bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Remodeling of glial coverage of glutamatergic synapses in the rat nucleus tractus solitarii after ozone inhalation
Authors: Chounlamountry Keodavanh , Boyer Bénédicte , Penalba Virginie , François‐Bellan Anne‐Marie , Bosler Olivier , Kessler Jean‐Pierre , Strube Caroline
Published: June 2015

Besides the well‐described inflammatory and dysfunction effects on the respiratory tract, accumulating evidence indicates that ozone (O3) exposure also affects central nervous system functions. However, the mechanisms through which O3 exerts toxic effects on the brain remain poorly understood. We previously showed that O3 exposure caused a neuronal activation in regions of the rat nucleus tractus solitarii (NTS) overlapping terminal fields of vagal lung afferents. Knowing that O3 exposure can impact astrocytic protein expression, we decided to investigate whether it may induce astroglial cellular alterations in the NTS. Using electron microscopy and immunoblot techniques, we showed that in O3‐exposed animals, the astrocytic coverage of NTS glutamatergic synapses was 19% increased while the astrocyte volume fraction and membrane density were not modified. Moreover, the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100β, which are known to be increased in reactive astroglia, did not change. These results indicate that O3 inhalation induces a glial plasticity that is restricted to the peri‐synaptic coverage without overall astroglial activation. Taken together, these findings, along with our previous observations, support the conclusion that O3‐induced pulmonary inflammation results in a specific activation of vagal lung afferents rather than non‐specific overall brain alterations mediated by blood‐borne agents.

image

Exposure to ozone, a major atmospheric pollutant, induces an increase in the glial coverage of neurons that is restricted to peri‐synaptic compartments. This observation does not support the view that the ozone‐induced neuronal disorders are related to non‐specific overall brain alterations. It rather argues for a specific activation of the vagus nerve in response to pulmonary inflammation.
Study of behavioural and neural bases of visuo‐spatial working memory with an fMRI paradigm based on an n‐back task
Authors: Dores Artemisa R. , Barbosa Fernando , Carvalho Irene P. , Almeida Isabel , Guerreiro Sandra , da Rocha Benedita M. , de Sousa Liliana , Castro‐Caldas Alexandre
Published: June 2015

The goal of this study was to propose a new functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) paradigm using a language‐free adaptation of a 2‐back working memory task to avoid cultural and educational bias. We additionally provide an index of the validity of the proposed paradigm and test whether the experimental task discriminates the behavioural performances of healthy participants from those of individuals with working memory deficits. Ten healthy participants and nine patients presenting working memory (WM) deficits due to acquired brain injury (ABI) performed the developed task. To inspect whether the paradigm activates brain areas typically involved in visual working memory (VWM), brain activation of the healthy participants was assessed with fMRIs. To examine the task's capacity to discriminate behavioural data, performances of the healthy participants in the task were compared with those of ABI patients. Data were analysed with GLM‐based random effects procedures and t‐tests. We found an increase of the BOLD signal in the specialized areas of VWM. Concerning behavioural performances, healthy participants showed the predicted pattern of more hits, less omissions and a tendency for fewer false alarms, more self‐corrected responses, and faster reaction times, when compared with subjects presenting WM impairments. The results suggest that this task activates brain areas involved in VWM and discriminates behavioural performances of clinical and non‐clinical groups. It can thus be used as a research methodology for behavioural and neuroimaging studies of VWM in block‐design paradigms.
Comparison of tissue adequacy for histologic examination from Ipas MVA plus and Wallach Endocell in women with abnormal uterine bleeding
Authors: Wanijasombutti Paphada , Imruetaicharoenchok Arinporn , Tangjitgamol Siriwan , Loharamtaweethong Kongsak , Phuriputt Napaporn , Phaloprakarn Chadakarn
Published: June 2015

Aim

The aim of this study was to compare endometrial tissue adequacy sampling by Wallach Endocell and manual vacuum aspiration (Ipas MVA plus) in women with abnormal uterine bleeding. Pain and immediate complications from each method were also compared.

Material and Methods

Two hundred and forty women with abnormal uterine bleeding were randomly assigned to two methods of endometrial sampling: MVA (n = 122) and Endocell (n = 118). The basic characteristic features of the women, the difficulty of the procedure, pain score by visual analogue scale, immediate complications, and treatment were recorded. Endometrial tissue adequacy and histopathologic diagnoses were evaluated.

Results

The adequacy of tissue samples was 81.1% in the MVA group and 85.6% in the Endocell group (P = 0.356). There was a significant difference in the rates of difficult procedure between the two groups (27.0% in MVA vs 14.4% in Endocell; P = 0.016). Moderate to severe pain was significantly higher in the MVA group compared to the Endocell group: 60.7% and 19.5%, respectively (P < 0.001). Other immediate minor complications were also observed to be significantly higher in the MVA group (44.3%) than in the Endocell group (30.5%) (P = 0.028). Although medication required for pain was higher in the MVA group (23.0%) than in the Endocell group (12.0%), the difference was not significant (P = 0.130). The two most common histopathologic findings obtained from MVA and Endocell specimens were proliferative endometrium (32.4%) and atrophic endometrium (27.1%).

