bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Global distribution of neutral wind shear associated with sporadic E layers derived from GAIA
Authors: Shinagawa H. , Miyoshi Y. , Jin H. , Fujiwara H.
Published: March 2017

There have been a number of papers reporting that the statistical occurrence rate of the sporadic E (Es) layer depends not only on the local time and season but also on the geographical location, implying that geographical and seasonal dependence in vertical neutral wind shear is one of the factors responsible for the geographical and seasonal dependence in Es layer occurrences rate. To study the role of neutral wind shear in the global distribution of the Es layer occurrence rate, we employ a self‐consistent atmosphere‐ionosphere coupled model called GAIA (Ground‐to‐topside model of Atmosphere and Ionosphere for Aeronomy), which incorporates meteorological reanalysis data in the lower atmosphere. The average distribution of neutral wind shear in the lower thermosphere is derived for the June–August and December–February periods, and the global distribution of vertical ion convergence is obtained to estimate the Es layer occurrence rate. It is found that the local and seasonal dependence of neutral wind shear is an important factor in determining the dependence of the Es layer occurrence rate on geographical distribution and seasonal variation. However, there are uncertainties in the simulated vertical neutral wind shears, which have larger scales than the observed wind shear scales. Furthermore, other processes such as localization of magnetic field distribution, background metallic ion distribution, ionospheric electric fields, and chemical processes of metallic ions are also likely to make an important contribution to geographical distribution and seasonal variation of the Es occurrence rate.
Survey of Voyager plasma science ions at Jupiter: 1. Analysis method
Authors: Bagenal F. , Dougherty L. P. , Bodisch K. M. , Richardson J. D. , Belcher J. M.
Published: March 2017

The Voyagers 1 and 2 spacecraft flew by Jupiter in March and July of 1979, respectively. The Plasma Science instrument (PLS) acquired detailed measurements of the plasma environment in the equatorial region of the magnetosphere between 4.9 and 4 RJ. While bulk plasma properties such as charge density, ion temperature, and bulk flow were reasonably well determined, the ion composition was only well constrained in occasional regions of cold plasma. The ion data obtained by the PLS instrument have been reanalyzed using physical chemistry models to constrain the composition and reduce the number of free parameters, particularly in regions of hotter plasma. This paper describes the method used for fitting the plasma data and presents the results versus time. Two companion papers describe the composition of heavy ions and present analysis of protons plus other minor ions.
Pickup ion acceleration in the successive appearance of corotating interaction regions
Authors: Tsubouchi K.
Published: March 2017

Acceleration of pickup ions (PUIs) in an environment surrounded by a pair of corotating interaction regions (CIRs) was investigated by numerical simulations using a hybrid code. Energetic particles associated with CIRs have been considered to be a result of the acceleration at their shock boundaries, but recent observations identified the ion flux peaks in the sub‐MeV to MeV energy range in the rarefaction region, where two separate CIRs were likely connected by the magnetic field. Our simulation results confirmed these observational features. As the accelerated PUIs repeatedly bounce back and forth along the field lines between the reverse shock of the first CIR and the forward shock of the second one, the energetic population is accumulated in the rarefaction region. It was also verified that PUI acceleration in the dual CIR system had two different stages. First, because PUIs have large gyroradii, multiple shock crossing is possible for several tens of gyroperiods, and there is an energy gain in the component parallel to the magnetic field via shock drift acceleration. Second, as the field rarefaction evolves and the radial magnetic field becomes dominant, Fermi‐type reflection takes place at the shock. The converging nature of two shocks results in a net energy gain. The PUI energy acquired through these processes is close to 0.5 MeV, which may be large enough for further acceleration, possibly resulting in the source of anomalous cosmic rays.
Influence of the Phytoplankton Community Structure on the Spring and Annual Primary Production in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Mayot Nicolas , D'Ortenzio Fabrizio , Uitz Julia , Gentili Bernard , Ras Joséphine , Vellucci Vincenzo , Golbol Melek , Antoine David , Claustre Hervé
Published: March 2017

Satellite ocean color observations revealed that unusually deep convection events in 2005, 2006, 2010, and 2013 led to an increased phytoplankton biomass during the spring bloom over a large area of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (NWM). Here we investigate the effects of these events on the seasonal phytoplankton community structure, we quantify their influence on primary production, and we discuss the potential biogeochemical impact. For this purpose, we compiled in situ phytoplankton pigment data from five ship surveys performed in the NWM and from monthly cruises at a fixed station in the Ligurian Sea. We derived primary production rates from a light photosynthesis model applied to these in situ data. Our results confirm that the maximum phytoplankton biomass during the spring bloom is larger in years associated with intense deep convection events (+51%). During these enhanced spring blooms, the contribution of diatoms to total phytoplankton biomass increased (+33%), as well as the primary production rate (+115%). The occurrence of a highly productive bloom is also related to an increase in the phytoplankton bloom area (+155%) and in the relative contribution of diatoms to primary production (+63%). Therefore, assuming that deep convection in the NWM could be significantly weakened by future climate changes, substantial decreases in the spring production of organic carbon and of its export to deep waters can be expected.
Satellite radiance data assimilation for binary tropical cyclone cases over the western North Pacific
Authors: Choi Yonghan , Cha Dong‐Hyun , Lee Myong‐In , Kim Joowan , Jin Chun‐Sil , Park Sang‐Hun , Joh Min‐Su
Published: March 2017

