bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The effect of the amount and type of dietary fat on milk fat secretion in the cow
Authors: Storry J. E. , Rook J. A. F. , Hall A. J.
Published: September 2005

1. Two experiments are described in which the effects of dietary fat on the synthesis of milk fat in the dairy cow have been investigated. In the first experiment a change-over design was used with two cows to study the effect of removing a mixed-oil supplement to a basal diet low in fat on the concentration and composition of plasma lipids and on the yield and composition of milk fat.

2. Reducing the dietary fat intake from about 430 to 170 g/day caused falls in the concentrations in plasma of phospholipid and of free and esterified cholesterol and, in one cow, also of triglyceride. The changes in composition and concentration of the fatty acids in the plasma triglyceride fraction also reflected changes in dietary intake of fatty acids. No effect of dietary fat intake on the total synthesis of milk fat was observed, but the composition of the milk fat reflected that of the dietary fat, and the yields of lauric, myristic, stearic and oleic acids were decreased in association with a decreased dietary intake of these acids.

3. In the second experiment the effect of supplementing a basal diet low in fat with either coconut, red palm or groundnut oil on the composition and yield of milk fat was studied in four cows using a 4 x 4 Latin square design balanced with respect to residual effects.

4. With each oil, increasing the dietary fat intake from about 100 to 400 g/day significantly increased the total yield of milk fat. Also, coconut and red palm oils significantly increased the fat content of milk, and groundnut oil the yield of milk.

5. With the exception of linoleic and palmitic acids, the increased dietary intake of the major fatty acids characteristic of the various oil supplements led to increased yields of these acids in the milk.
The water intake of ewes
Authors: Forbes J. M.
Published: September 2005

1. Two experiments were carried out with non-pregnant ewes in which individual drymatter intake (DMI) and total water intake (TWI) were measured. TWI was closely correlated with DMI; TWI/unit DMI was higher for silage than for cubed dried grass and with both foods water intakes were higher than with long hay.

2. Twelve ewes were fed on silage and twelve on hay from the 9th to the 19th week of pregnancy. TWI/unit DMI of each feed doubled during this period. Another twenty-four ewes were fed on silage from the 14th to the 20th week of pregnancy. TWI/unit DMI was positively related to litter size.

3. Fifteen ewes were fed on hay from the 4th week of pregnancy until the 7th week of lactation. Milk yield was estimated weekly. Six non-pregnant ewes were controls. TWI/unit DMI for the seven twin-bearing and the nine single-bearing ewes in the last 4 and 3 weeks of pregnancy respectively was significantly higher than that of the six non-pregnant ewes. In the control group TWI/unit DMI was closely related to environmental temperature. In the first 4 weeks of lactation TWI/unit DMI was greater than the sum of TWI/unit DMI of the non-pregnant ewes plus the water in the milk.

4. The results supplement those used by the Agricultural Research Council (1965) to assess the water requirements of sheep.
Effects of dietary fat on the amounts and proportions of the individual lipids in turkey muscle
Authors: Neudoerffer T. S. , Lea C. H.
Published: September 2005

1. Lipid extracted from breast and leg muscle of 10-week-old turkeys was fractionated by preparative thin-layer chromatography and five individual ‘neutral’ and eight individual phospholipid fractions, representing 95% by weight of the extractable lipid, were recovered from the plates for analysis.

The ‘neutral’ lipids from breast and leg muscle consisted mainly of triglyceride (202–497 and 1644–2333 mg/100 g), together with cholesterol (74 and 103 mg/100 g), free fatty acid (27 and 123 mg/100 g), diglyceride (17 and 66 mg/100 g) and cholesterol ester (9 and 12 mg/100 g).

The phospholipids contained phosphatidylcholine (367 and 500 mg/100 g), phosphatidylethanolamine (157 and 279 mg/100 g), phosphatidylinositol (60 and 109 mg/100 g), sphingomyelin (43 and 62 mg/100 g), phosphatidylserine (31 and 61 mg/100 g), ‘cardiolipin’ (23 and 35 mg/100 g), lysophosphatidylcholine (9 and 11 mg/100 g) and ‘origin fraction’ (6 and 7 mg/100 g), accounting together (700 mg and 1070 mg/100 g for breast and leg muscle respectively) for 98% of the lipid phosphorus extracted.

Partial replacement of carbohydrate in the cereal-based diet by beef fat (2·5%) or anchovy oil (2·5 or 5·0%) had no effect on the amount of any of the lipid fractions, except for triglyceride, which varied considerably and was lowest in tissue from groups receiving 2·5% anchovy oil.
Influence of the diet on the turnover of bile acids in germ-free and conventional rats
Authors: Gustafsson B. E. , Norman A.
Published: September 2005

1. [24-14C]cholic acid was given to conventional and germ-free rats and the faecal isotope excretion studied for 8 days. The turnover, pool size and daily excretion of cholic acid and its metabolites were calculated for rats on three different diets, i.e. a commercial type diet (pellets), a semi-synthetic diet without (D7) and with 20% cellulose (D7+cellulose). The transit time of the intestinal contents was evaluated by following the excretion of an orally administered dose of carmine.

