bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Extracts of Trichilia heudelotii (Meliaceae) Planch, a Nigerian Medicinal Plant have Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity
Authors: Adeniyi, B. A.  , Adagbasa, O. O.  , Idowu, P. A.  , Igbokwe, C. O.  , Moody, J. O.  , Aiyelaagbe, O. O.
Published: March 2024

There is no overemphasizing the need for novel phytotherapeutic agents to combat the menace of drug resistance in microbial pathogens. Many plant species so far, have yielded some bioactive compounds with great promise for such drugs. Trichilia heudelotii (Meliaceae) is commonly used in traditional medicine in Nigeria for the treatment of many microbial infections ranging from gastrointestinal infections to gonorrhea. This study is thus designed to determine the phytochemicals present in T. heudeloti and evaluate the plant’s extracts' antimicrobial activity on some bacterial and fungal isolates.

The phytochemical screening was done using standard procedures.  Soxhlet extracts using n-hexane and methanol were drying in vacuo. The methanol extract was partitioned into petroleum ether, chloroform, and aqueous fractions. The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the extracts determined using the agar-well diffusion method. The MICs were determined for the extracts using the agar dilution method.

The qualitative phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, alkaloids, cardenolides, and anthraquinones in the leaf, stem bark, and root bark of T. heudelotii. The extracts showed considerable activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, and fungi with dermatophytes including Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, Proteus spp, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer, Penicillium spp, Microsporium canis, and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. The mean diameter of zones of inhibition exhibited by the extracts ranged between 10mm+ 0.5 and 32+ 0.33mm. The methanol extracts compared favourably with the gentamycin (standard control). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranged between 0.157mg/mL and 20mg/mL. The crude methanol extracts and methanol residue showed the highest activity of all the extracts while the hexane extract showed the lowest activity and the Petroleum ether fraction was inactive.

These results showed the potential of T. heudelotii as a possible candidate for bioactive compounds for the discovery and development of new drugs for the treatment of diseases caused by test pathogens.
Comparative Efficacy of the Different Power Sources in Light Trap during Rabi Season
Authors: Patil Rameshwar , Sharma Amit Kumar , Das S. B. , Kumar Neeraj , Saxena Sakshi , Gadekar Manish
Published: March 2024

The present investigation entitled, “Comparative efficacy of different power sources in light trap against major phototactic insect pest of rabi season” was carried out at the BSP (Breeder Seed Production) Farm, Adhartal, JNKVV, Jabalpur (MP) during rabi (mid-November 2022 to mid-April 2023) season 2022-2023.Four light traps design were used in study via. T1 – Solar light trap (with 40 cm funnel diameter, T2 – Solar light trap (50 cm funnel diameter), T3 – Electrical light trap (with 40 cm funnel diameter), T4 – Electrical (with 50 cm funnel diameter). All four light traps were operated every evening and collection was collected every morning for the duration of the investigation for 12 species viz., Helicoverpa armigera, Agrotis ipsilon, Creatonotus gengis, Spodoptera litura, Gryllus bamaculatus, Gryllotalpa orientalis, Nezara viridula, Amata cyssea, Asota ficus Perina nuda, Thysanoplusia orichalcea and Theretra oldenlandiae analysis daily data were combined into weekly totals, this data was subjected to analysis in paired and two sample t-test. In conclusion, electrical light traps were superior in terms of trapping efficacy compared to solar light traps for most of the species collected. The advantage of electrical light traps is in their ability to provide continuous illumination while the power is on, which ensures a higher attraction and capture rate of insects. On the other hand, solar light traps have limitations in providing consistent and sustained light throughout the night, potentially leading to reduced trapping efficiency.
Multi Environment Analysis of Soybean Genotypes to Delineate Stability and Adaptability for Yield and Quality Parameters
Authors: Dharshini M. S.  , Macwana Sneha S. , Parmar D. J.  , Patil Kalyanrao
Published: March 2024

The present investigation was carried out at three locations of Gujarat under the jurisdiction of Anand Agricultural University (AAU) during kharif-2022. Three diverse environments were selected for conducting an experiment. The experimental material comprised of 40 genotypes of soybean sown in a randomized block design with three replications at all environments. Based on the AMMI analysis for seed yield per plant, E3 was considered as the most suitable environment for seed yield per plant while, E2 was considered as the poor environment. The genotypes G4, G16 and G40 were considered as the most stable genotypes and had general adaptation for seed yield per plant among all the genotypes since they were least affected by the environment. The genotypes G15, G22, G24, G25, G27, G29, G32 and G39 performed well in the poor environment (E2). Genotypes G10, G20 and G33 had specific adaptability in potential environment (E3) Based on the AMMI stability value G24, G25 and G22 were considered as stable genotypes over environment while, G33, G20 and G35 were considered as unstable genotypes. According to the AMMI 2 biplot G15, G16, G22, G24, G25, G27, G32 and G39 were considered as high yielding with general adaptability. The vertex genotypes for E3 were G10, G12, G20 and G33. G31 was for E2 while, vertex genotype for E1 was G26.
Host Plant Diversity of Planococcus citri and Planococcus lilacinus in Horticultural Ecosystem and their Associated Natural Enemies
Authors: Kavya Yadav G. A.  , Hegde Jayalaxmi Narayan
Published: March 2024

