bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ileal Transposition in Rats Reduces Energy Intake, Body Weight, and Body Fat Most Efficaciously When Ingesting a High-Protein Diet
Authors: Somogyi Edit , Sigalet David , Adrian Thomas E. , Nyakas Csaba , Hoornenborg Christiaan W. , van Beek André P. , Koopmans Henry S. , van Dijk Gertjan
Published: April 2020

Purpose

Ileal transposition (IT) allows exploration of hindgut effects of bariatric procedures in inducing weight loss and reducing adiposity. Here we investigated the role of dietary macronutrient content on IT effects in rats.

Methods

Male Lewis rats consuming one of three isocaloric liquid diets enriched with fat (HF), carbohydrates (HC), or protein (HP) underwent IT or sham surgery. Body weight, energy intake, energy efficiency, body composition, and (meal-induced) changes in plasma GIP, GLP-1, PYY, neurotensin, and insulin levels were measured.

Results

Following IT, HC intake remained highest leading to smallest weight loss among dietary groups. IT in HF rats caused high initial weight loss and profound hypophagia, but the rats caught up later, and finally had the highest body fat content among IT rats. HP diet most efficaciously supported IT-induced reduction in body weight and adiposity, but (as opposed to other diet groups) lean mass was also reduced. Energy efficiency decreased immediately after IT irrespective of diet, but normalized later. Energy intake alone explained variation in post-operative weight change by 80%. GLP-1, neurotensin, and PYY were upregulated by IT, particularly during (0–60 min) and following 17-h post-ingestive intake, with marginal diet effects. Thirty-day post-operative cumulative energy intake was negatively correlated to 17-h post-ingestive PYY levels, explaining 47% of its variation.

Conclusion

Reduction in energy intake underlies IT-induced weight loss, with highest efficacy of the HP diet. PYY, GLP-1, and neurotensin levels are upregulated by IT, of which PYY may be most specifically related to reduced intake and weight loss after IT.
Transforming petroleum downstream sector through big data: a holistic review
Authors: Patel Harsh , Prajapati Dhirenkumar , Mahida Dharamrajsinh , Shah Manan
Published: April 2020

Big data refers to store, manage, analyze, and process efficiently a huge amount of datasets and to distribute it. Recent advancements in big data technologies include data recording, storage, and processing, and now big data is used in the refinery sector for the estimation of the energy efficiency and to reduce the downtime, maintenance, and repair cost by using various models and analytics methods. In the liquefied natural gas and city gas distribution industry, also, it is used in maintenance and to predict the failure of process and equipment. In this paper, authors have reviewed that how big data now used in the storage and transportation of oil and gas, health and safety in the downstream industry and to accurately predict the future markets of oil and gas. There are many areas where we can efficiently utilize big data techniques, and there are several challenges faced in applying big data in the petroleum downstream industry.
Correction to: Respiratory tract infection-related healthcare utilisation in children with Down’s syndrome
Authors: Manikam Logan , Schilder Anne G. M. , Lakhanpaul Monica , Littlejohns Peter , Alexander Emma C. , Hayward Andrew
Published: April 2020

The original version of this article unfortunately contained an omission.
Überzeugungen von Grundschullehrkräften zum Umgang mit nicht-deutschen Erstsprachen im Unterricht
Authors: Lange Sarah Désirée , Pohlmann-Rother Sanna
Published: April 2020

Mit der vorliegenden Studie werden die Überzeugungen von berufstätigen Grundschullehrkräfte zum Umgang mit nicht-deutschen Erstsprachen im Unterricht untersucht und die Bedeutung formaler und informeller bzw. non-formaler Lerngelegenheiten für diese Überzeugungen analysiert. Die Ergebnisse der Fragebogenstudie (N = 123) zeigen, dass die Mehrheit der befragten Lehrkräfte davon überzeugt ist, dass Erstsprachen zumindest zeitweise einen Platz in ihrem Unterricht haben sollten. So stimmen beispielsweise 75 % der befragten Lehrkräfte der Aussage mindestens teilweise zu, dass die Schülerinnen und Schüler von Zeit zu Zeit Lerninhalte in ihren Erstsprachen besprechen dürfen. Dem Einsatz von nicht-deutschen Lernmaterialien im Unterricht stehen knapp 60 % der Lehrkräfte mindestens positiv gegenüber. Die multiplen Regressionsanalysen zeigen, dass sich die erstsprachenintegrierenden Überzeugungen anhand der Nutzung von formalen und informellen bzw. non-formalen Lerngelegenheiten teilweise erklären lassen. Eine formale Aus- und Weiterbildung im Themenbereich des Deutschen als Zweitsprache hat einen positiven Einfluss auf die Überzeugungen von Grundschullehrkräften zum Einbezug von Erstsprachen in ihren Unterricht. Zudem sind es auch informelle bzw. non-formale Sprachkontakte (wie etwa Alltagskommunikation oder Mediennutzung in einer Fremdsprache), deren Nutzung die Überzeugungen der Grundschullehrkräfte hinsichtlich des Umgangs mit Erstsprachen im Unterricht beeinflussen.
Gumbel and Fréchet convergence of the maxima of independent random walks
Authors: Mikosch Thomas , Yslas Jorge
Published: April 2020

We consider point process convergence for sequences of independent and identically distributed random walks. The objective is to derive asymptotic theory for the largest extremes of these random walks. We show convergence of the maximum random walk to the Gumbel or the Fréchet distributions. The proofs depend heavily on precise large deviation results for sums of independent random variables with a finite moment generating function or with a subexponential distribution.
MEMMIUS, CICERO AND LUCRETIUS: A NOTE ON CIC. FAM. 13.1
Authors: Trinacty Christopher V.
Published: April 2020

