bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Input Parameters and Calibration Methods for Simulating Prairie Pothole Hydrology using AnnAGNPS
Authors: Nahkala Brady A , Kaleita Amy L , Soupir Michelle L
Published: June 2021

Highlights

Model equifinality incurs user-driven decisions when modeling with AnnAGNPS.

Prairie pothole models should be calibrated using a limited parameter search space.

LiDAR-derived surface areas best represent prairie pothole hydrology in AnnAGNPS.

Modeling field-scale prairie pothole spill-and-fill dynamics is currently limited.

Abstract. The Annualized Agricultural Non-Point Source (AnnAGNPS) model was used to predict water volume in individual prairie potholes within the Des Moines Lobe of Iowa. AnnAGNPS can represent prairie potholes as static wetland areas located on preferential flow paths at field scale, whereas standard practice of watershed modeling is to fill depressions while preparing input data, and whereas models have lumped parameters at scales too large for individual pothole representation, or are considered too complex for widespread implementation. Here, we assess how key user inputs affect hydrologic calibration of 6 AnnAGNPS prairie pothole models, suggest methods for calibrating and modeling the impact of some potholes at field scale, and explain challenges in modeling prairie potholes with AnnAGNPS. Results indicate that user-defined pothole surface area does not significantly affect statistical calibration of the model. Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency 0.26 to 0.79, R2 ranged from 0.37 to 0.80 and RSR ranged from 0.46 to 0.86. The area that best simulates pothole hydrology and expected physical parameters is derived from LiDAR and is considered the maximum extent of the pothole. Potholes were calibrated using a stepwise, iterative, limited search space method using multiple representations of their inundation extent. We graphically assessed statistical parameters to identify calibrated models and chose input parameters within reasonable ranges of published literature. This helped formulate our recommendation for the modeled pothole area. Finally, AnnAGNPS is limited in its ability to simulate field-scale pothole networks due to the placement of potholes within the model’s subbasin network. Investigating high-resolution subbasin delineation or more specific wetland placement may alleviate this issue. Keywords: AnnAGNPS, Farmed wetlands, Hydrology, Prairie potholes, Prairie pothole region.
Caste-specific phenotypic plasticity of Asian weaver ants: Revealing the allometric and non-allometric component of female caste system of Oecophylla smaragdina (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) by using geometric morphometrics
Authors: Mahima K. V. , Anand P. P. , Seena S. , Shameema K. , Manogem E. M. , Shibu Vardhanan Y.
Published: June 2021

In eusocial insects, particularly in ants, caste differentiation is extremely complicated when we rely on traditional taxonomy. In most species, the worker caste does not display any distinct morphological characters neither the caste’s central division according to their morphological size variations. We used a landmark-based geometric morphometric approach to quantify the morphological characteristics of female caste systems (queen, major and minor worker ant) of Oecophylla smaragdina. Our findings suggested that each caste has its unique shape and size. Especially in the worker caste, apart from the size variations, we can use the shape as a prominent tool for distinguishing between them. The O. smaragdina exhibits a triphasic allometry pattern. Studying the allometry and non-allometry components of each caste system revealed a highly complex size and shape relationship in the female caste systems. From the allometric and non-allometric analysis, we concluded that the major worker ants showed a closer relationship with the queen than the minor worker ant. This outcome demonstrated that Asian weaver ant exhibits complex shape variations related to size and is correlated to their functional modular characters. This research sheds new light on caste systems’ taxonomic uncertainties for eusocial hymenopteran groups, especially ants.
Tax policy and charitable giving: an evaluation of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act 2017 and its impact on charitable contributions
Authors: Haveman Scott , O’Reilly Colin
Published: June 2021

Studies of how the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act 2017 will affect charitable giving narrowly focus on the increase in the standard deduction. Based on these studies, the media and policy analysts warned that the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act would lead to a sharp decrease in charitable giving. However, these predictions did not fully account for some of the nuances in the tax code and the political economy of changes to tax policy. We explain that a richer analysis includes the political response of interest groups. Tax provisions other than changes to the standard deduction, such as an increase in the adjusted gross income limit, mean that the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act may change the composition of giving but that it is unlikely to have a large impact on overall giving. To supplement our analytical narrative, we present statistics on the pattern of charitable giving and estimate a predictive autoregressive model of overall charitable giving. The results show that the change in giving after the implementation of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act cannot be distinguished from zero. We conclude that misleading interpretations about the effect of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on overall charitable giving are due to the omission of political economy from the analysis.
High-quality welding of glass by a femtosecond laser assisted with silver nanofilm
Authors: Wang Cong , Zhang Shifu , Luo Zhi , Ding Kaiwen , Liu Bo , Duan Ji’an
Published: June 2021

