bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Emprendedurismo, movilización social e innovación: la gestión de residuos en municipios argentinos
Authors: Gutiérrez Ricardo Alberto , Stevanato Ana Beatriz
Published: August 2021

La gestión integral de los residuos sólidos urbanos (GIRSU) ha cobrado preponderancia en los últimos años en Argentina debido a sus implicancias sociales, económicas y ambientales. Si bien formalmente se ha adoptado el modelo GIRSU, los resultados en los distintos municipios argentinos son dispares. En este trabajo se busca explicar, a partir de la teoría de la innovación social, cómo y en qué condiciones seis municipios argentinos lograron avances en la gestión de sus residuos. Los resultados muestran que existen dos fuentes de innovación: el emprendedurismo y la movilización social. Además, se identifican tres factores adicionales que moldean el proceso de innovación: la existencia de un entorno innovador, los recursos económicos disponibles y las coaliciones entre actores estatales y sociales.
Como hombre de negocios en Colombia (1911-1929)
Authors: Sitarz Hans
Published: August 2021

Hans Sitarz (1889-1958) fue un comerciante y banquero proveniente de Europa, que vivió gran parte de su vida en América Latina y en los Estados Unidos. Con la presente publicación, se ponen, por primera vez, a disposición de un amplio público lector, extractos de sus anotaciones personales. Se trata de un importante período de su vida, entre 1911 y 1929, años vividos en Colombia. Además, se han adjuntado como complemento dos informes redactados por él sobre este país durante 1942-1943 y 1944. Sitarz elaboró estos textos a comienzos de los años cincuenta con máquina de escribir y los completó con observaciones en manuscrito alemán. Para esto se basó en su diario y en su excelente memoria. El manuscrito se encuentra en poder de su hija Anneliese Sitarz en Summit, Nueva Jersey. El autor falleció antes de la ansiada impresión. ¿Cuál es el contenido del presente libro? Se trata esencialmente de la descripción del ascenso de Sitarz, desde su cargo inicial como simple empleado subalterno, a director de banco, con amplias facultades de decisión. El autor relata aspectos de su trayectoria, las empresas en las que laboró, la cultura empresarial de estas firmas, así como sobre las personas con quienes trabajó. Además describe la economía, la sociedad y las costumbres de ciertos grupos en las regiones visitadas por él.
TATALAKSANA DISINFEKSI BANDAR UDARA SAAT PANDEMIK COVID-19
Authors: Alfian Ferdi , Brahmanti Radistrya S , Anditiarina Dasti
Published: August 2021

Adanya bandar udara internasional maka transmisi penyakit COVID-19 dengan mudah dapat terjadi di negara-negara lain sehingga dinyatakan sebagai pandemi oleh World Health Organization. Mempertimbangkan bahwa bandar udara dapat menjadi port of entry suatu penyakit infeksius, maka penting bagi stakeholder bandar udara untuk memiliki tatalaksana disinfeksi yang tepat dan efektif dalam rangka mencegah transmisi Covid-19. Setiap bandar udara, terutama yang internasional, penting untuk menerapkan prosedur dan panduan cara disinfeksi yang baik dan benar, disesuaikan dengan kemampuan dan kebutuhan masing-masing, guna mencegah penyebaran Covid-19 lebih lanjut dinegara asal maupun dinegara tujuan.
Impact of Social Distancing in Curbing COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kurniawan M. Ammar Luthfi , Hidayat Litania Leona , Shafira Jihan Natra , Liberty Iche Andriyani
Published: August 2021

Social distancing includes strategies to ban public gatherings and advise individuals to stay at their home or maintain distance to one another by at least 1-2 meters. This study aims to intend to assess all the available evidence of social distancing in decreasing COVID-19 transmission in the general population. We conducted an electronic search of published literature using MEDLINE/Pubmed, Science direct, PMC, Wiley, and Google Scholar and we use Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist to assess methodological qualities. A total of 7 articles were decided to be included in this study. Social distancing has curb down the number and saved approximately 10 thousand Brazilian lives. A study by VoPham et al on the association of social distancing and COVID-19 incidence found higher social distancing was associated with a 29% reduction of COVID-19 incidence (adjusted IRR 0.71;95% CI (0,57-0,87) and 35% reduction of COVID-19 mortality (adjusted IRR 0,65; 95% CI 0,55-0,76). Social distancing is one of the major policies implemented for long-term behavioral adjustment in managing the COVID-19 pandemic. Passive social distancing is not enough to drag down the number, there needs to be large scale testing, isolation, and contact tracing. However, we believe we have illuminated the impact of social distancing on the COVID-19 pandemic and add to the available literature the basis of social distancing in reducing transmission of COVID-19.
A magyar rendészeti felsőoktatás jelene és jövője
Authors: Christián László , Hautzinger Zoltán , Kovács Gábor
Published: August 2021

A Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem létrejöttével a Rendészettudományi Karon folytatott rendészeti képzések új dimenzióba kerültek, amelyek fejlődése folyamatos és jól nyomon követhető. A tanulmány röviden bemutatja a Karon végzett rendészeti felsőoktatás alap- és mesterképzési rendszerét, jelenlegi helyzetét, kilátásait, valamint felvillantja mindazokat a kezdeményezéseket is, amelyek átfogó  jelleggel igyekeznek a rendészeti felsőoktatás számára új irányokat meghatározni.
A rendőr akadémiától az egyetemig
Authors: Finszter Géza
Published: August 2021

Az 1946-ban szervezett első rendőrtiszti tanfolyamoktól a Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetemig hosszú út vezetett. A rendészeti tanintézetek alapításánál nehezen megválaszolható kérdések egész sora fogalmazódik meg. Ezek a felvételi követelményektől a  képzési szintek kijelölésén át, az elmélet és a gyakorlat helyes arányainak kialakításáig terjednek. Az útkeresés napjainkban is tart. A  rendőrakadémiai felfogás abból indul ki, hogy a rendészeti szakemberek képzése olyan intézményi rendet követel, amely a rendészeti  hivatalok belső világát viszi el az alma materekbe. A rendészet vezető értelmiségének oktatása ellenben az egyetemi autonómia és a  rendvédelmi szervezetek szigorú rendjének harmóniáját keresi. A tanulmány ezeket az alternatívákat tekinti át.
Rendőrtisztképzés az Európai Unió néhány országában, jó gyakorlatok
Authors: Fórizs Sándor , Mészáros Bence
Published: August 2021

50 éve vette kezdetét a felsőoktatási keretek között zajló rendőrtisztképzés hazánkban. Azóta a felkészítés jelentős fejlődésen ment keresztül a Rendőrtiszti Főiskola jogutódján, a Nemzeti Közszolgálati Egyetem Rendészettudományi Karán. A különböző mesterképzési  szakok (többek között rendészeti vezető, illetve kriminalisztika mesterképzés, civilek számára biztonsági szervező mesterképzés)  alapításától a Rendészettudományi Doktori Iskola akkreditálásáig sok előremutató változás történt a képzésfejlesztés területén. A  szerzők a jeles évforduló alkalmából megvizsgálják az Egyesült Királyság és az Európai Unió néhány tagországa hasonló jellegű  felkészítéseinek sajátosságait, bemutatják az azokban érvényesülő, esetlegesen hazánkban is felhasználható jó gyakorlatokat. Az  olvasó a tanulmányból megismerheti a rendőrtisztképzést folytató intézményekbe történő bekerülés nemzeti sajátosságait, a  bachelor- és masterképzések szerkezeti, tartalmi megoldásait és egyes kapcsolódó PhD-kurzusokat. A tanulmány bemutatja néhány,  rendőrtisztek képzését végző külföldi felsőoktatási intézmény szervezeti felépítését, számba veszi azok egyéb lehetséges feladatait,  mint például a rendőrségi továbbképzésben vagy a magánbiztonsági felkészítésben részvétel. A téma iránt érdeklődő megismerhet  olyan megoldásokat, amelyekben a rendőri felkészítés polgári felsőoktatási intézményekben történik. A szerzők által elvégzett  kitekintés értékeli a rendőrtisztképzés irányításának lehetséges szakmai változatait, az abban részt vevő hallgatók jogi helyzetét, az  elhelyezésük és felkészítésük, valamint a beosztásba helyezésük fontosabb kérdéseit.
Pumice as Precursor in Geopolymer Paste and Mortar
Authors: Kabay Nihat , Mert Mumin , Miyan Nausad , Omur Tarik
Published: August 2021

Natural rocks of magmatic origin are alternative precursors in alkali-activated materials and provide opportunities in the search for more environmentally friendly binders compared to portland cement. The pumice is one of these rocks and its amorphous structure and chemical composition make it one of the candidates as a precursor in producing geopolymer binder when finely ground. Since the majority of the pumice reserves are located in Turkey increases its potential utilization in this area, even more. This paper evaluates the physical, mechanical, and microstructural properties of geopolymer pastes and mortars manufactured with pumice powder (PP) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (BFS) with the activating agents sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), and sodium silicate (SS) solution. The experimental results showed that the compressive strength of the geopolymer pastes was mainly affected by the activator concentration and the PP ratio, rather than the activator type, for single activator mixes. However, the incorporation of SS changed this trend as the KOH and SS combination resulted in higher compressive strength compared to the NaOH and SS. The gradual increase of the PP ratio in the mix design decreased the density and thermal conductivity, on the other hand, increased the water absorption values of the geopolymer mortars. However, the physical properties were insignificantly changed in geopolymer mortars incorporating 60, 70, and 80% of PP in the binder.
Translation of Traditional Chinese Medicine: Gains vs. Losses
Authors: Zhu Pinfan
Published: August 2021

