bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EXTRATO DE Thymus vulgaris L. (TOMILHO) ATUA SOBRE BIOFILME POLIMICROBIANO DE Candida albicans e Streptococcus mutans
Authors: Sper Fábia Lugli , De Oliveira Jonatas Rafael , Figueira Leandro Wagner , De Jesus Daiane , Mecatti Vanessa Marques , Carvalho Cláudio Antonio Talge , De Oliveira Luciane Dias
Published: June 2017

As folhas de tomilho são utilizadas como condimento, conservante alimentício e para fins medicinais. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a ação antimicrobiana do extrato de tomilho sobre biofilme composto por C. albicans e S. mutans. Para tanto, suspensões de cada micro-organismo foram ajustadas a 107 UFC/mL e adicionadas (100 µL/poço de cada) em placa de microtitulação. Após 90 min de incubação, o sobrenadante foi substituído por 200 µL/poço de BHI+YNB (1:1). O biofilme de 48 h foi exposto por 5 min ao extrato de tomilho ou à solução salina. Após lavagens com salina, 100 µL/poço de solução de MTT foi adicionada e incubada por 1 h, esta solução foi substituída por dimetilsulfóxido (100 µL/poço) e a placa foi incubada por mais 10 min e agitada por outros 10 min. Os valores de densidade óptica (DO) foram obtidos em λ = 570nm e convertidos em percentual de viabilidade, analisados estatisticamente por T-Test (p ≤ 0,05). O extrato de tomilho reduziu significativamente a viabilidade do biofilme polimicrobiano (64 ± 11%). Com isso, foi constatado o efeito antimicrobiano do extrato de tomilho sobre o biofilme composto por C. albicans e S. mutans.
O PREÇO DO PROGRESSO HUMANO: A PROBLEMÁTICA AMBIENTAL ARTICULADA AO PROCESSO DE URBANIZAÇÃO
Authors: Silva Marcelo Penna da , Sousa Victor Pereira de
Published: June 2017

O presente trabalho busca uma análise baseando-se na urbanização sem planejamento – ou em sua ineficiência - sob uma ótica ambiental, onde a maioria das ditas "catástrofes", são nada mais nada menos que reflexo do - não - planejamento urbano. Analisando-se a evolução do agir do Homem no meio, perante um olhar crítico, é possível constatar problemas da atualidade, como poluição, desmatamento, crescimento desenfreado de cidades, a fim de propiciar uma pseudo-evolução social. Assim, acerca de metodologia de gabinete, o presente trabalho visa uma análise ambiental articulada ao processo de urbanização e da problemática contemporânea que abarca nosso cotidiano em linhas socioambientais do progresso humano.
O PARADIGMA NÃO INTEGRACIONISTA DA CONSTITUIÇÃO FEDERAL DE 1988 E SEU REFLEXO NA DEMOGRAFIA DOS POVOS INDIGENAS BRASILEIROS
Authors: Gurgel do Amaral Beatriz , Bacha Sergio Reginaldo
Published: June 2017

A Constituição Federal de 1988 alterou a ordem jurídico-política que vigorava em relação aos indígenas. A postura integracionista, até então regra, passou a ser exceção. Assim, o sentido impositivo daquele posicionamento, que implicou em recusa de autorreconhecimento étnico foi desmontado. A Magna Carta ensejou essa mudança de cenário jurídico, impondo uma postura garantista, com consequências como o acolhimento de minorias pela via da consagração de direitos. Para os povos indígenas, em específico, essa alteração de paradigma pode ser sentido e medido em números: pela primeira vez em 490 anos as populações indígenas voltaram a apresentar padrão de crescimento. As explicações para esse fenômeno são variadas, contudo, todas convergem para um mesmo ponto: o de que os indígenas passaram a reconhecer-se como tal à medida que a pressão para a integração cultural foi suavizada ou extirpada. E o advento dessa nova realidade foi trazido com a promulgação da Lei Maior.
WEBLAB: UMA ALTERNATIVA VIÁVEL PARA A FALTA DE LABORATÓRIOS DE CIÊNCIAS NAS ESCOLAS
Authors: Santos Thiago Pavan , Gouvêa Vitor Hugo Migoto , Germano José Silvério Edmundo
Published: June 2017

É consenso entre educadores que promover atividades em laboratório de ciências potencializa o processo de ensino-aprendizagem, tornando o aluno protagonista na construção do conhecimento, como sugerem diversas correntes pedagógicas. O problema é que em muitas escolas não há laboratórios adequados para este tipo de prática. Entretanto, a maioria das escolas brasileiras possui um laboratório de informática com acesso a internet, possibilitando o uso de recursos digitais e softwares educacionais como forma de suprir esta lacuna no ensino. O presente artigo apresenta um experimento de espectroscopia desenvolvido através de um laboratório de acesso remoto (WebLab) como alternativa viável para a falta de laboratórios convencionais nas escolas.
CONSERVAÇÃO DE ARTE TUMULAR NO CEMITÉRIO DA CONSOLAÇÃO, EM SÃO PAULO (SP)
Authors: Machado Diego Ferreira Ramos , Donadio Fábio das Neves , Mori Eva Kaiser , Comunale Viviane
Published: June 2017

