bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring the orbit shrinkage rate of hot Jupiters due to tides
Authors: Rosário N. M. , Barros S. C. C. , Demangeon O. D. S. , Santos N. C.
Published: October 2022

Context. A tidal interaction between a star and a close-in exoplanet leads to shrinkage of the planetary orbit and eventual tidal dis- ruption of the planet. Measuring the shrinkage of the orbits will allow for the tidal quality parameter of the star (Q★′) to be measured, which is an important parameter to obtain information about stellar interiors.

Aims. We analyse data from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) for two targets known to host close-in hot Jupiters, which have significant data available and are expected to have a fast decay: WASP-18 and WASP-19. We aim to measure the current limits on orbital period variation and provide new constrains on Q★′ for our targets.

Methods. We modelled the transit shape using all the available TESS observations and fitted the individual transit times of each tran- sit. We used previously published transit times together with our results to fit two models, a constant period model, and a quadratic orbital decay model, using Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms.

Results. We obtain new constrains on Q★′ for both targets and improve the precision of the known planet parameters with the newest observations from TESS. We find period change rates of (−0.11 ± 0.21) × 10−10 for WASP-18b and (−0.35 ± 0.22) × 10−10 for WASP-19b and we do not find significant evidence of orbital decay in these targets. We obtain new lower limits for Q★′ of (1.42 ± 0.34) × 107 in WASP-18 and (1.26 ± 0.10) × 106 in WASP-19, corresponding to upper limits of the orbital decay rate of −0.45 × 10−10 and −0.71 × 10−10, respectively, with a 95% confidence level. We compare our results with other relevant targets for tidal decay studies.

Conclusions. We find that the orbital decay rate in both WASP-18b and WASP-19b appears to be smaller than the measured orbital decay of WASP-12b. We show that the minimum value of Q★′ in WASP-18 is two orders of magnitude higher than that of WASP-12, while WASP-19 has a minimum value one order of magnitude higher, which is consistent with other similar targets. Further observations are required to constrain the orbital decay of WASP-18 and WASP-19.
Implications of multiwavelength spectrum on cosmic-ray acceleration in blazar TXS 0506+056
Authors: Das Saikat , Gupta Nayantara , Razzaque Soebur
Published: October 2022

Context.The MAGIC collaboration has recently analyzed data from a long-term multiwavelength campaign of theγ-ray blazar TXS 0506+056. In December 2018 it was flaring in the very high-energy (VHE;E >  100 GeV)γ-ray band, but no simultaneous neutrino event was detected.

Aims.We modeled the observed spectral energy distribution (SED) using a one-zone leptohadronic emission.

Methods.We estimated the neutrino flux through the restriction from the observed X-ray flux on the secondary radiation due to the hadronic cascade, initiated by protons with energyEp ≲ 0.1 EeV. We assumed that ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs;E ≳ 0.1 EeV), with the same slope and normalization as the low-energy spectrum, are accelerated in the jet but escape efficiently. We propagate the UHE protons in a random turbulent extragalactic magnetic field (EGMF).

Results.The leptonic emission from the jet dominates the GeV range, whereas the cascade emission from CR interactions in the jet contributes substantially to the X-ray and VHE range. The line-of-sight cosmogenicγ-rays from UHECRs produce a hardening in the VHE spectrum. Our model prediction for neutrinos from the jet is consistent with the 7.5-year flux limit by IceCube and shows no variability during the MAGIC campaign. Therefore, we infer that the correlation between GeV-TeVγ-rays and neutrino flare is minimal. The luminosity in CRs limits the cosmogenicγ-ray flux, which in turn bounds the RMS value of the EGMF to ≳10−5nG. The cosmogenic neutrino flux is lower than the IceCube-Gen2 detection potential for 10 yr of observation.

Conclusions.Very high-energyγ-ray variability should arise from increased activity inside the jet; thus, detecting steady flux at multi-TeV energies may indicate UHECR acceleration. Upcomingγ-ray imaging telescopes, such as the CTA, will be able to constrain the cosmogenicγ-ray component in the SED of TXS 0506+056.
Total Synthesis of Phellinus ribis Glycans with Immunostimulating Activities by an Orthogonal One-Pot Glycosylation Strategy
Authors: Wan Jie , Wang Leilei , Xiao Guozhi
Published: October 2022

A total synthesis of nonasaccharide repeating units and shorter sequences from Phellinus ribis glycans with strong immunostimulating activities was achieved by an orthogonal one-pot glycosylation strategy based on an N-phenyltrifluoroacetimidate glycosylation, a Yu glycosylation, and an ortho-(1-phenylvinyl)benzoate glycosylation. The issues inherent to thioglycosides-based orthogonal one-pot glycosylations, such as aglycone transfer, are eliminated by this one-pot glycosylation strategy, which streamlines the chemical synthesis of glycans.
Synthesis of 1,3-Diaryltriazenes and Azo Dyes from Aryl Amines Using N-Nitrososulfonamides
Authors: Baxter Ryan D. , Yaghoubi Mahshid
Published: October 2022

