bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formation and ecology of plaque at different locations in the mouth
Authors: THEILADE ELSE , THEILADE JÖRGEN
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

Some recent findings concerning microbial colonization of smooth surfaces of teeth, gingival crevices, occlusal fissures and removable dentures are reviewed considering the many ecologic factors of importance for the oral microbial communities. The oral microbiota is extremely complex comprising at least 200 taxa. In spile of interindividual and site‐to‐site variations, each oral habitat has a characteristic microbiota ranging from Gram‐positive, facultatively anaerobic cocci and rods in occlusal fissures to predominance of Gram‐negative, strictly anaerobic rods and spirochetes in deep periodontal pockets.
Support for and implications of the specific plaque hypothesis
Authors: EMILSON CLAES‐GÖRAN , KRASSE BO
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

The role of specific microorganisms in dental caries is reviewed. A considerable amount of evidence supports the association between organisms of the Streptococcus mutans group and caries incidence and prevalence. The cariogenic potential of S. mutans is probably due to the unique combination of properties with which this microorganism is endowed. The pathogenic potential can be modified by changes in the environment. Lactobacilli play a major role in the development of a lesion. The specific plaque hypothesis has important implications because the association between S. mutans, lactobacilli and dental caries can be used in diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the disease in groups of subjects as well as in the individual case.
Host responses to bacteria and bacterial products in periodontal disease: immunosuppressive effects of periodontitis‐related microorganisms?
Authors: KRISTOFFERSEN TORE
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

Several recent investigations indicate that some patients with adult periodontitis have lowered serum antibody levels or reduced lymphoproliferative responses to certain periodontitis‐related microorganisms. Many such patients lend to show increased responses after therapy. Some suggested mechanisms of such responses are reviewed and the possible significance of immunosuppressive effects of periodontitis‐related microorganisms arc briefly discussed.
Subgingival microorganisms and bacterial virulence factors in periodontitis
Authors: SLOTS JÖRGEN , DAHLÉN GUNNAR
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

Considerable information has come forth in recent years on the pathogenic organisms in human periodontilis and the sequence of events by which they produce periodontal disease. Important pcriodontopatliogens include Bactcroidcs gingivalis, Bactcroidcs intcnnedius and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Virulence factors of B. gingivalis and B. intermcdius may mainly involve enzymes with potential to interfere with host defenses and to disintegrate periodontal tissues. Pathogenic properties of A. actinomycetemcomitans appear predominantly to be exerted by leukotoxin and other noxious products.
Multiangular viewing of dental enamel in the SEM: an apparatus for controlled mechanical specimen preparation
Authors: RISNES STEINAR
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

An apparatus is described which can be used for controlled sectioning and grinding of tooth specimens to be studied in the SEM. Each specimen can be sectioned and ground along several planes. During the procedures the specimen remains fixed to a stub which after the final processing can be inserted directly into the scanning electron microscope.
A scanning electron microscope study of the three‐dimensional extent of Retzius lines in human dental enamel
Authors: RISNES STEINAR
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

A method involving carefully planned sectioning and grinding of human maxillary first premolars, allowing enamel structure to be studied with the SEM in more than one plane at the same time, was employed to demonstrate the extent of Retzius lines within the confines of the three‐dimensional enamel cap. It was found that the Retzius lines behaved as could be predicted by the theory stating that the striae represent one‐dimensional cuts of two‐dimensional, curved growth planes. Retzius lines in adjoining planes were continuous across the edge where the two planes met. In a supernumerary tooth, the surface of its hypoplaslic tooth tip was continuous with distinct Retzius lines. The present observations provide for the first time direct morphologic verification of the supposed nature of Retzius lines, with reference to extent and continuity in three‐dimensional space.
Inactivation of guinea‐pig serum proteinase inhibitors by Bacteroides gingivalis
Authors: HERRMANN BJÖRN F. , CARLSSON JAN , SUNDQVIST GÖRAN K.
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

The activity of proteinase inhibitors of guinea‐pig serum was evaluated by using trypsin as test enzyme. Strains of black‐pigmcnted Bacteroides species were incubated with serum under anaerobic conditions. Strains of Bacteroides gingivalis inactivated the trypsin inhibitors of guinea‐pig serum within 1 h, while the other strains reduced the activity of the trypsin inhibitors by less than 50% within 48 h. The inactivation of proteinase inhibitors of guinea‐pig serum by B. gingivalis may be an important pathogenic mechanism in the spreading necrotic infections induced in guinea pigs by pure cultures of this species.
Influence of antiseptic storage solutions on physical properties of endodontic guttapercha points
Authors: MÖLLER BENGT , ÖRSTAVIK DAG
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

The effect of three commonly used antiseptic storage solutions on some physical properties of endodontic guttapercha points was studied. The solutions tested were: 70% isopropyl alcohol, 5% chloramine and 0.5% chlorhexidine. As a control solution, physiologic saline was used. There was a marked decrease in the force necessary to bend the points after 1 month. With few exceptions, the greatest decrease was seen with solutions containing alcohol, i.e. chlorhexidine and isopropyl alcohol. The difference between aqueous and alcoholic storage solutions was also noted for linear dimensional changes. Physiologic saline and chloramine hardly affected the length of the points. The decrease in stiffness may add to the difficulties when handling guttapercha points of small dimensions in curved root canals. From this point of view it is therefore recommended to avoid storage of points in antibacterial solutions. Rather, an effective surface disinfecting of the points immediately prior to use would be desirable.
Dual‐photon absorptiometry of mandibles: in vitro test of a new method
Authors: VON WOVERN NINA
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

