bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Income inequality and saving in a class society: the role of ordinal status
Authors: Haagsma Rein
Published: July 2018

This paper examines the impact of income growth and income inequality on household saving rates and payoffs in a non-cooperative game where each player’s payoff depends on her present and future consumption and her rank in the present consumption distribution. The setting is a pooling equilibrium with three clusters of successive income groups, each cluster having its own present-consumption standard and rank in the present-consumption distribution. In this way the analysis addresses the saving behaviour and welfare of three social classes: the lower, middle and upper class. Explanations are found for the Easterlin paradox and the Kuznets consumption puzzle and it is concluded that rank concerns tend to strengthen the case for more income equality and weaken the standard effect of inequality on aggregate saving.
Chemical characterization of laboratory-generated tar ball particles
Authors: Tóth Ádám , Hoffer András , Pósfai Mihály , Ajtai Tibor , Kónya Zoltán , Blazsó Marianne , Czégény Zsuzsanna , Kiss Gyula , Bozóki Zoltán , Gelencsér András
Published: July 2018

Abstract. The chemical properties of laboratory-generated tar ball (Lab-TB) particles
produced from dry distillate (wood tars) of three different wood species in
the laboratory were investigated by analytical techniques that had never been
used before for their characterization. The elemental compositions of
laboratory-generated tar balls (Lab-TBs) from three tree species were very
similar to one another and to those characteristic of atmospheric tar balls
(TBs) collected from the savanna fire during the SAFARI 2000 sampling
campaign. The O ∕ C and H ∕ C molar ratios of the generated Lab-TBs
were at the upper limit characteristic of soot particles. The Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) spectra of the generated Lab-TBs were
very similar to one another as well and also showed some similarity with
those of atmospheric humic-like substances (HULIS). The FT-IR measurements
indicated that Lab-TBs have a higher proportion of aromatic structure than
HULIS and the oxygen atoms of Lab-TBs are mainly found in hydroxyl and keto
functional groups. Whereas Raman activity was detected in the starting
materials of the Lab-TBs (wood tars) in the range of 1000–1800 cm−1,
the Raman spectra of TBs were dominated by two pronounced bands with
intensity maxima near 1580 (G band) and 1350 cm−1 (D band), indicating
the presence of sp2-hybridized carbon structures and disorder in them,
respectively. In the Py-GC-MS chromatograms of the Lab-TBs mostly aromatic
compounds (aromatic hydrocarbons, oxygenated aromatics and heterocyclic
aromatics) were identified in accordance with the results of Raman and FT-IR
spectroscopy. According to organic carbon ∕ elemental carbon
(OC ∕ EC) analysis using EUSAAR_2 thermal protocol, 22 % of the
total carbon content of Lab-TBs was identified as EC, contrary to
expectations based on the current understanding that negligible if any EC is
present in this sub-fraction of the brown carbon family. Our results suggest
that spherical atmospheric TBs with high C ∕ O molar ratios are closer to
BC in many of their properties than to weakly absorbing HULIS.
Fast particulate nitrate formation via N2O5 uptake aloft in winter in Beijing
Authors: Wang Haichao , Lu Keding , Chen Xiaorui , Zhu Qindan , Wu Zhijun , Wu Yusheng , Sun Kang
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Particulate nitrate (pNO3-) is an important component of secondary
aerosols in urban areas. Therefore, it is critical to explore its formation
mechanism to assist with the planning of haze abatement strategies. Here we
report vertical measurements of NOx and O3 by in situ instruments on
a movable carriage on a tower during a winter heavy-haze episode (18
to 20 December 2016) in urban Beijing, China. Based on the box model simulation at
different heights, we found that pNO3- formation via N2O5
heterogeneous uptake was negligible at ground level due to N2O5
concentrations of near zero controlled by high NO emissions and NO
concentration. In contrast, the contribution from N2O5 uptake was
large at high altitudes (e.g., > 150 m), which was supported by
the lower total oxidant (NO2 + O3) level at high altitudes than
at ground level. Modeling results show the specific case that the
nighttime integrated production of pNO3- for the high-altitude air
mass above urban Beijing was estimated to be 50 µg m−3 and enhanced
the surface-layer pNO3- the next morning by 28 µg m−3
through vertical mixing. Sensitivity tests suggested that the nocturnal
NOx loss by NO3–N2O5 chemistry was maximized once the
N2O5 uptake coefficient was over 2 × 10−3 on polluted
days with Sa at 3000 µm2 cm−3 in wintertime. The case
study provided a chance to highlight the fact that pNO3- formation via
N2O5 heterogeneous hydrolysis may be an important source of
particulate nitrate in the urban airshed during wintertime.
A 16-year record (2002–2017) of permafrost, active layer, and meteorological conditions at the Samoylov Island Arctic permafrost research site, Lena River Delta, northern Siberia: an opportunity to validate remote sensing data and land surface, snow, and permafrost models
Authors: Boike Julia , Nitzbon Jan , Anders Katharina , Grigoriev Mikhail , Bolshiyanov Dmitry , Langer Moritz , Lange Stephan , Bornemann Niko , Morgenstern Anne , Schreiber Peter , Wille Christian , Chadburn Sarah , Gouttevin Isabelle , Kutzbach Lars
Published: July 2018

