bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La politique de l’État à l’égard des personnels des communes (1884-1939)
Authors: Thoenig Jean-Claude
Published: January 2024

State policy with regard to the commons (1884-1933).

Why do French local govemmental bodies depend so strongly on the State ? State intervention is it a historie or cultural fatality, the result of Parisian tyrants or perverted bureaucrats ? In fact, the first falling back upon the State goes back to the beginnings of the 20th century as a resuit of workers’ unions within the framework of the defence of the interests of local govemmental employees : local representative, local govemmental employees and the govemment came to a deal during the first part of this century. Two periods may be distinguished : a first larger controlling policy of the State with respect to mayors up to the years 1934/35 and thereafter up to the end of the Third Republic, when increasing centralization is being felt, the State tightening its grip, directive policy turning constrictive.
La formation des administrateurs en Inde
Authors: Mathur Hari Mohan
Published: January 2024

The training of civil servants in India.

After Independence the concept of training of civil servants was seriously questioned. What was the aim of training ? Indeed, the role of administration now is fundamentally different from what is used to be before Independence. Its main attributes then concentrated on taxes and the maintenance of order ; civil servants kept aloof, and the people feared them.

Things have changed considerably ever since. Civil servants are expected more and more to take on responsibilities in the field of social and economie change and development. They are now doser to the people ; they take part in promoting plans and development projects applied down to the farthest away villages inside the country.
L’adaptation à l’environnement socio-culturel dans la formation des fonctionnaires africains
Authors: Nicolas Brigitte
Published: January 2024

Adjusting the training of african civil servants to the socio-cultural environment.

The need for African administrations to better adjust, if not simply adjust, to the spécifies of their socio-cultural environment appears now as one of the main conclusions from studies on how to improve the efficiency of Civil Services in particular within the framework of development.

This article tends to show the conséquences of this target in terms of civil servants’ training, and it is asked whether the training given at present in the various Training Centres is meant or not towards its realization. Truly the training of civil servants is a main factor in this adjustment process ; however the author shows that despite attempts so far training programmes remain conspicuously closed towards intimating a better knowledge of African socio-cultural environment and the understanding of spécifie problems which resuit therefrom for the activity of public administration.
Les réformes de la fonction publique en France et en Espagne
Authors: Fernández Tomás-Ramón
Published: January 2024

Hay numerosas similitudes entre las funciones públicas francesa y española : tienen en común los sistemas de la carrera, de los cuerpos, de los estatutos general y locales... Pero, con relación a la francesa, la función pública española tiene también numerosas especialidades : debilidad del sindicalismo, importancia de la función pública contractual, papel de los cuerpos de elite durante el Franquismo.

Sobre todo la ley del 2 de agosto de 1984 rompe totalmente con las prácticas anteriores y puede permitir una gran politización entre otras cosas, introduciendo el sistema del empleo.

Por fin, a la diferencia de Francia, una verdadera movilidad entre funciones públicas existe en España.
La fonction publique mexicaine et ses évolutions récentes
Authors: Nieto Guerrero José A.
Published: January 2024

El régimen de la función pública se constituye por un conjunto de leyes, reglamentos, y disposiciones de carácter general que regulan la condición jurídica del Personal administrativo.

En la actualidad México cuenta con un régimen de función pública perfectamente estructurado que se deriva de las disposiciones contenidas en el apartado B del Articulo 123 Constitucional, y que se reglamenta fundamentalmente por la Ley Federal de los Trabajadores al Servicio del Estado, promulgada el 28 de diciembre de 1963.

Esta Ley constituye el ordenamiento jurídico principal en materia de función pública en México, ya que ella establece de manera precisa todos los elementos que regulan la relación entre los poderes públicos y sus trabajadores : clasificación de trabajadores, derechos y obligaciones, forma de organización colectiva, etcétera.

Es importante destacar que el régimen de función pública mexicana ha evolucionado de manera importante en los últimos años, fundamentalmente desde las reformas administrativas iniciadas en la década anterior.

A este respecto cabe señalar, con prioridad los esfuerzos emprendidos desde 1982 tendientes a’actualizar el régimen de responsabilidades de los funcionarios públicos, y a instaurar el servicio civil de carrera de manera total y definitiva, como elemento esencial de la función pública en México.
La tutelle locale sur les hôpitaux : ses instruments et ses contraintes
Authors: Moisdon Jean-Claude
Published: January 2024

The Powers and limits of local health authorities over hospitals.

