bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mapping Diasporic Nationalisms
Authors: Velasco Gina K.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 1 introduces the figure of the Filipina/o American balikbayan, the return migrant or expatriate. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted at the Philippine Studies Program, a heritage language program at the University of the Philippines, Diliman, this chapter maps the contours of diasporic nationalisms among Filipina/o American students in the Philippines. Diasporic nationalisms emerge at the juncture of Filipina/o American cultural nationalism and Philippine revolutionary nationalism. This chapter analyzes the gendered and sexualized tropes through which diasporic and national belonging are imagined by juxtaposing the masculinism of the figure of the Filipina/o American balikbayan with the exploited, feminized global Filipina body. Chapter 1 ends with a consideration of the relationship of the queer balikbayan to both Filipina/o American diasporic nationalisms and US LGBT cultural politics.
Imagining the Filipina Trafficked Woman/Sex Worker
Authors: Velasco Gina K.
Published: May 2021

The discourse of the Filipina trafficked woman collapses together women who perform multiple kinds of commodified sexual and domestic labor within a global capitalist economy, from Filipina mail-order brides to migrant sex workers. This chapter focuses on the diasporic circulation of the figure of the Filipina trafficked woman / sex worker within three sites of Filipina/o American cultural production: the web site for Gabriela Network’s Purple Rose Campaign, the Filipina American documentary film Sin City Diary, and the Pilipino Cultural Night vignette National Heroes. These sites reveal the tension in representing the Filipina trafficked woman / sex worker, from her portrayal as a victim to be saved by her Filipina American sisters, to her discursive construction by the Philippine state as a “national hero.”
Populating SAE J2735 Message Confidence Values for Traffic Signal Transitions Along a Signalized Corridor
Authors: Smith Jijo K. , Li Howell , Bullock Darcy M.
Published: May 2021

The communication between connected vehicles and traffic signal controllers is defined in SAE Surface Vehicle Standard J2735. SAE J2735 defines traffic signal status messages and a series of 16 confidence levels for traffic signal transitions. This paper discusses a statistical method for tabulating traffic signal data by phase and time of day and populating the SAE J2735 messages. Graphical representation of the red-green and green-yellow transitions are presented from six intersections along a 4-mile corridor for five different time of day timing plans. The case study provided illustrates the importance of characterizing the stochastic variation of traffic signals to understand locations, phases, and time of day when traffic indications operate with high predictability, and periods when there are large variations in traffic signal change times. Specific cases, such as low vehicle demand and occasional actuation of pedestrian phases are highlighted as situations that may reduce the predictability of traffic signal change intervals. The results from this study also opens up discussion among transportation professionals on the importance of consistent tabulation of confidence values for both beginning and end of green signal states. We believe this paper will initiate dialog on how to consistently tabulate important data elements transmitted in SAE J2735 and perhaps refine those definitions. The paper concludes by highlighting the importance of traffic engineers and connected vehicle developers to work together to develop shared visions on traffic signal change characteristics so that the in-vehicle use cases and human-machine interface (HMI) meet user expectations.
Disposing of Modernity
Authors: Graff Rebecca S.
Published: May 2021

Through archaeological and archival research from sites associated with the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Disposing of Modernity explores the changing world of urban America at the turn of the twentieth century. Featuring excavations of trash deposited during the fair, Rebecca Graff’s first-of-its kind study reveals changing consumer patterns, notions of domesticity and progress, and anxieties about the modernization of society.
Graff examines artifacts, architecture, and written records from the 1893 fair’s Ohio Building, which was used as a clubhouse for fairgoers in Jackson Park, and the Charnley-Persky House, an aesthetically modern city residence designed by Louis Sullivan and Frank Lloyd Wright. Many of the items she uncovers were products that first debuted at world’s fairs, and materials such as mineral water bottles, cheese containers, dentures, and dinnerware illustrate how fairs created markets for new goods and influenced consumer practices.
Graff discusses how the fair’s ephemeral nature gave it transformative power in Chicago society, and she connects its accompanying “conspicuous disposal” habits to today’s waste disposal regimes. Reflecting on the planning of the Obama Presidential Center at the site of the Chicago World’s Fair, she draws attention to the ways the historical trends documented here continue in the present.
Introduction
Authors: Graff Rebecca S.
Published: May 2021

This chapter begins with two Chicago vignettes to frame the discussion to come. The first is an account of public responses to the end of the 1893 World’s Columbian Exposition in the months after it closed for good. Alternately used as a space for homeless “tramps,” souvenir hunters, and incipient preservationists, the fairgrounds exerted a powerful emotional hold on the many tourists who visited it. Next, the chapter introduces James and Helen Charnley as they moved into their new Louis Sullivan- and Frank Lloyd Wright-designed home on the Gold Coast—a startlingly modern home from 1892 that looked nothing like the elaborate Victorian mansions that surrounded it. Finally, the chapter introduces the Chicago Fair as we consider it today: a watershed moment in the development of modern, industrial American society that invites further investigation to understand the myriad social and cultural processes still part of American urban experiences today.
Consumption and Conspicuous Disposal
Authors: Graff Rebecca S.
Published: May 2021

