bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forest Policy Reform in Brazil
Authors: Bauch Simone , Sills Erin , Rodriguez Luiz Carlos Estraviz , McGinley Kathleen , Cubbage Frederick
Published: April 2024

Rapid deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon, caused by economic, social, and policy factors, has focused global and national attention on protecting this valuable forest resource. In response, Brazil reformed its federal forest laws in 2006, creating new regulatory, development, and incentive policy instruments and institutions. Federal forestry responsibilities are maintained within the ministry of the environment; its regulatory agency responsibilities are divided among three different branches of the agency; many powers are delegated to states and municipalities; and a new private concession system is being developed. These reforms offer promise to improve forest protection and management in Brazil but must overcome significant institutional and social resistance for success.
Challenges to Educating the Next Generation of Wildland Fire Professionals in the United States
Authors: Kobziar Leda N. , Rocca Monique E. , Dicus Christopher A. , Hoffman Chad , Sugihara Neil , Thode Andrea E. , Varner J. Morgan , Morgan Penelope
Published: April 2024

Over the last 20 years, the duties of US fire professionals have become more complex and risk laden because of fuel load accumulation, climate change, and the increasing wildland-urban interface. Incorporation of fire use and ecological principles into fire management policies has further expanded the range of expertise and knowledge required of fire professionals. The educational and training systems that produce these professionals, however, have been slow to organize an updated and coordinated approach to preparing future practitioners. Consequently, aspiring fire professionals face numerous challenges related to scheduling conflicts, limited higher education programs in fire science, lack of coordination between fire training and higher education entities, and the overall difficulty of obtaining education and training without sacrificing experience. Here, we address these and other challenges with potential solutions and outline the first steps toward their implementation. We organize the necessary aspects of professional fire preparation into a representative model: a fire professional development triangle comprised of education, training, and experience. For each of these aspects, we suggest changes that can be made by employers, educators, and nongovernmental organizations to provide a more streamlined mechanism for preparing the next generation of wildland fire professionals in the United States.
Outdoor Recreation Research and Education for the 21st Century: Defining National Direction and Building Capacity
Authors: Selin Steve , Hunt Fen , Blanche Catalino , Thompson Katherine
Published: April 2024

Outdoor recreation has emerged as an important way in which forests contribute to national public health and prosperity. This article builds a case for strengthening science and education-based programs to address outdoor recreation management challenges and train the next generation of natural resource leaders. We describe a national-level effort to develop a 5-year strategic plan for outdoor recreation research and education. Outcomes from this strategic plan are elaborated and a call to action is issued. The forestry community needs to seize this political opportunity to bring about real change on the ground—change that builds a healthier and more prosperous America.
Are Family Forest Owners Facing a Future In Which Forest Management Is Not Enough?
Authors: D'Amato Anthony W. , Catanzaro Paul F. , Damery David T. , Kittredge David B. , Ferrare Kristina A.
Published: April 2024

Family forests represent the largest proportion of forestland within the United States; however, the processes of forest conversion, fragmentation, and parcelization are drastically impeding the ability to manage these lands and maintain the benefits they provide. One factor suggested as driving this trend is the inability of landowners to meet the property tax burden on their land. We evaluated the effectiveness of three tools commonly suggested for meeting the financial demands of property taxes: (1) use of economic returns from timber management, (2) enrollment in a current-use tax program, and (3) sale of a conservation easement, within a rural watershed in western Massachusetts. Our results indicate that revenue from timber management is insufficient at covering property taxes and that application of measures such as the sale of conservation easements will be critical in maintaining the viability of forest ownership in areas of rising land values and property taxes.
Fire Burners to Firefighters: The Nez Perce and Fire
Authors: Carroll Matthew S. , Cohn Patricia J. , Paveglio Travis B. , Drader Donna R. , Jakes Pamela J.
Published: April 2024

This article presents results from an interview-based case study examining burning practices of the Nez Perce tribe in the Inland Northwest in both their contemporary and historical policy context. Despite the lack of a prominent fire tradition, our interviews uncovered a legacy of knowledge and cultural traditions linked to fire and a variety of contemporary fire practices on the reservation performed by land-management professionals and individual tribal members. Many of these practices, particularly those involving broadcast burning, have diminished over the years. We examine the reasons for this and the potentials for mitigating some of the practical and policy constraints to such burning. We conclude that the nontribal community still has much to learn about fire from those who have lived in fire-adapted landscapes longer than anyone else.
The Unknown Trajectory of Forest Restoration: A Call for Ecosystem Monitoring
Authors: DeLuca Thomas H. , Aplet Gregory H. , Wilmer Bo , Burchfield James
Published: April 2024

