bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Healthcare beliefs, health information seeking, and healthcare setting preferences among women who inject drugs by community supervision status
Authors: Hoadley Ariel , Bass Sarah Bauerle , Brujaha Jesse , D’Avanzo Paul A. , Kelly Patrick J.
Published: April 2021

Objective

Women on community supervision who inject drugs have significant unmet healthcare needs. However, it remains unclear how the intersection of community supervision and injection drug use influences healthcare experiences and service setting preferences. The present study examines whether the intersection of community supervision and injection drug use is associated with differences in women’s healthcare beliefs, healthcare experiences, and service setting preferences.

Methods

A secondary analysis was conducted on a previously collected sample of women who inject drugs recruited from a syringe exchange and social service organization for a cross-sectional survey. Participants (N = 64) were mostly White (75%), and more than a quarter were currently on probation or parole (26%).

Results

Independent samples t-tests and chi-square tests revealed no significant differences on sociodemographic variables by community supervision status. There were no significant differences by community supervision status across seven indicators of healthcare confidence (ps > .05). However, results revealed significant differences in past experiences and beliefs about healthcare, health information seeking, and healthcare setting preferences by community supervision status (ps < .05), where women on community supervision less frequently sought health information and medical care outside of emergency departments.

Conclusions

Findings provide preliminary evidence about differences in the healthcare experiences and setting preferences of women who inject drugs on community supervision.
Local and remote SST variability contribute to the westward shift of the Pacific Walker circulation during 1979–2015
Authors: Li Xichen , Wang Xinyue , Lian Tao , Johnson Nathaniel C. , Zhu Jiang , Chang Chueh-Hsin , Liu Hailong , Wang Wenzhu
Published: April 2021

During the modern satellite era since 1979, the Pacific Walker circulation (PWC) experienced an intensification and a westward shift, which has broad impacts on the global climate variability. While the strengthening of the PWC has been shown to be driven by both the regional Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) and the remote forcing from other basins, its westward shift is primarily attributed to the phase change of the Atlantic Multidecadal variability. In this study, we investigate the potential effect of the remote SST forcing from the Atlantic and the Indian Oceans on the westward shift of the PWC, through statistical analysis and numerical experiments using atmospheric and coupled models. Results show that the tropical Atlantic warming plays a key (decisive) role in driving the PWC westward shift by triggering a Gill–Matsuno-type circulation anomaly in the tropics. This circulation response drives anomalous surface westerlies over the eastern Pacific and subsidence over the central Pacific that weakens the eastern part of the PWC, meanwhile generating easterly wind anomalies over the central-western Pacific and anomalous atmospheric convection over the western Pacific that intensifies the western part of the PWC. This direct forcing contributes ~ 32% of the observed PWC movement, while the Atlantic-induced inter-basin SST changes contribute another ~ 36% of its westward shift according to coupled model simulation results. Our results reinforce the importance of the inter-basin interactions in adjusting the tropical climate variabilities, and have broad implication for projecting the global climate.
A local lithospheric structure model for Vietnam derived from a high-resolution gravimetric geoid
Authors: Vu Dinh Toan , Bonvalot Sylvain , Bruinsma Sean , Bui Luyen K.
Published: April 2021

High-resolution Moho and lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary depth models for Vietnam and its surrounding areas are determined based on a recently released geoid model constructed from surface and satellite gravity data (GEOID_LSC_C model) and on 3ʹʹ resolution topography data (mixed SRTM model). A linear density gradient for the crust and a temperature-dependent density for the lithospheric mantle were used to determine the lithospheric structure under the assumption of local isostasy. In a first step, the impact of correcting elevation data from sedimentary basins to estimate Moho depth has been evaluated using CRUST1.0 model. Results obtained from a test area where seismic data are available, which demonstrated that the sedimentary effect should be considered before the inversion process. The geoid height and elevation-corrected sedimentary layer were filtered to remove signals originating below the lithosphere. The resulting Moho and lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary depth models computed at 1ʹ resolution were evaluated against seismic data as well as global and local lithospheric models available in the study region. These comparisons indicate a consistency of our Moho depth estimation with the seismic data within 1.5 km in standard deviation for the whole Vietnam. This new Moho depth model for the study region represents a significant improvement over the global models CRUST1.0 and GEMMA, which have standard deviations of 3.2 and 3.3 km, respectively, when compared to the seismic data. Even if a detailed geological interpretation of the results is out of scope of this paper, a joint analysis of the obtained models with the high-resolution Bouguer gravity anomaly is finally discussed in terms of the main geological patterns of the study region. The high resolution of our Moho and lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary depth models contribute to better constrain the lithospheric structure as well as tectonic and geodynamic processes of this region. The differences in Moho depth visible in the northeast and southwest sides of the Red River Fault Zone confirmed that the Red River Fault Zone may be considered the boundary between two continental blocks: South China and Indochina blocks. However, no remarkable differences in lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary depth were obtained from our results. This suggests that the Red River Fault Zone developed within the crust and remained a crustal fault.
Fully-automated synthesis of 177Lu labelled FAPI derivatives on the module modular lab-Eazy
Authors: Eryilmaz Kurtulus , Kilbas Benan
Published: April 2021

Background

To the best of our knowledge, manually production of [177Lu]Lu-FAPI radiopharmaceutical derivatives has been only described in literature. In this work, a fully-automated [177Lu]Lu-FAPI synthesis has been well designed for the first time using commercially available synthesis module. In addition to the development of an automated system with disposable cassette, quality control (QC) and stability studies were comprehensively presented.

