bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Generation Method of Texture, which Evaluates Pressure at Each Point on the Ground Surface
Authors: TAKAHASHI MASASHI , TANAKA TOSHIMITSU , SAGAWA YUJI
Published: January 2017

We proposed the method that generates ground surface texture by evaluating pressure applied at each point. The method standardizes diameter of clod to original size and its 1/2, 1/4, and 1/8 size, then defines condition of land by heft percentage of the clod of the four kinds of size. At each point of the ground, pressure caused by objects that pass through on the point is accumulated. Whenever the pressure exceeds the threshold, fixed ratio of weight of clod is shifted to its half size. As a result, at the place where many objects pass, heft percentage of smaller clod increases. Ground surface is defined as a multilayered texture. It is created by combining four basic texture images. Each of the images is synthesized to correspond to the size of clod by the procedural method. From each of the texture images, round areas are selected and allocated to one of the layers at random. Diameter of the area is equal to size of the clod. And the numbers of the area is proportionate to the heft percentage of the clod. The multilayer texture is combined to one layer, after adding shade and shadow. And finally, it is mapped on the ground.
Restoring surface fire stabilizes forest carbon under extreme fire weather in the Sierra Nevada
Authors: Krofcheck Daniel J. , Hurteau Matthew D. , Scheller Robert M. , Loudermilk E. Louise
Published: January 2017

Climate change in the western United States has increased the frequency of extreme fire weather events and is projected to increase the area burned by wildfire in the coming decades. This changing fire regime, coupled with increased high‐severity fire risk from a legacy of fire exclusion, could destabilize forest carbon (C), decrease net ecosystem exchange (NEE), and consequently reduce the ability of forests to regulate climate through C sequestration. While management options for minimizing the risk of high‐severity fire exist, little is known about the longer‐term carbon consequences of these actions in the context of continued extreme fire weather events. Our goal was to compare the impacts of extreme wildfire events on carbon stocks and fluxes in a watershed in the Sierra National Forest. We ran simulations to model wildfire under contemporary and extreme fire weather conditions, and test how three management scenarios (no‐management, thin‐only, thin and maintenance burning) influence fire severity, forest C stocks and fluxes, and wildfire C emissions. We found that the effects of treatment on wildfire under contemporary fire weather were minimal, and management conferred neither significant reduction in fire severity nor increases in C stocks. However, under extreme fire weather, the thin and maintenance burning scenario decreased mean fire severity by 25%, showed significantly greater C stability, and unlike the no‐management and thin‐only management options, the thin and maintenance burning scenario showed no decrease in NEE relative to the contemporary fire weather scenarios. Further, under extreme fire weather conditions, wildfire C emissions were lowest in the thin and maintenance burning scenario, (reduction of 13.7 Mg C/ha over the simulation period) even when taking into account the C costs associated with prescribed burning. Including prescribed burning in thinning operations may be critical to maintaining C stocks and reducing C emissions in the future where extreme fire weather events are more frequent.
Two Three‐Dimensional Actinide–Silver Heterometallic Coordination Polymers Based on 2,2′‐Bipyridine‐3,3′‐dicarboxylic Acid with Helical Chains Containing Dimeric or Trimeric Motifs
Authors: Zhao Ran , Mei Lei , Hu Kong‐qiu , Wang Lin , Chai Zhi‐fang , Shi Wei‐qun
Published: January 2017

Under hydrothermal conditions, two new 3D actinide–silver (An–Ag) heterometallic coordination polymers, namely, [Ag(UO2)2(µ2‐OH)(bpdc)2(H2O)2]n (1) and [Ag3Th6(µ3‐O)(µ3‐OH)(µ2‐OH)6(bpdc)6(NO3)6·H2O]n (2, H2bpdc = 2,2′‐bipyridine‐3,3′‐dicarboxylic acid), were assembled through a hard–soft recognition strategy. Compounds 1 and 2 were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, powder X‐ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy. Both compounds are constructed through the bridging of infinite polynuclear An–bpdc chiral helical chains by AgI cations. Compound 2 represents the first ThIV–AgI heterometallic coordination polymer. Furthermore, the thermal stability and luminescence properties of 1 were studied.
Iodine value determination of edible oils using ATR‐FTIR and chemometric methods
Authors: Meng Xianghe , Ye Qin , Nie Xiaohua , Jiang Lianzhou
Published: January 2017

Iodine value (IV) was determined using Fourier transform mid infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection and chemometric methods. A set of 245 oil samples were used for calibration purposes, and 76 samples were used for validation purposes. Models developed using full spectra partial least square (PLS), interval PLS (iPLS), forward interval PLS (fiPLS), and backward interval PLS (biPLS) algorithms were compared in terms of performance. Root‐mean‐square error of leave‐one‐out cross‐validation (RMSECV) of 2.68 and root‐mean‐square errors of prediction (RMSEP) of 2.73 were obtained using biPLS algorithm with spectra divided into 34 intervals and combinations of eight intervals (4000–3700, 3600–3400, 3200–3000, 2800–2700, 2300–2100, 1700–1600, 1500–1400, and 1100–1000/cm). This model had a correlation coefficient of 0.9885. In addition, sub‐models based on one oil type had higher performances (RMSECV = 0.24–0.76, RMSEP = 0.29–1.25) than the model based on all oil samples, which suggests that the IV model is oil‐type dependent. However, PLS could compensate for this error provided the calibration set covered enough oil types. The proposed method allowed a rapid determination of IV.

