bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Case for Digital Pill Use in Clinical Trials
Authors:   MedSurgPI LLC, 3700 Lark Farm Road, Franklinton, NC 27525, USA, Klein Gerald L.
Published: February 2022

Medication adherence in clinical trials is significantly overestimated through every phase of drug development. This can cause a reduction in statistical power, potentially resulting in incorrect conclusions regarding efficacy, safety, tolerability, and dose-response relationships, in addition to major cost overruns. Digital pill systems enable adherence measurement through an embedded ingestible sensor paired with an external receiver. An oral pharmaceutical product is over-encapsulated by a pharmaceutical-grade shell containing a biocompatible sensor. Upon exposure to gastrointestinal fluid, the shell dissolves and the sensor is activated. Medication ingestion data is transmitted via a digital signal. Clinicians and researchers use this data to track, in real time, when and if a medication was taken. These systems have demonstrated a 99.4% rate of accuracy, and have over 15-years of supporting experience and safety data. Spurred by the accelerated adoption of technology in healthcare and in everyday life, patients have become tech-savvy. They quickly adapt to these devices, and are able to use them safely and effectively. Digital pills can be implemented in most types of studies. In early-stage trials such as pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies, or dose-finding studies, accurate information on maximum-tolerated dose levels is essential and cannot be established unless study participants are highly adherent. In later-stage pivotal trials, effective medication adherence tracking can strengthen the dataset and confidence in the study results. Significant nonadherence may generate results that do not meet statistical or clinical significance for the critical endpoints, resulting in at worst, a failed trial, or at best, the need to enroll additional patients at substantial additional cost. Most clinical trials fail to achieve statistical significance, and poor medication adherence is often an important contributor. A digital pill system can ensure the quality and integrity of adherence data, increase confidence in the overall study data, and improve clinical trial efficiency
Some Problems of Vaccination Campaigns in Developing Countries
Authors:   School of Management and Economics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 253 Xuefu Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650093, China, Sun Chengjun
Published: February 2022

Vaccination offers the most cost-effective approach to prevent and control infectious diseases in the history of mankind.1 The English physician Edward Jenner introduced smallpox vaccine in 1798. It is the first successful vaccine to be developed. Since then a series of vaccines have been developed and come into use; for example, the influenza vaccine, the hepatitis B vaccine, and the polio vaccine. The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that licensed vaccines are currently available to successfully combat against twenty-five infections.2
The Case for Flu Vaccination
Authors:   Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Tennessee College of Medicine, Chattanooga, USA, Akinlaja Olukayode A.
Published: February 2022

Influenza or flu vaccine encompasses the seasonal vaccination that protects against infection by the influenza viruses. It’s generally available in two forms; the inactive form administered as shots or intramuscular injections and the weakened live viral forms sprayed intranasally.
Salmonella-based Anticancer Vaccines and their Efficacy
Authors:   Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Farashi-Bonab Samad , Khansari Nemat ,   American Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Garden Grove, CA 92843, USA
Published: February 2022

Surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy are successfully used to treat patients with tumors or cancers. However, the innovation of more potent therapeutic modalities is essential for the efficient treatment of patients with advanced cancers. More than two centuries ago, bacteria have been observed to have beneficial effects in some cancer patients. Virulence factors of some bacteria and their infectious behavior in the body suggest their effectiveness in tumor suppression. At present, bacillus calmette-guérin (BCG), a live attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis, is currently used to treat bladder cancer. Some other bacteria have also been found to have antitumor activities. Anaerobic bacteria can colonize solid tumors and exert an intrinsic antitumor effect. Salmonella is the most studied bacterium in the field of bacterial anticancer therapy in preclinical studies. In this article, we discuss progress in the development of bacterial anticancer vaccines, especially Salmonella-based vaccines, their antitumor efficacy, and mechanisms involved in vaccine-mediated cancer cell death.
Keine Begleitperson bei Begutachtungen
Authors: Holtstraeter Reinhard
Published: February 2022