Results

A fully automated synthesis of [177Lu]Lu-FAPI derivatives was achieved on the Modular Lab Eazy (ML Eazy) with high radiochemical yield ([177Lu]Lu-FAPI-04; 88% ± 3, [177Lu]Lu-FAPI-46; 86% ± 3). Chromatographic analysis indicated the formation of radiosynthesis with an absolute radiochemical purity (99%). Stability experiments clarified the durability of the products within 4 days. All obtained specifications are consistent to European Pharmacopoeia.

Conclusion

A fully automated synthesis of [177Lu]Lu-FAPI radiopharmaceuticals was accomplished regarding quality control standards and quality assurance by using commercially available a modular approach namely ML Eazy with disposable customized cassette and template.

Graphical abstract
Effects of local isolates of Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin on the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Authors: Yucel Cenk
Published: April 2021

Background

The two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Tetranychidae), is a widely distributed plant-feeding pest that causes significant yield losses in a wide range of crops. Newly developed or improved environmentally friendly biocontrol agents serve as an alternative to traditional pest control tools. Experiment of the effects of 2 local fungal isolates of Beauveria bassiana (BGF14 and BCA32) was carried out against T. urticae under laboratory conditions.

Results

Both tested isolates had lethal effect in a short time after application, and this effect increased as time progressed. BGF14 and BCA32 isolates caused T. urticae mortality rates ranging from 25.88 to 61.92 and 32.36 to 62.03% when applied at the concentrations between 1×105 and 1×108 conidia/ml, respectively. According to the Probit analysis performed on the effect of fungi on T. urticae adults, the LC50 values of BGF14 and BCA32 isolates on the 7th day after inoculation were 2.6×106 and 6.3×104 conidia/ml, respectively, and the LT50 values for both fungi applied at a concentration of 108 conidia/ml were 2.14 and 2.23 days, respectively.

Conclusions

The 2 isolates of B. bassiana (BGF14 and BCA32) had the potentials to suppress T. urticae population and can be recommended as promising biocontrol agent candidates for control of T. urticae.
Role of hepatobiliary scintigraphy with different semi-quantitative parameters along with histopathological scoring in differentiating biliary atresia from neonatal hepatitis
Authors: Mohamadien Nsreen R. A. , Makboul Rania , Galal Shereen M. , Mostafa Nadia M.
Published: April 2021

Background

Biliary atresia (BA) and neonatal hepatitis (NH) are the two major causes of neonatal cholestasis (NC). However, both conditions had entirely different therapeutic schedule and prognosis. Considering BA as a surgical emergency, it is pretty important to accurately differentiate the two entities. The aim of the study is to evaluate the diagnostic utility of hepatobiliary scintigraphy (HBS) using a semi-quantitative technique as well as 15-point histopathological scoring system in differentiating BA from NH.

Results

The sensitivity, specificity, and overall accuracy of HBS in the diagnosis of BA was 90.5%, 80%, and 83.6%, respectively. The median values of kidney-liver ratio (KLR), intestinal-liver ratio (ILR), and background-liver ratio (BLR) were significantly higher in patients with BA, while that of the liver-kidney ratio (LKR) was significantly lower in cases with BA. Moreover, KLR had the largest area under curve (AUC); advocates it to be the best of the semi-quantitative parameters that can predicts BA. Histopathological scoring using a cutoff point ≥ 7 was helpful in discriminating BA from NH with 85.7% sensitivity, 95% specificity and 91.8% accuracy.

Conclusions

HBS is a non-invasive diagnostic tool frequently used in diagnosis of BA, yet it has a relatively low specificity. To overcome this challenge, we kindly recommend the use of semi-quantitative parameters that could possibly improve the accuracy of HBS for diagnosing BA. Additionally, the use of 15-point scoring for liver biopsy was useful.
Generalized cross-dip moveout correction of crooked 2D seismic reflection surveys
Authors: Mancuso Christopher , Naghizadeh Mostafa
Published: April 2021

In hard rock settings, reflection seismic surveys are often acquired on crooked roadways. Acquisition geometry-related noise resulting from these crooked profiles obscures the final image in places where there are crossline dipping reflectors. This noise can be prevented with cross-dip moveout (CDMO) corrections. The conventional practice is to apply corrections on straight processing lines; however, this aggravates reflection duplication and stretching artifacts. We have adopted an efficient method for CDMO correction that operates on any common midpoint (CMP) binning geometry. Our method suppresses reflection duplication in high-fold CMP bins. The strike and dip of the reflectors are decomposed into two horizontal orthogonal components and input into a 3D traveltime equation. Using a synthetic model, a processing workflow was developed to locally apply these generalized CDMO corrections. This workflow was then applied to a seismic profile acquired over the Larder-Lake Cadillac Deformation Zone in the Abitibi Greenstone Belt, Canada. The final processed seismic image showed an increased coherency of reflections rendering them more compatible with the known surface geology of the study area.
Modeling of triaxial induction logging responses in multilayered anisotropic formations
Authors: Hu Yunyun , Sun Qingtao
Published: April 2021

