bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Segmentasi Pemilih Pemula berdasarkan Akses Berita Politik Melalui Media Sosial di Kabupaten Bogor
Authors: Jayawinangun Roni , Nugroho David Rizar
Published: July 2020

Political participation is an important problem because it is one form of support that comes from various parties or groups. Political participation is inseparable from the media as a means of information for the community. Beginner voters are one part of the community whose voice is needed in the political process. Beginner voters with media are two things that cannot be separated, especially the use of social media. The research objective consists of several things, namely: 1). Knowing the characteristics of beginner voters in Bogor Regency; 2). Knowing the use of social media in accessing political news on beginner voters; 3). Analyzing the political typology of beginner voters; 4). Analyzing the segmentation of beginner voter typology based on access to political news on social media. This study used a survey approach and data collection using a questionnaire on 105 respondents. The sampling method uses quota sampling while the data analysis uses descriptive analysis, mean scores and CHAID. The results of this study indicate that the characteristics of beginner voters in Bogor Regency are dominated by women, high school education, not participating in the organization. Instagram is the most widely used social media as access to political news. The typology of beginner voters from the largest percentage is apathetic voters followed by naive, alienated and loyal voters, the media, the more access to news through social media encourages voters to be loyal, without accessing politics through social media makes voters apathetic.
Kampanye Sosial Istana Belajar Anak Banten dalam Pembangunan Pendidikan di Era Digital
Authors: Susanto Tri , Dharmawan Leonard , Dono La , Roberto Irvan
Published: July 2020

Social campaigns are carried out to increase public awareness and behavior of various issues faced by a country. The development of the digital era now demands that campaigns be enjoyed and seen through online media. One of the social campaign activities was the Banten Children's Learning Palace (ISBANBAN), which involved young Bantenese in contributing to education in the area by using new media. This study aims to find out and describe the ISBANBAN social campaign communication strategy with the social marketing communication approach. This research is a qualitative research with a case study strategy that takes campaign activities through new media. The main data obtained through in-depth interviews and observations. The research findings provide an overview of the social marketing communication strategy carried out by ISBANBAN that connects offline interactions, namely teaching activities in remote Banten with online interaction, namely social media as the main channel in social marketing that aims to build brand awareness for donations, through new media information that gives more broad so it is expected to reach further adopter target targets. Target adopters of multiplayer donations that not only contribute funds but also energy and thought in an effort to advance education in remote Banten.
Adoção do valor justo para ativos não financeiros: evidências da Alemanha, Brasil e Reino Unido
Authors: Pinto Aline Fernandes , Lemes Sirlei , Almeida Neirilaine Silva de
Published: July 2020

O presente estudo teve o objetivo de identificar os fatores que se associam com a escolha do método para a mensuração de ativos não financeiros. Para tanto, selecionou-se uma amostra com 150 companhias da Alemanha, Brasil e Reino Unido. O período amostral refere-se ao ano de adoção das IFRS em cada país, sendo 2005 para Alemanha e Reino Unido e 2010 para o Brasil. A associação entre as escolhas contábeis na mensuração dos ativos não financeiros e o país, o porte, a rentabilidade e o nível de endividamento foi verificada por meio de teste Qui-quadrado. Os resultados indicam que o país, o tamanho e o nível de endividamento apresentam associação com o método escolhido de mensuração dos ativos não financeiros, o que não foi evidenciado em relação à rentabilidade. Adicionalmente, os resultados suportam a suposição de preferência das companhias da amostra pelo uso do custo histórico.
Keynes’s investment theory as a micro-foundation for his grandchildren
Authors: Nisticò Sergio
Published: July 2020

In contrast with the ‘missing micro-foundations’ argument against Keynes’s macroeconomics, the paper argues that it is the present state of microeconomics that needs more solid ‘Keynesian foundations’. It is in particular Keynes’s understanding of investors’ behaviour that can be fruitfully extended to consumption theory, in a context in which consumers are considered as entrepreneurs, buying goods and services to engage in timeconsuming activities. The paper emphasizes that the outcome in terms of enjoyment is particularly uncertain for those innovative and path-breaking activities, which Keynes discussed in his 1930 prophetic essay about us, the grandchildren of his contemporaries. Moreover, the Keynes-inspired microeconomics suggested in the paper provides an explanation of why Keynes’s prophecy about his grandchildren possibly expanding leisure did not materialize yet. The paper finally points at the need for appropriate economic policies supporting consumers’ propensity to enforce innovative forms of time use.
Estimating the Neutral Interest Rate in the Kyrgyz Republic
Authors: Ruxandra Teodoru Iulia , Toktonalieva Asel
Published: July 2020

This paper estimates the neutral interest rate in the Kyrgyz Republic using a range of methodologies. Results indicate that the real neutral rate is about 4 percent based on an average of models and 3.7 percent based on a Quarterly Projection Model. This is higher than in many emerging markets and is likely explained by higher public debt and an elevated risk premium, low creditor rights and contractual enforcement, and low domestic savings. The use of an estimate of the neutral interest rate provides useful guidance to monetary policy and enhances transparency and independence of the central bank. Our estimate provides a quantitative benchmark for the monetary policy stance in the context of a central bank that is building analytical capacity, integrating additional insights in its decision-making process, and working to improve its communication. Strengthening the monetary transmission mechanism will be critical to enhance the effectiveness of monetary policy, including by allowing more exchange rate flexibility to support the transition to a full-fledged inflation targeting regime, and reducing excess liquidity to enhance the credit channel, reducing dollarization and high interest rate spreads that adversely affect the transmission of the policy rate to the economy.
Synergies Between Monetary and Macroprudential Policies in Thailand
Authors: Fukunaga Ichiro , Saenz Manrique
Published: July 2020

A dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model tailored to the Thai economy is
used to explore the performance of alternative monetary and macroprudential policy rules
when faced with shocks that directly impact the financial cycle. In this context, the model
shows that a monetary policy focused on its traditional inflation and output objectives
accompanied by a well targeted counter-cyclical macroprudential policy yields better
macroeconomic outcomes than a lean-against-the-wind monetary policy rule under a wide
range of assumptions.
Measuring the Impact of a Failing Participant in Payment Systems
Authors: Heijmans Ronald , Wendt Froukelien
Published: July 2020

Banks and financial market infrastructures (FMIs) that are not able to fulfill their payment
obligations can be a source of financial instability. This paper develops a composite risk indicator to
evaluate the criticality of participants in a large value payment system network, combining
liquidity risk and interconnections in one approach, and applying this to the TARGET2
payment system. Findings suggest that the most critical participants in TARGET2 are other
payment systems, because of the size of underlying payment flows. Some banks may be
critical, but this is mainly due to their interconnectedness with other TARGET2 participants.
Central counterparties and central securities depositories are less critical. These findings can be
used in financial stability analysis, and feed into central bank policies on payment system access,
oversight, and crisis management.
Why Did Public Banks Lend More During the Global Financial Crisis?
Authors: Bosshardt Joshua , Cerutti Eugenio
Published: July 2020

During the Global Financial Crisis (GFC), state-owned or public banks lent relatively
more than domestic private banks in many countries. However, data limitations have
hindered a thorough assessment of what led public banks to better maintain lending
during the GFC. Using a novel bank-level dataset covering 25 emerging market
economies, we show that public banks lent relatively more during the GFC because
they pursued an objective of helping to stabilize the economy, rather than because they
had superior fundamentals or access to public or depositors’ funding. Nonetheless,
their countercyclical behavior seems unique to the GFC rather than a regular
characteristic of public banks before and after the GFC.
How Large and Persistent is the Response of Inflation to Changes in Retail Energy Prices?
Authors: Abdallah Chadi , Kpodar Kangni
Published: July 2020

We estimate the dynamic effects of changes in retail energy prices on inflation using a novel monthly database, covering 110 countries over 2000:M1 to 2016:M6. We find that (i) inflation responds positively to retail energy price shocks, with effects being, on average, modest and transitory. However, our results suggest significant heterogeneity in the response of inflation to these shocks owing to differences in factors related to labor market flexibility, energy intensity, and monetary policy credibility. We also find compelling evidence of asymmetric effects—under sufficiently large shocks—in the case of high-income and low-income countries, with increases in retail fuel prices inducing larger effects on inflation than decreases in fuel prices.
Estimated Policy Rules for Capital Controls
Authors: Pasricha Gurnain Kaur
Published: July 2020

This paper borrows the tradition of estimating policy reaction functions from monetary policy literature to ask whether capital controls respond to macroprudential or mercantilist motivations. I explore this question using a novel, weekly dataset on capital control actions in 21 emerging economies from 2001 to 2015. I introduce a new proxy for mercantilist motivations: the weighted appreciation of an emerging-market currency against its top five trade competitors. This proxy Granger causes future net initiations of non-tariff barriers in most countries. Emerging markets systematically respond to both mercantilist and macroprudential motivations. Policymakers respond to trade competitiveness concerns by using both instruments—inflow tightening and outflow easing. They use only inflow tightening in response to macroprudential concerns. Policy is acyclical to foreign debt; however, high levels of this debt reduces countercyclicality to mercantilist concerns. Higher exchange rate pass-through to export prices, and having an inflation targeting regime with non-freely floating exchange rates, increase responsiveness to mercantilist concerns.
Credibility Dynamics and Disinflation Plans
Authors: Kostadinov Rumen , Roldán Francisco
Published: July 2020

We study the optimal design of a disinflation plan by a planner who lacks commitment. Having announced a plan, the Central banker faces a tradeoff between surprise inflation and building reputation, defined as the private sector's belief that the Central bank is committed to the plan. Some plans are harder to sustain: the planner recognizes that paving out future grounds with temptation leads the way for a negative drift of reputation in equilibrium. Plans that successfully create low inflationary expectations balance promises of lower inflation with dynamic incentives that make them more credible. When announcing the disinflation plan, the planner takes into account these anticipated interactions. We find that, even in the zero reputation limit, a gradual disinflation is preferred despite the absence of inflation inertia in the private economy.
Liquidity at Risk
Authors: Cont Rama , Kotlicki Artur , Valderrama Laura
Published: July 2020

