bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MÜTAREKE DÖNEMİNDE CAFER TAYYAR BEY VE MUSTAFA KEMAL PAŞA’NIN İLİŞKİLERİ
Authors: CAMBAZ Nagihan Ebru
Published: March 2021

30 Ekim 1918 itibariyle Doğu Trakya’da I. Kolordu Komutanı olarak görev yapan Cafer Tayyar Paşa, Anadolu’da yürütülen Milli Mücadele’ye Sivas Kongresi sonrasında katılmış ve oradan gelen emirler doğrultusunda hereket etmiştir. Fakat, Cafer Tayyar Bey, tüm Trakyalıları aldattığı, hiçbir teşkilat ve teçhizatta bulunmadığı, şahsını düşündüğü, Bulgaristan’dan haberdar olmadığı, hatta neredeyse İtilaf Devletleri lehinde hareket ettiği şeklinde ithamlara maruz kalmıştır. Çalışmada Cafer Tayyar Bey’in Doğu Trakya’daki faaliyetlerine yer verilerek, kendisi hakkındaki iddiaların geçerliliği ve doğruluğu değerlendirilmiştir. Buna göre, Trakya’da gerçekleşen Millî Mücadele’ye ve Cafer Tayyar Bey’in Trakya’daki faaliyetlerine bakıldığında onun hakkındaki iddiaların doğru olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Mustafa Kemal Paşa’nın doğrudan Cafer Tayyar Bey ile iletişimi oldukça kısıtlıydı. Dolayısıyla Mustafa Kemal Paşa Doğu Trakya konusunda dolaylı yoldan bilgi edinmiştir. Mustafa Kemal Paşa aldığı bu bilgilerden dolayı Trakya’da yanlış bir siyaset izlendiğini düşünmüştür. Halbuki Cafer Tayyar Bey 1918 yılı Ekim ayından itibaren Bulgaristan’da olan bitenden haberdar olup, Bulgaristan ile Batı Trakya konusunda uzlaşmaya çalışmış, Doğu Trakya’da köylere kadar gidip halkı işgale karşı direnişe hazırlamıştır. Bazı mülki amirler İstanbul Hükümeti’nden çekindikleri için Millî Mücadele’ye taraf olmamış ve Trakya’da Yunan işgali sebebiyle asayiş problemleri yaşanmıştır. Buna rağmen Cafer Tayyar Bey orduyu teşkilatlandırmış ve tarafsız kalan mülki amirleri Millî Mücadele tarafına çekmeye, çekemiyorsa etkisiz hale getirmeye çalışmıştır. Mustafa Kemal Paşa ise Cafer Tayyar Bey ve Trakya hakkında aldığı olumsuz haberleri dikkate almakla birlikte, durumu ve bilgiyi getirenleri soruşturmuştur. Cafer Tayyar Bey ile doğrudan iletişime geçtikten sonra bu ithamların doğru olmadığına kani olmuştur.
LİDER-HALK BULUŞMASI VE BÜTÜNLEŞMESİ AÇISINDAN ATATÜRK’ÜN YURT GEZİLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRİLMESİ
Authors: AKANDERE Osman
Published: March 2021

Atatürk’ün gerek İstiklal Savaşı yıllarında gerekse Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin kuruluş yılları ve sonrasında çıkmış olduğu yurt gezileri birçok bakımdan önem taşımıştır. Çıktığı her gezinin bir yapılış amacı olmuştur. Nitekim Milli Mücadeleyi başlatmak amacıyla Anadolu’ya geçtiği ilk günlerden itibaren sürekli olarak hareket halinde olmuş ve değişik şehirlere ziyaretler yapmış, kongreler toplamış ya da yapılan kongrelere katılmıştır. Atatürk’e göre bu geziler, onun milletle buluşması ve bütünleşmesini sağlamaktaydı. Bu geziler sayesinde halka kendisini tanıtmış ve onun desteğini almaya çalışmıştır. Gerçekten de bir avuç arkadaşıyla başladığı vatan kurtarma davasını, bütün Türk Milleti’nin milli birlik ve beraberlik içerisinde verdiği bir Milli Mücadeleye dönüştürmesinde onun savaş yıllarında yaptığı yurt gezilerinin rolü büyük olmuştur.

İstiklâl Savaşı’nın kazanılmasından sonra da Atatürk yurt gezilerine çıkmaya devam etmiştir. Çıkmış olduğu yurt gezilerinin temel hedefi halkla buluşmak, kafasındaki düşünceleri, yapmak istediklerini onlarla paylaşmak olmuştur. Çünkü O, yurt gezileri ile ülkede yeni rejimi yani Cumhuriyet rejimini yerleştirmek, ülkenin eğitim, sağlık ve ekonomi gibi temel sorunları konusunda düşüncelerini halka anlatmak için önemli bir zemin ve fırsat olarak görmüştür. Ayrıca bu geziler esnasında Atatürk, yapılacak köklü inkılâpların alt yapısı ile iç ve dış kamuoyu oluşturmak istemiştir. Bu nedenle konuşmalarında, demeçlerinde ve yüz yüze görüşmelerinde halka önemli mesajlar vermiş ve onların nabzını tutmaya çalışmıştır.