New methods for the synthesis of 1,3-diaryltriazenes and azo dyes from aryl amines are reported. Both methods involve the formation of aryl diazonium intermediates via the transnitrosation of aryl amines with N-nitrososulfonamides. Each two-step transformation may be performed in one reaction vessel at room temperature with no precautions taken to exclude air or moisture. Several triazene and azo dye structures are reported here for the first time, demonstrating the utility of operating the two-step reaction sequence under mild conditions.
Active Intrapartum SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Pregnancy Outcomes
Authors: Nunes Marta C. , Jones Stephanie , Strehlau Renate , Baba Vuyelwa , Ditse Zanele , da Silva Kelly , Bothma Lané , Serafin Natali , Baillie Vicky L. , Kwatra Gaurav , Burke Megan , Wise Amy , Adam Mary , Mlandu Philiswa , Melamu Mpolokeng , Phelp Juliette , Fraser Wendy , Wright Colleen , Zell Elizabeth , Adam Yasmin , Madhi Shabir A.
Published: October 2022

Objective Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection during pregnancy has been associated with poor pregnancy outcomes. There is, however, not much information on the impact of the timing of SARS-CoV-2 infection on pregnancy outcomes, and studies from low-middle income settings are also scarce.

Study Design We conducted a cross-sectional study from April to December 2020, in South Africa, to assess the association of SARS-CoV-2 infection on a nasal swab at the time of labor with fetal death, preterm birth, low birth weight, or pregnancy-induced complications. When possible, maternal blood, cord blood, and placenta were collected. SARS-CoV-2 infection was investigated by a nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT).

Results Overall, 3,117 women were tested for SARS-CoV-2 on a nasal swab, including 1,562 (50%) healthy women with uncomplicated term delivery. A positive NAAT was detected among 132 (4%) women. Adverse birth outcomes or pregnancy-related complications were not associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection at the time of labor. Among SARS-CoV-2-infected women, an NAAT-positive result was also obtained from 6 out of 98 (6%) maternal blood samples, 8 out of 93 (9%) cord-blood samples, 14 out of 54 (26%) placentas, and 3 out of 22 (14%) nasopharyngeal swabs from newborns collected within 72 hours of birth. Histological assessment of placental tissue revealed that women with SARS-CoV-2 nasal infection had a higher odds (3.82, 95% confidence interval: 1.20, 12.19) of chronic chorioamnionitis compared with those without SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Conclusion Our study demonstrates that intrapartum, SARS-CoV-2 infection was not associated with evaluated poor outcomes. In utero fetal and placental infections and possible vertical and/or horizontal viral transfer to the newborn were detected among women with nasal SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Key Points
Research Progress of the Liver–Brain Cotreatment of Depression with Supplemented Danzhi Xiaoyao Powder
Authors: Li Yajing , Wang Baoying , Li Yucheng , Bai Ming , Xu Erping
Published: October 2022

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has unique advantages in preventing and treating depression based on holistic concepts and syndrome differentiation and treatment. Liver depression and spleen deficiency are the main syndrome of depression. Danzhi Xiaoyao powder has the efficacy of soothing the liver and relieving depression, nourishing blood, and strengthening spleen. Present studies have proven that it has antidepressant efficacy for the syndrome of liver depression and spleen deficiency. The basic research on pharmacodynamic substances has found that the main active ingredients of Danzhi Xiaoyao powder in the treatment of depression include bupleurum saponin, paeonol, gardenoside, angelica polysaccharide, sulfate polysaccharide, paeoniflorin, albiflorin, atractylone, etc. In clinical practice, Danzhi Xiaoyao powder is often modified to make it more suitable according to the characteristics of pathogenesis and changes in the disease condition. Our research group has found that “brain and spirit failure and liver failing to disperse” are the main pathogenesis of depression. Based on the theory of “liver–brain cotreatment,” the treatment principle of “dispersing the liver and relieving depression, strengthening brain and benefiting intelligence” was put forward. On the basis of Danzhi Xiaoyao powder, Shichangpu (Acori Tatarinowii Rhizoma) was added to enlighten the mind and Yuanzhi (Polygalae Radix) to calm the mind and benefit intelligence. The modified Danzhi Xiaoyao powder was formulated, and its clinical effects on depression were remarkable. Animal experiments also confirmed that modified Danzhi Xiaoyao powder can significantly improve the depression-like behavior of depression model rats and the mechanism may be related to the regulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, the increase of the content of 5-hydroxytryptamine, and norepinephrine, which provides a reference for the further promotion of the clinical application of modified Danzhi Xiaoyao powder in the treatment of depression.
Urban–rural human settlements in China: Objective evaluation and subjective well-being
Authors: Fang Chuanglin , Ma Haitao , Bao Chao , Wang Zhenbo , Li Guangdong , Sun Siao , Fan Yupeng
Published: October 2022

