bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Class and Psychological Disorder in Natives and Immigrants To Britain
Authors: Cochrane Raymond , Stopes-Roe Mary
Published: August 2007

An examination is made of various hypotheses which have been developed to account for the frequently observed inverse relationship between social class and psychological disturbance. Two of these explanations — the social selection and social causation hypotheses — are tested in a study designed to enable an assessment of their relative power to be made. Quasi-random samples of 200 Indian-born, 200 Pakistani-born and 240 native-born residents of England were interviewed and measures of social class, psychological symptoms and other relevant variables made. The results failed to support either of the two hypotheses as the expected social class gradient in psychological disorder only emerged in the native group. Indian immigrants in fact showed a reversal with higher status individuals, especially women, having higher symptom levels. Overall Indian immigrants had significantly fewer symptoms than either of the other groups. The findings are discussed in terms of differential selection for migration and the varying experiences of immigrants after arrival in Britain.
The Pathological Parent-Image in Schizophrenia
Authors: Sakamoto Yoshio
Published: August 2007

Parent-child relationship of schizophrenia has been studied and now the family with schizophrenic patient are main focus of the study.
Intervention in Psychosocial Decompensation of the Elderly in Poor Neighbourhoods in Jerusalem
Authors: Mitelpunkt Roberto , Baum Shlomo , Dasberg Haim
Published: August 2007

In learning to understand the particular problems of old age, in focusing our attention on losses and decompensation, we developed an approach which was concrete and situational rather than (life-long) developmental. In most cases, brief crisis-orientated interventions were sufficient to reduce symptomatology and restore the patient to a healthier level of functioning. Such interventions involved not only the psychogeriatric team but other health and social agencies as well. More so than in other fields of psychiatry, psychogeriatrics concerns itself with a wide spectrum of psychosocial factors; thus the integration of the psychogeriatric unit into the existing network of community services becomes an important concern.
Self-Destructiveness Among the Young: an Epidemiological Study of Violent Deaths
Authors: Holinger Paul C.
Published: August 2007

The violent death rate (suicide, homicide, and accidents) among the young in the United States has recently increased and is currently higher than ever recorded; by contrast, the violent death rate for the total population decreased over the century. This increase among the young is due to the doubling of homicide rates and the tripling of suicide rates over the past 15 and 20 years, respectively. The risk of dying a violent death is greater for 20-24 year-olds than for 15-19 year-olds, and greater for males than for females; nonwhite rates are currently higher than white rates among 20-24 year-olds, whereas the rates are similar for 15-19 year-olds. Suicide, homicide, and accidents may all represent suicidal tendencies and should be included in any comprehensive attempt to understand the epidemiology of self-destructiveness.
Homicide and Suicide Among the Cherokee and Lubee Indians of North Carolina
Authors: Humphrey John A. , Kupferer Harriet J.
Published: August 2007

The Cherokee and Lumbee, the two major Indian populations in North Carolina, have exhibited similarities in patterns of homicide and suicide. Both Indian populations have higher rates of homicidal than of suicidal death. Yet in 1972-73, the Lumbee homicide rates was considerably higher than that for the Cherokee, but the Cherokee's suicide rate exceeded that for the Lumbee. During 1974-1976, the Cherokee manifested excessively high rates of violent death, with suicide increasing faster than homicide. The Lumbee homicide rate declined during this period, while the suicide rate increased.

Lumbee violence patterns indicate a slight dissipation of cultural traits that predispose them to aggressive behaviour and the concomitant emergence of a trend toward self- destructive behaviour. The rise in Cherokee suicide rate may be consistent with the harmony Ethic of some tribe members, but the sharp increase in homicide may reflect the erosion of the traditional non-violent ethic among the band as a whole.
Changing Characteristics of Psychiatric Patients: Private and Public Care in Chicago
Authors: Greenley James R. , Kepecs Joseph G. , Henry William E.
Published: August 2007

There is increasing evidence that the social and cultural characteristics of psychiatric patients have been changing over time. 1,2 It is important from a professional and public policy point of view to understand better the nature of these changes, and to what they are related. This paper presents data showing that: 1) psychiatric care is increasingly reaching patients of lower socio economic status, and 2) changes in patient characteristics are related to the growth in the pro portion of psychiatric care given in organisationally based non-private practice settings.
Chronic Psychiatric Patients in Nigeria: Adverse Prognostic Factors
Authors: Odejide A.O.
Published: August 2007

