bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Studies on lipid and fatty acid composition of human hepatoma tissue
Authors: Araki Eiji , Phillips F. , Privett O. S.
Published: November 2006

Studies are reported on the composition of the lipids of human liver and hepatoma tissues from male adults. Liver tissues were obtained from individuals who died from causes other than liver disease or cancer. The hepatoma tissues were obtained from individuals shortly after they succumbed to cancer. The total lipid of each tissue was fractionated quantitatively by silicic acid column chromatography into neutral lipid, glycolipid, and phospholipid fractions. These fractions were analyzed by thin layer chromatography and converted to methyl esters for analysis of their constituent fatty acids by gas liquid chromatography. In comparison to liver tissue, the total amount of lipid in the hepatoma tissues was generally higher and more variable; the lipid of one hepatoma was ca. 92% of the dry wt of the tissue. The greater lipid content of the hepatoma tissues was due to the high percentage of neutral lipid. Except for one specimen, there was ca. the same amount of glycolipid in the hepatoma as in the liver tissues, but the composition of the glycolipid fraction of the hepatoma lipid differed considerably, particularly in the ganglioside fraction. The phospholipid fraction of hepatoma lipid was much lower than that of liver but exhibited only quantitative differences in composition. No glyceryl ether diesters and only traces of plasmalogens of phosphatidyl choline or phosphatidyl ethanolamine were detected in the liver and hepatoma lipids. The levels of monoenoic acids were higher and those of linoleic and polyunsaturated fatty acids lower in the hepatoma lipids. Positional isomers of trienoic acids not normally present in liver tissue were detected in hepatoma lipids. The abnormalities observed in lipid composition indicated interferences in the regulatory processes of lipid metabolism in human hepatoma similar to those observed in animals.
Intramolecular fatty acid distribution in milk fat triglycerides of monkeys
Authors: Smith Lloyd M. , Hardjo Suhadi
Published: November 2006

Pancreatic lipase hydrolysis was used to determine the distribution of fatty acids in the milk triglycerides of four species of monkeys and of human milk. The patterns of the major fatty acids were generally similar in all species examined, but there were some differences in the relative concentrations of individual fatty acids esterified at either the 2 or 1,3 positions. Caprylic, stearic, oleic, and linoleic acids were found predominantly at the 1,3 positions; in contrast, lauric, myristic, palmitic, and palmitoleic were concentrated at the 2 position. Monkey milk fats had greater proportions of these acids at the respective positions than did bovine milk fat. Also, the monkey fats were relatively uniform both in total unsaturated fatty acids (41–48%) and in the proportion of these esterified at the 2 position (19–26%). In general, both the fatty acid composition and the specific distribution of fatty acids in the monkey milk fats more closely resembled the patterns in human milk fat than did those in ruminant milk fats.
Biosynthesis of anacardic acids from acetate inGinkgo biloba
Authors: Gellerman Joanne L. , Anderson Wayne H. , Schlenk Hermann
Published: November 2006

Anacardic acids synthesized from [1‐14C] and [2‐14C] acetates byGinkgo biloba were subjected to chemical degradation to locate the14C in the molecules. Radioactivity in the carboxyl group was determined by decarboxylation and counting the resulting CO2; in the aliphatic chian, by oxidation of anacardol from which three homologous fatty acids are obtained; and in ring C‐6, chain C‐1 and chain C‐2 by decarboxylation of these fatty acids where the carboxyl groups represent these respective C atoms. Distribution of14C in the anacardic acids indicates that synthesis of the chain and of the ring are separate processes. According to its radioactivity, ring C‐6 originates from the chain. A polyketide mechanism appears likely for the ring synthesis, although considerable randomization of 1‐14C and of 2‐14C from the acetates had occurred in the plants.
Occurrence and chemical structure of nonmethylene‐interrupted dienoic fatty acids in american oysterCrassostrea virginica
Authors: Paradis M. , Ackman R. G.
Published: November 2006

The American oyster,Crassostrea virginica, was found to contain structurally homologous nonmethylene‐interrupted dienoic (NMID) fatty acids. The major C20 and C22 nonmethylene‐interrupted dienoic fatty acid isomers were shown to occur as two pairs of homologues 5,13–20∶2 with 7,15–22∶2 and 5,11–20∶2 with 7,13–22∶2. A combination of analytical procedures was required for conclusive structure determination.
Synthesis and properties of phosphatidyl carnitine and phosphatidyl β‐methylcholine
Authors: Hintze Ulrich , Gercken Guenther
Published: November 2006

rac‐Phosphatidyl carnitine and racphosphatidyl β‐methylcholine were synthesized by direct condensation of phosphatidic acid and the appropriate alcohols in the presence of 2,4,6‐triisopropylbenzenesulphonylchloride and pyridine. Tetraphenylborates of the quarternary ammonium compounds β‐methylcholine and carnitine benzyl ester were shown to be particularly convenient for synthesis in homogeneous phase. Physical and chemical properties of the two phosphoglycerolipids and some intermediates were described. Phosphatidyl carnitine and phosphatidyl β‐methylcholine were hydrolyzed by phospholipase A2 (phosphatide acyl‐hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.4), pancreatic lipase (triacylglycerol acyl‐hydrolase, EC 3.1.1.3), and phospholipase C fromBacillus cereus (phosphatidylcholine cholinephosphohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.3). Neither hydrolysis nor transphosphatidylation of phosphatidyl carnitine and phosphatidyl β‐methylcholine was achieved by phospholipase D (phosphatidylcholine phosphatidohydrolase, EC 3.1.4.4). The occurrence of phosphatidyl carnitine in embryonic chicken tissue was suggested by comparison with the synthesized compound. Phosphatidyl carnitine could not be detected in the tissue of rat embryos.
Evaluation of chromic oxide, glycerol triether, and β‐sitosterol as fecal flow markers in two species of nonhuman primates
Authors: Clair Richard W. St. , Lehner Noel D. M. , Hamm Thomas E.
Published: November 2006