ResumoO presente trabalho visa apresentar a experiência de um convênio firmado entre a Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo e o Serviço Funerário do Município de São Paulo, no que se denominou Projeto Memória & Vida, um curso de conservação de Arte Tumular ministrado aos servidores dos três principais cemitérios históricos da cidade (Consolação, Araçá e São Paulo) pelo Grupo de Estudos emArte e Arquitetura Cemiteriais (GEAAC).O curso, ministrado em julho de 2016, abordou do ponto dos pesquisadores aulas sobre EducaçãoPatrimonial, Artes Tumulares e os principais materiais presentes nos cemitérios históricos paulistanos a que se pretendem conservar:rochas ornamentais, argamassas históricas e metais. Dos participantes, conta a experiência dos agentes que, diuturnamente, sem que lhes seja exigido nenhuma capacitação técnica, lidam com a limpeza, a conservação e até mesmo com o restauro de peças artísticas earquitetônicas relevantes para a história, muitas das vezes causando-lhes danos irreversíveis. Sem que deixe de falar, a conservação decemitérios históricos perpassa por outras questões aqui abordadas, como a necessidade de testes de produtos de limpeza melhoradequados, a capacitação técnica de quem faz o trabalho (aqui denominados zeladores), a necessidade de conscientização dos proprietários particulares sobre a manutenção constante e a articulação política necessária para se evitar furtos e vandalismos.Palavras Chave: arte tumular, cemitério, conservaçãoAbstractCONSERVATION OF TUMULAR ART IN THE CEMETERY OF CONSOLATION, SÃO PAULO (SP). This paper presents the experience of an agreement between the Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo and the Funeral Service of São Paulo, in what is called Projeto Memória & Vida, a funerary art conservation course given to servers the three main historic cemeteries of the city (Consolação, Araçá and São Paulo) by the Grupo de Estudos em Arte e Arquitetura Cemiteriais – GEAAC. The course, delivered in July 2016, addressed the participants and researchers classes on Heritage Education, Barrow Arts and the main materials present in São Paulo historical cemeteries, which are intended to preserve: ornamental, historic mortars and metals. Of the participants, tells the experience of the agents during the daytime, without being required no technical training, deal with the cleaning, conservation and even the restoration of artistic and architectural pieces relevant to the story, often causing them irreversible damage. Without leave to speak, the conservation of historic cemeteries permeates other issues discussed here, such as the need for suitable best cleaning product testing, technical training who does the work (here janitors called), the need for awareness of the owners particular about the constant maintenance and the political organization necessary to prevent theft and vandalism.Keywords: funerary art, cemetery, conservation
PSICOPEDAGOGIA INSTITUCIONAL E A INTERVENÇÃO FRENTE ÀS DIFICULDADES DE APRENDIZAGEM DOS/AS ALUNOS/AS DE SÉRIES INICIAIS: EXPERIÊNCIAS DE UMA ESCOLA MUNICIPAL DE MORRO DA FUMAÇA/SC
Authors: Nandi Sarina Vitorassi , Camargo Gislene
Published: June 2017

O presente estudo aborda a questão da Psicopedagogia voltada para a instituição escolar. Procurou-se investigar o papel do/a psicopedagogo/a em uma instituição pública de ensino com o objetivo de compreender a sua atuação dentro do contexto escolar em relação aos fatores que favorecem, intervém ou prejudicam a aprendizagem em uma instituição escolar. Para realizar este estudo foi feito uma pesquisa de campo fundamentada em estudos bibliográficos, tendo como principais autores: Barbosa (2001); Bossa (2000); Escott (2004); Escott e Argenti (2001); Fernández (1991) e Wolffenbuttel (2005). A pesquisa de campo foi desenvolvida em uma escola da rede pública municipal de Morro da Fumaça – SC e utilizou como metodologia uma entrevista direcionada a cinco professoras e uma psicopedagoga sobre o assunto em questão. Os resultados obtidos permitiram identificar as principais dificuldades existentes dentro das escolas, os fatores que contribuem para o aumento dessas dificuldades, bem como a opinião das entrevistadas em relação ao profissional psicopedagogo/a institucional.PALAVRAS CHAVE: Psicopedagogia. Instituição Escolar. Dificuldade de Aprendizagem.
Bambo Can Go
Authors: Tramer Maciej
Published: June 2017

The author analyses Tuwim’s Bambo, the Black Boy and tries to point to a number of interpretative paradoxes that have accumulated around its multiple readings. Particular attention is paid to the racial readings of the poem. What is more, the author discusses a variety of contemporary contexts in which the famous poem functions; these are often politically incorrect readings and interpretations which make no sense of the historical context in which the work was originally written. The article offers a detailed analysis of the origins of the poem and the circumstances in which found its way to the school primer. The poem is seen as expressing the need for accepting otherness and fighting cultural stereotypes.
Intimidación escolar, ideación e intento suicida en adolescentes colombianos
Authors: Viancha-Pinzón Mildred Alexandra , Martínez-Baquero Lizeth Cristina , Pérez-Prada Mónica Patricia , Avendaño-Prieto Bertha Lucía
Published: June 2017

