bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
BOTULISM. STUDIES ON THE MANNER IN WHICH THE TOXIN OF CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM ACTS UPON THE BODY
Authors: Dickson Ernest C. , Shevky Eshref
Published: June 2004

1. In addition to the effect upon the fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system which was described in a previous report (1), the toxin of Clostridium botilinum. Types A and B, exerts an influence upon the endings of the motor fibers of the voluntary nervous system which leads to a marked susceptibility to fatigue. It has not been determined whether the damage is in the anatomical nerve endings of the somatic motor nerve fibers or upon the myoneural junction, but it is not of the nature of an organic destruction of tissue.

2. There is no effect upon the sensory fibers of the peripheral nerves.

3. The muscle cells of the smooth and striated muscles are not affected.

4. The disturbances in function which have been demonstrated in the voluntary and involuntary nervous systems fully explain the characteristic signs and symptoms of botulinus intoxication.
THE LUNG VOLUME IN HEART DISEASE
Authors: Binger Carl A. L.
Published: June 2004

The lung volumes in a group of individuals suffering from chronic cardiac disease have been studied by a method which is applicable to patients suffering from dyspnea. In a number of instances the same patients were investigated during various stages of decompensation and compensation. The values found have been compared with those determined in a group of normal subjects.

Lung volumes have been considered from three points of view: (1) relative lung volumes or subdivisions of total lung volume expressed as percentage of total lung volume; (2) the absolute lung volumes of patients with heart disease have been compared with lung volumes calculated for normal individuals having similar surface areas or chest measurements; and (3) in individual cases absolute lung volumes have been measured in various stages of compensation and decompensation.

(1) In patients with heart disease it has been observed that the vital capacity forms a portion of the total lung volume relatively smaller than in normal individuals, and that the mid-capacity and residual air form relatively larger portions. When the patient progresses from the compensated to the decompensated state these changes become more pronounced.

(2) When the absolute lung volumes determined for patients are compared with volumes of the same sort, as calculated for normal individuals of the same surface areas and chest measurements, the following differences are found. The vital capacities are always smaller in the patients and the volumes of residual air are always larger. There is a tendency for middle capacity and total capacity to be smaller, though, when the patients are in a compensated state, these volumes may approximate normal.

(3) When decompensation occurs the absolute lung volumes undergo changes as follows: (a) vital capacity, mid-capacity, and total capacity decrease in volume; and (b) the residual air may either increase or decrease according to the severity of the state of decompensation.

The significance of these changes has been discussed and an explanation offered for the occurrence of a residual air of normal volume in patients with heart disease. It results from a combination of two tendencies working in opposite directions: one to increase the residual air—stiffness of the lungs (Lungenstarre); the other to decrease it—distended capillaries (Lungenschwellung), edema, round cell infiltration.
SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF FIBROBLASTS IN VITRO
Authors: Carrel Alexis , Ebeling Albert H.
Published: June 2004

When multiplying actively in serum, fibroblasts are in a condition of survival, not of cultivation, for they do not synthetize protoplasm from substances contained in the medium. They are able to utilize only the nitrogenous material stored in the tissue itself. The distinction between survival of tissue and active growth is an important one. Innumerable errors in the interpretation of the experimental results have been made during the past years on account of this lack. An active proliferation of fibroblasts taking place during several days in a medium containing a given substance does not mean that this substance is used by the cells, but indicates only that residual cell proliferation is unopposed by a toxic substance. It is not possible to ascertain whether a medium is nutrient or not in the sense that it supports growth unless the mass of the tissues is shown to increase. When the proliferating fragment can be halved again and again, and each half reaches the size of the original whole in 48 hours, it is evident that new protoplasm must have been synthetized from the medium. The experiments described above show that egg white, egg yolk, pure egg albumin, egg white mixed with egg yolk, and bouillon are not utilized by fibroblasts for multiplication. This fact renders more plausible the hypothesis advanced previously that for proliferation the fibroblasts require some nitrogenous substances elaborated by other cells, which are present in embryonic tissue juices.

It may be concluded that, under the conditions of the experiments:

1. The duration of life of pure cultures of fibroblasts in a nitrogen-free medium is about 8 days.

2. Egg white and egg yolk, isolated or together, slightly increase the activity of the fibroblasts, but this effect is temporary and the tissues ultimately die. Pure egg albumin and bouillon are not utilizable by fibroblasts for multiplication.
ACTION OF SERUM ON LYMPHOCYTES IN VITRO
Authors: Carrel Alexis , Ebeling Albert H.
Published: June 2004

It may be concluded that, under the conditions of the experiments:

1. Lymphocytes and large mononuclear cells can live and increase greatly in numbers in blood serum, while fibroblasts are not capable of doing so.

2. While living in serum, lymphocytes and large mononuclear cells manufacture and secrete substances which may be used as food material by the fibroblasts.

3. It is probable that lymphocytes and large mononuclear cells synthetize from the nitrogenous compounds contained in serum the substances which fibroblasts and epithelial cells require for their multiplication.
BLOOD CELL FORMATION AND DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION TO THE MECHANISM OF THYROID-ACCELERATED METAMORPHOSIS IN THE LARVAL FROG
Authors: Jordan H. E. , Speidel C. C.
Published: June 2004

1. Thyroid-accelerated metamorphosis in the larval frog is accompanied by changes in the hemopoietic centers and in the blood cell distribution in the various regions of the body. These changes are interpreted as results of the fundamental change in basal metabolic rate induced by the thyroid treatment.

