bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Associations of Adiposity with Measured and Self‐Reported Academic Performance in Early Adolescence
Authors: Huang Terry T.‐K. , Goran Michael I. , Spruijt‐Metz Donna
Published: April 2008

Objective: To examine the associations of adiposity with measured and self‐reported academic performance independently of demographics and physical activity among U.S. adolescents.

Research Methods and Procedures: We surveyed 666 students 11 to 14 years old from seven middle schools in Los Angeles, CA. Weight and height were measured. Actual grade point average was obtained from school records. Self‐reported school grades and physical activity time were measured by questionnaire. Adiposity measures included BMI, BMI percentile (≥85th percentile defined as at‐risk‐of‐overweight), and percentage body fat (bioimpedance).

Results: After adjusting for gender, ethnicity, age, and physical activity time, overweight at‐risk status, BMI, and percentage body fat were negatively related to only self‐reported (p < 0.01) but not measured grades. Level of moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity time was negatively related to measured and self‐reported grades, independently of adiposity (p < 0.01).

Discussion: To our knowledge, this is the first study to examine both body mass and body fat in relation to measured and self‐reported school grades. Adiposity did not relate to actual academic performance in a sample of predominantly Latino and Asian‐American adolescents. The use of measured vs. self‐reported academic outcomes may represent different constructs and influence study conclusions. Cultural factors may also play a role in our findings, but this requires further study.
Is There a Lag Globally in Overweight Trends for Children Compared with Adults?
Authors: Popkin Barry M. , Conde Wolney , Hou Ningqi , Monteiro Carlos
Published: April 2008

Objective: To determine relative trends in prevalence for overweight for adults compared with children across high‐income countries (Australia, United Kingdom, and United States), middle‐income countries (Brazil and Russia), and low‐income countries (China and Indonesia).

Research Methods and Procedures: Extant nationally representative survey data from 1971 to the present are used. Prevalence of overweight for adults ≥18.0 years of age and children 6.0 to 17.9 years of age were used. Absolute and relative annual rates of change in prevalence of overweight in children and adults were the key outcomes.

Results: Absolute rates of increase in overweight were higher among adults than among children in all studied countries except Australia. However, relative rates of increase in overweight indicate faster increases in overweight among children in Brazil, China, and the three high‐income countries. As a result, the relative excess of overweight among adults, seen initially in all countries, increased in Indonesia and Russia, but it decreased in Australia, Brazil, China, United Kingdom, and United States. In Brazil, time trends indicate an acceleration in the annual rate of change in overweight for children and a deceleration for adults, whereas in the United States, the increase in overweight shows acceleration for both children and adults.

Discussion: In absolute terms, overweight increased faster among children than adults only in Australia; however, the relative gap between children and adults is closing in four additional countries, Brazil, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States.
No Evidence for a Major Role of Polymorphisms During Bupropion Treatment
Authors: Hu Jianfang , Redden David T. , Berrettini Wade H. , Shields Peter G. , Restine Stephanie L. , Pinto Angela , Lerman Caryn , Allison David B.
Published: April 2008

This study evaluated the ability of polymorphisms in five candidate genes to predict weight gain among patients taking bupropion or placebo in a smoking cessation trial. Five hundred fifty‐three smokers were enrolled into a randomized double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial and followed for 12 months. Five candidate genes [DRD2 Taq1 (rs1800497), DRD2–141 (rs1799732), C957T (rs6277), COMT (rs4818), and SLC6A3] were genotyped. Weights at baseline, at end of treatment, and after 6 and 12 months of follow‐up were self‐reported. Smoking abstinence at each endpoint was self‐reported and confirmed biochemically. A self‐reported average weight gain after 12 months of 1.1 ± 6.0 kg (mean ± standard deviation) in the bupropion group and 1.8 ± 4.8 kg in the placebo group was noted. For subjects with biochemically confirmed abstinence from smoking, the HL genotype (alleles coding Val at codon 108 are denoted as H, and those coding Met are denoted as L) at the COMT locus and A1A1 genotype at the DRD2 Taq1 locus were associated with less weight gain at the end of treatment. The TC genotype at the C957T locus was associated with increased weight gain at 6 months of follow‐up. However, no polymorphisms or their interactions with bupropion consistently and significantly predicted baseline BMI or weight change during treatment for all study subjects. Overall, our results do not support a major role for these five candidate genes in weight gain after smoking cessation.
Human Adenovirus 36 Induces Adiposity, Increases Insulin Sensitivity, and Alters Hypothalamic Monoamines in Rats
Authors: Pasarica Magdalena , Shin Andrew C. , Yu Minghuan , Yang Hui‐Mei Ou , Rathod Miloni , Jen K‐L. Catherine , Kumar Sheba Mohan , MohanKumar Puliyur S. , Markward Nathan , Dhurandhar Nikhil V.
Published: April 2008

Objective: Human adenovirus 36 (Ad‐36) increases adiposity and reduces serum lipids in chicken, mouse, and non‐human primate models, and it is linked to obesity in sero‐epidemiological studies in humans. Involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) or adipose tissue in the mechanism of Ad‐36‐induced adiposity is unknown. The effects of Ad‐36 on adiposity and on the neuroendocrine system were investigated in a rat model.

Research Methods and Procedures: Five‐week‐old male Wistar rats were inoculated intraperitoneally with Ad‐36 or medium.

