bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two modes of asymmetric polymerization of phenylacetylenes having an L‐amino alcohol residue and two hydroxy groups
Authors: Jia Hongge , Li Jun , Zang Yu , Aoki Toshiki , Teraguchi Masahiro , Kaneko Takashi
Published: September 2012

Four novel chiral phenylacetylenes having an L‐amino alcohol residue and two hydroxymethyl groups were synthesized and polymerized by an achiral catalyst ((nbd)Rh+[η6‐(C6H5)B−(C6H5)3]) or a chiral catalytic system ([Rh(nbd)Cl]2/(S)‐ or (R)‐phenylethylamine ((S)‐ or (R)‐PEA)). The two resulting polymers having an L‐valinol or L‐phenylalaninol residue showed Cotton effects at wavelengths around 430 nm. This observation indicated that they had an excess of one‐handed helical backbones. Positive and negative Cotton effects were observed only for the polymers having an L‐valinol residue produced by using (R)‐ and (S)‐PEA as a cocatalyst, respectively, although the monomer had the same chirality. Even when the achiral catalyst was used, the two resulting polymers having an L‐valinol or L‐phenylalaninol residue showed Cotton effects despite the long distance between the chiral groups and the main chain. We have found the first example of a new type of chiral monomer, that is, a chiral phenylacetylene monomer having an L‐amino alcohol residue and two hydroxy groups that was suitable for both modes of asymmetric polymerization, that is, the helix‐sense‐selective polymerization (HSSP) with the chiral catalytic system and the asymmetric‐induced polymerization (AIP) with the achiral catalyst. The other two monomers having L‐alaninol and L‐tyrosinol were found to be unsuitable to neither HSSP nor AIP because of their polymers' low solubility. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Polymer BHJ solar cell performance tuning by C60 fullerene derivative alkyl side‐chain length
Authors: Kästner Christian , Ulbricht Christoph , Egbe Daniel A. M. , Hoppe Harald
Published: September 2012

A systematic study on the influence of the alkyl side‐chain length of C60 based fullerene derivatives in polymer solar cells based on an anthracene‐containing poly(p‐phenylene‐ethynylene)‐alt‐poly(p‐phenylene‐vinylene) (PPE‐PPV) copolymer (AnE‐PV) is reported. It is shown that the alkyl side‐chain length of the fullerene derivative strongly correlates with the individual photovoltaic parameters. The most pronounced dependence on the side‐chain length is found for the fill factor, spanning the range between 50–72%, which dominantly controls in combination with the short‐circuit current the power conversion efficiency. The maximum performance of 4.8% was found for an ethyl terminated side‐chain, whereas larger alkyl groups resulted in a gradually decreasing power conversion efficiency. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Nanoindentation, nanoscratch, and nanotensile testing of poly(vinylidene fluoride)‐polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane nanocomposites
Authors: Zeng Fanlin , Liu Yizhi , Sun Yi , Hu Enlai , Zhou Yu
Published: September 2012

Nanocomposites composed of a poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) matrix and 0, 3, 5, and 8 wt % fluoropropyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (FP‐POSS) were prepared by using the solvent evaporation method. The morphology and the crystalline phase of the nanocomposites were investigated by digital microscopy, scanning probe microscopy, X‐ray diffractometer, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. FP‐POSS acted as nucleating agent in PVDF matrix. A small content of FP‐POSS resulted in an incomplete nucleation of PVDF and generated bigger spherical particles, whereas higher contents led to a complete nucleation and formed more separate and less‐crosslinked particles. Nanoindentation, nanoscratch, and nanotensile tests were carried out to study the influence of different contents of FP‐POSS on the key static and dynamic mechanical properties of different systems. The nanocomposite with 3 wt % FP‐POSS was found to possess enhanced elastic properties and hardness. However, with the increase of the FP‐POSS content, the elastic modulus and hardness were found to decrease, and the improvement on stiffness was negative at contents of 5 and 8 wt %. Compared with neat PVDF, the scratch resistance of the PVDF/FP‐POSS nanocomposites was decreased due to a rougher surface derived from the bigger spherulites. Nanotensile testing results showed both the stiffness and toughness of PVDF‐FP3% were enhanced and further additions of FP‐POSS brought dramatic enhancements in toughness while associated with a decline in stiffness. Dynamical mechanical properties indicated the viscosity of the nanocomposites increased with the increasing FP‐POSS contents. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Physical aging and deformation kinetics of polycarbonate
Authors: Senden Dirk J. A. , van Dommelen Johannes A. W. , Govaert L. E.
Published: September 2012

Considering the current view that physical aging of glasses results in an increase of activation barriers to plastic deformation, it is surprising that, until now, no influence of physical aging was observed experimentally on the temperature dependence of plastic deformation in polymeric glasses. This study evaluates why such an influence has not been found, and it is shown that detailed analysis of a set of uniaxial compression data on polycarbonate (PC) at different strain rates and temperatures leads to the conclusion that a significant influence indeed exists. As a consequence, the Eyring activation energy depends on the aging history of the material. These experimental observations are rationalized in terms of a simple physical interpretation of the aging phenomenon. The article also contains a discussion of the apparent deaging of amorphous polymers induced by large‐strain plastic deformation. This discussion is of key importance here, because this study compares yield stresses of aged PC with those of mechanically deaged, or rejuvenated, PC. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Decoupling of reactions in reactive polymer blending for nanoscale morphology control
Authors: Bhadane Prashant A. , Cheng John , Ellul Maria D. , Favis Basil D.
Published: September 2012

