bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Foliar P nutrition of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) depends on the season but remains unaffected by co-cultivation with silver fir (Abies alba Mill.)
Authors: Yang Fengli , Magh Ruth-Kristina , Ivanković Mladen , Lanšćak Miran , Haberstroh Simon , Du Baoguo , Dannenmann Michael , Rennenberg Heinz , Herschbach Cornelia
Published: May 2020

Beech (Fagus sylvatica) and silver fir (Abies alba) are often cultivated in mixed stands and, hence, compete for water and nutrients. Besides nitrogen (N), also phosphorus (P) is an important nutrient for growth and development. Beech trees in Central Europe grow on both P-poor and P-rich soils, thereby showing similar growth and low variation in foliar P. The central aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that variations in foliar P contents of beech are driven by seasonal changes rather than by the competition with silver fir. It was further hypothesized that P contents in silver fir needles depend on needle age and forest site. To test these hypotheses, P contents and P fractions, i.e. organic-bound P (Porg) and inorganic phosphate P (Pi), were measured in the foliage of beech trees from pure beech and mixed beech/silver fir plots as well as in needles of silver fir of the mixed plots. The forest sites investigated are located in Central Europe in the Black Forest, Germany, and in Croatia near the south-eastern distribution limit of beech and are all poor in plant-available soil P. The analyses showed that the main driver of P contents and P fractions in beech leaves at all forest sites is the season and that competition with silver fir had no effect. Hence, the present results demonstrate the high plasticity of beech trees to adapt to both poor plant-available soil P and competition with silver fir. Total P contents of silver fir needles were higher at the Croatian site compared to the Black Forest sites and originated from higher foliar Pi contents. One third of the P present in current-year needles in late summer was remobilized and exported until the needles reached the age of 1 year. The difference in P contents between current-year and 1-year-old needles can be seen as the amount of P resorbed from 1-year-old needles in summer during the generation of new needles to support the P demand of current-year needles for growth and development.
Scalar Effects in Ground Slate Technology and the Adaptive Consequences for Circumpolar Maritime Hunter-Gatherers
Authors: Jørgensen Erlend Kirkeng
Published: May 2020

Ground slate technology is a trademark of circumpolar hunter-gatherers occupying coastal ecotones. However, a causal framework for explaining what drives the apparent adaptive success of slate technology is lacking. Attempting to remedy this, the current paper provides the first palaeodemographic and environmentally informed review of a maritime slate complex. Employing what is arguably the best documented and contextually controlled slate industry in Holocene Eurasia as a high-resolution case study (the Arctic Norwegian slate industry), the system components of demography, ecology and technology are integrated to get at (1) why slate technology appears to be a particular maritime success, (2) what causal contribution slate technology makes to population-scale adaptive success, (3) why slate technology was eventually abandoned. Based on extensive empirical investigations, the results demonstrate synchronous changes in population size, maritime intensification and the use of slate technologies. It is suggested that the mechanism responsible for this correspondence is that the slate industry facilitated a heightened adaptive success, reinforcing population growth and maritime intensification. Technological results indicate that superior properties for standardization make the slate technology ideal for establishing a scale economy in maritime resource exploitation when surpassing critical thresholds in population packing. Causal modelling demonstrates that, under particular demographic and ecological conditions, the scalar properties of slate technologies can offset high- and density-dependent start-up costs, by increasing return rates and reducing handling costs of hunting/processing of marine resources. Satisfying all criteria for tool “efficiency”, it is concluded that slate industries have causal efficacy as an “enabling technology” in circumpolar, maritime settings.
An evaluation of percentile measures of citation impact, and a proposal for making them better
Authors: Bornmann Lutz , Williams Richard
Published: May 2020

Percentiles are statistics pointing to the standing of a paper’s citation impact relative to other papers in a given citation distribution. Percentile Ranks (PRs) often play an important role in evaluating the impact of researchers, institutions, and similar lines of study. BecausePRs are so important for the assessment of scholarly impact, and because citations differ greatly across time and fields, various percentile approaches have been proposed to time- and field-normalize citations. Unfortunately, current popular methods often face significant problems in time- and field-normalization, including when papers are assigned to multiple fields or have been published by more than one unit (e.g., researchers or countries). They also face problems for estimating citation counts for pre-definedPRs (e.g., the 90thPR). We offer a series of guidelines and procedures that, we argue, address these problems and others and provide a superior means to make the use of percentile methods more accurate and informative. In particular, we introduce two approaches,CP-INandCP-EX, that should be preferred in bibliometric studies because they consider the complete citation distribution and can be accurately interpreted. Both approaches are based on cumulative frequencies in percentages (CPs). The paper further shows how bar graphs and beamplots can presentPRs in a more meaningful and accurate manner.
Detailed In Situ Hot Stage Transmission Electron Microscope Observations of the Localized Pinning of a Mobile Ferrite-Austenite Interface in a Fe-C-Mn Alloy by a Single Oxidic Particle
Authors: Nutter J. , Rainforth W. M. , van der Zwaag S.
Published: May 2020

