bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Competing for customers
Authors: Gowans S.
Published: May 2006

Looks at how competition in the financial services industry looks likely to become more intense overthe next decade as major players fight to gain market share in a relatively low growth market. Explains how companies must look at subtle changes in the market to realise where possibilities lie, and how senior management must see that quality is a bottom‐line issue if a breakthrough is to be attained.
Credit where credit is due
Authors: Williams M.
Published: May 2006

Demonstrates briefly how, rising from the situation of disorder, Sears Financial Services has turneditself around since the late 1980s by concentrating on quality management, customer service, employee recognition and new forms of technology.
Perceptual blueprinting
Authors: Randall L.
Published: May 2006

Examines the ′perceptual blueprinting technique′, a standardised method used to encourage service quality and effectiveness by identifying the organisation′s service delivery system and any failure points it may have. Describes the research method used to generate perceptual blueprinting and provides a case example of its use in hotel services within National Health Service (NHS) hospitals in the United Kingdom.
Activating prosperous teamwork
Authors: Courtney R.
Published: May 2006

Considers how an organisation decided a quality approach was needed to help it achieve its strategicobjectives. Suggests a number of steps for implementing a quality programme: research, action, building commitment, overcoming difficulties, and maintaining continuous improvement. Offers an account of how the Business Technology Finance Division of Lloyds Bowmaker first selected a suitableresearch model and then progressed with project teamwork and management commitment.
Creating an index
Authors: Bergendahl S. , Wachtmeister A.
Published: May 2006

Looks at the privatisation of the Swedish telecommunication company, Televerket. Considers the stiffer competition the company will face and describes how, over the last couple of years, the company has developed its own Total Quality Index to meet its growing requirements. Defines a total quality index, adequate indicators for objective satisfaction, performance indicators, and the calculation of quality. Finally, details the implementation of the index.
Questioning a major service boost
Authors: Ashton C.
Published: May 2006

Asks whether or not the Citizen′s Charter and the ensuing Charter Mark Scheme (1992) are beneficial for those in the service industry and its recipients. Outlines the Charter Mark Scheme′s six standards of service achievement for a number of public sector services. Shows that there is confusion and uncertainty among the public regarding these schemes, but that those involved in competing for Charter Mark awards appear to be achieving results.
Survive the construction jungle
Authors: Foster M. , Beard A.
Published: May 2006

Insists that like most industries, the construction industry has felt the pinch of the most recent recession and in all areas management is shifting towards cutbacks and retrenchment. Argues that this is the best time for managers in the industry to start recognising opportunities that will help give a company that extra advantage when the economy improves. Cites the example of Sheffield City Council′s decision to launch a programme for organizational development.
Early learning for a new school style
Authors: Greenwood M.
Published: May 2006

Discusses the use of total quality management within schools and reflects on the progress it has made in both the United Kingdom and the USA. Argues that the development of a total quality programme must be seen as a long‐term strategy. Cites a case example of a school that successfully implemented a total quality programme.
Applying standards to law
Authors: Creelman J.
Published: May 2006

Discusses the new concern for quality in the legal profession. Shows how the solicitors′ profession, once considered the epitome of quality itself, is now beginning to find itself living in a competitive world, and how this has consequently led to a radical rethink on how the profession is viewed within the marketplace. Provides some examples of firms that have implemented TQM. Outlines the ways in which total quality management programmes are changing the working lives of solicitors.
Sparked by initiative
Authors: Stock N.
Published: May 2006

Outlines the progress that East Midlands Electricity has made in implementing total quality management in the midst of privatisation. Includes a discussion of problems encountered. Argues that TQM progress has been continually reviewed and the results have been used to refocus the quality initiatives.
Making the technology connection
Authors: Wetherell K.
Published: May 2006

Reports on the progress of the US‐based Connecticut Mutual Life Insurance Company′s efforts to increase productivity and reduce costs through new information technology. Shows how the company has earned a reputation as an international leader in the use of information technology and how quality improvement results have been dramatic.
First class approach
Authors: Singer Margaret , Taylor David , Jackson Chris
Published: May 2006

Describes how a large service organisation, Post Office Counters Ltd, has applied total quality principles to the development of customer care initiative. Reviews the organisation′s approach to customer care and details its customer charter, a complete package which comprised training for staff and a series of service commitments. Discusses how the customer charter fits in with the government′s recently imposed Citizen′s Charter. Outlines two keys for achieving total quality.
Facing up to frontline stress
Authors: Williams M.
Published: May 2006

Shows that work‐related stress has immense costs for the industry. Asks whether the costs of stress are a problem which should be accepted as part of business today, or whether it should and can be minimised. Reviews a number of causes for work‐related stress. Recommends total quality programmesto relieve some of the costs of stress.
Crowned, but not king
Authors: Oddey G.
Published: May 2006

Examines the state of the total quality movement within the service industry. Contends that in somecases to accept that the customer is always right has produced the wrong results. Asks whether after years of providing a poor quality or indifferent service, organisations are moving too far the other way and forgetting that sometimes the customer is wrong. Reminds us that customers are human, and rarely perfect.
Switched on to quality
Authors: Dooney J. , Summers H.
Published: May 2006

