bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Interspecific hybridization in insects in times of climate change
Authors: Sánchez-Guillén Rosa Ana , Arce-Valdés Luis Rodrigo , Ballén-Guapacha Andrea Viviana , Ordaz-Morales Jesús Ernesto , Stand-Pérez Miguel
Published: March 2024

Climate change can result in species to shift their distributions and thus, increasing current parapatric distributions or entering into secondary contact with phylogenetically related species. Despite widespread evidence of climate-induced range shifts, the short- and long-term consequences of these shifts for species that are parapatric or newly sympatric after evolving in allopatry are not clear. For parapatric species, one possible consequence is the alteration of the established equilibrium of a hybrid zone and for sudden sympatric species is hybridization. Therefore, determining which insect taxa are most likely to hybridize, and the outcomes of that hybridization, will contribute to our understanding of the evolutionary consequences of global warming. This chapter investigates intrinsic factors affecting hybridization in insects, and we review short- and long-term consequences of non-anthropogenic (natural) and climate-induced hybridization with the goal of summarizing the contribution of these studies to our understanding of the outcomes of the climate-induced hybridization. The chapter focuses on five insect orders whose geographic and altitudinal ranges have been particularly responsive to climate change: dipterans, hymenopterans, lepidopterans, odonates and orthopterans.
Effects of climate change on insect distributions and invasions
Authors: Aulus-Giacosa Lucie , Bates Olivia K. , Bonnamour Aymeric , Bujan Jelena , Gippet Jérôme M. W. , Fenn-Moltu Gyda , Klaftenberger Tristan , Bertelsmeier Cleo
Published: March 2024

Large-scale range shifts towards higher latitudes change have occurred in many (but not all) studied species, yet spatial changes may be more complex. Because insects are small organisms, fine-scale environmental heterogeneity (topography, habitats, land use and microclimate) may be more relevant to understand their response to climate change. In addition, insects differ in their ecophysiology and life-history traits, preventing an overall forecast of insects’ responses to climate change. Species range shifts are often not synchronized, creating new opportunities for interactions (facilitation or competition) within new communities. Moreover, climate change may affect the introduction probability, establishment likelihood and dispersal dynamics of introduced species. A variety of models have been developed to predict future insect distributions, ranging from simple species distribution models to more complex mechanistic models integrating species demography, dispersal and biotic interactions. Combining these predictions with experimental data will improve our understanding of species distributions under climate change.
Impacts of climate change on insect pollinators and consequences for their ecological function
Authors: Burkle Laura A. , Jha Shalene
Published: March 2024

One of the most urgent concerns in global biodiversity conservation is the impact of changing climate on insect pollinator biology and pollination. This chapter reviews the impacts of warmer temperatures, drought, enriched carbon dioxide and extreme weather events on insect pollinators, their plant food resources and potential shifts in their species interactions, including trait, temporal and spatial mismatches, with implications for functional change. We posit that the direct effects of climate change on the physiology, traits, phenology, abundance and distributions of insect pollinators and their plant food resources are far better understood than the indirect effects of climate on plant–pollinator interactions. Further, the functional consequences of climate-induced changes for plant pollination remain understudied, and even less is known about fitness consequences of interaction mismatches for insect pollinators.
Medical Education
Authors: Bhugra Dinesh , Poulter Daniel , Pemberton Max
Published: March 2024

Medical education focused on educating, training, and supervising individuals interested in and working in allopathic medicine carries certain challenges with it. Its development over the past few centuries has raised several issues not only in terms of contents but also processes of teaching and assessment. From the competitive selection of students to enter medical school to going through a series of regular theoretical and practical assessments, experiencing varying quality of apprenticeships and final examination in various subjects followed by 1 or 2 years of internship or hospital practice, there remain a series of steps and challenges which have to be addressed before qualification as a doctor. The aim is not only to produce doctors who are competent in their field but also to protect the public and patients. In this chapter, we highlight challenges and pressures faced by young students who are already at that vulnerable age to develop psychiatric disorders but also make some observations in dealing with pressures both external and internal to ensure a healthy workforce.
India
Authors: Shekhar Avinash , Philip Sharad , Chaturvedi Santosh Kumar , Bhugra Dinesh
Published: March 2024

Considered rigorous and demanding over its 5 and half year course, Medical training in India is completed by roughly 75,000 students yearly. Many studies have shown that medical students in India face a high risk of burnout and related mental health consequences. Comparatively, students being trained in modern medicine have poorer sleep quality than those in traditional medical schools. A nationwide survey noted a high prevalence of burnout symptoms along with increased incidence of mental health conditions and related consultations. The covid pandemic has exacerbated this situation with medical students reporting high levels of stress and anxiety. Student led initiatives and colleges have attempted to alleviate medical students’ distress and burnout. However, there are no systematic interventions. Ensuring medical student wellness requires a multitiered approach at individual, group, institutional, and policy level. This chapter brings forward various suggestions for improving medical student wellness in India.
Nigeria
Authors: Ayinde Olatunde , Gureje Oye
Published: March 2024

