bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Information architecture for bilingual Web sites
Authors: Cunliffe Daniel , Jones Helen , Jarvis Melanie , Egan Kevin , Huws Rhian , Munro Siân
Published: October 2002

Creating an information architecture for a bilingual Web site presents particular challenges beyond those that exist for single and multilanguage sites. This article reports work in progress on the development of a content‐based bilingual Web site to facilitate the sharing of resources and information between Speech and Language Therapists. The development of the information architecture is based on a combination of two aspects: an abstract structural analysis of existing bilingual Web designs focusing on the presentation of bilingual material, and a bilingual card‐sorting activity conducted with potential users. Issues for bilingual developments are discussed, and some observations are made regarding the use of card‐sorting activities.
Information architecture without internal theory: An inductive design process
Authors: Haverty Marsha
Published: October 2002

This article suggests that Information Architecture (IA) design is primarily an inductive process. Although top‐level goals, user attributes and available content are periodically considered, the process involves bottom‐up design activities. IA is inductive partly because it lacks internal theory, and partly because it is an activity that supports emergent phenomena (user experiences) from basic design components. The nature of IA design is well described byConstructive Induction(CI), a design process that involves locating the best representational framework for the design problem, identifying a solution within that framework and translating it back to the design problem at hand. The future of IA, if it remains inductive or develops a body of theory (or both), is considered.
Information architecture: Notes toward a new curriculum
Authors: Latham Don
Published: October 2002

There are signs that information architecture is coalescing into a field of professional practice. However, if it is to become a profession, it must develop a means of educating new information architects. Lessons from other fields suggest that professional education typically evolves along a predictable path, from apprenticeships to trade schools to college‐ and university‐level education. Information architecture education may develop more quickly to meet the growing demands of the information society. Several pedagogical approaches employed in other fields may be adopted for information architecture education, as long as the resulting curricula provide an interdisciplinary approach and balance instruction in technical and design skills with consideration of theoretical concepts. Key content areas are information organization, graphic design, computer science, user and usability studies, and communication. Certain logistics must be worked out, including where information architecture studies should be housed and what kinds of degrees should be offered and at what levels. The successful information architecture curriculum will be flexible and adaptable in order to meet the changing needs of students and the marketplace.
The fragile basic anchoring effect
Authors: Brewer Noel T. , Chapman Gretchen B.
Published: October 2002

The anchoring bias, the effect of uninformative anchor numbers on judgments, is a robust finding. In experiments yielding the anchoring bias, typically participants are explicitly asked to compare the anchor and target. A logical question is whether any manner of considering a number will bias peoples' judgment. Wilson et al. (1996) showed that merely presenting a number to people will bias their judgments, a result they termed basic anchoring. The absence of any published studies that followed up on Wilson et al.'s work prompted us to examine the basic anchoring effect in three experiments. The three experiments (N = 881, 205, and 117) suggest that basic anchoring is a weak effect limited to the precise manipulations used by Wilson et al. Trivial changes such as altering the order of a series of anchor numbers, or using different anchor numbers, eliminated the bias. Our findings suggest that basic anchoring has a much narrower scope of impact than traditional anchoring effects. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bigger is better: the influence of physical size on aesthetic preference judgments
Authors: Silvera David H. , Josephs Robert A. , Giesler R. Brian
Published: October 2002

The hypothesis that the physical size of an object can influence aesthetic preferences was investigated. In a series of four experiments, participants were presented with pairs of abstract stimuli and asked to indicate which member of each pair they preferred. A preference for larger stimuli was found on the majority of trials using various types of stimuli, stimuli of various sizes, and with both adult and 3‐year‐old participants. This preference pattern was disrupted only when participants had both stimuli that provided a readily accessible alternative source of preference‐evoking information and sufficient attentional resources to make their preference judgments. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Choice preferences without inferences: subconscious priming of risk attitudes
Authors: Erb Hans‐Peter , Bioy Antoine , Hilton Denis J.
Published: October 2002

We present a procedure for subconscious priming of risk attitudes. In Experiment 1, we were reliably able to induce risk‐seeking or risk‐averse preferences across a range of decision scenarios using this priming procedure. In Experiment 2, we showed that these priming effects can be reversed by drawing participants' attention to the priming event. Our results support claims that the formation of risk preferences can be based on preconscious processing, as for example postulated by the affective primacy hypothesis, rather than rely on deliberative mental operations, as posited by several current models of judgment and decision making. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A conformational analysis of leucine enkephalin as a function of pH
Authors: Aburi Mahalaxmi , Smith Paul E.
Published: October 2002