In an effort to counter those who claim that total quality management programmes fail, or are too slow at delivering benefits, demonstrates how Yorkshire Electricity has achieved quick, measurable benefits through its quality management programme. Reviews the company′s tough approach and selected priority projects. Distils a number of key learning points from the company′s activities.
Stand out from the crowd
Authors: Ritchie K.
Published: May 2006

Explains the steps the Nationwide Building Society has taken to improve the management of customer relations. Argues that to gain an edge on its competitors, the most important aspect of the qualityprogramme looked into how to be different from the rest. Lays out the quality programme in stages.
Excavating a goldmine
Authors: Harvey J.
Published: May 2006

Briefly explains the use of a new process called “business improvements through customer insight”, designed to aid the measurement of customer requirements at all stages of the service process.
Change for the public sector
Authors: Speller S. , Ghobadian A.
Published: May 2006

Gives an overview of interest in, and development of, quality management in local government. Outlines the process of transferring quality management to public sector services, highlighting a number of obstacles. Lists a number of external pressures that are forcing significant changes on local authorities. Details the requirements for quality management in the public sector, and concludes that the crux of the matter is identifying who actually is the customer of public services.
A focus on information overload
Authors: Ashton C.
Published: May 2006

Briefly reports on how various public sector groups in the north east of England are advancing theirquality management by coherently focusing on customers and their needs. Details a number of public sector areas where the programme has been implemented, including healthcare.
Journey of experience
Authors: Dowse R.
Published: May 2006

Explains why and how the Wollogong City Council in Australia began its Quality Improvement Programme, which has progressed through several stages since initial interest was aroused in December 1989. Outlines the quality vision, awareness and training, quality teams and projects, promotion and recognition, and trade union support. Considers some prospects for future use of quality management.
Steaming ahead with change
Authors: Williams M.
Published: May 2006

Discusses briefly the introduction of the British Rail Passenger′s Charter, and explains how the charter has been received and how effective it has been. Describes advantages and disadvantages of the charter. Highlights the achievements of British Rail′s InterCity services.
Third party service efficiency
Authors: Davies L.
Published: May 2006

Reviews the effect of TQM practices implemented in the third‐party contract distribution service industry. Outlines two key service problems that face the industry: identifying the customer and maintaining control at the point of customer interface. Offers solutions to these problems: management philosophy; systems, discipline and control; finally employee selection recruitment and training.
Benchmark for the Best Business
Authors: Brooks R. , Wragg T.
Published: May 2006

Asserts that any benchmarking activity to improve service performance must develop a combined external and internal perspective. Offers advice on benchmarking techniques, useful measurement approaches and how they can be used effectively.
Securing Future Success
Authors: Fletcher D.
Published: May 2006

Focuses on measuring quality in the security industry. Explains how quality concepts can be successfully applied to a service industry. Outlines the measurement criteria used by one security company which are designed to encourage its customers to scrutinize its operations in detail, and provide individual staff with an assessment of their function and ability, identify training requirements and allow prompt action to rectify shortfall.
Making the Right Connection
Authors: Pozos A.
Published: May 2006

Focuses on Pacific Bell telecommunications company and its benchmarking process to measure customer satisfaction. Explains the company′s current process m eight steps performed in sequence m and the results obtained.
Quality Conversion for Council
Authors: Goulden C. , Pass J.
Published: May 2006

Relates how Cannock Chase District Council has adopted various methodologies for assuring best practice from large manufacturing companies in the private sector. Outlines a two‐year programme for business process improvement utilizing teams drawn from the council′s 30 small Service Achievement Centres which deliver services.
Caught in a Black Box
Authors: Wargo R.
Published: May 2006

Focuses the preliminary stages of a study conducted by the International Benchmarking Clearinghouse in 1993 to clarify the process of transforming research data into definable improvements. Points out the power of secondary research in identifying benchmarking partners, and in the determination of critical elements to benchmark.
Measuring up to the Top Model
Authors: Loveday M.
Published: May 2006

Assesses current views on the validity of benchmarking. Outlines the creation of the European Foundation for Quality Management and the European Quality Award. Finds that there is a growing realization that the promotion of successful companies and the sharing of information is mutually beneficial.
The Course for Higher Education
Authors: Varey R.
Published: May 2006

Tries to determine what constitutes quality in higher education. Assesses who are the customers of higher education and what should be measured. Outlines the developments at Sheffield Business School which aim to provide a more satisfying learning experience for students.
Creating a Professional Measure
Authors: Livsey I.
Published: May 2006

Developing an accurate standard of service quality within professions which require specialist knowledge is not easy. Outlines the measures which have been developed by the Metropolitan Police, the Environmental Health Department of Braintree District Council and parts of the Legal profession.
Bridge the Inhibiting Gap
Authors: Macdonald J.
Published: May 2006

Explains how continuous improvement contains three elements, all of which must be equally maintained to achieve results. Focuses on one element, namely, provide the right environment for improvement.
Some insolvency quirks for fixed charge holders
Authors: Fletcher Ian M.
Published: May 2006