Results: Despite similar food intakes, infected rats attained significantly greater body weight and fat pad weight by 30 weeks post‐inoculation. Epididymal‐inguinal, retroperitoneal, and visceral fat pad weights of the infected group were greater by 60%, 46%, and 86%, respectively (p < 0.00001). The fasting serum insulin level and homeostasis model assessment index indicated greater insulin sensitivity in the infected group. Visceral adipose tissue expression of glycerol 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ, and CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein α and β was markedly increased in the infected animals compared with controls. Ad‐36 decreased norepinephrine levels significantly in the paraventricular nucleus in infected vs. control rats (mean ± standard error, 8.9 ± 1.1 vs. 12.8 ± 1.2 pg/μg protein; p < 0.05). Ad‐36 markedly decreased serum corticosterone in infected vs. control rats (mean ± standard error, 97 ± 41.0 vs. 221 ± 111 ng/mL; p < 0.005).

Discussion: The results suggest that the pro‐adipogenic effect of Ad‐36 may involve peripheral as well as central effects. The male Wistar rat is a good model for the elucidation of metabolic and molecular mechanisms of Ad‐36‐induced adiposity.
Resistance Training Lowers Exercise‐Induced Oxidative Stress and Homocysteine Levels in Overweight and Obese Older Adults
Authors: Vincent Heather K. , Bourguignon Cheryl , Vincent Kevin R.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To compare exercise‐induced oxidative stress and levels of homocysteine and cholesterol in normal‐weight and overweight older adults after resistance exercise (RX).

Research Methods and Procedures: This interventional study was conducted at a wellness center. Forty‐nine older adults (age range, 60 to 72 years) were stratified by BMI (<25 kg/m2 normal weight, ≥25 kg/m2 overweight/obese) and then randomly assigned to either a control non‐exercise group or an RX group. The RX group completed a 6‐month training program. Exercise‐induced lipid hydroperoxides (PEROXs) and thiobarbituric‐reactive acid substances, homocysteine, lipoprotein a, cholesterol, and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured before and after the 6‐month RX program.

Results: PEROXs and thiobarbituric‐reactive acid substances were lower in both the overweight/obese and normal‐weight RX‐trained groups compared with control groups (p < 0.05). Homocysteine levels were lower in both overweight/obese and normal‐weight RX groups compared with control groups (p < 0.05). Lipoprotein a, total cholesterol, and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol were not different in normal‐weight and overweight/obese groups before or after RX. The change in muscle strength was correlated with homocysteine at 6 months (r = −0.452, p < 0.05), whereas the change in PEROXs was correlated with the change in body fat (r = −0.329).

Discussion: To our knowledge, these data are the first to show that RX reduces exercise‐induced oxidative stress and homocysteine regardless of adiposity, indicating that this protection can be afforded in an older, overweight/obese population as effectively as in healthy older adults. These data suggest that RX may afford some protection against emerging cardiovascular risk factors using a mode of exercise that supports body weight.
G‐2548A Polymorphism of the Leptin Gene Is Correlated with Extreme Obesity in Taiwanese Aborigines
Authors: Wang Tsu‐Nai , Huang Meng‐Chuan , Chang Wen‐Tsan , Ko Albert Min‐Shan , Tsai Eing‐Mei , Liu Chih‐Shan , Lee Chien‐Hung , Ko Ying‐Chin
Published: April 2008

We examined the genetic associations of the G‐2548A polymorphism in the promoter of the leptin (LEP) gene and the Gln223Arg (Q223R) polymorphism of the leptin receptor (LEPR) gene with obesity. Two hundred twenty‐six obese aboriginal subjects (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2) and 182 aboriginal subjects with normal weight (BMI < 25 kg/m2) participated in this study. The polymorphisms of LEP G‐2548A and LEPR Q223R were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism, and their anthropometric characteristics were measured. Levels of leptin, triglycerides, and cholesterol were measured after overnight fasting. We found that the frequencies of the LEP G/G homozygote (22.6%) with Mendelian recessive (χ2 = 7.89, p = 0.005) and codominant (χ2 = 7.93, p = 0.02) models to be higher in the extremely obese subjects (BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2) than in normal weight subjects (6.9%) but not in moderately obese subjects (35 > BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2). There was no difference in genotypic frequency of the LEPR Q223R polymorphism between the extreme obese and control groups. We suggest that the LEP −2548 G/G homozygote plays a genetic recessive role in the development of extreme obesity in Taiwanese aborigines.
Dose‐Dependent Effects of Training and Detraining on Weight in 6406 Runners during 7.4 Years
Authors: Williams Paul T. , Thompson Paul D.
Published: April 2008

Objective: Prior randomized and non‐randomized training studies have failed to establish a dose‐response relationship between vigorous exercise and weight loss; this failure may be due, in part, to their short durations and small sample sizes. The objectives of this study were to determine whether exercise reduces body weight and to examine the dose‐response relationships between changes in exercise and changes in total and regional adiposity.

Research Methods and Procedures: This was a large prospective study of 3973 men and 1444 women who quit running (detraining), 270 men and 146 women who started running (training), and 420 men and 153 women who remained sedentary during 7.4 years of follow‐up. The outcomes measured were weekly running distance, body weight, BMI, body circumferences, and bra cup size.

Results: There were significant inverse relationships between the changes in the amount of vigorous exercise (km/wk run) and the changes in weight and BMI in men (slope ± standard error: −0.039 ± 0.005 kg/km per week and −0.012 ± 0.002 kg/m2 per km/wk, respectively) and in older women (−0.060 ± 0.018 kg/km per week and −0.022 ± 0.007 kg/m2 per km/wk) who quit running, and in initially sedentary men (−0.098 ± 0.017 kg/km per week and −0.032 ± 0.005 kg/m2 per km/wk) and women (−0.062 ± 0.023 kg/km per week and −0.021 ± 0.008 kg/m2 per km/wk) who started running. Changes in waist circumference, an indicator of intra‐abdominal fat, were also inversely related to changes in running distance in men who quit (−0.026 ± 0.005 cm/km per week) or started running (−0.078 ± 0.017 cm/km per week).