Abstract. Most of the world's permafrost is located in the Arctic, where its frozen organic carbon con-tent makes it a potentially important influence on the global climate system. The Arctic climate appears to be changing more rapidly than the lower latitudes, but observational data density in the region is low. Permafrost thaw and carbon release into the atmosphere is a positive feed-back mechanism that has the potential for climate warming. It is therefore particularly im-portant to understand the links between the energy balance, which can vary rapidly over hour-ly to annual time scales, and permafrost condition, which changes slowly on decadal to cen-tennial timescales. This requires long-term observational data such as that available from the Samoylov research site in northern Siberia, where meteorological parameters, energy balance, and subsurface observations have been recorded since 1998. This paper presents the temporal data set produced between 2002 and 2017, explaining the instrumentation, calibration, pro-cessing and data quality control. Additional data include a high-resolution digital terrain mod-el (DTM) obtained from terrestrial LiDAR laser scanning. Since the data provide observations of temporally variable parameters that influence energy fluxes between permafrost, active lay-er soils, and the atmosphere (such as snow depth and soil moisture content), they are suitable for calibrating and quantifying the dynamics of permafrost as a component in earth system models. The data also include soil properties beneath different microtopographic features (a polygon center, a rim, a slope, and a trough), yielding much-needed information on landscape heterogeneity for use in land surface modeling. For the record from 1998 to 2017, the average mean annual air temperature was − 12.3 °C, with mean monthly temperature of the warmest month (July) recorded as 9.5 °C and for the coldest month (February) − 32.7 °C. The average annual rainfall was 169 mm. The depth of zero annual amplitude niveau is at 20.8 m, and has warmed from − 9.1 °C in 2006 to − 7.7 °C in 2017. The presented data are available in the supplementary material of this paper and through the PANGAEA website (https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.891142).
Employer Perspectives on the Skills Needed by Business School Graduates: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Hodgman Matthew R.
Published: July 2018

Business is consistently among the most popular college majors in the United States. In order to better understand the skills business employers believe recent business school graduates need to possess and the degree to which business graduates are prepared for the workplace, this study reviewed the literature pertaining to employers’ perceptions of the skills needed by recent business school graduates and the degree to which business graduates possess these skills. This literature review provides insight into the skills business employers are considering when assessing business graduates for possible employment opportunities. Sources were reviewed and analyzed for reoccurring ideas or themes in the literature. Three themes emerged from the review: (a) the skills desired by business employers, (b) the skills gap between competencies required by business employers and those possessed by graduating business students, and (c) the need to align business school curricula with the needs of the workplace. Suggestions for institutions and future research are offered based on the emergent themes.
The Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse: Origins and Goals
Authors: Schlanger Margo
Published: July 2018

The Civil Rights Litigation Clearinghouse (http://clearinghouse.net) solves a significant information deficit related to civil rights litigation by posting information about thousands of ongoing and closed large-scale civil rights cases. Documents are OCR’d and searchable; cases are searchable by metadata tags as well as full-text searching. Each case has a litigation summary by a law student. We live in a civil rights era—a time when people are using the courts, among other strategies, to fight for civil rights. The Clearinghouse posts the records of those fights, the stories of civil rights cases—across topics, across regions, across organizations—and makes them searchable, usable, and available to everybody.
Products, Promotion, and (Possibly) Profits: Sports Entrepreneurship Revisited
Authors: Vamplew Wray
Published: July 2018

This article provides two new definitions in sports history: first, the sport product, which is seen as encompassing player, spectator, and associated products; and, second, sports entrepreneurship, which covers the four categories of direct income seeking, indirect income seeking, psychic income seeking, and nonprofit promotional activities. Within these categories, attention is drawn to sports entertainment and “dark” entrepreneurs, as well as the historical importance of examining entrepreneurial failure. Two typologies of sports entrepreneurs are presented, one looking at aims and objectives and the other at function. It is argued that socio-cultural sports historians should not ignore economic aspects of sports provision.
Total Quality Management and Organizational Performance: A Possible Role of Organizational Culture
Authors: Alghamdi Faris
Published: July 2018

Total quality management (TQM) has been identified as a key driver of organizational performance in public and private organizations. Organizational culture, along with TQM, has investigated to understand its contributions to organizational performance. The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between TQM and organizational performance, taking into account a moderating effect of organizational culture. A total of 163 managers at different managerial levels in public organizations in Albaha province participated. The Pearson correlation analysis revealed that the relationship between TQM and organizational performance is a positive and statistically significant. Hierarchical regression analysis and structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that the interaction of TQM and organizational culture was statistically significant and positively related to organizational performance. Some recommendations and suggestions for future research are provided.
Otsin: Sharing the spirit--Development of an indigenous rural nursing practice course
Authors: Blackstock Sheila
Published: July 2018

