bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PLATE A–PLATE B: USE OF SEQUENTIAL PRESENTATION IN THE TREATMENT OF FOOD SELECTIVITY
Authors: Pizzo Bianca , Coyle Molly , Seiverling Laura , Williams Keith
Published: August 2012

This study examined the effects of sequential presentation of foods on increasing acceptance of novel foods in a 16‐year‐old boy with autism spectrum disorder residing in a short‐term behavioral stabilization unit. The participant ate only 10 foods and one beverage prior to treatment. The intervention involved presenting a plate containing pea‐sized bites of novel foods (Plate A) and a plate containing spoonful‐sized bites of highly preferred foods (Plate B). After the participant consumed a bite from Plate A, he chose a bite from Plate B and was given a preferred beverage. The intervention, involving sequential presentation and establishing operations without the use of escape extinction, was successful in increasing the number of foods eaten from 10 to 24 while not increasing his maladaptive behaviors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single Labeled DNA FIT Probes for Avoiding False‐Positive Signaling in the Detection of DNA/RNA in qPCR or Cell Media
Authors: Hövelmann Felix , Bethge Lucas , Seitz Oliver
Published: August 2012

Oligonucleotide hybridization probes that fluoresce upon binding to complementary nucleic acid targets allow the real‐time detection of DNA or RNA in homogeneous solution. The most commonly used probes rely on the distance‐dependent interaction between a fluorophore and another label. Such duallabeled oligonucleotides signal the change of the global conformation that accompanies duplex formation. However, undesired nonspecific binding events and/or probe degradation also lead to changes in the label–label distance and, thus, to ambiguities in fluorescence signaling. Herein, we introduce singly labeled DNA probes, “DNA FIT probes”, that are designed to avoid false‐positive signals. A thiazole orange (TO) intercalator dye serves as an artificial base in the DNA probe. The probes show little background because the attachment mode hinders 1) interactions of the “TO base” in cis with the disordered nucleobases of the single strand, and 2) intercalation of the “TO nucleotide” with double strands in trans. However, formation of the probe–target duplex enforces stacking and increases the fluorescence of the TO base. We explored open‐chain and carbocyclic nucleotides. We show that the incorporation of the TO nucleotides has no effect on the thermal stability of the probe–target complexes. DNA and RNA targets provided up to 12‐fold enhancements of the TO emission upon hybridization of DNA FIT probes. Experiments in cell media demonstrated that false‐positive signaling was prevented when DNA FIT probes were used. Of note, DNA FIT probes tolerate a wide range of hybridization temperature; this enabled their application in quantitative polymerase chain reactions.
The role of ideational distress in the relation between persecutory ideations and reactive aggression
Authors: van Dongen Josanne D. M. , Buck Nicole M. L. , van Marle Hjalmar J. C.
Published: August 2012

Background

People with schizophrenia are more likely to be violent than the people without it. Feeling driven to act on persecutory delusions may be one explanation for this, but it remains unclear why some should act on such delusions but some not. Acquisition of data from people who are very ill is problematic. Our study explores testing of hypotheses on similar ideational and behavioural associations among healthy recruits from the general population.

Aims

This study aims to test the effect of distress induced by persecutory ideas on any relationships between those ideas and aggressive behaviour, and the effect of gender.

Methods

Twenty‐four men and 53 women from the general population participated in this study. The measures of aggressive behaviour were experimentally induced aggressive responding, self‐reported aggressive behaviour in general, and self‐reported reactive and proactive aggressive behaviours.

Results

Among men, persecutory ideation predicted reactive aggressive responding and aggressive style of behaviour only in those who experienced higher levels of persecutory ideational distress. Among women, with generally lower levels of aggression, the role of ideational distress was more complicated; Women in the low distress group responded with higher aggression on the task. Women in the higher distress group responded with higher aggressive style. For neither men nor women were there links between persecutory ideation and proactive aggression, regardless of distress.

Conclusions

Ideational distress moderates the relation between persecutory ideation and aggression in different measures of aggression in men and women.

Implications for practice and/or research

Recognition of a relation between persecutory ideations and aggression is also important in the general population.

Insight in the theory of acting upon delusions may lead to more accurate violence risk assessment.

Facilitation of early detection of experienced delusional distress may lead to development of more specific psychotherapeutic interventions to manage violence risk.

Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paclitaxel‐ and sirolimus‐eluting stents in older patients with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Buja Paolo , Facchin Michela , Musumeci Giuseppe , Frigo Anna Chiara , Saia Francesco , Menozzi Alberto , Meliga Emanuele , Sardella Gennaro , Tamburino Corrado , Tarantini Giuseppe
Published: August 2012

Background

Older patients and diabetes mellitus (DM) are rapidly increasing in Western world populations. The treatment of coronary artery disease in these patients is challenging because they are complex and at high risk. Performance of the two widely used drug‐eluting stents (DES), i.e. sirolimus‐ (SES) and paclitaxel‐eluting stent (PES), is understudied in this subset.

Aim

We aimed to explore the impact of the first generation DES choice on mid term outcome in a large and unselected population of diabetic patients older than 65 years.