Mealybugs, Planococcus spp. (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) are economically important pests which are highly polyphagous on many horticultural plants. Surveys have been conducted to study the diversity of host plants of P. citri and P. lilacinus and their natural enemies in different horticultural ecosystems of Karnataka. The citrus mealybug, P. citri was found to feed upon on 34 host plants and predated by 23 natural enemies (11 parasitoids and 12 predators). The highest number hosts were recorded in ornamental plants (13) followed by fruit crops (12). The cacao mealybug, P. lilacinus was predominant on 10 horticultural crops and were found associated with six natural enemies (three parasitoids and three predators). The highest number hosts were recorded from fruit crops (five) followed by ornamental (four). The predators viz., Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, Jauravia pallidula, Spalgis epius were abundant and commonly found predating on Planococcus spp.
Neuronal Nicotinic Receptors: One Hundred Years of Progress
Authors: Kellar Kenneth J. , Xiao Yingxian
Published: March 2007

Neuronal nicotinic cholinergic receptors mediate the actions of acetylcholine in ganglia and the CNS. These receptors are pentameric proteins formed from combinations of 12 different subunits. Thus, this family of receptors consists of multiple subtypes defined by their subunit composition. All of the receptors are ligand‐gated cation channels that pass sodium, potassium and calcium, but the different subtypes have different biophysical and pharmacological characteristics. These receptors are located on the axons of catecholamine, GABA, acetylcholine and glutamate neurons, so they can influence a large number of diverse functions in the nervous system. In addition to mediating the essential actions of endogenous acetylcholine, these receptors are the primary target of nicotine, the addictive agent in tobacco. Thus, these receptors are directly related to the single most preventable cause of premature morbidity and mortality. In this chapter, we review some of the fundamental aspects of these receptors, with emphasis on the differences in pharmacology among the receptor subtypes and their unusual regulation by exposure to nicotine.
Norepinephrine/Epinephrine
Authors: Kozisek Megan E. , Bylund David B.
Published: March 2007

Norepinephrine and epinephrine are catecholamine messengers that play important roles in the regulation of diverse physiological systems by acting through adrenergic receptors. The study of these biogenic amines has played an important historical role in the development of contemporary neuropharmacology. The study of the synthesis and metabolism of these compounds has provided important drug targets as has the study of the norepinephrine transporter. Adrenergic receptors are divided into three major types: α1, α2and β. Each of these major types has three or more subtypes. Many important therapeutic drugs act on this array of nine or more receptors. Genetic variations in all of the enzymes, transporters and receptors involved with norepinephrine and epinephrine are receiving intense study at the present time.
Neurobiology and Treatment of Depression
Authors: Neumeister Alexander , Charney Dennis S. , Sanacora Gerard , Krystal John H.
Published: March 2007

Depression is increasingly understood as a disorder involving imbalances in brain neurobiologiocal systems and neuroanatomical disruptions, in the context of both, genetic and environmental factors. To understand the etiology of depression, it is important to characterize the interaction between brain neurobiological systems and their genetic regulation, and how this interaction affects behavior and neural circuits that are believed to be involved in the pathogenesis. This approach helps to identify novel targets for treatment which is on ongoing effort aiming to improve available treatments for depressed patients. This chapter reviews current concepts about the neurobiology of depression and provides state‐of‐the‐art information about potential novel treatment approaches which are currently developed.
Pharmacotherapy of Anxiety
Authors: Nash Jon R. , Nutt David J.
Published: March 2007

The diagnosis and management of anxiety disorders have evolved greatly during the past 50 years. For the clinician, a careful assessment of the patient is critical in formulating an appropriate treatment plan. Once a diagnosis has been made, a range of psychological and medical treatments are available. The authors suggest a structured classification of anxiety disorders according to their symptoms, and of drug therapies according to their mechanism of action. The evidence for effectiveness of medications in each of the major anxiety disorders is reviewed and a series of treatment algorithms are proposed. Likely future developments are considered.
MDMA and Other “Club Drugs”
Authors: Isabel Colado M. , O'Shea Esther , Richard Green A.
Published: March 2007

The use of the club drugs 3, 4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”), gamma‐hydroxybutyrate (GHB), flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), ketamine and LSD is a popular practice among young people especially during all‐night dance parties or “raves“ due to their ability to enhance social experiences and/or alter perception. These substances belong to different classes of drugs: MDMA is an amphetamine derived psychomotor stimulant, Rohypnol is a benzodiazepine, GHB and ketamine are anesthetic drugs while LSD is a hallucinogenic agent and therefore the immediate consequences of their abuse and intoxication can be very different. The long‐term consequences of the abuse of the different club drugs are of great concern. Animal studies indicate that MDMA causes long‐term 5‐HT damage and neuroimaging studies suggest this may also occur in humans. The development of addiction following the use of club drugs is also of concern since several of these drugs have been shown covers the most important aspects of the pharmacology of MDMA and the other club drugs and highlights some of the most important consequences of their abuse.
Advent of a New Generation of Antimigraine Medications
Authors: Recober Ana , Russo Andrew F.
Published: March 2007

