bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prorating IQ Scores for Older Adults: Validation of a Seven-Subtest WAIS-R with the Mayo Older Americans Normative Sample
Authors: Schretlen David , Ivnik Robert J.
Published: July 2017

Concurrent validity of a seven-subtest short form (7SF) of the revised edition of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-R) was examined in 733 cognitively normal adults between 56 and 99 years of age who participated in Mayo's Older Americans Normative Studies (MOANS). Pearson correlation coefficients between actual and prorated MAYO Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQ scores ranged from r =. 93 to r =. 97. Actual and prorated FSIQ scores differed by 6 points or less for 98% of participants, and the observed deviations did not vary as a function of age. These results support the use of this WAIS-R short form to prorate MAYO IQ scores for older adults.
Evaluation of the Factor Structure Underlying Two Measures of Hardiness
Authors: Benishek Lois A.
Published: July 2017

This study critically evaluated the factor structure underlying two measures of hardiness. Hardiness was conceptualized by Kobasa as consisting of three factors: commitment, control, and challenge. Over time, however, one- to four-factor solutions have been identified, depending on the measures used and the population studied. A sample of 183 adult university employees completed the Personal Views Survey (PVS) and the Revised Hardiness Scale (RHS). Neither principal axis factor analyses nor confirmatory factor analyses supported Kobasa's conceptualization of hardiness. The findings of this study highlight the importance of reevaluating how hardiness is conceptualized and revising its measures before continuing to investigate each factor's effect on physical and psychological wellness.
The Performance of Schizophrenics on Three Cognitive Tests of Malingering, Rey 15-Item Memory Test, Rey Dot Counting, and Hiscock Forced-Choice Method
Authors: Back Carla , Boone Kyle Brauer , Edwards Carol , Parks Carlton , Burgoyne Karl , Silver Barbara
Published: July 2017

The performance of individuals with severe psychiatric disturbance such as schizophrenia on tests designed to detect malingering of cognitive symptoms (e.g., Rey 15-Item Memory Test, RMT; Rey Dot Counting Test, RDC; Hiscock Forced-Choice, F-C, method) has not been formally investigated. Some malingerers feign cognitive impairment in the context of a pseudopsychotic presentation; thus, it is essential that we understand how actual psychotic individuals perform on these measures. In our sample of 30 schizophrenic patients, 13% failed the RMT, 13% failed the RDC, and 27% failed the F-C measure. The RMT performance appeared to be significantly affected by lowered educational level. In contrast, both RDC and F-C performances were related to presence of cognitive impairment, and the RDC was also significantly affected by increasing age. No test score was significantly related to psychiatric disturbance.
Normative Data on a Measure of Design Fluency: The Make A Figure Test
Authors: Hanks Robin A. , Allen Jeffrey B. , Ricker Joseph H. , Deshpande Sonali A.
Published: July 2017

A large sample of normal adults was administered a measure of design generativity, the Make A Figure Test. This test allows for creative, unstructured responses with more objective scoring criteria than other design fluency measures. Tentative normative data are presented for three age groups, young adults (16–34 years, n = 100), middle aged adults (35–64 years, n = 27), and geriatric adults (65–87 years, n = 34). Excellent interrater reliability estimates were demonstrated for this measure. Convergent validity values for the Make A Figure Test and the Ruff Figural Fluency Test are also reported. The Make A Figure Test may be a good measure of executive functioning that allows for novel design production with less subjective scoring criteria than other Figural fluency measures.
Spanish Versions of the MMPI-2 and PAI: An Investigation of Concurrent Validity With Hispanic Patients
Authors: Fantoni-Salvador Patricia , Rogers Richard
Published: July 2017

Delivery of mental health services to Hispanic populations requires that assessment methods address the linguistic needs of their clientele. Toward this end, Spanish translations of two recent multiscale inventories (i.e., Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2, MMPI, and Personality Assessment Inventory, PAI) were published in order to meet these needs. Unfortunately, the linguistic equivalence and criterion-based validation of these Spanish versions were not addressed prior to publication. We sought to take the first step in remedying this oversight by administering the MMPI-2 and PAI to 105 Hispanic patients for whom Spanish is the sole or preferred language. We employed a revised Spanish version of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) as a criterion measure. By focusing on four common disorders (i.e., major depression, schizophrenia, anxiety disorders, and alcohol dependence), we examined the usefulness of codetypes and clinical elevations for establishing these disorders. Overall, we found moderate hit rates for the MMPI-2 ( N = .60, range from .46-.69) and moderate to high hit rates for the PAI ( M = .72, range from .57-.87). Correlations of selected scales with DIS symptoms varied widely and were generally in the low to moderate range. Finally, exploratory data suggested few within-minority differences on selected MMPI-2 and PAI scales when DIS symptoms were employed as covariates.
Assessment of Intellectual Resources in Gulf War Veterans: Relationship to PTSD
Authors: Vasterling Jennifer J. , Brailey Kevin , Constans Joseph I. , Borges Alicia , Sutker Patricia B.
Published: July 2017

