bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis of the bovine leukaemia virus infection in Polish Holstein-Friesian cows and comparison of their milk productivity
Authors: Szewczuk Małgorzata , Zych Sławomir , Katafiasz Sylwia
Published: March 2013

Economic losses due to the bovine leukaemia virus infection can come from reduced milk production. The aim of this study was to evaluate molecular multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (multiplex PCR) test as an alternative for serologic Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) method in diagnosing bovine leukaemia virus infections and found possible differences in milk yield in seronegative and seropositive cows. The study involved two groups of Polish Holstein-Friesian var. black and white cows (a total of 147 individuals). Animals were grouped according to their serological response to the bovine leukaemia virus antigen: control group of 71 healthy cows and second group of 76 naturally infected animals. Both multiplex PCR and ELISA proved to be very sensitive methods with sensitivity up to 100% and 97.4%, respectively. Negative effect of bovine leukaemia virus on milk yield was observed. Leucosis-free cows achieved higher milk yield (+ 322.9 kg;P≤ 0.01), protein yield (+ 5.2 kg,P≤ 0.05), and better milk yield after calculation into daily milk yield corrected for fat (+ 106.6 kg,P≤ 0.05) in comparison to seropositive cows. In infected cows a significantly higher (P≤ 0.01) fat content (4.1%) was recorded. Because ELISA test does not provide information of the infection at an early stage and is not sensitive enough to detect every infected animal, a two-step protocol allows for elimination of seropositive animals and restriction of their introduction into herds in Europe.
The effect of chronic respiratory diseases in calves on the serum protein electrophoretic pattern
Authors: Tóthová Csilla , Nagy Oskar , Seidel Herbert , Kováč Gabriel
Published: March 2013

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of chronic respiratory diseases in calves on the serum protein electrophoretic pattern. Twenty five calves of the Slovak Spotted breed, Low-land Black Spotted breed, and their crossbreeds with clinical symptoms of chronic respiratory diseases were included into this study. Blood serum was analyzed for the total serum protein concentrations, and the relative and absolute values of serum protein fractions. The results obtained in sick animals were compared with those in 29 clinically healthy calves of the same age and breed. In the calves suffering from chronic respiratory diseases, we found significantly (P< 0.001) higher total serum protein concentrations than in healthy calves. In sick calves a marked shift in the concentrations of the most of protein fractions was observed, with significantly higher values of α1-, β1-, β2- and γ-globulins (P< 0.001,P< 0.05,P< 0.001, andP< 0.01, respectively). On the other hand, the concentrations of albumin in the calves with respiratory diseases were significantly (P< 0.001) lower than those measured in healthy ones. The presented results indicate a marked effect of chronic respiratory diseases in calves on the serum protein electrophoretic pattern, with a shift in the albumin and globulin concentrations, which could be useful for clinicians for better evaluation of the pathological changes in affected animals.
Myelographic diagnosis and results of surgical treatment of caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy in dogs: a retrospective study (2000–2010)
Authors: Srnec Robert , Proks Pavel , Fedorová Petra , Stehlík Ladislav , Dvořák Milan , Nečas Alois
Published: March 2013

The outcomes of six different surgical techniques of caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy treatment in dogs with static and dynamic spinal cord compressions were assessed. Out of 425 dogs with cervical spine diseases, caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy was diagnosed in 69 dogs. Dynamic myelographic study was performed in 48 of them as a diagnostic method necessary for choosing the appropriate technique of surgical treatment. Twenty-five out of the 48 dogs underwent surgery. The best results of the surgical treatment of static compression were achieved with a ventral slot (89% of the nine surgical interventions) with partial improvement 48 h after surgery and marked improvement 8 weeks after surgery. For dynamic compressions, vertebral traction and stabilization with intervertebral washer plus vertebral body screws and polymethylmethacrylate bridge was found to be the most successful surgical treatment with significant improvement in 62% of the thirteen surgical interventions 8 weeks after surgery. In 5 dogs (20%), two intervertebral spaces with caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy were surgically treated. Recurrence was observed in 6 dogs (24%) after the mean period of 20 months (5 to 44 months) after surgery. Direct ventral slot decompression could be recommended for clinical cases of the caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy with static compression, and intervertebral washer plus vertebral body screws and polymethylmethacrylate bridge for dogs with dynamic compression, respectively. Our findings refer to the results of surgical treatment in a relatively large number of dogs with caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy and can help surgeons to choose an effective surgical method of treatment in dogs with wobbler syndrome based on dynamic myelographic study findings.
“If two ride a horse, one must ride in front”: Married Women's Nationality and the Law in Canada 1880–1950
Authors: Girard Philip
Published: March 2013

Abstract:

