bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Positive Ethanol Gelation Test Associated with High Plasma Fibrinogen Concentration ‐Evidence for Soluble Fibrin
Authors: Slaastad R. A. , Jakobsen E. , Godal H. C.
Published: August 2010

By infusion of large amounts of human fibrinogen into rabbits, the ethanol gelation test turned positive at various plasma concentrations of fibrinogen, depending on the fibrinogen preparation used, and on individual differences among the animals. After incubation of the fibrinogen preparation in the cold the precipitated material gave a positive ethanol gelation test at lower fibrinogen concentration whereas the ethanol gelation test remained negative in the supernatant at a higher fibrinogen level than that of the starting material.

It is concluded that the finding of a positive ethanol gelation test is not due to the fibrinogen concentration per se. Most likely the test becomes positive due to the presence of soluble fibrin in the commercial preparations.
Mechanism of Anaemia in Experimental Bacterial Endocarditis
Authors: Joyce Robert A. , Sande Merle A.
Published: August 2010

Rabbits with Streptococcus viridans aortic valve endocarditis develop anaemia and reticulocytosis which increase with the duration of infection. Mean red cell counts decreased from 6.05 ± 0.29 × 106 per μl before infection to 4.10 ± 0.18 × 106 per μl after 11 to 20 days of endocarditis and reticulocytes increased from 1.16 ± 0.14 × 105 per μl to 4.91 ± 0.83 × 105 per μl after more than 20 days of endocarditis. The anaemia could not be explained by intravascular haemolysis. Anti‐erythrocyte antibodies were not detected. Splenomegaly was a consistent finding and also increased with the duration of infection. Red cell half life (T½) was shortened to 4.7 ± 0.3 days in rabbits with endocarditis compared with normal T½ of 11.1 ± 0.5 days. The T½ of red cells from infected animals was prolonged when measured in noninfected rabbits and splenectomized animals had a mean red cell T½ of 9.25 days after three weeks of infection. These studies suggest that splenic enlargement associated with infection results in red cell sequestration, a mechanism not well recognized as contributing to the anaemia of endocarditis.
Chromosome Banding Studies in Acute Leukaemia at Diagnosis
Authors: Lawler Sylvia D. , Walker Lorna M. Secker , Summersgill Brenda M. , Reeves B. R. , Lewis J. , Kay H. E. M. , Hardisty R. M.
Published: August 2010

Cytogenetic study by a chromosome banding technique has been attempted in 93 cases of acute leukaemia at diagnosis. Banding patterns were difficult to visualise in the bone‐marrow chromosomes of patients with acute leukaemia because of the fuzzy appearance of the fixed metaphases. The proportion of patients with abnormal chromosomes was higher in acute lymphoblastic (ALL) than in acute myeloid (AML) leukaemia. Abnormalities were present in all cases of other cytological types. Hyperdiploidy was the most commonly found numerical error in both ALL and AML but a larger proportion of patients with ALL had hyperdiploidy in more than 30% of the cells. In ALL it was generally found that the higher the frequency of hyperdiploidy the greater was the number of chromosomes per cell. Hypodiploidy not attributable to random losses was found in only 6 patients. Clones identified by rearranged or marker chromosomes were found in all types of leukaemia. Clones marked by a 7q‐chromosome, in which the break point was the same, were identified in 1 adult with ALL and 2 children with AML. The high frequency of randomly distributed chromosomal breakage found in the bone‐marrow chromosomes of a high proportion of the patients may be related to the disease process.
Activated Reptilase Clot Retraction of Dog Platelet‐Rich Plasma: Differences with Human Platelet‐Rich Plasma
Authors: De Clerck F. , Verheyen A. , Vermylen J. , Reneman R.
Published: August 2010

The retraction of dog platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) clotted with Reptilase in the presence of inducers and inhibitors of the platelet adhesion‐aggregation reaction was studied. In contrast to human cells, dog platelets fail to support retraction in an ADP‐Reptilase system. With Thrombofax as aggregation inducer, slight (without additional CaCl2‐MgCl2) to moderate (with additional CaCl2‐MgCl2) retraction occurs. In contrast to human samples, such retraction is inhibited by platelet release inhibitors. Electron‐microscopic examinations show that Thrombofax, but not ADP, induces the formation of large cytoplasmic protrusions from dog platelets. Such formation is inhibited by release‐inhibitors. The results of the study support the concept that platelet pseudopod formation, rather than the release reaction, is a prerequisite for clot retraction.
Granulocyte Release of Vitamin B12‐Binders in vivo and in vitro in Leukaemia and Non‐Neoplastic Leucocytosis
Authors: Gullberg Ragnhild , Riezenstein Peter
Published: August 2010

The unsaturated vitamin B12‐binding capacities of the ‘large molecular size vitamin B12‐binding protein’ (LBP) and the ‘small molecular size vitamin B12‐binding protein’ (SBP) were determined by a Sephadex G 150 gel filtration method in 9 patients with chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML), 5 patients with blast cell leukaemia and 12 patients with non‐neoplastic leucocytosis. EDTA plasma and serum separated after 20 min and after 120 min were examined. In the 20 min EDTA plasma samples, the mean LBP value was 8,009 pg/ml in CML, 2,468 in blast leukaemia, 175 in non‐neoplastic leucocytosis, and 57 in normal controls. The in vitro release of LBP into serum was much smaller in the leukaemias than in non‐neoplastic leucocytosis. No correlation was found between the LBP values and the white blood cell counts or lysozyme values, but lysozyme was correlated to white cell count in CML. It is suggested that the plasma LBP levels reflect the fraction of LBP decay taking place at sites, e.g. the spleen, from which the released LBP can enter the circulation.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF ERYTHROPHAGOCYTOSIS IN THE RAT BONE MARROW: II. IRON METABOLISM IN RETICULUM CELLS FOLLOWING RED CELL DIGESTION
Authors: MARTON PER F.
Published: August 2010