Restoration of forest ecosystems is a common objective of land managers throughout the western United States. Unfortunately, limited federal funding and a lack of specific enforcement of existing regulations has resulted in a lack of effectiveness monitoring (monitoring that provides information on the successes and impacts of the activity or project) after forest restoration activities on federal lands, thus inhibiting learning about, and improving the success of, restoration efforts. Monitoring could potentially be conducted on limited federal budgets through use of (1) multiparty teams composed of volunteers on a portion of restoration sites, (2) a statistical sampling strategy on a limited set of sites for intensive monitoring by federal monitoring teams, and (3) remote sensing to monitor a select set of variables across a broad portion of the affected landscape.
Combining Ecological Classification Systems and Conservation Filters Could Facilitate the Integration of Wildlife and Forest Management
Authors: Zenner Eric K. , Peck JeriLynn E. , Brubaker Kristen , Gamble Benjamin , Gilbert Carrie , Heggenstaller Daniel , Hickey Jeanne , Sitch Kelly , Withington Robbie
Published: April 2024

Ecosystem management demands simultaneous consideration and integration of ecosystem services in monitoring, planning, and management activities, but specialization has led to independently developed traditions in wildlife biology and management and forestry. We drew on the literature to explore the use of filters in wildlife conservation and ecological classification systems in forest management and to ask the question, “Can combining these tools improve our integration of wildlife and forest management?” Although each tool has been successfully applied independently, relatively few examples still exist for their combined use. We conclude that this approach has potential for enhancing research, monitoring, and management in areas beyond wildlife management, including forest health.
Wikipedia as a Tool for Forestry Outreach
Authors: Radtke Philip J. , Munsell John F.
Published: April 2024

The goals of this work were to examine how the online, collaborative encyclopedia Wikipedia presents information related to forest management and the profession of forestry and to explore its potential as a vehicle for widespread public outreach, interaction, and communication regarding these topics. Issues concerning the accuracy of Wikipedia content were reviewed, and a survey of Wikipedia content related to forestry was performed, along with a project enlisting college students to generate content on Wikipedia related to forest measurements coursework. Forestry-related Wikipedia articles generated over one-half million page views during 1 month in 2008, with nearly 6,000 views of 25 student-generated pages. In the 18 months since they were first uploaded, student-generated articles were edited 784 times by 132 separate contributors. Developing new content, editing, and revision are essential parts of the Wikipedia collaborative model. As such, significant opportunities exist for individuals or groups of students, professionals, experts, and nonexperts alike to contribute collaboratively to forestry-related articles that will be viewed by relatively large audiences of the online public on Wikipedia.
Organizational Learning and the Fate of Adaptive Management in the US Forest Service
Authors: Brown Gregory G. , Squirrell Trevor
Published: April 2024

Learning is a fundamental driver and product of adaptive management. We measured organizational learning attributes in a survey of US Forest Service employees in 2008 to assess the agency learning environment by organizational hierarchy and work unit in the agency and to benchmark the US Forest Service against other external organizations. We found that positive organizational learning attributes are unevenly distributed throughout the agency's work units and hierarchy. US Forest Service managers experience a stronger learning environment than staff, and work units in the National Forest System have significantly weaker learning environments than research stations and state and private forestry. Furthermore, US Forest Service learning attributes fall below the median compared with external benchmark scores. We offer some general suggestions for improving the learning environment in the agency but we are not optimistic about adaptive management implementation without further development of the basic building blocks of learning in the US Forest Service.
Challenges to Sawmill Businesses in New England and New York State: A Survey of Wood Procurement Managers
Authors: Egan Andrew F. , Morin Louis J.
Published: April 2024

Forests and large population centers dominate the landscape of New England (NE) and New York. We investigated factors that may impact the ability of sawmill procurement organizations in the region to obtain wood raw material by surveying mill procurement managers in the region. We found that, although symptoms of population pressures, such as decreasing size of forest parcels and terminal harvesting due to land-use change, were important constraints for many mills and appeared to be increasingly problematic, other factors, such as energy costs, appeared to present far greater challenges to most mills. Results have implications for both near- and long-term procurement strategies and may be relevant to forest products businesses nationwide.
Workshop Approach for Developing Climate Change Adaptation Strategies and Actions for Natural Resource Management Agencies in the United States
Authors: Halofsky Jessica E. , Peterson David L. , Furniss Michael J. , Joyce Linda A. , Millar Constance I. , Neilson Ronald P.
Published: April 2024

Concrete ways to adapt to climate change are needed to help land-management agencies take steps to incorporate climate change into management and take advantage of opportunities to balance the negative effects of climate change. Because the development of adaptation tools and strategies is at an early stage, it is important that ideas and strategies are disseminated quickly to advance thinking and practice. Here, we offer an example of a successful workshop, focused on National Forests in the United States, which allowed quick dissemination of ideas and strategies for climate change adaptation in resource management through an interaction between scientists and managers. We share both the process used in the workshop and the outcome of facilitated dialogue at the workshop. By presenting concrete adaptation methods and showing the value of a focused scientist–manager dialogue, we hope to motivate the US Forest Service and other natural resource agencies to emulate our approach and begin the process of adapting to climate change.
A Functional Approach to Riparian Area Delineation Using Geospatial Methods
Authors: Holmes Kathryn L. , Goebel P. Charles
Published: April 2024