Canada's Naturalization Act 1881 followed Britain's lead in requiring a woman's nationality to conform to that of her husband. Analysis of the interwar campaign to change the law sheds light on the link between the status of women and dominion autonomy; the continuing reluctance to admit immigrant women to the full privileges of citizenship; the role of national women's organizations in maintaining Canada's future as a white settler nation; and the emergence of new ways of justifying and maintaining male legal privilege at a time when ideas about gender and marital equality were gaining some traction. By 1946, when Canada's Citizenship Act declared citizenship to be independent of marriage, and Canadian citizenship to be independent of British subject status, the emancipation of married women from their husbands' nationality tracked the disengagement of Canada from the British Empire.
Investigation into the Impact of Audience Response Devices on Short- and Long-term Content Retention
Authors: Rush Bonnie R. , White Brad J. , Allbaugh Rachel A. , Jones Meredyth L. , Klocke Emily E. , Miesner Matt , Towle-Millard Heather A. , Roush James K.
Published: March 2013

Audience Response Systems (ARSs) may enhance short-term knowledge retention. Long-term knowledge retention is more difficult to demonstrate. According to previous studies, ARS questions requiring application of knowledge or peer interaction are more effective in maintaining student attention. The purpose of this study was to determine if peer discussion or individual-knowledge questions enhance short- and/or long-term knowledge retention. Third-year veterinary students responded to ARS questions posed in individual knowledge (n=3 questions) and peer discussion (n=3 questions) format from six different instructors. To test short-term memory, the same questions were delivered during the course examination (within 21 days). To test long-term retention, these questions were posed during a retention exercise (four months later). On the course examination, students had a higher (p<.01) probability (±SE) of correctly answering ARS individual-knowledge questions (93.8±1.8%) compared to novel (previously unseen, non-ARS control) course examination questions (87.5±3.1%), but the probability of correctly answering examination questions previously posed using ARS peer discussion format (89.5±3.0%) did not differ from individual knowledge or novel examination questions. The positive impact of ARS-knowledge questions was not maintained through the retention exercise. Neither individual knowledge (70.5±6.4%) nor peer-discussion questions (67.5±6.9%) performed better on the retention exercise than the questions that appeared only on the course examination (68.6±6.1%). Curricular strategies that emphasize content review may be more powerful than strategies that strengthen initial learning for long-term content retention.
Unpoetry—Poetry—Metapoetry
Authors: MacCallum Reid
Published: March 2013

This will be an attempt to determine the nature of poetry by a sort of inital range-finding; by determining what is not yet and what is no longer poetry, what is still prose and what is already prayer.
One Nazi Victory
Authors: Norsman Olav
Published: March 2013

The air was clean and cool after a night's rain. A faint breeze stirred the trees, shadows of leaves flickered across the green lawn. By the open window sat a graying, middle-aged man. On the desk before him lay a newspaper. His face was set and grave. Vaguely and absent-mindedly he noted the fragrance of grass, of leaves, of pine needles, of syringa in bloom; he heard the buzz of bees, the twittering of sparrows, the song of a wren perched on the top of its man-made house in the crotch of a tree; he watched a squirrel busily hunting for acorns buried in the garden and a chipmunk rushing to and fro on some mysterious errand. Across the way he saw a little girl whose golden hair shone in the sunlight. She was so busily occupied, now with her tiny waggon, then with her swing, now digging trenches or building houses in her sand pile, then demolishing all of them and starting afresh. The hum of an aeroplane caused her to look up, quickly she brushed her hands against her dress, cast a swift glance at the passing plane, and proceeded with her manifold tasks.
Fiction
Authors: MacGillivray
Published: March 2013

Reviews of fiction published in Canada in 1941.
Some Aspects of European Reconstruction
Authors: Redler Richard
Published: March 2013

Although the reconstruction of Europe presents what is probably the greatest challenge to the intelligence of our generation, the literature on the subject is as yet surprisingly thin. Up to this war, Europe was the centre of gravity of world affairs. The old continent has lost this role of leadership. Politically it will represent a “vacuum of power,” as General Smuts pointed out in his remarkable address to the Empire Parliamentary Association; economically it will also be thrown off balance to such an extent that its rehabilitation will largely depend on extra-continental forces, on the policies of the three great world powers who will be the trustees of the new Europe. The shape of these policies of Great Britain, the United States and Soviet Russia has not yet been unfolded by the Allied leaders. This is one reason why the problem of European reconstruction at this stage defies a truly scientific analysis.
New-Canadian Letters
Authors: Kirkconnell Watson
Published: March 2013

Reviews of English-Canadian books published in Canada in 1943.
The English Education Act of 1944
Authors: Clarke Sir Fred
Published: March 2013

For an Englishman who has lived and worked in other lands long enough to have acquired the necessary degree of detachment there is peculiar fascination in observing the ways of this queer animal, the English people, in its native habitat. One is reminded so often of an elephant. There is the same lumbering, clumsy-looking strength, combined, on occasion, with a surprising capacity for delicate discrimination and subtle precision of action; the same air of placid unconcern concealing a sensitive alertness that can be so disconcerting to friend and foe alike; the same serviceableness and tractability in the long spells of quiescence, with the same implacable resolution in the briefer spells of vigorous action; and, one more elephantine trait, those strange hesitancies and delays preceding action, as though the creature were moved by reservations so subtle and deepseated as to defy articulate expression.
Reviews
Authors: Clark  , Brown  , Daniels Roy , Nicoll Allardyce , Wallace  , Allen Frank
Published: March 2013

