bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potassium in Onion Nectar and its Probable Effect on Attractiveness of Onion Flowers to Honey Bees1
Authors: Waller G. D. , Carpenter E. W. , Ziehl O. A.
Published: August 2022

Levels of K in nectar of onion (Allium cepa L.) varied from 3600-13,000 ppm, about 10 times higher than that of nectar from competing flora tested. An open-pollinated amphidiploid derived from the interspecific cross A. cepa X A. fistulosum L. was the only onion with nectar K level as low as that of competing flora and it was more attractive to honey bees than was the common onion, A. cepa. Addition of K salts to sugar solutions at the rate of 1500, 3000, 4500, 6000, or 7500 ppm K clearly reduced uptake of these solutions by honey bees foraging at artificial-flower feeders. Thus, it appears that the levels of K in onion nectar are high enough to reduce the attractiveness of onion flowers to honey bees. It is suggested that pollination of onion flowers might be improved if nectar K levels can be reduced, either through a program of selective breeding or by altering cultural practices. An alternative solution might be to provide pollinators that readily accept the high K level present in onion nectar. This might be accomplished by preconditioning honey bees to accept high K levels in sugar solutions before they are moved to the onion seed fields, by developing a strain of honey bees with a preference for onion (high K) nectar, or by utilizing other species of pollinators.
The Utilization of Post-harvest Urea Sprays by Senescing Apple Leaves1
Authors: Kyung-Ku Shim , Titus J. S. , Splittstoesser W. E.
Published: August 2022

Senescing apple leaves absorbed 80% of applied urea in 48 hr with greater absorption in light than in darkness. The amount of urea absorbed paralleled the increase in the concn of soluble N and urea N. The bulk of the increase in soluble N was urea and the changes in total soluble N paralleled the changes in urea N. During leaf senescence, chlorophyll, total N and protein declined and much of this N was translocated into storage tissues. Trees which received a post-harvest urea spray produced a significantly greater amount of shoot growth and fruit set of apples than trees receiving no urea or a soil application of urea. The yield was not significantly different between trees receiving a 5% urea spray and trees receiving the soil application of urea. However, the efficiency of N utilization by a 5% urea spray was 4-fold greater than the soil application.
Effect of Various Endosperm Mutants on Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Whole Kernel Corn (Zea mays L.)1
Authors: Flora L. F. , Wiley R. C.
Published: August 2022

Oil content as extracted with chloroform - methanol ranged from 5.2 to 18.4% among the 12 mutant genotypes examined. GLC analysis of the methyl esters of the corn oil fatty acids showed widely significant differences in composition among the genotypes. Action of the opaque-2 gene on the inbred caused the greatest decrease in oil content and greatest increase in the proportion of polyunsaturates. The brittle-2 gene caused the greatest increase in oil content and greatest decrease in the proportion of polyunsaturates. A positive relationship was evident between saturated and oleic acids and oil content. An inverse relationship was evident between polyunsaturated acids and oil content.
Effect of Soil Temperature on Growth and Development of Some Woody Plants1
Authors: William Barr , Harold Pellett
Published: August 2022

Soil temp resulting in greatest root growth was generally lower than the soil temp resulting in greatest top growth. Roots produced at low soil temp were whiter, more succulent, thicker, and had fewer lateral roots than those produced at higher temp. Increased soil temp resulted in greater water use. Soil temp also influenced mineral content of the top.
Ozone Induced Foliar Injury in Lettuce and Radish Cultivars1
Authors: Reinert Richard A. , Tingey David T. , Carter Hershell B.
Published: August 2022

Eight lettuce and 9 radish cvs. were exposed for 1.5 hr to 70 and 35 pphm ozone, respectively, and ranked according to their sensitivity. ‘Dark Green Boston’ was the most sensitive while ‘Great Lakes’ and ‘Black-Seeded Simpson’ were the least sensitive of the lettuce cvs. tested. ‘Cherry Belle’ was the most sensitive and ‘Icicle’ was the least sensitive of the radish cvs.
Fruit Set and Development in the Pear: Extractable Endogenous Hormones in Parthenocarpic and Seeded Fruit1
Authors: Gil Gonzalo F. , Martin George C. , Griggs William H.
Published: August 2022

Flowers of cvs. Winter Nelis and Bartlett contained an equivalent amount of an acidic, auxin-like substance, which decreased in the following 30 days. Thereafter, until 70 days after full bloom (AFB), the substance increased in parthenocarpic ‘Bartlett’, remained relatively constant in seeded ‘Bartlett’, and declined in ‘Winter Nelis’. A neutral auxin-like promoter was detectable in flowers of the 2 cultivars, reaching a maximum between 40 and 65 days AFB. Also, flowers and fruitlets of both cultivars contained extractable gibberellin-like substances which were in greatest abundance about 25 days AFB. The concn of these GA-like promoters at this time was greater in parthenocarpic ‘Bartlett’ fruits than in seeded fruits of either cultivar. Relatively large amounts of an abscisic acid-like (ABA-like) inhibitor were present in ‘Bartlett’ and ‘Winter Nelis’ fruits for a short time AFB. The concn subsequently decreased in both cultivars, but in ‘Winter Nelis’ it increased again toward maturity. Pear extracts contained a bound inhibitor which was active after hydrolysis with β-glucosidase. Seeds of both cultivars and unfertilized ovules of parthenocarpic ‘Bartlett’ fruits had similar levels of an ABA-like inhibitor which increased concurrently with fruit growth. Inhibitors are present throughout fruit development, in contrast to promoters, which occur in sequential order.
Variation in Essential Leaf Oil Components of Citrus Due to Stubborn Disease and Leaf Size1
Authors: Scora R. W. , Roistacher C. N. , Labanauskas C. K.
Published: August 2022

