bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advantages of the outgrowth model for evaluating the implantation competence of blastocysts
Authors: Kim Jihyun , Lee Jaewang , Jun Jin Hyun
Published: May 2020

The implantation process is highly complex and difficult to mimic in vitro, and a reliable experimental model of implantation has yet to be established. Many researchers have used embryo transfer (ET) to assess implantation potential; however, ET with pseudopregnant mice requires expert surgical skills and numerous sacrificial animals. To overcome those economic and ethical problems, several researchers have tried to use outgrowth models to evaluate the implantation potential of embryos. Many previous studies, as well as our experiments, have found significant correlations between blastocyst outgrowth in vitro and implantation in utero by ET. This review proposes the blastocyst outgrowth model as a possible alternative to animal experimentation involving ET in utero. In particular, the outgrowth model might be a cost- and time-effective alternative method to ET for evaluating the effectiveness of culture conditions or treatments. An advanced outgrowth model and further culture of outgrowth embryos could provide a subtle research model of peri- and postimplantation development, excluding maternal effects, and thereby could facilitate progress in assisted reproductive technologies. Recently, we found that outgrowth embryos secreted extracellular vesicles containing specific microRNAs. The function of microRNAs from outgrowth embryos should be elucidated in further researches.
Some remarks on $\mathrm{K}_0$ of noncommutative tori
Authors: Chakraborty Sayan
Published: May 2020

Using Rieffel's construction of projective modules over higher dimensional noncommutative tori, we construct projective modules over some continuous field of C*-algebras whose fibres are noncommutative tori. Using a result of Echterhoff et al., our construction gives generators of $\mathrm {K}_0$ for all noncommutative tori.
Self-Compassion as a Compensatory Resilience Factor for the Negative Emotional Outcomes of Alcohol- Involved Sexual Assault among Undergraduates
Authors: Strickland N.J. , Wekerle C. , Kehayes I.L. , Thompson K. , Dobson K. , Stewart S.H.
Published: May 2020

Objectives: Approximately half of sexual assaults involve alcohol; these assaults tend to be more severe and may be more likely to result in negative emotional outcomes like anxiety and depression (Ullman & Najdowski, 2010). Self-compassion (SC; extending kindness and care towards oneself) may promote resilience from the negative emotional consequences of alcohol-involved sexual assault (AISA). This study examined SC as a resilience factor, testing whether it attenuates and/or counteracts the association between AISA and negative emotional outcomes. Methods: Undergraduate drinkers (N = 785) completed measures tapping past-term AISA (Kehayes, et al., 2019), SC (i.e., Self-Compassion Scale; Neff, 2003), and anxiety and depression (Kessler et al., 2002). The Self-Compassion Scale was scored as two higherorder domains (self-caring, self-criticism) each with three lower-order facets (self-kindness, mindfulness, and common humanity; over-identification, self-judgment, and isolation). Results: Supporting compensatory effects, the higher-order SC domains showed main effects: the presence of self-caring and relative absence of self-criticism counteracted the adverse effects of AISA on both anxiety and depression. Similarly, the lower-order SC facets showed main effects: the presence of self-kindness and relative absence of overidentification counteracted the adverse effects of AISA on anxiety/depression – with therelative absence of self-judgment and isolation additionally counteracting the effect of AISA on depression. Conclusion: SC works as a compensatory resilience factor for the association between AISA and anxiety/depression. Implications: SC interventions with attention towards increasing self-kindness and decreasing negative facets of SC may be important for negative emotional outcomes in general, including those following AISA.
Auditory cortical alpha/beta desynchronization prioritizes the representation of memory items during a retention period
Authors: Weisz Nathan , Kraft Nadine Gabriele , Demarchi Gianpaolo
Published: May 2020

To-be-memorized information in working-memory could be protected against distracting influences by processes of functional inhibition or prioritization. Modulations of oscillations in the alpha to beta range in task-relevant sensory regions have been suggested to play an important role for both mechanisms. We adapted a Sternberg task variant to the auditory modality, with a strong or a weak distracting sound presented at a predictable time during the retention period. Using a time-generalized decoding approach, relatively decreased strength of memorized information was found prior to strong distractors, paralleled by decreased pre-distractor alpha/beta power in the left superior temporal gyrus (lSTG). Over the entire group, reduced beta power in lSTG was associated with relatively increased strength of memorized information. The extent of alpha power modulations within participants was negatively correlated with strength of memorized information. Overall, our results are compatible with a prioritization account, but point to nuanced differences between alpha and beta oscillations.
Impact of electrocardiographic morphology on clinical outcomes in patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction receiving coronary angiography and intervention: a retrospective study
Authors: Wu Chiung-Jen , Yeh Kuo-Ho , Wang Hui-Ting , Liu Wen-Hao , Chen Huang-Chung , Chai Han-Tan , Chung Wen-Jung , Hsueh Shukai , Chen Chien-Jen , Fang Hsiu-Yu , Chen Yung-Lung
Published: May 2020

Background

The impact of electrocardiography (ECG) morphology on clinical outcomes in patients with non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) receiving percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is unknown. This study investigated whether different ST morphologies had different clinical outcomes in patients with NSTEMI receiving PCI.

