bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recent advances in immunotherapy targeting amyloid-beta and tauopathies in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Sha Sha , Ren Lina , Xing Xiaona , Guo Wanshu , Wang Yan , Li Ying , Cao Yunpeng , Qu Le
Published: January 2025

Alzheimer's disease, a devastating neurodegenerative disorder, is characterized by progressive cognitive decline, primarily due to amyloid-beta protein deposition and tau protein phosphorylation. Effectively reducing the cytotoxicity of amyloid-beta42 aggregates and tau oligomers may help slow the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Conventional drugs, such as donepezil, can only alleviate symptoms and are not able to prevent the underlying pathological processes or cognitive decline. Currently, active and passive immunotherapies targeting amyloid-beta and tau have shown some efficacy in mice with asymptomatic Alzheimer's disease and other transgenic animal models, attracting considerable attention. However, the clinical application of these immunotherapies demonstrated only limited efficacy before the discovery of lecanemab and donanemab. This review first discusses the advancements in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease and active and passive immunotherapies targeting amyloid-beta and tau proteins. Furthermore, it reviews the advantages and disadvantages of various immunotherapies and considers their future prospects. Although some antibodies have shown promise in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease, substantial clinical data are still lacking to validate their effectiveness in individuals with moderate Alzheimer's disease.
Chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI for neurodegenerative diseases: an update on clinical and preclinical studies
Authors: Saiyisan Ahelijiang , Zeng Shihao , Zhang Huabin , Wang Ziyan , Wang Jiawen , Cai Pei , Huang Jianpan
Published: January 2025

Chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging is an advanced imaging technique that enables the detection of compounds at low concentrations with high sensitivity and spatial resolution and has been extensively studied for diagnosing malignancy and stroke. In recent years, the emerging exploration of chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging for detecting pathological changes in neurodegenerative diseases has opened up new possibilities for early detection and repetitive scans without ionizing radiation. This review serves as an overview of chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging with detailed information on contrast mechanisms and processing methods and summarizes recent developments in both clinical and preclinical studies of chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and Huntington's disease.

A comprehensive literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on peer-reviewed articles from the past 15 years relevant to clinical and preclinical applications. The findings suggest that chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging has the potential to detect molecular changes and altered metabolism, which may aid in early diagnosis and assessment of the severity of neurodegenerative diseases. Although promising results have been observed in selected clinical and preclinical trials, further validations are needed to evaluate their clinical value. When combined with other imaging modalities and advanced analytical methods, chemical exchange saturation transfer magnetic resonance imaging shows potential as an in vivo biomarker, enhancing the understanding of neuropathological mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases.
XR-Pupillometry: A novel approach to pupillometry for clinical care and beyond
Authors: Sarker Prithul , Zaman Nasif , Ong Joshua , Waisberg Ethan , Lee Andrew G. , Tavakkoli Alireza
Published: January 2025

Pupillometry is an emerging, noninvasive technique that measures pupil reactivity and provides deeper insights into ophthalmic and neurologic function. Extended reality (XR) technology has also emerged with powerful clinical capabilities in various medical specialties, particularly in neuro-ophthalmology functional testing. This article explores the use of XR technology in pupillometry. XR encompasses various immersive technologies, including virtual reality, augmented reality, and mixed reality. By integrating eye-tracking technology into these systems, precise measurements of ocular movements, including pupil dilation and constriction, can be obtained. We propose the term “XR-Pupillometry” to describe this novel approach. Our manuscript discusses the potential benefits and limitations of XR-Pupillometry and highlights its applications in various fields, including psychology, neuroscience, space research, and health care. We also provide an overview of existing devices and software available for XR-Pupillometry. As this technology continues to evolve, it has the potential to revolutionize the way we understand human behavior and emotions.
Comparison of pre-COVID-19 pandemic, lockdown, and postlockdown participant adherence in a phase IV clinical trial for the treatment of postexposure rabies prophylaxis
Authors: Chaudhari Vijaya Laxman , Argade Akshay Sanjay , Hinglaspurkar Saee Sudesh , Gogtay Nithya Jaideep
Published: January 2025

Context:

One of the most frequent difficulties encountered in clinical trials is the failure to retain participants and this is doubly important when the disease is 100% fatal. Studies conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic regarding adherence have been equivocal.

Aims:

The aim of this study is to compare participant adherence in a phase IV clinical trial for postexposure rabies prophylaxis before the pandemic, during lockdown, and after lockdown.

Settings and Design:

An observational study (audit).

Subjects and Methods:

The study in May 2023 covers the period from October 2019 to March 2022. Individual participant files of recruited participants were examined for adherence to treatment in the prepandemic period, during lockdown, and postlockdown eras.

Statistical Analysis Used:

The primary outcome measure-participant adherence anti-rabies vaccination (ARV completion) in the three timelines was compared using the Chi-squared test. The secondary outcome measures: reasons for nonadherence and potential factors associated with it done by univariate followed by multivariate logistic regression. All analyses conducted at a 5% significance level.