The local health authorities (DDASS) are a favorite target of criticism when discussing public health. But what are their duties, limits and operating mechanisms ? They oversee and coordinate the establishment of new facilities, and approve annual budgets and long-term policy for hospitals. They stand between two opposing forces, i.e. central government trying to hold down hospital costs through the national equipment allocation plan plus various rules and procedures, and local interests seeking to maintain and even expand hospital facilities. This has given rise to a policy of “ inching along” and compromise that bows to quantitative targets set by central government without openly opposing local demands. Likewise, they exercise their authority very cautiously, interplaying with a number of organizational factors internal to hospitals, e.g. no indicators to account for hospital activity, bookkeeping unrepresentative of institutional operations, long and unwieldy reports, insufficient staffing with bureaucratizing training and hermetic career paths. The underlying conflict between national objectives and local demands will not be resolved in the medium term. The only bridle possible would be management and evaluation tools to re-orient hospital activities towards specifie objectives.
Quel est l’avenir du câble ? Le rôle des réseaux câblés
Authors: Péricard Michel
Published: January 2024

Cable TV in the World of Broadcasting.

The main advantage of cable TV is its high information-carrying capacity, making it the best means of overcoming the shortage of broadcasting frequencies. Beyond being a physical link between network nerve centre and subscribers, cable TV is also well-suited to ‘interactive’ two-way communication. These features make cable TV able to offer local, national and foreign programmes in addition to a host of so-called interactive services. Cable TV is an unusually powerful communications tool whose benefits should include the advent of specialised channels. It is also a multipurpose instrument for all communications needs, i.e. images, sound and computer data.
La Commission nationale de la communication et des libertés et la régulation de la communication audiovisuelle
Authors: Delivet Jean-Pierre , Rony Hervé
Published: January 2024

Commission Nationale de la Communication et des Libertés and Broadcasting Regulation

The CNCL replaced the Haute Autorité de la Communication Audiovisuelle.

Public opinion now supports an independent regulatory body yet actual communications regulation remains the key issue. Now that all forms of broadcasting are open to private initiative, the mission of CNCL is to ensure equal, pluralistic access to individuals on a competitive basis. CNCL jurisdiction is broad but its coercive powers are as yet inadequate.
Des fonctionnaires territoriaux en questions
Authors: Schrameck Olivier
Published: January 2024

Municipal Civil Servants

This survey is the fruit of a research seminar, organised by the Adult Education Centre of the École Nationale d’Administration, on the status and problems of senior municipal civil servants in townships of 20,000 inhabitants or more. It sought to learn their profile, self-image, aspirations and public image. Results indicate senior municipal service differs markedly from national civil service and is currently undergoing a period of change.
Les fonctionnaires et la maladministration
Authors: Gualezzi Jean-Pierre
Published: January 2024

Civil Servants and Misadministration.

Civil servants sometimes have cold feet about the need to modernize administration in the face of a hostile climate, government austerity policy and compartmentalized civil service structures. Public opinion has divined the causes : in criticizing administrative procedures, its target is not the civil servants themselves, but the tools at their disposal and the slow, complex nature of procedures. Civil servant labor unions have conducted surveys and two-way information campaigns in order to better understand the needs of civil services consumers and to suggest improvements. Modernizing the civil service goes beyond spreading such two-way channels on a routine basis, to include job mobility and personalized career paths for civil servants. at their disposai and the slow, complex nature of procedures. Civil servant labor unions hâve conducted surveys and two-way information campaigns in order to better understand the needs of civil services consumers and to suggest improvements. Modernizing the civil service goes beyond spreading such two-way channels on a routine basis, to include job mobility and personalized career paths for civil servants.
Maladministration et réforme administrative
Authors: Cabana Camille
Published: January 2024

Administrative Reform and Misadministration.

The government is pursuing a global strategy against ‘misadministration’ in the face of bureaucratic resistance and the complex nature of administrative formalities. It seeks to simplify administrative structures by reducing staff and services as well as cutting red tape.
Dix questions à Hervé Serieyx, président d’Euréquip, chargé de mission auprès du ministre délégué auprès du Premier ministre, chargé de la fonction publique
Authors: Claisse Alain , Sérieyx Hervé
Published: January 2024

Ten Questions to Hervé Serieyx.

Given the mission of ‘innovation for the civil service’, Mr. Serieyx answers 10 questions about modernizing the administration in the context of French privatization policy. He underscores the importance of ‘idea resources’ the government has, but is not exploiting due to lack of information flow and considers that tools such as ‘zero defects’, training investment and realistic cost accounting will lead public and private bodies to modernize convergently.
L’enseignement des langues dans les pays d’emploi en Europe
Authors: Rolandi Ricci Maura
Published: January 2024

Language Teaching in Host Countries.