Methods

This retrospective study analyzed record-linked data of 362 patients who had received PCI for NSTEMI between January 2008 and December 2010. ECG revealed ST depression in 67 patients, inverted T wave in 91 patients, and no significant ST-T changes in 204 patients. The primary endpoint was long-term all-cause mortality. The secondary endpoint was long-term cardiac death and non-fatal major adverse cardiac events.

Results

Compared to those patients whose ECG showed an inverted T wave and non-specific ST-T changes, patients whose ECG showed ST depression had more diabetes mellitus, advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) and left main artery disease, as well as more in-hospital mortality, cardiac death and pulmonary edema during hospitalization. Patients with ST depression had a significantly higher rate of long-term total mortality and cardiac death. Finally, multiple stepwise Cox regression analysis showed that an advanced Killip score, age, advanced CKD, prior percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and ST depression were independent predictors of the primary endpoint.

Conclusions

Among NSTEMI patients undergoing coronary angiography, those with ST depression had more in-hospital mortality and cardiac death. Long-term follow-up of patients with ST depression consistently reveals poor outcomes.
A Study on Fire Hazards in Multiple Compartments with Lightweight Partition Walls
Authors: Park Sang-Min , Choi Su-Gil , Jin Se-Young , Kim Si-Kuk
Published: May 2020

This paper presents the study of a fire risk to the backside of two miniatures of ISO 9705 2/5 using a lightweight partition for indoor space division and reproduction of the ISO 9705 test. An SGP partition, stud partition, glass wool panel, urethane foam panel, sandwich panel, and glass partition were selected as the test specimens, which are frequently used in construction. According to the ISO 9705 test standard, stabilization was achieved using a measuring device that recorded data before the ignition of a burner and continued recording for 120 s thereafter. After ignition was achieved, the power was increased to 300 kW for 600 s and then reduced to 100 kW for 600 s. The specimens were subsequently observed for 180 s, and the fire risk to the backside and the fire pattern of the wall unit were analyzed. Owing to the amount of heat generated by the ignition source, the maximum temperature of the backside was observed to be 67.7 ℃ for the SGP partition, 55.1 ℃ for the stud partition, 52.4 ℃ for the glass wool panel, 727.4 ℃ for the sandwich panel, 561 ℃ for the urethane foam panel, and 630.5 ℃ for the glass partition. In the cases of the sandwich and urethane foam panels, the explosion of flammable gas occurred by virtue of fusion of the interior materials. The reinforced glass was fractured owing to the temperature difference between the heat- and nonheat-responsive parts. Ultimately, the fire risk to the nearby section room was deemed to be high.
A Study on the Systemic Improvement for the Enactment and Revision of the National Fire Safety Code
Authors: Song Young-Joo , Kim Tae-Woo , Jeong Keesin
Published: May 2020

The National Fire Safety Code (NFSC) sets forth the installation methods and technical standards of firefighting facilities. This information is stipulated in the attached Table 1 of the Enforcement Decree of the Act on Fire Prevention and Installation, Maintenance and Safety Control of Fire-Fighting Systems. The NFSC serves as a foundation for fire prevention and public safety. However, the current version of the NFSC has been under scrutiny due to its delayed enactment and revision process. This is because of its structural inflexibility, time-consuming procedures, and mixed usage of both performance and technical standards. Furthermore, there are difficulties with keeping its unique specialties due to the absence of a specialized, permanent independent entity that enacts, revises, and maintains its standards. Moreover, the NFSC lacks collectivity, openness, and consistency. Therefore, to overcome the aforementioned obstacles, this study investigates the operational and legal status of the NFSC and the problems regarding its enactment and revision process. Further, it presents suggestions for system improvement by analyzing and comparing the information with domestic and foreign counterparts dedicated to managing their similar technical NFSC standards. First, the study recommends that the legal performance and technical standards mixed within the current NFSC should be separated. Second, the enactment and revision of technical standards should be implemented by the private sector and not by the government. Third, technical standards should adopt a user-oriented approach for the code system.
Statistics and Management Systems of Unwanted Domestic and Foreign Fire Alarms
Authors: Hwang Euy-Hong , Lee Sung-Eun , Choi Don-Mook
Published: May 2020

In the event of a fire and a disaster, prompt and accurate alarms inside and outside the building are directly related to the minimization of damage and the success of life evacuation. However, due to unwanted fire alarms in automated fire detection systems, the number of dispatches by misunderstanding in the 119 service is increasing. This causes the insensitivity to the safety of building managers and the waste of the fire-fighting power. Therefore, in this study, the statistical databases and literature on unwanted fire alarms in Korea and abroad (USA, UK) were identified and the management systems for unwanted fire alarms were compared and analyzed to identify problems of statistics in the management systems for unwanted fire alarms.
Effects of a High-Intensity Interval Training Program on the Fitness and Performance of Firefighters
Authors: Kim Cherho , Ji Changjin , Kim Sangho
Published: May 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of a Tabata exercise program as an alternative for firefighters whose working environment makes it difficult to manage physical fitness. The Tabata exercise program, in which 16 people participated, led to increased muscle mass and reduced weight and body fat, which not only improved the health of the firefighters but also improved their cardiopulmonary endurance, muscle endurance, and muscle strength, which are essential elements during firefighting emergency relief activities. On the basis of these results, it is believed that developing and providing guidelines for scientific and systematic exercise programs to firefighters will lead to better work capability during fire and disaster situations.
Extremum seeking for unknown scalar maps in cascade with a class of parabolic partial differential equations
Authors: Oliveira Tiago Roux , Feiling Jan , Koga Shumon , Krstic Miroslav
Published: May 2020