Intracellular transport and storage of iron in bone marrow reticulum cells can be studied in the electron microscope by the recognition of iron macromolecules. Following artificially increased bone marrow erythrophagocytosis ferritin molecules accumulate both in the cell sap and in the lysosomes of erythroclastic reticulum cells. Persistent iron loading transforms lysosomes into siderosomes, after which haemosiderin may be formed by gradual transformation of ferritin. The bone marrow reticulum cell shows evidence suggestive of autophagy, a process which may allow for the transfer of cell sap ferritin into lysosomes, as documented for other types of iron storing cells.
Cold‐Haemagglutinin Disease with an Autoantibody Exhibiting Different Specificities at Different Temperatures
Authors: Boccardi Vincenzo , Girelli Gabriella , Zappi Pierluigi
Published: August 2010

A case of chronic cold‐haemagglutinin disease is reported in which an agglutinin apparently carrying two specificities was present. At first, specificity was anti‐not‐I and anti‐I respectively: in the course of time anti‐I was replaced by anti‐A1. Both anti‐I and anti‐A1 could be demonstrated at room temperature only while specificity was anti‐not‐I at 4°C. The antibody displayed haemolytic activity at room temperature and gave stronger reactions when treated biphasically. The same pattern of specificity was apparent in haemolysis tests, i.e. anti‐not‐I in the biphasical reaction 4°C ° 37°C and first anti‐I and later anti‐A1 at room temperature and at 22°C → 37°C. Anti‐A1 was not neutralized by A bloodgroup substance of animal origin nor by secretor saliva.
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura in Childhood
Authors: Berman Nolan , Finklestein Jerry Z.
Published: August 2010

A survey was conducted among 46 pediatric institutions in the United States and Canada to evaluate the presentation, therapy and survival of children with thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) seen since 1960.

TTP is an uncommon disease in the pediatric age group, and the clinical and pathologic findings in adults and children are almost identical. It can be distinguished from haemolytic uraemic syndrome in that it usually occurs in older children, the renal disease is milder, and the central nervous system symptoms appear to be related to vascular occlusive disease, and not to the complications of severely compromised kidneys. Appropriate biopsy specimens which reveal typical widespread hyaline occlusion of arterioles may confirm the diagnosis.

Combinations of corticosteroids, splenectomy, and heparin have been used as therapy. Prognosis has improved, and is probably related to improved supportive care.
Quantitative Determination of Splenic Red Blood Cell Destruction in Patients with Splenomegaly
Authors: Christensen B. Egelund
Published: August 2010

In order to evaluate a method permitting quantitation of splenic red blood cell destruction, a model of erythrocyte destruction in enlarged spleens was created: Erythrocytes are destroyed in the splenic erythrocyte pool at a constant rate, producing in labelling studies hyperhaemolysis due to random destruction. A mathematical analysis of the model shows that the splenic destruction rate can be calculated with great accuracy from quantitation of the initial excess radioactivity, measured over the spleen during the first days after infusion of 51Cr‐labelled autologous erythrocytes.

18 patients with splenomegaly (479–4700 g) were investigated. The splenic erythrocyte destruction rate was estimated to be between 0.5–4.4% of the total erythrocyte mass per day, increasing significantly with increasing splenic weight. The results indicate that erythrocyte destruction takes place almost exclusively in the enlarged spleen in cases of predominant splenomegaly without complicating immunohaemolysis.
Prolonged Effects of Nitrogen Mustard on Mouse Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues
Authors: Sharp J. G. , Thomas D. Brynmor , Briscoe Cecilie V. , Littlewood Valerie
Published: August 2010

Groups of mice have been autopsied at regular intervals during the period of lymphomyeloid tissue regeneration which follows the phase of hypocellularity induced by the i.v. injection of 100 μg (4 mg/kg bodyweight) nitrogen mustard. The marrow cellularity recovered to levels in the normal range by the 8th day and remained in this range up to the 40th day. Subsequently, the marrow showed a slight degree of hypocellularity up to day 120. Granulocytes were predominant during the initial phase of marrow regeneration from days 5–12. The thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen commenced regeneration during the second week post‐injection. The thymus exhibited periodic size variations such that it was substantially larger than the thymus of age‐matched controls from 20–30 d, 46–73 d, and 75–100 d after injection. The lymph nodes and lymphoid tissue of the spleen regenerated only slowly to reach control values by 40–50 d. Superimposed on the recovering lymphoid tissue of the spleen was a phase of erythroid hyperplasia lasting from 10–18 d post‐injection. This coincided with a shift from granulocytosis to erythroid hyperplasia in the marrow. This erythroid hyperplasia lasted until day 30 when the cellular composition of the marrow and spleen returned to normal. A possible explanation of these results is that nitrogen mustard introduces a degree of synchrony into stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Additionally, these results emphasize the role of the haematopoietic microenvironment in the control of stem cell differentiation.
Cell Adherence as a Serious Source of Error in the Haemacytometer Count of Leucocytes in Artificial Suspensions
Authors: Sällström Jan F.
Published: August 2010

This report demonstrates a previously disregarded source of error in the count of lymphocytes that have been fixed in Türk's dilution fluid (acetic acid and gentian violet). If the dilution fluid does not contain any serum protein or other proteins, a large proportion of the lymphocytes will stick to the walls of the mixing vessel. The use of plastic or siliconized vessels does not prevent this.

