bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diffusion approximations for load balancing mechanisms in cloud storage systems
Authors: Budhiraja Amarjit , Friedlander Eric
Published: July 2019

In large storage systems, files are often coded across several servers to improve reliability and retrieval speed. We study load balancing under the batch sampling routeing scheme for a network ofnservers storing a set of files using the maximum distance separable (MDS) code (cf. Li (2016)). Specifically, each file is stored in equally sized pieces acrossLservers such that anykpieces can reconstruct the original file. When a request for a file is received, the dispatcher routes the job into thek-shortest queues among theLfor which the corresponding server contains a piece of the file being requested. We establish a law of large numbers and a central limit theorem as the system becomes large (i.e.n→ ∞), for the setting where all interarrival and service times are exponentially distributed. For the central limit theorem, the limit process take values inℓ2, the space of square summable sequences. Due to the large size of such systems, a direct analysis of then-server system is frequently intractable. The law of large numbers and diffusion approximations established in this work provide practical tools with which to perform such analysis. The power-of-drouteing scheme, also known as the supermarket model, is a special case of the model considered here.
Complete expected improvement converges to an optimal budget allocation
Authors: Chen Ye , Ryzhov Ilya O.
Published: July 2019

The ranking and selection problem is a well-known mathematical framework for the formal study of optimal information collection. Expected improvement (EI) is a leading algorithmic approach to this problem; the practical benefits of EI have repeatedly been demonstrated in the literature, especially in the widely studied setting of Gaussian sampling distributions. However, it was recently proved that some of the most well-known EI-type methods achieve suboptimal convergence rates. We investigate a recently proposed variant of EI (known as ‘complete EI’) and prove that, with some minor modifications, it can be made to converge to the rate-optimal static budget allocation without requiring any tuning.
Diverse Economic Patterns in the North Baltic Sea Region in the Late Neolithic and Early Metal Periods
Authors: Pääkkönen Mirva , Holmqvist Elisabeth , Bläuer Auli , Evershed Richard P. , Asplund Henrik
Published: July 2019

Over 120 prehistoric pottery sherds from mainland Finland and the Åland Islands in the north Baltic region were studied for their organic residue content. Preserved fat residues found in these vessels indicated that the food procurement pattern was broad during the Neolithic and Early Metal periods. Based on previous research and these results, it appears that animal husbandry came to Finland with the Corded Ware culture. Groups using the succeeding Late Neolithic Kiukainen Ware did not, however, practice animal husbandry to any great extent, as there is an indication of dairy fats in only a single sherd. In general, even after dairy farming arrived in the area, prehistoric groups in southern and south-western Finland continued or returned to a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. During the Early Metal period, animal husbandry increased in importance among the groups living in the area, and the level of dairying then intensified.
Roman Cyborgs! On Significant Otherness, Material Absence, and Virtual Presence in the Archaeology of Roman Religion
Authors: Mol Eva
Published: July 2019

In this article I explore different ways archaeologists can contribute to and learn from theorizing the digital world beyond the traditional functionalistic means of applying computational methods. I argue that current digital technologies can be a very constructive tool to create non-human experience and awareness. I pursue this argument by presenting ideas from a work-in-progress project experimenting with the post-human and the virtual, and by exploring significant otherness in Roman religion and the dark spots in human perception, through the analysis of an absent temple in Rome. Applying post-human philosophies and an expanded concept of virtuality beyond the digital makes it possible to change our approach to object/human/divine relations in Roman cults and how we present Roman heritage towards a post-humanist framework. Through this, digital archaeology can become one of the ways of re-examining and reinventing our ideas of the human, the past and the digital.
A scaling law for the recirculation zone length behind a bluff body in
reacting flows
Authors: Massey James C. , Langella Ivan , Swaminathan Nedunchezhian
Published: July 2019

The recirculation zone length behind a bluff body is influenced by the turbulence
intensity at the base of the body in isothermal flows and also the heat release and
its interaction with turbulence in reacting flows. This relationship is observed to
be nonlinear and is controlled by the balance of forces acting on the recirculation
zone, which arise from the pressure and turbulence fields. The pressure force is
directly influenced by the volumetric expansion resulting from the heat release,
whereas the change in the turbulent shear force depends on the nonlinear interaction
between turbulence and combustion. This behaviour is elucidated through a control
volume analysis. A scaling relation for the recirculation zone length is deduced to
relate the turbulence intensity and the amount of heat release. This relation is
verified using the large eddy simulation data from 20 computations of isothermal
flows and premixed flames that are stabilised behind the bluff body. The application
of this scaling to flames in an open environment and behind a backward facing step is
also explored. The observations and results are explained on a physical basis.
Energetic scales in a bluff body shear layer
Authors: Moore D. M. , Letchford C. W. , Amitay M.
Published: July 2019