Pertinax, The Gravediggers of France: Gamelin, Daladier, Reynaud, Pétain, and Laval; Military Defeat, Armistice, Counter-Revolution, reviewed by A. F. B. Clark

Philip Guedalla, The Two Marshals: Bazaine-Pétain, reviewed by A. F. B. Clark

E. J. Pratt, Collected Poems, reviewed by E. K. Brown

Elmer Edgar Stoll, From Shakespeare to Joyce, reviewed by Roy Daniells

Arthur Colby Sprague, Shakespeare and the Actors; The Stage Business in His Plays, 1660–1905, reviewed by Allardyce Nicoll

Fremont Rider, The Scholar and the Future of the Research Library: A Problem and its Solution, reviewed by W. S. Wallace

Pascual Jordan, Physics of the 20th Century, reviewed by Frank Allen
Sir Arthur Eddington, O.M.
Authors: Douglas A. Vibert
Published: March 2013

With the death of Sir Arthur Stanley Eddington in Cambridge on November 21, 1944, a very great man has passed through the portals into the unseen world. Born in Kendal in 1882, he was the son of the Headmaster of Stramongate School. From Owens College, that famous training ground of potential scholars, he prodeeded to Cambridge. Here he trod the courts and corridors where the spirit of Newton lingers, where brilliant mathematicians had been or were making advance in pure mathematics and in its appliations ot physical problems and to astronomy—Airy, Cayley, Stokes, John Couch Adams, Larmor, J. J. Thomson, George Darwin. In 1904 he won distinction of Senior Wrangler and in 1907 became Smith's Prizeman and Fellow of Trinity.
Treaty Revision and Revisionism
Authors: Knox Sir Geoffrey
Published: March 2013

The idea that a treaty of peace must be subject to revision, which was introduced in the Covenant of the League of Nations and eagerly canvassed in the period between the two wars, has been brought up again, at San Francisco and more will certainly be heard of it before the Peace Conferences begin. It may therefore be worth while to look back at how the experiment of 1919 fared in practice and how the principle of revision was exploited for ends which its authors and advocates had not foreseen.
The Morceau de Fantaisie in Verse: A New Approach to Collins
Authors: Sypher Wylie
Published: March 2013

No one has known precisely what to make of the poetry of William Collins. He obviously wrote, in part, a mechanical sort of eighteenth-century verse. What is harder to speak of, however, is his poetical character, a visionary disorder that by its psychic representations may amount occasionally to surrealism. The academic critics have proclaimed that his “imagination” betokens the onset of “romanticism.” Dr. Johnson probably did much better than they when he mentioned “the grandeur of wildness” in Collins, who, he said, “delighted to rove through the meanders of inchantment.”
Off-Stage Sounds
Authors: Sprague Arthur Colby
Published: March 2013

There is a fine moment at the close of Mr. Paul Osborne's recent play, A Bell for Adano. Major Joppolo, deprived of his command, is leaving the town he has befriended. More dispiriting than the sense of his personal humiliation is the knowledge that all he had achieved is now jeopardized. Sadly he moves toward the door, and just as he reaches it stops short. For a great sonorous bell has begun to ring, the bell longed for by the townspeople and got for them at last with so much difficulty by him—symbol, half-ironic, half-triumphant, of his life in Adano and of all that he has tried to do there.
Johnson and the Art of Anecdote
Authors: Tracy C. R.
Published: March 2013

From our point of view, Boswell's Life of Johnson is a characteristic literary product of its age, for it preserves many of the strongest traditions of the century: its love of personalities, its scholarly temper, its cultivation of correspondence, its appreciation of the quieter moods and moments of life and its fondness for conversation. Viewed from the other side, however, the Johnson stands out in marked contrast to the ideals of neo-classicism and in particular to the aesthetic doctrine of the general idea to which Johnson himself had often given memorable expression.
The Continuity of British Foreign Policy
Authors: Davies Godfrey
Published: March 2013

Continuity of British foreign policy has become a commonplace in political speeches and writings. On November 10, 1945, at a dinner at the White House to welcome Clement R. Attlee and W. L. Mackenzie King, President Truman is reported to have said: “One of the great things of the British Empire is that when they have a foreign policy—and they always have one—the British people are behind that foreign policy no matter which government is in power.“ Mr. Hugh Gibson in his book, The Road to Foreign Policy (p. 10), states that after the formation of a new British government, “other countries know what to expect—that as regards fundamentals there will be no change.” Certainly, the recent change of foreign secretaries in London has not produced any very noticeable deviation from the established pattern. Mr. Ernest Bevin has stated his intention of following the lines already laid down. Yet the principle of continuity in foreign policy is of fairly recent origin and has not been invariably observed since its adoption in the eighteen-eighties. Before that decade foreign policy was often a partisan question that not infrequently determined election results; it became so again after the close of World War I. A historical survey, however brief, will illustrate this conclusion.
Atomic Energy and World-Order
Authors: Allen Frank
Published: March 2013

