bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Light environment and carbon gain of understory herbs associated with sunflecks in a warm temperate deciduous forest in Japan
Authors: Koizumi Hiroshi , Oshima Yasuyuki
Published: March 2006

Seasonal variation in the light environment on the forest floor of a deciduous forest was investigated with special reference to sunflecks. Diurnal variations and seasonal changes in frequency and irradiation period of the sunflecks (sunfleck duration) were measured. The hourly total sunfleck duration varied seasonally; that is, 30–40 min in spring and autumn and about 15–20 min in summer. There was no large variation in the hourly sunfleck duration during daytime hours (from 9.00 to 15.00 h). The emergence frequency of sunflecks was 1.3–4.8 per h with two peaks, one in the morning and one in the afternoon. The mean duration of a sunfleck, however, showed a characteristic daily pattern with a peak around noon. Sunfleck duration was long around noon, ranging from 12 to 18 min, and short around 10.00 and 14.00 h, ranging from 6 to 10 min. Using the light photosynthesis curves of Pyrola japonica and Syneilesis palmata (Koizumi & Oshima 1985), the contribution of sunflecks to the dry matter production of these understory species was evaluated. It was shown that the sunflecks contributed 7–10% of the carbon gain in S. palmata, but only 2–3% of that in P. japonica.
The effect of long wave ultraviolet radiation (UV‐A) on the photosynthetic activity of natural population of freshwater phytoplankton
Authors: Kim Dong‐Sup , Watanabe Yasunori
Published: March 2006

The effect of ultraviolet radiation on diel changes and depth profiles of phytoplankton photosynthesis was studied in four temperate freshwater lakes. Photosynthetic oxygen production was determined by incubating lake water in light and dark bottles under various weather conditions. Half the light bottles were wrapped with sheets of vinyl chloride film to exclude light with wavelengths shorter than 400 nm. The inhibition of photosynthesis due to UV‐A (320–400 nm) was observed during most of the daytime and was very strong around noon on both sunny and cloudy days. On sunny days, when the surface waters of the highly eutrophic Lake Suwa and Senzoku Pond were dominated by dense Microcystis populations, cumulative daily production at the surface, estimated from the incubation of bottles from which UV‐A was excluded by the vinyl film, were about double the rates obtained from glass bottles in which UV‐A was present. The UV‐A inhibition was detected from the surface to ca 20 cm depth in hypereutrophic lakes and at depths greater than 50 cm in mesotrophic lakes. Analysis of the photosynthesis‐irradiance (P‐I) relationship obtained in the present study shows β, a parameter that describes photo‐inhibition, is higher in the presence of UV‐A than in its absence. This indicates that UV‐A is the major cause of photo‐inhibition of phytoplankton photosynthesis.
Respiration for maintenance and growth in Reynoutria japonica ecotypes from different altitudes on Mt Fuji
Authors: Mariko Shigeru , Koizumi Hiroshi
Published: March 2006

Respiration for maintenance and growth of Reynoutria japonica ecotypes from altitudes of 700 and 2420 m on Mt Fuji were measured in two controlled thermal conditions. The maintenance respiration of the high‐altitude ecotype at both 15 and 25°C was significantly (1.7‐fold) higher than that of the low‐altitude ecotype, whereas growth respiration was independent of both ecotype and temperature. The temperature coefficient (Q10) of the maintenance respiration was about 1.9 in both ecotypes. The results show that there is ecotypic differentiation in the performance of maintenance respiration. It is suggested that the high maintenance respiration of the high‐altitude R. japonica ecotype is advantageous in severe upland environments but disadvantageous in a warm lowland climate in terms of carbon economy.
Protandry in the parasitoid Cardiochiles nigriceps, as related to its mating system
Authors: Hirose Yoshimi , Vinson S. B. , Hirose Yasuko
Published: March 2006

A laboratory study was conducted of the emergence times and mating success of Cardiochiles nigriceps Viereck (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a larval parasitoid of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), and in view of this information, the parasitoid's mating system was explored. Observations on laboratory populations of C. nigriceps confirmed the occurrence of two types of protandry, i.e. seasonal and diurnal; males emerged 2 days before females in a generation, and emerged about 1 hr before females on a given day. An experiment on mating success showed that newly emerged females are not receptive to males that emerged 1 hr earlier, but that these males and females often mate successfully after 1 more hr. The experiment also showed that 1‐ to 5‐day‐old males are more successful than 1‐hr‐old males in mating with 0‐ to 1‐hr‐old females. Thus, it is argued that males emerging on a given day have a disadvantage in competition for mates with males that emerged days earlier, and that this disadvantage may serve as a selection pressure toward diurnal protandry.

