bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A dynamic stochastic model for automatic grammar‐based test generation
Authors: Guo Hai‐Feng , Qiu Zongyan
Published: June 2014

Grammar‐based test generation provides a systematic approach to producing test cases from a given context‐free grammar. Unfortunately, naive grammar‐based test generation is problematic because of the fact that exhaustive random test case production is often explosive, and grammar‐based test generation with explicit annotation controls often causes unbalanced testing coverage. In this paper, we present an automatic grammar‐based test generation approach, which takes a symbolic grammar as input, requires zero control input from users, and produces well‐distributed test cases. Our approach utilizes a novel dynamic stochastic model where each variable is associated with a tuple of probability distributions, which are dynamically adjusted along the derivation. We further present a coverage tree illustrating the distribution of generated test cases and their detailed derivations. More importantly, the coverage tree supports various implicit derivation control mechanisms. We implemented this approach in a Java‐based system, named Gena. Each test case generated by Gena automatically comes with a set of structural features, which can play an important and effective role on automated failure causes localization. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach, the well‐balanced distribution of generated test cases over grammatical structures, and a case study on grammar‐based failure causes localization. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does Conscious Seeing Have A Finer Grain Than Attention?
Authors: Tye Michael ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: June 2014

Ned Block says ‘yes’ (2012, 2013). His position is based on the phenomenon of identity-crowding. According to Block, in cases of identity-crowding, something is consciously seen even though one cannot attend to it.1 In taking this view, Block is opposing a position I have taken in recent work (Tye 2009a, 2009b, 2010). He is also contributing to a vigorous recent debate in the philosophy of mind over the relation, if any, between consciousness and attention.Who is right? Not surprisingly, I think I am.
Outage probability in Poisson‐cluster‐based LTE two‐tier femtocell networks
Authors: Jakó Zoltán , Jeney Gábor
Published: June 2014

This paper analyzes two‐tier orthogonal frequency‐division multiplexing (OFDM)‐based cellular structure, when the traditional macrocell structure is extended with femtocells. The benefit of using femtocells is the capacity and coverage extension capability. To fulfill strict quality of service requirements in next‐generation mobile networks such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) or LTE‐Advanced, capacity and coverage enhancing becomes rather important. On the other hand, adding small cells such as femtocells next to macrocell modifies the interference pattern of the current region. Therefore, the number of small cells in a given area should be limited. In this paper, we provide an analytic framework to calculate the outage probability for a macrocell user in OFDM‐based femtocell networks when the deployed femto base stations are composing an independent Poisson cluster process such as Thomas cluster process. Cluster‐based femtocell modeling offers accurate network planning for mobile operators. In this cluster‐based realization, we give an interference characterization and consider the outage probability for a randomly deployed user when communication channel is infected with Rayleigh fading. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimation of lightning current amplitudes incident to wind turbines in exposed locations
Authors: Sarajcev P. , Goic R.
Published: June 2014

This paper proposes a novel and comprehensive methodology for estimation of lightning current amplitudes, which are incident to wind turbines (WT) at lightning‐exposed locations, i.e., hilltops. The proposed methodology takes into the account the following aspects related to WT lightning incidence: (i) site topology and keraunic level, (ii)statistical nature of lightning currents, (iii) WT effective height, (iv) dependence of lightning current amplitudes on the WT effective height, (v) influence of an upward‐initiated connecting streamers interaction with a downward‐propagating step leader on the WT lightning attractiveness, and (vi) both downward and upward lightning strikes and their relative contribution in relation to the WT effective height. This methodology could be perceived as beneficial in providing relevant lightning‐current amplitudes—particularly at lightning‐endangered locations and wind farm sites characterized by high soil resistivity—for wind turbine and wind farm overvoltage protection and backsurge studies, as well as the WT grounding systems transient analysis. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic evaluation of two configurations for a hybrid DFIG‐based wind turbine integrating battery energy storage system
Authors: Sarrias‐Mena Raúl , Fernández‐Ramírez Luis M. , García‐Vázquez Carlos Andrés , Jurado Francisco
Published: June 2014

Hybrid systems comprising battery energy storage systems (BESSs) and wind power generation entail considerable advances on the grid integration of renewable energy. Doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) stand out among different wind turbine (WT) technologies. On the other hand, electrochemical batteries have proved to be valid for these purposes. In this paper, a comparative analysis is carried out between two alternative configurations for hybrid WT‐BESS systems, where the BESS is connected either outside or inside the DFIG. The modeling of these two configurations and the control systems applied for achieving the coordinate operation of the energy sources (DFIG and batteries) are illustrated. The hybrid systems under study are evaluated by simulation under normal operation (wind speed fluctuations and grid demand changes) and grid faults. Simulation results show that both configurations improve the grid integration capability of the WT, although the configuration with external BESS presents better results since it can provide additional active/reactive power injection. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Responses of forest snail assemblages to soil acidity buffer system and liming
Authors: Kappes Heike , Topp Werner
Published: June 2014

