bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pulsed laser deposition from a pre‐synthesized Cr2AlC MAX phase target with and without ion‐beam assistance
Authors: Lange C. , Hopfeld M. , Wilke M. , Schawohl J. , Kups Th. , Barsoum M. W. , Schaaf P.
Published: December 2011

Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) employing a pulsed Nd:YAG laser was used to grow thin films from a pre‐synthesized Cr2AlC MAX phase ablation target onto MgO(100), amorphous SiO2 and stainless steel substrates. The depositions were carried out for substrate temperatures from room temperature to 650 °C. For one set of samples, a 200 eV argon ion‐beam was directed towards the substrate during deposition, while an otherwise identical control set was deposited without such an ion‐beam. The composition, structure and properties of the films were investigated by glow‐discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES) for film thickness and composition, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) for the phase analysis and electron microscopy for the microstructure of the films. Furthermore, electrical conductivity and hardness of the films was measured. Depending on the deposition temperature, either amorphous films or the formation of Cr7C3 and Cr2Al inside amorphous parts was observed. In all cases, the film composition did not represent the original stoichiometric composition of the target. Instead, a loss of especially aluminium and carbon was observed. The ion‐beam has several interesting effects on film thickness and composition, concentration gradients in the films and on conductivity and hardness. So far, no clear model can be presented, which can summarize these effects.
On the theory of indirect exchange in EuO
Authors: Burg Shmuel , Stukalov Vladimir , Kogan Eugene
Published: December 2011

We present the calculations of the Curie temperature and magnetization of doped EuO both in the absence and in the presence of external magnetic field. The calculations were performed both for the free electrons model and for the model with finite electron bandwidth. Both models give similar results for the magnetization, close to Brillouin function.
IMPLEMENTING ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS IN COMPLEX WATER RESOURCES SYSTEMS – CASE STUDY: THE DUERO RIVER BASIN, SPAIN
Authors: Paredes‐Arquiola J. , Martinez‐Capel F. , Solera A. , Aguilella V.
Published: December 2011

European river basin authorities are responsible for the implementation of the new river basin management plans in accordance with the European Water Framework Directive. This paper presents a new methodology framework and approach to define and evaluate environmental flow regimes in the realistic complexities that exist with multiple water resource needs at a basin scale. This approach links river basin simulation models and habitat time series analysis to generate ranges of environmental flows (e‐flows), which are evaluated by using habitat, hydropower production and reliability of water supply criteria to produce best possible alternatives.

With the use of these tools, the effects of the proposed e‐flows have been assessed to help in the consultation process. The possible effects analysed are impacts on water supply reliability, hydropower production and aquatic habitat. After public agreements, a heuristic optimization process was applied to maximize e‐flows and habitat indicators, while maintaining a legal level of reliability for water resource demands. The final optimal e‐flows were considered for the river basin management plans of the Duero river basin.

This paper demonstrates the importance of considering quantitative hydrologic and ecological aspects of e‐flows at the basin scale in addressing complex water resource systems. This approach merges standard methods such as physical habitat simulations and time series analyses for evaluating alternatives, with recent methods to simulate and optimize water management alternatives in river networks. It can be integrated with or used to complement other frameworks for e‐flow assessments such as the In‐stream Flow Incremental Methodology and Ecological Limits of Hydrologic Alteration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Females experience a more severe disease course in batten disease
Authors: Cialone Jennifer , Adams Heather , Augustine Erika F. , Marshall Frederick J. , Kwon Jennifer M. , Newhouse Nicole , Vierhile Amy , Levy Erika , Dure Leon S. , Rose Katherine R. , Ramirez‐Montealegre Denia , de Blieck Elisabeth A. , Mink Jonathan W.
Published: December 2011

Juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (JNCL; CLN3 disease; Batten disease) is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disease of childhood. Symptoms typically present at school age with vision loss followed by progressive cognitive decline, motor dysfunction, seizures, and behavior problems. Studies on sex differences in JNCL have yielded mixed results, but parent anecdotes suggest that females experience a more precipitous disease course. Therefore, we sought to determine if sex‐based differences exist in JNCL. We used data from the Unified Batten Disease Rating Scale (UBDRS), the Batten Disease Support and Research Association (BDSRA) database, and the PedsQL quality of life (QoL) survey to evaluate sex‐based differences in functional independence and time from symptom onset to death. On average, females had JNCL symptom onset one year later and death one year earlier than did males. Despite a later age at onset, females had lower functional capability, earlier loss of independent function, and lower physical QoL. Future research in sex differences in JNCL may help to further understand the biological mechanisms underpinning the disease course and may point to targeted therapies.
Heterogeneity of follow‐up procedures in French and Belgian patients with treated hereditary tyrosinemia type 1: results of a questionnaire and proposed guidelines
Authors: Schiff Manuel , Broue Pierre , Chabrol Brigitte , De Laet Corinne , Habes Dalila , Mention Karine , Sarles Jacques , Spraul Anne , Valayannopoulos Vassili , Ogier de Baulny Hélène ,   and the French‐Belgian study group for HT‐1
Published: December 2011

