bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Techno-economical analysis of single pressure exhaust gas waste heat recovery systems in marine propulsion plants
Authors: Theotokatos Gerasimos , Livanos George
Published: October 2012

In this article, the waste heat recovery (WHR) installations used for the production of saturated steam and electric power for the cases of a two-stroke and a four-stroke engine propulsion plant of a typical merchant ship are investigated. The examined WHR system is considered to be of the single steam pressure type with an external heat exchanger for the heating of feed water entering into the boiler drum. The option of using the engine air cooler for heating the feed water was also examined. The WHR installation was modeled under steady-state conditions, and the derived WHR installation parameters for various engine loads are presented and analyzed. Furthermore, using the simulation results, the improvement of Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI) of the examined ship is calculated, and the impact of the WHR on the ship EEDI is discussed. In addition, following the technical evaluation of the alternative options for the ship propulsion plant, an economic study was performed for a typical ship voyage. The derived results were presented and discussed leading to conclusions for the most techno-economical propulsion system configuration.
The Effects of Age and Household Income on the Use of Literate Language Features
Authors: Lemmon Regina D. , McDade Hiram L.
Published: October 2012

This study examined the use of literate language features (LLFs) in the oral narratives of African American and Caucasian American preschoolers residing in either low- or middle-income homes to determine whether differences existed as a result of age or household income. The oral narratives of 96 preschoolers enrolled in public school programs and early childhood centers (including Head Start) were analyzed for the frequency of usage of five literate language features (adverbs, conjunctions, mental and linguistic verbs, simple elaborated noun phrases, and complex elaborated noun phrases) as a function of age (3, 4, and 5 years) and household income (low and middle). Preschoolers’ narratives did not differ in LLF types, but usage frequency increased for simple elaborated noun phrases and conjunctions. Preschoolers’ narratives did not differ based on household income.
On the origins of early leadership: The role of authoritative parenting practices and mastery orientation
Authors: Kudo Franklin T , Longhofer Jeffrey L , Floersch Jerry E
Published: October 2012

This is an exploratory study that examines how leadership potential may initially develop in adolescent children through specific parenting practices. It investigates whether adolescent children raised in an authoritative parenting environment can be linked to transformational leadership. Additionally, this study looks at the healthy parent–child interaction that promotes emotional autonomy and mastery orientation. These important psychological dispositions may form the basis for transformational leadership thinking and behavior, especially in young nascent leaders.

Through the use of survey instruments, data from 245 adolescent boys and a few girls were collected. The results obtained help explain the possible interactions between parenting and leadership development in adolescents. The study revealed a positive relationship between authoritative parenting practices, emotional autonomy, mastery orientation, and transformational leadership.
In the eye of the beholder: A configurational analysis of followers’ conceptualizations of the ideal academic department leader at private universities
Authors: Smothers Jack , Absher Keith , White Darin
Published: October 2012

This paper examines followers’ conceptualizations of the ideal business department leader within private universities. Using an internet survey of 273 faculty members and 31 department leaders from 59 private, non-ivy league universities, this paper examines how faculty members and department leaders conceptualize the ideal leader in terms of abilities and traits, and investigates the measures by which they define departmental success. A principal components analysis is utilized to identify the underlying cognitive framework of these abilities, traits, and success measures from both the faculty member and department leader perspective. The results indicate that faculty members desire equity rather than personalized treatment, and the measures by which business faculty and administrators define departmental success reflect the best interests of the institution in which they are employed. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.
Pervasive patriarchal leadership ideology in seasonal residential summer camp staff
Authors: Cousineau Luc , Roth Jennifer
Published: October 2012

Studies on gender and leadership to date reveal that structural, psychological, and attitudinal barriers disadvantage women in the workplace. Women who work in outdoor recreation programs also face gender stereotypes related to the perceived appropriateness of the social role they play, and level of physical ability; stereotypes which cause employees and co-workers alike to prefer male leaders. One area of outdoor recreation that requires further investigation is live-in summer camps, because of the more nurturant requirements of leaders in these spaces. This paper documents which qualities residential summer camp staff value in leaders, and hypothesizes whether women who work in the more home-like setting of live-in camps face the same attitudinal and social barriers as women in other areas of outdoor recreation. Analysis yielded a distinct gender bias in favor of men, suggesting that even when a more nurturant environment is required, people still perceive men to be the most appropriate leaders. This pervasive gender bias confirms a patriarchal understanding of leadership and the legacy of historical gender roles even in the unexamined, and more feminized, environments of live-in summer camps. It also re-confirms that, despite popular rhetoric in the West about equality and opportunity, everyone is not allowed equal opportunity to lead.
Paradox in harmony: Formulating a Chinese model of leadership
Authors: McElhatton Emmet , Jackson Brad
Published: October 2012