Patients receiving treatment at the Lantoro long-stay psychiatric institution, Abeokuta, Nigeria were divided into two groups (short and long-stay) according to their duration of stay. The two were compared for factors that could be responsible for patients staying more than six months. Social problems (criminality), single marital status, and diagnosis of schizophrenia were found to be associated with prolonged hospitalization. Lack of post- discharge residence and lack of contact with close relatives were factors suggestive of social dislocation in long-stay patients. Ways of rehabilitating chronic psychiatric patients are suggested.
Cross-Cultural Differences in Parent-Child Assessment: U.S.a. and Japan
Authors: Tseng Wen-Shing , McDermott John F. , Ogino Koichi , Ebata Keisuke
Published: August 2007

Videotaped family interactions illustrating parent-child behaviour from American and Japanese clinical samples were assessed by psychiatrists and medical students in Hawaii and Tokyo, to study the effects of culture on the evaluation of behaviour. The results suggest that cultural factors significantly influence the assessment of inter personal behaviour, particularly highly overt and culturally patterned behaviour, e.g. parent-child roles and functions.
Strategic Compromise a Student Teacher's Design of Kindergarten Mathematics Instruction in a High-Stakes Testing Climate
Authors: Lloyd Gwendolyn M.
Published: August 2007

This report describes one preservice teacher's development of mathematics instruction during her student-teaching internship in a kindergarten classroom at a low-performing, urban elementary school. A framework of social strategies was used to describe the student teacher's use of strategic compromise as a way to deal with competing pressures and goals related to kindergarten mathematics instruction at her placement school. As she designed her mathematics instruction, she found ways of adapting to the school climate that allowed room for her own interests and goals, while also accepting some modifications to those interests and goals. The student teacher's resulting mixed instructional practice has implications for and raises questions about the preparation of teachers in the current high-stakes accountability climate in the United States.
An Ethics of Access
Authors: Johnson Amy Suzanne
Published: August 2007

This article demonstrates how life history methods can be used to trace preservice teachers' emergent ethics toward teaching for equity and social justice. Through qualitative analyses of 10 European American, middle-class, female preservice teachers' life history interviews, access to diverse individuals and diverse materials was identified as a major theme in participants' understandings of teaching. The development of this approach to understanding teaching for equity—an ethics of access—is traced through the life history of one preservice teacher, Julie Robbins. Implications and limitations that an ethics of access presents to teacher education are posed and explored.
Moral Perception Through Aesthetics Engaging Imaginations in Educational Ethics
Authors: Abowitz Kathleen Knight
Published: August 2007

Moral “seeing”—the ability to take in the particulars of a moral encounter, and to interpret and imagine its implications—is analogous to aesthetic perception. This article defends and explores the use of aesthetic experiences in educational ethics classrooms as a way to enhance students' abilities to perceive and imagine moral situations and possibilities in their practice. Professional ethics pedagogy making use of aesthetic experiences and inquiry helps to engage students in critical, creative, and imaginative searches into moral situations, into their own moral thinking, and into social and cultural contexts that shape who they are and how they live. Aesthetic experiences can play an important role in helping educators to develop their own—and to see the importance of developing, in their students—qualities of perception and imagination in connection with moral events or situations.
Leadership and Climate for Innovation in Teams
Authors: Dackert Ingrid , Lööv Lars-Åke , Mårtensson Malin
Published: August 2007

The use of teamworking is common in many organizations. More or less self-directed teams are organized, often with the aim to achieve continuous improvements at work beyond the daily activities. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relation between leader behaviour and team climate for innovation in teams. The Team Climate Inventory devised by Anderson and West and Ekvall and Arvonen’s leadership questionnaire were used to capture the leadership pattern and the team processes characterizing a team climate for innovation in 14 manufacturing teams (N1/4 98). The results indicate a positive relation between a leadership style that combines employee-and change-orientation and a team climate for innovation as a whole. However, innovative team processes such as participation and clarity of objectives were more associated with team membership than leadership in this setting.
A framework for second language vocabulary assessment
Authors: Read John , Chapelle Carol A.
Published: August 2007

Vocabulary tests are used for a wide range of instructional and research purposes but we lack a comprehensive basis for evaluating the current instruments or developing new lexical measures for the future. This article presents a framework that takes as its starting point an analysis of test purpose and then shows how purpose can be systematically related to test design. The link between the two is based on three considerations which derive from Messick’s (1989) validation theory: construct definition, performance summary and reporting, and test presentation. The components of the framework are illustrated throughout by reference to eight well-known vocabulary measures; for each one there is a description of its design and an analysis of its purpose. It is argued that the way forward for vocabulary assessment is to take account of test purposes in the design and validation of tests, as well as considering an interactionalist approach to construct definition. This means that a vocabulary test should require learners to perform tasks under contextual constraints that are relevant to the inferences to be made about their lexical ability.
Developing and exploring the behaviour of two new versions of the Vocabulary Levels Test
Authors: Schmitt Norbert , Schmitt Diane , Clapham Caroline
Published: August 2007