In the fifth century before our era the atomic age was founded in Greece by Leucippus of Abdera and his renowned pupil Democritus. It reached its tragic and sensational climax on August 6, 1945 when the atomic bomb of questionable fame obliterated in a moment the Japanese city of Hiroshima with its doomed inhabitants. The beginning of the theory was publicly unnoticed; its appalling culmination in action has alarmed the world.
Plato and Freud
Authors: Edison
Published: March 2013

When the world was younger and the skies were uncontested, there was a time when utterances from the gods were not disdained. It was then, so we are told, that the Pythian Apollo had his say. It was then that his paternal injunction, γνωθισ εαυτδν, “Know thyself,” first proclaimed the problem which has kept the introspective mind in travail from that day to this. Man has a fickle memory, but it is not surprising that he has recalled this injunction in every age, since none could have been more congenial to his inquiring spirit. To be sure, most of us are quite unable to summon the poet's interest in “everything created in the bounds of earth and sky”; but few of us, it we are honest, would disclaim an interest in ourselves, or in that most engrossing of all mortal quests, the quest to discover something of the nature of the rock from which we were hewn or of the pit from which we were digged.
Poetry and the Freudian Aesthetic
Authors: Glicksberg Charles
Published: March 2013

Sigmund Freud began with the unconscious, the seat of the neuroses but it was not long before he made a nimble jump and concluded that the mental processes in the neurotic are substantially the same as those in “normal” people. He went even further, maintaining that everything mental is unconscious. On the basis of his knowledge of the unconscious, he boldly attempted to provide the crucial psychological clue to the understanding of the creative process. In an essay included in his Collected Papers, Freud argues that the artist is one who “turns from reality because he cannot come to terms with the demand for the renunciation of instinctual satisfactions as it is first made, and who then in phantasy-life allows full play to his erotic and ambitious wishes. But he finds a way of return from this world of phantasy back to reality; with his special gifts he moulds his phantasies into a new kind of reality, and men concede them a justification as valuable reflections of actual life.” By means of his imagination, the artist, without actually reshaping reality, achieves the role he dreams of; people admire his creations because they are troubled by the same instinctual frustrations he feels. For all human beings are poets at heart in that they tend to day-dream, creating elaborate phantasies to compensate them for the lack of gratification in reality. This early formulation of the Freudian aesthetic has remained virtually unchanged through the years, though it has heen carried to fantastic lengths by some of Freud's disciples.
The Arts and UNESCO
Authors: Voaden Herman
Published: March 2013

The United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, commonly known as UNESCO, has been called “the spearhead of the United Nations.” The constitution of UNESCO, drafted by representatives of the governments of its member nations, clearly states that the Organization is envisaged as an instrument of world peace which will help to counteract certain conditions which have in the past made for war.
The Royal Ontario Museum
Authors: Edgar Pelham
Published: March 2013

In an upstairs room of the Royal Ontario Museum there is a small case containing a diminutive figure. The visitor passes it by carelessly enough, perhaps wondering why a plain Ushabti figurine had been so selectively enshrined. If informed that it represents the pivotal centre of all the accumulated richness of this great archaeological collection, which exists because C. T. Currelly once blew his nose, his wonder would merely pass in to amazed incredulity. As the story is told to him he is willing to accept this ridiculous fact for its symbolic significance.
The Problem of Allegory in Hawthorne's Ethan Brand
Authors: Fogle Richard
Published: March 2013

In reading criticism of Hawthorne one is frequently struck with a difficulty, apparent in the work of even his most authoritative commentators. “Hawthorne,” his critics say in effect, “was an inveterate allegorist. Allegory is an inferior kind of art. Hawthorne was, however, indubitably a great writer.” And there the matter rests with the implication that Hawthorne might have been greater still if he had chosen a different mode of expression.
British Idealism in the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Long Marcus
Published: March 2013

Speculative philosophy had gone out of fashion in England at the end of the eighteenth century. The intellectuals, as in France, had turned from speculation about the nature of reality to the more rewarding investigations of natural science. They assumed that search for ultimate causes is contrary to the scientific spirit and likely to restore an interest in the occult. In this situation the universities had nothing to offer. J. S. Mill and Mark Pattison agree that the wine-bibbers and charlatans had taken over the centres of learning. Pattison points out, in his memoirs, that Oxford was a closed clerical corporation where the ability to drink was more important than the ability to think for election as a fellow. It is interesting to note that Metz, in his detailed list of the philosophers in England during the nineteenth century, does not mention any university teachers until the middle of the century. This is all the more surprising since philosophy was, at that very time, enjoying one of its most triumphant periods in Germany through the romantics, culminating in Hegel. But the English were shut off from this influence by the continental wars, their hardy self-sufficiency, and their lack of knowledge of the German language. They only knew about the movement through some bad translations of part of the writings of Kant and what they could glean from reviews. Hence the picture they received was very much distorted and they were glad that their isolation spared them from such crude rationalism and scepticism.
Life in a Quaker Auburn
Authors: Brewster Elizabeth
Published: March 2013

