bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Standardisation in translated language
Authors: Valencia Giraldo María Victoria
Published: January 2021

The law of growing standardisation (Toury 1995) appears to be particularly at play in diatopy, and more specifically in the case of transnational languages. Some studies have revealed the tendency to standardise the diatopic varieties of Spanish in translated language (Corpas Pastor 2015a, 2015b, 2017, 2018). However, to our knowledge, no work has studied this tendency in the Spanish translations of a literary work. This paper focuses on verb + noun (object) collocations of Spanish translations of The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde. Two different varieties have been chosen (Peninsular and Colombian Spanish). The techniques used to translate this type of collocations in both Spanish translations will be analysed. Further, the diatopic distribution of these collocations will be studied by means of large corpora. Based on the results, it is argued that the Colombian Spanish translation is actually closer to general or standard Spanish than to the variety of this country.
Alemania, año cero: orígenes ordoliberales de la Unión Europea y nuevo constitucionalismo disciplinario
Authors: Sánchez Berrocal Alejandro
Published: January 2021

Este artículo reconstruye algunas líneas fundamentales que componen el programa filosófico-político del ordoliberalismo y su impacto en el proceso de integración europea. En él, se analizan las consecuencias éticas y políticas de las ideas ordoliberales relativas al papel del Estado y la función del mercado a través de sus figuras y nociones claves. Además, se elabora un diagnóstico de la matriz ordoliberal que inspira la política de la Unión Europea desde la perspectiva de un nuevo constitucionalismo disciplinario cuyo objetivo es desvincular las políticas nacionales del control democrático y social mediante su atribución a marcos jurídicos de carácter supranacionales.
ADVANCE OF CORROSION ANALYSIS IN ELECTRIC PROTECTION GROUNDING NETWORKS
Authors: SANCHEZ RODRIGUEZ JUAN MANUEL , CARCEL CARRASCO FRANCISCO JAVIER , PASCUAL GUILLAMON MANUEL
Published: January 2021

This study presents research on the components of grounding systems, against corrosion, in the field of construction, focusing this research on the coppery joints. This protection or grounding system consists of a direct electrical connection, without the use of protections, from part of the electrical circuit to a grounding with one or more electrodes buried in the ground.
Thus, this study was conducted analyzing how the level of condition varied according to the aggressive environments to which they were subjected, the type of jointing of the electrodes and their component materials.
For the realization of this objective, different laboratory tests were completed to know in a practical way the internal level of corrosion of the samples. The evolution of electrical resistance in each witness was studied and a metallographic analysis was performed to directly observe through the microscope the effect of corrosion on the coppery joints.
In this way, it has been possible to analyze the corrosion behavior of flange joints in grounding systems taking into account their component materials of each type of component material taking into account different environments where they may be installed.

Key Words: corrosion, micrographs, protection network, electrical resistance, grounding.
ECONOMIC NATURE AND LEGAL STATUS OF CRYPTOCURRENCY
Authors: Астраханцева Ирина Александровна , Астраханцев Роман Геннадьевич
Published: January 2021

The article focuses on the relevance of establishing legal norms for virtual currency, which is currently working in the gray zone. The article substantiates why cryptocurrency was referred to other property in the framework of civil law. The issues of referring cryptocurrency to such objects of civil rights as monetary funds, currency values, securities, intellectual property, intangible assets, etc. are considered in detail. Based on a comprehensive analysis, the classification of cryptocurrency as a different property within the framework of civil law is substantiated. The author's definition of cryptocurrency is given as a cryptographically protected property with signs of cryptographic authentication, decentralization, management through consensus, and the use of distributed ledgers. The economic essence and legal status of the cryptocurrency proposed by the authors emphasize the exclusively digital version of the existence and use of this object, indicates the possibility of the turnover of this asset, delimits the concept of cryptocurrency, non-cash and electronic money. The definition of a crypto asset as property makes it possible to develop tax legislation, since the implementation of cryptocurrency is close to investment instruments, which makes it possible to clarify the issue of paying such a tax as VAT. Cryptocurrency as property describes not the thing itself, but the legal relations associated with it, that is, those rights that, according to the rules of law, can be exercised. The article also raises one of the main issues that must be resolved - this is the recognition of ownership of this specific type of property. According to the authors, the starting point for determining the ownership of the cryptocurrency should be that the subject of the right will be the owner of this asset if he legally gained access to the private key by analogy as the subject acquired the ownership of a tangible asset on a legal basis.
AN EMPIRICAL APPROACH TO THE STUDY OF INFORMATION EFFICIENCY AND HISTORICAL INERTIA OF STOCK MARKETS
Authors: Лисица Максим Иванович
Published: January 2021

There is no consensus among experts (both theorists and practitioners) about the possibilities of forecasting in organized markets, and therefore two points of view have been formed. Proponents of the first believe that the capital market is information-efficient and does not provide grounds for reliable prediction of market prices, since they can only change if news arrives, the appearance of which does not follow any regularity, therefore, there are no regularities in pricing. Proponents of the second theory admit historical inertia in pricing, at least in organized stock markets, justifying this by the inertia of market actors ' thinking, which extends to decision-making processes, hence the grounds for relatively reliable forecasting of market prices. Both points of view can be supported statistically, but there is no mathematical evidence in favor of either of them. However, if we accept as exhaustive the results of the empirical test, which is based on the tools of probability theory and mathematical statistics, we will have to accept the presence of historical inertia in pricing in organized stock markets, which may increase or decrease, but is always present
Neo-Taylorism in the Digital Age: Workplace Transformations in French and German Retail Warehouses
Authors: Gautié Jérôme , Jaehrling Karen , Perez Coralie
Published: January 2021

