bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Step‐wise loss of antidepressant effectiveness with repeated antidepressant trials in bipolar II depression
Authors: Amsterdam Jay D , Lorenzo‐Luaces Lorenzo , DeRubeis Robert J
Published: November 2016

Objective

This study examined the relationship between the number of prior antidepressant treatment trials and step‐wise increase in pharmacodynamic tolerance (or progressive loss of effectiveness) in subjects with bipolar II depression.

Methods

Subjects ≥18 years old with bipolar II depression (n=129) were randomized to double‐blind venlafaxine or lithium carbonate monotherapy for 12 weeks. Responders (n=59) received continuation monotherapy for six additional months.

Results

After controlling for baseline covariates of prior medications, there was a 25% reduction in the likelihood of response to treatment with each increase in the number of prior antidepressant trials (odds ratio [OR]=0.75, unstandardized coefficient [B]=−0.29, standard error (SE)=0.12; χ2=5.70, P<.02], as well as a 32% reduction in the likelihood of remission with each prior antidepressant trial (OR=0.68, B=−0.39, SE=0.13; χ2=9.71, P=.002). This step‐wise increase in pharmacodynamic tolerance occurred in both treatment conditions. Prior selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) therapy was specifically associated with a step‐wise increase in tolerance, whereas other prior antidepressants or mood stabilizers were not associated with pharmacodynamic tolerance. Neither the number of prior antidepressants, nor the number of prior SSRIs, or mood stabilizers, were associated with an increase in relapse during continuation therapy.

Conclusions

The odds of responding or remitting during venlafaxine or lithium monotherapy were reduced by 25% and 32%, respectively, with each increase in the number of prior antidepressant treatment trials. There was no relationship between prior antidepressant exposure and depressive relapse during continuation therapy of bipolar II disorder.
Parents at‐risk and their children: intersections of gender role attitudes and parenting practices
Authors: Montgomery Jordan E. , Chaviano Casey L. , Rayburn Allison D. , McWey Lenore M.
Published: November 2016

Existing research demonstrates that parent and child gender may influence important aspects of family relationships; however, most research in this area has been conducted with non‐clinical samples. As clinicians, it is important to consider how gender impacts family relationships, particularly among vulnerable families. This study examined the intersections of gender role attitudes and parenting practices among 34 parents involved with the child welfare system and referred for clinical intervention. Using a mixed methods design, themes regarding gender role beliefs and parenting practices were found through qualitative interviews with parents. Findings suggested that fathers felt responsible for financially providing for their families and expressed challenges in communicating with mothers, and mothers described challenges they face because of a lack of father involvement. Parents also discussed a perceived need to monitor daughters closely while fostering the independence of their sons. Results of the qualitative analyses were supported by quantitative findings indicating significant differences in harsh and inconsistent discipline practices and clear expectations for girls compared to boys. The discussion addresses implications for clinicians, including how a feminist family therapy perspective may help promote client influence over traditional gender norms by questioning gender role attitudes and exploring alternate narratives that may impact family dynamics.
Lessons learned implementing community‐based comprehensive case management for families surviving homicide
Authors: Spilsbury James C. , Phelps Nicole L. , Zatta Eileen , Creeden Rosemary H. , Regoeczi Wendy C.
Published: November 2016

Family members of homicide victims often experience a wide range of adverse reactions to the homicide. This study reports on the Traumatic Loss Response Team, a project conducted by a community‐based, mental‐health agency to provide comprehensive case‐management services to meet homicide survivors' complex needs. To conduct the study, we abstracted service/process data from open client cases in 2013 (most recent year with available data) and conducted interviews with the project's implementing agencies. Interviews revealed both initial challenges and factors facilitating successful implementation. Main challenges to overcome included gaining credibility and trust from police and issues around overlap of services provided to families by numerous agencies that may become involved in a homicide. Partners view the project providing a range of important services to families, including intermediary/buffer between families and police. Concerning service data, of the 131 cases open in 2013, most were referred directly by police and involved community violence, an adult victim and a firearm. Most of the 164 clients receiving services were female, adult, African‐American and parents of the deceased. Grief support was the most common of numerous services provided. We hope that this study will catalyse sharing of similar data and experiences among organizations providing services to homicide survivors.
A Dental Prosthesis from the Early Modern Age in Tuscany (Italy)
Authors: Minozzi Simona , Panetta Daniele , De Sanctis Massimo , Giuffra Valentina
Published: November 2016

Background

During archaeological excavation, carried out in the S. Francesco Monastery at Lucca (Tuscany, Italy), a golden dental appliance was discovered. The prosthesis was found, together with commingled human remains, in the collective tomb of the aristocratic family of the Guinigi, a powerful family who governed Lucca from 1392 until 1429. The exact archaeological dating of the prosthesis was not possible, but some elements suggest a dating to the beginning of the 17th century.

Purpose

Aim of the paper is to study and describe the dental appliance trough a multidisciplinary approach.

Materials and Methods

Macroscopical and micro‐CT examinations were performed to investigate the technics used for the realization of the dental prosthesis. SEM analysis was performed to study alloy composition of the metallic fixing lamina and microstructure of the deposits on the dental surface.