Physiological constraints from harsh environmental conditions, such as from calcium limitation on acidic soils, is expected not only to affect species richness, but also species abundance distributions. Also, the effects of amendments by calcium addition (soil liming) on these assemblage characteristics are poorly understood. Because of their sensitivity towards calcium availability, we use snails as model organisms and integrate field surveys and literature data. Temperate forest snail data supported a rule‐of‐thumb calibration with pH measurements in water being one unit higher than in KCl buffer. The resulting large data set suggests stepwise changes in snail richness that occur at transitions in soil buffer systems, especially at pH 3.2. Species abundance distributions follow the logseries model in most soil buffer systems, except for the iron buffer range (pH ≤3.2) where they swap to the geometric model. Our findings thus suggest several smaller soil pH thresholds for snail assemblages associated with shifts between soil buffer systems, and a tipping point at the threshold to pH ≤3.2. Liming with ground carbonate rocks is a technique to temporarily increase soil pH and calcium availability in forest soils, but its effects on snail assemblages produced inconsistent results that did not meet expectations from the ameliorated soil pH and might warrant a re‐evaluation of liming applications.
Effect of Preservation of Corticoperiosteal Attachment on Bone Healing at Osteotomy Sites after Ulna-shortening Osteotomy
Authors: Hamada Yoshitaka , Sairyo Koichi , Hibino Naohito , Kobayashi Anna , Sato Ryosuke
Published: June 2014

Background

Although precise ulna-shortening osteotomy is popular, the procedure sometimes results in delayed union or nonunion. The periosteum including the inner cambium layer plays an important role in fracture healing. We tested the hypothesis that preservation of the corticoperiosteal attachment may accelerate healing at osteotomy sites after ulna-shortening osteotomy.

Methods

We performed a chart review of 32 patients who underwent ulna-shortening osteotomy for ulnar impaction syndrome or triangular fibrocartilage complex tears in a retrospective single-surgeon series. Of the 32 cases, the periosteum was preserved in 21 osteotomies performed from April 2009 onwards (periosteum-preserved group) and not preserved in 11 osteotomies performed before April 2009 (control group). Following sugar tong immobilization, patients in both groups used a short wrist supporter during the first two postoperative weeks (POW) and up to at least four POW. Union of the osteotomy site was assessed at 2-week intervals using radiographs taken at three different projections until 12 POW and at 4-week intervals thereafter until 24 POW. Ulna shortening was performed using a transverse osteotomy cut with the aid of a commercially available compression device.

Results

All osteotomies achieved complete union except in one case in the control group. The mean interval to complete cortical union was 7.7 weeks in the periosteum-preserved group and 9.5 weeks in the control group. The corresponding mean times for endosteal union were 15.6 and 21.8 weeks. The periosteum-preserved group had reduced times for both types of union but only the endosteal union time was significantly different from the control group.

Conclusions

Preservation of the corticoperiosteal attachment significantly shortened the endosteal union time. Our results indicate that preservation of the periosteum may accelerate bone healing after ulna-shortening osteotomy. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic IV
Reversible Solubilization of Typical Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) by a Gas Switchable Surfactant
Authors: Tian Senlin , Long Jian , He Shanshan
Published: June 2014

Surfactant‐enhanced remediation (SER) is one of the most effective remediation methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) contaminated soils. However, mass deployment of SER has been restricted due to the shortage of the separation, recycle technology of the surfactant and its operation costs. This research mainly studied the reversibility of 2‐n‐lauryl‐1,1,3,3‐tetramethyl guanidine (DTMG) surfactant and its influence on reversible solubilization of typical PAH. Experimental results showed that the reversibility of the DTMG surfactant is excellent. The critical micellar concentration (CMC), surface tension and pH of DTMG in CO2/N2 conditions undergo reversible changes promptly. DTMG·CO2 shows a strong solubilization capacity for PAH; the apparent solubilities of the selected PAH pyrene, phenanthrene and anthracene in 4 mmol/L of DTMG·CO2 solution were about 32.4, 17.1 and 14.6 times higher than in water, respectively. The corresponding molar solubilization ratios were 5.4 × 10−3, 2.80 × 10−2 and 1.1 × 10−3, much higher than those with DTMG. More than 50 % of the PAH in surfactant solutions could be released through gas control at each surfactant concentration, and improved release efficiency was achieved at low surfactant concentrations. In brief, such results in this work introduce a facile method to meliorate the SER technology.
Micro-displacement sensor based on high sensitivity photonic crystal
Authors: Olyaee Saeed , Azizi Morteza
Published: June 2014

In this paper, we present a micro-displacement sensor formed by the fixed and movable photonic crystal slabs. In this sensor, a waveguide was created by changing the radius of holes rather than removing them. At a proper operating wavelength, the structure could be used as the micro-displacement sensor. The results revealed that the micro-displacement sensor had a sensitivity of 3.6 μm−1, Q-factor was nearly 180, and the sensing range was 0.0 μm–0.5 μm. The properties of the micro-displacement sensor are also analyzed theoretically and verified using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method carried out using the software (Rsoft).
What would happen to education if we take education evidence seriously?
Authors: Van der Vleuten C. P. M. , Driessen E. W.
Published: June 2014