The paper analyzes how digitalization in conjunction with changes to the economic environment are affecting the nature of low-skilled jobs in the logistics sector; in particular, job content and the working and employment conditions attached to those jobs. On the basis of expert interviews and company case studies in French and German retail warehouses, the authors investigate whether the adaptation of these jobs corresponds to the more general ‘neo-Taylorist’ transformation of workplaces discussed in the literature and seek to identify those factors that are helping to stabilize or modify this trend.

Drawing on the comparative labour relations literature, which distinguishes between different types of workers’ power resources (institutional, associational and structural), the study examines how and to what extent employees and their representatives renegotiate or influence techno-organizational choices. By focusing on firms headquartered in France and Germany, we can shed some light on whether the institutional power of organized labour may enable them to foster trajectories other than the kind of ‘digital Taylorism’ we see in liberal market economies.

The findings point, however, to a general convergence on digitally enhanced ‘Neo-Taylorism,’ which is characterized by deskilling and intensification of performance control. The limited cross-country variation can largely be explained by the very similar effects across countries of ‘lean’ supply-chain transformation and the trend toward outsourcing and offshoring, which negatively affect workers’ structural power. Moreover, associational resources are negatively affected by the deskilling trend. Meanwhile, the findings provide some evidence of a beneficial impact from the institutional power of worker representatives in both countries: in particular, the rights to veto and co-determine performance management systems. These rights have not altogether helped prevent the shift toward neo-Taylorism but have contributed to somewhat less intense forms of neo-Taylorism.
Infection à COVID-19 révélée par une poussée de psoriasis chez un Camerounais âgé : à propos d’un cas
Authors: Sigha Odette Berline , Kouotou Emmanuel Armand
Published: January 2021

The impact of COVID-19 on classical dermatosis and on patients receiving immunosuppressive for chronical skin disease is yet to be known. We report a case of a 76-year-old patient consulting for a flare-up of psoriasis, developing in a context of fever and dyspnea not responding to classic antimalarial and anticough treatment. The chest scanner performed revealed areas of multifocal, bilateral and asymmetric frosted glasses, confirming with anamnestic data and clinical evidence a COVID-19 infection. The evolution was favorable both at the pulmonary and skin levels after 10 days. We reported a specific case of COVID-19 revealed by an outbreak of psoriasis. The immunological similarities between these two conditions suggest that COVID-19 infection may have played a role in triggering the flare.
Fatal case of toxic epidermal necrolysis induced by ciproflfl oxacin in a child
Authors: Schiestel Thomas
Published: January 2021

Bullous drug eruptions such as Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) and Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) are rare but known adverse reactions of fluoroquinolones. Although uncommon, TEN can be life-threatening for the patient, especially in the context of delayed treatment and in fragile patients such as the pediatric population. In the present case, TEN occurred in a 13-year-old girl with no medical history following initiation of ciprofloxacin treatment for an inguinal cyst. We hope that the case report will make interrogate the practices concerning the use of antibiotics, in particular fluoroquinolones in the context of an use not prescribed by the Marketing Authorization of the drug in children.
¿Crisis del presidencialismo o crisis de la presidencia? El liderazgo presidencial de Sebastián Piñera
Authors: Huneeus Madge Carlos , Pasten Mariana
Published: January 2021

El presente artículo analiza el liderazgo del Presidente Sebastián Piñera a lo largo del “estallido social” y sus consecuencias en el proceso político durante su segundo gobierno. La tesis guía es que el liderazgo presidencial es una variable indispensable para comprender el presidencialismo y la presidencia, en este caso de Sebastián Piñera. Nuestro punto de partida es que Piñera posee un liderazgo pobre según la definición de Helms, al no reunir las habilidades requeridas para ser un presidente efectivo, especialmente en su débil inteligencia emocional, que llegó a ser una discapacidad emocional de acuerdo a la definición de Greenstein. Estas debilidades del liderazgo están influidas por su experiencia como hombre de negocios y su inexperiencia política.
Relationship Between Body Mass Index, Disease Activity, and Exercise in Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Liew Jean W. , Gianfrancesco Milena A. , Heckbert Susan R. , Gensler Lianne S.
Published: January 2021

Objective

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is associated with elevated cardiovascular risk, and obesity is a common, modifiable risk factor. Our aims were to assess the relationship of body mass index (BMI) with disease activity in AS patients and to assess the extent to which the effect is mediated through exercise.

Methods

We used data from a prospective AS cohort with a median follow‐up of 7 years. To determine the association of BMI (kg/m2) with disease activity as measured by the Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS), we used generalized estimating equations with inverse probability weighting to account for repeated measures per subject and time‐varying confounding. To estimate the direct effect of overweight/obese BMI on disease activity and the indirect effect through exercise, we performed a mediation analysis.