Triaxial induction logging tools have been widely applied to formation characterization due to their sensitivity to electric anisotropy. To model triaxial induction logs in multilayered general anisotropic formations, where the anisotropy can be arbitrary, an analytical method is applied to compute the tool responses. For the analytical method, Maxwell’s equations in the spectral domain are written into a compact first-order differential equation. The equation is solved to obtain the spectral-domain fields, which are transformed to the spatial domain through the inverse Fourier transform. The singular issue for the tool located in highly deviated wells is handled by subtracting the singular term in the spectral domain. The singularity treatment makes the integrands in the inverse Fourier transform decay faster, thus making the infinite integration computation faster. Formations with isotropic, transversely isotropic, biaxially anisotropic, and general anisotropic conductivity are modeled and compared to investigate the effects of anisotropy on the tool responses. For a tool in a general anisotropic formation, all of the [Formula: see text] components are nonzero. For a tool in a vertical well in transversely isotropic and biaxially anisotropic formations, only the diagonal components of [Formula: see text] are nonzero. For a tool located in a deviated well, the effects of tool deviation and electric anisotropy are coupled. The diagonal components are more sensitive to the electric anisotropy than the off-diagonal components, and the off-diagonal ones can clearly indicate bed boundaries.
High-resolution seismic processing technique with broadband, wide-azimuth, and high-density seismic data — A case study of thin-sand reservoirs in eastern China
Authors: Su Qin , Zeng Huahui , Tian Yancan , Li Hailiang , Lyu Lei , Zhang Xiaomei
Published: April 2021

Seismic processing and interpretation techniques provide important tools for oil and gas exploration in the Songliao Basin in eastern China, which is dominated by terrestrial facies. In the Songliao Basin, a large number of thin-sand reservoirs are widely distributed and they are the primary targets of potential oil and gas exploration and exploitation. An important part of exploration in the Songliao Basin is to accurately describe the distribution of these thin-sand belts and the sand-body shapes. However, the thickness of these thin-sand reservoirs is generally below the resolution of conventional seismic processing. Most reservoirs are thin interbeds of sand and mudstones with strong vertical and lateral variations. This makes it difficult to accurately predict the vertical and horizontal distribution of the thin-sand bodies using conventional seismic processing and interpretation methods. In addition, these lithologic traps are difficult to identify due to the complex controlling factors and distribution characteristics and the strong concealment. These challenges motivate us to improve the seismic data quality to help delineate thin-sand reservoirs. We have used the broadband, wide-azimuth, and high-density integrated seismic exploration technique to help delineate thin reservoirs. We first use field single-point excitation and single-point receiver acquisition to obtain seismic data with wide frequency bands, wide azimuth angles, and high folds, which contain rich geologic information. Next, we perform near-surface Q compensation, viscoelastic prestack time migration, seismic attributes, and seismic waveform indication inversion on the newly acquired seismic data. The 3D case study indicates the benefits of improving the imaging of thin-sand body and the accuracy of inversion and reservoir characterization using our method.
Studies on the Development of the Foregut in the Chick Blastoderm: 1. The Presumptive Foregut Area
Authors: Bellairs Ruth
Published: April 2021

A brief morphological account is given of the changes which take place in the endoderm during the first stages of foregut formation. The period of development concerned is from the stage of the primitive streak to that of the embryo with about ten pairs of somites. Experiments are described in which the endoderm of chick blastoderms grown in vitro was marked with carbon particles. By this means the presumptive foregut area was found to lie around the anterior end of the primitive streak in the long streak stage, and around the head process and anterior end of the primitive streak at a slightly later stage of development.
Studies on the Mechanism of Meristic Segmentation: I. The Dimensions of Somites
Authors: Waddington C. H. , Deuchar Elizabeth M.
Published: April 2021

The dorso-ventral thickness of the mesoderm sheet in Urodele embryos was altered by adding or removing material on the ventral side at the beginning of gastrulation. Similar alterations were made at a later stage of development by direct removal or addition of archenteron roof in late gastrulae. Whenever these operations were successful in changing the height of the somites, there was evidence that their anterior-posterior length was altered in the same sense. In spite of considerable variability in the material, the correlation of somite height and length is significant when a large number of observations are considered together. The bearing of this relation between height and length on the biophysical theories of metameric segmentation is briefly discussed.
Use of repetitive DNA sequences to distinguishMus musculusandMus carolicells byin situhybridization
Authors: Siracusa L. D. , Chapman V. M. , Bennett K. L. , Hastie N. D. , Pietras D. F. , Rossant J.
Published: April 2021