The Vocabulary Levels Test has been widely used in language assessment and vocabulary research despite never having been properly validated. This article reports on a study which uses a range of analysis techniques to present validity evidence, and to explore the equivalence of two revised and expanded versions of the Vocabulary Levels Test.
The logic of testing Languages for Specific Purposes
Authors: Davies Alan
Published: August 2007

The Languages for Specific Purposes (LSP) project is not new. It may have dramatically extended its scope in the last 30 years through the expansion in numbers of students and trainees seeking admission to English medium courses, encouraging the diversification of ESP/EAP and EOP provision (Douglas, 2000), but the project has a longer history. This includes earlier programmes - such as, for example, German for chemists, phrase books for travellers and Latin for the religious - but also, of course, the pidginization of contact languages, representing an informal LSP. What formal LSP represents is a contract issued by group A for a designated share of group B’s language resource. This article discusses how far this practical activity, in particular the testing of LSP, is theoretically sound. Two types of theoretical justification have been appealed to, the linguistic principle of ‘-lect’ (thus dialect, sociolect, variety, register, genre), itself appealing to sociological views of role and status; and the educational (here primarily psychometric) principle of distinct language abilities. The article argues that the principle of lect operates at an ideal, abstract level - variety has theoretical status but varieties do not - and that the principle of distinct language abilities has more to do with content than with language. Furthermore, content areas are neither discrete nor homogeneous. From this point of view, LSP reduces to institutional definition of content instruction (Fulcher, 1999). While LSP testing can be justified in terms of practical need, and given a pragmatic justification on the grounds of what William James termed critical common sense, the evidence we have of operational tests such as ELTS and IELTS raises serious questions, both theoretical and practical.
Rethinking assessment from a critical perspective
Authors: Lynch Brian K.
Published: August 2007

This article examines language assessment from a critical perspective, defining critical in a manner similar to Pennycook (1999; 2001). I argue that alternative assessment, as distinct from testing, offers a partial response to the challenges presented by a critical perspective on language assessment. Shohamy’s (1997; 1999; 2001) critical language testing (CLT) is discussed as an adequate response to the critical challenge. Ultimately, I argue that important ethical questions, along with other issues of validity, will be articulated differently from a critical perspective than they are in the more traditional approach to language assessment.
Outcomes-based assessment and reporting in language learning programmes: a review of the issues
Authors: Brindley Geoff
Published: August 2007

In recent years educational authorities in many countries have introduced outcomes-based assessment and reporting systems in the form of national standards, frameworks and benchmarks of various kinds which are used both for purposes of system accountability and for assessing individual progress and achievement in language learning. However, in some cases the introduction of these systems has proved problematic, owing to a number of political, technical and practical factors. These include the difficulty of combining formative assessment with summative reporting, the differing information requirements of different audiences, concerns about the validity and reliability of outcome statements and the lack of appropriate resources to support implementation. Such problems may be able to be alleviated by closer consultation between policy-makers, administrators and practitioners, by undertaking further research into the validity and consistency of outcome statements and by strengthening the links between assessment and reporting. A major investment in teacher professional development is necessary if teachers are to be responsible for carrying out their own assessments. Ongoing research needs to be conducted into the effects of outcomes-based assessment and reporting on student learning.
Scaling descriptors for language proficiency scales
Authors: North Brian , Schneider Günther
Published: August 2007

This paper reports results from a Swiss National Science Research Council project which aimed to develop a scale of language proficiency in the form of a ‘descriptor bank’. Up until now, most scales of language proficiency have been produced by appeal to intuition and to those scales which already exist rather than to theories of linguistic description or of measurement. The intention in this project was to use an item-banking methodology to develop a flexible scale of stand-alone criterion statements with known difficulty values.

The project took place in two rounds: the first for English (1994), the second for French, German and English (1995). In each year pools of descriptors were produced by analysing available proficiency scales. Through workshops with representative teachers, the descriptors were then refined into stand-alone criterion statements considered to be clear, useful and relevant to the sectors concerned. Selected descriptors presented on questionnaires were then used by participating teachers to assess the proficiency of learners in their classes. This data was used to scale the descriptors using the Rasch rating scale model. The difficulty estimates for the descriptors produced in relation to English in 1994 proved remarkably stable in relation to French, German and English in 1995.
Investigating the effects of strategy use and second language test performance with high- and low-ability test takers: a structural equation modelling approach
Authors: Purpura James E.
Published: August 2007