The number of cells which in that way will be eliminated from the suspension is dependent on several variables, such as the type of mixing procedure and mixing vessel, the composition of the dilution fluid, and the cell density. As a consequence it is difficult to give any correction factor for such a count in a haemacytometer counting chamber. More than 30% of the cells may disappear under generally obtained conditions. This source of error is to some extent also involved in the white blood cell count, despite the presence of about 1% protein in the dilution fluid from the serum and lysed erythrocytes.

To prevent this loss of cells either bovine serum albumin, to a concentration of 5%, or the detergent Certrimide, to a concentration of 2–5 mM, may be added to the dilution fluid.
Iron Absorption during Iron Supplementation in Blood Donors
Authors: Magnusson Bengt , Sölvell Lennart , Arvidsson Bertil , Siösteen Christer
Published: August 2010

The total amount of iron absorbed from a total supplementation of 2000 mg of iron was studied after a blood donation. 10 regular blood donors and 10 subjects without previous blood loss were included in the study. No subject had received any iron treatment before the investigation. Both groups were given one sustained release tablet containing 100 mg of iron as Fe SO4once daily for 20 days. The iron in these tablets was labelled with59Fe. The total amount of iron absorbed from the tablets was measured by a whole body counting technique. Laboratory tests including haematological data, desferrioxamine tests and sternal marrow punctures were made before and after the iron treatment. The non‐donors lost a mean amount of 215 mg iron by phlebotomy and the total iron absorption from the tablets was only 94 mg (4.7%). In the regular blood donors the corresponding iron loss was 276 mg and the absorption was 280 mg (14%). The iron supplementation given in this study covered the iron losses in the regular blood donors but not in the non‐donors. This iron prophylaxis will prevent a depletion but not a reduction of the iron stores in blood donors with high donation frequency.
Effect of Cytosine Arabinoside Administration on Donor Rats
Authors: Ben‐Ishay Zina
Published: August 2010

Ultrastructural observations of erythroid colonies in diffusion chambers implanted in lethally irradiated rats are reported. The donor cells were obtained from rats treated with cytosine arabinoside (250 mg/kg body weight) 6 h prior to seeding. The marrow of donor rats contained a high proportion of stem cells committed to the erythroid line.

9 days after implantation, vast numbers of erythroid colonies developed in the diffusion chambers. The erythroid cells were observed arranged around a central macrophage resembling erythroid islands in bone marrow. Erythroid colonies most probably differentiated from committed stem cells in the inoculum.

It is postulated that development of erythroid colonies in diffusion chambers is conditioned by, among other factors, the presence of a special type of macrophages. These macrophages have the same function as those of central reticular cells (CRC) in bone marrow erythroid islands.
Observations on the in vivo Aging of Red Cells in the Rat
Authors: Tochner Z. , Benbassat J. , Hershko C.
Published: August 2010

Aging of rat erythrocytes was studied in vivo by two experimental models. In the first, a single cohort of erythrocytes labelled with radioiron was followed; in the second, sequential hypertransfusions were employed to obtain a defined red cell population, which was continuously transferred from host to host. The results are compatible with a normal red cell life span of about 60 days and with sequestration of senescent erythrocytes in the spleen and in the liver. Red cell aging was associated with a decline in cell volume, haemoglobin, G6PD and ATP content. There were no measureable changes in osmotic fragility.

Thus, changes in osmotic resistance do not appear to be critical factors limiting the life span of circulating erythrocytes in the rat.
Arabinosyl Cytosine in Chronic Myeloid Leukaemia: Evidence for High Cytokinetic Sensitivity of Myeloblasts
Authors: Baccarani Michele , Santucci Alessandra M. , Tura Sante , Killmann SveN‐Aage
Published: August 2010

The effect of a single and of repeated i.v. push dose(s) of Arabinosyl Cytosine (ARA‐C) has been investigated in 9 chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) patients in non‐blastic phase. This was done by determining separately the relative compartment size, the mitotic index (IM), and the in vitro 3H‐TdR labelling index (IL) of marrow and blood myeloblasts (MB) and promyelocytes plus myelocytes (PMC + MC), before and at intervals after the drug. After a single dose of ARA‐C, the IL of marrow MB declines rapidly, and recovers thereafter, often with an overshoot at 15 h. After 2 to 4 doses of ARA‐C, the IL of marrow and blood MB rises by a factor of 2 to 3, and is maintained at a plateau during further treatment. The behaviour of the IL of blood MB is not always the same as that of marrow MB. The IM of marrow MB does not rise proportionally to the IL, and sometimes is even found to be decreased. It is suggested that these kinetic perturbations reflect an accumulation of MB in S‐phase where many but not all of them are trapped and sooner or later die off. With a few exceptions, ARA‐C induces only milder kinetic perturbations in marrow and blood PMC + MC. The overall results of this study are in agreement with the generally accepted mechanism of action of ARA‐C (S‐phase specific effector agent), and with studies that indicate that the effect of ARA‐C depends on the growth pattern and on the degree of maturation of the target cells. It is suggested that a proper evaluation of ARA‐C on a cell population should take into account the existence of different cell pools, provided with different proliferative activity and potential, and with variable degrees of maturation.
Acute Myeloid Leukaemia Complicating a Breast Cancer after Mastectomy and Radiotherapy
Authors: Gardais J.
Published: August 2010