A total of three binary tropical cyclone (TC) cases over the Western North Pacific are selected to investigate the effects of satellite radiance data assimilation on analyses and forecasts of binary TCs. Two parallel cycling experiments with a 6 h interval are performed for each binary TC case, and the difference between the two experiments is whether satellite radiance observations are assimilated. Satellite radiance observations are assimilated using the Weather Research and Forecasting Data Assimilation (WRFDA)'s three‐dimensional variational (3D‐Var) system, which includes the observation operator, quality control procedures, and bias correction algorithm for radiance observations. On average, radiance assimilation results in slight improvements of environmental fields and track forecasts of binary TC cases, but the detailed effects vary with the case. When there is no direct interaction between binary TCs, radiance assimilation leads to better depictions of environmental fields, and finally it results in improved track forecasts. However, positive effects of radiance assimilation on track forecasts can be reduced when there exists a direct interaction between binary TCs and intensities/structures of binary TCs are not represented well. An initialization method (e.g., dynamic initialization) combined with radiance assimilation and/or more advanced DA techniques (e.g., hybrid method) can be considered to overcome these limitations.
Representative point‐integrated suspended sediment sampling in rivers
Authors: Gitto A. B. , Venditti J. G. , Kostaschuk R. , Church M.
Published: March 2017

The vast majority of continental sediment delivered to the world's oceans moves by suspension in rivers. Depth‐integrated or point‐integrated bottle samplings are the traditional methods used to determine the mean concentration of suspended sediment in rivers. While there has been some investigation of the error associated with depth‐integrated sampling, the representativeness of a point‐integrated bottle sample has not been addressed in the literature. Here we analyze continuous hour‐long measurements of suspended sediment and grain‐size fractions collected using a LISST‐SL in the sand‐bed portion of the Fraser River, British Columbia, to determine an appropriate sampling time. The 2σ uncertainty range of individual 30 s samples varied from ±3% to ±33% about the observed mean, with a systematic increase toward the streambed. Mean concentrations for suspended sediment and grain‐size fractions were computed over increasing time periods and compared with a long‐duration mean concentration to determine when a sample becomes representative. A cumulative probability distribution was generated from multiple iterations of this process. All suspended sediment load and grain‐size fractions bear a low probability of representing the mean concentration over standard bottle sample durations. A probability >90% of representing the mean concentration and grain size of various fractions requires ∼570 s (9.5 min) of sampling. Sampling for a shorter period of 264 s (4.4 min) can yield a sample with 73% probability of representing the mean concentration.
Posterior population expansion for solving inverse problems
Authors: Jäggli C. , Straubhaar J. , Renard P.
Published: March 2017

Solving inverse problems in a complex, geologically realistic, and discrete model space and from a sparse set of observations is a very challenging task. Extensive exploration by Markov chain Monte Carlo (McMC) methods often results in considerable computational efforts. Most optimization methods, on the other hand, are limited to linear (continuous) model spaces and the minimization of an objective function, what often proves to be insufficient. To overcome these problems, we propose a new ensemble‐based exploration scheme for geostatistical prior models generated by a multiple‐point statistics (MPS) tool. The principle of our method is to expand an existing set of models by using posterior facies information for conditioning new MPS realizations. The algorithm is independent of the physical parametrization. It is tested on a simple synthetic inverse problem. When compared to two existing McMC methods (iterative spatial resampling (ISR) and Interrupted Markov chain Monte Carlo (IMcMC)), the required number of forward model runs was divided by a factor of 8–12.
Contribution of the deep ocean to the centennial changes of the Indonesian Throughflow
Authors: Feng Ming , Zhang Xuebin , Sloyan Bernadette , Chamberlain Matthew
Published: March 2017

The Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) is an important component of the global overturning circulation. In this study, we amend Godfrey's Island Rule to estimate the ITF transport by including contributions from deep ocean vertical transport. Simulations using a near‐global 1/10° ocean general circulation model are used to verify the amended Island Rule. We show that deep ocean circulation is as important as wind‐driven processes to the ITF transport and variability. The centennial weakening of the ITF by 32% during the 21st century, under the high greenhouse gas emission scenario, is primarily associated with reductions in net deep ocean upwelling in the tropical and South Pacific. Deep ocean circulation of the Pacific may become less connected with the ITF transport in a warm climate.
Interplay of solar wind parameters and physical mechanisms producing the saturation of the cross polar cap potential
Authors: Myllys M. , Kipua E. K. J. , Lavraud B.
Published: March 2017