Drawing upon indigenous Chinese models, perspectives and concepts, the article proposes an idealised model of harmonious leadership that is grounded in the concepts of Tao (way), Te (power) and Ho (harmony). Various approaches to modelling Chinese leadership are reviewed and four major impediments that have handicapped this work are identified. In an effort to overcome these impediments, the authors suggest the use of the hermeneutic method as a means of engaging more deeply with the Chinese leadership literature. Guided by this hermeneutic reading, a holistic model of harmonious leadership conforming to the ideals of Tao is formulated that can be subjected to further theoretical and empirical refinement.
Circulating levels of HMGB1 are correlated strongly with MD2 in HIV-infection: Possible implication for TLR4-signalling and chronic immune activation
Authors: Trøseid Marius , Lind Andreas , Nowak Piotr , Barqasho Babilonia , Heger Bernt , Lygren Idar , Pedersen Karin K , Kanda Tatsuo , Funaoka Hiroyuki , Damås Jan K , Kvale Dag
Published: October 2012

Progressive HIV infection is characterized by profound enterocyte damage, microbial translocation and chronic immune activation. We aimed to test whether High Mobility Group Box protein 1(HMGB1), a marker of cell death, alone, or in combination with LPS, might contribute to HIV-associated immune activation and progression. Altogether, 29 untreated HIV-infected individuals, 25 inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients and 30 controls were included. HIV-infected patients had lower plasma LPS levels than IBD patients, but higher levels of soluble CD14 and Myeloid Differentiation (MD) 2, which interacts with TLR4 to initiate LPS-signalling. Furthermore, plasma levels of HMGB1 and MD2 were correlated directly within the HIV-infected cohort (r = 0.89, P < 0.001) and the IBD-cohort (r = 0.85, P < 0.001), implying HMGB1 signalling through the MD2/TLR4-pathway. HMGB1 and LPS, although not inter-correlated, were both moderately (r = 0.4) correlated with CD38 density on CD8+ T cells in HIV progressors. The highest levels of CD38 density and MD2 were found in progressors with plasma levels of both LPS and HMGB1 above the fiftieth percentile. Our results could imply that, in some patients, immune activation is triggered by microbial translocation, in some by cell death and in some by HMGB1 in complex with bacterial products through activation of the MD2/TLR4-pathway.
Efficacy Evaluation of a New Hyaluronan Derivative HYADD® 4-G to Maintain Cartilage Integrity in a Rabbit Model of Osteoarthritis
Authors: Mainil-Varlet Pierre , Schiavinato Antonella , Ganster Murielle Marie
Published: October 2012

Objective:

To test the efficacy of a hyaluronan derivative (HYADD®4-G) in a model of osteoarthritis (anterior cruciate ligament [ACLT]) and to compare its efficacy with the injection of growth factors.

Design:

In a first experimental set-up, specially selected for treatment scheme with published studies on hyaluronan or growth factor efficacy in osteoarthritis, saline, HYADD®4-G, rh-BMP-7, and the treatments of rh-BMP-7 or rh-BMP-2 with HYADD®4-G were injected after ACLT, for five times starting 3 weeks after ACLT. Euthanasia was at day 70. The knees were evaluated by gross morphological observation, x-ray, and histology (Study A). In a second experimental set-up selected to evaluate the efficacy of three viscosupplement injections, starting 4 weeks after ACTL, HYADD®4-G was compared to saline (Study B).

Results:

(A) X-ray analysis showed more damage in the saline group than all other treatment groups (2.67 ± 0.61 for saline, 0.83 ± 0.26 for HYADD®4-G, 1.67 ± 0.82 for HYADD®4-G with rh-BMP-2, 0.75 ± 0.76 for HYADD®4-G with rh-BMP-7, and 1.58 ± 0.49 for rh-BMP-7), P < 0.05. In the femoral condyle, the Mankin’s score for HYADD®4-G with rh-BMP-2, HYADD®4-G with rh-BMP-7, and rh-BMP7 alone was statistically lower compared to saline in the medial part; in the lateral part a significant lower value was observed in the HYADD®4-G with the rh-BMP-2 group. (B) The Kellgren and Lawrence score and Mankin’s score was lower in the HYADD®4-G group than in the saline group ( P < 0.002 and P = 0.0031).

Conclusions:

These two studies suggest that HYADD®4-G delayed the cartilage degeneration and that the association of HYADD®4-G with growth factors is synergistic.
In Vivo Evaluation of Different Surgical Procedures for Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation
Authors: Maréchal Marina , Van Hauwermeiren Hadewych , Neys Johan , Vanderlinden Gert , Van de Putte Tom
Published: October 2012

Objective:

Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) involves the application of a chondrocyte suspension into a membrane-sealed cartilage defect. Recently, “cell-seeded collagen matrix-supported” ACI has been developed wherein chondrocytes are seeded on a biomembrane. This study aimed at preclinically comparing 4 variant ACI techniques in a refined goat model: 2 traditional procedures, whereby the defect is sealed by a periosteal flap or collagen membrane, and 2 cell-seeding methods, with the collagen membrane either sutured or glued into the defect.

Design:

The efficacy of the surgical techniques was evaluated in an acute critical size chondral defect in the medial condyle of 32 skeletally mature goats, randomly assigned to 1 of the 4 aforementioned treatment groups. After 10 weeks in vivo, the quality of the repair was graded histologically by 2 independent, blinded readers using the “modified O’Driscoll” score.

