bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Controlling Cell Behavior Through the Design of Polymer Surfaces
Authors: Alves Natália M. , Pashkuleva Iva , Reis Rui L. , Mano João F.
Published: September 2010

Polymers have gained a remarkable place in the biomedical field as materials for the fabrication of various devices and for tissue engineering applications. The initial acceptance or rejection of an implantable device is dictated by the crosstalk of the material surface with the bioentities present in the physiological environment. Advances in microfabrication and nanotechnology offer new tools to investigate the complex signaling cascade induced by the components of the extracellular matrix and consequently allow cellular responses to be tailored through the mimicking of some elements of the signaling paths. Patterning methods and selective chemical modification schemes at different length scales can provide biocompatible surfaces that control cellular interactions on the micrometer and sub‐micrometer scales on which cells are organized. In this review, the potential of chemically and topographically structured micro‐ and nanopolymer surfaces are discussed in hopes of a better understanding of cell–biomaterial interactions, including the recent use of biomimetic approaches or stimuli‐responsive macromolecules. Additionally, the focus will be on how the knowledge obtained using these surfaces can be incorporated to design biocompatible materials for various biomedical applications, such as tissue engineering, implants, cell‐based biosensors, diagnostic systems, and basic cell biology. The review focusses on the research carried out during the last decade.
A novel triple‐wavelength colorimetric method for measuring amylose and amylopectin contents
Authors: Wang JinPeng , Li Yin , Tian YaoQi , Xu XueMing , Ji XueXia , Cao Xu , Jin ZhengYu
Published: September 2010

A novel triple‐wavelength colorimetry based on the principle of iodine binding was developed to determine amylose and amylopectin contents. Detection wavelengths of different starch material were different for each method. Comparative trials were carried out by both single‐ and dual‐wavelength colorimetry. We found that single‐wavelength colorimetry could only be used to evaluate amylose content. Correlation coefficient of standard curves for amylopectin content determination was improved by increase of detection wavelength numbers. The precision and recovery coefficient was also improved by triple‐wavelength colorimetry compared to single‐ and dual‐wavelength colorimetry. Percent amylose of cassava, potato, and high‐amylose maize determined by triple‐wavelength were 19.3, 21.8, and 42.3%, respectively, and percent amylopectin were 78.9, 76.9, and 54.5%, respectively. This developed triple‐wavelength colorimetry could provide accurate data for evaluating amylose content and have potential for amylopectin content detection.
Convergent Genesis of an Adult Neural Crest-Like Dermal Stem Cell from Distinct Developmental Origins
Authors: Jinno Hiroyuki , Morozova Olena , Jones Karen L. , Biernaskie Jeffrey A. , Paris Maryline , Hosokawa Ryoichi , Rudnicki Michael A. , Chai Yang , Rossi Fabio , Marra Marco A. , Miller Freda D.
Published: September 2010

Skin-derived precursors (SKPs) are multipotent dermal stem cells that reside within a hair follicle niche and that share properties with embryonic neural crest precursors. Here, we have asked whether SKPs and their endogenous dermal precursors originate from the neural crest or whether, like the dermis itself, they originate from multiple developmental origins. To do this, we used two different mouse Cre lines that allow us to perform lineage tracing: Wnt1-cre, which targets cells deriving from the neural crest, and Myf5-cre, which targets cells of a somite origin. By crossing these Cre lines to reporter mice, we show that the endogenous follicle-associated dermal precursors in the face derive from the neural crest, and those in the dorsal trunk derive from the somites, as do the SKPs they generate. Despite these different developmental origins, SKPs from these two locations are functionally similar, even with regard to their ability to differentiate into Schwann cells, a cell type only thought to be generated from the neural crest. Analysis of global gene expression using microarrays confirmed that facial and dorsal SKPs exhibit a very high degree of similarity, and that they are also very similar to SKPs derived from ventral dermis, which has a lateral plate origin. However, these developmentally distinct SKPs also retain differential expression of a small number of genes that reflect their developmental origins. Thus, an adult neural crest-like dermal precursor can be generated from a non-neural crest origin, a finding with broad implications for the many neuroendocrine cells in the body.
Catalytic carboborations
Authors: Suginome Michinori
Published: September 2010

Transition‐metal‐catalyzed carboborations, in which organic and boryl groups are introduced concomitantly to unsaturated organic molecules, have been developed. Direct carboborations, which proceed via activation of B–C bonds of cyanoboranes and alkynylboranes, and transmetalative carboborations, in which activation of B–Cl bonds is followed by transmetalation from organotin and organozirconium reagents, are overviewed. In addition, as representative results and mechanistic considerations, the scientific background and a personal view behind the study are also described. © 2010 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com)
Development of selective inhibitors of necrosis
Authors: Sodeoka Mikiko , Dodo Kosuke
Published: September 2010