2. There is initiation of the shift of hemopoietic locus from the kidney, the larval hemopoietic organ, to the spleen, the adult hemopoietic organ. The spleen, being chiefly an erythrocyte producer, becomes of greater importance with the transition from the lower metabolic rate to the higher, since greater erythropoiesis becomes necessary to supply the physical basis for the maintenance of the higher metabolic rate.

3. It is suggested that the appearance of red bone marrow in the later history of the frog is correlated with a still higher metabolic rate. Phylogenetically, in the vertebrate series, red bone marrow is also associated with higher metabolic rate.

4. The new metabolic rate initiated in tadpoles by thyroid administration sets up a demand for (a) erythrocytes, (b) granulocytes and lymphoid phagocytes for distribution to regions of regressive change, (c) lymphocytes, (1) as progenitors of erythrocytes, granulocytes and phagocytes, (2) for promoting growth of cells in regions of progressive change.

5. Upon the hemopoietic reserve, which in the last analysis is the lymphocyte (and its mesenchymal precursor), depends the extent to which metamorphosis will proceed. Inability on the part of the hemopoietic centers, chiefly the spleen, to keep pace with the demand for blood cells during metamorphosis results in metamorphic stasis, a condition of anemia which is usually followed by death.

6. The growth-promoting function of leucocytes, as demonstrated by Carrel, is probably to be ascribed to the lymphocyte component of leucocytes.

7. The granulocytes have probably also a glandular function, and may exert a lytic effect upon adjacent tissues in regions of regressive change.
THE ABSORPTION OF ADRENALIN
Authors: Lyon D. Murray
Published: June 2004

1. Adrenalin solution given subcutaneously is usually rapidly absorbed, probably by lymphatic channels.

2. The speed of this process may be influenced by the circulation rate.

3. The relative amounts of adrenalin at any moment unabsorbed at the site of inoculation, carried in the circulating fluids, and taken up by the reacting tissues can be calculated from figures extracted from the curve of the blood pressure changes. The relative rates of transference of adrenalin into the blood and from the circulation into the tissues can also be estimated.

4. When absorption takes place rapidly a large quantity of the drug comes into action at once and the maximum occurs early, the curve of blood pressure reaches a considerable height, and subsides quickly. When absorption is slow the apex appears later and does not reach so high a level.

5. The response to adrenalin bears a logarithmic relationship to the dose employed and a method of allowing for this is indicated.
STUDIES ON VARICELLA
Authors: Rivers Thomas M. , Tillett William S.
Published: June 2004

1. The localization of the virus of varicella in the human skin is influenced by irritation. This is indirect evidence that the virus is in the blood.

2. Rabbits are susceptible to a virus recovered from the blood of varicella patients.

3. Testicular emulsions containing the virus are free from ordinary aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, and produce lesions in the cornea, skin, and testicles of rabbits.

4. The virus can be transmitted indefinitely from rabbit to rabbit by means of testicular inoculation, and can be preserved 29 days in 50 per cent glycerol at a low temperature.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , McCartney James E.
Published: June 2004

The typhus virus contained in the blood of guinea pigs at the height of the experimental disease remains infective for 31 days in collodion sacs placed within the abdominal cavity of guinea pigs.
INCLUSION BODIES IN EXPERIMENTAL HERPETIC INFECTION OF RABBITS
Authors: Cowdry E. V. , Nicholson F. M.
Published: June 2004

We have thus far failed to observe any inclusion bodies in herpetic lesions which in our opinion may properly be interpreted as microorganisms. Concerning the exact nature of the granules so fully reported by others before us, we hesitate to commit ourselves other than to indicate certain points of resemblance to nuclear débris, red blood cells in the process of phagocytosis, mitochondria, pigment, the "methylene blue granules" of neuroglia cells, and the Russell bodies of plasma cells. Obviously, the fact that the individual granules in a section stain in the same way by Giemsa's method, or the technique of Borrel, and look alike is no good reason to suppose that they are of the same composition. We suspect that several of our methods of staining depend more upon physical forces than upon the actual chemical constitution of the substances which become colored. So that granules which stain alike may not only differ in composition but may also have been recruited from different sources. This fact makes inferential chemical analysis extremely difficult since it is next to impossible to superpose all our reactions upon a single granule of microscopic size. Consequently, if we apply one microchemical test to a group of granules, another test to another group, and so on, we cannot be sure that we have been dealing throughout with the same substance or substances. It is our belief that the inclusions which are so abundant in herpetic lesions do not represent a concrete class of granulations sui generis but that they are of variable composition and are derived from several sources.
A STUDY OF THE FACTORS UNDERLYING THE FORMATION OF ALVEOLAR PORES IN PNEUMONIA
Authors: Miller William Snow
Published: June 2004

The epithelium lining the alveolar walls is a continuous epithelium.

In both inflammatory and mechanical congestion of the pulmonary blood vessels, it is the accumulation of serum behind the epithelial cells which causes them to be shed.

