bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phthalic anhydride (PA): a valuable substrate in organic transformations
Authors: Nikoofar Kobra , Sadathosainy Mansoorehsadat
Published: August 2023

This review has been centralized on applications of phthalic anhydride (PA) as a valuable and significant heterocyclic substrate in two- and multicomponent organic reactions.
Moringa oleiferaLam.: a comprehensive review on active components, health benefits and application
Authors: Su Xinyue , Lu Guanzheng , Ye Liang , Shi Ruyu , Zhu Maomao , Yu Xinming , Li Zhiyong , Jia Xiaobin , Feng Liang
Published: August 2023

Moringa oleiferaLam., an edible plant, is rich in a variety of components that can have many medicinal effects and also has good economic value.
“I guess it was more than just my general knowledge of chemistry”: exploring students’ confidence judgments in two-tiered assessments
Authors: Koevoets-Beach Casandra , Julian Karen , Balabanoff Morgan
Published: August 2023

Two-tiered assessment structures with paired content and confidence items are frequently used within chemistry assessments to stimulate and measure students’ metacognition. The confidence judgment is designed to promote students’ reflection on their application of content knowledge and can be characterized as calibrated or miscalibrated based on their accuracy. Previous studies often attributed students’ miscalibrated confidence rankings to metaignorance, however, in this qualitative study, interviews with general chemistry students were thematically analysed to provide a more robust understanding of the processes and factors students use when engaging with these metacognitive prompts in a chemistry assessment. Both calibrated and miscalibrated confidence judgments were observed independent of accuracy. Students who provided miscalibrated confidence judgments often used unreliable metrics such as processing fluency which can mimic content mastery whereas students who provided more accurate evaluations of their confidence relied more heavily on their stable understanding of chemistry concepts. Many students cited previous experiences, underlying self-efficacy beliefs, and/or the use of test-taking strategies which negatively or positively impacted their confidence. These findings suggest that the confidence tier is indeed capturing students’ self-assessment, however, students’ confidence judgments are based on a range of factors independent of content knowledge which may impede on the utility of this metacognitive tool for students, researchers, and instructors.
Solvent-controlled formation of alkali and alkali-earth-secured cucurbituril/guest trimers
Authors: Lončarić Doroteja , Movahedifar Fahimeh , Štoček Jakub Radek , Dračínský Martin , Cvačka Josef , Guan Shanshan , Bythell Benjamin J. , Císařová Ivana , Masson Eric , Kaleta Jiří
Published: August 2023

Cucurbit[7]uril complexes aggregate into well-defined trimers in dimethyl sulfoxide in the presence of a selection of cations, as long as the host cavity is filled with a guest that leaves one carbonylated portal available for cation binding.
Accessible chemical space for metal nitride perovskites
Authors: Grosso Bastien F. , Davies Daniel W. , Zhu Bonan , Walsh Aron , Scanlon David O.
Published: August 2023

We report a computational exploration of the stable chemical compositions and crystal structures for ABN3 compounds.
A user-friendly graphical user interface for dynamic light scattering data analysis
Authors: Salazar Matthew , Srivastav Harsh , Srivastava Abhishek , Srivastava Samanvaya
Published: August 2023

A user-friendly GUI for analyzing dynamic light scattering (DLS) autocorrelation data using various cumulant expansion methods and regularization methods.
Escape dynamics of a self-propelled nanorod from circular confinements with narrow openings
Authors: Kumar Praveen , Chakrabarti Rajarshi
Published: August 2023

We perform computer simulations to explore the escape dynamics of a self-propelled (active) nanorod from circular confinements with narrow opening(s).
A tunable color palette of electrochromic materials achieved through an ingenious stacking of ordinary conducting polymers
Authors: Souza Victor H. R. , Schmidt Ariane , Zarbin Aldo J. G.
Published: August 2023

A wide color gamut of electrochromic polymers (ECPs), presenting controllable color switching, is described here based on a selective combination of transparent films of polythiophene, polyaniline and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT).
MnO2-decorated highly porous 3D-printed graphene supercapacitors for photosynthetic power systems
Authors: Jung Ho Yun , Kim Seon Il , Kim JongHyun , Kim Yong Jae , Hong Hyeonaug , Yun JaeHyoung , Ryu WonHyoung
Published: August 2023

3D printed graphene electrodes decorated with nanoporous MnO2 and thylakoid membranes isolated from spinach leaves enable more efficient harvesting and storage of photosynthetic electrons produced from photosynthesis in thylakoid membranes.
Radar detection and speed estimation of high‐speed targets using phase‐modulated waveforms
Authors: Zahra Alaa G. , Mehany Wael , Ahmed Fathy M. , Youssef Ahmed
Published: August 2023