Nur für die psychiatrische Begutachtung ist bisher höchstrichterlich geklärt, dass kein Anspruch auf die Anwesenheit einer Vertrauensperson bei Anamneseerhebung und Untersuchung besteht. Als wesentlichen Aspekt hatte das Landessozialgericht zu beurteilen, ob das Verbot der Begleitperson auch für Untersuchungen bei sozialgerichtlich bestellten Sachverständigen auf orthopädischem Sachgebiet greift. In der auch für andere Fachgebiete richtungsweisenden Entscheidung verneint der Senat ein grundsätzliches Recht auf Begleitung. Die konsequente Weigerung des Klägers, eine Untersuchung durch gerichtlich bestellten Sachverständigen ohne Begleitung zu akzeptieren, könne zudem zum Verlust des Rechts auf Benennung eines eigenen Gutachters1 nach § 109 SGG führen.
IKKA-Score zur Vereinheitlichung der Beurteilung des individuellen Risikos durch SARS-CoV-2
Authors:   Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeits-, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Wolfschmidt Anna , Ochmann Uta ,   Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeits-, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin, LMU Klinikum München, Nowak Dennis ,   Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeits-, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin, LMU Klinikum München, Drexler Hans ,   Institut und Poliklinik für Arbeits-, Sozial- und Umweltmedizin der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
Published: February 2022

IKKA score for the standardisation of individual risk assessment in relation to SARS-CoV-2 Objective: The assessment of an individual’s risk of developing a severe course of COVID-19 can prove to be an extremely difficult task for the physicians in charge. The presented score system is designed to allow for a standardisation of this risk assessment while simultaneously being clear and efficient enough to pave the way for its use in practice. Methods: The IKKA score was developed in four steps. In step 1 we defined four occupational groups which determine the possible fields of activity. In step 2 we identified risk factors which are supposed to increase an individual’s need for protection in association with SARS-CoV-2. These were grouped into four score categories. In step 3 score points were allotted within the categories depending on the extent of the assumed need for protection. In step 4 each possible result in the final score was assigned to one of the occupational groups. Results: The IKKA score is composed of four categories: Immunosuppression (I), Known severity of any pre-existing condition (II), Known risk factors as defined by the Robert Koch Institute (RKI) (III), and Age (IV). Within each of the categories a score is allotted by the physician depending on the extent of the respective risk factors. The final score results from the sum of the individual scores in each category. On the basis of the final score the employee is assigned to one of four occupational groups. Employers can specify possible fields of activity for members of each group on the basis of the company’s risk assessment. Conclusion: The IKKA score constitutes a system of practical support for physicians charged with assessing an individual’s risk in association with SARS-CoV-2. Its main strength lies in the fact that it enables physicians to standardise this risk assessment in a transparent and time-efficient manner while simultaneously taking into account recommendations by the German Federal Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (BMAS). Keywords: SARS-CoV-2 – COVID-19 – risk assessment – score
Knowledge Management in the Age of Unreliable Messages. Do University Students Trust Online Messages? (A Survey from the Middle East)
Authors:   University of Tehran, Sabbar Shaho , Abdollahinezhad Alireza ,   Allameh Tabataba'i University, Heidari Ako ,   George Mason University, Mohammadi Fatemeh ,   Allameh Tabataba'i University
Published: February 2022

We are exposed to a constant stream of messages many of which originate from unreliable or untrustworthy sources. Moreover, it is not possible to control the messages before they are published and allow the dissemination of the verified ones only. Growing a critical mind can be a practical way to prevent the accumulation of incorrect or inaccurate information in our brains. The current study tried to see whether or not university students hold a critical view of social media messages. First, in a qualitative study, hundreds of messages shared on social media were observed, 12 of which were chosen based on the popularity of their central themes. Many of the messages contained an extraordinary claim such as the existence of mermaids, human-like complex emotions in animals, etc. Then, in a survey, the chosen messages were shown to 379 university students. The respondents were asked to express their opinions about the messages. For each of the 12 messages, between 36 to 94 percent of the respondents just assumed the messages to be true. The analysis of the responses revealed weak critical thinking among the students.
POGLED NA JEZIK PJESNIŠTVA „LIBRA OD MNOZIJEH RAZLOGA“ U KONTEKSTU HRVATSKIH MEĐUDIJALEKTNIH ADAPTACIJA 16. STOLJEĆA
Authors: Blažević Krezić Vera , Eterović Ivana
Published: February 2022

