bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Audit Review Format on Review Team Judgments
Authors: Agoglia Christopher P. , Hatfield Richard C. , Brazel Joseph F.
Published: May 2009

SUMMARY: The promulgation of standards (e.g., PCAOB 2004b; IFAC 2008b) highlights the importance of workpaper documentation quality and its influence on audit quality. Our study matches audit workpaper preparers with reviewers to examine how alternative workpaper review methods affect sequential audit review team judgments through their impact on preparer workpaper documentation. While reviewers maintain the option of reviewing workpapers on site (“face-to-face review”), they can now also perform their reviews electronically from remote locations (“electronic review”) because of technological advancements such as email and electronic workpapers. Recent research has found that review mode can affect the judgments of auditors preparing the workpapers. Our study extends the literature by examining the extent to which review mode (electronic versus face-to-face) affects the quality of documentation in the workpapers and whether reviewers are able to discern and compensate for these documentation quality issues. Our results indicate that reviewers' judgments are ultimately affected by the form of review expected by their preparer. We test two alternative mediation models to provide insight into why the review format affects reviewer judgment quality. Mediation analyses suggest that the effect of review mode on reviewer judgments is mediated by a documentation quality assessment gap. Specifically, with electronic review, reviewers' burden to recognize and compensate for lower-quality documentation was generally greater, often resulting in lower-quality reviewer judgments than when the mode of review was face-to-face. These results suggest that the effect of review mode can persist to the reviewer's judgment through its influence on preparer workpaper documentation and the resulting documentation quality assessment gap.
Accounting Faculty Job Search in a Seller's Market
Authors: Hunt Steven C. , Eaton Tim V. , Reinstein Alan
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT: This research examines accounting faculty job search and selection in the tightening academic job market. Surveys were sent to all new accounting Ph.D.s and to faculty who relocated from 2002 to 2004. The survey included 37 factors of importance (e.g., salary, geographical location) to new Ph.D.s in selecting their initial faculty position and to relocating faculty. Overall, faculty appear to be very concerned with their teaching load, criteria used for promotion and tenure decisions, and compatibility with other faculty. Most faculty viewed likelihood of getting tenure as very important. We note that new faculty going to doctoral schools view this item as much less important than others. The opportunity to teach desired courses was much more important for those going to non-Ph.D.-granting schools. Most faculty viewed salary as being relatively important, but those going to nondoctoral institutions viewed salary as somewhat less important than geographic location. Examination of other factors suggested significant differences between different faculty groups. The study's results provide important implications for universities seeking to hire or retain qualified faculty in a challenging job market, and for faculty wishing to obtain the most rewarding position.
Worth Repeating: Paper Color May Have an Effect on Student Performance
Authors: Fordham David R. , Hayes David C.
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT: This article reports the results from an experiment examining the effect of paper color on student performance on quiz scores in Principles of Accounting courses. The ten-year study included classes taught by five instructors and involved almost 4,000 student scores. The paper colors utilized on the quizzes were four pastels (yellow, green, blue, and pink) and white. Contrary to some similar studies, the current study found that paper color did have a significant effect on student performance. Students with white and yellow colored paper performed significantly better than students with either blue or pink colored paper. Students with green colored paper performed somewhere in the middle of the other four colors. Prior research is compared with the current study findings, and it is suggested that, given the past somewhat inconsistent findings of color effects, further research is warranted to disentangle the mixed results and instructors should consider utilizing other means to deter cheating. If an instructor feels that the only method he or she can employ to monitor cheating is to color-code exams, the instructor should consider using a combination of white, yellow, or green pastel colored exams, and avoid blue or pink colored exams.
Sky Scientific, Inc.: An Auditing Minefield
Authors: BeMiller Stephen M. , Wirtz Randy , Lindberg Deborah L.
Published: May 2009

ABSTRACT: In 1994, Sky Scientific, Inc. dramatically overstated assets and understated expenses in its financial statements. A Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) investigation into those financial statements led to charges being filed against both the company and its auditors. This case takes a detailed look into the independent audit of Sky's financial statements for the purpose of understanding how the auditors failed to see the extent to which Sky's financial reporting was misleading and to adequately challenge the assertions presented in the financial statements before Sky filed them with the SEC. This case provides an opportunity to examine numerous issues related to the audit engagement process, including audit planning, the evaluation of management representations, the audit evidence process, and auditors' going-concern judgments. The roles and responsibilities of the concurring auditor and an outside specialist are also discussed.
Promoting Medication Adherence in Older Adults … and the Rest of Us
Authors: Kocurek Barbara
Published: May 2009

In Brief

C. Everett Koop, MD, said, “Drugs don't work in patients who don't take them.” There is a lot of evidence that patients are not taking their medications as prescribed. Lack of medication adherence contributes to poor patient outcomes and billions of health care dollars spent unnecessarily. This article reviews medication adherence in the United States, common reasons for lack of adherence, and strategies for improving medication-taking in patients.
Le marquis Scipion de Chambonas ministre des Affaires Étrangères de Louis XVI (juin-juillet 1792)
Authors: Wolf Gerhard
Published: May 2009

The dismissal of the Girondist government and its replacement by a cabinet of Feuillants was the last self-willed action of the dying Monarchy. What was the echo in the dispatches of the foreign ambassadors ?