Riparian areas are diverse ecotones that provide numerous, valuable ecosystem functions. However, many riparian delineation methods use a fixed minimum width to create a riparian buffer or setback that may not adequately protect actual riparian function. A method for riparian area delineation across landscapes is presented that incorporates riparian function and moves beyond the fixed-width buffer approach. Using geospatial data and tools, riparian areas were delineated functionally for the Cuyahoga Valley National Park in northeastern Ohio and compared to fixed-width buffers in terms of extent and protection of riparian function. We suggest that functional riparian area delineation be incorporated into watershed management planning to improve protection and restoration of the valuable ecological functions provided by riparian areas across landscapes.
New Choices and Challenges for Regulated Private Forests: The “Alternate Plan” Option
Authors: Gootee Roje S. , Blatner Keith A. , Carroll Matthew S. , Baumgartner David M. , Weber Edward P.
Published: April 2024

The state of Washington has developed a policy instrument that substantially amends traditional “top-down” private forest regulation. Called the “Alternate Plan” option, it gives landowners unusual new flexibility in designing forest management projects for their property. Projects may depart from any of the state's established Forest Practices Rules, if the property owner can satisfactorily show that a customized proposal would provide equivalent environmental protection. The state provides a prompt review and decision and then supervises project implementation and monitors compliance with the approved project specifications. We interviewed 109 stakeholders involved in the design, use, and implementation of this innovative program. From this data we evaluate the functional advantages and challenges inherent in this new regulatory approach, suggest modifications to improve its effectiveness, and discuss policymaking implications.
LiDAR as a Tool to Characterize Wildlife Habitat: California Spotted Owl Nesting Habitat as an Example
Authors: García-Feced Celia , Tempel Douglas J. , Kelly Maggi
Published: April 2024

We show the use of an emerging technology, airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR), to assess forest wildlife habitat by showing how it can improve the characterization of California spotted owl (Strix occidentalis occidentalis) nesting habitat. Large residual trees are important elements for many wildlife species and often, apparently, facilitate selection of habitat by spotted owls. However, we currently lack the ability to identify such trees over large spatial scales. We acquired multiple-return, high-resolution LiDAR data for a 107.1-km2 area in the central Sierra Nevada, California. We surveyed for spotted owls within this area during 2007–2009 and located four nest trees. We then used the LiDAR data to measure the number, density, and pattern of residual trees (≥90-cm dbh) and to estimate canopy cover within 200 m of four nest trees. Nest trees were surrounded by large numbers of residual trees and high canopy cover. We believe that LiDAR would greatly benefit forest managers and scientists in the assessment of wildlife– habitat relationships and conservation of important wildlife species.
Human Dimensions / Recreation and Ecotourism
Authors: Billingham Rachel , Daniel Marissa Jo , Aguilar Francisco , Stelzer Hank , Robertson Guy , Asah Stanley , King Michelle , Gupta Angela , Grant Samatha , Jones Christopher , Lenart Melanie , Tholen Richard , Whelan William , Oswald Tina , Rideout-Hanzak Sandra , Randler Paula , Pendris Darrel , Mittlefehldt Sarah , Harding James , Lyons Patrick , Leahy Jessica , Silka Linda , Lindenfeld Laura , Gorczyca Erika , Leahy Jessica , Wilson Jeremy , Bell Kathleen , Mercier Wilfred , Selin Steven , Blankenbaker Gene , Aguilar Francisco , Burns Robert , Graefe Alan , Schuett Michael , Lu Jiaying , Poudyal Neelam , Green Gary , Stein Taylor , Dahl Christopher , Mehlhorn Sandy , Smartt Philip , Mehlhorn Joey , Leahy Jessica , Willand Martha , Petit Bryan
Published: April 2024

8With the current state of the economy and the budget woes found in everyone's workplace, every extra dollar we can use to offset the cost of projects counts—and what if those extra dollars came with public relations opportunities at no cost to you? For the last several years, the Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry has cultivated relationships with a variety of non-traditional partners. These relationships have not only provided additional funds for tree planting projects through our TreeVitalize program, but have also provided fantastic public relations exposure and access to new audiences. Come hear how we used a “win-win” approach with our new partners and be inspired to try some of these ideas in your “neck of the woods.”
Forest Management, Engineering, and Operations
Authors: Kolka Randy , Powers Matt , Bradford John , Palik Brian , Jurgensen Marty , Abbas Dalia , Gallagher Tom , Ambagis Stephen , Antony Finto , Jordan Lewis , Daniels Richard , Schimleck Laurie , Botard Shane , Aguilar Francisco , Dwyer John , Stelzer Hank , Ek Alan , Hoganson Howard , D'Amato Anthony , David Andrew , Kilgore Michael , Wu Jinzhuo , Wang Jingxin , McNeel Joseph , Ice George , Light Jeff , Hale V. Cody , Garland Tina , McDonnell Jeffrey , Mount John R. , Cuff Francis (Frank) , Stumpf Kenneth , Rogers Travis , Schilling Erik , Ice George , Salwasser Janine , Zegre Nicolas , Kellogg Loren , Aguilar Francisco , Goerndt Michael , Miles Patrick , Shifley Stephen , Song Nianfu , Stelzer Hank , Goerndt Michael , Aguilar Francisco , Shifley Stephen , Song Nianfu , Bakker Jonathan , Petrova Maria , Ceder Kevin , Turnblom Eric , Naka Kozma , Naka Kozma , Sivanpillai Ramesh , Dicus Christopher , Large Jonathan , Isbell Clint , Weise David , Keefe Robert , Davis Anthony S. , Parajuli Rajan , Chang Sun , Roise Joseph , Hopkins Chris , Duncan Doug
Published: April 2024

