bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamical Analysis of Regulatory Interactions in the Gap Gene System of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Jaeger Johannes , Blagov Maxim , Kosman David , Kozlov Konstantin N ,   Manu, Myasnikova Ekaterina , Surkova Svetlana , Vanario-Alonso Carlos E , Samsonova Maria , Sharp David H , Reinitz John
Published: September 2004

Genetic studies have revealed that segment determination in Drosophila melanogaster is based on hierarchical regulatory interactions among maternal coordinate and zygotic segmentation genes. The gap gene system constitutes the most upstream zygotic layer of this regulatory hierarchy, responsible for the initial interpretation of positional information encoded by maternal gradients. We present a detailed analysis of regulatory interactions involved in gap gene regulation based on gap gene circuits, which are mathematical gene network models used to infer regulatory interactions from quantitative gene expression data. Our models reproduce gap gene expression at high accuracy and temporal resolution. Regulatory interactions found in gap gene circuits provide consistent and sufficient mechanisms for gap gene expression, which largely agree with mechanisms previously inferred from qualitative studies of mutant gene expression patterns. Our models predict activation of Kr by Cad and clarify several other regulatory interactions. Our analysis suggests a central role for repressive feedback loops between complementary gap genes. We observe that repressive interactions among overlapping gap genes show anteroposterior asymmetry with posterior dominance. Finally, our models suggest a correlation between timing of gap domain boundary formation and regulatory contributions from the terminal maternal system.
A piggyBac Transposon Gene Trap for the Analysis of Gene Expression and Function in Drosophila
Authors: Bonin Christopher P , Mann Richard S
Published: September 2004

P-element-based gene and enhancer trap strategies have provided a wealth of information on the expression and function of genes in Drosophila melanogaster. Here we present a new vector that utilizes the simple insertion requirements of the piggyBac transposon, coupled to a splice acceptor (SA) site fused to the sequence encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and a transcriptional terminator. Mobilization of the piggyBac splice site gene trap vector (PBss) was accomplished by heat-shock-induced expression of piggyBac transposase (PBase). We show that insertion of PBss into genes leads to fusions between the gene's mRNA and the PBss-encoded EGFP transcripts. As heterozygotes, these fusions report the normal pattern of expression of the trapped gene. As homozygotes, these fusions can inactivate the gene and lead to lethality. Molecular characterization of PBss insertion events shows that they are single copy, that they always occur at TTAA sequences, and that splicing utilizes the engineered splice site in PBss. In those instances where protein-EGFP fusions are predicted to occur, the subcellular localization of the wild-type protein can be inferred from the localization of the EGFP fusion protein. These experiments highlight the utility of the PBss system for expanding the functional genomics tools that are available in Drosophila.
Genetic Suppression of Intronic +1G Mutations by Compensatory U1 snRNA Changes in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Zahler Alan M , Tuttle John D , Chisholm Andrew D
Published: September 2004

Mutations to the canonical +1G of introns, which are commonly found in many human inherited disease alleles, invariably result in aberrant splicing. Here we report genetic findings in C. elegans that aberrant splicing due to +1G mutations can be suppressed by U1 snRNA mutations. An intronic +1G-to-U mutation, e936, in the C. elegans unc-73 gene causes aberrant splicing and loss of gene function. We previously showed that mutation of the sup-39 gene promotes splicing at the mutant splice donor in e936 mutants. We demonstrate here that sup-39 is a U1 snRNA gene; suppressor mutations in sup-39 are compensatory substitutions in the 5′ end, which enhance recognition of the mutant splice donor. sup-6(st19) is an allele-specific suppressor of unc-13(e309), which contains an intronic +1G-to-A transition. The e309 mutation activates a cryptic splice site, and sup-6(st19) restores splicing to the mutant splice donor. sup-6 also encodes a U1 snRNA and the mutant contains a compensatory substitution at its 5′ end. This is the first demonstration that U1 snRNAs can act to suppress the effects of mutations to the invariant +1G of introns. These findings are suggestive of a potential treatment of certain alleles of inherited human genetic diseases.
The ULTRAPETALA1 Gene Functions Early in Arabidopsis Development to Restrict Shoot Apical Meristem Activity and Acts Through WUSCHEL to Regulate Floral Meristem Determinacy
Authors: Carles Cristel C , Lertpiriyapong Kvin , Reville Keira , Fletcher Jennifer C
Published: September 2004

Shoot and floral meristem activity in higher plants is controlled by complex signaling networks consisting of positive and negative regulators. The Arabidopsis ULTRAPETALA1 (ULT1) gene has been shown to act as a negative regulator of meristem cell accumulation in inflorescence and floral meristems, as loss-of-function ult1 mutations cause inflorescence meristem enlargement, the production of extra flowers and floral organs, and a decrease in floral meristem determinacy. To investigate whether ULT1 functions in known meristem regulatory pathways, we generated double mutants between ult1 alleles and null alleles of the meristem-promoting genes SHOOTMERISTEMLESS (STM) and WUSCHEL (WUS). We found that, although the ult1 alleles have no detectable embryonic or vegetative phenotypes, ult1 mutations restored extensive organ-forming capability to stm null mutants after germination and increased leaf and floral organ production in stm partial loss-of-function mutants. Mutations in ULT1 also partially suppressed the wus shoot and floral meristem phenotypes. However, wus was epistatic to ult1 in the center of the flower, and WUS transcriptional repression was delayed in ult1 floral meristems. Our results show that during the majority of the Arabidopsis life cycle, ULT1 acts oppositely to STM and WUS in maintaining meristem activity and functions in a separate genetic pathway. However, ULT1 negatively regulates WUS to establish floral meristem determinacy, acting through the WUS-AG temporal feedback loop.
A Genomic Basis for the Evolution of Vertebrate Transcription Factors Containing Amino Acid Runs
Authors: Caburet Sandrine , Vaiman Daniel , Veitia Reiner A
Published: September 2004

