bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fatty acid and sterol compositions of malagasy tamarind kernel oils
Authors: Andriamanantena R. W. , Artaud J. , Gaydou E. M. , Iatrides M. C. , Chevalier J. L.
Published: September 2007

The oil contents of six samples of Malagasy tamarind (Tamarindus indica L.) kernel were determined by hexane extraction (6.0–6.4%) and chloroform/methanol extraction (7.4‐9.0%). The protein contents were very low (trace‐0.1%). Investigation by gas liquid chromatography revealed 15 fatty acids, mainly palmitic (14–20%), stearic (6–7%), oleic (15–27%), linoleic (36–49%), arachidic (2–4%), behenic (3–5%) and lignoceric (3–8%) acids. Testing for the sterol fraction enabled seven sterols to be separated and quantitatively analyzed by gas liquid chromatography. The main sterols were β‐sitosterol (66–72%), campesterol (16–19%) and stigmasterol (11–14%).
Surface activity of separated phases of the surfactant/water/corn oil system
Authors: Wan L. S. C.
Published: September 2007

Aqueous solutions of octyl phenoxy polyethoxy ethanol (Triton X‐114) show phase separation on standing and also in the presence of corn oil. The surface tension of varying concentrations of the upper phase of these systems decreases markedly at lower concentrations, tending to become constant at higher concentrations. The surface activity of this phase as observed from surface tension/ concentration curves may be greater, less than or about the same as that of the corresponding upper phase concentration of the control which is a surfactant solution without the oil. Results of this study indicate that the surface activity of the upper phase of Triton X‐114 solutions is not affected so much by the solubilization of corn oil but by the limit to which solubilization has occurred. The surface activity of this phase is much less than that of the lower phase of corresponding systems. However, the surface activity of the lower phase is not influenced by the solubilizate or solubilization of the oil.
USAID program for the prevention and treatment of vaginal fistula
Authors: MacDonald P. , Stanton M.E.
Published: September 2007

The cornerstone of the US Agency for International Development (USAID) fistula program is to support and strengthen local capacity for fistula repair. The USAID program includes support to upgrade facilities, enhance local surgical repair capability, allocate equipment and supplies to operating rooms, implement quality improvement systems, and cover the women's transportation costs to and from the treatment facilities. The program also offers training in clinical and counseling skills; transferring skills South‐to‐South; and monitoring and evaluating the program's effectiveness. As new fistula cases continually increase the backlog of untreated cases, its efforts are also directed toward the prevention of fistula and the reintegration of treated women into their communities. Furthermore, the program challenges the culture of sexual violence against women that leads to traumatic gynecologic fistulas.
Geochemical character of serpentinites associated with high‐ to ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphic rocks in the Alps, Cuba, and the Himalayas: Recycling of elements in subduction zones
Authors: Hattori Kéiko H. , Guillot Stéphane
Published: September 2007

Serpentinites associated with eclogitic rocks were examined from three areas: the Alps, Cuba, and the Himalayas. Most serpentinites have low Al/Si and high concentrations of Ir‐type platinum group elements (PGE) in bulk rock compositions, indicating that they are hydrated mantle peridotites. A few samples contain high Al/Si and low concentrations of Ir‐type PGE, suggesting that they are ultramafic cumulates. Among the hydrated mantle peridotites, we identified two groups, primarily on the basis of Al/Si and Mg/Si ratios: forearc mantle serpentinites and hydrated abyssal peridotites. Forearc serpentinites occur in the Himalayas and along a major deformation zone in Cuba. All serpentinites in the Alps and most serpentinites in Cuba are hydrated abyssal peridotites. Himalayan serpentinites have low Al/Si and high Mg/Si ratios in bulk rock compositions, and high Cr in spinel; they were serpentinized by fluids released from the subducted Indian continent and enriched in fluid‐mobile elements, and show high 87Sr/86Sr, up to 0.730, similar to the values of rocks of the subducted margin of the Indian continent. Although Himalayan serpentinites have a similar refractory geochemical signature as the Mariana forearc serpentinites, the former contain markedly high concentrations of fluid‐mobile elements and high 87Sr/86Sr compared to the latter that were hydrated by subducted Pacific Ocean crust. The data indicate that the enrichment of fluid‐mobile elements in forearc serpentinites depends on the composition of subducted slabs. Alpine serpentinites and most Cuban serpentinites show moderate Al/Si similar to abyssal peridotites. Hydration of peridotites near the seafloor is supported by micro‐Raman spectra of earlier formed lizardite, high δ34S (+11 to +17‰) of sulphides, and elevated 87Sr/86Sr, ranging from 0.7037 to 0.7095. The data support the contribution of S and Sr from seawater and sediments. These serpentinites are not highly enriched in fluid‐mobile elements because serpentinization occurred at a high water/rock ratio. Alkali elements are conspicuously unenriched in all serpentinites. This lack of alkali enrichment is explained by slab retention of alkalis. This is also consistent with the observation of relatively low alkali concentrations in volcanic front magmas, since partial melting related to the volcanic fronts is triggered by dehydration of serpentinites.
AUGUST MENCKEN & BRO.
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