The epithelium must be shed from diametrically opposite sides of an alveolar wall before a "pore" can be formed.

In both lobar pneumonia and mechanical edema pores are present, but they are not normal structures.
ROENTGEN RAY INTOXICATION
Authors: Warren S. L. , Whipple G. H.
Published: June 2004

A single large dose of x-rays over the abdomen will cause a definite injury of the mucosa of the small intestine and the severity of the clinical intoxication seems to parallel this recognizable epithelial injury. This clinical intoxication lasts 4 to 6 days if the x-ray dose is sublethal. Subsequent doses of radiation given within this period of clinical intoxication give recognizable evidence of summation or a cumulative effect.

Small but repeated doses of radiation given within a 5 or 6 day period will cause practically the same cell injury and clinical intoxication as will a single dose representing the sum of the small doses expressed in milliampere minutes. Doses of radiation given at 6 day or longer intervals show no evidence of summation.

The reaction of this relatively sensitive intestinal epithelium to radiation may be similar to the reaction of certain deep lying tumor tissues to x-ray therapy and our experiments may give information of value to physicians concerned with x-ray or radium therapy.
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE OF MYOCARDIAL INVOLVEMENT IN RHEUMATIC FEVER
Authors: Cohn Alfred E. , Swift Homer F.
Published: June 2004

These observations then show that in one way or the other the heart was affected in 35 of 37 cases of rheumatic fever. The evidence was of three sorts; first, the duration of auriculoventricular conduction was increased, though not always, and usually not to the degree of causing heart block; second, alteration in the ventricular complex of the electrocardiogram affecting in certain instances the Q R S complex and in others either the interval between R wave and T wave, or the T wave itself; and third, the occurrence of numerous irregularities in cardiac rhythm.

These signs are characteristic of cardiac involvement, but are not specific for rheumatic fever; that is to say, from their presence rheumatic fever cannot be diagnosticated; all of them express merely derangement of the heart. They are signs which are, however, to be taken as evidence that the heart is affected by the rheumatic process even though an inference cannot be drawn as to the nature or the permanence of the injury. This may be slight and altogether transient even if the sign appears to be of advanced degree. The facts brought forward show that it is possible during the course of the disease to know whether the heart is involved in the general process. When sufficient data have been accumulated over a sufficiently long period of time, the usefulness for prognosis of observations like these will become established.
THE RÔLE OF ANHYDREMIA AND THE NATURE OF THE TOXIN IN INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION
Authors: Ingvaldsen Thorsten , Whipple Allen O. , Bauman Louis , Smith Beverly C.
Published: June 2004

1. Data are presented which show that anhydremia does not play a leading rôle in the causation of symptoms in intestinal obstruction.

2. Chemical changes in the blood corresponding with those noted by previous investigators were observed.

3. Additional data regarding the chemistry of the toxin found in the obstructed intestine of dogs were obtained.
MICROBIC VIRULENCE AND HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY IN PARATYPHOID-ENTERITIDIS INFECTION OF WHITE MICE
Authors: Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

Mice which survive a preliminary dose per os of paratyphoid-enteritidis bacilli are more resistant to a second dose per os of a similar epidemic mouse typhoid strain than are mice which have received no preliminary culture.

The amount of this resistance is related to the pathogenicity of the preliminary strain more than to its antigenic similarity to the second strain.

Mice which survive a preliminary dose per os of paratyphoid-enteritidis bacilli are more resistant to a lethal dose of mercury bichloride per os than are mice which have not received the preliminary bacterial culture.

Mice which have resisted and mice which have recovered from a preliminary dose per os of paratyphoid-enteritidis bacilli are more resistant to a lethal intraperitoneal dose of an epidemic mouse typhoid strain than are mice which have not received the preliminary culture.

Mice in which the preliminary dose of paratyphoid-enteritidis bacilli has induced a chronic infection readily succumb to a second dose of such bacilli.

These findings indicate that the resistance mechanism of the host contains important non-specific factors which vary in degree with the individual mice.
STUDIES ON VIRULENCE
Authors: Felton Lloyd D. , Dougherty Katharine M.
Published: June 2004

1. An automatic apparatus is described by which a new supply of food can be furnished actively growing organisms at any desired interval of time—an automatic transferring device.

2. A single strain of pneumococcus, Type I, Neufeld, which had become avirulent for mice, acquired virulence of maximal degree when grown in the described apparatus with skimmed milk sterilized in an Arnold sterilizer as the medium. Transfers were made at intervals of 2, 4, and 8 hours. It is difficult to determine the best interval of transfer, but the 8 hour interval apparently is most suitable, with the 4 and 2 hour following in preference in the order named.

3. Pasteurized skimmed milk from a single dairy, but obtained on different days, when used as medium at a 2 hour interval, varied in effect on the virulence of pneumococci, the results showing that the virulence might be either increased, decreased, or maintained.

4. Skimmed milk heated for varying lengths of time, 30 minutes at 17 pounds pressure, or 60 or 90 minutes at the same pressure, lost its suitability for maintaining virulence of a pneumococcus when transferred every 2 hours, the effect being in direct proportion to the length of time the milk was heated.

