bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of different evaporation estimates over the African continent
Authors: Trambauer P. , Dutra E. , Maskey S. , Werner M. , Pappenberger F. , van Beek L. P. H. , Uhlenbrook S.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Evaporation is a key process in the water cycle with implications ranging, inter alia, from water management to weather forecast and climate change assessments. The estimation of continental evaporation fluxes is complex and typically relies on continental-scale hydrological models or land-surface models. However, it appears that most global or continental-scale hydrological models underestimate evaporative fluxes in some regions of Africa, and as a result overestimate stream flow. Other studies suggest that land-surface models may overestimate evaporative fluxes. In this study, we computed actual evaporation for the African continent using a continental version of the global hydrological model PCR-GLOBWB, which is based on a water balance approach. Results are compared with other independently computed evaporation products: the evaporation results from the ECMWF reanalysis ERA-Interim and ERA-Land (both based on the energy balance approach), the MOD16 evaporation product, and the GLEAM product. Three other alternative versions of the PCR-GLOBWB hydrological model were also considered. This resulted in eight products of actual evaporation, which were compared in distinct regions of the African continent spanning different climatic regimes. Annual totals, spatial patterns and seasonality were studied and compared through visual inspection and statistical methods. The comparison shows that the representation of irrigation areas has an insignificant contribution to the actual evaporation at a continental scale with a 0.5° spatial resolution when averaged over the defined regions. The choice of meteorological forcing data has a larger effect on the evaporation results, especially in the case of the precipitation input as different precipitation input resulted in significantly different evaporation in some of the studied regions. ERA-Interim evaporation is generally the highest of the selected products followed by ERA-Land evaporation. In some regions, the satellite-based products (GLEAM and MOD16) show a different seasonal behaviour compared to the other products. The results from this study contribute to a better understanding of the suitability and the differences between products in each climatic region. Through an improved understanding of the causes of differences between these products and their uncertainty, this study provides information to improve the quality of evaporation products for the African continent and, consequently, leads to improved water resources assessments at regional scale.
Effects of ecological factors and human activities on nonpoint source pollution in the upper reach of the Yangtze River and its management strategies
Authors: Ding X. W. , Shen Z. Y. , Liu R. M. , Chen L. , Lin M.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. The effects of ecological and human activities on nonpoint source (NPS) pollution are key issues for sustainable water resources management. In this study, the Improved Export Coefficient Model and the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation were adopted to estimate the annual loads of NPS pollutants during the period from 1960 through 2003 in the upper reach of the Yangtze River (URYR). Ecological factors and human activities affecting NPS pollution were distinguished and their respective effects were assessed. Variations of the dominant cause (between ecological factors and human activities) were presented. Furthermore, the combined effect of them on NPS pollution were successfully revealed. The results showed that the annual loads raised from ecological factors of dissolved nitrogen (DN) and dissolved phosphorus (DP) were relatively steady from 1960 to 2003. But those of sediment, absorbed nitrogen (AN) and absorbed phosphorus (AP) decreased during that period. In terms of the annual loads caused by human activities, those of dissolved pollutants increased from 1960 to 2000 and then fell. Those of sediment as well as absorbed pollutants peaked in 1980 and then decreased. Simultaneously, the dominant cause of DN loads shifted from ecological factors to human activities after 1980 while DP loads were mainly contributed by human activities. However, sediment, dissolved pollutants were primarily exported by ecological factors. Finally, strategies for managing anthropogenic activities were proposed and their effects on NPS pollution reduction were also depicted quantitatively.
Parameterizing complex root water uptake models – the arrangement of root hydraulic properties within the root architecture affects dynamics and efficiency of root water uptake
Authors: Bechmann M. , Schneider C. , Carminati A. , Vetterlein D. , Attinger S. , Hildebrandt A.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Detailed three-dimensional models of root water uptake have become increasingly popular for investigating the process of root water uptake. However they suffer from a lack of information in important parameters, especially distribution of root hydraulic properties. In this paper we explore the role that arrangement of root hydraulic properties and root system topology play for modelled uptake dynamics. We apply microscopic models of single root structures to investigate the mechanisms shaping uptake dynamics and demonstrate the effects in a complex three dimensional root water uptake model. We introduce two efficiency indices, for (a) overall plant resistance and (b) water stress and show that an appropriate arrangement of root hydraulic properties can increase modelled efficiency of root water uptake in single roots, branched roots and entire root systems. The average uptake depth of the complete root system was not influenced by parameterization. However, other factors such as evolution of collar potential, which is related to the plant resistance, root bleeding and redistribution patterns were strongly affected by the parameterization. Root systems are more efficient when they are assembled of different root types, allowing for separation of root function in uptake (short young) roots and transport (longer mature) roots. Results become similar, as soon as this composition is accounted for to some degree (between 40 and 80% of young uptake roots). Overall resistance to root water uptake was decreased up to 40% and total transpiration was increased up to 25% in these composed root systems, compared to homogenous root systems. Also, one parameterization (homogenous young root system) was characterized by excessive bleeding (hydraulic lift), which was accompanied by lowest efficiency. We conclude that heterogeneity of root hydraulic properties is a critical component of complex three dimensional uptake models. Efficiency measures together with information on critical xylem potentials may be useful in parameterizing root property distribution.
An observed 20 yr time-series of Agulhas leakage
Authors: Le Bars D. , Durgadoo J. V. , Dijkstra H. A. , Biastoch A. , De Ruijter W. P. M.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. We provide a time series of Agulhas leakage anomalies over the last twenty years from satellite altimetry. Until now, measuring the interannual variability of Indo-Atlantic exchange has been the major barrier in the investigation of the dynamics and large scale impact of Agulhas leakage. We compute the difference of transport between Agulhas Current and Agulhas Return Current which allows to deduce Agulhas leakage. The main difficulty is to separate the Agulhas Return Current from the southern limb of the subtropical "supergyre" south of Africa. For this purpose, an algorithm that uses absolute dynamic topography data is developed. The algorithm is applied to a state-of-the-art ocean model. The comparison with a Lagrangian method to measure the leakage allows to validate the new method. An important result is that it is possible to measure Agulhas leakage in this model using the velocity field along a section that crosses both the Agulhas Current and the Agulhas Return Current. In the model a good correlation is found between measuring leakage using the full depth velocities and using only the surface geostrophic velocities. This allows us to extend the method to along-track absolute dynamic topography from satellites. It is shown that the accuracy of the mean dynamic topography does not allow to determine the mean leakage but that leakage anomalies can be accurately computed.
Parent Involvement on School Committees as Social Capital to Improve Student Achievement
Authors: Karsidi Ravik , Humona Rahesli , Budiati Atik Catur , Wardojo Waskito Widi
Published: January 2014