Specifying parameters of high‐speed targets as range and velocity in radar systems operating with phase‐modulated signals is a problematic process because of the serious effect of high Doppler frequency on these types of waveforms. In the existence of a high‐speed target, its Doppler frequency will be very high such that it totally changes the phase sequence of the received signal. As a result, the matched filter output will be distorted. Therefore, estimating target parameters will be impossible. In this letter, a new method is proposed for detecting and estimating velocity of high speed targets using phase‐modulated signals. The suggested technique methodology depends on compensating the target high‐Doppler frequency for signal recovery using a customized waveform shape. Moreover, the Doppler frequency value is estimated without ambiguity from one pulse, and without the need for a range‐Doppler module. As such, the implementation of the proposed method is simple and inexpensive. The performance evaluation of the new method shows its superiority in compensation and estimation compared to other techniques when examined under higher Doppler frequency and noise compared to the conventional radar.
Optimal dispatching of electric‐heat‐hydrogen integrated energy system based on Stackelberg game
Authors: Zhang Yumin , Li Jingrui , Ji Xingquan , Ye Pingfeng , Yu Danwen , Zhang Baoyu
Published: August 2023

The interest conflict among entities in the integrated energy system (IES) has a great challenge to operation decisions of IES. With regards to this, an optimal dispatching model of electric‐heat‐hydrogen IES based on Stackelberg game is proposed. First, an energy producer (EP) model is formulated which considered the full utilization of hydrogen energy and involved the conversion of hydrogen energy to electricity and heat energy. Meanwhile, the demand response amount is integrated into the objective function of load aggregator (LA) in order to encourage consumers to adjust their consumption behaviour. Second, by analyzing the characteristics of price information interaction among EP, energy system operator (ESO), and LA, the payoffs of each entity in IES are reformulated. Finally, a Stackelberg game model is established with ESO as the dominator guiding price information, EP and LA as the followers whose private information is confidential. Genetic algorithm and quadratic programming algorithm are employed to solve the developed model. Numerical experiments are carried out on an actual park‐level IES in northern China to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model in promoting the benefit equilibrium among various entities.
Measuring the Hubble constant with kilonovae using the expanding photosphere method
Authors: Sneppen Albert , Watson Darach , Poznanski Dovi , Just Oliver , Bauswein Andreas , Wojtak Radosław
Published: August 2023

While gravitational wave (GW) standard sirens from neutron star (NS) mergers have been proposed to offer good measurements of the Hubble constant, we show in this paper how a variation of the expanding photosphere method (EPM) or spectral-fitting expanding atmosphere method, applied to the kilonovae (KNe) associated with the mergers, can provide an independent distance measurement to individual mergers that is potentially accurate to within a few percent. There are four reasons why the KN-EPM overcomes the major uncertainties commonly associated with this method in supernovae: (1) the early continuum is very well-reproduced by a blackbody spectrum, (2) the dilution effect from electron scattering opacity is likely negligible, (3) the explosion times are exactly known due to the GW detection, and (4) the ejecta geometry is, at least in some cases, highly spherical and can be constrained from line-shape analysis. We provide an analysis of the early VLT/X-shooter spectra AT2017gfo showing how the luminosity distance can be determined, and find a luminosity distance of DL = 44.5 ± 0.8 Mpc in agreement with, but more precise than, previous methods. We investigate the dominant systematic uncertainties, but our simple framework, which assumes a blackbody photosphere, does not account for the full time-dependent three-dimensional radiative transfer effects, so this distance should be treated as preliminary. The luminosity distance corresponds to an estimated Hubble constant of H0 = 67.0 ± 3.6 km s−1 Mpc−1, where the dominant uncertainty is due to the modelling of the host peculiar velocity. We also estimate the expected constraints on H0 from future KN-EPM-analysis with the upcoming O4 and O5 runs of the LIGO collaboration GW-detectors, where five to ten similar KNe would yield 1% precision cosmological constraints.
The RoboPol sample of optical polarimetric standards
Authors: Blinov D. , Maharana S. , Bouzelou F. , Casadio C. , Gjerløw E. , Jormanainen J. , Kiehlmann S. , Kypriotakis J. A. , Liodakis I. , Mandarakas N. , Markopoulioti L. , Panopoulou G. V. , Pelgrims V. , Pouliasi A. , Romanopoulos S. , Skalidis R. , Anche R. M. , Angelakis E. , Antoniadis J. , Medhi B. J. , Hovatta T. , Kus A. , Kylafis N. , Mahabal A. , Myserlis I. , Paleologou E. , Papadakis I. , Pavlidou V. , Papamastorakis I. , Pearson T. J. , Potter S. B. , Ramaprakash A. N. , Readhead A. C. S. , Reig P. , Słowikowska A. , Tassis K. , Zensus J. A.
Published: August 2023

Context. Optical polarimeters are typically calibrated using measurements of stars with known and stable polarization parameters. However, there is a lack of such stars available across the sky. Many of the currently available standards are not suitable for medium and large telescopes due to their high brightness. Moreover, as we find, some of the polarimetric standards used are in fact variable or have polarization parameters that differ from their cataloged values.

Aims. Our goal is to establish a sample of stable standards suitable for calibrating linear optical polarimeters with an accuracy down to 10−3 in fractional polarization.

Methods. For 4 yr, we have been running a monitoring campaign of a sample of standard candidates comprised of 107 stars distributed across the northern sky. We analyzed the variability of the linear polarization of these stars, taking into account the non-Gaussian nature of fractional polarization measurements. For a subsample of nine stars, we also performed multiband polarization measurements.

