bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microwave Plasma Systems in Optical and Mass Spectroscopy
Authors: Jankowski Krzysztof J. , Reszke Edward , Broekaert Jose A.C. , Engel Ulrich
Published: December 2011

The art and science of microwave plasma (MWP) optical and mass spectroscopy is briefly presented including very recent advances in the field up to 2011. The use of MWPs as radiation sources for optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) and as atom reservoirs for atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CRDS), and laser‐enhanced ionization spectroscopy (LEIS) as well as ion sources for mass spectrometry (MS) is treated.

Devices for producing both E‐type capacitively coupled microwave plasma (CMP)‐electrode and microwave‐induced plasma (MIP)‐electrodeless MWPs, including inductively coupled plasma (ICP)‐like H‐type plasmas, are classified and discussed, in addition to methods of their diagnostics, and results for the analytically relevant plasma parameters are presented. The means of generation of symmetrical plasmas and uses of microplasma devices are also presented with an effort to comment on general classification of microwave (MW) cavities. Further, the use of MWs for boosting of glow discharges (GDs) is treated along with other tandem sources. Methods for the introduction of gaseous, liquid, and solid samples into the MWP are discussed. They include direct vapor sampling (DVS), chemical vapor generation (CVG), and hydride generation (HG) techniques; dry aerosol generation techniques (electrothermal vaporization (ETV); spark ablation (SA); laser ablation (LA); and continuous powder introduction (CPI) as well as wet aerosol generation techniques using both solution and slurry nebulization. Special reference is made to coupling with gas chromatography (GC) and also with various separation techniques for liquids including high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The analytical figures of merit in the case of OES with low‐power and high‐power MIP, CMP, microwave plasma torch (MPT), MWP‐electrode sources including rotating field sustained plasma and H‐type MWP as well as microplasmas are given. There are also described cases of atomic absorption, fluorescence, and laser ionization with these sources. The developments in MS in the case of both low‐power and high‐power MWPs and in the case of various types of sample introduction techniques are discussed.

Applications of MWP analytical spectroscopy are in the fields of biological samples with special reference to microanalysis, and of environmental and industrial samples with special emphasis on element speciation, on‐line monitoring, particle sizing, and direct solids analysis. A critical comparison of the methodology with other spectroscopic methods for the determination of the elements and their species is given.
Fluorescence Imaging MicroscopyUpdate based on original article by John J. Lemasters, Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, ©2000, John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Authors: Lemasters John J.
Published: December 2011

Fluorescence imaging microscopy is a powerful tool to localize specific molecular components with lateral resolution of 0.2 µm. New techniques of confocal and multiphoton microscopy also permit submicrometer axial resolution even in thick specimens, and novel superresolution techniques that improve resolution to 0.1 µm and less are emerging. The number of specific parameter‐indicating fluorophores useful for nondestructive live cell imaging continues to increase, including markers of cell shape and volume, organelles, membrane potentials, ions, and other chemical constitutents. Moreover, virtually, any cellular protein can be tagged with a fluorescent protein in the living state. These developments make fluorescence microscopy an indispensable tool for the molecular biologist, cell biologist, physiologist, and others both in and not in the life sciences.
Expert Testimony: Limitation on Scope—“Improper Bolstering” Rule
Authors: Moenssens Andre A.
Published: December 2011

This article discusses the “bolstering” limitation that the law places on the ability of a witness to provide potentially relevant information in a legal controversy tried in a US court. The testimonial limitation is called improper bolstering, or the “no bolstering” rule, and applies to civil as well as criminal actions.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (
PCR
)
Authors: Bader Scott
Published: December 2011

The Polymerase Chain Reaction is a very useful method for increasing the amount of DNA present in a sample to a larger amount accessible for analysis. PCR is modified in a wide range of methods for a large number of biomedical and forensic uses. The general method is described and its application to forensic biological science.
Voice: Biometric Analysis and Interpretation of
Authors: Drygajlo Andrzej
Published: December 2011

Forensic speaker recognition (FSR) is the process of determining if a specific individual (suspected speaker) could be the source of a questioned voice recording (trace). Results of FSR‐based investigations may be of pivotal importance at any stage of an inquiry. The expert's role is to testify to the worth of the voice evidence by using, if possible, a quantitative measure of this worth.

This article aims at presenting advances in European research on forensic automatic speaker recognition (FASR), including data‐driven tools and related methodology that provide a coherent way of quantifying and presenting recorded voice as biometric evidence, as well as the assessment of its strength in the Bayesian interpretation framework, compatible with interpretations in other forensic disciplines.

FSR has proved an effective tool, yet there is a constant need for more research because of the difficulties involved in real‐life environment (within‐speaker variability, between‐speaker variability, ambient noise, other sounds, transmission channels, and mismatched recording conditions).
DNA
Databases–The Significance of Unique Hits and the Database Controversy
Authors: Meester Ronald
Published: December 2011

We discuss the database controversy, which deals with the evaluation of the evidential value of a unique match in database search. We conclude that in principle, the case against a suspect is stronger in a database match than in a so‐called “cold” case, but contrary to a popular idea, this is not because the likelihood ratio increases when compared to a cold case, but because the posterior odds are higher in the database case.
Weapon Types and Their Operation
Authors: Heard Brian J.
Published: December 2011

General terminology used for the various types of firearm and their operating principles.
fMRIand Deception Detection
Authors: Ganis Giorgio , Moriarty Jane Campbell
Published: December 2011

To date, fMRI studies are beginning to define which part of the brain may be implicated in deception. However, the science is in its nascent stage, and many more large‐scale studies are needed to assess the reliability of the evidence, especially when used to detect deception in single individuals.

