bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnitude, Mechanism, and Reproducibility of QT Interval Differences Between Superimposed Global and Individual Lead ECG Complexes
Authors: Kligfield Paul , Tyl Benoit , Maarek Martine , Maison‐Blanche Pierre
Published: June 2007

Background: The global QT interval, emerging as a standard measurement provided by digital electrocardiographs, is defined by the earliest QRS onset and latest T‐wave offset that occur in any of the standard leads. Differences between global ECG measurements and those from individual ECG leads have implications for the redefinition of normal values, for recognition of disease, and for drug safety. This study sought to quantify the differences between global QT intervals measured from 12 superimposed ECG leads with QT intervals and from single lead complexes, to examine the separate effects of QRS onset and T‐wave offset on these differences, and to examine the reproducibility of these measurements.

Methods: QTo intervals (Q onset to T offset) from 50 digitized ECGs sampled at 500 Hz were examined by computer assisted derivation of representative complexes from standard leads II, V2, and V3, by both baseline and tangent methods. Global QTo intervals were measured from superimposition of the representative complexes of all 12 leads. A time‐coherent matrix of waveform onset and offset points allowed direct comparison of the components of the differences.

Results: Global QTo and Bazett‐adjusted global QTc were greater than each of the baseline and tangent measurements in representative leads II, V2, and V3, with mean differences ranging from 8 to 18 ms. QRS onset was earlier in the global complex than in each of the representative leads, with mean differences of 3–5 ms, whereas T‐wave offset was significantly later in the global complex than in each of the representative leads, with mean differences of 5–11 ms. Remeasurement of all ECGs after an interval of 6 months confirmed the relative magnitudes of the global and individual lead QTo durations and small mean differences between pairs (−0.9 to 2.7 ms). Although global QTo had the largest mean difference (only 2.7 ms), it had the smallest standard deviation of the mean difference and lowest coefficient of variability (1.58%) of all measurements.

Conclusion: Global QT measurements are systematically larger than measurements from representative complexes of individual leads. These differences result from the combined effects of earlier QRS onset and later T‐wave offset in the global complex, with T‐wave offset the more dominant component of the difference.
Web‐Based Virtual Cardiac Symposia: A New Approach for Worldwide Professional Medical Education
Authors: Dubner Sergio J. , Moss Arthur J. , Schapachnik Edgardo S. , Levine Paul A. , Perez Riera Andres R. , Camm John , Zareba Wojciech ,   in behalf of the Educational Committee of the International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiology
Published: June 2007

Aim: The Internet is an extremely powerful tool for the transmission of data and knowledge, and the question is whether this technology can be used effectively in continuing medical education. We present our experience with worldwide, web‐based virtual symposia for practicing physicians.

Methods: The International Society for Holter and Noninvasive Electrocardiography (ISHNE) decided four years ago to conduct a series of cardiology‐related educational activities for physicians utilizing a web‐based approach. Six educational events under the format of virtual symposia were held on the Internet during the years 2002 to 2006. These Internet events included symposia on Brugada syndrome (2002), the long QT syndrome (2004), arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (2005), atrial fibrillation (2005), heart failure (2006), and sudden cardiac death (2006).

Results: During the past four years, there has been a dramatic and progressive increase in the number of physician registrants, the number of countries represented, and the number of lectures downloaded with each subsequent virtual symposium. For example, during the month of October 2006, the Internet‐based sudden cardiac death symposium involved 14,087 physician registrants from 120 countries with 64,939 lectures downloaded. The top lecture was downloaded 11,251 times, and over 200 e‐mail questions and replies were exchanged. The average time per visit to the web site was 12.5 minutes.

Conclusion: The progressively increasing numbers of physician registrants from around the world who participated in these web‐based, virtual symposia suggest that this approach is answering an unmet professional educational need. This Internet approach adds an important, new, low‐cost dimension to continuing medical education.
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia:Clinical Study
Authors: Markiewicz‐Łoskot Grażyna , Moric‐Janiszewska Ewa , Łoskot Maria , Szydłowski Lesław , Hollek Andrzej , Wȩglarz Ludmiła
Published: June 2007

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) is a complex arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, characterized by a partial or total replacement of the right ventricular myocytes by fatty and fibrous tissue. In this study, we present a case of ARVD in 17 year old girl, who was admitted to the hospital after syncope with ventricular arrhythmia. The echocardiography did not demonstrate structural cardiac abnormalities but the magnetic resonance recently showed thinning of the right ventricular wall. The girl was treated with the lidocaine, amiodarone and next, after radiofrequency catheter ablation she was receiving metoprolol. The girl has remained asymptomatic for four years of follow‐up.
A Comparative Study of the Structure and Properties of Sn‐Modified Lead Zirconate Titanate Ferroelectric and Antiferroelectric Ceramics
Authors: He Hui , Tan Xiaoli
Published: June 2007