War stress frequently leads to the subsequent development of psychopathology including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but recent research has indicated that individual difference factors may alter vulnerability to trauma-related distress. In an effort to examine the potential buffering effects of intellectual resources on PTSD development, this study assessed intellectual functioning in subsets of Persian Gulf War zone veterans with and without PTSD diagnoses. The two subsets, comprised of 18 PTSD-diagnosed and 23 psychopathology-free Persian Gulf War veterans, were compared on a multi-faceted test of intellectual functioning, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. As compared to psychopathology-free veterans, PTSD-diagnosed veterans performed significantly more poorly on tasks of verbal intellectual functioning including those tasks thought to reflect premorbid functioning. The two groups did not differ on visuospatial tasks or on a task of attention. Findings suggest that intellectual resources, particularly verbal skills, may buffer development of stress-related psychopathology following trauma exposure.
Episodic and Semantic Memory Components of Verbal Paired-Associate Learning
Authors: Elwood Richard W.
Published: July 2017

One argument for distinguishing between hard (i.e., low-associate) and easy (i.e., high-associate) paired-associate learning is that hard associates provide a selective measure of episodic memory, whereas easy associates reflect both episodic and semantic memory. This study examined correlations between hard and easy verbal paired associates and episodic and semantic memory in a mixed clinical sample. When age and education were controlled, hard paired associates correlated as much with category fluency (i.e., semantic memory) as they did with immediate recall or retention (i.e., episodic memory). Correlations with hard and easy associates differed more on retention than on immediate recall. Letter fluency was essentially unrelated to either easy or hard associates. The study concludes that hard paired associate learning should not be presumed to selectively measure episodic memory.
Correlates of MMPI-A Substance Abuse Scales
Authors: Gallucci Nicholas T.
Published: July 2017

This study evaluated the correlates of 16 scales for the identification of substance abuse with the adolescent form of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-A). As predicted, the scales that were previously validated with adolescents in treatment for substance abuse (i.e., the Alcohol/Drug Problem Proneness scale, or PRO; the Alcohol/Drug Problem Acknowledgment scale, or ACK; the MacAndrew scale, or MAC-R; the Substance Abuse Proclivity scale, or SAP; and the Psychopathy scale, or PSP) were reliably and positively correlated with therapists' ratings of behavioral undercontrol and substance abuse and negatively correlated with ratings of behavioral overcontrol. There were few reliable correlates for the scales that had not been previously validated with adolescents in treatment for substance abuse, and these scales were not reliably correlated with therapists' ratings of substance abuse.
MMPI-2 Content Scales: How Much Content Do They Measure?
Authors: Jackson Douglas N. , Fraboni Maryann , Helmes Edward
Published: July 2017

The new Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2 (MMPI-2) content scales, designed to assess a wide range of substantive dimensions of psychopathology, are evaluated in terms of their confounding with general factors associated with response styles, such as desirability responding. We developed a set of 21 scales that ranged from high to low desirability by blocking sets of items ranked in terms of desirability and arbitrarily keyed in terms of ‘true’ and ‘false.’ The MMPI-2 was administered to 221 university undergraduates and scored for the 21 desirability scales and the 15 content scales. Factor analysis with Varimax rotation of the desirability scales showed a clear circumplex structure, with one dimension reflecting desirability and the other separating true- and false-keyed scales. Dwyer extension methods were used to project this solution into the space of the 15 content dimensions. Correlations between the projected stylistic structure and that obtained from the content scales directly were .98 and .98 for the two largest dimensions. Further analyses revealed that coefficient alphas of MMPI-2 content scales were reduced sharply when variance attributable to response styles was removed. It was concluded that convergent and discriminant validity of MMPI-2 content scales are seriously compromised by the presence of substantial, confounding, general variance.
Lichen Planopilaris-Like Changes Arising within an Epidermal Nevus: Does This Case Suggest Clues to the Etiology of Lichen Planopilaris?
Authors: Smith Kathleen J. , Crittenden Jacob , Skelton Henry
Published: July 2017

Background:

Lichen planopilaris shows a perifollicular lymphocytic infiltrate at the level of infundibulum and the isthmus of the hair bulge resulting in necrotic changes within keratinocytes and eventually hair loss.

Objective:

We present a 14-year-old black male with a history of a raised epidermal lesion on the scalp that was present at birth. Over the past few years, the patient developed gradual hair loss and increased verrucous changes of the skin within the original lesion. Histologic sections of the area showed features consistent with an epidermal nevus peripherally, with a central area showing some features characteristic of those seen in lichen planopilaris. In addition, there was marked hyperkeratosis with increased yeast and bacteria within the follicles.

Conclusions:

Initiating factors in lichen planopilaris are not well defined. Overgrowth of microorganisms with hyperkeratosis results in factors that disrupt the immune privilege of the hair follicle, leading to an immunologic reaction that is limited to the follicle and spares surrounding eccrine structures. This case suggests possible mechanisms involved in the induction of lichen planopilaris.
The Impact of Foot Complications on Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients with Diabetes
Authors: Price Patricia , Harding Keith
Published: July 2017

Background:

The concept of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has been the focus of much debate in recent years. However, within diabetes the focus has centred on the behavioural adaptation to a chronic disease state. The impact of foot complications is witnessed regularly in the clinical setting; amputation in this group is usually preceded by ulceration and a worsening cycle of foot problems.