Results:

A total of 455 (2046 ARV visits) participants were recruited in the original Phase IV study, with a mean (±standard deviation) age of 31.9 ± 16.23 years. The COVID-19 lockdown reported the highest nonadherence to ARV (5/26, 19%) due to travel restriction and fear of contracting SARS-CoV2 infection compared to prepandemic (9/144, 6%) and postlockdown (6/285, 2%) periods.

Conclusion:

There was a significant reduction in participant adherence for ARV completion during the lockdown compared to the prepandemic and postlockdown timelines. Decentralized Clinical Trials may offer potential solutions to improve adherence in the context of epidemics and pandemics.
Vitamin D supplementation trials: Navigating the maze of unpredictable results
Authors: Singh Shruti , Meena Rajesh Kumar , Maharshi Vikas , Sinha Nishi , Agarwal Neha , Payra Shuvasree , Harsha Divya
Published: January 2025

Vitamin D supplementation studies in various pleiotropic outcomes often yield conflicting results. This complexity arises from various factors, including individual differences (baseline Vitamin D levels, genetics, ethnicity, age, and gender). This review aims to clarify the complexities in Vitamin D supplementation research by examining various influencing factors, ultimately providing a comprehensive understanding to guide future studies and offer more accurate insights into the health impacts of Vitamin D supplementation. For this review, we searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect, analyzing observational studies, meta-analyses, and randomized controlled trials to identify key factors influencing the efficacy of Vitamin D supplementation. By synthesizing findings from diverse research, we aimed to illuminate the nuances shaping the outcomes of these trials. In conclusion, the review suggests that several demographic and biological factors such as baseline 25(OH)D levels, age, ethnicity, genetics, body mass index, diet, sun exposure, medications, comorbid conditions, socioeconomic status, and self-supplementation all play significant roles in the outcomes of Vitamin D supplementation trials. In addition, the dose and duration of therapy, choice of daily versus bolus dosing, route of administration, and the role of free and bound forms of Vitamin D contribute to the complexity of trial results. Vitamin D’s pleiotropic effects extend beyond calcium regulation, impacting various health aspects. Inadequate blood levels can confound trial outcomes, emphasizing the importance of reaching appropriate 25(OH)D thresholds. Study design, sample size, bias minimization, and methodology are critical in influencing trial outcomes and designing studies that account for baseline levels and compliance is crucial for meaningful and accurate results. Standardized assays and internationally agreed-upon cutoff levels are essential to mitigate variability in 25(OH)D measurements and improve result reliability.
Graduación de la culpabilidad en la determinación de la pena del delito económico
Authors: Rodríguez Collao Luis , Pinto Bustos Andrea
Published: January 2025

El objetivo principal de este artículo es examinar el régimen de adaptación y concreción de las penas privativas de la libertad vigente en la Ley de Delitos Económicos, particularmente en lo que respecta a los efectos asociados a la graduación de la culpabilidad. El método empleado es el dogmático, a través del cual se analizan y sistematizan disposiciones que regulan un catálogo específico y exclusivo de circunstancias modificatorias para el delito económico, junto con la ponderación de sus efectos en la determinación del marco penal, la fijación de la cuantía exacta de la pena y la procedencia de penas sustitutivas. El resultado principal de este estudio es la constatación de que el actual régimen vigente para el delito económico es especial y más gravoso para el imputado que aquel previsto en el Código penal chileno y que la graduación de la culpabilidad prevista en la ley trae aparejados problemas de diversa naturaleza.
noción de delito económico como mera categoría clasificatoria: Análisis crítico desde un punto de vista sustantivo y procesal
Authors: Alvarado Urízar Agustina
Published: January 2025

El presente trabajo se propone problematizar la noción de delito económico introducida por la Ley N°21.595 en lo que atañe a su consideración de mera categoría clasificatoria y de remisión dispuesta para hacer aplicable el régimen especial de determinación de pena respecto de personas naturales en los casos de los denominados delitos de segunda, tercera y cuarta categoría. Para estos efectos, el trabajo cuestiona la asunción de dos tesis como esencialmente problemáticas: de una parte, aquella que considera el criterio de “involucramiento corporativo” como un mero factor condicionante de la calificación de delito económico para remitir a un régimen especial de determinación de la pena; y, de otra parte, aquella que sobre la base del supuesto sentido de sentencing del nuevo estatuto, afirma que el debate sobre la calificación de un delito como económico debe verificarse en la audiencia de determinación de la pena del artículo 343 del Código Procesal Penal. En este sentido, la investigación ofrece una valoración crítica de ambas aserciones, tanto desde una perspectiva sustantiva como procesal, para concluir promoviendo la consideración del criterio de involucramiento corporativo como un elemento típico agregado a los delitos bases involucrados como solución interpretativa superadora de tales críticas con el objetivo de que la nueva categoría pueda ser legítimamente aplicada.
Variation in Sociolinguistics of Portuguese in Angolan Bi/Plurilingual Context
Authors: Tchambala Jacinto
Published: January 2025