This chapter refocuses attention on the archaeological elements of both sites: the goods people consumed as evidenced via their garbage, waste management regimes, and the “conspicuous disposal” practices of the time. Many of the products recovered and identified from both the Charnley-Persky House and the Jackson Park excavations first debuted at world’s fairs. An overview of the ways world’s fairs were used as marketplaces for new products is followed by a close look at the brands, advertising, and origin of the products recovered from the Charnley House, and how these shed light on modern conceptions of hygiene and foodways. Next, the chapter looks at waste disposal infrastructure in Chicago, and how that created the conditions for the Charnley midden. The midden seems at odds with the sanitary future the fair demonstrated, yet it echoes the phenomena of world’s fairs themselves as exemplars of conspicuous disposal by their very design.
Icelandic Identities
Authors: Phelpstead Carl
Published: May 2021

Chapter 3 looks at ways in which sagas of Icelanders engage with and explore three broad aspects of identity: nationality (including the importance of feuds in medieval Icelandic law), gender and sexuality, and the distinction between human and non-human (including the supernatural). The sagas thus performed what is sometimes called “ideological work”: they gave expression to the common memories and ideals of a community, and they strengthened bonds within that community through the shared activity of reading the stories or hearing them read. By bringing the sagas into dialogue with approaches associated with the study of other periods and other literatures, this chapter sheds new light on the sagas and on thinking about identity today. Special attention is paid to Hrafnkels saga Freysgoði as a saga illustrating the exploration of different kinds of identity.
Reading Selected Sagas
Authors: Phelpstead Carl
Published: May 2021

Chapter 4 examines a selection of the most admired and most widely studied sagas of Icelanders. It demonstrates how the source traditions discussed in chapter 2 and the thematic concerns examined in chapter 3 come together in narrative explorations of identity. Themes of gender and sexuality, family, human and non-human relations, friendship, and more are explored in brief yet thorough overviews of these Icelandic stories. The texts discussed in detail include: Auðunar þáttr vestfirzka (“The Tale of Audun from the West Fjords”), the poets’ sagas (skáldasögur), Egils saga Skallagrímssonar, the Vínland sagas, outlaw sagas (Gísla saga and Grettis saga), Laxdæla saga and Njáls saga.
Second Chances
Authors: Ayrey Bill
Published: May 2021

After two years of much difficulty getting an acceptable suit from the ILC/Hamilton team, NASA reopens the Apollo suit contract and invites Hamilton Standard and B. F. Goodrich to team up and provide a new suit. NASA also invites the David Clark Co. to provide a suit. ILC pleads with NASA and ultimately gets invited to submit another entry, the AX-5L space suit, which goes on the win the final Apollo suit contract. ILC is then made the prime contractor.
Introduction
Authors: Wendt Simon
Published: May 2021

The introduction discusses the historiography of the DAR and summarizes the study’s findings. It also explains how theories on nationalism, gender, and memory enhance our understanding of the organization’s ideology and activism. Many of the organization’s commemorative rituals would not have been possible without the cooperation of local communities, suggesting that the Daughters confirmed and strengthened existing ideas about gender, race, and the nation among many white citizens. Most importantly, it introduces Egyptologist Jan Assmann’s conceptual distinction between “communicative memory” and “cultural memory,” arguing that it can help historians better understand the tensions and intricate connections between elite and vernacular memories of the nation. These two modes of memory, persevered by many political and historical groups such as the DAR, are inextricably entangled because the memories of families, towns, regions, and the nation tend to be connected with and are fused into what is presented as the coherent collective memory of one single imagined community.
“Let Us Clasp Hands, Red Man and White Man”
Authors: Wendt Simon
Published: May 2021

This chapter probes the organization’s peculiar fascination with American Indians and its various efforts to commemorate white-Indian friendship and Indian patriotism. It also looks at the close connections between the Daughters’ interpretations of Native American pasts and the DAR’s attempts to improve Indians’ lives in the present. By sanitizing and romanticizing America’s history of racial violence and colonial conquest, the Daughters justified white nation-building and white supremacy while further consolidating notions of Anglo-Saxon whiteness. Daughters across the nation commemorated what they regarded as cordial collaboration between the two groups, loyal Indian support during America’s wars, and Indians’ ostensible willingness to cede their ancestral homelands to the United States.
Barbarians at the Doorbell
Authors: Clinton Catherine
Published: May 2021