With this brief description, Mary Leadbeater introduces to the readers of her Annals of Ballitore her native town, one of the most delightful villages of the world of literature; one of those villages, like Cranford and “Sweet Auburn,” whose very names call up to the mind's eye a vision of rustic peace and happiness. In this little Quaker community, in the year 1758, Mary Shackleton, later Mary Leadbeater, was born. Her grandfather, Abraham Shackleton, had come to Ballitore from Yorkshire to establish a boarding school. This school prospered into Abraham's old age, when he was succeeded as head of the school by his son Richard, Mary's father. Surrounded as she was by a family of seven brothers and sisters, not to mention a whole school of boys whom she considered as very nearly brothers, Mary was in no danger of becoming an unsocial being. She spent a pleasant childhood, although one so far removed from excitement that one of the chief amusements of the children was to run races to catch a glimpse of the carriages passing along the highway, and the fortunate people within them. When they were confined to the house, she and one of the little boarders at the school used to pull each other's hair for a place at the window. Otherwise they lived harmoniously together, accompanying each other to plant their baby teeth in the field when they fell out, hoping for “some marvellous growth.” Mary even planted sweet-pea seeds by the parlour hearthstone, with happy anticipation of her mother's delight when she saw flowers springing up by the fireside.
The Knight's Tale and the Teseida Again
Authors: Wilson H. S.
Published: March 2013

The Knight's Tale is a masterpiece, and one of the surest evidences of its greatness lies in the fact that it has prompted study and criticism from a great many different points of view. If a work of literature is truly great, it can receive no definitive critical treatment. It will prove perennially fascinating to successive generations of readers and out of its abundant riches will stimulate redoubled labours among scholars to elucidate the conditions of its genesis and fresh interpretative insights suited to the taste and understanding of its critics. Scholars may try to adjust the reading of the work to what they can agree upon as the conditions of the milieu that brought it forth and what they thus infer to be the intention of the author, historically determined. But for those who delight in literature, there will remain a certain “liberty of interpreting,” unconfined by the fiats of the learned, that is of the essence of the literary experience.
Time in the Novels of Virginia Woolf
Authors: Graham John
Published: March 2013

Virginia Woolf adhered to her own critical dictum, expressed most fully in Mr. Bennett and Mrs. Brown, that the business of the novelist is the exploration of character. The final goal of such exploration, however, is insight into the nature of human personality, and so into the meaning of life: for Mrs. Brown, whose character is the proper subject of the novel, is really “the spirit we live by, life itself.” In struggling to reach that goal, Mrs. Woolf is constantly preoccupied with problems relating to time, as most critics have noted. This preoccupation underlies her concern with the phenomena of memory, change, and death, and drives her to ask several ancient difficult questions. Her efforts to answer them result in two central views of life, neither of which is the result of mere neurotic nescience.
The Function of Criticism at the Present Time
Authors: Frye Northrop
Published: March 2013

The subject-matter of literary criticism is an art, and criticism is presumably an art too. This sounds as though criticism were a parasitic form of literary expression, an art based on pre-existing art, a second•hand imitation of creative power. The conception of the critic as a creator manqué is very popular, especially among artists. Yet the critic has specific jobs to do which the experience of literature has proved to be less ignoble. One obvious function of criticism is to mediate between the artist and his public. Art that tries to do without criticism is apt to get involved in either of two fallacies. One is the attempt to reach the public directly through "popu]ar” art, the assumption being that criticism is artificial and public taste natural. Below this is a further assumption about natural taste which goes back to Rousseau. The opposite fallacy is the conception of art as a mystery) an initiation into an esoteric community. Here criticism is restricted to masonic signs of occult understanding, to significant exclamations and gestures and oblique cryptic comments. Thls fallacy is like the other one in assuming a rough correlation between the merit of art and the degree of public response to it, though the correlation it assumes is inverse. But art of this kind is cut off from society as a whole, not so much because it retreats from life — the usual charge against it — as because it rejects criticism.
Why Study the Classics in this Busy World?
Authors: Grube
Published: March 2013

The study of the ancient Greek and Latin classics is far too often praised somewhat apologetically merely in terms of the education of the individual student. Because a Classical education used to be considered, in the nineteenth century and before, as the only education for a gentleman — rather like the grand tour of Europe — it is still defended or attacked in much the same terms, with only sligbt changes in terminology. But that, in our different twentieth century, is not enough. Besides, many fine gentlemen never travelled across Europe, and many a fine citizen and community leader today knows no Latin and less Greek.
British Parties: Some Reflections on their History
Authors: Feiling Keith
Published: March 2013

For some three hundred years now party has been an established element in British government, loose and disorganized enough if measured by modern standards, but real in fact as early as the memorable year 1641, and from the Restoration onwards hardening slowly into continuous, though persistently varying, groups. If good and patriotic men frowned upon it as faction and Marlborough spoke of the "detested names of Whig and Tory," party nevertheless achieved fair discipline under Walpole and respectability under Burke. As a cross-section of British society it has become as vital a thing as a church in the sixteenth century, or a great feudal estate of the fourteenth, with laws and development of its own, a body of dogma, and roots in the earth.
Social Studies
Authors: Brady
Published: March 2013