We present a generalization of the scalar gradient extremum seeking (ES) algorithm, which maximizes static maps in the presence of infinite‐dimensional dynamics described by parabolic partial differential equations (PDEs). The PDE dynamics contains reaction‐advection‐diffusion (RAD) like terms. Basically, the effects of the PDE dynamics in the additive dither signals are canceled out using the trajectory generation paradigm. Moreover, the inclusion of a boundary control for the PDE process stabilizes the closed‐loop feedback system. By properly demodulating the map output corresponding to the manner in which it is perturbed, the ES algorithm maximizes the output of the unknown map. In particular, our parabolic PDE compensator employs the same perturbation‐based (averaging‐based) estimate for the Hessian of the function to be maximized applied in the previous publications free of PDEs. We prove local stability of the algorithm, real‐time maximization of the map and convergence to a small neighborhood of the desired (unknown) extremum by means of backstepping transformation, Lyapunov functional and the theory of averaging in infinite dimensions. Finally, we present the generalization to the scalar Newton‐based ES algorithm, which maximizes the map's higher derivatives in the presence of RAD‐like dynamics. By modifying the demodulating signals, the ES algorithm maximizes the nth derivative only through measurements of the own map. The Newton‐based ES approach removes the dependence of the convergence rate on the unknown Hessian of the higher derivative, an effort to improve performance and remove limitations of standard gradient‐based ES. Numerical examples support the theoretical results.
1T′‐ReS2 Nanosheets In Situ Grown on Carbon Nanotubes as a Highly Efficient Polysulfide Electrocatalyst for Stable Li–S Batteries
Authors: He Jiarui , Bhargav Amruth , Yaghoobnejad Asl Hooman , Chen Yuanfu , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: May 2020

The practical viability of Li–S cells depends on achieving high electrochemical utilization of sulfur under realistic conditions, such as high sulfur loading and low electrolyte/sulfur (E/S) ratio. Here, metallic 2D 1T′‐ReS2 nanosheets in situ grown on 1D carbon nanotubes (ReS2@CNT) via a facile hydrothermal reaction are presented to efficiently suppress the “polysulfide shuttle” and promote lithium polysulfide (LiPS) redox reactions. The designed ReS2@CNT nanoarchitecture with high conductivity and rich nanoporosity not only facilitates electron transfer and ion diffusion, but also possesses abundant active sites providing high catalytic activity for efficient LiPS conversion. Li–S cells fabricated with ReS2@CNT exhibit high capacity with superior long‐term cyclability with a capacity retention of 71.7% over 1000 cycles even at a high current density of 1C (1675 mA g−1). Also, pouch cells fabricated with the ReS2@CNT/S cathode maintain a low capacity fade rate of 0.22% per cycle. Furthermore, the electrocatalysis mechanism is revealed based on electrochemical studies, theoretical calculations, and in situ Raman spectroscopy.
Recent trend in the global distribution of aerosol direct radiative forcing from satellite measurements
Authors: Subba Tamanna , Gogoi Mukunda M. , Pathak Binita , Bhuyan Pradip K. , Babu S. Suresh
Published: May 2020

Global distribution of aerosol direct radiative forcing (DRF) is estimated using Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System (CERES) synoptic (SYN) 1° datasets. During 2001–2017, a statistically significant change of global DRFs is revealed with a general decreasing trend (i.e., a reduced cooling effect) at the top of the atmosphere (DRFTOA ~ 0.017 W⋅m−2⋅year−1) and at the surface (DRFSFC ~ 0.033 W⋅m−2⋅year−1) with rapid change over the land compared to the global ocean. South Asia and Africa/Middle East regions depict significant increasing trend of atmospheric warming by 0.025 and 0.002 W·m−2⋅year−1 whereas, the rest of the regions show a decline. These regional variations significantly modulate the global mean DRF (−5.36 ± 0.04 W·m−2 at the TOA and − 9.64 ± 0.07 W·m−2 at the surface during the study period). The observed DRF trends are coincident with the change in the underlying aerosol properties, for example, aerosol optical depth, Ångström exponent and partly due to the increasing columnar burden of SO2 over some of the regions. This indicates that increasing industrialization and urbanization have caused prominent change in the DRF during recent decades.
Fluorescent Biosensor of CDK5 Kinase Activity in Glioblastoma Cell Extracts and Living Cells
Authors: Peyressatre Marion , Laure Arthur , Pellerano Morgan , Boukhaddaoui Hassan , Soussi Ines , Morris May C.
Published: May 2020