The great expansion of southern women’s history over the past half century has been fueled in part by the pioneering archival projects launched by women historians and other specialists. The SAWH became an important resource for growing the field. A steady parade of researchers stopped begging for crumbs and began to make demands. These demands included marching right up to the front door, ringing the bell and refusing to be denied entry. The creation of guides to resources and digitization of resources has advanced research and writing in the field, transforming archives and collections by including issues of gender and sexuality. By applying pressure in a positive and persistent manner, historians and activists pushed ahead and created the framework for southern women’s history to flourish. A flurry of handbooks emerged as librarians and archivists began to amass new materials, to prepare and publish elaborate and engaging guides, and to connect these resources to larger questions in the field. The project of southern women’s history has become less about gatekeeping and more about raising the roof. The SAWH stimulated the expansion of southern history to be collected, recorded, sorted, and digitized for public consumption.
Biographical and Literary Note
Authors: Smith Noel M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter gives context about Cuban culture and history during Wenceslao Gálvez y Delmonte’s lifetime, including information about his birthplace, Matanzas, slavery, the Cuban sugar industry, arts and music, and baseball, and traces his career as a baseball player, lawyer, and journalist in the costumbrismo style.
Envisioning Funeral March
Authors: Kattner Elizabeth
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces the reader to the ballets that George Balanchine created in Russian. It contains a literature review of both English-language primary sources by dancers Alexandra Danilova, Tamara Geva, and Yuri Slonimsky and Russian-language primary sources by Vera Kostrovitskaya and Yuri Slonimsky, as well as other primary and secondary sources. The idea of the possibility of reconstructing lost Balanchine works is addressed and the project, Envisioning Funeral March, is discussed. The steps for reconstructing a lost dance, including traditional archival research, studio research, and finally staging the completed dance in the context of Balanchine’s early choreography is discussed.
The Multiplier Effect
Authors: Adkins Mary E.
Published: May 2021

Chesterfield Smith’s ideals lived beyond his years. This chapter describes people, such as Martha Barnett and Alex Sink, and organizations inspired by or dedicated to Smith and his ideals. Legal Aid organizations named buildings after him; an informal “Chesterfield Smith Society” meets regularly to discuss issues and projects of interest; and Smith’s twin instructions to all he knew, to “Be Somebody” and to “Do Good,” have influenced many.
Murderous Masochism in The Comfort of Strangers
Authors: Mitchell Jennifer
Published: May 2021

Almost one hundred years after The Torture Garden, Ian McEwan’s The Comfort of Strangers (1981), the subject of this conclusion, explores the complex relationship between masochistic pleasure and criminal violence. In the novella, tourists Colin and Mary find themselves lost in Venice and become the objects of desire for Robert, an abusive husband, and Caroline, his excessively masochistic wife. Caroline’s enraptured narrative chronicles the unfolding of her masochistic tendencies within the confines of her marriage and at the behest of her husband Robert’s strength and power. Although Caroline explains that she possesses the death wish that sexologists initially declare the logical (albeit exaggerated) end of masochistic fantasies, Caroline finds that Robert simply cannot kill her. The married couple seeks and finds a surrogate for Caroline in Colin, a complex but revealing gender reversal in itself, and they set the stage for the fulfilment of Caroline’s desires by murderous proxy.
Reading Masochisms
Authors: Mitchell Jennifer
Published: May 2021

Having offered analyses about some Victorian and modernist masochistic characters—the diverse range of their roles, the empowerment they access through suffering, the challenges they pose to pervasive clinical diagnoses, the narratives that they shape and reshape—the afterword briefly addresses one of the core undercurrents in this project: the potentially masochistic relationship between reader and text or, in other words, the possibilities of masochistic reading. Just as the masochisms of the characters explored in this book are plural, so too are the possible readerly masochisms they inspire. This afterword asks readers to consider this meta-masochism, so to speak, of masochistically reading about masochistic characters and its pleasurable, painful, but ultimately generative capabilities.
A Counter-Map of Setauket
Authors: Matthews Christopher N.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 2 presents the concept of a counter-map. A counter-map of Setauket is presented through a narrative tour of sites associated with the history of Setauket’s people of color. A study of a special collection of artifacts from the 1970s provides reflection of the relationships and families that have been the key to the survival of the community of color.
From Creole Synthesis to Racial Modernity
Authors: Matthews Christopher N.
Published: May 2021

Chapter 3 examines the history of people of color on Long Island. It argues that race relations worsened through time shifting from a time of an intercultural creole synthesis to a more alienating time of racial modernity. The chapter consists of three parallel studies that illustrate this transformation: a study of the artwork of William Sidney Mount, a study of the representation of people of color in Long Island newspapers, and a study of residential racial segregation in the Town of Brookhaven.
Archaeological Investigations at the Audrey-North Site (11GE20)
Authors: Friberg Christina M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter describes previous and recent archaeological investigations at the Audrey-North site (11Ge20) in the Lower Illinois River Valley. The Center for American Archaeology excavated from 1975 to 1983, exposing both Late Woodland and Cahokia-style structures, a circular sweatlodge, pit features, and a palisade segment. In 2000, Colleen Delaney-Rivera analyzed the ceramic artifacts recovered, identifying Woodland- and Mississippian-period pottery in addition to hybrid pots and non-local vessels. A magnetic gradiometry survey of the site in 2014 revealed two areas of interest for excavation: one Mississippian house and one unidentified anomaly. The house area was exposed with a backhoe, revealing a Stirling-phase (AD 1100–1200) wall trench house and associated pit features. Excavations over the other anomaly revealed a small early Mississippian wall trench structure, the floor of which was lined with yellow clay.
Breakout of Spanish International
Authors: Allen Craig
Published: May 2021

