bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wet Imprinting of Channel‐Type Superstructures in Nanostructured Titania Thin Films at Low Temperatures for Hybrid Solar Cells
Authors: Song Lin , Wang Tianyi , Körstgens Volker , Wang Weijia , Saxena Nitin , Schaffer Christoph J. , Fröschl Thomas , Hüsing Nicola , Bernstorff Sigrid , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter
Published: February 2018

Hierarchically structured titania films, exhibiting interconnected foam‐like nanostructures and large‐scale channel‐type superstructures, were achieved in an energy‐saving way at low temperatures by a polymer template‐assisted sol–gel synthesis in combination with a wet‐imprinting process. The surface morphology was probed with scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, whereas the inner morphology was characterized with grazing incidence small‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements. Compared to the initial hybrid films, the titania films showed reduced structure sizes caused by removal of the polymer template. UV/Vis measurements showed an additional light‐scattering effect at various angles of light incidence in the hierarchically structured titania films, which resulted in higher light absorption in the wet‐imprinted active layer. To give proof of viability, the titania films were evaluated as photoanodes for dye‐free hybrid solar cells. The dye‐free layout allowed for low‐cost fabrication, avoided problems related to dye bleaching, and was a more environmentally friendly alternative to using dyes. Under different angles of light incidence, the enhancement in the short‐circuit current density was in good agreement with the improvement in light absorption in the superstructured active layer, demonstrating a positive impact of the superstructures on the photovoltaic performance of hybrid solar cells.
Stark broadening of Balmer lines with low and moderate quantum number in dense divertor plasmas
Authors: Rosato J. , Kieu N. , Meireni M. , Sheeba R. , Koubiti M. , Marandet Y. , Stamm R. , Verhaegh K. , Duval B. ,   The TCV team,   The MST1 team
Published: February 2018

A computer simulation technique is applied to the modelling of Balmer line shapes in dense divertor conditions. The spectral profile of lines with a high principal quantum number n is sensitive to Stark broadening and can be used as a density diagnostic. In contrast, an analysis of the shape of low or moderate n lines such as Dα (n = 3), Dβ (n = 4), and Dγ (n = 5) is more intricate because the Stark effect is weaker and can compete with thermal Doppler broadening. We examine this issue and address the relative contribution of the Stark and Doppler effects on the first Balmer lines. Analyses of experimental spectra are performed.
Chloroplastic and nuclear diversity of wild beets at a large geographical scale: Insights into the evolutionary history of the Beta section
Authors: Touzet Pascal , Villain Sarah , Buret Laetitia , Martin Hélène , Holl Anne‐Catherine , Poux Céline , Cuguen Joël
Published: February 2018

Historical demographic processes and mating systems are believed to be major factors in the shaping of the intraspecies genetic diversity of plants. Among Caryophyllales, the Beta section of the genus Beta, within the Amaranthaceae/Chenopodiaceae alliance, is an interesting study model with species and subspecies (Beta macrocarpa, Beta patula, Beta vulgaris maritima and B.v. adanensis) differing in geographical distribution and mating system. In addition, one of the species, B. macrocarpa, mainly diploid, varies in its level of ploidy with a tetraploid cytotype described in the Canary Islands and in Portugal. In this study, we analyzed the nucleotide diversity of chloroplastic and nuclear sequences on a representative sampling of species and subspecies of the Beta section (except B. patula). Our objectives were (1) to assess their genetic relationships through phylogenetic and multivariate analyses, (2) relate their genetic diversity to their mating system, and (3) reconsider the ploidy status and the origin of the Canarian Beta macrocarpa.
Adaptation to fluctuations in temperature by nine species of bacteria
Authors: Saarinen Kati , Laakso Jouni , Lindström Leena , Ketola Tarmo
Published: February 2018

Rapid environmental fluctuations are ubiquitous in the wild, yet majority of experimental studies mostly consider effects of slow fluctuations on organism. To test the evolutionary consequences of fast fluctuations, we conducted nine independent experimental evolution experiments with bacteria. Experimental conditions were same for all species, and we allowed them to evolve either in fluctuating temperature alternating rapidly between 20°C and 40°C or at constant 30°C temperature. After experimental evolution, we tested the performance of the clones in both rapid fluctuation and in constant environments (20°C, 30°C and 40°C). Results from experiments on these nine species were combined meta‐analytically. We found that overall the clones evolved in the fluctuating environment had evolved better efficiency in tolerating fluctuations (i.e., they had higher yield in fluctuating conditions) than the clones evolved in the constant environment. However, we did not find any evidence that fluctuation‐adapted clones would have evolved better tolerance to any measured constant environments (20°C, 30°C, and 40°C). Our results back up recent empirical findings reporting that it is hard to predict adaptations to fast fluctuations using tolerance curves.
Environmental consequences of deltamethrin residues in cattle feces in an African agricultural landscape
Authors: Sands Bryony , Mgidiswa Neludo , Nyamukondiwa Casper , Wall Richard
Published: February 2018