Otsin is the spirt of Gitxsan Peoples and is reflected by the Gitxsan author sharing the journey in the development of a unique third year undergraduate nursing practice course. The nursing practice course immerses students in a combined rural and an interdisciplinary indigenous nursing practice. The practice course is based on a student centered, context-based teaching pedagogy using a two-eyed seeing approach. The theoretical tenet of place is reconceptualized to reflect Indigenous communities and rural nursing practice. The metaphor of weaving together cedar strips is used to reflect a journey that takes students through the experiences of living and practicing in a rural northern community while embracing on the land experiences, cultural practices, traditions, language and ceremonies. The traditional academy curricula are challenged to broaden the lens beyond the classroom theatre walls to rural, indigenous nursing practice experiences. The weaving of the cedar strips together and allows students to construct their understanding of the impacts of colonization on Indigenous Peoples and an opportunity to be guided by the community to practice cultural safety.
Camponês e agricultor familiar: mesmos sujeitos?
Authors: Azevedo Rosaly Stange , Reid dos Santos André Filipe Pereira
Published: July 2018

O trabalho pretende analisar a confusão existente acerca dos conceitos de agricultura familiar e campesinato, mais especificamente responder se são categorias que abarcam os mesmos sujeitos ou, ao revés, sujeitos distintos. Para tanto, apresenta pontos centrais dos dois paradigmas sobre os quais se desenvolve o debate acerca da complexidade da chamada questão agrária, os quais possuem visões antagônicas: o paradigma da questão agrária, que vê o agricultor familiar e o camponês como mesmos sujeitos e o paradigma do capitalismo agrário, o qual entende que o agricultor familiar é o camponês inserido no mercado. A hipótese que será apresentada neste estudo segue as diretrizes do paradigma da questão agrária, de tradição marxiana. Assim, o desafio a que nos propomos é demonstrar que agricultura familiar e campesinato são sinônimos, tendência pela reafirmação do prestígio das categorias "camponês" e "campesinato", de forma a valorizar o agricultor que trabalha com sua família na terra, de onde retira o sustento de sua família. O método utilizado é o dialético.
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Swab Results Did Not Change Treatment or Outcome in Pediatric Spinal Fusion Patients
Authors: Nielsen Ena , Andras Lindsay M. , Harris Liam R. , Skaggs David L.
Published: July 2018

Introduction:

The aim of this study was to investigate whether preoperative methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) swab results were predictive of surgical site infections (SSIs) in pediatric patients who have undergone spinal fusion.

Methods:

We conducted a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent posterior spinal fusion between 2004 and 2014 to determine preoperative MRSA colonization status and SSI rates and organisms. Before October 1, 2012, we administered vancomycin to the patients for infection prophylaxis; beginning October 1, 2012, patients received ceftazidime and Ancef (cefazolin for injection; GlaxoSmithKline). We added powdered vancomycin to all bone grafts.

Results:

A total of 1,200 patients met inclusion criteria. Of the patients, 2.3% (n = 28 of 1,200) were positive for MRSA, and an SSI developed in 3.1% (n = 37 of 1,200). No significant difference in infection rates was found between patients whose MRSA swab was positive and negative (positive swab = 1 SSI, negative swab = 36 SSIs; P = 0.88). Three SSIs were caused by MRSA.

Conclusion:

The results of a preoperative MRSA nasal swab had no correlation with SSI rates.

Level of Evidence:

Level III
Gestão de Riscos, Governança Corporativa e Alinhamento Estratégico: Um Estudo de Caso
Authors: Oleskovicz Marcelo , Oliva Fábio Lotti , Pedroso Marcelo Caldeira
Published: July 2018

This study aims to analyze the corporate risk management process within a private pension organization. Specifically, it seeks to identify the relationships between corporate risk management, corporate governance and strategic management in this organization, which is one of the largest private pension companies in Brazil. The research is exploratory in nature and the method adopted is an in-depth single case study. An efficiency improvement in the management of risks was evidenced by an integrated vision, in the form of a risk portfolio, supported by a structured and continuous process, solidly embedded in the context of its corporate governance. Currently, this organization is seeking to connect strategic risks to strategy analysis and formulation in order to explore the positive side of risks, in the form of strategic opportunities. As a conclusion corporate governance and strategic management have become inseparable elements of corporate risk management in the company studied.
Análisis Sustentable a Partir del Modelo del Ciclo de Vida. Situación y perspectivas de Ixtapan de la Sal, México
Authors: Sánchez Arlén , Vargas Elva Esther , Castillo Marcelino , Rodriguez Federico , Nava Rosa Maria , Guadarrama Enrique
Published: July 2018

Trying to understand the evolution of a tourist destination, the life-cycle assessment is one of the most commonly used management and planning tools. However, the variables used to measure are generally based on the number of tourists and the time the activity has taken to be developed, leaving in second term sustainability. In this paper, an alternative analysis scheme is formulated and sustainability variables are integrated to establish economic, environmental and social impacts of current and future tourists. Also, for those places that do not have enough information, a methodology that estimates the evolution curve of the destinations is presented. Finally the conclusion can be that today Ixtapan de la Sal, is not sustainable and more tourists only jeopardize their competitiveness.
Matriz Estratégica de Inteligência Competitiva
Authors: Neto Mario Teixeira Reis , Dusi Márcio De Lima , Leopoldo Ricardo De Faria , Moura Luiz Rodrigo Cunha
Published: July 2018