The conformations of Leu enkephalin in aqueous solution have been investigated as a function of pH using molecular dynamics simulations. The simulations suggest the peptide backbone exists as a mixture of folded and unfolded forms (approximately 50% each) at neutral pH, but is always unfolded at low or high pH. The folded form at neutral pH possesses a 2 → 5 hydrogen bond and a close head to tail separation. No significant intramolecular hydrogen bonding of the carbonyl oxygens was observed in either the folded or unfolded forms of the peptide. Analysis of the Gly carbonyl oxygens and terminal groups indicated that, while the conformational population distribution of Leu enkephalin did vary noticeably as a function of pH, their hydration was essentially independent of pH and in agreement with the available NMR data. Further study indicated that the unfolded state of the peptide was not random in nature and consisted of one major unfolded backbone arrangement stabilized by a persistent hydrophobic interaction between the side chains of Tyr and Leu. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 64: 177–188, 2002
Detailed account of confounding factors in interpretation of FTIR spectra of exfoliated cervical cells
Authors: Wong Patrick T. T. , Senterman Mary K. , Jackli Pascale , Wong Rita K. , Salib Sylvia , Campbell Craig E. , Feigel Roman , Faught Wylam , Fung Kee Fung Micheal
Published: October 2002

The confounding variables that can potentially lead to a misinterpretation of FTIR spectroscopy of exfoliated cervical cells is described. A detailed account of the spectral effects of the following variables in FTIR spectroscopic screening of exfoliated cervical cells is presented: polymorphs; Cell degradation; and impurities such as endocervical columnar cells, metaplastic cells, cervical mucus, red cells, and debris. The interpretation of the spectra of exfoliated cervical cells must be done with subtraction analysis, which includes these factors. This is essential to prevent unacceptable false‐positive rates. The above techniques are subsequently applied to two clinic populations: a dysplasia clinic in follow‐up patients with negative cytology and two general gynecology clinics with patients with negative cytology. In the dysplasia clinic group 250 sequential patients with negative smears were tested. Thirty had false‐positive smears as defined by the IR spectroscopy using the above methodology. Twenty of those patients subsequently had one follow‐up and six had a positive abnormal smear. In the community clinic group 656 sequential patients were examined who had negative smears, of which 27 had false‐positive FTIR spectra. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Biospectroscopy) 67: 376–386, 2002
Trifluoroethanol and binding to model membranes stabilize a predicted turn in a peptide corresponding to the first extracellular loop of the angiotensin II AT1A receptor
Authors: Salinas Roberto K. , Shida Cláudio S. , Pertinhez Thelma A. , Spisni Alberto , Nakaie Clóvis R. , Paiva Antonio C. M. , Schreier Shirley
Published: October 2002

Homology modeling of the angiotensin II AT1A receptor based on rhodopsin′s crystal structure has assigned the 92–100 (YRWPFGNHL) sequence of the receptor to its first extracellular loop. Solution and membrane‐bound conformational properties of a peptide containing this sequence (EL1) were examined by CD, fluorescence, and 1H‐NMR. CD spectra in aqueous solution revealed an equilibrium between less organized and folded conformers. NMR spectra indicated the coexistence of trans and cis isomers of the Trp3–Pro4 bond. A positive band at 226 nm in the CD spectra suggested aromatic ring stacking, modulated by EL1's ionization degree. CD spectra showed that trifluoroethanol (TFE), or binding to detergent micelles and phospholipid bilayers, shifted the equilibrium toward conformers with higher secondary structure content. Different media gave rise to spectra suggestive of different β‐turns. Chemical shift changes in the NMR spectra corroborated the stabilization of different conformations. Thus, environments of lower polarity or binding to interfaces probably favored the formation of hydrogen bonds, stabilizing β‐turns, predicted for this sequence in the whole receptor. Increases in Trp3 fluorescence intensity and anisotropy, blue shifts of the maximum emission wavelength, and pK changes also evinced the interaction between EL1 and model membranes. Binding was seen to depend on both hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, as well as lipid phase packing. Studies with water‐soluble and membrane‐bound fluorescence quenchers demonstrated that Trp3 is located close to the water–membrane interface. The results are discussed with regard to possible implications in receptor folding and function. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 65: 21–31, 2002
Ab initio quantum mechanical models of peptide helices and their vibrational spectra
Authors: Bour Petr , Kubelka Jan , Keiderling Timothy A.
Published: October 2002

Structural parameters for standard peptide helices (α, 310, 31 left‐handed) were fully ab initio optimized for Ac–(L‐Ala)9–NHMe and for Ac–(L‐Pro)9–NHMe (poly‐L‐proline—PLP I and PLP II—forms), in order to better understand the relative stability and minimum energy geometries of these conformers and the dependence of the ir absorption and vibrational CD (VCD) spectra on detailed variation in these conformations. Only the 310‐helical Ala‐based conformation was stable in vacuum for this decaamide structure, but both Pro‐based conformers minimized successfully. Inclusion of solvent effects, by use of the conductor‐like screening solvent model (COSMO), enabled ab initio optimizations [at the DFT/B3LYP/SV(P) level] without any constraints for the α‐ and 310‐helical Ala‐based peptides as well as the two Pro‐based peptides. The geometries obtained compare well with peptide chain torsion angles and hydrogen‐bond distances found for these secondary structure types in x‐ray structures of peptides and proteins. For the simulation of VCD spectra, force field and intensity response tensors were obtained ab initio for the complete Ala‐based peptides in vacuum, but constrained to the COSMO optimized torsional angles, due to limitations of the solvent model. Resultant spectral patterns reproduce well many aspects of the experimental spectra and capture the differences observed for these various helical types. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 65: 45–59, 2002
Effect of complexing agents on reduction of Cr(VI) by Desulfovibrio vulgaris ATCC 29579
Authors: Mabbett Amanda N. , Lloyd Jon R. , Macaskie Lynne E.
Published: October 2002

