bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of cold electron number density variation on whistler-mode wave growth
Authors: Tang R. , Summers D. , Deng X.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. We examine how the growth of magnetospheric whistler-mode waves depends on the cold (background) electron number density N0. The analysis is carried out by varying the cold-plasma parameter a = (electron gyrofrequency)2/(electron plasma frequency)2 which is proportional to 1/N0. For given values of the thermal anisotropy AT and the ratio Nh/N0, where Nh is the hot (energetic) electron number density, we find that, as N0 decreases, the maximum values of the linear and nonlinear growth rates decrease and the threshold wave amplitude for nonlinear growth increases. Generally, as N0 decreases, the region of (Nh/N0, AT)-parameter space in which nonlinear wave growth can occur becomes more limited; that is, as N0 decreases, the parameter region permitting nonlinear wave growth shifts to the top right of (Nh/N0, AT) space characterized by larger Nh/N0 values and larger AT values. The results have implications for choosing input parameters for full-scale particle simulations and also in the analysis of whistler-mode chorus data.
Emissions from potential Patagonian dust sources and associated biological response in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean
Authors: Castagna A. , Evangelista H. , Tilstra L. G. , Kerr R.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. The effect of Patagonian dust over primary producers in the Southern Ocean has long been disputed. Here we present new remote sensing evidence in favour of dust mediated biological response and postulate a hypothesis to explain the spatial relation observed. A new remote sensing definition of dust source areas based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Absorbing Aerosol Index (AAI) correlation is presented and interannual variation in AAI is evaluated within the source regions as a proxy for dust activity. Correlation of this data with annual chlorophyll concentration, phytoplankton biomass, and diatom dominance reveals a spatially coherent latitudinal band of positive correlation concentrated between the Polar Front and the Subtropical Front. This pattern is restricted to western areas in the biomass correlation and extends toward Africa for the chlorophyll and diatom correlation. This region is equivalent to the area of the Subantarctic Mode Water formation, characterized by a ratio Si : N ≪ 1 in late summer, an unfavourable condition for diatom development, especially under iron limitation. Therefore, due to Si–Fe co-limitation, the positive correlation could be the consequence of an enhanced sensibility of this area to external iron addition for diatom growth. For the Argentinean shelf-break, is not clear whether direct dust input and/or wind stress driving water masses upwelling could be responsible for the positive correlation.
Spatially explicit estimates of stocks sizes, structure and biomass of herring and blue whiting, and catch data of bluefin tuna
Authors: Huse G. , MacKenzie B. R. , Trenkel V. , Doray M. , Nøttestad L. , Oskarsson G.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. The north Atlantic is a productive marine region which has supported important commercial fisheries for centuries. Many of these fisheries have exploited the pelagic species, including herring, blue whiting and tuna. Here we present data on the distribution of herring and blue whiting based on surveys in the Norwegian Sea, the Bay of Biscay and Celtic Sea. We also present catch data on bluefin tuna, which has been depleted for decades, but historically used to be a key predator on the other pelagic stocks during summer. The results show that there have been substantial changes in the herring and blue whiting distribution during the 1990s and early 2000s. The earliest bluefin tuna catches noted were in 1907. The catches in the Norwegian Sea area peaked in the 1950s and there have been very small catches since the 1980s. The catches in the Mediterranean on the other hand peaked in the late 1990, and had subsequently a strong reduction.
Are longitudinal ice-surface structures on the Antarctic Ice Sheet indicators of long-term ice-flow configuration?
Authors: Glasser N. F. , Jennings S. J. A. , Hambrey M. J. , Hubbard B.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Continent-wide mapping of longitudinal ice-surface structures on the Antarctic Ice Sheet reveals that they originate in the interior of the ice sheet and are arranged in arborescent networks fed by multiple tributaries. Longitudinal ice-surface structures can be traced continuously down-ice for distances of up to 1200 km. They are co-located with fast-flowing glaciers and ice streams that are dominated by basal sliding rates above tens of m yr-1 and are strongly guided by subglacial topography. Longitudinal ice-surface structures dominate regions of converging flow, where ice flow is subject to non-coaxial strain and simple shear. Associating these structures with the AIS' surface velocity field reveals (i) ice residence times of ~ 2500 to 18 500 years, and (ii) undeformed flow-line sets for all major flow units analysed except the Kamb Ice Stream and the Institute and Möller Ice Stream areas. Although it is unclear how long it takes for these features to form and decay, we infer that the major ice-flow and ice-velocity configuration of the ice sheet may have remained largely unchanged for several thousand years, and possibly even since the end of the last glacial cycle. This conclusion has implications for our understanding of the long-term landscape evolution of Antarctica, including large-scale patterns of glacial erosion and deposition.
The generic MESSy submodel TENDENCY (v1.0) for process-based analyses in Earth system models