Although there have been efforts to introduce such evidence into court, courts have been resistant to these efforts as there remain numerous questions involving evidentiary reliability, constitutional implications, and jurisprudential concerns that must be considered before such evidence should become admissible in trials.
Organotellurium Compounds as Chain Transfer agents for Living Radical Polymerization
Authors: Yamago Shigeru , Nakamura Yasuyuki
Published: December 2011

Synthetic and mechanistic aspects of organotellurium‐mediated living radical polymerization (TERP), which utilizes divalent organotellurium compounds as controlling agents, are discussed. TERP predominantly proceeds by the degenerative chain transfer mechanism for the activation/deactivation of the dormant/radical species, while reversible termination by thermolysis and photolysis of carbon‐tellurium bonds also contributes to a small extent. The high reactivity of organotellurium compounds towards polymer‐end radicals in the degenerative chain transfer reaction ensures the high control of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution of the resulting polymers. Addition of ditellurides considerably increases the control of the polymerization by altering the activation/deactivation mechanism. TERP possesses several synthetic advantages, such as high versatility of monomer families, high versatility of block copolymer synthesis, high compatibility of polar functional groups and solvents, high versatility for selective synthesis of end‐functionalized polymers, and high reliability for scale up for the industrial applications. These characteristics offer excellent opportunities for macromolecular engineering in the synthesis of new polymeric materials for various applications.
Substituent Constants and Substituent Effects in Organoselenium and Organotellurium Compounds
Authors: Logan Margaret E.
Published: December 2011

Substituent constants and substituent effects in organoselenium and organotellurium compounds help chemists both explain and predict properties and reactivity ofthese organochalcogen compounds. In this chapter, recently reported substituent constants of selenium and tellurium‐containing groups are described, as are structure‐property and structure‐reactivity relationships in organoselenium and organotellurium compounds, particularly as they relate to the electronic and steric effects of substituents. The more quantitative examples of substituent effects on the properties and reactivity of chalcogen‐containing groups and molecules are presented, as are related papers that may lack the quantitative aspects, but still provide insight into the chemistry and properties of molecules. Selected series of compounds in which differences across the chalcogens can be seen are also included, where relevant.
The Chemistry of Selenocysteine
Authors: Metanis Norman , Beld Joris , Hilvert Donald
Published: December 2011

Selenocysteine is a redox active amino acid. It is inserted co‐translationally into a number of natural proteins, providing them with a range of interesting enzymatic activities; it can also be incorporated into artificial peptides and proteins as a structural and mechanistic probe. In this chapter, the chemistry and biochemistry of this novel amino acid is reviewed. In addition to the (bio)synthesis of selenocysteine, selenopeptides and selenoproteins, the roles selenium plays in enzyme catalysis and its utility for diverse biotechnological applications are discussed.
One‐Step Vital Staining of Presynaptic Terminals and Post‐Synaptic Receptors at Neuromuscular Junctions in Mouse Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Ribchester Richard R.
Published: December 2011

This protocol describes vital staining of neuromuscular junctions in the mouse triangularis sterni muscle in one incubation step, combining presynaptic, motor nerve terminal staining with the styryl dye FM1‐43, which labels recycling synaptic vesicles, and TRITC‐α‐bungarotoxin, which labels acetylcholine receptors in the motor endplate membrane. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 1:489‐496 © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Brief Exposure to Misinformation Can Lead to Long‐Term False Memories
Authors: Zhu Bi , Chen Chuansheng , Loftus Elizabeth F. , He Qinghua , Chen Chunhui , Lei Xuemei , Lin Chongde , Dong Qi
Published: December 2011

Do false memories last? And do they last as long as true ones? This study investigated whether experimentally created false memories would persist for an extended period (one and a half years). A large number of subjects (N = 342) participated in a standard three‐stage misinformation procedure (saw the event slides, read the narrations with misinformation, and then took the memory tests). The initial tests showed that misinformation led to a significant amount of false memory. One and a half years later, the participants were tested again. About half of the misinformation false memory persisted, which was the same rate as for true memory. These results strongly suggest that brief exposure to misinformation can lead to long‐term false memory and that the strength of memory trace was similar for true and false memories. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Retrospective Frequency Formats Promote Consistent Experience‐Based Bayesian Judgments
Authors: Obrecht Natalie A. , Anderson Britta , Schulkin Jay , Chapman Gretchen B.
Published: December 2011

On the basis of their experiences with pregnant patients in their practice, obstetrician/gynecologists estimated the posterior probability of Down syndrome given a positive screening result. They also estimated the base rate of Down syndrome in their practice, along with the hit and false alarm rates for the screening test; for each subject, these numbers were combined to calculate a posterior probability to which the initial estimated posterior probability could be compared. Physicians gave highly consistent estimates when asked to think about their past experiences in terms of event frequencies. However, those told to respond using single event probabilities or to use past experiences to predict prospective frequencies gave inconsistent Bayesian estimates. Thus, when making Bayesian judgments based on real life experience, natural frequency formats only lead to better judgments, compared with single event probability formats, if people think retrospectively, not when using past experiences to make prospective predictions. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polypyrrole‐Derived Activated Carbons for High‐Performance Electrical Double‐Layer Capacitors with Ionic Liquid Electrolyte
Authors: Wei Lu , Sevilla Marta , Fuertes Antonio B. , Mokaya Robert , Yushin Gleb
Published: December 2011