This chapter will address recent developments in the treatment of migraine. The recent promising clinical trials using a new antimigraine medication, BIBN4096BS, heralds the advent of a new generation of therapeutics. BIBN4096BS targets the receptor for the neuropeptide calcitonin gene–related peptide (CGRP), which appears to play a causal role in migraine pain. We will discuss the rationale and therapeutic implications of modulating CGRP, including its potential for acting at multiple sites in the trigeminovasculature. We will then discuss the currently used acute and preventative pharmacological treatments. Of particular interest is the increasing evidence that antiepileptic drugs may be an effective prophylactic treatment for migraine. Future strategies to selectively downregulate CGRP synthesis and the potential use of migraine drugs for other forms of trigeminal‐mediated pain, such as temporomandibular disorder and trigeminal neuralgia, will be explored.
Epilepsy: Mechanisms of Drug Action and Clinical Treatment
Authors: Theodore William H. , Rogawski Michael A.
Published: March 2007

Seizures can be caused by a wide range of brain disorders. Patients with two unprovoked seizures are considered to have epilepsy, and should receive antiepileptic drug treatment. The choice of drugs depends in part on diagnosis of the specific seizure syndrome, based on clinical, electroencephalographic, and neuroimaging data. Mechanisms of drugs action include modulation of voltage‐dependent neuronal ion channels, enhancement of GABA‐mediated inhibition, Inhibition of ionotropic glutamate receptor‐ mediated synaptic excitation, and modulation of glutamate release. Specific AED pharmacokinetics, particularly drug interactions, and toxicity, should be considered carefully in planning drug treatment. For patients with persistent seizures on optimal drug therapy, other options include diet, surgery, and brain stimulation.
Myelin Lipids and Proteins: Structure, Function, and Roles in Neurological Disorders
Authors: Quarles Richard H.
Published: March 2007

The objective of this chapter is to provide an overview of the lipids and proteins in myelin, which will serve as a foundation for other chapters in this section that cover neuroimmunogical aspects of disorders affecting myelin. The structure and functions of lipids and proteins of myelin are summarized. Other proteins localized in associated glial membranes, which have important roles in the formation and maintenance of myelinated axons, are also described. Finally, the roles of lipids and proteins as target antigens in the immunological aspects of demyelinating diseases are discussed.
Verbal overshadowing effect: how temporal perspective may exacerbate or alleviate the processing shift
Authors: Hunt Catherine , Carroll Marie
Published: March 2007

Generating a detailed, memory‐based description of a non‐verbal perceptual stimulus can impair later recognition of that stimulus—an effect termed verbal overshadowing (VO). After viewing a face for 10 seconds, half the participants wrote a description of it; the others completed an unrelated task. Participants then either imagined their proximal or distant future, or completed an unrelated task. Following a recognition test for the face previously presented, all the 75 participants attempted to solve three insight problems. A robust VO effect was observed for participants who imagined their proximal future; that is, providing a description of the face impaired their later recognition of that face. In contrast, those who imagined their distal future showed no such impairment. Furthermore, distal imagining participants solved more insight problems compared to proximal, and control condition participants. The results of this study provide support for a processing shift interpretation of VO. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Breakage behavior characterization of micron‐scale particles
Authors: Livk I. , Ilievski D.
Published: March 2007

A method for quantitative characterization of breakage of particulate material is presented. The approach developed uses a 3‐D population balance (PB) breakage model, which describes the changing population of particles in a “origin‐size‐toughness” domain, to extract breakage parameters from dynamic tracer and size evolution experimental data. The breakage behavior is captured in terms of the model parameters of breakage rate and breakage distribution function. It is shown that utilization of the dynamic tracer distribution information contributes significantly to the accuracy and robustness of the breakage parameter estimation. The method is validated by demonstrating good agreement of the model with measured dynamic particle size distributions and tracer distributions. It is also demonstrated that the 3‐D PB breakage model better captures the highly distributed nature of the dynamic experimental data than an equivalent 2‐D model. The usefulness of the technique for characterization of breakdown characteristics is demonstrated using commercial aluminium oxides; both for quantitatively differentiating the breakage behaviors and also for providing insights into the fundamentals of the breakage mechanisms. “Breakage maps” and “breakage activity” plots are introduced as useful formats for presenting the complex breakage information. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
An Alu retrotransposition‐mediated deletion of CHD7 in a patient with CHARGE syndrome
Authors: Udaka Toru , Okamoto Nobuhiko , Aramaki Michihiko , Torii Chiharu , Kosaki Rika , Hosokai Noboru , Hayakawa Toshiyuki , Takahata Naoyuki , Takahashi Takao , Kosaki Kenjiro
Published: March 2007