Educational practice and educational research are not aligned with each other. Current educational practice heavily relies on information transmission or content delivery to learners. Yet evidence shows that delivery is only a minor part of learning. To illustrate the directions we might take to find better educational strategies, six areas of educational evidence are briefly reviewed. The flipped classroom idea is proposed to shift our expenditure and focus in education. All information delivery could be web distributed, thus creating more time for other more expensive educational strategies to support the learner. In research our focus should shift from comparing one curriculum to the other, to research that explains why things work in education and under which conditions. This may generate ideas for creative designers to develop new educational strategies. These best practices should be shared and further researched. At the same time attention should be paid to implementation and the realization that teachers learn in a way very similar to the people they teach. If we take the evidence seriously, our educational practice will look quite different to the way it does now.
Intra-abdominal Solid Organ Injuries: An Enhanced Management Algorithm
Authors: Kokabi Nima , Shuaib Waqas , Xing Minzhi , Harmouche Elie , Wilson Kenneth , Johnson Jamlik-Omari , Khosa Faisal
Published: June 2014

The organ injury scale grading system proposed by the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma provides guidelines for operative versus nonoperative management in solid organ injuries; however, major shortcomings of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma injury scale may become apparent with low-grade injuries, in which conservative management may fail. Nonoperative management of common intra-abdominal solid organ injuries relies increasingly on computed tomographic findings and other clinical factors, including patient age, presence of concurrent injuries, and serial clinical assessments. Familiarity with characteristic imaging features is essential for the prompt diagnosis and appropriate treatment of blunt abdominal trauma. In this pictorial essay, the spectrum of the American Association for the Surgery of Trauma organ injury scale grading system is illustrated, and a multidisciplinary management algorithm for common intra-abdominal solid organ injuries is proposed.
The Impact of Diagnostic Imaging Wait Times on the Prognosis of Lung Cancer
Authors: Byrne Suzanne C. , Barrett Brendan , Bhatia Rick
Published: June 2014

Objective

This study was performed to determine whether gaps in patient flow from initial lung imaging to computed tomography (CT) guided lung biopsy in patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was associated with a change in tumour size, stage, and thus prognosis.

Methods

All patients who had a CT-guided lung biopsy in 2009 (phase I) and in 2011 (phase II) with a pathologic diagnosis of primary lung cancer (NSCLC) at Eastern Health, Newfoundland, were identified. Dates of initial abnormal imaging, confirmatory CT (if performed), and CT-guided biopsy were recorded, along with tumour size and resulting T stage at each time point. In 2010, wait times for diagnostic imaging at Eastern Health were reduced. The stage and prognosis of NSCLC in 2009 was compared with 2011.

Results

In phase 1, there was a statistically significant increase in tumour size (mean difference, 0.67 cm; P < .0001) and stage ( P < .0001) from initial image to biopsy. There was a moderate correlation between the time (in days) between the images and change in size ( r = 0.33, P = .008) or stage ( r = 0.26, P = .036). In phase II, the median wait time from initial imaging to confirmatory CT was reduced to 7.5 days (from 19 days). At this reduced wait time, there was no statistically significant increase in tumour size (mean difference, 0.02; P > .05) or stage ( P > .05) from initial imaging to confirmatory CT.

Conclusions

Delays in patient flow through diagnostic imaging resulted in an increase in tumour size and stage, with a negative impact on prognosis of NSCLC. This information contributed to the hiring of additional CT technologists and extended CT hours to decrease the wait time for diagnostic imaging. With reduced wait times, the prognosis of NSCLC was not adversely impacted as patients navigated through diagnostic imaging.
Insight into the molecular interaction between the cyclic nucleotide‐binding homology domain and the eag domain of the hERG channel
Authors: Li Qingxin , Ng Hui Qi , Yoon Ho Sup , Kang CongBao
Published: June 2014

The gating of the hERG channel is regulated by its eag domain through molecular interaction with either the cyclic nucleotide‐binding homology domain (CNBHD) or the linker between transmembrane segments 4 and 5. Our NMR study on the purified CNBHD demonstrated that it contains nine β‐strands and does not bind cAMP. We show that the eag domain binds to the CBND through an interface containing several disease‐associated mutations. The N‐terminal cap domain and R56 in the eag domain are important for the interaction with the CNBHD. Residues from the CNBHD that were affected by the interaction with the eag domain were also identified. A R56Q mutation does not cause major structural changes in the eag domain and showed reduced interaction with the CNBHD.
Membrane protein synthesis in cell‐free systems: From bio‐mimetic systems to bio‐membranes
Authors: Sachse Rita , Dondapati Srujan K. , Fenz Susanne F. , Schmidt Thomas , Kubick Stefan
Published: June 2014

