bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chiral Lewis Acid Catalyzed Highly Enantioselective [4 + 3] Cycloaddition Reactions of Nitrogen‐Stabilized Oxyallyl Cations Derived from Allenamides.
Authors: Huang Jian , Hsung Richard P.
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis and Reactions of 1‐(3‐Chloropropyl)‐6,7‐dimethoxy‐3‐methylbenzo[c]pyrylium Perchlorate.
Authors: Kibalny A. V. , Afonin A. A. , Dulenko V. I.
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling Reactions of Pyridylboronic Acids with Heteroaryl Halides Bearing a Primary Amine Group: Synthesis of Highly Substituted Bipyridines and Pyrazinopyridines.
Authors: Thompson Amy E. , Hughes Gregory , Batsanov Andrei S. , Bryce Martin R. , Parry Paul R. , Tarbit Brian
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Interaction of 5‐Acetyl(alkoxycarbonyl)‐3‐alkoxycarbonyl‐6‐methylpyridin‐2(1H)‐ones with Primary Aromatic Amines and Hydrazine Hydrate
Authors: Krasnaya Zh. A.
Published: May 2005

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Efficient Synthesis of Halohydroxypyridines by Hydroxydeboronation.
Authors: Voisin Anne Sophie , Bouillon Alexandre , Lancelot Jean‐Charles , Rault Sylvain
Published: May 2005

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A Two‐Step Synthesis of Cytostatically Active Benzo[c]phenanthridine Derivatives.
Authors: Clement Bernd , Weide Matthias , Wolschendorf Ulrich , Kock Ilka
Published: May 2005

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Reaction of 10‐Cyanotetrahydrobenzo[b][1,6]naphthyridines with Acetylenedicarboxylic Ester.
Authors: Voskressensky L. G. , Borisova T. N. , Vorobiev I. V. , Varlamov A. V.
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Readily Synthesized Novel Fluorescent Dipyrrinones.
Authors: Boiadjiev Stefan E. , Lightner David A.
Published: May 2005

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Synthesis of Di‐(N‐tropinonyl)alkanes and Di‐(N‐tropinonyl)benzenes.
Authors: Jung Dai‐Il , Song Ju‐Hyun , Kim Yong‐Hwan , Lee Do‐Hun , Song Hyun‐Ae , Lee Yong‐Gyun , Park Yu‐Mi , Choi Soon‐Kyu , Hahn Jung‐Tai , Cho Seong‐Jin
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Three Component Condensations Catalyzed by Iodine—Alumina for the Synthesis of Substituted 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones under Microwave Irradiation and Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Saxena Ira , Borah Dilip C. , Sarma Jadab C.
Published: May 2005

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Viehe′s Salt in a Novel One Pot Synthesis of Pyrimidines.
Authors: Kiselyov Alexander S.
Published: May 2005

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Aminobenzimidazole in Three‐Component Condensations.
Authors: Shikhaliev Kh. S. , Kryl'skii D. V. , Potapov A. Yu. , Krysin M. Yu. , Trefilova I. N.
Published: May 2005

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Microwave‐Assisted One‐Pot Synthesis of 2,3‐Disubstituted 3H‐Quinazolin‐4‐ones.
Authors: Liu Ji‐Feng , Lee Jaekyoo , Dalton Audra M. , Bi Grace , Yu Libing , Baldino Carmen M. , McElory Eric , Brown Matt
Published: May 2005

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Intramolecular [2 + 3]‐Addition of an Azide to a C=C Double Bond as a Novel Approach to Piperazines.
Authors: Lukina Tatjana V. , Sviridov Sergey I. , Shorshnev Sergey V. , Alexandrov Grigory G. , Stepanov Aleksandr E.
Published: May 2005

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Synthesis and Pharmacological Activity of ω‐(4‐Phenylpiperazin‐1‐yl)alkylthiopyrimidines.
Authors: Reznik V. S. , Pashkurov N. G. , Mikhailov A. S. , Akamsin V. D. , Galyametdinova I. V. , Zobov V. V. , Lantsova A. V.
Published: May 2005

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New Application of Triphosgene in a Convenient Synthesis of 3‐Aryl‐1,3‐benzoxazine‐2,4‐diones from Anacardic Acids.
Authors: Sabioni Resck Ines , dos Santos Maria Lucilia , Soares Romeiro Luiz Antonio
Published: May 2005

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Derivatives of sym‐Triazines. Part 6. Some Special Features of the Addition of Substituted Acetylenes to Triazine Monoazides.
Authors: Mikhailychenko S. N. , Chesniuk A. A. , Koniushkin A. D. , Zaplishny V. N.
Published: May 2005

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Three‐Component Condensation of Hetarylguanidines with Amines and Formaldehyde.
Authors: Potapov A. Yu. , Shikhaliev Kh. S. , Kryl'skii D. V. , Peshkov M. D.
Published: May 2005

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A Free Radical Cyclization Approach to Indolo‐Benzodiazocine Derivatives.
Authors: Bremner John B. , Sengpracha Waya
Published: May 2005

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Synthesis and Pharmacological Properties of 4‐Methyl‐1‐(methylsulfinylmethyl)‐7‐thiabicyclo[3.3.1]non‐3‐en‐2‐one 7‐Oxide.
Authors: Ulendeeva A. D. , Nikitina T. S. , Baeva L. A. , Spirikhin L. V. , Karachurina L. T. , Khisamutdinova R. Yu. , Makara N. S. , Zarudii F. S. , Lyapina N. K.
Published: May 2005