In this study, a dynamic vulcanized alloy of brominated poly(isobutylene‐co‐p‐methylstyrene) (BIMSM) and polyamide (PA) has been investigated. An interfacial reaction between BIMSM and PA and a crosslinking reaction between BIMSM molecules is carried out simultaneously during melt blending. To form a vulcanized, nanoscale elastomer dispersion, the timing of these reactions is key and the interfacial reaction should be well advanced before the vulcanization reaction initiates. At a blending temperature of 205 °C, independent of the processing conditions, it is found that the interfacial reaction dominates the phase morphology development. Increasing the melt processing temperature, however, begins to favor the vulcanization reaction over the interfacial reaction. In nonplasticized blends, it is found that increasing the temperature above 235 °C increases the speed of the vulcanization reaction to a level that it dominates the phase morphology development. As a result, the phase size increases by 2.5‐fold because the system is vulcanized before the interfacial modification step is complete. Adding plasticizer to the PA matrix increases the overall phase size, but shows a similar behavior with increase in temperature from 205 to 255 °C. The critical temperature where the vulcanization reaction starts dominating phase morphology in the plasticized systems is at 225 °C. Once the processing temperature is above the critical temperature, it is found that the mixing sequence can be used to time and decouple the reactions. The work demonstrates that a close control over the temperature and processing conditions can be used to decouple the interfacial and vulcanization reactions resulting in vulcanized, nanoscale dispersions for the BIMSM and PA system. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Understanding anion transport in an aminated trimethyl polyphenylene with high anionic conductivity
Authors: Janarthanan Rajeswari , Horan James L. , Caire Benjamin R. , Ziegler Zachary C. , Yang Yuan , Zuo Xiaobing , Liberatore Matthew W. , Hibbs Michael R. , Herring Andrew M.
Published: September 2012

An alkaline exchange membrane (AEM) based on an aminated trimethyl poly(phenylene) is studied in detail. This article reports hydroxide ion conductivity through an in situ method that allows for a more accurate measurement. The ionic conductivities of the membrane in bromide and carbonate forms at 90 °C and 95% RH are found to be 13 and 17 mS cm−1 respectively. When exchanged with hydroxide, conductivity improved to 86 mS cm−1 under the same experimental conditions. The effect of relative humidity on water uptake and the SAXS patterns of the AEM membranes were investigated. SAXS analysis revealed a rigid aromatic structure of the AEM membrane with no microphase separation. The synthesized AEM is shown to be mechanically stable as seen from the water uptake and SAXS studies. Diffusion NMR studies demonstrated a steady state long‐range diffusion constant, D∞ of 9.8 × 10−6 cm2 s−1 after 50–100 ms. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1743–1750, 2013
Study of Sn migration during relaxation of Ge1‐xSnx layers using atom probe tomography
Authors: Kumar Arul , Gencarelli Federica , Kambham Ajay Kumar , Gilbert Matthieu , Vincent Benjamin , Vandervorst Wilfried
Published: September 2012

Ge1‐xSnx is receiving a growing interest in the semiconductor community as it is predicted that at ∼10% Sn concentration, unstrained Ge1‐xSnx will exhibit a direct band gap leading to potentially important Opto‐electronic applications. In strained Ge1‐xSnx the expected concentration of Sn for this crossover from an indirect towards a direct bandgap is even lower. Moreover Sn has a ∼13% lattice mismatch with Ge opening up possibilities for strain engineering in high mobility CMOS devices based on Ge. Although Ge1‐xSnxlayers have been grown using various methods like molecular beam epitaxy, CVD growth etc. with Sn concentrations as high as 10%, one is faced with the problem of limited Sn‐solubility in Ge and hence the corresponding limits beyond which the layer starts to relax. Understanding relaxation mechanisms and kinetics of these layers requires insight at the atomic scale of Sn‐migration processes for which Atom Probe Tomography (APT) is a powerful tool. In this paper we use APT for characterizing Ge1‐xSnxlayers and compare the Sn location and redistributions for fully strained and partially relaxed films. Comparing the Sn‐distributions and their local surroundings we see a tendency for the Sn to locally cluster forming enriched regions, in the relaxed sample, while the majority of the enriched regions still remains embedded in the lattice planes. A small fraction of the Sn atoms is delocalized out of the lattice planes (© 2012 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Novel p53‐Dependent Metastatic and Apoptotic Pathway Induced by Vitexin in Human Oral Cancer OC2 Cells
Authors: Yang Shih‐Huang , Liao Pao‐Hsin , Pan Ya‐Fang , Chen Shiow‐Ling , Chou Shih‐Shen , Chou Ming‐Yung
Published: September 2012