2. The amount of bile acids excreted was two to three times higher in both conventional and germ-free rats receiving pellets than in those receiving diet D7. This difference in bile acid excretion between animals receiving different diets cannot, therefore, be caused by an influence of the diet on the gastro-intestinal microflora. This effect of the commercial diet could not be due to a high fibre content, since an increase in the fibre content of the semi-synthetic diet D7 by the addition of 20% cellulose did not reproduce the effect obtained with the commercial diet.

3. The difference observed in bile acid excretion between germ-free and conventional rats on diet D7 was mainly ascribed to the much longer transit time of intestinal contents in germ-free as compared with conventional rats.
The influence of ruminal infusion of volatile fatty acids on milk yield and composition and on energy utilization by lactating cows
Authors: Ørskov E. R. , Flatt W. P. , Moe P. W. , Munson A. W. , Hemken R. W. , Katz I.
Published: September 2005

1. In an experiment of 3 x 3 latin square design, four lactating Holstein cows were given a basal ration designed to induce low percentages of milk fat. The treatments were (I) basal ration, a pelleted mixture of lucerne hay (20%) and concentrates (80%), with 40 l. of water infused intraruminally, (2) basal ration with acetic acid substituted for 15.4% of the metabolizable energy (ME) and (3) propionic acid substituted for 15.4% of the ME. In the last 3 weeks of the 6-week experimental period respiration trials were carried out in an open-circuit indirect calorimeter. The levels of feeding offered in the three periods were 325, 275 and 225 kcal ME/kg body-weight0.75in periods 1, 2 and 3 respectively.

2. No differences were detected in the utilization of the energy of acetic and propionic acids, but there were differences in the partition of energy into milk or body tissues; with acetic acid infusion more energy was secreted as milk and with propionic acid infusion more was deposited in body tissue.

3. There was an increase in milk fat percentage with acetic acid infusion, but not complete recovery to normal. The milk fat percentages were 1.96, 2.58 and 1.92 for treatments 1, 2 and 3 respectively. Acetic acid infusion caused increases in the C12, C14 and C16 fatty acids of milk fat and decreased the proportion of C18:1 fatty acids.

4. It is suggested that the low percentages of milk fat found when cows are given concen- trates could result from a decreased extent of fermentation in the rumen, allowing a greater proportion of the starch consumed to be absorbed as glucose in the small intestine.
Comparison of the efficiency of proteins contained in lucerne hay and soya-bean meal for sheep
Authors: Tagari H.
Published: September 2005

1. In four feeding experiments with sheep the utilization of proteins contained in lucerne hay and of those in toasted soya-bean meal (SBM), representing a roughage and concentrate feed respectively, were examined. The ration of one group of animals contained lucerne hay as sole source of digestible protein and that of the other SBM.

2. Measurements of the nitrogen balance showed clearly the superiority of lucerne hay as protein source compared with soya-bean meal; this arose from the greater N retention found with the lucerne hay ration.

3. The influence of both rations on the metabolic pathways of the proteins was examined by following the changes of concentration of various metabolites in the rumen contents and of blood urea at different intervals after feeding.

4. Concentrations of urea found in the blood of the sheep given lucerne hay were lower than those of the other group, a finding which is in agreement with the results of the balance experiments.

5. The concentrations of NH2-N and of aminoacids in the rumen liquor were higher in sheep given lucerne hay than in those given SBM. These concentrations appeared to be related to the differences between the soluble non-protein N contents of the two feeds.

6. The results agree with the finding from in vitro experiments that rumen liquor from sheep receiving lucerne hay promoted greater synthesis of protein than rumen liquor from sheep receiving SBM.

7. Total bacterial activity as measured by the reduction of triphenyltetrazolium chloride (dehydrogenase activity) was much higher in the rumen liquor of sheep given lucerne hay than when SBM was given.

8. The concentrations of volatile fatty acids (C2-C6) were much higher in the rumen liquor in sheep on the lucerne hay diet than in those on the SBM diet. After meals of the lucerne hay diet, the concentrations of acids higher than C2, particularly those of valeric acid, exceeded those present in the rumen liquor of the animals kept on the SBM diet.

9. Proline and alanine appeared in relatively higher concentrations in the rumen liquor than the other amino acids determined, and these two acids together with valine disappeared very rapidly. The possible conversion of these amino acids into valeric acid is considered. It is suggested that valeric acid found in relatively high concentrations in rumen liquor of sheep given lucerne hay may be due in part to the deamination of proline, which likewise disappeared very rapidly together with alanine and valine.
Variations with energy nutrition in the concentrations of amino acids of the blood plasma in the dairy cow
Authors: Halfpenny A. F. , Rook J. A. F. , Smith G. H.
Published: September 2005

1. The plasma levels of individual amino acids were studied in dairy cows under different conditions of production and energy nutrition.

2. A preliminary experiment was conducted which established that there was no regular change in amino acid levels with time of sampling in animals offered food twice daily at milking.

3. For animals in the 8th month of pregnancy plasma concentrations of lysine, valine, serine and isoleucine were higher, and of threonine lower, in Jersey than in Friesian cows. Lactation was accompanied in most cows by a fall in the plasma concentrations of lysine, arginine, threonine, histidine, glutamic acid, leucine and alanine and a rise in the level of glycine.

4. In lactating cows an improvement in the plane of energy nutrition was associated on average with an increase in the plasma concentrations of ‘non-essential’ amino acids and a decrease in the concentrations of ‘essential’ amino acids.