The comparative analysis of leaf-oil components separated by vapor phase chromatography was tested on stubborn infected and non-infected sweet orange leaves as a possible new technique for detection of stubborn disease of citrus. Three leaf-oil components: citronellol, nerol, and geraniol were found reduced in the stubborn infected leaves, but the reduction was shown to be related to the smaller leaf size and not due to the stubborn pathogen. However, one component, linalool, showed an increase in stubborn or stunt infected leaves relative to respective controls. This increase was not related to leaf size, but probably due to the presence of the pathogen.
Influence of Genotype, Date of Sampling, and Age of Plant on Leaf Chemical Composition of Red Raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.)1
Authors: John Matt K. , Daubeny Hugh A.
Published: August 2022

Leaf B, Ca, S, and Mo levels differed markedly in 14 red raspberry genotypes, and significant differences of lesser magnitude occurred for N, P, K, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Sr, and Cd. Levels of Mn, Al, and Cu were not significantly affected by genotypes. All elemental concn, except those of Mg and Mo, were influenced significantly by sampling date in ‘Willamette’. Age of plant had little effect on leaf chemical composition.
Effects of Population Density, Plant Arrangement, and Fertilizers on Yield of Sweet Corn1
Authors: Mack H. J.
Published: August 2022

Sweet corn yields increased 35 to 55% as plant population increased from about 4,900 to 21,000 plants per ha under irrigated conditions. Ear wt was 10 to 15% less at the higher populations. Greatest difference in yield usually occurred as row spacing was reduced from 90 to 30 cm. Row spacing affected yield less than population. Some of the highest yields were from 30 × 30 cm spacings in equilateral triangles. Triangular spacing as close as 20 × 20 cm (46,000 plants per ha) produced smaller ears, more culls and lower yields. There were no significant interactions of fertilizer rates and populations on yield; however, minimum fertilizer rates were as high or higher than most commercial applications. Yields of ‘Jubilee’ were more favorably affected by narrow row spacings and higher populations than ‘Golden Cross Bantam’.
Inheritance of a Radiation-induced Light Sensitive Mutant of Cucumber1
Authors: Whelan Ernest D. P.
Published: August 2022

A mutation with a pleiotropic effect was obtained from progeny of cucumber seed exposed to 16,000 rads of gamma radiation. Mutants were marked in the seedling stage by pale color and reduced size of cotyledons. Leaves of mutant plants had normal color but the plants grew slowly. Height of plant, length of internodes and petioles, size of flower, leaves, and fruit were noticeably smaller than normal plants. The mutation was recessive and monogenic. Maternal effects were not evident and no linkage was detected with a gene affecting cotyledon bitterness. The mutants were affected by high light intensity, and regardless of plant age, became senescent and died within 7 days following exposure to full sunlight. The gene is designated ls (light sensitive).
Abscission Induction in the Olive by Cycloheximide1
Authors: Hartmann Hudson T. , El-Hamady Mostafa , Whisler John
Published: August 2022

Cycloheximide (CHI) at 20 to 30 ppm caused olive fruit abscission, and at higher concn, leaf abscission. Water potential in the tree was a strong factor influencing CHI-induced abscission. Reducing water loss by the prior application of antitranspirants (AT) greatly increased abscission due to cycloheximide. In addition, AT stimulated ethylene production resulting from CHI application. Prior application of a wax-type antitranspirant reduced fruit injury from cycloheximide. Increasing temp, from 4.5°C to 29.5°C (40° to 85°F), stimulated abscission due to cycloheximide. Up to 25% leaf abscission was tolerated without interfering with subsequent flower formation.
Internal Browning of Brussels Sprouts: A Calcium Deficiency Disorder1
Authors: Maynard Donald N. , Barker Allen V.
Published: August 2022

Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. gemmifera, Zenker) were grown in sand culture at variable Ca levels in the greenhouse. More Ca accumulated in leaves than in sprouts. With plant growth restricted by late seeding and low greenhouse temp, typical Ca deficiency symptoms occurred on the growing points of plants cultured at low Ca levels, but internal browning did not occur. When growth was enhanced by cultural modifications, sprout internal browning occurred at low Ca levels and decreased as Ca levels were increased. The incidence of internal browning was related to low Ca concn in sprouts.
Effects of Age and Position on Mineral Composition of Mango Leaves1
Authors: Koo R. C. J. , Young T. W.
Published: August 2022

As mango leaves increased in age, lower P and K contents were found, while Ca content was higher. The basal leaf was lower in N and Ca but higher in P and K contents when compared with the terminal leaf of the same shoots. Only small differences were observed when leaves were compared from fruiting and nonfruiting shoots. The practical application of data in sampling mango leaves is discussed.
A Comparison of Three Nucellar Selections of Red Grapefruit with Old Budline Redblush1
Authors: Maxwell Norman P. , Burns Edward E. , Wutscher Heinz K.
Published: August 2022

