bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Introduction of Derivatives on the Dow Jones Industrial Average and Their Impact on the Volatility of Component Stocks
Authors: Rahman Shafiqur
Published: August 2002

This article examines the impact of trading in the Dow Jones Industrial Average (DJIA) index futures and futures options on the conditional volatility of component stocks. It investigates the contention that the introduction of futures and futures options on the DJIA could increase volatility in the 30 stocks comprising the DJIA. The conditional volatility of intraday returns for each stock before and after the introduction of derivatives is estimated with the Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity (GARCH) model. Estimated parameters of conditional volatility in prefutures and postfutures periods are then compared to determine if the estimated parameters have changed significantly after the introduction of the various derivatives. The results suggest that the introduction of index futures and futures options on the DJIA has produced no structural changes in the conditional volatility of component stocks. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21: 633–653, 2001
Hedge Fund Performance and Manager Skill
Authors: Edwards Franklin R. , Caglayan Mustafa Onur
Published: August 2002

Using data on the monthly returns of hedge funds during the period January 1990 to August 1998, we estimate
six‐factor Jensen alphas for individual hedge funds, employing eight different investment styles. We find
that about 25% of the hedge funds earn positive excess returns and that the frequency and magnitude of
funds' excess returns differ markedly with investment style. Using six‐factor alphas as a measure of
performance, we also analyze performance persistence over 1‐year and 2‐year horizons and find
evidence of significant persistence among both winners and losers. These findings, together with our finding
that hedge funds that pay managers higher incentive fees also have higher excess returns, are consistent with
the view that fund manager skill may be a partial explanation for the positive excess returns earned by hedge
funds. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21:1003–1028, 2001
Optimal No‐Arbitrage Bounds on S&P 500 Index Options and the Volatility Smile
Authors: Dennis Patrick J.
Published: August 2002

This article shows that the volatility smile is not necessarily inconsistent with the Black–Scholes
analysis. Specifically, when transaction costs are present, the absence of arbitrage opportunities does not
dictate that there exists a unique price for an option. Rather, there exists a range of prices within which the
option's price may fall and still be consistent with the Black–Scholes arbitrage pricing argument.
This article uses a linear program (LP) cast in a binomial framework to determine the smallest
possible range of prices for Standard & Poor's 500 Index options that are consistent with no arbitrage
in the presence of transaction costs. The LP method employs dynamic trading in the underlying and
risk‐free assets as well as fixed positions in other options that trade on the same underlying security.
One‐way transaction‐cost levels on the index, inclusive of the bid–ask spread, would have to
be below six basis points for deviations from Black–Scholes pricing to present an arbitrage opportunity.
Monte Carlo simulations are employed to assess the hedging error induced with a 12‐period binomial model
to approximate a continuous‐time geometric Brownian motion. Once the risk caused by the hedging error is
accounted for, transaction costs have to be well below three basis points for the arbitrage opportunity to be
profitable two times out of five. This analysis indicates that market prices that deviate from those given by a
constant‐volatility option model, such as the Black–Scholes model, can be consistent with the
absence of arbitrage in the presence of transaction costs. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark
21:1151–1179, 2001
A Note on Finding the Optimal Allocation Between a Risky Stock and a Risky Bond
Authors: Angus John E.
Published: August 2002

The allocation of financial assets among securities with different levels of risk is an essential topic in
the study, analysis, and strategic use of derivative securities and markets. In a recent paper, Browne
(1999) determined the optimal allocation strategy for dividing investments between a risky stock and a
risky bond. In this note, Browne's equation determining the optimal strategy is studied and some methods
are described for solving it. In addition, some useful rules‐of‐thumb, computational methods, and
approximation techniques are presented. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 21:1181–1196,
2001
APC/CTNNB1 (β‐catenin) pathway alterations in human prostate cancers
Authors: Gerstein Amy V. , Almeida Teresa Acosta , Zhao Guojing , Chess Eric , Shih Ie‐Ming , Buhler Kent , Pienta Kenneth , Rubin Mark A. , Vessella Robert , Papadopoulos Nickolas
Published: August 2002

Genetic alterations serve as beacons for the involvement of specific pathways in tumorigenesis. It was previously shown that 5% of prostate tumors harbor CTNNB1 mutations, suggesting that this tumor type may involve a deregulated APC/CTNNB1 pathway. To explore this possibility further, we searched for mutations in genes implicated in this pathway in 22 samples that included cell lines, xenografts, and primary tumors. We identified seven alterations: two in CTNNB1, three in APC, and two in hTRCP1 (also known as BTRC) which controls the degradation of CTNNB1. Alterations in the CTNNB1 regulatory domain, APC, and hTRCP1 were mutually exclusive, consistent with their equivalent effects on CTNNB1 stability. These results suggest that CTNNB1 signaling plays a critical role in the development of a significant fraction of prostate cancers. Moreover, they provide the first evidence that hTRCP1 plays a role in human neoplasia. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of three novel translocations and specific common chromosomal break sites in malignant melanoma by spectral karyotyping
Authors: Sargent Linda M. , Nelson Mark A. , Lowry David T. , Senft Jamie R. , Jefferson Amy M. , Ariza Maria E. , Reynolds Steven H.
Published: August 2002

