bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Externalism and Self-governance
Authors: SKORUPSKI JOHN
Published: February 2004

What outcomes are good, and what there is reason for one to do, is not generally determined by what one thinks or even what one has reason to think. But is a similarly ‘externalist’ account of the distinctively moral concepts, the concepts of moral duty or obligation, of moral wrongness, blameworthiness and guilt, appropriate? I argue not; and on that basis I suggest that an externalist account is not appropriate for the concept of a virtue either.
Does ‘Ought’ Imply ‘Can’? And Did Kant Think It Does?
Authors: STERN ROBERT
Published: February 2004

The aim of this article is twofold. First, it is argued that while the principle of ‘ought implies can’ is certainly plausible in some form, it is tempting to misconstrue it, and that this has happened in the way it has been taken up in some of the current literature. Second, Kant's understanding of the principle is considered. Here it is argued that these problematic conceptions put the principle to work in a way that Kant does not, so that there is an important divergence here which can easily be overlooked.
Aggregation and Numbers
Authors: HIROSE IWAO
Published: February 2004

This article considers the reach of arguments for saving the greater number without interpersonal aggregation, and argues that interpersonal aggregation is useful to encompass the proper respect due to each separate person. I first give a precise definition of interpersonal aggregation, which many non-utilitarians try to avoid. Then, I show that consequentialism and Scanlon can justify the case for the greater number without interpersonal aggregation. However, I propose the Aggregation Approach, which justifies the case for the greater number in some cases and the case for tossing a fair coin in other cases. I conclude that interpersonal aggregation does not disrespect the separate person.
The Significance of Tendencies and Intentions in the Moral Philosophy of J. S. Mill
Authors: KILKKU VILLE
Published: February 2004

I will argue that Mill used the concepts tendency and intention as technical terms a proper understanding of which is vital in interpreting his moral philosophy. I examine two interpretations of tendency, offered by Brian Cupples and Fred Berger, and proceed to show weaknesses in both. I will also sketch an interpretation of my own in which tendencies have an important place in Mill's understanding of not only science but moral philosophy as well. I will then show how my interpretation of tendency can help in understanding Mill's foreseeable consequences utilitarianism that relies heavily on Mill's unorthodox use of the notion of intention.
On Millgram on Mill
Authors: MILLER DALE E.
Published: February 2004

In a recent article in Ethics, Elijah Millgram presents a novel reconstruction of J. S. Mill's ‘proof’ of the principle of utility. Millgram's larger purpose is to critique instrumentalist approaches to practical reasoning. His reading of the proof makes Mill out to be an instrumentalist, and Millgram thinks that the ultimate failure of Mill's argument usefully illustrates an inconsistency inherent in instrumentalism. Yet Millgram's interpretation of the proof does not succeed. Mill is not an instrumentalist. Millgram may be right that instrumentalism is incoherent, but he has chosen the wrong figure to illustrate the point.
Cedric Price: 1934–2003
Authors: MULLIN STEPHEN
Published: February 2004

He left few buildings, three books and a great army of admirers. Cedric Price was, in the very best and most creative sense of the word, a researcher and a visionary well ahead of his time. His London Zoo aviary, Fun Palace and Potteries Thinkbelt projects were hugely influential. Here, STEPHEN MULLIN, his chief assistant from 1964 to 1969, remembers both their gestation and (in his extensive notes on p. 118) their extra ordinary and greatly loved progenitor.
Warsaw Embassy competition
Authors: Architects Tony Fretton , Allies Bob
Published: February 2004

The first point to make about the competition for the new British Embassy in Warsaw relates not to the architecture of the six submissions but to the selection process that produced them. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) has long been committed to appointing new, and often young, architects to carry out its major projects and to the architectural competition as the means of selecting a design. Anticipating the procedures now legally required under OJEC rules, the FCO openly advertises for architects to apply to be selected to participate in their various competitions. Following detailed briefings and extended site visits, designs are then produced, and presented, and winners chosen.
Back to the future: the pragmatic classicism of Australia's Parliament House
Authors: Tombesi Paolo
Published: February 2004

Until the launch of Federation Square in Melbourne, in 1997, Australia's contribution to the history of international architectural competitions consisted essentially of two buildings: the Sydney Opera House, won by Jørn Utzon in 1957, and the Federal Parliament House in Canberra, won by Mitchell/Giurgola and Thorp (MGT) in 1980. While Utzon's building is widely acknowledged as a daring piece of innovative design and one of the architectural icons of this century, MGT's winning scheme for Parliament House drew heavy criticism from the moment the proposal was unveiled: neo-Classicist lines, a Beaux-Arts parti, and the building's occupation of Capital Hill – at the top of the Griffins' 1912 scheme for Canberra – were seen by many as displaying a lack of sensibility towards Australian landscape, culture, and ingenuity, and as the result of a conservative approach to contemporary urban design.
Frank Lloyd Wright and Paul Mueller: the architect and his builder of choice
Authors: Saint Andrew
Published: February 2004

