bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects on Serum Lipids of Different Dietary Fats Associated with a High Sucrose Diet
Authors: Mann J. I. , Watermeyer G. S. , Manning E. B. , Randles J. , Truswell A. S.
Published: August 2015

1. Each of nine volunteers was fed three different diets. The percentage of total daily energy provided by fat, carbohydrate and protein remained constant, but the nature of the fat and carbohydrate was altered. The first diet contained ordinary amounts of sucrose and predominantly saturated fat. During the second dietary period, fat remained saturated, but the quantity of sucrose was increased at the expense of complex carbohydrate. In the third dietary period, the sucrose intake remained high, but fat was supplied chiefly in the polyunsaturated form.

2. A small but statistically significant increase of serum fasting cholesterol and triglyceride was observed during the second dietary period, but on the third diet levels of both lipids fell to concentrations not significantly different from those seen on the first diet.
Plasma Dopamine β-Hydroxylase and Noradrenaline Amounts in Essential Hypertension
Authors: Geffen L. B. , Rush R. A. , Louis W. J. , Doyle A. E.
Published: August 2015

1. Plasma dopamine β-hydroxylase (DβH) amounts were measured by radioimmunoassay in twenty-eight patients, twenty of whom had essential hypertension. There was a positive correlation between resting diastolic blood pressure and plasma DβH concentration.

2. Plasma DβH amounts also correlated significantly with those of plasma noradrenaline (NA) in individual patients.

3. These findings provide further support for the conclusions drawn from studies of plasma catecholamines that the sympathetic nervous system contributes toward the maintenance of the elevated blood pressure in essential hypertension.
Histamine Metabolism in Human Gastric Mucosa
Authors: Dencker H. , Kahlson G. , Kockum Inger , Norryd C. , Rosengren Elsa
Published: August 2015

1. The histamine-forming capacity, i.e. histidine decarboxylase activity, was studied in the acid-secreting mucosa of the human stomach employing a highly sensitive and specific isotope-dilution method. Activity was observed in each of six specimens.

2. The enzyme, histamine methyltransferase, which methylates ring nitrogen, was also present and the product, which is inactive as a gastric acid secretogogue, was observed.

3. The products of side-chain N-methylation, N-methylhistamine and N-dimethylhistamine, both of which are highly active in promoting acid secretion, could not be detected by biological and chromatographic techniques.
Altered Bile Acid Metabolism during Treatment with Phenobarbitone
Authors: Miller N. E. , Nestel P. J.
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of phenobarbitone on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism have been examined in healthy humans.

2. In three of four subjects the faecal excretion of bile acids was increased by phenobarbitone. This was associated with an increased pool size and turnover of cholic acid. Cholesterol excretion was not clearly affected. The fourth subject who did not respond was also exceptional in not showing an increase in the plasma clearance of antipyrine.

3. The three responsive subjects also developed significant increases in plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. These findings were associated with an early rise in very-low-density lipoprotein and a fall in plasma cholesterol specific radioactivity in one patient, changes compatible with increased cholesterol synthesis.
The Bioassay of Human Endogenous Pyrogen
Authors: Allison E. S. , Cranston W. I. , Duff G. W. , Luff R. H. , Rawlins M. D.
Published: August 2015

1. A method is described for the quantitative assay of human endogenous pyrogen in saline and plasma which is valid in the presence of exogenous pyrogens.

2. The value of the assay is demonstrated by a study of the relation between endotoxin concentration and endogenous pyrogen production by human leucocytes in vitro.
Radioimmunoassay of Aldosterone in Plasma and Urine: Validation of a Novel Separation Technique and a Rapid Urine Assay
Authors: Jowett T. P. , Slater J. D. H. , Piyasena R. D. , Ekins R. P.
Published: August 2015

1. A rapid, robust, accurate and sensitive radioimmunoassay procedure is described for the measurement of plasma and urinary aldosterone.

2. A new, simple method is validated for the separation of free from bound moieties which has general applicability and which involves the measurement of free steroid by direct extraction into toluene-based liquid scintillator.

3. A new method, of validated specificity, is described for the measurement of the acid-labile metabolite of aldosterone in urine which avoids the necessity for preliminary chromatographic purification.
The Organization of a Multi-Centre Randomized Control Therapeutic Trial for Mild to Moderate Hypertension
Authors: Peart W. S.
Published: August 2015

1. The organization of a multi-centre randomized therapeutic trial for mild hypertension is described.

2. Particular attention will be paid to the effect of blood pressure lowering on susceptibility to myocardial infarction.

3. It is calculated that screening of around 180 000 subjects will be required, and that approx. 9000 men and 9000 women will eventually enter the treated group, and a similar number be randomly allocated to the control group.

4. Two separate hypotensive drugs, with different modes of action, will be employed in the treated group.
An Epidemiological Study of Hypertension
Authors: Kimura Takeshi
Published: August 2015

1. Epidemiological studies in Iwate, Northern Japan, have confirmed a higher incidence of cerebrovascular accidents and a lower incidence of ischaemic heart diseases in Japan than in North America and Western Europe.

2. The average daily diet in Iwate is relatively low in animal proteins and fat, but relatively high in sodium.

3. Serum cholesterol is relatively low in inhabitants of Iwate.

4. The higher incidence of cerebrovascular accidents may be related to the higher sodium intake, whereas the lower incidence of ischaemic heart disease may be related to the lower intake of animal protein and fat and probably consequent lower serum cholesterol.
Sympathetic Activity and Essential Hypertension
Authors: Louis W. J. , Doyle A. E. , Anavekar S. N. , Chua K. G.
Published: August 2015

1. In thirty-one patients with essential hypertension there was a close relationship between resting diastolic blood pressure and basal plasma noradrenaline levels (r = 0.729, P<O.001).