A recent piece in this journal by Morgan and Taylor made the case that C. Memmius is not to be seen as an active prosecutor of Epicureanism but rather as an Epicurean himself, who merely has disagreed with the grimly orthodox Epicurean sect in Athens. As such, Memmius’ building intentions for Epicurus’ home could have been to create an honorary monument or possibly even construct a grander locus for pilgrimage and the practice of Epicureanism. This note adds to their findings by considering allusions to De Rerum Natura found in Fam. 13.1 and the implications of Cicero speaking to Memmius in Lucretius’ striking language. Cicero expresses his judgement on De Rerum Natura, famously, at QFr. 2.10.3, Lucreti poemata ut scribis ita sunt, multis luminibus ingeni, multae tamen artis. sed cum ueneris, uirum te putabo si Sallusti Empedoclea legeris, hominem non putabo, and Memmius, of course, is the addressee of De Rerum Natura. This Lucretian language, unremarked on by previous scholars, points to the shared literary culture of Cicero and Memmius as well as Memmius’ own ability to recollect and contextualize the references. By echoing Lucretius in this letter, Cicero hints at Memmius’ sophistication and learning (Cic. Brut. 247), underscores Lucretius’ own fervent devotion to Epicurus’ strictures, and suggests the need for Memmius to achieve ataraxia, at the very least, in regards to his building plans and the furore it is causing in Athens.
Early Permian to Late Triassic tectonics of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt: geochronological and geochemical constraints from gabbros and granites in the northern Alxa area, NW China
Authors: Li Run-Wu , Zhang Xin , Shi Qiang , Chen Wan-Feng , An Yi , Huang Yao-Shen , Liu Yi-Xin , Wang Jin-Rong
Published: April 2020

Situated between the North China Craton to the east and the Tarim Craton to the west, the northern Alxa area in westernmost Inner Mongolia in China occupies a key location for interpreting the late-stage tectonic evolution of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt. New LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating results reveal 282.2 ± 3.9 Ma gabbros and 216.3 ± 3.2 Ma granites from the Yagan metamorphic core complex in northern Alxa, NW China. The gabbros are characterized by low contents of Si, Na, K, Ti and P and high contents of Mg, Ca, Al and Fe. These gabbros have arc geochemical signatures with relative enrichments in large ion lithophile elements and depletions in high field strength elements, as well as negative εNd(t) (−0.91 to −0.54) and positive εHf(t) (2.59 to 6.37) values. These features indicate that a depleted mantle magma source metasomatized by subduction fluids/melts and contaminated by crustal materials was involved in the processes of magma migration and emplacement. The granites show high-K calc-alkaline and metaluminous to weakly peraluminous affinities, similar to A-type granites. They have positive εNd(t) (1.55 to 1.99) and εHf(t) (5.03 to 7.64) values. These features suggest that the granites were derived from the mixing of mantle and crustal sources and formed in a postcollisional tectonic setting. Considering previous studies, we infer that the final closure of the Palaeo-Asian Ocean in the central part of the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt occurred in late Permian to Early–Middle Triassic times.
Albendazole solid dispersions against alveolar echinococcosis: a pharmacotechnical strategy to improve the efficacy of the drug
Authors: Fabbri Julia , Pensel Patricia Eugenia , Albani Clara María , Lopez Lurdes Milagros , Simonazzi Analia , Bermudez José María , Palma Santiago Daniel , Elissondo María Celina
Published: April 2020

Alveolar echinococcosis is a neglected parasitic zoonosis caused by Echinococcus multilocularis. The pharmacological treatment is based on albendazole (ABZ). However, the low water solubility of the drug produces a limited dissolution rate, with the consequent failure in the treatment of the disease. Solid dispersions are a successful pharmacotechnical strategy to improve the dissolution profile of poorly water-soluble drugs. The aim of this work was to determine the in vivo efficacy of ABZ solid dispersions using poloxamer 407 as a carrier (ABZ:P407 solid dispersions (SDs)) in the murine intraperitoneal infection model for secondary alveolar echinococcosis. In the chemoprophylactic efficacy study, the ABZ suspension, the ABZ:P407 SDs and the physical mixture of ABZ and poloxamer 407 showed a tendency to decrease the development of murine cysts, causing damage to the germinal layer. In the clinical efficacy study, the ABZ:P407 SDs produced a significant decrease in the weight of murine cysts. In addition, the SDs produced extensive damage to the germinal layer. The increase in the efficacy of ABZ could be due to the improvement of water solubility and wettability of the drug due to the surfactant nature of poloxamer 407. In conclusion, this study is the basis for further research. This pharmacotechnical strategy might in the future offer novel treatment alternatives for human alveolar echinococcosis.
Social isolation, rather than loneliness, is associated with cognitive decline in older adults: the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study
Authors: Yu Bin , Steptoe Andrew , Chen Yongjie , Jia Xiaohua
Published: April 2020

Background

Social isolation and loneliness have each been associated with cognitive decline, but most previous research is limited to Western populations. This study examined the relationships of social isolation and loneliness on cognitive function among Chinese older adults.

Methods

This study used two waves of data (2011 and 2015) from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) and analyses were restricted to those respondents aged 50 and older. Social isolation, loneliness, and cognitive function were measured at baseline. Follow-up measures on cognitive function were obtained for 7761 participants (mean age = 60.97, s.d. = 7.31; male, 50.8%). Lagged dependent variable models adjusted for confounding factors were used to evaluate the association between baseline isolation, loneliness, and cognitive function at follow-up.