Pyrethroid insecticides are widely used to control ectoparasites of livestock, particularly ticks and biting flies. Their use in African livestock systems is increasing, driven by the need to increase productivity and local food security. However, insecticide residues present in the dung after treatment are toxic to dung‐inhabiting insects. In a semiarid agricultural habitat in Botswana, dung beetle adult mortality, brood ball production, and larval survival were compared between untreated cattle dung and cattle dung spiked with deltamethrin, to give concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 0.5, or 1 ppm. Cattle dung‐baited pitfall traps were used to measure repellent effects of deltamethrin in dung on Scarabaeidae. Dung decomposition rate was also examined. There was significantly increased mortality of adult dung beetles colonizing pats that contained deltamethrin compared to insecticide‐free pats. Brood ball production was significantly reduced at concentrations of 1 ppm; larval survival was significantly reduced in dung containing 0.1 ppm deltamethrin and above. There was no difference in the number of Scarabaeidae attracted to dung containing any of the deltamethrin concentrations. Dung decomposition was significantly reduced even at the lowest concentration (0.01 ppm) compared to insecticide‐free dung. The widespread use of deltamethrin in African agricultural ecosystems is a significant cause for concern; sustained use is likely to damage dung beetle populations and their provision of environmentally and economically important ecosystem services. Contaminated dung buried by paracoprid (tunneling) beetles may retain insecticidal effects, with impacts on developing larvae below ground. Lethal and sublethal effects on entire dung beetle (Scarabaeidae) communities could impair ecosystem function in agricultural landscapes.
Chemical signaling and insect attraction is a conserved trait in yeasts
Authors: Becher Paul G. , Hagman Arne , Verschut Vasiliki , Chakraborty Amrita , Rozpędowska Elżbieta , Lebreton Sébastien , Bengtsson Marie , Flick Gerhard , Witzgall Peter , Piškur Jure
Published: February 2018

Yeast volatiles attract insects, which apparently is of mutual benefit, for both yeasts and insects. However, it is unknown whether biosynthesis of metabolites that attract insects is a basic and general trait, or if it is specific for yeasts that live in close association with insects. Our goal was to study chemical insect attractants produced by yeasts that span more than 250 million years of evolutionary history and vastly differ in their metabolism and lifestyle. We bioassayed attraction of the vinegar flyDrosophila melanogasterto odors of phylogenetically and ecologically distinct yeasts grown under controlled conditions. Baker's yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae, the insect‐associated speciesCandida californica,Pichia kluyveriandMetschnikowia andauensis, wine yeastDekkera bruxellensis, milk yeastKluyveromyces lactis, the vertebrate pathogensCandida albicansandCandida glabrata, and oleophilicYarrowia lipolyticawere screened for fly attraction in a wind tunnel. Yeast headspace was chemically analyzed, and co‐occurrence of insect attractants in yeasts and flowering plants was investigated through a database search. In yeasts with known genomes, we investigated the occurrence of genes involved in the synthesis of key aroma compounds. Flies were attracted to all nine yeasts studied. The behavioral response to baker's yeast was independent of its growth stage. In addition toDrosophila, we tested the basal hexapodFolsomia candida(Collembola) in a Y‐tube assay to the most ancient yeast,Y. lipolytica,which proved that early yeast signals also function on clades older than neopteran insects. Behavioral and chemical data and a search for selected genes of volatile metabolites underline that biosynthesis of chemical signals is found throughout the yeast clade and has been conserved during the evolution of yeast lifestyles. Literature and database reviews corroborate that yeast signals mediate mutualistic interactions between insects and yeasts. Moreover, volatiles emitted by yeasts are commonly found also in flowers and attract many insect species. The collective evidence suggests that the release of volatile signals by yeasts is a widespread and phylogenetically ancient trait, and that insect–yeast communication evolved prior to the emergence of flowering plants. Co‐occurrence of the same attractant signals in yeast and flowers suggests that yeast‐insect communication may have contributed to the evolution of insect‐mediated pollination in flowers.
Factors influencing the natural regeneration of the pioneering shrub Calligonum mongolicum in sand dune stabilization plantations in arid deserts of northwest China
Authors: Fan Baoli , McHugh Allen David , Guo Shujiang , Ma Quanlin , Zhang Jianhui , Zhang Xiaojuan , Zhang Weixing , Du Juan , Yu Qiushi , Zhao Changming
Published: February 2018

Calligonum mongolicum is a successful pioneer shrub to combat desertification, which is widely used for vegetation restoration in the desert regions of northwest China. In order to reveal the limitations to natural regeneration of C. mongolicum by asexual and sexual reproduction, following the process of sand dune stabilization, we assessed clonal shoots, seedling emergence, soil seed bank density, and soil physical characteristics in mobile and stabilized sand dunes. Controlled field and pot experiments were also conducted to assess germination and seedling emergence in different dune soil types and seed burial depths. The population density of mature C. mongolicum was significantly different after sand dune stabilization. Juvenile density of C. mongolicm was much lower in stabilized sand dunes than mobile sand dune. There was no significant difference in soil seed bank density at three soil depths between mobile and stabilized sand dunes, while the emergence of seedlings in stabilized dunes was much lower than emergence in mobile dunes. There was no clonal propagation found in stabilized dunes, and very few C. mongolicum seedlings were established on stabilized sand dunes. Soil clay and silt content, air‐filled porosity, and soil surface compaction were significantly changed from mobile sand dune to stabilized dunes. Seedling emergence of C. mongolicm was highly dependent on soil physical condition. These results indicated that changes in soil physical condition limited clonal propagation and seedling emergence of C. mongolicum in stabilized sand dunes. Seed bank density was not a limiting factor; however, poor seedling establishment limited C. mongolicum's further natural regeneration in stabilized sand dunes. Therefore, clonal propagation may be the most important mode for population expansion in mobile sand dunes. As a pioneer species C. mongolicum is well adapted to propagate in mobile sand dune conditions, it appears unlikely to survive naturally in stabilized sand dune plantations.
Through 100 years of Ecological Society of America publications: development of ecological research topics and scientific collaborations
Authors: Kim Ji Yoon , Joo Gea‐Jae , Do Yuno
Published: February 2018