CDK5 plays a major role in neuronal functions, and is hyperactivated in neurodegenerative pathologies as well as in glioblastoma and neuroblastoma. Although this kinase constitutes an established biomarker and pharmacological target, there are few means of probing its activity in cell extracts or in living cells. To this aim a fluorescent peptide reporter of CDK5 kinase activity, derived from a library of CDK5‐specific substrates, is engineered and its ability to respond to recombinant CDK5/p25 is established and CDK5 activity in glioblastoma cell extracts is reported on through sensitive changes in fluorescence intensity. A cell‐penetrating variant of this biosensor which can be implemented to image CDK5 activation dynamics in space and in time is further implemented. This original biosensor constitutes a potent tool for quantifying differences in CDK5 activity following treatment with selective inhibitors and for monitoring CDK5 activation, following inhibition or stimulation, in a physiologically relevant environment. As such it offers attractive opportunities to develop a diagnostic assay for neuronal pathologies associated with hyperactivated CDK5, as well as a companion assay to evaluate response to new therapies targeting this kinase.
Hydrogen sulfide concentration in the milieu of the hydrated alanine dipeptide determines its polyproline II‐beta propensity: Main chain contribution to the energetic origin of the formation of amyloid
Authors: Mirkin Noemi G. , Krimm Samuel
Published: May 2020

In view of the observation that the concentration of hydrogen sulfide in brains with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is lower than that in normal brains and in line with our previous studies indicating that additional content in the aqueous environment (milieu) of a peptide can change its local energetic preference from a polyproline II (P) to a β conformation (and therefore its tendency to form the β‐chain structures that lead to the amyloid plaques associated with the disease), we have studied the effect of H2S concentration on such propensity in a simple model peptide, the alanine dipeptide (ADP). The two concentration states are represented by ADP(H2O)18(H2S) and ADP(H2O)18(H2S)2. Ab initio calculations of these structures show that the lowest energy of the former is a β conformation while that of the latter is a P, mirroring the observed AD results and strengthening our proposal that amyloid diseases are better viewed in the context of a protein milieu‐folding paradigm.
Glycerol Selective Oxidation to Lactic Acid over AuPt Nanoparticles; Enhancing Reaction Selectivity and Understanding by Support Modification
Authors: Douthwaite Mark , Powell Natasha , Taylor Aoife , Ford Grayson , López José Manuel , Solsona Benjamin , Yang Nating , Sanahuja‐Parejo Olga , He Qian , Morgan David J. , Garcia Tomas , Taylor Stuart H.
Published: May 2020

A high surface area mesoporous TiO2 material (110 m2/g) was synthesised using a nanocasting methodology, utilizing SBA‐15 as a hard template. This material was subsequently used as a support to prepare a series of 1 wt.% AuPt/TiO2 catalysts, synthesised by conventional impregnation and sol‐immobilisation. Catalysts were tested for the oxidation of glycerol to lactic acid and their performance was compared with corresponding catalysts supported on TiO2−P25, TiO2‐anatase and TiO2‐rutile. Higher rates of reaction and higher selectivity to lactic acid were observed over nanocast TiO2 supported catalysts. The increased performance of these catalysts was attributed to the presence of Si on the surface of the support, which likely arose from inefficient etching of the SBA‐15 template. The presence of Si in these catalysts was confirmed by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. It was proposed that the residual Si present increases the Brønsted acidity of the TiO2 support, which can lead to the formation of Lewis acid sites under reaction conditions; both sites are known to catalyse the dehydration of a primary alcohol in glycerol. Typically, under alkaline conditions, lactic acid is formed by the nucleophilic abstraction of a hydrogen. Thus, we propose that the improved selectivity to lactic acid over the nanocast TiO2 supported catalyst is attributed to the co‐operation of heterogeneous and homogeneous dehydration reactions, as both compete directly with a direct oxidation pathway, which leads to the formation of oxidation products such as glyceric and tartronic acid.
Stability of bioactive bone graft substitutes exposed to different aging and sterilization conditions
Authors: Charbonneau Cindy , Vanier Francis , Lefebvre Louis‐Philippe
Published: May 2020

Bioactive glasses have been used for many years as bone graft substitutes in orthopedic and dental applications as well as an additive in toothpastes, cosmetics, and cosmeceutical products. The interest of using bioactive glass comes from its ability to dissolve and release dissolution products that stimulate bone regeneration. Porous bioactive glass scaffolds that can provide structural support while bone is growing into the structure have generated interest. However, little data is available in the literature on the effect of environmental conditions or sterilization treatments on the structure and properties of these materials. This study presents the evolution of the structure and microstructure of bioactive foams exposed to different accelerated and real‐time aging conditions and sterilization treatments. The results indicate that the material is relatively stable. For example, different sterilization methods (steam, ethylene oxide, hydrogen peroxide, gamma‐rays) have limited effect on the structure and properties of the foams. However, carbonate species may form on the surface of the material when exposed to CO2 and humidity. Some carbonates dissolve rapidly in water and may impact the pH of the solution. Adequate packaging should limit the reaction of the bioactive glass with CO2 and humidity and the formation of carbonate.
Acid Washing of MnOx‐SBA‐15 Composites as an Efficient Way to Improve Catalytic Properties in HCHO Total Oxidation
Authors: Rochard Guillaume , Royer Sébastien , Giraudon Jean‐Marc , Lamonier Jean‐François
Published: May 2020