The objective of this work is to propose a matrix of relationship between the concepts of Actionability - the FAROUT model of (Fleisher Bensoussan, 2003) - and Integrity - (Marcial, Costa, Curvelo, 2002) in Competitive Intelligence (CI). As a methodology, a descriptive research was carried out with a single cross-section and applied to eight organizations chosen for convenience of the model, from different sectors. This is a qualitative, sectoral, exploratory study of multiple cases. The study produced a model of analysis combining actionability and integrity in a unique way. As a contribution, a proposal of a relationship matrix was prepared to verify if the companies effectively have a CI area and not espionage, speculation or storage; in the matrix, the constituent elements of the attributes of Action and Integrity are measured and classified. Among the companies surveyed, only three of them demonstrated full capacity to construct a CI area. The main contribution of this work was to keep similarity with the traditional strategic tools and to associate two essential concepts to the verification of the competitive capacity of the company.
A Multi-perspective Examination of Export Promotion Programs: The Case of PEIEx by APEX-Brasil
Authors: Dornelas Bettysa Ferreira , Carneiro Jorge Manoel Teixeira
Published: July 2018

The economic and social benefits of exports have been widely discussed in the literature. However, despite the reduction in export barriers and the consequent increase in international trade flows, many small and medium enterprises (SMEs) still do not sell their products abroad, often because they lack resources or expertise to successfully carry out export activities. Export promotion programs (EPPs) seek to assist SMEs in their efforts to compete abroad. The objective of this study is to examine a specific EPP – the PEIEx Program of APEX-Brasil – and identify benefits achieved and deficiencies of the program, according to multiples views. Semi-structured interviews with different actors (firms served by the program, managers of the promoting agency, instructors responsible for training and providing support to the firms, and the manager of an independent industry association) indicated that the program is, in general, satisfactory, but the results of the program seem to be contingent on proper selection of the profile of participating firms, alignment of their expectations about the scope of the program and sequential arrangement with other EPPs or competitiveness development programs. The study proposes some improvements to the PEIEx program as well as recommendations for investigating the impacts of EPPs.
Declínio Organizacional e Contexto em Organização Religiosa: A Igreja Universal do Reino de Deus
Authors: Murtinho Max Nunes , Moreira de Castilho Fernando Marcos Bonnemasou , Urdan André Torres
Published: July 2018

Religious organizations are in evidence, management models varied and are no guarantee of success. Management theories are generalizable to churches, but they are also specifically specific and face challenges (in this they are not unlike profit-making companies). In the Administration, a research on such organizations is reduced, and its magnitude much smaller than is the life of good portion of humanity and of society in general. For that reason, this article contemplates the organizational decline. It focuses on the Universal Church of the Kingdom of God (IURD) in the period between 2000 and 2010, its context and its specificities. A case study was carried out, with bibliographic description and support. The results suggest, as from a decline in the leadership of the IURD, the concurrent competition of churches with similar and newer characteristics (especially a World Church of God's Power) and the growth of "generic" Evangelical believers, E of people without religion.
Análise da Eficiência dos Fundos de Investimento Imobiliário em um Período de Crise Econômica
Authors: Locatelli Ronaldo Lamounier , Reis Thiago Luiz de Barros , Lara José Edson , Ramalho Wanderley
Published: July 2018

The Real Plan of stabilization brought about great transformations in the financial sector of the country and paved the way for the development of alternative forms of resource applications. The funds characterized as variable income and multimarket have been analyzed in several academic studies, but there is still a lack of concern with the Real Estate Investment Funds (FII), which are backed by civil construction assets. This article aims at partially remedying this gap by analyzing the performance of FII in a period of economic downturn. The sample includes forty-four funds registered at Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM) that presented daily quotations from August 2013 to September 2016. The approach is quantitative, using economic and financial indicators (Sharpe and Sortino indexes), regression analysis (Alfa de Jensen) and the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) optimization model. The results were not favorable to the FIIs as an attractive alternative to the application of resources in the analyzed period. Taking into account the risk and return, few funds were able to surpass the market benchmark. The methodological procedures made also possible to verify the relative efficiency of each fund leading to the conclusion that there was a loss of efficiency in a significant part of the industry; 28 became less efficient, 12 did not present changes worthy of mention, and only 4 increased their levels of efficiency. In addition, the results obtained with the use of the various models bring about different possibilities of analysis and can contribute to the decision-making by portfolio managers and investors in the capital market.
Financial risk in the contemporary environment of enterprises
Authors: Kulhánek Lumír , Sulich Adam
Published: July 2018

This article discusses the importance of the financial system stability and em¬phasises the risks in the contemporary environment of enterprises. Financial systems, with their opportunities and threats, have a tremendous impact on economic growth. Therefore, enterprises have to measure the risks coming from their external environment. The aim of this paper is to analyse historical data related to financial risks and to propose a new tool based on well-known solutions. The literature review and historical data analysis are the main methods used in this paper. The global financial stability map can be implemented as one of many tools of assessing risk, with some modifications.
Family means trustworthy” – family businesses in the opinion of Polish consumers
Authors: Baryń Magdalena
Published: July 2018