Period: 1968–1973. Anselmo, Nicolas, and Villanueva lead a succession of breakthroughs. With launch of WXTV, SIN enters New York. There, Columbia Pictures primes its New York station WNJU as hub of a rival Spanish-language network. In a locale predominated not by Mexican but Caribbean-descended viewers, competition in Spanish-language television begins. Anselmo responds with the first showcasing of Azcárraga’s fixed-duration soap operas called “telenovelas.” Attracting Latinos regardless of nationality, WXTV defeats WNJU and crushes Columbia’s planned network. Tragedy strikes. During rioting, KMEX newscaster Rubén Salazar is killed by police. Despite confrontation with Azcárraga Milmo, Anselmo extends SIN to Miami with purchase of WLTV. With stations in New York and Miami, SIN becomes a coast-to-coast network. However, the elder Azcárraga’s passing exposes his subsidization of SIN and Anselmo’s failure to pay fees.
Univision and Telemundo
Authors: Allen Craig
Published: May 2021

Period: 1987–1992. A turbulent period begins when Univision and Telemundo launch. Telemundo’s founders are Wall Street “raiders” Saul Steinberg and Harry Silverman. Directed by Carlos Barba, Telemundo at first excels. Formerly SIN, Univision now is controlled by Hallmark, its head Irvine Hockaday. Directed by Joaquin Blaya, Univision counters Televisa’s high fees with two classic U.S.-produced Spanish-language shows: Sábado Gigante and Christina. However, the two networks divide audiences and suffer financially. At Telemundo, near bankruptcy, Steinberg ousts Silverman. Hallmark defaults on Univision’s debt. The first Hispanic Nielsen ratings, needed to attract advertisers, raise hopes for large revenues. However, Univision falls in the ratings when Blaya eliminates Televisa programs and initiates “domestic production.” Preferring foreign content, viewers reject further U.S.-produced shows. Hallmark sells Univision to Hollywood mogul Jerry Perenchio. He names Azcárraga part owner. Both eager to reinstate Televisa programs, largely telenovelas, in the U.S., Perenchio compels Azcárraga to sign a Program Licensing Agreement (PLA) by which Univision will pay Televisa a pittance for programs until 2017. Blaya is outraged. He resigns, becomes president of Telemundo, and stages a mutiny of Univision’s personnel.
Final Fight
Authors: Allen Craig
Published: May 2021

Period: 2000–2012. The millennium brings predictions of vast new TV channels for a rapidly growing Latino population. Yet Perenchio’s deal for a second network crushes new entrants. Telemundo finally rises under chief James McNamara. At a $2.7 billion price, Sony sells Telemundo to NBC. The dispute between Perenchio and Azcárraga Jean over the PLA intensifies and erupts into lawsuits. Fighting expands when Azcárraga Jean claims Televisa’s right to succeed Perenchio as owner of Univision but Perenchio departs by selling to Haim Saban. A courtroom showdown ends with a surprise settlement but with Univision still uncertain of programs after the PLA expires in 2017. At Telemundo, NBC’s ownership is fortuitous. From NBC’s infusion of cash, McNamara and successor Don Browne introduce “coproduction” agreements with foreign studios. Telemundo becomes the first major U.S. producer of Spanish-language programs. Univision takes a more historic stride. Resolving their dispute, Univision and Televisa sign an unprecedented “joint operating agreement.” Univision is promised permanent Televisa programming. Televisa claims enlarged control of Univision. The JOA is the first definitive agreement between the parties since Telesistema Méxicano founded SIN in 1961. Yet after 50 years, little in Spanish-language television has changed. Univision still is dominant among Latinos. Its main programs, novelas, are the same. The influence and grip of the Azcárragas remain.
The Path to Abolition
Authors: Varella Claudia , Barcia Manuel
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the figure of the legal representatives of the slaves, or síndico. Due to new regulations issued in 1840, the work of the síndicos was be limited to cases of manumission or emancipation and complaints made by slaves against their masters. The ability to take on more complex cases, or other types of cases in general, would require the written permission of either owners or judges. Síndicos were also given the authority to intervene and represent slaves surrendered to the court in lieu of damages. This chapter explores how the role changed over the years and to what extent síndicos were key players in the story of coartación during this period.
“Roaming Coartados”
Authors: Varella Claudia , Barcia Manuel
Published: May 2021

Sugar cane plantations began to incorporate coartados in the mid-nineteenth century. This chapter examines the shift of labor from city to country. While many coartados did everything in their power to remain in Havana, where their right to change owners or buy themselves out of slavery tended to be more easily recognized, others remained in rural areas where they were subject to the same rights, or rather lack of rights, as any rural slave.
The Hidden Face of Urban Slavery
Authors: Varella Claudia , Barcia Manuel
Published: May 2021