Practical applications: IV determination is important for edible oils and oleochemicals. However, traditional wet chemical methods require toxic solvents and reagents. FTIR coupled with multivariate analysis can be used to measure IV. Most of the studies on IV determination using FTIR have focused on specific single oil types without interval selection. A general IV model that incorporates several oil types is expected to improve prediction performances. Therefore, the present method represents a rapid and accurate tool for measuring IV of edible fats and oils.

An ATR‐FTIR method combined with interval optimization is described to determine the iodine value in edible oil. The RMSECV for the prediction of IV from isolated wavelength intervals are compared with full‐spectrum PLS model in GA. The result showed that interval optimization is effective in term of improved prediction performance of IV.
The E/Z isomer ratio of lycopene in foods and effect of heating with edible oils and fats on isomerization of (all‐E)‐lycopene
Authors: Honda Masaki , Murakami Kazuya , Watanabe Yo , Higashiura Takuma , Fukaya Tetsuya , Wahyudiono  , Kanda Hideki , Goto Motonobu
Published: January 2017

Since Z‐isomers of lycopene are more bioavailable and show a higher antioxidant capacity than the (all‐E)‐isomer, it is important to investigate foods containing high amount of the Z‐isomer and develop practically feasible method for Z‐isomerization of (all‐E)‐lycopene. First, we investigated the E/Z isomer ratio of lycopene in raw and commercially available processed tomato products using an improved normal‐phase HPLC method. The tomato products contained 4.6–33.4% of Z‐isomers to the total lycopene, (5Z)‐lycopene being the most abundant Z‐isomer. The oil‐containing products like tomato sauce and tomato soup suffered heat processing contained a higher percentage of Z‐isomers of lycopene (27.4–33.4%). Subsequently, the impact of the amount and types of oils added on thermal Z‐isomerization of (all‐E)‐lycopene contained in tomato puree was investigated. Increased addition of olive oil to tomato puree increased the production of lycopene Z‐isomers upon heating at 120°C. (all‐E)‐Lycopene contained in tomato puree was converted to Z‐isomers in the range of 39.2–50.7%, when 5% of vegetable oil (linseed, soybean, corn, sesame, rapeseed, rice bran, safflower seed, olive, sunflower seed, or coconut oils) or animal fat (beef tallow and pork lard) was added before heating at 120°C for 30 min. When sesame oil was employed, the total Z‐isomerization ratio and (5Z)‐lycopene content were significantly increased.

Practical applications: The dietary intake of lycopene offers many health benefits such as decreased risk of cancer and arteriosclerosis. Lycopene has a large number of geometric isomers caused by E/Z isomerization at arbitrary sites within the eleven conjugated double bonds, and the functionalities such as antioxidant capacity and bioavailability of the Z‐isomers are higher than those of the all‐E‐isomer. This study clarified the foods richly containing Z‐isomers of lycopene and demonstrated thermal Z‐isomerization of (all‐E)‐lycopene contained in tomato puree with edible oils and fats. These findings will contribute to effective intake of lycopene and the development of facile isomerization of (all‐E)‐lycopene to Z‐isomers in the fields of food, drink, and dietary supplement manufacturing, as well as for daily cooking at home.

The Z‐isomers of lycopene contents in processed tomato products and thermal isomerization of (all‐E)‐lycopene to the Z‐isomers with edible oils and fats were investigated. The tomato products cooked with oils contained higher levels of the Z‐isomers, and sesame oil had excellent promoting effect of thermal Z‐isomerization of (all‐E)‐lycopene.
Silver‐Catalysed Domino Approach to 1,3‐Dicarbo‐Substituted Isochromenes
Authors: Dell'Acqua Monica , Pirovano Valentina , Peroni Stefano , Tseberlidis Giorgio , Nava Donatella , Rossi Elisabetta , Abbiati Giorgio
Published: January 2017

We report herein the first example of the silver triflate catalysed synthesis of 1,3‐dicarbo‐substituted isochromene derivatives starting from 2‐alkynyl(hetero)arylaldehydes and enolizable ketones. The reaction proceeds in a cascade fashion under mild heating with complete regioselectivity and moderate‐to‐good yields. In some cases, the reaction gives unexpected homodimeric products. Two competitive mechanistic paths for the formation of the desired isochromene derivatives and the homodimeric products are described.
Fluorous‐Phase‐Based Chiral Assay with Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy
Authors: Xiao Meng , Yu Shanshan , Chen Liming , Huang Zeng , Wen Kaili , Xu Yimang , Zhao Feng , Yu Xiaoqi , Pu Lin
Published: January 2017

