bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Leafhopper Typhlocyba froggatti Baker as an Apple Pest in Ontario
Authors: Phillips J. H. H.
Published: January 2010

A large apple orchard at Queenston, Ont., was sprayed regularly with DDT in 1946, 1947, and 1948, but in 1949 part of it was left unsprayed. The unsprayed trees became so heavily infestcd with leafhoppers that by the end of August the foliage was severely injured. The injury was similar to that caused by the white apple leafhopper, Typhlocyba pomaria McAtee.

A collection of more than 200 nymphs was made on August 11 and reared to maturity, and additional adults were collected on August 29. All of the males, except a few specimens of Erythroneura lawsoniana Baker, proved to be Typhlocyba froggatti Baker.
Notes on the Species of Root Maggots Damaging Onions, Cabbage, and Radish at Ottawa in 1948
Authors: Matthewman W. G. , Rathwell A. W. , Lachaine J. P.
Published: January 2010

In observations on the root maggots of garden crops in Canada made by A.R. Brooks in 1947 and later mimeographed (1) for officers of the Division of Entomology, Mr. Brooks indicated that there is frequently a complex of species in a field sample of larval Diptera; that the species and their numerical proportions are likely to vary both seasonally and geographically; and that not just one but 15 species of Diptera have been found in the roots of cabbage and as many as 14 in onions. He observed further that certain species of maggots appear directly responsible for the plant injury; others play a secondary role so that there is sometimes an involved ecological succession of species.
Notes on Megabothris asio (Baker) and M. calcarifer (Wagner) with the Description of a New Subspecies (Siphonaptera: Ceratophyllidae)
Authors: Holland George P.
Published: January 2010

Aside from M. acerbus (Jordan), which is apparently a breeding parasite of Tamias striatus (L.), a chipmunk, the holarctic genus Megabothris Jordan 1933 appears to be truly associated with the Microtinae, some of the species showing special affinities for particular species of these mice, others infesting several species, or even genera, within a geographical region.

The nearctic Megabothris asio (Baker) favours the common meadow vole, Microtus pennsylvanicus (Ord), and occurs throughout most of the range of that mouse. The writer recognizes two valid subspecies, M. asio asio, which is restricted to eastern North America, and M. asio megacolpus (Jordan), of western North America. The nominate race ranges from Labrador to Delaware. M. asio megacolpus (=M. asio orectus Jord.) ranges from western Quebec, western Ontario, and Michigan westward to the Coast Range, and from California north at least to the 60th parallel.
Descriptions of Larvae of Forest Insects.Plagodis,Anagoga,Hyperetis(Lepidoptera: Geometridae)
Authors: McGuffin W. C.
Published: January 2010

In his recent revision Rupert (1949) has focused attention on the geometrid genusPlagodis. In the present paper the writer presents descriptions of larvae of three of the four Canadian species in this genus and of the larvae ofAnagoga occiduaria(Wlk.) andHyperetis amicaria(H.-S.). Forbes (1948) notes that these three genera make a neat subgroup in the tribeAnagoginiand indicates that there are differences in the larvae. From studies during the summer of 1949 it was determined that there are differences in these larvae; and the differences, along with the similarities, are set forth in this paper.
Factors Affecting the Practical Employment of Systemic Insecticides
Authors: Martin Hubert
Published: January 2010

The search for compounds effective in the immunization of crop plants from insects or fungi has been prolonged and, with few exceptions, unsuccessful. It was not until the early 1940's that Kukenthal, in the routine testing of the biological activities of new compounds prepared by the I. G. Farbenindustrie A. G., observed that certain fluorine and phosphorus compounds synthesized by Schrader (1917), had this property and were described by Schrader as suitable for the “internal therapy” of plants. Because of the accepted application of the termtherapeutantby Cunningham (1935) to toxicants in general, Shaw and the writer (1947) borrowed the termsystemic(meaning that the plant as a whole is affected) to differentiate this type of action from the localized effect of previously known insecticides.
On the True Identity of Arctogeophilus fulvus (Wood), With Some Remarks Concerning the Status of Mecistocephalus melanonotus Wood (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Geophilidae)
Authors: Crabill Ralph E.
Published: January 2010

In 1862 H. C. Wood described a new centipede, Mecistocephalus fulvus, which he found “not very abundantly” in the vicinity of Philadelphia. To my knowledge no subsequent worker has ever attempted to refer a centipede to this species, nor has fulvus ever been considered a synonym of any other species, so that for eighty-eight years it has been regarded privately or in print as being incertae sedis.

The confusion surrounding this species has been due primarily to the following considerations: it has never been taken by anyone other than its author; the type is missing; it was highly improbable that this species could be referred to Mecistocephalidae, or even to Mecistocephalus, a genus represented in the eastern United States by a single imported species; and the original description itself refers to a centipede not quite like anything else known to occur in the east.
Reactions of Larvae of the Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Malacosoma americanum (F.), and of the Spotless Fall Webworm, Hyphantria textor Harr., to Pentatomid Predators
Authors: Sullivan C. R. , Green G. W.
Published: January 2010

During recent field studies of the behaviour and activiw of larvae in colonies of M. americanum and H. textor, it was noticed that nymphs and adults of
Podisus placidus (Uhler) and of P. modestus (Dallas) frequently visited colonies of the eastern tent caterpillar and occasionally those of the spotless fall webworm. Although small larvae, particularly those of the tent caterpillar, fell prey to both nymphs and adults, larvae of the fifth and sixth instars occasionally exhibited special reactions.
The Cyto-taxonomy of Coleoptera,
Authors: Smith Stanley G.
Published: January 2010

As will be apparent, a study such as this serves a dual purpose in elucidating certain problems of phylogenetic relationships, either broad or narrow, and at the same time allowing the demonstration of the means by which the chromosomes themselves have undergone changes in their number, morphology, or mechanical properties, during the course of their phylogeny. That is to say, such lines of investigation have a direct appeal to both the taxonomist and the pure cytologist.
The Importance of Insect Control in a Forest Management Program
Authors: Morris R. F.
Published: January 2010

Swaine and Craighead (1924) have presented evidence that outbreaks of the spruce budworm occurred in Eastern Canada in 1806 and in 1878. In those days the wood supply appeared to be unlimited and the forest represented, to some extent, an obstacle that had to be removed so that the land could be cultivated. Balsam fir, the tree principally affected by the budworm, was seldom used for lumber when spruce was available. It can hardly be considered, therefore, that these early outbreaks caused much direct economic loss. If the trees had not been killed by the budworm, over-maturity and related factors would have removed them to make way for a new stand. In fact, were it not for the undesirable effects of budworm outbreaks on subsequent forest composition, it might even be argued that they were beneficial under certain conditions.
An Annotated List of Hemiptera Inhabiting Sour Cherry Orchards in the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario
Authors: Phillips J. H. H.
Published: January 2010

A study of the insect inhabitants of the sour cherry orchards of the Niagara district of Ontario was begun in the spring of 1947, ass part of an investigation of virus diseases of stone fruits carried on cooperatively between the Dominion Entomological Laboratory at Vineland Station and the Dominion Laboratory of Plant Pathology at St. Catharines. The virus disease cherry yellows of sour cherry had by that time become prevalent and appeared to be spreading rapidly. The rate and pattern of spread revealed by a survey of orchards suggested that an insect vector may be involved in the dissemination of the virus. The Hemiptera were chosen as the first group for study because most of the known vectors of plant viruses belong to this order.
The Odonata of the Northern Insect Survey
Authors: Walker E. M.
Published: January 2010

During the year 1950 I enjoyed the opportunity of examining the collections of Odonata made by the Northern Insect Survey, a co-operative project of the Canadian Department of Agriculture and the Canadian Department of National Defence. For this privilege I wish to express my thanks to Dr. G. P. Holland and the members of his sraff in the Systematics Unit of the Division of Entomology, particularly to Dr. T. N. Freeman, co-ordinator of the Survev, and Mr. W. A. Brown for “their kindness in providing laboratory facilities during visits to Ottawa and for shipping material to Toronto.
A Report on Mites Infesting the Muskrat (Ondatra zibethica osoyoosensis) in British Columbia
Authors: Knight Iola W. Musfeldt
Published: January 2010

During the course of a survey on the diseases and internal parasites of muskrats in British Columbia (1951), twelve muskrats trapped by the author were also examined for the presence of external parasites.

All of these animals were considered in a healthy condition. There was no apparent inflammation of the eyes, ears or nostrils. The fur was not yet in prime condition but it was sleek, with no evidence of skin disease.
The Nitrogen Content of Different Varieties of Peas as a Factor Affecting Infestations byMacrosiphum pisi(Kltb.) (Homoptera: Aphididae). A Preliminary Report
Authors: Maltais J. B.
Published: January 2010

The influence of varietal differences in plants on infestation by aphids has received considerable attention in control studies. Painter (14), in 1941, concluded that the composition of the available food in the host plant plays possibly the most important role in determining the relative resistance to aphid attacks. In biological studies onAphis rumicisL., Davidson (8) found that factors that influence the physiological activity of the plant affect also the progress of aphid infestation. The same author (6) also pointed out that aphids exhibit a wide range of fecundity on different hosts. “The sap of certain varieties of beans”, writes Davidson, “appears to have a direct inhibiting effect upon the reproductive capacity of the aphids, whereas that of other varieties seems to have the opposite effect.”
Supplementary Notes on the Canadian Species of Cixiidae (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea)
Authors: Beirne Bryan P.
Published: January 2010

The Canadian species of Cixiidae were discussed in a recent paper (Beirne, 1950). In the present paper a species new to the Canadian fauna is recorded, and changes in the specific names of two other species are proposed.

Oliarus aridus Ball

Oliarus aridus Ball, 1902, Can. Ent. 34: 151.

Oliarus breviceps Fowler, 1904, Biol. Centr. Amer. 1: 94.
A Note on Some Preliminary Observations on the Effect of the Antibiotic Terramycin on Insect Symbiotic Micro-organisms
Authors: Musgrave A. J. , Miller J. J.
Published: January 2010

Micro-organisms that seem to be symbiotic are known to occur in many insects (Steinhaus, 1949). Often these micro-organisms are retained for at least a part of their iife in special organs in the insect's body called ‘mycetomes’. Mansour (1935) following a study of a number of beetles cnntaining micro-organisms concluded, in the two closely related species Sitophilus granarius (L) and Sitophilus oryza (L) that while both species have mycetonies only S. oryza had micro-organisms; a conclusion that his received some general acceptance (Steinhaus, 1946; Wigglesworth, 1947). Thus it could be questioned if the micro-organisms in S. oryza were of benefit to it since S. granarius survived apparently without any (Mansour). However, it has been shown that in some beetles (Blewett & Fraenkel, 1944), in the body louse (Aschner, 1935), and in the hug, Rhodnius, (Brecher & Wigglesworth, 1944) the associated micro-organisms are of considerable importance to the insect. It therefore seemed worth while to study further the condition existing in S. oryza and S. granarius; and in the early stages of this work some interesting phenomena have been observed.
A Toxicological and Histophysiological Study of Certain New Insecticides as “Stomach Poisons” to the Honey BeeApis mellifera L.
Authors: Salkeld E. H.
Published: January 2010

Although there is a great deal of literature on the relative potencies of many insecticides to various insects and although many histological and physiological studies of insects have been made, observations on tissue changes in insects caused either directly or indirectly by insecticides have been few (Pilat, 1935 and Hartzell, 1945). Such observations are important in advancing our knowledge of specialized insect histology and, therefore, of insect physiology. They are of further value because they provide indications of the mode of action of insecticides on insects, a knowledge which is of great importance not only in the development of exact as opposed to indiscriminate methods of application, but also in the development of new and more specific insecticides.
Pest Trichoptera at Fort Erie, Ontario
Authors: Munroe E. G.
Published: January 2010

In many parts of the St. Lawrence drainage system, enormous numbers of Trichoptera, often mingled with Ephemerida, emerge during the summer and become a pest in a considerable zone bordering the water. The insects swarm in open areas, especially around trees and lights, invade houses, settle in large numbers on walls and other surfaces, ruining those that have been freshly painted, and pile in decaying and odoriferous drifts along the shore line. In addition, they give rise to a medical problem by evoking allergic reactions in hypersensitive individuals.
Psila nigricornis Meig. (Diptera: Psilidae), a New Pest of Possible Economic Importance
Authors: Glendenning R.
Published: January 2010

In February, 1951, specimens of chrysanthemum stools received from a nurseryman near Sardis, British Columbia, were found to be injured by maggots. Examination showed dipterous larvae feeding in channels bored in the centres of the roots, crowns, and new shoots.

As available literature contained no reference to an insect having this habit in chrysanthemums, material was caged for rearing. Adults began emerging on March 17, and were determined by Mr. J. F. McAlpine, Systematic Entomology, Division of Entomology, Ottawa, as Psila nigricornis Meig. This was a new record for North America.
Some Effects of Various Food Plants on Melanoplus mexicanus mexicanus (Sauss.) (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Smith D. S. , Handford R. H. , Chefurka W.
Published: January 2010

The long-held belief that grasshoppers are to a large extent omnivorous and, as Wolcott (1936) states, “like cows, feed on any kind of vegetation”, is slowly giving place to the view that they are much more restricted feeders. Their habit of nibbling at almost anything, particularly when they are present in large numbers, probably led to this erroneous concept. More recent work such as that of Rubtzov (1931), Criddle (1933), and Isely (1938, 1944, 1916) stresses the fact that many species of grasshopper confine their feeding to a group of related plants, and a few species to a single plant.
Effects of Certain Climatic Factors on the Daily Abundance of the European Earwig, Forficula auricularia L. (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), in Vancouver, British Columbia
Authors: Chant D. A. , McLeod J. H.
Published: January 2010

During September, 1950, 23,180 specimens of the European earwig, Forficula auricularia L., were collected in Vancouver, British Columbia, for the purpose of recovering the imported parasite Bigonicheta setipennis (Fall.). Great fluctuations were observed in the number of insects caught from day to day. This paper is an attempt to assess the role of various climatic factors in these fluctuations.
The Diptera Collected by I. O. Buss in Southwestern Yukon Territory During the Summer of 1950
Authors: James Maurice T. , Huckett H. C.
Published: January 2010

During the summer of 1950, Dr. I. O. Buss, Professor of Wildlife Managemenr, State College of Washington, made a study of the food habits and ecology of the upland plover, Bartramia longicauda (Bechstein), in the Duke River Meadow, five miles north of Burwash Landing, southwestern Yukon Territory (Buss, 1951). Periodical sweepings, at weekly intervals, were made through three transects of the meadow, indicated in this paper by stations 1, 2, and 3. It was from this source thar the collections of insects, including a large number of Diptera, were obtained. Because of the remoteness of the region from any other in which, to the best of our knowledge, insect collecting has been done, and because of the ecological data presented hy Dr. Buss, we feel that the publication of this annotated list of species is warranted.
A Simple Apparatus for Feeding Aphids Aseptically on Chemically Defined Diets
Authors: Maltais J. B.
Published: January 2010

Nutritional studies on plant sucking insects have not made outstanding progress in the past decade. The information on the rearing of aphids on prepared liquid foods is rather scanty. Carter (1927, 1928, 1945) developed techniques for the artificial feeding of homopterous insects, particularly leafhoppers and mealybugs. Fife (1932) and Severin et al. (1928) devised cages for the artificial feeding of leafhoppers. These authors suggested many excellent ideas on the use of membranes, but the works of Hamilton (1930, 1935) on the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulz.). appear to be the most thorough source of informarinn on the artificial feeding of aphids. Pletsch (1937) also developed a device for the artificial feeding of aphids and his apparatus presents several advantages over previously described devices. Various types of cages and membranes were used by the above workers with limited success. They have all succeeded in getting homopterous insects to feed temporarily on special diets through different types of membranes, but they were unable to maintain the development of these insects and have them reproduce under artificial conditions.
Some Species of Phytophaga (Coleoptera)
Authors: Brown W. J.
Published: January 2010

The following notes and descriptions concern the feeding habits, distribution, and other characters of several species and presumed subspecies of Cerambycidae, Chrysomelidae, and Bruchidae.

Xylotrechus annosus emotus n. subsp.

Occurring in British Columbia, Washington, and California; differing from annosus annosus (Say) in having the pale areas of the elytra larger and more numerous; the pattern of the elytra therefore much more conspicuous than in annosus annosus, which is restricted regions east of the Rocky Mountains.
Notes on the Parasitism and Food Habits of the European Earwig, Forficula auricularia L. (Dermaptera: Forficulidae)
Authors: McLeod J. H. , Chant D. A.
Published: January 2010

In 1936, 1937, and 1938 several colonies of Bigonicheta setipennis (Fall.), a dipterous parasite, were liberated in Vancouver, British Columbia, to aid in the control of the European earwig, Forficula auricularia L. During September and October, 1950, an investigation was initiated to determine the abundance and distribution of this parasite and, if possible, to obtain colonies for release in Newfoundland. Approximately 6,000 of B. setipennis were reared from 50,000 trapped earwigs.
Establishment of Exenterus Spp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Parasites of the European Spruce Sawfly, Near Points of Introduction
Authors: Reeks W. A.
Published: January 2010

Several species of parasites have played an important part in the biological control of the European spruce sawfly, Gilpina hercyniae (Htg.), in the Maritime Provinces. Most of the parasites were collected in Europe by the Imperial Institute of Entomology (9), and some material was collected in Japan through the cooperation of the United States Bureau of Entomology. The parasites were reared or propagated by the Dominion Parasite Laboratory, Belleville, Ontario (12), and liberated by officers of the Dominion Entomological Laboratory, Fredericton, assisted by other government and company services.
Biology ofBracon cephi(Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), An Important Native Parasite of the Wheat Stem Sawfly,Cephus cinctusNort. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), in Western Canada
Authors: Nelson W. A. , Farstad C. W.
Published: January 2010

During the past 25 years the wheat stem sawfly,Cephus cinctusNort., has become one of the most destructive pests of wheat in the Prairie Provinces. Annual losses in the wheat-growing area of Saskatchewan have been estimated as high as 17 million bushels (King and McDonald, 1944). There are, however, several native parasites of this pest, and of theseBracon cephi(Gahan) [Microbracon cephiGahan] is the most important. In some areas this parasite has been very effective in reducing severe sawfly infestations.
The Types of Hydradephaga in the W. S. Blatchley Collection, with Generic Reassignments and Synonymies (Coleoptera: Noteridae, Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae, Haliplidae)
Authors: Young Frank N.
Published: January 2010

The W. S. Blatchley collection of Coleoptera, now at Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana, contains thirteen primary types of Hydradephaga described by Blatchley. Some of the species represented have not been recognized by subsequent workers, while others have been synonymized without the original types having been seen. The following notes and comments therefore seem pertinent, and may prove of value to others engaged in the study of this group of insects.
Morphological Differences Between the Pupae and the Egg Clusters of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) and C. pinus Free. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Campbell I. M.
Published: January 2010

During the course of genetic studies on the spruce and jack pine budworms, it was noted that there are distinct morphological characters on which the pupae and egg clusters may be separated. They are described here as a contribution towards the taxonomic separation of Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) and C. pinus Free.
Reproductive Isolation and the Integrity of Two Sympatric Species of Choristoneura (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Smith Stanley G.
Published: January 2010

According to Dobzhansky (1951a, p. 262) “Species are … groups of populations the gene exchange between which is limited or prevented by one, or by a combination of several, reproductive isolating mechanisms”. This definition follows from his concept of a species not as a static unit but as a stage in the process of evolutionary divergence. Limitation or prevention of gene exchange is a property of geographic and reproductive isolation (Mayr, 1912), the various types of which Dobzhansky lists as follows:

I. Geographic or Spatial Isolation

II. Reproductive Isolation

A. Ecological Isolation

B. Seasonal or Temporal Isolation

C. Sexual, Psychological or Ethnological Isolation

D. Mechanical Isolation

E. Gametic Isolation

F. Hybrid Inviability

G. Hybrid Sterility

H. Hybrid Breakdown
Studies of the Lecanium Scale, Eulecanium coryli (L.), and its Parasite, Blastothrix sericea (Dalm.), in British Columbia
Authors: Graham K. , Prebble M. L.
Published: January 2010

The lecanium scale was introduced into Vancouver with nursery stock from England in 1903, and by 1910 had become firmly established. Severe injury to broad-leaved maple, vine maple and horse chestnut was reported in 1923, and chemical control operations were undertaken from 1924 to 1930, but with very transitory effects (9, 10). The encyrtid wasp, Blastothrix sericea (Dalm.), imported from England in 1928 and 1929, quickly became established at the liberation points in Sorth Vancouver, and by June, 1930 had dispersed over an area of about 20 square miles. In April, 1931, twigs with parasitized scales from North Vancouver were distributed at intervals throughout the main area of lecanium infestation south and east of Vancouver, and by June of that year the parasite was known to be established over an area of about 100 square miles. By 1932, the percentage of parasitism in the mature lecanium females reached 90 to 100 per cent, and host population density was at very low levels (12, 13).
An Annotated List of the Hemiptera (S.L.) of Alberta
Authors: Strickland E. H.
Published: January 2010

Despite the recognized economic inrportance of many members of the order Hemiptera the majority of species in this group are not of great interest either to the economic entomologist or to the general collector. For this reason relatively little is known about the distribution of many species throughout Canada. This lack of information is evident with regard to records of captures which have been made in Alberta. During the many years in which the Entomological Record was published, less than 80 entries referred to Albertan Hemiptera. Of these, only eleven concerned the suborder Homoptera. The order, as a whole, has fared hardly better in the Canadian Entomologist. Apart from a list H. H. Knight, recording Anthochoridae and Miridae collected by J. H. McDunnough at Waterton and Nordegg, and three papers by the present writer discussing Fulgoridae and Chermidae which are native to Alberta, there are only incidental references to the fact that other species of Hemiptera have been captured anywhere in this province.
Observations on Hyperparasitism of the Wheat Stem Sawfly Cephus cinctus Nort. (Hymenoptera: Cephidae)
Authors: Nelson W. A.
Published: January 2010

The biology of Bracon cephi (Gah.) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) was described recently (Nelson and Farstad, 1953). During studies from the Field Crop Insect Laboratory, Lethbridge, on the biology of this important parasit, observations were made on various other hymenopterous parasites associated with the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort. The parasites discussed herein are Eupelmella vesicularis (Retz.) (Eupelmidae), Eurytoma atripes Gah. (Eurytomidae), and Merisus febriculosus Gir. (Pteromalidae). These three parasites have been noted by Gahan (1933) as parasites of the hessian fly, Phytophaga destructor (Say).
A Species of Tetrastichus New to North America
Authors: Harcourt D. G.
Published: January 2010

During studies of the parasite complex of the diamondback moth, Plutella maculipennis Curt., at Ottawa, Ontario, July to October, 1952, and April, 1953, 1,234 host cocoons were collected from a heavily infested field of Penn State Ballhead cabbage. On October 31, eight adults (2 ♂ and 6 ♀) of Tetrastichus sokolowskii Kurdj., emerged from a single cocoon collected 16 days previously and held under laboratory conditions in a gelatin capsule. On May 10, nine adults (1 ♂ and 8 ♀) and on May 15, eight adults (1 ♂ and 7 ♀) of the same species emerged from two overwintered cocoons collected 14 and 16 days previously. In each case, the lack of parasitic remnants indicated that they were primary parasites.
Varietal Responses of Seeded Onions to the Onion Maggot
Authors: Matthewman W. G. , Perron J. P. , Cass L. M.
Published: January 2010

From 1945 to 1949 tests were conducted at Ottawa to determine whether certain of the more commonly grown commercial varieties of onions are resistant to the onion maggot, Hylemya antiqua (Meig.). Sleesman (1934), from the results of field tests in Ohio, had concluded that some varieties of onions do support significantly higher populations of the maggot than others.

In 1945 and 1946 at Ottawa, 17 varieties of onions were tested; in 1947, 1948, and 1949 the number was reduced to nine, which are listed in Table I.
The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. VI. Low Temperatures and the Natural Control of the Oystershell Scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.) (Homoptera: Coccidae)
Authors: Lord F. T. , MacPhee A. W.
Published: January 2010

Some of the results of an attempt to apply ecological principles in the solution of apple insect control problems in Nova Scotia have been given in previous papers by Pickett et al. (1946), Lord (1947, 1949), Pickett (1952), and MacPhee (1952). Briefly, these studies aim at an understanding of the changes in the interrelations of the species in an orcl-lard when spray materials are added to the environment. The emphasis to date has heen placed on the effects of spray chemicals on the populations of entomophagous species. The results of this work have already had a marked effect on orchard insect control practices in Nova Scotia.
The Introduction of the Termite into Ontario
Authors: Urquhart F. A.
Published: January 2010

Within the next few years those of us who have been directly concerned with the first appearance of termites in the Province of Ontario will either have forgotten some of the earlier details of this introduction or wiil have passed beyond the field of such earthly considerations. The present paper has been wrinen so that those who mav be interested in the earlv history of the introduction of termites into Ontario in the years that lie ahead wll have at least one authoritative paper upon which to hase their studies or investigations.
The Light Reactions of Larvae of the Tent Caterpillars, Malacosoma disstria Hbn., M. americanum (Fab.), and M. pluviale (Dyar). (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae)
Authors: Sullivan C. R. , Wellington W. G.
Published: January 2010

The forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria Hbn., and the eastern and western tent caterpillars, M. americanum (Fab.) and M. pluviale (Dyar), are common pests of several species of deciduous trees in Canada. All are colonial during the larval stage, but M. disstria differs from the others in one respect: it does not construct a communal tent. This difference in habit merits special consideration in any comparative study of larval behaviour, particularly in one concerned with the effects of physical factors upon the insects, since a tent modifies the effects of the physical environment considerably. Recently, a series of such studies was carried out, and one part of the work consisted of laboratory and field observations on the light reactions of larvae. The results obtained have raised a number of new questions which unfortunately cannot be answered now, hecause two of the species have been difficult to obtain in quantity since 1950. Nevertheless, the findings are presented here without additional delay, since they are of general interest, and other workers may wish to use them.
Note on Scambus detritus (Holmg.) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a New Parasite of the Wheat Stem Sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort.
Authors: Holmes N. D.
Published: January 2010