A monogamous mating system for females of C. nigriceps is suggested because sexual selection would be expected to be strong in species exhibiting both seasonal and diurnal protandry. A possibility of a sibling mating system in C. nigriceps is questioned partly because newly emerged females are unreceptive to males that emerged 1 hr earlier and partly because this parasitoid is solitary in what is considered highly dispersed hosts in the field.
Growth and turnover of microbial biomass during the decomposition of organic matter(Polygonum cuspidatum) in vitro
Authors: Tateno Masaki
Published: March 2006

Air‐dried fresh and dead specimens ofPolygonum cuspidatumwere incubated for 250 days in the laboratory, and the growth and turnover of microbial biomass‐C in the organic matter were studied. The biomass‐C in the fresh leaf and fresh stem attained maximum levels on day 14 and day 7, respectively, and then settled down to stable levels. In the dead leaf and dead stem, increase in biomass‐C ceased by day 4 and the biomass‐C levels did not change thereafter. The turnover time of the biomass‐C was estimated from the amount of biomass‐C and the release rate of CO2‐C. The turnover was rapid in the early period of incubation. Then the turnover time became longer and after incubation for 70 days the values approached those in natural soils (longer than 16 days). During the incubation period, nitrogen was not mineralized in any organic matter. In the dead leaf and dead stem, asymbiotic nitrogen fixation activity increased after incubation for about 40 days and disappeared by the end of the incubation period, whereas nitrogen fixation was hardly detected in the fresh leaf and fresh stem.
Relationship between specific leaf area of a Cryptomeria japonica foliage shoot segment and its diameter
Authors: Katsuno Masumi , Hozumi Kazuo
Published: March 2006

Dependency of specific leaf area (SLA) on shoot diameter (x) was studied for Cryptomeria japonica foliage shoot segments about 5 cm in length taken from 18 branches at different height levels on 3 trees in August 1987. The leaf area of a shoot segment (S) was defined as half the sum of the needle area (s) estimated by the allometric relationship between s and needle length. The dry weight of woody tissue (Ww) and needles (Wn) of a segment and its S were divided by the segment length (L) to give linear densities as Ww/L, Wn/L and S/L, respectively. The densities were related to x by power‐form equations. S/L values tended to be constant around 1.2 [cm2 cm−1] within the discussed range of x, while Ww/L and Wn/L values clearly increased with x. The approximately reciprocal relationship between average needle area (s) and linear density of the number of needles supported the fact that S/L values were roughly constant regardless of x. SLA and SNA were defined as S/(Ww+Wn) and S/Wn, respectively. The SLA‐x relationship expected from the average value of S/L and the Ww/L‐x and the Wn/L‐x relationships was well fitted to the observed decrease in SLA with increasing x. SNA also decreased as x increased. Variations in SLA and SNA among the shoot segments with similar x were not systematically related to their height levels. An empirical equation with a maximum value of x (Xmax) was also proposed in order to formulate the SLA‐x relationship.
Seasonal growth and biomass of Trapa japonica Flerov in Ojaga‐Ike Pond, Chiba, Japan
Authors: Kunii Hidenobu
Published: March 2006

In order to determine the seasonal growth and biomass of Trapa japonica Flerov, field observations were carried out at Ojaga‐ike Pond, Chiba, Japan, during 1979 and 1980. In spring, the plant showed exponential growth (c. 0.080 g g−1 day−1) and shoot elongation was as rapid as 10 cm day−1. The plant attained its maximum biomass (380.5±35.1 g m−2) in late August, and about 50% of this was concentrated in the topmost 30‐cm stratum (645.7±33.1 g m−3); maximum total stem length exceeded 6m. The plant produced large (500–800 mg per fruit), but small numbers of nut‐like fruit (maximum, 5 fruits per rosette). Defoliation occurred almost linearly with time at a rate of 30.6 leaves m−2 day−1; annual net leaf production was estimated to be about twice as large as the seasonal maximum leaf biomass. While the number of leaves per rosette showed moderate seasonal change, rosette density, rosette area and leaf dry weight changed considerably during the year. From the negative log‐log correlation between mean total leaf dry weight per rosette and rosette density, density‐dependent rosette growth was assumed. The cause of the wide spread of this species in aquatic habitats is briefly discussed in terms of its seed size and morphology.
Population dynamics of Japanese serow in relation to social organization and habitat conditions. II. Effects of clear‐cutting and planted tree growth on Japanese serow populations
Authors: Ochiai Keiji , Nakama Satoru , Hanawa Sin‐ichi , Amagasa Toshifumi
Published: March 2006

Population responses of Japanese serow (Capricornis crispus) to clear‐cut logging and planted tree growth were studied by a direct count of the number observed in three areas, Takiyama (305 ha), Gentouziro (270 ha), and Tanokashira (324 ha), near Wakinosawa Village, Aomori Prefecture, Japan, during 1976–89. At Takiyama, a mature mixed forest of Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondai and Fagus crenata decreased from 73 to 39% coverage of the area due to clear‐cutting during 1978–83. The serow population maintained a relatively low stable density (3–6 individuals per km2) until 1985–87, and increased 5–10 years after the clear‐cutting, reaching 9–10 km−2 in 1988. At Gentouziro and Tanokashira, young plantations of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) covered about half of each area. The population densities between 1980 and 1983 were relatively high (14–19 km−2), but declined thereafter, reaching 10–14 km−2 in 1988–89. These results indicated that the density increase resulted from an improvement of food supply due to growth of scrub following the clear‐cutting, and that the density decline resulted from a habitat change due to growth of planted Japanese cedar and a decrease in the food supply. In Wakinosawa Village, serow density began to increase 5–10 years after forest cutting, and the high population density, about three‐ or six‐fold larger than that in mature forest, is expected to be maintained for about 20 years after logging.
Altitudinal variations in germination and growth responses of Reynoutria japonica populations on Mt Fuji to a controlled thermal environment
Authors: Mariko Shigeru , Koizumi Hiroshi , Suzuki Jun‐ichirou , Furukawa Akio
Published: March 2006