2. After ganglionic blockade there was a highly significant correlation between change in resting blood pressure and change in plasma noradrenaline (r = 0.813, P<0*001).

3. Patients with the highest resting blood pressure had the largest falls in blood pressure and plasma noradrenaline.

4. These results suggest that the level of the blood pressure in essential hypertension is at least in part due to excess of sympathetic activity.
Reversibility of Baroreceptor Adaptation in Chronic Hypertension
Authors: Salgado Helio Cesar , Krieger Eduardo Moacyr
Published: August 2015

1. The pressure thresholds at which the aortic baroreceptors cease firing and attain continuous firing were determined in rats with renal hypertension of up to 2 months' duration.

2. After control recording the kidney was undipped and, if necessary, the rats were bled to restore normal pressure. After 1 and 6 h the baroreceptors were again studied.

3. It was found that the entire baroreceptor pressure range shifted progressively downward to normal levels after the normalization of pressure.
The Value of Portably Recorded Blood Pressures in the Initiation of Treatment of Moderate Hypertension
Authors: Sokolow Maurice , Perloff Dorothee , Cowan Ronald
Published: August 2015

1. The value of making portable-recorder measurements of blood pressure has been studied.

2. The danger associated with mild arterial pressure elevation is not immediate, but almost any reduction in pressure is likely to reduce risk.

3. Patient and doctor together must decide what burden of side effects of hypotensive therapy is tolerable.

4. Such decisions will become rational only when the probability of vascular involvement can be accurately assessed in a given patient.

5. The likelihood of arresting the disease through antihypertensive therapy must similarly be assessed.
The Vicious Circle in Acute Malignant Hypertension of Rats
Authors: Dauda G. , Möhring J. , Hofbauer K. G. , Homsy E. , Miksche Ulrike , Orth H. , Gross F.
Published: August 2015

1. In renal hypertensive rats, increase in blood pressure above 180 mmHg may induce sodium and water loss, reduced growth rate, elevated haematocrit, a marked rise in plasma renin concentration, an increase in renin extractable from the clamped and the contralateral kidney and malignant nephrosclerosis of the contralateral kidney. These symptoms characterize the malignant phase of renal hypertension in rats.

2. When water was given as drinking fluid, ten of eighteen rats developed signs of malignant hypertension and malignant nephrosclerosis within 3–4 weeks. Administration of 0.9% saline instead of water induced higher blood-pressure levels, but only five of eighteen rats showed malignant nephrosclerosis. When drinking fluid was changed from water to saline shortly before or shortly after the onset of malignant hypertension, the condition improved, and in only one of twelve rats was malignant nephrosclerosis observed.

3. It is concluded that in renal hypertensive rats sodium supplements may improve or prevent signs of malignant hypertension and the development of malignant nephrosclerosis.
Ionic Composition of Arterial Wall in Experimental Hypertension
Authors: Rorive G. L. F. J. , Van Cauwenberge H.
Published: August 2015

1. To obtain additional information on the role of the ionic composition of the vascular wall in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension, we studied the distribution of ions in aorta and tail arteries of rats with experimental renal hypertension.

2. The water content of rat aorta is markedly increased in hypertensive animals [1992 ml/kg-dry weight (DW) compared with 1688 ml/kg DW].

3. Na, K, Ca, Mg and to a less extent Cl content is increased in both aorta and tail arteries.

4. These modifications are not affected by incubation in vitro.

5. Compartmental analysis as well as pharmacological studies suggest that part of the water increase and most of the potassium excess are related to a hypertrophy of smooth-muscle cells in hypertensive arteries.

6. The sodium excess in the vessels of hypertensive rats is bound in the extracellular space on anionic sites.

7. From these observations, it seems unlikely that the ionic modification described could affect the membrane potential of smooth-muscle cells, since the ratio between extra- and intra-cellular concentration is not markedly affected.

8. The bound sodium could affect the viscoelastic properties of the arteries of hypertensive animals. Cell hypertrophy by itself could explain at least partly the modification of the ionic composition and the increased reactivity of hypertensive vessels.
Effects of Angiotensin on Plasma Electrolyte Concentrations in Rabbits and in Man
Authors: Healy J. K. , Elliott A. J. , Harrison L. C.
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of an intravenous infusion of angiotensin on plasma electrolytes were examined in normal, adrenalectomized and nephrectomized groups of rabbits and in normal man. Rabbits were given 1 μg kg−1 min−1 and human subjects 0.008–0.030 μg kg−1 min−1 of angiotensin.

2. In normal rabbits, angiotensin increased arterial and venous plasma K within 2 min by 0.8 and 0.4 mmol l−1 respectively, some hyperkalaemia persisting for 30–60 min. After 60 min arterial plasma Na decreased by 3.8 mmol l−1 and Cl by 2.4 mmol l−1. Arterial blood pH increased 0.04 units after 15 min, and arterial plasma Mg and Ca rose slightly after 2 min. Pressor response was 20–28 mmHg.

3. In adrenalectomized and nephrectomized rabbits, arterial plasma K rose within 2 min by 2.6 and 3.8 mmol l−1 respectively. Arterial plasma Na fell after 60 min in both groups, and also after 2 min in nephrectomized animals. Venous plasma K and Na showed similar although less marked changes. Changes in plasma Mg, Ca and blood pH were not significant. Pressor response in both groups exceeded that in normal rabbits.

