bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Fumigation of Ships with Liston's Cyanide Fumigator
Authors: Liston W. Glen , Goré S. N.
Published: May 2009

(1) These experiments prove that the fumigator is safer to use than the dumping fixture, because high concentrations of the poison gas are avoided, so that dangerous pockets are not developed.

(2) The poison gas is more evenly distributed over the different parts of the section of the ship under treatment.

(3) High concentrations, however, can be developed^ at will in any part which requires special attention.

(4) The maximum concentrations of the poison gas were obtained in every part of the section in a shorter time, when the fumigator was used, than when the dumping fixture was employed.

(5) The artificial ventilation caused by the fan, which is capable of blowing into the section 500 to 1000 cubic feet of fresh air per minute, according to the speed of the motor, materially assists the rapid clearing of the poison gas from the ship, after it has accomplished its work. It is thus possible to complete the fumigation and ventilation of a ship in 3 hours using the cyanide fumigator, while more than 4 hours are required for the dumping fixture.

(6) Even more important is the fact that smaller quantities of cyanide can be used with greater efficiency in the fumigator, than larger quantities, with less efficiency in the dumping fixture.

(7) The general conclusion is arrived at, that, from the point of view of efficiency, safety and economy, the fumigator is superior to the dumping fixture. Creel has shown that, in respect to the time required for completing the fumigation, and in respect to the thoroughness of the process, both in killing rats and insects, the dumping fixture is superior to the Clayton gas machine. It follows, therefore, that the cyanide fumigator is very much superior in these respects to the Clayton gas machine.
The Chemical Changes which occur in Samples of Excretally Polluted Water under Certain Specified Conditions
Authors: Frederick Robert C.
Published: May 2009

The chemical changes which occur in the dissolved solids of sewage on discharge into sea-water have been investigated by several workers (see references 1–11). Some observation on the difference of these changes to those occurring in polluted fresh water have been made by Letts and Richards (6,11). In regard to waters whose saline composition is not such as to preclude their admissibility for potable purposes on this account, Liversidge(12) has made a brief communication on the variation in the free and albuminoid ammonia.
The Serum Prophylaxis of Measles
Authors: Kingsbury A. Neave
Published: May 2009

Malaya, or at least the part of it with which I am well acquainted— the coast districts of Selangor— was free from measles until 1910. In that year infection was probably imported from India by immigrnat coolies, and the disease spread rapidly through the rubber estates on which there was a considerable non-immune population of locally born Indians.
Diphtheria prevalence in Hampstead and the Need for its Prevention
Authors: Forbes J. Graham
Published: May 2009

There could be no more suitable preface to emphasise the need for Diphtheria prevention than the following quotation from so high an authority as the metropolitan Asylums Board's Report of 1924–25: “Notwithstanding the great improvement in diagnosis, standard of living, education in matters of hygiene and other public health measures, the fact remains that, for reason not altogether clear, diphtheria appears to be stregthening its forces and gathering power unchecked by science.”
The Influence of High Temperatures on The Testis
Authors: Baker John R.
Published: May 2009

The subjection of the scrotum of the dog for 10 minutes daily for 28 days to a stream of water at 39·5 40·0° C. does not materially affect the testes. It is unlikely that ordinary hot bathing affects male fecundity.
On the Identification of Pneumococci and the Tests employed for distinguishing them from Streptococci
Authors: Whittle C. H.
Published: May 2009

The difficulties encountered in distinguishing pneumococci from streptococci, particularly S. salivarius, have been enumerated and the morphological and cultural similarities between the two groups of organisms have been pointed out. If bile-solubility is taken as the distinguishing mark of a pneumo-coccus it will be found that there are a large number of bile-insoluble streptococci commonly met with in the respiratory tract and sometimes playing an important part in disease, which bear very strong resemblances to pneumococci both in shape, colony, and broth culture. The similarities are specially confusing in mixed cultures on agar plates and a number of the routine tests applied quite failed to distinguish them. There naturally follows the corollary that some of these tests fall wide of the mark, and they should therefore be left out of the bacteriologist's armamentarium when the identification of pneumococci is under consideration. Morphological and cultural properties are insufficient guides to species, while the same is true of the widely recommended tests of inulin fermentation and capsule formation. Not only do some pneumococci fail to ferment inulin, but so many strains of S. salivarius show active inulin fermentation that, in the present series of organisms taken at random, the incidence of inulin fermenters amongst S. salivarius is actually higher than amongst pneumococci. Capsules were found in all the strains of streptococci in which they were sought and in all the pneumococci investigated, so that encapsulation may be regarded as a property common to members of both species.
Some Notes on Pneumonia Statistics in Glasgow with Special Reference to Children under Five Years of Age
Authors: Smith Charles M.
Published: May 2009

1. Notification and hospitalisation have had no apparent effect on the death rate from pneumonia in Glasgow.

2. The notifications of pneumonia do not represent the true incidence of the disease, though there is reason to believe that in Glasgow they represent about 76 per cent. of the total cases.