Implicit in the research on strategy use is the notion that high- and low-ability language learners utilize strategies differently and that these differences are related to differential performance; however, to date, no study has tested these assumptions statistically. This study uses structural equation modelling (SEM) to examine the relationships between strategy use and second language test performance (SLTP) with high- and low-ability test takers. 1,382 test takers were given strategy questionnaires and a language test, and separate baseline models of strategy use and SLTP were established for each group. These models were then estimated simultaneously with cross-group equality constraints imposed. The similarities and differences in this multi-group model provided the means for evaluating the viability of the parameter estimates across ability levels. The results showed that the metacognitive strategy use (MSU) and SLTP models produced almost identical factorial structures for each group, while the cognitive strategy use (CSU) models were somewhat different. Then, while some evidence of cross-group equivalence was observed, the cross-group tests of invariance could not be uniformly supported in the data; the effect of MSU on CSU was found to be variant across the groups, as was the effect of the retrieval processes on lexico-grammatical ability, suggesting that the variation in lexico-grammatical ability and reading ability stems from the test takers’ use of the retrieval processes in concert with the metacognitive strategies.
The relationship between TOEFL vocabulary items and meaning, association, collocation and word-class knowledge
Authors: Schmitt Norbert
Published: August 2007

In this paper the author argues that issues of construct validity should be given more prominence in the validation of lexical test items. One way of determining the construct validity of vocabulary items is to interview subjects directly after taking the items to ascertain what is actually known about the target words in question. This approach was combined with the framework of lexical competency proposed by Nation (1990) in an exploratory study which investigated the behaviour of lexical items on TOEFL. In individual interviews, six TOEFL vocabulary items were given to 30 pre-university international students who were then questioned about their knowledge of the target words’ associations, grammatical properties, collocations and various meaning senses. The results suggest that the type of item currently employed in TOEFL does not adequately reflect association, grammatical and collocational knowledge, and that even meaning knowledge is not captured as well as might be hoped. This indicates that the field could benefit from deeper exploration of what vocabulary test items are actually measuring.
Development of an analytic rating scale for Japanese L1 writing
Authors: Sasaki Miyuki , Hirose Keiko
Published: August 2007

The present study developed an analytic rating scale for Japanese university students’ first language (L1) expository writing. Research proceeded in four stages. In Stage 1, we devised a questionnaire to investigate Japanese L1 teachers’ criteria for evaluating expository writing. A total of 102 teachers responded to the questionnaire, and rated the 35 related descriptions according to their importance. In Stage 2, based on the questionnaire results, we either eliminated or reorganized these 35 descriptions under six analytic criteria:

1) Clarity of the theme;

2) Appeal to the readers;

3) Expression;

4) Organization;

5) Knowledge of language forms; and

6) Social awareness.

Then, in Stage 3, we attempted to investigate possible weighting of these six criteria. We asked 106 teachers to rate two to four compositions with varied profiles using both a holistic scale and the obtained analytic scale. The results showed that the explanatory power of each criterion can vary from composition to composition, and thus we concluded that the six criteria should have equal weighting. Finally, in Stage 4, we pilot-tested the obtained scale using a new set of 69 compositions. The results indicate that the present scale is both valid and reliable, and that it is superior to a traditional analytic scale in capturing such composition qualities as appeal to the readers and social awareness.
Children's judgements of emotion in song
Authors: Bruce Morton J. , Trehub Sandra E.
Published: August 2007

Songs convey emotion by means of expressive performance cues (e.g. pitch level, tempo, vocal tone) and lyrics. Although children can interpret both types of cues, it is unclear whether they would focus on performance cues or salient verbal cues when judging the feelings of a singer. To investigate this question, we had 5- to 10-year-old children and adults listen to song fragments that combined emotive performance cues with meaningless syllables or with lyrics that had emotional implications. In both cases, listeners were asked to judge the singer's feelings from the sound of her voice. In the context of meaningless lyrics, children and adults successfully judged the singer's feelings from performance cues. When the lyrics were emotive, adults reliably judged the singer's feelings from performance cues, but children based their judgements on the lyrics. These findings have implications for children's interpretation of vocal emotion in general and sung performances in particular.
An exploratory survey of in-vehicle music listening
Authors: Dibben Nicola , Williamson Victoria J.
Published: August 2007