Suggests that aspects of property financing will have to change in
the future. Considers the implications which the Insolvency Act of 1986
will have for fixed charge securities.
Burton Group Zero Coupon Bond
Authors: Heintz Jeffrey W.
Published: May 2006

Discusses specially tailored financing as applied to the Burton
Group, and deemed to be the most innovative structure devised in 1992.
Examines the benefits to the issuer and the benefits to the put option
investor. Concludes that structures applying many of the same techniques
employed for the Burton Group will become increasingly the norm.
Grouped debt structures for housing associations
Authors: Beazley‐Long Graham
Published: May 2006

Examines Housing Associations as major providers of rented housing
in the UK. Focuses on possible ways in which a number of borrowers,
whose individual borrowing requirements in any one year is small, can
club together to make a more liquid debenture stock issue, and in
particular the application of this structure for Housing Associations.
Concludes that given the continuing appetite for institutional
investors, Housing Associations will continue to borrow regularly from
the capital markets.
Capital allowances: an incentive to invest
Authors: Kelland Peter
Published: May 2006

Looks at the complex nature of legislation affecting capital
allowances. Outlines the results of a survey of UK finance and
investment managers into the extent to which capital allowances, as set
out in the 1992 Autumn Statement, act as incentive to spend money on
major investment projects. Finds that the present system is ineffective
because of its limited time‐frame.
Forward funding with particular reference to distribution
warehousing
Authors: Powell Buff
Published: May 2006

Shows that forward funding, popular in the mid‐1980s, is today
highly selective and institutions are willing to be involved only in
property sectors and locations where there remain a healthy tenant
demand and a lack of supply. Seeks to examine the institutions′
rationale for investing in this sector and to outline a common structure
for speculative forward funding transactions together with a number of
variations.
PRISM for the infrequent OCLC searcher: a training course (part I)
Authors: Dunkle Claire B.
Published: May 2006

Outlines a training programme developed for infrequent users of
OCLC who are apt to be discouraged by OCLC′s new PRISM interface.
Addresses means of developing training participants′ confidence and ways
of making OCLC activities more enjoyable.
Using CAT ME Plus to offset OCLC′s price increase
Authors: Joseph Angelina G.
Published: May 2006

Offers advice for using CAT ME micro enhancers to offset costs at a
time when OCLC has increased search charges and has lowered the
search‐to‐produce ratios. Proposes that searches and cataloguingtasks be
performed during non‐primetime periods (before 8.00 am); reveals the
advantages of implementing the CAT ME Plus micro enhancer for searches
and PRISM for cataloguing as a means to reduce costs.
Converting the OCLC M386 microcomputer into an electronic interlibrary loan workstation: methods of selecting hardware and software
Authors: Khalil Mounir
Published: May 2006

Describes the PC‐Fax‐Scan Interlibrary Loan (ILL)‐Document Delivery
Project, highlighting the advantages of using the newly developed
system. Briefly discusses the necessary hardware and software for the
conversion and how to select it.
Using PASSPORT, biblio‐links OCLC, and Pro‐cite to create a bibliography
Authors: Ho Birong
Published: May 2006

Demonstrates how the complex and detailed task of creating a
bibliography, involving compiling data,formatting it into a style sheet,
revising the text, and printing the product can be simplified by using
various software packages that automatically format bibliographic data
into desired style.
Recycle an OCLC M300? Or breaking up is hard to do
Authors: Speed Hensinger James
Published: May 2006

Considers the problems associated with OCLC′s decision to guarantee
continued support for the OCLC M300 and M300XT workstations after July
1993. Examines some libraries′ plans to recycle workstations for new
non‐OCLC purposes; others′ decision to upgrade. Details steps taken to
adapt these machines for use on the PRISM online system.
The Library without walls as an Agent of Change
Authors: Sloan Bernie
Published: May 2006

Questions how widespread remote access will impact on the library
as an organization, and also on libraries′ parent organizations. Looks
at the implementation of OPAC systems within libraries and considers
that remote access is more than just an enhancement to the OPAC.
Considers that services such as FirstSearch could make libraries
themselves redundant, as users could search for information and have
articles faxed or mailed directly to them – in the light of this,
libraries may have to re‐evaluate the services they offer. Makes the
observation that librarians will have to become increasingly more
skilled at the technical aspects of the job.
A comparison of daphnid gut particles with the sestonic particles present in two Thames Valley reservoirs throughout 1970 and 1971
Authors: NADIN‐HURLEY C. M. , DUNCAN A.
Published: May 2006

The numerically most abundant component of the seston in two of the Thames Valley storage reservoirs of the Metropolitan Water Board consisted of flocculent organic material which, together with the hyaline, transparent and blackened particles, formed the non‐living sestonic fraction. The abundance of bacterio‐plankton was estimated from plate counts which are known to provide an under‐estimate of the bacteria present. The phytoplankton consisted of the larger flagellates present throughout the year together with a seasonal succession of algae in much greater numbers, namely the smaller flagellates, diatoms, colonial greens, Tribonema and Anabaena.