Results

There were 183 subjects with available BMI and disease activity data (77% male, 70% White, mean ± SD age 40.8 ± 13.3 years). Higher BMI was significantly associated with higher disease activity over time; on average, for a 1 kg/m2 higher BMI, the ASDAS was 0.06 units higher (95% confidence interval 0.04–0.08) after adjustment for important confounders. The direct effect of an overweight/obese BMI accounted for most of the total effect on disease activity, with a smaller indirect effect mediated by exercise (7%).

Conclusion

Higher BMI was associated with higher disease activity in a prospective AS cohort. We found that being overweight/obese largely influenced disease activity directly rather than indirectly through exercise. Other mechanisms, such as increased inflammation, may better explain the obesity–disease activity association.
A Vaccination with Boosted Cross Presentation by ER‐Targeted Antigen Delivery for Anti‐Tumor Immunotherapy
Authors: Shi Yingying , Zhu Chunqi , Liu Yu , Lu Yichao , Li Xiang , Qin Bing , Luo Zhenyu , Luo Lihua , Jiang Mengshi , Zhang Junlei , Guan Guannan , Zheng Cheng , You Jian
Published: January 2021

Vaccination is a widely‐accepted resort against the invasion or proliferation of bacteria, parasites, viruses, and even cancer, which accounts heavily on an active involvement of CD8+ T cells. As one of the pivotal strategies taken by dendritic cells (DCs) to promote the responsiveness of CD8+ T cells to exogenous antigens, cross presentation culminates in an elevated overall host defense against cancer or infection. However, the precise mechanisms regulating such a process remains elusive, and current attempts to fuel cross presentation usually fail to exert efficiency. Here, model antigen OVA‐loaded, endoplasmic reticulum (ER)‐targeting cationic liposome (OVA@lipoT) is developed and characterized with a booster effect on the activation and maturation of DCs. Moreover, OVA@lipoT pulsed DCs exhibit overwhelming superiority in triggering cytotoxic T lymphocyte response both in vivo and in vitro. Data reveal that lipoT alters the intracellular trafficking and presenting pathway of antigen, which promotes cross presentation and bears close relationship to the ER‐associated degradation (ERAD). These results may drop a hint about the interconnectivity between cross presentation and ER‐targeted antigen delivery, provide extra information to the understanding of ERAD‐mediated cross priming, and even shed new light on the design and optimization of vaccines against currently intractable cancers or virus‐infection.
Energy Harvesting and Storage with Soft and Stretchable Materials
Authors: Vallem Veenasri , Sargolzaeiaval Yasaman , Ozturk Mehmet , Lai Ying‐Chih , Dickey Michael D.
Published: January 2021

This review highlights various modes of converting ambient sources of energy into electricity using soft and stretchable materials. These mechanical properties are useful for emerging classes of stretchable electronics, e‐skins, bio‐integrated wearables, and soft robotics. The ability to harness energy from the environment allows these types of devices to be tetherless, thereby leading to a greater range of motion (in the case of robotics), better compliance (in the case of wearables and e‐skins), and increased application space (in the case of electronics). A variety of energy sources are available including mechanical (vibrations, human motion, wind/fluid motion), electromagnetic (radio frequency (RF), solar), and thermodynamic (chemical or thermal energy). This review briefly summarizes harvesting mechanisms and focuses on the materials’ strategies to render such devices into soft or stretchable embodiments.
Overcoming the Mucosal Barrier: Tetraether Lipid‐Stabilized Liposomal Nanocarriers Decorated with Cell‐Penetrating Peptides Enable Oral Delivery of Vancomycin
Authors: Uhl Philipp , Sauter Max , Hertlein Tobias , Witzigmann Dominik , Laffleur Flavia , Hofhaus Götz , Fidelj Veronika , Tursch Anja , Özbek Suat , Hopke Elisa , Haberkorn Uwe , Bernkop‐Schnürch Andreas , Ohlsen Knut , Fricker Gert , Mier Walter
Published: January 2021

Despite the high medical need for oral peptide delivery, instability in the gastrointestinal tract and low mucosal permeation still impede this preferred route of administration. Herein, a liposomal nanocarrier combining two self‐reliant strategies to overcome these delivery barriers is reported. This approach enables the design of a nanocarrier system with synergistic properties: tetraether lipids derived from archaea are incorporated into liposomes to provide the particles with the stability required to traverse the stomach. When the surface of the resulting inert particles is modified with cell‐penetrating peptides, mucosal permeation can be achieved. The designed nanocarrier is proven effective by the high mucosal uptake of the glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin in Ussing chamber studies. Efficacy in vivo is demonstrated in naïve rats, where a highly increased oral bioavailability is obtained for vancomycin, a drug known to be minimally absorbed. In contrast, administration of liposomes with single modification (tetraether lipids) leads to a substantially lower bioavailability. Therapeutic efficacy is proven by the antimicrobial activity of vancomycin in a Galleria mellonella and a systemic infection mouse model. The high oral bioavailability in absence of cytotoxic effects demonstrates that this nanocarrier delivery strategy might boost the oral application of macromolecular drugs in general.
Deep‐Learned Broadband Encoding Stochastic Filters for Computational Spectroscopic Instruments
Authors: Song Hongya , Ma Yaoguang , Han Yubing , Shen Weidong , Zhang Wenyi , Li Yanghui , Liu Xu , Peng Yifan , Hao Xiang
Published: January 2021