3. It has been shown that in Glasgow the pneumonia mortality in children under five years is closely related to environmental conditions.

4. Evidence has been adduced to suggest that the mortality figures for pneumonia in children under five years are considerably influenced by out breaks of measles and whooping cough, especially the former.

5. There has been in Glasgow since 1855 a striking alteration in the conception of what constitutes bronchitis and broncho-pneumonia in children under five years; what is now recognised as broncho-pneumonia once was largely certified as bronchitis.
The Life-cycle of Bacteria. Alternate Asexual and Autogamic Phases
Authors: Stewart F. H.
Published: May 2009

I. Life-Cycle. Colony Formation, Sporing, Papilla Formation.

If any bacterium is sown in the usual way from a fluid suspension on to a plate of suitable culture medium, colonies arise from the multiplication of single bacteria. These colonies grow at their margins ar a rate roughly constant for the species. When the colony has reached a certain size, which is again roughly constant for the species, it ceases to grow or continues growing very slowly. Thus for example colonies of streptococci grow to 1 mm. in diameter, those of coliforms to 3 or 6 mm. The colonies do not continue to grow until they have covered the whole plate. This limitation of growth is not due to the using up of the food supply or to the drying of the medium, since, if a second sowing of the same bacterium is made between the arrested colonies, a new crop of colonies arises.

1 Twort (1907) obtained lactose fermenting variants ofB. typhosusafter prolonged growth in this sugar. These variations do not however occur frequently and regularly. They are probably examples of mutation from a homozygous strain (Mode A above).

2 The variations mentioned take place in culture where their origin from papillae can be seen. It is likely that exaltation of virulence is an adaptive variation of the same kind occurring in a host.
The Relation of Virulence in Pneumococci to Disease, with a Comparison of Virulence of the Different Types of Pneumococci in various Pathological Conditions
Authors: Whittle C. H.
Published: May 2009

Pneumococci form a group of organisms of which the individual strains exhibit wide differences in character. Like the streptococci, certain types of which they closely resemble, they show a variability in their predilections and behaviour bewildering to those who are attempting to classify them. Not only are pneumococci known to cause a great variety of lesions about the body, but they have also been found in the throats of a large proportion of healthy persons who apparently suffer no inconvenience from their presence—Stillman (1916, 1917), Glynn (1923) and others.
Scarlatina Immunity In Hong Kong
Authors: Davis L. J. , Guzdar J. S. , Fernando F. S.
Published: May 2009

1. In Hong Kong, where scarlet fever is extremely rare, the Dick reactions of a random sample of 921 Chinese were ascertained. Positive reactions were obtained in 19·1 per cent. The distribution of positive reactors in different age groups is recorded; it bears a general similarity to those recorded by various observers in Europe and the U.S.A.

2. A haemolytic streptococcal carrier rate of 6·6 per cent, was determined by nasopharyngeal swabbing of 1600 Hong Kong Chinese. The frequency of haemolytic streptococci was higher during the cooler months of the year and among the younger age groups.

3. Erythrogenic toxin production and fibrinolytic activity were demonstrated in a number of the strains of streptococci isolated from apparently normal throats.

4. The significance of these findings is discussed.
The Demonstration of the Increase of Globulin in Diphtheria Antitoxins by the Precipitation Reaction
Authors: Taylor G. L.
Published: May 2009

1. By titration against horse serum and its protein fractions anti-horse sera can be divided into three groups, according to the antibodies responsible for the main or earliest particulating zone, namely the sera containing antibodies against (a) globulin only, (b) albumin only, and (c) both globulin and albumin.

2. For the quantitative estimation of a protein fraction in a horse serum it is necessary to use an antiserum containing a main zone antibody acting with that protein only.

This is illustrated in experiments, designed to show the increased globulin content of diphtheria antitoxin, in which antisera containing antibodies against both globulin and albumin failed to register an increase in the globulin content.
Variation in Chemotherapeutic Susceptibility Associated with Change in Virulence of a Strain of Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Browning C. H. , Gulbransen R.
Published: May 2009

A strain of Trypanosoma brucei when recently introduced into mice and imperfectly accommodated to this species of host produced infections relatively resistant to various trypanocidal drugs. On the other hand, when the strain had become highly accommodated and its pathogenicity increased to a maximum as the result of repeated passages, infected animals were readily cured. The exact mechanism on which this difference in resistance may depend has not been investigated. Attention is directed, however, to the important fact that the drugs acted poorly when the strain was in an attenuated state, as shown by the prolonged course of infection and the occurrence of marked fluctuations in the number of parasites present in the blood. Thus the chemotherapeutic response was weak at the time when the host itself was able to exercise an effective resistance. Later, when the host's resistance had become negligible, the curative action of the drugs was pronounced.
A Study of the Streptococci from Fifty cases of Bovine Mastitis
Authors: Gibson H. J. , Muir R. O.
Published: May 2009

Fifty-one strains recently isolated from cases of bovine mastitis have been studied in their morphological, cultural and biochemical reactions.

