bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efeitos do exercício físico na resistência à insulina em indivíduos obesos
Authors: Rezende Robson , Santos Camila , Dubow Camila , Vargas Sheila Cristina , Pohl Hildegard Hedwig , Paiva Dulciane Nunes
Published: October 2016

A obesidade apresenta consequências negativas na sensibilidade à insulina, sendo necessário compreender os mecanismos que estão associados aos benefícios oferecidos pelo exercício físico, como forma, tanto de prevenção, como de tratamento de doenças e transtornos metabólicos. Objetivo: descrever os efeitos do exercício físico na resistência à insulina em indivíduos obesos. Método: realizou-se uma revisão da literatura, tendo como fontes artigos publicados em periódicos nacionais e internacionais, disponíveis na base de dados PubMed, Lilacs e Scielo. As palavras chaves utilizadas foram: insulin resistance, obesity, exercise training, publicados entre 2009 a 2015, em periódicos nos idiomas português, inglês e espanhol. Resultados e considerações finais: identificou-se que a sensibilidade à insulina em indivíduos obesos está diretamente relacionada ao exercício físico. As informações obtidas por meio desta revisão confirmam a melhoria da composição corporal, resistência à insulina e a promoção de potencialidades fisiológicas, quando associadas com prática de exercícios físicos em indivíduos obesos, pois envolvem transformações positivas relativas à promoção da saúde e ao condicionamento físico.
Crianças prematuras: caracterização e intervenção fisioterapêutica
Authors: Castro Gisélia Gonçalves de , Figueiredo Glória Lúcia Alves , Cano Maria Aparecida Tedeschi
Published: October 2016

Objetivo: determinar as características clínicas dos recém-nascidos prematuros de um município do interior de Minas Gerais e a intervenção fisioterapêutica destes recém-nascidos que foram encaminhados para esse serviço, após a alta hospitalar. Método: foi realizado um estudo descritivo exploratório, a partir de dados secundários do SINASC (Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos), Declaração de Óbitos da Vigilância Epidemiológica e prontuários das Unidades Básicas de Saúde. A análise estatística dos fatores associados ao óbito foi realizada, utilizando-se o teste do χ2 para comparação das variáveis qualitativas e o teste exato de Fisher. A medida de associação entre o óbito e as demais variáveis foi determinada, através da estimação do risco relativo. Resultados: os nascidos vivos corresponderam a um total de 1.203, sendo 1.144 (95,0%) a termo e 59 (5,0%) pré-termo, com o peso ≤ que 2500g e idade gestacional < que 37 semanas. Destes últimos, 51 nasceram em hospital público e oito em instituições privadas. A maior frequência de RNPT foi entre 32 a 36 semanas (60,8%). Ocorreram doze óbitos entre os prematuros, sendo que a classe de 28 a 31 semanas, que corresponde à prematuridade moderada, foi a que apresentou maior número de óbitos (47,4%). Com relação à mortalidade, houve diferença significante (p
Análise cienciométrica sobre a relação da vivência de eventos de vida produtores de estresse e desenvolvimento de câncer
Authors: Leite Fernanda Paini , Cruz Bruna Alexandra da Silva , Bernuci Marcelo Picini , Yamaguchi Mirian Ueda
Published: October 2016

Objetivo: identificar a produção científica nacional e internacional sobre a possível associação da vivência de eventos de vida produtores de estresse e o desenvolvimento de câncer. Métodos: estudo cienciométrico sobre a produção científica veiculada em periódicos indexados nos bancos de dados United States National Library of Medicine (PubMed), Scientific Eletronic Library Online (SciELO) e trabalhos disponíveis na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS) por meio de busca pelos seguintes descritores; “life events influence cancer”, “stressful life events cancer” e “traumatic events cancer” e seus correspondentes em língua portuguesa. Resultados: foram selecionados 82 artigos, de um total de 2.176. Verificou-se crescente número de publicações a partir da década de 90, destacando maior parte dos autores da América do Norte. Observou-se maior associação dos eventos estressores com o câncer de mama e a predominância de amostragem do grupo feminino. O luto, perda e a frustração destacaram-se como eventos estressores relacionados à maior possibilidade de desenvolvimento de câncer. Dos estudos selecionados 40,9% apresentaram correlação positiva, 25,3% correlação negativa e 33,8% foram inconclusivos. Considerações finais: verificou-se controvérsia nos resultados das publicações científicas no que tange à análise de correlação entre o desenvolvimento de câncer e presença de eventos de vida produtores de estresse, sugere-se a necessidade da realização de novos estudos que abordem esta temática.
Desafios dos alunos com deficiência visual no ensino superior: um relato de experiência
Authors: Alexandrino Eduardo Gauze , Souza Daiane , Bianchi Adriane Behring , Macuch Regiane , Bertolini Sonia Maria Marques Gomes
Published: October 2016