Computational spectroscopic instruments with broadband encoding stochastic (BEST) filters allow the reconstruction of the spectrum at high precision with only a few filters. However, conventional design manners of BEST filters are often heuristic and may fail to fully explore the encoding potential of BEST filters. The parameter constrained spectral encoder and decoder (PCSED)—a neural network‐based framework—is presented for the design of BEST filters in spectroscopic instruments. By incorporating the target spectral response definition and the optical design procedures comprehensively, PCSED links the mathematical optimum and practical limits confined by available fabrication techniques. Benefiting from this, a BEST‐filter‐based spectral camera presents a higher reconstruction accuracy with up to 30 times enhancement and a better tolerance to fabrication errors. The generalizability of PCSED is validated in designing metasurface‐ and interference‐thin‐film‐based BEST filters.
Combination Chemo‐Immunotherapy for Pancreatic Cancer Using the Immunogenic Effects of an Irinotecan Silicasome Nanocarrier Plus Anti‐PD‐1
Authors: Liu Xiangsheng , Jiang Jinhong , Liao Yu‐Pei , Tang Ivanna , Zheng Emily , Qiu Waveley , Lin Matthew , Wang Xiang , Ji Ying , Mei Kuo‐Ching , Liu Qi , Chang Chong Hyun , Wainberg Zev A. , Nel Andre E. , Meng Huan
Published: January 2021

There is an urgent need to develop new life‐prolonging therapy for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). It is demonstrated that improved irinotecan delivery by a lipid bilayer coated mesoporous silica nanoparticle, also known as a silicasome, can improve PDAC survival through a chemo‐immunotherapy response in an orthotopic Kras‐dependent pancreatic cancer model. This discovery is premised on the weak‐basic properties of irinotecan, which neutralizes the acidic lysosomal pH in PDAC cells. This effect triggers a linked downstream cascade of events that include autophagy inhibition, endoplasmic reticulum stress, immunogenic cell death (ICD), and programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) expression. ICD is characterized by calreticulin expression and high‐mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) release in dying Kras‐induced pancreatic cancer (KPC) cells, which is demonstrated in a vaccination experiment to prevent KPC tumor growth on the contralateral site. The improved delivery of irinotecan by the silicasome is accompanied by robust antitumor immunity, which can be synergistically enhanced by anti‐PD‐1 in the orthotopic model. Immunophenotyping confirms the expression of calreticulin, HMGB1, PD‐L1, and an autophagy marker, in addition to perforin and granzyme B deposition. The chemo‐immunotherapy response elicited by the silicasome is more robust than free or a liposomal drug, Onivyde. The silicasome plus anti‐PD‐1 leads to significantly enhanced survival improvement, and is far superior to anti‐PD‐1 plus either free irinotecan or Onivyde.
Doped Highly Crystalline Organic Films: Toward High‐Performance Organic Electronics
Authors: Sawatzki Michael F. , Kleemann Hans , Boroujeni Bahman K. , Wang Shu‐Jen , Vahland Joern , Ellinger Frank , Leo Karl
Published: January 2021

Today's organic electronic devices, such as the highly successful OLED displays, are based on disordered films, with carrier mobilities orders of magnitude below those of inorganic semiconductors like silicon or GaAs. For organic devices such as diodes and transistors, higher charge carrier mobilities are paramount to achieve high performance. Organic single crystals have been shown to offer these required high mobilities. However, manufacturing and processing of these crystals are complex, rendering their use outside of laboratory‐scale applications negligible. Furthermore, doping cannot be easily integrated into these systems, which is particularly problematic for devices mandating high mobility materials. Here, it is demonstrated for the model system rubrene that highly ordered, doped thin films can be prepared, allowing high‐performance organic devices on almost any substrate. Specifically, triclinic rubrene crystals are created by abrupt heating of amorphous layers and can be electrically doped during the epitaxial growth process to achieve hole or electron conduction. Analysis of the space charge limited current in these films reveals record vertical mobilities of 10.3(49) cm2 V−1 s−1. To demonstrate the performance of this materials system, monolithic pin‐diodes aimed for rectification are built. The of these diodes is over 1 GHz and thus higher than any other organic semiconductor‐based device shown so far. It is believed that this work will pave the way for future high‐performance organic devices based on highly crystalline thin films.
Recent Advances in Heterostructure Engineering for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Huang Shaozhuan , Wang Zhouhao , Von Lim Yew , Wang Ye , Li Yan , Zhang Daohong , Yang Hui Ying
Published: January 2021

As a prospective next‐generation energy storage solution, lithium–sulfur batteries excel at their economical attractiveness (sulfur abundance) and electrochemical performance (high energy density, ≈2600 Wh kg−1). However, their application is impracticable without addressing the following vital issues: i) shuttling effect of lithium polysulfides (LPSs), ii) sluggish redox conversion kinetics of LPSs, iii) large volumetric expansion of S after lithiation (≈80%), and iv) uncontrollable Li dendritic formation. Recently, many strategies have been proposed to solve these issues, which have focused on physical/chemical entrapment of LPSs, catalytic promotion of LPSs conversion and directional regulation of Li plating/stripping. Designing/constructing heterostructured materials is one of the promising approaches to potentially resolve all the above challenges with one material. In this review, the recent advances of heterostructures focused on S cathodes, interlayers and Li anodes are reviewed in detail. First, the fundamental chemistry of Li–S batteries and principles of heterostructures reinforced Li–S batteries are described. Second, the applications of heterostructures in Li–S batteries are discussed comprehensively. Finally, a concise outlook on utilizing the intrinsic and extrinsic properties of heterostructures is delivered, with the aim to provide some inspiration for the design and fabrication of advanced Li–S batteries.
Association of a standardized measure of nasopharyngeal inflammation with Eustachian tube dysfunction questionnaire score
Authors: Bergeron Jeffrey M. , Parsel Sean M. , Do Triet M. , Unis Graham D. , McCoul Edward D.
Published: January 2021

Background

Standardized diagnostic criteria for Eustachian tube (ET) dysfunction (ETD) have not been established. The purpose of this study was to characterize the relationship between ET inflammation and ETD symptoms and to determine the diagnostic performance of a quantitative score.