Este artigo tratou do fenômeno da variação da língua portuguesa no contexto angolano, forçado por sua coexistência anacrônica com outras línguas bantas. As bases teórico-metodológicas que embasaram o estudo foram os postulados da linguística variacionista laboviana, apoiada na dinâmica social e linguística, objeto da sociolinguística. O objetivo deste artigo foi, necessariamente, descrever os principais fatores que influenciam a instabilidade normativa do português em Angola, cujas particularidades são notórias nos domínios fonético-fonológico, morfológico, semântico e até pragmático. A relevância do estudo consiste, essencialmente, em fornecer subsídios linguísticos que chamem a atenção das pessoas para a abstenção do preconceito e do estigma linguístico e o combate à pluralidade linguística no país. Esta visão foi facilitada pelo contexto realista do português observado nos seus falantes, na medida em que a língua oficial consagrada na Constituição da República de Angola pode também ser considerada uma segunda língua (LS) e uma língua estrangeira (LE), especialmente na maioria das comunidades rurais.
Exploring where to concentrate smoking cessation efforts in Nigeria through the mirror of self-reported smoking
Authors: Oluwaseun Addie
Published: January 2025

Smoking is the largest cause of preventable health problems and premature death worldwide, and about 80% of the world’s 1.3 billion tobacco users live in low- and middle-income countries. Tobacco smoking prevalence in Nigeria was 10.4% and it is estimated that there are about 20 million active smokers in the country. This study investigated the spatial pattern of selfreported smoking in order to determine potential targets for smoking cessation campaigns in Nigeria, utilizing a nationally representative dataset. This was a crosssectional study aimed at investigating the spatial pattern of self-reported smoking as a means of determining where smoking cessation campaigns should be targeted in Nigeria, using spatial analysis and descriptive statistics to examine data from the first round of the Nigeria-National Survey on Drug Use and Health. The results indicated that over 80% of selfreported smokers were male, and young people aged 20-39 were majority (53.8%). Crop farming (24.7%) was the dominant profession. Benue (10.0%), Bauchi (6.3%), and Edo (5.5%) States had the highest  number of smokers, and Ekiti (1.6%), Kano (1.3%), and Jigawa (0.7%) States had the least numbers. Self-reported smokers in the country tended towards clustering (Moran I=.126), and whereas Benue State was the hot-spot of smokers in the country, Katsina, Kano, and Kaduna States formed the cold spot. This study identified the age range, the predominantoccupation, and the location of most smokers in the country, making possible focused smoking cessation interventions. However, a one-size-fits-all smoking cessation policy might not work in the country given the heterogeneous distribution of smokers.
Psychosocial implications of substance use disorders among patients attending a psychiatric facility in Lagos
Authors: Alalade Oluwasikemi  , Alalade Obatomi  , Opabola Oluwasemire  , Salaudeen Adekunle
Published: January 2025

Substance use disorders have become a major family and public health problem because of the associated socio-economic burden to the public in terms of rising health care costs, loss of productivity, reduced family income and other disabilities. The study aimed to assess the psychosocial implications of substance use disorder in patients attending a psychiatric facility in Lagos. The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study amongst 420 participants aged 18-64 years. A structured self-administered questionnaire was used to assess the socio-demographic characteristics and psychosocial problems in the study participants. The mean age of study participants was 27.69± 8.575. There were more participants who were within the ages of 18-25 years and there were more males. Additionally, 57.2% had secondary level of education, 60% were unemployed and 58.8% had no monthly income. Most common age at first use of substance was less than 18 years. The most common psychoactive substances used by study participants were alcohol, cannabis and tobacco. Interpersonal relationship problems were reported in 50.2% of study participants, job problems in 56.0%, and economic problems in 87.4%. Psychiatric diagnosis was reported by 33.3% of the participants and medical diagnosis in 34% of participants. Sociodemographic characteristics significantly associated with relationship problems were age (p=0.004), occupation (p=0.021), tribe (0.040), religion (p=0.028), and monthly income (p=0.022). Socio-demographic characteristics significantly associated with job problems were educational level (p=0.022), occupation (p=0.037), age at first use (p=0.002). Socio-demographic characteristics significantly associated with economic problems were monthly income (p=0.001), age at first use (p=0.024). The study concluded that there is a high prevalence of psychosocial problems from persons with substance use disorder and curbing the menace of substance abuse requires a collaborative effort from families, religious organizations, media, secondary and tertiary institution authorities, health educators, community and the government.
Substance use among adolescents in sub-saharan Africa: A narrative review of epidemiological data
Authors: Flavio F. Marsiglia  , Chao-Kai Huang  , James  Herbert Williams  , Samuel  Munyuwiny  , Lefate Makunyane  , Daniel  Ikenna Molobe  , Rachel Freeman  , Stephen  Kulis  , Ijeoma Ogbonnaya  , Elizabeth  Lightfoot
Published: January 2025

