bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kuy alterities: The struggle to conceptualise and claim Indigenous land rights in neoliberal Cambodia
Authors: Keating Neal B.
Published: November 2013

Based primarily on fieldwork with Kuy peoples in Rovieng District, Preah Vihear Province, this article examines contemporary Indigeneity in Cambodia as an emergent heterogeneous and polythetic identity vis‐à‐vis the changing nature of the state, and suggests that a more substantive political engagement with Indigenous identity and history offers a pluricultural reframing of the world heritage of Cambodia and a possible source of alternative land regimes that are more sustainable and equitable than the current dominant neoliberal model of land concessions. Although the 2001 Cambodian National Land Law holds critical significance for Indigenous Peoples in pursuit of communal land rights, it has largely failed to protect rights because of (i) persistent discrimination against groups now claiming Indigenous identities, embedded in state procedures of Indigenous identity and land registration; and (ii) the state's demonstrated embrace of land concession regimes as the preferred strategy of economic development. The Delcom mining concession of Kuy lands provides one example of the destructive impacts of this strategy. An examination of the evidence of Kuy peoples' history suggests that their classification as ethnic minorities is of recent origins, and that in the past they played more active roles in Cambodian state‐building projects.
Low‐wage migrants in northwesternBeijing,China: The hikers in the urbanisation and growth process
Authors: Liu Ran , Wong Tai‐Chee , Liu Shenghe
Published: November 2013

In the post‐Mao era from the 1980s, market reforms have seen profit‐led neoliberal forces being introduced intoChina's urban spatial movements. In supporting such movements, labour mobility is allowed but the hukou system has been retained to prevent urban informality and slum formation and to control municipal public expenses. Without residency permits granted by the host cities, low‐wage rural migrants enjoy little ‘right to the city’ and are deprived of local welfare and benefits. They often become ‘drifting tenants’, frequently driven by urban renewal, rising rentals and change of jobs. This study examines the spatial effect of causes (residency system) and consequences (frequent shifts in residence) experienced by low‐skilled and low‐wage migrants. A survey was conducted fromFebruary to mid‐April 2011 in northwesternBeijing's Great Zhongguancun area which shows the marginalised state of displaced migrant tenants. This includes their adaptations to change, the pattern, causes and history of their intra‐city mobility.
Good works and God's work: A case study of Churches and community development in Vanuatu
Authors: Clarke Matthew
Published: November 2013

Eighty per cent of the world's population profess religious faith, making religious belief a common human characteristic found in all cultures and societies. Within development studies' literature and practice, religion and faith have been largely ignored or misunderstood. While religious organisations are primarily concerned with providing spiritual leadership, an interest in the physical welfare of their communities is also a core aspect of their existence. Within Vanuatu, an important community space is the church building with a range of community development activities taking place within it. This case study considers how community development activities are incorporated into the daily ministries of Christian Churches in Vanuatu, including the use of church buildings as the location for these activities.
Place of desire: Skilled migration from mainland China to post‐colonial Hong Kong
Authors: Wang Cangbai
Published: November 2013

Until very recently the motivation of skilled migration has been largely explained from neo‐classically oriented world views coupled with an institutional focus that pays major attention to how skilled migration is driven by (economic) globalisation and sustained by inter‐ or intra‐company economic and social connections. Little is said about how dream and aspiration have shaped migration plans and choices of destination. Although the recent development of academic literature witnesses a shift away from a narrow focus on economic logics to the human face of transnational skills, the issue of desire only accidentally emerges in most discussions. Based on in‐depth interviews with mainland Chinese professional migrants in post‐colonial Hong Kong, this paper foregrounds the notion of ‘desire’ as a conceptual vehicle to interweave economic, political and cultural dimensions within the same frame to understand the intentions and dynamics of skilled migration, and to link decision‐making at the individual level to a broader geo‐politics and geo‐economies in which migration takes place. In‐depth interviews reveal that apart from economic and career considerations, decisions to migrate were marked by aspiration and fantasy associated with cultural imagination of post‐colonial Hong Kong embedded in discourses of place, border and nationhood that go beyond the specific issue of China–Hong Kong migration.
Teacher–student interpersonal relationships do change and affect academic motivation: A multilevel growth curve modelling
Authors: Maulana Ridwan , Opdenakker Marie‐Christine , Bosker Roel
Published: November 2013

Background

Research has shown that the teacher–student interpersonal relationship (TSIR) is important for student motivation. Although TSIR has received a growing interest, there are only few studies that focus on changes and links between TSIR and student academic motivation in a longitudinal fashion in non‐Western contexts.

Aims

This study investigated changes in TSIR and links with academic motivation as perceived by first‐grade secondary school students in Indonesia. TSIR was studied from the perspective of interpersonal behaviour in terms of Influence and Proximity. Students' academic motivation was studied from the perspective of self‐determination theory.

Sample and methods

A total of 504 first‐grade secondary school students of 16 mathematics and English classes participated in the study. Surveys were administered in five waves throughout the school year. Multilevel growth curve modelling was applied.

Results

Contrary to the (limited) general research findings from Western contexts, we found that the quality of TSIR (student perceptions) increased over time. The increase was slightly more pronounced for Proximity than for Influence. In accordance with the findings for the Western countries, the level of students' controlled motivation increased, while that of autonomous motivation decreased over time. However, the negative change in autonomous motivation was less pronounced. As in Western countries, TSIR was longitudinally linked with academic motivation, in particular, with autonomous motivation.

