bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mood Changes in Premenstrual Syndrome seen from Hormonal Changes in the Pituitary Gland
Authors:   Faculty Psychology And Health Islamic University Country Sunan Ampel Surabaya, Asiyah Siti Nur , Surayuda Ridwan Ramadhan Raden ,   Faculty Psychology And Health Islamic University Country Sunan Ampel Surabaya, Churi Azzahra Rizqy Mutiara ,   Faculty Psychology And Health Islamic University Country Sunan Ampel Surabaya, Masruroh Salsabila Sa'adati ,   Faculty Psychology And Health Islamic University Country Sunan Ampel Surabaya, Fathimatuzzahro Sayyidah ,   Faculty Psychology And Health Islamic University Country Sunan Ampel Surabaya, Kusumawati Septian Tri ,   Faculty Psychology And Health Islamic University Country Sunan Ampel Surabaya, Azizah Septi Nur ,   Faculty Psychology And Health Islamic University Country Sunan Ampel Surabaya, Hidayat Shada Humaira ,   Faculty Psychology And Health Islamic University Country Sunan Ampel Surabaya, Rachmadhani Shofa Daughter ,   Faculty Psychology And Health Islamic University Country Sunan Ampel Surabaya
Published: June 2024

Introduction: The pituitary gland plays a role in the production of the hormones FSH and LH, which influence development follicles And process ovulation. In addition, the pituitary gland indirectly plays a role in regulating the production of serotonin, a neurotransmitter role in arrange atmosphere heart. This research aims to find out about the role of the pituitary gland in mood changes during the premenstrual period. Methodology: This research uses a literature study method by examining existing data. Results: Research results show that change atmosphere liver in the premenstrual phase can caused by change hormonal, like decline production serotonin consequence decreasing rate hormone estrogen and progesterone, which influence mood and emotions. Discussion: The pituitary gland has a role in influencing the ovulation process in the premenstrual phase and also regulates serotonin production which causes an imbalance in the hormones produced by the ovaries, namely estrogen and progesterone, resulting in mood swings.
Determining the Phillips Curve and Okun's Law in Indonesia
Authors:   Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas 17 Agustus 1945 Surabaya, Indonesia., Suparta I Made
Published: June 2024

This research aims to analyze the direct effect of inflation on growth, the direct effect of inflation on unemployment, the direct impact of economic growth on unemployment, and the indirect effect of inflation on unemployment through economic growth as an intervening variable. The analysis uses data from 34 provinces in Indonesia spanning the period from 2014 to 2022, utilizing Eviews for statistical processing. The Fixed Effects Model (FEM) was selected for Model 1, while the Random Effects Model (REM) was chosen for Model 2. This research found that inflation has a direct positive and significant effect on economic growth, inflation has a direct positive and significant impact on economic growth, economic growth has a direct negative and significant effect on unemployment, and indirectly, inflation has a negative and significant impact on unemployment when mediated by economic growth. The effect of inflation on unemployment, both directly and indirectly, follows the Phillips Curve, and the impact of economic growth on unemployment follows Okun's Law.
The Effect of Customer Trust and E-Service Quality on E-Wallet Application Reuse Intentions Mediated by Customer Satisfaction: A Comparative Study on Master of Management Students in Indonesia and Malaysia
Authors:   Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Mataram, Indonesia, Julia Hikmah , Sauf Akhmad ,   Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Mataram, Indonesia, Buana Sakt Dwi Putra ,   Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Mataram, Indonesia
Published: June 2024

This study aims to understand the factors that influence the intention of Master of Management students in Indonesia and Malaysia to reuse e-wallet services. Specifically, this research examines the roles of customer trust and e-service quality in shaping customer satisfaction and reuse intention. This causal associative research focuses on Master of Management students in Lombok (Indonesia) and Cyberjaya (Malaysia) as the population. Data analysis was conducted using the Partial Least Square-Structural Equation Model (PLS-SEM) with Smart PLS 3.0 software. The results indicate that customer trust significantly influences the intention to reuse e-wallet services in Indonesia but not in Malaysia. Conversely, e-service quality significantly impacts reuse intentions in both countries. Additionally, in Indonesia, customer trust positively affects customer satisfaction, while in Malaysia, no significant relationship was found between customer trust and customer satisfaction. Furthermore, e-service quality positively affects customer satisfaction in both Indonesia and Malaysia. However, customer satisfaction does not significantly affect the intention to reuse e-wallet services in either country. These findings suggest that to maintain and enhance the reuse of e-wallet services, companies must focus on both customer trust and e-service quality, alongside customer satisfaction. Investing in the improvement of e-service quality and the strengthening of customer trust can be an effective strategy to retain the user base and increase customer loyalty in an increasingly digital market.
The effect of sports event on revisit intention to build sports tourists’ sustainability.
Authors: Rahayu Tandiyo , Kyungro Chang Kyungro Chang , Billy Castyana Billy Castyana , Muhamad Syamsul Taufik Muhamad Syamsul Taufik , Gustiana Mega Anggita Gustiana Mega Anggita , Dewangga Yudhistira Dewangga Yudhistira , Driana Wahyu Prasetyasari Driana Wahyu Prasetyasari , Heny Setyawati Heny Setyawati
Published: June 2024