Bu çalışmada Atatürk’ün yurt gezilerinde halkla buluşması ve bütünleşmesi örneklerle belirtilerek, bu gezilerde verdiği mesajlar değerlendirilmeye çalışılacaktır.
LOZAN KONFERANSI İLE İLGİLİ BİR TERMİNOLOJİK DEĞERLENDİRME
Authors: ERTAN Temuçin Faik
Published: March 2021

Lozan Konferansı, 20 Kasım 1922’de başlayan, iki dönemde gerçekleşen ve 24 Temmuz 1923 tarihinde imza ile sonuçlanan bir süreçtir. Lozan Konferansı ve Lozan Antlaşması ile çok sayıda yerli ve yabancı anı ve araştırma bulunmaktadır. Özellikle araştırma eserlerde konuyla ilgili temel kavramların kullanılmasında tutarsızlıklar ve rastgele tercihler söz konusudur. Oysa Lozan Konferansı ve sonunda imzalanan Antlaşma, tarih bilimi kadar, uluslararası ilişkilerin, siyaset bilimin ve devletler arası özel ve genel hukukun da ilgi alanındadır. Bu nedenle kavramların kullanılmasında özen gösterilmesi gereklidir. Bu çalışmayla Lozan Konferansı’nı ve Lozan Antlaşması’nı dönemin literatürüne uygun ve özgün söylem çerçevesinde ele alıp, terminoloji konusundaki yaklaşım sorunlarının giderilmesine katkı sağlamak amaçlanmaktadır. Böylelikle araştırmacının, kişisel tercihleri çerçevesinde değil de Lozan Konferansı’nın gerçekleştiği döneme uygun bir kavramlaştırma yapması önerilecektir.

Söz konusu çalışma sırasında Lozan Konferansı tutanakları ve antlaşma metni temel kaynak olarak kullanılacaktır. Lozan Konferansı sırasındaki yazışmalar da incelenecek ve kullanılan ifadeler aynen yansıtılacaktır. Lozan-Ankara arasındaki telgraflar gözden geçirilerek gönderilen talimatlar incelenecektir. Lozan’da gündeme gelen konular ve kullanılan diplomatik söylem aslına uygun olarak sunulacaktır. Lozan’da hem görüşmelerde hem de antlaşma metininde geçen terimlerin yaygın kullanımı ile doğru kullanımı tartışılacak ve verilere dayalı olarak cevap verilecektir. Ayrıca yeni birtakım kavramlara da rastlandığında özgünlük analizi de yapılacaktır.

Bu çalışmada, öncelikle Lozan Konferansı’nın özgün adının ne olduğu tartışılacaktır. Konferansın adının niçin “Yakındoğu İşleriyle İlgili Lozan Konferansı” olduğuna dair değerlendirme yapılacaktır. Daha sonra Musul Sorunu mu, Irak Sınırı Sorunu mu? Savaş tazminatı mı, tamirat bedeli mi? İngiltere mi, Birleşik Krallık mı? Azınlıklar mı, Gayrimüslimler mi? Batı Trakya Türkleri mi, Batı Trakya Müslümanları mı? Hatay Sorunu mu, Sancak Sorunu mu? Ankara Hükümeti mi, TBMM Hükümeti mi? Başbakan mı, İcra Vekiller Heyeti Reisi mi? gibi soruların cevabı aranacak ve bu bağlamda önerilerde bulunulacaktır. Bu arada kurulan komisyonlar ve alt komisyonların ele aldığı konularla ilgili de açıklamalar yapılacaktır.
MİLLİ MÜCADELE TARİHİ ARAŞTIRMALARINA BİR KATKI: BARTIN MÜDAFAA-YI HUKUK CEMİYETİ’NİN VE FAALİYETLERİNİN TESPİTİ
Authors: ÜNAL Yenal
Published: March 2021

Mondros Mütarekesi’nden sonraki süreçte bütün Anadolu sahasında olduğu gibi Bartın ve Zonguldak yörelerinde de I. Dünya Savaşı’nın getirdiği yorgunluk hâkimdi. Halkın düşmana karşı mukavemet edecek gücü kalmamıştı. Bununla birlikte I. Dünya Savaşı sonrasında artık savaşın bir an önce bitirilip derhal sulh dönemine geçilmesi arzusunda bulunan Türk milleti ilerleyen dönemlerde, hakiki manada bir sulh döneminin memlekete gelebilmesi için topyekûn bütün ulusun yeniden bir harp sürecinden geçmesi gerektiğini anlayacaktı. Nitekim özellikle Mondros Mütarekesi’nden sonra özellikle Yüzbaşı Cevat Rıfat’ın Bartın ve Havalisi Kuva-yı Milliye Kumandanı unvanıyla göreve başlaması ve kısa sürede bu birliği Batı Karadeniz bölgesinin en seçkin birliklerinden biri hâline getirerek düşmana karşı çok büyük başarılar kazanmaya başlamasıyla birlikte, yöre halkının ve özellikle bölgenin ileri gelenlerinin gayretleri sayesinde, var gücüyle Millî Hareket’e destek olmaya başladığı müşahede edilmiştir. Bölgede özellikle halkın örgütlenmesi, bilinçlendirilmesi, her çeşit yeni gelişmeden haberdar edilmesi ve Mustafa Kemal Paşa önderliğinde gelişen Millî Hareket’le bağlantısının sağlanabilmesi gibi hususlar göz önüne alınarak Bartınlı bütün yurtseverleri, bir millî mukavemet çatısı altında birleştirmek maksadıyla Bartın Müdafaa-yı Hukuk Cemiyeti teşkil edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada söz konusu cemiyetin kuruluşu, gelişimi ve faaliyetleri hakkında yeni bilgiler ışığında değerlendirmelerde bulunulacaktır.
İLKOKUL VE ORTAOKUL ÖĞRENCİLERİNİN ATATÜRK’ÜN LİDERLİK ÖZELLİĞİNE İLİŞKİN METAFORLARININ İNCELENMESİ
Authors: ÖKSÜZ Yücel , KARALAR Mehtap
Published: March 2021

Bu çalışmada ilkokul ve ortaokul öğrencilerinin Atatürk’ün liderlik özelliğine ilişkin metaforlarının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Atatürk’ün liderliği çalışma arkadaşları, aynı dönemlerde yaşayan devlet adamları ve liderlik üzerine çalışmalar yapan bilim adamlarınca tasdik edilmiş, yaşadığı çok önemli olaylardaki tutum ve tavırlarıyla belgelenmiş, eserleriyle somutlaşmış bir gerçektir.

Atatürk’ün geleceği planlayabilen liderlik göstergelerinden birisi de gençliğe verdiği değerdir. Milletin geleceğini oluşturan “gençlik”, Atatürk’te en yüce değer olarak algılanmıştır. Gençleri gelecekteki ideallerini gerçekleştirecek güç olarak görmüş ve güvenmiştir. Türk gençliği de Atatürk’ü gerçek anlamıyla kavramak, onun arzuladığı, ona layık ve eserlerine bağlı nesiller olarak yetişmelidir.