As electrical energy storage and delivery devices, carbon‐based electrical double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs) have attracted much attention for advancing the energy‐efficient economy. Conventional methods for activated carbon (AC) synthesis offer limited control of their surface area and porosity, which results in a typical specific capacitance of 70–120 F g−1 in commercial EDLCs based on organic electrolytes and ionic liquids (ILs). Additionally, typical ACs produced from natural precursors suffer from the significant variation of their properties, which is detrimental for EDLC use in automotive applications. A novel method for AC synthesis for EDLCs is proposed. This method is based on direct activation of synthetic polymers. The proposed procedure allowed us to produce ACs with ultrahigh specific surface area of up to 3432 m2 g−1 and volume of 0.5–4 nm pores up to 2.39 cm3 g−1. The application of the produced carbons in EDLCs based on IL electrolyte showed specific capacitance approaching 300 F g−1, which is unprecedented for carbon materials, and 5–8% performance improvement after 10 000 charge–discharge cycles at the very high current density of 10 A g−1. The remarkable characteristics of the produced materials and the capability of the fabricated EDLCs to operate safely in a wide electrochemical window at elevated temperatures, suggest that the proposed synthesis route offers excellent potential for large‐scale material production for EDLC use in electric vehicles and industrial applications.
The Different Designs of Molecule Logic Gates
Authors: Joachim Christian , Renaud Nicolas , Hliwa Mohamed
Published: December 2011

From the bottom, it is demonstrated how all the known intramolecular single‐molecule logic gate architectures – semi‐classical circuits, quantum Hamiltonian circuits, and qubit circuits – are different versions of the quantum control of intramolecular processes. They only differ in the way the classical input data are encoded on the quantum molecular system and how the quantum‐to‐classical conversion proceeds to read the output.
Design of Carbon Nanotube‐Based Gas‐Diffusion Cathode for O2 Reduction by Multicopper Oxidases
Authors: Lau Carolin , Adkins Emily R. , Ramasamy Ramaraja P. , Luckarift Heather R. , Johnson Glenn R. , Atanassov Plamen
Published: December 2011

Multicopper oxidases, such as laccase or bilirubin oxidase, are known to reduce molecular oxygen at very high redox potentials, which makes them attractive biocatalysts for enzymatic cathodes in biological fuel cells. By designing an enzymatic gas‐diffusion electrode, molecular oxygen can be supplied through the gaseous phase, avoiding solubility and diffusion limitations typically associated with liquid electrolytes. In doing so, the current density of enzymatic cathodes can theoretically be enhanced. This publication presents a material study of carbon/Teflon composites that aim to optimize the functionality of the gas‐diffusion and catalytic layers for application in enzymatic systems. The modification of the catalytic layer with multiwalled carbon nanotubes, for example, creates the basis for stronger π–π stacking interactions through tethered enzymatic linkers, such as pyrenes or perylene derivates. Cyclic voltammograms show the effective direct electron contact of laccase with carbon nanotube‐modified electrodes via tethered crosslinking molecules as a model system. The polarization behavior of laccase‐modified gas‐diffusion electrodes reveals open‐circuit potentials of +550 mV (versus Ag/AgCl) and current densities approaching 0.5 mA cm2 (at zero potential) in air‐breathing mode.
Engineering properties of compatibilized polypropylene/liquid crystalline polymer blends
Authors: Mandal P. K. , Siddhanta S. K. , Chakraborty D.
Published: December 2011

Polypropylene (PP) and Vectra A950, a thermotropic liquid crystalline polymer (LCP), blends were prepared in a single‐screw extruder with the variation in Vectra A950 content in presence of fixed amount (2%, with respect to PP and LCP mixture as a whole) of ethylene‐acrylic acid (EAA) copolymer as a compatibilizer. Mechanical analysis of the compatibilized blends within the range of LCP incorporations under study (2–10%) indicated pronounced improvement in the moduli, ultimate tensile strength (UTS), and hardness. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy studies revealed the presence of strong interaction through H‐bonding between the segments of Vectra A950 and the compatibilizer EAA. Morphological studies performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) manifested the development of fine fibrillar morphology in the compatibilized PP/Vectra A950 blends, which had large influence on the mechanical properties. Differential scanning calorimetry studies showed an initial drop of the melting point of PP in the presence of EAA followed by enhancement of the same in presence of Vectra A950. TGA showed an increase in the thermal stability for all blends with respect to matrix polymer PP. Rheological studies showed that a very small quantity of Vectra A 950 was capable of reducing the melt viscosity of PP particularly in the lower shear rate region and hence facilitated processibility of the blends. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Recycling studies of marble processing waste: Composites based on commercial epoxy resin
Authors: Ahmetli Gulnare , Dag Mustafa , Deveci Huseyin , Kurbanli Refika
Published: December 2011

Marble waste was obtained from marble processing plant wastewater with precipitation using different coagulants, such as sepiolite, zeolite, and pumice in dosages of 0.5–8 g/500 mL and mixed in 20 wt % with commercial epoxy resin. The effects of marble, coagulant type and dosage on the physicomechanical and thermal properties were investigated. The incorporation of marble processing waste particles increases the 10% decomposition temperature of pure epoxy by 5–50°C. Surface hardness, tensile strength, percentage elongation, and stress at maximum load of the composites were higher than those of pure resin, too. The composites reinforced with marble processing waste‐pumice showed about 10% increase in elastic modulus, whereas the composite reinforced with marble processing waste‐sepiolite or zeolite showed about 76.67–143.33% increase in elastic modulus over the pure epoxy matrix. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used for characterization of surface and cross sections of the composites to verify the results. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
N‐(n‐Alkyl)‐2‐pyridinemethanimine mediated atom transfer radical polymerization of lauryl methacrylate: Effect of length of alkyl group
Authors: Srivastava Pravin Kumar , Choudhary Veena
Published: December 2011