Objective:

This review sets out to investigate the literature on foot complications in those with diabetes, to assess the cost to the individual in terms of impact on everyday living.

Conclusion:

The literature on the specific impact of foot complications is limited, but indicates a situation in which those with diabetic foot ulceration may have an even poorer HRQoL than those who have experienced an amputation related to diabetes. In order to assess the full impact of new treatments or therapeutic interventions, it is vital that further research is conducted in this area.
The Morbid Anatomy of the Dermatologic Genome: An Update for the Third Millennium
Authors: Bale Sherri J.
Published: July 2017

Background:

Much progress has been made in recent years in the identification of genes underlying many hereditary skin diseases.

Objective:

To provide an update on the status of the identification of genes involved in hereditary skin disorders and to compare the current standing with that in the last decade.

Methods:

A review of the literature is presented here in a series of lists describing the chromosomal location, specific gene, clinical relevance, and availability of molecular-based genetic tests for each genodermatosis.

Results:

Progress has been made in identifying the genes underlying many disorders of cornification, genodermatoses with malignant potential, bullous disorders, pigmentary disorders, disorders affecting the epidermal appendages and the dermis, and other miscellaneous genodermatoses.

Conclusion:

The great progress made toward the completion of the human gene sequence and the continued efforts of many clinical and molecular scientists to identify disease genes will make diagnosis of hereditary dermatological disorders more precise and allow accurate family counseling as well as possibly leading to more targeted therapies during this millennium.
Alopecia Areata Universalis in an Infant
Authors: LaRow Jo Anne , Mysliborski Judith , Rappaport I. Paul , Rouleau Guy A. , Carlson J. Andrew
Published: July 2017

Background:

Alopecia areata (AA) is common during childhood and rarely reported in infants. The four reported cases of AA in infants all exhibited circumscribed patches of alopecia that appeared at birth or shortly thereafter.

Objective:

We report a case of alopecia areata universalis that developed after birth along with fingernail changes of shortening (onychomadesis) and onycholysis. Scalp biopsy at 2 years of age revealed rare, intermediate, terminal follicles in catagen associated with sparse peribulbar lymphocytic infiltrates.

Results:

This constellation of clinicopathologic features was interpreted as AA. We discuss the differential diagnosis of generalized alopecia in healthy infants, in particular, Clouston's syndrome, a hair-nail (hidrotic) ectodermal dysplasia found in this region. Genetic testing for linked polymorphisms to the Clouston gene locus were negative in this child and his parents.

Conclusions:

Alopecia areata should be included in the differential diagnosis of generalized alopecia presenting at or shortly after birth. For purposes of genetic counseling and prognosis, it is crucial that a correct diagnosis be made.
The Role of Psychological Stress in Skin Disease
Authors: Kimyai-Asadi Arash , Usman Adil
Published: July 2017

Background:

Numerous case reports and studies have suggested that psychological stress may have a role in the onset or exacerbation of a variety of skin diseases.

Objective:

We review the literature pertaining to the role of psychological stress in the exacerbation of psoriasis, urticaria, eczematous dermatitis, herpesvirus infections, and other skin diseases; discuss potential mechanisms of stress-induced skin disease; and review studies and case reports of psychotherapeutic interventions that have been found helpful in the therapy of skin diseases.

Conclusions:

There is evidence linking psychological stress to exacerbation of certain skin diseases. Both the clinical and the basic science evidence, however, can be hard to interpret in light of the difficulty of defining and quantifying psychological stress as well as the questions regarding the etiologic significance of neuroimmunologic findings in skin diseases.
Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug-Induced Pseudoporphyria: A Case Series
Authors: LaDuca Jeffrey R. , Bouman Peter H. , Gaspari Anthony A.
Published: July 2017

Background:

Pseudoporphyria is a diagnosis that is used when porphyria-like clinical lesions arise in the setting of normal porphyrin levels. This condition was first described in the 1960s and was initially related to the use of certain antibiotic drugs. In 1985, pseudoporphyria was first attributed to the use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Subsequently, a host of NSAIDs and other drugs have been found to elicit the same clinical entity. The exact mechanism by which certain drugs create clinical lesions resembling porphyria cutanea tarda or erythropoietic protoporphyria is still unknown. A phototoxic mechanism is hypothesized.

Objective:

We describe six patients diagnosed with pseudoporphyria and detail the diagnostic tests leading to the eventual diagnosis.

Results:

The patients ranged in age from 27 to 59 years and had a female:male predominance of 2:1. The offending NSAID was DayPro (oxaprozin) for three of the patients, Relafen (nabumetone) for two of the patients, and Aleve (naproxen) for one patient. For each patient, histology and immunofluorescence was either consistent with the diagnosis of porphyria cutanea tarda or nonspecific, while serum, stool, and urine porphyrins did not support that diagnosis. Withdrawal of the offending agent provided relief from the clinical symptoms for each patient. None of our patients were rechallenged with the putative offending drug. However, prolonged avoidance has provided a sustained remission from symptoms in all six patients.