Virus-free nucellar budlines of red grapefruit and an old budline selection carrying exocortis and xyloporosis were grafted on sour orange rootstocks and grown under commercial conditions in the orchard. No differences were found in fruit quality. The old line trees produced the greatest tonnage of fruit for the first 7 years. By the tenth year the old budline trees were only 55-62% as large as the nucellar trees and were producing less fruit. Counting numbers of fruit above and below 96 ring size revealed no distinct differences in fruit size. This information should be vital to those concerned with early returns from citrus groves.
A Comparison of Ethephon, DCIB, SADH, and DPA for Abscission of Fruits, Flowers, and Floral Buds in Determinate Tomatoes1
Authors: Veliath J. A. , Ferguson A. C.
Published: August 2022

At the highest concentration, sodium 2,3-dichloroisobutyrate (DCIB), 2-(chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) and N-dimethylaminosuccinamic acid (SADH) produced abscission (flowers + floral buds) of approximately 90, 66, and 32%, respectively. DPA, at the rates used, produced no abscission. Only DCIB at 6000 ppm caused significant fruit drop. Ethephon and SADH were more effective for the abscission of buds than flowers, the reverse was true for DCIB. At the highest concentration, ethephon and DCIB produced approximately 35% abscission within 2 days, whereas with SADH abscission did not begin until 8 days after application. The chemicals × cluster-age interaction was highly significant.
The Effect of Rootstocks on Growth and Flowering of Apple Seedlings1
Authors: Visser T.
Published: August 2022

Flowering of seedlings was hastened on M IX and retarded on M XVI rootstocks, irrespective of the interstock and irrespective of the influence of rootstock or interstock on growth. Malus sikkimensis (Hook. f.) Koehne and M. hypehensis (Pamp.) Rehd. seedlings used as rootstocks reduced growth and retarded flowering.

Vigor and precocity of a rootstock are independent properties, in that the ability of a rootstock to induce early flowering is determined by its specific precocity only. Under optimal conditions for growth, seedlings on their own roots may flower as soon as on M IX. The latter profit less from such conditions due to the growth retarding effect of the grafting or budding operation proper. Therefore, unless orchard space is limited, there is little advantage in using a rootstock such as M IX for shortening the juvenile period of apple seedlings.
Effects of Growth Retardants and Fumigations With Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide on Growth and Flowering of Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.1
Authors: Cathey Henry M. , Heggestad Howard E.
Published: August 2022

Eight cultivars of poinsettia, Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd., were evaluated for sensitivity to α-cyclopropyl-α (4-methoxyphenyl)-5-pyrimidine methanol (ancymidol) and protection from ozone and sulfur dioxide injury afforded by applications of ancymidol and (2-chloroethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride (chlormequat). Foliar sprays of ancymidol were at least 80 to 500 times and the soil drench 1000 times more active than chlormequat in retarding stem elongation. The diam of the bracts was reduced, but branching increased more on plants treated with ancymidol than on untreated plants. The cv. Annette Hegg (AH) was more sensitive to ozone fumigations than was ‘Eckespoint C-l’ (C-l). Sulfur dioxide also caused more injury to AH than to C-l. Ancymidol and chlormequat reduced visible injury induced by ozone and sulfur dioxide.
Stimulation of Leaf Abscission of Tree Fruit Nursery Stock With Ethephon - Surfactant Mixtures1
Authors: Larsen Fenton E.
Published: August 2022

Combinations of ethephon and D-WK (Dupont-WK) surfactant were effective in stimulating leaf abscission of 20 cultivars in 5 species of tree fruit nursery stock. Species and cultivars varied considerably in sensitivity to mixtures of these chemicals, but 1 to 3 applications at weekly intervals of 200 to 400 ppm ethephon + 1 to 2% D-WK were generally effective. These treatments caused little xylem, phloem or bud damage except to ‘Early Redhaven’ peach and ‘Early Italian’ prune. ‘Rome’ apple was sensitive but was not damaged by concn of 200 ppm ethephon + 1% D-WK. D-WK stimulated leaf abscission when used alone at 1 to 2% but acted more slowly than when combined with ethephon. Ethephon alone at 200 to 400 ppm was usually relatively ineffective.
Fruit-set and Development in the Pear: Diffusible Growth Substances from Seeded and Seedless Fruits1
Authors: Gil Gonzalo F. , Martin George C. , Griggs William H.
Published: August 2022

Seasonal changes in natural growth substances were studied by collecting the diffusate, via the pedicel, from intact seeded ‘Winter Nelis’, seeded ‘Bartlett’, and parthenocarpic ‘Bartlett’ pear fruits. The diffusate of ‘Bartlett’ fruits collected 10 to 25 days after full bloom (AFB) contained more auxin-like promoter than did that of ‘Winter Nelis’ fruits. With the exception of the 45-day sample, the diffusate from parthenocarpic ‘Bartlett’ fruits had more promoter from 25 to 70 days (AFB) than did either seeded pear. In contrast, more gibberellin (GA)-like materials diffused from ‘Winter Nelis’ fruits than from seeded or parthenocarpic ‘Bartlett’ fruits. With all types of pears the concentration of abscisic acid-like materials in the diffusate was similar until harvest when the concentration was greater for ‘Winter Nelis’ than for ‘Bartlett’. The combined effect of relatively low amounts of auxin-like and greater amounts of GA-like materials may explain why the presence of seeded pears during the postbloom period has a greater inhibitory effect on flower bud formation in ‘Winter Nelis’ than in ‘Bartlett’.
Influence of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertility on Cold Acclimation of Roots and Stems of Two Container-Grown Woody Plant Species1
Authors: Pellett Norman E.
Published: August 2022