Methods and Results

From a multicenter registry of 2,429 diabetic patients treated with sirolimus‐ (SES) or paclitaxel‐eluting stent (PES), 1,417 patients ≥65 years old were analyzed overall and separately for groups aged 65–74 (67%) and ≥75 (33%) years old. SES (55%) were compared to PES (45%) in terms of major adverse cardiac events, including all‐cause death, myocardial infarction (MI) and target lesion revascularization (TLR) throughout 1‐to‐5 year follow‐up (median time 24 months). We failed to find at the unadjusted and adjusted analyses statistically significant differences in term of outcome between the two DES, both in the overall cohort and in the two different aged subgroups, also regardless of the insulin treatment.

Conclusions

In this real‐life multicenter registry, PES and SES showed a comparable safety and efficacy profile in diabetic patients older than 65 years throughout 1‐to‐5 years follow‐up. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Management of patients with patent foramen ovale and cryptogenic stroke: A collaborative, multidisciplinary, position paper
Authors: Pristipino Christian , Anzola Gian Paolo , Ballerini Luigi , Bartorelli Antonio , Cecconi Moreno , Chessa Massimo , Donti Andrea , Gaspardone Achille , Neri Giuseppe , Onorato Eustaquio , Palareti Gualtiero , Rakar Serena , Rigatelli Gianluca , Santoro Gennaro , Toni Danilo , Ussia Gian Paolo , Violini Roberto ,   Italian Society of Invasive Cardiology (SICI‐GISE),   Italian Stroke Association (ISA‐AIS),   Italian Association of Hospital Neurologists, Neuroradiologists, Neurosurgeons (SNO),   Congenital Heart Disease Study Group of Italian Society Of Cardiology,   Italian Association Of Hospital Cardiologists (ANMCO),   Italian Society Of Pediatric Cardiology (SICP),   Italian Society of Cardiovascular Echography (SIEC),   Italian Society of Hemostasis and Thrombosis (SISET)
Published: August 2012

Objectives: To organize a common approach on the management of patent foramen ovale (PFO) and cryptogenic stroke that may be shared by different specialists. Background: The management of PFO related to cryptogenic stroke is controversial, despite an increase in interventional closure procedures. Methods: A consensus statement was developed by approaching Italian national cardiological, neurological, and hematological scientific societies. Task force members were identified by the president and/or the boards of each relevant scientific society or working group, as appropriate. Drafts were outlined by specific task force working groups. To obtain a widespread consensus, these drafts were merged and distributed to the scientific societies for local evaluation and revision by as many experts as possible. The ensuing final draft, merging all the revisions, was reviewed by the task force and finally approved by scientific societies. Results: Definitions of transient ischemic attack and both symptomatic and asymptomatic cryptogenic strokes were specified. A diagnostic workout was identified for patients with candidate event(s) and patient foramen ovale to define the probable pathogenesis of clinical events and to describe individual PFO characteristics. Further recommendations were provided regarding medical and interventional therapy considering individual risk factors of recurrence. Finally, follow‐up evaluation was appraised. Conclusions: Available data provided the basis for a shared approach to management of cryptogenic ischemic cerebral events and PFO among different Italian scientific societies. Wider international initiatives on the topic are awaited. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postimplant complications with transcatheter closure of congenital perimembranous ventricular septal defects
Authors: Jin Youpeng , Han Bo , Zhang Jianjun , Zhuang Jianxin , Yan Jinchun , Wang Yulin
Published: August 2012

Background

Whether or not to close perimembranous VSDs (pmVSDs) by transcatheter techniques is controversial because of a high rate of complications as compared with surgical alternatives.

Objective

We report the short‐ and long‐term follow‐up results of the use of several kinds of devices to close pmVSDs and the annual incidence of postimplant complications in our center.

Methods

From June 2002 to June 2011, 232 patients with pmVSD underwent attempted transcatheter closure; closure was successful in 209 cases (90.1%). Six types of occlusive devices were used. Patient age, defect size, device type, device size and its relation to defect size, and transcatheter and fluoroscopy time were analyzed for correlation with annual incidence of postimplant complications.

Results

There were no deaths during the follow‐up period. Within 1 month after transcatheter closure, we found 91 adverse events (43.5%), but only 32 cases showed a trace amount of residual shunting. From 2002 to 2011, the annual incidence of postimplant complications gradually decreased, from 50% in 2002 to 17.6% in 2011. The use of Amplatzer occluder devices (r = 0.71, P = 0.033), double‐disc symmetrical occluder devices (r = −0.68, P = 0.045), and transcatheter (r = 0.87, P = 0.003), and fluoroscopy time (r = 0.78, P = 0.02) were significantly correlated with the incidence of post‐implant complications.

Conclusions

Results of transcatheter closure of pmVSD in terms of postimplant complications are encouraging in our center. It seemed that eccentric Amplatzer and domestic occluder may be at rather higher risk for postimplant complications. The incidence of postimplant complications may be minimized by skilled maneuvers, excluding rather small patients, and selecting the appropriate kind of occlusive device. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Ischemic changes associated with a large patent arterial duct in small infants
Authors: Crystal Matthew A. , Yacouby Saeed , Petit Christopher J.
Published: August 2012