The traditional approach to the stress testing of financial institutions focuses on capital adequacy and solvency. Liquidity stress tests have been applied in parallel to and independently from solvency stress tests, based on scenarios which may not be consistent with those used in solvency stress tests. We propose a structural framework for the joint stress testing of solvency and liquidity: our approach exploits the mechanisms underlying the solvency-liquidity nexus to derive relations between solvency shocks and liquidity shocks. These relations are then used to model liquidity and solvency risk in a coherent framework, involving external shocks to solvency and endogenous liquidity shocks arising from these solvency shocks. We define the concept of ‘Liquidity at Risk’, which quantifies the liquidity resources required for a financial institution facing a stress scenario. Finally, we show that the interaction of liquidity and solvency may lead to the amplification of equity losses due to funding costs which arise from liquidity needs. The approach described in this study provides in particular a clear methodology for quantifying the impact of economic shocks resulting from the ongoing COVID-19 crisis on the solvency and liquidity of financial institutions and may serve as a useful tool for calibrating policy responses.
This Changes Everything
Authors: Cevik Serhan , Jalles João Tovar
Published: July 2020

Climate change is already a systemic risk to the global economy. While there is a large body of literature documenting potential economic consequences, there is scarce research on the link between climate change and sovereign risk. This paper therefore investigates the impact of climate change vulnerability and resilience on sovereign bond yields and spreads in 98 advanced and developing countries over the period 1995–2017. We find that the vulnerability and resilience to climate change have a significant impact on the cost government borrowing, after controlling for conventional determinants of sovereign risk. That is, countries that are more resilient to climate change have lower bond yields and spreads relative to countries with greater vulnerability to risks associated with climate change. Furthermore, partitioning the sample into country groups reveals that the magnitude and statistical significance of these effects are much greater in developing countries with weaker capacity to adapt to and mitigate the consequences of climate change.
Improving Crop Yields in Sub-Saharan Africa - What Does the East African Data Say
Authors: Thomas Alun
Published: July 2020

Recent micro level data from East Africa is used to benchmark aggregate data and assess the role of agricultural inputs in explaining variation in crop yields on smallholding plots. Fertilizer, improved seeds, protection against erosion and pesticides improve crop yields in Rwanda and Ethiopia, but not Uganda, possibly associated with lack of use there. With all positive yield determinants in place, wheat and maize yields could increase fourfold.
The data hints at the negative effect of climate change on yields and the benefits of accompanying measures to mitigate its adverse impact (access to finance and protection against erosion). The adverse effect of crop damage on yields varies between 12/13 percent (Rwanda, Uganda) to 36 percent (Ethiopia). Protection against erosion and investment financing mitigate these effects considerably.
Government Spending Effects in a Policy Constrained Environment
Authors: Mao Ruoyun , Susan Yang Shu-Chun
Published: July 2020

The theoretical literature generally finds that government spending multipliers are bigger than unity in a low interest rate environment. Using a fully nonlinear New Keynesian model, we show that such big multipliers can decrease when 1) an initial debt-to-GDP ratio is higher, 2) tax burden is higher, 3) debt maturity is longer, and 4) monetary policy is more responsive to inflation. When monetary and fiscal policy regimes can switch, policy uncertainty also reduces spending multipliers. In particular, when higher inflation induces a rising probability to switch to a regime in which monetary policy actively controls inflation and fiscal policy raises future taxes to stabilize government debt, the multipliers can fall much below unity, especially with an initial high debt ratio. Our findings help reconcile the mixed empirical evidence on government spending effects with low interest rates.
FX Intervention to Stabilize or Manipulate the Exchange Rate? Inference from Profitability
Authors: Sandri Damiano
Published: July 2020

We analyze the profitability of FX swaps used by the central bank of Brazil to shed light on the rationale for FX intervention. We find that swaps are profitable in expectation, suggesting that FX intervention is used to stabilize the exchange rate in the face of temporary excessive movements rather than to manipulate it away from fundamental values. In line with this interpretation, we find that the scale of FX intervention responds to the degree of exchange rate misalignment relative to UIP conditions. We also document that intervention is more aggressive when there is less uncertainty about the medium-term level of the exchange rate and when the exchange rate is overvalued rather than undervalued.
Usefulness of resveratrol supplementation in decreasing cardiometabolic risk factors comparing subjects with metabolic syndrome and healthy subjects with or without obesity: meta-analysis using multinational, randomised, controlled trials
Authors: Sergi Consolato , Chiu Bonnie , Feulefack Joseph , Shen Fan , Chiu Brian
Published: July 2020

Introduction

Resveratrol (RES), a natural polyphenolic compound, has been linked to some beneficial effects against cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Material and methods

We conducted a systematic search to conduct a meta-analysis on cardiometabolic risk factors modulated by RES targeting patients with metabolic syndrome (Met-S) and Obese/Healthy (O/H) subjects. The PICO (Patient, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome) research question was: Does RES among patients with Met-S and O/H subjects reduce the cardiometabolic risk? The first group was affected with MetS, which is defined as a clustering of abdominal obesity, dyslipidaemia, hyperglycaemia, and hypertension in a single individual. The second group was composed of ‘obese/healthy’ individuals, i.e. healthy subjects with or without obesity. We performed a literature search of MEDLINE/ PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for randomised, controlled trials (RCT) that estimated the effects of RES on cardiometabolic risk factors.