Comparative studies of the structure and property of a ferroelectric Pb0.99Nb0.02[(Zr0.57Sn0.43)0.88Ti0.12]0.98O3 and an antiferroelectric Pb0.99Nb0.02[(Zr0.57Sn0.43)0.94Ti0.06]0.98O3 ceramic were conducted. In addition to their different crystal structures, domain morphologies, Raman modes, and dielectric/ferroelectric properties, distinct fracture behaviors under Vickers indentation are also clearly seen. We propose that the antiferroelectric‐to‐ferroelectric phase transformation may have been triggered during the fracture process. Supporting evidence for localized phase transformation was provided by an in situ Raman spectroscopic experiment.
Thermo‐Mechanical Stresses and Mechanical Reliability of Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors (MLCC)
Authors: Park Jin‐Woo , Chae Jeong‐Hoon , Park Il‐Hyun , Youn Hyuk‐Joon , Moon Yang‐Ho
Published: June 2007

In this work, the effects of design parameters on the mechanical reliability of multilayer ceramic capacitors (MLCC) are evaluated by a board flex test. Using the finite element method (FEM), thermo‐mechanical stresses that accumulated in the ceramic of MLCC during termination firing, soldering, and board flex test are determined by varying design parameters. The calculation results revealed that the sizes of Cu terminations are the parameters that affect the stress the most. The degree of sensitivity of the stress to the dominant parameters depends significantly on the thickness ratio of the MLCC to the board. Based on our investigation, better design rules are proposed and verified experimentally.
One‐Step Synthesis of Luminescent Nanoparticles of Complex Oxide, Strontium Aluminate
Authors: Li Chengzhou , Imai Yusuke , Adachi Yoshio , Yamada Hiroshi , Nishikubo Keiko , Xu Chao‐Nan
Published: June 2007

An organic aqueous solution of metal acetylacetonate precursors was subjected to spray pyrolysis in order to fabricate SrAl2O4:Eu (SAO) nanoparticles. Non‐agglomerated luminescent SAO nanoparticles, having a spherical shape with a size of 10–30 nm, were achieved in a single step, while only submicrometer‐sized SAO particles were obtained from the conventional ultrasonic pyrolysis of the metal nitrates. Without any post‐annealing process, the as‐prepared SAO nanoparticles were observed to exhibit a strong photoluminescence, which is comparable with that of the submicrometer‐sized SAO particles. A mechanism for the formation of the nanoparticles is also discussed.
Simplified Low‐Copy‐Number DNA Analysis by Post‐PCR Purification
Authors: Smith Pamela J. , Ballantyne Jack
Published: June 2007

Abstract:  Frequently, evidentiary items contain an insufficient quantity of DNA to obtain complete or even partial DNA profiles using standard forensic gentotyping techniques. Such low‐copy‐number (LCN) samples are usually subjected to increased amplification cylces to obtain genetic data. In this study, a 28‐cycle polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to evaluate various methods of post‐PCR purification for their effects on the sensitivity of fluorophore‐based allelic detection subsequent to capillary electrophoretic separation. The amplified product was purified using filtration, silica gel membrane, and enzyme mediated hydrolysis purification techniques and evaluated for their effect on fluorescent allelic signal intensity. A purification method was selected and its effect on fluorescent allelic signal intensity was compared with that of the unpurified PCR product. A method of post‐PCR purification is described which increases the sensitivity of standard 28‐cycle PCR such that profiles from LCN DNA templates (<100 pg DNA) can be obtained. Full DNA profiles were consistently obtained with as little as 20 pg template DNA without increased cycle number. In mock case type samples with dermal ridge fingerprints, genetic profiles were obtained by amplification with 28 cycles followed by post‐PCR purification whereas no profiles were obtained without purification of the PCR product. Allele dropout, increased stutter, and sporadic contamination typical of LCN analysis were observed; however, no contamination was observed in negative amplification controls. Post‐PCR purification of the PCR product can increase the sensitivity of capillary electrophoresis to such an extent that DNA profiles can be obtained from <100 pg of DNA using 28‐cycle amplification.
A Rape Case Solved by Mitochondrial DNA Mixture Analysis
Authors: Hatsch Didier , Amory Sylvain , Keyser Christine , Hienne Rémi , Bertrand Ludes
Published: June 2007

Abstract:  In cases of stains that contain mixed DNA from different contributors, analyzing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) requires the use of cloning techniques. We developed an efficient cloning technique that was applied in a rape case. After a differential lysis‐based DNA extraction from vaginal swabs, hypervariable region I and II (HVI, HVII) amplicons obtained from the male fraction were cloned. Although we mainly found the victim’s haplotype, we were able to detect the suspect's haplotype in two clones for HVI and in one clone for HVII. As the midpiece of the flagellum, which contains mitochondria, can be lost during the differential lysis, we also investigated the female fraction by cloning to evaluate the proportion of victim/suspect mtDNA. Unfortunately, only clones presenting the victim's haplotype were found. This case highlights the need for an optimal differential lysis protocol to enrich the male fraction not only with nuclear but also mitochondrial DNA
Heat Induced Changes to Dental Resin Composites: A Reference in Forensic Investigations?*
Authors: Brandão Renata B. , Martin Carmen C.S. , Catirse Alma B.C.E.B. , De Castro e Silva Márcio , Evison Martin P. , Guimarães Marco A.
Published: June 2007

