bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Figurative Thought of the Renaissance
Authors: Klein Robert
Published: March 2007

Attempts to reconstruct the “psychology” of a past era always have a specious side which should properly be mistrusted. Was the “Renaissance man” a visualizer? Arguments for and against this thesis have been found, but nothing can be solved, because it will always be impossible to prove that a phenomenon, even if it is very widespread and completely characteristic of a given period, is symptomatic of a particular psychic constitution of the men of that time. If the writings and the art of the sixteenth century seem to us to include the elements of a complete logic of figurative thought, which would certainly be of interest for the history of intellectual methods, the fact as such must not be translated into terms of the psychology of individuals.
The Causes of Disintegration and Fall of Empires: Sociological and Historical Analyses
Authors: Eisenstadt Samuel N.
Published: March 2007

The preoccupation with the causes of fall of Great Empires has been a continuous focus of interest and object of fascination for historians, philosophers of history and social scientists. It was in their dealing with the causes of downfalls of Empires that historians had at least to imply some of their more general assumptions about human nature and about the nature of society, about the moral and natural forces which sustain or break a social and political order. It was here that even the most antiquarian or matter-of-fact historians were often entrapped into discussing such general problems and had to “show their hand” with regard to such more general questions or assumptions.
Ancient Arabic Poetry
Authors: Gabrieli Francesco
Published: March 2007

The most illustrious tradition of romantic poetry on oriental subjects, from the Westöstlicher Diwan to Rückert, Platen, Hugo and Leconte de Lisle, was inspired essentially by Indian and Persian epic, lyric and gnomic poetry, referring only to a minor degree to the ancient poetry of the Arabs—although it is precisely Rückert to whom we are indebted for a version of the Hamâsa, a famous anthology of pagan Arabic poetry. Goethe approached this anthology through the versions of Jones, described it briefly in the “Notes and Commentary” to the Diwan, and among other sections retold one tale splendidly in verse: the “Song of Vengeance” of Taâbbata Sharran. Here the force of his genius lifted him well above the bristling Latin of Freytag, through whom he had come to know the song, and brought him very close in lyrical intuition to the original of this masterpiece of debated authenticity. But on the whole, the poetic heritage of the ancient Arabs was not adequately echoed in the literature of the romantic age. Rückert himself, inspired by pagan Arabic poetry, is read by few people today; and the poetry that was his model is studied rather by philologists, for its documentary value. Theodor Noeldeke, at the beginning of his classic study of the Mu'allakat, declared frankly: “It is questionable whether the aesthetic pleasure provided by the study of ancient Arabic poetry is worth the great pains required even to approach an understanding of the same.” It is difficult to stand in opposition to the authority of the “old master” of German orientalists, who confessed that “the more he studied the Semites, the more he loved the Greeks.” Even the most humble author of these lines dares to appropriate for himself the lines of Noeldeke; and yet, beyond every comparison, which cannot help resulting unfavorably for the ancient poets of the desert, he who knows how to love and seek out poetry will find in them authentic artistic values. Even the harsh pagan song can in certain passages interest us, fill us with enthusiasm, and move us.
History and Epics in China and in the West
Authors: Prusek Jaroslav
Published: March 2007

My study cannot give more than some comments on a very extensive theme that requires a number of studies which have not even been precisely formulated, as yet. I should like to show that the specific thought pattern, the specific perception of reality, intrinsic to a specific cultural category—that which is the predominant one in the given cultural complex—influences all other categories and determines their nature. I want to illustrate my thesis on the relationship between literature and history. With some exaggeration I would formulate my thesis as follows : as literature is, so is history; the same perception of reality is in the background of both and determines their form. I will limit myself to this theme and I will not deal with the causes determining the differences of pattern in various fields of a certain culture; I will not attempt to solve the philosophical and sociological problems, neither will I seek for further connections in the total cultural complex, with which I illustrate my thesis, that is the Chinese cultural complex, although it would not be too difficult.
Comparative Study of the Notion of History in China, India and Japan
Authors: Nakamura Hajime
Published: March 2007

The East has not been a cultural unit as a whole. In the East there have been several cultural areas, the most important of which must have been those centering in India and in China. Japan has a peculiar and unique significance of her own in comparison with these two.

The notion of history differs greatly according to these cultural areas. We shall discuss them one by one.
The Inception and Displacement of Confucianism
Authors: Levenson Joseph R.
Published: March 2007

The problem of leaders and followers is a famous one in intellectual history. Marx once remarked wryly that he was not a Marxist. Dostoevski and Kierkegaard, in mordant moments, saw Christians severed from Jesus. What was the relation between Confucius (551-479 B.C.), an ineffective political adviser in a disintegrating feudal society, and the enormously influential Confucianists in the later highly organized bureaucratic imperial regimes?
Project for Interdisciplinary Research
Authors: Gusdorf Georges
Published: March 2007

The epistemological situation of the human sciences today is characterized by a state of dismemberment corresponding very closely to the very dislocation of the present world. For all science of man is a knowledge of man.