Vitexin, identified as apigenin‐8‐C‐D‐glucopyranoside, a natural flavonoid compound found in certain herbs such as hawthorn herb, has been reported to exhibit anti‐oxidative, anti‐inflammatory, anti‐metastatic and antitumor properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible existence of p53‐dependent pathway underlying vitexin‐induced metastasis and apoptosis in human oral cancer cells, OC2 cells. Vitexin decreased cell viability significantly. Meanwhile, the expression of tumor suppressor p53 and a small group of its downstream genes, p21WAF1and Bax, were upregulated. The p53 inhibitor pifithrin‐α (PFT‐α) knockdown of the signaling of p53 led vitexin to lose its antitumor effect and inhibited the expression of p53 downstream genes, p21WAF1and Bax. Vitexin had anti‐metastatic potential accompanied with increasing plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI‐1) accumulation and decreasing matrix metalloproteinase‐2 expression. Our present study evidenced, by using p53 inhibitor PFT‐α, PAI‐1 and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ are downstream genes of p53 in vitexin‐induced signaling. MAPK inhibitor PD98059 decreased the OC2 cells viability significantly. The expression of p53 and its downstream genes p21WAF1and Bax were enhanced by blocking the activation of p42/p44 MAPK in response to treatment with vitexin. Moreover, p42/p44 MAPK played a negative role in p53‐dependent metastasis and apoptosis. We give evidence for the first time that the novel p53‐dependent metastatic and apoptotic pathway induced by vitexin in human oral cancer OC2 cells. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Soil mineral N retention and N2O emissions following combined application of 15N‐labelled fertiliser and weed residues
Authors: García‐Ruiz R. , Gómez‐Muñoz B. , Hatch D. J. , Bol R. , Baggs E. M.
Published: September 2012

RATIONALE

The combination of plant residues with inorganic fertiliser‐N provides the potential to increase N‐use efficiency in agricultural fruit production systems, such as olive orchards. The development of weeds in the inter‐canopy area of olive orchards is encouraged as a novel strategy to reduce soil erosion. However, little is known about soil N retention or N2O production following the combined application of inorganic‐N with the mulched weed residues.

METHODS

Emissions of 15N‐N2O and soil mineral 15N retention were measured following combined applications of 15N‐labelled fertiliser and a range of olive crop weed residues to a silty loam soil under controlled conditions. These plant residues differed in their C:N ratios, lignin and polyphenol contents.

RESULTS

The magnitude of soil 15N‐NO3– retention from combining plant residues and fertiliser‐N was highly dependent on potential N mineralisation (r = −0.96) and the (lignin + polyphenol)‐to‐N ratio (r = 0.98) of the residues. Fertiliser‐N‐derived retention was zero for a legume‐based mulch but up to 80% in the treatment containing plant residues with a high (lignin + polyphenol)‐to‐N ratio. N2O emissions increased after the addition of residues, and increased further (up to 128%) following the combined application of inorganic fertiliser and residues. Fertiliser‐derived 15N‐N2O was <1.4% of the total 14+15N‐N2O emission and <0.01% of the applied 15N‐NO3–. Enhanced N2O emissions following the application of residues and the fertiliser‐N values were positively correlated with the C:N ratio of the residue. Thus, combining organic‐ and inorganic‐N immobilised a significant proportion of the inorganic N with little increase in N2O, especially in low C:N ratio residues.

CONCLUSIONS

The results demonstrate that whilst there is potential for N2O emissions to be controlled by combining weed residues and inorganic fertilisers, this is not easy to achieve as the magnitude and direction of interactions vary between different species due to their varying substrate qualities. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding spatial variability of soil properties: a key step in establishing field‐ to farm‐scale agro‐ecosystem experiments
Authors: Peukert Sabine , Bol Roland , Roberts William , Macleod Christopher J. A. , Murray Phillip J. , Dixon Elizabeth R. , Brazier Richard E.
Published: September 2012

RATIONALE

The spatial variability of soil properties is poorly understood, despite its importance in designing appropriate experimental sampling strategies. As preparation for a farm‐scale agro‐ecosystem services monitoring project, the 'North Wyke Farm Platform', there was a need to assess the spatial variability of key soil chemical and physical properties.

METHODS

The field‐scale spatial variability of soil chemical (total N, total C, soil organic matter), soil physical properties (bulk density and particle size distribution) and stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N values) was studied using geostatistical approaches in an intensively managed grassland.

RESULTS

The scales over which stable isotopes vary (ranges: 212–258 m) were larger than those of the total nutrients, soil organic matter and bulk density (ranges: 84–170 m). Two visually and statistically distinct areas of Great Field (north and south) were identified in terms of co‐occurring high/low values of several soil properties.