Results

We found 780 articles, of which 63 original articles and reviews were identified. Data from 17 well-conducted RCT studies, comprising 651 subjects, were extracted for analysis. Overall, RES had a significant influence on Homeostatic Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), resulting in a mean difference of –0.520665 (95% CI: –1.12791; –0.01439; p = 0.00113). In Met-S, RES significantly reduced glucose, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and total cholesterol (T-Chol) as detected by the mean difference of –1.069 (95% CI: –2.107, –0.032; p = 0.043), –0.924 (95% CI: –1.804, –0.043; p = 0.040), and –1.246 (95% CI: –2.314, –0.178; p = 0.022), respectively.

Conclusions

Despite some heterogeneity in the populations, RES supplementation seems to improve cardiometabolic health, decreasing some risk factors (HOMA-IR, LDL-C, and T-Chol) associated with CVD.
The pacing of mixed martial arts sparring bouts: A secondary investigation with new analyses of previous data to support accelerometry as a potential method of monitoring pacing
Authors: Kirk Christopher , Atkins Stephen , Hurst Howard T.
Published: July 2020

Purpose

Body-worn accelerometry has been shown to be reliable and used to measure the external load of mixed martial arts (MMA) via the Playerload metric. These measurements were only reported on a round-by-round basis, offering little indication of minute-by-minute load changes. Understanding these changes may provide a proxy measure of fatigue, readiness,
and the onset of non-functional overreaching. It is also unclear as to what Playerload is measuring in MMA. This study was a secondary investigation of previously reported data to describe minute-by-minute changes in external load in MMA.

Methods

Six male MMA competitors participated in a 3 × 5 minute sparring bout wearing a Catapult Minimax × 3, which recorded accumulated Playerload. The bouts were video-recorded. Time-motion analysis was used to determine: total active time; total inactive time; high-intensity time; low-intensity time; standing time; grounded time; striking time; non-striking time.

Results

Bayesian repeated measures ANOVA found statistically relevant differences in accumulated Playerload for each minute of sparring (BF10 = 410) with no statistically relevant differences between winners and losers. Bayesian correlations revealed a direct, nearly perfect relationship between accumulated Playerload and total active time (r = 0.992, BF10 = 9,666).
No other relationships between Playerload and time-motion analysis results were observed, despite Bayesian t-tests finding differences between standing time and grounded time (BF10 = 83.7), striking time and non-striking time (BF10 = 1,419).

Conclusions

Playerload reflects overall active movement in MMA and measures active movement minute-by-minute changes but cannot distinguish between different modes or intensities of movement. This should be investigated further as a potential measure of fatigue and non-functional overreaching during MMA training.
Validity and reliability of the Polish adaptation of the Health-Related Hardiness Scale – the first confirmatory factor analysis results for a commonly used scale
Authors: Dymecka Joanna , Bidzan-Bluma Ilona , Bidzan Monika , Borucka-Kotwica Anna , Atroszko Paweł , Bidzan Mariola
Published: July 2020

Background

The Health-Related Hardiness Scale (HRHS) developed by Pollock is one of the most widely used measures to assess the construct of hardiness in chronic diseases. However, the original structure of the scale has been investigated only with exploratory factor analysis, and there have been no studies investigating the structure of the scale using a confirmatory approach, so significant doubts about the validity of the scale could be raised.

Participants and procedure

A total of 450 participants took part in the study, with the majority suffering from chronic diseases. A Polish ver-sion of the HRHS, the Sense of Coherence questionnaire (SOC-29), the Resiliency Assessment Scale (SPP-25), the Liverpool Scale of Sense of Self Efficacy (LSES), and the Acceptance of Illness Scale (AIS) were used. Confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) to assess factor structure of the HRHS and correlational analyses to inves-tigate criterion validity were conducted. Since the original structure did not fit the data adequately, a modified structure of the short version of the scale was investigated and a good fit to the data was obtained.

Results

The modified version consisted of two subscales of Control (6 items) and Challenge/Commitment (6 items) which had good Cronbach’s α reliability, .75 and .75 respectively, and .83 for the overall score. The HRHS showed expected correlation patterns with criterion variables. Separate sten norm were provided for female and male patients with chronic illnesses.

Conclusions

The Polish version of the HRHS is a useful and valuable tool for assessing levels of health-related psychologi-cal hardiness. The scale can be used for both clinical and research purposes.
Petrus Hofstede de Groot: een hervormd dominocraat?
Authors: van den Broeke Leon
Published: July 2020