The 1991 introduction of 2‐(2‐nitro‐4‐trifluoro‐methylbenzyol)‐1,3 cyclohexanedione (NTBC) as a treatment for hereditary tyrosinemia type 1 (HT‐1), a disorder of tyrosine catabolism, has radically modified the natural history of this disorder. Despite the dramatic improvements in survival, outcomes and quality of life seen with NTBC treatment, HT‐1 remains a chronic disorder with several long‐term complications, including, a persistent (albeit low) risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and suboptimal neuropsychological outcomes. There remain unsolved key‐questions concerning the long‐term outcomes of patients with HT‐1, which closely depend on the quality of follow‐up in these patients. In the absence of published guidelines, we investigated the follow‐up methods used for French and Belgian patients with HT‐1. A simple questionnaire providing a rapid overview of follow‐up procedures was sent to the 19 physicians in charge of HT‐1 patients treated with NTBC and low‐tyrosine diet in France and Belgium. Several areas of heterogeneity (especially liver imaging, slit lamp examination, neuropsychological evaluation and maximal plasma tyrosine level accepted) were observed. In an attempt to improve long‐term management and outcome of patients with HT‐1, we proposed follow‐up recommendations.
Identification of Individuals at Risk for Lynch Syndrome Using Targeted Evaluations and Genetic Testing: National Society of Genetic Counselors and the Collaborative Group of the Americas on Inherited Colorectal Cancer Joint Practice Guideline
Authors: Weissman Scott M. , Burt Randall , Church James , Erdman Steve , Hampel Heather , Holter Spring , Jasperson Kory , Kalady Matt F. , Haidle Joy Larsen , Lynch Henry T. , Palaniappan Selvi , Wise Paul E. , Senter Leigha
Published: December 2011

Identifying individuals who have Lynch syndrome (LS) involves a complex diagnostic work up that includes taking a detailed family history and a combination of various genetic and immunohistochemical tests. The National Society of Genetic Counselors (NSGC) and the Collaborative Group of the Americas on Inherited Colorectal Cancer (CGA‐ICC) have come together to publish this clinical practice testing guideline for the evaluation of LS. The purpose of this practice guideline is to provide guidance and a testing algorithm for LS as well as recommendations on when to offer testing. This guideline does not replace a consultation with a genetics professional. This guideline includes explanations in support of this and a summary of background data. While this guideline is not intended to serve as a review of LS, it includes a discussion of background information on LS, and cites a number of key publications which should be reviewed for a more in‐depth understanding of LS. These guidelines are intended for genetic counselors, geneticists, gastroenterologists, surgeons, medical oncologists, obstetricians and gynecologists, nurses and other healthcare providers who evaluate patients for LS.
Cumulative annual dung beetle diversity in Mediterranean seasonal environments
Authors: Agoglitta Rossana , Moreno Claudia E. , Zunino Mario , Bonsignori Gabriella , Dellacasa Marco
Published: December 2011

Species diversity assessments should consider the dynamic nature of ecological communities, especially in highly seasonal ecosystems. Here we provide a comprehensive framework for analysing seasonal changes in species composition, richness and diversity in two local dung beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeoidea: Aphodiidae, Geotrupidae, and Scarabaeidae) communities from Western Tuscany (Italy), in the Mediterranean ecoregion. We test whether, in this highly seasonal region, cumulative annual diversity is an oversimplification of well differentiated seasonal communities. Data were obtained through repeated standardised samples collected regularly over an entire year. We clearly identify different summer and winter communities at each site based on species composition and abundance. Seasonal richness and diversity values are different from the cumulative annual values, as a consequence of beta diversity between seasons, and some dung beetle species are identified as idiosyncratic of each particular season. Both ecological (niche partitioning) and biogeographical factors are suggested as drivers of these temporal variations. Thus, because local inventories of fauna that include records over long time periods actually reflect situations where coexistence and interactions are unlikely to occur, highly seasonal sites must be viewed as having temporally differentiated communities in order to reach feasible and reliable baselines for local diversity assessments.
Hydrochemistry and Quality Assessment of Groundwater in Part of NOIDA Metropolitan City, Uttar Pradesh
Authors: Singh Abhay Kumar , Tewary B. K. , Sinha A.
Published: December 2011