We reviewed the texts from 22,179 publications in journals published in the last 100 yr by the Ecological Society of America. We quantified the relative use of terms and identified temporal trends and research collaborations using text‐mining methods. Terms concerning ecological topics at the population level such as structure, function, and competition and terms relating to the influences of environmental factors were frequently used throughout this century. Relative use of higher hierarchical levels (i.e., ecosystem, landscape) has rapidly increased, but the use of population and community was stable. Research collaboration networks revealed geographically concentrated clusters at the organizational level. To understand global‐scale ecosystem processes and responses, multinational collaboration in ecological fields should increase. Our review further demonstrates the importance of conserving historical ecological texts as they reflect the attitude of the ecological community toward academic concepts over time.
C–O Bonds from Pd‐Catalyzed C(sp3)–H Reactions Mediated by Heteroatomic Groups
Authors: Le Bras Jean , Muzart Jacques
Published: February 2018

This review summarizes Pd‐catalyzed procedures leading to single C–O bonds from aliphatic C–H bonds of substrates bearing heteroatomic groups. Coordination of the latter to PdII species favors the activation of a C(sp3)–H bond and controls the regioselectivity, leading to a palladacycle as intermediate. Either PdII–Pd0 or PdII–PdIV redox catalytic cycles, possibly with a PdIII intermediate, might be involved, depending on the directing group and the oxidant.
Effects of copper on olfactory, behavioral, and other sublethal responses of saltwater organisms: Are estimated chronic limits using the biotic ligand model protective?
Authors: DeForest David K. , Gensemer Robert W. , Gorsuch Joseph W. , Meyer Joseph S. , Santore Robert C. , Shephard Burt K. , Zodrow Jean M.
Published: February 2018

There is concern over whether regulatory criteria for copper (Cu) are protective against chemosensory and behavioral impairment in aquatic organisms. We compiled Cu toxicity data for these and other sublethal endpoints in 35 tests with saltwater organisms and compared the Cu toxicity thresholds with biotic ligand model (BLM)–based estimated chronic limits (ECL values, which are 20% effect concentrations [EC20s] for the embryo-larval life stage of the blue mussel [Mytilus edulis], a saltwater species sensitive to Cu that has historically been used to derive saltwater Cu criteria). Only 8 of the 35 tests had sufficient toxicity and chemistry data to support unequivocal conclusions (i.e., a Cu EC20 or no-observed-effect concentration could be derived, and Cu and dissolved organic carbon [DOC] concentrations were measured [or DOC concentrations could be inferred from the test-water source]). The BLM-based ECL values would have been protective (i.e., the ECL was lower than the toxicity threshold) in 7 of those 8 tests. In the remaining 27 tests, this meta-analysis was limited by several factors, including 1) the Cu toxicity threshold was a “less than” value in 19 tests because only a lowest-observed-effect concentration could be calculated and 2) Cu and/or DOC concentrations often were not measured. In 2 of those 27 tests, the ECL would not have been protective if based only on a conservatively high upper-bound DOC estimate. To facilitate future evaluations of the protectiveness of aquatic life criteria for metals, we urge researchers to measure and report exposure-water chemistry and test-metal concentrations that bracket regulatory criteria. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1515–1522. © 2018 SETAC
Channel zooming for the mitigation of pilot contamination in massive MIMO
Authors: Boudaya Maroua , Kammoun Ines , Siala Mohamed
Published: February 2018

Massive multiple‐input multiple‐output is an attractive technology that aims to ameliorate both the energy and the spectrum efficiencies of fifth‐generation cellular networks. The main problem that limits the performance of a massive multiple‐input multiple‐output system is pilot contamination, which happens due to the limited number of orthogonal pilot sequences. In this paper, we assume that each cell is assigned a set of orthogonal pilot sequences and that these same pilot sequences are reused in other cells. Consequently, the contamination comes only from users in other cells, so that it is less powerful than an active user in the cell of interest. We propose a novel iterative algorithm to ensure the mitigation of the pilot contamination effect. This algorithm, dubbed as the “channel zooming algorithm”, is able to zoom through iterations on the signal of the strongest user by taking advantage of the difference in space signatures and transmitted data sequences. Moreover, we derive an analytical expression of the bit error probability, resulting after a large number of iterations of the proposed algorithm. The analytical results developed in our work are confirmed by simulation results.
Multiphase computational method for thermal interactions between compressible fluid and arbitrarily shaped solids
Authors: Toriu Daisuke , Ushijima Satoru
Published: February 2018