O desenvolvimento histórico da Educação Especial e Inclusiva no Brasil é repleto de desafios e contradições entre a legislação, recursos e execução. Objetivo: investigar as dificuldades que uma ex-aluna, portadora de deficiência visual grave vivenciou durante a graduação em uma instituição de ensino superior pública. Método: trata-se de um estudo de caso descritivo-exploratório de caráter qualitativo. Como procedimento de coleta de dados foi realizada uma entrevista semiestruturada composta de nove questões relacionadas às experiências na infância, no ensino fundamental e no ensino superior, com ênfase nas amizades e dificuldades encontradas neste último período. Resultados: são muitas as dificuldades que um aluno portador de deficiência visual pode encontrar, durante o crescimento e na trajetória acadêmica. Dentre as citadas pela amostra, destacam-se a falta de materiais de estudo e avaliação adequada (braile), falta de acessibilidade no prédio da instituição, falta de comunicação entre os docentes e funcionários da universidade para resolução dos problemas, bem como a falta de compreensão e medidas da gestão para melhorar o atendimento educacional da aluna. Observou-se, no relato da ex-estudante que o diagnóstico dos recursos disponíveis e capacitação docente configuram-se como alicerce para garantir acesso, permanência e desenvolvimento no processo de ensino-aprendizagem de alunos com deficiência visual em instituições do ensino superior. Considerações finais: sugere-se, que as instituições de educação ampliem as discussões sobre o currículo e produção do conhecimento, bem como, criem setores responsáveis para avaliar a acessibilidade do espaço físico, conselhos de acompanhamento do aluno matriculado, da mesma forma que ofereçam cursos de capacitação contínua para os docentes e equipe técnica sobre didática e interpretação da legislação vigente sobre Educação Inclusiva.
Intentions to Move from Homelessness to Social Inclusion: The Role of Participation Beliefs, Attitudes and Prior Behaviour
Authors: Christian Julie , Abrams Dominic , Clapham David , Nayyar Daniella , Cotler Joseph
Published: October 2016

A key aim of homelessness services is not only to ensure that homeless people attain a secure home, but that this is a pathway to wider social inclusion. However, relatively little is known about the psychological elements that are essential for homeless people to engage with these pathways, nor whether these elements combine in ways that are predictable from previous research. In the present work, we examined both demographic and behavioural precursors, and contemporaneous psychological predictors, of a set of 49 homeless men’s intentions to engage with a programme to move them toward long-term housing and social inclusion. Contrary to predictions based on subjective utility and rational choice theories, we found that normative pressure and did not directly predict the men’s intentions. Instead, we found that intentions were predicted by their attitudes towards the services, and their specific beliefs about the benefits of particular courses of action (efficacy beliefs), and to a more restricted extent their experience (sociodemographics); and in those with high prior service use histories, only participatory beliefs guided future service use intentions. These findings suggest that it is important to focus on intentions as a highly relevant outcome of interventions, because beliefs about interventions can break the link between past behaviour or habitual service use and future service use. Such interventions may be particularly effective if they focus on the evaluative and efficacy-related aspects of behaviour over time and better understand the benefits the men evaluated the services as offering them.
Outsiders Within: Claiming Discursive Space at National Homelessness Conferences in Canada
Authors: Paradis Emily
Published: October 2016

Homelessness in Canada is a large and growing problem affecting more than 235,000 men, women, youth, and families per year, in urban, suburban, rural and Northern communities. Though it is produced by economic and policy drivers including colonization, income insecurity, and state withdrawal from housing provision, policies on homelessness tend to focus on service provision rather than addressing root causes. This article reviews activist, advocacy, service and policy responses to homelessness in Canada, and in particular, homeless sector conferences. Taking as its starting-point a demonstration at a 2014 national conference on homelessness, it examines these conferences as important sites of governance in which service organizations collaborate in the development and delivery of policy. Conferences’ normative culture, and their discursive construction of homelessness as a technical problem, tend to leave unchallenged the prevailing economic, social, political and institutional arrangements that produce homelessness. Recent interventions by people facing homelessness and their allies, though, have claimed discursive space at national homelessness conferences for outsider perspectives and demands. These interventions open possibilities for new alliances, analyses, and tactics that are necessary for ending homelessness.
Researching Homelessness: Challenging Exclusion?
Authors: Anderson Isobel , Filipovic Masa , Finnerty Joe
Published: October 2016

This themed issue of Social Inclusion provides a timely opportunity to reflect on how contemporary research is addressing the multi-dimensional issue of homelessness around the world. The papers presented here provide a wide range of new evidence on homelessness including theoretical, methodological and empirical contributions. They draw on a range of national experiences in Europe and beyond, and addressing the issue of social inclusion and social exclusion of homeless or previously homeless people from a range of perspectives and approaches. It is hoped that the contributions to this themed issue will prove influential in terms of both scholarship and potential to enhance policy making and service delivery to some of our most excluded citizens.
Organic matter maturity level of the Dnieper-Donets basin deposits: unconventional gas prospects
Authors: Mykhailov V. , Yemets O.
Published: October 2016