An attempt has been made to study the groundwater geochemistry in part of the NOIDA metropolitan city and assessing the hydrogeochemical processes controlling the water composition and its suitability for drinking and irrigation uses. The analytical results show that Na and Ca are the major cations and HCO3 and Cl are the major anions in this water. The higher ratios of Na+K/TZ+ (0.2-0.7), Ca+Mg/HCO3 (0.8-6.1); good correlation between Ca-Mg (0.75), Ca- Na (0.77), Mg-Na (0.96); low ratio of Ca+Mg/Na+K (1.6), Ca/Na (1.03), Mg/Na (0.64), HCO3/Na (1.05) along with negative correlation of HCO3 with Ca and Mg signify silicate weathering with limited contribution from carbonate dissolution. The hydro-geochemical study of the area reveals that many parameters are exceeding the desirable limits and quality of the potable water has deteriorated to a large extent at many sites. High concentrations of TDS, Na, Cl, SO4, Fe, Mn, Pb and Ni indicate anthropogenic impact on groundwater quality and demand regional water quality investigation and integrated water management strategy. SAR, %Na, PI and Mg-hazard values show that water is of good to permissible quality and can be used for irrigation. However, higher salinity and boron concentration restrict its suitability for irrigation uses at many sites.
Utilization of Infertility Treatments: The Effects of Insurance Mandates
Authors: Bitler Marianne P. , Schmidt Lucie
Published: December 2011

Over the last several decades, both delay of childbearing and fertility problems have become increasingly common among women in developed countries. At the same time, technological changes have made many more options available to individuals experiencing fertility problems. However, these technologies are expensive, and only 25% of health insurance plans in the United States cover infertility treatment. As a result of these high costs, legislation has been passed in 15 states that mandates insurance coverage of infertility treatment in private insurance plans. In this article, we examine whether mandated insurance coverage for infertility treatment affects utilization. We allow utilization effects to differ by age and education, since previous research suggests that older, more-educated women should be more likely to be directly affected by the mandates than younger women and less-educated women, both because they are at higher risk of fertility problems and because they are more likely to have private health insurance, which is subject to the mandate. We find robust evidence that the mandates do have a significant effect on utilization for older, more-educated women that is larger than the effects found for other groups. These effects are largest for the use of ovulation-inducing drugs and artificial insemination.
Schumpeter's Business Cycles as Business History
Authors: McCraw Thomas K.
Published: December 2011

Business Cycleswas Joseph Schumpeter's least successful book, measured by its professed aims and several other yardsticks. Yet the book has two vital aspects that have largely been overlooked. First, the prodigious research that went into its writing caused a significant change in Schumpeter's thinking about capitalism. It moved him to a more historical and empirical approach that shaped nearly all his subsequent work. And second, much of the book constitutes a preview of modern, rigorous business history. This article explores both of these elements—not in the spirit of rescuing a neglected classic, because the book is not a classic. Instead,Business Cyclesis a noble failure that paid unexpected dividends both to the author and to scholarship.
Turning Fashion into Business: The Emergence of Milan as an International Fashion Hub
Authors: Merlo Elisabetta , Polese Francesca
Published: December 2011

The Italian fashion industry rose to a position of international prominence in the second half of the twentieth century. An important factor in the sector's global success was the opening up of the international, particularly the American, markets. The changes that occurred within the fashion industry after World War II, most critically the end of the Parisian monopoly, offered opportunities that were exploited differently by the various competitors. While cities like London and New York managed to promote themselves as alternatives to Paris, Italy was initially unable to create a single fashion capital. Florence, Rome, and Milan felt themselves equally entitled to become the staging ground for Italian fashion production, but Milan, benefiting from certain features of its productive structure, eventually emerged as the winner. The city's success was based on a long, steady accumulation of resources and the ability to harness its creative and managerial capabilities. The result was Milan's emergence as a fashion “superstar” in the 1970s.
Networks, Narratives, and New Markets: The Rise and Decline of Danish Modern Furniture Design, 1930–1970
Authors: Hansen Per H.
Published: December 2011

Histories of the rising popularity of Danish modern furniture in both Denmark and the United States have traditionally ascribed its success to the inherent beauty of Danish design. This article argues that Danish modern furniture succeeded for two other reasons. First, through the creation of powerful narratives, or stories, that framed the way consumers made sense of this furniture; and, second, through the calculated development of a network of individuals and organizations whose goal was to promote and legitimize these narratives.
International Management in a Free-Standing Company: The Penang Sugar Estates, Ltd., and the Malayan Sugar Industry, 1851–1914
Authors: Lees Lynn Hollen
Published: December 2011

Although free-standing companies helped facilitate international capital flows in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, their ability to operate effectively over the long run in a global economy has been questioned. This essay looks at one free-standing company, the Penang Sugar Estates, Ltd., in British Malaya to assess its managerial performance and strategies for transferring information. Through diversification, subcontracting, reorganization, and increased tolerance for local knowledge, the firm surmounted the information asymmetries that gave trouble during its early decades and increased profits. The Malayan sugar industry benefited from its imperial location, which brought significant advantages.
Corporate Legitimacy and Advertising: British Companies and the Rhetoric of Development in West Africa, 1950–1970
Authors: Decker Stephanie
Published: December 2011