Listening to music whilst driving is a common activity, with a number of potentially positive and negative influences on driving performance and safety: previous research suggests that music is a source of distraction and can influence driver mood, with subsequent effects on driving behaviour. However, little systematic evidence exists about the extent or type of in-vehicle listening practices in real-world contexts, and their effect on driving performance. A survey was carried out to discover the extent to which people listen to music while driving, what they are listening to and why, and whether there is any association with driving safety, measured by possession of four or more years' no-claims on motor insurance. The survey of 1780 British drivers reveals that approximately two-thirds listen to recorded music and music radio while driving, with music reported to be less distracting than conversation. The most commonly cited reasons for listening to music while driving were its benefits for relaxation and concentration. The survey indicates associations between possession of `no claims' on motor insurance and a preference for silence. However, the genre of music playing also appears to influence driving performance: there is an association between possession of no-claims, genre of music, and a difference in the frequency with which certain genres were playing at the time of the last accident, relative to the expected norm for that genre. These findings support evidence for music as a source of in-vehicle distraction, which can have both positive and negative effects on driving performance.
Use of Pubic Symphysis Curettage for Treatment-Resistant Osteitis Pubis in Athletes
Authors: Radic Ross , Annear Peter
Published: August 2007

Background

In athletes, osteitis pubis is regarded as a problem of overuse, with instability and movement of the anterior pelvis. There is no evidence to conclusively support any treatment modality. Recovery with nonoperative management can take an extended period of time, often unsatisfactory for professional athletes.

Hypothesis

Curettage of the pubic symphysis is a viable option for nonoperative treatment of resistant osteitis pubis in athletes.

Study Design

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods

This retrospective study presents the results of curettage of the pubic symphysis in 23 athletes with osteitis pubis that was refractory to initial nonoperative therapies. Patients met the criteria for the study if they had symptoms suggestive of osteitis pubis and underwent isolated pubic symphysis curettage. The discomfort had been present for a mean of 13.22 months before presentation. Patients were reviewed at 24.31 months (range, 12.5–59.6 months) postoperatively. Twelve of the patients also underwent a postoperative magnetic resonance imaging scan at 19.10 months; any findings of residual osteitis pubis were noted.

Results

Mean visual analog scale for pain improved from 6.9 preoperatively to 2.8 postoperatively ( P = .36). Twenty-one patients returned to pain-free running by 3.14 months (range, 1.5–6 months), 17 to training by 4.44 months (range, 2.5–7 months), and 16 to full activity by 5.63 months (range, 2.5–12 months). Overall, 61% of patients reported an activity grade of 4 at postoperative review, defined as no pain with full activity. There were no significant postoperative complications in the study group. Marrow edema improved in most cases for which magnetic resonance imaging was available preoperatively and postoperatively. Patient satisfaction with the procedure was high, with 78% of participants feeling their symptoms were better or much better than preoperatively.

Conclusion

The authors suggest that this relatively simple procedure can be of significant benefit to those athletes wishing to return to their previous levels of physical activity when more nonoperative measures have proven unsuccessful.
Onset of Conduct Disorder, Use of Delinquent Subsistence Strategies, and Street Victimization Among Homeless and Runaway Adolescents in the Midwest
Authors: Xiaojin Chen  , Thrane Lisa , Whitbeck Les B. , Johnson Kurt D. , Hoyt Dan R.
Published: August 2007

This study examines the effects of childhood-onset conduct disorder on later antisocial behavior and street victimization among a group of homeless and runaway adolescents. Four hundred twenty-eight homeless and runaway youth were interviewed directly on the streets and in shelters from four Midwestern states. Key findings include the following. First, compared with those who exhibit adolescent-onset conduct disorder, youth with childhood onset are more likely to engage in a series of antisocial behaviors such as use of sexual and nonsexual survival strategies. Second, youth with childhood-onset conduct disorder are more likely to experience violent victimization; this association, however, is mostly through an intervening process such as engagement in deviant survival strategies.
Relationships Among Abuse Characteristics, Coping Strategies, and Abused Women's Psychological Health A Path Model
Authors: Parker Glennys , Lee Christina
Published: August 2007

We examined relationships between abuse, coping, and psychological health among 143 women who had experienced abuse in adult relationships. Measures included characteristics of the abuse, problem-focused and emotion-focused coping, Sense of Coherence, and four measures of psychological wellbeing—the SF-36 Mental Component Scale, the General Health Questionnaire, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale, and a measure of perceived negative effects of the abuse. Problem-focused coping was not related to psychological health, and the influence of emotion-focused coping on psychological health was indirect. Sense of coherence had significant direct effects on psychological health. Both emotion-focused coping and sense of coherence were related to aspects of the abusive experience. The concept of sense of coherence has parallels with the recently proposed concept of meaning-focused coping, and the data suggest that finding meaning in adverse events such as abuse is associated with better psychological well-being.
On the Colonial Genealogy of George Vancouver’s Chart of the North-West Coast of North America
Authors: Clayton Daniel
Published: August 2007