The author reports a patient treated three years ago for a breast carcinoma. High doses of X‐ray had been delivered after radical mastectomy. The possible relationship between this exposure and a rapidly fatal acute myeloid leukaemia is emphasized.
INFLUENCE OF A LIQUID ANTACID ON THE ABSORPTION OF DIFFERENT IRON SALTS
Authors: Ekenved Gunnar , Halvorsen Lars , Sölvell Lermart
Published: August 2010

The influence of a liquid antacid on the absorption of iron from iron tablets was studied in healthy volunteers using a serum iron technique. Tablets containing ferrous salts (carbonate, fumarate, sulphate) with different in‐vitro dissolution properties were studied. Co‐administration of the antacid and the iron tablets resulted in a marked reduction of the absorption of iron from all preparations studied. The lowest absorption was found when ferrous carbonate was given with the antacid. This was ascribed to the fact that ferrous carbonate is almost completely insoluble at pH‐levels near neutral. This was confirmed in a series of patients with achlorhydria in which the absorption from ferrous carbonate was virtually nil. It was concluded that iron tablets and antacid preparations should not be administered at the same time and that ferrous carbonate tablets should not be used in patients with achlorhydria.
Reptilase Clot Retraction Induced by Electrical Stimulation
Authors: Bottecchia Domenico , Fantin Gianpaolo , Gruppo Paolo , Nassuato Gino , Zatti Pietro
Published: August 2010

Retraction of platelet rich plasma clotted by reptilase is induced by electrical stimulation. Optimal retraction is obtained by stimuli, applied for more than 4 min, with the following characteristics: intensity = 150 volts, duration = 50 msec each, frequency = 10/sec.

Electrically induced reptilase clot retraction is shoswn to be inhibited by EDTA, EGTA, methyl‐xanthines, PGE***i, acetylsalicylic acid, indomethacin, but not by apyrase or by phosphoenolpyruvate‐pyruvate kinase and MgCl***2.

The results indicate that electrical stimulation induces retraction of PRP clotted by reptilase by triggering off an increased availability of Ca2+ in the intracellular space.
Acquired von Willebrand's Syndrome and Thrombopathy in a Patient with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia
Authors: Wautier J. L. , Levy‐Toledano S. , Caen J. P.
Published: August 2010

This paper reports the biological data found during an acquired bleeding disorder occurring in a 65‐year‐old woman affected with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. They consists of haemostatic abnormalities which resemble an presently undescribed association of an acquired von Willebrand's syndrome with a thrombopathy.

von Willebrand abnormalities were temporarily corrected by infusion of normal cryoprecipitate and reproduced in vitro by the incubation of normal platelets with the patient's IgA. The platelet defect was partially corrected after corticotherapy. The possible relationship of the associated defects is discussed.
Streptokinase Resistance Test in Patients with Streptococcal Infection and/or High Antistreptolysin Titers
Authors: Aznar J. , Delgado F. , Estellés A.
Published: August 2010

The streptokinase resistance test (SRT) has been studied in a group of patients with recent streptococcal infection and/or titres of antistreptolysin higher than 625 units. These patients generally had a higher SRT.
The Failure of Granulocytes to Produce Transcobalamin I (TC I)
Authors: Hall Charles A.
Published: August 2010

The hypothesis that transcobalamin I (TC I) originates from granulocytes was tested by comparing the isoelectric focusing (IEF) patterns of the R‐type binder (cobalophilin) of vitamin B12 of: 1) lysed granulocytes, 2) 24 h granulocyte output, and 3) plasma. The preparations came from the blood of 5 normal subjects and 4 with myeloproliferative states. The cobalophilin released into a culture of granulocytes resembled the binder in the granulocytes initially. TC I, defined as the α1 cobalophilin with components isoelectric between pH 2.9‐3.35 and as a carrier of native plasma B12, was not released by granulocytes. The granulocyte binder of leukaemic granulocytes did not differ from the normal in content per cell or amount released.
Multiple Vacuoles Formation in Erythroblasts in an Erythroleukaemic Patient
Authors: Miura Akira B.
Published: August 2010

Peculiar erythroblasts with multiple vacuoles were observed in the bone marrow of an erythroleukaemic patient.

Some erythroblasts contained more than 80 vacuoles on a thin section. The contents of vacuoles were amorphous with low electron density. No transitional form from mitochondria or other organelles was observed. Since these vacuolated erythroblasts were clearly distinguishable from megaloblastoid erythraemia cells, multiple vacuoles formation is presumably attributable to the disturbance of microconnection net work in the normal red cell series.
Erythrocytosis Associated with Multiple Cutaneous Leiomyomata: Report of a Case with Demonstration of Erythropoietic Activity in the Tumour
Authors: ELDOR AMIRAM , EVEN‐PAZ ZVI , POLLIACK AARON
Published: August 2010

A patient with leiomyomata of the skin and erythrocytosis is reported. After surgical removal of the larger skin tumours there was remission of the haematologic abnormalities and the erythrocytosis and the red cell mass decreased to normal levels. The raised serum erythropoietin levels were reduced but remained slightly elevated and less than those recorded prior to surgery. Tumour extracts contained significant erythropoietic activity. This seems to be the first documented case of erythrocytosis associated with skin leiomyomata.
Serotonin Uptake by Various Human Blood Platelet Populations
Authors: KAMOUN P. , LAFOURCADE G. , JEROME H.
Published: August 2010

Human blood platelets were separated into 4 populations by centrifugation on a sucrose gradient. Serotonin uptake expressed against cell protein content is the greater as platelets become lighter. The relation between these facts and ATP content in the various platelet populations is discussed.
DEAE‐Dextran and Polybrene Cation Inhibition of Antibody/Complement Mediated in Vitro Immune Haemolysis
Authors: ARNUNG K. M. , EBBESEN P. , BJERRUM O. J. , BAARK J.
Published: August 2010