A detailed experimental campaign into separated shear layers stemming from rectangular sections (having aspect ratios of 5 : 1, 3 : 1 and 1 : 1) was carried out at Reynolds numbers range between $1.34\times 10^{4}$ and $1.18\times 10^{5}$ based on the body thickness. Particle image velocimetry was used to locate the highest concentration of fluctuations in the velocity field and subsequent hot-wire measurements at those locations provided adequate spectral resolution to follow the evolution of various instabilities that are active within the separated shear layer. Similar to recent findings by this same group, the shear layer behaviour is observed to contain a combination of Reynolds invariant characteristics, including its time-averaged position, while other properties demonstrate clear Reynolds number dependency, including the spatial amplification of turbulent kinetic energy. Additional results here show that the ratio of side lengths of the body is a key parameter in revealing these effects. One reason for this is the level of coupling between modes of instability, which is evaluated using two-point correlation methods. These findings indicate that the separated shear layer on a bluff body is highly nonlinear. A specific set of scales responsible for these unique behaviours is identified and discussed, along with their relationship to other scales in the flow.
14C Blank Corrections for 25–100 μg Samples at the National Ocean Sciences AMS Laboratory
Authors: Roberts M L , Elder K L , Jenkins W J , Gagnon A R , Xu L , Hlavenka J D , Longworth B E
Published: July 2019

Replicate radiocarbon (14C) measurements of organic and inorganic control samples, with known Fraction Modern values in the range Fm = 0–1.5 and mass range 6 μg–2 mg carbon, are used to determine both the mass and radiocarbon content of the blank carbon introduced during sample processing and measurement in our laboratory. These data are used to model, separately for organic and inorganic samples, the blank contribution and subsequently “blank correct” measured unknowns in the mass range 25–100 μg. Data, formulas, and an assessment of the precision and accuracy of the blank correction are presented.
Response to H. Floris Cohen's essay review on Newtonian scholarship
Authors: Stan Marius
Published: July 2019

In a review of recent Newton scholarship, H. Floris Cohen charges that my paper is not a ‘case of worthwhile innovation, or even of any innovation at all’. I beg to differ.
Do Indian women receive adequate information about contraception?
Authors: Rana Md Juel , Jain Anrudh K.
Published: July 2019

This study analysed the recent changes and patterns of information received about contraceptive methods by contraceptive users in India – an important indicator of quality of care in family planning services. Data were taken from the third and fourth rounds of National Family and Health Surveys (NFHS) conducted in India during 2005–06 and 2015–16. The Method Information Index (MII) was used to capture the information received by respondents on three aspects of contraceptive method use: information about the side-effects of the method, what to do if they experienced any complication from using the method and information received about other methods of contraception. A separate analysis of information received by users about the permanency of sterilization was also carried out. Logistic regression models were applied to assess the independent effects of users’ background characteristics and their states and union territories of residence on method information received by them. The value of the MII nearly doubled from about 16% in 2004–05 to 31% in 2015–16, indicating a marked increase in the information received by contraceptive users in India over the period between 2005–06 and 2015–16. In addition, the percentage of sterilized women who received information about the permanency of the method also increased, from 67% to 80%, over the period. While considerable progress has been made in the last decade, there is still plenty of scope for improvement in the information received by contraceptive users to advance a voluntary approach to family planning.
Influence of different storage conditions on the performance of spray-dried yogurt used as inoculum for milk fermentation
Authors: Bater Caterina , Santos Mauricio , Galmarini Mara V. , Gómez-Zavaglia Andrea , Chirife Jorge
Published: July 2019

A commercial drinkable yogurt with and without 4% of added trehalose (as cell protectant) was spray-dried obtaining a powder with low water activity (aw). Total bacterial count in the powder was between 8.48–8.90 log cfu/g. The dried yogurt was stored: (i) at 38 °C andaw= 0.33; (ii) at 38 °C in hermetically sealed flasks (aw= 0.21/0.22); (iii) in a cyclic temperature chamber (10–20 °C) in hermetically sealed flasks (aw= 0.21/0.22). Whole milk was then fermented by adding an inoculum of spray-dried yogurt after storage under these different conditions. The kinetics of acidification showed the presence of alagtime which was strongly dependent on storage conditions. The data was fitted with a logistic type equation from which thelagtime was calculated. To evaluate structural differences among samples, Fourier Transform Infrared spectra (FTIR) were recorded. Partial Least Squares (PLS) models enabled a good correlation betweenlagtime of fermentation and FTIR spectra. Thelagtime for yogurt powder stored atawabout 0.21/0.22 and cyclic temperature 10–20 °C remained approximately constant over the 12 weeks of storage, while all the other conditions resulted in a dramatic increase. The addition of trehalose had a small influence onlagtime and, therefore, as a protectant of lactobacilli.
Effect of feeding level during the prepubertal phase on mammary gland development in female goat kids
Authors: Panzuti Clemence , Duvaux-Ponter Christine , Bruckmaier Rupert M. , Dessauge Frederic
Published: July 2019