Methods

Patients were enrolled in a rhinology clinic between October 2018 and June 2019. Patients underwent nasal endoscopy and completed the 7‐item Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Questionnaire (ETDQ‐7). Nasopharyngeal inflammation identified on endoscopy was quantified using the Endoscopic Evaluation of the Eustachian Tube (3ET) score. Tympanometry was performed as indicated. Comorbid conditions were assigned during the patient encounter.

Results

A total of 414 patients were included in the study. Patients with clinically significant ETD symptoms (ETDQ‐7 ≥2.1) had higher 3ET scores than those without symptoms. A 1‐point increase in 3ET score was associated with a 1.7‐fold increase in odds of clinically significant ETD symptoms (adjusted OR [aOR], 1.72; 95% CI, 1.46 to 2.05). The 3ET scores were correlated with ETDQ‐7 scores (ρ = 0.54) and 22‐item Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) scores (ρ = 0.52). 3ET scores were not associated with tympanometric peak pressures. Patients with ETD symptoms were more likely to have laryngopharyngeal reflux (aOR, 2.71; 95% CI, 1.24 to 6.18). A 3ET score of 4 predicted symptomatic state in 80% of cases with a specificity of 97.8% and positive predictive value of 96.6%.

Conclusion

Inflammatory findings at the nasopharyngeal ET orifice are associated with clinically significant ETD symptoms. The 3ET score is specific for a symptomatic state and has potential clinical utility in the evaluation of suspected ETD. ©2021 ARSAAOA, LLC.
A case report of stomach perforation during automatic mechanical chest compression following pulseless electrical activity due to cibenzoline intoxication
Authors: Itoh Tomonori , Mifune Toshihide , Kojika Masahiro , Fujino Yasuhisa , Nasu Kazuhiro , Naganuma Yujiro , Orii Makoto , Nakamura Motoyuki
Published: January 2021

Background

The current report describes a case of stomach perforation, a rare but serious complication, that occurred during cardiopulmonary resuscitation following severe cibenzoline intoxication.

Case Presentation

A woman aged in her 30s was brought into our hospital while receiving cardiopulmonary resuscitation for pulseless electrical activity. After starting extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), her abdominal X‐ray examination revealed free air in her abdomen. She was diagnosed with internal gastric perforation. An emergency operation was carried out while the circulation was maintained using ECMO. As the patient’s blood cibenzoline concentration on admission was 3,868 ng/mL, she was diagnosed with cibenzoline intoxication caused by the self‐intake of twice the prescribed dose. She was successfully weaned off ECMO and discharged alive with full recovery.

Conclusion

We successfully treated a case of gastric perforation after pulseless electrical activity requiring ECMO support due to cibenzoline intoxication. Abdominal surgery can be carried out even if ECMO support is needed.
Heritability Enrichment Implicates Microglia in Parkinson's Disease Pathogenesis
Authors: Andersen Maren Stolp , Bandres‐Ciga Sara , Reynolds Regina H. , Hardy John , Ryten Mina , Krohn Lynne , Gan‐Or Ziv , Holtman Inge R. , Pihlstrøm Lasse ,   the International Parkinson's Disease Genomics Consortium
Published: January 2021

Objective

Understanding how different parts of the immune system contribute to pathogenesis in Parkinson's disease is a burning challenge with important therapeutic implications. We studied enrichment of common variant heritability for Parkinson's disease stratified by immune and brain cell types.

Methods

We used summary statistics from the most recent meta‐analysis of genomewide association studies in Parkinson's disease and partitioned heritability using linkage disequilibrium score regression, stratified for specific cell types, as defined by open chromatin regions. We also validated enrichment results using a polygenic risk score approach and intersected disease‐associated variants with epigenetic data and expression quantitative loci to nominate and explore a putative microglial locus.

Results

We found significant enrichment of Parkinson's disease risk heritability in open chromatin regions of microglia and monocytes. Genomic annotations overlapped substantially between these 2 cell types, and only the enrichment signal for microglia remained significant in a joint model. We present evidence suggesting P2RY12, a key microglial gene and target for the antithrombotic agent clopidogrel, as the likely driver of a significant Parkinson's disease association signal on chromosome 3.