Glass products with high joint strength are highly demanded in the field of microelectromechanical system (MEMS). While the quality requirement of MEMS is getting higher and higher, much attention has been paid to further improving the welding strength of the glass. Herein, a femtosecond laser welding method assisted by silver nanofilm for quartz glass is proposed. To optimize the welding results, the influence of the laser power on the location of the heat-affected zone is studied. The effect of coated silver nanofilm at the interface of two glass substrates on femtosecond laser absorptivity is conducted. Also, the welding spot size under different irradiation periods is investigated. In addition, the welding strength with and without the silver nanofilm is measured and compared. It is demonstrated that the welding strength was increased nearly 20% on average by our proposed method compared with direct femtosecond laser welding. In addition, even at the lower laser power than the welding threshold, the welding process could be realized by the proposed method.
Effects of Kolmogorov turbulence on optical cavity spectral response
Authors: Mah Merlin L. , Talghader Joseph J.
Published: June 2021

An aberrated wavefront incident upon an optical resonator will excite higher order spatial modes in the cavity, and the spectral width and distribution of these modes are indicative of the type and magnitude of the aberration. We apply this concept to atmospheric turbulence modeled by the Kolmogorov distribution. The spectral widths of the cavity transmission spectra are demonstrated via simulations to correspond to the structure constant that characterizes the variation in the optical index of refraction and thus the turbulence strength. Such a relationship can be harnessed to build a sensor for simply and quickly assessing optical turbulence strength.
Pre-clinical estimation of the intraocular lens A-constant, and its
relationship to power, shape factor, and asphericity
Authors: Simpson Michael J.
Published: June 2021

Calculating the intraocular lens power for a particular patient requires an empirical “lens constant” to estimate the final axial location after surgery. This is normally calculated from clinical results for each new lens style, but it can also be estimated without clinical data by comparing a new style to an existing style. The lenses are axially positioned in a model eye at comparable locations, and image distances are used to estimate the change in lens constant. The A-constant used by the SRK/T calculation method is evaluated here, but this can be easily converted for other calculations using an average eye. Raytrace calculations demonstrate the method, and also illustrate the effects that refractive index, shape factor, and asphericity have on the refractive error. Actual lens measurements at 35°C in saline are preferable if details of the reference lens are uncertain.
Optical characterization of Ge11.5As24S64.5 glass for an on-chip supercontinuum
Authors: Shang Haiyan , Zhang Mingjie , Sun Dandan , Liu Yan-Ge , Wang Zhi
Published: June 2021

An on-chip supercontinuum (SC) source spanning from 900 nm to 2000 nm has been experimentally presented and analyzed based on a

G

e

11.5

A

s

24

S

64.5

(GeAsS) planar waveguide at telecommunication wavelength. The nonlinear response parameter (

γ

) of the GeAsS waveguide is estimated to be

∼

12

/

W

/

m

at the pump wavelength using resonant grating waveguide (RGW) nonlinear refractive index (

n

2

=

2

×

1

0

−
18

m

2

/

W

), which is measured by the z-scan technique. The dispersion of the waveguide is carefully engineered based on the refractive index of the GeAsS film where the film structure is confirmed by a Raman spectrum exhibiting consistency with the corresponding glass. The results suggest that the GeAsS glass is expected to be an ideal platform for on-chip devices.
Optimizing methods to isolate melanopsin-directed responses
Authors: Uprety Samir , Zele Andrew J. , Feigl Beatrix , Cao Dingcai , Adhikari Prakash
Published: June 2021

The intrinsic melanopsin photoresponse may initiate visual signals that differ in spatiotemporal characteristics from the cone-opsin- and rhodopsin-mediated signals. Applying the CIE standard observer functions in silent-substitution methods can require individual differences in photoreceptor spectral sensitivities and pre-receptoral filtering to be corrected; failure to do so can lead to the intrusion of more sensitive cone processes with putative melanopsin-directed stimuli. Here we evaluate heterochromatic flicker photometry (HFP) and photoreceptor-directed temporal white noise as techniques to limit the effect of these individual differences. Individualized luminous efficiency functions (V(λ)) were compared to the CIE standard observer functions. We show that adapting chromaticities used in silent-substitution methods can deviate by up to 54% in luminance when estimated with the individual and standard observer functions. These deviations lead to inadvertent cone intrusions in the visual functions measured with melanopsin-directed stimuli. To eliminate the intrusions, individual HFP corrections are sufficient at low frequencies (∼1Hz) but temporal white noise is also required at higher frequencies to desensitize penumbral cones. We therefore recommend the selective application of individualized observer calibration and/or temporal white noise in silent-substitution paradigms when studying melanopsin-directed photoresponses.
Temporal and spatial superbunching effects from a pair of modulated distinguishable classical lights
Authors: Luo Sheng , Zheng Huaibin , Xu Wanting , He Yuchen , Zhang Shuanghao , Tian Jingkun , Xu Zhuo
Published: June 2021

