bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating gene networks from gene expression data by combining Bayesian network model with promoter element detection
Authors: Tamada Yoshinori , Kim SunYong , Bannai Hideo , Imoto Seiya , Tashiro Kousuke , Kuhara Satoru , Miyano Satoru
Published: October 2003

We present a statistical method for estimating gene networks and detecting promoter elements simultaneously. When estimating a network from gene expression data alone, a common problem is that the number of microarrays is limited compared to the number of variables in the network model, making accurate estimation a difficult task. Our method overcomes this problem by integrating the microarray gene expression data and the DNA sequence information into a Bayesian network model. The basic idea of our method is that, if a parent gene is a transcription factor, its children may share a consensus motif in their promoter regions of the DNA sequences. Our method detects consensus motifs based on the structure of the estimated network, then re-estimates the network using the result of the motif detection. We continue this iteration until the network becomes stable. To show the effectiveness of our method, we conducted Monte Carlo simulations and applied our method to Saccharomyces cerevisiae data as a real application.

Contact: tamada@ims.u-tokyo.ac.jp

*To whom correspondence should be addressed. Current affiliation: Bioinformatics Center, Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University.

†These authors contributed equally to this work.
Lifelong learning: policy and practice in further education
Authors: Leader Gillian
Published: September 2003

The lifelong learning agenda maintains a pivotal role in educational discourse. It reflects government policy that as a conceptual framework it is shaping a new model of learning. Moreover, it reinforces the view that the establishment of a learning society is vital to meet the growing diversity of economic and social imperatives. This paper explores some of the challenges facing further education in constructing an effective and vocational paradigm for lifelong learning that addresses the impact of widening participation and accessibility. It highlights the significance of recent post‐16 government initiatives and the relationship between a knowledge economy and the inclusive learning agenda in the context of policy and practice.
Graduate employment and underemployment: opportunity for skill use and career experiences amongst recent business graduates
Authors: Nabi Ghulam R.
Published: September 2003

Graduate underemployment continues to be a serious and growing problem in the UK. Yet, there is a scarcity of research that has attempted to identify the nature, extent and specificity of the problem. This study examines the opportunity for skill use (skill requirements of the job, personal skill levels, congruence between these two measures) and intrinsic (job, career, life satisfaction) and extrinsic career success (salary, promotion) amongst underemployed graduates. Appropriately employed graduates (those who were in jobs for which they required their degree) were used as a comparison group. Questionnaire data were collected from 203 business graduates in the UK. The key findings suggested that underemployed graduates reported significantly lower levels of opportunity for skill use and intrinsic (job, career, life satisfaction) and extrinsic career success (salary). The implications of these findings and avenues for further research are discussed.
Evaluating the integration of key skills and NVQs into an undergraduate degree programme: a case study from the graduate apprenticeship initiative
Authors: Thomas Sarah , Grimes Darren
Published: September 2003

This article reports on a pilot graduate apprenticeship in hospitality management, currently delivered at Birmingham College of Food, Tourism and Creative Studies (BCFTCS). The graduate apprenticeship at BCFTCS involves the integration of key skills and level four NVQ units into the established hospitality business management undergraduate degree programme. Key outcomes to emerge from the design, implementation and first year delivery of the graduate apprenticeship are discussed to assess if the integration of key skills and NVQs into an existing programme of study provides added value to the student learning experience. The major benefits and challenges which a programme involving a coalescence of key skills, HE award and NVQs offers HE institutions and employers are discussed.
The “INCOTERMS” challenge: using multi‐media to engage learners
Authors: Holley Debbie , Haynes Richard
Published: September 2003

This paper explores issues raised during the development and implementation of a new multimedia learning experience, outlining the context to the research and focussing on the changing roles for teachers and learners in the light of evolving new technologies. A backdrop of successive government policies to widening participation is provided to show the current rationale for higher education institutions encouraging staff to move towards on‐line learning. At institution level, this paper discusses the potential issues in the classroom that arise by asking both staff and students to change from more traditional ways of learning. Then the second part of the paper details the teaching problem behind the “INCOTERMS challenge” and covers the development of the multimedia tool. The final section of the paper reviews the evaluation of the tool by the students and discusses the findings in relation to the issues raised in the literature review.
Developing career and employability skills: a US case study
Authors: Zinser Richard
Published: September 2003