Human settlements have an important impact on human health, livability, and the economy, which has attracted widespread concern worldwide. Few studies have, however, paid attention to a comprehensive evaluation of urban and rural areas, as well as subjective and objective aspects. This paper evaluates four dimensions of urban–rural settlements in China, including environmental health, environmental tidiness, environmental amenity, and environmental support, from both subjective and objective perspectives. The findings are summarized as follows: (1) The quality of urban–rural human settlements in China has significantly improved over the last 20 years, and it shows a significant decreasing tendency from the southeastern coastal area to the northwestern inland area spatially. (2) The national average score of subjective estimation of human settlement is at the level of “Satisfied”, and it displays significant disparities in terms of residents’ attributes, such as occupation, age, education, and habitation. (3) The subjective evaluation and subjective well-being have a positive correlation regarding the comprehensive assessment of urban–rural human settlements, but there are significant differences in objective estimation to different sub-dimensions. Long-term follow-up investigation and evaluation should be the focus of future research. Findings provide scientific guidance for the optimization and improvement mechanism of urban–rural human settlements.
Investigation of negative corona discharge Trichel pulses for a needle-plane geometry via two numerical 2D axisymmetric models
Authors: Salah Walid S. , Gazeli O. , Lazarou C. , Anastassiou C. , Georghiou G. E.
Published: October 2022

Trichel pulses for negative direct current corona discharge in a pin plate configuration under open dry air conditions are investigated using two numerical models. The first well known general model takes electrons and positive and negative ions into consideration. The second model, a more detailed one, takes electrons and other 16 nitrogen and oxygen species into consideration. Both models are able to capture the general evolution of the electrical discharge. However, the detailed model is able to also show the effect of behavior and contribution of specific species on the discharge. The results show that negative oxygen ions play a key role in the development of Trichel pulses. Furthermore, O2− and O3− ions develop in the interlayered spatial layers in the discharge gap, with the number of layers corresponding to the number of Trichel pulses. It is also shown that nitrogen ions are mostly generated in front of the negatively biased (−5.5 kV) pin.
Molecular dynamics study on the thermal conductivity of a single polyethylene chain: Strain dependence and potential models’ effect
Authors: Ito Tsuyoshi , Matsubara Hiroki , Surblys Donatas , Ohara Taku
Published: October 2022

The thermal conductivity of a single polymer chain, which is an important factor in the rational design of polymer-based thermal management materials, is strongly affected by the strain state of the chain. In the present study, using non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, the thermal conductivity of a single polyethylene chain, representing a typical polymer chain, was calculated as a function of strain. To investigate the effect of different modeling of covalent bonds, the results were compared for reactive and non-reactive potential models, the AIREBO and NERD potentials, respectively. When the strain ε was as small as ε < −0.03, i.e., under slight compression, the thermal conductivity values were similar regardless of the potential model and increased with increasing strain. However, the two potential models showed qualitatively different behaviors for larger strains up to ε < 0.15: the thermal conductivity calculated by the non-reactive potential continually grows with increasing strain, whereas that by the reactive potential model is saturated. The analysis of internal stress and vibrational density of states suggested that the saturation behavior is due to the weakening of the covalent bond force as the C–C bond elongates, and thus, the result of the reactive model is likely more realistic. However, for ε > 0.1, the reactive potential also produced unphysical results due to the effect of the switching function, describing the formation and breaking of covalent bonds. The present results indicate that careful selection of the potential model and deformation range is necessary when investigating the properties of polymers under tensile strain.
A comprehensive investigation on bending stiffness of composite grid-stiffened and functional foams sandwich beam
Authors: Hu Haozhong , Mei Zhiyuan , Li Huadong , Wu Dajiang
Published: October 2022

This paper investigates the bending stiffness of composite grid-reinforced sandwich beams with functional foam cores by a combination of analysis, simulation, and experiment. First, the sandwich layer composed of stiffeners and foam cores is homogenized, and the equivalent mechanical parameters of the sandwich layer are proposed. Then, based on the first-order shear deformation theory, the three-point bending deflection of the beam is derived and verified by tests and simulations. Finally, the factors affecting the bending stiffness are investigated, such as the elastic modulus of the foam cores, the thickness of the stiffeners, the longitudinal and transverse spacing of the stiffeners, and the fiber lay-up angle of the stiffeners. The results of this paper are of great significance to the stiffness design and parameter optimization of composite grid-stiffened sandwich structures with foams for underwater vibration and noise reduction.
Influence of high pressure pulsating excitation on pipe joint sealing based on multiscale contact analyses
Authors: Tang Jie , Liao Zhenhua , Lu Xin , Wang Liwen
Published: October 2022

Most of the leakage faults in hydraulic pipeline systems occur in the pipe joint. The research on the high-pressure sealing and reliability of the pipe joint is very important in the application of civil aircraft parts. On the basis of studying the characteristics of pressure pulsating fluid, this paper explores the influence of a high pressure pulsating fluid on the sealing performance of flameless extruded pipe joints and analyzes the influence of the internal fluid pulsating amplitude and fluid under different pressures on the contact stress distribution of the sealing surface of the pipe joint. The results show that with the increase in flow pulsation amplitude from 0.5% to 5%, the amplitude of contact stress on the sealing surface decreases with creep time, which makes the sealing performance better. However, the effective working time of the joint as a whole decreases from 2000 to 194 h. The high-stress area of the contact surface expands as the fluid pressure increases, and the high internal fluid pressure obviously improves the sealing effectiveness and reliability of the pipe joint. In addition, the influence of fluid pulsation amplitude on the leakage rate of the joint is much greater than that of the fluid pressure.
Study on post-processing method of supersonic mixing layer simulation results based on streamline tracking
Authors: Zhou Letian , Xu Wanwu , Ye Wei
Published: October 2022

