bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental stress gradients regulate the relative importance of predator density‐ and trait‐mediated indirect effects in oyster reef communities
Authors: Pruett Jessica L. , Weissburg Marc J.
Published: December 2020

Predators affect community structure by influencing prey density and traits, but the importance of these effects often is difficult to predict. We measured the strength of blue crab predator effects on mud crab prey consumption of juvenile oysters across a flow gradient that inflicts both physical and sensory stress to determine how the relative importance of top predator density‐mediated indirect effects (DMIEs) and trait‐mediated indirect effects (TMIEs) change within systems. Overall, TMIEs dominated in relatively benign flow conditions where blue crab predator cues increased oyster survivorship by reducing mud crab–oyster consumption. Blue crab DMIEs became more important in high sensory stress conditions, which impaired mud crab perception of blue crab chemical cues. At high physical stress, the environment benefitted oyster survival by physically constraining mud crabs. Thus, factors that structure communities may be predicted based on an understanding of how physical and sensory performances change across environmental stress gradients.
Abundance of montane salamanders over an elevational gradient
Authors: Hocking Daniel J. , Crawford John A. , Peterman William E. , Milanovich Joseph R.
Published: December 2020

Climate change is expected to systematically alter the distribution and population dynamics of species around the world. The effects are expected to be particularly strong at high latitudes and elevations, and for ectothermic species with small ranges and limited movement potential, such as salamanders in the southern Appalachian Mountains. In this study, we sought to establish baseline abundance estimates for plethodontid salamanders (family: Plethodontidae) over an elevational gradient in Great Smoky Mountains National Park. In addition to generating these baseline data for multiple species, we describe methods for surveying salamanders that allow for meaningful comparisons over time by separating observation and ecological processes generating the data. We found that Plethodon jordani had a mid‐elevation peak (1,500 m) in abundance and Desmognathus wrighti increased in abundance with elevation up to the highest areas of the park (2025 m), whereas Eurycea wilderae increased in abundance up to 1,600 m and then plateaued with increasing uncertainty. Litter depth, herbaceous ground cover, and proximity to stream were also important predictors of abundance (dependent upon species), whereas daily temperature, precipitation, ground cover, and humidity influenced detection rates. Our data provide some of the first minimally biased information for future studies to assess changes in the abundance and distribution of salamanders in this region. Understanding abundance patterns along with detailed baseline distributions will be critical for comparisons with future surveys to understand the population and community‐level effects of climate change on montane salamanders.
Simulative investigation of hybrid force and position control for electromechanical feed axes in production machines
Authors: Sewohl André , Norberger Manuel , Schlegel Holger , Putz Matthias
Published: December 2020

In the area of production engineering, there are several ongoing efforts to improve manufacturing strategies and processes in terms of stability, quality, and efficiency. Control of process forces is one such appropriate measure for ensuring stable process conditions. This can also ensure in reducing the number of parts rejected due to bad quality and thus aiding as a significant economic benefit. However, control of process forces in production machines with electromechanical feed axes is still a developing field and offers space for potential improvement. Control concepts at the process level, which enable a combination of force control and position control still need to be developed. The concept of hybrid force and position control is presented in this article as a possible approach. Different methods of implementation along with the effects are examined in the simulation. A reduced‐order model of an electromechanical feed axis is used for this purpose. The potential of the hybrid force and position control as well as the limits and possible applications are explained based on the simulation results.
A novel model for calculating critical droplet entrainment rate of gas well considering droplet deformation and multiple parameters
Authors: Xiao Heng , Li Xiao‐Ping , Tan Xiao‐Hua , Li Jinhan , Han Chong , Xiao Hang , Han Zongzhi , Cao Lina
Published: December 2020

When a spherical droplet moves parallel to the direction of motion of its surrounding gas medium, it will deform into an ellipsoidal droplet. In this paper, an exposition of a novel model for predicting the minimum flow rate for the continuous removal of liquids from gas wells based on two theories is presented. First, droplet breakup principle is utilized to microscopically obtain the maximum size parameters of ellipsoidal droplets, and second, droplet force equilibrium is adopted to macroscopically calculate the critical droplet entrainment rate. Moreover, effect of variations in the windward area (attributed to droplet deformation) on the drag coefficient is determined. Impacts of variations in pressure, temperature, and pipe diameter on the gas‐liquid two‐phase friction resistance and gas‐liquid surface tension are also considered. For model verification and comparison with other droplet entrainment models, field data from 3436 gas wells are utilized. The field data well validates the results with a 92% accuracy, indicating that the new model has a better comprehensive performance in determining whether or not a gas well is loaded. Besides, parameter sensitivity analyses including the effects of drag coefficient, surface tension, and friction coefficient on the minimum flow rate of gas are performed. Finally, the relationship curve of critical droplet entrainment rates corresponding to different pressures and pipe diameters is established.
Analysis of rill step–pool morphology and its comparison with stream case
Authors: Pampalone V. , Di Stefano C. , Nicosia A. , Palmeri V. , Ferro V.
Published: December 2020