Infants with a large patent arterial duct (PDA) may develop signs of congestive heart failure secondary to pulmonary overcirculation. As the PVR decreases, the relative pulmonary blood flow (Qp:Qs) increases and this may cause tachypnea, respiratory distress, failure to thrive, ventricular dysfunction and even ventilator dependency. The diastolic runoff from the systemic circulation may result in intestinal hypoperfusion resulting in necrotizing enterocolitis, and in severe cases, myocardial ischemia. Cardiac ischemia due to coronary steal is a recognized clinical entity. We present two cases of infants who developed coronary artery steal with the use of supplemental oxygen therapy during anesthesia induction for PDA occlusion. These cases highlight the importance of prudent use of supplemental oxygen therapy in infants with large PDAs. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Intracoronary imaging of coronary fibromuscular dysplasia with OCT and IVUS
Authors: Saw Jacqueline , Poulter Rohan , Fung Anthony
Published: August 2012

Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) is a segmental non‐atherosclerotic, non‐inflammatory vasculopathy typically of small‐ to medium‐muscular arteries. Coronary FMD (CFMD) is believed to be rare. However, we have found an association between spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) and FMD as the cause of myocardial infarction in ∼25% of young women age <50 years. It is plausible that pre‐existing CFMD predisposed these women to SCAD. Definitive diagnosis of CFMD entails autopsy that is obviously impractical, and prior angiographic description does not differentiate superimposed SCAD from obliterative arteriopathy of CFMD. Adjunctive intravascular ultrasound or optical coherence tomography may aid the diagnosis of CFMD and we report the first of such novel images. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Percutaneous embolization of a giant collateral vessel originating from the azygos vein via the inferior vena cava
Authors: Witzke Christian , Bhatt Ami , Inglessis Ignacio
Published: August 2012

We present the case of a 45‐year‐old man with univentricular heart, small outlet chamber, and L‐transposition of the great vessels. As an infant, the patient underwent multiple palliative surgical interventions. He presented with worsening dyspnea and fatigue and was found to have systemic oxygen saturation of 85% on 2 L of oxygen by nasal cannula, whereas he had chronically remained between 90 and 95% throughout most of adulthood. There was no evidence of significant valvular regurgitation or stenosis, nor was there an overt intracardiac shunt by echocardiography. Cardiac CT and cardiac MRI revealed a large serpiginous systemic to pulmonary venovenous collateral located behind the left atrium. The collateral drained into the lower right pulmonary vein as it entered the left atrium. The tributary veins to the “giant” collateral were determined by these images modalities. The patient underwent a percutaneous embolization of this giant venovenous collateral via a remnant supracardinal vein originating from the infrarenal inferior vena cava using two Amplatzer Vascular Plug II. Immediately after the procedure the patient's oxygen saturation increased to 90% on room air at rest. At 2 months follow‐up the patient had a marked clinical improvement with oxygen saturation as high as 95% on room air while walking. Our case illustrates a successful embolization of a giant collateral via an embryological venous remnant connecting the IVC to the azygos system. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Echocardiographic predictors of single versus dual MitraClip device implantation and long‐term reduction of mitral regurgitation after percutaneous repair
Authors: Armstrong Ehrin J. , Rogers Jason H. , Swan Christo H. , Upadhyaya Deepa , Viloria Esperanza , McCulloch Charles , Slater James , Qureshi Mansoor , Williams John , Whisenant Brian , Feldman Ted , Foster Elyse
Published: August 2012

Objectives

To describe predictors of the number of MitraClip devices implanted during percutaneous repair of mitral regurgitation (MR), and the long‐term reduction in MR.

Background

In the EVEREST trials, one or two MitraClip devices were implanted to reduce MR, as needed.

Methods

Preprocedural transthoracic echocardiograms (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiograms (TEE) of 233 subjects who received 1 or 2 MitraClip devices in the EVEREST II Randomized Trial and High‐Risk Study were analyzed. TEEs were reviewed for etiology of MR and pathoanatomic features of the valve, valve apparatus, and the regurgitant jet. Follow‐up MR was assessed by TTE postprocedure and at 12 months.

Results

Ninety‐seven subjects (42%) had two MitraClip devices implanted. Subjects with quantitatively more severe MR were more likely to receive two devices [mean regurgitant volume (RV) 45.9 ± 21.9 vs. 36.3 ± 18.5 mL, P <0.001]. On multivariate analysis, increased anterior leaflet thickness (OR 1.7 per mm, P = 0.007) and greater baseline RV (OR 1.21 per 10 mL, P = 0.01) were associated with increased odds of implanting two devices. The frequency of 2+ MR or less at discharge was similar regardless of the number of devices implanted. After propensity matching, patients had quantitatively similar MR at twelve‐month follow‐up, regardless of whether one or two MitraClip devices were implanted (P = 0.6).

Conclusions

Subjects with thicker anterior mitral leaflets and more severe MR were more likely to receive two MitraClip devices. Immediate and long‐term reduction in MR was similar regardless of the number of devices implanted at the time of the procedure. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Attachment of Chloride Anion to Sugars: Mechanistic Investigation and Discovery of a New Dopant for Efficient Sugar Ionization/Detection in Mass Spectrometers
Authors: Boutegrabet Lemia , Kanawati Basem , Gebefügi Istvan , Peyron Dominique , Cayot Philippe , Gougeon Régis D. , Schmitt‐Kopplin Philippe
Published: August 2012