Preincubation of unsensitized sheep erythrocytes with 25 μg/ml of the polycations DEAE‐dextran or polybrene prevented immune haemolysis. This inhibition could be reversed by polyanion. When already sensitized cells were incubated in polycation or when polycation was added to complement, less effect was found on haemolysis. Cell electrophoresis and immunoelectrophoresis showed that polycation does not prevent atachment of antibody to the cells.
Cell Membrane Receptors in a Case of Human Acute Monocytic Leukaemia
Authors: PARKER A. C. , DEWAR A. E. , WILSON C. D. , STUART A. E.
Published: August 2010

A study of membrane receptors on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from a patient with acute monocytic leukaemia is presented. Fc and (C) receptors which are found on normal monocytes were strongly expressed on the leukaemic cells. Electron microscopy and the cultural characteristics of these cells are also described.
The Effect of Intravenous Injection of Purified Human Tissue Thromboplastin in Rats
Authors: GIERCKSKY KARL ERIK , BJØRKLID EIRIK , PRYDZ HANS
Published: August 2010

As a background for the development and testing of phospholipase C in the therapy of post‐traumatic and post‐surgical intravascular coagulation, highly purified tissue thromboplastin was injected i.v. into rats. The levels of factor V, VII, VIII and blood platelets and the activity of the intrinsic coagulation pathway in general (the cephalin test) were followed. Histological examination of pulmonary, kidney and liver tissue was carried out. The dose‐response was highly dependent on the injection rate. A marked activation of factor VII and a fall in the activities of factors V and VIII as well as in thrombocyte counts were observed. Very few or no thrombi were seen beyond the pulmonary circulation. The main changes (fibrin‐containing thrombi and platelet aggregates) were observed in the lungs during the first 15 min after injection. After 15 min virtually no thrombi or platelet aggregates could be detected. The effect of tissue thromboplastin was counteracted by large doses of antithrombin III.
Gelatinous Transformation of Bone Marrow in Prolonged Self‐Induced Starvation
Authors: TAVASSOLI MEHDI , EASTLUND D. TED , YAM LUNG T. , NEIMAN RICHARD S. , FINKEL HARVEY
Published: August 2010

In bone marrow from 3 patients with prolonged, severe self‐induced starvation, fat atrophy, hypoplasia of haemopoietic cells and characteristic gelatinous transformation of marrow were noted. The gelatinous substance appeared amorphous and stained pink with the Wright‐Giemsa stains. Histochemical and ultrastructural studies indicated that it consisted of acid mucopolysaccharides and was extracellular in nature. Similar marrow abnormalities were produced in rabbits by limitating their food intake for 4 months. These marrow abnormalities in the experimental animals could be reverted to normal by restroing their nutritional status. It is proposed that the gelatinous transformation of marrow is caused by excessive production of mucopolysaccharides of the ground substance to compensate for the mobilization of marrow fat which occurs to meet the energy requirement. It is further postulated that excessive production of acid mucopolysaccharides may provide a microenvironment unsuitable for haemopoietic proliferation. The relevance of these findings to other conditions associated with marrow aplasia, is discussed.
Autoradiographic Evidence for Reutilization of DNA Catabolites by Granulocytopoiesis in the Rat
Authors: GERECKE D. , GROSS R.
Published: August 2010

The proliferating granulocyte precursor pool of rat bone marrow was labelled during DNA synthesis by continuous infusion and by single injection of 3H‐thymidine (3H‐TdR), as well as by single injection of 125I‐iododeoxyuridine (125I‐UdR). The appearance of neutrophilic granulocytes in the blood stream after these various labelling procedures was studied by autoradiography. Labelling patterns of blood neutrophils were identical during continuous infusion and after single injection of 3H‐TdR, and 100 % labelling of the blood compartment was achieved. This result indicated reutilization of DNA catabolites to occur in granulocytopoiesis leading to continuous availability of 3H‐labelled DNA precursors even after a single injection of 3H‐TdR. Attempts to suppress reutilization of label by infusion of cold thymidine 1 h after injection of 3H‐TdR were unsuccessful. However, a change in the labelling pattern of blood neutrophils was seen after single injection of 125I‐UdR, a DNA precursor poorly reutilized in comparison to 3H‐TdR. This result provided further evidence for reutilization of DNA catabolites by the cell system investigated. A comprehensive discussion of the results indicates that thymidinemonophosphate is the biochemical level of reutilization in granulocytopoiesis.
Chromosome Studies in Untreated Polycythaemia Vera
Authors: WESTIN JAN , WAHLSTRÖM JAN , SWOLIN BIRGITTA
Published: August 2010

Bone marrow chromosomes were studied in a series of 50 consecutive, unselected cases of untreated polycythaemia vera (PV). A pathological cell line was present in 7 patients (= 14%), 3 patients each had 1 extra chromosome no. 8 and 1 extra no. 9. 2 patients had a similar but not identical marker chromosome including material from the long arms of chromosome no. 1. 1 of these patients also had a 20q – deletion. 1 patient had an extra unidentified isochromosome. 1 patient had a monosomy 16. In 5 cases the abnormal clone dominated over cells with a normal karyotype. In each of 6 patients a singular hyperdiploid cell was observed. 1 or several polyploid or randomly hypodiploid cells were found in most patients.

