bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medieval Shields of Europe and Rus’ (Construction, Military Symbolic Significance, Development)
Authors: Kozak M.
Published: November 2022

The article considers the problem of the development of shields, the main element of medieval protective equipment, and an important military and heraldic symbol in Ukrainian medieval state of Rus’ and in Europe in general. The state of the research and the source base are outlined. The main trends in the development of the design and symbolic significance of shields in Europe during the Middle Ages are outlined. At the same time, emphasis was placed on sources concerning Rus’ lands and adjacent territories. The author draws attention to the need to compare archaeological, written and iconographic sources in one study. The study focuses on the most representative sources, especially those that can be to apply on material from the Rus’ lands. It is emphasized that the shield as a basic element of protective equipment during the Middle Ages, іn Rus’ lands largely developed in line with European trends. Which in turn makes it impossible to isolate local features about to beginning of the ХІІІ century. At the turn of the XII–XIII centuries in some regions of Eastern Europe, namely the Rus’-Baltic-Polish border, a relatively new type of shield is being formed, the so-called “protopaveza”. This in turn had a direct impact on the armaments of Rus’ and the Teutonic Order in the ХІІІ–ХІV centuries. The author analyzes the main interactions and borrowings of types of shields between different regions of Eastern Europe during the Middle Ages. It is noted that in the Ukrainian medieval state of Rus’, which was at the intersection of Eastern and Western military traditions, shields of both European types and the eastern “kalkan” could be used. However, given the available sources, it is safe to say that the European trend of development of this protective equipment had an advantage. The author came to the conclusion that the shields used in Rus’ and Europe in the X–XII centuries generally belonged to the same types. In particular, it is round, almond-shaped and triangular shields. The issue of shields of the XIII–XV centuries remains more complicated. During this period can be observed as the influence of Western Europe on Rus’, for example, the spread of the knight's “tarch”. And trends that began in Eastern Europe, namely the spread of pavises in the XIV–XV centuries.
Activities of Military Training Missions of European Countries and the United States in the Armies of States, Transforming the Armed forces (the last third of the XIXth – the first third of the XXth Centuries): Problems and Prospects of Research
Authors: Falko S.
Published: November 2022

The study of the work of military professionals sent as part of missions from the advanced European states and the United States to the reformed armies of the countries of Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America in the last third of the 19th – the first third of the 20th centuries has repeatedly been the focus of research by professional historians. The study of the training activities of military missions at the time under study allows us to see general and particular problems of the history of military modernization. A significant time span and various regions of the world in which mission officers served, allow for the scientific prospects and problems of studying military training activities using a comparative method. Comparison of training activities of missions from different countries contributes to the analysis of national military schools. This factor, along with other causes, has a decisive importance for the work of military instructors. By comparison, the regional specifics of the professional work of members of military missions are more clearly visible. The comparative methodology allows us to trace specifically the evolution of training activities of official military missions in historical retrospect through a set off historical examples. The extensive time span enables us to see what and why in the studies of a number of historians remained outside the scope of analysis, and which are as a reconsidered by the authors as mandatory for study. The study reveals the most successful works of researchers on the issues understudy. One of the aims of the article is to determine the most difficult areas for study the work of military professionals from missions in foreign armies and the ways of their disclosure. The study is relevant due to the constant interest of professional historians in the topic of military modernization and the use of military missions for faster reforms of the armed forces during difficult periods of development in some countries.
Australian Foreign Policy during the World War II
Authors: Vietrynskyi I.
Published: November 2022

The article is related to the establishment of Australian foreign policy tradition and becoming of Australia as a subject of international relations. The significant role of the dominions during First World War Great and their help for Great Britain victory, intensified their struggle for independence. As the result of long-term efforts, dominions reached the proclamation of the Balfour Declaration in 1926 by London, which was later confirmed by the Statute of Westminster (1931), which established the authority for dominions for an independent foreign policy. The development of Australian foreign policy before and during World War II was analyzed. The evolution of the relations of the Australia and Great Britain in the context of the events of the World War II is traced, in particular the peculiarities of the allied relations of the two countries. There is shown the regional dimension of the World War II within the Asia-Pacific region, in the context of Australia and the United States actions against Japanese aggression. There are analyzed the peculiarities of external threats effect on the transformation of the Australian foreign policy strategy, in particular in the national security sphere. The main threat for Australia in that period become Japanise aggressive and expansionist policy in the Asia-Pacific region. A lot of Australian soldiers and military equipment were sent to Great Britain to support traditional allie. But in actual strategic situation in Europe there were great doubts that British troops and the navy would be able to effectively help  Australians in case of an attack by Japan. Politics of national security and defense of Australia in the context of its participation in World War II is considered. In the conditions of real threat of Japanese invasion, as well as the lack of sure to receive necessary support from Great Britain, the Australian government start to find a military alliance with the USA. There were identified the key implications of World War II for Australian socio-economic system.
The Labor use of German Immigrants from the USSR in the Economy of the Third Reich at the Final Stage of World War II
Authors: Martynenko V.
Published: November 2022