5. The H ion concentration of milk had slight effect on virulence. A virulent strain of pneumococcus was grown in milk adjusted to pH = 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, transfers being made every 2 hours. Virulence was maintained to a like degree on milk titrated to pH = 5, 6, and 7, but when the organism was grown in milk of pH = 8 and 9, virulence decreased, more rapidly at pH = 9 than at pH = 8.

6. A pure line practically avirulent strain of pneumococcus picked by the Barber method, when grown in milk at a 4 hour interval of transfer, increased in virulence 10 million fold; that is to say, until one diplococcus would kill a mouse. Prior to this study, no record has been found in which the virulence of any microorganism has been increased to such a degree by an in vitro method.
STUDIES ON VIRULENCE
Authors: Felton Lloyd D. , Dougherty Katharine M.
Published: June 2004

1. A highly virulent strain of pneumococcus, Type I, Neufeld, when grown in an automatic transferring device at 2 hour intervals on different lots of plain broth adjusted respectively to pH = 6.5, 7, 7.5, or 7.8, lost its virulence at a rate in direct ratio to the H ion concentration of the media—the more acid the media, the more rapid the decrease.

2. Growth of a virulent pneumococcus upon plain broth of an H ion concentration changing gradually either to the acid or the alkaline side of neutrality was accompanied by an initial rise in virulence with a subsequent fall, the change being more rapid in the alkaline than in the acid medium. The organism under these conditions underwent an alteration in its behavior toward agglutinating sera; although still specific, its agglutinability became much greater than that of the original organism. This change was more pronounced in the alkaline than in the acid medium.

3. The virulence of a relatively virulent culture of a pneumococcus grown on plain broth underwent different alterations when the organism was transferred at intervals of 1, 2, 4, or 8 hours. With the 1 hour interval, there occurred seemingly an immediate decrease in virulence, while at intervals of 2, 4, and 8 hours, there occurred first a rise and then a fall, the rise being greatest with the 8 hour interval of transfer and least with the 2 hour.

4. Meat infusion adjusted to various H ion concentrations—pH = 7, 7.3, and 7.7—and made with different amounts of meat furnished conditions which caused a decrease in virulence, the unfavorable action varying in inverse proportion to the concentration of the infusion. Dextrose added to both plain broth and to meat infusion neutralized to a marked degree the unfavorable action of these media.

5. The growth of pneumococci on the different ingredients of plain broth, with plain broth made from the same supply as a control, revealed the fact that peptone in 2 per cent solution maintained and even increased the virulence of the strain of pneumococcus studied, while meat infusion caused the usual decrease. The rate of decrease with plain broth was slower than with meat infusion, showing that the 2 per cent peptone neutralized to some extent the unfavorable action of the infusion.
HOMOLOGOUS AND HETEROLOGOUS PROTECTION IN MICE VACCINATED WITH THE TWO TYPES OF MOUSE TYPHOID BACILLUS
Authors: Pritchett Ida W.
Published: June 2004

A saline vaccine prepared from our stock strain of M. T. II produces in mice definite protection against the homologous strain, and perhaps some slight cross-protection against M. T. I also. Two vaccines prepared with our stock strain of M. T. I failed to produce any definite protection in mice even against the homologous strain, nor was any cross-protection afforded against M. T. II.
THE OCCURRENCE OF PEROXIDE IN CULTURES OF PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Avery Oswald T. , Morgan Hugh J.
Published: June 2004

1. Conditions which favor the formation and accumulation of peroxide in broth cultures of pneumococcus are free access of air, and the absence of catalase, peroxidase, and other catalysts capable of decomposing this compound. Under these favorable conditions peroxide becomes demonstrable in the culture fluid during the logarithmic phase of growth and persists for a period of at least 6 to 12 days.

2. In the absence of these favorable conditions the formation of peroxide is inhibited. In a culture with deficient oxygen exposure the accumulation of peroxide is delayed; when anaerobic conditions are maintained the substance is not formed. In the presence of active catalysts, peroxide does not accumulate in the medium in quantities sufficient to give a positive reaction. The accumulation of peroxide in pneumococcus cultures is dependent upon the balance between the amount produced by the microorganisms and the amount destroyed by substances in the medium.

3. The peroxide formed in pneumococcus cultures is unstable. It gradually disappears during prolonged incubation at 37°C.; it is less stable in alkaline than in neutral or acid media. It is destroyed in culture filtrates exposed to the temperature of boiling water for 15 minutes, and to that of steam under pressure (15 pounds) for 10 minutes.

4. Peroxide formation occurred early in broth cultures of the seven strains of pneumococcus and of the six strains of non-hemolytic streptococci studied. Fifteen of twenty-three strains of Streptococcus hæmolyticus and one of three strains of Streptococcus mucosus formed peroxide. In the positively reacting cultures of Streptococcus hæmolyticus and Streptococcus mucosus the presence of peroxide was not demonstrable until the 3rd to 5th day of incubation. Peroxide could not be detected at any time during growth of the two strains of Staphylococcus aureus.
STUDIES ON BACTERIAL NUTRITION
Authors: Avery Oswald T. , Morgan Hugh J.
Published: June 2004

1. Certain anaerobic bacteria grow under aerobic conditions in plain broth in the presence of sterile unheated plant tissue.