Background: As one of the fastest growing industries in the world, tourism and sport are two components that support each other with various types of activities, one of them is sports event. From that statement, a sports event needs to focus more on how to maintain the sustainability of sports tourist to keep economic growth in host city. This study aims to compare the impact of sports event on the sports tourists’ intention to revisit the host city and compare the respond of sports tourists on revisiting sports event’s host city in Indonesia and South Korea. Materials and methods This quantitative research will use a questionnaire as a tool for data collector and it will be made on google form in three languages (Bahasa Indonesia, English, and Korean). The instrument will contain statements from variables, including Event Quality, Perceived Value of Host City, Host City Image, and Behavior Intention to revisit. Respondents can provide answers in a modified Likert scale from strongly agree, agree, disagree, and strongly disagree. The population of this study is all spectators who attend sporting events and by using purposive-snowball sampling with a total of 113 samples obtained. Results: Effect of each indicator on revisit intention found that there is a strong relationship between event quality and revisit intention, perceived value and image of the host city have a very strong relationship with revisit intention in Indonesia. In South Korea, the relationship between event quality and perceived value of the host city has a strong connection with revisit intention, while the host city image is closely related to revisit intention. Conclusions: The evaluation of sporting events extends beyond the immediate experience, emphasizing the transient nature of impressions that fade over time. Analyzing two well-organized sporting events—the Tour de Borobudur in Indonesia and the Climbing Youth World Championships in South Korea—reveals high respondent satisfaction but also highlights the critical role of physical environment quality. The positive tourist attraction ratings for Solo, Indonesia, and Seoul, South Korea, reflect favorable city images with multidimensional aspects.
Keywords: Sports Tourism; Sport Event Management; Revisit Intention; Indonesia; South Korea
Article RETRACTED due to manipulation by the authors Nutritional Strategies for Rapid Recovery in Sport: A Literature Review
Authors: Ihsan Fadli , Kozina Zhanneta , Sukendro Sukendro , Nasrulloh Ahmad , Arzhan Hidayat Rezha , Perdana Satya
Published: June 2024

Background and Goal of Study: Rapid recovery after training or competition is a crucial factor in improving athlete performance and preventing sports injuries. Nutrition plays an important role in this recovery process. This literature review aimed to investigate nutritional strategies that can accelerate the recovery process in sports.
Materials and Methods: This study used the literature review method to evaluate relevant articles published in scientific journals. The literature search was conducted through relevant academic databases with keywords appropriate to the research topic. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were set to select relevant and high-quality articles.
Results: In this literature review, various nutritional factors that contribute to rapid recovery in exercise were identified. Macronutrients such as carbohydrates, proteins and fats play an important role in energy recovery and muscle building. Micronutrients such as vitamins, minerals and antioxidants also play a role in reducing inflammation and accelerating recovery. Optimal nutrition strategies include the adoption of a balanced diet, consumption of specific nutritional supplements, and good hydration management.
Conclusion: Based on this literature review, proper nutritional strategies can accelerate the recovery process in sports. The importance of paying attention to consuming the right nutrients at the right time to support optimal recovery is undeniable. The implication of these findings is the need for an individualized nutritional approach for each athlete, taking into account their sport type, training intensity and metabolic needs. Further research is needed to support these practical recommendations and to deepen the understanding of the relationship between nutrition and recovery in sports.
Keywords: Fast recovery, exercise, nutrition strategies, literature review.
Sensor-based scoring system for the fighting category in Pencak Silat
Authors: Ihsan Nurul , Yulkifli Yulkifli , Hadi Ahmaddul , Yohandri Yohandri , Mario Deby Tri , Ayubi Novadri , Karacam Aydin , Németh Zsolt
Published: June 2024