Results:

The cell-seeding procedure whereby the membrane is sutured into the defect has a similar structural repair capacity than traditional ACI techniques. However, when the cell-seeded membrane was glued into the defect, the outcome appeared inferior.

Conclusion:

These findings indicate that optimizing the goat model and the postoperative recovery does allow preclinical evaluation of ACI-based cartilage implants in a load-bearing setting. This preclinical observation provides support to the clinical utilization of the sutured membrane-seeded (ACI-CS) technique, provided sutures, but not fibrin sealants, are used to fix the cell-seeded membrane in the defect bed.
Novel acetylcysteine regimens for treatment of paracetamol overdose
Authors: Waring W. Stephen
Published: October 2012

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose remains the leading cause of death or transplantation due to acute liver failure in many parts of the world. Acetylcysteine has long been recognized as an effective antidote, via oral or intravenous administration, minimizing the risk and severity of acute liver injury if administered sufficiently early after a paracetamol overdose. Despite this, its mechanisms of action remain obscure, and there is uncertainty regarding the optimal dose and duration of treatment. The intravenous infusion protocol was originally developed as a three-step loading regimen; it causes very high early peak plasma concentrations of acetylcysteine whereas the later maintenance infusion is associated with much lower concentrations. This pharmacokinetic profile is associated with two particular concerns: a high rate of occurrence of adverse effects that occur after the initial loading infusion, and the possibility that the maintenance phase of treatment might deliver too low a dose of acetylcysteine for optimum protection against liver injury. Recently described novel administration regimens offer different rates of intravenous acetylcysteine administration in both the loading and maintenance phases. These alternative regimens appear to be well tolerated in small patient groups, but too few clinical data are available to evaluate their comparative efficacy in preventing paracetamol-induced liver injury.
Colorectal Cancer Screening Disparities for Rural Minorities in the United States
Authors: Cole Allison M. , Jackson J. Elizabeth , Doescher Mark
Published: October 2012

Background: Despite the existence of effective screening, colorectal cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Adults living in rural areas and members of minority populations both experience disparities in colorectal cancer screening. Methods: Cross-sectional prevalence study of Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System from the Centers for Disease Control from 1998 to 2005. Primary outcome: Predicted probability of reporting timely colorectal cancer screening. Independent variables: rural residence, race/ethnicity. We adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of respondents. Results: After adjustment rural non-Hispanic whites (44.3%), rural African American/blacks (44.8%), urban and rural Hispanic/Latinos (43.7% and 40.8%, respectively), urban and rural American Indian/Alaska Natives (45.8% and 46.8%), and urban and rural Asians (35.4% and 39.6%) had lower compared with urban non-Hispanic whites (49.5%; P < .05% for all comparisons). Urban Asians were least likely to report use of fecal occult blood testing (8.6%, 95% confidence interval = 6.3% to 10.9%) and rural Asians were least likely to report use of endoscopy screening (21.2%, 95% confidence interval = 16.2% to 26.2%). Discussion: Rural minorities may face different barriers to colorectal cancer screening than urban minorities or rural non-Hispanic whites. Further research to develop interventions to improve screening in these populations is warranted.
In situ production of innate immune cells in murine white adipose tissue
Authors: Poglio Sandrine , De Toni Fabienne , Lewandowski Daniel , Minot Adeline , Arnaud Emmanuelle , Barroca Vilma , Laharrague Patrick , Casteilla Louis , Cousin Béatrice
Published: October 2012

White adipose tissue (WAT) is the focus of new interest because of the presence of an abundant and complex immune cell population that is involved in key pathologies such as metabolic syndrome. Based on in vivo reconstitution assays, it is thought that these immune cells are derived from the bone marrow (BM). However, previous studies have shown that WAT exhibits specific hematopoietic activity exerted by an unknown subpopulation of cells. In the present study, we prospectively isolated a peculiar hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell population from murine WAT. The cells are phenotypically similar to BM hematopoietic stem cells and are able to differentiate into both myeloid and lymphoid lineages in vitro. In competitive repopulation assays in vivo, they reconstituted the innate immune compartment in WAT preferentially and more efficiently than BM cells, but did not reconstitute hematopoietic organs. They were also able to give rise to multilineage engraftment in both secondary recipients and in utero transplantation. Therefore, we propose that WAT hematopoietic cells constitute a population of immature cells that are able to renew innate immune cell populations. Considering the amount of WAT in adults, our results suggest that WAT hematopoietic activity controls WAT inflammatory processes and also supports innate immune responses in other organs.
Epigenetic therapy is associated with similar survival compared with intensive chemotherapy in older patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Quintás-Cardama Alfonso , Ravandi Farhad , Liu-Dumlao Theresa , Brandt Mark , Faderl Stefan , Pierce Sherry , Borthakur Gautam , Garcia-Manero Guillermo , Cortes Jorge , Kantarjian Hagop
Published: October 2012