The experiment reported in this research communication aimed to determine the effects of post-weaning feeding level after early weaning on mammary parenchyma development in Alpine goats. Thirty Alpine female goat kids were weaned early (at around 9.8 kg and 32 d of age) and fed different levels of concentrate: Control (C, 730 g DM/d, n = 10), Low (L, 365 g DM/d, n = 10) or High (H, 1090 g DM/d, n = 10) until 235 d of age with ad libitum hay and water. Half of the goat kids were slaughtered before puberty (at around 208 d of age) and half at midgestation (at around 308 d of age and 70 d of gestation) for mammary parenchyma sampling. A histological analysis, Western blot and DNA quantification were performed. Blood samples were taken before puberty and at midgestation to determine plasma levels of IGF-I and prolactin. The mammary gland weights before puberty and at midgestation were positively and significantly associated with concentrate level. However, the organization of the mammary parenchyma and protein expression and quantity of DNA in the parenchyma were similar among the three groups. Before puberty, prolactin and IGF-I concentrations were significantly increased by the feeding level. In conclusion, feeding level after early weaning did not impact mammary parenchyma structure although it modified the weight of the mammary gland. The establishment of the mammary gland was not impacted by rearing management before puberty. Hence, increasing the feeding level during the rearing period could be an interesting way to increase the body development of goats without impairing mammary development whilst having a positive impact on reproductive parameters such as litter weight.
Shedding ofCryptosporidiumin calves and dams: evidence of re-infection and shedding of differentgp60subtypes
Authors: Thomson Sarah , Innes Elisabeth A. , Jonsson Nicholas N. , Katzer Frank
Published: July 2019

One of the most common causes of calf diarrhoea is the parasiteCryptosporidium parvum.Two longitudinal studies were carried out on a dairy farm Scotland to determine the prevalence ofCryptosporidiumspecies and subtypes in a group of calves and to determine whether dams were a possible source of calfhood infection. Fecal samples were collected from 25 calves from birth to 12 months in the first year. In the second year, fecal samples were collected from pregnant cows (n= 29) and their calves (n= 30) from birth to 6 months. The samples were tested forCryptosporidiumand speciated.Cryptosporidium parvum-positive samples were subtyped by GP60 fragment analysis. All calves in both studies shedCryptosporidiumduring the study period.Cryptosporidium parvumwas the predominant species detected in calves ⩽6 weeks of age and at 6 months of age,C. bovisandC. ryanaewere detected in calves older than 4 weeks of age but ⩽6 months of age. The prevalence ofCryptosporidiumwas higher in younger animals than in older animals. GP60 subtyping revealed two subtypes in calves on this farm (IIaA15G2R1 and IIaA19G2R1) that differed in frequency by age. Adult cattle also shedC. parvum,of fourgp60genotypes.
Impaired cognitive self-awareness mediates the association between alexithymia and excitation/inhibition balance in the pgACC
Authors: Kühnel A. , Widmann A. , Colic L. , Herrmann L. , Demenescu L. R. , Leutritz A. L. , Li M. , Grimm S. , Nolte T. , Fonagy P. , Walter M.
Published: July 2019

Background

Previous research showed that automatic emotion regulation is associated with activation of subcortical areas and subsequent feedforward processes to cortical areas. In contrast, cognitive awareness of emotions is mediated by negative feedback from cortical to subcortical areas. Pregenual anterior cingulate cortex (pgACC) is essential in the modulation of both affect and alexithymia. We considered the interplay between these two mechanisms in the pgACC and their relationship with alexithymia.

Method

In 68 healthy participants (30 women, age = 26.15 ± 4.22) we tested associations of emotion processing and alexithymia with excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance represented as glutamate (Glu)/GABA in the pgACC measured via magnetic resonance spectroscopy in 7 T.

Results

Alexithymia was positively correlated with the Glu/GABA ratio (N= 41,p= 0.0393). Further, cognitive self-awareness showed an association with Glu/GABA (N= 52,p= 0.003), which was driven by a correlation with GABA. In contrast, emotion regulation was only correlated with glutamate levels in the pgACC (N= 49,p= 0.008).

Conclusion

Our results corroborate the importance of the pgACC as a mediating region of alexithymia, reflected in an altered E/I balance. Furthermore, we could specify that this altered balance is linked to a GABA-related modulation of cognitive self-awareness of emotions.
The Demos and Its Critics
Authors: Maltais Aaron , Rosenberg Jonas Hultin , Beckman Ludvig
Published: July 2019

The “demos paradox” is the idea that the composition of a demos could never secure democratic legitimacy because the composition of a demos cannot itself be democratically decided. Those who view this problem as unsolvable argue that this insight allows them to adopt a critical perspective towards common ideas about who has legitimate standing to participate in democratic decision-making. We argue that the opposite is true and that endorsing the demos paradox actually undermines our ability to critically engage with common ideas about legitimate standing. We challenge the conception of legitimacy that lurks behind the demos paradox and argue that the real impossibility is to endorse democracy without also being committed to significant procedure-independent standards for the legitimate composition of the demos. We show that trying to solve the problem of the demos by appeal to some normative conception of democratic legitimacy is a worthwhile project that is not undermined by paradox.
Liberty, Nondomination, Markets
Authors: Sagar Paul
Published: July 2019

Over the past two decades, Philip Pettit has consistently argued for an understanding of “republican” liberty in terms of nondomination. Yet in his major published studies, he has almost nothing to say about markets, nor about the economy more generally. I contend that this is a seriously problematic omission, insofar as markets represent a major problem for republican views of freedom. In short: if freedom requires the absence of the mere possibility of arbitrary interference (as Pettit maintains), then the widespread existence of markets indicates that on a republican view the vast majority of people in the world today exist in the dominated position of slaves. As a result, Pettit cannot adopt the “complacency” towards market transactions that he officially avows. But in turn, we ought to be highly skpetical that the republican account of freedom is a viable one.
Political Confucianism and Multivariate Democracy in East Asia
Authors: Li Zhuoyao
Published: July 2019