In recent years there has been mounting curiosity about how architects and engineers work with one another to make buildings. Studies of such collaborations have their present use for furthering technique and efficiency in construction. As a historical exercise, one might view the tendency as part of a broader, revisionist trend – an overdue project for setting the record straight, and releasing architecture from the velvet manacles of art history. Acquaintance with the making of any sizeable building soon teaches that the Vasarian concept of disegno – of a creative process anterior to and set apart from construction – suits only a minority of architecture's modes and moments. As an explanation even of the more imaginative paths that lead from the blank sheet to the occupied building, it is intellectually reductive, humanly ungenerous, and actually untruthful.
Design for change: Part 1: diversified lifetimes
Authors: Fernandez John E.
Published: February 2004

Buildings are constructed, expanded, refurbished, demolished, deconstructed and relocated in response to the essential needs of contemporary societies. Inevitably, these needs evolve with time. Modern design and construction have always operated in a constantly shifting context of requirements and resources. It is well known that unanticipated forces and emerging circumstances have compelled change in architecture through the ages and yet, most buildings are constructed to serve for countless decades (Kronenburg, 2000, Brand, 1994). During that time, buildings are exposed to an enormous range of fluctuating pressures. In this age of furious technological innovation, growing global ecological awareness and changing economic and societal priorities, the pace of change is increasingly frenetic. Out of this state of affairs arise both significant challenges and intriguing opportunities.
Doubleness
Authors: Rattray Charles
Published: February 2004

Jonathan Woolf studied architecture at Kingston, and worked with Munkenbeck and Marshall before setting up in practice in 1990. He taught at the AA with Philippe Barthelemy, from 1995 to 2000, where their Intermediate Unit 5 made a number of proposals related to Hampstead Heath in north London and explored them using solid wood models. We met at his new office – a converted pub – and, over a beer from the fridge, discussed his latest completed building, Brick Leaf House. It is a 10,000 square foot double villa built for two brothers and their families on the edge of Hampstead Heath. We began by looking at the sort of model his AA unit would have produced.
Finnish humanity and independence The breadth of Bawa's oeuvre
Authors: ROBSON DAVID
Published: February 2004

I would like to respond to one of the points raised by Richard Murphy in his perceptive review of my book on Geoffrey Bawa (arq 7/1, pp86–88). His description of Bawa as an architect ‘in the Third World but decidedly not of it’ exercised by the fact that Bawa, like Luis Barragán, failed to address ‘pressing problems of population explosion and rapid urbanization’ in his work and that ‘with the exception of some work for the Catholic Church, Bawa's opus was built exclusively for the country's elite’.
Tom Ellis: Dead Hotel
Authors: Self Pamela
Published: February 2004

‘Which way up?’ and ‘What size?’ are recurring questions when viewing the artworks of Tom Ellis. Devices of reflection and re-scaling are extracted from an architectural context and employed with quirky irreverence in this exhibition of models, drawings and ready-mades. Even before his collaboration with architects for this latest show, Tom Ellis' work has shown a fascination with imagined places and structures. Earlier pieces construct, in cheap, clumsy materials, the inaccessible landscapes viewed from a plane window or the envisaged destination of a journey. His explorations of the perceptual effects of scale are sometimes jokey, sometimes profound, but always refreshing and unpretentious.
Finnish humanity and independence The breadth of Bawa's oeuvre
Authors: ORLOWSKI RAFAL
Published: February 2004

Peter Blundell Jones' and Jian Kang's article ‘Acoustic form in the Modern Movement’ (arq 7/1, pp 75–85) eloquently describes how functional form may sometimes have been driven by acoustical requirements – the clearest example is perhaps the fruitful collaboration between Scharoun, the architect, and Cremer, the acoustician, in the design of the Berlin Philharmonie.
Die Bedeutung auditiver Wahrnehmungsschwächen für die Pathogenese der Lese-Rechtschreibstörung
Authors: v. Suchodoletz W. , Berwanger D. , Mayer H.
Published: February 2004

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Als mögliche Ursache einer Lese-Rechtschreibstörung werden auditive Verarbeitungs- und Wahrnehmungsstörungen (AVWS) angenommen und Trainingsverfahren zur Verbesserung auditiver Fähigkeiten finden in der Therapie zunehmende Verbreitung. In der vorliegenden Studie wird der Frage nachgegangen, ob sich ein Zusammenhang zwischen auditiver Wahrnehmungsfähigkeit und LRS empirisch belegen lässt. Methodik: Untersucht wurden 27 durchschnittlich intelligente und normal hörende LRS- und 31 Vergleichskinder. Die auditive Wahrnehmungsfähigkeit wurde mit nonverbalen (Tonhöhen-, Tondauer-, Geräuschdifferenzierung) und verbalen (Spracherkennen im Störgeräusch, zeitkomprimierte Sprache) Tests beurteilt. Außerdem wurden auditive Merkfähigkeit, nonverbaler IQ, Rechtschreib- und Sprachleistungen sowie anamnestische Angaben zum Verhalten erfasst. Ergebnisse: Die Gruppen unterschieden sich im Mittelwert in der Tondifferenzierungs- und auditiven Merkfähigkeit, nicht jedoch beim Erkennen von Geräuschen und in verbalen auditiven Tests. Bei Betrachtung der Einzelwerte zeigte sich jedoch, dass trotz signifikanter Mittelwertsunterschiede die Leistungen der LRS-Kinder überwiegend im Bereich der Streubreite der Vergleichskinder lagen. Eine Korrelation zwischen auditiver und Rechtschreibfähigkeit war nicht nachweisbar. Schlussfolgerungen: In verbalen auditiven Tests zeigen LRS-Kinder keine auffälligen Befunde. Basale auditive Defizite lassen sich lediglich bei einer kleineren Subgruppe von LRS-Kindern beobachten. Für eine kausale Beziehung zwischen LRS und AVWS fanden sich keine Hinweise und somit keine empirischen Belege für die Grundannahmen, auf denen ein Training auditiver Fähigkeiten im Rahmen einer LRS-Behandlung beruht.
Diagnostische Beobachtungsskala für Autistische Störungen (ADOS): Erste Ergebnisse zur Zuverlässigkeit und Gültigkeit
Authors: Bölte S. , Poustka F.
Published: February 2004