The nonlinear response of the cross polar cap potential (CPCP) to solar wind driving electric field is a well‐known phenomenon. The reasons behind this saturation, however, are still under debate. We have performed a statistical study of the coupling efficiency between the solar wind and the northern polar cap index (PCN). PCN is used as a proxy for the CPCP. Our main focus is in quantifying how the solar wind dynamic pressure alters the efficiency. We show that the saturation of PCN occurs both during low and moderate upstream MA conditions. We also show that the increasing dynamic pressure is associated with increasing PCN. In addition, we find that the coupling is different depending on which parameter, the velocity or the magnetic field, increases the solar wind driving electric field: the higher the velocity the higher the coupling efficiency.
Breakup of land‐fast sea ice in Lützow‐Holm Bay, East Antarctica, and its teleconnection to tropical Pacific sea surface temperatures
Authors: Aoki S.
Published: March 2017

A large land‐fast sea ice breakup occurred in 2016 in Lützow‐Holm Bay, East Antarctica. The breakup caused calving from the Shirase Glacier Tongue. Although similar breakups and calving have been observed in the past, the timing and magnitudes are not well‐constrained. The ice's breakup latitude during 1997–2016 was analyzed to investigate the variables controlling breakup and examine correlation with local calving for a longer period. The breakup latitude in April had a persistently high correlation with sea surface temperature (SST) in the tropical Pacific, which exceeds correlations with local atmospheric variables. The years of five out of six observed calving events from the mid‐20th century can correspond to those of warm SST episodes and calving‐front retreat in the 1980s to warmer SST shift. Our proposed teleconnection between tropical SST and Antarctic sea ice could lead to better predictions of breakup and might impact the glacier flux for a wider region.
Switch‐off slow shock/rotational discontinuity structures in collisionless magnetic reconnection: What to look for in satellite observations
Authors: Innocenti M. E. , Cazzola E. , Mistry R. , Eastwood J. P. , Goldman M. V. , Newman D. L. , Markidis S. , Lapenta G.
Published: March 2017

In Innocenti et al. (2015) we have observed and characterized for the first time Petschek‐like switch‐off slow shock/rotational discontinuity (SO‐SS/RD) compound structures in a 2‐D fully kinetic simulation of collisionless magnetic reconnection. Observing these structures in the solar wind or in the magnetotail would corroborate the possibility that Petschek exhausts develop in collisionless media as a result of single X point collisionless reconnection. Here we highlight their signatures in simulations with the aim of easing their identification in observations. The most notable signatures include a four‐peaked ion current profile in the out‐of‐plane direction, associated ion distribution functions, increased electron and ion anisotropy downstream the SS, and increased electron agyrotropy downstream the RDs.
Inter‐Greek Wars of the Third CenturyBC
Authors: McKechnie Paul
Published: March 2017

After the Lamian War, the cities of peninsular Greece became a pawn in the wider conflicts between Antigonids in Macedon and Ptolemies in Egypt, with the former trying to dominate the Greeks through strategic garrisons and compliant governments while the latter provided money for those opposing Macedon in the name of Greek freedom. New configurations came to prominence in the Greek world, principally the Achaean and Aetolian Leagues, whose rivalries could be exploited by external powers. An attempt to reconstruct Spartan power through internal revolution failed since the thought of Spartan resurgence was even worse than that of Macedonian control.
Spartacus and the Slave Revolts, 133–71BC
Authors: Matyszak Philip
Published: March 2017

By the late second centurybcthere were 500,000 slaves in Sicily. Many were free‐born captives of Rome's recent wars, and in 135 up to 20,000 of these rebelled under the leadership of Eunus. The slaves avoided open confrontation, but the cities they had captured were starved into submission and the revolt was suppressed with great brutality. In 104, the Romans began to free wrongly enslaved Bithynians. When the Sicilian slave‐owners halted the process, many slaves rose up in despair. After besieging Morgantia, the rebel army was defeated at the battle of Triokala. A third uprising broke out in Italy in 73, led by Spartacus. His army, including thousands of enslaved Germanic warriors, initially headed north to break out of Italy, but soon made Sicily its goal instead, defeating scratch Roman forces as it went. Though prevented from crossing to Sicily, Spartacus avoided a trap to pin him in Calabria. His German contingent broke away and was defeated; weakened, Spartacus withdrew into the mountains but was persuaded to launch a disastrous attack on Crassus before fresh Roman armies arrived. The survivors were later crucified.
The Battle of Pistoia, 62BC
Authors: Marshall Richard
Published: March 2017

Following the collapse of a coup at Rome, the failed politician Lucius Sergius Catilina joined a rebellion in the Italian countryside, chiefly composed of indebted veterans. Escape from Italy was blocked by the maneuvering of two armies under Antonius Hybrida and Metellus Celer; in desperation, Catilina turned and attacked Hybrida at Pistoia with a force much reduced by desertion. The rebels were slaughtered to a man.
The Jewish Revolt, 66
Authors: Campbell Brian
Published: March 2017