The reduction of Cr(VI) at the expense of molecular hydrogen was studied using resting cells of Desulfovibrio vulgaris ATCC 29579 in anaerobic resting cell suspensions in MOPS buffer. Bioreduction occurred only in the presence of ligands or chelating agents (CO, citrate, NTA, EDTA, DTPA). The stimulatory effect of these ligands on the rate of Cr(VI) reduction was correlated (r = 0.988) with the strength of the ligand/chelate complex of Cr(III). The data are examined with respect to likely solution and redox equilibria in the ionic matrix of the carrier solution, and with respect to the potential for bioremediation of Cr(VI). © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 79: 389–397, 2002.
Individual variations in aging of the male urethral rhabdosphincter in Japanese
Authors: Murakami Gen , Nakajima Futoshi , Sato Toshio J. , Tsugane Mizuyo H. , Taguchi Keisuke , Tsukamoto Taiji
Published: October 2002

Although the degenerative changes with aging of the male urethral rhabdosphincter (URS) have been investigated, its individual morphological variations are still unclear. To provide an anatomical basis for clinical evaluation of the individual URS function in the aged, we investigated the structural differences in the URS of 25 elderly Japanese men using semiserial sections stained immunohistochemically and by hematoxylin‐eosin. Before removal of the histological specimens, we dissected the ischioanal fossa and labeled several structures by carbon particles to allow proper orientation during the histological observations. In addition, macroscopic slices (10 mm thickness) made from five other male pelves were examined and, when necessary, followed by routine histological procedure to confirm the gross observations. An extended circular URS (over ½ circumferential configuration) was found in 15/25 cadavers, but showed very limited height (proximal‐distal length) and thickness. A more restricted URS, including even a thin, arc‐like pattern, was observed in the remaining cadavers. The attachment of the URS to the smooth muscle layer was loose and usually clearly separated. Continuation between the URS and deep transverse perineal muscle was sometimes observed. The thick fascia of the levetor ani, with high content of smooth muscles, usually provided the lateral or dorsal insertions of the URS. Our results in elderly Japanese subjects suggest that the sphincteric action is weak or incomplete. We suggest that the elderly URS maintains continence by retracting the urethra backward and upward with the aid of the levator sling, rather than the real sphincteric action expected in younger men. Clin. Anat. 15:241–252, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contribution of digital simulation in visualizing physics processes
Authors: Vidaurre Ana , Riera Jaime , Giménez Marcos H. , Monsoriu Juan A.
Published: October 2002

In our experience of teaching physics for engineering at university level we have learned that the mathematical relationships between the parameters that control a process are important, but not sufficient, to understand a process. Such knowledge will only be consolidated if the new concept is incorporated by student in his field of study. Simulation programs, especially through visualization, can help to attain this target. We have developed three programs using Visual Basic. One of them is devoted to fitting experimental data and is complementary to experimental work; the others focus on dynamics, translation, and rotational movement, helping to understand the Newton's laws. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 10: 45–49, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com.); DOI 10.1002/cae.10016
Instructional practices of part‐time and full‐time faculty
Authors: Schuetz Pam
Published: October 2002

Exploring differences between instructional practices of full‐time and part‐time faculty, this chapter reveals that the average time spent by part‐ and full‐time faculty in most classroom instructional practices is essentially equivalent. However, differences emerge regarding time spent in various classroom practices, the availability of faculty to students outside class, and faculty connections with colleagues and the institution.
Open‐cell design stents in congenital heart disease: A comparison of IntraStent vs. Palmaz stents
Authors: Kreutzer Jacqueline , Rome Jonathan J.
Published: October 2002

Slotted stainless Palmaz stents (PS) remain the most commonly used in congenital heart disease (CHD). Limitations of PS include rigidity, foreshortening, poor conformability on expansion, balloon rupture, and jailing of side branches. Recently, stents with open‐cell design (IntraStent; IS) in appropriate sizes for CHD have been introduced. We reviewed our experience with the IS, comparing performance with the PS in a retrospective nonrandomized, uncontrolled observational study. Between May 1999 and March 2001, 34 IS (10–36 mm) and 34 PS (10–40 mm) were implanted in 57 patients (3 months to 25 years old; median, 3.24 years) in congenital or postoperative lesions. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in efficacy, % diameter increase (162% ± 203% for IS vs. 153% ± 177% for PS), and % gradient reduction (69% ± 23% for IS vs. 80% ± 27% for PS). Other aspects of stent performance differed significantly (P < 0.05): PS forshortened more (mean 18% for PS vs. 0% for IS) and were associated with balloon rupture (9/34 for PS vs. 0/34 for IS; P = 0.002), but had no evidence of intimal protrusion in between struts (0/34 for PS vs. 14/34 for IS; P < 0.001) and no recoil > 15% (0/34 for PS vs. 7/34 for IS; P = 0.006); IS conformed almost twice as well to vessel curvature (P = 0.003). Although these factors did not affect immediate procedural success, balloon rupture in two PS resulted in stent malpositions. Among IS, the origins of three covered side branches were accessed and balloon dilated up to 6 mm through the side of the stent. In conclusion, stents with open‐cell design have some characteristics that seem beneficial for their use in CHD: they foreshorten less, are conformable, are less likely to cause balloon rupture, and can allow access to jailed branches. However, they have a higher incidence of significant percent recoil and protrusion of intimal tissue in between struts, which may impact long‐term stent performance. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;56:400–409. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
AngioJet thrombectomy and stenting for reperfusion in acute MI complicated with cardiogenic shock
Authors: Taghizadeh Behzad , Chiu J. Andy , Papaleo Rafael , Farzanegan Farhad , DeLago Augustin
Published: October 2002

