bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Outcomes of eating disorders: A systematic review of the literature
Authors: Berkman Nancy D. , Lohr Kathleen N. , Bulik Cynthia M.
Published: March 2007

Objective:

The RTI International‐University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Evidence‐based Practice Center systematically reviewed evidence on factors associated with outcomes among individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and binge eating disorder (BED) and whether outcomes differed by sociodemographic characteristics.

Method:

We searched electronic databases including MEDLINE and reviewed studies published from 1980 to September, 2005, in all languages against a priori inclusion/exclusion criteria and focused on eating, psychiatric or psychological, or biomarker outcomes.

Results:

At followup, individuals with AN were more likely than comparisons to be depressed, have Asperger's syndrome and autism spectrum disorders, and suffer from anxiety disorders including obsessive‐compulsive disorders. Mortality risk was significantly higher than what would be expected in the population and the risk of suicide was particularly pronounced. The only consistent factor across studies relating to worse BN outcomes was depression. A substantial proportion of individuals continue to suffer from eating disorders over time but BN was not associated with increased mortality risk. Data were insufficient to draw conclusions concerning factors associated with BED outcomes. Across disorders, little to no data were available to compare results based on sociodemographic characteristics.

Conclusion:

The strength of the bodies of literature was moderate for factors associated with AN and BN outcomes and weak for BED. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2007
Binge eating disorder treatment: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Brownley Kimberly A. , Berkman Nancy D. , Sedway Jan A. , Lohr Kathleen N. , Bulik Cynthia M.
Published: March 2007

Objective:

The Research Triangle Institute‐University of North Carolina Evidence Based Practice Center (RTI‐EPC) systematically reviewed evidence on efficacy of treatment for binge eating disorder (BED), harms associated with treatments, factors associated with treatment efficacy, and differential outcome by sociodemographic characteristics.

Method:

We searched six major databases for studies on the treatment of BED published from 1980 to September, 2005, in all languages against a priori inclusion/exclusion criteria and focused on eating, psychiatric or psychological, or biomarker outcomes.

Results:

Twenty‐six studies, including medication‐only, medication plus behavioral intervention, and behavioral intervention only designs, met inclusion criteria. The strength of the evidence for medication and behavioral interventions was moderate, for self‐help and other interventions was weak, for treatment‐related harms was strong, for factors associated with efficacy of treatment was weak, and for differential outcome by sociodemographic factors was nonexistent. Individual or group CBT reduces binge eating and improves abstinence rates for up to 4 months after treatment but does not lead to weight loss. Medications may play a role in treating BED patients.

Conclusion:

The literature regarding treatment efficacy for BED is variable. Future directions include the identification of optimal interventions that are associated with both sustained abstinence from binge eating and permanent weight loss. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2007
Construction of 1D and 2D Copper(I) Coordination Polymers Assembled by PhS(CH2)nSPh (n = 1, 2) Dithioether Ligands: Surprising Effect of the Spacer Length on the Dimensionality, Cluster Nuclearity and the Fluorescence Properties of the Metal–Organic Framework
Authors: Peindy Harmel N. , Guyon Fabrice , Khatyr Abderrahim , Knorr Michael , Strohmann Carsten
Published: March 2007

Treatment of CuI with PhSCH2SPh in MeCN solution affords, by a self‐assembly reaction, the monodimensional metal–organic coordination polymer [Cu4I4{μ‐PhS2CH2SPh}2]n (1), in which Cu4(μ3‐I)4 cluster units are linked by the dithioether ligand in a 1D necklace structure. In contrast, the reaction of PhSCH2CH2SPh with CuI results in the formation of the metallopolymer [(CuI)2{μ‐PhS(CH2)2SPh}2]n (2). The 2D network of 2 is built from dimeric Cu2I2 units which are connected by 1,2‐bis(phenylthio)ethane bridging ligands. The solid‐state luminescence spectrum of 1 exhibits a strong emission around 532 nm, whereas a weak emission centred at 413 nm is observed in the case of 2. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Synthesis and Optical Properties of β‐BaB2O4 Network‐Like Nanostructures
Authors: Zhao Qingrui , Zhu Xi , Bai Xue , Fan Haihua , Xie Yi
Published: March 2007

Network‐like nanostructures made from the nonlinear optical material beta barium metaborate (β‐BaB2O4, β‐BBO) have been successfully synthesized from a BBO gel precursor by a sol–gel method. The homogeneous BBO gel precursor is prepared by the hydrolysis and condensation of barium acetate, sorbitol, and boric acid in a mixture of polyethylene glycol (PEG200) and water. We have also demonstrated that the morphology of the synthesized β‐BaB2O4 materials exerts a significant influence on the second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency. Importantly, the preparation and second‐order nonlinear optical studies with different shapes will offer great opportunities to explore the dependence of a material's second‐order nonlinear optical properties on its morphology and is essential for the manufacture of potential nanoscale optoelectronic and nonlinear optical devices.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
DFT Study of the Nucleophilic Addition of Water to Ketenes
Authors: Rodríguez‐Otero Jesús , Hermida‐Ramón Jose M. , Cabaleiro‐Lago Enrique M.
Published: March 2007