The issue of second-generation immigrants has become very topical in European educational circles in recent years. Educational institutions in host countries have taken steps to promote language teaching due to changes in economic, social and ethnic profile of immigration to Europe. This article surveys the different types of cultural acclimatization classes operating in Europe and analyzes the means and objectives of teaching for migrants mother tongue and host country language based on research by the Council of Europe and other international bodies. It concludes by underscoring the need for special training to enable teachers to take greater account of second generation immigrant needs.
Précarité, marginalité ou mobilité ? Les jeunes issus de l’immigration en Europe occidentale
Authors: Castro-Almeida Carlos
Published: January 2024

Borderline Survival, Social Alienation and Upward Mobility : The Second Generation in Western Europe.

Immigration has given rise to an estimated 7 000 000 youths aged 0-20 years in the main host countries. Over 50 % were born in host countries. One positive effect has been the rejuvenation of the ageing European population. Furthermore, they replenish existing manpower reserves domestically, thus having direct impact on the job market. However, the educational System and job training schemes are ill-suited to preparing them for the roles they will be expected to play in society. Overly stringent screening in schools and job training centers could resuit in a downward spiral of social alienation for significant numbers of second generation youth. Is there a paradoxical situation in which a substantial number of youths will find themselves cornered in dead-end situations on the eve of the Single European Market ?
La participation des membres des communautés culturelles à la vie publique québécoise
Authors: Simard Paul
Published: January 2024

Ethnic Community Involvement in the Political Life of Quebec.

In application of the Couture-Cullen Agreement, Quebec will determine its own immigration policy and receive 29 000 persons of widely divergent backgrounds in 1989. Immigrants constitute 16% population and 90% live in the Montreal metropolitan area. Ethnic communities participate in community affairs through some 50 ethnic or cross-cultural associations and in advisory bodies such as the Immigration and Ethnic Communities Council. Ethnie community members with Canadian citizenship vote in elections. Although poorly represented in Quebec institutions, ethnic communities are concentrating on the civil service to obtain employment quotas that reflect their population size. Quebec is a multi-ethnic society of non-stop that has to rely on ethnic communities from every horizon for her future.
Un système d’hommes pour des systèmes d’armes
Authors: Roqueplo Jean-Claude
Published: January 2024

People Systems for Weapons Systems : Developments in Pension

Administration.

The crisis of the military reached its apogee in the mid 1970’s, leading to three major periods of reform. In 1972, general statutes were adopted to balance off the rights and obligations of the French State and military commands against those of military personnel. In 1973-1980, specific statutes were implemented, and measures taken to retrain existing personnel for new functions and ensure adequate compensation. Since 1980, thinking has centered on personnel and administrative management techniques and the need to broaden recruitment and differentiate new job qualifications, which have been leading to more flexible regulations.
La gestion financière : budget et programmation
Authors: Fohanno François
Published: January 2024

Financial Planning and Budgeting.

Financial management depends on a series of short, medium and long term estimates prepared in the runup to each five year military plan bill, as well as annual runups to national budget bills. Actual spending is monitored during regular meetings, ongoing coordination with the finance department, chiefs of staff and the authorities responsible for providing and supervising the funds. At this level, the main problems are external events and unforeseeables. DGA, the procurement body, translates operational needs, as defined by the chiefs of staff, into equipment specifications and either carries out the work itself or contracts it out to private industry. Although some degree of flexibility is possible, the armed forces are no ‘market’ with a specific ‘product’ in the standard sense of these terms. Surviving on public funds, it cannot readily escape the restrictions of budget regulations and government accounting principles.
L’administration française des armées : une bureaucratie incontrôlée et incontrôlable
Authors: Sanguinetti Antoine
Published: January 2024

The Uncontrolled and Uncontrollable Bureaucracy of French Defense.

The record of ineffective operational capabilities, materiel of debatable quality and chronic program delays ail reflect the standards of preparedness, which are a function of peacetime defense administration. Interservice coordination is effected by a hierarchical pyramid and the resulting concertation is at best superficial. In terms of preparedness and administration, an important communication channel between civilians and the military was cut when the posts of army, navy and air force secretary of state were abolished. In terms of procurement, development planning and budget followup has been delegated to department level. Defense development engineers are so influential that defense doctrine has to be adapted to weapons systems rather than the opposite.
Le soutien logistique d’une intervention outre-mer
Authors: Ceccaldi Mathieu
Published: January 2024

Logistical Support for Rapid Deployment Forces.

French obligations in Africa require a capability to support military operations overseas based on good knowledge of local conditions and, wherever feasible, on prepositioned materiel. Long range logistics (e.g. cargo aircraft, communications, fuel supplies, field hospitals in support of substantial forces mobilized at short notice cannot be improvized. Epervier (Chad, 1986) and Promethée (Gulf of Oman, 1987) are two examples of ongoing RDF operations.
Le statut des fonctionnaires et la modernisation de la fonction publique : vrais enjeux et faux débats
Authors: Le Vert Dominique
Published: January 2024

Civil Service Regulations and Modernization of the Civil Service : Real Issues and False Debates.