On the time-average, the direction of the mixing layer midline remains essentially the same, with rich conclusions under the Cartesian coordinate system (CCS). However, the static pressure mismatch state of the jet leads to a strong coupling effect of expansion and compression in the mixing process. This causes the midline of the mixing layer to become irregularly curved in shape. It is not convenient to describe with fixed CCS anymore. Therefore, a post-processing method of the flow field is proposed based on streamline tracing using the Lagrangian viewpoint to establish a coordinate system for mixing layer evaluation based on the streamline as the coordinate axis, which is called the Followed Body Coordinate System (FBCS) in this study. The following conclusions are obtained for the velocity thickness, momentum thickness, and Pitot pressure thickness treated by FBCS, and they are in good agreement with each other. In addition, the correction of Pitot pressure thickness after two methods of processing is less than 0.08, and the scalar thickness is insensitive to the choice of coordinate system. The consistency of the corrected velocity thickness and momentum thickness is significantly enhanced. This is due to the fact that the processing in FBCS significantly reduces the effects of airflow velocity and density variations caused by flow expansion and compression. The problem of inaccurate vector thickness evaluation in this state is improved.
On anomalous optical beam shifts at near-normal incidence
Authors: Mazanov M. , Yermakov O. , Bogdanov A. , Lavrinenko A.
Published: October 2022

We develop the theory of optical beam shifts (both Goos–Hänchen and Imbert–Fedorov) for the case of near-normal incidence, when the incident angle becomes comparable with the angular beam divergence. The developed theory uncovers the unified origin of the anomalous beam shift enhancement via the geometric Berry phase singularity. Particularly, we predict the large Goos–Hänchen shift occurring for small incidence angles. We also propose a simple experimental scheme involving a quarter-wave q-plate that allows us to observe the giant transverse and longitudinal, spatial and angular beam shifts simultaneously. Finally, we analyze the relevant beam parameters, polarization structure, and intensity profiles of the shifted transmitted beam. Our results can find applications in spin–orbit photonics, polarization optics, sensing applications, and quantum weak measurements.
Heat transfer analysis of a pulse-heated microwire in CO2 at supercritical pressures
Authors: Hu Zhan-Chao , Wang Gaoyuan
Published: October 2022

This paper analyzes the characteristics of convective heat transfer of a pulse-heated platinum microwire cooling in CO2 under supercritical pressures based on experimental data. The microwire undergoes a rapid temperature rise of around 664 K within 0.35 ms. An inverse problem is formulated and numerically solved to extract heat transfer data from experimental measurements. In addition, a predictive model for the convective heat transfer coefficient is developed to fully close the equation set. Results are interpreted based on the bulk pressure from 7.38 to 9 MPa and bulk temperature from 295 to 325 K. The convective heat flux of CO2 generally decreases with time, and in the medium-term, the reduction is slightly decelerated owing to buoyancy-driven flows. This demonstrates that high-pressure and low-temperature bulk states generally exert larger convective heat flux to cool the microwire. During the early 10 ms, the time-averaged convective heat flux is of the order of 1 MW/m2, resulting in rapid cooling. This value shows a weak critical enhancement upon crossing the Widom line. During the remaining time, the time-averaged convective heat flux drops to the order of 0.1 MW/m2. Such a drop in heat flux is more obvious in low-bulk-density cases, leading to a relatively long time for sufficient W cooling.
A Bayesian data assimilation method to enhance the time sequence prediction ability of data-driven models
Authors: Li Yunfei , Lv Chengkun , Chang Juntao , Wang Ziao , Kong Chen
Published: October 2022

The generalization ability and robustness of data-driven models deteriorate when samples are scarce or input features are outside the training sample space. This research focuses on building a data assimilation (DA) framework that embeds the time sequence prediction model and improves the prediction results by constructing an enhanced system state vector that incorporates model bias parameters and new observation data to achieve the deviation correction and improve the robustness of the model. The DA framework proposed in this study includes three steps: prediction model inference, ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) online deployment, and model parameter update. Wind tunnel experiments of a supersonic cascade are performed to obtain the original data for training the prediction model and optimizing the DA framework. Long short-term memory network (LSTM) was chosen as the prediction model. The testing set is distributed outside the sample space of the training set to verify the effectiveness of the DA framework for enhancing the time sequence prediction model. The improvement effects of the EnKF-enhanced LSTM model on the time sequence prediction results of the wall pressure in the oscillating flow field and the non-oscillating flow field are studied. The optimization results indicate that the LSTM model embedded in the DA framework can significantly improve the wall pressure prediction results. Thus, the results of this study lay a solid foundation for the condition monitoring and margin determination of the supersonic cascade flow field.
Comparative study on the applicability of regularization method in ship’s magnetic signature modeling based on monopole array
Authors: He Baowei , Liu Shengdao , Zong Jingwen
Published: October 2022