Atatürk’ün önemsediği çocukluk ve gençlik yılları aynı zamanda kimlik arayışının olduğu, kritik ve önemli bir dönemdir. Bu dönemde Atatürk’ün gençlerde rol model olarak alınmasının ve kimlik oluşumunda etkili olmasının gerekliliğine inanılmaktadır. Bu yaş grubu gençlerin algılarının tespiti eğitim planlamalarının ve uygulamalarının niteliğinin artırılmasına katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir. Araştırmada Atatürk’ün liderlik vasfının daha da ön plana çıkacağı düşünülmektedir.

Bu çalışma nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden tarama modelinde hazırlanmıştır. Araştırmanın örneklemi, kolay ulaşılabilir örnekleme yöntemlerinden esas alınarak seçilmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 2018-2019 eğitim öğretim yılında Samsun iline bağlı Şehit Yüzbaşı Tunç Fidaner İlkokulu ve ortaokulundan öğrenim gören 100 öğrenci çalışmaya dahil edilmiştir. Çalışma grubunda yer alan öğrencilerin 65’i ilkokul, 70’i ortaokul düzeyinde öğrenim görmektedir. Çalışma grubu 71 kız, 63 erkek olmak üzere toplam 135 öğrenciden oluşmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak, açık uçlu bir görüşme formu oluşturulmuştur. Görüşme formunda öğrencilerden “Bir Lider olarak Atatürk ……… gibidir; çünkü …….” cümlesini tamamlamaları istenmiştir. Verilerin analizinde ve yorumlanmasında içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen metaforlar cümledeki anlamına göre kategorilere ayrılarak sayısal değerler elde edilmiştir. Öğrencilerin Atatürk’ün liderlik özelliğine yönelik çok sayıda metafor oluşturdukları ve genelde olumlu olduğu görülmüştür. Oluşturulan metaforlar belirli kategoriler halinde gruplandırılarak frekans ve yüzde değerleri çıkarılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre ilkokul ve ortaokul düzeyindeki öğrencilerinin farklı metaforlar ürettikleri görülmüştür. Ayrıca belirlenen kategorilerdeki frekans ve yüzde değerlerinin farklılaştığı görülmektedir.
efectes de la Primera Guerra Mundial sobre la marina mercant espanyola: la Conferència Internacional dels Marins (1920)
Authors: Muntané i Pueyo Daniel
Published: March 2021

La Primera Guerra Mundial va modificar l'escenari marítim internacional. Una de les conseqüències de l'Tractat de Versalles va ser la constitució de l'Organització Internacional de l'Treball (OIT). En aquest context històric s'ha d'emmarcar la Conferència Internacional de l'Treball, que es va celebrar a la ciutat nord-americana de Washington entre els mesos d'octubre i novembre de 1919. Aquesta primera Conferència, entre d'altres decisions, va limitar la jornada laboral a les vuit hores; però, la marina mercant va quedar fora d'aquesta regulació. Com a conseqüència d'això, al juny de 1920, a la ciutat italiana de Gènova, va tenir lloc la Conferència Internacional dels Marins, una reunió sectorial que abordava els principals temes d'interès per al sector marítim.
Proyecto Carabela: un método revolucionario para la investigación de naufragios en archivos históricos basado en la inteligencia artificial
Authors: Vidal Ruiz Enrique , Alonso Villalobos Carlos , Romero Gómez Verónica , Bosch Campos Vicent , Márquez Carmona Lourdes , Orcero María del Carmen , Garrido Romero David , Jiménez Melero Mili
Published: March 2021

Durante los últimos veinte años, el Centro de Arqueología Subacuática (CAS-IAPH) ha desarrollado un amplio programa de documentación y recopilación de información sobre naufragios históricos en aguas andaluzas a través de los fondos de archivos públicos y privados. En la actualidad, cuenta con cerca de 2.000 referencias que van a permitir la mejora del conocimiento, protección y preservación de ese patrimonio tan amenazado por el expolio. Con el fin de mejorar la eficacia de este proceso, entre 2018 y 2019, ha desarrollado, junto con el Centro PRHLT de la Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, un proyecto innovador (el proyecto Carabela) que confirma la eficacia de las técnicas de reconocimiento de texto manuscrito (HTR) para localizar y caracterizar documentos digitales en grandes fondos de archivos sin apenas intervención humana, con el consecuente ahorro de tiempo y recursos en la investigación y/o gestión de estos fondos.
Os indí­genas Xukuru do Ororubá e as formas de trabalho: de agricultores a operários e produtores orgânicos (Pesqueira e Poção/PE)
Authors: Silva Edson
Published: March 2021