Results

Loneliness was significantly associated with the cognitive decline at follow-up (episodic memory: β = −0.03, p < 0.01; mental status: β = −0.03, p < 0.01) in the partially adjusted models. These associations became insignificant after additional confounding variables (chronic diseases, health behaviors, disabilities, and depressive symptoms) were taken into account (all p > 0.05). By contrast, social isolation was significantly associated with decreases in all cognitive function measures at follow-up (episodic memory: β = −0.05, p < 0.001; mental status: β = −0.03, p < 0.01) even after controlling for loneliness and all confounding variables.

Conclusions

Social isolation is associated with cognitive decline in Chinese older adults, and the relationships are independent of loneliness. These findings expand our knowledge about the links between social relationships and the cognitive function in non-Western populations.
Brain functional correlates of formal thought disorder in schizophrenia: examining the frontal/dysexecutive hypothesis
Authors: Fuentes-Claramonte P. , López-Araquistain L. , Sarró S. , Sans-Sansa B. , Ortiz-Gil J. , Maristany T. , Salvador R. , McKenna P.J. , Pomarol-Clotet E.
Published: April 2020

Background

One hypothesis proposed to underlie formal thought disorder (FTD), the incoherent speech is seen in some patients with schizophrenia, is that it reflects impairment in frontal/executive function. While this proposal has received support in neuropsychological studies, it has been relatively little tested using functional imaging. This study aimed to examine brain activations associated with FTD, and its two main factor-analytically derived subsyndromes, during the performance of a working memory task.

Methods

Seventy patients with schizophrenia showing a full range of FTD scores and 70 matched healthy controls underwent fMRI during the performance of the 2-back version of the n-back task. Whole-brain corrected, voxel-based correlations with FTD scores were examined in the patient group.

Results

During 2-back performance the patients showed clusters of significant inverse correlation with FTD scores in the inferior frontal cortex and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex bilaterally, the left temporal cortex and subcortically in the basal ganglia and thalamus. Further analysis revealed that these correlations reflected an association only with ‘alogia’ (poverty of speech, poverty of content of speech and perseveration) and not with the ‘fluent disorganization’ component of FTD.

Conclusions

This study provides functional imaging support for the view that FTD in schizophrenia may involve impaired executive/frontal function. However, the relationship appears to be exclusively with alogia and not with the variables contributing to fluent disorganization.
Future outlook of people living alone with early-stage dementia and their non-resident relatives and friends who support them
Authors: Heaton Janet , Martyr Anthony , Nelis Sharon M. , Marková Ivana S. , Morris Robin G. , Roth Ilona , Woods Robert T. , Clare Linda
Published: April 2020

Little is known about the experiences of people living alone with dementia in the community and their non-resident relatives and friends who support them. In this paper, we explore their respective attitudes and approaches to the future, particularly regarding the future care and living arrangements of those living with dementia. The study is based on a qualitative secondary analysis of interviews with 24 people living alone with early-stage dementia in North Wales, United Kingdom, and one of their relatives or friends who supported them. All but four of the dyads were interviewed twice over 12 months (a total of 88 interviews). In the analysis, it was observed that several people with dementia expressed the desire to continue living at home for ‘as long as possible’. A framework approach was used to investigate this theme in more depth, drawing on concepts from the existing studies of people living with dementia and across disciplines. Similarities and differences in the future outlook and temporal orientation of the participants were identified. The results support previous research suggesting that the future outlook of people living with early-stage dementia can be interpreted in part as a response to their situation and a way of coping with the threats that it is perceived to present, and not just an impaired view of time. Priorities for future research are highlighted in the discussion.
Work-integrated learning in university popular music programmes: localised approaches to vocational curricula in Melbourne, Australia and Wellington, Aotearoa/New Zealand
Authors: Hoad Catherine , Wilson Oli , Brunt Shelley , Shill Gene , Howe Ben
Published: April 2020

This article investigates the possibilities of a vocational pedagogy for undergraduate popular music education which is grounded in site and city. The value of work-integrated curricula in tertiary music environments is well established; however, often absent from such discussions is consideration of how geospatial contexts mediate the opportunities and resources available to universities. In response, we provide a critical comparison of how work-integrated learning (WIL) has been developed in two undergraduate popular music degrees in Australia and Aotearoa/New Zealand. Through comparison, we consider how the geographic locations of both programmes have shaped WIL, as well as identifying the specific economic, cultural and political tensions that emerge.
‘Pouring everything that you are’: musicians’ experiences of optimal performances
Authors: Ford Jessica L. , Vosloo Justine , Arvinen-Barrow Monna
Published: April 2020

The purpose of this study was to document the lived experiences of flow during an optimal music performance. Fifteen undergraduate musicians (Mage= 19, 53% male) participated in in-depth, semi-structured interviews, where they were asked to describe an optimal performance experience. Results from an inductive qualitative analysis revealed three main themes: environmental context, emotional connectedness and interpersonal relationships, which synthesised the optimal performance experience. The results also suggest that flow among musicians appears to be a common emotional state and similar to that conceptualised in sport. The ways a musician experiences flow are important, as these can help music educators gain a better understanding of the conceptualisation of flow within music performance. However, given the nuanced differences in the sociocultural environment of a flow experience typical in a sport or music performance, additional research into the divergences of domains may be warranted.
Using shared knowledge to determine ironic intent; a conversational response paradigm
Authors: ZAJĄCZKOWSKA Maria , ABBOT-SMITH Kirsten , KIM Christina S.
Published: April 2020

Mentalising has long been suggested to play an important role in irony interpretation. We hypothesised that another important cognitive underpinning of irony interpretation is likely to be children's capacity for mental set switching – the ability to switch flexibly between different approaches to the same task. We experimentally manipulated mentalising and set switching to investigate their effects on the ability of 7-year-olds to determine if an utterance is intended ironically or literally. The component of mentalising examined was whether the speaker and listener shared requisite knowledge.