Conclusion

MVA was comparable to Endocell in terms of tissue adequacy. Moderate to severe pain was experienced significantly more in the MVA group; however, the requirement of pain treatment was not significantly different between the groups.
Developmental outcomes at 3 years of age following major non‐cardiac and cardiac surgery in term infants: A population‐based study
Authors: Walker Karen , Loughran‐Fowlds Alison , Halliday Robert , Holland Andrew JA , Stewart Jan , Sholler Gary F , Winlaw David S , Badawi Nadia
Published: June 2015

Objective

The objective of this study was to determine whether there remain developmental differences between term infants at 3 years of age following major non‐cardiac surgery (NCS) and cardiac surgery (CS) compared with healthy control infants in New South Wales (NSW), Australia.

Study Design

Between 2006 and 2008, term infants who required NCS or CS within the first ninety days of life were enrolled in a prospective population‐based study. Their developmental outcome was then compared with a cohort of healthy term infants. Infants initially assessed at 1 year of age were then re‐assessed at 3 years of age using the Bayley scales of infant and toddler development (version‐III)

Results

Of the 539 term infants assessed at 1 year of age, 417 returned for the 3‐year assessment, with 378 complete assessments. The mean scores for the infants who underwent CS (P < 0.001) were significantly lower in all subscales of the assessment compared with the controls, while the mean scores for the infants who underwent NCS were significantly lower in three of the subscales (P < 0.05). The infants who underwent CS scored significantly lower in four of the subscales (P < 0.05), compared with the infants who underwent NCS.

Conclusion

The second phase of this unique population‐based study provides further data on the outcomes of infants who underwent major NCS and CS. Major surgery in infants continues to be associated with developmental delay at 3 years of age compared with control infants; however the majority of the delay is mild. The risk remains higher in CS group with the pattern and severity of delay similar to that observed in the first study.
Phylogeography of the freshwater raphidophyte Gonyostomum semen confirms a recent expansion in northern Europe by a single haplotype
Authors: Lebret Karen , Tesson Sylvie V. M. , Kritzberg Emma S. , Tomas Carmelo , Rengefors Karin
Published: June 2015

Gonyostmum semen is a freshwater raphidophyte that has increased in occurrence and abundance in several countries in northern Europe since the 1980s. More recently, the species has expanded rapidly also in north‐eastern Europe, and it is frequently referred to as invasive. To better understand the species history, we have explored the phylogeography of G. semen using strains from northern Europe, United States, and Japan. Three regions of the ribosomal RNA gene (small subunit [SSU], internal transcribed spacer [ITS] and large subunit [LSU]) and one mitochondrial DNA marker (cox1) were analyzed. The SSU and partial LSU sequences were identical in all strains, confirming that they belong to the same species. The ITS region differentiated the American from the other strains, but showed high intra‐strain variability. In contrast, the mitochondrial marker cox1 showed distinct differences between the European, American, and Japanese strains. Interestingly, only one cox1 haplotype was detected in European strains. The overall low diversity and weak geographic structure within northern European strains supported the hypothesis of a recent invasion of new lakes by G. semen. Our data also show that the invasive northern European lineage is genetically distinct from the lineages from the other continents. Finally, we concluded that the mitochondrial cox1 was the most useful marker in determining large‐scale biogeographic patterns in this species.
Implicit and Explicit Associations with Erotic Stimuli in Sexually Functional and Dysfunctional Men
Authors: van Lankveld Jacques , Odekerken Ingrid , Kok-Verhoeven Lydia , van Hooren Susan , de Vries Peter , van den Hout Anja , Verboon Peter
Published: June 2015

Introduction

Although conceptual models of sexual functioning have suggested a major role for implicit cognitive processing in sexual functioning, this has thus far, only been investigated in women.

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of implicit cognition in sexual functioning in men.

Methods

Men with (N = 29) and without sexual dysfunction (N = 31) were compared.

Main Outcome Measures

Participants performed two single-target implicit association tests (ST-IAT), measuring the implicit association of visual erotic stimuli with attributes representing, respectively, valence (‘liking’) and motivation (‘wanting’). Participants also rated the erotic pictures that were shown in the ST-IAT on the dimensions of valence, attractiveness, and sexual excitement to assess their explicit associations with these erotic stimuli. Participants completed the International Index of Erectile Functioning for a continuous measure of sexual functioning.

Results

Unexpectedly, compared with sexually functional men, sexually dysfunctional men were found to show stronger implicit associations of erotic stimuli with positive valence than with negative valence. Level of sexual functioning, however, was not predicted by explicit nor implicit associations. Level of sexual distress was predicted by explicit valence ratings, with positive ratings predicting higher levels of sexual distress.

Conclusions

Men with and without sexual dysfunction differed significantly with regard to implicit liking. Research recommendations and implications are discussed.
Plant community composition is a crucial factor for heath performance under precipitation extremes
Authors: Gellesch Ellen , Wellstein Camilla , Beierkuhnlein Carl , Kreyling Jürgen , Walter Julia , Jentsch Anke
Published: June 2015

Question

Studying the effects of alterations in precipitation regime on plant communities, including drought and heavy rain spells, is gaining increased importance under climate change. Numerous studies focus on shifts in above‐ground production, analysing, climate response of vegetative plant traits, but few consider plant fitness and reproduction. We investigated the response to climate manipulation of generative plant traits and the role of community composition for target species performance.