Señor editor: Boyacá es uno de los 32 departamentos de Colombia, y a pesar de que en su territorio no es común que se presente violencia política, ésta se manifiesta en contextos familiares y escolares. Para 2014 se realizaron en Colombia 10 402 dictámenes de violencia, en los cuales los jóvenes de 12 a 17 años son los más afectados. Durante 2015, en el país el suicidio fue una de las causas de muerte más frecuente en los adolescentes. En 2010, Bocayá fue el segundo departamento con mayor cantidad de suicidios (74)61 de hombres y 13 de mujeres. A pesar de las estrategias implementadas para prevenir la problemática, ésta sigue en aumento...
Sobrepeso y obesidad en estudiantes de medicina. ¿Un nuevo reto al sistema de salud peruano?
Authors: Torres-Roman J. Smith , Helguero-Santín Luis M. , Bazalar-Palacios Janina , Avilez Jose L. , Dávila-Hernández Carlos Alberto
Published: June 2017

Señor editor: La obesidad representa un desafío para la salud pública en todo el mundo.1 Entre 1975 y 2014, la prevalencia global de obesidad en adultos aumentó de 3.2 a 10.8% en hombres, y de 6.5 a 14.9% en mujeres. De continuar esta tendencia, se pronostica que para 2025 la prevalencia alcanzará 18% en los hombres y superará 21% en mujeres a nivel mundial. Este panorama es preocupante puesto que la obesidad se ha visto asociada a diversas enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles que en conjunto ocasionan cerca de 38 millones de muertes cada año.
¿La promoción de la resiliencia en la escuela puede contribuir con la política pública de salud?
Authors: Salvo Sonia , Bravo-Sanzana Mónica , Miranda-Vargas Horacio , Fóres Anna , Mieres-Chacaltana Manuel
Published: June 2017

Señor editor: Entre los problemas más complejos que enfrenta Latinoamérica se encuentra la ausencia de acceso universal a servicios públicos básicos,como la salud. En México, la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2012 indicó que se percibe una mejora en la cobertura efectiva; no obstante,persiste la necesidad de servicios de salud más equitativos y sensibles a las expectativas de los usuarios...
Genuine Software Utility to Accelerate Dynamic Models Update
Authors: Tayeb Yousef Z , Najem Abdullah A , Naseef Faisal H
Published: June 2017

Data is a central part of any dynamic simulation model construction or update. In the age of intelligent fields, a tremendous amount of data is generated on a real-time basis, which calls for frequent simulation model updates. This process improves the accuracy and predictability of simulation models. To enhance the efficiency of the process, a genuine software utility has been developed.

The current practice is to manually append quality checked (quality controlled) observed data to new observed data retrieved from the company database. At first, engineers need to identify new pressures for each well. Then, the extracted pressures are added to the existing pressure data in the simulation model. A similar process is also carried out for oil production rates (OPR) and water or gas injection rates (WIR or GIR). Such processes are prone to human errors and require tedious data quality checks.

Manually updating simulation models depends on three factors: update frequency, number of wells, and available human resources. For example, a simulation model with about 700 wells might take an engineer as much as a full working week for data retrieval, integration of existing and new observed data, and quality checking. In contrast, it takes the developed utility only a few seconds to perform the same task. In addition, automating the process eliminates the QC work needed to check syntax errors introduced during the manual update.

This paper presents the validity and fidelity of the developed utility for dynamic simulation model update. The conceptual examples shared in this paper demonstrate the benefits of this genuine software utility in terms of data integration and efficiency.
A New Approach for Reducing Numerical Dispersion in Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Kayode B. , Surdiman S. , Ghareeb Z. , Salem H.
Published: June 2017

During history matching of observed production data of brown fields, one of the key matching parameters is the water break-through time. Water break-through time is the time at which significant water production begins at a producing well. During the simulation of an immiscible displacement process, numerical dipersion is a well known undesirable simulation artifact which makes water flood-front to move faster when the simulation grid-blocks are coarser. In this paper, we present an approach to reduce numerical dispersion and ensure that the simulated flood-front movement is similar, whether we use coarse grid-blocks or fine grid-blocks in simulation.

The approach is based on the correction of laboratory relative permeability data, using the shock front water saturation (Swbt) obtained from fractional flow curve. Swbt is the water saturation at the contact point between a tangent drawn from the connate water saturation (Swi) to the fractional flow curve. Once we obtain Swbt, we then set the critical water saturation of the water relative permeability curve to Swbt. We created different scenarios of grid block sizes and simulated a steady state water injection process using the corrected water relative permeability curve. We based our study conclusions on results from both line drive and 5-spot water injection patterns.