This chapter chronicles Mencken's rebellion against his father; he plot to his escape from working at the family cigar factory to become a newspaperman. Unable to do so, Mencken retreats into the world of books. He is influenced by the works of iconoclasts such as Thomas Henry Huxley, James Huneker, and Percival Pollard. During this period of despair, he never guessed that some of these same men would later become his friends. The death of August Mencken in 1899 left Henry Louis Mencken finally free to pursue journalism, “the maddest, gladdest, damndest existence ever enjoyed by mortal youth”.
BALTIMORE AND BEYOND
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

Henry Louis Mencken joined the staff of the Baltimore Herald in 1899. Mencken's world had expanded from the confines of the family cigar factory to the world of Baltimore and beyond. This chapter provides a glimpse of the newspaper business during the early years of the century, when typewriters were hardly used and telephones were regarded as mere toys.
THE DUEL OF SEX
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

This chapter explores another private aspect of Mencken that extended beyond his domesticity at home and his musical evenings with The Saturday Night Club. With his growing fame and America's repudiation of its Victorian and Puritan past, Mencken's social life entered a new phase. With the publication of his book, In Defense of Women, Mencken became known as “the German Valentino”, and his life was filled with a succession of girlfriends. When Marion Bloom decided to marry, another woman entered his life, Southern writer Sara Haardt.
THE GREAT GOD MENCKEN
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

In 1926, Mencken was at the zenith of his popularity. Walter Lippmann called him “the most powerful personal influence on this whole generation of educated people”. This chapter analyzes Mencken's celebrity: his popularity among college students and writers, both in the United States and overseas. Ironically, for all of his popularity, a deep well of loneliness gripped him. Mencken met Hollywood actress Aileen Pringle, and began a passionate love affair.
VARIATIONS ON A FAMILIAR THEME
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

Sara Haardt's health crisis in 1929 occurred when Mencken was immersed in the writing of Treatise on the Gods, a culmination of his thinking on the nature and origin of religion. The book was controversial, especially for its comments on the Jewish race. He gave a revealing interview, not expecting that in the next few years a series of events would alienate some of his closest Jewish friends.
HARD TIMES
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

The situation of The American Mercury did not improve during the Depression, and brought Alfred Knopf; his father, Samuel; and Mencken at a crossroads. Samuel Knopf wanted Mencken to expand the magazine along his own editorial lines; Mencken balked. A new generation of college students derided him; critics said that Mencken's columns aroused as much controversy as the weatherman. At this juncture, George Jean Nathan wrote his memoirs, Friends of Mine, and his disloyalty put an end to their troubled friendship.
BALTIMORE'S FRIENDLY DRAGON
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

Mencken's return to his home at 1524 Hollins Street marked the beginning of his critical rehabilitation. With the success of the new edition of The American Language, Mencken began writing a series of nostalgic pieces on his childhood that will form his memoirs and establish the way the next generation would remember him. His opposition against Roosevelt and his New Deal policies did not change as he followed the campaign trail of Kansas Governor Alfred Landon.
THE WEAPON OF SILENCE
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

While Mencken had been critical of Roosevelt's social programs and rebelled against the United States entering a war he did not believe in, his increasing bitterness focused on issues of liberty and censorship, and the government's attempt to stifle the press. Under the authority of the War Powers Act, Roosevelt established an Office of Censorship. Although it was not as extreme as what the nation had experienced during World War I, it was nevertheless harsh and prompted Mencken to reflect on what could happen in the future, when another President used these same powers. As was his custom, he turned to Thomas Jefferson: “Our liberty depends on the freedom of the press, and that cannot be limited without being lost”.
ON THE HOME FRONT
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

Although World War II did not affect Mencken personally, he was dismayed by the way shortages interfered with the routine of American life. He also became disillusioned with the practice of journalism. To Mencken, reporters have become timid bystanders, leaving their work early in order to play golf. Just as he had during World War I, Mencken focused on neutral subjects in his books. His trilogy of memoirs, Happy Days, Newspaper Days, and Heathen Days were greeted with much success, as was his New Dictionary of Quotations and the fourth edition of The American Language.
THE LAST DAYS
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

Mencken's final illness was marked by seven long years of being unable to read or write, and the devoted care given to him by his brother, August Mencken. The chapter reveals new information on Mencken's medical care. It also provides a poignant look at the final days of the older man.
Lyrical Leftists, Juvenile Publishing, and the Politics of Progressive Education
Authors: Mickenberg Julia L.
Published: September 2007