Conclusions

Evidence is found that TSIR can change in a favourable way, and this positively affects student motivation. Future research could benefit from unravelling the influences of cultures on changes in TSIR in broader contexts.
Staphylococcal enterotoxin sensitization in a community‐based population: a potential role in adult‐onset asthma
Authors: Song W.‐J. , Chang Y.‐S. , Lim M.‐K. , Yun E.‐H. , Kim S.‐H. , Kang H.‐R. , Park H.‐W. , Tomassen P. , Choi M.‐H. , Min K.‐U. , Cho S.‐H. , Bachert C.
Published: November 2013

Background

Recent studies suggest that Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin sensitization is a risk factor for asthma. However, there is a paucity of epidemiologic evidence on adult‐onset asthma in community‐based populations.

Objective

We sought to evaluate the epidemiology and the clinical significance of staphylococcal enterotoxin sensitization in community‐based adult populations.

Methods

The present analyses were performed using the baseline data set of Korean adult population surveys, consisting of 1080 adults (mean age = 60.2 years) recruited from an urban and a rural community. Questionnaires, methacholine challenge tests, and allergen skin tests were performed for defining clinical phenotypes. Sera were analysed for total IgE and enterotoxin‐specific IgE using ImmunoCAP.

Results

Staphylococcal enterotoxin sensitization (≥ 0.35 kU/L) had a prevalence of 27.0%. Risk factors were identified as male sex, current smoking, advanced age (≥ 61 years), and inhalant allergen sensitization. Current asthma was mostly adult onset (≥ 18 years old) and showed independent associations with high enterotoxin‐specific IgE levels in multivariate logistic regression tests. In multivariate linear regressions, staphylococcal enterotoxin‐specific IgE level was identified as the major determinant factor for total IgE level.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Staphylococcal enterotoxin sensitization was independently associated with adult‐onset asthma in adult community populations. Strong correlations between the enterotoxin‐specific IgE and total IgE levels support the clinical significance. The present findings warrant further studies for the precise roles of staphylococcal enterotoxin sensitization in the asthma pathogenesis.
Recurrent grief in mothering a child with an intellectual disability to adulthood: grieving is the healing
Authors: Brown Judith M.
Published: November 2013

Much of the literature on mothering a child with a disability focuses on grief in the context of diagnosis, with a paucity of longitudinal studies focusing on ongoing grief as the child moves through the life stages. This qualitative study explores the existence of recurrent grief within the lived experience of six women, in mothering their children with intellectual disability through to young adulthood. Informed by the differing theories of grief and disability, the study considers mothers' perception of the experience of recurrent grief as influenced by personal and societal factors, with a focus on its triggers, its manifestation and its amelioration. The findings have relevance to social work practice, policy and research in revealing the necessity for ongoing support and advocacy for mothers of children and young adults with intellectual disabilities.
Histone deacetylase activity is required for embryonic posterior lateral line development
Authors: He Y. , Wu J. , Mei H. , Yu H. , Sun S. , Shou J. , Li H.
Published: November 2013

Objectives

The posterior lateral line (PLL) system in zebrafish has recently become a model for investigating tissue morphogenesis. PLL primordium periodically deposits neuromasts as it migrates along the horizontal myoseptum from head to tail of the embryonic fish, and this migration requires activity of various molecular mechanisms. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) have been implicated in numerous biological processes of development, by regulating gene transcription, but their roles in regulating PLL during embryonic development have up to now remained unexplored.

Material and methods

In this study, we used HDAC inhibitors to investigate the role of HDACs in early development of the zebrafish PLL sensory system. We further investigated development of the PLL by cell‐specific immunostaining and in situ hybridization.

Results

Our analysis showed that HDACs were involved in zebrafish PLL development as pharmacological inhibition of HDACs resulted in its defective formation. We observed that migration of PLL primordium was altered and accompanied by disrupted development of PLL neuromasts in HDAC inhibitor‐treated embryos. In these, positions of PLL neuromasts were affected. In particular, the first PLL neuromast was displaced posteriorly in a treatment dose‐dependent manner. Primordium cell proliferation was reduced upon HDAC inhibition. Finally, we showed that inhibition of HDAC function reduced numbers of hair cells in PLL neuromasts of HDAC inhibitor‐treated embryos.

Conclusion

Here, we have revealed a novel role for HDACs in orchestrating PLL morphogenesis. Our results suggest that HDAC activity is necessary for control of cell proliferation and migration of PLL primordium and hair cell differentiation during early stages of PLL development in zebrafish.
Metabolic syndrome in untreated patients with psoriasis: case‐control study
Authors: Damevska Katerina , Neloska Lence , Gocev Gorgi , Mihova Marija
Published: November 2013

Background and Objectives

Previous studies have shown a higher prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with psoriasis compared to controls. However, little attention has been paid to the effect of systemic anti‐psoriatic drugs on the metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between psoriasis and the metabolic syndrome, by comparing untreated patients with psoriasis and population based control.

Patients and Methods

We conducted a hospital‐based case‐control study that included 122 untreated patients with plaque psoriasis and 122 age‐ and gender‐matched controls.