This study explores how the participation of parents on school committees improves student achievement. In decentralized education systems like the one in Indonesia, parents’ participation has become a focal point for improving the quality of education. The data for this study were collected using questionnaires distributed to 250 students in state senior high schools, selected by quota-purposive sampling. The qualitative findings of this research are threefold: most parents participated in student learning only by providing material aspects, such as tuition and books; most parents had a misconception that it was the school that should solely be responsible for the education of their children; busy parents tended to ignore the progress of their children’s learning. In order to create social capital for their children, parents need to be active in the learning process, cooperate with school officials, and get involved in the planning of social activities.
MOOCs: Hope and Hype in Viral Technologies and Policies
Authors: McClure Maureen W.
Published: January 2014

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have emerged in the last couple of years as Internet-based vehicles providinglow cost global access to quality education. They come in two basic forms: expert and self-organizing. Thedominant expert model provides access to expertise through centralized software platforms with expert-designedshort lecture videos, free online reading materials, discussion forums and a strong emphasis on measurable assessments.Self-organizing models focus on problems that may be too new for well-developed expertise, but are tooimportant to ignore. Their rapid (viral) growth has resulted in related “viral policies” created by administrators andothers who feel under competitive pressure to act quickly. MOOC interest is growing in many countries, openingnew opportunities for international education partnerships. Backlashes have taken the form of: (a) unresolvedproblems with course perseverance, (b) assessment procedures to reduce cheating and improve peer review, and (c)faculty resistance to viral governance. While low course completion rates remains problematic, rapidly developingtechnologies and competitive networks are likely to influence higher education institutional policy for some timeto come.
Análise da durabilidade de gnaisse através de ensaio de desgaste
Authors: Dias Filho José Luiz Ernandes , Xavier Gustavo de Castro , Maia Paulo César de Almeida
Published: January 2014

Este trabalho apresenta estudo realizado em um gnaisse de Santo Antonio de Pádua / RJ / BR e inclui a análise da durabilidade desta rocha, utilizando o ensaio slake durability. As rochas de Pádua são utilizadas, na maioria dos casos, em aplicações como rochas ornamentais. Para avaliar a influência da rotação neste ensaio, foi criado equipamento de laboratório que permite variar a velocidade de 7 RPM para 238 RPM. Este estudo poderia ser realizado em grande variedade de materiais rochosos e, assim, determinar seu tempo de vida no projeto. Com a variação dos níveis de desgaste, observou-se aumento de perda de massa até o momento que, por inércia, a amostra fica presa na parede da máquina. Os resultados indicaram aumento de perda de massa linear. Estes procedimentos permitem uma análise mais precisa da durabilidade, abrangendo várias regiões do mundo.
Aplicação de um modelo de governança corporativa em empresa familiar: um estudo de caso, Dragão Eletro Diesel no Norte Fluminense
Authors: Santos Júnior Jamilson Machado dos , Holanda Marcius Pereira da Rocha
Published: January 2014

O objetivo do artigo é buscar um mecanismo de implementação da governança corporativa em empresas familiares de pequeno porte (EPP), naturalmente em função de seu tamanho, no Brasil normalmente de capital fechado. A busca de uma nova alternativa dá-se em função da característica administrativa e de governança que vem sendo desenvolvida no Brasil. Sua implementação tende a minimizar os problemas de agência, encontrados com frequência em empresas de controle familiar e, com isso, estabelecer regras para as relações entre: família, patrimônio societário e gestão. Este trabalho empírico constituiu um estudo de caso da Dragão Eletro Diesel, e são explorados os benefícios e os principais desafios de prática de governança corporativa, através da implementação de um conselho de administração, que será composto por membros da família, colaboradores organizacionais e consultores externos, buscando assim representar o modelo tridimensional: família-propriedade-gestão.
Centralização ou Democracia? Uma reflexão sobre a gestão educacional nos Institutos Federais de Educação, face às perspectivas democratizantes da educação
Authors: Silva Daniel Cerqueira
Published: January 2014