CONCLUSIONS

The resulting patterns of spatial variability suggest lower spatial variability of stable isotopes than that of total nutrients, soil organic matter and bulk density. Future sampling regimes should be conducted in a grid with <85 m distance between sampling locations to sufficiently capture the spatial variability of the measured soil properties on the 'North Wyke Farm Platform'. Consultation of the management histories of the sampled field revealed that it had previously comprised two fields with contrasting management histories, suggesting an effect of management legacy (>5 years) on the patterns of spatial variability. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
δ18O analysis of organic compounds: problems with pyrolysis in molybdenum‐lined reactors
Authors: Lombino Alex , Atkinson Tim , Firth Steve
Published: September 2012

RATIONALE

Effective δ18O determinations of organic compounds have been made using high‐temperature pyrolysis (HTP) units that employ molybdenum (Mo) foil as an oxidation barrier instead of glassy carbon. In this investigation we evaluated the performance of a Mo‐lined reactor during δ18O determinations from benzoic acid using a standard high‐temperature conversion elemental analyser (TC/EA) unit. Our Mo‐lined reactor was associated with poor performance statistics. It was hypothesised that this was as a consequence of the partitioning of oxygen within our system.

METHODS

In order to test this hypothesis scanning electron microscopy energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM‐EDX) and Raman spectroscopy was conducted on two Mo‐lined reactors, which had been used for the analysis of benzoic acids.

RESULTS

The EDX analysis revealed that the Mo metal, which had become severely pitted and corroded in the region corresponding to the hottest part of the furnace, was associated with Mo‐oxide patinas throughout its entire length.

CONCLUSIONS

A complex circular reaction between CO, Mo and C is likely to be responsible for the sequestering of a portion of sample oxygen into Mo‐oxides, fractionating our sample. Accurate analysis of benzoic acid and other compounds can therefore only be achieved if sample oxygen is quantitatively returned to gaseous CO, preventing the buildup of Mo‐oxides within the reactor over time. This is most likely to be achieved if sample gases have a sufficient residence time within the reactive glassy carbon bed, optimising the recovery of sample oxygen. However, such conditions are unlikely to have been met within our standard TC/EA system resulting in poor performance of the Mo‐liner compared with other HTP units. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of multiple constituents in the traditional Chinese medicine formula Zhi‐zi‐chi decoction and rat plasma after oral administration by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhao Xu , Long Zhimin , Dai Jinna , Bi Kaishun , Chen Xiaohui
Published: September 2012

RATIONALE

Liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to positive electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) employing a time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometer was established to identify multi‐components of Zhi‐zi‐chi decoction, a traditional Chinese medicine formula, and the constituents in rat plasma after oral administration of Zhi‐zi‐chi decoction.

METHODS

The LC separation was achieved on a C18 column. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile/0.2% formic acid with gradient program. The quadrupole time‐of‐flight (Q‐TOF) mass spectrometer was operated in the positive ion mode with an electrospray ionization source (ESI+). The capillary voltage of the ion source was set at 4500 V and the capillary exit was 90 V. The nebulizer pressure was maintained at 1.2 bar. Hexapole radio frequencies 1 and 2 were set to 200 Vpp and 250 Vpp, respectively.

RESULTS

A total 47 compounds in the Zhi‐zi‐chi decoction and 24 constituents in rat plasma after oral administration of Zhi‐zi‐chi decoction were identified. Of the 47 detected compounds in the Zhi‐zi‐chi decoction, 15 were identified by comparing the retention time and MS data with that of reference compounds and the rest were identified by MS analysis and retrieving the reference literature. Of the identified 24 compounds in rat plasma, 19 were the original form of the compounds absorbed from the 47 detected compounds, and the other five were the metabolites of the compounds existing in the Zhi‐zi‐chi decoction.

CONCLUSIONS

A fast and sensitive LC/Q‐TOF MS method has been developed and successfully utilized to screen the active ingredients of a Chinese medical formula, Zhi‐zi‐chi decoction, for the first time. The results indicated that the 24 compounds identified in rat plasma were the potential active ingredients of Zhi‐zi‐chi decoction, which provided helpful chemical information for further pharmacology and active mechanism research on Zhi‐zi‐chi decoction and other traditional Chinese medicines. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from soils amended with digestate derived from anaerobic treatment of food waste
Authors: Pezzolla Daniela , Bol Roland , Gigliotti Giovanni , Sawamoto Takuji , López Aranzazu Louro , Cardenas Laura , Chadwick David
Published: September 2012

RATIONALE

The application of organic materials to agricultural lands is considered good practice to improve soil organic matter content and recycle nutrients for crop growth. The anaerobic treatment of food waste may have environmental benefits, particularly with regard to greenhouse gases (GHGs) mitigation and enhancement of carbon sequestration.

METHODS

This work presents the results from a field experiment to evaluate CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions from grassland amended with digestate produced by anaerobic fermentation of food waste. Experimental plots, located close to Rothamsted Research‐North Wyke, were established using a randomized block design with three replicates and two treatments, added digestate (DG) and the unamended control (CNT). The digestate was applied on three occasions at an equivalent rate of 80 kg N ha–1.

RESULTS

The application of digestate led to an increase in CO2 emissions, especially after the 2nd application (74.1 kg CO2‐C ha–1 day–1) compared with the CNT soil (36.4 kg CO2‐C ha–1 day–1), whereas DG treatment did not affect the overall CH4 and N2O emissions. The total grass yield harvested on a dry matter basis was greater in the DG treated plots (0.565 kg m–2) than in the CNT plots (0.282 kg m–2), as was the 15 N content in the harvest collected from the DG plots.