Understanding the urban rental market is crucial if we are to grasp the multiple ways in which coartados were forced to react to new, damaging scenarios. As new changes to the urban rental market came into existence, and as their impact on the slavery-based service sector expanded, coartados found themselves often trapped in what can only be described as a buyer-to-buyer dynamic, which forced them to go from one master to another, almost always against the wishes of those who owned them, and frequently against their own wishes too.
Slaves and Labor Pools
Authors: Varella Claudia , Barcia Manuel
Published: May 2021

When slaves were seized, complications often arose between those claiming ownership over them. Dire as their situation was, things took a turn for the worse when coartados entered the depósitos, where their special status as slaves was suspended and, in consequence, they stopped receiving income. Síndicos were charged with helping the coartados in the depósito, and with serving as their legal protectors, but it was not uncommon for the síndicos or their colleagues to try to squeeze some economic benefit out of the relationship.
Nonstriking Workers and São Paulo’s Sindicato Amarelo
Authors: Ball Molly C.
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyzes why São Paulo’s labor organization was weak prior to World War I. It breaks with traditional explorations into organizers, focusing instead on how industrialist interests and state interventions intersected with the motivations and experiences of rank-and-file and non-striking workers. Prior to the 1917 General Strike, industrialists relied on the state’s increasing willingness to provide police intervention and intimidation to guarantee the “freedom to work.” When these measures proved insufficient and strikes persisted, employers could and did look to the Hospedaria to provide replacement workers. Industrialist interests and the state’s willingness to intervene on industrialists’ behalf certainly limited organization success when compared to other Southern Cone immigration centers, but so too did São Paulo’s distinctive nuclear family–centered immigration and workers’ unwillingness to strike. Newspaper accounts reveal rank-and-file divisions, and Hospedaria records explain the phenomenon by demonstrating the large number of nuclear families arriving and living in the city. For those immigrants and Paulistanos with minimal social connections and opportunities, family goals and survival trumped labor organization and camaraderie. These divisions existed across gender and national lines, but evidence suggests that Portuguese and Afro-Brazilians were more likely to be non-striking workers than other groups.
Avaliação quantitativa da geomorfodiversidade da Zona Costeira de Icapuí/CE, Brasil
Authors: Diniz Marco Túlio Mendonça , Araújo Isa Gabriela Delgado de , Dantas Matheus das Chagas
Published: May 2021

Com o aumento das preocupações do homem com o meio ambiente em meado do século XX, os estudos acerca dos elementos abióticos da natureza, ou seja, a Geodiversidade, aumentaram exponencialmente. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar os sítios de interesse geomorfológico em Icapuí – Ceará, Brasil. Para isto, foi desenvolvido uma ficha de avaliação, embasada em estudos anteriores. O produto do trabalho foi a identificação de sítios que apresentam uma mais valia cientifica ou estética em comparação com os demais, esses sítios foram denominados de geomorfossítios, aqueles que não apresentarem altos valores estéticos ou científicos foram denominados de sítios da geomorfodiversidade. Icapuí tem cinco geomorfossítios e três sítios da geomorfodiversidade.
Thermal Performances and Fluidity of Biodegradable Poly(L-lactic acid) Filled with N, N'-Oxalyl Bis(piperonylic acid) Dihydrazide as a Nucleating Agent
Authors: ZHAO Lisha , CAI Yanhua
Published: May 2021

N, N'-oxalyl bis(piperonylic acid) dihydrazide (PAOD) was obtained through the amination of piperonylic acid chloride and its structure was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and nuclear magnetic resonance. Melting blend technology was used to prepare the modified poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) containing the various loading PAOD as a new organic nucleating agent. The thermal performances including crystallization, melting behavior and thermal decomposition process, as well as the fluidity of PAOD-nucleated PLLA were investigated via a series of tests. The DSC results showed that, in comparison to DSC curve of the virgin PLLA, the DSC curves of all PLLA/PAOD appeared the sharp melt-crystallization peak, and a higher PAOD concentration caused the melt-crystallization to occur in the higher temperature region and reduced the negative effect of the high cooling rate on the melt-crystallization process. However, with increasing of PAOD concentration, the cold-crystallization enthalpy decreased from 24.4 J/g to 16.7 J/g. The melting peak after melt-crystallization depended on the heating rate and the PAOD concentration; and the double melting peaks appeared after isothermal crystallization in low temperature region was thought to be due to the melting-recrystallization. The addition of PAOD decreased the onset decomposition temperature of PLLA, but the onset decomposition temperature was determined by the PAOD concentration and the intermolecular interaction of PLLA and PAOD. Additionally, the PAOD could considerably improve the fluidity of PLLA.
Foundings of Home
Authors: Chen Jack W.
Published: May 2021