The findings in our material are compared to other reports of chromosome studies in PV and allied disorders. Except for the 20q – deletion no abnormality typical for PV has so far been detected, but some chromosomes seem to be involved more often than others (1, 8, 9, 20). Patients with chromosome aberrations did not show any clinical, laboratory or morphologic features which could separate them from cases with normal karyotypes. The prognostic significance of the chromosome abnormalities encountered in early PV cannot be defined at present.
The Peripheral Platelet Count in Response to Intravenous Infusion of Isoprenaline
Authors: OLSSON LARS‐BERTIL , FREDÉN KRISTER , KUTTI JACK , LUNDBORG PER
Published: August 2010

5 healthy male volunteers received i.v. infusions of isoprenaline in doses of 0.03, 0.06 and 0.09 μg × kg−1 × min−1 over a period of 6 min. A statistically significant decrease in the peripheral platelet count was obtained, but no dose‐response‐curve for isoprenaline was observed. It is suggested that while an i.v. infusion of epinephrine causes a release of platelets from the exchangeable splenic platelet pool, isoprenaline might have the opposite effect on the spleen, thereby causing a decrease of platelets in the peripheral blood.
Bone Marrow Metastases from Prostatic Cancer‐Marked Cytolytic Effect after only a Few Days of Treatment with Diethylstilbestrol
Authors: BJØRNEKLETT ARVID , STAVEM PER , LY BERNT , EGEBERG OLAV
Published: August 2010

A 42‐year‐old male patient became hospitalized with severe back pain and marked bleeding tendency from disseminated intravascular coagulation. The bone marrow aspirate showed numerous nests of cancer cells presumably from a prostatic carcinoma. After only 4 days of treatment with diethylstilbestrol his condition was markedly improved, and a new bone marrow aspirate showed extensive necrosis of the cancer cells.
Abnormal Lymphocyte Populations in Pure Red Cell Aplasia
Authors: FRØLAND STIG S. , WISLØFF FINN , STAVEM PER
Published: August 2010

Studies of blood lymphocytes from 4 patients with pure red cell aplasia were performed with lymphocyte surface markers, and with various in vitro tests for lymphocyte functions. Pathologically low B‐lymphocyte values were found. In contrast, no marked deviation from normals were seen for T‐lymphocytes and Fc‐receptor‐bearing lymphocytes thought largely to represent non‐B, non‐T‐lymphocytes. In 3 patients normal lymphocyte transformation was found with unspecific and specific mitogens, while the DNA‐synthesis induced by unspecific mitogens was subnormal in the fourth patient. The lymphocyte‐mediated PHA‐induced cytotoxicity against target cells in vitro was subnormal in 2 patients, while no depression was seen in antibody‐dependent cytotoxicity mediated in vitro by lymphocytes (K‐cells). It is concluded that considerable immunological abnormalities are associated with pure red cell aplasia, and the possible significance of this is discussed.
Aplastic Anaemia with ‘Hot Pockets’
Authors: Kansu Emin , Erslev Allan J.
Published: August 2010

4 patients with chronic severe aplastic anaemia and with persistent foci of intense haematopoietic activity, so‐called ‘Hot Pockets’, in their bone marrow were studied. In all patients the remainder of the bone marrow was morphologically and erythrokinetically hypoplastic. The cellular morphology in these ’Hot Pockets’ displayed megaloblastic features and definite maturation abnormalities in erythroblasts, but no consistent changes in the myeloid or megakaryocytic series.

The presence of persistent ‘Hot Pockets’ presents a conceptual challenge since these pockets contain multipotential stem cells capable of differentiation and self‐renewal, but obviously incapable of repopulation of the bone marrow. In view of additional evidence for dyserythropoiesis in aplastic anaemia such as changes in erythroblast morphology and the production of macrocytes, fetal haemoglobin and complement sensitive cells, it seems likely that the bone marrow of aplastic anaemia patients is totally dyserythropoietic rather than hypoactive and that bone marrow transplantation in many cases may be both justified and necessary.
Confirmation of the Existence of Human Serum Leukaemia‐Associated Antigens (LAA)
Authors: Berg Käre , Stavem Per , Harris Rodney , Noer Grethe , Molne Käre
Published: August 2010

We have obtained antisera from rabbits which react with serum from several leukaemia patients after absorption with normal human serum. The specificities of these rabbit antisera have been shown to be closely related to those of the original anti‐LAA antisera of Viza et al (1970) and Harris et al (1971). Thus, the existence of leukaemia associated (but probably not leukaemia specific) serum antigen in man has been confirmed.

One of the animals was immunized with normal amniotic fluid obtained at 15–16 weeks of gestation. Thus, LAA seems to be a normal constituent of amniotic fluid. This suggests that LAA is another onco‐fetal component.
Platelet Consumption and Plasma Concentration of Platelet Factor 4 (PF‐4)
Authors: Gjesdal K. , Abrahamsen A. F.
Published: August 2010

In 10 cancer patients platelet concentration, platelet consumption, platelet half‐life time and plasma concentration of platelet factor 4 were determined. A high frequency of thrombocytosis and increased platelet consumption were observed, and the plasma concentration of platelet factor 4 was increased. However, no significant correlation was found between platelet consumption and the result of a single determination of platelet factor 4 concentration in plasma.
Spontaneous and Oxalate‐Induced Radial Segmentation of the Nuclei of Lymphocytes from Peripheral Blood from Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia
Authors: Valmin Klas
Published: August 2010

Radial segmentation of nuclei of lymphocytes from peripheral blood from 18 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia was studied in heparinized blood samples incubated with and without oxalate, for 6 h, at 20° C, and 37° C.

The yield of radially segmented nuclei was the same after incubation at 20° C as at 37° C. Treatment with sodium oxalate resulted in an increased formation of radial segmentation to the same extent at 20° C as at 37° C.