Sungmoon Kim's pragmatic Confucian democracy tries to provide a mediating position between the instrumental model and the intrinsic model of democracy. However, this model of Confucian democracy is problematic because it fails to justify the unique role Confucianism plays in accommodating democracy when it is one among many comprehensive doctrines in East Asia. To be truly pragmatic about democracy is to hold a pluralistic attitude toward how people will come to terms with it. This article aims to push the pragmatic tendency further and propose an alternative model of democracy that has a multivariate structure, a neutral state, and an active public role for Confucianism. This multivariate model represents a more promising future for democracy in East Asia.
StagingEmile: Audience and Genre in Collective Self-Legislation
Authors: Litvin Boris
Published: July 2019

Rousseau's interpreters often disagree over whether theEmileprepares its protagonist for membership in theSocial Contract’s political community or presents him as an alternative to it. I argue that such attempts to determine the compatibility of Rousseau's different “projects” obscures his broader engagement with his contemporary popular audiences—particularly those associated with the theater and the novel—and the political implications therein. In contrast to the above debate, I turn toEmileto argue that in this work Rousseau attempts to shape readers in distinct and crucial ways.Emiledoes not simply present precepts to be embraced but intervenes into the underlying communicative dynamics that need to obtain for Rousseau's conception of collective self-legislation. It does so by shifting between the theatrical and novelistic generic conventions identified in his prior engagements with popular audiences, thus generating a reading experience that orients readers to continuously revisit their constitution as a collective audience.
State formation as an outcome of the imperial encounter: the case of Iraq
Authors: Hariri Aula
Published: July 2019

This article employs a postcolonial historical sociological approach to studying state formation in Iraq between 1914–24. In doing so, it synthesises insights from the ‘historical’ and ‘imperial’ turns in International Relations (IR), to understand the state as a processual and relational entity shaped by the imperial relations through which it emerged. Drawing on the case of Iraq, this article demonstrates how British imperial relations (‘international’) interlaced with anti-colonial struggles (‘domestic’) to foster a historically specific pattern of Iraqi state formation. In making these claims, this article contributes to bridging IR's analytical divide between ‘international’ and ‘domestic’ spaces, while undermining IR's universalist assumptions about the ‘spread’ of the state from Europe to the Arab world. Rather, this article demonstrates that the imperial encounter was constitutive of the type of state that emerged, thereby highlighting the agency of anti-colonial struggles in producing historically specific patterns of state domination.
IDENTIFYING LATENT GROUPED PATTERNS IN COINTEGRATED PANELS
Authors: Huang Wenxin , Jin Sainan , Su Liangjun
Published: July 2019

We consider a panel cointegration model with latent group structures that allows for heterogeneous long-run relationships across groups. We extend Su, Shi, and Phillips (2016,Econometrica84(6), 2215–2264) classifier-Lasso (C-Lasso) method to the nonstationary panels and allow for the presence of endogeneity in both the stationary and nonstationary regressors in the model. In addition, we allow the dimension of the stationary regressors to diverge with the sample size. We show that we can identify the individuals’ group membership and estimate the group-specific long-run cointegrated relationships simultaneously. We demonstrate the desirable property of uniform classification consistency and the oracle properties of both the C-Lasso estimators and their post-Lasso versions. The special case of dynamic penalized least squares is also studied. Simulations show superb finite sample performance in both classification and estimation. In an empirical application, we study the potential heterogeneous behavior in testing the validity of long-run purchasing power parity (PPP) hypothesis in the post–Bretton Woods period from 1975–2014 covering 99 countries. We identify two groups in the period 1975–1998 and three groups in the period 1999–2014. The results confirm that at least some countries favor the long-run PPP hypothesis in the post–Bretton Woods period.
A PORTMANTEAU TEST FOR CORRELATION IN SHORT PANELS
Authors: Jochmans Koen
Published: July 2019

Inoue and Solon (2006, Econometric Theory 22, 835–851) presented a test against serial correlation of arbitrary form in fixed-effect models for short panel data. Implementing the test requires choosing a regularization parameter that may severely affect power and for which no optimal selection rule is available. We present a modified version of their test that does not require any regularization parameter. Asymptotic power calculations illustrate the improvement of our procedure. An extension of the approach that accommodates dynamic models is also provided.
Time-sensitive resource re-allocation strategy for interdependent continuous tasks
Authors: Haberland Valeriia , Miles Simon , Luck Michael
Published: July 2019