A new method for non‐invasive in vivo measurement of changes in bone mineral content (BMC) of mandibles, comprising two‐dimensional dual‐photon absorptiometry (GT45), has been developed and tested in vitro on mandibular specimens. The analysis showed that: 1) in vitro precision and accuracy of the methods are high, 2) effect of fat and soft tissue on photon attenuation is slight when scanning jaws and forearm bones, 3) BMC in units (U/cm2) in standard area, comprising mandibular base and body in left molar region, is representative for BMC in total mandibular base and body, 4) cortical bone constitutes the main part of measured BMC in mandibles, and 5) BMC of molar region is highly correlated to cortical bone mass in mm3/mm2 subperiosteal surface of standard locality anterior to and below mental foramen, measured by histomorphometry. GT45 seems suitable for in vivo estimation of BMC changes in edentulous jaws and in mandibular base and body of dentate mandibles in longitudinal and cross‐sectional studies. The radiation dose is negligible.
Electron microscopic demonstration of non‐mineralized and hypomineralized areas in dentin and cementurn by silver methenamine staining of collagen
Authors: MATTHIESSEN MARTIN EBBE , SÖGAARD‐PEDERSEN BO , RÖMERT PAUL
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

An electron microscopic, study on silver methenamine staining of hard dental tissues was made on a material that comprised human permanent teeth and primary tooth germs from human and porcine fetuses. It was demonstrated that silver‐stained material consisted of collagen fibrils. In predentin and precementum all collagen fibrils were stained, while collagen fibrils of dentin and cementum were unstained except for some fibrils of minor special areas such as Owen's contour lines, interglobular dentin, Tomes's granular layer, and in cementum small “interglobular‐like” areas. It is concluded that silver methenamine visualizes collagen fibrils of hypo‐ and unmineralized areas in dental hard tissues and therefore may be used to demonstrate abnormal patterns of mineralization. Finally variations of silver methenamine stainability in relation to differences in material and methods were studied and discussed.
Purification of a protein component in extracts from supragingival dental calculus
Authors: EGGEN K. H. , RÖLLA G.
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

In the present study supragingival dental calculus of unknown age was collected from the mandibular incisors of three individuals and solubilized by EDTA. The extracts were examined by gel filtration, ionic exchange chrornatography and amino acid analysis. A protein component with similar characteristics to the main protein component of the acquired enamel pellicle was a regular constituent of the calculus extracts from the three subjects.
Dental erosions in relation to lactovegetarian diet
Authors: LINKOSALO EEVA , MARKKANEN HELENA
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

The subjects of this study were 26 lac to vegetarians and their age‐ and sex‐matched controls. Clinical and radiologic examinations were made and samples of wax‐stimulated whole saliva were collected. Dental erosions were recorded and documented with photographs and plaster models. Incipient, moderate and grave erosive defects were observed in 26.9%, 19.2% and 30.8% of the lactovegetarians, respectively. In controls, however, no erosions were observed. When tested by multiple linear regression analysis, the main factors affecting dental erosions were the rate of flow of saliva., and consumption of vinegar and vinegar conserves, citrus fruits and acidic berries.
Fluoride release from a fluoride‐containing amalgam in vivo
Authors: SKARTVEIT LIV , TVEIT ANNE BJÖRG , EKSTRAND JAN
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

Six test subjects using a low fluoride diet collected saliva samples each morning for 1 wk to determine the normal fluoride concentration. During the following 8 wk an acrylic plate, containing amalgam “fillings” corresponding to 6 MOD amalgams in premolars, was worn each night. Saliva samples were collected every morning and analyzed with a fluoride‐ion electrode. Normal fluoride values ranged from 1.22 μM to 0.57 μM. The first days after insertion of the plates the fluoride concentration ranged from 91.06 μM to 12.26 μM in the subjects. The following 25—30 days there was an exponential decline of the fluoride concentration in saliva with a half‐life of 6 to 7 days. The fluoride level was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than basal levels in all subjects during this period. The following 20–25 days the fluoride level decreased more slowly, approaching the basal level. One subject had a significantly higher fluoride level for all 8 wk. Since the saliva fluoride concentrations registered seem to be sufficient to enhance remineralization, it is concluded that restorations with this material may have a favorable effect not only on secondary caries, but on any initial demineralization in the mouth.
Effectiveness of Veadent as a plaque‐inhibiting mouthwash
Authors: ABBAS DHIA K. , THRANE PER , OTHMAN SALAH J.
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of the commercially available Veadent mouthwash and chlorhexidine on plaque formation. Plaque accumulating during two 5‐day periods was recorded in a group of 10 students. During the experimental periods, the test subjects abstained from mechanical cleaning of the teeth, and chewed sucrose‐containing chewing gum every 4th h in order to enhance plaque formation. They also rinsed with either chlorhexidine or Veadent twice a day according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Chlorhexidine mouthrinses resulted in significantly lower plaque scores than did Veadent in the present short‐term model study.
Changes in composition of whole saliva in patients with fissured tongue
Authors: KULLAA‐MIKKONEN ARJA , TENOVUO JORMA , SORVARI TAPANI
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