5. Intraruminal infusion of propionic acid in the lactating cow increased the concentrations of certain ‘non-essential’ amino acids, glutamic acid in particular, and decreased those of most other ‘essential’ and ‘non-essential’ amino acids.

6. These observations are discussed in terms of the possibility that an increased output of amino acids in milk proteins results in a depression in the concentrations of the ‘essential’ and certain of the ‘non-essential’ animo acids in the plasma. The hypothesis is put forward that the plasma supply of the other ‘non-essential’ amino acids, glutamic acid and proline in particular, may limit synthesis of milk proteins.
The fermentation of soluble carbohydrates in rumen contents of cows given diets containing a large proportion of flaked maize
Authors: Sutton J. D.
Published: September 2005

1. Studies were made of the fermentation of D-glucose, D-fructose, D-galactose, D-xylose, L-arabinose and sucrose by rumen contents from two cows fed 1 kg hay and 4 or 5 kg flaked maize once daily. The proportions of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen before addition of carbohydrates varied widely but on average acetic acid constituted about 52%, propionic acid about 29% and n-butyric acid about 13% of the total.

2. In in vitro experiments, 896 mg of the monosaccharides and 851 mg sucrose were added to 150 g mixed rumen contents incubated for 2 h; the carbohydrates were added at 10 min intervals throughout the incubation on three occasions with each cow. Mean proportions of the carbohydrates fermented ranged from about 60% of the pentoses to about 85% of sucrose and glucose. Of the VFA produced from galactose and the pentoses, acetic acid constituted about 40%, propionic acid 45–55% and n-butyric acid 1–7%; very little n-valeric acid was produced. With the other carbohydrates results from the two cows differed, owing mainly to the production of appreciable amounts of n-valeric acid with one cow only. Acetic acid constituted about 40% of the VFA produced from fructose and sucrose, propionic acid 20–40%, n-butyric acid 14–22% and n-valeric acid up to 12%. The proportions of VFA produced from glucose were intermediate between the other two groups.

3. Net recovery of carbon from fermented carbohydrate in VFA was about 35–45%. A further 1–6%, of fermented glucose, fructose and sucrose was recovered in lactic acid.

4. In in vivo experiments, the monosaccharides only were infused into the rumen for 8 h at the rate of 200 g/h. Changes in the concentrations of substrates and products varied widely, owing to the variable basal fermentation, but changes in the proportions of VFA in the rumen were similar to those found in vitro.

5. The results of the in vitro experiments were compared with those obtained in earlier experiments in which the same cows were given a diet containing 70% hay. Significant regressions (P < 0.05) were found between the molar proportions of acetic, propionic and n-valeric acids produced from the substrates and the proportions of these acids present in the rumen contents at the start of the incubations, but the relationships differed markedly among the different carbohydrates. Most of the significant regressions were positive but negative regressions for propionic acid production from fructose and sucrose with one cow suggested the existence of more complex interrelationships among two or more VFA.
Changes in composition of rat's milk in the stomach of the suckling
Authors: Naismith D. J. , Mittwoch Adele , Platt B. S.
Published: September 2005

1. A study was made of the partition of the major constituents of rat's milk during the formation of the clot in the infant rat's stomach.

2. Milk was obtained from the dams by manual expression after separation from their litters for periods ranging from 12 to 23 h.

3. The ratio of fat to protein in the clots removed from the stomachs of the 11-day-old pups was more than double that found in the milk. The difference was due to the high fat content of the clot.

4. The stomach contents of DUDS which were allowed to suckle for I h following a 12 h separation from their dams had fat to protein ratio similar to that of the expressed milk, When suckling was prolonged, the ratio reverted to that of the established clot.

5. Milk secreted under conditions of uninterrupted lactation and promptly recovered from the stomachs of pups previously fasted had a value for fat to protein comparable to that for the clot from a normally fed pup. An interruption in suckling therefore reduced the fat content of the milk.

6. Part of the carbohydrate in rat's milk is secreted in a bound form. Lactose accounts for approximately one half of the total carbohydrate. Evidence is presented which suggests that the remainder may be an isomer of lactose.

7. Fat and lactose undergo hydrolysis to a small extent only in the pup's stomach. The breakdown of protein is insignificant. Rat's milk contains no proteolytic enzymes.

8. No significant differences in composition were found in the outer shell, the core and pyloric regions of the clot. Thus fat and casein leave the stomach in constant proportion.
Effect of acetoacetate administration on urinary and tissue vitamin B6in rats
Authors: Nath M. C. , Shastri N. V.
Published: September 2005

1. Experiments were undertaken to study the effect of daily intraperitoneal injection of acetoacetate for 90 days on vitamin B6status in male albino rats. The initial dose of acetoacetate was 50 mg per kg body-weight, which was increased by 50 mg per kg body-weight every 15 days.

2. Urinary excretion of vitamin B6was found to decrease after 30 days in acetoacetatetreated rats. After 75 days urinary values of vitamin B6were considerably lower in such rats than in the corresponding control rats.

3. When acetoacetate injections were stopped after 90 days and the rats were fed L-tryptophan (100mg per rat), they were found to excrete significantly greater amounts of urinary kynurenine, hydroxykynurenine and xanthurenic acid than the corresponding controls.