The scoring system which still focuses on the jury's observations is one of the problems with Pencak Silat not being competed at the Olympics, so a technology-assisted solution is needed. This research aims to develop a scoring system based on sensor technology installed on body protectors for the fighting category in Pencak Silat. This research consists of tool design, feasibility testing, and implementation. The equipment components installed on the body protector include flex sensors, foam, an RFID reader, an Arduino, and NRF24L. A total of 9 experts were assigned to assess its feasibility, namely information and technology experts (n1=3), instruments experts (n2=3), and Pencak Silat experts (n3=3). Then, 120 male (n1=70; 18.67±3.28 years) and female (n2=50; 18.69±3.52 years) Pencak Silat athletes were involved in field trials. Data were analyzed using Aiken's V index, ICC, ANOVA, and independent samples t-test. The results showed that the average V index was 0.778; ANOVA and ICC also showed that there were no differences in assessments between experts (p>0.05) with very high reliability (p<0.05). Then, the independent sample t-test analysis results showed no significant differences between the two assessment systems (p>0.05). In conclusion, this tool can be used as an alternative scoring system for the fighting category in Pencak Silat, so it is hoped that it will be helpful to the jury and Pencak Silat practitioners in facilitating their performance in providing objective and transparent assessments.
Keywords: martial arts, body protector, technology
Online Lectures for Sports and Non-Sports Study Program Students: Interrelation of Attitudes, Involvement, Satisfaction, Happiness, and Learning Achievement
Authors: Guntoro Tri Setyo , Wandik Yos , Sutoro Sutoro , Kristiyandaru Advendi , Kamaruddin Ilham , Mashud Mashud , Tantri Afri , Wanena Tery , Mandosir Yohanis Manfred , Muhammad Junalia , Sinaga Evi , Ibrahim Ibrahim , Qomarrullah Rif'iy , Kurdi Kurdi , Hidayat Rodhi Rusdianto , Nurhidayah Dewi , Nasruddin Nasruddin , CS Ansar , Putra I Putu Eka Wijaya , Larung Ermelinda Yersin Putri , Razali Razali , Fitri Mustika , Wijaya Habibi Hadi , Welis Wilda , Yogaswara Andre , Pelana Ramdan , Wardiyanto Yayan , Kustiawan Andri Arif , Nilawati Ika , Ikhsan Ikhsan , Batiurat Wilhelmus , Sulistiawati Sulistiawati , Putra Miftah Fariz Prima
Published: June 2024

This research aims to explore the relationship between attitudes, satisfaction, happiness, and involvement and student learning outcomes based on gender and the undertaken study program (sport and non-sport) after the covid-19 pandemic. This research is a cross-sectional study. A total of 380 students in Indonesia participated in this study. The research results show that online learning on campus was perceived positively by students of both sports and non-sports study programs. There are no significant differences in the variables of student satisfaction, happiness, involvement, and learning achievements based on gender and study program. There is a significant relationship between satisfaction with online learning, life happiness, and involvement in lectures with learning outcomes. In addition, the satisfaction variable in online learning has a direct and indirect impact on student learning outcomes through the involvement variable. The happiness of life variable has a direct impact only on the involvement variable but not on the learning achievement variable.
Keywords: attitude, satisfaction, life happiness, involvement, learning achievement, online lectures
Article RETRACTED: include references that are unrelated to the subject of the article and/or the context in which they are cited Physiological Responses of Wheelchair Basketball Athletes to a Combined Aerobic and Anaerobic Training Program
Authors: Latino Francesca , Martinez-Roig Rosabel , Setyawan Hendra , Susanto Nugroho , Anam Khoiril , Saraiello Emma , Tafuri Francesco
Published: June 2024

Among the multifarious adapted sports, wheelchair basketball stands out as a highly recommended group activity among individuals with paraplegia, including those with Spinal Cord Injury (SCI). Athletes facing this particular impairment exhibit distinct alterations in their metabolic, cardiorespiratory, neuromuscular, and thermoregulatory systems, ultimately leading to a diminished physiological respiratory capacity in comparison to able-bodied individuals or those with other forms of impairments. The primary objective of the present research endeavor is therefore to explore the impact of a comprehensive exercise regime, encompassing both aerobic and anaerobic components, upon the enhancement of the aerobic capacity of wheelchair basketball athletes. A total of 32 wheelchair basketball players, ranging in age from 34 to 42, were enlisted in the study, with half allocated to an experimental group engaging in combined aerobic and anaerobic training [EG, n = 16], while the remaining participants were assigned to a control group undertaking solely aerobic exercise training [CG, n = 16]. The 12-minute wheelchair propulsion distance was utilized to evaluate the V̇O2peak in individuals with paraplegia, both before and after the intervention. The findings revealed a significant Time x Group interaction for the 12-minute wheelchair propulsion distance variable, highlighting a notable enhancement in the treatment group (p < 0.001). In contrast, no substantial changes were detected in the control group. Thus, the outcomes suggest that the integration of aerobic and anaerobic exercise yields a highly positive impact on the aerobic performance of wheelchair basketball players.
Key words: physiology; exercise; sport; spinal cord injuries; cardiorespiratory fitness.
Understanding Women's Empowerment through Exercise: Insights from a Study on Physical Activity and Self-Efficacy
Authors: Sunarti Vevi , Rahman M Arinal , Handrianto Ciptro , Syuraini Syuraini , Putri Lili Dasa , Azizah Zahratul , Nor Azhar Nurul Fathihah
Published: June 2024