The authors examined altitudinal variations in the thermal responses of seed germination and seedling growth in Reynoutria japonica (=Polygonum cuspidatum) under controlled environmental conditions. Seed populations were collected from different altitudes on Mt Fuji in Japan. The mean seed weight of the upland populations (above 1500 m) was significantly (1.5‐fold) heavier than that of the lowland populations (below 1400 m). Under the lowest temperature regime of 15/10°C (day/night) the upland populations showed a significantly higher percentage and speed of germination than the lowland populations; this was not significant under higher temperature regimes. These results indicate that the germination traits of the upland populations on Mt Fuji are favorable for colonization in their cold habitats (low temperature and short growing season). Growth and shoot development were compared between the seedlings grown from seeds collected at altitudes of 700 and 2420 m. The upland seedlings showed a significantly larger biomass and leaf area than the lowland seedlings at 15°C, but there was no difference at 25°C. The difference in biomass at 15°C was attributed to the difference in seed weight. The upland seedlings produced a significantly larger number of branches with smaller and more numerous leaves at both 15°C and 25°C. these developmental traits of the upland seedlings were considered to represent the adaptation of the life form to upland environments. It was concluded that the R. japonica populations along an altitudinal gradient on Mt Fuji can be classified into two ecotypes, whose distribution border lies at an altitude of about 1400–1500m. In this study, the seed weight and germination traits of two R. japonica seed populations collected in Chiba Prefecture were briefly compared with those of the lowland populations on Mt Fuji.
Pine forest structure in a human‐dominated landscape system in Korea
Authors: Kamada Mahito , Nakagoshi Nobukazu
Published: March 2006

To elucidate the characteristics of spatial heterogeneity in a human‐dominated landscape, vegetation and community structure of pine (Pinus densiflora and P. rigida) forests were studied at rural Teokseong‐ri in Chollanam‐do, in the southwestern part of Korea. Daily removal of undergrowth for firewood affects the stratification and species composition in the community. In general, stratification of the pine forest develops in proportion to its distance from the main habitat of farmers, involving the residential and cultivated land. In pine forests near the main habitat of farmers, sun‐demanding herbaceous plants grow well, while in remote forests, Fagaceous plants such as Quercus serrata, Q. actissima and Castanea crenata grow well. This zonation results from the fact that removal of undergrowth is greater in the forest near the main habitat of farmers, than in the remote forest. Construction and maintenance of graveyards, however, prevents development of stratification of the forest even in remote stands.
Male‐male competition and mating success in the orb‐web spider, Nephila clavata, with reference to temporal factors
Authors: Miyashita Tadashi
Published: March 2006

Seasonal occurrence patterns of adults of both sexes, intensity of male‐male interactions, and mating success in the spider, Nephila clavata, were examined in the field. Adult males began to attend female webs about 2 weeks before female maturation. Large adult males were abundant in the early breeding season, but small males increased later in the season. From the distribution of males among female webs and size relationship of males within a web, male‐male interactions seemed to be more intense when most females were still subadult. This was verified by a field experiment in which males were artificially introduced to female webs that were attended by other males. It was found that the probability of introduced males remaining on subadult female webs was lower than that on adult webs. As mating occurred mostly in the period shortly after the female final molt and first male sperm precedence was known in all spiders reported so far, intense male‐male competition on subadult female webs seemed to be reasonable. Male longevity had an important influence on the mating success of males with just‐molted females. Mating success was also affected by the relative body size of males present in a given period. Since larger males occupied the position closest to females within a web and stayed there longer, relative body size appeared to influence mating success through male‐male competition. Female body size at maturation declined with time; hence, males that attained sexual maturity earlier had the advantage of mating with larger and more fecund females. Therefore, early maturation as well as larger size seem to be two important trairs influencing the reproductive success of males.
Germination of Rubus palmatus var. coptophyllus and R. microphyllus seeds buried in soil for 7.5 years
Authors: Suzuki Wajirou
Published: March 2006

Seeds of two Rubus species, R. palmatus var. coptophyllus and R. microphyllus, buried for 7.5 years in soil were subjected to germination tests to investigate their germinability and germination traits. Most of the retrieved seeds were viable, and germinated at the alternating temperatures of 20/30°C in both light and dark. The two Rubus species showed similar responses of germination to temperature and light, although the final percentages of germination were slightly higher in R. palmatus var. coptophyllus. These characteristics of seed dormancy and germination would be involved in the species' utilization of ephemeral habitats created by unpredictable and infrequent disturbances.
The role of the sea urchin, Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus), in decomposition and nutrient cycling in a tropical seagrass bed
Authors: Koike Isao , Mukai Hiroshi , Nojima Satoshi
Published: March 2006

The sea urchin, Tripneustes gratilla, which feeds mainly on living leaves of the seagrass, Thalassia hemprichii, was studied in its habitat on the southern coast of Papua New Guinea, and its roles in decomposition and nutrient cycling in a seagrass bed were assessed through the excretion of ammonium and metabolism of feces produced by the sea urchin. Carbon content of the fresh feces (21% of dry weight) was similar to that of intact dead leaves of the same species (22–23%). Carbon/nitrogen and carbon/phosphorus ratios of the feces (21.7 and 466, respectively), however, were significantly lower than those of the dead leaves (25.9–27.7 and 656–804, respectively), indicating that the feces retain more nitrogen and phosphorus in comparison with carbon.