The geometries of the different stationary points of reactants, products, and transition states of the nucleophilic addition of water to cyanoketene and methylcarboxyketene have been identified by optimizing every degree of freedom by density functional theory at the B3LYP/6‐31++G** level of theory. The computational results for methylcarboxyketene in both the gas and solvated phase agree with the explanation based on experimental data, according to which the nucleophilic addition of water or alcohols to ketenes obtained from malonates (in our case represented by methylcarboxyketene) occurs by a concerted pseudopericyclic mechanism. The results of the calculations also agree with the experimental data for addition to cyanoketene. This reaction occurs through a zwitterionic intermediate, but in contrast to the previous reaction the solvent is essential for the process to occur.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Selectivity in 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloadditions of β‐Substituted Captodative Olefins – An Experimental and DFT Transition State Study
Authors: Herrera Rafael , Mendoza Jorge A. , Morales Miguel A. , Méndez Francisco , Jiménez‐Vázquez Hugo A. , Delgado Francisco , Tamariz Joaquín
Published: March 2007

Captodative olefins 1‐acetylvinyl carboxylates substituted with alkyl groups at theposition, 12, strongly modified the regioselectivity of 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions with respect to the behavior observed for their unsubstituted analogs, 1. When the reaction of 12 was carried out with diphenyl nitrone (7a), the corresponding C‐4 disubstituted isoxazolidines were obtained as a mixture or as single stereoisomers, in contrast to the isomeric C‐5 disubstituted heterocycles yielded by olefins 1. Nevertheless, olefins 12 reacted with benzonitrile oxide (2a) to give the C‐5 acetyl isoxazoles, as observed with dipolarophiles 1. This intricate behavior of the reactions between 1,3‐dipoles and β‐substituted captodative olefins was rationalized on the basis of DFT calculations [B3LYP/6‐31(d)] of the transition states (TSs) for nitrone 7a and olefin 12a. Thus, the observed C‐4 and endo regio‐ and stereoselectivities agreed with the most stable TSs, which are mainly stabilized by dipolar and electrostatic interactions.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Permethylpentalene Chemistry
Authors: Ashley Andrew E. , Cowley Andrew R. , O'Hare Dermot
Published: March 2007

A rational solution‐phase synthesis of a permethylpentalene (Pn*) ligand precursor for use in organometallic chemistry has been devised through the novel peripheral alkylation of the bicyclo[3.3.0]octane ring system. Tetramethylation of tetramethyl 3,7‐dihydroxybicyclo[3.3.0]octa‐2,6‐diene‐2,4,6,8‐tetracarboxylate (1) forms sterically encumbered 2 which exhibits fluxionality. Decarboxylation to 3 followed by facile double dehydrogenation using Br2 affords 4. Nucleophilic addition of the final two methyl groups necessitates the use of an organocerium reagent and work‐up yields the hexamethylated hydroxy‐fulvene 5. Dehydration is achieved using aprotic conditions (LiCl/DMSO) to afford the tetraene 6, an exocyclic isomer of Pn*. 6 incorporates a bicyclic vinyl‐fulvene unit, avoiding an 8π anti‐aromatic structure. Both 3 and 4 have been structurally characterised.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Determination of medroxyprogesterone acetate residues by CE immunoassay with chemiluminescence detection
Authors: Peng Chi‐Fang , Huo Tie‐Ming , Liu Li‐Qiang , Chu Xiao‐Gang , Xu Chuan‐Lai
Published: March 2007

A rapid and simple method is developed for the determination of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) by CE immunoassay with chemiluminescence (CL). This method is based on the competitive reactions between horseradish peroxidase (HRP)‐labeled MPA (MPA‐HRP) and free MPA with anti‐MPA antiserum. The influencing factors on the electrophoresis and CL detection were studied completely and the optimal conditions of separation and determination were obtained. The linear range was 2.0–50 nmol/L and the LOD for MPA was 0.9 nmol/L. The present method was applied to the analysis of pork tissues.
Data processing in metabolic fingerprinting by CE‐UV: Application to urine samples from autistic children
Authors: Soria Ana C. , Wright Barry , Goodall David M. , Wilson Julie
Published: March 2007