In 68, Sulpicius Galba joined the Gallic revolt of Vindex against Nero. Vindex was defeated, but Galba marched on Rome with the support of Otho, a neighboring governor in Spain. Nero panicked and committed suicide. Galba was installed as emperor but assassinated in January 69 by the praetorian guard, which proclaimed Otho emperor in his place. In the meantime, Vitellius and the Rhine legions had risen against Galba. Vitellius’ forces crossed into northern Italy and routed Otho's forces at Bedriacum. When news reached Rome, Otho committed suicide. In July, Vespasian was hailed emperor in the east. Vespasian delegated command in the west to subordinates; in the face of Vitellian inactivity, his forces entered Italy unopposed. The decisive battle was again fought at Bedriacum, leading to a Vitellian defeat. In Rome, Vespasian's supporters tried to persuade Vitellius to abdicate, but the praetorians retaliated and parts of the city were burned down. Vespasian's troops were forced to take Rome street by street, capturing Vitellius on December 20 in a final assault on the praetorian barracks.
The Dacian Wars, 84–106
Authors: Sidebottom Harry
Published: March 2017

The Dacians were a formidable foe, politically unified and equipped with sophisticated military technology. In the winter of 84–85, they crossed the Danube into Roman Moesia. They were ejected in 85, and in 86 the Romans struck at Dacia. The Roman army was defeated with the loss of its general, but the situation was stabilized by the arrival of the emperor Domitian. In 88 the Romans invaded Dacia again, and in 89 they attacked their German allies. After suffering reverses in the field, however, Domitian concluded peace. No narrative of Trajan's conquest of Dacia survives, and Trajan's Column, though depicting scenes from this war, is difficult to interpret. Trajan invaded Dacia in 101, winning the hard‐fought battle of Tapae. In 102, a three‐pronged invasion was launched, which led to the Dacians agreeing to peace terms. In 105, the Second Dacian War was launched on a pretext. Unable to withstand the Roman armies, the Dacian king Decebalus unsuccessfully plotted to assassinate Trajan but was eventually cornered and committed suicide. Dacia was added to the empire.
The Third‐Century “Crisis”
Authors: Hartmann Udo
Published: March 2017

For 50 years (between 235 and 284), the Roman empire experienced an unprecedented succession of challenges. Some were external, such as the expansionary ambitions of the Sasanids in the east and the pressure from tribes on the Danube and Rhine frontiers, and others (even more dangerous) were internal, as unsuccessful emperors were repeatedly challenged by their leading generals. In the 260 s the empire appeared to be fragmenting as Palmyra took control of much of the eastern frontier while Gaul was controlled by separatist emperors. Eventually energetic campaigning by Aurelian stabilized the situation.
The Fourth‐Century Roman Empire: Internal
Authors: Humphries Mark
Published: March 2017

After Constantine death, conflict over control of Italy broke out between Constantine II and Constans, in which the former was killed. In 350 Constans’ unpopular regime was challenged by Magnentius, whose resistance to Constantius’ attack from the east resulted in exceptionally bloody conflicts. In 361 the Caesar Julian's rebellion triggered a destructive siege at Aquileia. Two decades later the unpopularity of Gratian led to his overthrow by Magnus Maximus; for a time distractions in the east led to the latter's acceptance as de facto emperor, but in 388 Emperor Theodosius marched west to crush the usurpation in further bloody battles.
The Vandals in Spain and Africa, 422–468
Authors: Humphries Mark
Published: March 2017

Attempts by the Vandals to find a secure territory for themselves led them first to Spain, where they competed with other tribal groups, and then, in 429, across to North Africa, where they exploited Roman internal conflicts to advance east to capture Carthage in 439. There they successfully resisted attempts by both western and eastern emperors to dislodge them.
3D Porous Cu Current Collector/Li‐Metal Composite Anode for Stable Lithium‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Li Qi , Zhu Shoupu , Lu Yingying
Published: March 2017

Lithium‐metal batteries are of particular interest for next‐generation electrical energy storage because of their high energy density on both volumetric and gravimetric bases. Effective strategies to stabilize the Li‐metal anode are the prerequisite for the progress of these exceptional storage technologies, such as Li–S and Li–O2 batteries. Various challenges, such as uneven Li electrodeposition, anode volume expansion, and dendrite‐induced short‐circuit have hindered the practical application of rechargeable Li‐metal batteries. Herein, a one‐step facile and cost‐effective strategy for stabilizing lithium‐metal batteries via 3D porous Cu current collector/Li‐metal composite anode is reported. The porous structure of the composite electrode provides a “cage” for the redeposition of “hostless” lithium and accommodates the anode volume expansion during cycling. Compared with planar Cu foil, its high specific surface area favors the electrochemical reaction kinetics and lowers the local current density along the anode. It leads to low interfacial resistance and stabilizes the Li electrodeposition. On this basis, galvanostatic measurements are performed on both symmetric cells and Li/Li4Ti5O12 cells and it is found that the electrodes exhibit exceptional abilities of promoting cell lifetime and stabilizing the cycling behavior. Although this work focuses on lithium metal, this novel tactic is easy to generalize to other metal electrodes.
Materials for Microfluidic Immunoassays: A Review
Authors: Mou Lei , Jiang Xingyu
Published: March 2017