Abstract:  The objective was to investigate color change and surface damage in dental resin composites exposed to high temperatures over different time intervals for comparative purposes. Samples were prepared using two resins ‐ Z100® (R1) and Charisma ® (R2), heated at the following temperatures: 200°C, 400°C, 600°C, 1000°C, for 15, 30 and 45 min (n = 104 for each resin sample). Color (ΔE*) and brightness (ΔL*) changes were analyzed by spectrophotometry using the CIE L*a*b* system and surface changes by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). R1 showed more intense color changes after heat exposure than R2. ΔL* values were found to be the best parameter for evaluation of light and color change. A biphasic pattern after thermal exposure was detected, from dark brown to light white. SEM showed more intense alterations in R2 than in R1. These results indicate that the parameters observed in both resins are useful as a guide in forensic analyses.
Methyl 3‐[3′,4′‐(methylenedioxy)phenyl]‐2‐methyl glycidate: An Ecstasy Precursor Seized in Sydney, Australia
Authors: Collins Michael , Heagney Aaron , Cordaro Frank , Odgers David , Tarrant Gregory , Stewart Samantha
Published: June 2007

Abstract: Five 44 gallon drums labeled as glycidyl methacrylate were seized by the Australian Customs Service and the Australian Federal Police at Port Botany, Sydney, Australia, in December 2004. Each drum contained a white, semisolid substance that was initially suspected to be 3,4‐methylenedioxymethylamphetamine (MDMA). Gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) analysis demonstrated that the material was neither glycidyl methacrylate nor MDMA. Because intelligence sources employed by federal agents indicated that this material was in some way connected to MDMA production, suspicion fell on the various MDMA precursor chemicals. Using a number of techniques including proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), carbon nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (13C NMR), GC/MS, infrared spectroscopy, and total synthesis, the unknown substance was eventually identified as methyl 3‐[3′,4′(methylenedioxy)phenyl]‐2‐methyl glycidate. The substance was also subjected to a published hydrolysis and decarboxylation procedure and gave a high yield of the MDMA precursor chemical, 3,4‐methylenedioxyphenyl‐2‐propanone, thereby establishing this material as a “precursor to a precursor.”
Estimation of Age‐at‐Death for Adult Males Using the Acetabulum, Applied to Four Western European Populations*
Authors: Rissech Carme , Estabrook George F. , Cunha Eugenia , Malgosa Assumpció
Published: June 2007

Abstract: Methods to estimate adult age from observations of skeletal elements are not very accurate and motivate the development of better methods. In this article, we test recently published method based on the acetabulum and Bayesian inference, developed using Coimbra collection (Portugal). In this study, to evaluate its utility in other populations, this methodology was applied to 394 specimens from four different documented Western European collections. Four strategies of analysis to estimate age were outlined: (a) each series separately; (b) on Lisbon collection, taken as a reference Coimbra collection; (c) on Barcelona collection, taken as a reference both Portuguese collections; and (d) on London collection taken as reference the three Iberian collections combined. Results indicate that estimates are accurate (83–100%). As might be expected, the least accurate estimates were obtained when the most distant collection was used as a reference. Observations of the fused acetabulum can be used to make accurate estimates of age for adults of any age, with less accurate estimates when a more distant reference collection is used.
The barrier component and the driving force component of transepidermal water loss and their application to skin irritant tests
Authors: Endo Koji , Suzuki Noboru , Yoshida Osamu , Sato Hirayuki , Fujikura Yoshiaki
Published: June 2007

Background/aim: According to Fick's law of diffusion, the rate of transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is determined by a barrier component and a driving force component. The objective of this study is to propose novel indicators for the assessment of skin irritation potential from chemicals using these components.

Methods: Before and after acetone/ether (AE), sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and nicotinic acid methyl ester (NME) treatments, the apparent mass transfer coefficient of water, K, of the stratum corneum (SC) and the apparent water vapor pressure, Pd, at the interface between SC and epidermis were estimated as measures of the SC barrier and the driving force, respectively.

Results: After AE treatment, K showed marked increase and Pd remained approximately constant. All participants reacted to NME with erythema and the laser‐Doppler flowmetry (LDF) value peaked at around 30 min. While there was a change in Pd, which parallels with LDF changes, K showed little variation. Repeated SLS treatment induced a slight increase in Pd besides an increase in K. In the meantime, all participants reacted with subtle erythema.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that not only the SC barrier but also the driving force determines variations in the TEWL rates during skin irritant tests. Together, K and Pd will provide us with invaluable information about skin condition.
Stimulatory response of neutrophils from periodontitis patients with periodontal pathogens
Authors: Restaíno CG , Chaparro A , Valenzuela MA , Kettlun AM , Vernal R , Silva A , Puente J , Jaque MP , León R , Gamonal J
Published: June 2007

Objective:  Neutrophils play a crucial role in the defense of invading bacteria by releasing biologically active molecules. The response of peripheral blood neutrophils was studied in periodontitis‐affected patients and in healthy controls towards stimulation to Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) extracts.

Materials and methods:  Peripheral venous blood was drawn from 23 adult patients with moderate to advanced chronic periodontitis (probing depth ≥5 mm, attachment loss ≥3 mm), and 30 healthy volunteers. Neutrophil response followed by metalloproteinase‐9 (MMP‐9) and interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) secretion was assayed by zymography and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, respectively, on both whole blood and purified neutrophils. In addition to periodontal pathogen extracts, known stimulating agents were tested, such as Escherichia coli‐lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phytohemagglutinin, and zymosan A.