Net consumption of ammonium and orthophosphate typically concurred with oxygen consumption during dark incubation of both the dead leaves and the sea urchin feces. Compared with the same oxygen consumption rate, however, the dead leaves consumed more orthophosphate than the feces. Under sunlight, dead leaves showed a net accumulation of carbon by epiphytic algae, while the feces showed a carbon loss.

Ammonium excretion by this sea urchin (1.7–5.4 mg nitrogen/individual/day) would thus appear to make a significant contribution to nitrogen recycling since biological communities associated with dead leaves and sea urchin feces tend to demand an external supply of nitrogen, such as ammonium.
Bionomics of Phyllonorycter (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae) on Quercus. II. Effects of ants
Authors: Sato Hiroaki , Higashi Seigo
Published: March 2006

The effects of ants on a population of Phyllonorycter leaf miners were observed in an oak chaparral on the Ishikari Coast. The density of ant nests was higher at the chaparral's edge than in the interior, while the density of mines was lower at the edge than in the interior. The effects of ant predation were examined in a comparison between treated ant‐free trees and untreated ant‐rich trees. Percentages of the torn mines observed were higher on the ant‐rich trees than on the ant‐free trees, whereas the mortality due to parasitoids was higher on the ant‐free trees than on the ant‐rich trees. This shows that ants greatly contributed to the mortality of leaf miners.
Grouping‐patterns and inter‐group relationships of Japanese wild boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax) in the Rokko mountain area
Authors: Hirotani Akira , Nakatani Jun
Published: March 2006

Grouping‐patterns and inter‐group relationships of Japanese wild boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax) were studied at a provisioning site in the Rokko mountain area, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, from 1982 to 1983. The observations were divided into four study periods. Almost all wild boars were individually identified and their kin‐relationships were followed from the beginning of the study. To examine grouping‐patterns of Japanese wild boars, the degree of association between any two individuals, based on coexisting time at the provisioning site, was analyzed for each study period. Mother and her litter group (MLG), female littermate group (FLG) and solitary individual were recognized grouping‐patterns. Groups did not associate with each other. Male offspring separated from their mother before 1 year of age and become solitary. Separation of female offspring occurred before the subsequent parturition of their mother. The proximate cause of separation was increased aggression by the mother. After separation, female offspring formed a FLG. However, the FLG seemed to be generally a temporary one, maintaining its stability only until parturition of it's members. Thereafter adult females had no close association with any other individuals, except for their own infants. Male offspring disappeared from their natal area, while female offspring could remain there.
Mammals, reptiles and crabs on the Krakatau Islands: Their roles in the ecosystem
Authors: Iwamoto Toshitaka
Published: March 2006

In 1982 I studied the changes which had taken place in the fauna of the Krakatau Islands over the last fifty years, and elucidated the roles of terrestrial consumers and reducers in the developing ecosystems of these islands.

Only two species of rat were found (Rattus rattus and R. tiomanicus) as observed by Dammerman (1948) in 1933, but R. tiomanicus had newly established its population on Sertung. No rats were found on Anak Krakatau. Although many skinks (Mabuya multifasciata) were observed on R. Besar, this species was not found on the other islands. The rat and skink are considered strong competitors to the sand crab (Ocypode kuhli), because while the crab was restricted to the sandy beach on the three islands where rat and skink live it had expanded inland on Anak Krakatau where there are no rats and skinks. The two banded monitor (Varanus sarvator) was found on every island and it mainly fed on crabs (Gecarcoidea natalis and Metasesarma aubryi). Thus it is suggested that the crab plays an important role in the process of faunal succession on the Krakatau Islands.
The impact on the senjogahara ecosystem of extreme run‐off events from the river Sakasagawa, Nikko National Park
Authors: Hukusima Tukasa , Kershaw Kenneth Andrew , Takase Yuko
Published: March 2006

During high run‐off events the river Sakasagawa carries extremely large quantities of alluvial materials which are deposited in the north east corner of the Senjogahara moor.

