bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Filtration of Nanoparticle Agglomerates in Aqueous Colloidal Suspensions Exposed to an External Radio-Frequency Magnetic Field
Authors: Marć Maciej , Drzewiński Andrzej , Wolak Wiktor W. , Najder-Kozdrowska Lidia , Dudek Mirosław R.
Published: July 2021

The study investigated the phenomenon of the fast aggregation of single-domain magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in stable aqueous colloidal suspensions due to the presence of a radio-frequency (RF) magnetic field. Single-domain nanoparticles have specific magnetic properties, especially the unique property of absorbing the energy of such a field and releasing it in the form of heat. The localized heating causes the colloid to become unstable, leading to faster agglomeration of nanoparticles and, consequently, to rapid sedimentation. It has been shown that the destabilization of a stable magnetic nanoparticle colloid by the RF magnetic field can be used for the controlled filtration of larger agglomerates of the colloid solution. Two particular cases of stable colloidal suspensions were considered: a suspension of the bare nanoparticles in an alkaline solution and the silica-stabilized nanoparticles in a neutral solution. The obtained results are important primarily for biomedical applications and wastewater treatment.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for Molecule Characterization: HIM Investigation into Sources of SERS Activity of Silver-Coated Butterfly Scales
Authors: Takei Hiroyuki , Nagata Kazuki , Frese Natalie , Gölzhäuser Armin , Okamoto Takayuki
Published: July 2021

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful technique for obtaining structural information of molecules in solution at low concentrations. While commercial SERS substrates are available, high costs prevent their wide-spread use in the medical field. One solution is to prepare requisite noble metal nanostructures exploiting natural nanostructures. As an example of biomimetic approaches, butterfly wing scales with their intricate nanostructures have been found to exhibit exquisite SERS activity when coated with silver. Selecting appropriate scales from particular butterfly species and depositing silver of certain thicknesses leads to significant SERS activity. For morphological observations we used scanning electron microscopes as well as a helium ion microscope, highly suitable for morphological characterization of poorly conducting samples. In this paper, we describe a protocol for carrying out SERS measurements based on butterfly wing scales and demonstrate its LOD with a common Raman reporter, rhodamine 6 G. We also emphasize what special care is necessary in such measurements. We also try to shed light on what makes scales work as SERS substrates by carefully modifying the original nanostructures. Such a study allows us to either use scales directly as a raw material for SERS substrate or provides an insight as to what nanostructures need to be recreated for synthetic SERS substrates.
Continuous Long-Term Exposure to Low Concentrations of MWCNTs Induces an Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in BEAS-2B Cells
Authors: Barthel Hélène , Darne Christian , Gaté Laurent , Visvikis Athanase , Seidel Carole
Published: July 2021

In the field of nanotechnology, the use of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) is growing. Pulmonary exposure during their production, use, and handling is raising concerns about their potential adverse health effects. The purpose of this study is to assess how the physical characteristics of MWCNTs, such as diameter and/or length, can play a role in cellular toxicity. Our experimental design is based on the treatment of human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) for six weeks with low concentrations (0.125–1 µg/cm2) of MWCNTs having opposite characteristics: NM-403 and Mitsui-7. Following treatment with both MWCNTs, we observed an increase in mitotic abnormalities and micronucleus-positive cells. The cytotoxic effect was delayed in cells treated with NM-403 compared to Mitsui-7. After 4–6 weeks of treatment, a clear cellular morphological change from epithelial to fibroblast-like phenotype was noted, together with a change in the cell population composition. BEAS-2B cells underwent a conversion from the epithelial to mesenchymal state as we observed a decrease in the epithelial marker E-cadherin and an increased expression of mesenchymal markers N-cadherin, Vimentin, and Fibronectin. After four weeks of recovery, we showed that the induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition is reversible, and that the degree of reversibility depends on the MWCNT.
Mode I Fracture Toughness of Graphene Reinforced Nanocomposite Film on Al Substrate
Authors: Her Shiuh-Chuan , Zhang Kai-Chun
Published: July 2021

Nanocomposites were prepared by adding graphene nanoplatelets (GNP) into epoxy with a variety of loadings. The thickness of GNPs used in this study was in a range of 1 nm to 10 nm. Nanocomposite film was deposited on the aluminum (Al) substrate via a spinning coating process. Tensile tests were carried out to determine the elastic modulus, ultimate strength and fracture strain of the nanocomposites. Theoretical prediction of the fracture toughness of the film/substrate composite structure with an interfacial crack under mode I loading was derived utilizing linear elastic fracture mechanics theory. Four-point bending tests were performed to evaluate the mode I fracture toughness. It was observed that the performance of the nanocomposite, such as elastic modulus, ultimate strength, and fracture toughness, were significantly enhanced by the incorporation of GNPs and increased with the increase in GNP concentration. The elastic modulus and mode I fracture toughness of the epoxy reinforced with 1 wt.% of GNPs were increased by 42.2% and 32.6%, respectively, in comparison with pure epoxy. Dispersion of GNPs in the epoxy matrix was examined by scanning electron microscope (SEM). It can be seen that GNPs were uniformly dispersed in the epoxy matrix, resulting in the considerable improvements of the ultimate strength and fracture toughness of the nanocomposite.
Security-Enhanced 3D Data Encryption Using a Degradable pH-Responsive Hydrogel
Authors: Wen Hongjing , Wang Bin , Zhu Hongbo , Wu Shiyu , Xu Xiaoxuan , Li Xiangping , Cao Yaoyu
Published: July 2021