To sum up, the nomination of the new government is estimated as a simple change of ministers and not as a prelude of a policy of restoring peace and renewing of the négociations between Paris and Vienna. The likeness with the commentaries of the parisian newspapers is apparent. Indubitably there are some interesting observations about the Marquis de Chambonas, Minister of foreign affairs, intrigues and the situation at Paris, the fear of anarchy in France favoring the ambitions of England, but no hint of comprehension of the events as a whole and nearly any understanding neither of the causes of the revolution in its totality nor of this period.

Gerhard WOLF.
La presse parisienne et la nuit du 4 août
Authors: Freddi Fabio
Published: May 2009

After the first days immediatly following the night of « sacrifice », about which every newspaper unanimously extolled the decisions taken, emphasizing the leading role taken by the aristocracy themselves in abolishing feudalism, conditions then differed definitely, especially over the question of church tithes. Yet, in all papers, two main themes recurred : firstly, the need to avoid the danger of anarchy by curbing the people's movement ; and secondly, the fight against despotism was to be led by Louis XVI, who, in the opinion of the masses and the politicians themselves, was still greatly trusted. Only one person differed noticeably, that is, Marat, the future « Ami du peuple », who, alone, analysed the events of that night of the fourth of August, not so much in the light of the opposition between the aristocracy of blood and the Nation, so much as in the light of the contrast between the aristocracy of money and the petit- peuple.

Fabio FRÉDDI.
Caractères originaux et cheminements de la Révolution en Corse.
Authors: Casanova Antoine
Published: May 2009

What are the specific traits of Corsica 's evolution within the French revolutionary transition from fendalism to capitalism ? Some of the main developments are analysed in this paper which first examines the peculiar structure of social relations in rural areas on the eve of the French revolution, then deals with the main features and issues of peasant movements from 1789 to the «Directoire».

Antoine Casanova.
Sur les inégalités sociales en Corse rurale au XVIIIe siècle.
Authors: Carrington Dorothy
Published: May 2009

A census of 1786, covering about a Fifth of the population, or some 29,500 inhabitants, notes the occupations of the heads of families. Agricultural workers and shepherds make up 58,6 %. More than 11 %, presumably rural notables, admit to no form of work. Half the artisans are concentrated in the densely populated and industrialised Castagniccia. The poor and the beggars — 2 % of the whole — are mostly found in large agricultural villages without common lands.

Dorothy Carington.
A propos des canons siamois offerts à Louis XIV qui participèrent à la prise de la Bastille.
Authors: Jacq-Hergoualc'h Michel
Published: May 2009

Our aim in this article was to try to find evidence of the traditional belief that the two precious offered to Louis XIV by the King of Siam and brought by his official envoys in 1686, were fired on the Bastille on July 14, 1789 (an anecdote not lacking in irony...);

Our research led us to discover that these cannons were in the Royal Furniture Repository where they were stolen on July 13, 1789, and transported the next day to the gates of the fortress against which they were in fact used. Their fate thereafter is uncertain. One was recovered by the Repository, but stolen again in 1792 for the benefit of one of the gunners' batallions of the capital. It is probable that both of them continued to be used until they no doubt deteriorated or were rendered unrecognizable by the theft, however absurd, of their silver damascene inlay.

M. JACQ-HERGOUALC'H.
Soldats de la Révolution française en captivité à Szeged.
Authors: Palasti Ladislas
Published: May 2009

The soldiers of French Revolution taken prisoners by the Imperial Army in the years 1793-1800 were almost exclusively taken to different parts of Hungary. The reasons, explaining this fact, the arrangement of their transport, the prisoners' emplacement in the country, and the inhabitants' huma feelings and sympathy for the miserable prisoners are discussed by the author. In Szeged the prisoners were emplaced in the fortress. Because of prohibitive measures captivity meant a great torture for them In spite of being forced to complete inactivity the prisoners at last found the way how to make life bearable for themselves. The mercilessness of Fate made it impossible for a great number of them to see again their far away country. Documents bear evidence of 371 French prisoners / died in the years 1793-1800 /, sleeping their last sleep in Szeged.

Ladislas PALÂSTI.
Sur le curé Meslier, précurseur du matérialisme
Authors: Deruette Serge
Published: May 2009

ON THE CURE MESLIER, FORERUNNER OF MATERIALISMN

This text is concerned with the place of the curé Meslier in the field of French philosophy and ideology.

The author insists on the strong originality of this thinker of the beginning of the XVIIIth century.

He shows how far in advance the curé was on his time, in the fields of atheism, materialism, communism and revolutionist thought.

He points out that Meslier represents a break with cartesianism, that is, the gap between La Méthode 'system and materialism.

The author argues that this great progress in the history of ideas was possible, not in spite of, but because of Meslier 's lack of knowledge of the philosophical ideas which announced the Enlightenment.