A highly fluorinated molecular probe made of a salicylaldehyde derivative is designed and synthesized for the detection of chiral amines in the fluorous phase. When treated with various chiral amines in a fluorous solvent (perfluorohexyl ethanol), this probe shows intense CD signals at wavelengths greater than 400 nm, which has been used to determine the enantiomeric composition of chiral amines, amino alcohols, and amino acids. This is the first example of CD recognition of chiral compounds that is conducted in the fluorous phase. The approach could greatly reduce the undesired interference in the direct assay of asymmetric reactions and catalytic processes.
Optimized microwave‐assistant extraction combined ultrasonic pretreatment of flavonoids from Periploca forrestii Schltr. and evaluation of its anti‐allergic activity
Authors: Liang Qian , Chen Huaguo , Zhou Xin , Deng Qingfang , Hu Enming , Zhao Chao , Gong Xiaojian
Published: January 2017

Microwave extraction combined ultrasonic pretreatment of flavonoids from Periploca forrestii Schltr. was investigated in this study, extraction process was first performed in an ultrasonic cleaner, then treated by microwave irradiation. The optimum ultrasonic time of 25 min was selected by single‐factor experiments. A response surface methodology has been used to obtain a mathematical model that describes the process and analyzes the significant parameters ethanol concentration 59.92%, liquid to raw materials ratio 21.24 mL/g, microwave radiation time 209.53 s, and microwave power 274.14 w. In these optimum conditions, the yield of flavonoids from P. forrestii (TFPF) could be up to 9.11 ± 0.08%, which was increased by 14.30 and 19.86% compared microwave extraction and ultrasonic extraction, respectively. In vitro suppress hyaluronidase experimentation showed that TFPF purified using polyamide exhibited good anti‐hyaluronidase ability with IC50 value of 1.033 mg/mL, possessing certain anti‐antiallergic and potential application prospect in pharmaceutical production of treating inflammation and other related fields.
Developmental programming: Interaction between prenatal BPA and postnatal overfeeding on cardiac tissue gene expression in female sheep
Authors: Koneva L.A. , Vyas A.K. , McEachin R.C. , Puttabyatappa M. , Wang H.‐S. , Sartor M.A. , Padmanabhan V.
Published: January 2017

Epidemiologic studies and studies in rodents point to potential risks from developmental exposure to BPA on cardiometabolic diseases. Furthermore, it is becoming increasingly evident that the manifestation and severity of adverse outcomes is the result of interaction between developmental insults and the prevailing environment. Consistent with this premise, recent studies in sheep found prenatal BPA treatment prevented the adverse effects of postnatal obesity in inducing hypertension. The gene networks underlying these complex interactions are not known. mRNA‐seq of myocardium was performed on four groups of four female sheep to assess the effects of prenatal BPA exposure, postnatal overfeeding and their interaction on gene transcription, pathway perturbations and functional effects. The effects of prenatal exposure to BPA, postnatal overfeeding, and prenatal BPA with postnatal overfeeding all resulted in transcriptional changes (85–141 significant differentially expressed genes). Although the effects of prenatal BPA and postnatal overfeeding did not involve dysregulation of many of the same genes, they affected a remarkably similar set of biological pathways. Furthermore, an additive or synergistic effect was not found in the combined treatment group, but rather prenatal BPA treatment led to a partial reversal of the effects of overfeeding alone. Many genes previously known to be affected by BPA and involved in obesity, hypertension, or heart disease were altered following these treatments, and AP‐1, EGR1, and EGFR were key hubs affected by BPA and/or overfeeding. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 58:4–18, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Managing Conflicts between Physicians and Surrogates
Authors: Bayley Carol
Published: January 2017

Two articles in this issue of the Hastings Center Report explore two sides of the same problematic coin. In “The Limits of Surrogates’ Moral Authority and Physician Professionalism,” Jeffrey Berger discusses the moral problem of a surrogate refusing a treatment, palliative sedation, on behalf of a patient whose suffering is refractory to intensive palliative efforts provided by a multidisciplinary team. In “After the DNR: Surrogates Who Persist in Requesting Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation,” Ellen Robinson and her colleagues analyze data from a study of cases in which physicians wished not to perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation on patients whom they thought it would harm. Both articles begin from the idea of a professional determination about a physician's duty to a patient that conflicted with a surrogate's determination about what should or should not be done for that patient. Berger's argument stops just short of a solution, however, because a physician's professional obligation to help patients, even within guidelines set by other professionals, is insufficient protection for patients. But if Berger's theory is right—that sometimes surrogates lack moral authority to make decisions on behalf of patients—then the Robinson team has developed a careful and public process for attending to that conflict.
A Good Death
Authors: Powell Tia , Hulkower Adira
Published: January 2017

