bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Black Holes are a Mathematical Fantasy, not a Physical Reality
Authors: Sandhu Gurcharn S.
Published: July 2019

With recent detection of black hole mergers by LIGO, the 'Black Holes' and 'Neutron Stars' have become common house-hold names, albeit fanciful names in public domain. However, for the scientific community black holes are the ultimate paradoxes of nature. The claimed observations of black hole mergers are in fact interpretations of certain observations under the spacetime model of Relativity. These interpretations can change significantly with the change in operating model of the phenomenon. A black hole is believed to be a ‘region of spacetime’ exhibiting such strong gravitational effects that nothing, not even light can escape from it. We demonstrate in this paper that this conviction is based on erroneous derivation for the gravitational redshift and the correct derivation shows that a photon cannot be prevented from escaping a gravitating body of any mass and size. Due to erroneous depiction of spacetime as a physical entity in GR, a mathematical singularity predicted by Schwarzschild metric solution of EFE has been projected as a physical possibility in the form of Black Holes. To strengthen the physical basis of Black Hole creation, the observations of Super Nova explosions are being interpreted under core collapse models. The core collapse models are now regarded as the physical foundation of Black Holes and Neutron stars. In this paper we have established the invalidity of current core collapse models on the grounds of treating electrons, ions and nuclei as non-interacting particles and using kinetic theory of gases for analyzing compressive stresses in solid iron core.
Electric Charge and Its Field as Deformed Space
Authors: Barak Shlomo
Published: July 2019

The essence of electric charge has been a mystery. So far, no theory has been able to derive the attributes of electric charge, which are: bivalency, stability, quantization, equality of the absolute values of the bivalent charges, the electric field it creates and the radii of the bivalent charges. Our model of the electric charge and its field (this paper) enables us (in additional papers), for the first time, to derive simple equations for the radii and masses of the electron/positron muon/anti-muon and quarks/anti-quarks. These equations contain only the constants G, c, ℏ  and α (the fine structure constant). The calculated results based on these equations comply accurately with the experimental results. In this paper, which serves as a basis for the other papers, we define electric charge density, based on space density. This definition alone, without any phenomenology, yields the theory of Electrostatics. Electrostatics together with Lorentz Transformation is known to yield the entire Maxwell Electromagnetic theory.
The Importance of Bushmeat in Household Income as a Function of Distance from Protected Areas in the Western Serengeti Ecosystem, Tanzania
Authors: Manyama Flora Felix , Nielsen Martin Reinhardt , Roskaft Eivin , Nyahongo Julius William
Published: July 2019

Bushmeat hunting is widespread in villages adjacent to protected areas in Western Serengeti. However, little information is available about the role of bushmeat income in the household economy as a function of distance from the protected area boundary, preventing the formulation of informed policy for regulating this illegal trade. This study was conducted in three villages in Western Serengeti at distances of 3 (closest), 27 (intermediate) and 58km (furthest) from the boundary of Serengeti National Park to assess the contribution of bushmeat to household income. The sample consists of 246 households of which 96 hunted or traded bushmeat, identified using snowball sampling through the aid of local informers. The average income earned from bushmeat was significantly higher for bushmeat traders than hunters. The contribution of bushmeat to household income was significantly higher in Robanda the village closest to the protected area boundary compared to Rwamkoma and Kowak, the more distant villages. A Heckman sample-selection model reveals that household participation in hunting and trading bushmeat was negatively associated with distance to the protected area boundary and with the household head being female. Household reliance on bushmeat income was negatively associated with age and gender of the household head and distance to the protected area boundary. Hence, efforts to reduce involvement in hunting, and trading bushmeat should target male-headed households close to the protected area boundary.
Social Media and Loneliness
Authors: Halston Abby , Iwamoto Darren , Junker Michael , Chun Hans
Published: July 2019

Particularly to the younger Millennials and Generation Z, it appears as if social networking sites (SNS) is coming to the point of replacing normal social interactions and removing much of the personal aspects out of socialization. With the Internet literally being able to move at the speed of light, face-to-face interactions appear to be slowly in decline. As a highly social species, humans require interaction to maintain a healthy psychological state. This research has been conducted to analyze the level of loneliness and the level of SNS use with the intent of reinvestigating previous research on the correlations of SNS and loneliness with a more diverse demographic sample. In addition, this study has been designed to see if high usage of specific platforms has an increased likelihood to be related with loneliness. This research has been conducted by means of an anonymous survey of college students at a university in the Pacific to determine the amount of time spent on SNS, activities conducted while utilizing SNS, the priorities placed, and other information in regards to SNS usage. Inquiry was also conducted in analyzing how interpersonal relationships are related to or affected by SNS. This has been combined with the revised UCLA loneliness scale to determine if there is a correlation between SNS use, specific platform use, and loneliness. While previous similar studies have been conducted, the two primary differences are the diversity in the demographics available to be surveyed and the attempt at identifying if a specific platform is more likely to be related with loneliness.
TO PROTECT HERITAGE, TO INSPIRE EMOTIONS.
PRIVATE MUSEUMS IN FRANCE
Authors: Kluczewska-Wójcik Agnieszka
Published: July 2019