2. Aerobic growth of anaerobic bacteria under the above conditions may be related to the presence of growth-accessory substances, and to the action of oxidizing-reducing systems of plant tissue in the destruction of toxic peroxides of bacterial origin.
THE EFFECT OF INORGANIC SALTS ON THE CHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BLOOD OF THE DOG AFTER OBSTRUCTION OF THE DUODENUM
Authors: Haden Russell L. , Orr Thomas G.
Published: June 2004

The chemical changes in the blood of dogs treated with various inorganic salts after obstruction of the duodenum are reported.

Two dogs treated with sodium chloride survived approximately six times as long as the average untreated animal, one living 22 days, the other 24 days.

Ammonium chloride was found to produce an acidosis. The administration of potassium chloride, calcium chloride, and magnesium chloride did not prevent the usual rise in non-protein nitrogen and fall in chlorides, and the fatal outcome.

Iodides seemingly hasten the toxic process. Sodium bromide appears to have an inhibitory action upon it, but much less than that of sodium chloride.

Sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, sodium citrate, monosodium phosphate, and disodium phosphate failed to alter the course of the intoxication.

Atropine and pilocarpine were without therapeutic value in preventing the changes characteristic of intestinal obstruction.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE ETIOLOGY OF TYPHUS FEVER
Authors: Olitsky Peter K. , McCartney James E.
Published: June 2004

The skin of guinea pigs in which the virus of typhus fever is propagated, when mildly irritated in advance of the febrile reaction, shows a characteristic exanthem during the height of the experimental disease. More drastic methods of irritation, however, cause a dermatitis which obscures the rash but produce in the corium more marked specific histopathological changes. The exanthem may aid the study of the specific incitant of typhus fever in the lesions.
GROWTH-INHIBITORY SUBSTANCES IN PNEUMOCOCCUS CULTURES
Authors: Morgan Hugh J. , Avery Oswald T.
Published: June 2004

The known factors concerned in the autoinhibition of growth of pneumococcus are:

1. The accumulation of acid products of metabolism, resulting in unfavorable reaction changes in the medium.

2. The exhaustion of the nutritive substances of the medium.

3. Under certain cultural conditions the formation and accumulation of peroxide in the medium.
STUDIES ON OXIDATION AND REDUCTION BY PNEUMOCOCCUS
Authors: Avery Oswald T. , Neill James M.
Published: June 2004

1. Anaerobically grown pneumococci rapidly form peroxide upon exposure to molecular oxygen.

2. The peroxide-forming activity of pneumococci varies with different strains, and with the age of the cell.

3. Peroxide production by pneumococcus can proceed under conditions of reaction and temperature that do not permit active growth and multiplication of the cell.
QUANTITATIVE FACTORS IN "TEST-TUBE INFECTION."
Authors: Bloomfield Arthur L. , Felty Augustus R.
Published: June 2004

In the preceding experiments an attempt has been made to work out on a mathematical basis certain laws of "test-tube infection" with special reference to the relation of dosage and activity of culture to resulting growth in favorable and unfavorable media. It has been shown that neither lag nor dosage is of great importance when dealing with a highly favorable medium, but that with an unfavorable medium both determine very directly the outcome of the inoculation.

Certain analogies have been drawn between these test-tube results and the observed phenomena of human and animal infection. If conditions are actually similar in the latter there is a simple explanation of several of the puzzles of epidemiology. It becomes intelligible why a carrier of pathogenic bacteria may reside in a community without producing infection of the susceptibles about him in spite of the fact that they actually acquire the organisms, why crowding results in the spread of infection, and why the introduction of unusually susceptible people into a community where carriers are present leads not only to infection of these susceptibles but to infection of the general population.

The experiments further raise the query whether alterations in natural vegetative activity of bacteria as well as specific alterations in virulence are of importance in explaining the spread of infection.

Finally, it should be said that the present experiments are not regarded as evidence for any hypothesis of human infection. They merely furnish interesting analogies. Further work with animals along the same lines is in progress.
OBSERVATIONS ON BLOOD REACTION IN EXPERIMENTAL PNEUMONIA
Authors: Leake Chauncey D. , Vickers J. L. , Brown Thomas K.
Published: June 2004

The correlation of the lung lesions and anemia in dogs suffering from experimental pneumonia induced by various organisms, with changes in the respiratory activity and in the acid-base relationship in blood, indicates that the developing acidosis, most marked in the severe cases, is due chiefly to the effects of an anoxic anoxemia.
INDICATIONS OF TISSUE SPECIFICITY IN A TRANSPLANTABLE SARCOMA
Authors: Strong Leonell C.
Published: June 2004

1. A sarcoma of the mouse which has proved to be transplantable to a great variety of strains of mice does not furnish an exception to the theory that transplantability is controlled by genetic factors, since this tumor possesses some characteristics that are more than probably genetic.

2. The phenomenon of the assumption of tissue specificity on the part of the host may possibly be of genetic origin.

3. The evidence suggests that the gonads have some influence on the assumption of tissue specificity on the part of the host.