As a result of education and business partnerships, there is general consensus that career and employability skills should be taught in high schools, since many students leave education without the requisite skills to succeed in the adult work world. This leads to the question of whether teachers are competent to provide instruction on employability skills, and whether teacher training programs are preparing teachers to do so. As an example of how to rectify this situation, one US university has developed and implemented a new course on teaching career and employability skills for its technical teacher preparation program. The case describes how the course was developed and how it is being delivered, as well as the content and process skills students are learning. The potential impact of the new course is discussed in terms of the extent to which new teachers are using the skills, the capability of their students, and ultimately, how local organizations view the graduates.
Job satisfaction among Russian workers
Authors: Linz Susan J.
Published: September 2003

Are Russian workers satisfied with their jobs? If not, why does it matter and what can be done? Empirical evidence based on studies of US workers suggests that job satisfaction tends to correlate positively with labor productivity and negatively with labor turnover, both of which influence firm performance. Improving firm performance without substantially increasing costs is uppermost in the minds of many Russian managers. This paper analyzes the nature and scope of job satisfaction among Russian workers, using survey data to: identify the level of job satisfaction expressed by 1,200 survey participants in response to questions about satisfaction with the job and satisfaction with the work that is done in the job; investigate the variation in job satisfaction explained by differences in worker characteristics – both objective characteristics (age, gender, education, work experience, supervisory responsibilities, unemployment experience, marital status, recent change in workplace, number of jobs held at the time of the interview, for example) and subjective characteristics (attitude toward work); ascertain the link between job satisfaction and select intrinsic and extrinsic job characteristics; and evaluate the extent to which job satisfaction is correlated with alternative measures of organizational commitment. While endogeneity and simultaneity preclude establishing causality, these cross section data do permit evaluation of factors highly correlated with job satisfaction. The specific aim of the paper is to identify factors that increase the probability that a worker will express a high level of job satisfaction. The results will prove useful in designing effective reward structures and/or reducing turnover, as well as establishing management‐training programs to promote more effective teamwork.
Career management practices in India: an empirical study
Authors: Budhwar Pawan S. , Baruch Yehuda
Published: September 2003

This paper examines and discusses the developments in the field of career management, bringing in the international perspective. In particular, the paper explores career management practices in 108 Indian organizations. A factor analysis procedure suggested five groups of practices: formal planning, formal active management, developmental, career stages and assessment. These are found to be associated with certain organizational and cultural characteristics. The research has both theoretical and practical implications.
Type A behavior pattern and managerial performance
Authors: Kunnanatt James Thomas
Published: September 2003

Type A behavior pattern (TABP) is a constellation of behaviors which, when present in an individual, can lead to the deadly disease called coronary heart disease. TABP is mostly found in highly industrialized countries, especially among individuals engaged in competitive vocations. The most vulnerable groups are executives, entrepreneurs and persons leading very busy life schedules. It is reported that more than half of the North American population is type A. In Europe, TABP is on the increase. In the rest of the world, however, research evidence is scanty in understanding the existence of type A behavior. This study explores the existence of type A behavior among executives in India and explores the connection between executive performance and type A behavior. A total of 132 bank managers of a leading commercial bank participated in the study. Results indicated that a large majority of the managers possessed type A behavior and that the highest performers among them were the ones possessing the most marked TABP.
Guest editorial: New challenges in operations management
Authors: Boer Harry
Published: September 2003

Introduces the special issue of the papers presented at the 9th International EurOMA Conference, 2‐4 June 2002, Copenhagen, Denmark. The articles represent the wide variety of topics presented at the conference and also a common theme: “mew challenges in operations management”.
The formalisation of manufacturing strategy and its influence on the relationship between competitive objectives, improvement goals, and action plans
Authors: Acur Nuran , Gertsen Frank , Sun Hongyi , Frick Jan
Published: September 2003

This paper intends to contribute to a better understanding of manufacturing strategy content by describing and analysing the content and formalisation of manufacturing strategies, and by exploring the relationships between the formalisation of manufacturing strategy, business/competitive objectives, improvement goals, and action plans. The study is based on the data from the third International Manufacturing Strategy Survey, which was conducted in more than 20 countries. The analysis shows that in companies with a formal strategy competitive priorities, improvement goals and action programs are significantly better aligned in companies without such a strategy. This finding is encouraging for operations management scholars, as it suggests that after 30‐odd years Skinner's missing link has been re‐discovered, and it supports OM practitioners in their ongoing battle to safeguard the position of manufacturing in the corporate debate.
E‐business strategy
Authors: Cagliano Raffaella , Caniato Federico , Spina Gianluca
Published: September 2003