The article describes the polymerization of lauryl methacrylate (LMA) using Cu(I)Br as catalyst for atom transfer radical polymerization in conjunction with N‐(n‐propyl) [PPMI]/(n‐hexyl) [HPMI]/(n‐octyl) [OPMI]‐2‐pyridinemethanimine as complex ligands. The polymerization of LMA was investigated in bulk and solution (toluene as solvent) using Cu(I)Br as catalyst, N‐(n‐alkyl)‐2‐pyridinemethanimine as ligands and ethyl‐2‐bromo isobutyrate (EBiB) as initiator. The ratio of LMA : CuBr : Ligand : EBiB was kept constant in all the polymerizations. In bulk polymerization, the solubility of the catalyst complex increased with increasing the length of alkyl chain on the ligand from propyl to octyl and also gave polymers with narrow molecular weight distribution. The PDI was further narrowed by using OPMI as ligand and toluene was used as solvent. The kinetics of polymerization was also analyzed and it clearly shows that % conversion increased with time. Increase in molecular weight with % conversion without affecting PDI clearly show that the system is living and living nature can be controlled by increasing the length of alkyl group. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Epoxy resin/polymer blends: Improvement of thermal and mechanical properties
Authors: Ahmetli Gulnare , Deveci Huseyin , Soydal Ulku , Gurler Sevgi Pıstıl , Altun Ahmet
Published: December 2011

Fatty acid waste was recycled as raw material and utilized to synthesize epoxy (HP) or unsaturated ester group (OEE) containing polymers. The radicalic polymerization between the styrene and itaconic acid was carried out, too. Glycidyl ester of styrene‐itaconic acid copolymer was obtained by esterification reaction with epichlorohydrin. The polymers were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and chemical analysis. The polymers were incorporated into diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A type commercial epoxy resin to prepare composites. The effects of polymer structure and amount on the physico‐mechanical and thermal properties of epoxy were investigated. Surface hardness, tensile strength, percentage elongation and stress at maximum load of the composites were obtained higher than pure epoxy resin. The composites reinforced with bio‐based polymers showed about 74.55–243% increase in elastic modulus over the pure epoxy matrix. Obtained Young's modulus values were higher for composites with styrene‐based polymers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Water structure in poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate): Effect of molecular weight of poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) on its property related to water
Authors: Mochizuki Akira , Ogawa Haruki , Nishimori Yusuke
Published: December 2011

Low molecular weight poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (polyHEMA) with a number average molecular weight (Mn) <22,600, were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization. The molecular weight and end groups of the polyHEMA were varied, and the water content equilibrium moisture sorption and water structure were analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X‐ray diffractometry (XRD). Higher water content was observed for polyHEMA with Mn < 10,000. DSC revealed that the amounts of nonfreezing water are affected neither by the molecular weight nor by the end groups of the polyHEMA. On the other hand, the amount of freezing water was affected by both the molecular weight and end groups of polyHEMA, especially for polyHEMA with Mn < 20,000. The XRD‐DSC measurements showed that water in polyHEMA form hexagonal ice and that the direction of crystal growth is dependent on the molecular weight. These findings indicate that the molecular weight of polyHEMA plays a significant role in the water structure in polyHEMA. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Telocytes in Parotid Glands
Authors: Nicolescu Mihnea I. , Bucur Alexandru , Dinca Octavian , Rusu Mugurel C. , Popescu Laurentiu M.
Published: December 2011

The parotid histological structure includes acinar, ductal, and myoepithelial cells, surrounded by a connective stromal component. The parotid stroma is mostly regarded as an inert shell, consisting of septa, which divide the parenchyma. Telocytes were recently identified as a new stromal cell type in various organs, including exocrine pancreas. We aimed to evaluate telocytes presence in parotid stroma and whether their topographical features might support an involvement in parotid function modulation. Serial ultrathin sections of human and rat parotid glands were studied and compared by transmission electron microscopy. Two‐dimensional concatenation of sequenced micrographs allowed the ultrastructural identification of parotid telocytes, with their specific long, thin, and moniliform prolongations (telopodes). Telocyte location appeared frequently as a strategic one, in close contact or vicinity of both secretory (acini and ducts) and regulatory (nerves and blood vessels) apparatuses. They were also found in the interacinar and the subductal stroma. Two previously reported telocyte markers (c‐kit/CD117 and vimentin) were assayed by immunohistochemistry. Actin expression was also evaluated. Telocytes are making a network, especially by branching of their long telopodes. Elements of this telocyte network are interacting with each other (homocellular connections) as well as with other cell types (heterocellular connections). These interactions are achieved either by direct contact (stromal synapse), or mediated via shed microvesicles/exosomes. Since telocyte connections include both neurovascular and exocrine elements (e.g., acini and ducts), it is attractive to think that telocytes might mediate and integrate neural and/or vascular input with parotid function. Anat Rec, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
One‐pot Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of Chiral 1,3‐Diols Using an Enantioselective Aldol Reaction with Chiral Zn2+ Complex Catalysts and Enzymatic Reduction Using Oxidoreductases with Cofactor Regeneration
Authors: Sonoike Shotaro , Itakura Toshinari , Kitamura Masanori , Aoki Shin
Published: December 2011