Results

The dental prosthesis consists in five mandibular teeth: three central incisors and two lateral canines linked together by a golden band inserted into the dental roots to replace the anterior arch of the jaw. Micro‐CT scan revealed the presence of two small golden pins inserted into each tooth crossing the root and fixing the teeth to the internal gold band. SEM examination of the lamina indicated a homogeneous composition, with average contents of 73 wt% gold, 15.6 wt% Ag, and 11.4 wt% Cu. Apposition of dental calculus on the teeth indicated that the prosthesis had been worn for a long period.

Conclusions

This dental prosthesis provides a unique finding of technologically advanced dentistry in this period. In fact, during the Early Modern Age, some authors described gold band technology for the replacement of missing teeth; nevertheless, no direct evidences of these devices have been brought to light up so far.
Increased valvulo‐arterial impedance differently impacts left ventricular longitudinal, circumferential, and radial function in patients with aortic stenosis: A speckle tracking echocardiography study
Authors: Galli Elena , Leguerrier Alain , Flecher Erwan , Leclercq Christophe , Donal Erwan
Published: November 2016

Background

In aortic stenosis (AS), the left ventricle (LV) should face an increased afterload that is due to both the stenotic aortic valve and the peripheral vascular resistance (PVR). Valvulo‐arterial impedance (ZVa) is a recently introduced parameter, which permits the evaluation of global LV afterload in AS. Aim of this study was to assess the influence of increasing ZVa on the longitudinal, circumferential, and radial components of LV mechanics.

Methods

A total of 126 patients (mean age: 80.1±12.0 years, males: 47%) with severe AS (aortic surface <1 cm2 or <0.6 cm2/m2) underwent standard echocardiography to characterize aortic valve gradients, LV function, and ZVa. 2D speckle tracking echocardiography was used to estimate global longitudinal (GLS), circumferential (GCS), and radial (GRS) LV strain.

Results

The population was divided into four groups according to ZVa quartiles: Q1 (ZVa≤3.43 mm Hg/mL/m2), Q2 (3.43<ZVa≤4.1 mm Hg/mL/m2), Q3 (4.15.1 mm Hg/mL/m2). ZVa increase from Q1 to Q4 was associated with a progressive reduction in GLS and GCS (ANOVA, both P<.0001). GRS was relatively insensitive to ZVa increase, a significant reduction of GRS appearing only in Q4 patients with respect to Q1 (29.7±16.4 vs 20.7±13.2%, P=.01).

Conclusions

Left ventricle myocardial fibers show a different response to afterload increase. Subendocardial fibers function is impaired earlier, whereas mid‐wall circumferential fibers remain substantially unaffected, providing interesting insights into the mechanisms of LV dysfunction in AS.
Congenital coronary sinus stenosis
Authors: Song Guang , Qiao Wei , Ren Weidong , Chen Yixin , Zhou Ke
Published: November 2016

Congenital coronary sinus (CS) stenosis is a rare malformation. We present five patients with congenital coronary sinus stenosis (CSS) and identified another nine cases reported in the literature between 1980 and 2016. Congenital CSS may be associated with an unroofed CS, a coronary artery–coronary sinus fistula, or other cardiac anomalies. Congenital CSS may be detected by echocardiography, multidetector row computed tomography, and intra‐operative evaluation. Congenital CSS can occur at the ostium, lumen, and origin of the CS. Congenital CSS imaging features, treatment, and outcomes are summarized herein.
Fear of floating
Authors: Valev Neven
Published: November 2016

This paper uses unique household survey data to investigate the expected effects of a switch from a fixed exchange rate regime to a floating exchange rate regime in Bulgaria during the global financial crisis. The data show that the public associated such a switch with a contraction of output, higher prices, a decline in exports, and an overall deterioration of economic welfare. These expectations fuelled a strong opposition to removing the fixed exchange rate. Thus, the survey data allow us to investigate why a switch from a fixed exchange rate to a floating exchange rate did not take place.
Quality of life development during initial hemodialysis therapy and association with loss of residual renal function
Authors: Poulsen Christina G. , Kjaergaard Krista D. , Peters Christian D. , Jespersen Bente , Jensen Jens D.
Published: November 2016

Introduction: Health related quality of life (HRQOL) is markedly reduced in hemodialysis patients compared to the general population. We investigated the course of self‐reported HRQOL over time and the association with selected factors, focusing on changes in glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

Methods: Eighty‐two newly started hemodialysis patients from the SAFIR cohort filled out the Kidney Disease Quality of Life Short Form Version 1.3 (KDQOL‐SFTM) questionnaire at baseline, 6 and 12 months. The SAFIR study was a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind intervention study, examining the effects of the angiotensin II receptor blocker irbesartan. HRQOL was a secondary outcome measure. Main inclusion criteria: Dialysis vintage <1 year, left ventricular ejection fraction >30% and urinary output >300 mL/day. GFR was measured with mean creatinine and urea clearance from 24‐hour urine collections at baseline, 6 and 12 months.

Findings: Irbesartan treatment did not affect HRQOL. Patients were pooled into one group for further analyses. Decline in GFR correlated significantly with decreasing HRQOL over time. HRQOL was stable over time, with a slight nonsignificant tendency toward improved HRQOL. The largest HRQOL‐differences (positive values equal improved HRQOL) observed during the 12 month study period were (mean[95% confidence interval]): Burden of kidney disease:6.4[−2.2;15.0], Role limitations‐physical:12.7[−2.1;27.5], and Role limitations‐emotional:9.7[−5.2;24.6]. Comorbidity, especially diabetes, hospital admissions, female gender, and age were strongly associated with lower HRQOL in cross sectional analysis.