The need for unification of this knowledge is, therefore, also an aspect of the urgent demand for world unification, and for a reconciliation of man with his fellows and with himself. Having predetermined this need, the importance of the task to be undertaken comes to the forefront; at the same time, its limitations are marked. Carrying such a reflection to its conclusion implies a gathering together of the human community: a state of affairs certainly very far from the present political and social universe.
The Pizarrist Rebellion the Birth of Latin America
Authors: Bataillon Marcel , McKeon Nora
Published: March 2007

On the eve of Mexican independence one of the intellectual leaders of the movement, Dr. Servando Teresa José de Mier, whom the “new despotism” had incarcerated in the prison of San Juan de Ulúa, reflected on the Idea of the Constitution Conferred upon America by the Kings of Spain before the Invasion of the Old Despotism. He evoked with fervor the epoch—at the height of the reign of Charles V—when Fray Bartolome de Las Casas introduced the new laws protecting the Indians in the Council of the Indies (1542-1543), when he imposed upon the conquest the ideal of pacific evangelization formulated in his De unico vocationis modo, and in a memorable controversy finally triumphed over the “notorious Sepúlveda, advocate of war and slavery” (1550). “It was,” Mier maintained, “the most significant epoch of American history, for it marked the termination of America's major misfortunes and laid the foundation of her fundamental laws or true constitution.”
A Sixteenth-Century Meaning of the Escorial
Authors: Kubler George
Published: March 2007

A quest for meaning characterizes the thought of this century everywhere in humanistic studies, and it is a quest justified by exploring and mapping old and new terrains of which the resources are still uncertain. The Monastery of Escorial today raises so many questions about the traditional ideas with which we treat the history of art in the sixteenth century, that they are the subject of this paper. It is in four parts: the Escorial as Mannerism; as estilo desornamentado, as Renaissance magic; and as an application of the aesthetic system of Saint Augustine.
Information is not Knowledge
Authors: De Rougemont Denis
Published: March 2007

One of the principal reasons for the confusion in which recent technological developments, and developments in the physical, chemical and biological sciences generally, have plunged us, consists in our inability to harmonise our means and our ends, to subordinate the former to the latter, to verify constantly their appropriateness or their incompatibility, and to evaluate their overall relation to man's final ends.
Matter's Mastermind: the Model-Making Brain
Authors: Fischer Roland
Published: March 2007

Innovative understanding or explanation stems almost exclusively from analogical reasoning. Induction systematizes the familiar; deduction casts it into formal relationship. Reasoning by analogy brings to bear on the familiar a new perspective derived from another realm of inquiry. Models are fruits from the tree of analogical knowledge.
Two Techniques of Theorisation : Scientific Versus Darsanika Knowledge
Authors: Shekhawat Virendra
Published: March 2007

According to Karl Popper, who is the latest link in the chain of Western rationalist-empiricist debate, knowledge does not have any infallible base in either senses or reason. Taking modern science as the paradigm of human knowledge, he argues that the process of growth of scientic knowledge involves imaginative proposals of hypotheses or conjectures and their refutation on empirical grounds in a continuing series of steps. Thus, scientific knowledge continuously evolves in a series of revolutions whereby the accepted theoretic constructs are falsified, therefore destroyed, and new ones accepted in their place. Experiment, as provoked and controlled stimulation of the senses, plays a critical role in this process of growth and so long as it fails to falsify the hypotheses these are provisionally accepted by the scientists.
The Individual and the Social in Human Phenomena
Authors: Delobelle André
Published: March 2007

Today, the linguistic approach offers us an irreplaceable method for the direct study of the constitutive processes of social phenomena (A. Delobelle, 1981). In fact, each social phenomenon is basically inhabited or interpreted by language. It is language processes that give its ramifications to the social and form disstinct sub-groups in it. This is why, when these processes are observed in their formal dynamics, outside their vehiculated “contents,” it is as though we find ourselves faced with the very functioning of the social: as though we have in it a typically experimental terrain for the direct study of social phenomena.
Towards an Understanding of African Art
Authors: Murungi John
Published: March 2007

In the introduction to his book, African Art, Pierre Meauze refers to carving as a dialogue between man and matter. He does not specify what he means by this statement but if it is his intention to let African sculpture speak for itself he is to be credited for his accomplishment, for the book contains beautiful pictures of some of the most well known pieces of African sculpture. However, as the following inquiry seeks to indicate, it is not possible to fully understand the sense in which carving is a dialogue between man and matter without an initiation into the world of African art. It is therefore the aim of the following inquiry to reveal the sense in which Meauze's statement accurately reflects African sculpture in particular and African art in general. It is necessary, at the outset, to point out that an initiation into the world of African art is not simply an intellectual process. As is the case with other African initiations, it is a process that involves the entire being of man.
Technology and the Modern Novel: a Historical Perspective
Authors: Singh Kirpal
Published: March 2007