A new method for efficient ionization of sugars in the negative‐ion mode of electrospray mass spectrometry is presented. Instead of using strongly hydrophobic dopants such as dichloromethane or chloroform, efficient ionization of sugars has been achieved by using aqueous HCl solution for the first time. This methodology makes it possible to use hydrophilic dopants, which are more appropriate for chromatographic separation techniques with efficient sugar ionization and detection in mass spectrometry. The interaction between chloride anions and monosaccharides (glucose and galactose) was studied by DFT in the gas phase and by implementing the polarizable continuum model (PCM) for calculations in solution at the high B3LYP/6‐31+G(d,p)//B3LYP/6‐311+G(2d,p) level of theory. In all optimized geometries of identified [M+Cl]− anions, a non‐covalent interaction exists. Differences were revealed between monodentate and bidentate complex anions, with the latter having noticeably higher binding energies. The calculated affinity of glucose and galactose toward the chloride anion in the gas phase and their chloride anion binding energies in solution are in excellent agreement with glucose and galactose [M+Cl]− experimental intensity profiles that are represented as a function of the chloride ion concentration. Density functional calculations of gas‐phase affinities toward chloride anion were also performed for the studied disaccharides sucrose and gentiobiose. All calculations are in excellent agreement with the experimental data. An example is introduced wherein HCl was used to effectively ionize sugars and form chlorinated adduct anions to detect sugars and glycosylated metabolites (anthocyanins) in real biological systems (Vitis vinifera grape extracts and wines), whereas they would not have been easily detectable under standard infusion electrospray mass spectrometry conditions as deprotonated species.
Observable Structures of Small Neutral and Anionic Gold Clusters
Authors: Lee Han Myoung , Kim Kwang S.
Published: August 2012

Since gold clusters have mostly been studied theoretically by using DFT calculations, more accurate studies are of importance. Thus, small neutral and anionic gold clusters (Aun and Aun−, n=4–7) were investigated by means of coupled cluster with singles, doubles, and perturbative triple excitations [CCSD(T)] calculations with large basis sets, and some differences between DFT and CCSD(T) results are discussed. Interesting isomeric structures that have dangling atoms were obtained. Structures having dangling atoms appear to be stable up to n=4 for neutral gold clusters and up to n=7 for anionic clusters. The relative stabilities and electronic properties of some isomers and major structures are discussed on the basis of the CCSD(T) calculations. This accurate structure prediction of small gold clusters corresponding to experimental photoelectron spectral peaks is valuable in the field of atom‐scale materials science including nanocatalysts.
Donor‐Induced Helical Inversion of 1,1′‐Binaphthyl Connecting with Two Molybdenum Complexes
Authors: Ma Li , Jin Rizhe , Bian Zheng , Kang Chuanqing , Chen Yu , Xu Jingwei , Gao Lianxun
Published: August 2012

An atropisomeric biaryl molecule with a given absolute configuration could present two opposite helical conformations through the rotation around CC single bond. To the best of our knowledge, the biaryl system is the simplest helical inversion model apart from stereomutation between two enantiomers. Herein, we first report such true helical inversion phenomena of biaryl compounds. Two [MoVIO2(L)]‐type complexes, in which L is a tridentate dioxoanionic pyridine O,N,O‐ligand, are coalesced on the 2,2′,3,3′‐positions of an (R)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl unit and an intramolecular dioxo bridge is formed by two MoO⋅⋅⋅Mo interactions. Exterior strong donors can coordinate to molybdenum to interrupt this dioxo bridge and inversions from negative to positive chirality are explicitly observed by circular dichroism spectroscopy, consistent with single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses.
Fluorescence Study of Energy Transfer in PMMA Polymers with Pendant Oligo‐Phenylene‐Ethynylenes
Authors: Schäfer Johann , Breul Alexander , Birckner Eckard , Hager Martin D. , Schubert Ulrich S. , Popp Jürgen , Dietzek Benjamin
Published: August 2012

A spectroscopic characterization of polymers containing rigid π‐conjugated oligo(phenyleneethynylene) chromophores as well as oligo(phenyleneethynylene) and methyl methacrylate is presented. The polymers exhibit molar masses of up to 15 000 g mol−1 and a degree of polymerization between 22 and 80. Emission measurements of the monomeric and polymeric species show that radiative as well as nonradiative rates are influenced by the degree of polymerization due to intramolecular interactions of chromophores pendant to the polymer backbone. Time‐resolved emission anisotropy measurements suggest that energy migrates within the polymers. Steady‐state emission anisotropy measurements also point to energy migration. Additionally, two oligo(phenyleneethynylene)s with different sizes of the conjugated system are copolymerized in order to enable energy trapping due to energy transfer. The shortened energy‐donor fluorescence lifetime within the donor–acceptor copolymers suggest energy transfer. Depending on the degree of polymerization, dispersion of the donor fluorescence lifetime is observed.
An efficient designed prototype technique for OFDM PAPR reduction using FPGA
Authors: Saad W. , El‐Fishawy N. , El‐Rabaie S. , Shokair M.
Published: August 2012

In this paper, a proposed designed technique to reduce OFDM peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) value is performed. This designed technique contains a new block, which is inserted in the OFDM system. This proposed block is applied to the WiMAX system as an example of the OFDM technology. Afterwards, several MATLAB programs are executed to discuss the behavior and the characteristics of this proposed block. In addition, the effect of its insertion on the original system is studied. Because of this insertion, 0‐dB OFDM PAPR value can be achieved. Furthermore, it can be synthesized practically. This proposed system is implemented over a field‐programmable gate array (FPGA). The designed circuit is characterized by both its low complexity and its high speed. Moreover, it is a portable circuit. This means that it can be implemented over any FPGA kit regardless of its technology. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fine needle aspiration of primary mediastinal synovial sarcoma: Cytomorphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular study
Authors: Huang Cheng Cheng , Michael Claire W. , Pang Judy C.
Published: August 2012