CONCLUSIONS

The results suggest that the digestate can be applied to agricultural land as a fertilizer to grow crops. Our study was conducted in an exceptionally dry growing season, so conclusions about the effect of digestate on GHG emissions should take this into account, and further field trials conducted under more typical growing seasons are needed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Semi‐global regulation of output synchronization for heterogeneous networks of non‐introspective, invertible agents subject to actuator saturation
Authors: Yang Tao , Stoorvogel Anton A. , Grip Håvard Fjær , Saberi Ali
Published: September 2012

In this paper, we consider the semi‐global regulation of output synchronization problem for heterogeneous networks of invertible linear agents subject to actuator saturation. That is, we regulate the output of each agent according to an a priori specified reference model. The network communication infrastructure provides each agent with a linear combination of its own output relative to that of neighboring agents, and it allows the agents to exchange information about their own internal observer estimates while some agents have access to their own outputs relative to the reference trajectory.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adjusting for confounding by neighborhood using generalized linear mixed models and complex survey data
Authors: Brumback Babette A. , Zheng Hao W. , Dailey Amy B.
Published: September 2012

When investigating health disparities, it can be of interest to explore whether adjustment for socioeconomic factors at the neighborhood level can account for, or even reverse, an unadjusted difference. Recently, we proposed new methods to adjust the effect of an individual‐level covariate for confounding by unmeasured neighborhood‐level covariates using complex survey data and a generalization of conditional likelihood methods. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) are a popular alternative to conditional likelihood methods in many circumstances. Therefore, in the present article, we propose and investigate a new adaptation of GLMMs for complex survey data that achieves the same goal of adjusting for confounding by unmeasured neighborhood‐level covariates. With the new GLMM approach, one must correctly model the expectation of the unmeasured neighborhood‐level effect as a function of the individual‐level covariates. We demonstrate using simulations that even if that model is correct, census data on the individual‐level covariates are sometimes required for consistent estimation of the effect of the individual‐level covariate. We apply the new methods to investigate disparities in recency of dental cleaning, treated as an ordinal outcome, using data from the 2008 Florida Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey. We operationalize neighborhood as zip code and merge the BRFSS data with census data on ZIP Code Tabulated Areas to incorporate census data on the individual‐level covariates. We compare the new results to our previous analysis, which used conditional likelihood methods. We find that the results are qualitatively similar. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simplified dynamic inflow model and its effect on the performance of free mean wind speed estimation
Authors: Henriksen L. C. , Hansen M. H. , Poulsen N. K.
Published: September 2012

Model‐based state space controllers require knowledge of states, both measurable and unmeasurable, and state estimation algorithms are typically employed to obtain estimates of the unmeasurable states. For the control of wind turbines, a good estimate of the free mean wind speed is important for the closed‐loop dynamics of the system, and an appropriate level of modelling detail is required to obtain good estimates of the free mean wind speed. In this work, three aerodynamic models based on blade element momentum theory are presented and compared with the aero‐servo‐elastic code HAWC2. The first model, known as quasi‐steady aerodynamics, assumes instant equilibrium of the wind turbine wake, a modelling approach often used by model‐based control algorithms. The second model includes the dynamic wake also known as dynamic inflow and gives a more correct description of the actual physics of the wind turbine wake. The dynamic inflow model includes a number of dynamic states proportional to the number of radial points in the spatially discretised blade formulation. The large number of dynamic states inhibits the use of this model in model‐based control and estimation algorithms. The lack of dynamic inflow in the first model and large number of dynamic states in the second model lead to a third model, a simplified dynamic inflow model, which with only a single dynamic state is still able to capture the most significant dynamics of the more advanced dynamic inflow model. Simulations in the aero‐servo‐elastic code HAWC2 compare the ability to estimate the free mean wind speed when either the first or third model is included in the estimation algorithm. Both a simplified example with a deterministic step in wind speed and full degrees‐of‐freedom simulations with turbulent wind fields clearly show that the inclusion of the dynamic inflow model in the free wind speed estimation algorithm is important for good free mean wind speed estimates. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The high‐osmolarity glycerol– and cell wall integrity–MAP kinase pathways of Saccharomyces cerevisiae are involved in adaptation to the action of killer toxin HM‐1
Authors: Miyamoto Masahiko , Furuichi Yasuhiro , Komiyama Tadazumi
Published: September 2012

