bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subjects of Wonder: Toward an Aesthetics, Ethics, and Pedagogy of Wonder
Authors: Kearns Laura-Lee
Published: February 2016

What is wonder? What would it mean to live our lives in wonder or with wonder? Is it possible for wonder to play an integral role in our aesthetic, ethical, and pedagogical experiences? Philosophy is said to begin with wonder. For Plato, wonder is the arche that grounds all philosophical inquiry. I propose to begin my ethical and aesthetic investigation of wonder with Plato, but, unlike Plato who places the imagination’s capacity to be astonished at the bottom of a hierarchy that quests for knowledge and understanding, I will argue that an ethics and aesthetics based on wonder would allow for the imagination to play an active role in all our encounters. First, I look at different philosophical treatments of wonder and then consider the role wonder plays as a virtue. Next I examine the wondrous in relation to aesthetic and ethical experiences, exploring art exhibits and a play, and conclude by drawing upon the many sides of wonder and considering its role in education. In my wanderings on wonder, I seek to value wonder as an integral part of ourselves, in all our imaginings, understandings, growth, and knowledge acquisition.
Proposta de ensino de produção de texto dissertativo-argumentativo pela Teoria dos Blocos Semânticos
Authors: Delanoy Cláudio Primo , Gomes Lauro
Published: February 2016

Este trabalho propõe-se a explicitar uma proposta de ensino de produção de texto dissertativo-argumentativo, com base em conceitos e princípios da teoria da Argumentação na Língua (ADL), de Ducrot (1990; 2009), e, sobretudo, em ferramentas postas à disposição pela Teoria dos Blocos Semânticos (TBS), de Carel (1995; 2005), e Carel e Ducrot (2005). Para tanto, analisa-se, primeiramente, a proposta de redação do Enem 2012, com vistas a encontrar as unidades semânticas básicas de seus textos motivadores, as quais, ao serem associadas a aspectos argumentativos de blocos semânticos que as originam, podem, a partir das relações semânticas existentes dentro de um mesmo bloco, orientar percursos argumentativos eficazes a serem realizados no texto dissertativo-argumentativo. Verifica-se, ademais, em que medida os encadeamentos argumentativos transgressivos apresentam-se, em redações argumentativas, como mais convincentes do que os encadeamentos argumentativos normativos. Em vista disso, este trabalho poderá fornecer subsídios teórico-metodológicos aos professores que trabalham diretamente com o ensino de leitura e produção de textos, tanto na educação básica como na superior. 
As narrativas pessoais no processo de ensino-aprendizagem da habilidade da escrita em Espanhol
Authors: Kozow Lúcia , Silveira Maria Inez Matoso
Published: February 2016

A prática da escrita significativa no ensino-aprendizagem de língua estrangeira é sempre postergada e praticamente inexistente na educação básica. Neste trabalho, analisamos as estratégias narrativas utilizadas por uma aluna do ensino médio profissionalizante de uma escola pública, considerando a escrita e a reescrita de um texto produzido em espanhol. Este trabalho fez parte de uma experiência didática mais ampla posta em prática na última série do ensino médio, no Instituto Federal de Alagoas (IFAL), no campus Marechal Deodoro, no primeiro semestre de 2013, e teve por objetivo desenvolver a habilidade escrita dos alunos em Espanhol como língua estrangeira, numa visão de processo e na perspectiva de produção de um gênero textual. Para isso, utilizamos as narrativas pessoais, que são um gênero textual muito frequente nas nossas interações orais do dia-a-dia. Segundo Labov e Waletsky (1967), na estrutura interna dessas narrativas orais existem certos elementos que são geralmente incorporados pelas narrativas escritas. A análise mostrou que a aprendizagem da escrita aconteceu por meio de um processo, e que o uso do gênero narrativa pessoal como estratégia de ensino foi eficiente, na medida em que, supostamente, contribuiu para mostrar e ajudar a conscientizar a aluna colaboradora sobre como esse processo se realizou, a partir do ensino explícito que envolveu o planejamento, a escrita e a reescrita do texto produzido.
Entre a língua e a literatura: variação linguística e ensino de espanhol
Authors: Pinheiro-Mariz Josilene , Venâncio da Silva Bruno Rafael Costa
Published: February 2016

 

Tencionamos rediscutir o lugar do texto literário no âmbito do ensino de línguas estrangeiras (ou adicionais). Tal intento está ancorado na necessidade da não dissociação dos dois principais eixos de base do profissional de Letras: Língua e Literatura. Trazemos reflexões que julgamos necessárias para a formação desse profissional, posto que trabalhar entre a língua e a literatura é tarefa delicada e indispensável, sobretudo para o professor da área. Portanto, discutiremos a importância da relação entre língua e literatura, a partir dos estudos da variação linguística no ensino do espanhol, no Brasil, tendo-se na literatura, o principal ponto de referência para tais ponderações. Primeiramente, discutiremos a variação linguística no ensino de espanhol, partindo-se de uma pesquisa bibliográfica aportada em Moreno Fernández, (2010), Vilhena, (2013), Andión Herrero, (2008) e Lucchesi, (2004) e em pesquisa documental embasada nas Orientações Curriculares Nacionais para o Ensino Médio (2006). Ancorados nos estudos de Preti (2004) sobre a variação linguística em textos literários e em Brait (2000; 2010), discutiremos a importância do trabalho com textos literários no ensino da língua espanhola. Ao término, traçaremos algumas considerações enfatizem a exequibilidade de uma abordagem do textos literários em aula de língua sem que se requeira a sua dicotomização.