We developed a paradigm in which children had to select how a listener might reply, depending on whether the listener shared knowledge needed to interpret the utterance as ironic. Our manipulation of requisite set switching found null results. However, we are the first to show experimentally that children as young as seven years use mentalising to determine whether an utterance is intended ironically or literally.
Stakeholder Engagement in Practice Change: Enabling Person-Centred Mealtime Experiences in Residential Care Homes
Authors: Caspar Sienna , Davis Erin , Berg Kelsey , Slaughter Susan E , Keller Heather , Kellett Peter
Published: April 2020

Person-centred care is recognized as best practice in dementia care. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a stakeholder engagement practice change initiative aimed at increasing the provision of person-centred mealtimes in a residential care home (RCH). A single-group, time series design was used to assess the impact of the practice change initiative on mealtime environment across four time periods (pre-intervention, 1-month, 3-month, and 6-month follow-up). Statistically significant improvements were noted in all mealtime environment scales by 6 months, including the physical environment (z = -3.06, p = 0.013), social environment (z = -3.69, p = 0.001), relationship and person-centred scale (z = -3.51, p = 0.003), and overall environment scale (z = -3.60, p = 0.002). This practice change initiative, which focused on enhancing stakeholder engagement, provided a feasible method for increasing the practice of person-centred care during mealtimes in an RCH through the application of supportive leadership, collaborative decision making, and staff engagement.
L'humeur et le ralentissement chez l'adolescent déprimé: Étude comparative avec une population de déprimés adultes
Authors: Braconnier A. , Bouvard M.P. , Jouvent R.
Published: April 2020

Les travaux sur la dépression de l’adolescent restent encore peu nombreux, malgré la fréquence et la gravité de ce trouble à cette période d’âge. Aux études classiques qui évaluaient, chez l’adulte, la dépression dans son ensemble se sont récemment substitués des travaux qui analysent la symptomatologie dépressive sur un mode dimensionnel.

Nous avons tenté dans ce travail de comparer le ralentissement dépressif et les différentes dimensions de l’humeur dépressive, entre une population d’adultes et une population d’adolescents déprimes.

Nous avons pour cela utilisé l’échelle de ralentissement dépressif et une échelle expérimentale de mesure de l’humeur dépressive (Jouvent et coll.) chez 24 adultes et 15 adolescents présentant les critères DSM III d’épisode dépressif majeur.

Les résultats montrent que les scores évalués globalement par ces deux échelles sont identiques dans les deux populations. Mais l’analyse dimensionnelle met en évidence des différences nettes (figures 1, 2 et 3) entre adultes et adolescents, avec une dimension de déficit émotionnel plus marquée chez les adultes, et une dimension de tristesse plus importante chez les adolescents.

Ces résultats nous amènent à penser que c’est peut-être par l’expression quantitativement différente de dimensions cliniques identiques que 1’adolescent trouve sa spécificité par rapport à l’adulte. D’autres études doivent être menées pour étayer cette hypothèse, et pour tenter de valider chez les adolescents des instruments d’évaluation clinique plus précis.
Construction et validation d'une nouvvelle échelle biaxiale d'évaluation des états maniaques
Authors: Hardy M.C. , Lancrenon S. , Lecrubier Y.
Published: April 2020

Les nombreuses études consacrées récemment au trouble maniaque et la diversité des essais thérapeutiques proposés dans cette pathologie témoignent du regain d’intérêt qu'elle suscite et impose de revoir les instruments permettant de l’évaluer. Une brève revue est faite des échelles de manie actuellement validées. Aucune n’apparaît réellement satisfaisante.

Une nouvelle échelle d’évaluation de la symptomatologie maniaque est proposée. La sélection des items de cette échelle n’a pas été faite a priori mais après une analyse réalisée à partir d’une liste de 67 items. Ces 67 items couvraient l’ensemble des symptômes attribués classiquement à la manie. Les données d’une première analyse factorielle, effectuée sur ces 67 items, testés chez 37 maniaques, a permis la sélection de 25 items. Cette deuxième liste de 25 items a été testée chez 24 maniaques inclus dans un protocole de traitement de 2 semaines par la clonidine. Une analyse en composantes principales sur ces 25 items permet de dégager 3 facteurs expliquant respectivement 27.4 %, 11 % et 9 % de la variance (tableau 1).

Le ler facteur pouvait être interprété comme un facteur d’intensité du tableau maniaque. Le 2ème facteur pouvait être interprété comme un facteur évaluant la composante délirante du tableau.

L’échelle proposée est une échelle biaxiale.

- le ler axe peut être considéré comme une échelle d’intensité de la manie (sous-échelle EIM).

Nous avons retenu pour la constituer les 10 items les mieux corrélés au ler facteur (après rotation Varimax).

- Le 2ème axe constitue une sous-échelle de délire. L’activité délirante est évaluée indépendamment de l’intensité du tableau maniaque.