Recovery of β‐sitosterol, glycerol triether (1‐hexadecyl‐2,3,‐didodecyl glycerol triether), and chromic oxide was studied in African green monkeys and stumptail macaques consuming diets containing 0.75 mg/Cal cholesterol and 38% of calories as safflower oil or butter. Following oral administration of these compounds, feces were collected daily for 9 days. For all animals, excretion of β‐sitosterol and glycerol triether paralleled one another almost exactly. Except for two animlas, this was also true for chromic acid. Essentially 100% of the administered β‐sitosterol and 90–95% of the glycerol triether were recovered; excretion of these markers virtually was complete by day 3. Ninety‐two percent of the β‐sitosterol was isolated in the nonsaponifiable lipid extract of the feces with less than 6% in the remaining aqueous phase. A maximum of 3.1% of the β‐sitosterol and 1.8% of the glycerol triether were found in the blood. For stumptail macaques, the major excretory form of β‐sitosterol was the 5β‐derivative. African green monkeys were more variable; one animal excreted the bulk of the β‐sitosterol unchanged while others excreted greater than 80% as the ring‐saturated 5β‐derivative. Animals consuming the safflower oil containing diet consistently excreted a greater percentage of the β‐sitosterol unchanged, compared with those animals eating the butter containing diet. There was no evidence for steroid ring degradation in any of the animals used in this study.
Peanut alkaline lipase
Authors: Sanders Timothy H. , Pattee Harold E.
Published: November 2006

Peanut alkaline lipase, (glycerol ester hydrolase EC 3.1.1.3), pH optimum 8.5, was isolated from acetone powders prepared from developing and germinated peanut seed (Arachis hypogaea L. var. NC‐2). Enzyme activity/seed increased in successive developmental stages. The course of the hydrolytic reaction was linear with regard to enzyme concentration and all times tested up to periods exceeding 60 min. Km for the reaction was determined to be 2.6×10−4M. Molecular weight of peanut lipase, as estimated by Sephadex gel filtration and sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, was ca. 55,000.
Animal endogenous triglycerides: III. Swine, rat and chicken liver: Comparison with adipose tissue
Authors: Anderson Robert E. , Bottino Nestor R. , Cook Leonard J. , Reiser Raymond
Published: November 2006

The endogenous triglycerides of swine, rat and chicken livers were fractionated by silver ion thin layer chromatography and the resulting fractions were analyzed for their fatty acid composition and distribution. Whereas the endogenous triglycerides of swine adipose tissue differ markedly from those of rat and chicken adipose tissue in the location of the major fatty acids, the liver triglycerides of the three species are quite similar. They also resemble rat and chicken adipose triglycerides.
Characterization of the nonvolatile compounds formed during the thermal oxidation of 1‐linoleyl‐2,3 distearin: I. The nonacidic fraction
Authors: Wantland L. R. , Perkins E. G.
Published: November 2006

A compound isolated from the nonacidic fraction of thermally oxidized 1‐linoleyl‐2,3‐distearin was shown to be 18‐pentatriacontanone. A combination of schemical and instrumental analyses was used to determine the structure.
Some aspects of fatty acid metabolism in brown adipose tissue
Authors: Ball Eric G.
Published: November 2006

The action of catecholamines on white and brown adipose tissue is compared. The available evidence indicates that lipolysis is initiated in both tissues by hormonal action. There are, however, some differences in the behavior of the lipolytic process in the two tissues in their response to theophylline, nicotinic acid and insulin which remain unexplained. It would appear that the release of free fatty acids triggers the stimulation of O2 consumption in both tissues. In brown adipose tissue no evidence has been obtained to indicate that the increased O2 consumption is geared to the production of ATP for the purpose of reesterification of the released free fatty acids, as is the case in white adipose tissue.
Cuticular lipids of insects
Authors: Jackson Larry L. , Baker G. L.
Published: November 2006

Cuticular lipids cover nearly all parts of insect and are the chief agent for restricting water loss. The structure of insect epicuticles is reviewed, with emphasis on the role of cuticular lipids and the metabolism of cuticular lipids. The chemical composition of insect cuticular lipids are discussed with particular emphasis on the types in which hydrocarbons, was esters and fatty alcohols predominate. What little evidence is available on the biosynthesis of insect cuticular lipids is discussed.
Plant waxes
Authors: Kolattukudy P. E.
Published: November 2006

The surface of plants is covered with a complex mixture of lipids, often in crystalline form, called plant waxes. The chemistry, biosynthesis, catabolism and function of plant waxes are reviewed. The most common components are hydrocarbons, wax esters, free fatty alcohols and acids. Ketones, secondary alcohols, diols, aldehydes, terpenes and flavones are also found. The major function of the wax appears to be protection of the organism from water loss and other hazards of the environment. The alkanes are formed from fatty acids either by elongation followed by decarboxylation or by head‐to‐head condensation between two biochemically dissimilar fatty acids followed by specific decarboxylation of one of them. Fatty acyl‐CoA is reduced to the aldehyde which in turn is reduced to the alcohol. The alcohol is then esterified with acyl moieties from acyl‐CoA or phospholipids. Plant waxes undergo very little catabolism in plants but animals can degrade them to a limited extent and microorganisms readily degrade them.
Unusual olefinic fatty acids in seed oils from two genera in the ranunculaceae
Authors: Spencer G. F. , Kleiman R. , Earle F. R. , Wolff I. A.
Published: November 2006