The interest of both researchers and practitioners around the use of Internet‐based tools to support business processes has been quite high in the last few years. However, despite the initial enthusiastic expectations, it is still not completely clear whether these expectations have been translated into business reality. This paper explores the actual adoption of Internet technologies in supply chain processes by a large sample of European manufacturing firms participating in the IMSS survey. Four e‐business strategies are identified and their relationship with contingent factors and supply chain integration mechanisms is investigated. Results show a close link between the use of Internet tools and the level of integration with customers and suppliers, thus suggesting the need to define e‐business strategies in coherence with the use of traditional integration mechanisms.
A mapping of competitive priorities, manufacturing practices, and operational performance in groups of Danish manufacturing companies
Authors: Christiansen Thomas , Berry William L. , Bruun Peter , Ward Peter
Published: September 2003

A sample of 63 Danish companies is divided into four strategic groups. Each group represents a distinct manufacturing strategy. These strategic groups are then used to investigate relationships with the implementation of bundles of manufacturing practices such as JIT and TQM, and with operational performance. The results suggest that using strategic groups as a representation of companies' manufacturing strategy can improve the understanding of companies' implementation of bundles of manufacturing practices and of their operational performance. The results indicate that the degree of environmental fit differs amongst the groups and that companies do not necessarily have to conduct an extensive implementation of all bundles of manufacturing practices in order to perform well on important performance dimensions according to their manufacturing strategy. Finally, the study adds to the scarce literature on small country studies.
Operation and performance of international manufacturing networks
Authors: Colotla Ian , Shi Yongjiang , Gregory Michael J.
Published: September 2003

This paper seeks to explore the interplay and interdependencies of factory and network capabilities. This issue has become progressively more important as companies seek to manage dispersed networks of plants capable of responding to increasingly competitive and volatile environments. The paper draws on field studies of two international manufacturing networks comprising eight factories in six countries. The research used a case‐based methodology that combined multiple interviews and ethnographic research at each location. Factory and network level capabilities were shown to simultaneously affect a suggested set of dimensions of operational performance and a matrix was proposed to visualise this interdependency. The case studies show that decisions regarding factory and network issues are often taken independently of each other despite the fact that they may be heavily interdependent. The cases also highlight the critical dimension of time in factory and network level capability building as well as the need for developing strategy processes that take into account the interdependency of factory and network capabilities.
Outsourcing into service factories
Authors: Seuring Stefan A.
Published: September 2003

Strategic outsourcing and supply chain integration issues have gained considerable attention in recent years. Concentration on core competencies usually addresses examples along one supply chain. However, a different phenomenon appears in the strategic “dis‐integration” of companies. As explored in five cases taken from the German chemical industry, a separation of two kinds of companies can be observed. Product manufacturers concentrate their business on specific products and technologies, while facility operators, which can also be conceived as service factories, are formed to operate the infrastructure of a production site. This will be described and analysed on building outsourcing and service management thought. A model will be derived describing how the formation of facility operators takes place. The services offered are analysed to yield insights into the business of facility operators. The link between product manufacturers and facility operators offers challenges for future research in supply chain management.
The information and communication technologies productivity impact on the UK hotel sector
Authors: Sigala Marianna
Published: September 2003

Despite the great investments in information and communication technologies (ICT), research has not persuasively established corresponding productivity increases, while many studies have also found no significant relationships between productivity and ICT. However, several shortcomings have been identified in past studies, e.g. measurement errors, redistribution of impacts, ICT mismanagement. This study proposes a methodology for assessing the ICT productivity impact that overcomes these shortcomings. The methodology is tested in a dataset of three star hotels in the UK by using data envelopment analysis, a non‐parametric technique. Findings revealed that productivity gains do not accrue from ICT investments per se, but rather from the full exploitation of ICT networking and informalization capabilities. Suggestions regarding the effective and productive configuration and management of ICT applications are provided.
Managing collaborative relationships in a period of discontinuity
Authors: Coughlan Paul , Coghlan David , Lombard Fiona , Brennan Louis , McNichols Timothy , Nolan Roger
Published: September 2003

The recent slowdown in the global economy has been a trigger for discontinuous change, prompting many organisations to re‐examine their collaborative strategies. This paper, focuses on the management of collaborative relationships in a period of discontinuity, presents, compares and contrasts three case studies, each of distinctly separate systems integrators from within the high technology sector in Ireland. The case data presented were gathered in 2001 as part of CO‐IMPROVE – an EU‐funded action research project focused on collaborative improvement within the extended manufacturing enterprise. This paper presents a cross case analysis that examines different choices faced by these systems integrators in their management of collaborative relationships with their supply bases.
A classification of development programmes and its consequences for programme management
Authors: Vereecke Ann , Pandelaere Els , Deschoolmeester Dirk , Stevens Marleen
Published: September 2003

