bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Late Quaternary Chrysophycean stomatocysts in a Southern Carpathian mountain lake, including the description of new forms (Romania)
Authors: SORÓCZKI˗PINTÉR ÉVA , PLA˗RABES SERGI , MAGYARI ENIKŐ KATALIN , STENGER-KOVÁCS CSILLA , BUCZKÓ KRISZTINA
Published: May 2014

In this study we present results of a low-resolution chrysophyte stomatocyst analysis that followed a high-resolution diatom analysis of a mountain lake sediment sequence from the Retezat Mountains, in the south Carpathians (Romania). The stomatocyst assemblages of the previously distinguished ten diatom assemblage zones of Lake Gales were studied with the aim to describe stomatocyst composition and create a taxonomical basis for detailed stratigraphical analysis in the future. We report 83 stomatocyst forms, and 7 of them are formally described here as new for science. An abrupt shift in cyst as well as diatom assemblages were recorded around 9200 cal yr BP during the 15,000 years long history of the Lake Gales. This Lake Gales event could be linked to the 9.3-ka widespread significant climatic anomaly, which was triggered by a melt water pulse into the North Atlantic.
Marine and inland fishes of St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands:
an annotated checklist
Authors: Smith-Vaniz William F. , Jelks Howard L.
Published: May 2014

An historical account is given for the ichthyological research at St. Croix, U. S. Virgin Islands, followed by an annotated list of 544 species of mostly marine shore fishes known or reported from the island to depths of 200 m. Color photographs are included for 103 of these species. Collections made at Buck Island Reef National Monument with the ichthyocide rotenone in 2001 and 2005 increased the known ichthyofauna by about 80 species. The rational for inclusion of each species in the checklist is given, with remarks for those species for which additional documentation or voucher specimens are needed. Reports of species known or presumed to have been based on misidentifications are discussed. Of the total marine fish fauna of the island, 404 species (75%) are restricted to the western Atlantic Ocean, (223 of these species are essentially Caribbean endemics that do not occur south of the Amazon River outflow), and no St. Croix endemic species are known. An additional 17 species (3.2%) also occur at mid-Atlantic islands, 57 species (10.6 %) are limited to both sides of the Atlantic Ocean, and 40 species (7.4%) have circumtropical distributions. The four most species-rich families are the Gobiidae (47 species), Serranidae (groupers and sea basses, 41), Labridae (wrasses and parrotfishes, 31), and Labrisomidae (scaly blennies, 27). Literature reports of Mosquitofish, Gambusia sp., from St. Croix apparently were based on misidentifications of a different introduced poeciliid genus. Four species of the amphidromus goby genus Sicydium occur in St. Croix inland waters, together with three established introduced species (one cichlid and two poeciliids). Also included are one catfish (Ictaluridae) and three sunfishes (Centrarchidae) known only from ponds. The Lionfish, Pterois volitans, the only introduced marine species, was first reported from St. Croix in 2008 and is now common despite control efforts.
‘We didn’t have a clue’: Family caregivers’ experiences of the communication of a diagnosis of schizophrenia
Authors: Outram Sue , Harris Gillian , Kelly Brian , Bylund Carma L , Cohen Martin , Landa Yulia , Levin Tomer , Sandhu Harsimrat , Vamos Marina , Loughland Carmel
Published: May 2014

Background:

Despite widespread acceptance of the principle that patients should be informed about their diagnosis, many clinicians are reluctant to provide a diagnosis of schizophrenia. This study examines family caregivers’ experiences of the communication of a schizophrenia diagnosis and related information.

Methods:

A generic qualitative methodological approach was used. In all, 13 family caregivers were recruited in regional New South Wales, Australia. Semi-structured interviews were used to explore their experiences and perceptions of discussing the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of schizophrenia with mental health professionals. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, codes generated and thematic analysis undertaken.

Results:

Family caregivers described long and difficult pathways to being given a diagnosis, haphazard means of finding out the diagnosis, high unmet needs for information, exclusion from the medical care process and problematic communication and general interactions with mental health clinicians. Caregivers were unanimous about the importance of receiving a timely diagnosis, for them and their relative with schizophrenia.

Conclusion:

Family caregivers are an integral part of the mental health-care system, and they should be included early in discussions of diagnosis and treatment of a person with schizophrenia. Their perspectives on communicating a diagnosis of schizophrenia provide important information for communication skills training of psychiatrists and other mental health professionals.
War traumas in the Mediterranean area
Authors: Carta Mauro Giovanni , Moro Maria Francesca , Bass Judith
Published: May 2014

Introduction:

The purpose is to explore the consequences of war and its impact on mental health with attention to the Mediterranean area.

Methods:

Narrative review of consequences of war on mental health and on the mental health of the communities in the current crises in the Mediterranean region.

Results:

A series of outbreaks of war are still raging in the Mediterranean region and producing horrible effects with a considerable number of refugees with unsatisfied needs. Studies relating to conflicts of the past suggest that the mental health consequences of these wars may affect future generations for many years. While violations of human rights are not new, what is new are attacks on medical institutions perceived to be traditionally Western.