Based on degradable pH-responsive hydrogel, we report on an enhanced three-dimensional data encryption security technique in which a pH value is used for information manipulation. Featuring three types of states upon the pH value variation, namely, shrinkage, expansion and degradation, the hydrogel renders a limited pH value window as the “key” for information decryption. The pH-dependent shrinkage-to-expansion conversion of the hydrogel leads to a threshold pH value for retrieving the recorded data, whilst the degradability of the hydrogel, which can be tuned by adjusting the composition ratio of PEGDA/AAc, gives rise to a second threshold pH value for irreversibly sabotaging the retrieved data. Pre-doping silver ions in the hydrogel facilitates explicit recording and reading of binary data in forms of three-dimensional silver patterns through photoreduction and scattering, respectively, with a femtosecond laser. By accurately matching the vertical spacing of the encoded silver nanopatterns with the diffraction-limited focal depth of the decryption microscope, we can tune the pH value to encrypt and retrieve information recorded in layers and set a critical pH value to smash encoded information, which proves a highly secured 3D data encoding protocol. This strategy can effectively enrich data encryption techniques, vastly enhancing data security within unattained chemical dimensions.
Probiotic Supplementation and Human Milk Cytokine Profiles in Japanese Women: A Retrospective Study from an Open-Label Pilot Study
Authors: Takahashi Tomoki , Fukudome Hirofumi , Ueno Hiroshi M. , Watanabe-Matsuhashi Shiomi , Nakano Taku , Kobayashi Toshiya , Ishimaru Kayoko , Nakao Atsuhito
Published: July 2021

The benefits of probiotic supplementation to lactating mothers on human milk cytokines are inconclusive. Thus, we performed a comprehensive open-label pilot trial analysis of 27 human milk cytokines in lactating women with allergies (one to three months postpartum) to determine the effect of supplementation with a mixture of new probiotic strains. Participants voluntarily joined the probiotic (n = 41) or no supplementation control (n = 19) groups. The probiotic group took three probiotic tablets (Lactobacillus casei LC5, Bifidobacterium longum BG7, and Bacillus coagulans SANK70258) daily for one to three months postpartum. Milk samples were collected at one, two, and three months postpartum, and cytokine levels were measured using multiplex assays. The effects were analyzed using multivariate regression models. Eleven cytokines showed a positive rate of over 50% in the milk samples throughout testing in both groups. The positive rates of IL-1 receptor antagonist and IL-7 changed significantly with lactation progression in logistic regression models after adjusting for time and supplementation, whereas rates of other cytokines showed no significant differences. The lactational change patterns of IL-10 concentrations differed significantly between the two groups. A short-term supplementation of probiotics affects human milk cytokine levels in lactating women with a possible placebo effect still existing. Future placebo-controlled studies are needed to support these results, based on the estimated sample sizes in this study.
Rhipicephalus Tick: A Contextual Review for Southeast Asia
Authors: Tan Li Peng , Hamdan Ruhil Hayati , Hassan Basripuzi Nurul Hayyan , Reduan Mohd Farhan Hanif , Okene Ibrahim Abdul-Azeez , Loong Shih Keng , Khoo Jing Jing , Samsuddin Ahmad Syazwan , Lee Seng Hua
Published: July 2021

Rhipicephalus species are distributed globally with a notifiable presence in Southeast Asia (SEA) within animal and human populations. The Rhipicephalus species are highly adaptive and have established successful coexistence within human dwellings and are known to be active all year round, predominantly in tropical and subtropical climates existing in SEA. In this review, the morphological characteristics, epidemiology, and epizootiology of Rhipicephalus tick species found in SEA are reviewed. There are six commonly reported Rhipicephalus ticks in the SEA region. Their interactions with their host species that range from cattle, sheep, and goats, through cats and dogs, to rodents and man are discussed in this article. Rhipicephalus-borne pathogens, including Anaplasma species, Ehrlichia species, Babesia species, and Theileria species, have been highlighted as are relevant to the region in review. Pathogens transmitted from Rhipicepahalus ticks to host animals are usually presented clinically with signs of anemia, jaundice, and other signs of hemolytic changes. Rhipicephalus ticks infestation also account for ectoparasitic nuisance in man and animals. These issues are discussed with specific interest to the SEA countries highlighting peculiarities of the region in the epidemiology of Rhipicephalus species and attendant pathogens therein. This paper also discusses the current general control strategies for ticks in SEA proffering measures required for increased documentation. The potential risks associated with rampant and improper acaricide use are highlighted. Furthermore, such practices lead to acaricide resistance among Rhipicephalus species are highlighted.
Intestinal Parasites of Neotropical Wild Jaguars, Pumas, Ocelots, and Jaguarundis in Colombia: Old Friends Brought Back from Oblivion and New Insights
Authors: Uribe Manuel , Payán Esteban , Brabec Jan , Vélez Juan , Taubert Anja , Chaparro-Gutiérrez Jenny J. , Hermosilla Carlos
Published: July 2021