The paper describes the results of an exploratory study of the application of programme management in six companies. A classification of programmes developed may help in understanding the differences between programmes and the managerial impact of these differences. The research shows that the formalised and rigorous approach as described in most programme management handbooks is not widely adopted. The cases show less centralisation, less formalisation and less management of the interdependencies between the projects in the programme than one would expect on the basis of the programme management literature. This is especially the case in programmes that originate as a grouping of a set of existing projects. Yet, formalisation is mentioned as the main success factor in managing programmes.
Application of stochastic simulation in the optimisation process of hydroelectric generators
Authors: Schlemmer E. , Harb W. , Schoenauer J. , Mueller F.
Published: September 2003

In this paper, stochastic optimisation and risk estimation techniques are applied to the problem of hydroelectric generator design. Optimisation results from deterministic simulations can involve considerable risks due to unavoidable variations in system properties as well as environmental conditions. Therefore, stochastic simulation is used to include the effects of parameter scatter and noise effects in the computer models. This allows the evaluation of the scatter in performance and thus an assessment of reliability and quality of the simulated system.
Eddy‐current computation on a one pole‐pitch model of a synchronous claw‐pole alternator
Authors: Kaehler Christian , Henneberger Gerhard
Published: September 2003

This paper deals with 3D finite‐element calculation of eddy currents in the claws of a claw‐pole alternator taking the rotational geometry movement into account. Two transient edge‐based vector formulations are utilised. The reduction of the model to only one pole pitch in combination with a special boundary pairing in the air gap for the applied lock‐step method is presented. Calculations of varying material conductivity are performed with simplified end windings. The speed characteristics of the eddy currents with real conductivity and realistic end windings concludes the paper.
A closer view on inductance in switched reluctance motors
Authors: Hajdarevic Irma , Köfler Hansjörg
Published: September 2003

Switched reluctance motors are promising candidates for a wide variety of drive applications. The theoretical description of such motors is often reduced to the rather simple, but clear concept of ΨI‐characteristics. In contrast to this, the machine itself is a real electrical machine and must therefore be analysed as is done with conventional machines although the experimental machine is constructed as simple as possible. The paper will first describe some well known basics connected to very short machines and flux. In the next step, the calculation of stray flux quantities aided by 3D‐FEM is discussed and finally a comparison of calculation and experimental measurements is given.
Spatial linearity of an unbalanced magnetic pull in induction motors during eccentric rotor motions
Authors: Tenhunen A. , Holopainen T.P. , Arkkio A.
Published: September 2003

There is an unbalanced magnetic pull between the rotor and stator of the cage induction motor when the rotor is not concentric with the stator. These forces depend on the position and motion of the centre point of the rotor. In this paper, the linearity of the forces in proportion to the rotor eccentricity is studied numerically using time‐stepping finite element analysis. The results show that usually the forces are linear in proportion to the rotor eccentricity. However, the closed rotor slots may break the spatial linearity at some operation conditions of the motor.
Calculation of eddy current losses and temperature rises at the stator end portion of hydro generators
Authors: Kunckel St. , Klaus G. , Liese M.
Published: September 2003

This paper deals with a calculation method of eddy current losses and temperature rises at the stator end teeth of hydro generators. It can be used for analysing and evaluating different design variants when optimising the stator core end portion. The calculation method simulates the three‐dimensional local core end field, but uses only a two‐dimensional calculation model. Amongst all the stator teeth it treats the tooth with the highest axial and radial magnetic flux impact. The paper presents a collection of calculation algorithms of the method and provides some results gained for two different stator core end designs.
Comparison of two modeling methods for induction machine study: application to diagnosis
Authors: Delmotte‐Delforge C. , Hénao H. , Ekwe G. , Brochet P. , Capolino G‐A.
Published: September 2003

This paper presents two modeling methods applied to induction machine study in order to construct a tool for diagnosis purpose. The first method is based on permeance networks using finite element analysis to calculate magnetic equivalent circuit parameters. The second method consists of the elaboration of an electric equivalent circuit obtained from minimal geometrical knowledge on stator and rotor parts of the machine on study. These two methods are presented and their results are compared with respect to the normal and rotor broken bar operation. For this study, a simple structure induction machine with three stator coils and six rotor bars has been investigated. The presented results concern stator currents and electromagnetic torque for the rated speed and the magnitude of the stator current harmonic components have been compared.
Finite element modeling of the temperature distribution in the stator of a synchronous generator
Authors: Schoenauer Josef , Schlemmer Erwin , Mueller Franz
Published: September 2003