The adolescent population in sub-Saharan Africa is projected to grow significantly, presenting both opportunities and challenges. Increasing rates of substance use among youth pose a significant public health concern, potentially exacerbating morbidity, mortality, and risky behaviors. While previous studies have examined substance use in sub-Saharan Africa, they often focused on individual countries or combined data across regions, overlooking shared sociocultural contexts within subregions. This narrative review analyzed epidemiological data from 60 studies conducted between 2014 and 2024, examining substance use patterns among adolescents under 20 years across subSaharan Africa’s four sub-regions. The review incorporated academic literature, intergovernmental reports, and local partners’ insights, covering 29 countries through 19 Demographic and Health Surveys, 17 Global Youth Tobacco Surveys, seven Global School-based Student Health Surveys, and 16 cross-sectional studies. Findings reveal substantial sub regional variations in substance use patterns, with the highest rates documented in Southern Africa (up to 44.6% for any substance use) and Western Africa (31.2-32.9%). Eastern Africa demonstrated varied patterns, with alcohol use reaching 50.2% in some countries. Central Africa, while showing more consistent patterns, had limited data primarily focused on tobacco use (ranging from 9.2% to 14.1%). Gender disparities were evident across all sub-regions, with males consistently showing higher usage rates than females. The review identified critical gaps in comprehensive substance use data, particularly in Central Africa, and notable disparities between national and regional studies’ findings. This sub-regional approach, which acknowledges shared sociocultural contexts among neighboring countries, provides more nuanced insights than previous country-specific studies. These findings highlight the need for culturally grounded, evidence-based prevention programs tailored to specific contexts, emphasizing the importance of collaborative efforts with local partners in developing targeted prevention strategies that address the unique challenges faced by adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa.
New oxomolybdenum(IV) complexes with adducted monodentate ligands, spectroscopic characterization, DFT calculations, biological and antioxidant activity
Authors: F. Abdalah Noor , I. Alajrawy Othman , R. Majeed Sattar
Published: January 2025

Oxomolybdenum(IV) complexes with chemical formula [MoO(ATP)(DIAB)(AMP)] (C1), [MoO(ATP)(DIAB)(Atri)] (C2), [MoO(ATP)(HNQ)(AMP)] (C3) and [MoO(ATP)(HNQ)(Atri)] (C4) have been synthesized and studied using different spectral methods, including atomic absorption, FTIR, UV-Vis., mass spectroscopy, magnetic sensitivity, electrical conductivity, and C.H.N.S. analysis. The ligands were 2-aminothiophenol (ATP), 3,4-diaminobenzoic acid (DIAB), 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (HNQ), 6-amino-2-methylpyridin (AMP), and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (Atri). The FTIR spectra confirm (DIAB, AMP, and Atri) were coordinated by amine nitrogen, whereas the (HNQ) ligand was by oxygen, and the (ATP) by nitrogen and sulfur atoms. The υ(S-H) band vanished in comparison to the (ATP) ligand, this demonstrates how Mo(IV) and the sulfur atom. The (HNQ) ligand's oxygen atoms work in tandem with the Mo(IV). Mo(IV) complexes with d2 are paramagnetic. All complexes have been suggested to have an octahedral structure based on computed and experimental evidences. Two Gram-positive and two Gram-negative bacteria were used to test the (ATP) ligand and the produced complexes' activity. The complexes showed an expanded zone of inhibition, indicating that they were more lipophilic than the free (ATP) ligand. Finally, the antioxidant activity of the complexes was tested, and the result showed the following order: Gallic acid ˃ C3 ˃ C2 ˃ C4 ˃ C1 in 60 min.
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2025, 39(4), 659-672.                                                        
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v39i4.5
Synthesis, characterization, DFT, molecular docking, and in vitro screening of metal chelates incorporating Schiff base
Authors: Shakir AL-Nama Khansaa , Adnan Saeed Israa , Faris Mohammed Amera
Published: January 2025

The new complexes were formed by reacting Mn(II), Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) with unsymmetrical Schiff base ligands, HL1 and HL2 , in a [1M:1L] molar ratio. Complexes were synthesized with high yields. Metal chelate structures were identified through FT-IR, elemental analyses, magnetic moment, and molar conductivity measurements. According to FT-IR findings, the Schiff base ligand HL1 acts as tridentate by binding with metal ions, confirming tetrahedral geometry. While the ligand HL2 is tetradentate, magnetic moment research indicated an octahedral structure. Theoretical calculations were performed using DFT. The synthesized complexes were tested for antibacterial activity against two types of Gram-positive bacteria: S. aureus and Gram-negative K. pneumoniae. Further molecular docking analysis revealed information about the ligand's binding energy and interaction with the protein receptor (ID:3BFV) of the bacteria.
Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2025, 39(4), 687-701.                                                           
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v39i4.7
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccine: Hesitancy and strategies for increasing acceptance among health care workers in parts of Kano, Nigeria
Authors: Yahya Bilyaminu Bala , Adam Intisar Umar , Idayat Ajado Abosede , Umar Zainab Sule , Yaro Nabila Balarabe , Usman Hauwa’u Rabiu , Abdullahi Binta , Abba Rayyanatu Umar , Danchua Abdullahi Ali , Hassan Aisha Ibrahim , Kabiru Fatima , Sambo Hauwa’u Umar , Danbatta Mariya Nasir , Akande Bridget Bose , Atana Fatima Lawal , Dahiru Mustapha , Kurfi Aisha Kabir , Sulaiman Khadija Ibrahim , Ibrahim Hadiza Mustapha , Idris Maryam Muhammad , Mba Chioma Judith , Yunusa Umar
Published: January 2025