Location

An experimental heathlands in Central Europe.

Methods

We investigated the effects of extreme events such as drought and heavy rainfall, as well as homogeneous precipitation supply, i.e. continuous water availability, on experimental heath communities differing in species numbers (two, four) and functional groups (one, two). We investigated generative traits (number of flowers, number of seeds, seed rain, seed mass, germination rate and reproductive success) and vegetative traits (above‐ground biomass, ratio of abundance in 2010 to abundance in 2005, cover) of the two common heath species Vaccinium myrtillus L. and Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull.

Results

First, the species composition of the community had a larger influence on target species traits than precipitation manipulations. Second, our four‐species community had higher production of flowers, seeds and increased reproductive success of target individuals than the two‐species C. vulgaris–V. myrtillus community. Third, homogeneous water supply (weekly irrigation) increased the reproductive success of C. vulgaris.

Conclusions

Our results provide evidence that community composition and richness might be crucial for heath performance, with the facilitative effects of species interactions gaining increased importance under climatic instability.
How variable is agonistic behavior among crab species? A case study on freshwater anomurans (Crustacea: Decapoda: Aeglidae)
Authors: Ayres‐Peres L. , Araujo P. B. , Jara C. G. , Palaoro A. V. , Santos S.
Published: June 2015

Agonistic behavior can be either extremely variable or extremely conserved among species of the same genus. In general, species with similar morphologies and ecology tend to show similar agonistic behaviors. Understanding the variability of agonistic behavior is essential for elucidating the main drivers of the evolution of aggressive behavior. Aeglidae stands out in this regard because most species inhabit similar environments, integrate the food web similarly and have similar morphology. Thus, our goal was to test how variable is the agonistic behavior in this family. To do this, we performed intraspecific contest of two Chilean species Aegla denticulata denticulata, A. abtao and two Brazilian species A. longirostri and A. manuinflata, qualifying and quantifying their agonistic acts. We performed a principal components analysis for winners, and one for losers, to explore major trends in contest structure. We also performed a one‐way ANOVA, and two GLMs with quasibionomial errors to test for aggressiveness using contest duration, frequency of highly aggressive acts used by winners, and frequency of submissive acts used by losers, respectively. Aegla abtao and A. denticulata performed two exclusive behavioral acts, meral spread and thanatosis, respectively. For winners, PC1 (42.46%) divided the species in two groups: the Chilean species grouped with non‐aggressive acts and low aggressive acts loadings, whereas the Brazilian species grouped with highly aggressive acts and antennal whipping. Losers were not clearly divided. Aegla denticulata winners are less aggressive than the winners of the other species. Contest duration did not differ among species. Thus, aeglids' greatest variation resides in their agonistic repertoire and contest structure, which separate the Chilean species from the Brazilian species. Aegla denticulata was the least aggressive, which is also the most morphologically distinct species. Therefore, our results suggest that morphology and ecology play a great role in shaping aggressiveness, whereas phylogenetic background may shape agonistic repertoire and contest structure.
Captive rearing affects growth but not survival in translocated juvenile tuatara
Authors: Jarvie S. , Senior A. M. , Adolph S. C. , Seddon P. J. , Cree A.
Published: June 2015

Translocations are increasingly used in species conservation, but success rates can be low. Experimental approaches are needed to compare the outcomes of translocation strategies, including those involving head‐starting (the rearing of juveniles in captivity before release). Here, we studied the reintroduction of head‐started and wild‐caught juveniles of a distinctive reptile, the tuatara Sphenodon punctatus, on the South Island of New Zealand. We compared morphometric, ecophysiological, behavioural and spatial aspects for juveniles from three groups (wild‐caught from a warmer climate, head‐started from a warmer climate and head‐started from the local climate), focusing on the first 5 months of summer following release. Group did not affect body condition at recapture, but wild‐caught juveniles, despite being the only animals with ticks at release, grew faster and had higher inferred body temperatures than individuals head‐started in a warmer climate. Wild‐caught juveniles were less frequently seen emerged than juveniles head‐started at the release site, and no animals had ticks at the summer's end. Mean dispersal distance and home‐range size did not differ significantly between groups, and all groups had high survival (96.4–100% over first summer; at least 66.7–73.3% after the first winter following release). We conclude that, for most metrics, post‐release performance of head‐started and wild‐caught juvenile tuatara was similar, and that head‐started groups can differ between each other as much as between captive and wild. Our results emphasize the species‐specific nature of translocation outcomes.
Predictors of depressive symptoms and physical health in caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia
Authors: Thunyadee Chanya , Sitthimongkol Yajai , Sangon Sopin , Chai‐Aroon Teradech , Hegadoren Kathleen M.
Published: June 2015

This cross‐sectional study examined relationships among factors influencing caregiver burden, depressive symptoms, and physical health in family caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia. Two hundred family caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia completed standardized questionnaires related to depressive symptoms, physical health, perceptions of burden, coping, and social support. The results revealed that 19.5% of family caregivers of individuals with schizophrenia experienced significant depressive symptoms and 65.5% perceived themselves in poor physical health. Burden, self‐controlling coping strategies, and physical health status were all independently predictive of depressive symptoms. Two emotion‐focused coping strategies (self‐controlling and escape‐avoidance) were independently predictive of caregiver burden. Only burden predicted physical health status. The findings suggest that health professionals who provide community care for those with schizophrenia need to consider the “unit of care” as the family rather than the individual. The health status of family caregivers should be routinely assessed. Individualized interventions to reduce family burden could include community‐based health professionals as well as trained community volunteers, opportunities for social interaction, and improving self‐care for all family members.
Layered evolution in the immune system: a view from history
Authors: Herzenberg Leonore A.
Published: June 2015