In this paper, we first study the applicability and stability of the Tikhonov regularization method (TRM) and the truncated singular value decomposition method in ship’s magnetic signature inversion modeling. To further improve the noise immunity and robustness of the model, we apply an iterative regularization algorithm based on the conjugate gradient least squares (CGLS) method. Numerical simulation shows that the proposed algorithm is more applicable and can obtain better results of ship’s magnetic field extrapolation under different noise backgrounds. In the ship model experiment, the errors of the TRM and CGLS method for magnetic signature extrapolation are, respectively, 4.77% and 3.67%, showing that the proposed algorithm can improve the inversion effect of the ship model magnetic field.
Research on splicing method of temperature distribution curve of EHV–UHV long string porcelain insulators
Authors: Mao Xiaopo , Zhou Xueming
Published: October 2022

The infrared thermal image detection method has unique advantages in the field of low zero value diagnosis of porcelain insulators. However, since the length of the extra–ultra-high voltage (EHV–UHV) porcelain insulator string can reach more than 10 m, it is difficult for common industrial thermal imagers/airborne lenses to clearly capture the infrared spectrum of the full string of EHV–UHV porcelain insulators. In order to solve this problem, this paper proposes a two-segment temperature curve splicing method based on weighted data fusion. The method avoids the problem of missing targets existing in conventional infrared image splicing methods and has higher fitting accuracy than curve splicing methods such as rounding splicing and midpoint splicing. This paper takes a 1000 kV insulator string as an example to illustrate the basic algorithm and process of the proposed curve splicing method and takes a 500 kV insulator string as an example to carry out a comparative study of various curve splicing methods, which verifies the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method.
High-frequency backscattering properties of quasi-omnidirectional corner reflector: The great-icosahedral-like reflector
Authors: Wu Lingang , Xu Jianghu , Hu Shengliang , Liu Zhong
Published: October 2022

The backscattering of perfectly conducting great-icosahedral-like reflectors is studied in the high-frequency domain. This particular faceted polyhedron, composed of 60 trihedral corner reflectors, is introduced to obtain closer omnidirectional backscattering. Due to the high cost of traditional methods, an estimation method for the full-polarized radar cross section is proposed, which is modified from the geometrical optics approximation method. The validity of the improved method is discussed, and its velocity is determined. The estimated results of the reflectors are studied, which lead to a conclusion that this complex structure has high-frequency properties of quasi-omnidirectivity and depolarization.
Low-temperature metal/Zerodur heterogeneous bonding through gas-phase processed adhesion promoting interfacial layers
Authors: Klokkevold Katherine N. , Keeven Weston , Lee Dong Hun , Clevenger Michael , Liu Mingyuan , No Kwangsoo , Song Han Wook , Lee Sunghwan
Published: October 2022

The bonding of ceramic to metal has been challenging due to the dissimilar nature of the materials, particularly different surface properties and the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE). To address the issues, gas phase-processed thin metal films were inserted at the metal/ceramic interface to modify the ceramic surface and, therefore, promote heterogeneous bonding. In addition, an alloy bonder that is mechanically and chemically activated at as low as 220 °C with reactive metal elements was utilized to bond the metal and ceramic. Stainless steel (SS)/Zerodur is selected as the metal/ceramic bonding system where Zerodur is chosen due to the known low CTE. The low-temperature process and the low CTE of Zerodur are critical to minimizing the undesirable stress evolution at the bonded interface. Sputtered Ti, Sn, and Cu (300 nm) were deposited on the Zerodur surface, and then dually activated molten alloy bonders were spread on both surfaces of the coated Zerodur and SS at 220 °C in air. The shear stress of the bonding was tested with a custom-designed fixture in a universal testing machine and was recorded through a strain indicator. The mechanical strength and the bonded surface property were compared as a function of interfacial metal thin film and analyzed through thermodynamic interfacial stability/instability calculations. A maximum shear strength of bonding of 4.36 MPa was obtained with Cu interfacial layers, while that of Sn was 3.53 MPa and that of Ti was 3.42 MPa. These bonding strengths are significantly higher than those (∼0.04 MPa) of contacts without interfacial reactive thin metals.
Availability to ruminants of nitrogen in senesced C
Authors: Dixon R. M. , Mayer R. J.
Published: October 2022