The French museum world is dominated by large
public institution. The cradle of public museology, France
boasts a long-standing tradition of central management in
this domain, whose continuation can be found in the current
legislative solutions (Act of 4 January 2002) organizing the
system of museum activity, their approval, and financing
modes. It is all based on the musée de France status that can
be granted to institutions owned either by the state or to any
other legal entity under public law or legal entity under private
law engaged in a non-profit activity. The latter, belonging to
associations and foundations, or run by them, in order to
win the state’s recognition and support, have to comply with
specific requirements defined in particular with respect to
conservation and scientific elaboration of the collections, as
well as to making them available for public viewing.
What dominates among ‘private’ museums are institutions
of the public benefit organization status, whose model was
shaped in the 19th century, e.g. the Paris Union Centrale des
Arts Décoratifs or Cinémathèque Française, to a substantial
degree financed with public resources. Some of them,
e.g. ecomuseums and industrial museums in Mulhouse,
are almost self-sufficient financially. Another form of
a ‘private’ museum is a foundation set up by a company/
concern or artists and patrons. The latter group includes
institutions that are owned by e.g. Institut de France in
Paris, Musée Calvet in Avignon, or Fondation Maeght in
Saint-Paul-de-Vence, as well as first of all those involved
in mounting big Paris exhibitions, foundations – museums
of modern art: Fondation Cartier, Fondation Louis Vuitton,
or Collection Pinault which is currently being established.
Thanks to their spectacular architectural settings, aggressive
publicity policy, and astounding turn-out successes, these
new private museums are substantially transforming the
artistic stage in France.
PARRESÍA E CINISMO COMO MODO DE VIDA: FOUCAULT E A AÇÃO POLÍTICA
Authors: Corrêa Sergio Fernando M.
Published: July 2019

Este artigo busca analisar as relações e tensões entre parresía política e parresía cínica que Michel Foucault apresenta nos últimos cursos no Collège de France, a saber, Le gouvernement de soi et des autres e La courage de la vérité de 1983 e 1984. Partimos de duas noções de política em Foucault: política como estratégia de governamentalidade e política como resistência e insurreição. O texto se empenha em problematizar as formas institucionais de participação política e traz como hipótese principal que a forma de vida cínica pode oferecer um conteúdo importante para a ação política. A forma de vida cínica passa pela valorização da corporeidade, pela vida simples e desapegada e pelo distanciamento dos costumes culturais e políticos. A partir dessa descrição do cinismo pleiteamos uma ampliação da comunidade moral e política.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Parresía. Cinismo, Democracia. Ação Política. Modo de Vida.  ABSTRACTThis paper seeks to analyze the relations and tensions between political parrhesia and cynical parrhesia that Michel Foucault presents in his last years at the Collège de France, namely, Le gouvernement de soi et des autres de 1883 and La courage de la vérité de 1984. We start from two notions of politics in Foucault: politics as strategy of governmentality and politics as resistance and insurrection. The text tries to problematize the institutional forms of political participation and he brings as the main hypothesis that the cynical way of life can offer important content for political action. The cynical way of life goes through the valuation of corporeality, the simple and detached life and the distancing of cultural and political mores. From this description of cynicism, we plead for an expansion of the moral and political community.KEYWORDS: Parrhesia. Cynicism. Democracy. Political Action. Way of life.
O CONCEITO DE PERSONALIZAÇÃO DE LIPOVETSKY COMO CHAVE PARA ENTENDER A NOÇÃO DE PÓS-VERDADE
Authors: Veliq Fabiano
Published: July 2019

O presente artigo tem em vista analisar a proposta de Gilles Lipovetsky que caracteriza a nossa época como hipermoderna a partir do processo de personalização. Procuramos evidenciar que tal processo de personalização conduz a um individualismo que se manifesta de forma nítida em uma dinâmica consumista interferindo na relação do sujeito com a sociedade e ao mesmo tempo procuramos evidenciar em que medida a pós-verdade é uma consequência direta desse processo. Para tal objetivo iniciamos com o tema do individualismo e como ele foi proposto por Louis Dumont; em seguida analisamos como o termo para caracterizar a nossa época se torna em si uma questão problemática a partir da visão de diversos autores, para depois focarmos no conceito de personalização formulado por Gilles Lipovetsky e tentar compreender em que medida esse processo conduz à noção de pós-verdade e ao mesmo tempo pensar a tarefa da filosofia diante desse cenário.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Personalização. Individualismo. Hipermodernidade. Pós-verdade. ABSTRACTThe present article aims to analyze the proposal of Gilles Lipovetsky that characterizes our time as the hypermodern era from the process of personalization. We try to show in this article that this process of personalization leads to an individualism that manifests itself clearly in a consumerist dynamic interfering in the relation of the subject with the society and at the same time we try to evidence to what extent the post-truth is a direct consequence of this process . For this purpose we began with the theme of individualism and as it was proposed by Louis Dumont, then we analyze how the term to characterize our age becomes a problematic issue from the perspective of several authors and then focus on the concept of personalization formulated by Gilles Lipovetsky to try to understand to what extent this process leads to the notion of post-truth and at the same time to think the task of philosophy before this scenario.KEYWORDS: Personalization, Individualism, Hypermodernity. Pos-Truth.
MARXISMO, SUJEITO E SUBJETIVIDADE. NEGRI DIANTE DO ANTI-HUMANISMO ALTHUSSERIANO
Authors: Pirola Émerson
Published: July 2019