Nesse texto buscamos evidenciar as diversas formas de trabalho exercido pelos indí­genas Xukuru do Ororubá, atuais habitantes em um território que compreende os municí­pios de Pesqueira e Poção, no Semiárido pernambucano, região com pouca incidência de chuvas anuais, longas estiagens ou secas prolongadas. A partir de registros históricos e principalmente relatos das memórias orais indí­genas, discutimos o trabalho próprio na agricultura, para os fazendeiros invasores nas terras indí­genas ou como operários na agroindústria em Pesqueira. E ainda, por falta de terras e em razão da seca, o trabalho na lavoura canavieira na Zona da Mata Sul pernambucana e Norte alagoana, ou nas plantações de algodão no Sertão paraibano. Bem como após a conquista da demarcação do território em 2001, a experiência de cultivos agroecológicos, a recente e nova forma de trabalho na agricultura para a vida com dignidade, para afirmação da identidade no Semiárido indí­gena pernambucano.
Reduction in C2H6 from 2015 to 2020 over Hefei, eastern China points to air quality improvement in China
Authors: Sun Youwen , Yin Hao , Liu Cheng , Mahieu Emmanuel , Notholt Justus , Té Yao , Lu Xiao , Palm Mathias , Wang Wei , Shan Changong , Hu Qihou , Qin Min , Tian Yuan , Zheng Bo
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Ethane (C2H6) is an important greenhouse (GHG) gas and plays a significant role in tropospheric chemistry and climate change. This study first presents and quantifies the variability, source, and transport of C2H6 over densely populated and industrialized eastern China by using ground-based high-resolution Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) remote sensing technique. We obtained a retrieval error of 6.21 ± 1.2 (1σ) % and degrees of freedom (DOFS) of 1.47 ± 0.2 (1σ) in retrieval of C2H6 tropospheric column-averaged dry-air mole fraction (troDMF) over Hefei, eastern China (117°E, 32°N, 30 m a.s.l.). The observed C2H6 troDMF reached a minimum monthly mean value of (0.36 ± 0.26) ppbv in July and a maximum monthly mean value of (1.76 ± 0.35) ppbv in December, and showed a negative change rate of (−2.60 ± 1.34) %/yr from 2015 to 2020. The dependencies of C2H6 troDMF on meteorological and emission factors were analyzed by using generalized additive models (GAMs). Generally, both meteorological and emission factors have positive influences on C2H6 troDMF in cold season (DJF/MAM) and negative influences on C2H6 troDMF in warm season (JJA/SON). GEOS-Chem chemical model simulation captured the observed C2H6 troDMF variability and was thus used for source attribution. GEOS-Chem model sensitivity simulations concluded that the anthropogenic emissions (fossil fuel plus biofuel emissions) and the natural emissions (biomass burning plus biogenic emissions) accounted for 49.2 % and 37.1 % of C2H6 troDMF abundance over Hefei, respectively. The observed C2H6 troDMF abundance mainly results from the emissions within China (74.1 %), where central, eastern, and northern China dominated the contribution (57.6 %). Seasonal variability in C2H6 transport inflow and outflow over the observation site is largely related to the mid-latitude westerlies and Asian monsoon system. Reduction in C2H6 abundance from 2015 to 2020 mainly results from the decrease in local and transported C2H6 emissions, which points to air quality improvement in China in recent years.
Improving the sectional Model for Simulating Aerosol Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC) aerosols of the Weather Research and Forecasting-Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model with the revised Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation system and multi-wavelength aerosol optical measurements: the dust aerosol observation campaign at Kashi, near the Taklimakan Desert, northwestern China
Authors: Chang Wenyuan , Zhang Ying , Li Zhengqiang , Chen Jie , Li Kaitao
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation data assimilation (DA) system was
developed for the four size bin sectional Model for Simulating Aerosol
Interactions and Chemistry (MOSAIC) aerosol mechanism in the Weather
Research and Forecasting-Chemistry (WRF-Chem) model. The forward and tangent
linear operators for the aerosol optical depth (AOD) analysis were derived
from WRF-Chem aerosol optical code. We applied three-dimensional variational
DA to assimilate the multi-wavelength AOD, ambient aerosol scattering
coefficient, and aerosol absorption coefficient, measured by the sun–sky
photometer, nephelometer, and aethalometer, respectively. These measurements were
undertaken during a dust observation field campaign at Kashi in northwestern
China in April 2019. The results showed that the DA analyses decreased the
model aerosols' low biases; however, it had some deficiencies. Assimilating
the surface particle concentration increased the coarse particles in the
dust episodes, but AOD and the coefficients for aerosol scattering and
absorption were still lower than those observed. Assimilating aerosol
scattering coefficient separately from AOD improved the two optical
quantities. However, it caused an overestimation of the particle
concentrations at the surface. Assimilating the aerosol absorption
coefficient yielded the highest positive bias in the surface particle
concentration, aerosol scattering coefficient, and AOD. The positive biases
in the DA analysis were caused by the forward operator underestimating
aerosol mass scattering and absorption efficiency. As compensation, the DA
system increased particle concentrations excessively to fit the observed
optical values. The best overall improvements were obtained from the
simultaneous assimilation of the surface particle concentration and AOD. The
assimilation did not substantially change the aerosol chemical fractions.
After DA, the clear-sky aerosol radiative forcing at Kashi was −10.4 W m−2
at the top of the atmosphere, which was 55 % higher than the
radiative forcing value before DA.
Methane dynamics in three different Siberian water bodies under winter and summer conditions
Authors: Bussmann Ingeborg , Fedorova Irina , Juhls Bennet , Overduin Pier Paul , Winkel Matthias
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Arctic regions and their water bodies are affected by a rapidly warming
climate. Arctic lakes and small ponds are known to act as an important
source of atmospheric methane. However, not much is known about other types of water bodies in permafrost
regions, which include major rivers and coastal bays as a transition type
between freshwater and marine environments. We monitored dissolved methane
concentrations in three different water bodies (Lena River, Tiksi Bay, and
Lake Golzovoye, Siberia, Russia) over a period of 2 years. Sampling was
carried out under ice cover (April) and in open water (July–August). The
methane oxidation (MOX) rate and the fractional turnover rate (k′)
in water and melted ice samples from the late winter of 2017 was determined with the radiotracer method. In the Lena River winter methane concentrations were a quarter of the summer concentrations (8 nmol L−1 vs. 31 nmol L−1), and mean winter MOX rate was low (0.023 nmol L−1 d−1). In contrast, Tiksi Bay winter methane concentrations were 10 times higher than in summer (103 nmol L−1 vs. 13 nmol L−1). Winter MOX rates showed a median of 0.305 nmol L−1 d−1. In Lake Golzovoye, median methane concentrations in winter were 40 times higher than in summer (1957 nmol L−1 vs. 49 nmol L−1). However, MOX was much
higher in the lake (2.95 nmol L−1 d−1) than in either the river or bay. The temperature had a strong influence on the MOX
(Q10=2.72±0.69). In summer water temperatures ranged from 7–14 ∘C and in winter from −0.7 to 1.3 ∘C. In the ice cores a median methane concentration of 9 nM was observed, with no gradient between the ice surface and the bottom layer at the ice–water interface. MOX in the (melted) ice cores was mostly below the detection limit. Comparing methane concentrations in the ice with the underlaying water column revealed methane concentration in the water column 100–1000 times higher. The winter situation seemed to favor a methane accumulation under ice,
especially in the lake with a stagnant water body. While on the other hand,
in the Lena River with its flowing water, no methane accumulation under ice
was observed. In a changing, warming Arctic, a shorter ice cover period is
predicted. With respect to our study this would imply a shortened time for
methane to accumulate below the ice and a shorter time for the less
efficient winter MOX. Especially for lakes, an extended time of ice-free
conditions could reduce the methane flux from the Arctic water bodies.
Methane gas emissions from savanna fires: What analysis of local
burning regimes in a working West African landscape tell us
Authors: Laris Paul , Koné Moussa , Dembélé Fadiala , Yang Lilian , Jacobs Rebecca
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Savanna fires contribute significantly to greenhouse gas emissions. While it is recognized that these fires play an important role in the global methane cycle, there are too few accurate estimates of emissions from West Africa, the continent's most active fire region. Most estimates of methane emissions contain high levels of uncertainty because they are based on generalizations of diverse landscapes that are burned by complex fire regimes. To improve estimates we used an approach grounded in the burning practices of people who set fires to working landscapes. We conducted 97 experimental fires collecting data for savanna type, grass type, biomass composition and amount consumed, scorch height, speed of fire front, fire type and ambient air conditions for two sites in Mali. We collected smoke samples for 36 fires using a canister method. We report values for fire intensity, combustion completeness, patchiness, modified combustion efficiency (MCE) and emission factor (EF). Our study finds that methane EFs ranged from 3.71 g/kg in the early dry season (EDS) to 2.86 in the mid-dry season (MDS). We found head fires had nearly double the CH4 EF of backfires (4.89 g/kg to 2.92). Fires during the MDS have the lowest intensity values and the lowest methane emissions 0.981 g/m2 compared with 1.030 g/m2 for EDS and 1.102 g/m2 for the late dry season (LDS). We conclude that policies aimed at shifting the burning regime earlier to reduce methane emissions will not have the desired effects, especially if fire type is not considered. We recommend using the adjusted mean value of 0.862 g/m2—based on the carbon content for West African grasses—for calculating emissions for West African savannas.
5 kyr of ﬁre history in the High North Atlantic Region: natural
variability and ancient human forcing
Authors: Segato Delia , Villoslada Hidalgo Maria Del Carmen , Edwards Ross , Barbaro Elena , Vallelonga Paul , Kjær Helle Astrid , Simonsen Marius , Vinther Bo , Maffezzoli Niccolò , Zangrando Roberta , Turetta Clara , Battistel Dario , Vésteinsson Orri , Barbante Carlo , Spolaor Andrea
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Biomass burning influences global atmospheric chemistry by releasing greenhouse gases and climate-forcing aerosols. There is controversy about the magnitude and timing of Holocene changes in biomass burning emissions from millennial to centennial time scales and, in particular, on the possible impact of ancient civilizations. Here we present a 5 kyr record of fire activity proxies levoglucosan, black carbon and ammonium measured in the RECAP ice core, drilled in the coastal East Greenland and therefore affected by processes occurring in the High North Atlantic Region. Levoglucosan and ammonium fluxes show high levels from 5 to 4.5 kyr followed by an abrupt decline, possibly due to monotonic decline in Northern Hemisphere summer insolation. Levoglucosan and black carbon show an abrupt decline at 1.1 kyr BP (before 2000 AD), suggesting a decline in wildfire regime in the Icelandic territory due to the extensive land clearing caused by Viking colonizers. A minimum is reached at 0.5 kyr BP for all fire proxies, after which levoglucosan and ammonium fluxes increase again, in particular over the last 200 years. We find that the fire regime reconstructed from RECAP fluxes seems mainly related to climatic changes, however over the last millennium human activities might have had a substantial influence controlling the occurrence of fire.
A Study on Prevalence and Seasonal Distribution of Dengue at a Tertiary Care Centre of North India
Authors: Agrawal Arti , Kumar Vikas , Kumar Sanjeev , K Mani Neha
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Dengue virus infection is a major public health issue prevalent in tropical and sub-tropical countries all over the world mostly in urban and semi-urban areas. WHO estimates about 50-100 million dengue infections worldwide every year. The present study is aimed to assess the prevalence and seasonal distribution of dengue disease during three consecutive years from 2016-2018 at a tertiary care centre of North India. Method: This is an observational retrospective study conducted on total 6,481 clinical suspected cases referred from indoor and outdoor departments of Medicine and Pediatrics of one of the medical colleges of Agra during the period from 1st January 2016 to 31st December 2018. Results: The maximum positivity was recorded in the year 2016 (16.66%), followed by 2017 (14.07%) and 2018(13.56%).Our study shows male preponderance with maximum cases in the year 2018 was recorded in the month of October (22.75%) whereas the lowest in the month of May (1.96%). Most of the cases were in the age group 0-30 years with a male preponderance. The outbreak occurred during the months of August to November indicating vector transmission in the monsoon and post-monsoon season. Conclusion: From the analysis, this study reflects that the numbers of dengue cases in 2016 were maximum and outnumbered the dengue cases among three consecutive years from 2016 to 2018. The peak in dengue positivity was observed during September to October. As this disease affects the population in the monsoon and post monsoon months therefore continuous monitoring of dengue infection is important during the post-monsoon season.
A compendium of evidence related to ‘social distancing’measure in view of the spread of COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Shah Anuradha , Shah Kunal
Published: March 2021