The paper provides new findings on vitrinite obtained from well-core samples of the Devonian and Carboniferous sedimentary strata of the oil-gas prospective fields, both in the eastern and western sides of the Dnieper-Donets Depression (DDD), with a focus on unconventional hydrocarbon prospecting. The organic matter was identified microscopically and vitrinite reflectance was systematically measured. In the deposits studied, vitrinite represents different types of organic macerals; disseminated vitrodetrinite being still dominant. Measurements of vitrinite reflectance strik-ing off different DDD surfaces reveal high average dispersion means ranging 0.5 to ~7.0%. This characterizes variable level of the organic matter maturity and its different property to generate hydrocarbons. However, in general, the vitrinite reflectance tends to gradually increase with depth, meaning gradual maturation of the organic matter from the younger beds to older ones, and a temperature rise conditioned by a temperature gradi-ent. Organic matter immature to generate significant amount of gaseous hydrocarbons is deposited in the DDD at the depth of 3000 m. However, down the depth of 2100 – 2300 m, the average vitrinite reflectance increases up to the values sufficient to consider organic matter mature, and to generate wet and dry gas. Thus, it is inferred to be prospective to explore for new shale gas deposits below the hypsometric level. On the other hand, the irregular dispersion of organic matter maturation in the DDD necessitates further detailed research, namely, into map-ping potentially prospective areas of gas generation.
Molecular detection of porcine circo virus type 2 and porcine parvo virus inpigs having reproductive problems and histopathologicalstudies in the tissue of aborted pig foetuses
Authors: Pegu S. R. , Sarma D. K. , Rajkhowa S. , Choudhury M. , Sarma D. , Das J. P.
Published: October 2016

The present study was undertaken to detect the presence of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and porcine parvo virus (PPV) in 54 porcine aborted foetuses, stillborns and mummified foetuses. Foetal tissues of heart, lung, spleen and lymphnodes were used for extraction of total DNA and the presence of viral pathogens were confirmed through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Out of 54 samples, nine (16.6%) samples were positive for PCV2, eight (14.8%) samples were positive for PPV while co-infection with PCV2 and PPV was detected in four (7.4%) samples. The histopathological changes in the foetuses were found to be mostly necrosis in the cells of the developing organs viz. lungs, kidney, liver, heart, brain, spleen and lymphnodes. Lymphoid depletion was observed in the lymphoid follicles of the lymphnodes. Meningoencephalitis in the cerebrum was also seen in both PPV and PCV2 infected foetuses. The results indicated that PPV and PCV2 could be an important infectious agent in cases of porcine stillbirths, abortions and mummified foetuses.
Explaining Racial/Ethnic Dietary Patterns in Relation to Type 2 Diabetes: An Analysis of NHANES 2007-2012
Authors: Nowlin Sarah Y. , Cleland Charles M. , Vadiveloo Maya , D'Eramo Melkus Gail , Parekh Niyati , Hagan Holly
Published: October 2016

Objective: The purpose of this article is to examine sociodemographic and health be­havior factors associated with dietary intake as measured by the healthy eating index (HEI-2010) for persons with and without diabetes (T2D).

Design: A secondary data analysis of three NHANES data cycles spanning 2007-2012. Multiple linear regression assessed racial/ ethnic differences in HEI-2010 scores in those without T2D, with T2D, and with undiagnosed T2D.

Participants: The sample included non-pregnant adults aged ≥20 years who had two days of reliable dietary recall data.

Outcome Measures: Total scores for the HEI-2010.

Results: For those without T2D, there was a significant association between race/ ethnicity and HEI score, with non-Hispanic Blacks achieving significantly lower scores than their non-Hispanic White counterparts. Differences in HEI-2010 score were also associated with age, sex, smoking status and time spent in the United States. Racial/ ethnic differences in dietary patterns were present, but not significant in those with undiagnosed or diagnosed T2D.

Conclusions: Racial/ethnic disparities in dietary patterns are present in individuals without T2D, but differences are not statisti­cally significant in those with undiagnosed or diagnosed T2D. Non-Hispanic Blacks without T2D received significantly lower HEI-2010 scores than non-Hispanic Whites. Further research is necessary to deter­mine whether or not similarities in dietary intake across racial/ethnic groups with T2D will be reflected in diabetes-related health outcomes in this population.

Ethn Dis. 2016;26(4):529-536; doi:10.18865/ ed.26.4.529
Review: Hemodynamic Characteristics and Outcomes of Sickle Cell Disease Associated Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Mehari Alem , Thomas Alvin V. , Thomas Alicia N. , Johnson Mark S.
Published: October 2016

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a lead­ing cause of morbidity and early mortality in adults with sickle cell disease (SCD). However, the prevalence, hemodynamic profile and prognosis of SCD-PH remain controversial and need frequent updates. Pulmonary hypertension determined by right heart catheterization (RHC) occurs in 6% to 10% of adults with SCD. Hemody­namically, SCD-PH may be pre-capillary or post-capillary in nature. The exact etiology is unknown and often multifactorial; hence a thorough diagnostic evaluation follow­ing established PH guidelines is essential to determine disease prevalence, etiology and outcomes. Data on the efficacy and safety of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) therapy are limited in SCD; clinical trials in these patients are urgently needed. This review provides an overview of RHC-determined hemodynamic characteristics, current management modality and out­comes; we also highlight recent advances and unmet research needs in SCD-PH.

Ethn Dis.2016;26(4):545-552; doi:10.18865/ ed.26.4.545
Strain‐Specific Impact of Fusobacterium nucleatum on Neutrophil Function
Authors: Kurgan Şivge , Kansal Shevali , Nguyen Daniel , Stephens Danielle , Koroneos Yannis , Hasturk Hatice , Van Dyke Thomas E. , Kantarci Alpdogan
Published: October 2016

Background: Neutrophil function is critical for initiation and progression of infecto‐inflammatory diseases. Key quorum‐sensing plaque bacteria, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, act as bridging species between early and late colonizer pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, as the biofilm ages and periodontal inflammation increases. This study is designed to determine impact of different F. nucleatum strains on neutrophil function.