For purposes of initial discussion, technology may be taken to mean applied science, thereby drawing attention to the practical applications of researches and discoveries made by science. This gives technology an importance which is not always fully recognised. Technology entails an enlargement of the apparatus with which man shapes, and is shaped by, his environment. This in turn leads to a modification of the behaviour-pattern defined by an earlier, if cruder, technology.
Is the Notion of Human Rights a Western Concept?
Authors: Panikkar R.
Published: March 2007

We should approach this topic with great fear and respect. It is not a merely “academic” issue. Human rights are trampled upon in the East as in the West, in the North as in the South of our planet. Granting the part of human greed and sheer evil in this universal transgression, could it not also be that Human Rights are not observed because in their present form they do not represent a universal symbol powerful enough to elicit understanding and agreement?
Haitian Creole: a Challenge for Education
Authors: Bentolila Alain
Published: March 2007

Haitian Creole is a unique language, as are all creole languages. Mother tongue of almost six million people—without counting those who have immigrated—it has its own particular ways of expressing in words, of making sentences and forming a discourse. However, for more than two centuries it has been excluded from many circuits of communication. The limits imposed on it have kept it from developing a creativity, at the vocabulary level as well as that of organizing a discourse that would assure a function of plural communication, both oral and written. The present challenge of this long-throttled language has posed an important number of problems in linguistics, teaching, culture and politics because of new communication systems and especially because of education.
Aristotle as Mediterranean Economist
Authors: Baeck Louis
Published: March 2007

The second half of the Fourth Century B.C. was a time of crisis for Greek city states. Aristotle lived through this crisis. He began to reflect on the ideal organization of the polis. In his analyses of ethics (Nicomachean Ethics: NE) and of politics (Politics: P), can be found the conceptual framework for the socio-economic organization of the polis in light of its “development crisis”. In these texts Aristotle distinguishes himself from practitioners of political economics (as, for example, Isocrates and Xenophon) by declaring what could be called the socio-economic paradigm of a school theoretician.
From “Lives” to Biography: the Twilight of Parnassus
Authors: Fumaroli Marc
Published: March 2007

“Biography” is a sober, precise and modern word. Like other words formed from a Greek root, it has a competent and knowing air. It makes a good appearance in the summary of reviews, on the platform at conferences, between “biology” and “bibliography,” between “necrology” and “radiography,” in that scientific elite of the lexicon that travels in “business” class from one language to another, always at home in the time belts, hotel lobbies, conference rooms or amphitheaters. Compared with this prosperity, the word “Life” is old-fashioned, a poor relative doomed to retirement homes. In the period between the two wars it disappeared from bookstore windows and book jackets. The hesitations of André Maurois, the author of Aspects de la biographie (1928), are characteristic of a transition: he wavered between La Vie de Disraeli (1927), Ariel ou la vie de Shelley (1923), Prométhée ou la vie de Balzac (1965) and Byron (1930). We sense that the title Vie was on the way out or had to yield to a proper name or an allegorical figure. However, it was a word in good standing, nobly Latin in origin, as great a signore in its class as those Massimi or Colonna who claimed their ancestors were mentioned by Titus Livy. Its genealogy is still more ancient, if we recall that its metonymic and literary meaning in Latin is a translation of the Greek word Bios, which the Hellenes, inventors of the genre and who had a more pedantic use of their language than we do, were content to use up until the end. “Biography,” according to Liddell-Scott, is not found in Antiquity except in a very late neo-Platonian, Damaskios, who put this humorless escogriffe into circulation when twilight was descending on the Roman Empire, between the 5th and 6th centuries A.D., at the dawn of the Middle Ages. It made its entrance into modern languages in the last quarter of the 17th century, when the humanism of the Renaissance was coming to an end, and the Enlightenment was beginning its rise. This late and ill-boding word began a slow ascension, long delayed: it did not come into usage outside the circles of antiquarians until the 19th century. The old word “Life” proudly kept its importance until the ‘20s of our era in the particularly conservative language of titles of works. Its definitive effacement to the profit of “biography” brought that of the word “memoirs” or the word “confessions,” which yielded to “autobiography,” while “hagiography” without being able to impose itself so well in usage, took much gravity and credibility away from the “Lives of the Saints.”
Freud and Literary Biography
Authors: Ellmann Richard
Published: March 2007