Neotropical wild felids (NWF) are obligate carnivore species present in Central and South America, and some are considered endangered due to constantly decreasing populations. NWF can become infected by a wide range of protozoan and metazoan parasites, some of them affecting their health conditions and others having anthropozoonotic relevance. Parasitological studies on NWF are still very scarce, and most data originated from dead or captive animals. On this account, the current study aimed to characterize gastrointestinal parasites of free-ranging jaguars (Panthera onca), pumas (Puma concolor), ocelots (Leopardus pardalis), and jaguarundis (Herpailurus yagouaroundi), i.e., four out of six NWF species endemic to Colombia. Fecal samples from jaguars (n = 10) and ocelots (n = 4) were collected between 2012 and 2017 as part of the Jaguar Corridor Initiative from six geographic locations in Colombia. In addition, cestode specimens were obtained during puma and jaguarundi necropsies. Scat samples were processed by standardized sodium acetate-acetic acid-formalin (SAF), sedimentation, and flotation techniques and by carbol fuchsin-stained fecal smears. Morphological evaluation of feces showed the presence of one cestode (Spirometra sp.), a nematode (Toxocara cati), an acanthocephalan (Oncicola sp.), and one cyst-forming coccidian (Cystoisospora-like oocysts). Feces oocysts were submitted to a Toxoplasma gondii-specific PCR for species identification, but no product was amplified. The cestodes isolated from a puma and jaguarundi were molecularly characterized by sequencing cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, identifying them as Taenia omissa and as a T. omissa sister lineage, respectively. These results collectively demonstrate the potential role of NWF as natural reservoir hosts for neglected zoonotic parasites (e.g., Spirometra sp., T. cati) and highlight their possible role in parasite transmission to human communities. Due to public health concerns, the occurrence of these parasites should be monitored in the future for appropriate zoonotic management practices in conservation strategies and wild felid health management programs.
Comparison of Three In-House Real PCR Assays Targeting Kinetoplast DNA, the Small Subunit Ribosomal RNA Gene and the Glucose-6-Phosphate Isomerase Gene for the Detection of Leishmania spp. in Human Serum
Authors: Tanida Konstantin , Balczun Carsten , Hahn Andreas , Veit Alexandra , Nickel Beatrice , Poppert Sven , Scheid Patrick Leander , Hagen Ralf Matthias , Frickmann Hagen , Loderstädt Ulrike , Tannich Egbert
Published: July 2021

To perform PCR from serum for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis is convenient and much less invasive than the examination of deeper compartments such as bone marrow. We compared three Leishmania-specific real-time PCRs with three different molecular targets (kinetoplast DNA, the small subunit-ribosomal RNA-(ssrRNA-)gene, the glucose-6-phosphate isomerase-(gpi-)gene) regarding their sensitivity and specificity in human serum. Residual sera from previous diagnostic assessments at the German National Reference Center for Tropical Pathogens Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine Hamburg and the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute were used. The sensitivities of kinetoplast DNA-PCR, ssrRNA-gene PCR, and gpi-PCR were 93.3%, 73.3%, and 33.3%, respectively, with 15 initial serum samples from visceral leishmaniasis patients, as well as 9.1%, 9.1%, and 0.0%, respectively, with 11 follow-up serum samples taken at various time points following anti-leishmanial therapy. Specificity was 100.0% in all assays as recorded with 1.137 serum samples from deployed soldiers and migrants without clinical suspicion of visceral leishmaniasis. Kinetoplast-DNA PCR from serum was confirmed as a sensitive and specific approach for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. The results also indicate the suitability of serum PCR for diagnostic follow-up after therapy, in particular regarding therapeutic failure in case of persisting positive PCR results.
A Quantitative Pharmacology Model of Exosome-Mediated Drug Efflux and Perturbation-Induced Synergy
Authors: Wang Jin , Yeung Bertrand Z. , Wientjes M. Guillaume , Cui Minjian , Peer Cody J. , Lu Ze , Figg William D. , Woo Sukyung , Au Jessie L.-S.
Published: July 2021

Exosomes, naturally occurring vesicles secreted by cells, are undergoing development as drug carriers. We used experimental and computational studies to investigate the kinetics of intracellular exosome processing and exosome-mediated drug efflux and the effects of exosome inhibition. The experiments used four human-breast or ovarian cancer cells, a cytotoxic drug paclitaxel (PTX), two exosome inhibitors (omeprazole (OME), which inhibits exosome release, and GW4869 (GW), which inhibits synthesis of sphingolipid ceramide required for exosome formation), LC-MS/MS analysis of PTX levels in exosomes, and confocal microscopic study of endocytic transport (monitored using fluorescent nanoparticles and endocytic organelle markers). In all four cells, exosome production was enhanced by PTX but diminished by OME or GW (p < 0.05); the PTX enhancement was completely reversed by OME or GW. Co-treatment with OME or GW simultaneously reduced PTX amount in exosomes and increased PTX amount and cytotoxicity in exosome-donor cells (corresponding to >2-fold synergy as indicated by curve shift and uncertainty envelope analyses). This synergy is consistent with the previous reports that OME co-administration significantly enhances the taxane activity in tumor-bearing mice and in patients with triple negative metastatic breast cancer. The experimental results were used to develop a quantitative pharmacology model; model simulations revealed the different effects of the two exosome inhibitors on intracellular PTX processing and subcellular distribution.
Entrapment of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Molecules in Beads Prepared from Isolated Denatured Whey Protein
Authors: Heade Joanne , Kent Robert , Bleiel Sinead B. , Brayden David J.
Published: July 2021