Um debate de longa data no interior do marxismo é o entre perspectivas que tenderiam para uma leitura da obra marxiana centrada nas análises sobre a constituição de sujeitos políticos de e em luta, na constituição de uma classe social revolucionária que enfrente a exploração capitalista, e perspectivas centradas nas transformações do capitalismo ou nas dinâmicas estruturais da economia. Podemos dizer, esquematicamente, que as primeiras perspectivas são “subjetivistas” e as segundas “objetivistas”. Nos anos 1960 esse debate se viu determinado pela chamada polêmica do anti-humanismo, lançada por Louis Althusser contra o marxismo por ele criticado como humanista, visto que advogaria por uma noção de Sujeito idealista e abstrata, descolada dos processos estruturais da economia política capitalista. Antonio Negri, por sua vez, deu e dá grande importância para a noção de subjetividade na análise crítica e enfrentamento do capitalismo. Negri, entretanto, não ignora as críticas efetuadas por Althusser ao chamado humanismo, tomando-as como pré-requisito para o desenvolvimento original de sua teoria. Mostramos, portanto, como Althusser desenvolve suas críticas do Sujeito e do humanismo para então desenvolver as posições de Negri diante destas, a construção de sua própria teoria da subjetividade, resgatada do Marx dos Grundrisse, e apontar as limitações do pensamento althusseriano no que concerne à subjetividade.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Sujeito. Anti-humanismo. Subjetividade. Negri. Althusser. ABSTRACTA long-standing debate within Marxism is the one between perspectives that would tend towards a reading of the Marxian work centered on analyzes of the constitution of political subjects in and in class struggle, the constitution of a revolutionary social class facing capitalist exploitation, and perspectives centered on the transformations of capitalism or the structural dynamics of the economy in general. We can say, schematically, that the first perspective are "subjectivist" and the second one "objectivist". In the 1960s this debate was determined by Louis Althusser's so-called polemic of anti-humanism, in which he criticized certain Marxism as an humanism, since it would advocate for an idealist and abstract notion of subject detached from the structural processes of capitalist political economy. Antonio Negri, in turn, gave and gives great importance to the notion of subjectivity in the dynamics and confrontation of capitalism. Negri, however, does not ignore the criticisms made by Althusser of the humanism, taking them as a prerequisite for the original development of his theory. We thus show how Althusser develops his criticisms of the Subject and humanism to develop Negri's positions for and against them, the construction of his own theory of subjectivity, rescued from Marx’s Grundrisse, and we point out the limitations of Althusser's thought as regards subjectivity.KEYWORDS: Subject. Antihumanism. Subjeticvity. Negri. Althusser.
A PRIORIDADE TEMPORAL DA OUSÍA E A NOÇÃO DE SEPARAÇÃO NO LIVRO Z DA METAFÍSICA DE ARISTÓTELES
Authors: Medeiros Francisco Messias Cândido de
Published: July 2019

Esta comunicação visa abrir a discussão sobre a separação da substância apresentada por Aristóteles no Livro Z da Metafísica. Em Z 1 a substância é anterior em três aspectos, a saber quanto à definição, ao conhecimento e ao tempo. A justificativa de Aristóteles de que a substância é primeira no tempo é porque ela é a única das categorias que é separada. Com base em intérpretes contemporâneos, discutiremos a separação como separação ontológica associada ao correlato de separação definicional, apresentando, assim, um escopo embrionário da pesquisa de mestrado que está em andamento.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Aristóteles. Metafísica. Substância. Separação.ABSTRACTThis communication aims to open the discussion about the separation of the substance presented by Aristotle in Book Z of Metaphysics. In Z 1 the substance is prior in three aspects, namely as to the definition, the knowledge and the time. Aristotle's justification that substance is first in time is because it is the only category that is separate. Based on contemporary interpreters, we will discuss the separation as ontological separation associated with the definitional separation correlate thus presenting an embryonic scope of the master's research that is underway.KEY-WORDS: Aristotle. Metaphysics. Substance. Separation.
FREUD E A FILOSOFIA: INCIDÊNCIAS DE FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE
Authors: Santos Wellington , Ulhoa João Lucas Santos
Published: July 2019

O presente artigo tem como objetivo uma investigação de possíveis atravessamentos da filosofia de Friedrich Nietzsche na psicanálise de Sigmund Freud. Esclarece, em primeiro lugar, a controversa relação de Freud com a filosofia de maneira geral, ressaltando uma postura inicial de entusiasmo por este campo do saber, depois de recusa e afastamento aparentemente intencional. Entende que este distanciamento é um posicionamento político por parte de Freud para evitar demasiadas influências externas na formulação de sua teoria. Depois, destaca as menções a Nietzsche encontradas ao longo da obra freudiana e, por fim, examina as incidências do filósofo que poderiam ser encontradas na psicanálise. Através desta análise percebe-se como Freud, apesar de declarar não conhecer a obra de Nietzsche, demonstra leitura e conhecimento dela. Conclui destacando que o conceito freudiano de inconsciente e o de Além-do-homem nietzschiano, aqui eleitos como conceitos-chave para pensar esses atravessamentos, marcam pontos privilegiados de convergência e divergência para ambos os autores.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Psicanálise. Filosofia. Consciente. Inconsciente. Além-do-homem. ABSTRACTThe present article aims at an investigation of possible incidence of Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophy in Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis. It clarifies, firstly, Freud's controversial relationship with philosophy in general, emphasizing an initial posture of enthusiasm for this field of knowledge, and then apparently an intentional refusal and withdrawal from it. It understands that Freud`s detachment is a political position on his part to avoid too many outside influences in the formulation of his theory. It then highlights the references to Nietzsche found throughout the Freudian work and, finally, examines the incidences of the philosopher that could be found in psychoanalysis. It concludes by pointing out that the Freudian concept of the unconscious and that of the Nietzschean Übermensch, here as key concepts for thinking about these intersections, mark privileged points of convergence and divergence for both authors.KEYWORDS: Psychoanalysis, Philosophy. Conscious. Inconscious. Übermensch.
Class III Spine Grafts
Authors: G. Marx Jeffrey , P. Lorio Morgan
Published: July 2019