The study aims to reveal the mechanism and features of attracting German immigrants from the USSR to labor service in Nazi Germany at the final stage of World War II. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism and objectivity and a set of special and general scientific methods. Scientific novelty. Based on the involvement of an extensive array of archival documents, for the first time in historiography, an attempt was made to comprehensively illuminate the problem of using the labor of German immigrants from the USSR in the economy of the Third Reich. Conclusions. German refugees were taken out by the decision of the Nazi authorities in 1943-1944. from the occupied regions of the USSR to the homeland of their ancestors, in the conditions of declared total war, they naturally became part of the Third Reich's labor resources. Most of them were concentrated in the agricultural and industrial sectors of the economy. At the same time, the bulk immigrants' movement to the territory of Warthegau was caused not by the objective needs of the region for additional labor but by the geopolitical plans of the Nazi leadership. Attempts by some areas of Germany to make up for the acute shortage of human resources in agriculture at the expense of the refugees who arrived were unsuccessful. Their aspirations were shattered by the inert position of Himmler and his inner circle. They did not want to go beyond the concept of using German settlers and the bureaucratic mechanisms associated with it. Only officials who defended the interests of the German military-industrial complex were able to achieve certain concessions. The majority of Soviet Germans in the system of social and labor relations in Nazi Germany were reduced mainly to the level of foreign labor, which is especially clearly evidenced by their relationship with employers and living conditions.
Soviet Aggression in Afghanistan (1979–1989) and American – Pakistan Relanions
Authors: Kovalkov O.
Published: November 2022

The impact of the Soviet aggression in Afghanistan in 1979–1989 on US–Pakistan relations on the basis of predominantly American-Pakistani documents and memoirs has been examined in the article. Soviet intervention in Afghanistan led to the deterioration of Soviet-American relations, the curtailment of “détente” and the escalation of the Cold War. One manifestation of this was the United States’ full support for the Afghan opposition. The USA needed Pakistan as allies in this policy but it was sandwiched between Soviet-occupied Afghanistan and unfriendly India, so it needed reliable allies. In addition, the Afghan opposition parties’ headquarters, Mujahedeen training camps were located in Pakistan with almost 3 million settled refugees. The USA and Pakistan were mutually interested in close cooperation.

The conditionality of changing the format of US-Pakistani relations by the civil war in Afghanistan and the involvement of the USSR on the side of the ruling People’s Democratic Party of Afghanistan have been proved. The relations between the USA and Pakistan in the 1980s developed in two directions: official and covert but under the Afghan crisis influence the United States gave in to its principles. Despite the dictatorial regime, violation of the conditions of nuclear non-proliferation the USA has significantly expanded its military-technical and economic assistance to Pakistan. This significantly strengthened the country's defense capabilities and position of M. Ziyaul-Haq’s regime and Pakistan has become in general one of the main allies of the USA in their support of the Afghan crisis opposition. The secret cooperation between the CIA and the Pakistani Interagency Intelligence in financing and supplying military property to the Afghan Mujahedeen, providing them with intelligence, assisting in the production and dissemination of propaganda materials was important. This had a marked effect on the Afghan war outbreak, greatly strengthened the Mujahedeen’s ability to resist Soviet troops, and significantly increased the disastrous consequences of the Afghan adventure for the USSR. After the Soviet troops’ withdrawal from Afghanistan, Pakistan lost strategic importance to the USA, and most programs of US-Pakistani cooperation were curtailed.
The Role of Women-Journalists and Writers in the Development of Democracy and Culture in Australia (the end of the XIXth century – 70s of the XXth century)
Authors: Zernetska O.
Published: November 2022

The emancipation of Australian women in particular journalists and writers, who dedicated their lives to the development of culture of the fifth continent has been detected in this article. The goal of the article is to analyse the arrival of women – journalists, editors, publishers - in the print media and to determine their role in the formation and development of democracy and culture of the young state.

As a result of the interdisciplinary research (combination of history, sociology, philology, culturology) new data on the role of women were obtained in the formation of democracy in Australia. This gives reason to affirm that this is the first study of this problem in Ukraine.

New names of such outstanding Australian men – journalists, editors, publishers, writers as E.S. Hall, S. Bennet, H. Parks, G. Mott, C. Feilberg, W. Winn and women – L. Lawson, F. Baverstock, N. Palmer were introduced into scientific circulation. Significantly expanded and supplemented historical and cultural information about such outstanding women writers and journalists as M. Gilmore, E.F. Richardson, M. Franklin, K.S. Prichard, C. Stead, C. McCullough. Their life is investigated in the context of socio-historical development of Australia and world events that were reflected in their work. Great is their contribution to the antifascist struggle, to the defence of freedom and democratic values in Australia.