We reviewed the outcome of 671 patients 65 years of age or older with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treated at our institution between 2000 and 2010 with intensive chemotherapy (n = 557) or azacitidine- or decitabine-based therapy (n = 114). Both groups were balanced according to cytogenetics and performance status. The complete response rates with chemotherapy and epigenetic therapy were 42% and 28%, respectively (P = .001), and the 8-week mortality 18% and 11%, respectively (P = .075). Two-year relapse-free survival rates (28% vs 39%, P = .843) and median survival (6.7 vs 6.5 months, P = .413) were similar in the 2 groups. Multivariate analysis identified older age, adverse cytogenetics, poor performance status, elevated creatinine, peripheral blood and BM blasts, and hemoglobin, but not type of AML therapy, as independent prognostic factors for survival. No outcome differences were observed according to cytogenetics, FLT3 mutational status, age, or performance status by therapy type. Decitabine was associated with improved median overall survival compared with azacitidine (5.5 vs 8.8 months, respectively, P = .03). Survival after failure of intensive chemotherapy, azacitidine, or decitabine was more favorable in patients who had previously received decitabine (1.1 vs 0.9 vs 3.1 months, respectively, P = .109). The results of the present study show that epigenetic therapy is associated with similar survival rates as intensive chemotherapy in older patients with newly diagnosed AML. The studies reviewed are registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as 2009-0172 (NCT00926731) and 2009-0217 (NCT00952588).
Identification and characterization of microRNAs in white and brown alpaca skin
Authors: Tian Xue , Jiang Junbing , Fan Ruiwen , Wang Haidong , Meng Xiaolin , He Xiaoyan , He Junping , Li Hongquan , Geng Jianjun , Yu Xiuju , Song Yunfei , Zhang Danli , Yao Jianbo , Smith George W , Dong Changsheng
Published: October 2012

Background

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding 21–25 nt RNA molecules that play an important role in regulating gene expression. Little is known about the expression profiles and functions of miRNAs in skin and their role in pigmentation. Alpacas have more than 22 natural coat colors, more than any other fiber producing species. To better understand the role of miRNAs in control of coat color we performed a comprehensive analysis of miRNA expression profiles in skin of white versus brown alpacas.

Results

Two small RNA libraries from white alpaca (WA) and brown alpaca (BA) skin were sequenced with the aid of Illumina sequencing technology. 272 and 267 conserved miRNAs were obtained from the WA and BA skin libraries, respectively. Of these conserved miRNAs, 35 and 13 were more abundant in WA and BA skin, respectively. The targets of these miRNAs were predicted and grouped based on Gene Ontology and KEGG pathway analysis. Many predicted target genes for these miRNAs are involved in the melanogenesis pathway controlling pigmentation. In addition to the conserved miRNAs, we also obtained 22 potentially novel miRNAs from the WA and BA skin libraries.

Conclusion

This study represents the first comprehensive survey of miRNAs expressed in skin of animals of different coat colors by deep sequencing analysis. We discovered a collection of miRNAs that are differentially expressed in WA and BA skin. The results suggest important potential functions of miRNAs in coat color regulation.
General practitioners’ views on the acceptability and applicability of a web-based intervention to reduce antibiotic prescribing for acute cough in multiple European countries: a qualitative study prior to a randomised trial
Authors: Anthierens Sibyl , Tonkin-Crine Sarah , Douglas Elaine , Fernandez-Vandellos Patricia , Krawczyk Jaroslaw , Llor Carl , Cals Jochen WL , Francis Nick A , Yardley Lucy , Coenen Samuel , Verheij Theo , Goossens Herman , Little Paul ,   the GRACE INTRO study team
Published: October 2012

Background

Interventions to promote prudent antibiotic prescribing by general practitioners (GPs) have often only been developed for use in one country. We aimed to develop an intervention which would be appropriate to implement in multiple European countries in order to offer greater benefit to practice whilst using fewer resources. The INTRO (INternet TRaining for antibiOtic use) intervention needed to deliver training to GPs in the use of C-Reactive Protein (CRP) near patient tests to help diagnose acute cough and in communication skills to help explain prescribing decisions to patients. We explored GPs’ views on the initial version of INTRO to test acceptability and potentially increase applicability for use in multiple countries before the start of a randomised trial.

Method

30 GPs from five countries (Belgium, England, the Netherlands, Poland and Spain), were interviewed using a “think aloud” approach. GPs were asked to work through the intervention and discuss their views on the content and format in relation to following the intervention in their own practice. GPs viewed the same intervention but versions were created in five languages. Data were coded using thematic analysis.

Results

GPs in all five countries reported the view that the intervention addressed an important topic, was broadly acceptable and feasible to use, and would be a useful tool to help improve clinical practice. However, GPs in the different countries identified aspects of the intervention that did not reflect their national culture or healthcare system. These included perceived differences in communication style used in the consultation, consultation length and the stage of illness at which patient typically presented.