O presente artigo reflete sobre a necessidade de se praticar a gestão educacional participativa em instituições públicas de ensino, especificamente nos recém instituídos Institutos Federais de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia. Toma como base o modelo de gestão educacional praticado no Instituto Federal Baiano para discutir como a transformação das antigas escolas agrotécnicas federais em Institutos Federais (IFs) não foi o suficiente para quebrar o velho paradigma marcado pela manutenção das oligarquias nos processos de tomada de decisões nas unidades escolares. Aborda também como os interesses políticos e pessoais podem afastar a participação de alguns segmentos escolares (equipe pedagógica, professores, técnicos administrativos, alunos e pais de alunos) na tomada de decisão e contribuir mais ainda para a manutenção do poder hierárquico-verticalizado mantido por diretores. Sugere ideias que vislumbrem a prática da gestão educacional sem perder de vista a Lei de Diretrizes Básicas da Educação Nacional Brasileira de 1996 (LDB 9394/96), que prega a participação dos técnicos administrativos e professores na elaboração do projeto pedagógico da escola e da comunidade escolar em conselhos escolares ou equivalentes.
Perdas quantitativas e danos às soqueiras na colheita de cana-de-açúcar no Norte Fluminense
Authors: Manhães Carmen Maria Coimbra , Garcia Ricardo Ferreira , Corrêa Júnior Delorme , Francelino Francisco Maurício Alves , Vasconcelos Júnior José Francisco Sá , Francelino Helenilson Oliveira
Published: January 2014

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar as perdas quantitativas de cana-de-açúcar e os danos causados às soqueiras, utilizando a colhedora Case A8800 em Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ. Os resultados foram analisados através da estatística descritiva. A comparação das médias foi realizada através do Intervalo de confiança, construído pela estatística "t" á 5% de probabilidade, objetivando comparar os tipos de perdas. As diferenças entre os tipos de perdas foram significativas, pedaço solto e lascas foram encontrados em maior quantidade. O grau de danos 2 foi encontrado em maior número, totalizando 42% das soqueiras avaliadas, seguido de grau 4, grau 3 e grau 1.
Atividade antioxidante e o teor de taninos e fenóis totais dos frutos de Annona muricata L.
Authors: Nunes Clara dos Reis , Bernardes Natalia Ribeiro , Glória Lorena de Lima , Barbosa João Batista , Pereira Silvia Menezes de Faria , Oliveira Daniela Barros de
Published: January 2014

A Annona muricata L. (graviola) destaca-se na economia de frutos tropicais que integram a flora da região de Campos dos Goytacazes - RJ. O consumo de frutas está associado à redução do risco de doenças relacionadas com os elevados níveis de estresse oxidativo. Antioxidantes diminuem esse estresse, minimizam a incidência dessas doenças, contribuindo para a saúde e a graviola é uma fonte natural de antioxidantes. Sendo assim, neste trabalho foram avaliados os teores de taninos e fenóis totais, levando-se em consideração sua atividade antioxidante.
Cuidar de quem cuida: Saúde do Trabalhador num cenário de precarizações
Authors: Abreu Francineide Silva Sales
Published: January 2014

A condução da Política de Saúde tem ocasionado impactos diversos sobre as ações em Saúde do Trabalhador voltadas para o corpo de funcionários de hospitais. Assim, além das demandas postas para as equipes de saúde do trabalhador, a própria concepção sobre esse campo é afetada pela lógica da precarização das condições de reprodução social dos trabalhadores das equipes multiprofissionais das unidades de saúde.
Isolation of a New Steroidal Glycoalkaloid from Solanum xanthocarpum
Authors: Parveen Fazil  , Rahat Azhar Ali
Published: January 2014

A new steroidal glycoalkaloid was isolated from barries of Solanum xanthocarpum, together with two other known steroidal glycoalkaloids. The structure of new steroidal glycoalkaloid was elucidated as O-(3){ α-L- rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2gal)- β-D- galactopyranosyl}-solasodine on the basis of spectroscopic analysis as well as comparison with reported spectroscopic data of related compounds.
Mechanical Characterization of Epoxy Polymer Concrete Containing Fly Ash
Authors: Bedi Raman , Gupta Nagendra Kumar
Published: January 2014

Polymer concrete is a composite material made of aggregates and polymeric resin as a binder. The applications of polymer concrete is limited not only to the domain of civil engineering but it has got inroads in to structural applications in Machine tool structures. Till date no standard mix design procedures are available for polymer concrete systems. In this research, Polymer concrete samples were made using epoxy resin as a binder, fly ash as a filler and marble waste as aggregate. The various mix proportions were developed using concept of mixture design of experiments. Compressive and flexural strength was evaluated for each composition of polymer concrete thus obtained. The effect of variables such as epoxy resin, fly ash and aggregates were analyzed. An optimum mix composition has been developed using the regression equations. The coefficient of correlation (R-Square) between the experimental value and predicted value was found to be high near about one proving the fitness of the model.
Sol-Gel Process for Anti-Corrosion Coatings
Authors: Bera Saheli , Udayabhanu G. , Narayan Ramanuj , Rout T.K.
Published: January 2014