The artistic value of the work of each of them is determined. The humanistic and realistic approach in creating their characters is clarified. It reflects the historical and socio-cultural development of Australia since the mid-XIX century to the 70-s of the XX century. It is proved that the history of periodicals and the development of literature on the fifth continent is the story of extraordinary talented women, in whose destinies the history of the development of the fourth power and the literature of Australia is reflected. The stages of The Bulletin magazine’s existence, the reasons for its closure and its influence on formation of Australian national literature are analysed.

The practical value of the work lies in the fact that it brings new data to academic courses such as “The History of Australia”, “The Print Media of Australia”, “The Literature of Australia”.

It is proved than women writers and journalists of Australia enriched Australian literature with bright original works and also made a significant contribution to its culture and democracy.
The Life path of the Italian Doctor, Anatomist, Surgeon and Theoretician of Medicine Guido Guidi
Authors: Dobrolyubska Y.
Published: November 2022

The name of Guido Guidi appears in the histories of medicine as that of the author of a beautifully illustrated book on surgery and as one of the innumerable anatomical eponyms. Guido Guidi practiced medicine and surgery in his native city Florence and made such a reputation that he was in 1542 invited by Francis I, King of France, to come to Paris. The King appointed him one of his personal physicians and permitted him to give public lectures in medicine and surgery at the newly founded College de France. Guidi was about to publish a surgical treatise, based on a Greek manuscript of the tenth century preserved in the Laurenzian Library at Florence. Among the notable features of this manuscript were thirty full-sized plates illustrating the commentary of Apollonius of Kitium on the Hippocratic treatise on dislocations and other pictures accompanying a copy of Galen's treatise on bandaging. These illustrations represented the genuine Hippocratic traditions of surgical practice as transmitted through later Greek channels to Byzantium. In Paris, Guidi lived with Benvenuto Cellini, who became his friend and who has many laudatory references to him in his autobiography. In 1544 Guidi's book on surgery appeared. It is a splendid folio volume, beautifully printed and containing remarkable woodcut copies, or rather adaptations, of the original tenth-century drawings. Guidi's Chirurgia was the best illustrated work on surgery that had appeared up to its date. It comprises translations of six works by Hippocrates, one by Galen and two by Oribasius, together with commentaries by Galen and by Guidi himself. The treatment of all varieties of fractures and dislocations is described in great detail and is very clearly illustrated. Some three years after the publication of his Chirurgia Guidi was recalled to Italy to become chief personal physician to Cosimo de Medici. He practiced and taught medicine at Pisa, took Holy Orders, received high' ecclesiastical preferment, and was in 1557 raised to the nobility. He died at the height of his renown on 26 May 1569 and was buried in the tomb of his ancestors in Florence. For some years before his death he had been occupied in writing a comprehensive work on medicine. This great work was completed and published by his nephew in three huge volumes between 1596 and 1611. This study is based on original research and it corrects many errors that have been perpetuated in standard reference books.
Effect of Blended Learning on Students’ Achievement in English writing skills at Elementary Level
Authors: Bagum Munwar , Hina Zahra , Jamil Sadia
Published: November 2022

The main aim of this research was to analyze the effects of the blended learning on students’ achievement in English at elementary level. Furthermore, the others’ objectives of the study were to find out the effect of blended leaning on the academic achievement of students in the subject of English with respect to pretest and posttest and to analyze the difference in the performance of students taught using blended learning and conventional instructional strategies in English. This study was experimental in nature and quasi experimental pre-test post-test was used as a design study, therefore, All female students enrolled in elementary class of 7th grade in school of Tehsil Multan were selected or taken as population. But, two intact / preexisting sections of grade 7th into Govt. Girls Comprehensive High School Multan having 140 students were selected as sample of study. One section with 70 students (Experimental group) was taught using blended learning model .While the other section with 70 students (Control group) received instructions with conventional methods. The data was obtained on the basis of pretest and posttest method. The data was analyzed by SPSS and by applying descriptive analysis techniques of independent t-test and paired sampling test. It was concluded that significant differences occurred in experimental group students’ academic achievement level who received instructions with blended learning method. More ever, findings of the study suggest that the use of blended learning has a positive effect on English learner. Finally, this study provides the valuable implications for teachers, school administrators and policy makers to improve academic performance of English learners.
Mülkleştirilen Kölenin Kendinin Bilincine Ulaşma Mücadelesi: Seremoni ve Parazit Filmlerinin Hegel’in Efendi-Hizmetkar Diyalektiği Bağlamında Karşılaştırılması
Authors: ALÇIK Fazilet Fatıma
Published: November 2022