Discussion: The initiation of vigorous exercise and its cessation decrease and increase, respectively, body weight and intra‐abdominal fat, and these changes are proportional to the change in exercise dose.
Aerobic Exercise and Snoring in Overweight Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Davis Catherine L. , Tkacz Joseph , Gregoski Mathew , Boyle Colleen A. , Lovrekovic Gordana
Published: April 2008

Objective: To determine whether regular aerobic exercise improves symptoms of sleep‐disordered breathing in overweight children, as has been shown in adults.

Research Methods and Procedures: Healthy but overweight (BMI ≥85th percentile) 7‐ to 11‐year‐old children were recruited from public schools for a randomized controlled trial of exercise effects on diabetes risk. One hundred children (53% black, 41% male) were randomly assigned to a control group (n = 27), a low‐dose exercise group (n = 36), or a high‐dose exercise group (n = 37). Exercise groups underwent a 13 ± 1.5 week after‐school program that provided 20 or 40 minutes per day of aerobic exercise (average heart rate = 164 beats per minute). Group changes were compared on BMI z‐score and four Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire scales: Snoring, Sleepiness, Behavior, and a summary scale, Sleep‐Related Breathing Disorders. Analyses were adjusted for age.

Results: Both the high‐dose and low‐dose exercise groups improved more than the control group on the Snoring scale. The high‐dose exercise group improved more than the low‐dose exercise and control groups on the summary scale. No group differences were found for changes on Sleepiness, Behavior, or BMI z‐score. At baseline, 25% screened positive for sleep‐disordered breathing; half improved to a negative screen after intervention.

Discussion: Regular vigorous exercise can improve snoring, a symptom of sleep‐disordered breathing, in overweight children. Aerobic exercise programs may be valuable for prevention and treatment of sleep‐disordered breathing in overweight children.
Increased Resting Energy Expenditure after 40 Minutes of Aerobic But Not Resistance Exercise
Authors: Hunter Gary R. , Byrne Nuala M. , Gower Barbara A. , Sirikul Bovorn , Hills Andrew P.
Published: April 2008

Objective: Resting energy expenditure (REE) is increased 24 hours after high‐intensity aerobic exercise lasting 60 minutes, whereas results have been inconsistent after resistance training and aerobic exercise of shorter duration. The objective of the study was to compare the effects of 40 minutes of high‐intensity aerobic vs. resistance exercise on REE 19 to 67 hours after exercise.

Research Methods and Procedures: REE was compared 19, 43, and 67 hours after 40 minutes of aerobic training (AT; 80% maximum heart rate) or resistance training (RT; 10 repetitions at 80% maximum strength, two sets and eight exercises). Twenty‐three black and 22 white women were randomly assigned to AT, RT, or no training (controls). Exercisers trained 25 weeks. REE was measured after a 12‐hour fast.

Results: There was a significant time × group interaction for REE when adjusted for fat‐free mass and fat mass, with post hoc tests revealing that the 50‐kcal difference between 19 and 43 hours (1310 ± 196 to 1260 ± 161 kcal) and the 34‐kcal difference between 19 and 67 hours (1310 ± 196 to 1276 ± 168 kcal) were significant for AT. No other differences were found, including RT (19 hours, 1256 ± 160; 43 hours, 1251 ± 160; 67 hours, 1268 ± 188 kcal). Urine norepinephrine increased with training only in AT. After adjusting for fat‐free mass, REE Δ between 19 and both 43 and 67 hours was significantly related to urine norepinephrine (r = 0.76, p < 0.01 and 0.68, p < 0.03, respectively).

Discussion: Consistent with findings on longer duration AT, these results show that 40 minutes of AT elevates REE for 19 hours in trained black and white women. This elevation did not occur with 40 minutes of RT. Results suggest that differences are, in part, due to increased sympathetic tone.
The Association of Television and Video Viewing with Fast Food Intake by Preschool‐Age Children
Authors: Taveras Elsie M. , Sandora Thomas J. , Shih Mei‐Chiung , Ross‐Degnan Dennis , Goldmann Donald A. , Gillman Matthew W.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To examine the extent to which television (TV) and video viewing is associated with consumption of fast food by preschool‐age children.

Research Methods and Procedures: In a cross‐sectional study of 240 parents of children ages 2.0 to 5.9 years, parents reported the number of hours their child watched TV/videos on an average weekday and weekend day in the past month; a daily, weighted average of TV/video viewing was then calculated. The main outcome was parents’ report of their children's fast food intake, using the question, “How many times a week does your child eat at fast food restaurants such as McDonald's, Burger King, or Kentucky Fried Chicken?” dichotomized to (never/<1 vs. ≥1 time/wk). The association of TV/video viewing with fast food intake was evaluated by multiple logistic regression before and after adjusting for several potential confounders.

Results: Twenty‐two percent of parents reported that their child ate at fast food restaurants at least once per week. After adjusting for parents’ age, race/ethnicity, and household income as well as child's age and sex, for each 1‐hour increase of TV/video watched per day, the odds ratio (OR) for consuming fast food ≥1 time per week was 1.60 (95% confidence interval, 1.03 to 2.49). After further adjustment for socio‐environmental factors that might serve as proxies for the availability of healthy food options, such as parental time constraints and the availability and high cost of fresh fruits and vegetables in their neighborhoods, the OR for consuming fast food ≥1 time per week was minimally attenuated (OR, 1.55; 95% confidence interval, 1.04 to 2.31).