Oxidative stress‐induced necrosis plays an important role in ischemia‐reperfusion injury, such as stroke and heart attack. Here, we describe the development of selective inhibitors of necrosis, MS‐1 and IM‐54, as potential cardioprotective agents and biological tools for investigating the molecular mechanisms of cell death. By means of chemical modifications of kinase inhibitor BM I, its affinity for various kinases was successfully removed and a potent and selective inhibitor of necrosis, IM‐54, was obtained. IM‐54 inhibits necrosis induced by oxidative stress, but not apoptosis induced by anticancer drugs. © 2010 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.201000031
Social basis of learning: From small‐group learning to learning communities
Authors: Smith Karl A.
Published: September 2010

The social basis of learning is a concept that has been embraced by the higher educating community. Since the 1980s, there has been exciting growth and the development of specific practices that better engage students in academic content.
Assessing learning: From accountability to transformation
Authors: Wehlburg Catherine M.
Published: September 2010

Assessing learning in higher education can be a very difficult task. There are some differences, however, when assessing for accountability to others and assessing for transformation. These distinctions are embedded in our historical understanding of teaching and learning.
Evaluating teaching: From reliability to accountability
Authors: Theall Michael
Published: September 2010

The evaluation of teaching has sparked much debate for many decades. This chapter explores the many uses of teaching evaluations and suggests directions for how to best use the information that is gained.
A new yeast genetic resource for analysis and breeding
Authors: Timberlake William E. , Frizzell Margaret A. , Richards Keith D. , Gardner Richard C.
Published: September 2010

We made a library of Saccharomyces cerevisiae F1 hybrids from all possible crosses of 16 wild‐type strains, including two common laboratory strains and two commercial winemaking varieties. Fourteen of the starting strains have been sequenced. Thus, the sequences of both genomes are known in 182 novel hybrids, and the sequence of one genome is known in 56. All tested strains sporulated. Fertilities were in the range 0–100%. Hybrids showed no more variation than parental strains for ethanol production, ethanol tolerance or growth at temperature extremes, but some F1s appeared to display hybrid vigour (heterosis). We tested four tetrads from one hybrid for their ability to grow at low temperature or in the presence of an inhibitory concentration of ethanol. Only one F2 was as tolerant as the most tolerant F0 parent. A few showed intermediate tolerance, but most were less tolerant than either parent or the F1 hybrid, consistent with uncoupling of genes contributing to an optimized quantitative trait. The diversity and structure of the library should make it useful for analysis of genetic interactions among diverse strains, quantitative inheritance and heterosis, and for breeding. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Farming with native bees (Apis mellifera subsp. capensis Esch.) has varied effects on nectar‐feeding bird communities in South African fynbos vegetation
Authors: Geerts Sjirk , Pauw Anton
Published: September 2010

Outside their natural range, honeybees (Apis mellifera) are known to have detrimental effects on indigenous pollinators through exploitative or interference competition, but little is known about the effect of honeybee farming in areas where honeybees occur naturally. In the Cape Floristic Region of South Africa, where honeybees are indigenous, managed hives potentially elevate the abundance of honeybees far above natural levels, but impacts on other floral resource‐dependent species have not been studied. Here we use experimental manipulation of honeybee density to test whether honeybee farming affects nectar‐feeding birds. We selected the common sugarbush (Protea repens), utilized by both birds and bees, and analysed the time (before/after) by treatment (control/experiment) interaction to explore changes in bee abundance, nectar availability and bird abundance at three sites. Hive addition increased honeybee abundance in inflorescences of P. repens above expected levels. Despite experimental increase in honeybee numbers, there is no reduction in nectar sugar availability relative to the control areas. Where honeybee density was highest, sugarbird (Promerops cafer) numbers declined relative to expected, but sunbirds (Nectarinidae) were not affected at any of the sites. We conclude that stocking rates of more than one honey bee per P. repens inflorescence have detrimental effects on bird abundance due to interference, rather than resource competition.
Elucidation of Phosphatidylcholine Composition in Krill Oil Extracted from Euphausia superba
Authors: Winther Bjørn , Hoem Nils , Berge Kjetil , Reubsaet Léon
Published: September 2010

High performance liquid chromatography‐electrospray tandem mass spectrometry was used to elucidate the phospholipids in krill oil extracted from Euphausia superba, an emerging source for human nutritional supplements. The study was carried out in order to map the species of the choline‐containing phospholipid classes: phosphatidylcholine and lyso‐phosphatidylcholine. In addition, the prevalent phosphatidylcholine class was quantified and the results compared with prior analysis. The qualification was performed with separation on a reverse phase chromatography column, while the quantification was obtained with class separation on a normal phase chromatography column. An Orbitrap system was used for the detection, and pulsed‐Q dissociation fragmentation was utilized for the identification of the species. An asymmetrical exclusion list was applied for detection of phospholipid species of lower concentration, significantly improving the number of species observed. A total of 69 choline‐containing phospholipids were detected, whereof 60 phosphatidylcholine substances, among others seven with probable omega‐3 fatty acids in both sn‐1 and sn‐2. The phosphatidylcholine concentration was estimated to be 34 ± 5 g/100 g oil (n = 5). These results confirm the complexity of the phospholipid composition of krill oil, and the presence of long chained, heavily unsaturated fatty acids.
Changes in Lipid Composition During Dry Grind Ethanol Processing of Corn
Authors: Moreau Robert A. , Liu Keshun , Winkler‐Moser Jill K. , Singh Vijay
Published: September 2010