2019 çıkışlı ve 2020 Oscar Ödülü alan Parasite filmi ile 1996 çıkışlı La Cérémonie filmi, sinemanın uzun yıllardan beri sınıfsal farklılıkları ele almaya devam ettiğini gösteren filmlerden ikisidir. Gerek Marx’ın etkisiyle gerek toplumda yüzyıllardır görünen sınıf farkından ötürü bu sorunları konu edinen filmler popülaritesini kaybetmemiştir. Fakat sınıf çatışmasının sahnelenmesinden ziyade kişilerin bizzat mülk olma ve mülksüzleşmesi üzerinden özgür bir bilince sahip olmasının yolunun açılması gerektiği için bu filmleri farklı bir okumaya tabi tutmak gerekir. Bu nedenle kişilerin özgürlüğünü yakından ilgilendiren bu iki film seçilerek Hegel’in efendi-hizmetkar diyalektiğine göre kazanılması olarak hizmetkarın bir mülk haline getirilmesi ama çalışma üzerinden nesnelerle irtibatta bulunması üzerinden bir özgürlük okunması sağlanacaktır. Söz konusu iki film bilinç kazanmanın gerçekleşmesi ve gerçekleşmemesi üzerinden bir zıtlık içinde ele alınacaktır. Çünkü yönetmenlerin ifadelerinin aksine Parazit filmi bir kapitalizm savunusuna dönüşürken Seremoni filmi sınıf sistemine bir başkaldırıyı temsil eder. Dolayısıyla iki filmin en temelinde de mülk çatışması ya da savunusu vardır. Bu karşıtlık çerçevesinde ise yalnızca Hegel’in Tinin Fenomenolojisi kitabında kendinin-bilinci bölümünde yer alan efendi-hizmetkar (mastery-servitude) diyalektiği bağlamında bir tanınma mücadelesine başvurulacaktır. Yapılan soruşturmanın en temel nedeni, soyut bir araştırma yapmak yerine toplumun aynası ve toplumu dönüştüren bir yapı olarak sinemanın bu bağlamda hangi problemlere yol açtığını veya hangi çözüm yollarını açtığını ifade etmek olacaktır. Filmi okuma yöntemi olarak ise göstergebilim kullanılacaktır. Filmleri yönetmenlerinin niyetlerini okuma dışında metafor ve ikiliklerin Hegel perspektifinden ele alındığında hangi sonuçların ortaya çıkacağı tartışılacaktır.
Pierre Savorgnan De Brazza, a Life, a Story with the Congo
Authors: SAH Zéphirin
Published: November 2022

Savorgnan De Brazza figures prominently .This character marked the history of the Congo through his work which can be summed up in three missions carried out on Congolese soil. To remember the latter, the capital of the Congo bears his name: Brazzaville, the city of De Brazza. Besides this, many other places of memory in the Congo bear his name. This study focuses on the life of Pierre Savorgnan De Brazza, his story in particular, the one that links him with the peoples of the Congo. Pierre Savorgnan De Brazza is the first European to have arrived in the current Congolese Cuvette. It was after the Franceville stage in Gabon that De Brazza took the road to the Congo via the Plateaux which he now knows well to reach the Congo River. From this trip, the elders retain the revelation of the name of the Sovereign Teke, King Makoko whose treaty with De Brazza, later allowed the foundation of Brazzaville. This study is about De Brazza a life, a story. This sends us back to the man, his life and his story.
Comparison of Execution in Warranty and Fiduciary Bank
Authors: Ginting Lilawati
Published: November 2022

The types of guarantee institutions known in the Indonesian legal system can be classified according to their type, nature, purpose and management. Late payment will result in a claim for the guaranteed goods. Execution is an attempt by the ruling party to seek justice through res judicata. Bank guarantees, which are individual guarantees, and trustees, which are physical guarantee institutions, have different implementation methods at the time of default. This study tries to explain the problem of comparing legal situations with bank guarantees and trustees in a normative and juridical way. The results show that The authority to enforce bank guarantees on assets belonging to debtors in default refers to Articles 1131 and 1132 of the Civil Code. According to Articles 1131 and 1132 of the Civil Code, the goods belonging to the debtor (the guarantor) are generally collateral for the debtor's debt, and the proceeds from the sale of the collateral are charged to the recipient of the guarantee.
Defining and understanding the notion of creativity in business: an employee perspective from sales industry in Dubai, UAE
Authors: Un Nisa Noor , Callanga Pamela Mae V. , Baloch Muhammad Nawaz
Published: November 2022

This paper looks at the value and benefits of creativity in the workplace, with insights from a participant who runs a start-up hair product company. By doing a case study on a specific firm, the goal of this paper is to acquire a comprehensive understanding of what creativity is and its vital application or impact in management. It also analysed the importance of creativity at an organizational and individual level using data gathered from a sales manager from Dubai Duty Free Airport, UAE. This study utilised qualitative case study method to collect data to fulfil the aim of having in-depth knowledge of the concept as well as to examine the significance and effect of creativity at an organizational level. The researchers gathered the primary data through an in-depth interview with the participant. The thematic content analysis method is utilised to analyse the obtained data. This study concludes that creativity is applied to create value for customers. As mentioned by the interviewee, a personalized approach should be considered for every customer to ensure that their specified needs are achieved.
Causes and factors responsible for Operation Zarb-e-Azb: perspective of internally displaced persons of North Waziristan, Pakistan
Authors: Khan Irshad Ullah , Khan Alamgir , Asif Ullah
Published: November 2022