Discussion: TV/video viewing was correlated with fast food consumption among preschool children in this study. Our findings raise the possibility that greater exposure to TV and videos may influence preschool children's consumption of unhealthful foods.
Polymorphisms in FOXO Gene Family and Association Analysis with BMI
Authors: Kim Jae‐Ryong , Jung Hong Soo , Bae Seong‐Wook , Kim Jung Hye , Park Byung Lae , Choi Yoo Hyun , Cho Hye Young , Cheong Hyun Sub , Shin Hyoung Doo
Published: April 2008

Forkhead transcription factors of the FOXO subfamily are emerging as shared components of pathways that regulate a variety of cellular functions. In an effort to identify genetic polymorphisms in candidate genes to determine associations with BMI, we sequenced all exons of the FOXO genes (FOXO1a, FOXO3a, and FOXO4) and examined their associations with BMI in a Korean population (n = 734). Sixteen polymorphisms were identified in FOXO genes: three in FOXO1a, seven in FOXO3a, and six in FOXO4. Associations of FOXO polymorphisms with BMI were analyzed using multiple regression, adjusting for age and sex as covariates. One promoter single nucleotide polymorphism in the 5′ flanking region of FOXO3a showed significant association with BMI, e.g., the lowest BMI (23.3 ± 2.69 kg/m2) was discovered in individuals who were carrying T/T, intermediate BMI (26.6 ± 3.14 kg/m2) was found in heterozygous individuals (C/T), and the highest BMI (27.2 ± 3.47 kg/m2) occurred in individuals who were homozygous for the major allele (C/C; p = 0.01).
Underreporting of BMI in Adults and Its Effect on Obesity Prevalence Estimations in the Period 1998 to 2001
Authors: Visscher Tommy L.S. , Viet A. Lucie , Kroesbergen H.T. , Seidell Jacob C.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To identify the determinants of underreporting BMI and to evaluate the possibilities of using self‐reported data for valid obesity prevalence rate estimations.

Research Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional monitoring health survey was carried out between 1998 and 2002, and a review of published studies was performed. A total of 1809 men and 1882 women ages 20 to 59 years from The Netherlands were included. Body weight and height were reported and measured. Equations were calculated to estimate individuals’ BMI from reported data. These equations and equations from published studies were applied to the present data to evaluate whether using these equations led to valid estimations of the obesity prevalence rate. Also, size of underestimation of obesity prevalence rate was compared between studies.

Results: The prevalence of obesity was underestimated by 26.1% and 30.0% among men and women, respectively, when based on reported data. The most important determinant of underreporting BMI was a high BMI. When equations to calculate individuals’ BMI from reported data were used, the obesity prevalence rate was still underestimated by 12.9% and 8.1% of the “true” obesity prevalence rate among men and women, respectively. The degree of underestimating the obesity prevalence was inconsistent across studies. Applying equations from published studies to the present data led to estimations of the obesity prevalence varying from a 7% overestimation to a 74% underestimation.

Discussion: Valuable efforts for monitoring and evaluating prevention and treatment studies require direct measurements of body weight and height.
Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecules, Soluble Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecules, and Risk of Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Shai Iris , Pischon Tobias , Hu Frank B. , Ascherio Alberto , Rifai Nader , Rimm Eric B.
Published: April 2008

Objective: We examined the association of circulating levels of soluble intercellular adhesion molecules (sICAM‐1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecules (sVCAM‐1) with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk factors and whether the adhesion molecules alone, and in combination, can serve as predictors of coronary CHD.

Research Methods and Procedures: Among 18,225 men from the Health Professional Follow‐up Study who provided blood in 1994, we documented 266 incidents of non‐fatal myocardial infarction or fatal CHD during 6 years of follow‐up. The cases were matched 1:2 with non‐cases on age, smoking, and month of blood draw. We found both adhesion molecules directly associated with BMI, inflammatory biomarkers, and triglycerides and inversely associated with high‐density lipoprotein and alcohol intake (p < 0.05). After adjustment for C‐reactive protein, cholesterol‐to‐high‐density lipoprotein ratio, age, smoking, BMI, physical activity, alcohol intake, history of diabetes, parental history of CHD, aspirin use, antihypertensive drug use, and fasting status, the relative risk of CHD was 1.69 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.14 to 2.51] for sICAM‐1 and 1.34 (95% CI, 0.91 to 1.96) for sVCAM‐1, when comparing the top quintile with the lower four quintiles. Control for other inflammatory or lipid biomarkers did not appreciably attenuate the associations. When we cross‐classified participants based on their sICAM‐1 and sVCAM‐1 levels, only the men in the top quintile of both biomarkers [relative risk = 2.39 (95% CI, 1.45 to 3.91)] had a significantly elevated risk of CHD (P interaction = 0.01, multivariate model).

Discussion: sICAM‐1 and sVCAM‐1 are directly associated with obesity and other CHD risk factors. The combination of high levels of both adhesion molecules might be associated with the development of CHD, independent of other CHD risk factors.
The Figure Rating Scale as an Index of Weight Status of Women on Videotape
Authors: Cardinal Tiffany M. , Kaciroti Niko , Lumeng Julie C.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To determine whether Stunkard's Figure Rating Scale (FRS) is a valid and reliable index of weight status when an unbiased observer assigns the figure ratings of adult women viewed on videotape.

