bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Protection of Mice against Irradiation and Tetanus by Homologous Bone Marrow Cells from Hyperimmunized Donors
Authors: Stoloff Irwin L. , Weiss Arthur J.
Published: January 2023

Aside from irreversible damage to certain organs, such as the lens of the eye and the gonads, animals treated with lethal doses of whole body x-irradiation and protected by isologous bone marrow survive long periods without special care. Those animals protected by homologous bone marrow and other homologous tissues may have a different fate (1). The difference in mortality observed has been related to the histocompatability genes possessed by donor and host as described by Counce et al. (2). This situation is simplified when skin grafts are exchanged between a variety of inbred mice. In such experiments homologous skin grafts between mice that possess the same H2 genes remain viable for longer periods than homologous grafts between mice from different H2 groups (2). When homologous marrow is infused into an irradiated host the situation is more complicated; after surviving the acute effects of total body irradiation, the mice experience a second period of weight loss followed in some instances by dermatitis, diarrhea and death.
Decline of Antibody and Impaired Anamnesis Following X-Ray
Authors: Claman Henry N.
Published: January 2023

Rabbits immunized with bovine serum albumin were irradiated during the primary and secondary responses, and antibody production after subsequent antigenic injections was studied. Antibody levels were measured by the ammonium sulfate precipitation method of Farr.

Irradiation during the steady state of the primary response produced a continuous fall in antibody levels, but was without effect when given during the declining antibody phase of the secondary response. In either case, the antibody response to a subsequent antigenic injection was greatly inhibited.

Irradiation did not alter the change in antibody avidity occurring during the primary and secondary responses.

These results are discussed in the light of current theories of cell population dynamics in the antibody response.
Studies on Organ Specificity
Authors: Beutner Ernst H. , Witebsky Ernest
Published: January 2023

Serologic studies of human autoantibodies to thyroid specific antigens by tanned cell hemagglutination, immunofluorescent staining and complement fixation reveal the following relationships: Thyroglobulin antibodies occurring in the sera of patients with thyroiditis can best be demonstrated using human thyroid extract to coat the tanned cells. Monkey thyroid extract exhibits only little activity and there is almost no cross-reactions with thyroid extracts of rabbit and dog origin. Quantitative titration of the same sera using the immunofluorescent staining of the colloid reveals much lower titer than the tanned cell hemagglutination technique. On the other hand, species specific differences, although present, appear to be less marked.Human autoantibodies directed against the cytoplasm of thyroid cells cross the species lines more freely than the thyroglobulin antibodies as observed by immunofluorescent staining and complement fixation.Most thyroiditis sera react with the microsomes of the thyroid and not with those of any other organ when examined by means of the complement fixation test. However, an occasional serum was found which fixed complement not only in the presence of the thyroid microsomal fraction but also with the microsomal fraction of brain tissue. Absorption with thyroid microsomes completely removes the complement-fixing activity against both types of microsomes. Absorption with brain microsomes, on the other hand, removes only the brain reactive serum component but leaves the thyroid-specific one intact.In contrast to the results obtained by the complement fixation technique, immunofluorescent staining of the cytoplasm of thyroid cells with human antibodies seem to be specific for the thyroid and fail to cross-react with other organs as far as examined in this report.
Antiglobulins in Normal Serum
Authors: Watson R. Glenn
Published: January 2023

A heat-labile (56°C, 8 min) latex-fixation factor, designated a “heat-labile antiglobulin,” was demonstrated in the water-insoluble euglobulin fractions obtained from normal human sera. This factor is not usually detected in samples of fresh normal whole sera by latex-fixation test because of the presence of a nonagglutinating heat-labile (56°C, 4 min) inhibitor that prevents the reaction of the antiglobulin with the Cohn Fraction II coating material on the latex particles. The antiglobulin was found to co-exist with rheumatoid factor in some of the euglobulin fractions obtained from apparently normal individuals, and to share many characteristics with a heat-labile antiglobulin previously described in normal rabbit sera.
Transfer of Neutralizing Antibody by Colostrum to Calves Born of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccinated Dams
Authors: Graves John H.
Published: January 2023

The transfer of neutralizing antibody to calves born of dams vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease was by colostrum only. Immunoelectrophoretic study showed that calves were born with no γ-globulin in the serum, but that it was present 2 hr after they ingested colostrum. Transfer of neutralizing antibody could be blocked by prior feeding of skim milk or immune bovine serum. A passively immune calf did not respond to vaccination until the serum antibody reached low levels; whereas, a calf of the same age born of a nonimmune dam could be vaccinated as evidenced by the production of neutralizing antibody.
Anti-Pasteurella Pestis Factor in the Organs of Normal Mice and Guinea Pigs
Authors: Eisler D. M. , Metz E. Von
Published: January 2023

The preparation from several organs of normal mice and guinea pigs of an anti-Pasteurella pestis factor (APF), active in vitro, is described. The APF was active in varying degrees for several strains of P. pestis and for Micrococcus lysodeikticus but not for several other Gram positive or negative bacteria.