Using their colony appearance in blood agar as the first differential criterion we have shown that the strains differ widely from one another and from the α β and γ streptococci usually encountered in human disease.

The heterogeneity of mastitis streptococci was strikingly demonstrated. From the results of a relatively small number of cultural and biochemical tests it could be shown that no two of the fifty-one strains were identical, in every respect.

The findings recorded suggest that great caution must be exercised in ascribing a bovine or human origin to individual strains of streptococci on the results of cultural or biochemical reactions.
Tuberculin Reactions of the Hong Kong Chinese, with special reference to the use of Tuberculo-Protein
Authors: Davis L. J. , Guzdar J. S.
Published: May 2009

1. The tuberculin reactions of 259 Hong Kong Chinese, mostly adults, were determined by the Mantoux method. Each individual was tested with various dilutions of both old tuberculin and tuberculo-protein.

2. Of 215 subjects above the age of twenty, 93·1 per cent, yielded positive reactions to old tuberculin in dilutions of 1/1000 or higher.

3. Tuberculo-protein compared with old tuberculin of similar dilutions did not yield such a high percentage of positive reactions, seldom produced such vigorous reactions and never caused vesiculation. (This may have been due to deterioration.)
Louping-Ill in Monkeys. Infection by the Nose
Authors: Galloway I. A. , Perdrau J. R.
Published: May 2009

Louping-Ill as is now known from the work carried out at the Moredun Institute, Edinburgh, during the last 10 years can be transmitted by the tickIxodes ricinus. Under natural conditions the disease is probably most commonly spread by this means. The possibility that infection might result, at any rate under experimental conditions, by other means than the intervention of an arthropod vector has been the starting point of the following investigation. The nasopharynx as a possible portal of entry was considered first because it is so often incriminated in many of the virus diseases of man. Furthermore, Webster and Fite (1933) and Elford and Galloway (1933) have shown that mice can be infected with the virus of louping-ill by the nasal instillation of potent filtrates or suspensions of infective brain. Fresh importance has been added to this alternative route of entry of the virus by the occurrence of a number of cases of laboratory infections amongst those who have studied the experimental disease. Rivers and Schwentker (1934), who have recorded these cases, give reasons for incriminating the nose as the portal of entry.
Some Immunity Experiments on Hypophysectomised Animals
Authors: Gordon J. , Robson J. M.
Published: May 2009

It is well known that removal of the pituitary gland is followed by alterations in a number of metabolic processes. It was therefore thought of interest to determine whether these alterations involved any changes in certain immune processes, since very little is known at present of the factors controlling them. Our immunity experiments were made on rabbits and consisted in determining the complement content, the bactericidal power and the opsonic activity of the rabbits' serum.
Virulence and Immunogenic Activities ofB. Typhosusin Relation to its Antigenic Constituents
Authors: Felix A. , Pitt R. M.
Published: May 2009

1. Rough variants, derived from strains ofB. typhosuswhich possess the Vi antigen, may still contain this antigen though the smooth O antigen has been lost.

2. Such variants, which are non-virulent, are yet capable of inducing active and passive immunity.

3. The virulence ofB. typhosusdepends on the combined activity of the smooth O and the Vi antigen. Nevertheless the Vi antibody alone is sufficient to protect against infection with strains of the highly virulent type.

4. The use of avirulent, rough, but Vi-containing variants as vaccines and in the preparation of therapeutic sera is discussed.
The Q Proteins and Non-Specific O-Antigens of the Cholera Vibrio
Authors: White P. Bruce
Published: May 2009

Vibrios heated at 100°C. in saline suspension agglutinate in a generalised manner and often to a high titre with the antisera of the Q proteins of the cholera vibrio. The antibodies concerned are not inactivated by the carbohydrate fraction ofV. cholerae. Occasional strains of vibrio react similarly in the living state with these Q (choiera) agglutinins. The antiserum of the Q2substance of SV. choleraeseems to possess agglutinating properties additional to those of anti-Q1and anti-Q2R sera, rather more specific and possibly related to “carbohydrate” receptors. There is reason to believe that the Q proteins are true constituents of the living vibrio and are not serological artefacts due to reagents and heat. It seems that these substances and their antibodies are important contributors to the “non-specific O agglutination” of vibrios recently discussed by Gardner and Venkatraman.
The Bacteriology of Bovine Streptococcus Mastitis
Authors: Minett F. C.
Published: May 2009

In the May 1935 issue of thisJournalthere appeared an article by Gibson and Muir entitled “A study of the streptococci from fifty cases of bovine mastitis”. Since the authors of that article do not appear to have fully appreciated the previous work on the subject, it has become necessary to state the position in the light of research carried out in various countries during the past few years.
A Note on the Influence of the Protein Content of the Recovery Medium in Germicidal Tests
Authors: Baumgartner John George , Wallace Malcolm Douglas
Published: May 2009

In the estimation of the efficiency of germicides it is well established that various factors may have an important influence on the results obtained. Among these factors may be mentioned the effects due to H-ion concentration, temperature, presence of organic matter and concentration of organisms. In connection with the salts of heavy metals such as HgCl2, a source of error is to be found in the bacteriostatic action of traces of the metal Hg introduced into the subcultures with the inoculum (Chick, 1908; Shippen, 1928; Leonard, 1931).
Experimental Tubular Necrosis of the Kidneys Accompanied by Liver Changes Due to Dioxan Poisoning
Authors: de Navasquez S.
Published: May 2009

1. Dioxan when given intravenously and by stomach tube to guinea-pigs, rabbits and cats produces a state of drunken intoxication.