Within this mixed-methods study, researchers in Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia, investigated women's feelings about their capacity to exercise, the frequency with which they exercised, and the overall sense of empowerment they experienced. The researchers used a sequential explanatory design and interviewed 11 qualitative interviewers and 298 quantitative survey respondents. According to the quantitative data, the participants' physical activity and exercise self-efficacy were rather high. According to qualitative research findings, resistance training and activities with a cultural significance are empowering, gender-centric hurdles are significant, and enjoyment and social support are essential. A complex dynamic was created by interacting several factors, including individual experiences, societal variables, and perceptions of empowerment gained via physical activity. The findings of this study emphasize the significance of gender-specific barriers in exercise settings and the need for tailored and inclusive programs that may assist women in overcoming these barriers via exercise. The implications of this for community organizations, medical professionals, and legislators are the primary focus of the discussion.
Keywords: Physical activity, Empowerment, Self-efficacy, Gender barriers, Cultural significance, Inclusive programming
Comparison of Peripheral and Venous Blood Smears Microscopic for Detection Density of Plasmodium Falciparum in Jayapura General Hospital, Papua, Indonesia
Authors:   Parepare School of Nursing, Makassar Health Polytechnic, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, Sorontou Yohanna ,   School of Medical Technology, Jayapura Health Polytechnic, Ministry of Health Indonesian Republic, Papua Province, Indonesia
Published: June 2024

Background: Falciparum malaria is a disease caused by Plasmodium falciparum which attacks humans throughout the world, especially in malaria endemic areas. In order to eradication the disease and avoid complications that may arise from severe infection. There is need to improve in management which includes evaluation of the current diagnostic methods. Diagnosis of malaria in resources limited and developing countries are commonly done by the detection of blood stages of the Plasmodium in Giemsa-stained blood smears by light microscopy. Blood smears are commonly prepared still until now using peripheral or venous blood. Objective: To comparing the sensitivity of peripheral or venous blood for the detection density of malaria parasites based on ages group and gender. Methods: Two blood smears were prepared from the peripheral and venous blood with EDTA from one patient, air dried, stained and examined following standard protocol by expert microscopic. Results: Total samples of 40 patients, including. Parasite density of P. falciparum more than 10.000 per microliter in peripheral blood was found positive as much (25/40) slightly more rather than venous blood (21/40). Based on gender, peripheral blood of male as much (17/40) slightly more rather than in venous blood (14/40). The age group more than 20 years old, in peripheral was found positive as much (21/40) slightly more than in venous blood (16/40). Conclusions: Microscopic examination of malaria parasites will be more accurate using peripheral blood smears rather than venous blood with and without EDTA.
Evaluation of the Role of Prolactin in the Prevention of Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors:   Msc Student, Department of Endocrinology, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria, Suliman Suliman , Boubou Arige ,   Professor, Department of Endocrinology, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria, R Darwish Taym ,   Professor, Department of Ophthalmology, Tishreen University, Lattakia, Syria
Published: June 2024

Aim: Investigating the potential role of prolactin in the prevention of diabetic retinopathy Methods: The study was conducted on 90 diabetic patients who were divided into a group that included 37 patients without retinopathy and a group that included 27 patients with non-proliferative retinopathy and 26 patients with proliferative retinopathy who attended the Endocrinology clinic and Division at Tishreen University Hospital in Lattakia during the period from 2023 to 2024. Results: Independent samples T-test analysis showed Significant decreased in prolactin level in diabetic patients with DR in comparison to diabetic patients without DR (p=0.0001). Person correlation showed a statistically significant inverse relationship between prolactin levels and Glycosylated hemoglobin levels between patient groups. Conclusions: From this study it can be concluded that diabetic patients with retinopathy had lower level of prolactin and serum prolactin does seem to have protective role in diabetic retinopathy.
Comparative Analysis of Qualifications and Disqualifications of Directors: Commercial Act of Iran and Common Law Countries
Authors: Balavar Elham
Published: June 2024

The directors of companies oversee almost all business operations and are the most important figures in corporate governance. Every company relies on its directors and board to succeed. Directors are crucial to a company since it is the work of directors to supervise and manage its operations.  Director duties must be understood and executed responsibly. A person can be a director if meets legal conditions. This study meticulously compares the director's qualification and disqualification under the Commercial Act of Iran to common law countries including Australia, the UK, Malaysia, and Singapore.  Such a comparison would reveal whether parts of the Iranian Commercial Act needed change or improvement.
Effect of Financial Knowledge on Mentorship and Training of Youth by Young Life Rwanda of the Selected Groups of the Selected Districts of Rwanda Provinces
Authors: Ndagijimana Etienne , Njenga Samson
Published: June 2024

Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: In conclusion, this analysis highlights the critical role of financial behavior and attitude in influencing the sustainable development performance of non-governmental organizations (NGOs). While financial knowledge did not emerge as a significant predictor, fostering positive attitudes towards finance and encouraging sound financial behaviors within NGOs can enhance their effectiveness in advancing sustainable development goals. Based on the results, it is recommended that non-governmental organizations (NGOs) prioritize initiatives aimed at improving financial behavior and fostering positive financial attitudes among their staff and leadership to enhance sustainable development performance.
Impact of physical activity and diet counseling on the management of Type-2 Diabetic patients undergoing vitamin D supplementation: A Follow-up Study
Authors: Begum N  , kawser M  , Tarafdar MA  , Islam SK
Published: June 2024

Objectives: Aimed to determine the impact of dietary advice and regular physical activities on the blood glucoselevel among Type-2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM) patients undergoing vitamin D supplementation.