When taking up the gauntlet of studying membrane protein functionality, scientists are provided with a plethora of advantages, which can be exploited for the synthesis of these difficult‐to‐express proteins by utilizing cell‐free protein synthesis systems. Due to their hydrophobicity, membrane proteins have exceptional demands regarding their environment to ensure correct functionality. Thus, the challenge is to find the appropriate hydrophobic support that facilitates proper membrane protein folding. So far, various modes of membrane protein synthesis have been presented. Here, we summarize current state‐of‐the‐art methodologies of membrane protein synthesis in biomimetic‐supported systems. The correct folding and functionality of membrane proteins depend in many cases on their integration into a lipid bilayer and subsequent posttranslational modification. We highlight cell‐free systems utilizing the advantages of biological membranes.
Retracted: miR‐96/HBP1/Wnt/β‐catenin regulatory circuitry promotes glioma growth
Authors: Yan Zhiyong , Wang Jianpeng , Wang Chao , Jiao Yingbing , Qi Weiguo , Che Shusheng
Published: June 2014

We found that miR‐96 is overexpressed in glioma, and its level inversely correlates with the survival of patients. The reduction in miR‐96 abundance suppresses the proliferation and colony formation of glioma cells. The tumorigenicity of U‐87 MG cells is reduced by miR‐96 silencing. miR‐96 contributes to the activation of Wnt/β‐catenin pathway in glioma cells. HMG‐box transcription factor 1 (HBP‐1), a Wnt/β‐catenin pathway inhibitor, is suppressed by miR‐96. The reactivation of Wnt/β‐catenin signaling causes an increase in the proliferation of glioma cells, and a decrease in miR‐96 expression. On the other hand, HBP1 silencing promotes miR‐96 expression. Collectively, miR‐96 contributes to the progression of glioma by enhancing the activation of the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway, and the miR‐96/HBP1/Wnt/β‐catenin regulatory circuitry promotes the proliferation of glioma cells.
The architect who never sleeps: Tumor‐induced plasticity
Authors: Varga Julia , De Oliveira Tiago , Greten Florian R.
Published: June 2014

Tumor cell plasticity is an event that has been observed in several malignancies. In fact, most of the solid tumors are characterized by cellular heterogeneity and undergo constant changes as the tumor develops. The increased plasticity displayed by these cells allows them to acquire additional properties, enabling epithelial‐mesenchymal transitions, dedifferentiation and the acquisition of stem cell‐like properties. Here we discuss the particular importance of an inflammatory microenvironment for the bidirectional control of cellular plasticity and the potential for therapeutic intervention.
Single‐enzyme kinetics with fluorogenic substrates: lessons learnt and future directions
Authors: Turunen Petri , Rowan Alan E. , Blank Kerstin
Published: June 2014

Single‐molecule fluorescence techniques have developed into powerful tools for studying the kinetics of biological reactions at the single‐molecule level. Using fluorogenic substrates, enzymatic reactions can be observed in real‐time with single‐turnover resolution. The turnover sequence contains all kinetic information, giving access to reaction substeps and dynamic processes such as fluctuations in the reaction rate. Despite their clearly proven potential, the accuracy of current measurements is limited by the availability of substrates with 1:1 stoichiometry and the signal‐to‐noise ratio of the measurement. In this review we summarize the state‐of‐the‐art and discuss these limitations using experiments performed with α‐chymotrypsin as an example. We are further providing an overview of recent efforts aimed at the improvement of fluorogenic substrates and the development of new detection schemes. These detection schemes utilize nanophotonic structures such as zero mode waveguides or nanoantennas. Nanophotonic approaches reduce the size of the effective detection volume and are a powerful strategy to increase the signal‐to‐noise ratio. We believe that a combination of improved substrates and novel detection schemes will pave the way for performing accurate single‐enzyme experiments in biologically relevant conditions.
“Share and scare”: Solving the communication dilemma of early adopters with a high need for uniqueness
Authors: Moldovan Sarit , Steinhart Yael , Ofen Shlomit
Published: June 2014

Early adopters are considered essential to new product success due to their role in encouraging others to adopt. In this paper, we show that this may not always be true. Early adopters with a high need for uniqueness may experience a communication dilemma of whether or not to communicate about innovations they adopt. The dilemma derives from the clash between their need to flaunt the innovation they adopted and their desire to preserve their uniqueness by preventing imitation by others. We suggest that this dilemma might be resolved by a “share and scare” strategy, in which early adopters share information about their adoption with others yet scare them out of adopting it. In a series of four studies, we demonstrate early adopters' communication dilemma, the “share and scare” strategy, and three moderators that confirm our theory.
The TPM3‐NTRK1 rearrangement is a recurring event in colorectal carcinoma and is associated with tumor sensitivity to TRKA kinase inhibition
Authors: Ardini Elena , Bosotti Roberta , Borgia Andrea Lombardi , De Ponti Cristina , Somaschini Alessio , Cammarota Rosaria , Amboldi Nadia , Raddrizzani Laura , Milani Andrea , Magnaghi Paola , Ballinari Dario , Casero Daniele , Gasparri Fabio , Banfi Patrizia , Avanzi Nilla , Saccardo Maria B. , Alzani Rachele , Bandiera Tiziano , Felder Eduard , Donati Daniele , Pesenti Enrico , Sartore-Bianchi Andrea , Gambacorta Marcello , Pierotti Marco A. , Siena Salvatore , Veronese Silvio , Galvani Arturo , Isacchi Antonella
Published: June 2014