This chapter traces the parallel development of three phenomena in the early 20th century, which separately and in combination helped create a basis for leftist influence in the children's literature field in the mid-20th century. First, the Greenwich Village, bohemian avant-garde otherwise known as the “Lyrical Left” which invested great hope in a “new, free generation” of children, gained cultural ascendancy through magazines like The Masses, producing writers such as Alfred Kreymborg, Wanda Gag, and Carl Sandburg. In the 1920s, these authors would write children's books geared toward liberating the child's imagination. Second, juvenile publishing became a distinct branch of the American publishing industry, and juvenile editing like children's librarianship became a specialty almost completely dominated by educated, independent-minded women. Finally, thanks largely to the efforts of Lucy Sprague Mitchell, progressive education, emphasizing experience, cooperation, and child-centeredness helped produce a vogue in children's literature about the “here and now”, with emphasis on industrial workers and machines, as well as works promoting internationalism or highlighting “cultural gifts”; progressive educational practices also helped make school libraries central to the educational experience, and dramatically increased the market for children's literature.
The Origin
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the evolutionary theory Darwin developed in The Origin of Species. Topics covered include Charles Lyell's contribution to Darwin's thinking, Darwin's shift from believing in the fixity of species to evolutionary thinking, natural selection and natural theology, and concepts of The Origin.
Darwinism and Sociopolitical Thought
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses how Darwin succeeded in capturing a wide audience of scientists and non-scientists. Darwinian theory was used to support all types of political and ideological positions, from the most reactionary to the most progressive, including racism, militarism, laissez-faire economics, unfettered capitalism, Marxism, and anarchism. Laissez-faire economic theory, social Darwinism, application of Darwinism in international relations, political left's embrace of Darwinian theory, and debates over whether Darwin himself was a social Darwinist.
Dissent from Darwin
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the customary assumptions about the nature of the earth and about heredity and species that challenged Darwin's model. Topics covered include the age of the Earth, definitions of the word “species” in the 18th and 19th centuries, challenges to Darwin's account of speciation, holes in the fossil record, neo-Lamarckism, orthogenesis, and saltationism.
The Body Politic
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses how cell theory revolutionized the concept of the individual. A plant or an animal was no longer conceived of as a singular entity constructed out of cellular tissue. What was important was that the cell was alive — it possessed all the attributes of life. The cell state, dawn of protistology, the term “cell” as a misnomer, and the theory formulated by the Freiburg zoologist August Weismann are discussed.
The Egg
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the diverging views of embryologists and geneticists about heredity and evolution. The two main reasons for this stemmed from research started in the 19th century. First, experimental embryologists were not concerned with adaptive changes to adult organisms. They were not concerned with the differences between individual varieties and species, but rather with the larger similarities and differences in the structural plans underlying different organismic types. They were interested in the form of the embryo and in the orderly changes during development — in how the parts of the organisms come together in space and time. Second, while geneticists and neo-Darwinian evolutionists maintained that changes in the nuclear chromosomal genes of eggs and sperm were the basis of evolution, many embryologists insisted that the cytoplasm of the egg played the primary role in heredity and development.
Conceiving a Master Molecule
Authors: Sapp Jan
Published: September 2007

This chapter focuses on the discovery of DNA. The discovery of DNA as the basis of the gene, how it is reproduced, and how it affects protein synthesis was the pinnacle of life sciences in the 20th century. Gene splicing, recombinant DNA, transgenic organisms (or genetically modified plants and animals), and the patenting of genes from microbes to humans all have roots in fundamental discoveries in molecular biology during the 1950s and 1960s. The molecular approach to the gene involved a merger of microbiology and genetics using three techniques from physics and chemistry: (i) radioisotopes were used to help identify DNA as the basis of the gene; (ii) X-ray crystallography was used to reveal the three-dimensional structure of proteins and of DNA; and (iii) chromatography was used to analyze the composition of DNA and proteins.
“BELOVED OF SO MANY”: THE MANY FACES OF A WOMAN IN PUBLIC
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew
Published: September 2007

Perhaps more than any woman of her day, Anna Elizabeth Dickinson came of age in the public eye. Between her first public appearance at age seventeen and her tribute to Abraham Lincoln after the president was assassinated, a few months before her twenty-third birthday, she had been on the road as much as she had been at home. In those five crucial years Dickinson's life and the nation's history had become intertwined, as each was shaped and redefined in the midst of the Civil War. For the young orator these were years when she learned to present different faces to different audiences while complete strangers and intimate friends constructed their own versions of her true identity. She was a figure who engendered profound emotions, even love, in almost complete strangers, while also earning the quasi-official sobriquet “America's Joan of Arc” for her public role. By the middle of the Civil War Dickinson had established herself as a highly successful professional orator and a political voice to be reckoned with.
A REPUTATION DEFENDED
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew
Published: September 2007