Crude and purified APF from mouse liver and crude APF from mouse and guinea pig spleen and kidney were active following storage at -20°C. On the other hand, the activity of both crude and purified guinea pig liver APF was lost during storage at -20°C, but could be restored by heating at 60 or 65°C but not higher. Evidence is presented for the nonidentity of APF with previously described antibacterial substances such as basic polypeptides, histone, spermine, phagocytin and lysozyme. The evidence consists chiefly of dissimilarity in method of preparation and of the differential action of extraneous materials on the activity.

One dose of APF administered at the time of inoculation with P. pestis did not protect mice from infection, and the virulence of P. pestis for mice was not altered by preliminary treatment of the organisms with APF in vitro.
Studies on Japanese B Encephalitis Virus Vaccines from Tissue Culture
Authors: Hammon W. McD. , Rohitayodhin Skon , Rhim Johng S.
Published: January 2023

A lot of experimental live attenuated Japanese B encephalitis virus vaccine for human trial was prepared in 199 medium plus 2% human albumin by making a pool of repeated harvests from virus inoculated HKC monolayers at brief intervals. The titer was 7.7 log TCD50 before and 6.6 following filtration. The vaccine was free from bacteria and other detectable viral agents by all the usual safety tests.

In weanling mice by the i.c. route and in suckling mice by the s.c. route the vaccine titered less than 100. Frozen at about -70°C it has remained stable for at least 18 months. It had a conspicuous T marker, failing to grow detectably at 40°C, and also had what appeared to be a characteristic plaque form which distinguished it from wild strains. Only one monkey of those given undiluted virus i.c. died. This occurred on the 18th day. Virus isolated from the brain had partially altered characteristics. All surviving monkeys given undiluted virus by the i.c. route developed detectable neutralizing antibodies. HAI antibody response was equivocal and CF negative. Six monkeys and two chimpanzees inoculated s.c. with 1 ml of the vaccine failed to develop either fever, viremia or neutralizing antibodies. One of three of these monkeys given a second injection after 60 days developed antibodies which persisted 171 days and another responded after a third injection. Three others not given a booster were tested for viremia following an s.c. challenge with virulent virus. The viremia response appeared to be less than that of the controls. Weanling mice with reduced body temperatures proved to be somewhat more susceptible to i.c. inoculation of this virus than were those with higher temperatures and survivors were more resistant to subsequent i.c. challenge inoculation.

It is concluded that this experimental vaccine lot has all the characteristics of earlier lots made with lactalbumin hydrolysate and calf serum and that other characterization beyond that to which other lots were subjected supports further its suitability for cautious testing by the peripheral route in man. Safety appears reasonably assured.
The Antigenic Composition of Rat Serum: an Electrophoretic Study
Authors: Benjamin David C. , Weimer Henry E.
Published: January 2023

Pooled serums from normal, adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats have been analyzed by the electrophoretic methods of moving boundary, filter paper, polyvinylchloride block, starch gel, immunoelectrophoresis and starch gel immunoelectrophoresis. Immunoelectrophoresis has been found to be the most sensitive single procedure. Twenty-five antigenic components of rat serum were observed by this technique and a standard system of nomenclature was proposed. The antigenic heterogeneity of fractions separated by other methods was demonstrated.
The Molecular Ratio between “Tissular” Antibodies and Released Histamine during the Anaphylactic Reaction in Isolated Guinea Pig Lung Preparations
Authors: Liacopoulos P. , Stone S. H. , Perramant M. F.
Published: January 2023

The introduction of quantitative methods in studies on passive anaphylaxis in the guinea pig by Kabat and his co-workers (1–3) established that the severity of anaphylactic shock is determined by the quantity of antibodies injected and that approximately 30 µg of antibody N (Ab N) was a threshold lethal dose. Furthermore it is now well known that acute anaphylactic death in the guinea pig is mediated by histamine released in the lungs. In vitro experiments with either chopped (4) or perfused lungs (5) from sensitized guinea pigs have demonstrated histamine release after introduction of the antigen in the bath or the perfusion fluid. The perfusion technique is particularly interesting because the blood and circulating antibodies are removed by the perfusion fluid before the introduction of the antigen. Thus, only “tissular” antibodies remain in the lungs for the initiation of the anaphylactic reaction on arrival of the antigen.
Anti-Rabies Vaccine of Tissue Culture Origin
Authors: Kissling R. E. , Reese D. R.
Published: January 2023

Formalin-inactivated vaccines of sufficient potency to satisfy the NIH standards have been prepared by concentration of rabies virus grown in hamster kidney tissue cultures. The cytopathic effect produced by tissue culture adapted rabies virus has permitted the performance of in vitro neutralization tests. Rabies virus possesses essential lipid and is probably a ribonucleic acid type virus.
Immunochemical Identification and Genetics of Rabbit γ-Globulin Allotypes
Authors: Dray Sheldon , Young Glendowlyn O. , Gerald Leroy
Published: January 2023

Agar gel methods for identification of 10 allotypic specificities are presented. These allotypic specificities were shown to be associated with 7 S γ-globulins. Progeny tests show that allotypic specificities A1, A2 and A3 are determined by three allelic genes at one locus, a; that A4 and A5 are determined by two allelic genes at a second locus, b. Allotypic specificities A4′ and A5′ are determined by the same pair of alleles which determine A4 and A5 or alternatively by a closely linked pair of alleles. Neither the a or b loci are associated with sex. The allotypic specificity P appears to be determined by a gene at a third locus. Allotypic specificity T was identified, but its genetic control has not yet been investigated. The gene frequencies of allotypic specificities in colonies of rabbits at the Roscoe B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory and at the N.I.H. are presented.
Two Types of 6.6 S γ-Globulins, β2A-Globulins and 18 S γ1-Macroglobulins in Normal Serum and γ-Microglobulins in Normal Urine
Authors: Fahey John L.
Published: January 2023

Two types of γ-globulin antigenic determinants (I and II) are described. These determinants are common to all γ-globulin groups. The 6.6 S γ-globulins, γ1-macroglobulins, and β2A-globulins of normal serum, and the γ-microglobulins of normal urine were divided into two types by the presence of type I or II antigenic determinants. Individual γ-globulin molecules appear to have either type I or II, but not both, types of antigenic determinants.