Although much had still to be learned, evidence indicating that B‐1a lymphocytes very likely belonged to a distinct lineage was largely in place by the time of the first large B‐1a conference in 1991. The widely respected group of immunologists attending that meeting (including Tasuko Honjo and Klaus Rajewsky) developed and ultimately published the B‐1a notation still in use today. Here, I briefly review some of the early B‐1a findings that underlie current studies. I close with a brief summary of recent studies, mainly from my laboratory, showing that the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) we all know and love as the origin of the cells that populate the adult lymphoid and myeloid system today is nonetheless not the origin of the B‐1a lymphocytes with which most of us work today.
ACCOUNTABILITY AFTER STRUCTURAL DISAGGREGATION: COMPARING AGENCY ACCOUNTABILITY ARRANGEMENTS
Authors: OVERMAN SJORS , VAN GENUGTEN MARIEKE , VAN THIEL SANDRA
Published: June 2015

New accountability instruments – performance indicators, audits, and financial incentives – are expected to replace traditional accountability instruments in NPM reforms. We test this expectation by looking at the accountability arrangements of semi‐autonomous agencies as a typical example ofNPMreforms. Our findings are based on survey data on 342 agencies in six countries. We identify four types of accountability arrangements in semi‐autonomous agencies, in line with the four trajectories of public management reform identified by Pollitt and Bouckaert (2004). Accountability relations between agencies and ministries are determined by country‐specific administrative regimes, types of agency, and to a lesser extent, agencies' policy fields. We identify new avenues for theory and research into the effects of reforms on accountability in the public sector, and on semi‐autonomous agencies in particular.
Effects of atomoxetine on heart rhythm in children and adolescents
Authors: Tanidir Ibrahim Cansaran , Tanidir Canan , Ozturk Erkut , Bahali Kayhan , Gunes Hatice , Ergul Yakup , Uneri Ozden Sukran , Akdeniz Celal , Tuzcu Volkan
Published: June 2015

Background

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of atomoxetine on heart rhythm using 12‐lead electrocardiography (ECG) and 24 h Holter monitoring.

Methods

Children and adolescents who were diagnosed with attention deficit–hyperactivity disorder according to DSM‐IV‐TR were referred to a pediatric cardiology clinic for cardiologic examination before and after 4 or 5 weeks of atomoxetine treatment. Cardiac examination, complete blood count, biochemistry, thyroid function tests, 12‐lead ECG and 24 h Holter monitoring were performed routinely in all patients. Each subject underwent 24 h Holter ECG monitoring before atomoxetine was started and after 4 or 5 weeks of effective dose atomoxetine treatment.

Results

Forty‐one patients were included in this prospective study. No statistically significant change was found in QT, QTc or QT interval dispersion or blood pressure before and after 4 or 5 weeks of atomoxetine treatment. There was a statistically significant increase in heart rate (both during the day and at night) and QRS duration, and a statistically significant decrease in P wave dispersion. Three patients had rhythm disturbances. All of these three patients were asymptomatic and none of these arrhythmias reached clinical significance.

Conclusion

Atomoxetine did not cause significant changes in ECG or Holter variables. In two patients, who had undiagnosed subclinical extrasystoles, extra beats were increased after 4th week of treatment, but still remained clinically insignificant. Before and after atomoxetine treatment, listening to the heart sounds for a longer time, may help clinicians to notice an extra beat. If an extra beat is identified then 24 Holter monitoring is recommended.
Shame proneness and intimate relations in Mainland China
Authors: JOHNSON MATTHEW D. , NGUYEN LINH , ANDERSON JARED R. , LIU WENLI , VENNUM AMBER
Published: June 2015

Using dyadic data from 200 young adult couples (aged 18–31 years) in Mainland China, this study evaluated associations between shame proneness, intimate partner attachment, adaptive interactions, and relationship satisfaction. Results demonstrated that shame proneness was directly associated with more insecure attachment to the partner (anxious and avoidant dimensions) and less adaptive interactions (operationalized by variables assessing constructive problem solving and negative interactions) and indirectly with lower relationship satisfaction for male and female partners. While shame is a highly valued emotion in Confucian cultures, shame proneness may be a liability for modern‐day intimate relations.
The effect of MMF dose and trough levels on adverse effects in pediatric heart transplant recipients
Authors: Siddiqi Nida , Lamour Jacqueline M. , Hsu Daphne T.
Published: June 2015