A numerical method was investigated for multiphase fields consisting of compressible gas and arbitrarily shaped solids. Since the proposed model is based on a one‐fluid model in which variables are averaged according to the phase fractions in the computational cells; it enables us to estimate gas‐solid momentum and thermal interactions without setting up adapting grids even if the solids have extremely complicated shapes. The governing equations are derived with the characteristics of an ideal gas assuming the specific heat to be uniform in the multiphase field. The derived equations in conservative form are discretized with a finite volume method. In addition, the pressure is calculated implicitly in a similar way to incompressible flow solvers. Because of these improvements, the proposed method allows us to calculate low Mach number compressible flows free from the Courant‐Friedrichs‐Lewy condition based on the speed of sound and to conserve the mass more accurately. To confirm the validity of the proposed method, it was applied to natural convection around an isothermal cylinder and a heat‐conducting pipe. In comparison with previous studies, it was confirmed that the gas flows and temperature distributions are predicted reasonably. In addition, a numerical experiment was conducted under more complicated conditions, namely, gas leaking from a container including heat sources. As a result, it was demonstrated that the proposed method enables us to predict unsteady variations of pressure and temperature distributions in the container due to the leakage while still conserving mass accurately.
Formation age and geodynamic setting of the Neoproterozoic Shalong iron formation in the Central Tianshan, NW China: Constraints from zircon U–Pb dating, geochemistry, and Hf–Nd isotopes of the host rocks
Authors: Lei Ru‐Xiong , Wu Chang‐Zhi , Feng Yong‐Gang , Xia Ming‐Zhe , Jiao Jian‐Gang
Published: February 2018

The recently discovered Shalong iron deposit in the Central Tianshan with a reserve of 14 Mt of iron at 25–30 wt.% Fe shows the typical iron formation geological characteristics: The host rocks are mainly metamorphosed volcanic rocks including quartz hornblende schist, mica quartz schist, and plagioclase amphibolite; the iron orebodies are stratiform and bedded, indicative of strata‐controlled deposits; metallic minerals are dominated by magnetite with haematite and ilmenite in minor quantities, whereas gangue minerals are quartz, amphibole, chloritoid, and plagioclase; and ore textures are banded and laminated. Here, we present LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U–Pb ages, whole‐rock geochemistry, Sm–Nd isotope, and zircon Lu–Hf isotope analyses on the host rocks in order to constrain the timing and geodynamic setting of the deposit. The geochemical characteristics, Sm–Nd isotope, and zircon Lu–Hf isotope compositions of the host rocks indicate that their protoliths were likely basic and felsic volcanic rocks. The bimodal kind rock types, the juvenile Nd–Hf isotopic characters, and the within‐plate trace element geochemical features of the host rocks together indicate that these rocks formed in a rift‐like extensional setting. Zircon U–Pb dating of the host rock interlayer suggests that the Shalong iron formation was formed in the Neoproterozoic (ca. 760 Ma). Combined with geological characteristics, close association with meta‐volcanic rocks, absence of glacial deposits, and within‐plate geochemical and juvenile isotopic signatures of the host rocks, the Shalong iron deposit is interpreted to be an Algoma‐type Neoproterozoic iron formation. The formation of this deposit can be linked to rift‐like volcanic activities related to the breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent. Our results in conjunction with previous studies suggest that the Central Tianshan should be related to the breakup of Rodinia, as indicated by the Neoproterozoic rift‐related igneous events of the Central Tianshan.
Comprehensive assessment of the donor‐site of the anterolateral thigh flap: A prospective study in 33 patients
Authors: Bai Shuang , Zhang Zhi‐Qiang , Wang Zhi‐Qiang , Xu Zhong‐Fei , Duan Wei‐Yi , Liu Fa‐Yu , Tan Xue‐Xin , Sun Chang‐Fu
Published: February 2018

Background

The anterolateral thigh (ALT) free flap has been an extremely versatile flap. The purpose of this study was to propose comprehensive functional assessments of the donor site.

Methods

A total of 33 ALT flaps were enrolled prospectively. Objective assessments included isokinetic testing of the knee, and electromyographic examination of the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve (LFCN). The Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale (POSAS) was used to subjectively assess the donor‐site scar.

Results

On the donor side, a significant decrease in most isokinetic muscle strength values was obvious 1 year postoperatively (P < .01). The normal side showed a compensatory increase 1 year postoperatively in the majority of isokinetic muscle strength values (P < .05). The majority of patients (70%) showed decreased sensory conduction velocity of the LFCN or no response to the microcurrent stimulation postoperatively. The aesthetic outcome was satisfactory.

Conclusion

The decline in functional parameters at the donor‐site was common. However, much more research is needed.
Insulin signaling as a potential natural killer cell checkpoint in fatty liver disease
Authors: Amer Johnny , Salhab Ahmad , Noureddin Mazen , Doron Sarit , Abu‐Tair Lina , Ghantous Rami , Mahamid Mahmud , Safadi Rifaat
Published: February 2018