4. In man, a sustained rise of 0.2–0.3 mmol 1-1 occurred in arterial plasma K during angiotensin infusion. Arterial blood pH rose 0.01 units after 15 min. Pressor response was 12–15 mmHg.

5. It was concluded that plasma electrolyte levels may change during angiotensin administration in rabbits and man, and that these changes may influence interpretation of physiological actions of angiotensin.
Plasma Oxalate Concentration and Renal Excretion of Oxalate in Man
Authors: Hodgkinson A. , Wilkinson R.
Published: August 2015

1. The concentration of oxalate in plasma was determined by an isotopic method involving the simultaneous measurement of [14C]oxalate activities in plasma and urine and the concentration of stable oxalate in the urine.

2. Plasma oxalate concentrations ranged from 1.3 to 1.6 μmol/l (11.8–14.3 μg/100 ml) in three normal men; in fifteen male patients with renal calcium oxalate stones the mean value was 1.73 μmol/l (15.6 μg/100 ml), SD = 0.55 μmol/l (4.98 μg/100 ml).

3. The renal clearance of [14C]oxalate ranged from 162 to 358 ml/min (mean = 249 ml/min) in the normal subjects and from 95 to 315 ml/min (mean = 201 ml/min) in the patients. A direct and statistically significant relationship was observed between the oxalate and creatinine clearances.

4. The oxalate/creatinine clearance ratio ranged from 1.42 to 2.60 (mean = 1.95) in the normal subjects and from 1.04 to 2.33 (mean = 1.76) in the patients, implying a net renal tubular secretion of oxalate. However, oxalate excretion was unaffected by probenecid, a drug known to inhibit the active tubular transport of organic anions.

5. Possible errors in the determination of plasma oxalate concentration and oxalate clearance by chemical and isotopic methods are discussed.

6. Intravenous administration of [14C]oxalate to eight subjects allowed estimations of the miscible oxalate pool [mean = 53.3 μmol (4.80 mg); SD = 18.7 μmol (1.68 mg)], the volume of distribution of [14C]oxalate (mean = 45.2% of body weight; SD = 5.65) and the biological half-life of [14C]oxalate (mean = 91.10 min; SD = 13.89).
An Increasing Work RATE Test for Assessing the Physiological Strain of Submaximal Exercise
Authors: Spiro S. G. , Juniper E. , Bowman P. , Edwards R. H. T.
Published: August 2015

1. A progressive exercise test was performed on forty-four male and twenty-nine female healthy Europeans, aged between 20 and 64 years. Values for cardiac frequency (fH) and ventilation (V̇) were interpolated to standard (submaximal) oxygen uptakes (V̇o2) of 0·751/min and 1·01/min. The tidal volume (Vt) at a ventilation of 20 and 301 BTPS/min was also determined (Vt 20 and Vt 30 respectively).

2. The slope of the linear relationship between cardiac frequency or ventilation and oxygen uptake (SfH and SV̇ respectively) can be used as a measure of the fitness of an individual, as it indicates the increase in fH or V̇ that is obligatory for an increase in energy expenditure equivalent to an additional oxygen uptake of 1·0 1/min (about the increase necessary for walking on the level at a normal speed). By analogy with the responses of an athlete, a ‘fit’ subject is one in whom responses are economically low, i.e. SfH and SV̇ are lower than in sedentary individuals. Measures of SfH and SV̇ can also be used to indicate the demands of everyday activities on fH and V̇.

3. When SfH and SV̇ are related to the individual's capacity to adapt fH and V̇ from resting to predicted maximum values (‘adaptation capacity’ ACfH and ACV̇ respectively), the resulting index (SfH × 100/ACfH or SV̇ × 100/ACV̇) expresses the percentage of the adaptation capacity used for an additional energy expenditure equivalent to a V̇o2 of 1·01/min, and can be considered a measure of the ‘physiological strain’ of exercise. The effects on exercise responses of differences in body muscle can be allowed for by multiplying this index by lean body mass (LBM). The lower the (size-adjusted) physiological strain index, the fitter the individual subject.
Cardiovascular Responses to Sustained Handgrip in Normal Subjects and in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Test of Autonomic Function
Authors: Ewing D. J. , Irving J. B. , Kerr F. , Wildsmith J. A. W. , Clarke B. F.
Published: August 2015

1. The blood pressure and heart rate responses to static muscular exercise were measured in sixty normal subjects and 124 patients with diabetes mellitus, aged 25–54 years, during a standardized sustained handgrip test at 30% maximum voluntary contraction (MVC).

2. The normal range of the response was established. Females had a smaller blood pressure rise than males, and their MVC was lower. In the normal subjects there was a significant correlation between the size of the MVC and the height of the blood pressure response. The absolute muscle tension exerted should be taken into account in addition to the percentage MVC, when comparing responses to sustained exercise in different disease states.

3. The diabetic subjects showed a similar sex difference in their response. The mean diastolic blood pressure rises were smaller than in the control groups, both in males and females, but this was related to a smaller mean MVC.

4. Twenty-two of the diabetic subjects had an abnormally low response to sustained handgrip, which was not related to age, duration of diabetes, treatment or control of the disease. These diabetic subjects probably had damage of the autonomic fibres mediating the response. The findings would suggest that sustained handgrip is a useful and simple method of detecting involvement of the autonomic nervous system in diabetes.
Changes in Disappearance of Intravenously Administered 47Ca at the Onset of Alimentary Absorption of Unlabelled Calcium
Authors: Kocián J. , Brodan V.
Published: August 2015

1. Administration of a large amount of unlabelled calcium orally 60 min after intravenous injection of 47Ca leads to a temporary rise of serum specific radioactivity in healthy volunteers.