In this paper, the morphology of step–pool features is analysed using rill measurements and literature data for streams. Close‐range photogrammetry was used to carry out ground measurements on rills with step–pool units, shaped on a plot having slope equal to 14, 15, 22, 24 and 26%. Data were used to compare the relationships between H/L, in which H is the step height and L is the step length, and the mean gradient of the step–pool sequence, Sm, for streams or the slope of the step–pool unit, S, for rills. The relationship of H/L against Sm is widely used to test the occurrence of the maximum flow resistance condition in streams, which is associated with the range 1 ≤ (H/L)/Sm ≤ 2. Further analyses were carried out to compare both the formation process and the profile of the pool in rills with those related to streams. Moreover, for a single rill channel, an analysis of flow characteristics expressed in terms of Darcy–Weisbach friction factor and Froude number was developed. The results allowed us to state: (i) the relationships of H/L versus Sm and S are quite similar and the steepness ratio for streams, (H/L)/Sm, and for rills, (H/L)/S, generally ranges from 1 to 2; (ii) the formation process and the profile of the pool in rills are not consistent with those occurring in streams; (iii) in the rills, the longitudinal size of the pool is dominant with respect to the maximum scour depth; (iv) the presence of a sequence of step–pool units within a rill segment noticeably increases flow resistance compared to segments with a flat bed; (v) the Froude number of the flow over the sequence of step–pool units in rills is slightly below the range of 0.8–1 corresponding to the maximum flow resistance in step–pool units.
Single nucleotide polymorphism array and cytogenetic analyses of ovarian teratomas in children
Authors: Shao Lina , Heider Amer , Rabah Raja
Published: December 2020

Teratomas are the most common tumors in the ovary during childhood. Previous studies suggested that they may be derived from germ cells at any developmental stage from premeiotic oogonia through meiotic oocytes to post‐meiotic ova. The majority of mature teratomas reveal normal karyotypes and immature teratomas show higher frequency of chromosomal abnormalities. We analyzed fresh tissue samples from 25 primary ovarian teratomas and three extraovarian deposits using whole genome single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and karyotype. SNP array detected five patterns of copy neutral loss of heterozygosity (CN‐LOH): failure of meiosis I (type I) in 12 tumors, failure of meiosis II (type II) in six tumors, endoreduplication of a haploid ovum (type III) in two tumors, premeiotic error (type IV) in four tumors, and both meiotic I and meiotic II errors in one tumor (type V). Three tumors with type I error had a single chromosome showing meiotic II error, and two tumors with type II error had a single chromosome showing premature sister‐chromatid separation in meiosis I. Lack of recombination in multiple chromosomes in meiosis I were common, chromosomes 17, 7, 8, 21, and 22 were most commonly involved. Abnormal karyotypes were observed in four teratomas including +3, del(3q), +7, +8, +12, and i(18q). The extraovarian deposits revealed the same CN‐LOH pattern as the primary teratoma. In summary, SNP array reveals the origin of ovarian teratoma and we propose a new mechanism that consecutive meiotic I and II errors occur frequently in ovarian teratomas.
ARID1A Deficiency Is Associated With High Programmed Death Ligand 1 Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Iseda Norifumi , Itoh Shinji , Yoshizumi Tomoharu , Yugawa Kyohei , Morinaga Akinari , Tomiyama Takahiro , Toshima Takeo , Kohashi Kenichi , Oda Yoshinao , Mori Masaki
Published: December 2020

The clinicopathological features of carcinomas expressing AT‐rich interaction domain 1a (ARID1A) and programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) in HCC are poorly understood. Here, we examined ARID1A and PD‐L1 expression in surgically resected primary hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the association of ARID1A and PD‐L1 expression with clinicopathological features and patient outcomes. Their association with ARID1A expression and tumor‐associated CD68‐positive macrophage was further explored. Using a database of 255 patients who underwent hepatic resection for HCC, immunohistochemical staining of ARID1A, PD‐L1, and CD68 was performed. We also analyzed the expression PD‐L1 after ARID1A knockdown in HCC cell lines. Samples from 81 patients (31.7%) were negative for ARID1A. Negative ARID1A expression was significantly associated with male sex, high alpha‐fetoprotein, high des‐gamma‐carboxyprothrombin, large tumor size, high rate of poor differentiation, microscopic intrahepatic metastasis, and PD‐L1 expression. In addition, negative ARID1A expression was an independent predictor for recurrence‐free survival, overall survival, and positive PD‐L1 expression. Stratification based on ARID1A and PD‐L1 expression in cancer cells was also significantly associated with unfavorable outcomes. PD‐L1 protein expression levels were increased through phosphoinositide 3‐kinase/AKT signaling after ARID1A knockdown in HCC cells. HCC with ARID1A‐low expression was significantly correlated with high levels of tumor‐associated CD68‐positive macrophage. Conclusion: Our large cohort study showed that ARID1A expression in cancer cells was associated with a poor clinical outcome in patients with HCC, PD‐L1 expression in cancer cells, and tumor microenvironment. Therefore, ARID1A may be a potential molecular biomarker for the selection of patients with HCC for anti‐programmed death 1/PD‐L1 antibody therapy.
Bilateral histone deacetylase 1 and 2 activity and enrichment at unique genes following induction of long‐term potentiation in vivo
Authors: Kyrke‐Smith Madeleine , Logan Barbara , Abraham Wickliffe C. , Williams Joanna M.
Published: December 2020