 
Web 2.0 e formação de professoras/es de línguas estrangeiras/adicionais : foco em um grupo de estudos virtual
Authors: Silvestre Viviane Pires Viana , Pessoa Rosane Rocha
Published: February 2016

 

No cenário contemporâneo, torna-se cada vez mais urgente refletir sobre como os recursos disponibilizados pelas novas tecnologias de informação e comunicação podem servir à educação e, mais especificamente, à formação de professoras/es. Este estudo, de base qualitativo-interpretativista (Denzin; Lincoln, 2006), reflete sobre possíveis contribuições e limitações do recurso disponibilizado pela Web 2.0 “grupo de estudos virtual”, desenvolvido a partir do grupo de discussão GoogleGroups, para a formação de professoras/es de línguas estrangeiras/adicionais. Para tanto, temos como foco de análise alguns dados das interações virtuais do grupo de estudos “XXX” – Formação de professoras/es de língua estrangeira” e as considerações de algumas/uns de suas/seus participantes, geradas por meio de um questionário semiaberto, acerca desse recurso virtual de formação docente. A análise aponta a relevância desse recurso potencializado pela Web 2.0 para a formação continuada docente e nos incita a buscar maneiras de otimizá-lo, problematizando suas limitações, e ao mesmo tempo de torná-lo mais acessível a outras/os professoras/es de línguas estrangeiras/adicionais.

 
Abordagem de gêneros discursivos orais em livros didáticos de língua espanhola
Authors: Álvares Margarida Rosa , Ortiz Preuss Elena
Published: February 2016

 

Estudos diversos apontam que o trabalho com os gêneros orais tem sido marginalizado em sala de aula, tanto de língua materna (LM) quanto de língua estrangeira (LE). A partir dessa constatação, nosso artigo pretende analisar o espaço dado aos gêneros orais em dois livros didáticos de língua espanhola. Valendo-nos da pesquisa bibliográfica, analisamos livros escolhidos pelo Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD), nos anos de 2012 e 2015. Para cumprir com nosso objetivo, expusemos um panorama teórico sobre os gêneros discursivos e discursivos orais, apresentamos a metodologia utilizada, analisamos o espaço dado aos gêneros orais nos livros analisados e concluímos evidenciando que ainda há uma primazia pelo trabalho pedagógico a partir de gêneros discursivos escritos, embora na comparação entre as obras, o livro didático mais recente apresenta mais atividades com gêneros discursivos orais.

 
Effect of Sodium Caseinates Addition on the Rheological Properties of Kefir during Gel Formation
Authors: Antoniou Kleio D. , Exarhopoulos Stylianos , Raphaelides Stylianos N. , Dimitreli Georgia , Thomareis Apostolos S.
Published: February 2016

The effect of Sodium Caseinates (SCN) addition on the rheological behavior of kefir during gel formation was monitored by means of a dynamic rheometer of novel design (U-tube Rheometer). Kefir samples were prepared from homogenized and pasteurized full fat (3.5% w/w) bovine milk with or without the addition of SCN at varying concentrations (1%, 2% or 3% w/w). A fermented milk inoculum derived from kefir grains was inoculated into the heat-treated milk and incubated at 25°C until the pH dropped to 4.6. According to the results, the fermentation time required for the onset of gelation, as well as for the pH value to reach 4.6 increased with increasing SCN concentration. The beginning of cross-linking of proteins towards aggregates that leads to the formation of a three-dimensional protein matrix, took place at higher pH values with increasing SCN concentration. The values of elastic modulus and loss tangent that correspond to this point decreased with increasing SCN content. The increase in SCN concentration caused the values of elastic modulus during gel formation to increase and those of loss tangent to decrease. The addition of caseins into the milk increased the number and the strength of the protein-protein interactions causing the elastic behavior of the samples to increase. The presence of SCN into the system of kefir greatly affected the formation of the kefir gel.
Effect of Kefiran and Milk Proteins Addition on the Rheological Behavior of Glucono-delta-Lactone Induced Milk Gels
Authors: Dimitreli Georgia , Exarhopoulos Stylianos , Goulas Athanasios , Antoniou Kleio D. , Raphaelides Stylianos N.
Published: February 2016

The properties of kefiran as a texture modifier was evaluated providing new perspectives in understanding the rheology of fermented dairy products and the possibility of using this generally recognized as safe polysaccharide as an additive in dairy and other foods. For this purpose, the effect of kefiran, Sodium Caseinates (SCN) and Whey Proteins Concentrates (WPC) addition on the rheological behavior of glucono-delta-lactone (GDL) induced milk gels was evaluated. The acidified milk samples were prepared from homogenized and pasteurized full fat (3.5%) bovine milk with or without the addition of kefiran, SCN and WPC at 1.5% concentration. The incubation temperature was set at 37°C. According to the results, the incubation time required for the pH to reach 4.4 increased with increasing SCN and WPC concentration. Kefiran addition did not affect incubation time, however it did enhanced elasticity, apparent viscosity and thixotropic behavior of milk gels. The impact effect of kefiran on the rheological behavior of acid milk gels was more pronounced when compared to that of WPC, but lower to SCN effect. The protein matrix of GDL induced milk gels is governed by hydrophilic interactions in the presence of kefiran or WPC and by hydrophobic ones when SCN are added.
Investigating Diagnostic Preassessments
Authors: Conner Kimberly
Published: February 2016