2. This short-term rise is followed by a more rapid decline and in some instances by oscillations of specific radioactivity.

3. Both these effects could be caused by secretion of thyrocalcitonin resulting from a rise of serum calcium concentration during calcium absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.
Absorption of two Tripeptides by the Human Small Intestine: A Study Using a Perfusion Technique
Authors: Silk D. B. A. , Perrett D. , Webb Joan P. W. , Clark M. L.
Published: August 2015

1. A double-lumen perfusion technique has been used in man to study intestinal absorption of two tripeptides, glycyl-glycyl-glycine and l-alanyl-glycyl-glycine. Intraluminal tripeptide hydrolysis has been investigated by incubating both tripeptides in vitro with fresh uncentrifuged saline aspirates.

2. Glycine was absorbed faster from a glycyl-glycyl-glycine solution (3·3 mmol/l) than from an equivalent (10 mmol/l) glycine solution, and both l-alanine and glycine were absorbed faster from 10 mmol/l l-alanyl-glycyl-glycine than from the equivalent amino acid mixture. Free amino acids and dipeptides were aspirated during the tripeptide perfusions.

3. l-Alanyl-glycyl-glycine was hydrolysed faster than glycyl-glycyl-glycine in vitro, and results indicated that hydrolysis of the tripeptides occurred from the N-terminal end of the molecule. Intraluminal tripeptide hydrolysis was not sufficient to account for the concentrations of free amino acids and dipeptides liberated during the tripeptide perfusion experiments in vivo.

4. It is suggested that the liberated amino acids and dipeptides either diffused back into the luminal contents after hydrolysis in the brush border had taken place, or effluxed from the mucosal cell after intracellular tripeptide hydrolysis.
Depression of Erythrocyte δ-Aminolaevulinic Acid Dehydratase Activity in Alcoholics
Authors: Krasner N. , Moore M. R. , Thompson G. G. , McIntosh W. , Goldberg A.
Published: August 2015

1. δ-Aminolaevulinic acid (ALA) dehydratase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γGT) and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) have been measured in chronic alcoholics.

2. Within 48 h of alcohol withdrawal ALA dehydratase activity was depressed in chronic alcoholics even though the blood alcohol content was zero. A second group of chronic alcoholics studied 7 days after the cessation of alcohol consumption had normal ALA dehydratase activities.

3. ALA dehydratase activity is more reliable than measurements of γGT and LAP in monitoring alcohol habits of chronic alcoholics.
Effects of Nucleotides, Hormones, Ions and 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol on 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol Production in Isolated Chick Renal Tubules
Authors: Larkins R. G. , MacAuley S. J. , Rapoport A. , Martin T. J. , Tulloch B. R. , Byfield P. G. H. , Matthews E. W. , MacIntyre I.
Published: August 2015

1. The production of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-DHCC) from tritiated 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-HCC) was assessed in renal tubules prepared from vitamin D-deficient chicks.

2. Cyclic AMP and dibutyryl cyclic AMP enhanced the production of 1,25-DHCC.

3. Bovine parathyroid hormone (BPTH) and its synthetic analogue either had no effect or inhibited the production of 1,25-DHCC when calcium was present in the extracellular medium, but enhanced the conversion when calcium was absent. BPTH increased adenylate cyclase activity and cyclic AMP content of the renal tubule cells.

4. Synthetic salmon calcitonin enhanced the production of 1,25-DHCC, whereas human calcitonin had no effect at the concentrations tested. Salmon calcitonin did not increase chick renal adenylate cyclase activity or cyclic AMP levels.

5. A short period of incubation in media containing strontium gluconate (5 mmol/l) significantly increased production of 1,25-DHCC, whereas no effect was seen after more prolonged exposure to strontium. Calcium depletion decreased production of 1,25-DHCC, but when some calcium was present, variation in extracellular concentration of calcium did not affect conversion. Variation in extracellular phosphate concentration did not affect conversion.

6. A small quantity of 1,25-DHCC added to the medium inhibited the conversion of 25-HCC into 1,25-DHCC.

7. The production of 1,25-DHCC is subject to complex control, and intracellular concentrations of calcium, cyclic AMP and 1,25-DHCC may all be important regulatory influences.
Influence of Deoxycholic Acid Feeding on the Elimination of Cholesterol in Normolipaemic Subjects
Authors: Einarsson K. , Hellström K. , Kallner M.
Published: August 2015

1. The turnover of [24−14C]cholic acid and [3H]chenodeoxycholic acid and the faecal excretion of neutral steroids were studied in six normolipaemic subjects before and during the ingestion of 1.3–2.6 mmol (0.5–1.0 g) of deoxycholic acid/day. Before the second study the subjects had been fed deoxycholic acid for 2 weeks.

2. The administration of deoxycholic acid did not appear to influence cholesterol metabolism as judged by the absence of change in the serum concentrations and the overall transformation into primary bile acids and neutral faecal steroids.

3. During the deoxycholic acid feeding period the mean total synthesis of bile acids was reduced by about 30%, corresponding to approximately 0.25 mmol (100 mg)/day. In one subject the pool size and in another the synthesis of cholic acid remained unchanged; otherwise the cholic acid pool size and its rate of formation decreased in all subjects. No consistent effects were observed with regard to the turnover of chenodeoxycholic acid.