Nigeria is a low-middle-income country with poor national health indices, large treatment gaps, and a severe scarcity of general and mental health resources. Low morale of the workforce in the education and health sectors and the associated increasing ‘brain drain’ are ongoing threats to medical education in Nigeria. Data from Nigeria, as from other countries, show elevated levels of psychiatric morbidity, substance use, and burnout among medical students. These problems are commonly associated with stressors such as those due to intense academic work as well as difficulties with finances and accommodation. Using the example of one medical school in Nigeria, we demonstrate that although there are several local initiatives directed at mental health promotion and the prevention and treatment of mental disorders, they are often ad hoc and poorly resourced and coordinated. We advocate for political will and leadership to drive the discourse and the process for improving medical students’ mental health and wellbeing in our medical schools, a national student mental health policy with special attention to medical students, and a university-wide mental health strategy. In addition, we recommend that medical school structures, culture, processes, and procedures are oriented towards campus-wide promotion of mental health and wellbeing. We also recommend an office for students’ wellbeing to lead, organize, and coordinate resources for students’ mental wellbeing. Finally mental health support services should be designed to build capacity of staff and students, promote mental wellbeing, as well as prevent and treat emergent mental disorders.
Russia
Authors: Chumakov Egor , Petrova Nataliia , Pchelin Ivan
Published: March 2024

In recent years, there has been a growing research interest in the mental wellbeing of medical students in Russia. Studies in recent years have shown a high burden of minor mental disorders (in particular, neurotic reactions, anxiety, depression), as well as addictive behaviour among medical students in Russia in different regions, which is largely a consequence of high academic workload and increasing stress during studies, but also a consequence of other specific factors. This chapter provides an overview of research on mental disorders and psychological wellbeing among medical students in Russia, as well as the results of our own research. A separate emphasis is placed on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the deterioration of the psychological wellbeing of medical students. An overview of interventions developed in Russia to prevent mental disorders in medical students during training as well as programmes to help those in need is given. Recommendations for further research on the topic are outlined.
Regional Themes
Authors: Molodynski Andrew , Farrell Sarah Marie
Published: March 2024

This chapter draws together the data and themes explored in more detail in the preceding chapters for individual countries. We then compare and contrast rates of burnout, substance misuse, and psychiatric symptoms across different countries and regions. The latter part of the chapter stresses the importance of ‘outing’ this issue and building pressure and momentum for change in all countries, as none can say that they have successfully found ways of ‘looking after’ their medical student population. In this chapter, the levels of stress, burnout, mental ill health, and substance misuse in 20 countries across five continents have been laid bare.
The Classical Ḥadīth Tradition and Its Canonization
Authors: Rehman Sofia
Published: March 2024

This chapter provides a brief history of the development of the study of ḥadīth, particularly the criteria that were developed in assessing the validity of a supposed Prophetic statement. It relays and interrogates the canonization process and considers how that process also contributed to the marginalization of Aisha’s correctives. The chapter illustrates how the canon is unofficially opened by authorities when faced with difficult or controversial circumstances such as the age of Aisha upon marriage. It then offers an innovative reconceptualization of the ḥadīth canon that encourages a formal acknowledgement of the ways in which the canon is disrupted informally, so as to bring back to the centre Aisha’s correctives, and with that many more other collections of ḥadīth that can be proven to be sound and authentic but were precluded from being canonized.
Aisha the Jurist
Authors: Rehman Sofia
Published: March 2024

This chapter explicates the interconnectivity between the history of the legal and the ḥadīth tradition, and how the latter was born out of the former. It considers how legal schools of thought were formed in certain geographical locations, namely Basra, Kufa, and Medinah, and how they converged around particular authorities from amongst the Companions of Muhammad. The chapter considers then the ramifications of Aisha’s being located in Medinah. The chapter then offers all the traditions of Aisha that fall under the theme of jurisprudence, along with a critical analysis of each. This chapter ends by offering an emergent juristic framework of Aisha based on the analyses provided in this chapter.
Aisha the Ḥadīth Master
Authors: Rehman Sofia
Published: March 2024

This chapter presents the largest chapter of al-Ijaba: Aisha’s correctives of Abu Hurayra. It illustrates Aisha’s acumen in deciphering the validity of ḥadīth according to her lived experience, logic, and knowledge of the Quran. This chapter also sets forth an argument for extending the criteria of ḥadīth acceptance/rejection of a narrator to the Companions. It also proposes that impugnment needn’t be absolute but on a statement-by-statement basis whereby the narrator’s ability to comment on the subject matter of the statement based on their grasp and understanding of the subject is also considered. Because this chapter looks exclusively at Aisha’s corrective of Abu Hurayra, there is a brief biography of Abu Hurayra presented before translating and critically analysing the chapter dedicated to him in al-Ijaba.
Introduction
Authors: Huggins Robert , Kitagawa Fumi , Prokop Daniel , Theodoraki Christina , Thompson Piers
Published: March 2024

