Water stable isotopes, radiocarbon, noble gases and krypton-81 study of thermal groundwater from Upper to Mid-Pleistocene recharge age in deep aquifers of Argentina.
Authors: Martinez Daniel , Albouy René , Bertolin Leandro , Jiang Wei , Kruse Eduardo , Lexow Claudio , Lu Zheng-tian , Mabry Jennifer , Matsumoto Takuya , Quiroz-Londoño Orlando , Ritterbusch Florian , Romeo Nicolo , Yang Guo-min , Zarate Marcelo 
Published: March 2021

&lt;p&gt;Recharge environmental conditions and residence time, can be studied by the application of different tracers. Several tracers are useful as proxies of the environmental recharge conditions, such as water stable isotopes deuterium and oxygen-18, and the dissolved noble gases. Other tracers are applied in order to know when the recharge occurred. Carbon-14 dating is a widely applied method for dating old groundwater, having an application range up to around 30 ky. Noble gases, as non-reactive and water-soluble substances, constitute useful tracers for studying different processes in hydrologic cycles. One of the applications is dating very old groundwater beyond the range of &lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C. It can be done in a semi-quantitative way by the accumulation of &lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;He, and quantitatively through the radionuclide &lt;sup&gt;81&lt;/sup&gt;Kr (t&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt; = 229,000 y), a more robust method for dating groundwater up to 1.3 million years.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, hosts three deep sedimentary basins, from north to south, Salado, Claromec&amp;#243; and Colorado, with areas of 85,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, 3,100 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; and 125,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, respectively. In these basins, a thick continental sequence of Neogene sediments contains confined thermal aquifers, at depths from hundreds meters to more than 1 km. The recharge conditions and the water age of the Neogene aquifers are studied through water stable isotopes, &lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;He and &lt;sup&gt;81&lt;/sup&gt;Kr tracers.&amp;#160; 10 deep wells were sampled for &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H, &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O, &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;H, &lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C, for noble gases using clamped copper tubes, and for &lt;sup&gt;81&lt;/sup&gt;Kr with a gas extractor. &lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;He analyses were performed at the IAEA laboratory by mass spectrometry, and &lt;sup&gt;81&lt;/sup&gt;Kr at the ATTA laboratory of USTC.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;H contents were not detectable in all of the cases, thus no young water components exist. By plotting the isotopic results in a &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;H vs &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O diagram, four groups of samples can be recognized. Group 1 includes Colorado basin isotopically depleted samples (&amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O from -6.5 to -7.5 &amp;#8240;) along a line parallel to the GMWL and the present LMWL, but with a higher deuterium-excess (&lt;em&gt;d&lt;/em&gt;). Samples in G1 have a Ne/He ratio around 0.6. &lt;sup&gt;14&lt;/sup&gt;C and &lt;sup&gt;81&lt;/sup&gt;Kr ages were from 10 ky to 40 ky. Group 2 includes the samples of the borders of the Salado basin, being isotopically more enriched (&amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O from -3 to -4.5 &amp;#8240;) and with a lower &lt;em&gt;d&lt;/em&gt; than present precipitation, a Ne/He ratio from 0.2 to 0.8 and one sample with &lt;sup&gt;81&lt;/sup&gt;Kr age of 640 ky. Group 3 is formed by brines from the Colorado basin, a Ne/He ratio in the range of 1E-02 to 1E-04, and &lt;sup&gt;81&lt;/sup&gt;Kr in ages around 900 ky, and are along a line of slope 1.9, showing a &lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O shift. Finally the Group 4 formed by samples at the axis of Salado basin, are isotopically enriched (&amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O from -0.5 to -3.7 &amp;#8240;) along a line of slope 3.9 resembling and evaporation line. However, these samples of &lt;sup&gt;81&lt;/sup&gt;Kr ages of 1000 ky and Ne/He ratio of 2E-03, showed a high correlation Cl- vs &amp;#948;&lt;sup&gt;18&lt;/sup&gt;O, with increasing values from West to East. This suggest a mixing with a brine or&amp;#160;an increasing water-rock interaction.&lt;/p&gt;