A teacher reflects on the importance of determining what constitutes prerequisite material and the value of limiting the number of skills assessed.
Five Keys for Teaching Mental Math
Authors: Olsen James R.
Published: February 2016

A comprehensive look at mental math in the light of technology, the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics, and brain-based learning.
Autour de la souffrance soignante en soins palliatifs : entre idéal de soin et juste distance1
Authors: Simard Julien
Published: February 2016

La souffrance émotionnelle et le burnout chez les professionnels des soins palliatifs sont des phénomènes de plus en plus discutés dans les médias et les publications spécialisées. Par contre, on comprend mal comment cette détresse au travail s’insère dans les dynamiques générales de l’accompagnement, mais aussi dans les pratiques et les représentations des institutions de soins palliatifs québécoises. Les données présentées dans cet article sont basées sur un terrain ethnographique réalisé en 2011 et en 2012 dans une maison indépendante de soins palliatifs québécoise. En les mobilisant ici, nous désirons contribuer à l’amélioration de la compréhension générale de la souffrance émotionnelle en milieu de travail palliatif. Dans le but de mieux comprendre comment la distance entre un idéal de soin et la réalité peut se creuser et ainsi entraîner potentiellement de la souffrance chez les soignantes, il nous semble qu’il faille explorer davantage la nature des rôles soignants attendus et/ou prescrits par l’institution et son cadre idéologique, la bonne mort.
Deuil ou dépression ? Réflexion critique sur la définition de la dépression du DSM 5
Authors: Bourgeois-Guérin Valérie
Published: February 2016

Les similarités et différences entre les états de deuil et de dépression font l’objet de réflexions depuis fort longtemps. Le DSM, un manuel de diagnostic psychiatrique très populaire, propose une liste de critères permettant de distinguer les deux états. Dans le DSM IV (APA, 2000) un critère d’exclusion invitait les cliniciens à ne pas diagnostiquer de dépression à une personne en deuil depuis moins de 2 mois, sauf exception. Or, dans la nouvelle version du manuel, le DSM 5 (APA, 2013), des changements ont été apportés à la définition de la dépression. Le critère d’exclusion du deuil, notamment, a été retiré, ce qui a suscité de nombreuses réactions. Dans cet article nous effectuons un survol des modifications apportées et réfléchissons aux forces et faiblesses de celles-ci, ainsi que, plus largement, aux débats et implications que suscite ce changement pour les travailleurs.
Actions entreprises par les chefs d’équipe de la fonction publique en vue d’améliorer leurs compétences de gestion à la suite d’une évaluation de type multisource
Authors: Brassard Nancy
Published: February 2016

Il est reconnu que toute organisation qui souhaite se développer se doit d’évaluer ses employés afin de rester compétitive, de viser l’amélioration continue, de permettre le développement des compétences de ses individus, de retenir, de motiver et de mobiliser ses troupes. Toutefois, la littérature fait état du fait qu’actuellement, les systèmes et outils d’évaluation des compétences ne fonctionnent pas ou n’atteignent pas leur plein potentiel, car les organisations éprouvent souvent des problèmes majeurs dans leur élaboration, leur utilisation et leur gestion, rendant ainsi l’atteinte des objectifs de départ extrêmement difficile, voire impossible. Au terme d’une consultation où 57 chefs d’équipe de la fonction publique québécoise se sont prononcés, les constats vont dans le sens que le système d’évaluation multisource utilisé donne des retombées positives. En effet, ces chefs font état de 153 actions concrètes qui ont été entreprises à la suite de la réception de leur feedback, et ce, en vue de l’amélioration de leurs compétences puis de leur organisation. Une catégorisation de ces actions a été effectuée, jetant ainsi les bases de la recherche future dans le domaine de la gestion et du développement des compétences dans le secteur public.
Non-canonical Wnt signalling modulates the endothelial shear stress flow sensor in vascular remodelling
Authors: Franco Claudio A , Jones Martin L , Bernabeu Miguel O , Vion Anne-Clemence , Barbacena Pedro , Fan Jieqing , Mathivet Thomas , Fonseca Catarina G , Ragab Anan , Yamaguchi Terry P , Coveney Peter V , Lang Richard A , Gerhardt Holger
Published: February 2016

Endothelial cells respond to molecular and physical forces in development and vascular homeostasis. Deregulation of endothelial responses to flow-induced shear is believed to contribute to many aspects of cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis. However, how molecular signals and shear-mediated physical forces integrate to regulate vascular patterning is poorly understood. Here we show that endothelial non-canonical Wnt signalling regulates endothelial sensitivity to shear forces. Loss of Wnt5a/Wnt11 renders endothelial cells more sensitive to shear, resulting in axial polarization and migration against flow at lower shear levels. Integration of flow modelling and polarity analysis in entire vascular networks demonstrates that polarization against flow is achieved differentially in artery, vein, capillaries and the primitive sprouting front. Collectively our data suggest that non-canonical Wnt signalling stabilizes forming vascular networks by reducing endothelial shear sensitivity, thus keeping vessels open under low flow conditions that prevail in the primitive plexus.
Cohesin-interacting protein WAPL-1 regulates meiotic chromosome structure and cohesion by antagonizing specific cohesin complexes
Authors: Crawley Oliver , Barroso Consuelo , Testori Sarah , Ferrandiz Nuria , Silva Nicola , Castellano-Pozo Maikel , Jaso-Tamame Angel Luis , Martinez-Perez Enrique
Published: February 2016