Conclusions:

Pseudoporphyria is a relatively rarely reported condition. Clinical suspicion with appropriate laboratory and histopathologic findings help to make this diagnosis, and exclude true porphyrias. Rechallenge with the offending drug to produce symptom relapse has been proposed to be helpful in confirming this diagnosis of exclusion. Since all 6 patients with drug-induced pseudoporphyria experienced resolution of their symptoms after discontinuing the offending agent, we propose that this clinical correlation alone is sufficient to confirm this diagnosis. Our observation of six new cases of NSAID-induced pseudoporphyria over a two-year interval suggests that this is not a rare entity.
Cutaneous Manifestations of Eating Disorders
Authors: Tyler Ingrid , Wiseman Marni C. , Crawford Richard I. , Birmingham C. Laird
Published: July 2017

Background and Objective:

No complete review of the cutaneous manifestations of eating disorders exists. We therefore, set out to review and systematically describe the clinical and histopathologic features of dermatologic conditions associated with anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and obesity. Differential diagnosis, pathophysiology, laboratory studies, and treatment are also reviewed.

Methods:

Index Medicus review (1966 to present) using Ovid-MEDLINE. Search terms included eating disorders, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, eating disorders not otherwise specified (ED-NOS), and obesity, as well as the terms dermatology skin and cutaneous manifestations, with cross-referencing sources. These were combined with our own clinical experience. All relevant publications, including case reports, case series, cohort studies, and histopathologic studies giving at least Level II-3 evidence (evidence from comparisons between times or places with or without the intervention, including dramatic results in uncontrolled experiments), were selected.

Conclusions:

Forty dermatological signs have been reported in eating disorder patients. Eating disorders have many cutaneous manifestations and cutaneous signs may lead to the diagnosis of an occult eating disorder. The resolution of skin eruptions in eating disorder patients often depends on treatment of the underlying disorder.
Do the Physical and Histologic Features and Time Course in Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis Reflect a Pattern of Cytokine Dysregulation?
Authors: Smith Kathleen , Norwood Christopher , Skelton Henry
Published: July 2017

Background:

Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) is characterized by fever and an indurated erythematous eruption early, with the development of nonfollicular pinhead sterile pustules on an erythematous background. The eruption progresses and resolves relatively rapidly. Although drugs are believed to be the major etiologic agents, other immune modulators, including infections, heavy metals, and radiation, have been implicated.

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to document underlying diseases in patients with AGEP and to determine if this data and the histologic features suggested an underlying pattern of immune dysregulation.

Methods:

Twenty-one patients with new or recurrent episodes of AGEP were questioned concerning underlying diseases. The histopathologic features seen in the biopsy sections and the approximate time of biopsy during the course of their eruptions were recorded.

Results:

Two patients had a history of psoriasis and one patient had a family history of psoriasis, two patients had diagnoses of sarcoid, two patients had inflammatory bowel disease, one had autoimmune thyroiditis, and one patient had multiple sclerosis. Biopsies done at the onset of the eruption showed marked to moderate papillary dermal edema and a mixed dermal inflammatory infiltrate. Shortly thereafter, biopsies showed spongiform pustules within the epidermis and occasional dyskeratotic cells with residual perivascular dermal edema. Although no definitive vasculitis was seen, there was leukocytoclasis within the dermal infiltrate in the majority of biopsy specimens performed more than 48 hours after the onset of the eruption.

Conclusion:

The histologic features seen in AGEP and the disease associations suggest that patients who develop this eruption may have an underlying tendency for development of a pattern of immune dysregulation characterized by a T helper-1 cytokine pattern.
Treatment of Cutaneous Melanoma of the Face by Mohs Micrographic Surgery
Authors: Bienert Tasha N. , Trotter Martin J. , Arlette John P.
Published: July 2017

Background:

The treatment of cutaneous malignant melanoma of the face presents a challenge to ensure eradication of disease with maximum preservation of tissue. Mohs micrographic surgery provides a means for histologically controlled removal of malignant melanoma.

Objective:

This study evaluates the efficacy of Mohs micrographic surgery, at a single institution, for the treatment of facial melanoma and assesses the accuracy of margin control by frozen section techniques.

Methods:

Ninety-seven patients with biopsy-confirmed melanoma in situ or invasive melanoma of the face were treated by Mohs micrographic surgery over a 6-year period. In 25 patients, tissue margins defined as negative for melanoma at the time of frozen section were re-evaluated on permanent section histology of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue.

Results:

Ninety-two of 97 patients had followup information available (8–72 months; mean 33 months). There were no cases of local recurrence. Eighty-nine of the 92 patients were alive and well with no evidence of disease. One patient died of metastatic melanoma. In situ or invasive melanoma was not identified on permanent sections of 117 tissue margins which had been interpreted as negative on frozen section.

Conclusion:

Mohs micrographic surgery appears to be an effective treatment for facial melanomas. Our study showed complete correlation between frozen section tissue margins and permanent section controls.
Metastatic Melanoma in a Patient with Clouston Syndrome Successfully Treated with Isolated Hyperthermic Limb Perfusion
Authors: Parhizkar Nooshin , Jones Vicky E. , McClay Edward F. , Yi Eunhee S. , Bouvet Michael
Published: July 2017

Background:

Clouston syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by nail dystrophy, partial or total alopecia, and hyperkeratosis of the palms and soles.