A good death is hard to find. Family members tell us that loved ones die in the wrong place—the hospital—and do not receive high‐quality care at the end of life. This issue of the Hastings Center Report offers two articles from authors who strive to provide good end‐of‐life care and to prevent needless suffering. We agree with their goals, but we have substantial reservations about the approaches they recommend. Respect for the decisions of patients and their surrogates is a relatively new and still vulnerable aspect of medical care. For thousands of years, patients and surrogates had no say in medical decision‐making. Today, standards support shared decision‐making, but these articles both carve out exceptions to those standards, limiting the rights of patients and families in decisions about specific end‐of‐life treatments. As bioethics consultants in an acute care setting, we frequently confront conflicts similar to those described by Jeffrey Berger and by Ellen Robinson and colleagues. In such cases, our service emphasizes redoubled efforts at communication and mediation. Focusing on goals and values, rather than interventions, produces the best possible collaboration in health care decision‐making. Cases in which we would overturn a surrogate's recommendations regarding palliative sedation or do‐not‐resuscitate orders are rare and require careful processes and clear evidence that the surrogate's choice is contrary to patient values.
ZnO‐NR as the efficient catalyst for the synthesis of new thiazole and cyclopentadienone phosphonate derivatives in water
Authors: Hossaini Zinatossadat , Zareyee Daryoush , Sheikholeslami‐Farahani Fatemeh , Vaseghi Samaneh , Zamani Afshin
Published: January 2017

Functionalized thiazoles are generated from the reaction of dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate, benzoylisothiocyanates, and primary amines and trialkyl phosphite in the presence of ZnO‐nanorods as the catalyst in water. Also, a series of polysubstituted cyclopentadienone phosphonate derivatives were synthesized via one‐pot multicomponent reactions of primary amines and phosphites with activated acetylenic compounds in water as the solvent at room temperature. Particularly valuable features of this method include high yields of products, broad substrate scope, short reaction time, and straightforward procedure.
Experimental hydrological forcing to illustrate water flow processes of a subarctic ladder fen peatland
Authors: McCarter Colin P. R. , Price Jonathan S.
Published: January 2017

Large peatland complexes dominate the landscape of the James Bay Lowland in subarctic Ontario, Canada. However, there is not a thorough understanding of the hydrological processes occurring in these important systems, particularly how ladder fens connect large domed bogs to the aquatic ecosystems that drain the peatland complex. Ladder fens consist of a pool‐rib topography where flow downgradient is controlled by the peat ribs. Within the ribs, low‐lying preferential flow paths typically enhance the transmission of water, whereas the elevated ridge microforms impede water flow to downgradient aquatic ecosystems. To assess the hydrological connectivity, we study the role of the water table, peat transmissivity, and microtopography of a small ladder fen for 3 summers (2013–2015) in the James Bay Lowland. The system was manipulated with a sustained hydrological forcing (water addition) to the upslope boundary of the fen during 2014 (38 m3/day) and 2015 (30 m3/day). There was an exponential increase in transmissivity towards the peat surface due to extremely high‐hydraulic conductivities within the upper few centimeters of the peat deposit. At the maximum water table, the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the 0.1 m layer of peat below the water table varied depending on peat microtopography (preferential flow paths = 42–598 m/day and ridges = 16–52 m/day), resulting in high‐hydrological connectivity periods. Furthermore, during 2015, there was an abnormally large amount of precipitation (300 mm vs. long‐term average ~ 100 mm) that resulted in complete surface water connectivity of the site. This caused rapid movement of water from the head of system to the outlet (~15 hr) and runoff ratios >1, compared to low‐water table periods (runoff ratio ~ 0.05). This study highlights the profound importance of the transmissivity–water table feedback mechanism in ladder fens, on controlling the water retention and drainage of large peatland complexes.
Understanding Long‐Chain Melting Points, Fritz Breusch, and Interface Thermodynamics
Authors: McBride J. Michael , Bertman Steven B.
Published: January 2017

A homologously isomorphous series of compounds can allow determination of local contributions to crystal properties. Historically, melting points have contributed little to structural theory, but those of a series of long‐chain diacyl peroxides allow the measurement of localized structural contributions to solid‐state thermodynamics, and demonstrate that a bromine substituent at a lamellar interface can make negative contributions to both the enthalpy and entropy of fusion, thus acting more “liquid‐like” when in the crystal than when in the melt. We discuss how Istanbul, and opposition to Hitler, led Friedrich Breusch and his students to measure at least 1242 accurate melting points, and how this legacy may prove valuable in understanding crystalline solids, especially those that show odd‐even melting‐point alternation.
SOFTWARE AND SYSTEM INTEGRITY ASSESSMENT
Authors: Ring Jack
Published: January 2017

This article describes how the digital aspects of all critical infrastructures can evolve faster and be less vulnerable to cyber actions. Although focused on the US infrastructures it is applicable to all infrastructures world‐wide. The purpose is to motivate systems practitioners to become adept at software and system integrity assessment. We introduce the theory and method for discovering all logic, arithmetic, and semantic faults throughout an arbitrarily large, heterogeneous software suite. One version was initiated in the 1990's, proved effective in the marketplace but, being mostly manual, would not scale. Recently the principals of OntoPilot LLC http://www.ontopilot.com have devised a significantly different way to assess system integrity that is amenable to automation. The balance of this article introduces the situation, highlights the system principles involved, considers the challenges in assessing software integrity, highlights the opportunity and value proposition, outlines the automation technology and finishes with a call to action. We recommend that certification in system integrity assessment be considered as a facet of the professional certifications offered by INCOSE, NDIA, IISE, and other professional and industry associations.
INTEGRATING KEY ENGINEERING PROCESSES TOWARDS OPERATIONAL EXCELLENCE
Authors: Botha Barend W
Published: January 2017