Interpretation

Our results provide further support for the importance of immune mechanisms in Parkinson's disease pathogenesis, highlight microglial dysregulation as a contributing etiological factor, and nominate a targetable microglial gene candidate as a pathogenic player. Immune processes can be modulated by therapy, with potentially important clinical implications for future treatment in Parkinson's disease. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:942–951
Thermally and light‐triggered reconfigurable shape memory polydopamine/epoxy composite with self‐healing and recyclable ability
Authors: Lu Haohao , Wu Yanglong , Qi Xiaoming , Chi Zhangyi , Li Zhao , Xu Lu , Fu Yaqin , Dong Yubing
Published: January 2021

Shape memory epoxy with self‐healing ability has received much more academia and industry attention. In this work, 4‐aminophenyl disulfide containing disulfide bonds was used to replace the traditional epoxy resin‐curing agent, and the waterborne epoxy resin (sWEP) was composited with the polydopamine (PDA) nanoparticles with photothermal conversion effect through the melt mixing and hot‐press molding. As revealed, the addition of 1 wt% PDA increases the tensile strength of sWEP from 36.1 to 50.3 MPa. Specifically, the shape memory properties of the PDA/sWEP composite as manifested by a ca. 97.4% shape memory fixing ratio and ca. 67.8% shape memory recovery ratio. Moreover, the PDA/sWEP composite had the temperature‐dependent thermosetting and thermoplastic conversion capabilities, which can be programmed to a new permanent shape via a photothermal‐induced plasticity process.
Stellar initial mass function over a range of redshifts
Authors: Riaz Rafeel , Schleicher Dominik R. G. , Vanaverbeke Siegfried , Klessen Ralf S.
Published: January 2021

The stellar Initial Mass Function (IMF) seems to be close to universal in the local star‐forming regions. However, this quantity of a newborn stellar population responds differently at gas metallicities Z ∼ Z⊙ than Z = 0. A view on the cosmic star formation history suggests that the cooling agents in the gas vary both in their types and molecular abundances. For instance, in the primordial gas environment, the gas temperature can be higher by a factor of 30 as compared to the present day. Stellar radiation feedback and cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation may even contribute toward increasing the floor temperature of the star‐forming gas which subsequently can leave profound impacts on the IMF. We present the contribution of the radiation sources toward the thermodynamical evolution of the Jeans unstable gas cloud which experiences fragmentation and mass accretion. We find evidence which suggests that the latter becomes the dominant process for star formation efficiencies (SFE) above 5–7%, thus increasing the average mass of the stars. We focus on the isolated and binary stellar configurations emerging during the gas collapse. The binary fraction on average remains 0.476 and contributes significantly toward the total SFE of 15%.
Pouch‐Cell Architecture Downscaled to Coin Cells for Electrochemical Characterization of Bilateral Electrodes**
Authors: Schneier Dan , Harpak Nimrod , Patolsky Fernando , Golodnitsky Diana , Peled Emanuel
Published: January 2021

Research groups all over the world are testing new innovative electrodes for batteries aimed at being the next generation of energy‐storage devices. To date, the lab‐scale coin cells, which house two one‐sided electrodes, remain the most common tool to test new battery electrodes. However, many novel electrodes are bilateral by design. In addition, many new electrodes, such as silicon‐ and sulfur‐based, enable large areal capacities that might not be properly tested with any single counter electrode. Here, we suggest a technique to assemble coin cells that incorporate two unilateral electrodes with a bilateral electrode sandwiched between them. This method requires no unique equipment, and can help laboratories with limited resources to test their electrodes under realistic conditions that can better display the capabilities of their research products.
Protein detection based on rolling circle amplification sensors
Authors: Shi Haixia , Cui Jingjie , Sulemana Husseini , Wang Wunian , Gao Li
Published: January 2021

Rolling circle amplification (RCA) is an isothermal process under the action of DNA polymerases. Large‐scale DNA templates have been generated using RCA for target detection. Some signal amplification strategies including optical sensors and electrochemical sensors based on RCA have been applied to achieve sensitive detection. Sensors based on RCA have attracted increasing interest. Advances in RCA‐based sensors for protein detection are reviewed in this paper. The advantages and detection mechanisms of sensors based on RCA are revealed and discussed. Finally, possible challenges and future perspectives are also outlined.
Rediscovering strategies: The past may hold the solutions to today's challenges
Authors: Skipworth Stan
Published: January 2021

A few months ago, I started cleaning out my garage, intending to finally go through the boxes remaining from moves made in the latter half of my career. What I discovered ended up being a happy surprise.
Small nucleolar RNA of silkworm can translocate from the nucleolus to the cytoplasm under abiotic stress
Authors: Huo Chun‐Yue , Chang Mei‐Ling , Cheng Hao , Ma Tian‐Tian , Fu Yu , Wang Yi , Wang Yan‐Yan , Kan Yun‐Chao , Li Dan‐Dan
Published: January 2021

Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are thought to be exclusively nuclear and guide nucleotide modifications of ribosomal RNAs. Recently, more and more evidence has suggested that the nucleolus is a stress sensor for changes in growth status and that snoRNAs may orchestrate the response to environmental stress through molecular interactions outside of the nucleus. We previously showed that a box C/D snoRNA Bm‐15 had both nuclear and cytoplasmic location in BmN4 cell line of the silkworm, Bombyx mori. To further study the functional roles of Bm‐15, changes in expression level and cellular location of Bm‐15 were examined in BmN4 cells subjected to serum starvation and ultraviolet (UV) ray radiation. Results indicated that total RNA level of Bm‐15 was unchanged after 24 h serum starvation, but exhibited 3‐fold increases in the cytoplasm, and the nuclear‐to‐cytosolic distribution ratio was reduced from 5:1 to 2:1. Moreover, UV radiation also causes rapid decline in nuclear Bm‐15 and progressive cytoplasmic accumulation with a percentage of 22% and 57% after 6 and 24 h UV radiation. UV treatment results in a dramatic decrease in Bm‐15 nuclear‐to‐cytosolic ratio from 7:1 to 2:1 and 2:1 to 1:20 after 6 and 24 h UV radiation, respectively. We show here for the first time that box C/D snoRNAs can translocate from the nucleus to the cytoplasm under the abiotic stress of nutritional deficiency and UV radiation. The rapid translocation of snoRNAs from nucleus to cytoplasm may slow down the maturation of rRNAs and synthesis of ribosomes to enhance the stress resistance of cells.
NOS1‐mediated macrophage and endothelial cell interaction in the progression of atherosclerosis
Authors: Roy Anjali , Saqib Uzma , Baig Mirza S.
Published: January 2021

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease arising due to an imbalance in lipid metabolism and maladaptive immune response driven by the accumulation of cholesterol‐laden macrophages in the artery wall. Interactions between monocytes/macrophages and endothelial cells play an essential role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In our current study, nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1)‐derived nitric oxide (NO) has been identified as a regulator of macrophage and endothelial cell interaction. Oxidized LDL (OxLDL) activates NOS1, which results in the expression of CD40 ligand in macrophages. OxLDL‐stimulated macrophages produce some soluble factors which increase the CD40 receptor expression in endothelial cells. This increases the interaction between the macrophages and endothelial cells, which leads to an increase in the inflammatory response. Inhibition of NOS1‐derived NO might serve as an effective strategy to reduce foam cell formation and limit the extent of atherosclerotic plaque expansion.
Differential impact of abluminal groove‐filled biodegradable‐polymer sirolimus‐eluting stent versus durable‐polymer everolimus‐eluting stent on and off dual antiplatelet therapy
Authors: Saito Yuichi , Wijns William , Baumbach Andreas , Xu Bo , Kelbæk Henning , Zheng Ming , Morel Marie‐angèle , Anderson Richard , Schächinger Volker , Lansky Alexandra ,   TARGET AC Investigators
Published: January 2021

Background

Current guidelines recommend dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) following percutaneous coronary intervention for 6–12 months in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and 3–6 months in those with chronic coronary syndromes (CCS). Whether DAPT duration has a differential effect on outcomes following treatment of ischemic coronary disease with durable versus biodegradable drug‐eluting stent (DES) is poorly defined.

Methods

The TARGET All Comer study was a randomized trial of patients with ischemic coronary artery disease assigned to treatment with either a biodegradable polymer DES (Firehawk) or a durable polymer DES (XIENCE). This pre‐specified TARGET AC sub‐analysis sought to evaluate the 2‐year clinical outcomes before and after DAPT discontinuation. The primary endpoint was target lesion failure (TLF).

Results

A total of 1,296 (78.4%) of 1,653 randomized patients were included in this substudy, of which 1,210 (93.4%) remained on DAPT at 6 months, 863 (66.6%) at 12 months, and 409 (31.6%) at 2 years. There was no difference in TLF between patients treated with Firehawk and XIENCE stents from index procedure to DAPT discontinuation (8.0 and 7.7%, p > .99) or after DAPT discontinuation (2.9 vs. 3.8%, p = .16). After DAPT discontinuation, target vessel myocardial infarction (1.3 vs. 3.3%, p = .07), and ischemia‐driven target lesion revascularization (0.5 vs. 1.9%, p = .06) favored treatment with Firehawk.

Conclusions

Although TLF was comparable for both Firehawk and XIENCE stent groups before and after DAPT discontinuation, after DAPT discontinuation, there was a trend for less target vessel myocardial infarction and ischemia‐driven revascularization with the biodegradable polymer DES.
Thyroid hemiagenesis with primary hyperparathyroidism or papillary thyroid carcinoma: A report of two cases and literature review
Authors: Alqahtani Saad M. , Alanesi Sultan , Alalawi Yousef
Published: January 2021

The combination of TH and PHPT or PTC is extremely rare. A better comprehension of the normal anatomy of the thyroid gland and its variations, congenital anomalies, and related pathologies is essential for safe surgical intervention.
Squamous papilloma in the external auditory canal
Authors: Jeong Junhui
Published: January 2021

Squamous papilloma is a benign neoplasm and most commonly occurs in the oral cavity or larynx but rarely in the external auditory canal. Human papilloma virus is thought to be the cause. The effective treatment is surgical excision.
Boosting NiO Catalytic Activity by x wt % F‐ions and K2O for the Production of Methyl Ethyl Ketone (MEK) via Catalytic Dehydrogenation of 2‐Butanol
Authors: Halawy Samih A. , Osman Ahmed I. , Abdelkader Adel , Yang Haiping
Published: January 2021