The oral route of administration is by far the most convenient route, especially in the treatment of chronic conditions. However, many therapeutics present formulation difficulties which make them unsuitable for oral delivery. Recently, we synthesized a denatured whey protein isolate (dWPI) bead entrapped with insulin. Our present goal was to assess the suitability of this delivery system to the delivery of other potential molecules, both hydrophilic and hydrophobic. Beads of 1.2–1.5 mm in diameter were entrapped with four payloads representing a range of solubilities. The water-soluble payloads were sodium fluorescein (SF) and FITC dextran 4000 Da (FD4), while the hydrophobic ones were Fast Green and curcumin. Encapsulation efficiency (EE) was 73%, 84%, 70%, and 83% for SF, FD4, Fast Green, and curcumin-loaded beads, respectively. The corresponding loading capacity for each bead was 0.07%, 1.1%, 0.75%, and 1.1%, respectively. Each payload produced different release profiles in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and simulated intestinal fluids (SIF). SF released steadily in both SGF and SIF. FD4 and curcumin release was not substantial in any buffers, while Fast Green release was low in SGF and high in SIF. The differences in release behaviour were likely due to the varying properties of the payloads. The effect of proteolysis on beads suggested that enzymatic degradation of the whey bead may promote payload release. The beads swelled rapidly in SGF compared to SIF, which likely contributed to the release from the beads, which was largely governed by solvent diffusion and polymer relaxation. Our results offer a systematic examination of the behaviour of hydrophilic and hydrophobic payloads in a dWPI delivery system. These beads may be further designed to orally deliver poorly permeable macromolecules and poorly soluble small molecules of pharmaceutical interest.
Therapeutic Ultrasound as a Treatment Modality for Physiological and Pathological Ageing Including Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Götz Jürgen , Richter-Stretton Gina , Cruz Esteban
Published: July 2021

Physiological and pathological ageing (as exemplified by Alzheimer’s disease, AD) are characterized by a progressive decline that also includes cognition. How this decline can be slowed or even reversed is a critical question. Here, we discuss therapeutic ultrasound as a novel modality to achieve this goal. In our studies, we explored three fundamental strategies, (i) scanning ultrasound on its own (SUSonly), (ii) therapeutic ultrasound in concert with intravenously injected microbubbles (which transiently opens the blood–brain barrier, SUS+MB), and (iii) SUS+MB in combination with therapeutic antibodies (SUS+MB+mAb). These studies show SUS+MB effectively clears amyloid and restores memory in amyloid-depositing mice and partially clears Tau and ameliorates memory impairments in Tau transgenic mice, with additional improvements found in combination trials (SUS+MB+mAb). Interestingly, both SUSonly and SUS+MB restored the induction of long-term potentiation (LTP, electrophysiological correlate of memory) in senescent wild-type mice. Both lead to increased neurogenesis, and SUSonly, in particular, resulted in improved spatial memory. We discuss these findings side-by-side with our findings obtained in AD mouse models. We conclude that therapeutic ultrasound is a non-invasive, pleiotropic modality that may present a treatment option not only for AD but also for enhancing cognition in physiological ageing.
Impact of Propofol Sedation upon Caloric Overfeeding and Protein Inadequacy in Critically Ill Patients Receiving Nutrition Support
Authors: Dickerson Roland N. , Buckley Christopher T.
Published: July 2021

Propofol, a commonly used sedative in the intensive care unit, is formulated in a 10% lipid emulsion that contributes 1.1 kcals per mL. As a result, propofol can significantly contribute to caloric intake and can potentially result in complications of overfeeding for patients who receive concurrent enteral or parenteral nutrition therapy. In order to avoid potential overfeeding, some clinicians have empirically decreased the infusion rate of the nutrition therapy, which also may have detrimental effects since protein intake may be inadequate. The purpose of this review is to examine the current literature regarding these issues and provide some practical suggestions on how to restrict caloric intake to avoid overfeeding and simultaneously enhance protein intake for patients who receive either parenteral or enteral nutrition for those patients receiving concurrent propofol therapy.
Band-Gap Solitons in Nonlinear Photonic Crystal Waveguides and Their Application for Functional All-Optical Logic Gating
Authors: Jandieri Vakhtang , Khomeriki Ramaz , Onoprishvili Tornike , Erni Daniel , Chotorlishvili Levan , Werner Douglas H. , Berakdar Jamal
Published: July 2021