The cytologic diagnosis of synovial sarcoma (SS) can be difficult when it occurs in unusual locations, atypical age groups, and/or have unusual morphology. We report a case of primary mediastinal SS in a 65‐year‐old male with a long smoking history who presented with increasing shortness of breath and was found to have a 14.2 cm mediastinal mass. Smears from the endobronchial ultrasound guided fine needle aspiration of the mass were moderately cellular consisting of loosely cohesive clusters, some of which demonstrated nuclear molding, and dispersed single cells. The relatively uniform tumor cells had a high nuclear‐to‐cytoplasmic ratio, finely granular chromatin, and inconspicuous nucleoli. Some of the single cells had spindled morphology with unipolar wispy tails and naked nuclei. Based on the clinical presentation and the cytomorphologic features, our initial differential diagnoses included atypical carcinoid, small cell carcinoma, basaloid squamous cell carcinoma, sarcoma, and lymphoma. Immunohistochemical studies on the cell block sections revealed that the tumor cells were focally positive for cytokeratin and diffusely positive for CD56, while negative for CD45, synaptophysin and chromogranin. Ultimately, an immunohistochemical stain for TLE‐1 demonstrated diffusely strong nuclear positivity and molecular studies showed the presence of the t(X; 18) SYT/SSX1 translocation confirming the diagnosis of SS. In this report, we describe the cytomorphologic features of SS, its diagnostic pitfalls, and potential mimics in the mediastinum. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:170–176. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytologic findings of gastric schwannoma: A case report
Authors: Rodriguez Erika , Tellschow Steven , Steinberg David M. , Montgomery Elizabeth
Published: August 2012

Spindle cell lesions of the stomach are rare. They usually affect the submucosa or muscularis propria and therefore can be sampled by endoscopic fine needle aspiration. The most common tumor in this category is gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), followed by leiomyoma and gastric schwannoma. Gastric schwannoma is a benign tumor of neuroectodermal origin that has overlapping morphologic/cytologic features with GIST and leiomyoma. Gastric schwannomas differ from peripheral schwannomas by lacking a capsule, Verocay bodies, Antoni B areas, and thick‐walled vessels. They are characterized morphologically by poorly defined borders, cuffs of lymphoid tissue and a haphazard spindle cell proliferation. We present here the cytologic and histopathologic features of a gastric schwannoma. The tumor was composed of spindle cells with delicate eosinophilic cytoplasm and wavy nuclei, with an associated conspicuous lymphoid backdrop. The latter feature raised the possibility of a lymphoid lesion, a problem cytopathologists should be aware of. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2014;42:177–180. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fine‐needle aspiration of gray zone lesions of the breast: Fibroadenoma versus ductal carcinoma
Authors: Jing Xin , Normolle Daniel , Michael Claire W.
Published: August 2012

While breast lesions have characteristic cytological features, some lesions, particularly adenocarcinoma and fibroadenoma, may present with overlapping features causing erroneous diagnoses. The current study aimed to define significant cytomorphologic features predictive of fibroadenoma and adenocarcinoma, respectively. Further, we intended to evaluate the predictive characteristics for differentiation between gray zone lesions and to identify root causes contributing to misdiagnoses. First, direct smears prepared from 14 histology‐confirmed fibroadenomas and 14 adenocarcinomas were reviewed and characteristics of commonly encountered morphologic features were assessed. We then retrospectively and blindly reviewed nine cytohistologic discrepant cases using the significant characteristic as a guideline, in order to assess whether these discrepant cases could be correctly categorized. Morphologic characteristics predictive of fibroadenoma included moderate cellularity, large, folded cellular sheets/aggregates, staghorn projections, smooth and round borders, monolayers, honeycomb arrangement, smaller nuclear size, and background bipolar cells. Predictive characteristics of adenocarcinoma included high cellularity, loose cohesive sheets/aggregates, pointed projections, irregular borders, larger nuclear size, irregular nuclear membrane, prominent nucleoli, and single atypical epithelial cells. Retrospective, blind review correctly re‐classified seven out of nine cytohistologic discrepant cases, including five false negative cases and two false positive cases. Root causes contributing to the misdiagnoses were large branching sheets of carcinoma mimicking folded sheets of fibroadenoma; fibroblasts mimicking myoepithelial cells; apocrine cells mimicking carcinoma cells; and not recognizing the loose myxoid matrix presenting as soap bubbles in fibroadenoma. In conclusion, this study identified significant characteristics that can assist in achieving accurate diagnosis in a subpopulation of breast aspirates that present with overlapping features. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013;41:806–811. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Climate‐change refugia in the sheltered bays of Palau: analogs of future reefs
Authors: van Woesik Robert , Houk Peter , Isechal Adelle L. , Idechong Jacques W. , Victor Steven , Golbuu Yimnang
Published: August 2012