Serge DERUETTE.
La déclaration des Droits de l'Homme et les aspirations libérales en Europe. Le témoignage de la presse
Authors: Allinne Jean-Pierre
Published: May 2009

THE 1789 HUMAN RIGHTS PROCLAMATION AND LIBERAL WISHES IN EUROPE. THE PRESS WITNESS

The weight of the French Great Proclamation suggested a press analysis based on the main « gazettes européennes » : thirty-seven papers out of the most read by the liberal elite from France (11 titles), Austrian Nederlands (8 titles), England (4 titles), German and Italian principalities (7 titles), Holland (2 titles), French speaking Switzerland (3 titles).

A statistical approach shows a common priority to individual and pragmatic rights, especially to commercial liberty in most of The Northern Sea harbours. Inversely, the Southern féodal Europe is more marked by the new idea of the power's share and « Contrat Social ». The « Brissotin » Press in France is nearer from the first utilitarist and concrete view of the human rights.

Jean-Pierre ALLINNE.
Les curés rouges dans la Révolution française (2e article)
Authors: Bianchi Serge
Published: May 2009

THE « CURES ROUGES » (RED PRIESTS)

The abdication of the « red priests », in the year II, is one of the elements of a religious rupture which is total in its « detestation » of the priesthood, whose errors they aim to expiate by burning their letters or by marriage ; partial, and pregnant with nuances, in their attitude to religion, which some condemn, whilst others worship the « Supreme Being ».

Abdication is a patriotic act, the aim of which is to inculcate civic values and republican morality — for most an unfulfilled ambition. The expression « red priests », despite ambiguity and controversy, can be applied to some 2.500 priests — unequivocal abdicators, active members of peoples associations, anti-clerical, anti- Christ, repudiated by the Convention as soon as they call themselves « red ».

Too republican or too priest, they have been forgotten or condemned by a century of historiography, whereas their original experience throws light on an aspect of the religious history and intellectual theories of the French Revolution.

Serge BIANCHI.
La Bourgeoisie parisienne et la Révolution : remarques méthodologiques pour de nouvelles recherches.
Authors: Ducoudray Émile
Published: May 2009

The research into the parisian bourgeoisie during the French Revolution consisted initially, at the beginning of the century, in the publication of lists, repertories or nomenclatures belonging to various personnel. After 1918, this approach was abandoned and the study of the bourgeoisie was neglected or depended upon the vision the « Sans-Culottes » had of it. The reasons for this situation are : the disappearance of tax documents following the fires in 1871, the reluctance to go through the legal deeds, and above all, the direction research was following at the time. For several decades now, the research concerning Paris during the Revolution has been dominated by the study of the popular masses and of the activists. Such an approach is paradoxical when one takes into account that the French Revolution is traditionally and universally regarded as the typical bourgeois Revolution and when one does not wish to overlook the part played by Paris in that Revolution. The research strategy proposed here is one of a plan for a political and social prosopographical investigation. As it is impossible to deal, one by one, with the 40.000 people likely to belong to the bourgeoisie classes of the capital, it is fitting, at the outset, to direct one's interest to rather small groups, in the elite involved in politics, (municipal personnel, Sectional personnel, Département of Paris personnel, electors...) who played a role or held public office in Paris between 1789 and 1799.

Emile DUCOUDRAY.
Pour une histoire socio-politique du Paris révolutionnaire : réflexions méthodologiques.
Authors: Burstin Haim
Published: May 2009

This article wants to suggest some lines of research intended to cover the by now insufficient aspects of 50' s and 60's historiography.

It is necessary on the one hand to close the gap over the injustified and persistent fracture existing between 18th century and Revolution historians, and on the other hand to rediscover the complexity of the city, too often reduced to a simple background of revolutionary events ; it is important, in other words, to enhence all characteristics and contradictions of the city itself.

There is, furthermore, a very rich section on which to investigate, placed half way between all major political events and street revolution, the way which the revolution itself reaches the local reality. In each Quarter, specific and more general problems come together in different combinations, thus revealing the richness of forms whithin which the political life expands itself. What comes out of all this is an unexplored and complex typology of personal paths through the revolution. It is therefore necessary to resume the study of all parisian revolutionary institutions, of their specific function and social composition, in order to allow the comprehension on a scale of the interaction of economical, social, political and ideological factors.

Haim BURSTIN.
L'évolution du personnel politique de la section de Marat et la rupture de Germinal an II.
Authors: Monnier Raymonde
Published: May 2009

The political history of the personnel from 1789 to 1794 reveals the permanency of the revolutionary institutions of the section. Changes in politics brought new men to the fore, sans-culottes were elected to the revolutionary commitee, but the majority of sectional leaders had enjoyed long association with the section and the club of Cordeliers. The persecution of the hebertist leaders, in germinal year II, and the reaction against former militants and members of the revolutionary commitee during more than one year changed the composition of leadership of this previously radical section, which joined the royalist rebellion against the Convention on 13 vendémiaire year IV.

R. MONNIER.
Les arrestations de suspects en 1793 et en l'an II. Professions et repression.
Authors: Matharan Jean-louis
Published: May 2009

The questions raised by the study of the professions of the suspects arrested in Paris from 1793 to 1794 result from both this particular subject and more general difficulties in finding out the social structure in Paris over the revolutionary period.