The current study reports the detailed analysis of an observation of the local pinning of a slowly moving austenite-ferrite interface by a single nanosized oxidic particle. The observations were made during anin situcyclic partial phase transformation experiment on a Fe-0.1C-1.0Mn alloy close to the inversion stage at which the interface migrates at a rather low velocity. The low velocity allowed capturing the interface pinning effect over a period of no less than 16 seconds. From our observations, it was possible to follow the progression of the pinning effect from the initial stages all the way through to the release of the interface. The pinning force exerted by the individual particle having a diameter of 140 nm on the austenite-ferrite interface was estimated as 175 nJ m−1, while the maximum pinning length was approximately 750 nm to either side of the particle, leading to an interface line tension of 170 nJ m−1. The observed pinning behavior is compared with the most relevant models in the literature.
Cognitive Dysfunction in the Early Stages of Multiple Sclerosis—How Much and How Important?
Authors: Oset Magdalena , Stasiolek Mariusz , Matysiak Mariola
Published: May 2020

Purpose of Review

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that mainly affects young adults and that is one of the leading causes of disability in this age group, with cognitive impairment occurring early in the course of the disease. This article summarizes the current knowledge about cognitive dysfunction in the early phase of MS, including biomarkers, MRI correlates, and its value as a prognostic marker.

Recent Findings

New sets of neuropsychological tests have been established to screen for cognitive dysfunction more easily and accurately. Moreover, structural changes detected by brain MRI and several biomarkers found in cerebrospinal fluid and blood serum have been recently correlated with decreased cognitive performance. Additionally, factors influencing cognition in MS, such as disease-modifying therapy, mood disorders, and lifestyle, are better described.

Cognitive impairment early in the course of MS is suggested as a prognostic factor for disease progression. However, clear-cut definitions of the early stage of MS as well as unified criteria for the diagnosis of cognitive impairment are still lacking. New and more reliable tools for evaluating cognition in MS patients should be developed and introduced into everyday practice to facilitate the implementation of effective disease-modifying therapy, cognitive rehabilitation, and lifestyle management.
Analysis of the interaction between elderly people and a simulated virtual coach
Authors: Justo Raquel , Ben Letaifa Leila , Palmero Cristina , Gonzalez-Fraile Eduardo , Torp Johansen Anna , Vázquez Alain , Cordasco Gennaro , Schlögl Stephan , Fernández-Ruanova Begoña , Silva Micaela , Escalera Sergio , deVelasco Mikel , Tenorio-Laranga Joffre , Esposito Anna , Korsnes Maria , Torres M. Inés
Published: May 2020

The EMPATHIC project develops and validates new interaction paradigms for personalized virtual coaches (VC) to promote healthy and independent aging. To this end, the work presented in this paper is aimed to analyze the interaction between the EMPATHIC-VC and the users. One of the goals of the project is to ensure an end-user driven design, involving senior users from the beginning and during each phase of the project. Thus, the paper focuses on some sessions where the seniors carried out interactions with a Wizard of Oz driven, simulated system. A coaching strategy based on the GROW model was used throughout these sessions so as to guide interactions and engage the elderly with the goals of the project. In this interaction framework, both the human and the system behavior were analyzed. The way the wizard implements the GROW coaching strategy is a key aspect of the system behavior during the interaction. The language used by the virtual agent as well as his or her physical aspect are also important cues that were analyzed. Regarding the user behavior, the vocal communication provides information about the speaker’s emotional status, that is closely related to human behavior and which can be extracted from the speech and language analysis. In the same way, the analysis of the facial expression, gazes and gestures can provide information on the non verbal human communication even when the user is not talking. In addition, in order to engage senior users, their preferences and likes had to be considered. To this end, the effect of the VC on the users was gathered by means of direct questionnaires. These analyses have shown a positive and calm behavior of users when interacting with the simulated virtual coach as well as some difficulties of the system to develop the proposed coaching strategy.
Stress-based, statistical modeling of the induced seismicity at the Groningen gas field, The Netherlands
Authors: Richter Gudrun , Hainzl Sebastian , Dahm Torsten , Zöller Gert
Published: May 2020