Translation criteria have always been a controversial topic in contemporary discourse. Depending on the preference for valuing the cultural messages of the source language or valuing the acceptability of the target language, translation theorists mainly fall within two schools: the adaptation school and the alienation school. However, whatever criterion is used, gains and losses are inevitable in the process of translation. In this article, the author, through textual analyses, proves this argument by providing specific findings from the case study of Traditional Chinese Medicine translation. He also argues that the best result of translation lies in choosing the right criterion that best accommodates the translation goal, which offers some help to translators who feel unsure about what translation criteria to abide by in their translation work.
The Theme of Loneliness and Perseverance in Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe and ‘The Wall’ by Marlene Haushofer
Authors: Brainee Hilda Jeyakumari
Published: August 2021

The current research has been developed to conduct a comparative analysis between the writings of Daniel Defoe and Marlene Haushofer. Each of the writing has been developed to highlight the various factors of life like society, individuality, isolation, and loneliness. In his writing, Daniel Defoe’s showed how people could take the driving position of life for control over loneliness. On the other hand, Marlene Haushofer in her writing showed the interconnection between modernized lifestyle and developing chances of loneliness. Both of the writers by their writing explore and depict the consequences and probability of different livelihoods. Research has been developed in the form so that the reason and the way of getting solutions over it will be in aligned form. Maintaining the logical sequences in the research work is essential to establish authenticity in research work. It enhances the reliability of the research result. Descriptive research methodology has been used in the research to understand the scope of progressing research work efficiency. Data collection has been done considering the secondary method. The research paper has been reviewed thoroughly to better understand the narrative style and the theme of writing. After the collection has been made, all of the data has been monitored to check their impact on the practical life of the individual. Research result has been provided with the multiple scopes for solution implication. Self-help along with professional scope has been analysed to make the conclusion more informative. The tracking and monitoring process has been highlighted in the discussion part to highlight the implication scope for health workers. On the other hand, it has provided hope for self-monitoring in terms of self-help to get better access to their lives. Phenomenological impact and personality resilience have been monitored to evaluate their impact in developing the consequences of loneliness in individual life. From the research analysis and findings, it has been concluded that self-monitoring and a suitable living environment are the best options to eradicate the chances of loneliness development.
The Proclaimer: An Emerging Medium for Literacy Promotion and Language Revitalization in Cameroon
Authors: Tasah James N.
Published: August 2021

Community response to the publication and effective reading of the translated New Testament (NT)  into Vernacular New Testament (Henceforth VNT) in different languages in particular, and literacy development in general was not sufficient enough before the inception of Audio Scriptures in Cameroon. One of the obstacles to the reading of the VNT among other literacy materials in local languages is illiteracy. This paper explores the use of Proclaimers (Audio Scriptures) in Bafut, Kom, Kako and Ngiemboon communities. It argues that their use is crucial in the generation of interest in literacy development and the revitalization of the target languages. Data for the study was obtained through quantitative and qualitative approaches. The findings revealed that the effective use of Audio Scriptures enhances the reading of the translated VNT and arouse interest in  literacy promotion and the revitalization of the languages under study. The findings are in line with the 20th-century realities of the social media, where there is a growing use of Scriptural and other relevant indigenous information on audio and video formats for effective dissemination and comprehension.
Interpretation and Translation of Figures of Speech in the Holy Qur’an: Implications and Theory
Authors: RSHAID ALSHAMMARI HASAN , ABUISAAC SHEHDA R.S.
Published: August 2021

This study attempts to examine how rhetorical speech acts interface at the lexicosemantic and pragma-emotive levels in the Qur’an. It examines how these acts are interpreted and translated into English despite the fact that one speech act may convey two or more figures of speech i.e., irony, exaggeration, understatement, satire, etc.   The selected data samples are methodologically classified and interpreted according to Allusional Pretence Theory by Nakamura, and Nida’s Theory of Equivalence. The data samples are qualitatively analysed. The findings show first that there is a vast body of multiple functions and dissociative thoughts resulting from rhetorical speech acts interface in the Qur’anic discourse. The findings show that translating interrelated rhetorical speech acts is a formidable challenging task due to fundamental differences in the syntactic, semantic, phonological and pragmatic aspects differentiating the Arabic linguistic system from its English counterpart. Componential Analysis Approach is found essential in solving the semantic ambiguities of the source language lexical items into the target language text.
Redefining Literacy in a Digital Age: The Role of Instructors in Promoting Digital Literacy
Authors: Anani Gifty Edna , Lamptey Harriet  Koshie , Frempong Clara Ofosua
Published: August 2021