The concept of an ‘entrepreneurial ecosystem’ has become a major means for both theorizing and making policy decisions concerning entrepreneurship, innovation, and economic development. The notion of an entrepreneurial ecosystem captures the way in which entrepreneurship is increasingly performed and undertaken via the innate interdependencies existing between the elements and components of what are essentially biotic communities (consisting of complex interactions between human agents and an array of tangible and intangible components). This book takes a multi-lensed view and perspective on the emergence of entrepreneurship within ecosystems in cities and regions, the manner in which these ecosystems evolve and operate, and their future development. This introductory chapter provides some initial theoretical background relating to the nature of ecosystems in the context of entrepreneurship and urban and regional development, before providing a summary of the book’s three parts: (1) The Emergence of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems; (2) The Evolution of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems; and (3) The Future of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems.
Inclusive Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
Authors: Herbertson Max , Lee Neil
Published: March 2024

Cities and regions with the strongest entrepreneurial ecosystems are often marked by high levels of inequality. These inequalities have, however, often been overlooked in policy and academic circles. Seeking to remedy this neglect, the aim of this chapter is to engage with research on entrepreneurial ecosystems and inclusive entrepreneurship, and to stimulate fresh thinking about what an inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystem might look like and what policies could be used to get there. In this, inclusion comes in different guises. It can mean encouraging disadvantaged groups into entrepreneurship. Or, it can relate to wider inclusive growth outcomes such as the reduction of inequality and poverty. The level of entrepreneurial activity among different groups, and how their entrepreneurship interacts with inequality and poverty, will depend on factors such as a territory’s culture and formal institutions, and the support networks and finance available. As these factors vary between territories, place-based policy which maintains an intersectional understanding of privilege will be needed to stimulate inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystems. However, the chapter also makes clear how encouraging entrepreneurial activity may produce inequalities and accentuate poverty as many new businesses fail. In this, it is suggested that policymakers should consider the efficiency of their actions. While encouraging entrepreneurship may assist with inclusive growth outcomes, stimulating high-growth firms which employ locally could be far more efficient.
Policy Impacts on Innovation and Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
Authors: Okamuro Hiroyuki , Kitagawa Fumi , Izushi Hiro
Published: March 2024

Entrepreneurship policy is by nature multi-level and multi-dimensional. Contextual factors—geographical and institutional—influence the policy’s operations and cumulative impacts. This chapter seeks to better understand the interdependence and interplay of the policy across different levels of government, and its evolution over time, as an integral part of innovation and entrepreneurial ecosystems. We look at the case of Japan, examining small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) policies introduced at national and sub-national levels since the mid-1990s. Our examination reveals three related policy turns—entrepreneurial, networking, and local ecosystem—in the country’s SME policies, which constitute the evolutionary dynamics of its innovation and entrepreneurial ecosystems. The chapter also assesses the effects of those policy measures and programmes, showing varied contributions of subsidies, an overall shift of policy instruments from subsidies to networking supports and the latter’s greater effectiveness, and significant effects of a recent place-based start-up support programme. The chapter concludes by identifying opportunities and challenges, showing the diversity and complexity of recent place-based policymaking for the revitalization of local economies.
Industrial Composition and Entrepreneurial Heritage in Medium-Sized Entrepreneurial Ecosystems
Authors: Mack Elizabeth A. , Mayer Heike , Catalano Isabella A.
Published: March 2024

New firm activity is an important component of vibrant regional economies and entrepreneurial ecosystems. New businesses not only create new jobs but also ensure there is a steady pipeline of businesses at various stages in the life cycle (e.g. birth, growth, maturity, and death). New firms may be created by entrepreneurs as new standalone ventures or may be spun off from existing businesses within the region. In the case of the latter, new firms are a source of entrepreneurial heritage: they inherit the practices and perspectives of parent firms. Understanding the extent to which a new business stems from existing businesses or is created alone as a new standalone venture can provide important insights into the entrepreneurial dynamics of ecosystems. To this end, prior studies have analysed these dynamics in manufacturing and high-technology regions. That said, new firm dynamics have not been studied in small and medium-sized ecosystems, which is critical to fostering and/or creating supporting infrastructure for fledgling ventures. To address this gap, this chapter undertakes an in-depth examination of the industrial composition and spin-off dynamics within the Albuquerque, New Mexico entrepreneurial ecosystem.
Centring Context within Discussions of Entrepreneurial Ecosystems from a Global Perspective
Authors: Pugh Rhiannon , Schmutzler Jana , Gonzalo Manuel
Published: March 2024