Metabolic fingerprinting of biofluids such as urine can be used to detect and analyse differences between individuals. However, before pattern recognition methods can be utilised for classification, preprocessing techniques for the denoising, baseline removal, normalisation and alignment of electropherograms must be applied. Here a MEKC method using diode array detection has been used for high‐resolution separation of both charged and neutral metabolites. Novel and generic algorithms have been developed for use prior to multivariate data analysis. Alignment is achieved by combining the use of reference peaks with a method that uses information from multiple wavelengths to align electropherograms to a reference signal. This metabolic fingerprinting approach by MEKC has been applied for the first time to urine samples from autistic and control children in a nontargeted and unbiased search for markers for autism. Although no biomarkers for autism could be determined using MEKC data here, the general approach presented could also be applied to the processing of other data collected by CE with UV–Vis detection.
CE microchips: An opened gate to food analysis
Authors: Escarpa Alberto , González María Cristina , Crevillén Agustín González , Blasco Antonio Javier
Published: March 2007

CE microchips are the first generation of micrototal analysis systems (μ‐TAS) emerging in the miniaturization scene of food analysis. CE microchips for food analysis are fabricated in both glass and polymer materials, such as PDMS and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and use simple layouts of simple and double T crosses. Nowadays, the detection route preferred is electrochemical in both, amperometry and conductivity modes, using end‐channel and contactless configurations, respectively. Food applications using CE microchips are now emerging since food samples present complex matrices, the selectivity being a very important challenge because the total integration of analytical steps into microchip format is very difficult. As a consequence, the first contributions that have recently appeared in the relevant literature are based primarily on fast separations of analytes of high food significance. These protocols are combined with different strategies to achieve selectivity using a suitable nonextensive sample preparation and/or strategically choosing detection routes. Polyphenolic compounds, amino acids, preservatives, and organic and inorganic ions have been studied using CE microchips. Thus, new and exciting future expectations arise in the domain of food analysis. However, several drawbacks could easily be found and assumed within the miniaturization map.
Evidence that 4‐aminobiphenyl, benzidine, and benzidine congeners produce genotoxicity through reactive oxygen species
Authors: Makena Patrudu S. , Chung King‐Thom
Published: March 2007

4‐Aminobyphenyl (4‐Ab), benzidine (Bz), and Bz congeners were evaluated for their ability to induce genotoxicity through an oxidative mechanism. The mutagenicity of these compounds was tested in the presence and absence of Aroclor 1254‐induced rat S9 mix using Salmonella typhimurium tester strain TA102, which is sensitive to agents producing reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the presence of S9, 4‐Ab, Bz, N‐acetyl‐benzidine, and 3,3′‐dimethoxybenzidine were strongly mutagenic in TA102, whereas, 3,3′,5,5′‐tetra‐methylbenzidine, 3,3′‐dimethylbenzidine (O‐tolidine), and N,N′‐diacetylbenzidine were not mutagenic. In addition, 3,3′‐dichlorobenzidine and 4,4′‐dinitro‐2‐biphenylamine were directly mutagenic in TA102. Incorporation of the free radical and metal scavengers, catalase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), butylated hydroxytolune (BHT), and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) reduced the mutagenic responses of 4‐Ab and Bz, whereas heat‐inactivated catalase and SOD had no effect. 4‐Ab and Bz also induced lipid peroxidation in the presence of S9 mix as shown using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay. The results of this study indicate that 4‐Ab and Bz induce mutations through the induction of ROS. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recovering information from synthetic air quality indices
Authors: Bruno Francesca , Cocchi Daniela
Published: March 2007

Synthetic indices are often used to condense complex situations into a single figure. However, this condensing process risks losing potentially useful information, especially when the index is to be utilised by public decision‐making bodies. The present study proposes a general strategy, combining a number of different methods, designed to recover information from air‐quality indices: graphical methods to reconstruct the composition of pollution, multinomial logit analysis to study the influence of meteorological covariates on air‐quality indices, and finally, a probability distribution for the index itself as a basic tool with which to interpret the index's crucial values. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aseismic strength of kolkewadi dam
Authors: Saini S. S. , Krishna Jai , Chandrasekaran A. R.
Published: March 2007

Kolkewadi Dam, a masonry gravity dam in India, is under construction at a'site which was considered to be non‐seismic at the time of planning and design. Subsequently, some major and minor earthquake shocks have occurred in the area. In view of the earthquake activity in the region, it was necessary to estimate the seismic resistance of the dam. A dynamic analysis of the two highest monoliths of the dam has been carried out, based on the probable ground motion expected at the site, including a simplified analysis, treating the dam as a cantilever beam and a detailed analysis considering two‐dimensional behaviour by the finite element method. It is concluded that the dam will be able to safely withstand the severest shock that has occurred in the region. The behaviour of models of one monolith has also been studied experimentally using a shake table. The experimental behaviour of the models compares favourably with the behaviour obtained theoretically, indicating the applicability of the theoretical method of analysis.
Multiphase cross bracing in earthquake resistant structures
Authors: Shepherd R.
Published: March 2007

The concept of multiphase cross bracing is discussed and tests undertaken on a simple cross braced frame are described. From these experiments it is concluded that selected multiphase response may be achieved reliably in cross braced frames if sufficient attention is given to the determination of the material characteristics and to the structural detailing.
Finite strip analysis of the dynamic response of beam and slab highway bridges
Authors: Smith J. W.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a method of analysis for the dynamic response of a simply supported beam and slab bridge under the action of a moving vehicle. The bridge is idealized as an orthotropic plate and, in the analysis, is subdivided into a number of finite strips. The vehicle is idealized as a moving sprung mass. Viscous damping is taken into account for both bridge and vehicle.