Chromosomal aberrations in malignant melanoma cells have been reported using standard chromosome banding analysis and comparative genomic hybridization. To identify marker chromosomes and translocations that are difficult to characterize by standard banding analysis, 15 early passage malignant melanoma cell lines were examined using spectral karyotyping. All 15 tumor cell lines had lost all or part of 1p and 10q. Losses of material on chromosome arms 4p (12/15), 6q (12/15), 9p (15/15), 12p (13/15), 12q (13/15), 13q (11/15), and 19q (14/15) were the next most frequent events. Gain of chromosome arms 1q (11/15), 6p (13/15), and 20q11 (14/15) was also observed. Interestingly, we identified translocations der(12)t(12;20)(q15;q11), der(19)t(10;19)(q23;q13), and der(12)t(12;19)(q13;q13) in 4/15 tumors. Three recurring translocations involving four of the most frequent break points were detected. The identification of recurring translocations and unique chromosome break points in melanoma will aid in the identification of the genes that are important in the neoplastic process. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of disease‐causing genes in sporadic pancreatic endocrine tumors: MEN1 andVHL
Authors: Moore Patrick S. , Missiaglia Edoardo , Antonello Davide , Zamò Alberto , Zamboni Giuseppe , Corleto Vito , Falconi Massimo , Scarpa Aldo
Published: August 2002

Pancreatic endocrine tumors (PETs) occur in association with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) and von Hippel‐Lindau (VHL) syndromes caused by germline alterations in MEN1 and VHL, respectively. It is thus expected that these genes will also be altered in a proportion of sporadic PETs. Indeed, MEN1 is altered in about 25% of nonfamilial PETs, although no mutations have been found in VHL. For all clinical subtypes, the frequency of allelic loss on chromosome arm 11q mirrors observed mutational frequencies, with the exception of nonfunctional tumors (NF‐PETs), in which mutations have been reported in only 8% of cases. As allelic loss on 11q is the most frequent event found in these neoplasms, this low frequency is somewhat puzzling, particularly in light of the fact that most MEN1‐associated PETs are nonfunctioning. To clarify the role of these genes in sporadic PETs, we analyzed 31 sporadic NF‐PETs, nine insulinomas, and one VIPoma for alterations in MEN1 and VHL. As somatic mutations were observed in eight (26%) of the NF tumors and in one insulinoma, it would therefore appear unlikely that an additional tumor suppressor gene related to sporadic PET pathogenesis is located on 11q. One insulinoma also had a somatic mutation in VHL, and thus this gene may also be altered in these neoplasms, albeit in a small proportion of cases. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DNA polymerase η undergoes alternative splicing, protects against UV sensitivity and apoptosis, and suppresses Mre11‐dependent recombination
Authors: Thakur Manish , Wernick Meredith , Collins Colin , Limoli Charles L. , Crowley Eileen , Cleaver James E.
Published: August 2002

Polymerase η (pol η) is a low‐fidelity DNA polymerase that is the product of the gene, POLH, associated with the human XP variant disorder in which there is an extremely high level of solar‐induced skin carcinogenesis. The complete human genomic sequence spans about 40 kb containing 10 coding exons and a cDNA of 2.14 kb; exon I is untranslated and is 6 kb upstream from the first coding exon. Using bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), the gene was mapped to human chromosome band 6p21 and mouse band 17D. The gene is expressed in most tissues, except for very low or undetectable levels in peripheral lymphocytes, fetal spleen, and adult muscle; exon II, however, is frequently spliced out in normal cells and in almost half the transcripts in the testis and fetal liver. Expression of POLH in a multicopy episomal vector proved nonviable, suggesting that overexpression is toxic. Expression from chromosomally integrated linear copies using either an EF1‐α or CMV promoter was functional, resulting in cell lines with low or high levels of pol η protein, respectively. Point mutations in the center of the gene and in a C‐terminal cysteine and deletion of exon II resulted in inactivation, but addition of a terminal 3 amino acid C‐terminal tag, or an N‐ or C‐terminal green fluorescent protein, had no effect on function. A low level of expression of pol η eliminated hMre11 recombination and partially restored UV survival, but did not prevent UV‐induced apoptosis, which required higher levels of expression. Polymerase η is therefore involved in S‐phase checkpoint and signal transduction pathways that lead to arrest in S, apoptosis, and recombination. In normal cells, the predominant mechanism of replication of UV damage involves pol η‐dependent bypass, and Mre11‐dependent recombination that acts is a secondary, backup mechanism when cells are severely depleted of pol η. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multicolor spectral karyotyping of serous ovarian adenocarcinoma
Authors: Rao Pulivarthi H. , Harris Charles P. , Yan Lu Xin , Nan Li Xiao‐ , Mok Samuel C. , Lau Ching C.
Published: August 2002