This study was initiated to examine the effects, both recent and historic, that this periodic and catastrophic inundation has had on the ecology of this area. It also questions the potential importance of alluvial deposition on the conservation of the moor as a whole. From the data presented it is clear that the present day vegetation of the north east corner of the moor represents a mosaic of vegetation reflecting differential levels of damage to the plants, deposition of alluvial material and the establishment of erosion channels in a space‐time continum. The results indicate that Malus Toringo and Salix integra can survive in the areas outside the heaviest flood damage, whereas Ulmus Davidiana var. japonica, Betula platyphylla var. japonica and Larix Kaempferi are quite sensitive to flooding. Similarly Sasa nipponica var. nana is intolerant of even light alluvial deposition in contrast to Lonicera caerulea var. emphyllocalyx and Spiraea salicifolia which are also still dominant beyond the zone of major alluvial deposition.
Regeneration of beech (Fagus crenata) after the simultaneous death of undergrowing dwarf bamboo (Sasa kurilensis)
Authors: Nakashizuka Tohru
Published: March 2006

Seedling recruitment and survivorship of beech (Fagus crenata) were studied with special reference to the simultaneous death of undergrowing bamboo (Sasa kurilensis). The survival rate of beech seedlings on the floor where Sasa had withered was much higher than that on the floor where Sasa survived. Damping off caused the largest mortality among beech seedlings. However, the allocation pattern of matter to different parts of the seedlings indicated that their survival was greatly affected by production economy. The dense cover of dwarf bamboo prevented the establishment of beech seedling banks on the forest floor. The interval between the times when simultaneous death of Sasa occur and the length of its recovery period are thus important factors controlling the dynamics of beech forests in Japan.
Climate and vegetation in China (I). Changes in the altitudinal lapse rate of temperature and distribution of sea level temperature
Authors: Fang Jing‐Yun , Yoda Kyoji
Published: March 2006

Changes in the altitudinal lapse rate of temperature (ALRT) and temperature distribution at sea level were studied all over China, using temperature records from 671 meteorological stations during a statistical period from 1951 to 1980.

ALRT varied regularly with distance from the eastern and south eastern coast (DC) with a minimum at about 600 km DC and a maximum at 1600–2000 km DC. The ALRT curve pattern was closely related to the mean altitude. The reliability of this trend was verified by calculating ALRT for each latitude group. Values of ALRT did not show any latitidinal trend within a distance group from the coast.

An empirical equation was proposed for the relation between the DC and ALRT, and the ALRT for each meteorological station was estimated from the equation. The annual and monthly mean temperatures at sea level were calculated using the ALRT, and distribution maps were constructed. The isotherms ran almost parallel to latitude in January, and roughly parallel to the coastline in July. High temperatures at sea level were remarkable in the Qinghai‐Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau, Sichuan Basin, Daxingan Ling and the area surrounding the Tien Shan Mountains.
Bayesian Estimation of Circumplex Models Subject to Prior Theory Constraints and Scale-Usage Bias
Authors: Lenk Peter , Wedel Michel , Böckenholt Ulf
Published: March 2006

This paper presents a hierarchical Bayes circumplex model for ordinal ratings data. The circumplex model was proposed to represent the circular ordering of items in psychological testing by imposing inequalities on the correlations of the items. We provide a specification of the circumplex, propose identifying constraints and conjugate priors for the angular parameters, and accommodate theory-driven constraints in the form of inequalities. We investigate the performance of the proposed MCMC algorithm and apply the model to the analysis of value priorities data obtained from a representative sample of Dutch citizens.
Optimal Partitioning of Testing Time: Theoretical Properties and Practical Implications
Authors: Wang Tianyou , Zhang Jiawei
Published: March 2006

This paper deals with optimal partitioning of limited testing time in order to achieve maximum total test score. Nonlinear optimization theory was used to analyze this problem. A general case using a generic item response model is first presented. A special case that applies a response time model proposed by Wang and Hanson (2005) is also presented. Theoretical properties of the optimal solution are derived. Their practical implications to optimal test-taking strategies are also discussed. The theoretical properties are in general agreement with the conventional advice to the examinees on pacing strategy.
Communication Technology
Authors: Small Tamara A.
Published: March 2006

Communication Technology, Barney, Darin, The Canadian
Democratic Audit; Vancouver, UBC Press, 2005, pp. 210, xiii.

When Darin Barney tells people he studies digital politics, they
typically ask, “So, is the Internet good for democracy or isn't
it?” (179). If you have ever wanted to know, Barney's
Communication Technology provides an extremely comprehensive
answer to questions about information and communication technologies
(ICTs), democracy and Canadian politics.
Les partis et leurs transformations : le dilemme de la
participation
Authors: Michaud Denis
Published: March 2006

Les partis et leurs transformations : le dilemme de la
participation, Vincent Lemieux, Québec : Les Presses de
l'Université Laval, 2005, 221 p.

Après Systèmes partisans et partis politiques
qu'il a publié en 1985 sur la science des partis politiques,
Vincent Lemieux offre cette fois Les partis et leurs transformations :
le dilemme de la participation. Il faut bien noter que ces deux
ouvrages ne représentent qu'une partie de la contribution du
politologue québécois à l'étude des
partis politiques et des systèmes partisans. Toutefois, cette plus
récente publication retiendra l'attention, ne serait-ce que
parce qu'elle est centrée sur la question de la participation
des acteurs partisans aux partis et aux systèmes de partis.
Le français en Amérique du Nord: état
présent
Authors: Terrien Chantal
Published: March 2006

Le français en Amérique du Nord: état
présent, Sous la direction de Albert Valdman, Julie Auger et
Deborah Piston-Hatlen, Québec : Presses de l'Université
Laval, 2005, 583 p.