Global technological advancement is changing information dissemination among literates and non-literates. This new development seems to be influencing the definition of literacy. The current paper discusses the changing paradigm from the old perspective of literacy to a new literacy, which is radically affecting every sphere of life, especially education. This position paper shows how this new literacy, driven by ICT (Information and Communication Technology), is shaping the character of the human being, and determining the ways through which knowledge and skills are acquired, thus influencing new expeditions of the school curriculum. This paper attempts a deconstruction of the different arguments advanced for ICT-driven literacy and education. While agreeing that some adverse effects and constraints come along with these new technologies, I am convinced that their dominance is inevitable. As such, the earlier educational stakeholders embrace this new concept and equip the learner with modern literacy skills, the better it would be for the collective benefits of instructors and learners.
The Relative Contribution of Patterns of Exposure to Community Violence in Predicting Aggressive Behaviours and Fear Among a Sample of Children in The Age (4-5 Years)
Authors: Bopaeda Mansour Mohammed Ali
Published: August 2021

This study aims to identify the relative contribution of patterns of exposure to community violence in predicting aggressive behavior and fear among a sample of children in the age (4-5) years, on a sample of (200) children from the Riyadh kindergarten, including (94) males and females. (106) Female The researchers used the scale of exposure to community violence, the modified version prepared by Fox, & Leavitt (1995). To measure the level of exposure to violence and the scale of aggression and anxiety derived from the list of behavioral problems for children. The results indicated a high level of exposure to community violence among children, and there were differences between males and females in the level of exposure to community violence, and a significant relationship was found between exposure to community violence, aggressive behavior and anxiety, and exposure to community violence as a victim predicted at a significance level (0.01) of aggressive behavior and fear. Both the total degree and exposure to violence as a witness do not predict aggressive behavior and fear, and therefore it can be said that the greatest contribution to influencing aggression and fear in children comes from exposure to violence as a victim.
From Literati to Digirati: The Experiences of College Freshmen
Authors: Lajera Jennifer C. , Argate Rex , Cabañero Delfin T. , Villahermosa Rosella A.
Published: August 2021

The main intent of the study was to explore the experiences of first-year college students in their computer literacy subjects in their senior high school. Specifically, this study answered the following subproblems: the positive experiences of the informants in enhancing their academic performance through computers and the constraints they experienced in the implementation of the ICT curriculum during their senior high school.  This study employed a qualitative method of research with the aid of an interview guide to inquire about the students’ experiences in computers during their senior high school. Twenty informants were interviewed individually. The researcher utilized an interview guide and audiotaped with the informants' consent. Thematic analysis was utilized to interpret data and identify meaningful information and organize it into themes. Based on the findings, six themes emerged: Enhanced Learning in Microsoft Office Tools, Practical Application of Knowledge, Better Job Opportunities, Inadequate Number of Computers and Slow Internet Connectivity, Ineffective Teaching Strategies, and Unqualified Teachers.
Distinguishing Voices in The Waste Land using Computational Stylistics
Authors: Brooke Julian , Hammond Adam , Hirst Graeme
Published: August 2021

T. S. Eliot’s poem The Waste Land is a notoriously challenging example of modernist poetry, mixing the independent viewpoints of over ten distinct characters without any clear demarcation of which voice is speaking when. In this work, we apply unsupervised techniques in computational stylistics to distinguish the particular styles of these voices, offering a computer’s perspective on longstanding debates in literary analysis. Our work includes a model for stylistic segmentation that looks for points of maximum stylistic variation, a k-means clustering model for detecting non-contiguous speech from the same voice, and a stylistic profiling approach which makes use of lexical resources built from a much larger collection of literary texts. Evaluating using an expert interpretation, we show clear progress in distinguishing the voices of The Waste Land as compared to appropriate baselines, and we also offer quantitative evidence both for and against that particular interpretation.
Abstract Representations of Plot Structure
Authors: Elsner Micha
Published: August 2021

Since the 18th century, the novel has been one of the defining forms of English writing, a mainstay of popular entertainment and academic criticism. Despite its importance, however, there are few computational studies of the large-scale structure of novels—and many popular representations for discourse modeling do not work very well for novelistic texts. This paper describes a high-level representation of plot structure which tracks the frequency of mentions of different characters, topics and emotional words over time. The representation can distinguish with high accuracy between real novels and artificially permuted surrogates; characters are important for eliminating random permutations, while topics are effective at distinguishing beginnings from ends.
Dynamic Argument Structure
Authors: Jezek Elisabetta , Pustejovsky James
Published: August 2021