Conventional immunoassays suffer from at least one of these following limitations: long processing time, high costs, poor user‐friendliness, technical complexity, poor sensitivity and specificity. Microfluidics, a technology characterized by the engineered manipulation of fluids in channels with characteristic lengthscale of tens of micrometers, has shown considerable promise for improving immunoassays that could overcome these limitations in medical diagnostics and biology research. The combination of microfluidics and immunoassay can detect biomarkers with faster assay time, reduced volumes of reagents, lower power requirements, and higher levels of integration and automation compared to traditional approaches. This review focuses on the materials‐related aspects of the recent advances in microfluidics‐based immunoassays for point‐of‐care (POC) diagnostics of biomarkers. We compare the materials for microfluidic chips fabrication in five aspects: fabrication, integration, function, modification and cost, and describe their advantages and drawbacks. In addition, we review materials for modifying antibodies to improve the performance of the reaction of immunoassay. We also review the state of the art in microfluidic immunoassays POC platforms, from the laboratory to routine clinical practice, and also commercial products in the market. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future developments in microfluidic immunoassays.
Strategies to Improve Cancer Photothermal Therapy Mediated by Nanomaterials
Authors: de Melo‐Diogo Duarte , Pais‐Silva Cleide , Dias Diana R. , Moreira André F. , Correia Ilídio J.
Published: March 2017

The deployment of hyperthermia‐based treatments for cancer therapy has captured the attention of different researchers worldwide. In particular, the application of light‐responsive nanomaterials to mediate hyperthermia has revealed promising results in several pre‐clinical assays. Unlike conventional therapies, these nanostructures can display a preferential tumor accumulation and thus mediate, upon irradiation with near‐infrared light, a selective hyperthermic effect with temporal resolution. Different types of nanomaterials such as those based on gold, carbon, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, iron, palladium and conjugated polymers have been used for this photothermal modality. This progress report summarizes the different strategies that have been applied so far for increasing the efficacy of the photothermal therapeutic effect mediated by nanomaterials, namely those that improve the accumulation of nanomaterials in tumors (e.g. by changing the corona composition or through the functionalization with targeting ligands), increase nanomaterials' intrinsic capacity to generate photoinduced heat (e.g. by synthesizing new nanomaterials or assembling nanostructures) or by optimizing the parameters related to the laser light used in the irradiation process (e.g. by modulating the radiation wavelength). Overall, the development of new strategies or the optimization and combination of the existing ones will surely give a major contribution for the application of nanomaterials in cancer PTT.
Engineering of Functional Manganites Grown by MOCVD for Miniaturized Devices
Authors: Pla Dolors , Jimenez Carmen , Burriel Mónica
Published: March 2017

The hottest and most interesting state‐of‐the‐art research activities carried out in manganite thin films grown by metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) are reported. The main strategies to tailor their physical properties, such as the impact of the substrate‐induced strain, the defect density, or the influence of stoichiometry in the nanostructured films, are highlighted. Relevant examples of their implementation and integration in miniaturized devices aiming to their future use in information storage, field‐effect sensing, and spintronics applications, are also presented.
Argon Plasma Treatment of Fluorine‐Free Silane Coatings: A Facile, Environment‐Friendly Method to Prepare Durable, Superhydrophobic Fabrics
Authors: Liu Shuai , Zhou Hua , Wang Hongxia , Zhao Yan , Shao Hao , Xu Zhiguang , Feng Zhihua , Liu Deqi , Lin Tong
Published: March 2017

A novel method to prepare durable superhydrophobic fabrics through pre‐applying an alkyl silane (alkyl chain longer than C15) onto fabric substrate and by subsequent vacuum plasma treatment in argon is reported. The treated fabrics show a contact angle of 154.2° with low contact angle hysteresis (sliding angle 4.5°). The coatings are durable and can withstand 150 cycles of standard laundries. The argon plasma treatment is found to significantly enhance SiOSi bonding among the silane molecules, leading to a highly crosslinked silica network. The silane coating also shows high optical transparency. Apart from fabrics, other substrates such as filter paper, plastic film, glass slide, silicon wafer, and metal are treated in a similar way, and all the treated surface show durable hydrophobicity, though the contact angle is lower than that of the coated fabrics. Post‐crosslinking of silane through argon plasma treatment may offer a facile but environment‐friendly way to prepare durable superhydrophobic fabrics.
BIM im Infrastrukturbau der Deutschen Bahn
Authors: Ehrbar Heinz
Published: March 2017

Großprojekte im Infrastrukturbau haben häufig den Ruf, wenig erfolgreich zu sein. Auch wenn diese Generalisierung den hohen Anteil erfolgreicher Projekte zu Unrecht ausblendet, ist unbestritten, dass es den Handlungsbedarf gibt, Großprojekte mit einer höheren Erfolgsquote erfolgreich zu realisieren. Das erfolgreiche Realisieren eines Großprojekts verlangt, dass die anfänglich gestellten Anforderungen an das Projekt vollumfänglich erfüllt werden. Die Projektanforderungen umfassen dabei die Anforderungen bezüglich Qualität, Kosten und Termine. Bei richtiger Interpretation des Qualitätsbegriffs sind auch die Anforderungen der Arbeitssicherheit, des schonenden Umgangs mit der Umwelt, der Organisation und der Prozesse, die Anforderungen des Markts und der öffentlichen Meinung inbegriffen.