Conclusion:

The scientific community has to fight violence through mediation of conflicts. The idea that science can improve lives is a concept that is found in the history of all Mediterranean cultures. The Greek and Roman medical tradition was saved thanks to doctors of the Arab courts when Christian fundamentalism fought science in the Middle Ages. Health institutions are the product of the great Islamic medical tradition as well as Western culture.
World literature: What gets lost in translation?
Authors: Harrison Nicholas
Published: May 2014

In What is World Literature? (2003) and other influential works David Damrosch suggests repeatedly that world literature “gains in translation”. This article begins by showing that Damrosch gives no convincing account of what this phrase means. It then develops a wider argument that, even if translations may be accomplished literary works in their own right, the very notion of literature — or at least, one important notion of literature — is associated with untranslatability, or what is lost in translation. The losses, it is argued, may be felt or imagined in various dimensions, and reach into the institutional foundations of the study of literature and of foreign languages.
Medico-legal autopsy of 1355 unclaimed dead bodies brought to a tertiary care hospital in Delhi, India (2006–2012)
Authors: Saurav Chopra , Aayushi Garg , Behera C , Karthik Krishna , Millo T , Gupta SK
Published: May 2014

In India, it is estimated that about 13 million people are homeless. As these individuals have no close acquaintances, in the event of death, their bodies remain unclaimed. These unclaimed corpses pose a major challenge for the local law enforcement agencies in identification and thus become an obstacle in solving the cases of missing persons. We sought to review the autopsy characteristics and causes of death in the unclaimed/unidentified bodies autopsied at the All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) from 2006 to 2012. Among the total of 11,786 cases autopsied during the year 2006 to 2012, 1335 (11%) were unclaimed. Most of the cases were males (91%) with a male-to-female ratio of 9:1. Mean age of the cohort was 43 years (range, 1–85 years). Natural events were the foremost cause of death and were more commonly seen in males. While accidental, suicidal and homicidal modes were common in younger age groups; natural manner of death predominated in the elderly. Most of the cases were found dead on the roadside. This paper also compares with the previous study in the same set-up during the time period 2001 to 2005. The authors believe that knowledge about the existing healthcare facilities need to be reinforced and their utilisation promoted.
Has the Community Reinvestment Act increased loan availability among small businesses operating in minority neighbourhoods?
Authors: Bates Timothy , Robb Alicia
Published: May 2014

The 1977 Community Reinvestment Act (CRA) established a bold agenda requiring financial institutions in the USA to serve the credit needs of low- and moderate-income areas, including traditionally excluded minority residential areas. Initially opposed by both bankers and the federal regulatory authorities responsible for enforcement, the CRA has been contentious for decades. This study explores CRA impacts by investigating whether small businesses located in minority neighbourhoods have the same degree of bank-loan access as equally creditworthy firms located in other environs. We analysed both the unmet credit needs of small firms and the outcomes of their loan applications. We found that equality in loan access has been attained in some respects, indicating the CRA has had positive effects on loan availability. Inequality nonetheless persists. Regarding unmet credit needs, firms are penalised if their owners are African American, Latino or Asian American. Since roughly half of owners in minority communities are minorities, our challenge was to disentangle the effects on loan access of small-business geographic location versus owner race. Causal factors underlying our findings were investigated. Did bank regulators take the initiative in lessening traditional discriminatory lending practices? Alternatively, were activist community groups responsible? While the agenda advocated by activist groups coincides closely with actual gains, the overlapping but differing stated objectives of regulators did not.
Cultural Differences in Pictorial Destination Images
Authors: Stepchenkova Svetlana , Kim Hany , Kirilenko Andrei
Published: May 2014

Destination photography communicates images that shape and reshape destination perceptions of past and potential tourists and, consequently, influence their decision-making process. Using theoretical underpinnings provided in works on culture, this exploratory study examines whether destination photographs taken by tourists and posted on social-network websites are reflective of culture to which those tourists belong. Content analysis of American and Korean photographs of Russia posted on Flickr and in Korean travel blogs, respectively, was followed by chi-square and co-occurrence analyses of destination attributes, as well as geospatial analysis of image locations using ARC GIS software. Although the core of Russia’s destination image—urban, contemporary, architecturally interesting, and spacious—is similar for both cultural groups, the study found differences in the way that American and Korean tourists represent Russia as a destination. These differences are discussed from the perspective of tourists’ respective cultures.
Cultural Agenda Setting and the Role of Critics
Authors: Symeou Pavlos C. , Bantimaroudis Philemon , Zyglidopoulos Stelios C.
Published: May 2014

In this study we investigate and expand agenda setting theory in the context of the market for art-house films. First, we test first and second-level agenda setting hypotheses, according to which higher media visibility and favorable media valence of a particular film are expected to have positive effects on public salience. Second, we expand agenda setting theory by adding critical valence as an important influence of public salience within cultural contexts. Our findings suggest that while higher media visibility, favorable media valence, and critical valence have positive effects on public salience, they are also independent of one another in carrying salience over to the public.
Factors Associated With Daytime Sleep in Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Li Junxin , Chang Yu-Ping , Porock Davina
Published: May 2014