Long‐term potentiation (LTP) is a synaptic plasticity mechanism critical to long‐term memory. LTP induced in vivo is characterized by altered transcriptional activity, including a period of upregulation of gene expression which is followed by a later dominant downregulation. This temporal shift to downregulated gene expression is predicted to be partly mediated by epigenetic inhibitors of gene expression, such as histone deacetylases (HDACs). Further, pharmacological inhibitors of HDAC activity have previously been shown to enhance LTP persistence in vitro. To explore the contribution of HDACs to the persistence of LTP in vivo, we examined HDAC1 and HDAC2 activity over a 24 hr period following unilateral LTP induction in the dentate gyrus of freely moving rats. Surprisingly, we found significant changes in HDAC1 and HDAC2 activity in both the stimulated as well as the unstimulated hemispheres, with the largest increase in activity occurring bilaterally, 20 min after LTP stimulation. During this time point of heightened activity, chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that both HDAC1 and HDAC2 were enriched at distinct sets of genes within each hemispheres. Further, the HDAC inhibitor Trichostatin A enhanced an intermediate phase of LTP lasting days, which has not previously been associated with altered transcription. The inhibitor had no effect on the persistence of LTP lasting weeks. Together, these data suggest that HDAC activity early after the induction of LTP may negatively regulate plasticity‐related gene expression that is involved in the initial stabilization of LTP, but not its long‐term maintenance.
Consumers' perception of nutritional facts table and nutritional traffic light in food products' labelling: A qualitative study
Authors: Roudsari Arezoo Haghighian , Abdollah Pouri Hosseini Seyedeh Fatemeh , Bonab Ali Milani , Zahedi‐rad Maliheh , Nasrabadi Fatemeh Mohammadi , Zargaraan Azizollaah
Published: December 2020

Background and Objective

Traffic light labelling (TLL) policy has been adopted to improve consumers' food choices. This qualitative study examined the consumers' perception of TLL and nutritional facts table (NFT) in Iran.

Design

We applied a qualitative method to explore public views and perceptions of NFT and TLL in Iran. Participants ageing 20–75 years old were selected by maximum diversity sampling and interviewed using a semi‐structured in‐depth interview. The interviews were continued until data saturation was achieved after interviewing 35 participants with five more interviews to ensure no new emerging perception. Data was analysed by directed content analysis in MAXQDA 10 software.

Findings

Findings indicated that a large number of the participants were not aware of NFT and TLL. There are some reasons for not paying attention to NFT and TLL, which include lack of enough knowledge about NFT and TLL concepts and defects in appearance and details written in these labels, lack of appropriate education about labels, place of putting the labels and lack of enough time for using the labels during shopping.

Conclusions

It is concluded that educational interventions should be applied to ensure their effectiveness in improving healthy food choices.
Statistical analysis on three‐dimensional MHD convective Carreau nanofluid flow due to bilateral nonlinear stretching sheet with heat source and zero mass flux condition
Authors: Sabu Alappat Sunny , Areekara Sujesh , Mathew Alphonsa
Published: December 2020

This study focuses on analyzing the response of a magnetohydrodynamic convective Carreau nanofluid flow over a bilateral nonlinear stretching sheet in the presence of a heat source and zero mass flux condition. The problem has been solved numerically using the MATLAB built‐in function bvp5c. The findings of velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles based on the various parameters are illustrated using graphs. The impact of various parameters on the heat transfer rate is scrutinized using statistical techniques, like, correlation coefficient, probable error, and regression. The effect of various parameters on skin friction coefficients is studied via tables and slope of linear regression. It is observed that the statistical results coincide with the numerical results. It is also noticed that the stretching ratio parameter increases the Y‐directional velocity profile. Accuracy of the numerical procedure has been validated through a restrictive comparison of the present work with previous published results and is found to be in good agreement.
Higher maternal reflective functioning is associated with toddlers’ adaptive emotion regulation
Authors: Borelli Jessica L. , Lai Jocelyn , Smiley Patricia A. , Kerr Margaret L. , Buttitta Katherine , Hecht Hannah K. , Rasmussen Hannah F.
Published: December 2020