9Forests represent a major global C sink, and forest management strategies that maximize carbon storage offer one avenue for mitigating increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Our understanding of relationships between forest management, productivity, carbon storage, and stand age, however, is limited. We established research plots in a chronosequence of thinned and unmanaged red pine stands in northern Minnesota to study patterns of carbon storage, and the major fluxes that influence carbon sequestration. We completed an inventory of all major C pools across a chronosequence of 57 red pine stands ages 9-306 years on the Chippewa National Forest in the fall of 2009. Results indicate total ecosystem C pools increase as red pine stands age for at least 150 years, and on-site C storage in thinned stands appears similar to unmanaged stands of comparable ages, despite different age-related trends in the live tree and forest floor pools. Thinned stands may have the potential to store more C than unmanaged stands in old age when C removed during harvesting is added into the total ecosystem C pool.
Human Dimensions
Authors: Tjaden Bob , Jo Daniel Marissa , Aguilar Francisco , Stelzer Hank , Gallaher Timothy , Kushla John , Henderson James , Londo Andrew , Kreye Melissa , Adams Damian , Borisova Tatiana , Escobedo Francisco , de Hoop Cornelis , Gerald Ann , Kaller Michael , Shupe Todd , Pickett Elizabeth , Lenentine Miku , Fischer Paige , Else Page , Berner Logan , McKee Mikailah , Rutenbeck Nathan , Bokach Matthew , Fischer Lisa , Lydick Julie , Lilieholm Rob , Sader Steve , Boone Randy , Reid Robin , Said Mohammed , Worden Jeff , Kifugo Shem , Nkedianye David , Stabach Jared , Daigle John , Moskell Christine , Allred Shorna
Published: April 2024

12The University of MD Extension (UME) has been very effective in teaching forest landowners concepts and principles of forest management through seminars, workshops and field days. After evaluating these techniques and recognizing people learn differently, new delivery methods were developed. UME developed a landowner based forestry correspondence course in two formats, first a traditional paper then a web based version. These were developed to support the range of ages, learning styles, high-speed internet availability and computer knowledge. Both versions lead the learner through the components of a forest stewardship plan. Upon course completion, the student has the framework of a forest stewardship plan in a format acceptable for State Forester approval. This has helped the State Forester meet forest stewardship plan goals during a significant decline of personnel who normally assist forest landowners. The courses have also helped forest landowners meet the NRCS requirements of having a plan in order to qualify for certain federal cost share programs. We are constantly adapting the courses based on course evaluations, new issues and programs, and innovative forest management techniques. Evaluations are performed upon the completion of the course to assist in measuring overall course effectiveness, student success, plan objectives and any enhancements necessary to improve the course. There is also a follow-up evaluation performed five years after completion to evaluate plan implementation, behavioral changes, knowledge maintained, acres impacted, financial impacts, and direct contacts of the students. Data from all evaluations will be presented in the poster as well as lesson learned.
Recreation and Ecotourism / Certification and Ecosystem Services
Authors: LaBau Vernon J. , Holland Kyle , Caldwell Ben , Salls Wilson
Published: April 2024

369This study began in 1997 as a recreational activity, growing into a more structured study in 2002, and it continuing until February of 2011. During those 15 years, data were collected over 342 days. More than 8,500 ocean sightings of the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) were recorded. Those included counting 5,700 turtle heads, along with an additional 2,600 sightings of flippers and bodies (including silhouettes in waves). Until recently, the green sea turtle has been considered endangered, but it is currently making a comeback. The results of this study should be helpful in scientifically monitor the green sea turtle populations and also should be useful in helping recreationists choose conditions best for viewing the green sea turtle. An analysis of various oceanographic factors that seemed to relate to sightings of the green sea turtle included tide height, wave height, amount of sunlight, and clarity of water. Presentations of graphics for each of those four factors indicate important trends in sightings.
Abstract
Authors:   none
Published: April 2024

The article contains all presentation abstracts from the Collaborating For Resilience On Federal Lands track of the 2012 Society of American Foresters National Convention.
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Authors:   none
Published: April 2024

The article contains all presentation abstracts from the Economic Resilience of Forest Enterprise track of the 2012 Society of American Foresters National Convention.
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Authors:   none
Published: April 2024