Even before Anna Dickinson left Interpines, she had already begun her campaign to repair her reputation and resurrect her public career. For the next five or six years Dickinson devoted her energies to a series of legal battles. She hoped that these trials would both restore her good name and win her financial reward. Each battle had its own complex strategies, delays, and frustrations, and over the years she worked with a variety of lawyers. In the end she would win more judgments than she lost, but the biggest victories remained out of her reach.
CONCLUSION: MEMORIES AND LEGACIES
Authors: Gallman J. Matthew
Published: September 2007

Anna Dickinson was nearly seventy years old when she returned to Goshen with George and Sallie Ackley in 1910. It would be tempting to conclude that the once-famous orator settled into the life of a recluse, but more accurate to say that she lived the life of an elderly woman out of the public eye. Despite the many illnesses that had plagued her earlier life, Dickinson lived for more than twenty years in Goshen before dying on October 22, 1932, less than a week before her ninetieth birthday. In 2001 the Sons of the Union Veterans of the Civil War, Camp 124, Department of New York, erected a plaque at Dickinson's gravesite in Goshen, New York, and a second one at the home where she once lived. This chapter chronicles Dickinson's memories and legacies as “America's Joan of Arc”.
Introduction
Authors: Gorlizki Yoram , Khlevniuk Oleg V.
Published: September 2007

This introductory chapter begins with a description of Stalin's relationship with his entourage in the years after World War II. It tells the story of an aging and distrustful despot who habitually picked on and humiliated his companions, and sought to infect the ruling circle with the suspicions and insecurities that characterized his own mental world. Such actions seem to confirm a widespread perception of Stalin in these years as a vain, capricious, and highly unstable individual, who was bent on petty revenge and short-term personal domination. However, this book argues that Stalin's behavior after the war followed a clear political logic. This was, in part, the logic of a dictator seeking to preserve his power in conditions of old age and chronic ill health. An overview of the succeeding chapters is presented.
The Iron Rod and the Liahona
Authors: Givens Terryl C.
Published: September 2007

The Mormon church is authoritarian, hierarchical, and rigid. Priesthood correlation and obedience are watchwords. Politics and individualism can collide. The Prophet is absolute spiritual leader. Mormon theology, on the other hand, emphasizes moral agency, human freedom, individual initiative, and spiritual independence.
“The Glory of God Is Intelligence”
Authors: Givens Terryl C.
Published: September 2007

Education is fundamental in Mormonism. Joseph Smith studied Hebrew, and established a School of the Prophets and the University of Nauvoo. Print culture was central to the Mormon church, and early leaders like Orson Pratt and Parley Pratt laid the foundations for an intellectual tradition. Early Mormon intellectual culture was capacious enough to accommodate Darwin and evolution, though that would change.
“Zion Shall Be Built”
Authors: Givens Terryl C.
Published: September 2007

The first Mormon structure was the Kirtland Temple, followed by the grander Nauvoo Temple. In Utah, Mormons built ward houses (often called chapels), tabernacles, and more temples. Their architecture is eclectic and derivative. Functional and pragmatic are the norm. They also pioneered city planning and built a literal Zion.
“On a Cannibal Island”
Authors: Givens Terryl C.
Published: September 2007

Disapproval of theater goes back to the Puritans, and was typical in most religious traditions. Mormons built the Salt Lake Theatre soon after arrival in the Valley. Young forebad tragedy, but it flourished anyway. They pioneered little theater and the road show. Several pageants continue to be more evangelistic than dramatic.
“Novels Rather than Nothing”
Authors: Givens Terryl C.
Published: September 2007

Nauvoo had a library, but fiction was never popular in the early church. Orson Whitney advocated a “home literature”, but the effort largely failed. Until then, it was largely didactic and moralistic. Poetry was popular and Journals and personal histories became important genre.
Conclusion
Authors: Givens Terryl C.
Published: September 2007

Ultimately, the challenge of Mormon culture is to assert individualism without elitism, and to embrace universalism without compromise. Mormonism must ultimately represent the best of what is human. The question is: how can a Mormon aesthetic capture be both particular and universal, capturing the essence of Mormonism while reaching for transcendence?
Developing an HR Infrastructure for Knowledge Retention
Authors: DeLong David W.
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes HR processes and practices needed to address four common problems that organizations must address to retain knowledge and develop workforce capabilities in an era of changing workforce demographics. Key elements of an effective HR infrastructure include skills inventory systems that allow managers to evaluate their existing knowledge base, succession planning and career development processes, and phased retirement policies. Culture change is discussed, which is increasingly necessary to create the characteristics of a retention culture that enhances retention of both high performing employees and critical knowledge.
Transferring Implicit and Tacit Knowledge
Authors: DeLong David W.
Published: September 2007