U hrvatskome ćiriličkom korpusu važno mjesto zauzima dubrovačka sastavnica u kojoj je rukopisna ćirilička tradicija njegovana stoljećima i koja obuhvaća tekstove različitih funkcionalnih registara, posebice bogata u 16. stoljeću. Među opsežnijim tekstovima dubrovačke ćiriličke pismenosti nalazi se i „Libro od mnozijeh razloga“, zbornik pretežno nabožnoga sadržaja iz 1520. godine. Objavljujući ga u cijelosti prije stotinjak godina, Milan Rešetar ustvrdio je da su njegovi članci nastali pod utjecajem različitih predložaka „okrenutih“ na dubrovački govor: glagoljičkih na narodnome i ćiriličkih na crkvenoslavenskome jeziku te talijanskih, a pronašao je čak i kajkavski utjecaj. Takvo „okretanje na dubrovački“ nije isključiva značajka „Libra od mnozijeh razloga“, već je međudijalektna adaptacija potvrđena i u drugim hrvatskim tekstovima 16. stoljeća. U ovome radu prikazuju se razine čakavsko-štokavske prilagodbe u jeziku „Libra“ na primjeru dviju njegovih pjesama, a potom uspoređuju s drugim primjerima čakavsko-štokavskih i čakavsko-kajkavskih prilagodbi iz 16. stoljeća, čime se teži dati prilog boljem razumijevanju odnosa među hrvatskim narječjima i dijalektima u ranome novovjekovlju.
GRAFIJA PISARSKIH RUKU „LIBRA OD MNOZIJEH RAZLOGA“
Authors: Paskojević Kristian
Published: February 2022

„Libro od mnozijeh razloga“, rukopisna knjiga nastala u Dubrovniku 1520. g., karakteristična je po šarolikom sadržaju i izboru tema koje obuhvaća (dijelovi evanđelja, poučne legende, molitve, dijelovi horoskopa i sanjarice). Sastavljena je od pet dijelova naknadno povezanih u jednu cjelinu/zbornik, a pojedine su dijelove pisale različite pisarske ruke. Milan Rešetar, čije je paleografsko istraživanje poslužilo kao polazna točka članka, spominje tri glavne pisarske ruke i četvrtu koja je uglavnom dodavala naslove pisane crvenom tintom. Uz njih pojavljuju se još dvije mlađe ruke koje su dopunjavale prazan prostor na kraju pojedinih dijelova rukopisa. Glavna zadaća ovog paleografskog istraživanja jest analiza grafije navedenih pisara i komparacija slovnih oblika s ciljem identifikacije razlika/sličnosti između njih, s naglaskom na njihovu morfologiju. Termin grafija širi je od grafomorfologije, pod njim se podrazumijeva način bilježenja fonema slovima ili grafemima, odnosno sustav slova kojim se pišu fonemi pojedinog jezika (Badurina 2012: 65). Jedan je od ciljeva istraživanja i prepoznavanje mogućih poveznica između pisara i različitih tipova pisma (primjerice kurziv).
Boşluklu füze kanatçığının dinamik modelinin sistem tanımlama metodları kullanılarak tahmin edilmesi
Authors: GÜLTEKİN Ali Murat , KILICASLAN Sinan
Published: February 2022

Bu çalışmada boşluklu füze kanatçığının dinamik modelinin sistem tanımlama metodları kullanılarak tahmin edilmesi ve sistemin modal parametrelerinin elde edilmesi için uygulanması kolay ve hesaplama süresi kısa olan bir yaklaşım geliştirilmiştir. Füze kanatçığının hareket denklemlerinde sadece kanatçık ile füze arasındaki boşluk dinamiğini dikkate almak için, sarsıcı frekansı belirli bir aralıkta tutulmuştur. Dolayısıyla kanatçığın elastik hareketi devreye girmemiştir. Önce, kuvvet kontrollü test metoduyla bu sistemin dinamiğinin doğrusal olmadığı gösterilmiştir. Daha sonra, deplasman kontrollü test metodu kullanılarak sistemin dinamiği doğrusallaştırılmıştır. Her iki test metodunda da sinüsoidal giriş uygulanmıştır. Her iki test metodundan elde edilen zaman verileri ve zaman verilerinden hesaplanan frekans verileri yardımıyla sistemin matematiksel modelleri doğrusal olan ARX ve OE metotları kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Başka bir deyişle, hem kuvvet kontollü test verilerinin hem de deplasman kontrollü test verilerinin herbiri için boşluk dinamiğini ifade eden dört farklı model elde edilmiştir. Yani toplam olarak boşluk dinamiğini ifade eden sekiz farklı model elde edilmiştir. Sonrasında, elde edilen doğrusal modellerin gömülü dinamiğe sahip olup olmadığı herbir modelin kendi içindeki korelasyonuna bakılarak kontrol edilmiştir. Daha sonra, kuvvet ve deplasman kontrollü test metodlarıyla elde edilen test verilerine en iyi uyum sağlayan matematiksel model, sistemi tanımlayan model olarak seçilmiştir. Bundan sonra, seçilen model kullanılarak sistemin modal parametreleri elde edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, deplasman kontrollü testin zaman verileriyle ARX modelinden elde edilen sistem tanımlama modelinin, boşluklu füze kanatçığının dinamiğini temsil eden en uygun model olduğu görülmüştür.
Kubbeli cami tasarımında kasnak pencerelerinin açık veya kapalı durumunun görünürlük ve sıcaklık yayılımına etkisinin yangın dinamik simülasyonu ile analizi
Authors: TOP Semahat Merve , TOPRAKLI Abdurrahman
Published: February 2022