Methods: Cells of human promyelocytic leukemia cell line‐60 were differentiated into neutrophil‐like cells and cultured with F. nucleatum strains of subspecies (ssp.) nucleatum ATCC 25586, ssp. polymorphum ATCC 10953, and ssp. vincentii ATCC 49256. Neutrophil phagocytosis of F. nucleatum strains and neutrophil apoptosis were analyzed by flow cytometry. Superoxide generation was measured by cytochrome C reduction in the presence and absence of N‐formyl‐L‐methionyl‐L‐leucyl‐L‐phenylalanine (fMLP) (1 μM) stimulation. Proinflammatory cytokine release was determined after 2, 6, and 24 hours of culture in the presence/absence of different F. nucleatum strains. Expression of Toll‐like receptor (TLR)2, TLR4, and nuclear factor (NF)‐kappa B mRNA levels were analyzed using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Each experiment was repeated at least three times in triplicate. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance followed by post hoc Bonferroni correction.

Results: All strains of F. nucleatum significantly increased phagocytic capacity of neutrophils. Neutrophil phagocytosis of F. nucleatum ssp. polymorphum was significantly greater than that of F. nucleatum ssp. vincentii and ssp. nucleatum (P <0.001). F. nucleatum ssp. nucleatum and ssp. polymorphum significantly blocked fMLP‐induced superoxide generation (P <0.001). Although F. nucleatum vincentii also reduced superoxide generation (25%), the impact was not as strong as that of ssp. nucleatum (83%) and ssp. polymorphum (100%). All F. nucleatum strains stimulated significant increase in neutrophil apoptosis compared with control (P <0.001) and significantly increased expression of NF‐κB mRNA in neutrophils (P <0.05). Levels of interleukin‐8 and tumor necrosis factor‐α produced by neutrophils were significantly increased in all F. nucleatum groups compared with control (P <0.001).

Conclusions: These findings suggest that different strains of F. nucleatum impact neutrophil function in different ways. Two of three subspecies blocked neutrophil superoxide generation in response to a secondary stimulus, preventing oxidative killing by neutrophils. The direct role of bridging species in pathogenesis of periodontitis may be greater than previously suspected in which they create a favorable environment for pathogenic transition of the dental ecosystem.
Carbon Sequestration and Photosynthesis in Newly Established Turfgrass Cover in Central Chile
Authors: Acuña E. Alejandra A. , Pastenes V. Claudio , Villalobos G. Luis
Published: October 2016

Core Ideas

Soil organic C varied for 3 yr and four seasons for the five cool season turfgrass species (C3) and the two warm season turfgrass species (C4) when compared to bare soil. The effect of turfgrass species was detected in all of the seasons, where turfgrass coverage increased soil organic C over time, primarily at the 0‐ to 10‐cm soil depth.

Carbon dioxide fixation rate can be an adequate indicator of carbon sequestration potential in a short‐term period for turfgrass species.

This study showed that Cynodon dactylon L. and Festuca arundinacea Schreb. were the most promising species to increase C sequestration and to better use the irrigation water in central Chile.

Growth of the urban population in central Chile may have contributed to increased CO2 emissions, thus information regarding the role of turfgrass in public spaces and its ability to sequester CO2 would be valuable. The objectives of this study were to assess and compare the magnitude of C sequestration of seven newly established turfgrass species to bare soil using seasonal organic C stocks measurements aboveground (aboveground organic carbon [AOC]) and belowground (soil organic carbon [SOC]) and to associate these data with turfgrass seasonal photosynthetic behavior. Festuca arundinacea Schreb, Festuca rubra L. ssp. rubra, Cynodon dactylon L., Cynodon dactylon L. × Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt Davy, Poa pratensis L., P. trivialis L., and Lolium perenne L., and areas with bare soil were established during 2010. Soil samples from 10, 20, and 30 cm were collected over 2 yr. Cuttings from each turfgrass species were also collected seasonally after reaching higher than the 4 cm cutting height. The SOC and AOC were assessed using the Modified Mebius method. The CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance and photosynthetic water use efficiency were measured seasonally over 2 yr using an infrared gas analyzer. Turfgrass species with high photosynthetic activity during the summer, such as C. dactylon and F. arundinacea ‘Bingo’, resulted in a high total SOC of 2.4 t SOC ha−1 and 2.7 t SOC ha−1, respectively, when compared with bare soil (0.9 t SOC ha−1) at the end of the study.
Who Should Provide Breastfeeding Education to Improve Success: A midwife or a Physician?
Authors: Yılmaz Elif , Vural Yılmaz Zehra , Karslı Mehmet Fatih , Ceyhan Meryem , Öcal Doğa , Küçüközkan Tuncay
Published: October 2016