This chapter recognizes that successful retention of essential implicit knowledge and tacit knowledge requires more indirect practices that focus on creating a positive context for knowledge transfer. These practices are described with detailed examples of how they are used specifically to enhance knowledge retention. Approaches described in this chapter include storytelling, mentoring or coaching, after-action reviews, and communities of practice. Each section includes critical success factors to consider during implementation.
Back to Siberia
Authors: Znamenski Andrei A.
Published: September 2007

The picture of shamanism in the modern imagination is not complete without exploring how Soviet Marxism viewed this phenomenon and what happened with shamanism under communism and beyond. Shamanism became the symbol of obscurantism and conservatism, which corresponded to Karl Marx's famous dictum that, by its nature, religion was the “opiate of the people” used by ruling elites to mask their domination over the laboring masses. This chapter describes Soviet attempts to theorize about shamanism using Marxism and the efforts made to eradicate it. The settings, events, and people that contributed to the return of shamanism into native Siberian life in the 1990s are discussed. This resurgence of Siberian indigenous spirituality is considered in the context of a global mind, body, and spirit culture.
Epilogue
Authors: Znamenski Andrei A.
Published: September 2007

This epilogue looks at the growing popularity of the shamanism idiom and the correlation with the emergence of neo-shamanism to anti-modern sentiments in Western intellectual culture. Since the 1960s, Western academics and spiritual seekers have increasingly questioned the modes of thinking associated with the Enlightenment and, more broadly, with the Western tradition in general. More often than not, this tradition is viewed as devoid of spiritual and ecological values. In some respects, the present rise of anti-modernism in the West is a reminder of the Romanticism movement in Europe in the early 19th century, the first reaction to the advances of the Enlightenment. In fact, much of anti-modernism in current humanities and many ideas popular in nature spiritualities can be traced to Romantic writers and philosophers. Like their intellectual predecessors, modern Western seekers and many academics crusade against materialistic science and lament the emptiness of modern Western life, looking to non-European traditions and to European antiquity for spiritual feedback. This line of thought that is critical of modernity has been visibly present in Western tradition since the age of the Enlightenment.
Close Up
Authors: North Michael
Published: September 2007

This chapter discusses the opposition among modernist writers to the addition of sound to film, using as particular example the early film journal, Close Up, edited in part by the poet HD. It shows how the cosmopolitanism possible for silent film fostered the notion that film imagery constituted a universal language. Within this utopian hope there was a complex resistance to the foreign and even the international itself that appears particularly in portrayals of race.
Du Bois, Johnson, and the Recordings of Race
Authors: North Michael
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes an abiding distinction in African American writing between sight, which seems divisive and prejudicial, and sound, which is identified with community solidarity and expression. It argues that this distinction is harder to uphold in the case of later writers such as James Weldon Johnson, especially considering his participation in mass entertainment, where sound is just as distant and commodified as sight. It also shows the difficulty this poses for Johnson's program of redefining race in cultural terms.
6 Bundles
Authors: Olson Eric T.
Published: September 2007

This chapter considers Hume's proposal that we are made up entirely of particular mental states and events: the bundle view. An argument for the bundle view is based on the claim that the traditional idea of substance is dismissed. The bundle view is then shown to follow naturally from widely held claims about diachronic and synchronic personal identity. Reid's objection that bundles of thoughts cannot be thinkers is elaborated and endorsed. It is then argued that the bundle view cannot easily avoid the thinking‐animal problem. There follows a critical discussion of two related views: that we are bundles of universals and that we are something like computer programs. Both are found to be hopeless.
Introducing and Defining the Concept of a New Religion
Authors: Melton J. Gordon
Published: September 2007

In the 1980s, the term “new religion” replaced “cult” when referring to the many relatively new Eastern, esoteric, and other religious movements emerging in the predominantly Christian West. Subsequent to its appearance, the term has undergone a process of refinement as scholars have sought more precisely to define exactly what characteristics designated a new religion. Based on an overview of the hundreds of new religions now operating in the East, new religions are now defined as those groups on the fringe of culture that both deviate substantially from the dominant Christianity (unlike sect groups) now practiced in the west, and lack ties with any ethnic religions traditionally identified with the belief and practices of the new religion (especially the Eastern religions). New religions often become well known for their identification with violence, active proselytization, and various questionable beliefs and practices.
The Meaning and Significance of New Religious Movements
Authors: Dawson Lorne L.
Published: September 2007