Mammalian chimaeras have proved useful for investigating early steps in embryonic development. However, a complete clonal analysis of cell lineages has been limited by the lack of a marker which is ubiquitous and can distinguish parental cell types in situ. We have developed a cell marker system which fulfils these criteria. Chimaeric mice were successfully produced from two mouse species which possess sufficient genetic differences to allow unequivocal identification of parental cell types. DNA-DNA in situ hybridization with cloned, species-specific sequences was performed to distinguish the parental cell types. We have identified a cloned, Mus musculus satellite DNA sequence which shows hybridization differences between Mus musculus and Mus caroli DNA. This clone was used as a probe in in situ hybridizations to bone marrow chromosomes from Mus musculus, Mus caroli, and an interspecific F1 hybrid. The clone could qualitatively distinguish Mus musculus from Mus caroli chromosomes after in situ hybridization, even when they were derived from the same F1 hybrid cell. Quantitation of this hybridization to interphase nuclei from bone marrow spreads indicates that the probe can successfully distinguish Mus musculus from Mus caroli cells and can determine the percentage contribution of Mus musculus in mixtures of bone marrow cells of these species and in chimaeric bone marrow cell preparations.
Somatic and germline mosaicism in interspecific chimaeras betweenMus musculusandMus caroli
Authors: Rossant J. , Chapman V. M.
Published: April 2021

Detailed analysis of mosaicism in interspecific chimaeras between Mus musculus and Mus caroli revealed that cells of the two species could coexist and interact normally in all tissues studied. No selection occurred against M. caroli cells during gestation of chimaeras in the M. musculus uterus, but some tissue-specific differential growth of M. musculus and M. caroli cells occurred during postnatal development. Similar effects have, however, been reported in interstrain M. musculus chimaeras. The similarity between inter- and intraspecific chimaeric growth patterns supports the use of this interspecific system as a model for analysing cell lineage relationships during development.
Analysis of perinotochordal materials. 2. Studies on the influence of proteoglycans in somite chondrogenesis
Authors: Vasan Nagaswamisri
Published: April 2021

Notochordal proteoglycans influence somite chondrogenesis. In earlier work we learned that notochord cultured under improved conditions for 8 days contains three different classes of proteoglycans (Vasan, 1981). The question was whether these three different classes of perinotochordal proteoglycan molecules, are necessary for inducing somite chondrogenesis. When the notochords were exposed to substances causing metabolic alterations (BUdR, excess vitamin A, and hyaluronic acid), only small proteoglycans accumulated in the perinotochordal sheath. Such treated notochords or the proteoglycans extracted from them failed to support somite chondrogenesis, suggesting that the large aggregate in the perinotochordal matrix may be necessary for somite induction. Adding a crude proteoglycan prepared from embryonic sternal cartilage increased the induction of chondrogenesis in somites, but papain treatment of the proteoglycan diminished its inductive capacity. This result further suggests that large aggregate proteoglycan may be necessary for the tissue interactions that promote chondrogenesis.
Cell division in the formation of the stomatal complex of the young leaves of wheat
Authors: Pickett-Heaps J. D. , Northcote D. H.
Published: April 2021

During the formation of stomata in the young leaves of wheat the cells divide in a characteristic manner; two of the cell divisions are asymmetrical and produce cells of unequal sizes. A study of the fine structure of the cells during mitosis has shown that a band of microtubules appears at each preprophase stage. This band, although it is not present in the subsequent stages of mitosis, indicates the location on the wall of the mother cell where the cell plate will join it at the final division of the cytoplasm at telophase. Thus the future plane of cell division is indicated by these microtubules at preprophase.

Microtubules are also found at the growing edge of the cell plate and appear to function in directing the vesicles which are brought up to extend the plate. The cell plate which is formed to cut off the subsidiary cells on either side of the guard mother cell is curved, and the microtubules present in conjunction with this plate during its formation could function to align and hold it on the required position.

The relationship of the guard mother cell to the divisions of the adjacent epidermal cells which form the subsidiary cells is discussed, and related to general problems of growth and differentiation.
Giant centrioles in neuropteran meiosis
Authors: Friedländer M. , Wahrman J.
Published: April 2021

Centrioles were studied in living and fixed testes of neuropteran insects by light, phasecontrast, and electron microscopy. Giant centrioles, measuring up to 8·0 μ in length (according to the species), develop in meiotic prophase, whereas only minute centrioles are found in spermatogonia. The giant centrioles have essentially the same ultrastructure as described for smaller centrioles, but their periodic structure is more clearly defined.

The growth of giant centrioles consists of two phases. First, a procentriole lengthens to the size of its mother centriole, as in mitosis; then the four centriolar rods of one cell continue their growth simultaneously and at the same rate. At their distal ends centriolar vesicles are attached. These originate from invaginations of the cell membrane and apparently contribute to the growth of the centrioles.