This review paper summarizes our previous findings regarding propagation characteristics of band-gap temporal solitons in photonic crystal waveguides with Kerr-type nonlinearity and a realization of functional and easily scalable all-optical NOT, AND and NAND logic gates. The proposed structure consists of a planar air-hole type photonic crystal in crystalline silicon as the nonlinear background material. A main advantage of proposing the gap-soliton as a signal carrier is that, by operating in the true time-domain, the temporal soliton maintains a stable pulse envelope during each logical operation. Hence, multiple concatenated all-optical logic gates can be easily realized paving the way to multiple-input ultrafast full-optical digital signal processing. In the suggested setup, due to the gap-soliton features, there is no need to amplify the output signal after each operation which can be directly used as a new input signal for another logical operation. The efficiency of the proposed logic gates as well as their scalability is validated using our original rigorous theoretical formalism confirmed by full-wave computational electromagnetics.
Molecular Cloning, Transcriptional Profiling, Subcellular Localization, and miRNA-Binding Site Analysis of Six SCL9 Genes in Poplar
Authors: Zhao Meiqi , Xuan Lei , Qi Haoran , Shen Tengfei , Xu Meng
Published: July 2021

The SCL9 subfamily is a key member of the GRAS family that regulates plant development and stress responses. Nevertheless, the functional role of these genes in the growth and development of poplar still unclear. Here, we reported the six SCL9 genes, which were found to be differentially expressed during poplar adventitious root formation. The full-length sequences of PeSCL9 genes of ‘Nanlin895’ poplar (Populus deltoids × Populus euramericana) were cloned by the RACE technique All PeSCL9 genes lacked introns. RT-qPCR revealed that PeSCL9 genes displayed a dynamic expression pattern in the adventitious root of poplar, according to RT-qPCR data. A series of comprehensive genes characteristics analysis were carried out for six genes by bioinformation. Meanwhile, transient expression analysis of the Populus protoplasts showed that all the PeSCL9 proteins were localized in the nucleus. In addition, the degradome and sRNA of ‘Nanlin895’ poplar in combination were used to predict miRNAs that regulate PeSCL9. It was found that miR396a and miR396c may affect PeSCL9 expression via cleavage, which was further verified by a transient expression experiment in Populus protoplasts. Overall, the development of poplar adventitious root and other tissues was closely related to these six SCL9 genes, and they serve as a starting point for further research into the mechanisms regulating poplar growth and development.
Genome-Wide Identification, Structure Characterization, Expression Pattern Profiling, and Substrate Specificity of the Metal Tolerance Protein Family in Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC
Authors: Zou Tao , Lin Ruoyi , Pu Lin , Mei Qiming , Wang Zhengfeng , Jian Shuguang , Zhang Mei
Published: July 2021

Plant metal tolerance proteins (MTPs) play key roles in heavy metal absorption and homeostasis in plants. By using genome-wide and phylogenetic approaches, the origin and diversification of MTPs from Canavalia rosea (Sw.) DC. was explored. Canavalia rosea (bay bean) is an extremophile halophyte with strong adaptability to seawater and drought and thereby shows specific metal tolerance with a potential phytoremediation ability. However, MTP genes in leguminous plants remain poorly understood. In our study, a total of 12 MTP genes were identified in C. rosea. Multiple sequence alignments showed that all CrMTP proteins possessed the conserved transmembrane domains (TM1 to TM6) and could be classified into three subfamilies: Zn-CDFs (five members), Fe/Zn-CDFs (five members), and Mn-CDFs (two members). Promoter cis-acting element analyses revealed that a distinct number and composition of heavy metal regulated elements and other stress-responsive elements existed in different promoter regions of CrMTPs. Analysis of transcriptome data revealed organ-specific expression of CrMTP genes and the involvement of this family in heavy metal stress responses and adaptation of C. rosea to extreme coral reef environments. Furthermore, the metal-specific activity of several functionally unknown CrMTPs was investigated in yeast. These results will contribute to uncovering the potential functions and molecular mechanisms of heavy metal absorption, translocation, and accumulation in C. rosea plants.
The Doctrine of Signatures in Israel—Revision and Spatiotemporal Patterns
Authors: Dafni Amots , Aqil Khatib Saleh , Benítez Guillermo
Published: July 2021

The present survey includes forty-three plant species with present-day medicinal applications that can be related to the Doctrine of Signatures (DoS). The main uses are for jaundice (33.3%), kidney stones (20%), and as an aphrodisiac (8%). Ten Doctrine of Signature uses (22.2%) are endemic (to Israel and Jordan); while none of these plant species are endemic to the region at all, their DoS uses are endemic. Summing up of all these data reveals that 73.2% of all uses found in present-day Israel could be considered as related to Muslim traditional medicine. About one quarter (24.4%) of the DoS uses are also common to Europe, and some (8.8%) to India. The two adventive species with DoS uses serve as evidence that the DoS practice is not necessarily based solely on its historical background but is still evolving locally in accordance with changes in the local flora. The current broad geographic distribution of many of the doctrine’s uses may serve as indirect evidence of its current prevalence, and not just as a vestigial presentation of ancient beliefs.
Functional Polymer Composite with Core-Shell Ceramic Filler: II. Rheology, Thermal, Mechanical, and Dielectric Properties
Authors: Rybak Andrzej
Published: July 2021