While the number of people involved in new religious movements (NRMs) is small, the attention they have received in the popular media and academic discourse suggest a greater significance. In the popular media, NRMs are most often seen as a social problem. In academic studies, they are more often associated with processes of social change and the critique of modernity. In the literature, there are four interpretive frameworks for understanding the significance of NRMs when viewed as a response to the social conditions of modernity. The first sees them as part of the protest against modernity. The second sees them as forums for modern social experimentation. The third identifies them with the re-enchantment of the modern world. The fourth suggests they are born of attempts to adapt to the social and psychological tensions created by a dialectic of trust and risk in late modern societies.
Social Building Blocks of New Religious Movements: Organization and Leadership
Authors: Rochford Jr. E. Burke
Published: September 2007

This chapter considers a number of questions and issues central to leadership and organization within new religions. Four key issues are explored: the social and historical context in which new religions have emerged; the distinctiveness of new religious organizations and how they differ from other religious collectivities; the role and fate of charismatic leadership; and the factors that influence the success, failure, and overall development of new religious movements. Attention is given to new religions as oppositional cultures and how the emergence of family life has altered both their pattern of social organization and relationship to mainstream society. A series of class exercises and research-based projects are included to aid teachers and students.
Origin of the Winner's Curse
Authors: Anandalingam G. , Lucas Henry C.
Published: September 2007

The winner’s curse, at its core, is driven by information asymmetry because the buyer does not know the true value of the acquisition. Overpayment occurs beyond auctions; in fact, the possibility of overpaying arises in a large number of business decisions. The problem is further exacerbated in competitive bidding situations when there are other potential buyers and time to make decisions is compressed. Overvaluing an acquisition has led to reductions in gains, high debt loads, and decreases in the stock price of the firm involved. All of these situations are examined with a combination of accessible theory and very current examples.
The mad scramble to acquire optical technology
Authors: Anandalingam G. , Lucas Henry C.
Published: September 2007

The 1990s saw an incredible amount of excitement about optical networking technology. Many start-up companies with potentially viable new technology seemed very “hot” to investors, especially venture capital firms and well established technology companies in telecommunications like Lucent, Nortel, and Cisco. There was a mad scramble to either invest in or acquire a number of these new start-up companies including Chromatis, Ignitus, Sycamore, Lightera, etc. Winners ended up paying billions of dollars for companies with commercially unproven technology or technology that could be emulated by others. Over the past two years, the optical networking industry has lost over $500 billion in investor value, and it offers a good example of market factors leading to the winner’s curse.
Winning is not everything
Authors: Anandalingam G. , Lucas Henry C.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines the reasons why winner’s curse is endemic in contemporary business, whether in the US or globally. Many important business decisions have the potential to encounter the winner’s curse, but not all of them do. It is argued that certain conditions play a role in a manager’s (especially senior manager’s) susceptibility to the curse. These specific behaviors and expectations are outlined.
The Power of Conversational Strategies
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: September 2007

Following Foucault and R. Lakoff, power is defined and differentiated from persuasion. The approach used here is more like that of Sornig — manipulative seduction — especially since these strategies are used to influence the understandings of people other than the persons to whom they are addressed (juries), and they focus on a time period that is not the same as the time frame in which they were spoken. Powerful speakers depend on their power not being recognized. With the exception of language in the courtroom itself, most of the research on language power is focused on a speaker’s lack of power. In contrast, this study shows the opposite — the actual power held by certain speakers in the undercover context.
Eleven Little Ambiguities and How They Grew in a Business Fraud Case: US v. Paul Webster and Joe Martino
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes an actual case that has been anonymized by request of counsel. It shows how seemingly innocuous words and expressions, such as “exposure”, “clean it up”, “credibility”, “profit sharing”, “involved”, “quid pro quo”, and others were used ambiguously by undercover agents to make conversations with targets to give the appearance of illegality. In this case, their ambiguity strategy failed.
Discourse Ambiguity in a Contract Fraud Case: US v. David Smith
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: September 2007

Government contracts can be very complex, as illustrated by this 1997 case involving a Texas-based manufacturer of helicopters. It was made even more complicated by the fact that the company was a subsidiary of a French corporation that could legitimately make sales to other countries without the Texas company’s involvement or knowledge. The contract in question was eligible for the US Foreign Military Financing Program (FMF), created to promote the interests of domestic American businesses by providing funds to eligible allies to support their costs. Smith, president of the US company, was the target of a federal investigation concerning his knowledge of possible misuse of FMF funding. Over a two-year period, one of Smith’s employees secretly tape-recorded conversations with Smith that the government believed showed his complicity in contract fraud. Linguistic analysis of the ambiguity of the words and expressions used in these conversations, among other things, showed that Smith was not guilty.
Scripting by Requesting Directives and Apologies in a Sexual Misconduct Case: Idaho v. J. Mussina
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: September 2007