Discussion: Preservation of residual renal function seems to be important for HRQOL. In newly started HD patients, HRQOL showed little change after 12 months. HRQOL was negatively affected by comorbidity, especially diabetes, hospital admissions, female gender, and age.
Pulmonary artery hypertension in methylmalonic acidemia
Authors: Kido Jun , Mitsubuchi Hiroshi , Sakanashi Mina , Matsubara Junichi , Matsumoto Shirou , Sakamoto Rieko , Endo Fumio , Nakamura Kimitoshi
Published: November 2016

Methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) is an autosomal recessive disorder that can be classified into two types: (1) vitamin B12‐responsive and (2) vitamin B12‐non‐responsive. In MMA cases with long‐term survival, renal failure is often a problem, and timing for kidney transplantation for MMA is controversial. We encountered a vitamin B12‐non‐responsive MMA case for which regular hemodialysis for renal failure was initiated; the patient was 16 years old when she first received regular hemodialysis and 35 years old when she developed pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). PAH can complicate regular hemodialysis; however, PAH in this case was considered to be a complication of MMA because it was responsive to medical treatment and reversible. In this report, we discuss the role of regular hemodialysis in MMA and the causal relationship between MMA and regular hemodialysis for PAH.
Assessing the contact‐activation of coagulation during hemodialysis with three different polysulfone filters: A prospective randomized cross‐over trial
Authors: Salvadè Igor , Del Giorno Rosaria , Gaetano Donato , Gabutti Luca
Published: November 2016

Introduction: During hemodialysis (HD) the interaction of the blood with the dialyzer triggers both an inflammatory reaction and an activation of the coagulation cascade. An accepted parameter to quantify the extent of coagulation activation during HD is not available. This study aims to evaluate its amplitude, comparing dialyzers made of different polysulfone polymers, by measuring D‐dimers in the filter‐rinsing fluids (Frf) and to test whether Frf D‐dimers are suitable candidate markers to assess contact coagulation activation during HD.

Methods: In a prospective, cross‐over study 41 hemodialysis patients were randomly allocated to nine HD sessions with three types of polysulfone membranes: Filter A: Poliflux®RevaclearMAX; Filter B: Helixone®Fx80, Filter C: Polyflux®H210.

Findings: A total of 117 HD sessions were studied. The mean (SD) filter (Frf) D‐dimers were 0.19 µg/L (0.56) for Filter A; 0.66 µg/L (2.81) for Filter B; 0.33 µg/L (1.13) for Filter C. Significant differences were found: A vs. B (P < 0.01), A vs. C (P = 0.01); B vs. C not significant. A large between‐patient variability of D‐dimer filter levels was found. D‐Dimers in blood showed a similar trend but differences were not significant.

Discussion: The contact activation of coagulation during HD may also vary among filters made up with similar polysulfones. D‐dimer in the filter rinsing fluid but not in the blood can be considered a candidate marker for the evaluation of thrombogenicity during HD. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism(s) and to confirm the usefulness of filter rinsing fluid D‐Dimers as a clotting activation marker during HD.
Surface engineering of SiCf/SiC composites by selective thermal removal
Authors: Valenza Fabrizio , Casalegno Valentina , Gambaro Sofia , Muolo Maria Luigia , Passerone Alberto , Salvo Milena , Ferraris Monica
Published: November 2016

Surface engineering based on the Selective Thermal Removal (STR) of SiC fibers from SiCf/SiC composites was used to obtain a brush‐like surface in view of joining processes. As observed through 3D confocal microscopy, the thermal treatment led to a selective removal of the surface fibers so that the specific surface increased. Wetting tests were performed using a Ag–Cu–Ti brazing alloy. The STR led to a negligible increase in the contact angles, which ranged from 16° to 21° for as‐received composites and increased to 28° for composites after STR. Microstructural observations showed that the brazing alloy perfectly adhered to the brush‐like surfaces were giving a mechanical interlocking expected to enhance the strength of the joint.
Synthesis of silica glasses doped with SiAlON phosphors by supercritical drying
Authors: Segawa Hiroyo , Samitsu Sadaki , Hirosaki Naoto
Published: November 2016

Silica gels and glasses doped with SiAlON phosphors have been synthesized by the sol‐gel method. Only after half a day of supercritical drying, the dried gels with many mesopores and high surface‐specific area were obtained. The chromaticity of the gels can be controlled to vary widely from blue to yellow by changing the heating temperature, SiAlON concentration, and sample thickness. The thermal dependence of photoluminescence of the glass is similar to that of SiAlON powder.
Strong, Tough Glass‐Ceramics for Emerging Markets
Authors: Fu Qiang , Beall George H. , Smith Charlene M. , Kohli Jeffrey T. , Youngman Randall E. , Wheaton Bryan R. , Credle Allen J. , Gulbiten Ozgur
Published: November 2016