4. The growth rate of the transplanted tumor may possibly be correlated with the genetic constitution of the host.
THE EFFECT OF ANESTHESIA AND OF SEDATIVES ON THE SERUM THERAPY OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTULISM
Authors: Bronfenbrenner Jacques J. , Weiss Harry
Published: June 2004

When guinea pigs are fed large amounts of botulinus toxin, they develop symptoms of intoxication within 6 hours and die usually within 12 hours after the feeding of toxin. If very large amounts of toxin are introduced intraperitoneally, the animals may show symptoms of intoxication at the end of the 1st hour and die usually within 2 hours following the administration of toxin.

If these animals are placed under anesthesia following the administration of toxin, the intoxication proceeds much more slowly.

Anesthesia, by ether, is effective in this manner whether the toxin is given per os or intraperitoneally. The life of guinea pigs kept under ether after the administration of lethal amounts of toxin is prolonged by a period approximately equal to that during which the administration of the anesthetic is continued. When anesthesia is discontinued, the intoxication proceeds at its usual rate. It appears, therefore, that administration of ether delays the rate of intoxication but does not alter the toxin or the nature of the mechanism of intoxication. Anesthesia thus delays the progress of intoxication not only when administered immediately after the intake of toxin, but when administered much later after the intoxication has already progressed far enough to cause definite objective symptoms of poisoning. At this late stage of intoxication, the unsupported serum therapy of botulism in guinea pigs usually remains without effect. If, however, the animals are anesthetized at this time and kept under the influence of ether for some time, antitoxin therapy becomes effective. Indeed the antitoxin treatment can be delayed further for several hours, provided the animal is kept under anesthesia during the interval.

Results of a similar nature were obtained with luminal sodium, nitrous oxide-oxygen mixture, and morphine used in place of ether.

In view of the fact that the published data indicate that botulinus antitoxin has thus far failed to give beneficial results in the treatment of botulism in human beings because, as it would seem, of the rapid progress of intoxication, any method of delaying the progress of intoxication to supplement the antitoxin therapy deserves consideration.
SURFACE TENSION OF SERUM
Authors: du Noüy P. Lecomte
Published: June 2004

The assumption has been made in preceding papers that, at a given concentration of 1:10,000, in the vessels used in our experiments, a monomolecular oriented layer was formed. Such a layer might be supposed to prevent the free escape of water molecules from the surface into the air, at least to a certain extent.

In order to check this assumption, the rate of evaporation of solutions of serum at different concentrations was measured. It was found that, under the conditions of the experiments, in a progression of dilutions from 10–1 to 10–6, the slowest evaporation took place at a concentration of 1:10,000. In a few cases (less than 20 per cent), evaporation was slower at a different concentration, but always within the same range (between 10–3 and 10–5), not far from 10–4.
THE VIABILITY OF HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS IN CERTAIN SOLUTIONS CONTAINING GELATIN
Authors: Meleney Frank L. , Zau Zung-Dau
Published: June 2004

1. The findings of Robertson, Sia, and Woo with regard to the preservative action of 0.1 per cent gelatin in suspending fluids for the pneumococcus have been confirmed for the streptococcus.

2. In gelatin-citrate, gelatin-Locke's, and gelatin-"20:1" solutions, the streptococcus will live for 3 days or longer at room temperature and for 12 hours or longer at incubator temperature in dilutions as high as 100 cocci per cc.

3. The gelatin in 0.1 per cent concentration maintains life at a fairly constant numerical level for from 15 to 24 hours. These fluids may therefore be used for certain quantitative biologic tests.

4. In slightly higher concentrations of gelatin, there is actual growth which suggests that even in 0.1 per cent concentrations the gelatin has a nutrient action.

5. There is also evidence that gelatin affords some protection against the mechanical injury of the dilution process.

6. The toxic action of unbalanced salts, the possible lytic action of water, and the autolytic action of the organisms themselves are all delayed by the presence of gelatin, but eventually these actions take place in the same manner that has been described before by many observers and as here observed for solutions without gelatin.

7. The life of streptococci is maintained in these gelatin solutions through a relatively wide zone of hydrogen ion concentration.
MICROBIC VIRULENCE AND HOST SUSCEPTIBILITY IN PARATYPHOID-ENTERITIDIS INFECTION OF WHITE MICE
Authors: Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

If mice surviving a lethal dose of mouse typhoid bacilli are inbred consecutively for a number of generations, the resulting offspring become progressively more resistant to mouse typhoid infection and to mercury bichloride intoxication than similar control mice not so selected.
CHANGES IN THE VOLUME OF PLASMA AND ABSOLUTE AMOUNT OF PLASMA PROTEINS IN NEPHRITIS
Authors: Linder G. C. , Lundsgaard C. , Van Slyke D. D. , Stillman E.
Published: June 2004

1. We have not observed gross increases in plasma volume in glomerulonephritis, nephrosis, or nephrosclerosis, even when the concentration of plasma proteins was much below normal. Our results indicate the probability that "hydremic plethora" does not occur.

2. The low protein concentration frequently observed in the plasma in nephritis is not due to increased plasma volume but to a decrease of the total amount of plasma protein in the body.

3. Changes in plasma volume showed no constant relationship to changes in edema.
GLYCOSURIA IN DIPHTHERIA
Authors: Hibbard Cleon Melville , Morrissey Michael J.
Published: June 2004

(1) There is a transitory glycosuria in diphtheria, which is found frequently in the severe cases and is usually present in the fatal ones.