We have previously shown that polyAla (A) tract-containing proteins frequently present runs of glycine (G), proline (P), and histidine (H) and that, in their ORFs, GC content at all codon positions is higher than that in the rest of the genome. In this study, we present new analyses of these human proteins/ORFs. We detected striking differences in codon usage for A, G, and P in and out of runs. After dividing the ORFs, we found that 5′ halves were richer in runs than 3′ halves. Afterward, when removing the runs, we observed that the run-rich halves (grouped irrespectively of their 5′ or 3′ position) had a marked statistical tendency to have more homo- and hetero-dicodons for A, G, P, and H than the run-poor halves. This suggests that, in addition to the necessary GC-rich genomic background, a specific codon organization is probably required to generate these coding repeats. Homo-dicodons may indeed provide primers for run formation through polymerase slippage. The compositional analysis of human HOX genes, the most polyAla-rich family, and their comparison with their zebrafish homologs, support these hypotheses and suggest possible effects of genomic environment on ORF evolution and organismal diversification.
The High-Mobility Group A-Type Protein CarD of the Bacterium Myxococcus xanthus as a Transcription Factor for Several Distinct Vegetative GenesSequence data from this article have been deposited with the EMBL/GenBank Data Libraries under accession nos. AJ505751, AJ505752, AJ505753, and AJ505849.
Authors: Galbis-Martínez Marisa , Fontes Marta , Murillo Francisco J
Published: September 2004

CarD is the only reported prokaryotic protein showing structural and functional features typical of eukaryotic high-mobility group A transcription factors. In prokaryotes, proteins similar to CarD appear to be confined primarily to myxobacteria. In Myxococcus xanthus, CarD has been previously shown to act as a positive element in two different regulatory networks: one for light-induced synthesis of carotenoids and the other for starvation-induced fruiting body formation. We have now tested the effect of a loss-of-function mutation in the carD gene (carD1) on the expression of a random collection of lacZ-tagged genes, which are normally expressed in the dark during vegetative growth in rich medium. Our results indicate that CarD plays a significant role in the transcriptional regulation of various indicated genes. The carD1 mutation downregulates some genes and upregulates others. Also reported here is the isolation of several mutations that suppress the strong effect of carD1 on the expression of a particular vegetative gene. One of them (sud-2) also suppresses the effect of carD1 on other vegetative genes and on fruiting-body formation. Thus, CarD and the sud-2 gene product appear to participate in a single mechanism, which underlies various apparently diverse regulatory phenomena ascribed to CarD.
WATER DEFICIENCY RESISTANCE STUDY ON SOYA AND BEAN CULTIVARS
Authors: Nemeskéri E.
Published: September 2004

In a three-year model experiment the water deficiency resistance and the quality of yield were investigated in the case of soybean and bean cultivars of determined growth. The plants were grown under irrigated and non-irrigated conditions, modelling the conditions of drought. The soybean cultivars used a considerably higher amount of water before reaching the green pod maturity stage than the bean cultivars. Their water use under water stress decreased considerably (46%), in contrast with beans, where this decrease was only 18–21%. This correlates with the vegetation period of the varieties, their water use in certain vegetation periods and the development of their roots. The roots of beans determine the size of the yield and that of water circulation but only affects the formation of pods in a few varieties. The roots of soybean cultivars affect the size of yield and the quality of seeds as well. This is especially important in organic matter circulation under water-deficient conditions. If the roots are small, the dry matter and oil contents increase more intensively in the seed, but this has no effect on the protein content of the seeds. The small root mass and small specific leaf area (SLA) of the early soybean cultivar McCall and the Hungold variety of beans decreased yield losses under water deficiency conditions, in contrast with the mid-late maturing soybean variety Evans, where this was not experienced.
INFLUENCE OF WATER STRESS CONDITIONING ON PHOTOSYNTHETIC WATER STRESS RESPONSE OF SWITCHGRASS (PANICUM VIRGATUM L.) AND TALL FESCUE (FESTUCA ARUNDINACEA SCHREB.)
Authors: Kiss Z. , Wolf D. D.
Published: September 2004

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of water stress conditioning on the photosynthesis response of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) to moisture deficiency. Tillers of the two species were grown in the same, controlled, environment and were subjected to three conditioning water stress cycles, or were kept well watered. After drought conditioning all plants were subjected to moisture deficiency while photosynthesis and leaf water potential were monitored. Measurements were taken between –0.8 and –4.0 MPa and the rate of water stress was 0.49 MPa/day. The conditioning of switchgrass produced a 26% reduction in the photosynthesis rate during drought, while that of tall fescue produced a 57% reduction in photosynthesis. Both species maintained elongation and photosynthesis down to lower leaf water potentials after drought conditioning than before conditioning. The conditioning water stress cycles decreased the leaf conductance, mesophyll resistance and transpiration of tall fescue plants after rewatering. The leaf water potential of conditioned switchgrass plants was lower upon rewatering after three conditioning water stress cycles than the leaf water potential of non-conditioned plants, while the leaf conductance, mesophyll resistance and transpiration of conditioned and non-conditioned tillers were equal. These data indicate an improvement in the drought tolerance of tall fescue and switchgrass plants, emphasize the importance of knowing the previous water stress history of the plants in moisture deficiency experiments, and help to choose proper irrigation management for switchgrass and tall fescue.
SALT STRESS RESPONSE OF SALT-SENSITIVE AND TOLERANT DURUM WHEAT CULTIVARS INOCULATED WITH MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI
Authors: Al-Karaki G. N.
Published: September 2004