Development, modernity, and industrialization became dominant themes in corporate advertising in Africa in the 1950s and remained prevalent through the following two decades while many African nations were gaining independence. British businesses operating there created a publicity strategy that couched their presence in less developed countries in terms of a commitment and a positive contribution to the progress of the new states. Eventually, British companies tried to “Africanize” their corporate image through these campaigns.
Doing Business with Gender: Service Industries and British Business History
Authors: Honeyman Katrina
Published: December 2011

Business historians have failed to recognize British women's participation in business. Beginning in the eighteenth century, English women overcame a range of socially constructed constraints to assume a more important role in financial and entrepreneurial activi-ties than has been hitherto acknowledged. Women's apparent affinity with the service sector in employment, self-employment, and business enterprise has encouraged a limited view of their activities, relegating them to a separate, female sphere, rather than viewing them as part of the masculine world of rational profit maximization. Several approaches drawing upon social and cultural ideas are proposed to rectify the prevailing blindness toward issues of gender. The eclectic methodological underpinning of British business history offers some hope that the topic of gender can soon be incorporated into the discipline.
Women and Family Capitalism in Greece, c.17801940
Authors: Minoglou Ioanna Pepelasis
Published: December 2011

Women have been important contributors to Greek mercantilism since the time of the economic migration that occurred at the end of the eighteenth century, and they were deeply involved in Greek capitalist development. Their role was particularly pronounced due to the predominance of the family in Greek society and business. Diaspora women operated as keepers of the internationally dispersed Greek clan, while their counterparts in mainland Greece perpetuated and strengthened the local family network.
Gender in the History of Transportation Services: A Historiographical Perspective
Authors: Walsh Margaret
Published: December 2011

Transportation is one of the service industries in which women are now active participants in both mature and developing economies. Traditionally dominated by male entrepreneurs and workers, transportation in westernized nations has had to accommodate the demands of women with the passage of legislation imposing conditions of equality. The global search for cheap labor is another factor that has propelled women into the fields of international and local travel, tourism, and transportation. Although businesses in recent years have placed a premium on human mobility, rapid movement of goods, and instant communication, there has been little historical research that connects the past with these developments, nor has there been a concerted effort to under-stand the impact of gender on the shifts in direction.
Quill-Driving: British Life-insurance Clerks and Occupational Mobility, 1800–1914
Authors: Alborn Timothy
Published: December 2011

For the clerks who worked in British life-insurance companies during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, occupational mobility was both an opportunity that motivated effort and a generator of wide disparities in pay and status. Ambitious clerks learned math in the hope of becoming actuaries. By the end of the nineteenth century, this pattern had changed, owing to the rise of branch networks and accompanying bottle-necks in the promotion process. Insurance companies tried to divert clerks’ ambition by offering them opportunities to engage in sports and other leisure activities, and by enhancing their financial security through staff pension schemes. Although these strategies only succeeded in retaining around half of all entering clerks for more than a few years, the activities added meaning to the lives of those clerks who stayed on and made vital contributions to the rapid growth of one of Britain's most important financial services.
Multinational Enterprises and Institutional Regulation in the Life-Insurance Market in Spain, 1880–1935
Authors: Pons Pons Jerònia
Published: December 2011

The number of multinationals in the life-insurance sector expanded during the first era of globalization. Many of these firms gravitated to Spain, attracted by factors such as the country's small number of national companies and minimal regulatory requirements. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, however, the Spanish government began to impose more institutional regulations, increasing the guarantees, deposits, and reserves required of insurance companies. In response, American and British multinationals began to leave the Spanish market, propelled both by the new requirements and by a series of external factors that obliged American companies to reduce their international business. Finally, the economic disruption that accompanied the outbreak of World War I convinced American and British multinationals to withdraw from the Spanish insurance business.
Alfred Chandler: His Vision and Achievement
Authors: McCraw Thomas K.
Published: December 2011

How do we measure Alfred Chandler's achievement? What forces shaped his vision? What is his place in the pantheon of historians and social scientists? Might he rank with sociologists such as Talcott Parsons or even Max Weber? Economists such as Kenneth Arrow or even Joseph Schumpeter? With political scientists such as Louis Hartz, Robert Dahl, and Seymour Martin Lipset? It's too early to make these kinds of judgments, but some answers are certainly possible about his place among historians.
Chandler and the Sociology of Organizations
Authors: Fligstein Neil
Published: December 2011

I remember the first time I read Alfred Chandler'sStrategy and Structureas a graduate student in the mid-1970s. I was taking a class on the sociology of organizations and finding that many of the assigned books and articles did not interest me. Corporations are clearly one of the dominant forces in our society, yet none of what I read seemed to capture what they do and how they do it. Reading the first eighteen pages ofStrategy and Structurewas like having the scales fall from my eyes. Here was a historical view of the largest corporations that placed them in their context and, most important, showed that real people with real purposes undertook to make these organizations work. Chandler's book opened the black box of the large modern corporation for me. Chandler realized that what was interesting about corporations was not that they made profits, but how they did so. In a single chapter, Chandler articulated much that I had found lacking in organizational theory.
Chandler and Global Business History
Authors: Wilkins Mira
Published: December 2011

