bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Function of Sexual Fantasies for Sexual Offenders: A Preliminary Model
Authors: Gee Dion , Ward Tony , Eccleston Lynne
Published: October 2005

Although the content of sexual fantasy has been extensively researched, very little contemporary research has investigated the function of sexual fantasy within the context of offending. In this study, a qualitative analysis was used to develop a descriptive model of the phenomena of sexual fantasy during the offence process. Twenty-four adult males convicted of sexual offences provided detailed retrospective descriptions of their thoughts, emotions and behaviours before, during and after their offences. A data-driven approach to model development (grounded theory) was undertaken to analyse the interview transcripts. A preliminary model was developed to elucidate the function of sexual fantasy in the process of sexual offending, as well as the physiological and psychological variables associated with it. The sexual fantasy function model (SFFM) comprises four categories that describe the various functions of sexual fantasy in the offence process. These categories are affect regulation, sexual arousal, coping, and modelling. The strengths of the SFFM are discussed and its clinical implications are reviewed. Finally, the limitations of the study are presented, and future research directions discussed.
Efficacy of Treatments for Depression in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Carr Victoria A.J. , Boyd Candice P.
Published: October 2005

Depression is a highly complex mental disorder that for many years was believed to be absent in children and adolescents. It is now accepted that depression not only exists in this age group, but also is a major mental health problem (Weller & Weller, 2000a). Research suggests that the prevalence of depression in Australian children and adolescents is around 14% (Boyd, Kostanski, Gullone, Ollendick, & Shek, 2000). As depression appears to be highly prevalent, it is essential that efficacious treatments are identified, and that effective treatment strategies are established that best alleviate depressive symptoms in children and adolescents. In light of this need, this article details the criteria used to identify depression in children and adolescents, and examines the available evidence for the use of pharmacological and psychotherapeutic approaches in the treatment of depression in children and adolescents.
Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Positive Affect Schedule for Youth (PAS-Y)
Authors: Bagot Kathleen L. , Gullone Eleonora
Published: October 2005

A focus on “positive psychology” in nonclinical populations provides an opportunity to improve psychological wellbeing for both community and clinical samples. Identification and assessment of stimuli associated with positive affect may be of particular value for promoting wellbeing. This was the purpose of the current study. Based on self-reports of 157 children (8 to 11 years), a Positive Affect Schedule for Youth (PAS-Y) was developed. This measure was subsequently psychometrically evaluated with a sample of 320 children. Demonstrating construct validity, the PAS-Y was found to factor into two scales comprising a Natural stimuli factor and a Non-natural stimuli factor. Convergent validity and divergent validity were demonstrated through significant associations with positive affect and no associations with negative affect, respectively. Internal consistency and split-half reliability analyses demonstrated good reliability for the PAS-Y. It was concluded that the PAS-Y provides a valid and reliable measure for the assessment of positive affect experiences in youth.
Anxiety and the Processing of Threat in Children: Further Examination of the Cognitive Inhibition Hypothesis
Authors: Morren Mattijn , Kindt Merel , van den Hout Marcel , van Kasteren Hanneke
Published: October 2005

The present study examined the cognitive inhibition hypothesis (Kindt, Bierman, & Brosschot, 1997) which asserts that young children lack the ability to inhibit the processing of threat, but develop this with age. To examine this issue, high spider fearful children (N = 170) and low spider fearful children (N = 215) aged 7—11 years were tested by means of an emotional Stroop task. It was hypothesised that a processing bias for spider-related stimuli would be present in all 8- and 9-year-old children. That is, it was expected that responses to spider words would be slower compared to responses to control words. Furthermore, it was hypothesised that this processing bias would decrease with age in low fearful children, whereas it would persist in high fearful children. No support was found for these hypotheses. Instead of the predicted processing bias, data showed the reverse pattern; that is, children responded faster to spider words compared to control words. It is proposed that the reverse bias results from avoidance. More precisely, children may evade the processing of spider stimuli through fast responding.
Processing Bias in Children with Separation Anxiety Disorder, Social Phobia and Generalised Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Kindt Merel , Bögels Susan , Morren Mattijn
Published: October 2005

The present study examined processing bias in children suffering from anxiety disorders. Processing bias was assessed using of the emotional Stroop task in clinically referred children with separation anxiety disorder (SAD), social phobia (SP), and/or generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) and normal controls. The aims of the present study were twofold: (a) to test whether clinically anxious children show a bias towards threat stimuli, and (b) to examine whether this bias is domain-specific. No evidence was obtained for either an anxiety-related bias towards threat, or a domain-specificity effect. Clearly, these findings diverge markedly from adult studies and stress the importance of further research on anxiety-related information processing in children.
“Danger is Lurking Everywhere, Even in Parts of a Jigsaw Puzzle”: Anxiety-related Threat Perception Abnormalities in Children: Their Assessment with Projective Material
Authors: Muris Peter , van Doorn Muriel
Published: October 2005