The NTRK1 gene encodes Tropomyosin‐related kinase A (TRKA), the high‐affinity Nerve Growth Factor Receptor. NTRK1 was originally isolated from a colorectal carcinoma (CRC) sample as component of a somatic rearrangement (TPM3‐NTRK1) resulting in expression of the oncogenic chimeric protein TPM3‐TRKA, but there has been no subsequent report regarding the relevance of this oncogene in CRC. The KM12 human CRC cell line expresses the chimeric TPM3‐TRKA protein and is hypersensitive to TRKA kinase inhibition. We report the detailed characterization of the TPM3‐NTRK1 genomic rearrangement in KM12 cells and through a cellular screening approach, the identification of NMS‐P626, a novel highly potent and selective TRKA inhibitor. NMS‐P626 suppressed TPM3‐TRKA phosphorylation and downstream signaling in KM12 cells and showed remarkable antitumor activity in mice bearing KM12 tumors.

Finally, using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC) we identified the TPM3‐NTRK1 rearrangement in a CRC clinical sample, therefore suggesting that this chromosomal translocation is indeed a low frequency recurring event in CRC and that such patients might benefit from therapy with TRKA kinase inhibitors.
Family-friendly benefits?
Authors: Ferrer Ana , Gagné Lynda
Published: June 2014

Data from the Canadian Workplace and Employee Survey (1999–2002) is used to assess the take-up of family-friendly benefits provided by employers. We distinguish benefit availability from the actual use of benefits and are able to account for worker selection into firms. We find that selection is important to understand the take-up of family-friendly benefits and that there is little difference between genders regarding benefit use. Overall, it seems that some family-friendly benefits (like flexible time) are relatively little help in the management of work-family conflict, while others (like childcare or eldercare) are unavailable to those who would benefit from them the most.
John Bunyan and Socinianism
Authors: SEAGER NICHOLAS
Published: June 2014

This article recovers John Bunyan's engagement with Socinianism in his doctrinal and imaginative writings. After surveying the rise of Socinianism in seventeenth-century England, the article augments the known theological contexts of Bunyan's disputes with the Quakers and the Latitudinarians by showing that he charges these groups with slighting the Son and so associates them with anti-Trinitarian heresy. Bunyan's recourse when affirming the Trinity is to biblical typology, a hermeneutical method and manner of structuring narratives which Bunyan uses to uphold the embattled orthodox views of Christ's divinity, the propitiatory atonement and justification by faith.
Entertaining the Trinity Unawares: Genesisxviiiin Western Christian Interpretation
Authors: DOERFLER MARIE E.
Published: June 2014

Abraham's encounter at Mamre(Genesis xviii.1–16)captivated the Christian imagination from the tradition's very origins. The story hints at God's self-disclosure in a triad of visitors – a theophany that evoked the presence of the Logos or even the Trinity. This article examines late antique exegetical trajectories, focusing upon the interaction between text and expositor in light of the latter's socio-historical context. For patristic exegetes, the Mamre account contained profound spiritual truth if read through the correct doctrinal lens, while presenting a foothold for heresy to the unwary. Changing visions of Trinitarian orthodoxy thus gave rise to new strategies of reading.
Titles for Orders in England, 1268–1348
Authors: ROBINSON DAVID
Published: June 2014

During the first half of the fourteenth century titles granted by English religious houses replaced patrimonial titles and titles granted by laymen and women as the predominant titles for unbeneficed secular clergy in most dioceses. This probably reflects the greater security an undying corporation provided for the ordaining bishop; but none of the various kinds of title as described in episcopal registers can necessarily be taken at face value and in practice ordinands were not expected to depend on the grantors of their titles for their future careers or for long-term financial support.
African Controversy: The Inheritance of the Donatist Schism in Vandal Africa
Authors: WHELAN ROBIN
Published: June 2014

A sense of an ending dominates accounts of African Christianity after the Vandal conquest of the 430s, not least as a result of the apparent disappearance of the Donatists in an Africa now ruled by Homoian Christians. In fact, the transfer from Donatist schism to new ‘Arian controversy’ more closely resembles the broader picture of Vandal Africa which has emerged from recent scholarship: significant continuity amid dynamic transformation. The cultural and rhetorical legacies of the Donatist schism were used by both parties (Catholic and Homoian) in Africa's new church conflict to present themselves as the true African Church.
Ecophysiological Adaptations of the Lichen Genera Pseudocyphellaria and Sticta to South Temperate Rainforests
Authors: Green T.G.A. , Lange O. L.
Published: June 2014