Epoxy resin composites filled with ceramic particles are commonly applied in electrification devices as an electrical insulation. In order to maintain proper functionality of such apparatuses it is crucial to optimize a broad range of properties, such as thermal, mechanical and dielectric parameters. In an earlier paper, a novel core-shell filler was developed in order to enhance the thermal conductivity in the epoxy composite used as electrical insulation. The new filler was made of a standard material, which was covered by a thin layer of high thermally conductive shell, namely, alumina coated by aluminum nitride. It was previously shown that the epoxy resin filled with the core-shell Al2O3@AlN particles showed a significant increase in thermal conductivity with a 63% relative increase. In this paper, a set of complementary measurements was performed and analyzed, namely, rheology, tensile strength, dynamic mechanical analysis, and dilatometry. Moreover, the dielectric permittivity and strength, and electrical resistivity were investigated in order to check if the electrical insulation properties were maintained. The obtained results were compared with the epoxy composite filled with the standard filler. The rheological behavior of the core-shell filled system showed that the processability will not be hindered. The mechanical properties of the composite based on core-shell filler are better than those of the reference system. The coefficient of linear thermal expansion is lower for epoxy filled with core-shell filler, which can lead to better adhesion to internal parts in the electrification devices. The dielectric strength was enhanced by 16% for the core-shell filled epoxy. The investigation clearly demonstrates that the epoxy composite filled with the core-shell particles is an appropriate material for application as electrical insulation with enhanced thermal conductivity.
Influence of Matrix and Surfactant on Piezoelectric and Dielectric Properties of Screen-Printed BaTiO3/PVDF Composites
Authors: Carbone Carlo , Benwadih Mohammed , D’Ambrogio Giulia , LE Minh-Quyen , Capsal Jean-Fabien , Cottinet Pierre-Jean
Published: July 2021

The aim of this paper was to provide insight into the impact of matrix and surfactants on the rheology, morphology, and dielectric and piezoelectric properties of screen-printed BaTiO3/PVDF composites. Two matrices were compared (PVDF–HFP and PVDF–TrFE), and lead-free BaTiO3 microparticles were added in volume fractions of 30% and 60%. Here, we demonstrated that the presence of surfactants, helping to prevent phase separation, was crucial for achieving a decent screen-printing process. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy together with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the two “fluoro-benzoic acid” surfactants established stable bonds with BaTiO3 and improved the dispersion homogeneity, while the “fluoro-silane” proved to be ineffective due to it evaporating during the functionalization process. PVDF–TrFE composites featured a more homogeneous composite layer, with fewer flaws and lower roughness, as compared with PVDF–HFP composites, and their inks were characterized by a higher viscosity. The samples were polarized in either AC or DC mode, at two different temperatures (25 °C and 80 °C). The 30% BaTiO3 PVDF–TrFE composites with two fluorinated surfactants featured a higher value of permittivity. The choice of the surfactant did not affect the permittivity of the PVDF–HFP composites. Concerning the d33 piezoelectric coefficient, experimental results pointed out that PVDF–TrFE matrices made it possible to obtain higher values, and that the best results were achieved in the absence of surfactants (or by employing the fluoro-silane). For instance, in the composites with 60% BaTiO3 and polarized at 80 °C, a d33 of 7–8 pC/N was measured, which is higher than the values reported in the literature.
The Effect of Cellulose Nanocrystal Suspension Treatment on Suspension Viscosity and Casted Film Property
Authors: Peng Yucheng , Via Brian
Published: July 2021

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have attracted significant interest in different industrial sectors. Many applications have been developed and more are being explored. Pre-treatment of the suspension plays a critical role for different applications. In this study, different pre-treatment methods, including homogenization, ultrasonication, and mixing with a magnetic stirrer were applied to a CNC suspension. After treatment, the rheological behaviors of the treated CNC suspensions were characterized using a rotational viscometer. The treated suspensions were then used to cast films for characterization by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and Fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy (FT-NIR). All the CNC suspensions demonstrated a shear thinning phenomena. Homogenization or ultrasonication significantly decreased the suspension viscosity compared with the suspension mixed by a magnetic stirrer. The viscosity of CNC suspension changed with time after treatment and settlement of treated CNC suspensions in room conditions increased the viscosity dramatically with time. Different UV and visible light interferences were observed for the CNC films generated from suspensions treated by different methods. The degree of crystallinity of the CNC films evaluated by FT-NIR showed that the film from suspension treated by homogenization and ultrasonication has the highest degree of crystallinity. Pre-treatments of CNC suspension affected the suspension viscosities and formed film properties.
Surface Finishing of FDM-Fabricated Amorphous Polyetheretherketone and Its Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Composite by Dry Milling
Authors: Guo Cheng , Liu Xiaohua , Liu Guang
Published: July 2021