Although many people find fault with Freud, the horse that they flog is not yet dead. I should in fact maintain that we are all still under Freud's long shadow. Last autumn the American press reported a dreadful crime: a young man, egged on by his mother, murdered his father. The newspapers helpfully explained that the young man had a very prominent Oedipus complex. If we dismiss this as just a journalistic excess, we would do well to remember how hard it is to open our own mouths without registering the effect of Freud upon the language. We converse casually about the sexual proclivities of infants, about sibling rivalries, about dependency upon the mother, about sadomasochistic impulses. When we forget things, we suspect ourselves of having wanted to forget them. We may shun the technical vocabulary of Freud, words such as ego, superego, id, the pleasure principle and the reality principle, the anal, oral, and genital stages, yet we are hardly likely to do without such words as aggression, anxiety, compulsion, the unconscious, defense mechanism, narcissism, death wish, erogenous zones, fixation, guilt feeling, sublimation, wish fulfillment. Freud may not have invented most of these words, yet he connected them together and he gave them a special color and shape. And quite apart from terminology, Freud has given us the conviction that a secret life is going on within us that is only partly under our control.
Books in Flames
Authors: Lapouge Gilles
Published: March 2007

The flames of Alexandria continue to rage. After twenty centuries, they still dazzle us, as though the Mouseion were the only massacred library. One would believe that Julius Caesar, Theophilus of Antioch and Omar (the three pyromaniacs, the pagan, the Christian and the Moslem) had had no predecessors or imitators. But the race of incendiaries is as numerous as the waves of the sea. It is monotonous, it is indestructible, it is equal to that of the ants. It was born at the same time as the first Babylonian tablets. In 1988, it continues its work. All over the world and in all times, the incendiaries were there with their torches. They burned parchments, wood or clay tablets, leather manuscripts, papyrus or folios. The same warriors who profaned temples set fire to incunabula. The same ones who slaughtered the Aztecs threw their firebrands into the collection of codices. What is it, this unleashed fury of prince and priest, judge and soldier against these small monuments of clay or paper, against these sepulchres in which the dead say that they have lived and loved, suffered and hoped?
The Library of Alexandria: Past and Future
Authors: Bingen Jean
Published: March 2007

Papyrus rolls, hundreds of thousands of rolls, carefully stacked in niches or in precious containers, also men, learned librarians or their erudite hosts, men who read books in order to write others, hardly paying heed to the vile rumblings of Alexandria, the unruly city, dreaming rather of tomorrow's lesson with the crown prince, their pupil, or even admiring from afar, protected by the shade of a portico, the silhouette of some queen, Cleopatra or Arsinoe or a Berenice counting her locks… it is now a little over two thousand years since then, men and books, the Library of Alexandria. It did not even lack a dramatic conflagration in 48 B.C. when it found itself on fire by the wind that blew from the burning fleet set ablaze by the foot soldiers of Julius Caesar, general, scholar and old beau of political love. But probably, the Library soon recovered.
Biogenesis and Anthropogenesis: How Recurrent, How Unique?
Authors: Ryszkiewicz Marcin
Published: March 2007

The fall of the nineteenth century abounded in discoveries of natural laws, that is, strict and unequivocal rules of the development of life. These laws stated for example that ontogeny of individuals repeats, or recapitulates, phylogeny of the species; that big and specialized forms originate in evolution from small and unspecialized ones, while the reverse is not true; that endothermic animals are larger-sized and more compact in cool than in warm climates, and so on. Louis Dollo, a Belgian palaeontologist, proposed the so-called law of irreversibility of evolution which stated that an organic structure lost in evolution cannot reappear with all the peculiarities of its design. This law seems indeed to be true but not particularly original. It was Heraclitus who first observed that one could not enter the same river twice. Dollo's law says essentially the same thing. The flow of evolutionary events combines so many processes in so many ways that past evolutionary events cannot recur exactly. “What is done, is done forever”. Time itself introduces asymmetry into the evolutionary process.
Developments in Contemporary Biology
Authors: Gros Francois
Published: March 2007

The term “biology” was introduced in 1802 by a German, Treviranus, and by a Frenchman whose name would remain well known to posterity, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.
There Is No Subconscious
Authors: Ruyer Raymond
Published: March 2007

Negative words or integrated negations: Nothingness, the completely Other, Nothing, the Infinite, the Unknowable, the Subconscious all have a certain poetic overtone. But we must be careful of linguistic sleight-of-hand taken for an idea.
The Republic of Letters
Authors: Fumaroli Marc
Published: March 2007