This paper contributes to the burgeoning critical literature on the history of cartography by tracking the links between maps, knowledge and power that stemmed from George Vancouver’s survey of the north-west coast of North America. Dispatched to the region by the British in 1791, Vancouver conducted an exhaustive cartographic survey and has been represented as the ‘true discoverer’ of the coast. It is argued here that he created a cartographic space (rather than simply discovered a pre-existing geography), and that his reconnaissance induced and supported a range of imperial and colonial practices. Vancouver’s work played a central role in the creation of a system of imperial inscription that primed the coast for colonial intervention. Attention is paid to the ways in which Vancouver’s project became (and remains) authoritative and influential in imperial and colonial terms: how it turned the coast into an arena of British imperial interest by occluding prior and alternative inscriptions on the land; how a variety of colonial images, projects and associations were derived from his work; and how we might now see his work in relation to the present.
Science, Observation and Entertainment: Competing Visions of Postwar British Natural History Television, 1946-1967
Authors: Davies Gail
Published: August 2007

Popular culture is not the endpoint for the communication of fully developed scientific discourses; rather it constitutes a set of narratives, values and practices with which scientists have to engage in the heterogeneous processes of scientific work. In this paper I explore how one group of actors, involved in the development of both postwar natural history television and the professionalization of animal behaviour studies, manage this process. I draw inspiration from sociologists and historians of science, examining the boundary work involved in the definition and legitimation of scientific fields. Specifically, I chart the institution of animal ethology and natural history film-making in Britain through developing a relational account of the co-construction of this new science and its public form within the media. Substantively, the paper discusses the relationship between three genres of early natural history television, tracing their different associations with forms of public science, the spaces of the scientific field and the role of the camera as a tool of scientific observation. Through this analysis I account for the patterns of cooperation and divergence in the broadcasting and scientific visions of nature embedded in the first formations of the Natural History Unit of the British Broadcasting Corporation.
A hot idea? Planning a nuclear canal in Panama
Authors: Frenkel Stephen
Published: August 2007

A good nuclear engineer has to study lots more than the nuclear physics. He has to study the modern miracles of the computing machines and their uses; he has to study hydrodynamics and geology; in fact, he has to study geography because how else could he engage in geographic engineering, the enterprise intended to change the geography so that it should better serve human purposes?1
Everyday abstraction: geographical knowledge in the art of Peter Lanyon
Authors: Crouch David , Toogood Mark
Published: August 2007

Drawing on the painting, constructions and writing of the British artist Peter Lanyon, we explore how geographical knowledge is represented in modern abstract art. Lanyon had a deeply felt sense of Cornish identity and attachment to the history, people and place of West Cornwall. He also adopted particular practices - such as gliding - in which he experimented with bodily position and experience. We examine how these practices and cultural identity flowed together, constituting a kind of knowledge which was transposed into his art, the making of which was also an integral part of this dynamic process. We conclude that Lanyon’s perspective departs from the surveying gaze of traditional landscape representation, and also from the autonomous aesthetic common to abstract expressionists. Lanyon’s historical and cultural conception of landscape, as well as his spatial practices, suggest an awareness of landscape as socially defined. So, in a wider sense, we regard Lanyon’s geographical knowledge as a distinctive exploration of the relationship between individual, society and space.
What cannot be seen will not be heard: the production of landscape in Moline, Illinois
Authors: Crump Jeff R.
Published: August 2007

The landscape of downtown Moline, Illinois, has been completely remade in the last 20 years. Once the preeminent location of the farm implement industry, the deindustrialization of the 1980s left the city with over 30 acres of abandoned factories along the Mississippi River. Led by the dominant corporate actor, Deere & Company, the area has been reconstructed and now features sites for cultural consumption, service-based employment, heritage tourism and a revitalized manufacturing base. Just outside the new landscape of Moline lies its counterpart: a food bank, substandard housing for immigrant workers, a new prison and abandoned factories.

This article argues that economic crisis, in this case deindustrialization, undermined the local power of the working class and allowed business elites, led by John Deere, to have a free hand in remaking the landscape of downtown Moline. The new ‘post-industrial’ landscape serves many purposes: to revive capital accumulation, to serve as an image maker for Deere & Company, and to function as an economic development strategy based on tourism.
Nation, region and homeland: history and tradition in Dalarna, Sweden
Authors: Crang Mike
Published: August 2007

This paper looks at how one regional identity has interacted with a national identity, suggesting the relationships are more complex than either simply changing scale or a hierarchical set of affiliations. The paper focuses on one institution which has been involved in promoting ideas of national belonging and local identification simultaneously - the Open Air Museum. It takes the case of these institutions in Sweden, linking them to the particular circumstances of the beginning of the twentieth century. It examines how national scale and local institutions (Hembygdsgård) work to create senses of identity. It is argued they mobilize space and time through a particular configuration of history and tradition. This configuration is rooted in a specific historico-geographical moment that cannot be simply transposed from one end of a century to the other. The paper concludes by suggesting that a different relationship of tradition, museum and practice in these institutions is emerging.
The Epidemiological Legacy of War: The Philippine-American War and the Diffusion of Cholera in Batangas and La Laguna, South-West Luzón, 1902-1904
Authors: Smallman-Raynor Matthew , Cliff Andrew D.
Published: August 2007