Temperate rainforests are a poorly researched habitat with respect to lichen ecophysiology in comparison to desert and polar regions. The evergreen, broadleaf forests provide a dim, moist environment that is relatively stable throughout the year. Lichens are abundant in both quantity and species diversity with the large foliose genera Sticta and Pseudocyphellaria normally being dominant, visually and in terms of biomass. These lichens exhibit a great diversity of both form and habitat range. Physiological and morphological adaptation has also been demonstrated. Pseudocyphellaria dissimilis shows changes in thallus water storage capacity with evaporative demand and is also highly shade-adapted. The species has the lowest light saturation and compensation values for photosynthesis yet known for lichens (20 and 1-μmol m−2s−1, PAR, respectively). Unexpectedly it is also highly desiccation-sensitive with some thalli being killed after only 20 h exposure to 15% relative humidity. Photobiont versatility is also a feature of these genera. Photosymbiodemes occur, i.e. a single thallus containing both green algal and cyanobacterial sectors. Because the different sectors have the same fungal partner and grow in the same habitat, it is possible to investigate whether particular physiological traits are photobiont determined. The ability to recover photosynthetic activity in humid air is confined to thalli with green algal photobionts whilst the inability of thalli containing cyanobacterial photobionts to tolerate high light stress may be related to their lack of a protective xanthophyll cycle.
Erosion of Biogenically Weathered Clarens Sandstone by Lichenophagous Bagworm Larvae (Lepidoptera; Pyschidae)
Authors: Wessels D. C. J. , Wessels L.-A.
Published: June 2014

Lichenophagous larvae of a bagworm moth species, associated with endolithic lichens occur in the Golden Gate Highlands National Park, South Africa. Endolithic lichens weather Clarens sandstone in the park by dissolving the cementing material of the sandstone. Bagworm larvae use such loosened quartz crystals to construct the bags in which they live. By erosion of the weathered sandstone, the bagworm larvae contribute to pedogenesis in the park at an estimated rate of 4.4 kilograms per hectare per year. In addition, bagworm larvae utilize endolithic lichens as a food source and contribute to dispersal of the lichens. The larvae further contribute an estimated 200 g of organic matter per hectare per year to the park and partake in the cycling of elements in the micro-ecosystem.
Mineral Cycling and Lichens: The Physiological Basis
Authors: Brown Dennis H. , Brown Rosalie M.
Published: June 2014

A number of physiological processes relevant to the role of lichens in mineral cycling are discussed. Consideration is given to the cellular location of positively-charged cations, showing (a) the benefits of quantifying intracellular elements for the interpretation of toxic metal stress, and (b) how distribution patterns of physiologically essential elements may be altered by desiccation and rehydration under field and laboratory conditions. The quantitative significance of these dynamic processes associated with metal uptake and loss requires verification under field conditions. A modified sequential elution procedure is proposed that enables quantification of insoluble paniculate mineral matter (acquired by wet and dry deposition) in addition to soluble elements in intercellular, extracellular-exchangeable and intracellular sites.
Ecological Significance of Necromass Production In Mat-Forming Lichens
Authors: Crittenden P. D.
Published: June 2014

Available evidence indicates that basal regions of well-developed lichen mats are composed largely of dead or senescent thallus material. Marked vertical gradients in concentrations of N, P and K in thalli of mat lichens, together with results of N budget studies in Cladonia stellaris and Stereocaulon paschale, suggest that these key elements may be recycled internally to fund new growth at the apices. It is argued that nutrient recycling will increase rates of both apical growth and basal necromass production and that under steady-state conditions this will result in deeper mats and facilitate dominance sensu Grime; thus accumulation of necromass may be an ecological advantage in mat-forming lichens. Basal necromass of the N2-fixing S. paschale contains more N than necromass of the non-N2-fixing C. stellaris; this may be due in part to a greater allocation of N to irrecoverable fungal cell wall components in S. paschale and may underlie a greater requirement for N in this mycobiont.
Introduction to Sources of German Law: German Collections at the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies
Authors: Read Katherine
Published: June 2014

This article, written by Katherine Read, gives an introduction to printed and electronic German legal resources that are collected by the Library of the Institute of Advanced Legal Studies and including those that are accessible through the web. Particular attention is given to English language sources where they are available to library users.
The Cue Is the Key
Authors: Baumgarten Melanie , Süß Heinz-Martin , Weis Susanne
Published: June 2014

In contrast to former tests, the Magdeburg Test of Social Intelligence measures social understanding with a scenario approach. Each scenario is based on one real target person and includes both social cues and contextual information about this person in different realistic situations. The subjects’ task is to understand the given social cues and to judge the target persons’ cognitions, emotions, and relationships to other people. However, subjects can potentially use only contextual information instead of social cues or base their judgments equally on both. The present study was aimed at examining the relative contribution of social cues and contextual information. In an experiment (N = 126), we manipulated the following conditions: Participants were given (a) only social cues, (b) only contextual information, or (c) both components. Results showed that social cues played a more important role in this social understanding task than the contextual information.
Equivalence of Paper and Computer Formats of a Child Self-Report Mental Health Measure
Authors: Patalay Praveetha , Deighton Jessica , Fonagy Peter , Wolpert Miranda
Published: June 2014