Methodology: Thisstudy was conducted among 124 (Intervention=61, Placebo=63) T2DM patients aged 30-70 years from 2019 to 2020.Socio-demographic characteristics, 24-hour physical activities, 24-hour food recalls, and laboratory analysis of bloodVitamin D, HbA1C and FBS were estimated at baseline and after 3-month. The impact of vitamin D supplementation,physical activity, and diet counseling on the management of T2DM was measured in multivariable analysis by repeatedmeasure ANOVA.

Results: The mean age of respondents was 46.4±9.6 years, majority were illiterate 21(34%) witha mean income 31,098.4 BDT; 63.9% have been suffering from T2DM for <5 years and 56% have a strong familyhistory of Diabetes. It was observed that reducing sedentary lifestyles and increasing physical activity increasedcalorie expenditure across timelines but not between groups (P>0.05). No significant differences were observed forphysical activity levels between groups (Intervention and placebo). Consuming less Carbohydrates and increasingphysical activity indicated a corresponding lowering of fasting blood glucose levels but not HbA1c. Compliancewith physical activity indicated higher total energy expenditure by the intervention group (2448 kcal) than placebo(2364 kcal). The biochemical profile indicated that vitamin D helps to reducing the fasting blood glucose (10.9 to 8.4mmol/L) levels along with diet restriction and increased physical activity.

Conclusion: Advice on simple carbohydraterestriction and increased walking has an impact on lowering fasting blood glucose level but not HbA1C undergoingvitamin D supplementation.
Nutritional status and dietary intake pattern among under-5 children of ethnic minorities living in Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh: Influence on socioeconomic and dietary factors on chronic malnutrition
Authors: Akter A
Published: June 2024

Background: Present study retrospectively investigated the nutritional status and nutrient intake pattern of under-5(U5) children of ethnic minorities living in three districts of Chittagong hill tracts (CHTs) of Bangladesh.

Materialsand Methods: In 2022, data of 232 children (aged 1-5 years) under 505 male-headed households of three hillydistricts were extracted from the Nutrition, Health, and Demographic Survey (NHDS, 2013), rearranged and analyzedto determine which socioeconomic/dietary factors are associated with the prevalence of malnutrition among U5ethnic children. NHDS was a cross-sectional survey, under the framework of the integrated multipurpose Sample(IMS) design, conducted among Bangladeshi people of all ages including ethnic minorities living in three districts(e.g., Rangamati, Khagrachori, and Bandarban) of CHTs. ‘WHO (2006) child growth standard’ was used to assessU5 nutritional status, 24-hour dietary recall for ‘Nutrient intake’ assessment, and all data were analyzed employingstatistical software packages.

Results: Most of the fathers/mothers were in the 26-35 age groups while respectively56.1% and 34.1% fathers and mothers had formal education. Majority (47.4%) of the fathers were farmers, andmothers (69.8%) were house makers with a mean income of 9956.7±459.0 and 2612.8±149.1 BDT, respectively.The overall prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight were respectively 28.5%, 20.3%, and 24.6%, with nogender differences (P>0.05). Nutrient analysis indicates the majority of U5 children’s (especially 1-3 years) diet weredeficient in calcium and vitamin A, who met 58.0% of recommended dietary allowances (RDA) for both nutrients.However, RDA fulfillment of protein, iron, and vitamin C were much higher than the recommended level. Multiplelogistic regression outlined that the father’s illiteracy (aOR=4.9), and income ≤7000 BDT (aOR=3.4), <4 dietarydiversity score/DDS (aOR=4.1), <1650 Kcal intake/day (aOR=2.9), and calcium intake ≤250 mg/day (aOR=2.6) weresignificantly associated with the prevalence of stunting.

Conclusion: Higher prevalence of chronic malnutrition wasobserved among U5-children living in CHTs, Bangladesh. Majority of U5 children’s diet deficient in energy, calcium,and vitamin A, especially in the 1-3 years.
An open clinical trial of Mefenamic Acid in Primary Dysmenorrhoea of Medical Students of Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College, Sylhet
Authors: Nahar A
Published: June 2024

Background: Dysmenorrhea is one of the most common gynecological disorders among adolescent girls.

Materialand Methods: This was an open clinical trial conducted in the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics,Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College, Sylhet from July 2018 to June 2019. It involved 45 unmarried female medicalstudents of Sylhet MAG Osmani Medical College, Sylhet with primary dysmenorrhea and moderate to unbearablepain during menstruation (baseline VAS score 4cm or above). Diagnosis of primary dysmenorrhea was confirmed bygynaecologist. Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and Cox Menstrual Symptom Scale (CMSS) were used for grading of painseverity and duration of pain respectively before treatment.