A seasonal analysis of the gut contents of Daphnia magna, D. pulex and D. hyalina (occurring as important grazers in the reservoirs), revealed the presence of organic particles throughout the year plus cells or filaments of the prevailing alga at different seasons. During the summer, there were periods when the guts contained recognizable animal and plant debris. Flagellate and bacterial remains were never seen intact in the guts although these were abundant in the seston during early spring. The filamentous Tribonema was ingested when large crops of it were present.

The most frequent size of ingested particle was between 1–2 μm and up to 60% of the animals examined contained particles which were neither longer nor wider than 20μm. Most of these animals ranged between 0·5–1·9 mm in length. A limiting factor for ingestion was thought to be width rather than length of particle and most very large particles found in the gut were long narrow and pliant filaments like Tribonema, or gelatinous colonial green algae, or flexible, foldable crustacean filtering limbs. There appeared to be no difference in the nature or size of particle ingested by the three different species of daphnids and any difference in maximal particle width observed was more likely to be related to body size than to species of consumer.
Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus dynamics during leaf decay in nutrient‐enriched stream microecosystems
Authors: HOWARTH ROBERT W. , FISHER STUART G.
Published: May 2006

We investigated the effects of long‐term enrichment with nitrate, phosphate, and nitrate+phosphate on the first 5 weeks of leaf detritus processing in laboratory stream microecosystems. Enrichment with nitrate+phosphate accelerated leaf weight loss and increased rates of respiration associated with the leaves. However, whole‐system respiration was little changed from that observed in the control stream since respiration in the water was greatly reduced. Enrichment with phosphate alone had little effect except to lower respiration associated with leaf discs. Enrichment with nitrate alone also decreased leaf‐disc respiration but resulted in a greatly increased rate of respiration in the water. Net leaching and fragmentation of carbon from the leaves was also increased by nitrate enrichment.

Nitrogen and phosphorus levels in leaf material were little affected by enrichment with nitrate or phosphorus alone. Leaves in those streams and in the control stream released nitrogen and phosphorus to the water. In contrast, percent nitrogen and phosphorus increased greatly in the leaves in the stream enriched with both nitrate and phosphate. The leaves in this system immobilized both nitrogen and phosphorus from the water.

We also studied the importance of nitrogen fixation as a vector for nitrogen incorporation associated with leaf decomposition in streams. Somewhat surprisingly, fixation by microbes associated with the leaves and by microbes suspended in the water occurred under all three experimental enrichment treatments as well as in the control, casting doubt on the effectiveness of nitrate in inhibiting nitrogenase synthesis in nature. However, N2‐fixation is only a minor source of nitrogen for leaves decaying under the conditions studied.
Effectiveness of an artificial substrate for sampling macroinvertebrates in small streams
Authors: ROBY K. B. , NEWBOLD J. D. , ERMAN D. C.
Published: May 2006

SUMMARY.
Factors affecting invertebrate colonization of samplers consisting of twenty‐five 5‐cm diameter porcelain balls were studied in small northern California streams. Peaks in diversity, in number of individuals and in taxa, occurred after 2—4 weeks in each of four 10‐week colonization runs. Most variation in number of organisms was correlated with increases in organic detritus. Time was the second most important variable.

The average coefficient of variation in total numbers collected from the artificial sampler was 0.40, slightly less than the average 0.56 for the Surber sampler. Published coefficients of variation for artificial substrates range from 0.109 to 0.849, which are similar to values reported from work with the Surber sampler. We had several practical difficulties with the artificial substrates. Samplers were lost, became clogged or buried, supported vertebrate predators and were costly. The samplers also collected some organisms in greater proportion than their occurrences in the natural substrate. In sampling small streams these disadvantages (compared to a Surber sampler) outweigh the slight reduction in sampling variability.
Effects of diet, body size, age and temperature on growth rates in the amphipod Gammarus pulex
Authors: SUTCLIFFE D. W. , CARRICK T. R. , WILLOUGHBY L. G.
Published: May 2006

SUMMARY.
Increase in body wet weight of Gammarus pulex fed on decaying elm leaves was followed to senescence and death. Growth in juveniles was approximately exponential; from birth to death it conformed to a logistic growth curve, with maximum absolute increments in weight about half‐way through a life span of 350–450 days at 15°C. Some individuals lived longer, for up to 640–700 days. The instantaneous or specific growth rate was maximal near birth, at c. 5–6% wet wt day−1, and declined exponentially with increasing size and age. Over the range 4.7–14.8°C there was a log‐log relationship between temperature and specific growth rate. Growth was maximal at 20°C in newborn animals and at 15°C in 6–9‐mg animals.

The specific growth rate of young individuals was fastest on decaying leaves of elm with a well developed flora of fungi and other microorganisms. Leached elm leaves without this flora supported growth at a lower rate. The latter diet was sufficient for survival and growth of newborn individuals; detritus, faeces or other food items were not needed. Isolated specimens grew as fast as those kept in groups. Growth was generally slower on leached leaves of oak and sycamore. In newborn animals fed on the fine roots of aquatic plants (Veronica, Rorippa and Glyceria), growth was as fast as on decaying elm leaves; growth on the green living leaves of the plants was slower, as on detritus from two streams and on a pure culture of an aquatic fungus.