This chapter is focused on the USFDA regulation and the related efficacy evidence of bone graft materials, especially Class III drug-device combination products for use in the spine. Nonstructural allograft and cellular allograft products that do not rely on the metabolic activity of living cells are HCT/P products, which require no premarket review for safety and efficacy. Synthetic bone grafts and demineralized bone matrices (DBMs) fall under Class II and require a 510(k) for market clearance, generally on the basis of an animal study. Drug-device combination bone grafts are Class III and require an investigational device exemption (IDE) clinical trial followed by a premarket approval (PMA) application with the FDA to review safety and effectiveness. Currently, there are only two PMA-supported Class III drug-device bone graft substitutes with Level I data that demonstrate equivalence to autograft for safety and effectiveness in spine: Infuse® (rhBMP-2) and i-FACTOR (P-15 peptide). Both of these products have been shown to be effective autograft replacement options, vs. the other technologies, which are autograft extenders. The OP-1 Implant (rhBMP-7) was marketed for a period of time, but it has been removed from the market. This chapter will discuss these products along with their supporting clinical data.
Effects of an Ex Vivo Pediatric Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Circuit on the Sequestration of Mycophenolate Mofetil, Tacrolimus, Hydromorphone, and Fentanyl
Authors: Heith Catherine S. , Hansen Lizbeth A. , Bakken Rhonda M. , Ritter Sharon L. , Long Breeanna R. , Hume Janet R. , Zhang Lei , Amundsen Danielle B. , Steiner Marie E. , Fischer Gwenyth A.
Published: July 2019

OBJECTIVES With the expanding use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), understanding drug pharmacokinetics has become increasingly important, particularly in pediatric patients. This ex vivo study examines the effect of a pediatric Quadrox-iD ECMO circuit on the sequestration and binding of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), tacrolimus, and hydromorphone hydrochloride, which have not been extensively studied to date in pediatric ECMO circuits. Fentanyl, which has been well studied, was used as a comparator.

METHODS ECMO circuits were set up using Quadrox-iD pediatric oxygenators and centrifugal pumps. The circuit was primed with whole blood and a reservoir was attached to represent a 5-kg patient. Fourteen French venous and 12 French arterial ECMO cannulas were inserted into the sealed reservoir. Temperature, pH, PO2, and PCO2 were monitored and corrected. MMF, tacrolimus, hydromorphone, and fentanyl were injected into the ECMO circuit. Serial blood samples were taken from a postoxygenator site at intervals over 12 hours, and levels were measured.

RESULTS Hydromorphone hydrochloride was not as significantly sequestered by the ex vivo pediatric ECMO circuit when compared with fentanyl. Both mycophenolic acid and tacrolimus serum concentrations were stable in the circuit over 12 hours.

CONCLUSIONS Hydromorphone may represent a useful medication for pain control for pediatric patients on ECMO due to its minimal sequestration. Mycophenolic acid and tacrolimus also did not show significant sequestration in the circuit, which was unexpected given their lipophilicity and protein-binding characteristics, but may provide insight into unexplored pharmacokinetics of particular medications in ECMO circuits.
Standardization of Concentrations for Extemporaneously Compounded Oral Liquid Medications
Authors: Smith Tara , Kokotajlo Suzannah , Lise Jessica , Passerrello Nicole , Weilnau JoEllen , Cash Jared ,   on behalf of the Advocacy Committee for the Pediatric Pharmacy Advocacy Group
Published: July 2019

Many children require medications in oral liquid dosage forms when their dose does not conform to a manufactured tablet or capsule size. Liquid medications are also needed for children who are unable to swallow solid dosage forms. This statement from the PPAG is in support of standardizing the concentrations of extemporaneous formulations of liquid medications for the benefits of safety, accuracy, and overall communication between providers.
Professor Auxiliar e a Inclusão de Alunos com Transtorno do Espectro Autista
Authors: Mayer Paulo César Morales , Silva Marta Angélica Iossi , Silva-Sobrinho Reinaldo Antonio , Silva Rosane Meire Munhak da , Zilly Adriana
Published: July 2019