After 9/11 incident, the US and NATO forces entered Afghanistan to defeat Al-Qaida and its affiliated militant group–Taliban. The NATO forces invasion pushed militants from Afghanistan to take refuge in nearby places. Due to close proximity and vulnerable borders, many of these militants entered Pakistan’s erstwhile Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), which resulted in the growth of militancy and extremism in the region. Pakistan launched a series of operations to counter terrorism and its facilitators. Operation Zarb-e-Azb was the continuation of those operations, started as a last vengeance in North Waziristan Agency with the aim to evacuate common people and then to extinguish militants. Resultantly, operation started in the mid of June, 2014 and the people of North Waziristan Agency started migration to the adjacent areas i.e., Bannu, Lakki Marwat and Karak etc. with worries and miseries in their hearts. Operation Zarb-e-Azb has been discussed in the literature. However, the perspective of IDPs has been overlooked. The study is descriptive-exploratory which is accomplished on a mixed study approach. This research article aimed to assess the perception of IDPs camped in Lakki Marwat from 2014-17 regarding the operation's causes and factors and the problems IDPs faced during displacement.
An investigation of socio-economic conditions of street hawkers: a case study of Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan
Authors: Dharejo Nazia , Dharejo Atif Hussain , Nisa Noor Un , Mahesar Hakim Ali
Published: November 2022

Street hawkers have been part of urban street life in cities of developed and developing countries. The study focuses on the socio-economic conditions of street vendors in Hyderabad, Sindh province, Pakistan. A review of the existing literature shows an acute shortage of empirical evidence on street hawkers in Pakistan, especially in Hyderabad, Sindh. This study aims to bridge this gap by contributing empirical evidence on the subject. For this study, a survey has been conducted to identify the socio-economic condition of the street vendors, their reasons for joining street vending, and problems faced by the street hawkers during street vending. This survey covered 120 street vendors in Hyderabad. The data has been collected from both primary and secondary sources. The secondary data has been collected from research articles published in journals, and books, newspapers, and research reports published by various organizations. The findings of the study show that the street hawkers significantly contributed to the socio-economic uplift of the masses at a larger level. The street hawkers have very little capital to invest in their businesses.
Messianic hopes at the moral carnival – The [rhetorical] question of advocating for the humanities, for now
Authors: Doxtader Erik
Published: November 2022

Why must the humanities be defended? What is to be said in their name? This inquiry does not seek to make a case for the humanities. It is rather concerned with what happens in contemporary advocacy that contends for the value of the humanities, the myriad arguments that take on the responsibility of speaking for the humanities and expressing the good for which the humanities are thought responsible. In all of this work, in so many efforts to argue the humanities, what remains uncomprehended, and indeed what is regularly set aside as simply incomprehensible, is the work of rhetorical-argument itself, the contingent conditions, dynamics and power of a response, the response-ability on which a comprehension of the humanities may yet depend.
Piercing incomprehensible power
Authors: Nethersole Reingard
Published: November 2022

Demonstrating the inherent indiscernibility of political power, particularly in our post-tellurian, celestial epoch (Schmitt) of ‘postdemocracy’ (Ranciere), a focus on spaces and sites of power – in its dual characteristic of dominating, controlling as well as enabling force – illuminates historic changes that produced today’s technologically and pecuniary propelled ‘governance’ (Morozov). Dispensed by idola of the ‘marketplace and the theatre’ (Bacon) coursing through cyberspace, the muted demos is coaxed into accepting Silicon Valley’s promise of utopia unless forensic rhetoric pierces the broken connection between having power and exercising it deliberatively. That depends on the extent to which concealed places of power can be made comprehensible for the demos to withstand celestial seduction and regain her politically informed voice.
For Philippe: Sharing questions of unintelligibility, security and diversity — from Babel to Pentecost
Authors: De Courcelles Dominique
Published: November 2022

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech. And it came to pass, as they journeyed east, that they found a plain in the land of Shinar; and they dwelt there. And they said one to another, Go to, let us make brick, and burn them thoroughly. And they had brick for stone, and slime had they for mortar. And they said, Go to, let us build us a city and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven; and let us make us a name, lest we be scattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth. And the LORD came down to see the city and the tower, which the children of men builded. And the LORD said, Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language; and this they begin to do: and now nothing will be restrained from them, which they have imagined to do. Go to, let us go down, and there confound their language that they may not understand one another’s language. So the LORD scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of the earth: and they left off to build the city. Therefore is the name of it called Babel; because the LORD did there confound the language of all the earth: and from thence did the LORD scatter them abroad upon the face of all the earth. (Genesis 11, 1–9).
On some ‘long-forgotten propositions’: Reflections on the ‘Epilogue’ to Arendt’s Eichmann in Jerusalem
Authors: Hilb Claudia
Published: November 2022

