bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON RESPONSES OF INTERMEDIATE HOSTS TO INFECTION WITH TAENIA CRASSICEPS (ZEDER, 1800) (CESTODA)
Authors: Freeman Reino S.
Published: August 2008

Male and female mice developed a leucocytosis in peritoneal fluid and blood after intraperitoneal injection with cysticerci of Taenia crassiceps. Free mast cells declined intraperitoneally from normal range of 650 to 1500 cells per cu. mm to less than 100 per cu. mm; eosinophils increased from less than 100 per cu. mm to 95,000 per cu. mm, with a logarithmic rise during the first 1 to 2 weeks in mice overcoming the cysticerci. Cells of the monocyte–lymphocyte series also increased intraperitoneally, but heterophils remained scarce. Leucocytosis and eosinophilia were most pronounced in mice just overcoming cysticerci, less when cysticerci were alive, and least when cysticerci were overcome. Males generally developed higher eosinophilia faster than females and overcame cysticerci more successfully. Females which were fed eggs developed peripheral eosinopenia during the first 2 weeks, then changed to an eosinophilia without concomitant leucocytosis. Those mice which develop high eosinophilia quickly overcome injected cysticerci most successfully. Female mice with intraperitoneal cysticerci showed strong resistance against challenge feedings of eggs 28 days later, but were less resistant after only 14 days. Mate and female guinea pigs, which are refractory to intraperitoneally injected cysticerci, developed a blood eosinophilia, and eosinophilia and leucocytosis in the peritoneal fluid. No free mast cells were seen.
THE GENUS NERENIA BOLÍVAR, 1905 (ORTHOPTERA: PYRGOMORPHIDAE)
Authors: Kevan D. Keith McE.
Published: August 2008

Nerenia is an isolated genus of the Acridoid family Pyrgomorphidae, known only by a single species, N. francoisi Bolfvar, from New Caledonia. Hitherto only the male was known, but it is believed that Sphenacris granulalus Bolfvar, known only from the female, and also from New Caledonia, represents the other sex. The male terminalia of Nerenia are peculiarly modified. The phallic structures are described here for the first time. They indicate that a new tribe, Nereniini, should be recognized.
THE EFFECT OF PHOTOPERIOD AND TEMPERATURE ON THE PRODUCTION OF GAMIC AND AGAMIC FORMS IN MACROSIPHUM EUPHORBIAE (THOMAS)
Authors: MacGillivray M. E. , Anderson G. B.
Published: August 2008

Apterous and alate Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) from a clone reproducing agamically since 1952 produced viviparae and sexuales when exposed to certain photoperiods and temperatures. The kinds of offspring produced were influenced by day length, parent type, "generation", and temperature. The greatest percentage alate viviparous females was produced when the day length was between 11 and 13 hours and when the first "generation" parents were apterous. The greatest percentage of apterous viviparous females was produced when the day length was greater than 13 hours and when the parents were First "generation" alatae. The greatest percentage of oviparous females was produced by second "generation" alatae and that of males by fourth "generation'' apterae. It is suggested that temperature does not influence directly the kind of offspring produced, hut does so indirectly by its effect on the number of light/dark cycles of an effective photoperiod that occur during the critical stage in the life of the aphid.
BACTERIA AS FOOD FOR BLACKFLY LARVAE (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) IN LABORATORY CULTURES AND IN NATURAL STREAMS
Authors: Fredeen F. J. H.
Published: August 2008

Planktonic bacteria as food for filter-feeding blackfly larvae were investigated in laboratory tests and in the field. Three of the commonest blackflies in Western Canada, Simulium venustum, S. verecundum, and S. vittatum, developed to adults from first-instar larvae and a fourth species, S. arcticum, developed to, or nearly to, last-instar larvae, when offered only washed suspensions of Bacillus subtilis, Aerobacter aerogenes, or Escherichia coli as food.Average concentrations of 1.3 × 106 to 34.9 × 106 cells per ml of the gram-negative A. aerogenes allowed production of adults, with best larval growth and survival in the higher concentrations. In local streams and rivers the bacterial content ranged from 0.1 × 106 to 25.0 × 106 (av. 2.2 × 106) cells per ml. Ultraviolet irradiation of the bacteria to reduce the proportion of live cells to as low as 0.1%, near the proportion in many streams, and the use of the gram-positive B. subtilis, adversely affected survival rates of the larvae.In certain streams bacteria and blackfly larvae apparently represented the basic trophic levels in the food web. Also, bacteria leached from soils and sewage may have been important in the development of outbreaks of S. arcticum.
EFFECT OF COLD ACCLIMATION ON ELECTROLYTE DISTRIBUTION IN RAINBOW TROUT (SALMO GAIRDNERII)
Authors: Hickman Jr C. P. , McNabb R. A. , Nelson J. S. , Breemen E. D. Van , Comfort D.
Published: August 2008

The effect of adaptation to constant low environmental temperature on water and electrolyte distribution in skeletal muscle and brain has been studied in 2-year-old rainbow trout. Following introduction to 6 °C of trout previously acclimated to 16 °C, measurements were made, at intervals, of plasma Na, K, Cl, Ca, Mg, and phosphate and of brain and muscle Na, K, and Cl. Plasma, muscle, and brain tissue showed a transient but significant drop in water content during the first days of cold exposure. A coincident paradoxical increase in total body weight suggests the possibility of an osmotic withdrawal of body water by the gut contents during this period. Cl space and Cl–K space estimates of muscle extracellular space were not significantly influenced during cold acclimation. Most of the plasma electrolytes measured showed significant transient alterations in concentration.Significant reciprocal changes in brain Na and K concentration were measured shortly after transfer to 6 °C and a large (61%) increase in brain Cl concentration occurred after 3 weeks of cold adaptation.Large, rapid but mostly transient shifts in muscle Na and K occurred. During the first 3 days of cold exposure muscle lost 61% of the Na and 30% of the K present before transfer. This loss is reflected in a rise in plasma Na and K. The possibility that the unusual efflux of intrafiber Na and K together might represent a forced extrusion of positive charge following a temperature-induced intrafiber loss of organic anions or gain of divalent cations is discussed.
ON THE INCIDENCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE RAT LUNGWORM ANGIOSTRONGYLUS CANTONENSIS IN THE COOK ISLANDS, WITH OBSERVATIONS MADE IN NEW ZEALAND AND WESTERN SAMOA
Authors: Alicata Joseph E. , McCarthy Dennis D.
Published: August 2008