This paper presents a new classification of verbs of change and modification, proposing a dynamic interpretation of the lexical semantics of the predicate and its arguments. Adopting the model of dynamic event structure proposed in Pustejovsky (2013), and extending the model of dynamic selection outlined in Pustejovsky and Jezek (2011), we define a verb class in terms of its Dynamic Argument Structure (DAS), a representation which encodes how the participants involved in the change behave as the event unfolds. We address how the logical resources and results of change predicates are realized syntactically, if at all, as well as how the exploitation of the resource results in the initiation or termination of a new object, i.e. the result. We show how DAS can be associated with a dynamically encoded event structure representation, which measures the change making reference to a scalar component, modelled in terms of assignment and/or testing of values of attributes of participants.
Syntactic composition and selectional preferences in Hindi Light Verb Constructions
Authors: Vaidya Ashwini , Rambow Owen , Palmer Martha
Published: August 2021

Previous work on light verb constructions (e.g. chorii kar ‘theft do; steal’) in Hindi describes their syntactic formation via co-predication (Ahmed et al., 2012, Butt, 2014). This implies that both noun and light verb contribute their arguments, and these overlapping argument structures must be composed in the syntax. In this paper, we present a co-predication analysis using Tree-Adjoining Grammar, which models syntactic composition and semantic selectional preferences without transformations (deletion or argument identification). The analysis has two key components (i) an underspecified category for the nominal and (ii) combinatorial constraints on the noun and light verb to specify selectional preferences. The former has the advantage of syntactic composition without argument identification and the latter prevents over-generalization, while recognizing the semantic contribution of both predicates. This work additionally accounts for the agreement facts for the Hindi LVC.
Parsed Corpus as a Source for Testing Generalizations in Japanese Syntax
Authors: Kishimoto Hideki , Pardeshi Prashant
Published: August 2021

In this paper, we discuss constituent ordering generalizations in Japanese. Japanese has SOV as its basic order, but a significant range of argument order variations brought about by ‘scrambling’ is permitted. Although scrambling does not induce much in the way of semantic effects, it is conceivable that marked orders are derived from the unmarked order under some pragmatic or other motivations. The difference in the effect of basic and derived order is not reflected in native speaker’s grammaticality judgments, but we suggest that the intuition about the ordering of arguments may be attested in corpus data. By using the Keyaki treebank (a proper subset of which is NINJAL Parsed Corpus of Modern Japanese (NPCMJ)), it is shown that the naturally-occurring corpus data confirm that marked orderings of arguments are less frequent than their unmarked ordering counterparts. We suggest some possible motivations lying behind the argument order variations.
Probing the nature of an island constraint with a parsed corpus: A case study on the Coordinate Structure Constraint in Japanese
Authors: Kubota Yusuke , Kubota Ai
Published: August 2021

This paper presents a case study of the use of the NINJAL Parsed Corpus of Modern Japanese (NPCMJ) for syntactic research. NPCMJ is the first phrase structure-based treebank for Japanese that is specifically designed for application in linguistic (in addition to NLP) research. After discussing some basic methodological issues pertaining to the use of treebanks for theoretical linguistics research, we introduce our case study on the status of the Coordinate Structure Constraint (CSC) in Japanese, showing that NPCMJ enables us to easily retrieve examples that support one of the key claims of Kubota and Lee (2015): that the CSC should be viewed as a pragmatic, rather than a syntactic constraint. The corpus-based study we conducted moreover revealed a previously unnoticed tendency that was highly relevant for further clarifying the principles governing the empirical data in question. We conclude the paper by briefly discussing some further methodological issues brought up by our case study pertaining to the relationship between linguistic research and corpus development.
Adding linguistic information to parsed corpora
Authors: Pintzuk Susan
Published: August 2021

No matter how comprehensively corpus builders design their annotation schemes, users frequently find that information is missing that they need for their research. In this methodological paper I describe and illustrate five methods of adding linguistic information to corpora that have been morphosyntactically annotated (=parsed) in the style of Penn treebanks. Some of these methods involve manual operations; some are executed by CorpusSearch functions; some require a combination of manual and automated procedures. Which method is used depends almost entirely on the type of information to be added and the goals of the user. Of course, the main goal, regardless of method, is to record within the corpus additional information that can be used for analysis and also retained through further searches and data processing.
The Same Semantic Relations Link Structurally Different Realizations of Concepts
Authors: Nastase Vivi , Szpakowicz Stan
Published: August 2021

To make sense of an utterance, people identify in its linear linguistic expression the concepts and the connections between them. A concept normally has a lexical realization; connections between concepts often do not, but they are perceived even without the benefit of lexical cues. Making these connections – called semantic relations in the field of natural language processing – relies on the form and structure of linguistic expressions, and the concepts these expressions evoke. This implies two levels: the level of the text, the linguistic expression with its form and (grammatical) structure, and the level of the concepts which the speaker wants to convey.