Nitrogen fertility levels during the summer and fall had little effect on cold acclimation of root or stem tissues of container-grown plants of Forsythia intermedia Zab. cv. Lynwood by mid-November 1969. Tissue N levels of roots decreased from August 1 to September 3, but had increased again on October 30. Nitrogen fertilization rates affected tissue levels of P and K in Forsythia roots. Nitrogen and P levels that resulted in acceptable plants had limited effect on cold acclimation of Cornus alba L. var. sibirica Loud and Forsythia roots and stems in late October or early November 1970. Increased N and P fertilization affected tissue levels of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg.
Ammonium Reduction of Calcium and Magnesium Content of Tomato and Sweet Corn Leaf Tissue and Influence on Incidence of Blossom End Rot of Tomato Fruit1
Authors: Wilcox Gerald E. , Hoff Johan E. , Jones Charles M.
Published: August 2022

Fertilization of tomato and sweetcorn seedlings with NH4-N generally resulted in growth reduction as well as reduced contents of Ca and Mg in the tissues to deficient or nearly deficient levels. The effects were more pronounced on tomatoes than on corn. Fertilization of plants, with a combination of NO3 + NH4-N resulted in Ca and Mg levels in the tissue intermediate between that of plants receiving NH4-N or NO3-N. Ammonium N applied during fruiting of tomato plants resulted in rapid development of blossom-end rot of the fruit, probably due to the influence of NH4-N on Ca uptake.
Pesticide Effects on the Plant Cuticle: I. Response of Brassica oleracea L. to EPTC as Indexed by Epicuticular Wax Production1
Authors: Flore J. A. , Bukovac M. J.
Published: August 2022

Production of epicuticular wax by expanding leaves of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata cv. Market Prize) was inhibited by S-ethyl dipropylthiocarbamate (EPTC) and trichloroacetic acid (TCA). Increasing the concentration of EPTC (0, 0.28, 0.56, 1.12 and 2.24 kg/ha) resulted in greater inhibition of epicuticular wax production. Both soil and foliar application of EPTC were effective. All leaves not fully expanded at time of application were affected, and no regeneration of epicuticular wax was evident after full leaf expansion. The difference between the amount of wax produced by the control and EPTC-treated plants gradually declined on those leaves which developed after EPTC application. This reduction was accompanied by an absence of wax bloom and a reduction of surface wax fine-structure.
Effect of Repeated N, P, K, and Lime Applications on Soil pH, P, and K Under Old and Young Pecan Trees1
Authors: Worley Ray E. , Harmon S. A. , Carter R. L.
Published: August 2022

Concentration of pecan roots in the 15-45 cm layer of soil and lower soil pH, P, and K in the 15-30 cm layer than in adjacent layers indicate that pecan trees are feeding primarily in this zone. Fertilization with N-containing complete fertilizers or NH4NO3 reduced soil pH gradually, and continued annual application gradually affected deeper soil layers. Phosphorus and K applications affected soil pH very little.

Continued annual applications of P gradually built up residual soil P (measured one year later) to high levels at all layers sampled for old trees over a 10-year period. When P applications were based on topsoil P levels, subsoil P level was not affected over a 5-year period.

Applications of K usually increased residual soil K, but rate effects were slow to appear in old trees and were often erratic. Rates of K were readily reflected in residual soil K levels at depths to 70 cm when rates were based on topsoil K level.
Soil Toxicity of 2,4-D to Pome Fruit Trees from Herbicide Application1
Authors: Benson Nels R. , Covey Ronald P.
Published: August 2022

Symptoms of 2,4-D injury were observed on apple and pear trees following commercial herbicide application. This was thought to be due to absorption from the soil. 2,4-D was found to move easily into orchard soils when applied to soil columns and irrigated. Concentrations in excess of 0.5 ppm occurred. Apple trees were damaged by this concentration. 2,4-D is readily inactivated in moist soil or on a moist soil surface. Less than one week is required for deactivation. Although field observations always indicated injury occurred when both 2,4-D and paraquat were applied together, laboratory and greenhouse studies indicated that paraquat did not increase 2,4-D movement or slow its deactivation.
A Possible Role of Catalase in the Rest of Peach, Prunus persica, Sieb. and Zucc., Flower Buds1
Authors: Kaminski W. , Rom R.
Published: August 2022

Catalase activity in peach flower buds was found to be comparatively high before winter dormancy. Chilling at 5°C resulted in a decrease in catalase activity. The lowest level was reached near the end of dormancy. Flower buds of cultivars requiring a longer chilling requirement had the greatest depression in catalase activity. The onset of 25°C temperature following a few days at 5°C delayed change in catalase activity during the next 5°C chilling period and resulted in a condition comparable to prolonged dormancy. Flower buds near the end of rest or in a post dormant rest when placed at 25°C showed a rapid increase in catalase activity. A flower bud’s ability to rejuvenate its catalase level is correlated with it’s flowering ability. Free internal O2 due to the catalase system may trigger peach flower bud development.
Association of Seed Color with Emergence and Seed Yield of Snap Beans1
Authors: Deakin John R.
Published: August 2022