The question of home is central to the poetic project, where it is most often experienced in terms of its loss. Yet poetry also holds out hope for the restoration of home, which may be understood through Allen Grossman’s phrase, “poetic success,” or the possibility for poetry to effect some kind of victory despite the inexorable conditions of reality. For Du Fu, his poems composed while in Chengdu, living at his Thatched Cottage, thematize the question of home and celebrate, however temporarily, a sense of belonging and peace for the restless poet. This essay explores a set of Du Fu’s poems from this period, demonstrating what might count as poetic success for Du Fu while in exile from his true home in the capital region.
Comfort Women Activism
Authors: Tai Eika
Published: May 2021

Based on extensive ethnographic work, Comfort Women Activism examines how women activists in Japan, Japanese and Koreans, have come to understand the comfort women issue. The movement in Japan has evolved as part of transnational activism, in which the activists in Japan play a crucial role in lobbying legislators and generating public opinion conducive to the state’s compensation. By presenting the activists’ narratives, the book illuminates the nuanced understandings of the issue they have developed through face-to-face communication with survivors. Their diverse voices shed light on the multifaceted aspects of the movement. The book also provides an account of the movement’s thirty-year history and an overview of scholarly arguments presented in Japanese. Many of the activists’ thoughts are relevant to scholarly debates on the comfort women issue, exemplifying, substantiating, and commenting on what researchers have said. By measuring the activist narratives against scholarly debates, the book argues that comfort women activism in Japan is a new form of feminism characterized by critical historical consciousness; the intersectionality of gender, ethnicity, and class; mutual transformation; and transnational solidarity. Most importantly, it argues that women activists in Japan, a former colonial empire, have avoided falling into imperialist feminism through the act of listening to survivors wholeheartedly.
History of the Comfort Women Movement
Authors: Tai Eika
Published: May 2021

I trace the history of the comfort women movement, describing what activists in Japan have done collectively for the movement’s major objectives, the Japanese government’s sincere apology and legal compensations. In doing so, I provide sociopolitical contexts for understanding the activist narratives, which are about what they have thought and felt personally. The activists have modified strategies according to the shifting positions of the government and the international community and the changing public attitude in Japanese society toward the issue. I discuss seven topics chronologically ordered with some overlaps in their historical periods: the rise of the movement; the spread of the movement; the Asian Women’s Fund; the Women’s International War Crimes Tribunal on Japan’s Military Sexual Slavery; lawsuits; legislative resolution; and fighting in isolated Japan.
Historical Consciousness
Authors: Tai Eika
Published: May 2021

As victims of Japanese past aggression in Asia, including those of Japan’s military sexual slavery, began to demand an apology and compensation from Japan, the debate on historical consciousness arose in the Japanese public discourse. It was spurred by historical revisionists who reacted to such demands and refused to admit that Japan had an aggressive past. While criticizing revisionist arguments, progressives made a renewed effort to take responsibility for Japan’s past. Among them are activists of the comfort women movement, who see themselves as citizens of the perpetrator state. The narrative of Ōmori Noriko, a lawyer, sheds light on complicated relationships between Chinese survivors and Japanese lawyers while that of Nakamura Fujie, a grassroots historian, delves into Japan’s responsibility for colonial and postcolonial Taiwan.
Fragmented Memories and Screening Nostalgia for the Cultural Revolution
Authors: Meng Jing
Published: May 2021

This book explores the way personal memories and micro-narratives of the Cultural Revolution are represented in post-2001 films and television dramas in mainland China, unravelling the complex political, social and cultural forces imbricated within the personalized narrative modes of remembering the past in postsocialist China. While representations of personal stories mushroomed after the Culture Revolution, the deepened marketization and privatization after 2001 have triggered a new wave of representations of personal memories on screen, which divert from those earlier allegorical narratives and are more sentimental, fragmented and nostalgic. The personalized reminiscences of the past suggest an alternative narrative to official history and grand narratives, and at the same time, by promoting the sentiment of nostalgia, they also become a marketing strategy. Rather than perceiving the rising micro-narratives as either homogeneous or autonomous, this book argues that they often embody disparate qualities and potentials. Moreover, the various micro-narratives and personal memories at play facilitate fresh understandings of China’s socialist past and postsocialist present: the legacies of socialism continue to influence China, constituting the postsocialist reality that accommodates different ideologies and temporalities.
Post-revolution Nostalgia
Authors: Meng Jing
Published: May 2021

Chapter 2 looks into the film Youth, which chronicles the lives of several performers in a military art troupe throughout the decades and focuses on coming- of-age romance. Similar to Under the Hawthorn Tree, Youth also reveals a strong sentiment of nostalgia. Whereas the former longs for the simple and pure life of the past, the latter is obsessed with the aromatic smell of youth. Youth reproduces a lot of Mao-era dances and songs, rendering memory as a form of spectacular performance, while history has become merely a footnote to youth and performance.
Reel Pilgrims
Authors: Lo Dennis
Published: May 2021