4. Assuming that the bile acid turnover is equivalent to bile acid excretion then the total amount of cholesterol eliminated as bile acids and neutral faecal steroids averaged between 1.6 and 1.8 mmol/day before and during the administration of deoxycholic acid.
The Effects of Exogenous Parathyroid Hormone on Plasma and Urinary Adenosine 3′,5′-Cyclic Monophosphate in Man
Authors: Tomlinson S. , Barling P. M. , Albano J. D. M. , Brown B. L. , O'Riordan J. L. H.
Published: August 2015

1. Administration of highly purified bovine parathyroid hormone (BPTH) (200 MRC units) increased the concentration of adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in the peripheral plasma of normal subjects within minutes, whether the hormone was given as a bolus injection or an infusion.

2. The subsequent disappearance of cyclic AMP from the circulation was also rapid (t1/2 = 14 min) and was associated with a prompt decline (t1/2 = 4.6 min) in the concentration of the ammo-terminal part of BPTH, as measured in a region-specific immunoradiometric assay.

3. The concentration of cyclic AMP in plasma from a renal vein was found to increase more rapidly and to reach a greater peak than plasma from a peripheral vein.

4. The administration of BPTH to anephric subjects caused no increase in cyclic AMP.

5. These investigations indicate that parathyroid hormone can act extremely rapidly, with a short half-life, and that the kidney makes a major contribution to the changes in plasma cyclic AMP induced by the hormone. In addition, they form the basis for the development of a simplified Ellsworth—Howard test, using changes in circulating cyclic AMP after BPTH administration as an index of responsiveness to the hormone.
The Role of Plasma Volume in the Increase of Aldosterone Secretion Rate during Sodium Deprivation
Authors: Dalakos T. G. , Streeten D. H. P.
Published: August 2015

1. 24 h aldosterone secretion rates (ASR) have been measured in six normal volunteers while recumbent all day and while standing for 12 h, on 200 and 10 mmol/day sodium diets and after salt-poor albumin infusions (75 g in 150 ml), which significantly expanded plasma volume.

2. The mean ASR on the 10 mmol/day sodium diet, both without and with the salt-poor albumin infusion, was highly significantly increased above the mean ASR on the 200 mmol/day sodium diet, both in the recumbent and in the upright posture.

3. There was no significant difference between the mean ASR values on the 10 mmol/day sodium diet alone and after the infusion of albumin either in the recumbent or in the upright posture.

4. The above observations suggest that sodium deprivation raises ASR by a mechanism or mechanisms unrelated to plasma volume.
Effects of Abdominal Breathing on Distribution of Ventilation in Obstructive Lung Disease
Authors: Grimby G. , Oxhøj H. , Bake B.
Published: August 2015

1. The regional distribution of ventilation was studied with a 133Xe wash-out technique both after rebreathing and after intravenous injection of the isotope in six patients with chronic obstructive lung disease. Measurements were performed in the sitting position during spontaneous and augmented abdominal breathing respectively. The contribution to ventilation of the rib-cage and abdomen was measured with magnetometer recordings of the respiratory variation in the antero-posterior diameters.

2. The relative contribution of the abdomen to ventilation increased from about 40% during spontaneous breathing to about 67% during augmented abdominal breathing.

3. There was no systematic difference in the ventilation distribution between the two breathing patterns.
Role of Saline Consumption in the Prevention of Deoxycorticosterone Hypertension in Rats by Central 6-Hydroxydopamine
Authors: Lewis P. J. , Dargie H. J. , Dollery C. T.
Published: August 2015

1. The mechanism by which pretreatment of rats with intracisternal 6-hydroxydopamine prevents the onset of deoxycorticosterone hypertension has been studied.

2. Rats pretreated with central 6-hydroxydopamine increase their consumption of 0.17 mol/l sodium chloride-0.03 mol/l potassium chloride (‘saline’) less than normal rats when implanted with deoxycorticosterone.

3. Intact rats restricted to the equivalent consumption of saline of rats pretreated with 6-hydroxydopamine develop hypertension despite this restriction.

4. It is suggested that the prevention of deoxycorticosterone hypertension by central 6-hydroxydopamine does not depend on reduced saline consumption.
Adaptations in Urea Ammonium Excretion in Metabolic Acidosis in the Rat: A Reinterpretation
Authors: Oliver Jane , Bourke E.
Published: August 2015

1. The effects of oral hydrochloric acid, ammonium chloride, sodium bicarbonate and ammonium bicarbonate on urea and ammonium excretion in rats on a constant diet were studied.

2. Hydrochloric acid acidosis significantly reduced urea excretion in the rat, with an equimolar increase in NH+4 excretion and no change in their sum. In ammonium chloride acidosis, most of the additional nitrogen intake is excreted as NH+4 and a small percentage as urea. The converse holds true after administration of ammonium bicarbonate. The physiological significance of this is discussed.

3. The shift in nitrogen excretion from urea to NH+4 in acidosis is interpreted on the basis of bicarbonate production and utilization. Urea formation utilizes HCO−3. For amino acid sources, this utilization is offset by the metabolism of the carbon skeleton, which gives rise to HCO−3. When waste nitrogen is excreted as NH+4, no bicarbonate is utilized and the new HCO−3, generated by the carbon skeleton, helps to maintain hydrogen ion homeostasis.
Abnormal Sodium Transport in Leucocytes from Patients with Essential Hypertension and the Effect of Treatment
Authors: Thomas R. D. , Edmondson R. P. S. , Hilton P. J. , Jones N. F.
Published: August 2015

1. In seventeen patients with untreated essential hypertension the sodium and water contents of leucocytes were significantly increased, whereas the rate constant for ouabain-sensitive sodium efflux was significantly reduced.