Field tests involving 47 pairs of snap bean breeding lines, near-isogenic except for differences in seed color, demonstrated that colored-seeded sub-lines were superior to their white-seeded counterparts in emergence and seedling vigor. In 11 yield comparisons between colored- and white-seeded isogenic sub-lines, the colored-seeded sub-lines outyielded their white-seeded counterparts by an average of 67%. Covariance techniques were used to adjust yields to remove stand effects. The results suggested that differences in stand based on seed color was a major factor affecting yield.
Factors Influencing Flowering of Rhubarb1,2
Authors: Hiller L. K. , Kossowski M. , Kelly W. C.
Published: August 2022

Flowering of rhubarb (Rheum spp.) was affected by plant age and vernalization temperature and by vernalization time in young crowns. Year-old crowns flowered after storage at 0°C or 5°C for 3 months or more. All 19 week-old crowns flowered after storage at 0°C for 3 months or more and some flowered after storage at 5°C. The 16 week-old crowns flowered only after 4½ and 6 months storage at 0°C. None of the 13 week-old crowns flowered. There was no flowering of crowns stored at 10°C regardless of age or length of storage. Growing temperature and photoperiod following vernalization did not influence flowering.
Variations in Nitrate Accumulation Among Spinach Cultivars1
Authors: Barker Allen V. , Maynard Donald N. , Mills Harry A.
Published: August 2022

Eighteen spinach cultivars were found to vary considerably in NO3 concentrations in their leaves. Smooth-leafed cultivars were lower in NO3 concentration than heavily savoyed cultivars. Some medium or semisavoyed cultivars were low NO3 accumulators, and others were high accumulators. A low degree of savoyedness appears to be a useful factor in the selection of spinach cultivars with tendencies for low NO3 accumulation.
Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Yield, Size, and Color of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apple1
Authors: Williams M. W. , Billingsley H. D.
Published: August 2022

Fruit color and quality of ‘Golden Delicious’ apples was directly related to the nitrogen content of the tree. When leaf-nitrogen (N) levels were above 2.2% dry weight, the fruit tended to be large and green. Maximum yields of high-quality fruit were obtained when leaf-N levels were from 1.9 to 2.1% dry weight.
Strawberry Cultivars Compared For Virus Content, Runner and Fruit Production1
Authors: Converse R. H. , Martin L. W.
Published: August 2022

The incidence of viruses in strawberry runner plants from 3 test plantings in Oregon varied by cultivar; incidence was greatest near the center of the major strawberry producing area of Oregon (Aurora) and was less in north-central Oregon (Hermiston) and in southern Oregon (Roseburg), where few strawberries are grown. Runner plants harvested from Aurora, Hermiston, and Roseburg plots in April 1970 were planted at Aurora in a comparative-yield trial with commercial nursery stocks from California, Oregon, and Washington. During the first year there were no significant differences in fruit production or in runner production among the sources of a particular cultivar planted at the same time at Aurora. However, during the second fruiting year, ‘Hood’ stock from Aurora yielded significantly less than some other ‘Hood’ stocks. We conclude that the Hermiston and Roseburg areas in Oregon can produce strawberry-nursery stock of the same quality with respect to virus incidence as other isolated areas now used for this purpose on the Pacific Coast.

During this study, virus incidence in daughter plants varied markedly from year to year in consecutive annual plantings of indexed plants at a given location. The number of runner plants produced, however, was not significantly correlated with the virus incidence in these runner plants over the 3-year period of the test.
Plant Competition: Influence of Density on Water Requirements, Soil Gas Composition and Soil Compaction1
Authors: Kays S. J. , Nicklow C. W.
Published: August 2022

Plant populations of tomato (12.7 × 12.7, 25.4 × 25.4 and 50.8 × 50.8 cm) were studied from the standpoint of changing water needs, alterations in the composition of the soil gas phase, and changes in soil compaction. Increased populations of plants required progressively more water per unit area of land. Distinct changes in the soil gas phase also occurred with increased plant population, date of measurement, and depth in the soil. A typical inverse relationship between CO2 and O2 concentration occurred with increasing soil depth. Both CO2 and O2 decreased with increased population. An inverse relationship between CO2 and O2 occurred in the early part of the growing season, while a positive correlation was noted in the latter part. The O2 concentration increased progressively during the growing season. The concentration of ethylene in the soil gas phase increased during the growing season, however, no significant population or depth effects were noted. There were no significant differences in soil compaction with increased plant population; however, a progressive consolidation with time occurred. Increases in population density of tomatoes resulted in both changes in requirements for production and distinct alterations in the plant community’s environment.
Effect of Nitrogen Form on Growth and Composition of Tomato and Pea Tissue1
Authors: Torres de Claassen Maria Elena , Wilcox G. E.
Published: August 2022

Ammonium nutrition reduced Ca and Mg composition of tomatoes but not peas in a study of NH4 and NO3-N influence at different Ca and Mg levels in solution and media pH adjustment.

Growth of shoot and root tissue of tomatoes and peas was reduced with NH4-N when pH of the medium was not buffered. Addition of dolomite increased growth of tomatoes with NH4-N equal to that with NO3-N.

The competitive effect of Ca and Mg in uptake by tomato plants with NO3-N was absent with NH4-N. Ammonium nutrition also eliminated competition uptake between Ca and Mg when pH was regulated with dolomite or with the addition of CaSO4.