The article contains all presentation abstracts from the Education and Outreach track of the 2012 Society of American Foresters National Convention.
Abstract
Authors:   none
Published: April 2024

The article contains all presentation abstracts from the Forest Health track of the 2012 Society of American Foresters National Convention.
Abstract
Authors:   none
Published: April 2024

The article contains all presentation abstracts from the Forest Management and Operations track of the 2012 Society of American Foresters National Convention.
Abstract
Authors:   none
Published: April 2024

The article contains all presentation abstracts from the Forest Policy track of the 2012 Society of American Foresters National Convention.
Abstract
Authors:   none
Published: April 2024

The article contains all presentation abstracts from the Silviculture and Forest Ecology track of the 2012 Society of American Foresters National Convention.
Abstract
Authors:   none
Published: April 2024

The article contains all presentation abstracts from the Soil and Water Resources track of the 2012 Society of American Foresters National Convention.
Abstract
Authors:   none
Published: April 2024

The article contains all poster abstracts from the Education and Outreach track of the 2012 Society of American Foresters National Convention.
Abstract
Authors:   none
Published: April 2024

The article contains all poster abstracts from the Forest Health track of the 2012 Society of American Foresters National Convention.
Abstract
Authors:   none
Published: April 2024

The article contains all poster abstracts from the Forest Management and Operations track of the 2012 Society of American Foresters National Convention.
Abstract
Authors:   none
Published: April 2024

The article contains all poster abstracts from the People and Communities in Natural Resource Management track of the 2012 Society of American Foresters National Convention.
Abstract
Authors:   none
Published: April 2024

The article contains all poster abstracts from the Soil and Water Resources track of the 2012 Society of American Foresters National Convention.
How Prescribed Burning Affects Wildfire Occurrence
Authors: Davis Lawrence S. , Cooper Robert W.
Published: April 2024

In 1959, an attempt was made to evaluate the effectiveness of prescribed fires in reducing the number, size, and intensity of wildfires in north Florida and south Georgia. Data were collected from 380 fires on 954,000 acres for a 4-year period, 1955 to 1958, a span that included twobad fire years and two relatively easy fire years. Although a higher wildfire occurrence rate was indicated for the roughs three years and older, the differences were not very great. On the other hand, the differences in burn acreage, particularly between the youngest and oldest roughs, wereextreme. Annual burn percents ranged from 0.03 percent in the 0-year-old roughs to 0.14 percent in the 5-year-old roughs. Hazard reduction fire prescriptions, therefore, are profitable investments for forest landowners in the Southeast if roughs are kept below the 5-year level.
Wood Products Consumers, Producers, and National Forest Timber Flow Policy
Authors: Adams Darius M. , Haynes Richard W. , Darr David R.
Published: April 2024

Cost-benefit analyses of alternative timber-flow policies on the national forests should be expanded to include broader definitions of costs and benefits and to explicitly consider the distribution of policy impacts across groups and geographic regions. A minimal set of incident groups would include product consumers, timber professors, stumpage producers, and governmental agencies. Estimation of costs and benefits is illustrated for an increase of 2.4 billion board feet in national forest harvest.
Unmodified Forest Property Tax - Is It Fair?
Authors: Klemperer W. David
Published: April 2024

Past theoretical arguments against unmodified forest property taxes have reinforced their historical unpopularity. Recent literature suggests that at any given tax rate, average property taxes as a percent of accrued annual income would not necessarily be any higher on forests than on other types of property. Nevertheless, it is still possible to show that, under certain conditions, unmodified property taxes may be more discouraging to forestry than to other land uses. Arguments about impacts hinge on the degree to which such taxes are shifted forward into higher wood prices or back into lower land values.
Forest Structure, Composition, and Vigor in Housing Developments
Authors: Grinten Martin van der , Wilson Brayton F. , Fischer Burnell C.
Published: April 2024

In five housing developments near Amherst, Massachusetts, 32 to 77 percent of the basal area of the forest originally on the site had been removed 5 to 10 years previously. Small trees had been cut and large trees saved, regardless of species. Developments tended to produce an even-aged stand of large trees with reduced vigor.
Economic Efficiency and the National Forest Management Act of 1976
Authors: Walker John L.
Published: April 2024

The Forest Service historically has rejected economic criteria for forest management decisions. Consequently, management of the national forests must be heavily subsidized even though these lands contain more than half the softwood sawtimber in the country. The National Forest Management Act of 1976 specifically requires that economic as well as environmental criteria be considered in developing balanced programs. The administrative discretion permitted by the act allows most provisions to be interpreted much more consistently with economic efficiency than is permitted by current Forest Service policies and procedures.
Landing Geometry and Spar Lift Capability
Authors: Cummins Leo K.
Published: April 2024

Elements of landing geometry critical for setting external yarding distances are variation in slope and soil stability, spar length and fixed or swingboom characteristics, and dimensions required for operations performed on the landing. Spar lift mechanics modify the external yarding parameters.
Profile of Participants in Landowner Assistance Program, Southeastern Mississippi
Authors: Taylor Frank E. , Wilkerson Connie G.
Published: April 2024