This review paper summarizes the current state of the art of sol-gel technology for formulating anti corrosive protective coating. A brief description of the mechanism of sol-gel reactions, various parameters that influence the property of the final product and the course of the sol-gel reaction has been given. Different types of metal precursors that are extensively used in sol preparation and the advantages and disadvantages have also been mentioned in brief. Surface chemistry of sol-gel matrix and various stabilizing and destabilizing forces that are active on the surface of colloidal particles have also been discussed. Problems related to obtaining good quality product with uniformly distributed concentrations have been outlined. Possible pathways for further improvement of anti-corrosive properties of the coating have been described, such as incorporation of various types of additives into the sol matrix prior to coating. As a whole the present study summarizes the superiority and benefits of organic-inorganic hybrid coatings using sol-gel technique and having good protective and anti-corrosive properties.
Giesekus Constitutive Model for Thermoviscoelastic Fluids based on Ordered Rate Constitutive Theories
Authors: Surana K. S. , Nunez D. , Reddy J. N.
Published: January 2014

This paper presents derivation of Giesekus constitutive model in Eulerian description based on ordered rate constitutive theories for thermoviscoelastic fluids for compressible and incompressible cases in contra-, co-variant and Jaumann bases. The ordered rate constitutive theories for thermoviscoelastic fluids of orders (m, n) consider convected time derivative of order m of the deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor in a chosen basis (i.e. co-, contra-variant or Jaumann) as dependent variable in the development of constitutive theories for the stress tensor. Its argument tensors consist of density, temperature, convected time derivatives of the deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor of up to order m-1 and convected time derivative of up to order n of the conjugate strain tensor. In addition, constitutive theory for the heat vector compatible with the constitutive theory for the deviatoric stress tensor is also presented in co-, contra-variant and Jaumann bases. It is shown that the Giesekus constitutive model is a subset of the rate constitutive theory of orders m = n = 1. It is also shown that the deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor (contra-, co-variant or Jaumann basis) naturally results as dependent variable in the constitutive theory, and that currently used Giesekus constitutive model in deviatoric polymer Cauchy stress tensor is not derivable based on axioms and principles of the constitutive theory in continuum mechanics. Numerical studies are presented for fully developed flow between parallel plates for a dense polymeric liquid using the Giesekus constitutive model derived in this paper as well as currently used model.
Death In Victorian Toronto, 1850-1899
Authors: Barkin Risa , Gentles Ian
Published: January 2014

Abstract A study of the 24,124 deaths recorded in the burial registers of the Putter's Field Cemetery and the Necropolis from 1850 to 1899, indicates that Toronto, like other nineteenth-century cities, experienced very high mortality. The average age at death rose gradually over the fifty-year period, but infants under the age of one year constituted over 40 percent of all burials. Tuberculosis was the leading cause of death among adults, while poor water produced substantial mortality from typhoid.
McMahon, Michael. Metro's Housing Company: The First 35 Years
Authors: Harris Richard
Published: January 2014

Scholars have not paid much serious attention to public or "social" housing in Canada. Of course there was not much of it to speak of before the Second World War. Since then, through the ups and downs of federal policy, a good deal of publicly-subsidized rental and co-op housing has been built, especially in the larger cities where need has been greatest. Many planning and policy studies have been written in connection with specific projects, but the larger picture has remained elusive: what has been the overall contribution of subsidized housing to the urban housing stock, and how has that stock been produced and managed? Metro's Housing Company takes us one step towards answering these questions for Canada's largest city.
Déclin, réaménagement et réanimation d’un quartier ancien de Montréal
Authors: Morin Richard
Published: January 2014

During the 1950s and 1960s, suburbanization went hand-in-hand with the decline of the old inner-city proletarian neighbourhoods, "Centre-sud, " an area of Montreal that had experienced major growth during the nineteenth century, was one of those neighbourhoods showing signs of decline after World War II. The initial urban renewal measures undertaken to redevelop this deteriorating area were typical for the time, consisting of demolition and reconstruction. During the 1970s and into the 1980s, the neighbourhood attracted new interest and urban revitalization replaced the former approach to renewal No longer was it a question of bulldozing parts of the ''blighted area, " but rather it was a matter of restoring "an older neighbourhood. " The present article reports on the sequence of decline, redevelopment, and revitalization. Following a brief theoretical discussion, it proceeds with a case study of "Centre-sud." The transformations in this neighbourhood are not seen so much as a result of a natural process or inevitable progression, but as the consequence of steps taken by various local agents or activists.
The Nazar House
Authors: McIlwraith Thomas F.
Published: January 2014