CHD7 mutations account for about 60–65% among more than 200 CHARGE syndrome cases. When rare whole gene deletion cases associated with chromosomal abnormalities are excluded, all mutations of CHD7 reported to date have been point mutations and small deletions and insertions, rather than exonic deletions. To test whether exonic deletions represent a common pathogenic mechanism, we assessed exon copy number by using a recently developed method, the multiplex PCR/liquid chromatography assay (MP/LC). Multiple exons were amplified using unlabeled primers, then separated by ion‐pair reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography, and quantitated by fluorescence detection using a post‐column intercalation dye under the premise that the relative peak intensities for each target directly reflect exon copy number. By using MP/LC, we identified one CHARGE syndrome patient who had a de novo deletion encompassing exons 8–12 among 13 classic CHARGE patients in whom screening by denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) failed to identify point mutations and small insertions/deletions in CHD7. This is the first CHARGE patient who was documented to have exonic deletion of CHD7. The deletion closely recapitulated the Alu‐mediated inactivation of the human CMP‐N‐acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase gene (CMP‐Neu5Ac hydroxylase), which is regarded as a novel molecular mechanism in the evolution from non‐human primates to humans. As demonstrated in this study, MP/LC is a promising method for characterizing exonic deletions, which are largely left unexamined in most routine mutation analysis. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Deletion of 7q31.1 supports involvement of FOXP2 in language impairment: Clinical report and review
Authors: Lennon P.A. , Cooper M.L. , Peiffer D.A. , Gunderson K.L. , Patel A. , Peters Sarika , Cheung S.W. , Bacino C.A.
Published: March 2007

We report on a young male with moderate mental retardation, dysmorphic features, and language delay who is deleted for 7q31.1‐7q31.31. His full karyotype is 46,XY,der(7)del(7)(q31.1q31.31)ins(10;7)(q24.3;q31.1q31.31)mat. This child had language impairment, including developmental verbal dyspraxia, but did not meet criteria for autism according to standardized ADOS testing. Our patient's deletion, which is the smallest reported deletion including FOXP2, adds to the body of evidence that supports the role of FOXP2 in speech and language impairment, but not in autism. A reported association between autism and deletions of WNT2, a gene also deleted in our patient, is likewise not supported by our case. Previously, fine mapping with microsatellites markers within in a large three‐generation family, in which half the members had severe specific language impairment, aided the localization of the SPCH1 locus to 7q31 within markers D7S2459 (107.1 Mb) and D7S643 (120.5 Mb). Additionally, chromosome rearrangement of 7q31 and mutational analyses have supported the growing evidence that FOXP2, a gene within the SPCH1 region, is involved with speech and language development. It is unclear however whether the AUTS1 (autistic spectrum 1) locus, highly linked to 7q31, overlaps with the SPCH1 and FOXP2. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pure and complete trisomy 18p due to a supernumerary marker chromosome associated with moderate mental retardation
Authors: Mabboux P. , Brisset S. , Aboura A. , Pineau D. , Koubi V. , Joannidis S. , Labrune P. , Tachdjian G.
Published: March 2007

Trisomy for the short arm of chromosome 18 or trisomy 18p, is rarely described. We report on a 13‐year‐old boy with minor facial anomalies, mental retardation, bilateral cryptorchidism associated with a de novo supernumerary marker chromosome (SMC). Using fluorescence in situ hybridization and comparative genomic hybridization analyses, this SMC corresponded to the p arm of chromosome 18 associated with a centromere of either chromosome 13 or 21 and nucleolus organizing regions (NORs). We report here the first case of a pure and complete trisomy 18p due to a SMC. This report and review of literature confirm that the main phenotypic anomaly associated with trisomy 18p is moderate mental retardation. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Characterization of the polyanion‐induced molten globule‐like state of cytochrome c
Authors: Sedlák Erik
Published: March 2007

Cytochrome c (cyt c) undergoes a poly(vinylsulphate) (PVS)‐induced transition at slightly acidic pH into a molten globule‐like state that resembles the effect that negatively charged membrane surfaces have on this protein. In this work, the thermodynamic properties of the molten globule‐like state of cyt c in complex with PVS are studied using differential scanning calorimetry, circular dichroism, fluorescence, and absorbance spectroscopy. The temperature‐induced transition of the molten globule‐like state of cyt c in the complex with PVS is characterized by a significantly lower calorimetric enthalpy than in the “typical” molten globule state of cyt c, i.e. free protein at pH 2.0 in high ionic strength. Moreover, the thermally‐denatured state of cyt c in the complex at pH < 6 contains nearly 50% of the native secondary structure. The dependence of the transition temperature on the pH indicates a role for histidine residues in the destabilization of the cyt c structure in the PVS complex and in stabilization of the denatured state with the residual secondary structure. A comparison of the effects of small anions and polyanions demonstrates the importance of cooperativity among the anions in the destabilization of cyt c. Predictably, other hydrophilic flexible polyanions such as heparin, polyglutamate, and polyadenylate also have a destabilizing effect on the structure of cyt c. However, a correlation between the properties of the polyanions and their effect on the protein stability is still unclear. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 86: 119–126, 2007.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
The position, length, and content of the vermiform appendix in nigerians
Authors: Solanke Toriola F
Published: March 2007

The position, length, and content of 78 appendices from perinates and of 125 from children and adults were studied at autopsy. The retrocaecal appendix was commonest among the children and adults, and the pelvic appendix among the perinates. The average length of the appendix of the perinate was 4.2 cm. and that of the children and adults was 9.6 cm. Extreme mobility of the caecum was noted in about 62 per cent of the cadavers in both groups of subjects. Parasitic infection of the appendix was high in the children and adults group.
Aneurysm of the posterior tibial artery due to a tibial osteochondroma
Authors: Chalstrey L J
Published: March 2007