All individual sera tested had both type I and II γ-globulin molecules. In normal serum the type I γ-globulins predominate in a ratio of about 2:1. Similar ratios were observed in normal serum 6.6 S γ-globulins and γ1-macroglobulins, but more nearly equal ratios of type I and II molecules were found in the γ-microglobulins of normal urine.

Type I and II γ-globulin molecules are similarly distributed throghout the entire range of electrophoretic mobility of normal γ-globulin. Type I and II γ-globulin molecules also are similar in ultracentrifugal and chromatographic behavior and in hexose content. Preliminary observations, however, indicate that the InV genetic factors are more likely to be on type I than on type II molecules.
The Influence of Hemolysis on Susceptibility to Salmonella Infection: Additional Observations
Authors: Kaye Donald , Hook Edward W.
Published: January 2023

Parenteral administration of antiserum against mouse erythrocytes or injection of phenylhydrazine hydrochloride results in an increase in susceptibility of mice to infection with Salmonella typhimurium.

The initial clearance rates of S. typhimurium injected intravenously are the same in mice pretreated with anti-mouse-erythrocyte serum or phenylhydrazine as they are in controls. Within 1 hr after injection, the majority of detectable bacteria can be demonstrated in liver and spleen, and either no organisms or relatively small numbers of organisms can be recovered from blood, kidney, lungs and mesenteric lymph nodes. Subsequently, multiplication of Salmonella in liver and spleen can be detected earlier and in a higher proportion of mice pretreated with anti-erythrocyte serum or phenylhydrazine hydrochloride than in controls. Multiplication of Salmonella in liver and spleen is usually followed by increasing bacteremia and eventual death.

The present studies show clearly that the bactericidal mechanisms which operate to eradicate microorganisms from livers and spleens of normal mice are severely impaired in animals with hemolysis. No evidence was obtained that the enhanced susceptibility of animals with hemolysis was mediated by an effect of antierythrocyte serum or phenylhydrazine hydrochloride on the bactericidal activity of mouse serum or mouse blood, the total number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes, or the rate of phagocytosis by reticuloendothelial cells as measured by rate of removal of viable Salmonella from the circulation. The most reasonable explantion of the altered susceptibility observed in these experiments is that reticuloendothelial cells in the livers and spleens of mice pretreated with anti-erythrocyte serum or phenylhydrazine are less effective in killing engulfed bacteria than are the reticuloendothelial cells of normal mice.
Phagocytosis of Tubercle Bacilli by Rabbit Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages and its Relation to Native Resistance to Tuberculosis
Authors: Henderson Howard J. , Dannenberg Arthur M. , Lurie Max B.
Published: January 2023

Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (AM) of rabbits inbred for resistance and susceptibility to tuberculosis were compared with respect to their ability to ingest tubercle bacilli in vitro. AM from the resistant T family ingested about twice as many bacilli as those from the susceptible C and FCCa families. This was due to differences in the number of phagocytes ingesting bacilli rather than differences in the number of bacilli ingested by each phagocyte.

These results suggest that the AM of certain susceptible inbred rabbit families trap fewer bacilli from the alveolar air. This could explain why they were resistant to attack by tuberculosis via the respiratory route, even though they were highly susceptible to its progress.
The Influence of Avoidance-Learning Stress on Resistance to Coxsackie B Virus in Mice
Authors: Johnsson Torsten , Lavender John F. , Hultin Eskil , Rasmussen A. F.
Published: January 2023

Coxsackie virus B1 infections were induced in mice subjected to avoidance-learning stress and in unstressed controls. Infected, stressed mice were more susceptible than infected, unstressed mice as manifested by weight loss and deaths during the 1st week after inoculation, and as an increased dispersion in weight changes about 5 weeks after inoculation.