Consumption of leached elm leaves was related to leaf thickness. In a full gut the wet weight (1.34–1.37 mg) and volume (3.8–4.1 mm3) (for 20‐mg animals) was independent of leaf thickness but dependent on animal size, increasing 4‐fold over the range 2–50 mg body wt. Daily consumption (dry wt) was approximately equivalent to 50% body dry wt at 5 mg and 20% at 50 mg body wet wt. Individuals fed on thick leaves ingested 50% more dry weight per day and absorbed more in the gut than when fed on thin leaves, but the relative efficiency of absorption was the same at 36–59% for 10–20‐mg animals. Weight‐specific absorption in the gut was highest in juveniles and decreased with increasing body weight; relative efficiency of absorption was generally lower in the larger individuals. Assuming an energy value of 5 cal mg−1 dry wt for elm leaves, daily mean energy intake by absorption in thegutof G. pu/ex was2.2 cal mg−1 animaldry wt (9.2 J mg−1) in individuals of 0.4 mgdry wt (2 mg wet wt), decreasing to 0.3 cal mg−1 (1.3 J mg−1) at 10 mg dry wt (50 mg wet wt).

Growth in Gammarus is briefly reviewed in the hght of work on other animals and it is emphasized that all aspects of feeding, growth and metabol‐ism should be specifically related to size and age of the individuals, using well defined diets.
Some effects of organic pollution on the distribution and seasonal incidence of Chironomidae in riffles in the River Cole
Authors: DAVIES L. J. , HAWKES H. A.
Published: May 2006

SUMMARY.
The effects of a sewage effluent discharge into the River Cole, Birmingham, were determined by regular collections of water and biological samples from six comparable stations, one above and five below the sewage effluent. The effluent reduced the dissolved oxygen concentration and increased the ammonia, orthophosphate and BOD concentrations in the water. The effects were much more severe during the summer.

The Chironomidae were very important constituents of the benthic macroinvertebrate community at the stations downstream of the effluent. Larval densities of over 30,000 m−2 were recorded. Eleven species were common and of these Chironomus riparius was the most tolerant. There was considerable variation in the seasonal incidence of the different species. Brillia longifurca was most abundant in the spring while Cricotopus bicinctus was most abundant in the summer. Brillia longifurca, Paratrichocladius rufiventris, Prodiamesa olivacea, Micropsectra atrofasciata and Eukiefferiella claripennis had three peaks in numbers of larvae during the year.

The increase in the polluted state of the river in the summer resulted in changes in the chironomid populations. Some were suppressed, e.g. E. claripennis, while C. riparius extended its range and achieved maximum abundance further downstream during the summer.
The distribution of Naididae (Oligochaeta) in the littoral zone of selected lakes in North Wales and Shropshire
Authors: McELHONE MALCOLM J.
Published: May 2006

SUMMARY. The distribution of twenty species of Naididae found in seventeen lakes in North Wales and Shropshire is described. Fewer species were observed in the mountain lakes in Snowdonia in comparison to the more productive lakes of Anglesey and Shropshire.

Substrate was an important factor influencing the distribution of naids within lakes, A small number of sexually mature individuals was found in more productive lakes in the summer and autumn months. Sexually mature individuals of Stylaria lacustris were cultured in the laboratory; the population doubled its numbers, by asexual reproduction, in 12 days at 15°C. In Llyn Coron a natural population of S. lacustris doubled its numbers in 40 days. The gut contents of S. lacustris consisted of periphyton.
A comparison of some classification methods used to determine benthic macro‐invertebrate species associations in river survey work based on data obtained from the River Ely, South Wales
Authors: LEARNER M. A. , DENSEM J. W. , ILES T. C.
Published: May 2006

SUMMARY. The results of a survey of the macro‐invertebrates of the polluted River Ely, South Wales, are used as a basis for comparing several classification methods which have been used previously in river survey work to determine species groupings. The methods compared are product‐moment correlation (clustered by the nearest neighbour technique), Kendall's tau coefficient (clustered by the nearest neighbour and average linkage techniques), and Squared Euclidean‐Distance coefficient (clustered by nearest neighbour and Ward's techniques). The species groupings determined by these methods were influenced both by the association coefficient and the technique used to cluster it. Some species were grouped together by all or most of the methods. The ecological validity of these robust groups is examined. A clear recommendation regarding the most appropriate method is frustrated by incomplete knowledge of the ecological requirements of most of the aquatic macro‐invertebrates used in the data‐set. However, Kendall's tau coefficient clustered by the average linkage technique appeared to produce ecologically meaningful species groups. Product‐moment correlation was also reasonably successful and since it is based on absolute abundance data whereas Kendall's tau coefficient is based on relative abundance data, the use of the two together is recommended for determining robust groups.
Studies on Chironomidae in experimental recirculating stream systems. I. Orthocladius (Euorthodadius) calvus sp.nov.
Authors: PINDER L. C. V.
Published: May 2006

SUMMARY.