A lot of debate has gone into what exactly operational excellence is, and how to achieve operational excellence. It is often confused with the reduction of costs or eliminating waste rather than increasing value. The increased focus on integrated processes suggests that it is not achieved by a single group of persons, but requires a collaborative effort from everyone in the organization. Processes should therefore not be applied or measured in isolation, but should be applied in a collaborative fashion to ensure success. Applying systems thinking, we identified six key engineering processes requiring integration to ensure operational excellence in a technical environment.
Interactions of human embryonic stem cell‐derived cardiovascular progenitor cells with immobilized extracellular matrix proteins
Authors: Lu Jizhen , Kaestle Katrin , Huang Jijun , Liu Qiao , Zhang Peng , Gao Ling , Gardiner James , Thissen Helmut , Yang Huang‐Tian
Published: January 2017

Human embryonic stem cell‐derived cardiovascular progenitor cells (hESC‐CVPCs) hold great promise for cell‐based therapies of heart diseases. However, little is known about their niche microenvironment and in particular the required extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Here we screened combinations of surface‐immobilized ECM proteins to identify substrates that support the attachment and survival of hESC‐CVPCs. Covalent immobilization of ECM proteins laminin (Lm), fibronectin (Fn), collagen I (CI), collagen III (CIII), and collagen IV (CIV) in multiple combinations and concentrations was achieved by reductive amination on transparent acetaldehyde plasma polymer (AAPP) interlayer coatings. We identified that CI, CIII, CIV, and Fn and their combinations were important for hESC‐CVPC attachment and survival, while Lm was dispensable. Moreover, for coatings displaying single ECM proteins, CI and CIII performed better than CIV and Fn, while coatings displaying the combined ECM proteins CIII + CIV and Fn + CIII + CIV at 100 µg/mL were comparable to Matrigel in regard to supporting hESC‐CVPC attachment and viability. Our results identify ECM proteins required for hESC‐CVPCs and demonstrate that coatings displaying multiple immobilized ECM proteins offer a suitable microenvironment for the attachment and survival of hESC‐CVPCs. This knowledge contributes to the development of approaches for maintaining hESC‐CVPCs and therefore to advances in cardiovascular regeneration. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 1094–1104, 2017.
Gender Differences in STEM Students' Perfectionism, Career Search Self‐Efficacy, and Perception of Career Barriers
Authors: Gnilka Philip B. , Novakovic Alexandra
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this study was to explore potential gender differences in the mediating effect of career search self‐efficacy between 2 dimensions of perfectionism (adaptive and maladaptive) and the perception of career barriers. A total of 279 science, technology, engineering, and mathematics undergraduate students participated in the study. Among men, but not women, career search self‐efficacy mediated the relationships between both dimensions of perfectionism and the perception of career barriers. Implications for counselors and future research directions are discussed.
Relational‐Cultural Theory and Reality Therapy: A Culturally Responsive Integrative Framework
Authors: Haskins Natoya Hill , Appling Brandee
Published: January 2017

The authors propose an integration of relational‐cultural theory and reality therapy. The authors contend that the traditional assumptions of reality therapy are consistent with the relational aspects of relational‐cultural theory and together provide a culturally responsive approach for diverse clients. The authors also include an overview of the 2 theories as well as highlight the convergences and divergences. In addition, the authors present a case illustration depicting the integration method in practice.
The Process of Thematic Mapping in Case Conceptualization
Authors: Ridley Charles R. , Jeffrey Christina E. , Roberson Richard B.
Published: January 2017

This article, the 4th in a series of 5, introduces the 3‐stage process of thematic mapping: theme identification, theme interpretation, and theme intervention. Theme identification is based on inductive reasoning, in which clinicians seek to discover and describe behavioral patterns in emotionally charged episodes. Theme interpretation subsequently initiates a process of deductive reasoning, wherein clinicians distill the generalized pattern into dominant and subthemes. Each theme is then labeled with a compelling metaphor that is representative of the theme interpretation. In the 3rd stage, theme intervention, clinicians seek to change the dysfunctional dominant and subthemes through collaboration with the clients. The process unfolds within 5 overarching parameters: a focus on comprehensiveness, simplification, maximal objectivity/impartial subjectivity, observation and inference, and an idiographic approach. Alternative models of case formulation are offered in comparison to thematic mapping.
Thematic Mapping in Case Conceptualization: An Introduction to the Special Section
Authors: Ridley Charles R. , Jeffrey Christina E.
Published: January 2017