Es stellt sich die Frage, ob mit dem Einsatz von Building Information Modeling (BIM) ein Beitrag zur besseren Erfüllung der Projektanforderungen der Großprojekte gleistet werden kann. Wenn unter der Einführung von BIM mehr verstanden wird als die 3‐D‐CAD‐Planung, nämlich die integrale Steuerung von Projekten mittels numerischer Modelle, lässt sich die Frage klar positiv beantworten. Voraussetzung für eine erfolgreiche Einführung von BIM ist aber der parallele kulturelle Wandel hin zu einer partnerschaftlichen Projektabwicklung, verbunden mit angepassten Prozessen, Organisationsformen und einem professionellen Risikomanagement.
Optimization of the Reaction Conditions for Catalytic Fast Pyrolysis of Pretreated Lignin over Zeolite for the Production of Phenol
Authors: Ma Zhiqiang , Ghosh Ashim , Asthana Navinchandra , van Bokhoven Jeroen
Published: March 2017

The front cover artwork for Issue 6/2017 was a collaboration between the Heterogeneous Catalysis Group at the ETH Zurich, the Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry at the Paul Scherrer Institute, and SABIC. The image shows the complete route starting with the growth of biomass, harvesting, lignin isolation/pretreatment and catalytic conversion to the yielded products. By choosing different paths (red arrows), different products can be selectively produced. See the Full Paper itself at https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201601674.
Optimization of Process Variables for Biodiesel Production Using the Nanomagnetic Catalyst CaO/NaY‐Fe3O4
Authors: Firouzjaee Mahjoobeh Hajitabar , Taghizadeh Majid
Published: March 2017

Due to decreasing oil resources, alternative fuels such as biodiesel are required. The nanomagnetic catalyst CaO/NaY‐Fe3O4 was synthesized and used for biodiesel production from canola oil. The structure of the catalysts was characterized by X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller method, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer method. To optimize the influence of the operating variables, such as the methanol/canola oil molar ratio, the amount of catalyst, and the reaction time, on the yield of transesterification reaction, an experimental design was applied based on the Box‐Behnken method. The optimum values of these variables were predicted by the cubic model and were in excellent agreement with the experimental results.
Reactive Liquid‐Flow Simulation of Micromixers Based on Grid Deformation Techniques
Authors: Mierka Otto , Munir Maimoona , Spille Claas , Timmermann Jens , Schlüter Michael , Turek Stefan
Published: March 2017

Process intensification of engineering applications in the framework of reacting flows in micromixer devices attracts the attention of engineers and scientists from various fields. With the steadily increasing available computational resources, the traditional experimentally supported investigations may be extended by computational ones. For this purpose, a simulation framework based on state‐of‐the‐art numerical techniques extended with special grid deformation techniques has been developed. Its validation in terms of comparison with computational and experimental results in reacting as well as in non‐reacting frameworks has been performed on the basis of the T‐mixer and SuperFocus mixer, respectively. The computational efficiency of the developed tool is shown to be applicable for optimization tasks, such as reverse engineering purposes.
Adaptations following an intermittent hypoxia‐hyperoxia training in coronary artery disease patients: a controlled study
Authors: Glazachev Oleg , Kopylov Phylipp , Susta Davide , Dudnik Elena , Zagaynaya Elena
Published: March 2017

Background

Repeated exposure to intermittent normobaric hypoxia improves exercise tolerance in cardiac patients. Little is known on the effects of intermittent normobaric hypoxia‐hyperoxia exposure in coronary artery disease (CAD) patients (New York Heart Association II–III).

Hypothesis

IHHT improves exercise tolerance, cardiometabolic profile, and quality of life in CAD patients.

Methods

The study design was a nonrandomized, controlled, before‐and‐after trial. Forty‐six CAD patients volunteered to take part in the study: a group of 27 patients undertook the intermittent hypoxia (O2
at 10%)–hyperoxia (O2
at 30%) training (IHHT), whereas a control group (CTRL) of 19 patients, who already completed an 8‐week standard cardiac rehabilitation program, was allocated to sham‐IHHT treatment (breathing room air, O2
at 21%). Exercise performance, blood and metabolic profiles, and quality of life (Seattle Angina Questionnaire [SAQ]) were measured before and after in the IHHT group (IHHG) and sham‐IHHT in the CTRL group.

Results

The IHHG showed improved exercise capacity, reduced systolic and diastolic blood pressures, enhanced left ventricle ejection fraction, and reduced glycemia, but only at 1‐month follow‐up. Angina as a reason to stop exercising was significantly reduced after treatment and at 1‐month follow‐up. The IHHT SAQ profile was improved in the IHHG and not significantly different to the CTRL group after standard rehabilitation. The IHHG was also compared to the CTRL group at 1‐month follow‐up, and no differences were found.