AngioJet thrombectomy (AJ) has been shown to be safe and effective in treatment of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, use of AJ has not been studied extensively in AMI with cardiogenic shock (CS). Clinical outcomes in 19 patients with CS and treated with AJ were retrospectively analyzed. Immediate stenting was also performed. Procedure success (final diameter stenosis < 50% and TIMI flow ≥ 2) was achieved in 95%, with final TIMI 3 flow in 89%. Clinical success (procedure success without major in‐hospital cardiac events) was achieved in 68%. There were five in‐hospital deaths and no patients experienced stroke or required emergent bypass surgery. At 30‐day follow‐up, there were no additional deaths or stroke, and two patients had undergone target vessel revascularization. AJ is relatively safe and effective in the setting of AMI complicated with CS, allowing for immediate definitive treatment. This strategy may offer improved mortality in these high‐risk patients. Cathet Cardiovasc Intervent 2002;57:79–84. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of a nonchiral HPLC method with circular dichroism detection for chiral analysis of molybdenum‐catalyzed enantioselective synthesis products
Authors: Miller Michael T. , Ge Zhihong , Mao Bing
Published: October 2002

The combination of a circular dichroism detector and nonchiral liquid chromatography was used for the chiral analysis of unresolved enantiomers to determine the enantioselectivity of a molybdenum‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation reaction. The CD/UV peak area ratio of the unresolved enantiomers was calculated and compared with that of a reference standard to determine the enantiomeric purity. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) is 20 ng for the chiral ligand and 1 μg for the branched chiral product. The viability of the system depends on the limit of quantitation of the CD response and the linearity range of the CD and UV response. Chirality 14:659–664, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of histologic features and expression of biomarkers in predicting pathologic response to anthracycline‐based neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with breast carcinoma
Authors: Wang Jianzhou , Buchholz Thomas A. , Middleton Lavinia P. , Allred D. Craig , Tucker Susan L. , Kuerer Henry M. , Esteva Francisco J. , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Sahin Aysegul A.
Published: October 2002

BACKGROUND

There is significant variability in the response of tumors to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and the underlying mechanism for this variability is unknown. In this study, the authors investigated the roles of tumor nuclear grade, mitotic activity, and biomarker expression profiles in predicting the pathologic response of breast tumors to preoperative chemotherapy.

METHODS

Eighty‐two patients with breast carcinoma participated in two clinical trials and were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, which consisted of either a conventional dose of fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (FAC) or dose‐escalated FAC. The mean age of the patients was 46 years (range, 24–69 years). Nuclear grade, mitotic activity, and biomarker profile (Her2‐neu and mitosin expression patterns) in pretreatment tumors were correlated with the postchemotherapy pathologic response.

RESULTS

Twelve patients (15%) had a complete pathologic response (CPR), 23 patients (28%) had a near complete response (NCR), and 47 patients (57%) had significant residual disease present either at the primary site or in the axillary lymph nodes. The authors found that the nuclear grade and mitotic activity of pretreatment tumors were correlated significantly with CPR and NCR (P = 0.002 and P = 0.004). Mitosin also was correlated significantly with CPR and NCR (P = 0.028). A higher percentage of patients with Her2‐neu‐positive tumors had a CPR or an NCR (P = 0.152). CPR and NCR were not correlated significantly with disease stage (P = 0.186) or lymph node positivity (P = 0.498).

CONCLUSIONS

The current results indicate that tumor nuclear grade and tumor proliferative activity (mitotic activity and mitosin immunostaining) of pretreatment tumors in patients with breast carcinoma may serve as important indicators for the pathologic responsiveness of tumors to neoadjuvant, anthracycline‐based chemotherapy. Cancer 2002;94:3107–14. © 2002 American Cancer Society.