Case conceptualization is an essential clinical activity in which clinicians, in one form or another, gather and synthesize data about their clients in order to formulate clinical pictures and maximize therapeutic gains. However, a myriad of methods of case conceptualization that vary in complexity and theoretical bases currently reflects an almost complete lack of standardization in this most fundamental activity of mental health treatment. The lack of standardization in case conceptualization is especially daunting to trainees and clinicians who are early in their careers. This special section, comprising 5 articles, introduces thematic mapping, a transtheoretical and transdiagnostic method of case conceptualization. The method aims to overcome or minimize many of the problems inherent in current practice. In this first article, we provide a rationale for the special section and lay the groundwork for the subsequent four articles. Overall, we assert that thematic mapping holds promise as a systematic method of case conceptualization.
Client Retrospective Accounts of Corrective Experiences in Motivational Interviewing Integrated With Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Macaulay Christianne , Angus Lynne , Khattra Jasmine , Westra Henny , Ip Jennifer
Published: January 2017

A corrective experience (CE) is one “in which a person comes to understand or experience affectively an event or relationship in a different and unexpected way” (Castonguay & Hill, 2012, p. 5). CEs disconfirm clients’ expectations based on past problematic experiences, and can be emotional, relational, behavioral, and/or cognitive. This qualitative study explored corrective shifts among recovered participants (N = 8) who had received motivational interviewing (MI) integrated with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in a randomized controlled trial comparing CBT alone to MI‐CBT for generalized anxiety disorder (Westra, Constantino, & Antony, 2016). We administered a posttherapy interview querying their experience of, and explanations for, any shifts in therapy. Grounded theory analysis yielded three core themes: in command of the worry train, experiencing myself in new ways in therapy, and oriented toward change. Findings are discussed in terms of MI theory, and clinical implications for therapists are provided.
“Are You Having Thoughts of Suicide?” Examining Experiences With Disclosing and Denying Suicidal Ideation
Authors: Hom Melanie A. , Stanley Ian H. , Podlogar Matthew C. , Joiner Thomas E.
Published: January 2017

Objective

To characterize individuals’ prior experiences with being asked whether they are having thoughts of suicide and to understand factors that affected their response accuracy.

Method

Undergraduates (N = 306) reporting a lifetime history of suicidal ideation completed a web‐based survey about their experiences being probed about suicidal thoughts.

Results

Nearly two‐thirds of participants (63.1%) reported having been previously asked whether they were having thoughts of suicide, with health care providers comprising the plurality of probers. Individuals reported the greatest accuracy of ideation disclosure to mental health professionals. Stigma‐related concerns were the most common barriers to accurate disclosure of ideation, whereas wanting emotional support and the prober to understand them were cited as facilitators for accurately responding.

Conclusion

A number of factors influence the accurate and inaccurate disclosure of suicidal ideation. Further research is needed to understand how to facilitate accurate disclosure of suicidal ideation across settings and populations.
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT): A biological process in the development, stem cell differentiation, and tumorigenesis
Authors: Chen Tong , You Yanan , Jiang Hua , Wang Zack Z.
Published: January 2017

The lineage transition between epithelium and mesenchyme is a process known as epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), by which polarized epithelial cells lose their adhesion property and obtain mesenchymal cell phenotypes. EMT is a biological process that is often involved in embryogenesis and diseases, such as cancer invasion and metastasis. The EMT and the reverse process, mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET), also play important roles in stem cell differentiation and de‐differentiation (or reprogramming). In this review, we will discuss current research progress of EMT in embryonic development, cellular differentiation and reprogramming, and cancer progression, all of which are representative models for researches of stem cell biology in normal and in diseases. Understanding of EMT and MET may help to identify specific markers to distinguish normal stem cells from cancer stem cells in future.
Algae through the looking glass
Authors: Coltelli Primo , Barsanti Laura , Evangelista Valter , Gualtieri Paolo
Published: January 2017

Microalgae are one of the most suitable subjects for testing the potentiality of light microscopy and image analysis, because of the size of single cells, their endogenous chromaticity, and their metabolic and physiological characteristics. Microscope observations and image analysis can use microalgal cells from lab cultures or collected from water bodies as model to investigate metabolic processes, behavior/reaction of cells under chemical or photic stimuli, and dynamics of population in the natural environment in response to changing conditions. In this paper we will describe the original microscope we set up together with the image processing techniques we improved to deal with these topics. Our system detects and recognizes in‐focus cells, extracts their features, measures cell concentration in multi‐algal samples, reconstructs swimming cell tracks, monitors metabolic processes, and measure absorption and fluorescent spectra of subcellular compartments. It can be used as digital microscopy station for algal cell biology and behavioral studies, and field analysis applications.
Characterization of chronic HCV infection in Northwest Spain: Impact of the treatment strategic plan of the Spanish National Health Service on HCV cure
Authors: Grandal Marta , Pernas Berta , Mariño Ana , Álvarez Hortensia , Tabernilla Andrés , Castro‐Iglesias Ángeles , Mena Álvaro , Delgado Manuel , Pértega Sonia , Poveda Eva
Published: January 2017

The aim of the study was to characterize HCV infection in Northwest Spain and assess the impact of the Spanish Strategic Plan to cure HCV infection. Overall, 387 patients were included (60.9% HIV/HCV coinfected and 28.2% cirrhotic). Of these, 72.9% of patients that were recognized as priority for HCV treatment according to the Spanish Strategic Plan (≥F2, transplant or extrahepatic manifestations), initiated treatment during 2015. Globally, SVR12 was achieved in 96.5% of patients. The implementation of the Spanish Strategic Plan has been critical to advance in HCV cure, but 27.1% of priority patients still remain awaiting HCV treatment initiation.
Synoptic environments and characteristics of cold air outbreaks in the Irminger Sea
Authors: Papritz Lukas
Published: January 2017