The present study examined the relationship between anxiety and depression, on the one hand, and reduced evidence for danger (RED) bias and other threat perception abnormalities, on the other hand. A nonclinical sample of school children (N = 138) completed a brief measure of childhood anxiety and depression symptoms and were then exposed to a series of pictures taken from projective tests. Results showed that (a) anxiety was accompanied by RED bias and other threat perception abnormalities, (b) depression was less convincingly associated with such cognitive distortions, and (c) anxiety-related threat perception abnormalities were not merely the result of a stronger tendency to give affirmative responses. The role of threat perception abnormalities in the pathogenesis of childhood anxiety as well as the clinical implications of these cognitive phenomena are briefly discussed.
The “Anti-monster Letter” as a Simple Therapeutic Tool for Reducing Night-time Fears in Young Children
Authors: Muris Peter , Verweij Cindy , Meesters Cor
Published: October 2005

The current study examined the effects of the “anti-monster letter” as a simple tool for reducing night-time fears in young children. One hundred and forty-two children aged 4 to 6 years were randomly assigned to either an experimental condition in which children and parents were provided with an “anti-monster letter” or a control condition in which no intervention was carried out. Results indicated that the “anti-monster letter” yielded positive effects. That is, child report data showed that night-time fears substantially decreased in the intervention condition as compared with the control condition. In parents, such positive effects could not be substantiated by standardised assessments, although some parents indicated that they considered the intervention as helpful.
The Social Validity of Interventions for Promoting Preschool Children's Peer Interactions
Authors: Hamilton David , Zoitas Aphrodite
Published: October 2005

This analogue study investigated the social validity of classroom interventions designed to promote peer interactions in young children. The influences of child characteristics and diagnostic labels on social validity ratings were examined, as were the relationships among three components of social validity. Forty-two preschool teachers completed a 15-item social validity scale that yielded scores pertaining to intervention goals, procedures and effects. Participants rated three types of intervention, which varied according to individuals targeted and intensity of programming procedures, with reference to one of three case descriptions of children with social interaction problems. Half the participants were provided with the child's diagnostic label. Results indicated that social validity is affected by interactions between intervention methods and child characteristics. The inclusion of diagnostic labels in the case descriptions had no effect on social validity ratings. Strong positive relationships were found among the components of social validity. Implications for the use of empirically validated interventions in inclusive preschools are discussed.
Effects of Thought Suppression on Subliminally and Supraliminally Presented Food-related Stimuli
Authors: Dejonckheere Peter J.N. , Braet Caroline , Soetens Barbara
Published: October 2005

This study investigates whether hyperaccessibility occurs for supraliminally or subliminally presented sweets-related stimuli after prior suppression of thoughts about sweets. Thirty-three students (all female; 18—25 years old) participated in the experiment. In the first phase, half of the experimental group was instructed to suppress all sweets-related thoughts. The other participants were given control instructions. In the second phase, as part of a modified Stroop task, participants were asked to state the colour of a stimulus as quickly as possible. This stimulus could be presented either subliminally or supraliminally. In both conditions, neutral control words as well as sweets words were used. It was found that the participants in the suppression group, compared to those in the control group, showed attentional bias for the sweet-related suppressed thoughts, but that this effect was determined by the reaction times of subliminally presented sweets words. No differences were found for the control words. In addition, the study explored whether there was a relationship between thought suppression and dietary restraint attitudes. The link to dietary behaviour, however, remains unclear.
Jealousy in Couple Relationships
Authors: de Silva Padmal
Published: October 2005

This article discusses the problem of jealousy in couple relationships. The clinical presentations are summarised, and the question of what is morbid jealousy is addressed. Issues in the assessment of jealousy in couples are discussed, with suggestions for the areas to be covered. A framework for the formulation of the problem is proposed. Finally, the clinical treatment of morbid jealousy is reviewed. A treatment approach is described, which includes relationship enhancement work and a range of specific techniques.
Comorbid Externalising Disorders and Child Anxiety Treatment Outcomes
Authors: Flannery-Schroeder Ellen , Suveg Cynthia , Safford Scott , Kendall Philip C. , Webb Alicia
Published: October 2005