Context Nutritional standards usually assume that ∼10% of the total nitrogen (TN) in forages is indigestible and hence not available to the ruminant. Senesced tropical C4 grasses often contain TN concentrations that are marginal or deficient to meet the nutrient requirements of ruminants, and low TN availability will exacerbate N deficiencies. Aim The aim of the study was to estimate the availability (i.e. digestibility) to ruminants of TN in mature and senesced C4 grasses, using data derived from previous experiments and published data. Methods In Dataset 1, forages grown in subtropical or tropical environments, including C4 (n = 143) and C3 (n = 15) grasses, were analysed for parameters including TN, acid detergent fibre (ADF), and N insoluble in ADF solution (ADIN). ADIN was used as a measure of unavailable TN. The Dataset 2 analysis included published measurements of TN and ADIN in C4 (n = 187) and C3 (n = 45) grasses. Key results In Dataset 1, TN averaged 9.7 and ADIN 1.45 g N/kg diet DM in C4 grasses. ADIN concentration could be predicted from TN and ADF concentrations by multiple regression (R2 = 0.50; P < 0.001). The ratio ADIN/TN averaged 170 g/kg and increased exponentially with increasing ADF concentration (R2 = 0.43; P < 0.001). Also, ADIN/TN was inversely related to TN concentration and DM digestibility. In C4 grasses containing >400 and >500 g ADF/kg DM, ADIN/TN averaged 190 and 230 g/kg, respectively, and in those containing <10 g TN/kg DM, ADIN/TN averaged 194 g/kg. In these low-quality C4 grasses only ∼80%, and as little as ∼50%, of TN was available to ruminants. Dataset 2 produced similar results, although C4 grass forages were generally of higher quality, most having been harvested during vegetative growth. ADIN/TN was much lower in C3 grasses (89 g/kg). Conclusions In senesced, low-quality C4 grasses containing >400 g ADF, <10 g TN or <530 g digestible DM/kg, the proportion of TN available to ruminants is substantially lower than that assumed for forages in general. Implications Low availability of TN in many senesced C4 grasses needs to be considered when evaluating the adequacy of dietary TN for ruminants grazing senesced tropical grass pastures.
Charting C–C coupling pathways in electrochemical CO
2
reduction on Cu(111) using embedded correlated wavefunction theory
Authors: Zhao Qing , Martirez John Mark P. , Carter Emily A.
Published: October 2022

The electrochemical CO
2
reduction reaction (CO
2
RR) powered by excess zero-carbon-emission electricity to produce especially multicarbon (C
2+
) products could contribute to a carbon-neutral to carbon-negative economy. Foundational to the rational design of efficient, selective CO
2
RR electrocatalysts is mechanistic analysis of the best metal catalyst thus far identified, namely, copper (Cu), via quantum mechanical computations to complement experiments. Here, we apply embedded correlated wavefunction (ECW) theory, which regionally corrects the electron exchange-correlation error in density functional theory (DFT) approximations, to examine multiple C–C coupling steps involving adsorbed CO (*CO) and its hydrogenated derivatives on the most ubiquitous facet, Cu(111). We predict that two adsorbed hydrogenated CO species, either *COH or *CHO, are necessary precursors for C–C bond formation. The three kinetically feasible pathways involving these species yield all three possible products: *COH–CHO, *COH–*COH, and *OCH–*OCH. The most kinetically favorable path forms *COH–CHO. In contrast, standard DFT approximations arrive at qualitatively different conclusions, namely, that only *CO and *COH will prevail on the surface and their C–C coupling paths produce only *COH–*COH and *CO–*CO, with a preference for the first product. This work demonstrates the importance of applying qualitatively and quantitatively accurate quantum mechanical method to simulate electrochemistry in order ultimately to shed light on ways to enhance selectivity toward C
2+
product formation via CO
2
RR electrocatalysts.
Does a 40‐week football and Zumba exercise intervention influence self‐reported job satisfaction, work role functioning and sick leave among female hospital employees? A cluster‐randomised controlled trial
Authors: Barene Svein , Krustrup Peter , Holtermann Andreas
Published: October 2022

This 40‐week cluster‐randomised controlled trial (RCT) examines the effects of football and Zumba on self‐perceived job satisfaction, work role functioning and sick leave among Norwegian female hospital employees. Hundred‐and‐seven employees, mainly consisting of nurses (80%), were allocated into three groups; Football (FG), Zumba (ZG) and Control (CG). The exercise groups were offered two to three and one to two 1‐h weekly sessions during the first 12 and last 28 weeks, respectively, with an actual weekly exercise frequency of 2.4 ± 0.5 and 0.9 ± 0.2 in FG and 2.3 ± 0.3 and 0.8 ± 0.2 in ZG. Outcome variables were measured at baseline, 12 and 40 weeks. In comparison to CG (4.8 days 95% CI 3.2–6.4), ZG (1.9 days, 95% CI 0.4–3.5) had a significant lower overall mean days of sickness absence during last sick leave period (−2.9 days, 95% CI −5.1 to −0.7,p = .011) which corresponded to a moderate effect size (d = 0.60). Between baseline (88.5%, 95% CI 84.3–92.6) and 12 weeks (93.8%, 95% CI 89.4–98.2), ZG showed significant within‐group improvement in total score of the Work Role Functioning Questionnaire (WRFQ) (5.3%, 95% CI 0.6–10.1,p = .029), corresponding to a moderate effect size (d = 0.40). This study indicates that two to three 1‐h weekly Zumba sessions can have a preventive effect on sick leave in female hospital employees.
Transit Smart Solution for Bratislava – Example of Tramway Network Development
Authors: Schlosser T , Schlosser P , Korfant M , Bálint G , Takács J
Published: October 2022