(2) This glycosuria is often associated with albuminuria.

(3) Injections of diphtheria antitoxin are occasionally followed for a few days by a slight glycosuria.
A SECOND CASE OF GONORRHŒAL SEPTICÆMIA AND ULCERATIVE ENDOCARDITIS WITH OBSERVATIONS UPON THE CARDIAC COMPLICATIONS OF GONORRHŒA
Authors: Thayer William Sydney , Lazear Jesse William
Published: June 2004

(1) An acute gonorrhœal urethritis may be the starting point for a grave general septicæmia with all its possible complications.

(2) These infections may be mixed or secondary, due to the entrance into the circulation of organisms other than the gonococcus, or they may be purely gonococcal in nature.

(3) Endocarditis is an occasional complication of gonorrhœa.

(4) This endocarditis may be transient, disappearing with but few apparent results, or it may leave the patient with a chronic valvular lesion, or it may pursue a rapidly fatal course with the symptoms of acute ulcerative endocarditis.

(5) The endocarditis associated with gonorrhœa is commonly due to the direct action of the gonococcus, hut may be the result of a secondary or mixed infection.

(6) Pericarditis may also occur as a complication of gonorrhœa, but it is less frequent than endocarditis. It may, as in the case of the latter, be the result either of a pure gonococcal or of a mixed infection.

(7) Grave myocardial changes, necroses, purulent infiltration, embolic abscesses are common in the severe gonococcal septicæmias.

(8) In instances of gonococcal septicæmia the diagnosis may, in some cases, be made during life by cultures taken from the circulating blood according to proper methods.
REPORT OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK ON THE DILUTION METHOD OF IMMUNIZATION FROM RABIES
Authors: Cabot Follen
Published: June 2004

1. I have simplified the dilution method by using a stock glycerine emulsion of the virulent cord, from which the desired dilutions can be readily prepared. The proportion of glycerine should not exceed ⅕ part, if it is desired to retain the full virulence of the emulsion.

2. There is some danger of giving rabies to animals in the dilution immunization treatment, a danger which is not present in the Pasteur method.

3. The dried-cord method does not rest solely upon the principle of dilution, but is based also upon attenuation of the virus.

4. The Pasteur method being entirely free from the element of danger which pertains to the glycerine dilution method and resting upon a sounder experimental basis is the one to be preferred.
THE THERMAL DEATH-POINT OF TUBERCLE BACILLI IN MILK AND SOME OTHER FLUIDS
Authors: Smith Theobald
Published: June 2004

1. Tubercle bacilli when suspended in. distilled water, normal salt solution, bouillon and milk, are destroyed at 60° C. in 15 to 20 minutes. The larger number are destroyed in 5 to 10 minutes.

2. When tubercle bacilli are suspended in milk, the pellicle which forms during the exposure at 60° C. may contain living bacilli after 60 minutes.
THE BEHAVIOR OF THE LEUCOCYTES DURING COINCIDENT REGENERATION AND THYROID-INDUCED METAMORPHOSIS IN THE FROG LARVA, WITH A CONSIDERATION OF GROWTH FACTORS
Authors: Jordan H. E. , Speidel C. C.
Published: June 2004

1. Coincident progressive and regressive changes are induced in the tail of the frog larva by simultaneous thyroid administration and removal of a portion of the tail. The rate of growth of the regenerating tail is greatest in animals not treated with thyroid, next greatest in animals treated with thyroid 2 days after tail removal, somewhat less in animals treated with thyroid simultaneously with tail removal, and least in those treated with thyroid 2 days before removal of the tail.

2. The leucocytes chiefly concerned are neutrophilic granulocytes, lymphocytes, hemoblasts, and lymphoid phagocytes (monocytes, macrophages). The neutrophils further tissue lysis, the lymphoid phagocytes remove tissue débris. The lymphocytes are apparently not numerous enough to exert any important growth-promoting influence. The hemoblasts represent merely a part of the general reaction to thyroid treatment. Eosinophils are absent except for a few that appear in the late stages. Basophils of mesenchymal origin are present in the later stages of thyroid-treated animals. These appear to differentiate further into eosinophils.

3. The rate and amount of growth are correlated directly with the degree of crowding of cells, and inversely with the degree of vascularity. The greatest crowding and least vascularity occur in animals not treated with thyroid, somewhat less crowding and greater vascularity in those treated with thyroid 2 days after tail removal, still less crowding and somewhat greater vascularity in those treated with thyroid at the time of tail removal, and finally, least crowding and greatest vascularity occur in animals treated with thyroid 2 days before tail removal. These results support the views of Burrows (4) upon the mechanism of growth stimulation of cells.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF A RABBIT RESPIRATORY INFECTION
Authors: Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

The onset of spontaneous snuffles in rabbits at The Rockefeller Institute is preceded by the appearance in the nasal passages of Bacterium lepisepticum.

The active stages of snuffles infection are associated with the presence in these passages of large numbers of this bacterium.

Spontaneous recovery from snuffles is associated with a diminution in number or a disappearance of these bacteria from the nasal passages.