Herein, the synthesis of pure and modified mesoporous nanocrystalline NiO is reported. The catalyst was modified with different wt % F‐ions or K2O and used to produce Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) as a potential fuel/solvent. XRD analysis of the promoted catalysts confirmed the formation of Ni‐metal covered by the host oxide, compared with pure NiO, especially for the promoted catalysts with x wt % F‐ions. CO2‐TPD results demonstrated the existence of different basic sites over these catalysts with varying strength. The catalytic conversion of sec‐butanol (SB) into MEK over the parent NiO catalyst showed 52 % and 76.8 % conversion of SB at 250 and 275 °C, respectively, with higher selectivity to MEK >96 %. Among the promoted catalysts, NiO‐10 wt % F− and NiO‐1 wt % K2O catalysts showed 99 and 95 % conversion, respectively, with retaining the MEK selectivity of ≥96 %. The catalytic activity, of the most active catalysts, was correlated with the presence of Ni/NiO interfaces, different types of basic sites, especially strong basic sites, and the surface area and porosity measurements.
Color appearance model incorporating contrast adaptation—Implications for individual differences in color vision
Authors: Smet Kevin A. G. , Webster Michael A. , Whitehead Lorne A.
Published: January 2021

Color appearance models are usually based on equations with fixed numerical coefficients that were predetermined to yield optimal agreement for a selected standard observer. Here we address the well‐known fact that, among color‐normal observers, there are significant differences of cone fundamentals, which often cause observer metamerism. This is not fully addressed by many appearance models. It might seem that observer metamerism could be accurately predicted by substituting an individual's color matching functions into an otherwise‐unchanged color appearance model, but this is not assured because the model's coefficients were not designed for the new observer. Here we explore a solution related to how the visual system tends to compensate for changes in color information arising from variations cone fundamentals. For this purpose, we developed a simple color appearance model that uses only a few numerical coefficients, yet accurately predicts the perceptual attributes of Munsell samples under a selected standard lighting condition. We then added a feedback loop to adjust the model coefficients automatically, in response to switching between the cone fundamentals for different observers. This feature is intended to model long term contrast adaptation in the vision system by maintaining the average long‐term levels of color contrast. Incorporating this adaptation principle into color appearance models could allow better assessments of displays and illumination systems, to help improve color appearances for most observers.
A new analytical method for the evaluation of cosmetic pigments
Authors: Egurrola Greciel , Segura Juliette , García Johnbrynner
Published: January 2021

A new methodology is proposed for the instrumental evaluation of cosmetic pigments independent of their nature organic or inorganic, focusing on the assessment of its repeatability, reproducibility, and performance. This method involves the use of a silicone‐based dispersion medium that gives an optically clear film (YI = 0.90) and a dispersion procedure using a dual asymmetric centrifugal mixer aided with zirconium beads. Finally, a handheld spectrophotometer in a sphere d/8 spin configuration for the evaluation of the Spectral Reflectance Factor, L*a*b*C*h° coordinates, tinting strength, and ΔECMC colorimetric differences. Methodology shows a satisfactory repeatability, reproducibility, and an adequate correlation with the visual test, making this method a proper fit for quality control and meeting consumer color needs in the cosmetic industry.
Characterization of the Abuse Potential in Adult Smokers of a Novel Oral Tobacco Product Relative to Combustible Cigarettes and Nicotine Polacrilex Gum
Authors: Liu Jianmin , Wang Jingzhu , Vansickel Andrea , Edmiston Jeffery , Graff Donald , Sarkar Mohamadi
Published: January 2021

Novel noncombustible tobacco products offer adult smokers (ASs) alternatives to combustible cigarettes lower on the continuum of risk; however, the abuse potential of such products has not been well studied. The objective of this study was to evaluate the abuse potential of 2 chewable tobacco‐derived nicotine containing products, VERVE Chews Blue Mint (test 1) and Green Mint (test 2), in ASs compared with own‐brand cigarettes (CIGS) and nicotine polacrilex gum (GUM) using subjective measures and nicotine pharmacokinetics. ASs used the test products during a 5‐day at‐home trial prior to completing an in‐clinic 4‐period randomized crossover study. During the study ASs used test products, CIGS, and GUM once on separate days. Responses to Tobacco/Nicotine Withdrawal and Direct Effects of Product questionnaires were documented, and blood samples were collected to assess nicotine pharmacokinetics during each product use. Nicotine pharmacokinetic parameters (Cmax and AUC) were statistically significantly lower with use of test products compared with CIGS and statistically significantly higher compared with GUM. No appreciable differences were noted between the 2 flavors for any of the end points measured. Reductions in maximum urge to smoke and maximum responses to the question “Is the Product ‘Pleasant’ Right Now?” for the test products were statistically significantly lower than CIGS but comparable to GUM. Similar results were observed for responses to other items in the 2 questionnaires. The test products, under the conditions of this study, carry lower abuse potential than own‐brand cigarettes and similar to nicotine polacrilex gum.
Video smoke removal based on low‐rank tensor completion via spatial‐temporal continuity constraint
Authors: Zhu Hu , Xu Guoxia , Liu Lu , Deng Lizhen
Published: January 2021

Smoke has a very bad effect on the outdoor vision system. Not only are the videos with poor visual effects obtained, but also the quality and structure of the videos are reduced. In this paper, we propose a video smoke removal method based on low‐rank tensor completion via spatial‐temporal continuity constraint. The proposed method is based on the smoke mixing model and consider the sparseness of smoke and the global and local consistency of clean video. Then, the optimal solution of the smoke removal algorithm model is quickly realized by the Alternating Direction Method of Multiplier. Finally, we evaluate the experiment results of real‐world data and simulated data from the visual effects and objective indicators. And the experiment results show that our proposed algorithm can achieve better smoke removal results.