Results

There was no significant difference in the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome between the patients with psoriasis (24.6 %) and the controls (22.9 %) (OR 1.095, 95 % CI 0.607–1.974). Among the components of the metabolic syndrome only hypertriglyceridemia and abdominal obesity were associated with psoriasis. The psoriatic patients with metabolic syndrome had a higher mean age (p =  0.001), and higher mean BMI (p =  0.001) compared with the psoriatic patients without metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome was not associated with the severity of psoriasis.

Conclusions

Untreated patients with psoriasis have no significantly higher prevalence of the metabolic syndrome than healthy controls. Our data suggest that systemic antipsoriatic drugs may play an important role in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome.
Methods and tools for addressing natural disturbance dynamics in conservation planning for wilderness areas
Authors: Leroux Shawn J. , Rayfield Bronwyn
Published: November 2013

Aim

New conservation approaches that account for broad‐scale ecological processes must underpin decisions about conservation planning in the world's remaining wilderness areas. Our goal is to make the relevant tools and methods that have been developed by conservation scientists accessible to conservation practitioners working towards wilderness preservation.

Location

Wilderness areas, in particular theNorthAmerican boreal region.

Methods

We describe prominent spatial tools from natural resource management, landscape ecology and conservation biology for incorporating natural disturbance dynamics into systematic conservation planning. Then, we identify emerging methods that combine and customize these types of tools to account for interacting ecological processes in wilderness conservation plans with a specific focus on conserving natural disturbances in theNorthAmerican boreal region.

Results

Two classes of tools are well suited to the task of conservation planning in dynamic landscapes: site‐selection tools (e.g.Marxan andZonation) and process‐based modelling tools (e.g.CONSERVandLANDIS‐II). Four methods for explicitly including natural disturbance dynamics into conservation plans emerge from the combination of these tools: spatial catalysts combined with site‐selection tools, probability theory combined with site‐selection tools, spatial simulation models and spatial simulation models combined with site‐selection tools.

Main conclusions

Globally, there are few wilderness areas remaining; therefore, there is increasing impetus to effectively protect the world's remaining intact areas. Careful combinations of probabilistic models, such as Markov chain models, or spatial simulation tools, such asCONSERVandSpatiallyExplicitLandscapeEventSimulator, with site‐selection tools, such as Benchmark Builder and Marxan, are promising approaches for accounting for natural disturbance dynamics when land use planning in wilderness areas such as theNorthAmerican boreal region. The protection of natural disturbance dynamics will play an increasingly important role in the long‐term persistence of biodiversity in earth's remaining wilderness areas as ongoing anthropogenic disturbances and climate change imperil broad‐scale ecological processes.
Neural connectivity patterns underlying symbolic number processing indicate mathematical achievement in children
Authors: Park Joonkoo , Li Rosa , Brannon Elizabeth M.
Published: November 2013

In early childhood, humans learn culturally specific symbols for number that allow them entry into the world of complex numerical thinking. Yet little is known about how the brain supports the development of the uniquely human symbolic number system. Here, we use functional magnetic resonance imaging along with an effective connectivity analysis to investigate the neural substrates for symbolic number processing in young children. We hypothesized that, as children solidify the mapping between symbols and underlying magnitudes, important developmental changes occur in the neural communication between the right parietal region, important for the representation of non‐symbolic numerical magnitudes, and other brain regions known to be critical for processing numerical symbols. To test this hypothesis, we scanned children between 4 and 6 years of age while they performed a magnitude comparison task with Arabic numerals (numerical, symbolic), dot arrays (numerical, non‐symbolic), and lines (non‐numerical). We then identified the right parietal seed region that showed greater blood‐oxygen‐level‐dependent signal in the numerical versus the non‐numerical conditions. A psychophysiological interaction method was used to find patterns of effective connectivity arising from this parietal seed region specific to symbolic compared to non‐symbolic number processing. Two brain regions, the left supramarginal gyrus and the right precentral gyrus, showed significant effective connectivity from the right parietal cortex. Moreover, the degree of this effective connectivity to the left supramarginal gyrus was correlated with age, and the degree of the connectivity to the right precentral gyrus predicted performance on a standardized symbolic math test. These findings suggest that effective connectivity underlying symbolic number processing may be critical as children master the associations between numerical symbols and magnitudes, and that these connectivity patterns may serve as an important indicator of mathematical achievement.
Management of impacted wisdom teeth: teaching of undergraduate students in UK dental schools
Authors: Ali K. , McCarthy A. , Robbins J. , Heffernan E. , Coombes L.
Published: November 2013

Introduction

Wisdom tooth removal is one of the most common oral surgical procedures performed across the world. The aim of this study was to gauge the teaching and training of impacted wisdom teeth in undergraduate dental programmes across the UK. The objectives were to identify consistencies and variations in theoretical instructions and clinical training as well as approaches to management of impacted wisdom teeth.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional survey utilising an online questionnaire. A purposefully designed pro forma with open‐ as well as closed‐ended questions was used. The questionnaire was hosted online on the school's blackboard academic suite (Emily). Prior to conducting the study, approval was gained from the Research and Ethics Committee, and all the ethical principles pertaining to data protection were strictly followed. E‐mail invitations were sent to oral surgery leads in all dental schools in the UK. The participants were provided with an information sheet, and an informed consent was obtained. The participants were invited by e‐mail to complete the questionnaire online voluntarily.