What was Alfred D.Chandler's significance in the study of business history throughout the world? How did his views evolve? Why was his approach so influential? How did his thinking contribute to comparative business history and to the history of international business? This essay is designed to answer these questions.
Chandler's Paths of Learning
Authors: Miranti Paul J.
Published: December 2011

In his last two major works,Inventing the Electronic CenturyandShaping the Industrial Century, Alfred Chandler extended his well-known historical model put forth originally inStrategy and Structure, The Visible Hand, andScale and Scopeby drawing on insights from scholarship dealing with organizational learning and evolutionary economics. In the earlier works, he won high praise, as evinced by the awarding of the Bancroft and Pulitzer prizes for his contribution in advancing the understanding of history, economics, and sociology. His work presented a powerful alternative vision of businesspeople from the version usually communicated by the older Progressive school of history. Although practitioners of the latter brand of history generally acknowledged industrialization's material benefits, many worried that such change represented a Faustian bargain: they feared that concentrated economic power threatened the preservation of cherished democratic institutions and values.
Suchard and the Emergence of Traveling Salesmen in Switzerland, 1860–1920
Authors: Rossfeld Roman
Published: December 2011

Based on theoretical findings of the new institutional economics, this examination of the history of the Swiss chocolate company Suchard (founded in 1826) and the Verband Reisender Kaufleute der Schweiz (Association of Swiss Commercial Travelers) describes the economic significance, social image, and everyday life of traveling salesmen between 1860 and 1920. By 1900, commercial travelers formed a critical link between the enterprise and the market, helping to drive the vertical integration of production and distribution. They enjoyed high standing within the company, and many were promoted to executive levels. Traveling salesmen were largely responsible for procuring information and expanding product sales in an era that preceded specialized market research and the domination of advertising companies.
Recasting the Organizational Synthesis: Structure and Process in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries
Authors: Galambos Louis
Published: December 2011

Two major forces have been remaking the organizational setting of the United States in the recent past. The third industrial revolution and globalization are having a dramatic impact on the structure and process of American economic institutions and on the nation's political process. This third version of the organizational synthesis probes, with varying degrees of success, the vast literature that has accumulated around these two themes in the years since 1983, when theBusiness History Reviewpublished the second version of the paradigm. While much has changed in the nation's history and its historiography, bureaucratic institutions continue to dominate the society's organizational landscape. Pressed to change, to adapt to the need for greater efficiency and innovative capability, the surviving bureaucracies and the professionals who people them have experienced wrenching changes in recent years. To date, this “American solution” to global competition and technical transformation has been expensive in human terms but an overwhelming economic success for America.
Corporate Learning and Quality Control at the Bell System, 1877–1929
Authors: Miranti Paul J.
Published: December 2011

From 1877 to 1929 the Bell System extended its qualityassurance capabilities, a step that was critical to the company's ability to certify the reliability of its equipment and apparatus and to provide economical service. Learning in this context involved the gradual development of an organizational structure for coordinating and controlling quality-assurance activities at both the staff and line levels and between the corporate elements of the Bell System. Over the course of the initiative, innovative methods of analysis emerged that provided useful new insights into the manufacturing process. The company's adaptation of probability theory, for example, enabled it to launch a comprehensive inspection regime, which became known as “statistical quality control” (SQC). Based on this new approach, Bell succeeded in broadening its manufacturing knowledge, quantifying definitions of quality, reducing costs and risk, thus assuming the more reliable operation of its vast telephone network. Eventually this upgrading of learning led to the formation of a new profession of quality engineering, which found adherents across many industries in the United States and abroad.
Double-Entry Bookkeeping in Early-Twentieth-Century China
Authors: Auyeung Pak K. , Fu Lei , Liu Zhixiang
Published: December 2011

Rare materials recently released by the Zigong City Archives shed light on the accounting system that was created by saltmining businesses in Zigong. The materials include forty-seven accounting books prepared by eight firms in the industry from 1908 to 1930. In this study, the materials are used to reveal how the Zigong salt-mining firms used the double-entry system. The study draws on the archival documents to reveal how the firms' innovative reporting methods enabled them to calculate profit and loss, and it explores the ways in which improved accounting information guided the decisions of Chinese proprietors who were operating in a business environment characterized by inadequate financing, considerable risk, and long intervals between investment and return.
Reappraising Corporate Failure in Britain: Labor Management in the Tobacco Industry before 1939
Authors: Fitzgerald Robert , Hirao Takashi
Published: December 2011