Authors: Eichinger R. , Jöckel P.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. The tendencies of prognostic variables in Earth system models are usually only accessible, e.g. for output, as a sum over all physical, dynamical and chemical processes at the end of one time integration step. Information about the contribution of individual processes to the total tendency is lost, if no special precautions are implemented. The knowledge on individual contributions, however, can be of importance to track down specific mechanisms in the model system. We present the new MESSy (Modular Earth Submodel System) infrastructure submodel TENDENCY and use it exemplarily within the EMAC (ECHAM/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry) model to trace process-based tendencies of prognostic variables. The main idea is the outsourcing of the tendency accounting for the state variables from the process operators (submodels) to the TENDENCY submodel itself. In this way, a record of the tendencies of all process–prognostic variable pairs can be stored. The selection of these pairs can be specified by the user, tailor-made for the desired application, in order to minimise memory requirements. Moreover, a standard interface allows the access to the individual process tendencies by other submodels, e.g. for on-line diagnostics or for additional parameterisations, which depend on individual process tendencies. An optional closure test assures the correct treatment of tendency accounting in all submodels and thus serves to reduce the model's susceptibility. TENDENCY is independent of the time integration scheme and therefore the concept is applicable to other model systems as well. Test simulations with TENDENCY show an increase of computing time for the EMAC model (in a setup without atmospheric chemistry) of 1.8 ± 1% due to the additional subroutine calls when using TENDENCY. Exemplary results reveal the dissolving mechanisms of the stratospheric tape recorder signal in height over time. The separation of the tendency of the specific humidity into the respective processes (large-scale clouds, convective clouds, large-scale advection, vertical diffusion and methane oxidation) show that the upward propagating water vapour signal dissolves mainly because of the chemical and the advective contribution. The TENDENCY submodel is part of version 2.42 or later of MESSy.
Satellite-driven downscaling of global reanalysis precipitation products for hydrological applications
Authors: Seyyedi H. , Anagnostou E. N. , Beighley E. , McCollum J.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. Deriving flood hazard maps for ungauged basins typically requires simulating a long record of annual maximum discharges. To improve this approach, precipitation from global reanalysis systems must be downscaled to a spatial and temporal resolution applicable for flood modeling. This study evaluates such downscaling and error correction approaches for improving hydrologic applications using a combination of NASA's Global Land Data Assimilation System (GLDAS) precipitation dataset and a higher resolution multi-satellite precipitation product (TRMM). The study focuses on 437 flood-inducing storm events that occurred over a period of ten years (2002–2011) in the Susquehanna River basin located in the northeast US. A validation strategy was devised for assessing error metrics in rainfall and simulated runoff as function of basin area, storm severity and season. The WSR-88D gauge-adjusted radar-rainfall (stage IV) product was used as the reference rainfall dataset, while runoff simulations forced with the stage IV precipitation dataset were considered as the runoff reference. Results show that the generated rainfall ensembles from the downscaled reanalysis products encapsulate the reference rainfall. The statistical analysis, including frequency and quantile plots plus mean relative error and root mean square error statistics, demonstrated improvements in the precipitation and runoff simulation error statistics of the satellite-driven downscaled reanalysis dataset compared to the original reanalysis precipitation product. Results vary by season and less by basin scale. In the fall season specifically, the downscaled product has three times lower mean relative error than the original product; this ratio increases to four times for the simulated runoff values. The proposed downscaling scheme is modular in design and can be applied on gridded satellite and reanalysis dataset.
Process-related deformation monitoring by PSI using high resolution space-based SAR data: a case study in Düsseldorf, Germany
Authors: Liu D. , Sowter A. , Niemeier W.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. TerraSAR-X satellite SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) scenes have been analysed using Persistent Scatter Interferometry (PSI) approach to monitor a tunnelling process in Düsseldorf, Germany. The aim of this work is to detect the deformation of ground surface and structures above the tunnelling line during the tunnel excavation. In this study, the PSI approach integrated in the open source software package Stanford Method for Persistent Scatterers (StaMPS) was employed since it has shown significant advantages in obtaining Persistent Scatterers (PS). In order to protect the historic buildings in this region from subsidence-induced damages, a Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) was used to restrain serious displacements during the tunnelling excavation, as well as compensation injections. Both surface uplifting and subsidence were observed during this tunnelling process, by a levelling survey and a validated PSI observation. It is concluded that sub-centimetre accuracy observations are achievable for process-related monitoring in urban areas, using the open source software package.
Shoaling of internal solitary waves at the ASIAEX site in the South China Sea
Authors: Lamb K. G. , Warn-Varnas A.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. The interaction of barotropic tides with Luzon Strait topography generates westward propagating internal bores and solitary waves trains which eventually shoal and dissipate on the western side of the South China Sea. Two-dimensional numerical simulations of this shoaling process at the site of the Asian Seas International Acoustic Experiment (ASIAEX) have been undertaken in order to investigate the sensitivity of the shoaling process to the stratification and the underlying bathymetry, and to explore the influence of rotation. A range of wave amplitudes are considered. Comparisons with adiabatic shoaling waves are also made and the potential impact of a non-slip boundary condition are briefly explored. On the slope secondary solitary waves and mode-two wave packets are generated which propagate towards the shelf. Comparisons with observations made during the ASIAEX experiment are made.
Influence of frontal cyclones evolution on the 2009 (Ekman) and 2010 (Franklin) Loop Current Eddy detachment events
Authors: Androulidakis Y. S. , Kourafalou V. H. , Le Hénaff M.
Published: July 2014