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and salt stress on growth and nutrient acquisition in two durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cultivars exhibiting differences in salt tolerance were investigated. The plants were grown in a sterilized, low P (silty clay) soil-sand mix. Three salt levels were created by adding NaCl solution to the soil through irrigation water, resulting in saturation extract (ECe) values of 1.2 (control), 4.1 (medium) and 6.7 dS m –1 (high salt stress), respectively. Mycorrhizal colonization occurred whether the soil was salt stressed or non-stressed and in both cultivars, but the extent of AMF colonization was higher in the control than under saline soil conditions. The salt-tolerant cultivar Petra had higher mycorrhizal colonization than the salt-sensitive cultivar Hourani-27. The shoot dry matter (DM) yield was higher in mycorrhizal than in non-mycorrhizal plants of both cultivars. Petra had higher shoot DM but not higher root DM than Hourani-27 plants. The enhancement in shoot DM due to AMF inoculation was 22 and 21% in the control, 31 and 58% at medium, and 18 and 60% at high salinity level for Petra and Hourani-27, respectively. For both cultivars, the contents of P, K, Zn, Cu and Fe were higher in mycorrhizal than in non-mycorrhizal plants under control and medium saline soil conditions. Shoot Na concentrations were lower in mycorrhizal than in non-mycorrhizal plants grown under saline conditions. The enhancement in P, K, Zn, Cu and Fe acquisition due to AMF inoculation was more pronounced in Hourani-27 than in Petra under saline soil conditions. The results suggest that Hourani-27 tends to benefit from AMF colonization more than Petra under saline soil conditions, despite the fact that Petra roots were highly colonized with the AM fungus. It appears that Hourani-27 is more dependent on AMF symbiosis than Petra.
CALCIUM ENHANCEMENT OF SHOOT ORGANOGENESIS IN SALINITY-STRESSED TOMATO EXPLANTS
Authors: El-enany A. E.
Published: September 2004

Acta Agronomica Hungarica, 49(1), pp. 35–42 (2001) CALCIUM ENHANCEMENT OF SHOOT ORGANOGENESIS IN SALINITY-STRESSED TOMATO EXPLANTS A. E. EL-ENANY, A. A. ISSA and R. ABDEL-BASSET BOTANY DEPARTMENT, FACULTY OF SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY OF ASSIUT, ASSIUT, EGYPT Received: 25 October, 2000; accepted: 15 February, 2001 Efficient de novo shoot organogenesis from hypocotyl and cotyledons was studied under NaCl-salinity conditions and in a salinity-calcium combination. Sodium chloride inhibited shoot regeneration markedly at 100 and 150 mM NaCl. Both the fresh and dry weight were also reduced. The mineral contents (Na, K and Ca) of hypocotyl and cotyledonary cultures were disturbed at high levels of NaCl salinity. The osmotic potential (Ř s) was raised in hypocotyl and cotyledonary cultures in MS medium as the NaCl salinity level increased. Calcium enhanced shoot regeneration in hypocotyls and cotyledonary cultures, especially at the highest salinity level (150 mM NaCl). This calcium-induced counteraction of the harmful effect of NaCl may be due to the reduced uptake of Na and to the elevated water content of hypocotyls and cotyledonary cultures under Na-Ca combination. wall rigidity.
GENERATION MEAN ANALYSIS OF DROUGHT TOLERANCE IN WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM L.)
Authors: Farshadfar E. , Ghanadha - , Sutka J. , Zahravi M.
Published: September 2004

To evaluate the genetic background of quantitative criteria of drought tolerance in wheat, six generations of a cross between the varieties of Plainsman and Cappelle Desprez were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications in the greenhouse of the College of Agriculture of the University of Tehran in 1997. Genetic variation was found for yield potential (Yp), stressed yield (Ys), excised leaf water retention (ELWR), relative water loss (RWL), relative water content (RWC) and harvest index (HI) under water stress conditions. High heterosis and heterobeltiosis were observed in the F1 hybrid for Ys, HI and spike yield index (SYI). Genetic analysis exhibited overdominance in the inheritance of Ys, RWL, ELWR, HI, biomass and SYI, while RWC and Yp were controlled by the additive type of gene action. High narrow-sense heritability estimates were shown by ELWR, biomass and SYI. The high genetic advance for ELWR, RWC, HI and SYI indicated that direct selection could be effective for these traits. The epistatic effects (additive × additive=[i] for Yp, Ys and RWL, additive × dominance=[j] for ELWR, and dominance × dominance =[l] for RWL) were found to be outstanding.
CANOPY TEMPERATURES AND EXCISED LEAF WATER LOSS OF TEF (ERAGROSTIS TEF [ZUCC.] TROTTER.) CULTIVARS UNDER WATER DEFICIT CONDITIONS AT ANTHESIS
Authors: Takele A.
Published: September 2004