Wapl induces cohesin dissociation from DNA throughout the mitotic cell cycle, modulating sister chromatid cohesion and higher-order chromatin structure. Cohesin complexes containing meiosis-specific kleisin subunits govern most aspects of meiotic chromosome function, but whether Wapl regulates these complexes remains unknown. We show that during C. elegans oogenesis WAPL-1 antagonizes binding of cohesin containing COH-3/4 kleisins, but not REC-8, demonstrating that sensitivity to WAPL-1 is dictated by kleisin identity. By restricting the amount of chromosome-associated COH-3/4 cohesin, WAPL-1 controls chromosome structure throughout meiotic prophase. In the absence of REC-8, WAPL-1 inhibits COH-3/4-mediated cohesion, which requires crossover-fated events formed during meiotic recombination. Thus, WAPL-1 promotes functional specialization of meiotic cohesin: WAPL-1-sensitive COH-3/4 complexes modulate higher-order chromosome structure, while WAPL-1-refractory REC-8 complexes provide stable cohesion. Surprisingly, a WAPL-1-independent mechanism removes cohesin before metaphase I. Our studies provide insight into how meiosis-specific cohesin complexes are regulated to ensure formation of euploid gametes.
Suppression of segregation of the phosphorus δ-doping layer in germanium by incorporation of carbon
Authors: Yamada Michihiro , Sawano Kentarou , Uematsu Masashi , Shimizu Yasuo , Inoue Koji , Nagai Yasuyoshi , Itoh Kohei M.
Published: February 2016

The successful formation of abrupt phosphorus (P) δ-doping profiles in germanium (Ge) is reported. When the P δ-doping layers were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) directly on Ge wafers whose surfaces had residual carbon impurities, more than a half the phosphorus atoms were confined successfully within a few nm of the initial doping position even after the growth of Ge capping layers on the top. On the other hand, the same P layers grown on Ge buffer layers that had much less carbon showed significantly broadened P concentration profiles. Current–voltage characteristics of Au/Ti/Ge capping/P δ-doping/n-Ge structures having the abrupt P δ-doping layers with carbon assistance showed excellent ohmic behaviors when P doses were higher than 1 × 1014 cm−2 and the capping layer thickness was as thin as 5 nm. Therefore, the insertion of carbon around the P doping layer is a useful way of realizing ultrashallow junctions in Ge.
An inferential study of the phenotype for the chromosome 15q24 microdeletion syndrome: a bootstrap analysis
Authors: Palazón-Bru Antonio , Ramírez-Prado Dolores , Cortés Ernesto , Aguilar-Segura María Soledad , Gil-Guillén Vicente Francisco
Published: February 2016

In January 2012, a review of the cases of chromosome 15q24 microdeletion syndrome was published. However, this study did not include inferential statistics. The aims of the present study were to update the literature search and calculate confidence intervals for the prevalence of each phenotype using bootstrap methodology. Published case reports of patients with the syndrome that included detailed information about breakpoints and phenotype were sought and 36 were included. Deletions in megabase (Mb) pairs were determined to calculate the size of the interstitial deletion of the phenotypes studied in 2012. To determine confidence intervals for the prevalence of the phenotype and the interstitial loss, we used bootstrap methodology. Using the bootstrap percentiles method, we found wide variability in the prevalence of the different phenotypes (3–100%). The mean interstitial deletion size was 2.72 Mb (95% CI [2.35–3.10 Mb]). In comparison with our work, which expanded the literature search by 45 months, there were differences in the prevalence of 17% of the phenotypes, indicating that more studies are needed to analyze this rare disease.
Inside-out flowers ofLacandonia brasiliana(Triuridaceae) provide new insights into fundamental aspects of floral patterning
Authors: Rudall Paula J. , Alves Marccus , Sajo Maria das Graças
Published: February 2016

Background and Aims. A recently described Brazilian species,Lacandonia brasiliana, shares with its longer established putative sister species from Mexico,L. schismatica, inverted floral patterning (carpels surrounding stamens) that is almost unique among angiosperms. We present a detailed ontogenetic study ofL. brasilianafor comparison with other members of the tribe Triurideae (Triuridaceae) to explore the possible evolutionary origins of “inside-out” flowers.

Methods. Wild-source populations ofL. brasilianawere compared morphologically and ontogenetically with related species of Triurideae, using light and scanning electron microscopy.

Key Results. Relatively few morphological differences separate flowers ofL. brasilianaandL. schismatica. Both species have tepals with late-developing subapical appendages. In both species, the three central (almost sessile) anthers develop precociously with respect to the carpels; the anthers remain closed, and fertilization is achieved via pollen-tube growth from germinating pollen grains of the same cleistogamous flower. Carpels are initiated on fascicles.