During the dry grind ethanol process, ground corn is fermented and the major co‐product is a feed called distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS). This study investigated the changes that occur in the composition of corn oil that can be extracted from various process fractions during the dry grind ethanol process. In the first part of this study, samples of distillers dried grains, thin stillage, condensed distillers solubles (also known as syrup), and DDGS were obtained from 7 dry grind ethanol plants. The levels of deleterious free fatty acids were high (>7%) and those of valuable total phytosterols were also high in all fractions (>2%). In the second part of this study, changes in the content and composition of the fatty acids, phytosterols, tocopherols and tocotrienols were quantitatively analyzed in crude oil samples extracted from nine dry grind process fractions from three commercial ethanol plants. Fatty acid and phytosterol composition remained nearly constant in all nine fractions, although some significant variations in phytosterol composition existed among the fractions. Examination of the tocopherols and tocotrienols revealed that γ‐tocopherol was the most abundant tocol in ground corn but an unknown tocol became the predominant tocol after fermentation and persisted in the remaining processing fractions and in the final DDGS product. Overall, the remaining majority of tocols remained relatively unchanged.
Self‐reported internalization symptoms and family factors in indigenous Sami and non‐Sami adolescents in North Norway
Authors: Bals Margrethe , Turi Anne Lene , Vitters⊘ Joar , Skre Ingunn , Kvernmo Siv
Published: September 2010

Through differences in family socialization between indigenous and non‐indigenous youth, there may be cultural differences in the impact of family factors on mental health outcome. Using structural equation modelling, this population‐based study explored the relationship between symptoms of anxiety and depression and family factors in indigenous Sami and non‐Sami boys and girls in North Norway. The findings show that family income was to a lesser degree related to internalization symptoms for Sami youth than non‐Sami youth. For all groups except for Sami girls, family conflict and moving was associated with increasing symptoms. Sami boys differed from the other three groups with regard to the relationship between family connectedness and symptom level. These interaction effects were discussed in light of traditional Sami values and gender socialization. The present study has indicated that in the family socialization context, culture may be related to internalization symptoms in youth.
The mean curvature at the first singular time of the mean curvature flow
Authors: Le Nam Q. , Sesum Natasa
Published: September 2010

Consider a family of smooth immersions

F( \cdot ,t):M^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{n + 1}

of closed hypersurfaces in

\mathbb{R}^{n + 1}

moving by the mean curvature flow

\frac{\partial F(p,t)}{\partial t} = −H(p,t) \cdot \nu (p,t)

, for

t \in [0,T)

. We prove that the mean curvature blows up at the first singular time

T

if all singularities are of type I. In the case

n = 2

, regardless of the type of a possibly forming singularity, we show that at the first singular time the mean curvature necessarily blows up provided that either the Multiplicity One Conjecture holds or the Gaussian density is less than two. We also establish and give several applications of a local regularity theorem which is a parabolic analogue of Choi–Schoen estimate for minimal submanifolds.
Avoiding Pitfalls in Mammographic Interpretation
Authors: Roberts-Klein Shayna , Iuanow Elaine , Slanetz Priscilla J.
Published: September 2010

There is a public misconception that screening mammography detects all breast malignancies. The objective of this pictorial essay is to review classic mammographic features of malignancy that, if missed, could potentially result in malpractice litigation. By identifying radiologic themes, we attempt to improve awareness about the imaging characteristics of a variety of subtle malignancies.
A novel blue fluorescent chlorophyll catabolite accumulates in senescent leaves of the peace lily and indicates a split path of chlorophyll breakdown
Authors: Kräutler Bernhard , Banala Srinivas , Moser Simone , Vergeiner Clemens , Müller Thomas , Lütz Cornelius , Holzinger Andreas
Published: September 2010

Colorless, non‐fluorescent Chl‐catabolites (NCCs) are the typical, ubiquitous products of chlorophyll (Chl)‐breakdown in senescent leaves. However, a fluorescent Chl‐catabolite (FCC) accumulated in de‐greened leaves of Spathiphyllum wallisii (Peace Lily), which showed a weak blue luminescence. The FCC, named Sw‐FCC‐62, was ‘hypermodified’ with an unprecedented 6‐(2‐[3,4‐dihydroxy‐phenyl]‐ethyl)‐β‐glucopyranosidyl ester at the propionyl group. Such esters stabilize FCCs against their typical and rapid, spontaneous isomerization to NCCs. Chl‐breakdown in Sp. wallisii thus branches off from the ‘common’ path in leaves, and furnishes unique and ‘persistent’ FCCs. Our findings on ‘hypermodified’ FCCs also call for attention as to possible physiological roles of Chl‐catabolites in plants.
Perinatal effect of methamphetamine on nociception in adult Wistar rats
Authors: Yamamotová A. , Hrubá L. , Schutová B. , Rokyta R. , Šlamberová R.
Published: September 2010