No correlation was found between the size of the lymphocytes and the frequency of radially segmented cells. The number of radially segmented nuclei did not vary with the WBC or Hb value. Cytostatic treatment with chlorambucil and cyclophosphamide did not inhibit the formation of radially segmented nuclei.
Splenectomy in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia
Authors: Christensen B. Egelund , Hansen M. Mφrk , Videbæk Aa.
Published: August 2010

In a retrospective study it was endeavoured to evaluate the effects of splenectomy in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) characterised by splenomegaly. The material comprises 42 patients subjected to the operation in the course of the past 20 years. In the majority the spleen weighed more than 1000 g. The main indication for splenectomy was anaemia, while in 9 cases it was thrombocytopenia and in 14 cases hypercatabolism. Splenectomy is followed by a pronounced increase in the venous haemoglobin level and platelet count to higher values which have been recorded for up to 3 years after the procedure. In cases where data were available, there has been weight gain and a falling basal metabolic rate.

Splenectomy is effective especially in cases predominated exclusively by splenomegaly, but even in cases with marked extrasplenic manifestations, splenectomy often greatly reduces the need for prednisone and cytostatics. Increasing hepatomegaly and lymphomas were not more common after splenectomy than in a control series, and the incidence of infections was not increased after the operation.

For comparison, 37 non‐splenectomised patients with splenomegaly were assessed. X‐radiation of the spleen seems to be insufficient, since usually it has to be repeated. Splenomegaly does not decrease spontaneously and rarely after treatment with prednisone/cytostatics.

The findings indicate that splenectomy of patients with CLL and increasing splenomegaly should be performed more often and presumably also earlier than recommended in the literature.
Cytogenetic Studies in Preleukaemia Using the G‐Banding Staining Technique
Authors: Panani A. , Papayannis A. G. , Kyrkou K. , Gardikas C.
Published: August 2010

15 patients with preleukaemia were cytogenetically studied during the preleukaemic state by using the G‐banding staining technique. It was found that 9 patients had a completely normal karyotype, while the other 6 showed various chromosomal abnormalities, numerical (trisomies in 5 cases) and structural (deletion in 1 case and a marker chromosome in 1 case). The abnormalities concerned group C in all 6 cases, while group A was involved in 3 cases. G‐banding technique revealed that trisomy C affected the chromosomes nos 8 (2 cases) and 9 (3 cases); also a deleted chromosome 11 (11q‐) was identified in 1 case and a marker chromosome in 1, the origin of which was established as a translocation between chromosomes 3 and 6. The abnormalities of group A concerned chromosome no 3. The abnormalities found in our cases, using the G‐banding technique, were similar to those described in acute leukaemia.
Toxicological Studies on Ferastral®, an Iron‐poly‐(sorbitol‐gluconic acid) complex
Authors: FLODH H. , MAGNUSSON G. , MALMFORS T.
Published: August 2010

This paper presents a review of the toxicological studies in animals on Ferastral®, an iron‐poly (sorbitol‐gluconic acid) complex. Studies after single administration were performed in mice, rats and dogs, and LD50‐values were calculated in mice and rats. Studies after repeated administration were performed in rats and dogs. The test compound was given intramuscularly twice a week for five weeks to rats in doses varying from 50 to 400 mg Fe3+/kg, and to dogs from 5 to 200 mg Fe3+/kg. In a special study Ferastral was given intravenously to dogs every day for 12 days at the dose levels 5 and 20 mg Fe3+/kg. Imferon®, iron‐dextran, was used as a reference compound in some of the studies.

Ferastral induced very little inflammatory reaction at the injection site. Depositions of iron‐containing pigments were found in all examined organs, being most pronounced at the intramuscular injection site, in the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes. Hyperplasia and hypertrophy as a reaction to the iron‐containing pigments resulted in increased weights of the liver and the spleen. Iron deposits in the liver occurred in both hepatocytes and Kupffer cells. With low doses the distribution was diffuse and with higher doses also focally accentuated. In both rats and dogs the focally accentuated distribution of iron in the liver was accompanied by granulomatous changes. There was a dose difference between rats and dogs. In rats iron was stored at the intramuscular injection site to a much greater extent than in dogs, and severe proliferation of iron‐loaded macrophages at the intramuscular injection site was seen in rats at much lower dose levels than in dogs. Imferon caused liver changes of similar appearance as those with Ferastral.
Oncological Study in Rats of Ferastral®, an Iron‐poly‐(sorbitol‐gluconic acid) complex, after Intramuscular Administration
Authors: MAGNUSSON G. , FLODH H. , MALMFORS T.
Published: August 2010

Four groups of Sprague‐Dawley rats were given Ferastral®, an iron‐poly (sorbitol‐gluconic acid) complex (IPSG) or Imferon®, an iron‐dextran complex, intramuscularly twice a week for 17 weeks. The experiment lasted for 95 weeks. Each compound was given to two groups, one low dose group and one high dose group. Depending on the body mass, the dose levels varied between 2.5 and 10 mg (25—50 mg/kg body mass) and between 5 and 20 mg (50—100 mg/kg body mass) of iron per rat, respectively. The mean total dose of iron per rat was calculated to be 235 and 495 mg, respectively. Another group of animals served as a control.

From about the 30th experimental week onwards tumours developed at the intramuscular injection sites in the groups given Ferastral and Imferon. The tumours appeared to be sarcomas. In almost all the treated animals that lived longer than 30 weeks after the start of the experiment, sarcomas were present at the intramuscular injection sites. The sarcomas appeared earlier in the high dose groups than in the low dose groups and slightly earlier in the rats given Ferastral than in those given Imferon. No other pathological changes, including neoplasms, were considered to be related to the treatment.
Disposition in Rats of the Carbohydrate Polymer in Ferastral®— an Iron‐poly (sorbitol‐gluconic acid) complex
Authors: LAKE‐BAKAAR DESMOND M.
Published: August 2010

The disposition and pharmacokinetics in rats of14C‐sorbitol‐Ferastral® has been studied as an initial step towards elucidating the metabolic fate of the polymeric organic moiety. The period of time studied was 24 h. Following i.v. administration of a dose corresponding to 10 mg/kg of iron approximately 60% of the isotope was found in the urine after this period of time. A further 3% was demonstrated in the faeces whilst the expired air accounted for about 10% in the form of14CO2. Thus, a relatively large proportion of the radiolabel was promptly excreted via the kidneys whilst the expired air and probably bile constituted secondary excretion routes. The physico‐chemical nature of the urinary product was similar to the parent carbohydrate compound. The residual14C radioactivity was distributed mainly between the liver, which contained approximately 45% of the retained label, carcass with 36% and large intestine with 7%. The plasma disappearance pattern was biphasic. Similar experiments with the14C‐sorbitol polymer starting material were performed for purposes of comparison.
Distribution of the Carbohydrate Polymer in14C‐labelled Iron‐poly (sorbitol‐gluconic acid) complex after Intramuscular Administration in Normal and Anaemic Rats
Authors: GAGNER‐MILCHERT INGALILL , LINDVALL SVEN , RYDELL GUNILLA
Published: August 2010

The carbohydrate polymer in an iron‐poly (sorbitol‐gluconic acid) complex was prepared by using uniformly labelled14C‐sorbitol or14C‐gluconic acid. The distribution of these complexes 7, 14 and 28 days after administration has been followed in non‐anaemic and anaemic rats. Most of the14C from the labelled complexes was found in the expired CO2, faeces and urine. Twenty‐eight days after injection of14C‐labelled Ferastral®, less than 13% of the given dose of either14C‐sorbitol or14C‐gluconic acid labelled preparation could be found in the body. There was no specific accumulation of14C in any organ except in the bones, where 3% of the given dose could be seen 28 days after14C‐gluconic acid labelled Ferastral to both non‐anaemic and anaemic animals.
Absorption, Excretion, and Utilization of an Intramuscular Iron‐poly (sorbitol‐gluconic acid) complex, Ferastral®
Authors: BERESFORD C. H. , PALMER J. , KENNY M. W.
Published: August 2010

An iron‐poly (sorbitol‐gluconic acid) complex (Ferastral®) labelled with59Fe was administered by intramuscular injection to clinically and haematologically normal male volunteers. Urinary excretion of radioactivity was measured for the first 48 hours following injection, and was 2%–10% of the administered dose. Disappearance of radioactivity at the site of injection and accumulation of radioactivity in the liver, spleen, and sacrum were measured by external scintillation counting.

Plasma radioactivity was measured at intervals for four days and red cell incorporation of59Fe reached levels of 29%–57.5%. An unexpected finding was that the highest levels of urinary excretion of radioactivity did not coincide with the highest levels of plasma radioactivity.
The Assay of Iron‐poly (sorbitol‐gluconic acid) complex (Ferastral®) and its Separation from Transferrin in Serum
Authors: DONEY VALERIE J. , SPEYER BARBARA E. , FIELDING JACK
Published: August 2010

A new iron‐poly (sorbitol‐gluconic acid) complex (Ferastral®) has been studied. A method of assay is described. The iron complex may be separated from serum transferrin using a Sephadex DEAE A50 column. This binds the iron complex and elutes iron‐transferrin which can then be assayed. It is shown that the assay of serum transferrin unsaturated binding capacity using excess59FeCl3and MgCO3adsorption, is valid in the presence of Ferastral. Serum unsaturated iron binding capacity may therefore be used to follow the binding of Ferastral iron by transferrin. These methods may be used to follow the distribution of iron in plasma after an intramuscular injection of Ferastral.
Transfer of Iron from Ferastral® and other Organic Complexes to Transferrin as Measured by Reticulocyte Uptake
Authors: SPEYER BARBARA E. , DONEY VALERIE J. , FIELDING JACK
Published: August 2010

The transfer of iron from the iron carbohydrate complexes, Ferastral®, Imferon®, and Jectofer®, and from ferric chloride has been studied by the effect of such transfer in reducing reticulocyte uptake of 59Fe from labelled transferrin. There are plasma factors which augment the transfer of iron from complex to transferrin.

The pattern of transfer from Ferastral and from Imferon are similar: at concentrations of 5000 μg/100 ml and 1250 μg/100 ml in plasma these complexes transfer about 0.8% and 1.7%, respectively. Jectofer transfers about four times these amounts under similar conditions. In the case of Ferastral there is evidence of an equilibrium between transferrin‐bound and Ferastral‐bound iron.

The characteristics of Ferastral assessed in this way suggest that it may prove suitable for therapeutic use as a total dose infusion.
Ferastral® Treatment of Three Healthy Phlebotomized Males
Authors: Simonsson B. , Birgegård G. , Killander A. , Levander H.
Published: August 2010

Iron deficiency anaemia was produced by repeated phlebotomies in three healthy males. The storage iron was estimated as 666, 522 and 750 mg. After treatment with 1 000 mg of Ferastral the blood haemoglobin concentration rose at an average daily rate of 0.1 g/100 ml/day. Ninety per cent of the injected iron could be accounted for, and the utilization was estimated to about 70—80 per cent. Side effects comprised pain and discolouration at the injection site.