Conclusions. The close similarity between the twoLacandoniaspecies makes it unlikely that they arose independently from two separate homeotic transformation events; they could either represent sister species or two populations of a single disjunct species. Our study underlines the problematic generic and species boundaries within Triurideae. We present an evolutionary scenario of character evolution in Triuridaceae. The inside-outLacandoniaflower could have resulted from a stabilized homeotic transformation; this hypothesis is not in conflict with constrasting theories of the origin of the Triuridaceae flower, which coincided with a shift to unisexuality. The unisexual yet highly plastic flowers that are typical of Triuridaceae could have pre-adapted the origin of the extraordinaryLacandoniamorphology.
LPS- orPseudomonas aeruginosa-mediated activation of the macrophage TLR4 signaling cascade depends on membrane lipid composition
Authors: Schoeniger Axel , Fuhrmann Herbert , Schumann Julia
Published: February 2016

It is well known that PUFA impede the LPS-mediated activation of the transcription factor NFkappaB. However, the underlying mode of action has not been clarified yet. To address this issue in a comprehensive approach, we used the monocyte/macrophage cell line RAW264.7 to investigate the consequences of a PUFA supplementation on the TLR4 pathway with a focus on (i) the gene expression of TLR4 itself as well as of its downstream mediators, (ii) the membrane microdomain localization of TLR4 and CD14, (iii) the stimulation-induced interaction of TLR4 and CD14. Our data indicate that the impairment of the TLR4-mediated cell activation by PUFA supplementation is not due to changes in gene expression of mediator proteins of the signaling cascade. Rather, our data provide evidence that the PUFA enrichment of macrophages affects the TLR4 pathway at the membrane level. PUFA incorporation into membrane lipids induces a reordering of membrane microdomains thereby affecting cellular signal transduction. It is important to note that this remodeling of macrophage rafts has no adverse effect on cell viability. Hence, microdomain disruption via macrophage PUFA supplementation has a potential as non-toxic strategy to attenuate inflammatory signaling.
Role of heparan sulfate in mediating CXCL8-induced endothelial cell migration
Authors: Yan Zhiping , Liu Jingxia , Xie Linshen , Liu Xiaoheng , Zeng Ye
Published: February 2016

CXCL8 (Interleukin-8, IL-8) plays an important role in angiogenesis and wound healing by prompting endothelial cell migration. It has been suggested that heparan sulfate (HS) could provide binding sites on endothelial cells to retain and activate highly diffusible cytokines and inflammatory chemokines. In the present study, we aimed to test the hypothesis that HS is essential for enhancement of endothelial cell migration by CXCL8, and to explore the underlying mechanism by detecting the changes in expression and activity of Rho GTPases and in the organization of actin cytoskeleton after enzymatic removal of HS on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by using heparinase III. Our results revealed that the wound healing induced by CXCL8 was greatly attenuated by removal of HS. The CXCL8-upregulated Rho GTPases including Cdc42, Rac1, and RhoA, and CXCL8-increased Rac1/Rho activity were suppressed by removal of HS. The polymerization and polarization of actin cytoskeleton, and the increasing of stress fibers induced by CXCL8 were also abolished by heparinase III. Taken together, our results demonstrated an essential role of HS in mediating CXCL8-induced endothelial cell migration, and highlighted the biological importance of the interaction between CXCL8 and heparan sulfate in wound healing.
MESSENGER observations of induced magnetic fields in Mercury's core
Authors: Johnson Catherine L. , Philpott Lydia C. , Anderson Brian J. , Korth Haje , Hauck Steven A. , Heyner Daniel , Phillips Roger J. , Winslow Reka M. , Solomon Sean C.
Published: February 2016

Orbital data from the Magnetometer on the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft allow investigation of magnetic fields induced at the top of Mercury's core by time‐varying magnetospheric fields. We used 15 Mercury years of observations of the magnetopause position as well as the magnetic field inside the magnetosphere to establish the presence and magnitude of an annual induction signal. Our results indicate an annual change in the internal axial dipole term, g10, of 7.5 to 9.5 nT. For negligible mantle conductivity, the average annual induction signal provides an estimate of Mercury's core radius to within ±90 km, independent of geodetic results. Larger induction signals during extreme events are expected but are challenging to identify because of reconnection‐driven erosion. Our results indicate that the magnetopause reaches the dayside planetary surface 1.5–4% of the time.
Earthquakes initiation and thermal shear instability in the Hindu Kush intermediate depth nest
Authors: Poli Piero , Prieto German , Rivera Efrain , Ruiz Sergio
Published: February 2016

Intermediate depth earthquakes often occur along subducting lithosphere, but despite their ubiquity the physical mechanism responsible for promoting brittle or brittle‐like failure is not well constrained. Large concentrations of intermediate depth earthquakes have been found to be related to slab break‐off, slab drip, and slab tears. The intermediate depth Hindu Kush nest is one of the most seismically active regions in the world and shows the correlation of a weak region associated with ongoing slab detachment process. Here we study relocated seismicity in the nest to constraint the geometry of the shear zone at the top of the detached slab. The analysis of the rupture process of the Mw 7.5 Afghanistan 2015 earthquake and other several well‐recorded events over the past 25 years shows an initially slow, highly dissipative rupture, followed by a dramatic dynamic frictional stress reduction and corresponding large energy radiation. These properties are typical of thermal driven rupture processes. We infer that thermal shear instabilities are a leading mechanism for the generation of intermediated‐depth earthquakes especially in presence of weak zone subjected to large strain accumulation, due to ongoing detachment process.
Spacecraft plume interactions with the magnetosphere plasma environment in geostationary Earth orbit
Authors: Stephani K. A. , Boyd I. D.
Published: February 2016