Methamphetamine is a psychostimulant drug which causes the release of monoamine neurotransmitters. Although drugs of abuse are known to have analgesic effects, there is a lack of evidence regarding the effect of prenatal exposure to methamphetamine on nociception in adulthood. Adult Wistar rats whose mothers had received daily exposure to methamphetamine (5 mg/kg; s.c.) or saline, during gestation or gestation and lactation periods, were examined for: (1) gender differences in nociception; (2) an association between nociception and gross‐motor behavior in the plantar test; (3) effects of cross‐fostering on nociception; and (4) analgesic effects of an acute injection of methamphetamine (1 mg/kg s.c.). Nociception was tested using the plantar test on postnatal days 85–90. Prenatal methamphetamine increased sensitivity to pain on forelimbs (p < 0.0001) and hind limbs (p < 0.05) in females only. Prenatal methamphetamine treated male rats fostered by adoptive injection stressed mothers had higher sensitivity to pain than prenatally injection stressed rats fostered by methamphetamine treated mothers (p < 0.05). Acute methamphetamine induced analgesia faster in prenatally methamphetamine exposed rats than in controls. In all groups, analgesia increased in the cranio‐caudal direction (p < 0.0001). From our behavioral data it can be concluded that exposure to methamphetamine during the prenatal period completely dissociates the relationship between nociception and intensity of overall behavior observed in intact animals in adulthood. Thus, our results indicate that perinatal exposure to psychostimulants may have long‐term impact on several functions related to dopaminergic system.
Three phases of DiGeorge/22q11 deletion syndrome pathogenesis during brain development: Patterning, proliferation, and mitochondrial functions of 22q11 genes
Authors: Meechan D.W. , Maynard T.M. , Tucker E.S. , LaMantia A.‐S.
Published: September 2010

DiGeorge, or 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), the most common survivable human genetic deletion disorder, is caused by deletion of a minimum of 32 contiguous genes on human chromosome 22, and presumably results from diminished dosage of one, some, or all of these genes—particularly during development. Nevertheless, the normal functions of 22q11 genes in the embryo or neonate, and their contribution to developmental pathogenesis that must underlie 22q11DS are not well understood. Our data suggests that a substantial number of 22q11 genes act specifically and in concert to mediate early morphogenetic interactions and subsequent cellular differentiation at phenotypically compromised sites—the limbs, heart, face and forebrain. When dosage of a broad set of these genes is diminished, early morphogenesis is altered, and initial 22q11DS phenotypes are established. Thereafter, functionally similar subsets of 22q11 genes—especially those that influence the cell cycle or mitochondrial function—remain expressed, particularly in the developing cerebral cortex, to regulate neurogenesis and synaptic development. When dosage of these genes is diminished, numbers, placement and connectivity of neurons and circuits essential for normal behavior may be disrupted. Such disruptions likely contribute to vulnerability for schizophrenia, autism, or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder seen in most 22q11DS patients.
Correlation between overexpression of transforming growth factor‐beta 1 in occluded fallopian tubes and postsurgical pregnancy among infertile women
Authors: Li Zhengyu , Sun Ying , Min Wenjiao , Zhang Dan
Published: September 2010

Objective

To compare the expression profiles of transforming growth factor‐beta 1 (TGF‐β1) and its receptors in occluded tubes of infertile women with those of control patients and to evaluate the potential correlation with postsurgical pregnancy outcome.

Methods

The expression profiles of TGF‐β1, TGF‐β1R1, and TGF‐β1R2 in occluded fallopian tubes were compared using immunohistochemistry between 60 infertile patients with adhered tubes and 60 control patients with normal tubes; potential correlations with postsurgical fertility were evaluated at 2‐year follow up.

Results

Immunostainings of TGF‐β1, TGF‐β1R1, and TGF‐β1R2 were all significantly elevated in patients with adhered tubes compared with normal specimens (P < 0.001). In adhered specimens, correlation analyses showed positive correlations between TGF‐β1 and TGF‐β1R1 (P = 0.008), and TGF‐β1 and TGF‐β1R2 (P = 0.035). At 2‐year follow up, 32 of the 60 infertile women had achieved normal pregnancies, 5 had had ectopic pregnancies, and 23 remained infertile. Correlation analysis showed that TGF‐β1 expression level was negatively correlated with pregnancy outcome (r = –0.445, P < 0.001), independent of adhesion severity or patient age.