Result: Each participant received 250 mg Mefenamic acidevery 12 hourly for 5 days. The treatment course continued for three menstrual cycles. VAS and CMSS were assessedin each cycle. The VAS score was significantly decreased from baseline (7.02 ± 0.72) to end of treatment at 3rd cycle(3.56 ± 0.55 (p<0.001). The CMSS also significantly decreased from baseline (3.96 ± 0.21) to end of treatment at 3rdcycle (1.33 ± 0.48) (p<0.001). Recorded adverse effects were nausea and or vomiting (24.4%), heart burn (31.1%) anddizziness (2.2%) were mild and no discontinuation was needed.

Conclusion: Mefenamic acid is effective and safe inprimary dysmenorrhoea.
Academic stress and its Psychological impact on Undergraduate Medical Students during COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh
Authors: Ansari M
Published: June 2024

Background: COVID-19 is an emerging disease has a wide range of effects on all spheres of life, students’ academicperformance and psychological health in particular. Objective: To assess the academic stress and its psychologicalimpact on undergraduate medical students during COVID-19 pandemic.

Materials and Methods: A descriptivecross-sectional study was conducted among 311 under-graduate medical students of purposively selected fiveprivate medical colleges in Dhaka, Shariatpur and Kishoreganj districts from August to December 2021. PerceivedStress (PS) was measured with the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), data were collected using pretested mailedquestionnaire.

Results: Mean age of the respondents was 21.22 ± 1.18 years; 181(58.20%) of the participantswere females, 265(85.2%) were Muslim. About three-fourths 221(71.06%) had no inclination to online learning,203(65.27%) had limited or restricted online network status; 160(51.45%) felt stress due to frequent examinations.More than one-third 106(34.08%) never experienced peer competition. Two-thirds 208(66.88%) of the respodentshad moderate, 64(20.6%) low level and 39(12.5%) had high level of Perceived Stress Score (PSS) with meanPS score of 18.43±7.35. The mean PS score was low in the age group of 25 to 29 years which is statisticallysignificant (p<0.05), PS score was significant for attending year (p<0.05). Two-fifths 130(41.80%) male studentshad higher mean perceived stress score than their female counterparts which is insignificant statistical (p>0.05).

Conclusion: The participants were incompetent to handle personal problems; incapable to control irritability andstress; fail to cope with the assigned tasks; get nervous, feel anger and get agitated for facing unexpected events.
Dentition Status of Tea Garden Workers in Sylhet
Authors: Bhowmick A
Published: June 2024

Background: Tea manufacturing is the largest labor-based industry in Bangladesh. Dental health problems due tothe poor oral health status of the tea workers are considered an emerging health problem.

Methods: This study cross-sectional study was designed to assess the dentition status of the 372 tea garden workers. Dentition status was measuredby using ‘DMFT index score’.

Results: The mean age of the workers was 35.2±8.3 years and one-third was from theage groups 28-37 years. Three-fourths of the workers (76.3%) had decayed teeth, 42.8% had missing teeth and fewer(5.9%) had filled teeth. The mean DMFT was found 3.15±3.481. The mean numbers of decayed missing and filledteeth per person were observed at 2.15±2.473, 0.97±1.629 and 0.13±0.621 respectively. The highest DMFT was foundin the 48-57 years group (6.64±4.382) and the mean decayed teeth were also highest in this group (3.94±3.464). Themean of decayed, missing and filled teeth observed in income group <5,000 taka were 2.24±2.541, 1.01±1.676 and0.14±0.645. Most of the workers’ dental health status was found poor (45.2%). The levels of dental health status wassignificant with the worker’s education, monthly family income, type of dental cleaning aids, frequency of daily toothcleaning, use of smokeless tobacco, use of pan-supari, alcohol consumption and visit a dentist (p<0.05).

Conclusion: The study findings reveal that the dental health status was poor among the tea workers. It is indeed to provide basicdental healthcare facilities in their health settings.
The Child Immunisation Programmes and Challenges in Bangladesh
Authors: N Ahmed PhD
Published: June 2024

Immunisation has been a proven and one of the mostcost-effective child survival interventions in the world.1Every country has its own immunisation programmeto provide selected vaccines to the targeted group ofpopulation, generally focusing on infants and children,and pregnant women, who are at a high risk of diseasespreventable by vaccines. There are at least 27 causativeagents against which vaccines are available and manymore agents are targeted for development of vaccines.2The number of antigens used in the immunisationprogrammes varies from country to country. However,there are a few selected antigens which are given againstdiphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis, measles andhepatitis B which are part of immunisation programmesin most of the countries in the world. The first vaccine,against small pox, was discovered in 1798, and fromthe early 18th century, the British health administrationintroduced vaccination against small pox in the Indiansub-continent.3 The first doses of smallpox vaccinelymph in India arrived in May 1802.4 The most strikingsuccess of these efforts has been the eradication ofsmallpox disease from the world.5 EPI is implemented in192 countries of the world. But data shows that despitebeing a proven cost-effective preventive public healthintervention, the benefits of immunisation is not reachingmany children who are at risk of the diseases preventableby these vaccines. Majority of the children who do notreceive these vaccines live in the developing countries. Itis important to understand the underlying factors whichcauses non-immunisation of children and specifically, inBangladesh, in this review article.
Salmonella Hepatitis in a 10-year Old Boy: A Case Report
Authors: Kadir S
Published: June 2024