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Synthesis of Novel 2,5‐Dihydro‐1,5,2‐diazaphosphinines from Primary Enamine Phosphonates and from Alkyl Phosphonates.
Authors: Palacios Francisco , Ochoa de Retana Ana M. , Pascual Sergio , Lopez de Munain Rafael , Oyarzabal Julen , Ezpeleta Jose M.
Published: May 2005

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Reaction of 10‐Methyl(phenyl)‐5,10‐dihydrophenarsazine 10‐Oxides with Hydroiodic Acid.
Authors: Gavrilov V. I. , Karavanov A. A. , Musin R. R. , Garieva F. R. , Musin R. Z.
Published: May 2005

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Heterocyclic Nonlinear Optical Chromophores Composed of Phenothiazine or Carbazole Donor and 2‐Cyanomethylene‐3‐cyano‐4,5,5‐trimethyl‐2,5‐dihydrofuran Acceptor
Authors: Cho Min Ju , Kim Ja Youn , Kim Jae Hong , Lee Seung Hwan , Dalton Larry R. , Choi Dong Hoon
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Formal Total Synthesis of Eleutherobin Through an Unprecedented Kinetically Controlled Ring‐Closing Metathesis Reaction of a Densely Functionalized Diene.
Authors: Castoldi Damiano , Caggiano Lorenzo , Panigada Laura , Sharon Ofer , Costa Anna M. , Gennari Cesare
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Application of Modular Nucleophilic Glycine Equivalents for Truly Practical Asymmetric Synthesis of β‐Substituted Pyroglutamic Acids.
Authors: Soloshonok Vadim A. , Ueki Hisanori , Ellis Trevor K. , Yamada Takeshi , Ohfune Yasufumi
Published: May 2005

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Phenolic Glycosides from the Stem Bark of Albizzia julibrissin.
Authors: Jung Mee Jung , Kang Sam Sik , Jung Yu Jung , Choi Jae Sue
Published: May 2005

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Synthesis of Vinyl Glycosides and Carbohydrate Vinyl Ethers from Mixed Acetals: A Hetero‐Diels—Alder Approach to Deoxygenated Disaccharides.
Authors: Hughes Kevin D. , Nguyen Tuan‐Linh N. , Dyckman Damian , Dulay Doreen , Boyko Walter J. , Giuliano Robert M.
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Total Synthesis of the Kopsia lapidilecta Alkaloid (.+‐.)‐Lapidilectine B (I).
Authors: Pearson William H. , Lee Ill Young , Mi Yuan , Stoy Patrick
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthetic Studies on the DEF‐Rings of FR182877 and Hexacyclinic Acid.
Authors: Clarke Paul A. , Grist Matthew , Ebden Mark , Wilson Claire , Blake Alexander J.
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Automated Electrochemical Synthesis and Photoelectrochemical Characterization of Zn1‐xCoxO Thin Films for Solar Hydrogen Production.
Authors: Jaramillo Thomas F. , Baeck Sung‐Hyeon , Kleiman‐Shwarsctein Alan , Choi Kyoung‐Shin , Stucky Galen D. , McFarland Eric W.
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Single‐Crystalline LaB6 Nanowires.
Authors: Zhang Han , Zhang Qi , Tang Jie , Qin Lu‐Chang
Published: May 2005

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“Smart Dust”: Nanostructured Devices in a Grain of Sand
Authors: Sailor Michael J. , Link Jamie R.
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Processing of Titanium‐Silicon Carbide Fibre Composites
Authors: Guo Xiao
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthetic N‐Substituted Metal Aza‐macrocyclic Complexes: Properties and Applications
Authors: Ferraudi G. , Canales J. C. , Kharisov B. , Costamagna J. , Zagal J. G. , Cardenas‐Jiron G. , Paez M.
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Coordination, Organometallic and Related Chemistry of Tris(pyrazolyl)methane Ligands
Authors: Bigmore Helen R. , Lawrence Sally C. , Mountford Philip , Tredget Cara S.
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Dihydroxyacetone Unit — A Versatile C3 Building Block in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Enders Dieter , Voith Matthias , Lenzen Achim
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organic Radical Ions
Authors: Khan Nadeem , Gescheidt Georg
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Benziodoxole‐Based Hypervalent Iodine Reagents in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Zhdankin Viktor V.
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Organocopper Chemistry: Cu‐Catalyzed Conjugate Addition and Allylic Substitution
Authors: Alexakis Alexandre
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Catalysis in Target‐Oriented Synthesis
Authors: Hoveyda Amir H.
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Asymmetric Phase Transfer Catalysis
Authors: Shioiri Takayuki , Arai Shigeru
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Catalysis Using Sterically and Electronically Unsymmetrical Ligands
Authors: Humphries Alexander C. , Pfaltz Andreas
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Supercritical Fluids for Organic Synthesis
Authors: Noyori Ryoji , Ikariya Takao
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Amyloid‐β as a “Difficult Sequence” in Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis
Authors: Tickler Anna K. , Clippingdale Andrew B. , Wade John D.
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Scalarane Sesterterpenoids
Authors: Ungur Nicon , Kulcitki Veaceslav
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Preparation of Organolithium Reagents and Intermediates
Authors: Leroux Frederic , Schlosser Manfred , Zohar Elinor , Marek Ilan
Published: May 2005