The effect of 10 M HNO3 treatment on MnOx nanoparticles mostly confined inside the porous channels of SBA‐15 with low Mn average oxidation state (Mn AOS<3) has been investigated with regard to the physico‐chemical properties of the catalysts as a function of Mn loading (10, 20, 30 wt%) to be tested in the total oxidation of formaldehyde. The acid‐treated catalysts were extensively characterized (ICP, N2‐sorptions, H2‐TPR, TGA/DSC, HRTEM and XPS). It is found that the acid treatment promotes the redox and textural properties of the catalyts. Such property improvements allow to get more efficient catalysts in total oxidation of HCHO. Indeed, the standardized rate rs expressed as mmoles of formaldehyde converted into CO2 per mole of Mn per hour at 130 °C increases by 5 and by 4 for the 20 wt% Mn and 30 wt% Mn‐based catalysts, respectively.
Characterizing spine issues: If offers novel therapeutics to Angelman syndrome
Authors: Yang Xin
Published: May 2020

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by severe mental retardation, microcephaly, speech impairment, frequent epilepsy, EEG abnormalities, ataxic movements, tongue protrusion, bursts of laughter, sleep abruptions, and hyperactivity. AS results from loss of function of the imprinted UBE3A (ubiquitin‐protein ligase E3A) gene on chromosome 15q11–q13, including a mutation on the maternal allele of Ube3a, a large deletion of the maternally inherited chromosomal region 15q11–13, paternal uniparental disomy of chromosome 15q11–13, or an imprinting defect. The Ube3a maternal deleted mouse model recaptured the major phenotypes of AS patients include seizure, learning and memory impairments, sleep disturbance, and motor problems. Owing to the activity‐dependent structural and functional plasticity, dendritic spines are believed as the basic subcellular compartment for learning and memory and the sites where LTP and LTD are induced. Defects of spine formation and dynamics are common among several neurodevelopmental disorders and neuropsychiatric disorders including AS and reflect the underlying synaptopathology, which drives clinically relevant behavioral deficits. This review will summarize the impaired spine density, morphology, and synaptic plasticity in AS and propose that future explorations on spine dynamics and synaptic plasticity may help develop novel interventions and therapy for neurodevelopmental disorders like AS.
Variation in body size and sexual size dimorphism in the most widely ranging lizard: testing the effects of reproductive mode and climate
Authors: Roitberg Evgeny S. , Orlova Valentina F. , Bulakhova Nina A. , Kuranova Valentina N. , Eplanova Galina V. , Zinenko Oleksandr I. , Arribas Oscar , Kratochvíl Lukáš , Ljubisavljević Katarina , Starikov Vladimir P. , Strijbosch Henk , Hofmann Sylvia , Leontyeva Olga A. , Böhme Wolfgang
Published: May 2020

Reproductive mode, ancestry, and climate are hypothesized to determine body size variation in reptiles but their effects have rarely been estimated simultaneously, especially at the intraspecific level. The common lizard (Zootoca vivipara) occupies almost the entire Northern Eurasia and includes viviparous and oviparous lineages, thus representing an excellent model for such studies. Using body length data for >10,000 individuals from 72 geographically distinct populations over the species' range, we analyzed how sex‐specific adult body size and sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is associated with reproductive mode, lineage identity, and several climatic variables. Variation in male size was low and poorly explained by our predictors. In contrast, female size and SSD varied considerably, demonstrating significant effects of reproductive mode and particularly seasonality. Populations of the western oviparous lineage (northern Spain, south‐western France) exhibited a smaller female size and less female‐biased SSD than those of the western viviparous (France to Eastern Europe) and the eastern viviparous (Eastern Europe to Far East) lineages; this pattern persisted even after controlling for climatic effects. The phenotypic response to seasonality was complex: across the lineages, as well as within the eastern viviparous lineage, female size and SSD increase with increasing seasonality, whereas the western viviparous lineage followed the opposing trends. Altogether, viviparous populations seem to follow a saw‐tooth geographic cline, which might reflect the nonmonotonic relationship of body size at maturity in females with the length of activity season. This relationship is predicted to arise in perennial ectotherms as a response to environmental constraints caused by seasonality of growth and reproduction. The SSD allometry followed the converse of Rensch's rule, a rare pattern for amniotes. Our results provide the first evidence of opposing body size—climate relationships in intraspecific units.
Growing‐season length and soil microbes influence the performance of a generalist bunchgrass beyond its current range
Authors: Bueno de Mesquita Clifton P. , Sartwell Samuel A. , Schmidt Steven K. , Suding Katharine N.
Published: May 2020

As organisms shift their geographic distributions in response to climate change, biotic interactions have emerged as an important factor driving the rate and success of range expansions. Plant–microbe interactions are an understudied but potentially important factor governing plant range shifts. We studied the distribution and function of microbes present in high‐elevation unvegetated soils, areas that plants are colonizing as climate warms, snow melts earlier, and the summer growing season lengthens. Using a manipulative snowpack and microbial inoculation transplant experiment, we tested the hypothesis that growing‐season length and microbial community composition interact to control plant elevational range shifts. We predicted that a lengthening growing season combined with dispersal to patches of soils with more mutualistic microbes and fewer pathogenic microbes would facilitate plant survival and growth in previously unvegetated areas. We identified negative effects on survival of the common alpine bunchgrassDeschampsia cespitosain both short and long growing seasons, suggesting an optimal growing‐season length for plant survival in this system that balances time for growth with soil moisture levels. Importantly, growing‐season length and microbes interacted to affect plant survival and growth, such that microbial community composition increased in importance in suboptimal growing‐season lengths. Further, plants grown with microbes from unvegetated soils grew as well or better than plants grown with microbes from vegetated soils. These results suggest that the rate and spatial extent of plant colonization of unvegetated soils in mountainous areas experiencing climate change could depend on both growing‐season length and soil microbial community composition, with microbes potentially playing more important roles as growing seasons lengthen.
Using Bismuth Vanadate/Copper Oxide Nanocomposite as Photoelectrochemical Sensor for Naproxen Determination in Sewage
Authors: do Prado Thiago M. , Badaró Carolina C. , Machado Rafaela G. , Fadini Pedro S. , Fatibello‐Filho Orlando , Moraes Fernando C.
Published: May 2020