Results:  Neutrophil response, expressed as a secretion ratio under stimulated and non‐stimulated conditions, measured in whole blood, showed no differences between periodontitis and healthy controls. Instead, in purified neutrophils from patients, MMP‐9 exhibited a significantly higher secretion ratio with LPS and Pg (1.5‐ to 2‐fold), whereas IL‐8 showed a larger increase in secretion ratio (3‐ to 7‐fold) in the presence of Pg, Aa, LPS, and zymosan A.

Conclusion:  Peripheral neutrophils of periodontitis‐affected patients are more reactive as suggested by their significantly higher response toward periodontal pathogen extracts and other stimulating agents.
Low‐energy laser therapy for prevention of oral mucositis in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Jaguar GC , Prado JD , Nishimoto IN , Pinheiro MC , De Castro DO , Da Cruz Perez DE , Alves FA
Published: June 2007

Aim:  To evaluate the clinical effects of laser therapy on the prevention and reduction of oral mucositis in patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT).

Patients and methods:  From January 2003 to September 2004, 24 patients received prophylactic laser therapy (L+ group). The applications started from the beginning of the conditioning regimen up to day +2. The oral assessment was performed daily until day +30. This group was compared with historical controls, namely 25 patients, who did not receive laser therapy (L− group).

Results:  All patients developed some grade of mucositis. However, the L− group presented initial mucositis by 4.36 days, whereas the L+ group presented it in 6.12 days (P = 0.01). The maximum mucositis occurred between day +2 and day +6 with healing by day +25 in the L− group and between day +2 and day +7 with healing by day +14 for the L+ group (P = 0.84). Laser therapy also reduced the time of oral pain from 5.64 to 2.45 days (P = 0.04), and decreased the consumption of morphine (P = 0.07).

Conclusion:  This study suggests that laser therapy can be useful in oral mucositis to HSCT patients and improve the patient's quality of life. However, controlled randomized trials should be performed to confirm the real efficacy of laser therapy.
Sjögren's syndrome sufferers have increased oral yeast levels despite regular dental care
Authors: Leung KCM , McMillan AS , Cheung BPK , Leung WK
Published: June 2007

Aim:  To investigate the prevalence and quantity of oral yeasts and their association with oral candidiasis in Sjögren's syndrome (SS) patients receiving regular dental care.

Materials and methods:  Yeasts in oral rinse and full‐mouth supra‐gingival plaque samples from 25 primary SS, 27 secondary SS and 29 control subjects were selectively cultured. All yeasts except single‐species isolates were genotyped using pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).

Results:  Ten (19%) SS sufferers had symptomless candidiasis. SS subjects had a higher prevalence (73%vs 7%) and quantity of yeasts than controls in both oral rinse and plaque samples (P < 0.05). The prevalence of yeasts in plaque was associated with candidiasis regardless of denture wearing (P ≤ 0.04). Candida albicans was the predominant yeast isolated. PFGE showed 20 (66% of total) C. albicans isolate pairs, i.e. C. albicans species isolated from plaque and oral rinse samples of the same individual, were of closely related genetic clonal types (P < 0.01).

Conclusions:  Despite effective oral hygiene, more SS subjects than controls had detectable levels of oral yeasts and their presence in supra‐gingival plaque was associated with candidiasis. Candida albicans colonized supra‐gingival biofilm even in well‐maintained SS individuals, posing a challenge to the control of oral candidiasis.
Deletion of the 5‐HT3A‐receptor subunit blunts the induction of cocaine sensitization
Authors: Hodge C. W. , Bratt A. M. , Kelley S. P.
Published: June 2007

Serotonin (5‐HT) receptors are classified into seven groups (5‐HT1–7), comprising at least 14 structurally and pharmacologically distinct receptor subtypes. Pharmacological antagonism of ionotropic 5‐HT3 receptors has been shown to modulate both behavioral and neurochemical aspects of the induction of sensitization to cocaine. It is not known, however, if specific molecular subunits of the 5‐HT3 receptor influence the development of cocaine sensitization. To address this question, we studied the effects of acute and chronic intermittent cocaine administration in mice with a targeted deletion of the gene for the 5‐HT3A‐receptor subunit (5‐HT3A−/−). 5‐HT3A (−/−) mice showed blunted induction of cocaine‐induced locomotor sensitization as compared with wild‐type littermate controls. 5‐HT3A (−/−) mice did not differ from wild‐type littermate controls on measures of basal motor activity or response to acute cocaine treatment. Enhanced locomotor response to saline injection following cocaine sensitization was observed equally in 5‐HT3A (−/−) and wild‐type mice suggesting similar conditioned effects associated with chronic cocaine treatment. These data show a role for the 5‐HT3A‐receptor subunit in the induction of behavioral sensitization to cocaine and suggest that the 5‐HT3A molecular subunit modulates neurobehavioral adaptations to cocaine, which may underlie aspects of addiction.
A Computer‐Controlled Anesthetic Delivery System in a Periodontal Practice: Patient Satisfaction and Acceptance
Authors: ROSENBERG EDWIN S.
Published: June 2007

Background: Many dental patients are fearful about receiving intraoral injections of local anesthetic. In fact, many patients cite injections as their primary reason for avoiding dental treatment. In late 1997, however, a computerized local anesthetic delivery system was introduced to address the problems of pain and anxiety associated with these injections. The author initiated a yearlong assessment study in which patients evaluated and rated injections administered with the computerized device as compared with previously administered standard injections.