No Brasil, é direito do aluno com Transtorno do Espectro Autista com comprovadas necessidades, ter a presença de um acompanhante especializado em sala de aula, o professor auxiliar. Contudo, a legislação referente a esse profissional é recente. O presente estudo caracterizou esses profissionais e a percepção destes sobre suas atividades. Foram entrevistados 12 acompanhantes especializados de Foz do Iguaçu, Paraná. Os dados da caracterização foram tabulados e os dados qualitativos foram analisados pelo método do Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo. Constatou-se que todos os 12 entrevistados eram do sexo feminino, apenas 03 com pós graduação em educação especial, média de idade de 37 anos e 08 professoras estavam tendo sua primeira experiência na atividade atual. Nos discursos observou-se conhecimentos limitados sobre autismo, pouca articulação com o professor regente, necessidade de capacitações com atividades práticas e um misto de frustrações e realizações pessoais em relação a atuação. A atividade do professor auxiliar ainda está em desenvolvimento, poucos estudos relatam essa atuação e necessita de normativas específicas delimitando seus requisitos profissionais, abrangência e metas educacionais.
Subtotal calvarial vault reconstruction utilizing a customized polyetheretherketone (PEEK) implant with chimeric microvascular soft tissue coverage in a patient with syndrome of the trephined: A case report
Authors: Wang Jessica S. , Ter Louw Ryan P. , DeFazio Michael V. , McGrail Kevin M. , Evans Karen K.
Published: July 2019

The syndrome of the trephined is a neurologic phenomenon that manifests as sudden decline in cognition, behavior, and sensorimotor function due to loss of intracranial domain. This scenario typically occurs in the setting of large craniectomy defects, resulting from trauma, infection, and/or oncologic extirpation. Cranioplasty has been shown to reverse these symptoms by normalizing cerebral hemodynamics and metabolism. However, successful reconstruction may be difficult in patients with complex and/or hostile calvarial defects. We present the case of a 48-year-old male with a large cranial bone defect, who failed autologous cranioplasty secondary to infection, and developed rapid neurologic deterioration leading to a near-vegetative state. Following debridement and antibiotic therapy, delayed cranioplasty was accomplished using a polyetheretherketone (PEEK) implant with free chimeric latissimus dorsi/serratus anterior myocutaneous flap transfer for vascularized resurfacing. Significant improvements in cognition and motor skill were noted in the early postoperative period. At 6-month follow-up, the patient had regained the ability to speak, ambulate and self-feed—correlating with evidence of cerebral/ventricular re-expansion on computed tomography. Based on our findings, we advocate delayed alloplastic implantation with total vascularized soft tissue coverage as a viable alternative for reconstructing extensive, hostile calvarial defects in patients with the syndrome of the trephined.
Accessory penis: A rare method of peno-urethral separation of sexual function and voiding following successful complex hypospadias reconstruction with a free ileum flap
Authors: Elia Rossella , Pafitanis Georgios , Ciudad Pedro , Chen Hung-Chi
Published: July 2019

Hypospadias is a congenital malformation of the male genitalia. The reconstructive objectives are to obtain voiding with laminar flow and satisfactory sexual function. Several urethroplasty techniques have been described, but for perineal or revisional cases no single technique has shown robust success. In this study, we describe the expanded use of intestinal flaps for urethral reconstruction and report a peculiar request from a patient to undergo peno-urethral separation after successful hypospadias repair with a free ileum flap. A 51-year-old male patient with perineal hypospadias underwent several urethral reconstructive procedures with poor outcomes. A free ileum flap was attempted as a substitute for the urethra. Following successful reconstruction, separation of the neo-urethra (ileum) from the penile body was performed to address the patient’s sexual expectations. A free ileum flap proved to be a reliable urethral substitute in perineal hypospadias reconstruction, with a successful outcome. The peno-urethral separation with the creation of an “accessory penis,” however peculiar, optimized the results in terms of both sexual and urinary function. Anatomical restoration of the urethra and patient-reported expectations are the key to successful hypospadias reconstructive procedures. Sexual function outcomes and the patient’s perception of success should not be underestimated, even when urinary function has been restored.
De-epithelialized dermal flap for nipple reconstruction: A modified star flap
Authors: Lee Su Hyun , Kim Deok Woo , You Hi Jin , Jung Jae A , Hwang Na Hyun , You Jae Pil , Yoon Eul Sik
Published: July 2019

Background Multiple approaches for nipple reconstruction exist, and none is considered superior to all others. The star flap is one of the most popular methods for nipple reconstruction, but gradual height loss is a major concern. We present a new modification of the star flap that incorporates a de-epithelialized dermal flap, along with the associated surgical results.

Methods We reviewed the medical records of patients who underwent nipple reconstruction using the modified star flap method. The design was different from the conventional star flap in that the lateral wings were changed into a trapezoidal shape and de-epithelialized dermal flaps were added. The patients were followed up at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months postoperatively, and nipple height was measured. The postoperative nipple height achieved using the modified method was compared with that obtained using the traditional method.

Results From February 2013 to June 2017, 32 patients received surgery using the modified star flap, and 18 patients who underwent nipple reconstruction before 2013 comprised the conventional method group. All patients had undergone breast reconstruction with an abdominal tissue-based flap. The mean follow-up period was 14.4 months in the modified method group and 17.3 months in the conventional method group. The mean maintenance of projection at 12 months postoperatively was 56.28%±18.58% in the modified method group, and 44.23%±14.15% in the conventional method group. This difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).

