bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Online deployment of pre-trained machine learning components within Earth System models via OASIS
Authors: Barge Alexis , Le Sommer Julien
Published: March 2024

The combination of Machine Learning (ML) with geoscientific models is an active area of research with a wide variety of applications. A key practical question for those models is to define how high level languages ML components can be encoded and maintained into pre-existing legacy solvers, written in low level abstraction languages (as Fortran). We address this question through the strategy of creating pipes between a geoscientific code and ML components executed in their own separate scripts. The main advantage of this approach is the possibility to easily share the inference models within the community without keeping them bound to one code with its specific numerical methods. Here, we chose to focus on OASIS (https://oasis.cerfacs.fr/en/), which is a Fortran coupling library that performs field exchanges between coupled executables. It is commonly used in the numerical geoscientific community to couple different codes and assemble earth-system models. Last releases of OASIS provided C and Python APIs, which enable coupling between non-homogeneously written codes. We seek to take advantage of those new features and the presence of OASIS in the community codes, and propose a Python library (named Eophis) that facilitates the deployment of inference models for coupled execution. Basically, Eophis allows to: (i) wrap an OASIS interface to exchange data with a coupled earth-system code, (ii) wrap inference models into a simple in/out interface, and (iii) emulate time evolution to synchronize connexions between earth-system and models. We set up a demonstration case with the European numerical code NEMO in which the pre-existing OASIS interface has been slightly modified. A forced global ocean model simulation is performed with regular exchanges of 2D and 3D fields with Eophis. Received data are then sent to inference models that are not implemented in NEMO. Performances of the solution will finally be assessed with references.
Balance of solid and fluid transfers near the updip limit of the seismogenic zone at the scale of all subduction zones in a revised kinematic framework
Authors: Lallemand Serge , Peyret Michel , Arcay Diane , Cerpa Nestor , Heuret Arnauld
Published: March 2024

The nature and amount of sediments transferred from one plate to the other near the subduction interface partly determine the tectonic and seismogenic regime of a margin. Examination of over 500 multichannel seismic lines has enabled us to build a global database of subduction zone front characteristics at unprecedented spatial resolution. The total thickness of sediments in the trench below the deformation front, as well as that of the subduction channel at a distance from the trench, combined with other indices, such as the tectonic regime of the forearc or the migration of the volcanic front, are used to revisit the accretionary or erosional character of active margins.The integration of our observations over the last million years has been achieved in parallel with a revision of the kinematics of subduction zones, taking into account deformation at the front of the thrust plate. Indeed, subduction zones are often the site of distributed or localized deformation up  to several hundred kilometers away from the plate boundary. Taking the "arc sliver zone » deformation into account yields a more accurate estimate of the effective long-term slip velocities (modulus, azimuth) on the subduction interface, which is fundamental to properly estimate material flow transiting towards the mantle.Preliminary conclusions, based on ∼3/4 of sufficiently documented subduction zones, show a predominance of the erosive character of subduction over the last million years. The flux of solid sedimentary matter through the shallow part of the subduction channel is approximately 1.5 km3/yr, and that of pore fluids 0.4 km3/yr. Some subduction zones, such as the Aegean-Cyprean one, are characterized by exceptional solid flux in the channel, whereas the fluid flux is comparatively moderate. This is because channel sediments are compacted even before being subducted. Indeed, porosity has a major influence in estimating these fluxes, maximum porosity in the channel being reached when there is neither accretion nor tectonic erosion. Overall, fluid flux in the channel is greater under erosive margins, due both to the higher rate of subduction and often higher porosity. The data are displayed over 260 transects across subduction zones thanks to the Submap web-tool (www.submap.fr).
Inclusive excellence at the ERC: latest actions and results of sustained measures
Authors: Jesus-Rydin Claudia , Fariña-Busto Luis , Jansen Eystein
Published: March 2024

The European Research Council (ERC), Europe’s premiere funding agency for frontier research, views equality of opportunities as an essential priority and a vital mission to ensure fairness in the review process. The ERC monitors various demographic data yearly on every call and has taken actions to tackle imbalances and potential implicit and explicit biases.The presentation focuses on ERC general historical data for the three individual funding schemes: Starting Grant, Consolidator Grant and Advanced Grant. Demographic geosciences data of proposals and grants, disaggregated by gender and country, is presented. After more than 14 years of existence and various specific actions to tackle societal imbalances, ERC data provides an insight of the impact of various actions.In the first framework programme (FP7, 2007-2013), 25% of applicants were women. In the last years (Horizon 2020, 2014-2020), this percentage increased by 4%, with 29% of women applying for ERC grants. In the same periods of time, the share of women as grantees has also increased from 20% to 29%. In the last years, men and women enjoy equal success rates (data for non-binary applicants is also presented).The most recent actions taken by the ERC to address gender and diversity (including disabilities and neo-colonialism) in its operations and processes are also presented.The ERC knows that work to ensure inclusive excellence and equality of opportunities is never-ending. This presentation analyses the institutional efforts critically and discusses possible steps to consolidate the accomplished results.
Analysis of active and fossil seismic structures: a multidisciplinary study for the seismic risk assessment in low-seismicity regions
Authors: Locatelli Michele , Crispini Laura , Scambelluri Marco , Federico Laura , Spallarossa Daniele , Morelli Danilo , Cianfarra Paola
Published: March 2024