Conventional sewage treatment plants are not usually designed to remove emerging contaminants, and this shortcoming leads to the discharge of pharmaceuticals, among other emerging pollutants, into the environment. The present work reports the development of BiVO4/CuO‐based photoelectrochemical sensor for the determination of naproxen in sewage samples. Morphological characterizations were carried out by X‐ray diffraction and Scanning electron microscopy. The band gap energy of the nanocomposite material was calculated by Tauc plots using the data obtained from diffuse reflectance spectroscopy analysis. The sensor presented analytical signal during the photocurrent generation simultaneously with the oxidation of naproxen on the working electrode. The sensor responses were found to be proportional to the increase in naproxen concentration in the linear range of 5 nmol L−1 to 480 nmol L−1, R2=0.996, with a limit of detection of 5 nmol L−1. The presence of naproxen in sewage samples was successfully determined with recovery percentages above 95 %.
Parallelized disruption of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells via miniaturized and automated bead mill
Authors: Jansen Roman P. , Müller Moritz Fabian , Schröter Sophie Edith , Kappelmann Jannick , Klein Bianca , Oldiges Marco , Noack Stephan
Published: May 2020

The application of integrated microbioreactor systems is rapidly becoming of more interest to accelerate strain characterization and bioprocess development. However, available high‐throughput screening capabilities are often limited to target extracellular compounds only. Consequently, there is a great demand for automated technologies allowing for miniaturized and parallel cell disruption providing access to intracellular measurements. In this study, a fully automated bead mill workflow was developed and validated for four different industrial platform organisms: Escherichia coli, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Aspergillus niger. The workflow enables up to 48 parallel cell disruptions in microtiter plates and is applicable at‐line to running lab‐scale cultivations. The resulting cell extracts form the basis for quantitative omics studies where no rapid metabolic quenching is required (e.g., genomics and proteomics).
Rock burst criteria and control based on an abutment‐stress‐transfer model in deep coal roadways
Authors: Zhang Ming , Jiang Fuxing
Published: May 2020

With the increase in cover depth of the coal seam, more and more rock bursts have occurred in deep coal roadways. The conventionally used passive preventive measures are not sufficient to reduce rock burst hazards in deep coal mines. To address this problem, this study firstly evaluated the abutment stress applied to the roadway surrounding rock by constructing an abutment‐stress‐transfer model after roadway excavation. Then, according to different positions of roadways in the coal seam, roadways are classified into three types: shallow‐buried roadway with hard surrounding coal/rock; deep‐buried roadway with soft surrounding coal/rock; and medium‐deep–buried roadway with medium‐hard surrounding coal/rock. Stress criterion and energy criterion for rock burst occurrence were proposed according to the three types of roadways. The rock bursts that occurred in stope 32 of Gucheng coal mine in China agree well with the calculation results. Finally, an active rock burst preventive approach (long borehole destress drilling) is suggested before intense supporting measures are adopted during roadway construction to prefracture the coal seam or competent strata. The efficiency of this method at different excavation stages is evaluated by examining borehole drill cuttings. The whole roadway was excavated without any rock burst after the borehole destress drilling method was implemented.
Spatiotemporal mapping of evacuee response
Authors: Ouellette Josée , Gwynne Steve , Brown Robert , Kinateder Max
Published: May 2020

The analysis of evacuee behaviour and performance requires data on human behaviour from actual fire incidents. Unfortunately, such data is rarely collected and, if available, is often provided in different formats and levels of refinement, and does not provide sufficient narrative understanding. The lack of a standardized approach to collecting and reporting such data hinders our understanding of human behaviour in fire, theory development, as well as incident analysis and communication. In other fields, graphical notation systems are used to report events in a quick, reliable and standardized manner. This article outlines the development of a notation system that aims to better document evacuee performance. The proposed notation system is then applied to two historic case studies—the Knights of Columbus fire of 1942 and the Beverly Hills Supper Club fire of 1977—to illustrate the approach. Finally, limitations and future research needs of the presented notation system are discussed.
Influence of soils and different phases of reproductive growth stage on transpiration efficiency of irrigated canola
Authors: Tfwala C.M. , Haka I.B. Ukoh , van Rensburg L.D. , Du Preez C.C.
Published: May 2020