A retrospective, cross-sectional study was conducted to describe the occurrence of daytime sleep (DS) and to examine factors associated with DS in nursing home residents. We used the Minimum Data Set 2.0 records of 300 residents in a nursing home from January 2005 to March 2010. Descriptive statistics, independent t-test, chi-square, Pearson correlations, and logistic regression were utilized in analysis. About 71.3% of the residents slept more than 2 hours during the day, and this was significantly associated with residents’ comorbidity ( t = 2.0, p = .04), cognitive performance ( t = 7.3, p = .01), activities of daily living ( t = 3.7, p = .01), and social involvement ( t = −7.6, p = .01). Cognitive performance and social involvement significantly predicted the occurrence of DS with social involvement being the strongest predictor (odds ratio: .58; 95% confidence interval: [.45, .75]). The findings suggest that interventions to engage nursing home residents in more social activities during the day may be beneficial to minimize their DS, especially for those who have difficulties with engaging socially on their own.
Words and Walls, Texts and Textiles: A Conversation
Authors: Fraser Mariam Motamedi , Zaker Farniyaz
Published: May 2014

The authors explore how the multi-media artist Farniyaz Zaker uses words to establish connections between different kinds of materials in her work, and how her work makes words material. Zaker’s conception of dress as ‘microcosmic dwelling places’ enables the authors to think about veiling practices, Islams and gender not only in relation to the familiar domains of state, piety, subjectivity, consumption, capitalism, public and private (for instance), but also with regard to some less self-evidently relevant contexts. Light, architecture and cinema, as well as walls, windows, curtains, coffins, tents and screens, are among them. It is by way of these multiple refractions that the authors are able to return to those debates that conceive of Islamic veiling in terms of embodied, material practices and to support and develop further reasons for an understanding of that most exceptionally charged piece of material, the veil, as more than a sign of …
Beyond Justification: Habermas, Rorty and the Politics of Cultural Change
Authors: Kim Kyung-Man
Published: May 2014

Although Jürgen Habermas and Richard Rorty both reject the traditional picture of cultural change in which intellectuals are supposed to have the ‘last word’ on cultural issues and envisage cultural changes as the result of ‘dialogue’ or ‘conversation’ between them and the lay public, they nevertheless end up espousing different pictures of cultural change because of their totally different conception of the role and function of language, truth and rationality in such dialogue. In the first two sections of this article, I will recount Habermas’s critique of Rorty’s neo-pragmatism and the latter’s responses to it so that they can reveal the core issues of the debate. In the third section, I will argue that, as a ‘sociologized version’ of Rorty’s philosophy, Jeffrey Alexander’s theory of social performance provides us with a sociological framework that makes possible a wide range of empirical studies of cultural change.
Urban rhythms: A chronotopic approach to urban timespace
Authors: Mulíček Ondřej , Osman Robert , Seidenglanz Daniel
Published: May 2014

This text attempts to examine the structuring of the urban environment, taking into account the geographically traditional spatial aspects of various phenomena as well as their temporal characteristics. Places are anchored in time and time in turn may be said to unfold in space. It is thus impossible to achieve an understanding of space without the necessary temporal dimension; indeed, the debate over the conceptualization of timespace has gained considerable currency in the social sciences. This text forms a response to this point of interest, providing a discussion of the chronotopic approach. The first part examines the concept of time and timespace, respectively, in the social sciences; particular attention is paid to the non-trivial aspects of the relationship between time and space. The abovementioned chronotope analytical and interpretive model is utilized throughout. For the purposes of this article, the model is defined as a specific part of the urban space defined by a unique temporality, i.e. based on a specific combination of overlapping rhythms. Such an approach opens up the possibility of regionalization on the basis of a specific temporality on different spatial scales. The empirical part of the text attempts to characterize the differentiation of urban space in Brno on the basis of a spectral analysis of three selected rhythms – the work cycle of a given locale, average duration of shopping session and public transport frequency. Model cases of selected urban chronotopes are subsequently developed on the basis of the rhythmicity of these activities.
Green Ships Fuelled by LNG: Stimulus for Indian Coastal Shipping
Authors: Ahmad Mazyar
Published: May 2014

This article seeks to understand some legal aspects surrounding ‘green shipping’ in India. Pollution caused by ships in their daily operations or when they are scrapped is causing concern world over. That necessitates ways and means of addressing the issue as well as future of greener shipping operations. Coastal shipping has being neglected in India for a long time. We also need adequately comprehend importance of coastal shipping and the role it could play in the economic development of India. This study tries to establish a relationship between ‘green shipping’ and possible growth of coastal shipping in India. Green shipping is the need of the future for providing green and sustainable transport of goods around the Indian coast as well as beyond it. Use of LNG as fuel and advantages India will have in switching over to LNG, international regulations governing LNG ships and their transposition in domestic laws as well as construction, operation and other facilities associated with LNG fuelled ships in India have been sought to be addressed.
Iraq War 2003 and the Issue of Pre-emptive and Preventive Self-defence: Implications for the United Nations
Authors: Kumar Rajeesh
Published: May 2014