Cervical cancer is the second leading cause of maternal cancer deaths in Nigeria, and addressing HPV vaccine hesitancy could help reduce maternal mortality. This study explored HPV vaccine hesitancy among healthcare workers in Kano State and identified strategies to enhance vaccine uptake. Sixteen healthcare workers were interviewed using a purposive sampling technique. Interviews, lasting about 30 minutes each, were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed through thematic analysis. The findings revealed varied perceptions of the vaccine. While some participants were positive and willing to vaccinate their daughters, others expressed concerns about its safety and efficacy. Major barriers to vaccine acceptance included lack of awareness, misinformation, and cultural and socioeconomic factors. Knowledge gaps were also noted regarding dosage, administration, and eligibility criteria. To increase uptake, comprehensive education and awareness initiatives were recommended.
Effects of aqueous extract of banana (Musa Spp) blossom and silymarin ameliorates on lead acetate induced hepatorenal toxicity in albino Wistar rats
Authors: Ayuba Y. , Buba M.A. , Ishyaku I. , Musa A. , Ikipwen T.N. , Buba M. , Saleh M.S. , Joseph E. , Rabiu M.S. , Adamu S. , Makena W.
Published: January 2025

This study was on the effect of banana blossom (Musa acuminate) against lead acetate induced hepatorenal toxicity in albino Wistar rats. Thirty albino Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups of 5 rats each. Group A served as the control group. Group B received 150mg/kg of lead acetate solution. Group C received 150mg/kg of lead acetate and 200mg/kg banana blossom aqueous extract. Group D received 150mg/kg of lead acetate and 400mg/kg banana blossom. Group E received 150mg/kg of lead acetate plus 100mg/kg Silymarin. Group F received banana blossom only. Lead acetate administration was for 14 days followed by banana blossom and silymarin treatment for 21 days. Animals were sacrificed by injecting them with ketamine and their blood samples collected by cardiac puncture in plain EDTA bottles. Kidney and liver were harvested and fixed in neutral buffered formalin and processed for Hematoxylin and eosin. The results of this study showed that banana blossom was able to significantly (p<0.05) increased body weight while kidney and liver to body weight relative ratio were not affected. Lead acetate significantly increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity while banana blossom and silymarin was seen to significantly reduced the increased caused by lead acetate. Changes observed in Kidney function parameter were not statistically significant at p<0.05. Histological observation showed that lead acetate was able to cause severe widespread degeneration and disruptions of the kidney glomerulus and glomerular tubules. It also caused disruption of the hepatocytes and sinusoids while banana blossom and silymarin was able to ameliorate the effect of lead acetate. Banana blossom may have protected the kidney and liver to some degree from acute and chronic degeneration caused by lead acetate. Banana blossom can serve as alternate antioxidant against free radicals with relatively no morphological hazard to the kidney and liver at doses used in this study.
Prevalence of Human T-Lymphotropic virus infection among selected blood donor facilities in parts of Jigawa State, Nigeria
Authors: Adamu Zainab Ahmad , NM Sani , Mienda Bashir Sajo , Mujahid N.S , Danzomo Abba Ahmed , Ibrahim Usman Muhammad
Published: January 2025

Human T-Lymphotropic virus (HTLV-1) is a human retrovirus associated with several immune related disorders. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of human T-LV-1 among blood donors in Jigawa state, Nigeria. A descriptive cross-sectional design was used to study blood donors who presented at the blood bank of hospitals in three senatorial zones namely Dutse, Kazaure and Hadejia General Hospitals respectively selected using a systematic sampling technique. The data was analysed using SPSS Version 20 with statistical significance set at P≤5%. The prevalence of the virus in this study was 9(6%). Only 8 (5.3%) married respondents were positive. All the respondents that have undergone previous blood transfusion do not have the virus The burden of the virus among blood donors is significant and therefore a system of quality screening of all the blood donated to the blood bank should be enforced, an antigen based test will be better.
Polycylic Aromatic Hydrocsbons as hazardous pollutant: Sources, impact on the environment and human health, monitoring and preventive strategies
Authors: Madaki Khadija Aminu , Bawa Usman , Rabi’u Halima Musa
Published: January 2025