Both resting and paraffin‐stimulated whole saliva were studied in 25 patients with fissured tongue and in their age and sex‐matched healthy controls. The groups did not differ in dental or periodontal health. No significant differences were found between the groups in the salivary secretion rate, pH and buffer capacity, or in the frequency of lactobacilli and yeasts in saliva samples and scrapings from tongue surface. In patients with fissured tongue, unstimulated whole saliva displayed significantly elevated levels of sodium, lysozyme, myeloperoxidase and all immunoglobulins (isotypes A, G and M) when compared with the controls. These changes most likely reflect the inflammation frequently seen in the biopsies of fissured tongue. No differences between the groups existed in the amounts of salivary potassium, calcium, inorganic phosphate, amylase and total protein. Our study shows that in patients with fissured tongue the salivary secretion and composition are normal. However, components from plasma and inflammatory cells are diagnostically elevated in the whole saliva samples of patients with fissured tongue when compared with the healthy controls.
Electron microscopic and histochemical studies on dystrophic masseter muscle
Authors: MIKKELSEN HANNE , KIRKEBY SVEND
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

Masseter muscles from normal and dystrophic mice were investigated with the electron microscope and by the use of histochemical techniques for myosin ATPase and succinic dehydrogenase activity. The observations show that the muscle fibers arc severely affected in the masseter of the dystrophic mouse.
Uptake of cadmiuin in developing rat teeth in organ culture
Authors: RAHKAMO AULI , TUOMPO HELENA
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Molar teeth from 9‐day‐old rats were cultured for 7 days in medium supplemented with 1 or 10 ppm Cd for 1 or 3 h or 7 days. After culture the Cd concentrations were measured separately from the mineralizing parts and the cell‐containing tissues. The accumulation of Cd increased with the duration of treatment and the concentration used, being more intensive in the hard parts than the soft tissues of the teeth.
Metabolism of xylitol in dental plaque
Authors: WAALER SONNI METTE , ASSEV SYNNÖVE , RÖLLA GUNNAR
Published: October 2007

Abstract – It has been reported previously that xylitol added to glucose used to challenge dental plaque in vivo caused a reduced acid formation. The aim of the present study was to approach the mechanism by which xylitol may affect glucose catabolism in plaque bacteria. Suspensions of freshly collected 4‐day‐old plaque bacteria were ineubated, one batch with labeled xylitol, one with labeled glucose, in vitro at 37°C. Samples of cells were taken out at time intervals, collected on paper discs and subjected to scintillation counting. It was observed that the plaque bacteria took up xylitol, the uptake increasing with incubation of more than 3–4 h, whereas the same cells took up glucose immediately. Cells which had taken up xylitol were extracted with boiling water, extracts concentrated and applied on thin‐layer chromatography sheets. A radioactive component with mobility like xylitol‐5‐phosphate was isolated from the cell extracts, and also a component where labeled xylitol was associated with macromolecules. It is suggested that the accumulation of the metabolities within the cells inhibits glycolysis.
Comparative electromyographic study of bite plates and stabilization splints
Authors: DAHLSTRÖM LARS , HARALDSON TORGNY , JANSON S. TOMAS
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The object was to study any influence on the integrated clectromyographie activity in the masseter and temporal muscles of two types of occlusal appliances. Seventeen healthy subjects wore a bite plate with a frontal plateau and a full coverage stabilization splint at night, each for 1 wk. The EMG activity was recorded without appliances in situ, in the rest position, and during gentle and maximum biting before and after use of the different appliances. After use of the bite plate, the EMG activity was not significantly different at any tested level. After use of the splint, the activity in the rest position was significantly lower in the anterior and posterior parts of the temporal muscles. The EMG activity was significantly lower in the rest position in both parts of the temporal muscle after use of the splint than after use of the bite place. In a control group of eight subjects in whom no appliances were used, the EMG activity did not change significantly between the initial and 1‐ or 5‐wk recordings. Thus, the occlusal design of the appliances seems to be of importance for the influence on the EMG activity in the masticatory muscles, at least in healthy subjects.
Diffusion of fluoride from alginate compared with other topical fluoride agents
Authors: HATTAB FAIEZ , LINDÉN LARS‐AKE
Published: October 2007

Abstract – A two‐chamber diffusion cell has been employed to monitor the diffusion of fluoride (F) from F‐containing agents. The F which diffused from fluoridated alginate‐base formula, F‐containing gel (Gelution) and varnish (Duraphat) was determined within the first 6 or 20 min in unstirred conditions. A comparative analysis of the data showed that the alginate.‐base formula was efficient in releasing F. The results also indicate that the diffused F was not directly related to the total F content in the products or the bulkiness of the test specimens. It is obvious that the physicochemical properties of the products play a determining role in the release of F.
Effect of repeated intake of a sugar free fluoride‐containing chewing gum on acido genicity and microbial composition of dental plaque
Authors: EKSTRAND JAN , BIRKHED DOWEN , LINDGREN LARS‐ERIK , OLIVEBY ANETTE , EDWARDSSON STIG , FROSTELL GOURAN
Published: October 2007