2. The minimum lethal dose for rabbits and cats is 1·5 c.c. per kg. intravenously and 2·0 c.c. per kg. by stomach tube.

3. Tolerance is rapidly acquired and recovery is complete after repeated sublethal doses.

4. In human beings lethal doses of dioxan produce primarily a necrosis of the intralobular arteries of the kidney with resulting necrosis of the parenchyma; whereas in laboratory animals, it has a selective action on the convoluted tubules, which undergo an acute hydropic degeneration, causing intrarenal obstruction and anuria with subsequent death from uraemia.

5. The so-called “necrosis” of the liver produced in rabbits with dioxan is a transitory phenomenon due to the presence of glycogen. This may be equally so in the “central zonal necrosis” seen in dioxan poisoning in human beings.

6. It is suggested that the toxicity of dioxan to human beings is relatively low and that large doses are required to produce lethal effects.
An investigation into cancer mortality among males in certain Sheffield trades
Authors: Turner H. Midgley , Grace H. G.
Published: May 2009

1. Details have been given of the cancer mortality for twelve occupational groups of males in the City of Sheffield 1926–35 inclusive.

2. Of these groups six show a significantly greater cancer mortality than that experienced by clerks, business and professional men in the City. The six groups are:

(1) Engineers, machinists, cutlers, etc.

(2) Steel foundry and furnace workers, etc.

(3) Grinders and sandblasters.

(4) Workers in precious and non-ferrous metals.

(5) Workers in transport and communication.

(6) Coal miners.

3. The excessive cancer mortality in certain of the sites in the first three of these occupational groups is thought to be definitely associated with their occupation.

4. Cancer of the tonsil is particularly excessive among the steel workers both in the foundry and the shop.

5. Significantly excessive mortality from cancer of the respiratory tract is marked in engineers, foundry workers and grinders and is seen in no other occupational group.

6. Cancer of the alimentary tract is most excessive in foundry and furnace workers. It is suggested that the carcinogenic factor may be hydrocarbons ingested from smoke and fumes.

7. Cancer of the pancreas is excessive only in engineers, etc., and in workers in non-ferrous metals. The theory is advanced that excessive absorption of iron in engineers, and possibly copper in workers in non-ferrous metals, are the respective causes of the findings with regard to cancer of the pancreas in these two occupational groups.

8. Cancer of the skin is significantly excessive in both foundry, etc., workers and engineers, and this is believed to be a direct result of their occupational environment.

9. Tumours of the central nervous system showed no significant variation from the control in any occupational group.

10. The findings in this research indicate that there is a field for further investigation with regard to the carcinogenic properties of iron and copper, particularly with reference to cancer of the pancreas. Some further investigation is re uired with reference to the occupations exposed to the inhalation and ingestion of silica. Is the high cancer rate amongst grinders associated with the silica risk or with the inhalation and ingestion of iron dust from the article ground? On the preventive side the findings support the view that measures should be elaborated to improve the protection of workers from gases, fumes and dust in the iron and steel and allied industries.
The Kinds of Bacteria found in River Water
Authors: Jordan Edwin Oakes
Published: May 2009

1. The kinds of bacteria that are isolated by the gelatin plate method from certain river waters freshly polluted with sewage are different from those found in the same water collected a long distance below the point of pollution.

2. In the freshly polluted river water non-chromogenic Staphylococci were found much more abundantly than in the purer waters.

3. In the freshly polluted water the fluorescent bacteria and a group of non-gas-producing, non-liquefying bacteria (Group XI.) were less abundant than in the purer waters.

4. A larger proportion of organisms belonging to the Proteus group were isolated from gelatin plates than from fermentation tubes. The reverse is true of the B. coli and B. lactis aerogenes types. A certain selective influence even upon gas-producing organisms would seem from this to be exerted by the conditions within the fermentation tube.

5. The study of a rather large number of separately isolated cultures belonging to the class of fluorescent microorganisms shows that the differences between the ‘liquefying’ and ‘non-liquefying’ varieties are more constant than is sometimes assumed. The action of these forms upon milk is just as diagnostic as their action upon gelatin. All the strains of fluorescent bacteria that were encountered (58) proved to be motile.