This article tries to find an answer to the central question whether the Dutch Reformed pastor and professor Petrus Hofstede de Groot (1802-1886) was a dominocrat. Hofstede de Groot was pastor in Ulrum and professor at the university in Groningen. My contribution is an elaboration of the oral book review I held in 2017 at the presentation of Jasper Vree’s book Kerk, huis, school en staat: Leven, werk en vriendenkring van P. Hofstede de Groot (1844-1886). In my article I explain the meaning of ‘dominocrat’ and also ‘Dominocrat’ and explore the synodical acts of the Dutch Reformed Church (Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk) between 1830 (Hofstede de Groot’s first appearance in the general synod as professor) and 1886 (his death), and Hofstede de Groot’s role in synodical meetings. He was indeed a dominocrat. He favored the leadership of the pastors. At the same time, he was a Dominocrat. In his life and in his work, he was focussed on the Dominus, Jesus Christ, for the church (kerk), at home (huis), school and state (staat).
Nonstationary modeling of NO2, NO and NOx in Paris using the Street-in-Grid model: coupling local and regional scales with a two-way dynamic approach
Authors: Lugon Lya , Sartelet Karine , Kim Youngseob , Vigneron Jérémy , Chrétien Olivier
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Regional-scale chemistry-transport models have coarse spatial resolution (coarser than 1 km ×1 km) and can thus only simulate background concentrations. They fail to simulate the high concentrations observed close to roads and in streets, where a large part of the urban population lives. Local-scale models may be used to simulate concentrations in streets. They often assume that background concentrations are constant and/or use simplified chemistry. Recently developed, the multi-scale model Street-in-Grid (SinG) estimates gaseous pollutant concentrations simultaneously at local and regional scales by coupling them dynamically. This coupling combines the regional-scale chemistry-transport model Polair3D and a street-network model, the Model of Urban Network of Intersecting Canyons and Highway (MUNICH), with a two-way feedback. MUNICH explicitly models street canyons and intersections, and it is coupled to the first vertical level of the chemical-transport model, enabling the transfer of pollutant mass between the street-canyon roof and the atmosphere. The original versions of SinG and MUNICH adopt a stationary hypothesis to estimate pollutant concentrations in streets. Although the computation of the NOx concentration is numerically stable with the stationary approach, the partitioning between NO and NO2 is highly dependent on the time step of coupling between transport and chemistry processes. In this study, a new nonstationary approach is presented with a fine coupling between transport and chemistry, leading to numerically stable partitioning between NO and NO2. Simulations of NO, NO2 and NOx concentrations over Paris with SinG, MUNICH and Polair3D are compared to observations at traffic and urban stations to estimate the added value of multi-scale modeling with a two-way dynamical coupling between the regional and local scales. As expected, the regional chemical-transport model underestimates NO and NO2 concentrations in the streets. However, there is good agreement between the measurements and the concentrations simulated with MUNICH and SinG. The two-way dynamic coupling between the local and regional scales tends to be important for streets with an intermediate aspect ratio and with high traffic emissions.
Decadal changes in anthropogenic source contribution of PM2.5 pollution and related health impacts in China, 1990–2015
Authors: Liu Jun , Zheng Yixuan , Geng Guannan , Hong Chaopeng , Li Meng , Li Xin , Liu Fei , Tong Dan , Wu Ruili , Zheng Bo , He Kebin , Zhang Qiang
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Air quality in China has changed dramatically in response to rapid development of the economy and to policies. In this work, we investigate
the changes in anthropogenic source contribution to ambient fine particulate
matter (PM2.5) air pollution and related health impacts in China during 1990–2015 and elucidate the drivers behind the decadal transition. We estimate the contribution of five anthropogenic emitting sectors to ambient
PM2.5 exposure and related premature mortality over China during
1990–2015 with 5-year intervals, by using an integrated model framework of a
bottom-up emission inventory, a chemical transport model, and the Global
Exposure Mortality Model (GEMM). The national anthropogenic
PM2.5-related premature mortality estimated with the GEMM for
nonaccidental deaths due to noncommunicable diseases and lower respiratory
infections rose from 1.26 million (95 % confidence interval (CI) [1.05, 1.46]) in 1990 to 2.18 million (95 % CI [1.84, 2.50]) in 2005; then,
it decreased to 2.10 million (95 % CI [1.76, 2.42]) in 2015. In 1990, the
residential sector was the leading source of the PM2.5-related
premature mortality (559 000, 95 % CI [467 000, 645 900], 44 % of total)
in China, followed by industry (29 %), power (13 %), agriculture (9 %),
and transportation (5 %). In 2015, the industrial sector became the
largest contributor of PM2.5-related premature mortality (734 000, 95 % CI [615 500, 844 900], 35 % of total), followed by the residential sector
(25 %), agriculture (23 %), transportation (10 %), and power (6 %).
The decadal changes in source contribution to PM2.5-related premature
mortality in China represent a combined impact of socioeconomic development
and clean-air policy. For example, active control measures have successfully
reduced pollution from the power sector, while contributions from the industrial and
transportation sectors have continuously increased due to more prominent growth in
activity rates. A transition in fuel consumption has dominated the decrease in the contribution from residential sector. Meanwhile, the contribution from the
agriculture sector has continuously increased due to persistent NH3
emissions and enhanced formation of secondary inorganic aerosols under an
NH3-rich environment.
Large contribution of organics to condensational growth and formation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in remote marine boundary layer
Authors: Zheng Guangjie , Kuang Chongai , Uin Janek , Watson Thomas , Wang Jian
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Marine low clouds strongly influence global climate, and their radiative effects are particularly susceptible to the concentration of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). One major source of CCN is condensational growth of pre-CCN particles, and sulfate has long been considered the major condensing species in remote marine boundary layer. While some studies suggested that secondary organic species can contribute to the particle growth, its importance remains unclear. Here we present the first long-term observational evidence that organics play an important role in particle growth over remote oceans. To the contrary of traditional thinking, sulfate dominated condensational growth for only a small (∼18 %) fraction of the 62 observed growth events, even fewer than the organic-dominated events (24 %). During most (58 %) growth events, the major condensing species included both organics and sulfate. Potential precursors of the secondary organics are volatile organic compounds from ocean biological activities and those produced by the air-sea interfacial oxidation. Our results indicate that the condensation of secondary organics contributes strongly to the growth of pre-CCN particles, and thereby the CCN population over remote oceans.
In-flight calibration results of the TROPOMI payload on board the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite
Authors: Ludewig Antje , Kleipool Quintus , Bartstra Rolf , Landzaat Robin , Leloux Jonatan , Loots Erwin , Meijering Peter , van der Plas Emiel , Rozemeijer Nico , Vonk Frank , Veefkind Pepijn
Published: July 2020