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Addition of Organolithium Reagents to Double Bonds
Authors: Yamataka Hiroshi , Yamada K. , Tomioka K.
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Lithium Carbenoids
Authors: Braun Manfred
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Comparative Chemistry of Isolable Divalent Compounds of Silicon, Germanium, and Tin
Authors: Kira Mitsuo , Ishida Shintaro , Iwamoto Takeaki
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Naphthyridines
Authors: Phuan P.‐W. , Kozlowski M. C.
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nucleophilic Additions to Nitrones: An Alternative Gateway to Isoxazolidines, Pyrrolidines and Related Compounds
Authors: Merino Pedro
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Hetero Diels—Alder Approach to Oxathiins
Authors: Menichetti Stefano , Nativi Cristina
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phthalazines
Authors: Haider N. , Holzer W.
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phenanthridinones and Related Systems
Authors: Keller P. A.
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Metallocene‐Based Magnets
Authors: Yee Gordon T. , Miller Joel S.
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Much Anticipated — The Bioactive Conformation of Epothilone and Its Binding to Tubulin
Authors: Heinz Dirk W. , Schubert Wolf‐Dieter , Hoefle Gerhard
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
DNA Codes for Nanoscience
Authors: Samori Bruno , Zuccheri Giampaolo
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Powerhouse Takes Control of the Cell: Is the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition a Viable Therapeutic Target Against Neuronal Dysfunction and Death?
Authors: Stavrovskaya Irina G. , Kristal Bruce S.
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Broad Spectrum Chemistry as Practised by Novartis Process Research
Authors: Mickel Stuart J. , Fischer Reto , Marterer Wolfgang
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Application of Microreactors for Small Scale Organic Synthesis
Authors: Watts Paul , Haswell Stephen J.
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Organic Chemistry in Ionic Liquids Using Non‐Thermal Energy Transfer Processes
Authors: Habermann Joerg , Ponzi Simona , Ley Steven V.
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Solid/Gas Bioreactors: Powerful Tools for Fundamental Research and Efficient Technology for Industrial Applications
Authors: Lamare Sylvain , Legoy Marie‐Dominique , Graber Marianne
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Integrability of Quantum Chains: Theory and Applications to the Spin‐1/2 X X Z Chain
Authors: Kluemper Andreas
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
In situ Spectroscopy of Catalysts
Authors: Weckhuysen Bert M.
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Peptide and Protein Characterization by High‐Rate Electron Capture Dissociation Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Tsybin Youri O. , Ramstroem Margareta , Witt Matthias , Baykut Goekhan , Hakansson Per
Published: May 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Structures and Electronic Properties of C36 Encapsulated in Single‐wall Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Bao‐Hua Yang , Yang Wang , Yuan‐He Huang
Published: May 2005

The structures and electronic properties for C36 encapsulated in four single‐wall armchair carbon nanotubes (C36@(n,n), n=6‐9) were calculated using ab initio self‐consistent field crystal orbital method based on density functional theory. The calculations show that the interwall spacing between the carbon nanotube and C36 plays an important role in the stabilities of resultant structures. The optimum interwall spacing is about 0.30 nm and the tubes can be considered as inert containers for the encapsulated C36. The Fermi levels and relative position of energy bands also have something to do with the interwall spacing. The shifts of Fermi level and C36‐derived electron states modulate the electron properties of these structures. The extra electrons fill the bands of C36@(8,8) with the optimum interwall spacing almost in a rigid‐band manner.
Densities, Ultrasonic Speeds, Viscosities and Refractive Indices of Binary Mixtures of Benzene with Benzyl Alcohol, Benzonitrile, Benzoyl Chloride and Chlorobenzene at 303.15 K
Authors: A. Ali , J. D. Pandey , N. K. Soni , A. K. Nain , B. Lal , D. Chand
Published: May 2005

Densities, ρ, ultrasonic speeds, u, viscosities, η , and refractive indices, n, of pure benzene, benzyl alcohol (BA), benzonitrile (BN), benzoyl chloride (BC), chlorobenzene (CB) and their thirty six binary mixtures, with benzene as common component, were measured at 303.15 K over the entire mole fraction range. From these experimental data the values of deviations in ultrasonic speed, Δu, isentropic compressibility, Δks, excess acoustic impedance, ZE, deviation in viscosity, Δη, and excess Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow, G*E, and partial molar isentropic compressibility, ${\bar K}^{\circ}_{\phi,2} $ of BA, BN, BC and CB in benzene were computed. The variation of these derived functions with composition of the mixtures suggested the increased cohesion (molecular order) in the solution and that interaction (A‐B)>(A‐A) or (B‐B). Moreover, theoretical prediction of ultrasonic speed, viscosity and refractive index of all the four binary mixtures was made on the basis of empirical and semi‐empirical relations by using the experimental values of the pure components. Comparison of theoretical results with the experimental values was made in order to assess the suitability of these relations in reproducing the experimental values of u, η and n. Also, molecular radii of pure liquids and the average molecular radii of binary mixtures were evaluated using the corresponding refractive indices of pure liquids and binary mixtures. The average molecular radii of binary mixtures were found to be additive with respect to mole fraction of the pure component.
Investigation of the Phase Equilibria and Interfacial Properties for Non‐polar Fluids
Authors: Dong Fu , Yi Zhao
Published: May 2005

