bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulation of potassium homeostasis inCaulobacter crescentus
Authors: Quintero-Yanes Alex , Léger Loïc , Collignon Madeline , Mignon Julien , Mayard Aurélie , Michaux Catherine , Hallez Régis
Published: July 2023

Potassium (K+) is an essential physiological element determining membrane potential, intracellular pH, osmotic/turgor pressure, and protein synthesis in cells. Nevertheless, K+homeostasis remains poorly studied in bacteria. Here we describe the regulation of potassium uptake systems in the oligotrophic α-proteobacteriumCaulobacter crescentusknown as a model for asymmetric cell division. We show thatC. crescentuscan grow in concentrations from the micromolar to the millimolar range by essentially using two K+transporters to maintain potassium homeostasis, the low affinity Kup and the high affinity Kdp uptake systems. When K+is not limiting, we found that thekupgene is essential whilekdpinactivation does not impact the growth. In contrast,kdpbecomes critical but not essential andkupdispensable for growth in K+-limited environments. However, in the absence ofkdp, mutations inkupwere selected to improve growth in K+-depleted conditions, likely by improving the affinity of Kup for K+. In addition, mutations in the KdpDE two-component system, which regulateskdpABCexpression, suggest that the inner membrane sensor regulatory component KdpD works as a kinase in early stages of growth and as a phosphatase to regulate transition into stationary phase. Our data also show that KdpE is not only phosphorylated by KdpD but also by another non-cognate histidine kinase. On top of this, we determined the KdpE-dependent and independent K+transcriptome and identified the direct targets of KdpE. Together, our work illustrates how an oligotrophic bacterium responds to fluctuation in K+availability.

Importance

Potassium (K+) is a key metal ion involved in many essential cellular processes. Its transport and regulation have been mainly studied in the bacterial model speciesEscherichia coliandBacillus subtilis. Here we show that the oligotrophCaulobacter crescentuscan support growth at lower K+concentrations by mainly using two K+uptake systems, the low-affinity Kup and the high-affinity Kdp. Interestingly, in the absence of Kdp, point mutations in Kup was selected to increase affinity for K+, which improved growth in K+-depleted conditions. Using genome-wide approaches, we also determined the entire set of genes required forC crescentusto survive at low K+concentration as well as the full K+-dependent regulon. Finally, we found that the transcriptional regulation mediated by the KdpDE two-component system is unconventional since unlikeE. coli, the inner membrane sensor regulatory component KdpD works rather as a phosphatase on the phosphorylated response regulator KdpE∼P. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive study of K+homeostasis in bacteria.
Octocoral microbiomes vary substantially across environmental gradients in deep waters
Authors: Vohsen Samuel A. , Herrera Santiago
Published: July 2023

Coral-associated microbiomes vary greatly between colonies and localities with functional consequences on the host. However, the full extent of variability across the ranges of most coral species remains unknown, especially in corals living in deep waters. Here we characterized the microbiomes of four octocoral species from mesophotic and deep-sea habitats in the northern Gulf of Mexico,Muricea pendula, Swiftia exserta, Callogorgia delta,andParamuricea biscayausing 16S metabarcoding. We tested for microbiome differentiation between and within species, examining the influence of the coral’s genotype and environmental factors that vary with depth (53-2224 m) and geographic location (over 680 m). Coral microbiomes were often dominated by amplicon sequence variants whose abundances varied across hosts’ ranges including corallicolids,Endozoicomonas, members of the Mollicutes, and the BD1-7 clade. Coral species, depth, and geographic location significantly affected diversity, microbial community composition, and the abundance of individual microbes. Differences in host genotype, bottom temperature, and surface primary productivity could explain part of the variation associated with depth and geographic location. Altogether, this work demonstrates that the microbiomes of corals vary substantially across their ranges with potential functional consequences, identifies important ecological drivers in mesophotic and deep-sea corals, and can inform restoration efforts.
Treated eave screens in combination with screened doors and windows, are more effective than untreated eave screens in a similar combination in reducing indoor and outdoorAnophelespopulations under semi-filed conditions in western Kenya
Authors: Abong’o Bernard , Agumba Silas , Moshi Vincent , Simwero Jacob , Otima Jane , Ochomo Eric
Published: July 2023

Introduction

Human habitats remain the main point of human-vector interaction leading to malaria transmission despite sustained use of insecticide treated nets (ITNs) and indoor residual spraying (IRS). Simple structural modifications involving screening of doors, windows and eaves have great potential for reducing indoor entry of mosquitoes and hence malaria transmission.

Methods

Four huts, each constructed inside a semi-field structure, allowing the experimental release of mosquitoes at the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu research station were used in the study. Two huts had untreated eave and door screens and screened air cavities in place of windows in experiment 1 with the eave screen treated using Actellic® insecticide in experiment 2. The other two huts remained unscreened throughout the study. First filial (F1) generation ofAnopheles funestusfrom Siaya, F0 reared fromAn. arabiensislarvae collected from Ahero andAn. arabiensisDongola strain from the insectary were raised to 3-day old adults and used in experiments. Two hundred, 3-day old adults of each species were released in each semi-field structure at dusk and recaptured the following day at 0700hrs and at 0900 hours. A single volunteer slept in each hut under untreated bed net each night of the study. Recaptured mosquitoes were counted and recorded by collection location, either indoor or outdoor of each hut in the different semi-field structures.