The Ca and Mg composition of the tomato tops was reduced by NH4-N and was directly related to root composition. The Ca and Mg composition of the pea tops was the same with NO3-N or NH4-N while NH4-N reduced the Ca and Mg composition of the root tissue.
Growth of Azalea, [Rhododendron obtusum (Lindl). Planch. cv. Coral Bell] and Wax Myrtle [Myrica cerifera L.] as Affected by Capillary Watering, Media Type and Depth1
Authors: Patel S. I. , Tinga J. H.
Published: August 2022

The avg wt increase of subirrigated dormant azalea tops after 75 days was 4.5g and of wax myrtle was 10.0g. The wax myrtle in a 30 cm deep perlite and peat medium produced the greatest fresh and dry wt which was twice as heavy as plants grown in a sand and bark medium. The peat, sand and soil and the peat and sand media produced the greatest new shoot number in azalea. The wax myrtle had greater shoot length in peat, sand and soil, and the per lite and peat media at 30cm depth, than in the peat and sand or the sand and coarse bark media. The azalea produced 5 shoots per plant which averaged 23cm in length, while wax myrtle produced 4 shoots with 41 cm in length. There was a decrease in soluble salt level and media pH but an increase in % media moisture with greater sampling depth from surface to bottom. Subirrigation may be beneficial for a wide variety of plants and cultural conditions since it provided a precise amount of water at all times.
Practical Significance of the Application of Chemicals in Organic Solvents to Dry Seeds1
Authors: Tao Kar-Ling , Khan Anwar A. , Harman Gary E. , Eckenrode Charles J.
Published: August 2022

Several chemicals applied to dry seeds by means of organic solvents were successful in preserving seed quality as determined by germinating capability of seeds or ATP content. The fungicide (pentachloronitrobenzene)-treated, injured or healthy pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Alaska) seeds were highly resistant to infection by Aspergillus ruber (Konig, Spiekerman and Bremer) Thom and Church (NRRL 52), a storage fungus. The insecticide, Chlorpyrifos3 caused the lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L. cv. Fordhook 242) seeds to produce seedlings with reduced levels of damage from the seed-corn maggot, Hylemya platura (Meigen). The antibiotics, chloramphenicol and puromycin, slowed down the rate of deterioration of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Grand Rapids) seeds stored under accelerated aging conditions [43°C & 85% Relative Humidity (RH)].
Peach Rootstock/Scion Hardiness Effects1
Authors: Chaplin C. E. , Schneider G. W.
Published: August 2022

Cold resistance of current season shoots of ‘Redhaven’ peach in the nursery as affected by 4 rootstocks was determined by electrical conductance. Significant conductance differences were noted on scion due to rootstock effects, and the most effective time for determining this difference appeared to be in early winter. There were significant differences due to late N applications. Late winter determinations showed that rootstock effects tend to diminish except at critical temperatures. There was variance in relative hardiness of stocks from 1 temperature to another or on different dates but, in general, ‘New’ and ‘Harrow Blood’ transmitted more hardiness to scions that did ‘Siberian C’ or ‘Rutgers Red Leaf’. ‘Siberian C’ was generally better than ‘Rutgers Red Leaf’.
Effects of Incorporation Depth and Activated Carbon on Sweet Potato Response to Vernolate1
Authors: Wilson H. P. , Graves B. , Savage C. P.
Published: August 2022

Incorporation of S-propyl dipropythiocarbamate (vernolate) to a depth of 5.0 cm in soil resulted in more vigor reduction of sweet potatoes [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] than incorporation to a depth of 10.0 to 12.5 cm. The initial plant response to vernolate by ‘Nemagold’ was greater than by either ‘Julian’ or ‘Centennial’. Yields of all 3 cultivars were not affected by vernolate at the rate of 2.2 kg/ha, but yields were reduced at rates of 4.5 and 6.7 kg/ha. Activated carbon applied as a suspension in the transplant water protected sweet potatoes from vigor reductions at rates of vernolate up to 6.7 kg/ha. Dipping roots in a suspension of activated carbon prior to transplanting failed to protect sweet potatoes from vernolate injury.
Endomycorrhizal Fungi and the Development of Citrus Seedlings in Florida Fumigated Soils1
Authors: Schenck N. C. , Tucker D. P. H.
Published: August 2022

The addition of Endogone calospora to fumigated soil significantly increased shoot and root growth of citrus seedlings in the greenhouse but not in the field. The addition of E. macrocarpa significantly increased growth of transplants and seedlings in nonfumigated and in methyl bromide-, and dichloropropene-fumigated field soil. This beneficial effect did not occur in soils aerated by disking after fumigation. Within 100 days, endomycorrhizal fungi were reestablished on weed roots growing in fumigated soil. Citrus stunting was greater after methyl bromide fumigation than after dichloropropene fumigation, but seedling stunt was not as severe as that observed in some commercial nurseries. Thus our results may not be applicable to correcting citrus stunt as found in commercial nurseries
Propagation of Chrysanthemum in vitro: II. Production, Growth, and Flowering of Plantlets from Tissue Cultures1
Authors: Earle E. D. , Langhans R. W.
Published: August 2022