This experiment was carried out to evaluate the canopy temperatures and excised leaf water loss (ELWL) of tef cultivars under water deficit conditions at anthesis and to demonstrate that these indices are reliable indicators of plant water stress. Twelve tef cultivars of similar maturity group but diverse origin were grown in each of two seasons under stressed and non-stressed conditions at anthesis. Mean cultivar canopy temperatures ranged from 33.2 to 34.9°C and 32.2 to 33.8°C in 1998 and 1999, respectively. There was also a significant difference in canopy temperature between treatments. The canopy temperature of stressed plants was 10.7% and 11.4% higher than that of non-stressed plants in 1998 and 1999, respectively. Under stress conditions the canopy temperature of the cultivars ranged from 33.6 to 36.7°C and from 33.1 to 37.6°C in 1998 and 1999, respectively, as compared to the non-stressed plants which ranged from 32.1 to 34.5°C in 1998 and from 29.7 to 31.9°C in 1999. There was a marked difference in mean excised leaf water loss (ELWL) values between the stressed and non-stressed treatments. There was also a differential response among tef cultivars for ELWL in response to the water deficit treatments during 1998 and 1999. Under non-stressed conditions the values of ELWL ranged between 1.5 g/g/h to 2.1 g/g/h in 1998 and 0.8 g/g/h to 1.7 g/g/h in 1999, whereas under stressed conditions the ELWL of the cultivars ranged from 1.0 g/g/h to 1.8 g/g/h and 0.7 g/g/h to 1.3 g/g/h in 1998 and 1999, respectively. The difference between the cultivars for both canopy temperatures and ELWL in response to the water deficit treatment was greater during 1999 than in 1998. It was concluded that both canopy temperatures and ELWL were suitable methods for the screening of drought resistant tef cultivars since differences between cultivars were detected.
EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DAMAGE FACTORS ON SOYBEAN SEED QUALITY
Authors: Lori G. A. , Sisterna M. N. , Rollán M. C. , Barreyro R. A.
Published: September 2004

Poor quality in soybean seed can be due to physiological, pathological or mechanical causes. Seed morphological and anatomical features also make soybean more susceptible to damage factors than other plant species. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the effects of the different damage factors upon soybean seed quality and its longevity during storage. In two trials, carried out in La Plata (Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina), soybean seed samples from 7 pre-trading lines, obtained in two consecutive crops, were analysed. Assessments were performed on day 40 and day 160 after harvesting for the first trial and on day 50 and day 150 after harvest in the second. The method employed was the blotter test, following the International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) rules. The parameters evaluated were: damaged cotyledons, rotten seed, fungal contamination and germination capacity. The damage factors had different influences on seed quality. The presence of pathogenic fungi did not necessarily mean low germination capacity. Their effect depended on the degree of infection, the presence of seed-borne pathogens and the time of sample analysis. Rotten seeds and damaged cotyledons caused by moisture had a striking influence on seed quality and preservation during storage.
SOIL PRODUCTIVITY ASSESSMENT METHOD FOR INTEGRATED LAND EVALUATION OF HUNGARIAN CROPLANDS
Authors: Tóth G.
Published: September 2004

Land productivity evaluation systems are developed to predict the crop growing potential of lands on the basis of their attributes. The Hungarian land evaluation system presently in use, known as the gold crown system, was developed in the 19 th century and its rating is based on profitability. This system does not give an exact description of the productivity potential of the land and includes no information on the environmental characteristics of the soils. In recent decades most European countries have adopted land evaluation methods based on land and soil parameters. In the 1980s a quantitative land evaluation method of this type was introduced in Hungary as well. In this system the effect of soil attributes on the level of fertility was expressed in numerical terms by soil mapping units. This system was again replaced by the gold crown system during the political changes in the early 90s. However, using a soil evaluation system (where the relative production potential of the land is expressed in a quantitative manner) together with measurements of soil degradation or amelioration an integrated method could be developed to express various land quality/land productivity relationships. This approach could help decision makers – along with land users and environmental scientists – to choose profitable and sustainable land use types and methods at local and regional levels. In this context, sustainable land use means biomass production with the highest efficiency without harmful environmental side effects. This paper introduces a soil evaluation methodology based on the Hungarian genetic soil classification. The productivity evaluation system was worked out on the basis of long-term (6 years) yield data collected from 1019 fields in the Balaton Upland region (Central Western Hungary) and large-scale genetic soil maps of the study region.
EVALUATION OF BRAY-1 METHOD FOR ESTIMATING PLANT P AVAILABILITY IN THE TROPICAL SOILS OF NIGERIA
Authors: Adepoju A. Y. , Afolabi F. A.
Published: September 2004

Surface soil materials from 12 sites were each incubated with a known quantity of P for 6 weeks, after which the availability was estimated using 5 different chemical extractants. The soils were then cropped in the greenhouse to determine actual plant P removal and to correlate the chemical test values with total plant P removal. The Bray-1 and -2 methods extracted as high as 96 to 100% of the added P, while the North Carolina, HCl and Olsen bicarbonate methods gave maximum extractions of between 67 and 77%. Only the Bray-1 and -2 values seemed to show a definite pattern regarding the soil properties, with the Bray-1 providing a better relationship for predicting plant P removal. The percentage of added P extractable by Bray-1 correlated positively with organic matter and clay + silt, while that extractable by plant removal correlated positively with pH and soluble Ca. The recovery of added P by Bray-1 was much greater in the slightly acid rainforest soils than in the forest and savanna soils. In general, the Bray-1 method seemed to be suitable for estimating P availability to plants in moderately acid to neutral soils, but appeared to overestimate P availability in very acid soils of pH 4.6.
INFLUENCE OF HERBICIDES ON WEED MANAGEMENT IN TRUE POTATO
Authors: Sing R. , Verma A. K. , Pandey J.
Published: September 2004