A self‐consistent density‐functional theory (DFT) was applied to investigate the phase behavior and interfacial properties of non‐polar fluids. For the bulk phases, the theory was reduced to the statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT) that provides accurate descriptions of vapor‐liquid phase diagrams below the critical region. The phase diagrams in the critical region were corrected by the renormalization group theory (RGT). The density profile in the surface was obtained by minimizing the grand potential. With the same set of molecular parameters, both the phase equilibria and the interfacial properties of non‐polar fluids were investigated satisfactorily.
Theoretical Study on Measure of Hydrogen Bonding Strength: RCN…pyrrole Complexes
Authors: Fu‐Qiang Shi , Jing‐Yi An , Jia‐Yong Yu
Published: May 2005

The RCN…pyrrole(R=H, CH3, CH2F, CHF2, CF3, NH2, BH2, OH, F, CH2Cl, CHCl2, CCl3, Li, Na) com‐plexes were considered as the simple sample for measure of hydrogen bonding strength. Density functional theory B3LYP/6‐311++G**level was applied to the optimization of geometries of complexes and monomers. Measure of hydrogen bonding strength based on geometrical and topological parameters, which were derived from the AIM theory, was analyzed. Additionally, natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis and frequency calculations were performed. From the computation results it was found that the electronic density at NH bond critical points was also strictly correlated with the hydrogen bonding strength.
Electrochemical Oxidation of L‐Cysteine in Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Admicelles
Authors: Zhong‐Chun Li , Tian‐Qing Liu , Rong Guo
Published: May 2005

The electrochemical oxidation of L‐cysteine can be catalyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) admicelles. The catalytic efficiency increases hardly when SDS concentration is lower than the critical admicelle concentration (CAC) and increases rapidly when SDS concentration is between CAC and the critical micelle concentration (CMC), but decreases when SDS concentration is higher than CMC. Both results of rate constant k0 and Gibbs free energy ΔG≠ accord with that of catalytic efficiency.
Crystal Structure and Characterization of a New Mixed‐valence Manganese(III/IV) Complex: [Mn2(cyclen)2(μ‐O)2](ClO4)3·4H2O
Authors: Yan‐Wei Ren , Jun Li , Feng‐Xing Zhang , Jin‐Hua Zhang , Hui Guo
Published: May 2005

The mixed‐valence manganese(III/IV) complex [Mn2(cyclen)2(μ‐O)2](ClO4)3·4H2O(1) (cyclen=1,4,7,10‐tetra‐azacyclododecan) with chemical formula C16H48Cl3Mn2N8O18 has been synthesized and characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis, elemental analysis, IR and electronic spectra. The results showed that the manganese(III/IV) ions were six‐coordinated by four nitrogen atoms from cyclen and two oxygen atoms from the oxygen bridge, forming a distorted octahedron geometry. There were two very strong peaks in the range of 400–700 nm in electronic spectrum, which was similar to Mn catalase and Mn ribonucleotide reductase extracted from organisms. Electrochemical study indicated that the complex underwent a quasi‐reversible one‐electron reduction and oxidation at E1/2=0.827 V in acetonitrile.
Silica‐Supported Arsine Palladium(0) Complex: a Highly Active and Stereoselective Catalyst for Arylation of Butyl Acrylate and Acrylamide
Authors: Ming‐Zhong Cai , Hong Zhao , Wen‐Ying Hu
Published: May 2005

A silica‐supported arsine palladium(0) complex has been prepared from γ‐chloropropyltriethoxysilane via im‐mobilization on fumed silica, followed by reaction with potassium diphenylarsenide and palladium chloride, and then reduction with hydrazine hydrate. The complex has been characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and it is a highly active and stereoselective catalyst for arylation of butyl acrylate and acrylamide with aryl halides, affording a variety of trans‐butyl cinnamates and trans‐cinnamamides in high yields.
A New Synthetic Approach to Carbamoylguanidinium Salts from N‐Chloroguanidine and Aryl Isocyanates
Authors: Ying Cheng , Xing‐Zhu Gao , Xiu‐Min Shen , Jian Wang
Published: May 2005

A new synthetic method for the preparation of N‐carbamoyl‐N′,N′‐disubstituted guanidinium salts was devel‐oped from the nucleophilic reaction of N‐chloroguanidines with aryl isocyanates.
Syntheses and Electroluminescence of Carbazole Substituted Distyrylarylene
Authors: Jian Xu , Yi‐Qiang Zhan , Xiao‐Yuan Hou , Fei Xiao
Published: May 2005

Novel blue organic electroluminescent materials with improved hole transporting ability were synthesized by incorporating carbazoles into distyrylarylene (DSA). The new carbazole substituted DSA derivatives (CDSA) were characterized by 1H NMR, IR, MS and elemental analysis. The luminescent characteristics of CDSA were investigated. Two types of blue light emitting diodes were constructed from CDSA: ITO/NPB/CDSA/PBD/LiF/Al and ITO/CDSA/PBD/LiF/Al.
Socioeconomic status and the risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 among oncogenic human papillomavirus DNA‐positive women with equivocal or mildly abnormal cytology
Authors: Khan Michelle J. , Partridge Edward E. , Wang Sophia S. , Schiffman Mark ,   Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance/Low‐Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion Triage Study (ALTS) Group
Published: May 2005

BACKGROUND

Low socioeconomic status (SES) is a reported risk factor for cervical carcinoma, but few studies have taken into account adequately the possibly confounding effects of oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) infection as well as access to screening and subsequent treatment.