Parental reflective functioning (RF), the ability to consider the child's behavior as a function of mental states (cognitions, emotions), is theorized to promote emotion regulation in children via its positive impact on parenting sensitivity. Using a sample of mothers and toddlers (N = 151 dyads; 41% Latinx; 54% girls; MAge = 21 months; SDAge = 2.5 months), we measured mothers’ self‐reported RF (high RF = low certainty/high interest–curiosity/low prementalizing), toddlers’ distress during a standardized challenging behavioral task (toy removal), and three methods of children's coping with distress. Then, we tested whether RF moderated the association between children's observed distress and coping during the task (mother‐directed adaptive coping, task‐directed adaptive coping, maladaptive aggression) as an index of emotion regulation. Although RF was not associated with toddlers’ distress, indices of RF moderated the associations between distress and coping. As maternal RF increased, the positive association between toddler distress and mother‐oriented behavior increased, whereas the association between toddler distress and child aggression decreased. Findings were present only for certainty of mental states, whereas no effects were present for prementalizing or interest/curiosity. We discuss these findings in terms of their contributions to theory regarding parent–child relationships, maternal RF, and child emotion regulation.
Safety of Oral Bisphosphonates in Moderate-to-Severe Chronic Kidney Disease: A Binational Cohort Analysis
Authors: Robinson Danielle E , Ali M Sanni , Pallares Natalia , Tebé Cristian , Elhussein Leena , Abrahamsen Bo , Arden Nigel K , Ben-Shlomo Yoav , Caskey Fergus J , Cooper Cyrus , Dedman Daniel , Delmestri Antonella , Judge Andrew , Pérez-Sáez María José , Pascual Julio , Nogues Xavier , Diez-Perez Adolfo , Strauss Victoria Y , Javaid M Kassim , Prieto-Alhambra Daniel
Published: December 2020

Bisphosphonates are the first-line treatment for preventing fractures in osteoporosis patients. However, their use is contraindicated or to be used with caution in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, primarily because of a lack of information about their safety and effectiveness. We aimed to investigate the safety of oral bisphosphonates in patients with moderate to severe CKD, using primary-care electronic records from two cohorts, CPRD GOLD (1997–2016) and SIDIAP (2007–2015) in the UK and Catalonia, respectively. Both databases were linked to hospital records. SIDIAP was also linked to end-stage renal disease registry data. Patients with CKD stages 3b to 5, based on two or more estimated glomerular filtration rate measurements less than 45 mL/min/1.73 m2, aged 40 years or older were identified. New bisphosphonate users were propensity score–matched with up to five non-users to minimize confounding within this population. Our primary outcome was CKD stage worsening (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR] decline or renal replacement therapy). Secondary outcomes were acute kidney injury, gastrointestinal bleeding/ulcers, and severe hypocalcemia. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Cox regression and Fine and Gray sub-HRs were calculated for competing risks. We matched 2447 bisphosphonate users with 8931 non-users from CPRD and 1399 users with 6547 non-users from SIDIAP. Bisphosphonate use was associated with greater risk of CKD progression in CPRD (sub-HR [95% CI]: 1.14 [1.04, 1.26]) and SIDIAP (sub-HR: 1.15 [1.04, 1.27]). No risk differences were found for acute kidney injury, gastrointestinal bleeding/ulcers, or hypocalcemia. Hence, we can conclude a modest (15%) increased risk of CKD progression was identified in association with bisphosphonate use. No other safety concerns were identified. Our findings should be considered before prescribing bisphosphonates to patients with moderate to severe CKD. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research published byWiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Phylogenetic significance of clasper morphology of electric rays (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea: Torpediniformes)
Authors: Moreira Renan A. , de Carvalho Marcelo R.
Published: December 2020

Torpediniformes (electric rays) is a monophyletic group strongly supported by morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies. The claspers of electric rays, however, are poorly documented in comparation to the clasper of other batoids, especially skates, and the knowledge of their anatomical variation is restricted to the description of a few species. The present article analyzes the external and skeletal clasper anatomy of electric rays and reports newly discovered characters that can be useful for taxonomic diagnoses and higher‐level systematic studies. The family Torpedinidae exclusively presents the integumental flap, a poorly calcified clasper skeleton, and a dorsal marginal cartilage with a medial flange on its distal portion. Derived or diagnostic characters were not found in the clasper of the reportedly nonmonophyletic families Narcinidae and Narkidae; however, the claspers of species and genera of narcinids and narkids present different anatomical patterns that can be useful for taxonomic and phylogenetic studies.
Enteral Nutrition Safety With Advanced Treatments: Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation, Prone Positioning, and Infusion of Neuromuscular Blockers
Authors: Al‐Dorzi Hasan M. , Arabi Yaseen M.
Published: December 2020