Abstract In a double blind cross‐over study, 20 subjects were given either a sugar free chewing gum containing 0.25 mg fluoride or the same chewing gum without fluoride, eight times a day for 7 days. The pH of 3‐day‐old plaque was determined before and after each experimental period following a 30‐s mouth‐rinse with 10 ml 15% sucrose. The pH‐decrease was significantly less pronounced after using the fluoride gum than after the placebo gum (P< 0.001). In a second study, 20 subjects participated in a similar study. In this experiment the acid production activity from sucrose in dental plaque in vitro was determined with the aid of a titration method. In addition, the dental plaque wet weight and the total number of cultivable organisms, Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli, expressed as the number of colonies per mg plaque, were determined. No significant effect was found on any of these parameters after using the fluoride gum compared to the placebo gum. Thus, the results indicate that slightly elevated levels of fluoride in saliva during daytime, achieved by repeated intake of fluoride gums for 7 days, are sufficient to influence the acidogenicity of dental plaque in vivo.
Salivary interactions with homologous and heterologous strains of oral streptococci and epithelial cells
Authors: ERICSON DAN
Published: October 2007

Abstract Twenty strains of oral streptococci resembling the species of Streptococcus mitior and Streptococcus salivarius were isolated from four subjects and were incubated with homologous and heterologous whole clarified saliva. Supernatants of bacterially absorbed and control saliva were analyzed in tandem crossed immunoelectrophoresis (TCIE) against a rabbit anti‐human saliva antiserum. Six to eight antigens were detected. After incubation with the bacteria, the saliva supernatants showed a decrease in the number of antigens detectable by TCIE. For all four salivas tested, the homologous group of strains absorbed fewer antigens. Some of the antigens could be eluted from bacterial pellets with 1 M NaCl after repeated washings in PBS. Epithelial cells also absorbed fewer antigens from homologous than heterologous saliva.
Salivary S treptococcus mutans count and gingivitis in children after rinsing with a chlorhexidine‐fluoride solution with and without strontium
Authors: SPETS‐HAPPONEN SATU , MARKKANEN HELENA , PÖLLÄNEN LEA , KAUPPINEN TAINA , LUOMA HEIKKI
Published: October 2007

Abstract Thirty schoolchildren, 9–12 yr old with high DMF score, rinsed their mouths twice a day for 3 days with a chlorhexidine‐fluoride (CXF) solution or a chlorhexidine‐fiuoride‐strontium (CXFSr) solution. Streptococcus mutans counts (CFU) were made from saliva incubated on MSB agar and the gingival bleeding was recorded both before and after the rinsing period. S. mutans count decreased significantly immediately after the rinsing with each of the solutions (from 650 × 103 to 170 × 103 CFU/ml by CXF and from 500 to 170 × 103 CFU/ml by CXFSr). Within about 18 days after the rinsing with each solution the salivary S. mutans counts returned to the original level. Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI) was significantly reduced by half through the CXF rinsing while the slight reduction by CXFSr was nonsignificant. Both of these changes were temporary. The results suggest that short rinsing periods with the CXF solution may be more advisable than daily rinses as a contribution to the maintenance of oral health in subjects or groups in need of such a prophylaxis. The weaker effect found with the CXFSr solution suggests that the cariostatic effect recently found in rats with the same solution may be due to other mechanisms than reduction of the oral S. mutans count.
Dimensional and phase changes of dental amalgams
Authors: JENSEN STIG JORGO , JÖRGENSEN KNUD DREYER
Published: October 2007

Abstract The relationship of long‐term expansion to phase changes of dental amalgams was examined. Using multiple regression analysis, a predictive equation was found which showed that the linear dimensional change was dependent on the alterations in the content of γ2 and β.
Scanning electron microscopic study of surface of human oral mucosa
Authors: KULLAA‐MIKKONEN ARJA
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

The surface ultrastructure of the healthy oral mucosa of humans was studied using SEM as follows: dorsum of the tongue (10 specimens), buccal mucosa (5), floor of the mouth (3), hard palate (5), and gingiva (10). One part of each formalin‐fixed sample was processed routinely using the system of critical point drying for scanning electron microscopy. The other part of the specimen was embedded in paraffin blocks and stained with hematoxylin‐eosin for light microscopy. With SEM at low magnification, the surface structure of the oral mucosa at different areas of the oral cavity was smooth with some desquamating cells. Only the tongue mucosa with its papillae formed a specialized mucosa. The hairs of the filiform papillae were covered by microorganisms, whereas on the oral mucosa there usually was little or no colonization by microorganisms. At high magnification, the surface structure of the superficial epithelial cells was pitted or microplicated. On keratinized epithelium the surface structure was pitted, whereas on non‐keratinized epithelium it was microplicated. On cell boundaries some variation could also be seen; in keratinized epithelium these boundaries were overlapping and in non‐keratinized epithelium they were tight.
Aspects of mastication with bridges on osseointegrated implants
Authors: JEMT TORSTEN , CARLSSON GUNNAR E.
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