A case is reported of an aneurysm of the posterior tibia1 artery associated with a solitary osteochondroma of the upper end of the tibia. No previous account of such a lesion has been found, but 14 somewhat similar cases of popliteal aneurysms due to exostosis of the lower end of the femur are briefly reviewed. The mechanism of production of these lesions and methods of treatment are discussed. Prophylactic removal of benign skeletal tumours encroaching on the popliteal fossa is recommended.
Haematoma of the rectus abdominis muscle. Its aetiology and A review of 10 cases
Authors: Stirrat G M , McLaughlin I S , Struthers J O , Miln D C
Published: March 2007

Ten cases of rectus abdominis haematoma presenting as acute abdominal emergencies are reviewed. The possible aetiological factors, clinical features, and difficulties in diagnosis are discussed. General lines of treatment are indicated and a plea for greater awareness of the condition is made.
Delayed haemorrhage from the ruptured spleen
Authors: Foster R P
Published: March 2007

Delayed haemorrhage from a ruptured spleen is a not uncommon syndrome, and it may well be encountered more frequently in the future. The condition has a higher mortality than simple uncomplicated rupture of the spleen, and this is believed to be due to difficulty and subsequent delay in making a diagnosis. Three cases are reported which illustrate many of the important features of delayed haemorrhage. The diagnosis of delayed haemorrhage is discussed, with particular reference to the importance of shoulder pain (Kehr's sign).
A long-retained intraperitoneal surgical swab
Authors: Hunter-Craig I D , Elgar D E
Published: March 2007

A case is reported involving an intraperitoneal gauze swab which was removed 36 years after its introduction at appendicectomy. The literature is briefly reviewed and a plea is made for retained swabs to be borne in mind as a cause of acute abdominal symptoms where previous surgery has been performed. Although meticulous preventive measures should avoid most of these accidents, it is likely that the more prevalent use of antibiotics will allow a higher proportion of errors to remain hidden for longer periods.
Papillary cystadenoma lymphomatosum in the subfacial parotid lobe
Authors: Webb A John , Mitchell R J
Published: March 2007

A parotid adenolymphoma in a 61-year-old man was diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. At operation it lay deep to the facial nerve, tightly stretching its divisions. The importance of cytological biopsy and the hazards of surgical management are discussed.
Selective vagotomy and pyloroplasty in the treatment of gastric ulceration: Some clinical observations and results
Authors: De Miguel Jacinto
Published: March 2007

Selective vagotomy and pyloroplasty have been used in 43 patients with gastric ulceration between July, 1964, and January, 1968. Clinical and radiological observations demonstrated that the ulcer usually took 15–20 days to be cured, although in some cases this period was substantially prolonged.

Up to the present recurrence has been observed in 3 patients (7.8 per cent), all of whom showed signs of prolonged antral retention, together with incomplete vagotomy in I case. Pathogenic considerations concerning the possible causes of this recurrence are suggested and discussed.

Functional results are at present very satisfactory in 84.2 per cent of patients, in whom it has once more been observed that the use of selective vagotomy seems to avoid the appearance of serious diarrhoea, which is not unusual after truncal vagotomy.

Preliminary results show that vagotomy and pyloroplasty seem to bring about a cure in cases of gastric ulcer and that these methods offer certain possibilities of cure. However, the appearance of a number of recurrent ulcers obliges us to observe a certain prudence until we have at our disposal more evidence and experience of the method.
Adenomyomatosis as A source of error in the diagnosis of gall-bladder disease
Authors: Heald R J
Published: March 2007

A series of cases is described where delay and difficulty were encountered in the diagnosis of pain suggestive of a biliary origin. In such circumstances the most probable diagnosis is adenomyomatosis of the gall-bladder which can usually be diagnosed by careful scrutiny of the periphery of the organ on a good cholecystogram. Treatment is by cholecystectomy.
Suture-line ulcer after gastric surgery caused by non-absorbable suture materials
Authors: Gear M W L , Dowling B L
Published: March 2007

Four cases of suture-line ulceration associated with non-absorbable suture material are presented. In 2 of these cases the suture had been placed only in the seromuscular layer.

The diagnosis was made in each case by gastroscopy.

Excision of the complete suture line is the most satisfactory form of treatment.
Malignant carcinoid and adenocarcinoma of the stomach
Authors: Parks T G
Published: March 2007

The extremely rare association of a carcinoid tumour with an adenocarcinoma of the stomach is reported. A review of the literature revealed only 1 previous reported instance in which a less intimate relationship of the two lesions was found in a resected stomach.
A congenital broncho-oesophageal fistula presenting in adult life without pulmonary infection
Authors: Smith David C
Published: March 2007

The case of an adult patient with an apparently congenital broncho-oesophageal fistula but without the usual accompanying pulmonary infection is presented. The possible embryological explanations and the reasons for this patient's absence of symptoms are discussed.
Unusual cold abscesses
Authors: Shaw N M , Basu A K
Published: March 2007

Fifteen young adults with soft-tissue tuberculous lesions were treated with antituberculous drugs and early surgical evacuation.