Results. We created a new catalog of 65 stars (see Table 2) that are stable, have small uncertainties of measured polarimetric parameters, and can be used as calibrators of polarimeters at medium and large telescopes.
Optical spectropolarimetry of large C-complex asteroids: Polarimetric evidence for heterogeneous surface compositions
Authors: Kwon Yuna G. , Bagnulo Stefano , Cellino Alberto
Published: August 2023

This study presents the first optical (420–930 nm) spectropolarimetric study of a sample of large (≳100 km in diameter) C-complex asteroids in observing circumstances for which light scattered by asteroid surfaces undergoes a so-called negative polarization. We analyzed a total of 64 C-complex asteroids of different subclasses, using archival polarimetric and reflectance data to refine the link between polarimetric parameters and surface properties of the asteroids. We find a consistent difference in the polarization spectra between asteroids containing phyllosilicates and those without, which is correlated with the overall morphology of the reflectance spectrum. The inverse relationship between reflectance and the polarization degree, known as the Umov law, is not very sharp in our sample of asteroids. These objects exhibit broad similarities in polarization-phase curves; nonetheless, we do observe a gradual enhancement of the negative polarization branch (both in depth and width) in the ascending order of F → B → T → Ch types (Spearman correlation coefficient ρ = 0.70-0.07+0.06 and p-value p = 0.0001), along with an increase in the reflectance curvature around 500 nm. A weaker inverse correlation between the inversion angle and diameter of the asteroids in our sample has been found with ρ = -0.42-0.07+0.08 and p = 0.01, apparently driven by the distribution of C-type asteroids (ρ = -0.51-0.11+0.13 and p = 0.04). Our observations suggest that at least for large C-complex asteroids: 1) a common mechanism underlies the diversity in polarimetric and spectroscopic properties at optical wavelengths; 2) the observed trends would be explained by the surface composition of the asteroids, particularly with respect to the optical heterogeneity on the wavelength scale caused by carbon’s varying levels of optical influence; and 3) aqueous alteration may play a significant role in regulating this operational effect of carbon.
Spontane retroperitoneale und Rektusscheidenhämatome und ihre interventionelle Therapie: ein Review
Authors: Becker Lena Sophie , Dewald Cornelia Lieselotte Angelika , Wacker Frank K. , Hinrichs Jan B.
Published: August 2023

Hintergrund Retroperitoneale und Rektusscheidenhämatome (RH/RSH) stellen ein Krankheitsbild dar, das unter anderem wegen unspezifischer klinischer Symptomatik und des drohenden Risikos einer Exsanguination bzw. Folgen des Blutverlustes, Mortalitätsraten bis zu 30 % aufweist. Ätiologisch werden traumatische, iatrogene und spontane Subtypen unterschieden. Mit in der Literatur beschriebenen Risikofaktoren eines Lebensalters > 65 Jahre und der Einnahme antikoagulativer Medikation werden steigende Inzidenzen insbesondere des spontanen Subtyps der RH/SRH in der alternden Gesellschaft prognostiziert.

Material und Methodik Analyse, Resümee und Diskussion publizierter Grundlagenarbeiten und Expertenempfehlungen.

Ergebnisse Am häufigsten wird das Vorliegen abdomineller Schmerzen im Rahmen der klinischen Untersuchung beschrieben; in Abhängigkeit vom Ausmaß des Volumenverlustes können die Symptome eines abdominellen Kompartments und eines hämorrhagischen Schocks auftreten. Die Computertomographie-Angiographie (CTA), mit hoher Sensitivität und Spezifizität für das Vorliegen aktiver Blutungen, spielt die entscheidende Rolle in der Detektion von RH und RSH. Das Therapiemanagement basiert auf verschiedenen Säulen, welche neben konservativen Maßnahmen (Volumenersatz, Optimierung der Gerinnungsparameter), chirurgische und interventionelle Maßnahmen umfassen, die eng aufeinander abgestimmt werden. Aufgrund ihrer geringeren Invasivität bei simultan hohen technischen und klinischen Erfolgsraten hat insbesondere die Säule der interventionellen Therapie zunehmend an Bedeutung gewonnen.

Schlussfolgerung Das Therapiemanagement von Patienten/innen mit RH/SRH erfordert eine niedrige klinische Verdachtsschwelle und die Zusammenarbeit in einem interdisziplinären Team zur bestmöglichen Therapiefindung. Die transarterielle Embolisation erfordert eine systematische, standardisierte Abfolge der Blutungsdetektion und bietet Vorteile hinsichtlich technischer und klinischer Erfolgsraten.

Kernaussagen:
Research Progress on the Role and Mechanism of IL-37 in Liver Diseases
Authors: Jiang Baoyi , Zhou Yulin , Liu Yanting , He Siqi , Liao Baojian , Peng Tieli , Yao Leyi , Qi Ling
Published: August 2023

Cytokines are important components of the immune system that can predict or influence the development of liver diseases. IL-37, a new member of the IL-1 cytokine family, exerts potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects inside and outside cells. IL-37 expression differs before and after liver lesions, suggesting that it is associated with liver disease; however, its mechanism of action remains unclear. This article mainly reviews the biological characteristics of IL-37, which inhibits hepatitis, liver injury, and liver fibrosis by inhibiting inflammation, and inhibits the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) by regulating the immune microenvironment. Based on additional evidence, combining IL-37 with liver disease markers for diagnosis and treatment can achieve more significant effects, suggesting that IL-37 can be developed into a powerful tool for the clinical adjuvant treatment of liver diseases, especially HCC.
Autophagy and Exercise: Current Insights and Future Research
Directions
Authors: Botella Javier , Shaw Christopher S , Bishop David J
Published: August 2023