Sixteen edentulous patients were examined before and 2 months after rehabilitation with fixed bridges supported by fixtures in the mandible. Data were collected regarding bite force, chewing efficiency, chewing movements and self‐estimated chewing ability. The results after rehabilitation indicated that patients with an obvious improvement of chewing efficiency showed a greater increase of the mean bite force parameters than patients with unchanged chewing efficiency. However, it was not possible to find any definite pattern of differences between the groups of patients, based on the chewing efficiency index after rehabilitation. Furthermore, after rehabilitation the test group revealed a positive correlation between the duration of the occlusion phase and bite force values, negative correlations between bite force “as when chewing” and closing velocity and between duration of the occlusion phase and opening mandibular velocity and displacement, respectively.
Clinical assessment of a fluoride‐containing amalgam
Authors: SKARTVEIT LIV , TVEIT ANNE BJÖRG , MJÖR IVAR A. , AAS HILDE TOMBRE
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

The aim of this study was to compare the marginal breakdown as a measure of clinical behavior of fillings made with two conventional amalgam alloys, one of which contained 1% stannous fluoride. Children requiring class II restorations in both mandibular molars received conventional amalgam (New True Dentalloy (R)) in one molar and a fluoride‐containing amalgam (Fluor Alloy (R)) in the other. Impressions of the filled teeth were taken just after polishing and at 1‐yr intervals up to a 2‐yr period. Plastic models were made and evaluated under a stereomicroscope. The results showed that the fluoride‐containing amalgam presented slightly better margins than the conventional amalgam after 2 yr.
Non‐restraining factors affecting setting expansion of phosphate‐bonded investments
Authors: JÖRGENSEN KNUD DREYER , OKAMOTO AKIRA
Published: October 2007

Abstract –

Only a few studies on the setting expansion of phosphate‐bonded investments have been published. In the present work the effect on the non‐restrained setting expansion of mixing time, mixing liquid, mixing device, and volume mixed was investigated for selected brands of this type of investment. It was found that all variables studied may greatly affect the setting expansion, and that the use of the special liquid delivered by the manufacturers in most cases causes an unacceptably high expansion. A modification of the brands studied appears necessary before they can be employed in a precision‐requiring technique.
Scanning electron‐microscopic study of pellicle and plaque formation on tetracyclineimpregnated dentin
Authors: BJORVATN KJELL
Published: October 2007

Abstract — Previous experiments have shown that tetracyclinecs may react with hydrosyapatite, e.g. in enamel and dentin, without losing their antimicrobial capacity. The present paper examines the pattern of pellicle and plaque formation on doxycycline‐treated dentin by the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). From newly extracted human teeth were prepared standardized dentin slabs, half of which were soaked in aqueous solutions of doxycycline HC1, 10 mg/ml (pH 2.5) for 10 min. Seven volunteers carried doxycycline‐impregnated specimens ligated to the buccal surface of a maxillary molar for 2 h, 8 h, 24 h and 120 h, respectively. Untreated control specimens were ligated to the contralateral teeth. After removal from the oral cavity, the dentin slabs were briefly rinsed in water, allowed to air dry and processed for SEM. SEM assessment of the specimens showed that doxycycline‐impregnation resulted in a superficial etching of the dentin, a reduced rate of pellicle formation as well as an impairment of pellicle adhesion, and a retarded bacterial plaque formation on the dentin surfaces.
Salivary IgA, lysozyme and β‐microglobulin in periodontal disease
Authors: MARKKANEN HELENA , SYRJÄNEN STINA M. , ALAKUIJALA PEKKA
Published: October 2007

Abstract — The concentrations of IgA, lysozyme and β‐microglobulin (β2‐m) were quantitated in wax‐stimulated mixed saliva from 28 patients with severe periodontitis and from 28 healthy controls. The mutual correlations between IgA, lysozyme and β2‐rn were determined. In patients with periodontitis decreased lysozyme concentrations were detected when compared with controls (P<0.05). The correlation between IgA and β2‐m concentrations was highly significant in both groups studied (P<0.0001, and P<0.002), whereas β2‐m and lysozyme concentrations were positively correlated in patients but not in controls. In addition, a significant correlation between IgA and lysozyme was found only in periodontal patients (P<0.001).
Oral glucose clearance in subjects with high or low salivary levels of Streptococcus mutans and lactobacili
Authors: WENNERHOLM KERSTIN , EMILSON CLAES‐GÖRAN , KRASSE BO
Published: October 2007

Abstract — The ability to eliminate sugar from the oral cavity was studied in subjects with high or low numbers of salivary Streptococcus mutans and lactobacilli. The glucose concentration in saliva was determined after consumption of biscuits using the Gloxtest, and the logarithms of the glucose values were plotted against time. The sugar clearance time was measured where the slope of the plot intersected with a glucose level of I mg/ml. Subjects with a high level of S, mutans had a significantly longer clearance time than subjects with a low level. More salivary lactobacilli were found in a subject group‐ with a long sugar clearance time than in a group with a fast clearance rate.
Enzyme activities from eight small‐sized oral spirochetes
Authors: FIEHN NILS‐ERIK
Published: October 2007