Conclusions The modified method using a de-epithelialized dermal flap provides reliable maintenance of projection in patients who have undergone abdominal tissue-based breast reconstruction.
Publication rate of presentations at Korean plastic surgery meetings: The R&R Forum, KSAPS, and KSPRS (2011–2015)
Authors: Lee Jun-Ho , Choi Manki , Kang Chan-Su , Kim Tae-Gon , Chung Kyu Jin
Published: July 2019

Background Since the initial Research and Reconstruction Forum (R&R Forum) in 2011, the R&R Forum, Korean Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (KSAPS), and Korean Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons (KSPRS) have held annual meetings. This study was conducted to provide updated information on the publication rate of presentations at those meetings.

Methods Plastic surgery–related abstracts presented at the R&R Forum, KSAPS, and KSPRS between 2011 and 2015 were collected. The sessions were divided into free papers, posters, and e-presentations (or e-posters) for each annual meeting. Abstract publication status was confirmed through PubMed, Google Scholar, the KCI-Korean Journal Database, and the KMbase database.

Results In total, 2,335 abstracts were presented in the free paper, poster, and e-presentation sessions. Of these, 622 (26.6%) were published. The overall publication rates were 240 of 684 abstracts (35.1%) presented at the R&R Forum, 56 of 216 abstracts (25.9%) presented at the KSAPS meetings, and 326 of 1,435 abstracts (22.7%) presented at the KSPRS meetings. In terms of specific annual meetings, the 2014 R&R Forum had the highest publication rate (39.9%), followed by the 2015 KSAPS (31.0%) and the 2015 KSPRS (28.8%).

Conclusions Scientific researchers present diverse results at these professional meetings, with a focus on innovative surgical techniques and improved surgical outcomes. This is our second study on this topic. Despite its limitations, this study indirectly shows that the recognition of Korean plastic surgeons and the quality of the annual meetings of Korean societies of plastic surgery have risen to the global level.
Deep sternal wound infections: Evidence for prevention, treatment, and reconstructive surgery
Authors: Schiraldi Luigi , Jabbour Gaby , Centofanti Paolo , Giordano Salvatore , Abdelnour Etienne , Gonzalez Michel , Raffoul Wassim , di Summa Pietro Giovanni
Published: July 2019

Median sternotomy is the most popular approach in cardiac surgery. Post-sternotomy wound complications are rare, but the occurrence of a deep sternal wound infection (DSWI) is a catastrophic event associated with higher morbidity and mortality, longer hospital stays, and increased costs. A literature review was performed by searching PubMed from January 1996 to August 2017 according to the guidelines in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. The following keywords were used in various combinations: DSWI, post-sternotomy complication, and sternal reconstruction. Thirty-nine papers were included in our qualitative analysis, in which each aspect of the DSWI-related care process was analyzed and compared to the actual standard of care. Plastic surgeons are often involved too late in such clinical scenarios, when previous empirical treatments have failed and a definitive reconstruction is needed. The aim of this comprehensive review was to create an up-to-date operative flowchart to prevent and properly treat sternal wound infection complications after median sternotomy.
El mundo como maestro: La santidad natural de los seres «irracionales»
Authors: Mora Zahonero Fernando
Published: July 2019

Ibn ʿArabī nos transmite, en muchos de sus escritos, la imagen de un universo dotado de vida, inteligencia y lenguaje y, en virtud de la percepción de las teofanías o manifestaciones divinas, de que disfrutan buena parte de sus moradores, imbuido en su conjunto de un estado de santidad natural. Tanto los seres animados como los aparentemente inanimados, tanto piedras y flores como animales e incluso nuestros sentidos, miembros y órganos corporales, todo se halla, según declara el Corán y según el propio testimonio del gran maestro murciano y de otros sabios como él, traspasado por la vida, la conciencia, la palabra y la alabanza. Al-Gazālī, por ejemplo, señala que «la tierra está viva y posee un lenguaje». Es esta una visión del mundo que, si bien puede resonar con otras concepciones ancestrales (como la creencia chamánica de los pueblos aborígenes de que todas las cosas están habitadas por espíritus o incluso los objetos animados y los animales parlantes de la literatura fantástica), se articula, en el caso del islam en general y de Ibn ʿArabī en particular, en torno a la noción central de adoración a Allāh.En concreto, la inteligencia de los animales es objeto de abundantes alusiones en el libro sagrado. Es un cuervo, por ejemplo, el que enseña a Caín el modo de inhumara su hermano (5:31), instruyéndole así sobre una de las ramas de la ley religiosa (šarīʿa), que en principio tan sólo los enviados están capacitados para transmitir. Se afirma de las abejas que han sido inspiradas por Dios para establecer sus moradas en montañas, árboles y habitaciones humanas (16:68-69). Por su parte, las aves e incluso las montañas participan, sujetas por la orden de Allāh, de las alabanzas del canto del rey David (21:79; 34:10; 38:17-19). Y se dice del rey Salomón que conoce el lenguaje de los pájaros (27:16), añadiendo también que su ejército está formado por genios, hombres y aves (21:17). En aleyas posteriores, Salomón entabla diálogo con una hormiga (21:18-19) y parlamenta asimismo con la abubilla, que le trae noticias de la reina de Saba (21:20 y sig.).Varias son las tradiciones que atribuyen al Profeta la percepción de este proceso de comunicación universal e incluso un diálogo fluido con diversos tipos de objetos, plantas y animales.
La escala espiritual en el Sufismo y en la obra de Wolfgang Laib
Authors: Gonzalo Carbó Antoni
Published: July 2019