Of a total of 240 rats examined on the island of Rarotonga, 85.0% showed lungworm infection. No lungworms were found among 61 rats trapped in and around Auckland, New Zealand, and none among 95 rats trapped in the vicinity of Apia, Western Samoa. Of land mollusks examined on the island of Rarotonga, the following species were found infected with lungworm larvae: (slugs) Deroceras laeve and Vaginalus plebeius, and (snails) Bradybaena similaris and Subulina octona. In addition, a few infective larvae were found among land planarians and freshwater prawns, both of which serve as paratenic hosts. The finding of the rat lungworm on the island of Rarotonga offers an additional example in the Pacific of the occurrence of this parasite in an area where human eosinophilic meningitis occurs.
CYCLIC VARIATION IN SKULL–BODY REGRESSIONS OF LEMMINGS
Authors: Krebs Charles J.
Published: August 2008

A population cycle of brown and varying lemmings in the central Canadian arctic was accompanied by cyclic changes in the position of skull–body regressions. The regressions of log body weight and total length on condylobasal length, zygomatic breadth, and mastoid breadth showed highly significant changes in both slope and elevation, the shifts in elevation being more prominent. These changes appear in adult animals as well as in summer-born young. Whether these changes are phenotypic or genotypic is not known. They are not caused by seasonal changes in growth nor by changes in age structure of the population over the cycle. Nutritional effects cannot be ruled out but data available in the literature do not support a nutritional explanation. These changes could be genetic and involve a cyclic polymorphism.
THE PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF THE HOUSE CRICKET, ACHETA DOMESTICUS L.
Authors: McFarlane J. E.
Published: August 2008

Growth of the house cricket on diets containing 10–50% protein appears to be largely independent of protein level.
HEXATYLUS MULVEYI N. SP. AND DELADENUS DURUS (COBB, 1922) THORNE, 1941 (NEMATODA: NEOTYLENCHIDAE) FROM THE CANADIAN ARCTIC
Authors: Das V. M.
Published: August 2008

Hexatylus mulveyi n. sp. and Deladenus durus (Cobb, 1922) Thorne, 1941, collected from soil in the Lake Hazen area of Ellesmere Island, Northwest Territories, are figured and described. H. mulveyi differs from H. viviparus Goodey, 1926 in the shape of the tail, the number of incisures, the single line of oocytes in the ovary, and in the vulva having elevated lips.
EFFECTS OF LOW-LEVEL GAMMA-RADIATION ON THE IMMATURE STAGES OF DAHLBOMINUS FUSCIPENNIS (ZETT.) (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE)
Authors: Riordan D. F.
Published: August 2008

Immature stages of D. fuscipennis (Zett.) were irradiated for 24 hours on each of the first 16 days of development. Dose rates were 12, 24, and 48 r/hr.It was calculated that the numbers of females available to be mothers of the F2generation would be reduced by 94%, 84%, and 42%, respectively, at the three rates of dosage when irradiation was commenced within 24 hours after oviposition. Larvae aged 8–10 days were the least radiation-sensitive.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BIOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT OF STAUROCLADIA PORTMANNI SP. N. (ANTHOMEDUSAE, ELEUTHERIDAE)
Authors: Brinckmann Anita
Published: August 2008

A new species of Anthomedusae, Staurocladia portmanni sp. n. (Anthomedusae, Eleutheridae), is described. The medusa and hydroid stages were collected from the sea and cultivated in the laboratory. Location: Gulf of Naples, Italy. The medusa differs from other species of the genus Staurocladia in possessing two additional lateral cnidocyst bulbs on the main branch of the tentacles, cnidocyst bulbs around the mouth, and protuberances of the radial canals into the exumbrella. The hydroid differs from other species of the genus Staurocladia only in having less medusae buds per polyp. The medusa is found at a depth of 15 to 30 m in Posidonia beds; the hydroid at a depth of 30 m in algae material of Halimeda sp. and Udothea sp.
NEUROSECRETORY CELLS IN A NEMATODE, ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES
Authors: Davey K. G.
Published: August 2008

This paper describes nerve cells in the anterior end of Ascaris, which, because they contain granules which stain with paraldehyde-fuchsin, are held to be neurosecretory. There are 20 such cells in all: 10 are labial sense cells, 2 are associated with the amphidial glands, 2 are associated with one of the subsidiary ganglia anterior to the nerve ring, and 6 are contained in the lateral ganglia. Changes which occur in these cells after removal of the worm from the host are described.
GRAIN APHIDS IN NEW BRUNSWICK: I. FIELD DEVELOPMENT ON OATS
Authors: Adams Jean B. , Drew Margaret E.
Published: August 2008