Conclusions

In CAD patients, an IHHT program is associated with improved exercise tolerance, healthier risks factors profile, and a better quality of life. Our study also suggests that IHHT is as effective as an 8‐week standard rehabilitation program.
Avoidance of channel interference in polygonal IoT networks
Authors: Zin HyeonCheol , Kim ChongGun , Wu Mary , Kim Shinheon
Published: March 2017

One of the popular methods studied for indoor positioning is based on Wi‐Fi signal strength. But distance decisions using signal strength show not only intuitive results but also irregular results. Some sensors are used to increase the correctness of indoor positioning. Compass sensors and laser sensors were proven to be good additional methods for better positioning in a Wi‐Fi–based system. The main role of Wi‐Fi access points (APs) in indoor positioning is making the preliminary decision using received signal strength indicator (RSSI) signals and providing the infrastructure for communications.

Sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT) are almost synonymous these days. For communication between sensors, the sensors are connected to the network based on a Wi‐Fi AP. The effective use of different channels among neighboring APs is a big challenge, because sensor nodes have limited power. Because of the radio frequency characteristics in wireless communication, interference and packet collisions can occur among the channels of neighboring APs. The undesirable usage of overlapping channels among neighboring APs may lead to increased energy consumption because of the resulting re‐transmissions. Based on this study, overlapping channels among neighboring APs can decrease the performance of preliminary Wi‐Fi–based positioning.

The communication range for an AP is considered as the cell. By assigning non‐overlapping channels among neighboring cells, the interference problem between channels among the APs can be resolved. In this study, a simple and straightforward, exclusive channel‐allocation algorithm is proposed. It allocates exclusive channels among neighboring APs. The whole network topology based on APs can be expressed as various polygonal networks. In order to complete non‐collision channel allocation, we provide 5 rules to support the proposed algorithm. The results of our experiment show that the proposed algorithm successfully assigns exclusive channels among neighboring APs using only 4 channels in a complicated polygonal network topology.
Simultaneous use of multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification assay and flow cytometric DNA ploidy analysis in patients with acute leukemia
Authors: Reyes‐Núñez Virginia , Galo‐Hooker Evelyn , Pérez‐Romano Beatriz , Duque Ricardo E. , Ruiz‐Arguelles Alejandro , Garcés‐Eisele Javier
Published: March 2017

Background

The aim of this work was to simultaneously use multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA) assay and flow cytometric DNA ploidy analysis (FPA) to detect aneuploidy in patients with newly diagnosed acute leukemia.

Methods

MLPA assay and propidium iodide FPA were used to test samples from 53 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed acute leukemia referred to our laboratory for immunophenotyping. Results were compared by nonparametric statistics.

Results

The combined use of both methods significantly increased the rate of detection of aneuploidy as compared to that obtained by each method alone. The limitations of one method are somehow countervailed by the other and vice versa.

Conclusions

MPLA and FPA yield different yet complementary information concerning aneuploidy in acute leukemia. The simultaneous use of both methods might be recommended in the clinical setting. © 2017 International Clinical Cytometry Society
“Giving” and “responding” differences in gestural communication between nonhuman great ape mothers and infants
Authors: Schneider Christel , Liebal Katja , Call Josep
Published: March 2017

In the first comparative analysis of its kind, we investigated gesture behavior and response patterns in 25 captive ape mother–infant dyads (six bonobos, eight chimpanzees, three gorillas, and eight orangutans). We examined (i) how frequently mothers and infants gestured to each other and to other group members; and (ii) to what extent infants and mothers responded to the gestural attempts of others. Our findings confirmed the hypothesis that bonobo mothers were more proactive in their gesturing to their infants than the other species. Yet mothers (from all four species) often did not respond to the gestures of their infants and other group members. In contrast, infants “pervasively” responded to gestures they received from their mothers and other group members. We propose that infants’ pervasive responsiveness rather than the quality of mother investment and her responsiveness may be crucial to communication development in nonhuman great apes.
Foxd4 is essential for establishing neural cell fate and for neuronal differentiation
Authors: Sherman Jonathan H. , Karpinski Beverly A. , Fralish Matthew S. , Cappuzzo Justin M. , Dhindsa Devinder S. , Thal Arielle G. , Moody Sally A. , LaMantia Anthony S. , Maynard Thomas M.
Published: March 2017