In this chapter we consider the concept of context, as utilized by scholars in the entrepreneurship field, in relation to entrepreneurial ecosystems. We argue that the bulk of EE scholarship to date has assumed context or relegated it to a background discussion, instead of privileging the concept within studies of EEs. This has led to a lack of consideration of the institutions, resources and social backgrounds that surround the EE in its regional and national settings. In this chapter, we make an argument for centring the concept of context so that it is at the heart of our discussion and analysis. In particular, we elucidate some existing gaps within the body of work on EEs, which we argue are a result of a lack of context appreciation and analysis. We draw on work carried out on EEs in various international settings to highlight contextual aspects of EE functioning and actualization that emerge as key when we place context at the heart of our analysis.
Applying the Entrepreneurial Ecosystem Concept to Regional Entrepreneurship Policy Analysis
Authors: Potter Jonathan , Smith Helen Lawton
Published: March 2024

Given substantial regional variations in rates of productive entrepreneurship within countries, a critical task for policymakers is to identify what is influencing the generation of productive start-ups and scale-ups in different cities and regions and what policy levers can be used to improve their performance. This chapter discusses the application of Stam’s (2015) conceptual framework to the provision of place-based policy advice through case study analyses in five regions in two countries (United Kingdom and Poland). Based on a combination of quantitative data analysis and qualitative stakeholder discussions, the analysis shows that there are variations across regions in some of the dimensions of entrepreneurial ecosystems requiring most policy attention. Although some of the same policy issues occur in all or most of the regional contexts, the responses to them often need to be different. Drawing on the experiences from the case studies, the chapter discusses the strengths and weaknesses of the entrepreneurial ecosystems conceptual framework for the purpose of policy development. While offering the advantages of focusing on impactful entrepreneurship, institutional conditions, and spatial disparities and viewing policy as a holistic package, challenges include defining dimensions that correspond closely to the influences on entrepreneurship, finding sufficiently fine-grained quantitative indicators for the dimensions, and identifying which policy interventions should receive the greatest priority in a region. In addition, a sectoral differentiation will often be needed within regional entrepreneurial ecosystem analysis, and more comprehensive policy support is likely to be needed in weaker ecosystems.
The Socio-Economic Transformation of the Radical Right
Authors: Rathgeb Philip
Published: March 2024

The second chapter provides a historical background and contextualization of the radical right’s socio-economic trajectory in the post-war era. As most Western European radical right parties emerged as challenger parties during the 1970s and 1980s, their neoliberal programme had an insurgent quality against the ‘political class’ of the Keynesian post-war era. In the neoliberal era, however, they downgraded their free market appeals in favour of a nativist-authoritarian platform. Meanwhile, the Eastern European mainstream right called into question the neoliberal devices of the Washington Consensus and the EU accession process by undergoing an ideological radicalization that moved them closer to the Western European radical right. In the USA, by contrast, the Republican Party remained loyal to neoliberal economic policies while falling back on a white nativist platform. I conclude this chapter with a critical discussion of existing hypotheses on the policy impact we should expect from the post-neoliberal radical right.
Chauvinist and Familialist Insider Protection in Continental Europe
Authors: Rathgeb Philip
Published: March 2024

This chapter shows how the Austrian Freedom Party has aimed to defend and expand the welfare entitlements of ‘hard-working’ labour market insiders (e.g. early retirement) and male breadwinners (e.g. child benefits), in line with Austria’s conservative welfare regime that has traditionally privileged the status protection of the male core workforce. The FPÖ is thus a case of how conservative legacies translate an ideological agenda of nativism and authoritarianism into insider-oriented and, more recently, welfare chauvinist social policy choices. Whereas the male core workforce has been the material winner of the FPÖ’s social policy impact, the opposite can be said about immigrants and those without steady and secure employment, leading to a policy combination termed chauvinist and familialist insider protection. Shadow case studies of Germany (AfD) and Italy (Lega) support this claim about the radical right’s policy impact in welfare states characterized by conservative legacies.
Chauvinist Insider Protection in Northern Europe
Authors: Rathgeb Philip
Published: March 2024

This chapter shows how the Danish People’s Party (DF) has prioritized the benefit entitlements of ‘deserving’ benefit recipients—i.e. the elderly and labour market insiders—while retrenching the social rights of immigrants at the same time. The Danish DF and Austrian FPÖ have thus had a relatively similar pro-elderly and welfare chauvinist policy impact, but they diverged in the area of family policy. Unlike the FPÖ, the DF has not supported a familialist strategy that would allow (and expect) families, mostly women in practice, to reduce working hours in order to care for children. The institutional legacies of Nordic family policy and the related absence of a ‘male breadwinner’ model cut off political support for a familialist approach. The DF’s policy impact may thus be summarized as chauvinist insider protection: cuts in welfare for non-citizens while expanding social security for the elderly and labour market insiders.
Grace
Authors: Ladkin Sam
Published: March 2024