Commonly three species of aphids infest oats in New Brunswick, Canada. These aphids are Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), Macrosiphum avenae (Fab.), and Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), named in the order of their abundance. Over a 5-year period (1959–1963 incl.) infestations varied from peaks of less than 1 aphid to 250 aphids per tiller. The aphids infested the crop for approximately 7 weeks, from the time the plants were 3 in. high until the panicles had emerged. When the panicle stage was reached (normally in the fourth or fifth week of the infestation), a winged generation of aphids developed and dispersed from the oats, resulting in an abrupt decline in the population.
GRAIN APHIDS IN NEW BRUNSWICK: II. COMPARATIVE DEVELOPMENT IN THE GREENHOUSE OF THREE APHID SPECIES ON FOUR KINDS OF GRASSES
Authors: Adams Jean B. , Drew Margaret E.
Published: August 2008

The development of three grain-infesting aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), Macrosiphum avenae (Fab.), and Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), was studied on four members of the Gramineae: Avena, Triticum, Hordeum, and Poa, in the greenhouse. Wingless R. padi developed most rapidly irrespective of host. In general, winged forms took longer to mature than wingless forms of all species except R. maidis on Avena. Hordeum was the preferred host of all species and on this host R. padi produced per adult 59 nymphs, R. maidis 49, and M. avenae 37. The mean length of life of all species on all hosts was 28.8 days but wide variations occurred on different hosts. Neither R. padi nor R. maidis accepted Poa, nor did R. maidis survive on Triticum under our conditions.
HOST LARVAL MORTALITY IN AN EXPERIMENTAL HOST–PARASITE POPULATION
Authors: Burnett T.
Published: August 2008

Two populations of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westw.) and its chalcid parasite Encarsia formosa Gahan were reared on tomato plants in the greenhouse at 72–76 °F for 26 weeks. Although the abundance of both species fluctuated with peaks of increasing amplitude, the population that was initially larger remained so throughout the period of sampling because the parasite inflicted similar rates of mortality in both cases. The fluctuations of the two separate populations were synchronized throughout the period of propagation. Host mortality, which resulted either from almost immediate killing of host scales following attack by adult parasites or from death of host larvae following parasitization and development of parasite progeny, was determined by parasite density, host size, and possibly by a number of other factors such as the age structure of host larval populations, age of adult parasites, and succulence of leaves on which the host larvae developed. The interaction of host and parasite produced cycles in the age structures of host and parasite populations that, in turn, influenced the interaction of the two species. The death of host larvae following attack by adult parasites was a form of host protection, as it ensured the rapid decline in the abundance of the parasite population and was, therefore, the primary factor in the maintenance of the host–parasite system.
THE PREY OF DRAGONFLY LARVAE (ODONATA; ANISOPTERA) IN PONDS IN NORTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: Pritchard Gordon
Published: August 2008

The natural food of pond-dwelling larvae has been studied by analyzing the contents of faecal pellets and comparisons are made among different species, different sizes of larvae, different habitats, and different times of year. Dragonfly larvae are general animal feeders and the composition of their food in nature is affected by a complex of factors including the relative abundance of different prey in the environment, the size and habits of this prey, and the ease with which it is caught and devoured.
HOWARDULA APTINI (SHARGA 1932) PARASITIC IN BLUEBERRY THRIPS IN NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: Nickle W. R. , Wood G. W.
Published: August 2008

A parasitic nematode, Howardula aptini (Sharga 1932) Wachek, 1955, is reported for the first time in North America, and is a parasite of two serious blueberry thrips. Parasitized thrips probably do not produce eggs as the ovarial tissue is greatly reduced by the nematode and dissections failed to reveal eggs in infected individuals. Parasitism varied and was 71% in one sample. Introduction of the nematode into unparasitized populations is feasible. Previously unknown details of the morphology and life history of the nematode are described and illustrated.
HOST SPECIFICITY OF ALTICA CARDUORUM GUER. (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Harris P.
Published: August 2008

The flea beetle Altica carduorum Guer. could be reared only on plants of the closely related genera Cirsium, Silybum, and Carduus. The relative acceptability of the different species within this group was correlated with the closeness of their taxonomic relationships to Cirsium arvense (L.) Scop. It is concluded that, in the field, the beetle will be restricted to attacking a few species of Cirsium and will not endanger any economic plant in North America. Thus it is a suitable insect to be used for the biological control of C. arvense in North America. Results of preliminary liberations of A. carduorum are insufficient to indicate if it will exert effective control of the weed in Canada.
STUDIES ON THE LIFE CYCLE AND DEVELOPMENTAL MORPHOLOGY OF PLACOCONUS LOTORIS (SCHWARTZ, 1925) WEBSTER, 1956 (ANCYLOSTOMIDAE: NEMATODA)
Authors: Balasingam E.
Published: August 2008

The life history and developmental morphology of Placoconus lotoris are described and similarities with other hookworms noted. Infection takes place by the oral route without somatic migration. Experimental infection by the percutaneous route was unsuccessful. After infection, the parasitic stages migrate posteriorly along the small intestine coincident with maturity. The adult worms favor a location in the posterior region of the small intestine.
ON THE PATHOLOGY OF PLACOCONUS LOTORIS INFECTIONS IN RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR)
Authors: Balasingam E.
Published: August 2008

The pathology of Placoconus lotoris infection in raccoons is described and discussed.
ACTIVITY RHYTHMS OF LEPIDOPTEROUS DEFOLIATORS: I. TECHNIQUES FOR RECORDING ACTIVITY, ECLOSION, AND EMERGENCE
Authors: Edwards D. K.
Published: August 2008