Abstract. After the launch of the Sentinel-5 Precursor satellite on
13 October 2017, its single payload, the TROPOspheric
Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI), was commissioned for 6 months.
In this time the instrument was tested and calibrated extensively.
During this phase the geolocation calibration was validated using a dedicated measurement zoom mode.
With the help of spacecraft manoeuvres the solar angle dependence of the irradiance radiometry was calibrated for both internal diffusers. This improved the results that were obtained on the ground significantly.
Furthermore the orbital and long-term stability was tested for electronic gains, offsets, non-linearity, the dark current and the output of the internal light sources. The CCD output gain of the UV, UVIS and NIR detectors shows drifts over time which can be corrected in the Level 1b (L1b) processor.
In-flight measurements also revealed inconsistencies in the radiometric calibration and degradation of the UV spectrometer. Degradation was also detected for the internal solar diffusers. Since the start of the nominal operations (E2) phase in orbit 2818 on 30 April 2018, regularly scheduled calibration measurements on the eclipse side of the orbit are used for monitoring and updates to calibration key data. This article reports on the main results of the commissioning phase, the in-flight calibration and the instrument's stability since launch. Insights from commissioning and in-flight monitoring have led to updates to the L1b processor and its calibration key data. The updated processor is planned to be used for nominal processing from late 2020 on.
Interpolation uncertainty of atmospheric temperature radiosoundings
Authors: Fassò Alessandro , Sommer Michael , von Rohden Christoph
Published: July 2020