Despite the complexity of its history, grace often connotes something simple. It is an Hellenic grace, refashioned in Mannerism, lauded by Baldesar Castiglione and Giorgio Vasari, that names style as a supplemental excess or lack. For the New York School, grace is one mode held in tension by the materiality of the city, its mass and noise. New York School grace reveals itself through attention to accidents and moments of lucidity. Chapter 2 argues that O’Hara’s mannerist grace drew on his affection for the attitude of dance critic and poet Edwin Denby, and their mutual love for George Balanchine and Fred Astaire. These artists shared an ethos of attention toward the artworks of their day and the choreography of everyday life, its maniera, rhythms, and styles of inhabiting space. The chapter concludes by integrating Friedrich Schiller’s reading of grace. The central reading is of ‘A Step Away from Them’.
Agon
Authors: Ladkin Sam
Published: March 2024

Agon (1957) is widely considered George Balanchine’s masterpiece. Chapter 3 explains why Agon became a favourite of Frank O’Hara’s and the various ways in which it encapsulates the concept of the agon. The agon names the public forum of contestation in ancient Greece, as well as the argumentation held within lyric poetry, specifically the ode form. This chapter pursues a genealogy of agonism, including its significance for Friedrich Nietzsche and later Renato Poggioli, author of the earliest monograph on the avant-garde, The Theory of the Avant-Garde (1962) and O’Hara’s teacher at Harvard. Agon helps gloss the social energies at work in the court of New York, including its art scene, and to comprehend O’Hara’s genealogical project of queer revaluation. The chapter concludes with a reading of O’Hara’s agonistic ‘Ode to Willem de Kooning’.
Wolff on Obligation
Authors: Walsh John
Published: March 2024

In this chapter, I both outline and offer an alternative to the standard psychologistic reading of Wolff’s account of obligation, according to which obligation consists in being motivated by an occurrent representation. I argue that Wolff’s concept of obligation should be understood in terms of what I call his theory of ideal practical rationality––that is, the normative theory of rational agency based on the ideal use of the rational faculties. On this view, obligation indicates the normative relation between putative actions and ideal agents. It prescribes how agents ought to act by virtue of how an ideally rational agent would act. After considering two potential issues this interpretation faces, I sketch the reception of Wolff’s account of obligation through the lens of the theory of ideal practical rationality.
Is Christian Wolff’s Practical Philosophy Eudaimonistic?
Authors: Stobbe Emanuel Lanzini
Published: March 2024

This chapter aims to offer an interpretation of Wolff’s practical philosophy as non-eudaimonistic. The background for such a discussion goes back, as secondary literature attests, to Wolff’s own time, where his philosophy started to be considered a form of eudaimonism by his followers and opponents. However, considered properly, we see that it rests on perfection, which conditions happiness—and not the opposite. In order to defend such a thesis, this chapter is divided in three sections. First, it shows that happiness depends on perfection with respect to the relation between perfection and happiness. Second, it examines the foundation, principle, and final end of morality for Wolff, and shows that all three cases refer to perfection, and not happiness. Third, it responds to specific passages where Wolff’s philosophy seems to be a textbook case of eudaimonism, as well as to interpretations from the secondary literature.
Wolff on the Duty to Cognize Good and Evil
Authors: Walschots Michael
Published: March 2024

In this chapter I offer an account of the nature, scope, and significance of Wolff’s claim that human beings have a duty to cognize moral good and evil. I illustrate that Wolff conceives of this duty as requiring that human beings both acquire distinct cognition of good and evil as well as avoid ignorance and error. Although Wolff intends for the duty to be quite demanding, he restricts its scope by, among other things, claiming it primarily concerns those who have the skills, circumstances, and opportunity to acquire such cognition. Wolff calls these individuals the “inventors” of the truths of morality and he considers himself to be such an inventor. I argue that part of the significance of this duty lies in the fact that Wolff conceives of himself as living up to it by writing the German Ethics, thereby sharing the knowledge he has invented with others.
Can the Will Go Wrong on its Own?
Authors: Schierbaum Sonja
Published: March 2024

This chapter aims at elucidating the conception of a deficit of the will that figures only in Wolff’s later, Latin works. The problem is that the conception of such a deficit independent of cognitive error appears to be inconsistent with some of Wolff’s core metaphysical commitments, including the Principle of the Best: if willing is determined by cognition, how can there be a “bad” volition without any cognitive deficit? The chapter suggests that Wolff appeals to affects to render his conception consistent: the point is that the motivational power of affects, in the guise of pleasure and pain, can undermine the motivational power of our beliefs. Wolff’s goal, however, is not to “eliminate” the affects; rather, affects should support and magnify the motivational power of true beliefs. Thus, the general aim of the chapter is to offer a more nuanced view on the relation between affects and morality in Wolff’s rationalist account.
Human Nature and Human Minds
Authors: Dyck Corey W.
Published: March 2024