This paper presents a geographical examination of the impact of war and its aftermath upon the spread of an infectious disease in a civilian settlement system. The choice of area (the neighbouring provinces of Batangas and La Laguna, Philippine Islands), the time (a two year period in the closing stages and immediate aftermath of the war against US annexation, March 1902 - February 1904) and the epidemic (cholera) are conditioned by the detailed reports prepared by the chief quarantine officer for the Philippine Islands and published weekly in the contemporary US Public Health Reports. The reports include textual accounts of the progress of the epidemic in Batangas and La Laguna, and numerical evidence regarding the weekly incidence of cholera in the settlements of the two provinces. Based on this information, a variety of geographical techniques (lag times, centroids, trend surfaces and autocorrelation on graphs) are introduced to reconstruct the spread of cholera, and to examine the diffusion processes that underpinned the spread patterns. It is demonstrated that the mass population movements associated with war had the effect of speeding up the geographical propagation of cholera as compared with peace, but did not destroy the basic channels of disease spread.
Unruly Allies: British Problems with the French Treatment of Axis Prisoners of War, 1943-1945
Authors: Moore Bob
Published: August 2007

The treatment of prisoners of war was one of many issues which led to con-flicts in the relationship between the major western allied powers and their French allies during the Second World War. While both the British and Americans found it expedient to hand over captured German and Italian soldiers to the custody of the Free French, first in North Africa and then later in north-west Europe, in order to relieve pressure on their own manpower resources, this policy ultimately created a whole series of problems. From the very beginning, neither the metropolitan nor the colonial Free French soldiers appeared to treat their captives in accordance with the terms of the Geneva Convention. The situation was further complicated by the German and Italian refusal to recognize the French as belligerents and to treat them instead as francs-tireurs, as civilians carrying concealed weapons. Thus when the Axis powers shot captured Free French soldiers in North Africa, and FFI men in metropolitan France after June 1944, the French had no compunction in carrying out reprisals against Germans and Italians in their hands. This created worries in both London and Washington that the ill-treatment or killing of captured Axis soldiers might lead to reprisals against the British and Americans held in Germany - a fear which remained until the final surrender in the spring of 1945.

While the powers found it hard to control the actions of their junior ally, they did prevent a wholesale breakdown of the conventions which supposedly protected prisoners on both sides while the war continued. There were, nevertheless, innumerable infractions and claims that Allied units habitually refused to take prisoners. However, the story of French treatment of prisoners raises a number of wider issues, most importantly the question of what really protected prisoners from violence meted out by their enemies during and after surrender and also later in captivity. Was it primarily the existence of treaties and conventions, or was it more dependent on reciprocity and the need to avoid tit-for-tat reprisals? Certainly, the treatment of Germans in Allied hands once the threat of Nazi retaliation had been removed suggests the latter to have been more important than the former.
Rewards and Challenges of Using Ethnography in Family Research
Authors: Descartes Lara
Published: August 2007

Ethnography offers many potential benefits to family researchers, such as providing on‐the‐ground knowledge of the contexts that affect family functioning and processes. This article describes ethnographic methods and reviews how they have been and may be used in family research, whether alone or in combination with more traditional approaches. The author's fieldwork experiences are used to discuss some of the rewards and challenges of ethnography. The ways in which issues of personal identity and power may impact the relationship between the ethnographer and research participants are examined. Also discussed are the ways in which contemporary constructions of private and public space and time affect the ethnographic process. The goal of the article is to highlight the value of ethnography to family research and to increase awareness of some of the factors to be considered while planning such work.
Analysis and Implications of the Omission of Offenders in the DoD Care for Victims of Sexual Assault Task Force Report
Authors: Houser Kristen
Published: August 2007

This note addresses the weaknesses in the Department of Defense (DoD) Care for Victims of Sexual Assault Task Force (CVSATF) Report, released in May 2004. Sound policy and protocol cannot be developed to prevent and to respond to sexual assault in the military if the role of sex offenders is not understood, yet the report excludes information relevant to understanding sex offender behavior and to responsibility. Shortcomings in the CVSATF recommendations to improve military definitions of sexually violent behavior and data collection are summarized, as are limitations in the recommendations for sexual assault prevention strategies. This analysis highlights problems with the DoD CVSATF recommendations to improve offender accountability and secure safety for communities and discusses how the military social climate is prohibitive to facilitating these goals. This note suggests that policy and procedures guided by recommendations that omit information about sex offenders may actually leave communities at continued risk of sexual assault.
Social Networks as a Conceptual and Empirical Tool to Understand and “Do” HRD
Authors: Storberg-Walker Julia , Gubbins Claire
Published: August 2007