Conclusion

An online intervention to support evidence-based use of antibiotics is acceptable and feasible to implement amongst GPs in multiple countries. However, tailoring of the intervention to suit national contexts was necessary by adding local information and placing more emphasis on the fact that GPs could select the communication skills they wished to use in practice. Using think aloud methods to complement the development of interventions is a powerful method to identify regional contextual barriers to intervention implementation.
Genetic polymorphisms in the osteopontin promoter increases the risk of distance metastasis and death in Chinese patients with gastric cancer
Authors: Zhao Fujun , Chen Xiaoyi , Meng Tingting , Hao Bo , Zhang Zhihong , Zhang Guoxin
Published: October 2012

Background

In vitro and in vivo studies have suggested that osteopontin (OPN) is associated with many types of cancers. However, no studies have reported the incidence of OPN polymorphisms and the risk of gastric cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between OPN polymorphisms and gastric cancer in a Chinese patient population.

Methods

Three genetic variants in the OPN promoter were genotyped using direct sequencing in 200 gastric cancer patients and 200 gender- and age-matched cancer-free controls. The 4-year survival curve was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared using the log-rank test for each single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) site. We measured the promoter activity of the -443 T → C polymorphism using a dual luciferase reporter assay.

Result

For the variant at nt -443 (CC), there was a significant difference between the number of patients with stage IV and those with stage I gastric cancer (IA + IB; P = 0.014) and between those with stage IV and all other stages of gastric cancer (IA + IB + II + III; P = 0.02). For the variant at nt -443 (CT), there was a significant difference between the number of gastric cancer patients with stage IV and those with stage II (P = 0.013). The survival rates for patients with the C/C genotype were significantly lower than for patients with the other two genotypes (C/T, T/T). Moreover, significantly higher luciferase activities were observed in the pGL3-C construct compared to the pGL3-T construct.

Conclusions

This study provides the first evidence that variation at nt -443 in the OPN promoter increases the potential for gastric cancer metastasis and subsequent death in the Chinese population.
Intestinal Spirochetosis mimicking inflammatory bowel disease in children
Authors: Helbling Rossana , Osterheld Maria-Chiara , Vaudaux Bernard , Jaton Katia , Nydegger Andreas
Published: October 2012

Background

Intestinal spirochetosis is an unusual infection in children and its clinical significance in humans is uncertain. The presence of these microorganisms in humans is well-known since the late 1800’s and was first described in 1967 by Harland and Lee by electron microscopy.

Case presentation

This article reports the findings of one pediatric case, review of the current literature, and an overview of therapeutic options.

Conclusion

A high degree of suspicion is required in cases presenting with abdominal pain, chronic diarrhoea and/or hematochezia associated with a normal endoscopic examination, thus emphasizing the importance of multiple biopsies throughout the colon.
Systematic review of studies evaluating the broader economic impact of vaccination in low and middle income countries
Authors: Deogaonkar Rohan , Hutubessy Raymond , van der Putten Inge , Evers Silvia , Jit Mark
Published: October 2012

Background

Most health economic evaluations of childhood vaccination only capture the health and short-term economic benefits. Measuring broader, long-term effects of vaccination on productivity and externalities could provide a more complete picture of the value of vaccines.

Method

MEDLINE, EconLit and NHS-EED databases were searched for articles published between January 1990 and July 2011, which captured broader economic benefits of vaccines in low and middle income countries. Studies were included if they captured at least one of the following categories on broader economic impact: outcome-related productivity gains, behaviour-related productivity gains, ecological externalities, equity gains, financial sustainability gains or macroeconomic benefits.

Results

Twenty-six relevant studies were found, including observational studies, economic models and contingent valuation studies. Of the identified broader impacts, outcome-related productivity gains and ecological externalities were most commonly accounted for. No studies captured behaviour-related productivity gains or macroeconomic effects. There was some evidence to show that vaccinated children 8–14 years of age benefit from increased cognitive ability. Productivity loss due to morbidity and mortality was generally measured using the human capital approach. When included, herd immunity effects were functions of coverage rates or based on reduction in disease outcomes. External effects of vaccines were observed in terms of equitable health outcomes and contribution towards synergistic and financially sustainable healthcare programs.

Conclusion

Despite substantial variation in the methods of measurement and outcomes used, the inclusion of broader economic impact was found to improve the attractiveness of vaccination. Further research is needed on how different tools and techniques can be used in combination to capture the broader impact of vaccination in a way that is consistent with other health economic evaluations. In addition, more country level evidence is needed from low and middle income countries to justify future investments in vaccines and immunization programs. Finally, the proposed broader economic impact framework may contribute towards better communication of the economic arguments surrounding vaccine uptake, leading to investments in immunization by stakeholders outside of the traditional health care sector such as ministries of finance and national treasuries.
Solution-based targeted genomic enrichment for precious DNA samples
Authors: Shearer Aiden Eliot , Hildebrand Michael S , Smith Richard JH
Published: October 2012

Background

Solution-based targeted genomic enrichment (TGE) protocols permit selective sequencing of genomic regions of interest on a massively parallel scale. These protocols could be improved by: 1) modifying or eliminating time consuming steps; 2) increasing yield to reduce input DNA and excessive PCR cycling; and 3) enhancing reproducible.