An increase in volumes of data and a shift towards live data enabled a stronger focus on resource-intensive tasks which run continuously over long periods. A Grid has potential to offer the required resources for these tasks, while considering a fair and balanced allocation of resources among multiple client agents. Taking this into account, a Grid might be unwilling to allocate its resources for long time, leading to task interruptions. This problem becomes even more serious if an interruption of one task may lead to the interruption of dependent tasks. Here, we discuss a new strategy for resource re-allocation which is utilized by a client with the aim to prevent too long interruptions by re-allocating resources between its own tasks. Those re-allocations are suggested by a client agent, but only a Grid can re-allocate resources if agreed. Our strategy was tested under the different Grid settings, accounting for the adjusted coefficients, and demonstrated noticeable improvements in client utilities as compared to when it is not considered. Our experiment was also extended to tests with environmental modelling and realistic Grid resource simulation, grounded in real-life Grid studies. These tests have also shown a useful application of our strategy.
The Association between Public Transportation and Social Isolation in Older Adults: A Scoping Review of the Literature
Authors: Lamanna Madeline , Klinger Christopher A. , Liu Anna , Mirza Raza M.
Published: July 2019

Inadequate public transportation was recognized as a barrier to social participation, especially for older adults in rural communities and with mobility issues. Older adults will not benefit from opportunities to engage with their community and maintain social networks if they are unable to access them. The purpose of this scoping review was to make recommendations for further research and to summarize areas for improvement identified in the literature that will aid in the development of public transportation initiatives that can better address social isolation for older adults (≥ 55 years of age). Nineteen articles met the inclusion criteria, identifying themes of access to rural public transportation, issues with public transportation, and mobility. In practice, older adults need to prepare for driving cessation and mobility transitions; sound policy requires input to tailor transportation initiatives to an aging population, and future research should explore older adults’ transportation needs and potential solutions in urban and rural communities.
Secularizing Islam: The Colonial Encounter and the Making of a British Islamic Criminal Law in Northern Nigeria, 1903–58
Authors: Akande Rabiat
Published: July 2019

Emerging critiques of mainstream accounts of secularism reveal the imbrication of the sacred and the secular in ‘secular’ states. In the context of colonial Northern Nigeria, this sacred-secular entanglement, which took the form of the co-option of Islam for the colonial ‘secular’ enterprise, did not leave Islam unchanged. Co-opting Islam for the colonial project necessitated the making of an Islamic Law amenable to the colonial state. With a focus on criminal law, this article narrates the making of a British Colonial Islamic law in Northern Nigeria through the unprecedented expansion of siyasa. Departing from orthodox accounts of Islamic law's reification in colonial Northern Nigeria and heterodox assertions of its erosion by the colonial state, this article argues that neither the reification nor the erosion accounts illuminates the relationship between the colonial state and Islamic law. To show how the colonial state could assert secularism while co-opting Islam, this article presents a narrative of reform that foregrounds the following questions: Who had (and exercised) the power to decide what Islamic law was? How was the exercise of this power justified? How did the exercise of this power fit with the broader colonial project of governing religious difference? What were the consequences of these processes for Islamic law, institutions and colonial subjects?
The Legal Information Landscape: Change is the New Normal
Authors: Aman Holger
Published: July 2019

The legal information landscape has always been one of instability and change. The rate of these changes seems to be speeding up as societal and technological changes interact and impact our lives. In the face of this volatility, we should remain constant by being the human factor between information and our clients. We are the interface between new technology and the changing information usage behaviours of our clients. We must understand both aspects to ensure the best outcomes. Our client centric attitude positions us perfectly to be leaders when exploring, and perhaps even creating, new solutions. We are best placed to bring them back to our institutions and provide the human touch to ensure they are implemented in a way that will succeed and add value. It is important to embrace this constant state of flux and find our value in being supportive change agents, while also ensuring that we can ensure, and advocate for, the importance of safeguarding legal information for generations to come.
The 80s: the Effect of the Growth in Law Firm Librarianship, IT and Legal Publishing on BIALL
Authors: Miskin Christine
Published: July 2019

In the 1970s London law firms realised just how useful law librarians could be and there was a huge growth in their number during the 1980s. The first co-operative venture began in the mid-70s when we produced a Union List of Holdings and from that grew the City Law Librarians Group. By 1986 there were at least 60 firms in London employing over 150 professional law librarians. Provincial law firms were generally smaller but by the same date firms in Leeds, Birmingham, Manchester, Norwich and Bristol were employing law librarians.
BIALL at 50: the Noughties
Authors: Fogden Fiona
Published: July 2019

It is apt to start this review about the 2000s by mentioning ‘a project called UKILELI…it aims to create a database of UK full-text legislation and case transcripts; available via the web. More critically it aims to be free.’ It was later renamed to the more easily pronounced BAILII. BIALL had voted to support the project with a donation and to encourage law libraries to do the same.
Evaluation of a robust correlation-based true-speed-over-ground measurement system employing a FMCW radar
Authors: Reissland Torsten , Lenhart Bjoern , Lichtblau Johann , Sporer Michael , Weigel Robert , Koelpin Alexander
Published: July 2019

This paper presents a novel approach for the determination of True-Speed-Over-Ground for trains. Speed determination is accomplished by correlating the received signals of two side-looking radar sensors. The theoretically achievable precision is derived. Test measurements are done in two different scenarios to give a proof of concept. Thereafter a series of field measurements is performed to rate the practical suitability of the approach. The results of the measurements are thoroughly evaluated. The test and field measurements are carried out using a 24 GHz frequency modulated continuous wave radar.
Introduction: The Transformation of Petitioning in the Long Nineteenth Century (1780–1914)
Authors: Miller Henry
Published: July 2019