This review aims at assessing the safety and efficacy of enteral nutrition in critically ill patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, prone positioning, and infusion of neuromuscular blockers. Existing data from randomized controlled trials demonstrate the survival benefit of early enteral nutrition in critically ill patients. Observational data have demonstrated that enteral nutrition in patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, prone positioning, and infusion of neuromuscular blockers is generally safe. However, these patients are at increased risk for gastrointestinal complications from enteral nutrition because of critical illness–induced gastrointestinal dysfunction; associated shock; the concomitant use of vasopressor agents, sedatives, and narcotics; possibly mesenteric circulatory compromise; and regurgitation associated with prone positioning. Therefore, early enteral nutrition is generally recommended in these patients in the absence of severe gastrointestinal dysfunction or shock. To reduce the complications, early nutrition should be advanced gradually (trophic feeding or permissive underfeeding), the bed should be tilted to a maximum of 30°, and concentrated nutritional formulae and the use of prokinetics may be considered to treat enteral feeding intolerance. Physicians should be vigilant about monitoring for early signs of acute mesenteric ischemia, which should lead to holding enteral feeding. Parenteral nutrition may be utilized in patients who cannot receive enteral nutrition or are unable to reach their nutrition goals by the end of the first week.
Fabrication and Characterization of Metal‐Free Composite Electrodes Based on Few‐Layer‐Graphene Nanoplatelets for Oxygen Reduction Reaction Applications
Authors: Suppan Gottfried , Briones-Macías Mayra , Pazmiño-Arias Esteban , Zamora-Ledezma Camilo
Published: December 2020

The fabrication of advanced graphene‐based electrodes is currently an open research topic because of their potential in a broad range of applications, such as in light‐emitting diodes, field‐effect transistors, solar cells, supercapacitors, batteries, electrochemical energy storage, and sensors, which can be traced back to their remarkable electronic, mechanical, optical, and thermal properties. Herein, the fabrication and characterization of metal‐free few layer graphene‐based composite electrodes for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) applications is reported. Electrodes’ characterization and performance are assessed using Raman spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electrocatalytic activity for ORR is elucidated by determination of the reaction onset potential at different pH values. The best formulation shows cathodic peak current density up to −469 μA cm−2, accompanied by the lowest potential peak separation of 0.17 V and the lowest charge transfer resistance of 1657 Ω cm−2, which is almost five times lower if compared with the composite electrode without graphene. The results suggest that similar nanocomposites electrodes might be potentially exploited in life processes such as biological respiration, and in energy converting systems such as fuel cells or microbial fuel cells.
Development of copper—iron bimetallic nanoparticle impregnated activated carbon derived from coconut husk and its efficacy as a novel adsorbent toward the removal of chromium (VI) from aqueous solution
Authors: Rahaman Mehabub , Das Arit , Bose Saswata
Published: December 2020

The present work demonstrates the preparation of biodegradable coconut husk derived activated carbon (CAC) impregnated with bimetallic nanoparticles consisting of zerovalent iron and copper to produce a new adsorbent (Fe0/Cu‐CAC). The new adsorbent was further employed to determine the removal efficiency of Chromium (VI) from aqueous solutions. Chromium (VI) adsorption process by Fe0/Cu‐CAC was found to be favorable at pH ~ 3, attaining 95.28% removal efficiency while its counterpart CAC attained only ~41%. Negative ΔG0 value suggests that the process was thermodynamically spontaneous and ΔH0 was observed to be 8.496 kJ/mol, further corroborating the endothermic nature of the process. Pseudo‐second order model was best suited to explain the kinetics of the process with R2 value of 0.99683 and an error of 6.73%. Equilibrium parameter (RL) derived from Langmuir isotherm was calculated to be 0.1103, indicating favorable adsorption and thus Langmuir isotherm can be used to describe the process of adsorption of Cr (VI) by Fe0/Cu‐CAC. Finally, a maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of 173.9 mg/g indicated the suitability of the prepared adsorbent in treating chromium contaminated wastewater streams.

Practitioner points

Facile development of novel adsorbent from biodegradable coconut husk via cost effective route.

Utilization of the adsorbent towards removal of toxic pollutant like Cr (VI) from its aqueous solution.

Validation of the effective adsorption mechanism by Kinetic and Thermodynamic study.
A Synthetic Approach to Trinuclear Cluster with [Co3(μ3‐O)(μ‐OH)] Core: A Comparative Study on Cluster having [Co3(μ3‐O)(μ‐OH)] and [Co4(μ3‐O)4] Core
Authors: Bharali Sourav J. , Das Birinchi K.
Published: December 2020

A synthetic approach to synthesize the cationic trinuclear cluster with [Co3(μ3‐O)(μ‐OH)] core has been reported. A comparative study with the closely relevant polynuclear cluster containing [Co4(μ3‐O)4] active core has also been carried out along with a plausible pathway for these two clusters. The minor spectroscopic and electrochemical changes observed for the cores are quite significant to distinguish them. The rigidity of the core can be well characterized by the solvent interaction. The involvement of the hydroxo group in the electrochemical process may help these clusters to be used for catalytic processes, although these [Co3(μ3‐O)(μ‐OH)] cationic clusters are thermally less stable than [Co4(μ3‐O)4] cuboidal clusters.
Three Notions of the Global
Authors: Rider Sharon
Published: December 2020

Why do universities go to so much effort to become “international”? Is it to create cosmopolitan global citizens, or to propel themselves up league tables? Is it to promote liberal democratic ideals, or to better recruit international students? There are actually different ways of understanding what is meant by “global thinking”. Currently, the predominant thinking is centred around economic development. But the political ideal of “internationalism” and the philosophical concept of the universal as an intellectual virtue are also alternatives. In this paper, I discuss the sometimes uneasy relationship between these three types of “global thinking”, while at the same time pointing out a common denominator - the connection between the global and the local.
Labellum and gynostemium micromorphology in Polystachya (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Joanna Mytnik , Kevin Davies L. , Magdalena Narajczyk , Dorota Łuszczek , Joanna Kubiak , Dariusz Szlachetko L.
Published: December 2020