Various experimental procedures reduce the resistance of rabbits to spontaneous snuffles.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF A RABBIT RESPIRATORY INFECTION
Authors: Webster Leslie T.
Published: June 2004

Rabbits were bred at The Rockefeller Institute with special relation to protection from exposure to Bacterium lepisepticum. These healthy rabbits were then submitted to intranasal instillation of a given dose of cultures of Bacterium lepisepticum. The results of the inoculation were various according to the natural degree of resistance of the individual animals.

The following graded effects could be distinguished: Some of the animals became (1) short time carriers of Bacterium lepisepticum; others (2) long time carriers of the same organism; some developed (3) local nasal infection (snuffles) of short duration; others (4) local nasal infection (snuffles) of long duration; while yet others had (5) snuffles, followed by pneumonia and signs of general infection after a few weeks; and finally there were instances of (6) local nasal discharge attended by general infection and pneumonia after a few days.

The effects produced in any given healthy stock depend also upon the degree of virulence of Bacterium lepisepticum of which great differences exist among the same and different strains.
DIET AND TISSUE GROWTH
Authors: Moise Theodore S. , Smith Arthur H.
Published: June 2004

1. The toxicity of chloroform varies according to the diets used in these experiments in the following order of decreasing susceptibility of the animals: high fat > standard > high carbohydrate > high protein diets.

2. On the high fat and high carbohydrate diets there may be a more or less marked proliferation of the endothelium and the connective tissue stroma in the necrotic area producing in some instances scars resembling the picture of an early cirrhosis.

3. On the diets studied, standard, high carbohydrate, high protein, and high fat, the most active and rapid repair is observed on the standard balanced diet. On the high fat diet the reparative process is definitely delayed in comparison with the others. There are only slight differences between the high carbohydrate and high protein diets which suggest but do not conclusively show a more rapid repair with the latter diet.
LEAD STUDIES
Authors: Aub Joseph C. , Reznikoff Paul
Published: June 2004

These three papers have developed the following facts, which suffice to explain completely the anemia of lead poisoning.

In vitro, the exposure to a very small amount of lead greatly changes the surface of the red blood cells. Their permeability to water is so altered that they shrink and are incapable of swelling as much as normal cells. With this is associated a marked increase in the resistance to different osmotic surroundings—demonstrated by far less hemolysis than normal in salt solution of very low concentrations. The "leaded" cells, however, are relatively short lived, and hemolyze readily as the result of slight trauma. These observations can also be demonstrated in vivo as experiments with rabbits with acute lead poisoning show. In addition to these effects on permeability, lead alters the physical properties of red blood cells so that they lose their normal stickiness and are no longer agglutinated by the sera of different isoagglutinating groups. All these changes are evidence of an effect on the surface of the cell; the interior of the cell does not undergo disturbances; at least, the physiological properties of the hemoglobin remain normal. The chemical reaction which causes these physical changes in the cell is a precipitation of insoluble lead phosphate and a formation of acid. This causes the "leaded" red blood cell to change from an elastic distensible sac, to one which is contracted, relatively inelastic and brittle. In such condition the cell can poorly withstand the trauma involved in circulation of the blood, and this lack of resistance probably explains the marked destruction of peripheral blood in lead poisoning.
DIET AND TISSUE GROWTH
Authors: Smith Arthur H. , Moise Theodore S.
Published: June 2004

The relative toxicity of chloroform given subcutaneously to rats fed on two diets deficient in respect to their nitrogenous components, the sole sources of protein in which were, respectively, gliadin and gelatin and to rats without food, is as follows: gelatin diet > fasting > gliadin diet.

The rate of regeneration of liver cells after chloroform poisoning in rats fed a diet in which gliadin is the only protein is about as rapid as that in animals fed a diet containing casein as the source of nitrogen. The rate of regeneration on a food containing its nitrogen as gelatin and also during fasting is definitely slower than that in animals fed the gliadin food.

The results of these experiments indicate that the requirement for the essential amino acids for growth of individual organs of the body is less than that for correlated growth of the whole body.
A COMPARATIVE METHOD FOR TESTING THE ENZYMES OF LIVING HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCI
Authors: Thompson William P. , Meleney Frank L.
Published: June 2004

1. A method is presented for the quantitative comparison under various conditions of the activity of the lipolytic enzyme of the hemolytic steptococcus. The speed of acid production as shown in the color change from pH 8.0 to 7.2, when the living streptococcus is suspended in association with ethyl butyrate, is considered to be indicative of the amount of ferment elaborated by the organism.

2. The lipolytic action is a function of living, actively growing organisms such as are present in 4 to 8 hour cultures.

3. The speed of the lipolytic action is approximately in linear proportion to the concentration of the organisms.

4. The lipolytic action is most rapid at 37.5°C., slower at 50°, and absent at 62°.

5. The organisms are partially destroyed and the lipolytic action is markedly delayed by previous heating to 55°C. for 10 minutes. Both the organisms and the lipolytic activity are completely destroyed by continued contact with this temperature for 30 minutes.

6. Increasing the virulence of the organism for rabbits by repeated animal passage does not increase the lipolytic action.

7. The predilection of the hemolytic streptococcus for the subcutaneous fat in local streptococcus infection associated with extensive superficial gangrene cannot be explained on the basis of an increase of lipolytic ferment in the organisms recovered from these cases over that of heterologous strains of streptococci.