The results show that there is significant variation of response across transverse sections of the bridge. Furthermore the dynamic magnification is considerably greater than that predicted by a more approximate method in which the bridge is idealized as a simple prismatic beam.
Dynamic properties of planar, coupled shear walls
Authors: Jennings Paul C. , Skattum Knut S.
Published: March 2007

The paper is a study of the natural frequencies and mode shapes of planar, coupled shear walls, a common lateral resistive element in building construction. The equations of motion are derived for the general case, and the eigenvalue problem associated with free vibrations of equal, constant shear walls is solved, both with and without the inclusion of the inertia of vertical motion. Explicit solutions are presented for the characteristic equation and the mode shapes and the results are illustrated with figures, including an example calculation based on the shear walls of the Mt. McKinley Building, damaged by the Alaskan earthquake of 1964. The results affirm the necessity of including vertical displacement of the shear walls in the analysis of such systems, and suggest that the inertia of vertical motion also must be considered in the analysis for certain ranges of the parameters.
Damped vibration mode superposition method for dynamic response analysis
Authors: Itoh Tetsuji
Published: March 2007

In the dynamic response analysis of extremely complex structural systems in which the damping characteristics of each element are independent, the damping matrix is not always diagonalized by the use of undamped free vibration mode shapes. In the present paper, a mode‐superposition method by the use of damped free vibration mode shapes is developed for such structural systems. It is also shown that the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) procedures, that are available for the dynamic response analysis of linear structural systems, are used effectively in this mode‐superposition method with good accuracy.
Calculation of selected ordinates of fourier spectra
Authors: Jennings Paul C.
Published: March 2007

A method is presented for calculating single or, by repeated use, selected ordinates of Fourier spectra rapidly and efficiently. The approach differs from standard methods in that any frequency consistent with the interval of digitization may be chosen and records of arbitrary length may be analysed. The method is based on the relation between Fourier spectra of an accelerogram and the final response of an undamped oscillator to the same accelerogram. This relation is reviewed and extended to aid the development of the computing method and to assist in the interpretation of Fourier spectrum techniques in earthquake engineering. Because only the terminal values of the response of an undamped oscillator are required to define the Fourier spectra, repeated application of superposition is used to form equivalent excitations with durations of only one‐quarter of the period of the oscillator.
Earthquake response analysis of the olive view hospital psychiatric day clinic
Authors: Selna L. G. , Morrill K. B. , Ersoy O. K.
Published: March 2007

The collapse of the Olive View Hospital Psychiatric Day Clinic is studied using three biaxial force‐deflection models to represent the columns of the building. These models are: shear collapse, elastic and inelastic. The biaxial models for shear and inelastic behaviour are new developments and are useful for non‐linear structural dynamic studies. In the present study, the shear collapse model is intended to represent the actual prototype behaviour. The inelastic model, which is based on a hardening rule of plasticity, is used to study the performance of a hypothetical structure with the same storey shear capacity as the prototype but which exhibits ductile behaviour.

The prototype structure had a base storey shear capacity of 25 per cent, and actually failed by shearing of all of the first floor columns. In the present study, the shear collapse model predicted this behaviour even with the El Centro accelerogram as input. This result may have far‐reaching significance because many low‐rise reinforced concrete buildings which were designed according to recent codes have similar storey shear capacity coefficients and column properties. According to this study, such buildings may collapse even in a moderate earthquake.

In the inelastic representation, the structure was found to have a base storey shear capacity of 80 per cent when moment hinging was assumed to occur at the top and bottom of the columns. Even with this high strength capacity, the permanent offset computed from the inelastic model corresponded to a ductility factor of 5 when the Pacoima Dam accelerogram was used as input. On the basis of damage to other structures observed on the site, it seems likely that ground motion of about the Pacoima Dam intensity occurred at Olive View. From this it is concluded that a low‐rise ductile frame concrete building, even with this high shear force capacity, may not prove satisfactory for hospital use when subjected to strong ground motion.
Free vibration and transient response of thick and thin plates using the finite element method
Authors: Rock T. , Hinton E.
Published: March 2007

An isoparametric quadrilateral plate bending element is used for the free and forced vibration analysis of both thick and thin plates. Plates of rectangular, circular and triangular planform are analysed and excellent results are obtained. The element performance is assessed by comparison with analytical solutions based on Mindlin's thick plate theory, three‐dimensional elasticity solutions and solutions based on thin plate theory.
Earthquake response analysis of multistorey buildings including foundation interaction
Authors: Chopra Anil K. , Gutierrez Jorge A.
Published: March 2007