Bu çalışmada, Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı tarafından hazırlanan kubbeli cami projelerinden biri olan 750 kişilik Tip 6 Mevlana Camii'nde 750 kW büyüklüğündeki yangının farklı senaryolarında ortaya çıkabilecek sonuçlar üzerinde durulmaktadır. Bu senaryolar; Senaryo 1 (kubbe kasnak pencereleri kapalı) ve Senaryo 2 (kubbe kasnak pencereleri açık) olmak üzere 2 çeşitten oluşmaktadır. Bu senaryolarda, yangının başlangıcından itibaren ilk 500 saniyelik süreçte gazların duman, sıcaklık, görünürlük ve akış hızının insan güvenliği üzerindeki etkileri incelenerek mevcut güvenli tahliye süresi (ASET) bulunmuştur. Araştırmada, yangın dinamik simülasyonlarından (FDS) biri olan ‘’PyroSim’’ simülasyon programı kullanılmıştır. Çıkan sonuçlara göre, zemin kattaki risk süresi kubbe pencerelerinin kapalı olduğu durumda 200 saniye, pencerelerin açık olduğu durumda 350 saniye olduğu bulunmuştur. Hanımlar mahfilindeki risk süresi; pencerelerin kapalı olduğu durumda 120 saniye, pencerelerin açık olduğu durumda 135 saniye olduğu bulunmuştur. Kubbe elemanı yangında dumanının depolanması için alan oluşturarak dumanın ana mekanlara yayılımını azaltmakta ve dolayısıyla mevcut güvenli tahliye süresini (ASET) uzatmaktadır. Kubbede doğal havalandırmayı sağlayan pencerelerin açılması yangında dumanın tahliye ederek mevcut güvenli tahliye süresinin (ASET) artmasına sebep olmuştur.
Transformation Protocol v2
Authors: England Biolabs New
Published: February 2022

Quick Ligation products may be transformed by many different methods. The following protocol is recommended by New England Biolabs.
Exploring factors affecting peer-led team learning in EFL classes: A case of secondary schools in Ethiopia
Authors: Alemayehu Mastewal Misganaw
Published: February 2022

Peer-led team learning (PLTL) has become common in ESL classrooms across Ethiopia. This study explores factors affecting PLTL in students' verbal participation in English as a Foreign Language (EFL). A descriptive survey was employed as a research method, and mixed approach data collection methods were used. Twenty-four EFL teachers and 114 students of three secondary schools in Ethiopia were taken as the research participants by systematic random sampling. The data collected from questionnaires, interviews, and classroom observation were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively using a statistical tool in frequency, percentages, ANOVA and multiple regression. The findings indicated that students differ significantly in their level of verbal participation in PLTL groups. Of the twenty-two expected factors, no single factor predicted whether students would participate in PLTL groups. More than one factor was usually working together, or one factor led onto another to affect students' participation. Personality characteristics, motivational factors, and group situation factors were significant to student participation in PLTL. Not every student could get the opportunities to become a group leader, and the groups were static. Since there was an absence of active monitoring, most groups drifted away from tasks and were involved in noisy chat in their mother tongue. Few students in a group dominated others who persevered at group activities. The qualitative findings are consistent with the quantitative ones.
Perception of English vowel contrasts by Acehnese-Indonesian bilingual learners of English
Authors: Masykar Tanzir , Hassan Roshidah Binti , Pillai Stefanie
Published: February 2022