Conclusion

TGF‐β1 expression was independently correlated with the postsurgical pregnancy outcome among infertile women.
Cancer secretomics reveal pathophysiological pathways in cancer molecular oncology
Authors: Karagiannis George S. , Pavlou Maria P. , Diamandis Eleftherios P.
Published: September 2010

Emerging proteomic tools and mass spectrometry play pivotal roles in protein identification, quantification and characterization, even in complex biological samples. The cancer secretome, namely the whole collection of proteins secreted by cancer cells through various secretory pathways, has only recently been shown to have significant potential for diverse applications in oncoproteomics. For example, secreted proteins might represent putative tumor biomarkers or therapeutic targets for various types of cancer. Consequently, many proteomic strategies for secretome analysis have been extensively deployed over the last few years. These efforts generated a large amount of information awaiting deeper mining, better understanding and careful interpretation. Distinct sub‐fields, such as degradomics, exosome proteomics and tumor‐host cell interactions have been developed, in an attempt to provide certain answers to partially elucidated mechanisms of cancer pathobiology. In this review, advances, concerns and challenges in the field of secretome analysis as well as possible clinical applications are discussed.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder in Patients With Cosmetic Surgery
Authors: Lai Chung‐Sheng , Lee Su‐Shin , Yeh Yi‐Chun , Chen Cheng‐Sheng
Published: September 2010

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) refers to a preoccupation with an imagined or grossly exaggerated minor physical defect. Those with BDD might seek medical help (cosmetic surgery) rather than attend a psychiatric clinic. Therefore, it is often underdiagnosed. To investigate the prevalence of BDD, we reviewed the medical records of 817 individuals who sought cosmetic surgery during a 3‐year period. The outcome after surgery was described for those with BDD. Our results showed that 63 (7.7%) patients had BDD, of which 54 (85.7%) were diagnosed at preoperative evaluation. However, nine (14.3%) patients went undiagnosed and all had a bad outcome after cosmetic surgery. BDD was not uncommon at the cosmetic surgery clinic. Our results support the idea that cosmetic surgery should be avoided for patients with BDD. The development of a more effective diagnostic procedure could help address this issue.
First Clinical Experience of Ankaferd BloodStopper as a Hemostatic Agent in Partial Nephrectomy
Authors: Huri Emre , Akgül Turgay , Ayyildiz Ali , Bağcioğlu Murat , Germiyanoğlu Cankon
Published: September 2010

Open partial nephrectomy is an effective and safe alternative treatment modality to radical nephrectomy for small renal tumors. Many techniques that use hemostatic agents have been described to provide hemostasis during this procedure. Ankaferd BloodStopper® (ABS) is a unique folkloric medicinal plant extract that has been used historically in Turkish traditional medicine as a hemostatic agent. ABS has therapeutic potential to manage hemorrhage and this agent should be investigated in clinical trials. In the present case, we evaluated the effectiveness of ABS in partial nephrectomy and reviewed the literature.
A Patient With Two Episodes of Thoracic Spinal Cord Compression Caused by Primary Lymphoma and Metastatic Carcinoma of the Prostate, 11 Years Apart
Authors: Tai Shih‐Huang , Hung Yu‐Chang , Chen Jian‐Chin , Jin Ying‐Tai , Lee E‐Jian
Published: September 2010

We report a 75‐year‐old man with two spinal tumors, primary epidural lymphoma and metastatic carcinoma of the prostate, which caused thoracic spinal cord compression, with a long symptom free interval between episodes. The patient presented with back pain and progressive weakness and numbness in his lower limbs for 3 months. Eleven years earlier, he had a symptomatic T8‐10 primary spinal epidural lymphoma that was treated successfully with surgery and he made a full recovery. Magnetic resonance imaging of the thoracic and lumbar spines revealed multiple thoracic and lumbar vertebral osteolytic lesions. Extraosseous extension of a lesion at T1‐4 resulted in severe spinal cord compression. In consideration of recurrent lymphoma, emergent cord decompression was achieved via posterior T1‐4 decompressive laminectomy, and the patient's neurological status improved rapidly after surgery. Pathological examination confirmed metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. After several courses of chemotherapy, the patient improved neurologically and could walk independently. Three years after surgery, magnetic resonance imaging showed complete resolution of cord edema at T1‐4 and T8‐9, and the high signal intensity at unoperated levels largely regressed. This report emphasizes that other newly developed lesions should be included in the differentiation of recurrent primary spinal epidural lymphoma, especially in patients who have long‐term, disease‐free intervals between episodes.
THE PREVALENCE OF, AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH, OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY IN BOTSWANA
Authors: LETAMO GOBOPAMANG
Published: September 2010

The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of, and socio-demographic factors associated with, overweight and obesity in Botswana. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2007 using a multistage sampling method to select a representative sample of 4107 men and 4916 women aged 20–49 years. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the socio-demographic factors associated with overweight and obesity. Mean BMI values for men and women were 21.7 kg/m2 and 24.4 kg/m2, respectively. Both overweight and obesity levels were higher among women than men. Overall, 23% of women were overweight compared with 13% of men. Obese women constituted about 15% compared with only 3% of men. However, 19% of men were underweight compared with 12% of women. The main socio-demographic factors associated with overweight and obesity were being older, living in a city/town, being married and having attained higher levels of education, and these relationships were statistically significant at the 5% level. Although over-nutrition is prevalent among adult female Batswana, underweight remains an important public health problem for males. Programmes and other interventions aimed at concurrently addressing both under-nutrition and overweight need to be developed.
Dynamics of gas bubbles in time-variant temperature fields
Authors: WEBB I. R. , ARORA M. , ROY R. A. , PAYNE S. J. , COUSSIOS C.-C.
Published: September 2010