6. Considering as a whole the various physiological tests applied to the several groups of microorganisms, it is found that within almost every group as constituted in the accompanying tables divergence is shown by closely allied organisms in respect to indol formation and reduction of nitrates. The formation of a surface pellicle on broth is also a phenomenon that presents no apparent correlation with more s alient physiological characteristics.
Study of the Bacteriolytic Serum-Complements in Disease: a Contribution to our knowledge of Terminal and other Infections
Authors: Longcope Warfield T.
Published: May 2009

It has long been known that individuals who suffer from such chronic diseases as nephritis and cirrhosis of the liver are very liable to develop an acute infection during the last stages of their illness. These patients rarely die of their chronic ailment. Often in the very last days, or perhaps hours, of the disease pneumonia, a dysentery, an acute endocarditis, or a streptococcus infection sets in, which quickly terminates fatally and must be regarded as the immediate cause of death. So familiar is this course of events that such pneumonias or dysenteries are now known as a fairly definite group of infections, namely, terminal infections. Often they are not recognized before death, but at autopsy their frequency and varying characters have been well shown by Flexner in his statistical and experimental study upon the subject; and though in some cases of terminal septicaemia the portal of entry was not easily found, yet it is important to note how frequently such local infections as leg ulcer or tonsilitis served as a starting point for the general invasion of bacteria. Of still more importance are his observations upon the bactericidal action of the blood of patients who have chronic diseases. The serum from six out of nine such patients showed a distinct decrease in its destructive power toward the Staphylococcus aureus and two of three patients whose serum did not show a diminished bactericidal action left the hospital improved.
On some Factors in Bacteriolytic Action
Authors: Walker E. W. Ainley
Published: May 2009

That blood or serum and other body fluids, such as the natural or artificially excited exudations, possess bacteriolytic power is a familiar observation.
The Colon Bacillus in Ground Waters
Authors: Horton Elmer G.
Published: May 2009

During the past four years it has been part of our routine work to examine samples of ground waters from wells and springs in various portions of Ohio, and, in so doing, organisms have been obtained from time to time conforming to the tests usually given as differentiating faecal bacteria.
Some experiments on the Intravascular use of Antiseptics
Authors: Shaw W. V.
Published: May 2009

The prominence given to the intravascular use of antiseptics has hardly been in accord with the results achieved by this method.

The injection of formalin in various amounts and strengths has been given an extended trial in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, and is claimed to have produced beneficial results. Similarly Baccelli has injected corrosive sublimate intravenously in the treatment of syphilis, cerebro-spinal meningitis, and acute rheumatism in man. In animals he has used intravenous injections of corrosive sublimate in the treatment of aphtha epizootica. In this disease he claims that the intravenous injections of corrosive sublimate are of undoubted use in terminating an attack of the disease.
Chemical Analyses of the Air in the House of Commons
Authors: Butterfield W. J. Atkinson
Published: May 2009

The Select Committee of the House of Commons which was first appointed on April 16th, 1902, and subsequently re-appointed with certain changes in its constitution, for the purpose of inquiring into the Ventilation of the House, instructed the author to make for their information a number of analyses of the air in the Debating Chamber and many other parts of the House. In this communication only the methods used and the results obtained in the case of the Debating Chamber will be referred to. The Committee reported to the House on the 28th July last, and its report, which is published by H.M.'s Stationary Office (No. 283), should be consulted for particulars of its conclusions and recommendations in regard to the ventilation of the House.
The Microorganisms in the Air of the House of Commons
Authors: Graham-Smith G. S.
Published: May 2009

The investigations described in the present paper were undertaken during the summer of 1902, at the request of the Select Committee on the Ventilation of the House of Commons.
Note on the occurrence of Malarial Fever in Places usually free from Anopheles
Authors: Cropper John
Published: May 2009

The above heading sufficiently indicates a difficulty which has doubtless often occurred to those who have studied the subject of the agency of Anopheles in the causation of malaria. In some cases this difficulty has seemed so formidable that disbelief in any such agency has been boldly professed. The following observations, most of which I owe to the kindness of Dr Gould, who succeeded me at Acre in Palestine, will help to explain the occurrence of malaria at places where there would seem to be little or no breeding-ground for Anopheles, and prolonged observation by residents has not revealed the presence of the perfect insect.
Note on the Occurrence of Diphtheria Bacilli in Milk
Authors: Marshall William E.
Published: May 2009

Though milk has often been considered the medium by means of which outbreaks of diphtheria have been propagated, the diphtheria bacillus has only on rare occasions been isolated from the milk in a virulent form.
On the Supersensitation of Persons suffering from Diphtheria by Repeated Injections of Horse Serum
Authors: Currie J. R.
Published: May 2009

When the blood serum of one animal is injected into an animal of a different species the injected animal in many instances appears to take no hurt. If however after a certain interval the experiment is repeated, it has been noted that the injected animal may speedily show evidence of physical disturbance. Its breathing becomes rapid: its heart-beat grows feeble: its limbs move spasmodically and general convulsions may ensue. These phenomena have been taken to indicate that the injected animal has been supersensitized—or rendered abnormally sensitive—to the serum employed. They may attain such gravity that the animal dies. It has been suggested that the same untoward issue is possible in the case of man, and that the death of patients under treatment for diphtheria is to be apprehended in certain circumstances as the result of repeated injections of antidiphtherial serum, for the reason that the serum in question is derived not from the human subject but from the horse. A suggestion which assails the prestige of the antitoxin treatment of diphtheria cannot be viewed with indifference: it must either be sustained or rejected.
On the Occurrence of Toxic Compounds of Tetanus Toxin and Antitoxin, Tetanus Toxin and Brain Emulsions
Authors: Noon L.
Published: May 2009