Previous studies have reported that second language (L2) learners filter non-native L2 sounds through their existing native or first language (L1) sounds when learning L2 sounds. The degree of similarity between L1 and L2 sounds can predict the ease of acquisition of non-native L2 sounds. In the context of English language learning in Indonesia, most learners are likely to speak two languages before they learn English at school; Acehnese is not wituout any exception. As a result, they have larger phonemic inventories to rely on when learning English sounds. This study seeks to investigate how Acehnese-Indonesian bilinguals perceive five sets of vowel contrast in English (i.e., /ɪ/ - /iː/, /æ/ - /ɛ/, /ʌ/ - /ɑː/, /ʊ/ - /uː/, and /ɑː/ - /ɔː/). A special focus is given to their perception of English vowel contrasts that are new, similar, and identical to Acehnese and Indonesian vowels. A group of 31 high school students (N=31) from an Islamic boarding school in Aceh participated in this study. An AX test comprising repetition and minimal pairs of English vowel contrasts in CVC word contexts was randomly presented to the students. The data were analyzed by comparing the means of each vowel pair followed by a general linear model statistical analysis and interpreted based on speech perception and production models. The findings indicate that the Acehnese-Indonesian bilinguals discriminate the vowel pairs /æ/ - /ɜː/ and /ɑː/ - /ɔː/ better than the /ɪ/ - /iː/, /ʌ/ - /ɑː/ and /ɑː/ - /ɔː/ pairs. The vowel pairs in which both vowels are novel to Acehnese and Indonesian were moderately discriminated compared to the pairs in which one vowel is similar in both Acehnese and Indonesian. It can be said that students perceived pairs with one vowel similar to Acehnese-Indonesian better than pairs with both vowels or one vowel novel in Acehnese and Indonesian. The findings reported in the paper are expected to inform pedagogic practices, particularly in the development of materials for the teaching of English pronunciation. English teachers in Aceh may incorporate Acehnese words that have similar sounds to English while emphasizing the novel sounds which are absent from the Acehnese vowel system.
The EFL students’ online reading determinants: Perceiving from their selected folklore readings
Authors: Sumekto Didik Rinan , Taufiqulloh Taufiqulloh , Aryani Made Ratna Dian
Published: February 2022

In an attempt to increase reading performance at university level. This study aims at perceiving the experiential determinants of EFL students’ online reading performance. Data were collected from 182 undergraduate students’ self-rated questionnaire based on the assigned Indonesian folklores in English version through the online reading platforms. Data analysis used descriptive statistics and factor analysis. The results showed that EFL students’ reading habits and reading frequencies and trends were very supportive, whilst reading effectiveness and reading for pleasure supported their reading performance. Tests of chi-square’s four variables were statistically significant indicating the proportional majority of online reading activity. Meanwhile, the Principal Components Analysis (PCA) indicated two components and variables under the eigenvalues’ square root. The interpretation of two components was coherent with the pilot results on the online reading readability scale, analyzed the use of positive and negative affect items as undertaken from the pattern and structure matrix for PCA with the Obliging rotation. EFL students’ online reading is engaging accordingly since students accomplished their reading performance based on individual accessibilities and habits to understand the contents of genres. This study concludes that EFL students’ online reading performance has been practically facilitated by the technology devices multiply. Hence, four online reading variables increased EFL students’ reading awareness and performance accordingly.
CLIL implemented and scaffolded in an EFL higher education context: Engineering research methodology course
Authors: Kanoksilapatham Budsaba , Khamkhien Attapol
Published: February 2022

The increasing global and local demands to improve English proficiency have been a burgeoning challenge across the entire paradigm and domains. Specifically, in academia, the ability to read English research articles is of paramount importance. Meanwhile, Content Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) implementation has been recognized to be a successful teaching approach. This study aims to estimate the CLIL impact on enhancing the students’ English research article reading skills, enlarging their vocabulary repertoire, and boosting the students’ and instructors’ satisfaction. The focus of the study is on a “research methodology” course for engineering students in Thailand. Throughout CLIL, the language teachers and engineering teachers closely collaborated, designing course materials and developing language activities. To assess research article reading skills and vocabulary knowledge, two sets of similar pretests/posttests were administered. Then, to assess the students’ level of CLIL satisfaction, questionnaires were completed, and two separate focus group discussion sessions were conducted with the students and teachers. Test score analysis yielded a significantly enhanced output in both the content subject and English vocabulary knowledge. Additionally, questionnaire and focus group discussion data analysis indicated that both the students and teachers had positive attitudes toward CLIL instruction. Taken together, this study demonstrates that to achieve full optimization of CLIL benefits, scaffolding needs to be supplemented to accommodate individual learning contexts.
Attributes of effective EFL teachers in Vietnamese context as perceived by students and teachers
Authors: Quan Nguyen Hai
Published: February 2022