Fps1p is an aquaglyceroporin important for turgor regulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Previously we reported the involvement of Fps1p in the yeast‐killing action of killer toxin HM‐1. The fps1 cells showed a high HM‐1‐resistant phenotype in hypotonic medium and an HM‐1‐susceptible phenotype in hypertonic medium. This osmotic dependency in HM‐1 susceptibility was similar to those observed in Congo red, but different from those observed in other cell wall‐disturbing agents. These results indicate that HM‐1 exerts fungicidal activity mainly by binding and inserting into the yeast cell wall structure, rather than by inhibiting 1,3‐β‐glucan synthase. We next determined HM‐1‐susceptibility and diphospho‐MAP kinase inductions in S. cerevisiae. In the wild‐type cell, expressions of diphospho‐Hog1p and ‐Slt2p, and mRNA transcription of CWP1 and HOR2, were induced within 1 h after an addition of HM‐1. ssk1 and pbs2 cells, but not sho1 and hkr1 cells, showed HM‐1‐sensitive phenotypes and lacked inductions of phospho‐Hog1p in response to HM‐1. mid2, rom2 and bck1 cells showed HM‐1‐sensitive phenotypes and decreased inductions of phospho‐Slt2p in response to HM‐1. From these results, we postulated that the Sln1–Ypd1–Ssk1 branch of the high‐osmolality glycerol (HOG) pathway and plasma membrane sensors of the cell wall integrity (CWI) pathway detect cell wall stresses caused by HM‐1. We further suggested that activations of both HOG and CWI pathways have an important role in the adaptive response to HM‐1 toxicity. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitrogen starvation induces expression of Lg‐FLO1 and flocculation in bottom‐fermenting yeast
Authors: Ogata Tomoo
Published: September 2012

When exponentially growing cells of bottom‐fermenting yeast were starved for nitrogen or were grown on proline (a non‐preferred nitrogen source), flocculation was induced. This flocculation was not induced by starvation for either carbon or amino acids. Expression of Lg‐FLO1, which is required for flocculation of bottom‐fermenting yeast, was also found to be induced by starvation for nitrogen. This suggests that the flocculation of bottom‐fermenting yeast is under the control of a nitrogen catabolite repression (NCR)‐like mechanism. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Higgs, moduli problem, baryogenesis and large volume compactifications
Authors: Higaki Tetsutaro , Kamada Kohei , Takahashi Fuminobu
Published: September 2012

Abstract

We consider the cosmological moduli problem in the context of high-scale supersymmetry breaking suggested by the recent discovery of the standard-model like Higgs boson. In order to solve the notorious moduli-induced gravitino problem, we focus on the LARGE volume scenario, in which the modulus decay into gravitinos can be kinematically forbidden. We then consider the Affleck-Dine mechanism with or without an enhanced coupling with the inflaton, taking account of possible Q-ball formation. We show that the baryon asymmetry of the present Universe can be generated by the Affleck-Dine mechanism in LARGE volume scenario, solving the moduli and gravitino problems. We also find that the overall volume modulus decays into a pair of the axionic superpartners, which contribute to the extra relativistic degrees of freedom.
High Serum Palmitic Acid is Associated with Low Antiviral Effects of Interferon‐Based Therapy for Hepatitis C Virus
Authors: Miyake Teruki , Hiasa Yoichi , Hirooka Masashi , Tokumoto Yoshio , Watanabe Takao , Furukawa Shinya , Ueda Teruhisa , Yamamoto Shin , Kumagi Teru , Miyaoka Hiroaki , Abe Masanori , Matsuura Bunzo , Onji Morikazu
Published: September 2012

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection alters fatty acid synthesis and metabolism in association with HCV replication. The present study examined the effect of serum fatty acid composition on interferon (IFN)‐based therapy. Fifty‐five patients with HCV were enrolled and received IFN‐based therapy. Patient characteristics, laboratory data (including fatty acids), and viral factors that could be associated with the anti‐HCV effects of IFN‐based therapy were evaluated. The effects of individual fatty acids on viral replication and IFN‐based therapy were also examined in an in‐vitro system. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the level of serum palmitic acid before treatment and HCV genotype were significant predictors for rapid virological response (RVR), early virological response (EVR), and sustained virological response (SVR). High levels of palmitic acid inhibited the anti‐HCV effects of IFN‐based therapy. HCV replication assays confirmed the inhibitory effects of palmitic acid on anti‐HCV therapy. The concentration of serum palmitic acid is an independent predictive factor for RVR, EVR, and SVR in IFN‐based antiviral therapy. These results suggest that the effect of IFN‐based antiviral therapy in patients with HCV infection might be enhanced by treatment that modulates palmitic acid levels.
The Origin and Evolution of Metabolic Pathways: Why and How did Primordial Cells Construct Metabolic Routes?
Authors: Fani Renato
Published: September 2012