The incidence of adolescent and young adult Asian immigrants is noted. The significance of subcutaneous fluctuant swellings in this section of the population is noteworthy.

The florid nature of these lesions was also noted. The response to treatment was, on the whole, favourable. The particular hazard of delayed wound healing in lower-limb lesions is noted.

Culture of abscess contents almost always yielded a growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis which can be subjected to sensitivity testing.

After wound healing has been achieved, domiciliary treatment with 300 mg. isoniazid and 12 g. PAS or PAS-isoniazid cachets 2–3 t.i.d. is recommended.
Carcinoma of the oesophagus: Factors influencing survival
Authors: Younghusband J D , Aluwihare A P R
Published: March 2007

A series of 191 cases of carcinoma of the oesophagus is presented. The 77 cases (middle and lower third) treated by complete oesophagectomy are studied in detail. Evidence for the existence of an immune reaction by the patient against the tumour is found. This immune reaction has a favourable effect on the prognosis, even in the presence of other unfavourable features. Delay in diagnosis does not affect the prognosis. It is suggested that the presence of this reaction, as detected by a study of the resected specimen after oesophagectomy, might be used to determine the selective use of post-operative radiotherapy in an attempt to improve the prognosis in this disease.
Chronic subphrenic abscess simulating hepatic metastases
Authors: Harrison N W
Published: March 2007

Two cases of chronic subphrenic abscess are described in patients who previously had undergone abdominal surgery for malignant disease. The clinical features which included a subcostal mass were suggestive of hepatic metastases. Surgical drainage was followed by complete recovery.
Myelolipoma of the adrenal gland
Authors: Tulcinsky D B , Deutsch V , Bubis J J
Published: March 2007

A case of myelolipoma in a 53-year-old man is presented (the fifth case of successful removal reported in the literature). The tumour was asymptomatic and was discovered during the investigation of painless haematuria.

Selective angiography was found useful in the diagnosis, and associated malformations hinted at the aetiology of the tumour.
Experimental gastric ulcers in the rat: The separate and combined effects of vagotomy and bile-duct implantation into the stomach
Authors: Kirk R M
Published: March 2007

Erosions and ulcers of the gastric mucosa have been produced in rats by implanting into the stomach the lower bile-duct carrying bile and pancreatic juice or the upper bile-duct carrying bile only. Vagotomy did not produce gastric lesions in this series. Vagotomy did not increase the incidence of gastric lesions when it was combined with implantation of the bile-duct into the stomach. These results suggest that, if both current theories of the cause of gastric ulceration have some validity, their actions are mediated through separate mechanisms and do not augment each other.
Serial serum cholesterol estimations after biliary-tract surgery
Authors: Walmsley Michael J , Waddecar J , Schofield Philip F
Published: March 2007

Serial serum cholesterol levels were measured in 50 patients undergoing biliary-tract surgery and in a control group of 12 patients. There was a transient early fall in serum cholesterol after cholecystectomy alone. The mean maximal fall was 30 per cent, observed on day 6. When the common bile-duct was drained the serum cholesterol fell a similar amount (36 per cent) but the fall was sustained for longer, the greatest mean maximal fall being on day 9.

Loss of cholesterol in the bile of patients undergoing common bile-duct drainage was measured at and after operation. If the gall-bladder was not contracted then the maximum loss of cholesterol was shown to occur at operation owing to the high concentration of cholesterol in the gall-bladder. The possible mechanism of the observed fall in the serum cholesterol is discussed.
Management of paroxysms of hypertension in patients with phaeochromocytomas
Authors: Cowley D J , Montgomery D A D , Welbourn R B
Published: March 2007

Two patients with phaeochromocytomas developed crises in which severe hypertension alternated with profound hypotension.

One patient died during an emergency operation. The other was controlled with a long-acting alpha-cholinergic blocking agent and had his tumour removed uneventfully.
Malakoplakia of the bladder with recurrent passage of pseudo-tumour fragments over eight years
Authors: Cowie A G A , Whitaker R H
Published: March 2007

A case of malakoplakia is reported in a patient who gave a history of repeated passage of portions of pseudo-tumour per urethram over 8 years. A review of the disease process supports the view that it is a benign granuloma associated with E. coli infection.
A circulatory collagenase inhibitor
Authors: Hawley P R , Faulk W Page
Published: March 2007

There is an increased production of collagenase from explants of rabbit colon postoperatively. The enhanced reaction is not confined to the site of injury but occurs throughout the gastro-intestinal tract, suggesting that the healing process is not purely under local control. This is not the result of increased endogenous steroid production, for injection of 10 mg. cortisone acetate into rabbits for 2 or 3 days produces no alteration in bursting pressure of the colon, no decreased collagen content of the colon or skin, or increased production of collagenase.