We applied multicolor spectral karyotyping (SKY) to decipher the chromosomal complexity of a panel of seven cell lines and four primary tumors derived from patients with high‐grade serous adenocarcinoma of the ovary. By this method we identified a total of 188 unbalanced translocations, nine reciprocal translocations [t(2;15)(q13;q23), t(7;17) (q32;q21), t(8;22)(p11;q11), t(8;22) (q24;q13), t(10;19) (q24;q13.2), t(11;19) (q13;p11), t(12;21)(q13;q22),t(18;20) (q?11;q?11), t(18;22)(q?11;q?13)], 6 isochromosomes [i(1q), i(7q), i(8q), i(9p), i(17q), i(21q)], and 23 deletions. By detailed mapping of rearrangement breakpoints, it was possible to identify several recurring breakpoint clusters at chromosomal bands 1p36, 2p11, 2p23, 3p21, 3q21, 4p11, 6q11, 8p11, 9q34, 10p11, 11p11, 11q13, 12p13, 12q13, 17q21, 18p11, 18q11, 20q11, and 21q22. Recurrent interstitial deletion of chromosomal bands 8p11, 11p11, and 12q13 and a recurrent unbalanced translocation—der(6)t(6;8)(q11;q11)—were also identified. In addition, a homogeneously staining region localized in one cell line to 11q13 was found using SKY to be derived from genetic material originating from chromosome 12. Subsequent comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) studies on this tumor revealed the amplification of DNA sequences derived from the short arm of chromosome 12 at the 12p11.2 region. These studies demonstrate the power of SKY, CGH, and G‐banding to resolve the full spectrum of chromosomal rearrangements in serous ovarian adenocarcinoma. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell‐specific transgene expression from a widely transcribed promoter using Cre/lox in mice
Authors: Grippo Paul J. , Nowlin Patrick S. , Cassaday Ryan D. , Sandgren Eric P.
Published: August 2002

Summary: Mice carrying two or more transgenes are used frequently to evaluate oncogene interactions during carcinogenesis. However, neoplastic transformation typically results in reduced expression both of differentiation‐specific genes and of transgenes that use their promoters. In contrast, the more widely expressed metallothionein (MT) gene remains expressed at a high level in certain neoplasms, including those developing in pancreas. We have developed a system to maintain high‐level, tissue‐specific transgene expression during pancreatic carcinogenesis that uses Cre recombinase and a lox site‐containing target transgene. Cre was expressed in pancreatic acinar cells under control of the elastase promoter (EL). Cre‐mediated target transgene recombination placed a previously silent open‐reading frame, encoding rat transforming growth factor alpha (TGFα), under control of the MT gene promoter. As long as DNA rearrangement does not occur in other cell types that express MT, TGFα expression will be restricted to acinar cells. Development of an effective target transgenic mouse required evaluation of multiple lineages to identify one with sufficient TGFα expression to induce pancreatic lesions after transgene rearrangement. genesis 32:277–286, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of morpholino based translational inhibition during the development of Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis
Authors: Nutt Stephen L. , Bronchain Odile J. , Hartley Katharine O. , Amaya Enrique
Published: August 2002

Summary: Morpholino (MO) based inhibition of translational initiation represents an attractive methodology to eliminate gene function during Xenopus development (Heasman et al., 2000). However, the degree to which a given target protein can be eliminated and the longevity of this effect during embryogenesis has not been documented. To examine the efficacy of MOs, we have used transgenic Xenopus lines that harbour known numbers of integrations of a GFP reporter under the control of the ubiquitous and highly expressed CMV promoter (Fig. 1a). In addition we have investigated the longevity of the inhibitory effect by using transgenic lines expressing GFP specifically in the lens of tadpoles. These transgenic lines represent the ideal control for the technique as the promoters are highly expressed and GFP can be easily detected by fluorescence and immunoblotting. Moreover, as GFP has no function in development, the levels of inhibition can be tested in an otherwise normal individual. Here we report that MOs are able to efficiently and specifically inhibit the translation of GFP in transgenic lines from Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis and the inhibitory effect is long‐lived, lasting into the tadpole stages. genesis 30:110–113, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Bayesian partition model for case‐control studies on highly polymorphic candidate genes
Authors: Seaman S.R. , Richardson S. , Stücker I. , Benhamou S.
Published: August 2002

We present a new statistical model for the analysis of case‐control or cohort studies examining a highly polymorphic candidate disease susceptibility gene. Many genotypes are possible for such a gene. Consequently, the average number of subjects having each genotype will be modest. If analyzed separately, the risks associated with most genotypes will be estimated imprecisely. Our Bayesian partition model clusters genotypes according to risk, only allowing partitions that satisfy a particular assumption about the joint effect of the two alleles making up a genotype. This assumption is genetically plausible, imposes structure on the set of genotype risks, and still leaves a highly flexible model. By Bayesian model averaging over partitions, the model becomes, in effect, a semiparametric model for genotype risk. It allows borrowing of strength, i.e., estimates of risk for one genotype are informed by the risk estimates of all the genotypes. We present the results of fitting the model to two datasets, one simulated and one genuine case‐control study of the NAT1 gene and lung cancer, and compare it in a simulation study with a haplotype relative risk model. The partition model enables genotype risks to be estimated more accurately and the alleles to be ranked according to risk. Genet. Epidemiol. 22:356–368, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Cretaceous volcanic succession around the Songliao Basin, NE China: relationship between volcanism and sedimentation
Authors: Wang Pujun , Ren Yanguang , Shan Xuanlong , Sun Shaobo , Wan Chuanbiao , Bian Weihua
Published: August 2002