This introductory essay, firstly, offers a comparative, historical perspective on the transformation of petitioning into a vehicle for mass popular politics across North America and Western Europe during the “long” nineteenth century (1780–1914). While petitions were well established as an instrument of state in many early modern states, from the late eighteenth century a new type of mass, public, collective petitioning, based on established or invoked rights, emerged on an unprecedented scale in many countries. Mass petitioning underpinned the nascent repertoires of collective action pioneered by social movements. At the same time, the reception of petitions was institutionalized by political authorities, particularly legislatures elected under limited suffrage, as a potential source of legitimation. Secondly, the introduction suggests why people petitioned, and continued to petition, when their campaigns were often unsuccessful in achieving immediate results. The answer lies in the manifold advantages of petitioning in enabling political organization, mobilization, identity formation, citizenship, political change, and the forming of networks with elite political actors. By shaping an emerging field examining petitioning and petitions, raising awareness of petitions as sources and the methodologies to exploit them, and addressing broad questions of interest to historians and social scientists, this special issue hopes to stimulate further research and contribute to a rich dialogue in the years to come.
Variability of Acoustically Evidenced Methane Bubble Emissions Offshore Western Svalbard
Authors: Veloso‐Alarcón Mario E. , Jansson Pär , De Batist Marc , Minshull Timothy A. , Westbrook Graham K. , Pälike Heiko , Bünz Stefan , Wright Ian , Greinert Jens
Published: July 2019

Large reservoirs of methane present in Arctic marine sediments are susceptible to rapid warming, promoting increasing methane emissions. Gas bubbles in the water column can be detected, and flow rates can be quantified using hydroacoustic survey methods, making it possible to monitor spatiotemporal variability. We present methane (CH4) bubble flow rates derived from hydroacoustic data sets acquired during 11 research expeditions to the western Svalbard continental margin (2008–2014). Three seepage areas emit in total 725–1,125 t CH4/year, and bubble fluxes are up to 2 kg·m−2·year−1. Bubble fluxes vary between different surveys, but no clear trend can be identified. Flux variability analyses suggest that two areas are geologically interconnected, displaying alternating flow changes. Spatial migration of bubble seepage was observed to follow seasonal changes in the theoretical landward limit of the hydrate stability zone, suggesting that formation/dissociation of shallow hydrates, modulated by bottom water temperatures, influences seafloor bubble release.
On the Sensitivity of the Devonian Climate to Continental Configuration, Vegetation Cover, Orbital Configuration, CO 2 Concentration, and Insolation
Authors: Brugger Julia , Hofmann Matthias , Petri Stefan , Feulner Georg
Published: July 2019

During the Devonian (419 to 359 million years ago), life on Earth witnessed decisive evolutionary breakthroughs, most prominently the colonization of land by vascular plants and vertebrates. However, it was also a period of major marine extinctions coinciding with marked changes in climate. The cause of these changes remains unknown, and it is therefore instructive to explore systematically how the Devonian climate responds to changes in boundary conditions. Here we use coupled climate model simulations to investigate separately the influence of changes in continental configuration, vegetation cover, carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations, the solar constant, and orbital parameters on the Devonian climate. The biogeophysical effect of changes in vegetation cover is small, and the cooling due to continental drift is offset by the increasing solar constant. Variations of orbital parameters affect the Devonian climate, with the warmest climate states at high obliquity and high eccentricity. The prevailing mode of decadal to centennial climate variability relates to temperature fluctuations in high northern latitudes which are mediated by coupled oscillations involving sea ice cover, ocean convection, and a regional overturning circulation. The temperature evolution during the Devonian is dominated by the strong decrease in atmospheric CO2. Albedo changes due to increasing vegetation cover cannot explain the temperature rise found in Late Devonian proxy data. Finally, simulated temperatures are significantly lower than estimates based on oxygen isotope ratios, suggesting a lower δ18O ratio of Devonian seawater.
A Global Perspective on Local Meteoric Water Lines: Meta‐analytic Insight Into Fundamental Controls and Practical Constraints
Authors: Putman Annie L. , Fiorella Richard P. , Bowen Gabriel J. , Cai Zhongyin
Published: July 2019