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are organic pollutants that exhibit low solubility and high boiling points hence, contaminate the environment. This paper explores the environmental and health effects of PAHs, methods for monitoring and assessing their presence, and preventive measures to mitigate their pollution. PAHs are created when organic materials burn completely, though they may stay in the environment for an extended period of time. Human activities like industrial emissions, burning of waste, exhaust from vehicles, aero plane, smoking, gas burners, and coal cooking are the main sources of PAHs. Marine fishes, humans and invertebrates and so on has been found to be contaminated with PAHs through various routes of exposure like inhalation, food, water sediments, maternal transmission, soil and trophic transfer. These compounds have diverse effects on the environment and human health. Many researchers have focused on the carcinogenic toxicity of the pollutant. They are concentrated in worldwide and found in many African continents due to human activities and combustion processes. They enter the environment and leads to bioaccumulation in food chains and hence cause direct or indirect detrimental human health risks like cancer of (skin, breast, liver, bladders) asthma, cardiovascular illness, bronchitis and so on. Monitoring PAH level is crucial due to their widespread presence in the environment. Various techniques like mass spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), toxic equivalency (TEQ), toxic equivalency factor (TEF), gas chromatography (GC), use of biomarkers, are used to evaluate and assess the danger of PAH. Additionally, preventive measures include use of ingredients with antioxidants qualities and acidic substances in cooking and marinades, use of electric or gas boilers instead of charcoal, Nanoparticle (NP)-based eco-engineered bioremediation.
Estimating the effects of price discount and bogo deals on apple fruits marketing in Adamawa State, Nigeria
Authors: Abdullahi A’ishatu , Ja’afar-Furo Muhammad R. , Ldama John , Abubakar Aliyu
Published: January 2025

The prevailing economic condition in the country which cuts across other economies in the world, has subjected firms and marketers to stiff competition on how to sell-off their products. This study therefore, estimates the effects of some selected sales promotion strategies on apple fruit marketing in Nigeria evidencing findings from Adamawa State. With a sample size of 170 apple fruit sellers selected purposely from four agricultural zones, primary data were collected on the demography ofrespondents, perception of marketers on sales promotion styles, effects of these styles on gross receipts of apple fruits, and major direct and indirect challenges to effective marketing of the fruits. Data analysed by the use of descriptive statistics, a 3-point Likert Scale and regression analysis revealed that middle-aged (43 years) married males formed the majority (91.18%) of the marketers. Also, the sellers perceived the price discount of apple fruits as the most valuablestrategy (grand mean of 1.66) that influenced grossreceipts. Similarly, price discount was the significant (p <0.05) sales strategy that had a positive effect on the marketing gross receipts. Major challenges experienced by the sellers were the exorbitant cost of apple fruit and its storage. Institutions willing to improve apple fruits marketing in the area should resolve the raised issues.
The effects of smartphone usage on students’ academic performance: Case study of four selected tertiary institutions in North-West Nigeria
Authors: Abdulmalik Usman Ismail , Anka Nura Abubakar
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the effects of smartphone usage on the academic performance of undergraduate students in tertiary institutions in North-West Nigeria. With the increasing integration of smartphones into daily life, understanding their influence on education has become essential. The study adopted survey research design. Data were collected through closed ended questionnaire instrument and administered to 400 students from the University and Polytechnic which 396 questionnaire were returned correctly. Simple random sampling technique was used. Descriptive statistical illustrator such as tabulations, frequency distribution and percentage were used for statistical analysis. The findings shows that 97.22% of the respondents identify the purpose of smartphone usage is mainly for making phone calls and 98.23% for chatting with friends and family (via apps such as WhatsApp). The result also reveals that 76.26% of the respondents utilised it for academic purposes. More so, the study indicates that 81.31.16% of the respondents strongly agree and agree that they spent more time in their studies rather than on their smartphone. Also the findings shows that 86.11% of the respondents combined agree that they use smartphone to obtain materials to complement their lecture note. Finally the study indicates that 74.24% of the respondents identified inadequate ICT infrastructure whereas 74.75% identified inadequate knowledge of the use of smartphones for learning as the challenges of smartphone usage to access or share academic materials. Therefore, the study recommends that tertiary institutions should consider incorporating smartphone usage into their curricula. By training students on effective ways to utilise smartphones for academic purposes, institutions can transform potential distractions into powerful learning. The study further recommends that the institutions should address infrastructural issues and provide resources for students, ensure that they can leverage smartphones effectively for their studies.
Empirical models for determination of hydraulic conductivity of the Ajali formation using sedimentological analysis in the Idah Area, Northern Anambra Basin, Nigeria
Authors: Obasi Ikenna A. , Aigbadon Godwin O. , Onwa Nneka M. , Salami Sikiru A. , Chukwu Chidimma N. , Onwe Ikechukwu M.
Published: January 2025