Understanding the source processes and wave propagation in heterogeneous rock media is one of the most challenging frontiers to improve the seismic risk assessments in densely populated areas. In this framework, the sector of the Voltri Massif (NW Italian Alps) forming the hinterland of the city of Genoa is a natural laboratory to investigate (i) the interaction between rock faulting and fluid circulation during (potential) paleo-seismic activity and (ii) the detection, location, and source characterization of micro-earthquakes along tectonic lineaments developed inland and offshore the city area (i.e., in the Ligurian Sea). Our multi-scale and multidisciplinary study is part of the PNRR research program RETURN (“Multi-risk science for resilient communities under a changing climate”): it will include the structural and petrographic characterization of fault rocks (i.e., serpentinite breccias), the quantification of serpentinite carbonatization and its impact on the fault strength, and the analysis of the network of inland-offshore tectonic lineaments. This work, coupled with the analysis of historical seismic clusters, is crucial to identify suitable areas for the deployment of high-resolution seismometers and for tracing the spatial-temporal evolution of micro-earthquakes and their static and dynamic source parameters.The detailed structural mapping of selected fault zones has revealed a complex, multi-stage deformation history, with older ductile structures (paragenesis: antigorite + ilmenite ± chlorite ± pyrite ± chalcopyrite, likely ascribed to the alpine-subduction and collision stages) cut by steeply dipping fault planes NNE-SSW striking. These latter are subparallel with the (low magnitude) seismic clusters detected in the area and develop multiple, anastomosed fault cores consisting of serpentinite-rich ultracataclasites, locally bound by chrysotile-rich shear bands. The faults damage zones textures (e.g., breccias and microbreccias), the paragenesis of newly formed shear bands and associated veins (chrysotile + chlorite) and the orientation of these faults (NNE-SSW striking, subparallel to the Miocene-age lineaments detected in the Gulf of Genoa) suggest recent tectonic reactivation at the regional scale.Future developments of the research project will include more detailed, high-magnification microscopy of selected samples (e.g., raman, field emission SEM, EBSD and microprobe), regional scale morphotectonic characterization by satellite image analysis, and integration of field and seismic data. This will clarify the link between inland-offshore tectonic lineaments and the (low magnitude) seismicity of the area.
Impact of forest ecosystem restoration project on achieving carbon neutrality :  A case study of Post-Wildfire Restoration areas, South Korea
Authors: Kim Sukyoung , Park Chan
Published: March 2024

Forest ecosystems are large carbon sinks, that absorb around 50% of the carbon in terrestrial ecosystems. Forests are being destroyed by a variety of factors, including climate change, human activities, and natural disturbances. Especially, forest fires cause catastrophic damage to forest ecosystems. This destruction of forest ecosystems negatively affects carbon uptake and creates uncertainty in achieving carbon neutrality.In Korea, nature-based solutions are being applied in forest restoration projects in areas damaged by forest fires. As forest restoration projects cause further ecosystem instability, it is uncertain how much they will change carbon uptake in achieving carbon neutrality.We analyze the stability period of forest ecosystem recovery using the BFAST algorithm for forest damage recovery areas in Korea, and estimate the change in carbon uptake using the CASA model. Based on this, we will examine the effectiveness of nature-based solutions and discuss the stabilization period that can be recognized as carbon credits and the possibility of carbon neutrality.
Soil Quality Analysis of Takoli Gad Watershed, India Using Multivariate Statistical Approach
Authors: Chhillar Nidhi , Joshi Varun
Published: March 2024

Soil is an ecologically indispensable component for preserving and nourishment of various life processes that are directly or indirectly associated such as food and water security, biodiversity protection, climate change mitigation. Soil is considered a major concerned on the worldwide environmental policy agenda. The present study assessed the soil physico-chemical parameters i.e. pH, electrical conductivity, bulk density, soil moisture, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorous, available potassium, available Sulphur and micronutrients (Copper, Manganese, iron and zinc). The soil samples were collected through composite sampling from different land use patterns i.e. forest land, agricultural land, settlement land, and waste land. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), and principal component analysis (PCA) were applied to assess the correlation in soil quality parameters. Based on the statistical analysis, electrical conductivity, bulk density, pH, soil organic matter, available phosphorous, available potassium and essential micronutrients were identified as the more representative indicators of the soil of different land use pattern of Takoli Gad watershed. Pearson correlation shown a strong correlation between available phosphorous and zinc (r=0.731), available phosphorous and copper (r= 0.814), and zinc and copper (r= 0.803). ANOVA, (p < 0.05) indicates significant result for all the physicochemical parameters. Principal component analysis revealed that the first three PCs explain 61.32% of variance. According to the factor loading, the first PC, which explains 40.275% of the total variance, has negative correlation with Zinc (Zn), Mn (Manganese) and Cu (Copper). The descriptive study of soil quality parameters suggests that the soil in Takoli Gad watershed is suitable for cultivation.  The present study revealed the importance of multivariate statistical approaches for analyzing and understanding complicated datasets to comprehend variations in soil quality and implement efficient watershed management strategies.
Keywords: Analysis of variance, principal component analysis, soil, multivariate, watershed
Turbulence-resolving Spatio-temporal measurements of ABL flow with a large fleet of multicopter UAS.
Authors: Wildmann Norman , Kistner Johannes , Alexa Almut
Published: March 2024