Una escalera de piedra por la que se asciende al monte Canigó. Pero la escalera no llega a la cima, tiene un fin: el resto de la montaña, hasta la cumbre, está cubierta de árboles verdes. La escalera desaparece en medio de la vegetación. Al final, en la hendidura de la montaña, hay una cueva, toda ella recubierta de cera de abejas. Esta intervención en el paisaje natural realizada por el artista alemán Wolfgang Laib y que lleva por título Chambre de cire pour la montagne (2000), expresa muy bien la idea del viaje iniciático. La piedra, el verdor del paisaje y la cera parecen convertirse aquí en tres materiales simbólicos que tienen una clara procedencia sufí. La asociación no es baladí: en el texto del catálogo aparece una cita del más grande de los poetas místicos persas, Ğalāl al-Dīn Rūmī, al que el artista admira y dedicó una de sus obras. El tema de la escala es recurrente en la obra de Laib. El artista ha confesado en numerosas ocasiones el sentido metafísico, espiritual, que envuelve su pensamiento y su obra. Así pues, la escala no es para él una mera construcción arquitectónica, sino un símbolo del viaje iniciático, del ascenso, de la progresión interior. Al igual que otros artistas contemporáneos como Constantin Brancusi o Anselm Kiefer, la escalera es una scala perfectionis, un medio por el que se asciende en el itinerarium in Deum.En este sentido, el gran maestro andalusí Muḥyiddīn Ibn (al-)ʿArabī (m. 638/1240), considerado como el más grande de los místicos musulmanes, subraya la importancia del «viaje del corazón» (safar qalbī) en varios capítulos de su opus magnum, al-Futūḥāt al-makkiyya (Las iluminaciones de La Meca). El verdadero viaje es la vía (ṭarīqa) de aprendizaje iniciático, el itinerario espiritual (sulūk) que constituye una vía de perfección, un itinerarium in Deum, «viaje sin fin» (lā gāyata lahu) de progresión y aproximación hacia la Realidad, hacia lo inaccesible, laEsencia inmutable, allí donde ya no subsisten las formas, viaje hacia la extinción de las imágenes.
El Círculo Inclusivo
Authors: Twinch Cecilia
Published: July 2019

Cuantos hayan observado el cielo un día despejado, navegado por el ancho piélago o ascendido a una alta cumbre se habrán dado cuenta de que el horizonte es curvo. Sin duda habrán observado cómo la órbita del astro rey se eleva desde levante, alcanza su cenit y desciende por el poniente; habrán contemplado la arqueada bóveda celeste inundada de estrellas en la noche y se habrán dado cuenta de que se encuentran justo en el centro, en el único punto invisible para el observador. Esta experiencia, similar para cuantos se asoman al universo, ilustra a las mil maravillas cómo cada uno de nosotros ocupa un lugar cardinal en el curso de los acontecimientos. Así, cada uno de nosotros mantiene con lo real una conexión directa que pudiéramos comparar al modo en que la trayectoria solar nos toca tras atravesar las aguas. Si, en ese preciso instante, nos volcamos hacia el interior -hacia el inasible centro de nuestro ser que es el corazón- y observamos lo que en él sucede, sólo entonces podremos trabar contacto con la fuente de nuestro ser, que constituye a la vez el omnipresente y adimensional punto de retorno.Precisamente, a lo largo de su obra, Ibn ʿArabī resalta la necesidad de avivar la conciencia ante aquellos aspectos de la realidad que transcienden las circunstancias particulares, a la vez que la necesidad de prestar atención a la forma en que la realidad se manifiesta en el mundo, en tanto que mantiene que el conocimiento del mundo desde la no-existencia a la existencia es un movimiento de amor. Ibn ʿArabī nos ilustra acerca de los diferentes modos de reconciliar la realidad interior y la realidad exterior, Dios y creación, el mundo visible y el invisible.Dicha perspectiva universal necesariamente debe contener dentro de sí a toda otra perspectiva, sin centrarse en los detalles de cada una de ellas, antes bien, concentrándose en el punto de partida de toda perspectiva. Es éste el punto fijo del centro del círculo, aquél sobre el cual el universo gira.
Ibn ʿArabī y Jung, espacios compartidos de reflexión
Authors: Lama Suárez Javier
Published: July 2019

Resumen: Este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar una aproximación a lo que se podría denominar como un esbozo de inventario de los espacios en los que Ibn ʿArabī y Carl G. Jung transitan de forma coincidente a más de setecientos años de distancia y desde ámbitos de estudio diferentes.
“Un desierto verde”. La agricultura pampeana (1988-2018): cosechas récord y crisis de la producción chacarera
Authors: Fernández Diego Ariel
Published: July 2019