Local meteoric water lines (LMWLs) represent the site‐specific long‐term covariation of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios. LMWLs have practical utility as a hydrologic framework and as benchmarks for evaluating hydroclimatic processes in isotope‐enabled climate models. In this manuscript, we characterize the global distribution of LMWLs and compare them to LMWLs from model data. To evaluate the sensitivity of the covariance of stable isotope ratios to data set length, we paired time series rarifaction with Bayesian ellipse estimation. We then applied a threshold of 48 months and estimated LMWLs at 398 sites in 25 Köppen climate classes using orthogonal distance regression. Slopes ranged from 4.8 to 10.9, with an average of 7.64 ± 0.64. Intercepts ranged from −24‰ to 27‰, with an average of 6.85 ± 6.2‰. We identified three processes: (1) subcloud evaporation of rain, (2) atmospheric remoistening by rainfall evaporation, and (3) conditions of snow formation as important controls on slopes and intercepts in arid, humid, and seasonally snowy regions, respectively. We compared observational LMWLs with those from a suite of isotope‐enabled climate models. At arid and snowy sites, model data produced higher slopes and intercepts than observational data. At humid sites, model data exhibited dampened variability in slopes and intercepts relative to observational data. These results indicate potential for improvement in the precipitation and/or isotope parameterizations of raindrop evaporation, advection of reevaporated water, evapotranspiration fractionation, and supersaturation in mixed‐phase clouds. This meta‐analysis demonstrates LMWLs utility for identifying specific hydroclimatic and isotopic processes in observations and models.
ADAMTS Sol narae cleaves extracellular Wingless to generate a novel active form that regulates cell proliferation in Drosophila
Authors: Won Jong-Hoon , Kim Go-Woon , Kim Ja-Young , Cho Dong-Gyu , Kwon Buki , Bae Young-Kyung , Cho Kyung-Ok
Published: July 2019

Abstracts

Wnt/ Wingless (Wg) is essential for embryonic development and adult homeostasis in all metazoans, but the mechanisms by which secreted Wnt/Wg is processed remain largely unknown. A Drosophila Sol narae (Sona) is a member of ADisintegrin And Metalloprotease with ThromboSpondin motif (ADAMTS) family, and positively regulates Wg signaling by promoting Wg secretion. Here we report that Sona and Wg are secreted by both conventional Golgi and exosomal transports, and Sona cleaves extracellular Wg at the two specific sites, leading to the generation of N-terminal domain (NTD) and C-terminal domain (CTD) fragments. The cleaved forms of extracellular Wg were detected in the extracellular region of fly wing discs, and its level was substantially reduced in sona mutants. Transient overexpression of Wg-CTD increased wing size while prolonged overexpression caused lethality and developmental defects. In contrast, Wg-NTD did not induce any phenotype. Moreover, the wing defects and lethality induced by sona RNAi were considerably rescued by Wg-CTD, indicating that a main function of extracellular Sona is the generation of Wg-CTD. Wg-CTD stabilized cytoplasmic Armadillo (Arm) and had genetic interactions with components of canonical Wg signaling. Wg-CTD also induced Wg downstream targets such as Distal-less (Dll) and Vestigial (Vg). Most importantly, Cyclin D (Cyc D) was induced by Wg-CTD but not by full-length Wg. Because Sona also induces Cyc D in a cell non-autonomous manner, Wg-CTD generated by Sona in the extracellular region activates a subset of Wg signaling whose major function is the regulation of cell proliferation.
Homocysteine enhances neural stem cell autophagy in in vivo and in vitro model of ischemic stroke
Authors: Wang Mengying , Liang Xiaoshan , Cheng Man , Yang Liu , Liu Huan , Wang Xuan , Sai Na , Zhang Xumei
Published: July 2019

The elevated level of the amino acid metabolite homocysteine (Hcy) is known as a risk factor for ischemic stroke. The molecular mechanisms responsible for neurotoxicity of Hcy remain largely unknown in ischemic brains. The previous studies have shown that Hcy decreases the proliferation and viability of neural stem cells (NSCs) in vivo and in vitro. Autophagy is required for the maintenance of NSCs homeostasis. In the current study, we hypothesized that the toxic effect of Hcy on NSCs may involve the changes in autophagy level following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. The results showed that Hcy reduced cell viability, increased LDH release, and induced nonapoptotic cell death in primary NSCs exposed to oxygen–glucose deprivation)/reoxygenation (OGD/R). Treatment with autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3MA) partly reversed the decrease in the viability and prevented LDH release triggered by Hcy combined with OGD/R. Increased punctate LC3 dots co-localizing with Nestin-stained NSCs were also observed in the subventricular zone of Hcy-treated MCAO animals, which were partially blocked by 3MA. In vitro studies further revealed that Hcy induced the formation of autophagosomes, markedly increased the expression of the autophagic markers and decreased p-ERK, p-PI3K, p-AKT, and p-mTOR levels. In addition, MHY1485, an activator of mTOR, reduced Hcy-induced increase in LC3 and Beclin 1 protein levels, meanwhile ERK and PI3K activators (TPA, curcumin for ERK and IGF-1 for PI3K, respectively) enhanced Hcy-triggered mTOR inhibition in OGD/R NSCs. Our findings suggest that Hcy may cause excessive autophagy by downregulation of both PI3K-AKT- and ERK- dependent mTOR signaling, thereby facilitates the toxicity of Hcy on NSCs in ischemic brains.
Efficient and thermally stable organic solar cells based on small molecule donor and polymer acceptor
Authors: Zhang Zijian , Miao Junhui , Ding Zicheng , Kan Bin , Lin Baojun , Wan Xiangjian , Ma Wei , Chen Yongsheng , Long Xiaojing , Dou Chuandong , Zhang Jidong , Liu Jun , Wang Lixiang
Published: July 2019