With volume ratio of 8:1:1.5 amongst acidic, intermediate and basaltic rocks, the Cretaceous volcanics around the Songliao Basin are a series of high‐K or medium‐K, peraluminous or metaluminous, calc‐alkaline rocks, lacking typical basalts and peralkaline members of typical rift‐related types. Their eruption ages range between 133 and 127 Ma, 124 and 122 Ma and 117 and 113 Ma respectively. They are high in total (Rare earth element) REE contents (96.1–326 ppm), enriched in LREE and depleted in HREE (LREE/HREE = 4.6–13.8), with negative Eu and Ce anomalies (Eu/Eu* = 0.04–0.88; Ce/Ce* = 0.60–0.97). They have enriched large‐ion lithophile elements (e.g. K, Ba, Th) and depleted high field strength elements (e.g. Nb, Ti and Y), suggesting a subduction‐related tectonic setting. The volcanic activities migrated from south to north, forming a successively northward‐stepping volcanic series and showing a feature significantly different from the overlying sedimentary sequence striking northeast. Thus, an overlap basin model was proposed. Accompanied by opening of the basin, the volcanogenic succession was formed at the block‐faulting stage (131–113 Ma) owing to the closure of the Mongolia–Okhotsk ocean in the Jurassic and early Cretaceous, while the overlying sedimentary sequence was unconformably deposited at the spreading stage (Albian–Maastrichtian) owing to the oblique subduction of the Pacific plate under the Eurasian plate. The volcanic succession constitutes the lower unit of basin filling and is the forerunner of further basin spreading. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression and distribution of id helix‐loop‐helix proteins in human astrocytic tumors
Authors: Vandeputte Dmitri A.A. , Troost Dirk , Leenstra Sieger , Ijlst‐Keizers Helen , Ramkema Marja , Bosch D. Andries , Baas Frank , Das Nab K. , Aronica Eleonora
Published: August 2002

The Id family of helix‐loop‐helix proteins is involved in a variety of processes, such as development, proliferation, and angiogenesis. In this study, we investigated the expression pattern of Id1, Id2, and Id3 in surgical specimens of human glial tumors. Western blot analysis demonstrated that all three Id proteins were expressed in astrocytic tumors. Expression levels in high‐grade tumors were higher than in low‐grade tumors. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that many of the tumor astrocytes exhibited strong Id1‐3 IR. In contrast, in adult human normal brain, Id expression was low both in resting astrocytes and in endothelial cells. In tumor cells, Id proteins displayed cytoplasmic as well as nuclear localization. Id1‐3 IR scores in tumor cells were positively correlated with proliferation indices. Moreover, Id1‐3 IR was detected in endothelial cells of the astrocytic tumor blood vessels. The vascular Id1‐3 expression correlated positively with tumor vascularity and grade. These results support the role of the Id gene family in the enhanced proliferative potential of tumor astrocytes. The evidence also supports the involvement of the Id gene family in tumor angiogenesis, a process that critically influences the malignant behavior of glial tumors. GLIA 38:329–338, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of the astrocytic ETB receptor in the regulation of extracellular endothelin‐1 during hypoxia
Authors: Hasselblatt Martin , Lewczuk Piotr , Löffler Bernd‐Michael , Kamrowski‐Kruck Heike , Von Ahsen Nicolas , Sirén Anna‐Leena , Ehrenreich Hannelore
Published: August 2002

Astrocytes are known to possess an effective endothelin (ET) eliminatory system which involves astrocytic ETA and ETB receptors and may become particularly relevant under pathophysiological conditions. The present study has therefore been designed to explore the effect of standardized hypoxia on extracellular concentrations of endothelin‐1 (ET‐1) and on endothelin‐converting enzyme (ECE) activity in primary rat astrocytes genetically (sl/sl) or experimentally (dexamethasone) deficient in ETB receptors. The results revealed (1) a hypoxia‐mediated decrease of extracellular ET‐1 in wildtype astrocytes (+/+) that was not observed in ETB‐deficient (sl/sl) cultures; (2) an ET receptor antagonist‐induced increase in ET‐1 in the media of both genotypes with further elevation upon hypoxia in +/+ cultures only; (3) augmentation of the dexamethasone‐induced increase in extracellular ET‐1 by hypoxia in +/+, but not in sl/sl cultures; (4) synergistic reduction of ETB gene transcription by hypoxia and dexamethasone; and (5) significant increases in endothelin‐converting enzyme activity in the presence of hypoxia. To conclude, hypoxia stimulates astrocytic release of mature ET‐1. This stimulation is (over)compensated for by increased ET‐1 binding to functional ETB receptors. ETB deficiency, whether genetic or experimentally induced, impairs elimination of extracellular ET‐1. GLIA 34:18–26, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Upregulation of transcription factors controlling MHC expression in multiple sclerosis lesions
Authors: Gobin Sam J.P. , Montagne Lisette , Van Zutphen Marlijn , Van Der Valk Paul , Van Den Elsen Peter J. , De Groot Corline J.A.
Published: August 2002

The expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and class II in the CNS has received considerable interest because of its importance in neurodegenerative or inflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). However, at the moment nothing is known about the expression patterns of transcription factors controlling MHC expression in MS lesions. Here, we performed an extensive immunohistochemical analysis on MS affected postmortem brain tissue to determine the cellular localization and distribution of different MHC‐controlling transcription factors. We show that phagocytic macrophages in active demyelinating MS lesions displayed a moderate to strong immunostaining of the MHC‐specific transcription factors RFX and CIITA, as well as the general transcription factors NF‐κB, IRF1, STAT1, USF, and CREB, which was congruent with a strongly enhanced expression of HLA‐DR, HLA‐DQ, HLA‐DP, and HLA class I. In the normal‐appearing white matter (NAWM), clusters of activated microglial cells forming preactive lesions displayed an overall stronger expression level of these transcription factors, combined with a strong to intense level of MHC class I and class II immunostaining. In general, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes either did not express, or weakly expressed, these transcription factors, correlating with a lack of MHC class II and weak MHC class I expression. Together, the elevated expression level of transcription factors governing expression of MHC class I and class II molecules in activated microglial cells and phagocytic macrophages strongly suggests a general state of microglial cell activation in MS lesions. GLIA 36:68–77, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Depressive symptoms among cognitively normal versus cognitively impaired elderly subjects
Authors: Li Yan‐sheng , Meyer John S. , Thornby John
Published: August 2002

Objectives

The present cross‐sectional study analyzed the prevalence and severity of depressive symptoms among patients with Alzheimer's disease (DAT), vascular dementia (VAD), and among the cognitively normal elderly. Putative risk factors contributing to depression were likewise evaluated.