Abstract. The anticyclonic Loop Current Eddy (LCE) shedding events are strongly associated with the evolution of Loop Current Frontal Eddies (LCFEs) over the eastern Gulf of Mexico (GoM). A numerical simulation, in tandem with in situ measurements and satellite data, was used to investigate the Loop Current (LC) evolution and the surrounding LCFEs formation, structure, growth and migration during the Eddy Ekman and Eddy Franklin shedding events in the summers of 2009 and 2010, respectively. During both events, Northern GoM LCFEs appeared vertically coherent to at least 1500 m in temperature observations. They propagated towards the base of the LC where, together with the migration of Campeche Bank eddies from south of the LC, contributed to its "necking down". Growth of Campeche Bank LCFEs involved in Eddy Franklin was partially attributed to Campeche Bank waters following upwelling events. Slope processes associated with such upwelling include offshore exports of high positive vorticity that may trigger cyclone formation and growth. The advection and growth of LCFEs, originating from the northern and southern GoM, and their interaction with the LC over the LCE detachment area favor shedding conditions and may lead to the final separation of the LCE.
Supporting University—Industry Linkages
Authors: Korff Nisha , van der Sijde Peter , Groenewegen Peter , Davey Todd
Published: July 2014

The literature emphasizes the importance of ensuring that measures developed at the organizational level are transferable to the individual level. This is important not only for effective technology and knowledge transfer in general, but also and especially for university–industry linkages. This study reflects on support mechanisms identified by previous studies as important in the support and fostering of such linkages and examines their implementation through a case study of the Münster University of Applied Sciences. Using qualitative analysis, the authors demonstrate how the support mechanisms developed by the management of the university can be translated to the individual level and thereby can encourage and foster university–industry linkages.
Success Factors for Managing an Entrepreneurial University
Authors: Markuerkiaga Leire , Errasti Nekane , Igartua Juan Ignacio
Published: July 2014

The entrepreneurial university is regarded as an agent of societal change and an important instrument in the facilitation of the contemporary knowledge-based economy because it supports the generation and exploitation of knowledge through its three missions of education, research and academic entrepreneurship. Moreover, the entrepreneurial university boosts economic and social development by encouraging academic entrepreneurship among faculty members. Although research on the entrepreneurial university has increased considerably in recent years, there are as yet no conceptual syntheses of the literature and there is an absence of a holistic framework covering the range of factors required to promote academic entrepreneurship within the entrepreneurial university paradigm. This gap is addressed by identifying the determining factors in an entrepreneurial university and synthesizing them into an integrative framework, based on the corporate entrepreneurship research stream: the determining factors are divided into three groups – external, internal and strategic. This framework is based on a qualitative review of theoretical and empirical studies of entrepreneurial universities and an analysis of diverse frameworks and models. The paper thus provides a systematic overview that allows for consolidation of the literature on entrepreneurial universities, while drawing important implications from research and suggesting potential paths for future study.
MÍDIA, GÊNERO E POLÍTICA: BREVE MAPEAMENTO DE HORIZONTES ANALÍTICOS
Authors: SARMENTO Rayza
Published: July 2014

O objetivo deste trabalho é fazer um mapeamento sobre como a tríade gênero-mídia-política tem sido estudada. O gênero, como categoria analítica advinda dos estudos feministas, é uma preocupação dos (as) pesquisadores (as) de comunicação há mais de trinta anos. No entanto, o estudo da conexão mídia– gênero– política ainda é feito em menor escala se comparado às pesquisas desses temas em pares, afirmam Miguel e Biroli (2008; 2011). Em nossa sistematização, os três grandes fenômenos para os quais as pesquisas preocupadas com essa relação afluem são: a) a representação simbólica das relações de gênero nos produtos comunicacionais, a partir da perspectiva dos estudos culturais e do pós-estruturalismo; b) a construção midiática sobre a representação eletiva de mulheres e homens, conjugada com a literatura sobre dificuldade do acesso feminino aos cargos decisórios; e c) a relação entre ativismo feminista e meios de comunicação.
INSERÇÃO DA TECNOLOGIA NO ENSINO DA COMUNICAÇÃO SOCIAL
Authors: BRITO Glaucia Da SILVA , NEGRI FILHO Paulo
Published: July 2014

Como o Parecer CES 492/2001 do Ministério da Educação não evidencia como as tecnologias devem ser inseridas no currículo de Comunicação Social, este estudo propõe uma reflexão a partir de metodologia em quatro fases, pesquisando estudantes, professoras, coordenadora e o currículo de uma Instituição de Ensino Superior localizada em Curitiba-PR que oferta as habilitações de Jornalismo, Publicidade e Propaganda e Relações Públicas. Os resultados permitem identificar a precariedade na abordagem tecnológica durante todo o curso e, em especial, na disciplina específica que trata da temática.
JOGOS VIRTUAIS E EDUCAÇÃO NAS ESCOLAS
Authors: SCHERER Suely , Da SILVA MIRANDA Claudia Steffany
Published: July 2014

O estudo apresentado neste artigo tem por objetivo propor reflexões sobre o uso de jogos virtuais nas escolas, com foco na (re)construção de conceitos de diferentes áreas. O jogo virtual pode ser considerado um importante recurso de aprendizagem na escola, pois possibilita que o aluno vivencie desafios e tenha feedbacks a cada tomada de decisão no jogo. No entanto, discute-se que para que o jogo virtual seja um recurso de aprendizagem na escola, o seu uso deve ser planejado pelo professor para que os alunos aprendam algum conceito ou procedimento, a partir da mediação do professor ao longo do processo. Também é necessário propor ações na escola para discutir as mensagens e contramensagens presentes no contexto do jogo.
A FOTONOVELA NO ENSINO E NA APRENDIZAGEM DA LÍNGUA ALEMÃ
Authors: VAN GROL Cláudia Elisa
Published: July 2014

O artigo propõe uma reflexão sobre a inclusão, vantagens e desvantagens das tecnologias no ensino e na aprendizagem de uma língua estrangeira, especificamente, da Língua Alemã. Com o advento das tecnologias, praticamente todos os alunos possuem celular, máquina digital e computador. Na maioria das escolas públicas, porém, ainda há falta de laboratórios e equipamentos suficientes para todos os alunos. Além disso, os equipamentos e o acesso à internet, geralmente, são precários e os professores não estão preparados para se apropriarem das vantagens pedagógicas oferecidas pelos recursos tecnológicos. Mesmo com tantos entraves, o professor precisa tomar consciência da importância da integração das tecnologias em sala de aula, pois esses recursos permitem redimensionar os espaços de ensinar e aprender. Nesse sentido, a fim de investigar o potencial das tecnologias nas aulas de Língua Alemã, foi realizada uma atividade escolar de produção de uma fotonovela com os alunos da 7ª série do ensino fundamental de uma escola pública municipal no município de São José do Hortêncio – RS. A fotonovela foi organizada sobre um assunto de interesse dos alunos e foi mediada pelas tecnologias, o que possibilitou o desenvolvimento da criatividade e da habilidade ao manusear as ferramentas tecnológicas. A fotonovela também permitiu desenvolver a leitura e a escrita em Língua Alemã, uma vez que envolveu os alunos na realização dessa atividade, uma vez que, ao mesmo tempo em que a fotografia ampliou o imaginário deles, o recurso textual direcionou o enredo da história produzida por eles.
Movimento agroecológico: trajetória, contradições e perspectivas
Authors: Brandenburg Alfio
Published: July 2014

Esse texto trata de analisar a trajetória do movimento alternativo ou ecológico na agricultura, tendo como referência, principalmente, dados de estudos realizados no Brasil, França e Alemanha. São privilegiados na análise os aspectos relacionados com a origem do movimento; a expansão e os atores sociais; asestratégias de organização e a relação com a natureza; a organização social e reconstruçao das relações sociais; os agricultores, a sociedade e o mercado. Finaliza-se com uma síntese da trajetória identificando os principais momentos que levaram à institucionalização do movimento ecológico.
Interactive Media Art: the Institution Tells a Story. The Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe
Authors: Alves Sónia
Published: July 2014

Abstract: Interactive Media Art has been scrutinized under several approaches.  It is though hard to achieve consensually a clear definition or conceptualization of this term.  What I propose here is to follow a case study of an institution, the Center for Art and Media Karlsruhe, whose contributions for the development of this art form are unique and represent a continuous and profound achievement to the art world. At the same time this research calls the attention for another way to look at the developments of Interactive Media Art by considering the institutional investment in the production of art. Simultaneously I will show that there is a pragmatical, educational and pedagogical line of research in the history of Interactive Media Art that has not received much attention until now.
Presentación Monográfico Media Art
Authors: Fernández Castrillo Carolina
Published: July 2014

La influencia de los nuevos medios, las tecnologías emergentes y los descubrimientos científicos en el ámbito creativo cobra una renovada importancia en el siglo XXI. En la actualidad, son cada vez más numerosas las obras artísticas que surgen como reflejo del impacto de estos avances en la esfera socio-cultural favoreciendo una aproximación a la compleja idiosincrasia del paradigma digital. El objetivo de este número monográfico es ofrecer una genealogía del Media Art y una visión panorámica de las principales investigaciones y prácticas artísticas actuales.
Development of a Power Systems Protection Laboratory through University-Industry Partnership
Authors: Idowu Peter , Okoh Kite , Huynh Cuong , Kang Kyung Chul , Bonsall Stephen
Published: July 2014

At the 2007 National Science Foundation workshop on ‘The Future Power Engineering Workforce’ participants from US government, academia, and the private sector discussed the looming shortage of power engineering graduates to replace large numbers of projected retirees in the power engineering sector. The group identified the key drivers of this shortage and suggested a series of measures which, if implemented, would add to the ongoing renaissance in power engineering. Some of these measures have been adopted and reflected in the development of a power system protection lab at Penn State Harrisburg. With the support of local utility industry a new lab has been developed that integrates the latest devices and software in the electric utility industry into power systems courses. Instructional modules on key aspects of the new lab are developed to assist both the course instructor and future students enrolled in Power Systems Analysis courses. This paper outlines the facilitation and design process in the development of a modern power engineering laboratory.
Detailed seismic attenuation structure beneath Hokkaido, northeastern Japan: Arc‐arc collision process, arc magmatism, and seismotectonics
Authors: Kita Saeko , Nakajima Junichi , Hasegawa Akira , Okada Tomomi , Katsumata Kei , Asano Youichi , Kimura Takeshi
Published: July 2014