The effect of time-variant temperature on the dynamics of a single gas bubble in a liquid is investigated. With changes in temperature, several physical parameters controlling bubble behaviour change including surface tension, diffusivity, vapour pressure and gas solubility. A single-bubble model is formulated and a numerical simulation implemented to model the radius–time profile of a bubble, across a range of initial bubble sizes and rates of heating, taking into account the aforementioned parameter temperature dependences. The model is validated experimentally in a xanthan gum gel phantom, tracking the evolution of the bubbles using digital photography and an image analysis sizing algorithm. It is shown that the natural tendency for a bubble to dissolve can be reversed by an increase in temperature, but only above a certain radius-dependent threshold rate of heating.
Cloud-top entrainment instability?
Authors: STEVENS B.
Published: September 2010

Mixing processes at cloud boundaries are thought to play a critical role in determining cloud lifetime, spatial extent and cloud microphysical structure. High-fidelity direct numerical simulations by Mellado (J. Fluid Mech., 2010, this issue, vol. 660, pp. 5–36) show, for the first time, the character and potency of a curious instability that may arise as a result of molecular mixing processes at cloud boundaries, an instability which until now has been thought by many to control the distribution of climatologically important cloud regimes.
On the Occurrence and Significance of Heterodera schachtii infesting certain Weeds
Authors: Triffitt Marjorie J.
Published: September 2010

Since the discovery of the plant-infesting nematode Heterodera schachtii Schmidt, 1871, many infections of this nematode occurring in different countries on a wide range of host-plants have been studied. Owing to the serious agricultural losses occasioned by this pest, efforts have been made, both in Europe and in the United States, to determine the range of plants which are susceptible to infection. Lists of plants susceptible and non-susceptible to attack have been drawn up by various workers, and these have comprised not only plants of economic importance, but also weeds which might serve as an important means of propagating the parasite. The abundance of contradictory evidence which appears in these lists is only explicable by Steiner's (1925) exposition of the hypothesis of biological or physiological strains. This work serves to emphasise the importance of crop rotation as a means of combating the parasite, more particularly when the nematode population constitutes a monophagous strain, i.e., one which has become highly specialised upon a single hostplant and has lost the power of readily attacking other species. Where a polyphagous strain occurs, the range of non-susceptible plants which can be used in the course of the rotation is greatly diminished, and, in such cases, the weeds occurring on the infected land may add an important complicating factor to the problem of eradicating the pest.
Empirical foundations for the diagnosis of somatization: implications for DSM-5
Authors: Rosmalen J. G. M. , Tak L. M. , de Jonge P.
Published: September 2010

Background

The aim of this study was to develop empirically validated criteria for the diagnoses of clinically relevant somatization.

Method

This study was performed in a population-representative cohort consisting of 461 males (47.8%) and 503 females (52.2%), with an average age of 55.8 years (s.d.=11.1). Somatization, anxiety and depression were derived from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Mplus was used to perform confirmative factor analyses on the current DSM-IV symptom groups; on alternative symptom clusters previously suggested; and to perform latent class analysis in order to define an empirically derived cut-off for somatization.

Results

The existence of symptom groups as described in DSM-IV was not supported by our data, whereas a differentiation between cardiopulmonary, musculoskeletal, gastrointestinal and general somatic symptoms did fit our data. Latent class analysis revealed two classes characterized by few (n=859) and many (n=105) symptoms. The class of subjects could be approached by a simple cut-off of four functional symptoms (sensitivity 79%, specificity 98%, positive predictive value 82%, negative predictive value 97%) regardless of the number of organ systems involved.

Conclusions

This study in a large population-representative cohort suggests that a simple symptom count can be used as a dimensional diagnosis of somatization. In those instances in which a categorical diagnosis is preferred, a simple cut-off of four out of 43 functional symptoms best fitted our data. We did not find any added value for incorporating the number of symptom clusters into the diagnostic criteria.
The Shade of Homer Exorcises the Ghost of De Quincey: Tennyson's “The Lotos-Eaters”
Authors: Stevenson Catherine Barnes
Published: September 2010

… a great difference of opinion has prevailed among the moderns concerning what the ancients intended by thelotus: for the history of it, as it has come down to us, is mixed with fable, from having previously passed through the hands of the poets.