Groningen is the largest onshore gas field under production in Europe. The pressure depletion of the gas field started in 1963. In 1991, the first induced micro-earthquakes have been located at reservoir level with increasing rates in the following decades. Most of these events are of magnitude less than 2.0 and cannot be felt. However, maximum observed magnitudes continuously increased over the years until the largest, significant event with $$M_L=3.6$$ML=3.6 was recorded in 2014, which finally led to the decision to reduce the production. This causal sequence displays the crucial role of understanding and modeling the relation between production and induced seismicity for economic planing and hazard assessment. Here we test whether the induced seismicity related to gas exploration can be modeled by the statistical response of fault networks with rate-and-state-dependent frictional behavior. We use the long and complete local seismic catalog and additionally detailed information on production-induced changes at the reservoir level to test different seismicity models. Both the changes of the fluid pressure and of the reservoir compaction are tested as input to approximate the Coulomb stress changes. We find that the rate-and-state model with a constant tectonic background seismicity rate can reproduce the observed long delay of the seismicity onset. In contrast, so-called Coulomb failure models with instantaneous earthquake nucleation need to assume that all faults are initially far from a critical state of stress to explain the delay. Our rate-and-state model based on the fluid pore pressure fits the spatiotemporal pattern of the seismicity best, where the fit further improves by taking the fault density and orientation into account. Despite its simplicity with only three free parameters, the rate-and-state model can reproduce the main statistical features of the observed activity.
Contemporary use and trends in percutaneous coronary intervention in Japan: an outline of the J-PCI registry
Authors: Sawano Mitsuaki , Yamaji Kyohei , Kohsaka Shun , Inohara Taku , Numasawa Yohei , Ando Hirohiko , Iida Osamu , Shinke Toshiro , Ishii Hideki , Amano Tetsuya
Published: May 2020

Cardiovascular interventions have achieved a level of excellence, with many outstanding advanced techniques and results. The mission of the Japanese Association of Cardiovascular Intervention and Therapeutics (CVIT) is to further our understanding of cardiovascular intervention and establish its procedural safety. [1] The Japanese Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (J-PCI) registry was established and sponsored by CVIT, and aims to provide basic statistics on the performance of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) in Japan. Today, the database has grown to become one of the largest healthcare procedural database with more than 200,000 cases registered annually from approximately 900 institutions in Japan representing over 90% of all PCI hospitals in the nation. Importantly, case registrations in the J-PCI registry are essential for coronary interventionalist and educating hospital certification. The present manuscript aimed to summarize the history of the J-PCI registry and outline the definitions of various items.
Reservoir characterization for sweet spot detection using color transformation overlay scheme
Authors: Ismail Atif , Raza Arshad , Gholami Raoof , Rezaee Reza
Published: May 2020

Reservoir characterization carried out for the quantitative representation of a reservoir leads to effectively managing the hydrocarbon reservoir. There have been few attempts made to characterize the reservoir and assess the potential of a reservoir for the sweet spots using seismic, geomechanical, and petrophysical characteristics where a combination of seismic and petrophysical characters is often ignored given the complexity of such integration. To the best of our knowledge, none of the studies have provided overall reservoir characterization workflows using the combination of petrophysical and geomechanical attributes for sweet spot detection. This study aims to adopt a new color transformation overlay scheme to assess the potential of reservoirs by identifying the sweet spots that can guide to propose a location for a new well. The core scale measurements and well log interpretation were used to determine the petrophysical and geomechanical properties of a highly complex sandstone reservoir which were used as the input to build a 3D reservoir model. The results obtained indicated that predicting the distribution of sweet spots is an effective scheme for well-planning and field development in the region. Four sweet spots are identified in the studied reservoir based on the color transformation overlay approach which has heterogeneous continuity behavior in vertical and horizontal directions. The identification of sweet spots based on top view is not enough for the complete understanding of spreading in all directions. Cross-sectional analysis of the color transformation overlay model revealed that there is a sweet spot near Well-E in west which has ideal reservoir potential and place to consider another proposed well.
Does ORTO-15 produce valid data for ‘Orthorexia Nervosa’? A mixed-method examination of participants’ interpretations of the fifteen test items
Authors: Mitrofanova Elina , Pummell Elizabeth , Martinelli Laura , Petróczi Andrea
Published: May 2020

Purpose

Orthorexia Nervosa (ON) is defined as a pathological eating behaviour stemming from being “healthy” or “pure”. Survey-based studies typically rely on the ORTO-15 questionnaire or its variations to detect orthorexia. However, frequent post-hoc adjustments to the ORTO-15 suggest psychometric problems. In this study, we explored people’s cognitions about the ORTO-15 items to (1) identify problems specific to ORTO-15 items and (2) explore participants’ understanding of ON symptoms.

Methods

Fifty adult participants (40% male, mean age = 34.0 ± 14.4 years) completed the ORTO-15, the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26) and the Obsessive–Compulsive Inventory–Revised edition (OCI-R). Qualitative data were collected using the modified “think aloud” protocol, which asked participants to ‘verbalise’ their responses to the ORTO-15 items. These qualitative responses were first analysed conjunctively with the quantitative responses; then subjected to thematic analysis.