Small uncrewed aerial systems (UAS) are platforms which have been introduced into every-day life within the last decade due to their low cost, good availability and ease of use. They serve a large variety of applications, including aerial photography and cinematography, but also scientific purposes in earth observation. In atmospheric sciences, fixed-wing UAS have been used at first to collect in situ measurements especially in the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). The way data was collected was based on common know-how from piloted research aircraft. Flow probes and fast-response sensors were installed to measure thermodynamic variables and derive turbulent fluxes. This study focuses on small multicopter UAS which are the most common type of UAS and usually referred to as `drones'. These systems are easier to operate due to their capability of vertical take-off and landing and advanced control systems. For the most part in atmospheric measurements, multicopter UAS are applied to collect vertical profiles of wind, temperature and humidity. For such profiling tasks, similar sensors as in radiosondes can be deployed and provide a good accuracy for temperature and humidity, but resolving turbulence is usually not the primary focus. However, if multiple systems can be placed at most flexible locations within the ABL to observe thermodynamic features at a high resolution, this enables a variety of new possibilities for research. We show that with the DLR SWUF-3D (simultaneous wind measurement with a UAS fleet in 3D) quadrotor fleet that consists of 35 UAS, turbulence eddies can be resolved with a frequency of up to 2 Hz by the individual drones. This applies for 3D wind measurements as well as for temperature measurements with a newly developed fine-wire platinum resistance thermometer (FWPRT). Within the limits towards the smallest scales we show that the data can be used to calculate fluxes of momentum and sensible heat with reasonable uncertainties in many atmospheric conditions. Additionally to field measurements, the UAS were calibrated and the results were verified in a wind tunnel setup. We show how data of the SWUF-3D fleet can be used to calculate spatial correlation and coherence in ABL flow. The system was also used to measure complex flow in an Alpine valley and in the near wake of a wind turbine.  An overview of the applications is given to show the potential of turbulence-resolving, spatio-temporal measurements with a large fleet of multicopter UAS.
Kinetic energy and anisotropy of  convective turbulence under lake ice
Authors: Kirillin Georgiy , Bogdanov Sergey , Zdorovennova Galina
Published: March 2024

Convective turbulence driven by gravitational instability is a fundamental mixing mechanism in geophysical flows, but in situ estimation of its characteristics is obscured by the background flows and the relatively slow temporal scales. We present characteristics of the full Reynolds tensor from a convective surface boundary layer of an ice-covered lake. The results were obtained by using an original method of measuring the full set of turbulent stresses by a combined use of two ADCPs. The strong horizontal shear stress was revealed as a characteristic feature of free convection differing from the  "conventional"  turbulent boundary flows. The ratio of normal stresses along vertical and horizontal axes remained below 1/4, demonstrating anisotropic character of turbulence asymptotically approaching the axisymmetric two-component “pancake” form. The vertical r.m.s. velocity fluctuations obeyed the buoyancy flux scaling with the coefficient of 1/3, which is at the lower boundary of previously reported values, while horizontal fluctuations followed the same scaling with a unity coefficient
A framework for assessing paleoclimate analogy
Authors: Oldeman Arthur , Burton Lauren , Tindall Julia , Dolan Aisling , Hill Daniel , Haywood Alan , Baatsen Michiel , von der Heydt Anna , Dijkstra Henk
Published: March 2024