The research presented was on the table more years and covers the cooperation of the University staff with City of Bratislava binding with the activity of private company. The base task was how to change the tremendous destruction of modal split in Bratislava, which growing on the side of private car usage. Results of couple of traffic studies show, that how could be this change re-define the current traffic behaviour and create for the new area new functional interest and certainly the new quality of relationships of land use. The system solution is in the amplification by a capacitive new tramway network. In the conditions of Bratislava, we need to change the behaviour of the people in the mobility over the area of the Capital city of Slovakia. The task was to solve the problem in Bratislava agglomeration as well. The solution is shown as a part of the integrated public transport services possibility to operate regular all days’ mobility problems in the city and not only to cover the rush hours. This article is an overview of 5 years work of traffic engineers and planners to keep clear systematic approach and solutions with developers and municipality administration.
VR-based Safety Training Research in Construction
Authors: Chellappa V , Mésároš P , Špak M , Spišáková M , Kaleja P
Published: October 2022

Safety training in the construction industry widely adopted virtual reality (VR) technologies to train and educate employees and workers to enhance the safety performance of projects. In this study, a review of VR-based safety training research in construction was carried out to understand the body of literature. Using keywords such as “construction industry” OR “safety training” OR “safety learning," etc., a total of 52 journal articles published between 2000 and 2021 were collected from the Scopus database after advanced filtering. A two-stage analysis of VR-based safety training methods and application areas was carried out were followed by a review. The results indicate that the immersive safety training method was widely used followed by desktop-based, game-based, and BIM-based training methods. VR-based safety training methods are largely applied to hazard recognition (HR), safe operations (SO), and safety awareness (SA). The study findings could assist both academicians and construction practitioners in choosing the best optimal VR-based safety training methods to improve training performance.
Rapid sequence intubation and the role of the emergency medicine pharmacist: 2022 update
Authors: Hampton Jeremy P , Hommer Kyle , Musselman Megan , Bilhimer Matt
Published: October 2022

Purpose

The dosing, potential adverse effects, and clinical outcomes of the most commonly utilized pharmacologic agents for rapid sequence intubation (RSI) are reviewed for the practicing emergency medicine pharmacist (EMP).

RSI is the process of establishing a safe, functional respiratory system in patients unable to effectively breathe on their own. Various medications are chosen to sedate and even paralyze the patient to facilitate an efficient endotracheal intubation. The mechanism of action and pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles of these agents were described in a 2011 review. Since then, the role of the EMP as well as the published evidence regarding RSI agents, including dosing, adverse effects, and clinical outcomes, has grown. It is necessary for the practicing EMP to update previous practice patterns in order to continue to provide optimal patient care.

Conclusion

While the agents used in RSI have changed little, knowledge regarding optimal dosing, appropriate patient selection, and possible adverse effects continues to be gained. The EMP is a key member of the bedside care team and uniquely positioned to communicate this evolving data.
Neuron tracing from light microscopy images: automation, deep learning and bench testing
Authors: Liu Yufeng , Wang Gaoyu , Ascoli Giorgio A , Zhou Jiangning , Liu Lijuan
Published: October 2022

Motivation

Large-scale neuronal morphologies are essential to neuronal typing, connectivity characterization and brain modeling. It is widely accepted that automation is critical to the production of neuronal morphology. Despite previous survey papers about neuron tracing from light microscopy data in the last decade, thanks to the rapid development of the field, there is a need to update recent progress in a review focusing on new methods and remarkable applications.

Results

This review outlines neuron tracing in various scenarios with the goal to help the community understand and navigate tools and resources. We describe the status, examples and accessibility of automatic neuron tracing. We survey recent advances of the increasingly popular deep-learning enhanced methods. We highlight the semi-automatic methods for single neuron tracing of mammalian whole brains as well as the resulting datasets, each containing thousands of full neuron morphologies. Finally, we exemplify the commonly used datasets and metrics for neuron tracing bench testing.
The ‘Powers of Horror’: Abjection, Critical Realism and Social Work
Authors: Houston Stan
Published: October 2022

Assessment is a pivotal part of social work process and is meant, amongst other things, to identify the deep-seated causes of human behaviour and well-being. This search for causation, it is argued, can be illuminated through a critical realist understanding of the person in society. In line with this philosophical stance, this article introduces a little considered causative mechanism pertinent to social work assessment: that of psychological abjection. Formulated by the French psychoanalytical theorist, Julia Kristeva, abjection serves to differentiate the self from the ‘abject’ or what is viewed as atypical in presentation. This concept is then scrutinised leading to the enlarged notion of social abjection; that is, the ‘othering’ and shaming of social groups which are viewed as anomalous. The implications of both psychological and social abjection for social workers are subsequently considered. At this point, the countervailing causative mechanism of recognition is proposed to mitigate abjection, and an argument is made for applying it within narrative social work and emancipatory groupwork. Finally, it is contended that social workers must commit to abjection work. This effort involves professionals gaining insight into how the abjection mechanism affects their inner world of perception and emotion, assessment of situations, and approach to service users.
Maximum power point tracking using decision-tree machine-learning algorithm for photovoltaic systems
Authors: Mahesh P Venkata , Meyyappan S , Alla RamaKoteswara Rao
Published: October 2022