Family businesses are an extremely important element of the Polish economy, both in the creation of GDP and in the creation of jobs. Positive connotations connected with the word “family” can give these entities the advantage of competing with non-family companies. However, this advantage is only used to a small extent, because companies rarely emphasize this feature. The aim of the article is to present the impact of consumer percep¬tions of the entity as a family business on their attitude to this entity and, as a consequence, also to products/services offered by its. The most important features of family businesses that have a significant impact on their specificity and the results of research on consumer attitude to those entities and their products will be discussed. Will also be presented recom¬mendations for using by companies “being family business” image.
The essence of relational capital – empirical approach and further research directions.
Authors: Żukowska Joanna , Miąsek Dagmara
Published: July 2018

The article reviews the research on relational capital in different contexts such as SME performance, innovation, knowledge transition. The article also points to the relevance of the relational capital theme for building a competitive advantage of companies. Both the num¬ber of publications and research as well as the variety of definitions of this concept indicate the importance of undertaking further research activities. The purpose of the publication is also to indicate the direction of further research on relational capital.
Contingency theory in the EU projects context
Authors: Pędziwiatr Ewelina
Published: July 2018

The article analyzes the possibility of implementation of contingency theory in EU project management. Author presents the evolution of the understanding of contin¬gency theory and how researches defined contingencies described as factorts that influ¬ence the management process. Article presents the specific contingencies for EU projects management in the context of 2014 – 2020 EU budget regulations. Paper discuss the be¬nefits and the barriers of the implementation of the contingency theory in EU projects management.
Change or continuation? Long-term city management on the example of local development strategy of Katowice
Authors: Podgórska-Rykała Joanna
Published: July 2018

The aim of this article is to look at strategic management of a large city from the two different perspectives: theoretical and empirical. In the first part the author focused on theoretical fundaments of management, particularly of the public strategic management. The second part presented the characteristics of the process of strategic management based on empirical data: two strategic documents adopted in Katowice over the last number of years were analysed. One of these documents is a currently binding one and the other is of an archival character. Referring to both the systematics and the means of preparation of these documents, as well as to their content, the author showed their common elements and the transformation which have occurred over the last number of years concerning the manner and approach to strategic management in the city. Based on documents analysis, the author answered the question asked in the introduction, which is whether in relation to the long-term policy of Katowice can one talk about change or continuation.
Application of cloud computing for the needs of BPMS systems
Authors: Francik Kamila , Pudło Mariusz
Published: July 2018

The paper presents the issues of applying highly-advanced informatic systems of BPMS class in the aspect of process approach to enterprise management. Their use can sub¬stantially influence the change of the previous way of functioning and acquiring a larger amo¬unt of data and information on dynamic market changes. The goal of the paper is to determine the influence of management processes computerization with reference to knowledge transfer among particular organizational units. Moreover, the Authors have presented a conceptual model considering the process approach with reference to enterprise management with the use of cloud computing. It is believed that application of this model in enterprise can influence the increase of the amount, availability, and better protection of acquired information and thus, key knowledge indispensable from the point of view of company’s further development.
La teoría queer como crítica poshistórica
Authors: Solana Mariela
Published: July 2018

El objetivo de este artículo es argumentar que es posible entender a la teoría queer como una crítica poshistórica, es decir, como una corriente que no sólo cuestiona el esencialismo sexual y la heteronormatividad –sus blancos teóricos más comunes – sino también la idea de progreso histórico. Sin embargo, a menudo los estudios queer son presentados como una defensa de la vanguardia sexual. El fin de este artículo es reflexionar sobre esta aparente contradicción y ofrecer una lectura alternativa de este campo teórico que tome en serio sus ataduras hacia lo normativo.
El kérygma de Creonte y el ideal de la obediencia absoluta al derecho en Tebas: una lectura iusfilosófica de Antígona de Sófocles
Authors: Magoja Eduardo Esteban
Published: July 2018

En Antígona de Sófocles, Creonte sanciona un decreto (kérygma) con el fin de regular jurídicamente una situación especial en las tierras de Tebas: prohibir que se dé sepultura al cuerpo del traidor Polinices. A partir de un enfoque iusfilosófico, en este trabajo se estudiará en especial la fuerza obligatoria de esa norma y el ideal de Creonte de alcanzar obediencia absoluta en la pólis. El propósito será demostrar cómo el rey de Tebas espera obtener sumisión a su autoridad a través del miedo a la sanción jurídica. Los valores y otros intereses sociales son por lo general descuidados u ocupan un lugar secundario.
Acciones educativas para afrontar algunos desafíos de la filosofía en el siglo XXI
Authors: París Albert Sonia
Published: July 2018