Much has been reported on the agronomic aspects of canola (Brassica napus L.), but there is a lack of information on the crop's transpiration (T). The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of soils and growth periods on the T, transpiration efficiency (TE) and transpiration efficiency coefficient (TEC) of canola under irrigation. Twenty‐four lysimeters (2.5 m2) were used for the study. The experimental treatments comprised two soil forms and four growth phases during the reproductive stage, all replicated three times. Irrigation was applied weekly through a surface drip system and a water table was maintained at 1200 mm from the surface through subirrigation. Soil water content was monitored using a neutron probe. The contribution of an accessible water table was up to 60% of the total T requirement of the crop during the investigation period. TE, calculated as above‐ground biomass per unit transpiration, ranged between 2.81 and 3.32 g m−2 mm−1. TEC, obtained by normalizing TE to the vapour pressure deficit, resulted in values between 3.82 and 4.99 g kPa mm−1. Both TE and TEC were significantly different between growth periods and not amongst soils. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of electronic effect in bifunctional catalysts for the copolymerization of CO2 and PO/CHO
Authors: Hu Yang , Du Longchao , Li Cun , Shen Jiale , Zhu Weiju , Shao Chenxi
Published: May 2020

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an easily available renewable carbon source that can be used as a comonomer in the catalytic ring‐opening polymerization of epoxides to form aliphatic polycarbonates. Herein, a series of new Salen‐Co(III) bifunctional catalysts were synthesized for the first time, and they were studied to catalyze the copolymerization of CO2 and propylene oxide (PO)/cyclohexene oxide (CHO). At the same time, the effects of reaction conditions (electronic effect, temperature, time) on catalytic activity and selectivity were investigated. The results show that the Salen‐Co(III) complexes with electron‐withdrawing groups have higher selectivity and activity for propylene carbonate (PPC)/cyclohexylene carbonate (PCHC). At the same time, the Salen‐Co(III) complexes can better catalyze the copolymerization of CHO and CO2 than that of PO and CO2. The catalytic efficiency of the four complexes increased with increasing temperature, and the best reaction condition is 80°C, 30 min and 2 MPa of CO2.
Cover Image, Volume 95, Issue 6
Authors: Yuan Lei , Zhang Xiangping , Ren Baozeng , Yang Yingliang , Bai Yinge , Bai Lu , Gao Hongshuai , Zeng Shaojuan
Published: May 2020

The cover image is based on the Original Article Dual‐Functionalized Protic Ionic Liquids for Efficient Absorption of NH3 through Synergistically Physicochemical Interaction by Shaojuan Zeng, Yingliang Yang, Lei Yuan et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/jctb.6381.

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SIZE AND SECTORAL SPECIALISATION: THE ASYMMETRIC CROSS‐COUNTRY IMPACTS OF THE 2008 CRISIS AND ITS AFTERMATH
Authors: Armstrong Harvey W. , Read Robert
Published: May 2020

This paper analyses the cross‐country impacts of the 2008 global financial crisis and the subsequent recovery process, with a specific focus on small economies. Key growth volatility variables highlight the critical exposure of small economies to the transmission of exogenous shocks owing to their high degrees of trade openness and inherent output and export specialisation, notably in financial services and tourism. These factors also constrain the mitigation of exogenous shocks giving rise to greater growth volatility. The paper demonstrates systematic asymmetries between countries with respect to the impact of the crisis and its persistence according to their size and patterns of sectoral specialisation. Small tourism‐dependent economies and nonsovereign entities were particularly adversely affected although an offshore financial sector partly mitigated the impacts. The robustness of the findings is examined further in the appendix with regard to truncation problems arising from the use of international datasets. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Liver Iron Content Determination Using a Volumetric Breath‐Hold Gradient‐Echo Sequence With In‐Line R2* Calculation
Authors: Wunderlich Arthur P. , Schmidt Stefan A. , Mauro Valeria , Kneller Lena , Kannengießer Stephan , Beer Meinrad , Cario Holger
Published: May 2020

Background

Liver iron overload is a serious condition occurring in patients requiring blood transfusions (eg, in thalassemia and different forms of anemia) or with dysfunctional iron resorption, since there is no physiological mechanism to excrete iron. Above a certain level of iron concentration, chelation therapy is indicated. To monitor therapy success, liver iron content should be assessed regularly. A noninvasive method is important for patient management. Existing MRI methods suffer from long acquisition times and cost.

Purpose

To study the correlation of liver iron content (LIC) reference values to liver R2* determined using a 3D breath‐hold multigradient echo (GRE) MRI sequence, employing accelerated acquisition by parallel imaging and in‐line R2* calculation.

Study type

Prospective.

Population

In all, 117 patients (22.1 ± 14.1 years, 66 men) suspected of iron overload.

Sequence

GRE.

Field Strength

1.5T.

Assessment

For comparison, a regulatory‐approved method with a considerably longer scan time was used, providing LIC reference values. Participants were divided into a calibration group (65 participants), analyzed independently by two observers, and a validation group (52 participants).

Statistical Tests

Linear correlation parameters were evaluated for R2* values with LIC reference values, and for LIC determined from R2* for validation group participants with LIC reference values. Sensitivity/specificity for clinical relevant LIC thresholds were analyzed. Interobserver variability was determined by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).

Results

Interobserver agreement was excellent, with an ICC of 0.99, P < 0.001. Good correlation (R2 = 0.89) and congruence of LIC values obtained with our method to LIC reference values was found, and almost identical diagnostic accuracy. Sensitivity/specificity were 0.98/0.67 for the diagnostic relevant LIC threshold of 4.5 mg/g and 1.0/0.95 for the threshold of 7 mg/g.