4. Blood and liver vitamin Be levels were found to be lower in rats treated with acetoacetate for 90 days than in the untreated rats.
Some observations on the vitamin B12 content of rat's milk
Authors: Williams D. L. , Spray G. H.
Published: September 2005

1. Vitamin B12 activity in the milk of rats on various diets was measured by microbiological assay at intervals throughout lactation. The concentration of sodium and calcium in the milk was also determined.

2. At all stages of lactation the milk of rats fed on commercial rat cake contained much more vitamin B12 activity than that of rats receiving a semi-synthetic diet containing at least as much vitamin B12 as the rat cake. The milk of the latter group of animals contained more vitamin B12 than that from rats fed on the same diet without added cyanocobalamin. The levels of sodium and calcium were much less variable than those of vitamin B12 and the changes did not appear to be related to differences in diet, stage of lactation or litter size.
The capacity of the mature cow to lose and recover nitrogen and the significance of protein reserves
Authors: Paquay R. , De Baere R. , Lousse A.
Published: September 2005

1. Six experiments were undertaken with mature, dry, non-pregnant cows to determine the capacity to lose and recover nitrogen and to study the significance of the labile and total protein reserves.

2. It was concluded that, without altering its ability to reach N equilibrium, the mature cow is able to store and lose large amounts of body proteins (certainly more than 15 kg), when its N and energy intakes are greatly varied. The repletion or depletion of protein reserves can occur over a long period of time (sometimes more than 5 months). Total protein reserves include a very labile part. This part is more rapidly lost during fasting than during feeding on low-protein diets; it can be used to meet temporarily the energy requirements of the animal.

3. N balance and body-weight gains were generally very well correlated.
Changes in intraruminal function of sheep when drinking saline water
Authors: Potter B. J. , Walker D. J. , Forrest W. W.
Published: September 2005

1. A study was made of the changes in electrolyte concentrations and ruminal function which resulted from the provision of 1.3% sodium chloride solutions instead of fresh water to sheep consuming roughage rations in chaffed and in ground pelleted forms.

2. Significantly higher osmotic pressures were observed in the rumen fluid of the sheep drinking saline water, the change being especially marked when the ration was ground and pelleted.

3. Of the individual electrolytes measured, chloride showed a larger rise in concentration than did sodium plus potassium and it appeared that the sodium and chloride ions in the ingested saline water were differentially removed from the rumen.

4. Provision of 1.3% NaCl solution in place of fresh water resulted in greater voluntary intakes of fluid and consequently in greater flows of fluid through the rumen.

5. Based upon measurements of deoxyribonucleic acid and polysaccharide, there appeared to be a tendency for the total microbial populations in the rumens of sheep drinking 1.3% NaCl solution to be smaller than for the sheep drinking fresh water.

6. The total metabolic activity of the rumen flora, measured calorimetrically, was not appreciably changed when saline water was drunk and the chaffed ration eaten, but was significantly reduced when the ration was ground and pelleted.

7. Adaptation of the rumen microflora to high concentrations of NaCl was demonstrated in animals accustomed to drinking 1.3% NaCl solution.
Comparative studies on the digestibility of beef, buffalo, camel and mutton fats for chicks
Authors: Afifi M. A.
Published: September 2005

1. A comparative study on the digestibility of beef, buffalo, camel and mutton fats was made with chicks during the 4th week of age. Each fat was added to a low-fat diet at levels of 3, 6 and 9%.

2. The mean digestibilities of beef, buffalo, camel and mutton fats were 85.4, 72.6, 83.9 and 94.1% respectively. Thus mutton fat appeared to be significantly superior to other fats, whereas buffalo fat was significantly inferior.

3. The melting points of the fats seemed to have no influence on their digestibilities.

4. With the exception of beef fat, the digestibility of the fats improved as the iodine value increased.
Effect of sweet biscuits on the incidence of dental caries in rats
Authors: Grenby T. H. , Paterson Frances M.
Published: September 2005

1. Biscuits baked to a recipe requiring only sucrose, white flour and water were ground to a powder and mixed with the remaining ingredients of a standard rat diet. The control diet contained the same dry-weight amounts of all ingredients, but the sucrose and flour were not baked into biscuits. Eighty-four rats were divided into two matched groups and fed on the diets for 8 weeks from weaning.

2. The biscuit diet produced significantly more caries than the control diet, with a total of about twice as many lesions, and also many more advanced lesions. Nearly all the lesions were in the molar fissures, suggesting that the cooked and powdered biscuit was impacted and retained in the fissures.
Composition of the human foetus
Authors: Apte Sharad V. , Iyengar Leela
Published: September 2005

1. The body composition was determined of forty-one fetuses of different gestational ages born to mothers belonging to a low socio-economic group of the population.

2. With increasing gestational age the water content fell from 88% at 28 weeks to 76% at term; the fat content increased from 2.1% to 11.2% and the protein content increased from 6.9 to 9.3%.

3. The changes in body composition were more closely related to body-weight than to gestational age.

4. The calcium, Phosphorus and magnesium contents of the body per unit fat-free weight progressively increased with gestational age, and at term the values appeared to be considerably lower than those reported in the literature. The Ca:P ratio was constant at different body-weights.

5. The body iron content per unit of fat-free weight increased marginally with increasing gestational age. The value was almost 30% lower than the values reported from elsewhere.