With no definitive treatment in place to date for the COVID-19 pandemic, reliance on public health measures is of utmost importance. Social distancing requires maintaining a physical distance of at least one meter between people and reducing the number of times people come into close contact with each other. Modeling evidence from past influenza pandemics and current experiences with COVID-19 indicates the role of SD in delaying the spread of the virus by reducing the probability that uninfected person will come into physical contact with an infected person.
Assessment of functioning of Health and Wellness Centers in a district of Western Gujarat
Authors: Rathod Hetal , Pithadia Pradeep , Patel Disha , Goswami Mukeshgiri , Parmar Dipesh , Kotecha Ilesh
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Ayushman Bharat is an attempt to move from a selective approach to health care to deliver comprehensive range of services spanning preventive, promotive, curative, rehabilitative and palliative care. To ensure delivery of Comprehensive Primary Health Care services, existing Sub Health Centers and Primary Health Centers are converted to Health and Wellness Centers (HWC).Objective: The main objective of our study is to assess functionality of HWCs in various blocks of Jamnagar district and to determine prevalence of non-communicable diseases in the community. It is a cross sectional study conducted between August-December 2019. A semi-structured proforma containing questionnaires was used for data collection. Data were entered and analyzed in Microsoft Excel version 2007.There are 58 health and wellness centers in Jamnagar, of which, we randomly select 50% of centers from each taluka, so total of 29 HWCs selected, four among them could not be assessed, so our final sample size would be 25. Result: Our study observed satisfactory performance of health and wellness centres except barring a few indicators. Community health officers and multipurpose workers are available in about majority of centers. The study found that the prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, oral Cancer, breast cancer, and cervical Cancer was 20.44%, 11.03%, 0.73% 0.45% and 1.02% respectively. Staff at the centers was in need of vital training like Techo, refresher training etc. Conclusion: Majority of health and wellness centers are functioning as per the guidelines laid down by the Government barring a few services like laughing club, music therapy, meditation etc.
“New Normal”- Corona era
Authors: Mehta Aprajita , Bahurupi Yogesh , Singh Mahendra , Aggarwal Pradeep
Published: March 2021