DOI 10.1002/cncr.10585
Dopamine D2 receptors are present in prefrontal cortical afferents and their targets in patches of the rat caudate‐putamen nucleus
Authors: Wang Hong , Pickel Virginia M.
Published: October 2002

Glutamatergic neurons within the deep layers of the prefrontal cortex and dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta preferentially terminate in patch‐like regions within the caudate putamen nucleus (CPN). Activation of dopamine D2 receptors is known to potently modulate striatal glutamatergic transmission and may play a role in reward‐based motor learning. To determine the cellular substrate for D2‐mediated regulation of prefrontal corticostriatal transmission in striatal patches, we combined anterograde transport of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) with immunogold‐silver labeling of a D2 receptor antipeptide antiserum in rat brain. Injections centered in deep layers of the dorsal part of the anterior cingulate cortex, one of the prefrontal cortical regions, produced varicose axonal BDA labeling in a patch‐like distribution in the dorsomedial CPN. Electron microscopy showed that in these patch compartments, BDA labeling was present exclusively in axons and terminals (total number = 581), 9% of which contained detectable D2‐like immunoreactivity. Thirty percent of the BDA‐labeled terminals formed asymmetric excitatory synapses with dendritic spine heads, and the remainder were without recognizable junctions. The recipient spines were unlabeled or contained immunogold–silver particles for D2 receptors. A few of the D2‐labeled spines also received convergent, often nonsynaptic contact from D2‐labeled terminals resembling dopaminergic afferents. In addition, the corticostriatal terminals often apposed spiny and nonspiny neuronal profiles that contained D2 labeling. These results suggest that dopamine D2 receptors are strategically positioned for presynaptic and postsynaptic modulation of prefrontal corticostriatal excitation of spiny neurons in striatal patches. The findings have direct implications for D2‐mediated control of reward‐related motor learning. J. Comp. Neurol. 442:392–404, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of orcokinins in single neurons in the stomatogastric nervous system of the crayfish, Cherax destructor
Authors: Skiebe Petra , Dreger Mathias , Meseke Maurice , Evers Jan Felix , Hucho Ferdinand
Published: October 2002

The orcokinins are a highly conserved family of crustacean peptides that enhance hindgut contractions in the crayfish Orconectes limosus (Stangier et al. [1992] Peptides 13:859–864). By combining immunocytochemical and mass spectrometrical analysis of the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS) in the crayfish Cherax destructor, we show that multiple orcokinins are synthesized in single neurons. Immunocytochemistry demonstrated orcokinin‐like immunoreactivity in all four ganglia of the STNS and in the pericardial organs, a major neurohaemal organ. Identified neurons in the STNS were stained, including a pair of modulatory interneurons (inferior ventricular nerve neuron, IVN), a neuron with its cell body in the stomatogastric ganglion that innervates cardiac muscle c6 via the anterior median nerves (AM‐c6), and a sensory neuron (anterior gastric receptor neuron). Five orcokinin‐related peptides were identified by matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS) post source decay fragmentation in samples of either the stomatogastric ganglion or the pericardial organs. Four of these peptides are identical to peptides derived from the cloned Procambarus clarkii precursor (Yasuda‐Kamatani and Yasuda [2000] Gen. Comp. Endocrinol. 118:161–172), including the original [Asn13]‐orcokinin (NFDEIDRSGFGFN, [M+H]+ = 1,517.7 Da), [Val13]‐orcokinin ([M+H]+ = 1,502.7 Da), [Thr8‐His13]‐orcokinin ([M+H]+ = 1,554.8 Da), and FDAFTTGFGHS ([M+H]+ = 1,186.5 Da). The fifth peptide is a hitherto unknown orcokinin variant: [Ala8‐Ala13]‐orcokinin ([M+H]+ = 1,458.7 Da). The masses of all five peptides were also detected in the inferior ventricular nerve of C. destructor, which contains the cell bodies and axons of the IVNs as well as the axons of two other orcokinin‐like immunoreactive neurons. In the oesophageal nerve, in which all the orcokinin‐like immunoreactivity derives from the IVNs, at least two of the orcokinins were detected, indicating that multiple orcokinins are synthesized in these neurons. Similarly, all four orcokinin masses were detected in the anterior median nerves, in which all the orcokinin‐like immunoreactivity derives from the AM‐c6 neuron. This study therefore lays the groundwork to investigate the function of the orcokinin peptide family using single identified neurons in a well‐studied system. J. Comp. Neurol. 444:245–259, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enhanced fos expression in the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata) brain following first courtship
Authors: Sadananda Monika , Bischof Hans‐Joachim
Published: October 2002