This study examines the hydraulic conductivity of the Ajali Sandstone Formation in Idah axis of the northern Anambra Basin, Nigeria. The investigation aims to determine the hydraulic conductivity cutoff for the Ajali Sandstone, which is important for the development and management of groundwater resources in Idah area. The study utilizes thin section and grain size analysis on five samples to determine hydraulic conductivity. The Sedimentological analysis indicates medium to coarse-grained, subangular quartz, monocrystalline structures. The modal composition from the thin section ranges from 65-85% of quartz, 10-20% of feldspar, 5-25% of others. Iron-rich samples in the study area display that quartz is between 25-30%, with opaque matrix containing Fe-oxides between 70-75%, respectively. The coefficient of uniformity (U) estimated based on Hazen's model ranges from 0.21 to 4.95, with an average of 2.92. The hydraulic conductivity estimated from other model ranges between 3.61×10-4 to 4.41×10-4 m/s, with an average of 4.24×10-4 m/s. This finding provides evidence that the beds of Ajali Sandstone in Idah area have the capability to serve as aquifer zones, exhibiting a hydraulic conductivity of medium magnitude. The hydraulic conductivity values, determined using the USBR method, range from 189.17 m/day to 1054.0 m/day, aligning with the results obtained from the Hazen model. This study is in line with previous research on established relationships, despite the lack of comparison on hydraulic conductivity in the study area. Differences in estimation model are observed, with Hazen's technique yielding more consistent but smaller values, while the USBR method provides a wider range. Further investigation is advised to address these inequalities and improve understanding.
Determination of excess lifetime cancer risk due to gamma radiation exposure in Bompai area, Kano State, Nigeria
Authors: Muhammad Mubarak B. , Safana A.A , Mohammed Yakubu , Dauda Usman Muhammed
Published: January 2025

This study assessed the levels of gamma radiation exposure and associated excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) in Bompai area, Kano State, Nigeria. Gamma dose rate measurements were taken at 500 points across residential, educational, healthcare, industrial, and commercial sites using Radiation Alert Inspector. The results showed a mean gamma dose level of 17.794×10–3 μSv/hr, corresponding to an annual effective dose (AED) of 380.2×10–6 mSv/yr and an ELCR of 1500×10–6. Comparison with UNSCEAR guidelines revealed that the estimated AED and ELCR values are within safe limits, indicating no imminent health risks for residents. This study provides valuable radiological survey data for the area, highlighting the need for continued monitoring and future research with enhanced methodologies.
Exploring Africa's lithium wealth: Geological insights, mineralization processes, and sustainable development prospects
Authors: Olasehinde A. , Yusuf A. , Usman M.B , Tabale R.P , Mbiimbe E.Y , Daspan R.I
Published: January 2025

Lithium, a critical mineral for modern technology, particularly in the production of lithium-ion batteries, is abundant in Africa and primarily associated with pegmatites. These coarse-grained igneous rocks form during the final stages of magma crystallization and are enriched in lithium-bearing minerals such as spodumene, petalite, and lepidolite. Africa’s lithium mineralization is concentrated in regions like Zimbabwe, Namibia, Mali, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and Nigeria which are geologically rich in lithium-bearing pegmatites. The geological setting of these deposits involves late-stage magmatic processes and tectonic influences, particularly in orogenic belts. This study focuses on the geological characteristics of Africa’s key lithium-bearing regions and discusses the processes controlling lithium mineralization and implications of lithium exploitation for Africa's development, exploring both the opportunities and challenges that come with harnessing this valuable resource. It also highlights the challenges and future prospects of lithium exploration in Africa, emphasizing the need for infrastructure, governance, and environmental stewardship to ensure sustainable exploitation of this valuable resource.
Assessment of tropospheric field strength variability and radio horizon distance over the Guinea and coastal climatic zones of Nigeria
Authors: Bello G , Akpootu D.O , Zoramawa A.B , Yusuf A
Published: January 2025

Proper evaluation of the prevalent refractivity circumstances and the appropriate actions to minimise link degradation and maintain signal integrity at the receiver in such a location may increase the reliability of terrestrial satellite communications in any location. In this study, the measured monthly climatic data of atmospheric pressure, relative humidity and temperature covering a period of forty-two (42) years (from 1981 to 2022) for four (4) different locations situated across two (2) climatic zones in Nigeria were acquired from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) to investigate the tropospheric field strength variability (TFSV) and to estimate radio horizon distance (dRH) for the chosen sites. The study's findings showed that the maximum values of TFSV obtained are 16.2240 dB, 11.7831 dB, 16.7986 dB and 9.4150 dB for Makurdi, Ibadan, Ogoja and Warri respectively. These field strength variability values imply that, for the selected areas, the output of a receiving antenna may vary by not more than 16.2240 dB, 11.7831 dB, 16.7986 dB, and 9.4150 dB, respectively, and by not less than 3.1411 dB, 3.0076 dB, 2.9347 dB, and 2.9089 dB in a year. The average values of TFSV variability obtained are 8.7021 dB, 5.6036 dB, 7.2246 dB and 5.1234 dB for Makurdi, Ibadan, Ogoja and Warri respectively, indicating that Makurdi has the highest average value of TFSV compared to other investigated locations. The Guinea Savannah and Coastal climatic zones of Nigeria typically have higher TFSV values in the dry season when compared to the rainy season. The expressions dRH = 132.9607√hT, dRH = 132.5453√hT, dRH = 132.9456√hT and dRH = 133.3587√hT were established from the calculation of radio horizon distance for Makurdi, Ibadan, Ogoja and Warri respectively if the respective transmitter heights are known.
Hepatotoxicity effect of Gongronemal latifollium aqueous leave extract on some biomarker liver enzyme of albino Wister rats
Authors: Abiodun Moses Oluwaseun , Ekesiobi Anthony Obinna , Onyenweife Leonard Chikwado , Bankole Olatunji Taofik
Published: January 2025