This chapter argues that Wolff contributes to the development of anthropology in the first chapters of his German Ethics. As it shows, Wolff’s account of the “essence and nature of the human being” in connection with his initial derivation of the moral imperative introduces considerations that are (for the time) recognizably anthropological. Similarly, Wolff’s speculations concerning the art of gaining cognition of the minds of human beings in the fourth chapter of the first part engages with a novel anthropological project initiated by his colleague Christian Thomasius, but with some significant amendments. After presenting these neglected aspects of Wolff’s moral philosophy, the chapter considers the largely overlooked legacy of (what will here be called) Wolff’s moral anthropology, and ultimately makes the case that Kant’s careful separation of the metaphysics of morals from practical anthropology may be considered a response to Wolff’s deliberate and influential intermingling of the two.
Where the Wild Things Are
Authors: Cioffi Robert
Published: March 2024

Chapter 2 focuses on Achilles Tatius’ dazzling descriptions of three Egyptian animals—the phoenix (3.25), the hippopotamus (4.2–3), and the crocodile (4.19)—which, it argues, define the reaches and limits of (the Roman) empire in Egypt. Leucippe and Clitophon is part of a long, multi-faceted history of representing Egypt in Greek and Roman culture; it also draws on Egyptian traditions that destabilize the connections between ethnography and power. Understanding both contexts is essential. The final section shows how the novel’s description of a phoenix is implicated in its depiction of the human world of Roman Egypt, and, in particular, how it draws together questions of identity, religious and cultural traditions, and the very process of representation. As often as Leucippe and Clitophon affirms the connection between representing animals and control over the landscape, it also undermines and resists a univocal reading of Egyptian fauna—not through violent rebellion, but rather a more discursive mode of resistance, which draws attention to the multiple contexts for Egyptian animals and to the challenges of representing Egypt’s landscape in textual form.
A ‘Government of National Unity’?
Authors: Wager Alan
Published: March 2024

The two elections of 1974, and the cross-party politics in between, provide a case where both pre- and post-election coalitions were contemplated by Ted Heath’s Conservative Party and the Liberal Party led by Jeremy Thorpe. The general election of 28 February 1974 saw a Liberal insurgency, a third-party vote that was twice as large as any that had been recorded since 1929 and the first hung parliament in the post-war era. This led to frenetic, but fruitless, negotiations between Heath and Thorpe, and the appointment of Harold Wilson as head of a minority Labour government. Yet that summer of 1974 saw sustained discussion of a ‘Government of National Unity’, electoral pacts, and pressure on Heath to form an alliance with the insurgent Liberals. Jeremy Thorpe’s belief that a formal agreement would be electorally damaging, Heath’s intra-party weakness, and, ultimately, a slim Labour majority punctured the prospect of a Conservative-Liberal alliance.
Sanctions and Degree of Harmonization
Authors: Grigoleit Hans Christoph
Published: March 2024

Sanctions ensure that legal norms have effects and thus fulfil their purposes—the very purposes that are crucial to legitimize any intervention by legal force. With respect to the EU’s multi-level legal system, specifying sanctions is even more important, as the harmonizing effect of EU regulation can only be achieved if sanctions are aligned to a sufficient degree as well. Considering these quite evident observations, it is astounding that there is an enormous level of obscurity on the sanctions side of European capital markets law. While all the relevant legal acts provide for some general structure of public enforcement, the specification of public law sanctions is left to the member states, offering a wide leeway and significant potential for variation. Even more questionable are the lacunae regarding private law sanctions in general and damages claims in particular. Few of the capital markets acts address the issue of damages at all—in fragmentary and incoherent sets of provisions. Within the national jurisdictions, the chaos is completed by the enforcement of capital markets law under 27 private law systems with significant differences. All this is hardly compatible with the objective of harmonization, and even less so with the ostensible trend towards ‘maximum harmonization’. The following chapter examines the deplorable status quo of legal sanctions in European capital markets law and aims to develop guidelines for more coherence in future legislation.
Market Transactions and the Case of Insider Dealing
Authors: Lau Hansen Jesper
Published: March 2024