The adoption of pre-emptive self-defence as a policy by the United States of America in its war against terrorism has revived the controversy over the concept of pre-emptive use of force in international politics. Some scholars argue that states are stretching the right of self-defence as pre-emptive, preventive and anticipatory in accordance with their needs and interests and to justify their actions. For others, in the context of changing security threats such as terrorism and Weapons of Mass Destruction pre-emptive strikes are permissible. These efforts to redefine and re-interpret the right of self-defence and use of force for justifying state’s actions have challenged the role of international organisations that were principally designed to regulate the unilateral use of force, and to maintain international peace and security. Against this backdrop, this article will examine how the pre-emptive and preventive use of force undermines the role of the United Nations in international politics through probing the case of Iraq War 2003. This would be a much needed reflection on the implications of Iraq War on multilateralism in the context of 10 years after the war.
Evaluation of a Community-Based HIV Preventive Intervention for Female Sex Workers in Rural Areas of Karnataka State, South India
Authors: Washington Reynold G. , Nath Anita , Isac Shajy , Javalkar Prakash , Ramesh Banadakoppa M. , Bhattacharjee Parinita , Moses Stephen
Published: May 2014

To examine changes in behavioral outcomes among rural female sex workers (FSWs) involved in a community-based comprehensive HIV preventive intervention program in south India. A total of 14, 284 rural FSWs were reached by means of a community-based model for delivering outreach, medical, and referral services. Changes in behavior were assessed using 2 rounds of polling booth surveys conducted in 2008 and 2011. In all, 95% of the mapped FSWs were reached at least once, 80.3% received condoms as per need, and 71% received health services for sexually transmitted infections. There was a significant increase in condom use (from 60.4% to 72.4%, P = .001) and utilization of HIV counseling and testing services (from 63.9% to 92.4%; P = .000) between the 2 time periods. This model for a community-based rural outreach and HIV care was effective and could also be applied to many other health problems.
A shape memory alloy–based soft morphing actuator capable of pure twisting motion
Authors: Rodrigue Hugo , Bhandari Binayak , Han Min-Woo , Ahn Sung-Hoon
Published: May 2014

This article introduces a novel design for a soft morphing actuator capable of pure twisting motion through a pair of shape memory alloy wires embedded in a polydimethylsiloxane matrix at constant and opposite eccentricity across the cross section in opposite directions. This report introduces the design of the actuator, the manufacturing method, and experimental results for the twisting angle and twisting force when varying the dimensions of the matrix of the actuator. Afterward, a simple model is applied to verify the effect of matrix dimensions on the twisting angle of the actuator. The results show that there is an optimal actuator thickness for both the twisting angle and the twisting force of the actuator, that there is a trade-off between the twisting angle and the twisting force for the actuator’s thickness, and that a longer length is better for both metrics within the tested dimensions.
Teduglutide for the Treatment of Short Bowel Syndrome
Authors: Wilhelm Sheila M. , Lipari Melissa , Kulik Janice K. , Kale-Pradhan Pramodini B.
Published: May 2014

Objective: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and safety of the newly approved drug, teduglutide, for the treatment of short bowel syndrome (SBS). Data Sources: Literature was retrieved through PubMed (1966-March 2014) using the search term teduglutide. The authors applied the filters Humans and English language, resulting in 47 publications. Study Selection and Data Extraction: The authors reviewed the 47 citations to extract those that were published clinical trials. Bibliographies of recent review articles and editorials were evaluated for additional pertinent publications for inclusion. The methods and results from each of the trials were extracted. Data Synthesis: Teduglutide has been studied in SBS in 3 phase III trials. Teduglutide decreases parenteral nutrition (PN) volume requirements, with 1 study showing a reduction of 4.4 ± 3.8 L/wk with teduglutide 0.05 mg/kg versus 2.3 ± 2.7 L/wk with placebo; P < 0.001. In another study, teduglutide improved graded response scores, which are based on the intensity and duration of the reduction of PN use (16/35 assigned to teduglutide 0.05 mg/kg vs 1/16 assigned to placebo; P = 0.007). The dosing range studies have indicated that the optimal dose of teduglutide is 0.05 mg/kg daily subcutaneously. There are a number of adverse effects reported in the trials, including abdominal pain or distention, injection site reactions, nausea, headaches, and fluid overload among others. There is also a concern for the development of malignancy with teduglutide, and therefore, it is not recommended in patients with active gastrointestinal malignancies. Conclusions: Overall, teduglutide appears to be a promising agent for the treatment of SBS.
Animal-Assisted Play Therapy
Authors: Sori Catherine Ford , Hughes Jessica Ciastko
Published: May 2014

Rise VanFleet is a well-known family therapist who is a licensed psychologist in Pennsylvania, and a leading expert in Filial Therapy, having studied with the founders and creators, Bernard and Louise Guerney. She is also a Registered Play Therapist Supervisor and a Certified Dog Behavior Consultant. In this telephone interview, VanFleet discusses her involvement in animal-assisted play therapy (AAPT), her research, and the training methods she has developed. She is a prolific author and conducts trainings throughout the globe in both filial therapy and AAPT.
Calcium Channel Blockers in Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy
Authors: Godfraind Theophile
Published: May 2014

This paper summarizes the pharmacological properties of calcium channel blockers (CCBs), their established therapeutic uses for cardiovascular disorders and the current improvement of their clinical effects through drug combinations. Their identification resulted from study of small molecules including coronary dilators, which were named calcium antagonists. Further experiments showed that they reduced contraction of arteries by inhibiting calcium entry and by interacting with binding sites identified on voltage-dependent calcium channels. This led to the denomination calcium channel blockers. In short-term studies, by decreasing total peripheral resistance, CCBs lower arterial pressure. By unloading the heart and increasing coronary blood flow, CCBs improve myocardial oxygenation. In long-term treatment, the decrease in blood pressure is more pronounced in hypertensive than in normotensive patients. A controversy on the safety of CCBs ended after a large antihypertensive trial (ALLHAT) sponsored by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. There are two main types of CCBs: dihydopyridine and non-dihydropyridine; the first type is vascular selective. Dihydropyrines are indicated for hypertension, chronic, stable and vasospastic angina. Non-dihydropyridines have the same indications plus antiarrythmic effects in atrial fibrillation or flutter and paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. In addition, CCBs reduced newly formed coronary lesions in atherosclerosis. In order to reach recommended blood pressure goals, there is a recent therapeutic move by combination of CCBs with other antihypertensive agents particularly with inhibitors acting at the level of the renin-angiotensin system. They are also combined with statins. Prevention of dementia has been reported in hypertensive patients treated with nitrendipine, opening a way for further studies on CCBs’ beneficial effect in cognitive deterioration associated with aging.
Chronic Effect of Aspartame on Ionic Homeostasis and Monoamine Neurotransmitters in the Rat Brain
Authors: Abhilash M. , Alex Manju , Mathews Varghese V. , Nair R. Harikumaran
Published: May 2014

Aspartame is one of the most widely used artificial sweeteners globally. Data concerning acute neurotoxicity of aspartame is controversial, and knowledge on its chronic effect is limited. In the current study, we investigated the chronic effects of aspartame on ionic homeostasis and regional monoamine neurotransmitter concentrations in the brain. Our results showed that aspartame at high dose caused a disturbance in ionic homeostasis and induced apoptosis in the brain. We also investigated the effects of aspartame on brain regional monoamine synthesis, and the results revealed that there was a significant decrease of dopamine in corpus striatum and cerebral cortex and of serotonin in corpus striatum. Moreover, aspartame treatment significantly alters the tyrosine hydroxylase activity and amino acids levels in the brain. Our data suggest that chronic use of aspartame may affect electrolyte homeostasis and monoamine neurotransmitter synthesis dose dependently, and this might have a possible effect on cognitive functions.
Does the Institutional Quality Matter to Attract the Foreign Direct Investment? An Empirical Investigation for Pakistan
Authors: Ahmad Mohsin Hasnain , Ahmed Qazi Masood
Published: May 2014

This study investigates the role of the institutions as a determinant of foreign direct investment (FDI) in the case of Pakistan by applying the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) cointegration technique. The results demonstrate that the institutional quality exerts long-run impact in determining the FDI inflows. The findings suggest that institutional quality is an important determinant of the FDI in Pakistan. The joint impact of institutional quality and trade openness is also significant and positively contribute to attract FDI in the short run as well as in the long run. The findings strongly support the hypothesis that simultaneous implementation of policy mix, that is, reducing trade barriers and improvement in institutional quality, play significant role in attracting FDI in a developing country like Pakistan.
Growth Effects of Industrial Clusters
Authors: Narayana M.R.
Published: May 2014

This article develops a simple methodology for calculation of growth effects of industrial clusters at national level and estimates the economic determinants of the clusters’ size-class of production by using data on 354 individual industrial clusters in India. Gross value of industrial clusters is indirectly measured and growth effects are calculated within the National Income Accounting framework. Determinants are estimated by using the grouped data on size-class of value of production by clusters. Results show that industrial clusters contributed to India’s economic growth of manufacturing sector (or Indian economy) between 8 to 3 per cent (or between 1 to 0.4 per cent) in 2002–2003 and 2003–2004, respectively. Binary Logit estimates show that industrial clusters with modern small scale industries and traditional art and craft products, high and medium heterogeneity, high and medium potential for technology upgradation and exports and those which are market or resource based are the important determinants of size-class of production of clusters. Other things being equal, an improvement in these determinants may contribute to higher gross value added and maximization of economic growth by industrial clusters. This analysis is useful to calculate the determinants of probability of individual clusters belonging to larger size-class of production at the state level. Further, the approach is relevant and applicable to estimate growth effects of industrial clusters in other South Asian countries as well.
‘So much for snapshots’: The material relations of tourists as cultural dupes
Authors: Picken Felicity
Published: May 2014

Academic publishing houses tend to be in the business of words not images, but is this any reason for tourism scholars to be remiss about photographs themselves? It is a curious fact that very few tourist photographs are included in tourism research despite the importance of the claims that are built upon them. One of these is that cultural dupes are made from tourist photography – that their photographic practices cast them as such – but the duping process is far from convincing or satisfactory particularly in the absence of the photographs themselves. This article tracks down the missing tourist photographs by following the material relations that constitute the duping process and the remarkable, immaterial life of the tourist photograph as a resource for tourism scholarship. Once rediscovered, these photographs can be redeployed and increasingly are deployed in digital forms of materialism that are comparatively flexible, public and mobile. This new material configuration simultaneously casts the cultural dupe as an artefact of the analogue age and this invites examination of the power of digital contexts to trouble existing assumptions. Stengers’ use of the ‘idiot’ can be fruitfully employed to demonstrate a tourist who misbehaves in new technological freedoms, and challenges existing scholarly interpretations and frameworks.
Comparing levels of mediatization in television journalism: An analysis of political reporting on US and UK evening news bulletins
Authors: Cushion Stephen , Rodger Hugh , Lewis Rachel
Published: May 2014

This comparative content analysis study ( N = 946) examines how far political news is mediatized in the US and UK by systematically exploring the conventions used in television news bulletins. According to many of our mediatization of politics indicators – which included sound and imagebites, lip flaps, journalistic visibility, ‘wrapping up’, live and interpretive news – broadcasters with the most public service responsibilities supplied the highest level of mediatized political news. Our study thus appears to challenge conventional academic wisdom that US journalistic interventionism is greater than other advanced Western democracies and that enhanced commercialization is a precursor to higher degrees of mediatization. We suggest that the form, structure and style of journalism should be understood more carefully by scholars when making sense of how far news is mediatized, since the greater length of UK television news conventions and the ability to ‘go live’ longer allowed journalists greater freedom to interpret politics.
The functional range of motion of the finger joints
Authors: Bain G. I. , Polites N. , Higgs B. G. , Heptinstall R. J. , McGrath A. M.
Published: May 2014

The purpose of this study was to measure the functional range of motion of the finger joints needed to perform activities of daily living. Using the Sollerman hand grip function test, 20 activities were assessed in ten volunteers. The active and passive range of motion was measured with a computerized electric goniometer. The position of each finger joint was evaluated in the pre-grasp and grasp positions. The functional range of motion was defined as the range required to perform 90% of the activities, utilizing the pre-grasp and grasp measurements. The functional range of motion was 19°–71°, 23°–87°, and 10°–64° at the metacarpophalangeal, proximal interphalangeal, and distal interphalangeal joints, respectively. This represents 48%, 59%, and 60% of the active motion of these joints, respectively. There was a significant difference in the functional range of motion between the joints of the fingers, with the ulnar digits having greater active and functional range. The functional range of motion is important for directing indications for surgery and rehabilitation, and assessing outcome of treatment.
The results of pollicization for congenital thumb hypoplasia
Authors: Tonkin M. A. , Boyce D. E. , Fleming P. P. , Filan S. L. , Vigna N.
Published: May 2014

We assessed pollicizations performed by one surgeon; compared function of the pollicized digit in patients with and without forearm/wrist anomalies; and determined if hand function changed with age. A total of 42 hands were assessed an average of 5.7 years post-operatively, 21 with a forearm/wrist anomaly (Group 1) and 21 without (Group 2). Fourteen patients with 16 pollicizations were assessed on two occasions 3.5 years apart. Carpometacarpal joint motion was near normal in both groups (decreased retropulsion in Group 1). Metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joint flexion, grip, thumb lateral and tip pinch strengths, and Jebsen timed test were superior in Group 2. Subjective assessment by patients/parents found 72% excellent/good results for function and 94% for appearance. Doctor excellent/good assessments were 60% and 70%, respectively. Forearm/wrist anomalies significantly compromised results but are not a contraindication for pollicization. Strength and Jebsen timed test measurements improved at the second assessment of 16 thumbs, but this was consistent with age-related improvement.