In investigations of the activity rhythms of several types of lepidopterous defoliators special techniques were developed for recording activity of larvae on foliage, hatching from eggs, and adult emergence. The data obtained with these techniques have been published in a separate paper.The previously described electroactograph (EAG) technique for recording flying activity was used with different transducers to record the activity of groups of small larvae on coniferous foliage, and of single, larger larvae on coniferous or deciduous foliage. Methods for automatically recording the eclosion times of first-instar larvae and the emergence times of adults are described. Some working details in the EAG techniques also are discussed.
POPULATION STRUCTURE AND BODY WEIGHTS OF SNOWSHOE HARES ON MANITOULIN ISLAND, ONTARIO
Authors: Newson Robin , Vos Antoon de
Published: August 2008

The age structure and body weight of two snowshoe hare populations, just at or passing a cyclical peak in numbers, were studied over 3 years. The survival of the young was poor. Each winter, the young of the previous summer were already too few to replace all the normally expected losses of adults. Numbers therefore decreased from year to year. Shot samples were biased towards adult females in the breeding season. It appeared that they were feeding more heavily than the males as their gut weights at this time were markedly increased. There was a clear annual cycle in body weight with females consistently heavier than males. Immature hares were lighter than adults during their first winter and remained so until they were at least a year old.
SOMATIC CHROMOSOMES OF HIGHER DIPTERA: IX. KARYOTYPES OF SOME MUSCID SPECIES
Authors: Boyes J. W. , Corey Margaret J. , Paterson H. E.
Published: August 2008

This report contains a description of the karyotypes of Musca sorbens Wied., Musca vetustissima Walker, several strains of the subspecies domestica and the subspecies curviforceps and calleva of Musca domestica L., Musca autumnalis De G., Muscina.stabulans Fall., Orthellia nudissima (Loew), Ophyra leucostoma Wied., Phaonia basalis Fabr., and Phaonia variegata Fabr. Species M. stabulans, O. nudissima, and P. variegata have 2n = 10 chromosomes and all the others 2n = 12, but some specimens of M. domestica curviforceps have only 11. The sex chromosomes of M. autumnalis and O. leucostoma are very small and this pair has apparently been lost in the 10-chromosome species. It is suggested that species having 10-chromosome karyotypes may have originated independently in different subfamilies and genera of the Muscidae.
STUDIES ON THE HELMINTH FAUNA OF ALASKA: XLI. OBSERVATIONS ON CESTODES OF THE GENUS DIPLOGONOPORUS LÖNNBERG, 1892 (DIPHYLLOBOTHRIIDAE)
Authors: Rausch Robert L.
Published: August 2008

The study of a collection of cestodes assigned to the genus Diplogonoporus Lönnberg, 1892 disclosed but two species, D. balaenopterae Lönnberg, 1892, and D. tetrapterus (von Siebold, 1848) (provis.). These cestodes occur characteristically in marine mammals but occasionally are found in terrestrial hosts; D. balaenopterae is recorded for the first time from the domestic dog, and it is concluded that D. grandis (Blanchard, 1894), from man, is conspecific with D. balaenopterae. The latter species is recorded for the first time from the humpback whale, Megaptera novaeangliae (Borowski), The relatively small D. tetrapterus, a common parasite of the Steller sea lion, Eumetopias jubata (Schreber), is reported for the first time from the sea otter, Enhydra lutris Linnaeus, and from the domestic mink, Mustela vison Schreber. Descriptions of representative specimens are presented, and the taxonomic status of other species assigned to Diplogonoporus is discussed. Although the diplogonadic organization of these cestodes is somewhat variable, it is nevertheless constant and serves to characterize the genus Diplogonoporus. The process of asexual reproduction by means of transverse subdivision of primary segments is described. This ability and the diplogonadic structure of these cestodes are considered to be adaptations that increase the production of eggs and thereby the probability of reproductive success in the marine habitat.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BREEDING PERIODS OF SOME GROUND BEETLES (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE) IN EASTERN ONTARIO
Authors: Rivard I.
Published: August 2008

About 5500 female ground beetles collected from May to November, 1963, were dissected to determine the reproductive potential and breeding period of each of the 30 species represented. The maximum number of eggs present in gravid individuals varied from 5 to 40, but was within the range of 10 to 20 for most species. The breeding periods of 13 species studied, each with only one generation per year, usually lasted about 3 months; most of these were definitely either spring breeders or fall breeders.
BLOOD PROPERTIES OF AQUATIC VERTEBRATES: I. TOTAL BLOOD VOLUME OF THE ATLANTIC COD, GADUS MORHUA L.
Authors: Ronald K. , Macnab H. C. , Stewart J. E. , Beaton B.
Published: August 2008

The volume of whole blood and plasma has been calculated for 22 specimens of the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.) using a fluorescein dye. A definite correlation was found among blood weight, blood volume, and body weight. The whole blood was 2.4% and the plasma 1.8% of the total live weight of the fish.
STUDIES ON THE GENUS KALICEPHALUS (NEMATODA: DIAPHANOCEPHALIDAE): NEW RECORDS OF TAXONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL INTEREST
Authors: Schad G. A.
Published: August 2008

The known ranges of Kalicephalus costatus costatus and Kalicephalus rectiphilus rectiphilus are extended to include South America west of the Andes. New hosts reported for Kalicephalus costatus indicus are Natrix annularis, Macropisthodon rudis, and Enhydris chinensis; for Kalicephalus viperae chungkingensis they are Zaocys d'humnades, Oligodon formosanus, Bungarus mult-cinctus, Vipera russelli formosensis, and Trimeresurus flavoviridus; and for Kalicephalus rectiphilus rectiphilus they are Leptodeira septentrionalis and Thalerophis richardi occidentalis. Notes on the localization of some species within the host, on unusual host-parasite associations, and on the sex ratio of Kalicephalus willeyi are included.
THERMAL STRESS AND ANOMALOUS DEVELOPMENT OF MOSQUITOES (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE): IV. AEDES COMMUNIS
Authors: Brust Reinhart A. , Horsfall William R.
Published: August 2008