Data from 119 nonindustrial forest landowners in southeastern Mississippi--participants in international Paper Company's Landowner Assistance Program--indicate characteristics of these owners and what help they need to increase productivity on their lands.
Rural Community Fire Protection Program: Two Years of Accomplishment
Authors: Harrison H. Ames
Published: April 2024

The Rural Community Fire Protection Program (RCFP) is a national pilot program funded through the U.S. Forest Service for three years at 3.5 million dollars annually. State foresters are program administrators. During the first two years of operation, rural fire companies and communities from all 50 states raised 9 million dollars in matching funds to upgrade equipment, organize companies and provide training.
Transplanting Sapling-Size Trees for Campground Development
Authors: Shilling Charles L.
Published: April 2024

Analysis of 617 trees representing 29 species showed that establishing shade on an eastern Kentucky campground by transplanting trees 1 to 4 inches d.b.h. and 15 to 25 feet in height was successful (overall survival 92 percent) and relatively inexpensive ($9.57 per tree). The 11 best performing species have been previously ranked tolerant to recreational use. Optimal size for transplanting was 1.5 inches d.b.h. and 16 feet in height.
The Federal Judiciary and National Forest Management
Authors: Leshy John D.
Published: April 2024

What is sometimes regarded as a court-created crisis in management of national forest lands is rather a transition period, in which administrative agencies adjust to standards of environmental quality demanded by people and expressed in legislation. Court intervention has largely been foreordained by agency decisions.
Goal Programing in Forest Management
Authors: Schuler Albert T. , Webster H. H. , Meadows J. C.
Published: April 2024

Managing resources for multiple use requires complex decisions that involve many diverse goals. Goal programing provides a way of analyzing such decisions and evaluating tradeoffs. The method was used in a pilot study to prepare a management plan for a 10,000-acre area on a national forest. It proved valuable both in maximizing the attainment of diverse goals and in showing that one goal was unrealistic.
BWCA Visitor Distribution System
Authors: Hulbert James H. , Higgins Joseph F.
Published: April 2024

To prevent resource deterioration and ensure opportunities for wilderness experience, the Boundary Waters Canoe Area initiated a system of limiting the number of permits issued for each entry point. The entry quotas were determined from the carrying capacity of the canoe routes. The system worked successfully in 1976, its first year of operation.
Southern Pine Beetle: A Hypothesis Regarding its Primary Attractant
Authors: Heikkenen Herman John
Published: April 2024

The southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm., has a positive flight response to dead loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., during periods when populations are endemic. The initial attack is hypothesized to be in response to volatiles emitted by dead pines.
Stocking Percent and Seedlings Per Acre in Naturally Established Longleaf Pine
Authors: Boyer William D.
Published: April 2024

A relationship between milacre stocking and number of longleaf pine seedlings (Pinus palustris Mill.) per acre was derived from observations of 128 populations naturally established under a wide range of site conditions. The nonlinear regression obtained from the data was Y = 100 [1-(0.561)X], in which Y is the percentage of milacres stocked and X the average number of seedlings per milacre plot (seedlings per acre in thousands). This regression accounted for 85 percent of the observed variation in milacre stocking. The coefficient decreased when sample plot size was reduced to 0.5 and 0.25 milacre.
Pest-Control Decisions by Decision-Tree Analysis
Authors: Talerico Robert L. , Newton Carlton M. , Valentine Harry T.
Published: April 2024

Pest-control decisions are often made under conditions of uncertainty and without consideration of all the alternatives. A decision-tree approach makes it possible to determine the best alternatives without resolving the uncertainty. The method can be used to decide which of various gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.)., control alternatives has the lowest expected cost.
Land and Resource Classification -- Who Cares?
Authors: Nelson DeVon , Harris Grant A. , Hamilton Thomas E.
Published: April 2024

Increasingly complicated planning requirements have brought about a renewed interest in land and resource classification. While classification for a single purpose may be relatively easy, providing a system which is suited for several purposes is a complex undertaking. Before we can effectively address the dilemma of unifying classification systems, we must improve understanding of what is involved and provide for effective communication. Foresters, because of their multiple-use management responsibilities on wildlands, are in a strong position to take the lead in developing common approaches to the classification problem.
Land Classification--Where Do We Go from Here?
Authors: Hirsch Allan , Cushwa Charles T. , Flach Klaus W. , Frayer W. E.
Published: April 2024

Land classification systems provide means of aggregating large amounts of information, and of extrapolating research results and management experience among units with similar properties. The dilemma for the future is that while land classification is becoming more complex and there is urgent need for coordination, no single approach can serve all purposes. Recommendations for future directions include continued research to develop applicable systems, emphasis on hierarchical approaches and use of natural biosphere components as a basic underpinning, development of new ways to use a number of systems simultaneously, and continued emphasis on communication mechanisms.
World Forestry: Forestry in Brazil: An Awakening Giant
Authors: Rudolph Victor J. , Simoes Joao W. , James Lee M.
Published: April 2024