The name ‘lotus’ was applied by the ancients indifferently to a number of quite different families of plants, notably (1) the true lotus … (2) the shrub or tree Zizyphus, Jujuba, whose berries were eaten by tribes in North Africa (3) trefoils, clovers, and melilots. … The lotus which men really ate was what I have called the true lotus, of which there are two varieties to be considered: (1) Nelumbo, the Indian lotus, and (2) Nymphaea, the Egyptian lotus, both of the family Nymphaeaceae.
Multiple Narratives & Relative Truths: a Study ofThe Ring and the Book, The Woman in White, andThe Moonstone
Authors: Lonoff Sue
Published: September 2010

Across the span of a single decade, Robert Browning and Wilkie Collins published, respectively, a poem and two novels with similarly innovative structures. All three works are multiple narratives; that is, they are narrated by several of their characters who function both as actors and witnesses. All three were immediately popular, and all three continue to be regarded as major achievements of their audiors.The Woman in White, serialized inAll the Year Roundfrom 1859 to 1860, quickly became the talk of London and remained so preeminent among Collins's novels that in his will he requested as his epitaph, “author ofThe Woman in Whiteand other works of fiction.”The Ring and the Book, begun in 1864 and inspired by a source that Browning found in 1860, was issued in four volumes, two in 1868 and two in 1869. LikeThe Woman in White, it was widely discussed and admired, exalting Browning's reputation even among readers who had earlier been critical.The Moonstone, begun in 1867 and published serially inAll the Year Roundduring 1868, was not initially as popular as the other two, although its publisher reported that “crowds of anxious readers” waited for the latest serial installments; but today it is Collins's most celebrated novel, often (though inaccurately) cited as the first detective novel in English.
Fertility history and quality of life in older women and men
Authors: READ SANNA , GRUNDY EMILY
Published: September 2010

In this paper we examine associations between the fertility histories of older British women and men and their quality of life using data on a sample of 6,374 men and women born between 1923 and 1949 drawn from the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS). Quality of life in 2001 was measured using scores from the four subscales of the CASP-19 questionnaire: control, autonomy, pleasure and self-realisation. Fertility histories were derived using information on the births of children collected in all waves of the BHPS. The aspects of fertility history investigated were number of children born and parents' ages at birth of first and last child. Age, education, marital status, tenure status, smoking, co-residence with one or more children, perceived social support and health limitations were included as covariates. The results suggested that early entry to parenthood and to some extent high parity were related to poorer quality of life. These associations were mostly mediated by socio-economic, social support and health factors. Compared to women with two children, nulliparous women expressed a higher level of autonomy, and both nulliparous women and those with four or more children a higher level of self-realisation. Low parity was related to a lower level of pleasure, especially among men, but this relationship appeared weaker and among women was not significant when background factors were controlled.
Plunder, Restitution, and International Law
Authors: Sandholtz Wayne
Published: September 2010

The RussianFederal Law on Cultural Valuables Displaced to the USSR as a Result of the Second World War and Located on the Territory of the Russian Federationpurports to establish the legal basis for the Russian state to hold permanent title to the vast majority of the cultural valuables removed from Germany to the Soviet Union at the end of World War II. Russia claims that the cultural objects seized by the Soviet Union constitute “compensatory restitution” for the hundreds of thousands of cultural and artistic valuables seized or destroyed by the Nazis during the war. This article assesses the compatibility of the Russian claim with relevant international law. It does so by tracing the development of the international antiplunder legal regime. It then assesses the Russian claim with respect to three categories of cultural valuables, based on prewar ownership: property belonging to private persons and organizations, property belonging to nonenemy states, and property belonging to enemy states (Axis powers). “Compensatory restitution” does not exist as a category or principle in international law, so the analysis focuses on the legal concept that is most similar and therefore of potential relevance, restitution in kind. If restitution in kind is impermissible under international law, then the broader “compensatory restitution” is, with even greater force, also impermissible. The key finding is that international law does not permit “compensatory restitution,” nor does it permit unilateral seizures of cultural objects under some broader notion of compensation.
Trophy Art as Ambassadors: Reflections Beyond Diplomatic Deadlock in the German-Russian Dialogue
Authors: Eichwede Wolfgang
Published: September 2010

This article provides brief coverage of the Russian-German dialogue since 1991 and the search for solutions about looted art of German ownership seized at the end of the Second World War and still held in Russia. So far, while Russia and Germany regard themselves as partners and friends in political and economic realms, they have been unable to find agreement about the looted art. Germany seems no longer to retain Russian cultural goods plundered during the war, whereas Russia still possesses a significant amount of German cultural assets. On the basis of existing treaties and international law, Germany demands its restitution. Russia, on the other hand, has nationalized the confiscated goods in 1998 as compensation for its own war losses. Nevertheless, not a few citizens of both countries have been returning artworks and books privately, in some cases supported by the governments. A convincing solution for the general problem can only be found if the treasures, which in the past have been understood as trophies, could be transformed into cultural ambassadors, while dialogue and the search for new ways continue within the framework of a policy of reconciliation. This approach also includes further research and analysis of the Russian cultural losses resulting from the war, a project undertaken in the 1990s at the Forschungsstelle Osteuropa (Research Center for Eastern Europe) of the University of Bremen, as briefly described in an appendix to the article.
Increased A-to-I RNA editing of the transcript for GABAA receptor subunit α3 during chick retinal development
Authors: RING HENRIK , BOIJE HENRIK , DANIEL CHAMMIRAN , OHLSON JOHAN , ÖHMAN MARIE , HALLBÖÖK FINN
Published: September 2010

Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing is a cotranscriptional or posttranscriptional gene regulatory mechanism that increases the diversity of the proteome in the nervous system. Recently, the transcript for GABA type A receptor subunit α3 was found to be subjected to RNA editing. The aim of this study was to determine if editing of the chicken α3 subunit transcript occurs in the retina and if the editing is temporally regulated during development. We also raised the question if editing of the α3 transcript was temporally associated with the suggested developmental shift from excitation to inhibition in the GABA system. The editing frequency was studied by using Sanger and Pyrosequencing, and to monitor the temporal aspects, we studied the messenger RNA expression of the GABAA receptor subunits and chloride pumps, known to be involved in the switch. The results showed that the chick α3 subunit was subjected to RNA editing, and its expression was restricted to cells in the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layer in the retina. The extent of editing increased during development (after embryonic days 8–9) concomitantly with an increase of expression of the chloride pump KCC2. Expression of several GABAA receptor subunits known to mediate synaptic GABA actions was upregulated at this time. We conclude that editing of the chick GABAA subunit α3 transcript in chick retina gives rise to an amino acid change that may be of importance in the switch from excitatory to inhibitory receptors.
The Bellarmine-Jefferson Legend and the Declaration of Independence
Authors: Schaff David S.
Published: September 2010

The Bellarmine-Jefferson legend dates from the article of Mr. Gaillard Hunt, entitled “Cardinal Bellarmine and the Virginia Bill of Rights,” which appeared in the Catholic Historical Review, October, 1917, pp. 276–289. The article sets forth that Jefferson was indebted to Cardinal Bellarmine for the principles of democratic government embodied in the Declaration of Independence, and also embodied in the Virginia Bill of Rights. The alleged discovery seems now to be accepted in Roman Catholic periodicals as a fixed fact. Mr. Hunt's article, which was also issued in separate form, demands attention from the position which Mr. Hunt occupied as chief of the Division of Manuscripts in the Congressional Library at Washington and for his Life of Madison and other works. He was a convert to the Roman Church. He died in 1924. All subsequent treatments of the Bellarmine-Jefferson theory start with Mr. Hunt's assertions.
Seasonal variations of gravity wave activity and spectra derived from sodium temperature lidar
Authors: Yang Guotao , Clemesha Barclay , Batista Paulo , Simonich Dale
Published: September 2010

Gravity wave measurements were carried out by a newly developed sodium temperature lidar at São José dos Campos (23°S, 46°W). The seasonal variations of gravity wave activity and spectra derived from temperature data are investigated. The total temperature perturbation and temperature vertical power spectra, Ft(m) at 2π/(8 km), 2π/(4 km), and 2π/(2 km) all show that the semiannual maxima occur near the equinoxes, which is consistent with our earlier study (Yang et al., 2006) using only sodium concentration data. The vertical structure of the mean temperature variance could be related to the vertical distribution of N2. Large nightly variability of the temperature perturbation spectral slope was also found as in other sodium concentration lidar studies. The comparison between temperature and density perturbations induced by quasi‐random waves was investigated, and the agreement was found to be good on most (∼78%) nights. Good agreement between monochromatic wave‐induced temperature perturbations and sodium concentration perturbations has also been found, and the wave parameters derived from temperature data and sodium concentration data are comparable.
Aerosol layers from the 2008 eruptions of Mount Okmok and Mount Kasatochi: In situ upper troposphere and lower stratosphere measurements of sulfate and organics over Europe
Authors: Schmale J. , Schneider J. , Jurkat T. , Voigt C. , Kalesse H. , Rautenhaus M. , Lichtenstern M. , Schlager H. , Ancellet G. , Arnold F. , Gerding M. , Mattis I. , Wendisch M. , Borrmann S.
Published: September 2010

In 2008 Mount Okmok and Mount Kasatochi started erupting on 12 July and 7 August, respectively, in the Aleutians, depositing emissions of trace gases and aerosols as high as 15.2 km into the atmosphere. During an aircraft campaign, conducted over Europe in between 27 October and 2 November 2008, the volcanic aerosol was measured by an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer, capable of particle chemical composition measurements covering a size diameter range between 40 nm and 1 μm. In the volcanic aerosol layer enhanced submicron particulate sulfate concentrations of up to 2.0 μg m−3 standard temperature and pressure (STP) were observed between 8 and 12 km altitude, while background values did not exceed 0.5 μg m−3 (STP). Twenty‐one percent of the volcanic aerosol consisted of carbonaceous material that increased by a factor of 1.9 in mass compared to the free troposphere. Enhanced gaseous sulfur dioxide concentrations measured by an ion trap chemical ionization mass spectrometer of up to 1.3 μg m−3 were encountered. An onboard radiation measurement system simultaneously detected an enhanced aerosol signal. Furthermore, two German lidar stations identified an aerosol layer before and after the campaign. Data analysis shows that the aerosol layer was observed mainly in the lowermost stratosphere. Correlation of particulate sulfate concentration and sulfur dioxide mixing ratios indicates that after a 3 month residence time in the stratosphere, not all sulfur dioxide has been converted into sulfate aerosol. The significant fraction of organic material might have implications on heterogeneous chemistry in the stratosphere, which need to be explored more thoroughly.