We previously reported on enantioselective aldol reactions of acetone and some aldehydes catalyzed by chiral Zn2+ complexes of L‐prolyl‐pendant [12]aneN4 (L‐ZnL1) and L‐valyl‐pendant [12]aneN4 (L‐ZnL2) in aqueous solution. Here, we report on the one‐pot chemoenzymatic synthesis of chiral 1,3‐diols in an aqueous solvent system at room temperature by a combination of enantioselective aldol reactions catalyzed by Zn2+ complexes of L‐ and D‐phenylalanyl‐pendant [12]aneN4 (L‐ZnL3 and D‐ZnL3) and the successive enantioselective reduction of the aldol products using oxidoreductases with the regeneration of the NADH (reduced form of nicotinamine adenine dinucleotide) cofactor. The findings indicate that all four stereoisomers of 1,3‐diols can be produced by appropriate selection of a chiral Zn2+‐complex and an oxidoreductase commercially available from the “Chiralscreen OH” kit.
Activated Carbon Preparation from Lignin by H3PO4 Activation and Its Application to Gas Separation
Authors: Sun Y. , Yang G. , Zhang J. , Wang Y. , Yao M.
Published: December 2011

Activated carbons were produced from corn straw lignin using H3PO4 as activating agent. The optimal activation temperature for producing the largest BET specific surface area and pore volume of carbon was 500 °C. The maximum BET specific surface area and pore volume of the resulting carbon were 820 m2g–1 and 0.8 cm3g–1, respectively. The adsorption isotherm model based on the Toth equation together with the Peng‐Robinson equation of state for the determination of gas phase fugacity provide a satisfactory representation of high pressure CO2, CH4 and N2 adsorption. The kinetic adsorption results show that the breakthrough difference between CO2 and CH4 is not obvious, indicating that its kinetic separation performance is limited.
Influence of the Nucleobase and Anchimeric Assistance of the Carboxyl Acid Groups in the Hydrolysis of Amino Acid Nucleoside Phosphoramidates
Authors: Maiti Munmun , Michielssens Servaas , Dyubankova Natalia , Maiti Mohitosh , Lescrinier Eveline , Ceulemans Arnout , Herdewijn Piet
Published: December 2011

Nucleoside phosphoramidates (NPs) are a class of nucleotide analogues that has been developed as potential antiviral/antitumor prodrugs. Recently, we have shown that some amino acid nucleoside phosphoramidates (aaNPs) can act as substrates for viral polymerases like HIV‐1 RT. Herein, we report the synthesis and hydrolysis of a series of new aaNPs, containing either natural or modified nucleobases to define the basis for their differential reactivity. Aqueous stability, kinetics, and hydrolysis pathways were studied by NMR spectroscopy at different solution pD values (5–7) and temperatures. It was observed that the kinetics and mechanism (PN and/or PO bond cleavage) of the hydrolysis reaction largely depend on the nature of the nucleobase and amino acid moieties. Aspartyl NPs were found to be more reactive than Gly or β‐Ala NPs. For aspartyl NPs, the order of reactivity of the nucleobase was 1‐deazaadenine>7‐deazaadenine>adenine>thymine≥3‐deazaadenine. Notably, neutral aqueous solutions of Asp‐1‐deaza‐dAMP degraded spontaneously even at 4 °C through exclusive PO bond hydrolysis (a 50‐fold reactivity difference for Asp‐1‐deaza‐dAMP vs. Asp‐3‐deaza‐dAMP at pD 5 and 70 °C). Conformational studies by NMR spectroscopy and molecular modeling suggest the involvement of the protonated N3 atom in adenine and 1‐ and 7‐deazaadenine in the intramolecular catalysis of the hydrolysis reaction through the rare syn conformation.
ChemInform Abstract: SrP3N5O: A Highly Condensed Layer Phosphate Structure Solved from a Nanocrystal by Automated Electron Diffraction Tomography.
Authors: Sedlmaier Stefan J. , Mugnaioli Enrico , Oeckler Oliver , Kolb Ute , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: December 2011

The title compound is synthesized from a mixture of SrS, OP(NH2)3, SP(NH2)3, and NH4Cl (silica glass ampule, 750 °C, 72 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Properties of New Compounds RuMn2Sn and RuMn2Si.
Authors: Endo K. , Kanomata T. , Nishihara H. , Ziebeck K. R. A.
Published: December 2011

The title compounds are prepared from the elements (1000—1100 °C, 6—9 d) and characterized by powder XRD and magnetic measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Optical Properties of NaCdPnS3 (Pn: As, Sb).
Authors: Wu Yuandong , Bensch Wolfgang
Published: December 2011

NaCdAsS3 (I) and NaCdSbS3 (II) are prepared by reaction of a mixture of Cd, Na2S, As2S3 or Sb, and S powder in 1:2:1:4 and 1:1:1:8 molar ratios, respectively (500 °C, 4 d; 70% and 50% yield for (I) and (II), respectively).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [Li8(H2O)29] [Sn10O4S20]·2H2O.
Authors: Kaib Thomas , Kapitein Manuel , Dehnen Stefanie
Published: December 2011

The title compound is obtained in the attempt to prepare the tetrameric [Sn4S10]4‐ anion by acidification of an aqueous solution of Li4[SnS4] with HCl followed by slow evaporation of the solvent (pH 7 , argon stream, 80 °C; 11% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Ce2[CrN3]: Single Phase Synthesis and Characterization of a Nitridochromate(I).
Authors: Braeunling Daniel , Niewa Rainer
Published: December 2011

The title compound is synthesized by reaction of a 2:1 mixture of CeN and CrN (sealed Ni ampule, 1320 K).
ChemInform Abstract: Sr3[Co(CN)3] and Ba3[Co(CN)3]: Crystal Structure, Chemical Bonding, and Conceptional Considerations of Highly Reduced Metalates.
Authors: Hoehn Peter , Jach Franziska , Karabiyik Baris , Prots Yurii , Agrestini Stefano , Wagner Frank R. , Ruck Michael , Tjeng Liu Hao , Kniep Ruediger
Published: December 2011