This chapter describes an actual case that was anonymized at the request of counsel. Joseph Mussina was a physician who had previously performed an abortion for an immigrant client who kept calling his office about her physical and marital problems. In a bizarre series of calls to him during his busy office hours, she at first tried to get the doctor to script her about what she should tell her husband since she falsely believed the doctor wanted to marry her. Later, she tried to elicit an apology from him for having sexual relations with her during her previous visits. These taped conversations were the entire evidence used against the doctor. Linguistic analysis showed that he never admitted to having engaged in any inappropriate behavior. The speech act of apologizing is central to this analysis.
Police Camouflaging in an Obstruction of Justice Case: US v. Brian Lett
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: September 2007

After graduating from law school in 2001, Lett’s first client was enmeshed in a Minnesota telemarketing fraud case. Tape-recorded conversations between Lett and an undercover officer posing as a VISA fraud investigator led the prosecution to think that Lett and his client requested that officer to steal investigative records and to use his influence to remove the US Postal Inspector from the case. Linguistic analysis of these recordings showed that the undercover agent camouflaged his weak representations of illegality with legal-sounding words and expressions.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Shuy Roger W.
Published: September 2007

This book is about language evidence, not the more commonly known physical evidence such as DNA or fingerprints. The cases described will include the discourse of targets such as millionaires, average people, business tycoons, salesmen, and lawyers. All who suddenly find themselves embroiled in criminal cases that demonstrate the various ways that unfair and deceptive conversational strategies can be used on anyone. Although no claims are made that such strategies are widely used by all law enforcement, when they are employed, perhaps because of their own professional vision, the analysis of a forensic linguist can be helpful.
Negotiating Multiple Identities
Authors: Hodge Caroline Johnson
Published: September 2007

This chapter uses a model of multiple identities — in which individuals and groups might embody several ethnic or other identities, situationally emphasizing one while downplaying others — as an interpretive framework for Paul. It argues that we can interpret both Paul's own identity as multiple and shifting and Paul's prescription for gentile salvation in terms of multiple identities. When he begins his mission work, Paul reprioritizes components of his own identity to be a teacher of gentiles, the ethnic and religious other. Paul then must orchestrate similar but much more radical changes for gentiles who are baptized into Christ. Paul's rhetorical task, especially in Romans and Galatians, is to explain to gentile believers how their new composite identity works: how they must rearrange previous components and make room for new ones. This reading challenges the “fusion theory”, which argues (mostly based on Galatians 3:28) that Paul advocates and erasure of identity.
Altruism and Subjective Well-Being: Conceptual Model and Empirical Support
Authors: Schwartz Carolyn
Published: September 2007

Although the benefits of giving support have long been acknowledged among spiritual and religious texts as a key to living well, the predominant focus in psychological research on social support has been on the benefits one enjoys when one receives social support. There is, however, emerging evidence that giving support to others provides as much or perhaps more reward to the giver than to the recipient. Based on the results of two studies, this chapter hypothesizes that altruistic social-interest behaviours enhance subjective well-being for both healthy and chronically ill adults. The first study focused on chronically ill patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). It examined the health implications of receiving training in coping strategies accompanied by monthly telephone support versus simply receiving fifteen-minute phone calls from trained peer supporters (who also had MS) once a month for a year. Data collected from the five peer supporters revealed that they (the givers) reported improvements on more outcomes than the receivers and that the effect from the size of these changes was larger for the givers than for the supported patients. The second study used previously collected data on a large stratified sample of Presbyterians in order to examine the hypothesis within a healthy and much larger cohort. Data showed that giving help was a more important indicator of better mental health than receiving it.
Altruism, Well-Being, and Mental Health in Late Life
Authors: Midlarsky Elizabeth , Kahana Eva
Published: September 2007

This chapter begins with the background of and a theory on altruism. It then focuses on research on older helpers, emphasizing work on Holocaust heroes, who are at the time of writing this book quite elderly. The basic premise of this chapter is that the consequences of altruism, in the form of well-being and mental health, can be viewed through the prism of the altruism paradox.
Altruism and Health in HIV
Authors: Ironson Gail
Published: September 2007