A significantly higher virus titer could be demonstrated in the pancreas, liver, heart and muscle of stressed mice as compared to unstressed mice.
Cross-Reactions of Glucose-Containing Polysaccharides in Antipneumococcal Sera
Authors: Heidelberger Michael
Published: January 2023

Isolichenin, which consists of α-1, 3- and α-1, 4-linked glucose, partly, at least, in pairs, precipitates type IX anti-pneumococcal sera very strongly at 0°. Quantitative data are given on this reaction and the precipitation of other antipneumococcal sera by isolichenin, other polyglucoses, and natural polysaccharides containing glucose. The data are discussed in terms of a quantitative theory of the precipitin reaction (5) and, where possible, in terms of the linkages of glucose involved.
Studies on Nonspecific Hemagglutination Inhibitor of Da Virus Present in Normal Chick Allantoic and Amniotic Fluids
Authors: David-West Tamunoemi Sokari
Published: January 2023

A potent nonspecific inhibitor of hemagglutination by DA virus exists in the allantoic and amniotic fluids of normal chick embryos. The inhibitor concentration rises with advancing age of the embryo and reaches a peak concentration on the 18th day. Egg-adapted virus appeared to be more sensitive to the inhibitor than did virus cultivated in monkey kidney tissue and it was shown that this difference might be due to changes in the surface configuration of the virus following adaptation to the chick embryo, which resulted in a possible “steric effect.” Unlike the inhibitor of PR8 virus previously described for this system, the DA virus inhibitor seemed to be a muco-polysaccharide. The inhibitor was destroyed during active virus multiplication and possessed no neutralizing effect on infectivity of the virus.
Action of the First Component of Complement
Authors: Borsos Tibor , Rapp Herbert J. , Walz Ursula L.
Published: January 2023

The interaction of SAC′4 with guinea pig or human C′1 as they exist in whole serum yields an intermediate designated SAC′1,4. This intermediate is activated to SAC′1a,4 even in the absence of fluid phase serum factors at a rate which is dependent on temperature.

Partially purified guinea pig C′1 was found to be in the activated state (C′1a) while partially purified human C′1 was found to be in the precursor form.
Demonstration by Fluorescence Microscopy of Adsorption onto Bacteria of a Heat-Labile Factor from Guinea Pig Serum
Authors: Hirsch James G.
Published: January 2023

Immunofluorescent techniques have been utilized to study adsorption of heat-labile serum components and of antibody onto bacteria.

On incubation of staphylococci or salmonellae with fresh guinea pig serum, a heat-labile factor was adsorbed onto the bacteria. This adsorption did not take place at 0°C, and was also blocked by high salt concentrations in the medium. Divalent cations were not required for adsorption. Heat-labile guinea pig serum factor bound to the bacterial surface was altered or destroyed on exposure to 56°C, to trypsin or to hydrazine.

Incubation of fresh guinea pig serum with concentrated suspensions of Staphylococcus albus, followed by removal of the microbes by centrifugation, led to reduction or elimination of the content of heat-labile factor as estimated by immunofluorescence tests employing the homologous staphylococcus or an unrelated organism, Salmonella typhimurium.

Fluorescence techniques were devised that permitted estimation of adsorption to the same bacterial cells of both heat-labile serum factor and specific antibody. Adsorption to staphylococci of either of these two serum components did not detectably augment or diminish subsequent binding of the other.
Substitutes for the Mycobacteria in Freund's Adjuvants in the Production of Experimental “Allergic” Encephalomyelitis in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Shaw Cheng-Mei , Alvord Ellsworth C. , Fahlberg Willson J. , Kies Marian W.
Published: January 2023

Experimental “allergic” encephalomyelitis (EAE) can be readily induced in guinea pigs by the single intracutaneous injection of neural tissue and Freund's “complete adjuvants” (killed mycobacteria in water-in-oil emulsion). Quantitative comparative studies have revealed that many other acid-fast organisms are equally effective, that Gram-negative organisms are effective but require about ten times as much to produce comparable degrees of EAE, and that Gram-positive organisms are relatively ineffective. Exceptions to this pattern are recognized, but the pattern suggested that organisms rich in capsular lipids and therefore lipophilic were more effective partly because of this surfacetension phenomenon and partly because of the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Both of these hypotheses were tested, the first by siliconizing ineffective Gram-positive organisms, and the second by testing commercially available LPS from Salmonella typhosa. Although at the moment apparently mutually contradictory since LPS forms an aqueous colloid, the results were according to prediction and indicate that physical as well as chemical aspects of adjuvants must be considered in an attempt to understand the mechanism of action of immunologic adjuvants.
Glycemic States and the Horse-Serum and Egg-White Anaphylactic Shock in Rats
Authors: Adamkiewicz V. W. , Sacra P. J. , Ventura J.
Published: January 2023

The hypoglycemic state produced in rats by 48 hr fasting or by administration of 4 units of insulin aggravated anaphylactic shock when produced by horse serum or egg white, and as measured by per cent mortality, occurrence of lesions in the ileum and hypothermia. Neutralization of the hypoglycemic state by injection of glucose restored the resistance of rats to anaphylactic shock. The degree of hypothermia in anaphylactic shock did not parallel the intensity of the lesions or the per cent mortality.
Mixed Agglutination in Tissue Culture
Authors: Milgrom Felix , Kano Kyoichi , Barron Almen L. , Witebsky Ernest
Published: January 2023

The mixed agglutination procedure was employed for studying antigens on the monolayer of 7- to 10-day-old cell cultures of various species origin. Cell cultures were incubated with antisera of rabbit origin and the sensitization of cells by antibodies was detected by an indicator system consisting of sheep red blood cells sensitized by a rabbit anti-sheep erythrocyte serum and agglutinated by a goat antiserum to rabbit serum.

The reactions were species-specific and only weak interspecies cross reactions were observed. Antisera against tissue suspensions, but not those against tissue extracts, were active. The activity of the antisera could be readily removed by absorption with dried and pulverized tissues, but it was virtually not affected by absorption with tissue extracts, erythrocytes and blood serum. The absorbing capacity of the tissue powder was completely destroyed by heating at 100°C or by treatment with 95% ethanol.