The title compounds are obtained from mixtures of Sr2N or Ba2N, Co, and NaCN (Ta ampule, Ar, 1223 K, 25 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Lewis Acid Mediated Acetal Substitution Reactions: Mechanism and Application to Asymmetric Catalysis.
Authors: Kobayashi Shu , Arai Kenzo , Yamakawa Takeshi , Chen Yi‐Jing , Salter Matthew M. , Yamashita Yasuhiro
Published: December 2011

The substitution of acetals with carbon nucleophiles is studied.
ChemInform Abstract: exo‐Selective Asymmetric Diels—Alder Reaction of 2,4‐Dienals and Nitroalkenes by Trienamine Catalysis.
Authors: Jia Zhi‐Jun , Zhou Quan , Zhou Qing‐Qing , Chen Peng‐Qiao , Chen Ying‐Chun
Published: December 2011

The first asymmetric Diels—Alder cycloaddition of 2,4‐dienals with nitroalkenes is presented, catalyzed by an in situ generated trienamine catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid and Selective Deallylation of Allyl Ethers and Esters Using Iodine in Polyethylene Glycol‐400.
Authors: Konda Shankaraiah G. , Humne Vivek T. , Lokhande Pradeep D.
Published: December 2011

A simple and selective deallylation of aryl/alkyl ether and esters, which includes an easy work‐up and a readily available and inexpensive catalyst, is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient Asymmetric Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Henry Reaction Using Chiral N‐Alkyl‐C1‐tetrahydro‐1,1′‐bisisoquinolines.
Authors: Ji Yao Qiong , Qi Gao , Judeh Zaher M. A.
Published: December 2011

A new catalyst system is used in the enantioselective reaction of various (hetero)aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes with nitroalkanes.
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Free Ring Expansions of Methylenecyclopropanes Through Nitrene Equivalent.
Authors: Zhang Di‐Han , Wei Yin , Shi Min
Published: December 2011

Cyclobutylidene hydrazine derivatives are smoothly synthesized in the presence of iodosobenzene diacetate.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanoceria‐Catalyzed Ullmann‐type Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Agawane Sandeep M. , Nagarkar Jayashree M.
Published: December 2011

Reactive halobenzenes such as (II) and (IV) are found to optimal for the process, which allows the synthesis of various phenol ethers and amines as well as that of thioether (X).
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Synthesis of Rubin′s Aldehyde and Its Precursor 1,3,5‐Tribromo‐2,4,6‐tris(dichloromethyl)benzene.
Authors: Holst Christoph , Schollmeyer Dieter , Meier Herbert
Published: December 2011

The title compound (IV) serves as precursor of hexaethynylbenzenes and other [6]star compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Organic Transformation by Introducing Crotyl/Allyltrifluoroborates in Cross‐Coupling Reaction with Aroyl Chlorides.
Authors: Al‐Masum Mohammad , Liu Kwei‐Yu
Published: December 2011

With allyltrifluoroborate β‐adducts are obtained, whereas crotyltrifluoroborate yields α‐adducts selectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct C—H Arylation of Unactivated Arenes with Aryl Halides.
Authors: Hong WenKun , Qiu Yatao , Yao Zhiyi , Wang Zhaoyang , Jiang Sheng
Published: December 2011

An unprecedented oxidative coupling of aryl iodides and bromides with unactivated arenes to yield either symmetrical or unsymmetrical biaryls is possible under conditions A) at different temperatures.
ChemInform Abstract: CuCl/Bipyridine‐Catalyzed Addition Reactions of Arylboroxines with Aldehydes, α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones, and N‐Tosyl Aldimines.
Authors: Liao Yuan‐Xi , Hu Qiao‐Sheng
Published: December 2011

The process affords various benzylic alcohols, β‐arylated ketones, and diarylmethylamines.
ChemInform Abstract: New Three‐Component Condensation Reaction: Synthesis of 1‐[(Alkylthio)(phenyl)methyl]‐naphthalene‐2‐ol Catalyzed by Bromodimethylsulfonium Bromide (BDMS).
Authors: Khan Abu T. , Ali Shahzad , Dar Ajaz A. , Lal Mohan
Published: December 2011

The simple process including an inexpensive catalyst allows the preparation of various target compounds which may be of biological interest.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of 6,11‐Dihydroxy‐5,12‐tetracenedione.
Authors: Yagodkin Elisey , McGarry Kathryn A. , Douglas Christopher J.
Published: December 2011

Analytically pure title compound (IV) is obtained on a multi‐gram scale using a modified Sartori′s procedure.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient One‐Pot Three‐Component Reaction for Synthesis of Spirooxindole Derivatives in Water Media under Catalyst‐Free Condition.
Authors: Zhao Liqin , Zhou Bo , Li Yiqun
Published: December 2011

An efficient, clean, and environmentally benign synthesis of the title compounds is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Custom Synthesis of Substituted Butenolides, Dihydropyranones, and α‐(E)‐Alkylidenelactones via Alkenylalumination.
Authors: Ramachandran P. Veeraraghavan , Pratihar Debarshi , Garner Garrett , Raju B. China
Published: December 2011

Starting from aldehydes (II), the synthesis of butenolide and dihydropyranone structures is achieved by alkenylalumination, O‐protection and lactamization.
ChemInform Abstract: Functionalization of the 3‐Position of Thiophene and Benzo[b]thiophene Moieties by Palladium‐Catalyzed C—C Bond Forming Reactions Using Diazonium Salts.
Authors: Raduan Monica , Padrosa Joaquim , Pla‐Quintana Anna , Parella Teodor , Roglans Anna
Published: December 2011

The Matsuda—Heck reactions and Suzuki—Miyaura cross‐couplings are performed without ligand and base at room temperature, under aerobic conditions and in short reaction times.
ChemInform Abstract: Unprecedented C‐2 Arylation of Indole with Diazonium Salts: Syntheses of 2,3‐Disubstituted Indoles and their Antimicrobial Activity.
Authors: Magedov Igor V. , et al. et al.
Published: December 2011

The unprecedented reaction of indole (I) with an excess of aryldiazonium salts (II) provides access to 2‐aryl‐3‐(arylazo)indoles (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Co/Mn‐Mediated Oxidative Cross‐Coupling of Indoles with β‐Keto Esters via Dioxygen Activation: An Efficient Access to Ketonization—Olefination of Indoles.
Authors: Wu Wenliang , Xu Jing , Huang Shijun , Su Weiping
Published: December 2011

The title reaction proceeds under mild conditions yielding highly functionalyzed indoles with excellent selectivity in high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Gold‐ or Palladium‐Catalyzed Allene Carbocyclization/Functionalization: Simple and Efficient Synthesis of Carbazoles.
Authors: Alcaide Benito , Almendros Pedro , Alonso Jose M. , Quiros M. Teresa , Gadzinski Pawel
Published: December 2011

Carbazole derivatives are easily prepared from indole‐tethered allenols under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Synthesis of Nonracemic Azaproline Derivatives by Cyclization of β‐Alkynyl Hydrazines under Kinetic Resolution Conditions.
Authors: Maity Pradip , Lepore Salvatore D.
Published: December 2011

An α‐selective hydrazination of mixtures containing allene/alkyne components [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: Azomethine Ylide Mediated Inversion of Configuration of Quaternary Imidazoline Carbon: Converting trans‐ to Its cis‐Imidazolines.
Authors: Qu Ke , Fisk Jason S. , Tepe Jetze J.
Published: December 2011

Reaction of trans‐4,5‐diaryl‐2‐imidazolines with aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes is accompanied by decarboxylation to yield cis‐4,5‐diaryl‐2‐imidazolines (III) after oxidation of the intermediate alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: Trifluoromethylation of Aromatic Isoxazoles: Regio‐ and Diastereoselective Route to 5‐Trifluoromethyl‐2‐isoxazolines.
Authors: Kawai Hiroyuki , Tachi Kentaro , Tokunaga Etsuko , Shiro Motoo , Shibata Norio
Published: December 2011

The activation of aromatic, heteroaromatic, or styryl isoxazoles such as (I) or (V) with a nitro group at the 4‐position results in the first diastereoselective trifluoromethylation at the 5‐position by nucleophilic addition of Tms‐CF3.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Some Novel Triazole Derivatives and Investigation of their Antimicrobial Activities.
Authors: Altintop Mehlika Dilek , Kaplancikli Zafer Asim , Turan‐Zitouni Guelhan , Oezdemir Ahmet , Demirci Fatih , Iscan Goekalp , Revial Gilbert
Published: December 2011

Compounds (IIIe) and (IIIf) are found to be the most potent derivatives against Candida species and tested bacteria, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Zn(Proline)2: A Novel Catalyst for the Synthesis of Dicoumarols.
Authors: Siddiqui Zeba N. , Farooq Farheen
Published: December 2011

Hydroxycoumarin (I) and aromatic aldehydes undergo the Zn‐catalyzed reaction in water to give the desired (arylmethylene)dicoumarols in <90% yield within minutes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Dihydrochromeno[4,3‐b]pyrrolo[3,2‐f]quinolines via Intramolecular Aza Diels—Alder Reaction.
Authors: Ramesh Subburethinam , Nagarajan Rajagopal
Published: December 2011

The direct one‐pot process includes imine formation followed by Cu‐catalyzed intramolecular Diels—Alder cycloaddition.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Flavanones by Use of Anhydrous Potassium Carbonate as an Inexpensive, Safe, and Efficient Basic Catalyst.
Authors: Mondal Rina , Gupta Arpita Das , Mallik Asok K.
Published: December 2011

The synthesis of the target compounds can be achieved from 2′‐hydroxychalcones or from an equimolar mixture of 2‐hydroxyacetophenones and aromatic aldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of a Hypoxia‐Targeted Conjugate of the Cardioprotective Agent 3′,4′‐Dihydroxyflavonol and Evaluation of Its Ability to Reduce Ischaemia/Reperfusion Injury.
Authors: Yap Suwan , Woodman Owen L , Crack Peter J. , Williams Spencer J.
Published: December 2011

The efficacy of the title agent is enhanced through its targeting to hypoxic regions of partial reperfusion.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct One‐Pot Introduction of 2‐Methylpyridines to Baylis—Hillman Adducts via Base‐Mediated 3‐Aza‐Cope Rearrangement.
Authors: Lee Hyun Seung , Lee Sangku , Kim Se Hee , Kim Jae Nyoung
Published: December 2011

The synthesis of the adducts from bromides (I) or (VIII) and 2‐methylpyridine derivatives involves the initial formation of an pyridinium salt.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Angularly Fused Aromatic Compounds from Alkenyl Enediynes by a Tandem Radical Cyclization Process.
Authors: Roy Snigdha , Anoop Anakuthil , Biradha Kumar , Basak Amit
Published: December 2011

A simple procedure allows the synthesis of [4]helicenes via cyclization of enediyne precursors (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Isolation of Azomethine Ylides and Their Complexes: Iridium(III)‐Mediated Cyclization of Nitrone Substrates Containing Alkynes.
Authors: Song Guoyong , Chen Dan , Su Yan , Han Keli , Pan Cheng‐Ling , Jia Aiqun , Li Xingwei
Published: December 2011