Results

A total of 16 dental schools offering an undergraduate course in dentistry in the UK, 13 responded positively. (response rate = 81.25%). In majority of dental schools, this subject is taught in the 4th and 5th years. A pre‐clinical competency on phantom heads is a requirement in six schools, whilst only one school requires the students to pass a clinical competency. The clinical exposure of students to wisdom tooth surgery is quite variable. Although the dental schools are fairly consistent in their teaching with regard to the indications for surgical intervention, diagnostic/treatment modalities as well as the post‐operative care, interesting variations were also observed.

Conclusions

This study, perhaps the first of its kind, provides useful insights into management of impacted wisdom teeth, as taught in the undergraduate dental programmes across the UK.
Reduced root anchorage of freshwater plants in sandy sediments enriched with fine organic matter
Authors: Sand‐Jensen Kaj , Møller Claus Lindskov
Published: November 2013

The decline of submerged macrophytes in nutrient‐enriched lakes has been explained by shading from phytoplankton. Reduced anchorage in softer organic sediments may, however, enhance the loss of submerged macrophytes; therefore, we tested whether increased water content results in a decline of anchorage of artificial root systems and isoetid species in sandy sediments enriched with fine organic particles, and compared anchorage and hydraulic drag for short isoetid and tall elodeid species to evaluate the risk of uprooting.

Constructed and natural sandy sediments followed the same hyperbolic relationship of higher water content with increasing organic content. Anchorage of artificial root systems peaked in sediments containing small amounts of organic matter (0.7–1.2% dry weight) and water (20–27% WW) and was up to six times higher compared with more organic‐rich sediments.

Anchorage of the isoetid, Lobelia dortmanna, in natural sandy sediments increased linearly with plant weight and root surface area and declined with higher organic content of sediments. Multiple regression models could account for the positive influence of plant size on root anchorage and the negative influence of organic matter and water in sediments.

Hydraulic drag on rigid shoots of three isoetid species increased with the second power of water velocity. The species‐specific drag coefficient was consistently high for these isoetids and markedly lower and declining with increasing velocity for two elodeids with flexible tissue.

Anchorage of two isoetid species in mineral and more organic sediments from shallow water markedly exceeded estimated hydraulic drag under storm events inducing 0.6 m s−1 currents, while elodeid species were only safely rooted in firm mineral sediments.

These findings are in agreement with the growth of isoetids in wave‐exposed shallow waters, while elodeids prefer deeper or sheltered sites. The multiple regression models predicted that L. dortmanna could attain critically low anchorage on highly organic sediments in accordance with observations of plant‐free littoral sediments of colloidal organic texture. Because it is well established that sediment anoxia severely impairs root development of L. dortmanna, enrichment of sediments with labile organic matter may represent a double jeopardy by reducing root development and anchorage.
Inhibition of R5‐tropic HIV type‐1 replication in CD4+ natural killer T cells by γδ T lymphocytes
Authors: Omi Kyoko , Shimizu Masumi , Watanabe Eri , Matsumura Jiro , Takaku Chizuno , Shinya Eiji , Takahashi Hidemi
Published: November 2013

After the development of highly active anti‐retroviral therapy, it became clear that the majority of emergent HIV‐1 is macrophage‐tropic and infects CD4+, CCR5‐expressing cells (R5‐tropic). There are three distinct cell populations, R5‐tropic, HIV‐1‐susceptible CD4+ cells: (i) natural killer T (NKT) cells, (ii) dendritic cells and macrophages, and (iii) tissue‐associated T cells residing primarily at mucosal surfaces. We have confirmed that CD4+ NKT cells derived from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) predominantly express CCR5 rather than CXCR4, whereas the reverse is true for CD4+ T cells derived from circulating PBMCs, and that R5‐tropic HIV‐1 expands efficiently in the CD4+ NKT cells. Moreover, when PBMCs depleted of CD8α+ cells were stimulated in the presence of α‐galactosylceramide (α‐GalCer) and R5‐tropic HIV‐1 [NL(AD8)], the production of HIV‐1 virions was not suppressed, whereas, similar to the untreated PBMCs, depletion of CD8β+ cells from PBMCs significantly inhibited virion production. These findings suggest that CD8αα+ but not CD8αβ+ cells may have the ability to inhibit R5‐tropic HIV‐1 replication in CD4+ NKT cells. Here, we show that co‐culturing R5‐tropic HIV‐1‐infected CD4+ NKT cells with CD8αα+ γδ T cells, in particular Vγ1Vδ1 cells, but not with CD8αα+ NKT cells or CD8αα+ dendritic cells, inhibits HIV‐1 replication mainly by secreting chemokines, such as macrophage inflammatory proteins 1α and 1β and RANTES. Collectively, these results indicate the importance of CD8αα+ γδ T cells in the control of R5‐tropic HIV‐1 replication and persistence in CD4+ NKT cells.
The Modern Census: Evolution, Examples and Evaluation
Authors: Baffour Bernard , King Thomas , Valente Paolo
Published: November 2013

A national census provides important information on a country's population that is used in government planning and to underpin the national statistical system. Therefore, the quality of such information is paramount but is not as simple as the crude accuracy of population totals. Furthermore, changes in the pace and nature of modern life, such as the growing geographical mobility of the population, increasingly pose challenges to census practice and data quality. More recently, even the need for a census has been questioned on grounds of financial austerity and widespread availability of alternative population information sources. This article reviews how the modern census originated and how it evolved to confront these challenges, driven by indicators of quality and needs of users, and provides reflections on the future of the census within the national statistical infrastructure. To illustrate our discussions, we use case studies from a diverse range of national contexts. We demonstrate the implications that a country's needs, circumstances and experiences have on the census approach and practice while identifying the fundamental demographic assumptions.
A Conversation with Colin L. Mallows
Authors: Denby Lorraine , Landwehr Jim
Published: November 2013

Colin L. Mallows has had a distinguished career as a research statistician in the telecommunications industry, primarily at Bell Labs, that has spanned more than 50 years.