Addition of serum significantly inhibits the collagen-collagenase reaction of tissue explants. This inhibitory effect has been demonstrated by protein fractionation methods to be due to an alpha-globulin of high molecular weight. Adult and foetal serum from several mammals all contain an alpha-globulin inhibitor to collagenase. Following injury, collagen lysis occurs as a result of increased collagenase activity. This is associated with a decrease in circulating inhibitor.
Carcinoma of the third part of the duodenum
Authors: Cleator Iain G M
Published: March 2007

A case of carcinoma of the third part of the duodenum is described in which it was possible to carry out a duodenectomy. The pancreatic and common bile-ducts entered the duodenum separately and the pancreatic duct required reimplantation into the duodenum. The problems involved in this reimplantation are discussed.
Posterior mediastinal goitre with carcinoma of rectum
Authors: Langdon A A
Published: March 2007

A case of intrathoracic goitre in the posterior mediastinum in association with carcinoma of the rectum is recorded. The operative approach to mediastinal goitres is discussed.
Gastric ulcer penetrating the left ventricle
Authors: MacGillivray J B , Morgan M Naunton
Published: March 2007

A case of chronic gastric ulcer penetrating the left ventricle is described.
Improved immediate function of experimental cadaver renal allografts by elimination of agonal vasospasm
Authors: Pryor John P , Keaveny T Vincent , Reed Thomas W , Belzer Folkert O
Published: March 2007

Evidence is given to show that arterial spasm during the agonal period of the donor is a very important factor in determining the immediate post-transplantation renal function. The recognition and elimination of vasospasm prior to preservation by isolated perfusion enable porcine cadaver renal allografts to function as well as those obtained from live donor animals.
The evaluation of vagotomy and pyloroplasty in the treatment of duodenal ulcer in nigerians: Clinical and radiological study
Authors: Solanke Toriola F , Kolawole T M
Published: March 2007

Forty-eight patients with duodenal ulceration were treated by vagotomy and the Weinberg type of pyloroplasty. This procedure was modified for 19 patients in the group with duodenal stenosis. Postoperative radiological evaluation indicated satisfactory results in 41 patients. The symptomatically satisfactory rate was good. Diarrhoea was a major residual symptom. Vagotomy and pyloroplasty is advocated for the surgical treatment of duodenal ulceration in Nigerians.
The relative significance of preoperative oral antibiotics, mechanical bowel preparation, and preoperative peritoneal contamination in the avoidance of sepsis after radical surgery for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease of the large bowel
Authors: Barker K , Graham N G , Mason M C , de Dombal F T , Goligher J C
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the results of a prospective, random, controlled study of two régimes of preparation of the bowel in 100 patients undergoing elective radical surgery for non-specific inflammatory disease of the colon.

Every patient received identical dietary preparation for surgery. No aperients or enemas were given in view of the inflamed state of the bowel. All patients received phthalylsulphathiazole, and in addition 50 patients chosen at random were given Colomycin. The two groups who did or did not receive Colomycin were well matched in respect of age, sex, type of operation, and steroid therapy.

The addition of Colomycin to the standard régime of mechanical preparation and sulphonamides conferred no benefit to the patient in terms of postoperative complication rates. However, significantly increased rates of wound sepsis and paralytic ileus were found in patients who had a loaded colon at laparotomy or in whom faecal contamination of the peritoneal cavity occurred during operation.

These results suggest that antibiotic sterilization of the large bowel, whatever its intrinsic merits, is no substitute for adequate mechanical preparation and meticulous attention to surgical technique.
Postoperative wound infection: A computer analysis
Authors: Davidson A I G , Clark C , Smith G
Published: March 2007

Data believed to relate to the aetiology of postoperative wound infection were subjected to a computer analysis. Information was obtained from a total of 1000 patients and a multiple linear-regression analysis carried out. Five factors were found to be highly significant in determining the development of wound sepsis. These were a potentially dirty type of procedure, the presence of bacteria in the wound at the end of operation, one of the ward environments studied, the age of the patient, and the duration of the operation.
A new prosthesis for reconstruction of congenital flail chest
Authors: Singh M P , Cleland W P , Melrose D G , Gardner D C , Read R
Published: March 2007

A new prosthesis consisting of artificial “ribs” of polypropylene was designed for reconstruction of a congenital flail chest wall in a young girl of 2 years and 4 months. The prosthesis, though rigid, is able to follow the normal respiratory movements. This property is due to the molecular structure of polypropylene. It is foreseen that the relative preservation of respiratory function will encourage its use both in children and in adults.
Surgical biopsy studies of omental and peritoneal nodules
Authors: Walsh D B , Williams George
Published: March 2007

Four hundred and thirty-five biopsy specimens from the peritoneum and omentum submitted for diagnosis in a major teaching hospital over a 17-year period are reviewed. Their histopathology and incidence are recorded in the light of relevant clinical data. Some of the problems in the diagnosis of the lesions and various factors influencing their statistical breakdown are discussed.
Popliteal artery entrapment
Authors: Brightmore T G J , Smellie W A B
Published: March 2007

Two patients are presented, both in their fourth decade, with popliteal artery obstruction resulting from an anomalous muscle slip. The diagnosis and treatment of popliteal artery compression resulting from congenital abnormalities are discussed.
Lactose intolerance following extensive small intestinal resection
Authors: Richards Anthony J , Condon John R , Mallinson C N
Published: March 2007

Lactose tolerance following extensive small intestinal resection was studied in 4 adult patients, using the ooral lactose-tolerance test. Three of the 4 patients had flat lactose-tolerance curves with normal glucosegalactose tolerance. The fourth case had a border-line normal lactose-tolerance curve. One of the patients with a flat lactose curve was treated with a lactose-free diet which resulted in a reduction in faecal fat and number of bowel actions per day.