Oil from one of the two species ofAnemone investigated contained 20% of γ‐linolenic acid but the other had none. Linoleic acid was the major component in both oils. Four of the five species ofRanunculus produced oil containing 2% to 4% of a component identified in one sample ascis‐7,cis‐10‐hexadecadienoic acid. Major components were linoleic and linolenic acids.
In vivo transfer of14C‐4‐cholesterol from mouse host to encapsulatedTrichinella spiralis larvae
Authors: Digenis George A. , Konyalian Arpine , Thorson Ralph
Published: November 2006

Mice infected for four months with the parasiteTrichinella spiralis were fed 4‐14C‐cholesterol. The encapsulated larvae were then collected from the mice, and the lipids of the larvae were extracted and fractionated by thin layer chromatography (TLC). One of the TLC bands known to contain cholesterol was subfractionated; the resulting bands were assayed for radioactivity. It was found that the pure cholesterol fraction contained radioactive cholesterol, presumably from the host.
Mass spectrometry of lipids. II. Monoglycerides, their diacetyl derivatives and their trimethylsilyl ethers
Authors: Johnson Cecil B. , Holman Ralph T.
Published: November 2006

The mass spectra of 1‐ and 2‐monoglycerides, their diacetyl derivatives and their trimethylsilyl (TMS) ether derivatives were recorded at high (80 eV) and low (6–13 eV) voltages. The fatty acid components of these derivatives included the even‐numbered saturated acids from capric to arachidic acid plus oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. Differences between isomeric 1‐ and 2‐monoglycerides were not sufficient to provide a basis for the analysis of these isomers. Mass spectra of the monoglycerides were very similar to the corresponding methyl esters. Mass spectra of the diacetyl derivatives were qualitatively similar to triglycerides of long‐chain fatty acids, but parent ions were not observed. The spectra of diacetyl derivatives may be used for distinguishing 1‐ and 2‐monoglycerides, but the spectra of the TMS ethers are better in this regard. The latter derivatives have fragmentation patterns distinct for the 1‐ and 2‐monoglyceride isomers, particularly at low electron voltages.
An unidentified lipid prevalent in tumors
Authors: Snyder Fred , Cress Edgar A. , Stephens Nelson
Published: November 2006

An unidentified lipid was found in five different tumor sources. It was not found in liver, bone marrow or plasma from tumor‐bearing animals, nor in the extracellular fluid supporting growth of Ehrlich ascites cells. The polarity of the unidentified component was similar to that of a glyceryl ether diester, and it was isolated in milligram amounts by preparative thinlayer chromatography. Neither methyl esters of fatty acids, vinyl ether diesters nor quinones were found in the structural makeup of this lipid. Thin‐layer chromatography of the purified unidentified tumor lipid on Ag‐impregnated silica layers revealed two main components of intermediary unsaturation. Saponification of the unidentified tumor lipid, when water washing was omitted, yielded two components that migrated at Rf's identical to those of free fatty acids and dihydroxy glyceryl monoethers. Neither acetate‐1‐14C nor palmitic‐1‐14C acid (single injections) was found to be incorporated into the unidentified lipid of a mature rat tumor.
The prevalence of aliphatic delta‐lactones or their precursors in animal fats
Authors: Dimick P. S. , Patton S. , Kinsella J. E. , Walker N. J.
Published: November 2006

Data are presented to show the occurrence of saturated aliphatic delta lactones, namely the δ‐C10, δ‐C12, δ‐C14, and δ‐C16, in numerous ruminant and monogastric animal fats. These trace components were isolated by silicic acid adsorption chromatography followed by identification employing gas chromatography. The general prevalence of the delta‐lactones or their precursors in animal depot fat, mammary tissue, blood serum lipids and milk fat is suggestive that they occur commonly in animal fats and are related to lipid metabolism.
Fatty acids in phospholipids isolated from human red cells
Authors: Williams J. H. , Kuchmak M. , Witter R. F.
Published: November 2006

Total lipids of packed erythrocytes from healthy men 22 to 25 years old were extracted with chloroform‐methanol mixture. Phospholipid classes were separated from neutral lipids and pigments on a silicic acid column. Phosphatidyl inositol (PI) was freed of its contaminants phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidyl serine (PS) on an aluminum oxide column. Additional silicic acid columns with modified solvent systems were needed for complete separation of other overlapped phospholipid classes. The identification of phospholipids in each eluted fraction was accomplished by TLC, using the appropriate spray tests and reference compounds, and confirmed on each of the isolated phospholipids by IR spectrophotometry.

The total content of phospholipids as determined by phosphorus analysis was found to be 2.63 mg/ml of packed cells. These phospholipids were found to have the following composition (in per cent of total phospholipid): PI, 2.3; PE, 13.4; ethanolamine plasmalogen (EP), 14.5; PS, 3.9; lecithin (L), 34.2; choline plasmalogen (CP), 1.4; sphingomyelin (Sph), 28.4 and lysolecithin (LL), 1.7. The fatty acid composition of each phospholipid was determined by GLC. The average number of double bonds per fatty acid in the isolated phospholipids was found to be as follows: PI, 1.5; PE, 1.9; EP, 3.6; PS, 2.1; L, 1.0; CP, 2.0; Sph, 0.2 and LL, 0.5. The positional distribution of fatty acids in both L and PE was ascertained by selective enzymatic hydrolysis with phospholipase A. Saturated fatty acids of L were esterified predominantly in the α′‐position, whereas in PE only 63.9 mole per cent of the saturated fatty acids were found in this position.
Fatty acid relationship in an aquatic food chain
Authors: Jezyk Peter F. , Penicnak A. John
Published: November 2006