Large numbers of normal chrysanthemum plants were produced from tissue cultures derived from 0.5 mm high shoot-tips. The cultures, which consisted of callus with superficial meristems, doubled in weight every 3 days in liquid Murashige-Skoog medium containing 2.0 mg/1 kinetin and 0.02 mg/1 NAA. Cultures resumed growth after at least 6 months storage at 4.5°C. Plantlets formed within 6-12 weeks when small pieces of tissue were transferred to agar media containing 0.5-2.0 mg/1 kinetin. Addition of GA3 (10 mg/1) promoted formation and elongation of leaves and shoots on the tissue. Ability to form plantlets was retained after repeated subculture; a culture started in April 1970 is still producing plantlets. One thousand plantlets were potted and grown in the greenhouse. Small (<1 cm high) plantlets initially grew more slowly than larger ones but almost all plants produced normal white flowers after 2 months short day treatment. This system could produce up to 9 × 1014 plantlets or 90 billion 15 cm plants within a year, a great increase over the number possible via conventional propagation.
Postharvest Decay Control of Apple by Acetaldehyde Vapor1
Authors: Stadelbacher Glenn J. , Prasad Krishna
Published: August 2022

Decay of apples (Malus sylvestris Mill.) inoculated with Penicillium expansum was controlled by acetaldehyde vapor concentrations (v/v) of 0.5% for 180 min, 1% for 120 min, 2% for 60 min, and 3% for 30 min. The above treatments did not produce lenticel or skin injury. Fumigated conidia did not germinate in 21 days at 21°C on artificial media and failed to induce decay in stem-punctured apples. The pathogen could not be re-isolated from fumigated inoculated punctures, however, the pathogen was obtained from inoculated punctures not exposed to acetaldehyde vapor. Fungicidal action of acetaldehyde vapor was a function of concentration and exposure period. Objectional off-flavors were not detected in fumigated apples, although appreciable amounts of acetaldehyde vapor were absorbed.
Cane Characteristics Associated with Berry Number of Red Raspberry1
Authors: Crandall P. C. , Chamberlain J. D. , Biderbost K. A.
Published: August 2022

In a 3-year study of ‘Willamette’ red raspberry canes the number of berries per lateral and the number of berries per cane were positively correlated with cane diameter. The number of fruitful nodes per cane was negatively correlated with cane diameter. Increased cane height caused more berries per lateral but the effect on number of berries per cane was minimal because of fewer fruiting laterals. The yield of ‘Puyallup’ was more adversely affected by reduced numbers of fruiting laterals than that of ‘Willamette’.

Higher topping increased the number of berries per cane by leaving more fruiting laterals. Berries per lateral was affected more by the amount removed in topping than by height of topping.

Cane diameter and height accounted for less than 25% of the variation in total berry production. Cane quality and other factors must also be considered in developing production practices for maximum yield.
Cyanogenic Glycosides and Graft Incompatibility between Peach and Plum1
Authors: Breen Patrick J.
Published: August 2022

Peach (Prunus persica Batsch. ‘Lovell’) seedlings and ‘Marianna 2624’ plum (P. cerasifera Ehrh. X P. munsoniana Wight & Hedr.?) cuttings were budded with ‘Fay Elberta’ peach and ‘Marianna 2624’. Of the 4 combinations only ‘Fay Elberta’/‘Marianna 2624’ showed foliar symptoms indicative of graft incompatibility; those trees budded in mid-March appeared abnormal by early August. Prunasin, the only cyanogenic glycoside detected in both species, accumulated in young scion bark of ‘Marianna 2624’ and peach to nearly equal levels. Amounts of prunasin in leaves and bark of ‘Fay Elberta’ on peach were usually greater than in those on plum. The level in the scion bark of ‘Marianna 2624’ was similar on both rootstocks. In late summer, the quantity of the glucoside in peach scion bark rose above that in corresponding plum bark; however, the prunasin concentration in both leaves and scion bark of ‘Fay Elberta’/‘Marianna 2624’ trees was not correlated with the severity of incompatibility symptoms. The prunasin level in the plum rootstock bark immediately below or 18 cm from the union was unaffected by the scion species or by signs of ill-health in the peach top. Although the rootstock was shown capable of affecting the accumulation of prunasin in scion tissues, the stability of the level of this glucoside in the peach/plum combination suggests that cyanogenesis is not closely linked with their incompatibility.
Effects of Vein Yellows Virus on Growth, Flowering and Yield of Anjou Pear1
Authors: Westwood M. N. , Cameron H. R.
Published: August 2022

Growth and performance of ‘Anjou’ pear, Pyrus communis L., were reduced by infection with severe vein yellows virus (VYV) tested in 2 plots for 10 years. Bloom density and yield with some selections were reduced by the virus. Overall performance was affected by scion source as well as by VYV content. Inconsistencies resulted apparently from either undetected viruses, different strains of VYV, or from differences in genetic strains of the pear cultivar.
Development of Seeded and Seedless Avocado Fruits1
Authors: Blumenfeld Amos , Shmuel Gazit
Published: August 2022

The seed influences rate of growth, size, shape and maturation of avocado fruits. Seeded fruits are 8-10 times larger than seedless ones and contain more and larger cells. The growth pattern of seeded and seedless fruits is similar from June until maturation, when growth rate of seeded fruits decreases. Fruit maturation is characterized by rapid accumulation of oil in the mesocarp, preceded by shriveling of the seed coats, and the discontinuation of the seeds’ influence on fruit growth. The role of the seed in the development of avocado fruit is discussed.
Influence of Cane Number and Diameter, Irrigation, and Carbohydrate Reserves on the Fruit Number of Red Raspberries1
Authors: Crandall P. C. , Allmendinger D. F. , Chamberlain J. D. , Biderbost K. A.
Published: August 2022