Research Methods and Procedures: Seventy‐two women drawn from a community sample participated in a videotaped study in which height and weight were measured. The FRS is a rating scale displaying 9 silhouettes ranging from very thin to very obese. Women were assigned a figure rating “in‐person” by a research assistant (FRS used as a 17‐point scale) and by additional research assistants viewing women only on videotape (FRS used as both a 17‐ and 9‐point scale). Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated for in‐person figure ratings, mean videotape figure ratings, and BMI.

Results: BMI and in‐person figure ratings were highly correlated (r = 0.91), as were BMI and both mean 17‐point videotape figure ratings and mean 9‐point videotape figure ratings (r = 0.89 and 0.87, respectively). Inter‐rater agreement for in‐person figure ratings and mean 17‐point videotape figure ratings was 0.86, and agreement between in‐person figure ratings and mean 9‐point videotape figure ratings was 0.82.

Discussion: The FRS can be used as an index of women's weight status by an unbiased observer, with subjects viewed in‐person or on videotape.
Evidence for Cytosolic p27(Kip1) Ubiquitylation and Degradation during Adipocyte Hyperplasia
Authors: Auld Corinth A. , Morrison Ron F.
Published: April 2008

Objective: Subcellular localization has been shown to play an important role in determining activity and accumulation of p27 protein during cell cycle progression. The purpose of this study was to examine p27 localization and ubiquitylation in relation to E3 ligase expression during adipocyte hyperplasia.

Research Methods and Procedures: This study used the murine 3T3‐L1 preadipocyte model to examine p27 regulation during synchronous cell cycle progression. Cell lysates were isolated over time after hormonal stimulation, fractionated to cytosolic and nuclear compartments, and immunoblotted for relative protein determinations.

Results: Data presented in this study show that p27 was present in the cytosol and nucleus in density‐arrested preadipocytes and that abundance in both compartments decreased in a phase‐specific manner as preadipocytes synchronously re‐entered the cell cycle during early phases of adipocyte differentiation. Blocking CRM1‐mediated nuclear export did not prevent degradation, nor did it cause nuclear accumulation of p27, suggesting that distinct mechanisms mediating cytosolic and nuclear p27 degradation were involved. Treating preadipocytes with a potent and specific proteasome inhibitor during hormonal stimulation prevented Skp2 accumulation and p27187 phosphorylation, which are essential events for SCFSkp2 E3 ligase activity and nuclear p27 ubiquitylation during S/G2 phase progression. Proteasome blockade also resulted in the first evidence of cytosolic p27 ubiquitylation during late G1 phase as preadipocytes undergo the transition from quiescence to proliferation.

Discussion: These data are consistent with the postulate that p27 is ubiquitylated and targeted for degradation by the 26S proteasome in a phase‐specific manner by distinct ubiquitin E3 ligases localized to the cytosol and nucleus during adipocyte hyperplasia.
Mitochondrial DNA Depletion in Small‐ and Large‐for‐Gestational‐Age Newborns
Authors: Gemma Carolina , Sookoian Silvia , Alvariñas Jorge , García Silvia I. , Quintana Laura , Kanevsky Diego , González Claudio D. , Pirola Carlos J.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To investigate whether mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content may be associated with clinical features, anthropometric variables, and laboratory findings in both extremes of abnormal fetal growth: small and large size for gestational age.

Research Methods and Procedures: Eighty‐eight pregnant women and their infants were included in a cross‐sectional study. According to the offspring birthweight, normalized by sex and gestational age, there were 57 newborns with appropriate weight for gestational age (AGA) and 31 with abnormal weight for gestational age: 17 small for gestational age (SGA) and 14 large for gestational age (LGA). mtDNA quantification using nuclear DNA as a reference was measured by a real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction method.

Results: The mothers’ pregestational BMI was associated with the weight of their offspring: SGA infants had lean mothers (BMI, 21.4 ± 0.7), and LGA infants had overweight mothers (BMI, 26.7 ± 1.4) in comparison with AGA infants (BMI, 23.0 ± 0.7) (p < 0.003). Newborn leptin levels were associated with birthweight after adjustment for sex and gestational age (SGA, 7.0 ± 1.1 ng/mL; AGA, 15.2 ± 1.6 ng/mL; and LGA, 25.6 ± 4.1 ng/mL) (p < 0.002). Conversely, mtDNA/nuclear DNA ratio was significantly lower in both extremes of abnormal fetal growth, SGA (18 ± 6) and LGA (9 ± 2), at birth in comparison to AGA‐weight infants (28 ± 4) (p < 0.03).

Discussion: Our findings show that mtDNA content is decreased in newborns with abnormal weight in comparison with AGA infants. On the basis of a cumulative body of evidence, we speculate that mtDNA depletion is one of the putative links between abnormal fetal growth and metabolic and cardiovascular complications in later life.
The Effects of the Dietary Glycemic Load on Type 2 Diabetes Risk Factors during Weight Loss
Authors: Pittas Anastassios G. , Roberts Susan B. , Das Sai Krupa , Gilhooly Cheryl H. , Saltzman Edward , Golden Julie , Stark Paul C. , Greenberg Andrew S.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To compare the effects of two calorie‐restricted diets that differ in glycemic load (GL) on glucose tolerance and inflammation.

Research Methods and Procedures: Thirty‐four healthy overweight adults, ages 24 to 42 years, were randomized to 30% provided calorie‐restricted diets with high (HG) or low (LG) glycemic load for 6 months. Outcomes were changes in glucose‐insulin dynamics and C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels.