Through several methods of analysis of this set of 5605 suspects among which 427 women whose trades and qualities are already known we come to the following statement : repression fell mainly on the members of the former Tiers-Etat, belonging for the most part to the popular urban classes.

From the methodological point of view, the use of crossed criteria putting the political aspect together with the social one turns out to be a rich and knowledgeable way of studying an overturned society.

Jean-Louis MATHARAN.
La Bibliothèque royale à la veille de la Révolution : l'administration de Le Noir 1784-1789
Authors: Bléchet F.
Published: May 2009

Jean-Charles Le Noir est lieutenant de Police à Paris, lorsqu'il acquiert en outre en 1784 la charge de Bibliothécaire de la Bibliothèque du Roi. L'auteur présente cet aspect méconnu du personnage, gestionnaire actif et controversé, en même temps qu'une analyse du fonctionnement des grands départements de cette institution à la veille de la Révolution qui devait en modifier profondément les structures, mettant fin à la courte carrière de Le Noir dans ce domaine.
Deux inédits de la conspiration pour l'Egalité
Authors: Schiappa Jean-Marc
Published: May 2009

L'auteur présente le texte intégral de deux textes de l'an IV postérieurs au 21 floréal : « L'arrivée à Paris du brave La Terreur canonnier de l'armée de Sambre et Meuse, son entretien avec son camarade Va de Bon Cœur, soldat du Camp de Grenelle », et « Le cri de l'indignation du peuple français contre les véritables conspirateurs ». Ces documents l'amènent à s'interroger sur la poursuite d'une activité conspiratrice après l'arrestation de Babeuf et de ses amis.
La Révolution Française et la formation de l'idéologie révolutionnaire et républicaine chez les Roumains.
Authors: Liu Nicolae
Published: May 2009

L'auteur présente les conditions spécifiques dans lesquels s'effectue la diffusion des idées nouvelles dans les principautés roumaines à l'époque des princes phanariotes, mais aussi des débuts d'une prise de conscience nationale. Il analyse l'impact de l'influence de la Révolution Française les moyens et les relais de sa diffusion, et les supports idéologiques qui ont pu la faciliter (idée de « romanité »). Dans la période de réaction qui suit, des projets se font toutefois jour dont témoigne le plan républicain de D. Sturza en 1802. Du mouvement insurrectionnel de 1821, aux tentatives de monarchie libérale, jusqu'à l'organisation républicaine et révolutionnaire de 1840, on suit les étapes qui conduiront à la révolution démocratique bourgeoise de 1848 en Valachie.
Notes complémentaires sur le poète Théodore Desorgues ou quand les inconnus se font connaître
Authors: Vovelle Michel
Published: May 2009

La publication en 1985 de la biographie de ce poète révolutionnaire méconnu a valu à l'auteur une riche correspondance, signalant des sources complémentaires et apportant des éclairages nouveaux.

La personnalité de ce héros s'en trouve enrichie sur plusieurs points essentiels.
Du féodalisme au capitalisme : à propos des conséquences de la Révolution sur l'évolution de l'économie française
Authors: Lemarchand Guy
Published: May 2009

The author gives an account of the latest contributions, whether recent books on the subject, the number of which has been growing fast, or studies presented at various symposiums and meetings of social scientists in view of the approaching bicentenary. He sums up the various stands taken and shows how much the validity of different points of view depend on a negative or positive evaluation of economic development under the revolution. A precise study area by area makes it possible to come to a much more carefully nuanced conclusion than those of recent syntheses rather hastily put together.
Continuité ou rupture ? Les transformations structurelles de la presse provinciale (1789-1799).
Authors: Gough Hugh
Published: May 2009

This study analyses the impact of the French Revolution on the provincial press beginning the end of censorship in 1789. A number of elements of continuing life of newspapers (44 existed under the Ancien Régime) and the same production techniques. But discontinuity is found in the proliferation of new titles (a thousand different newpapers in the provinces for the whole revolutionary period). The papers became notably political, mirroring the conflicts on the national scale, and bringing forth a new kind of journalist. Brumaire was to challenge brutally all these new developments.
Vandermonde, la monnaie et la politique monétaire de la Révolution.
Authors: Alcouffe Alain
Published: May 2009

Le mathématicien A. T. Vandermonde a professé en l'an III à l'École Normale le premier cours d'économie politique, malheureusement inachevé. On peut toutefois reconstituer ses conceptions de la monnaie à partir de différents écrits. L'auteur rappelle le bilan de l'expérience de l'assignat, tel que Vandermonde pouvait en avoir connaissance en l'an III. Vandermonde s'inscrit dans le courant des auteurs qui constituent la théorie quantitative pour expliquer la dépréciation. Pour lui la hausse des prix vient avant tout d'un déséquilibre fondamental sur le marché des biens. Défenseur des assignats il affirme une conception très hostile au métallisme, auquel il oppose les bienfaits de la monnaie signe reprenant une argumentation que n'avaient pas méconnue les physiocrates. Pour lui il convient de stimuler la demande par la baisse des taux d'intérêt, liée à l'accroissement de l'offre de monnaie. Cette lecture que l'on peut dire « keynesienne » avant la lettre fournit un élément de théorisation de la politique monétaire de la Révolution, qu'on traite trop souvent en terme d'improvisation et de démagogie.
Les adresses de félicitations parvenues au corps législatif pour les journées des 29-30 prairial an VII.
Authors: Gainot Bernard
Published: May 2009