Brazil has cleared much of its natural forest except in the Amazon Basin, but it has partially compensated by establishing large plantations of conifers and fast-growing eucalypts. To ensure adequate future timber for both domestic use and planned export, it must develop the Amazon forest further and establish additional plantations mainly in the central and eastern regions. The government seems to be moving in these directions, and is establishing forest research program and improving the nation's forestry schools.
Land and Timber Values in an Urban Region
Authors: Miller Robert W. , Bond Robert S. , Payne Brian R.
Published: April 2024

Over a 20-year period, land values in central Massachusetts increased at a much faster rate than stumpage values. As a result, potential earnings from timber management are a declining factor in real estate transactions in this urban region.
Will There Be Enough Timber?
Authors: Clawson Marion
Published: April 2024

Notwithstanding many previous predictions of scarcity, the Unites States has about as much standing timer now as at the turn of the century. In the past two decades annual growth has been increasing in all major regions and for most major ownership classes. Continued increases can be expected. Prices will continue to rise, but probably not more steeply than in the past. Private owners are likely to expand their production if prices and markets are favorable.
Forest Survey and the Nonindustrial Private Ownerships
Authors: Tarrant Robert F. , Ewing Robert A. , Gedney Donald R.
Published: April 2024

There is need for improving the stratification of forestland through assessment of the socioeconomic circumstances affecting timber production on nonindustrial ownerships. Past research has had difficulty relating the various socioeconomic factors affecting owners to what occurs on the ground.
Weed Burner for Controlling Undesirable Trees and Shrubs
Authors: Cavanagh John B. , Weyrick Richard R.
Published: April 2024

Hand-operated weed burners, such as those used in agriculture, are an alternative to herbicides and mechanical methods for selective control of trees and brush in forest and wildlife habitat management.
Student Responses to Selected Terms and Scenes in Natural Resource Management
Authors: Yeiser Jimmie L. , Shilling Charles L.
Published: April 2024

Galvanic skin response was used to measure the intensity of emotion among three groups of college students viewing photographic slides of terms and scenes associated with natural resources. Three observations were made: (1) people with no knowledge of professional terminology responded to the connotation of the term; (2) the greater the number of reasons given for motivating a response, the less intense the response; and (3) the longer the time perspective under consideration, the less intense the response.
Mensuration Research for Improved Management of New Zealand's Exotic Forests
Authors: Burkhart Harold E. , Beekhuis J.
Published: April 2024

Because of the value of wood from exotic forests in New Zealand and the intensity with which these forests are managed, it is essential that highly sophisticated mensurational systems be available. The New Zealand Forest Service is carrying out a concerted effort to synthesize existing mensurational knowledge, to develop new methods where gaps exist, and to make comprehensive systems readily available to forest managers.
The Marginal Lands Provision
Authors: Hyde William F. , Le Master Dennis C.
Published: April 2024

Identifying national forestlands unsuited for timber production is a yet-to-be-completed task of implementing the National Forest Management Act. As a general criterion for decision-making, the authors propose maximization of net public benefits. These are direct benefit from timber production net of direct costs and equal to or greater than the opportunity costs incurred in creating the benefits. This criterion can be extended to take into account contending multiple-use values, lands that have commercially valuable timber on them but are marginal in terms of site capabilities for growing new crops, and situations where marginal and productive lands are intermingled.
Urban Forestry at the Crossroads
Authors: Burns Denver P. , Moeller George H.
Published: April 2024

Urban forestry continues to gain acceptance by the public as a concept and in practice. With few exceptions, foresters have provided limited amounts of expertise and leadership. Participation by them and by other specialists can strengthen programs and help develop, among city residents, a renewable-resource ethic whose effects reach for beyond the city limits.
Board-Foot Factors for Point Sampling
Authors: Wiant Harry V. , Maxey William R.
Published: April 2024

Board-foot, factors can be derived from volume tables by using the average V/(D²*H) ratios.
Gypsy Moth Defoliation: Impact in Rhode Island Forests
Authors: Brown James H. , Halliwell David B. , Gould Walter P.
Published: April 2024

Heavy infestations of gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) in Rhode Island forests caused greatest defoliation and mortality in oaks, with white oak (Quercus alba L.) most affected. In mixed oak stands, where mortality was greatest, loss for the period 1972 to 1975 was 17.4 percent of the basal area present in 1972, or roughly double the loss in a nondefoliated control area. Defoliation reduced radial growth of oaks 32 percent in mixed oak and oak-pine stands, and 40 percent in a mixed hardwood stand.
Acquainting Minorities with Forestry Careers
Authors: McNees Ralph E.
Published: April 2024

A program for interesting minority students in entering forest management and research has been undertaken by North Carolina Central University, the Southeastern Forest Experiment Station of USDA's Forest Service, and the School of Forest Resources at North Carolina State University.
Pitch X Loblolly Pine Hybrids: Loblollies for the North?
Authors: Little Silas , Trew I. Frederick
Published: April 2024