Enteric fever is an acute systemic disease caused by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the organismSalmonella typhi or Salmonella paratyphi. It can involve virtually any body system and can present with a multitudeof presentations. Salmonella hepatitis is a recently coined term to describe the hepatic complications of typhoid fever.Acute hepatitis prevalence due to Salmonella is 1% to 26% of patients. We report a case of 10-year old boy whopresented with fever, jaundice and tender hepatomegaly. His blood culture was positive for Salmonella typhi andliver function test shows Acute hepatitis like picture. His ALT/ LDH ratio was 3 (ALT/LDH ratio< 9 is suggestiveof Salmonella hepatitis). He recovered completely to prompt administration of appropriate antibiotic therapy withsupportive management.
Influence of Ethical Leadership on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Initiatives in Peru
Authors: Rodrigo Karina
Published: June 2024

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the influence of ethical leadership on corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in Peru.
Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.
Findings: The study found that ethical leadership significantly enhances the effectiveness and credibility of CSR efforts. Ethical leaders, who prioritize integrity, transparency, and moral principles, inspire similar values within their organizations. This alignment fosters a culture where CSR initiatives are genuinely integrated into the company's operations rather than being superficial or purely for public relations. Employees under ethical leadership are more likely to engage in socially responsible behaviors, support sustainability efforts, and promote community welfare. Furthermore, ethical leadership enhances stakeholder trust and corporate reputation, making CSR initiatives more impactful and credible. Overall, the presence of ethical leadership not only amplifies the positive outcomes of CSR activities but also ensures these initiatives are rooted in genuine concern for social and environmental issues.
Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social learning theory, stakeholder theory and transformational leadership theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the influence of ethical leadership on corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives in Peru. From a practical perspective, organizations can benefit significantly from implementing ethical leadership development programs. On a policy level, it is crucial to advocate for the development and implementation of ethical leadership policies and guidelines.
Impact of Digital Marketing on Customer Acquisition in Nigeria
Authors: Dele Oyo
Published: June 2024

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of digital marketing on customer acquisition in Nigeria.
Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.
Findings: The study found that digital marketing efforts, such as social media campaigns, search engine optimization (SEO), and content marketing, significantly contribute to attracting new customers. The ability to target specific demographics and personalize messages has led to higher conversion rates compared to traditional marketing methods. Additionally, digital platforms offer analytics tools that allow businesses to track and analyze customer behavior, enabling them to refine their strategies for better results. Overall, the evidence suggests that embracing digital marketing strategies can lead to more effective customer acquisition and retention.
Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Technology acceptance model, customer relationship management) theory and theory of planned behavior may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the impact of digital marketing on customer acquisition in Nigeria. In practice, businesses should focus on implementing data-driven personalization in their email marketing campaigns. From a policy perspective, there is a need for clear regulatory guidelines and transparency requirements in influencer marketing.
Effectiveness of Omnichannel Marketing on Customer Loyalty in Congo
Authors: Katembo Albert
Published: June 2024

Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness of omnichannel marketing on customer loyalty in Congo.
Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.
Findings: The study found that businesses implementing omnichannel strategies experience greater customer engagement and retention rates compared to those using single-channel approaches. By providing seamless and consistent experiences across multiple channels, such as online platforms, mobile apps, social media, and physical stores, companies can build stronger relationships with customers. This approach fosters convenience, personalization, and accessibility, leading to increased customer satisfaction and loyalty. Moreover, omnichannel strategies enable businesses to gather valuable data and insights into customer behavior, preferences, and buying patterns, allowing for more targeted marketing efforts and better customer experiences. Overall, the evidence suggests that adopting omnichannel marketing is instrumental in building and sustaining customer loyalty in today's competitive market landscape.
Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social exchange theory, service-dominant logic and customer relationship management theory may be used to anchor future studies on assessing the effectiveness of omnichannel marketing on customer loyalty. In practice, businesses should invest in robust data analytics and AI-driven technologies to personalize customer experiences across channels. From a policy standpoint, it is essential to advocate for policies that support data privacy and security while enabling the effective use of customer data for personalized marketing.
Evaluating Healthcare Accessibility in Kazakhstan: Urban and Rural Perspectives
Authors: Spankulova Lazat , Chulanova Zaure , Konyrbay Adilet
Published: June 2024