The result showed six (6) months difference in predicted water break-through dates when we used the laboratory relative permeability data as is, but with this new approach, the various scenarios of grid block sizes showed similar water break-through dates. This new methodology effectively eliminates the impact of simulation grid size on water break-through prediction results. During geo-model construction, we do not know in advance what impact our chosen grid size would have on flow dynamics, and once the geo-modeling is finalized it could be time consuming to re-do the gridding and layering of the geo-model. We also take note that many times we are constrained to build simulation models with large grid-sizes because of computational limitations, especially in large reservoirs. The new approach presented in this paper would ensure that any size of grid-block used in simulation, would predict similar flood-front movement and hence similar water break-through time as fine grid simulation.

Our approach helps to ensure better reliability of simulation results in cases where computational limitations or large size of reservoir makes it necessary to build coarse grid simulation models.
Thermosensitive water soluble polymers: a solution to high temperature and high salinity reservoirs
Authors: Kamal Muhammad Shahzad , Sultan Abdullah
Published: June 2017

Partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) is one of the most widely reported polymers for chemical enhanced recovery (EOR) since most of the previous work deals with low-temperature and low-salinity reservoirs. As most of the remaining oil is in the deeper and hotter reservoirs, application of HPAM is limited because it is not suitable for high-temperature and high-salinity (HTHS) conditions. HPAM suffer a huge viscosity loss due to charge shielding effect and hydrolysis of the amide group. In presence of divalent cations, hydrolyzed product may also precipitate. In this work, we propose a novel thermo-sensitive water soluble polymer for HTHS conditions. Due to the presence of thermo-sensitive monomer, as the temperature exceeds lower critical solution temperature (LCST), the formation of physical network takes place. This formation of physical network results in the viscosity enhancement. The rheological behavior of the polymer was investigated using Discovery Hybrid Rheometer (DHR-3) at different polymer concentrations, temperatures, and in presence of different ions. Two different regions were observed in the viscosity-temperature plot. At lower temperatures (T< LCST), thermothinning behavior was observed i.e. viscosity decreased with temperature. At higher temperatures (T> LCST), the thermo-thickening behavior was observed i.e. the viscosity increased with temperature. This thermo-thickening also depends on the salinity of the solution. By increasing the salinity of the solution, the LCST shifted at low temperatures. In deionized water, no thermo-thickening was observed and only thermo-thinning behavior was noted. Such type of viscosity behavior is highly desirable for EOR operation as low viscosity at low temperatures ease the pumping operation. As the liquid move down the reservoir, the solution viscosity increases due to the formation of network structure.
New Technique to Determine the Total Organic Carbon Based on Well Logs Using Artificial Neural Network (White Box)
Authors: Mahmoud Ahmed Abdulhamid , ElKatatny Salaheldin , Abdulraheem Abdulazeez , Mahmoud Mohamed , Omar Ibrahim Mohamed , Ali Abdulwahab
Published: June 2017

Total organic carbon (TOC) is the amount of carbon present in an organic compound and is often used as an essential factor for unconventional shale resources evaluation. The previous models for TOC determination were either based on density log data only and considered the presence of organic matter is proportional to the bulk density, or based on resistivity log, sonic or density logs as well as the formation level of maturity (LOM), where these models assumed a linear relation between resistivity and porosity logs. The average absolute deviation (ADD) of the previous model was not less than 1.20wt% of TOC with a coefficient of determination (R2) of less than 0.85.

The objective of this research is to develop new empirical correlation to determine the TOC based on well logs using artificial neural network for Barnett shale formation. Core TOC data (442 data point) and well logs (resistivity, gamma ray, sonic transit time, and bulk density) were used to develop the ANN model. For the first time, the ANN model will change to a white box by extracting the weights and biases of the model to form the empirical equation.

The results obtained showed that TOC is strong function of bulk density, and moderate function of gamma ray, compressional sonic time, and week function of deep resistivity. The developed ANN model is able to predict the TOC based on conventional log data with high accuracy (the ADD is 0.91wt% of TOC and R2 between estimated and actual TOC is 0.93). The developed empirical equation for TOC determination from the ANN model outperformed the previous available models, which had an ADD of 1.20 wt% or more and R2 of less than 0.85. The developed TOC model and equation can be applied using simple computer without the need for a specific software.

The novelty of this new research is the simplicity and high accuracy of the developed model for estimating the total organic carbon based on conventional log data. The developed empirical equation will help the geologists and reservoir engineers to predict the TOC without the need for hard lab work or complicated softwares.
Utilization of Real-Time Data and Advanced Correlation/Interpretation Tool for Picking the Formation Tops and Casing Points Remotely: A Cost Effective Solution by RCC
Authors: AlAbdulkarim Dana , Saklou Mohammed , Al Khudiri Musab , Ghamdi Yasser , Barayyan Mohammad , Attique Amer Muhammad , Rasheed Farhan , Kashif Muhammad
Published: June 2017

Remote Casing Control (RCC) is an initiative of the Wellsite Geology Division with the support of Aramcolink. The aim of the RCC team is to provide 24/7 geological support about casing points remotely. Real-time data transmission and the advanced correlation tool are the basic requirements to achieve the end objective of picking the formation tops and casing points remotely.