No organ-specific antigens could be demonstrated on the cell culture of bovine adrenal medulla even though anti-adrenal sera were employed which contained very potent medulla-specific antibodies.

It was concluded that the dominant antigens detectable on a living mammalian cell are species-specific, saline non-extractable antigens, possibly of protein character. In addition to these antigens, the Forssman antigen could be detected on cultures of cells originating from Forssman positive animals.
Multiplicity of Antibody Proteins in Rabbit Anti-p-Azobenzenearsonate Sera
Authors: Onoue Kauro , Yagi Yasuo , Pressman David
Published: January 2023

Rabbit antibodies against the p-azobenzenearsonate (Rp) group were studied with respect to their immunoelectrophoretic and chromatographic properties as well as their molecular size. Anti-Rp antibody activity was found in three different protein components of the antisera by the use of radioimmunoelectrophoresis with I131-Rp-insulin as a test antigen. The three antibody components, although all were directed against the same determinant group, differed in their reaction with horse antiserum against rabbit globulin. They were partially separated by gel filtration with Sephadex G-200 according to their molecular size and by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl cellulose. The antibodies of three different protein types were identified as the γ-type (6 S), the β2-type (16 S) and the β1-type (probably 9 S and 6 S).

The γ-type contains γ-globulins of a wide range of electrophoretic mobility, but can be fractionated by chromatography into two distinct fractions which differ in their mobility, γ2 and γ1. It was present in all the antisera tested and carried a major part of the antibody activity.

The β2-type appears to be the same as the β2 or γ1maeroglobulin previously found in rabbit serum. It was detected in most of the antisera tested.

The β1-type is probably associated with the 9 S component and possibly also with the 6 S component. It seems to be the counterpart of β2A-globulin in the human. It was detected in only two of the six individual antisera tested.
Effects of Heterologous Antileukocyte Serum on Leukocyte Metabolism
Authors: Kritzman Julius , McCarthy John S.
Published: January 2023

Rabbit antisera to guinea pig granulocytes have been shown to inhibit cell respiration, amino acid uptake and incorporation without effecting lipid synthesis. These effects are complement dependent. These inhibitory effects could not be entirely explained by loss of cell viability.
Studies on Human C′1-Esterase
Authors: Haines Anne L. , Lepow Irwin H.
Published: January 2023

Purified C′1-esterase inactivated both C′2 and C′4 in solution. Esterolytic activity and the ability to inactivate C′4 could not be dissociated by inactivation of the enzyme with C′1-esterase inhibitor or DFP, or by denaturation at extremes of temperature or pH. It was concluded that these activities were in all probability properties of the same molecular species. Inhibition of enzymatic activity by DFP blocked both the ability to inactivate C′4 and the ability to bind C′1-esterase inhibitor, suggesting in addition that esterolytic activity and C′4 inactivation may be functions of the same catalytic site

Purified C′1-esterase was capable of substituting for C′1s in the formation of EAC′1 with C′1q and C′1r. EAC′1 prepared with C′1-esterase was capable of forming EAC′1,4 with partially purified C′4. It was therefore concluded that C′1-esterase is a functional component of complement.
Serologic Properties of Phaseolus Lunatus Lectin and Other Anti-A Reagents
Authors: Scheinberg S. L. , Wong D. T. O.
Published: January 2023

Summary and Conclusions

Serologic and radioassay methods using I131 have been developed for studies of absorption and elution of anti-A agglutinins in Phaseolus lunatus extracts and human immune anti-A sera. These are a continuation of studies on purification of agglutinins and the heterogeneity of agglutinins as manifested by differential thermal dissociation. The I131 labeling has shown that the absorption and elution from erythrocyte stroma provided substantial increases in purity of immune anti-A agglutinins.
Effect of Internal Irradiation from Colloidal Chromic Phosphate (P-32) on the Primary Immune Response in Rabbits
Authors: Yohn David S. , Saslaw Samuel
Published: January 2023

Effects of internal irradiation from intravenously administered radioactive colloidal CrP32O4 on the primary immune response of rabbits to sheep erythrocytes and typhoid H-antigen were described. Test rabbits were given various µc amounts of CrP32O4. Immunization, either a single antigen injection or a series of three or four injections, was begun either 24 hr, 14 days or 36 days later. Radiation for 24 hr from 31, 60, 105, 120 or 488 µc of CrP32O4 did not alter the immune responses of rabbits given three or four intravenous antigen injections over a 9- to 14-day period. However, when 14 days of internal radiation from 520, 624 and 780 µc preceded a single immunizing injection, antibody responses to both antigens were significantly depressed. These effects included delayed appearance of antibody, decreased antibody synthesis rates, and lowered maximum antibody titers. When similar amounts of radiation, 488, 624 and 780 µc for 14 days, preceded a series of three antigenic stimuli given within 11 to 14 days, prolonged antibody induction periods were the only apparent evidences of radiation injury. The depressive effects observed herein paralleled those obtained by others with certain regimens of external x- and γ-radiation and internal β-irradiation.