6. It is suggested that chemical composition and nutrient stores of the developing foetus can be considerably influenced by the state of maternal nutrition.
The effect of available dietary zinc on the utilization of protein by the chick and Japanese quail
Authors: Atkinson J. , Vohra P. , Kratzer F. H.
Published: September 2005

1. Chicks and quail (Coturnix japonica) were used in the measurement of net protein utilization and true digestibility of nitrogen of isolated soya-bean protein and a mixture of casein and gelatin in zinc-deficient diets.

2. The net protein utilization values for both protein sources were increased when the diets were supplemented with Zn or with the disodium salt of ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid, as was the true digestibility of nitrogen of the isolated soya-bean protein.
Seasonal variation in megaloblastic anaemia
Authors: Palva I. P. , Salokannel S. J.
Published: September 2005

1. Four hundred and fifty patients who were treated for megaloblastic anaemias in northern Finland were grouped according to the month of diagnosis.

2. Only slight seasonal variation was detectable in the occurrence of megaloblastic anaemia.

3. During the first half of the twentieth century the seasonal variation in occurrence of megaloblastic anaemia was pronounced. The decrease in the variation is most likely related to the more even distribution throughout the year of the supply of foods containing folate and vitamin B12.
Response to oral administration of pteroylmonoglutamic acid or pteroylpolyglutamate in newborn infants of low birth weight
Authors: Samuel Pamela D. , Burland W. L. , Simpson K.
Published: September 2005

1. Newborn infants of low birth weight absorb both pteroylmonoglutamic acid and pteroylpolyglutamate.

2. There was a significant fall in serum folate concentrations during the first 14 d of life in these infants, but a daily supplement of 50 μg pteroylmonoglutamic acid or pteroylpolyglutamate was sufficient to prevent the development of subnormal serum folate concentrations.
Rate of passage of digesta in sheep
Authors: Grovum† W. L. , Hecker J. F
Published: September 2005

1. A simple two-compartment physical model was assembled with the aim of simulating passage of marker through the reticulo-rumen, small intestine, and caecum and proximal colon of sheep. Passage of marker through the whole digestive tract and the hind-gut were also simulated with a computer and methods of describing such results were compared.

2. The same mathematical equation applied equally well to the passage of a single injection of marker through the model and whole digestive tract of sheep. The magnitude of a rate-constant, reflecting in theory the retention time of marker in the caecum and proximal colon, was accurate for the model but larger than expected for the sheep. Modifications of the model are discussed which might account for the greater complexity in the biological system.

3. The average time available for digestion in the entire gut can be described with R or t and that for the intestinal tract distal to the abomasum with Ri or with a similar measurement ti. The magnitudes of these values and of rate-constants and a transit time of marker in the intestines, derived from the concentration curve of marker excretion in faeces, are closely related. The times for peak concentration of marker in faeces, for 5 and 50% excretion and the 80–5 % excretion time were found to be of limited usefulness in describing the results of rate of passage experiments with sheep.
Albumin metabolism in fasting, obese subjects
Authors: Ballantyne Fiona C. , Smith J. , Fleck A.
Published: September 2005

1. Eleven obese subjects fasted for 24 d, by which time their serum albumin concentration had fallen significantly. 125I-labelled albumin was injected on day 7 of fasting to allow study of albumin metabolism.

2. Although no significant alteration occurred in either the intravascular content or the absolute catabolic rate of albumin between days 7 and 24 of fasting, the mean values for both content and catabolic rate were significantly lower than values determined in eight normal subjects.

3. A corresponding fall occurred in the absolute ‘synthesis+transfer’rate.
A fresh look at the incidence of protein deficiency in Pakistan
Authors: Hussain M. Anwar
Published: September 2005

1. The method of Sukhatme (1970b), which takes into account the interrelationship between dietary protein and energy, has been applied to the dietary survey results collected during the nation-wide Nutrition Survey of West Pakistan. It was found that most of the protein deficiency that occurs in Pakistan is conditioned by energy deficiency. The incidence rises from 13 to 40% when cases conditioned by energy deficiency are taken into account. Protein deficiency as such exists in only 2% of families compared with 11% of families which are deficient in both protein and energy. These findings indicate the magnitude of the protein problem in Pakistan.

2. In view of these findings, it is obvious that, unless the energy need is met, increased protein production will not help much to improve the situation and may be a costly approach to the solution of the protein problem in Pakistan.
Effect of exercise during rehabilitation on swimming performance, metabolism and function of muscle in rats
Authors: Raju N. V.
Published: September 2005

1. It has been observed previously that gastrocnemius muscles from rats rehabilitated after early nutritional stress have low endurance and oxidative capacity (Raju, 1974).

2. Exercise during rehabilitation reversed the effects of early malnutrition on muscle function and metabolism. The swimming performance of rehabilitated rats was poor and exercise during rehabilitation improved it.

3. The specific activity of gastrocnemius muscle myosin ATP phosphohydrolase (EC3.6.1.3) was not altered by either early malnutrition or exercise.
Digestibilities of nitrogen compounds in rumen bacteria and in other components of digesta in the small intestine of the young steer
Authors: Salter D. N. , Smith R. H.
Published: September 2005

1. Mixed bacteria were obtained from the rumen contents of steers and were taken at different times after the animals had been given different feeds. The feeds contained [15N]urea and in some experiments Na235SO4 so that the bacteria were labelled with these isotopes.