Objective: The purpose of this study was to explore whether there was any difference in the breastfeeding success of mothers prior to hospital discharge who were given breastfeeding education by a physician (obstetrician-gynecologist) and a midwife with respect to the person giving the training. Study Desıgn: The study was conducted between May- June 2015 on 200 mothers who gave their first full-term birth at the obstetrics and gynecology clinic of a tertiary hospital. The mothers were divided into two groups and each mother was explained the benefits of breastfeeding and given breastfeeding education when they became stabile in their beds after birth. One hundred of the mothers were trained by a midwife who received lactation consultancy training and the other hundred mothers by an obstetrician who also had the same training. After the education, each mother was observed while breastfeeding her baby by an investigator who also received lactation consultancy training, other than the ones who gave the training and the LATCH breastfeeding assessment tool was filled out. After calculating the LATCH score of each mother, the two groups were compared for their success in breastfeeding during discharge from the hospital with respect to the person giving the training. Results: There were no differences between the two mother groups in terms of demographic characteristics (age, education, occupation etc.) and newborn characteristics (weight, gender) (p>0.05). The total LACTH score was found higher in the group that was trained by a midwife than in the group that was trained by a physician (p<0.05). An assessment of the LATCH sub-scores showed that the “holding the baby” score was similar in both groups (p=0.502), but the other subgroup scores were higher again in the group that was trained by a midwife (p<0.05). Conclusion: The mothers who were trained in lactation by midwives were observed to be more successful in breastfeeding their babies than the mothers who were trained by a physician. Our opinion in this respect is that obstetricians should integrate trained midwives in breastfeeding education and in this way try to correct their deficiencies in this area.
Oriximiná-Santarém-Belém: a formatação de um novo programa de pós-graduação em Biociências na Amazônia com um forte vínculo com os estudantes do ensino médio e fundamental
Authors: Salgado Claudio Guedes , Picanço Diniz Domingos Wanderley
Published: October 2016

A proposta deste texto é apresentar o histórico e a formatação de um novo programa de pós-graduação em Biociências (PPGBIO) no interior da Amazônia, com sede no campus de Oriximiná, oeste do Pará, vinculado à Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará (Ufopa). O PPGBIO é o segundo curso da Amazônia vinculado ao Comitê Ciências Biológicas II (CBII), da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior(Capes), e apresenta uma formatação inovadora com a coorientaçãode professores do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências e Biologia Celular (PNBC) da Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA), atuando em associação com os orientadores da Ufopa. Os autores apresentam inicialmente a importância da pós-graduação para o desenvolvimento das comunidades que a fomentam, demonstrando claramente asassimetrias existentes em relação aos índices educacionais e de qualidade de vida nos estados da Amazônia em comparação aos estados com os melhores Índices de Desenvolvimento Humano (IDH) do Brasil. Em seguida, discorrem sobre o caminho percorrido até a implantação do PPGBIO em Oriximiná e Santarém para, finalmente, discutir os resultados do Programa de Ação Interdisciplinar (PAI) como apoio à implantação do PPGBIO, a necessidade de receber alunos mais preparados na pós graduação e de formar alunos de pós-graduação com mais qualidade, especialmente no relacionamento com alunos do ensino fundamentale médio.
Levantamento soroepidemiológico de leptospirose em rebanhos bovinos leiteiros no Município de Guaíra – SP
Authors: Banchiero Júnior Antônio Marcos Durães , Rezende Laís Miguel , Souza Mariana Assunção de , Lima-Ribeiro Anna Monteiro Correia
Published: October 2016

Leptospirosis is a zoonosis that affects all mammals, including cattle. The infection acute to the chronic character, with great clinical polymorphism, and is caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira spp. Its importance is related to causing clinical signs in cattle, which is mostly in the reproductive and abortions, stillbirths and infertility or productive as a drop in milk production and mastitis. The aim of this study was to conduct a seroepidemiological dairy cattle herds in the city of Guaíra – São Paulo. We analyzed 104 samples of blood serum of dairy cattle from 5 properties through antibody testing by Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). Besides the test, an epidemiological questionnaire was designed to assess risk factors for the occurrence of infection. The prevalence was 46.15%, the most prevalent serovars were Hardjo(39.53%); Grippotyphosa (24.42%); Wolffi (19.77%) Hebdomadis (12.79%); Icterohaemorragiae (2,33%) and Pomona (1.16%). It was observed that multiparous cows were more prone to disease occurrence. The results suggest that infection in these properties may be due the trade of animals due to the higher prevalence of serovar Hardjo, and that the absence of vaccination is a risk factor for leptospirosis.
Geometric morphometric analysis of the palatal morphology in children with impacted incisors: A three-dimensional evaluation
Authors: Pavoni Chiara , Paoloni Valeria , Ghislanzoni Luis Tomas Huanca , Laganà Giuseppina , Cozza Paola
Published: October 2016

Objective:

To analyze variations in palatal morphology in subjects presenting unilaterally impacted maxillary permanent central incisors compared with a control group of subjects without eruption anomalies using a three-dimensional (3D) analysis.

Materials and Methods:

Twenty-six white subjects (10 girls and 16 boys; mean age 9.5 ± 1.5 years) with unilaterally impacted maxillary permanent central incisors (impacted incisor group [IIG]) were compared with a control group (CG) of 26 subjects (14 girls and 12 boys, mean age 8.7 ± 1.6 years) presenting no eruption disorders. For each subject, dental casts were taken and the upper arch was scanned using a 3D laser scanner. To study the entirety of the shape of the palate in any point of the surface, 3D geometric morphometrics was applied.

Results:

Subjects with impacted maxillary incisors showed skeletal adaptations of the maxilla. In the IIG, both the superior palatal region and lateral palatal surface showed significantly different morphology when compared with CG, with a narrower and higher palatal vault.