The nearly complete reversal of immunologic impairement by additional antigen stimulus was discussed and attributed to compensatory hyperactivity of nonsplenic antibody synthesis sites. Splenic participation in the immune response of rabbits given 488 µc or more was judged non-operative. The spleens of these rabbits were estimated to have adsorbed 7000 to 14000 rep during the 14 days preceding immunization. The resultant immunologic impairement and its reversal with multiple antigen injections paralleled results obtained by other investigators studying surgically splenectomized rabbits. Cognizance of these immunologic-radiation relationships in clinical use was emphasized.

The exact interval of immunologic impairement was not established. Rabbits which received 650 µc of CrP32O4 36 days prior to three antigen injections, responded essentially normally even though lymphopenic during immunization. Lymphopenias were found to increase in intensity and duration with increased CrP32O4 dose.
Radioimmunoelectrophoresis of Thyroid Antigens and Anti-Thyroglobulin Antibodies in Clinical and Experimental Thyroiditis
Authors: Goodman Howard C. , Exum E. Dubois , Robbins Jacob
Published: January 2023

Techniques combining immunoelectrophoresis with autoradiography have been used to study antigens and anti-thyroglobulin antibodies in human beings and guinea pigs. One of these utilized a double precipitation method in which the labeled antigen reacted with antibodies previously precipitated by antibodies to the serum proteins. The multiple precipitin lines which sometimes form between thyroglobulin and anti-thyroglobulin were all found to be radioactive and this, together with other observations, suggests that immunochemical heterogeneity exists among the antigen molecules. Thyroid extracts also contained iodoalbumin in both species, and one extract from a patient wtih chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis also contained iodo-γ-globulin. Three classes of antibodies in human sera were found to react with thyroglobulin: slow γ-globulin (γ or γ2), fast γ-globulin (β2A or γ1A) and a macroglobulin (β2M or γ1M). Three similar classes of immunoglobulins could be distinguished by immunoelectrophoresis of guinea pig sera, but the macroglobulin in guinea pig sera was not shown to be an anti-thyroglobulin.
Use of Dried Whole Blood Collected on Filter Paper Disks in Adenovirus Complement Fixation and Measles Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
Authors: Brody Jacob A. , McAlister Robert , Haseley Ruth , Lee Pauline
Published: January 2023

A method for utilizing blood collected by hemolet puncture on filter paper disks and dried before storage was shown to be feasible in routine complement fixation tests for adenoviruses and hemagglutination inhibition tests for measles. Laboratory tests were performed using antigens from commercial sources. The technique appears to be usable in other complement fixation and hemagglutination in hibition systems and greatly facilitates collection of blood specimens, especially from small infants.
Relation of Physiologic Conditions to Variations in Susceptibility of Mother Mice to Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Authors: Campbell Charles H.
Published: January 2023

Mother mice, in contrast to nonbred adult mice, are susceptible to FMDV obtained by passage in primary cultures of calf kidney cells. Factors which might affect the susceptibility of mother mice were investigated in an effort to obtain knowledge on the mechanism of this decrease in natural resistance.

Mother mice from another breeding colony were was susceptible as mother mice from the colony at this laboratory. Mother mice with litters of 3, as well as mice without litters, were more resistant than were mothers with litters of 6 or 12 young. As postpartum time increased, the susceptibility of mother mice decreased. After receiving foster litters of young mice at 5- to 7-day intervals to prolong lactation, mother mice were more susceptible at 21 and 28 days postpartum than similar mice with original litters. Mice which received the foster litters, however, were less susceptible than 6-day postpartum mice. Remated mother mice were as susceptible 5 to 8 days following second pregnancy as they were 5 to 8 days after completion of their first pregnancy.
Role of the Sulfhydryl Group in the Denaturation of Human γ-Globulin
Authors: Gerber Donald A.
Published: January 2023

The sulfhydryl group appears to take part in the denaturation of human γ-globulin by heat and urea. The presence of reagents that react with the sulfhydryl group during the denaturation of human γ-globulin by heat does not significantly alter reactivity with rheumatoid factor and does not alter digestibility by trypsin.
Separation and Purification of β-Lysin from Normal Serum
Authors: Donaldson David M. , Ellsworth Barbara , Matheson Audria
Published: January 2023

By use of Seitz filtration, elution, back filtration, and differential ultracentrifugation techniques, it has been possible to purify β-lysin. The degree of purification when measured as specific bactericidal activity/unit nitrogen was from 1000 to 5000 times that of normal serum.

Separation of β-lysin from serum or purified preparations by Millipore filtration was primarily a mechanical process. A comparison of Millipore and Seitz filtration procedures revealed that the latter technique was more efficient for the purification of β-lysin.