Reviews of scholarship in the social sciences in Canada in 1949.
The Legend of Jack Donne The Libertine
Authors: Sprott S.
Published: March 2013

The modern world, acquainted but narrowly with religious experience and uncomfortable at the conjunction of powerful reason with passion, sees in Jack Donne of London a "wild gallant" (Smith and Grierson), who during "some years of loose living" (Courthope) contracted at least one "criminal liaison" (Gosse) and "indulged in at least two more amorous adventures" (Fausset), until when he was thirty "the feaverish rounds of dissipation" (Moloney) were brought to an end by the "accident" (Grierson) of his marriage for love with a pure and faithful girl wife.[...] In this essay the suggestion is made that the Reverend Doctor's references to the sins of his youth are not to be accepted quite literally; that what his contemporaries said of his early life does not support the cleric's judgment; and that while we are free to walk in more paths than one, a track should be followed which leads in the direction indicated by the observers, the "love-song weeds, and Satyrique thornes" being passed but glancingly by.
Tennyson as a Modern Poet
Authors: Carr Arthur
Published: March 2013

“Modern fame is nothing," said Tennyson to William Allingham. "I'd rather have an acre of land. I shall go down, down! I'm up now. Action and reaction." "Action and reaction" only partly account for Tennyson's fall. We cannot help feeling in the bard of Farringford and Aldworth, in the author of "The May Queen," "Enoch Arden," and "The Promise of May," that depressing sense of an imagination "more saved than spent," which made Henry James breathe, "Oh, dear, oh, dear;" upon discovering that Tennyson himself "was not T ennysonian.” Not until after the great dividing years of 1914-18 was it possible to view the dead laureate with some composure and to wish to retrieve at least the part of his work that was not official and "Victorian."
New-Canadian Letters
Authors: Collin W.E.
Published: March 2013

Reviews of new-Canadian books published in 1949.
Thoman Mann's Buddenbrooks: The World of the Father
Authors: Hatfield Henry
Published: March 2013

While Thomas Mann's Magic Mountain, his Joseph, and a few of his short stories have become classic works in this country, his first novel, Buddenbrooks, has been less fortunate. It is in some danger of being assigned a place in the perspective of literary history as one of those books which are generally respected but seldom read. Such a destiny would be unmerited and unfortunate, for Buddenbrooks is of a calibre comparable to that of any of Mann's works; as a narrative, indeed as a novel in the classical sense, it very probably surpasses them.
Willa Cather's Novels of the Frontier: The Symbolic Function of “Machine-Made Materialism”
Authors: Bloom Edward , Bloom Lillian
Published: March 2013

That Willa Cather never reconciled herself to the age and society in which she lived has long been a truism enunciated by her critics and apologists. So truistic, indeed, has been the general critical attitude that the precise nature of her disaffection has yet to be clearly defined. And without such definition there can be no clear understanding of the basic theses underlying Miss Cather's novels. “In Nebraska,” she wrote at the height of her career, “as in so many other States, we must face the fact that the splendid story of the pioneers is finished, and that no new story worthy to take its place has yet begun.” Behind this statement are two premises that are prominent in her novels of the frontier. The first is that the pioneer principle has been the only valid test of man's spirituality through all ages. The second is that anti-spiritual forces have always warred against pure idealism and that these forces have ultimately been destroyed. At the root of the latter optimistic idea is Miss Cather's firm reliance upon historical analogy. This led her to deduce that since spirituality has always emerged triumphant from conflict with disruptive forces, it must always continue to do so. As Miss Cather absorbed into her own work the experiences of many frontiers, Western, Southwestern, Canadian, and even the frontier of the ancient Cliff Dwellers, she saw true idealism over-run and temporarily defeated by “machine-made materialism,” as she terms it. But she observed idealism rising in subsequent eras, revitalized and strengthened; and she was convinced that conllict of this nature has always been elemental in man's perpetual groping toward perfectibility.
“The Mind's Internal Heaven” in Poetry
Authors: Raymond William
Published: March 2013

Whate'er the sense take or may refuse / The mind's internal heaven shall shed her dews / Of inspiration on the humblest lay. These lines of a well-known sonnet of Wordsworth, close to the heart of his own poetic credo, raise the question of the relationship between the sensuous and the imaginative elements involved in the complex structure of art. De gustibus non est disputantdum is a maxim to be borne in mind by any writer who makes even a tentative sally into the debatable realm of aesthetic theory. If he escape the censure of the artist in his attempt to define the elusive quality of beauty, the metaphysician and the psychologist may soon challenge and engage him.
Drama
Authors: Tovell Vincent
Published: March 2013

Reviews of drama published in Canada in 1950.
Towards the Discovery of Canada
Authors: Creighton Donald
Published: March 2013