The chapter explores the boundaries between legal and illegal behaviour in respect of insider dealing by examining the fundamentals of market transactions in order to establish the purpose of the ban. After observing the nature of voluntary transactions and, notably, George Akerlof’s Lemon Theory, the ban is placed within a theoretical framework where the Trinity of Information Regulation prevents the detrimental effects of information asymmetries and is balanced with the need to preserve competition among market participants, which is achieved by calibrating the notion of ‘inside information’. This leads to the conclusion that the ban is not about possession of inside information, but its abuse. The ban as articulated in Article 8 of MAR is examined as is the supplementary nature of Article 9. The chapter finishes by discussing the critique of the ban by Henry Manne et al and the need for reform in the proposed Listing Act package.
Prospectuses
Authors: Veil Rüdiger
Published: March 2024

The rules on securities prospectuses were first harmonized 45 years ago. Today, they are still at the centre of investor protection on the primary market and for the listing of securities. This chapter explains that the rules provided for in the Prospectus Regulation should be transferred to a European Capital Markets Code. However, a more principles-based approach needs to be adopted. Many of the rules in the Prospectus Regulation are technical in nature and can therefore be covered by a Level 2 Regulation. The European legislator should use the codification as an opportunity to further modernize investor protection through prospectus information. The system of continuous and integrated disclosure in the USA and the recent reforms in the United Kingdom provide models for this. In addition, regulating prospectus liability in a codification act throughout the Union will be essential in order to overcome fragmentation and ensure greater legal certainty both for issuers and investors.
Investment Services
Authors: Colaert Veerle
Published: March 2024

This chapter deals with the question whether EU investment services regulation should be included in a European Capital Markets Code (ECMC), and if so, whether any changes to the current regime are necessary or highly desirable to make an ECMC feasible or to highly improve its logic or usefulness. For the purposes of this chapter, investment services are all services from financial intermediaries to individual clients with respect to investment products traded on regulated trading venues, or which derive their value from such products and therefore present similar risks to investors. They include services relating to financial instruments, structured deposits, crypto-assets, insurance-based investment products, personal pension products, and certain crowdfunding products. Via those investment services financial intermediaries give investors access to the capital markets, which would otherwise remain largely inaccessible to them. We argue that investment services regulation should therefore be a key part of the ECMC. However, to avoid unnecessary duplications, regulatory arbitrage, compliance difficulties, and ultimately investor detriment, the introduction of one single conduct of business regime for all investment intermediaries and investment products is advocated, even if this means that for certain investment products the current regimes would change quite substantially.
Addressing gender and innovation gaps
Authors: Barasa Laura
Published: March 2024

Innovation generally takes place in male-dominated industries. A gender gap might therefore exist. This study used data from the 2015 Tanzania Firm-Level Skills Survey to investigate the gender innovation gap between female-owned enterprises and male-owned enterprises. A non-linear Blinder–Oaxaca decomposition was used to decompose the mean differences in innovation performance into the endowments effect that reflects resource endowments and the coefficients effect relating to resource utilization. The study found that female-owned enterprises faced lower probability of innovation when compared to male-owned enterprises. The endowments effect had a positive association with the gender innovation gap. In contrast, the coefficients effect was negatively associated with the gender innovation gap. Policies aimed at reducing gender inequalities in innovation need to strike a balance between enhancing resource acquisition by female-owned enterprises and improving resource utilization by their male counterparts to prevent reversals in the gender innovation gap.
After Copperfield
Authors: Bodenheimer Rosemarie , Davis Philip
Published: March 2024

This brief aftermath chapter is framed by studies of two passages of confused, overwhelmed feeling in David Copperfield: Little Emily in near delirium after Steerforth abandons her in a strange land, and ‘Tempest’, in which unmoored David suffers the inner and outer tumult of the storm at sea that kills both Steerforth and Ham. The chapter also tries to capture the novel’s aura of kindness, admired by Tolstoy, where family feeling and generous action emerge from the deepest sorrows. The novel’s almost undefinable blend of comedy, ethics, and aesthetics stands out by contrast with the more relentless vision of loss and regret in Dickens’s later first-person retrospective, Great Expectations.
‘Like a Broken Glass’—Bleak House
Authors: Bodenheimer Rosemarie , Davis Philip
Published: March 2024

The chapter begins with Dickens’s radical formal inventions. First, the panoramic multiplot puzzle in which clues lie hidden in every rift, and every small world is shadowed by some larger perspective that puts it in its place. Second, the carefully coordinated relationship between the omniscient narrator and Esther’s personal account. It asks why the two narrators need each other, and examines the seams between their sections. Esther’s vaunted ‘coyness’ turns into a psychological study of self-conscious writing undertaken for unknown reasons, by an existentially ungrounded mind who does not understand her own past. She struggles with a near-impossible temporality, present and past merging in her shadowy confusions. These questions widen out into readings of electrical brain connections and disconnections, with a focus on certain intense confrontations that strip away characters’ usual modes of feeling and speaking.
Chinese Investments in Europe
Authors: Roy Indrajit , Hu Ran
Published: March 2024