Internal redox cyclizations of nitrone‐functionalized terminal alkynes (I) are mediated by simple iridium complexes to give the cyclized azomethine ylides (II), which undergo [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition reactions with several alkynes and alkenes.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Diselenium Dichloride with Acetylene.
Authors: Musalov M. V. , Potapov V. A. , Amosova S. V.
Published: December 2011

In the presented reaction, elemental selenium is also observed.
ChemInform Abstract: Reinvestigation of the Synthesis of Isoliquiritigenin: Application of Horner—Wadsworth—Emmons Reaction and Claisen—Schmidt Condensation.
Authors: Sano Shigeki , Okubo Yoshinori , Handa Atsushi , Nakao Michiyasu , Kitaike Syuji , Nagao Yoshimitsu , Kakegawa Hisao
Published: December 2011

The convenient synthesis of the title compound (IV) is realized via the Claisen—Schmidt condensation of the compounds (I) and (II) or via the Horner—Wadsworth—Emmons (HWE) reaction with the compounds (V) and (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Controlled Synthesis of Semiconductor Nanostructures in the Liquid Phase
Authors: Zhuang Zhongbin , Peng Qing , Li Yadong
Published: December 2011

Review: 243 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrochemical Capacitors Utilizing Transition Metal Oxides: An Update of Recent Developments
Authors: Deng Wentao , Ji Xiaobo , Chen Qiyuan , Banks Craig E.
Published: December 2011

Review: 137 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Atom‐Decorated Nanotubes
Authors: Ivanovskaya V. V. , Ivanovskii A. L.
Published: December 2011

Review: 332 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aerosol Synthesis and Applications of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Nasibulin A. G. , Shandakov S. D. , Timmermans M. Y. , Kauppinen E. I.
Published: December 2011

Review: 171 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxazole and Its Derivatives in Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Knight David W.
Published: December 2011

Review: 257 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbazoles and Acridines in Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Gruner Konstanze K. , Knolker Hans‐Joachim
Published: December 2011

Review: 248 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Aziridines in Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Botuha Candice , Chemla Fabrice , Ferreira Franck , Perez‐Luna Alejandro
Published: December 2011

Review: 134 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantioselective Catalysis
Authors: Lee Ai‐Lan
Published: December 2011

Review: 49 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Heteroatom Methods
Authors: Knowles Jonathan P. , Whiting Andrew
Published: December 2011

Review: 109 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: New Samarium Diiodide Induced Cyclizations
Authors: Beemelmanns Christine , Reissig Hans‐Ulrich
Published: December 2011

Review: 44 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Development and Therapeutic Applications of Oligonucleotides and Peptides
Authors: Qvit Nir
Published: December 2011

Review: 30 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: The Palladium‐Catalyzed Ullmann Cross‐Coupling Reaction
Authors: Banwell Martin G. , Jones Matthew T. , Reekie Tristan A.
Published: December 2011

Review: 46 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Current Trends in Asymmetric Synthesis with Aldolases.
Authors: Clapes Pere , Garrabou Xavier
Published: December 2011

Review: ca. 130 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Development of Methods for the Preparation of Functionalized Azulenes for Electrochromic Applications
Authors: Ito Shunji , Shoji Taku , Morita Noboru
Published: December 2011

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Oxacycles Employing the Oxa‐Pictet—Spengler Reaction: Recent Developments and New Prospects
Authors: Larghi Enrique L. , Kaufman Teodoro S.
Published: December 2011

Review: 236 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nuclear Astrophysics: the Unfinished Quest for the Origin of the Elements
Authors: Jose Jordi , Iliadis Christian
Published: December 2011

Review: 551 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Experimental Consideration of Covalent Bonding Interactions in Stacks of Singlet Biradicals Having Kekule Structures
Authors: Shimizu Akihiro , Nakano Masayoshi , Hirao Yasukazu , Kubo Takashi
Published: December 2011

Review: 65 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Enzymatic Acylation: Assessing the Greenness of Different Acyl Donors.
Authors: Paravidino Monica , Hanefeld Ulf
Published: December 2011

Review: 50 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Progress Toward Robust Polymer Hydrogels
Authors: Naficy Sina , Brown Hugh R. , Razal Joselito M. , Spinks Geoffrey M. , Whitten Philip G.
Published: December 2011

Review: 123 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Topology: Complex Molecular Knots, Links, and Entanglements
Authors: Forgan Ross S. , Sauvage Jean‐Pierre , Stoddart J. Fraser
Published: December 2011

Review: 323 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Membrane‐Introduction Mass Spectrometry (MIMS)
Authors: Davey Nicholas G. , Krogh Erik T. , Gill Chris G.
Published: December 2011

Review: 58 refs.
Degradation of Malathion and Parathion by Ozonation, Photolytic Ozonation, and Heterogeneous Catalytic Ozonation Processes
Authors: Beduk Fatma , Aydin Mehmet Emin , Ozcan Senar
Published: December 2011

The oxidation of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), such as malathion and parathion, in aqueous solution was studied using conventional ozonation (O3), photolytic ozonation (O3/UV, O3/UV/H2O2), and heterogeneous catalytic ozonation (O3/TiO2/UV) processes. Experiments were performed in batch mode at laboratory scale and processes were compared in terms of disappearance kinetics. The best results of pesticide mineralization were obtained when TiO2 particles in combination with ozone (O3) and UV photolysis (λ = 254 nm) were applied. Decomposition of 99% of parent compounds were achieved in 10 min and oxon derivatives were completely removed in 30 min. The initial reaction rate increases linearly with increasing catalyst amount. Toxicity measurements of the treated solutions were carried out in order to evaluate the efficiency of the treatment methods. No detoxification was achieved for O3 and O3/UV applications. Heterogeneous photocatalytic ozonation was shown to be feasible for achieving complete decomposition of OPPs and their oxon intermediates.