In the rural countryside along the western fringes of the City of Mississauga, Ontario, a curious landscape has taken shape over the past three years. Today, as motorists sweep around a long-radius, right-angle curve on controlled-access highway 403, their eyes are drawn to a scene that is almost surrealistic. Great grey bridges spanning nothing stand up awkwardly without approach ramps. Verdant rights-of-way lie scattered about and segments of concrete ditches begin and end nowhere. Mixed in with this scene is a mellow red-and-buff brick farmhouse. It is a complex landscape demonstrating the rapidly maturing status of heritage conservation in the Province of Ontario.
Editorial
Authors: Artibise Alan F. J.
Published: January 2014

This issue of the Urban History Review/Revue d'histoire urbaine is the forty-first issue that has been published under my editorship. It is also the last. After more than thirteen years as Editor-in-Chief, I am retiring and a new team is assuming control of the journal.
Ontario Municipal Policy Affecting Local Autonomy: A Case Study Involving Windsor and Toronto
Authors: Kulisek Larry , Price Trevor
Published: January 2014

Entre 1900 et les années 20, période de la première grande expansion urbaine ce sont les municipalités — seules ou d'un commun accord—qui encouragèrent des innovations politiques ainsi que de nouveaux services à leurs habitants. En général, les gouvernements provinciaux n'entrèrent pas beaucoup dans le champ de ces politiques nouvelles, mais ils ne freinèrent pas non plus les efforts issus d'un esprit d'autonomie locale. Ce n'est qu'en 1945, à la suite des crises économiques de la Dépression (et d'un esprit renouvelé de développement urbain) que l'autorité des gouvernements provinciaux sur les municipalités se manifesta. Notre étude examine deux crises qui menacèrent l'avenir du système municipal en Ontario. D'abord le cas de Windsor: aux années 30, Windsor et ses faubourgs furent menacés de banqueroute, ce qui risquait défaire péricliter le crédit provincial. Ensuite, aux années 50, l'impuissance de la ville de Toronto, face aux besoins de services qui dépassaient les limites strictes de la ville, risqua d'empêcher, sinon d'arrêter, le développement de ce centre de croissance provinciale. Notre étude montre comment le gouvernement provincial intervint à contre-cœur dans les affaires municipales, afin de créer pour les deux régions de nouveaux règlements, et comment il créa une structure de surveillance provinciale qui comprendrait une Commission des affaires municipales plus forte ainsi qu'un département spécifiquement conçu pour gérer les affaires municipales. Le but de cette politique fut de soutenir l'autonomie municipale, non pas de la restreindre.
Boosting in British Columbia: The Creation and Rise of Invermere
Authors: Meredith Thomas C.
Published: January 2014

Il a été démontré que la promotion est significative dans la détermination de Vaménagement urbain au Canada, particulièrement dans des régions relativement homogènes où Venvironnement fournit un petit avantage local comparatif Dans le sud-est montagneux de la Colombie britannique, une région riche en forts contrastes physiographiques, le potentiel pour une stratégie de promotion effective semble faible. En 1904, Randolf Bruce, un jeune Ecossais géomètre et propriétaire minier, devient le régisseur des terrains détenus par le Canadien Pacifique autour du lac Windermere. Bruce, le Canadien Pacifique et par la suite une compagnie appelée Columbia Valley Irrigated Fruit lands Company (CVIF) deviennent les forces majeures du développement local. Les avantages dé-détenir le contrôle du centre urbain régional sont suffisamment évidents pour que Bruce, à travers la CVIF, crée en 1911 le village d'Invermere. L'histoire orale, les registres de la compagnie et les journaux du temps démontrent la présence d'une éthique de promotion. Le rôle de cette force se vérifie dans le fait qu'en dépit des désavantages de site, Invermere devient, et continue d'être aujourd'hui, la communauté dominante de la région.
Notes and Comments
Authors: Weaver John , Taylor John
Published: January 2014

The conference, organized by Judith Wiesinger and Ged Martin of the Centre of Canadian Studies at the University of Edinburgh, was a well-attended meeting that brought together researchers from both sides of the Atlantic. The academic sessions were augmented by an optional field trip through the eastern Lowlands to New Harmony, including a drive past the new town of Cumbernauld and the industrial complex at Falkirk and a stop at the Firth of Forth bridges, as well as several memorable receptions in the magnificent halls of the Old College. A week of sunshine displayed Edinburgh at its finest. Given the number of the presentations (there were approximately 40 papers given), a complete account of all sessions will not be attempted here, but some of the conference highlights can be recounted - several papers will be published in future issues of the Urban History Review.
Winnipeg and Minneapolis Bank Resources Compared, 1876-1926
Authors: Fay Terence J.
Published: January 2014