Ehrlich had not long announced his theory of immunity, when Wassermann and Takaki (1898) published their discovery, that the brain matter of the guinea-pig was capable of neutralising tetanus toxin. This was taken as a demonstration of the existence of Ehrlich's receptors in the cells of the normal brain.
Some Experiments with Fluorescein as an Agent for the Detection of Pollution of Wells
Authors: McCrae J. , Stock P. G.
Published: May 2009

Most towns augment their water supply from wells, and in South Africa, where the rivers are said to run underground, Johannesburg is no exception.

Its chief supply is from deep wells in the dolomite some 20 miles to the south-west of the town, but one of the suburbs—Parktown—is not connected to the main supply, but at present draws its water from two wells (the property of the Rand Water Board) which will be subsequently referred to as No. 1 and No. 2, sunk in the shales of the upper Witwatersrand beds. From here the water is pumped to two Water Towers situated at the highest point of the suburb from whence it is distributed by gravitation. For various reasons, the Rand Water Board had decided on replacing the pumping machinery at these wells by electrically driven gear, and advantage was to be taken of the change to properly line and deepen the wells by a steel bore-hole.
On Variations of the Meningococcus and its Differentiation from Other Cocci Occurring in the Cerebro-Spinal Fluid
Authors: Arkwright J. A.
Published: May 2009

Weichselbaum (1887) first described his Diplococcus intracellularis meningitidis (meningococcus) as having been cultivated within a few hours after death from the brain or meninges of six cases of acute cerebro-spinal meningitis. These cases occurred during the years 1885—1887 at Vienna, when no regular epidemic existed. Cases had however occurred from time to time, and there was an epidemic in part of Lower Austria in 1886. The youngest case was 14 years old. He described the micrococcus as being of a wide gonococcus-like shape, occurring in pairs or fours, not in chains, negative to Gram's stain. It failed to grow at 20° C., but grew well on agar at 37° C. almost exclusively on the surface. The growth was viscid, the colonies were often confluent and appeared finely granular when slightly magnified. The organisms required sub-culture every few days to ensure success, were easily killed by drying, and showed very little growth in broth.
Canine Piroplasmosis. VI. Studies on the Morphology and Life-History of the Parasite
Authors: Nuttall George H. F. , Graham-Smith G. S.
Published: May 2009

In the present paper we describe the results of further investigations on the life-history of Piroplasma canis in the blood of the dog. In our last paper (x. 1906) we described and figured the movements of the parasite and the mode of multiplication in the dog's blood, and since that time we have confirmed most of our previous observations, and added further facts. The technique of these examinations was fully explained in that paper (p. 604), and it is only necessary to state here that all our later observations on living blood have been made at a temperature of 35°—40°C. The drops of blood were mounted on clean glass slides and cover-glasses kept at this temperature, and were placed as rapidly as possible on the stage of a microscope kept at a similar temperature in a Nuttall's thermostat and examined under a oil immersion lens. In fact we have endeavoured to make our observations in such a manner that the blood should be altered as little as possible.
On the Estimation of Free Diphtheria Toxin: with reference to the relations existing between lethal doses, lethal times and loss in weight of the guinea-pig
Authors: Craw J. A. , Dean George
Published: May 2009

1. The relation between lethal doses of diphtheria toxin and the times in which they kill guinea-pigs, or lethal times, is approximately such that the lethal dose multiplied by the corresponding lethal time gives a constant value—a hyperbolic relation.

2. Deductions with regard to lethal doses from deaths occurring on the first day or on any day after the sixth give such widely divergent results that, in our opinion, they are at present of negligible value.

3. Under the ordinary circumstances of standardisation of diphtheria toxin and antitoxin the relation given in conclusion No. 1 is as close an approximation as any alternative likely to prove of practical utility.

4. The graphic representation of L+ doses against lethal times gives a straight line relationship.

5. Five of the best investigated toxins confirmed Ehrlich's views in so far as that with toxicities diminishing by 50% their neutralising powers remained practically unimpaired.

6. The individual sensitivities of guinea-pigs to free diphtheria toxin render any general relation between lethal times and doses of little value when a small number, e.g. 5, of test animals is inoculated.

7. Even with a dose of toxin which would, in any ordinary series of tests, be regarded as an L+ dose, 5 out of 33 guinea-pigs survived the sixth day or 15%1, and the m.l.d. of a well-investigated toxin showed similar variations; consequently both the L+ and m.l.d. values of a toxin are not those amounts which kill with certainty in a fixed time, but those which will cause death in that time with the greatest probability.