The current debate on “civil service regulations” is not free from ambiguities and conceals some of the real issues involved in the modernization of the civil service. The civil service regulations are wrongly blamed for most of the rigidities and constraints dogging staff management : excessive reliance on seniority, insufficiently individualized pay scales, absurdity of the staff report System, impossibility of penalizing poor performance, the postings and transfers System. The causes should be sought in the way the large organizations are run and in the heavy burden imposed by budget constraints. The civil service regulations offer in themselves an extremely wide, and unused, margin for manœuvre. Their abolishment or amendment should, therefore, not be made into a precondition for much-needed modernization of the civil service.
Logique statutaire, logique de fonctionnement, gestion prévisionnelle des ressources humaines dans la fonction publique
Authors: Couronne Pierre
Published: January 2024

The Logic of Civil Service Regulations and Working Procedures, and Forward Planning of Human Resources in the Civil Service.

If the civil service regulations have an in-built logic designed to strike a balance between human resources and needs, the logic of the public sector’s working procedures introduces an element of rigidity in the way this balance is achieved, both in the short and the long terms. Strong swings in recruitment have a baleful effect on recruitment levels and careers. A full-fledged forward management policy is thus called for.
L’élite modeste (les cadres communaux urbains au milieu du gué)
Authors: Lorrain Dominique
Published: January 2024

The Modest Elite (Urban Municipals Officials on the Right Course).

The development of the municipal civil service has been marked for some 15 years by a considerable increase in the humber of staff, a substantial intake of young blood, an improvement in the level of qualifications, and a diversification of career opportunities. Over the next decade, however, this modernization will have to be carried out in distinctly less favourable circumstances, marked by a block on promotions. Much will have to be done then to make careers attractive, with in-service training and the reduction of cleavages between the different branches of the municipal civil service claiming priority.
Les cadres d’emploi et la carrière des fonctionnaires territoriaux
Authors: Bourdon Jacques
Published: January 2024

The ‘cadres d’emploi’ and Career Development of Local Civil Servants.

The laws of 1983 and 1984 provided for the incorporation of local government officials into a single, all-embracing civil service System. The law of 13 July 1987 reforming the service regulations of the local civil service substituted the ‘cadres d’emplois’ for the ‘corps de fonctionnaires’. The ‘cadres d’emplois’ : while maintaining the career principle allow for management diversity and autonomy, thereby recognizing the special position of the local authorities and their staff. A detailed analysis of the way in which this new System works shows that under these conditions the career System is not incompatible with the requirements of modem management of local authorities. Before criticizing the career System, il would be wise to remain mindful of the opportunities it offers local authorities, opportunities which are ail too often ignored or vitiated. In many cases the civil service regulations are made into a scapegoat for non-existent or poor human resources management. The onus is on local authorities to show that they are capable of proper human resources management.
Le statut de 1954 du personnel des OPHLM : l’illusion d’un particularisme statutaire
Authors: Ducastel Claudine
Published: January 2024

The 1954 Service Regulations for ‘OPHLM’ Staff : the Illusion of Administrative Particularism.

Before their incorporation into the local civil service, the staff of the ‘offices publics d’HLM’ were governed by their own set of service regulations. While these mies provided the advantage of maintaining a tightknit culture that was bound up with the offices’ membership of an organized professional environment, it had the disadvantage of encouraging distortions between the salaries of ‘office’ staff and those earned by municipal officiais. Much was therefore expected from the incorporation of ‘office’ staff into the local civil service. However, the outcome fell well short of expectations : the upgrading does not go far enough and the new training scheme is ill-adapted to the specific professional character of the offices. Incorporation into the local civil service is therefore felt by the majority of the offices today to be an added burden on staff management.
Vers l’établissement d’un système de fonction publique en Chine ?
Authors: Lianchang Cheng
Published: January 2024

Towards a Civil Service in China ?

The 13th conference of the Chinese Communist Party in 1987 decided to set up a professional civil service as part of the State apparatus. This System consists of two categories of officials : political cadres and career civil servants. With regard to the latter, the government has planned to introduce recruitment by competition, a System of assessment, promotion through merit, and in-service training. But the setting up of the System, which is to be phased in over the next ten years, is running into problems because of obstacles relating to the incorporation into the new civil service of existing staff, and the difficulty of drawing up job categories and an adequate System of remuneration.
L’espace audiovisuel européen : quelles régulations contre la dépendance ?
Authors: Regourd Serge
Published: January 2024

The European Audio-Visual Sector : What are the Policy Options to Counter Dependence ?