The results obtained showed that there was severe competition between potato and the predominant weed species Coronopus didymus, Chenopodium album, Fumaria parviflora, Melilotus indica and Spergula arvensis. Competition by other weed species was nominal. The maximum reduction in tuber yield due to weed competition was 50.5% in 1997–98 and 63.4% in 1998–99. Weed control treatments lowered the weed density and weed biomass and scaled up tuber yield in both the years, but their effect on weed species differed. Metribuzin killed all the Chenopodium album plants and gave excellent control of Coronopus didymus (94%) and effective control of other weed species. Pendimethalin inhibited the germination of Chenopodium album, gave good control of arvensis and lowered the density of other weed species. Fluchloralin completely inhibited the germination of Fumaria parviflora and gave good control of Chenopodium album and Spergula arvensis, but was least effective against other weed species. The highest yield was recorded in the weed-free treatment, which was significantly superior to all other treatments. Hand weeding + earthing up, isoproturon (1.0 kg/ha), metribuzin and pendimethalin caused an identical increase in tuber yield, which was significantly higher than the increase in the rest of the treatments. Atrazine at 0.25 kg ha –1 resulted in a higher increase than when applied at 0.5 kg ha –1 . Fluchloralin, paraquat and paddy straw mulch boosted up production, but the increase in tuber yield was not significant.
EFFECT OF SOWING DATE ON GRAIN YIELD OF CRAB GRASS
Authors: Bakare S. O. , Kolo M. G. M. , Oladiran J. A.
Published: September 2004

There was a significant interaction effect between the variety and the sowing date for the number of productive tillers, indicating that the response to sowing date varied with the variety. A significant reduction in the number of productive tillers became evident when sowing was delayed till 26 June in the straggling variety as compared to sowing dates in May. Lower numbers of productive tillers were also recorded when the sowing of the erect variety was further delayed till 10 July. The grain yield data showed that it is not advisable to sow the straggling variety later than 12 June, while sowing may continue till about 26 June for the erect variety in the study area.
CROP-WEED COMPETITION STUDIES IN FABA BEAN (Vicia faba L.) UNDER RAINFED CONDITIONS
Authors: Tawaha A. M. , Turk M. A.
Published: September 2004

Field experiments were conducted during the two growing seasons of 1999 and 2000 at the research farm of the Jordan University of Science and Technology (JUST) to study the effect of the time of weed removal on the yield and yield components of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). Removing weeds from 25 to 75 days after crop sowing led to significantly larger yields than on plots which were not weeded. Maximum yield was obtained in both years when weeds were removed thrice at 25, 50 and 75 days after crop sowing.
ANATOMICAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SEED IN PEPPER (Capsicum annuum L.) VARIETIES
Authors: Krstić B. , Gvozdenović Đ. , Pajević S. , Merkulov L.J.
Published: September 2004

Received: 17 April, 2001; accepted: 31 July, 2001 A study was conducted on the seed of eight commercial pepper varieties developed at the Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Novi Sad, Yugoslavia. The analysis of anatomical parameters observed on dissected seeds indicated the presence of significant quantitative differences between the varieties. Significant differences also existed in the dynamics of germination. The analysed seeds did not differ in the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus and sodium, but variability was recorded for the potassium and calcium contents. The variety Atina had the highest contents of macroelements and total ash. The oil content in the seed ranged from 10.78% to 21.00% (in Vranjska and Matica, respectively). The quantities of fatty acids varied from one variety to the other, but there were no qualitative differences. Pepper seeds had high average contents of unsaturated fatty acids, especially linoleic and oleic (61.00% and 12.8%, respectively).
INFLUENCE OF ZINC-ENRICHED ORGANIC MANURES ON THE YIELD, DRY MATTER PRODUCTION AND ZINC UPTAKE OF MAIZE
Authors: Latha M. R. , Savithri P. , Indirani R. , Kamaraj S.
Published: September 2004

A field experiment was conducted to study the influence of zinc-enriched organic manures on a maize crop. Organic manures, namely farmyard manure, poultry manure, coir pith and biogas slurry enriched with 0, 12.5 and 25.0 kg ZnSO4 ha -1 were evaluated for their influence on dry matter production, yield and uptake of zinc in maize. The results revealed that the application of poultry manure was better compared to other sources, resulting in a 26.6% increase in yield. By resorting to the enrichment of poultry manure with zinc, it was possible to save 12.5 kg ZnSO4 ha –1, thereby saving the cost of zinc fertilizer.
GENOTYPIC AND PHENOTYPIC VARIABILITY, HERITABILITY AND PHENOTYPIC CORRELATION FOR YIELD AND YIELD COMPONENTS IN BREAD WHEAT VARIETIES
Authors: Korkut K. Z. , BAŞER I. , Bilgin O.
Published: September 2004