Efficient organic solar cells (OSCs) often use combination of polymer donor and small molecule acceptor. Herein we demonstrate efficient and thermally stable OSCs with combination of small molecule donor and polymer acceptor, which is expected to expand the research field of OSCs. Typical small molecule donors show strong intermolecular interactions and high crystallinity, and consequently do not match polymer acceptors because of large-size phase separation. We develop a small molecule donor with suppressed π-π stacking between molecular backbones by introducing large steric hindrance. As the result, the OSC exhibits small-size phase separation in the active layer and shows a power conversion efficiency of 8.0%. Moreover, this OSC exhibits much improved thermal stability, i.e. maintaining 89% of its initial efficiency after thermal annealing the active layer at 180 °C for 7 days. These results indicate a different kind of efficient and stable OSCs.
Involvement of G-quadruplex regions in mammalian replication origin activity
Authors: Prorok Paulina , Artufel Marie , Aze Antoine , Coulombe Philippe , Peiffer Isabelle , Lacroix Laurent , Guédin Aurore , Mergny Jean-Louis , Damaschke Julia , Schepers Aloys , Cayrou Christelle , Teulade-Fichou Marie-Paule , Ballester Benoit , Méchali Marcel
Published: July 2019

Genome-wide studies of DNA replication origins revealed that origins preferentially associate with an Origin G-rich Repeated Element (OGRE), potentially forming G-quadruplexes (G4). Here, we functionally address their requirements for DNA replication initiation in a series of independent approaches. Deletion of the OGRE/G4 sequence strongly decreased the corresponding origin activity. Conversely, the insertion of an OGRE/G4 element created a new replication origin. This element also promoted replication of episomal EBV vectors lacking the viral origin, but not if the OGRE/G4 sequence was deleted. A potent G4 ligand, PhenDC3, stabilized G4s but did not alter the global origin activity. However, a set of new, G4-associated origins was created, whereas suppressed origins were largely G4-free. In vitro Xenopus laevis replication systems showed that OGRE/G4 sequences are involved in the activation of DNA replication, but not in the pre-replication complex formation. Altogether, these results converge to the functional importance of OGRE/G4 elements in DNA replication initiation.
Temperature and insulin signaling regulate body size in Hydra by the Wnt and TGF-beta pathways
Authors: Mortzfeld Benedikt M. , Taubenheim Jan , Klimovich Alexander V. , Fraune Sebastian , Rosenstiel Philip , Bosch Thomas C. G.
Published: July 2019

How multicellular organisms assess and control their size is a fundamental question in biology, yet the molecular and genetic mechanisms that control organ or organism size remain largely unsolved. The freshwater polypHydrademonstrates a high capacity to adapt its body size to different temperatures. Here we identify the molecular mechanisms controlling this phenotypic plasticity and show that temperature-induced cell number changes are controlled by Wnt- and TGF-β signaling. Further we show that insulin-like peptide receptor (INSR) and forkhead box protein O (FoxO) are important genetic drivers of size determination controlling the same developmental regulators. Thus, environmental and genetic factors directly affect developmental mechanisms in which cell number is the strongest determinant of body size. These findings identify the basic mechanisms as to how size is regulated on an organismic level and how phenotypic plasticity is integrated into conserved developmental pathways in an evolutionary informative model organism.
Spectroscopic disentanglement of the quantum states of highly excited Cu2
Authors: Beck M. , Bornhauser P. , Visser Bradley , Knopp G. , Bokhoven J. A. van , Radi P. P.
Published: July 2019

Transition metals, characterised by their partially filled d orbitals, provide the basis for many of the most relevant processes in chemistry, biology, and physics. Embedded as single atoms or in small clusters, they give rise to exceptional optical, chemical, and magnetic properties. So far, it has proven impossible to disentangle the complex network of excited quantum states, which greatly hinders prediction and control of material properties. Here, we apply two-colour resonant four-wave mixing to quantitatively resolve the quantum states of the neutral copper dimer. This allows us to unwind the individual spectral lines by isotopic composition and rotational quantum number and reveals a rich network of bright and perturbing dark states. While this work presents a road map for the experimental study of the bonding between and with transition metal atoms, it also provides experimental reference data for prospective quantum chemical approaches on handling systems with a high density of states.
Observation of two types of charge-density-wave orders in superconducting La2-xSrxCuO4
Authors: Wen J.-J. , Huang H. , Lee S.-J. , Jang H. , Knight J. , Lee Y. S. , Fujita M. , Suzuki K. M. , Asano S. , Kivelson S. A. , Kao C.-C. , Lee J.-S.
Published: July 2019

The discovery of charge- and spin-density-wave (CDW/SDW) orders in superconducting cuprates has altered our perspective on the nature of high-temperature superconductivity (SC). However, it has proven difficult to fully elucidate the relationship between the density wave orders and SC. Here, using resonant soft X-ray scattering, we study the archetypal cuprate La2-xSrxCuO4 (LSCO) over a broad doping range. We reveal the existence of two types of CDW orders in LSCO, namely CDW stripe order and CDW short-range order (SRO). While the CDW-SRO is suppressed by SC, it is partially transformed into the CDW stripe order with developing SDW stripe order near the superconducting Tc. These findings indicate that the stripe orders and SC are inhomogeneously distributed in the superconducting CuO2 planes of LSCO. This further suggests a new perspective on the putative pair-density-wave order that coexists with SC, SDW, and CDW orders.