2. These abnormalities were not found in fourteen other patients with well-controlled hypertension.

3. Preliminary observations in accelerated hypertension suggest a different pattern of abnormality in leucocyte sodium metabolism.
Prazosin: Preliminary Clinical and Pharmacological Observations
Authors: Bolli P. , Wood A. J. , Phelan E. L. , Lee D. R. , Simpson F. O.
Published: August 2015

1. Prazosin had a considerable anti-hypertensive effect in both lying and standing posture in a mixed group of twenty-four patients in an open clinical trial. The drug was well tolerated and side-effects were few.

2. Tested on rat blood vessels, prazosin was ten times more potent on a molar basis than phentolamine in blocking the vasoconstrictor effects of noradrenaline. In the absence of vasoconstrictor nervous activity, no vasodilatation was observed.

3. In genetically hypertensive rats, prazosin in large doses caused a substantial fall in blood pressure, total exchangeable sodium and extracellular fluid volume. Tolerance to these effects started to develop within 20 days. In normotensive rats, blood pressure was lowered but total exchangeable sodium and extracellular fluid volume were not affected.
Body Weight and Body Water in Chronic Cor Pulmonale
Authors: Campbell R. H. A. , Brand Hilary L. , Cox J. R. , Howard P.
Published: August 2015

1. Body weight was measured through forty consecutive illnesses in seventeen patients with oedema in association with chronic bronchitis and hypoxia. All patients were taking diuretic drugs at the time.

2. Body weight increased little as peripheral oedema and a raised jugular venous pressure appeared. The subsequent weight-loss during treatment was usually greater than the pre-treatment weight-gain. Body weight increased slowly in convalescence to equal or exceed hospital admission weight without a deterioration of general health or reappearance of oedema.

3. Total body water, exchangeable sodium and exchangeable potassium were measured in patients after treatment of the acute illness and clearance of oedema and again in six patients of the group 2–3 months later in convalescence. Total exchangeable sodium was normal or slightly reduced after treatment of oedema and in convalescence between recurrent acute illnesses. Even when gross oedema was present exchangeable sodium was substantially increased in only one of three patients studied at this stage. Total exchangeable potassium was invariably severely depressed.

4. Large changes of body tissue weight without comparable change in exchangeable sodium support previous evidence that oedema in hypoxic bronchitis is not simply a further form of congestive cardiac failure.

5. It is suggested that at least some of the tissue loss in acute exacerbations is a direct result of hypoxaemia and similar to that observed at high altitude. Part of the oedema fluid is thought to be derived from intracellular water released during dissolution of tissue matrix.
Observations on the Passage of Apoproteins from Plasma Lipoproteins into Peripheral Lymph in Two Men
Authors: Reichl D. , Postiglione A. , Myant N. B. , Pflug J. J. , Press M.
Published: August 2015

1. The passage of radioactive apolipoproteins into lymph draining the foot was investigated in two men, each given a single intravenous injection of low-density lipoprotein containing 131I-labelled apoprotein B and of very-low-density lipoprotein containing 125I-labelled apoprotein A and apoprotein C.

2. Protein-bound 125I and 131I appeared in the lymph of both subjects. Immunoelectrophoresis of lymph lipoproteins against anti-(high-density lipoprotein) and anti-(low-density lipoprotein) showed the presence of apo-high-density lipoprotein and apo-low-density lipoprotein with faster mobilities than plasma high-density and low-density lipoprotein respectively. Most of the protein-bound 131I in lymph was recovered in the precipitin line formed by the apoprotein B-containing lipoprotein after immunoelectrophoresis. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the lymph lipoprotein fraction showed the presence of 125I-containing bands with mobilities similar to those of the apoprotein A of high-density lipoprotein and of three of the fast-moving C apoproteins.

3. These results suggest that most, if not all, of the apoproteins of plasma lipoproteins reach the interstitial fluids and that some lipoproteins undergo modification during their passage into peripheral lymph.
The Effect of Reduction in Blood Volume on Plasma Renin Activity in Man
Authors: Hesse B. , Nielsen I. , Hansen J. F.
Published: August 2015

1. The blood volume was reduced by approximately 10% in nine adult humans.

2. Plasma renin activity was measured before and at intervals after the venesection. In seven subjects there was no significant change. In two subjects there was a slight but significant increase in plasma renin activity.

3. It is concluded that reduction in blood volume is not a major short-term factor in regulating renin production in humans.
Measurement of Muscle Protein Synthetic Rate from Serial Muscle Biopsies and Total Body Protein Turnover in Man by Continuous Intravenous Infusion of l-[α-15N]lysine
Authors: Halliday D. , McKeran R. O.
Published: August 2015

1. Five healthy male subjects were studied by continuous infusion of l-[α-15N]lysine over 20–30 h with timed blood and urine samples, and two or three percutaneous needle biopsies of vastus lateralis muscle.

2. A standard creatine-free diet, quantitatively related to body surface area, was given for 5 days before the infusion. The [15N]lysine was administered at a constant rate in an amino acid solution with a nitrogen content of 0·96 mol/l, which constituted the sole source of exogenous nitrogen during the infusion.

3. A plateau level of plasma free [15N]lysine enrichment was achieved after infusion for 14 h. The total plasma lysine flux calculated from the plateau was 7·3 mmol/h (range 4·8–9·6). Total body protein turnover calculated from the lysine flux was 3·5 g day−1 kg body wt.−1 (range 2·5–5·0).

4. Muscle sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar fractions were separated, purified and the 15N enrichment was measured. The sarcoplasmic protein fractional synthetic rate was calculated as 3·8%/day (range 2·2–5·1). The myofibrillar protein synthetic rate was 1·46%/day (range 1·09–2·44).

5. Muscle mass, calculated from 24 h creatinine excretion, was 33·7 kg (range 28·8–37·4), which represented 500% of body weight (range 38·9–58·1). Total muscle protein synthesis was calculated to account for 53·2% (range 39·5–62·1) of total body protein synthesis.