An overview of the literature shows that semantic relations are, for pragmatic reasons, a means to an end – extract information, explain the links between the head of a phrase and its arguments, and so on – and that is why they are analyzed from the perspective of what they link. At the text level, the process of semantic relation analysis is informed by syntactic elements – noun phrases, verbs and their arguments, clauses and so on – thus differentiating semantic relations based on the complexity of the syntactic constructions in which their arguments appear. At the conceptual level, the same semantic relation is assigned to pairs of concepts, regardless of their surface expression. The process can be said to disregard the implications of having syntactic constructions of various complexity correspond to the concepts linked.

In this article, we propose to put semantic relations first: analyze them, determine what constraints they place on the concepts they connect, and how those concepts can be lexicalized. Lexicalization takes place via expressions of increasing syntactic complexity: phrases, clauses and multi-clause sentences. Next, we show how the linguistic phenomena involved in producing different lexicalizations explain – in a systematic manner – how semantic relations can have instances in syntactic constructions of various complexity. We focus on binary semantic relations between concepts/textual elements within sentences.

This kind of analysis leads to a better understanding of the relations themselves and to a systematic account of phenomena related to their occurrence in texts. It reveals some of the assumptions and linguistic gaps people fill when they recognize relations in text. From the computational point of view of text processing, such a solid basis of the analysis of semantic relations adds consistency. Evidence for a particular relation can come from all its instances in a text, regardless of the syntactic form of the concepts it connects. Knowledge of the expected concepts and their syntactic realization may signal the presence of covert or implied information, which we can then work to retrieve. Assigning a semantic relation should be a conscious choice, with the understanding of what implications such a tag has both for the implicitly and explicitly expressed elements of a concept.
Computational strategies for reducing annotation effort in language documentation
Authors: Palmer Alexis , Moon Taesun , Baldridge Jason , Erk Katrin , Campbell Eric , Can Telma
Published: August 2021

With the urgent need to document the world's dying languages, it is important to explore ways to speed up language documentation efforts. One promising avenue is to use techniques from computational linguistics to automate some of the process. Here we consider unsupervised morphological segmentation and active learning for creating interlinear glossed text (IGT) for the Mayan language Uspanteko. The practical goal is to produce a totally annotated corpus that is as accurate as possible given limited time for manual annotation. We discuss results from several experiments that suggest there is indeed much promise in these methods but also show that further development is necessary to make them robustly useful for a wide range of conditions and tasks. We also provide a detailed discussion of how two documentary linguists perceived machine support in IGT production and how their annotation performance varied with different levels of machine support.
Affective ‘this’
Authors: Potts Christopher , Schwarz Florian
Published: August 2021

Lakoff (1974) argues that affective demonstratives in English are markers of solidarity, with exclamative overtones deriving from their close association with evaluative predication. Focusing on this, we seek to inform these claims using quantitative corpus evidence. Our experiments suggest that affectivity is not limited to specific uses of this, but rather that it arises in a wide range of linguistic and discourse contexts. We also briefly extend our methodology to demonstrative that and to German diese- (‘this’).
A Task-Based Evaluation of French Morphological Resources and Tools
Authors: Bernhard Delphine , Cartoni Bruno , Tribout Delphine
Published: August 2021

Morphology is a key component for many Language Technology applications. However, morphological relations, especially those relying on the derivation and compounding processes, are often addressed in a superficial manner. In this article, we focus on assessing the relevance of deep and motivated morphological knowledge in Natural Language Processing applications. We first describe an annotation experiment whose goal is to evaluate the role of morphology for one task, namely Question Answering (QA). We then highlight the kind of linguistic knowledge that is necessary for this particular task and propose a qualitative analysis of morphological phenomena in order to identify the morphological processes that are most relevant. Based on this study, we perform an intrinsic evaluation of existing tools and resources for French morphology, in order to quantify their coverage. Our conclusions provide helpful insights for using and building appropriate morphological resources and tools that could have a significant impact on the application performance.
Computational Linguistics without Linguistics? View from Prague
Authors: Hajičová Eva
Published: August 2021

We want to demonstrate on some selected linguistic issues that classical structural and functional linguistics even with its seemingly traditional approaches has something to offer to a formal description of language and its applications in natural language processing and to illustrate by a brief reference to Functional Generative Grammar (on the theoretical side of CL) and Prague Dependency Treebank (on the applicational side) a possible interaction between linguistics and CL.
Adding an Annotation Layer to the Hindi/Urdu Treebank
Authors: Hautli Annette , Sulger Sebastian , Butt Miriam
Published: August 2021

This paper proposes an additional layer of annotation for the recently established Hindi/Urdu Treebank. Despite the fact that the treebank already features a number of annotation layers such as phrase structure, dependency relations and predicate-argument structure, we see potential for the inclusion of a dependency layer generated from Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) f-structures with relations that we believe are crucial for a deep analysis of Urdu/Hindi. The suggestions are based on theoretical and computational investigations into Urdu/Hindi in the context of the Urdu ParGram grammar, through which we can automatically create the additional annotation layer.
Linguistic Annotations for a Diachronic Corpus of German
Authors: Hinrichs Erhard , Zastrow Thomas
Published: August 2021