Results: Compared with baseline, levels of fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, post‐load insulin at 30 minutes, and incremental area‐under‐the‐curve‐insulin during the oral glucose tolerance test were significantly lower in both groups at 6 months (p range, 0.01 to 0.05), but after adjustment for baseline values and weight change, there were no differences between the two groups with regard to changes over time in any parameter. The mean percentage change in insulin sensitivity by a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test was +26% in the HG group and +24% in the LG group (p = 0.83); first‐phase acute insulin release was −20% in the HG group and −21% in the LG group (p = 0.77). More participants on the LG diet (14 of 16 subjects) had a decline in serum CRP, compared with those on the HG diet (7 of 16 subjects) (p < 0.05).

Discussion: In healthy overweight adults provided with food for 6 months, the dietary GL did not seem to influence chronic adaptations in glucose‐insulin dynamics above that associated with weight loss. This finding highlights the importance of absolute weight loss over the dietary macronutrient composition used to achieve weight loss. The finding of greater declines in CRP concentration after consumption of a low‐GL diet warrants further investigation.
Evaluation of a Multisensor Armband in Estimating Energy Expenditure in Obese Individuals
Authors: Papazoglou Dimitrios , Augello Giovanni , Tagliaferri Mariantonella , Savia Giulio , Marzullo Paolo , Maltezos Efstratios , Liuzzi Antonio
Published: April 2008

Objective: To examine the reliability and validity of the SenseWear Pro 2 Armband (SWA; Body Media, Pittsburgh, PA) during rest and exercise compared with indirect calorimetry (IC) in obese individuals.

Research Methods and Procedures: Energy expenditure was assessed during rest with the SWA and IC in 142 obese adults (37 men and 105 women, BMI = 42.3 ± 7.0) and in 25 lean and overweight adults (BMI = 25.3 ± 3.2) who were used as a comparison group. Twenty‐nine of the obese adults also participated in three separate short exercise sessions including cycle ergometry, stair stepping, and treadmill walking.

Results: The repeatability of SWA estimates in obese subjects was high (r = 0.88, p < 0.001). The SWA generally underestimated the resting energy expenditure (REE) (1811 ± 346 vs. 1880 ± 382 kcal/d) and highly overestimated the energy expenditure during the exercise sessions in obese individuals. REE estimations by SWA were significantly correlated with fat‐free mass (r = 0.88, p < 0.001). Bland‐Altman plots based statistical analysis for the estimated REE, and measured IC showed a low agreement (Total Error > 20% but Systematic Error < 5%) between the two methods in obese subjects, although they showed a high correlation and a very good agreement in lean and overweight patients.

Discussion: The SWA is an easy to handle, practical, new portable device for measuring energy expenditure. The accuracy of the SWA appeared to be poor in the obese subjects we examined, especially those with high REE both in rest and exercise. We believe that it is necessary to incorporate new, obesity‐specific algorithms in the relative software.
Antioxidant Supplementation Lowers Exercise‐Induced Oxidative Stress in Young Overweight Adults
Authors: Vincent Heather K. , Bourguignon Cheryl M. , Vincent Kevin R. , Weltman Arthur L. , Bryant Mary , Taylor Ann G.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To determine whether antioxidant (AOX) supplementation attenuates post‐exercise oxidative stress and contributors to oxidative stress (inflammation, blood lipids) in overweight young adults.

Research Methods and Procedures: This was a randomized, double‐blind, controlled study. Overweight (BMI, 33.2 ± 1.9 kg/m2) and comparative normal‐weight (BMI, 21.9 ± 0.5 kg/m2) adults 18 to 30 years old (total N = 48) were enrolled. Participants received either daily antioxidant (AOX) treatment (800 IU of vitamin E, 500 mg of vitamin C, 10 mg of β‐carotene) or placebo (PL) for 8 weeks for a total of four groups. All participants completed a standardized 30‐minute cycle exercise bout at baseline and 8 weeks. Exercise‐induced changes in lipid hydroperoxide (ΔPEROX), C‐reactive protein (ΔCRP), interleukin‐6 (ΔIL‐6), cholesterol subfractions, triglycerides, total AOX status (ΔTAS), and adiponectin were assessed.

Results: Exercise‐induced ΔPEROX was lower in the overweight‐AOX group (0.09 nM/kg per min) compared with PL‐treated overweight and normal‐weight groups (0.98, 0.53 nM/kg per min) by 8 weeks (p < 0.05). Adiponectin was increased in both overweight and normal‐weight AOX groups (22.1% vs. 3.1%; p < 0.05) but reduced in PL groups. ΔIL‐6, Δtotal cholesterol, and Δlow‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol concentrations during exercise were lower in the AOX‐treated groups compared with PL groups (all p < 0.05). After controlling for BMI, the Δtotal cholesterol, Δlow‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, Δadiponectin, and ΔTAS explained 59.1% of the variance of the regression model of the ΔPEROX by 8 weeks (total model R2 = 0.600; p = 0.015).

Discussion: AOX lowers exercise‐induced oxidative stress in overweight adults. Inflammatory and lipid markers may also be attenuated with AOX. Further studies are needed to determine whether AOX may be used in cardiovascular disease prevention in the overweight population.
Effect of 1‐Year Dairy Product Intervention on Fat Mass in Young Women: 6‐Month Follow‐up
Authors: Eagan Marianne S. , Lyle Roseann M. , Gunther Carolyn W. , Peacock Munro , Teegarden Dorothy
Published: April 2008

Objective: Previous results from this laboratory suggest that a 1‐year dairy intake intervention in young women does not alter fat mass. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of the 1‐year dairy intervention 6 months after completion of the intervention.