Results

ORTO-15 identified 64% of the participants for orthorexic tendencies. In most cases (76%), participants reported no issues completing the ORTO-15. However, in some cases, qualitative responses differed from quantitative ones. When people encountered problems, it was because of poor psychometric construction: lack of clarity, ambiguous wording and multiple statements in a single item. Elaborations around the ORTO-15 items formed four major themes: “preoccupation with physical appearance”, “control”, “food is fuel” and “alone, not isolated”.

Conclusion

Even though in the majority of cases there were no issues with completing ORTO-15, thematic analysis revealed several discrepancies between our participants’ perceptions of the ORTO-15 items and the previously proposed diagnostic criteria for ON. The results suggest that ORTO-15 is, at best, a mediocre screening tool for ON, which is sensitive to diet but fails to have sufficient level of specificity to detect the pathological stage. More accurate instruments are needed to further research on ON.

Level of evidence

V (cross-sectional descriptive study with qualitative analysis).
Ethics Education for Successful Infectious Disease Control of COVID-19
Authors: Lim Hannah YeeFen
Published: May 2020

The infection rates of COVID-19 have been exponential in some countries despite the imposition of infectious disease control measures such as lockdowns and physical distancing, which form one of the basic principles of public health and infectious disease control. There have been significant problems with leaders and citizenry deliberately ignoring and not complying with such measures and which have directly resulted in sudden rises in infection numbers. Here, I show the nature and extent of the widespread problem and argue that the problem is in large part due to our modern society characterised by liberal individualism. I apply the philosophy proposed by philosopher Alasdair MacIntrye to show that one key underlying cause of the non-compliant behaviour of citizenry is due to modern liberal individualism that has deprived the modern nation state of the opportunities and authority for it to teach or to dictate what is the common good of the society as a whole to individuals in its community. This is the first time MacIntyre’s philosophy has been applied to public health, and this paper demonstrates the need for ethics education to counter-balance liberal individualism in order to contain and to prevent another pandemic and public health crisis in modern society.
Associations of protein source, distribution and healthy dietary pattern with appendicular lean mass in oldest-old men: the Helsinki Businessmen Study (HBS)
Authors: Jyväkorpi S. K. , Urtamo A. , Kivimäki M. , Strandberg T. E.
Published: May 2020

Purpose

We explored how food and dietary intakes, protein daily distribution and source are associated with appendicular lean mass (ALM)/m2 of the oldest-old community-dwelling men.

Methods

Cross-sectional analyses of Helsinki Businessmen Study (HBS, mean age 87 years) participants who came to clinic visit in 2017/2018. Nutritional status, physical performance and fasting blood samples were measured. Food and dietary intakes were retrieved from 3-day food diaries. Body composition was measured and appendicular lean mass (ALM) per m2 was dichotomized as ALM/m2 < 7 kg/m2 and ≥ 7 kg/m2. Differences between lower and higher ALM were analyzed using t test or Mann–Whitney U test. Analysis of covariance was used to investigate independent associations with ALM/m2.

Results

Random sample of 130 participants took part in the medical examinations, 126 returned food diaries, and 102 underwent DXA-scan. ALM/m2 was associated with total protein (p = 0.033), animal protein (p = 0.043) and meat protein (p = 0.033) intakes. Protein distribution between daily meals differed at lunch; those with higher ALM/m2 ate more protein (p = .047) at lunch. Consumption of fruits, vegetables (p = 0.022) and meat (p = 0.006) was associated with ALM/m2.

Conclusion

Protein intake, source and distribution as well fruit and vegetable intakes were associated with higher ALM in oldest-old men.

Study registration

The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02526082.
Modeling, simulation, and validation of a TB41 crash test of the H2/W5/B concrete vehicle restraint system
Authors: Pachocki Ł. , Bruski D.
Published: May 2020

The paper addresses numerical simulations of a concrete vehicle restraint system. The model is described in detail. The advanced material law of the continuous surface cap model was used to analyze the damage locations in concrete barrier segments. The results were validated against the TB41 full-scale crash test. The test was conducted in compliance with European standard EN 1317, and the validation was performed in accordance with the PD CEN/TR 16303 technical report. The force and moment envelopes of the road safety barrier during a vehicle crash are provided. The detailed concrete segment model successfully reproduced the characteristic splitting failure cracks that were found near the connection of the adjacent barrier segments in the actual structure after the full-scale crash test.
Imagining the Post-colonial Lawyer: Legal Elites and the Indian Nation-State, 1947–1967
Authors: WILLIAMS Alexander
Published: May 2020