The relationships amongst the fatty acids of the lipids from members of a model aquatic food chain were examined. The basic pattern of the fatty acids in the members, algae‐brine shrimp‐hydra, originated in the phytoplankton. Fatty acids in the neutral lipids of adult brine shrimp,Artemia salina, closely resembled dietary, or algal, fatty acids, whereas the phospholipid acids differed considerably from those in the algae. Fatty acids from the total lipids ofHydra pseudoligactis fed brine shimp nauplii also resembled the dietary acids, but more C20 polyunsaturates and fewer C18 unsaturated acids were present in those raised at 10C than were found at 20C.
The behavior of glyceride‐fatty acid mixtures in bile salt solution: Studies by gel filtration
Authors: Feldman Elaine Bossak , Borgström Bengt
Published: November 2006

Bile salt lipid emulsions were prepared which simulated the emulsified oil‐micellar phase system of the small intestinal content during fat digestion.

Application of such emulsions to gel columns prepared and eluted with 6 mM sodium taurodeoxycholate separated an emulsion phase and a micellar phase. The distribution of lipid solutes into the two phases under these conditions was measured.

Micellar dimensions were larger as lipid concentrations were increased. Inclusion of multiple lipid classes resulted in larger micellar particles.

Monoglyceride and fatty acids were eluted completely in the micellar phase under these conditions. Minimal measurable amounts of triolein were recovered in micellar solution. This was confirmed by extraction, chromatographic separation and quantitative analysis. As diolein concentration was increased, less was recovered in the micellar phase. When monoglyceride was added, more diolein entered the micellar phase. Addition of triglyceride enhanced the distribution of diolein into the emulsion phase.
A micromethod for the stereospecific determination of triglyceride structure
Authors: Lands William E. M. , Pieringer Ronald A. , Slakey Sister P. M. , Zschocke Albrecht
Published: November 2006

Triglyceride lipase and diglyceride kinase can be used in a sensitive stereospecific analysis of the separate fatty acid compositions at the 1, 2 and 3 positions of a triglyceride.

Diglyceride kinase fromEscherichia coli selectively catalyzes the phosphorylation of 1,2‐diglycerides but not the 2,3‐diglycerides.

The composition of the 3‐position in rat liver triglycerides is clearly different from that at the 1‐position.
Fatty acid biosynthesis by avocado pear
Authors: Harwood J. L.
Published: November 2006

Fatty acid synthesis in the avocado (Persea americana) mesocarp is due to three immunologically distinct enzyme systems. The plastid membranes synthesize a mixture of palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids. The plastid stroma, on the other hand, contains only palmitate elongase and cytoplasm only fatty acid synthetase. The elongation of palmitate requires malonyl CoA and is sensitive to arsenite inhibition.
Effect of long and medium chain length lipids upon aqueous solubility of α‐tocopherol
Authors: Takahashi Y. I. , Underwood Barbara A.
Published: November 2006

The efficiency by which α‐tocopherol is solubilized in vitro into mixed bile salt micelles containing different lipids was studied. Alterations in solubility due to addition to the incubation media of triglyceride, free fatty acid, monoglyceride, and lecithin of either long or medium chain length were examined. Results are expressed as a partition ratio between a micellar and an oil phase. The triglyceride of both long and medium chain length fatty acids greatly decreased the solubility of α‐tocopherol in bile salt solutions. When added singly, monoglyceride and lecithin of long chain length fatty acids increased the α‐tocopherol solubilized four‐ to fivefold; fatty acids of either chain length and medium chain monoglyceride when added singly had no significant effect upon the tocopherol solubilized. An additive effect was observed when a combination of long chain monoglyceride and lecithin was added. Addition of fatty acid to this combination, however, significantly decreased the α‐tocopherol solubility into the micellar phase. Although the solubility of α‐tocopherol was increased by all combinations of medium chain length polar lipids, except the fatty acid‐monoglyceride pair, the effect was three to seven times less than for the corresponding long chain mixture.
Ratios of polyunsaturated fatty acids to α‐tocopherol in tissues of rats fed corn or soybean oils
Authors: Evarts R. Poukka , Bieri J. G.
Published: November 2006

This study was part of a larger experiment designed to assess the vitamin E adequacy of corn and soybean oils in relation to their polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Young male rats were fed a semipurified diet containing 20% corn or soybean oil and adequate selenium. After 8 and 12 weeks, animals were sacrificed, and 7 tissues analyzed for α‐ and γ‐tocopherols and for fatty acids. Calculations were made of the molar ratios of total polyunsaturated fatty acids/α‐tocopherol, and also of all polyunsaturated fatty acids, except linoleate, designated polyunsaturated fatty acids>18∶2, to α‐tocopherol. It is proposed that the latter ratio may have more significance, physiologically, than when linoleic acid also is considered. Tissues from rats fed corn oil had slightly more favorable (lower) ratios than did tissues from rats fed soybean oil. In both groups, the molar polyunsaturated fatty acids>18∶2/α‐tocopherol ratio was lowest for heart and lung, intermediate for muscle and testis, and highest for liver, kidney, and adipose tissue. Since both corn and soybean oils provide adequate vitamin E as determined by several biochemical and physiological parameters, adequate molar ratios of polyunsaturated fatty acids>18∶2/α‐tocopherol were: lung, 400; heart and leg muscles, 700; testis, 1100; liver and kidney, 1500–2000; and adipose tissue, 2000.
Trace constituents in milk fat: Isolation and identification of oxofatty acids
Authors: Weihrauch J. L. , Brewington C. R. , Schwartz D. P.
Published: November 2006