Cold air outbreaks (CAOs) are the dominant cause of intense wintertime upward heat fluxes in the Irminger Sea. In this study, the climatological pathways of Irminger Sea CAO airmasses and the evolution of airmass properties, as well as the large‐scale synoptic environments leading to CAO formation are examined for winter. To that end, a comprehensive, multi‐decadal climatology of Irminger Sea CAO airmasses using kinematic trajectories is presented, complemented by a composite analysis of the large‐scale synoptic environment for intense CAO events.

The following three synoptic environments conducive for CAO formation are identified: (1) The westerly environment is characterized by an upper‐level trough crossing Greenland and inducing strong westerly winds at crest level, accompanied by either cyclogenesis or the intensification of an existing cyclone in the lee of Greenland. The associated CAO airmasses originate in the Canadian Arctic, overflow southern Greenland, and descend into the Irminger Sea with an according imprint in their thermodynamic evolution. (2) In the easterly cyclonic environment, one or multiple cyclones in the Nordic Seas induce northerly winds along Greenland's eastern coast that transport Arctic airmasses from Fram Strait to Denmark Strait. (3) The easterly anti‐cyclonic environment, finally, is dominated by an anti‐cyclone over Greenland with similar airmass origins and pathways as in the easterly cyclonic environment. The two easterly environments represent the limiting cases of an intermediate spectrum, whereas in contrast the westerly environment is clearly distinct. Katabatic drainage from northern Greenland contributes to the CAO airmasses in both easterly environments, whereas in the easterly cyclonic environment also marine airmasses from the Nordic Seas are involved. An important conclusion of this study is that the amount of heat extracted from the ocean by a CAO airmass depends critically on its pathway, and thus on the synoptic environment.
Younger Dryas glaciers and climate in the Mourne Mountains, Northern Ireland
Authors: Barr Iestyn D. , Roberson Sam , Flood Rory , Dortch Jason
Published: January 2017

Here, we present evidence to suggest that the Mourne Mountains, Northern Ireland, were last occupied by glaciers during the Younger Dryas Stadial. The margins of these glaciers are marked by moraines, chronologically constrained to the Younger Dryas by Schmidt hammer exposure dating. Reconstructions indicate that these glaciers had equilibrium‐line altitudes (ELAs) ranging from 356 ± 33 m (a.s.l.) to 570 ± 9 m (a.s.l.), with a mean of 475 ± 36 m (a.s.l.). ELAs rise from west to east, probably reflecting the contribution of windblown snow and ice to the accumulation of Younger Dryas glaciers in the western Mournes. Taking this into consideration, a mean ‘climatic’ ELA of 529 ± 4 m (a.s.l.) is calculated for the mountains as a whole. Assuming a mean annual sea level air temperature of −8 °C, and an annual temperature range of 34 °C, degree‐day modelling suggests that during the Younger Dryas, accumulation at the ‘climatic’ ELA of glaciers in the Mournes was 846–990 mm a−1. This suggests increased aridity, relative to present, and is consistent with other parts of NW Europe, where reduced precipitation alongside notable cooling is thought to reflect increased North Atlantic sea ice extent during the Younger Dryas.
Do Terrorist Attacks Leave an Identifiable ‘Fingerprint’ on International Tourist Arrival Data?
Authors: Morakabati Yeganeh , Beavis John
Published: January 2017

This article empirically examines the postulated effects of at least a single terrorist attack on the measure of monthly international arrivals. The study uses the tsoutliers R package to detect outliers in time series data following terrorist attacks in five destinations. The contribution of this paper is found in the methodological approach that was implemented consistently across all five destinations. The findings suggest that there is no evidence to support the view that there is a consistent disturbance from a well‐fitted time series (a data ‘fingerprint’) created by a terrorist attack across the five different destinations or even, in at least one case, in the same destination, at different times. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Serial in‐office laser treatment of vocal fold leukoplakia: Disease control and voice outcomes
Authors: Koss Shira L. , Baxter Peter , Panossian Haig , Woo Peak , Pitman Michael J.
Published: January 2017

Objective

Although vocal fold (VF) leukoplakia is commonly treated with in‐office laser, there is no data on its long‐term effectiveness. This study hypothesizes that VF leukoplakia treated by serial in‐office laser results in long‐term disease control with maintenance of voice and minimal morbidity.

Study Design

Retrospective review (2008–2015).

Methods

Forty‐six patients with VF leukoplakia treated by in‐office KTP (potassium titanyl phosphate) or PDL (pulsed dye laser) were included. Median follow‐up from final laser treatment was 19.6 months. Main outcomes included: 1) rate of disease control, 2) percentage of disease regression using ImageJ analysis. Secondary outcomes included vocal assessment using the Voice Handicap Index‐10 (VHI‐10).