Research Methods and Procedures: Previously, normal‐weight young women (n = 154) were randomized to one of three calcium intake groups: control (<800 mg/d), medium dairy (1000 to 1100 mg/d), or high dairy (1300 to 1400 mg/d) for a 1‐year trial (n = 135 completed). In the current study, 51 women were assessed 6 months after completion of the intervention trial. Body compositions (body fat, lean mass) were measured using DXA. Self‐report questionnaires were utilized to measure activity and dietary intake (kilocalories, calcium).

Results: The high‐dairy group (n = 19) maintained an elevated calcium intake (1027 ± 380 mg/d) at 18 months compared with the control group (n = 18, 818 ± 292; p = 0.02). Mean calcium intake over the 18 months predicted a negative change in fat mass (p = 0.04) when baseline BMI was controlled in regression analysis (model R2 = 0.11). 25‐Hydroxyvitamin D levels were correlated with fat mass at each time‐point (baseline, r = −0.41, p = 0.003; 12 months, r = −0.42, p = 0.002; 18 months, r = −0.32, p = 0.02) but did not predict changes in fat mass.

Discussion: Dietary calcium intake over 18 months predicted a negative change in body fat mass. Thus, increased dietary calcium intakes through dairy products may prevent fat mass accumulation in young, healthy, normal‐weight women.
Frequency of Family Dinner and Adolescent Body Weight Status: Evidence from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997
Authors: Sen Bisakha
Published: April 2008

Objective: To explore associations between overweight status and the frequency of family dinners (FFD) for adolescents and how those associations differ across race and ethnicity.

Research Methods and Procedures: A sample of 5014 respondents between 12 and 15 years of age from the 1997 wave of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97) was used. BMI was calculated using self‐reported height and weight; 13.3% of respondents qualified as overweight, 16.4% qualified as at‐risk‐of‐overweight, and 1.9% qualified as underweight. The remainder were normal weight. FFD was defined as the number of times respondents had dinner with their families in a typical week in the past year. Multinomial logistic regression models were estimated separately for non‐Hispanic whites vs. blacks and Hispanics for odds of belonging to the other weight categories compared with normal weight. A supplementary longitudinal analysis estimated the odds of change in overweight status between 1997 and 2000.

Results: In 1997, the FFD distribution was as follows: 0, 8.3%; 1 or 2, 7.3%; 3 or 4, 13.4%; 5 or 6, 28.1%; 7, 42%. For whites, higher FFD was associated with reduced odds of being overweight in 1997, reduced odds of becoming overweight, and increased odds of ceasing to be overweight by 2000. No such associations were found for blacks and Hispanics.

Discussion: Reasons for racial and ethnic differences in the relationship between FFD and overweight may include differences in the types and portions of food consumed at family meals. More research is needed to verify this.
Effect of Sarcopenia on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Obese Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Aubertin‐Leheudre Mylène , Lord Christine , Goulet Éric D.B. , Khalil Abdelouahed , Dionne Isabelle J.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To compare sarcopenic‐obese and obese postmenopausal women for risk factors predisposing to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and determine whether there may be a relationship between muscle mass and metabolic risk in obese postmenopausal women.

Research Methods and Procedures: In this cross‐sectional study, 22 healthy obese postmenopausal women (mean age, 66 ± 5 years; mean BMI, 27 ± 3 kg/m2) were divided into two groups matched for age (±2 years) and fat mass (FM) (±2%). Sarcopenia was defined as a muscle mass index of <14.30 kg fat‐free mass (FFM)/m2 (which corresponds to 1 standard deviation below the values of a young reference population), and obesity was defined as an FM of >35% (which corresponds to the World Health Organization guidelines). FM, FFM (measured by DXA), daily energy expenditure (accelerometry), dietary intake (3‐day dietary record), and blood biochemical analyses (lipid profile, insulin, glucose, and C‐reactive protein) were obtained. Visceral fat mass (VFM) was calculated by the equation of Bertin, which estimates VFM from DXA measurements.

Results: Obese women had more FFM (p = 0.006), abdominal FM (p = 0.047), and VFM (p = 0.041) and a worse lipid profile [p = 0.040 for triglycerides; p = 0.004 for high‐density lipoprotein (HDL); p = 0.026 for total cholesterol/HDL] than sarcopenic‐obese postmenopausal women. Obese women also ingested significantly more animal (p = 0.001) and less vegetal proteins (p = 0.013), although both groups had a similar total protein intake (p = 0.967).

Discussion: Sarcopenia seems to be associated with lower risk factors predisposing to CVD in obese postmenopausal women. With the increase in the number of aging people, the health implications of being sarcopenic‐obese merit more attention.
Reverse Causality and Confounding and the Associations of Overweight and Obesity with Mortality
Authors: Lawlor Debbie A. , Hart Carole L. , Hole David J. , Smith George Davey
Published: April 2008

Objective: To examine the effect of reverse causality and confounding on the association of BMI with all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality.

Research Methods and Procedures: Data from two large prospective studies were used. One (a community‐based cohort) included 8327 women and 7017 men who resided in two Scottish towns at the time of the baseline assessment in 1972–1976; the other (an occupational cohort) included 4016 men working in the central belt of Scotland at the time of the baseline assessment in 1970–1973. Participants in both cohorts were ages 45 to 64 years at baseline; the follow‐up period was 28 to 34 years.