Methods

Seventy‐six DAT patients, 51 VAD patients, and 121 cognitively normal subjects were admitted to the study. Questionnaires concerning demography and their vascular and familial risk factors together with results of neuropsychological testing by combined Mini‐Mental Status Examinations (MMSE), Cognitive Capacity Screening Examinations (CCSE), and Hamilton Depression Rating Scales (HDRS) were obtained so that resulting data would be statistically analyzed.

Results

Prevalence of depressive symptoms among VAD, DAT, and cognitively normal elderly were 31.4%, 19.9%, and 13.2%, respectively. 25.5% of VAD and 13.2% of DAT patients had depression of mild to moderate degrees. Regression analysis revealed that diagnosis of VAD and DAT, heart disease, and past history of depression was significantly associated with high HDRS scores. There was no correlation between degree of depression and severity of cognitive impairments.

Conclusion

Mild to moderate depression is a common comorbidity with organic dementia, especially VAD, but associated depression is independent of severity of cognitive impairments. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Human brain oscillatory activity phase‐locked to painful electrical stimulations: A multi‐channel EEG study
Authors: Babiloni Claudio , Babiloni Fabio , Carducci Filippo , Cincotti Febo , Rosciarelli Fabrizio , Arendt‐Nielsen Lars , Chen Andrew C.N. , Rossini Paolo Maria
Published: August 2002

The main aims of this study were 1) a fine spatial analysis of electroencephalographic (EEG) oscillations after galvanic painful stimulation (nonpainful stimulation as a reference) and 2) a comparative evaluation of phase‐ and nonphase‐locked component of these EEG oscillations. Preliminary surface Laplacian transformation of EEG data (31 channels) reduced head volume conductor effects. EEG phase values were computed by FFT analysis and the statistical evaluation of these values was performed by Rayleigh test (P < 0.05). About 50% of the EEG single trials presented statistically the same FFT phase value of the evoked EEG oscillations (phase‐locked single trials), indicating a preponderant phase‐locked compared to nonphase‐locked component. The remaining single trials showed random FFT phase values (nonphase‐locked single trials), indicating a preponderant nonphase‐locked compared to phase‐locked component. Compared to nonpainful stimulation, painful stimulation increased phase‐locked theta to gamma band responses in the contralateral hemisphere and decreased the phase‐locked beta band response in the ipsilateral hemisphere. Furthermore, nonphase‐locked alpha band response decreased in the ipsilateral fronto‐central area. In conclusion, both decreased and increased EEG oscillatory responses to galvanic painful stimulation would occur in parallel in different cortical regions and in the phase‐ and nonphase‐locked EEG data sets. This enriches the actual debate on the mapping of event‐related oscillatory activity of human brain. Hum. Brain Mapping 15:112–123, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Functional neuroanatomy of visuo‐spatial working memory in turner syndrome
Authors: Haberecht Michael F. , Menon Vinod , Warsofsky Ilana S. , White Christopher D. , Dyer‐Friedman Jenny , Glover Gary H. , Neely E. Kirk , Reiss Allan L.
Published: August 2002

Turner syndrome (TS), a genetic disorder characterized by the absence of an X chromosome in females, has been associated with cognitive and visuo‐spatial processing impairments. We utilized functional MRI (fMRI) to investigate the neural substrates that underlie observed deficits in executive functioning and visuo‐spatial processing. Eleven females with TS and 14 typically developing females (ages 7–20) underwent fMRI scanning while performing 1‐back and 2‐back versions of a standard visuo‐spatial working memory (WM) task. On both tasks, TS subjects performed worse than control subjects. Compared with controls, TS subjects showed increased activation in the left and right supramarginal gyrus (SMG) during the 1‐back task and decreased activation in these regions during the 2‐back task. In addition, decreased activation in the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and caudate nucleus was observed during the 2‐back task in TS subjects. Activation differences localized to the SMG, in the inferior parietal lobe, may reflect deficits in visuo‐spatial encoding and WM storage mechanisms in TS. In addition, deficits in the DLPFC and caudate may be related to deficits in executive function during WM performance. Together these findings point to deficits in frontal‐striatal and frontal‐parietal circuits subserving multiple WM functions in TS. Hum. Brain Mapping 14:96–107, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparing cortical activations for silent and overt speech using event‐related fMRI
Authors: Huang Jie , Carr Thomas H. , Cao Yue
Published: August 2002