Results

Significantly fewerAn. arabiensisfrom Ahero [RR=0.10; (95%CI: 0.02-0.63); P<0.0145],An. arabiensisDongola strain [RR=0.11; (95%CI: 0.04 – 0.19); P<0.0001 andAn. funestusfrom Siaya [RR=0.10; (95%CI: 0.06-0.17); P<0.0001] were observed inside modified huts compared to unmodified ones. Treating of eave screen material with Actellic® 300CS significantly reduced the numbersAn. arabiensisfrom Ahero [RR=0.003; (95%CI: 0.00-0.03); P<0.0001] andAn. arabiensisDongola strain [RR=0.03; (95%CI: 0.02-0.05); P<0.0001] indoors of huts with treated eave screen compared to huts with untreated eave screens, while totally preventing entry ofAn. funestusindoors. These modifications cost <250usd/structure.

Discussion and Conclusion

This article describes affordable and effective ways of reducing mosquito entry into the house by modifying the eaves, doors and windows. These modifications were highly effective in reducing indoor entry of mosquitoes. Additionally, treatment of eave screen material with an effective insecticide further reduces theAnophelespopulation in and around the screened huts under semi-field conditions and could greatly complement existing vector control efforts.
The killing of human gut commensalE. coliED1a by tetracycline is associated with severe ribosome dysfunction
Authors: Khusainov Iskander , Romanov Natalie , Goemans Camille , Turoňová Beata , Zimmerli Christian E. , Welsch Sonja , Langer Julian D. , Typas Athanasios , Beck Martin
Published: July 2023

Ribosomes translate the genetic code into proteins. Recent technical advances have facilitated in situ structural analyses of ribosome functional states inside eukaryotic cells and the minimal bacterium Mycoplasma. However, such analyses of Gram-negative bacteria are lacking, despite their ribosomes being major antimicrobial drug targets. Here we compare twoE. colistrains, a labE. coliK-12 and human gut isolateE. coliED1a, for which tetracycline exhibits bacteriostatic and bactericidal action, respectively. Thein situribosome structures upon tetracycline treatment show a virtually identical drug binding-site in both strains, yet the distribution of ribosomal complexes clearly differs. While K-12 retains ribosomes in a translation competent state, tRNAs are lost in the vast majority of ED1a ribosomes. A differential response is also reflected in proteome-wide abundance and thermal stability assessment. Our study underlines the need to include molecular analyses and to consider gut bacteria when addressing antibiotic mode of action.

HIGHLIGHTS

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Ribosome structures of gram-negative bacteria are analyzed in situ

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Tetracyline is bactericidal to gut isolate despite identical ribosome structures

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When antibiotic is bacteriostatic, ribosomal translation competent states are retained

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When antibiotic is bactericidal, cells rapidly accumulate P-tRNAs-deficient ribosomes

GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
Proteomics analysis reveals a role forE. colipolyphosphate kinase in membrane structure and polymyxin resistance during starvation
Authors: Baijal Kanchi , Abramchuk Iryna , Herrera Carmen M. , Trent M. Stephen , Lavallée-Adam Mathieu , Downey Michael
Published: July 2023

Polyphosphates (polyP) are chains of inorganic phosphates that can reach over 1000 residues in length. InEscherichia coli, polyP is produced by the polyP kinase (PPK) and is thought to play a protective role during the response to cellular stress. However, the molecular pathways impacted by PPK activity and polyP accumulation remain poorly characterized. In this work we used label-free mass spectrometry to study the response of bacteria that cannot produce polyP (Δppk) during starvation to identify novel pathways regulated by PPK.

In response to starvation, we found 92 proteins significantly differentially expressed between wild-type and Δppkmutant cells. Wild-type cells were enriched for proteins related to amino acid biosynthesis and transport, whileΔppkmutants were enriched for proteins related to translation and ribosome biogenesis, suggesting that without PPK, cells remain inappropriately primed for growth even in the absence of required building blocks.

From our dataset, we were particularly interested in Arn and EptA proteins, which were downregulated in Δppkmutants compared to wild-type controls, because they play a role in lipid A modifications linked to polymyxin resistance. Using western blotting, we confirm differential expression of these and related proteins, and provide evidence that this mis-regulation in Δppkcells stems from a failure to induce the BasS/BasR two-component system during starvation. We also show that Δppkmutants unable to upregulate Arn and EptA expression lack the respective L-Ara4N and pEtN modifications on lipid A. In line with this observation, loss ofppkrestores polymyxin sensitivity in resistant strains carrying a constitutively activebasRallele.