To what extent did the search for solutions to problems of labor management mold the development of large-scale business? The history of the Imperial Tobacco Company (ITC) is instructive, because its managerial structures have been heavily criticized. Yet many of the organizational improvements that were implemented after the company's founding in 1901 have been overlooked, particularly in the realm of labor management, which emerged as an important component of the company's increasing capabilities and growth. In contrast to U.S. tobacco firms, ITC implemented labor policies that responded to arising difficulties in size, legislation, trade unionism, and social attitudes. Its development reveals how the variety of factors influencing the management of labor stretch beyond the narrow concern for models of internal administrative structures.
The Trouble with Networks: Managing the Scots' Early-Modern Madeira Trade
Authors: Hancock David
Published: December 2011

Most studies of the early-modern Atlantic world give its emergence a sense of inevitability. Historians who have tried to understand networks in the early-modern Atlantic have focused solely on their successes, which skews our understanding. This analysis of the role played by Scottish networks in the production, distribution, and consumption of Madeira wine during that product's golden age, which lasted from 1640 to 1815, attempts to correct the record. Networks succeeded when they led to profitable sharing of information, goods, and services, and they failed when individuals were unable to get networks to function for them. Problems arose among the parties in the course of negotiating terms for sharing, monitoring the agreements, responding to disasters, and estimating the costs of transactions. At times, networks worked so well that they metamorphosed into other social and commercial forms, helping to establish critical nonmetropolitan links within and between the British and Portuguese empires.
Cooperation and Conflicts: Institutional Innovation in France's Wine Markets, 1870–1911
Authors: Simpson James
Published: December 2011

Very different commodity chains had been established over the centuries in France to produce and sell wines as diverse as champagne, fine old clarets, or ordinary table wines. The major shortages caused by the vine disease phylloxera after 1875 forced merchants to search for new sources of supply, often in foreign countries or through the production of artificial wines. When domestic production revived, however, the recovery was not accompanied by a noticeable reduction in these new supplies, with the result that prices, as well as growers' profitability, fell sharply after the turn of the twentieth century, strengthening the merchants' power in the various commodity chains. To overcome this situation, growers in three very different wine-producing areas, namely the Midi, Bordeaux, and Champagne, used their political influence to achieve government intervention in order to control fraud and establish regional appellations or producer cooperatives, which helped them win back some of their market power from merchants.
Factors associated with body temperature of healthy Holstein dairy cows during the first 10 days in milk
Authors: Suthar Vishal , Burfeind Onno , Bonk Stephanie , Voigtsberger Rainer , Keane Caroline , Heuwieser Wolfgang
Published: December 2011

In this prospective observational study rectal and vaginal temperature of 82 (26 primiparous, 56 multiparous) early post-partum healthy dairy cows that calved without intervention within 3 months and did not show clinical signs of infectious and metabolic diseases were continuously measured and evaluated for associations with plausible factors during the first 10 days in milk (DIM). During May, June and July mean (±sd) temperature humidity index (THI) was 60·1±5; 66·8±5·6 and 74·2±4·3, respectively. Environmental conditions had a negligible effect on body temperature (BT) during May (P<0·05). During June and July, however, the ambient temperature and THI influenced BT (P<0·05). Furthermore, plausible factors like parity, DIM, months and time of day had an effect on BT (P<0·05). Overall, primiparous cows demonstrated 0·2°C greater BT during the first 10 DIM than multiparous cows. The effect of parity, however, on BT varied between DIM according to month (P<0·001). During this 3-month study period all cows demonstrated BT rhythms; however, the amplitude of BT increased from May to July (0·3 to 0·7°C). A greater proportion of the vaginal temperature measurements exceeded a threshold tested (⩾39·5°C) during July (46·8%) than in June (33·9%) and May (19·3%). Overall the percentage of BT values above a threshold of ⩾39·5°C was lower during the period 6.00–10.00 compared with the remaining 20 h (P<0·05). Therefore this study concluded that the BT of healthy post-partum dairy cows during the period 1–10 DIM post partum is greater compared with the reference range of 38·6 to 39·5°C reported by others and is influenced by parity, DIM, time of day and THI. When the association between BT and THI increased the reliability of threshold levels of BT (⩾39·5°C) decreased.
Resilience: thoughts on the value of the concept for critical gerontology
Authors: WILD KIRSTY , WILES JANINE L. , ALLEN RUTH E. S.
Published: December 2011

This article examines the utility of the concept of resilience to the field of critical gerontology. Resilience is an increasingly popular concept within the social sciences. We explore some key ideas about individual and social resilience from varied fields, and propose new ways to conceptualise these in relation to resilience in later life. This article examines the history of the concept of resilience; explores some of the diverse ways that gerontologists are attempting to apply it to later life; and discusses the strengths and weaknesses of using resilience as a conceptual framework within critical ageing research. We also suggest ways of conceptualising resilience and ageing, highlighting the different scales of resilience that impact on the ability of older people to negotiate adversity, and some key areas of resilience relevant to later life. The example of mobility resilience is used to illustrate how different scales of resilience operate within an area of resilience central to the ageing experience. Finally, some key principles for the use of resilience within critical gerontology are outlined, providing guidance on how to maximise the potential of the concept whilst avoiding some of the limitations associated with its historical usage.
Hot spot heating process estimate using a laser-accelerated quasi-Maxwellian deuteron beam
Authors: Yang Xiaoling , Miley George H. , Flippo Kirk A. , Hora Heinrich
Published: December 2011

The hot spot heating process by an assumed deuteron beam is evaluated in order to estimate the contribution of the energy produced by the deuteron beam-target fusion to the heating process. The deuteron beam energy versus the number of deuterons is evaluated through the experimentally achieved proton beam energy distribution using the TRIDENT short pulse laser at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). The corresponding hot spot heating is then calculated using this assumed deuteron beam spectrum. The resulting first order heating dynamics is employed in the expanded “bonus” energy calculation, and a 12.73% extra energy from deuteron beam-target fusion was found with the assumed deuteron spectrum when ρrb = 4.5 g/cm2 is considered, where ρ is the fuel density, and rb is the ion beam focusing radius on the target. The results provide further insight into the contribution of the extra heat produced by deuteron beam-target fusion to the hot spot ignition process. A further analysis of how a converter foil using ultra-high-density cluster materials can help to achieve the yield requirements for ignition is presented.
Effects of long rarefied plasma on fast electron generation for FIREX-I targets
Authors: Sakagami H. , Sunahara A. , Johzaki T. , Nagatomo H.
Published: December 2011

Long-scale preformed plasmas are generated inside the cone by the pre-pulse of the heating laser in the cone-guided fast ignition scheme and it is found that coupling efficiency from the heating laser to fast electrons especially suitable for core heating is drastically reduced by the preformed plasmas. To mitigate this serious problem, an extremely thin film is suggested to cover the entrance of the cone. This method, however, introduces long rarefied plasmas around the entrance of the cone and the main pulse must propagate through these plasmas. Therefore, fast electron characteristics produced by the main pulse could be affected, and effects of long rarefied plasmas on fast electron generation are investigated. It is found that the electron beam intensity becomes larger than that without the rarefied plasma, but the energy coupling rate from the heating laser to the core decreases due to lack of appropriate electrons for core heating. To achieve less than 10% degradation of the core electron temperature, the thin film must be expanded by irradiation of the pre-pulse so that the length and the density of rarefied plasmas become less than 500 µm and one-tenth of the critical density. A thickness of the thin film can be determined by these criteria and the intensity of the pre-pulse.
Caregivers' suffix frequencies and suffix acquisition by language impaired, late talking, and typically developing children
Authors: WARLAUMONT ANNE S. , JARMULOWICZ LINDA
Published: December 2011

Acquisition of regular inflectional suffixes is an integral part of grammatical development in English and delayed acquisition of certain inflectional suffixes is a hallmark of language impairment. We investigate the relationship between input frequency and grammatical suffix acquisition, analyzing 217 transcripts of mother–child (ages 1 ; 11–6 ; 9) conversations from the CHILDES database. Maternal suffix frequency correlates with previously reported rank orders of acquisition and with child suffix frequency. Percentages of children using a suffix are consistent with frequencies in caregiver speech. Although late talkers acquire suffixes later than typically developing children, order of acquisition is similar across populations. Furthermore, the third person singular and past tense verb suffixes, weaknesses for children with language impairment, are less frequent in caregiver speech than the plural noun suffix, a relative strength in language impairment. Similar findings hold across typical, SLI and late talker populations, suggesting that frequency plays a role in suffix acquisition.
Tangent measures of non-doubling measures
Authors: ORPONEN TUOMAS , SAHLSTEN TUOMAS
Published: December 2011

We construct a non-doubling measure on the real line, all tangent measures of which are equivalent to Lebesgue measure.
Privacy versus History
Authors: APPEL JACOB M.
Published: December 2011

One of the most fundamental tenets of medical research, enshrined in the World Medical Association’s Declaration of Helsinki, is that scientific investigation involving human beings requires the informed consent of the subjects.
Late catheter interventions in hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Authors: Kreutzer Jacqueline , Graziano Joseph N. , Stapleton Gary , Rome Jonathan J.
Published: December 2011

Interventional cardiology plays a key role in the diagnosis and management of patients with functionally univentricular physiology after the various stages of surgical palliation. The interventions performed are widely variable in type, including angioplasty of stenotic vessels and implantation of stents in stenotic vessels; closure of defects such as collaterals, leaks in baffles, and fenestrations; creation of fenestration; and more. In the setting of venous hypertension associated with stenosis at the Fontan baffle, conduit, or pulmonary arteries, stent implantation is often preferred, as the aim is to eliminate completely the narrowing, given that relatively mild stenosis can have a significant detrimental hemodynamic effect in patients with functionally univentricular circulation. The procedure is highly successful. In patients who fail after Fontan procedure, creation of a fenestration is often performed, with variable technique depending on the underlying anatomic substrate. To increase chances of patency of the fenestration, implantation of a stent is often required, particularly in the setting of an extracardiac conduit. For those patients with cyanosis and favorable Fontan hemodynamics, closure of the fenestration is performed using atrial septal occluder devices with high success rate. Coils compatible with magnetic resonance imaging are used widely to treat collateral vessels, although on occasion other specific embolization tools are required, such as particles or vascular plugs. Postoperative arch obstruction is successfully managed with angioplasty at a younger age, while implantation of a stent in the aorta is reserved for older patients. Specifics of these interventional procedures as applied to the population of patients with functionally univentricular hearts are described in this manuscript.
Neurodevelopment and quality of life for children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome: current knowns and unknowns
Authors: Goldberg Caren S. , Mussatto Kathleen , Licht Daniel , Wernovsky Gil
Published: December 2011