"Non-fiction" is an inelegant and unflattering description, invented no doubt by librarians, which is firmly established in Canadian usage. The literary journals of Great Britain and western Europe still attempt to be more discriminating. In their old-fashioned and pedantic way, they go on recognizing the separate categories of history, biography, politics, economics and world affairs; but in Canada these refined European distinctions are cheerfully disregarded. A survey of Canadian literature, by Canadians, normally begins with an article on Canadian poetry, which is followed immediately by an article on the Canadian novel; and then everything that is left over, philosophy, history, economics, as well as literary and art criticism, is swept summarily into a huge residual heap, labelled "remaining material." Poetry and fiction are, of course, "creative." But the claims of "remaining material" to this proud distinction are regarded, in Canada, as decidedly more dubious. A few small items in the vast, amorphous mass of "non-fiction" may be accepted as "creative," but only on the inflexibly enforced condition that they have not been written by members of universities. Works by members of universities are in all cases dismissed as "academic"; and in Canada, as in other parts of the English-speaking world, "academic" is very definitely a pejorative word.[...] It may be worth while to lift Canadian history and Canadian work in the social sciences out of the undifferentiated mass of "remaining material" for a brief inspection.
Mozart: A Bicentenary Tribute
Authors: Neel Boyd
Published: March 2013

I suppose that nine out of ten musicians, on being asked whom they consider to be the greatest genius in the history of music, would answer "Mozart." Yet, if a random observer were to ask ten people on the street whom they considered to be the greatest, I doubt whether one would give that composer's name. The answer would probably be Handel, Bach, Beethoven or Schubert. Can we draw any significant conclusion from this? Perhaps a personal experience may be of help. During my youth in England I heard all kinds of music-good, bad and indifferent. Gradually I acquired discrimination, and began to realize who, among composers, were the giants and who the smaller fry. The only famous composer about whom I could not make up my mind was Mozart. It was difficult to hear much of his music in England in those days and, apart from the last symphonies and a few performances of Figaro, he was seldom performed. He was virtually unknown until Sir Thomas Beecham started reviving the operas and playing some of the earlier symphonies. Not that Mozart's eclipse can be compared in any way with that of Bach, who was completely forgotten until the middle of the nineteenth century. But the greater part of his work remained unplayed and the feeling was that here we had a composer whom children could appreciate easily and who wrote charming little tunes which were easy to whistle.
Poetry
Authors: Frye Northrop
Published: March 2013

Reviews of poetry published in Canada in 1955.
Literary and Philosophical Studies
Authors: Wilson
Published: March 2013

Reviews of books about the Canadian northland published in Canada in 1955.
Religion
Authors: McCullough
Published: March 2013

Reviews of books on religion published in Canada in 1955.
Prospects for the Canadian Dramatist
Authors: Williams Norman
Published: March 2013

The Canadian dramatist is a Canadian first and a dramatist second. In this strange inversion lies both his handicap and his opportunity for it suggests, not that he is a violently patriotic writer, but that he is, thus far, the victim rather than the master of his own environment. To become master and to utilize whatever is unique and significant in the Canadian environment, he must understand more clearly the nature of its limitations and its potentialities. Nothing is more detrimental to the Canadian artist—whatever his medium—than an obsession with incipient nationalism or an association with the frantic, self-conscious search for a national identity. Once absorbed in these sterile pursuits he appears less like the artist building confidently upon elements of his environment which he understands, and more like a troubled patient recounting his vague worries to a new psychiatrist. Everything is wrong. Wherever he goes, strained voices demand a Canadian play. He wants to write a Canadian play.
Drama
Authors: Endicott
Published: March 2013

Reviews of drama published in Canada in 1956.
Humanities
Authors: Wilson Harold , Davis Herbet , Priestey
Published: March 2013

Reviews of books on the humanities published in Canada in 1956.
Social Studies
Authors: Brady Alexander , Careless
Published: March 2013

Reviews of books about social studies published in Canada in 1956.
Periodical Writing
Authors: Maclure Millar
Published: March 2013

Reviews of literary periodicals published in Canada in 1956.
Playing for Real: Discourse and Authority
Authors: Fraser John
Published: March 2013

We live amidst an interminable clatter and jostle of discourse; of endlessly proliferating texts; of seemingly infinite regressions wherein to understand A you must first understand B, and to understand B you must first understand c, etc. And yet we muddle along somehow. Most of what we 'know' is there for us because of what we have read or been told; and we make commitments because of it—buy this stereo system rather than that; sign a petition about nuclear disarmament; vote in such-and-such a way at a meeting; see a movie we wouldn't have seen otherwise (and later recommend it to someone else). I am interested here in the grounding of such commitments: in how we can and do achieve a measure of stability; in how we have at times what we think is a reasonable trust in the discourse of others; so that when we in our turn seek to influence others we are not being merely random or arbitrary. I am especially concerned with the groundings that are appropriate to a university community. If I were a preacher, my text might be 'The spirit killeth, the letter giveth life.'
Reviews
Authors: Kennedy Alan , Lynch Michael , Warkentin Germaine , Frank Roberta , Lancashire Anne , Allard Jacques , Smith Patricia
Published: March 2013

Mary Ann Caws, Reading Frames in Modern Fiction, reviewed by Alan Kennedy

Peter Smith, Public and Private Value: Studies in the Nineteenth Century Novel, reviewed by Alan Kennedy