Conclusion:

The absence of maxillary central incisors over the physiological age of eruption influenced the development of the palatal morphology compared with subjects without eruption anomalies.
Hepatocytes Are the Principal Source of Circulating RBP4 in Mice
Authors: Thompson Spencer J. , Sargsyan Ashot , Lee Seung-Ah , Yuen Jason J. , Cai Jinjin , Smalling Rana , Ghyselinck Norbert , Mark Manuel , Blaner William S. , Graham Timothy E.
Published: October 2016

RBP4 is produced mainly by hepatocytes. In type 2 diabetes and obesity, circulating RBP4 is increased and may act systemically to cause insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Observations that adipocyte RBP4 mRNA increases in parallel with circulating RBP4 in these conditions, whereas liver RBP4 mRNA does not, led to a widely held hypothesis that elevated circulating RBP4 is a direct result of increased production by adipocytes. To test this, we generated mice with hepatocyte-specific deletion of RBP4 (liver RBP4 knockout or LRKO mice). Adipose tissue RBP4 expression and secretion remained intact in LRKO mice and increased as expected in the setting of diet-induced insulin resistance. However, circulating RBP4 was undetectable in LRKO mice. We conclude that adipocyte RBP4 is not a significant source of circulating RBP4, even in the setting of insulin resistance. Adipocyte RBP4, therefore, may have a more important autocrine or paracrine function that is confined within the adipose tissue compartment.
Discovery to Development: Insecticides for Malaria Vector Control
Authors: Turner James A. , Ruscoe Colin N. E. , Perrior Trevor R.
Published: October 2016

This report provides an outline of a program for the discovery of new public health insecticides for malaria vector control. The status of malaria vector control is first reviewed in terms of the chemical, physical chemical, and biochemical properties of the current WHOPES-recommended
and approved vector control agents. This review provides a basis for a discussion on the critical need for discovery and development of multiple new chemical malaria vector control agents with novel and diverse modes of action. The Innovative Vector Control Consortium (IVCC) New Active Ingredient
Target Product Profile (TPP) describes the essential attributes for a successful new malaria vector control agent and then serves as the basis for development of a discovery cascade. The cascade addresses these attributes experimentally at each stage of the discovery process – from design
and assembly of an appropriate collection of chemicals for screening, through development of testing protocols to sort candidates, and into the detailed profiling of advanced pre-development candidates against TPP requirements. In addition, this program defines a staged development system
to provide intermediate guidance to the insecticide explorer regarding the progress of their discovery program against the ultimate product goal.
Nucleotide and Nucleotide Sugar Analysis in Cell Extracts by Capillary Electrophoresis
Authors: Bucsella Blanka , Fornage Antoine , Denmat Catherine Le , Kálmán Franka
Published: October 2016

In biotechnological processes the intracellular level of nucleotides and nucleotide sugars have a direct impact on the post-translational modification (glycosylation) of the therapeutic protein products and on the exopolysaccharide pattern of the cells. Thus, they are precursors and
also key components in the production of glycoproteins and glycolipids. All four nucleotides (at different phosphorylation stages) and their natural sugar derivatives coexist in biological samples. Their relative ratios depend on the actual conditions under which the cells are grown. Therefore,
their simultaneous determination at different time points and different cell culture conditions in biotechnological samples is of interest in order to develop the optimal cell culture process. In our study capillary electrophoresis (CE) combined with UV detection @ 260 nm was selected for
the separation and quantification of the complex nucleotide mixture of the structurally very similar nucleotides and nucleotide sugars in cell extracts. The high separation efficiency of CE as well as its insensitivity to the complex cell matrix makes this method superior to commonly used
HPLC methods. In our study eleven nucleotides and six nucleotide sugars were analyzed. A robust and reproducible analysis system was developed. As background electrolyte borate (40 mM, pH 9.5) was used containing 1% PEG (MW 35'000 Da) which enhanced resolution. In order to obtain high reproducibility
in terms of migration time, mandatory for the unambiguous identification of the single compounds in the complex cell extract mixtures, dynamic coating was also employed. The method was tested for CHO cell extracts where three sugar nucleotides and seven nucleotides were identified and quantified using GDP-Glc as internal standard.
The potential impact of media reporting in syndromic surveillance: an example using a possible Cryptosporidium exposure in North West England, August to September 2015
Authors: Elliot Alex J , Hughes Helen E , Astbury John , Nixon Grainne , Brierley Kate , Vivancos Roberto , Inns Thomas , Decraene Valerie , Platt Katherine , Lake Iain , O’Brien Sarah J , Smith Gillian E
Published: October 2016

During August 2015, a boil water notice (BWN) was issued across parts of North West England following the detection ofCryptosporidiumoocysts in the public water supply. Using prospective syndromic surveillance, we detected statistically significant increases in the presentation of cases of gastroenteritis and diarrhoea to general practitioner services and related calls to the national health telephone advice service in those areas affected by the BWN. In the affected areas, average in-hours general practitioner consultations for gastroenteritis increased by 24.8% (from 13.49 to 16.84) during the BWN period; average diarrhoea consultations increased by 28.5% (from 8.33 to 10.71). Local public health investigations revealed no laboratory reported cases confirmed as being associated with the water supply. These findings suggest that the increases reported by syndromic surveillance of cases of gastroenteritis and diarrhoea likely resulted from changes in healthcare seeking behaviour driven by the intense local and national media coverage of the potential health risks during the event. This study has further highlighted the potential for media-driven bias in syndromic surveillance, and the challenges in disentangling true increases in community infection from those driven by media reporting.
Juvenile Xanthogranulomata in a One and a Half-Year-Old Boy
Authors: Parvin Rukhsana , Uddin Md Rokon
Published: October 2016