Our climate is changing due to anthropogenic influences, and we are heading into climate conditions that are largely unknown to modern humans. Considering the great threat that anthropogenic climate change is, there is a need to accurately project how our climate will respond to warmer conditions in the future. Reconstructions of the Earth’s past show that many climatic features that we observe today have – to some extent – been present in the geological archive. So, we can study paleoclimate to advance our understanding of dynamics and processes in warm climates, as well as to explore responses and sensitivities of the Earth’s climate to forcing changes. Given the similarities between the past and the projected future, researchers have been trying to establish analogy between paleoclimate and future climate. This could include analogy in terms of elevated or rising CO2 concentrations, elevated surface temperatures, and specific processes such as ice sheet melt or an AMOC weakening. However, often paleoclimate – future climate analogies are difficult to interpret, since conditions for analogy are not properly defined, or implications of the analogy are unclear or overstated.In this work, we propose a practical methodological framework to assess paleoclimate analogy, for general use in the climate research community. The framework consists of five main steps: (1) stating the purpose (e.g. which processes are considered) and relevance of the analogy, (2) assessing feasibility of finding an analogy, (3) a detailed description of the followed methodology, (4) assessment of confidence in the analogue, and (5) clear communication regarding the potential as well as limitations of the analogy. As part of the framework, we identify three main types of analogy: (a) analogy in terms of forcing (e.g. CO2 concentration), (b) in terms of response (e.g. surface temperatures) and (c) in terms of processes (e.g. tipping behavior). We will briefly treat example applications of the framework to highlight its potential, for different types of analogues on different time scales.
Waterbody Detection of Korean Reservoirs from Sentinel-1 Images and the Analysis of its Relationship with Water Level: A Deep Learning Approach
Authors: Choi Soyeon , Lee Yangwon
Published: March 2024

In this study, we propose a method for monitoring the surface area of agricultural reservoirs in South Korea using Sentinel-1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images and deep learning models. This approach includes verifying the correlation between water surface area and water level, using data from both the monitored water surface area and real-time water level gauges. Leveraging the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform, we constructed datasets for seven reservoirs, each with capacities of 700,000 tonnes, 900,000 tonnes, and 1.5 million tonnes, covering the period from 2017 to 2021. The model training was conducted on 1,283 images from four reservoirs, applying shuffling and 5-fold cross-validation techniques. The models' detection results were evaluated based on mean Intersection over Union (mIoU). Utilizing the highest-performing model, we analyzed the correlation between surface area and water level changes from 2017 to 2021. By integrating the water surface area data calculated by the model with real-time reservoir water level information from RAWRIS (Rural Agricultural Water Resource Information System), we confirmed the correlation between changes in water surface area and water levels from 2017 to 2021. This study illustrates that monitoring of water surface areas by satellite can be effectively utilized for tracking status changes in agricultural reservoirs in South Korea.
The extreme geomagnetic storm on 13–15 May 1921: a study based on hourly means, including observations at Stará Ďala (Hurbanovo)
Authors: Koči Eduard , Valach Fridrich
Published: March 2024

The magnetic storm that occurred in May 1921 ranks among the most extreme events ever observed by magnetic observatories. Some parts of this storm were also recorded in declination and vertical intensity by the variation station at the Stará Ďala observatory (present-day Hurbanovo in Slovakia). However, the magnetogram on photographic paper for this event not only contained data gaps, it also did not have a marked timeline, and the values of the divisions for the geomagnetic elements were not known. We identified timestamps using global variations observed by other observatories and estimated the values of the divisions based on data from before and after the studied event. Then, the magnetograms were digitized. To interpret the obtained data, we compared them with hourly averages from other observatories in different parts of the globe. Our results seem to confirm the expected assumption that, in the morning hours of 15 May 1921, the equatorward boundary of the auroral oval extended to the European mid-latitude observatories.
FLIIMP - a free, open source software for the processing, calibration and reporting of liquid water isotope measurements on cavity-ring down spectrometers
Authors: Mørkved Pål Tore , Sodemann Harald , Wahl Sonja
Published: March 2024

Precise and accurate measurements of the stable isotope composition of water with cavity ring down laser spectrometers require post-processing and calibration of raw analytical signals that involves a number of critical procedures to counteract instrumental drift, inter-sample memory effects, and the quantification of total uncertainty. Due to advent of off-the-shelf water isotope analyzers, there is an increased demand from a variety of new, often smaller labs to obtain guidance and assistance when performing such tasks.Here we present a new, lightweight, free software tool for the post-processing and calibration of water isotope data files from Picarro-brand cavity ring-down spectrometers. It is developed at the Facility for Advanced Isotopic Research and Monitoring of Weather, Climate and Biogeochemical Cycling (FARLAB) at the University of Bergen. FLIIMP1 (FARLAB liquid water isotope measurement processor) is written in MATLAB, but also exists as downloadable precompiled code and runs on Windows, MacOS and Linux. In its current version 2.1, FLIIMP facilitates sample processing by a graphical user interface that guides the user along the processing steps from corrections for memory effects, drift, and mixing ratio to calibration. FLIIMP provides detailed memory correction procedures, creates calibration reports and data files, and includes tools to monitor long-term measurement system behavior. Being an open-source software for the major operating systems, users can adapt FLIIMP to their laboratory environment, and the community can contribute to the software development. We hope that adoption of FLIIMP at other laboratories will lead to its further development into a mature set of calibration and correction routines for consistent, accurate, well-documented measurements of the stable isotope composition in liquid water samples. 1 Sodemann, H, Mørkved, PT, and Wahl, S. (2023) FLIIMP - a community software for the processing, calibration, and reporting of liquid water isotope measurements on cavity-ring down spectrometers. Methods X 11:2023 DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2023.102297 
Super-resolved Land Surface Temperature for irrigation management 
Authors: Kondmann Lukas , Molliére Christian , Gottfriedsen Julia , Langer Martin
Published: March 2024