The expression “République des lettress” is still used today. It appears in most recent dictionaries of the French language, and it even occasionally occurs in ordinary conversation or in the press, a pompous and ironic circumlocution to designate the Parisian literary “milieu.” This archaistic and pejorative survival masks (somewhat similarly to the word “rhetoric”) the attention that researchers are now according to the older meaning of this surviving expression, and to the concept of an international exchange of ideas that it represented for scholars of the Ancien Régime. As proof that this scientific interest is recent, Paul Hazard, in the famous Crise de la conscience européenne (1936), devotes not a single line to the “Republic of Letters,” while in the chapter dealing with Pierre Bayle he cites the “Nouvelles de la République des Lettres” (1684), the learned periodical published in Amsterdam by this erudite Calvinist, apparently without feeling a need to explain a title that seemed self-evident. For the history of ideas, this notion was not a subject for history. It resided outside the field of perception of a discipline that was completely devoted to a sort of chemistry of pure ideas, removed from the literary form that carried them, and a fortiori from institutional circuits, and forms of sociability and dialogue that “invent” and spread them, and even more so from the awareness that “scholars” might have had of the solidarity that united them and of the meaning they might be able to attribute to it.
From Aphorisms To Theoretical Analyses: the Birth of Human Sciences in the Fifth Century B.C
Authors: de Romilly Jacqueline
Published: March 2007

Often it is useful, if one wishes to understand how major transformations in intellectual disciplines came about, to examine the manifestations of these transformations in specific details. But it is necessary that these be facts sufficiently well attested to to constitute probative indicators. This condition is fulfilled with regard to the use of general reflections among the authors of ancient Greece. Their presence is indeed one of the characteristic features of Greek literature, in particular from the Seventh to the Fourth centuries B.C. However, we can observe that their nature clearly changes in the last third of the Fifth century, precisely at the moment when, in an abrupt surge of rationalism, we suddenly see born in Athens a whole series of areas of research on man that Western civilization would later take up once more and develop further. This coincidence cannot be accidental; and it is permitted to think that there is an indicator here capable of revealing in greater detail the manner in which this development, so important for the history of thought, occurred.
Brazilian Anthropophagy: Myth and Literature
Authors: Picchio Luciana Stegagno
Published: March 2007

1. The fact that Brazil, land of parrots and coffee, is also, by antonomasia, that of cannibals, is a commonplace that we find in the writings of foreigners and natives from the early years of the conquest up until our era of advanced civilization, at the level of anthropological reality (we should like to say anthropophagic) and at that of metaphor. As though, forgetful of the general accusation of anthropophagy launched by the first explorers against the various indigenous peoples of America, beginning with the Caribs/Cannibals of Columbus, the colonizing and evangelizing Old World wanted to transfer to Vera Cruz and its inhabitants the exclusive rights to these “savage customs of a people without justice and law” that the first Western ethnographer, Herodotus, had attributed, in the Eurasia of his time, to the peoples of the Far North, at the other side of the extensive desert lying beyond the land of the Scythians—those who were called the Androphagi. And as if, of all the peoples and communities accused, in various latitudes and epochs of history, of having anthropophagic practices, the Brazilians were the only ones to not just defend themselves against the infamous accusation but to flaunt it as a symbol of their autonomy and originality when confronted with the menace of religious and cultural colonization.
Linguistic Theory a Contribution To an Anthropological Project
Authors: Hagège Claude
Published: March 2007

Up until today, the term linguistics has never figured in the title of any chair in the Collège de France. However, those having a rapport with language have not been lacking, among them those of “language and literature,” “history and philology” of various cultures, philology, although it does not study language itself, having recourse to it. There are four personalities to be kept in mind in the twentieth century: Abbé Rousselot, whose teaching of phonetics, although briefly, left a permanent mark on his listeners; Mario Roques, who gave a course in the “Histoire du vocabulaire français” from 1937 to 1946; Roland Barthes, who rendered “Sémiologie littéraire” illustrious from 1976 to 1980; and M. Zemb, who two years ago was the first linguist in the modern sense to enter the Collège, with a chair of “Grammaire et pensée allemandes.”
Moses: the Ideal of a Leader
Authors: Roshwald Mordecai
Published: March 2007

And I will give you shepherds after mine heart and they shall feed you knowledge and understanding

(Jeremiah 3:15)

To talk about leadership in our times evokes the spectre of those leaders in the thirties and forties who led their nation to disaster, without any consideration for the cost in human suffering and moral degradation which their course involved. Yet, despite the distasteful association, we talk about the need for leadership in various domains of life—education, business, politics—and we look for individuals who are capable of providing such leadership also in civilizations which are committed to the principles of liberalism and democracy. Obviously, there is more than one sort of leader and more than one kind of leadership.
Outline of a Doctrine of Aesthetic Education
Authors: Khan Rahat Nabi
Published: March 2007

The question of the development of aesthetic perception in relation to works of art and phenomena of nature suggests a differentiation between aesthetic education and art education which will be attempted in this study. At the same time the necessary interrelationship between the two will also be analysed.
Literature and Disenchantment
Authors: Faucheux Michel
Published: March 2007