The audio-visual sector in Europe is an important economic and cultural component of the single European market. It is, however, increasingly dependent on the American audio-visual industry. This process goes hand in hand with moves towards privatization and is based on purely commercial logic. It is necessary to resort to government regulations in order to reduce this dependence. There are two possible options : concerted European action, or the introduction of national policies to support the public service and to foster cooperation between the public television networks. The latter is certainly the more reliable one, provided the State does not seek to form extremely powerful multimedia groups pursuing multinational strategies.
La coopération dans le domaine de la gestion du personnel : enjeux et écueils
Authors: Sarfati Hedva , Trouvé José
Published: January 2024

Cooperation in the field of staff management : issues and obstacles

Structural adjustment policies very often provide for a contraction of the public sector through measures for modernizing and rationalizing the civil service. An increasing number of developing countries are turning to BIT for assistance in implementing these measures. From the very outset, schemes for reforming the civil service, still few and far between, run slap into the difficulty of marking out clearly the boundaries of the public sector and, a fortiori, of the civil service. The schemes also have to take into account issues such as the government’s degree of attachment to the policy of reform, the institutional context, the level of training of officials responsible for staff management and, finally, the difficulty of forming an established team of officiais responsible for the implementation of a reform programme.
La coopération administrative internationale, une tâche impossible ?
Authors: Ould Daddah Turkia
Published: January 2024

International administrative co-operation : an impossible task ?

Administrative co-operation is one of the most complex and ambiguous aspects of development aid. The current trend is for the aid to be less lackadaisical, less paternalistic and more egalitarian. A dialogue of real substance involving both governments and individuals — glimpses of which can be caught from time to time — should enable appropriate solution to be found to such fundamental problems as need assessment in specialist administrative assistance, sélection and préparation of development experts, sélection and training of local staff in developing countries, coordination of assistance and, finally, logistics.
Autour d’un rapport du Conseil d’État : Table ronde (IIAP, 17 mai 1989)
Authors: Claisse Alain , Aribaud Jean , Braibant Guy , Dupuis Georges , Piganiol Raymond , Salon Serge , Serradji Christian
Published: January 2024

Review of the Report of the Conseil d’État .

A meeting of senior civil servants, administrators and academies was held to exchange views on such issues as the deterioration of legal standards in France, the relevance of the legal knowledge possessed by civil servants, the type of legal training required by them, and the means of adjusting it to constantly changing needs.
Pour une formation à la «gouvernementalité» : le fonctionnaire, légiste ou manager public ?
Authors: Lascoumes Pierre
Published: January 2024

For a more “Government-Oriented” Approach to Training : the Civil Servant, Legal Expert or Public Administrator?

The current legal training of civil servants fails to make adequate provisions for the teaching of law as it is actually practiced in everyday situations. Although they are the main actors in the formulation and implementation of public policy, civil servants are invariably left to fend for themselves in this field. The development of an alternative training programme hinges first and foremost on overcoming the opposition between legal expert and public administrator : the two dimensions are present in administrative practice at one and the same time. This distinction may be overcome if one regards the law as a readily available resource lying within the reach of both public and private actors in the policy-making process ; and if one designs rules, not with a view to their rigid enforcement but with a view to encouraging discussions between the parties concerned on the very subject of their application. Only then will it be possible to come up with alternative training guidelines. Rather than seeking to preserve the illusion of a black box or proposing even more technical skills and specialization, this training should prepare policymakers to improvise one solution after another in the field of public policy.
L’adéquation de la formation juridique des fonctionnaires aux réalités quotidiennes de la gestion
Authors: Raingeard de la Bletière Louis-Marie
Published: January 2024

Adapting the Legal Training of Civil Servants to the Everyday Realities

of Management.

Owing to the nature of its tasks and the composition of its staff, the Ministry of Justice should, logically, be particularly well placed to uncover ways of enhancing the State’s ability to adapt to the exigencies of innovation and efficiency. Yet, the ministry’s administrators are confronted with manifold difficulties arising, for the most part, from an inadequate grasp of the relationship between standards and means.
La formation des agents de l’État aux affaires européennes, ou l’urgence d’une approche systématique et adaptée aux exigences d’une Communauté en voie d’achèvement
Authors: Carnelutti Alexandre
Published: January 2024

“European Affairs” Training for Civil Servants, or the urgency of a systematic approach that is adapted to the demands of a Community in its final stages of realisation.