Overall, we show a new role for PPK in lipid A modification during starvation and provide a rationale for targeting PPK to sensitize bacteria towards polymyxin treatment. We further anticipate that our proteomics work will provide an important resource for researchers interested in the diverse pathways impacted by PPK.
Genomic sketching with multiplicities and locality-sensitive hashing using Dashing 2
Authors: Baker Daniel N , Langmead Ben
Published: July 2023

A genomic sketch is a small, probabilistic representation of the set ofk-mers in a sequencing dataset. Sketches are building blocks for large-scale analyses that consider similarities between many pairs of sequences or sequence collections. While existing tools can easily compare 10,000s of genomes, relevant datasets can reach millions of sequences and beyond. Popular tools also fail to considerk-mer multiplicities, making them less applicable in quantitative settings. We describe a method called Dashing 2 that builds on the SetSketch data structure. SetSketch is related to HyperLogLog, but discards use of leading zero count in favor of a truncated logarithm of adjustable base. Unlike HLL, SetSketch can perform multiplicity-aware sketching when combined with the ProbMinHash method. Dashing 2 integrates locality-sensitive hashing to scale all-pairs comparisons to millions of sequences. Dashing 2 is free, open source software.
Leveraging protein language models for accurate multiple sequence alignments
Authors: McWhite Claire D. , Armour-Garb Isabel , Singh Mona
Published: July 2023

Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is a critical step in the study of protein sequence and function. Typically, MSA algorithms progressively align pairs of sequences and combine these alignments with the aid of a guide tree. These alignment algorithms use scoring systems based on substitution matrices to measure amino acid similarities. Although successful, standard methods struggle on sets of proteins with low sequence identity: the so-called twilight zone of protein alignment. For these difficult cases, another source of information is needed. Protein language models are a powerful new approach that leverages massive sequence data sets to produce high-dimensional contextual embeddings for each amino acid in a sequence. These embeddings have been shown to reflect physicochemical and higher-order structural and functional attributes of amino acids within proteins. Here, we present a novel approach to MSA, based on clustering and ordering amino acid contextual embeddings. Our method for aligning semantically consistent groups of proteins circumvents the need for many standard components of MSA algorithms, avoiding initial guide tree construction, intermediate pairwise alignments, gap penalties, and substitution matrices. The added information from contextual embeddings leads to higher accuracy alignments for structurally similar proteins with low amino-acid similarity. We anticipate that protein language models will become a fundamental component of the next generation of algorithms for generating MSAs.
Large-scale detection and characterization of interchromosomal rearrangements in normozoospermic bulls using massive genotype and phenotype data sets
Authors: Jourdain Jeanlin , Barasc Harmonie , Faraut Thomas , Calgaro Anne , Bonnet Nathalie , Marcuzzo Camille , Suin Amandine , Barbat Anne , Hozé Chris , Besnard Florian , Taussat Sébastien , Grohs Cécile , Kuchly Claire , Iampietro Carole , Donnadieu Cécile , Pinton Alain , Boichard Didier , Capitan Aurélien
Published: July 2023

In this paper, we developed a highly sensitive approach to detect interchromosomal rearrangements in cattle by searching for abnormal linkage disequilibrium patterns between markers located on different chromosomes in large paternal half-sib families genotyped as part of routine genomic evaluations. We screened 5571 families of artificial insemination sires from 15 breeds and revealed 13 putative interchromosomal rearrangements, 12 of which were validated by cytogenetic analysis and long-read sequencing. These consisted of one Robertsonian fusion, 10 reciprocal translocations, and the first case of insertional translocation reported in cattle. Taking advantage of the wealth of data available in cattle, we performed a series of complementary analyses to define the exact nature of these rearrangements, investigate their origins, and search for factors that may have favored their occurrence. We also evaluated the risks to the livestock industry and showed significant negative effects on several traits in the sires and in their balanced or aneuploid progeny compared with wild-type controls. Thus, we present the most comprehensive and thorough screen for interchromosomal rearrangements compatible with normal spermatogenesis in livestock species. This approach is readily applicable to any population that benefits from large genotype data sets, and will have direct applications in animal breeding. Finally, it also offers interesting prospects for basic research by allowing the detection of smaller and rarer types of chromosomal rearrangements than GTG banding, which are interesting models for studying gene regulation and the organization of genome structure.
5-Fluoro-3-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-1H-indole
Authors: Guo Guozhe
Published: July 2023

The title compound, C17H13FN2, was synthesized as a potential ligand for the construction of metal–organic frameworks. The two indole motifs present two potential coordination modes. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system with space group P212121. The dihedral angle between the fused ring systems is 68.77 (10)°. Weak F...H interactions are observed in the crystal.
Emerging themes in food tourism: a systematic literature review and research agenda
Authors: Sujood  , Ali Ruksar , Irfan Saba , Hamid Sheeba
Published: July 2023

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to review and categorise the body of existing research in order to better understand the state of food tourism. The primary objective of this study is to identify emerging themes in the area of food tourism and to highlight the relationships among them.

Design/methodology/approach

This research consists of a systematic literature review of academic articles from the Scopus and Web of Science databases.

Findings

Ten themes of Food Tourism emerged from the analysis, i.e. Food Tourism and Local Food, Food Tourism and Sustainability, Food Tourism and Economy, Food Tourism and Food waste management, Food Tourism and Culture, Food Tourism and Environment, Food Tourism and Information Technology, Food Tourism and COVID-19, Food Tourism and Post pandemic consumer trust and Food Tourism and Tourism and Hospitality sector.