Literary criticism much too often ignores the contributions of the sociology of religions. And yet it would benefit from understanding that all culture has its source in a religious relationship to the world, even a negative one, and proceeds from a separation of the visible from the invisible. Such, in fact, is the principal characteristic of the religious element that Dilthey, for example, emphasizes. “Everywhere we encounter something that bears the name religion, its distinctive mark is its dealing with the visible”.
Body and Anthropology: Symbolic Effectiveness
Authors: Le Breton David
Published: March 2007

Every human community creates its own representation of its surrounding world and of the men who constitute that world. It sets out in an orderly fashion the raison d’être of social and cultural organisation, it ritualises the ties between men and their relationship with their environment. Man creates the world while the world creates man, through a relationship which varies with each society; ethnography shows us innumerable versions. Human cultures consist of symbols. It is always a matter of reducing the world to the human factor, but in line with a social imaginary quantity specific to a particular group, which is itself the tributary of its past and the possible influence of other groups.
Colonial Labor and Theories of Inequality: The Case of International Harvester
Authors: Barrera Mario , Barrera Mario
Published: March 2007

This is a study of minority labor practices at International Harvester from its origins to the present time. Data on these practices is presented to support the argument that minority labor has occupied a distinctly subordinate status in this company. This subordinate status is conceptualized in terms of colonial theory, which is used here as a theory of racial inequality. In addition, colonial theory is compared to other theories of inequality, including Marxist theories, and two varieties of colonial theory are described.
The Importance of Distinguishing Between Levels of Generality
Authors: de Kadt Maarten , de Kadt Maarten
Published: March 2007

Bryan Palmer in RRPE 7:2 suggests that Frederick W. Taylor's sys tem of management was never universally applied Palmer supports his assertion with an extensive review of concrete history In so doing he minimizes Taylorism as a gen eral system of management. The writer of the present note extends Palmer's work by comparing levels of generality He describes Taylorism as a general set of principles which are applied differently in each concrete corporate situation.
The Subjection of Labour to Capital: The Rise of the Capitalist System
Authors: Lazonick William , Lazonick William
Published: March 2007

In this paper I present an analytical study of the historical development of the family, mass schooling, and the labor movement in 19th century England. It is emphasized that what occurred in 19th century England was not just the emergence of the first industrial capitalist economy but also the first industrial capitalist system. By the 1870s in England, most of the characteristic institutions of the advanced capitalist systems of the 20th century - the factory, the welfare system, the industrial city, municipal police forces, the dependent family unit, mass public schooling, labor unions, electoral democracy — had emerged. Therefore, just as 19th century England supplied Marx with the classic case of the development of capitalist production, so, too, does it provide us with the classic case of the development of the capitalist system. Here, for the first time in history, the materialist conception of history can be applied to developed capitalism itself. In addition, by analyzing the system as a whole, we are in a better position to assess the strengths and limitations of Marx's own theories of capitalist development. A main theme is that, while Marx presents a profound analysis of how economic development both creates and reproduces the subjection of labor to capital, he neglects the role of cultural and political development in reinforcing and reproducing this domination.
Welfare Payments and the Reproduction of Low-Wage Workers and Secondary Jobs
Authors: Harrison Bennett
Published: March 2007

Information gathered from five annual interviews with the adults in some 2,700 households in the United States during the late 1960s and early 1970s is used in this paper to demonstrate that welfare — Aid to Families with Dependent Children, AFDC for unemployed parents, and the various state Gen eral Assistance programs — is an institution which helps to reproduce the sec ondary labor market by systematically reinforcing low-wage, high-turnover modes of work. More concretely, we are able to strongly refute the widely- repeated ruling-class argument that there exists a distinct "welfare class" of people unable or unwilling to work who must be supported by social programs paid for by the taxes of those who do work for a living. This divisive assertion is simply untrue; even within a single year, half of all the households that ever receive welfare over a five-year period also have at least one working adult. And the degree of mixing of work and welfare increases to the extent that, over the whole five years, 92%_of these "ever-welfare" households also contain adults who work at some time. At the macro level, labor market conditions and the need for more income exert a strong impact on whether or not welfare is ever used, whether it is used more than once, and how much welfare is received relative to total family income.
Credit Money
Authors: Lipietz Alain
Published: March 2007

An examination of the notion of pure credit money within the framework of Marxist theory of the value form. The necessary conditions according to Marxist theory for any instrument to serve in the capacity of money are indicated, and the development of the fetishism of value is investigated, with the latter being found to be the basis for the transition from commodity money to credit money. The theoretical prerequisites and the historical genesis of credit money are then sketched with an aim toward understanding why, within the context of credit money, crisis may assume an inflationary form.
Marx without the Labor Theory of Value
Authors: Hodgson Geoff
Published: March 2007