This paper describes the case study that illustrates the great impact of utilization of real-time data transmission and advanced real-time tools to pick casing points and formation tops remotely. The RCC team monitors the active well operation remotely with the help of real-time data streamed by Aramcolink. Moreover, Aramcolink has developed a logic/algorithm to calculate Drill Time from the streamed realtime data. Additionally, the mud logging unit can upload and share the lithology data RCC through the Aramcolink portal. This real-time data is being displayed/exported and downloaded from the Aramcolink viewer. Later it is being used to correlate with some offset wells of the same or a nearby field. Based on the similar signatures of Drill Time and lithology data, formation top and casing points are being picked/ designed. Other than shallow casing points, the RCC team is also picking the 7" liner point remotely with the aid of a mud logging unit to provide them with the lithology and gas readings where the deeper section ROP is not enough to decide and pick the formation tops or casing points. The RCC team also uses RigChat to effectively communicate with rig personnel and keep involved parties informed.

This technique decreases the operational cost and avoids the mobilization of a dedicated wellsite geologist on each rig.

Ease to manage multiple wells at the same time from office location Effective surveillance and monitoring of the drilling operation Timely and collaborative decisions to save the rig time Effective communication with all involved parties Reduced travel and physical exposure which may cause HSE concerns Minimized logistical cost Record of the historical data for quick quality control (QC) Fast and flexible data interpretation with remote expert support Real-data accessible for surveillance at anytime, anywhere with Extranet Hence, saving time and costs, improving safety, boosting business and return on investment

The reliance on high quality real-time data from oil and gas operations has been significantly increased in the past few years. High rate real-time data is the baseline for critical remote analyses and decisions that can lead to a maximized oil/gas recovery, increasing the revenue, reducing the operational cost while minimizing the HSE concerns.
Improvements in Automated Continuous Measurement of Drilling Fluid Properties
Authors: Dotson Adam , Mahajan Lalit , Kulkarni Sandeep D. , Landry Andy , Eiland Edward
Published: June 2017

Various advances in automated drilling fluid property measurement have been made within the drilling industry in recent years. The automated monitoring system presented in this paper was developed for continuous measurement of drilling fluid density and viscosity in a field environment. The design of this new system, termed as a density rheology unit (DRU), was undertaken to address the major technical challenges identified in previous case studies and technical papers. The system has been field tested on both land and offshore drilling rigs, with corresponding accuracy and reliability studies.

This paper presents the results of field validation and statistical analysis of the system. The accuracy of the measurements was confirmed versus the standards outlined in American Petroleum Institute (API) procedures. Making this technology available to operators can result in safer and more cost-effective drilling operations. Avoiding well problems caused by fluctuating drilling fluid properties helps reduce nonproductive time (NPT) and maximize rate of penetration (ROP) during drilling operations.
Effect of Temperature and CO2 Content on the Natural Gas Production from Shale Gas Reservoirs
Authors: Eliebid Mohammed , Mahmoud Mohamed , Shawabkeh Reyad , Elkatatny Salaheldin , Sultan Abdullah , Abouelresh Mohamed , Al-Shehri Dhafer
Published: June 2017

Unconventional natural gas resources including shale and tight gas reservoirs hold most of natural gas reserves around the world. However, these resources pose a great challenge in reserve estimation, modeling flow behavior, reservoir simulation, drilling, history matching, and well testing. Because of high complexity of rock composition, poor petrophysical properties and tightness of the pore system gas-rock interactions can no longer be ignored since they provide crucial information about the flow and recovery processes. Gas adsorption is one of the most important mechanisms describing gas-rock interaction.

In this work, adsorption of CH4 and CO2 on the organic-rich Qusaiba Shale, Saudi Arabia was studied. XRD analysis showed that the shale consists mainly of clays, Quartz and K-feldspar. SEM characterization shows that the shale has a wide range of pore types and sizes. The total organuic carbon (TOC) of the studied samples has an average of 6.10 wt% and Tmax is 417°C which indicates the shale immaturity.

The results of the experimental study showed that the CO2 content in the natural gas has a noticeable effect on the desorption of the natural gas from the shale rock. The studied shale sample has no CH4 adsorption at 50°C and it increases slightly to 16 mg/g after increasing temperature to 100°C and further increased to 145 mg/g at 150°C which is attributed to opening of the pores that previously blocked by organic matter when the temperature increases at 50°C and 100°C. Increasing CO2 fraction in the mixture from 0% to 10% CO2 the total maximum gas uptake increased to approximately 24%, 26% and 31% at 50°C, 100°C and 150°C respectively. The pure CO2 adsorption on was the approximately 85 mg/g and increased to 555 mg/g at 150°C and 44 bar which reflects the high shale attraction toward CO2. Also, The TOC and shale mineralogy affected the adsorption behavior of CO2 and CH4 on the studied shale sample causing the adsorption behavior to be endothermic i.e. increasing adsorption with increasing temperature. The presence of water bearing clay minerals that are sensitivity to temperature causing damage to crystal structure which resulted in huge increase in the adsorption uptake at high temperatures. The adsorption isotherms analysis confirmed that Langmuir isotherm is not the suitable model to be used for adsorption for all studied gases at the studied temperatures. The temperature changes have projected a tremendous effect on the desorption process of the natural gas.
Successful Field Test of Real Time Inline Sensing System for Tracer Detection at Well Head
Authors: Ellis Erika S , Askar Mohammad N , Hotan Muhammad , Shateeb Hussain
Published: June 2017