At the Lethbridge laboratory, uncut wheat stems infested by the wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Nort., were collected in August, 1952, and incubated in sealed vials at room temperature for emergence of parasites. In October, 1952, three adult parasites (two females, one male) emerged. These specimens were identified as of Scambus detritus (Holmg.), Ichneumonidae, by Mr. G. S. Walley, Division of Entomology, Ottawa.
A Study of the Prey, Enemies, and Habits of the Great-Golden Digger Wasp Chlorion ichneumoneum (L.)
Authors: Ristich S. S.
Published: January 2010

It is a paradox that a common wasp such as Chlorion ichneumoneum (L.) should be so unknown. Fernald (1907) states that the great-golden digger is found from South America to New England, and some parts of Canada, but until Frisch (1937) published his excellent paper only piecemeal accounts were written about its bionomics, prey, and parasites.

On the campus of Cornell University, two large colonies (about 50 wasps) have thrived for years. These conveniently located colonies offered a rich opportunity for a long range study.
European Wireworms in Canada with Particular Reference to Nova Scotian Infestations
Authors: Eidt D. C.
Published: January 2010

Wireworms are considered among Europe's most destructive insects, particularly Agriotes lineatus (L.), Agriotes obscurus (L.), and Agriotes sputator (L.). These species have been introduced at certain isolated localities on the East Coast and the first two on the West Coast of Canada. They are known to be particularly widespread in Nova Scotia where they and native Agriotes mancus (Sav) cause cansiderable crop damage.
Factors Affecting the Practical Employment of Systemic Insecticides. II.
Authors: Martin Hubert
Published: January 2010

In the two years which have elapsed since I last wrote (Martin, 1950) of the potential uses of systemic insecticides, a deeper knowledge of the properties of these materials has become available to provide a sounder basis for their practical employment. A wide use of these materials has so far been hindered by scant information, particularly of the risks of harm following the consumption of treated food crops plants. Poisonous residues of the older insecticides which, by accident, remain on the plant surface are largely removed in the usual processes of preparation for the table such as washing, peeling, or discarding the outer leaves. These precautions fail with systemic compounds which not only pass into the plant tissue but which tend to accumulate in the storage organs and in the tenderer new growth, the very parts of the plant which serve for food. Clearly then an accurate and complete knowledge of the fate of the poisonous systemic insecticide must be available before its use on food crops can be recommended.
Aphid Parasites Collected in New Brunswick in 1950
Authors: MacGillivray M. E. , Spicer P. B.
Published: January 2010

Since 1934, when studies of aphids infesting potatoes were begun in New Brunswick, it has been observed that a large number of potato aphids are attacked by parasices each season. More attention was given to parasitized aphids in 1950 than in previous years, in a study of parasitism as a factor in aphid control. In this paper are recorded the parasites reared from aphids collected on potatoes and other hosts in New Brunswick in 1950.
A Virus Disease of the European Pine Sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffr.)
Authors: Bird F. T. , Whalen M. M.
Published: January 2010

Escherich (7) was the first to report a polyhedral virus disease affecting the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffr.). Later Forsslund (8) observed that populations of this insect in Sweden were controlled by a virus disease. In 1948, H. S. Hanson. Entomologist of the Forestry Commission, England, observed mortality among N. sertifer in England which was due to a polyhedral virus disease (10). In 1949 virus-killed larvae collected in Sweden by Forsslund, were sent to the Laboratory of Insect Pathology, Sault Ste. Marie by G. R. Wyatt of this laboratory and the virus from these insects was propagated and used in the biological control of N. sertifer in southern Ontario (3, 5). This paper describes some aspects of the laboratory studies of the disease, namely: the infection process in cells susceptible to the virus, incubation period of the disease, and the isolation and electron microscope study of the causal agent.
Toxicité pour la Blatte américaine d'un nouvel analogue du DDT: 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-cyanophényl)-éthane
Authors: Bellemare E. R. , Belcourt Jean
Published: January 2010

Depuis la découverte du pouvoir insecticide du DDT, des recherches intensives ont été faites sur d'autres composés synthétisés à partir de la charpente squelettique du DDT, à savoir le 1,1-diphényléthane:

De ces composés analogues au DDT, certains montrent une valeur insecticide supérieure à celle du DDT; d'autres s'avèrent inférieurs. du moins dans les conditions expérimentales que nous avons choisies. Nous présentons ici les résultats que nous avons obtenus dans nos expériences sur la toxicologie du dérivé cyanuré du DDT. Ce composé a été synthétisé pour la première fois par Perron (4,5) à l'Institut de Chimie de l'Université de Montréal. Nous avons utilisé la méthode mise au point par cet auteur pour préparer les quantités dont nous avions besoin pour notre travail.
Amino Acids in Insects
Authors: Auclair Jacques L.
Published: January 2010

The object of this paper is to summarize some of the latest research work that has been done concerning the amino acids in insects and especially the research work in which I have collaborated.