Neuropteran spermatids, like those of other insects, have only one centriolar rod, while spermatids of many other animals contain two centrioles. The origin and significance of this difference are unknown.
Three different types of mate-killer (mu) particle in Paramecium aurelia (syngen 1)
Authors: Beale G. H. , Jurand A.
Published: April 2021

A new rapid method for staining endosymbiotic particles in Paramecium is described. Two new strains of mu particle in P. aurelia syngen I are compared with the previously known mu particles of stock 540 by light and electron microscopy. Morphologically the three types of particle differ only in size, but each converts its host Paramecium into a mate-killer of a specific type. Each of the three particles appears to require the presence of different genes of Paramecium.
Mycoplasmas in tissue culture
Authors: Macpherson I.
Published: April 2021

Mycoplasmas are frequently found as contaminants in tissue-cultured cells. Infections may be inapparent or cause severe cytopathic changes. The source of primary contaminations in most cases is probably the upper respiratory tract of man. The wide dissemination of infections in cultures most probably occurs as a result of aerosols set up during the processing of contaminated cultures. Mycoplasmas in cultured cells may cause chromosome aberrations, degradation of the host cell DNA, and morphological transformations. They cleave thymidine and its related structural inhibitors and also degrade arginine. They inhibit the growth of adenovirus and Rous sarcoma virus and no doubt affect others. A number of antibiotics which are relatively non-toxic for cells in culture are active against mycoplasmas and may be used to cure infected cells. Mycoplasmas interfere with the biochemistry of the cell at many points and no one working with tissue cultures can afford to ignore them. Stringent aseptic techniques are the best safeguard against primary infections and cross-contaminations.
Ultrastructure and peripheral membranes of the mycetomal micro-organisms of Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera)
Authors: Grinyer I. , Musgrave A. J.
Published: April 2021

The peripheral membranes of the micro-organisms of the mycetocytes of adult midgut caecae and of larval mycetomes of Sitophilus granarius (L.), GG strain, have been examined with an electron microscope. The majority of the mycetocytes were depleted of intracellular organelles but contained large numbers of mycetomal micro-organisms, most of which exhibited only one peripheral membrane. Some mycetocytes, however, had well-developed ultrastructure and harboured mycetomal micro-organisms which showed two peripheral membranes, namely a cell wall and plasma membrane. Intermediate conditions also occurred.

It is suggested that the absence of host-provided membranes around the micro-organisms categorizes them as obligate symbiotes.
Further observations on the fine structure of Chrysochromulina chiton, with special reference to the pyrenoid
Authors: Manton Irene
Published: April 2021

Developments associated with the surface of the projecting pyrenoids of Chrysochromulina chiton have been traced in outline after glutaraldehyde fixation. In the simplest condition the pyrenoidal core is separated from the cytoplasm by two superposed pairs of membranes, the outer pair being continuous with a layer of endoplasmic reticulum spread over the surface of the subtending chloroplast. Various stages in the formation and removal of an additional membrane-bounded cap of translucent material are illustrated and interpreted in terms of local accumulation of a temporary storage metabolite in the path of translocation of materials from the chloroplast into the cell. A cap is thought to begin as a blister involving the innermost pair of membranes which become pushed apart as the transparent material accumulates between them. A bulge, involving the outer of the two separated membranes plus contents of the blister, could then push out between meshes in the overlying endoplasmic reticulum before spreading laterally. This process is not light-dependent. It is suggested that enzymes localized between the chloroplast membranes in this region are acting on a soluble translocation metabolite. At mitosis, and shortly after, the capping material may be absent.
Structure of the photoreceptors in the compound eyespots of branchiomma vesiculosum
Authors: Krasne F. B. , Lawrence P. A.
Published: April 2021

Each photoreceptor unit within the eye is located immediately beneath the surface cuticle and is composed of 2 cells; a superficially placed lens cell and a large, deeply situated receptor cell which is composed of two segments. The deep segment of the receptor cell is filled by a large invaginated cavity containing a stack of some 450 disc-shaped membranous sacs; these are the expanded and flattened membranes of cilia, the basal bodies of which line the cytoplasmic wall of one side of the cavity. The basal bodies have a 9 + 0 arrangement of fibrils and lack striated rootlets and orthogonal centrioles. On the side of the cell opposite this field of basal bodies the cavity is continuous with a tunnel which passes through the superficial segment of the cell at one side and opens at its top. The tunnel is crescent-shaped in cross-section, and its inner wall is covered by an array of microvilli. The cytoplasm of the superficial segment of the receptor cell is mostly filled by some 3 000 long, rod-shaped, hexagonally packed mitochondria, whose long axes lie normal to a plane dividing the basal body and tunnel sides of the cell. The arrays of mitochondria and microvilli correspond in number and spacing; and fibrils arising in the microvilli project into the cytoplasm running in the space between adjacent mitochondria.
The lobster optic lamina: II. Types of synapse
Authors: Hámori J. , Horridge G. A.
Published: April 2021