Identifying characteristics of effective teachers has always been a topic of paramount importance. Accordingly, an extensive volume of theoretical endeavours and empirical research has been devoted to the investigation of typical attributes that effective teachers possess in diverse contexts. Yet, current understanding of the issue in Vietnamese setting remains limited. Given that perceptions about effective teachers’ qualities have been typically found to be highly context-bounded, gaining an insight into these attributes in this under-researched context is expected to provide a solid foundation for further attempts to improve the quality of teaching and learning. The present study responds to this pressing need by exploring the perceptions held by 200 learners and 22 teachers in a language school in Vietnam, employing questionnaires for collecting both quantitative and qualitative data. A theoretical framework adapted from Shulman’s (1986, 1987) model of teachers’ knowledge base was employed. Findings from the study revealed both convergence and mismatches in the perceptions held by the teacher and learner groups. As a whole, teachers, and learners convergently prioritised teachers’ subject matter content knowledge as most important, compared to pedagogical content knowledge and teachers’ identity and interactions with learners. Both groups also voted teachers’ ability to provide clear instructions and explanations as the most important pedagogical feature of effective teachers and uniformly downplayed the role of sociocultural knowledge and the ability to effectively use technology. More in-depth analyses, however, showed that teachers placed more importance over the pedagogical aspects of subject matter knowledge, language proficiency, and teaching methodology, whereas learners more appreciated the psychological and motivational aspects. In particular, the teacher participants highly valued the teachers’ ability of classroom management, material adaptation, and facilitating students’ engagement in learning activities. In contrast, qualities most desired by learners included a positive attitude towards the teaching career and teachers’ willingness to care, understand learners’ problems, encourage, and treat all students on a fair basis.
Exploring undergraduate students’ experiences in dealing with post-editing of machine translation
Authors: Harto Sri , Hamied Fuad Abdul , Musthafa Bachrudin , Setyarini Sri
Published: February 2022

Although post-editing of machine translation (PEMT) has been much discussed and spoken among students in higher education institutions, little empirical evidence has been reported regarding the students’ real practices in their academic life. To fill this practical gap, this article explores the students’ experiences in dealing with PEMT in a Theoretical Foundation of Translating and Interpreting (TFTI) course. This exploration elaborates practical insights into how the students initially started practicing translation through PEMT in their actual day-to-day practices. Fifty-eight English students studying in an undergraduate program in a prominent public university in Indonesia voluntarily participated in this qualitative case study. Data were collected from students’ focused-group discussion (FGD), survey questionnaire, in-depth interviews, and students’ documents and the data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings showed that post-editing process provides the students with experiences in building their text knowledge to enable them to have high awareness and sensitivity to the academic texts. In addition, in PEMT practices, the students’ experiences were explored through the implementation of translation methods and techniques expected to build their awareness in PEMT with regard to language structure and language function. These experiences have given some empirical inputs for the lecturers to design relevant tasks and apply various translating practices for students’ more meaningful learning.
Movement Properties of Elderly Pedestrians in the Bottleneck Flow With Different Compositions
Authors: Ren Xiangxia , Zhang Jun , Song Weiguo
Published: February 2022

With the development of aging society, the proportion of the old population is ascending continually. The elders facing the challenge of impaired mobility and decreasing flexibility will affect the dynamic characteristics of pedestrian flow. While the study of the evacuation dynamic mainly focuses on the young for the limited experimental conditions. The movement of elderly pedestrians are seldom investigated. However, the comprehensive understanding of the influence of the elders on the pedestrian flow is essential for facility design and evacuation management. Therefore, a series of comparative experiments between the separate elderly group, separate young group and the mixed group (38 elders and 63 young) are carried out to study the movement properties of elderly pedestrians in the bottleneck flow with different compositions quantitatively. The mixture of the elderly and the young makes the efficiency decrease significantly. In the mixed group, the speed of the young pedestrians is lower than that of the elders for the young slow down to avoid collisions. The young kept a certain distance from the elders for the sake of safety, so that the high-density profiles of the mixed group present as long strips. In addition, pedestrians in the mixed group have longer time lapse than that in the separate groups when passing the bottleneck. In the separate groups, the spatial distribution of the nearest neighbour presents as a uniform circle. The spatial distance between the elderly (0.46 m) is bigger than that between the young (0.39 m). While there is no obvious difference in the mixed group. The results can be used in pedestrian modelling, facilities designing and evacuation management for the population with old people.
Treatment of habitual pregnancy miscarriage of various origins
Authors: Unanyan Ara L. , Pivazyan Laura G. , Zakaryan Araksya A. , Siordiya Archil A. , Ishchenko Anatoliy I.
Published: February 2022