In this paper, we applied the finite element modeling to the stator temperature distribution of a hydroelectric generator. The electrical losses produce a temperature distribution in the stator of a synchronous generator. For the calculation and optimization of the temperature distribution, a full parameterized thermal model of the stator was created using the finite element method. Now it is possible to calculate the thermal effects of different parameter modifications and additionally we can optimize the heat transfer for the stator with variant calculations. The most important bar fitting systems and its thermal efforts are included in this thermal stator model. Our targets are to decrease the expensive and time‐consuming laboratory measurements in the future and improve the accuracy of the standard calculation software. To estimate the accuracy of the finite element model we build an additional laboratory model.
Discrete‐time modeling of AC motors for high power AC drives control
Authors: Poullain S. , Thomas J.L. , Benchaib A.
Published: September 2003

This paper proposes a new discrete‐time formulation of state‐space model for voltage source inverter (VSI) fed AC motors, introducing the free evolution of the motor state and characterized by both the simplification of torque and flux output equations and the definition of a predictive reference frame oriented on the rotor free evolution vector. The potential of the proposed model for high dynamics discrete‐time controller synthesis is illustrated through an application to SM‐PMSM.
Design of a mass‐production low‐cost claw‐pole motor for an automotive application
Authors: Felicetti R. , Ramesohl I.
Published: September 2003

This paper describes a thermal and electrical model, used at Robert Bosch GmbH for the design of an innovative motor for a water‐pump. In addition, it offers an example of a highly integrated mechatronic system. A bonded‐ferrite inner rotor has been developed with an integrated front centrifugal impeller which is driven by the magnetic interaction of a rotating field created by claw‐poles. The two phase unipolar coil arrangement is fed by an internal circuit using two MOSFETS controlled by the commutation signal from a bipolar Hall‐IC. This is the first mass‐production example of an electrical machine for an automotive application where the claw pole topology is used to realise the armature of the motor (i.e. the rotating field) and not the excitation field.
A magnetic network approach to the transient analysis of synchronous machines
Authors: Andriollo M. , Bertoncelli T. , Di Gerlando A.
Published: September 2003

The technique for the simulation of the dynamic behaviour of rotating machines presented in the paper is based on an equivalent circuit representation of the magnetic configuration. The circuit parameters are obtained by a preliminary automated sequence of magnetostatic FEM analyses and take into account the local magnetic saturations. The adopted solution technique is based on an invariant network topology approach: its application, presented for the operation analysis of a low‐power synchronous generator, allows a great reduction of the calculation time in comparison with a commercial FEM code for the transient simulation.
Numerical magnetic field analysis and signal processing for fault diagnostics of electrical machines
Authors: Pöyhönen S. , Negrea M. , Jover P. , Arkkio A. , Hyötyniemi H.
Published: September 2003

Numerical magnetic field analysis is used for predicting the performance of an induction motor and a slip‐ring generator having different faults implemented in their structure. Virtual measurement data provided by the numerical magnetic field analysis are analysed using modern signal processing techniques to get a reliable indication of the fault. Support vector machine based classification is applied to fault diagnostics. The stator line current, circulating currents between parallel stator branches and forces between the stator and rotor are compared as media of fault detection.
Thermal modeling and testing of a high‐speed axial‐flux permanent‐magnet machine
Authors: Sahin F. , Vandenput A.J.A.
Published: September 2003

This paper gives an overview of the design, manufacturing and testing of a high‐speed (16,000 rpm and 30 kW) AFPM synchronous machine, which is mounted inside, and as an integral part of, a flywheel. This system will subsequently be used for transient energy storage and ICE operating point optimization in an HEV. The paper focuses on the major design issues, particularly with regard to the high rotational speed, and investigates the loss mechanisms which are apparent therein, e.g. iron losses, rotor losses, and friction losses. The paper describes the high‐speed testing facility and includes measured results, which will be compared to calculated values.
Current shapes leading to positive effects on acoustic noise of switched reluctance drives
Authors: Kaiserseder M. , Schmid J. , Amrhein W. , Scheef V.
Published: September 2003

A torque ripple minimization technique for switched reluctance motors is shown in this paper. Precalculated current shapes are applied to reduce torque ripple and to raise the degrees of freedom of the application in the commutation region. The optimization criteria for this region can be chosen freely. Therefore, it is possible to take positive effect to some motor characteristics like power losses, mechanical vibrations or acoustic noise.
Vibrations of magnetic origin of switched reluctance motors
Authors: Vandevelde Lieven , Gyselinck Johan J.C. , Bokose Francis , Melkebeek Jan A.A.
Published: September 2003