At present, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of cortical language functions favors “silent” task paradigms with no overt speaking, due to severe motion artifacts in MR images induced by vocalization. To the extent that the neural substrate of silent speaking might differ from that of overt speaking, this is a problem for understanding spoken language. The present study combined event related fMRI methodology with a set of techniques for motion reduction, detection, and correction to further investigate overt speech and compare it to silent speech. The purpose of the study was two‐fold. We aimed to test a multiple‐step image processing protocol involving discrimination and separation of motion‐induced signals from activation‐induced signals and we aimed to use this multi‐step image processing protocol to compare the similarity of activation of cortical pathways potentially relevant to language production during silent and overt speech, focusing on Broca area and primary motor cortex as test cases. If the problem of motion artifact can be handled effectively, fMRI can add greatly to the tools available to investigate human language. Hum. Brain Mapping 15:39–53, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stereospecific synthesis of 2‐phthalimido‐2a,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1H‐azeto[2,1‐d][1,5]benzothiazepin‐1‐ones
Authors: Xu Jiaxi , Zuo Gang , Zhang Qihan , Chan Wing Lai
Published: August 2002

2a,4‐Disubstituted 2‐phthalimido‐2a,3,4,5‐tetrahydro‐1H‐azeto[2,1‐d][1,5]benzothiazepin‐1‐ones were synthesized by cycloaddition reactions of 2,4‐disubstituted 2,3‐dihydro‐1,5‐benzothiazepines and phthalimidoketene, generated from phthalimidoacetyl chloride, in the presence of triethylamine in anhydrous benzene. The stereochemistry was discussed for the cycloaddition reaction. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:276–279, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10029
Synthesis and biological activity of some triarylantimony dipyrazolecarboxylates
Authors: Ma Yong‐Qiang , Yu Lin , Li Jin‐Shan
Published: August 2002

A series of triarylantimony dipyrazolecarboxylates was synthesized by the reaction of pyrazolecarboxylic acid with triarylantimony dibromides in the presence of potassium hydroxide. The structures of the title compounds were confirmed by elemental analysis, 1H NMR, IR, and mass spectra. Some of these compounds were found to possess antibacterial activity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 13:299–301, 2002; Published online in Wiley Interscience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10033
Catalytic allylation of hydrates of α‐keto aldehydes and glyoxylates with allyltrimethylsilane using non‐fluorine‐containing sulfonic acids as catalysts
Authors: Wang Ming Wen , Chen Yong Jun , Wang Dong
Published: August 2002

Methanesulfonic acid, aromatic sulfonic acids, and 10‐camphorsulfonic acid have been used as catalysts in allylation of hydrates of α‐keto aldehydes 1a–d and glyoxylates 1e–f with allyltrimethylsilane 2 to afford the corresponding homoallylic alcohols 4a–e in good yields. Two plausible mechanisms of sulfonic acid–catalyzed allylation reactions with an allysilane are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 12:534–538, 2001
The National Dialogue on Academic and Student Affairs Collaboration
Authors: Bourassa Donna M. , Kruger Kevin
Published: August 2002

In the last decade reported collaborations between student and academic affairs have increased and broadened.
Developing more adaptive, innovative, and interactive organizations
Authors: Doerfel Marya L. , Ruben Brent D.
Published: August 2002

This chapter presents an overview of benchmarking as well as dashboard indicators for higher education.
Strategic interaction among hospitals and nursing facilities: the efficiency effects of payment systems and vertical integration
Authors: Banks Dwayne , Parker Elliott , Wendel Jeanne
Published: August 2002

Rising post‐acute care expenditures for Medicare transfer patients and increasing vertical integration between hospitals and nursing facilities raise questions about the links between payment system structure, the incentive for vertical integration and the impact on efficiency. In the United States, policy‐makers are responding to these concerns by initiating prospective payments to nursing facilities, and are exploring the bundling of payments to hospitals. This paper develops a static profit‐maximization model of the strategic interaction between the transferring hospital and a receiving nursing facility. This model suggests that the post‐1984 system of prospective payment for hospital care, coupled with nursing facility payments that reimburse for services performed, induces inefficient under‐provision of hospital services and encourages vertical integration. It further indicates that the extension of prospective payment to nursing facilities will not eliminate the incentive to vertically integrate, and will not result in efficient production unless such integration takes place. Bundling prospective payments for hospitals and nursing facilities will neither remove the incentive for vertical integration nor induce production efficiency without such vertical integration. However, bundled payment will induce efficient production, with or without vertical integration, if nursing facilities are reimbursed for services performed. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Discounting for health effects in cost–benefit and cost‐effectiveness analysis
Authors: Gravelle Hugh , Smith Dave
Published: August 2002

When health effects can be valued in monetary terms, as in cost–benefit analysis, they should be discounted at the same rate as costs. If health effects are measured in quantities (e.g. quality adjusted life years) as in cost‐effectiveness analysis (CEA) and the value of health effects is increasing over time, discounting the volume of health effects at a lower rate than costs is a valid method of taking account of the increase in the future value of health effects. We show that the Keeler–Cretin paradox, often used as an argument against discounting health effects at a lower rate than costs, has no relevance for the choice of discount rate in CEA. We present individualistic and welfare models to argue that the rate of growth of the value of health effects is positive. The welfare model suggests that the value of health grows at a rate dependent on the rate of growth of the value of the direct effect of health on utility, the growth rate of income, the elasticity of the marginal utility of income and the extent to which individuals are insured against the income risks of ill health. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genomic instability measurement in the diagnosis of thyroid neoplasms
Authors: Stoler Daniel L. , Datta Rajiv V. , Charles Melita A. , Block AnneMarie W. , Brenner Bruce M. , Sieczka Elizabeth M. , Hicks Wesley L. , Loree Thom R. , Anderson Garth R.
Published: August 2002