Habitual pregnancy miscarriage is one of the serious problems of reproductive health in the modern world. Habitual miscarriage is defined as the spontaneous termination of two or more pregnancies before the fetus reaches viability from conception to 24 weeks of pregnancy. However, some differences of opinion are determined among specialists in habitual miscarriage. Some experts in their clinical practice for habitual miscarriages use the definition of three or more consecutive miscarriages. Habitual miscarriage occurrence varies from 0.5 to 2.3%, but the exact prevalence is very difficult to estimate, which depends on the used definition. The pathogenesis of habitual miscarriage is determined based on the age of the mother and the gestational age of the fetus. Habitual miscarriage can be caused by chromosomal errors, autoimmune disorders, endometrial dysfunction, endocrinopathies, hormonal and metabolic disorders, infections, and uterine anatomical defects. Currently available treatments target suspected risk factors for miscarriage, although the effectiveness of many medical interventions appears to be controversial.
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments for habitual miscarriage of various origins, such as antiphospholipid syndrome, subclinical hypothyroidism, and idiopathic habitual miscarriage.
Effectiveness of the choice of the optimal method for surgical treatment of genital prolapse
Authors: Musin Il’nur I. , Yashchuk Al’fiya G. , Urmantsev Marat F. , Berg Edvard A. , Molokanova Anzhella R. , Berg Polina A.
Published: February 2022

AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the choice of surgical method for treating genital prolapse, depending on the intensity of pelvic floor tissue perfusion.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study assessed the relationship of extragenital pathology, medical history of women operated for genital prolapse and medical history of women without genital prolapse during peri- and post-menopause (control group, n=67) with indicators of vaginal perfusion intensity. Overall, 328 patients with pelvic organ prolapse (IIIV degree) underwent surgery according to the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification system. Of these, 287 patients were examined after 2 years to diagnose disease recurrence; these patients were included in the main study group (n=287). For statistical processing of the obtained results, the STATISTICA 10.0 and EViews 12.0 software packages were used.
RESULTS: Correlation analysis revealed an inverse relationship between vaginal microcirculation intensity with age (rs=0.187; р=0.025), menopause duration (rs=0.390; р=0.001), genital prolapse duration (rs=0.245; р=0.046), and surgical menopause (rs=0.442; р 0.001). The study of microcirculation intensity in the anterior and posterior vaginal walls, depending on the presence of somatic diseases, revealed an inverse correlation with diseases such as hypertension (rs=0.291; р 0.001), coronary heart disease (rs=0.169; р=0.044), and diabetes mellitus (rs=0.223; р=0.008). When choosing a method of surgical treatment that minimizes the contact of mesh prosthesis with native tissues in women with comorbid pathology, a relapse of the disease after 2 years was detected in only 2.4% women.
CONCLUSION: The choice of the optimal method for treatment in patients with somatic burden and low perfusion capacity of pelvic organs and tissues can reduce the number of complications after surgical treatment of pelvic prolapse.
The role of integrins in the formation of the placental increment (placenta accreta spectrum)
Authors: Efimova Viktoriya А. , Rudenko Ekaterina E. , Murashko Andrey V. , Lobanova Ol’ga A.
Published: February 2022

One of the most serious pregnancy complications is currently considered as a violation of cytotrophoblast invasion, particularly, a pathologically increased depth of invasion, leading to the formation of the placental increment (placenta accreta), ingrowth (placenta increta), and germination (placenta percreta). Cytotrophoblast invasion is regulated through subtle intercellular interactions, an important role among which is played by integrins, transmembrane glycoproteins that contribute to the immersion of cytotrophoblast in the endometrium and myometrium. The balance disturbance in the expression of 11, 51, and 64 integrins after normal implantation form a pathological extravillous trophoblast (EVT) phenotype by the blastocyst. This review examines the importance of integrins, collagens, and fibronectin in the formation of placental ingrowth (placenta accreta spectrum).
Quality assessment of medical care for females with stillbirth according to a questionnaire
Authors: Mysovskaya Yulya S. , Marshalov Dmitriy V. , Shifman Efim M. , Kuligin Aleksandr V. , Zeulina Ekaterina E.
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND: Death is a leading factor in post-traumatic stress disorder development. The adequacy of medical and psychological support for childbirth with a dead fetus plays a key role in severe psychological disorder prevention.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors have developed a questionnaire to assess the quality of obstetric, anesthesiological, and psychological assistance to females with death. The questionnaires of 173 respondents were analyzed. The duty factor or completeness of answers was 0.96. Of the cases, 55% of childbirth with a dead fetus occurred after 34 weeks of gestation, whereas the time interval from the moment of delivery to the questionnaire did not exceed 2 years in 60% of cases.
RESULTS: The heavy emotional state was rated by 70% of females. Psychological assistance was recognized as unsatisfactory in 52% of cases. Most females (63%) wanted to be conscious at the time of the birth of a child and contact with him. This issue was not discussed with females in labor in 51% of cases. Neuroaxial methods of analgesia were used in 36% of cases in vaginal childbirth, whereas anesthesia was not performed in 40% of patients. Sedative therapy was needed by 76% of females in the postpartum period, which was prescribed only in 25% of cases. A third of respondents rated unsatisfactory medical care provided, and 94% of females believe that special training and seminars on communication with patients who have had a stillbirth are necessary for medical workers.
CONCLUSION: The analysis of questionnaires filled out by women with stillbirth revealed several problems in the quality of medical care provided to them, wherein the most significant was the insufficient realization of the patients desire for contact with a dead child, insufficient anesthesia in childbirth, and sedation in the postpartum period, as well as unsatisfactory psychological care provided by doctors of an interdisciplinary team and a clinical psychologist, according to respondents.
Epidemiology of COVID-19
Authors: Shakhmardanov Murad Z. , Nikiforov Vladimir V. , Skryabina Anna А. , Tomilin Yuri N. , Abusueva Aida S. , Burova Svetlana V.
Published: February 2022