Polystachyais a large, pantropical orchid genus of 200 species, most of which occur as epiphytes in sub-saharan Africa. The three-lobed labellum of mostPolystachyaspecies possesses a fleshy callus and various types of trichomes and papillae. In this paper, we present the results of micromorphological studies on the labellum of 20 species, representing eight of the 13 sections in the genus, using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our results show the scale of infrageneric diversity of trichomes and papillae relative to the sampled sections. They also demonstrate the taxonomic value of labellar micromorphology at the sectional level. The study revealed seven types of papillae and five types of trichomes (uni- and multi-cellular) inPolystachya, some of which, are described here for the first time. Clavate trichomes are the most common and are present in 60% of the species studied. Moniliform trichomes mainly occur in sect.Polystachyaand are strongly characteristic of the section. Pseudopollen is formed by fragmentation of moniliform trichomes or the detachment of other trichomes as bicellular units. We provide, for the first time, evidence for the detachment of the terminal cells of capitate trichomes.
Multi-utility representations of incomplete preferences induced by set-valued risk measures
Authors: Munari Cosimo
Published: December 2020

We establish a variety of numerical representations of preference relations induced by set-valued risk measures. Because of the general incompleteness of such preferences, we have to deal with multi-utility representations. We look for representations that are both parsimonious (the family of representing functionals is indexed by a tractable set of parameters) and well behaved (the representing functionals satisfy nice regularity properties with respect to the structure of the underlying space of alternatives). The key to our results is a general dual representation of set-valued risk measures that unifies the existing dual representations in the literature and highlights their link with duality results for scalar risk measures.
Nonlinear expectations of random sets
Authors: Molchanov Ilya , Mühlemann Anja
Published: December 2020

Sublinear functionals of random variables are known as sublinear expectations; they are convex homogeneous functionals on infinite-dimensional linear spaces. We extend this concept for set-valued functionals defined on measurable set-valued functions (which form a nonlinear space) or, equivalently, on random closed sets. This calls for a separate study of sublinear and superlinear expectations, since a change of sign does not alter the direction of the inclusion in the set-valued setting.

We identify the extremal expectations as those arising from the primal and dual representations of nonlinear expectations. Several general construction methods for nonlinear expectations are presented and the corresponding duality representation results are obtained. On the application side, sublinear expectations are naturally related to depth trimming of multivariate samples, while superlinear ones can be used to assess utilities of multiasset portfolios.
Elicitability and identifiability of set-valued measures of systemic risk
Authors: Fissler Tobias , Hlavinová Jana , Rudloff Birgit
Published: December 2020

Identification and scoring functions are statistical tools to assess the calibration of risk measure estimates and to compare their performance with other estimates, e.g. in backtesting. A risk measure is called identifiable (elicitable) if it admits a strict identification function (strictly consistent scoring function). We consider measures of systemic risk introduced in Feinstein et al. (SIAM J. Financial Math. 8:672–708, 2017). Since these are set-valued, we work within the theoretical framework of Fissler et al. (preprint, available online atarXiv:1910.07912v2, 2020) for forecast evaluation of set-valued functionals. We construct oriented selective identification functions, which induce a mixture representation of (strictly) consistent scoring functions. Their applicability is demonstrated with a comprehensive simulation study.
IQ and Internalising Symptoms in Adolescents with ASD
Authors: Edirisooriya Monisha , Dykiert Dominika , Auyeung Bonnie
Published: December 2020

Intelligence quotient (IQ), has been found to relate to the presence of internalising symptoms in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This meta-analysis sought to clarify the direction of the relationship between IQ and two prevalent internalising symptoms, anxiety and depression, in adolescents with ASD. Secondly, this study aimed to highlight methodological factors contributing to inconsistent findings in existing research. Self-reported anxiety was found to be significantly higher in youth with a lower IQ, while depression was positively associated with IQ. Consequently, parents, schools and clinicians should be cautious of underestimating anxiety in youth with a lower IQ. However, care should also be taken to ensure adolescents with ASD without intellectual disabilities are not overlooked with regards to social and emotional support.
Community influence as an explanatory factor why Roma children get little schooling
Authors: Stark Oded , Berlinschi Ruxanda
Published: December 2020