Research limitations/implications

This study elaborates on the theoretical pieces of evidence on the connection between food and tourism. Not only limited to food tourism, but this paper also contributes to the literature in the area of economy, sustainability, post-COVID-19, food waste management, environment and technological innovations in food tourism.

Originality/value

This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the topic at hand. The study begins by systematically examining the topic to offer a thorough and in-depth analysis of food tourism. There is not a single study which has covered these many themes of food tourism, which makes it an important contribution to the literature.
Tax and income inequality: evidence from Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Brown Theodora Aba Kwegyeba , Bokpin Godfred A. , Sarpong-Kumankoma Emmanuel
Published: July 2023

Purpose

This study aims to determine how taxes can be used to bridge income inequality gap in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA).

Design/methodology/approach

A panel data set of 36 SSA countries was analysed using generalised method of moments.

Findings

The results suggest that an increase in direct taxes relative to indirect taxes has a positive significant impact on income inequality. This is mostly due to the progressive nature of direct taxes as compared to indirect taxes.

Originality/value

This research contributes to the scant literature on how specific tax components affect income inequality, especially in developing countries.
Senior entrepreneurship dynamics: Latin America perspective
Authors: Amorós José Ernesto , Leporati Marcelo , Torres-Marín Alfonso Jesús
Published: July 2023

Purpose

The main objective of this research is to exploratorily analyse different factors that influence the decision of the senior population (+50 years) to engage in entrepreneurship activities in a group of Latin American countries. This study considers the motivations for entrepreneurship (opportunity and necessity) and the level of development of the countries.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors used data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) with a sample of 22,139 observations of senior individuals in seven Latin American countries surveyed between 2013 and 2017. The authors also used the Human Development Index to capture the relevance of the level of development. The authors employed a multilevel logistic regression model to test the study hypotheses.

Findings

The study results show that individual factors such as personal income, education and occupation have a significant influence on the probability of entrepreneurship of senior individuals. Related to contextual factors, the level of human development of a country has a negative influence mainly on opportunity-based entrepreneurs.

Originality/value

Because of the rapidly ageing population in Latin America, understanding senior entrepreneurs and their motivations is very relevant not only in terms of theoretical development but also for policy and practical implications, primarily those related to labour markets and social protection.
Examining the impact of the platform economy on Spain’s cultural destinations through the lens of free tours
Authors: Rivera-García Jorge , Fernández-Villarán Asunción , Pastor-Ruiz Ricardo
Published: July 2023

Purpose

Free guided walking tours are one of the most successful tourism segments in the digital platform economy. It is beginning to be associated with negative impacts in some of the destinations where it is spreading rapidly. Although the platform economy is generating increasing academic interest, the free tour model remains largely unexplored area in the literature. This study aims to examine how such activity affects cultural destinations.

Design/methodology/approach

Focussing on the largest Free Tours platform operating in Spain, GuruWalk, the methodology used analyses its impact in six cultural destinations on two of the sustainability dimensions: the territorial dimension and the governance, through an exploratory study.

Findings

The findings help to understand the differences that such activity generates in each destination depending on the phase of its life cycle, and to implement, if necessary, corrective measures. The research confirms that the impacts differ according to the tourist destination’s maturity, concluding that such activity contributes to the increase of tourist agglomerations and the overcrowding of cultural destinations in their middle and mature life cycles. The findings highlighted the importance of the role of local governance on free tour activity.

Originality/value

The main contribution is the association of the impacts they produce (especially in terms of massification) with destination life cycle phases. There were no similar precedents with a spatial or territorial analysis to reliably demonstrate not only that this activity has an impact on the territory but also what type of impact is produced.
Does Covid-19 reduce food waste in the hospitality sector in Dubai?
Authors: Grassa Rihab , Bocanet Anca , Adulla Ayesha , Ben Abdullah Hanene , Ben Ayed Nourchene
Published: July 2023

Purpose

Food waste (FW) is a significant problem in the hospitality sector worldwide. The Covid-19 pandemic has imposed a health protocol on the hospitality sector to protect the customers and the community. This paper aims to evince a new understanding of the tourist city during the Covid-19 pandemic by exploring the effects of the new health protocol on FW management at the consumption stage in the hospitality sector in Dubai.

Design/methodology/approach

In this study, the authors use a scale assessment method and a survey distributed to 202 tables in 35 restaurants offering open buffet catering in Dubai.

Findings

The paper’s findings provide evidence that: first, the tourist city has faced substantial changes during the pandemic as the new health protocol imposed by the Covid-19 circumstances has mitigated the waste of food in the open buffet services. Second, the highest waste has been observed for vegetables, followed by grains (especially rice) and bread. The lowest waste has been observed for meat and fruits. Third, FW per table varies considerably by consumer groups. The FW quantity of residents is significantly higher than that of tourists. Family gathering tables with an essential number of children waste more food than the other group types. Fourth, consumers claimed to become more conscious about the quantum of FW as a direct response to the socio-economic circumstances imposed by the lockdown such as food availability, salary reduction, economic uncertainty and employment instability. Fifth, the attitude to keeping food on the plate does not change considerably.