In recent years, many investigations have been devoted to fused deposition modeling (FDM) of high-performance polymer-polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and carbon-fiber-reinforced PEEK (CF/PEEK) for biomedical and aerospace applications. However, the staircase effect naturally brought about by FDM restricts further applications of 3D-printed PEEK and its composites in high-temperature molds, medical implants, and precision components, which require better or customized surface qualities. Hence, this work aimed to reduce the staircase effect and improve the surface quality of 3D-printed PEEK and CF/PEEK parts by dry milling of the fluctuant exterior surface. The co-dependency between 3D printing parameters (raster angle and layer thickness) and milling parameters (depth of cut, spindle speed, and feed rate per tooth) were investigated through experiments. The difference in removal mechanisms for PEEK and CF/PEEK was revealed. It was confirmed that the smearing effect enhanced the surface quality based on the morphology analysis and the simulation model. Both the raster angle of +45°/−45° and the small layer thickness could improve the surface quality of these 3D-printed polymers after dry milling. A large depth of cut and a large feed rate per tooth were likely to deteriorate the finished polymer surface. The spindle speed could influence the morphologies without significant changes in roughness values. Finally, a demonstration was performed to verify that dry milling of 3D-printed amorphous PEEK and CF/PEEK parts could lead to a high surface quality for critical requirements.
Development and Characterization of Novel Cellulose Composites Obtained in 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride Used as Drug Delivery Systems
Authors: Spiridon Iuliana , Andrei Iuliana-Marilena , Anghel Narcis , Dinu Maria Valentina , Ciubotaru Bianca-Iulia
Published: July 2021

Two polysaccharides (cellulose and chitosan) and polyurethane dissolved in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride represented the matrix for the obtainment of new composite formulations comprised of lignin, ferrite–lignin hybrid and ketoconazole. The mechanical performances (Young’s modulus and compressive strength) increased with the filler addition. The nature of the filler used in the studied formulations influenced both bioadhesion and mucoadhesion parameters. It was found that the incorporation of lignin and ferrite–lignin hybrid into the matrix has influenced the in vitro rate of ketoconazole release, which is described by the Korsmeyer–Peppas model. All materials exhibited activity against Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923) and Gram negative (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922) bacteria.
Nanocomposite Materials Based on TMDCs WS2 Modified Poly(l-Lactic Acid)/Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Polymer Blends
Authors: Naffakh Mohammed
Published: July 2021

Novel multifunctional biopolymer blend nanocomposites composed of poly(vinylidene fluoride)(PVDF) and tungsten disulfide nanotubes (INT-WS2) that are layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) were easily prepared by applying an economical, scalable, and versatile melt processing route. Furthermore, their synergistic effect to enhance the properties of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) matrix was investigated. From morphological analysis, it was shown that the incorporation of 1D (INT)-WS2 into the immiscible PLLA/PVDF mixtures (weight ratios: 80/20, 60/40, 40/60, and 20/80) led to an improvement in the dispersibility of the PVDF phase, a reduction in its average domain size, and consequently a larger interfacial area. In addition, the nanoparticles INT-WS2 can act as effective nucleating agents and reinforcing fillers in PLLA/PVDF blends, and as such, greatly improve their thermal and dynamic-mechanical properties. The improvements are more pronounced in the ternary blend nanocomposites with the lowest PVDF content, likely due to a synergistic effect of both highly crystalline PVDF and 1D-TMDCs nano-additives on the matrix performance. Considering the promising properties of the developed materials, the inexpensive synthetic process, and the extraordinary properties of environmentally friendly and biocompatibe 1D-TMDCs WS2, this work may open up opportunities to produce new PLLA/PVDF hybrid nanocomposites that show great potential for biomedical applications.
Proof-of-Concept of Detection of Counterfeit Medicine through Polymeric Materials Analysis of Plastics Packaging
Authors: Salim Mohammad Rizalmazli , Widodo Riyanto Teguh , Noordin Mohamed Ibrahim
Published: July 2021

The detection of counterfeit pharmaceuticals is always a major challenge, but the early detection of counterfeit medicine in a country will reduce the fatal risk among consumers. Technically, fast laboratory testing is vital to develop an effective surveillance and monitoring system of counterfeit medicines. This study proposed the combination of Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) for the quick detection of counterfeit medicines, through the polymer analysis of blister packaging materials. A sample set containing three sets of original and counterfeit medicine was analyzed using ATR-FTIR and DSC, while the spectra from ATR-FTIR were employed as a fingerprint for the polymer characterization. Intending to analyze the polymeric material of each sample, DSC was set at a heating rate of 10 °C min−l and within a temperature range of 0–400 °C, with nitrogen as a purge gas at a flow rate of 20 mL min−1. The ATR-FTIR spectra revealed the chemical characteristics of the plastic packaging of fake and original medicines. Further analysis of the counterfeit medicine’s packaging with DSC exhibited a distinct difference from the original due to the composition of polymers in the packaging material used. Overall, this study confirmed that the rapid analysis of polymeric materials through ATR-FTIR and comparing DSC thermograms of the plastic in their packaging effectively distinguished counterfeit drug products.
Mold Flow Analysis of Motor Core Gluing with Viscous Flow Channels and Dipping Module
Authors: Zeng Yong-Jie , Hwang Sheng-Jye , Liu Yu-Da , Huang Chien-Sheng
Published: July 2021