An efficient method, based on the Ritz concept, for dynamic analysis of response of multistorey buildings including foundation interaction to earthquake ground motion is presented. The system considered is a shear building on a rigid circular disc footing attached to the surface of a linearly elastic halfspace. In this method, the structural displacements are transformed to normal modes of vibration of the building on a rigid foundation. The analysis procedure is developed and numerical results are presented to demonstrate that excellent results can be obtained by considering only the first few modes of vibration. As the number of unknowns are reduced by transforming to generalized co‐ordinates, the method presented is much more efficient than direct methods.
Effect of soil on structural response to wind and earthquake
Authors: Novak Milos
Published: March 2007

An approximate analytical approach is presented which makes it possible to consider soil properties and footing embedment in the analysis of the response of structures to external excitation such as wind and earthquake. The approach is based on modal analysis and the definition of stiffness and damping due to soil pertinent to each vibration mode. The approach also facilitates the analysis of coupled motions of a footing alone. The analysis of a tall chimney for the effects of gusting wind, vortex shedding and earthquake is used as an example.
Some ground motion and intensity relations for the central united states
Authors: Necioglu Altan , Nuttli Otto W.
Published: March 2007

Because of low absorption of seismic wave energy in the central United States, as compared to the western part, relations between ground motion and intensity differ for the two regions. This paper presents some empirical relations between magnitude, intensity and perceptibility that are applicable to the central United States. In general, the areas of perceptibility and of damage are one to two orders greater for earthquakes in the central area than for western earthquakes of equal magnitude or of equal maximum Modified Mercalli intensity.
Hysteretic response of a nine‐storey reinforced concrete building
Authors: Iemura H. , Jennings P. C.
Published: March 2007

The Millikan Library on the campus of the California Institute of Technology was strongly shaken during the San Fernando earthquake of 9 February 1971. The building was not damaged structurally, but the observed E‐W response of the building showed a fundamental period of about 1.0 sec, significantly longer than the 0.66 sec observed in pre‐earthquake vibration tests. In this study, the response of the fundamental mode was treated as that of a single‐degree‐of‐freedom hysteretic structure, and four simple models, two stationary and two with changing properties, were examined to see if they could describe the observed response. It was found that an equivalent linear model and a bilinear hysteretic model both could match the response, provided their properties were changed during the earthquake. (Four changes were used.) A linear model with constant properties and a stationary, bilinear hysteretic model did not give nearly as good agreement as the non‐stationary models. The results indicated, in general, a degrading of the stiffness and energy dissipation capacity of the building, with the suggestion that the changes were sudden rather than gradual.
Torsional vibrations in boxgirder suspension bridges
Authors: Irvine Max
Published: March 2007

A linear theory is developed for the free, torsional vibrations of the single‐span, boxgirder suspension bridge. Both symmetric and antisymmetric modes are considered. For the symmetric modes, which induce additional cable tension, it is shown that it is imperative to include the elasticity of the cables if correct solutions are to be obtained. Three examples of bridges with widely differing properties are presented to illustrate the applicability of the theory. Orthogonality of the torsional modes of vibration is proved in Appendix I and the modification to the analysis, required when rigid centre ties are present, is outlined in Appendix II. The theories presented herein can be readily extended to the three‐span bridge.
Characteristics of 3‐dimensional earthquake ground motions
Authors: Penzien Joseph , Watabe Makoto
Published: March 2007

An orthogonal set of principal axes is defined for earthquake ground motions along which the component variances have maximum, minimum and intermediate values and the covariances equal zero. Corresponding axes are defined which yield maximum values for the covariances. The orthogonal transformations involved are identical in form to those used in the transformation of stress. Examination of real accelerograms reveals that the major principal axis points in the general direction of the epicentre and the minor principal axis is nearly vertical. It is concluded that artificially generated components of ground motion need not be correlated statistically provided they are directed along a set of principal axes.
Seismic analysis of long multiple‐span highway bridges
Authors: Tseng W. S. , Penzien J.
Published: March 2007

Mathematical models and three‐dimensional non‐linear dynamic analysis procedures are described for determining the seismic response of long, curved (or straight), multiple‐span, reinforced concrete highway bridges. Under the action of strong earthquakes, the columns (or piers) of such structures may experience large cyclic inelastic deformations of a coupled form. Also, cyclic slippage of the Coulomb type can take place in the expansion joints of the deck causing multiple impacts and separations to occur. These separations may be sufficiently large to cause tensile yielding of the longitudinal expansion joint restrainer bars (or cables) and, if not controlled, can permit deck spans to fall off their supports resulting in partial or total collapse of the structure. In this paper, a three‐dimensional elasto‐plastic mathematical model suitable for representing the coupled inelastic flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete columns under cyclic deformations is presented along with a non‐linear mathematical model for simulating the non‐linear discontinuous behaviour of expansion joints. The procedures used for non‐linear seismic response analysis are described and a numerical example is given to illustrate the method.
Ground‐motion modelling at regional distances for earthquakes in a continental interior, II. Effect of focal depth, azimuth and attenuation
Authors: Herrmann Robert B. , Nuttli Otto W.
Published: March 2007