The autor studies a collection of 555 messages received by the legislative body during the summer of 1799 concerning the overthrow of the second directoire government. He studies the origine of these in relation to the position of those who took the initiative of sending them ( from administative bodies particular), and also in relation to the places from which they were sent which reveal a significant geography. Different types of examples appear locally, introducing a typography of attitudes, a sociology of the senders. The author sketches in an analysis of the contents of the discourse carried by these messages which are representative of a neo- jacobin current and in which he see essentially a discourse in favor of the regeneration of the republic, although one must obviously take into account a whole series of nuances.
Victor Lanneau, prêtre, Jacobin et fondateur du Collège des Sciences et des Arts (1758-1830).
Authors: Dorigny Marcel
Published: May 2009

Lanneau came from the lower nobility of the Auxois region; both priest and member of the Theatine religious order, he taught at Tulle up to the beginning of the Revolution. He joined the revolutionary movement and became the episcopal vicar in Autun when the constitutional Church was organized. In 1792, he maried and took an active part in politics in the town, then he became its mayor and an agent national in the Year II. He gave up his functions as a priest and became an active dechristianizer. Troubled by the authorities for a while, in Year III he settled as a printer in Paris and then began a brillant career as a teacher; he founded the Collège Sainte Barbe, of which he was headmaster until he died in 1830; he was a respected notable from the Empire to the Restoration
Curé rouge ou légende noire ? Jean-François Carion, une figure emblématique du prêtre révolutionnaire en Sud-Morvan.
Authors: Aberdam Serge
Published: May 2009

The parish priest of Issy l'Evêque on the eve of the Revolution, J.F. Carion acquired a renown that spread well beyond the town limits during the revolution: this was due to the echos of the campaign he carried on in favor of the tenant farmers and against their landlords as early as 1789 at the cahiers de doléances and during the following years until 1794; he was also known for the means used by this priest and village mayor, turned curé rouge, all through the Revolution in order to carry on his struggle against the local authorities. This earned him a stay in a Paris prison as ealy as 1790; he was troubled by the police on several occasions. Some denounced him as a brutal and abusive agent of village democracy while others, Robespierre and the Jacobins in particular stood up for him. Father of a line of local notables, he is mentioned by the local historiography of the nineteenth century with cautious discretion until Taine gave form to the view of Carion as a fanatical advocate of agrarian reform. From Aulard to Lefebvre it has been difficult for Jacobin historiography to disengage itself from well-known clichés but Albert Soboul began revising our knowledge of Carion and this article carrys this revision further.
Le troisième terme de la comparaison : la Révolution néerlandaise entre l'américaine et la française
Authors: Schulte Nordholt Jan Willem
Published: May 2009

After recalling the origins of the Dutch Revolution of 1782-1787, the author emphasizes the influence of the American Revolution on the « patriots » ideas and its importance as a model. In the series of Atlantic revolutions, they mainly refer to the American one. French influence becomes predominant in the second series from 1795 to 1798 without completely erasing the memory of the earlier experience from the minds of the Batavian « Federalists ».
Qui était l'Être Suprême pour les réfugiés bataves ?
Authors: Rosendaal Joost
Published: May 2009

L'auteur rappelle l'importance et le rôle des réfugiés bataves accueillis en France en 1787, et leur situation à la fin de l'Ancien Régime, puis sous la Révolution. Leur position ambiguë à partir de 1793 ne pouvait en faire apparemment des zélateurs fervents du culte de l'Être Suprême. Un certain nombre de pièces ont cependant été retrouvées : mais il semble bien que pour les réfugiés bataves l'Être Suprême qui a été glorifié en France était le Dieu de la Bible, dans la tradition de la théologie néerlandaise du xvnr siècle, c'est-à-dire d'une image chrétienne éclairée.
La sociabilité politique des patriotes bataves
Authors: Van Sas Nicolas
Published: May 2009

The author analyzes the development of political conscienciousness which expresses itself in new ways especially from 1780 on and after the crisis brought on by the war with England. In their project for a restoration of the constitution, the patriots were looking for new forms of collective participation. They brought the bourgeois town militias back into existence and created new ones on the basis of clubs. An armed society was formed under the banner Pro Patria et Libertate; at first it was a military association and then became a political one, it opened its doors to women and made attempts at educating the press and the reading clubs. In Utrecht the political society Concordia was a good example of the vitality of this movement which accounts for the multiplying of these clubs at the time of the second Batavian Revolution of 1795.
La sociabilité catholique aux Pays-Bas, 1780-1798 : entre méfiance et émancipitation
Authors: Van De Sande Anton
Published: May 2009