Though the training of our civil servants in European affairs has developped for the past 4 years along the lines of special training courses either of an introductory or specialized nature, such training programs currently encounter the problem of possessing only a rough knowledge of the needs and they remain very deficient in the field of Community law and languages. It is advisable on the short term to promote both theoretical and practical training for all appointed high-level Civil Servants, and the long term, to set up a system ensuring that every student (thus including those who may be candidates for administrative competitive exams) has the minimum qualifications in “European Affairs”. both theoretical and practical training for ail appointed high-level Civil Servants, and the long term, to set up a System ensuring that every student (thus including those who may be candidates for administrative compétitive exams) has the minimum qualifica¬ tions in “European Affairs”.
Glossaire juridique
Authors: Truchet Didier
Published: January 2024

Legal Glossary Didier Truchet

A brief legal definition is provided for such terms as : authorization (and notification) ; disputes over telephone charges ; France-Telecom ; frequency ; specialized links ; monopoly (and competition) ; normalisation (and technical Controls) ; privatization ; regulations, value-added network (telematics network open to third parties) ; cable network ; digital integrated service network ; liability ; satellite ; public service ; private electric radio station ; telecommunication (and audiovisual communication) ; telematics ; user.
La télématique
Authors: Baptiste Éric
Published: January 2024

Telematics

Eric Baptiste

French telematics has proved to be a success. The range of services on offer and the traffic between subscribers is growing constantly and sharply. This success is based on two leading decisions : the “kiosk” System and initial market stimulation by the free provision of rustic terminais. Institutions involved specifically in telematics have designed a legal framework of their own which is built on an exclusively contractual basis. This separate set of rules exists side by side with others relating to telecommunications, the press and audiovisual communication. The norms applicable to telematics will probably need to be clarified in the future.
Quelques expériences étrangères : des leçons pour l’avenir ?
Authors: Lasserre Bruno
Published: January 2024

The Experience of Other Countries — Lessons for the Future ?

Bruno Lasserre

The eighties have seen important changes throughout the world in the field of telecommunications with regard to the regulation and operation of services. The monopolies that dominated the scene in the main industrialized countries have on the whole made way for a freer System which is better suited to cope with the increasingly tough competition. There is a fair amount of agreement on a number of issues : separation of the regulatory and operational functions ; intercommunicability of networks ; liberalization of the supply of terminais and of value added services. Nevertheless, a careful review of the situation reveals some striking differences : from the American model, where the main operator is a huge private company, to the German scheme under which operations are managed by a public body removed from State control, each country follows its own path.
Perfectionner et développer : les études à l’Institut international d’Administration publique
Authors: Ratte Philippe
Published: January 2024

Further Training and Development : Courses at the International Institute of Public Administration

Philippe Ratte

The International Institute of Public Administration offers short and long courses to students from over fifty countries who belong to widely different branches of the Civil Service. Designing curricula for their benefit requires strategy and imagination, and the teaching methods employed meet specific criteria which take into account the participants’ respective backgrounds and the international character of the Institute. Tutorials, seminars, working group sessions and case studies contribute to make II AP a stimulating centre of exchange and training, where students corne into contact with French and international experts as well as participants from other countries.
La création d’un corps d’administrateurs gouvernementaux en Argentine
Authors: Groisman Enrique I.
Published: January 2024

The Creation of a Body of Government Administrators

Enrique Groisman

The creation of a body of government administrators in Argentina serves a double purpose : on the one hand, to set up a selection and training System for senior civil servants and, on the other, generally to bring about a gradual transformation of the principles and operating conditions governing the Civil Service. The object is to create a pool of highly trained and politically heterogeneous officials which successive governments elected to power under the democratic process can draw on. The thinking behind the reform reflects French influence, although the System chosen differs from the ENA model in many respects.
Agriculture et gestion de l’espace
Authors: Toulemon Robert
Published: January 2024

Agriculture and Environmental Management.

The rural environment is a bone of contention between the different occupants of the countryside and its proper management calls for greater congruity between agricultural policies and environmental protection. Certain policies, like the abandonment of land that is under cultivation and the granting of subsidies for the most polluting forms of agriculture, should be re-examined. Tax and labour regulations should be revised not only to avoid penalizing environment-friendly extensive farming but also to encourage farmers to carry out farm improvements and environmental maintenance works and develop tourist activities on their farms. Finally, the problem of thinly scattered communes could be solved by taking decisions at district level.
Les perspectives de la politique communautaire de l’environnement
Authors: Massiet du Biest Bruno
Published: January 2024

The Prospects for a Common Environmental Policy in the EEC.