L’EIM (Échelle d’Intensité Maniaque) présente une bonne homogénéité, la corrélation des items au score global à J0, appréciée par le coefficient de corrélations de Pearson est significative (p < 0.01)(tableau 2). La fidélité inter-cotateurs est très satisfaisante, la concordance sur la note globale, appréciée par le coefficient de Spearman et celui de Fisher est proche de l (tableau 3). La validaté, appréciée en utilisant un critère de validité externe (comparaison avec l’échelle de Bech et Rafaelsen) est bonne : les coefficients de corrélation entre les scores de l’échelle de Bech et l’échelle d’intensité de l’état maniaque varient, aux différents temps du protocole de traitement, entre 0.82 et 0.94 (tableau 4). La sensibilité du changement sous traitement est globalement équivalente à celle de l’échelle de Bech et Rafaelsen. Cependant, notre échelle semble plus performante pour évaluer la pathologie légère et pour apprécier finement les différents degrés de l’amélioration (tableau 5).

Des analyses plus détaillées (notamment de la composition du 3ème axe) sont prévues lorsqu’un plus grand nombre de cas aura été évalué. Il faut enfin relever que les tableaux de validation présentés ici portent sur le nombre de cas le plus éléve de la littérature.
A mathematical model for HIV prevention and control among men who have sex with men in China
Authors: Lu Z. , Wang L. , Wang L. P. , Xing H. , Fu G. , Yan H. , Wang L. , Li Z. , Xu J. , Wang N. , Wang K. , Peng Z.
Published: April 2020

In recent years, men who have sex with men (MSM) constitute a major group of HIV transmission in China. High primary drug-resistance (PDR) rate in MSM also represents a serious challenge for the Chinese antiretroviral therapy (ART) program. To assess the efficiency of ART in controlling HIV/AIDS infection among MSM, we developed a compartmental model for the annually reported HIV/AIDS MSM from 2007 to 2019 in the Zhejiang Province of China. R0 was 2.3946 (95% CI (2.2961–2.4881)). We predict that 90% of diagnosed HIV/AIDS individuals will have received treatment till 2020, while the proportion of the diagnosed remains as low as 40%. Even when the proportion of the diagnosed reaches 90%, R0 is still larger than the level of AIDS epidemic elimination. ART can effectively control the spread of HIV, even in the presence of drug resistance. The 90-90-90 strategy alone may not eliminate the HIV epidemic in Chinese MSM. Behavioural and biologic interventions are the most effective interventions to control the HIV/AIDS epidemic among MSM.
Review of trial reintroductions of the long-lived, cooperative breeding Southern Ground-hornbill
Authors: KEMP LUCY V. , KOTZE ANTOINETTE , JANSEN RAYMOND , DALTON DESIRÉ L. , GROBLER PAUL , LITTLE ROB M.
Published: April 2020

Reintroduction to, or reinforcement of, threatened wild populations are commonly used conservation strategies. Reintroductions of the Southern Ground-hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri have been tested as a potential conservation tool for this vulnerable species since 1995. Forty-two individuals have been reintroduced under varying management strategies. We analysed the outcomes of these attempts to assess which factors contributed most to success or failure. The species exhibits complex social learning and hierarchy, and is long-lived, with delayed sexual maturity. Immediate survival was significantly affected by the season in which the release was done and by the quality of the released birds. The best-quality release birds were reared with wild behavioural characteristics and were well-socialised to captive conspecifics prior to being placed into managed groups (‘bush schools’), where social learning was led by an experienced, wild alpha male. Once reintroduced birds had survived their first year after release, continued wild experience and wild mentorship significantly affected their survival. Since sample sizes limited the rigour of some statistical analyses, other factors were considered that may also determine success. These quasi-experimental reintroductions revealed novel threats to the species, such as the importance of a nest to group cohesion, that harvested second-hatched chicks provide viable release birds, which essentially doubles wild productivity, and that reintroductions generate valuable civil society awareness of the plight of the species.
Grazing pressure and the interaction dynamics of the endemic Cyprus Warbler Sylvia melanothorax and its recently colonising congener the Sardinian Warbler S. melanocephala
Authors: HELLICAR MARTIN A. , KIRSCHEL ALEXANDER N.G.
Published: April 2020

The recent classification of the endemic Cyprus Warbler to a Species of European Conservation Concern by BirdLife International has renewed interest in its interaction with the Sardinian Warbler, a widespread Sylvia that was first confirmed as breeding in Cyprus in the 1990s and has since expanded in numbers and range. In areas where the Sardinian Warbler has become established, there has been a reduction in the abundance of the Cyprus Warbler, leading some researchers to suggest the recently arrived species is outcompeting its endemic congener. However, clear evidence of competition between the two species has not been found, and more recent research has suggested the closely related warbler species show preferences for subtly different scrub habitats, which might be influenced by the extent of grazing. We carried out line transect surveys during the breeding season at 48 scrub and open woodland sites across Cyprus in 2012, 2014 and 2016, recording Cyprus Warblers and Sardinian Warblers in order to estimate their densities. In addition, we recorded vegetation characteristics and estimated grazing pressure at these 48 sites. Our analysis showed that the Sardinian Warbler continues to increase in abundance over time and its higher abundances were associated with lower Cyprus Warbler abundances. Sardinian Warbler however was negatively associated with all but very low grazing pressure, whereas the Cyprus Warbler was more tolerant of grazing. Our findings suggest continued grazing of scrub sites is important for the maintenance of suitable habitat for the endemic warbler, which will help improve its conservation status.
The American Mind Is Dead, Long Live the American Mind
Authors: Kittelstrom Amy
Published: April 2020