Coral bleaching and mortality are predicted to increase as climate change‐induced thermal‐stress events become more frequent. Although many studies document coral bleaching and mortality patterns, few studies have examined deviations from the expected positive relationships among thermal stress, coral bleaching, and coral mortality. This study examined the response of >30,000 coral colonies at 80 sites in Palau, during a regional thermal‐stress event in 2010. We sought to determine the spatial and taxonomic nature of bleaching and examine whether any habitats were comparatively resistant to thermal stress. Bleaching was most severe in the northwestern lagoon, in accordance with satellite‐derived maximum temperatures and anomalous temperatures above the long‐term averages. Pocillopora populations suffered the most extensive bleaching and the highest mortality. However, in the bays where temperatures were higher than elsewhere, bleaching and mortality were low. The coral‐community composition, constant exposure to high temperatures, and high vertical attenuation of light caused by naturally high suspended particulate matter buffered the corals in bays from the 2010 regional thermal‐stress event. Yet, nearshore reefs are also most vulnerable to land‐use change. Therefore, nearshore reefs should be given high conservation status because they provide refugia for coral populations as the oceans continue to warm.
Gene expression divergence and nucleotide differentiation between males of different color morphs and mating strategies in the ruff
Authors: Ekblom Robert , Farrell Lindsay L. , Lank David B. , Burke Terry
Published: August 2012

By next generation transcriptome sequencing, it is possible to obtain data on both nucleotide sequence variation and gene expression. We have used this approach (RNA‐Seq) to investigate the genetic basis for differences in plumage coloration and mating strategies in a non‐model bird species, the ruff (Philomachus pugnax). Ruff males show enormous variation in the coloration of ornamental feathers, used for individual recognition. This polymorphism is linked to reproductive strategies, with dark males (Independents) defending territories on leks against other Independents, whereas white morphs (Satellites) co‐occupy Independent's courts without agonistic interactions. Previous work found a strong genetic component for mating strategy, but the genes involved were not identified. We present feather transcriptome data of more than 6,000 de‐novo sequenced ruff genes (although with limited coverage for many of them). None of the identified genes showed significant expression divergence between males, but many genetic markers showed nucleotide differentiation between different color morphs and mating strategies. These include several feather keratin genes, splicing factors, and the Xg blood‐group gene. Many of the genes with significant genetic structure between mating strategies have not yet been annotated and their functions remain to be elucidated. We also conducted in‐depth investigations of 28 pre‐identified coloration candidate genes. Two of these (EDNRB and TYR) were specifically expressed in black‐ and rust‐colored males, respectively. We have demonstrated the utility of next generation transcriptome sequencing for identifying and genotyping large number of genetic markers in a non‐model species without previous genomic resources, and highlight the potential of this approach for addressing the genetic basis of ecologically important variation.
Genetic consequences of fragmentation in “arbor vitae,” eastern white cedar (Thuja occidentalis L.), toward the northern limit of its distribution range
Authors: Xu Huaitong , Tremblay Francine , Bergeron Yves , Paul Véronique , Chen Cungen
Published: August 2012

We tested the hypothesis that marginal fragmented populations of eastern white cedar (EWC) are genetically isolated due to reduced pollen and gene flow. In accordance with the central‐marginal model, we predicted a decrease in population genetic diversity and an increase in differentiation along the latitudinal gradient from the boreal mixed‐wood to northern coniferous forest. A total of 24 eastern white cedar populations were sampled along the north‐south latitudinal gradient for microsatellite genotyping analysis. Positive Fis values and heterozygote deficiency were observed in populations from the marginal (Fis = 0.244; PHW = 0.0042) and discontinuous zones (Fis = 0.166; PHW = 0.0042). However, populations from the continuous zone were in HW equilibrium (Fis = −0.007; PHW = 0.3625). There were no significant latitudinal effects on gene diversity (Hs), allelic richness (AR), or population differentiation (Fst). Bayesian and NJT (neighbor‐joining tree) analyses demonstrated the presence of a population structure that was partly consistent with the geographic origins of the populations. The impact of population fragmentation on the genetic structure of EWC is to create a positive inbreeding coefficient, which was two to three times higher on average than that of a population from the continuous zone. This result indicated a higher occurrence of selfing within fragmented EWC populations coupled with a higher degree of gene exchange among near‐neighbor relatives, thereby leading to significant inbreeding. Increased population isolation was apparently not correlated with a detectable effect on genetic diversity. Overall, the fragmented populations of EWC appear well‐buffered against effects of inbreeding on genetic erosion.
Comparing rainfall interception in plantation trials of six tropical hardwood trees and wild sugar cane Saccharum spontaneum L.
Authors: Friesen Patrick , Park Andrew , Sarmiento‐Serrud Aneth Aracelly
Published: August 2012