β-lysin was separated from both agglutinating antibody and complement and was not dependent on either of these serum components for bactericidal activity.
Aggregation and Activity of Forssman Hapten in Dilute Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Megli Eula C. , Mallette M. F.
Published: January 2023

The results obtained in this study support the hypothesis that activators in the inhibition assay act as dispersing agents for the Forssman hapten. When phrenosin was used in this role, the activation was not persistent and activity decreased significantly when the aqueous system was allowed to stand for 24 hr. The possibility that the loss of activity was due to atmospheric oxidation of the hapten was eliminated by means of storage experiments under conditions avoiding such oxidation. Centrifugation of solutions that had reached a low activity on standing lowered the activity even more, indicating that the dispersed material had coalesced to form larger particles. The aggregates were shown to be composed of both phrenosin and hapten. Activity was restored to solutions whose activity had thus declined by lyophilization, re-solution in methanol, and dilution in the aqueous assay system. This treatment apparently results in a dispersion state similar to that in the original solution. Phrenosin served as an activator for the hapten by delaying its micellar formation. Several other materials were used as activators but only one, a fraction from the purification procedure, was as effective as phrenosin.
Mycoplasma Species Identification Based upon Growth Inhibition by Specific Antisera
Authors: Clyde Wallace A.
Published: January 2023

A method of mycoplasma species identification is described, based upon inhibition of the PPLO growth on solid media around antiserum-impregnated filter paper disks. In comparison to the classical serologic identification method using complement fixation, the technique described was completely species-specific for identification of unknown antigens, but was less sensitive for detection of antibodies in sera. Examination of several variables influencing this reaction indicated that factors relating to the ratio between the number of organisms used and the amount of antiserum were more important determinants than were factors concerned with antiserum diffusion through the media. The ability of the antisera to produce growth inhibition by the means described was a stable property, being retained after long periods of storage at -20°C and 4°C, and after heating at 56°C.

Application of the inhibition technique permitted successful identification of 150 pleuropneumonia-like organisms (PPLO) isolated from the human pharynx in health and disease, and five strains recovered from tissue cultures. The method was simpler to perform and to interpret than species identification based upon the complement fixation technique.

In the course of these studies, a PPLO isolated frequently from the normal human pharynx was defined which was distinct from the classified mycoplasma species of human derivation by both the complement fixation and growth inhibition methods. This emphasizes the need for recognition of this and other ubiquitous PPLO species by investigators studying human respiratory tract disease.
The Effect of Sodium Dodecylsulfate on Intact and Insoluble Papain Hydrolyzed Immune Globulin
Authors: Cebra John J.
Published: January 2023

Limited hydrolysis of rabbit immune globulin by insoluble papain converts the γ-globulin into a form that can be fragmented by reduction. After undergoing this critical proteolysis the immune globulin could be dissociated into subunits by sodium dodecylsulfate acting at pH 6.8 in the absence of reducing agents. The two major products of this dissociation were a soluble component having a molecular weight of about 85,000, which could be further fragmented by reduction, and a component which was insoluble in aqueous buffer solutions. The detergent sodium dodecylsulfate was shown to reversibly inhibit antigen-antibody precipitation. Removal of detergent from intact immune globulin restored its ability to precipitate homologous antigen. Likewise, removal of detergent from the products of the consecutive action of insoluble papain and dodecylsulfate on immune globulin resulted in the recovery of a component, having a molecular weight of 85,000, which still specifically precipitated with antigen. Thus this component appeared to be immunologically divalent. Treatment of immune globulin with either insoluble papain or detergent alone did not appreciably alter its ability to “fix” components of the complement system upon interaction with antigen. In contrast, the component having a molecular weight of 85,000, obtained by the consecutive action of papain and detergent, did not “fix” complement upon precipitation with its homologous antigen. Thus the detergent dissociation of hydrolyzed immune globulin appeared to be along functional lines. The absence of the Fragment III moiety of γ-globulin from the component having a molecular weight of 85,000 was demonstrated by antigenic analysis and by sedimentation analysis of the reductively dissolved immune precipitates formed by its reaction with antigen. The dissociation of hydrolyzed immune globulin was found to proceed slowly in the presence of detergent. The yield of the component of MW = 85,000 was greatest after incubation for 14 to 16 hr. Dissociation was inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide, iodoacetamide, and p-chloromercuribenzoate, suggesting the involvement of the disulfide bonds of the globulin in this process.
Acquired Tolerance to Skin Homografts in Mice
Authors: Argyris Bertie F.
Published: January 2023

Newborn C3H mice were rendered tolerant to CBA skin homografts by neonatal injection of CBA spleen cells. The offspring of these tolerant C3H mice were slightly more susceptible to a tolerance-inducing stimulus of CBA spleen cells than were the offspring of nontolerant C3H mice. The immunologic competence of normal C3H spleen and lymph node cells, as measured by the graft-versus-host assay in newborn C57BL/6J mice, continued to increase with age, exhibiting peaks of immunologic reactivity at 3 and 6 months for spleen, and at 7 months for lymph node cells. The increased immune potential of C3H mice with age could, at least in part, be responsible for the delayed loss of tolerance in C3H mice. The immunologic reactivity of C3H spleen and lymph node cells, during the various phases of tolerance, as measured by the graft-versus-host assay in newborn CBA mice, was subnormal but increased during graft contraction and graft rejection. The prolonged survival of second and third CBA skin grafts and the relative ease by which tolerance could be reinduced, were additional evidence for the subnormal immunologic status of post-tolerant C3H mice.
Studies on Filtrates from Cultures of a Psychrophylic Pseudomonas Sp. Which Inactivate Nonspecific Serum Inhibitors for Certain Hemagglutinating Viruses
Authors: Schmidt Nathalie J. , Dennis Juanita , Lennette Edwin H.
Published: January 2023