Autophagy is a cellular process by which proteins and organelles are degraded
inside the lysosome. Exercise is known to influence the regulation of autophagy
in skeletal muscle. However, as gold standard techniques to assess autophagy
flux in vivo are restricted to animal research, important gaps remain in
our understanding of how exercise influences autophagy activity in humans. Using
available datasets, we show how the gene expression profile of autophagy
receptors and ATG8 family members differ between human and mouse skeletal
muscle, providing a potential explanation for their differing exercise-induced
autophagy responses. Furthermore, we provide a comprehensive view of autophagy
regulation following exercise in humans by summarizing human transcriptomic and
phosphoproteomic datasets that provide novel targets of potential relevance.
These newly identified phosphorylation sites may provide an explanation as to
why both endurance and resistance exercise lead to an exercise-induced reduction
in LC3B-II, while possibly divergently regulating autophagy receptors, and,
potentially, autophagy flux. We also provide recommendations to use ex
vivo autophagy flux assays to better understand the influence of
exercise, and other stimuli, on autophagy regulation in humans. This review
provides a critical overview of the field and directs researchers towards novel
research areas that will improve our understanding of autophagy regulation
following exercise in humans.
A General Protocol for the Chemo- and Stereoselective Construction of α,β-Unsaturated γ-Amino Sulfonyl Fluorides
Authors: Qin Hua-Li , Tao Xiang-Feng
Published: August 2023

A general protocol for the simple, efficient, and mild synthesis of α,β-unsaturated γ-amino sulfonyl fluorides is developed via a base-catalyzed N-alkylation reaction of aromatic amines with (E)-3-bromoprop-1-ene-1-sulfonyl fluoride. This transformation exhibits excellent chemo- and stereoselectivity, mild conditions, broad functional group compatibility and operational simplicity, making it a potentially valuable procedure in medicinal chemistry, chemical biology, and drug discovery.
Gallbladder Drainage: IR and GI Perspective
Authors: Vezeridis Alexander M. , Satyavada Sagarika , Barakat Monique T.
Published: August 2023

Cholecystitis and gallbladder disease are an important, growing, and costly problem. As interventional radiology (IR) and gastroenterology (GI) have evolved and become even more minimally invasive and technically capable, we play an increasingly important role in the management of cholecystitis, particularly in nonsurgical and palliative settings. This review highlights the modern and future role of IR and GI in gallbladder drainage for the management of acute cholecystitis.
A breakthrough in electrocaloric cooling technology for eco-friendly refrigeration
Authors: Palivela Ananya
Published: August 2023

Harnessing the latent heat associated with phonon entropy enables improved cooling power density.
W-band tunable, multi-channel, frequency comb Doppler backscattering diagnostic in the ASDEX-Upgrade tokamak
Authors: Molina Cabrera P. A. , Kasparek W. , Happel T. , Eixenberger H. , Kammerloher L. , Hennequin P. , Höfler K. , Honoré C. ,   ASDEX Upgrade Team
Published: August 2023

This article presents the design, implementation, and first data of a uniquely flexible, multi-channel, frequency comb Doppler backscattering diagnostic recently made operational in the ASDEX-Upgrade tokamak [A. Gruber and O. Gruber, Fusion Sci. Technol. 44, 569 (2003)]. It uses a double side-band signal fed into a ×6 frequency multiplier to produce a multiple-frequency output spectrum. Seven of these frequencies are simultaneously measured in the receiver via a two-step frequency down-conversion and traditional I/Q demodulation. The frequency comb spectrum is fully tunable to sit anywhere in the W-band. The inter-frequency separation is also uniquely tunable remotely between 0.1 and 6 GHz without any hardware changes. The diagnostic can be operated in both O and X-mode polarizations and at both oblique and normal incidence to the cutoff layer. The time evolution of backscattered signals, in excess of 30 dB, from seven distinct frequencies sampled simultaneously is presented across an L-to-H-mode confinement regime transition.
Quantitative morphometry of topological graphene-based aerogels and carbon foams by x-ray micro-computed tomography
Authors: Gupta Sanju , Sharits Andrew , Boeckl John
Published: August 2023

In this work, we report quantitative morphometry of freeze-dried graphene-based aerogels (i.e., graphene aerogel-GA, nitrogenated GA-NGA, graphene-carbon nanotube hybrid-Gr-MWCNTs, carbon foam-CF, and CF-GA hybrid-CF-GA) and monoliths, prepared by hydrothermal and organic sol-gel methods, respectively. X-ray micro-computed tomography (XMCT) in combination with scanning and transmission electron microscopy allowed visualization of internal microstructures in three-dimensional space. Quantitative morphometry analysis through the reconstructed volume renderings from two-dimensional sliced images revealed hierarchical structures possessing interlaced thin sheets, honeycomb organization, and topological interconnected pore background domains. The influence of small-diameter functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) inclusions to graphene-like sheets and integration with CF is assessed through quantitative morphometry analysis in terms of volume-weighted pore size, wall thickness, and porosity levels. Hybrid composite porous solids elucidated cross-linking reinforced by a homogeneous distribution of CNTs into complex sheets of GA and CF matrices. A consistent trend impacting porosity and interconnectedness was found following NGA ≥ GA > CF > Gr-MWCNT2:1 > CF-GA > Gr-MWCNT3:1 > Gr-MWCNT5:1, from XMCT image processing and analyses in corroboration with physical properties and reliability. The experimental results provide insights and guide the design of characteristic porous carbonaceous and graphene-based functional nanomaterials for energy sciences, environmental engineering, and fundamental reactive transport of fluids.
Stark control of multiphoton ionization through Freeman resonances in alkyl iodides
Authors: Casasús Ignacio M. , Corrales María E. , Murillo-Sánchez Marta L. , Marggi Poullain Sonia , de Oliveira Nelson , Limão-Vieira Paulo , Bañares Luis
Published: August 2023