Parents who experience poverty and who want to provide their children with an escape route can be expected to encourage and support their progeny’s education. The evidence that Roma parents behave differently is unsettling. In this paper we test empirically an explanation for that behavior. The explanation is based on a theory (Stark et al. 2018) that can be “borrowed” to rationalize the enforcement of norms of little formal education in underprivileged communities. An analysis of survey data collected in Roma communities in four Central and Eastern European countries lends support to the explanation. The analysis reveals a strong negative correlation between the influence of the Roma community on an individual member’s life and the importance accorded by the individual to formal schooling for children. The correlation is robust to controlling for standard determinants of attitudes towards schooling, such as poverty, unemployment, labor market discrimination, and parents’ educational attainment. The analysis suggests that policy interventions aiming to increase the formal education of Roma children need to reckon with the influence of Roma community norms on individual choices.
Schulsozialarbeit in der „neuen Normalität“
Authors: Hettler Ingo S.
Published: December 2020

Der mit der Covid-19 Pandemie verbundene Lockdown hat nahezu alle Bereiche des gesellschaftlichen Lebens vor große Herausforderungen gestellt. In Zeiten, in denen Schulen über Wochen hinweg geschlossen blieben, stellt sich in verschiedenen fachlichen und politischen Kontexten die Frage nach der Rolle der Schulsozialarbeit während des Lockdowns und in der „neuen Normalität“. Mit diesem Beitrag sollen verschiedene fachliche Überlegungen dazu angestellt werden, wie die Erfahrungen der Krise als Chance für eine stärkere Profilierung der Schulsozialarbeit genutzt werden können und sollten, und weshalb haushalterische Legitimationsdebatten an der Lebenswirklichkeit junger Menschen vorbeigehen.
Management of primary sclerosing cholangitis and its complications: an algorithmic approach
Authors: Prokopič Michal , Beuers Ulrich
Published: December 2020

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is a rare cholestatic liver disease, characterized by multiple strictures and dilatations of the intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts, leading to progressive liver fibrosis, in 10–15% cholangiocarcinoma, and ultimately end-stage liver disease. The pathogenesis is poorly understood, but (epi-)genetic factors, mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity, toxic effects of hydrophobic bile acids, and possibly intestinal dysbiosis appear to be involved. The strong link with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is associated with a markedly enhanced risk of colorectal cancer which next to cholangiocarcinoma represents the most serious diagnostic challenge in long-term PSC management. Despite extensive research, no medical treatment has been proven so far to prolong the time to liver transplantation (LTx), which remains the effective treatment in late-stage disease. Recurrence of PSC after LTx is observed in up to 20% of patients. Here, we briefly summarize actual views on PSC pathogenesis and provide an algorithmic approach to diagnostic procedures and recommendations for the management of PSC and its complications. We describe promising treatment options subject to current clinical trials.
Phonosurgery: A review of current methodologies
Authors: Ulmschneider Christopher , Baker Jeffrey , Vize Ian , Jiang Jack
Published: December 2020

Cold‐steel has served as the gold standard modality of phonosurgery for most of its history. Surgical laser technology has revolutionized this field with its wide use of applications. Additional modalities have also been introduced such as coagulative lasers, photodynamic therapy, and cryotherapy. This review will compare the surgical modalities of cold steel, surgical lasers, phototherapy and cryotherapy. The mechanism of action, tissue effects and typical uses will be addressed for each modality.
Reply to Skousen and Aiuvalasit: On the Primacy of Archaeological Data
Authors: White A.J. , Munoz Samuel E. , Schroeder Sissel , Stevens Lora R.
Published: December 2020

Skousen and Aiuvalasit critique our article on the post-Mississippian occupation of the Horseshoe Lake watershed (White et al. 2020) along two lines: (1) that our findings are not supported due to a lack of archaeological evidence, and (2) that we do not consider alternative hypotheses in explaining the lake's fecal stanol record. We first respond to the matter of fecal stanol deposition in Horseshoe Lake and then address the larger issue, the primacy of archaeological data in interpreting the past.
The Road Not Taken: How Early Landscape Learning and Adoption of a Risk-Averse Strategy Influenced Paleoindian Travel Route Decision Making in the Upper Ohio Valley
Authors: Purtill Matthew P.
Published: December 2020

To evaluate a model of the travel-route selection process for upper Ohio Valley Paleoindian foragers (13,500–11,400 cal BP), this study investigates archaeological data through the theoretical framework of landscape learning and risk-sensitive analysis. Following initial trail placement adjacent to a highly visible escarpment landform, Paleoindians adopted a risk-averse strategy to minimize travel outcome variability when wayfaring between Sandy Springs, a significant Ohio River Paleoindian site, and Upper Mercer–Vanport chert quarries of east-central Ohio. Although a least-cost analysis indicates an optimal route through the lower Scioto Valley, archaeological evidence for this path is lacking. Geomorphic and archaeological data further suggest that site absence in the lower Scioto Valley is not entirely due to sampling bias. Instead, evidence indicates that Paleoindians preferred travel within the Ohio Brush Creek–Baker's Fork valley despite its longer path distance through more rugged, constricted terrain. Potential travel through the lower Scioto Valley hypothesizes high outcome variability due to the stochastic nature of the late Pleistocene hydroregime. In this case, perceived outcome variability appears more influential in determining travel-route decisions among Paleoindians than direct efforts to reduce energy and time allocation.
Where MLM Intersects MFA: Morally Suspect Goods and the Grounds for Regulatory Action
Authors: Frooman Jeff
Published: December 2020