2. Samples of labelled bacteria were subjected to a simulated abomasal digestion with pepsin and the digests were infused with a non-absorbed marker, polyethylene glycol, into the duodenums of test steers equipped with re-entrant ileal cannulas. Except for samples taken after a 24 h fast, which sometimes gave somewhat lower values, mean values for digestibilities of 15N and 35S in the small intestine were 0.79 and 0.85 respectively.

3. The corresponding value for the digestibility of 15N in similarly-treated wheat-leaf protein concentrate was 0.86.

4. Net digestibilities of total N in the small intestine of the test steers when they were given either a mainly protein-free diet of straw, tapioca and urea or a diet of flaked maize and hay were approximately 0.62.

5. From these and other values it was calculated that approximately 5.2g intestinally-secreted endogenous N/d flowed through the ileum of a 100 kg steer.
A note on the effect of food restriction on tissue ascorbic acid in guinea-pigs
Authors: Davies J. E. W. , Hughes R. E.
Published: September 2005

1. Male, adult guinea-pigs received a scorbutogenic diet and a daily supplement of 1.0 mg ascorbic acid/100 g body-weight.

2. Restriction of food intake for a period of 17 d resulted in a 25 % loss in body-weight and a significant reduction in the retention of ascorbic acid by the spleen, liver and adrenal glands.
Variation in the weight, specific gravity and composition of the antlers of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.)
Authors: HyvÄrinen H. , Kay R. N. B. , Hamilton W. J.
Published: September 2005

1. Antlers were removed in September from 2-4-year-old red deer (Cervus elaphus L.). Both well-fed penned stags and less. well-nourished grazing stags were studied.

2. For deer of the same age, both log antler weight and log antler specific gravity were related to body-weight in September and to body-weight gain between March and September. The antlers of 3- and 4-year-old stags were heavier and tended to be denser relative to body-weight and body-weight gain than those of 2-year-old stags.

3. For grazing stags of a given age, antler weight and specific gravity, and body-weight and body-weight gain, were progressively less in the three successive years of the study. This appeared to reflect increasing stocking rate over this period.

4. The composition of the antlers did not vary significantly between penned and grazing stags or with age. However the concentrations of ash, phosphorus and magnesium in dry matter showed significant positive correlations with specific gravity, that of zinc a significant negative correlation, while calcium, copper and manganese showed no significant correlation.

5. The antlers evidently provide a useful index of the changes in body-weight of the stags.
The B-vitamin content of baboon (Papio cynocephalus) milk
Authors: BUSS D. H. , Ford J. E. , Scott K. J.
Published: September 2005

1. The B-vitamins in milk from baboons (Papio cynocephalus) at various stages of lactation were measured microbiologically.

2. Mature milk contained, on average (μg/ml): thiamin 0.18, riboflavin 0.74, nicotinic acid 3.2, folate 0.03, vitamin B6 0.70, vitamin B12 0.002, pantothenic acid 2.63, biotin 0.0065.

3. Colostrum contained much less vitamin B6 and pantothenic acid than mature milk; otherwise, there were only slight changes in composition as lactation progressed. Neither these changes, nor the absolute values, resembled those for human or cow's milk.

4. The average daily secretion of B-vitamins in milk represented less than 10% of the mother's dietary intake; that of folate was less than 0.5% of the mother's dietary intake.

5. Baboon milk was calculated to provide infants with approximately the following quantities of B-vitamins (/d): thiamin 0.06 mg, riboflavin 0.25 mg, nicotinic acid 1.1 mg, folate 10 μg, vitamin B6 0.25 mg, vitamin B12 0.7 μg, pantothenic acid 0.9 mg, biotin 2.2 μg.
The polyunsaturated fatty acid status of foetal and neonatal ruminants
Authors: Payne E.
Published: September 2005

1. Information on the fatty acid composition of tissues of foetal calves, neonatal lambs, deer and piglets reported by Payne (1978) has been quantified by the use of an internal standard during analysis, to give concentrations of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) derived from linoleic acid (ω6) and linolenic acid (ω3) expressed on a per kg tissue basis. The total concentration of both acids (ω6+ω3) was similar in all tissues examined except brain. Because muscle, the main constituent of the soft tissues of young animals, contains about 40–50 % of the total body content of these acids, it is considered that muscle concentrations are a reflection of total body status of these acids.

2. Concentrations in muscle of both ω6 derivatives and total PUFA were significantly lower in the neonatal lamb and foetal calf than in the mature animal whereas in pigs and deer the concentrations in the young animal were similar to those in the mature animal. Concentrations of ω6 derivatives and total PUFA in lambs were significantly lower than those in calves; the presence of ω3 derivatives reduced the level of significance for total PUFA. Again, total PUFA content did not differ significantly between the piglet and the young ruminants.

3. There was a substantial placental transfer, with apparently a preferential transfer of ω3 derivatives.

4. In brain the levels of ω3 acids were as high in the foetal and neonatal animals as in mature animals. The levels of ω6 acids were lower in young animals.

5. Calculations of ω6 intake from milk showed that the total deficit of ω6 could be made up within a few days.

6. It was concluded that the extent of deficiency of ω6 in young ruminants raised in a grazing situation, as in New Zealand, is marginal and any feeding to overcome this is unlikely to be of any benefit.
The nutritional and metabolic impact of γ-linolenic acid (18:3ω6) on cats deprived of animal lipid
Authors: Frankel Theresa L. , Rivers J. P. W.
Published: September 2005

1. The syndrome induced by depriving cats of animal lipid is partially cured by feeding 18:3ω6. This is associated with an increase in levels of 20:3ω6, but not 20:4ω6, in plasma phospholipids.