This paper analyses aspects of a factor that contributes to rural depopulation: the process of economic concentration in the argentine Pampas, which was accelerated in the last thirty years of intense productive progress. First, we proceed to quantify the process, using inequality indicators for the sub-period that has census data (1988-2002) and summarizing the information available for the period 2003-2018. Secondly, an exercise of construction of cost structures (differentiating according to the size of the farms) is carried out, exposing the mechanisms that generate the displacement of ‘chacareras’ farms.
Développer les compétences interculturelles à l’aide des systèmes de valeurs dans un contexte spécifique : une plongée dans une multinationale française implantée au Cameroun
Authors: Apitsa Suzanne Marie
Published: July 2019

Sur la base d’une étude de cas unique, en suivant une démarche qualitative, cet article étudie la dynamique culturelle à l’oeuvre dans une multinationale française implantée au Cameroun en examinant la politique de mobilité internationale, les attitudes et comportements des salariés. Les résultats montrent que les univers culturels de sens sont une dimension complémentaire des compétences interculturelles qui favorisent une véritable plongée dans la culture de l’Autre (salariés locaux).
« Cette grâce entière, insaisissable et mystérieuse1 » : formes et enjeux de l’éco-épiphanie dans trois romans québécois contemporains
Authors: Desrochers Julien
Published: July 2019

Cet article analyse les figurations et les enjeux de l’éco-épiphanie (soit l’épisode épiphanique déclenché par un ou plusieurs éléments de la nature) dans trois romans québécois contemporains :Betsi Larousse ou l’ineffable eccéité de la loutrede Louis Hamelin,Champagnede Monique Proulx etL’Écrivain publicde Pierre Yergeau. L’objectif est de montrer que ces soudaines manifestations, bien que brèves, provoquent d’importants glissements au sein du récit. Elles ébranlent premièrement les assises du sujet romanesque en faisant de lui non plus un être agissant, mais une entitépatientede l’action. Ces intenses révélations secouent, dans un deuxième temps, la logique temporelle du récit, et ce, par la prédisposition de l’éco-épiphanie à favoriser lekairos(le momentané) au détriment duchronos(la continuité).
Digitization and the future of natural history collections
Authors: Hedrick Brandon , Heberling Mason , Meineke Emily , Turner Kathryn , Grassa Christopher , Park Daniel , Kennedy Jonathan , Clarke Julia , Cook Joseph , Blackburn David , Edwards Scott , Davis Charles
Published: July 2019

Natural history collections (NHCs) are the foundation of historical baselines for assessing anthropogenic impacts on biodiversity. Along these lines, the online mobilization of specimens via digitization–the conversion of specimen data into accessible digital content–has greatly expanded the use of NHC collections across a diversity of disciplines. We broaden the current vision of digitization (Digitization 1.0)–whereby specimens are digitized within NHCs–to include new approaches that rely on digitized products rather than the physical specimen (Digitization 2.0). Digitization 2.0 builds upon the data, workflows, and infrastructure produced by Digitization 1.0 to create digital-only workflows that facilitate digitization, curation, and data linkages, thus returning value to physical specimens by creating new layers of annotation, empowering a global community, and developing automated approaches to advance biodiversity discovery and conservation. These efforts will transform large-scale biodiversity assessments to address fundamental questions including those pertaining to critical modern issues of global change.
Closed-loop optogenetic activation of peripheral or central neurons modulates feeding in freely moving Drosophila
Authors: Musso Pierre-Yves , Junca Pierre , Jelen Meghan , Feldman-Kiss Damian , Zhang Han , Chan Rachel CW , Gordon Michael D
Published: July 2019

Manipulating feeding circuits in freely moving animals is challenging, in part because the timing of sensory inputs is affected by the animal’s behavior. To address this challenge in Drosophila, we developed the Sip-Triggered Optogenetic Behavior Enclosure (‘STROBE’). The STROBE is a closed-looped system for real-time optogenetic activation of feeding flies, designed to evoke neural excitation coincident with food contact. We previously demonstrated the STROBE’s utility in probing the valence of fly sensory neurons (Jaeger et al., 2018). Here we provide a thorough characterization of the STROBE system, demonstrate that STROBE-driven behavior is modified by hunger and the presence of taste ligands, and find that mushroom body dopaminergic input neurons and their respective post-synaptic partners drive opposing feeding behaviors following activation. Together, these results establish the STROBE as a new tool for dissecting fly feeding circuits and suggest a role for mushroom body circuits in processing naïve taste responses.
The distribution of fitness effects among synonymous mutations in a gene under directional selection
Authors: Lebeuf-Taylor Eleonore , McCloskey Nick , Bailey Susan F , Hinz Aaron , Kassen Rees
Published: July 2019

The fitness effects of synonymous mutations, nucleotide changes that do not alter the encoded amino acid, have often been assumed to be neutral, but a growing body of evidence suggests otherwise. We used site-directed mutagenesis coupled with direct measures of competitive fitness to estimate the distribution of fitness effects among synonymous mutations for a gene under directional selection and capable of adapting via synonymous nucleotide changes. Synonymous mutations had highly variable fitness effects, both deleterious and beneficial, resembling those of nonsynonymous mutations in the same gene. This variation in fitness was underlain by changes in transcription linked to the creation of internal promoter sites. A positive correlation between fitness and the presence of synonymous substitutions across a phylogeny of related Pseudomonads suggests these mutations may be common in nature. Taken together, our results provide the most compelling evidence to date that synonymous mutations with non-neutral fitness effects may in fact be commonplace.