The Amino Acid Molecule

An amino acid is an organic compound which contains a grouping with gcidic properties. Such a grouping in organic compounds is the carboxyl group.
The Morphology of the Chordotonal Organs of the Antenna, Mouthparts and Legs of the Lesser Migratory Grasshopper, Melanoplus mexicanus mexicanus (Saussure)
Authors: McFarlane John E.
Published: January 2010

The chordotonal organs of insects and especially those of the Acrididae are well known. Slifer (1936) lists 76 scoloparia which are distrilluted throughout the body of Melanoplus differentialis. Although the sense organs of Melanoplus mexicanus described in this study are, in general, similar to thnse found by Slifer, her summary account would seem to warrant a more detaited consideration of their structure.

The organ of Johnston in the second segment of the antenna is included because of its structural similarity to the chordotonal organs, although it is usually considered to have a special sensory functinn distinct from that of the chordotonal type.
Evidence for Molecular Mimicry between Human T Cell Epitopes in Rotavirus and Pancreatic Islet Autoantigens
Authors: Honeyman Margo C. , Stone Natalie L. , Falk Ben A. , Nepom Gerald , Harrison Leonard C.
Published: January 2010

In type 1 diabetes, insulin-producing β cells in the islets of the pancreas are destroyed by autoreactive T cells. Rotavirus (RV) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Peptides in VP7, a major immunogenic protein of RV, have high sequence similarity to T cell epitope peptides in the islet autoantigens tyrosine phosphatase-like insulinoma Ag 2 (IA2) and glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65). We aimed to educe evidence for the hypothesis that molecular mimicry with RV promotes autoimmunity to islet autoantigens. Peptides in RV and their sequence-similar counterparts in IA2 and GAD65 were assayed for binding to HLA molecules associated with type 1 diabetes and for the ability to elicit T cell proliferative responses in HLA-typed individuals. T cells expanded or cloned to epitopes in IA2 or RV were then tested for cross-reactivity with these epitopes. Peptides in RV-VP7, similar to T cell epitopes in IA2 and GAD65, bound strongly to HLA-DRB1*04 molecules that confer susceptibility to type 1 diabetes and were also T cell epitopes in humans at risk for type 1 diabetes. The proliferative responses of T cells to the similar peptides in RV and islet autoantigens were significantly correlated. T cells expanded to the IA2 epitope could be restimulated to express IFN-γ by the similar peptide in RV-VP7, and T cell clones generated to this RV-VP7 peptide cross-reacted with the IA2 epitope. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that molecular mimicry with RV could promote autoimmunity to islet Ags.
The Innate Immune Response to Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Involves IL-17A in a Murine Model of Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: Sivick Kelsey E. , Schaller Matthew A. , Smith Sara N. , Mobley Harry L. T.
Published: January 2010

Uropathogenic Escherichia coli is the causative agent for >80% of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs). Uropathogenic E. coli strains express a number of virulence and fitness factors that allow successful colonization of the mammalian bladder. To combat this, the host has distinct mechanisms to prevent adherence to the bladder wall and to detect and kill uropathogenic E. coli in the event of colonization. In this study, we investigated the role of IL-17A, an innate-adaptive immunomodulatory cytokine, during UTI using a murine model. Splenocytes isolated from mice infected by the transurethral route robustly expressed IL-17A in response to in vitro stimulation with uropathogenic E. coli Ags. Transcript expression of IL-17A in the bladders of infected mice correlated with a role in the innate immune response to UTI, and γδ cells seem to be a key source of IL-17A production. Although IL-17A seems to be dispensable for the generation of a protective response to uropathogenic E. coli, its importance in innate immunity is demonstrated by a defect in acute clearance of uropathogenic E. coli in IL-17A−/− mice. This clearance defect is likely a result of deficient cytokine and chemokine transcripts and impaired macrophage and neutrophil influx during infection. These results show that IL-17A is a key mediator for the innate immune response to UTIs.
Unique Epitopes on CεmX in IgE–B Cell Receptors Are Potentially Applicable for Targeting IgE-Committed B Cells
Authors: Chen Jiun-Bo , Wu Pheidias C. , Hung Alfur Fu-Hsin , Chu Chia-Yu , Tsai Tsen-Fang , Yu Hui-Ming , Chang Hwan-You , Chang Tse Wen
Published: January 2010

Membrane-bound IgE (mIgE) is part of the IgE–BCR and is essential for generating isotype-specific IgE responses. On mIgE+ B cells, the membrane-bound ε-chain (mε) exists predominantly in the long isoform, mεL, containing an extra 52 aa CεmX domain between CH4 and the C-terminal membrane-anchoring segment; the short isoform of mε, mεS, exists in minor proportions. CεmX thus provides an attractive site for immunologic targeting of mIgE+ B cells. In this study, we show that nine newly prepared CεmX-specific mAbs, as well as the previously reported a20, bound to mIgE.FcL-expressing CHO cells, while only 4B12 and 26H2 bound to mIgE.FcL-expressing B cell line Ramos cells. The mAb 4B12 bound to the N-terminal part, 26H2 the middle part, and all others the C-terminal part of CεmX. Expression of Igα and Igβ on the mIgE.FcL-CHO cells reduces the binding of a20 to CεmX as compared with that of 4B12 and 26H2. The chimeric mAbs c4B12 and c26H2, when cross-linked by secondary antibodies, lysed mIgE.FcL-Ramos cells by apoptosis through a BCR-dependent caspase pathway. Using PBMCs as the source of effector cells, c4B12 and c26H2 demonstrated Ab-dependent cellular cytotoxicity toward mIgE.FcL-Ramos cells in a dose-dependent fashion. In cultures of PBMCs from atopic dermatitis patients, c4B12 and c26H2 inhibited the synthesis of IgE driven by anti-CD40 and IL-4. These results suggest that 4B12 and 26H2 and an immunogen using the peptide segments recognized by these mAbs are potentially useful for targeting mIgE+ B cells to control IgE production.
Targeting MHC Class I Monomers to Dendritic Cells Inhibits the Indirect Pathway of Allorecognition and the Production of IgG Alloantibodies Leading to Long-Term Allograft Survival
Authors: Tanriver Yakup , Ratnasothy Kulachelvy , Bucy R. Pat , Lombardi Giovanna , Lechler Robert
Published: January 2010