Ce volume est le résultat du colloque “ Le
français aux États-Unis ”, organisé à la
suite de plusieurs initiatives du Programme de linguistique
française d'Indiana University dans le domaine de
l'étude du français hors de France et des
créoles à base lexicale française.
La démocratie, c'est le mal.
Authors: Bernier Émilie
Published: March 2006

La démocratie, c'est le mal., Marc Angenot,
Québec : Presses de l'Université Laval, 2004, 182
pages.

Par ce titre incisif, Angenot indique le point de départ de
l'ensemble des critiques adressées à la
démocratie parlementaire et au suffrage universel au cours du
développement idéologique qui a préparé les
grandes révolutions du siècle dernier: l'identification
d'un mal social. L'auteur vise à retracer l'histoire
des critiques et des contre-propositions formulées par certains
secteurs de l'extrême gauche, socialistes et libertaires, au
cours du “ long XIXe siècle ” (de 1815
à la Première Guerre mondiale) devant les vices et les
crimes d'un état social jugé corrompu en ses principes.
Il ne s'agit pas de soumettre d'anciennes querelles
idéologiques à l'épreuve de la
réalité car polémiquer avec des chimères est
loin d'être le but d'Angenot. Si cette démarche a
un intérêt d'actualité, c'est plutôt
parce que les grands malheurs du XXe siècle, à
savoir les dérives du bolchevisme et des fascismes, trouvent leur
origine dans ce foisonnement idéologique, dans la mesure où
il y a préparé les esprits. Il demeure donc pertinent
d'interroger ces argumentaires et d'identifier l' “
aveuglement ” sur lequel ils s'érigent. Le
problème est cette “ hostilité de principe ” qui
s'est exprimée à travers le discours du militantisme
antidémocratique. La méthode est de rappeler
l'essentiel des conjectures et de recréer les débats
internes et inhérents à toute mouvance militante, afin
d'expliquer la persistance d'une telle hostilité.
Cultivating Wilderness: Environmentalism and Legacies of Early Christian Asceticism
Authors: Adler Judith
Published: March 2006

Environmentalist writers and their critics agree that Western environmental problems, projects and movements have a marked religious dimension. In an often cited but now widely qualified paper, Lynn White located the roots of our ecological ‘crisis’ in a Judeo-Christian orientation to nature (White 1969). Some contemporary environmentalists call for a new “religion of nature” (Crosby 2002; Willers 1999) or, on the model of modernist negative-theologies, proclaim the death of Nature (Merchant 1980; McKibben 1989); others offer new interpretations of scripture and doctrine as guides for action (Bratton 1993; Hessel and Ruether 2000; McGrath 2002). Political opponents of environmentalist politics also focus on its religious dimensions, though with the aim of discrediting it as unscientific or, among Christians, as pagan (Rubin 1994; Huber 1999; Bailey 2002).
Goodness Is Elsewhere: The Rule of European Difference
Authors: BöRöcz József
Published: March 2006

Reflecting on European colonialism in 1950—at a time when discussions about what we now know as the European Union emerged in western Europe—Aimé Césaire wrote, “… Europe is morally, spiritually indefensible.”2 This idea is fairly commonplace in much of the post-colonial world and it has some purchase within certain academic and intellectual circles elsewhere. And yet, in the process of denouncing the widely noted3 presence of racism in Hungary, thirty-six leading Hungarian intellectuals have, in a recent public document, felt compelled to thank France, and through France, a generic, trans-historical notion of “Europe,” for what they saw as the latter's profound, longue-durée goodness.
Seeing a State: National Commemorations and the Public Sphere in India and Turkey
Authors: Roy Srirupa
Published: March 2006

Through a comparative discussion of public rituals of national commemoration in India and Turkey, this essay examines the relationship between the formation of the public sphere, the production of national identity, and the establishment of state sovereignty. The central organizing principle is the notion of the “creation of the public” as a historically specific political and cultural project. This departs from the evolutionary understanding of the public sphere as a derivative byproduct or “unintended, rolling effect”1 of social, economic, and political “structural transformations” that took place in the course of the longue durée of European history.2 By theorizing the formation and reproduction of the Indian and Turkish public spheres as deliberate projects or strategies of nationalization and étatization,3 I draw attention to several significant aspects of political modernity that have been obscured in prevailing theories of public sphere formation and transformation.
Edward LiPuma and Benjamin Lee. Financial Derivatives and the Globalization of Risk. Durham and London: Duke University Press, 2004 (224 pp. + xi)
Authors: Maurer Bill
Published: March 2006

This book is a primer on financial globalization, specifically the emergence and operation of a particular set of complicated financial instruments that the authors see as signaling a far-reaching transformation of the domain conventionally referred to as “the economy:” derivatives. While derivatives have sometimes entered into public consciousness due to scandal, crises, and crime, the authors use derivatives as a window into the new everyday operations of global capital and the new normalcy of “systemic risk”—the risk that the entire international financial and banking architecture may implode.
Myringoplasty
Authors: Aggarwal R , Saeed S R , Green K J M
Published: March 2006

There is marked diversity in the reported success rates for achieving an intact tympanic membrane following myringoplasty. Controversy exists about the factors thought to influence surgical outcome. Both of these facts have important implications for obtaining informed consent prior to surgery.