En 1926, la population du Manitoba atteint le tiers de celle du Minnesota; cependant, les actifs accumulés dans les banques manitobaines cette année-là représentent seulement le dizième des actifs bancaires du Minnesota. Comment expliquer la forte production de ressources bancaires au Minnesota et à Minneapolis, par rapport à la faible production au Manitoba et à Winnipeg? Une analyse du nombre des succursales au Manitoba et du niveau des compensations à Winnipeg révèle que ces succursales sont tout aussi actives que celles du Minnesota. Cependant, en comparant la croissance des industries à Minneapolis à celle de Winnipeg, il appert que les habitants de Winnipeg n'ont pas, à l'instar des entrepreneurs de Minneapolis, développé un secteur manufacturier destiné à l'exportation, ni par conséquent les sièges sociaux, ni les services de transport nécessaires pour susciter une accumulation endogène de capitaux. Les succursales de Winnipeg sont le produit d'un système bancaire importé de Montréal et Toronto qui, en même temps qu'il procure des fonds aux Manitobains, sert également les intérêts des directeurs et des actionnaires du Canada central et par conséquent continue d'intégrer les ressources commerciales de Winnipeg à l'intérieur du réseau urbain central. Par contraste, les entrepreneurs de Minneapolis établissent des banques qui produisent leurs propres capitaux et leurs propres pratiques bancaires. Cela signifie que les propriétaires des banques de Minneapolis sont déterminés à façonner les investissements et la croissance de leur région métropolitaine. Tandis qu'à Winnipeg, les succursales sont au service des propriétaires montréalais et torontois qui sont déterminés à encastrer fermement les entreprises de Winnipeg à l'intérieur du système central canadien.
The Urban History Yearbook
Authors: Bloomfield Elizabeth
Published: January 2014

Urban history boomed in the early 1970s, following a decade of heightened public and academic interest in cities and in urban problems and policies. For English-language organs devoted to urban history began publication between 1972 and 1975. Two of these — the Journal of Urban History and the Urban History Yearbook — have been remarkably consistent in editorial policy, format and appearance since their debuts in 1974, though quite different from each other. Of the other two, the Urban History Review/Revue d'histoire urbaine has changed considerably in scope and presentation since its beginnings in 1972. In 1985 it absorbed the subscription list and some of the features of the fourth, Urbanism Past and Present ( 1975-1985), which had grown out of the Urban History Group Newsletter. The Yearbook, more distinctive than the others in its range, emphasis and annual frequency of publication, deserves some assessment after thirteen years.
The "Metropolitan Thesis" and the Writing of Canadian Urban History
Authors: Davis Donald F.
Published: January 2014

Cet article traite du concept de Métropolitanisme utilisé par les historiens et les géographes canadiens. L'auteur prétend que, contrairement à la croyance générale, il n'existe pas une seule et unique thèse métropolitaine. Au contraire, il estime que les relations métropole-hinterland comptent plusieurs approches différentes, cinq d'entre elles sont commentées dans cet article. L'auteur montre que ces diverses approches présentent des hypothèses variées à propos de l'autonomie individuelle, du pouvoir de la métropole, de la mutabilité des relations métropole-hinterland et de l'universalité du phénomème métropolitain. La non-reconnaissance de la variétés des approches au Métropolitanisme comme cause de retard du développement des études urbaines au Canada, constitue l'argument central de cet article. Tout en considérant comme un progrès potentiel le fait que des historiens aient clarifié leurs différences par rapport au Métropolitanisme, l'article n'en suggère pas moins que les spécialistes de l'histoire urbaine feraient mieux d'abandonner complètement l'approche métropolitaine, étant donné ses indéterminations et ses abstentions au sujet des relations fondamentales entre les classes, tout comme son manichéisme et son parti pris spatial.
Cities and Regional Development
Authors: Bloomfield Gerald T.
Published: January 2014

As Mark Jefferson remarked in 1931 : "Cities do not grow up of themselves. Countrysides set them up to do tasks which must be performed in central places."1 This bold assertion has been challenged by later interpretations of urban development,2 and the complex economic growth mechanisms of cities and regions have been explored in a very substantial body of literature in economics, geography, planning, sociology and, more recently, in urban history. The economic growth mechanisms and linkages provide a dynamic element in the rise and decline of urban systems. The importance of these increasingly invisible linkages is most obvious when a city and its regional economy are failing. In Jefferson's time, the devastating effect of the severance of cities from their hinterlands was very evident in Danzig, Trieste and Vienna where the redrawing of national boundaries after the Versailles settlement truncated the service areas of these cities. In our time, major political shifts have affected cities as varied as West Berlin, Dacca, Hong Kong and Saigon. At a more gradual pace, the effects of deindustrialization may be observed in the retreat of the world hinterlands and diminution of markets in such old 'workshops of the world' as Glasgow, Manchester, Liège, Pittsburgh and Detroit.
"Building Today for the Womanhood of Tomorrow": Businessmen, Boosters, and the YWCA, 1890-1930
Authors: Pedersen Diana
Published: January 2014

Au début du 20e siècle, les organisations féminines jouent un rôle actif au sein du mouvement nord-américain de réforme urbaine. Les femmes réformistes ont une vision spécifique de la ville et élaborent leur propre définition de la réforme urbaine. Cependant, elles doivent composer et collaborer avec leurs confrères masculins. Dénuées de capitaux et de pouvoir politique réel, les femmes dépendent du soutien des réformistes masculins et doivent par le fait même endosser les intérêts de ces derniers. Cet article examine les relations établies entre la Young Women's Christian Association et les hommes d'affaires canadiens dans le cadre de plusieurs campagnes de collecte de fonds fructueuses au profit des édifices du YWCA, menées entre 1850 et 1930. Les femmes du YWCA présentent leur projet aux hommes d'affaires comme un solide investissement et le fait d'y contribuer comme un excellent moyen de rehausser leur réputation de chef de file au sein d'une société moderne et progressiste.
Le logement et les enjeux de la transformation de l’espace urbain : Montréal, 1940-1960. Deuxième partie
Authors: Choko Marc H. , Collin Jean-Pierre , Germain Annick
Published: January 2014