Native hardwood trees are frequently planted to restore forest cover to abandoned agricultural lands in the Neotropics. Few studies compare rainfall interception in such plantations and the vegetation the trees are planted to replace. We compared throughfall (TF) and stemflow (SF) in a mature stand of wild sugar cane Saccharum spontaneum L. and six tropical hardwoods growing in a restoration trial in the Republic of Panama. Interception in trees was dominated by TF, with SF accounting for less than 3% of gross rainfall (Pg). By contrast, SF was a dominant means by which rainfall reached the ground in S. spontaneum, and this dominance became greater at higher Pg. Slopes of Pg/SF regressions were considerably steeper in S. spontaneum than among tree plots. We tentatively concluded that trees intercept more rainfall than S. spontaneum. However, median total I was negative in S. spontaneum when SF was estimated using the median and the median plus maximum absolute deviation of stem densities as a multiplier. Sources of potential bias in S. spontaneum measurements include overestimation of stem density, high inter‐event variability of water volumes in individual SF collectors, and contact between stems diverting SFs. To our knowledge, ours is the first study to compare I in restoration plantings of tropical hardwoods and in S. spontaneum. It is also only the second study to quantify TF and SF in a sugar cane, likely due to the methodological difficulties involved in retrieving reliable estimates of these variables in very dense grass stands. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CD64 distinguishes macrophages from dendritic cells in the gut and reveals the Th1‐inducing role of mesenteric lymph node macrophages during colitis
Authors: Tamoutounour Samira , Henri Sandrine , Lelouard Hugues , de Bovis Béatrice , de Haar Colin , van der Woude C. Janneke , Woltman Andrea M. , Reyal Yasmin , Bonnet Dominique , Sichien Dorine , Bain Calum C. , Mowat Allan McI. , Reis e Sousa Caetano , Poulin Lionel F. , Malissen Bernard , Guilliams Martin
Published: August 2012

Dendritic cells (DCs) and monocyte‐derived macrophages (MΦs) are key components of intestinal immunity. However, the lack of surface markers differentiating MΦs from DCs has hampered understanding of their respective functions. Here, we demonstrate that, using CD64 expression, MΦs can be distinguished from DCs in the intestine of both mice and humans. On that basis, we revisit the phenotype of intestinal DCs in the absence of contaminating MΦs and we delineate a developmental pathway in the healthy intestine that leads from newly extravasated Ly‐6Chi monocytes to intestinal MΦs. We determine how inflammation impacts this pathway and show that T cell‐mediated colitis is associated with massive recruitment of monocytes to the intestine and the mesenteric lymph node (MLN). There, these monocytes differentiate into inflammatory MΦs endowed with phagocytic activity and the ability to produce inducible nitric oxide synthase. In the MLNs, inflammatory MΦs are located in the T‐cell zone and trigger the induction of proinflammatory T cells. Finally, T cell‐mediated colitis develops irrespective of intestinal DC migration, an unexpected finding supporting an important role for MLN‐resident inflammatory MΦs in the etiology of T cell‐mediated colitis.
Alkene Hydrogenation Catalyzed by Nickel Hydride Complexes of an Aliphatic PNP Pincer Ligand
Authors: Vasudevan Kalyan V. , Scott Brian L. , Hanson Susan K.
Published: August 2012

To investigate metal–ligand cooperativity as a strategy for promoting nickel‐catalyzed alkene hydrogenation, cationic and neutral nickel(II) hydride complexes of the aliphatic pincer ligand PNHPCy {PNHPCy = HN[CH2CH2P(Cy)2]2} have been synthesized and characterized. Cationic hydride complex [(PNHPCy)Ni(H)]BPh4 (2) catalyzed the hydrogenation of styrene and 1‐octene under mild conditions. Only low conversion was observed in the hydrogenation of 3,5‐dimethoxybenzaldehyde using 2. The neutral hydride complex (PNPCy)Ni(H) (3) was also found to be an alkene hydrogenation catalyst. Mechanistic experiments suggest that for catalyst 2, the hydrogenation reaction proceeds through a pathway involving initial insertion of the alkene into the Ni–H bond. Contrary to the initial hypothesis, reactivity comparisons with the methyl‐substituted hydride complex [(PNMePCy)Ni(H)]BPh4 {PNMePCy = (CH3)N[CH2CH2P(Cy)2]2} suggest that metal–ligand cooperativity is not involved in these rare examples of mild and homogeneous nickel hydrogenation catalysis.
Evaluation of a model system for the selective study of the lipid peroxidation process
Authors: Mihaljević Branka , Tartaro Ivana , Filipović Vinceković Nada
Published: August 2012

The effect of molecular environment on the peroxidation of linoleic acid (LA), a polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), initiated by ferrous ions was investigated in acidic and neutral pH conditions. Mixed nonionic surfactants TWEEN®‐20/LA micelles were established as a model system to obtain a surfactant‐in‐lipid aqueous system at high acidity level. The peroxidation of LA was induced by ferrous ions and the kinetics of the produced conjugated dienes was followed by UV measurements and the ferric thiocynate method. Ferrous ions were oxidized only by the preformed LA hydroperoxides, which under established conditions produced lipid alkoxyl and peroxyl radicals as the sole initiators of propagation. The results revealed the LA peroxidation process remained mainly unaffected within the 2.5<pH<5.5 range, while highly pH sensitive around pH 7. The propagation process prevailed at optimal concentrations of 500 µM of LA and 280 µM TWEEN®‐20, and at the ferrous ion concentration up to 75 µM, irrespective of the buffer used.