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Abklärung der psychometrischen Eigenschaften der Diagnostischen Beobachtungsskala für Autistische Störungen, der deutschsprachigen Fassung des Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS). Methodik: In einer Stichprobe von 137 Probanden mit frühkindlichem Autismus, 23 mit atypischem Autismus oder nicht näher bezeichneter tiefgreifender Entwicklungsstörung, 16 mit Asperger-Syndrom und 13 mit einer anderen psychiatrischen Störung nach ICD-10 wurden die Interrater- und Retestreliabilität, interne Konsistenz, konvergente und diagnostische Validität bestimmt. Ergebnisse: Interrater- und Retestreliabilität erwiesen sich sowohl auf Diagnosen- (kappaw = 1.00 bzw. .62) als auch auf Skalenebene (rtt = .84 bzw. .79) als gut, ebenso die interne Konsistenz der Algorithmusskala Kommunikation und soziale Interaktion der Module 1 bis 4 (rtt = .78 bis .89). Die Diagnosenkonvergenz mit dem Autismus Diagnostischen Interview-Revision (ADI-R) lag bei 79% (kappa = .23), bei moderater Korrelation der korrespondierenden Subskalen der Verfahren (rtc = .31 bis .45). Die Übereinstimmung von ADOS und klinischer Konsensusdiagnose war 77% (kappaw = .37), bei einer Sensitivität des Verfahrens von 90.4% und einer Spezifität von 48.1% für die Diskrimination von Autismus und anderen autistischen Störungen. Schlussfolgerungen: Das ADOS ist ein für die Erfassung autistischer Störungen zuverlässiges und ausreichend sensitives klinisches Diagnostikum. Damit eine psychiatrische Diagnose nach ICD-10 und DSM-IV gestellt werden kann und um hohe Spezifität der psychiatrischen Klassifikation zu gewährleisten, muss das ADOS durch Informationen zu stereotypem, repetitivem Verhalten sowie anamnestische Daten (z.B. aus dem ADI-R) ergänzt werden.
Wie effektiv sind Interventionen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Störungen des Sozialverhaltens? - eine Inanspruchnahmestudie
Authors: Wagner A. , Jennen-Steinmetz C. , Göpel C. , Schmidt M. H.
Published: February 2004

Zusammenfassung: Fragestellung: Aggressiv-dissoziale Verhaltensweisen im Kindes- und Jugendalter zählen zu den häufigsten Verhaltensproblemen in dieser Altersgruppe mit ungünstigem Verlauf. Ziel der Arbeit war es anhand einer ambulanten und stationären Stichprobe diagnosebezogen den Behandlungserfolg von Patienten mit einer Störung des Sozialverhaltens zu beurteilen und einen möglichen Zusammenhang mit Faktoren aus dem psychosozialen Umfeld des Kindes zu analysieren. Methodik: Es wurden retrospektiv Daten über 10 Jahre von ambulant (n = 1181) und stationär (n = 1156) behandelten Patienten mit einer Störung des Sozialverhaltens sowie «internalisierenden» Störungen erhoben. Die Gruppe der Patienten mit Sozialverhaltensstörungen wurde in Subgruppen («I»: F90.1; «E»: F91.2, F92; «D»: F91.1, F91.3) unterteilt. Der Behandlungserfolg wurde anhand einer Verbesserung auf der Skala zur Gesamtbeurteilung von Kindern und Jugendlichen (SGKJ) erfasst. Mögliche Prädiktoren wurden mittels des Fisher Exakter Test und der Logistischen Regression untersucht. Ergebnisse: Der beste Outcome wurde in der Gruppe «I» erzielt. Der Behandlungserfolg der stationären Patienten war deutlich größer als in der ambulant behandelten Patientengruppe. Als wichtige Prädiktoren erwiesen sich die Kooperation von Eltern und Kind, die Schwere der Funktionsbeeinträchtigung, psychosoziale Risiken und eine Stimulanzienmedikation. Schlussfolgerung: Die Effektivität eines ambulanten Behandlungsangebotes bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Störungen des Sozialverhaltens kann durch aufsuchende und familienzentrierte Angebote sowie den Einsatz von Pharmakotherapie erhöht werden.
Schwere Mutter-Kind-Interaktionsstörung vor dem Hintergrund einer mütterlichen Depression - Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer stationären Intervention
Authors: Verbeek D. , Schnitker A. , Schüren A.
Published: February 2004

Zusammenfassung: Vorgestellt wird die Diagnostik, stationäre Therapie und Evaluation einer schweren Mutter-Kind-Interaktionsstörung vor dem Hintergrund einer mütterlichen Depression. Die Therapie bestand aus drei Bausteinen: Kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutische Behandlung der mütterlichen Depression, Interaktionstherapie sowie sozio-emotionale Entwicklungsförderung des Kindes. Zur Behandlungsevaluation wurden quantitative und qualitative Daten zu Beginn und am Ende des stationären Aufenthaltes sowie nach einem halben und einem Jahr erhoben. Es zeichneten sich über den gesamten Beobachtungszeitraum deutlich positive Effekte sowohl beim Kind als auch bei der Mutter ab. Die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer solchen Behandlung werden abschließend diskutiert.
Incoherent scatter measurements of ring‐ion beam distributions produced by space shuttle exhaust injections into the ionosphere
Authors: Bernhardt P. A. , Sulzer M. P.
Published: February 2004

When the space shuttle Orbiting Maneuver Subsystem (OMS) engines burn in the ionosphere, two types of effects are produced. First, charge exchange between the exhaust molecules and the ambient O+‐ions yields beams of high‐speed molecular ions that can excite plasma turbulence. Second, the molecular ions eventually recombine with electrons to yield a plasma hole. The ion‐beam interactions and the formation of artificial plasma holes in the ionosphere have been studied with ground‐based, incoherent‐scatter radars (ISRs) during the Shuttle Ionospheric Modification with Pulsed Localized Exhaust (SIMPLEX) series of experiments. The SIMPLEX II experiment took place in late July 1999 during the STS‐93 flight of the Space Shuttle Columbia. The Orbital Maneuver Subsystem (OMS) engines provided controlled ion injections over the incoherent scatter radar (ISR) facilities located at Arecibo, Puerto Rico to excite unusual radar signatures. After charge exchange between the exhaust and the ambient plasma, pickup ions were produced with velocities near 10 km/s using a ram‐burn orientation of the OMS engines relative to the vehicle orbit vector. During the SIMPLEX II experiment, the ISR spectra of the exhaust‐modified plasma were obtained for the first time. The formation of ring‐ion beam distributions was determined from curve fitting to the radar spectra. These spectra show the presence of the nonthermal ion distributions and enhanced scatter from electrons for thermal ion distributions with elevated ion temperatures. Analysis of the ion distributions in the modified ionosphere indicates that they were unstable and may have quickly generated plasma waves that along with ion‐neutral collisions changed the ion‐velocity distributions. The observations show that the perpendicular ion speed was rapidly reduced from 10 km/s to about 1 km/s. These observations open up the possibility of conducting a new series of experiments studying ring‐ion beam instabilities that occur naturally in the auroral‐region ionosphere and artificially in the space shuttle exhaust where there is large relative motion between the ion and neutral species.
Temperatures of the A.D. 79 pyroclastic density current deposits (Vesuvius, Italy)
Authors: Cioni R. , Gurioli L. , Lanza R. , Zanella E.
Published: February 2004

The temperature of the deposits left by different types of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) of the A.D. 79 “Pompei” eruption of Vesuvius was estimated by measuring the thermal remanent magnetization (TRM) of lithic clasts carried by the currents. More than 200 lava clasts and roof tile fragments were collected at different sites and distances from the vent. The estimated temperatures fall in the range 180–380°C, although most of the samples show temperatures (T) in the range 240–340°C. This interval occurs for both the deposits of the same eruptive unit sampled at different sites and those derived from PDCs with similar physical characteristics. The sedimentological features coupled with the TRM data allow us to highlight the main processes controlling the T variability of the deposits and of their emplacing currents. The results reveal that air ingestion, involvement of external water, as well as transport and emplacement processes of the PDC are the most important factors in decreasing the emplacement T. The amount of lithic clasts carried by the currents does not play an important role in changing the final temperature because of the grain size and initial high T of these fragments.
Crustal and upper mantle structure of northern Tibet imaged with magnetotelluric data
Authors: Unsworth Martyn , Wenbo Wei , Jones Alan G. , Li Shenghui , Bedrosian Paul , Booker John , Sheng Jin , Ming Deng , Handong Tan
Published: February 2004

Magnetotelluric (MT) data were collected in northern Tibet along the Amdo to Golmud highway during the 1995 and 1999 Project INDEPTH (International Deep Profiling of Tibet and the Himalaya) surveys. Broadband and long period MT data were collected and the TE‐mode, TM‐mode and vertical magnetic field data were inverted to yield a minimum structure, two‐dimensional resistivity model. The model obtained from inverting all responses simultaneously shows that a pervasive midcrustal conductor extends from the Kunlun Shan to the Bangong‐Nuijiang suture. The vertically integrated conductivity (conductance) of this crustal layer is greatest in the northern Qiangtang terrane at latitude 34°N. The electrical resistivity of the upper mantle is constrained by the MT data to be in the range of 10–30 Ωm across the Songpan‐Ganze and Qiangtang terranes. This is lower than would be expected if Asian lithosphere underthrusts northern Tibet as far as the Qiangtang terrane. The MT responses are more consistent with a model in which Asian lithosphere extends as far south as the Kunlun Shan, and the upper mantle beneath the Songpan‐Ganze and Qiangtang terranes is sufficiently hot to contain a small fraction of interconnected partial melt.
Effects of subducting seafloor roughness on upper plate vertical tectonism: Osa Peninsula, Costa Rica
Authors: Sak Peter B. , Fisher Donald M. , Gardner Thomas W.
Published: February 2004

Subduction of seamounts and ridges along thinly sedimented convergent margins results in deformation of the overriding forearc. Exposures of newly recognized late Pleistocene, shallow water deposits (i.e., Marenco formation) record intervals of rapid subsidence and uplift across the Costa Rican forearc inboard of the subducting Cocos Ridge. In general, the Marenco formation is a fining upward, fossiliferious, late Pleistocene, marine sand disconformably overlying beveled surfaces cut across the competent Osa mélange basement. The ∼50 to 27 ka age of the Marenco formation is constrained by 12 accelerator mass spectrometry and two conventional 14C dates obtained on marine macrofossils. The deposition of this sequence coincident with a general fall in sea level during oxygen isotope stage 3 requires >6 mm yr−1 subsidence inboard of the northwest flank of the subducting Cocos Ridge. Presently, exposures of the Marenco formation are found at >75 m above sea level, requiring uplift rates in excess of 6 mm yr−1. We interpret the down and up history of vertical tectonism recorded by the Marenco formation as the response of the upper plate to variations in the elevation of the subducting Cocos Ridge. On the basis of a model where the upper plate deforms through bends because of roughness on a rigid downgoing plate, the rate, duration, and spatial distribution of vertical tectonism across the forearc are determined by the magnitude of the orthogonal component of the relative convergence vector and the bathymetry of the underthrusting plate. Application of this model to bathymetric data for the Cocos plate offshore yields a broad agreement between predicted future rates of subsidence and uplift and rates over the last 50 kyr recorded by the Marenco formation. Furthermore, analysis suggests that the arrival of the blunt‐tipped leading edge of the Cocos Ridge (0.5–3 Ma) resulted in an initial period of very rapid (∼30 mm yr−1) uplift.
Environmental controls over methyl halide emissions from rice paddies
Authors: Redeker K. R. , Cicerone R. J.
Published: February 2004

This paper examines primary controlling factors that affect methyl halide emissions from rice paddy ecosystems. Observations of four cultivars under multiple growth conditions during studies in commercial fields and the University of California, Irvine, greenhouse lead to the conclusion that daily emissions of methyl halides are primarily determined by the growth stage of the rice plant, with the exception that methyl chloride emissions show no clear seasonal pattern. Methyl chloride emissions appear to be more from the paddy water and/or soil as opposed to the plants; however, in soils with high chloride content, these emissions appear to peak during the reproductive phase. Strong secondary influences include air temperature, soil halide concentration, and soil pore water saturation. The cultivars studied had statistically separate seasonally integrated emissions. Irradiant light and aboveground biomass appear to have little effect on emissions. Emissions of methyl chloride, methyl bromide, and methyl iodide are estimated to be 3.5, 2.3, and 48 mg/m2/yr, or 5.3, 3.5, and 72 Gg/yr, from rice paddies globally.
An integrated model for soil organic carbon and CO2: Implications for paleosol carbonate pCO2 paleobarometry
Authors: Bowen Gabriel J. , Beerling David J.
Published: February 2004

The geologic history of atmospheric CO2 concentration (CAtm) is relevant to studies of paleoclimate, paleobiology, and elemental cycling at the Earth's surface. Here we present a model that represents processes controlling the concentration, stable carbon isotope composition, and vertical distribution of organic matter and CO2 within soils. In the model we include a volumetric scaling term necessary to calculate the soil pore CO2 concentration and δ13CO2 from soil respiration rate per unit area, which has been omitted in previous work. Our model provides several new insights into the commonly used method for estimating paleo‐CAtm based on the δ13C of paleosol carbonates. We show that because refractory, microbially processed organic matter is increasingly abundant toward the base of the soil, isotope effects associated with organic matter decay can potentially lead to significant offset between the δ13C of soil‐respired CO2 (δφ) and that of soil organic matter at depth. The magnitude of this effect depends on the production and decay characteristics of the individual soil, and can lead to substantial underestimation of paleo‐CAtm if organic matter preserved in subsurface paleosol horizons is used to approximate δφ. Paleo‐CAtm reconstruction will be more accurate if surface‐layer fossil organic matter is used as a proxy for δφ. In this case, however, there is a small (200–300 ppm), consistent, positive bias in CAtm estimates resulting from the decay of 13C‐enriched organic matter deep within the soil. Re‐examination of earlier studies using the soil carbonate approach to estimate CAtm identifies examples where each bias may be present.
Generation of morphotectonic fabric on the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge flanks, 28° to 29°N: Implications for the limits of tectonic deformation and abyssal hill formation
Authors: Sloan Heather , Patriat Philippe
Published: February 2004

High‐resolution multibeam bathymetry is used to analyze the morphotectonic fabric of a 35,000‐km2 zone of the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge crest between 28° and 29°N. Interpolated isochrons at 1 Myr intervals derived from a kinematic reconstruction provide a temporal framework for the structural analysis. The axial valley within the survey area is offset by three non‐transform discontinuities dividing the axis into en echelon segments. The flanks display a predominantly ridge‐parallel fabric of elongate abyssal hills crosscut by several discordant zones. Throughout the zone faulting is the predominant factor in generating the morphotectonic fabric. Analysis of fault scarp distribution places the limit of active tectonic deformation between 2 and 3 Ma (25 to 35 km on either side of the spreading axis). Fault scarp relief on the ridge flanks varies with a period of approximately 2 Myr which corresponds to the wavelength of abyssal hills within the area. We propose an interpretation in which abyssal hill formation occurs periodically (∼2 Myr) within the ridge mountains as the lithosphere transitions from the dynamic supported regime near the axis to the isostatic regime of the flanks at ∼2–3 Ma (∼25–35 km from the axis).
Upper tropospheric drying and the “transition to break” in the Indian summer monsoon during 1999
Authors: Rao Kusuma G. , Desbois Michel , Roca Remy , Nakamura Kenji
Published: February 2004

METEOSAT pixel measurements reveal a striking new observation that rapid southward propagating deep clouds, on diurnal scale, are embedded in the northward migrating cloud structures from near equator upto 20N during active phases of 1999 summer monsoon. For the first time, we show that, “while the deep convection is on” during the active phase, an abrupt atmospheric drying occurs three days before the commencement of break in layers between 600 and 200 hPa over Continental Tropical Convergence Zone (CTCZ) with drastic reduction in Upper Tropospheric relative Humidity to ∼30%. East‐West circulation cells induce subsidence over CTCZ and hence upper tropospheric drying. Continued drying and simultaneous weakening of low level convergence by ∼50% causes the transition to break. Subsidence associated with intense convection near foot hills of Himalayas weakens low level convergence. A rapid shift occurs in divergence field during transition with convergence replacing intense divergence at upper levels over CTCZ.
Optical observations of water in Leonid meteor trails
Authors: Pellinen‐Wannberg Asta , Murad Edmond , Gustavsson Björn , Brändström Urban , Enell Carl‐Fredrik , Roth Christopher , Williams Iwan P. , Steen Åke
Published: February 2004

Two simultaneous filtered images (589 and 423 nm) of a meteor trail were recorded during the 2002 Leonid storm. The first image shows Na atoms and the second Ca and Fe atoms and signals at altitudes much higher than can give rise to ablation of metals, in agreement with other observations of high altitude visible trails [Spurný et al., 2000a; Spurný et al., 2000b]. Ablation models [McNeil et al., 1998] and analysis of the history of the 2002 Leonid meteoroids [McNaught and Asher, 1999] support the conclusion that the high altitude emissions are due to H2O+ and Hα,β,γ formed through the decomposition in the hyperthermal collision between H2O from meteoroid ice [Kresák, 1973] and atmospheric N2 [Dressler et al., 1992].
Reactive bromine and sulfur emissions at Salar de Uyuni, Bolivia
Authors: Hönninger G. , Bobrowski N. , Palenque E. R. , Torrez R. , Platt U.
Published: February 2004

Field measurements of reactive halogen and sulfur gas emissions were performed at the world's largest salt pan, the Salar de Uyuni, Southern Altiplano, Bolivia (19.8°–20.7°S, 67.0°–68.2°W), during the dry season in October/November 2002. Bromine monoxide (BrO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) were studied by ground‐based scattered light Multi Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX‐DOAS) at various locations upwind and inside the salar. Significant amounts of BrO were found at all locations with the lowest levels at the northern edge of the salar (upwind), while BrO slant column densities (differential with respect to zenith) of up to 3.7 × 1014 molec/cm2 were observed inside the salar. Using the MAX‐DOAS vertical profile information BrO mixing ratios of >20 ppt are calculated, which can have significant impact on tropospheric ozone chemistry both locally and regionally. SO2 slant column densities of >5 × 1016 molec/cm2 were found around the salar, suggesting emissions from volcanic activity.
Trends in atmospheric haze induced by peat fires in Sumatra Island, Indonesia and El Niño phenomenon from 1973 to 2003
Authors: Wang Yonghe , Field Robert D. , Roswintiarti Orbita
Published: February 2004

Visibility was used as a long‐term indicator of atmospheric haze caused by peat fires on the peat land area of the island of Sumatra, Indonesia. Visibility and the anomalies of sea surface temperature in the Niño 3.4 region from 1973 to 2003 were analyzed. A significant linear relationship existed between the visibility and time, and the two signals shared two periodic components of 45 months (3.7 yr) and 61 months (5.1 yr), corresponding with the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability. Visibility decrease occurred about 3 months earlier than peak ENSO, suggesting fires initiated during the ENSO onset stage. The study demonstrated the connection of inter‐annual climate variability, biomass burning, and air quality in the region. The study could facilitate the prediction of change in fire occurrence and air quality from ENSO monitoring data.
Bromine oxide in the mid‐latitude marine boundary layer
Authors: Saiz‐Lopez A. , Plane J. M. C. , Shillito J. A.
Published: February 2004

We report direct observations of bromine oxide (BrO) in the mid‐latitude marine boundary layer (MBL), using long‐path Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS). The measurements were made at the Mace Head observatory on the west coast of Ireland. Over six days of observations, the BrO concentration varied from below the detection limit (≈0.8 parts per trillion (ppt)) at night, to a maximum daytime concentration of 6.5 ppt. At the average daytime concentration of 2.3 ppt, BrO causes significant O3 depletion in the MBL through catalytic cycles involving the iodine oxide and hydroperoxy radicals, and also oxidises dimethyl sulfide much more rapidly than the hydroxyl radical. A post‐sunrise pulse of BrO was observed, consistent with the build up of photolabile precursors produced by heterogeneous reactions on sea‐salt aerosol during the previous night. This indicates that significant bromine activation occurs over the open ocean.
High resolution hematite/goethite records from Chinese loess sequences for the last glacial‐interglacial cycle: Rapid climatic response of the East Asian Monsoon to the tropical Pacific
Authors: Ji Junfeng , Chen Jun , Balsam William , Lu Huayu , Sun Youbin , Xu Huifang
Published: February 2004

In order to study the variability of dry versus humid conditions resulting from the East Asian monsoon (EAM) we analyzed hematite and goethite from two high‐resolution Chinese loess sections by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The hematite and goethite concentrations are higher in interglacial paleosols than in glacial loess sediments, whereas the hematite/goethite (Hm/Gt) ratios are lower in paleosols than in loess. Such changes are consistent with higher precipitation and temperature and increased pedogenesis during interglaciation and lower precipitation and temperature and decreased pedogenesis during glaciation. The Hm/Gt ratio can be employed as a tool to assess short‐term variations in humidity and aridity of the EAM. The Hm/Gt ratios of the last glacial loess displays millennial‐scale abrupt climate oscillations, revealing a pattern of significantly reduced and enhanced summer monsoon moisture. Our results indicate that the EAM responded to tropical Pacific climate by millennial‐scale changes in precipitation during the last glaciation.
Thrust faults and the global contraction of Mercury
Authors: Watters Thomas R. , Robinson Mark S. , Bina Craig R. , Spudis Paul D.
Published: February 2004

Lobate scarps on Mercury are the surface expression of thrust faults and are generally thought to be the result of global contraction. Our analysis indicates that these thrust faults are not uniformly distributed and exhibit non‐random patterns on the imaged hemisphere. The greatest area normalized cumulative length of the faults occurs in the southern hemisphere, below 50°S. The thrust faults in this region dip to the north, indicating a broad zone where the crust has been displaced to the south. Widespread thrust faulting may not have initiated before the emplacement of Calorian smooth plains, well after the emplacement of pre‐Tolstojan intercrater plains. Our observations suggest that regional‐scale tectonic stresses on Mercury dominated over stresses resulting from global contraction.
Nightside auroral zone and polar cap ion outflow as a function of substorm size and phase
Authors: Wilson G. R. , Ober D. M. , Germany G. A. , Lund E. J.
Published: February 2004

Because the high latitude ionosphere is an important source of plasma for the magnetosphere under active conditions, we have undertaken a study of the way ion outflow from the nightside auroral zone and polar cap respond to substorm activity. We have combined data from the Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) on Polar with ion upflow measurements from the TEAMS instrument on the FAST spacecraft to construct a picture of ion upflow from these regions as a function of substorm size and as a function of time relative to substorm onset. We use data taken during solar minimum in the northern hemisphere between December 1996 and February 1997. We find that the total nightside auroral zone ion outflow rate (averaged over substorm phase) depends on the size of the substorm, increasing by about a factor of 10 for both O+ and H+ from the smallest to the largest substorms in our study. The combined outflow rate from both the polar cap and the nightside auroral zone goes up by a factor of 7 for both ions for the same change in conditions. Regardless of storm size, the nightside auroral zone outflow rate increases by about a factor of 2 after onset, reaching its peak level after about 20 min. These results indicate that the change in the nightside auroral zone ion outflow rate that accompanies substorm onset is not as significant as the change from low to high magnetic activity. As a consequence, the prompt increase in the near earth plasma sheet energy density of O+ and H+ ions that accompanies onset [Daglis and Axford, 1996] is likely due to local energization of ions already present rather than to the sudden arrival and energization of fresh ionospheric plasma.
Two‐dimensional particle simulation of electromagnetic field signature associated with electrostatic solitary waves
Authors: Umeda Takayuki , Omura Yoshiharu , Matsumoto Hiroshi
Published: February 2004

We present particle simulations of electrostatic solitary waves (ESW) observed by the Geotail spacecraft and recent spacecraft in the Earth's magnetosphere. Recent particle simulations have demonstrated that ESW correspond to Bernstein‐Greene‐Kruskal electron holes formed through nonlinear evolution of electron beam instabilities. Since an electron hole is a coherent electrostatic potential structure, electron beam instabilities were conventionally studied by electrostatic particle simulations. However, the Polar spacecraft and FAST spacecraft observed electromagnetic field signatures associated with ESW. To study interaction between coherent electrostatic potentials and electromagnetic waves, we extend the previous electrostatic particle model to an electromagnetic particle model. In the present two‐dimensional simulations of an electron beam instability, electromagnetic field components are enhanced around two‐dimensional electron holes. We found that the enhancement of electromagnetic fields is due to a current formed by electrons undergoing the E × B0 drift, where the electric field is a perpendicular electrostatic field at the edge of a two‐dimensional electron hole. An electromagnetic beam mode is excited by the current due to the drifting electrons moving with the electron hole. The amplitude ratio of the electric field to the magnetic field is estimated on the basis of the present simulation result, and it is in agreement with those of the Polar and FAST observations.
First observations of the spatial structure of F region 3‐m‐scale field‐aligned irregularities with the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar in Indonesia
Authors: Fukao S. , Ozawa Y. , Yokoyama T. , Yamamoto M. , Tsunoda R. T.
Published: February 2004