The discovery of glass‐ceramics, that is, the controlled crystallization of glass, by S. Donald Stookey was a mixture of serendipitous events involving both chance and exploratory research related to a practical concept. However, a combination of awareness of related literature, good observation skills, deductive reasoning, and a strong curiosity for exploratory work, was crucial for this chance event to bear fruit. As was the present case, a review of this story always stimulates new approaches for understanding of the fundamentals of crystallization and the design of glass‐ceramics with improved properties. Two experiments of particular interest are presented in this paper. The first focuses on the change of viscosity of a specimen as a function of crystallization, while the second addresses the improvement of crack resistance by manipulating thermal history during crystallization. Our work reveals that glass‐ceramic viscosity, that is, bulk viscosity during crystallization, is influenced by both temperature and phase assemblage. Further, as observed by Stookey, more than 60 years ago, high viscosity is important in controlling the shape of the final product. Finally, thermal history is shown to have a marked influence on the crack resistance of glass‐ceramics.
Fruit snacks from raspberries: influence of drying parameters on colour degradation and bioactive potential
Authors: Sette Paula , Franceschinis Lorena , Schebor Carolina , Salvatori Daniela
Published: November 2016

Raspberries were dehydrated using air and freeze‐drying with wet and dry sugar infusion pretreatments. Product quality factors such as colour, bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacity and sensorial characteristics were analysed. Special emphasis was placed on the analysis of anthocyanin degradation and its relationship with colour deterioration and with polymeric compounds development and browning. Freeze‐dried raspberries presented a higher retention of bioactive compounds and a lower content of polymeric compounds than air‐dried ones. Dried samples without pretreatment (control) showed the highest retention of total phenolic content (freeze‐dried ≈82% and air‐dried ≈37% retention), but the lowest sensory acceptability. Although sugar infusion pretreatments caused an important loss of bioactive compounds (9–18% of TPC retention), a higher sensorial acceptability was obtained. Pretreatments with bisulphite and acid allowed obtaining the best quality attributes in terms of anthocyanin and polyphenol content, antiradical activity and colour retention. Polyphenol intake through pretreated dried raspberries (115–299 mg gallic ac./100 g intake) would be higher in some cases than that of usually consumed foods as vegetables, cereals and several fresh fruits.
Improved peptide generation from milk fermented by heat‐shocked Lactobacillus helveticus
Authors: Zhang Dong‐dong , Chen Li‐jun , Zhang Min , Zhang Yi , Fang Guo‐zhen , Jiang Tie‐min
Published: November 2016

High macromolecular protein content in bovine milk produces a firm and dense coagulum in the stomach. To increase the number of easily digested peptides, we were the first to introduce heat‐shocked Lactobacillus helveticus to fermented milk. The results showed that acid production was inhibited significantly (P < 0.01) over 14 h of fermentation; the content of small peptides and nonapeptide increased 28.03% and 27.78%, respectively, including three specific and fifteen common bioactivity peptides. The identified type of peptides from α‐casein, β‐casein and κ‐casein increased by 12.05%, 30.73% and 19.30%, respectively, and the distribution of peptides was similar to intestinal digestion. Therefore, this attenuated strain could improve the generation of small molecular peptides and bioactive peptides to promote the degradation of proteins and accelerate milk protein digestion and absorption. This approach might be used to develop functional dairy products.
Descriptive analysis of pro re nata medication use at a Canadian psychiatric hospital
Authors: Martin Krystle , Arora Vinita , Fischler Ilan , Tremblay Renee
Published: November 2016

Pro re nata (PRN), a Latin phrase meaning ‘as needed’, is used to describe medications that might be used in specific situations, in addition to regularly‐scheduled medications, such as when a patient is particularly anxious, experiencing insomnia, or suffering pain. While helpful in some circumstances, PRN are associated with an increased risk of morbidity, overuse, dependence, and polypharmacy. There is also a dearth of medical literature describing current practices and trends of PRN administration in mental health facilities, especially in Canada, and the literature that does exist is limited by poor documentation practices. Therefore, the primary objective of the current study was to understand the reason (purpose), frequency, use, documentation practices, and outcome (i.e. effectiveness, side‐effects) of PRN medication use on inpatient units. Data were pulled to capture a snapshot of PRN administrations over a 3‐month period, and included information related to the administration of the PRN medication, such as time of administration, type and dose of PRN medication, and prescribed indication, as well as patient‐specific information. Results indicated that approximately 8200 psychotropic PRN medications were administered during the designated 3‐month time period, and over 90% of patients received at least one PRN. Most of these were benzodiazepines, followed by antipsychotics. Further analyses were conducted to determine other characteristics of PRN use patterns and to provide a baseline of understanding that will inform future research to investigate the practice of PRN administration to psychiatric inpatients.
Anterior regeneration in the polychaeteMarenzelleria viridis(Annelida: Spionidae)
Authors: Whitford Tracy A. , Williams Jason D.
Published: November 2016