Practical applications: A simple model system in water, suitable for the selective study of the lipid peroxidation propagation phase induced by ferrous ion is presented here. Fatty acids serve as model compounds susceptible to processes associated with oxidative radical initiated‐modifications of lipids. The obtained results contribute to a better understanding of the oxidative behavior of lipids, particularly those soluble in nonionic surfactant micelles in acidic medium. The oxidative stability of the PUFA in model systems containing TWEEN®‐20 and ferrous ion at low pH could be predicted and controlled by measuring the lipid hydroperoxide formation. The experimental conditions presented may also provide a suitable system for the study of the termination phase of lipid peroxidation.
On the Reactivity and Selectivity of Galacturonic Acid Lactones
Authors: Christina Alphert E. , Muns Joey A. , Olivier Jeremy Q. A. , Visser Lotte , Hagen Bas , van den Bos Leendert J. , Overkleeft Herman S. , Codée Jeroen D. C. , van der Marel Gijs A.
Published: August 2012

The reactivity and stereoselectivity of a galacturonic acid 3,6‐lactone thioglycosyl donor, previously described as a highly reactive glycosylating agent, has been investigated by using a series of competition experiments and condensation reactions with different thiophilic activator systems. It is revealed that the relative reactivity of the thioglycosides depends on the activator system used and that p‐nitrophenylsulfenyl triflate shows overall attenuated reactivity differences with respect to the commonly used N‐iodosuccinimide/triflic acid promoter system. With respect to the stereoselectivity of the studied galacturonic acid 3,6‐lactone thioglycosyl donor, it is revealed that a preactivation‐based glycosylation system gives rise to α‐selective glycosylation, whereas an in situ activation protocol leads to the formation of the β‐product with good selectivity. It is hypothesized that these opposingstereoselectivities are the result of different product‐forming intermediates. Where preactivation of the donor leads to the formation of an intermediate β‐triflate, which is substituted in a concerted fashion to provide the α‐product, a 3H4 oxocarbenium ion like species is substituted in the in situ activation experiment to provide the β‐linked product.
Millimeter scale separation of DNA with a replaceable polymer matrix
Authors: Manage Dammika P. , Elliott Duncan G. , Backhouse Christopher J.
Published: August 2012

Electrophoresis is a powerful method that has seen a wide range of applications, often in automated genetic diagnostic instruments that require the use of a replaceable sieving matrix. The power and simplicity of electrophoresis as an analysis technique would be ideal for highly integrated and low‐cost analysis systems if the method could be implemented in microfluidics on the scale of several mm. We demonstrate the electrophoretic analysis of DNA with separation lengths as small as 2 mm and with a resolution adequate for the analysis of PCR products, i.e. resolutions of 10–20 base pairs. Such small‐scale separations enable analysis systems consisting of microfluidics and microelectronics integrated into a single inexpensive package, thereby overcoming a key challenge facing the development of the lab on chip technologies.
Utilization of solar panel waste glass for metakaolinite‐based geopolymer synthesis
Authors: Hao HuiCong , Lin Kae‐Long , Wang DeYing , Chao Sao‐Jeng , Shiu Hau‐Shing , Cheng Ta‐Wui , Hwang Chao‐Lung
Published: August 2012

This study investigated the effect of solid‐to‐liquid ratio (0.4–1.0) on the properties of geopolymer, in which some metakaolinite was replaced by solar panel waste glass (0–40%). The experimental results indicate that geopolymer containing 10% solar panel waste glass at a solid‐to‐liquid ratio of 1.0 has higher compressive strength than geopolymer without solar panel waste glass at 1 and 7 days of curing. Thus, geopolymer containing 10% solar panel waste glass is more suitable than geopolymer without solar panel waste glass for practical applications. Furthermore, the porosity of the geopolymer declined as the density increased. The experimental results showed that the degree of reaction of the geopolymer increased with the solid‐to‐liquid ratio. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra revealed that the principal peaks from the geopolymer corresponded to the Si—O—Al bonds. The scanning electron microscopy of the geopolymer indicated that the main structure of a geopolymer that contained solar panel glass with a higher solid‐to‐liquid ratio was more compact and homogenous, which is consistent with the higher density and lower porosity. The experimental results showed that the solid‐to‐liquid ratio affected the properties of geopolymer considerably. In addition, we observed some positive influence of the solar panel waste glass on the compressive strength of metakaolinite‐based geopolymer; however, it was limited to the early compressive strength. Furthermore, the degree of reaction of the geopolymer that contained 10% solar panel waste glass was similar to that of the metakaolinite‐based geopolymer when the positive influence on the compressive strength diminished. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 797–803, 2013
Real time hybrid simulation: from dynamic system, motion control to experimental error
Authors: Gao Xiuyu , Castaneda Nestor , Dyke Shirley J.
Published: August 2012

Real‐time hybrid simulation (RTHS) has increasingly been recognized as a powerful methodology to evaluate structural components and systems under realistic operating conditions. It is a cost effective approach compared with large scale shake table testing. Furthermore, it can maximally preserve rate dependency and nonlinear characteristics of physically tested (non)structural components. Although conceptually very attractive, challenges do exist that require comprehensive validation before RTHS should be employed to assess complicated physical phenomena. One of the most important issues that governs the stability and accuracy of an RTHS is the ability to achieve synchronization of boundary conditions between the computational and physical substructures. The objective of this study is to propose and validate an H∞ loop shaping design for actuator motion control in RTHS. Controller performance is evaluated in the laboratory using a worst‐case substructure proportioning scheme. A modular, one‐bay, one‐story steel moment resisting frame specimen is tested experimentally. Its deformation is kept within the linear range for ready comparison with the reference closed‐form solution. Both system analysis and experimental results show that the proposed H∞ strategy can significantly improve both the stability limit and test accuracy compared with several existing strategies. Another key feature of the proposed strategy is its robust performance in terms of unmodeled dynamics and uncertainties, which inevitably exist in any physical system. This feature is essential to enhance test quality for specimens with nonlinear dynamic behavior, thus ensuring the validity of the proposed approach for more complex RTHS implementations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.