This research was conducted to determine the effect of genetic and phenotypic variability on the yield and yield components of some bread wheat varieties over a period of four years (1995–1998). Experiments were established according to a completely randomised block design with three replicates in the Experimental Field of Tekirda đ Agricultural Faculty, Thrace University. In the present research, genotypic and phenotypic variability, heritability and phenotypic correlation coefficients were estimated for plant height, spike length, number of spikelets per spike, number of spikes per square metre, thousand kernel weight, test weight and grain yield per hectare. The results of data analyses showed that the highest genotypic variability was obtained for per hectare yield, whereas the highest phenotypic variability values were found for plant height, thousand kernel weight and grain yield. For plant height, thousand grain yield and test weight, the broad sense heritability coefficient was found to be the highest, while it was low for spike length, number of spikelets per spike and number of Key words: bread wheat, genotypic variability, phenotypic variability, heritability coefficient, phenotypic correlation, grain yield
IMPACT OF HERBICIDES AND THEIR APPLICATION TECHNIQUES ON YIELD AND RESIDUES IN COTTON-BASED INTERCROPPING SYSTEMS
Authors: Velayutham A. , Mohamed Ali A. , Sanbagavalli S.
Published: September 2004

Field experiments were conducted at the Agricultural College and Research Institute (Killikulam), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University from September 1992 to June 1995 to optimize the herbicide dose and application techniques for cotton-based intercropping systems.283
A TRANSLATOR'S APPROACH TO LITERARY LANGUAGE
Authors: Newmark PETER
Published: September 2004

This paper* attempts to chart a prospective course for literary translation, and to a degree the criteria for literary translations in the past. In this paper, I am concerned with 'valid', and not with 'deficient' texts. A distinction between literary and non-literary language has to be made. The substance of both languages is the same, but literary language is concerned with fiction, the imagined world; non-literary language with reality; literary language is personal; non-literary language is more standardised, more conventional, and has a large number of discourses related to class and occupation; fundamentally, literary language is centred in individual people, allegorical or typical though they are, and directly in their imagined worlds; non-literary language is centred in facts, in society or in groups, in processes and in objects, often at a reporting or an indirect stage. Literary language is pre-dominantly connotative, non-literary language is denotative. Unlike non-literary language, serious literary language, which may be innovative in punctuation, words and syntax, but may also be natural and non-innovative, should not be normalised, lexically, grammatically or in the punctuation by the translator.
THE IDEA OF THE HYBRID TEXT IN TRANSLATION: CONTACT AS CONFLICT
Authors: Schäffner Christina , Adab Beverly
Published: September 2004

Intercultural communication in the global environment frequently involves recourse to translation. This generates new phenomena which, in turn, raise new questions for translation theory and practice. This issue is concerned with the concept of the hybrid text as one of these phenomena. In this introductory chapter, a hybrid text is defined as: „a text that results from a translation process. It shows features that somehow seem ‘out of place'/‘strange'/‘unusual' for the receiving culture, i.e. the target culture”. It is important, however, to differentiate between the true hybrid, which is the result of positive authorial and/or translatorial decisions, and the inadequate text which exhibits features of translationese, resulting from a lack of competence. Textual, contextual and social features of hybrid texts are postulated (see discussion paper). These are the object of critical reflection in sub-sequent chapters, in relation to different genres. The potential of the hybrid text for translation research is explored.
THE IDEA OF THE HYBRID TEXT IN TRANSLATION REVISITED
Authors: Schäffner Christina , Adab Beverly
Published: September 2004

This concluding chapter provides responses to some of the issues raised in the individual chapters, highlighting similarities and differences in the interpretation of the concept of the hybrid text. The questions dealt with here concern the notion of hybridity and the definition of hybrid text; the contexts in which hybrid texts emerge; the functions of hybrid texts; the various levels at which hybrid phenomena manifest themselves; the genres to which the notion of the hybrid text applies; the effects of hybrid texts; and the status of a hybrid text in Translation Studies. It is concluded that the phenomenon of the hybrid text involves greater complexity than had initially been defined in the discussion paper. There-fore, the original hypothesis is reformulated to account for the fact that hybrid texts are not only the product of a translation process but that they can also be produced as original texts in a specific cultural space, which is often in itself an intersection of different cultures.
SOME IMPLICATIONS OF REGARDING TRANSLATIONS AS HYBRID TEXTS
Authors: Neubert Albrecht
Published: September 2004

Hybridness is an important but by no means the defining feature of a translation. Affecting passages or whole texts it is functionally related to a spectrum of causes varying from individual to historical and social motivations (e.g., „resistant translation” vs. pragmatic enculturation). It is also bound up with the formative role translations have always played in the life of different communicative communities, serving as a diagnostic byproduct of the influences wielded by translations on target discourse (six factors of influence). The historical variability and the multiple uses of translation have continually revalued the strategies which translators have applied to produce target texts on a scale ranging from hybridness, often regarded as a deficiency, to originality and creativity lending the target version a new life of its own in a new cultural context. The concept of hybridness could serve its purpose if it were taken as just one option in a new research paradigm that looks at the uses and shapes of translation in history. It studies translation events as they arise in a particular time and place and function as agents in the course of history.
THE SPACE ‘IN BETWEEN': WHAT IS A HYBRID TEXT?
Authors: Snell-Hornby Mary
Published: September 2004