The objective of this study was to examine the regeneration capacity of the spionid polychaeteMarenzelleria viridisfrom Long Island, New York. In the field, ~7% of the worms exhibited regeneration of the anterior end. In the laboratory, worms were ablated at the 10th–50th chaetiger and their regeneration documented. Anterior morphogenesis was similar to that previously reported for spionids, with wound healing, blastema formation, differentiation of segments, and formation of feeding and sensory structures (mouth, palps, nuchal organs) occurring within 14 d. Unlike in some spionids, the segments do not appear to all form simultaneously from the blastema; rather, external differentiation of segments was observed from posterior to anterior on the regenerate. The number of segments replaced was equal to the number ablated for up to 10 segments. A maximum of 17 segments were replaced when 20–30 chaetigers were ablated, and the number replaced decreased to 14 when 40–50 chaetigers were ablated. Survival and normal growth of the worms decreased with more chaetigers ablated; a significantly higher number of worms died or grew abnormally with ≥30 chaetigers ablated, compared to worms with ≤20 chaetigers ablated. Members ofM. viridiscould be valuable model organisms in the study of the cellular mechanisms involved in regeneration, and further research on regeneration in the field should be completed.
Srn+1TinO3n+1 (n=1, 2) microwave dielectric ceramics with medium dielectric constant and ultra‐low dielectric loss
Authors: Liu Bing , Li Lei , Liu Xiao Qiang , Chen Xiang Ming
Published: November 2016

Srn+1TinO3n+1 (n=1, 2) ceramics with tetragonal Ruddlesden–Popper structure were prepared via a standard solid‐state reaction process, and their microstructures and microwave dielectric properties were investigated systematically. The phase composition, grain morphology, and densification behavior were explored using X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Outstanding microwave dielectric properties were achieved in the present ceramics: εr=42, Q × f=145 200 GHz, τf=130 ppm/°C for Sr2TiO4, and εr=63, Q × f=84 000 GHz, τf=293 ppm/°C for Sr3Ti2O7, respectively. The present ceramics might be expected as excellent candidates for next‐generation medium‐permittivity microwave dielectric ceramics after the further optimization of τf value.
Direct visualization of magnetic‐field‐induced magnetoelectric switching in multiferroic aurivillius phase thin films
Authors: Faraz Ahmad , Maity Tuhin , Schmidt Michael , Deepak Nitin , Roy Saibal , Pemble Martyn E. , Whatmore Roger W. , Keeney Lynette
Published: November 2016

Multiferroic materials displaying coupled ferroelectric and ferromagnetic order parameters could provide a means for data storage whereby bits could be written electrically and read magnetically, or vice versa. Thin films of Aurivillius phase Bi6Ti2.8Fe1.52Mn0.68O18, previously prepared by a chemical solution deposition (CSD) technique, are multiferroics demonstrating magnetoelectric coupling at room temperature. Here, we demonstrate the growth of a similar composition, Bi6Ti2.99Fe1.46Mn0.55O18, via the liquid injection chemical vapor deposition technique. High‐resolution magnetic measurements reveal a considerably higher in‐plane ferromagnetic signature than CSD grown films (MS=24.25 emu/g (215 emu/cm3), MR=9.916 emu/g (81.5 emu/cm3), HC=170 Oe). A statistical analysis of the results from a thorough microstructural examination of the samples, allows us to conclude that the ferromagnetic signature can be attributed to the Aurivillius phase, with a confidence level of 99.95%. In addition, we report the direct piezoresponse force microscopy visualization of ferroelectric switching while going through a full in‐plane magnetic field cycle, where increased volumes (8.6% to 14% compared with 4% to 7% for the CSD‐grown films) of the film engage in magnetoelectric coupling and demonstrate both irreversible and reversible magnetoelectric domain switching.
La1−xCaxCo1−yMgyO3 nano‐perovskites as CO oxidation catalysts: Structural and catalytic properties
Authors: Gholizadeh Ahmad
Published: November 2016

In this work, structural and catalytic properties of LaCo1−yMgyO3 and La1−xCaxCo0.50Mg0.50O3 nanocatalysts with x=0.00, 0.15, 0.30, 0.45, 0.60, 0.75 and y=0.00, 0.25, 0.50 prepared by citrate method are investigated. The structural characterization using X'Pert package and Fullprof program is an evidence for structural phase transition. The structural results suggest the presence of Co4+ and Co3+ ions that help to overall oxidation activity of these samples and this feature is higher for x=0.60. When substituting Mg and Ca in LaCoO3 the catalytic activity of CO oxidation shifts to lower temperature. La0.5Ca0.50Co0.5Mg0.5O3 nanocatalyst exhibits excellent CO conversion rate of 95% at 267°C. These results suggest that the lower temperature conversion of the sample x=0.60 in series of La1−xCaxCo1−yMgyO3 can be mainly attributed to the presence of (i) higher Co3+–O–Co4+ couples, (ii) a structure having the higher tolerance factor, and (iii) a lower crystallite size.
A critical phenomenon of phase transition in hydroxyapatite investigated by thermally stimulated depolarization currents
Authors: Horiuchi Naohiro , Iwasaki Yuki , Nozaki Kosuke , Nakamura Miho , Hashimoto Kazuaki , Nagai Akiko , Yamashita Kimihiro
Published: November 2016