Examined the effects of comorbid externalising disorders (i.e., attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], oppositional defiant disorder [ODD], conduct disorder [CD]) on the long-term outcome (7.4 years) of individuals treated for anxiety disorders as youth. Ninety-four anxiety-disordered children (aged 8-13) were provided with a 16-session manual-based cognitive behavioural treatment (CBT). Assessments were completed at pretreatment, posttreatment, 1-year posttreatment (see Kendall, et al., 1997) and for 88 of the original 94 subjects at 7.4-years posttreatment (see Kendall, Safford, Flannery-Schroeder, & Webb, in press). At pretreatment, all participants received principal anxiety diagnoses (generalised anxiety disorder, separation anxiety disorder, social phobia). Nineteen had comorbid externalising disorders (11 ADHD, 7 ODD and 1 CD). These 19 subjects were matched on age (within an average of 3 months), gender and race with 19 previously treated youths who were not comorbid with an externalising disorder. Examining parent- and child-reports, respectively, comparable rates of comorbid versus non-comorbid cases were free of their principal anxiety disorder at the 7.4-year follow-up on all dependent measures. Parents of anxiety-disordered children with a comorbid externalising disorder reported higher levels of child externalising behaviour than did parents of anxiety-disordered children without comorbidity. Comorbid children reported greater self-efficacy in coping with anxiety-provoking situations than did non-comorbid children. Thus, it appears that overall anxiety-disordered children with and without comorbid externalising disorders showed comparable improvements following CBT.
Danger Ideation Reduction Therapy (DIRT) for Intractable, Adolescent Compulsive Washing: A Case Study
Authors: O'Brien Margot , Jones Mairwen K. , Menzies Ross G.
Published: October 2005

This paper describes the first trial of danger ideation reduction therapy (DIRT) in an adolescent patient with severe, treatment resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This case study also represents the first published data on DIRT for any individual outside the Anxiety Disorders Clinic at the University of Sydney, where the treatment package was originally developed. KP was a 16-year-old girl with a 4-year history of obsessive-compulsive disorder. She was primarily concerned with contamination and presented with associated washing and avoidance behaviour. KP met Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 1994) criteria for OCD, oppositional defiant disorder and major depressive disorder. She had also had previous diagnoses of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and motor tics. KP had received considerable treatment for OCD prior to the current trial, including 12 months of outpatient treatment at the local community health centre, a 4-week inpatient admission to a private hospital in Sydney and a 16 week inpatient admission to Rivendell Adolescent Unit in Sydney. All previous treatments involved a combination of pharmacotherapy (clomipramine [up to 125mg[, sertraline [up to the 200mg], fluvoxamine [up to 200 mg], risperidone [up to 2.5 mg] and chlorpromazine [25-50 mg prn]), and attempts to administer exposure-based treatment. KP had failed to benefit from all previous treatment attempts. However, following 16 sessions of DIRT, KP experienced substantial improvement, approximating symptom-free status on all measures. Importantly, these improvements were maintained at 12-month follow-up. The DIRT package was also effective in reducing depression and anxiety scores on self-report measures over the follow-up period. There were no substantial differences between posttreatment and 12-month follow-up scores on any of the measures given.
It's a Boy Thing: The Role of the Internet in Young People's Psychological Wellbeing
Authors: Donchi Lauren , Moore Susan
Published: October 2005

The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between psychological wellbeing and Internet use among adolescents, focussing not only on time spent on the Internet, but also on the relative strength/importance of both face-to-face and Internet friendship networks. A sample of 336 young people aged between 15 and 21 years from a secondary school and a university population were surveyed. Results indicated that females with more online friends were higher on selfesteem and lower on loneliness than females with fewer online friends, but the opposite was true for males. A higher number of online regular friendships seemed to militate against self-esteem and was related to greater loneliness for males. For face-to-face friendships, the effects on wellbeing were in the same direction for males and females, but stronger for males. Those with more face-to-face friendships were higher on self-esteem and less lonely. In addition, young men who rated their online friendship networks as very important were more likely to have lower self-esteem and to be lonely. Actual time spent on the Internet was not a predictor of wellbeing for either sex when online and offline friendship factors were included in the regression equation.
Internet Use, Identity Development and Social Anxiety Among Young Adults
Authors: Mazalin Dennis , Moore Susan
Published: October 2005

Contradictory evidence exists regarding the benefit of the Internet for social and personal wellbeing, with some studies indicating deleterious effects and others possible social enrichment. The potential for increased social isolation from ‘overinvolvement’ in online activities or, conversely, the Internet's possibilities for enhancing social relationships, may be particularly salient during young adulthood and adolescence because of the special importance of the peer group during this developmental phase. This study was an investigation of the relationships between the levels of identity development, Internet use and social anxiety among a sample of 161 older adolescents/young adults aged between 18 and 25. Results indicated that, for males only, higher levels of social anxiety and less mature identity statuses were associated with more frequent Internet use, specifically time spent in chatrooms, online browsing for personal use, and games. For females (who were in this sample less socially anxious, more identity-developed, and lower users of the Internet than males), social anxiety and identity status were not significantly associated with time spent online. Discussion centred around the potential roles of Internet use in reinforcing already-existing social anxiety or, alternatively, in supporting and maintaining social contacts in those with lower levels of social deficit.
Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Children and Adults with Asperger's Syndrome
Authors: Attwood Tony
Published: October 2005