Practical implications

This paper offers many practical implications. Using newly discovered pieces of evidence from practitioners, hoteliers and policymakers, this paper highlights current hospitality practices that can reduce the waste of food in a postpandemic world. Furthermore, our paper suggests a set of actions for restaurants offering open-buffet services to reduce FW at the consumption stage.

Originality/value

This paper adds significance to the extant tourist city literature. The tourist city served as an example of a recent urban development characterized mainly by tourist consumption. This research advances the understanding of FW management and customers’ behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic in an important touristic city “Dubai” and suggests a set of actions.
The influence of self-construal on consumer responses to sizing discrepancy
Authors: Jung Hyeyoon , Magnusson Peter , Peng Yi
Published: July 2023

Purpose

This study examines how consumers' self-construal moderates consumers' buying behavior in situations requiring consumers to buy larger-than-expected clothing sizes. The authors explore the potential effectiveness of two distinct communication strategies – emotional versus informational ad appeals – to mitigate the negative effects of sizing discrepancies.

Design/methodology/approach

A total of three experiments were conducted to examine the proposed framework. Studies 1 and 2 investigate whether self-construal moderates the relationship between sizing discrepancy and purchasing intentions. Study 3 examines the effectiveness of communication strategies in reducing the detrimental effects of sizing discrepancy.

Findings

When encountering sizing discrepancies, the authors find that consumers with an interdependent self-construal have lower purchase intentions than those with an independent self-construal. The authors demonstrate that an emotional communication strategy is more effective for consumers with an interdependent self-construal, whereas an informational communication strategy is more effective for consumers with an independent self-construal.

Originality/value

With the lack of a universal sizing system, consumers often struggle to find clothes that fit as expected. However, extant research has not explored cross-cultural differences in how consumers respond to sizing discrepancies and how managers can reduce any potential negative effects.
The corruption-foreign direct investment nexus in sub-Saharan Africa. Fresh evidence from a panel threshold regression approach
Authors: Amoh John Kwaku , Abdul-Mumuni Abdallah , Nsor-Ambala Randolph , Amenyitor Elvis Aaron
Published: July 2023

Purpose

Most emerging economies have made conscious efforts through policy initiatives to attract foreign direct investment (FDI). However, a significant obstacle to FDI inflow has been the prevalence of corruption in the host country. This study, therefore, aims to examine whether there is an optimum corruption value that results in threshold effects of corruption on FDI.

Design/methodology/approach

To achieve this objective, this study used Hansen’s (1999) panel threshold regression (PTR) model by using a panel data of 30 sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries from 2000 to 2021.

Findings

This study finds that the nexus between corruption and FDI has a single threshold effect, with a 5.37% optimum corruption threshold value. At this threshold value, corruption affects FDI negatively. Any corruption value that is below the threshold value also elicits a negative corruption–FDI relationship. Despite having a negative relationship when the corruption value is above the optimum corruption threshold, it is not statistically significant.

Research limitations/implications

The implication of the results is that it is deleterious to use corrupt practices to draw FDI to SSA nations.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is one of the first in the corruption–FDI nexus literature to use Hansen’s PTR model to estimate an optimal corruption threshold. The authors recommend that policymakers in the selected SSA countries reconsider the use of corruption to attract FDI because there is an optimal corruption threshold that could impact FDI in the host country.
Mergers and acquisitions and environmental conditions: a systematic literature review to investigate their linkage
Authors: Battisti Enrico , Nirino Niccolò , Leonidou Erasmia , Thrassou Alkis , Vrontis Demetris
Published: July 2023

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to systematically examine and organize the literature that has explored the effects of several environmental conditions (ECs) on mergers and acquisitions (M&As), in particular highlighting the increasing role of protectionism.

Design/methodology/approach

The systematic literature review methodology was applied for the purpose of identifying, analyzing and interrelating specific ECs that affect M&As, thereby underlining and elucidating the requisite role of protectionism. Specifically, this research is based on 51 methodically selected peer-reviewed articles published from 1991 to 2020.

Findings

The research summarizes and assesses the current state of relevant literature through comprehensive and coherent descriptive and thematic analysis. The proposed conceptual framework allows us to recognize the connections between M&As and external conditions, highlighting varying degrees of study and in-depth analysis across the different areas under consideration.

Originality/value

This study contributes to original and significant knowledge, by developing a conceptual framework that descriptively classifies existing knowledge; by defining refining and explicating the theoretical foundations for scholars to build on; by identifying the research gaps and proposing effective avenues for impactful further research; and by presenting practitioners and policymakers with a practical guide to implementation.
Prognosis of early‐stage lung adenocarcinoma in young patients
Authors: Jia Yaping , Ji Qiuliang , Zhang Lei , She Yunlang , Su Minghang , Shi Zhe
Published: July 2023

Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is a familiar lung cancer with a poor prognosis. This study was meant to determine whether there are differences in survival between younger and older patients with early‐stage LUAD because of the rise in the incidence of LUAD in young individuals over the previous few decades. We analysed the clinical, therapeutic and prognostic features of a cohort (2012‐2013) of 831 consecutive patients with stage I/II LUAD who underwent curative surgical resection at Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed for age, sex, tumour size, tumour stage and therapy in a 2:1 ratio between the two groups without taking gender, illness stage at operation or decisive treatment into account. Following PSM analysis to create a 2:1 match for comparison, the final survival study included 163 patients with early‐stage LUAD <50 years and 326 patients ≥50 years. Surprisingly, younger patients were overwhelmingly female (65.6%) and never smokers (85.9%). There were no statistical differences between the two groups in terms of the overall survival rate (P = 0.067) or time to advancement (P = 0.76). In conclusion, no significant differences stood out between older and younger patients with stage I/II LUAD regarding overall and disease‐free survival rates. Younger patients with early‐stage LUAD were more likely to be female and never smokers, which suggests that risk factors other than active smoking may be responsible for lung carcinogenesis in these patients.
The impact of health literacy interventions on glycemic control and self‐management outcomes among type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review
Authors: Butayeva Jamila , Ratan Zubair Ahmed , Downie Sue , Hosseinzadeh Hassan
Published: July 2023

Diabetes imposes an increasing health and economic burden on individuals living with it and their societies worldwide. Glycemic control is necessary to reduce morbidity and mortality of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Self‐management is the primary tool for managing diabetes. Health literacy (HL) is the primary driver of self‐management activities. The aim of this review is to evaluate the impact of HL interventions on glycemic control and self‐management outcomes among T2DM. MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for eligible papers. Fifteen randomized controlled trials published in English between 1997 and 2021, used HL‐driven intervention, and measured the level of glycohemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and self‐management of T2DM patients were included in this review. The findings showed that HL‐driven intervention had a positive impact on glycemic control and improved self‐management behaviors. The level of glycemic control and self‐management skills were improved through individual and telephone‐based intervention respectively. Community worker‐led interventions were effective in improvements in diabetes knowledge and self‐care behaviors; however, nurse‐led interventions were effective in glycemic control. Better glycemic control is achieved in hospital settings compared to outpatient settings. HL interventions yielded better improvement in self‐management among people with longer diabetes duration (more than 7 years). It was possible to achieve a large reduction in HbA1c level after a 3‐month intervention in hospital settings. HL‐driven interventions are effective in glycemic and diabetes self‐management outcomes.
Radiological and pathological analysis of the galaxy sign in patients with pulmonary mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma
Authors: Song Yeongran , Sung Yeoun Eun , Beck Kyongmin S. , Chang Suyon , Jung Jung Im , Park Gyeong Sin
Published: July 2023

Background

Pulmonary mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma sometimes presents as large pulmonary nodules composed of small nodular opacities (galaxy sign) on computed tomography (CT). The aim of this study was to assess the presence, usefulness, and pathological characteristics of the galaxy sign on CT of pulmonary MALT lymphoma.

Methods

From January 2011 to December 2021, chest CTs of 43 patients with pulmonary MALT lymphoma were reviewed by two radiologists for the galaxy sign and various other findings. Interreader agreement to characterize the galaxy sign and factors associated in making a correct first impression on CT prior to pathological diagnosis were assessed. Resected specimens were reviewed by two pathologists, and the proportion of peripheral lymphoma infiltrates was compared between lesions with and without the galaxy sign.

Results

Of 43 patients, 22 patients (44.2%) showed the galaxy sign (κ = 0.768, p < 0.0001). The galaxy sign (p = 0.010) was associated with making a correct first impression on CT prior to pathological diagnosis. On pathological examination, lesions showing the galaxy sign on CT demonstrated a significantly higher proportion of peripheral lymphoma infiltrates (p = 0.001).

Conclusion

The galaxy sign can be seen on CT of pulmonary MALT lymphoma with a higher proportion of peripheral lymphoma infiltrates and may be useful in making a correct diagnosis of pulmonary MALT lymphoma.
Incidence and prevalence of alopecia areata in the Australian primary care setting: A retrospective analysis of electronic health record data
Authors: Sinclair R. , Eisman S. , Song W. , Heung B. , Surian C. , Lee C. M. Y. , Witcombe D.
Published: July 2023

Background

Alopecia areata (AA) is a common immune‐mediated non‐scarring hair loss, with a worldwide incidence between 0.57% and 3.8%. The incidence and prevalence of AA in the Australian general population have not been previously reported.

Objective

To describe the incidence and prevalence of AA in Australia using primary care data. A secondary objective was to identify common demographic characteristics, comorbidities and treatment patterns among Australians living with AA.

Methods

We analysed electronic health record data captured from a national clinical practice management software over a 10‐year index period between 2011 and 2020 calendar years, inclusive. The incidence of new‐onset AA and the prevalence of active records with AA were estimated. Differences in incidence by sociodemographic groups, and patterns of treatment were also evaluated.

Results

There were 976 incident AA records. The incidence of new‐onset AA in the total study cohort was 0.278 per 1000 person‐years (95% CI 0.26–0.295). By age, the incidence was highest in the 19‐ to 34‐year‐old age bracket (0.503 per 1000 person‐years: 95% CI 0.453–0.554). AA incidence was lower among females than males (IRR 0.763, p < 0.001, 95% CI 0.673–0.865). Among active records, 520 were prevalent AA records. AA point prevalence at 31/12/2020 was 0.13% (1.26 per 1000 persons; 95% CI 1.15–1.37).