This paper describes the TüBa-D/DC, a diachronic corpus of German that uses selected materials from the German Gutenberg Project and enriches them with different linguistic annotation layers, including part-of-speech, lemmata, and constituent structure. Linguistic annotation is performed automatically by using statistical tools that have been trained with data from the Tübinger Baumbank des Deutschen (TüBaD/Z). In order to assess the annotation quality, an evaluation of the POS tagging is performed on the basis of a data sample of texts that range from the 13th to the 20th century. The paper concludes with a description of three different query mechanisms provided for the user.
Parallel Treebanking Spanish-Quechua
Authors: Rios Annette , Göhring Anne , Volk Martin
Published: August 2021

Parallel treebanking is greatly facilitated by automatic word alignment. We work on building a trilingual treebank for German, Spanish and Quechua. We ran different alignment experiments on parallel Spanish-Quechua texts, measured the alignment quality, and compared these results to the figures we obtained aligning a comparable corpus of Spanish-German texts. This preliminary work has shown us the best word segmentation to use for the agglutinative language Quechua with respect to alignment. We also acquired a first impression about how well Quechua can be aligned to Spanish, an important prerequisite for bilingual lexicon extraction, parallel treebanking or statistical machine translation.
Compositional Syntax-based Phrase-level Polarity Annotation for German
Authors: Klenner Manfred , Clematide Simon , Petrakis Stefanos , Luder Marc
Published: August 2021

We introduce the task of word and phrase-level polarity annotation for German as part of an attempt to develop a compositional theory of clause-level polarity determination. Thus, annotations should give access to the nested building blocks, the structural strata of polarity composition. Therefore and in contrast to existing polarity-tagged corpora, we annotate not exclusively on the basis of surface strings, but argue that proper polarity annotation of complex phrases requires access to their syntactic structures. We discuss the principles of our treebank design, and present the inter-annotator agreement of our kick-off annotations on a test suite of 270 sentences that was compiled specifically to contain interesting polarity combinations.
Towards a Semantic Model for Textual Entailment Annotation
Authors: Toledo Assaf , Alexandropoulou Stavroula , Chesney Sophie , Katrenko Sophia , Klockmann Heidi , Kokke Pepijn , Kruit Benno , Winter Yoad
Published: August 2021

We introduce a new formal semantic model for annotating textual entailments that describes restrictive, intersective, and appositive modification. The model contains a formally defined interpreted lexicon, which specifies the inventory of symbols and the supported semantic operators, and an informally defined annotation scheme that instructs annotators in which way to bind words and constructions from a given pair of premise and hypothesis to the interpreted lexicon. We explore the applicability of the proposed model to the Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE) 1–4 corpora and describe a first-stage annotation scheme on which we based the manual annotation work. The constructions we annotated were found to occur in 80.65% of the entailments in RTE 1–4 and were annotated with cross-annotator agreement of 68% on average. The annotated parts of the RTE corpora are publicly available for further research.
The document as a cognitive object
Authors: Sokolov A. V.
Published: August 2021

The problem of scholarly knowledge strata is one of the key subjects in modern philosophy of science and epistemology (theory of knowledge). The threelevel model is the most popular in the document sphere as a sociocultural domain; it comprises empirical, theoretical and philosophical scientific knowledge. The author describes collision and contradictions between theoretical documentology and the empirical disciplines of document studies and book studies. He appraises achievements of empirical knowledge in the documentosphere and compares theoretical and methodological ways of three types: informational, conventional and medialogical ones. The author is skeptical about the following statement: the concept of document is relative, conventional and conditional in its essence. The author examines “The Strategy for Librarianship in the Russian Federation for the Period up to the Year 2030”. He insists that the Strategy has to be supported by the scientific strategy aimed to promote each level of empirical, theoretical and philosophical knowledge. He is also concerned about lacking philosophical level in document studies. The wisdom of philosophy lies in its comprising both rational and irrational sides of objects being studied. With document rational and irrational attributes in view, he offers the philosophical definition of document: document is the statement of humanness within social environment and historical time. This definition comprises anthropological and national variations of homo sapiens and philosophical concept of humanness as the unity of the opposite universal principles – the material and ideal.
Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Efficacy and Cost Effectiveness of a Ready-to-Use Applicator Containing Iodine Povacrylex and Isopropyl Alcohol Compared with Conventional Skin Scrubbing and Painting in Patients Undergoing Colorectal Surgery
Authors: Tanjak Pariyada , Thiengtrong Benjarat , Lohsiriwat Darin , Lohsiriwat Varut , Leelaratsamee Amorn , Chinswangwatanakul Vitoon
Published: August 2021