The aim of this review is to describe the current state of knowledge related to neurodevelopmental outcomes and quality of life for children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and to explore future questions to be answered for this group of children.
Longer-term issues for young adults with hypoplastic left heart syndrome: contraception, pregnancy, transition, transfer, counselling, and re-operation
Authors: Said Sameh M. , Dearani Joseph A. , Silversides Candice K. , Martinez Richard M. , Drajpuch David B.
Published: December 2011

Hypoplastic left heart syndrome remained a largely untreated lesion until the 1980s. In the current era, 75–80% of patients who are managed at “centres of excellence” can be expected to survive into young adulthood after staged palliation. This improved survival has led to an emerging population of patients now entering adulthood with a new set of concerns. We discuss the realised and potential issues that will be faced by these patients, including family planning, transition, and re-operation.
Hilbertianity of fields of power series
Authors: Paran Elad
Published: December 2011

LetRbe a domain contained in a rank-1 valuation ring of its quotient field. LetR⟦X⟧ be the ring of formal power series overR, and letFbe the quotient field ofR⟦X⟧. We prove thatFis Hilbertian. This resolves and generalizes an open problem of Jarden, and allows to generalize previous Galois-theoretic results over fields of power series.
Bruhat–Tits theory from Berkovich's point of view. II Satake compactifications of buildings
Authors: Rémy Bertrand , Thuillier Amaury , Werner Annette
Published: December 2011

In the paper ‘Bruhat–Tits theory from Berkovich's point of view. I. Realizations and compactifications of buildings’, we investigated various realizations of the Bruhat–Tits building$\mathcal{B}(\mathrm{G},k)$of a connected and reductive linear algebraic group G over a non-Archimedean fieldkin the framework of Berkovich's non-Archimedean analytic geometry. We studied in detail the compactifications of the building which naturally arise from this point of view. In the present paper, we give a representation theoretic flavour to these compactifications, following Satake's original constructions for Riemannian symmetric spaces.

We first prove that Berkovich compactifications of a building coincide with the compactifications, previously introduced by the third named author and obtained by a gluing procedure. Then we show how to recover them from an absolutely irreducible linear representation of G by embedding$\mathcal{B}(\mathrm{G},k)$in the building of the general linear group of the representation space, compactified in a suitable way. Existence of such an embedding is a special case of Landvogt's general results on functoriality of buildings, but we also give another natural construction of an equivariant embedding, which relies decisively on Berkovich geometry.
Geometric Weil representation in characteristic two
Authors: Genestier Alain , Lysenko Sergey
Published: December 2011

Letkbe an algebraically closed field of characteristic two. LetRbe the ring of Witt vectors of length two overk. We construct a group stack Ĝ overk, the metaplectic extension of the Greenberg realization of$\operatorname{\mathbb{S}p}_{2n}(R)$. We also construct a geometric analogue of the Weil representation of Ĝ, this is a triangulated category on which Ĝ acts by functors. This triangulated category and the action are geometric in a suitable sense.
Cognitive Processing of Film Cuts Among 4- to 8-Year-Old Children
Authors: Munk Carmen , Rey Günter Daniel , Diergarten Anna Katharina , Nieding Gerhild , Schneider Wolfgang , Ohler Peter
Published: December 2011

An eye tracker experiment investigated 4-, 6-, and 8-year old children’s cognitive processing of film cuts. Nine short film sequences with or without editing errors were presented to 79 children. Eye movements up to 400 ms after the targeted film cuts were measured and analyzed using a new calculation formula based on Manhattan Metrics. No age effects were found for jump cuts (i.e., small movement discontinuities in a film). However, disturbances resulting from reversed-angle shots (i.e., a switch of the left-right position of actors in successive shots) led to increased reaction times between 6- and 8-year old children, whereas children of all age groups had difficulties coping with narrative discontinuity (i.e., the canonical chronological sequence of film actions is disrupted). Furthermore, 4-year old children showed a greater number of overall eye movements than 6- and 8-year old children. This indicates that some viewing skills are developed between 4 and 6 years of age. The results of the study provide evidence of a crucial time span of knowledge acquisition for television-based media literacy between 4 and 8 years.