Insulin resistance is a key risk factor in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and may lead to liver fibrosis. Natural killer (NK) cells are thought to exert an antifibrotic effect through their killing of activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Here, we investigated how the interplay between NK cells and HSCs are modified by insulin resistance in NAFLD. Fresh peripheral blood NK cells (clusters of differentiation [CD]56dim, CD16+) were collected from 22 healthy adults and 72 patients with NAFLD not currently taking any medications and without signs of metabolic syndrome. NK cells were assessed for insulin receptor expressions and cytotoxic activity when cultured in medium with HSCs. Fibrosis severities in patients with NAFLD were correlated linearly with elevated serum proinflammatory cytokine expression and insulin resistance severity. At the same time, fibrosis severities inversely correlated with insulin receptor expressions on NK cells as well as with their cytotoxic activities determined by CD107a by flow cytometry. NK cells from donors exhibiting severe fibrosis and insulin resistance exhibited significant mammalian target of rapamycin and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase depletion (through NK cell western blot quantitation), increased apoptosis, and failure to attenuate HSC activation in vitro. While exposure to insulin stimulated the cytotoxic activity of healthy NK cells, rapamycin prevented this effect and reduced NK insulin receptor expressions. Conclusion: Elevated insulin levels in F1 and F2 fibrosis enhances NK cell cytotoxic activity toward HSCs and prevents fibrosis progression by insulin receptors and downstream mammalian target of rapamycin and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase pathways. At more advanced stages of insulin resistance (F3 and F4 fibrosis), impaired NK cell activity rooted in low insulin receptor expression and or low serum insulin levels could further deteriorate fibrosis and may likely lead to cirrhosis development. (Hepatology Communications 2018;2:285‐298)
Metabolomics and transcriptomics profiles reveal the dysregulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and related mechanisms in prostate cancer
Authors: Shao Yaping , Ye Guozhu , Ren Shancheng , Piao Hai‐Long , Zhao Xinjie , Lu Xin , Wang Fubo , Ma Wang , Li Jia , Yin Peiyuan , Xia Tian , Xu Chuanliang , Yu Jane J. , Sun Yinghao , Xu Guowang
Published: February 2018

Genetic alterations drive metabolic reprograming to meet increased biosynthetic precursor and energy demands for cancer cell proliferation and survival in unfavorable environments. A systematic study of gene‐metabolite regulatory networks and metabolic dysregulation should reveal the molecular mechanisms underlying prostate cancer (PCa) pathogenesis. Herein, we performed gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS)‐based metabolomics and RNA‐seq analyses in prostate tumors and matched adjacent normal tissues (ANTs) to elucidate the molecular alterations and potential underlying regulatory mechanisms in PCa. Significant accumulation of metabolic intermediates and enrichment of genes in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle were observed in tumor tissues, indicating TCA cycle hyperactivation in PCa tissues. In addition, the levels of fumarate and malate were highly correlated with the Gleason score, tumor stage and expression of genes encoding related enzymes and were significantly related to the expression of genes involved in branched chain amino acid degradation. Using an integrated omics approach, we further revealed the potential anaplerotic routes from pyruvate, glutamine catabolism and branched chain amino acid (BCAA) degradation contributing to replenishing metabolites for TCA cycle. Integrated omics techniques enable the performance of network‐based analyses to gain a comprehensive and in‐depth understanding of PCa pathophysiology and may facilitate the development of new and effective therapeutic strategies.
Evaluation of the benefits, harms and cost‐effectiveness of potential alternatives to iFOBT testing for colorectal cancer screening in Australia
Authors: Lew Jie‐Bin , St. John D. James B. , Macrae Finlay A. , Emery Jon D. , Ee Hooi C. , Jenkins Mark A. , He Emily , Grogan Paul , Caruana Michael , Sarfati Diana , Greuter Marjolein J.E. , Coupé Veerle M.H. , Canfell Karen
Published: February 2018

The Australian National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP) will fully roll‐out 2‐yearly screening using the immunochemical Faecal Occult Blood Testing (iFOBT) in people aged 50 to 74 years by 2020. In this study, we aimed to estimate the comparative health benefits, harms, and cost‐effectiveness of screening with iFOBT, versus other potential alternative or adjunctive technologies. A comprehensive validated microsimulation model, Policy1‐Bowel, was used to simulate a total of 13 screening approaches involving use of iFOBT, colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, computed tomographic colonography (CTC), faecal DNA (fDNA) and plasma DNA (pDNA), in people aged 50 to 74 years. All strategies were evaluated in three scenarios: (i) perfect adherence, (ii) high (but imperfect) adherence, and (iii) low adherence. When assuming perfect adherence, the most effective strategies involved using iFOBT (annually, or biennially with/without adjunct sigmoidoscopy either at 50, or at 54, 64 and 74 years for individuals with negative iFOBT), or colonoscopy (10‐yearly, or once‐off at 50 years combined with biennial iFOBT). Colorectal cancer incidence (mortality) reductions for these strategies were 51–67(74–80)% in comparison with no screening; 2‐yearly iFOBT screening (i.e. the NBCSP) would be associated with reductions of 51(74)%. Only 2‐yearly iFOBT screening was found to be cost‐effective in all scenarios in context of an indicative willingness‐to‐pay threshold of A$50,000/life‐year saved (LYS); this strategy was associated with an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio of A$2,984/LYS–A$5,981/LYS (depending on adherence). The fully rolled‐out NBCSP is highly cost‐effective, and is also one of the most effective approaches for bowel cancer screening in Australia.
Inhibition of Nox4‐dependent ROS signaling attenuates prostate fibroblast activation and abrogates stromal‐mediated protumorigenic interactions
Authors: Sampson Natalie , Brunner Elena , Weber Anja , Puhr Martin , Schäfer Georg , Szyndralewiez Cedric , Klocker Helmut
Published: February 2018