In the field of urban planning and housing, particularly, the fourties and the fifties constituted a specific period: a period of transition, of passage to the contemporary era. In the light of concrete events, issues and debates surrounding major developments in housing and urban planning, this paper examines the political and social "arrangements" brought in view by three sets of issues related to the transformation of the urban space in the Montreal area. The first part of the paper deals with the willingness of the federal government to intervene in the housing field and the local resistances to that intervention. The second part, to be published in the next issue, will focus on the linkages between housing types and models of living conditions with a case-study of the cooperative housing movement, on one hand, and on the orientations of urban development and more precisely the spatial redistribution of urban activities and social classes, on the other hand.
The Development of Victoria as a Retirement Centre
Authors: Forward Charles N.
Published: January 2014

L'importance de Victoria comme centre de retraite, par rapport aux autres villes du Canada, constitue le point central de cet article. Les données du recensement sur la proportion de personnes âgées et moyennement âgées vivant dans les villes canadiennes ont été examinées, ainsi que les données sur le déplacement des personnes âgées. La comparaison entre les autres villes canadiennes et Victoria permet de déterminer à quel moment cette dernière est devenue une destination privilégiée pour les retraités et de préciser comment elle se distingue comme centre de retraite depuis lors.
The First Hurrah: Edmonton Elects a Mayor, 1983
Authors: Lightbody Jame
Published: January 2014

Cet article d'un observateur-participant décrit les quatre étapes de la stratégie électorale victorieuse de Laurence Décore, élu trente-et-unième maire d'Edmonton, le 17 octobre 1983. Depuis la guerre, les élections locales à Edmonton se caractérisent par la présence de groupes «non partisans» et de candidats indépendants. La campagne de 1983 réaffirme avec acuité cette tendance antipartisane à l'intérieur du processus électoral municipal.
Le logement et les enjeux de la transformation de l’espace urbain : Montréal, 1940-1960, Première partie
Authors: Choko Marc H. , Collin Jean-Pierre , Germain Annick
Published: January 2014

In the field of urban planning and housing, particularly, the fourties and the fifties constituted a specific period: a period of transition, of passage to the contemporary era. In the light of concrete events, issues and debates surrounding major developments in housing and urban planning, this paper examines the political and social "arrangements" brought in view by three sets of issues related to the transformation of the urban space in the Montreal area. The first part of the paper deals with the willingness of the federal government to intervene in the housing field and the local resistances to that intervention. The second part, to be published in the next issue, will focus on the linkages between housing types and models of living conditions with a case-study of the cooperative housing movement, on one hand, and on the orientations of urban development and more precisely the spatial redistribution of urban activities and social classes, on the other hand.
The 1935 Dominion Housing Act: Setting the Stage for a Permanent Federal Presence in Canada's Housing Sector
Authors: Hulchanski J. David
Published: January 2014

Au coeur de l'effervescence sociale, économique et politique des années 1930, l'étendue du champ d'action de la politique fédérale du logement et le programme d'options font l'objet de débats. Le gouvernement Bennett, après avoir institué un comité spécial de la Chambre des Communes sur la question du logement en février 1935 et ignoré par la suite toutes ses recommandations, adopte le Dominion Housing Act (DHA) en juin 1935. Cet qrticle examine le développement et l'implantation du DHA et constate que la loi a eu peu d'effet sur le secteur du logement et que les familles à faible revenu n'en ont retiré aucun bénéfice. Cependant, le DHA est fort important en tant que précédent servant à définir à long terme le rôle «adéquat» du gouvernement dans le secteur du logement. Les protagonistes de la création du DHA, le ministre des finances W.C Clark et les compagnies de prêts hypothécaires, y compris David B. Mansur de la Sun Life, jouent un rôle central dans la définition de la politique du logement du début des années 1950. Ensemble, ils ont protégé avec succès le statu quo au détriment d'options politiques de rechange. Le DHA marque les débuts de la politique canadienne de logement, il en résulte une longue histoire concentrée davantage sur le bien-être du marché plutôt que sur une approche sociale des problèmes de logement.
Wartime Housing Limited, 1941 - 1947: Canadian Housing Policy at the Crossroads
Authors: Wade Jill
Published: January 2014