Many molecular factors required for later stages of neuronal differentiation have been identified; however, much less is known about the early events that regulate the initial establishment of the neuroectoderm. We have used an in vitro embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation model to investigate early events of neuronal differentiation and to define the role of mouse Foxd4, an ortholog of a forkhead‐family transcription factor central to Xenopus neural plate/neuroectodermal precursor development. We found that Foxd4 is a necessary regulator of the transition from pluripotent ESC to neuroectodermal stem cell, and its expression is necessary for neuronal differentiation. Mouse Foxd4 expression is not only limited to the neural plate but it is also expressed and apparently functions to regulate neurogenesis in the olfactory placode. These in vitro results suggest that mouse Foxd4 has a similar function to its Xenopus ortholog; this was confirmed by successfully substituting murine Foxd4 for its amphibian counterpart in overexpression experiments. Thus, Foxd4 appears to regulate the initial steps in establishing neuroectodermal precursors during initial development of the nervous system.
The modelled cost‐effectiveness of cognitive dissonance for the prevention of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa in adolescent girls in Australia
Authors: Le Long Khanh‐Dao , Barendregt Jan J. , Hay Phillipa , Sawyer Susan M. , Paxton Susan J. , Mihalopoulos Cathrine
Published: March 2017

Background

Eating disorders (EDs), including anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), are prevalent disorders that carry substantial economic and social burden. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the modelled population cost‐effectiveness of cognitive dissonance (CD), a school‐based preventive intervention for EDs, in the Australian health care context.

Method

A population‐based Markov model was developed to estimate the cost per disability adjusted life‐year (DALY) averted by CD relative to no intervention. We modelled the cases of AN and BN that could be prevented over a 10‐year time horizon in each study arm and the subsequent reduction in DALYs associated with this. The target population was 15‐18 year old secondary school girls with high body‐image concerns. This study only considered costs of the health sector providing services and not costs to individuals. Multivariate probabilistic and one‐way sensitivity analyses were conducted to test model assumptions.

Results

Findings showed that the mean incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio at base‐case for the intervention was $103,980 per DALY averted with none of the uncertainty iterations falling below the threshold of AUD$50,000 per DALY averted. The evaluation was most sensitive to estimates of participant rates with higher rates associated with more favourable results. The intervention would become cost‐effective (84% chance) if the effect of the intervention lasted up to 5 years.

Conclusion

As modelled, school‐based CD intervention is not a cost‐effective preventive intervention for AN and BN. Given the burden of EDs, understanding how to improve participation rates is an important opportunity for future research.
Species distribution models predict temporal but not spatial variation in forest growth
Authors: van der Maaten Ernst , Hamann Andreas , van der Maaten‐Theunissen Marieke , Bergsma Aldo , Hengeveld Geerten , van Lammeren Ron , Mohren Frits , Nabuurs Gert‐Jan , Terhürne Renske , Sterck Frank
Published: March 2017

Bioclimate envelope models have been widely used to illustrate the discrepancy between current species distributions and their potential habitat under climate change. However, the realism and correct interpretation of such projections has been the subject of considerable discussion. Here, we investigate whether climate suitability predictions correlate to tree growth, measured in permanent inventory plots and inferred from tree‐ring records. We use the ensemble classifier RandomForest and species occurrence data from ~200,000 inventory plots to build species distribution models for four important European forestry species: Norway spruce, Scots pine, European beech, and pedunculate oak. We then correlate climate‐based habitat suitability with volume measurements from ~50‐year‐old stands, available from ~11,000 inventory plots. Secondly, habitat projections based on annual historical climate are compared with ring width from ~300 tree‐ring chronologies. Our working hypothesis is that habitat suitability projections from species distribution models should to some degree be associated with temporal or spatial variation in these growth records. We find that the habitat projections are uncorrelated with spatial growth records (inventory plot data), but they do predict interannual variation in tree‐ring width, with an average correlation of .22. Correlation coefficients for individual chronologies range from values as high as .82 or as low as −.31. We conclude that tree responses to projected climate change are highly site‐specific and that local suitability of a species for reforestation is difficult to predict. That said, projected increase or decrease in climatic suitability may be interpreted as an average expectation of increased or reduced growth over larger geographic scales.
Shortcuts in biodiversity research: What determines the performance of higher taxa as surrogates for species?
Authors: Rosser Neil
Published: March 2017

Biodiversity research is often impeded by the time and resources required to identify species. One possible solution is to use higher taxa to predict species richness and community composition. However, previous studies have shown that the performance of higher taxa as surrogates for species is highly variable, making it difficult to predict whether the method will be reliable for a particular objective. Using 8 independent datasets, I tested whether higher taxa accurately characterize the responses of beetle and ant communities to environmental drivers. For each dataset, ordinations were carried out using species and higher taxa, and the two compared using the Procrustes m² statistic (a scale‐independent variant of Procrustes sum of squares). I then modelled the relationship between five hypothesised explanatory variables and 1) Procrustes m², and 2) the coefficient of determination (R²) for the correlation between richness of species and higher taxa. The species to higher taxon ratio, community structure, beta diversity, completeness of sampling, and taxon (beetles or ants) were all significant predictors of m², together explaining 88% of the variance. The only significant predictor of R² was the species to higher taxon ratio, which explained 45% of the variance. When using higher taxa to predict community composition, better performance is expected when the ratio of species to higher taxa is low, in communities with high evenness and high species turnover, and when there is niche conservation within higher taxa. When using higher taxa to predict species richness, effective surrogacy can be expected when the species to higher taxon ratio is very low. When it is not, surrogacy performance may be strongly influenced by stochastic factors, making predictions of performance difficult.