Vibrations and acoustic noise are some of the fundamental problems in the design and exploitation of switched reluctance motors (SRMs). Adequate experimental and analysis methods may help to resolve these problems. This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the magnetic force distribution in SRM and a procedure for calculating the magnetic forces and the resulting vibrations based on the 2D finite element method. Magnetic field and force computations and a structural analysis of the stator have been carried out in order to compute the frequency spectrum of the generalized forces and displacements of the most relevant vibration modes. It is shown that for these vibration modes, the frequency spectrum can be predicted analytically. The theoretical and the numerical analyses have been applied to a 6/4 SRM and an experimental validation is presented.
A general analytical model of electrical permanent magnet machine dedicated to optimal design
Authors: Fitan E. , Messine F. , Nogarede B.
Published: September 2003

What is new in this work is the generic capabilities of the proposed analytical model of permanent magnet machines associated with a novel deterministic global optimization method. That allows to solve some more general inverse problem of designing. The analytical approach is powerful to take into account various kinds of constraints (electromagnetical, thermal, etc.). The inverse problem associated with the optimal design of actuators could then be formulated as a mixed‐constrained optimization problem. In order to solve these problems, interval Branch and Bound algorithms which have already proved their efficiency, have made it possible to determine some optimized rotating machines.
Modelling of electromagnetic losses in asynchronous machines
Authors: Dupré L. , De Wulf M. , Makaveev D. , Permiakov V. , Pulnikov A. , Melkebeek J.
Published: September 2003

This paper deals with the numerical modelling of electromagnetic losses in electrical machines, using electromagnetic field computations, combined with advanced material characterisations. The paper gradually proceeds to the actual reasons why the building factor, defined as the ratio of the measured iron losses in the machine and the losses obtained under standard conditions, exceeds the value of 1.
Staged modelling A methodology for developing real‐life electrical systems applied to the transient behaviour of a permanent magnet servo motor
Authors: Henrotte F. , Podoleanu I. , Hameyer K.
Published: September 2003

This paper presents a methodology to achieve a global dynamic model of an electrical system that consists of a battery, an inverter, a permanent magnet servo motor and a turbine. The stress is placed on the fact that a classical finite element model would not be able to provide a satisfactory representation of the transient behaviour of the whole system. A staged modelling is proposed instead, which succeeds in providing a complete picture of the system and relies on numerous finite element computations.
Constrained least‐squares method for the estimation of the electrical parameters of an induction motor
Authors: Cirrincione Maurizio , Pucci Marcello , Cirrincione Giansalvo , Capolino Gérard‐André
Published: September 2003

This paper presents for the first time the analytical solution of the constrained minimization for the on‐line estimation of the electrical parameters of an induction motor. The method is fully described mathematically and its goodness is verified experimentally on a suitably set up test bench. This methodology permits the almost correct computation of all the so called K‐parameters, which is not always the case in current literature, thus resulting in the correct estimation of the electrical parameters.
Calculation of eddy current losses in metal parts of power transformers
Authors: Schmidt Erich , Hamberger Peter , Seitlinger Walter
Published: September 2003

To maintain quality, performance and competitiveness, the eddy current losses in metal parts of power transformers in the range of 50‐200 MVA are investigated in a more detailed form. The finite element calculations utilize different modelling strategies for the current carrying metal parts. Several global and local results are further used to obtain simplified calculation approaches for an inclusion in the initial design and the design optimization. The results from two finite element approaches using nodal and edge based formulations will be compared with measurements.
Analytic calculation of the voltage shape of salient pole synchronous generators including damper winding and saturation effects
Authors: Traxler‐Samek Georg , Schwery Alexander , Schmidt Erich
Published: September 2003

A novel analytic method for determining the no‐load voltage shape of salient pole synchronous generators is presented. The algorithm takes into account the full influence of the damper winding and the saturation effects in the stator teeth. Main interest is an easy and very fast calculation method, which can be used as a criteria for the selection of the number of stator winding slots in the initial design calculation or an optimization process. The analytical results obtained are compared with the results of transient finite element analyses.
Numerical modelling of electromagnetic process in electromechanical systems
Authors: Kuznetsov Vyacheslav A. , Brochet Pascal
Published: September 2003