It is concluded that some patients who have undergone massive small-bowel resection are unable to absorb lactose and possibly other disaccharides, and this group of patients may be helped by disaccharidefree diets.
Pancreatic cysts: A report of 10 cases
Authors: Olurin E O
Published: March 2007

Ten cases of pancreatic cysts seen in 12 years in the University College Hospital, Ibadan, are reported. The clinical features and diagnoses are reviewed and found to be similar to those reported elsewhere. Pancreatic cysts occur in a younger age-group in this series than in other reports and this is related to malnutritional fibrocalcific pancreatic disease. The classification of pancreatic cysts is discussed and modified according to the experience of this series. The operative management of pancreatic cysts is briefly discussed.
The long-term stability of the insulin test after partial vagotomy in the dog
Authors: Spencer John , Stening G Frank
Published: March 2007

Five dogs were prepared with gastric fistulae, and partial vagotomy was performed by division of one vagus in the neck and a main vagal trunk in the lower thorax.

The acid secretory responses to histamine dihydrochloride (o.16 mg. per kg.-hr.), and to graded intravenous doses of insulin (0.03, 0.06, 0.12, 0.5, and 1 U. per kg.) were measured soon after vagotomy and again 6 months later.

There was no significant change in the acid response to either histamine or insulin during the 6 months after vagotomy either in timing of the peak output or in the dose of insulin required for highest peak acid output. It is concluded that no detectable reinnervation occurs in the dog in this period following gastric vagotomy.
Total division of subclavian artery and vein
Authors: Robb J D A
Published: March 2007

A case of a stab wound causing total division of the subclavian artery and vein is described. The management of stab wounds of the neck involving the major upper-limb blood-vessels is reviewed, and a policy of treatment is outlined.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the mandible
Authors: Slavin G , Mitchell R Morton
Published: March 2007

A case of primary intramandibular adenoid cystic carcinoma of the mandible is described in an African adult. Attention is drawn to the apparent rarity of the lesion and to possible difficulties in the diagnosis.
Pribram's incision for cholecystectomy
Authors: Jelly Oliver , Gunn Alastair
Published: March 2007

Pribram's incision for choiecystectomy is described. Out of 71 patients with the incision who were followed up, I developed a small 2-cm. herniation through the wound. The advantages of the incision are discussed, particularly its resistance to dehiscence.
Enterogenous cysts of the rectum (colitis cystica profunda)
Authors: Talerman A
Published: March 2007

Enterogenous cysts of the rectum are nonneoplastic, mucus-containing, intramural, cystic lesions, producing elevation of the rectal mucosa and narrowing of the rectal lumen, and are associated with mucosal changes.

A case of multiple enterogenous cysts of the rectum in a 25-year-old male is reported. The pathology, differential diagnosis, pathogenesis, and terminology are discussed. The modern literature concerning this entity is reviewed. The term ‘enterogenous cyst of the rectum’ is considered preferable to the terms ‘colitis cystica profunda’ and ‘hamartomatous inverted polyp of the rectum’, which are currently used to describe these lesions.
Ice-cooled preservation of kidneys damaged by warm ischaemia
Authors: Pena J R , Millard P R , Calne R Y
Published: March 2007

Experiments in dogs were performed to determine the effects of 40 additional minutes of pre-cooling warm ischaemic time on kidneys cooled for 5 hours in ice and then retransplanted.

A comparison was made with control kidneys in the same animals cooled for 5 hours with minimal warm ischaemia.

The 40 minutes of warm ischaemia caused severe and partly irreversible damage in most experiments.
Groin hernia
Authors: Baumber C D
Published: March 2007

The recurrence rate for primary inguinal hernia operated on in this series was 12·2 per cent. The recurrence rate is higher for direct inguinal hernia (16 per cent) than for indirect (11 per cent). Those cases operated on by less experienced surgeons had recurrence more frequently (17 per cent) than those operated on by senior surgeons (9 per cent). The incidence of hernia occurring in the opposite side is high: 44 per cent in the case of direct hernia and 21 per cent in the case of indirect hernia. The prospects of a second or third successful operation are good. Only 2 patients (less than 1 per cent) in this series remain uncured; they are well controlled by a truss. The recurrence rate for femoral hernia is low. There was no difference in the time off work between those cases that did or did not subsequently have a recurrence. No relationship between recurrence rate and age was demonstrated.
Closure of colostomy
Authors: Knox A J S , Birkett F D H , Collins C D
Published: March 2007

In this review of 179 patients in whom colostomy closure was performed the mortality from the operation was 2·2 per cent and the morbidity from faecal fistula was 23 per cent. This operation, there fore, should not be regarded as a minor procedure.

Complications in patients with diverticular disease following colostomy closure are lowest when the operation is carried out 3 months or more after resection. After resection of a carcinoma, complications are lowest if the colostomy closure is carried out after 2 months.