When thermal pressures within the range of 19–24 °C are applied to developing larvae of Aedes communis, male traits are progressively suppressed and even eliminated in adults of the masculine genotype. Coincidentally female traits develop both internally and externally in these individuals and the degree of femininity is proportional to the temperature used. The sexual traits of individuals of the feminine genotype are unaffected by thermal pressures. This paper deals with the effects of thermal stresses on Aedes communis from Michigan in the United States and from Manitoba, Canada. Descriptions and delineations of the imaginal dimorphic organs of the masculine phenotype, functional female phenotype, and thermally induced female phenotype are included herein. Two different thermally responsive strains of this species exist in Manitoba while only one strain exists in Michigan. One strain may be separated from the other in a mixed population by the application of a closely controlled rearing temperature. The origin of some of the dimorphic structures in the sexes has been clarified here.
STUDIES ON THE IN VITRO AXENIC DEVELOPMENT OF TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS: II. PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENTS ON THE EFFECTS OF FARNESOL, CHOLESTEROL, AND AN INSECT EXTRACT
Authors: Meerovitch E.
Published: August 2008

Farnesol inhibited the development of Trichinella spiralis larvae in vitro; the degree of inhibition was proportional to the concentration of farnesol in the medium. Cholesterol increased the rate of survival of the larvae, but had no effect on their development. Acetone-soluble extract of late larvae and pupae of Galleria mellonella, believed to contain some ecdysone, in a high concentration inhibited the development of the larvae, but in low concentrations promoted complete exsheathment in some cases. The only other factor which had thus far been observed to promote complete exsheathment was CO2 at high tensions.
THE ROLE OF LIPID IN THE NUTRITION OF THE HOUSE CRICKET, ACHETA DOMESTICUS L. (ORTHOPTERA: GRYLLIDAE)
Authors: Meikle J. E. S. , McFarlane J. E.
Published: August 2008

Experiments were carried out to determine the active principle(s) in wheat-germ oil responsible for the reproductive effect exerted by this substance on the house cricket, Acheta domesticus L., and also to investigate the physiological effects of the substance(s). The active principle is vitamin E. It exerts an absolute effect on the last nymphal stadium of the male, but the female appears to be unaffected. Spermatogenic activity is disrupted in the absence of the vitamin, resulting in drastic reduction or a total absence of sperm cells in the testes. Withholding the vitamin from insects causes the preoviposition period to be lengthened and fewer eggs to be laid.
THE EFFECT OF ALTERNATING TEMPERATURE ON VERTEBRAL COUNT IN THE MEDAKA (ORYZIAS LATIPES)
Authors: Lindsey C. C. , Ali M. Y.
Published: August 2008

Eggs reared at different sustained temperatures ranging from 20° to 34 °C produced young with vertebral counts progressively lower at higher temperatures. Eggs transferred from 20° to 30° 2 days after fertilization produced significantly fewer vertebrae, and eggs transferred 6 days after fertilization produced significantly more vertebrae than did those reared at either sustained temperature. Eggs subject to temperatures alternating between 22° and 30° every 12 hours throughout development produced intermediate counts, corresponding to those resulting from sustained rearing at 26°, and showed the highest survival and no abnormalities.
THE GORGING RESPONSE IN RHODNIUS PROLIXUS STĂHL
Authors: Friend W. G.
Published: August 2008

Rhodnius prolixus nymphs confined in an artificial feeding apparatus could be induced to gorge on 0.15 M NaCl solutions at pH 7.0 containing 10−3 M concentrations of chemicals having phosphate bonds of high energy release. The di- and tri-phosphates of adenosine, guanine, inosine, cytosine, and uridine all showed high gorging factor activity. Creatine phosphate and tetrasodium pyrophosphate were slightly less active. Riboflavin-5-phosphate, 5′-adenylic acid, and 3′5′ cyclic adenylic acid also stimulated gorging to a marked degree. Addition of Ca++ions to the solution decreased the gorging factor activity of adenosine triphosphate.Gorging appears to be triggered by chemicals which can act as phosphate donors or can initiate phosphorylation in a non-specific and unknown manner.
CEMENTAL DEPOSITION AS AN AGE CRITERION IN BISON, AND THE RELATION OF INCISOR WEAR, EYE-LENS WEIGHT, AND DRESSED BISON CARCASS WEIGHT TO AGE
Authors: Novakowski N. S.
Published: August 2008

The relation of cemental deposition, incisor wear, eye-lens weight, and dressed carcass weight to age in bison was investigated in an attempt to define this relation on the basis of annual increments. It was expected that the bison, particularly in northern latitudes, would be subject to a cyclic or annual growth and aging process which would be reflected in an analysis of the above criteria. It was found that cemental deposition occurred in the premolars and molars beyond age 4 1/2 and that this deposition appeared in the form of alternating layers of translucent and opaque cementum, each set combined to form one annual band. Incisor wear provided a further check on this technique. It was found that eye-lens weight and dressed carcass weight were not reliable indicators of chronological age, particularly beyond 4 1/2 years of age when tooth replacement could not be used to define the limits of variability found in eye-lens weights and dressed carcass weights.
TOTAL GLYCOGEN IN THE PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HARR.) (HOMOPTERA, APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Srivastava P. N.
Published: August 2008

In the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.), the amount of glycogen increases steadily as the aphid grows from larval to adult stage. The newly born larva, however, lacks the glycogen reserve.
PHOTOPERIODISM IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE EUROPEAN PINE SAWFLY, NEODIPRION SERTIFER (GEOFF.)
Authors: Sullivan C. R. , Wallace D. R.
Published: August 2008