Word ‘Normal’ according to Cambridge dictionary means usual or the same as would be expected. So, when the things change from what is usually expected in a day to day life and the change is going to stay for long it becomes the ‘New Normal’. This has been experienced globally after the COVID-19 Pandemic. Things which were very usual and considered normal like travelling in a public transport, greeting people with handshakes or hugs, eating out in a crowded restaurantand roaming in markets or malls suddenly became a threat for the spread of the coronavirus. Terms like quarantine, isolation, lockdown, physical distancing etc. were now used more commonly.
Esboçando as bases do "devido processo cognitivo" Um estímulo à análise processual da formação do convencimento.
Authors: Gomes João Victor
Published: March 2021

O estudo do processo cognitivo que se desenvolve na mente dos juízes antes da elaboração das decisões é de crucial importância em um Estado Democrático. Apesar disto, muitos juristas defendem que esta atividade não pode ser controlada por critérios objetivos, por ocorrer dentro da mente humana. Almejamos provar que os defensores dessas afirmações estão equivocados. Esperamos mostrar que o caminho percorrido pelos juízes para formar seu convencimento é guiado por uma série de normas, as quais, somadas, compõem o que estamos chamando de "devido processo cognitivo". Também pretendemos ressaltar a importância da fundamentação como um meio de garantir a observância dessas normas. Finalmente, concluímos este artigo buscando incentivar os processualistas a desenvolver mais pesquisas na seara da cognição judicial.
O PRINCÍPIO DA TAXATIVIDADE E O ARTIGO 1.015 DO CÓDIGO DE PROCESSO CIVIL
Authors: HORVATH JÚNIOR MIGUEL , Camacho Luciana
Published: March 2021

O artigo científico versa sobre estudos dos princípios recursais e novo Código de Processo Civil, em especial quanto ao rol do artigo 1.015 do diploma adjetivo que disciplina o recurso de agravo de instrumento e a intepretação mais pertinente para o novel legislativo à luz da Constituição Federal.
A velha questão do alcance espacial dos efeitos da sentença coletiva e sua iminente solução com repercussão geral pelo STF
Authors: Nassar Marcos , Ribas Lídia Maria
Published: March 2021

O artigo objetiva demonstrar que a ampla eficácia subjetiva e espacial da sentença coletiva é decorrência natural e lógica das características inerentes aos direitos transindividuais e da razão de ser da tutela coletiva dos direitos individuais homogêneos. São expostas distorções oriundas da compreensão literal e isolada do art. 16 da LACP, que vincula a eficácia erga omnes da sentença coletiva aos “limites da competência territorial do órgão prolator”, para em seguida apresentar-se a interpretação doutrinária e jurisprudencialmente amadurecida no sentido de que, pela regra do art. 93 do CDC, a competência territorial no processo coletivo é fixada em simetria com o âmbito do dano discutido, espaço em que operam, por conseguinte, os efeitos da tutela jurisdicional. Interpretação que pode vir a ser finalmente sedimentada pelo STF no julgamento próximo do RE 1101937.
Intervención coadyuvante y sus facultades en la legislación peruana: ¿qué son los “actos de oposición al coadyuvado”?
Authors: Castillo Arturo
Published: March 2021

El Perú regula una forma particular de intervención en el proceso, este es la figura del coadyuvante quien ingresa no con la finalidad de discutir derecho propio, sino que, por el contrario, la ley le otorga una legitimidad extraordinaria para ingresar al proceso a fin de proteger el derecho de su coadyuvado, pues el coadyuvante tiene una relación conexa con este y la decisión que se emita puede afectarlo indirectamente. En vista de ello, la regulación peruana permite su ingreso en el proceso, pero, dada a su finalidad, no puede disponer del derecho que se está discutiendo ni oponerse a la voluntad expresa de su coadyuvado. El autor considera que la mejor manera que entender la oposición es interpretar que el coadyuvante puede suplir una omisión o rebeldía y complementar una actuación siempre en beneficio de su coadyuvado, tal y como ocurre en Brasil. Consideramos que una visión más estrecha de sus facultades afectaría no solo al derecho de intervención del coadyuvado, sino que también podría afectar al coadyuvado pues no sería asistido de formar correcta.
A cooperação processual civil à sombra do inquisitório
Authors: Mendonça Luís
Published: March 2021