Young zebra finch males that court a female for the first time develop a stable preference for the females of that species. On the neuronal level, consolidation of the imprinted information takes place. Here we demonstrate that first courtship or being chased around in the cage leads to enhanced fos expression in forebrain areas implicated in learning and imprinting in zebra finch males compared with birds reared in isolation or in the aviary. Two of the forebrain areas highly active during first courtship (as demonstrated by the 14C‐2‐deoxyglucose technique), the imprinting locus latral neo/hyperstriatum ventrale (LNH) and the secondary visual area hyperstriatum accessorium/dorsale (HAD), demonstrate enhanced fos expression. Two other imprinting‐related areas, the medial neo/hyperstriatum ventrale (MNH) and archistriatum/neostriatum caudale (ANC), do show c‐fos induction; however, the areas are not congruous with those demarcated by the 2‐DG autoradiographic studies. Additional telencephalic areas include the olfactory lobe, the information storage site lobus parolfactorius (LPO), the memory site hippocampus, the auditory caudomedial neostriatum implicated in the strength of song learning, and the caudolateral neostriatum, which is comparable to the mammalian prefrontal cortex. In addition, c‐fos is induced by first courtship and chasing in neurosecretory cell groups of the preoptic area and hypothalamus associated with the repertoire of sexual behavior and stress or enhanced arousal. Enhanced fos expression is also observed in brainstem sources of specific (noradrenergic, catecholaminergic) and nonspecific (reticular formation) activating pathways with inputs to higher brain areas implicated in the imprinting process. Birds reared in isolation or alternatively in the aviary with social and sexual contact to conspecifics showed attenuated or no fos expression in most of the above‐mentioned areas. First courtship and chasing both lead to enhanced uptake of 2‐DG in the four imprinting areas, as well as subsequent changes in spine density—an anatomical manifestation of the imprinting process. fos expression in the imprinting and other telencephalic, preoptic, hypothalamic, and mesencephalic brain regions indicates processing of stimuli originating from exposure (like chasing) and the analysis of stimuli in a behaviorally relevant, sexually explicit context (like first courtship). c‐fos induction in these brain areas indicates its involvement in the triggering of neural changes that accompany the learning process of imprinting, leading eventually to alterations in dendritic spine density in the zebra finch. J. Comp. Neurol. 448:150–164, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐ Liss, Inc.
Striate cortex in dichromatic and trichromatic marmosets: Neurochemical compartmentalization and geniculate input
Authors: Solomon Samuel G.
Published: October 2002

The superficial layers of primate striate cortex (V1) contain a regular pattern of dense staining for cytochrome oxidase (CO) reactivity (“blobs”) that receive direct input from the koniocellular layers of the lateral geniculate nucleus. It has been suggested that the blob regions are dedicated to processing color information. Here, the neurochemical compartmentalization of blobs and their input from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) was measured in marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) identified as having either dichromatic or trichromatic color vision. In all animals, layer III of V1 showed a patchy distribution of CO. The spatial density of CO blobs (mean, 4.6 blobs/mm2; range, 3.9–5.5), blob diameter, and the proportion of cortical area within blobs was not significantly different in dichromats and trichromats. The LGN input was studied by injecting retrograde tracer into V1. The koniocellular layers of the LGN contribute 11% of all relay cells, and form the only geniculate input to upper layer III of V1. Only half of all relay cells in the KC layers express calbindin. There is no obvious difference between dichromats and trichromats in the pattern of the geniculate projection to V1. It is concluded that the trichromatic phenotype is not associated with changes in the gross anatomy, neurochemistry, or organization of the geniculate afferents to the superficial layers of V1. J. Comp. Neurol. 450:366–381, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphological and electrophysiological characteristics of layer V neurons of the rat lateral entorhinal cortex
Authors: Hamam Bassam N. , Amaral David G. , Alonso Angel A.
Published: October 2002

The intrinsic electrophysiological and morphological properties of lateral entorhinal area (LEA) layer V neurons were investigated by sharp electrode intracellular recording and biocytin labeling in vitro. The morphological analysis revealed that layer V of the LEA contains three distinct subtypes of principal neurons, which were classified as pyramidal, horizontal, and polymorphic neurons. Pyramidal cells were the most abundant subtype (57%) and could be further subdivided into neurons with large, small, and star‐like somas. Similarly to pyramidal cells, horizontal neurons (11%) had a prominent apical dendrite. However, their distinctive basal dendritic plexus extended primarily in the horizontal plane. Polymorphic neurons (32%) were characterized by a multipolar dendritic organization. Electrophysiological analysis of neurons in the three categories demonstrated a diversity of electrophysiological profiles within each category and no significant differences between groups. Neurons in the three subgroups could display instantaneous and/or time‐dependent inward rectification and different degrees of spike frequency adaptation. None of the recorded cells displayed an intrinsic oscillatory bursting discharge. Many neurons in the three subgroups, however, displayed slow (3.5–14 Hz), sustained, subthreshold membrane potential oscillations. The morphological and electrophysiological diversity of principal neurons in the LEA parallels that previously reported for the medial entorhinal area and suggests that, with respect to the deep layers, similar information processing is performed across the mediolateral extent of the entorhinal cortex. Layer V of the entorhinal cortex may undertake very complex operations beyond acting as a relay station of hippocampal processed information to the neocortex. J. Comp. Neurol. 451:45–61, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
P2X7 receptors in the enteric nervous system of guinea‐pig small intestine
Authors: Hu Hong‐Zhen , Gao Na , Lin Zhong , Gao Chuanyun , Liu Sumei , Ren Jun , Xia Yun , Wood Jackie D.
Published: October 2002