Best known for creating ‘Cp', the regression model diagnostic procedure that has been widely used and probably benefitted all statisticians who have done regressions, Mallows also has, and continues, to produce influential research on a wide variety of statistical and mathematical topics. He has received the Wilks Memorial Award, the American Statistical Associations' highest award and presented both the Fisher Lecture and the Deming Lecture at the Joint Statistical Meetings. Mallows is one of only two statisticians (the other being George Box) to have received all three of these honours that are among the highest the profession bestows.

Born in England in 1930, Mallows received his PhD at the age of 22 from University College London under F.N. David and N.L. Johnson. In 1956, John Tukey invited him to spend a year at Princeton, and in 1960, Mallows joined Bell Labs, the R&D unit of AT&T, which at the time was the regulated monopoly telecommunications provider in the USA (Ma Bell). Mallows served as Department Head of one of the two Bell Labs Statistics Research Departments for many years and remained at Bell Labs until 1995, when he joined the AT&T Labs unit that was created as part of the restructuring of the telecommunications industry. Since his retirement from AT&T Labs in 2000, Mallows continues to consult part‐time in Avaya Labs, which is a sister company in telecommunications that also traces its roots back to AT&T and Bell Labs.

This conversation was held in November, 2011, with two long‐time colleagues and collaborators from both Bell Labs and now Avaya Labs. After recording and transcription, the conversation was edited by the participants.
Low‐grade elastic compression regimen for venous leg ulcers – an effective compromise for patients requiring daily dressing changes
Authors: Dabiri Ganary , Hammerman Scott , Carson Polly , Falanga Vincent
Published: November 2013

Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) affect millions of patients worldwide and are a tremendous financial burden on our health care system. The hallmark of venous disease of the lower extremities is venous hypertension, and compression is the current mainstay of treatment. However, many patients are non‐compliant, partly because of the complexity of the dressings and the difficulties with application and removal. The aim of our study was to test an effective compression dressing regimen for patients with VLUs who require changing the ulcer primary dressing twice daily. We used two layers of a latex‐free tubular elastic bandage for compression. The primary endpoint of our study was increased wound‐healing rate and our secondary endpoint was complete wound closure. All active study subjects had positive healing rates at week 4 and week 8. Two subjects achieved complete wound closure by week 8. We conclude that compression with a latex‐free tubular elastic bandage can be safely used in patients with VLUs requiring frequent dressing changes. This type of compression allows for daily inspection of wounds, dressing changes at home, flexibility in the context of clinical trials, and is a compromise for patients who are intolerant to compression dressings.
Subtotal ostectomy of impinging dorsal spinous processes in 23 standing horses
Authors: Brink Palle
Published: November 2013

Objectives

To (1) describe a safe, efficient surgical technique for subtotal ostectomy (SO) of diseased dorsal spinal processes (DSP) of the caudal thoracic vertebrae with the horse standing and (2) report outcome.

Study Design

Case series.

Animals

Horses (n = 23) with reduced performance caused by impingement of the DSP of the caudal thoracic vertebrae.

Methods

Affected DSP were resected through a dorsal median incision with the horse standing, sedated, and the surgical site desensitized with local anesthetic. Radiography was used to confirm removal of impinging bone before wound closure.

Results

No serious complications occurred. Outcome was obtained for 22 horses. At <1 year, 19 horses (86%) returned to full athletic function, 2 horses (9%) improved but had failed to return to full function, 1 horse had no improvement. At >1 year, 2 horses that had returned to full athletic function were unable to function at full capacity; 1 was considered improved, but the other had not improved. Athletic function in 1 horse improved 6 months after surgery, but at 2.5 years was no better than before surgery.

Conclusions

Subtotal ostectomy of impinging DSPs can be performed with good results with the horse standing.
Does the Cognitive Measure Cog-4 Show Improvement among Patients Treated with Thrombolysis after Acute Stroke?
Authors: Hajjar Karim , Fulton Rachael L. , Diener Hans-Christoph , Lees Kennedy R. ,   VISTA Collaborators, Alexandrov A , Bath PMW , Bluhmki E , Claesson L , Curram J , Davis SM , Donnan G , Diener HC , Fisher M , Gregson B , Grotta J , Hacke W , Hennerici MG , Hommel M , Kaste M , Lees KR , Lyden P , Marler J , Muir K , Sacco R , Shuaib A , Teal P , Wahlgren NG , Warach S , Weimar C
Published: November 2013

Background

Although the established measure of disability post stroke, the modified Rankin Scale emphasizes motor function and may underestimate the importance of cognitive impairment in more disabled patients. A subset of four items from the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale has been proposed to assess cognitive function after stroke (Cog-4), and to correlate with modified Rankin Scale. Items correspond to orientation, executive function, language, and inattention. We investigated responsiveness of Cog-4 to treatment with thrombolysis and whether it offers information that supplements modified Rankin Scale.