Abstract not availableJ Enam Med Col 2016; 6(3): 169-170
Optimization of Solar Photocatalytic Degradation of Chloroxylenol Using TiO2, Er3+/TiO2, and Ni2+/TiO2 via the Taguchi Orthogonal Array Technique
Authors: Mohammed Ahmed , Kadhum Abdul , Ba-Abbad Muneer , Al-Amiery Ahmed
Published: October 2016

In this study, the optical properties of a TiO2 photocatalyst were enhanced with various impregnations of Er3+ and Ni2+ separately, using the impregnation method as photocatalysts for the direct solar photolysis degradation of chloroxylenol. The synthesized Er3+/TiO2 and Ni2+/TiO2 catalysts were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), metal mapping, and ultraviolet visible (UV–Vis) spectroscopy. The results showed that the Er3+/TiO2 and Ni2+/TiO2 nano-particles have the same structures of TiO2 nano-particles with little difference in particle size. The Er3+ and Ni2+ ions were well-distributed on the TiO2 surface, and it was found that the maximum band gap decreased from 3.13 eV for intrinsic TiO2 to 2.63 eV at 1.8 wt % Er3+/TiO2 and to 2.47 eV at 0.6 wt % for Ni2+/TiO2. The initial concentration of chloroxylenol, catalyst loading, and pH of the solution are the most important factors affecting the solar photocatalytic degradation efficiency that were optimized using Design Expert software (version 6.0.10, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 2003). The results showed that the optimal conditions for chloroxylenol degradation include a pH of 4, TiO2 loading at 3 g/L, and a chloroxylenol concentration of 50 mg/L. These conditions resulted in a degradation efficiency of 90.40% after 60 min of direct solar irradiation, wherein the solar energy recorded during a clear sunny day is 1000 W/m2. However, some experiments were conducted on a semi-cloudy day to cover all weather stated and to study the degradation kinetics. During semi-cloudy day experiments, using Er3+/TiO2 and Ni2+/TiO2 with a solar irradiation activity of 600 W/m2 for a 60 min exposure at optimal conditions increased the degradation efficiency from 68.28% for intrinsic TiO2 to 82.38% for Er3+/TiO2 and 80.70% for Ni2+/TiO2.
Obituary for Walter Kohn (1923–2016)
Authors: Schwarz Karlheinz , Sham Lu , Mattsson Ann , Scheffler Matthias
Published: October 2016

Walter Kohn (Figure 1) is one of the most cited scientists of our time, who died on 19 April 2016 in Santa Barbara, CA, USA. [...]
Evaluation of inertial measurement units as a novel method for kinematic gait evaluation in dogs
Authors: Pauls Alexandra , Kawcak Chris , Haussler Kevin , Bertocci Gina , Moorman Valerie , King Melissa , Duerr Felix
Published: October 2016

Objective: To evaluate the use of inertial measurement units (IMU) for quantification of canine limb kinematics.

Methods: Sixteen clinically healthy, medium-sized dogs were enrolled. Baseline kinematic data were acquired using an optical motion capture system. Following this baseline data acquisition, a harness system was used for attachment of IMU to the animals. Optical kinematic data of dogs with and without the harness were compared to evaluate the influence of the harness on gait parameters. Sagittal plane joint kinematics acquired simultaneously with IMU and the optical system were compared for the carpal, tarsal, stifle and hip joints. Comparisons of data were made using the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) test and evaluation of root mean squared errors (RMSE).

Results: No significant differences were demonstrated in stance duration, swing duration or stride length between dogs instrumented with or without the harness, however, mean RMSE values ranged from 4.90° to 14.10° across the various joints. When comparing simultaneously acquired optical and IMU kinematic data, strong correlations were found for all four joints evaluated (CCC: carpus = 0.98, hock = 0.95, stifle = 0.98, hip = 0.96) and median RMSE values were similar across the joints ranging from 2.51° to 3.52°.

Conclusions and Clinical relevance: Canine sagittal plane motion data acquisition with IMU is feasible, and optically acquired and IMU acquired sagittal plane kinematics had good correlation. This technology allows data acquisition outside the gait laboratory and may provide an alternative to optical kinematic gait analysis for the carpal, tarsal, stifle, and hip joints in the dog. Further investigation into this technology is indicated.
Tunable microwave-assisted method for the solvent-free and catalyst-free peracetylation of natural products
Authors: Oliverio Manuela , Costanzo Paola , Nardi Monica , Calandruccio Carla , Salerno Raffaele , Procopio Antonio
Published: October 2016

Background: The peracetylation is a simple chemical modification that can be used to enhance the bioavailability of hydrophilic products and to obtain safe and stable pro-drugs.

Results: A totally green, solvent-free and catalyst-free microwave (MW)-assisted method for peracetylation of natural products such as oleuropein, alpha-hederin, quercetin and rutin is presented. By simply tuning the MW heating program, polyols with chemical diverse –OH groups or thermolabile functionalities can be peracetylated to improve the biological activity without degradation of the natural starting molecules. An evaluation of the process greenness was performed.