We observed a critical phenomenon of ferroelectric transition in hydroxyapatite (HAp) through measuring the thermally stimulated depolarization current of polycrystalline monoclinic HAp. Two peaks attributable to hydroxide (OH−) ion dipole reorientations were observed. The one was very sharp, the other displayed a broad peak ranging from 350 to 550 K. While the broad peak can be attributed to the diffusive reorientation motions of OH− ion dipoles, the sharp peak, related to the ferroelectric phase transition, implies the presence of ferroelectricity in HAp. The sharp peak was found near 380 K, the phase‐transition temperature from the monoclinic to hexagonal is ascribed to a critical phenomenon caused by the ferroelectric behavior of OH− ion dipole reorientations.
Au nanoparticles embedded inverse opal photonic crystals as substrates for upconversion emission enhancement
Authors: Shao Bo , Yang Zhengwen , Li Jun , Yang Jianzhi , Wang Yida , Qiu Jianbei , Song Zhiguo
Published: November 2016

Photonic crystals (PCs) with periodic dielectric structures are capable to control the propagation of photons when photon energy is in the region of photonic band gap. The upconversion luminescence (UCL) of nanocrystals coated on the PCs surface can be enhanced by the PCs effects. While surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) is being extensively applied to enhance the UCL properties of nanocrystals. However, the PCs or SPR effect are developed separately for the UCL enhancement. In this work, we present a facile preparation method of the Au NPs embedded inverse opals, which was used as substrates to improve the UCL properties of NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ NPs. The significant luminescence enhancement of NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ upconverting NPs was obtained by the coupling between the SPR of Au NPs and PCs effects from Au NPs embedded inverse opals substrates. The finding demonstrated that the Au NPs embedded inverse opals as substrates may be useful for the enhanced UCL of other phosphors, producing novel photonic devices.
Demographic structure and genetic variability throughout the distribution of Platte thistle (Cirsium canescens Asteraceae)
Authors: McMinn Robby L. , Russell F. Leland , Beck James B.
Published: November 2016

Aim

Understanding spatial variation in the demographic and genetic structure of populations is central to explaining causes of species range limits and to species conservation. The Abundant Centre Hypothesis (ACH) predicts that as one moves away from the centre of a species’ biogeographical range, populations become less frequent and more isolated, as well as exhibiting decreasing within‐population density. This increased isolation may lead to reduced genetic variability in peripheral populations by limiting gene flow. In this study, we asked whether the frequency, within‐population density and genetic diversity of Cirsium canescens (Platte thistle) populations decreased from the range centre to the edge, as predicted by the ACH.

Location

Central United States, including portions of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains.

Methods

Frequency of population occurrence at regional and landscape scales, within‐population density, and within‐population genetic variation were evaluated along eight centre‐edge transects within the species’ distribution. Leaf tissue samples were collected from each population to establish genetic variability using six simple sequence repeat loci.

Results

Consistent with the ACH, peripheral regions of C. canescens’ range were less likely to contain populations than central regions. In regions where C. canescens did occur, however, frequency of populations at a landscape scale peaked at intermediate distances from centre and within‐population density was unrelated to distance. Populations exhibited reduced genetic variability towards range edges.

Main conclusions

The ACH underestimates the complexity of the relationship between variation in abundance and genetic diversity with distance from C. canescens’ range centre. Decreases in Platte thistle population frequency combined with no decreases in within‐population density near range edges suggest that quality habitat exists in the peripheral range, but these patches are rarer. Although genetic variability was reduced at the distribution edges, this decline was stronger towards the western edge, associated with increased topographic complexity.
Effects of processing conditions on the system parameters during single screw extrusion of blend containing apple pomace
Authors: Singha Poonam , Muthukumarappan Kasiviswanathan
Published: November 2016

The nutritional profile of apple pomace and soy makes them ideal for development of a new extruded snack food with health benefits. Understanding how blend of apple pomace, defatted soy flour, and corn grits behave under different process conditions during extrusion will help in formulating the extrusion process. Experimental design with apple pomace level (0–20%), barrel and die temperature (100–140 °C), screw speed (100–200 rpm), and moisture content of blend (14–20% wet basis) as independent variables produced 27 different combinations that were studied using response surface methodology to investigate the effect of these variables on system parameters (apparent viscosity, mass flow rate, torque, die pressure, dough temperature, and SME). As the temperature profile increased, apparent viscosity, die pressure and specific mechanical energy decreased. Increase in apple pomace level resulted in significant (p < .05) decrease in apparent viscosity, SME, and torque, and significant (p < .05) increase in the mass flow rate. Response surface regression models were established to correlate the system parameters to the process variables. The data obtained from the study could be used for control of extrusion process of blends containing the aforementioned ingredients.

Practical applications

During extrusion process, the shearing effect of screws along with thermal energy and other extruding conditions modifies the rheological, physical and chemical properties of the raw materials. Investigating the changes in system parameters will provide better insight into understanding such modifications. In this study, we have chosen raw materials that are high in protein and fiber, and the effect of extrusion processing on the system parameters such as viscosity, SME, MFR, and torque was evaluated. The study provides new experimental data of system parameters of apple pomace‐soy flour‐corn grits dough during single screw extrusion. The results obtained will be of great significance for formulation and development of snacks using the above mentioned raw materials.
Reconstitution potentials and moisture sorption isotherms of selected freeze dried Nigerian soups
Authors: Raji Akeem Olayemi , Akinoso Rahman , Aruna Tawakalitu Eniola , Raji Monsurat Oyewale
Published: November 2016