After evoking the legal and social condition of Catholics who already formed a numerous minority among the population in Brabant, the author asks how and in what conditions a political sociability developed among them, notably during the revolutionary sequence of the 1780s and after 1795. He studies the forms of interconfessional tension, the anti-papism of the Protestants and the specific traditions of the Catholic clergy (particularly Jansenism). The study of political sociability in the main towns of Bois le Duc, Bread, and Bergen- op-Zoom, and especially of the masonic lodges and philosophical societies are signs of an evolution that the antipapist outburst of 1798 did not challenge.
La Révolution française et la Suède
Authors: Perényi Janos
Published: May 2009

Fragment d'une contribution importante sur « La Révolution Française dans la conscience politique du XIXe siècle » dont est reproduite la partie concernant les réactions suédoises à la Révolution Française, et notamment la « Bataille des jacobins » opposant les tenants des idées des Lumières, défenseurs de la Révolution à ses débuts, à la propagande qui qualifie de jacobine toute aspiration à des réformes. Ce débat s'est poursuivi bien au-delà de la séquence révolutionnaire, rebondissant durant les premières décennies du XIX siècle, nourrissant une abondante littérature d'essais historiques et de traductions, non seulement sur la Révolution mais sur Napoléon. 1848 a relancé le débat entre libéraux et conservateurs, en l'enrichissant de nouveaux enjeux.
"La république de Dieu" : une utopie suédoise de 1789
Authors: Ambjörnsson Ronny
Published: May 2009

En 1789 a été publiée sous le titre « Plan for a free Community » une brochure invitant à un projet de colonisation en Afrique signé de quatre auteurs, dont essentiellement les suédois August Nordenskjôld et Cari Bernhard Wadström. C'est en fait une utopie imprégnée des modèles de pensée sweden- borgiens, qui s'interroge sur les conditions de la fondation de la Nouvelle Jérusalem, Wadström est un technicien et fabricant, Nordenskjöld principal auteur, un minéralogiste et plus encore un alchimiste. A travers leur carrière, comme leur projet tout un milieu intellectuel des Lumières suédoises est évoqué, illus- tant ce que la pensée de Swedenborg a pu y représenter, les liens et les influences aussi, avec Londres surtout mais aussi avec la pensée physiocratique française. On rêve d'éliminer la tyrannie de l'argent en bâtissant une société fondée sur l'amour et le travail.
Débats actuels sur la Révolution en France
Authors: Agulhon Maurice
Published: May 2009

The author takes stock of the debates brought to the fore by the Bicentennial of the Revolution : in the field of political history, two traditions have been very much present : on one hand, a republican heritage within the tradition of the rationalistic humanism of the Enlightenment, and on the other the heritage of traditional conservatism. Although the great majority of the French today consider themselves republicans and more reformists than revolutionaries, there is no doubt but that two different mental attitudes still exist. In the historical field, a series of controversies remain open concerning the social character of the Revolution, concerning the Revolution as either contingent or necessary and concerning the period 1789-1793 which formulates the problem of violence and its justification under the circumstances. Finally, the debate concerns the consequences and the long term effects of the Revolution on the political culture of the French. In this context, the Bicentennial has expressed the discomfort of a public opinion and of a political class which have chosen the politics of consensus. It is nevertheless still true that, because of its message of freedom, the Revolution remains an field that is very much alive both for the French and for other peoples.
Jacques Godechot, historien de la Révolution française
Authors: Vovelle Michel
Published: May 2009

Michel Vovelle, «Jacques Godechot, historian of the French Revolution. »

A tribute rendered by the author on the occasion of the donation of Professor Godechot's library to the French Revolution Museum of Vizille. The author summarizes the main elements of Jacques Godechot's contribution to the historiography of the French Revolution.
Espace et Révolution : enquête, grande peur et fédérations
Authors: Uriu Yoichi
Published: May 2009

This study proposes an initial approach to the metamorphosis of the consciousness of space as it was experienced during the Revolution. First it analyzes the structure of the space in which villagers lived on the eve of the Revolution by the computer data processing of the answers to an inquiry made in the Dauphiné en 1789 concerning contacts and connections of all sorts (markets, food supplies, doctors and mid-wives). The author then examines the ways in which space as experienced was disrupted and analyzes the structure of the communication networks disclosed through La Grande Peur. Finally Yoichi Uriu studies the efforts made to reestablish the disrupted space relations through an analysis of the Federations movement, and the turning point they represented in the formation of a national space.
La Contre-Révolution parisienne : la Section de la Bibliothèque (dite aussi section de 92 et section Lepeletier) (1790-1795)
Authors: Coudart Laurence
Published: May 2009

In the heart of the Paris of the wealthy, The Section of the Library was that of the Exchange, of business but also of gambling dens, cafés and of the world of pleasure nearby the Palais Royal. There the politicians were ruled by bankers and money merchants — denunciations said so. There intrigues were carried on and plots were drawn up; in the neighborhood the revolutionary streak was hardly very pronounced. From the very beginnings of the Revolution the members' stand was the defence of order and property. In 1792, they remained loyal to the king up until his fall. Then the majority sided with the Girondins of whom several leaders such as Brissot lived in the section. The section was ready to defend the Convention on June 2 1793 and leaned towards federalism... but submitted in Year II while the worthies hid out, leaving the field to a handful of fervent Jacobins who were nevertheless quite isolated. Thermidor was welcomed in the muscadins' section which was to take the initiative of organizing the Vendémiaire Royalist rising. All in all, the chronicle of the Section of the Library represents a diary of Parisian counterrevolution, the spirit of which corresponded to the feelings of a population of people involved in business, along with their employees and dependants living there.
Valenciennes de la Révolution à l'Empire, ou l'impact du déplacement de frontière
Authors: Dechenoix Michèle
Published: May 2009