2. It is concluded that the cat lacks Δ5 desaturase activity and has a dietary requirement for 18:3ω6 and possibly 20:4ω6.
The utilization of diets containing acetate, propionate or butyrate salts by growing lambs
Authors: Hovell F. D. DeB , Greenhalgh J. F. D.
Published: September 2005

1. In a comparative slaughter experiment growing lambs were given concentrate diets in which 7, 15 or 22% of the metabolizable energy (me) provided by barley was replaced by sodium and calcium salts of acetic acid, or 22% of me was replaced by Na and Ca salts of propionic or butyric acids.

2. The efficiency of utilization for fattening (kf) of the diets containing 0, 7, 15 or 22% of me as acetate was 57.2, 59.6, 54.1 and 48.8 (se ± 1.8) respectively, the last value being significantly lower (P < 0.001) than the first. The kf for successive increments of acetate was 90, 37 and 19% (se ± 13), the decrease being significant (P < 0.001).

3. The kf values of the diets containing 22% of me as propionate or butyrate respectively were 48.7 and 50.6 (se ± 1.8), both values being significantly lower than the control (P < 0.01). The partial kf of propionate was 19±13, and of butyrate 28 ± 13%.

4. It is concluded that the experiment provided evidence that the efficiency with which acetate is utilized for energy retention is not constant, but varies with its contribution to me. The experiment also provided some evidence that large amounts of propionate and butyrate may be inefficiently utilized by growing lambs, although poor utilization of high levels of volatile fatty acid (VFA) salts per se cannot be entirely excluded.
Adsorption of bile salts from aqueous solution by plant fibre and cholestyramine
Authors: Oakenfull D. G. , Fenwick Dorothy E.
Published: September 2005

1. Adsorption of bile salts by dietary fibre is believed to promote their excretion and hence to reduce the serum cholesterol level in man and experimental animals.

2. We have tested a number of plant fibre fractions and other related materials for their ability to adsorb bile salts from aqueous solution. The ‘insoluble’ plant fractions were from ‘dry grain’ (a residue from brewing), apple, wheat bran, lucerne (Medicago sativa), soya beans, mung beans (Phaseolus mungo), chick peas (Cicer arietinum), rolled oats, spinach (Spinacia oleracea), sunflower seeds, sawdust and sheep faeces. The other materials were cholestyramine, pectin and lignins prepared from wheat bran and from sawdust.

3. Only cholestyramine and the fibre from lucerne, soya beans, mung beans, chick peas, spinach, and sunflower seeds adsorbed enough of either sodium cholate or sodium deoxycholate for adsorption to be detectable.

4. This result conflicts with a report that the lignin component of dietary fibre is responsible for adsorption of bile salts.

5. Adsorption of bile salts, when it occurs, may depend on the presence of saponins bound to the fibre.
A method of presenting longitudinal growth data
Authors: Dugdale A. E.
Published: September 2005

1. Longitudinal growth profiles contain much information but are difficult to incorporate into mathematical and statistical analyses.

2. A growth function, which is a weighed average of growth achievement at different ages, is proposed.

3. This function is a non-dimensional number with defined statistical properties, and emphasizes growth achievement in early life. It can be used to compare the growth of individuals and populations.
Artificial rearing of pigs
Authors: Newport M. J.
Published: September 2005

1. Half (diet M) or total replacement (diet N) of dried skim-milk by fish-protein concentrate and dried whey was compared with a diet containing dried skim-milk (710 g/kg) as the only source of protein (diet A). All three diets were prepared as spray-dried powders, and contained 20 g starch and 270 g soya-bean oil/kg. The diets were calculated to be isonitrogenous, but upon analysis had crude protein (nitrogen × 6.25) contents (g/kg) of 230, 270 and 291 in diets A, M and N respectively.

2. The diets were reconstituted as liquids containing 200 g dry matter (DM)/l and given to pigs weaned at 2 d of age during a 26 d experiment. The diets were fed at hourly intervals to a scale based on live weight. Protein digestion was studied in pigs, 6 d of age, and killed 1 h after a feed.

3. Live-weight gain was slightly improved when half the dried skim-milk was replaced, but the feed: gain ratio (g DM consumed/g live weight gain) was unaltered. Total replacement of dried skim-milk, markedly reduced performance and increased the incidence of scouring and mortality.

4. Increasing the proportion of fish protein reduced the apparant digestibility (AD) and the retention of N (g/d per kg live weight). N retention, but not AD, decreased with age.

5. Total replacement of dried skim-milk decreased the amount of digesta in the stomach, its pH value, and the proportion of DM and total N in the digesta, but non-protein N as a proportion of total N was increased.

6. The total pepsin activity in the stomach digesta was decreased by the substitution with fish protein, but there was no change in the activity of the stomach tissue. Trypsin and chymotrypsin activities in the pancreas were not affected by the source of dietary protein, but in the digesta of the small intestine the activity of these two enzymes was markedly reduced when the diet contained fish protein.