Results

We developed a solution-based TGE method for downstream Illumina sequencing in a non-automated workflow, adding standard Illumina barcode indexes during the post-hybridization amplification to allow for sample pooling prior to sequencing. The method utilizes Agilent SureSelect baits, primers and hybridization reagents for the capture, off-the-shelf reagents for the library preparation steps, and adaptor oligonucleotides for Illumina paired-end sequencing purchased directly from an oligonucleotide manufacturing company.

Conclusions

This solution-based TGE method for Illumina sequencing is optimized for small- or medium-sized laboratories and addresses the weaknesses of standard protocols by reducing the amount of input DNA required, increasing capture yield, optimizing efficiency, and improving reproducibility.
Structure of human aspartyl aminopeptidase complexed with substrate analogue: insight into catalytic mechanism, substrate specificity and M18 peptidase family
Authors: Chaikuad Apirat , Pilka Ewa S , De Riso Antonio , von Delft Frank , Kavanagh Kathryn L , Vénien-Bryan Catherine , Oppermann Udo , Yue Wyatt W
Published: October 2012

Backround

Aspartyl aminopeptidase (DNPEP), with specificity towards an acidic amino acid at the N-terminus, is the only mammalian member among the poorly understood M18 peptidases. DNPEP has implicated roles in protein and peptide metabolism, as well as the renin-angiotensin system in blood pressure regulation. Despite previous enzyme and substrate characterization, structural details of DNPEP regarding ligand recognition and catalytic mechanism remain to be delineated.

Results

The crystal structure of human DNPEP complexed with zinc and a substrate analogue aspartate-β-hydroxamate reveals a dodecameric machinery built by domain-swapped dimers, in agreement with electron microscopy data. A structural comparison with bacterial homologues identifies unifying catalytic features among the poorly understood M18 enzymes. The bound ligands in the active site also reveal the coordination mode of the binuclear zinc centre and a substrate specificity pocket for acidic amino acids.

Conclusions

The DNPEP structure provides a molecular framework to understand its catalysis that is mediated by active site loop swapping, a mechanism likely adopted in other M18 and M42 metallopeptidases that form dodecameric complexes as a self-compartmentalization strategy. Small differences in the substrate binding pocket such as shape and positive charges, the latter conferred by a basic lysine residue, further provide the key to distinguishing substrate preference. Together, the structural knowledge will aid in the development of enzyme-/family-specific aminopeptidase inhibitors.
Multi-level examination of correlates of active transportation to school among youth living within 1 mile of their school
Authors: Gropp Kathleen M , Pickett William , Janssen Ian
Published: October 2012

Background

Active transportation to school is a method by which youth can build physical activity into their daily routines. We examined correlates of active transportation to school at both individual- (characteristics of the individual and family) and area- (school and neighborhood) levels amongst youth living within 1 mile (1.6 km) of their school.

Methods

Using the 2009/10 Canadian Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) survey, we selected records of students (n = 3 997) from 161 schools that resided in an urban setting and lived within 1 mile from their school. Student records were compiled from: (1) individual-level HBSC student questionnaires; (2) area-level administrator (school) questionnaires; and (3) area-level geographic information system data sources. The outcome, active transportation to school, was determined via a questionnaire item describing the method of transportation that individual students normally use to get to school. Analyses focused on factors at multiple levels that potentially contribute to student decisions to engage in active transportation. Multi-level logistic regression analyses were employed.

Results

Approximately 18% of the variance in active transportation was accounted for at the area-level. Several individual and family characteristics were associated with engagement in active transportation to school including female gender (RR vs. males = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.80-0.91), having ≥2 cars in the household (RR vs. no cars = 0.87, 0.74-0.97), and family socioeconomic status (RR for ‘not well off’ vs. ‘very well off’ = 1.14, 1.01-1.26). Neighborhood characteristics most strongly related to active transportation were: the length of roads in the 1 km buffer (RR in quartile 4 vs. quartile 1 = 1.23, 1.00-1.42), the amount of litter in the neighborhood (RR for ‘major problem’ vs. ‘no problem’ = 1.47, 1.16-1.57), and relatively hot climates (RR in quartile 4 vs. quartile 1 = 1.33 CI, 1.05-1.53).

Conclusion

Engagement in active transportation to school was related to multiple factors at multiple levels. We identified gender, perception of residential neighborhood safety, the percentage of streets with sidewalks, and the total length of roads as the most important correlates of active transportation to school.
Use of black vulture (Coragyps atratus) in complementary and alternative therapies for cancer in Colombia: A qualitative study
Authors: Sánchez-Pedraza Ricardo , Gamba-Rincón Magda R , González-Rangel Andrés L
Published: October 2012

Background

Although Coragyps atratus has been used as a traditional therapy for patients with cancer, the scientific literature does not contain enough information on how this therapy is used or the mechanisms that explain this therapeutic practice.

Objectives

To understand the methods of use and the reasons given by patients and caregivers for the use of Coragyps atratus in cancer treatment.

Methods

This study used a qualitative design based on twenty in-depth interviews of patients with cancer or caregivers of patients with the disease. The analysis of the text was based on an inductive thematic approach.

Results

Resistance to disease and immune enhancement are properties attributed to Coragyps atratus when used for cancer treatment. The most recommended method of use is fresh blood ingestion, and the associated mechanism of action is transfer of immune factors to the individual who consumes it.