Carcinoma‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play a key onco‐supportive role during prostate cancer (PCa) development and progression. We previously reported that the reactive oxygen species (ROS)‐producing enzyme NADPH oxidase 4 (Nox4) is essential for TGFβ1‐mediated activation of primary prostate human fibroblasts to a CAF‐like phenotype. This study aimed to further investigate the functional relevance of prostatic Nox4 and determine whether pharmacological inhibition of stromal Nox4 abrogates paracrine‐mediated PCa‐relevant processes. RNA in situ hybridization revealed significantly elevated Nox4 mRNA levels predominantly in the peri‐tumoral stroma of clinical PCa with intense stromal Nox4 staining adjacent to tumor foci expressing abundant TGFβ protein levels. At pharmacologically relevant concentrations, the Nox1/Nox4 inhibitor GKT137831 attenuated ROS production, CAF‐associated marker expression and migration of TGFβ1‐activated but not nonactivated primary human prostate fibroblasts. Similar effects were obtained upon shRNA‐mediated silencing of Nox4 but not Nox1 indicating that GKT137831 primarily abrogates TGFβ1‐driven fibroblast activation via Nox4 inhibition. Moreover, inhibiting stromal Nox4 abrogated the enhanced proliferation and migration of PCa cell lines induced by TGFβ1‐activated prostate fibroblast conditioned media. These effects were not restricted to recombinant TGFβ1 as conditioned media from PCa cell lines endogenously secreting high TGFβ1 levels induced fibroblast activation in a stromal Nox4‐ and TGFβ receptor‐dependent manner. Importantly, GKT137831 also attenuated PCa cell‐driven fibroblast activation. Collectively, these findings suggest the TGFβ‐Nox4 signaling axis is a key interface to dysregulated reciprocal stromal–epithelial interactions in PCa pathophysiology and provide a strong rationale for further investigating the applicability of Nox4 inhibition as a stromal‐targeted approach to complement current PCa treatment modalities.
Enzymatic stimuli‐responsive methotrexate‐conjugated magnetic nanoparticles for target delivery to breast cancer cells and release study in lysosomal condition
Authors: Nosrati Hamed , Mojtahedi Amir , Danafar Hossein , Kheiri Manjili Hamidreza
Published: February 2018

In this study, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) coated with glycine (F‐Gly NPs) and conjugated with methotrexate (MTX) (F‐Gly‐MTX NPs) were synthesized through a coprecipitation method followed by amidation reaction between the carboxylic acid end groups on MTX and the amine groups on the MNPs surface and studied its cytotoxic effect in vitro. The successful conjugating of MTX onto the nanoparticles (NPs) was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer, and transmission electron microscopy techniques. The results showed that the average size was 46.82 ± 5.03 nm. This target drug delivery system is dependent on the release of the MTX within the lysosomal compartment. Hemolysis assay and cytotoxicity study results on HFF‐2 and HEK‐293 cell lines show that as prepared MNPs are biocompatible. The cytotoxicity of void of the MTX and F‐Gly‐MTX NPs were compared to each other by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay of the treated MCF‐7 cell line. Enzymatic release studies exhibited the release of the MTX via peptide bond cleavage in the presence of proteinase K. These studies specify that the F‐Gly‐MTX NPs have a very remarkable anticancer effect, for breast cancer cell line. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 1646–1654, 2018.
High-Fat Diet–Induced Obesity Promotes Expansion of Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue and Impairs Skeletal Stem Cell Functions in Mice
Authors: Tencerova Michaela , Figeac Florence , Ditzel Nicholas , Taipaleenmäki Hanna , Nielsen Tina Kamilla , Kassem Moustapha
Published: February 2018

Obesity represents a risk factor for development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In addition, it has been associated with increased adipocyte formation in the bone marrow (BM) along with increased risk for bone fragility fractures. However, little is known on the cellular mechanisms that link obesity, BM adiposity, and bone fragility. Thus, in an obesity intervention study in C57BL/6J mice fed with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks, we investigated the molecular and cellular phenotype of bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT), BM progenitor cells, and BM microenvironment in comparison to peripheral adipose tissue (AT). HFD decreased trabecular bone mass by 29%, cortical thickness by 5%, and increased BM adiposity by 184%. In contrast to peripheral AT, BMAT did not exhibit pro-inflammatory phenotype. BM progenitor cells isolated from HFD mice exhibited decreased mRNA levels of inflammatory genes (Tnfα, IL1β, Lcn2) and did not manifest an insulin resistant phenotype evidenced by normal levels of pAKT after insulin stimulation as well as normal levels of insulin signaling genes. In addition, BM progenitor cells manifested enhanced adipocyte differentiation in HFD condition. Thus, our data demonstrate that BMAT expansion in response to HFD exerts a deleterious effect on the skeleton. Continuous recruitment of progenitor cells to adipogenesis leads to progenitor cell exhaustion, decreased recruitment to osteoblastic cells, and decreased bone formation. In addition, the absence of insulin resistance and inflammation in the BM suggest that BMAT buffers extra energy in the form of triglycerides and thus plays a role in whole-body energy homeostasis. © 2018 The Authors. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Rotational CARS thermometry and concentration measurements in ethane‐nitrogen mixtures using Fourier analysis
Authors: Hosseinnia Ali , Nordström Emil , Fatehi Hesameddin , Bood Joakim , Bengtsson Per‐Erik
Published: February 2018