Asperger's syndrome is a relatively newly diagnosed developmental disorder within the autistic spectrum. Children and adults with Asperger's syndrome have an intellectual ability within the normal range but due to their unusual profile of cognitive, social and emotional abilities are vulnerable to the development of a secondary mood disorder. This paper provides an explanation of the abilities associated with Asperger's syndrome, and modifications to cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for this very unusual client group. In particular, the paper emphasises the importance of affective education for this clinical population and describes a new strategy used in cognitive restructuring, namely, the emotional toolbox. The paper concludes with a brief description of a current evaluation study of the effectiveness of CBT to treat anxiety and anger in children who have Asperger's syndrome. However, the strategies described in this paper can also be used with adults with Asperger's syndrome and applied to other clinical populations.
Etiology of Social Anxiety Disorder in Children and Youth
Authors: Elizabeth Joan , King Neville , Ollendick Thomas H.
Published: October 2005

Social Anxiety Disorder is a heterogeneous and distressing problem for many children and youth. Unravelling its multiple causes is essential for a full understanding of the condition. This selective review focuses on the etiology and maintenance of SAD, and examines research findings in several key areas of investigation: genetic or hereditary factors (twin and family studies), temperament characteristics (behavioural inhibition), and parent-child interactions (attachment, parenting styles). We conclude that genetic influences, behavioural inhibition and parent-child interactions play significant and interactive roles in the development and maintenance of social anxiety disorder. Other influences are also acknowledged, such as peer relationships, social skills deficits and traumatic experience. Ultimately, an understanding of such pathways should facilitate effective early screening and intervention of children at risk for severe social anxiety.
Treatment of Stuttering in Preschool Children
Authors: Onslow Mark
Published: October 2005

Stuttering is a speech motor disorder that begins in the first years of life and if not treated effectively can have catastrophic effects on the individual. This article briefly describes the disorder, and overviews treatment of stuttering in preschool children. Such treatment is considered far preferable to treatment in adolescence and adulthood. Evidence of the effectiveness of early stuttering treatment from clinical trials is overviewed, along with clinical benchmarks for such treatment. Epidemiological data showing considerable natural recovery are reviewed, and the implications of those data for the timing of early stuttering intervention are considered.
Prevalence and Prediction of Disorders in Early Childhood: A Community Study
Authors: Roth Janet H. , Dadds Mark R. , McAloon John , Guastella Adam , Weems Carl F.
Published: October 2005

This article examines the prevalence and prediction of internalising and externalising disorders from temperament and parenting in children aged 4 to 6 years (N = 491). Children were assessed via parent and teacher reports over 14 months and clinical interviews with parents were included at follow-up, along with parent and teacher reports of behavioural and emotional difficulties. Prevalence rates for internalising disorders (8.7%) were higher than for externalising disorders (5.8%), and internalising rates were similar to that found for older children in the same city. Accuracy of prediction of disorders, as well as overall behavioural and emotional difficulties, was low to moderate, and externalising problems were better predicted than internalising problems. The results highlight that while psychological disorders can be predicted from measures of temperament in infancy, the accuracy is too low to recommend these children receive selective prevention and treatment programs.
Training in Emotion Regulation as a Treatment for Binge Eating: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Clyne Courtney , Blampied Neville M.
Published: October 2005

Binge eating within Binge Eating Disorder (BED) may represent ineffective management of, and inappropriate escape from, strong, dysphoric emotions, but treatments have been slow to incorporate an emotion regulation focus. Eleven women meeting criteria for BED participated in 11 sessions (2 hours per week) of a psychoeducational group program providing training in emotion recognition and management, problem-solving, assertion training, relaxation and stress management. Outcome was evaluated using a multiple-baseline design replicated across groups. Binges were self-monitored daily, and self-report questionnaires assessed wellbeing and emotion regulation at pretreatment, posttreatment and follow-up. Cognitive changes from pre to posttreatment were evaluated by Articulated Thoughts in Simulated Situations. The program was effective in reducing binge eating, alexithymia, stress and depression, and it improved coping and positive cognitions. No participant met criteria for BED at follow-up. The findings provide support for the inclusion of training in emotion recognition and regulation in treatments for BED and for affect regulation models of binge eating.
Adult Recall of Having Been Bullied in Attenders of an Anxiety Disorder Unit and Attenders of a Dental Clinic: A Pilot Controlled Study
Authors: Giora Asher , Gega Lina , Landau Sabine , Marks Isaac
Published: October 2005