In this study, we imaged a detailed seismic attenuation structure (frequency‐independent Q−1) beneath Hokkaido, Japan, by merging waveform data from a dense permanent seismic network with those from a very dense temporary network. Corner frequency of each event used for t* estimation was determined by the S coda wave spectral ratio method. The seismic attenuation (Qp−1) structure is clearly imaged at depths down to about 120 km. For the fore‐arc side of Hokkaido, high‐Qp zones are imaged at depths of 10 to 80 km in the crust and mantle wedge above the Pacific slab. Low‐Qp zones are clearly imaged in the mantle wedge beneath the back‐arc areas of eastern and southern Hokkaido. These low‐Qp zones, extending from deeper regions, extend to the Moho beneath volcanoes, the locations of which are consistent with those of seismic low‐velocity regions. These results suggest that the mantle wedge upwelling flow occurs beneath Hokkaido, except in the area where there is a gap in the volcano chain. In contrast, an inhomogeneous seismic attenuation structure is clearly imaged beneath the Hokkaido corner. A broad low‐Qp zone is located at depths of 0–60 km to the west of the Hidaka main thrust. The location almost corresponds to that of the seismic low‐velocity zone in the collision zone. The fault planes of the 1970 M6.7 and 1982 M7.1 earthquakes are located at the edges of this broad low‐Qp zone. Observations in this study indicate that our findings contribute to understanding the detailed arc‐arc collision process, magmatism, and seismotectonics beneath Hokkaido.
Numerous BAF complex genes are mutated in Coffin–Siris syndrome
Authors: Miyake Noriko , Tsurusaki Yoshinori , Matsumoto Naomichi
Published: July 2014

Coffin–Siris syndrome (CSS; OMIM#135900) is a rare congenital anomaly syndrome characterized by intellectual disability, coarse face, hypertrichosis, and absence/hypoplasia of the fifth digits' nails. As the majority of patients are sporadic, an autosomal dominant inheritance model has been postulated. Recently, whole exome sequencing (WES) emerged as a comprehensive analytical method for rare variants. We applied WES on five CSS patients and found two de novo mutations in SMARCB1. SMARCB1 was completely sequenced in 23 CSS patients and the mutations were found in two more patients. As SMARCB1 encodes a subunit of the BAF complex functioning as a chromatin remodeling factor, mutations in 15 other subunit genes may cause CSS and thus were analyzed in 23 CSS patients. We identified heterozygous mutations in either of six genes (SMARCA4, SMARCB1, SMARCA2, SMARCE1, ARID1A, and ARID1B) in 20 out of 23 CSS patients. The patient with a SMARCA2 mutation was re‐evaluated and identified as having Nicolaides–Baraitser syndrome (OMIM#601358), which is similar to but different from CSS. Additionally, 49 more CSS patients were analyzed as a second cohort. Together with the first cohort, 37 out of 71 (22 plus 49) patients were found to have a mutation in either one of five BAF complex genes. Furthermore, two CSS patients were reported to have a PHF6 abnormality, which can also cause Borjeson–Forssman–Lehmann syndrome (OMIM#301900), an X‐linked intellectual disability syndrome with epilepsy and endocrine abnormalities. The current list of mutated genes in CSS is far from being complete and analysis of more patients is required. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride) ionomers as nucleating agent on the crystallization behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate)
Authors: Xing Shili , Tang Ping , Yang Yuliang
Published: July 2014

Poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride) (SMA) ionomers were synthesized and designed as a new kind of nucleation agent according to the crystallization theory for improving the crystallization of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET). The crystallization behavior of PET with the addition of nucleation agents was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, polarized‐light microscope, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Avrami equation and Hoffman–Lauritzen theory are adopted for analyzing isothermal and non‐isothermal crystallization kinetics, respectively. The results show that the addition of 1 wt % SMA ionomers effectively accelerates the crystallization rate and reduces the fold surface free energy of PET at high temperature regions. PLM results also indicated that the crystals impinge on each other, thus decreasing the spherulite size for PET/SMA ionomers samples compared with PET. XRD measurement revealed that the introduction of SMA ionomers does not change the crystal structure but indeed accelerates the crystallinity of PET. The results clearly demonstrate that our synthesized SMA ionomers are an efficient nucleating agent for PET. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41240.
High‐temperature resistant superabsorbent based on poly(acrylic acid) with triallylammonium chloride as crosslinking agent
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyun , Wang Xiangpeng , Zhang Sisi , Wu Wei
Published: July 2014

A novel high‐temperature resistant superabsorbent was prepared by solution polymerization of partially neutralized acrylic acid (AA), using triallylammonium chloride as crosslinker, potassium persulfate as initiator. The factors that influence the water‐absorbing capacity at 25 and 200°C such as mass concentration of monomer, mass ratio of crosslinker to AA, mass ratio of initiator to AA, and neutralization degree were investigated. The structure of the superabsorbent was characterized by Fourier transform infrared, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The optimum conditions were obtained and the swelling ratios in distilled water and 1 wt % of NaCl solution could reach 841 and 74 g/g at 300°C, respectively. The superabsorbent also showed high swelling rate and good salt resistance. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41243.
Electrochemically Controlled Growth of AuPt Alloy Nanowires and Nanodendrites
Authors: Yi Xiaojun , Yu Gang , Chang Fangfang , Xie Zhi Hui , Tran Tan Nhat , Hu Bo Nian , Zhong Chuan‐Jian
Published: July 2014

The ability to control the morphology and phase structure of alloy nanowires is essential for the exploitation of their unique functional properties. This report describes the findings of an investigation of the growth mechanism in the electrochemically controlled growth of AuPt alloy nanostructures. By using a template‐free alternating‐current deposition method with different combinations of waveform, voltage, and frequency, controllability over the alloy morphology, composition, and phase structure has been clearly demonstrated for the growth of the nanostructures across the gap of two microelectrodes. The growth is proposed to involve an initial facet‐selective nucleation–growth process followed by two competing nucleation–growth pathways that are highly tunable by the applied frequency and voltage. The findings provided new insights into the mechanism that underlies the controlled fabrication of alloy nanowires and nanodendrites with structurally tailorable functional properties.
Sublethal effects of the beta-blocker sotalol at environmentally relevant concentrations on the New Zealand mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum
Authors: Feiner Mona , Laforsch Christian , Letzel Thomas , Geist Juergen
Published: July 2014