Limited pharmacokinetic and safety data exist for MMF in pediatric HTR. Previously targeted MPA‐TL are 1.5–3.0 μg/mL. The objective of this study was to assess the outcomes targeting MPA‐TL of 0.8–2.0 μg/mL in pediatric HTR. MPA‐TL were retrospectively collected 2–12 months post‐transplant. Acute rejection, infection, leukopenia, and GI complaints were then correlated with MPA‐TL. A total of 355 MPA‐TL from 22 HTR were included. Median age was 2.5 yr. Primary indication for transplant was dilated cardiomyopathy (64%). Mean MPA‐TL was 1.7 ± 0.9 μg/mL. African American patients received significantly higher doses (702 ± 235 mg/m2) compared with other races (p = 0.035). Leukopenia was less common in patients with SUB MPA vs. others (p = 0.01). MMF was discontinued for GI complaints in one patient and leukopenia in two patients. One SUB patient had acute rejection, and one SUP patient had infection. One‐yr survival was 100%. Targeting a lower range for MPA‐TL was not associated with significant rejection or infection. Despite lower MPA‐TL, MMF was discontinued in 3/22 patients for adverse effects.
Introduction to the Special Series on Research Synthesis: A Cross‐Disciplinary Approach
Authors: Robinson Lisa A. , Hammitt James K.
Published: June 2015

To estimate the effects of a policy change, analysts must often rely on available data as time and resource constraints limit their ability to commission new primary research. Research synthesis methods—including systematic review, meta‐analysis, and expert elicitation—play an important role in ensuring that this evidence is appropriately weighed and considered. We present the conclusions of a multidisciplinary Harvard Center for Risk Analysis project that evaluated and applied these methods, and introduce the resulting series of articles. The first step in any analysis is to clearly define the problem to be addressed; the second is a systematic review of the literature. Whether additional analysis is needed depends on the quality and relevance of the available data to the policy question, and the likely effect of uncertainty on the policy decision. Meta‐analysis promotes understanding the variation between studies and may be used to combine the estimates to develop values for application in policy analysis. Formal, structured expert elicitation promotes careful consideration of the evidence when data are limited or inconsistent, and aids in extrapolating to the policy context. Regardless of the methods used, clear communication of the approach, assumptions, and uncertainty is essential.
Alpine Skiing With total knee ArthroPlasty (ASWAP): muscular adaptations
Authors: Rieder F. , Kösters A. , Wiesinger H.‐P. , Dorn U. , Hofstaedter T. , Fink C. , Seynnes O. R. , Müller E.
Published: June 2015

This study investigated the effectiveness of recreational skiing as an intervention to improve quadriceps muscle architecture, strength, and antagonistic co‐activation in patients with unilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Hence, patients with TKA were assigned to either an intervention group (IG) or control group (CG). The IG completed a 12‐week guided skiing program whereas the CG was instructed not to change their daily routines for the same period and was not allowed to ski. Before, after the intervention/after an 8‐week retention period m. rectus femoris (RF) cross‐sectional area (CSA), m. vastus lateralis muscle thickness, fascicle length, and pennation angle were measured with ultrasonography, while isometric (90° knee angle) knee extension, flexion torque and m. biceps femoris co‐activation were assessed on an isokinetic dynamometer in 26 patients. There were significant and stable increases in RF CSA for the operated (10%; P < 0.05) and non‐operated leg (12%; P < 0.01) after the training period in the IG whereas no changes were observed for the CG (all P > 0.05). There were no significant effects for other parameters (all P > 0.05). Overall, the skiing intervention was successful in increasing muscle mass in TKA older patients.
Alpine Skiing With total knee ArthroPlasty (ASWAP): effect on tendon properties
Authors: Kösters A. , Rieder F. , Wiesinger H.‐P. , Dorn U. , Hofstaedter T. , Fink C. , Müller E. , Seynnes O. R.
Published: June 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of alpine skiing on patellar tendon properties in patients with total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Thirty‐one adults (70.4 ± 4.7 years) with unilateral TKA were recruited 2.7 ± 0.9 years after surgery and assigned to an intervention (IG) or a control group (CG). The IG underwent a 12‐week guided skiing program. Tendon stiffness, Young's modulus, and cross‐sectional area (CSA) were measured before and after the intervention. In both groups, mean tendon CSA was 28% (P < 0.001) larger in the operated (OP) than in the non‐operated (NOP) leg at baseline, without any difference in other tendon properties. After training, stiffness increased in the IG by 5.8% and 15.8%, respectively, in the OP and NOP legs. Likewise, mean CSA increased in the IG by 2.9% in the OP and 3.8% in the NOP leg, whereas no significant changes were found for the Young's modulus. None of the tendon parameters changed in the CG. Results indicate that patellar tendon structure and/or loading pattern are altered following TKA, but this tissue seems to retain its adaptation capacity. Further, alpine skiing appears to offer a suitable rehabilitation strategy for TKA patients.
Alpine Skiing With total knee ArthroPlasty (ASWAP): effects on strength and cardiorespiratory fitness
Authors: Pötzelsberger B. , Stöggl T. , Lindinger S. J. , Dirnberger J. , Stadlmann M. , Buchecker M. , Hofstaedter T. , Gordon K. , Müller E.
Published: June 2015