Results

Patients underwent a median of 2 (range: 1–6) in‐office laser treatments. Time between treatments was median 7.6 months. After final treatment, 19 patients (41.3%) had no disease; two patients (4.3%) progressed to invasive cancer; overall disease regression was median 77.1% (P < 0.001); and VHI‐10 score decreased by median 5 (P = 0.037). Thirty‐one patients (67.4%) were responders (controlled with in‐office treatment only); failures were 13 patients (28.3%) who required operative intervention and two patients (4%) who underwent radiation. Compared to responders, failures demonstrated significantly shorter duration between treatments (median 2.3 vs. 8.9 months, P = 0.038) and significantly less regression (median 49.3% vs. 100%, P = 0.006).

Conclusion

Serial outpatient KTP or PDL treatment of VF leukoplakia is effective for disease control with minimal morbidity and preservation of voice quality. We suggest that patients requiring repeated in‐office treatment every 6 months may benefit from earlier operative intervention; other factors associated with in‐office success remain unclear.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 127:1644–1651, 2017
Automatic active acoustic target detection in turbulent aquatic environments
Authors: Fraser Shaun , Nikora Vladimir , Williamson Benjamin J. , Scott Beth E.
Published: January 2017

There is no established approach for dealing with the active acoustic detection of biological targets in highly dynamic aquatic environments where intense physical interference means that standard techniques are unsuitable. This is a particular problem in ecologically important environments with emerging industrial significance such as marine energy extraction sites. We developed an automatic processing method which allows effective target detection with high sensitivity throughout variable acoustic conditions. The method is based on scale‐dependent adaptive filtering of data and morphological analysis of short‐scale backscatter contributions for the exclusion of intense turbulent features and isolation of biological targets. Echosounder platform deployments around marine energy infrastructure in a tidal channel provide test data which demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Target validation and assessment is carried out by the analysis of multifrequency characteristics and direct inspection. The results deliver effective, quantitative, and repeatable assessment of ecological interactions and target distributions with clear implications for environmental assessment in high energy sites and promising applications in other contexts.
The Effect of Media Multitasking on Advertising Message Effectiveness
Authors: Garaus Marion , Wagner Udo , Bäck Anna‐Maria
Published: January 2017

The rapid evolution of information and mobile technologies enables consumers to use media content whenever and wherever they want. These developments have resulted in a new form of target audience behavior called “media multitasking.” Media multitasking describes simultaneous exposure to two or more types of media content. Extant research on this subject concentrates on the influence of media multitasking on message comprehension and recall for editorial content (i.e., TV programs). To date, limited research has examined whether simultaneous exposure to two advertisements on two devices benefits or harms message effectiveness. The current research attempts to fill this research gap by investigating the effect of media multitasking with TV and mobile Internet advertisements on message effectiveness. In particular, an online experiment confirms the assumption that media multitasking harms message effectiveness. Contrary to the theoretically derived hypotheses, it does not matter whether consumers are exposed to the same or different advertising messages during media multitasking situations. The consideration of two moderating variables—gender and media multitasking frequency—offers further insights into the individual factors that affect message effectiveness during simultaneous versus sequential media exposure.
Salvage therapy for children with relapsed or refractory Philadelphia chromosome‐positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Kodama Yuichi , Manabe Atsushi , Kawasaki Hirohide , Kato Itaru , Kato Keisuke , Sato Atsushi , Matsumoto Kimikazu , Kato Motohiro , Hiramatsu Hidefumi , Sano Hideki , Kaneko Takashi , Oda Megumi , Saito Akiko M. , Adachi Souichi , Horibe Keizo , Mizutani Shuki , Ishii Eiichi , Shimada Hiroyuki
Published: January 2017

Background

In the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) era, outcomes after salvage therapy for relapsed or refractory Philadelphia chromosome‐positive (Ph+) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) remain unclear.

Procedure

The clinical courses of 19 patients with relapse (n = 13) or induction failure (n = 6) in the Japanese Pediatric Leukemia/Lymphoma Study Group Ph+ ALL04 study were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

Fifteen male and four female patients had a median age of 8 (range 4–15) years at relapse or induction failure. Patients received imatinib in combination with hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone (hyper‐CVAD) and methotrexate and cytarabine (MTX/Ara‐C) (n = 9), imatinib in combination with other chemotherapy (n = 5), chemotherapy without imatinib (n = 2), imatinib alone (n = 2), or no additional chemotherapy (n = 1). Two patients underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) without achieving complete remission (CR) and died of leukemia. The remaining 17 patients achieved CR with salvage therapies and underwent HSCT whilst in CR: 10 patients remain alive in CR, five died of transplantation‐related complications, and two died of relapse. In six of seven patients with available data on minimal residual disease (MRD), imatinib in combination with the first course of hyper‐CVAD was more effective in achieving a favorable MRD response compared with the Ph+ ALL04 induction regimen.

Conclusion

This study suggested that cross‐resistance to imatinib failed to develop after conventional chemotherapy. Imatinib in combination with chemotherapy including hyper‐CVAD+MTX/Ara‐C was effective and safe for relapsed or refractory Ph+ ALL patients who received frontline therapy without imatinib.