Level of evidence: 4
Standardized Dataset for School Health Services
Authors: Galemore Cynthia A. , Maughan Erin D.
Published: May 2014

It is critical for school nurses to promote and educate others on what they do. Data can help shape the message into understandable language across education and health. While Part 1 of this article discusses NASN’s progress on identifying a standardized dataset for school health services, Part 2 focuses on the analysis and sharing of data at the local level. Examples of how to use the data to improve practice and create change are included. Guidance is provided in creating and sharing data as part of an annual report as a final step in advocating for school health services commensurate with student health needs. As the work on an evidence-based uniform dataset continues at the national level, what should be the response at the local level? Do we wait, or do we continue to collect certain data? The purpose of Part 2 of this article is to describe how data being collected locally illustrate health trends, benchmarking, and school nursing outcomes and can be compiled and shared in an annual report.
‘Smoaking hot with fashion from Paris’: The Consumption of French Fashion in Eighteenth-Century Ireland
Authors: Baudis Macushla
Published: May 2014

When young Fanny Herbert returned to her native Co. Tipperary after a short trip to Paris in 1791, she was judged to be ‘smoaking hot with fashion […] from Paris’. She offers a good example of how French sartorial matters were held in great esteem in eighteenth-century Ireland, despite the domination of British-manufactured goods and British taste. This article attempts to answer some questions regarding the consumption of French fashion in Ireland throughout the eighteenth century, focusing on Dublin as the centre of culture and commerce. It will explore where an Irish consumer could acquire French sartorial goods, and enquires how widely available such goods were. It will consider specifically what was available to purchase and discovers how an Irish shopper could hear news of the latest French trends in fashionable dress.
Dress and National Identity: Women’s Clothing and the Celtic Revival
Authors: Ward Alex
Published: May 2014

This paper will focus on an interesting diversion in the history of dress in Ireland: the story of clothing and the Irish cultural revival of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It will endeavour to address the ideology of so-called Irish costume, and how it was intended to be a visual symbol of an Irish renaissance, one which would help in the effort to counter British influences and establish a strong cultural identity. Although Celtic Revival clothing was worn by both men and women as a signifier of cultural and political sympathies, this paper will look specifically at women’s dress and attempts to promote Irish costume as a tool for nation building, and as a practical solution to the wearing of imported fashions. It will highlight just some examples of where, when and by whom Celtic Revival dress was worn.
Muscleblind-like 1 (Mbnl1) regulates pre-mRNA alternative splicing during terminal erythropoiesis
Authors: Cheng Albert W. , Shi Jiahai , Wong Piu , Luo Katherine L. , Trepman Paula , Wang Eric T. , Choi Heejo , Burge Christopher B. , Lodish Harvey F.
Published: May 2014

Key Points

RNA-seq identified thousands of changes in alternative gene isoform expression changes during erythropoiesis. MBNL1 regulates alternative splicing in terminal erythropoiesis.
Acetylation: a new key to unlock tau’s role in neurodegeneration
Authors: Cook Casey , Stankowski Jeannette N , Carlomagno Yari , Stetler Caroline , Petrucelli Leonard
Published: May 2014

The identification of tau protein as a major constituent of neurofibrillary tangles spurred considerable effort devoted to identifying and validating pathways through which therapeutics may alleviate tau burden in Alzheimer’s disease and related tauopathies, including chronic traumatic encephalopathy associated with sport- and military-related injuries. Most tau-based therapeutic strategies have previously focused on modulating tau phosphorylation, given that tau species present within neurofibrillary tangles are hyperphosphorylated on a number of different residues. However, the recent discovery that tau is modified by acetylation necessitates additional research to provide greater mechanistic insight into the spectrum of physiological consequences of tau acetylation, which may hold promise as a novel therapeutic target. In this review, we discuss recent findings evaluating tau acetylation in the context of previously accepted notions regarding tau biology and pathophysiology. We also examine the evidence demonstrating the neuroprotective and beneficial consequences of inhibiting histone deacetylase (HDAC)6, a tau deacetylase, including its effect on microtubule stabilization. We also discuss the rationale for pharmacologically modulating HDAC6 in tau-based pathologies as a novel therapeutic strategy.
Quantitative intratumoural microdistribution and kinetics of 131I-huA33 antibody in patients with colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Ciprotti Marika , Chong Geoffrey , Gan Hui K , Chan Anthony , Murone Carmel , MacGregor Duncan , Lee Fook-Thean , Johns Terrance G , Heath Joan K , Ernst Matthias , Burgess Antony W , Scott Andrew M
Published: May 2014

Background

The ability of recombinant antibodies to adequately penetrate into tumours is a key factor in achieving therapeutic effect; however, the behaviour of antibodies at a cellular level in tumours is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate those factors that influence the macroscopic and microscopic intratumoural distribution of an IgG1-humanized antibody, huA33, in colorectal tumours.

Methods

Twelve patients were infused with radiolabelled huA33 at 7 days prior to elective surgery for colorectal carcinoma. Macroscopic huA33 uptake was determined by both gamma well counter and autoradiography measurements of the resected tumour specimens. Microscopic uptake was then quantitated at a cellular level and compared to vascular penetrance. The impact of variation in tumour antigen (GPA33) expression, tumour size, specimen type (primary vs metastatic), presence of macroscopic necrosis, and tumour vasculature on huA33 uptake were examined.