This paper presents the results from a successful field test of a real-time portable sensing system for fluorescent nanoparticle tracers directly from the well head, reducing previous sample processing and detection time by over 99%. In 2014, the first oil industry nanoparticle tracers (ADOTS), were injected at a tertiary produced reservoir to demonstrate for the first time, the ability of nanoparticles to successfully traverse Arab-D reservoir rock. The ADOTS proved to be remarkable reservoir agents showing excellent stability and mobility and are still being recovered more than two years later. ADOTS are inexpensive to produce and can be prepared at the well site. ADOTS sample collection and processing was performed manually, as are most tracer samples and results were obtained at a minimum of 30 hours after sample collection due to the time consuming laboratory processes needed in order to analyze the water with sophisticated instruments for accuracy. To address this issue, a portable real-time sensing system was developed to collect, process and analyze samples directly from the well head in about 5 minutes and is capable of measuring fluorescent tracer concentration at the ppb level. The portable sensing system, was tested, directly from a wellhead currently producing fluorescent nanoparticle tracers from a related injection test. The system was able to process, analyze and report accurate data in about 5 minutes, demonstrating a >99% increase in process efficiency and eliminating the large cost of standard chemical tracer processing. This prototype system provides a revolutionary breakthrough in reducing the time and money associated with detecting fluorescent tracers used for decades in the industry. For the first time, a fluorescent tracer can be detected at the well site in real time using inexpensive, portable equipment.
Development of Large-hydrophobe Betaine Surfactants for Chemical Enhanced Oil Recovery in Low/High Salinity Reservoirs
Authors: Hongyan Cai , Jian Fan , Dong Han , Zhang Fan , Zhu Youyi , Hu Ziqiao
Published: June 2017

For chemical enhanced oil recovery in high temperature, high salinity (HTHS) reservoirs, the development of surfactant faces great technical challenges. Conventional surfactants industrially applied such as heavy alkyl benzyl sulfonate, petroleum sulfonate, and polyoxyethylene ether are excluded due to poor properties in high salinity or high temperature conditions. Heat tolerant and salt resistant criteria dramatically narrow the screening window and make it very difficult to obtain a suitable surfactant candidate. On the other side, for reservoirs with low to medium salinity, it is not easy to find suitable surfactants either. Less of salts in solution needs surfactant having higher interfacial activity to attain ultralow interfacial tension (i.e. IFT, 10−3 mN/m magnitude).

In this study, two betaine surfactants, amidobetaine and etherbetaine were developed from long chain fatty acid and alcohol. Properties with respect to long term thermal stability, salt resistance, interfacial activity were evaluated. Besides, the synergistic effect of combined surfactants were also studied. After that, core flooding tests were conducted to evaluate the performance of the concerned betaine/polymer SP formulation.

The prepared betaine surfactants showed high interfacial activity with several crude oil, reaching ultralow IFT within surfactant concentration range of 0.05%-0.30%. For amidobetaine surfactant, excellent salt resistant property was observed at salinity as high as 200,000 mg/L. Sound stability of betaine solutions at high temperature, high salinity conditions were observed within 90 days aging test. In addition, the combined amidobetaine and conventional long-chain betaine/gemini surfactant demonstrated positive synergistic effect at low salinities. Moreover, amidobetaine surfactant showed remarkable viscosifying capability, displaying mobility control potential. Core flooding tests of binary amidobetaine/polymer formulation showed an average incremental oil recovery of around 17%.

The developed betaine surfactants provide good chemical candidates for CEOR in HTHS reservoirs.
Instantaneous Shut-in Wellhead Pressure for SSA Field Oil Wells
Authors: Al-Zayer Rayed M. , Al-Hussain Ali Musa , Arukhe James , Al-Khamees Saud A.
Published: June 2017

Well testing in offshore environments is critical, challenging and often costly in terms of operations and logistics. The means of periodic testing for monitoring well performance offshore is typically through the use of a test barge. Tide cycles, which often pose mobility problems for the test barge, typically affect testing efficiency. Reducing the duration of normal production test improves field operations because of the increase of the possible number of wells that can be tested. This paper illustrates the benefits of using instantaneous shut-in wellhead pressure (ISWHP) for generating a pressure rate (PQ) curve in an offshore field in Saudi Arabia.