Little is known about the prevalence of having been bullied in adults with versus adults without an anxiety disorder, so a pilot comparison was undertaken. A questionnaire on recall of having been bullied was completed by 81 attenders of a behavioural psychotherapy unit for anxiety disorders and by 81 attenders of a dental clinic who had no psychiatric problems but who were similar to the anxiety disorder group in gender, marital and employment characteristics. Recall of being bullied was significantly more common in the anxiety disorder referrals than in the dental patients. Results warrant testing of whether being bullied as a child increases the likelihood of developing an anxiety disorder in later life, controlling for demographic, personality and ethnic variables.
Cognitive Rehabilitation Revisited
Authors: Mateer Catherine A. , Sohlberg McKay Moore
Published: October 2005

Many controversies remain with respect to how best to work with individuals who are challenged by cognitive impairments. Yet in the last decade, there has been substantial new research and a proliferation of literature, which has served to clarify major principles underlying cognitive interventions, and specified training procedures and teaching techniques that have demonstrated some effectiveness. Increasingly, it is possible to identify what techniques are likely to work for a particular individual, based on a number of variables including their cognitive profile, level of insight, and capacity for self-regulation. Education, the development of compensatory behaviours, the use of specialised instructional techniques and the inclusion of activities to improve self awareness and self-efficacy are but a few of the important components of most efforts at rehabilitation for cognitive impairments. Cognitive rehabilitation must be creative, eclectic, functionally oriented, and based in a partnership between clients, families/caregivers, and professionals.
Adapting Neuropsychological Assessments for Minority Groups: A Study Comparing White and Maori New Zealanders
Authors: Ogden Jenni A. , Cooper Erana , Dudley Margaret
Published: October 2005

Culturally-appropriate neuropsychological assessment is important if we wish to gather valid information about the abilities of individuals from minority cultural groups. This study compares 20 Maori and 20 white New Zealanders (16–30 years) from a low socioeconomic group on a range of neuropsychological tests, some adapted in an attempt to increase their appropriateness for Maori. Results generally support the hypotheses that Maori score more poorly on tests that rely heavily on formal western education and concepts, and score as well as or better than the white New Zealanders on tests that rely on concepts valued by Maori (e.g., visuospatial abilities), or have some Maori content. The test adaptations in this study might provide ideas for test adaptation for other cultural groups.
Effect of Cognitive Demand on Prospective Memory in Individuals with Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Maujean Annick , Shum David , McQueen Rachel
Published: October 2005

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of cognitive demand on prospective-memory in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) using a dual-task paradigm. Fourteen individuals with severe TBI and 14 matched controls were required to undertake two tasks. A lexical-decision task was used as an ongoing task and had two levels of cognitive demand (viz., low and high). The event-based prospective-memory task involved performing a specific action whenever a target stimulus appeared during the ongoing task. The Letter-Number Sequencing Test, the Tower of London and the Controlled Oral Word Association Test were also administered to assess the relationship between prefrontal lobe functions and prospective memory. As hypothesised, participants in the TBI group performed more poorly than participants in the control group on the prospective-memory task in the high but not in the low demand condition. There were significant correlations between prospective-memory task performance and scores on the Letter-Number Sequencing Test and the Controlled Oral Word Association Test. These findings help to clarify the nature of prospective-memory impairment in individuals with TBI and support the involvement of prefrontal processes in prospective remembering.
A Preliminary Exploration of Goal-setting in Community-based Rehabilitation for People with Brain Impairment
Authors: Kuipers Pim , Carlson Glenys , Bailey Sandra , Sharma Anshu
Published: October 2005

Community-based rehabilitation for people with acquired brain injury (ABI) is largely driven by goals set in the course of rehabilitation by clients and service providers. A preliminary study investigating the perspectives and practice of experienced rehabilitation coordinators was undertaken to explore issues that influence goal-setting in community rehabilitation settings. Detailed interviews and subsequent rounds of clarification were conducted with six experienced rehabilitation coordinators. Key themes identified through inductive analysis include cognitive influences, other client influences, service provider influences and the client-service provider relationship in the goal-setting process. Based on the findings, a preliminary descriptive schema of goal-setting in a community-based rehabilitation service for people with acquired brain injury is suggested. Factors such as training, experience, and values of the rehabilitation coordinators are also discussed in terms of their influence on goal-setting. Some strategies to assist a person with ABI to identify and work towards achieving realistic goals are identified. Suggestions for enhancing community-based rehabilitation practices with people with ABI, and scope for future research are noted. This paper constitutes a general overview of goal-setting in community-based ABI rehabilitation.
Managing Challenging Behaviours: Getting Interventions to Work in Nonspecialised Community Settings
Authors: Todd Jenny , Loewy Jan , Kelly Glenn , Simpson Grahame
Published: October 2005