Particle‐based kinetic simulations of steady and unsteady hydrazine chemical rocket plumes are presented in a study of plume interactions with the ambient magnetosphere in geostationary Earth orbit. The hydrazine chemical rocket plume expands into a near‐vacuum plasma environment, requiring the use of a combined direct simulation Monte Carlo/particle‐in‐cell methodology for the rarefied plasma conditions. Detailed total and differential cross sections are employed to characterize the charge exchange reactions between the neutral hydrazine plume mixture and the ambient hydrogen ions, and ion production is also modeled for photoionization processes. These ionization processes lead to an increase in local plasma density surrounding the spacecraft owing to a partial ionization of the relatively high‐density hydrazine plume. Results from the steady plume simulations indicate that the formation of the hydrazine ion plume are driven by several competing mechanisms, including (1) local depletion and (2) replenishing of ambient H+ions by charge exchange and thermal motion of 1 keV H+from the ambient reservoir, respectively, and (3) photoionization processes. The self‐consistent electrostatic field forces and the geostationary magnetic field have only a small influence on the dynamics of the ion plume. The unsteady plume simulations show a variation in neutral and ion plume dissipation times consistent with the variation in relative diffusion rates of the chemical species, with full H2dissipation (below the ambient number density levels) approximately 33 s after a 2 s thruster burn.
Sprite beads and glows arising from the attachment instability in streamer channels
Authors: Luque A. , Stenbaek‐Nielsen H. C. , McHarg M. G. , Haaland R. K.
Published: February 2016

The complex dynamics of a sprite discharge are not limited to the propagation of streamers. After the passage of a streamer head, the ionized channel established in its wake develops intricate luminous patterns that evolve on timescales from 1 up to 100 ms. To investigate these patterns, conventionally called beads and glows, we present high‐speed recordings of their onset and decay; our main observation here is that in many cases distant points within a channel decay at the same rate despite considerable differences in the underlying air density. We then show that the properties of beads and glows, including this synchronized decay, are explained by the tendency of electric current within a streamer channel to converge to an uniform value and by an attachment instability of electric discharges in air. However, we also discuss the uncertainty about the chemical reactions that affect the electron density during the sprite decay.
Influence of mountains on Arctic tropospheric ozone
Authors: Seabrook Jeffrey , Whiteway James
Published: February 2016

Tropospheric ozone was measured above Ellesmere Island in the Canadian Arctic during spring of 2008 using a differential absorption lidar. The observations were carried out at Eureka Weather Station, which is located between various mountain ranges. Analysis of the observations revealed that mountains had a significant effect on the vertical distribution of ozone. Ozone depletion events were observed when air that had spent significant time near to the frozen surface of the Arctic Ocean reached Eureka. This air arrived at Eureka by flowing over the surrounding mountains. Surface level ozone depletions were not observed during periods when mountains blocked the flow of air from over the sea ice. In the case of blocking there was an enhancement in the amount of ozone near the surface as air from the midtroposphere descended in the lee of the mountains. Three case studies from spring of 2008 are described.
Low‐Cycle Fatigue Behavior and Life Prediction of Copper Busbar
Authors: Pang Jian Chao , Nie Liang Liang , Zhu Li Bei , Zhang Zhen Jun , Yao Ge , Mao Yun Xian , Chen Man , Zhang Zhe Feng
Published: February 2016

Copper has many applications especially in rotor parts subjected to fatigue loading. From them, a typical copper busbar is chosen to mainly investigate the low‐cycle fatigue (LCF) behaviors, fracture morphologies, dislocation patterns and crack initiation mechanism. It is found that with total strain amplitude increasing, cyclic softening appears in all the samples; the fatigue crack initiation sites transform mainly from slip bands to grain boundaries; the dislocation spacing of the post‐fatigue samples decreases; by comparison, the Basquin–Manson–Coffin and the simplified hysteresis energy relations are relatively simple and accurate methods to predict fatigue life. Finally, the LCF properties of the coppers with different grain sizes prepared by different technologies are compared and optimized.
Radiative Cooling: Principles, Progress, and Potentials
Authors: Hossain Md. Muntasir , Gu Min
Published: February 2016

The recent progress on radiative cooling reveals its potential for applications in highly efficient passive cooling. This approach utilizes the maximized emission of infrared thermal radiation through the atmospheric window for releasing heat and minimized absorption of incoming atmospheric radiation. These simultaneous processes can lead to a device temperature substantially below the ambient temperature. Although the application of radiative cooling for nighttime cooling was demonstrated a few decades ago, significant cooling under direct sunlight has been achieved only recently, indicating its potential as a practical passive cooler during the day. In this article, the basic principles of radiative cooling and its performance characteristics for nonradiative contributions, solar radiation, and atmospheric conditions are discussed. The recent advancements over the traditional approaches and their material and structural characteristics are outlined. The key characteristics of the thermal radiators and solar reflectors of the current state‐of‐the‐art radiative coolers are evaluated and their benchmarks are remarked for the peak cooling ability. The scopes for further improvements on radiative cooling efficiency for optimized device characteristics are also theoretically estimated.
Oral phenotype and variation in focal dermal hypoplasia
Authors: Wright John Timothy , Puranik Chaitanya P. , Farrington Frank
Published: February 2016