Multiphoton ionization (MPI) of alkyl iodides (RI, R = CnH2n+1, n = 1–4) has been investigated with femtosecond laser pulses centered at 800 and 400 nm along with photoelectron imaging detection. In addition, the ultraviolet (UV)–vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) absorption spectra of gas-phase RIs have been measured in the photon energy range of 5–11 eV using the VUV Fourier transform spectrometer at the VUV DESIRS beamline of the synchrotron SOLEIL facility. The use of high-laser-field strengths in matter–radiation interaction generates highly non-linear phenomena, such as the Stark shift effect, which distorts the potential energy surfaces of molecules by varying both the energy of electronic and rovibrational states and their ionization energies. The Stark shift can then generate resonances between intermediate states and an integer number of laser photons of a given wavelength, which are commonly known as Freeman resonances. Here, we study how the molecular structure of linear and branched alkyl iodides affects the UV–VUV absorption spectrum, the MPI process, and the generation of Freeman resonances. The obtained results reveal a dominant resonance in the experiments at 800 nm, which counter-intuitively appears at the same photoelectron kinetic energy in the whole alkyl iodide series. The ionization pathways of this resonance strongly involve the 6p(2E3/2) Rydberg state with different degrees of vibrational excitation, revealing an energy compensation effect as the R-chain complexity increases.
Ferroelectric and negative piezoelectric properties in oxyhydroxide monolayers
γ
-XOOH (X = Al, Ga, and In)
Authors: Cheng Xuli , Xu Shaowen , Liu Chao , Cui Yaning , Ouyang Wenbin , Jia Fanhao , Wu Wei , Ren Wei
Published: August 2023

Two-dimensional (2D) multiferroic materials with coexisting ferroelasticity (FA) and ferroelectricity (FE) have potential applications in high-density data storage and sonar detectors. Here, based on first-principles calculations, we predict a series of stable 2D FA-FE multiferroic structures, namely, γ-XOOH (X = Al, Ga, and In) monolayers. By analyzing the lattice symmetry and orientation distribution of hydroxyls, we find that XOOH monolayers possess both in-plane ferroelastic and ferroelectric polarization, as well as antiferroelectric ordering caused by the anti-parallel alignment of hydroxyls. Interestingly, the perpendicular reorientation of in-plane FE polarization accompanies 90° ferroelastic switching. Moreover, they show an unusual negative transverse piezoelectric effect originated from the clamped-ion term. The multiferroic properties of the XOOH monolayers provide an excellent platform to study electroelastic effects.
Experience of primary caregivers in utilising an mHealth application for remote dental screening in preschool children
Authors: Azimi Somayyeh , Fernando Chrishan , Estai Mohamed , Patel Jilen , Silva Desiree , Tennant Marc
Published: August 2023

Objectives This study aimed to address the acceptance of mHealth applications for a dental screening app that facilitates patient information entry and captures dental photos remotely to assist in caries diagnosis in preschool children in Australia. Methods All participants were recruited through the ORIGINS Project, a community-based interventional birth cohort study in Western Australia. Forty-two primary caregivers, who were the users of a teledental screening app, were given a questionnaire with 17 questions; these were constructed based on the theme of the Technology Acceptance Model: perceived ease of use (PE), perceived usefulness (PU), behavioural intention to adopt (BI), anxiety (ANX), attitude toward a behaviour (ATB), and self-efficacy (SE). Cronbach’s alpha was estimated to determine internal consistency. Path analysis was employed to quantify the relationship between each theme. Results The mean values for most themes indicated high satisfaction with the intervention among caregivers (scores out of 5): PE (4.54 ± 0.55), PU (4.65 ± 0.49), BI (4.40 ± 0.65), ATB (4.23 ± 0.70), SE (4.36 ± 0.64). Results indicated high consistency in response in the PE, PU, ATB, and SE (α = 0.74–0.84) and moderate consistency was observed in ANX and BI (α = 0.50–0.62). The overall intention of using the dental screening app was significantly related to both PU and ATB (P < 0.05); in addition, the SE and PE also positively affected the PU. Conclusion The perceived usefulness and attitude toward behaviours influenced the overall behavioural intention of the participants to use the telehealth model in dental screening. Recognising these relationships indicates community readiness for implementing the telehealth application in the dental program and enables identification of areas for improving its diffusion.
A regional-scale assessment of nutritional-system strategies for abatement of enteric methane from grazing livestock
Authors: Almeida A. K. , Cowley F. C. , Hegarty R. S.
Published: August 2023

Progress towards methane (CH4) mitigation for the red meat, milk and wool sectors in Australia and reduced CH4 emissions intensity (g CH4/kg animal product, typically milk or liveweight gain) involves not only reduced net emissions but also improved productive efficiency. Although nutritional additives have potential to reduce CH4 production rate of livestock (g CH4/head.day), systemic improvement of the nutrition of grazing breeding females, the largest source of CH4 emissions in Australian agriculture, will also be required to reduce emissions intensity. Systemic changes that increase productive efficiency for producers are part of the economic and environmental ‘win–win’ of reducing emissions intensity, and so offer good potential for adoption by industry. For sheep and cattle breeding enterprises, improved nutrition to achieve a younger age at first joining and increased reproductive rate will reduce the proportion of CH4-emitting, but unproductive, animals in a herd. However, if breeding stock are managed to be more productive (e.g. by superior nutrition leading to greater product/breeder) and more efficient (e.g. greater product per kilogram DMI) the producer is faced with the following management challenge. Should the enterprise increase stock numbers to utilise surplus feed and gain extra product, or reduce stock numbers to maintain previous product output with smaller enterprise net emissions (and emissions intensity), and so make land available for other uses (e.g. tree plantings, conservation zones). The right balance of incentives and price on carbon is necessary to achieve a result whereby total emissions from Australian agriculture are reduced, and so a positive impact on climate change is achieved.
Benefit Sharing from Maasai Manyatta Visits
Authors: Obombo Magio E. , Charlotte Louwman-Vogels
Published: August 2023

Cultural Manyatta, a tourist attraction in Dagurugurueti village, was designed as a way of sharing tourism revenue with the Maasai community. Through in-depth interviews with local leaders and local communities, this case study presents the benefit-sharing experiences of local communities from the cultural Manyatta visits. The local communities indicate that there are concerns relating to limited funds and unequal revenue distribution from cultural Manyatta visits entrance fees paid by tourists. They point to the need for benefit-sharing mechanisms that create a large and equitable share of tourism revenues for all stakeholders.

Information

© The Authors 2023
The differential impact of socioeconomic status indicators on values and self-mastery (El impacto diferencial de los indicadores del nivel socioeconómico en los valores y el autodominio)
Authors: Rea Jessica
Published: August 2023

Socioeconomic status and social class are measured with a wide and complex range of indicators with little attention paid to the impact these choices may have on empirical findings. This research tests whether different socioeconomic indicators consistently predict motivational differences in the same sample. Two studies were conducted in the United Kingdom. The first study ( N = 430) examined the relationship between income, employment, education and personal values. The study found inconsistent relationships between different socioeconomic indicators and value preferences. A similar pattern of inconsistent relationships between socioeconomic status indicators and measures of self-mastery, and personal values, was found in the second study ( N = 959). The only universal finding across all socioeconomic indicators in both studies was the null relationship with self-transcendence value preferences. These results indicate that we need to be more cautious in framing socioeconomic status as a construct and more rigorous in assessing differences observed across social classes.
Seeing the unseen—enhancing and evaluating undergraduate polarization experiments with interactive Mixed-Reality technology
Authors: Schlummer P , Abazi A , Borkamp R , Lauströer J , Schulz-Schaeffer R , Schuck C , Pernice W , Heusler S , Laumann D
Published: August 2023

Learning from hands-on experiments requires learners to interpret their concrete interactions with the setup in terms of abstract physical concepts. To facilitate conceptual learning and close the gap between abstract physical models and the haptic interaction with the pertinent experimental setup, we developed an interactive Mixed-Reality learning environment centred around an undergraduate lab experiment dealing with light polarization. The use of Smartglasses (Microsoft HoloLens II) enables real-time visualization of data measured in the setup and ensures a high degree of spatial and temporal contiguity between functional components and model-based representations. A pilot study with N = 73 undergraduate students was conducted in a pre/post design to evaluate the learning environment with respect to learning outcome and learners’ affection towards the experiment. The results show that students’ knowledge had significantly increased after working with the learning environment with a large effect size (t(72) = 8.50, p ≤ 0.001, d = 1.03), and the activities are perceived as interesting and enjoyable. This proves the effectiveness of the environment with regard to learning about polarization and opens the pathway for an extension of our approach to other topics in science education.
On band-to-band tunneling and field management in NiOx/β-Ga2O3 PN junction and PiN diodes
Authors: Mukherjee Ankita , Vasquez Jose Manuel Taboada , Ashai Aasim , Yuvaraja Saravanan , Rajbhar Manoj , Sarkar Biplab , Li Xiaohang
Published: August 2023

Due to the non-availability of p-type β-Ga2O3 films, p-type NiO
x
is gaining attention as a promising alternative to complement the n-type β-Ga2O3 films. This work investigated the band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) related reverse leakage current in NiO
x
/β-Ga2O3 PN junction diodes. The analysis reveals that a low barrier between the valence band maxima of NiO
x
and conduction band minima of β-Ga2O3 may promote direct BTBT and trap-assisted BTBT currents during the reverse bias. On the contrary, NiO
x
/β-Ga2O3 diodes in PiN configuration offer a wider BTBT depletion width and lower peak electric field, lowering the reverse leakage current by orders of magnitude. Thus, we show that NiO
x
/β-Ga2O3 heterojunction diodes in PiN configuration offer better field management strategies and suppression of the reverse leakage. The analysis performed in this work is thought to be valuable in informing device-design of NiO
x
/β-Ga2O3 heterojunction diodes for future high-power applications.
Resonant Auger spectromicroscopy in ultrathin Fe films on W(110)
Authors: Cojocariu I , Jugovac M , Locatelli A , Menteş T O
Published: August 2023

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,
3

Auger transition is measured near the L3 resonance of ferromagnetic Fe films on W(110). The kinetic energies of the Auger peaks display the typical Raman behaviour for photon energies well below the absorption threshold, where the Auger energy follows the changes in the photon energy. Classical Auger behaviour with constant kinetic energy sets in at about 1.5 eV below the L3 resonance independently from the number of Fe layers down to the monolayer thickness. Strong x-ray circular magnetic dichroism is observed at the L3 edge in the entire L3M

2
,
3

M

2
,
3

Auger spectrum. Different Auger features originating from the final state with two 3p core holes show slight variations in the dichroic signal, which is attributed to the exchange interaction between the core holes and the valence band. Finally, XMCD-PEEM magnetic domain imaging using Auger electrons is demonstrated with a high level of contrast and lateral resolution approaching that of imaging with secondary photoelectrons.
Combination of fluorescence sensor and artificial intelligence—a new method of quantitative ketamine detection
Authors: Zeng Lanqing , Fu Yusheng , Guo Jiuchuan , Guo Jinhong
Published: August 2023

Drug abuse is currently a growing concern, with the abuse of narcotic drugs, represented by ketamine, being particularly serious. Chronic use and overdose of such drugs can lead to hallucinations and serious health risks. Therefore, it is essential to establish a fast and high-precision detection method for strict control of drug abuse. In this study, we propose a fast detection process for small instruments, and the use of data augmentation and transfer learning techniques makes it possible to build a high-precision detection model based on small data sets. We also propose an EfficientNet-based Ketamine quantitative detection network. We maintain its lightweight architecture while introducing large kernel convolution to obtain a stronger feature representation without increasing the number of parameters. Our proposed detection process is time-saving and effective, reducing the time required to acquire large data sets, and our proposed model predicts all test data perfectly, solving the problem of bias of other networks in predicting low concentration samples, and breaking the limit of optical biosensor detection accuracy from 1 ng ml−1 to 0.1 ng ml−1.
Effect of simple cubic, face-centered cubic, and body-centered cubic-electrodes on the electric double layer capacitance of supercapacitors
Authors: Nigam Ravi , Kar Kamal K
Published: August 2023

The continuum theory has been used to analyze the polarization, ion crowding, and electrostatic forces of the electric double layer in the electrode materials having simple cubic (SC), body-centered cubic (BCC), and face-centered cubic (FCC) morphologies. The study manifests the effect of thickness of electrodes, electrode’s particle size, and porosity on electric double-layer specific capacitance (EDLC). Electrochemical interference and the specific capacitance depend on the packing factor. The larger particle size decreases the specific capacitance, but porosity increases due to more surface area. Due to symmetry, SC, BCC, and FCC morphologies have 1, 3, and 5 spheres in a unit cell. The number of unit cells is varied from 1 to 100 in model 1 to analyze the effect of electrode thickness. Model 2 has three unit cells to understand the effect of porosity, and only pore lengths are varied. The critical thickness of the electrodes is the integer multiples of 1.71 μm in all the morphologies. The Stern layer-specific capacitance is 167.6 μF cm−2 in all cases. The EDLC in BCC is around 5.6–7.6 μF cm−2 in the steady state that is intermediate between SC and FCC morphologies. The more dense packing of carbon particles in a unit cell increases the energy storage capabilities of electrodes. The average electrode permittivity slightly decreases due to the combined effect of the high electric field, status of polarization, and electrode particle size. The least optical transmission of electrodes is 98.35%.
Enhanced PET imaging using progressive conditional deep image prior
Authors: Li Jinming , Xi Chen , Dai Houjiao , Wang Jing , Lv Yang , Zhang Puming , Zhao Jun
Published: August 2023

Objective. Unsupervised learning-based methods have been proven to be an effective way to improve the image quality of positron emission tomography (PET) images when a large dataset is not available. However, when the gap between the input image and the target PET image is large, direct unsupervised learning can be challenging and easily lead to reduced lesion detectability. We aim to develop a new unsupervised learning method to improve lesion detectability in patient studies. Approach. We applied the deep progressive learning strategy to bridge the gap between the input image and the target image. The one-step unsupervised learning is decomposed into two unsupervised learning steps. The input image of the first network is an anatomical image and the input image of the second network is a PET image with a low noise level. The output of the first network is also used as the prior image to generate the target image of the second network by iterative reconstruction method. Results. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated through the phantom and patient studies and compared with non-deep learning, supervised learning and unsupervised learning methods. The results showed that the proposed method was superior to non-deep learning and unsupervised methods, and was comparable to the supervised method. Significance. A progressive unsupervised learning method was proposed, which can improve image noise performance and lesion detectability.
Acquaintance immunization with limited knowledge of network structure
Authors: Liu Yangyang , Huang Qiangjuan , Dong Gaogao , Yao Meng , Shekhtman Louis M , Eugene Stanley H
Published: August 2023

Optimal and efficient immunization of large networks remains a challenging task. Many theories and approaches have been suggested, however most of them require complete knowledge of the underlying network structure. Here, we study a targeted immunization strategy that incorporates the fact that there is often limited knowledge on the network structure. Previous work has suggested ‘acquaintance’ immunization, where rather than selecting a random individual to immunize, an individual is selected and then one of their acquaintances is immunized. Here, we generalize acquaintance immunization to the case where rather than selecting a random acquaintance, we examine the degrees of n acquaintances and immunize the one with the highest degree. We develop and solve an analytic framework for this model and verify our model with extensive numerical simulations. We determine the critical percolation threshold pc
and the size of the giant component,

P
∞

, for arbitrary degree distributions. We also consider our immunization strategy on real-world networks and determine the variation of pc
with increasing n. We find that our new approach improves on both acquaintance immunization and random immunization using limited knowledge.
Molecular dynamics study on martensitic transformation behavior of SLM-NiTi alloy induced by temperature and stress
Authors: Che Jianwei , Shi Guangfeng , Li Lunxiang , Yu Zhenglei , Zhang Jingran , Wang Yonghua , Zhou Tianwen
Published: August 2023

Selective laser melting (SLM) technology is currently one of the most promising additive manufacturing technologies for complex metal components. NiTi alloy has been highly regarded in advanced applications due to its excellent shape memory and good biocompatibility. However, as a new material, SLM-NiTi alloy is far from being applied in actual advanced fields. In the actual processing, such as grinding, turning, polishing, electrical discharge machining, all involve changes in temperature and stress, Therefore, it is very important to study the martensitic phase transition caused by temperature and stress changes in the precision machining process of SLM-NiTi alloy. However, it is difficult to observe the martensitic phase transition changes directly in the actual processing, so the method of molecular dynamics is adopted in this paper. Moreover, in the process of preparing NiTi alloy by selective laser melting, the ratio of Ni to Ti is very important, which determines the final forming quality. Therefore, this paper studied the martensitic transformation behavior induced by temperature and stress under different nickel proportions, different initial temperatures and different model sizes, and expounded the variation laws of stress–strain, potential energy, volume and dislocation. The microstructure and shear strain were demonstrated on the atomic scale. The results show that temperature plays an important role in the martensite transformation of SLM-NiTi alloy, low temperature will largely inhibit martensite transformation, and high temperature will promote martensite transformation. The stress induced martensite reorientation in SLM-NiTi alloy is accomplished by the migration of the interface between different martensite variants. When the nickel content is 52% and 55%, there is no inflection point between volume and potential energy with the change of temperature, when the nickel content is 50.8%, there is an obvious jump between volume and potential energy. The research in this paper is helpful to guide the processing technology of SLM-NiTi alloy, and also broadens the application of additive manufacturing materials.
High-frequency complex impedance analysis of the two-dimensional semiconducting MXene Ti2CO2
Authors: Mandia Anup Kumar , Kumar Rohit , Koshi Namitha Anna , Lee Seung-Cheol , Bhattacharjee Satadeep , Muralidharan Bhaskaran
Published: August 2023

The two-dimensional compound group of MXenes, which exhibit unique optical, electrical, chemical, and mechanical properties, are an exceptional class of transition metal carbides and nitrides. In addition to traditional applications in Li-S, Li-ion batteries, conductive electrodes, hydrogen storage, and fuel cells, the low lattice thermal conductivity coupled with high electron mobility in the semiconducting oxygen-functionalized MXene Ti2CO2 has led to the recent interests in high-performance thermoelectric and nanoelectronic devices. Apart from the above dc- transport applications, it is crucial to also understand ac- transport across them, given the growing interest in applications surrounding wireless communications and transparent conductors. In this work, we investigate using our recently developed ab
initio transport model, the real and imaginary components of electron mobility and conductivity to conclusively depict carrier transport beyond the room temperature for frequency ranges upto the terahertz range. We also contrast the carrier mobility and conductivity with respect to the Drude’s model to depict its inaccuracies for a meaningful comparison with experiments. Our calculations show the effect of acoustic deformation potential scattering, piezoelectric scattering, and polar optical phonon scattering mechanisms. Without relying on experimental data, our model requires inputs calculated from first principles using density functional theory. Our results set the stage for providing ab
initio based ac- transport calculations given the current research on MXenes for high-frequency applications.
Electrochemical detection of dopamine using WSe2 microsheets modified platinum electrode
Authors: Alhazmi Hassan A , Imran Mohd , Ahmed Shahzad , Albratty Mohammed , Makeen Hafiz A , Najmi Asim , Alam Md Shamsher
Published: August 2023

Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been proven to possess many properties that are beneficial for the application of electrochemical detection. In this study, the tungsten diselenide (WSe2) was synthesized utilizing the hydrothermal method and used to modify the platinum electrode. The electrochemical behaviour of the WSe2-modified electrode was examined utilizing cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. The electrode displays a wide linear range of 5–100 μM with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.986. The detection limit of this method was found to be 5 μM. The method has good stability and linear dependency on the scan rate.