Methods: One hundred and fifty randomly selected patients received local anesthesia delivered via the computer‐controlled anesthetic delivery system. All patients had at some time received standard injections during treatment at the practice. Different types of injections were administered to all quadrants, enabling the researcher to qualify results according to injection type and location. Patient responses were recorded and evaluated to assess the levels of anxiety and pain associated with the computer‐driven system.

Results: Overall, 71.4% of patients reported the experience to be superlative, positive, or somewhat positive. Results indicated that the system was highly preferred to traditional injection techniques, regardless of the arch and quadrant receiving the injection. Several factors may have contributed to this preference, including increased patient comfort, the nonthreatening appearance of the instrument, and the lack of residual facial numbness commonly associated with oral anesthetic injections.
Sensitivity and Tooth Whitening Agents
Authors: POHJOLA RANDALL M. , BROWNING WILLIAM D. , HACKMAN STEVEN T. , MYERS MICHAEL L. , DOWNEY MARY C.
Published: June 2007

Purpose: Three commercially available dentist‐prescribed home‐applied bleaching systems were evaluated to identify the incidence of sensitivity and to compare the efficacy of whitening the maxillary anterior teeth of 18 patients.

Methods: Nite White Excel 2Z (Discus Dental), fx (Challenge Products), and Rembrandt Xtra‐Comfort (DenMat Corp.) were randomly assigned to six patients each. The fx product was used as a control since it was not advertised as a zero sensitivity product. The manufacturers' instructions for tray fabrication and use were followed while the patients bleached for 2 weeks. The patients kept a diary and were recalled at 1 week, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks. The shade change and the presence or absence of any sensitivity were evaluated at each recall.

Results: Nite White Excel 2Z was used for 83 days of treatment with the following percentage of positive sensitivity reported: 0% hot and cold, 2.4% throat sensitivity, 2.4% tongue sensitivity, and 25.3% gingival sensitivity. Rembrandt Xtra‐Comfort was used for 84 days with 0% hot and cold, 0% throat, 11.9% tongue, and 27.4% gingival sensitivity reported. The fx product was used for 83 days and resulted in 14.5% hot and cold, 3.6% throat, 1.2% tongue, and 16.9% gingival sensitivity. All products lightened the teeth an average of eight shade tabs on the Vita guide. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups when comparing the presence of sensitivity (chi‐squared test, p < .001) but not when comparing the shade tab change.
The Milled Bar‐Retained Removable Bridge Implant‐Supported Prosthesis: A Treatment Alternative for the Edentulous Maxilla
Authors: TIPTON PAUL A.
Published: June 2007

Restoration of the edentulous jaw with dental implants can be achieved using either an implant‐supported prosthesis, such as a fixed bridge, or an implant‐retained prosthesis, such as a traditional overdenture. The implant‐retained prostheses use edentulous ridges as primary stress‐bearing regions, and through stress‐breaking mechanisms, the implants are not loaded during function. However, the success rates of maxillary overdentures do not appear to be as good as for mandibular overdentures; this may be attributable to the adverse loading conditions, short implant length, poor quality of bone, number of implants used, flexible bar design, or poor treatment planning. Many articles have also described the numerous problems and multiple visits required in maintaining a traditional bar‐retained overdenture restoration, often making it more expensive in the long term than a fixed restoration. The milled bar implant‐supported prosthesis offers the benefits of both fixed and removable restorations. Its infrastructure provides the same rigidity as the fixed restoration, owing to the precise fit to the superstructure, which is removable, to promote adequate access for hygiene, yet it still provides lip support and maintains close contact with the soft tissues. These advantages enhance phonetics, esthetics, correct lip support, maintenance, and patient comfort.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

Restoring esthetics and function for the edentulous patient requires a multidiscipline approach for success. This article discusses the techniques for restoring function and esthetics for these patients, using a milled bar restoration supported and retained by dental implants.
Effects of 10% Carbamide Peroxide on the Enamel Surface Morphology: A Scanning Electron Microscopy Study
Authors: TÜRKÜN MURAT , SEVGICAN FIGEN , PEHLIVAN YESIM , AKTENER BEKIR OGUZ
Published: June 2007

Background: Several studies have been published about the effect of carbamide peroxide on enamel surface morphology. However, only a few studies have been carried out under intraoral conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of two commercially available 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching products (Colgate Platinum and Starbrite) on the enamel surface morphology under intraoral conditions.

Materials and Methods: Twenty‐four subjects were divided into two groups and assigned a product to use for 2 weeks. Epoxy resin replicas obtained from the maxillary right central incisors of the subjects before, immediately after, and 3 months after the bleaching procedure were examined under a scanning electron microscope.

Results: Immediately after the bleaching procedure, the surface porosity of enamel had increased in the Colgate Platinum group, whereas erosive surface alterations were observed in the Starbrite group. At 3 months, the surface morphology of enamel in the Colgate Platinum group was similar to the untreated enamel surface. In the Starbrite group, erosive defects on the enamel surface had decreased within 3 months, and the appearance of the enamel surface was almost the same as the untreated enamel.