Monitoring sublethal effects of pharmaceuticals on nontarget species in aquatic environments has become an important topic in ecotoxicology, yet few studies have been conducted concerning the effects of beta-blockers on aquatic organisms. The present study investigated the effects of the beta-blocker sotalol (SOT) at 3 environmentally relevant concentrations on life-history traits of the New Zealand mudsnail Potamopyrgus antipodarum. Based on the pharmacodynamic properties of SOT, the authors hypothesized reduced numbers of embryos in the brood pouches, decelerated growth of adult snails, and smaller size of neonates, but no effect on mortality rates of adults. Contrary to the hypothesis, the total number of embryos was significantly higher after 56 d of exposure at nominal concentrations of 0.05 µg/L and 1.0 µg/L by 107% and 73%, respectively. No differences in embryo numbers were observed at earlier time-points. Therefore, the mode of action seems to be an extension of the reproductive period rather than an increase of the embryo production. Furthermore, our results indicate a hormetic dose–response relationship, because no effects were observed at the highest test-concentration (6.5 µg/L). Mortality, growth of adult snails, and neonate sizes were not affected by the beta-blocker. Given the strong influence on reproduction, the effects of sublethal concentrations of SOT and other beta-blockers deserve better consideration in ecotoxicological risk assessment. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2510–2515. © 2014 SETAC
Life history responses of Daphnia similoides simultaneously exposed to microcystin-LR and ammonia and their postexposure recovery
Authors: Cao Huansheng , Lyu Kai , Xiang Fuhui , Yang Zhou
Published: July 2014

Aquatic organisms often suffer episodic stress from cyanobacterial bloom–derived concomitants and sometimes interactive stressors, and they may recover when stressors terminate. To assess whether exposed Daphnia can quickly recover from combined toxicity of bloom-derived stressors, Daphnia similoides were exposed to mixtures of ammonia (0 mg L−1, 0.37 mg L−1, and 0.58 mg L−1) and dissolved microcystin-LR (0 µg L−1, 10 µg L−1, 30 µg L−1, and 100 µg L−1) in a full factorial design for 14 d and subsequently allowed to recover for 7 d. During the exposure, the mixtures of ammonia and microcystin-LR showed different effects on the selected variables. Ammonia delayed the time to maturation, but microcystin-LR was not negative to the development of the tested daphnids. Furthermore, microcystin-LR reduced the prolonged developmental time to first eggs and first clutch caused by high ammonia. The total reproduction of D. similoides was dramatically reduced by 64% to 79% by both toxicants and their combinations, but there were no interactive effects. After the recovery period, organisms under most treatments did not recover completely from the combined stress but showed positive signs of recovery, based on the size of the last clutch and the mean number of clutches during recovery; thus the affected D. similoides have the potential to quickly recover from the combined toxic stressors. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2497–2505. © 2014 SETAC
Loss of Runx2 in Committed Osteoblasts Impairs Postnatal Skeletogenesis
Authors: Adhami Mitra D , Rashid Harunur , Chen Haiyan , Clarke John C , Yang Yang , Javed Amjad
Published: July 2014

The Runx2 transcription factor is critical for commitment to the osteoblast lineage. However, its role in committed osteoblasts and its functions during postnatal skeletogenesis remain unclear. We established a Runx2-floxed line with insertion of loxP sites around exon 8 of the Runx2 gene. The Runx2 protein lacking the region encoded by exon 8 is imported into the nucleus and binds target DNA but exhibits diminished transcriptional activity. We specifically deleted the Runx2 gene in committed osteoblasts using 2.3-kb col1a-Cre transgenic mice. Surprisingly, the homozygous Runx2 mutant mice were born alive. The Runx2 heterozygous and homozygous null were grossly indistinguishable from wild-type littermates at birth. Runx2 deficiency did not alter proliferative capacity of osteoblasts during embryonic development (E18). Chondrocyte differentiation and cartilage growth in mutants was similar to wild-type mice from birth to 3 months of age. Analysis of the embryonic skeleton revealed poor calcification in homozygous mutants, which was more evident in bones formed by intramembranous ossification. Runx2 mutants showed progressive retardation in postnatal growth and exhibited significantly low bone mass by 1 month of age. Decreased bone formation was associated with decreased gene expression of osteoblast markers and impaired collagen assembly in the extracellular matrix. Consequently, Runx2 mutant bones exhibited decreased stiffness and structural integrity. By 3 months of age, bone acquisition in mutant mice was roughly half that of wild-type littermates. In addition to impaired osteoblast function, mutant mice showed markedly decreased osteoclast number and postnatal bone resorption. Taken together, functional deficiency of Runx2 in osteoblasts does not result in failed embryonic skeletogenesis but disrupts postnatal bone formation. © 2014 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Effect of Alkali Treatment of HY Zeolite on Continuous Synthesis of Triacetonamine
Authors: Tian Jun , Chen Ligong , Zhang Chao , Yan Xilong , Li Yang
Published: July 2014