Results

The I-huA33 uptake in whole tumour sections was (mean ± SD) 5.13 ± 2.71 × 10−3% injected dose per gram (ID/g). GPA33 was expressed in all viable tumour cells, and huA33 uptake was excellent regardless of tumour size and specimen type. In tumours with macroscopically evident central necrosis (n = 5), huA33 uptake in tumour necrotic centres was lower than in viable peripheries (0.606 ± 0.493 vs 2.98 ± 2.17 × 10−3%ID, p = 0.06). However, when corrected for low cell viability in necrotic centres, uptake of huA33 at the cellular level was highly comparable to that in the more viable tumour periphery (7.10 ± 5.10 × 10−9 vs 3.82 ± 3.67 × 10−9%ID/cell, p = 0.4). In the five patients who exhibited macroscopic necrosis in their tumours, huA33 showed excellent tissue penetration, with a maximum penetration distance of 26 μm in peripheral tumour regions and 118 μm in central regions. No correlation was observed between 131I-huA33 uptake in tumour on a cellular basis and tumour vascularity.

Conclusions

In patients with colorectal carcinoma, monoclonal antibody huA33 effectively targets viable tumour cells in all cellular milieus examined, including effective penetration into necrotic tumour centres, a novel and therapeutically important finding.
The Asymptotic Size of the Largest Component in Random Geometric Graphs with Some Applications
Authors: Chen Ge , Yao Changlong , Guo Tiande
Published: May 2014

In this paper we estimate the expectation of the size of the largest component in a supercritical random geometric graph; the expectation tends to a polynomial on a rate of exponential decay. We sharpen the expectation's asymptotic result using the central limit theorem. Similar results can be obtained for the size of the biggest open cluster, and for the number of open clusters of percolation on a box, and so on.
Moments and Central Limit Theorems for Some Multivariate Poisson Functionals
Authors: Last Günter , Penrose Mathew D. , Schulte Matthias , Thäle Christoph
Published: May 2014

This paper deals with Poisson processes on an arbitrary measurable space. Using a direct approach, we derive formulae for moments and cumulants of a vector of multiple Wiener-Itô integrals with respect to the compensated Poisson process. Also, we present a multivariate central limit theorem for a vector whose components admit a finite chaos expansion of the type of a PoissonU-statistic. The approach is based on recent results of Peccatiet al.(2010), combining Malliavin calculus and Stein's method; it also yields Berry-Esseen-type bounds. As applications, we discuss moment formulae and central limit theorems for general geometric functionals of intersection processes associated with a stationary Poisson process ofk-dimensional flats in.
Convergence of Conditional Metropolis-Hastings Samplers
Authors: Jones Galin L. , Roberts Gareth O. , Rosenthal Jeffrey S.
Published: May 2014

We consider Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms which combine Gibbs updates with Metropolis-Hastings updates, resulting in aconditional Metropolis-Hastings sampler(CMH sampler). We develop conditions under which the CMH sampler will be geometrically or uniformly ergodic. We illustrate our results by analysing a CMH sampler used for drawing Bayesian inferences about the entire sample path of a diffusion process, based only upon discrete observations.
On Asymptotics of the Beta Coalescents
Authors: Gnedin Alexander , Iksanov Alexander , Marynych Alexander , Möhle Martin
Published: May 2014

We show that the total number of collisions in the exchangeable coalescent process driven by the beta (1,b) measure converges in distribution to a 1-stable law, as the initial number of particles goes to ∞. The stable limit law is also shown for the total branch length of the coalescent tree. These results were known previously for the instanceb= 1, which corresponds to the Bolthausen-Sznitman coalescent. The approach we take is based on estimating the quality of a renewal approximation to the coalescent in terms of a suitable Wasserstein distance. Application of the method to beta (a,b)-coalescents with 0 <a< 1 leads to a simplified derivation of the known (2 -a)-stable limit. We furthermore derive asymptotic expansions for the moments of the number of collisions and of the total branch length for the beta (1,b)-coalescent by exploiting the method of sequential approximations.
A Scaling Analysis of a Transient Stochastic Network
Authors: Feuillet Mathieu , Robert Philippe
Published: May 2014

In this paper we use a simple transient Markov process with an absorbing point to investigate the qualitative behavior of a large-scale storage network of nonreliable file servers across which files can be duplicated. When the size of the system goes to ∞, we show that there is a critical value for the maximum number of files per server such that, below this quantity, most files have a maximum number of copies. Above this value, the network loses a significant number of files until some equilibrium is reached. When the network is stable, we show that, with convenient time scales, the evolution of the network towards the absorbing state can be described via a stochastic averaging principle.
Asymptotic Properties of Multicolor Randomly Reinforced Pólya Urns
Authors: Zhang Li-Xin , Hu Feifang , Cheung Siu Hung , Chan Wai Sum
Published: May 2014

The generalized Pólya urn has been extensively studied and is widely applied in many disciplines. An important application of urn models is in the development of randomized treatment allocation schemes in clinical studies. The randomly reinforced urn was recently proposed, but, although the model has some intuitively desirable properties, it lacks theoretical justification. In this paper we obtain important asymptotic properties for multicolor reinforced urn models. We derive results for the rate of convergence of the number of patients assigned to each treatment under a set of minimum required conditions and provide the distributions of the limits. Furthermore, we study the asymptotic behavior for the nonhomogeneous case.