Results: In age‐adjusted analyses that did not take account of reverse causality or smoking, there was no association between being overweight (BMI 25 to <30 kg/m2) and mortality, and weak to modest associations between obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) and mortality. There was a strong association between smoking and lower BMI in women and men in both cohorts (all p < 0.0001). Among never‐smokers and with the first 5 years of deaths removed, overweight was associated with an increase in all‐cause mortality (relative risk ranging from 1.12 to 1.38), and obesity was associated with a doubling of risk in men in both cohorts (relative risk, 2.10 and 1.96, respectively) and a 60% increase in women (relative risk, 1.56). In both never‐smokers and current smokers, being overweight or obese was associated with important increases in the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Discussion: These findings demonstrate that with appropriate control for smoking and reverse causality, both overweight and obesity are associated with important increases in all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality, and in particular with cardiovascular disease mortality.
Metabolic Actions of Adipocyte Hormones: Focus on Adiponectin
Authors: Ahima Rexford S.
Published: April 2008

The obesity epidemic has focused attention on the endocrine function of adipose tissue. Adipose tissue secretes leptin, cytokines, complement factors, and components of the coagulation cascade, most of which are increased in obesity. In contrast, a strong negative correlation exists between adiponectin and adiposity, insulin sensitivity, diabetes, vascular inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Adiponectin treatment in rodents increases insulin sensitivity and reduces lipids and atherogenesis. Chronic and central adiponectin treatment reduces weight, glucose, and lipids. The insulin‐sensitizing action of thiazolidinediones is mediated, in part, through adiponectin. A causal role of adiponectin in diabetes, dyslipidemia, and atherosclerosis has been established in knockout mice. Therefore, adiponectin seems to be a marker of obesity‐related diseases and a potential therapeutic target.
Consequence of Omitting or Adding a Meal in Man on Body Composition, Food Intake, and Metabolism
Authors: Chapelot Didier , Marmonier Corinne , Aubert Roberte , Allègre Chloé , Gausseres Nicolas , Fantino Marc , Louis‐Sylvestre Jeanine
Published: April 2008

Objective: To investigate in man the consequence on body composition and related biological and metabolic parameters of omitting or adding a meal.

Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty‐four young normal‐weight male subjects were recruited, 12 usual four‐meal and 12 usual three‐meal eaters, differing only in the consumption of an afternoon meal. They omitted or added a fourth meal during a 28‐day habituation period and were asked to report their intake on three 3‐day occasions. Before and after this habituation period, subjects participated in a session with a time‐blinded procedure, and blood was collected continuously from lunch to the spontaneously requested dinner. Body composition, respiratory quotient, and biochemical parameters were measured in the late evening preceding each session.

Results: Omitting a meal was followed by increases in fat mass (360 ± 115 grams, p < 0.05), late evening leptin concentration (20.7 ± 11.0%, p < 0.05), and respiratory quotient (3.7 ± 1.4%, p < 0.05). Increase in the percentage of dietary fat during the habituation period (+4.1 ± 2.0%, p < 0.05) was correlated with fat mass (r = 0.66, p < 0.05). Adding a meal had no effect, but, in both groups, the change in energy content at this fourth eating occasion was correlated with the change in adiposity.

Discussion: Our results suggest that adiposity may increase when young lean male subjects switch from a four‐ to a three‐meal pattern by removing their usual afternoon meal. This effect could be partly mediated by a change in the macronutrient composition of the diet.
Behavioral Assessment of Candidates for Bariatric Surgery: A Patient‐Oriented Approach
Authors: Wadden Thomas A. , Sarwer David B.
Published: April 2008

This paper discusses the behavioral evaluation of patients who seek bariatric surgery and the psychosocial complications most frequently observed in these individuals. The effects of such complications on surgical outcome are briefly examined, as is the challenge of predicting therapeutic response on the basis of preoperative variables. The paper concludes with a description of the goals and methods of a behavioral assessment used at the University of Pennsylvania. This evaluation includes the use of the Weight and Lifestyle Inventory, a questionnaire that guides our interview with patients.
Self‐Reported Eating Behaviors of Extremely Obese Persons Seeking Bariatric Surgery: A Factor Analytic Approach
Authors: Fabricatore Anthony N. , Wadden Thomas A. , Sarwer David B. , Crerand Canice E. , Kuehnel Robert H. , Lipschutz Patti E. , Raper Steven E. , Williams Noel N.
Published: April 2008

Objective: To summarize the self‐reported eating behaviors of persons seeking bariatric surgery and to provide reliability data for a clinical instrument that assesses those eating behaviors.

Research Methods and Procedures: Adults (552) with extreme obesity (mean ± standard deviation BMI = 52.4 ± 10.1 kg/m2) completed the Weight and Lifestyle Inventory (WALI) before undergoing bariatric surgery. The WALI is a self‐report instrument that includes 24 items that assess the eating behaviors to which respondents attribute their excess weight. These items were entered into a principal components analysis with promax rotation. Relationships of factor scores to demographic and psychosocial variables were examined. Test‐retest reliability data were obtained from a smaller sample (n = 58) of less obese participants (BMI = 34.4 ± 4.0 kg/m2) who completed the WALI twice within 2 weeks, before beginning a non‐surgical weight loss program.

Results: The principal components analysis yielded five factors with acceptable internal consistency and test‐retest reliability. These included: eating in response to negative affect, eating in response to positive affect and social cues, general overeating and impaired appetite regulation, overeating at early meals, and snacking. Each factor was related to symptoms of binge eating disorder, and every factor except the second one was associated with depressive symptoms. Factor scores were unrelated or weakly associated with demographic characteristics.

Discussion: The eating behaviors of persons seeking bariatric surgery can be assessed reliably and parsimoniously with the WALI. The predictive utility of the factors obtained in this study remains to be examined.