This study reviews the factors thought to determine the likelihood of achieving complete closure of the tympanic membrane following surgical closure.
Securing a paediatric airway with a nasal sucker for laser surgery
Authors: Vaghela Hersad M , Jones Gareth , Moir Andrew A
Published: March 2006

The administration of anaesthetic gases to an infant undergoing an endolaryngeal laser procedure can be difficult. We describe the use of a Magill's nasal sucker and an anaesthetic connector to maintain anaesthesia during laser surgery.
Urban Song Paths: place resounding
Authors: CORRINGHAM VIV
Published: March 2006

The project Urban Song Paths took a traditional musical form, the Kaluli song path from Papua, New Guinea, and translated it for a contemporary urban situation. The Two Rivers Project explored a classic song path subject, the route of a waterway, in terms of two London rivers. A sense of place, the journey and the importance of the human voice were transferred from the Kaluli song path tradition into The Two Rivers Project, but other factors were necessary to create a truly urban song path form. Notions of dislocation, true and false memory, the changing functions of place and the unconscious effects of city zones were addressed by this work.
Sonic Constellations: Taiwanese sojourners' listening experiences in London
Authors: CHEN TSAI-WEI
Published: March 2006

This paper provides an account of my current PhD research. It is conducted as an art project that involves both practice and theory. By taking Taiwanese sojourners in London as a case study, the research intends to present the emotional and cultural impacts they experience when they are immersed in the actual London soundscape. Following the proposed notion of ‘sonic constellations’, a few examples of audio works are demonstrated to analyse the relationships between sounds and the Taiwanese sojourners. Integrating art practice, soundscape studies, cultural studies and ethnography, the research is developed in an interdisciplinary way. The connected challenges taking place in various stages of the research, such as the pilot interview, will be addressed in this paper.
Composing from Memory: the convergence of archive creation and electroacoustic composition
Authors: CHASALOW ERIC
Published: March 2006

The Video Archive of Electroacoustic Music, an oral history project begun in 1996 by the author and sociologist, Barbara Cassidy, captures a first-person history of many pioneering electroacoustic music composers, scientists and engineers from 1950 to present. Transcript excerpts from The Archive are presented. Simultaneous with the founding of The Video Archive, the author began composing a series of pieces that draw on archival materials (from within and without The Video Archive) in a number of ways. Some possible compositional opportunities and approaches are mentioned and explored as embodied in the author's Left To His Own Devices (1996), and Crossing Boundaries (2000).
The significance of techné in understanding the art and practice of electroacoustic composition
Authors: MANNING PETER
Published: March 2006

The birth of electroacoustic music is associated with an era of creativity which is now firmly embedded in the past. As the years advance so the opportunities for evaluating the pioneering years of the medium become increasingly remote. Few can now claim first-hand experience of working with the technologies that shaped and influenced the evolution of the early repertory, and many commentators are content to see them consigned to the museum. Others are less sure, having become aware of a number of features that appear to have no parallels in the modern all-digital domain. This article is predicated on the proposition that the functional characteristics of the equipment available during the formative years materially influenced the ways in which composers developed their compositional aesthetic. By studying the characteristics of the resulting interactions, important clues emerge as to the true nature of this engagement. Central to this study is the nature of the techné involved in these processes of creativity, and the significance of this is evaluated in the context of establishing a case for further research in this area. Particular attention is paid to the role of the tape recorder in this context, in particular its influence on the development of spatialisation techniques.
Part II: The Karguzar and Security, the Trade Routes of Iran and Foreign Subjects 1900–1921
Authors: Nouraei Morteza , Martin Vanessa
Published: March 2006

This, the second of our three articles on the role of the karguzar in the foreign relations of Iran, focuses on internal issues, and, in particular, the problems of security. Its main period of study is the years following the Constitutional Revolution during which Iran witnessed a gradual breakdown of social control resulting from severe government weakness. The Revolution, itself the product of financial fragility, led to the virtual bankruptcy of the country, despite the attempts of the Majlis at fiscal reform. Thus by 1910 the government did not have the means to enforce law and order. Problems of personal security placed considerable pressure on people at all levels of Iranian society. This article is, however, concerned with the experiences of the non-elite and the implications for them of financial crisis and weak government. These circumstances were also to have repercussions for Iran's relations with foreigners.
The Bear Yawns? Russian and Soviet Relations with Macao
Authors: Share Michael
Published: March 2006

From the late nineteenth century until the hand-over of Macao to Chinese rule about one hundred years later, Russia and the Soviet Union demonstrated discernible, though far from overwhelming, interest in the tiny Portuguese territory of Macao. Their activities and involvement in the enclave served as an interesting contrast and coda to their more extensive dealings with the larger entities of British Hong Kong and even more problematic Taiwan. Both Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union had definite policies towards both Hong Kong and Taiwan; though policy emphasis altered dramatically over time, especially towards Hong Kong, both regimes sought to expand their trade with, and activities in, those territories. Soviet and Russian policies toward Macao were in some ways less consistent, circumscribed by the relative insignificance of the territory, and also for several decades from the 1920s onward by the implacable long-term hostility of the fascist Portuguese government toward Soviet Communism. Even so, the fact that first Russian and then Soviet foreign policymakers assigned some importance to Macao is amply demonstrated by the Foreign Ministry Archive, which contains nearly thirty files of varying size spanning the period from 1910 to 1987.
About Ugra and his Friends: a Recent Contribution on Early Mahāyāna Buddhism. A review article.
Authors: Pagel Ulrich
Published: March 2006