T cell depletion strategies are an efficient therapy for the treatment of acute rejections and are an essential part of tolerance induction protocols in various animal models; however, they are usually nonselective and cause wholesale T cell depletion leaving the individual in a severely immunocompromised state. So far it has been difficult to selectively delete alloreactive T cells because the majority of protocols either delete all T cells, subsets of T cells, or subpopulations of T cells expressing certain activation markers, ignoring the Ag specificity of the TCR. We have developed a model in which we were able to selectively deplete alloreactive T cells with an indirect specificity by targeting intact MHC molecules to quiescent dendritic cells using 33D1 as the targeting Ab. This strategy enabled us to inhibit the indirect alloresponse against MHC-mismatched skin grafts and hence the generation of IgG alloantibodies, which depends on indirectly activated T cells. In combination with the temporary abrogation of the direct alloresponse, we were able to induce indefinite skin graft survival. Importantly, the targeting strategy had no detrimental effect on CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T cells, which could potentially be used as an adjunctive cellular therapy. Transplantation tolerance depends on the right balance between depletion and regulation. For the former this approach may be a useful tool in the development of future tolerance induction protocols in non-sensitized patients.
Reversal of Established Lupus Nephritis and Prolonged Survival of New Zealand Black × New Zealand White Mice Treated with the Topoisomerase I Inhibitor Irinotecan
Authors: Frese-Schaper Manuela , Zbaeren Jakob , Gugger Mathias , Monestier Marc , Frese Steffen
Published: January 2010

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic autoimmune disorder that predominantly affects women of childbearing age. Lupus-associated glomerulonephritis is a major cause of mortality in these patients. Current treatment protocols for systemic lupus erythematosus include cyclophosphamide, prednisolone, azathioprine, and mycophenolate mofetil. However, in mice none of these agents alone or in combination were shown to reverse established proteinuria. Using New Zealand Black × New Zealand White F1 mice, we report that administration of the topoisomerase I inhibitor irinotecan from week 13 completely prevented the onset of proteinuria and prolonged survival up to at least 90 wk without detectable side effects. Furthermore, application of irinotecan to mice with established lupus nephritis, as indicated by grade 3+ (≥300 mg/dl) and grade 4+ (≥2000 mg/dl) proteinuria and, according to a median age of 35 wk, resulted in remission rates of 75% and 55%, respectively. Survival was significantly prolonged with 73 wk (grade 3+ and 4+ combined) versus 40 wk for control animals. Although total IgG and anti-dsDNA Abs in the serum and mesangial IgG deposits in the kidneys were not reduced in irinotecan-treated mice, subendothelial immune deposits were considerably diminished, suggesting a prevention of glomerular basement membrane disruption. This effect was accompanied by increased rates of ssDNA breaks and inhibition of renal cell apoptosis being different to what is known about irinotecan in anticancer therapy. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that irinotecan might represent an entirely new strategy for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Hyperbaric Oxygen Exposure Reduces Age-Related Decrease in Oxidative Capacity of the Tibialis Anterior Muscle in Mice
Authors: Nishizaka Takahiro , Nagatomo Fumiko , Fujino Hidemi , Nomura Tomoko , Sano Tomohiko , Higuchi Kazuhiko , Takeda Isao , Ishihara Akihiko
Published: January 2010

The effects of exposure to hyperbaric oxygen on the oxidative capacity of the skeletal muscles in mice at different ages were investigated. We exposed 5-, 34-, 55-, and 88-week-old mice to 36% oxygen at 950 mmHg for 6 hours per day for 2 weeks. The activities of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), which is a mitochondrial marker enzyme, of the tibialis anterior muscle in hyperbaric mice were compared with those in age-matched mice under normobaric conditions (21% oxygen at 760 mmHg). Furthermore, the SDH activities of type IIA and type IIB fibers in the muscle were determined using quantitative histochemical analysis. The SDH activity of the muscle in normobaric mice decreased with age. Similar results were observed in both type IIA and type IIB fibers in the muscle. The decrease in the SDH activity of the muscle was reduced in hyperbaric mice at 57 and 90 weeks. The decreased SDH activities of type IIA and type IIB fibers were reduced in hyperbaric mice at 90 weeks and at 57 and 90 weeks, respectively. We conclude that exposure to hyperbaric oxygen used in this study reduces the age-related decrease in the oxidative capacity of skeletal muscles.