Conclusion: Even though both bleaching agents caused alterations in the surface morphology of enamel, these alterations were reversed within 3 months following treatment.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

The results of this study suggest that 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching products cause alterations in enamel surface morphology immediately after bleaching, and the degree of these alterations depends on the brand of bleaching agent and duration of application time. However, these alterations revert to almost normal within 3 months.
ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION FOR HAGUE CONVENTION CHILD CUSTODY DISPUTES*
Authors: Pawlowski Radoslaw
Published: June 2007

This note explains that an Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) protocol should be adopted as part of the Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction to facilitate the amicable resolution of cross‐border child custody cases. It suggests that national ADR models should be used as a guide to improve this treaty. First, this note brings to light the negative effect of cross‐border litigation on children as well as the complexities and the deficiencies of this international treaty. Second, it examines mediation and arbitration systems employed in the United States, Europe, and Australia and how these can be transposed on the international scale. Third, it proposes how the ADR protocol should be drafted and implemented. A sound ADR mechanism would alleviate the unfortunate conditions of children trapped in long and destructive international child custody battles.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE, GEOMETRY, GAP AND SURFACE FRICTION ON OSCILLATORY RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MASHED POTATOES
Authors: ALVAREZ MARÍA DOLORES , CANET WENCESLAO , FERNÁNDEZ CRISTINA
Published: June 2007

Oscillatory data obtained for mashed potatoes made from fresh tubers from measuring geometries of different designs and sizes were analyzed and compared at the sample temperatures of 25 and 55C. The measuring geometries used were smooth parallel plates (PP40 and PP20, 40‐ and 20‐mm‐diameter plates, respectively); truncated cone and plate (CP 4/40, 40‐mm‐diameter cone having an angle of 4°); FL25 four‐bladed vane tool (diameter: 25 mm, height: 55 mm); and serrated parallel plate (SPP40, 40‐mm‐diameter plate). Three different gaps between plates were used (2, 1.5 and 1 mm) to simulate the range of aggregate spacing in fresh mashed potatoes. The measured oscillatory rheological properties were significantly affected not only by the sample temperature but also by the test geometry used and the friction of and gap between its shearing surfaces. Dynamic parameter values were higher at 55 than at 25C, possibly indicating the onset and propagation of gelatinization of the potato starch grains. Unexpectedly, test geometries with higher friction capabilities, such as the serrated plate and vane tool, presented lower viscoelastic properties compared with results of other test geometries with lower friction capabilities. This result provides evidence of the influence of other factors on the measured oscillatory rheological properties of the mashed potato, such as measurement accuracy of the rheometer at different very small strains, homogeneity of the temperature for the different samples, existence of a complex dependency on the possibly complex stress condition that is imposed on the material upon loading, or even samples being prone to drying. The effect of the variation of the gap between parallel plates on oscillatory parameters depended on the shearing wall friction. The study highlights the difficulty in reconciling rheological results from different sources and the need for standardized rheological test methods so that rheological interlaboratory results can be critically analyzed and compared.
A SURVEY OF OCHRATOXIN A IN WHEAT AND BARLEY IN INDIA
Authors: VISWANATH PREMA , KAVITHA S. , AYESHA FARHANA , APPAIAH K.M.
Published: June 2007

Ochratoxin A (OTA), a secondary metabolite produced by the species of Aspergillus and Penicillium has been found to be nephrotoxic, immunosuppressive and teratogenic in many species and is a possible human carcinogen. Its prevalence in cereals, namely wheat and barley, has been reported from many European countries. In this study, 126 samples of wheat and barley collected from different regions in India were analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography for the presence of OTA. The highest OTA content determined in one sample of wheat was 2.3 µg/kg. None of the 126 samples of wheat and barley contained more than 5 µg/kg. Wheat (82.6%) and barley (90%) samples contained less than 0.1 µg/kg, which is the limit of quantification of OTA in this study. The maximum limit of OTA for wheat, barley and rye that is being debated at Codex Alimentarius Commission meetings is 5 µg/kg. In an attempt to determine if there was any correlation between the ochratoxigenic mold mycoflora and the ochratoxin content in the samples analyzed, enumeration of the molds that belonged to Aspergillus and Penicillium species was determined using general mycological media. The aflatoxigenic and ochratoxigenic mycoflora was also enumerated using selective agar media. It was observed that more aflatoxigenic molds were recovered in both wheat and barley samples. None of the species of Penicillium detected from the samples was found to be ochratoxigenic. However, Aspergillus species belonging to section Nigri, Aspergillus niger group, also an ochratoxin producer, were recovered from the samples.
OCCURRENCE OF LISTERIA SPECIES IN THE PROCESSING STAGES OF FROZEN PEPPER
Authors: LEE SOLMAZ , CETINKAYA FIGEN , SOYUTEMIZ G. ECE
Published: June 2007