Objective:

Although a variety of unusual cutaneous manifestations have been described, the incidence of melanoma in this population is unknown.

Methods:

This article reports a case of in-transit metastatic subungual melanoma in a patient with Clouston syndrome successfully treated with hyperthermic limb perfusion with melphalan.

Results:

Six months postperfusion, the patient is doing well, with resolution of the extremity erythema and edema. Followup ultrasonography revealed reduction in size of the eight subcutaneous nodules, with the largest measuring 3.3 cm in maximum diameter, representing nearly a 50% reduction in tumor volume postperfusion.

Conclusion:

Although melanoma has also been associated with some forms of ectodermal dysplasia, such as ectrodactyly—ectodermal dysplasia—clefting (EEC) syndrome, the incidence of melanoma in patients with Clouston syndrome is unknown. Thus far, to our knowledge, this is the first case report of melanoma arising in a patient with Clouston syndrome.
Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Authors: Jemec Gregor B. E.
Published: July 2017

Background:

Hidradenitis suppurativa is a clinically defined disease that causes considerable morbidity for patients. The results of recent studies, which have increased the understanding of this disease, are reviewed.

Objective:

The epidemiology, risk factors, pathogenesis, and treatment of this disease are summarized to help clinicians with practical patient management.

Conclusion:

Hidradenitis suppurativa remains a clinical challenge to patients and physicians alike. Physicians should be familiar with the impact this disease has on the patient and with the range of treatments available. Use of simple incisions as treatment is strongly discouraged. Additional pathogenic as well as therapeutic studies are necessary.
Leukemia Cutis Presenting with Fingertip Hypertrophy
Authors: Freiman Anatoli , Muhn Channy Y. , Trudel Michel , Billick Robin C.
Published: July 2017

Background:

Patients with leukemia often manifest cutaneous findings, which include nonspecific lesions and specific leukemic infiltrates termed leukemia cutis.

Objective:

A case of leukemia cutis involving distal finger pads is reported and literature describing hand involvement of specific leukemic infiltrates is reviewed.

Methods and Results:

An 80-year-old woman with a 10-year history of chronic lymphocytic leukemia developed painful symmetric tumors of her distal finger pads. Histopathological examination of the biopsy specimen revealed infiltration by neoplastic lymphocytes. Only a few cases of leukemia cutis involving the hands have been reported in the literature, none with this particular presentation. The clinical and histopathologic features of leukemia cutis are reviewed.

Conclusion:

This case emphasizes the importance of obtaining a biopsy specimen for histopathological examination of any suspicious skin lesion in a patient with leukemia.
Mutations of Fas (APO-1/CD95) and p53 Genes in Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer
Authors: Boldrini Laura , Loggini Barbara , Gisfredi Silvia , Zucconi Ylenia , Baldinotti Fulvia , Fogli Antonella , Simi Paolo , Cervadoro Gregorio , Barachini Paolo , Basolo Fulvio , Pingitore Raffaele , Fontanini Gabriella
Published: July 2017

Background:

There is considerable evidence that apoptosis plays an important role in the pathogenesis of a wide variety of skin diseases. Apoptosis failure may ensure the survival of transformed cells prone to sustain further genetic damage and it plays an important part in the development of tumors. Genetic alterations of Fas and p53, with consequent inactivation of gene protein products, may be involved in transcriptional downregulation of Fas.

Objective:

We investigated Fas and its ligand expression in 30 cases of nonmelanoma skin cancer, 19 basal cell and 11 squamous cell carcinomas, and we also analyzed Fas and p53 status, in an attempt to detect putative alterations.

Method:

Fas and its ligand expression were evaluated by RT-PCR; the promoter and the entire coding region of Fas, and the coding exons 4–9 of p53 were investigated by polymerase chain reaction, single strand conformation polymorphism, and DNA sequencing.

Results:

Fas alterations were found in 3/19 (15.8%) basal cell and in 4/11 (36.4%) squamous cell carcinomas. Five out of 25 cases (3/19 basal cell and 2/11 squamous cell carcinomas) were p53-mutated, and in the majority of these cases there were concomitant mutations of the Fas gene (χ2 test; p = 0.035).

Conclusion:

Taken together, our findings highlight an involvement of the Fas/Fas-ligand system in the development of skin cancer, suggesting that the loss of its apoptotic function, in some cases linked to p53 alterations, may contribute to the self-maintenance of cancer cells.
UV Induces GADD45 in a p53-Dependent and -Independent Manner in Human Keratinocytes
Authors: Maeda Tomoko , Sim Adrian B. , Leedel Duane A. , Chua Prescillia P. S. , Chomey Eugene G. , Luong Le , Tron Victor A.
Published: July 2017

Background:

GADD45 is a multifunctional protein involved in DNA repair and in cell cycle checkpoint control. p53 plays an important role in regulating DNA repair and in response to UVB in keratinocytes.

Objective:

GADD45 and p53 expression was examined and compared at the mRNA and protein level after exposure to UV irradiation.

Methods:

Human keratinocytes were exposed to increasing doses of UVB, and an RNA protection assay and a Western blot analysis were performed.