An examination of the first few chapters of Capital I with a question in mind: what remains of Marx after the labor theory of value is removed? It is found that there exists a complex structure of concepts, not given sufficient attention in recent literature, which can illuminate the labor process and provide the basis for a notion of exploitation without the labor theory of value. The purpose is not to provide another critique of the labor theory, but to suggest a "reading" of Marx in the above terms.
The Political Economy of Rural Energy Planning in the Third World
Authors: Ganapathy R. S.
Published: March 2007

R. S. Ganapathy might be seen as writing a memo to newly-trained energy planners. The essence of his message is that energy planning does not take place in a social or political vacuum. In effect, if as a planner you value collective self-reliance and democratic control by people over their affairs and equity, you must not let yourself make energy prescriptions based only on economic (cost/benefit) and engineering analyses. Also, even as a "well-trained " energy planner, you still know less than you think about what any specific rural community needs in the way of energy investment. But your technical expertise, along with the community's sometimes unarticulated understanding of its real needs, may together ameliorate their energy problem in a progressive way.

The article is concerned first with energy planning in the Third World and second with the types and means of international support for appropriate, non-imperialist, transfer of energy technology. In fact, the preceding two articles have illustrated energy planning and technology transfer when Ganapathy's concerns are not addressed. Although implementing Ganapathy's program under current conditions may seem utopian, the issues raised here are nevertheless the ones raised in continuing discussions of the formation of official policies for rural development in a number of countries which profess to be following socialist paths to development.
Industrial Structure and Labor Force Segmentation
Authors: Jones Evan
Published: March 2007

Recognition of the determining influence of industrial structure on the structure of labor force segmentation constitutes a major advance in the field of labor economics. Nevertheless much recent work has persisted with generalizations emphasizing a relatively simple relation between industrial structure and labor force segmentation, linking the primary labor segment to the monopoly core of industry and the secondary segment to the competitive periphery. It is argued here that each major section of industry exhibits its own form of labor force segmentation, and that this more complex relationship between industrial structure and work force structure deserves greater emphasis.
Servants to Capital: Unpaid Domestic Labor and Paid Work
Authors: Glazer Nona Y.
Published: March 2007

The usefulness of the distinction of the "private realm" of the household vs. the "public realm" that lies outside it as a frame for understanding aspects of women's unpaid domestic labor is challenged. The paper supports the view that the unpaid involuntary domestic labor of women has been pulled into the labor process in capitalist organizations in the drive to increase profit by reducing the wage bill while at the same time encouraging consumerism. An historical case is presented of retailing where the "self-service" organization of commercial capitalism (and aspects of the service sector) resulted in both a new division of labor and in occupational change. Men sales clerks were displaced gradually by women who in turn had their work deskilled by the growth of the cashier occupation. Today, women as unpaid consumers and as paid cashiers do much of the work in buying and selling so-called white consumer durables and foods. These changes, because of the specifics of occupational changes, reinforce women's traditional subordination and women's position as a reserve army of labor. The case is a prototype of similar changes in health care, clerical work, and law that the writer is currently examining.
Outside the Domestic Labor Debate: Towards a Theory of Modes of Human Reproduction
Authors: Fahybryceson Deborah , Vuorela Ulla
Published: March 2007

The concept of 'modes of human reproduction' posited at the same conceptual level as 'modes of production' offers the most viable materialist framework for understanding sexual asymmetry both historically and in different social formations of the present day.
Trade, Merger and Employment: Economic Theory on Marriage
Authors: McCrate Elaine
Published: March 2007

In this paper I explore two neoclassical theories on marriage which extend the conventional analyses of trade and merger. An alternative perspective on marriage is proposed, which extends a Marxian analysis of employment relations. I develop each of the three theories' implications concerning the nature of power relations between men and women in the family. Finally, I argue that the employment approach produces the most compelling account of the peculiarities of the marriage contract, and of the contemporary unprecedented decline in the proportion of United States women who are married.
Radical Institutionalism: Basic Concepts
Authors: Dugger William M.
Published: March 2007

Radical institutionalism, though not as developed as its cousin, Marxism, is also a profoundly critical theory of industrial capitalism. Radical institutionalism is based on the works of Thorstein Veblen and, to a much lesser extent, on the works of John R. Commons. Central concepts of radical institutionalism include (1) The economy is a process, not an equilibrium; (2) Socialized irrationality frequently overwhelms the would-be solidarity of exploited classes; (3) Power and status combine with myth and authority to sustain tyranny; (4) Equality is essential to the good life; (5) Values and ideology support (6) Participatory democracy; and (7) Radical transformation rather than incremental adjustment is called for under the current dispensation. Radical institutionalism is not based on the labor theory of value, but does share with Marxism certain critical points in relation to neoclassical economic theory.
Who Paid for the Canadian Welfare State Between 1955-1988?
Authors: Sepehri Ardeshir , Chernomas Robert
Published: March 2007