Rotational coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) is an established diagnostic technique for thermometry and species concentration measurements of di‐atomics and tri‐atomics in combustion processes; however, studies on hydrocarbon fuel molecules have been scarce. In this work, we have investigated the diagnostic potential for rotational CARS on ethane with emphasis on concentration measurements in mixtures with nitrogen. Rotational CARS spectra have periodic line structures, and because ethane and nitrogen spectra partially overlap, a novel Fourier analysis approach was developed and applied to facilitate evaluation of relative concentrations and temperatures. Instead of the standard procedure of spectral fitting using libraries of theoretically calculated spectra, the fitting was based on an experimental database of temperatures and relative ethane/nitrogen concentrations. The method was successfully demonstrated in an ethane diffusion flame where ethane, initially at room temperature, is heated downstream as well as mixed with increasing amounts of nitrogen. The evaluated temperatures and concentrations are in good agreement with computational fluid dynamic model simulations.
Laser‐induced oxidation of UO2: A Raman study
Authors: Elorrieta J.M. , Bonales L.J. , Naji M. , Manara D. , Baonza V.G. , Cobos J.
Published: February 2018

A reliable method to probe and characterise the oxidation of actinide oxides by means of Raman spectroscopy is introduced. The present so‐called Raman laser heating method enables studying the behaviour of various compounds at high temperatures and under a given atmosphere with the unique alteration of a small amount of sample, which is certainly advantageous in terms of safety when handling hazardous or radioactive materials. The approach is based on a dual use of the laser beam, which is at the same time employed as excitation source for the Raman analysis and as heating source, by exploiting the possibility to vary the beam power density reaching the sample surface. A high laser power density can lead to a significant increase of the analyte surface temperature by up to several hundred of degrees. A sufficiently low power density allows us to subsequently acquire the corresponding Raman spectrum at the same point without distorting the measurement. In this work, UO2 powder has been subjected to Raman laser heating in air as a proof of this method's applicability, attaining a sequential acquisition of the characteristic Raman spectra of the different oxides involved in the oxidation from UO2 to U3O8. The temperature at which such sequence of phase transformations started to occur was estimated to be around (560 ± 40) K. The temperature at the sample surface was estimated from the Stokes/anti‐Stokes intensities ratio, using a similar set‐up to that used in the Raman laser heating experiments. These results are particularly appealing in remote analyses, like those required in the study of nuclear fuel and nuclear waste.
Evidence flowers: An innovative, visual method of presenting “best evidence” summaries to health professional and lay audiences
Authors: Babatunde O.O. , Tan V. , Jordan J.L. , Dziedzic K. , Chew‐Graham C.A. , Jinks C. , Protheroe J. , van der Windt D.A.
Published: February 2018

Background & Aims

Barriers to dissemination and engagement with evidence pose a threat to implementing evidence‐based medicine. Understanding, retention, and recall can be enhanced by visual presentation of information. The aim of this exploratory research was to develop and evaluate the accessibility and acceptability of visual summaries for presenting evidence syntheses with multiple exposures or outcomes to professional and lay audiences.

Methods

“Evidence flowers” were developed as a visual method of presenting data from 4 case scenarios: 2 complex evidence syntheses with multiple outcomes, Cochrane reviews, and clinical guidelines. Petals of evidence flowers were coloured according to the GRADE evidence rating system to display key findings and recommendations from the evidence summaries. Application of evidence flowers was observed during stakeholder workshops. Evaluation and feedback were conducted via questionnaires and informal interviews.

Results

Feedback from stakeholders on the evidence flowers collected from workshops, questionnaires, and interviews was encouraging and helpful for refining the design of the flowers. Comments were made on the content and design of the flowers, as well as the usability and potential for displaying different types of evidence.

Conclusions

Evidence flowers are a novel and visually stimulating method for presenting research evidence from evidence syntheses with multiple exposures or outcomes, Cochrane reviews, and clinical guidelines. To promote access and engagement with research evidence, evidence flowers may be used in conjunction with other evidence synthesis products, such as (lay) summaries, evidence inventories, rapid reviews, and clinical guidelines. Additional research on potential adaptations and applications of the evidence flowers may further bridge the gap between research evidence and clinical practice.
Functional metabolic diversity of the bacterial community in undisturbed resource island soils in the southern Sonoran Desert
Authors: Garcia D. Edisa , Lopez Blanca R. , de‐Bashan Luz E. , Hirsch Ann M. , Maymon Maskit , Bashan Yoav
Published: February 2018

Resource islands (RIs), a natural revegetation phenomenon in arid lands, consist of a single nurse tree or few large shrubs and numerous understory nurslings. We analyzed 18 individual mesquite RIs for plant diversity and richness, area, trunk diameter (reflecting age), soil characteristics, physiological functionality of microbial populations, and interactions among these variables. Nursing Capacity reflected the availability of habitat and was positively correlated to plant richness, but not to plant diversity. No relationship between plant diversity and bacterial diversity was found. The structure of the bacterial communities of RIs differed from the bacterial communities of bare areas, which showed greater richness and diversity compared with those of RIs. The Nursing Capacity of the RIs was related to plant richness and accompanied by variations in soil properties. A high correlation was found by substrate utilization analysis between metabolic parameters of bacteria and diversity and richness of plants in the RIs. RI bacterial communities were more metabolically active and could degrade different carbon sources than bare area communities. RI bacterial communities contained species with greater capability to metabolize diverse carbon substrates in soil with more organic matter. Bacteria from low, medium, and high plant diversity areas were cultured and found to belong to four bacterial families. This study demonstrates that numerous parameters interact, but not every parameter significantly affected bacterial activity in the RI.
Corrosion behavior of hot‐dip Al–Zn coating doped with Si, RE, and Mg during exposure to sodium chloride containing environments
Authors: Su Feng , Zhang Pingze , Wei Dongbo , Chen Xiaohu , Ding Feng , Wang Bo
Published: February 2018