From controlled pollinations in a New Lisbon, New Jersey, orchard of selected pitch (Pinus rigida) and loblolly (P. taeda) pines, 29 test plantings have been made in nine states. Results indicate that well-formed, rapid-growing, winter-hardy trees can be produced by careful selection of parents and screening of hybrids. Steps are being taken to provide material for mass plantings.
Fire Management Policy in the National Forests--A New Era
Authors: Nelson Thomas C.
Published: April 2024

The policy for dealing with fires on National Forest System lands was changed in 1977, in essence from control to management. The change was based on the knowledge and understanding that fire can result in a positive effect on wildland resources. Land managers were directed to provide well-planned fire protection and fire use programs that, in execution, would be cost-effective and responsive to land- and resource-management goals and objectives. After one year of implementation, the net effects of the new policy appear to be positive in terms of both economic and resource values.
Wilderness Knowledge and Values of the Illinois Public
Authors: Young Robert A. , Crandall Rick
Published: April 2024

The wilderness opinions and experiences of 503 members of the Illinois general public indicated that about 6 percent had recently visited a wilderness area but only about 1.5 percent made annual visits. Even though their knowledge of wilderness was relatively low, the public generally approved of wilderness. Users knew more about it and approved of the concept in greater proportion than the general public. The majority of both sampled groups approved of the present use pattern in wilderness with the exception of hunting. Both groups also believed cutover lands could be used as wilderness.
Management of Special Forest Areas at Westvaco
Authors: Hutcherson Kate
Published: April 2024

Areas having unique biological, geological, historical, or recreational significance are being integrated into Westvaco Corporation's forest management system. This process is being accomplished through inventory of areas, incorporation of them into a computerized resource information and mapping system, and development of specific managment guidelines for them.
Eighth World Forestry Congress
Authors: McGuire John R.
Published: April 2024

This Congress, the first to be held in the tropics (Jakarta, Indonesia), focused on the importance of forests to people of the developing nations, especially to the large numbers of rural poor. While improvements in technology were recognized as desirable, stress was rather on the need to work for change within the cultural and economic conditions of individual countries.
Progressive Tree Improvement Program in Coastal Douglas-fir
Authors: Silen Roy R. , Wheat Joseph G.
Published: April 2024

Since it began in 1966, the "progressive" system of tree improvement has been applied on 18 million acres of the Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii [Mirb.] Franco) region. It departs markedly from earlier practice, needing no grafted seed orchard. Its flexibility, low cost, minimal needs for skilled personnel, and large genetic base attracted landowners who were reluctant to invest in grafted orchards, which were then beset with many problems. The early adoption of a second phase, involving crossing of all parent trees and establishment of seedling seed orchards, has accelerated the region toward widespread use of second-generation seed about 15 years earlier than originally anticipated.
Inflation and Present Value of Timber Income after Taxes
Authors: Klemperer W. David
Published: April 2024

Where a guiding rate of interest fluctuates with the inflation rate but remains constant in real terms, present values of future timber income after property taxes or yield taxes tend to be independent of inflation. After capital gains taxes, however, present values decline with increases in the projected inflation rate. The decline becomes less significant with lengthening payoff periods.
Comment on "Benefit-Cost Analysis for Appraisal of Recreation Alternatives"
Authors: Dyer A. A. , Hof J. G.
Published: April 2024

Managers of public lands need a method of valuating recreational alternatives, and the travel-cost approach may be the most promising. But there are many problems in applying the concepts.
People and Their Behavior: A Challenge for Recreation Management
Authors: Peterson George L. , Lime David W.
Published: April 2024

Management of people in forest recreation areas should be based on analyses of the behavioral systems that may be producing undesirable effects, on careful consideration of managerial objectives, and on close examination of the possible courses of action. Incomplete problem analysis may have undesirable consequences. Methods for changing the behavior of recreationists include regulation, licensing, manipulation of fees, site design, delivery of services, and information of fees, site design, delivery of services, and information and training. When seeking to modify behavior, it is important to consider the directness of intervention in free choice and the resultant effect on quality of the recreational experience.
Cost Allocation in Efficient Multiple-Use Management: A Comment
Authors: Bowes Michael D. , Krutilla John V.
Published: April 2024

There is no need to allocate costs to outputs in order to decide upon the marginality of land for particular uses. Optimal land allocations may be based on the outputs and total costs of alternative strategies for each land unit. If the best allocation excludes an output, then that use is sub-marginal. Only this classification has economic meaning. Such classification is not permanent, but will depend on the relative values of outputs.
World Forestry: Forestry in Nigeria
Authors: Onweluzo B. S. K.
Published: April 2024

Nigeria has a forest resource that can contribute substantially to its national economy. Programs are being expanded and intensified in line with current regional plans. Professional leadership is rapidly being developed, and dependable infrastructure is being built.