This study examines from a demographic and social perspective the impact of the Revolution on a town along the Northern boundary. Although it had already lost some of its vitality, the textile industry still furnished Valenciennes with its main activity. A theater of fighting — the long siege in 1793, then occupied by the Austrians — , the town was drained of part of its initial population of some 20 000 inhabitants. The author compares the Year IV census with that of Year XIII, examines the rhythm and means of a difficult revival and studies the modifications of urban sociology and population structures. She analyzes with particular care the migratory movements in this town, which benefited only modestly from the extension of the French boundary towards Belgium and the Rhine.
« Jacobinisme » et idée nationale en Allemagne à l'époque révolutionnaire : le cas de Görres
Authors: Calvié Lucien
Published: May 2009

Lucien Calvié : Jacobinisme et idée nationale en Allemagne à l'époque révolutionnaire: le cas de Gôrres.

Cet article invite à une relecture de l'itinéraire intellectuel et politique de Gôrres longtemps mal perçu à partir de son évolution ultérieure et des reconstructions rétrospectives qu'elle a pu autoriser dans l'historiographie nationale allemande du xixc siècle. L'auteur s'attache à caractériser l'attitude du jeune Gôrres dans le contexte de la République cisrhénane entre 1797 et 1799, défendant les mérites d'une voie révolutionnaire, appuyée sur un système représentatif et libéral par le biais d'une bonne constitution. D a pu voir dans l'annexion à la République française le moyen de réaliser cet objectif mais participe de la déception des cisrhénans devant les réalités de la Realpolitik directoriale. Sa position associant violence verbale et modérantisme réel, le démarque à la fois des conceptions des jacobins des années précédentes comme Forster, et du retour à la problématique pédagogique et réformiste des lumières d'un Schiller. D s'en rapproche toutefois, son appel à une révolution fondée sur une morale et une pensée spécifiquement allemande répudie le recours à la souveraineté populaire, sans revenir toutefois à une attitude anti révolutionnaire. Gôrres n'annonce pas encore le romantisme politique réactionnaire d'un Novalis. Elle connaîtra bien d'autres étapes, de sa rentrée dans le débat politique à partir de 1813 à sa mort en 1848.
A la recherche d'un jacobinisme helvétique
Authors: Czouz-Tornare Alain , Maradan Evelyne
Published: May 2009

Alain Czouz Tornare et Evelyne Maradan, "In search of a Swiss Jacobinism."

This study begins with the question: was a Swiss Jacobinism possible?, and underlines the social, political and governmental context of Switzerland at the end of the Eighteenth Century. The author establishes the objective impossibility of an expression of jacobinism which tragically could only remain a minority opinion. From the study of some notable figures including Stapler, Pestalozzi, Laharpe or Ochs, the author establishes the portrait of the so-called 'patriots', although the term is inevitably ambiguous because it designates both those who responded to the revolutionary élan and those who fought against French domination. This analysis makes it easier to understand the contemporary reserve of the Swiss as it is mirrored in the silence and severe judgments of most of Swiss historiography albiet wiht a few notable exceptions (A. Rufer). This historical legacy deepens our understanding of the confédéral authorities more than reticent attitude at the time of the bi-centennial festivities (" the Federal Council does not consider the French Revolution as an event of Swiss history ").
La Révolution française vue et vécue de Constantinople (1789-1795)
Authors: Jamgocyan Onnik
Published: May 2009

Onnik Jamgocyan, " The French Revolution observed and lived through from Constantinople, 1789-1795."

This study deals with the attitudes of a neutral country, the Ottoman Empire as it was confronted by the French Revolution and helps us understand the failings and difficulties of the revolutionary government in the realm of foreign policy; it also follows the daily life of the some 250 French who lived in Constantinople. In spite of the Sultan's aversion to the Revolution, a real current of interest and sympathy existed among the elite and even at court. Although the Frenchman Semonville was not admitted, Descorches was working towards an alliance between the Republic and the Sublime Porte. Caution was the rule for both parties up until 1795 when Verninac was allowed to enter as envoy extraordinary. In spite of the arrival of French émigrés especially after 1792, by and large the French merchants remained loyal to their country; thanks to Descorches cautious attitude and although the comercial relations with the East had become disorganized, they did receive belated news from home. No club was organized but a liberty tree was planted and remnants of the Ancien Régime were abolished.
Continuité et renouvellement : les recherches sur la Révolution française en RDA à l'occasion du bicentenaire
Authors: Middell Matthias
Published: May 2009

Matthias Middell, "Continuity and renewal in the research on the French Revolution in the German Democratic Republic at the time of the Bi-centenary. "