This study investigated the effect of a 12‐week recreational skiing intervention on lower limb muscle strength and cardiorespiratory fitness in participants with unilateral total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Twenty‐seven older adults (70 ± 5 years) were assigned to the intervention (n = 13) or control group (n = 14) after surgery (2.5 ± 1 years). Leg muscle strength was measured using an IsoMed 2000 dynamometer and cardiorespiratory fitness was determined by cycle ergometry before and after the intervention as well as after an 8‐week retention period. The skiing intervention led to increased muscle strength in the operated leg during unilateral single joint isometric extension (maximal force: 11%; P < 0.05; rate of torque development: 24%; P < 0.05) and during the unilateral multi‐joint isokinetic single leg strength test (8%; P < 0.05). This resulted in a decreased asymmetry index in the isokinetic test (13% to 5%; P < 0.05). These adaptations remained unchanged toward the retention test. No effect was observed for cardiorespiratory fitness. The results demonstrate that muscle contraction forces required during recreational skiing in individuals with TKA seem adequate and effective to increase quadriceps and hamstrings muscle strength in the initially weaker operated leg and to reduce an augmented post‐operative asymmetry index.
Alpine Skiing With total knee ArthroPlasty (ASWAP): metabolism, inflammation, and skeletal muscle fiber characteristics
Authors: Kristensen M. , Pötzelsberger B. , Scheiber P. , Bergdahl A. , Hansen C. N. , Andersen J. L. , Narici M. , Salvioli S. , Conte M. , Müller E. , Dela F.
Published: June 2015

We investigated the effect of alpine skiing for 12 weeks on skeletal muscle characteristics and biomarkers of glucose homeostasis and cardiovascular risk factors. Twenty‐three patients with a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) were studied 2.9 ± 0.9 years (mean ± SD) after the operation. Fourteen patients participated in the intervention group (IG) and nine in the control group (CG). Blood samples and muscle biopsies were obtained before (PRE) and 7.3 ± 0.8 days after (POST) the intervention, and blood samples again after a retention (RET) phase of 8 weeks. With skiing, glucose homeostasis improved in IG (decrease in fasting insulin, increase in muscle glycogen) but not in CG. Fiber type distribution and size, as well as capillary density and number of capillaries around the fibers (CAF), were not different between the operated and the non‐operated leg in either group. The relative number of type I fibers increased with skiing in IG with no change in CG. Inflammatory biomarkers, plasma lipids, and mitochondrial proteins and activity did not change. Alpine skiing is metabolically beneficial and can be used as a training modality by elderly people with TKA.
Quality of anaesthesia for Caesarean sections: a cross‐sectional study of a university hospital in a low‐income country
Authors: Eriksson Jesper , Baker Tim , Jörnvall Henrik , Irestedt Lars , Mulungu Moses , Larsson Emma
Published: June 2015

Objective

To evaluate the quality of anaesthesia for Caesarean sections at Muhimbili National Hospital, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.

Method

We developed an instrument consisting of 40 quality indicators using an expert group process based on the existing literature. Using the instrument, we observed 50 Caesarean sections. Twenty‐eight of the indicators were structural indicators, such as essential drugs, oxygen supply and anaesthetic equipment. Twelve were process indicators such as evaluation of airway, blood pressure assessment or insertion of an intravenous line.

Results

The median patient age was 28.5 years. A total of 75% (range 61–82%) of the structural indicators were present in the operating theatres, and 55% (range 33–83%) of the process indicators were performed. The neonates’ median Apgar score was 9 (range 3–10). Seven babies required ventilation, four babies were stillborn, and all others were alive at follow‐up 2 days after partus. All mothers were alive 2 days post‐surgery.

Conclusion

The low process score suggests that quality improvement initiatives should focus on the processes of anaesthesia for Caesarean sections rather than new drugs and equipment.
Crystal structure of the effector AvrLm4–7 of Leptosphaeria maculans reveals insights into its translocation into plant cells and recognition by resistance proteins
Authors: Blondeau Karine , Blaise Françoise , Graille Marc , Kale Shiv D. , Linglin Juliette , Ollivier Bénédicte , Labarde Audrey , Lazar Noureddine , Daverdin Guillaume , Balesdent Marie‐Hélène , Choi Danielle H.Y. , Tyler Brett M. , Rouxel Thierry , van Tilbeurgh Herman , Fudal Isabelle
Published: June 2015

The avirulence gene AvrLm4–7 of Leptosphaeria maculans, the causal agent of stem canker in Brassica napus (oilseed rape), confers a dual specificity of recognition by two resistance genes (Rlm4 and Rlm7) and is strongly involved in fungal fitness. In order to elucidate the biological function of AvrLm4–7 and understand the specificity of recognition by Rlm4 and Rlm7, the AvrLm4–7 protein was produced in Pichia pastoris and its crystal structure was determined. It revealed the presence of four disulfide bridges, but no close structural analogs could be identified. A short stretch of amino acids in the C terminus of the protein, (R/N)(Y/F)(R/S)E(F/W), was well‐conserved among AvrLm4–7 homologs. Loss of recognition of AvrLm4–7 by Rlm4 is caused by the mutation of a single glycine to an arginine residue located in a loop of the protein. Loss of recognition by Rlm7 is governed by more complex mutational patterns, including gene loss or drastic modifications of the protein structure. Three point mutations altered residues in the well‐conserved C–terminal motif or close to the glycine involved in Rlm4‐mediated recognition, resulting in the loss of Rlm7‐mediated recognition. Transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana (tobacco) and particle bombardment experiments on leaves from oilseed rape suggested that AvrLm4–7 interacts with its cognate R proteins inside the plant cell, and can be translocated into plant cells in the absence of the pathogen. Translocation of AvrLm4–7 into oilseed rape leaves is likely to require the (R/N)(Y/F)(R/S)E(F/W) motif as well as an RAWG motif located in a nearby loop that together form a positively charged region.
Single Incision, Laparoscopic‐Assisted Ovariohysterectomy for Mucometra and Pyometra in Dogs
Authors: Wallace Mandy L. , Case J. Brad , Singh Ameet , Ellison Gary W. , Monnet Eric
Published: June 2015

Objective

To describe a single‐incision, laparoscopic‐assisted technique for ovariohysterectomy and its application for treatment of mucometra and pyometra in dogs.