A motor core is formed by stacking iron sheets on top of each other. Traditionally, there are two stacking methods, riveting and welding, but these two methods will increase iron loss and reduce usage efficiency. The use of resin is the current developmental trend in the technology used to join iron sheets, which has advantages including lowering iron loss, smoothing magnetic circuits, and generating higher rigidity. The flow behavior of resin in gluing technology is very important because it affects the dipping of iron sheets and the stacking of iron sheets with resin. In this study, a set of analytical processes is proposed to predict the flow behavior of resin through the use of computer-aided engineering (CAE) tools. The research results are compared with the experimental results to verify the accuracy of the CAE tools in predicting resin flow. CAE tools can be used to predict results, modify modules for possible defects, and reduce the time and costs associated with experiments. The obtained simulation results showed that the filling trend was the same as that for the experimental results, where the error between the simulation results for the final dipping process and the target value was 0.6%. In addition, the position of air traps is also simulated in the dipping process.
Relationship between FDM 3D Printing Parameters Study: Parameter Optimization for Lower Defects
Authors: Ferretti Patrich , Leon-Cardenas Christian , Santi Gian Maria , Sali Merve , Ciotti Elisa , Frizziero Leonardo , Donnici Giampiero , Liverani Alfredo
Published: July 2021

Technology evolution and wide research attention on 3D printing efficiency and processes have given the prompt need to reach an understanding about each technique’s prowess to deliver superior quality levels whilst showing an economical and process viability to become mainstream. Studies in the field have struggled to predict the singularities that arise during most Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) practices; therefore, diverse individual description of the parameters have been performed, but a relationship study between them has not yet assessed. The proposed study lays the main defects caused by a selection of printing parameters which might vary layer slicing, then influencing the defect rate. Subsequently, the chosen technique for optimization is presented, with evidence of its application viability that suggests that a quality advance would be gathered with such. The results would help in making the FDM process become a reliable process that could also be used for industry manufacturing besides prototyping purposes.
Enhancing Chain Mobility of Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polyethylene by Regulating Residence Time under a Consecutive Elongational Flow for Improved Processability
Authors: Chen Xiaochuan , Wang Xiaotong , Feng Yanhong , Qu Jinping , Yu Dingshan , Cao Changlin , Chen Xudong
Published: July 2021

Improving the processability of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and understanding the effect of the polymeric chain mobility has long been a challenging task. Herein, we show that UHMWPE without any processing aids can be processed at a lower temperature of 180 °C compared to conventional processing temperatures (~250 °C) under a continuous elongational flow (CEF) by using an eccentric rotor extruder (ERE). By probing the effect of the residence time of UHMWPE samples under a CEF on the morphology, rheological behavior and molecular orientation, we find that the long polymer chains of UHMWPE are apt to orientate under a consecutive volume elongational deformation, thereby leading to a higher residual stress for the extruded sample. Meanwhile, the residence time of samples can regulate the polymeric chain mobility, giving rise to the simultaneous decrease of the melting defects and residual stress as well as Hermans orientation function with increasing residence time from 0 to 60 s. This also engenders the enhanced diffusion of UHMWPE segments, resulting in a defect-free morphology and higher entanglement with lower crystallinity but without causing obvious thermal oxidative degradation of UHMWPE. This interesting result could originate from the fast chain entanglement and particle welding enabled by a desirably short residence time, which could be explained by the empirical, entropy-driven melting explosion mechanism.
The Process of Operation of a Mobile Straw Spreading Unit with a Rotating Finger Body-Experimental Research
Authors: Boltianskyi Boris , Sklyar Radmila , Boltyanska Natalia , Boltianska Larysa , Dereza Serhii , Grigorenko Serhii , Syrotyuk Serhiy , Jakubowski Tomasz
Published: July 2021

This article presents methods and results of experimental research to determine the power consumed when driving the working bodies of the straw bedding mobile spreader to cover cow stalls (boxes). Analysis of the design and mode parameters of the rotary finger working body influence on the energy consumption of the bedding material spreading process is carried out. Using the experimental data, it was established that the power consumed to drive the rotary finger working body of the mobile straw bedding spreader, at the tractor power take-off (PTO) shaft rotation speed of 540 min−1, the forward unit speed of 2 km/h, and performance of 1.5 kg/s, is equal to 7.633 kW. In this case, due to the installation of a rotary finger working body for spreading straw bedding, the power consumption increased by 9%. This increase will not have a significant impact on the overall energy consumption of the spreading bedding material working process, because this class tractor power reserve allows its use.
A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Treatment for Women with Postpartum Depression
Authors: Huddle Maddison M. , Costello Shane C. , Barton David A.
Published: July 2021

Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) has a strong evidence base for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), however, there is minimal research investigating the treatment of depression within the postpartum period. This systematic review aims to systematically examine the efficacy and safety of TMS when treating postpartum depression (PPD). Databases Ovid Medline, PsycINFO, EMBASE and PubMed were searched from inception to May 2021, to identify peer-reviewed papers assessing the administration of TMS for PPD treatment. Data were systematically extracted and evaluated regarding clinical psychiatric outcomes, social-relational outcomes, neuropsychological testing, and side effects. This systematic review included one randomised controlled trial, two open-label studies, two conference papers, and two case studies, providing data on 60 participants. TMS appears well tolerated, with no reported major adverse side effects. While the studies reported a general reduction in PPD symptoms, the poor quality of the evidence available indicates that TMS for PPD is unable to be currently recommended. However, the substantial evidence for TMS in the treatment of MDD and the differential response to antidepressant medication in PPD indicates that further research into TMS for PPD is warranted.