Ca. 1% of the glycerides of milk fat contain oxofatty acids. The isolation, fractionation, and characterization of oxofatty acids were accomplished using the following sequence of steps: (A) transmethylation, (B) conversion into 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones, (C) adsorption of the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones on magnesium oxide to eliminate the colorless lipid, (D) fractionation of the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones into non‐oxofatty acid and oxofatty acid fractions on alumina, (E) separation of the oxofatty acid 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones into saturated and unsaturated classes by argentation column chromatography, (F) separation of these classes by chain length using liquid‐liquid column and thin layer partition chromatography, (G) resolution of positional isomers by thin layer chromatography, (H) regeneration of the positional isomer 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones, and (I) analysis of the parent oxofatty acids by gas liquid chromatographymass spectrometry. In this manner, 36 saturated and 11 unsaturated oxofatty acids were identified tentatively or positively. The saturated oxofatty acids ranged in chain length from C10–C24, predominantly C18and C16, and generally contained an even number of carbon atoms. The unsaturated oxofatty acids ranged from C14–C18, with C18predominating.
Preparation of fully deuterated fatty acids by simple method
Authors: Hsiao C. Y. Y. , Ottaway C. A. , Wetlaufer D. B.
Published: November 2006

An economical, simple, efficient system of deuterating saturated fatty acids at atmospheric pressure has been developed. Exchange is carried out between fatty acids and deuterium gas over palladium on charcoal catalyst at 195 C. The method was applied to even membered fatty acids containing from 6–14 carbon atoms. The method yielded perdeuterated fatty acids of high isotopic purity with no evidence of other reaction products.
Analysis of sterol fractions from twenty vegetable oils
Authors: Jeong Tae Myoung , Itoh Toshihiro , Tamura Toshitake , Matsumoto Taro
Published: November 2006

The unsaponifiables separated from 20 vegetable oils were divided into sterol and three other (less polar compound, triterpene alcohol, and 4‐methylsterol) fractions by preparative thin layer chromatography. The amounts of the sterol fractions were more than ca. 30% in the unsaponifiables from all of the oils, except tohaku, pumpkin seed, and fagara seed oils. Composition of the sterol fractions were determined by gas liquid chromatography. Individual components of the sterol fractions were identified by gas liquid chromatography and combined gas liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. β‐Sitosterol was found as the most predominant component in the sterol fractions from all oils, except two, i.e. the sterol fraction from pumpkin seed oil contained no detectable amount of β‐sitosterol and the sterol fraction from akamegashiwa oil contained Δ5‐avenasterol as the most abundant component. Campesterol, stigmasterol, Δ5‐avenasterol, Δ7‐stigmastenol, and Δ7‐avenasterol and also trace amounts (at the very least) of cholesterol and brassicasterol were found in most of the oils analyzed. It may be noted that a large amount (ca. 9%) of cholesterol was detected in the sterol fraction from capsicum seed oil. The presence of 24‐methylenecholesterol and Δ5‐avenasterol in the sterol fraction of akamegashiwa oil was demonstrated by isolation of these sterols.
Lack of dietary adaptation of intestinal 2‐monoglyceride acyl transferase
Authors: Rao G. Ananda , Abraham S.
Published: November 2006

Acylation of 2‐monopalmitin with (1‐14C) palmityl‐coenzyme A was studied with microsomal fractions isolated from the intestinal mucosa of both hamsters and rats. Microsomes from hamster intestinal mucosa yielded equal molar amounts of 1,2‐diglycerides and triglycerides, while those from rats synthesized more 1,2‐diglycerides (70%) than triglycerides (30%). Although the enzyme system from the hamster was almost twice as active (55 nmoles monoglyceride acylated/min/mg protein) as that from the rat (31 nmoles monoglyceride/acylated/min/mg protein), there was essentially no difference in the rates of acylation when animals were (A) fasted for 3 days, (B) fed a high fat diet (15% safflower oil), or (C) fed a high carbohydrate diet for 5 days.
Is there an entero‐hepatic circulation of the bile phospholipids?
Authors: Boucrot Philippe
Published: November 2006

Bile previously labeled with tritiated oleic acid (the main radioactivity was on bile phospholipids) was mixed with pure isolated phospholipids previously labeled with14C oleic acid; this mixture was perfused during 6 or 23 hr into the duodenum of test rats bearing a bile fistula. At the time of decapitation, in the small intestine a large hydrolysis of the14C phospholipids was found. In contrast no bile phospholipid hydrolysis was observed. In the collected bile samples of the test rats, no14C could be detected (this means a very large decrease of the14C fatty acids specific activities by the body fatty acids), and the tritiated fatty acids specific activities were only 2.5–12 times lower than in the perfused bile. These results can be explained, assuming that the bile phospholipids enter in an entero‐hepatic circulation and are preserved from the dilution in a large pool of lipids.
Ring position in cyclopropene fatty acids and stearic acid desaturation in hen liver
Authors: Fogerty A. C. , Johnson A. R. , Pearson J. A.
Published: November 2006

Four cyclopropene fatty acids, having the double bond of the cyclopropene ring at the 8,9, 9,10, 10,11 and 11,12 positions, respectively, were tested as inhibitors of stearic acid desaturation by the desaturase enzyme system of hen liver. The first three were powerful inhibitors, but the last was not. The cyclopropene acids with the 9,10 and 10,11 double bonds were equally strong inhibitors, while the acid with the 8,9 double bond was less effective. To account for the specificity of those cyclopropene fatty acids in which the C9 or C10 carbon atom is included in the cyclopropene ring, it is suggested that the conformation and structure of the CoA derivatives of these acids is such that they can irreversibly occupy the site on the enzyme responsible for 9,10‐desaturation.
Lipids ofCrassostrea virginica. I. Preliminary investigations of aldehyde and phosphorous containing lipids in oyster tissue
Authors: Sampugna Joseph , Johnson Leslye , Bachman Kermit , Keeney Mark
Published: November 2006