A key feature of British rule in India was the formation of a class of elite metropolitan lawyers who had an outsized role within the legal profession and a prominent position in Indian politics. This paper analyzes the response of these legal elites to the shifting social and political terrain of post-colonial India, arguing that the advent of the Indian nation-state shaped the discursive strategies of elite lawyers in two crucial ways. First, in response to the slipping grasp of lawyers on Indian political life and increasing competition from developmentalist economics, the elite bar turned their attention towards the consolidation of a national professional identity, imagining an ‘Indian advocate’ as such, whose loyalty would ultimately lie with the nation-state. Second, the creation of the Supreme Court of India, the enactment of theConstitution of India, and the continuous swelling of the post-colonial regulatory welfare state partially reoriented the legal elite towards public law, particularly towards the burgeoning field of administrative law.
Opioid prescription practices for patients discharged from the emergency department with acute musculoskeletal fractures
Authors: Mok Garrick , Newton Hailey , Thurgur Lisa , Nemnom Marie-Joe , Stiell Ian G.
Published: May 2020

Background

Opioid related mortality rate has increased 200% over the past decade. Studies show variable emergency department (ED) opioid prescription practices and a correlation with increased long-term use. ED physicians may be contributing to this problem. Our objective was to analyze ED opioid prescription practices for patients with acute fractures.

Methods

We conducted a review of ED patients seen at two campuses of a tertiary care hospital. We evaluated a consecutive sample of patients with acute fractures (January 2016–April 2016) seen by ED physicians. Patients admitted or discharged by consultant services were excluded. The primary outcome was the proportion of patients discharged with an opioid prescription. Data were collected using screening lists, electronic records, and interobserver agreement. We calculated simple descriptive statistics and a multivariable analysis.

Results

We enrolled 816 patients, including 441 females (54.0%). Most common fracture was wrist/hand (35.2%). 260 patients (31.8%) were discharged with an opioid; hydromorphone (N = 115, range 1–120 mg) was most common. 35 patients (4.3%) had pain related ED visits <1 month after discharge. Fractures of the lumbar spine (OR 10.78 [95% CI: 3.15–36.90]) and rib(s)/sternum/thoracic spine (OR 5.46 [95% CI: 2.88–10.35)] had a significantly higher likelihood of opioid prescriptions.

Conclusions

The majority of patients presenting to the ED with acute fractures were not discharged with an opioid. Hydromorphone was the most common opioid prescribed, with large variations in total dosage. Overall, there were few return to ED visits. We recommend standardization of ED opioid prescribing, with attention to limiting total dosage.
The Virtual Neurologic Exam: Instructional Videos and Guidance for the COVID-19 Era
Authors: Al Hussona Mariam , Maher Monica , Chan David , Micieli Jonathan A. , Jain Jennifer D. , Khosravani Houman , Izenberg Aaron , Kassardjian Charles D. , Mitchell Sara B.
Published: May 2020

Objective:

To outline features of the neurologic examination that can be performed virtually through telemedicine platforms (the virtual neurological examination [VNE]), and provide guidance for rapidly pivoting in-person clinical assessments to virtual visits during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.

Methods:

The full neurologic examination is described with attention to components that can be performed virtually.

Results:

A screening VNE is outlined that can be performed on a wide variety of patients, along with detailed descriptions of virtual examination maneuvers for specific scenarios (cognitive testing, neuromuscular and movement disorder examinations).

Conclusions:

During the COVID-19 pandemic, rapid adoption of virtual medicine will be critical to provide ongoing and timely neurological care. Familiarity and mastery of a VNE will be critical for neurologists, and this article outlines a practical approach to implementation.
Flight and fortitude: the decline of the middle class in Zimbabwe
Authors: Southall Roger
Published: May 2020

This article focuses on the impact of the policies of the ruling Zimbabwe African National Union – Patriotic Front (ZANU-PF) government on Zimbabwe's black middle class. It does so by exploring three propositions emerging from the academic literature. The first is that during the early years of independence, the middle class transformed into a party-aligned bourgeoisie. The second is that, to the extent that the middle class has not left the country as a result of the economic plunge from the 1990s, it played a formative role in opposition to ZANU-PF and the political elite. The third is that, in the face of ZANU-PF's authoritarianism and economic hardship, the middle class has largely withdrawn from the political arena.
Alternative Work Arrangements and Cost of Equity: Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment
Authors: Chino Atsushi
Published: May 2020

I examine whether firms’ use of alternative work arrangements, particularly temporary agency workers, affects their cost of equity. Exploiting a major labor-market deregulation in Japan that induced manufacturing firms to increase their employment of temporary agency workers, I show that the cost of equity decreased in manufacturing firms, relative to nonmanufacturing firms, after the deregulation. Further analysis using variations within manufacturing firms provides corroborating evidence. The rigidity in labor expenses and the cost of debt also decreased in manufacturing firms. Overall, alternative work arrangements increase the flexibility in labor costs, leading to lower operating leverage and cost of capital.
Close to a Tipping Point? The Amazon and the Challenge of Sustainable Development under Growing Climate Pressures
Authors: Pereira Joana C. , Viola Eduardo
Published: May 2020