Focal dermal hypoplasia (FDH) or Goltz Syndrome (OMIM# 305600) is an X‐linked dominant ectodermal dysplasia caused by mutations in the PORCN gene. This gene encodes an endoplasmic reticulum transmembrane protein that is involved in processing the embryonically critical WNT signaling proteins. Individuals diagnosed with FDH were recruited to participate in the study through the National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasia. Individuals were evaluated to characterize the FDH phenotype. Each participant completed a brief dental survey and oral evaluation using artificial light. To identify the oral soft and hard tissue findings 19 individuals (16 female and 3 male) participated with a median age of 10 years (range 2–56 years). Soft and hard tissue defects were present in 68% (13) and 94% (18) of the patients, respectively. Dental anomalies were highly prevalent with 68% (13) demonstrating vertical enamel grooving, 52% (10) having peg shaped tooth deformities, and 78% (15) having enamel hypoplasia with or without discoloration. Cleft lip and cleft palate presented in 15% (3) of the participants. Other findings included 57% (11) having intra‐oral lipoma or papilloma with no site predilection. Dental malocclusions were common with 63% (12) having some degree of malocclusion with 15% (3) of participants having class III malocclusion with an anterior dental cross bite. Participants frequently reported speech problems or difficulty with chewing (73%; N = 14). This study shows there is marked variation in the oral phenotype of individuals with FDH and underscores the important role of WNT signaling in oro‐facial development. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Remote‐Controlled Release of Singlet Oxygen by the Plasmonic Heating of Endoperoxide‐Modified Gold Nanorods: Towards a Paradigm Change in Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Kolemen Safacan , Ozdemir Tugba , Lee Dayoung , Kim Gyoung Mi , Karatas Tugce , Yoon Juyoung , Akkaya Engin U.
Published: February 2016

The photodynamic therapy of cancer is contingent upon the sustained generation of singlet oxygen in the tumor region. However, tumors of the most metastatic cancer types develop a region of severe hypoxia, which puts them beyond the reach of most therapeutic protocols. More troublesome, photodynamic action generates acute hypoxia as the process itself diminishes cellular oxygen reserves, which makes it a self‐limiting method. Herein, we describe a new concept that could eventually lead to a change in the 100 year old paradigm of photodynamic therapy and potentially offer solutions to some of the lingering problems. When gold nanorods with tethered endoperoxides are irradiated at 808 nm, the endoperoxides undergo thermal cycloreversion, resulting in the generation of singlet oxygen. We demonstrate that the amount of singlet oxygen produced in this way is sufficient for triggering apoptosis in cell cultures.
Individual Differences in Decision Making Depend on Cognitive Abilities, Monitoring and Control
Authors: Jackson Simon A. , Kleitman Sabina , Stankov Lazar , Howie Pauline
Published: February 2016

Decision making is the process by which actions are constructed and initiated. Across many research streams, this can be explained in terms of three broad cognitive processes: cognitive abilities that construct judgements and potential courses of action, and interacting monitoring and control processes that determine when to initiate them as behaviour. The aim of this research was to investigate the generality of individual differences in these processes, and their power to predict patterns of decision behaviour identified in our previous research. Undergraduate participants (N = 364) completed nine tests assessing cognitive abilities, monitoring confidence, control thresholds and various patterns of decision behaviour. The tests differed in their cognitive ability requirements and the nature of the payoffs associated with decisions. Cognitive abilities were a strong predictor of individuals' decision competence and optimality, while monitoring confidence and control thresholds were strong and unique predictors of their overall decisiveness, and reckless and hesitant errors. These results were strongest when the measures of cognitive abilities and monitoring confidence were derived from tests with the same cognitive requirements as the tests used to derive the decision behaviours and when the control threshold measure was derived from tests with the same decision payoffs as the test used to derive the decision behaviours. This effect was particularly pronounced for control thresholds, highlighting the domain‐specific nature of cognitive control processes. These findings demonstrate how cognitive abilities, monitoring output and control thresholds interact with cognitive requirements and context‐specific payoffs to drive individual differences in decision‐making behaviour. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microalgal bioengineering for sustainable energy development: Recent transgenesis and metabolic engineering strategies
Authors: Banerjee Chiranjib , Singh Puneet Kumar , Shukla Pratyoosh
Published: February 2016

Exploring the efficiency of algae to produce remarkable products can be directly benefitted by studying its mechanism at systems level. Recent advents in biotechnology like flux balance analysis (FBA), genomics and in silico proteomics minimize the wet lab exertion. It is understood that FBA predicts the metabolic products, metabolic pathways and alternative pathway to maximize the desired product, and these are key components for microalgae bio‐engineering. This review encompasses recent transgenesis techniques and metabolic engineering strategies applied to different microalgae for improving different traits. Further it also throws light on RNAi and riboswitch engineering based methods which may be advantageous for high throughput microalgal research. A valid and optimally designed microalga can be developed where every engineering strategies meet each other successfully and will definitely fulfill the market needs. It is also to be noted that Omics (viz. genetic and metabolic manipulation with bioinformatics) should be integrated to develop a strain which could prove to be a futuristic solution for sustainable development for energy.
Recyclable and Selective Nitroarene Hydrogenation Catalysts Based on Carbon‐Coated Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Chen Bingfeng , Li Fengbo , Huang Zhijun , Yuan Guoqing
Published: February 2016