Oyster tissue contained 2.4% lipid, 0.14 μmole aldehyde per milligram lipid and at least 10 μg phosphorous per milligram lipid. The neutral lipid represented 58%, the glycolipid 6%, and the polar lipid 36% of the total lipid recovered after silicic acid column chromatography. Aldehydes were found in all fractions, but the presence of plasmalogen was verified in only the neutral and polar lipid fractions. At least 68% of the plasmalogen in oyster lipid was found in the polar lipid fraction. At least 13% of the phosphorous in oyster lipids was present as phosphonolipid. The distribution of phosphate and phosphonate lipids was: diacyl phospholipid 38.1%, plasmalogen phospholipid 21.8%, sphingophosphonolipid 13.5%, glyceryl ether phospholipid 8.3%, sphingophospholipid 6.9%, plasmalogen phosphonolipid 6.4%, diacyl phosphonolipid 2.6%, and glyceryl ether phosphonolipid 2.4%. When the per cent of phosphorous as phosphonolipid within the plasmalogen and glyceryl ether classes was calculated, similar values were obtained. These results support the hypothesis that there is a product precursor relationship between these two classes of lipids.
Formation of lymph chylomicron phosphatidylcholines in the rat during the absorption of safflower oil or triolein
Authors: Arvidson G. A. E. , Nilsson Å.
Published: November 2006

The chylomicron phosphatidylcholines from rats fed safflower oil or triolein were isolated and separated into four different fractions according to the degree of unsaturation. Fraction 1, which was rich in palmitic, stearic and oleic acid, was a minor fraction (7.6–11.6 mole%) during the absorption of safflower oil, but was quantitatively important (27–51 mole%) after triolein feeding when significant amounts of dioleoylphosphatidylcholine were present. Fraction 2, which was a major fraction in all the experiments, contained linoleic acid in combination with a saturated or monounsaturated fatty acid. The third fraction contained mainly linoleic acid and was present only after safflower oil feeding. This indicates that dilinoleoyl‐phosphatidylcholine is formed in the intestine after ingestion of linoleic acid. Fraction 4, which was rich in arachidonic acid and saturated fatty acids, accounted for 15–20 mole% of the chylomicron phosphatidylcholines with both kinds of fat meals. Incorporation of3H‐choline indicated that the dilinoleoyl‐ and dioleoyl‐phosphatidylcholines were formed by synthesis de novo while the majority of the rem aining phosphatidylcholines originated partly from acylated biliary lysolecithins and partly from the existing pool of mucosal phospholipids not formed during active fat absorption.
Thetrans‐3‐enoic acids ofGrindelia oxylepis seed oil
Authors: Kleiman R. , Earle F. R. , Wolff I. A.
Published: November 2006

trans‐3‐Hexadecenoic acid (14%) and the previously unreportedtrans‐3‐octadecenoic acid (2%) have been identified in seed oil ofGrindelia oxylepis Greene, Compositae. Evidence was also found for the existence of other acids withtrans‐3 unsaturation.
Low temperature direct methylation of lipids in biological materials
Authors: Dugan L. R. , McGinnis Gertrude W. , Vadehra D. V.
Published: November 2006

The procedure for low temperature methylation of fatty acids in lipids by sulfuric acid‐methanol has been adapted to direct methylation of fatty acids of lipids in biological materials without prior extraction of the lipids. Successful application requires a solution or a suspension of fine particles of the lipid bearing material in ether. Concentrated sulfuric acid is added to the solution or suspension at low temperatures followed by addition of absolute methanol. The acid is neutralized by methanolic KOH and the esters extracted. Application of the method to prepare methyl esters of lipids in cream, blood serum, swine liver and kidney tissue, and cells of yeast onStaphylococcus aureus show that fatty acid composition based on this method compares with that determined by methylation of extracted lipids.
The occurrence of methyl methoxystearate isomers in the methyl esters prepared from sheep perinephric fat
Authors: Hansen R. P. , Smith J. F.
Published: November 2006

A fraction has been isolated from sheep perinephric fat and identified by techniques which included mass and infrared spectrometry, as a mixture of the 8 to 14‐methoxyoctadecanoic acid isomers. It is postulated that these isomers are artifacts produced by rigorous esterification with methanol and concentrated H2SO4 of a large sample of sheep perinephric fatty acids which are presumed to have contained trace amounts of constituent hydroxy fatty acids. It is estimated that these methoxystearic acid isomers represented approximately 0.08% of the total weight of fatty acids.
Compositional variation in seed oils of theCrepis genus
Authors: Earle F. R. , Barclay A. S. , Wolff I. A.
Published: November 2006

Seed oils from eight species of the genusCrepis (family Compositae) fall into three groups differing in chemical composition. Besides conventional fatty acids the oils contain either vernolic acid (47–68%), crepenynic (36–65%), or both (18–35% vernolic and 7–11% crepenynic). Within any one section of the genus, the oils are chemically similar, among the limited groups of samples examined.
Identification and distribution of epoxyacyl groups in new, natural epoxy oils
Authors: Tallent W. H. , Cope Diana G. , Hagemann J. W. , Earle F. R. , Wolff I. A.
Published: November 2006