Background

Clinically palpable thyroid nodules are present in approximately 10% of the population, although only 5% to 7% of these nodules harbor malignancy. Fine‐needle aspiration has become one of the central tools in the diagnostic armamentarium of the surgeon/endocrinologist. There is, however, up to a 30% indeterminate diagnostic rate associated with this technique, resulting in unnecessary surgical interventions for patients harboring benign disease. A second issue of clinical importance is the unreliability of predicting outcomes based either on histologic findings alone or in combination with clinical staging. To address these diagnostic and clinical shortcomings, we have used measurement of genomic instability as a diagnostic and prognostic indicator for thyroid neoplasms.

Methods

Genomic instability of thyroid tissue samples was determined by inter‐(simple sequence repeat) PCR, microsatellite instability analysis, and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on thyroid neoplasms from 22 patients.

Results

Inter‐(simple sequence repeat) PCR detected genomic instability with an index range 0% to 1.9% (mean, 0.56%) in patients with benign disease, whereas in patients with malignant histologic findings the values ranged from 0% to 6.6% (mean, 2.9%). This difference between benign and malignant values was statistically significant (p = .004). There was no demonstrable microsatellite instability or loss of heterozygosity for six markers examined in this group. Losses of chromosomes 17 and X in benign disease and gains of chromosomes 7, 12, 17, and X in Hurthle cell carcinoma were observed, although not at a significant rate.

Conclusions

Genomic instability as measured by inter‐(simple sequence repeat) PCR was significantly higher for malignant diseases compared with benign thyroid tissues, but no such association was seen with aneuploidy or microsatellite instability. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 24: 290–295, 2002; DOI 10.1002/hed.10050
Organ preservation with radiotherapy for T1‐T2 carcinoma of the pyriform sinus
Authors: Amdur Robert J. , Mendenhall William M. , Stringer Scott P. , Villaret Douglas B. , Cassisi Nicholas J.
Published: August 2002

Purpose

To report long‐term results using radiotherapy with or without a planned neck dissection for T1‐T2 carcinoma of the pyriform sinus.

Methods

An analysis of 101 patients treated at the University of Florida with RT with or without a planned neck dissection for organ preservation.

Results

The 5‐year local control rates after RT were 90% for T1 cancers and 80% for T2 lesions. The only parameter that significantly influenced local control in univariate analyses was apex involvement for T1 tumors. Multivariate analysis revealed no parameter that significantly affected local control. Cause‐specific survival rates at 5 years were as follows: stage I‐II, 96%; stage III, 62%; stage IVA, 49%; and stage IVB, 33%. The absolute survival rates were as follows: stage I, 57%; stage II, 61%; stage III, 41%; stage IVA, 29%; and stage IVB, 25%. Moderate to severe long‐term complications developed in 12% of patients.

Conclusions

RT alone or combined with a planned neck dissection resulted in local control with larynx preservation in a high proportion of patients. The chance of cure is comparable to that observed after conservation surgery, and the risk of major complications is lower. The addition of adjuvant chemotherapy is unlikely to improve the probability of organ preservation, but might improve locoregional control for patients with advanced nodal disease. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 23: 353–362, 2001.
5‐HT4 receptors in the hippocampus modulate rat locomotor activity
Authors: Takahashi Hiroshi , Takada Yumiko , Urano Tetsumei , Takada Akikazu
Published: August 2002

In the present study, the ability of 5‐hydroxytryptamine‐4 (5‐HT4) receptors in the hippocampus to enhance locomotor activity in rats was investigated by local infusion via microdialysis probes. The local infusion of 5‐HT bilaterally into the striatum did not alter rat motor activity. The local infusion of 1.0 mM 5‐HT into the bilateral hippocampus, but not lower doses, significantly increased motor activity as compared with the baseline values or the control rats. During the day hours (0700–1900, light on), the local infusion of either 5‐HT4 agonist, 5‐MeOT (100 μM) or mosapride (10 μM), but not in their lower concentrations, into the bilateral hippocampus significantly increased motor activity as compared with the baseline values or the control rats. Almost all increased motor activity was normal forward locomotion. This 5‐MeOT‐induced hyperlocomotion was completely reversed by the combined infusion of a 5‐HT4 antagonist, either GR125487D (100 μM), SB204070 (100 μM) or RS23597‐190 (100 μM). During the night hours (1900–0700, light off), the local infusion of either SB204070 (100 μM) or RS23597‐190 (100 μM), but not in their lower concentrations, into the bilateral hippocampus significantly decreased rat motor activity and inhibited rat nocturnal hyperactivity. These hypoactivities during the night hours induced by 5‐HT4 antagonist were reversed by the combined infusion of a 5‐HT4 agonist, 5‐MeOT (100 μM). The present study demonstrates that the serotonergic neurons projecting to the hippocampus, but not to the striatum, modulate rat locomotor activity by stimulating 5‐HT4 receptors in the hippocampus. Hippocampus 2002;12:304–310. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐lasting increased excitability differs in dentate gyrus vs. CA1 in freely moving chronic epileptic rats after electrically induced status epilepticus
Authors: Gorter Jan A. , van Vliet Erwin A. , Aronica Eleonora , Lopes da Silva Fernando H.
Published: August 2002