Research examining the equivalence of paper and computer-based adult mental health measures has found mixed results, and this issue has not been explored for child self-report measures. Results from adult studies cannot be generalized to young people, especially taking into consideration research indicating that current generations are more comfortable disclosing sensitive information on computer-based media. This paper investigates the psychometric equivalence of the paper (N = 777) and computer (N = 777) formats of a child and adolescent self-report mental health measure, “Me and My School” (M&MS), completed by school pupils aged 8–14 years. Common practice in equivalence testing has been to use scale-level analysis and factor structure equivalence; the limitation being inability to assess format-based differences at the item-level. We conduct differential item functioning (DIF) analysis to assess whether item-response probability is different based on survey format. Results demonstrate that young people completing the M&MS on paper have lower scale-level overall scores. However, DIF analyses indicate that this difference is not explained by item-level probabilities. The results suggest that survey format equivalence testing of other widely used child and adolescent mental health measures may be necessary before data from different formats are directly compared or combined.
Workplace Goal Orientation
Authors: van Dam Karen
Published: June 2014

A measure for workplace goal orientation was developed and validated across three independent samples. In Study 1 (n = 415), scales for workplace learning, performance, and avoidance goal orientation were developed. Study 2 (n = 511) examined the scales’ associations with dispositional goal orientations and employee achievements. Study 3 (n = 292) investigated the scales’ associations with several workplace characteristics, that is, autonomy, challenging work, and Leader-Member Exchange (LMX). The data were analyzed with confirmative factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Overall, the findings indicate that the scales were reliable, measured distinct constructs, were distinct from measures for dispositional goal orientation, contributed to the prediction of self-reported achievement beyond the effect of dispositional goal orientation, and had meaningful relationships with workplace characteristics. As such, the new measure appears a valuable tool for measuring workplace goal orientation that can be used for theoretical and applied purposes.
The Assessment of Fatigue in Children With Chronic Pain
Authors: Sánchez-Rodríguez Elisabet , Miró Jordi
Published: June 2014

The purpose of this study was to review the options that are available for assessing fatigue in children and adolescents with chronic pain problems, analyze the psychometric properties of all the instruments and provide health professionals with key information on which to base decisions about their use. A literature search was conducted using PsycINFO, MEDLINE, CINAHL, ERIC, and Scopus databases and the Cochrane Library between 1934 and January 2013 in order to identify all the studies that have evaluated fatigue in these populations. A total of 936 articles were retrieved, of which 24 were relevant. Of these 10 fatigue-related questionnaires were subject to specific content analysis. Only five of them evaluated fatigue in children with chronic pain, and just two had made a specific analysis of their psychometric characteristics. Most measures have been developed with a multidimensional approach of fatigue in mind. Psychometric information is missing for many questionnaires. On the basis of evidence-based assessment (EBA) criteria none of the questionnaires retrieved can be considered to be well-established measures that can be used in children with chronic pain.
The Hierarchical Structure of Work-Related Maladaptive Personality Traits
Authors: Guenole Nigel
Published: June 2014

A brief pathological personality measure, the G-50, was designed to study substantive developments from clinical psychology in occupational settings. Responses to item-pools assessing DSM-5 domain traits were collected from 696 working adults in England, Ireland, Wales, and Scotland. Exploratory factor analyses supported a structure comprised of Antagonism, Compulsivity, Detachment, Negative Affect, Disinhibition, and Psychoticism. Gender differences were observed following invariance analyses while five-factor indicators projected into latent space defined by pathological indicators revealed each big five construct related to multiple pathological traits. Latent profile analyses revealed a maladaptive class that experienced worse outcomes on a range of job performance and health indicators. Support for a hierarchical structure was observed where domain traits are lower order indicators of internalizing and externalizing factors. Mixed evidence for a generalized psychopathology factor was observed. Because lower-level maladaptive traits are described in the organizational sciences as “Dark,” we describe this generalized psychopathology factor as “Black.”
Development of the Factors Related to Forgiveness Inventory (FRFI)
Authors: Blatt Linda J. , Wertheim Eleanor H.
Published: June 2014

This research aimed to develop a brief, multifactorial Factors Related to Forgiveness Inventory (FRFI), assessing social-cognitive factors that facilitate or inhibit forgiveness. In total, 512 participants completed a questionnaire, reporting trait forgivingness, and describing a specific transgression, characteristics of the offence or offender, beliefs about forgiving the offender, overall forgiveness and revenge, avoidance, and benevolence motivations toward the offender. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggested seven factors including positive post-transgression offender responses, perceived likelihood of the offender repeating offences, valuing the relationship with the offender, social influences to not forgive, believing forgiveness would be condoning or excusing the offence, intent of the offender, and spiritual beliefs about forgiveness. Construct, criterion, and incremental validity were assessed and supported validity of scores of the seven FRFI subscales for 415 adults. All subscales explained unique variance in overall forgiveness. Furthermore, FRFI subscales accounted for between 21% and 59% of variance in forgiveness-related constructs, after trait forgivingness was accounted for. One-week test-retest reliability suggested scores were temporally stable. The FRFI has potential for use in future research into factors facilitating and inhibiting forgiveness and in therapeutic contexts.
Loss of function of the ALS protein SigR1 leads to ER pathology associated with defective autophagy and lipid raft disturbances
Authors: Vollrath J T , Sechi A , Dreser A , Katona I , Wiemuth D , Vervoorts J , Dohmen M , Chandrasekar A , Prause J , Brauers E , Jesse C M , Weis J , Goswami A
Published: June 2014