Multiple‐mode surface‐wave signals are used to model ground motion at distances of 50 to 500 km for an earthquake source in a continental interior. Motion on a thrust fault is used as the earthquake model. Theoretical ground‐motion time histories are generated for this source for various focal depths, receiver azimuths and medium‐attenuation models. A shallow source will generate greater values for the ground motion than the same source at a greater depth. Two anelastic attenuation models are considered, one appropriate to the central and eastern United States and the other to southern California. The effects of the difference in the attenuation models are seen at distances greater than 100 km for periods greater than 1.5 sec.
Measuring water velocity in highly turbulent flows: field tests of an electromagnetic current meter (ECM) and an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV)
Authors: MacVicar B. J. , Beaulieu E. , Champagne V. , Roy A. G.
Published: March 2007

Two field tests were completed to compare the performance of an electromagnetic current meter (ECM) with that of an acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV) in gravel‐bed rivers. Research was particularly motivated by the need to measure flow properties in highly energetic turbulent flows. Measurements were made at two field sites, one at moderate velocities (up to 70 cm/s) and with moderate turbulence intensities (10–20% of mean flow), and the other in an area of non‐uniform flow that included locations with fast mean velocities (up to 1.75 m/s) and high turbulent intensities (up to 50% of mean flow). Comparison of means, standard deviations, turbulent kinetic energy and Reynolds shear stress confirm the general agreement between the ECMs and ADVs. The general agreement is subject to limitations associated with the sample volume and frequency response of the instruments, and only applies within restricted velocity (up to ≈1.25 m/s) and turbulence intensity ranges (up to ≈0·125 m/s). At higher turbulence intensities, spectral analysis showed anomalous behavior of the ADV signal, especially in the vertical velocity component. Quadrant analysis of the Reynolds stress suggests that these problems occur predominantly in quadrants 1 and 3. Errors in ADV measurements were estimated using four different methods: one that utilized the characteristic noise floor in spectral plots, one based on internal ADV measurements of signal correlation and two techniques that aggregate errors related to various sub‐factors. Estimates were divergent at high flows. Techniques that rely on sub‐factors appeared to underestimate the impact of high turbulence on signal quality. The key conclusion for future field applications is that the older ECM technology provides the more reliable estimates of flow parameters in high turbulence. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late cretaceous plesiosaurs from northern Patagonia, Argentina
Authors: Gasparini Z. , Salgado L. , Parras A.
Published: March 2007

During the Late Campanian‐Danian interval the South Atlantic Ocean invaded a large part of Patagonia in different events making an archipelago. Plesiosaurs from northern Patagonia of Late Campanian‐Early Maastrichtian age were found in the Allen Formation. The sedimentology and faunal content, mainly at the Pellegrini Lake, suggest marginal marine environments, such as coastal plains, lagoons or estuaries. Toward the end of the Maastrichtian a new relative sea‐level rise occurred, and the plesiosaurs are recorded in sediments of deeper marine environments of inner or middle platform.

As pelagic reptiles, plesiosaurs had the potential capacity of worldwide distribution. Polycotylids and elasmosaurids have been found in northern Patagonia. There are at least two morphotypes (here determined as Elasmosauridae gen. et sp. indet. and Plesiosauroidea gen. et sp. indet.) which are also recorded in the south of the Eastern Pacific (Chile). Another plesiosaur found in central Patagonia, Aristonectes, with controversial phylogenetic relationships, suggests that some of them inhabited southwestern Gondwana (Argentina, Chile and the Antarctic Peninsula). Whether any of these taxa of northwestern Patagonia reached a south gondwanan distribution, is still controversial. However, at least in New Zealand there are plesiosaurs with similar characteristics, particularly in the limbs, to those found in plesiosaurs from Patagonia and Chile; hence, this hypothesis should not be discarded. Evidences of south Gondwanan distribution in other pelagic reptiles such as mosasaurs have been reported. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian inverse analysis of neuromagnetic data using cortically constrained multiple dipoles
Authors: Auranen Toni , Nummenmaa Aapo , Hämäläinen Matti S. , Jääskeläinen Iiro P. , Lampinen Jouko , Vehtari Aki , Sams Mikko
Published: March 2007