Demographic growth and economic development are putting unprecedented pressure on finite water resources. It is estimated that global water demand will increase by 50% by 2030 resulting in a potentially devastating water shortage [1]. As 70-95% of all water withdrawals are farming-related [2], agriculture plays a key role in this dynamic. Inefficient water use in agriculture, often due to the invisibility of crop-specific water requirements, underscores the need for precise irrigation management to optimize water allocation and conservation. Ground sensors and drones can help to tackle this problem but they need to be deployed locally which does not scale. Satellites with instruments in the visible domain such as ESA’s Sentinel-2 reach the necessary spatial resolution but the water needs of crops in the visible spectrum only become apparent once there has been significant damage. Essentially, once a plant is going brown, it is already too late. Thermal satellites carry the necessary information to obtain evapotranspiration estimates and observe changes in crop health long before visual signs manifest. Existing thermal missions, however, often do not bring the necessary temporal and spatial resolution for large-scale irrigation management. Recent commercial offerings from the New Space industry, such as OroraTech’s upcoming Forest constellation, are beginning to turn the tide on this. Currently, we have two satellites in orbit with 9 more launches planned this year. With this, we will reach a global sub-daily revisit time for our Land Surface Temperature (LST) product which can serve as a basis for derived evapotranspiration or soil moisture data products, informing smart irrigation management At a native resolution of 200m, our LST product faces a trade-off between high temporal and spatial resolution. Exciting breakthroughs in artificial intelligence allow us to artificially enhance the resolution of our product threefold to 70m. With this, we combine the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution for better irrigation management and crop stress detection. Our super-resolution product is evaluated based on ECOSTRESS data which comes at 70m. First validation comparisons of our super-resolved data with Ecostress look promising and we aim to explore the applicability of our enhanced data for improved irrigation management and related soil & vegetation water content parameters together with the scientific community. [1] FAO, 2023. https://www.fao.org/faostories/article/en/c/1185405/#:~:text=Agriculture%20is%20both%20a%20major,water%20there%20is%20no%20exception.[2] World Economic Forum, 2023. https://www.weforum.org/impact/sustainable-water-management/
EXCITED: an open machine learning workflow for estimating terrestrial carbon exchange
Authors: Donnelly Claire , Schilperoort Bart , Verhoeven Stefan , Liu Yang , Kalverla Peter , Koren Gerbrand
Published: March 2024

Despite its importance to the global carbon budget, the exchange of carbon dioxide between atmosphere and vegetation is currently not accurately quantified. To model the global biospheric CO2 exchange, data-based (machine learning) models have been developed using training data from eddy-covariance measurement sites [1, 2]. While these models are widely used and can successfully predict carbon fluxes on short timescales, they can severely overestimate the annual carbon uptake by many ecosystems. 

In the EXCITED project, we aim to better constrain the CO2 exchange by terrestrial ecosystems on longer timescales using estimates from inverse models (i.e., CarbonTracker) as additional input data. The workflow consists of first training two models: one on the site-based data, and one on the CarbonTracker data. While the site-based model can produce fluxes on small temporal and spatial scales, the CarbonTracker-based model will be more accurate on long time scales. From the machine learning models we can then produce (global) datasets. Finally, these datasets can be merged to produce a dataset which has the best of both worlds. 

Aside from the produced datasets, we will make the trained machine learning models available, as well as the full workflow that generates the model and data. The workflow consists of the (Python) code, Jupyter notebooks, along with documentation to guide new users. Having the code and documentation openly available makes it easier for others to adapt it to their needs or to further extend it. With the open workflow we aim to build a community around these tools for modeling and forecasting terrestrial carbon exchange. 

The (in-progress) workflow is available on GitHub at https://github.com/EXCITED-CO2/excited-workflow  

[1] Bodesheim et al. (2018), Upscaled diurnal cycles of land–atmosphere fluxes: A new global half-hourly data product, Earth System Science Data, 10, 1327–1365, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-10-1327-201  

[2] Jung et al. (2020), Scaling carbon fluxes from eddy covariance sites to globe: synthesis and evaluation of the FLUXCOM approach, Biogeosciences, https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-1343-2020  
Source attribution modeling of PM2.5 and CO in Indore, India
Authors: Tikle Suvarna , Bouarar Idir , Kumar Rajesh , Brasseur Guy
Published: March 2024