7. Total replacement of dried skim-milk with fish-protein concentrate and dried whey may increase the rate of flow of digesta through the small intestine, which together with the reductions in the apparent digestibility of N and amounts of trypsin and chymotrypsin in the digesta could reduce the efficiency of protein digestion and adversely affect performance.
Studies on the body composition, fat distribution and fat cell size and number of ‘Ad’, a new obese mutant mouse
Authors: Trayhurn P. , James W. P. T. , Gurr M. I.
Published: September 2005

1. Studies have been performed on the body composition, the fat distribution, the fat cell size, and the ‘observable’ fat cell number of a new obese mutant, the Adipose (Ad) mouse. The serum glucose and insulin concentrations have also been investigated. All studies were undertaken with animals aged 6 months.

2. The obese animals weighed over 50% more than the lean, but there was no difference in the body or tail lengths.

3. The obese animals had an increase in the weight of the liver, but the increase was only proporational to the increase in the total body-weight.

4. The carcasses of the obese mice contained more water as well as more fat than those of the lean. In the males the fat content was 3.9 times greater, while in the females it was increased by 5.5 times.

5. The nitrogen content of the defatted dry carcass was the same in both lean and obese animals but the total body protein was higher in the obese.

6. Fat was dissected from four major depots, gonadal, abdominal, hind subcutaneous and interscapular subcutaneous (including brown adipose tissue), and each was substantially larger in the obese animals. This indicated that the additional fat of theAAdmouse was not localized to any particular site.

7. InAdmales there was no over-all increase in the observed number of adipocytes, all the extra fat being accommodated by an increase in fat cell size (3.8 times). However, inAdfemales there was a 3.3-fold increase in the number of observable fat cells as well as a 2.2-fold increase in fat cell size.

8. Non-fasted obese animals were not hyperglycaemic, but there was a 5.3-fold increase in the concentration of serum insulin. Hyperinsulinemia in the presence of normoglycaemia suggested that the obese animals were insulin resistant.
Growth of muscle fibres during recovery from severe malnutrition in Jamaican Infants
Authors: Hansen-Smith F. M. , Picou D. , Golden M. H.
Published: September 2005

1. The growth of muscle fibres was analysed by light microscopy in biopsies from subjects when malnourished, during nutritional rehabilitation, and after clinical recovery.

2. Muscle fibres from malnourished subjects were extremely atrophic (cross-sectional area, 110μm2). The fibres doubled in size during the early period of rehabilitation. Growth of muscle fibres during later periods of rehabilitation occurred at a slower rate.

3. The absolute rates of change in fibre sizes differed considerably between subjects, but the rates of change relative to the rate of gain of total body-weight (expressed as % recovery or % expected weight-for height (Nelson, 1975)) were similar between subjects after the initial growth spurt. The pattern of recovery appeared to differ between older and younger subjects.

4. Fibre sizes correlated with body-weight but not with age in the malnourished subjects. A significant correlation between fibre areas and either weight or age was observed during rehabilitation and after clinical recovery.

5. Fibre sizes of clinically-recovered subjects (mean age, 13.8 months; weight, 8.7 kg) were only approximately 60% of that for a well-nourished 6-month-old control subject (6.4 kg). These results suggest that a longer period of time is required for fibres to reach their expected size. Therefore, when the child has regained body-weight to that of a normal child of the same height, his muscles have not yet recovered and his body composition is abnormal.
The utilization of chopped and pelleted lucerne (Medicago sativa) by growing lambs
Authors: Thomson D. J. , Cammell S. B.
Published: September 2005

1. The efficiency of utilization of the dietary energy and nitrogen contained in a dried lucerne (Medicago sativa cv. Chartainvilliers) given either chopped (CL) or ground (1.96 mm screen) and pelleted (PL), was measured in a comparative slaughter experiment. Growing lambs were given equal amounts of digestible energy in the chopped or pelleted form at each at each of the three planes of nutrition for a period of 100 d.

2. The initial energy, fat and protein content of both the carcass and the total body of the test lambs was estimated from regression equations between fasted (18 h) live weight and these components, derived from a group of twenty-three comparable lambs. The final energy, fat and protein content of the test lambs was determined directly by chemical analyses.

3. The metabolizable energy (ME) content of the diets was derived at each plane of nutrition from measured faecal and urinary losses and estimated methane losses. The depression in ME content with grinding and pelleting the dried lucerne was small (CL 8.69 MJ/kg dry matter (DM), PL 8.42 MJ/kg DM).

4. The efficiency of utilization of the ME of the dried lucerne for growth and fattening was higher (P < 0.01) when given in the ground pelleted form (0.533), than in the chopped form (0.284). The net energy value of the PL (3.5 MJ/kg DM) was higher than that of CL (2.2 MJ/kg DM).

5. Thus lambs fed on PL grew faster and had a higher caracass weight gain, carcass protein and fat retention than lambs fed on CL. The composition of the carcass was not altered by the physical processing treatment.

6. Digestion studies with these same CL and PL diets had shown that grinding and pelleting depressed digestion in the forestomachs and increased digestion in the small intestine compared with the chopped form. The increased efficiency of utilization of the gross energy and ME and the higher net energy value of PL was attributed primarily to a change in the site of digestion within the alimentary tract. Associated with this change was a higher value for absorbed amino acids : absorbed energy and an increased apparent absorption of methionine for lambs fed on PL. The difference in the energy costs of eating and ruminating the CL and PL was small.