This contribution focuses on the last pages of the Epilogue of Eichmann in Jerusalem by Hannah Arendt, but it concerns a question that runs through Arendt’s work practically in its entirety, which can be put as follows: How can we judge when we can no longer rely on the certainties of tradition, when – with the emergence of totalitarianism – the categories and concepts with which we used to judge no longer help us to account for the horrifying reality of crimes of an unknown nature and of criminals who do not comply with the notion of criminals that we used to consider? The text aims to dwell on these somewhat strange final pages of Arendt’s chronicle of Eichmann’s trial to try to see how they nourish our reflection on how to confront an unknown evil of a new kind.
An incomprehensible rhetoric
Authors: Engel Pascal
Published: November 2022

In his pioneering essays on the role of rhetoric in political discourse in South Africa, and in particular within the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Philippe-Joseph Salazar has emphasised the ‘postmodernist’ overtones of these debates. But he has clearly distinguished an Aristotelian line in the use of rhetoric in politics, according to which it ought to promote truth in order to convince, and a Protagorean line, according to which truth is relative and useless. Some commentators on these issues, such as Barbara Cassin, have – without a blink – espoused the postmodernist and Protagorean line. I take their view to be incomprehensible and incoherent. Rhetoric should not be used as a tool to bury truth, but to praise it. So, I prefer to see Salazar more as an Aristotelian than as a Protagorean.
The self-image of intelligence agents in an archive of state repression in Argentina
Authors: Vitale María Alejandra
Published: November 2022

This article examines, from a rhetorical-discursive perspective, the self-image or ethos of intelligence agents in an archive of state repression in Argentina. The archive, which has been open to the public since 2009, once belonged to the Information Service of the North Atlantic Naval Prefecture (SIPNA). The article describes some of the problems related to opening this type of archive, such as disagreements about its current purpose and the historical actors and memory processes involved. It then describes two of the predominant self-images that characterise the intelligence agents who compiled it: that of repressors and that of political experts or analysts. The corpus is composed of documents produced on the occasion of the visit of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) to Argentina in 1979. This visit was in response to international complaints about human rights violations by the military government of the time.
South African Amnesty 2.0: Incomprehensible?
Authors: Kotzé Klaus
Published: November 2022

The South African democracy faces a crisis of legitimacy and identity that locks it into a state of inertia. The state is proving unable to critically advance the constitutional ends of transformative democracy. It lacks the strategic concepts and arguments to do so and has subsequently become embroiled in an existential battle for the soul of the country. As a critical contribution, this essay evokes the need for politically expedient approaches and arguments. It reflects on the past, on the methodologies employed to bring about the unitary, democratic state, and on the need to look at purposeful, albeit incomprehensible, strategies that will allow transcendence beyond the current impasse. By and large, South Africa sets an example. It is a laboratory for democracy, and for that very reason, much like Athens, it will long remain an oddity, not only in Africa (as the Afro pessimists’ simplistic litany would like to have us believe) but also in global politics. South Africa is a test case for global democracy; it is a test case for rhetoric; and it is a test case for the relevance of rhetoric studies in a postmodern democracy.
A rhetoric of terror and of the terrified
Authors: Nkoala Sisanda
Published: November 2022

This paper draws on Philippe-Joseph Salazar’s work in Words are Weapons: Inside ISIS’s Rhetoric of Terror (2017) on ISIS’s persuasive self-presentation on social and traditional media, to consider the rhetoric of the terrified Farmers evident in the framing discourse of selected South African television news reports on Farm attacks. Scholars who study ISIS’s use of media have noted the efficacy with which this group has been able to harness the capabilities of media platforms to speak directly to audiences and construct its image. Likewise, the communicative strategies employed in the framing discourse of South African media around the victimhood of Farmers have been effective and have spread to audiences worldwide. Using Salazar’s examination of ISIS’s rhetoric, expressed through its use of words and images in the media, this paper discusses similarities between ISIS’s self-presentation in audio-visual media and the news media discourse that articulates a sense of self-othering by Farmers through these platforms.
The ongoing necessity of suffrage rhetorics (or ‘suffragism’): On the centennial of the Nineteenth Amendment to the US Constitution
Authors: Glenn Cheryl , Enoch Jessica
Published: November 2022

This contribution analyses feminist scholarship on women’s suffrage – women’s fight for the right to vote in the United States. The 100-year anniversary of the passing of the 19th Amendment – the suffrage amendment – serves as exigence for considering how feminist scholarship dedicated to suffrage addresses our contemporary contexts and concerns. To that end, we bring together scholarship that troubles dominant white suffrage narratives in order to amplify the rhetorics of suffragists of colour, that engages the racism that inflected the suffrage movement, that explores possibilities for coalitions and alliances, and that continues to consider how suffrage rhetorics, at the turn of the twentieth century, might connect to and inform restrictions on voting rights for people living various intersectional realities in the twenty-first century.
The Covington smile: Norms and forms of violence in the age of the White Awakening
Authors: Salazar Philippe-Joseph
Published: November 2022