Co/CoO nanoparticles coated with graphene layers (Co/CoO@Carbon) have been developed through direct heating treatment of cobalt oxide precursors incipiently deposited over nanographite materials. Cobalt oxides are partially reduced to active zero‐valent metal species and the simultaneous formation of carbon layers over the nanoparticles protects them from oxidation and deactivation. This nanocatalyst performs excellently in chemoselective hydrogenation of some challenging nitroarenes with reducible functionalities to the corresponding anilines. The catalyst is kept in active and selective performance in a ten‐run recycling test.
Strategies of Bioremediation for the Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Presence of Metals in Mangrove Simulated
Authors: Moreira Ícaro T. A. , Oliveira Olívia M. C. , Azwell Thomas , Queiroz Antonio F. S. , Nano Rita M. W. , Souza Eliane S. , Dos Anjos José A. S. A. , Assunção Ramilla V. , Guimarães Lucas Medeiros
Published: February 2016

Contamination by oil spills in coastal ecosystems, especially in mangrove zones, has been common in countries with oil industry. The aim of this study was, therefore, to evaluate the efficiency of application of the two models developed for pilot‐scale remediation, intrinsic bioremediation (indigenous microorganisms), and phytoremediation (Avicennia schaueriana). The degradation of hydrocarbons was determined by gas chromatography (GS) with flame ionization detector. The metals Al, Fe, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, and Ni were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry in the mangrove simulated with sediment of Todos os Santos Bay, Brazil. These models also monitor other biogeochemical parameters (nitrogen, phosphorus, total organic carbon, pH, redox potentioal, dissolved oxygen, salinity, temperature, bacterial density). The integrated assessment of data showed that both techniques were effective in degrading organic compounds from oil but that phytoremediation is the most efficient (89% removal). The intrinsic bioremediation model has no direct correlation with metal concentrations, but a positive correlation with Al and Ni was found in the hydrocarbon removal by phytoremediation.Avicennia schauerianarepresents efficiency in phytoextraction and phytostimulation. The results suggest that the phytoremediation model, through its various mechanisms, may become a technique for the removal of petroleum hydrocarbons in the presence of metals in mangrove ecosystems near industrial areas.
Fate of Phosphorus in a Grass Buffer Zone Under Concentrated Flow Condition
Authors: Kim Young‐Jin , Kim Hae‐Do , Jeon Ji‐Hong
Published: February 2016

The grass buffer zone (GBZ) is commonly used a best management practice for the control of agricultural pollutants. However, the sorption and removal mechanisms of pollutants within GBZ have not been clearly identified. We studied changes in soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) from dairy house wastewater in the GBZ, after the wastewater application to the field was stopped. The results showed that Morgan soil test P levels in the saturated area were low compared to the soils in the relatively drier area. High SRP concentrations >4 mg/L were observed in monitoring wells near the discharge points and in the downslope area. The SRP concentration as high as 9.4 mg/L near the discharge point in the saturated area was caused by the highly reduced soil conditions, while the SRP concentration in the downslope area was likely due to the topographic convergence. The SRP concentrations for the wells in the GBZ decreased <10% of the influent dairy house wastewater concentration once the soil was dry after an application has been intentionally shut down. Therefore, we concluded that the GBZ may play a significant role to remove P from wastewater under the condition that the soil stays aerobic.
The Role of MgCl2 as a Lewis Base in ROMgCl–MgCl2 Electrolytes for Magnesium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Pan Baofei , Huang Jinhua , He Meinan , Brombosz Scott M. , Vaughey John T. , Zhang Lu , Burrell Anthony K. , Zhang Zhengcheng , Liao Chen
Published: February 2016

A series of strong Lewis acid‐free alkoxide/siloxide‐based Mg electrolytes were deliberately developed with remarkable oxidative stability up to 3.5 V (vs. Mg/Mg2+). Despite the perception of ROMgCl (R=alkyl, silyl) as a strong base, ROMgCl acts like Lewis acid, whereas the role of MgCl2 in was unambiguously demonstrated as a Lewis base through the identification of the key intermediate using single crystal X‐ray crystallography. This Lewis‐acid‐free strategy should provide a prototype system for further investigation of Mg‐ion batteries.
Retracted: Unconscious arithmetic processing: A direct replication
Authors: Karpinski Andrew , Yale Miriam , Briggs Jessie C
Published: February 2016

Across two experiments involving four conditions, Sklar et al. (2012) found that complex subtraction equations can be solved without awareness of the equations. These findings challenge the current position that consciousness is necessary for performing abstract, rule‐following tasks. Given the important implications of their work, we directly replicate Sklar's findings using a larger sample (n = 94) from a different population. Using Continuous Flash Suppression, we investigated if people were able to solve an equation after subliminal (1300 ms) exposure to it. We found evidence for unconscious addition but not subtraction. The effect of unconscious addition was eliminated when participants reported subjective awareness of the primes. Critical review of our results and implications for further research are discussed.