The contribution discusses the concept of the hybrid text familiar in postcolonial literature as a text written by the ex-colonised in the language of the excoloniser, hence creating a ‘new language' and occupying a space ‘in between'. It is therefore not identical with the concept of the hybrid text discussed in Schäffner and Adab (1997) as the result of an interlingual translation process, although there are many similarities, from the ‘strange, unusual' features to the phenomenon of ‘contact as con-flict'. For the translator, the postcolonial hybrid text – due to its ‘new language' in-volving elements ranging from lexical and grammatical innovation to culture-bound items – presents many problems. These emerge clearly from the examples discussed here, which are taken from India (Rushdie and Roy) and from the Philippines (the tradi-tional form of the short story known as the sugilanon). It is seen that the hybrid, innovative nature of the language is often actually reduced by the interlingual translation process, and – in contrast to the foreignising process of artificially ‘bending back' the lan-guage – a case is made for a holistic, ‘scenes-and-frames' approach and for strategies that maximise the creative potential of the text for the target culture.
THE BUTTERFLY AND THE TRANSLATOR: REFLECTIONS ON HYBRID TEXTUALITY
Authors: Nouss Alexis
Published: September 2004

The notion of hybridity in light of the French concept of métissage opens a third way between the reefs of totality (fusion, homogeneity) and differentialism (fragmentation, heterogeneity). In an hybrid composition, the components are still visible and it is the tension between them, not the resolution, which gives its full value and its character to the alloying. In that approach, hybridity loses its negativity and becomes an ontological category which should be not dependent on cultural and sociohistorical factors. There is no such thing as original purity (for texts or anything else) which becomes modified and yields to impurity (hybridity being one example). As long as any being is subject to time – which is the primary condition for being – its essence and existence become a succession of altered states. This paper, drawing from contemporary translation studies as well as Nietzsche and Deleuze, explores the applications of such a theorisation to translation as a model of hybrid textuality and defines a „translative text” functioning as a bridge between the socalled source and target texts which are only two sequential moments of textuality and two modes of saying.
EVOLVING IMAGERY IN THE TRANSLATION OF ORHAN PAMUK'S KARA KITAP
Authors: Gommlich Klaus , Erdim Esim
Published: September 2004

The article attempts to use examples of „hybrid text” from the English trans-lation of Orhan Pamuk's novel Kara Kitap (1990) in order to show that in literary transla-tion the notion of the „hybrid text” is indispensable if the translator wants to disseminate a less known source culture through the language of a better known target culture. The novel was translated from the original by Guneli Gun as The Black Book (1994) and three key images of the novel offer promising opportunities for study: the apartment airshaft, the Bosphorus, and the statues of Ataturk. The pun in the phrase „the apartment airshaft” cannot be captured in the target language so the English phrase becomes burdened with associations that are unacceptable to the target reader. The images of the driedup Bosphorus lose their moorings in historical time and become phantasmagoric landscapes. The coming to life of the statues of Ataturk gain Apocalyptic proportions not conveyed to the source reader. However, the „hybrid text” is bound by time and space constraints. Having entered into the mind of the target reader via Gun's text, these images can serve to develop a kind of understanding that may lead to new ways of relating to other cultures.
INTERPRETING THE OBJECTIVELY „STRANGE” AND THE STRANGELY „OBJECTIVE”. HYBRID TEXTS IN SOCIAL DISCOURSE AND IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES
Authors: Bond Niall
Published: September 2004

Our assessment of the use of the concept of hybrid texts in analysing translations of social and political discourse shows that the „deliberate and conscious” deployment of „strange” features can serve to heighten or to create an awareness of real, putative or contrived differences in assumptions between linguistic cultures. In their alien context, certain terms can spin off unforeseen paradigms and perspectives, as is evidenced in the crosscultural reception of the works of Locke, Hegel, Marx, Mill, Dilthey, Freud and Max Weber.
Sorsanalízis és pszichoszomatika: 5-6 éves asztmás gyermekek személyisége a Szondi-teszt tükrében
Authors: Révész György , Járai Róbert
Published: September 2004

Az emberi arc fizikai megjelenésének vizsgálata - az arc jellemző vonásainak és a pszichológiai karakter/személyiségvonások lehetséges összefüggéseinek feltárása - az antropológiában, néprajz-ban, irodalmi karakterek megformálásában, valamint a pszichológia tudomány előtti időszakától napjainkig az érdeklődés fókuszában áll. A fiziognómiai kutatások eredményei azonban jórészt az arcvonásokra, arcvonásmintázatokra épülő attribúcióknak bizonyultak, míg azok a vizsgálatok, amelyek fényképekről arcvonások és személyiségvonások összefüggéseit kívánták feltárni, statisztika-ilag bizonytalanok. A fizikai vonzerő kutatásaiban újabban etológiai, szociobiológiai vizsgálatok sora tárt fel ered-ményeket az arc átlagos megjelenése, szimmetriája és a vonzerő összefüggéseiről. A Szondi-teszt képeinek vizsgálatáról igen kevés adat áll rendelkezésünkre. A képek vizuális jel-lemzőinek (megvilágítás, kontraszt, élesség, részletesség, raszter, mimika stb.) a választásokra gyako-rolt hatásairól csak tendenciaszerű összefüggést találtak. Szondi a képek választásában az ösztön-szükséglet - a tárgyak lewini felszólító jellegének megfelelő - dinamikáját tartotta a legfontosabb tényezőnek. Vizsgálatunkban a Szondi-képek metrikus adatainak arányszámaiban több tendenciaszerű kü-lönbséget, az aranymetszés szabálya szerint jelentős különbséget találtunk az átlagprofil szimpati-kus/antipatikus csoportja között.
Az Eltérési Negativitás mérési-újramérési megbízhatósága
Authors: Szűcs Dénes , Süle Tamás , Csépe Valéria
Published: September 2004