New high‐epoxy vegetable oils from nine species representing three plant families and four genera have been investigated. The epoxyacyl moiety in at least one oil from each genus was characterized and shown to be the (+)‐vernoloyl (cis‐12,13‐epoxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoyl) group. Intraglyceride distribution studies revealed a general preference of the (+)‐vernoloyl groups for the β‐position of triglyceride molecules. Interglyceride distribution of (+)‐vernoloyl groups was studied in three oils and found not to agree with predictions based on either 1,2,3‐random or 1,3‐random‐2‐random distribution. A striking exception to the general intraglyceride distribution pattern was discovered in the monoepoxy triglyceride fraction fromEuphorbia lagascae seed oil.
Isomeric monoethylenic fatty acids in herring oil
Authors: Ackman R. G. , Castell John D.
Published: November 2006

Monoethylenic fatty acids from herring oil were concentrated by chromatography by chromatography on silver nitratesilicic acid columns. Examination of consecutive fractions by open tubular gas chromatography confirmed the preferential elution of longer chain length esters and of esters within one chain length with the double bond closer to the terminal methyl group. Isomeric monoethylenic fatty acids with double bonds in the positions closer to the carboxyl group than the approximate midpoint of the even‐numbered fatty acid chains could not be adequately separated by gas chromatography and were determined by ozonolysis. The isomers observed are consistent with primary formation from saturated acids through the action of an enzyme specifically removing hydrogen atoms in positions Δ9 and Δ10 relative to the carboxyl group. Chain extension of particular monoethylenic isomers by two carbon atoms in the C20 and longer chain lengths is apparently influenced by the position of the double bond.
Thermal reactions of methyl linoleate. I. Heating conditions, isolation techniques, biological studies and chemical changes
Authors: Michael W. R. , Alexander J. Craig , Artman Neil R.
Published: November 2006

Methyl linoleate, diluted with an equal weight of methyl laurate, was heated without exclusion of air at 200C for 200 hours. The reaction mixture was separated by means of molecular distillation, urea adduction, column chromatography, and gas chromatography. Cyclic and aromatic materials were detected in the nonurea adductable monomer fractions. The dimer was separated into polar and nonpolar fractions. Analytical data for the nonpolar dimer are consistent with a cyclic Diels‐Alder product. Bioassays showed the nonadductable monomer, the polar dimer, and a fraction of intermediate boiling point to be toxic when administered to weanling male rats. Urea‐adductable fractions, nonpolar dimer, and polymer were not toxic. The concentrations of the toxic components were so low that the heated linoleate, before fractionation but after removal of the laurate, was not toxic.
Thermal reactions of methyl linoleate. III. Characterization of C18 cyclic esters
Authors: Michael William R.
Published: November 2006

This third paper presents the isolation and characterization of nonaromatic cyclic monomers formed from the heated linoleate. The esters were isolated by a series of column chromatographic separations, followed by repeated gas chromatography to obtain fractions containing C18 cyclic esters. Characterization of the esters was achieved by use of infrared, NMR, mass spectroscopy, and standard chemical analyses. Also characterized were the isomers found in a complex mixture of cyclic monomers which had been partially separated by column chromatography. Use of both physical and chemical methods of analyses permitted characterization of the mixture of isomers without their having been separated from each other.
Experimental alcoholism and pathogenesis of prostatic diseases in UChB rats
Authors: Cândido Eduardo Marcelo , Carvalho César Alexandre Fabrega , Martinez Francisco Eduardo , Cagnon Valéria Helena Alves
Published: November 2006

Previous studies have shown that long‐term alcohol treatment has negative effects on prostatic stromal—epithelial interaction. Thus, the aim of the present study was to analyze the histochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural alterations that occur in the prostatic stroma and epithelium of rats submitted to chronic alcohol ingestion and alcohol abstinence, as well as to establish the relationship between these changes and prostatic diseases. Thirty male rats (10 Wistar and 20 UChB rats) were divided into three experimental groups: the control group received tap water, the alcoholic group received ethanol diluted to 10° G.L. for 150 days, and the abstinent group received the same liquid diet as the alcoholic group up to 120 days of treatment and only tap water for 30 days thereafter. At the end of treatment, all animals were sacrificed and the ventral lobe of the prostate was removed and processed for histochemical, immunohistochemical and ultrastructural analyses. In addition, plasma testosterone levels were measured. The results showed prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, infolding of the epithelium towards the stroma, stromal hypertrophy and the presence of inflammatory cells in alcoholic animals. In the abstinent group, alterations were noted mainly in the stromal area. In conclusion, ethanol triggers alterations in prostatic epithelial and stromal compartments, affecting the stromal microenvironment and predisposing the organ to pathological processes.
In vitro differentiation of cord blood unrestricted somatic stem cells expressing dopamine‐associated genes into neuron‐like cells
Authors: Fallahi‐Sichani Mohammad , Soleimani Masoud , Najafi Seyed Mahmoud Arab , Kiani Jafar , Arefian Ehsan , Atashi Amir
Published: November 2006

An intensive study is underway to evaluate different potential candidates for cell therapy of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Availability and lower immunogenicity compared to other sources for stem cell therapy such as bone marrow have made human umbilical cord blood stem cells a considerable source for cell therapy. The present study aimed to investigate differentiation of recently introduced pluripotent cord blood stem cells, known as unrestricted somatic stem cells (USSCs), into cells with neural features in serum‐withdrawal medium. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry assays, we have shown the expression of neuron‐specific genes following a 2 week treatment of USSCs in serum‐withdrawal induction medium. In addition, we have found that USSCs and USSC‐derived neuron‐like cells express transcripts of genes associated with development and/or survival of dopaminergic mesencephalic neurons including En1, En2, Nurr1, Ptx3, Pax2, Wnt1 and Wnt3a. The expression of dopamine‐associated genes suggests that these cells may be potential candidates to be used for cell therapy of PD.
Ex vivo expansion, adipogenesis and neurogenesis of cryopreserved human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Xiang Ying , Zheng Qiang , Jia Bingbing , Huang Guoping , Xie Chungang , Pan Jianjun , Wang Jinfu
Published: November 2006