The ABI Behaviour Consultancy (the Consultancy) is a community-based service specialising in the management of challenging behaviour following acquired brain injury (ABI). Although there are many accounts in the literature of behaviour management techniques, very few describe how to tailor and implement programs to work in nonspecialised community settings where a client's environment has little structure and few resources. The Consultancy is often called upon to manage situations where existing behaviour interventions have not been successful, often because of incorrect assumptions about the client with ABI or because of unrealistic expectations of the setting. The Consultancy has developed a six-stage framework for the management of challenging behaviours that includes site visit, crisis management, engagement, intervention, education, and ongoing review. Case examples are used to illustrate each of these stages.
Perceptions of Long-term Community-based Support Following Severe Acquired Brain Injury
Authors: Ownsworth Tamara , Turpin Merrill , Carlson Glenys , Brennan Julie-Anne
Published: October 2005

Many individuals require long-term community-based support following acquired brain injury (ABI). However, very few studies have examined individuals' perceptions of these support needs. The present exploratory study examined individuals' perceptions of community-based support following severe ABI. Participants included eight individuals (aged 20–48 years) with severe ABI, seven relatives and three case managers. The individuals were receiving long-term specialised lifestyle support ranging from 3–70 hours per week. A structured interview with open and closed questions was developed to explore perceptions of individuals' support needs across the areas of personal and home-based activities, community-based activities, self-organisation and vocational activities and social and psychological well-being. The questions investigated whether support was needed, the importance of support, the sources of support, the effectiveness of support and the need for change. A comparison of the three respondent groups' perceptions of support indicated a general consensus that community-based activities were the most important and most effective area of support. When the issues raised by the three respondent groups were compared and contrasted two main themes emerged from the data, which were labelled “relationships” and “individual choice versus support needs”. These themes are discussed in relation to the provision of long-term community-based support services following ABI.
Post-acute Rehabilitation for People With Traumatic Brain Injury: A Model Description and Evaluation of the Liverpool Hospital Transitional Living Program
Authors: Simpson Grahame , Secheny Tanya , Lane-Brown Amanda , Strettles Barbara , Ferry Kim , Phillips Jane
Published: October 2005

Transitional Living Programs (TLPs) have been a standard component of traumatic brain injury (TBI) rehabilitation services for over two decades. The twofold aim of this study was to describe a TLP service model, and to examine the efficacy of standardised TBI-specific outcome scales for TLPs. A consecutive series of 50 residents admitted to the TLP over an 18-month period were administered a number of outcome measures at both admission and discharge. Mean duration of PTA for the sample was 60 days and average length of stay was 7 weeks. Measures included the Sydney Psychosocial Reintegration Scale (SPRS), the Mayo-Portland Adaptability Inventory (MPAI), the Brain Injury Community Rehabilitation Outcome (BICRO) scales and the Assessment of Living Skills and Resources Scale (ALSAR). Results showed significant improvements in the global scores for the SPRS, MPAI and ALSAR from admission to discharge. In contrast, a number of the BICRO scales exhibited floor or ceiling effects. Correlational analysis found moderate to strong associations between the SPRS, MPAI and ALSAR across a number of functional domains. Results to date show promise in identifying measures that are able to detect change over the course of a TLP admission. The findings lay the foundation for ongoing research into the effectiveness of such programs.
The Impact of Age and Task Domain on Cognitive Performance: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Glucose Facilitation Effect
Authors: Riby Leigh M.
Published: October 2005

Considerable research has been devoted to the issue of whether the ingestion of glucose enhances cognitive performance in both younger and older adults. However, it has proven difficult to draw firm conclusions from this literature due to the diversity of methodologies that have been used, and it is therefore still unclear what factors might moderate the facilitative effect. The present study investigates methodological variations and their impact on the magnitude of the glucose enhancement effect. In particular, age group (young vs. old) and task domain (memory vs. nonmemory tasks) were considered as moderator variables. In addition, differences in experimental design, glucose dose and fasting regime were examined. The effect sizedwas extracted from studies comparing cognitive performance after the ingestion of either a glucose or control solution. Subsequent meta-analyses were conducted (using the procedures outlined by Hedges & Olkin, 1985) to examine potential moderators. A moderate overall effect size was found (d= 0.56), which clearly demonstrated the value of glucose ingestion as a cognitive enhancer. However, this effect size was not representative of the 104 individual effect sizes reported. Secondary analyses found larger effect sizes for memory compared to nonmemory tasks. Unexpectedly, no evidence was provided for greater beneficial effects of glucose on cognitive performance for older compared to younger adults. The impact of other methodological variables and the need for further exploration in an elderly population are discussed.
Domain-Specific Anosognosia in Alzheimer's Disease and Vascular Dementia
Authors: Tamietto Marco , Corazzini Luca Latini , Castelli Lorys , Geminiani Giuliano
Published: October 2005