This paper attempts to examine the impact of state taxation and expenditure activities on Canadian labor and non-labor. Using state expenditure and revenue data for the period 1955-1986, the Canadian transfer ratio is estimated and then it is compared and contrasted with the transfer ratio for the United States. This inter-country comparison also enables us to isolate the influence of a crisis-induced rise in unemployment on the net transfer from arguments that the social wage grew because of the growing power of labor over capital and the state.
Accumulation, Segmentation and the Discriminatory Process in the Market for Labor Power
Authors: Mason Patrck L.
Published: March 2007

This paper develops a possibility theory of discrimination. I use Marx's theories of accumulation and competition to show that the persistence of alternative forms of discrimination are consistent with the reproduction of capital. Along the way, I also develop an approach to labor market segmentation that is independent of the structure of output markets. Accordingly, this paper accepts and extends recent Marxian notions on the complementarily of racial exclusion, the accumulation of capital and the competitive process.
Divide and Conquer in Australia: A Study of Labor Segmentation
Authors: Drago Robert
Published: March 2007

This study uses a sample of 982 Australian workplaces to ascertain whether labor segmentation affects the Australian economy. Cluster analysis allocates private-sector workplaces among the primary independent, primary subordinate and secondary segments. I then test whether segment location predicts other facets of the workplace, and whether the two primary segments significantly diverge. The majority of such tests overwhelmingly support the argument that the hypothesized segments exist and help explain the functioning of workplaces. The evidence also suggests that various divide-and-conquer strategies are often applied by Australian firms to reduce worker solidarity and that conditions for employees in the primary segments have recently deteriorated while innovative employee relations techniques have simultaneously emerged. (JEL nos. J41, J42, J50)
Technical Change, Accumulation and the Rate of Profit
Authors: Thompson Frank
Published: March 2007

The effect of technical change and accumulation on the profit rate depends on their effect on the real wage rate. Employing a standard one-sector "circulating-capital" model, it is assumed that the wage rate is at least non-decreasing in labor demand. Then, ceteris paribus, capital-using labor-saving technical change does not increase the real wage rate. Depending on parameters, there are then cases of viable capital-saving technical change, possibly labor-saving as well, in which the rate of profit falls, as well as other cases in which it rises. But, in the absence of sufficient accumulation, capital-using labor-saving technical change, and, further, technical change in which the organic composition of capital rises, induces a rise in the rate of profit.
Economic Boundaries of Health Care: Factors Influencing Reform Proposals
Authors: Nayeri Kamran
Published: March 2007

This paper offers a theoretical framework for understanding the crisis of the U.S. health care system and the mainstream debate to restructure health care financing and delivery system. It argues that the crisis of the health care system is a cause and a consequence of the long-cycle of structural changes in the U.S. economy that has occurred since World War II. It is further shown that the mainstream debate on how to reform the health care system has been dominated by the relentless effort to overcome the restructure the U.S. economy. The Clinton plan was designed to combine cost containment with increased access to enhance the efficiency of the health care system in order to boost profitability. Its conservative rivals focused mostly on cost reduction. It is shown how rapidly rising costs, diminishing access, and relatively poor health outcomes pose a threat to capitalist accumulation and reproduction. After distinguishing between high level and fast rate of costs, it is argued that the latter is best understood from the perspective of the labor theory of value. In this context, it is shown how the fast rate of growth of health care costs poses a definite limits on proposals to reform the health care system. The mainstream debate around the Clinton plan is then revisited to show how these proposals were a part of the overall effort to resolve the long-term problems of the U.S. economy. It is argued that the defeat of the Clinton plan was due to its concerns with efficiency of the health care system in the face of the demand by a majority of the U.S. capitalist class to cut costs.
Idealization and Omnipotence within the Group Matrix
Authors: Hyde Keith
Published: March 2007

This paper describes a group where development is limited through idealization of the group conductor. The splitting which results from the group members' determination to meet informally (the pavement group) leads to `cure' only being obtainable through development of an idealized relationship with the conductor.

Warm, emotionally involved, non-rivalrous relationships occur on the pavement, as do normal disappointing relationships. Within the group the conductor is often attacked and criticized, but the hidden idealization persists, together with the hopelessness of ever attaining the desired relationship.

The personal networks of group members form a group matrix in which a persecutory authority permanently resides which will block the individual's maturation. At a certain point members must leave the group if they are to develop and mature. There is no potential for rapprochement with the omnipotent authority within the matrix. This authority is typically located within the conductor, but any member who attempts to establish the idealized relationship becomes the location for this authority, and the object of envious attack.

The concepts of self-psychology (Heinz Kohut) are applied to the group and the matrix.