Chapter 3 joins Fifth Generation Chinese director Chen Kaige on his pilgrimages to the Chinese heartland in Shaanxi and Yunnan Provinces while shooting on-location for Yellow Earth (1984) and King of the Children (1987), where he wrestled reflexively with his awareness of the neocolonial politics of “experiencing life.” Through archival research and close textual analysis, this chapter reconstructs two parallel journeys to the rural associated with these productions — one diegetic and the other extra-diegetic. Just as the films’ protagonists were “sent-down” to the countryside, Chen Kaige toured Shaanxi and Yunnan with his production crew during the films' pre-production. When read together, these journeys map rural China as a haunted psycho-geography, where both Chen and the films' characters learned to acknowledge their ultimately tenuous connection with the collective unconscious supposedly enshrined in the PRC’s most sacred historical landmarks.
More broadly, by reading the films’ journey narratives as allegories of Chen’s own pilgrimages, I show that Chen’s place making not only interrogates the coherence of official frameworks of nation building under Deng Xiaoping’s reforms, but also ushers in a new discursive construct of the auteur as an individualistic and semi-autonomous creative subject.
A Home in Becoming
Authors: Lo Dennis
Published: May 2021

Examining Hou Xiaoxian's Dust in the Wind (1986) and City of Sadness (1989) as case studies, this chapter tells the story of how Jiufen, a once sleeping mining community in Northeastern Taiwan, transformed into Taiwan's first site of historical origins almost entirely re-imagined by the Taiwan New Cinema, making it a truly postmodern nativist landmark.
This chapter demonstrates how Dust’s rural representations not only stem from the filmmakers' practices of location shooting as cultural remembrance, but also provide spectators with a visual framework for recollecting their own memories. Jiufen is imaged as a paradigmatic Taiwanese hometown, a space in which one has learned to accept one’s unfulfilled aspirations. City re-shapes this image of Jiufen into a metonym for the entire nation, a home where all – regardless of identity – must remember and accept personal loss as part of their collective history. Through City, Jiufen materializes into a paradigmatic site of Taiwan’s coming of age, a heterotopic microcosm of the nascent Taiwanese imagined community. Thrown into the national spotlight by the Taiwan New Cinema, Jiufen transforms off-screen into a socially contested space, attracting the diverse and competing attentions of local and international tourists, preservationists, advertisers, filmmakers, historians, developers, and politicians.
Trolleyology as First Philosophy
Authors: Baltzly Vaughn Bryan ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: May 2021

Though sometimes maligned, “trolleyology” offers an effective means of opening and framing, not only classes in ethics, but indeed any introductory philosophy course taking a broadly “puzzle-based” approach. When properly sequenced, a subset of the thought experiments that are trolleyology’s stock-in-trade can generate a series of puzzles illustrating the shortcomings of our untutored moral intuitions, and which thus motivate the very enterprise of moral theorizing. Students can be engaged in the attempt to resolve said puzzles, inasmuch as they’re accessible and compelling, and their resolutions generally easy to achieve. Once thus engaged, students can be directed to the fact that (perhaps unbeknownst to them) they had already rolled up their sleeves and begun “doing philosophy.” In this way, engagement with trolleyological puzzles can serve as a “microcosm” for philosophy more broadly, illustrating the processes of critical thinking that are likewise the stock-in-trade of philosophers across many different domains of inquiry.
Extent of High-Grade Prostatic Adenocarcinoma in Multiparametric Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Targeted Biopsy Enhances Prediction of Pathologic Stage
Authors: Paulson Nathan , Vollmer Robin T. , Humphrey Peter A. , Sprenkle Preston C. , Onofrey John , Huber Steffen , Amirkhiz Kamyar , Levi Angelique W.
Published: May 2021

Context.—

Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) of prostate with targeted biopsy has enhanced detection of high-grade prostatic adenocarcinoma (HG PCa). However, utility of amount of HG PCa (Gleason pattern 4/5) in mpMRI-targeted biopsies versus standard 12-core biopsies in predicting adverse outcomes on radical prostatectomy (RP) is unknown.

Objective.—

To examine the utility of amount of HG PCa in mpMRI-targeted biopsies versus standard 12-core biopsies in predicting adverse RP outcomes.

Design.—

We performed a retrospective review of prostate biopsies that had corresponding RP, 1 or more mpMRI-targeted biopsy, and Grade Group 2 disease or higher. For the 169 cases identified, total millimeters of carcinoma and HG PCa and longest length HG PCa in a single core were recorded for 12-core biopsies and each set of mpMRI-targeted biopsies. For RP specimens, Gleason grade, extraprostatic extension, seminal vesicle involvement, and lymph node metastasis were recorded. The main outcome studied was prostate-confined disease at RP. A logistic regression model was used to test which pre-RP variables related to this outcome.

Results.—

Univariate analysis showed significant associations with adverse RP outcomes in 5 of 8 quantifiable variables; longest millimeter HG PCa in a single 12-core biopsy, highest Grade Group in any core, and total millimeter HG in mpMRI-targeted biopsies showed no statistical association (P = .54, P = .13, and P = .55, respectively). In multivariate analysis, total millimeter carcinoma in all cores, highest Grade Group in any core, and longest millimeter HG PCa in a single mpMRI-targeted core provided additional predictive value (P < .001, P = .004, and P = .03, respectively).