From the Feynman path integration theory of view, the Hanbury Brown–Twiss effect would not be observed for one definite two-photon propagation path, as well as the superbunching effect. Here, temporal and spatial superbunching effects are measured from a pair of modulated distinguishable classical lights. These interesting phenomena are realized by passing two orthogonal polarized laser beams through two rotating ground glass plates in sequence. To understand the underlying physical process, the intensity fluctuation correlation theory is developed to describe the superbunching effect in the temporal and spatial domains, which agrees with experimental results well. Such experimental results are conducive to the study of the superbunching effect, which plays an important role in improving the performance in related applications, such as the contrast of ghost imaging.
Photonic device combined optical microfiber coupler with saturable-absorption materials and its application in mode-locked fiber laser
Authors: Wang Yaorong , Hou Shaodong , Yu Yang , Liu Wenjun , Yan Peiguang , Yang Junbo
Published: June 2021

We demonstrated a mode-locked fiber laser based on a novel photonic device that combined optical microfiber coupler (OMC) and saturable absorption materials. The stable ultrafast laser was formed based on the interaction between the deposited Indium Antimonide (InSb) and the evanescent field on OMC. Different from optical microfiber (OM), OMC can directly output the mode-locked laser without additional beam splitting devices, which further improves the integrated characteristics of the fiber laser. The pulse duration of the output pulse is 405 fs at the central wavelength of 1560 nm. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that optical microfiber coupler based saturable absorber (OMC-SA) for mode-locked fiber laser is demonstrated.
Graphene oxide and polydimethylsiloxane coated quartz tuning fork for improved sensitive near- and mid-infrared detection
Authors: Lou Cunguang , Chen Hongjia , Li Xitong , Yang Xu , Zhang Yu , Yao Jianquan , Ma Yufei , Chang Chao , Liu Xiuling
Published: June 2021

Sensitive and broadband infrared sensors are required for security and medical applications, as few can rapidly and sensitively detect infrared without uncooled devices. Here, we report a wideband optical-detection strategy based on the thermoelastic effect of a coating-enhanced quartz tuning fork (QTF) and study the feasibility of using an atomic force probe operating in contact mode to monitor the vibration. Graphene oxide (GO) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coating were applied on the QTF’s surface to improve the light absorption and the thermal–mechanical conversion efficiency. Experimental results showed that the bi-layer coatings yielded a maximum gain factor of 8 in response amplitude and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) than that of a bare QTF, respectively. Lasers with wavelengths of 1512 nm and 10.6 µm were used as the typical representative light source to test the photoresponse of the QTF detector. The device displays a broadband photoresponse covering the near-infrared to mid-infrared range at room temperature, high performance with the maximum photoresponsivity of 85.76 V·mW−1, and 1σ detection limit of 0.056 µW; the lowest noise equivalent power (NEP) of 1.35 nW·Hz-1/2 and 43.9 ms response speed is also achieved. The preparation process of detector is simple and easy to implement; the resulting device exhibits high responsivity and wide wavelength response ranging at least from 1512 to 10600 nm, compared with custom QTF; and the surface coating strategy potentially enables the construction of a new class of low-cost photodetection sensors operated at room temperature.
Ten simple rules for doing a postdoc in pharma
Authors: Zhang Jitao David
Published: June 2021

Postdoctoral programs in the pharmaceutical and life science industry offer opportunities for personal and professional development, if you know why to join, what to expect, and how to prepare.
Eliminating onchocerciasis within the Meme River Basin of Cameroon: A social-ecological approach to understanding everyday realities and health systems
Authors: Nji Theobald Mue , Piotrowski Helen , Dum-Buo Nnamdi , Fung Ebua Gallus , Dean Laura , Theobald Sally , Thomson Rachael , Wanji Samuel , Ozano Kim
Published: June 2021

Background

Onchocerciasis affects some of the world’s most marginalized people, perpetuating poverty and inequalities. Mass Drug Administration (MDA) with Ivermectin has taken place within the Meme River basin region in Cameroon for over 15 years. Despite this, onchocerciasis is still prevalent in the region due to existing and emerging contextual challenges. Using a social-ecological approach we explore the everyday realities of communities, highlighting the challenges and potential solutions that could support Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) programmes when transitioning from control to elimination of onchocerciasis in this highly endemic area and other similar communities.

Methodology/Principal finding

In-depth interviews (71) with community members and Community Drug Distributors (CDDs) were conducted to understand current knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours in relation to transmission, prevention and treatment of onchocerciasis. Through application of the social-ecological model, four key themes were identified: 1. Contextual factors on health promotion interventions (Onchocerciasis history and understanding of the disease, prevention and mitigation strategies and MDA experience); 2. Social determinants (poverty and livelihoods, economic and social impacts on CDD volunteers and stigma); 3. Environmental determinants (exposure, housing, occupation and poverty); and 4. health seeking pathways and decision making for treatment (access, cost and preferable treatment routes).