A recently introduced Bayesian model for magnetoencephalographic (MEG) data consistently localized multiple simulated dipoles with the help of marginalization of spatiotemporal background noise covariance structure in the analysis [Jun et al., (2005): Neuroimage 28:84–98]. Here, we elaborated this model to include subject's individual brain surface reconstructions with cortical location and orientation constraints. To enable efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling of the dipole locations, we adopted a parametrization of the source space surfaces with two continuous variables (i.e., spherical angle coordinates). Prior to analysis, we simplified the likelihood by exploiting only a small set of independent measurement combinations obtained by singular value decomposition of the gain matrix, which also makes the sampler significantly faster. We analyzed both realistically simulated and empirical MEG data recorded during simple auditory and visual stimulation. The results show that our model produces reasonable solutions and adequate data fits without much manual interaction. However, the rigid cortical constraints seemed to make the utilized scheme challenging as the sampler did not switch modes of the dipoles efficiently. This is problematic in the presence of evidently highly multimodal posterior distribution, and especially in the relative quantitative comparison of the different modes. To overcome the difficulties with the present model, we propose the use of loose orientation constraints and combined model of prelocalization utilizing the hierarchical minimum‐norm estimate and multiple dipole sampling scheme. Hum Brain Mapp 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cognitive function, P3a/P3b brain potentials, and cortical thickness in aging
Authors: Fjell Anders M. , Walhovd Kristine B. , Fischl Bruce , Reinvang Ivar
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the study was to assess the relationship between the P3a/P3b brain potentials, cortical thickness, and cognitive function in aging. Thirty‐five younger and 37 older healthy participants completed a visual three‐stimuli oddball ERP (event‐related potential)‐paradigm, a battery of neuropsychological tests, and MRI scans. Groups with short vs. long latency, and low vs. high amplitude, were compared on a point by point basis across the entire cortical mantle. In the young, thickness was only weakly related to P3. In the elderly, P3a amplitude effects were found in parietal areas, the temporoparietal junction, and parts of the posterior cingulate cortex. P3b latency was especially related to cortical thickness in large frontal regions. Path models with the whole sample pooled together were constructed, demonstrating that cortical thickness in the temporoparietal cortex predicted P3a amplitude, which in turn predicted executive function, and that thickness in orbitofrontal cortex predicted P3b latency, which in turn predicted fluid function. When age was included in the model, the relationship between P3 and cognitive function vanished, while the relationship between regional cortical thickness and P3 remained. It is concluded that thickness in specific cortical areas correlates with scalp recorded P3a/P3b in elderly, and that these relationships differentially mediate higher cognitive function. Hum Brain Mapp 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Voxel‐based morphometry study of brain volumetry and diffusivity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients with mild disability
Authors: Agosta F. , Pagani E. , Rocca M.A. , Caputo D. , Perini M. , Salvi F. , Prelle A. , Filippi M.
Published: March 2007

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the progressive and simultaneous degeneration of upper and lower motor neurons. The pathological process associated to ALS, albeit more pronounced in the motor/premotor cortices and along the corticospinal tracts (CST), does not spare extra‐motor brain gray (GM) and white (WM) matter structures. However, it remains unclear whether such extra‐motor cerebral abnormalities occur with mildly disabling disease, and how irreversible tissue loss and intrinsic tissue damage are interrelated. To this end, we used an optimized version of voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) analysis to investigate the patterns of regional GM density changes and to quantify GM and WM diffusivity alterations of the entire brain from mildly disabled patients with ALS. A high‐resolution T1‐weighted 3D magnetization‐prepared rapid acquisition gradient echo and a pulsed gradient spin–echo single shot echo–planar sequence of the brain were acquired from 25 mildly disabled patients with ALS and 18 matched healthy controls. An analysis of covariance was used to compare volumetry and diffusivity measurements between patients and controls. Compared with controls, ALS patients had significant clusters of locally reduced GM density (P < 0.001) in the right premotor cortex, left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), and superior temporal gyrus (STG), bilaterally. In ALS patients contrasted to controls, we also found significant clusters of locally increased MD (P < 0.001) in the splenium of the corpus callosum and in the WM adjacent to the IFG, STG, and middle temporal gyrus (MTG) of the right hemisphere, and in the WM adjacent to the MTG and lingual gyrus in the left hemisphere. Compared with controls, ALS patients also had significant clusters of locally decreased FA values (P < 0.001) in the CST in the midbrain and corpus callosum, bilaterally. This study supports the notion that ALS is a multisystem disorder and suggests that extra‐motor involvement may be an early feature of the disease. Hum Brain Mapp 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dissociation between MEG alpha modulation and performance accuracy on visual working memory task in obsessive compulsive disorder
Authors: Ciesielski Kristina T. , Hämäläinen Matti S. , Geller Daniel A. , Wilhelm Sabine , Goldsmith Timothy E. , Ahlfors Seppo P.
Published: March 2007