The continuous synthesis of triacetonamine from acetone and ammonia over HY was realized. Meanwhile, alkali‐treated HY with different structure and acidities were prepared and examined. The results indicated that the acid sites, especially Brønsted acid sites, played a vital role on the selectivity of triacetonamine and the conversion of acetone. It was further confirmed by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), N2 adsorption and desorption experiments, IR spectra of adsorbed pyridine, and NH3 temperature‐programmed desorption. Meanwhile, the generation mechanisms of triacetonamine and impurities were speculated.
New Imidazo[1,2‐c]pyrimidin‐5(6H)‐Ones Derived from Cytosine: Synthesis, Structure, and Cytotoxic Activity
Authors: Jansa Josef , Lyčka Antonín , Padělková Zdeňka , Grepl Martin , Konečný Petr , Hajdúch Marián , Džubák Petr
Published: July 2014

This work describes the synthesis of 8‐iodoimidazo[1,2‐c]pyrimidin‐5(6H)‐one 2 from 5‐iodocytosine 1. This compound was subjected to Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction with aryl and heteroarylboronic acids. After optimization, 10 products 3a, 3b, 3c, 3d, 3e, 3f, 3g, 3h, 3i, 3j were obtained in good yields 61‐90%. Cytotoxic activity of all new products was evaluated on seven tumor cell lines including resistant variants and on normal human fibroblasts. Two derivatives showed promising biological activity and good therapeutic index in the case of 3h.
Highly Sensitive Dual‐Mode Fluorescence Detection of Lead Ion in Water Using Aggregation‐Induced Emissive Polymers
Authors: Saha Sukanta Kumar , Ghosh Khama Rani , Gao Jian Ping , Wang Zhi Yuan
Published: July 2014

A series of fluorene‐based conjugated polymers containing the aggregation‐induced emissive (AIE)‐active tetraphenylethene and dicarboxylate pseudocrown as a receptor exhibits a unique dual‐mode sensing ability for selective detection of lead ion in water. Fluorescence turn‐off and turn‐on detections are realized in 80%–90% and 20% water in tetrahydrofuran (THF), respectively, for lead ion with a concentration as low as 10−8
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Personal, Societal, and Literary Reform in John Colet'sEcclesiastical Hierarchy
Authors: Nodes Daniel J.
Published: July 2014

The English cleric John Colet (ca. 1467–1519) composed a commentary on theEcclesiastical Hierarchy of Dionysius, the legendary disciple of Saint Paul. Colet approached the Dionysian text not as an artifact belonging to another time and place but as a living document, much as he approached St. Paul's Letters in his commentaries. His goal was to critique lapses in ecclesiastical virtue and to instill a spirit of personal and institutional reform by comparing the sacramental and hierarchical practices of the sixth-century Dionysian Church with those of his Church in England. This essay suggests a new path to understanding the distinctiveness of reforms advocated by Colet. By referring to specific elements, including the practices of baptism and the eucharist and the nature of the office of bishop, Colet was able, via Dionysius, to reveal alternative possibilities of reform by adopting patristic and, although perhaps unwittingly, Eastern Orthodox thought and practice. What has not been appreciated thus far is that Colet'sEcclesiastical Hierarchyproduces for a Latin readership in England a neo-Patristic blueprint that resembles in significant details the living ecclesiology of the Christian East, which was coming to light in the West through the humanist restoration of patristic texts and debates among scholars in Italy over Union and Conciliarism.
The effect of soil tillage system on the nitrogen uptake, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of spring barley in a cool Atlantic climate
Authors: BRENNAN J. , FORRISTAL P. D. , McCABE T. , HACKETT R.
Published: July 2014

Field experiments were conducted between 2009 and 2011 in Ireland to compare the effects of soil tillage systems on the grain yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and nitrogen (N) uptake patterns of spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) in a cool Atlantic climate. The four tillage treatments comprised conventional tillage in spring (CT), reduced tillage in autumn (RT A), reduced tillage in spring (RT S) and reduced tillage in autumn and spring (RT A+S). Each tillage system was evaluated with five levels of fertilizer N (0, 75, 105, 135 and 165 kg N/ha). Grain yield varied between years but CT had a significantly higher mean yield over the three years than the RT systems. There was no significant difference between the three RT systems. Tillage system had no significant effect on the grain yield response to fertilizer N. As a result of the higher yields achieved, the CT system had a higher NUE than the RT systems at all N rates. There was no significant difference in NUE between the three RT systems. Conventional tillage had significantly higher nitrogen uptake efficiency (NUpE) than RT A and a significantly higher nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE) than all three RT systems. Crop N uptake followed a similar pattern each year. Large amounts of N were accumulated during the vegetative growth stages while N was lost after anthesis. Increased N rates had a positive effect on N uptake in the early growth stages but tended to promote N loss later in the season. The CT system had the highest N uptake in the initial growth stages but its rate of uptake diminished at a faster rate than the RT systems as the season progressed. Tillage system had an inconsistent effect on crop N content during the later growth stages. On the basis of these results it is concluded that the use of non-inversion tillage systems for spring barley establishment in a cool oceanic climate remains challenging and in certain conditions may result in a reduction in NUE and lower and more variable grain yields than conventional plough-based systems.
Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders and insomnia: a commentary on future directions
Authors: Aho Kristin M. , Pickett Scott M. , Hamill Timothy S.
Published: July 2014