Abstract — The purpose of the present investigation was to detect strains of small‐sized oral spirochetes isolated from subgjngival plaque for protease, peptidase, lipase, glycosidase, phosphatase, hyaluronidase and chordroitinsulfatase activites. The analyses were routinely carried out with cultures in the early stationary phase of growth after 4 days incubation. Both culture media and harvested spirochete cells were examined for the different enzyme activities. The enzymes were assayed by use of the API ZYM system, by p‐nitroanilide derivatized peptides, and by hydrolyzing of mucopolysaccharides incorporated in solid bacterial medium. Relatively strong activides of trypsin‐Hke enzymes, mainly bound to the cells, were observed in all strains. Similarly all strains showed acid phosphatases bound to the cells, too. Extracellular hyaluronidase‐ and chondroitinsulfatase activities were detected qualitatively in all strains after 7 days growth. The activities of the two mucopolysaccharide degrading enzymes almost disappeared after 10 subcultivatons. Weak lipase (butyrate), higher lipase (caprylate), and weak phosphoamidase activities‐were observed in all cell pellets. No glycosidase activities were found. The observations are discussed by regarding the spirochetal enzymes as potential virulence factors for the development of marginal periodontitis.
Factors affecting retention of Cu in the human oral cavity after mouth rinses
Authors: AFSETH JOHN , HELGELAND KRISTEN
Published: October 2007

Abstract — Retention of Cu in the mouth after rinses with aqueous solutions of CuSC4 was measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The retained amount of Cu exhibited a linear relationship against the concentration of the rinsing solution in the range tested. Approximately one third of the Cu retained after a 60 s rinse was retained within the first 15 s, and about 75% within 30 s. Retention of Cu was only little affected by the pH of the rinsing solution in the range from 2.0 to 5.7, being reduced by about 50% at pH 9.0. However, variations in cupric ion activity rather than pH per se could explain these effects. A mutual reduction in retention of either metals was seen when Cu and Zn were applied simultaneously.
Surgical and prosthetic treatment of the atrophic mandible
Authors: KOTIRANTA JARMO , VIRTANEN KAUKO , PERNU HANNU
Published: October 2007

Abstract — Two vestibulopiasty methods and a muscle‐formed method for improving the retention and stability of complete mandibular dentures were compared in 19 edentulous patients with advanced mandibular bone resorption. The resorptive changes in the alveolar crest and any relapse in the extended vestibule after surgery were monitored for 2 yr. Simultaneous production of the first new complete dentures, to which the labial plate is added during the surgical procedure., and firm circummandibular fixation during primary healing will guarantee the best surgical and prosthetic results. This order of treatment also eliminates unnecessary surgical procedures. A muscle‐formed method for extending the baseplate of a complete mandibular denture was found to be a useful alternative for patients with highly advanced mandibular bone resorption.
Monkey pulp reactions to restorative materials
Authors: HÖRSTED PREBEN BINDSLEV , SIMONSEN ANNE‐MARIE , LARSEN MOGENS JOOST
Published: October 2007

Abstract — Deep buccal cavities in 99 teeth in eight young monkeys were filled with the following combination of materials: a light‐cured microfilled composite with or without a base, a chemically cured composite with a base, a silicate cement, and a zinc oxide‐eugenol cement. The acid etch technique and intermediate layer of resin was used in the composite group. Pulp reactions and presence and location of bacteria were studied after 8 days and after 90 days. In the short observation period the inflammatory reactions were more pronounced when unlined composite fillings were evaluated compared with silicate cement fillings and with lined fillings. Bacteria were seen in all unilined cavities and a significant association between presence of bacteria and moderate to severe inflammatory responses was found. The most severe inflammatory reactions were seen when bacteria were found in the dentinal tubules. After 90 days slight inflammatory changes prevailed in all groups. A significant correlation between bacteria and inflammatory reactions could still be observed.
Scanning electron microscopy of fluorideinduced disturbances on the enamel surface of rat molars
Authors: NORDLUND ANITA LANGE , LINDSKOG SVEN
Published: October 2007

Abstract — Rats were given a single high dose of fluoride at the age of 5 days and killed after 24 h, 10 or 15 days. The maxillary Erst molars were prepared for scanning electron microscopic examination. It was concluded that a single dose of fluoride, preferentially affecting ameloblasts with a high secretory activity, leads to the formation of subameloblastic cysts and enamel hypoplasias covered with granular deposits.
Distribution of substance P‐like immunoreactive nerve fibers in temporomandibular joint soft tissues of monkey
Authors: JOHANSSON ANN‐SOFI , ISACSSON GORAN , ISBERG ANNIKA , GRANHOLM ANN‐CHARLOTTE
Published: October 2007

Abstract — The distribution of substance P‐immunareactive and silver impregnated nerve fibers in the temporomandibular joint soft tissues of the Macaca fascicularis monkey was investigated in frozen sections. The pattern of substance P‐immunoreactive structures in the soft tissues and periosteum of the temporomandibular joint was compared with the distribution of silver impregnated nerve fibers within these tissues. Presence of substance P‐immunoreactive fibers was demonstrated in the temporomandibular joint capsule, disc attachments, fascia, adjacent periosteum and within the interfascicular connective tissue of the lateral pterygoid muscle. The overall distribution corresponded to that of silver impregnated nerve fibers. Substance P‐immunoreactive nerve fibers were found in the adventitia of arteries in all vascularized temporomandibular joint soft tissues but could not be found in the adventitia of veins. No substance P‐immunoreactive or silver impregnated nerve fibers were seen in the dense collagenous tissue forming the disc. Substance P is suggested to influence the major features of inflammation and to play a role in acute and chronic pain conditions.
Test of long‐term corrosion of dental amalgams
Authors: DERAND TORE
Published: October 2007