Photoperiods of 0 to 24 hours at 21 °C did not influence the length of the larval developmental period of N. sertifer or the weight of larvae at cocoon spinning. Upon incubation of cocoons in darkness, most of the larvae from 4- to 15-hour photoperiods metamorphosed without an intervening prepupal diapause, and emerged as adults 27 to 35 days after cocoon spinning. Individuals from the 0-, 20-, and 24-hour photoperiods underwent a prepupal diapause of 2 to 3 weeks before morphogenesis, and emerged as adults 44 to 55 days after cocooning. The transition from diapause to non-diapause is induced by a photoperiod of about 16 hours.
PREY CAPTURE BY DRAGONFLY LARVAE (ODONATA; ANISOPTERA)
Authors: Pritchard Gordon
Published: August 2008

Dragonfly larvae catch prey by rapid protraction of a curiously modified labium. There are two main types of predatory behavior; 'climbers' move amongst aquatic vegetation and use their large compound eyes to detect prey at a distance and subsequently to orient towards it, while 'sprawlers' live at the bottom and detect most of their prey by tactile stimulation. Five species of dragonfly larvae were successful in 60 to 70% of their attacks on mosquito larvae, but in only 25 to 28% on gammarids. Size and movement of prey are important in its recognition, while shape, color, and odor are not. The forward thrust of the labium takes only 15 to 20 milliseconds, and at the time of the strike the anal siphon is closed so that the blood pressure, which provides the force for labial extension, is all directed forwards and is not used to expel water from the colon.
SENSE ORGANS IN THE LABRUM OF AESHNA INTERRUPTA LINEATA WALKER (ODONATA; ANISOPTERA)
Authors: Pritchard Gordon
Published: August 2008

Small, unarticulated sensilla on the epipharynx of larvae and adults of Aeshna interrupta lineata have been examined histologically. Although those of the larvae and adults differ somewhat in appearance, they are fundamentally similar in structure. Their position and general structure suggest that they are contact chemoreceptors.
MICROCLIMATE TEMPERATURE AND ITS ADAPTIVE SIGNIFICANCE IN SIX GEOGRAPHIC RACES OF PEROMYSCUS
Authors: Hayward J. S.
Published: August 2008

The ambient temperatures prevailing in the microhabitats of six geographic races of Peromyscus (deer mice) were measured in the summer and winter seasons. A satisfactory method whereby thermistors were hauled by the mice into their microhabitats is described.The results show that the microhabitat provides an environment of moderate, stable temperature where the seasonal extremes of heat and cold can be avoided. Winter microclimate temperatures were never below freezing and were very similar among the habitats despite considerable differences in the gross climates. These observations suggest that there is no significant differential selective pressure for temperature adaptation among the six races, and support the previously reported findings that basal metabolic rate is nonadaptive to climate in Peromyscus.In the distribution and speciation of Peromyscus, the selection and modification of a suitable microclimate are of major temperature-adaptive significance. This particular behavioral method of temperature regulation is potentiated by small body size and is discussed in relation to climatic adaptation of small mammals in general.
REVIEW OF THE TREMATODE GENERA BACCIGER AND PENTAGRAMMA (FELLODISTOMATIDAE) AND DESCRIPTION OF P. PETROWI (LAYMAN, 1930) N. COMB. FROM MARINE FISHES FROM THE PACIFIC COAST OF CANADA
Authors: Margolis L. , Ching Hilda Lei
Published: August 2008

The generic diagnoses of Bacciger and Pentagramma are emended. Recognized as members of the genus Bacciger are the type, B. bacciger (Rudolphi, 1819), from the Mediterranean, Black, and Azov Seas; B. nicolli Palombi, 1934, from Atlantic waters near the British Isles; and B. opisthonemae Nahhas and Cable, 1964, from Jamaican waters. Pentagramma consist of P. symmetricum Chnlkova, 1939, the type, from the Black and Azov Seas and P. petrowi (Layman, 1930) n. comb, from the northern part of the North Pacific region. Synonyms of P. petrowi are Monorcheides(?) petrowi Layman, 1930: Orientophorus sayori Yamaguti, 1942; Faustula sayori (Yamaguti, 1942); Orientophorus petrowi (Layman, 1930); and Bacciger petrowi (Layman, 1930). Pentagramma petrowi is redescribed and additional details of morphology are included for P. symmetricum, B. bacciger, and B. nicolli. Measurements of the species discussed and extensive host and locality records are tabulated.
FORCIPOMYIA (DACNOFORCIPOMYIA) ANABAENAE, A NEW BLOOD-SUCKING MIDGE FROM SINGAPORE, DESCRIBED IN ALL STAGES (DIPTERA, CERATOPOGONIDAE)
Authors: Chan K. L. , Saunders L. G.
Published: August 2008

A new species of blood-sucking midge from Singapore is described in all stages. Although the female alone would be classified as a species of the subgenus Lasiohelea, the larva and male show such distinctive characters that a new subgenus, Dacnoforcipomyia, has been erected to accommodate this species. A detailed study of the biology is presented, and comparison is made with members of closely related subgenera.
OBSERVATIONS ON ANTLER SHEDDING BY FEMALE BARREN-GROUND CARIBOU
Authors: Lent Peter C.
Published: August 2008

A study of antler shedding among female barren-ground caribou in northwest Alaska revealed that, in 1961, most, but not all, barren cows shed their antlers before the start of the calving season. In contrast, almost all pregnant cows possessed antlers at the start of the calving season and retained their antlers for up to 1 week post partum. Determination of the proportion of cows with antlers at the start of the calving period provides a means of estimating the calf crop but tends to underestimate the actual natality.It is suggested that the retention of antlers by pregnant cows may be explained by the high level of estrogen production in these individuals, and that the shedding of antlers following parturition may be triggered by a rapid decrease in the output of estrogens. Similar interactions between anterior pituitary and gonadal sex hormones could account for the timing of antler shedding in both male and female caribou.
ELECTROPHORETIC SEPARATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ESTERASES IN EGGS AND YOUNG NYMPHS OF THE LARGE MILKWEED BUG, ONCOPELTUS FASCIATUS (DALLAS)
Authors: Salkeld E. H.
Published: August 2008

The soluble or lyo- esterases from the developing embryo and the young nymph of the large milkweed bug, Oncopeltus fasciatus (Dallas), have been separated by a starch gel electrophoretic method. With the substrate α-naphthyl acetate, 14 bands of esterase activity occurred in the 2-day-old egg and this number increased to 19 in the 1-day-otd nymph. Variation in the intensity of esterase activity also occurred during development; the activity of some esterases increased while that of others decreased. An attempt was made to classify the separated enzymes as cholinesterases, aliesterases, and aromatic esterases according to their reactions to certain carbamate and organophosphate inhibitors. When these criteria were used, no cholinesterase was found and two of the bands of esterase activity did not react as either aliesterase or aromatic esterase.
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE CHEEK PADS OF THE BROWN LEMMING, LEMMUS SIBIRICUS (TRIMUCRONATUS) (KERR)
Authors: Macpherson A. H. , Gibson M. A.
Published: August 2008

Brown lemmings, Lemmus lemmus and L. sibiricus (trimucronatus), possess thickened pads of skin on the cheeks, and some, at least, also bear a thinner pad on the rump above the tail. The cheek pad is formed chiefly by a remarkable abundance of collagen fibers in the reticular layer of the dermis. The pad appears capable of considerable movement, and is underlain by a well-developed system of dermal muscles. The thickness of the pad appears to be related to age. The apparent function of the pads is to protect the parts of the animal to which bites are directed during intraspecific combat.
SOME EXPERIMENTS ON THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION OF GOLDFISH (CARASSIUS AURATUS L.) IN RELATION TO SWIMMING SPEED
Authors: Smit H.
Published: August 2008

This investigation was designed to measure the relation between the oxygen consumption of fish and their swimming speed. Experiments were performed with the aid of an annular fish chamber, which can be rotated at will, and by means of Blazka's apparatus, in which the fish swims against a water current produced by a rotating propeller.Oxygen consumption increases with swimming speed. Beyond a speed of about 0.5 body lengths per second, however, the goldfish passes to another type of swimming and by doing so, it is able to reach approximately four times this speed at the same rate of oxygen uptake.Extrapolation of the line relating speed and oxygen consumption to zero activity gives the value of standard metabolism. The actual oxygen uptake minus this standard value is taken as a measure of the energy expenditure of the propulsion muscles.Excitement appears to raise the fish's oxygen consumption sharply, even without any increase of its locomotor activity.Both excitement and anaerobic metabolism can vitiate the reliability of power calculations based on the rate of oxygen uptake. Only rates found when the fish is not excited may be used to calculate the energy spent by the fish in swimming. Simultaneous measurements of carbon dioxide production and oxygen uptake are probably required to obtain an estimate of the rate of anaerobic metabolism.
AN EXAMINATION OF WILD MOOSE EXHIBITING NEUROLOGIC SIGNS, IN ONTARIO
Authors: Anderson Roy C.
Published: August 2008

The central nervous systems of three wild moose (Alces a. americana) exhibiting neurologic signs, in the Kenora district of Ontario, Canada, were studied histologically. A diagnosis of cerebrospinal nematodiasis (Pneumostrongylus tenuis) was made in all three animals.
ON TERMITARIA IN A SAVANNA ECOSYSTEM
Authors: Goodland R. J. A.
Published: August 2008

During the course of a quantitative phytosociological analysis of the vegetation of the Northern Rupununi Savanna, British Guiana, the termitaria were measured by the Quarter Method of the Wisconsin School in a manner similar to that for trees. The ecological distribution of the termitaria was found to be correlated with quantitative expressions of the vegetation and the environmental factors. The termites impoverish the surrounding soils by concentrating soil nutrients into their termitaria. They reduce the plant cover and decrease the water-retaining capacity of the soils. Termites are shown to be an integral part of the savanna ecosystem. Termites may aid the growth of woody plants by improving the drainage and allowing the growth of the roots of phreatophytes through a hard pan. Termitaria, termites, and their effects on the soil and the vegetation are briefly discussed in general. Also presented are a chart of the savanna ecosystem and an extensive bibliography.
BODY TEMPERATURE OF BARREN GROUND CARIBOU
Authors: McEwan E. H. , Wood A. J. , Nordan H. C.
Published: August 2008

Rectal temperatures were recorded for barren ground caribou during their first 100 days of life. The normal rectal temperature of caribou was found to be 39 ± 0.78 °C. Temperature elevations of 2.2 °C occurred as a result of activity. The practical implications of these observations are discussed.
FACTORS INFLUENCING SEASONAL CHANGES IN THYROID ACTIVITY IN JUVENILE STEELHEAD TROUT, SALMO GAIRDNERI
Authors: Eales J. G.
Published: August 2008