Conclusions.—

Quantitation of HG PCa in mpMRI-targeted biopsies provides additional value over 12-core biopsies alone in predicting nonorgan confined prostate cancer at RP. Linear millimeters of HG PCa in mpMRI-targeted biopsies is a significant parameter associated with higher pathologic stage and could be of value in risk models.
Locating the First Sculptural Mark
Authors: Kelly Mary
Published: May 2021

Diana Al–Hadid was born in Aleppo, Syria in 1981 and she currently lives and practices her art in Brooklyn, New York. This interview with Al–Hadid is an engagement with just one voice from the Syrian diaspora. The text explores the artist’s methods and strategies in art making for the purpose of recording new primary sources in the History of Art, which can be used to generate different ways of understanding Al–Hadid’s sculptures. The various themes discussed in the interview including: the artist’s engagements with materials and materiality; the formal qualities in her art; historical and art historical influences such as the Islamic Golden Age and Old Master painting; her attention to the original and editions; and the three broad spheres of typologies which are located in her oeuvre. In addition, Al–Hadid reveals her various processes of making which lead to the location of the first artistic mark on a new work of art.
Vulnerability and the Politics of Care: Transdisciplinary Dialogues
Authors: Browne Victoria , Danely Jason , Rosenow Doerthe
Published: May 2021

This chapter introduces the linked concepts of vulnerability, politics and care, considering how all three have developed in distinctive ways within and across different disciplines in the humanities and social sciences, and their complex relation to one another. Concentrating on philosophy, anthropology and international relations, we review the major theoretical contributions to the study of vulnerability and care that have emerged out of work on precarity, feminism, and the ethics of care. We then propose a transdisciplinary approach to vulnerability that places various concepts and methodologies in closer dialogue with each other. These dialogues form the basis of the four sections of the book, each of which is briefly described with reference to the chapters.
Watchful Waiting: Temporalities of Crisis and Care in the UK National Health Service
Authors: Baraitser Lisa , Brook William
Published: May 2021

This paper opens up the relationship between vulnerability and the temporalities of care. It takes ‘care’ as not just a material practice that supports, manages and sustains vulnerable bodies, but as a temporal practice, one that produces time in situations that are otherwise felt to be stuck or ‘chronic’. It draws on some co-written anecdotes about the use of ‘watchful waiting’ by medical practitioners working in general practice in the UK’s National Health System (NHS) to think through the meanings of waiting in relation to chronic health and mental health crises. The offer of ‘watchful waiting’ as a response to ‘chronic crisis’ becomes a test case for understanding a more general condition of watchful waiting as a form of care, in a context in which waiting for healthcare has become an agony for many, experienced as a form of abandonment or a key sign of health service failure. The paper attempts to re-think ‘waiting times’ within a wider history of the temporalities of care, in order to elucidate the ways an offer of waiting can itself be understood as a response to vulnerability through a practice of staying with or alongside the chronic temporalities of others.
From Mental Slavery to Brainwashing: Anti-Catholic Legacies in Anti-Communist Polemics
Authors: Miller Jennifer M. , Greenberg Udi
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the constitutive role of nineteenth and early twentieth-century anti-Catholic polemics in shaping anti-Communist rhetoric during the early Cold War. It charts how crucial anti-Catholic tropes, according to which Catholicism denied free will, perpetuated psychological and spiritual enslavement, and perverted follower’s emotional lives, resurfaced as an anti-Communist tropes in 1940s and 1950s. Anti-communist writers, both consciously and unconsciously, drew on these anti-Catholic tropes to declare that Communism denied free thought through brainwashing, expectations of total obedience, and spiritual enslavement. These conceptual and rhetorical continuities, we argue, help explain why many thinkers conceived Communism as a threat not only to economic or political orders, but also to the psychological and emotional foundations of civilization itself.
Atheism as a Vocation: Soviet Communism and Its Atheist Apologists
Authors: Smolkin Victoria
Published: May 2021

In the Soviet Union, the figure of the “atheist apologist”—a propagandist charged with publicly denouncing religion and spreading atheism—emerged during Nikita Khrushchev’s antireligious campaign (1958-1964). When Khrushchev came to power, he denounced Stalin’s more pragmatic approach to religious affairs and called for a return to ideological purity. The Soviet Union had entered a new historical stage – “Building Communism” – which again made religion a problem and atheism a priority. Yet, as the party mobilised for a new antireligious campaign, it realized that it lacked the institutions, expertise, and cadres to conduct atheist work, and that it had to build an atheist apparatus. This made the figure of the religious apostate turned atheist apologist especially valuable., and under Khrushchev, hundreds of believers and clergy publicly broke with religion. Among them, Evgraf Duluman (1928-2013) and Aleksandr Osipov (1911-1967) were the most prominent. These figures transformed a private spiritual crisis into a public vocation, in the process becoming the party’s atheist apologists. Based on archival sources and the author’s interviews with former atheist cadres, this chapter looks at what atheist apologists can reveal about the Soviet atheist apparatus and the party’s struggle to overcome religion, spread atheism, and build Communism.