This work presents a machine-learning (ML) algorithm for maximum power point tracking (MPPT) of an isolated photovoltaic (PV) system. Due to the dynamic nature of weather conditions, the energy generation of PV systems is non-linear. Since there is no specific method for effectively dealing with the non-linear data, the use of ML methods to operate the PV system at its maximum power point (MPP) is desirable. A strategy based on the decision-tree (DT) regression ML algorithm is proposed in this work to determine the MPP of a PV system. The data were gleaned from the technical specifications of the PV module and were used to train and test the DT. These algorithms predict the maximum power available and the associated voltage of the module for a defined amount of irradiance and temperature. The boost converter duty cycle was determined using predicted values. The simulation was carried out for a 10-W solar panel with a short-circuit current of 0.62 A and an open-circuit voltage of 21.50 V at 1000 W/m2 irradiance and a temperature of 25°C. The simulation findings demonstrate that the proposed method compelled the PV panel to work at the MPP predicted by DTs compared to the existing topologies such as β-MPPT, cuckoo search and artificial neural network results. From the proposed algorithm, efficiency has been improved by >93.93% in the steady state despite erratic irradiance and temperatures.
The effect of temperature on specific dynamic action of juvenile fall-run Chinook salmon,Oncorhynchus tshawytscha
Authors: Lo Vanessa K , Martin Benjamin T , Danner Eric M , Cocherell Dennis E , Cech, Jr Joseph J , Fangue Nann A
Published: October 2022

Juvenile fall-run Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Basin experience temporally and spatially heterogenous temperature regimes, between cool upper tributaries and the warm channelized Delta, during freshwater rearing and outmigration. Limited water resources necessitate human management of dam releases, allowing temperature modifications. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of temperature on specific dynamic action (SDA), or the metabolic cost associated with feeding and digestion, which is thought to represent a substantial portion of fish energy budgets. Measuring SDA with respect to absolute aerobic scope (AAS), estimated by the difference between maximum metabolic rate (MMR) and standard metabolic rate (SMR), provides a snapshot of its respective energy allocation. Fish were acclimated to 16°C, raised or lowered to each acute temperature (13°C, 16°C, 19°C, 22°C or 24°C), then fed a meal of commercial pellets weighing 2% of their wet mass. We detected a significant positive effect of temperature on SMR and MMR, but not on AAS. As expected, there was no significant effect of temperature on the total O2 cost of digestion, but unlike other studies, we did not see a significant difference in duration, peak metabolic rate standardized to SMR, time to peak, percent of meal energy utilized, nor the ratio of peak O2 consumption to SMR. Peak O2 consumption represented 10.4–14.5% of AAS leaving a large amount of aerobic capacity available for other activities, and meal energy utilized for digestion ranged from 5.7% to 7.2%, leaving substantial remaining energy to potentially assimilate for growth. Our juvenile fall-run Chinook salmon exhibited thermal stability in their SDA response, which may play a role in maintaining homeostasis of digestive capability in a highly heterogeneous thermal environment where rapid growth is important for successful competition with conspecifics and for avoiding predation.
Efficacy of pressure gradient measurement using peripheral fractional flow reserve in common femoral artery: a case report
Authors: Nakamura Yuki , Okabe Hiroki , Doi Hideki , Kataoka Masaharu
Published: October 2022

Background

The severity of peripheral artery disease (PAD) is usually diagnosed by physiological assessments, such as the ankle brachial index (ABI) or peak systolic velocity (PSV) on ultrasonography. We examined peripheral fractional flow reserve (pFFR: distal mean pressure divided by proximal mean pressure) measured by a pressure wire and pressure gradient to diagnose PAD patients who do not have lowered ABI or high PSV on ultrasonography.

Case summary

An 84-year-old woman with intermittent claudication in her left leg had severe calcification in the left common femoral artery (CFA) on angiography. The exercise-stress ABI of pre-endovascular therapy (EVT) was 1.05/0.98. In addition, the PSV of the left CFA on ultrasonography was 230 cm/s. However, the pFFR using papaverine and alprostadil in the left CFA was 0.86, which was a significant score. In addition, the systolic pressure gradient between the distal and proximal regions was >20 mmHg. We performed EVT for the lesion, and the pFFR improved to 0.96. The systolic pressure gradient was only 1 mmHg at the lesion.

Discussion

Symptomatic PAD patients whose ABI or PSV on ultrasonography is insufficient for EVT could be diagnosed with ischaemia using a pressure gradient and pFFR.
Multi-imaging evaluation and long-term outcome of a patient with chest pain and an anomalous right coronary artery arising from pulmonary artery: a case report
Authors: Scordino Domenico , Venturi Gabriele , Nudi Francesco , Tomai Fabrizio
Published: October 2022

Background

Anomalous right coronary artery from pulmonary artery (ARCAPA) is a rare coronary anomaly. Adult patients usually present with few symptoms due to extensive collateral network from left coronary artery, with little/absent symptoms. Few data exist regarding surgical vs. conservative strategy for paucisymptomatic cases. Moreover, consensus is lacking.

Case summary

We describe the case of a 52-year-old male patient with undiagnosed ARCAPA, who acceded to our emergency department with suspected acute myocardial infarction and was discharged with medical therapy after demonstration of mild ischaemia at myocardial perfusion imaging with dipyridamole and bicycle exercise test.

Discussion

The patient completed 2-year event-free follow up. After complete imaging assessment and thorough clinical evaluation, medical management could be regarded as valid alternative to surgery for paucisymptomatic ARCAPA patients with evidence of limited ischaemia.