Kísérletünkben azt vizsgáltuk, hogy mennyire megbízhatóan azonosítható a hallási eseményhez kötött potenciálok jellegzetes összetevoje, az Eltérési Negativitás (EN) ismételt klinikai mérések sorozatá-ban (mérési-újramérési megbízhatóság) különböző ingertípusok használata esetén. Tíz egészséges fiatal felnőtt kísérleti személyben tiszta hang, magánhangzó és mássalhangzó-magánhangzó ingerekkel váltottunk ki EN-t. Valamennyi ingertípus esetében egy standard (megjele-nési valószínűsége: 70%) és két deviáns (15-15%) ingert alkalmaztunk. A személyek 5 kísérleti ülésen vettek részt, amelyek egy-négy napos időközönként követték egymást. A csoportátlagban az EN vala-mennyi ingerlési feltételben és valamennyi ülésben megbízhatóan megjelent. Az egyéni EN-válaszban nagy különbségeket tapasztaltunk. Az egyéni adatelemzés során a különbséggörbéken -0,5 mV-nál pozitívabb csúcsamplitúdójú válaszokat nem tekintettük EN-nek. Ilyen kritériumszint mellett az EN egyéni elfogadása 64-90% (átlagosan: 81%) között alakult. Az egyes ingertípusok megbízhatósága kö-zött nem találtunk statisztikailag szignifikáns különbséget. Az EN megbízhatósága a standard ingerek arányának emelésével és az ingertípus gondos megválasztásával nagy valószínűséggel tovább fokozható.
A Kinetikus Családrajz (Kinetic Family Drawings) alkalmazása a pszichodiagnosztikában
Authors: Vass Zoltán
Published: September 2004

A tanulmány a kinetikus családrajz (Kinetic Family Drawings, KFD) klinikai alkalmazásának hazai tapasztalatairól számol be azzal a céllal, hogy elősegítse a módszer beépülését a hazai klinikai pszic-hológia, gyermekpszichológia és -pszichiátria eszköztárába. A családrajz történetének és típusainak áttekintése után a kinetikus családrajz technikáját mutatja be, majd bevezetést nyújt az értelmezés folyamatába, ismertetve a szerző gyakorlatában leghasznosabbnak talált értelmezési szempontokat. A kinetikus családrajz alkalmazását egy esettanulmány illusztrálja, melyben a családrajz többféle típusa (hagyományos családrajz, kinetikus családrajz és kinetikus állatcsaládrajz) is összehasonlítás-ra kerül. A tanulmányt a kinetikus családrajz pszichometriai értékelése (reliabilitás és konstruktvaliditás), valamint a kutatási perspektívák áttekintése zárja, amelyben a szerző elkülöníti a kinetikus családrajz kétféle használati módját: hipotézisgeneráló eszköz és pszichometriai értelemben vett teszt. Az előbbi értelemben a kinetikus családrajz szerepe a klinikus számára pszichodiagnosztikai hipotézisek megalkotása, amelyek további igazolást kívánnak. Szigorú értelem-ben vett tesztként az alapvető moderátorváltozókat figyelembe vevő normák kialakítására és további, jól megtervezett reliabilitás-, illetve validitásvizsgálatokra van szükség. Ez utóbbiak legfontosabb alapelvei az objektív, reprodukálható értékelési módszer használata, a globális-holisztikus elemzés, valamint az egyedi grafikus jegyek helyett a komplex mintázatok feltérképezése. A tanulmány konklú-ziója szerint a kinetikus családrajz megítélése pozitív a nemzetközi szakirodalomban: a módszer jól alkalmazható a klinikumban és a kutatásban egyaránt.
Andrenocortical Carcinomas: Twelve‐year Prospective Experience
Authors: Tauchmanovà Libuse , Colao Annamaria , Marzano Luigi Antonio , Sparano Lucianna , Camera Luigi , Rossi Annalisa , Palmieri Giovanna , Marzano Ettore , Salvatore Marco , Pettinato Guido , Lombardi Gaetano , Rossi Riccardo
Published: September 2004

Adrenocortical carcinoma (AC) is a rare tumor with poor prognosis. Twenty‐two patients (14 F, 8 M; age 22 to 59 years; median, 43 years) with AC were evaluated prospectively in a single center: tumor stage was I–II in 12 cases and III–IV in 10. The overall survival in our cohort was 41.6 ± 42 months; 16 subjects are still alive. Curative surgery was followed by longer survival than debulking or no surgery (p < 0.0001). The first relapse was highly predictive for further recurrences. Recurrent ACs were progressively more aggressive, and they occurred with variable but ever shorter intervals. At diagnosis, 14 patients (63.5%) presented with features of clear adrenocortical hyperactivity. Despite the absence of clinical signs of hormonal excess, all other patients presented some abnormalities of steroid secretion. The most common clinical finding was a recent diagnosis of moderate‐to‐severe hypertension (68%), poorly controlled by pharmacological treatment, often associated with multiple cardiovascular risk factors. High mitotic rate and undifferentiated polymorph cellular pattern were associated with worse prognosis. Response to treatments other than surgery (mitotane chemotherapy) was better in patients treated early after the first surgery. In conclusion, curative surgery was the most effective treatment. Monitoring arterial pressure, endocrine parameters, and metabolic parameters can be helpful for the early detection of AC recurrences.