Neste artigo pretende-se aprofundar o conhecimento do princípio da cooperação, procurando saber se o mesmo tem paralelo, e em que termos, no processo civil de Países da mesma área cultural a que pertence o direito português, como ele surgiu e evoluiu em Portugal, e, finalmente, responder à questão consistente em saber se estamos perante um novo modelo processual ou antes em face de uma maquilhagem cosmética do princípio do inquisitório.
Pengaruh Persepsi Kemudahaan Penggunaan, Efektivitas, Risiko Terhadap Minat Dan Penggunaan Financial Technologi (Fintech) Dengan Minat Sebagai Variabel Mediasi
Authors: Setiawan Andi , Rofingatun Siti , Patma Kurniawan
Published: March 2021

Abstract This study aims to provide empirical evidence of the influence of perception of ease of use, effectiveness of risk to interest, and use of Financial Technology (Fintech) with interest as a variable of mediation in Jayapura city. The study used primary data obtained by distributing questionnaires online. The data analysis method used is by Structure Equation Model (SEM) approach with WarpPLS 7.0. The sampling method used is purposive sampling technique. Purposive sampling is a sampling technique of data sources with certain considerations or criteria. The results of this study were seen from the P/sig values (0.230 >0.005). Thus the ease of use has a positive and insignificant effect on the use of financial technology (fintech) with an interest as mediation. Judging from its P/sig values (0.015 <0.005) thus the effectiveness has a positive and significant effect on the use of financial technology (fintech) with interest as mediation. Judging from its P/sig values (0.330 >0.005) thus the risk has a positive and insignificant effect on the use of financial technology (fintech) with interest as mediation. Keywords: financial technology; Interest; Perception Ease of use; Effectiveness; Risk Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan bukti empiris pengaruh persepsi kemudahan penggunaan, efektivitas risiko terhadap kepentingan, dan penggunaan Teknologi Finansial (Fintech) dengan kepentingan sebagai variabel mediasi di kota Jayapura. Penelitian menggunakan data primer yang diperoleh dengan menyebarkan kuesioner secara online. Metode analisis data yang digunakan adalah dengan pendekatan Structure Equation Model (SEM) dengan WarpPLS 7.0. Metode pengambilan sampel yang digunakan adalah teknik purposive sampling. Purposive sampling merupakan teknik pengambilan sampel sumber data dengan pertimbangan atau kriteria tertentu. Hasil penelitian ini dilihat dari nilai P / sig (0,230> 0,005). Dengan demikian kemudahan penggunaan berpengaruh positif dan tidak signifikan terhadap penggunaan financial technology (fintech) dengan kepentingan sebagai mediasi. Dilihat dari nilai P / signya (0,015 <0,005) maka efektifitas berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap penggunaan financial technology (fintech) dengan kepentingan sebagai mediasi. Dilihat dari nilai P / signya (0,330> 0,005) maka risiko berpengaruh positif dan tidak signifikan terhadap penggunaan financial technology (fintech) dengan mediasi bunga. Kata kunci: financial technology, Bunga, Persepsi Kemudahan Penggunaan, Efektivitas, Risiko
La tecnología Blockchain en la construcción de espacios económicos de impacto social positivo
Authors: Pérez Sempere Salvador , Sajardo Moreno Antonia
Published: March 2021

Este trabajo realiza un estudio del universo de la tecnología blockchain y su aplicación en el mundo del siglo XXI a través del análisis de diferentes espacios virtuales construidos con ella. El objetivo último de este análisis es valorar y comprender las posibilidades que esta tecnología aporta en la construcción de procesos con un alto impacto social y/o ambiental. A tal efecto, se lleva a cabo una investigación exploratoria a través del estudio de casos significativos o pioneros desde una perspectiva socio-tecnológica. Los resultados concluyen que, si bien en sus orígenes la tecnología blockchain se estructuró con una marcada perspectiva financiera, el transcurso del tiempo ha demostrado su importancia real, su aportación y sus capacidades de descentralización, transparencia e inmutabilidad en espacios sociales con impacto social positivo. La construcción, en base a las mencionadas propiedades, de una tecnología que cuenta con la confianza como un valor inherente y clave con el que se evita la necesidad de agentes intermedios, abre la puerta a su aplicación en procesos de transformación social. Ello conforma una visión alternativa de la tecnología blockchain que es aún minoritaria y que ha implicado ciertas limitaciones a la hora de establecer vínculos y obtener información sobre aplicaciones que sustenten tal visión. No obstante, y por esta misma razón, el grado de originalidad de este trabajo es elevado, lo que posibilita en última instancia sentar las bases de una perspectiva diferente a la hora de observar el uso de la tecnología blockchain.
La fundamental homogeneidad de las teorías monetarias de Georg Simmel y Ludwig von Mises
Authors: Crespo Óscar Vara Crespo
Published: March 2021

This article examines the points of convergente between the theo-ries of money propounded by Ludwig von Mises and Georg Simmel. Con-sideration is given to agreement in the methodological approach, in the Kantian nature of the analyses, and in the main conclusions regarding the role of money as a social institution.

Palabras clave: filosofía del dinero, teoría del crédito, proceso de merca-do, acción humana.

Códigos JEL: B13, B19, B53

Resumen. Este artículo analiza los puntos de confluencia entre las teoría del dinero de Ludwig von Mises y Georg Simmel, tanto en su enfoque me-todológico, como en el carácter kantiano del análisis y en sus principales conclusiones sobre el papel del dinero como institución social.
Change of the Frequency of Methicillin Resistance and Antibiogram Resistance Profile of Staphylococcus aureus within a Period of 15 Years
Authors: Şanlı Kamuran , Mart Kömürcü Selen Zeliha , Kansak Nilgün , Adaleti Rıza
Published: March 2021

Objective: The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate the rate and antimicrobial resistance profile of community-acquired (CA) and hospital-acquired (HA) methicillin-resistant and sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, MSSA) strains between 2004 and 2019. Method: Within the scope of the research, the rate of MRSA and MSSA and the change in antimicrobial resistance profile over time were investigated using two research data of 210 Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated in 2004, and 401 in 2019. Results: While any significant change was not seen in the rates of CA-MRSA (32.4%) and CA-MSSA (67.6%) in 2004, and of CA-MRSA (31.6%) and CA-MSSA (68.4%) in 2019, the prevalence of HA-MRSA decreased by 56.1% in 2004 and 30.7% in 2019 and of HA-MSSA increased by 43.9% in 2004 and 69.3% in 2019. No resistance to vancomycin and teikoplanin was observed in MRSA strains. Resistance of CA-MRSA against ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, clindamycin and gentamicin decreased. In CA-MSSA an increase of penicillin resistance as well as a decrease in gentamicin resistance was observed. In resistance of HA-MRSA against ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamicin decreased. HA-Resistance of MSSA against fusidic acid increased and against ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and erythromycin resistance decreased. Conclusion: It was found that the rate of HA-MRSA decreased during the given period of 15 years. Vancomycin or teicoplanin resistance was not observed in MRSA and MSSA. While against ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, clindamycin, gentamicin decreased in both CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA. A closer follow-up of the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of these strains is of utmost importance for the successful control of the infections caused by MRSA and MSSA.
Revival of Complementary and Alternative Herbal Medicines
Authors: Siddiqui Maria Fareed
Published: March 2021

Herbal medicines, complementary or alternative medicines is a wide term for the therapies thatare not part of standard care but it has many theories regarding efficacy based on personal experiences, history and common knowledge. It has long been used since ancient times since the beginning of human civilization. Its use had caught much attention in the early 1800s, with the development in the science of chemistry, a new era in pharmacotherapeutics and the use of active chemical ingredients in plants which were known to produce favorable therapeutic effects, were explored, active compounds were extracted, purified and their structure was revealed. This advancement paved the way towards modern pharmaceutical therapy. The modern drugs are based on these herbal medicines, after extracting the active and pure chemical compounds. Pharmacokinetics and physicochemical properties of the active ingredients was explored. It lead to the better understanding of efficacy and safety profile of these drugs and first choice for treatment of various diseases. At the same time, the herbal medicines were considered as secondarily important.After approximately two centuries, the use of herbal medicines have seen a revival globally both indeveloping as well as developed countries. In the past few years, the practice of using herbal medicines as an alternative and complementary health medicine has gained more importance. Herbal medicines are common for treatment of various ailments including cancer, digestive disorders, pain related disorders, neuropathic ailments and cardiac arrhythmias etc. Even it has been used by pregnant females and mostly perceived as safe. Its use has gained more attraction due to its ‘natural’ approach and lesser side effects. Their use if often overlooked but physicians should pay attention to these medicines.There is lack of familiarity, standardization of the drug components, unproven therapeutic effectsin various diseases, unexplored toxicology, pharmacokinetics, drug-drug interactions, and compatibility in patients with varying medical, genetic and demographic history. There are serious concerns regarding the safety, efficacy and quality of herbal products and nutraceuticals. Accidental contamination and deliberate adulteration are assumed to be the main cause of the side effects.Much of the herbal medical knowledge is scattered in different regions of the world and mostlyavailable at family, community and local level and mostly in any native languages. There is need ofcoherent sources, knowledge, and exploration of these medicines across the world. The herbal medicine has varying diversity in different geological regions and they should be investigated. There should be a regional or national body to control and approve the herbal medicines. Proper documentations on these medicines and food supplements should also be done.
Prognostic Signicance of Cellular Iron Metabolism in Breast Cancer
Authors: Khan Rizwan Ullah , Hassan Amber , Tanvir Imrana , Ehsan Kashifa
Published: March 2021

Breast carcinoma is among the most common malignancy in women. Abstract:Original ArticleAim of the present study was to evaluate the prognostic signicance of iron expression in the biopsies of patients with breast cancer Objective:24 breast biopsies were studied. 19 cases were poorly differentiated, 5 cases were moderately differentiated and there was no well differentiated case. Iron, Estrogen receptor (ER), Progesterone receptor (PR), HER2 and Ki-67 immunohistochemical staining was performed for all these cases. Methods: Among the 5 moderately differentiated cases, 3 (60%) were positive for iron staining and among 19 poorly differentiated cases, 11 cases (57.89%) were positive. More iron positive cases (7 out of 14) were triple positive belonging to Luminal B class. Out of 14 iron positive cases, 11 were positive for HER2, 10 for ER, 9 for PR and all positive for Ki-67. Results: Iron deciency in premenopausal and overload in post-menopausal women can contribute to the development of breast carcinoma. So, iron can be considered as a cheap and effective marker for the prognosis of breast cancer. Association between a rise in iron levels and HER2 expression may provide new strategy for breast cancer treatment.
Signicance of Philadelphia Chromosome in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Patients of Anmol Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan
Authors: Rashid Kanwal , Hassan Amber , Tanvir Imrana , Ehsan Kashifa
Published: March 2021

Chronic myelogenous Leukemia is (Clonal stem cell disorder) cancer which starts in bone marrow a soft tissue inside bones that aids to form blood cells. It is rst form of cancer that was rstly recognize to associate strongly with the chromosomal abnormality and the chromosome [t (9; 22) translocation] called Philadelphia chromosome. Abstract: Objective: Philadelphia chromosome is a characteristic chromosomal marker that is associated with chronic myelogenous leukemia. Methods: More than one hundred patients of either sex were selected for the experiment. RNA was isolated from whole blood of patients so can use exclusively in RT-PCR. Results: Philadelphia chromosome in blood samples of patients with suspected diagnosis of CML was detected in 63% of patients. During our experimental studies on CML patients we do not encounter any complex translocation involving chromosome 8, 9 and 22. Conclusions: Philadelphia chromosome is a precise cytogenetic marker the detection of which is signicant for differential diagnosis and clinical organization of patients with clinical diagnosis of CML. It is of signicant that Ph chromosome occurs in pre-leukemic stage and has great diagnostic signicance.