We discuss these core and cross cutting themes (gender differences and community participation/ownership) in relation to intersectoral collaboration, gender equity and health systems support, making recommendations for NTD programmes within the context of integrated and interdisciplinary approaches. These include the need for; intersectional and gender analysis at the local level, addressing environmental dimensions of onchocerciasis through integrated and regular health promotion, vector control strategies and access to safe water sources; reflection and action that embeds responses to social and economic barriers to MDA; integrated case detection and management that is responsive to onchocerciasis symptoms and related stigma and a fair and just support network for CDDs.

Conclusion/Significance

NTD programmes need to respond to diverse community circumstances and behaviours. Communities are not a homogeneous risk group and treating them in this way will delay elimination. A deeper understanding of individual needs and their capacity to seek prevention and treatment must be considered if onchocerciasis is to be eliminated and the remaining impacts managed.
Implementation of START (STrAtegies for RelaTives) for dementia carers in the third sector: Widening access to evidence-based interventions
Authors: Amador Sarah , Rapaport Penny , Lang Iain , Sommerlad Andrew , Mukadam Naaheed , Stringer Aisling , Hart Nicola , Nurock Shirley , Livingston Gill
Published: June 2021

Family members remain the main care providers for the increasing numbers of people with dementia, and often become depressed or anxious. In an implementation research project, we aimed to widen access to Strategies for RelaTives (START), a clinically and cost-effective intervention for the mental health of family carers, by laying the foundations for its implementation in the third sector. We used the integrated Promoting Action on Research Implementation in Health Services (i-PARIHS) framework to guide implementation of START, a manual-based, individually-delivered, multicomponent eight-session coping strategy intervention. We interviewed a maximum variation sample of twenty-seven stakeholders from the English Alzheimer’s Society (AS), about possible difficulties in management, training, and delivery of START. We trained and supervised three AS dementia support workers in different locations, to each deliver START to three family carers. Two researchers independently coded pre-intervention interviews for themes. We assessed intervention feasibility through monitoring delivery fidelity, rating audio-recordings from 1–5 (5 being high) and interviewing facilitators, family carers and AS managers about their experiences. We assessed effectiveness on family carers’ mental health using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) before and after receiving START (scores 0–42). We changed START’s format by reflecting carer diversity more and increasing carer stories prominence, but core content or delivery processes were unchanged. All carers received START and attended every session. The mean fidelity score was 4.2. Mean HADS-total score reduced from baseline 18.4 (standard deviation 7.4) to follow-up 15.8 (9.7). Six (67%) carers scored as clinically depressed on baseline HADS and 2 (22%) at follow-up. Facilitators and carers rated START positively. Appropriately experienced third sector workers can be trained and supervised to deliver START and it remains effective. This has the potential for widened access at scale.
Evaluation of candidate reference genes for gene expression analysis in the brassica leaf beetle, Phaedon brassicae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Ma Long , Jiang Ting , Liu Xiangya , Xiao Haijun , Peng Yingchuan , Zhang Wanna
Published: June 2021

The brassica leaf beetlePhaedon brassicaeis a notorious defoliator of cruciferous vegetables. However, few molecular studies of this pest have been conducted due to limited sequence data. Recently, RNA sequencing has offered a powerful platform to generate numerous transcriptomic data, which require RT-qPCR to validate target gene expression. The selection of reliable reference genes to normalize RT-qPCR data is a prerequisite for gene expression analysis. In the present study, the expression stabilities of eight candidate reference genes under biotic conditions (development stages and various tissues) and abiotic perturbations (thermal stress and pesticide exposure) were evaluated using four different statistical algorithms. The optimal suites of reference genes were recommended for the respective experimental conditions. For tissue expression analysis,RPL32andEF-1αwere recommended as the suitable reference genes.RPL19andTBPwere the optimal reference genes across different developmental stages.RPL32andTBPwere identified as the most suitable references for thermal stress. Furthermore,RPL32andRPL19were ranked as the best references for insecticide exposure. This work provides a systematic exploration of the optimal reference genes for the respective experimental conditions, and our findings would facilitate molecular studies ofP.brassicae.
Real-life dental examination elicits physiological responses different to visual and auditory dental-related stimuli
Authors: Košir Tadea , Sajovic Jakob , Grošelj Maja , Fidler Aleš , Drevenšek Gorazd , Selič-Zupančič Polona
Published: June 2021

Background

Previous studies on dental anxiety have examined the psychophysiological responses evoked in dentally anxious subjects by dental-related stimuli, but not during a real-life dental examination, which was achieved in the present study.

Methods

The heart rate, skin conductance level, and heart rate variability of 25 subjects with dental anxiety and 25 healthy controls were examined. Anxiety was determined by the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale and the Dental Anxiety Scale–Revised. The psychophysiological reactions of the two groups were compared during exposure to dental-related pictures, dental-related sounds, and an actual examination in a dental surgery.