Intracellular accumulations of altered, misfolded proteins in neuronal and other cells are pathological hallmarks shared by many neurodegenerative diseases including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Mutations in several genes give rise to familial forms of ALS. Mutations in Sigma receptor 1 have been found to cause a juvenile form of ALS and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). We recently described altered localization, abnormal modification and loss of function of SigR1 in sporadic ALS. In order to further elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying SigR1-mediated alterations in sporadic and familial ALS, we extended our previous studies using neuronal SigR1 knockdown cell lines. We found that loss of SigR1 leads to abnormal ER morphology, mitochondrial abnormalities and impaired autophagic degradation. Consistent with these results, we found that endosomal trafficking of EGFR is impaired upon SigR1 knockdown. Furthermore, in SigR1-deficient cells the transport of vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein is inhibited, leading to the accumulation of this cargo protein in the Golgi apparatus. Moreover, depletion of SigR1 destabilized lipid rafts and associated calcium mobilization, confirming the crucial role of SigR1 in lipid raft and intracellular calcium homeostasis. Taken together, our results support the notion that loss of SigR1 function contributes to ALS pathology by causing abnormal ER morphology, lipid raft destabilization and defective endolysosomal pathways.
On the sustainability of an activity
Authors: Zachary Daniel S.
Published: June 2014

This paper develops a framework to determine the sustainability of a general activity. We define an activity as an action or process that uses one or more resources and that responds either wholly or partially to a demand. A definition for sustainability is developed and is contingent on whether or not an activity can be sustained according to the available resources, the duration of an activity, the cost of its execution, or whether substitution is possible. A sustainability condition is met when the duration, cost and the chain of dependent activities satisfies the demand. Two conditions for sustainability are developed: a strong condition when the demand is met with no substitution and a weak condition when the demand is met via substitution. In the latter case, we show that the set of all sustainable activities is a subset of a N-level union of sustainable activities and forms a topological cover.
Failure Processes in Embedded Monolayer Graphene under Axial Compression
Authors: Androulidakis Charalampos , Koukaras Emmanuel N. , Frank Otakar , Tsoukleri Georgia , Sfyris Dimitris , Parthenios John , Pugno Nicola , Papagelis Konstantinos , Novoselov Kostya S. , Galiotis Costas
Published: June 2014

Exfoliated monolayer graphene flakes were embedded in a polymer matrix and loaded under axial compression. By monitoring the shifts of the 2D Raman phonons of rectangular flakes of various sizes under load, the critical strain to failure was determined. Prior to loading care was taken for the examined area of the flake to be free of residual stresses. The critical strain values for first failure were found to be independent of flake size at a mean value of –0.60% corresponding to a yield stress up to -6 GPa. By combining Euler mechanics with a Winkler approach, we show that unlike buckling in air, the presence of the polymer constraint results in graphene buckling at a fixed value of strain with an estimated wrinkle wavelength of the order of 1–2 nm. These results were compared with DFT computations performed on analogue coronene/PMMA oligomers and a reasonable agreement was obtained.
Multiplexed determination of human growth hormone and prolactin at a label free electrochemical immunosensor using dual carbon nanotube–screen printed electrodes modified with gold and PEDOT nanoparticles
Authors: Serafín V. , Martínez-García G. , Agüí L. , Yáñez-Sedeño P. , Pingarrón J. M.
Published: June 2014

A label-free dual electrochemical immunosensor for simultaneous determination of human growth and prolactin hormones was prepared for the first time.
Molecular tectonics based nanopatterning of interfaces with 2D metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)
Authors: Garah Mohamed El , Ciesielski Artur , Marets Nicolas , Bulach Véronique , Hosseini Mir Wais , Samorì Paolo
Published: June 2014

The nanostructuring of the graphite surface with 2DMOF, based on a combination of an acentric porphyrin tecton and a CoCl2metallatecton, was achieved at the solid–liquid interface and characterized by scanning tunnelling microscopy.
Preparation and magnetic and microwave absorption properties of MnNb2O6 ellipsoid-like hierarchical structures
Authors: Lei Shuijin , Guo Donghai , Wang Chuanning , Cheng Di , Gao Xijie , Zeng Suyuan , Xiao Yanhe , Cheng Baochang
Published: June 2014

The MnNb2O6 ellipsoidal hierarchical structures exhibiting antiferromagnetic behavior with TN ≈ 4 K are fabricated using a facile hydrothermal method.
Effect of cerium oxide nanoparticles on asparagus lettuce cultured in an agar medium
Authors: Cui Di , Zhang Peng , Ma Yuhui , He Xiao , Li Yuanyuan , Zhang Jing , Zhao Yuechun , Zhang Zhiyong
Published: June 2014

CeO2 nanoparticles showed a higher toxicity to asparagus lettuce in an agar medium than in aqueous suspensions.