Fruitfulness of individual red raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) canes was increased by reduction of cane number per hill and by increase in cane diameter. Yield per hectare, however, was greatly increased by more canes per hill. Floral primordia bud number was more advanced in the fall on small-diameter canes, but the difference between small- and large-diameter canes disappeared by spring. Berry number and percentage fruit set were greater for large-diameter canes and were related to amount of available carbohydrate per node. Excessive moisture stress in late summer tended to delay carbohydrate build up.
Residual Effects of Wind- and Sandblast-damage on Tomato Plants at Different Stages of Development1
Authors: Greig J. K. , Bokhari Nabil , Armbrust D. V. , Anderson Loren C.
Published: August 2022

Tomato seedlings (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in different stages of development exposed to a 13.4 m/sec (30 mph) wind with an abrasive flux of 25 gm/cm width/min (0.8 ton per rod width/hour) were reduced in height, number of flowers, fruits on the first 3 clusters, early-fruit weight, marketable-fruit weight, and total-fruit weight. Total weight of catfaced fruits increased significantly. Anatomical changes in leaf and stem tissues also resulted from wind and sand treatments.
Labor Requirements, Harvest Costs, and the Potential for Mechanical Harvest of Lettuce1
Authors: Zahara M. , Johnson S. S. , Garrett R. E.
Published: August 2022

The average time required to harvest a carton of lettuce by hand ground pack was 12.67 minutes in 1960-1963 and 3.57 minutes in 1970-1973. The change in the number of harvests, trimming, packing, and method of pay is the reason for the big difference in the time required. Selecting, cutting, and trimming lettuce heads consumed 45.4 to 46.3% of the total harvest time. Film wrapping lettuce heads increases harvest time to 11.19 minutes per carton. An experimental 1-bed harvester increased the man-hour output to 20 cartons, a 3 carton increase over hand ground pack. Estimated cost of harvest with a mechanical harvester would be $.29 per carton, compared with the present cost of $.45. Labor is the major part of harvest costs regardless of method of harvest.
The Influence of Photoperiod and Rooting Temperature on Rooting of Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco]1
Authors: Bhella H. S. , Roberts A. N.
Published: August 2022

An 18-hr photoperiod (LD) significantly increased cambial activity, rooting, bud respiration, and also hastened bud break of stem cuttings as compared with similar cuttings propagated under a 9-hr photoperiod (SD). Rooting response was modified by sampling date and temperature of the rooting medium. Rooting was least from August through November and greatest in December and January. Rooting temperatures of 18 and 26°C enhanced rooting without affecting bud activity.
Desquamative Gingivitis as the First Clinical Sign of Pemphigus Vulgaris: A Case Report
Authors:   Ministry of Health Malaysia, Periodontology Unit, Putatan Government Dental Clinic, 88200 Putatan, Sabah, Malaysia, Yuh Jane Evelyne Chong Huey , Padtong Evelyn Able ,   Ministry of Health Malaysia, Periodontology Unit, Putatan Government Dental Clinic, 88200 Putatan, Sabah, Malaysia, Abdul Rahman Fairuz ,   Ministry of Health Malaysia, Department of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, 88586 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Published: August 2022

Desquamative gingivitis is characterised by desquamation of the gingiva with painful erosion and ulceration. It is predominantly a manifestation of several vesiculobullous diseases. Delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis often led to disease progression. Pemphigus vulgaris is a chronic, life-threatening autoimmune disease resulting in blistering of the mucosa and skin. Oral lesions normally preceded skin lesions. Early diagnosis and treatment are important to prevent involvement of the skin, as the treatment and prognosis varies with extraoral involvement. Clinical, histopathological examination and direct immunofluorescent are necessary for the diagnosis of pemphigus vulgaris. Treatment of desquamative gingivitis involves improving oral hygiene, reduce irritation to the lesions and specific therapy to the underlying disease. This paper describes a case of a patient w
Early Dental Implant Failure in Patient with Active Implant Periapical Lesions: Lesson Learnt from Two Case Reports
Authors:   Center for Periodontology Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, 47000 Selangor, Malaysia, Nik Mhd Abdul Nasser Nik Fatin Sarah ,   Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Salehuddin Nurul Qamar ,   Center for Periodontology Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, 47000 Selangor, Malaysia, Mohamed Yusof Nurul Ain ,   Center for Periodontology Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, 47000 Selangor, Malaysia, Kamil Wan Nurhazirah Wan Ahmad ,   Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostics and Medicine Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, 47000 Selangor, Malaysia, Noor Erni ,   Center for Periodontology Studies, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Sungai Buloh Campus, 47000 Selangor, Malaysia
Published: August 2022

Implant periapical lesion (IPL) is also known as retrograde peri-implantitis and as the name suggests, it involves inflammation surrounding the apical part of the dental implants. Previously, many studies have reported the event of IPL that further delays osseointegration, and some reported failure of implant placement due to this disease. In this article, we described two cases of early dental implant failure that was associated with active IPL and correlated the clinical and radiographical findings with the histopathological findings.