Gongronemal latifolium plant has been widely utilized in the treatment of many illnesses and nutritional purposes, however the side effects associated with the consumption of this plant has been greatly neglected due to its therapeutic potentials. Therefore, this study investigated the hepatotoxicity effect of Gongronemal latifolium aqueous leaf extract on the liver enzymes using animal modeling. A total of twenty albino Wister rats were used and grouped into five different groups of 4 animals each and treated with various doses of the plant extract such that group: A serves as control and groups: BE serves as test groups with different doses such as 100mg- 500mg/kg.bw of the aqueous leaf extract and the treatment lasted for 21days after which the animals where sacrificed and blood samples were collected through cardiac puncture. The hepatotoxicity effect of the plant was evaluated through examination of the various levels of the liver enzymes in the extract treated groups and compared with the control using the colorimetric method. The results indicated that the activities of the Aspartate Trans amylase (AST), Alanine trans amylase enzyme and Alkaline phosphate shows significant increases for all the concentration at P< 0.005 when compared with the control group. Furthermore, there was a slight decrease in the Alanine Trans amylase level observed at 100mg of the extract. In conclusion the result of this study reveals that Gongronemal latifollium, leaf extract has no significant hepatotoxicity effect on the liver enzyme and its use in human nutrition and therapeutic agent is advised at a lower does.
Knowledge, perception, attitude and ‘willingness to use’ towards complementary and alternative medicine amongst medical students in Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto-Nigeria
Authors: Umar M.l. , Usman Samaila , Abubakar Kabiru , Sheidu Azeez R. , Tijjani R.G.
Published: January 2025

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is widely practised around the world. Approximately 80% of developing countries like Nigeria rely on CAM. The potential challenges faced by CAM, though not backed by credible scientific evidence, have caused differences in perception and attitude towards CAM Despite these challenges; studies have not sufficiently reported the attitude/behavior of medical, pharmacy and nursing students towards CAM. This study aimed to investigate knowledge, perception, attitude and ‘willingness to use’ towards CAM amongst UDUS medical, pharmacy, and nursing students. After obtaining consent of participants, structured questionnaire adopted from previous studies was administered to 300 participants to fill at their convenience. Information was extracted from filled questionnaires and scored using Microsoft Excel software. Data of socio-demographic characteristic, knowledge, attitude and willingness of study respondents obtained were analyzed using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS), version 20. Pearson’s correlation was employed to explore the relationship between consumer knowledge, perception, attitude and ‘willingness to use’ towards CAM. Results obtained show that the participants had good knowledge of CAM as 83% have heard about it and use it and positive perception and attitude towards it. The result further revealed, across groups, a significant correlation between the participants knowledge and their perception, attitude, and ‘willingness to use’ towards CAM. However, willingness to recommend or use CAM was low (< 50%) amongst medical students as compared to pharmacy and nursing students.
Evaluation of the roles of Mex genes in antibiotic resistance of some strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and the use of antibiotic combinations to boost their susceptibility pattern
Authors: Shehu Rabi , Wayah Samson Baranzan , Maiangwa Jonathan
Published: January 2025

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a prevalent pathogen responsible for various infections, and exhibits significant resistance to a broad spectrum of antibiotics, leading to increased mortality rates. This study aimed to assess the role of mex genes in antibiotic resistance among indigenous strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and enhance their susceptibility through antibiotic combinations. Ten isolates were selected based on their appearance on selective media, microscopy and biochemical characterization. Antibiotic resistance profiles for fluoroquinolones (ofloxacin, pefloxacin, sparfloxacin, ciprofloxacin), aminoglycosides (gentamicin, streptomycin), beta-lactams (amoxicillin) Sulfonamide (septrin) and Macrolide (septrin) were determined using the Bauer-Kirby disk diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for 13 individual antibiotics and 19 combined antibiotics were determined using two-fold serial dilution techniques. DNA was extracted from P. aeruginosa isolates and analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect resistance genes- MexA, MexB, and MexZ. The MexA and MexZ resistance genes were detected in all isolates, while MexB was present in all except 3 of the isolates. P. aeruginosa exhibited the highest susceptibility to gentamicin (40%) and complete resistance to sparfloxacin (100%). The multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index ranged from 0.22 to 1. The MIC values for cefexime and ciprofloxacin was 128 µg/mL, while ciprofloxacin + amoxicillin was 32 µg/mL showing increased susceptibility. This study highlights the presence of highly resistant P. aeruginosa strains, it showed a relationship between the resistant genes and antibiotic resistance. Drug combination of ciprofloxacin and amoxicillin proved to be most susceptible against the pathogen. This brings the need to study the mechanism of resistance in the pathogen and target silencing these resistance genes. There should be sensitization, increased awareness among patients and healthcare providers regarding the rising antibiotic resistance of the strain.