Results

All the dental-related stimuli provoked an increase in heart rate, i.e. visual stimuli (p<0.001; 95% CI 0.98–3.95 bpm), auditory stimuli (p<0.001; 95% CI 1.34–4.99 bpm), and a dental examination (p<0.001; 95% CI 1.26–5.39 bpm). Dental-related pictures provoked inferior skin conductance level changes compared to dental-related sounds and the dental examination (visual modality vs auditory p<0.001; 95% CI 0.039–0.152; visual modality vs examination p<0.001; 95% CI 0.083–0.275). Heart rate variability manifested in a complex pattern of responses to the dental examination. However, when exposed to all three dental-related stimuli presentation conditions, the heart rate (F = 0.352, p = 0.556), skin conductance level (F = 0.009, p = 0.926), and heart rate variability parameters of subjects with dental anxiety did not differ in comparison to the healthy controls.

Conclusions

This pilot study represents an evaluation of psychophysiological reactions during a real-life dental examination compared to single modality stimuli, and shows that a real-life dental examination provokes an increase in heart rate, heart rate variability and skin conductance level. Additionally, autonomic responses did not differ between the experimental and control groups. The key issue for future studies is the effect of real-life situations on the physiological and psychological state of the subjects, which should be considered when planning new research and studied in depth.
Sustaining the integrity of the threatened self: A cluster-randomised trial among social assistance applicants in the Netherlands
Authors: Bierbaum Mira , Nillesen Eleonora E. M.
Published: June 2021

Stereotypes and stigma associated with living on welfare or a low income can be a psychological threat that hampers performance and undermines aspirations. Our paper explores the potential of a novel self-affirmation intervention to mitigate such adverse impacts. The intervention comprises a verbal self-affirmation exercise for applicants during their first meeting with a caseworker. We conduct a cluster-randomised trial among a sample of 174 applicants for social assistance benefits in a Social Services office in Maastricht, the Netherlands. We measure outcomes on feelings of self-worth, stress, societal belonging, job search behaviour self-efficacy and cognitive performance immediately after the meeting. In our full sample, the intervention has a negative impact on feelings of societal belonging, but no effect on other outcomes. Effects, however, vary by subgroups. Our treatment increases negative feelings of self-worth and negatively affects societal belonging, but also improves cognitive performance among the group that had paid work in the previous two years. By contrast, self-affirmation positively impacts job search behaviour self-efficacy and cognitive performance for individuals who face increased challenges to (re)integrate into the labour market, proxied by lower levels of education or social assistance receipt in the previous two years. Since our intervention gives rise to testing more than one null hypothesis, we control the false discovery rate using the Benjamini-Hochberg approach. Our findings are sobering. Effects only remain significant for negative feelings of self-worth and improved cognitive performance for one particular subgroup: individuals with paid work in the past two years. This suggests self-affirmation may have reminded them of the time they still had a job, hence creating a backlash effect on feelings of self-worth. At the same time, they may have felt a need to distinguish themselves from others on social assistance benefits resulting in better cognitive performance. These interpretations are consistent with theory and empirical evidence on social identity and self-categorisation. We discuss the implications of our results and outline avenues for future work.
Evidence of cryptic diversity in freshwater Macrobrachium prawns from Indochinese riverine systems revealed by DNA barcode, species delimitation and phylogenetic approaches
Authors: Siriwut Warut , Jeratthitikul Ekgachai , Panha Somsak , Chanabun Ratmanee , Ngor Peng Bun , Sutcharit Chirasak
Published: June 2021

The diversity of Indochinese prawns in genusMacrobrachiumis enormous due to the habitat diversification and broad tributary networks of two river basins: the Chao Phraya and the Mekong. Despite long-standing interest in SE-Asian decapod diversity, the subregionalMacrobrachiumfauna is still not yet comprehensively clarified in terms of taxonomic identification or genetic diversification. In this study, integrative taxonomic approaches including morphological examination, DNA barcoding, and molecular species delimitation were used to emphasize the broad scale systematics ofMacrobrachiumprawns in Indochina. Twenty-seven nominal species were successfully re-verified by traditional and molecular taxonomy. Barcode gap analysis supported broad overlapping of species boundaries. Taxonomic ambiguity of several deposited samples in the public database is related to inter- and intraspecific genetic divergence as indicated by BOLD discordance. Diagnostic nucleotide positions were found in sixMacrobrachiumspecies. Eighteen additional putative lineages are herein assigned using the consensus of species delimitation methods. Genetic divergence indicates the possible existence of cryptic species in four morphologically complex and wide-ranging species:M.lanchesteri,M.niphanae,M.sintangense, and some members of theM.pilimanusgroup. The geographical distribution of some species supports the connections and barriers attributed to paleo-historical events of SE-Asian rivers and land masses. Results of this study show explicitly the importance of freshwater ecosystems in Indochinese subregions, especially for the Mekong River Basin due to its high genetic diversity and species composition found throughout its tributaries.
Late adolescents’ own and assumed parental preferences towards health-care related confidentiality and consent in Belgium
Authors: De Coninck David , Matthijs Koen , de Winter Peter , Toelen Jaan
Published: June 2021

Objectives

Health care professionals regularly struggle with issues relating to confidentiality and consent for physical and/or mental health issues among adolescents. We investigate late adolescents’ own and assumed parental preferences towards health-care related confidentiality and consent.