Large nutnbers of a previously undescribed species of Orthocladius (Euorthocladius) were amongst the first animals to colonize a pair of artificial recirculating streams.

The larva, pupa and adults are described and compared with O. (E.) thienemanni which occurs abundantly in adjacent streams.
The MacVuti sampler: a new and inexpensive volume sampler for plankton and water
Authors: LITTERICK MALCOLM , MAVUTI KENNETH M.
Published: May 2006

SUMMARY. Details are presented for the construction and operation of a cheap simple volume sampler for Zooplankton and water. This sampler has been used in waters up to 45 m deep over a number of years and proved to be reliable and effective.
Comparability of introduced tiles and natural substrates for sampling lotic bacteria, algae and macro invertebrates
Authors: LAMBERTI GARY A. , RESH VINCENTH.
Published: May 2006

SUMMARY.

Benthic microflora (bacteria and algae) and macro invertebrates on two types of introduced substrates, unglazed clay tiles and sterilized rocks, were compared quantitatively with natural rocks in a third‐order stream. Big Sulphur Creek, California, U.S.A.

Exposure periods ranging from 28 to 153 days for introduced substrates indicated that tiles accurately represented bacterial density, chlorophyll a, and macro invertebrate density and species composition of natural rocks within 28 days; phaeophytin and total organic material (as ash‐free dry weight) were accurately represented within 63 days. In contrast. sterilized rocks required a 63 day exposure to simulate most of the above natural‐rock features.

Tiles reduced sampling variability (i.e. increased precision) when compared with either natural or sterilized rocks, especially the variability associated with algal measurements. In benthic studies where a sufficiently long exposure period is possible (1‐2 months), introduced substrates can reduce the effort and cost of benthic sampling while minimizing habitat disruption.
Variation in the intersetular distance on filter setae of Simocephalus vetulus (O. F. Miiiler) (Crustacea‐Cladocera)
Authors: MANGALO HANA H.
Published: May 2006

SUMMARY. 1. The intersetular distance (filter mesh‐size) of adult Simocephalus showed a two‐fold seasonal variation in each of two ponds. In one pond the maximum intersetular distance was found in March, while in the other pond the maximum intersetular distance was found in September.

2. These seasonal changes in intersetular distances was positively correlated with changes in phytoplankton biomass (estimated by chlorophyll a). As food concentration increased (estimated by chlorophyll a) the mean intersetular distance of adull Simocephalus also increased.

3. The intersetular distances on fillcring setae also vary with the size of animals. There is a linear relation between body length and intersetular distance.

4. Variation in the intersetular dimension with body size may decrease competition tor food between adults and young.
The response of Asterionella formosa to germanium: implications for the germanium inhibition technique for estimating diatom contribution to community productivity
Authors: OSTROFSKY MILTON L. , BELLMER ANNE E.
Published: May 2006

SUMMARY. 1. The effect of added germanium on the assimilation of carbon by Asterionella formosa Hass. in mixed phytoplankton assemblages was measured weekly from July to December 1981 by auto‐radiography.

2. Contrary lo a major assumption of the germanium‐inhibition method of partitioning primary productivity, the germanium‐induced inhibition varied considerably and with no apparent pattern.

3. Inhibition values determined for laboratory cultures are probably not indicative of the responses of in situ populations, and serious errors can occur in estimating diatom contribution to total community photosynthesis. This places severe limitations on the use of the method.
Estimation of nektonic insect populations
Authors: BENDELL BARRY E. , McNICOL DONALD K.
Published: May 2006

SUMMARY 1. A water column sampler is described for obtaining absolute population estimates of nektonic insects in shallow waters.

2. Relative population estimates were obtained for Corixidae (Hemip‐tera) and Buenoa(Hemiptera: Notonectidae) using a standardized sweep net procedure and compared to absolute estimates from column samples. These two types of estimates were highly correlated among lakes.

3. Simultaneous prediction and tolerance intervals for predictions from linear regressions indicated that reliable absolute population estimates generally cannot be expected from relative estimates
Time series analysis of water quality data from Lake Ontario: implications for the measurement of water quality in large and small lakes
Authors: HARRIS GRAHAM P.
Published: May 2006

SUMMARY 1. The normal strategy of monitoring water quality is to sample such parameters as chlorophyll no more than weekly. A preferable strategy is to first define the natural periodicities in the water body and then to set up a sampling scheme that takes into account the natural scales of variance in physical, chemical and biological parameters. Failure to do so leads to aliased and biased estimates of means and variances and an inability to interpret the underlying physical and biological mechanisms.

2. The natural scales of variance vary with basin size. In lakes, physical and biological processes overlap at scales of from 1 to 15 days. Time series analysis of daily data from Lake Ontario and other lakes showed how the means and variances of the data sets were determined by the physical and biological processes in the water columns and displayed the fundamental lags in the systems. Even in small lakes and reservoirs, advective processes were of great importance. Advection became the dominant process in Lake Ontario. Time lags and advection made simple correlations of physical and biological parameters meaningless.