Estas reflexiones proponen algunas acciones educativas para recuperar el valor de la filosofía y con las que se cuestiona la noción de «utilidad» tan basada en criterios economicistas actualmente. Para ello, se rescata en la educación formal, a la pedagogía libertaria de Freire desde edades tempranas, aprovechando la metodología de la filosofía para niños. Esta práctica pedagógica es una herramienta que visibiliza la utilidad de la filosofía para todas las personas y que fomenta la creatividad para abordar algunos problemas filosóficos. Así, se afrontan algunos de los que se entienden como desafíos de la filosofía en el siglo XXI.
Los intereses, el objeto especulativo de las redes sociales. Una cuestión ética
Authors: Montesó Ventura Jorge
Published: July 2018

La filosofía siempre ha mostrado preocupación por los intereses humanos en su estudio del conocimiento. Actualmente, con la irrupción de nuevos hábitos sociales promovidos por el uso masivo de redes, esta preocupación está mudando hacia una vertiente de análisis más práctica. Los intereses, rectores de nuestra atención y, en consecuencia, del conocimiento, se han tornando objeto de mercantilización de marcas comerciales. Tal vorágine ha contribuido a que las redes sociales se conviertan en grandes bancos de intereses abiertos al negocio de nuestra intimidad, una conducta que despierta no pocas controversias éticas y que, cada vez más, reclama de nuestro ejercicio.
DUSSEL, Enrique (2016): 14 Tesis de ética. Hacia la esencia del pensamiento crítico. Madrid: Trotta.
Authors: Morollón del Río Diego
Published: July 2018

Reseña del libro: DUSSEL, Enrique (2016): 14 Tesis de ética. Hacia la esencia del pensamiento crítico. Madrid: Trotta.
CASADO DA ROCHA, Antonio (2017): Una casa en Walden (sobre Thoreau y cultura contemporánea), Logroño: Pepitas ed.
Authors: Clares Diego
Published: July 2018

Reseña del libro: CASADO DA ROCHA, Antonio (2017): Una casa en Walden (sobre Thoreau y cultura contemporánea), Logroño: Pepitas ed.
Insectes, monstres et esprits
Authors: Guédon Marie-Françoise
Published: July 2018

Les Athapascans de l’Alaska et du Nord-Ouest canadien utilisent les mêmes termes pour désigner d’une part les insectes et tout ce qui grouille et, d’autre part, les monstres aquatiques ou nocturnes, les géants mythiques, les esprits et les fantômes, ainsi que les gens-des-bois, êtres sauvages qui hantent la forêt subarctique. À première vue, il est difficile de trouver, entre ces diverses créatures, un lien qui justifierait une taxonomie aussi ambiguë, même en tenant compte des particularités des systèmes de classification athapascans. Une comparaison des créatures en question révèle des indices inattendus qui permettent une hypothèse : toutes ces créatures entretiennent un lien avec l’espace chamanique et mythique (ink’on), y compris les insectes qui feraient déjà directement partie de cet espace parce qu’ils étaient présents au début des temps mythiques, avant l’émergence de l’humanité. Des études linguistiques pourraient confirmer le lien sémantique entreink’onet insectes.
Ciissit
Authors: Fienup-Riordan Ann , Laugrand Frédéric
Published: July 2018

Les insectes jouent un rôle important dans la tradition orale yup’ik du sud-ouest de l’Alaska. Même s’ils sont considérés comme des parasites indésirables dans certains contextes, ces minuscules êtres possèdent et peuvent donner une grande puissance. Certains existent depuis les tout débuts de l’humanité, à l’époque où Corbeau a créé les humains alors que tout était neuf. Selon les aînés yup’iks, aucun autre animal n’est autant associé au pouvoir de guérir que la chenille, et aucun autre animal n’a la capacité de consommer ou de détruire un corps – animal ou humain – que l’asticot ou le ver. Tous les insectes possèdent la capacité de penser et, comme pour les animaux, on considère qu’ils traitent les humains comme ces derniers eux-mêmes les traitent. Jusqu’à ce jour, on indique que deux types de chenilles poilues et glabres peuvent se présenter à ceux, parmi les humains, qu’elles considèrent comme purs et leur conférer le pouvoir de guérir. Les humains qui en héritent ont été assez sages pour surmonter leurs craintes. Ils ont accueilli ces petites bestioles sans être effrayés par leur présence.
Des monstres, des moustiques et des cendres
Authors: Mauzé Marie
Published: July 2018

Les insectes sont présents dans la mythologie, les rituels et l’art des sociétés de la côte Nord-Ouest, cependant, à la différence des autres animaux qui sont au centre de leur cosmologie, les travaux les concernant sont quasi inexistants. En se fondant principalement sur la mythologie des principaux groupes de cette région, l’auteure montre que les moustiques nés des cendres de monstres calcinés partagent avec ceux-ci les mêmes dispositions et sont, à leur échelle, des maillons nécessaires à la perpétuation de la vie, celle-ci étant indissociablement liée à la mort, car il faut mourir pour renaître. Les esprits moustiques sont des esprits auxiliaires des chamanes tlingits, et quant aux esprits guêpes, ils sont censés rendre les guerriers invulnérables et agressifs.
Les messagers de l’invisible chez les Inuits de l’Arctique de l’Est canadien
Authors: Laugrand Frédéric B.
Published: July 2018