The P2X7 purinergic receptor subtype has been cloned and emphasized as a prototypic P2Z receptor involved in neurotransmission in the central nervous system and ATP‐mediated lysis of macrophages in the immune system. Less is known about the neurobiology of P2X7 receptors in the enteric nervous system (ENS). We studied the distribution of the receptor with indirect immunofluorescence and used selective agonists and antagonists to analyze pharmacologic aspects of its electrophysiologic behavior as determined with intracellular “sharp” microelectrodes and patch‐clamp recording methods in neurons identified morphologically by biocytin injection in the ENS. Application of ATP or 2`‐ (or‐3`‐) O‐(4‐benzoylbenzoyl) adenosine 5`‐triphosphate (BzBzATP) activated an inward current in myenteric neurons. Brilliant blue G, a selective P2X7 antagonist, suppressed the responses to both agonists. Potency of the antagonist was greatest (smaller IC50) for the current evoked by BzBzATP. The P2X7 antagonists 1‐[N,O‐bis (1,5‐isoquinolinesulfonyl)‐N‐methyl‐l‐tyrosyl]‐4‐piperazine (KN‐62) and oxidized ATP also suppressed the BzBzATP‐activated current. Micropressure application of BzBzATP evoked rapidly activating depolarizing responses in intracellular studies with “sharp” microelectrodes. Oxidized‐ATP suppressed these responses in both myenteric and submucosal neurons. Rapidly activating depolarizing responses evoked by application of nicotinic, serotonergic 5‐HT3, or γ‐aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor agonists were unaffected by brilliant blue G. Immunoreactivity for the P2X7 receptor was widely distributed surrounding ganglion cell bodies and associated with nerve fibers in both myenteric and submucous plexuses. P2X7 immunoreactivity was colocalized with synapsin and synaptophysin and surrounded ganglion cells that contained either calbindin, calretinin, neuropeptide Y, substance P, or nitric oxide synthase. The mucosa, submucosal blood vessels, and the circular muscle coat also showed P2X7 receptor immunoreactivity. J. Comp. Neurol. 440:299–310, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The stability of localized solutions of Landau‐Lifshitz equations
Authors: Gustafson Stephen , Shatah Jalal
Published: October 2002

We study the Landau‐Lifshitz equation of ferromagnetism on ℝ2, with an easy‐axis anisotropy. We establish the existence of topologically nontrivial, periodic solutions, and show they are stable against equivariant perturbations. Along the way, we establish the global well‐posedness of the Cauchy problem for a class of data with no size restriction. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Schwannomas: A pitfall in the diagnosis of pleomorphic adenomas on fine‐needle aspiration cytology
Authors: Kapila Kusum , Mathur Sandeep , Verma Kusum
Published: October 2002

Fine‐needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is being employed with increasing frequency for the preoperative diagnostic workup of salivary gland lesions. Although most cases show morphologic features very characteristic of specific entities, few lesions, both benign and malignant, can cause problems in interpretation. We report four cases initially diagnosed on FNA as spindle‐cell tumors, possibly benign nerve sheath tumors (BNST) in the salivary gland region. These cases were later diagnosed on histologic examination as schwannoma (two cases) and as pleomorphic adenoma (two cases). Review of the cytomorphology of these four cases enabled the correct diagnosis of pleomorphic adenoma in the two cases misinterpreted as BNST. Benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of pleomorphic adenoma. A diligent search for epithelial elements is recommended prior to diagnosing BNST in the head and neck region. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2002;27:53–59. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Macrofilaricidal activity of the plant Plumbago indica/rosea in vitro
Authors: Mathew Nisha , Paily K. P. , Abidha  , Vanamail P. , Kalyanasundaram M. , Balaraman K.
Published: October 2002

The macrofilaricidal property of the plant, Plumbago indica/rosea, was investigated in vitro against Setaria digitata, a filarial parasite of cattle. Adult worms were incubated in a medium containing crude extract at concentrations 0.05, 0.04, 0.02, and 0.01 mg mL−1 for various incubation periods of 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, and 6 h, respectively, at 37°C and the worm motility was compared with that of solvent control worms kept in drug‐free medium. Complete inhibition of motility was observed for concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.05 mg mL−1, whereas in the control all the worms were active. Bioassay‐guided fractionation of the crude extract by silica gel column chromatography resulted in the identification of a very active fraction. The activity of this fraction against adult worms was further confirmed by 3‐[4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl]‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide–formazan colorimetric assay, which gave >50% inhibition for the active fraction at concentrations 0.05, 0.002, 0.005, and 0.0006 mg mL−1 at 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, and 6 h incubation periods, respectively. The physical and chemical data obtained from melting point determination, thin‐layer chromatography and high‐performance liquid chromatography analysis and IR, 1HNMR, 13CNMR, and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry spectral analysis have indicated the chemical structure of the active molecule as 5‐hydroxy‐2‐methyl‐1,4‐naphthalenedione (plumbagin). Drug Dev. Res. 56:33–39, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative analysis of the expression and regulation of Wnt5a, Fz4, and Frzb1 during digit formation and in micromass cultures
Authors: Chimal‐Monroy J. , Montero J.A. , Gañan Y. , Macias D. , Garcia‐Porrero J.A. , Hurle J.M.
Published: October 2002