3. Decimation of the daily data sets revealed the statistical dangers of less frequent sampling. The desirable frequency of sampling was shown to be a function of the physics of the mixed layer, the turnover times of the nutrient pools, and the biological activity. Data from the three lakes graphically demonstrated the inadequacy of normal sampling frequencies.
Growth rate of the aquatic moss Rhynchostegium riparioidesin Northern England
Authors: KELLY M. G. , WHITTON B. A.
Published: May 2006

SUMMARY 1. The rale of shoot growth in Rhynchostegium riparioideswas measured at monthly intervals over a 12‐month period at four upland sites in the Northern Pennines. Changes were recorded by observations attached pieces of cotton. Detectable growth was found in each month, with the maximum in spring (up to 2.31 mm week−1) and minimum in winter (1.12 mm week−1); there was a second smaller peak in the autumn.

2. Growth rate was related strongly to several environmental variables, including spot measurements of water temperature (positive) and mean monthly precipitation (negative). A regression equation based on these two variables accounted for 5% of the variation recorded.

3. Total shoot growth over the 12‐month period ranged from 33.4 to 73.3 mm, corresponding to an increase in mass of 22.9 and 120.8 mg, respectively.
Reproduction in an Irish lake population of the crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes (Lerehoullet)
Authors: WOODLOCK BRIAN , REYNOLDS JULIAN D.
Published: May 2006

SUMMARY. 1. Mature crayfish were collected in 1984 from an alkaline Irish lake before and after the mating season.

2. There was some correlation between frequency of mating and decrease in vasa deferentia weight in captive males, but in the field vasa deferentia weight losses were highly variable. The data indicate that one third of adult males may not have mated in the wild.

3. All females appear to have spawned, whether or not mated, with an average 85% reduction in ovary weights over the season.

4. Pleopodal egg counts directly after laboratory spawning were on average 81% of ovarian counts; in the field, an estimated 50 days after spawning, they were only 61% of estimated ovarian egg numbers.

5. Average ovarian egg size was positively correlated with female size. Also, larger crayfish had a wider range of egg sizes than smaller crayfish.

6. It is suggested that aggression and competition for shelter among brooding females may result in a progressive loss of eggs.
The micro‐distribution of aquatic macroinvertebrates in the Wye river system: the result of abiotic or biotic factors?
Authors: ORMEROD S. J.
Published: May 2006

SUMMARY. 1. Macroinvertebrates were sampled from three habitats at each of forty‐five sites in the catchment of the Welsh River Wye. Micro‐distribution patterns between three habitat types were assessed for those species which occurred most commonly.

2. Of the fifty‐three taxa for which analysis was possible, twenty showed a significant association with habitat type. Eleven occur mostly in margins, eight mostly in riffles, and one in flats (depositing reaches).

3. Twenty‐one taxa, including eleven additional to those show significant associations, showed. significant differences between habitats in their relative abundance. Ten were most abundant in margins, eight in riffles and three in flats.

4. Factors possibly responsible for these habitat preferences are discussed.
Size‐structure and productivity of the plankton community of an Ethiopian Rift Valley lake
Authors: TAYLOR WILLIAM D. , GEBRE‐MARIAM ZINABU
Published: May 2006

SUMMARY. 1. We present a broad description of the plankton community of a polymictic freshwater lake in the Ethiopian part of the rift valley of east Africa.

2. Despite intermittent stratification, there is little vertical heterogeneity in pico‐, nano‐ or microplankton biomass. Some chemical constituents (O2 NH4, NO3) showed strong vertical differences, as the hypolimnion quickly became anoxic following stratification.

3. Phytoplankton biomass and activity is dominated by small Cyanobacteria, although the colonial green alga Botryococcus is also important. Primary productivity probably was limited only by the relationship of light penetration to mixing depth during our experiments, although neither phosphate nor inorganic nitrogen are so abundant that their exhaustion during prolonged stratification is precluded.

4. Zooplankton biomass was dominated by small cyclopoid Crustacea, which were mostly absent from surface waters. Cladocera were small and in very low abundance; ciliates and rotifers were more abundant, and probably were the important grazers.

5. We speculate that the present plankton community is sustained by strong vertebrate planktivory in the absence of effective piscivores.
Seasonality and spatial variation in abundance, biomass and activity of heterotrophic bacterioplankton in relation to some biotic and abiotic variables in an Ethiopian rift‐valley lake (Awassa)
Authors: GEBRE‐MARIAM ZINABU , TAYLOR WILLIAM D.
Published: May 2006

SUMMARY. I. Seasonality and spatial variation in abundance, biomass and activity of heterotrophic bacterioplankton was studied in a tropical freshwater lake. Variation in phytoplankton biomass and production, and several other limnological parameters, were also quantified.

2. Bacterial number and biomass fluctuated between 3.88–8.33×106 ml−1 and 68–125 mg C m−3, respectively. No spatial variation was observed in these bacterial variables, although other limnological parameters showed vertical variation.