Entre 1941 et 1947, une corporation de la couronne appelée Wartime Housing Limited (WHL) construit et gère avec succès des milliers d'habitations qu'elle loue aux travailleurs de guerre et aux vétérans. WHL constitue une approche interventionniste directe des problèmes de logement et démontre que le gouvernement fédéral a su effectivement et d'une manière efficace satisfaire les besoins sociaux en participant à la constitution d'un stock de logements. Bien que le Comité consultatif sur la Reconstruction ait recommandé un programme complet de logement à l'échelle nationale, mettant l'accent sur le logement à loyer modique, le gouvernement fédéral met sur pied un programme d'après-guerre encourageant l'accès à la propriété et l'entreprise privée et, dans le processus, néglige la planification à long terme et le logement à faible revenu. Déplus, à la fin des années 1940, le réservoir de logements constitué par la WHL est privatisé. Cette perspective orientée vers le marché retarde les progrès de la politique du logement de l'après-guerre de même que, pour des décennies, la tradition législative en matière d'assistance publique entrave l'adoption par le gouvernement d'une politique d'aide aux chômeurs. Cet article passe en revue les registres de logement de la WHL et examine l'échec du gouvernement fédéral à constituer, à la fin de la guerre, une agence permanente de logement à loyer modique à partir de l'expertise de la WHL.
A History of Commissions
Authors: Hillis Ken
Published: January 2014

Early planning in Ottawa takes the form of a piece-meal architectural admixture. On paper there remains a series of largely unrealized proposals designed to promote an image symbolic of national identity. Successive federal and municipal agencies worked to various degrees of success to augment Ottawa's appearance and amenity. British planner Thomas Adams' departure from, and the subsequent demise of the Federal Commission of Conservation in the early 1920's marked a low point in efforts to evolve comprehensive planning strategies. The career of Noulan Cauchon, first head of the Ottawa Town Planning Commission, aimed to keep the notion of planning alive in the city. Certain of his little-acknowledged proposals bear remarkable similarity to the pre-W.W. H planning efforts of MacKenzie King and Jacques Greber. Cauchon's legacy endures in proposals which appear to have been incorporated into federal planning activities during the post-war era.
Housing Finance in Early 20th Century Suburban Toronto
Authors: Paterson Ross
Published: January 2014

This study examines the financing of housing production and consumption in five early twentieth-century Toronto suburbs. The study areas range in status from upper-middle class to working class. Research findings include the persistence of a traditional pattern of finance characterized by high levels of cash transactions and private financing. Institutional lenders, while influential in financing high-status housing played a relatively minor role in the overall provision of mortgage funding. The study adds to our understanding of the role of housing finance during this formative period when the major element of modern suburbanization, including the emergence of a corporate land development industry, were being established
H.-M. Caiserman et l’École littéraire de Montréal. Vers une exploration en yiddish du Canada français
Authors: Anctil Pierre
Published: January 2014

Au début du XXe siècle, un certain nombre d’immigrants européens ont jeté un regard sur la société québécoise et ont rédigé à ce sujet, à Montréal, des textes littéraires en langue non officielle. C’est entre autres le cas d’un activiste culturel et leader communautaire d’origine roumaine, Hananiah-Meir Caiserman, qui s’est distingué en explorant en langue yiddish les oeuvres poétiques associées à l’École littéraire de Montréal. Voulant mieux connaître les réalisations culturelles du Canada français, Caiserman a publié ses réflexions en 1921 dans une petite revue littéraire montréalaise intitulée Nyuansn. Ces contributions, peu étudiées jusqu’à maintenant, jettent un éclairage inédit sur le Québec d’avant la Révolution tranquille, et montrent tout l’intérêt qu’il y a à explorer les propos des auteurs issus des milieux allophones.
Enhancement of performance of GaN-based light-emitting diodes by insertion and optimization of n-InGaN/GaN composite current-spreading layers
Authors: Xu Jie , Zhang Xiong , Yang Hongquan , Guo Hao , Zheng Yuanzhi , Zhou Debao , Cui Yiping
Published: January 2014

Si-doped n-InGaN/GaN composite current-spreading layers (CCSLs) inserted between the n-GaN layer and the InGaN/GaN multiple-quantum-well (MQW) active region were developed and optimized for the GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs). It was found that with the optimized n-InGaN/GaN CCSLs lightly doped with Si, the crystalline quality as well as the electric and optical properties of the GaN-based LEDs, such as forward voltage V
f, photoluminescence (PL) intensity, and electrostatic discharge (ESD) endurance could be significantly improved. In particular, an ESD pass yield as high as 99.49% at a 2000 V reverse bias has been achieved for the GaN-based LEDs with the 70 nm/70 nm n-InGaN/GaN CCSLs. This means that the n-InGaN/GaN CCSLs with carefully optimized layer thickness could play a key role in improving the crystalline quality and enhancing the device performance of the GaN-based LEDs.
Assessing Delay Discounting in Mice
Authors: Mitchell Suzanne H.
Published: January 2014

Delay discounting (also intertemporal choice or impulsive choice) is the process by which delayed outcomes, such as delayed food delivery, are valued less than the same outcomes delivered immediately or with a shorter delay. This process is of interest because many psychopathologies, including substance dependence, pathological gambling, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorder, are characterized by heightened levels of delay discounting. Some of these disorders are heritable, and data indicate that delay discounting also has a genetic component. To identify the genes underlying the delay discounting decision‐making process and genetic correlates of heightened discounting, researchers have used mouse models. This unit describes a protocol for generating delay discounting behavior in mice and discusses analysis techniques for such behavior. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 66:8.30.1‐8.30.12. © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.