The story of American intellectual history has a mythic quality: a slow beginning, a rise to great heights, and a precipitous fall. Early in the twentieth century, the study of American history and literature grew in American colleges and universities, after many years of teaching European ideas in lieu of an American canon. Then, from a literature department arose Vernon Louis Parrington and from an American studies department Perry Miller—their writing compelling, learned, and suggestive. Their books and their students established the new field of American intellectual history, drawing readers far and wide into their interpretations of how not just individuals but entire peoples had “minds” that hovered above society, transmitting ideas from the past and changing with the times. Miller pioneered this approach with The New England Mind: The Seventeenth Century, which became required reading for historians for decades—and ever since, for Puritan specialists. Miller used the published sermons of the most prominent theologians—and their European sources—to describe a crisis in Puritan thought over the character of their faith and therefore purpose. The concept of the regional or national mind became so popular that when Parrington's student Henry Steele Commager published The American Mind at mid-century, the book met a hungry public and went into eight printings in seven years.
From Chimera's Womb: The Manchukuo Bureaucracy and Its Legacy in East Asia
Authors: Siverson Rolf I.
Published: April 2020

Within the Japanese Empire, the Manchukuo bureaucracy was unique for its high level of centralization and standardization. This study argues that Manchukuo's bureaucratic recruitment and training processes molded civil officials into a paramilitary force, dedicated to developmentalism and a radical belief in the transformative power of the state. It approaches the institutional and cultural development of the Manchukuo bureaucracy as an evolutionary process. As pan-Asian radicals, military officials, and reform bureaucrats competed for control of Japan's imperial project, their ideas and agendas merged into a hybrid system of bureaucratic management that served as a model for the wartime empire. Looking past the temporal juncture of August 1945, this study also foregrounds the legacy of the Manchukuo bureaucracy on postwar East Asia. Manchukuo's government institutions recruited and indoctrinated not just Japanese but Korean, Taiwanese, and other imperial subjects in the name of ethnic harmony. Back in their homelands, these men adapted to their experience and training into the foundations of developmental nationalism and authoritarian state structures during the Cold War.
Konditionierungseffekte in Panel-Untersuchungen
Authors: Burgard Tanja , Bosnjak Michael , Wedderhoff Nadine
Published: April 2020

Zusammenfassung. Paneldaten sind für die Untersuchung kausaler Zusammenhänge und die Beantwortung längsschnittlicher Fragestellungen unverzichtbar. Es ist allerdings umstritten, welchen Effekt die wiederholte Befragung von Panelteilnehmern auf die Qualität von Paneldaten hat. Der zu erwartende Lerneffekt der Teilnehmer bei wiederholter Teilnahme wird als Panelkonditionierung bezeichnet und kann sowohl positive als auch negative Folgen für die Validität der Paneldaten aufweisen. Insbesondere bei sensitiven Items werden Auswirkungen auf die soziale Erwünschtheit der gemachten Angaben erwartet. Die verfügbare Evidenz zu Konditionierungseffekten bei sensitiven Fragen legt unterschiedliche Effekte je nach Art der Frage nahe und wurde bisher lediglich in Form narrativer Reviews aufgearbeitet. In der vorliegenden Meta-Analyse werden anhand der verfügbaren experimentellen Evidenz (154 Effektstärken aus 19 Berichten) Konditionierungseffekte in Abhängigkeit von der Art der Frage, sowie der Häufigkeit und der Abstände zwischen den Erhebungen (Dosiseffekte) untersucht. Standardisierte Mittelwertunterschiede zwischen wiederholt teilnehmenden und erstmalig teilnehmenden Probanden werden mittels Mehrebenen-Meta-Regressionen analysiert. Dabei zeigen sich nur geringe Effekte vorheriger Befragungen auf das Antwortverhalten in Folgewellen. Nach aktuellem Stand kann daher davon ausgegangen werden, dass die Qualität von Paneldaten nicht in relevantem Maße von Konditionierungseffekten beeinflusst wird. Grenzen der vorliegenden Meta-Analyse und relevante Forschungslücken werden diskutiert. Eine englische Übersetzung als Rohfassung dieses Artikels finden Sie als Elektronisches Supplement 1. ESM1 .
Meta-analytische Strukturgleichungsmodelle
Authors: Steinmetz Holger , Bosnjak Michael , Isidor Rodrigo
Published: April 2020

Zusammenfassung. Meta-analytische Ansätze gehören in der Psychologie inzwischen zum einschlägigen Methodeninventar zur Synthese empirischer Befunde und zur Ableitung evidenz-basierter Maßnahmen. Bisher dominieren univariate Ansätze, welche auf die Integration und Analyse einzelner Effektstärken abzielen und damit zur Prüfung multivariater (Kausal–)‌Zusammenhänge von begrenztem Wert sind. Meta-analytische Strukturgleichungsmodelle (MASEM) stellen eine hilfreiche Erweiterung dar, da sie eine meta-analytische Analyse komplexer multivariater Strukturen ermöglichen. Darüber hinaus lassen sich mittels MASEM multivariate Effektstärkenabhängigkeiten sowie Mehrebenenstrukturen abbilden. Ziel des Beitrags ist, die konzeptionellen Grundlagen von MASEM zu skizzieren und anhand eines empirischen Beispiels aus der Organisationspsychologie zu illustrieren. Den Abschluss bildet eine kritische Diskussion der Limitationen des Ansatzes. Eine englische Übersetzung als Rohfassung dieses Artikels finden Sie als Elektronisches Supplement 1.
Erfassung der Primärstudienqualität in psychologischen Meta-Analysen
Authors: Wedderhoff Nadine , Bosnjak Michael
Published: April 2020