Les rapports que les Inuits entretiennent avec lesqupirruit(les petites bestioles) et les savoirs qu’ils possèdent à leur égard demeurent méconnus. Dans les rares études disponibles, l’accent a surtout été placé sur les peurs et la terreur que suscitent ces petites bêtes auprès des humains. On a également souligné leur rôle dans l’initiation chamanique, ces êtres étant en contact avec la mort et susceptibles de revivre ou de se métamorphoser. À partir de sources orales anciennes et contemporaines, cet article aborde un tout autre aspect des petites bestioles, en particulier leur rôle de messagers. Lesqupirruitsont des entités capables de guider les humains dans leurs gestes et leurs prises de décision, de les accompagner et de les protéger, d’annoncer des événements à venir. Alors que les traditions chamaniques ont basculé dans l’invisible, il convient de se demander si les petites bestioles ne sont pas aujourd’hui perçues plus positivement que jadis, nonobstant leur ambivalence.
Tshiheu
Authors: Delamour Carole , Roué Marie , Dubuc Élise , Siméon Louise
Published: July 2018

Cet article étudie un motif de naïade de libellule brodé sur un manteau en cuir
d’orignal ayant pour origine la Première Nation des Pekuakamiulnuatsh de Mashteuiatsh,
manteau actuellement conservé au National Museum of the American Indian (Smithsonian
Institution) de Washington. Alors que l’étude des motifs décoratifs innus s’est
principalement concentrée sur les motifs floraux, cet article en propose une lecture
renouvelée. Les auteures analysent la place des libellules dans les savoirs et les pratiques
ilnus en s’attachant aux relations interspécifiques qui leur sont associées, notamment avec
les poissons. S’inscrivant dans un contexte de recherche collaborative entre experts locaux
et chercheurs universitaires, l’article expose comment a été identifié puis étudié le motif
au sein de la communauté. Il s’attache enfin à illustrer comment l’étude du manteau et du
motif peut devenir un support de revitalisation et de réappropriation de connaissances
culturelles et écologiques.
Une métamorphose des discours : le Québec et la géographie
Authors: CLAVAL Paul
Published: July 2018

Importée de France dans les années 1930, en contact permanent avec les géographies britannique et américaine, l’étude de la terre est dominée au Québec par deux soucis : celui d’expliquer les formes que revêt, et qu’a revêtues, l’organisation de l’espace dans la vallée du Saint-Laurent (et ailleurs), et celui de comprendre la permanence du fait français dans cette partie du monde. Le premier souci explique que la recherche y ait connu, depuis un demi-siècle, les mêmes mutations que dans le reste du monde occidental. Le second, d’abord prédominant, a vu son champ se réduire au domaine culturel, mais explique sans doute l’inventivité et la liberté de ton des chercheurs. La globalisation se traduit par l’élargissement des espaces qu’ils étudient, et par l’attention accrue qu’ils portent aux problèmes sociaux, culturels et environnementaux du monde actuel.
Des paysages, des idées et des hommes : le projet collectif de Charlevoix 1
Authors: BUREAU Luc
Published: July 2018

D’une façon quelque peu empirique, on peut distinguer quatre phases intereliées dans le processus de formation de l’image collective d’un milieu : l’identification, la modélisation, la signification et l’affectivité. Partant de ces composantes fondamentales de l’activité perceptuelle, et les mettant elles-mêmes en relation avec celles du paysage (les formes, les habitants et les valeurs), il nous a été possible de reconstituer la trame du projet collectif de Charlevoix et d’en reconnaître le niveau de consistance dans le temps et dans l’espace. Essentiellement polydimensionnel et ouvert dans le passé lointain, ce « projet » semble se contracter au fur et à mesure que l’on progresse dans le temps : l’éventail de choix se referme, en imposant des comportements de plus en plus stéréotypés. Débordant le cadre du passé et du présent, on en arrive à anticiper le profil du « nouveau projet collectif » qui s’articule, non pas en prévision d’un retour à la polyvalence ancienne, mais en fonction d’une nouvelle conception du développement, cherchant à introduire les idées de planification, de participation collective et de protection du milieu.
Verifiability in computer-aided research: the role of digital scientific notations at the human-computer interface
Authors: Hinsen Konrad
Published: July 2018

Most of today’s scientific research relies on computers and software for processing scientific information. Examples of such computer-aided research are the analysis of experimental data or the simulation of phenomena based on theoretical models. With the rapid increase of computational power, scientific software has integrated more and more complex scientific knowledge in a black-box fashion. As a consequence, its users do not know, and do not even have a chance of finding out, which assumptions and approximations their computations are based on. This black-box nature of scientific software has made the verification of much computer-aided research close to impossible. The present work starts with an analysis of this situation from the point of view of human-computer interaction in scientific research. It identifies the key role of digital scientific notations at the human-computer interface, reviews the most popular ones in use today, and describes a proof-of-concept implementation of Leibniz, a language designed as a verifiable digital scientific notation for models formulated as mathematical equations.
The effects of auditory enrichment on zebrafish behavior and physiology
Authors: Barcellos Heloísa H. A. , Koakoski Gessi , Chaulet Fabiele , Kirsten Karina S. , Kreutz Luiz C. , Kalueff Allan V. , Barcellos Leonardo J. G.
Published: July 2018

