groups of piroplasmosis,” the inoculable (Redwater, canine and equine piroplasmosis) and the uninoculable (East Coast Fever) by injection of infected blood. The parasites in the latter are much smaller than in the former. He named the parasites of East Coast Fever Piroplasma parvum. Theiler distinguished the parasite of East Coast Fever from P. bovis because of the frequent occurrence of bacillary forms and the minute size of the parasite, but he nevertheless retained the new parasite in the genus Piroplasma.
A Revision of the British Leeches
Authors: Harding W. A.
Published: June 2009

Since the appearance of Johnston'sCatalogue of the British Non-parasitical Worms in the Collection of the British Museum—a work which although not published until 1865 had been completed some ten years earlier and consequently embodies observations made more than half a century ago—the Hirudinea of the British Islands have been largely neglected. Apart from this the interest now being taken in leeches by students of their protozoan parasites and the absence of any recent work upon this group of our fauna seems sufficient apology for the revised descriptive catalogue attempted in the following pages.
A New Flagellate (Macrostoma mesnili N. Sp.) from the Human Intestine with some Remarks on the Supposed Cysts of Trichomonas
Authors: Wenyon C. M.
Published: June 2009

The flagellate to be described in this paper was found in the faeces of a native of the Bahamas who was admitted to the Seamen's Hospital, Albert Dock, in October, 1909. In the course of the examination of the perfectly fresh material it was noticed that numerous flagellates were swimming about. They were taken to be Trichomonas but on closer examination they were seen to differ markedly from these. In the character of their movements there was little to distinguish them from Trichomonas except that the undulating membrane so characteristic of this genus appeared to be absent. The body is pear shaped and there are three long flagella directed forwards from the blunt end of the body. By the lashing of these three flagella the animal is drawn along with the blunt end in advance and at the same time revolves upon its longitudinal axis. A very characteristic feature is the presence of a very large cytostome extending from the base of the three flagella towards the posterior end of the body for about one half to two thirds of its length. The movements of the animals were at first so violent that great difficulty was experienced in making out the details of the anatomy, but as the faeces cooled their activities began to abate. It was then seen that the flagella was as long or longer than the body and that the large cytostome was arranged in a slightly spiral manner: that is to say it did not run directly parallel to the longitudinal axis of the body.
Note regarding the new Buffalo Spirochaete
Authors: Balfour Andrew
Published: June 2009

I Have been much interested in Professor Nuttall's paper in the April number of Parasitology (this volume, p. 113) and especially in his description of a parasite found by him in blood smears from a buffalo sent to England from British East Africa. He has named this organism Spirochaeta bovis caffris though he is evidently somewhat doubtful as to its nature. I write to say that early in 1909 I received from Captain Hadow one blood smear from a Jackson Hartebeeste which he had shot in the Bahr-El-Ghazal and on the body of which he found G. morsitans in the act of feeding. In this smear I found organisms which answered very closely to those described and figured by Professor Nuttall. They were somewhat smaller, having an average length of 16·5 μ and a breadth of 0·7 μ but presented the same appearance, stained in the same way and in some instances showed the achromatic transverse bands which he mentions. From its shape I mentally termed one variety the buffalo-horn type and I made drawings of the different forms encountered. On April 18th 1909 I sent the slide to Dr Wenyon at the London School of Tropical Medicine with a note directing his attention to these curious parasites and stating that, to me, they looked more like spirochaetes than anything else but that I was unable to classify them. Unfortunately, though my letter was safely delivered, the box containing the slide was never seen again. Dr Wenyon, however, wrote and told me that he had come across similar forms in the blood of big game which had been shot, and recorded his opinion that the forms in question were not blood parasites at all but were derived from the intestine and had been carried into the exit wound by the bullet or by discharges finding their way along the bullet track. One recognised the possibility of such an occurrence and the fallacies to which it might give rise and, on meeting Captain Hadow, I asked him if he remembered where the animal had been shot. To the best of his recollection the bullet had passed through the neck severing the gullet and it is quite possible that in the last throes stomach contents might have regurgitated through the wound of exit. The presence of very thin thread-like spirochaete forms in the film and of some bodies which suggested yeasts made me refrain from publishing any account of the case until I had more evidence regarding Dr Wenyon's hypothesis.
A Biometric Study of Trypanosoma gambiense
Authors: Hindle Edward
Published: June 2009

The three forms of Trypanosoma gambiense have been described so often that a few words of apology are needed before brining forward the follwing note on the subject.
On the Collection and Preservation of Insects
Authors: Howlett F. M.
Published: June 2009

The collection and study of tropical insects now heing undertaken in connection with medical and other researches has resulted in the publication of two or three very useful leaflets of instructions as to how to catch and send home specimens of blood-sucking and parasitic insects. These leaflets are intended for collectors who will send home their specimens soon after they have caught them: when this is impossible, when specimens have to be carted from place to place and housed, it may be, in very unsuitable quarters, it becomes important to use only the best methods for preserving them in good condition, and the best methods can be arrived at only by combining the experience of collectors in different countries.
The Process of copulation in Ornithodorus moubata
Authors: Nuttall George H. F. , Merriman Gordon
Published: June 2009

Although the literature on ticks is very extensive, we have failed to find any satisfactory description therein of the process of copulation. Most authors state that the male mouthparts are introduced into the female genital orifice, or vulva, and that this constitutes copulation, leaving it to the reader's imagination to determine how the seminal secretion gains access to the female generative organs. The mechanism of copulation, in other words, remains to be described, and we propose, in this paper, to give an account of what we have observed in Ornithodorus moubata. We shall describe the process in Ixodidae in a later paper, but may state here that, as far as our knowledge goes, it is essentially the same as in moubata, that is, impregnation takes place by means of spermatophores.