Test barge optimization is shown through the construction of PQ curve for a well with single test data. In theory at least two points are required to construct the PQ curve. Since a single test data is typically obtained because of rate test scheduling optimization, the ISWHP technique for constructing the PQ curve would be an appropriate approach to optimize testing requirements each month and to obtain the base potential of each well. With the ISWHP measurement technique/methodology, a unique rate test will be enough to construct the PQ curve instead of two or more rate test data. This methodology is based on the principle of pressure transient analysis to distinguish the type of flow regime. The use of the pressure derivative plot (log pressure vs. log time) from gauge data and history plot of time verses pressure from Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) helps to determine the start of ISWHP. Field and hypothetical examples are provided to explain the methodology.

Instead of an average two days of typical test barge activity for well testing, the ISWHP technique allows the termination of a test within 10 minutes after recording a rate test, with a significant improvement in testing efficiency. The number of well tests per month has almost doubled from applying the method in the field. A field wide application of the ISWHP decreases the need to conduct several tests per well, resulting in accurate or rapid diagnosis for well-timed decisions to enhance the field's production offshore.
Sedimentological and Stratigraphic Characterization of Late Paleozoic Unayzah Reservoirs, Central Arabia, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alaboud Fares , Melvin John
Published: June 2017

The Unayzah reservoirs are Late Carboniferous-Early Permian in age and represent deposition under variable climatic conditions in different depositional environments. The deposition of the lower Unayzah reservoirs commenced in late Carboniferous to early Permian during the global Late Paleozoic Ice Age. They comprise glaciogenic deposits of the Juwayl Formation and are divided into two members: Ghazal Member and Jawb Member. The upper Unayzah reservoirs are found in the Nuayyim Formation, which consists of post-glacial sandstones and siltstones representing a number of depositional facies of variable reservoir quality which in general indicate an arid to semi-arid depositional settings. Depositional environments in the Nuayyim Formation include ephemeral (playa) lake, ephemeral fluvial, tidal flats, estuarine, nearshore marine, and eolian environments. In Central Arabia, Unayzah reservoirs are prolific oil and gas producers and their characterization is important for production and development. This study was aimed at identifying, characterizing and understanding facies and depositional environments distribution to produce a robust depositional model for these reservoirs.

Detailed description and facies analysis of over 6,300 ft of Unayzah reservoirs core were carried out. The lithofacies were grouped into facies associations, representing depositional environments. Stratigraphic correlation was performed using core and logs to discern vertical stacking patterns and establish lateral continuity.

The highly variable depositional environments that were identified indicate a dramatic change in climatic conditions during the deposition times, from glaciogenic deposits in the lower section into much warmer, arid environments in the upper part of the formation. The Ghazal Member is highly variable in thickness and represents glacial valley deposits. The Jawb Member is more widely spread in the study area and consists of more variable facies than the Ghazal Member. The Nuayyim Formation contains post-glacial deposits that are more complex and variable across the study area.

The results of the study contribute to the understanding of Unayzah reservoirs not only in Central Arabia but also in Eastern Saudi Arabia. It also provides new insights into the facies architecture and stacking patterns of the encountered depositional environments.
Assessment of Explosion Hazards Associated with Nano-Powders
Authors: Deshmukh Adnan , Varma Sangit , Sakpal Nilesh , Wakale Sagar , Agwan Akshay , Patwardhan Samarth D.
Published: June 2017

Nano-powders are composed of particles in size range from about 1 to 100 nano-metres (nm). The growing demand for nano-powders arises from the change in physical, chemical and electrical properties exhibited by such particles when their size falls below 100 nm. Along with the increasing production and use of Nano scale particles, there has been a growing concern over the impact of this new technology on health, safety and environment. This has almost exclusively concentrated on the potential health hazards of nano-powders. One potential hazard that appears to have received little attention to date is their explosivity. Explosive dust clouds can be generated from most organic materials, many metals and even some non-metallic inorganic materials. Dust explosions involving particle sizes ranging from a few microns to hundreds of microns, there is a need for these particles to be extensively studied. This work involves computationally modelling the explosion, and investigation of critical parameters that can enhance the severity of the explosion. These parameters include but are not limited to effect of particle size, dust concentration and composition, ignition strength, degree of dust dispersion, explosion characteristics of nano-particles, operating conditions. Further, the work involved in this paper looks at the impact onto the environment by explosion of such nano-powders. The possibility of dust generation accumulation and explosion in various areas of the facility are investigated. A checklist for adequacy of existing safety measures is prepared, and requirement for additional safeguards is studied, in order to avoid catastrophic effects.
Machine Learning Algorithms Applied to Detection of Well Control Events
Authors: Unrau Sean , Torrione Pete , Hibbard Mark , Smith Russell , Olesen Lars , Watson Joe
Published: June 2017