Abstract — Seven non‐gamm‐amlgams and one conventional amalgam were used in the study. Cylindrical specimens were kept in a test solution for 1 yr. The depth of corrosion was measured and leakage of copper, zinc an mercury was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. EDX was used to analyze th corrosion products. The results showed that copper leakage from the non‐gamma‐amalgams was higher than from the conventional amalgam. The amount of copper in the solution was not related to the concentration in the alloy. Dissoltion of this ion was low during the last 6 months of the rate seemed to be less time dependent and leakage probably had not stopped after 1 yr. The depth of corrosion in hte amalgams were more corroded than the conventional amalgam.
Corrosion of dental amalgams in solutions of organic acids
Authors: PALAGHIAS GEORGIOS
Published: October 2007

A conventional and two high copper amalgams were tested in 0.5% aqueous solutions of acetic, formic, lactic and succinic acid. The corrosion behavior of the amalgams in the different solutions was evaluated by analyzing the soluble corrosion products using an atomic absorption spectrophotomeler every month during a 6‐month experimental period. The high copper amalgams showed a high dissolution rate in formic and lactic acid solutions from the initial stages of immersion when compared to the conventional. Later a marked decrease of the dissolution rate could be observed but it still remained at high levels. In acetic acid the amounts of elements dissolved from high copper amalgams were much less. Conventional amalgam released much smaller amounts of elements in almost all solutions tested except in the case of silver in lactic acid. Finally, in succinic acid solution, the amounts of elements dissolved were unexpectedly small considering the low pH of the solution and the dissolution rates of the amalgams in the other organic acid solutions.
Scanning electron microscopic, light microscopic and microradiographic study of giant tubules in bovine dentin
Authors: DYNGELAND TROND , FOSSE GISLE
Published: October 2007

Abstract — Giant tubules (GT) in the axiomesiodistal plane of the incisal dentin of 21 unerupted permanent incisors of 1/2—2‐yr‐old calves were studied by scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy and contact microradiography. A technique is described by which the incisal dentin was split along the axiomesiodistal plane exposing the GT lumina longitudinally for SEM study. The luminal organic content was carefully removed mechanically or chemically. The GT originated 50–250 μm underneath the incisal dentino‐enamel junction and converged pulpally, terminating in the incisal edge of the pulp. A confluence of adjacent tubules towards the pulp was seen. Each GT had a relatively constant diameter along its length, in the range of 10–50 μm. The dentinal tubules circumvented the GT origins and pursued a straight course pulpally, parallell to the characteristic wall zone surrounding each GT. Very few dentinal tubules entered the GT lumen at any level. The luminal lining along the larger part of the GT consisted of collagen fibrils forming a criss‐cross pattern, while the most pulpal part was lined by a smooth organic sheath. The GT walls at any transversal level within one tooth had a lower mineral content than the circnmpulpal dentin between them. It was concluded that the GT formation is not caused by crowding of the odontoblasts.
Short term effect of mechanical plaque control on salivary concentration of S. mutans and lactobacilli
Authors: WIKNER SUNE
Published: October 2007

Abstract — All visible plaque was professionally removed from teeth of 40 children who were highly infected with S. mutans and lactobacilli. Shortly before and after the removal of plaque the concentrations of those bacteria were assessed in saliva stimulated by chewing. S. mutans and lactobacilli correlated well at baseline but not after plaque elimination, e.g. more than 80% of children who were heavily infected with S. mutans could be identified by a lactobacillus test at baseline. After the elimination of plaque, the mean concentration of S. mutans dropped by 64% but lactobacilli remained unchanged. The results indicate that oral hygiene measures taken by the patient prior to sampling of saliva may mask the true concentration of salivary S. mutans and complicate the identification of high caries risk patients.
Cross‐sectional study of patients treated, with removable partial dentures with special reference to the caries situation
Authors: BERGMAN BO , ERICSON GUNNEL
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Thirty‐four patients provided with removable partial dentures (RPDs) were reexamined after 3 yr. Caries that had developed during the period were analyzed with regard to the following potential caries risk factors: Lactobacilli, Streptococcus mutans, flow rate and buffer pH of paraffin stimulated saliva, oral hygiene and daily sucrose intake. Of 436 initially intact surfaces 31 (7.1%) had decayed and/or were restored during the 3‐yr period. Caries recurred in 26 (6.2%) out of 422 initially restored surfaces during the same period. The development of new or recurrent caries had no correlation to whether or not the surfaces affected were in contact with the RPDs. No single caries risk factor seemed to be sufficiently closely correlated to the number of caries lesions developed to be used alone in the selection of patients at risk. When the sum of assumed negative factors was used a correlation was found for the group as a whole between the number of negative factors and the development of caries. However predicting the development of caries in any individual case seems to be more complicated.
Characterization of mononuclear cells in cyclosporin A induced gingival enlargement
Authors: FRISKOPP JOHAN , ENGSTRÖM PER‐ERIK , SUNDQVIST KARL‐GÖSTA
Published: October 2007