8. After inoculation, guinea-pigs unless suffering from the consequent “shock,” continue to increase in weight throughout the first day, even with doses that may subsequently prove lethal, and with highly toxic doses the variation in weight during this time is of little significance.

9. The greater the amount of free toxin injected, the more rapid is the increment in weight followed by a decrement.

10. The weight of a test animal at the end of 24 hours after inoculation forms a better normal or origin with which to compare the subsequent time-weight relations than the initial weight before injection.

11. On the basis of Conclusion 10 the general connection is found that with increasing amounts of free toxin the position of the maximum loss of weight is gradually transferred from the second to the fifth day for guinea-pigs which survive over six days.

12. The time-weight ratios for almost certainly lethal doses give straight line connections, corresponding probably to starvation curves of the guinea-pig.
A Cystic Disease of the Heart, Gizzard and Muscles of Young Grass Parakeets (Psittacus undulatus) due to a Protozoon Parasite
Authors: Graham-Smith G. S.
Published: May 2009

Various species of the Order Sarcosporidia, some of which have been studied with great care, infest the muscles of different kinds of birds and mammals. Muscle parasites resembling the one described below do not, however, appear to have been described.
Some Experiments on the Filtration of Cattle Plague Blood
Authors: Todd Charles
Published: May 2009

The outbreak of cattle plague in Egypt and the establishment of the Serum Institute at Abbassieh offered a suitable opportunity for investigating some points concerning the nature of the causal agent of the disease, and especially the important question whether the virus is, or is not, capable of traversing a filter candle. On this point the literature is strangely contradictory.
The Para-dimethyl-amido-benzaldehyde Test for Indole
Authors: Marshall William E.
Published: May 2009

1. The high estimate formed by Böhme of the utility of this test has been fully confirmed.

2. Other substances, such as skatole-carboxylic acid, which tended to confuse the results of the older method, do not give an indole-like reaction with this reagent.

3. The test is more delicate, and the time required to ascertain the presence of indole is shortened.

4. The method lends itself to accurate colorimetric quantitative estimations, and the amount of indole present at various stages during the cultivation of certain organisms has been determined.
A Contribution to the Bacteriology of Post-Scarlatinal Diphtheria
Authors: Cumpston H.
Published: May 2009

The basis of this paper is the analysis of the bacteriological examination of the fauces of a series of 1019 patients admitted to hospital as cases of scarlatina and a consideration of their subsequent clinical histories. A practice was made of swabbing the fauces of scarlet fever cases without any selection on their admission to hospital. In all cases one bacteriological examination was made and in a number of the cases the examination was repeated.
An Inquiry into the Nature of the Serological Differences exhibited by different Cultures of a Bacterial Species (B. typhosus)
Authors: Gardner A. Duncan , Walker E. W. Ainley
Published: May 2009

In a previous communication one of us showed that certain strains of B.typhosus presented marked serological differences. The experiments, to which we now propose to make further reference, were conducted in the following manner.
A Study of the Bacteriological Examination of Grade “A” (Cert.) Milk
Authors: Freear K. , Mattick A. T. R. , Williams R. Stenhouse
Published: May 2009

The following paper contains a study of the results of bacteriological examinations of samples of Grade “A” (Certified) milk, some of which were 24 hours old and others 30 hours old at the time of examination. This work was started in 1916 and is still being carried on. Some of the results have already been published. For purposes of comparison, these results, together with further series, are included in the present paper.
The Interrelationships between the various members of theB. enteritidis—B. paratyphosusB Group of Bacteria
Authors: Topley W. W. C. , Weir H. B. , Wilson G. S.
Published: May 2009

In a series of investigations on the epidemic spread of bacterial infection among mice (Topley, 1919, 1921), it has repeatedly been noted that, if an epidemic be started among a mouse-population by feeding certain animals on cultures ofB. gaertnerand subsequently introducing other susceptible mice into the cage, a varying proportion of these latter may succumb to infection with an organism morphologically and culturally identical withB. gaertner, but differing sharply from it in regard to its agglutination reactions. This organism has been referred to in previous communications as belonging to theB. suipestifergroup, using that term to includeB. aertryckeand other closely related types.
Trench Fever. Final Report of the War Office Trench Fever Investigation Committee
Authors: Bruce David
Published: May 2009

1. The organism of Trench Fever is present in the “whole blood.”

2. The evidence seems to be in favour of the organism being an extra-corpuscular rather than an intra-corpuscular parasite.

3. The smallest quantity of whole blood which has given rise to the disease was 0.5 c.c.

4. The blood is infective from the first day of the disease, and in one case was found to be still infective after 443 days.

5. The microscopical examination of the blood has not up to the present revealed the organism or at least has not differentiated it from other granules present in blood.

6. There is some evidence that the organism may leave the body in the sputum and urine, but the chief and only way which has any practical significance is by means of a blood-sucking insect, the louse.

7. There is no evidence that infection takes place through food, drink or air, but only by inoculation of the organism by means of this insect.

8. The chief method of infection is not, as might be expected, by the bite of the louse, but by the infected excreta of the louse being brought in contact with an abraded surface of the skin.