Despite the policy pursued by the Head of State and the government to improve the current healthcare system and certain successes achieved, the quality and availability of services provided by medical organizations to the Kazakhstan population remain low. This is evidenced by statements by officials, as well as a survey of the population. This article examines the primary trends in healthcare development with a particular focus on the urban-rural divide and proposes strategies to enhance service quality and accessibility in rural areas. Given the complexity of the tasks, both theoretical and empirical research methods were used in the research process, in particular economic and statistical methods and structural and institutional analysis. A special role in the study belongs to a sociological survey, which made it possible to obtain information about the quality and availability of medical services for various groups of the population, depending on their place of residence. Based on a comprehensive study, the main trends in the development of healthcare in the republic in recent years have been identified. It has been determined that in the context of the availability of medical services, the main gap lies along the rural-urban line. Based on the identified problems, recommendations were developed to eliminate them and improve the quality of medical services. Further, the study explores the attitudes towards medical treatment based on the place of residence, leading to targeted proposals to enhance the quality and accessibility of medical care in rural areas.
Interlinkages between Urbanization and Regional Sustainable Development
Authors: Gamidullaeva Leyla
Published: June 2024

The article examines the impact mechanisms of urbanization on the sustainable development of territories, as evidenced by 85 regions of the Russian Federation. An abstract logical approach was used to summarize the key provisions of the sustainable development concept and evaluate the relevance of specific indicators. Econometric and statistical methods were applied for statistical data collection and analysis to assess the considered factors. Hypotheses and assumptions were employed to assess the investigated factors and perform regression analysis through economic and mathematical modeling methods. The presence of a moderate positive relationship between the level of regional sustainable development and the share of urban population and the total population in the region was revealed. It has been assumed that the indices of regional sustainable development should encompass indicators characterizing rural areas to estimate urban-rural development proportions. Greater emphasis should be put on the effective coordination of urban and rural development and the assessment of economic, institutional, infrastructural, environmental, and other conditions at the level of rural local communities. The latter have scarce opportunities for sustainable socio-economic development due to remoteness from urban centers (depopulation, aging population, poverty, unemployment, low quality of life, digital divide, etc.). This is urgent for the Russian Federation's sustainable development, considering its spatial extent and territorial heterogeneity.
Examining Monetary and Non-Monetary Incentives for Public Servants in Kazakhstan: Empirical Evidence
Authors: Bokayev Baurzhan , Amirova Aigerim , Torebekova Zulfiya
Published: June 2024

This study investigates the satisfaction of public servants in Kazakhstan with their current monetary and non-monetary incentives. A block of questions on these aspects of public service motivation is part of a significant study on Kazakhstani civil service transformation. Furthermore, the research paper determines public officials’ commitment to financially tangible or intangible motivation tools. The theoretical part examines various aspects of motivation and its types and provides an overview of the state-of-the-art public service motivation theory. At the same time, the practical part reveals both general patterns at the country and organization level and individual characteristics of the civil servant's motivation. The survey was conducted within a month, from April 19 to May 20, 2023. About 10,942 representatives of central and local public authorities participated in the survey. The more significant share of respondents (41%) pointed to the “desire to be useful to the state” as one of the main goals of entering the public system and serving the people. At the same time, according to practitioners, the Top-3 issues resist the attraction and retention of public sector professionals. There are low wages (75%), motivation (55%), and lack of competency (45%) of civil servants. Based on the regression analysis results, the group of non-financial incentives received the most outstanding commitment compared to monetary motivation tools. Particularly, the social status and agency activities serve as a basis for further research and policy recommendations.
Unveiling the Financial Performance Impact: Internal Auditing's Role in Saudi Firms
Authors: Al Rahahleh Naseem , Alwardat Yousef
Published: June 2024

This study aims to investigate the direct impact of internal auditing (IA) on financial performance (FP) and its indirect effect mediated through an internal control system (ICS). The examination utilizes responses from 257 professionals in roles such as accountant, financial manager, financial controller, financial auditor, or head of an internal audit unit within a selected sample of firms in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Utilizing PLS modeling for analysis, the study reveals a significant direct influence of IA on FP. Additionally, the study demonstrates that IA, through its impact on ICS, contributes to the enhancement of FP. The mediation of ICS between IA and FP in Saudi firms was tested and found to be partial. Notably, the indirect influence of IA on FP was observed to be more pronounced than its direct influence. Researchers have argued that independent IA plays a vital role in supporting firms’ ability to maintain and improve performance, and in this study the role of IA is tested in relation to mediating FP through improved ICS. The findings suggest that firms should emphasize the importance of IA in their strategic planning and resource allocation to enhance their overall financial health. Furthermore, the results highlight the necessity for continuous training and development for IA professionals to ensure they are equipped with the latest skills and knowledge to effectively improve ICS and, consequently, FP. Based on our findings and in support of the proposed model, we concluded that IA improved ICS, which, in turn improved FP. Hence, it is necessary for firms to solicit adequate independent IA to improve ICS, with the further goal of improving FP.