China’s rapidly rising investments in Europe have spawned anxieties about the future of the Liberal International Order. This introduction to the volume situates the puzzle of China’s growing resources vis-à-vis its limited influence. Departing from flattened perspectives that predict either inevitable conflict or assured cooperation, the introductory chapter urges readers to consider the extent, limits and modalities of China’s power. Its contribution is three-fold. Conceptually, the chapter offers a relational definition of power that pinpoints attention to the ways in which China translates its growing investments in Europe towards influencing the preferences of host countries. Empirically, it outlines the different modalities through which China harnesses the agency of European countries towards its own (fragmented) preferences. Theoretically, the chapter introduces a dynamic framework to understand the interaction between state-society relations in China with state-society relations in European countries to comprehensively appreciate the extent, limits and modalities of China’s influence.
Conclusion
Authors: Roy Indrajit , Eckhardt Jappe , Stroikos Dimitrios , Davidescu Simona
Published: March 2024

The concluding chapter distils key highlights from the case studies. China’s enhanced footprint in Europe is of a piece with its growing investments in transnational infrastructures that shape the contemporary global political economy. The conclusion responds to anxieties that such investments threaten to revise, challenge, and overthrow the Liberal International Order. It draws on a selection of the case studies to highlight the role of European agency rather than Chinese investments in straining the liberal order. Chinese power is entwined with the agency of states and societies in Europe: it is effective to the extent that China can harness European agency in favour of its own preferences. But these preferences, as another selection of the chapters shows, are fragmented and messy and do not singularly focus on dismantling the liberal world order. Indeed, as a third selection of chapters illustrates, Chinese investments in Europe may even result in the unintended outcome of strengthening the Liberal International Order.
Information, Institutions, and Local Government in England, 1550-1700
Authors: Griffiths Paul
Published: March 2024

Information, Institutions, and Local Government in England, 1550–1700 examines key shifts in local government when towns and villages developed information systems to levels of finesse that were distinctive. We have work on the central ‘information State’, but this book demonstrates that local magistrates relied on surveillance for what they called ‘good government’. England’s first nationwide system of incarceration inside bridewells developed over the same time. Government and regulation were turning inside, and a constant theme is the shifting balance and coexistence between ‘public’ (outside) and ‘private’ (inside) government and regulation. Age-old dependence on representing authority in public—‘manifestaccon’—remained, but many of its parts (e.g. civic rituals, clothing, or buildings) were coming under closer scrutiny. This was partly the consequence of sharpening ‘precyson’ in culture and government that put emphasis on being ‘exact’. One important part of ‘manifestaccon’, punishing petty offenders in public, began long-term transformations around 1600 with emerging vocabularies and practices of ‘private’ correction, whipping inside bridewells and civic buildings in particular. The steady spread of bridewells across England changed penal practices and cultures. They became indispensable for ‘good government’, with close conceptual and practical connections to developing local information systems through which quantification classification and recording made local government more effective. Based on research in nearly three dozen archives, Information, Institutions, and Local Government in England, 1550–1700 offers important new perspectives on local government, for example visual representation, penal cultures, institutions, incarceration, and surveillance.
The Wrong of Involuntary Displacement
Authors: Miller David
Published: March 2024

When people are forced to move away from their places of residence, either individually or collectively, we think that they have been seriously wronged. But the exact nature of this wrong is not so clear. After all, those who condemn involuntary displacement are often the same people who celebrate freedom of movement, including movement across national borders. After examining the different forms that involuntary displacement can take, this chapter identifies six distinct types of loss that may be suffered by the displaced. The author suggests that we can best understand the overall loss caused by displacement as loss of homeland. He claims that there is a human need to belong to a homeland, and defends this against the objection that this is a need experienced only by certain groups and individuals, while others favour mobility. He next examines the nature of the wrong that occurs when people are displaced against their will. Using Goodin’s distinction between means-replacing and ends-displacing compensation, the author shows that the displaced cannot be fully compensated for their loss. Finally he asks whether the right way to respond to this loss is to offer the displaced a choice between return, local integration, and resettlement as durable solutions to their predicament.
At Home in the World
Authors: Blake Michael
Published: March 2024

This chapter offers a philosophical reconstruction of the curiously ambiguous character of the specification of internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement. It argues that the Guiding Principles conflate two distinct ways in which physical space might be used to wrong individual persons which he labels social unfairness and social dislocation. The significance of this distinction is not simply to clarify wide and narrow senses of IDP, but to argue with respect to social dislocation that the nature of the harm it involves cannot be captured purely in terms of what such IDPs are displaced from; it also requires attention to what they are displaced to. IDPs are not simply displaced but often placed within circumstances within which their ability to plan and pursue plans of life are placed at risk. The chapter concludes by drawing attention to the implications of this argument for the international protection of IDPs.