The market failures approach (MFA) to business ethics argues that economic theory regarding the efficient workings of a market can generate normative prescriptions for managerial behaviour. It argues that actions that inhibit Pareto optimal solutions are immoral. However, the approach fails to identify goods that should be regulated or prohibited from the market, something common to the moral limits to markets (MLM) approach to business ethics. There are, however, numerous assumptions underlying Paretian efficiency, including some about the preferences of market participants. Trade in some goods violates some of these assumptions, and so these goods are morally suspect and can be understood to indicate that the market for these goods is not moral. This creates grounds sufficient for regulating, and possibly prohibiting, these goods. To help determine whether it is then necessary to regulate the goods, I propose a supplementary economic analysis to ascertain why an assumption regarding a particular preference is being violated.
Anomaly detection in a fleet of industrial assets with hierarchical statistical modeling
Authors: Dhada Maharshi , Girolami Mark , Parlikad Ajith Kumar
Published: December 2020

Anomaly detection in asset condition data is critical for reliable industrial asset operations. But statistical anomaly classifiers require certain amount of normal operations training data before acceptable accuracy can be achieved. The necessary training data are often not available in the early periods of assets operations. This problem is addressed in this paper using a hierarchical model for the asset fleet that systematically identifies similar assets, and enables collaborative learning within the clusters of similar assets. The general behavior of the similar assets are represented using higher level models, from which the parameters are sampled describing the individual asset operations. Hierarchical models enable the individuals from a population, comprising of statistically coherent subpopulations, to collaboratively learn from one another. Results obtained with the hierarchical model show a marked improvement in anomaly detection for assets having low amount of data, compared to independent modeling or having a model common to the entire fleet.
Physics-constrained local convexity data-driven modeling of anisotropic nonlinear elastic solids
Authors: He Xiaolong , He Qizhi , Chen Jiun-Shyan , Sinha Usha , Sinha Shantanu
Published: December 2020

As characterization and modeling of complex materials by phenomenological models remains challenging, data-driven computing that performs physical simulations directly from material data has attracted considerable attention. Data-driven computing is a general computational mechanics framework that consists of a physical solver and a material solver, based on which data-driven solutions are obtained through minimization procedures. This work develops a new material solver built upon the local convexity-preserving reconstruction scheme by He and Chen (2020) A physics-constrained data-driven approach based on locally convex reconstruction for noisy database. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering 363, 112791 to model anisotropic nonlinear elastic solids. In this approach, a two-level local data search algorithm for material anisotropy is introduced into the material solver in online data-driven computing. A material anisotropic state characterizing the underlying material orientation is used for the manifold learning projection in the material solver. The performance of the proposed data-driven framework with noiseless and noisy material data is validated by solving two benchmark problems with synthetic material data. The data-driven solutions are compared with the constitutive model-based reference solutions to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Modeling Self-Determination Theory Motivation Data by Using Unfolding	IRT
Authors: Freund Philipp A. , Lohbeck Annette
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Self-determination theory (SDT) suggests that the degree of autonomous behavior regulation is a characteristic of distinct motivation types which thus can be ordered on the so-called Autonomy-Control Continuum (ACC). The present study employs an item response theory (IRT) model under the ideal point response/unfolding paradigm in order to model the response process to SDT motivation items in theoretical accordance with the ACC. Using data from two independent student samples (measuring SDT motivation for the academic subjects of Mathematics and German as a native language), it was found that an unfolding model exhibited a relatively better fit compared to a dominance model. The item location parameters under the unfolding paradigm showed clusters of items representing the different regulation types on the ACC to be (almost perfectly) empirically separable, as suggested by SDT. Besides theoretical implications, perspectives for the application of ideal point response/unfolding models in the development of measures for non-cognitive constructs are addressed.
New Inversion Approach for Interpreting Gravity Data Caused by Dipping Faults
Authors: Elhussein Mahmoud
Published: December 2020

A new inversion algorithm of gravity data utilizing the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to interpret dipping faults models. The PSO technique is stochastic in nature; its development was motivated by the common in‐flight performance of birds looking for food. Particles or models represent birds. Individual particles have a location and a velocity vector. The parameter value represents the position vectors. PSO is adjusted by random particles or models and searches for targets by updating generations. This algorithm determines the dipping faults different parameters (amplitude factor, depth to the center of the upper part of the layer, depth to the center of the lower part of the layer, fault dip angle, and the origin of the fault trace). Herein, the PSO algorithm is applied to noise‐free synthetic data, synthetic data contaminated with different random noise levels (5%, 10%, and 15%) and real field gravity data from Egypt. The applicability and efficiency of the PSO inversion algorithm are well demonstrated for synthetic and field gravity data. The errors of the different estimated parameters are calculated for synthetic data, also, the root mean square error is calculated for synthetic and real data. The parameters estimated from real data matches well with that resulted from different published techniques. From the results obtained by using the present technique, we can apply the proposed technique in different applications, like mining and ore exploration.