Conclusion

This is the first study to describe the epidemiology (incidence and point prevalence) and management of AA in the Australian primary health‐care population through large‐scale database analysis. Incidence and prevalence findings were consistent with earlier estimates from other regions.
Mini review shows that a testicular volume of 3 mL was the most reliable clinical sign of pubertal onset in males
Authors: Kvernebo Sunnergren Kjersti , Dahlgren Jovanna , Ankarberg‐Lindgren Carina
Published: July 2023

Aim

We aimed to evaluate aspects of pubertal development to identify the most reliable clinical sign of pubertal onset in males.

Methods

We performed a mini review of the literature.

Results

In 1951 Reynolds and Wines categorised pubic hair growth and genital development in five stages by visual inspection. Today the Tanner scale is used to assess the five stages of pubertal development, The second genital stage, characterised by enlargement of the scrotum defines pubertal onset in males. Testicular volume may be evaluated by using a calliper or by ultrasound scan. The Prader orchidometer, described in 1966, offers a method for evaluating testicular growth by palpation. Pubertal onset is commonly defined as testicular volume >3 or ≥4 mL. The development of sensitive laboratory methods has enabled studies analysing hormonal activity in the hypothalamus‐pituitary‐gonadal axis. We review the relationships between physical and hormonal signs of puberty. We also discuss the results of studies assessing different aspects of pubertal development with a focus on identifying the most reliable clinical sign of pubertal onset in males.

Conclusion

A substantial amount of evidence supports testicular volume of 3 mL as the most reliable clinical sign of male pubertal onset.
Incidence of and risk factors for postoperative ileus between right and left laparoscopic colectomy using propensity‐score‐matched analysis: A retrospective multicenter study
Authors: Uchida Fumitake , Tominaga Tetsuro , Nonaka Takashi , To Kazuo , Hisanaga Makoto , Takeshita Hiroaki , Fukuoka Hidetoshi , Tanaka Kenji , Sawai Terumitsu , Nagayasu Takeshi
Published: July 2023

Instruction

In colon cancer, the incidence of postoperative ileus is reportedly higher for the right‐side than for the left‐side colon, but those studies included small numbers of subjects and contained several biases. Furthermore, risk factors for postoperative ileus remain unclear.

Methods

This multicenter study reviewed 1986 patients who underwent laparoscopic colectomy between 2016 and 2021 for right‐side (n = 907) and left‐side (n = 1079) colon cancer. After propensity score matching, 803 patients in each group were matched.

Results

Postoperative ileus occurred in 97 patients. Before matching, the proportion of female patients and median age were higher and frequency of preoperative stent insertion was lower with right colectomy (P < .001 each). After matching, the number of retrieved lymph nodes (17 vs 15, P < .001) and greater rates of undifferentiated adenocarcinoma (10.6% vs 5.1%, P < .001) and postoperative ileus (6.4% vs 3.2%, P = .004) were higher in right colectomy. Multivariate analysis revealed male gender (hazard ratio, 1.798; 95% confidence interval, 1.049–3.082; P = .32) and history of abdominal surgery (hazard ratio, 1.909; 95% confidence interval, 1.073–3.395; P = .027) as independent predictors of postoperative ileus in right‐side colon cancer.

Conclusion

This study revealed a higher risk of postoperative ileus after right colectomy with laparoscopic surgery. Male gender and history of abdominal surgery were risk factors for postoperative ileus after right colectomy.
Estimated glomerular filtration rate from the renal hypothermia trial: clinical implications
Authors: Lemire Francis , Fergusson Dean A. , Knoll Greg , Morash Christopher , Lavallée Luke T. , Mallick Ranjeeta , Finelli Antonio , Kapoor Anil , Pouliot Frédéric , Izawa Jonathan , Rendon Ricardo , Cagiannos Ilias , Breau Rodney H.
Published: July 2023

Objective

To assess if estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) can replace measured GFR (mGFR) in partial nephrectomy (PN) trials, using data from a randomised clinical trial.

Patients and methods

We conducted a post hoc analysis of the renal hypothermia trial. Patients underwent mGFR with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) plasma clearance preoperatively and 1 year after PN. The eGFR was calculated using the 2009 Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD‐EPI) creatinine equations incorporating age and sex, with and without race: 2009 eGFRcr(ASR) and 2009 eGFRcr(AS), and the 2021 equation that only incorporates age and sex: 2021 eGFRcr(AS). Performance was evaluated by determining the median bias, precision (interquartile range [IQR] of median bias), and accuracy (percentage of eGFR within 30% of mGFR).