The following interpretations are based on the assumption that the vesicles are presynaptic. Synapses between retinula cells are symmetrical contacts, with cisternae attached to both thickened membranes and the cleft is 8–10 mμ wide. Synapses from retinula terminal bags to the numerous invaginating spines of the ganglion cell axon have presynaptic ribbons and filaments but few vesicles; the cleft is 7·5–13 mμ wide. Synapses from retinula cell bags to secretory horizontal fibres have postsynaptic spines, typical vesicles one side and thickened presynaptic membrane (cleft 10–17 m μ wide). Synapses from retinula fibres to empty (long) transverse fibres are similar. Synapses from secretory or empty transverse fibres to ganglion cell axons are axon-to-axon contacts; there are vesicles one side but both membranes are thickened; the cleft is 11-13 m/t wide. Between empty transverse fibres the synapses are similar but symmetrical; from empty to secretory transverse they have vesicles one side. Synapses from secretory fibres to each other (symmetrical) or to empty transverse fibres (vesicles on one side and with only the postsynaptic membrane thickened) reveal a sharp distinction between synaptic vesicles and secretory vesicles. Serial synapses occur (a) from empty transverse fibre to secretory fibre to another empty transverse fibre, and (b) from retinula cell to secretory fibre to ganglion cell fibre. On account of its curious structure the optic cartridge probably has complex synaptic properties. Retinula terminals are probably inhibitory. Their light mitochondria, contrasting with the dense ones of the ganglion cells, are interpreted as aged.
The Pigmentary Effector System IV.—A Further Contribution to the Role of Pituitary Secretion in Amphibian Colour Response
Authors: Hogben Lancelot T.
Published: April 2021

The contracted melanophores of both Anura (frogs and toads) and Urodela (salamanders) react by maximal expansion to pituitary extract; the active substance in the latter does not appear to be confined invariably to the posterior lobe of the mammalian gland. A positive melanophore response was obtained from the gland of a human abortus in the fourth month. The removal of the whole pituitary gland may be accomplished in Urodele larvaæ (Amblystoma tigrinum) at any age (nine months to four years) without impairing their viability. After complete removal of the pituitary in Urodele larvæ, as in adult and larval Anura, the melanophores remain contracted and a state of permanent pallor ensues. The normal colour resulting from melanophore expansion can be re-established by injection of pituitary extract; but such animals regain pallor, although exposed to conditions in which melanophore expansion invariably occurs in normal individuals. It is legitimate to conclude that pituitary secretion is the main factor in regulating the chromatic function throughout the Amphibia as a class. Fluctuating pituitary secretion in correlation with those conditions that evoke colour response in the frog (cf. the third paper of this series) provides a satisfactory basis for the interpretation of all the accredited bionomic data concerning colour response in adult Amphibia. Possibly adrenal secretion or some auxiliary mechanism plays a subsidiary part; but there are no satisfactory grounds for believing that nervous agencies directly influence amphibian melanophores; and there is reason to believe that even if amphibian melanophores are directly innervated, nervous control is not significant to the normal rhythm of colour change. The study of amphibian colour response provides evidence not only of the presence of physiologically active substances in the pituitary, but functional activity of the gland in the intact animal. It does not appear, however, that the interpretation of colour response here put forward for Amphibia can be extended to Reptiles and Fishes.
The Evolution of the Pituitary
Authors: de Beer G. R.
Published: April 2021

The interest and importance of the pituitary for the physiologist needs no emphasising. From the point of view of comparative anatomy and evolution it is no less interesting. The ductless glands as a group seem to be characterised by peculiarities in their histories; some of these are of course well known, such as that of the thyroid originating from the endostyle of low chordates or of the pineal derived from the parietal eye.

Attempts to trace the history of the pituitary have been many, but few can be regarded as satisfactory. In this study I shall attack the subject by beginning with a description of the structure of the pituitary in the mammal as a type. Its development will be outlined; and lastly, an attempt will be made to sketch out the phylogeny of the pituitary as far as is possible from the data at our disposal.
Accelerated Metamorphosis of Frog Tadpoles by Injections of Extract of Anterior Lobe Pituitary Gland and The Administration of Iodine
Authors: Spaul E. A.
Published: April 2021

Acceleration of the metamorphosis of frog tadpoles is induced by injections of commercial extracts of the anterior lobe pituitary gland extract. The acceleration of metamorphosis produced by iodine in solution in suitable concentrations is not so great as that produced by injections of the anterior pituitary extract. Further increase in the acceleration occurs when the injected specimens are kept in suitable concentrations of iodine solution. The sequence of changes is similar to that observed in the accelerated transformation of tadpoles produced by thyroid or iodine diet. The highest mortality, greatest reduction in size, and most rapid transformation occurs in the highest concentration of iodine, and this is still greater in injected animals kept in iodine solutions. The younger the tadpole the less chance is there of completing metamorphosis under the accelerating stimulus of injected anterior lobe or iodine. There is a paling effect after initial injection less marked in older specimens which is possibly due to inhibiting influence on the posterior lobe of excess of anterior lobe secretion. Idoine has no definite pigment action. Iodine appears to act independently of the anterior lobe injection in the tadpole, the acceleration being apparently the sum of their separate actions.
Development of Linear-Scaling Relativistic Quantum Chemistry Covering the Periodic Table
Authors: Nakai Hiromi
Published: April 2021