This essay is a detailed study of an event that took place in January 2019 in Washington DC on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial. It was a confrontation between Catholic schoolboys returning from a March for Life and mainly Native Americans led by an Omaha elder. The ‘faceoff’ between the two central protagonists, Nicholas Sandmann and Nathan Phillips, went viral as the embodiment and enactment of white racism. It occasioned massive lawsuits for defamation against major media corporations. By applying critical rhetoric, this essay intends to show that repressed forms and norms of rites, sacrifice and religious artefacts were re-activated and performed anew during this encounter.
FORMATION OF FOREIGN LANGUAGE COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCES IN ECONOMIC STUDENTS USING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
Authors:   National Research Technological University, Ryapolova N.V.
Published: November 2022

The use of innovative technologies and Internet resources in foreign language classes makes it possible to speed up and facilitate the learning process and becomes an integral part of the successful development of foreign language communicative competence among undergraduate students. The problem of achieving the required level of formation of foreign language communicative competence of students is relevant for a number of reasons: the minimum number of classroom hours allocated to the discipline "Foreign Language"; predominance of traditional teaching methods and approaches; the unique characteristics and expectations of Gen Z students raised with digital technology. The research problem is what innovative technologies and Internet resources contribute to the formation of foreign language communicative competence in foreign language classes with economic students in a non-linguistic university? The purpose of the research is to present the experience of foreign language teachers of the Stary Oskol Institute of Technology in the use of innovative technologies in the process of forming foreign language communicative competence among economic students. The research methods used are analysis, generalization, forecasting, observation, evaluation. The results of the research are: the concept of "modeling of educational and speech situations" has been disclosed; a classification of professionally oriented educational and speech situations and examples of their use has been given; an example of the use of project-based learning technology has been presented; the experience of using forms of telecommunications, educational Internet resources and the MS Teams online platform in the educational process with students of economic specialties has been given. Key conclusions: the use of innovative technologies in foreign language classes involves purposeful systematic preparation of students of economic specialties for professional and business foreign language communication, thereby ensuring the formation of foreign language communicative competence.
NEW TRENDS IN MODERN EDUCATION
Authors:   FSBEI HE ", Tlevtsezheva M.A. ,   Maikop State Technological University"
Published: November 2022

Today, it is beyond doubt that in the academic community the system of higher education must undergo fundamental changes. What caused this problem? Recently there has been a complete redrawing of the Soviet education system due to the transition to the Bologna format. There are many questions, but the answer is the same: the world is changing very quickly, what is relevant today, will sink into oblivion tomorrow. The competencies of modern university graduates must correspond to tomorrow's labor market demand. But not only the labor market is changing, so is the political situation. The Minister of Education of Russia, Valery Falkov, said that the Bologna process should be treated as a passed stage. The future system of higher education should become unique in all respects, the main priority of which can only be the interests of the Russian national economy, which in turn will create the maximum space of opportunities for each student. What will the education system of tomorrow look like? The author of the article makes an attempt to analyze possible trends in the future education of higher education.
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL ASPECTS OF CIVIL IDENTITY AND PATRIOTISM FORMATION IN A SCHOOL AT THE PRESENT STAGE OF EDUCATION
Authors:   ", Tuova T.G. ,   Adygh State University", Blyagoz N.Sh. , Teuchezh F.D.
Published: November 2022

The problem of a person's civic identity formation accompanies society modernization, and it is especially relevant today, not only for the development of personality traits, but also for the younger generation, who should be active citizens of their state, their homeland. Awareness of an individual to belong to a community of citizens of a certain state, on a general cultural basis, determines civic identity. Due to the fact that students of different ages have different life experiences, they need the help of a teacher when choosing life guidelines. Adolescents do not have well-established social motives, interests and sufficient experience, just as the desire for independence is not always supported by interests and sufficient experience. The requirements of the Federal State Standard state that the basis of civic identity is the basic national values. The purpose of the research is to diagnose the formation of civic identity and patriotism among adolescents and the possible psychological and pedagogical conditions for their formation in the lessons at school, using the example of geography lessons in the course of "Geography of Russia". The research methods used are theoretical and empirical methods, including the study of methodological approaches to understanding the problem of civic identity and patriotism formation; questioning, methods of mathematical statistics. The results of the research have led to the following key conclusions: 1. Methodological approaches of philosophers, teachers and psychologists were used: N.A. Berdyaev, M.S. Kagan, K.D. Ushinsky, V.A. Sukhomlinsky, V.I. Galperin, who studied the spiritual and moral basis of a personality, psychological and spiritual mentality of people, and folk values in education. 2. Analysis of the results of the survey of students of 8-9 grades of MBOU "Maikop Gymnasium No. 22" in the 2021/2022 academic year, the positive results of the pedagogical experiment proved the validity of the proposed methodology for teaching the course of the "Geography of Russia", the effectiveness of psychological and pedagogical conditions in the formation of knowledge of patriotic content, increasing the level of formation of civic identity and moral and patriotic position.
İki Dilli Öğrencilerin Türkçe Dinleme Stratejilerinin Bazı Değişkenler Açısından İncelenmesi
Authors: KARDAŞ Hakim , KAYA Mustafa
Published: November 2022