6. The advantages and limitations of using continuous infusion of [15N]lysine in human subjects are discussed.
Relation between Hepatic Alcohol Dehydrogenase Activity and the Ascorbic Acid in Leucocytes of Patients with Liver Disease J. Dow
Authors: Dow J. , Krasner N. , Goldberg A.
Published: August 2015

1. Hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity and leucocyte ascorbic acid content were measured in thirty-five patients with liver disease and in ten control subjects with duodenal ulcer. The patients with liver disease were divided into three groups consisting of non-drinkers, moderate drinkers and alcoholic/heavy drinkers.

2. There was no significant difference in hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity between the groups with liver disease, but all patients had less than half the hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity of the control subjects (P < 0·001).

3. The ascorbic acid in leucocytes was significantly lower in the alcoholic/heavy drinker group than that in the control subjects (P < 0·02) when the Student's t-test was applied, but no significant difference was found when the Mann—Whitney U-test was used.

4. A correlation coefficient of r = 0·77 (P < 0·001) was observed among the thirty-five patients with liver disease when hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity was compared with leucocyte ascorbic acid content. An insignificant correlation (r = 0·332) was found in the control subjects with no liver disease.

5. This comparison was also significant among non-drinkers with liver disease (r = 0·873; P < 0001), moderate drinkers (r = 0·739; P < 0·02) and alcoholic/heavy drinkers (r = 0·702; P < 0·005).

6. The addition of ascorbic acid in vitro (0·5–10 mmol/l) had no effect on the activity of alcohol dehydrogenase.

7. The relation between hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity and leucocyte ascorbic acid content is probably a consequence of liver disease, as opposed to any specific effect of ascorbic acid deficiency or alcohol consumption on alcohol dehydrogenase activity.
Synthesis of Folate Polyglutamates in Human Cells
Authors: Hoffbrand A. V. , Tripp E. , Lavoie A.
Published: August 2015

1. Synthesis of polyglutamate derivatives from radioactively labelled folic acid, folinic acid and methotrexate has been studied in human phytohaemagglutinin-transformed lymphocytes.

2. With labelled folic acid as the precursor, approximately 20% of the labelled cell folate was found in each of the mono-, tetra-, penta- and hexaglutamate peaks after 72 h of incubation. At earlier times, the amounts of labelled folate monoglutamate and lower folate polyglutamates were proportionately greater and the amount of labelled higher folate polyglutamates was lower. After only 4 h incubation over 80% of the intracellular labelled folate was still in the monoglutamate form.

3. With labelled folinic acid used as precursor, approximately 30% of labelled cell folate after 72 h incubation was in the form of folate pentaglutamate, with tri- and tetra-glutamate forming the other major peaks. The speed of formation of polyglutamate derivatives was substantially more rapid than from folic acid.

4. Methotrexate was found to decrease considerably the amount of folate polyglutamate formation from labelled folic acid in lymphocytes but nevertheless some di-, tri- and traces of tetra-glutamate were formed. On the other hand, methotrexate had no effect on folate polyglutamate formation with labelled folinic acid used as the precursor.

5. Polyglutamate derivatives of labelled methotrexate were formed by human lymphocytes with mean amounts of 4·5% of di-, 1·5% of tri-, 1·0% of tetra- and 0·7% of penta-glutamate derivatives being formed over the period 48–72 h of culture.

6. Pentaglutamate derivatives probably constitute the largest group of intracellular folates in human cells but a complex mixture exists.

7. The enzyme synthesizing polyglutamate derivatives of folate in human cells prefers a reduced folate as substrate but the requirement for a reduced form is not absolute. The nature of the reduced folate is uncertain but it is suggested on the basis of previous work that tetrahydrofolate rather than methylhydrofolate or any other reduced folate monoglutamate is the preferred substrate.
The Effect of Acidosis on Lactate Removal by the Perfused Rat Kidney
Authors: Yudkin J. , Cohen R. D.
Published: August 2015

1. The isolated perfused kidneys of fed rats in normal acid-base status showed a constant rate of lactate removal from the perfusate between 5 and 90 min of perfusion at a perfusate pH of 7·4–7·5.

2. Lactate removal by kidneys of rats in normal acid-base status was stimulated within 30 min by a reduction in perfusate pH to 7·1–7·2, but depressed when perfusate pH was reduced further.

3. Kidneys taken from rats previously made acidotic and perfused with media of various pH values showed a progressive fall in the rate of lactate removal during the perfusion.

4. Glucose output by the kidneys of rats in normal acid—base status perfused with lactate as substrate was not affected by an alteration in perfusate pH. The kidneys of acidotic rats generally showed an increased rate of glucose output compared with those of control rats.
Distribution of Blood Flow in the Hypothermic (27°C) Dog Kidney
Authors: Withey W. R. , Chapman B. J. , Munday K. A.
Published: August 2015

1. Renal function was measured in seven normo thermic (38°C) and seven hypothermic (27°C) dogs.

2. The glomerular filtration rate was 60% lower in the hypothermic animals, and the renal blood flow was 51% lower. The intrarenal distribution of blood flow was measured by the uptake of 86Rb from the blood into different regions of the kidney. Hypothermia reduced flow by 34% in the outer cortex, 72% in the inner cortex, 61 % in the outer medulla and 69% in the inner medulla.

3. Radioautography indicated a high blood flow to an area of the outer medulla of hypothermic kidneys, which may indicate medullary blood flow ‘shunting’.