This historiographical survey begins by recalling the welll-established tradition and importance of East German scholarship on the French Revolution thanks to the work of Walter Markov and then of Manfred Kossok. Nevertheless, this scholarship has not escaped the consequences of the crisis within "Jacobin" historiography of the 1970's. The demands of the bi-centenary brought about a renewal and encouraged a greater number of publications and conferences, the opening of new fields of research and the strengthening of international contacts. A general picture is given of the new perspectives and major themes of research (comparative history of revolution, theoretical analysis on the theme of hegemony).
Les révélations d'un dictionnaire : du nouveau sur la composition de l'Assemblée Nationale Constituante (1789-1791)
Authors: Lemay Edna Hindie
Published: May 2009

Edna Hindie-Lemay : Revelations of a Dictionary: some new research on the National constituant Assembly (1789-1791).

This article is a synthesis of the new contributions made by the Dictionary of the Constituants which the author has compiled. Thank to the material and information concerning 1315 representatives in the National Assembly a detailed analysis of this snoop is now possible with its three components: the clergy, the nobility and the tiers-état. The author follow the social and family background of the representatives, the age at which they entered politics and their later careers. A distinction is made between the mass of unknown députés and those who in the different ordres and political groups were spokesmen and became leaders of various tendances within the Assembly.
L'emprunt forcé de 1793 et le patronat textile elbeuvien
Authors: Becchia Alain , Largesse Pierre
Published: May 2009

Alain Becchia et Pierre Largesse : L'emprunt forcé de 1 793 et le patronat du textile elbeuvien.

L'emprunt forcé de 1793 a été peu étudié dans l'historiographie révolutionnaire. Dans le cadre urbain d'Elbeuf , on étudie la levée de ce qui se présente à la fois en fait, comme un impôt sur le revenu et un emprunt, puisque la somme devrait être rendue en domaines nationaux. Par ailleurs, ce prélèvement était lié à un emprunt volontaire qui pouvait en dispenser. La mesure a touché un cercle restreint de soixante elbeuviens, pour la plupart marchands et entrepreneurs. Le rendement a été très modeste, la bourgeoisie locale a su se défendre et le paiement de l'emprunt a très peu rapporté. Mais cette mesure fiscale manquée met à la disposition du chercheur, par le biais des dossiers de déclarations une source précieuse par l'éclairage qu'elle donne sur l'activité économique, sur les achats de biens nationaux, sur la structure du capital des entreprises et les relations commerciales.
La politique de Marat
Authors: Coquard O.
Published: May 2009

Olivier Coquart : Marat's Politics.

Marat's politics articulate political action and theorical reflexion : they are based on two ideas : 1) the struggle against every form of despotism, 2) the construction of an ideal republic. The concepts of despotism and of the republic are rooted in enlightenment thought which was part of Marat's education : Montesquieu was his fundamental reference. Marat's political action was the consequence and the public demonstration of those theories. This paper analyses the political mechanisms of his conscious revolutionary acts and thus breaks with the traditional view of Marat as both muddle-headed and inconsistent.
La Révolution du droit naturel dans les Révolutions de Paris (juillet 1789-septembre 1790)
Authors: Palierse Christophe
Published: May 2009

Christophe Paljerse : The Revolution of Natural Law in the « Révolutions de Paris», July 1789-September 1790.

This article studies the characteristics of the ideology reflected in the newspaper Révolutions de Paris during the period that coincided with Elysée Loustallot's work on the paper. The author demonstrates the unity around the theme of natural law which was a constant reference both in the analysis of the revolutionary phenomenon and in the statement of a plan for future society. The Revolution was the result of the demands of man's natural freedom over the ruins of despotism ; the illegal state of religious, political and patriarchal domination led to generalized corruption. Impregnated with the principle of man's natural freedom, the Revolution was to bring about the reign of philosophy. In order to fulfill this project of regeneration, it was to rely on the common interest, the very foundation of the reign of the law. This meant that the political regime had to be concerned with communal democracy, with social justice and should be wary of any encroachments by the army or the judiciary ; in the same way it was to insure that the souvereignty of the legislative prevailed over the executive so that by raising civic spirit it could re-establish high morals.
La France, l'Allemagne et la Constitution (1789-1815)
Authors: Schmale Wolfgang
Published: May 2009

Wolfgang Schmale : France, Germany and the Constitution (1789-1815).

Centered in the field of comparative constitutional history, this article is presented as a contribution to the history of "the constitutional mentality" of the Eighteenth Century. It asks what exactly was the meaning of the idea of constitution in the twin historical context of France and Germany between 1789 and 1815. The author analyses the two countries one after another and demonstrates how the revolutionary events in France deepened the hiatus between the two, as the term took on a more specific meaning while in Germany it referred initially to vague notions inherited from the tradition of the Empire and of Enlightenment despotism. But through the experiences of the revolutionary period and then of the Napoleonic empire, German lands were to be influenced by French ideas. By comparing the constitutional documents of France in 1814 and of Germany in 1815, the author demonstrates that in the area of government, the historical distance between the two countries diminished during this period.