METHODS

Women (n = 5060 women) with a mean age of 27.5 years and with equivocal or mild cytologic cervical abnormalities were enrolled in the Atypical Squamous Cells of Undetermined Significance/Low‐Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesion (ASCUS‐LSIL) Triage Study (ALTS), a clinical trial that evaluated management strategies. The women were seen every 6 months for 2 years. The enrollment questionnaire assessed three indicators of SES: race/ethnicity, education, and source of payment for medical care. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify predictors of oncogenic HPV DNA positivity at enrollment and to assess associations between the SES indicators and risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 (precancer) and carcinoma (≥ CIN3) identified throughout the study (n = 506 women) among oncogenic HPV‐positive women (n = 3133 women).

RESULTS

SES indicators were not associated significantly with oncogenic HPV infection after adjustment for age at enrollment, recent and lifetime number of sexual partners, study center, and smoking history. Among women with oncogenic HPV, the risk of ≥ CIN3 increased with decreasing education (less than high school education: odds ratio [OR], 2.4; 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 1.5–3.7 vs. completed college). Black women (OR, 0.5; 95%CI, 0.4–0.7) and white/Hispanic women (OR, 0.4; 95%CI, 0.2–0.8) were at decreased risk for ≥ CIN3 compared with white/non‐Hispanic women. The source of payment for medical care was not associated with risk.

CONCLUSIONS

Factors associated with lower SES, such as low education, may serve as a surrogate for unknown factors that influence progression to ≥ CIN3 among women with oncogenic HPV infection. In this controlled setting with equalized follow‐up and treatment, the decreased risk of ≥ CIN3 associated with black and white/Hispanic race/ethnicity could be further examined. Ongoing efforts should emphasize methods for equalizing screening and follow‐up among women of varying SES, regardless of race or ethnicity. Cancer 2005. Published 2005 American Cancer Society.
General circuit equation formulation method for simulation of a power electronic system
Authors: Kato Toshiji
Published: May 2005

This paper proposes a general circuit equation formulation method by generalizing the conventional modified nodal analysis (MNA) method. The method consists of two equation types; one is conversation equations which express a conservation law in each physical system like Kirchhoff's law for an electrical system and the other is constraint condition equations, for example, signal flow relations in a control system. Therefore it is possible to analyze a mixed physical system generally by formulating equations simultaneously with node variables of systems and necessary constraint equations. MNA has special features such that it can express contributions of each element or component to the equations simply and clearly by a so‐called stamp. This paper derives how to express the contributions and get a stamp for the equations. A stamp is flexible and not unique and dependent on purposes. It is possible to select a stamp for each element to be compatible with ones by the tableau method. A prototype simulation program is developed and validated for four application examples which are selected to show how the proposed method works. It is possible to simulate a power electronic system generally by developing such a simulator which can handle general stamps from input data information flexibly. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 152(2): 58–65, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20048
Method for minimum‐loss reconfiguration of distribution system by tabu search
Authors: Mishima Yuji , Nara Koichi , Satoh Taiji , Ito Takamitsu , Kaneda Hirotoshi
Published: May 2005

This paper proposes a loss minimum reconfiguration method by tabu search for an open‐loop radial distribution system with distributed generators. The problem is to find the optimal normal open sectionalizing switch positions which minimize the total distribution line losses subjected to the line/transformer capacity constraints and voltage constraint. Generally, the problem is mathematically formulated as a complex combinatorial optimization problem or mixed integer programming problem, and is solved by using mathematical programming method, heuristic algorithm, intelligent method, and so on. However, a satisfactory algorithm for power companies has not yet been attained in both computational burden and solution accuracy. Thus, in this paper, the authors propose a method to solve the above problem by using tabu search (TS). Reverse power flow caused by distributed generators can be included in the solution algorithm. TS is one of the meta‐heuristic algorithms, and sometimes has been evaluated to be better than genetic algorithm (GA) or simulated annealing (SA) from viewpoints of both computational speed and solution accuracy. In order to evaluate the validity and efficiency of the algorithm, several numerical examples are shown in this paper. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 152(2): 18–25, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20086
Smoothing of PV system output by tuning MPPT control
Authors: Ina Nobuhiko , Yanagawa Shigeyuki , Kato Takeyoshi , Suzuoki Yasuo
Published: May 2005

A PV system's power output is not stable and fluctuates depending on weather conditions. Using a battery is one feasible measure to stabilize a PV system's power output, but it requires additional costs and results in additional waste of used batteries. In this paper, we propose a new measure for smoothing the short‐term change in a PV system's power output, which is performed by tuning the characteristics of Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) control without additional equipment. In our proposed measure, when the insolation increases rapidly, the operation point of MPPT control changes to a new point where the maximum power is not generated with the current insolation, so that the rate of increase in the PV system's power output is limited to a certain value. In order to evaluate the effect of the proposed measure on the operation of electric power systems, we evaluated the required capacity of generators for load‐frequency control (LFC). It was revealed that the additional LFC capacity is not required even in the case where penetration of PV systems reaches 5% of the utility system's total capacity if the proposed measure is applied to all PV systems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 152(2): 10–17, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20106
Fabrication of flat micro‐gap electrodes for molecular electronics
Authors: Edura Tomohiko , Mizuno Jun , Tsutsui Ken , Saito Mikiko , Tokuda Masahide , Onozato Harumasa , Koizumi Toshiko , Wada Yasuo , Haemori Masamitsu , Koinuma Hideomi
Published: May 2005