Anxiety disorders and insomnia significantly impair daily functioning. Similar underlying mechanisms may account for the high comorbidity of both disorders, and respective treatments share pharmacological and behavioural features. This review suggests the utility of an integrated CBT approach in the treatment of generalized anxiety, post-traumatic stress, and panic disorders, and comorbid insomnia. Other anxiety disorders were not explored because current data are limited or inconsistent. A comprehensive, non-systematic review of the literature was conducted to evaluate the treatment of comorbid anxiety and insomnia disorders, and data reveal shared pharmacological and behavioural features of insomnia and anxiety disorders treatment. However, research demonstrates that CBT maintains successful treatment results longer than drug therapies. Despite similar treatment approaches, there is a paucity of research that explores integrated CBT approaches for comorbid anxiety and insomnia disorders. This review suggests that future research should assess the impact of combined therapeutic approaches on the simultaneous reduction of anxiety disorders, insomnia, and relapse rates.
Design and characterization of a foam-based Mikaelian lens antennas in millimeter waves
Authors: Bor Jonathan , Fuchs Benjamin , Lafond Olivier , Himdi Mohamed
Published: July 2014

The design principles and radiation performances of Mikaelian lens antennas are presented. The ways to manufacture gradient index lenses are briefly reviewed. An innovative technique based on the variation of the foam density is described and applied to the Mikaelian lenses. This yields low cost and lightweight gradient index lenses. The focusing properties of Mikaelian lenses are compared numerically to Luneburg lenses. A foam-based planar Mikaelian lens antenna is manufactured and its radiation performances are characterized at 60 GHz. With its flat shape in contact to the primary source, the cylindrical Mikaelian lens turns out to be, for focusing purposes, an interesting alternative to the well-known Luneburg lens.
Epidemiologie von HIV
Authors: Ledergerber Bruno , Battegay Manuel
Published: July 2014

Im Jahr 2012 lebten weltweit ungefähr 35 Mio. Personen mit HIV, 69 % davon in Afrika südlich der Sahara. Es wurden in diesem Jahr 2.3 Mio. Personen neu mit HIV infiziert, 95 % davon in Ländern mit tiefen oder mittleren Einkommen und 1.6 Mio. Menschen starben an den Folgen von HIV und AIDS. Die sexuelle Übertragung von HIV ging in den letzten Jahren weltweit zurück, ein Resultat der vielen Therapieprogramme, die auch HIV-Tests und Prävention integrieren. Nach den neuen WHO-Behandlungsrichtlinien von 2013 erhielten 34 % der 28.6 Mio. für eine Therapie qualifizierender HIV-infizierter Menschen eine antiretrovirale Therapie. In vielen Ländern Osteuropas und Asiens ist die HIV-Epidemie bei drogenabhängigen Personen komplett außer Kontrolle. Kriminalisierung und Stigmatisierung führen dazu, dass sich diese Personen oft nicht rechtzeitig auf HIV testen lassen und medizinische Betreuung erhalten. Erschwerend sind hohe Ko-Infektionsraten mit dem Hepatitis-C-Virus und Tuberkulose. Ansteckungen von Kindern bei der Geburt und durch das Stillen sind weiterhin rückläufig. Im Jahr 2012 erhielten weltweit 62 % der Schwangeren eine antiretrovirale Therapie und es ist eine der Prioritäten der WHO, diese Abdeckung bis 2015 auf 90 % zu erhöhen. Ein neuer Ansatz zur Eindämmung der Epidemie ist das „Test and Treat“ Konzept, bei dem flächendeckende HIV-Tests mit sofortigem Therapiebeginn vorgesehen sind. Allerdings gibt es auch Befürchtungen, dass die großen Anstrengungen nicht über die notwendigen Jahrzehnte aufrechterhalten werden können und Resistenzentwicklung der HI-Viren, sowie zu tiefe Retentionsraten in Betreuungsprogrammen die Wirksamkeit kostengünstiger Therapien gefährden.
HIV und Schwangerschaft
Authors: Zweifel Vineeta Bansal , Berger Christoph , Nadal David , Grawe Claudia
Published: July 2014

Der Einsatz und Erfolg der kombinierten antiretroviralen Therapie hat dazu geführt, dass heterosexuelle sowie vertikale HIV-Transmissionen nur noch selten vorkommen. HIV-infizierte Frauen werden immer häufiger schwanger und können durch präventive Maßnahmen, v. a. in den industrialisierten Ländern, HIV-negative gesunde Kinder gebären. Im nachfolgenden Artikel gehen wir auf die Bedeutung einer HIV-Infektion und auf die wichtigsten diagnostischen sowie therapeutischen Aspekte in der Schwangerschaft ein.
Goethite nanoparticle aggregation: effects of buffers, metal ions, and 4-chloronitrobenzene reduction
Authors: Stemig Amanda M. , Do Tram Anh , Yuwono Virany M. , Arnold William A. , Penn R. Lee
Published: July 2014

The rates at which highly oxidized species are reduced by Fe(ii) sorbed onto iron mineral surfaces can change dramatically with small changes in solution conditions, mainly through changes in nanoparticle aggregation state.
Potential-driven molecular tiling of a charged polycyclic aromatic compound
Authors: Cui Kang , Ivasenko Oleksandr , Mali Kunal S. , Wu Dongqing , Feng Xinliang , Müllen Klaus , De Feyter Steven , Mertens Stijn F. L.
Published: July 2014

Electrochemical potential causes molecular tiling of organic ions at the solid–liquid interface with supramolecular motifs that contain between 2 and 7 tectons.