A general approach to the formation of magnetic equivalent circuit describing the magnetic process inside the electric machines is proposed. This formation is based on tooth contour method. Coupling with external and internal electric circuits of electric machines is emphasized as well as mechanical coupling with load. The resulting model allows the simulation of electromechanical converter, but with the number of element being fewer by several orders compared to traditional finite element models. Non‐linearity such as saturation or electronic switch is taken into account. General equations for the magnetic fields and electric circuits of electrical machines are written using a common basis – the nodal potential method. The whole process is illustrated on the simulation of a claw poles alternator compared with measurements.
A coupled electromagnetic‐mechanical‐acoustic model of a DC electric motor
Authors: Furlan Martin , Cernigoj Andrej , Boltezar Miha
Published: September 2003

In this article, we present an investigation into the sound radiation from a permanent‐magnet DC electric motor using the finite‐element (FE) and boundary‐element (BE) models. A three‐times‐coupled electromagnetic‐mechanical‐acoustic numerical model was set‐up to predict the acoustic field. The first stage was to calculate the magnetic forces that excite the structure of the motor by using the FEM. In the second stage, the exciting magnetic forces were applied to the structural model, where the harmonic analysis was carried out using the FEM. The last stage was to model the acoustics by using the BEM. In order to evaluate the numerical model, the computational results were compared with the vibration and acoustic measurements and a reasonable agreement was found.
Risk factors for sports injuries — a methodological approach
Authors: Bahr R , Holme I
Published: September 2003

The methodology for studies designed to investigate potential risk factors for sports injury is reviewed, using the case of hamstring strains as an example. Injuries result from a complex interaction of multiple risk factors and events. Therefore, a multivariate statistical approach should be used. In addition, the sample size of the study needs to be considered carefully. Sample size mainly depends on the expected effect of the risk factor on injury risk, and to detect moderate to strong associations 20–50 injury cases are needed, whereas small to moderate associations would need about 200 injured subjects. Studies published to date on the risk factors for hamstring strains have methodological limitations, and are too small to detect small to moderate associations.
Diagnostic criteria for exercise dependence in women
Authors: Bamber D J , Cockerill I M , Rodgers S , Carroll D
Published: September 2003

Objective:To formulate diagnostic criteria for exercise dependence.

Method:Fifty six adult female exercisers were interviewed about their exercise behaviour and attitudes. The eating disorders examination, a semistructured clinical interview, was used to diagnose eating disorders. Interviews were taped, transcribed verbatim, and analysed from a social constructionist perspective using QSR NUD*IST. Participants also completed the exercise dependence questionnaire.

Results:Two diagnostic criteria emerged from analysis of the interview data: impaired functioning and withdrawal. Impaired functioning was manifest in four areas: psychological, social and occupational, physical, and behavioural. Impairment in at least two areas was considered necessary for diagnosis. Withdrawal was evident as either an adverse reaction to the interruption of exercise or unsuccessful attempts at exercise control. Either sufficed for diagnosis. The absence or presence of an eating disorder was used to distinguish between primary and secondary exercise dependence. Ten women met these criteria for exercise dependence. All 10 also exhibited eating disorders and, accordingly, should be regarded as showing secondary, rather than primary, exercise dependence. Exercise dependent women had significantly higher scores on the exercise dependence questionnaire than non-dependent women.

Conclusion:These new diagnostic criteria should now be adopted and explored further, particularly among men and individuals with possible primary exercise dependence.
Effect of implementation of safety measures in tae kwon do competition
Authors: Burke D T , Barfoot K , Bryant S , Schneider J C , Kim H J , Levin G
Published: September 2003

Background:Previous reviews of tae kwon do (TKD) tournaments have documented injury rates of 25/1000 to 12.7/100 athlete exposures. Most injuries have been reported to be to the head and the neck and are occasionally very serious. Many of these studies involved high level TKD competitions with minimal safety precautions. Recently, safety measures have been implemented in many TKD competitions.

Objective:To evaluate retrospectively the incidence of injuries in TKD competitions involving a wide range of participants and featuring extensive safety precautions.

Methods:A total of 2498 participants ranged in age from 18 to 66, included both men and women, and ranged in rank from yellow to black belt. Traumas, defined as any event requiring interaction with medical staff, were documented with respect to mechanism, diagnosis, treatment, and follow up recommendations. An injury was defined as a trauma that prevented a contestant from resuming competition on the day that the trauma occurred, according to National Collegiate Athletic Association criteria.

Results:The injury rate was 0.4/1000 athlete exposures. This is lower than reported in previous studies of TKD tournaments and in many other sports.