Previous studies have shown that three members of the Wnt signaling pathway, the ligand WNT5A, the receptor FZ4, and the Wnt antagonist FRZB1, are implicated in the formation and differentiation of the digits. In this study, we have attempted to establish a functional correlation between them by comparing their expression patterns and their regulation by the signals controlling proliferation and differentiation of the limb mesoderm during formation of the avian digits in vivo and in micromass cultures. In vivo Wnt5a and Fz4 are expressed in the undifferentiated mesoderm of the autopod and in the differentiating digit cartilages. In the undifferentiated mesoderm, the expression of both genes is regulated positively by FGFs and negatively by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). As chondrogenic differentiation starts, Fz4 becomes intensely up‐regulated in the aggregate and in the developing perichondrium, whereas transcripts of Wnt5a are excluded from the core of the aggregate but maintained in the surrounding mesenchyme and perichondrium. In addition, at this stage, the expression of both genes become positively regulated by BMPs. These changes in expression and regulation are coincident with the induction of Frzb1 in the chondrogenic aggregate, which is expressed under the positive control of BMPs. Our findings fit with a role of Wnt5a/Fz4 negatively regulating in vivo the initiation and progression of cartilage differentiation. In vitro, only Frzb1 is expressed and regulated in a manner resembling that observed in vivo. Wnt5a and Fz4 are both expressed in the differentiating mesenchyme of micromass cultures, but their expression is not significantly regulated by the addition of FGF‐2 or BMP‐7 to the culture medium. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reported sexual abuse and bulimic psychopathology among nonclinical women: The mediating role of shame
Authors: Murray Clare , Waller Glenn
Published: October 2002

Objective

Despite consistent evidence that a reported history of sexual abuse is linked to later bulimic psychopathology, less is known about the psychological processes that underpin this relationship. This study examines the hypothesis that shame acts as a mediator in the link between reported sexual abuse and bulimic attitudes.

Method

A nonclinical sample of female undergraduates (N = 214) completed standardized measures of experiences of sexual abuse, internalized shame, and bulimic psychopathology. Regression analyses were used to test for the mediating role of shame.

Results

The findings were compatible with a model where levels of shame partially account for the relationship between any history of reported sexual abuse and bulimic psychopathology, but entirely account for the link between intrafamilial abuse and bulimic attitudes.

Conclusions

The experience of shame appears to be important in understanding the relationship between reported sexual abuse and bulimic attitudes. Where individuals report a history of sexual abuse, particularly intrafamilial abuse, it may be clinically useful to focus on shame as a psychological consequence of that experience. © 2002 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 32: 186–191, 2002.
On being peripheral: effects of identity insecurity on personal and collective self‐esteem
Authors: Jetten Jolanda , Branscombe Nyla R. , Spears Russell
Published: October 2002

We examined collective self‐esteem and personal self‐esteem as a function of anticipated changes in one's prototypicality within a valued ingroup. In Study 1 (N = 80), all participants received information that they were currently peripheral group members. Expectations for the future were then manipulated, with some expecting to become more prototypical and others expecting they would be even more peripheral in the future. In addition, the source of future movement (either the group or the self) was varied. It was found that when the group was the source of movement, those who expected to shift to a more prototypical position in the future had higher collective self‐esteem than those who expected to change to an even more peripheral position. In contrast, those who anticipated an even more peripheral position had higher personal self‐esteem than those who expected to become more prototypical in the future. In Study 2 (N = 100), intragroup position at present (peripheral versus prototypical) and future intragroup position (peripheral versus prototypical) were manipulated orthogonally. It was found that future expectations only affected self‐esteem among those with an insecure current identity, but not among those who were currently prototypical of the ingroup. In addition, ingroup favoritism was mediated by self‐esteem changes among those whose identity was insecure. The importance of a dynamic framework for investigating group processes is stressed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Earthquake response of elastic SDF systems with non‐linear fluid viscous dampers
Authors: Lin Wen‐Hsiung , Chopra Anil K.
Published: October 2002

The steady‐forced and earthquake responses of SDF systems with a non‐linear fluid viscous damper (FVD) are investigated. The energy dissipation capacity of the FVD is characterized by the supplemental damping ratio ζsd and its non‐linearity by a parameter designated α. It is found that the structural response is most effectively investigated in terms of ζsdand α because (1) these two parameters are dimensionless and independent, and (2) the structural response varies linearly with the excitation intensity. Damper non‐linearity has essentially no influence on the peak response of systems in the velocity‐sensitive spectral region, but differences up to 14% were observed in the other spectral regions. The structural deformation is reduced by up to 25% when ζsd= 5%; and by up to 60% when ζsd= 30%. Non‐linear FVDs are advantageous because they achieve essentially the same reduction in system responses but with a significantly reduced damper force. For practical applications, a procedure is presented to estimate the design values of structural deformation and forces for a system with non‐linear FVD directly from the design spectrum. It is demonstrated that the earthquake‐induced force in a non‐linear FVD can be estimated from the damper force in a corresponding system with linear FVD, its peak deformation, and peak relative velocity; however, the relative velocity should not be approximated by the pseudo‐velocity as this approximation introduces a large error in the damper force. Finally, a procedure is presented to determine the non‐linear damper properties necessary to limit the structural deformation to some design value or the structural capacity for a given design spectrum. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.