Zusammenfassung. Meta-Analysen haben sich als Methodik zur Zusammenfassung von Studienergebnissen etabliert und sind ein wichtiges Instrument für Wissenschaftler, aber auch für politische und soziale Entscheidungsträger. Jedoch können die Schätzungen einer Meta-Analyse verzerrt sein, wenn nicht für die methodische Qualität der eingehenden Primärstudien kontrolliert wird. Die Erfassung der Primärstudienqualität und die Bereitstellung entsprechender Instrumente sollte dementsprechend essentieller Bestandteil jeder wissenschaftlichen Disziplin sein, die sich auf Meta-Analysen zur quantitativen Integration von Studienergebnissen stützt. Die vorliegende Übersichtsarbeit bietet daher einen Überblick ob und welche Qualitätskriterien in der Psychologie herangezogen werden. Insgesamt 225 Meta-Analysen, die in den letzten 10 Jahren im Psychological Bulletin veröffentlicht wurden, gingen in die Analyse ein. Nur etwa 18 % dieser Studien berücksichtigen explizit die Qualität der eingehenden Primärstudien. Zudem weisen die Strategie der Qualitätsberücksichtigung, wie auch die verwendeten Instrumente, bzw. die entwickelten Items eine ausgeprägte Heterogenität zwischen den Studien auf. Diese Unterschiede, die Vor- und Nachteile der spezifischen Vorgehensweisen als auch die praktischen Implikationen, die sich daraus ergeben werden anschließend diskutiert. Eine englische Übersetzung als Rohfassung dieses Artikels finden Sie als Elektronisches Supplement 1.
Erkenne dich selbst!
Authors: Wedderhoff Oliver , Chasiotis Anita , Rosman Tom
Published: April 2020

Zusammenfassung. Die eigenständige Suche sowie das adäquate Verständnis von Gesundheitsinformationen bilden eine wichtige Grundlage für die fundierte Entscheidungsfindung bei gesundheitlichen Problemen. Die hierfür zentralen Fähigkeiten sind die Gesundheitsinformationskompetenz (Health Information Literacy, HIL) und die allgemeine kognitive Fähigkeit (IQ). Die Konsequenzen einer adäquaten oder weniger adäquaten Einschätzung der eigenen Fähigkeiten für alltägliche Entscheidungen können erheblich sein, wurden jedoch im Kontext der Suche nach Gesundheitsinformationen noch nicht untersucht. In dieser Studie wurde zunächst überprüft, inwiefern HIL und IQ einen differenzierbaren Vorhersagebeitrag hinsichtlich der Präferenz bestimmter Eigenschaften von Gesundheitsinformationsquellen (Expertise, Interaktion, Zugänglichkeit) aufweisen. In einer explorativen Analyse wurden anschließend Unterschiede im Vorhersagebeitrag von Selbsteinschätzungs- und Leistungsmaßen von HIL und IQ untersucht. Dabei wurden Auswirkungen einer Über- oder Unterschätzung der eigenen Fähigkeiten im Hinblick auf die Präferenz bestimmter Quelleneigenschaften betrachtet. N = 286 Personen nahmen an der Untersuchung teil. Mit Hilfe von Response Surface Analysen wurde ein differenzierbarer Einfluss von HIL und IQ ermittelt. Spezifische Effekte der selbst eingeschätzten und objektiv gemessenen Fähigkeiten sowie der Interaktion dieser Maße wurden in Form einer Über- oder Unterschätzung identifiziert. Neben der tatsächlichen Fähigkeit spielen somit auch die eigene Einschätzung dieser Fähigkeit sowie eine daraus resultierende Unter- oder Überschätzung eine wichtige Rolle. In Forschung und Praxis Tätige sollten dies bei der Entwicklung und Durchführung von Maßnahmen zur Förderung der fundierten Entscheidungsfindung bei Patientinnen und Patienten berücksichtigen. Eine englische Übersetzung als Rohfassung dieses Artikels finden Sie als Elektronisches Supplement 1.
Classifier Neural Network Models Predict Relativistic Electron Events at Geosynchronous Orbit Better than Multiple Regression or ARMAX Models
Authors: Simms Laura E. , Engebretson Mark J.
Published: April 2020

To find the best method of predicting when daily relativistic electron flux (>2 MeV) will rise at geosynchronous orbit, we compare model predictive success rates (true positive rate or TPR) for multiple regression, ARMAX, logistic regression, a feed‐forward multilayer perceptron (MLP), and a recurrent neural network (RNN) model. We use only those days on which flux could rise, removing days when flux is already high from the data set. We explore three input variable sets: (1) ground‐based data (Kp, Dst, and sunspot number), (2) a full set of easily available solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field parameters (|B|, Bz, V, N, P, Ey, Kp, Dst, and sunspot number, and (3) this full set with the addition of previous day's flux. Despite high validation correlations in the multiple regression and ARMAX predictions, these regression models had low predictive ability (TPR < 45%) and are not recommended for use. The three classifier model types (logistic regression, MLP, and RNN) performed better (TPR: 50.8–74.6%). These rates were increased further if the cost of missing an event was set at 4 times that of predicting an event that did not happen (TPR: 73.1–89.6%). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves did not, for the most part, differ between the classifier models (logistic, MLP, and RNN), indicating that any of the three could be used to discriminate between events and nonevents, but validation suggests a full RNN model performs best. The addition of previous day's flux as a predictor provided only a slight advantage.
Mesospheric Bore Evolution and Instability Dynamics Observed in PMC Turbo Imaging and Rayleigh Lidar Profiling Over Northeastern Canada on 13 July 2018
Authors: Fritts David C. , Kaifler Natalie , Kaifler Bernd , Geach Christopher , Kjellstrand C. Bjorn , Williams Bifford P. , Eckermann Stephen D. , Miller Amber D. , Rapp Markus , Jones Glenn , Limon Michele , Reimuller Jason , Wang Ling
Published: April 2020