The problem and the solution. This introductory article presents the concepts of social networks and social capital and illustrates how they are deeply connected to contemporary HRD. Despite widespread research utilizing a network or social capital perspective in disciplines such as management, sociology, and organization theory, there are few articles in the HRD literature that focus on the role of networks in HRD (Cross & Parker, 2004; Gubbins & Garavan, 2005; Lengnick-Hall & Lengnick-Hall, 2003; Storberg, 2002). This first article, and the subsequent articles in the issue, contributes toward filling this gap. Specifically, in this first article we present an analysis and synthesis of a diverse array of conceptual and empirical social network and social capital research in order to answer two questions: (a) How can a network perspective explain or help us understand more about the process of achieving the outcomes of HRD? and (b) Given the network perspective, how should we practice HRD? The subsequent articles in this special issue engage with one or both of these research questions from a variety of perspectives relevant to contemporary HRD.
Linking Mentoring and Social Capital: Implications for Career and Organization Development
Authors: Hezlett Sarah A. , Gibson Sharon K.
Published: August 2007

The problem and the solution. Although they emphasize the importance of social relationships, the literatures on mentoring and social capital are largely independent. This article explores the connections between social capital and mentoring. After reviewing the limited literature in which social capital theory has been explicitly used in the study of mentoring, the authors discuss key concepts that appear in both literatures, including outcomes, bad relationships, trust, and information.They conclude with implications for the practice of human resource development (HRD), with particular attention paid to the role of mentoring in broader social networks, issues related to formal and informal mentoring, and creating cultures that foster the development of relationships. Their review reveals that the integration mentoring and social capital concepts offers great promise to enhance career and organization development initiatives.
Autologous Great Saphenous Vein Tailored Graft to Replace an Infected Prosthetic Graft in the Groin
Authors: Barbon Bruno , Militello Carmelo , De Rossi Aldo , Martella Bruno , Ballotta Enzo
Published: August 2007

The authors propose a technique using the autologous great saphenous vein to replace an infected prosthetic limb graft at the groin. The whole great saphenous vein is incised longitudinally and divided into 2 approximately equal segments, which are sewn side to side. The longitudinal edges of the resulting great saphenous vein are then joined and anastomosed side to side to form a conduit, whose caliber is twice the original vein's diameter. The authors have used this technique to replace 1 limb of a prosthetic aortofemoral bypass infected at the groin. After 5 years, the new venous conduit is patent, with no recurrent infection, dilation, or aneurysmal degeneration. If validated by further experiences, this might be an attractive alternative to restoring flow through clean tissue planes using extra-anatomic bypass or the femoral vein in the infected fields.
Impact of Endoluminal Treatment on Small Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: Aneurysm Sac Regression and Secondary Interventions With 5 Years of Follow-Up
Authors: Hao Bui  , Lujan Ricardo , Nguyen Alex , Donayre Carlos , Lee Lauren , Wallot Irwin , Kopchock George , Lippmann Maurice , White Rodney
Published: August 2007

Does early repair of small abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) lead to faster aneurysm sac regression or less secondary intervention? Computed tomography scans and reconstructions from M2S of all patients undergoing endovascular AAA repair at our institution from 1996 to 2006 were retrospectively reviewed. A small aneurysm is defined as an aneurysm sac to renal diameter ratio of less than 2. There were 374 patients with endovascular AAA repair that had complete imaging studies. There were 75 patients (20%) with small AAAs; of those, 19 patients (25.3%) had endoleak compared with 108 patients (36.1%) with a large aneurysm ( P = .1). Over a mean follow-up time of 42 months (range, 1-109), 11 small AAAs (14.7%) had secondary interventions compared with 58 (19.4%) of the large AAAs ( P = .41). Small AAAs at 5 years had a 2.5% volume sac regression but a 3.0% increase in diameter. Those with a large aneurysm had a slight increase in sac volume and diameter at 1 month (3.3%, 1.4%) and then steadily decreased to —13.4% and —8.8% at 5 years. Patients with Endologix (Endologix Inc., Irvine, Calif) devices have the most regression when compared with patients with AneuRx (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, Minn) and Talent (Medtronic Inc., Minneapolis, Minn) devices. Early endovascular intervention in small AAAs does not result in faster aneurysm sac regression or secondary intervention. Aneurysm sac regression is significantly affected by endoleak, aneurysm size, and device used.