Study Design

Prospective case series.

Animals

Seven dogs.

Methods

Dogs were included if they had an open or closed pyometra or mucometra and an approximate uterine body diameter of less than 5 cm based on ultrasound or abdominal radiographs. Each dog underwent a laparoscopic‐assisted ovariohysterectomy through a single‐incision laparoscopic port.

Results

The procedure was performed in 6 dogs with pyometra and 1 dog with mucometra. Conversion to an open procedure was necessary in 1 dog with uterine rupture. A 2nd port was necessary in 1 dog to exteriorize the uterine body. Median uterine body diameter was 2.2 cm (range 2–3.9). The median surgical time was 85 minutes (range 40–110). Six of 7 dogs were released from the hospital at 1 day postoperative. Follow up ranged from 7 to 421 days and no complications were reported.

Conclusion

A single‐incision, laparoscopic‐assisted technique for pyometra was feasible in dogs, given restricted case selection and experience with single‐incision laparoscopy.
Novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer‐based reporter reveals differential calcineurin activation in neonatal and adult cardiomyocytes
Authors: Bazzazi Hojjat , Sang Lingjie , Dick Ivy E. , Joshi‐Mukherjee Rosy , Yang Wanjun , Yue David T.
Published: June 2015

Key points

Novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer‐based genetically encoded reporters of calcineurin are constructed by fusing the two subunits of calcineurin with P2A‐based linkers retaining the expected native conformation of calcineurin.

Calcineurin reporters display robust responses to calcium transients in HEK293 cells. The sensor responses are correlated with NFATc1 translocation dynamics in HEK293 cells.

The sensors are uniformly distributed in neonatal myocytes and respond efficiently to single electrically evoked calcium transients and show cumulative activation at frequencies of 0.5 and 1 Hz.

In adult myocytes, the calcineurin sensors appear to be localized to the cardiac z‐lines, and respond to cumulative calcium transients at frequencies of 0.5 and 1 Hz.

The phosphatase calcineurin is a central component of many calcium signalling pathways, relaying calcium signals from the plasma membrane to the nucleus. It has critical functions in a multitude of systems, including immune, cardiac and neuronal. Given the widespread importance of calcineurin in both normal and pathological conditions, new tools that elucidate the spatiotemporal dynamics of calcineurin activity would be invaluable. Here we develop two separate genetically encoded fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)‐based sensors of calcineurin activation, DuoCaN and UniCaN. Both sensors showcase a large dynamic range and rapid response kinetics, differing primarily in the linker structure between the FRET pairs. Both sensors were calibrated in HEK293 cells and their responses correlated well with NFAT translocation to the nucleus, validating the biological relevance of the sensor readout. The sensors were subsequently expressed in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes and acutely isolated adult guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Both sensors demonstrated robust responses in myocytes and revealed kinetic differences in calcineurin activation during changes in pacing rate for neonatal versus adult myocytes. Finally, mathematical modelling combined with quantitative FRET measurements provided novel insights into the kinetics and integration of calcineurin activation in response to myocyte Ca transients. In all, DuoCaN and UniCaN stand as valuable new tools for understanding the role of calcineurin in normal and pathological signalling.
Reduced blood flow to contracting skeletal muscle in ageing humans: is it all an effect of sand through the hourglass?
Authors: Nyberg Michael , Hellsten Ylva
Published: June 2015

The ability to sustain a given absolute submaximal workload declines with advancing age, likely to be due to a lower level of blood flow and O2 delivery to the exercising muscles. Given that physical inactivity mimics many of the physiological changes associated with ageing, separating the physiological consequences of ageing and physical inactivity can be challenging; yet, observations from cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies on the effects of physical activity have provided some insight. Physical activity has the potential to offset the age‐related decline in blood flow to contracting skeletal muscle during exercise where systemic blood flow is not limited by cardiac output, thereby improving O2 delivery and allowing for an enhanced energy production from oxidative metabolism. The mechanisms underlying the increase in blood flow with regular physical activity include improved endothelial function and the ability for functional sympatholysis – an attenuation of the vasoconstrictor effect of sympathetic nervous activity. These vascular adaptations with physical activity are likely to be an effect of improved nitric oxide and ATP signalling. Collectively, precise matching of blood flow and O2 delivery to meet the O2 demand of the active skeletal muscle of aged individuals during conditions where systemic blood flow is not limited by cardiac output seems to a large extent to be related to the level of physical activity.
Numerical Study and Optimization of Parabolic Trough Solar Collector Receiver Tube
Authors: Ghomrassi Anissa , Mhiri Hatem , Bournot Philippe
Published: June 2015