The occurrence of Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria spp. in a frozen vegetable processing factory was investigated. From May to October 2002, four separate visits were made to the plant and during all of these visits, a total of 216 samples were collected at different stages of the cube and strip pepper processing line. Additionally, 28 swabs were taken from equipment and food‐related contact surfaces. The cube and strip pepper processing lines include raw materials, washing, conveyor belt, scalding, cutting, sieving (drying), and the interior sieve of individually quick frozen (IQF), IQF and finished products. Swab samples were taken from the scalding tank, cooling tank, conveyor belt to IQF, interior part of IQF, mixing shovel of IQF, transport saddles and packaging materials. No Listeria spp. were isolated from the strip pepper processing stages, however, 26 out of 108 (24.1%) samples taken from the cube pepper processing stages were found to be contaminated with Listeria spp. Among these isolates, L. monocytogenes was not identified; however, Listeria welshimeri, Listeria innocua and Listeria ivanovii species were identified in 15, 6 and 5 of the tested samples, respectively. L. welshimeri and L. ivanovii were also isolated from three swab samples. These indicate that even though L. monocytogenes was not isolated, the presence of other Listeria species, particularly L. innocua, in the processing line would be an important criterion for eventual L. monocytogenes contaminations. Thus, periodic controls and application of general hygiene and sanitation principles are necessary in the prevention of possible contaminations.
PREDICTIVE MODELING AND GROWTH MODELS OF AEROBIC MESOPHILIC BACTERIA ON FRESH‐CUT LETTUCE BY HYPOCHLORITE‐WASHING
Authors: LU ZHAO‐XIN , LU FENG‐XIA , ZHANG LI‐KUI , BIE XIAO‐MEI , ZOU XIAO‐KUI
Published: June 2007

Response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effect of three selected factors (chlorine concentration, washing time and water‐to‐lettuce ratio) on reducing aerobic mesophilic bacteria on fresh‐cut lettuce. According to statistical analysis, the model established was effective in predicting the reduction of aerobic mesophilic bacteria on fresh‐cut lettuce by washing with chlorine. In addition, best‐fit Gompertz‐modified models were described to evaluate aerobic mesophilic bacteria growth on fresh‐cut lettuce during storage at 0, 4 and 25C, respectively. The final load of aerobic mesophilic bacteria and shelf life of fresh‐cut lettuce could be predicted in various storing temperatures with the growth models.
COLOR HAS LITTLE EFFECT ON PERCEPTION OF FABRIC HANDFEEL TACTILE PROPERTIES IN COTTON FABRICS
Authors: YENKET RENOO , CHAMBERS EDGAR , GATEWOOD BARBARA M.
Published: June 2007

Many authors suggest evaluating the tactile hand properties of textiles in such a way that the sample cannot be seen, but this can be a cumbersome procedure. This study tested the effect of a strong visual attribute, color, on hand perception of fabrics in both descriptive and consumer studies. Panelists evaluated four cotton fabrics: poplin, flannel, knit and twill, each dyed five colors: white (no dye), dark blue, light blue, pink and yellow. In the descriptive study, minimal differences were found for only one color, yellow, in one fabric type, poplin, for four attributes: gritty, hand friction, fabric friction and softness. For the consumer study, only “brightness,” a visual perception, and “harshness,” which may be either visual or tactile, were different across fabrics from one color to another. Based on this study of color effects, there appears to be negligible impact of visual perception on tactile hand evaluation. This data would suggest there is little need to block the view of fabrics during hand evaluation in either descriptive or consumer studies.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Data from this study suggest that the need to go to extraordinary means, such as blindfolding panelists, to block potential visual bias in tests of fabrichandfeel may not be necessary. The research suggests that both trained and consumer panels were able to provide consistent, accurate data even though the potentially biasing effect of color was not blocked from their view. If the view of fabric products does not have to be blocked, sensory testing protocols of handfeel can be simpler, which ultimately means more efficiencies because less time and money need to be spent to obtain quality data.
From Bacterial Genomes to Novel Antibacterial Agents: Discovery, Characterization, and Antibacterial Activity of Compounds that Bind to HI0065 (YjeE) from Haemophilus influenzae
Authors: Lerner Claude G. , Hajduk Philip J. , Wagner Rolf , Wagenaar Frank L. , Woodall Charlotte , Gu Yu‐Gui , Searle Xenia B. , Florjancic Alan S. , Zhang Tianyuan , Clark Richard F. , Cooper Curt S. , Mack Jamey C. , Yu Liping , Cai Mengli , Betz Steven F. , Chovan Linda E. , McCall J. Owen , Black‐Schaefer Candace L. , Kakavas Stephan J. , Schurdak Mark E. , Comess Kenneth M. , Walter Karl A. , Edalji Rohinton , Dorwin Sarah A. , Smith Richard A. , Hebert Eric J. , Harlan John E. , Metzger Randy E. , Merta Philip J. , Baranowski John L. , Coen Michael L. , Thornewell Susan J. , Shivakumar Annapur G. , Saiki Anne Y. , Soni Niru , Bui Mai , Balli Darlene J. , Sanders William J. , Nilius Angela M. , Holzman Thomas F. , Fesik Stephen W. , Beutel Bruce A.
Published: June 2007