Methods

We analyzed online survey data of four vignettes from 463 first-year university students at KU Leuven (Flanders, Belgium). We used paired samples t-tests to assess the (in)consistency between attitudes of late adolescents and their assumed parental attitudes, independent samples t-tests to estimate gender differences, and binomial logistic regressions to analyze the association of assumed parental preferences with late adolescents’ own preferences.

Results

Attitudinal inconsistencies were present in all vignettes. Late adolescents were significantly more in favor of confidentiality and adolescent consent than what they believed their parents were. Gender differences were limited. Binomial logistic regressions indicated that assumed parental preferences were strongly associated with late adolescents’ own preferences.

Conclusions

Findings suggest a clear difference between late adolescents’ preferences and assumed parental preferences: they believe that their parents are less inclined to favor confidentiality and adolescent consent. We also find that this difference depends on the case, indicating that there is no such thing as general ‘confidentiality preferences’. Rather, a decision- and/or context-specific perspective should be adopted.
The development of respect in young athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Abad Robles Manuel Tomás , Navarro Domínguez Benjamín , Cerrada Nogales José Antonio , Giménez Fuentes-Guerra Francisco Javier
Published: June 2021

Background

The practice of sports can lead to the development of values such as respect, self-control, effort, autonomy and leadership. However, sport can only foster educational habits and values if it is properly timed and specifically focused towards that end. The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of interventions on the development and promotion of respect in the practice of sport among young people.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted, according to the guidelines of the PRISMA declaration, in the Web of Science (WOS), PubMed (Medline), Scopus, Google Scholar and SportDiscus databases. A total of 6 articles were considered to meet the inclusion criteria for the promotion of respect. Criteria for inclusion included: the full text needed to be available; it should be written in one of the selected languages: English, Spanish and Portuguese; it should be an intervention, an experimental or quasi-experimental study or a randomized controlled trial. Each manuscript was independently reviewed by three authors of this work.

Results

The results of the meta-analyses showed that the Siedentop sports education model, and Hellison’s personal and social responsibility model (TPRS), had significant improvements regarding respect for opponents (total effect size = 0.39, small effect, with 95% Confidence Interval of 0.07 to 0.72). In addition, these models, along with another programme called Fair Play, also achieved significant increases as regards respect for the social conventions of sport (total effect size = 0.67, moderate effect, with 95% IC from 0.25 to 1.10).

Conclusions

In conclusion, the use of interventions related to the above-mentioned models is recommended when it is intended to encourage respect for opponents and social conventions. These considerations could be useful to both teachers and coaches in order to further cultivate these important attitudes.
Criterion validity of the ActiGraph and activPAL in classifying posture and motion in office-based workers: A cross-sectional laboratory study
Authors: Radtke Thomas , Rodriguez Manuel , Braun Julia , Dressel Holger
Published: June 2021

Background

The ActiGraph and activPAL monitors are the most frequently used thigh-worn devices to measure motion and posture, but the criterion validity to measure sitting, standing and postural transfer in the office setting is not known. Research question: To examine the criterion validity of the ActiGraph and activPAL activity monitors in repeatedly measuring a variety of different postures and motion in the office setting.

Methods

Twenty office workers from the University of Zurich wore an ActiGraph and activPAL during two identical laboratory experiments lasting approximately 60 minutes each, within a maximum of 7 days. The experimental setting consisted of a standard computer office workstation with an electrically powered height-adjustable desk, a swivel chair without arm rests, a standard chair, a footrest, and a bookcase. The protocol consisted of 24 pre-defined tasks mimicking sitting, standing, stepping, and postural transitions around the workplace. All tasks were supervised and observed by the same experimenter.

Results

In repeated measurements (40 individual experiments), the percentages of correctly classified tasks for the ActiGraph and activPAL were, respectively, 100% vs. 85% for sitting, 87% vs. 100% for standing, and 100% vs. 73% for postural transitions. Both monitors correctly identified all stepping tasks. The activPAL misclassified sitting with legs outstretched, and sitting with both feet placed beneath the chair, as standing ~25–70% and 45% of the time, respectively. The ActiGraph misclassified standing with the right foot on a footrest as sitting in 65% of events.