Conclusions

Use of Coragyps atratus as a treatment for cancer is a popular alternative therapy in Colombia. More studies are needed to understand the clinical effects of this intervention in cancer patients.

Spanish abstract

Introducción

Aunque Coragyps atratus se usa tradicionalmente como terapia para pacientes con cáncer, no existe suficiente información en la literatura científica sobre su forma de utilización ni sobre los mecanismos explicativos que subyacen a esta práctica terapéutica.

Objetivos

Conocer métodos de utilización y mecanismos explicativos dados por los pacientes y cuidadores de pacientes sobre el uso de Coragyps atratus en el tratamiento del cáncer.

Materiales y métodos

Diseño cualitativo basado en veinte entrevistas en profundidad de pacientes con cáncer o cuidadores de pacientes con esta enfermedad. Análisis de texto basado en enfoque temático inductivo.

Resultados

Al Coragyps atratus se le atribuyen propiedades de resistencia y fortalecimiento del sistema inmune de personas enfermas de cáncer. La forma de utilización mas común es la ingesta de la sangre fresca y el mecanismo de acción asociado es la transferencia de defensas a quien lo consume.

Conclusiones

La utilización del Coragyps atratus como tratamiento para el cáncer es una terapia alternativa usada popularmente en Colombia. El uso de este animal debe estudiarse más a fondo para conocer los efectos clínicos en los pacientes con cáncer.
Indices of body fat distribution for assessment of lipodysthrophy in people living with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Segatto Aline Francielle Mota , Junior Ismael Forte Freitas , Santos Vanessa Ribeiro Dos , Alves Kelly Cristina d Lima Ramos Pinto , Barbosa Dulce Aparecida , Filho Alexandre Martins Portelinha , Monteiro Henrique Luiz
Published: October 2012

Background

Metabolic and morphological changes associated with excessive abdominal fat, after the introduction of Antiretroviral Therapy, increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV/AIDS(PLWHA). Accurate methods for body composition analysis are expensive and the use of anthropometric indices is an alternative. However the investigations about this subject in PLWHA are rare, making this research very important for clinical purpose and to advance scientific knowledge. The aim of this study is to correlate results of anthropometric indices of evaluation of body fat distribution with the results obtained by Dual-energy X-Ray Absorptiometry(DEXA), in people living with HIV/AIDS.

Methods

The sample was of 67 PLWHA(39 male and 28 female), aged 43.6+ 7.9 years. Body mass index, conicity index, waist/hip ratio, waist/height ratio and waist/thigh were calculated. Separated by sex, each index/ratio was plotted in a scatter chart with linear regression fit and their respective Pearson correlation coefficients. Analyses were performed using Prism statistical program and significance was set at 5%.

Results

The waist/height ratio presented the highest correlation coefficient, for both male (r=0.80, p<0.001) and female (r=0.87, p <001), while the lowest were in the waist/thigh also for both: male group (r=0.58, p<0.001) and female group (r=0.03, p=0.86). The other indices also showed significant positive correlation with DEXA.

Conclusion

Anthropometric indices, especially waist/height ratio may be a good alternative way to be used for evaluating the distribution of fat in the abdominal region of adults living with HIV/ADIS.
Design and process evaluation of an informative website tailored to breast cancer survivors’ and intimate partners’ post-treatment care needs
Authors: Pauwels Evelyn , Van Hoof Elke , Charlier Caroline , Lechner Lilian , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse
Published: October 2012

Background

On-line provision of information during the transition phase after treatment carries great promise in meeting shortcomings in post-treatment care for breast cancer survivors and their partners. The objectives of this study are to describe the development and process evaluation of a tailored informative website and to assess which characteristics of survivors and partners, participating in the feasibility study, are related to visiting the website.

Methods

The development process included quantitative and qualitative assessments of survivors’ and partners’ care needs and preferences. Participants’ use and evaluation of the website were explored by conducting baseline and post-measurements. During the intervening 10–12 weeks 57 survivors and 28 partners were granted access to the website.

Results

Fifty-seven percent (n=21) of survivors who took part in the post-measurement indicated that they had visited the website. Compared to non-visitors (n=16), they were more likely to have a partner and a higher income, reported higher levels of self-esteem and had completed treatment for a longer period of time. Partners who consulted the on-line information (42%, n=8) were younger and reported lower levels of social support compared to partners who did not visit the website (n=11). Visitors generally evaluated the content and lay-out positively, yet some believed the information was incomplete and impersonal.

Conclusions

The website reached only about half of survivors and partners, yet was mostly well-received. Besides other ways of providing information and support, a website containing clear-cut and tailored information could be a useful tool in post-treatment care provision.
Risk of dislocation using large- vs. small-diameter femoral heads in total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Plate Johannes F , Seyler Thorsten M , Stroh D Alex , Issa Kimona , Akbar Michael , Mont Michael A
Published: October 2012

Background

Dislocation remains a difficult problem in total hip arthroplasty. Large-diameter femoral heads may lower the incidence of dislocation by enhancing the jump distance and decreasing impingement, but their performance against small-diameter heads has not been assessed. This study compared the mid-term radiographic and functional outcomes of two matched cohorts of patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty who had a high pre-operative risk for dislocation and who received either small-diameter (26- or 28-millimeters) or large-diameter (≥36-millimeters) femoral heads.