The present study investigated the relationship between anosognosia for cognitive, functional and psychopathological disorders in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia (VD). Ten patients with probable Alzheimer's disease and 10 patients with probable vascular dementia were matched for age, education, illness duration and dementia severity. Cognitive, functional and psychopathological characteristics of the patients were assessed by means of different self-rating scales. The same questionnaires were submitted to patients' caregivers, blind to the patients' answers. Anosognosia was defined as the positively signed difference between patients' and caregivers' ratings. Three anosognosia indices for each domain investigated were obtained. We found lack of insight to be a common and consistent feature of AD and VD. However, unawareness for cognitive and functional domains was more severe in AD than in VD. Furthermore, in AD patients anosognosia for cognitive, functional and psychopathological domains dissociated from one another, as shown by lack of significant correlations between the three indices. Conversely, in VD patients these three anosognosic domains were closely related, indicating a generalised unawareness. These findings suggest that heterogeneity of anosognosic deficits may help differentiate AD from VD.
Personal Experiences of Families of Children With a Traumatic Brain Injury in the Transition From Hospital to Home
Authors: Robson Tamara , Ziviani Jenny , Spina Sylvana
Published: October 2005

For the families of children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) the transition from hospital to home, school and community can be a very stressful time for everyone involved. The present phenomenological study explored the experiences and perceptions of parents of children with TBI during this important transition time with the aim to better inform health-workers involved in discharge management and rehabilitation. Six family representatives were interviewed, with the format of interviews being semistructured. An interview guide was used that outlined key issues to be explored with each participant. The primary analytical approach was inductive and thematic content analysis was used. The themes which emerged related to the emotional journey experienced by the family, the impact of significant relationships in the process of adjustment, along with service provision and coping strategies. These themes are highlighted with respect to how they can influence intervention strategies. Implications for service referral and the communication style of health professionals are also addressed.
Politics, plunder, and postcolonial tricksters: Ousmane Sembène's Xala
Authors: Lynn Thomas J.
Published: October 2005

In Ousmane Sembène's novel and film, Xala, the winding currents of equivocal past, deplorable present, and contested future in relation to Africa intersect when a dramatic encounter occurs between two tricksters: El Hadji, the story's corrupt businessman, and a blind,
unnamed street beggar who seeks revenge against him. Traits associated with two different types of tricksters of oral tradition may be discerned, respectively: the insatiable rogue on the one hand (El Hadji), and the avenger and culture hero on the other (the beggar). The invocation of oral
narratives in creating modern literary works is a means by which African authors reinterpret and revalidate narrative resources that are part of their heritage. Contemporary writers have drawn on trickster figures of oral tradition partly to amplify the human qualities of their fictional characters,
partly to draw on the insights about human nature that tricksters of folklore can offer, and partly to affirm the treasures of indigenous oral traditions.
Tombéza ou la narration impossible de Rachid Mimouni
Authors: Elbaz Robert
Published: October 2005

Mimouni's novelistic discourse hovers between being and non-being, between ‘enonciation’ and ‘silence’, between sense and non-sense. It remains without conclusion, the problematisation of its referent being insurpassable. This is why it will be
limited to an endless redundance, to the cries and delirium of its indeterminate repetition.
Arabization of the Amazigh lands
Authors: Madani Blanca
Published: October 2005

A repeated theme among anti-Amazigh propagandists is that the Amazigh identity was created by the French and that the Amazigh militants are traitors, working for the French. A common insult is to call the Amazigh ‘sons of the White Fathers’, referring to the missionary Roman
Catholic priests that worked in the mountains of Kabylia under French colonialism. Certainly, French colonialism changed the dynamics of North Africa, particularly in Algeria, and the issue of identity has its roots in the divide-and-conquer strategy of the former colonialist power. But it
was the Arab identity that was created due to this strategy, and the process was institutionalized under the post-independence regimes, which were influenced by the pan-Arabist ideology of the former Egyptian president, Gamal Abdel Nasser.
Book Reviews
Authors: Majumdar Margaret A. , Redouane Najib
Published: October 2005

Abdelkader Djemaï, Camping
Paris: Le Seuil, 2002, 124 pp.