Data Conclusion

MRI acquisition times for determination of LIC can be significantly reduced by the use of comprehensive in‐line R2* map generation without compromising diagnostic accuracy.

Level of Evidence

1

Technical Efficacy Stage

2
Phosphorus speciation in cultivated organic soils revealed by P K‐edge XANES spectroscopy
Authors: Schmieder Frank , Gustafsson Jon Petter , Klysubun Wantana , Zehetner Franz , Riddle Matthew , Kirchmann Holger , Bergström Lars
Published: May 2020

Cultivated organic soils make a significant contribution to phosphorus (P) leaching losses from agricultural land, despite occupying a small proportion of cultivated area. However, less is known about P mobilisation processes and the P forms present in peat soils compared with mineral soils. In this study, P forms and their distribution with depth were investigated in two cultivated Histosol profiles, using a combination of wet chemical extraction and P K‐edge X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy.

Both profiles had elevated P content in the topsoil, amounting to around 40 mmol kg−1, and P speciation in both profiles was strongly dominated by organic P. Topsoils were particularly rich in organic P (P‐org), with relative proportions of up to 80%. Inorganic P in the profiles was almost exclusively adsorbed to surface reactive aluminium (Al) and iron (Fe) minerals. In one of the pro‐files, small contributions of Ca‐phosphates were detected.

A commonly used P saturation index (PSI) based on ammonium‐oxalate extraction indicated a low to moderate risk of P leaching from both profiles. However, the capacity of soil Al and Fe to retain P in organic soils could be reduced by high competition from organic compounds for sorption sites. This is not directly accounted for in PSI and similar indices.

Accumulation of P‐org in the topsoil may be attributable by microbial peat decomposition and transformation of mineral fertiliser P by both microbiota and crops. Moreover, high carbon–phosphorus ratio in the surface peat material in both profiles suggests reduced net mineralisation of P‐org in the two soils. However, advancing microbial peat decomposition will eventually lead to complete loss of peat horizons and to mineralisation of P‐org. Hence, P‐org in both profiles represents a huge potentially mobilised P pool.
Extraction Separation of Rhamnolipids by n‐Hexane via Forming Reverse Micelles
Authors: Zhou Chaojun , Sha Ruyi , Long Xuwei , Meng Qin
Published: May 2020

Rhamnolipids (RL) have been regarded to be insoluble in n‐hexane. Unexpectedly, we have noticed that RL could be extracted together with vegetable oil by n‐hexane at analyzing oil content of fermentation broth. This paradoxic phenomenon was assumed to be due to the formation of reverse micelles. As found in this paper, the micelle size as well as conductivity increased due to water solubilization, illustrating the formation of reverse micelles of RL in n‐hexane. In this reverse micellar system, the maximal water solubility was detected to be 6.26 mol H2O/mol RL while the reverse critical micelle concentration of RL was around 3% (w/w). Hence, it seems that the presence of water could increase the dissolution of RL in n‐hexane via forming the reverse micelles of RL/n‐hexane/water. Lastly, the formation of reverse micelles was further applied for extraction of RL by n‐hexane. Using this method, over 99.0% of RL was extracted under the appropriate pH of 4.5. This extraction separation using n‐hexane instead of chloroform proposed a much cleaner and safer strategy in RL manufacture. Moreover, the capability of RL in forming reverse micelle system could benefit the future application on improving enzymatic reactions, stabilizing nanoparticles, environmental treatment, and protein folding, etc.
Effects of faba bean extrusion and phytase supplementation on performance, phosphorus and nitrogen retention, and gut microbiota activity in broilers
Authors: Konieczka Paweł , Kaczmarek Sebastian Andrzej , Hejdysz Marcin , Kinsner Misza , Szkopek Dominika , Smulikowska Stefania
Published: May 2020

BACKGROUND

Faba bean (FB) can be used in poultry diets as a protein source alternative to soybean meal. This study evaluated the effect of extrusion of low‐tannin FB and phytase supplementation on performance, phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) retention, and gut microbiota activity in broiler chickens. Raw or extruded FB meal was included in broiler diet at 300 g kg−1. The experimental treatments additionally differed in nutrient level (adequate, or calcium, P, and protein reduced) and phytase supplementation.

RESULTS

Broiler performance was not affected by the dietary treatments. Extrusion and a reduced nutrient content did not affect P and N retention coefficients, but they increased when the reduced diets were supplemented with phytase. In the ileal digesta, FB extrusion increased the activities of bacterial α‑ and β‐glucosidase, β‐galactosidase, and β‐glucuronidase, but acetate and total short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs) concentrations were higher only in birds fed extruded FB supplemented with phytase. In the cecal digesta, FB extrusion increased the activities of bacterial α‑ and β‐glucosidase, α‐galactosidase and β‐glucuronidase, and phytase supplementation decreased β‐glucosidase and β‐glucuronidase activities, but acetate, butyrate and valerate and total SCFA concentrations were lower in birds fed extruded FB.

CONCLUSION

Good performance of broilers could be obtained using diets containing 300 g kg−1 raw FB. The extrusion process does not improve FB nutritive value and may negatively affect the activity of cecal microbiota. Phytase supplementation allows lowering calcium, inorganic P, and protein level in diets with FB, and reduces P and N excreted in droppings, with a positive effect on the environment. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry