bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Transistor Characteristics and Charge Transport in Solution Processed ZnO Thin Films Grown from Zinc Neodecanoate
Authors: Tiwale Nikhil , Senanayak Satyaprasad P. , Rubio-Lara Juan , Alaverdyan Yury , Welland Mark E.
Published: October 2019

Solution processing of metal oxide-based semiconductors is an attractive route for low-cost fabrication of thin films devices. ZnO thin films were synthesized from one-step spin coating-pyrolysis technique using zinc neodecanoate precursor. X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV–visible optical transmission spectrometry and photoluminescence spectroscopy suggested conversion to polycrystalline ZnO phase for decomposition temperatures higher than 400 °C. A 15 % precursor concentration was found to produce optimal TFT performance on annealing at 500 °C, due to generation of sufficient charge percolation pathways. The device performance was found to improve upon increasing the annealing temperature and the optimal saturation mobility of 0.1 cm2 V−1 s−1 with ION/IOFF ratio ~ 107 was achieved at 700 °C annealing temperature. The analysis of experimental results based on theoretical models to understand charge transport envisaged that the grain boundary depletion region is major source of deep level traps and their effective removal at increased annealing temperature leads to evolution of transistor performance.

Graphic Abstract

Single-step spin coating-pyrolysis synthesis of ZnO thin films from non-aqueous precursor zinc neodecanoate has been investigated for transistor applications.
The influence of gratitude on learning engagement among adolescents: The multiple mediating effects of teachers' emotional support and students’ basic psychological needs
Authors: Jin Guichun , Wang Youzhi
Published: October 2019

Introduction

Gratitude, a positive response to receiving a benefit, may aid adolescents' development by fostering a general sense of connectedness to others as well as a motivation to use one's strengths to broadly contribute to others. Previous studies have emphasized that gratitude is a powerful factor for learning engagement; however, the underlying mechanism that mediates this relationship remains unclear. To fill this gap, the current study aimed to explore the multiple mediating effects of students' perceived emotional support from their teachers (hereafter “teachers' emotional support”) and students' basic psychological needs (hereafter “basic psychological needs”) on the association between gratitude and learning engagement among Chinese adolescents.

Methods

A total of 688 Chinese junior middle school students (336 boys and 352 girls; mean age = 13.1, SD = 1.2) completed the Gratitude Questionnaire, Teachers’ Emotional Support Questionnaire, Basic Need Satisfaction Scale, and Learning Engagement Scale.

Results

Path analysis showed that gratitude positively predicted learning engagement; the mediating roles of teachers' emotional support and basic psychological needs in the association between gratitude and learning engagement were significant. There were three mediating paths: gratitude affected learning engagement through the mediating role of teachers' emotional support; basic psychological needs; and the serial mediating role of teachers’ emotional support and basic psychological needs.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that schools should pay more attention to improving teachers' emotional support to adolescents and meeting students’ basic psychological needs, which would enhance the positive impact of gratitude on learning engagement.
Synchronous multiple myeloma and Gaucher disease
Authors: Monge Jorge , Chadburn Amy , Gergis Usama
Published: October 2019

Pseudo-Gaucher cells can be found in multiple hematologic malignancies, hemoglobinopathies, infections, and multiple storage disorders upon bone marrow aspirate and biopsy; however, Gaucher disease (GD) should be ruled out, particularly when the cytoplasmic inclusions cannot be adequately characterized. It is well known that GD may be associated with monoclonal gammopathies; however, although enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) may result in an improvement in polyclonal gammopathies, its effect on the progression of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to multiple myeloma (MM) remains uncertain. ERT may improve patient’s cytopenias and facilitate administration of anti-myeloma therapy in patients with concurrent GD and MM; however, the current paucity of data makes it challenging to determine its effect on response to anti-myeloma therapy or the risk of relapse. Hematologists should be familiar with the clinical presentation and diagnosis of GD and its association with monoclonal gammopathies. Here we present a case of synchronous smoldering MM and GD.
Sex/gender differences in cognitive trajectories vary as a function of race/ethnicity
Authors: Avila Justina F. , Vonk Jet M.J. , Verney Steven P. , Witkiewitz Katie , Arce Rentería Miguel , Schupf Nicole , Mayeux Richard , Manly Jennifer J.
Published: October 2019

Introduction

The present study sought to determine whether cognitive trajectories differ between men and women across and within racial/ethnic groups.

Methods

Participants were 5258 non‐Hispanic White (NHW), Black, and Hispanic men and women in the Washington/Hamilton Heights‐Inwood Columbia Aging Project who were administered neuropsychological tests of memory, language, and visuospatial abilities at 18‐ to 24‐month intervals for up to 25 years. Multiple‐group latent growth curve modeling examined trajectories across sex/gender by race/ethnicity.

Results

After adjusting for age and education, the largest baseline differences were between NHW men and Hispanic women on visuospatial and language, and between NHW women and Black men on memory. Memory and visuospatial decline was steeper for Black women compared with Hispanic men and NHW women, respectively.

Discussion

This study takes an important first step in understanding interactions between race/ethnicity and sex/gender on cognitive trajectories by demonstrating variability in sex/gender differences across race/ethnicity.
Not Just a Man of Guns: Chen Jiongming, Warlord, and the May Fourth Intellectual (1919–1922)
Authors: Guo Vivienne Xiangwei
Published: October 2019

Instead of assuming “warlords” as a homogeneous counter-force to the May Fourth enlightenment while imagining Chinese intellectuals as a natural alliance for the “anti-warlordism” National Revolution, this article examines the prevailing idea exchange and political collaboration between Chen Jiongming, the Cantonese military strongman, and the May Fourth intellectual within and beyond regional borders. Between 1919 and 1922, Chen Jiongming not only fostered his anarcho-federalist blueprint, but also garnered support from prominent thinkers hailing from across different ideological camps such as Liang Bingxian, Chen Duxiu, and Hu Shi. Focusing on the ideological and intellectual aspects of warlord rule, this article attempts to situate the study of warlordism against the backdrop of the Chinese enlightenment, to downplay the differences between the man of guns and the man of letters, and thereby to redefine, re-characterize, and reappraise “warlords” as active agents—the initiators—of China's renewals during this formative period.
Transition to turbulence when the Tollmien–Schlichting and bypass routes coexist
Authors: Zammert Stefan , Eckhardt Bruno
Published: October 2019

Plane Poiseuille flow, the pressure-driven flow between parallel plates, shows a route to turbulence connected with a linear instability to Tollmien–Schlichting (TS) waves, and another route, the bypass transition, that can be triggered with finite-amplitude perturbation. We use direct numerical simulations to explore the arrangement of the different routes to turbulence among the set of initial conditions. For plates that are a distance$2H$apart, and in a domain of width$2\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}H$and length$2\unicode[STIX]{x03C0}H$, the subcritical instability to TS waves sets in at$Re_{c}=5815$and extends down to$Re_{TS}\approx 4884$. The bypass route becomes available above$Re_{E}=459$with the appearance of three-dimensional, finite-amplitude travelling waves. Below$Re_{c}$, TS transition appears for a tiny region of initial conditions that grows with increasing Reynolds number. Above$Re_{c}$, the previously stable region becomes unstable via TS waves, but a sharp transition to the bypass route can still be identified. Both routes lead to the same turbulent state in the final stage of the transition, but on different time scales. Similar phenomena can be expected in other flows where two or more routes to turbulence compete.
Formation of a hidden cavity below droplets impacting on a granular substrate
Authors: Zhao Song-Chuan , de Jong Rianne , van der Meer Devaraj
Published: October 2019

Droplet impact on a granular layer results in various morphologies of the liquid–grain mixture. Some are concentrated and highly curved, some are extended and flatter. No matter how the morphology looks from the top, it is generally believed that its bottom is tightly connected to the concavely deformed granular target. In this paper we report the discovery of a hidden cavity below a droplet residual, formed upon impact on packings of hydrophilic grains and exposed by X-ray tomography. Its occurrence in the parameter space is explored. We elucidate the mechanism leading to this counterintuitive phenomenon using a dual-curvature model and an energy criterion. This research may shed new light onto the ongoing discussion about the origin of the so-called fossilized raindrop impressions.
Communities of epibiota on two erect species of Antarctic Bryozoa
Authors: Barnes David K.A.
Published: October 2019

Two erect species of bryozoans, Alloeflustra tenuis (Kluge) and Nematoflustra flagellata (Waters), occur abundantly in similar localities at Signy Island, Antarctica. Both species are unilaminar and are colonized by a range of epibiotic taxa, principally other cheilostome bryozoans. A detailed study was undertaken of the bryozoan epibiota of these two species, collected by SCUBA over the depth range 36 to 40 m. The degree of colonization varied with host size and differed between the front and rear surfaces of each host species, and between host species. The species composition of the epibiota was also different between species and between surfaces within species. These variations are possibly related to differences between the host species in the abundance, structure and function of avicularia (putative protective structures). Specimens from deeper water (150 m) showed significantly reduced colonization by epibiota, but the same overall patterns of colonization between the two species and surfaces were still observed.
How intelligence and emotional control are related to suicidal behavior across the life course – A register-based study with 38-year follow-up
Authors: Hansson Bittár Nora , Falkstedt Daniel , Sörberg Wallin Alma
Published: October 2019

Background

Both low intelligence and low emotional control have previously been linked to a higher risk of suicide, but it is unknown whether the associations apply consistently over the life course.

Methods

The study was based on data on intelligence and emotional control, collected from 48 738 Swedish men conscripted in 1969–1970, at ages 18–20 years. The data were linked to national registers giving information on subsequent suicidal behavior (completed and attempted suicide) up to the age of 59 years. The associations were investigated using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards regression models, with adjustment for childhood socioeconomic status.

Results

Intelligence and emotional control assessed in late adolescence both showed robust inverse associations with suicidal behavior over the 38-year follow-up. However, while the association between lower intelligence and higher rate of suicidal behavior remained the same throughout (~40% increased hazard per unit on a five-level scale), the association between lower emotional control and suicidal behavior was substantially stronger in early adulthood (~100% increased hazard per unit) than in late middle age (~30% increased hazard per unit).

Conclusions

The study adds to previous research by showing that the association between poor emotional control and subsequent suicide risk in men becomes weaker over the life course, while the association between low intelligence and suicide risk seems to be constant. The particularly high suicide risk of young men with poor emotional control may motivate targeted prevention efforts.
Food insecurity in Europe: Who is at risk, and how successful are social benefits in protecting against food insecurity?
Authors: GARRATT ELISABETH
Published: October 2019

Food insecurity in Europe has recently received increasing research and political attention. Yet, considerable gaps remain in our understanding: the demographic groups most at risk, the role of social benefit receipt, and whether higher-value social benefits protect against food insecurity among recipients all remain unknown. Multilevel models were used to examine food insecurity in 63,168 adults from 27 countries included in the European Quality of Life Survey in 2007 and 2011. Food insecurity was more prevalent among people with lower incomes, women, older people, renters, one-person and lone-parent households, those with lower education, people with disabilities, and those outside the labour market. Although food insecurity was concentrated at low incomes, income and food insecurity were imperfectly associated. The role of social benefit receipt was equivocal: food insecurity was not associated with pension or child benefit receipt, but was significantly more prevalent among out-of-work and all social benefit recipients, which may reflect eligibility rules and benefit conditionality. Furthermore, higher-value social benefits were not associated with lower risks of food insecurity across the different recipient groups, either because their value is insufficient, or because social benefits are unable to fully mitigate the individual and structural risk factors for food insecurity in Europe.
A computer-aided approach improving the Axiomatic Design theory with the distributed design resource environment
Authors: Chen Bin , Hu Jie , Qi Jin , Chen Weixing
Published: October 2019

In the traditional Axiomatic Design (AD) theory, the mapping from the functional domain to the physical domain is based on the designers’ own knowledge and experience, and there is no systematical approach including the design resources provided outside the designers themselves’ access. Thus, the raw materials for the design process are largely limited, which means they can hardly support the designers’ increasingly creative and innovative conceptions. To help AD theory better support the design process, this paper proposes a computer-aided approach for the mapping from the functional domain to the physical domain within a distributed design resource environment, which consists of numerous design resources offered on the Internet by the providers widely distributed in different locations, institutes, and disciplines. To prove the feasibility of this proposed approach, a software prototype is established, and a natural leisure hotel is designed as an implementation case.
Effect of selective abortion on seed germination and post-germination performance of offspring
Authors: Baskin Jerry M. , Baskin Carol C.
Published: October 2019

Hermaphroditic angiosperms, especially outcrossers, generally produce many more flowers and ovules than they can mature into fruits and seeds. One of the several hypotheses to account for the production of ‘excess’ flowers is selective abortion, which has been shown to increase offspring quality in plants. Our primary aim was to review the literature on the effects of selective abortion on seed germination and post-germination offspring vigour. Of 14 case studies (11 species in 10 genera and four families of flowering plants), germination percentage or rate (speed) increased in six and did not increase in eight, whereas post-germination offspring performance increased in 11 and did not increase in three. In six of the eight cases in which germination was not increased, seedling/juvenile vigour was increased. Seed mass was less likely to influence seed germination than seedling/juvenile vigour. Although selective abortion has been shown to increase progeny vigour of the early life history stages of plants, neither its demographic nor evolutionary importance has been demonstrated.
A feasibility and acceptability study of an adaptation of the Mindful Self-Compassion program for adult cancer patients
Authors: Brooker Joanne , Julian John , Millar Jeremy , Prince H. Miles , Kenealy Melita , Herbert Kirsten , Graham Annette , Smith Robin , Kissane David , Taylor Karen , Frydenberg Mark , Porter Ian , Fletcher Jane , Haines Ian , Burney Sue
Published: October 2019

Objectives

Psychosocial interventions that mitigate psychosocial distress in cancer patients are important. The primary aim of this study was to examine the feasibility and acceptability of an adaptation of the Mindful Self-Compassion (MSC) program among adult cancer patients. A secondary aim was to examine pre–post-program changes in psychosocial wellbeing.

Method

The research design was a feasibility and acceptability study, with an examination of pre- to post-intervention changes in psychosocial measures. A study information pack was posted to 173 adult cancer patients 6 months–5 years post-diagnosis, with an invitation to attend an eight-week group-based adaptation of the MSC program.

Results

Thirty-two (19%) consented to the program, with 30 commencing. Twenty-seven completed the program (mean age: 62.93 years, SD 14.04; 17 [63%] female), attending a mean 6.93 (SD 1.11) group sessions. There were no significant differences in medico-demographic factors between program-completers and those who did not consent. However, there was a trend toward shorter time since diagnosis in the program-completers group. Program-completers rated the program highly regarding content, relevance to the concerns of cancer patients, and the likelihood of recommending the program to other cancer patients. Sixty-three percent perceived that their mental wellbeing had improved from pre- to post-program; none perceived a deterioration in mental wellbeing. Small-to-medium effects were observed for depressive symptoms, fear of cancer recurrence, stress, loneliness, body image satisfaction, mindfulness, and self-compassion.

Significance of results

The MSC program appears feasible and acceptable to adults diagnosed with non-advanced cancer. The preliminary estimates of effect sizes in this sample suggest that participation in the program was associated with improvements in psychosocial wellbeing. Collectively, these findings suggest that there may be value in conducting an adequately powered randomized controlled trial to determine the efficacy of the MSC program in enhancing the psychosocial wellbeing of cancer patients.
LOGIC AND TOPOLOGY FOR KNOWLEDGE, KNOWABILITY, AND BELIEF
Authors: BJORNDAHL ADAM , ÖZGÜN AYBÜKE
Published: October 2019

In recent work, Stalnaker proposes a logical framework in which belief is realized as a weakened form of knowledge 35. Building on Stalnaker’s core insights, and using frameworks developed in 11 and 3, we employtopologicaltools to refine and, we argue, improve on this analysis. The structure of topological subset spaces allows for a natural distinction between what isknownand (roughly speaking) what isknowable; we argue that the foundational axioms of Stalnaker’s system rely intuitively onbothof these notions. More precisely, we argue that the plausibility of the principles Stalnaker proposes relating knowledge and belief relies on a subtle equivocation between an “evidence-in-hand” conception of knowledge and a weaker “evidence-out-there” notion of whatcould come to be known. Our analysis leads to a trimodal logic of knowledge, knowability, and belief interpreted in topological subset spaces in which belief is definable in terms ofknowledge and knowability. We provide a sound and complete axiomatization for this logic as well as its uni-modal belief fragment. We then consider weaker logics that preserve suitable translations of Stalnaker’s postulates, yet do not allow for any reduction of belief. We propose novel topological semantics for these irreducible notions of belief, generalizing our previous semantics, and provide sound and complete axiomatizations for the corresponding logics.
Response of sweetpotato to pendimethalin application rate and timing
Authors: Meyers Stephen L. , Chaudhari Sushila , Jennings Katherine M. , Miller Donnie K. , Shankle Mark W.
Published: October 2019

Field trials were conducted near Pontotoc, Mississippi; Chase, Louisiana; and Clinton, North Carolina, in 2017 and 2018 to determine the effect of pendimethalin rate and timing application on sweetpotato crop tolerance, yield, and storage root quality. Treatments consisted of five pendimethalin rates (266, 532, 1,065, 1,597, and 2,130 g ai ha−1) by two application timings (0 to 1 or 10 to 14 d after transplanting). Additionally, a nontreated check was included for comparison. Crop injury (stunting) was minimal (≤4%) through 6 wk after transplanting (WAP) and no injury was observed from 8 to 14 WAP, regardless of application timing or rate. The nontreated check yielded 6.6, 17.6, 5.5, and 32.1 × 103 kg ha−1 of canner, no. 1, jumbo, and total grades, respectively. Neither pendimethalin application timing nor rate influenced jumbo, no. 1, marketable, or total sweetpotato yield. Overall, these results indicate that pendimethalin will be a valuable addition to the toolkit of sweetpotato growers.
Emergence of garden spurge (Euphorbia hirta) and large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) in response to different physical properties and depths of common mulch materials
Authors: Saha Debalina , Marble S. Christopher , Pearson Brian , Pérez Héctor , MacDonald Gregory , Odero Dennis
Published: October 2019

Greenhouse and outdoor container experiments were conducted to determine garden spurge and large crabgrass emergence when seeds were placed either on top of or below three different mulch materials [pine bark (PB), hardwood (HW), or pine straw (PS)] applied at five depths (0, 1.3, 2.5, 5.1, and 10.2 cm). To elucidate mulch characteristics that contributed to weed control, photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) was recorded underneath each mulch layer, moisture retention was monitored for 24 h following irrigation, and particle size was determined using standard soil sieves. HW reduced PAR (97%) more than did PB (90%) or PS (92%) at 1.3 cm, but few or no differences were noted between mulches at greater mulch depths. HW also contained the highest percentage of small particles and consequently retained more water (29%), than PB (14%) or PS (22%) 24 h following a simulated irrigation event. Emergence of large crabgrass and garden spurge was consistently greater when seeds were placed on top of the mulch, compared to seeds placed below. Emergence of both species also tended to respond to increasing depth in a quadratic manner, indicating that once a critical level of mulch was applied (2.5 to 5 cm), further reductions in weed emergence would not be observed, at least over the short term (12 wk). PB and PS tended to provide a greater reduction in emergence of both species compared to HW. This research also indicates that larger particle materials such as PB or PS would be advantageous because of their ability to suppress weed emergence regardless of seed position.
Seasonal changes in forage nutritive value of common weeds encountered in Missouri pastures
Authors: Bunton Gatlin , Trower Zach , Roberts Craig , Bradley Kevin W.
Published: October 2019

During the 2015, 2016, and 2017 growing seasons, weed and weed-free mixed tall fescue and legume forage samples were harvested from 29 pastures throughout Missouri for investigation of the nutritive value of 20 common pasture weed species throughout the season. At certain times during the growing season, many broadleaf weed species had greater nutritive values for a given quality parameter as compared with the available weed-free, mixed tall fescue and legume forage harvested from the same location. There were no significant differences in crude protein concentration between the weed-free forage and many weeds throughout the growing season. However, crude protein content of common burdock, common cocklebur, common ragweed, dandelion, horsenettle, and lanceleaf ragweed was greater than that of the corresponding forage sample at multiple collection periods. The digestible neutral detergent fiber (dNDF) content of all broadleaf weeds except lanceleaf ragweed was significantly lower than that of the weed-free forage at all collection periods. Conversely, large crabgrass had significantly greater digestible neutral detergent fiber levels than did the mixed tall fescue forage at all sampling dates. Dandelion and spiny amaranth had greater in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) content than did the forage for the entire growing season. Three perennial weeds—horsenettle, vervains, and late boneset—did not differ in IVTD levels as compared with the mixed tall fescue and legume forage at any collection date. For most summer annual weeds, the trend was toward greater digestibility earlier in the season, with a gradual decline and often lower IVTD by the late summer or early fall. The results of this study will enable producers to make more informed management decisions about the potential benefit or detriment a weed may provide to the overall nutritive value of the pasture system.
Cotton response to preplant applications of 2,4-D or dicamba
Authors: Price Katilyn , Li Xiao , Leon Ramon G. , Price Andrew
Published: October 2019

Sensitive cotton varieties planted into soil treated with 2,4-D or dicamba utilized in burndowns can result in stunting and stand loss if use rate is too high and the plant-back interval is too short. The objective of this study was to evaluate cotton stunting and yield responses resulting from 2,4-D or dicamba residues in soil after preplant burndown applications at three locations in 2016 and 2017. Treatments with 2,4-D included 532 and 1,063 g ae ha−1 applied 3 wk before planting (WBP) and 53, 160, 266, 532, 1,063 g ae ha−1 applied at planting. Dicamba treatments included 560 and 1,120 g ae h−1 applied 3 WBP and 56, 168, 280, 560, 1,120 g ae ha−1 applied at planting. Dicamba or 2,4-D treatments applied 3 WBP resulted in no adverse effects on cotton stand, plant height, or yield. Dicamba 560 g ae h−1 applied at planting reduced cotton stand by 36% at 21 to 24 d after planting (DAP) over all locations in 2016. In 2017, stands were reduced by dicamba at 168, 280, 560, and 1,120 g ae ha−1 by 17% to 25% at 20 to 23 DAP. Moreover, cotton stands were not affected by 2,4-D in 2016, and only 266, 532, and 1,063 g ae ha−1 of 2,4-D caused stand reductions of 26% to 36% at 20 to 23 DAP over all locations in 2017. Dicamba at 560 g ae ha−1 at planting was the only treatment in this study that reduced plant height. Although stand losses were observed in both years, no yield loss occurred. The data suggest that stunting and stand reduction may occur if susceptible varieties are planted soon after burndown applications with 2,4-D or dicamba, but yield may not be affected after a full growing season. Dicamba showed greater potential to cause stunting and stand reduction than 2,4-D.
Übereinstimmung des Advanced Nursing Process mit Beobachtungen, Interviews und Pflegedokumentationen im Akutspital
Authors: Leoni-Scheiber Claudia , Mayer Hanna , Müller-Staub Maria
Published: October 2019

Zusammenfassung. Hintergrund: Pflegefachpersonen mit guter klinischer Entscheidungsfindungskompetenz stellen genauere Pflegediagnosen, setzen wirksamere Pflegeinterventionen um und erzielen bessere pflegesensitive Patientenergebnisse. Studien haben gezeigt, dass die Inhalte der Pflegedokumentationen manchmal nicht mit den Berichten von Patientinnen und Patienten und Pflegefachpersonen übereinstimmen. Fragestellung: Inwieweit stimmen die dokumentierten Pflegediagnosen, -interventionen und ‑ergebnisse mit beobachteten Pflegesituationen und Patientenaussagen überein? Methoden: Eine „multiple case study“ wurde mittels strukturierter Beobachtungen, leitfadengestützter Patienteninterviews und Dokumentenanalysen durchgeführt. Bei 24 Patientinnen und Patienten wurde die Übereinstimmung von Pflegediagnosen, ‑interventionen und ‑ergebnissen zwischen den drei Quellen durch „within-case-“ und „cross-case-analyses“ untersucht. Ergebnisse: Von 114 identifizierten Pflegediagnosen waren 66 dokumentiert, 37 gingen aus den Beobachtungen und elf aus den Interviews hervor. Eine hohe Übereinstimmung zwischen den drei Quellen zeigte sich in 59 % der dokumentierten Pflegediagnosen, in 41 % der Pflegeinterventionen und in 33 % der Pflegeergebnisse. Fast allen dokumentierten Pflegediagnosen (89 %) waren die meisten Codes aus allen drei Quellen zugeordnet. Schlussfolgerungen: Um die Übereinstimmung der drei Perspektiven zu erhöhen, sollte die pflegerische Entscheidungsfindungskompetenz unterstützt werden, damit Pflegefachpersonen wirksamere Pflegeinterventionen wählen, die zu besseren Ergebnissen führen. Die Partizipation der Patientinnen und Patienten sollte gefördert werden.
The Sensitivity of North American Terrestrial Carbon Fluxes to Spatial and Temporal Variation in Soil Moisture: An Analysis Using Radar‐Derived Estimates of Root‐Zone Soil Moisture
Authors: Zhang Ke , Ali Ashehad , Antonarakis Alexander , Moghaddam Mahta , Saatchi Sassan , Tabatabaeenejad Alireza , Chen Richard , Jaruwatanadilok Sermsak , Cuenca Richard , Crow Wade T. , Moorcroft Paul
Published: October 2019

This study examines the impact of variation in root‐zone soil moisture (RZSM), a key component of the Earth's hydrologic cycle and climate system, on regional carbon fluxes across seven North American ecosystems. P‐band synthetic aperture radar‐derived RZSM estimates were incorporated into the ecosystem demography (ED2) terrestrial biosphere model through a model‐data blending approach. Analysis shows that the model qualitatively captures inter‐daily and seasonal variability of observed RZSM at seven flux tower sites (r = 0.59 ± 0.26 andr = 0.70 ± 0.22 for 0–10 and 10–40 cm of soil layers, respectively;P < 0.001). Incorporating the remotely sensed RSZM estimates increases the accuracy (root‐mean‐square deviations decrease from 0.10 ± 0.07 and 0.09 ± 0.06 m3·m−3to 0.08 ± 0.05 and 0.07 ± 0.03 m3·m−3for 0–10 and 10–40 cm of soil layers, respectively) of the model's RZSM predictions. The regional carbon fluxes predicted by the native and RZSM‐constrained model were used to quantify sensitivities of gross primary productivity, autotrophic respiration (Ra), heterotrophic respiration (Rh), and net ecosystem exchange to variation in RZSM. Gross primary productivity exhibited the largest sensitivity (6.6 ± 10.7 kg·cm−2·year·θ−1) followed by Ra(2.9 ± 7.3 kg·cm−2·year−1·θ−1), Rh(2.6 ± 3.1 kg·cm−2·year−1·θ−1), and net ecosystem exchange (−1.7 ± 7.8 kg·cm−2·year−1·θ−1). Analysis shows that these carbon flux sensitivities varied considerably across regions, reflecting influences of canopy structure, soil properties, and the ecophysiological properties of different plant functional types. This study highlights (1) the importance of improved terrestrial biosphere model predictions of RZSM to improve predictions of terrestrial carbon fluxes, (2) a need for improved pedotransfer functions, and (3) improved understanding of how soil characteristics, climate, and vegetation composition interact to govern the responses of different ecosystems to changing hydrological conditions.
Surface Stability in Drylands Is Influenced by Dispersal Strategy of Soil Bacteria
Authors: Elliott David R. , Thomas Andrew D. , Strong Craig L. , Bullard Joanna
Published: October 2019

Microbial adaptations for survival and dispersal may directly influence landscape stability and potential for dust emission in drylands where biological soil crusts (biocrusts) protect mineral soil surfaces from wind erosion. In the Lake Eyre basin of central Australia we operated a wind tunnel on sandy soils and collected the liberated material, which was subjected to DNA sequencing to identify the microbial community composition. Microbial composition of entrained dust was compared with that of the source sand dune soil in addition to nearby claypan and nebkha soils and water channels that together form a recycling sediment transport system. Wind was found to preferentially liberate 359 identified taxa from sand dunes, whereas 137 identified taxa were found to resist wind erosion. Water channel communities included many taxa in common with the soil samples. We hypothesize that the ease with which soil microbes become airborne is often linked to whether the organism is adapted for dispersal by wind or vegetative growth and that biocrust organisms found in water channels may sometimes use a fluvial dispersal strategy, which exploits rare flooding events to rapidly colonize vast pans that are common in drylands. We explain likely geomorphic implications of microbial dispersal strategies which are a consequence of organisms engineering the environment to provide their particular needs. By identifying microbes fitting expectations for these dispersal strategies based on differential abundance analyses, we provide a new perspective for understanding the role of microbiota in landscape stability.
On the Mechanisms of the Active 2018 Tropical Cyclone Season in the North Pacific
Authors: Qian Y. , Murakami H. , Nakano M. , Hsu P.‐C. , Delworth T. L. , Kapnick S. B. , Ramaswamy V. , Mochizuki T. , Morioka Y. , Doi T. , Kataoka T. , Nasuno T. , Yoshida K.
Published: October 2019

The 2018 tropical cyclone (TC) season in the North Pacific was very active, with 39 tropical storms including eight typhoons/hurricanes. This activity was successfully predicted up to 5 months in advance by the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory Forecast‐Oriented Low Ocean Resolution (FLOR) global coupled model. In this work, a suite of idealized experiments with three dynamical global models (FLOR, Nonhydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model, and Meteorological Research Institute Atmospheric General Circulation Model) was used to show that the active 2018 TC season was primarily caused by warming in the subtropical Pacific and secondarily by warming in the tropical Pacific. Furthermore, the potential effect of anthropogenic forcing on the active 2018 TC season was investigated using two of the global models (FLOR and Meteorological Research Institute Atmospheric General Circulation Model). The models projected opposite signs for the changes in TC frequency in the North Pacific by an increase in anthropogenic forcing, thereby highlighting the substantial uncertainty and model dependence in the possible impact of anthropogenic forcing on Pacific TC activity.
Analysis of Cosmic Rays' Atmospheric Effects and Their Relationships to Cutoff Rigidity and Zenith Angle Using Global Muon Detector Network Data
Authors: Mendonça R. R. S. , Wang C. , Braga C. R. , Echer E. , Dal Lago A. , Costa J. E. R. , Munakata K. , Li H. , Liu Z. , Raulin J.‐P. , Kuwabara T. , Kozai M. , Kato C. , Rockenbach M. , Schuch N. J. , Al Jassar H. K. , Sharma M. M. , Tokumaru M. , Duldig M. L. , Humble J. E. , Evenson P. , Sabbah I.
Published: October 2019

Cosmic rays are charged particles whose flux observed at Earth shows temporal variations related to space weather phenomena and may be an important tool to study them. The cosmic ray intensity recorded with ground‐based detectors also shows temporal variations arising from atmospheric variations. In the case of muon detectors, the main atmospheric effects are related to pressure and temperature changes. In this work, we analyze both effects using data recorded by the Global Muon Detector Network, consisting of four multidirectional muon detectors at different locations, in the period between 2007 and 2016. For each Global Muon Detector Network directional channel, we obtain coefficients that describe the pressure and temperature effects. We then analyze how these coefficients can be related to the geomagnetic cutoff rigidity and zenith angle associated with cosmic ray particles observed by each channel. In the pressure effect analysis, we found that the observed barometric coefficients show a very clear logarithmic correlation with the cutoff rigidity divided by the zenith angle cosine. On the other hand, the temperature coefficients show a good logarithmic correlation with the product of the cutoff and zenith angle cosine after adding a term proportional to the sine of geographical latitude of the observation site. This additional term implies that the temperature effect measured in the Northern Hemisphere detectors is stronger than that observed in the Southern Hemisphere. The physical origin of this term and of the good correlations found in this analysis should be studied in detail in future works.
Relations Between the Characteristics of Granular Column Collapses and Resultant High‐Frequency Seismic Signals
Authors: Farin Maxime , Mangeney Anne , de Rosny Julien , Toussaint Renaud , Trinh Phuong‐Thu
Published: October 2019

Deducing relations between the dynamic characteristics of landslides and rockfalls and the resultant high‐frequency (>1 Hz) seismic signal is challenging. To investigate relations that can be tested in the field, we conducted laboratory experiments of 3‐D granular column collapse on a rough inclined thin plate, for a large set of column masses, aspect ratios, particle diameters, and slope angles. The dynamics of the granular flows were recorded using a high‐speed camera, and the generated seismic signal was measured using piezoelectric accelerometers. Empirical scaling laws are established between the characteristics of the granular flows and deposits and that of the generated seismic signals. The radiated seismic energy scales with particle diameter as d3, column mass as M and aspect ratio as a1.1. The increase of the radiated seismic energy as slope angle increases correlates with a similar increase in particle agitation. Based on our experimental results, we revisit scaling laws reported in the field and discuss their possible physical origin. The discrepancy between field and experimental observations can be explained by the complex influence of the substrate on seismic signal and the difference of flow initiation in both cases. However, our empirical scaling laws allow us to determine which flow parameters could be inferred from a given seismic characteristic in the field. In particular, by assuming the flow average speed is known, we show that we can retrieve parameters d, M, and a within a factor of two from the seismic signal.
A Coupled Biomorpho‐Geomechanical Model of Tidal Marsh Evolution
Authors: Zoccarato C. , Da Lio C. , Tosi L. , Teatini Pietro
Published: October 2019

Ecogeomorphic characteristics of tidal marshes are strongly related to their elevation with respect to the mean sea level. Predicting the long‐term evolution and resilience of such ecosystems in times of rapid natural and anthropogenic climate changes is of critical importance. The notion that the tidal marsh elevation is the result of feedbacks between vegetation dynamics, sediment fluxes, natural consolidation, and sea‐level changes is widely recognized. However, the interaction of these processes has been poorly investigated until now. This contribution aims at presenting a novel numerical model to simulate the above‐surface and subsurface coupled dynamics of a tidal landscape in a 2‐D‐framework, with the relative sea‐level rise (RSLR) acting as an external stressor. A biomorphological model is used to compute deposition fluxes, which depends on topography and availability of organic/inorganic sediments. The outcome is used as forcing term in a physically based geomechanical model to simulate the consolidation of the marsh body that, in turn, influences sediment fluxes by acting on the platform elevation. The results demonstrate how compaction of the marsh body can crucially affect the resilience of tidal landforms to RSLR accelerations. With normal sediment concentration in coastal waters (10<C0<100 mg/l), if minerogenic (stiff) deposits prevail, a tidal marsh is capable of maintaining its elevation relative to mean sea level independently of RSLR (at least up to 10 mm/yr). When the marsh is composed of a large percentage of more compressible organic matter, the landform resilience is much more dependent on RSLR, implying higher vulnerability with respect to future climate changes.
The crosstalk between STAT3 and p53/RAS signaling controls cancer cell metastasis and cisplatin resistance via the Slug/MAPK/PI3K/AKT-mediated regulation of EMT and autophagy
Authors: Liang Fan , Ren Chunxia , Wang Jingshu , Wang Shuoer , Yang Lina , Han Xianghui , Chen Yaping , Tong Guoqing , Yang Gong
Published: October 2019

Chemoresistance has been the biggest obstacle in ovarian cancer treatment, and STAT3 may play an important role in chemoresistance of multiple cancers, but the underlying mechanism of STAT3 in ovarian cancer chemoresistance has long been truly illusive, particularly in association with p53 and RAS signaling. In this study, by using wild type, constitutive active, and dominant negative STAT3 constructs, wild-type p53, and RAS-mutant V12, we performed a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments by gene overexpression, drug treatment, and animal assays. We found that phosphorylation of STAT3 Y705 but not S727 promoted cancer cell EMT and metastasis through the Slug-mediated regulation of E-cadherin and Vimentin. The phosphorylation of STAT3 at Y705 also activated the MAPK and PI3K/AKT signaling to inhibit the ERS-mediated autophagy through down-regulation of pPERK, pelf2α, ATF6α, and IRE1α, which led to increased cisplatin resistance. Induction of wild type p53 in STAT3-DN-transfected cells further diminished the chemoresistance and tumor growth through the upregulation of the MAPK- and PI3K/AKT-mediated ERS and autophagy. Introduction of STAT3-DN deprived the RASV12-induced ERS, autophagy, oncogenicity, and cisplatin resistance, whereas introduction of p53 in STAT3-DN/RASV12 expressing cells induced additional tumor retardation and cisplatin sensitivity. Thus, our data provide strong evidence that the crosstalk between STAT3 and p53/RAS signaling controls ovarian cancer cell metastasis and cisplatin resistance via the Slug/MAPK/PI3K/AKT-mediated regulation of EMT and autophagy.
Reconfiguration of interfacial energy band structure for high-performance inverted structure perovskite solar cells
Authors: Zhang Moyao , Chen Qi , Xue Rongming , Zhan Yu , Wang Cheng , Lai Junqi , Yang Jin , Lin Hongzhen , Yao Jianlin , Li Yaowen , Chen Liwei , Li Yongfang
Published: October 2019

Charged defects at the surface of the organic–inorganic perovskite active layer are detrimental to solar cells due to exacerbated charge carrier recombination. Here we show that charged surface defects can be benign after passivation and further exploited for reconfiguration of interfacial energy band structure. Based on the electrostatic interaction between oppositely charged ions, Lewis-acid-featured fullerene skeleton after iodide ionization (PCBB-3N-3I) not only efficiently passivates positively charged surface defects but also assembles on top of the perovskite active layer with preferred orientation. Consequently, PCBB-3N-3I with a strong molecular electric dipole forms a dipole interlayer to reconfigure interfacial energy band structure, leading to enhanced built-in potential and charge collection. As a result, inverted structure planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells exhibit the promising power conversion efficiency of 21.1% and robust ambient stability. This work opens up a new window to boost perovskite solar cells via rational exploitation of charged defects beyond passivation.
Extracellular Vesicles Shedding Promotes Melanoma Growth in Response to Chemotherapy
Authors: Andrade Luciana Nogueira de Sousa , Otake Andréia Hanada , Cardim Silvia Guedes Braga , da Silva Felipe Ilelis , Ikoma Sakamoto Mariana Mari , Furuya Tatiane Katsue , Uno Miyuki , Pasini Fátima Solange , Chammas Roger
Published: October 2019

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging as key players in intercellular communication. EVs can transfer biological macromolecules to recipient cells, modulating various physiological and pathological processes. It has been shown that tumor cells secrete large amounts of EVs that can be taken up by malignant and stromal cells, dictating tumor progression. In this study, we investigated whether EVs secreted by melanoma cells in response to chemotherapy modulate tumor response to alkylating drugs. Our findings showed that human and murine melanoma cells secrete more EVs after treatment with temozolomide and cisplatin. We observed that EVs shed by melanoma cells after temozolomide treatment modify macrophage phenotype by skewing macrophage activation towards the M2 phenotype through upregulation of M2-marker genes. Moreover, these EVs were able to favor melanoma re-growth in vivo, which was accompanied by an increase in Arginase 1 and IL10 gene expression levels by stromal cells and an increase in genes related to DNA repair, cell survival and stemness in tumor cells. Taken together, this study suggests that EVs shed by tumor cells in response to chemotherapy promote tumor repopulation and treatment failure through cellular reprogramming in melanoma cells.
Distinctive mutational spectrum and karyotype disruption in long-term cisplatin-treated urothelial carcinoma cell lines
Authors: Skowron Margaretha A. , Petzsch Patrick , Hardt Karin , Wagner Nicholas , Beier Manfred , Stepanow Stefanie , Drechsler Matthias , Rieder Harald , Köhrer Karl , Niegisch Günter , Hoffmann Michèle J. , Schulz Wolfgang A.
Published: October 2019

The DNA-damaging compound cisplatin is broadly employed for cancer chemotherapy. The mutagenic effects of cisplatin on cancer cell genomes are poorly studied and might even contribute to drug resistance. We have therefore analyzed mutations and chromosomal alterations in four cisplatin-resistant bladder cancer cell lines (LTTs) by whole-exome-sequencing and array-CGH. 720–7479 genes in the LTTs contained point mutations, with a characteristic mutational signature. Only 53 genes were mutated in all LTTs, including the presumed cisplatin exporter ATP7B. Chromosomal alterations were characterized by segmented deletions and gains leading to severely altered karyotypes. The few chromosomal changes shared among LTTs included gains involving the anti-apoptotic BCL2L1 gene and losses involving the NRF2 regulator KEAP1. Overall, the extent of genomic changes paralleled cisplatin treatment concentrations. In conclusion, bladder cancer cell lines selected for cisplatin-resistance contain abundant and characteristic drug-induced genomic changes. Cisplatin treatment may therefore generate novel tumor genomes during patient treatment.