İki dilli öğrencilerin Türkçe dinleme stratejilerinin cinsiyet, sınıf düzeyi, baba eğitim düzeyi, anne eğitim düzeyi, evde konuşulan dil, akıllı telefona sahip olma, telefonu kullanma amacı, evde TV/radyo bulunma durumu, TV izleme süresi değişkenleriyle ilişkisini tespit etmeyi amaçlayan bu çalışmada betimsel yöntemlerden ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Bitlis ili Güroymak ilçesi Gölbaşı Cumhuriyet Ortaokulunda öğrenim gören ve iki dil bilen 145 öğrenci araştırmanın çalışma grubunu oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma grubu, seçkisiz olmayan örnekleme yöntemlerinden uygun örnekleme metoduna göre oluşturulmuştur. Fidan (2012) tarafından geliştirilen iki bölümden oluşan “Dinleme Stratejileri Ölçeği” veri toplama aracı olarak kullanılmıştır. Veri analizinde, sırasıyla betimsel istatistik ölçüleri (frekans ve yüzdeleri), Normallik testleri (Komogorov-Smirnov ve Shapiro-Wilk), Mann-Whitney U testi, Kruskal Wallis H testi ve basit doğrusal korelasyon (Spearman sıra farkları) analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda iki dilli ortaokul öğrencilerin Türkçe dinleme stratejilerini uygulama düzeylerinin yüksek düzeyde olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca iki dilli ortaokul öğrencilerinin Türkçe dinleme stratejilerini uygulama düzeylerinin cinsiyet, anne eğitim düzeyi, baba eğitim düzeyi, akıllı telefona sahip olma durumu, televizyon izleme süresi, akıllı telefon kullanım amacı ve evde televizyon/radyo izleme durumuna göre etkisinin olmadığı bulgusuna erişilmiştir. Bu sonuçlardan farklı olarak iki dilli öğrencilerin Türkçe dinleme stratejilerini uygulama düzeylerinin sınıf düzeyine ve evde konuşulan dile göre istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu bulunmuştur.
A Review on Selected Durability Parameters on Performance of Geopolymers Containing Industrial By-products, Agro- Wastes and Natural Pozzolan
Authors: NGUİ Festus , MUHAMMED Najya , MUTUNGA Fredrick Mulei , MARANGU Joseph , KINOTI Ismael Kithinji
Published: November 2022

The applications of geopolymers as cementitious systems are becoming an alternative source of cement daily. The use of potentially suitable aluminosilicate inorganic waste materials incorporated with agro-industrial waste in the production of suitable geopolymer binders has been reported. Calcined clay and some agro-waste ash, such as coconut shells, are examples of aluminosilicate materials that exhibit strong pozzolanic activity because of their high silica-alumina composition. The pozzolanic reaction is primarily caused by the amorphous silica present in properly burned agricultural waste and clay. Based on a variety of available literature on concrete and mortar including geopolymers synthesized from agro-industrial waste, a critical review of raw materials and the mechanism of synthesis of the geopolymer has been outlined in this work. Additionally, the durability characteristics of agro-industrial waste geopolymer concrete and mortar, including resistance to chloride, corrosion, sulfate, acid attack, depth of carbonation, water absorption, thermal resistivity, Creep and drying shrinkage, are briefly reviewed.
Migration of crimson rose butterfly (Pachliopta hector) from India to Sri Lanka
Authors: Dissanayake P.K. , Vinod P. , Vinod S. , Wijesinghe H.S.B. , Kumara R.W.D.L. , Subhashana H.M.D.S. , Gamage R.
Published: November 2022

Migrations of butterflies are common phenomena, yet they are one of the greatest natural events on earth. The migration of monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus (L.) is a spectacular event that has received great attention in northern America. They travel 1,200–2,800 miles from the northeast United States and southeast Canada to the mountain forests of central Mexico, where they find suitable climatic conditions to hibernate from the beginning of November to mid-March. This swarming occurs primarily across North American land mass, so does not cross the sea. Although migration appears to be widespread among butterflies, its prevalence, and migration behaviours, are poorly understood.
The herpetofauna in Sarpang District, Bhutan
Authors: Tenzin J. , Nidup S. , Gyeltsen G. , Tshomo T. , Nepal A. , Wangyal J.T.
Published: November 2022

Although several checklists exist of herpetofauna in Bhutan, these are based on citizen science data or report the diversity of individual regions and published records are lacking for many areas. Like the country as a whole, there is no formal checklist or report for Sarpang District despite the fact that most of this district is encompassed within three protected areas namely Royal Manas National Park, Jigme Singye Wangchuck National Park, and Phibsoo Wildlife Sanctuary.