When a drilling rig takes a kick or experiences lost circulation it is both dangerous and expensive. The earlier these events are detected the sooner the crew can take critical corrective action, minimizing both the danger and cost associated with the event. Detecting these events early allows the crew to take corrective action early thus minimizing both the danger and the cost associated with the event. Early detection of these events requires the crew to notice subtle changes in mud volumes and flow rates on the surface. As a kick enters the well bore and begins making its way to the surface it shows up as a gain in the volume of mud at surface and also an increase in mud flow rate out of the well. Conversely lost circulation occurs when some of the drilling mud is lost down hole. This shows up as a decrease in surface mud volume and a decrease in flow rate out of the well. These increases and decreases can be subtle when compared to the normal fluctuations in the mud system during drilling operations. The mud system undergoes significant changes in volume and flow rate as connections are made, as pipe is moved in and out of the hole, as pump rates change, and even as more depth is drilled. Traditional alarm systems that trigger on simple changes in mud volume and flow rate generate a large number of false alarms. Standard mud system alarms are not effective at detecting these dangerous events. The signature of the event can be lost in the normal variance of the data. Even if a traditional alarm sounds the crew is unlikely to take it seriously due to the large number of false alarms they have encountered leading up to the event.

This paper describes a system that utilizes machine learning algorithms to maintain an accurate estimate of what mud volumes and flow rates should be during all phases of the drilling process. Alarm thresholds are calculated and adapt in real time to the current rig activity. False alarms are dramatically reduced even while enforcing tight alarm bounds that enable early detection. Since the crew is left only with meaningful alarms, they are more likely to take corrective action in a timely manner.
Techniques to Improve the Use of Microwave to Produce Heavy Oil Reservoirs: Numerical Study
Authors: Othman Haitham A. , Soliman Mohamed Y. , Settari A. (Tony)
Published: June 2017

The objective of this work is to improve the efficiency of using microwave to produce heavy oil formations. Thermal technologies are proven to be the most efficient for heavy oil recovery, with steam being the most widely used technique. However, steam injection has many limitations. The use of microwave as an alternative thermal source provides in-situ heating to overcome several challenges; but heat penetration depth is a challenging area that limits its applicability. This paper presents a numerical study to explore the factors that affect heat generation and penetration depth of this microwave-assisted technique. In addition, it presents and compares four different solutions to improve its performance.

A commercially available thermal reservoir simulator is used to model the use of microwave to produce heavy oil reservoirs. In this study, a heavy oil formation gets exposed to microwave irradiations at different frequencies and power levels. Production rate, cumulative production, temperature profile around the wellbore, and penetration depth of using microwave alone and in combination with four improvement techniques are monitored and analyzed. The improvement techniques include creating a network of producers and microwave wells, cyclic microwave/production operation, combining microwave with water injection, and the use of activated carbon as a microwave enabler.

The results of this study shows that microwave frequency is the main factor that controls heat penetration depth. On the other hand, power level affects significantly the amount of generated heat. This work also shows that combining microwave with any of the proposed solutions would increase the cumulative oil production by 14 to 150%. Their performance is affected by many factors related to the targeted reservoir, heavy oil properties, and microwave specifications; however, in this paper we focus on microwave power-level, frequency, and other factors related to each of the presented techniques.

Using microwave is one of the solutions to produce heavy oil reservoirs especially if other techniques are more difficult and costly to apply. The proposed solutions improve the performance of this microwave-assisted technique and overcomes some of its major challenges. This will unlock huge heavy oil resources especially in deep and offshore reservoirs.
Combining Microwave and Activated Carbon for Oilfield Applications: Thermal-Electromagnetic Analysis of Activated Carbon
Authors: Othman Haitham A. , Soliman Mohamed Y.
Published: June 2017

The objective of this study is to experimentally explore activated carbon as an enabler for microwave applications in the oilfield industry. Although using microwave overcomes major challenges associated with other widely applied techniques to produce heavy oil reservoirs, it has its own limitations. Activated carbon can be used as a microwave enabler to improve heat penetration depth of this microwave-assisted thermal EOR method. This paper presents an experimental investigation of activated carbon thermal-electromagnetic characteristics and proposes two heating mechanisms to improve its performance. In addition, heating synthetic rocks with and without activated carbon is investigated.

In this work, activated carbon samples in granular form are heated using a conventional 2.45-GHz microwave oven with a maximum power level of 1,200 watts. The temperature of heated activated carbon is monitored and compared to heating other naturally existing materials in oil reservoirs (oil, water, rock). Experimental results shows that oil and rock are almost transparent to microwave, and activated carbon heats up to very high temperatures in a very short period of time. A 20-ml sample of activated carbon heats up from 70°F to 800°F in 40 seconds which is much higher than water (~185°F) and oil (~90°F). Experimental results also show that heating activated carbon with two proposed mechanisms would decrease the required time to reach a specific temperature by up to 50%. Namely they are pre-heating and pre-mixing it with water. Both techniques and potential causes of the observed improvement are presented and investigated.

Further experimental investigation in this study involves making synthetic rocks filled with activated carbon in different ways. It is applied either in proppants form to fill an induced fracture or is injected into the rock sample in the form of nanoparticles. Temperature monitoring for both cases shows that using activated carbon would improve the generated heat and penetration depth.

Combining activated carbon and microwave resolves major challenges associated with other thermal EOR techniques. This work provides us with a better understanding of an important component of this microwave-assisted method. This will result in developing better programs for future laboratory investigations and field deployments of this technique.