Hugh Roberts, The Battlefield: Algeria 1988–2002. Studies in a Broken Polity
London/New York: Verso, 2003, 402 pp.
Culinary diasporas: identity and the language of food in Gisèle Pineau's Un papillon dans la cité and L'Exil selon Julia
Authors: Mehta Brinda J.
Published: October 2005

Gisèle Pineau's novels Un papillon dans la cité and L'Exil selon Julia create a translocational diaspora space through the semiotics of food in which North African and Caribbean cuisine become an important link between France and the French-speaking diaspora
(the Caribbean, Africa, and Asia) amid the dispersal of exile and immigration. The economic and social marginalization of the African diaspora immigrants is compensated by the richness of their culinary traditions in which the mediating discourse of food becomes a trope of culinary nomadism.
The novels focus on the anguish of exile, the pain of misguided loyalties, the difficulties of assimilation and adaptation, and the impact of globalization on the lives of the disenfranchised immigrants. At the same time, the novels celebrate the importance of orality, memory, and cultural
resistance through the dynamics of food in the urban ghetto. Food becomes the language of creolization while providing the sometimes tenuous language of self-conception and identity. Food becomes a metaphor for diasporic continuity and cultural retention to provide a vibrant historical text.
The violence of remembering and forgetting: gender, nation and narration in the aesthetic reception of Dido/Elissa
Authors: Zayzafoon Lamia Ben Youssef
Published: October 2005

This article examines the representation of Dido/Elissa in Tunisian literature and nationalism and the literary, visual and performing arts of the West. This study has three central arguments. The first holds that the myth of Dido has served in these various discourses as an aesthetic
tool to discuss expanding empires and state hegemony as well as gender, racial and national identity. The second claim this study makes is that all discourses on Dido are enunciated from specific hegemonic positions; be they privileges of race, class, gender, nationality, or education. The
last argument affirms that these various artistic modes (epics, operas, paintings, novels, or museums), have produced images of Dido that are overlapping and contradictory at times. Dido emerges in the end as a liminal or trickster figure who defies all boundaries and definitions.
Contextualizing Spanish welfare performance: fellow ‘cohesion countries’ compared
Authors: Mangen Steen
Published: October 2005

Spanish social expenditure is assessed in the context of proclaimed ‘Europeanizing’ convergence ambitions and against the wider background of the first four countries who were beneficiaries of the EU Cohesion Fund. Despite variations in policy and funding trajectories, it
is argued that the ‘Cohesion’ group of countries represents a more sensitive comparator for Spain than the European Union as a whole. The intervening effects of party politics, economic growth and employment are addressed, as are other socio-demographic ‘need’ factors.
The impact of supranational institutional stipulations as represented by the Maastricht convergence criteria for European Monetary Union (EMU) are integrated into the examination of welfare outlays. Finally, there is an attempt to assess social inclusion efforts. Overall, the evidence points
not only to a failure of these countries to eradicate their status as the ‘welfare laggards’ of the European Union, but also, in the case of Spain (and, arguably, to a lesser extent, Ireland), to the reinforcement of the gap.
The rise of a triple helix culture: Innovation in Brazilian economic and social development
Authors: Etzkowitz Henry , Carvalho de Mello Jose Manoel
Published: October 2005

A triple helix culture of university–industry–government relations is emerging in Brazil with localities and regions encouraging the national level to act and vice versa. The papers in this special issue identify evidence of the emergence of a triple helix phenomenon in the course of Brazil's transition from the traditional top-down, government-controlled system of innovation to the non-linear and interactive approach underlying sectoral and national innovation systems.
Industrial and technology policy for regional development: Promoting clusters in Brazil
Authors: Rovere Renata Lèbre La , Hasenclever Lia , Erber Fabio
Published: October 2005

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have been attracting increasing attention from analysts of contemporary capitalism as their role changed with the crisis of ‘fordism’. In the new techno-economic paradigm, SMEs that are clustered in a region and are inserted in market
niches have more chances to meet the requirements of globalization. However, most institutions and policy instruments that operate industrial and technology policy are still formatted to meet the requirements of the ‘fordist’ economy. Therefore, policy-makers today face the challenge
to design effective industrial and technology policies to support SMEs. The aim of this paper is to discuss possibilities of alternative industrial and technology policies directed at SMEs that are located in industrial districts or clusters, so that these firms may assert their role in the
economic development of Brazil.
Political integration of ‘lusophone’ non-national citizens in Portugal: perceptions of key political actors
Authors: Carvalhais Isabel
Published: October 2005

Based upon research conducted between 2001 and 2003, this text explores the perceptions of key political actors in regard to the political integration of non-national citizens in Portugal, wondering about their sensitivity to the idea of stimulating a post-national attitude in this
society. It concludes that political actors tend to recognize the existence of an incipient participatory dynamic between democracy and non-national residents. However, positions diverge about the relevance that such incipience must be given in the evaluation of Portuguese democracy's health,
denouncing the existence of a tension between a conservative line of thought that perceives citizenship within the traditional nation-state's paradigm, and a progressive line that perceives it beyond the constraints of national membership. There persists also a counterproductive bluriness
about the citizen as a non-national and the citizen as a member of an ethnic community - a problem particularly evident in the analysis of the ‘lusophone’ case.