Indore grapples with severe air quality challenges due to rapid urban development, posing significant public health risks. To investigate the source contributions, it is vitally important to distinguish the contribution of local emissions and regional emissions. This study employs the WRF-Chem model in tracer mode to discern the contributions of PM2.5 and CO emissions from diverse regions over Indore, India. We identify the different high-emission contributing local and transboundary 25 regions and sources of particulate matter and CO emissions in Indore using WRF-Chem model during 2019.  The model utilizes a two-domain configuration. Model simulations successfully capture the spatial distributions of key meteorological parameters over the domain when compared to various datasets such as IMERG, MOPITT, and ERA5.  Results reveal that CO anthropogenic sources, both local and transported across domain boundaries, significantly contribute to concentrations in Indore. While the general spatial distribution of simulated CO aligns with MOPITT, simulated values are comparatively lower due to the exclusion of secondary sources and biogenic emissions. PM2.5 in Indore itself is a main source of emissions with contributions exceeding 16% throughout the year, whereas biomass burning emerges as the primary source of PM2.5 during specific months, with a consistent contribution observed throughout the year within the Indore district boundary. From an effective mitigation strategy perspective, further, we have combined local emissions and CAMS emissions in the model for the quantification of various pollutants over the Indore region.  We estimated the various sectoral contributions from residential, industry, transport, DG sets, eateries, brick kilns, and crematoriums with high spatial resolution using Weather Research and Forecasting with a Chemistry model.
The Minimus Digitizer Platform: a User-Friendly Ecosystem for Efficient Network Management and Seismic Station Configuration.
Authors: Price Ella , Watkiss Neil , Restelli Federica
Published: March 2024

The Güralp Minimus broadband digitiser introduced innovative features to the market including easy network configuration; compact form-factor; extensive State of Health (SOH) monitoring; and low latency digitisation. Since it was launched in 2016, technological advances in semiconductors have significantly decreased their power requirements. The latest iteration of Minimus, Minimus2, utilises modern microprocessors to reduce power consumption by over 50% whilst maintaining high levels of functionality. The resulting reduction in power consumption facilitates simplified field deployments for offline deployments.
The Minimus platform also provides a high level of functionality for online stations, including the industry unique option of sending State of Health (SOH) data via the SEEDlink protocol. As well as simplifying SOH monitoring for larger networks, this facility also allows for time-series analysis of SOH data. This means that operators have the data they need to proactively manage their station network and diagnose issues before they result in data loss. The Minimus platform interfaces with Discovery software which seamlessly integrates new stations into existing networks. The management of large numbers of real-time seismic stations is further enhanced with Guralp Data Centre (“GDC”) a cloud-based software package that is an optional add-on of the Discovery tool set.
The Minimus platform was built from the ground up to provide one of the lowest latency digitizers available with digitization latencies down to 40ms, making it well suited to Earthquake Early Warning applications. This is achieved with the use of causal decimation filters, high sample rates and Guralp’s proprietary GDI protocol. The Minimus platform is built as a modular digitizer platform that is available within a number of different packages to suit a range of applications, including as a stand-alone digitiser or built within broadband seismic instruments and force balance accelerometer systems. 
Linking Quercus robur tree-water usage to soil-water dynamics within a forest FACE experiment.
Authors: Quick Susan Elizabeth , Krause Stefan , MacKenzie Angus Rob
Published: March 2024

Monitoring soil-water dynamics adjacent to mature trees within high forest provides a water balance dataset enabling derivation of ecosystem water cycles and microclimatic effects. Compartmentalising this data to determine gross inputs and outputs is relatively easy, whereas separating the internal components of the complex dynamic matrix presents multiple challenges. Soil-water contributors and users include for example: surface vegetation (through evapotranspiration (ET)), trees (via root water uptake and exudation) differentiated by species and soil microbes. The soil-water balance is affected by both soil and air moisture parameters (i.e. volumetric soil-water content (VWC), vapour pressure deficit (VPD)), by temperature, abiotic soil characteristics (e.g. soil texture) and is fed by infiltration of canopy throughfall (gross precipitation minus interception) providing challenges to attempted partitioning. Here we report results from concurrent measurements of VWC measured at multiple depths down to 1 metre at positions adjacent to mature dominant oak (Quercus robur L.) at the Birmingham Institute of Forest Research (BIFoR) Free-Air CO2 Enrichment (FACE) experimental site in Staffordshire UK. We calculate relative extractable soil-water (REW) and look for short-timescale correlation with previously reported daylight whole tree water usages derived from sap flow probesets in 18 mature oak (Quercus robur L.) stems. The study was conducted in nine experimental arrays in three-replicate groups (3 arrays with elevated CO2 infrastructure (eCO2); 3 with infrastructure but ambient-control CO2 (aCO2) and 3 no-infrastructure ambient-control arrays (Ghosts)). Here we present leaf-on season (May to October) differences between trees’ daily soil-water usage under the three experimental CO2 conditions and consider relative rates of VWC decrease. We derived the VWC values for field capacity (maxima) across autumn and winter (no-leaf season) and permanent wilting point results from VWC minima within the summer treatment season. Environmental measurements were sampled at 30-minute intervals enabling determination of these seasonal maxima and minima. Thus we compile simple models of relative soil-water usage by mature trees under current and future elevated CO2 levels, which complement concurrent ongoing studies of soil-water-respiration, tree-root-water and nutrient dynamics at BIFoR FACE. The study aims to fill gaps in data deficiency within global vegetation models and to clarify tree-water versus soil-water interactions.
Nature-based solution enhances resilience to saturation excess flooding in coastal cities in the Global South
Authors: Dubois Emmanuel , Cherif Saleck Moulaye Ahmed , Marshall Montana , Abidine Mohamed Mahmoud , Grossiord Charlotte , Perona Paolo
Published: March 2024