The emergence and evolution of metabolic pathways represented a crucial step in molecular and cellular evolution. In fact, the exhaustion of the prebiotic supply of amino acids and other compounds that were likely present on the primordial Earth imposed an important selective pressure, favoring those primordial heterotrophic cells that became able to synthesize those molecules. Thus, the emergence of metabolic pathways allowed primitive organisms to become increasingly less dependent on exogenous sources of organic compounds. Comparative analyses of genes and genomes from organisms belonging to Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya reveal that, during evolution, different forces and molecular mechanisms might have driven the shaping of genomes and the emergence of new metabolic abilities. Among these gene elongations, gene and operon duplications played a crucial role since they can lead to the (immediate) appearance of new genetic material that, in turn, might undergo evolutionary divergence, giving rise to new genes coding for new metabolic abilities. Concerning the mechanisms of pathway assembly, both the analysis of completely sequenced genomes and directed evolution experiments strongly support the patchwork hypothesis, according to which metabolic pathways have been assembled through the recruitment of primitive enzymes that could react with a wide range of chemically related substrates. However, the analysis of the structure and organization of genes belonging to ancient metabolic pathways, such as histidine biosynthesis, suggests that other different hypothesis, i.e., the retrograde hypothesis, may account for the evolution of some steps within metabolic pathways.
Evaluation of parameters for combining multiple textual sources of evidence for Web image retrieval using genetic programming
Authors: Saraiva Patrícia Correia , Cavalcanti João M. B. , Gonçalves Marcos A. , dos Santos Katia C. Lage , de Moura Edleno S. , Torres Ricardo da S.
Published: September 2012

Web image retrieval is a research area that is receiving a lot of attention in the last few years due to the growing availability of images on the Web. Since content-based image retrieval is still considered very difficult and expensive in the Web context, most current large-scale Web image search engines use textual descriptions to represent the content of the Web images. In this paper we present a study about the usage of genetic programming (GP) to address the problem of image retrieval on the World Wide Web by using textual sources of evidence and textual queries. We investigate several parameter of choices related to the usage of a framework previously proposed by us. The proposed framework uses GP to provide a good solution to combine multiple textual sources of evidence associated with the Web images. Experiments performed using a collection with more than 195,000 images extracted from the Web showed that our evolutionary approach outperforms the best baseline we used with gains of 22.36 % in terms of mean average precision.
THE MAKING AND UNMAKING OF AFRICAN LANGUAGES: ORAL COMMUNITIES AND COMPETITIVE LINGUISTIC WORK IN WESTERN KENYA
Authors: MACARTHUR JULIE
Published: September 2012

This article examines the history of efforts to create a standard written language in western Kenya. In the 1940s, the Luyia Language Committee worked to standardise one Luyia language out of a set of diverse, distinct, and yet mutually intelligible linguistic cultures. While missionaries worked to imbue translations with ideals of Christian discipline, domestic virtue, and civilisation, local cultural entrepreneurs took up linguistic work to debate morality, to further their political agendas, and to unite their constituents. Rather than subsume linguistic difference, these efforts at standardisation reveal the dynamism of oral communities, and how they encouraged a culture of competitive linguistic work. Examination of these efforts challenges previous historians' insistence on the role of linguistic consolidation in the making and unmaking of political communities in colonial Africa.
THE RANK EFFECT: POST-EMANCIPATION IMMOBILITY IN A SONINKE VILLAGE
Authors: GAIBAZZI PAOLO
Published: September 2012

The end of internal slavery in West Africa is generally associated with an increase in labour mobility. This article complicates this picture by showing that the effects of status – the rank effect – on people's ability to migrate often outlasted emancipation. In Sabi, a Soninke village in Upper River Gambia, economic migration intensified and globalised from the 1950s onwards. Although they have since been free to move, the descendants of slaves have migrated less than those of the freeborn. The article attributes this relative immobility to the enduring dynamics of socioeconomic marginalisation based on slave descent.
The grabbed state: lawyers, politics and public land in Kenya
Authors: Manji Ambreena
Published: September 2012

In 2002, Kenya's new National Rainbow Coalition (NARC) undertook to investigate and ensure the recovery of all public lands illegally allocated by the outgoing government. A Commission of Inquiry into the Illegal and Irregular Allocation of Public Land, chaired by the lawyer Paul Ndung'u, was appointed. The commission's report sets out the illegal land awards made to powerful individuals and families, provides important information about the mechanisms by which public land was misallocated, and shows how the doctrine that public land should be administered and allocated ‘in the public interest’ was consistently perverted. This paper explores what the Ndung'u report tells us about the role of the legal profession in the illegal and irregular misallocation of public land. It makes clear that the legal profession, far from upholding the rule of law, has played a central role in land corruption, using its professional skills and networks to accumulate personal wealth for itself and others. This stands in contrast to the role of the legal profession in promoting good governance and the rule of law envisaged by donors of international development aid. This paper focuses on ‘local’ land grabbing, and argues that the ‘global land grab’ or ‘investor rush’ needs to be understood alongside local manifestations of land privatisation.
Memorial politics: challenging the dominant party's narrative in Namibia
Authors: Zuern Elke
Published: September 2012

Greater international attention to human rights, particularly genocide, has offered activists opportunities to draw on transnational networks and norms. Many examples have been documented of the varying successes of domestic movement organisations employing international support. Much less attention has been paid to cases lacking significant organisations, but small groups and even individuals can draw attention to their demands if they effectively engage transnational interest. Genocide offers a particularly potent means of generating attention. Namibia is engaged in domestic debates over crimes committed by German forces over a century ago. In a country with no large opposition party and no significant social movement mobilisation, a number of relatively small groups of activists are indirectly challenging the power of the dominant party by correcting its one-sided narrative of the country's anti-colonial heroes. German efforts to respond to crimes committed in the past offer further opportunities for activists to draw attention to heroes and histories beyond those celebrated by the dominant party.
Persistent infection with neurotropic herpes viruses and cognitive impairment
Authors: Watson A. M. M. , Prasad K. M. , Klei L. , Wood J. A. , Yolken R. H. , Gur R. C. , Bradford L. D. , Calkins M. E. , Richard J. , Edwards N. , Savage R. M. , Allen T. B. , Kwentus J. , McEvoy J. P. , Santos A. B. , Wiener H. W. , Go R. C. P. , Perry R. T. , Nasrallah H. A. , Gur R. E. , Devlin B. , Nimgaonkar V. L.
Published: September 2012