Conclusions

The ActiGraph appears to be slightly more sensitive than the activPAL with respect to the measurement of sitting and postural transitions of short duration, whereas the activPAL seems to be slightly more accurate in capturing standing postures. This knowledge will help guide researchers to choose the best suitable monitor for their research setting.
Visualising natural attractions within national parks: Preferences of tourists for photographs with different visual characteristics
Authors: Zhu Lei , Davis Lloyd S. , Carr Anna
Published: June 2021

To explore what types of photographs are more helpful means to interpret natural attractions within national parks, this study focused on the relationship between the photographs with different visual characteristics and their perceived visual appeal. A photograph-based Q method was adopted. Results confirmed the visual quality of a photograph was the most important characteristic that determined its perceived attractiveness; those photographs with a high visual quality could successfully attract tourists’ attention. The subject also significantly affected the preferences of observers, suggesting an interest-dependent pattern. Using photographs of birds as examples, the participants who were interested in birds were attracted by the photographs of birds rather than those of other subjects. This study provides a better understanding of the effectiveness of photographs for communication. Findings may help researchers, communicators and national park marketers better understand and select appropriate photographs for interpretation within national parks.
Effects of stress associated with academic examination on the kynurenine pathway profile in healthy students
Authors: Myint Kyaimon , Jacobs Kelly , Myint Aye Mu , Lam Sau Kuen , Henden Lyndal , Hoe See Ziau , Guillemin Gilles J.
Published: June 2021

The effects of stress on the neuroendocrine, central nervous and immune systems are extremely complex. The kynurenine pathway (KP) of the tryptophan metabolism is recognised as a cross-link between the neuroendocrine- and immune systems. However, the effects of acute stress from everyday life on KP activation have not yet been studied. This study aims to investigate changes in the levels of the KP neuroactive metabolites and cytokines in response to stress triggered by academic examinations. Ninety-two healthy first year medical students benevolently participated in the study. Parameters were measured pre- examination, which is considered to be a high-stress period, and post-examination, as a low-stress period. Stress induced by academic examinations significantly increases the perceived stress scores (p<0.001), serum cortisol levels (p<0.001) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels (p<0.01). It decreased IL-10 levels (p<0.05) but had no effect on IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels. Only the KP neuroactive metabolite, 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK) significantly increased (p<0.01) in the post-examination period. In addition, the stress scores positively correlated with the levels of cortisol (r2 = 0.297, p<0.01) at post examination. Acute stress triggered by academic examinations increases cortisol and BDNF production and suppresses the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, but did not increase significantly the levels of other pro-inflammatory cytokines, tryptophan, kynurenine and downstream KP metabolites. The concomitant increased levels of BDNF under the duress of acute examination stress appear to limit the levels pro-inflammatory markers, which may attenuate the action of cortisol and the neuroinflammatory branch of the KP.
Mobility for sex work and recent experiences of gender-based violence among female sex workers in Iringa, Tanzania: A longitudinal analysis
Authors: Hendrickson Zoé Mistrale , Leddy Anna M. , Galai Noya , Beckham S. Wilson , Davis Wendy , Mbwambo Jessie K. , Likindikoki Samuel , Kerrigan Deanna L.
Published: June 2021

Female sex workers are highly mobile, which may influence their risk of experiencing physical and sexual violence. However, there remains a paucity of research, particularly longitudinal, from Sub-Saharan Africa exploring mobility and gender-based violence among female sex workers. To address this gap, this study examined the longitudinal relationship between work-related mobility and recent experience of physical or sexual gender-based violence from a client or partner among female sex workers in Iringa, Tanzania. A secondary data analysis was conducted using baseline and 18-month follow-up data from Project Shikamana, a community empowerment-based combination HIV prevention intervention. Responses from 387 female sex workers aged 18 years and older participating in both baseline and follow-up were analyzed. Unadjusted and adjusted Poisson regression models with robust variance estimations, accounting for clustering of female sex workers’ responses over time, were fit. Final models adjusted for socio-demographic characteristics and aspects of participants’ living situations and work environments. Recent physical or sexual violence from a client or partner was common (baseline: 40%; follow-up: 29%). Twenty-six percent of female sex workers at baseline, and 11% at follow-up, had recently traveled outside of Iringa for sex work. In the final adjusted longitudinal model, female sex workers recently mobile for sex work had a 25% increased risk of any recent experience of physical or sexual gender-based violence when compared with their non-mobile counterparts (adjusted incidence rate ratio: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.03–1.53; p<0.05). Interventions must identify ways–such as mobile support services, linkages and referrals to health and other social services while traveling, or the use of mobile or digital technology–to address mobile female sex workers’ unique needs while traveling. Future quantitative and qualitative research is needed to understand the context of female sex workers’ mobility and how and why mobility influences risk environments and experiences of gender-based violence.
Trends forecasting as a tool for sustainable education
Authors: Raybould Caroline
Published: June 2021

The fashion and textile industry is under increasing scrutiny because of its unethical and unsustainable practices. It is clear there needs to be systemic change towards a more ecological future. One way to achieve this is through education, by equipping students with strategies and skills and by nurturing sustainable mindsets. How can we create the next generation of fashion professionals who can help bring the change that is much needed? Having taught sustainability within various modules on a fashion business degree in the United Kingdom, it was observed that a significant number of students engaged at a deeper level with sustainable thinking when learning trends forecasting research. A pilot study was trialled when teaching a short course in India with a small group of interdisciplinary design students and a questionnaire was conducted after the workshop.