This chapter presents research on altruism and health in the context of people living with AIDS. It begins with a review of the literature on AIDS patients who volunteer to help others with the illness. This literature indicates that, as a result of such helping, the volunteers develop a positive sense of self, increase safer sex behaviours, and feel at greater peace with regard to their own future deaths. It then turns to the chapter's own research on a group of seventy-nine long-term survivors of AIDS (people who have survived twice as long as expected), who were compared with a group who had AIDS with a normal course of the illness. The long survivors were significantly more likely to have engaged in AIDS volunteerism and had significantly less depression, anxiety, and perceived stress. In a subsequent study on the psychological predictors of slower disease progression, the chapter again notes that volunteering, giving to charities, and expressing caring for others are related to better prognosis in AIDS and to less emotional distress.
Helping Behavior and Longevity: An Emotion Model
Authors: Danner Deborah D. , Friesen Wallace V. , Carter Adah N.
Published: September 2007

This chapter examines a possible mechanism to account for why helping behaviours might have positive health outcomes. It argues that positive emotional responses, particularly future-oriented positive emotions, form the basis of attitudes that lead to repetitive choices in one's use of time and energy. Such choices related to the arousal of positive emotions secure accompanying cardiovascular and immune physiologic responses capable of improving health and extending life. The chapter focuses primarily on the elderly population, where declining health may be a factor, and where accumulated knowledge and decreased daily demands make providing help to others personally appropriate and socially useful. It suggests that the most likely underlying mechanism linking helping behaviour and health is positive emotions, and no single activity or even class of activities will arouse positive emotions in all individuals, especially when responses must be time extended or repetitive.
Health and the Ecology of Altruism
Authors: Wilson David Sloan , Csikszentmihalyi Mihaly
Published: September 2007

This chapter tests an ecological and evolutionary hypothesis of the fitness of altruists, using the Sloan Study of Youth and Social Development, which includes information on a large sample of American adolescents gathered through questionnaires and the experience sampling method. The hypothesis places altruism in its ecological context as a human behavioural strategy that will be advantageous in some environments (stable ones where altruism thrives) and that may cause stress in others (where altruism is unreciprocated or unappreciated). Data showed that highly prosocial teens tended to inhabit positive, stable, and encouraging environments while low-prosocial teens experienced events typical of harsh social environments (i.e., fighting and teen pregnancy). Transplanting these altruistic and selfish teens would cause stress to both groups, and this is supported by the fact that the highly prosocial teens are less able to cope with the stresses typical of the low-prosocial environment. The study's hypothesis is further supported by the predominantly male sample of narcissists (low-prosocial teens with high self-esteem and plans for the future) within the study who had extremely good mental health, much like the highly prosocial individuals within supportive environments. Religiousness is highly correlated to prosocial behaviour, and religions appear to be very effective at creating social environments or niches where altruism flourishes.
Chapter 5 PHILADELPHIA POLITICS, IN AND OUT OF DOORS, 1742–76
Authors: Carp Benjamin L.
Published: September 2007

Philadelphia is the case study for this chapter because of the famous political meetings that occurred inside the State House (now known as Independence Hall), as well as the dramatic mobilization of Philadelphians “out of doors.” This chapter examines the various types of political activity that took place outside the Court House and the town meetings in the State House Yard (now Independence Square). During the decade that preceded the Revolution, groups outside the political elite increasingly began mobilizing just outside the halls of power. They became frustrated with the unresponsive, oligarchic legislature. By 1774, these outdoor gatherings had cleared the way for the meetings of the Continental Congress at Carpenter's Hall and the State House that ordained Philadelphia the capital of the American Revolution.
The Baby with the Baboon Heart
Authors: Johnson Norman A.
Published: September 2007

The H5N1 avian flu virus has spread to fowl across several continents and has killed hundreds of people. Fortunately, this flu is not easily transmitted to humans yet; if it were, a deadly pandemic would likely ensue. How did this virus arise? What are the factors that govern its evolution and its potential to be transmitted to humans? These are questions that can and have been addressed by the application of evolutionary principles. Evolutionary biology is also being applied to combat the evolution of resistance of bacteria to antibiotics, and insect pests to pesticides. This chapter addresses these and other applications of evolution, including plant and animal breeding, the human genome project, studies of aging and other maladaptations, and forensic uses. The facts and principles of evolutionary genetics are not just arcane, academic matters; they are highly relevant to “real world” problems.
Detecting Positive Selection
Authors: Johnson Norman A.
Published: September 2007

Positive natural selection, though rare in comparison with negative selection, is the main evolutionary force responsible for adaptive evolutionary change. Using the neutral theory to generate null hypotheses, evolutionary geneticists have developed tests for detecting positive selection. Several of these tests make use of DNA sequence data sets that contain information on both variation existing within a species (polymorphism) and differences accumulated between species (divergence). This chapter focuses on the McDonald-Krietman test, a powerful but relatively simple test of detecting positive selection. Also discussed is how inferences about the action of selection can be made through the examination of linkage disequilibrium, patterns of correlations of genetic variants at different (but linked) sites. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the legacy of Kimura and his neutral theory of molecular evolution.