Background

Herpes virus infections can cause cognitive impairment during and after acute encephalitis. Although chronic, latent/persistent infection is considered to be relatively benign, some studies have documented cognitive impairment in exposed persons that is untraceable to encephalitis. These studies were conducted among schizophrenia (SZ) patients or older community dwellers, among whom it is difficult to control for the effects of co-morbid illness and medications. To determine whether the associations can be generalized to other groups, we examined a large sample of younger control individuals, SZ patients and their non-psychotic relatives (n=1852).

Method

Using multivariate models, cognitive performance was evaluated in relation to exposures to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) and cytomegalovirus (CMV), controlling for familial and diagnostic status and sociodemographic variables, including occupation and educational status. Composite cognitive measures were derived from nine cognitive domains using principal components of heritability (PCH). Exposure was indexed by antibodies to viral antigens.

Results

PCH1, the most heritable component of cognitive performance, declines with exposure to CMV or HSV-1 regardless of case/relative/control group status (p = 1.09 × 10−5 and 0.01 respectively), with stronger association with exposure to multiple herpes viruses (β = −0.25, p = 7.28 × 10−10). There were no significant interactions between exposure and group status.

Conclusions

Latent/persistent herpes virus infections can be associated with cognitive impairments regardless of other health status.
Genetic analysis of reaction time variability: room for improvement?
Authors: Kuntsi J. , Frazier-Wood A. C. , Banaschewski T. , Gill M. , Miranda A. , Oades R. D. , Roeyers H. , Rothenberger A. , Steinhausen H.-C. , van der Meere J. J. , Faraone S. V. , Asherson P. , Rijsdijk F.
Published: September 2012

Background

Increased reaction time variability (RTV) on cognitive tasks requiring a speeded response is characteristic of several psychiatric disorders. In attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), the association with RTV is strong phenotypically and genetically, yet high RTV is not a stable impairment but shows ADHD-sensitive improvement under certain conditions, such as those with rewards. The state regulation theory proposed that the RTV difference score, which captures change from baseline to a rewarded or fast condition, specifically measures ‘state regulation’. By contrast, the interpretation of RTV baseline (slow, unrewarded) scores is debated. We aimed to investigate directly the degree of phenotypic and etiological overlap between RTV baseline and RTV difference scores.

Method

We conducted genetic model fitting analyses on go/no-go and fast task RTV data, across task conditions manipulating rewards and event rate, from a population-based twin sample (n=1314) and an ADHD and control sibling-pair sample (n=1265).

Results

Phenotypic and genetic/familial correlations were consistently high (0.72–0.98) between RTV baseline and difference scores, across tasks, manipulations and samples. By contrast, correlations were low between RTV in the manipulated condition and difference scores. A comparison across two different go/no-go task RTV difference scores (slow-fast/slow-incentive) showed high phenotypic and genetic/familial overlap (r = 0.75–0.83).

Conclusions

Our finding that RTV difference scores measure largely the same etiological process as RTV under baseline condition supports theories emphasizing the malleability of the observed high RTV. Given the statistical shortcomings of difference scores, we recommend the use of RTV baseline scores for most analyses, including genetic analyses.
SCANNING THE HORIZON IN A DECENTRALIZED HEALTHCARE SYSTEM: THE CANADIAN EXPERIENCE
Authors: Morrison Andra
Published: September 2012

Canada has a highly decentralized health care system with 13 provinces and territories delivering health care within their own respective jurisdictions. Decisions regarding which innovative health technologies to adopt are often driven by the unique health care priorities of each jurisdiction's population. To understand these needs, the Canadian Agency for Drugs and Technologies in Health's (CADTH's) Early Awareness Service has expanded its activities. In addition to proactively scanning the horizon for new and emerging health technologies, the Early Awareness Service also scans the horizon for national and jurisdictional health policy issues. This paper looks at CADTH's process for identifying and monitoring policy issues at a national and jurisdictional level.

CADTH's Early Awareness Service delivers timely information on emerging health care concerns and technologies that may affect health care finances, facilities, operations, and patient care. The identification of important policy issues can help determine which new and emerging technologies will have the most significant impact on the health care system. The information that CADTH scans can also be used to help decision-makers prepare for potential developments and events that may have an impact on health care systems.

By improving its capability to identify and share policy issues across and within jurisdictions, CADTH is better situated to provide information that can be used by policy-makers to help them plan and anticipate for the introduction of new technologies and future developments affecting the unique health care needs of their jurisdictions.