This commentary examines the challenge of sustainable development in the Amazon, arguing that global efforts to mitigate climate change and current Amazonian policies are clearly inadequate to prevent global warming and deforestation from tipping the forest into a savanna. It analyses the growing climate pressures jeopardising the Amazon's resilience; the erratic Brazilian, Bolivian, Colombian, Ecuadorian and Peruvian governance of the forest; and the failure of the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO) to establish long-term forest conservation policies in the region. The research demonstrates that the ‘savannisation hypothesis’ is potentially closer to reality than most debates in the social sciences assume and should be considered seriously. The commentary concludes by suggesting possible pathways for preventing the dieback of the Amazon. These are based on three strategic axes: the strengthening of the ACTO, the promotion of a technological revolution in the forest, and a progressive environmental diplomacy by the Amazonian countries.
Contrasting views on co-management of indigenous natural and cultural heritage – Case of Laponia World Heritage site, Sweden
Authors: Stjernström Olof , Pashkevich Albina , Avango Dag
Published: May 2020

This article discusses the evaluation of the management of the Laponia World Heritage site (Laponia WHS) in northern Sweden. After inscription on the World Heritage list in 1996, difficulties emerged in establishing a common understanding about the involvement of various stakeholders into the site’s management model, the key point of contention being the influence of the representatives from indigenous Sami people and how that should be organised. In 2011, the management organisation led by Laponiatjuottjudus (the Sami name for the Laponia WHS management organisation) was established and implemented. This organisation gave Sami representatives a majority in the Laponia steering board and the position as chairperson in the board. This marked a remarkable shift in the Swedish national management system of land in not only handing over a state decision-making power to the local level but also to representatives of the indigenous population. The evaluation of the management model presented by Laponiatjuottjudus resulted in a number of responses from several stakeholders participating in a consultation process. These responses, from stakeholders with conflicting positions in relation to the issue described above, are the subject of this study. The analysis of these data collected reveals the existence of four major approaches or narratives to the Laponia WHS, with narratives connected to nature, the indigenous population and local governance, the economic effects of the existing system, and lastly the local community narrative. The study concludes that present management of Laponia WHS, the Laponiatjuottjudus, is a unique attempt to widen the management and planning process that partly interferes with the existing national planning model. At the same time, the analysis reveals that the Sami demands for influence over land management in the north still faces major challenges connected to its colonial legacy.
Impact of anticholinergic load on functioning and cognitive performances of persons with psychosis referred to psychosocial rehabilitation centers
Authors: Verdoux Hélène , Quiles Clélia , Bon Laura , Chéreau-Boudet Isabelle , Dubreucq Julien , Fiegi Lucia , Guillard-Bouhet Nathalie , Massoubre Catherine , Plasse Julien , Franck Nicolas
Published: May 2020

Background

Few studies have explored whether high-anticholinergic load may hamper rehabilitation in persons with schizophrenia. We aim to explore the associations between anticholinergic load of psychotropic treatment and functioning or cognitive performances of persons with psychosis engaged in psychosocial rehabilitation.

Methods

The study was performed using data collected at baseline assessment in the REHABase cohort including persons referred to a French network of psychosocial rehabilitation centers. The composite-rating scale developed by Salahudeen et al. was used to rate the anticholinergic load of psychotropic drugs prescribed at baseline assessment. The associations between total anticholinergic load score (categorized as ‘low’ <3 v. ‘high’ ⩾3) and functioning or cognitive characteristics were explored using multivariate analyses.

Results

Of the 1012 participants with schizophrenia spectrum disorders identified in the REHABase, half used at least two psychotropic drugs with anticholinergic activity and one out of three was prescribed at least one psychotropic drug with high-anticholinergic activity. High-anticholinergic load was significantly associated with lower stage of recovery [odds ratio (OR) = 1.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05–2.76, p = 0.03], poor mental well-being (OR = 1.55, 95% CI 1.02–2.33, p = 0.04) and poor self-rated medication adherence (OR = 2.14, 95% CI 1.29–3.53, p = 0.003). Regarding cognition, a high-anticholinergic score was associated with poorer delayed-episodic memory (OR = 1.69, 95% CI 1.01–2.85, p = 0.05) and at the trend level with faster completion time on the test exploring executive performance (OR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.43–1.04, p = 0.07).

Conclusions

The psychosocial rehabilitation plan of persons with psychosis should integrate optimization of psychotropic treatment in order to lessen the functional and cognitive impact of high-anticholinergic load.
Upper Palaeolithic Installation Art: Topography, Distortion, Animation and Participation in the Production and Experience of Cantabrian Cave Art
Authors: Sakamoto Takashi , Pettitt Paul , Ontañon-Peredo Roberto
Published: May 2020

The physical nature of cave walls and its impact on Upper Palaeolithic image making and viewing has frequently been invoked in explanations about the function of cave art. The morphological features (convexities, concavities, cracks and ridges) are frequently incorporated into the representations of prey animals that dominate the art, and several studies have attempted to document the relationship between the cave wall and the art in a quantitative manner. One of the effects of such incorporation is that undulating walls will distort the appearance of images as viewers change their viewing position. Was this distortion deliberate or accidental? Until now, the phenomenon has not been investigated quantitatively. We address this here, analysing 54 Late Upper Palaeolithic animal images deriving from three Cantabrian caves, Covalanas, El Pendo and El Castillo. We introduce a novel use for photogrammetry and 3D modelling through documenting the morphology of these caves’ walls and establishing the specific relationship between the walls and the art created on them. Our observations suggest that Palaeolithic artists deliberately placed images on very specific topographies. The restricted nature of these choice decisions and the fact that the resulting distortions could have been avoided but were not suggest that the interaction between viewer, art and wall was integral to the way cave art functioned.
Not a Natural Cri de Coeur: Charlotte Mew's Quotable, Extractable Poetics
Authors: Madden Caolan
Published: May 2020

Critics writing on the poetry of Charlotte Mew have long considered the cri de coeur—often described as an involuntary exclamation of the speaker's, or the poet's, secret suffering—a defining element of Mew's poetics; this focus has contributed to an ongoing critical tendency to read Mew's work as pathologically divided between authentic feeling and artificial performance. Due to Mew's liminal position in literary history—writing from the 1890s through the 1910s—her work is often also read in terms of a struggle between Victorian propriety and modernist innovation. Attending to Mew's own use of the phrase “cri de coeur,” however, shows that she used it not primarily to indicate the expression of deep feeling but as a quotable, extractable catchphrase or tag that might circulate independently from its source text in quite different literary and cultural contexts. Reading Mew's poems “The Farmer's Bride” and “The Fête,” as well as her unpublished short story “Thic Theer Kayser,” with this definition of the cri de coeur in mind reveals a poetics rooted in the lively print and performance cultures of Mew's own lifetime—a flexible, entertaining poetics that challenges conventional understandings of the boundaries of literary periods.
Associations between bilingualism and memory generalization during infancy: Does socioeconomic status matter?
Authors: Brito Natalie H. , Greaves Ashley , Leon-Santos Ana , Fifer William P. , Noble Kimberly G.
Published: May 2020

Past studies have reported memory differences between monolingual and bilingual infants (Brito & Barr, 2012; Singh, Fu, Rahman, Hameed, Sanmugam, Agarwal, Jiang, Chong, Meaney & Rifkin-Graboi, 2015). A common critique within the bilingualism literature is the absence of socioeconomic indicators and/or a lack of socioeconomic diversity among participants. Previous research has demonstrated robust bilingual differences in memory generalization from 6- to 24-months of age. The goal of the current study was to examine if these findings would replicate in a sample of 18-month-old monolingual and bilingual infants from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds (N = 92). Results indicate no differences between language groups on working memory or cued recall, but significant differences for memory generalization, with bilingual infants outperforming monolingual infants regardless of socioeconomic status (SES). These findings replicate and extend results from past studies (Brito & Barr, 2012; Brito, Sebastián-Gallés & Barr, 2015) and suggest possible differential learning patterns dependent on linguistic experience.
A limbus mundi elucidation of habitability: the Goldilocks Edge
Authors: von Hegner Ian
Published: May 2020

The habitable zone is the circumstellar region in which a terrestrial-mass planet with an atmosphere can sustain liquid water on its surface. However, despite the usefulness of this concept, it is being found to be increasingly limited in a number of ways. The following is known: (i) Liquid water can exist on worlds for reasons unrelated to its specific distance from a star. (ii) Energy sources can exist for reasons unrelated to the distance to a star. Furthermore, the habitable zone is based on both astronomy – the distance and stellar energy – and chemistry – liquid water and the right temperature. However, these factors are only part of the consideration. Thus, discussions of habitability and the possibility for the emergence of life on a world must consider the evolutionary principles that govern life as well as the laws that govern stellar and planetary science. This is important because the following is also known: (iii) The temporal window for the emergence of life is within 600 million years. (iv) The Earth was an extreme environment overall in the period when this window existed. (v) The first life was necessarily fragile. Therefore, chemical evolution must have taken place in a relatively protected and restricted environment. Thus, rather than as in the Goldilocks zone, which focuses too narrowly on the world as a whole, this paper suggests that it is better to focus on a particular region and time period on a world, in which conditions fit for habitability exist. Thus, the following is suggested: ‘The Goldilocks Edge is a spatial and temporal window on an astronomical body or planemo, where liquid solvents, SPONCH elements and energy sources exist’. Furthermore, since the mere presence of these does not necessarily lead to the emergence of life, this possibility only arises when these interact. Thus, it will also be suggested that the following can exist within the Goldilocks Edge: ‘The great prebiotic spot is an environmentally relaxed and semi-shielded area on an otherwise extreme world, wherein conditions advantageous for chemical evolution exist’. Such Goldilocks Edges and the great prebiotic spots within them can collectively represent the full distribution of possibilities for life in a solar system. Thus, the concept of a ‘limbus mundi’ or ‘world's edge’ is introduced.
How do older workers use nontraditional jobs?
Authors: Munnell Alicia , Sanzenbacher Geoffrey T. , Walters Abigail N.
Published: May 2020

Working consistently through one's early 60s is key to retirement security. However, workers without access to retirement plans and health insurance will likely struggle to achieve such security. This paper uses the Health and Retirement Study to identify nontraditional jobs – which lack these benefits – and applies sequence analysis to explore how workers aged 50–62 use them. The results suggest that most nontraditional jobs are used by workers consistently, and that fewer workers use these jobs briefly or as a bridge to retirement. Workers consistently in nontraditional jobs end up with less retirement income and are more likely to be depressed.
Sister Citizens: Women in Syrian Rebel Governance
Authors: Gilbert Victoria
Published: May 2020

In the rich literature on women and conflict, many scholars have assumed that the outbreak of civil war suppresses women's political involvement. However, during Syria's civil war, there was significant subnational and temporal variation in the involvement of women in the institutions established by armed groups and civilians in rebel-held areas. Why were some Syrian women able to secure a place for themselves in insurgent governance? How were they able to influence the form of local institutions to secure a role for women? Bringing together the scholarship on social movements and rebel governance, this article argues that two factors determine whether women were able to mobilize politically during conflict: the organizational capacity of women and the strength and ideology of locally active armed groups. The article leverages data on local organizations and institutions in Syria, Syrian news sources, and correspondence with several women's organizations operating in Syria in 2017. By doing so, this article strives to bring attention to the role of gender in the expanding literature on rebel governance. It also highlights the significance of armed groups’ ideologies, an aspect often dismissed in the literature in favor of a focus on material factors.
Felt Emotion Elicited by Music: Are Sensitivities to Various Musical Features Different for Young Children and Young Adults?
Authors: Chen Xuqian , Huang Shengqiao , Hei Xueting , Zeng Hongyuan
Published: May 2020

In the present study, we extended the issue of how people access emotion through nonverbal information by testing the effects of simple (tempo) and complex (timbre) acoustic features of music on felt emotion. Three- to six-year-old young children (n= 100; 48% female) and university students (n= 64; 37.5% female) took part in three experiments in which acoustic features of music were manipulated to determine whether there are links between perceived emotion and felt emotion in processing musical segments. After exposure to segments of music, participants completed a felt emotion judgment task. The chi-square test showed significant tempo effects,ps < .001 (Exp. 1), and strong combined effects of mode and tempo on felt emotion. In addition, strength of these effects changed across age. However, these combined effects were significantly stronger under the tempo-and-mode consistent condition,ps < .001 (Exp. 2) than inconsistent condition (Exp. 3). In other words, simple versus complex acoustic features had stronger effects on felt emotion, and that sensitivity to these features, especially complex features, changed across age. These findings suggest that felt emotion evoked by acoustic features of a given piece of music might be affected by both innate abilities and by the strength of mappings between acoustic features and emotion.
The Untold History of the United Nations, the US State Department, and Organized Interests in the Postwar Era
Authors: Mathews-Schultz A. Lanethea
Published: May 2020

In 1945, a vast range of US civic organizations and other groups were mobilized into a state-sanctioned campaign on behalf of a new international governance structure: the United Nations. This was a novel collaboration, one that demonstrated the State Department’s acknowledgment of the value of civic activity and organized interests to securing foreign policy goals and that positioned US groups to assert an independent role in shaping the formal institutions of the United Nations. While scholars of American political development (APD) have tentatively embraced the notion that international institutions matter to American politics, past research on mid-twentieth century interests, conventionally focused on domestic business and trade associations, has underappreciated how and why the United Nations marked an important movement for interest development. Of particular significance, US voluntary and civic organizations were instrumental in securing a role for nongovernmental organizations in the UN Economic and Security Council, thereby further linking American and international politics and reshaping state-society relationships. In brief, this article argues that the State Department’s campaign to mobilize public support around the United Nations, as well as the creation of the United Nations, generated new incentives for the maintenance and mobilization of existing groups and subsidized the formation of new groups.
Nick Martin as a Mentor — A Perspective
Authors: Keller Matthew C.
Published: May 2020

Nick Martin has had an outsized influence on the field of behavioral genetics. Much of this influence stems from his mentorship of young scientists. I describe Nick’s mentorship, and what makes it special, from a personal perspective.