A paired‐pulse (PP) stimulation protocol was used to examine changes in field potentials (fEPSPs), locally evoked in CA1 via Schaffer/commissural fiber stimulation and in the dentate gyrus (DG) through angular bundle stimulation, in freely moving epileptic rats. This epilepsy model is characterized by recurrent spontaneous seizures that occur after a latent period of 1–2 weeks following an electrically induced status epilepticus (SE). In the control period, i.e., before induction of SE, the PP stimulation protocol given at the appropriate intensity evoked fEPSPs with a pronounced paired‐pulse depression (PPD). In the acute period, immediately after SE, the fEPSPs in the CA1 and DG areas were generally depressed. During the latent period in the CA1 stratum radiatum, the negative fEPSP was followed by a large positive potential that remained for the rest of the recording period. CA1 PPD, observed during the control period, was changed to paired‐pulse facilitation (PPF) that remained for the rest of the recording period. Also during the latent period, a broad late component appeared in DG fEPSPs. The initial decrease in PPD was partly restored in the following weeks. Timm staining at different time points after SE showed an increase of mossy‐fiber sprouting in the inner molecular layer within 6 days, which was robust within 6 weeks. We noted Timm granules positioned on parvalbumin immunoreactive neurons in the granule‐cell layer of rats that had survived SE, suggesting that restoration of PPD could be partly due to reinnervation of a population of GABAergic neurons. The broad late component of DG fEPSPs, which was sensitive to the NMDA receptor antagonist ketamine, was still present for at least 6 weeks into the chronic epileptic phase, indicating lasting increased excitability. These observed changes indicate a lasting increased excitability in CA1 and DG networks that could play a role in the recurrence of spontaneous seizures. Hippocampus 2002;12:311–324. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A study of suppression of vapor explosions by adding inversely soluble polymers
Authors: Takashima Takeo , Iida Yoshihiro , Higashiyama Taku
Published: August 2002

The mechanism of the suppression of vapor explosions by adding inversely soluble polymers in water is studied. Vapor explosion experiments and quench experiment are conducted using a silver test piece. Polymetric solution (polyethylene oxide), of concentrations from 0 to 500 wppm, whose normalized viscosity (by water) varies from 1.00 to 2.00, is used. No vapor explosion is observed in the aqueous polymer solution at a concentration higher than 200 wppm. Quench experiments using the silver test piece submerged in the polymer solution and water are performed in order to examine the stability of film boiling. The suppression of the vapor film collapse is attributed to the precipitation of polyethylene as a gel around the vapor film. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 31(4): 297–306, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.10037
Numerical analysis on the cooling of a laser diode package with a thermoelectric cooler
Authors: Lee Hee Jin , Yoon Joon Shik , Kim Charn‐Jung
Published: August 2002

An LD (laser diode), an essential unit of an LD package, has higher output power and faster working speed than an LED (light‐emitting diode) but it is more expensive. The thermal characteristic of an LD should be estimated as the working performance as it is closely related to its temperature. The thermal expansion causes changes in its shape and position, which lead to a crucial problem regarding light transmission. An LD is located on the submount for insulation and cooling and all of them work in a closed package filled with an inert gas. A TEC (thermoelectric cooler) is used in order to control the temperature of the package, especially the LD. © 2001 Scripta Technica, Heat Trans Asian Res, 30(5): 357‐370, 2001
Human psychopharmacology of Ecstasy (MDMA): a review of 15 years of empirical research
Authors: Parrott A. C.
Published: August 2002

MDMA (3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine) or ‘Ecstasy’ was scheduled as an illegal drug in 1986, but since then its recreational use has increased dramatically. This review covers 15 years of research into patterns of use, its acute psychological and physiological effects, and the long‐term consequences of repeated use. MDMA is an indirect monoaminergic agonist, stimulating the release and inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin (5‐HT) and, to a lesser extent, other neurotransmitters. Single doses of MDMA have been administered to human volunteers in double‐blind placebo‐controlled trials, although most findings are based upon recreational MDMA users. The ‘massive’ boost in neurotransmitter activity can generate intense feelings of elation and pleasure, also hyperactivity and hyperthermia. This psychophysiological arousal may be exacerbated by high ambient temperatures, overcrowding, prolonged dancing and other stimulant drugs. Occasionally the ‘serotonin syndrome’ reactions may prove fatal. In the days after Ecstasy use, around 80% of users report rebound depression and lethargy, due probably to monoaminergic depletion. Dosage escalation and chronic pharmacodynamic tolerance typically occur in regular users. Repeated doses of MDMA cause serotonergic neurotoxicity in laboratory animals, and there is extensive evidence for long‐term neuropsychopharmacological damage in humans. Abstinent regular Ecstasy users often display reduced levels of 5‐HT, 5‐HIAA, tryptophan hydroxylase and serotonin transporter density; functional deficits in learning/memory, higher cognitive processing, sleep, appetite and psychiatric well‐being, and, most paradoxically, ‘loss of sexual interest/pleasure’. These psychobiological deficits are greatest in heavy Ecstasy users and may reflect serotonergic axonal loss in the higher brain regions, especially the frontal lobes, temporal lobes and hippocampus. These problems seem to remain long after the recreational use of Ecstasy has ceased, suggesting that the neuropharmacological damage may be permament. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.