Two successive mesospheric bores were observed over northeastern Canada on 13 July 2018 in high‐resolution imaging and Rayleigh lidar profiling of polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) performed aboard the PMC Turbo long‐duration balloon experiment. Four wide field‐of‐view cameras spanning an area of ~75 × 150 km at PMC altitudes captured the two evolutions occurring over ~2 hr and resolved bore and associated instability features as small as ~100 m. The Rayleigh lidar provided PMC backscatter profiling that revealed vertical displacements, evolving brightness distributions, evidence of instability character and depths, and insights into bore formation, ducting, and dissipation. Both bores exhibited variable structure along their phases, suggesting variable gravity wave (GW) source and bore propagation conditions. Both bores also exhibited small‐scale instability dynamics at their leading and trailing edges. Those at the leading edges comprised apparent Kelvin‐Helmholtz instabilities that were advected downward and rearward beneath the bore descending phases extending into an apparently intensified shear layer. Instabilities at the trailing edges exhibited alignments approximately orthogonal to the bore phases that resembled those seen to accompany GW breaking or intrusions arising in high‐resolution modeling of GW instability dynamics. Collectively, PMC Turbo bore imaging and lidar profiling enabled enhanced definition of bore dynamics relative to what has been possible by previous ground‐based observations, and a potential to guide new, three‐dimensional modeling of bore dynamics. The observed bore evolutions suggest potentially important roles for bores in the deposition of energy and momentum transported into the mesosphere and to higher altitudes by high‐frequency GWs achieving large amplitudes.
On the Accuracy of Ray‐Theory Methods to Determine the Altitudes of Intracloud Electric Discharges and Ionospheric Reflections: Application to Narrow Bipolar Events
Authors: Li Dongshuai , Liu Feifan , Pérez‐Invernón F. J. , Lu Gaopeng , Qin Zilong , Zhu Baoyou , Luque Alejandro
Published: April 2020

Narrow bipolar events (NBEs) (also called narrow bipolar pulses [NBPs] or compact intracloud discharges [CIDs]) are energetic intracloud discharges characterized by narrow bipolar electromagnetic waveforms identified from ground‐based very low frequency (VLF)/low‐frequency (LF) observations. The simplified ray‐theory method proposed by Smith et al. (1999, https://doi.org/10.1029/1998JD200045; 2004, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002RS002790) is widely used to infer the altitude of intracloud lightning and the effective (or virtual) reflection height of the ionosphere from VLF/LF signals. However, due to the large amount of high‐frequency components in NBEs, the propagation effect of the electromagnetic fields for NBEs at large distance depends nontrivially on the geometry and the effective conductivity of the Earth‐ionosphere waveguide (EIWG). In this study, we investigate the propagation of NBEs by using a full‐wave Finite‐Difference Time‐Domain (FDTD) approach. The simulated results are compared with ground‐based measurements at different distances in Southern China, and we assess the accuracy of the simplified ray‐theory method in estimating the altitude of the NBE source and the effective reflection height of the ionosphere. It is noted that the evaluated NBE altitudes have a slight difference of about ±1 km when compared with the full‐wave FDTD results, while the evaluated ionospheric reflection heights are found to be bigger than those obtained from FDTD model by about 5 km.
Lava‐Rise Plateaus and Inflation Pits in the McCartys Lava Flow Field, New Mexico: An Analog for Pāhoehoe‐Like Lava Flows on Planetary Surfaces
Authors: Hamilton Christopher W. , Scheidt Stephen P. , Sori Michael M. , de Wet Andrew P. , Bleacher Jacob E. , Mouginis‐Mark Peter J. , Self Stephen , Zimbelman James R. , Garry W. Brent , Whelley Patrick L. , Crumpler Larry S.
Published: April 2020

Basaltic lava flows are common on the surface of the Earth and other terrestrial bodies. However, inflation—including a combination of initially rapid molten core thickening and gradual crustal growth—must be accounted for to enable accurate reconstructions of eruption parameters from observed lava flow morphologies. The shape of an inflated lava flow can change significantly over time. Therefore, incorrectly attributing the flow's final thickness to its dimensions in an initially fully molten state will yield excessively high flow rates, erroneous rheological properties, and unreasonably short eruption durations. To develop improved criteria for identifying inflated lava flows, we examined the McCartys lava flow field in New Mexico, USA. This locality provides an example of how pāhoehoe‐like lava lobes can coalesce and coinflate to form interconnected lava‐rise plateaus with internal inflation pits. These structures were examined using a combination of field observations, low‐altitude kite‐based imaging, and quantitative geomorphology using high‐resolution (1.47 cm/pixel) orthomosaics and stereo‐derived digital terrain models. These observations were used to identify characteristics and diagnostics of inflation, thereby facilitating the interpretation of comparable landforms on other planetary surfaces. Lava‐cooling models were also used to estimate the lava emplacement duration of the ~20‐m‐thick flows by demonstrating that the ~8‐m‐thick upper crust exposed within inflation clefts in the southern part of the McCartys lava flow field would have required 1.2–2.5 years of continuous lava supply to form. This places a minimum bound on the total eruption duration, and implies that comparably thick inflated flows on Mars required years to form.
The Climate and Health Impacts of Gasoline and Diesel Emissions
Authors: Shultz David
Published: April 2020

New research tallies the effects of gas- and diesel-burning vehicle emissions on the climate, as well as on human health. Together, the emissions cause more than 200,000 premature deaths each year.