In this study, the parabolic trough collector's (PTC) performance is analyzed. In order to achieve this goal, the adopted procedure comprises two main steps. In the first step, the concentrated solar heat flux densities in the solar concentrator focal zone are calculated by soltrace software. In the second step, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are carried out to analyze and to optimize the thermal performance of the tube receiver. The calculated heat flux densities by soltrace software are used as wall heat flux boundary conditions for the receiver tube. The effect of the receiver tube diameter variation on the PTC thermal performance is studied. A new type of receiver tube is tested. This latter is covered with a metallic thickness. The performance of tube receiver covered with a metallic layer for different diameters is compared to those of the same diameters without the addition of metallic thickness. It has been found that increasing tube metallic thickness enhances the performance of PTC system comparing to the tubes of the same diameter and crossed by the same flow rates.
Design of Multiple Operating Degrees-of-Freedom Planetary Gear Trains With Variable Structure
Authors: Peng Zeng-Xiong , Hu Ji-Bin , Xie Tian-Li , Liu Chun-Wang
Published: June 2015

To obtain multiple speed ratios, a synthesis methodology of planetary gear trains (PGTs) with multiple operating degrees-of-freedom (DOFs) is proposed based on the variable structure method. Variable structure of PGT is accomplished by changing the fixed interconnection edge. First, PGTs with two operating DOFs are synthesized with a deduction method based on the relationship between the number of planetary gear sets (PGSs) and number of fixed interconnection edges. Next, connection characteristics of fixed interconnection edges are defined as frequency of utilization to construct original speed ratios of the two operating DOFs schemes. The connection characteristics are then obtained based on the power flow analysis. PGT graph model with connection characteristic is built to provide guidance in the design of varying structure. Finally, multispeed PGTs with multiple operating DOFs are synthesized based on the graph model and lever analogy. A design example for three-PGS PGTs is considered to highlight capabilities of the variable structure method.
A Study on the Effect of Laser Surface Texturing on Friction and Wear Behavior of Graphite Cast Iron
Authors: Tripathi Khagendra , Joshi Bhupendra , Gyawali Gobinda , Amanov Auezhan , Lee Soo Wohn
Published: June 2015

Dimples with various pitches and densities were produced using laser surface texturing (LST) to improve the friction and wear behavior of graphite cast iron. The objective of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of dimples on the friction and wear behavior of an internal combustion engine (ICE) cylinder. The specimens with a dimple pitch of 150 μm and a dimple density of 13% exhibited the lowest friction coefficient among the specimens, while the specimens with a dimple pitch of 200 μm and a density of 7% exhibited the highest resistance to wear.
Variable Chain Confinement in Polymers With Nanosized Pores and Its Impact on Instability
Authors: Tang Shan , Greene Steven M. , Liu Wing Kam , Peng Xiang He , Guo Zaoyang
Published: June 2015

Recent experiments and molecular dynamics simulations have proven that polymer chains are less confined in layers near the free surfaces of submicron-nanosized pores. A recent model has incorporated this observed variable chain confinement at void surfaces in a mechanism-based hyperelastic model. This work employs that model to do two things: explain the large discrepancy between classical homogenization theories and physical experiments measuring the modulus of nanoporous polymers, and describe the instability behavior (onset and postinstability deformation) of this class of materials. The analysis demonstrates that less confinement of polymer chains near free surfaces of voids inhibits tilting buckling while promoting pattern transformation. The sensitivity of geometric instability modes to void size is also studied in depth, helping lay the foundation for fabricating solids with tunable acoustic and optical properties. The simulation approach outlined provides experimentalists with a practical route to estimate the thickness of the interfacial layer in nanoporous polymers.
Aerodynamic Analysis of a Passenger Car at Yaw Angle and Two-Vehicle
Platoon
Authors: Altinisik Armagan , Yemenici Onur , Umur Habib
Published: June 2015

Experimental and computational studies were performed to study the drag forces and the pressure distributions of a one-fifth scale model FIAT Linea at increasing yaw angle and two-vehicle platoon. Experiments were performed in the Uludag University Wind Tunnel (UURT) only for the yaw angles of 0 deg, 5 deg, and 10 deg due to the test section dimensional restriction. Supplementary tests were performed in the Ankara Wind Tunnel (ART) to evaluate the aerodynamic coefficients up to yaw angle of 40 deg. The test section blockage ratios were 20% and 1%, respectively, in the UURT and ART tunnels. The blockage effects for the yaw angles up to 10 deg were studied by the comparison of two wind tunnel results. The aerodynamic tests of two-vehicle platoon were performed in the ART tunnel at spacings of “x/L” 0, 0.5, and 1. Static pressure distributions were obtained from the model centerline and three vertical sections. In the numerical study, three-dimensional, incompressible, and steady governing equations were solved by star-ccm+ code with realizable k-ɛ two-layer turbulence model. Experimental and numerical Cp distributions and Cd values were found in good agreement for considered yaw angles and two-vehicle platoon. Maximum drag coefficient was obtained at yaw angle of 35 deg for both experimental and numerical calculations. The two-vehicle platoon analysis resulted with the significant drag coefficient improvement for the leading car at spacings of x/L  = 0 and 0.5, while for the tail car drag coefficient remained slightly above the vehicle in isolation.