Environmental enrichment is widely used to improve welfare and behavioral performance of animal species. It ensures housing of laboratory animals in environments with space and complexity that enable the expression of their normal behavioral repertoire. Auditory enrichment by exposure to classical music decreases abnormal behaviors and endocrine stress responses in humans, non-humans primates, and rodents. However, little is known about the role of auditory enrichment in laboratory zebrafish. Given the growing importance of zebrafish for neuroscience research, such studies become critical. To examine whether auditory enrichment by classical music can affect fish behavior and physiology, we exposed adult zebrafish to 2 h of Vivaldi’s music (65–75 dB) twice daily, for 15 days. Overall, zebrafish exposed to such auditory stimuli were less anxious in the novel tank test and less active, calmer in the light-dark test, also affecting zebrafish physiological (immune) biomarkers, decreasing peripheral levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increasing the activity of some CNS genes, without overt effects on whole-body cortisol levels. In summary, we report that twice-daily exposure to continuous musical sounds may provide benefits over the ongoing 50–55 dB background noise of equipment in the laboratory setting. Overall, our results support utilizing auditory enrichment in laboratory zebrafish to reduce stress and improve welfare in this experimental aquatic organism.
Herbivorous protist growth and grazing rates at in situ and artificially elevated temperatures during an Arctic phytoplankton spring bloom
Authors: Menden-Deuer Susanne , Lawrence Caitlyn , Franzè Gayantonia
Published: July 2018

To assess protistan grazing impact and temperature sensitivity on plankton population dynamics, we measured bulk and species-specific phytoplankton growth and herbivorous protist grazing rates in Disko Bay, West Greenland in April-May 2011. Rate estimates were made at three different temperatures in situ (0 °C), +3 °C and +6 °C over ambient. In situ Chlorophylla(Chla) doubled during the observation period to ∼12  µg ChlaL−1, with 60–97% of Chlain the >20 µm size-fraction dominated by the diatom genusChaetoceros.Herbivorous dinoflagellates comprised 60–80% of microplankton grazer biomass. At in situ temperatures, phytoplankton growth or grazing by herbivorous predators <200 µm was not measurable until 11 days after observations commenced. Thereafter, phytoplankton growth was on average 0.25 d−1. Phytoplankton mortality due to herbivorous grazing was only measured on three occasions but the magnitude was substantial, up to 0.58 d−1. Grazing of this magnitude removed ∼100% of primary production. In short-term temperature-shift incubation experiments, phytoplankton growth rate increased significantly (20%) at elevated temperatures. In contrast, herbivorous protist grazing and species-specific growth rates decreased significantly (50%) at +6 °C. This differential response in phytoplankton and herbivores to temperature increases resulted in a decrease of primary production removed with increasing temperature.Phaeocystisspp. abundance was negatively correlated with bulk grazing rate. Growth and grazing rates were variable but showed no evidence of an inherent, low temperature limitation. Herbivorous protist growth rates in this study and in a literature review were comparable to rates from temperate waters. Thus, an inherent physiological inhibition of protistan growth or grazing rates in polar waters is not supported by the data. The large variability between lack of grazing and high rates of primary production removal observed here and confirmed in the literature for polar waters implies larger amplitude fluctuations in phytoplankton biomass than slower, steady grazing losses of primary production.
Nacre‐Inspired Graphene/Metal Hybrid by In Situ Cementation Reaction and Joule Heating
Authors: Fontoura Luiza , Nautiyal Pranjal , Loganathan Archana , Boesl Benjamin , Agarwal Arvind
Published: July 2018

A nacre mimicking layered composite consisting of multilayer graphene (MLG) flakes and copper is fabricated in this study by a two‐step process including cementation reaction and Joule heating via spark plasma sintering (SPS). In situ cementation reaction deposits copper nanodroplets on activated graphene flakes with the aid of reducer Magnesium metal. The copper‐coated graphene flakes are subjected to pressure and localized Joule heating, resulting in a hierarchical 3D architecture comprising of uniformly aligned graphene flakes firmly bonded together by intermediate copper layers. The lamellar microstructure is characterized by a heterogeneous variation of elastic modulus. The impact of this hierarchical structure on the composite's mechanical behavior is explored by indentation loading, revealing a four‐fold increase in the load bearing ability of MLG/Cu hybrid as compared to MLG monolith. The Nacre‐inspired MLG‐Cu hybrid exhibits work of indentation ≈22.4 mJ, which is 500% improvement over MLG monolith (≈3.7 mJ). Copper deposition on graphene significantly improves the inter‐layer adhesion and restricts the sliding, pull‐out, and delamination of graphene flakes. The intimate interfacial contact between the constituent layers of the 3D hybrid facilitates effective stress‐transfer, thereby improving the overall load‐bearing ability. The novel processing route proposed here can be applied to other 2D materials for developing bioinspired 3D architectures with superior mechanical properties for a wide range of applications.