9. After a louse has fed on a case of Trench Fever, five to nine days elapse before the excreta become infective.

10. If lice are fed on a case for some time a high percentage of the lice become infective.

11. There is no transmission of the organism of Trench Fever from infected lice through the egg to their offspring.

12. The tenth of a milligram of excreta has been found sufficient to set up the disease.

13. The organism of Trench Fever retains its virulence in louse excreta for at least four months.

14. The virulence of lice excreta is lost by exposure to dry heat of 100°C. for 20 minutes; to moist heat of 60°C. for a similar time.

15. It is doubtful if any of the laboratory animals are susceptible to Trench Fever.

16. It would appear that most men are susceptible to the disease, only a very few individuals having been found apparently naturally immune.

17. One attack seems to produce only a partial and limited immunity.

18. In regard to the etiology of Trench Fever there is strong evidence that the Rickettsia-like bodies found in infected louse excreta are the micro organisms of the disease, but as they have never been cultivated outside the body the final proof is still wanting.

19. The organism cannot be said to be a filter-passer; the evidence would seem to be more in favour of its being a small body such as the so-called Rickettsia.
The Permanence of the Serological Paratyphoid B Types, with Observations on the Non-specificity of Agglutination with “Rough” Variants
Authors: Schütze H.
Published: May 2009

1. Amoung a large number of strains belonging to the various absorption types of the paratyphoid B group and kept under observation in laboratory culture over a number of years, constancy of type has been demonstrated.

2. Only two alterations in the serological nature of certain cultures have been noted; they were due (a) to the development of so-called “rough” variants, (b) to the degeneration of strains into antigenically less effective “substrains.”

Though both are variations within the limits of the absorption type, the serological character of the affected strains may be so obscured that a greater variation than has actually taken place may be ascribed to them, unless the precautions indicated are observed.

3. When “rough” strains are in question, agglutination results are to be mistrusted, for a marked cosmopolitanism in respect of this test has been seen to exist among such alien species as B. enteritidis Gärtner, B. paratyphosus A and B. paratyphosus B.
Studies on the Effects of Tuberculin
Authors: Holst Peter M.
Published: May 2009

In order to obtain knowledge of the fate of tuberculin in the organism the substance was injected into normal animals. After injection, tuberculin rapidly disappears from the vascular system and does not reappear in the urine till after several hours. In the meantime the substance is bound in the organism, probably in the bones and in the liver. Living cellsin vitroalso have the faculty of binding tuberculin.

Through numerous experiments a difference is demonstrated between the complements of different sera, a fact which strongly supports the theory of the plurality of complements. Evidence is brought forth which points to a difference between tuberculous and non-tuberculous complement.

Tuberculin is highly noxious to the vitality of the white blood corpuscles, and more toxic to corpuscles from tuberculouos organisms than from not-tuberculous organisms. A certain protective power in regard to the toxic action of tuberculin is found in the serum. This power is greater in serum from normal organisms, than in serum from tuberculous organisms.

By means of vital staning a difference is demonstrated between the effects of tuberculin upon the leycocytes from normal and tuberculous animals.
The Keeping Qualities of Grade A (Certified) Milk
Authors: Freear K. , Mattick A. T. R. , Williams R. Stenhouse
Published: May 2009

In two previous papers (Freear, Buckley and Stenhous Williams, 1919; Freear, Mattick and Stenhous Williams, 1921) accounts were given of the bacteriological condition of the milk from four Grade A (Certified) Farms, and it was shown that the milk from Farm 1 maintained a very high standard of bacteriological purity throughout a long series of examinations. In view of the fact that the keeping qualities of milk are of very great importance both to the industry and to the consumer, these have been studied with milk which was derived from Farm 1.
The Relation of the Tubercle Bacillus to Lymphadenoma
Authors: Twort C. C.
Published: May 2009

IN 1913, Fraenkel and Much1 inoculated monkeys, guinea-pigs, rabbits and dogs intraperitoneally with large quantities of material obtained from two cases of Lymphadenoma, no accompanying tubercular disease being demonstrable. The material was broken down with antiformin, and as a result of the injections, the guinea-pigs died within three months. The authors state that besides finding extensive tubercular disease, there were hard, white nodules, the size of a cherry stone, on the serous coverings of the stomach and mesentery. Also, in addition to genuine tubercular disease of the lymphatic glands, they found giant cells, not of Langhans' type, as well as a stroma rich in fibriles, similar to what is found in Lymphadenoma. The nodules on the serous surfaces showed a picture corresponding to the terminal fibrous stage of a lymphadenomatous focus, with a scarcity of cellular elements.
Malaria in Rural Settlements in Palestine: 1. Incidence and Etiology of Malaria
Authors: Kligler I. J.
Published: May 2009

The impression has always prevailed, that malaria is the most common disease in Palestine, and that it is more or less highly prevalent in all of rural Palestine. This impression, based as it is on mass experience, is in general correct; but it lacks the certainty derived from statistical data.