Methods

We included 6268 patients from the Virtual International Stroke Trials Archive: 2734 received intravenous thrombolysis and 3534 were treated conservatively. We compared day 90 outcomes between treated and untreated groups, by modified Rankin Scale (illustrative) and by Cog-4 (primary measure) adjusting for age, baseline National Institutes of Health stroke scale, hemispheric lateralisation as well as baseline Cog-4 and baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale excluding baseline Cog-4 separately. Analysis of Cog-4 was repeated within strata of 90 day modified Rankin Scale. Statistical analyses included proportional odds logistic regression and Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test.

Results

Modified Rankin Scale showed a difference between treatment groups of expected magnitude (odds ratio 1·56; 95% confidence interval 1·43–1·72; P < 0·001). After adjustment for imbalance in baseline prognostic factors, the distribution of Cog-4 scores at 90 days was better in thrombolysed patients compared with nonthrombolysed patients (odds ratio 1·31; 95% confidence interval 1·18–1·47; P = 0·006). However, Cog-4 analysis stratified by 90-day modified Rankin Scale was neutral between treatment groups (OR 1·01; 95% CI 0·90–1·14), and Cog-4 was not responsive to treatment group even within modified Rankin Scale categories 4 and 5 despite substantial cognitive deficits in these patients.

Conclusion

Although Cog-4 may be responsive to treatment effects, it does not provide additional information beyond modified Rankin Scale assessment.
Distinguishing Ventricular Arrhythmia Originating from the Right Coronary Cusp, Peripulmonic Valve Area, and the Right Ventricular Outflow Tract: Utility of Lead I
Authors: EBRILLE ELISA , CHANDRA VISHNU M. , SYED FAISAL , DEL CARPIO MUNOZ FREDDY , NANDA SUDIP , HAI JO JO , CHA YONG‐MEI , FRIEDMAN PAUL A. , HAMMILL STEPHEN C. , MUNGER THOMAS M. , VENKATACHALAM K.L. , PACKER DOUGLAS L. , ASIRVATHAM SAMUEL J.
Published: November 2013

ECG Lead I and Outflow Tract Arrhythmia

Introduction

Outflow tract ventricular arrhythmia (OTVA) can be complicated to target for ablation when originating from either the periaortic or pulmonary valve (PV) region. Both sites may present with a small R wave in lead V1. However, the utility of lead I in distinguishing these arrhythmia locations is unknown.

Methods and Results

Thirty‐six consecutive patients (mean age 41 ± 14 years, 13 male) underwent catheter ablation for OTVA. OTVA origin was determined from intracardiac electrogram tracings and electroanatomic maps. Observers blinded to results measured QRS waveform amplitude and duration from standard 12‐lead ECG tracings. Measurements with highest diagnostic performance were modeled into an algorithm. Sites of successful ablation were anterior right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT; n = 6), posterior RVOT (n = 4), PV (n = 18), and right coronary cusp (RCC; n = 8). Highest performing surface ECG discriminators were from lead I to V1 vectors: RCC, lead I R wave ≥ 1.5 mV, and V1 R wave ≥2.0 mV (sensitivity 87%, specificity 93%); PV, V1 R wave > 0 mV, and lead I R/(R+S) ≤ 0.75 (sensitivity 78%, specificity 72%); anterior RVOT, V1 R wave = 0 mV, and lead I R/(R+S) <0.4 (sensitivity 67%, specificity 97%); posterior RVOT, V1 R wave > 0 mV, and lead I R/(R+S) > 0.75 (sensitivity 75%, specificity 84%). Sequential algorithmic application of these criteria resulted in an overall accuracy of 72% in predicting site of OTVA origin.

Conclusions

A relatively large R wave in lead I is seen with RCC origin but not PV origin. A sequential algorithm has limited but potentially significant value beyond assessment of lead I in approaching OTVA.
The role of EGF‐EGFR signalling pathway in hepatocellular carcinoma inflammatory microenvironment
Authors: Huang Peixin , Xu Xiaojing , Wang Lingyan , Zhu Bijun , Wang Xiangdong , Xia Jingling
Published: November 2013

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) and their receptor (EGFR) play an important role in the development of cancer proliferation, and metastasis, although the mechanism remains unclear. The present study aimed at investigating the role of EGF‐EGFR signalling pathway in the development of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) inflammatory environment. Gene profiles of inflammatory cytokines from HCC were measured. Cell bio‐behaviours of HCC with low or high metastasis were detected by the live cell monitoring system. Cell proliferation was measured by CCK8. The protein level of CXCL5 and CXCL8 was measured by ELISA. The phosphorylation of PI3K, ERK, MAPK was measured by western blot. EGF significantly induced cell proliferation in HepG2 cells, but not in HCCLM3 cells. EGF prompted the cell movement in both HepG2 and HCCLM3 and regulated the production of CXCL5 and CXCL8 from HCC, which were inhibited by EGFR inhibitor, Erk inhibitor (U0126), or PI3K inhibitors (BEZ‐235 and SHBM1009). HCC proliferation, metastasis and production of inflammatory cytokines were regulated via EGF‐EGFR signal pathways. CXCL5 could interact with CXCL8, possibly by CXCR2 or the cross‐talk between CXCR2 and EGFR. EGF‐EGFR signaling pathway can be the potential target of therapies for HCC.
Meta‐analysis of single crowns supported by short (<10 mm) implants in the posterior region
Authors: Mezzomo Luis André , Miller Rodrigo , Triches Diego , Alonso Fernando , Shinkai Rosemary Sadami A.
Published: November 2013

Aim

To assess the failures and complications of short (<10 mm) implants supporting single crowns in the posterior region and its potential risk factors (RkF).