This article presents findings and reflections of this cross-cultural experience, with suggestions for future projects and educational approaches.
‘Biography of the self’: Why Australian women wear 1950s style clothing
Authors: Hackett Lisa J.
Published: June 2021

This article aims to understand why one cohort of Australian women choose to wear anachronistic clothing, in this case, 1950s inspired and styled clothing, and more so, why they choose to wear this style of clothing as part of their everyday lives. While some wearers of anachronistic clothing, such as civil war re-creators or Jane Austen enthusiasts, dress for particular social events and revert to ‘everyday’ clothing in their daily lives, this research seeks to examine why this cohort of 1950s fashion aficionados maintain this aesthetic in their everyday work and social lives. The research findings are based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with 27 Australian women, aged from their 20s to their 60s, living in urban and regional locations. The purpose of the project was to uncover the psychological and sociological reasons for their sartorial everyday choices. In doing so a number of issues emerged notably interpretations of what constituted 1950s styled clothing. In the discussion of the findings, it was found that the reasons for this fashion choice were complex ranging from personal, psychological, sociological, gendered, nostalgic and political reasons for adopting this style.
Design discourse in discount shopping context: Textual analysis with critical studies perspective and deconstructionist theory
Authors: Talu Nilüfer
Published: June 2021

In consumption culture, individuals need things to update their selves or to represent their identities. The more they update their belongings, the more they feel unsatisfied. In this cultural recycling, everyday objects become objects of desire, while the notion of design functions to create attraction. The problem originates in the disengagement of subjects–objects in which the capitalist economic system gets benefits sustaining the cycle of mass production-consumption. To get more benefit, this cycle is sped up along with discount shopping context. The study aims to produce a design discourse in discount shopping context in relevance of the issues of individuality and ethics. The method is a textual analysis with critical studies perspective and deconstructionist approach. The texts are the questionnaire transcripts written by fifteen women. Critical studies perspective clarifies power relations between capitalist economic system and consumer; and deconstructivist approach determines binary relations in relevance of individuality, and ethics and heterogeneity of the texts concerning to design. Along with these two approaches, textual analysis creates a discursive structure. The structure is used to generate a design discourse in which the meaning of design is situated. In this structure, design would be something in a specific heterogeneity and relations around the matters of individuality and ethics. The discursive structure is of importance that summarizes the method used and determines all coherencies around the definitions of design. This structure also could be a useful source for the production of other critical discourses on the relations of subjects–objects and the position of design in consumption culture.
El movimiento libertario español y sus manifestaciones políticas: El Partido Sindicalista como caso excepcional.
Authors: Guillén García Marcelo
Published: June 2021

En este artículo analizamos el Partido Sindicalista (PS) de Ángel Pestaña para precisar mejor algunos de los contornos doctrinales del heterogéneo movimiento libertario. Para ello, primero delimitamos un marco analítico entendiendo al movimiento libertario como cultura política donde hemos establecido al antipoliticismo como uno de sus principios fundamentales. Posteriormente, tras repasar algunas de las manifestaciones políticas del movimiento libertario, completamos dicho marco observando como este principio fue revisado sus medios para alcanzar sus fines. Con el estudio de varias fuentes primarias del PS observamos como también surgió revisando el antipoliticismo anarquista como instrumento para alcanzar sus objetivos, pero finalmente fue más allá y lo eliminó también de sus metas finales. En conclusión, el PS nació como una expresión política más del movimiento libertario español, pero tras su evolución terminó rompiendo con los mínimos doctrinales que le vinculaban a este.
La política en su contexto. Reflexiones para una historia cultural de la política hace cien años
Authors: Hernández Quero Carlos
Published: June 2021

El artículo propone vías para incorporar a los ciudadanos del montón al relato de los grandes trastornos políticos de principios del siglo XX. Primero se realiza una revisión crítica de la producción sobre culturas políticas en España y se pone especial énfasis en la necesidad de ampliar horizontes desde la ciencia política y el análisis del lenguaje hacia la antropología. Así, se plantea complementar el estudio de conceptos, narrativas y representaciones con una mayor atención sobre los comportamientos colectivos, las formas de vida y los entornos de politización. Segundo, se apuesta por imprimir una mirada urbana a los estudios de cultura política. Se presentan algunos de los enfoques con que la nueva historia urbana se ha aproximado a los fenómenos de formación de la identidad y se pone de manifiesto su potencialidad para abordar un análisis cultural de la política desde lo cotidiano, desde las prácticas y desde el contexto