Abstract – Gingival biopsies from five patients with cyclosporin A (CsA) induced enlargement of the gingiva contained prominent mononuclear infiltrates beneath the epithelial basement membrane. These infiltrates and surrounding tissues were studied using monoclonal antibodies directed against lymphocytes and their subgroups (OKT 3, OKT 4, OKT 8, Leu 3 and Leu 4), monocytes (OKM 1) and the framework structure of HLA‐DR antigens (OKI al). As revealed by the reactivity of these antibodies the vast majority of the mononuclear cells in two individuals consisted of monocytes and in the others of T‐Iymphocytes. Virtually no B‐lymphocytes were observed. The ratio between T‐cells bearing T 4 and T 8 antigens, in separate biopsies, varied between 6 and 0.3. Control biopsies were obtained from the gingiva of seven healthy individuals without gingivitis. These biopsies contained relatively few mononuclear cells all of which had T‐lymphocytc phenotype.
Long‐term‐effects of two principally different antidepressant drugs on saliva secretion and composition
Authors: MÖRNSTAD HÅKAN , VON KNORRING LARS , FORSGREN LENA , HOLMGREN SONJA
Published: October 2007

Abstract – In a double‐blind, controlled, cross‐over trial on 10 healthy volunteers, the effects of daily doses of maprotiline (75 mg) and zimelidine (100 mg) over a 14‐day period were tested on saliva secretion rate and saliva composition. Based on current knowledge of salivary gland physiology and the difference in specificity between the two drugs, differences in salivary gland response could be expected. Since both drugs have anticholinergic effects which influence saliva secretion rate, the measured component concentrations had to be recalculated with regard to dependencies of secretion rate. Maprotiline, but not zimelidine, caused strong inhibition of secretion rate and accommodation ability. Maprotiline consistently caused around 50% increases in concentrations of the following saliva components: protein, amylase, fucose, hexose, sialic acid and potassium. The effects of zimelidine were less pronounced and resulted in initial increases of most organic components. 14 and 18 h after the intake of the drug these increases had disappeared and some of the components instead showed decreased concentrations. The results are consistent with current theories about facilitated serotoninergic and noradrenergic transmissions during treatment with antidepressants.
Comparison between a dip‐slide test and plate count for determination of Streptococcus mutans infection
Authors: EMILSON CLAES‐GÖRAN , KRASSE BO
Published: October 2007

Abstract – A significant correlation was found between the results of a dip‐slide test and a conventional agar‐plate method for determination of the salivary Streptococcus mutans population. The growth density of S, mutans around bacitracin discs on the dip‐slide was estimated and examination of the dip‐slides with or without a microscope showed good agreement. The percentage of identical scores between two observers increased from 69 to 84% with the use of a microscope. Scores from dip‐slides inoculated with saliva by means of a cotton swab showed good agreement with those obtained with stimulated saliva. The dip‐slide method is simple and reliable and can be a valuable too in general practice for the estimation of the S. mutans infection.
High doses of fluoride do not affect cyclic AMP levels in human and rat plasma or urine
Authors: EKSTRAND JAN , WALLER ROLAND , FORSBERG ANDERS , FREDHOLM BERTIL
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The effect of fluoride ingestion on plasma and urinary cyclic AMP levels was studied in healthy volunteers, children undergoing prophylactic fluoride treatment and in rats. In the first series of experiments fluoride ingestion led to a 20‐fold increase in plasma fluoride concentration, which was unrelated to changes in plasma cyclic AMP. The only significant effect on plasma cyclic AMP occurred prior to fluoride, an effect attributed to stress. In the second series performed in children increases in urinary F‐ of up to 200‐fold were associated with slight but nonsignificant changes in cyclic AMP excretion. In rat experiments the blood sampling procedure was associated with a rise in plasma cyclic AMP. When this was prevented by pretreatment with propranolol (3 mg/kg), the effect of fluoride (50 ppm in the drinking water) was tested. A fall in urine production was not associated with any change in cyclic AMP excretion or in nephrogenic cyclic AMP. It is concluded that if fluoride alters cyclic AMP in rats and man the effect is small and easily masked by other factors such as catecholamine release following stress.
A polarized light and scanning electron microscope study of the effect of Duraphat treatment on in vivo caries
Authors: HOLMEN LISBETH , ÖGAARD BJÖRN , RÖLLA GUNNAR , THYLSTRUP ANDERS
Published: October 2007

Abstract – The present study was carried out to examine the effect of application of a fluoride varnish (Duraphat) on experimentally produced caries in vivo. After a 4‐wk period of cariogenic challenge on homologous pairs of premolars, Duraphat was applied on one of the teeth while the other was extracted and saved as a control. The Daraphat treated teeth remained in a cariogenic environment for a new period of 2 wk prior to extraction. All the control teeth displayed the classical characteristics of active incipient subsurface carious lesions. The Duraphat treated lesions showed an increase in surface porosity relative to their controls while the subsurface porosity was dramatically reduced. When examined in the SEM, the corresponding surface appeared smooth with a leveling out of the original surface irregularities. High power microscopy disclosed, however, a distinct network of intercrystalline spaces. Application of Duraphat prior to reestablishment of cariogenic challenge apparently gives rise to a marked redistribution of minerals in active initial carious lesions.