As part of a fully integrated and comprehensive strategy to discover novel antibacterial agents, NMR‐ and mass spectrometry‐based affinity selection screens were performed to identify compounds that bind to protein targets uniquely found in bacteria and encoded by genes essential for microbial viability. A biphenyl acid lead series emerged from an NMR‐based screen with the Haemophilus influenzae protein HI0065, a member of a family of probable ATP‐binding proteins found exclusively in eubacteria. The structure–activity relationships developed around the NMR‐derived biphenyl acid lead were consistent with on‐target antibacterial activity as the Staphylococcus aureus antibacterial activity of the series correlated extremely well with binding affinity to HI0065, while the correlation of binding affinity with B‐cell cytotoxicity was relatively poor. Although further studies are needed to conclusively establish the mode of action of the biphenyl series, these compounds represent novel leads that can serve as the basis for the development of novel antibacterial agents that appear to work via an unprecedented mechanism of action. Overall, these results support the genomics‐driven hypothesis that targeting bacterial essential gene products that are not present in eukaryotic cells can identify novel antibacterial agents.
Nativity, Duration of Residence, Citizenship, and Access to Health Care for Hispanic Children
Authors: Durden T. Elizabeth
Published: June 2007

This article examines differences in access to a regular source of health care for children of Hispanic subgroups within the United States. Particular attention is paid to the impact of the immigration status of the mother –including nativity, duration in the United States, and citizenship status – and its affect on access to health care for Hispanic children. Data are pooled from the National Health Interview Survey for 1999–2001 and logistic regression models are estimated to compare Mexican American, Puerto Rican, Cuban, and Other Hispanic children with non-Hispanic whites and blacks. While initial disparities are recorded among the race/ethnic groups, in the final model, only Mexican American children display significantly less access to health care than non-Hispanic whites. The combined influence of the mother's nativity, duration, and citizenship status explains much of the differentials in access to a regular source of care among children of Hispanic subgroups in comparison to non-Hispanic whites.
Distinct labelling of fusion events in rat lactotrophs by FM 1–43 and FM 4–64 is associated with conformational differences
Authors: Stenovec M. , Šolmajer T. , Perdih A. , Vardjan N. , Kreft M. , Zorec R.
Published: June 2007

Aim:  Conformational analysis of fluorescent styryl dyes FM 1–43 and FM 4–64 was undertaken to clarify if distinct activity‐dependent labelling of single lactotrophs vesicles and plasma membrane by two dyes is associated with their structural differences.

Methods:  The activity‐dependent labelling of single vesicles and plasma membrane by FM 1–43 and FM 4–64 was studied using confocal microscopy. The fluorescence intensity of vesicles fused with the plasma membrane, and the plasma membrane alone was measured; the ratio of their respective peak amplitudes was calculated. The conformational analysis of FM 1–43 and FM 4–64 was further undertaken by employing the Monte Carlo approach to search the conformational space of these molecules.

Results:  In FM 1–43 staining of vesicles and plasma membrane, the ratio of the fluorescence peak amplitudes (vesicle vs. plasma membrane) was 2.6 times higher in comparison with FM 4–64 staining. In FM 4–64 molecule the low‐energy conformations are distributed in three conformational states (consisting of 3, 4 and 2 conformers respectively) in which the proportion of the molecules residing in a given state is 62%, 28% and 9% respectively. In FM 1–43 the conformation distribution is limited to just one conformational state with three approximately equally populated conformers what can be explained by greater intrinsic rigidity of the molecule.

Conclusions:  The observed structural characteristics of FM 1–43 molecules may account for a higher increase in quantum yield and/or binding affinity upon incorporation of the dye into the vesicle matrix and therefore stronger fluorescence emission in comparison with FM 4–64.
New directions in mental health practice with older people: Canadian strategies for mental health reform
Authors: Clinton Michael
Published: June 2007

Aim and objective.  The purpose of this article is to draw attention to problems in the Canadian health system that must be overcome if Canada is to ensure that older people can access the services they need.

Background.  Projections suggest that 20% of Canadians will be aged 65+ by 2021. If current prevalence rates for mental illness continue, this will result in a significant increase in the number of older Canadians with or at risk for mental illness and mental health problems.

Design.  Findings of the final report of the Standing Committee on Social Affairs, Science and Technology are summarized and related to the intended role and primary strategy of the proposed Canadian Mental Health Commission.

Methods.  The relevance of the Interprofessional Education for Collaborative Patient‐Centred Practice initiative launched by Health Canada is then considered in light of the intention that the Commission adopt collaboration with relevant stakeholders as its primary strategy for achieving mental health reform.

Conclusions.  Fragmentation in service delivery must be overcome if older Canadians are to receive age appropriate mental health services when and where they need them. Yet there is little evidence that the degree of interprofessional collaboration required can be achieved.

Relevance to clinical practice The reforms advocated by the Senate Committee are widely embraced but evidence is needed on how mental health and other professionals can best learn to work together in the interests of older people and other mental health consumers.
Mental health community liaison in aged care: a service of value to all
Authors: McAllister Margaret , Matarasso Beth
Published: June 2007

Aim.  This paper describes an effective community nursing role in which mental health care is brought to long‐term care in a way that restores and promotes mental health wellbeing in the older person, builds understanding between clinicians, and develops staff confidence in attending to the whole needs of residents of nursing homes.

Background.  Mental health is a significant issue in the ageing population and there is much that mental health nurses as well as staff in long‐term care can do to promote early detection of problems, facilitate effective treatment and build coping in the older person and family so that they recover from grief or depression issues and go on to make this stage of life satisfying and rewarding.

Conclusions.  The mental health nurse liaison role is a useful contribution to comprehensive aged care in the community. The role provides support to clinicians enabling them to develop skills and expand their area of practice, whilst creating an environment in which the needs of the client may also be better understood and thereby met.