Oscillatory brain activity in the alpha band (8–13 Hz) is modulated by cognitive events. Such modulation is reflected in a decrease of alpha (event‐related desynchronization; ERD) with high cognitive load, or an increase (event‐related synchronization) with low cognitive demand or with active inhibition of distractors. We used magnetoencephalography to investigate the pattern of prefrontal and parieto‐occipital alpha modulation related to two variants of visual working memory task (delayed matching‐to‐sample) with and without a distractor. We tested nonmedicated, nondepressed patients suffering obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD), and pair‐matched healthy controls. The level of event‐related alpha as a function of time was estimated using the temporal‐spectral evolution technique. The results in OCD patients indicated: (1) a lower level of prestimulus (reference) alpha when compared to controls, (2) a task‐phase specific reduction in event‐related alpha ERD in particular for delayed matching‐to‐sample task with distractor, (3) no significant correlations between the pattern of modulation in prefrontal and parietal‐occipital alpha oscillatory activity. Despite showing an abnormally low alpha modulation, the OCD patients' performance accuracy was normal. The results suggest a relationship of alpha oscillations and the underlying thalamocortical network to etiology of OCD and an involvement of a compensatory mechanism related to effortful inhibition of extrinsic and intrinsic interference. Hum Brain Mapp 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Atlas‐based multichannel monitoring of functional MRI signals in real‐time: Automated approach
Authors: Lee Jong‐Hwan , O'Leary Heather M. , Park Hyunwook , Jolesz Ferenc A. , Yoo Seung‐Schik
Published: March 2007

We report an automated method to simultaneously monitor blood‐oxygenation‐level‐dependent (BOLD) MR signals from multiple cortical areas in real‐time. Individual brain anatomy was normalized and registered to a pre‐segmented atlas in standardized anatomical space. Subsequently, using real‐time fMRI (rtfMRI) data acquisition, localized BOLD signals were measured and displayed from user‐selected areas labeled with anatomical and Brodmann's Area (BA) nomenclature. The method was tested on healthy volunteers during the performance of hand motor and internal speech generation tasks employing a trial‐based design. Our data normalization and registration algorithm, along with image reconstruction, movement correction and a data display routine were executed with enough processing and communication bandwidth necessary for real‐time operation. Task‐specific BOLD signals were observed from the hand motor and language areas. One of the study participants was allowed to freely engage in hand clenching tasks, and associated brain activities were detected from the motor‐related neural substrates without prior knowledge of the task onset time. The proposed method may be applied to various applications such as neurofeedback, brain‐computer‐interface, and functional mapping for surgical planning where real‐time monitoring of region‐specific brain activity is needed. Hum Brain Mapp 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The engagement of mid‐ventrolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior brain regions in intentional cognitive activity
Authors: Dove Anja , Manly Tom , Epstein Russell , Owen Adrian M.
Published: March 2007

It is now widely recognized that cognitive processes are carried out by a distributed network of brain areas, some of which are involved in perceptual processing of a stimulus, whilst others are involved in cognitive control processes required to carry out certain tasks. In this study, differential contributions of higher visual areas and of an area involved in cognitive control processes were investigated in a task requiring participants to simply look at a stimulus or to look with the intention of remembering. Varying the extent to which intentional cognitive processes were required and the stimulus material in this task allowed the analysis of “top‐down” and “bottom‐up” influences on these areas, respectively. Significant increases in the mid‐ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (mid‐VLPFC) were only observed when the stimuli were viewed with an intention in mind, irrespective of the stimulus type. In contrast, activity in the parahippocampal place area and the fusiform face area, was only modulated in conditions requiring intentional control when stimuli were presented that also elicited activity in these regions during passive viewing. These findings help to clarify the complimentary role that the mid‐VLPFC and posterior higher visual areas play in controlled and relatively automatic memory processing. Hum Brain Mapp 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age has no influence on mobilization of peripheral blood stem cells in acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Ferrara Felicetto , Viola Assunta , Copia Carolina , Falco Claudio , D'Elia Rossella , Tambaro Francesco Paolo , Correale Pasqualino , D'Amico Maria Rosaria , Vicari Laura , Palmieri Salvatore
Published: March 2007

The upper age limit for autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is increasing and peripheral blood (PB) represents the standard source of stem cell (SC). However, no data are available on the impact of age on SC mobilization in AML. We analyzed a cohort of 150 consecutive AML patients in first complete remission in order to make a comparison between patients up to 60 years and above 60 years, by evaluating CD34+ cells mobilization into PB and the number of leukapheresis needed to collect at least one single SC graft. The successful mobilization rate (>2 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg) was comparable between the two groups (87% vs. 80%, p = 0.29). In addition, no statistically significant difference was found in terms of either median number of CD34+ cells collected (p = 0.54) or CD34+ cells peak in PB (p = 0.70). Both groups of patients needed a median of two apheresis and no difference was found in the median number of CD34+ cells collected per single apheresis (p = 0.67). Finally, no correlation was found between age and total number of CD34+ cells collected (r = 0.003, p = 0.58). We conclude that age has no impact on mobilization of PBSCs in AML. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.