Methods

All patients who received large-diameter heads (≥36-millimeter) between 2002 and 2005, and who had pre-operative risk factors for dislocation, were identified in the institution’s joint registry. Forty-one patients (52 hips) who received large-diameter heads were identified, and these patients were matched to 48 patients (52 hips) in the registry who received small-diameter femoral heads.

Results

At mean final follow-up of 62 months (range, 49 to 101 months), both groups achieved excellent functional outcomes as measured by Harris Hip scores, with slightly better final scores in the large-diameter group (90 vs. 83 points). No patient showed any radiographic signs of loosening. No patient dislocated in the large-diameter femoral head group; the smaller-diameter group had a greater rate of dislocation (3.8%, 2 out of 52).

Conclusions

Large-diameter femoral head articulations may reduce dislocation rates in patients who have a high pre-operative risk for dislocation while providing the same functional improvements and safety as small-diameter bearings.
BIGrat: a repeat resolver for pyrosequencing-based re-sequencing with Newbler
Authors: Zhang Tongwu , Luo Yingfeng , Chen Yaping , Li Xiaonuan , Yu Jun
Published: October 2012

Background

As more and more reference genome sequences are assembled, it becomes practical to assemble individual genomes from large amount of raw read data based on a reference sequence. However, most available assembly tools are designed for de-novo genome assembly. There is one commercial tool box (Newbler) developed for re-sequencing projects based on the Roche 454 sequencing platform. However, the genome with large repeat regions cannot be well assembled in Newbler.

Findings

We developed a new sequence assembly tool (BIGrat, Beijing Institute of Genomics Re-Assembly Tool) for pyrosequencing-based re-sequencing projects, such as data generated from Roche 454 and IonTorrent platforms. BIGrat improves the output of Newbler when evaluated on genome assemblies including chloroplast, mitochondrial, bacterial, and plant nuclear genomes.

Conclusion

We presented a novel sequence assembly tool BIGrat for pyrosequencing-based re-sequencing projects, which can easily be integrated into Newbler pipelines for next-generation sequencing assembly and analysis.
Prevalence of poor and rapid metabolizers of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6 in North Indian population residing in Indian national capital territory
Authors: Varshney Ekta , Saha Nilanjan , Tandon Monika , Shrivastava Vikesh , Ali Shakir
Published: October 2012

Identification of poor and rapid metabolizers for the category of drugs metabolized by cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) is important for understanding the differences in clinical responses of drugs metabolized by this enzyme. This study reports the prevalence of poor and rapid metabolizers in North Indian population residing in the National Capital Territory.

The prevalence of poor and rapid metabolizers was determined in the target population for the category of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6 by measuring plasma bupropion, a drug metabolized by CYP2B6, and its metabolite. Bupropion (75 mg) was administered to 107 volunteers, and the drug (bupropion) and its metabolite (hydroxybupropion) were determined simultaneously by LCMS/MS in the plasma. CYP2B6 activity was measured as hydroxybupropion/bupropion ratio, and volunteers were categorized as rapid or poor metabolizers on the basis of cutoff value of log (hydroxybupropion/bupropion). Significant differences were observed between the mean metabolite/drug ratio of rapid metabolizers (Mean = 0.59) and poor metabolizers (Mean = 0.26) with p<0.0001. Results indicate that 20.56% individuals in the target population were poor metabolizers for the category of drugs metabolized by CYP2B6. Cutoff value defined in this study can be used as a tool for evaluating the status of CYP2B6 using bupropion as a probe drug. The baseline information would be clinically useful before administering the drugs metabolized by this isoform.
Comparative Effectiveness Research in Oncology Methodology: Observational Data
Authors: Hershman Dawn L. , Wright Jason D.
Published: October 2012

The goal of comparative effectiveness research is to inform clinical decisions between alternate treatment strategies using data that reflect real patient populations and real-world clinical scenarios for the purpose of improving patient outcomes. Observational studies using population-based registry data are increasingly relied on to fill the information gaps created by lack of evidence from randomized controlled trials. Administrative data sets have many advantages, including large sample sizes, long-term follow-up, and inclusion of data on physician and systems characteristics as well as cost. In this review, we describe the characteristics of many of the commonly used population-based data sets and discuss the elements included within these data sets. An overview of common research themes that rely on population-based data and illustrative examples are presented. Finally, an overview of the analytic techniques commonly employed by health services researchers to limit the effects of selection bias and confounding is discussed. The analysis of well-designed studies of comparative effectiveness is complex. However, careful framing, appropriate study design, and application of sophisticated analytic techniques can improve the accuracy of nonrandomized studies. There are multiple areas where the unique characteristics of observational studies can inform medical decision making and health policy, and it is critical to appreciate the opportunities, strengths, and limitations of observational research.