4. The results have been discussed in relation to a number of clinical and experimental observations.
The Role of Small Intestine and Kidney in Bromosulphthalein Conjugation
Authors: Datta D. V. , Singh Sarban , Chhuttani P. N. , Nair C. R.
Published: August 2015

1. The roles of the kidney and the small intestine in the conjugation of bromosulphthalein have been compared with that of the liver.

2. Studies with homogenates indicated that the liver has a higher bromosulphthalein—glutathione-conjugating activity than the intestine and kidney. The reduced glutathione content of the liver is greater than that of the small intestine and kidneys, which contain comparable amounts.

3. Experiments in vitro with tissue slices confirmed that the three organs are able to extract significant amounts of bromosulphthalein. In carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic necrosis the uptake and conjugation of the dye by the liver were reduced but were increased in the kidney and unchanged in the small intestine.

4. After an intravenous injection of bromosulphthalein, the percentages conjugated in the liver, kidney and gut were similar.
A Competitive Protein-Binding Assay for 25-Hydroxyvitamin D
Authors: Pettifor J. M. , Ross F. P. , Wang J.
Published: August 2015

1. We describe a modified competitive protein-binding assay for 25-hydroxyvitamin D, which does not require the prior separation of vitamin D from 25-hydroxyvitamin D.

2. Bovine albumin was used in the buffer, at a concentration of 1 mg/ml, as a protein stabilizer and lipid solubilizer. Bovine albumin from different manufacturers produced very different non-specific binding of 25-[3H]hydroxycholecalciferol (ranging from 3·3% to 58·9%).

3. The mean concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in sera from normal children in Johannesburg was 76·75 ± 24·75 μnol/ml (30·7 ± 9·9 ng/ml).
Control of Renin Secretion in Vivo and in Vitro in Rats: Arguments in Favour of a Precursor Form of Renin and of a Role of a Microtubular System
Authors: Banichahi F. , Capponi A. , Pricam C. , De Senarclens C. , Vallotton M. B.
Published: August 2015

1. The morphology of the juxtaglomerular apparatus, plasma renin activity, plasma renin substrate and renal renin have been studied in rats after maximal stimulation by bilateral adrenalectomy and salt depletion, and also after blocking this stimulation by deoxycorticosterone and salt load.

2. After stimulation the juxtaglomerular apparatus showed a well-developed granular endoplasmic reticulum and a low secretory granule content. Plasma renin activity was markedly elevated and plasma renin substrate was low. After blockade numerous specific granules with crystalline structures were seen and the granular endoplasmic reticulum was less developed. Plasma renin activity was now low and plasma renin substrate elevated.

3. After prior acidification of the kidney extract a significant increase of renal renin was observed in both conditions but was greater in the second group at the time when large numbers of young granules containing crystalline material were seen.

4. Kidney slices from the adrenalectomized salt-depleted rats released more renin than control slices. Vincristine did not affect this release, but inhibited release from slices stimulated by isoprenaline.
An Investigation of the Prolonged Pressor Response to Renin in the Nephrectomized Rat
Authors: Boyd G. W.
Published: August 2015

1. In an investigation of the prolonged pressor response to renin that develops after nephrectomy, angiotensin I dose—response curves and rat renin clearances were studied in nephrectomized rats and paired sham-nephrectomized control animals under pentobarbitone anaesthesia.

2. Both threshold and slope of the angiotensin I dose—response curves were decreased at 15–27 h after nephrectomy.

3. The ratio of renin clearance (determined during renin infusions) in the nephrectomized rat to that in the paired sham-nephrectomized control animals was 0·49 ± 0·03 (sem), P < 0·001 (n = 12 pairs).

4. Both factors contribute towards the prolongation of the blood pressure increase after intravenously administered renin in the nephrectomized animal.
Anti-Hypertensive Action of dl-α-Tocopheryl Esters in Rats
Authors: Igarashi T. , Nakajima Y. , Kobayashi M. , Ohtake S.
Published: August 2015

1. Oral administration of dl-α-tocopheryl nicotinate (EN) (0·04 or 0·2 mmol day—1 kg—1) or dl-α-tocopheryl acetate (EA) (0·2 mmol day—1 kg—1) delayed the progress of hypertension in unilaterally nephrectomized rats, which were treated with deoxycorticosterone and salt, and in genetically hypertensive rats (SHR) which were given sodium chloride solution. Suppression of body weight gain, incidence of pneumonia and mortality were reduced by treatment with EN or EA.

2. Severe hypertension in old SHR (9 months) further progressed, when drinking water was replaced by sodium chloride solution, and four out of ten of these animals died of cerebral haemorrhage during 4 weeks. The administration of EN or EA prevented the increase in blood pressure and incidence of stroke.
Reduced Plasma Renin Activity in Essential Hypertension: Effects of Blood Pressure, Age and Sodium
Authors: Thomas G. W. , Ledingham J. G. G. , Beilin L. J. , Stott A. N.
Published: August 2015

1. Supine plasma renin activity and its responsiveness to erect posture and frusemide were reduced in fifty-one patients with essential hypertension, compared with fifty-one age- and sex-matched control subjects.

2. Twenty-four hour urinary sodium excretion was similar in hypertensive patients and control subjects, but after intravenous frusemide hypertensive patients excreted significantly less sodium.

3. A significant inverse relationship between plasma renin activity and diastolic blood pressure was demonstrated in hypertensive patients and in normotensive control subjects.

4. A significant inverse relationship between plasma renin activity and age, independent of blood pressure, was shown in hypertensive patients and control subjects.

5. It is concluded that the reduced renin values found in essential hypertension are, in part, the result of the elevated blood pressure acting on the kidney.