3. Seasonal and vertical variation of heterotrophic bacterial activity were estimated from oxygen consumption, 14CO2dark uptake and plate counts of colony forming units. All three methods showed vertical heterogeneity, with higher activity in the hypolimnion during the long stratification period (February May). Oxygen consumption rate and plate counts showed seasonality.

4. In spite of the low seasonality of climate in the tropics, several biological, chemical and physical variables were correlated with changes in bacterial variables. Wind and rainfall, and their effects on stratification and mixing, vertical distribution of nutrients and rate of primary production appeared to be the important parameters affecting heterotrophic bacterioplankton.
An evaluation of the metabolism of sestonic and epilithic communities in running waters using an improved chamber technique
Authors: PAUL B. J. , CORNING K. E. , DUTHIE H. C.
Published: May 2006

SUMMARY. 1. A chamber technique is described which allows the uptake of nutrients in a lotic system to be assessed during a brief experimental period. Sensitive radioisotope techniques were used to determine the metabolism of the planktonic and epilithic communities simultaneously in a pristine boreal forest stream in N.E. Quebec, Canada.

2. Abiotic adsorption of bicarbonate, glucose, methylammonium and phosphate was unimportant in the riffle investigated. Among the biological components, the epilithon was responsible for more than 87% of the uptake of bicarbonate, glucose and methylammonium.

3. The uptake of orthophosphate was predominantly (80%) by organisms in the overlying water. Phosphorus, the nutrient most limiting the system, may be conserved by the epilithon through internal cycling. Uptake rates are within the range reported for other oligotrophic systems.
Growth responses of planktonic desmid species in a temperature—light gradient
Authors: COESEL PETER F. M. , WARDENAAR KLAASJAN
Published: May 2006

SUMMARY. 1. Isolates of twelve planktonic desmid species were tested for their growth response in batch culture, using an apparatus that generates crossed gradients of temperature and light intensity.

2. Up to 15°C, growth was mainly temperature‐limited. At higher temperatures, there was an increasing effect of light limitation. Optimal growth temperatures were in the range 25–30°C.

3. Highest specific growth rates varied from 0.28 to 1.34 day−1. Species with lowest growth rates originated from oligo‐mesotrophic habitats, those with highest growth rates from eutrophic ones.

4. Ecophysiological aspects are discussed in some detail, as well as the significance of the experimental data for distributions in the field.
Trace metal chemistry of a Dutch reservoir, the Tjeukemeer
Authors: DE HAAN H. , VOERMAN J. , DE BOER T. , MOED J. R. , SCHROTENBOER J. , HOOGVELD H. L.
Published: May 2006

SUMMARY.

 The concentrations of total and dissolved (<0.2 μm) Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, Zn and Al in the Dutch reservoir, the Tjeukemeer, were recorded fortnightly between 1984 and 1986.

 Due to its reservoir function, the Tjeukemeer receives water that is relatively rich in Fe and Mn from its peaty drainage area in winter. In summer, water that is relatively rich in Cu and Zn from lake IJsselmeer, which is flushed by a tributary of the River Rhine, flows into the lake. Therefore trace metal loads, as estimated from annual mean concentrations and hydraulic data, are climate‐dependent.

 In wet years, such as 1985, the annual Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn loads may be 3.1,0.2,0.001 and 0.009 gm−2, respectively. In dry years, such as 1984 and 1986, the Fe and Mn loads may be less than one quarter while the Cu and Zn loads may double. Especially in wet years comparable Cu and Zn inputs occur by deposition.

 Despite the dependence of trace metal loads on the climate‐dependent water regime. Principal Component Analysis indicated no strong relation between the total Cu, Co, Zn and Al concentrations in lake water and hydrological tracers such as Cl− and UV absorbance. Instead, wind speed appeared to be more strongly connected with the dynamics of these metals. Thus in the shallow Tjeukemeer, internal trace metal loading due to wind‐induced resuspension starts to dominate the contributions of external loads to the total metal concentrations at wind speeds exceeding 3ms−1.
Effects of micrometazoa on the protistan assemblage of a littoral food web
Authors: MCCORMICK PAUL V. , CAIRNS JOHN
Published: May 2006

SUMMARY.
1. Effects of two size‐classes of micrometazoa (assemblages of rotifers and of rotifers/cladocerans/copepods) on the abundance and composition of a co‐occurring, substrate‐associated protistan assemblage were assessed by selectively transferring these groups from a small pond to laboratory microcosms.

2. Addition of micrometazoa to the microcosms resulted in significant changes in the dominance of different protistan groups within 7 days, including a substantial decrease in the abundance of larger omnivorous and bactivorous Protozoa, mostly ciliates, and dominant algal taxa, and an increase in the abundance of heterotrophic microflagellates.

3. Mechanisms whereby micrometazoa reduce the abundance of larger heterotrophic protists may include competition for overlapping resources, but probably involves interference and predation as well. Positive effects of Metazoa on the abundance of heterotrophic microflagellates may result from the elimination of ciliates that prey on and compete with smaller Protozoa.

4. Interactions indicated in this study may alter both quantitative and qualitative aspects of energy flow and mineral cycling in benthic food‐webs and be part of a larger trophic cascade involving other Metazoa such as fish.