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of a ready-to-use applicatorcontaining iodine povacrylex and isopropyl alcohol (IPIA) for the prevention of surgical site infection (SSI) followingintra-abdominal surgery.Materials and Methods: The IPIA was randomly used in patients who underwent colorectal surgical procedures.The control group for comparison was a group of patients who underwent colorectal surgical procedures usingconventional skin scrubbing and painting with antiseptic solutions without IPIA. In total, 100 patients were includedin the study, randomized into 2 groups: one was applied IPIA and another group a conventional skin preparation.The outcome measurements included ease-of-use as assessed by a questionnaire, preparation time comparison,estimated skin preparation expense, adverse reactions, and rate of SSI. All the patients were visited daily up to 7 dayspostoperation or until discharge, and then 14 and 30 days postoperatively for monitoring the occurrence of SSI.Results: Of the 100 patients undergoing elective intra-abdominal surgery enrolled in the study, 51 were males and49 females, with the mean age of 63.5 ± 11.3 years. The majority of the patients had undergone colorectal cancercolectomies or rectal resections. There was no mortality. Seven patients (7%) had postoperative SSI (4 patients inthe control group and 3 patients in the IPIA group, 4% vs. 3%, p = 0.45). The bacterial cultures revealed Gramnegative-bacilli in all of the patients with SSI. The preparation time for the skin preparation was 5.48 ± 2.49 min inthe control group and 2.65 ± 1.55 min in the IPIA group (p = 0.002), without statistical significance of expenses.Conclusion: IPIA was demonstrated to be as safe and effective as conventional antiseptic solutions as a skinpreparation to prevent SSI following colorectal surgery. With good ease of use, IPIA proved more convenient thana scrubbing preparation as well as offered better cost effectiveness by significantly reducing the time and cost ofthe skin preparation.
Human Travelling and COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Ruksakulpiwat Suebsarn , Zhou Wendie , Chiaranai Chantira , Vonck Jane E.
Published: August 2021

Objective: To determine whether there is a relationship between the extent of human travel and the number of COVID-19 cases in Thailand. Materials and Methods: The data set on monthly COVID-19 in Thailand between January and July 2020 were retrieved from the Ministry of Public Health, Thailand. Data regarding people’s travel in Thailand during the COVID-19 pandemic and for the same period of 2019 were retrieved from Open Government Data of Thailand. A paired t-test was used to compare the differences between the number of journeys made in each mode of transport in 2019 (January - July) and 2020 (January - July). Pearson’s product-moment correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationships among studied variables. Results: A Paired Samples t-test showed that from January until July 2020, the number of journeys made by public buses, ships, and airplanes declined by more than 50% from the previous year (p < 0.05). Pearson correlation coefficients showed that the mean monthly number of COVID-19 cases was significantly and inversely correlated with the number of public bus journeys made (r = -0.897, p < 0.01), the number of train journeys (r = -0.834, p < 0.05), ship journeys (r = -0.890, p < 0.01), and airplane journeys (r = -0.911, p < 0.01). There was no significant relationship between the number of COVID-19 cases and private car journeys (r = -0.405, p = 0.367). Conclusion: During the pandemic, the number of journeys has been decreased. Moreover, the correlation between the number of journeys and COVID-19 cases has been shown in our analysis.
Visual Inspection of Non-Prescription Monthly Colored Contact Lenses: Safety Issues for Contact Lens Wearers
Authors: Udomsuk Latiporn , Siramon Siripong
Published: August 2021

Objective: To survey the prevalence of non-prescription monthly colored contact lenses (CL) defects in an electronicmarketplace (e-marketplace) in Thailand using visual inspection (VI).Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included the 252 items listed from 23 online shops in ane-marketplace in Thailand during April 2021. Online customer reviews for each shop were examined and complaintsregarding colored CL product defects, delivery, services and abnormal symptoms after use were collected. Productpacking and visible internal and external product characteristics were visually inspected under sufficient light forthe prevalence of defects by three examiners.Results: Sixteen out of twenty-three online shops (69.57%) had customer complaints. Wrong delivery was the mostcommon complaint (60.87%). Five characteristics of product defects were described by customers, of which abnormalscratches/marks on CL (8.70%) was the most common. Abnormal symptoms after use were found in 43.84% of theshops. Two hundred and thirty-seven pairs of colored CL (94.05%), 470 vials and four blisters from 19 shops wereexamined. Defective products were found to be 8.02%. The most common visible external and internal productdefects were dirty products (3.80%) and foreign bodies in the original sealed manufacturer’s containers (1.90%),respectively. Other defects, e.g. scratched or peeling label, incompletely closed aluminum cap, surface wear of CL,abnormal scratches or marks on CL and immobility of CL in solution were also found.Conclusion: Non-prescription monthly colored CL in the e-marketplace have many visible defective characteristicsthat CL wearers should be concerned about. This study suggests that VI of CL products before use may be animportant potential safety factor for CL wearers.