Since the Single Act came into force, the legitimacy and powers of a common environmental policy have been greatly strengthened. Stiffer measures have been adopted and the scope of community intervention widened in response to the emergence of new concerns and the need to ensure that the opening of frontiers does not produce any ill-effects. Called upon to assert its presence in international negotiations, the community saw its powers boosted with the setting up of an agency responsible for information gathering, the promotion of incentive schemes, etc.
La grande faune africaine, facteur de développement
Authors: Pfeffer Pierre
Published: January 2024

African Big Game as a Factor of Development.

Big game, which is a vital resource in development, is threatened with extinction. Balanced and durable traditional hunting methods are giving way to intensive hunting. National parks and game reserves are not enough. We need to introduce a System of Controls on the hunting of these species based on a network of protected areas lying alongside those where shooting and hunting would be organized by specialized services and the local village community. Development agencies should demonstrate their interest and seize the opportunity of using wild life in this way.
Protection de l’environnement et coopération internationale : l’exemple du plan d’action forestier tropical
Authors: Clément Jean
Published: January 2024

Environmental Protection in French-speaking Africa : the Case of Forests.

The various policies implemented in French-speaking Africa for protecting forests and putting an end to the irrational use being made of them have not produced the expected results. There is a need for reform of existing legislation and for the adoption of more pragmatic forestry practices. The aim should be to promote public participation in the decision-making process and take greater account of peoples’ interests without destroying the ecological balance in the bargain.
La conception des projets de développement financés par le système des Nations Unies
Authors: Rambourg Michel
Published: January 2024

Development Projects funded by the United Nations Organisation

Within the United Nations Organisation the technical assistance provided by the United Nations Program for the Development is implemented with the support of the receiving countries as well as institutions intervening on their behalf, by means of funds financed by contributions from donating countries. However, criticisms concerning the effectiveness of such cooperation have raised serious questions not only about the terms but also about the concept of project. Hence the need to promote a global strategy that will enable the setting up of programs according to sectors ; it is equally important to coordinate all international technical assistance.
La conduite des grands projets de l’État à Paris
Authors: Tessier Luc
Published: January 2024

Supervising Large-Scale Projects in Paris

In 1982, nine large-scale projects («the President’s construction sites») were undertaken or confirmed by the President of the French Republic in Paris : Grand Louvre, Opéra de la Bastille, Grande Arche de la Défense, etc. This program was achieved in the time allowed without exceeding the initial budget by more than 5 %. The coordination for these projects was the responsibility of an interministerial mission assigned to a specific ministry. These projects are managed by independant project directors (working for public «establishments», joint venture companies, foundations, etc.). Flexible programming, conception and follow-up procedures ensure maximum effectiveness in the achievement of objectives.
Plan, programmes, projets : quelle cohérence ?
Authors: Sudrie Olivier
Published: January 2024

The Development Plan, Programs, Projects : How to Make Them Coherent ?

The application to developing countries of theoretical growth schemes established for industrialised nations during the post war period has for a long time reduced the analysis of the coherence of development projects and plans to simply quantifying the multiplication effects visible at the macro-economic level. The need to provide planifiers with specific techniques in the analysis of projects first appeared during the 1970s. Despite their usefulness, neither the method of effects nor the price reference method have been used very much today. The time has come to assess the different method of evaluation in order to propose techniques perhaps less ambitious but more adapted to the institutional, economic and social realities of developing countries.
Les difficultés de gestion des projets dans les pays en voie de développement
Authors: Rhomari Mostafa
Published: January 2024

The Difficulties in Managing Projects in Developing Countries

The present article reviews the reasons and the signs of the limited capacity of developing countries to effectively manage local projects given the complex techniques involved in the analysis and management of projects. In spite of the efforts accomplished to possess in country, necessary skills in conception, management and maintenance, the international bodies responsible for technical assistance and the developing countries, have not always succeeded however in setting up the institutions and necessary structures. The consequences of this situation on the developing countries economy are important : on the one hand the financial backers intend to preserve the security of their investments, on the other hand, the lack of equipment maintenance entails extra costs.
L’impact des projets de développement rural en Afrique
Authors: Benhamou Jean-Francis
Published: January 2024

Impact of Rural Development Project in Africa

The evolution of rural development projects in Africa, during the last thirty years, has underlined the difficult link between growth and development. The 1965-1975 period was characterized by «production projects» ; they responded first of all to a concern for short-term growth too often in contradiction with a real development strategy. The folio wing period up to the end of the 1980s, witnessed the implementation of «integrated projects» which attempted to take into account all social and economic aspects of country-life. These projects encountered enormous follow-up and management difficulties. Finally the present tendancies are towards more specific measures responding to the needs of country people.
La coopération par projets : le changement des pratiques et des mentalités
Authors: Arnaud Michel
Published: January 2024