Results

Overall, 183 patients were included. Pre‐ and postoperative median bias and precision were similar between the 2009 eGFRcr(ASR) (−0.2 mL/min/1.73 m2, 95% confidence interval [CI] −2.2 to 1.7, IQR 18.8; and −2.9, 95% CI −5.1 to −1.5, IQR 15, respectively) and 2009 eGFRcr(AS) (−0.3 mL/min/1.73 m2, 95% CI −2.4 to 1.5, IQR 18.8; and −3.0, 95% CI −5.7 to −1.7, IQR 15.0, respectively). Bias and precision were worse for the 2021 eGFRcr(AS) (−8.8 mL/min/1.73 m2, 95% CI −10.9 to −6.3, IQR 24.7; and −12.0, 95% CI −15.8 to −8.9, IQR 23.5, respectively). Similarly, pre‐ and postoperative accuracy was >90% for the 2009 eGFRcr(ASR) and 2009 eGFRcr(AS) equations. Accuracy was 78.6% preoperatively and 66.5% postoperatively for 2021 eGFRcr(AS).

Conclusion

The 2009 eGFRcr(AS) can accurately estimate GFR in PN trials and could be used instead of mGFR to reduce cost and patient burden.
Child identity‐based activism in Brazil: Wearing Afro‐style hair to contest discrimination, racism and oppression
Authors: Cuevas‐Parra Patricio
Published: July 2023

In Brazil, Afro‐descendant children continue to be stigmatised and excluded due to race‐based discriminatory practices and attitudes inherited from colonial times. In order to challenge racism, Brazilian child activists (aged 13–17) instigated a movement encouraging children to wear Afro‐style hair as a symbol of contestation and liberation and to reject hair straightening as a form of domination. Based on empirical qualitative research conducted in the Brazilian cities of Rio de Janeiro, Recife and Fortaleza, this article discusses the intersection between children's participation and activism, and the use of Afro‐style hair as a tool of identity activism to restore the right to non‐discrimination on any grounds.
Modulatory effects of acupuncture on raphe nucleus‐related brain circuits in patients with chronic neck pain: A randomized neuroimaging trial
Authors: Wang Xiao , Ni Xixiu , Ouyang Xu , Zhang Yutong , Xu Tao , Wang Linjia , Qi Wenchuan , Sun Mingsheng , Zeng Qian , Wang Ziwen , Liao Huaqiang , Gao Xiaoyu , Li Dehua , Zhao Ling
Published: July 2023

Objective

Acupuncture has shown promise in treating neck pain. Clinical trials have shown mixed results, possibly due to heterogeneous methodologies and the lack of knowledge regarding underlying brain circuit mechanism of action. In this study, we investigated the specific contribution of the serotonergic system in treating neck pain, and the specific brain circuits involved.

Methods

A total of 99 patients with chronic neck pain (CNP) were randomized to receive true acupuncture (TA) or sham acupuncture (SA) 3 times weekly for 4 weeks. Patients with CNP in each group were assessed for primary outcomes by measuring the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and the duration of each attack; secondary outcomes were measured using the Neck Disability Index (NDI), Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire (NPQ), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Self‐rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self‐rating Depression Scale (SDS) and the 12‐item Short Form Quality Life Scale (SF‐12); levels of functional circuits connectivity were assessed using resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging in the dorsal (DR) and median (MR) raphe nucleus, before and after undergoing acupuncture.

Results

Patients receiving TA showed more extensive symptom improvement compared with SA. Regarding the primary outcomes, changes observed in the TA group were as follows: VAS = 16.9 mm (p < 0.001) and the duration of each attack = 4.30 h (p < 0.001); changes in the SA group: VAS = 5.41 mm (p = 0.138) and the duration of each attack = 2.06 h (p = 0.058). Regarding the secondary outcomes, changes in the TA group: NDI = 7.99 (p < 0.001), NPQ = 10.82 (p < 0.001), MPQ = 4.23 (p < 0.001), SAS = 5.82 (p < 0.001), SDS = 3.67 (p = 0.003), and SF‐12 = 3.04 (p < 0.001); changes in the SA group: NDI = 2.97 (p = 0.138), NPQ = 5.24 (p = 0.035) and MPQ = 2.90 (p = 0.039), SAS = 1.48 (p = 0.433), SDS = 2.39 (p = 0.244), and SF‐12 = 2.19 (p = 0.038). The modulatory effect of TA exhibited increased functional connectivity (FC) between the DR and thalamus, between the MR and parahippocampal gyrus, amygdala, and insula, with decreased FC between the DR and lingual gyrus and middle frontal gyrus, between the MR and middle frontal gyrus. Furthermore, changes in the DR‐related circuit were specifically associated with the intensity and duration of pain, and the MR‐related circuit was correlated with the quality of life with CNP.

Conclusion

These results demonstrated the effectiveness of TA in treating neck pain and suggested that it regulates CNP by reconfiguring the function of the raphe nucleus‐related serotonergic system.
Optimal parental leave subsidization with endogenous fertility and growth
Authors: Yew Siew Ling , Li Shuyun May , Moslehi Solmaz
Published: July 2023

We examine the growth and welfare effects of parental leave subsidization in a life‐cycle dynastic model with human capital externality. Such externality causes higher fertility, less parental time and expenditure on child human capital, and lower growth and welfare than the efficient levels. Efficient policies require subsidizing work leave, which includes parental leave, and labor income financed by a lump‐sum tax. Calibration based on the U.S. data implies that a fully‐covered leave duration of 7.8 weeks per parent financed by an increase in labor income tax would increase the annual growth rate by 0.06 percentage points and welfare by 0.027%.