Recently, organic molecular electronic devices such as molecular thin‐film transistors have received considerable attention as possible candidates for next‐generation electronic and optical devices. This paper reports on fabrication technologies of flat metallic electrodes on insulating substrates with a micrometer separation for high‐performance molecular device evaluation. The key technologies of fabricating planar‐type electrodes are the liftoff method by the combination of bilayer photoresist with overhang profile, electron beam evaporation of thin metal (Ti and Au) films, and SiO2‐CMP (Chemical Mechanical Polishing) method of CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition)‐deposited TEOS (tetraethoxysilane)–SiO2 layer. The raggedness of the electrode/insulator interface and the electrode surface of the micro‐gap electrodes were less than 3 nm. The isolation characteristics of fabricated electrodes were on the order of 1013 ohms at room temperature, which is sufficient for evaluating electronic properties of organic thin‐film devices. Finally, pentacene FET (Field Effect Transistor) characteristics are discussed fabricated on the micro‐gap flat electrodes. The mobility of this FET was 0.015 cm2/Vs, which was almost on the order of the previous results. These results suggest that high‐performance organic thin‐film transistors can be realized on these advanced electrode structures. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 152(2): 39–46, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20152
Conspectus of Aizoaceae, Gisekiaceae and Molluginaceae of Egypt and the Sudan
Authors: Hassan N. S. , Hartmann H. E. K. , Liede‐Schumann S.
Published: May 2005

A survey of the families Aizoaceae, Gisekiaceae, and Molluginaceae is given, based on herbarium material and some fresh collections. More than 120 characters were recorded in the DELTA system, from which the descriptions were drawn. Maps of distribution for each recorded species are presented, for Egypt these are related to the division of the country into vegetation zones (El‐Hadidi1993). Of the ten species of Aizoaceae, members ofMesembryanthemum,Aizoanthemum,Sesuvium, andAizoonshow a divided distribution pattern with southern African material mainly at different taxonomic levels. Members ofTrianthemaandZaleya,however, fall into distribution patterns extending into Asia and Australia. Gisekiaceae are represented in the area by one species, Molluginaceae by six species. OfGisekiapharnacioidesL. andGlinus lotoidesL. only one of the two varieties known are recorded from the area. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Current status of prosthetic bypass grafts: A review
Authors: Kannan Ruben Y. , Salacinski Henryk J. , Butler Peter E. , Hamilton George , Seifalian Alexander M.
Published: May 2005

Polymers such as Dacron® and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) have been used in high flow states with relative success but with limited application at lower flow states. Newer polymers with greater compliance, biomimicry, and ability to evolve into hybrid prostheses, suitable as smaller vessels, are now being introduced. In view of the advances in tissue engineering, this makes possible the creation of an ideal off‐the‐shelf bypass graft. We present a broad overview of the current state of prosthetic bypass grafts. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005
Dose‐ and time‐dependent effect of bioactive gel‐glass ionic‐dissolution products on human fetal osteoblast‐specific gene expression
Authors: Christodoulou Ioannis , Buttery Lee D. K. , Saravanapavan Priya , Tai Guangping , Hench Larry L. , Polak Julia M.
Published: May 2005

Bioactive glasses dissolve upon immersion in culture medium, and release their constitutive ions into solution. There has been some evidence suggesting that these ionic‐dissolution products influence osteoblast‐specific processes. Here, the effect of 58S sol–gel‐derived bioactive glass (60% SiO2, 36% CaO, 4% P2O5, in molar percentage) on primary osteoblasts derived from human fetal long bone explant cultures is investigated, and it is hypothesized that critical concentrations of sol–gel‐dissolution products (consisting of a combination of simple inorganic ions) can enhance osteoblast phenotype in vitro by affecting the expression of a number of genes associated with the differentiation and extracellular matrix deposition processes. Cells were exposed to a range of 58S dosages continuously for a period of 4–14 days in monolayer cultures. Quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR analysis of a panel of osteoblast‐specific markers showed a varied gene expression pattern in response to the material. The highest concentration of Ca and Si tested (96 and 50 ppm, respectively) promoted upregulation of gene expression for most markers (including alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and osteopontin) at the latest time point, compared to non‐58S‐treated control, although this observation was not statistically significant. The same 58S concentration produced higher ALP activity levels and increased proliferation throughout the culture period, compared to lower dosages tested; however, the results generated were again not statistically significant. The data overall suggest that no significant effect can be ascribed to the ionic products of 58S bioactive gel‐glass dissolution tested here and their ability to stimulate osteoblastic marker gene expression. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2005
Proteomic analysis of cell surface proteins from Clostridium difficile
Authors: Wright Anne , Wait Robin , Begum Shajna , Crossett Ben , Nagy Judit , Brown Katherine , Fairweather Neil
Published: May 2005