Results:

The RNase protection assays using human keratinocytes showed that GADD45 mRNA increases after 4 h and remains elevated for 24 h in cells irradiated at 100, 300, or 600 J/m2 UVB. The level of GADD45 protein increases after 8 h and remains elevated for 48 h, with maximal induction at 300 J/m2. p53 mRNA did not rise in concert with GADD45 at any dose used, and p53 protein was not up-regulated at the lower dose of 100 J/m2.

Conclusion:

GADD45 is regulated in both a p53-dependent and a p53-independent manner in keratinocytes after UV exposure.
Presentation of Telangiectasia Macularis Eruptiva Perstans as a Long-Standing Solitary Plaque Associated with Renal Carcinoma
Authors: Pascual José Carlos , Bañuls José , Albares Ma Pilar , Vergara Gloria , Belinchón Isabel , Silvestre Juan Francisco , Betlloch Isabel
Published: July 2017

Background:

Mastocytosis is a rare disease characterized by a primary pathological increase in mast cells in different tissues. The skin is the most frequently affected organ. Cutaneous mastocytosis, including urticaria pigmentosa, solitary mastocytoma, diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis, and telangiectasia macularis eruptiva perstans (TMEP), is usually distinguished from systemic mastocytosis. TMEP is characterized mainly by telangiectatic macules.

Objective and Methods:

We report a case of TMEP with an unusual clinical presentation as a solitary plaque of telangiectatic macules. A renal clear cell carcinoma was detected in a workup for systemic mastocytosis. We discuss the clinical and histological findings and treatment of TMEP.

Conclusions:

TMEP is a rare form of mastocytosis, which occurs mainly in adults, generally has a good prognosis, and little tendency to urticate or show constitutional symptoms. Clinicians should consider this disorder when confronted with a progressive atypical telangiectatic lesion. However, the malignant neoplasm also found in this patient is of uncertain significance.
Narrow Resection of Cutaneous Melanoma
Authors: Beasley K. , Cartotto R.C.
Published: July 2017

Background:

There has been a progressive reduction in the extent of resection of primary cutaneous melanoma. Although overall survival appears to have been unaffected by this trend, the effect of narrow resection on local recurrence is not entirely clear.

Objective:

To examine the relationship between narrow resection margins and local recurrence of primary cutaneous melanoma.

Methods:

Primary melanoma, 104 cases, treated by surgical resection were reviewed retrospectively.

Results:

“Thin” (< 1 mm) melanomas (31 cases) were resected with a mean margin of 0.87 cm; “intermediate” (1–4 mm) melanomas (37 cases) were resected with a mean margin of 1.26 cm; and 14 “thick” (> 4 mm) melanomas were resected with a mean margin of 1.25 cm. Local recurrence rates were 6.5%, 16.2%, and 42.9%, respectively. In the “intermediate” group, two local recurrences occurred in melanomas < 2 mm thick despite use of margins of 1.7 cm and 2.4 cm.

Conclusions:

The results do not support the use of excessively narrow resection margins around primary cutaneous melanoma. Additionally, we question the true safety of currently accepted 1 to 2 cm margins for 1 to 2 mm thick melanomas.
Status of Cytokine and Antigen Presentation Genes in Merkel Cell Carcinoma of the Skin
Authors: Arany Istvan , Tyring Stephen K.
Published: July 2017

Background:

Merkel carcinoma (MCC) of the skin is an aggressive form of skin cancer, morphologically demonstrating both epithelial and neuroendocrine properties. However, little is known about its molecular characteristics.

Objective:

The aims of the study were to explore growth characteristics and immune responses of MCCs at the molecular level.

Methods:

A reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique was employed to study those parameters in biopsies of MCCs and their adjacent areas.

Results:

Analyzing mRNA levels of various epithelial genes (c- myc, cdc2 kinase, E2F, PCNA, p53, and RB, cytokeratins 5 and 10) we concluded that MCCs express markers of epithelial hyperproliferation together with markers of neuroendocrine differentiation (NSE). On the other hand, there is a lack of cytokines (IL-2, IFN-γ) typical for a specific, T cell-mediated immune response in MCCs. However, several cytokines (e.g., IL-12) are produced that are required for the initial steps of that type of immune response.

Conclusion:

The epithelial hyperproliferation and impaired local immune responses might contribute to the aggressive behaviour of the tumour.
Role of the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor CDKN2A in Familial Melanoma
Authors: Hogg David , Brill Herbert , Liu Ling , Monzon Jose , Summers Anne , From Lynn , Lassam Norman J.
Published: July 2017

Background:

Approximately 8 to 12% of melanoma appears to be inherited in an autosomal dominant form. Although most early stage melanomas can be treated successfully by simple surgical excision, patients with advanced disease are rarely cured even with aggressive chemotherapy and/or immunotherapy.

Objective:

There is now compelling evidence that germline mutations of the CDKN2A gene on chromosome 9p21 predispose to melanoma in a subset of melanoma-prone families. In this article the evidence for the role of CDKN2A in the genesis of familial melanoma is reviewed and the implications of genetic testing in families with this disease are discussed.