Research in Mahāyāna sūtras is a slow and painstaking process. Typically, it involves a careful study of multiple versions of individual texts, composed in different languages (Sanskrit, Chinese and Tibetan) as well as immersion in the voluminous but largely unchartered corpus of canonical literature preserved in the bKa' 'gyur and the Chinese ‘Tripiṭaka’. Years may easily go by without any noteworthy publication. Thus, when a new book appears, scholarly expectation tends to be high. Jan Nattier's study of the Ugrapariprcchā is no exception. Eagerly awaited among colleagues for its research on early Mahāyāna Buddhism – the Ugrapariprcchā is widely recognised to rank among the first Mahāyāna sūtras – Nattier's work promised to dispel at least some of the mist that continues to cloud this ill-understood period. Even though hers is not the first study and translation of the Ugrapariprcchā (Nancy Schuster wrote her PhD dissertation on this text, 1976), Nattier managed to produce a remarkable, original piece of scholarship that brims with thought-provoking ideas about the formation of the Mahāyāna, persuasive refutations of old-seated misconceptions, well-conceived approaches to textual interpretation and a competently crafted translation of the Chinese and Tibetan versions. In short, it is a book that needs to be taken seriously.
Observed correlation of surface salinity, temperature and barrier layer at the eastern edge of the western Pacific warm pool
Authors: Maes Christophe , Ando Kentaro , Delcroix Thierry , Kessler William S. , McPhaden Michael J. , Roemmich Dean
Published: March 2006

Recent theory suggests that ocean‐atmosphere interactions in the western Pacific warm pool are of fundamental importance to interannual variations associated with El Niño and the Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The warm pool encompasses the highest mean sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the world ocean, intense atmospheric deep convection and heavy rainfall, and the formation of thick salt‐stratified barrier layers that help to sustain the high SSTs. This study shows that the eastern edge of the warm pool is characterized by a strong zonal salinity front throughout 2002–2004. The analysis also indicates a tighter empirical relationship than previously observed between the eastern edge of the warm pool, high SSTs, the presence of barrier layers, and the fetch of westerly wind bursts. These results suggest that such a frontal region is a critical in controlling ocean‐atmosphere interactions in the western Pacific warm pool and highlight the importance of the upper ocean salinity in climate variability.
A test‐particle model of the atmosphere/ionosphere system of Saturn's main rings
Authors: Bouhram M. , Johnson R. E. , Berthelier J.‐J. , Illiano J.‐M. , Tokar R. L. , Young D. T. , Crary F. J.
Published: March 2006

The first pass of the Cassini orbiter near the A and B rings of Saturn, formed mainly by H2O ice particles, revealed the presence of an ionosphere composed of O+ and O2+ ions. Such a result suggests the existence of an atmospheric halo made up of molecular oxygen surrounding the rings. It is produced by solar UV radiation‐induced decomposition of ice releasing molecular oxygen which does not stick on the surface at the relevant temperatures. A Monte Carlo model of the atmosphere/ionosphere ring system that uses test‐particles and incorporates chemical processes and transport of both neutrals and plasma ions is developed. Published ion data from the ion mass spectrometer (IMS) experiment were used as constraint and the model provides a very satisfactory fit between simulated O+ and O2+ ion densities and those measured along Cassini trajectory.
Relationship between vertical shear rate and kinetic energy dissipation rate in stably stratified flows
Authors: Hebert David A. , de Bruyn Kops Stephen M.
Published: March 2006

High resolution direct numerical simulations of strongly stratified turbulence are analyzed in order to investigate the relationship between vertical shearing of horizontal motions and the dissipation rate of kinetic energy. The relative magnitude of each component of the dissipation rate is examined as a function of the Reynolds number and of the buoyancy Reynolds number. From the simulation results, in conjunction with published laboratory results, it is concluded that (1) the simulation results are consistent with the laboratory data but span a much larger range of buoyancy Reynolds number, (2) the ratio of the square of the vertical shear rate to the dissipation rate is a strong function of buoyancy Reynolds number, and (3) the approximation that vertical shear rate is the dominant cause of energy dissipation rate is only good when the buoyancy Reynolds number is less than order one.
Importance of aerosols in satellite‐derived estimates of surface shortwave irradiance over China
Authors: Hayasaka Tadahiro , Kawamoto Kazuaki , Shi Guangyu , Ohmura Atsumu
Published: March 2006

Pyranometer measurements and two satellite‐derived data sets were used to evaluate surface downward shortwave irradiance over China. Compared to pyranometer measurements, the satellite‐derived data overestimated surface shortwave irradiance, particularly over large cities. These positive biases can be attributed to aerosols with absorptive properties; aerosols especially in the sub‐cloud layer impact surface shortwave irradiance determinations under cloudy conditions. Satellite‐derived radiation data sets are useful. However, aerosols strongly affect surface shortwave irradiance, creating discrepancies between satellite‐derived data and pyranometer measurements.