Seasonal changes in thyroid cell height and radioiodide indices of thyroid activity (CR and T/S) were measured in yearling and 2-year-old steelhead trout held in freshwater. Cell height was high in yearlings in mid-June and in 2-year-olds in late April and May at parr–smolt transformation; in both it was low in late summer and moderately high in winter. CR and T/S were high both at parr–smolt transformation and in late summer, but were low in winter. Only at parr–smolt transformation did cell height and radioiodide indices agree.Two-year-old potential smolts were held from January to May under four controlled temperature and photoperiod regimes. These experiments revealed that at parr–smolt transformation, both rising temperature and lengthening photoperiod induced the characteristically high CR and T/S values, but that the tall cell height depended on the lengthening photoperiod. Cell height and T/S were measured in yearlings (non-migrants) subjected to similar regimes at the same season. T/S was uninfluenced by photoperiod but responded to rising temperature. Cell height responses were more complex and indicated involvement of other variables.In September, small yearlings possessed significantly higher T/S and CR values than did large yearlings. A relationship between thyroid function and body weight could explain seasonal changes not attributable to temperature or photoperiod.
SEASONAL ACCLIMATIZATION IN VARYING HARE (LEPUS AMERICANUS)
Authors: Hart J. S. , Pohl Hermann , Tener J. S.
Published: August 2008

Wild hares were trapped in the vicinity of Ottawa, Canada, and tested during summer and winter. After recovery from implantation of subcutaneous and substernal thermocouples, measurements of oxygen uptake and body temperatures were made during successive stepwise lowering of ambient temperature from 20 °C to −45 °C over about 5 hours. Measurements were also made during stepwise elevation of temperature from 12 °C to 38 °C over a 5-hour period and a final single test was made at 40 °C.Hares trapped during the winter had lower O2 uptake than did summer-caught hares at temperatures below thermal neutrality. The change was very similar in magnitude to the seasonal change in insulation of the fur (27% greater in winter). The lower critical temperature was shifted from +10 °C in summer hares to about −5 °C in winter hares.No seasonal differences were noted in substernal temperatures, but subcutaneous temperatures were significantly higher in winter-caught animals. Colonic temperatures were higher than substernal temperatures at all ambient temperatures.Electromyograms recorded from the mid-back showed that shivering was greater in the cold during summer than during winter in accordance with the higher O2 consumption at any given temperature. Shivering was also slightly greater during summer at the same level of O2 consumption.Varying hares showed a considerable tolerance to elevation of temperature and a capacity to maintain approximate equality of body and ambient temperature at 40 °C for some time through effective respiratory evaporative heat loss, which approached 100% of heat production. Stepwise elevation of ambient temperature did not reveal any seasonal differences in upper critical temperature (about 38 °C) or in elevation of body temperature in spite of differences in insulation of the fur. A slightly greater proportion of the total heat loss was by evaporation during the summer.Caloric intake of captive hares outdoors was similar during winter and summer. It is concluded that seasonal acclimatization in the varying hare is largely insulative with respect to cold and that changes in heat tolerance are minor if present at all. Insulative and behavioral modifications appear to compensate for seasonal changes in temperature in the Ottawa area.
VARIATIONS IN THE WATER AND MINERAL CONTENTS OF SOME ORGANS OF THE SNAIL, HELIX POMATIA L.
Authors: Burton R. F.
Published: August 2008

The water content of the digestive gland, foot, albumen gland, and dart sac of Helix pomatia tends to vary inversely with the concentration of sodium in the blood. That of the albumen gland depends also on size, for, having achieved a dry weight of 0.013 g, the gland continues its growth by the addition of a component containing only about 57% water. This stage is reached when the dry weight of the rest of the snail, less its shell, is about 1.2–1.8 g. The dart sac contains much more potassium than sodium or magnesium and the concentrations of potassium and of magnesium vary inversely with the amount of water in which they are dissolved. The columellar muscle resembles the dart sac in its potassium content (per kilogram dry weight) but contains more water and sodium.
GRAIN APHIDS IN NEW BRUNSWICK: III. APHID POPULATIONS IN HERBICIDE-TREATED OAT FIELDS
Authors: Adams Jean B. , Drew Margaret E.
Published: August 2008

From similar initial populations, aphid infestations became higher in herbicide-treated areas of oats than in similar untreated areas. Fewer coccinellids were present in these treated areas. The inclusion of an aphicide with the herbicide applications held subsequent populations of aphids to the level of those in untreated plots. Although populations as high as 250 aphids per tiller occurred, no reduction in yields of grain or straw was found in 1962 or 1963.
LABORATORY REARING STUDIES OF THE POSTCAPPING STAGES OF THE HONEY BEE (APIS MELLIFERA L.): II. REARING BROOD INSIDE CELLS
Authors: Jay S. C.
Published: August 2008

Fully fed larvae and pupae of the three castea of honey bee were reared in various artificial cells in the laboratory. The effects of humidity, removal of cell parts, orientation of brood in various positions, and use of different artificial cappings on brood development were tested.Rearing was successful in wax cavities covered with cellophane and is gelatin capsules with one end covered with paper tissue. Bees emerged quickly and easily through paper tissue with minimum loss of weight when they were physically ready to do so. Labial gland secretion was probably used to moisten cappings during emergence. Cell size was only critical for drone brood. Relative humidities of 40–80% gave good results. Ecdyses were more successful when the anal ends touched side or end walls of the cells. The placement of prepupae or pupae in various abnormal positions had little or no effect on subsequent development.
ROCKY MOUNTAIN BIGHORN SHEEP (OVIS CANADENSIS CANADENSIS) MILK: I. GROSS COMPOSITION AND FAT CONSTITUTION
Authors: Chen E. C. H. , Blood D. A. , Baker B. E.
Published: August 2008

Milk was obtained from five Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep living in the Jasper Park area of Alberta. The milk was collected at [Formula: see text] and 3 months post partum. The gross composition and milk fat fatty acids of the milk samples and of a sample of domestic sheep milk (Suffolk, 1 month post partum) were determined.