Conclusion: The method is potentially universally applicable for green acetylation of hydrophilic biological molecules, potentially easily scalable for industrial applications, including pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industry.
Modeler le comportement de la reine par l’étiquette
Authors: Prieto Elisa García
Published: October 2016

Après le mariage de Philippe II avec sa nièce, l’archiduchesse Anne d’Autriche, et l’arrivée de la nouvelle souveraine, une réforme de la Maison de la reine eut lieu qui prit la forme d’une nouvelle étiquette. Ce nouveau texte fournit une structure – avec quelques légères modifications par rapport au précédent – pour la Maison de la reine qui servit de référence pour les siècles qui suivirent, fixa les obligations des différentes charges de la Maison et modifia le comportement du personnel au palais. Cette réforme influença également la personne de la reine. Le texte en lui-même et l’administration quotidienne de la Maison nous permettent de comprendre le comportement que Philippe II attendait de la reine consort et, par là, des femmes qui étaient choisies pour devenir reines catholiques. Nous examinerons dans cette étude comment fut mis en œuvre ce processus, ainsi que les défis et difficultés rencontrés. Ceci nous permettra de comprendre le rôle joué par l’étiquette, mais aussi par Anne d’Autriche.
Momentum Distribution in the Wake of a Trapezoidal Pitching Panel
Authors: Kumar Rajeev , King Justin T. , Green Melissa A.
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe oscillation of bioinspired fin-like panels in a uniform freestream flow creates chains of vortex rings, including streamwise segments that induce significant three-dimensional effects. With increasing Strouhal number, this wake structure induces flow with increasing nondimensional momentum, defined relative to the freestream velocity, in the downstream direction. This increase in relative momentum with increasing Strouhal number is consistent with greater nondimensional thrust production, which has been shown previously in the literature. These results were obtained via stereoscopic particle image velocimetry water tunnel experiments at Strouhal numbers ranging from 0.17 to 0.56 downstream of a continuously pitching trapezoidal panel. Features of the wake dynamics including spanwise compression, transverse expansion, transverse wake splitting or bifurcation, and wake breakdown are elucidated through analyses of phase-averaged as well as time-averaged velocity fields, in addition to common vortex identification methods.
Increasing the competitiveness of maintenance contract rates by using an alternative methodology for the calculation of average vehicle maintenance costs
Authors: Carstens Stephen
Published: October 2016

Companies tend to outsource transport to fleet management companies to increase efficiencies if transport is a non-core activity. The provision of fleet management services on contract introduces a certain amount of financial risk to the fleet management company, specifically fixed rate maintenance contracts. The quoted rate needs to be sufficient and also competitive in the market. Currently the quoted maintenance rates are based on the maintenance specifications of the manufacturer and the risk management approach of the fleet management company. This is usually reflected in a contingency that is included in the quoted maintenance rate. An alternative methodology for calculating the average maintenance cost for a vehicle fleet is proposed based on the actual maintenance expenditures of the vehicles and accepted statistical techniques. The proposed methodology results in accurate estimates (and associated confidence limits) of the true average maintenance cost and can beused as a basis for the maintenance quote.
Maritime supply chain security: Navigating through a sea of compliance requirements
Authors: Maspero Emma , Van Dyk Esbeth , Ittmann Hans
Published: October 2016

As a direct result of the 9-11 New York attack all modes of freight and passengertransportation were scrutinised for vulnerabilities. Over 90% of international trade takes place via sea transport for at least some part of the supply chain and as a result there has been a drive to better secure maritime transportation. This paper outlines the background to and the rationale behind the most important of the new security measures for maritime transportation and provides an overview of the likely implications for supply chain role-players. In addition the paper endeavours to create awareness of the importance of maritime supply chain security.
The economic impact of South Africa’s international airports
Authors: Luke Rose , Walters Jackie
Published: October 2016

Infrastructure is strongly linked to economic growth and plays a major role in providing greater mobility and choice, leading to an improvement in incomes and welfare. Transport infrastructure such as highways, bridges, ports, airports and railways is critical in achieving economic growth. If the supply of these facilities does not keep up with rising demand, the cost of moving goods will increase, and there will be a downward pressure on profits and growth. Airports play a critical role in generating employment within an economy, creating wealth, contributing to the tax base, stimulating tourism and contributing to world trade. While the latter two are less easily measured, it is possible to determine a base impact that an airport has on an economy by measuring the direct and indirect gross domestic product, employment and taxation impacts. This study quantifies these for the three main international airports in South Africa.
Challenges of raising road maintenance funds in developing countries: An analysis of road tolling in Zimbabwe
Authors: Mbara T. C. , Nyarirangwe M. , Mukwashi T.
Published: October 2016

The condition of Zimbabwe's roads has been declining due to insufficient maintenance and rehabilitation. Year on year, budget allocations have compared unfavourably with funding considered adequate to maintain highway networks and conduct modest construction work. Road infrastructure shortcomings have manifested themselves in the form of high vehicle operating costs and rampant potholes, leading to a decline in road safety and a deterioration of service levels for those who use roads to deliver goods or connect to international markets. In order to try and stop this vicious cycle of decline, the Government of Zimbabwe, on 8 August 2009, introduced a new policy of road-user charges, which involved the setting-up of 22 toll gates on the trunk road network. The overall objective was to raise revenue in order to close the funding gap, blamed for declining road quality. Although alternative methods of financing road maintenance have been debated for years, a generally accepted understanding is that road users should pay costs for road provisioning. This paper assesses the implementation of a road tolling system in Zimbabwe and describes matters relating to, inter alia, implementation strategy, initial performance outcomes and sustainability.