Selected Nigerian soups were freeze dried with the aim of establishing their storage stabilities and reconstitution potentials. Freshly prepared soups were freeze‐dried under vacuum for 12–14 hr. Sorption isotherms were determined at 27 °C using gravimetric method at water activities (aw) of 0.1 − 0.8. Reconstitution potentials were determined at 30 and 100 °C using gravimetric methods. Data were analyzed using SPSS for the best fit model equations (Peleg, GAB, Oswin, and Langmuir). The rehydration ratios of the freeze dried soups ranged from 1.00 to 9.11 g absorbed water/g dry matter. Soups were optimally reconstituted at 30 °C for 30 min and at 100 °C for 5 min. The equilibrium moisture contents of freeze dried soups ranged from 8.84 to 27.50%. The GAB model was the best estimator for predicting the monolayer moisture contents of the soups, which ranged from 7.87 to 9.82% (dry basis), and were within the acceptable limit of 10% dry basis for good storage stability.

Practical applications

Traditionally, soups are generally reheated several times in the day to prevent spoilage, while in modern homes, most soups are kept under frozen condition to preserve them and to avoid nutritional loses which can arise as a result of periodical heating once used, but these methods of soup preservation had been shown to lead to losses of nutrients. Development of shelf stable soups that requires little energy to preserve them for considerable length of time is desirable. Freeze drying (FD) is a gentle technique, which retains the nutritional and sensory properties of food products and their final products can be reconstituted easily by simple addition of liquid. The moisture sorption isotherms, which describe water activity food products are of special interest in the design of Nigerian soups FD process and are also required for the prediction of soups storage stability, shelf life, and calculation of drying time.
Assessment of irrigation water quality and microbiological safety of leafy greens in different production systems
Authors: Jongman Mosimanegape , Korsten Lise
Published: November 2016

Foodborne disease outbreaks associated with fresh produce irrigated with contaminated water are a constant threat to consumer health. In this study, the impact of irrigation water on product safety from different food production systems (commercial to small‐scale faming and homestead gardens) was assessed. Hygiene indicators (total coliforms, Escherichia coli), and selected foodborne pathogens (Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and Escherichia coli O157:H7) of water and leafy green vegetables were analyzed. Microbiological parameters of all irrigation water (except borehole) exceeded maximum limits set by the Department of Water Affairs for safe irrigation water. Microbial parameters for leafy greens ranged from 2.94 to 4.31 log CFU/g (aerobic plate counts) and 1 to 5.27 log MPN/100g (total coliforms and E. coli). Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 were not detected in all samples tested but L. monocytogenes was present in irrigation water (commercial and small‐scale farm, and homestead gardens). This study highlights the potential riskiness of using polluted water for crop production in different agricultural settings.

Practical applications

These results show that the microbial quality of surface water is deteriorating in different agricultural settings. This may be a possible preharvest source of contamination of leafy green vegetables, which may then constitute a health risk to consumers. The presence of Listeria monocytogenes along the food supply chain is a potential health risk if the pathogen proliferates leading to high quantities suitable for onset of listeriosis. The absence of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 in the samples tested is an encouraging result. Food safety protocols should be extended to the informal sectors and homestead gardens.
Morphological and genetic responses of lactobacillus plantarum FQR to nitrite and its practical applications
Authors: Wei Tian , Mei Lin , Wang Zhi‐Geng , Xue Xiu‐heng
Published: November 2016

In this article, the growth, morphological, and genetic responses of Lactobacillus plantarum FQR to nitrite were investigated. The growth and degrading ability of the strain to nitrite was delayed; slight changes were also observed on the cell surface. FQR exposed to 0.120% nitrite exhibited rough surfaces with folds, as shown by scanning electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy presented numerous white granules in the FQR incubated without nitrite, compared with FQR exposed to 0.045% and 0.120% nitrite. These granules are common energy storage molecules, which decrease with increasing nitrite concentration. In addition, nitrite reductase (nir) gene and membrane‐related genes were activated in varying degrees. A similar trend in relative gene expression indicated that the expression levels of membrane‐related genes (with the exception of lp_1403) in FQR increased significantly (p < .05) in the presence of 0.120% nitrite compared with 0.045% nitrite. However, a marked difference was shown for the nir gene in FQR; the nir gene exhibited a relatively low level of expression when exposed to 0.120% nitrite concentration. In summary, the cell morphology and genetic level of L. plantarum FQR were changed in varying degrees after treatment with different nitrite concentrations.