Coastal cities are facing a rise in groundwater levels induced by sea level rise, further triggering saturation excess flooding where groundwater levels reach the topographic surface or reduce the storage capacity of the soil, thus putting stress on the existing infrastructure. Lowering groundwater levels is therefore a priority for sustaining the long-term livelihood and resilience of coastal cities. This project discusses the feasibility of using tree-planting as a Nature-based solution to alleviate saturation excess flooding as a result of rising groundwater levels in coastal cities in the Global South. In environments with shallow groundwater, trees uptake groundwater by intercepting water that percolates in the unsaturated zone or reduce groundwater recharge by canopy interception of rainwater. These contributions, in turn, lower groundwater levels and increase the unsaturated zone thickness, further mitigating the risk of saturation excess flooding. A case study was conducted in Nouakchott City (Mauritania) where rising groundwater levels has led to permanent saturation excess flooding for more than a decade, making parts of the city inhabitable and posing long-term health threats. Consequently, this work presents an interdisciplinary approach using both ecohydrogeology and plant physiology to model the dewatering capacity of five local tree species. These species were selected based on their tolerance to the exceptionally challenging conditions for vegetation posed by the hot desert climate and the shallow and brackish groundwater table. Preliminary results from a 3D groundwater model indicate that a city-scale tree-planting program could induce a groundwater drawdown of up to 70 cm within a 40-year horizon. Thus, a tree-planting program is anticipated to lower the groundwater levels, thereby reducing flooding during the wet season. Tree-planting programs constitute long-term solutions, sustained by environmental factors, that complement conventional engineering solutions. The multi benefits of such Nature-based solutions, as well as the expected positive environmental, economic, and social outcomes, makes them particularly promising for alleviation of saturation excess flooding.
Changes in Climate, Environment, and Fire Activity along the Western Silk Road Over the Past 2000 Years
Authors: Ding Guoqiang , Chen Jianhui , Chen Shengqian , Lei Yanbin , Seppä Heikki , Chen Fahu
Published: March 2024

The Asian drylands is a critical component of the Silk Road, comprising primarily the arid central Asia (ACA) and the arid west Asia (AWA). This region is highly sensitive to global changes, and the spatial patterns of climate change and variations in fire activity are prominent scientific concerns. We reconstructed the history of vegetation succession and climate change in the Asian drylands over the past 2000 years, explored the spatial differences in climate change, and revealed the history of fire activity and its influencing factors:

In ACA, both LakeSasikul and Lake Bazangan records exhibit climatic characteristics of the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) aridity and a wetter climate during the Little Ice Age (LIA). However, in AWA, Almalou peat and its surrounding areas show climatic characteristics of a wetter MWP and a drier climate during the LIA. (2) On the centennial scale, in ACA and AWA have a dipole pattern of precipitation variations, which is consistent with the intergenerational precipitation changes in the global warming, revealing that this may be the fundamental feature of climate change in the Asian drylands. (3) The evolution of fire activity in the western section of the Silk Road has been gradually increasing over the past 2000 years. In Lake Bazangan, fuel (biomass) conditions are the main limiting factor for the evolution of fire activity in the natural state; in Lake Sasikul, the natural changes in climate dryness/wetness are the main controlling factors affecting the fire activity; in Amalou peat, the fire activity is affected by the fuel (biomass) and climate, showing a more complex response model.
Stochastic simulation of high space-time resolution precipitation fields in Beijing
Authors: Li Tinghui , Yin Shuiqing , Li Zeqi , Wang Maoqing , Peleg Nadav
Published: March 2024