This paper presents first results of spatial structure associated with 47‐MHz coherent backscatter from the low‐latitude F region in the Indonesian‐Thai longitude sector. The measurements were made with the Equatorial Atmosphere Radar (EAR), located on the geographic equator in West Sumatra, Indonesia (0.20°S, 100.32°E; dip latitude: 10.36°S). The active phased‐array of the EAR was used to perform rapid scans over a wide azimuth sector, with a temporal resolution that has heretofore been unachievable. Application of this unique capability is demonstrated herein to be effective in investigations of spatial structure of plasma bubbles and associated backscatter plumes. Most notably, tiny plumes are shown to grow rapidly while traversing from west to east across the scanned azimuth sector. Within an initial 20‐min period, backscatter intensity increased by more than 40 dB, and the area of the plume increased by a factor of about 20. Occasionally, plumes reached altitudes as high as 800 to 860 km in the scanned sector. These backscatter regions were traced along the magnetic field line to altitudes of 1200 to 1300 km over the geomagnetic equator. However, these tall structures are not so common over the EAR. The EAR observes fairly conspicuous patchy backscatter from the bottomside of a backscatter plume. The backscatter generated at the bottom of the plume appears to descend and eventually merge into the E region backscatter. The EAR has also observed a downward moving plume that continues for more than 4 hours, beginning at an altitude well into the topside of the ionosphere and descending below 300 km. The backscatter sometimes observed with the EAR at dip latitude of 10.36°S resembles that observed with the MU radar at mid‐latitudes. Investigation of these properties with the fast beam steerability of the EAR is expected to provide further insight into the nature of the source mechanism for plasma bubbles and plumes.
On the onset of HF‐induced airglow at HAARP
Authors: Mishin E. V. , Burke W. J. , Pedersen T.
Published: February 2004

Observations of airglow at 630 nm (red line) and 557.7 nm (green line) during the February 2002 campaign at the High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) heating facility are analyzed. We find that during injections toward magnetic zenith (MZ) the green and red lines gain ∼5 R within ∼1 s and ∼20 R within ∼10 s, respectively. We term this period the onset of the HF‐induced airglow. A model of the onset at magnetic zenith is developed. It accounts for background photoelectrons and dissociative recombination of O2+. It is shown that heating and acceleration of background electrons dominate the airglow onset. We propose a scenario for the generation of strong Langmuir turbulence for injections outside the Spitze region, including magnetic zenith.
Role of viscous plate coupling in the late Tertiary Andean tectonics
Authors: Yáñez Gonzalo , Cembrano José
Published: February 2004

Plate coupling between oceanic and continental plates in convergent margins of Andean type is analyzed from the continuum mechanics approach. We postulate a simple mechanism that accounts for the compressive regime in Andean‐type environments. In this mechanism, deformation in the continental lithosphere is split into two distinctive domains: The forearc domain and the arc‐foreland domain. The forearc deformation is controlled by the balance between buoyancy forces associated with the trench and continental slope relief and the stress transferred from the convergence velocity through the age‐ and velocity‐dependent slip zone. The arc‐foreland deformation is controlled by the absolute plate velocity of the continental plate and the resistance at the slip zone. Strength of the coupling zone is determined by analyzing the dynamic trench topography along the active margin of South America between 0 and 55°S. Using this approach, we found strength values in the range of 20–95 MPa, in strong direct correlation with the age of the subducting plate. The slip layer strength observation has been successfully tested against a thermal‐ and strain rate‐dependent rheological model. From this theoretical result we define an empirical relationship between strength of the slip zone and the age and convergence velocity. Applying this plate coupling model, we reproduce shortening rates in the order of 1–10 km/Myr, in agreement with those reported for the late Tertiary evolution of the Andes. Model results reproduce some first‐order features of the geological evolution of the margin, such as the shape of the trench, the overall Andes relief, the Altiplano buildup, and block rotation patterns. In addition, the model provides a mechanism to explain the evolution of the Central Depression, the inversion of Tertiary basins under slow convergence rates during the Miocene, and the segmentation of the margins tectonic erosion.
The morning glory wave of southern California
Authors: Tsai Victor C. , Kanamori Hiroo , Artru Juliette
Published: February 2004

A pulse‐like disturbance traveling across the Los Angeles basin was observed on 12 October 2001 with seismographs of the TriNet network. This wave had a period of about 1000 s and a propagation speed of about 10 m/s, much slower than seismic waves. The seismograph data were compared with barograph data, and a good correlation was found so the wave was determined to be atmospheric in origin. It had amplitude of about 1 mbar, but it was not known what process could produce such a wave. Since the initial finding, we have inspected all the TriNet barograph and seismograph data for a period of two and a half years (from January 2000 to August 2002) and found four more similar events. Each of the events has amplitude between 0.8 and 1.3 mbar, a period between 700 and 1400 s, and a propagation speed between 5 and 25 m/s. We conclude that these waves are internal gravity waves trapped in a stable layer formed by a temperature inversion. Some of these waves have large amplitudes and develop into solitary waves (nonlinear internal gravity waves) similar to the spectacular “morning glory” wave observed in Australia. We call these waves the LA morning glory waves. The LA morning glory wave is probably excited by either stormy weather, winds such as the Santa Ana winds, or large teleseismic events. The morning glory wave could contribute to the recently reported excitation of the background free oscillations of the Earth. Additionally, because of its large amplitude it could have important implications for aviation safety, as was suggested earlier for the morning glory waves in Australia.