Conclusion:

The identification and subsequent surveillance of unaffected individuals who have a genetic predisposition to melanoma may lead to the detection of early (curable) melanomas and to a reduction in mortality.
Hair Transplantation Update
Authors: Bertucci Vince , Berg Daniel , Pollack Sheldon V.
Published: July 2017

Background:

Since the first published description in 1959, hair transplantation has progressed tremendously.

Objective:

This article provides an overview of hair transplantation and a discussion of selected controversies in hair transplantation.

Methods:

A review of the literature was undertaken to identify current controversies.

Results:

Hair transplantation has been refined considerably since it was first performed. As new methods are described, controversies arise. In hair transplantation, these include use of various forms of anaesthesia, the planning of the recipient site, method of harvesting the donor area, megatransplant sessions, isolated frontal forelock transplantation, and use of lasers in hair transplantation.

Conclusion:

Hair transplantation is a time-tested, highly effective, permanent and natural method of improving male-pattern baldness and female alopecia. Improvements in technique continue to be developed, requiring one to keep abreast of changes in the field in order to provide patients with the best hair coverage possible while maintaining a natural appearance.
Geographic Pathology of Skin Cancer
Authors: Jackson Robert
Published: July 2017

Background:

The development of knowledge concerning the role of sun exposure in causing skin cancer has been a gradual one.

Objective:

This article reviews the article by Urbach who used manikin coated with an ultraviolet dosimeter to see exactly where on the head and neck the exposure was greatest.

Conclusion:

Urbach showed that the areas of greatest sun exposure on his manikins corresponded with the location of 95% of squamous cell carcinoma and 66% of basal cell carcinoma. He also clearly showed the importance of scattered sky and reflected radiation.
Treatment of Multiple Glomangioma with Tuneable Dye Laser
Authors: Sharma Jasdeep K. , Miller Rob
Published: July 2017

Background:

Multiple glomangiomas are a rare clinical occurrence. In the past, various treatments have been proposed for eradication of these tumours.

Objective:

An alternative and effective therapy for multiple glomangioma is proposed.

Results:

The effective clinical response of multiple, painful, bluish-black lesions on the soles of the feet and the hands, diagnosed as multiple glomangioma, to flashlamp tuneable dye laser is reported.

Conclusion:

The flashlamp tuneable dye laser is an effective modality in the treatment of multiple glomangioma.
Mohs' Surgery as an Approach to Treatment of Multiple Skin Cancer in Rhinophyma
Authors: Tamir Gabriel , Murakami Craig , Berg Daniel
Published: July 2017

Background:

Skin cancer arising within a rhinophyma is rare, less than would be expected from the coexisting chronic active inflammatory process. In rhinophyma, multiple coexisting tumours of different histologic types present an unusual challenge and have never been described in the literature.

Objective:

The treatment approach to multiple tumours occurring in rhinophyma, utilizing Mohs' surgery, is reported and discussed.

Patient:

The case of a 64-year-old farmer with basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and basosquamous carcinoma occurring in the setting of longstanding rhinophyma is described.

Conclusion:

Skin cancer, especially basal and squamous cell carcinoma, diagnosed simultaneously in a rhinophyma creates a challenge; the enlarged, inflamed, and hypertrophied tissue masks their margins. In our opinion, Mohs' micrographic surgery is the treatment of choice and should be primarily considered in view of the malignant potential of these tumours, as is shown by the substantial tumour extension in the case described.
Impact of a Sun Awareness Curriculum on Medical Students' Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviour
Authors: Gooderham Melinda J. , Guenther Lyn
Published: July 2017

Background:

Physicians teach sun awareness to their patients, but frequently have no formal training in this area. A week-long dermatology curriculum during Sun Awareness Week that included skin cancer and sun awareness education to first-year medical students was introduced in May 1998 at the University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.

Objective:

The purpose of this study was to determine the baseline knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour of the first-year medical students towards sun awareness before and after the new curriculum.

Method:

This study used a pre- and post-test design to determine the impact of the curriculum on the medical students' knowledge, attitudes, and intent to change behaviour. It also reports any influence of demographic variables on these parameters.

Results:

The students demonstrated a substantial improvement in their knowledge of sun-related topics despite some baseline knowledge. Many students reported unhealthy behaviour prior to the curriculum, but demonstrated an intent to adopt more healthy behaviour after the curriculum. Minor differences in knowledge and behaviour due to demographic characteristics disappeared upon completion of the curriculum.

Conclusions:

An undergraduate medical curriculum with skin cancer and sun awareness education can improve the medical students' knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour towards sun awareness.
Increased Soft Tissue in the Posterior Cervical and Upper Back Area of Patients on HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors
Authors: Smith Kathleen , Germain Marguerite , Decker Catherine , Yeager Josef , Skelton Henry
Published: July 2017

Background:

Corticosteroids as well as sex hormones affect the redistribution of subcutaneous fat and the percentage of lean body mass. In addition, some stromal cells express steroid receptors, and the quantity and distribution of these receptors vary at different body sites and between sexes. Inhibitors of HIV-1 protease may affect steroid hormone metabolism through their effect on cytochrome P450.

Objectives:

To determine the changes in the tissue of the back in three HIV-1+ patients who developed increased soft tissue in posterior cervical and upper back areas while on HIV-1 protease inhibitors.