This study aimed to investigate the potentials of ex vivo expansion and pluridifferentiation of cryopreserved adult human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) into adipocytes and neurocytes. Cryopreserved hMSCs were resuscitated and cultured for 15 passages, and then induced to adipocytes and neurocytes with corresponding induction medium. The induced cells were observed for morphological properties and expression of triglyceride or neuron‐specific enolase and nestin was detected. The result showed that the resuscitated cells cultured in induction medium consisting of dexamethasone, 3‐isobutyl‐1‐methylxanthine, indomethacin and insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF‐I) showed adipogenesis, and lipid vacuole accumulation was detectable after 21 days. The resuscitated hMSCs were also induced into neurocytes and expressed nestin and neuron‐specific enolase (NSE), which are special surface markers associated with neural cells at different stages. This study suggested that resuscitated hMSCs should still be a population of pluripotential cells and should be accessible for establishing an abundant hMSC reservoir for further experiment and treatment of various clinical diseases.
A double-blind randomised comparative trial of amisulpride versus olanzapine for 2 months in the treatment of subjects with schizophrenia and comorbid depression
Authors: Vanelle J.-M. , Douki S.
Published: November 2006

Purpose

To compare the efficacy and safety of amisulpride and olanzapine in subjects with schizophrenia and comorbid depression in a randomised double-blind trial.

Patients

Eighty-five adult patients fulfilling DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia and presenting a depressive episode were randomised to amisulpride (200–600 mg/day) or olanzapine (5–15 mg/day) for 8 weeks. Primary efficacy variables were change in Calgary Depression Scale (CDS) score and Clinical Global Impression (CGI) of Change. Safety was monitored by adverse event reporting and determination of extrapyramidal function and metabolic variables.

Results

The mean change from baseline of CDS score was –6.84 in the amisulpride group and –7.36 in the olanzapine group. 65.9% and 61.5% of subjects, respectively, were considered “much” or “very much” improved. No significant inter-group difference in effect size was observed. The frequency of adverse events was low and emergence of extrapyramidal symptoms was not seen. Four patients in the olanzapine group developed abnormal triglyceride levels. Mean weight gain was 1.45 and 0.5 kg, respectively, in the olanzapine and amisulpride groups.

Conclusion

Amisulpride and olanzapine are effective in patients with schizophrenia and comorbid depression. Tolerance of both drugs was acceptable, although use of olanzapine was associated with a trend toward greater metabolic side-effects [19].
Comparative efficacy of HgCl2with candidate aquaporin‐1 inhibitors DMSO, gold, TEA+and acetazolamide
Authors: Yang Baoxue , Kim Jung Kyung , Verkman A.S.
Published: November 2006

Aquaporin‐1 (AQP1) inhibitors are predicted to have multiple clinical applications. Hg++is a non‐specific and toxic AQP1 blocker. We compared compounds with reported AQP1 inhibition activity, including DMSO, Au+++, Ag+, tetraethylammonium and acetazolamide. Water permeability was measured by stopped‐flow light scattering in erythrocytes and volume marker dilution in epithelial cells. Au+++inhibited AQP1 with IC50 ∼ 14 μM, similar to 10 μM for Hg++. DMSO slowed osmotic equilibration; however, the apparent inhibition was due to ‘osmotic clamp’ rather than AQP1 inhibition. Neither tetraethylammonium nor acetazolamide (to 10 mM) inhibited AQP1. Our data indicate the need to identify new AQP1 inhibitors.
Detection of nucleotide binding to Na,K‐ATPase in an aqueous membrane suspension by 13C cross‐polarization magic‐angle spinning NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Middleton David A. , Jakobsen Louise Odgaard , Esmann Mikael
Published: November 2006

Binding of uniformly 13C labelled ATP to Na,K‐ATPase was studied by 13C cross‐polarization magic‐angle spinning (CP‐MAS) NMR. In the presence of 30 mM Na+ , and with sample‐ and time‐averaging, NMR spectra obtained at 4 °C exhibited several resonances for the bound nucleotide. Chemical shifts suggested that site‐specific changes in the micro‐environment or conformation of the nucleotide occurred in the high affinity binding site. These experiments permit further studies of nucleotide dynamics, structure and binding under physiologically relevant conditions.
Ferredoxin/ferredoxin–thioredoxin reductase complex: Complete NMR mapping of the interaction site on ferredoxin by gallium substitution
Authors: Xu Xingfu , Kim Sung-Kun , Schürmann Peter , Hirasawa Masakazu , Tripathy Jatindra N. , Smith Jody , Knaff David B. , Ubbink Marcellus
Published: November 2006

The reduction of ferredoxin–thioredoxin reductase (FTR) by plant‐type ferredoxin plays an important role in redox regulation in plants and cyanobacteria. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) was used to map the binding sites on Synechocystis ferredoxin for FTR. A gallium‐substituted structural analog of this [2Fe–2S] ferredoxin was obtained by reconstituting the apoprotein in a refolding buffer containing gallium. For the first time, the complete interaction interface of a [2Fe–2S] ferredoxin with a target enzyme has been mapped by NMR chemical shift perturbation with this diamagnetic structural analog.