Materials and Methods

Prospective studies were screened according to eligibility criteria, followed by contact with authors. Quality assessment was performed using a standardized protocol. Mean implant failure proportion (FP), biological and prosthetic failure proportions (BFP/PFP) and marginal bone loss (MBL) including 95% confidence intervals were estimated using random‐effects models for meta‐analysis.

Results

Sixteen studies with a medium methodological quality (mean score: 8 ± 3; 2–14) had data collected. In summary, 762 short implants were followed up for up to 120 months in 360 patients (mean follow‐up: 44 ± 33.72 months; mean dropout rate: 5.1%). The means FP, BFP, PFP and MBL were 5.9% (95%CI: 3.7–9.2%), 3.8% (95%CI: 1.9–7.4%), 2.8% (95%CI: 1.4–5.7%) and 0.83 mm (95%CI: 0.54–1.12 mm) respectively. Quantitative analysis showed that placement in the mandible (p = 0.0002) and implants with length ≤8 mm (p = 0.01) increased FP, BFP and MBL, whereas qualitative assessment revealed that crown‐to‐implant ratio did not influence MBL.

Conclusions

Single crowns supported by short implants in the posterior region are a predictable treatment option with reduced failure rates, biological/prosthetic complications and minimal bone loss.
The Acidocalcisome Vacuolar Transporter Chaperone 4 Catalyzes the Synthesis of Polyphosphate in Insect‐stages of Trypanosoma brucei and T. cruzi
Authors: Ulrich Paul N. , Lander Noelia , Kurup Samarchith P. , Reiss Laura , Brewer Jessica , Soares Medeiros Lia C. , Miranda Kildare , Docampo Roberto
Published: November 2013

Polyphosphate is a polymer of inorganic phosphate found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Polyphosphate typically accumulates in acidic, calcium‐rich organelles known as acidocalcisomes, and recent research demonstrated that vacuolar transporter chaperone 4 catalyzes its synthesis in yeast. The human pathogens Trypanosoma brucei and T. cruzi possess vacuolar transporter chaperone 4 homologs. We demonstrate that T. cruzi vacuolar transporter chaperone 4 localizes to acidocalcisomes of epimastigotes by immunofluorescence and immuno‐electron microscopy and that the recombinant catalytic region of the T. cruzi enzyme is a polyphosphate kinase. RNA interference of the T. brucei enzyme in procyclic form parasites reduced short chain polyphosphate levels and resulted in accumulation of pyrophosphate. These results suggest that this trypanosome enzyme is an important component of a polyphosphate synthase complex that utilizes ATP to synthesize and translocate polyphosphate to acidocalcisomes in insect stages of these parasites.
Predicting On‐Road Assessment Pass and Fail Outcomes in Older Drivers with Cognitive Impairment Using a Battery of Computerized Sensory‐Motor and Cognitive Tests
Authors: Hoggarth Petra A. , Innes Carrie R. H. , Dalrymple‐Alford John C. , Jones Richard D.
Published: November 2013

Objectives

To generate a robust model of computerized sensory‐motor and cognitive test performance to predict on‐road driving assessment outcomes in older persons with diagnosed or suspected cognitive impairment.

Design

A logistic regression model classified pass–fail outcomes of a blinded on‐road driving assessment. Generalizability of the model was tested using leave‐one‐out cross‐validation.

Setting

Three specialist clinics in New Zealand.

Participants

Drivers (n = 279; mean age 78.4, 65% male) with diagnosed or suspected dementia, mild cognitive impairment, unspecified cognitive impairment, or memory problems referred for a medical driving assessment.

Measurements

A computerized battery of sensory‐motor and cognitive tests and an on‐road medical driving assessment.

Results

One hundred fifty‐five participants (55.5%) received an on‐road fail score. Binary logistic regression correctly classified 75.6% of the sample into on‐road pass and fail groups. The cross‐validation indicated accuracy of the model of 72.0% with sensitivity for detecting on‐road fails of 73.5%, specificity of 70.2%, positive predictive value of 75.5%, and negative predictive value of 68%.

Conclusion

The off‐road assessment prediction model resulted in a substantial number of people who were assessed as likely to fail despite passing an on‐road assessment and vice versa. Thus, despite a large multicenter sample, the use of off‐road tests previously found to be useful in other older populations, and a carefully constructed and tested prediction model, off‐road measures have yet to be found that are sufficiently accurate to allow acceptable determination of on‐road driving safety of cognitively impaired older drivers.
Critically Ill Elderly Adults with Infection: Analysis of the Extended Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care Study
Authors: Dimopoulos George , Koulenti Despoina , Blot Stijn , Sakr Yasser , Anzueto Antonio , Spies Claudia , Solé‐Violán Jordi , Kett Daniel , Armaganidis Apostolos , Martin Claude , Vincent Jean Louis ,   the Extended Prevalence of Infection in Intensive Care Study Investigators
Published: November 2013

Objectives

To determine the effect of age on patterns of infection and on outcomes in individuals with infection.