Methods:

Punch biopsies of the involved posterior cervical and upper back areas were done. These included subcutaneous adipose tissue. Routine hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections, along with special stains for elastic and stromal mucin, and immunohistochemical stains for CD34 (HPCA-1 and Factor XIIIa) were evaluated.

Results:

Histologically all three patients showed identical features. There was expansion of the dermis with decreased periadnexal fat and marked widening of the fibrous septa within the expanded subcutaneous fat.

Conclusions:

The posterior cervical and upper back area appears to be a common site for localization of mesenchymal tumours that show some fat differentiation and produce an increase in stromal matrix material. Mesenchymal cell populations within this area are also affected by systemic diseases. A male predominance pattern occurs with these conditions, and steroid receptors are expressed on some mesenchymal cells, that vary with the body location. Thus, this observation may be related to the effects of protease inhibitors on steroid hormone metabolism through their inhibition of cytochrome P-450.
Foreign Language Film Exhibition and Distribution in Australia
Authors: De Chiéra Frank
Published: July 2017

A report on foreign language film exhibition and distribution in Australia was commissioned by the Research Unit of the Australian Film and Television School in late 1979. The report, which includes a directory of over 200 individuals and organizations associated with foreign language film services, will be published by the AFTS as a monograph. Presented here is a comprehensive summary of the report (excluding the directory) which indicates that although the future of ‘ethnic’ film theatres is in doubt, exhibition at alternative venues appears to have increased. Similarly, many more distributors (mainly small) have entered the market.
Reporting the Issues in Reporting Asia
Authors: Keen Steve
Published: July 2017

In March this year, ten journalists from all major newspaper groups attended Australia's first ever workshop for journalists. Its subject was the coverage of international news by the Australian press. Organized by the Freedom from Hunger Campaign, the workshop required participants to assess their own product Whereas journalists are constantly evaluating their work on a day to day basis, in this exercise they took the novel approach of reviewing their coverage of one story over a number of months. The object was to have journalists review how well their newspapers explained the issues to their readers, by having them drop their customary role of producers of news, and become its recipients. The experience led them to question whether the traditional framework for reporting was adequate to the task of informing Australians about Asia.
Terrorism & the Media: A Symbiotic Relationship
Authors: Wardlaw Grant
Published: July 2017

If the freedom to publish rests, as indeed it must, upon a general public interest expressed in terms of “need to know”, is this not most sensibly limited by that other public interest of denying to those who would damage the common weal the use of this potent, near irresistible force of the media? There is a real competition of interests here which must be resolved on a philosophical plane before the practical issues can be tackled. The terrorist is an urgent suitor; if he cannot get what he wants by seductive means, he will not hesitate to attempt rape. The real problem seems to be uncertainty on the part of the media whether to play coy handmaiden or harlot. (Cooper, 1977, p143)
Public Television: Responses to the 1982 Preview Broadcasts
Authors: White Peter B , Segall Patsy , Hoad Ian
Published: July 2017

Published below are a series of extracts from Public Television in Melbourne; The preview broadcasts and beyond, which is published by Open Channel in Melbourne. The complete report contains an extensive discussion of the funding of public television in Melbourne, a series of recommendations for action, as well as a more extensive discussion of the issues presented in this article.
Radio from below in Europe
Authors: Nash Chris
Published: July 2017

In Europe the free radio movement faces dilemmas in different countries. In Germany, it is illegal and has little institutional support for its legislation. In Italy, it's legal but unregulated, and has difficulty defining its role.
Television News is Drama: The Dramatic Thrust Theory of Television News
Authors: Breen Myles
Published: July 2017

‘Television is a show business medium. The evening news is a series of minidramas. But real life is not played out in such minidramas … more often than not, what is emotionally appealing — and therefore dramatically captivating — is intellectually vacuous and substantively wrong. What makes good television often makes bad policy.’
Research on: ‘Prejudice and the Media’ in Australia
Authors: Wiseman Roger
Published: July 2017

A survey1 of writing about ethnic prejudice and the media in Australia reveals concerns, reactions and assertions but little systematic or sustained study. Understandable emotion and predictable politics, including the politics of image, have been more influential in claims than have more careful or detached attempts to gather information, analyse and report. Much more could be studied and known and will need to be if practice is to be better informed and effective.
Multilingual Programs on Victorian Radio
Authors: Rando Gaetano
Published: July 2017

Although the last eight or nine years have seen a considerable expansion in the provision of multilingual services, the ethnic audience still seems to suffer an element of under-representation in all three sectors of radio broadcasting. This paper examines the situation relating to the provision of programs in community languages other than English transmitted by radio broadcasting stations in Victoria. Data relating to stations, languages, hours broadcast and program content are presented together with a detailed comparative description of these items and of the different operative structures relating to the provision of multilingual programming in the three sectors of broadcasting where ‘ethnic’ radio seems to be regarded as a somewhat second class service.
Perceived Deviance, Personality and Media Exposure in Sydney
Authors: Ray John J
Published: July 2017

A preliminary Sydney survey of the relations between the amount of TV viewing, attitudes to ‘deviance’, and personality suggests a weak tendency for increased TV viewing to be associated with the perception of others as ‘deviant’. The results are related to the work of Gerbner.