Conclusion:TKD tournaments that emphasise limited contact, protective equipment, and medical supervision are relatively safe and compare favourably with other sports.
Epidemiology of medically treated sport and active recreation injuries in the Latrobe Valley, Victoria, Australia
Authors: Cassell E P , Finch C F , Stathakis V Z
Published: September 2003

Objective:To quantify and describe medically treated sport and active recreation injuries in a defined region of the Latrobe Valley from 7 November 1994 to 6 November 1995.

Method:A geographic target area was defined, restricted to the six postcodes that fell wholly within the catchment area of the Latrobe Regional Hospital. Data describing medically treated sport and active recreation injuries to Latrobe Valley residents aged over 4 years (about 70 000) were selected by postcode from three sources: the Victorian Admitted Episodes Dataset (hospital admissions), the Victorian Injury Surveillance System (presentations to hospital emergency departments), and the Extended Latrobe Valley Injury Surveillance (ELVIS) project (presentations to general practitioners).

Results:At least 2300 cases of medically treated sport and active recreation injury were recorded. This corresponds to a hospital admission rate of 16/10 000 population, emergency department presentation rate of 169/10 000 population, and a general practitioner presentation rate of 187/10 000 population. There were more male patients than female, and younger age groups were also overrepresented, but these data may reflect the greater participation of these groups in sport and active recreation. Australian football was associated with the highest number of injuries (accounting for 24.0% and 22.0% of presentations to emergency departments and general practitioners respectively) followed by cycling (15.7% and 12.6%) and basketball (17.5% and 13.5%).

Conclusions:This study shows that routine health sector data collections in defined populations can provide useful information on the size, distribution, and characteristics of the problem of sport and active recreation injuries at the community level. However, all current health sector systems for injury data collection and surveillance require attention to improve case capture and identification and data quality.
Effect of strength and proprioception training on eversion to inversion strength ratios in subjects with unilateral functional ankle instability
Authors: Kaminski T W , Buckley B D , Powers M E , Hubbard T J , Ortiz C
Published: September 2003

Objectives:To examine the effect of six weeks of strength and proprioception training on eversion to inversion isokinetic strength ratios (E/I ratios) in subjects with unilateral functional ankle instability.

Methods:Thirty eight subjects were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: strength training (S); proprioception training (P); strength + proprioception training (B); control (C). Isokinetic strength was tested before and after training using a Kin Com 125 automatic positioning isokinetic dynamometer. Subtalar joint eversion and inversion motions were tested both concentrically and eccentrically through a range of motion involving 40°. All peak torque and average torque values were normalised for body mass. E/I ratios were calculated from average torque and peak torque measures by taking the concentric eversion value and combining it with the eccentric inversion value. Data were analysed using a mixed model analysis of variance with repeated measures on the test factor. Average torque and peak torque E/I ratios at 30 and 120°/s were analysed separately.

Results:There were no significant differences in average torque and peak torque E/I ratios of the functionally unstable ankle for any of the groups after training compared with before.

Conclusions:Six weeks of strength and proprioception training (either alone or combined) had no effect on isokinetic measures of strength in subjects with self reported unilateral functional instability. Further studies examining this agonist (concentric) to antagonist (eccentric) muscle group strength ratio are needed.
Evaluation of muscle damage after a rugby match with special reference to tackle plays
Authors: Takarada Y
Published: September 2003

Objective:To investigate blood indices of muscle damage after a competitive rugby match.

Methods:Fifteen elite amateur rugby players volunteered to participate (mean (SE) age 26.6 (0.7) years, height 179.8 (1.0) cm, weight 87.4 (2.2) kg, and Vo2max58.5 (1.2) ml/kg/min). The study was conducted after two competitive matches during the 1999–2000 season. Plasma concentrations of lactate, potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), and myoglobin, and the activity of creatine kinase were measured before and after the matches. In addition, the number of tackles by and on each subject and the average duration of the work and rest periods were analysed using video recordings of the matches.

Results:Myoglobin concentration and creatine kinase activity showed appreciable transient increases after the match. Peak values for myoglobin concentration (980 (166) μg/l) and creatine kinase activity (1081 (159) U/l) were observed 45 minutes and 24 hours after the match respectively. Positive and significant correlations were observed between the number of tackles and both peak myoglobin concentration (r= 0.85, p<0.01; n = 14) and peak creatine kinase activity (r= 0.92, p<0.01; n = 14). Plasma lactate and K+concentrations also showed appreciable increases after the match, whereas plasma Na+concentration showed a gradual decrease. The mean duration of the work and rest periods were 21.5 (2.2) and 24.3 (3.1) seconds respectively.

Conclusions:The rugby matches resulted in serious structural damage to the muscles, the extent of which was highly dependent on the number of tackles.