Abstract. This paper is motivated by the fact that, although temperature readings made by Vaisala RS41 radiosondes at GRUAN sites (http://www.gruan.org) are given at 1 s resolution, for various reasons, missing data are spread along the atmospheric profile. Such a problem is quite common in radiosonde data and other profile data. Hence, (linear) interpolation is often used to fill the gaps in published data products. In this perspective, the present paper considers interpolation uncertainty. To do this, a statistical approach is introduced giving some understanding of the consequences of substituting missing data by interpolated ones. In particular, a general frame for the computation of interpolation uncertainty based on a Gaussian process (GP) set-up is developed. Using the GP characteristics, a simple formula for computing the linear interpolation standard error is given. Moreover, the GP interpolation is proposed as it provides an alternative interpolation method with its standard error. For the Vaisala RS41, the two approaches are shown to give similar interpolation performances using an extensive cross-validation approach based on the block-bootstrap technique. Statistical results about interpolation uncertainties at various GRUAN sites and for various missing gap lengths are provided. Since both provide an underestimation of the cross-validation interpolation uncertainty, a bootstrap-based correction formula is proposed. Using the root mean square error, it is found that, for short gaps, with an average length of 5 s, the average uncertainty is smaller than 0.10 K. For larger gaps, it increases up to 0.35 K for an average gap length of 30 s, and up to 0.58 K for a gap of 60 s.
From fibrous plant residues to mineral-associated organic carbon – the fate of organic matter in Arctic permafrost soils
Authors: Prater Isabel , Zubrzycki Sebastian , Buegger Franz , Zoor-Füllgraff Lena C. , Angst Gerrit , Dannenmann Michael , Mueller Carsten W.
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Permafrost-affected soils of the Arctic account for 70 %
or 727 Pg of the soil organic carbon (C) stored in the
northern circumpolar permafrost region and therefore play a major role
in the global C cycle. Most studies on the budgeting of C storage and
the quality of soil organic matter (OM; SOM) in the northern circumpolar
region focus on bulk soils. Thus, although there is a plethora of
assumptions regarding differences in terms of C turnover or stability, little knowledge is available on the mechanisms stabilizing
organic C in Arctic soils besides impaired decomposition due to low
temperatures. To gain such knowledge, we investigated soils from
Samoylov Island in the Lena River delta with respect to the
composition and distribution of organic C among differently stabilized
SOM fractions. The soils were fractionated according to density and
particle size to obtain differently stabilized SOM fractions differing
in chemical composition and thus bioavailability. To better understand
the chemical alterations from plant-derived organic particles in these
soils rich in fibrous plant residues to mineral-associated SOM, we
analyzed the elemental, isotopic and chemical composition of
particulate OM (POM) and clay-sized mineral-associated OM (MAOM). We
demonstrate that the SOM fractions that contribute with about
17 kg C m−3 for more than 60 % of the C stock are
highly bioavailable and that most of this labile C can be assumed to
be prone to mineralization under warming conditions. Thus, the amount
of relatively stable, small occluded POM and clay-sized MAOM that
currently accounts with about 10 kg C m−3 for about
40 % of the C stock will most probably be crucial for the quantity
of C protected from mineralization in these Arctic soils in a warmer
future. Using δ15N as a proxy for nitrogen (N) balances
indicated an important role of N inputs by biological N fixation,
while gaseous N losses appeared less important. However, this could
change, as with about 0.4 kg N m−3 one third of the N is
present in bioavailable SOM fractions, which could lead to increases
in mineral N cycling and associated N losses under global warming.
Our results highlight the vulnerability of SOM in Arctic
permafrost-affected soils under rising temperatures, potentially
leading to unparalleled greenhouse gas emissions from these soils.
New Insight to Niche Partitioning and Ecological Function of
Ammonia Oxidizing Archaea in Subtropical Estuarine Ecosystem
Authors: Lu Yanhong , Cheung Shunyan , Chen Ling , Kao Shuh-Ji , Xia Xiaomin , Gan Jianping , Dai Minhan , Liu Hongbin
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Nitrification plays a central role in estuarine nitrogen cycle. Previous studies in estuary mainly focused on the niche-partition between ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB), while the diversity, activity, biogeography and ecophysiology of different AOA groups remained unclear. Here, we first time reported niche partitioning as well as differentially distributed active populations among diverse AOA (inferred from amoA gene) in a typical subtropical estuary–Pearl River estuary (PRE). In the water column of PRE, the AOA communities mainly consisted of WCA and SCM1-like sublineages. Surprisingly, we observed a strong disagreement of AOA communities at DNA and RNA levels. In DNA samples, WCA generally dominated the AOA community, and the distributional pattern indicated that WCA I and WCA II sublineages preferred oceanic and coastal conditions, respectively. In contrast, diverse SCM1-like sublineages were identified and outnumbering WCA at RNA level, in which SCM1-like-III was limited to freshwater while the rest sublineages were widely distributed in the estuary. The SCM1-like sublineages strongly correlated with nitrification rate indicated their important contribution to ammonia oxidation. Furthermore, intense nitrification contributed significantly to hypoxia conditions (nitrification contributed averaged 15.30 % of oxygen consumption) in the estuary. These results unraveled different ammonia-oxidizing activities and niche partitioning among different AOA sublineages in estuarine water, which was unexplored in previous DNA and clone library-based studies. The ecological significance and functioning of the diverse AOA should be further explored in the marine ecosystem.
Development of WRF/CUACE v1.0 model and its preliminary
application in simulating air quality in China
Authors: Zhang Lei , Gong Sunling , Zhao Tianliang , Zhou Chunhong , Wang Yuesi , Li Jiawei , Ji Dongsheng , He Jianjun , Liu Hongli , Gui Ke , Wang Yaqiang , Che Huizheng , Zhang Xiaoye
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The development of chemical transport models with advanced physics and chemical schemes could improve air-quality forecasts. In this study, the China Meteorological Administration Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment (CUACE) model, a comprehensive chemistry module incorporating gaseous chemistry and a size-segregated multicomponent aerosol algorithm, was coupled to the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF)-Chem framework using an interface procedure to build the WRF/CUACE v1.0 model. The latest version of CUACE includes an updated aerosol dry deposition scheme and the introduction of heterogeneous chemical reactions on aerosol surfaces. We evaluated the WRF/CUACE v1.0 model by simulating PM2.5, O3, and NO2 concentrations for January, April, July, and October (representing winter, spring, summer, and autumn, respectively) in 2013, 2015, and 2017 and comparing them with ground-based observations. Secondary inorganic aerosol simulations were also evaluated through a simulation of a heavy haze pollution event during 9–15 January 2019 in the North China Plain. The model well captured the variations of PM2.5, O3, and NO2 concentrations in all seasons in eastern China. However, it is difficult to accurately reproduce the variations of air pollutants over Sichuan Basin, due to its deep basin terrain. The sulfate and nitrate simulations are substantially improved by introducing heterogenous chemical reactions into the CUACE model (change in bias from −95.0 % to 4.1 % for sulfate and from 124.1 % to 96.0 % for nitrate). The development of the WRF/CUACE v1.0 model represents an important step towards improving air-quality modelling and forecasts in China.
Influence of estuarine tidal mixing on structure and spatial scales of large river plumes
Authors: Osadchiev Alexander , Medvedev Igor , Shchuka Sergey , Kulikov Mikhail , Spivak Eduard , Pisareva Maria , Semiletov Igor
Published: July 2020