This Award Account focuses on the author’s studies on the theoretical developments of two-component (2c) relativistic quantum chemistry calculations for large systems with high efficiency and high accuracy, with a review of related studies as the background. The local unitary transformation scheme allows the linear-scaling computation cost to be applied to construct a 2c Hamiltonian, such as an infinite-order two-component version. The divide-and-conquer scheme can lead to linear-scaling computation costs to apply not only a Hartree-Fock (HF) method but also post-HF methods such as the second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation and couple cluster theory with singles and doubles for the 2c Hamiltonian in addition to a non-relativistic version. The frozen core potential scheme can naturally connect pseudopotential calculations with all-electron calculations. The accompanying coordinate expansion with a transfer recurrence relation scheme provides an efficient algorithm for the rapid evaluation of electron repulsion integrals for systems including heavy elements, the orbitals of which have long contractions and high angular momenta, such as f- and g-orbitals. Illustrative applications will help readers realize the advantages and usefulness of these schemes.
Sequence diversity and evolution of infectious bursal disease virus in Iraq
Authors: Abbas Ali Hadi , AL saegh Haider Abas , ALaraji Furkan Sabbar
Published: April 2021

Background: Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) is a highly infectious disease which causes huge economic losses to the poultry industry due to the direct impact of the illness and indirect consequences such as decreasing the general immunity of the flock, leaving it naive to other diseases. In Iraq, IBD is highly prevalent despite vaccination programs, yet studies on sequence diversity of the causative virus are still rare. 

Methods: A sample from Bursa of Fabricius from an IBD outbreak in a flock in the city of Najaf in Iraq was smeared on an FTA card. Amplicons of targeted regions in VP1 and VP2 genes were generated and sequenced. Sequences were then compared with other local and global sequences downloaded from GenBank repositories. Sequence alignment and DNA sequence analyses were achieved using MUSCLE, UGENE and MEGAx software. The molecular clock and sequence evolutionary analyses were applied using MEGAx tools. 

Results: The strain sequenced in this study belongs to a very virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (vvIBDV) as the DNA and phylogenetic analysis of VP1 and VP2 gene sequences showed a mutual clustering with similar sequences belonging to vvIBDV genogroup 3. Analyses of the hyper variable region of VP2 gene (hvVP2) of IBDV isolates from Iraq indicates a presence of sequence diversity. Interestingly, the two vaccine strains Ventri IBDV Plus and ABIC MB71 that showed the highest sequence similarity to the local isolates in the hvVP2 region are not used in vaccination routine against IBDV in Iraq. 

Conclusion: Sequences of vvIBDV in Iraq are diverse. Remarkably, some of the available vaccine strains show high sequence similarity with local strains in Iraq; however, they are not included in the routine vaccination programs. Analysis of more samples involving more geographical regions is needed to draw a detailed map of antigenic diversity of IBDV in Iraq.
“Toda a fonte do mal é a Folha de São Paulo”: a relação entre Bolsonaro e Folha pelas ombudsman.
Authors: Martins Rafaela , Porto Meirelles Leite Sílvia
Published: April 2021

O relacionamento do presidente do Brasil Jair Bolsonaro com a imprensa, durante a eleição e o primeiro ano de governo, foi marcado por conflitos e declarações polêmicas. Uma dessas declarações teve como alvo um dos maiores jornais de circulação no país, a Folha de São Paulo, na qual Bolsonaro chegou a dizer que “toda a fonte do mal é a Folha de São Paulo”. A fim de entender a relação entre esses atores de importância social e propor a reflexão sobre a ética jornalística, o trabalho analisa como as ombudsmans do jornal Folha de São Paulo interpretaram a cobertura jornalística sobre Jair Bolsonaro realizada pelo veículo nos anos de 2018 e 2019. O método de análise de dados utilizado foi a análise de conteúdo. O recorte estudado compreende os anos de 2018 e 2019, período de eleição e primeiro ano de governo de Jair Bolsonaro, e dois mandatos de ombudsmans da Folha. Nesse período, foram selecionados 45 textos que mencionam Bolsonaro ou seu governo, os quais foram analisados a partir das categorias de análise: mediação das ombudsmans; ideias em conflito; e necessidade da crítica. Assim, foi possível identificar que os conflitos entre Bolsonaro e Folha se intensificaram com o aumento na aparição do político em reportagens investigativas e furos jornalísticos do veículo, e que as ombudsmans apontam saturação de declarações polêmicas do presidente no noticiário da Folha de São Paulo.
Comunicación institucional de crisis y redes sociales en la Covid-19: los casos de Yunquera y Gaucín.
Authors: Castro-Martínez Andrea , Morán-Urdiales Ignacio , Díaz-Morilla Pablo
Published: April 2021

Los canales digitales y redes sociales constituyen herramientas al servicio de la comunicación institucional tanto para establecer relaciones con los públicos como para informar y legitimar las políticas implementadas. Su uso se ha extendido al ámbito local y es habitual que incluso los municipios pequeños dispongan de perfiles sociales, que han sido una herramienta clave durante la crisis de la Covid-19 para trasladar mensajes a la población. Esta investigación consiste en un caso de estudio centrado en el uso institucional de Facebook en los municipios malagueños de Yunquera y Gaucín, ambos con menos de 3000 habitantes, y donde esta red ha destacado por su eficacia. Mediante una metodología mixta se combinan entrevistas en profundidad a losregidores, análisis de contenido de los perfiles sociales y monitorización de las publicaciones durante la pandemia. Facebook ha facilitado enormemente la difusión de información relevante para los vecinos y se ha convertido en el canal digital prioritario para ambos consistorios. También se han incorporado nuevos contenidos como los bandos municipales. La traslación de la comunicación de proximidad propia de estos municipios a las redes sociales y el uso combinado con los perfiles personales de los alcaldes, que han sido preponderantes, ha resultado fundamental en el éxito de sus comunicaciones digitales durante la pandemia. Se incluyen recomendaciones para la gestión de la comunicación digital durante la nueva normalidad en ayuntamientos.
Economia, saúde e políticas do verdadeiro nas declarações de Bolsonaro durante a pandemia de COVID-19 no Brasil.
Authors: Schuck Saraiva Karla , Zago Luiz Felipe
Published: April 2021

O artigo tem por objetivo analisar como as declarações do Presidente Bolsonaro estabeleceram determinadas políticas do verdadeiro em relação à pandemia de COVID19 no Brasil. O material de análise é constituído por três pronunciamentos, realizados quando o país iniciava o isolamento social, e 45 reportagens com declarações do Presidente publicadas no portal GaúchaZH, de Porto Alegre, entre março e julho de 2020. Foram extraídos excertos que mostram as opiniões e crenças de Bolsonaro em relação aos eixos discursivos “saúde” e “economia” no âmbito da pandemia. A partir desse material foram criadas duas categorias analíticas: “mercado acima de todos”, com declarações relacionadas à economia, e “cloroquina acima de tudo”, com declarações relacionadas à saúde. O conjunto de procedimentos metodológicos apoiam-se na análise de discurso em Michel Foucault, que investiga os modos como poder e verdade se articulam naquilo que é dito. Mostra-se que o Presidente brasileiro enunciou a verdade neoliberal, desocultando o mercado como organizador fundamental do seu discurso durante a pandemia no Brasil. Essa verdade do mercado repousa em concepções específicas de liberdade e de democracia: individualistas, atomizadas, esvaziadas de seu caráter coletivo. Ainda, Bolsonaro apostou que a cloroquina seria a “pílula mágica” que salvaguardaria a saúde biológica da população e a saúde econômica do país. Porém, a saúde econômica foi sempre mais importante do que saúde biológica, o que sugere o desprezo pelas mortes dos cidadãos brasileiros por COVID-19. As políticas do verdadeiro nas declarações de Bolsonaro são políticas de morte.
Espacios de innovación en la relación bilateral Chile-Perú. Los jóvenes como actores emergentes
Authors: Riquelme Gómez Diego Andrés
Published: April 2021

Este artículo aborda la participación de los jóvenes en los Comité de Integración y Desarrollo Fronterizo (cidf.), en el marco de algunas innovaciones en la relación bilateral fronteriza chileno-peruana. Así, se estudia a los jóvenes como actores emergentes en la actividad (para)diplomática interregional entre Arica y Tacna. El objetivo es interpretar etnográficamente la participación de aquellos en estos foros bilaterales, agrupados como Consejo Binacional de la Juventud Tacna-Arica. Se recuperaron y analizaron las trayectorias de estos actores organizados, que convergen junto a otros actores más institucionalizados en el comité. En los resultados, se presenta la caracterización de los jóvenes a partir de las dinámicas de alteridad existentes entre esta pluralidad de actores, en tanto sectores emergentes e invisibilizados en el debate tradicional de las relaciones internacionales.
Learning to Approximate Industrial Problems by Operations Research Classic Problems
Authors: Parmentier Axel
Published: April 2021

Operations research (OR) practitioners are accustomed to dealing with variants of classic OR problems. Indeed, an industrial problem often looks like a traveling salesman problem, a vehicle routing problem, a shortest path problem, etc., but has an additional constraint or a different objective that prevent the use of the powerful algorithms produced by decades of research on the classic OR problems. This situation can be frustrating, notably when we realize that the classic problem catches most of the structure of the variant. In “Learning to approximate industrial problems by operations research classic problems,” Axel Parmentier introduces a machine learning approach to use the algorithms for the classic OR problems on the variant. The idea is to leverage structured learning to obtain a mapping that approximates an instance of the variant by an instance of the classic problem.
On the Baeocera Erichson (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scaphidiinae) of Sabah, Malaysia, and a tale on mystified biodiversity

Authors: LÖBL IVAN , SMETANA ALEŠ
Published: April 2021

Quantitative attemps to assess species diversity in the absence of a robust taxonomy are questioned. In addition, the sampling methods may be a major source of uncertainty, as illustrated in a commented biodiversity study of the Coleoptera of Sabah. The Sabah members of the staphylinid genus Baeocera Erichson are reviewed and keyed, the following new species are described: B. omnigena Löbl sp. nov., B. rudis Löbl sp. nov., B. secreta Löbl sp. nov., B. sedata Löbl sp. nov., B. segregata Löbl sp. nov., B. seiugata Löbl sp. nov., B. semirufa Löbl sp. nov. Baeocera barbara Löbl, B. obliqua (Löbl), B. rufula (Löbl) and B. serendibensis (Löbl) are reported for the first time from Malaysia, B. doriae (Pic) and B. sarawakensis Löbl are new to Sabah and B. kinabalua Löbl is new to Sarawak. Key words: biodiversity, trends, taxonomy, insects, shining fungus beetles, Borneo