Filtrates from cultures of a psychrophylic Pseudomonas sp. have been shown to contain an enzyme-like substance or substances which inactivate serum inhibitors of hemagglutination by echoviruses, reoviruses and adenoviruses. The filtrates had no effect on serum inhibitors for WEE and SLE viruses, and the effect on influenza virus inhibitors varied with different virus strains. Treatment of human sera with the filtrates was shown to be less detrimental than kaolin treatment to specific hemagglutination-inhibition and neutralizing antibodies. Concentrated filtrates possessed some destructive activity for erythrocyte receptors. Hemagglutinating antigens for the echoviruses, reoviruses, influenza A/PR8/34 and A2/Japan/305/57 viruses and WEE virus treated with the filtrates showed unchanged or elevated titers, whereas treatment of the SLE antigen inactivated its hemagglutinating activity.
Molecular Basis of Passive Sensitization
Authors: Ishizaka Kimishige , Ishizaka Teruko
Published: January 2023

The effect of reduction and alkylation of Fr. III (Porter) of rabbit γ-globulin on its biologic properties was studied. The fragment was reduced in 0.1 M mercaptoethylamine in the presence or absence of urea followed by alkylation. The ability of the fragment to give reversed passive cutaneous anaphylaxis and to block passive sensitization with heterologous rabbit antibody was diminished by reduction and alkylation in saline and was nearly lost by the same treatment in 2 M urea. The fragment reduced and alkylated in saline induced an increase of permeability of guinea pig skin capillaries upon aggregation, whereas aggregates of the fragment treated in 2 M urea did not. However, the aggregates produced following reduction and alkylation in 2 M urea inactivated C′ in vitro, indicating that this treatment degrades the sites essential for tissue affinity, but does not appear to impair the sites involved in the fixation of certain C′ components. The latter sites and the antigenic determinants were degraded by complete reduction of the fragment in 6 M urea. The results suggest that the sites in 7 S γ-rabbit antibody, which are essential for tissue affinity and for C′ fixation, are not identical. The role of disulfide bonds in Fr. III on the biological properties of antibody was discussed.
Virulence and Interferon Production of Strains of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus
Authors: Sellers R. F.
Published: January 2023

A virulent and an attenuated strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus were compared in surviving cultures of bovine tongue epithelium for efficiency of titration, production of infective centers after virus adsorption, virus multiplication and interferon production. Titers of the virulent strain measured in unweaned mice were twice those measured in BTE cultures whereas titers of the attenuated strain were 50 times less in BTE cultures than in mice. Production of infective cell centers after virus adsorption was 24 times less efficient with the attenuated strain than with the virulent. In growth curve studies the virulent strain gave rise to higher virus titers than the attenuated strain but produced less interferon. Measurable interferon was detected in cultures infected by the attenuated strain after a certain level of virus had been reached. These differences in behavior can be used to provide markers for laboratory studies of foot-and-mouth disease virus strains.

The results were discussed in relation to virulence and production of lesions by strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus. It is suggested that only 5% of the attenuated strain of FMDV was competent, i.e., able to initiate successful infection of the bovine tongue epithelial cells with production of new virus, of which only 5% in its turn was competent. The other 95% noncompetent virus entered the cell, inducing cellular resistance and production of interferon—leading to suppression of virus multiplication and arrest of lesion development.
Phagocytosis and Intracellular Killing of Staphylococcus Aureus by Human and Rabbit Blood Leukocytes
Authors: Shayegani Mehdi G. , Kapral Frank A. , Mudd Stuart
Published: January 2023

Phagocytosis and intracellular killing of Staphylococcus aureus of the ordinary, nonencapsulated kind were examined in systems comprising blood and exudative leukocytes with autologous sera of normal and immunized rabbits, and also in systems comprising blood leukocytes with the autologous plasmas of infants during the first 9 months of life.

In rabbit systems, phagocytosis measured during the first 30 min was reduced (level of significance, 90 to 93%) in the presence of heated serum in both normal and immunized rabbits when compared with that observed using fresh serum. Subsequent intracellular killing by blood leukocytes from normal rabbits in the presence of fresh and heated serum did not differ by amounts conventionally regarded as statistically significant. Intracellular killing by blood leukocytes was reduced in the presence of heated serum from rabbits immunized with staphage lysate and rabbits immunized with live staphylococci when compared with that observed in the presence of fresh serum. This was not the case in rabbits injected with heat-killed staphylococci.

Plasmas and leukocytes from 11 infants in the first months of life, and in the last months of the 1st year of life, and from adults showed significant slowing in rate and amount of phagocytosis and no intracellular killing when plasma had been heat inactivated. The three infants 5 to 6 months of age showed only insignificant differences in phagocytosis and intracellular survival in fresh as compared with heat-inactivated plasma. In these respects the plasmas of the 5- to 6-months-old infants behaved like the sera of normal rabbits; all other plasmas and the plasmas of adult humans behaved like the sera of immunized rabbits.
Neutralization of Bacteriophage by Intact and Degraded Rabbit Antibody
Authors: Goodman Joel W. , Donch John J.
Published: January 2023

The ability of intact homologous rabbit antibody (7 S), pepsin-digested bivalent antibody (5 S), and pepsin-digested and reduced univalent antibody (3.6 S) to neutralize bacteriophage was compared. It was found that, on a weight basis, the order of neutralizing activity was 7 S > 5 S > 3.6 S. The significance of these findings is discussed.