Cooperation through Projects : the Change in Practices and Mentalities

In the field of international cooperation, projects are supposed to introduce and test the changes in practices which will later be institutionalized to become a local or national policy in a specific sector. But they need to be based on the real shared experience of both countries. They must try to encompass the different aspects of development as well as the changes in attitudes and mentality underlying it.
De la démarche de projet à la logique d’entreprise
Authors: Vergès François
Published: January 2024

From Project Management to the Involvment of the Enterprise

In the past, people used to be interested in investments resulting in major works projects ; they thought they only had to make investments to achieve development. Today people are more concerned about creating suitably managed and profitable activities within an economy that is more healthy overall. Without questioning the utility of the public service, the best managing methods (public, semi-public, private) are being sought after, notably through specific agreements and company strategies jointly with in-depth studies on pricing.
Espagne. L’impact des réformes constitutionnelles sur la fonction publique
Authors: Muñoz Machado Santiago
Published: January 2024

Spain.

The Impact of the Constitutional Reform on the Civil Service

The Civil Service reform adopted in 1984 is the logical consequence of the formal proclamation of the Spanish Constitution in 1978. Its main objective was to allow the setting up of Autonomous Communities and the liberalization of the legal status of civil servants : greater flexibility in recruitment, limiting the arbitrary element within the advancement and promotion process, extending the rights and guarantees of civil servants. The same set of general principles were defined for staff under State authority and for those within the Autonomous Communities.
Luxembourg. Modernisation des moyens et valorisation du personnel
Authors: Neyens Pierre
Published: January 2024

Luxembourg.

Modernization and Management Development

Luxembourg’s Civil Service has expanded considerably in the last 20 years ; nowadays there is a reform movement which tends to improve the efficiency of civil servants through training and the reform of the System of advancement and promotion in which seniority is no longer a major criterion. Nevertheless, the reform movement will have to overcome two principal obstacles, namely the attitude of civil servants and the rigidity in the regulations.
Portugal. Gestion des ressources humaines : la phase du changement
Authors: Orvalho Joana , Nabais Julio
Published: January 2024

Portugal.

Human Resources Management : The Period of Change

Significant reform of human resources methods was undertaken in Portugal after a careful examination of the situation, carried out by an independant commission. This study emphasized the lack of fiexibility as well as an excess of obstructive official procedures and the low level of salaries. The reform scheme established for the period 1987-1991 aims at revamping the salary structure, improving the efficiency of civil servants, adapting training programs and setting up incentives that encourage creativity and performance. In addition, the reform tends to reinforce the role and power of senior managers.
Labels, appellations d’origine, service vétérinaire et protection des consommateurs
Authors: Guthmann Jean-François
Published: January 2024

Labels, Designations of origin, Veterinary services and Consumer protection.

Assuring consumers of the hygienic quality of foodstuffs is the job of the Ministry of Agriculture, which lays down regulatory standards covering the entire cycle from the early production stages to the sale of the product, and the veterinary services, which monitor their implementation. In addition, there exist a number of voluntary procedures, such as the use of labels (certifying high quality), from which producers seeking to differentiate their products may choose. The State’s role is therefore confined to protecting the interests of the consumer by guaranteeing fair trading and accurate information.
Juger c’est disposer d’autrui
Authors: Boucher Philippe
Published: January 2024

When We Judge, We Judge Another.

Justice arouses citizen scepticism, especially that of the civil servants themselves, who are the first to cast doubt. There are three pressing dangers today : productivity, legislation, and money. The concern for productivity results in the creation or acceptance of unsatisfactory procedures. Because of the way in which the law has developed, marked by complexity and confusion, we no longer plead on merit but on form. Lastly, the rather unattractive remunerations combined with rigidity in managing the corps, detracts from the profession of judge.
Une institution délabrée
Authors: Danet Guy
Published: January 2024

A Ramshackle Institution.

The crisis in magistrate recruitment (because of a lack of respect and low salary levels) is combined with a budget destitute in terms of legal aid, and overcrowding in the courts, which, in some cases, approaches paralysis. This results in poor time management, which threatens the quality of public service and the credibility of the judicial system, while a scarcity of resources hinders the normal functioning of law. Thus, the legal institution requires a real recovery plan, and, above all, a strong desire on the part of politicians to put it into practice.
La gestion d’une cour d’appel
Authors: Estoup Pierre
Published: January 2024

Court of Appeal Management.

Courts of Appeal are subject to the increasing expectations of the ordinary citizen, the community, and their personnel, that are difficult to satisfy, despite substantial efforts, notably to speed up procedures, and in financial management, when considering the procedural, structural and, above all, pecuniary situation. Dealing with a shortage situation with the most limited room for manœuvre is not satisfactory. To be used properly, the Courts of Appeal require sufficient resources and real autonomy in managing them.