Abstract. The Yenisei and Khatanga rivers are among the largest estuarine rivers
that inflow to the Arctic Ocean. Discharge of the Yenisei River is
1 order of magnitude larger than that of the Khatanga River. However,
spatial scales of buoyant plumes formed by freshwater runoff from the
Yenisei and Khatanga gulfs are similar. This feature is caused by
different tidal forcing in these estuaries, which have similar sizes,
climate conditions, and geomorphology. The Khatanga discharge
experiences strong tidal forcing that causes formation of a diluted
bottom-advected plume in the Khatanga Gulf. This deep and
weakly stratified plume has a small freshwater fraction and
therefore occupies a large area on the shelf. The Yenisei Gulf, on
the other hand, is a salt-wedge estuary that receives a large
freshwater discharge and is less affected by tidal mixing due to low
tidal velocities. As a result, the low-salinity and
strongly stratified Yenisei plume has a large freshwater fraction and
its horizontal size is relatively small. The results show that
estuarine tidal mixing determines freshwater fraction in these river
plumes, which governs their depth and area after they spread from
estuaries to coastal sea. Therefore, the influence of estuarine mixing on
spatial scales of a large river plume can be of the same importance as
the roles of river discharge rate and wind forcing. In particular,
plumes with similar areas can be formed by rivers with significantly
different discharge rates, as illustrated by the Yenisei and Khatanga
plumes.
Heterogenous CO2 and CH4 content of glacial meltwater of the Greenland Ice Sheet and implications for subglacial carbon processes
Authors: Pain Andrea J. , Martin Jonathan B. , Martin Ellen E. , Rahman Shaily
Published: July 2020

Abstract. Accelerated melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) has increased freshwater delivery to the Arctic Ocean and amplified the need to understand the impact of GrIS meltwater on Arctic greenhouse gas (GHG) budgets. We measured carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) concentrations and δ13C values and use geochemical models to evaluate subglacial CH4 and CO2 sources and sinks in water discharging from three subglacial outlets of the GrIS in southwest (Isunnguata and Russell Glaciers) and southern Greenland (Kiattut Sermiat). CH4 concentrations vary by orders of magnitude between sites and are saturated with respect to atmospheric concentrations at Kiattut Sermiat, but are supersaturated at southwest sites, even though oxidation reduces concentrations by up to 50 % during periods of low discharge. CO2 concentrations range from supersaturated at Isunnguata to undersaturated at Kiattut Sermiat. CO2 is consumed by mineral weathering throughout the melt season at all sites, however differences in the magnitude of subglacial CO2 sources result in meltwaters that are either sources or sinks of atmospheric CO2. The predominant source of CO2 at Isunnguata is organic matter (OM) remineralization, but Russell and Kiattut Sermiat sites have multiple or heterogeneous subglacial CO2 sources that maintain atmospheric CO2 concentrations at Russell but not at Kiattut Sermiat where CO2 is undersaturated. These results highlight the variability in GHG dynamics under the GrIS. Constraining this variability will improve our understanding of the impact of GrIS melt on Arctic GHG budgets, as well as the role of continental ice sheets in GHG variations over glacial-interglacial timescales.
Exploitation of the far-offshore wind energy resource by fleets of energy ships – Part 1: Energy ship design and performance
Authors: Babarit Aurélien , Clodic Gaël , Delvoye Simon , Gilloteaux Jean-Christophe
Published: July 2020

Abstract. This paper deals with a new concept for the conversion of far-offshore
wind energy into sustainable fuel. It relies on autonomously sailing
energy ships and manned support tankers. Energy ships are
wind-propelled. They generate electricity using water turbines
attached underneath their hull. Since energy ships are not
grid-connected, they include onboard power-to-X plants for storage of
the produced energy. In the present work, the energy vector is
methanol. The aim of the paper is to propose an energy ship design and to
provide an estimate for its energy performance as function of the wind
conditions. The energy performance assessment is based on a numerical
model which is described in the paper. Results show that the wind
energy-to-methanol (chemical energy) conversion efficiency is 24 %
and that such an energy ship deployed in the North Atlantic Ocean could
produce approximately 5 GWh per annum of chemical energy
(900 t of methanol per annum).
Preliminary Study on the Potential Use of Fly Ash as a Ventilated Improved Pit Latrine Additive
Authors: Collings Dylan , Tandlich Roman , Dube Cyril S. , Madikizela Phindile , Ngqwala Nosiphiwe P. , Ahmed Mushtaque
Published: July 2020

This study describes the results of a series of laboratory experiments on aimed at developing of a protocol for the use of fly ash as a pit additive in the ventilated improved pit latrines (VIPs) in South Africa. Model VIP vaults were prepared in the laboratory and filled with synthetic
faecal sludge; and dosed with fly ash in amounts ranging from 5 to 20 % (w/w). The maximum leachable chemical oxygen demand (COD) accounted for 3.2 % of the total organic matter, while the maximum leachable ammonium accounted for 1.4 % of the leachable ammonium present in the synthetic faecal
sludge. All phosphate in the synthetic faecal material was leachable. Mixing of the 20 % dose of fly ash into the synthetic faecal sludge resulted a minimum 98.9 % reduction (or about two log units) in the faecal coliform concentration after 28 days of incubation. As a result, addition of
fly ash can decrease microbial threats to public and environmental health threats from the VIP faecal wastes, but can cause environmental contamination with phosphate. The fly ash dose and the duration of the faecal sludge treatment require further optimisation. Relationship between the chemical
composition of the fly ash used as an additive to stabilise the VIP faecal sludge and the leaching of phosphorus from the sludge will also have to be investigated further.