Practical Applications

Nitrite is an important food additive and nitrite pollution issues of fermented food have become an increasing concern given its potential hazards. L. plantarum has the function of degrading nitrite. However, the detailed mechanisms and pathways involved in the regulation of nitrite in L. plantarum were still unclear. In this article, the growth, morphological, and genetic responses of L. plantarum to nitrite were investigated. It serves as an important reference for future studies of the mechanism of signal transduction in L. plantarum and the mechanism of stress response, and to determine the possible regulating targets. In practice, it can serve as a reference for genetic engineering improvement of L. plantarum used in the fermented food industry reducing nitrite residue.
Survival of Staphylococcus aureus with different characteristics (antibiotic susceptibility, presence ica of gene, and colony morphology) in biofilms on stainless steel
Authors: Lee Jung‐Su , Bae Young‐Min , Moon Sung‐Kwon , Lee Sun‐Young
Published: November 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of factors such as antibiotic susceptibility, presence of the ica gene, and colony morphology on the survival of Staphylococcus aureus in biofilm on a stainless steel surface at 43% and 68% relative humidity. Among the 19 S. aureus strains examined, 3 were negative for the ica gene, and cultivation in a Congo‐red broth showed a 100% correlation between the change in broth color to yellow or red and the absence of the ica gene. Correlation between survival and resistance to several antibiotics was evaluated; groups resistant to penicillin and ampicillin showed high survival on stainless steel at 43% and 68% relative humidity. However, there was no significant difference in survival between ica‐positive and ica‐negative strains or between strains showing different colony shapes on soft agar. Based on these results, the resistance to some antibiotics such as penicillin and ampicillin may be correlated with the survival of S. aureus biofilms on stainless steel surfaces.

Practical applications

Various cell characteristics of S. aureus and the relationship between cell characteristics and survival in biofilms were evaluated. Colony morphology and the ica gene were not correlated with survival under dry conditions. However, the susceptibility to ampicillin and penicillin was correlated with survival. This study contributes to the understanding of the mechanism of survivals of S. aureus in biofilm under dry conditions.
Testing the validity and reliability of an instrument to measure nurses’ antipathy towards patients who self‐harm: Korean version of the Self‐Harm Antipathy Scale
Authors: Kwon ChaeRyung , Lee EunNam
Published: November 2016

Aim

To investigate the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Self‐Harm Antipathy Scale (SHAS‐K) to be used to measure nurses’ antipathy towards patients who self‐harm.

Methods

The internal consistency reliability and construct validity, using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, was evaluated.The survey data were collected from 249 nurses who worked in emergency care facilities in South Korea.

Results

The Cronbach's α values regarding internal consistency were 0.54–0.88 for the subscales of the SHAS‐K. The factor loadings of the 26 items on the four subscales ranged from 0.44 to 0.86. The four‐subscale model was validated by a confirmatory factor analysis.

Conclusion

This study shows that the SHAS‐K should be used with caution when measuring nurses’ antipathy towards patients in Korea who self‐harm.
Telestroke Imaging: A Review
Authors: Laghari Fahad J. , Hammer Maxim D.
Published: November 2016

The use of telecommunications technology to provide the healthcare services, telemedicine, has been in use since the 1860s. The use of technology has ranged from providing medical care to far‐off places during wartimes to monitoring physiological measurements of astronauts in space. Since the 1990s, reports have been published on diagnoses of neurological diseases with the use of video links. Studies confirm that the neurological examinations, including the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, performed during teleneurology are dependable. The transfer of stroke patients in rural hospitals to bigger medical centers delays treatment while there exists current and projected shortage of neurologists. Telestroke provides the solution. Patients suspected of acute stroke need a noncontrast computerized tomography (CT) scan for tissue plasminogen activator administration. Vascular imaging such as CT angiography, magnetic resonance angiography, and digital subtraction angiography can help show large‐vessel occlusion or critical stenosis responsive to endovascular therapy. A standard protocol can be followed to decide a vascular modality of choice, considering advantages and disadvantages of each imaging modality. Telestroke solves the problems of distance and of shortage of neurologists. Neuroimaging plays a vital role in the delivery of telestroke, and the telestroke doctor should be comfortable with making a decision on selecting an appropriate vascular imaging modality.
Impact of Dietary L‐Malic Acid Supplementation on Growth, Feed Utilization, Ash Deposition, and Hepatic Lipid Metabolism of Juvenile Genetically Improved Farmed Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus
Authors: Chen Yong‐Jun , Zhang Ti‐Yin , Luo Li , Shi Ya‐Qing , Bai Fu‐Jing , Jiang Dong‐Neng
Published: November 2016

A 9‐wk feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of L‐malic acid (LMA) supplementation on growth, feed utilization, body composition, whole‐body mineral concentrations, and hepatic lipid metabolism of juvenile genetically improved farmed tilapia. LMA was included in the diets at 0, 0.8, or 3.2%. LMA‐supplemented treatments began to demonstrate weight gain improvement at 7 wk. After 9 wk, feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, and protein efficiency ratio were improved with either 0.8% or 3.2% LMA. Although whole‐body Fe, Mn, and Cu concentrations decreased, increased Ca and P concentrations contributed to improve whole‐body ash deposition with LMA inclusion. The concentrations of Na, K, Mg, and Zn and the Ca/P ratio of the whole body were not impacted by dietary treatments. Dietary LMA inclusion promoted whole‐body lipid deposition, which largely resulted from enhanced lipid accumulation in the liver and muscle tissues. In line with the increased liver lipid content, hepatic transcript levels of cytosolic malic enzyme 1 and acetyl‐CoA carboxylase a were upregulated, while mRNA levels of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) and CPT1B were downregulated with LMA supplementation. However, increasing dietary LMA supply from 0.8 to 3.2% did not produce additional effects on most of the tested parameters, at least for a 9‐wk period. Taken together, it could be concluded that 0.8% LMA was superior to 3.2% LMA in tilapia feed and its inclusion could improve growth and feed utilization and enhance ash deposition and hepatic lipid accumulation.