Clostridium difficile is a bacterium that causes disease of the large intestine, particularly after treatment with antibiotics. The bacterium produces two toxins (A and B) that are responsible for the pathology of the disease. In addition, a number of bacterial virulence factors associated with adhesion to the gut have previously been identified, including the cell wall protein Cwp66, the high‐molecular weight surface layer protein (HMW‐SLP) and the flagella. As the genome sequence predicts many other cell wall associated proteins, we have investigated the diversity of proteins in cell wall extracts, with the aim of identifying further virulence factors. We have used a number of methods to remove the proteins associated with the cell wall of C. difficile. Two of the resulting extracts, obtained using low pH glycine treatment and lysozyme digestion of the cell wall, have been analysed in detail by two‐dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. One hundred and nineteen spots, comprising 49 different proteins, have been identified. The two surface layer proteins (SLPs) are the most abundant proteins, and we have also found components of the flagellum. Interestingly, we have also determined that a number of paralogs of the HMW‐SLP are expressed, and these could represent targets for further investigation as virulence factors.
Characterization of nitroproteome in neuron‐like PC12 cells differentiated with nerve growth factor: Identification of two nitration sites in α‐tubulin
Authors: Tedeschi Gabriella , Cappelletti Graziella , Negri Armando , Pagliato Lara , Maggioni Maria G. , Maci Rosalba , Ronchi Severino
Published: May 2005

Nitric oxide (NO) is a precursor of reactive nitrating species, peroxynitrite and nitrogen dioxide, which modify proteins to generate oxidized species such as 3‐nitrotyrosine that has been used as a hallmark of peroxynitrite‐mediated oxidative stress on proteins. In the last few years however, a growing body of evidence indicates that NO also regulates a myriad of physiologic responses by modifying tyrosine residues. Looking for the molecular event triggered by NO in nerve growth factor (NGF)‐induced neuronal differentiation, we recently reported that in differentiating PC12 cells, the cytoskeleton becomes the main cellular fraction containing nitrotyrosinated proteins, and α‐tubulin is the major target. In the present work, we focus on the investigation of the sites of tyrosine nitration in α‐tubulin purified by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis following anti‐α‐tubulin immunoprecipitation of protein extract from NGF‐treated PC12 cells. Using Western blotting and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight analysis, we show for the first time, both in vivo and in vitro, that nitration can occur on α‐tubulin at sites other than the C‐terminus and we positively identify Tyr 161 and Tyr 357 as two specific amino acids endogenously nitrated.
Development of a high‐throughput method for preparing human urine for two‐dimensional electrophoresis
Authors: Smith Graeme , Barratt Derek , Rowlinson Rachel , Nickson Janice , Tonge Robert
Published: May 2005

There is an increasing interest in analysing the human urinary proteome in the search for biomarkers. However, despite the ease of its collection, urine is a difficult fluid to analyse by two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2‐D PAGE) because of its dilute protein content and high salt levels. Here, we describe a method for high‐throughput processing of urine for 2‐D PAGE. Urine is filtered and applied to solid phase extraction columns. After washing, the urinary proteins are eluted and freeze dried. The lyophilised powder can then be resuspended in an appropriate buffer for downstream proteomic analysis.
Preparation and characterization of waterborne poly(urethane urea) with well‐defined hard segments
Authors: Yang Dong Ya , Hu Chun Pu , Ying Sheng Kang
Published: May 2005

A series of polyester‐based poly(urethane urea) (PUU) aqueous dispersions with well‐defined hard segments were prepared from polyester polyol, 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate, dimethylolpropionic acid, 1,4‐butanediol, isophorone diisocyanate, and ethylenediamine. These anionic‐type aqueous dispersions had good dispersity in water and were stable at the ambient temperature for more than 1 year. For these aqueous dispersions, the particle size decreased as the hard‐segment content increased, and the polydispersity index was very narrow (<1.10). Films prepared with the PUU aqueous dispersions exhibited excellent waterproof performance: the amount of water absorption was as low as 5.0 wt %, and the contact angle of water on the surface of this kind of film was as high as 103° (this led to a hydrophobic surface). The water‐resistant property of these waterborne PUU films could be well correlated with some crystallites and ordered structures of the well‐defined hard segments formed by hydrogen bonding between the urethane/urethane groups and urethane/ester groups, as well as the degree of microphase separation between the hard and soft segments in the PUU systems. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2606–2614, 2005
Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of 2‐naphthyl acrylate with 2‐cyanoprop‐2‐yl 1‐dithionaphthalate as a chain‐transfer agent
Authors: Zhang Wei , Zhu Xiulin , Zhou Di , Wang Xiaoyan , Zhu Jian
Published: May 2005

The reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerizations of 2‐naphthyl acrylate (2NA) initiated by 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile were investigated with 2‐cyanoprop‐2‐yl 1‐dithionaphthalate (CPDN) as a RAFT agent at various temperatures in a benzene solution. The results of the polymerizations showed that 2NA could be polymerized in a controlled way by RAFT polymerization with CPDN as a RAFT agent; the polymerization rate was first‐order with respect to the monomer concentration, and the molecular weight increased linearly with the monomer conversion. The polydispersities of the polymer were relatively low up to high conversions in all cases. The chain‐extension reactions of poly(2‐naphthyl acrylate) (P2NA) with methyl methacrylate and styrene successfully yielded poly(2‐naphthyl acrylate)‐b‐poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(2‐naphthyl acrylate)‐b‐polystyrene block polymers, respectively, with narrow polydispersities. The P2NA obtained by RAFT polymerization had a strong ultraviolet absorption at 270 nm, and the molecular weights had no apparent effect on the ultraviolet absorption intensities; however, the fluorescence intensity of P2NA increased as the molecular weight increased and was higher than that of 2NA. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2632–2642, 2005
Synthesis and characterization of fluorene end‐labeled polystyrene with atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Goodman Caton C. , Roof Amanda C. , Tillman Eric S. , Ludwig Bellamarie , Chon Dougie , Weigley Michael I.
Published: May 2005

Fluorene end‐labeled polystyrene was prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization with 9‐bromofluorene as the initiator. Reactions were carried out in bulk or tetrahydrofuran solutions at temperatures of 80 °C or above. Analysis by gel permeation chromatography indicated that the polymers formed had low polydispersities with molecular weights consistently 2–5 times higher than calculated based on monomer‐to‐initiator ratios. Coupling of two fluorenyl radicals, formed by activation of the 9‐bromofluorene, was found to compete with initiation, leading to the higher‐than‐expected molecular weight values while giving rise to a fluorene dimer. UV–vis spectrometry indicated near‐quantitative fluorene labeling of the polystyrene. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 2657–2665, 2005
Green tea: Health benefits as cancer preventive for humans
Authors: Fujiki Hirota
Published: May 2005

Green tea is an acknowledged cancer preventive in Japan. The aim of this review article is to develop the concept of cancer prevention with green tea beverage for humans, which has largely been our exclusive research territory. This paper briefly reviews several topics, beginning with the introduction of our initial work on penta‐O‐galloyl‐β‐D‐glucose and (−)‐epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the main constituent of green tea extract. The mechanisms of EGCG action, particularly the reduction of TNF‐α are discussed, and we show how use of 3H‐EGCG revealed a wide range of target organs for cancer prevention. The results of an epidemiological study in Saitama Prefecture allowed us to determine the cancer preventive amount of green tea—10 Japanese‐size cups per day, about 2.5 g green tea extract—which made it possible for us to introduce the two‐stage strategy of cancer prevention with green tea. The first stage is the delay of cancer onset for the general population. The second stage is the prevention of recurrence of cancer for patients following cancer treatment. Combination cancer prevention with green tea and cancer preventive drugs is proving especially beneficial for Japanese, who drink green tea every day. And finally, the stimulating comments of Prof. Jim Watson have encouraged green tea scientists. © 2005 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 5: 119–132; 2005: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20039
Microstructural prototyping of ceramics by kinetic engineering: Applications of spark plasma sintering
Authors: Shen Zhijian , Nygren Mats
Published: May 2005

The significance of kinetics on the development of microstructures in connection with sintering of ceramics is well recognized. In practice, however, it still remains a challenge to prepare designed microstructures via engineering the sintering kinetics because of an insufficient understanding of the different operative mechanisms that are in many cases overlapping. In this article the kinetic issues involved in sintering are described and discussed with respect to their potential for prototyping microstructures that yield desired properties. By exploiting and mastering the differences present in the kinetics of grain sliding, densification, chemical reactions, and grain growth, respectively, we have established processing principles for producing bulk ceramics with microstructures consisting of nano‐sized grains, aligned grains, and/or non‐equilibrium‐phase constitutions, and for achieving radically improved superplasticity in brittle ceramics. Although the studies quoted in this article were mainly carried out by spark plasma sintering, more general implications of them are expected, including efficient particle sliding, deformation‐induced dynamic ripening, superplastic deformation‐induced dynamic ripening, and non‐equilibrium integration. © 2005 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 5: 173–184; 2005: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20043
The status of theoretical K‐shell ionization cross sections by protons
Authors: Lapicki Gregory
Published: May 2005

The accuracy of PIXE analysis depends on inner‐shell ionization cross sections that are often calculated in the ECPSSR theory which accounts with analytical functions for the energy (E) loss and Coulomb (C) deflection of the projectile plus for the perturbed‐stationary state (PSS) and relativistic (R) nature of the target's inner shell. Although the ECPSSR is within 10% overall agreement with the K‐shell data—as the proton energy falls below 0.1 to 1 MeV, respectively, in ionization of light‐ to heavy‐target atoms—the ECPSSR increasingly overestimates the empirical database of Paul and Sacher (1989). Except for an enhancement of this overestimate at low energies, a modified ECPSSR based on the Chen–Crasemann (1985, 1989) plane wave Born approximation—evaluated with the exact limits for the momentum transfers and the Dirac–Hartree–Slater wavefunctions—yields cross sections that remain within 10% of the data and the ECPSSR theory. Codes that use only the exact limits instead of the energy‐loss function are confirmed to be improper for evaluation of the ECPSSR. Further enhancement of the cross sections at the low energies is limited to light target atoms after the function derived in the separated atom approach to account for the PSS effect is joined with an expression obtained in the united atom limit. An empirical database, updated with cross sections from post‐1989 publications, is normalized to the modified ECPSSR theory and various forms of the Coulomb deflection factor are revisited. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.