Barbara Hardy, Forms of Feeling in Victorian Fiction, reviewed by Alan Kennedy

H. Porter Abbott, Diary Fiction: Writing as Action, reviewed by Alan Kennedy

Peter Gay, The Tender Passion, reviewed by Michael Lynch

Annabel Patterson, Censorship and Interpretation: The Conditions of Writing and Reading in Early Modern England, reviewed by Germaine Warkentin

Michael Lapidge and Helmut Gneuss, eds., Learning and Literature in Anglo-Saxon England: Studies Presented to Peter Clemoes on the Occcasion of His Sixty-fifth Birthday, reviewed by Roberta Frank

David M. Bergeron, Pageantry in the Shakespearean Theater, reviewed by Anne Lancashire

Emile Zola, Correspondance, V, 1884–1886 , reviewed by Jacques Allard

Elspeth Cameron, Irving Layton: A Portrait , reviewed by Patricia Keeney Smith

Irving Layton, Waiting for the Messiah, reviewed by Patricia Keeney Smith
Canada's Last War—and the Next
Authors: Stacey
Published: March 2013

At a time when the civilized world is again cowering under the shadow of catastrophe, the long-delayed publication of the first general instalment of the official history of Canada's participation in the war which ended twenty years ago has a gloomily appropriate and topical flavour; and the book is, in its own decidedly restrained fashion, something of a tract for the times. Pleasant reading few are likely to find it, though there is here much matter for pride as well as for sorrow; but nobody can deny that it is, in the best sensse of the word, instructive. Its object (says the preface) is to provide “a memorial for participants, a source for historians, a manual for soldiers, and a guide for the future.” It provides all four most admirably; but we may be forgiven for remarking that at the moment the last of the four is first in importance. It is to be hoped that these volumes will be read and digested not by soldiers only, but also by intelligent citizens and not least by politicians. From them they may learn much that may be valuable to themselves and their country in the near future.
America and the Next War—An Isolationist's Estimate
Authors: Grattan C. Hartley
Published: March 2013

The people of the United States have never been noted for unanimity of opinion on major public policies. From time to time there has been extraordinary popular support for particular leaders and for particular policies, but let a condition arise which requires a drastic redefinition of policy, or a firm reiteration of an old policy which circumstances have called into question, and the people—or the publicists and politicians who give voice to their sentiments—immediately fall upon one another with a vigour which must strike outsiders as little short of amazing. At the moment an outstanding subject of furious debate is American foreign policy, a hardy perennial about which Americans have rarely been in complete accord when they have been sufficiently aroused about relations with other nations to have any opinions at all.
Drama
Authors: Milne
Published: March 2013

Reviews of drama published in Canada in 1938.
Thirty-day mortality in traumatically brain-injured patients undergoing decompressive craniectomy
Authors: Huang Yu-Hua , Lee Tao-Chen , Lee Tsung-Han , Liao Chen-Chieh , Sheehan Jason , Kwan Aij-Lie
Published: March 2013

Object

Decompressive craniectomy is a life-saving measure for patients who have sustained traumatic brain injury (TBI), but patients undergoing this procedure may still die during an early phase of head injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence, causes, and risk factors of 30-day mortality in traumatically brain-injured patients undergoing decompressive craniectomy.

Methods

The authors included 201 head-injured patients undergoing decompressive craniectomy in this 3-year retrospective study. The main outcome evaluated was 30-day mortality in patients who had undergone craniectomy after TBI. Demographic and clinical data, including information on death, were obtained for subsequent analysis. The authors identified differences between survivors and nonsurvivors in terms of clinical parameters; multivariate logistic regression was used to adjust for independent risk factors of short-term death.

Results

The 30-day mortality rate was 26.4% in traumatically brain-injured patients undergoing decompressive craniectomy. The majority of deaths following decompression resulted from uncontrollable brain swelling and extensive brain infarction, which accounted for 79.2% of mortality. In the multivariate logistic regression mode, the 2 independent risk factors for 30-day mortality were age (OR 1.035 [95% CI 1.006–1.064]; p = 0.018) and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score before decompressive craniectomy (OR 0.769 [95% CI 0.597–0.990]; p = 0.041).

Conclusions

There is a high 30-day mortality rate in traumatically brain-injured patients undergoing decompressive craniectomy. Most of the deaths are attributed to ongoing brain damage, even after decompression. Risk factors of short-term death, including age and preoperative GCS score, are important in patient selection for decompressive craniectomy, and these factors should be considered together to ensure the highest chance of surviving TBI.
Spinal arteriovenous malformation associated with Schimmelpenning syndrome
Authors: Almefty Kaith K. , Ducruet Andrew F. , Crowley R. Webster , Bristol Ruth , Lavine Sean D. , Albuquerque Felipe C.
Published: March 2013

The authors report the presentation and management of a 13-year-old girl with Schimmelpenning syndrome, a rare neurocutaneous syndrome; this patient suffered hemorrhage of a spinal arteriovenous malformation. This is the first case of a spinal arteriovenous malformation reported in association with Schimmelpenning syndrome. Neurosurgeons should be aware of this rare phacomatosis as well as of the various neurological disorders associated with this diagnosis. The threshold for imaging the neuraxis in these patients should be low.