Precipitation is closely related to many earth surface processes, for some of them, such as urban flooding, high-resolution precipitation fields data are required. However, those high-resolution precipitation fields are often not available for a long enough period to be used for flood estimates. Stochastic models attempting to simulate precipitation at single or multiple sites face challenges in capturing the high spatial heterogeneity inherent in precipitation. We calibrated the Advanced WEather GENerator for a two-dimensional grid (AWE-GEN-2d) to simulate continuous 2-D precipitation fields and evaluated its performance based on CMA Multi-source merged Precipitation Analysis System Product (CMPAS) for the period from 2015 to 2020, with a spatial resolution of 0.01°×0.01° and a temporal resolution of hourly. Characteristics of spatiotemporal precipitation fields for 486 events were analyzed and monthly parameters in AWE-GEN-2d were obtained. AWE-GEN-2d was utilized to stochastically simulate hourly spatiotemporal precipitation fields at a resolution of 0.01°×0.01° for 30 years and its simulation accuracy was subsequently assessed by comparing with the observations. The results showed precipitation fields simulated by AWE-GEN-2d demonstrated consistency with the observed fields in terms of annual and monthly precipitation, the number and duration of precipitation events, and the average hourly precipitation intensity. For extreme hourly precipitation, the 95th and 99th percentiles of hourly precipitation were underestimated by 12.6% and 11.2%, respectively, compared to the observations. In terms of spatial pattern, we calculated the spatial autocorrelation function and spatial variation coefficient of the precipitation fields. The AWE-GEN-2d captured the general pattern but the spatial coefficient of variation was underestimated (spring to winter observations were 0.81, 1.16, 1.05, and 0.70; while the simulated were 0.57, 0.81, 0.74, and 0.49). The temporal autocorrelations were also underestimated, resulting in discontinuity jumps in rainfall centers. Future research work will focus on collecting sub-hourly observation interval data, such as 5 min or 10 min, and improve the simulation of the evolution of precipitation events, especially those with short durations and heavy intensities, which may bring high risks in urban flooding.
An integrated and sustainable observing system for the implementation of a Coastal Digital Twin of the Ocean
Authors: Marcelli Marco , Bonamano Simone , Bosch-Belmar Mar , Fersini Giorgio , Ceccherelli Giulia , Coppini Giovanni , De Lucia Giuseppe Andrea , Del Negro Paola , Falace Annalisa , Federico Ivan , Madonia Alice , Mancuso Francesco Paolo , Mentaschi Lorenzo , Piazzolla Daniele , Pinardi Nadia , Sarà Gianluca , Savini Alessandra , Scanu Sergio , Torelli Benedetta , Piermattei Viviana
Published: March 2024

The coastal zone provides opportunities for a variety of users which can affect the availability of space and the conservation of important habitats. Coastal zone also represents the area of both anthropic and natural inputs through rivers, which can be an important pressure due to the potential introduction of pollutants and the increasing flooding. Latium coast represents and important area for the presence of the Tiber river which affect a big portion of the region. Moreover, this area is an important site for big coastal infrastructures that potentially produce direct and indirect impacts on marine ecosystems, particularly Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows, rocky and algal reefs. This work shows an integrated and advanced observing system, including autonomous platforms, cost-effective technologies and numerical modeling, applied to the study of the interaction between anthropic pressures and natural resources in order to realize a Digital Twin of the Ocean of this coastal area toward the implementation of nature based solutions.
Development and evaluation of the NO2 profile algorithm from Pandora measurements in South Korea
Authors: Kim Serin , Jeong Ukkyo , Lee Hanlim , Spurr Robert  J.  D , Hong Hyunkee
Published: March 2024

The algorithm developed for retrieving Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) profiles utilizes optimal estimation and is based on sky measurement data obtained from the Pandora instrument. In this study, the Aerosol Optical Thickness (AOT) was calculated and employed as an input parameter through the SMART-s algorithm (Jeong et al., 2022).  The NO2 profile was retrieved by least-square fitting utilizing the VLIDORT radiative transfer model with a priori information derived from Community Earth System Model (CESM) data. Pandora measurements were taken in Yongin, South Korea from December 2021 to January 2022. The retrieved NO2 profile was compared with surface NO2 concentrations near two in situ sites. The correlation and Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) between the surface concentration measured by Pandora and the two in situ sites were approximately 0.56 and 12.24 ppb, respectively. A higher correlation was observed with in situ locations positioned along the line of sight compared to nearer sites. This correlation was further enhanced when incorporating aerosol optical thickness directly obtained from Pandora measurements. The findings of this study suggest that considering aerosol information in the retrieval of NO2 profiles, as measured values, can contribute to improvements.
Investigation of ion flux response to magnetic dipolarization events in the Jovian magnetotail using Juno/JEDI data
Authors: Moutsiana Georgia , Clark George , Gkioulidou Matina , Daglis Ioannis , Mauk Barry
Published: March 2024

The acceleration and energization processes of charged particles in planetary magnetotails are commonly associated with magnetic dipolarization events and are thought to share similarities among the various magnetospheres of our solar system. In the present study, we focus on Jupiter’s extensive and massive magnetosphere, characterized by multispecies plasma in diverse charge states, resulting in a varied set of acceleration-relevant factors that can be examined. During Juno’s prime mission, we utilize magnetic field data from the MAG instrument, and energetic ion data from JEDI-090 and JEDI-270 identical instruments, which provide measurements for the energy, angular, and compositional distributions of hydrogen (∼50 keV to ∼1 MeV), oxygen (∼170 keV to ∼2 MeV) and sulfur (∼170 keV to ∼4 MeV) ions. In particular, we examine and present the typical response of hydrogen, oxygen and sulfur ion fluxes, as well as pitch angle distributions, to local magnetic field dipolarizations in Jupiter’s magnetotail, focusing on observations at radial distances beyond 30 RJ. As part of our ongoing work, we plan to conduct a comparative analysis of energization processes around dipolarization events in the magnetotails of both Earth and Jupiter, in an attempt to discern similarities and differences in the associated mechanisms for these two planets.