The corrosion behavior of hot‐dip Al–Zn–Si, Al–Zn–Si–RE, and Al–Zn–Si–RE–Mg coatings was investigated by neutral salt spray test and electrochemical measurements. The obtained results indicate that the elements of RE and Mg can reduce the defects and create a finer microstructure. Al–Zn–Si alloy coating was corroded with red rust after 168 h of salt spray corrosion experiment, while Al–Zn–Si–RE and Al–Zn–Si–RE–Mg coatings had better corrosion resistance where only a small amount of red rust appeared after 360 h. The products of corrosion formed on the surface of three coatings consisted mainly of Al‐rich phase and gibbsite Al2O3 · nH2O. Zinc was acting sacrificially in the process of corrosion and aluminum dissolved to form stable corrosion products. Al–Zn–Si–RE–Mg coating with finer microstructure buffered the pH at the cathodic sites and hindered formation of zinc oxide and thereby inhibited oxygen reduction, which improved its ability to resist corrosion. Moreover, different electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and equivalent circuits of three coatings were considered during an initial immersion in a solution of sodium chloride.
Corrosion properties of low carbon steel prepared by submerged friction stir processing
Authors: Huang LiYing , Wang Kuaishe , Wang Wen , Zhao Kai , Yuan Jie , Wang Qiang , Qiao Ke , Cai Jun
Published: February 2018

Submerged friction stir processing (SFSP), that is, the entire process was carried out underwater, was successfully conducted on low carbon steel. The microstructure, electrochemical corrosion, and salt fog corrosion properties of SFSP low carbon steel were investigated. The results indicated that phase transformation and dynamic recrystallization occurred during SFSP and finally resulted in a dual phase fine grain microstructure in the processed zone (PZ), which consisted of ferrite and homogenous martensite phase. The grain size of ferrite was refined to 5.7 µm, and the width of martensite phase was 650 nm, respectively. In addition to changing the microstructure of low carbon steel, SFSP could also affect its corrosion property. SFSP samples exhibited better resistance against electrochemical corrosion and salt fog corrosion than BM samples. The reason was that, grain refinement and martensite formation induced by SFSP were conducive to forming dense protective layer, which effectively hindered the electrochemical corrosion and salt fog corrosion of the SFSP low carbon steel.
Dynamics analysis of an HTLV‐1 infection model with mitotic division of actively infected cells and delayed CTL immune response
Authors: Li Fuxiang , Ma Wanbiao
Published: February 2018

In this paper, we propose an improved human T‐cell leukemia virus type 1 infection model with mitotic division of actively infected cells and delayed cytotoxic T lymphocyte immune response. By constructing suitable Lyapunov functional and using LaSalle invariance principle, we investigate the global stability of the infection‐free equilibrium of the system. Our results show that the time delay can change stability behavior of the infection equilibrium and lead to the existence of Hopf bifurcations. Finally, numerical simulations are conducted to illustrate the applications of the main results.
Effect of co‐culture human endothelial progenitor cells with porcine oocytes during maturation and subsequent embryo development of parthenotes in vitro
Authors: Lee Seok Hee , Oh Hyun Ju , Kim Min Jung , Setyawan Erif M.N. , Choi Yoo Bin , Lee Byeong Chun
Published: February 2018

Human endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been applied to regenerative medicine for their roles in angiogenesis as well as neovascularization, and these angiogenetic functions have beneficial effects on maturation of ovarian follicles. However, little information is available on whether EPCs on culture systems affect oocyte maturation and subsequent embryo development. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effect of EPC co‐culture on porcine oocytes during in vitro maturation (IVM) and subsequent embryo development, and to examine gene expression in cumulus cells, oocytes and blastocysts. The effect of co‐culture using EPC on porcine oocyte IVM was investigated. Oocytes were activated using electrical stimulation and embryo developmental competence was estimated. The expression of the genes related to cumulus expansion, oocyte maturation, embryo development, and apoptosis were analyzed. In result, there was a significantly increased maturation rate in EPC group compared with control (p < 0.05). Also, oocytes co‐cultured with EPCs exhibited significantly improved blastocyst formation rates (p < 0.05). The expression of mRNAs associated with cumulus expansion and apoptosis in cumulus cells was significantly up‐regulated in EPC group. Also, markedly increased levels of GDF9, BMP15, and BCL2 were observed in oocytes from the EPC group. Blastocysts in the co‐culture group showed significantly higher SOX2, OCT4, and NANOG levels. In conclusion, co‐culturing porcine oocytes with EPCs improves their maturation by regulating genes involved in cumulus cell expansion, oocyte maturation, and apoptosis. Moreover, EPC co‐culture during IVM enhanced embryo development as shown by increased blastocyst formation rate and pluripotency‐related gene expression.