Design

Analysis of data from an international, observational, point‐prevalence study:ExtendedPrevalence ofInfection inIntensiveCare (EPIC II).

Setting

Intensive care units (ICUs; N = 1,265) in 75 countries.

Participants

All adults present in a participatingICUon May 8, 2007. Individuals with an infection were included and classified according to age (18–44, 45–64, 65–74, 75–84, ≥85).

Measurements

Demographic, physiological, bacteriological, and therapeutic data were collected on the day of the study. Outcome data were collected until hospital discharge or for 60 days.

Results

Of the 13,796 adults enrolled inEPIC II, 7,087 (51.4%) had an infection. Of these, 330 (4.7%) were aged 85 and older, 1,405 (19.8%) were 75 to 84, 1,713 (24.2%) were 65 to 74, 2,358 (33.3%) were 45 to 64, and 1,281 (18.1%) were 18 to 44. Severity of illness did not differ between groups. Those aged 85 and older had fewer bloodstream infections than those younger than 75, fewer central nervous system infections than those who were younger than 65, and more abdominal infections than those who were younger than 45. A microbiological diagnosis was established less frequently in participants aged 85 and older than in younger participants. Gram‐negative microorganisms were more frequently isolated in those aged 85 and older than in other groups.ICUand hospital mortality were significantly higher in participants aged 85 and older than in those who were younger than 65.

Conclusion

A large proportion of individuals in theICUwith infection are aged 65 and older. Patterns of infection, including site and type of microorganism, vary according to age. Being aged 85 and older was an independent risk factor for mortality in individuals in theICUwith infection.
Unmet Needs of Community‐Residing Persons with Dementia and Their Informal Caregivers: Findings from the Maximizing Independence at Home Study
Authors: Black Betty S. , Johnston Deirdre , Rabins Peter V. , Morrison Ann , Lyketsos Constantine , Samus Quincy M.
Published: November 2013

Objectives

To determine the prevalence and correlates of unmet needs in a sample of community‐residing persons with dementia (PWD) and their informal caregivers.

Design

Analysis of cross‐sectional, baseline participant characteristics before randomization in a care coordination intervention trial.

Setting

Baltimore, Maryland.

Participants

Community‐residing PWD (n = 254) and their informal caregivers (n = 246).

Measurements

In‐home assessments of dementia‐related needs based on the Johns Hopkins Dementia Care Needs Assessment. Bivariate and multivariate regression analyses were conducted to identify demographic, socioeconomic, clinical, functional, and quality‐of‐life correlates of unmet needs.

Results

The mean number of unmet needs was 7.7 ± 4.8 in PWD and 4.6 ± 2.3 in caregivers, with almost all PWD (99%) and caregivers (97%) having one or more unmet needs. Unmet needs in PWD were significantly greater in those with higher cognitive function. Ninety percent of PWD had unmet safety needs, more than half had unmet needs for meaningful activities, and almost one‐third had not received a prior evaluation or diagnosis. Higher unmet needs in PWD was significantly associated with nonwhite race, lower income, less impairment in activities of daily living, and more symptoms of depression. For caregivers, more than 85% had unmet needs for resource referrals and caregiver education. Higher unmet caregiver needs was significantly associated with nonwhite race, less education, and more symptoms of depression.

Conclusion

Many community‐residing PWD and their caregivers have unmet dementia‐related needs for care, services, and support. Providers should be aware that unmet needs may be higher in minority and low‐income community residents, caregivers with lower education, and individuals with early‐stage dementia. Identifying and treating symptoms of depression in PWD and caregivers may enable them to address their other unmet needs.
Prevalence of and Potential Risk Factors for Mild Cognitive Impairment in Community‐Dwelling Residents of Beijing
Authors: Li Xin , Ma Chao , Zhang Junying , Liang Ying , Chen Yaojing , Chen Kewei , Wang Jun , Zhang Zhanjun , Wang Yongyan
Published: November 2013

Objectives

To estimate the prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in Beijing, China, and to explore the potential protective and risk factors for MCI.

Design

Population‐based survey.

Setting

The Beijing Ageing Brain Rejuvenation Initiative (BABRI).

Participants

Participants randomly recruited from BABRI (N = 1,211).

Measurements

Participants underwent a battery of neuropsychological examinations to determine cognitive function and answered a series of personal questions. The prevalence of MCI and its subtypes were computed using Petersen's criteria. Influencing factors for MCI were estimated based on participant medical history, lifestyle, diet, and leisure activities.

Results

One thousand twenty (aged >55, mean 63.9 ± 6.6; 36.7% male) subjects completed the neuropsychological tests. The overall prevalence of MCI was 15.7%, with single‐domain amnestic, multiple‐domain amnestic, and nonamnestic subtype prevalences of 6.4%, 3.7%, and 5.6%, respectively. Eight hundred sixty‐four subjects were used for the case–control analysis. Hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and cerebrovascular disease were found to be associated with MCI. Healthy diet and greater involvement in physical, intellectual, and social activities were associated with a lower risk of MCI.

Conclusion

The prevalence of MCI was compatible with that found in previous published reports, and the information on the epidemiology of MCI, especially risk factors, may help to explore therapeutic strategies and preventive approaches to delay conversion to dementia.