The review examines and discusses the spread of COVID-19, current sources of the pathogen, mechanisms and ways of transmission of SARS-CoV-2. It is shown that the leading sources of infection in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic are patients with manifest forms of the disease on the 1st-2nd day of the disease. A week after the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease, the epidemiological significance of patients as sources of infection decreases sharply. And unlike many other respiratory infections, patients with subclinical forms of the disease who remain highly active are less dangerous epidemiologically.
Despite the fact that the causative agents of severe acute respiratory syndrome have penetrated into the human population from small vertebrates, the epidemiological significance of the latter in the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic is negligible. The actual mechanism of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is aspiration. The other mechanisms of pathogen transmission (fecal-oral, transmissible, contact, vertical), previously discussed as competing with aspiration, have no epidemiological significance. The main transmission path of SARS-CoV-2 is airborne. The contact-household transmission path is much less relevant, and other ways are not proven. Leading in the spread of the virus in the human population is a relatively close (up to 2 meters), long-term, not protected by personal protective equipment, contact of the patient with a healthy one. There is no epidemiological significance of long-distance transmission of the virus.
Clinical and laboratory predictors of poor outcome in COVID-19 patients
Authors: Lizinfeld Irina A. , Pshenichnaya Natalia Yu. , Bunyaeva Olga V. , Shilkina Irina M. , Shmailenko Olga A. , Gopatsa Galina V. , Siziakin Dmitrii V. , Chigaeva Evgeniia V.
Published: February 2022

BACKGROUND: Many researchers have reported numerous predictors of severe COVID-19 and poor prognosis. However, to make a quick decision, the doctor needs to have a certain set of data that he can use in routine practice to predict the outcome in patients with this disease.
AIMS: This study aimed to develop and describe a predictive model for determining an unfavorable outcome in COVID-19 patients based on age, objective, laboratory and instrumental data, and comorbid pathology.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 447 patients with a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 who underwent inpatient treatment in the period from March 2020 to January 2021. Discriminant analysis was used with cross-validation to build a predictive model.
RESULTS: Based on discriminant analysis, a predictive model was developed to predict the outcome in patients with COVID-19. Evaluation of clinical findings, such as respiratory rate, heart rate, SpO2, laboratory data, and computed tomography results on admission to the hospital, showed their significance as predictors of poor outcome. The discrimination constant was 0.4435. The sensitivity of the model is 96.4%, and the specificity is 90.4%.
CONCLUSION: The developed model will help medical institutions predict the outcome of the disease when a patient is admitted to the hospital and, on this basis, optimize and prioritize the provision of necessary medical care.
Autocalibración de parámetros extrínsecos de sistemas estéreo para aplicaciones de tráfico
Authors: Musleh Basam , Beltrán Jorge , Jaraquemada Carlos , Gómez-Silva María José , Hernández Noelia , Armingol José María
Published: February 2022

En este artículo se presenta un método de autocalibración de los parámetros extrínsecos de un sistema estéreo en aplicaciones de tráfico. Dicho método se basa en determinar la geometría de la calzada delante del vehículo. Esta posición relativa varía considerablemente mientras el vehículo circula, por tanto, resulta de gran interés poder estimarla para su aplicación en múltiples aplicaciones basadas en visión por computador, tales como: sistemas avanzados de ayuda a la conducción, vehículos autónomos o robots. Estos continuos cambios en la posición del sistema estéreo se traducen en variaciones en los valores de los parámetros extrínsecos (altura, ángulo de cabeceo y ´ángulo de alabeo). La validación del método de autocalibración es realizada mediante el empleo de un algoritmo de odometría visual, donde se evalúa la mejora en los resultados que supone conocer en todo momento el valor de los parámetros extrínsecos del sistema estéreo.
Control de un sistema de ventilación mediante LoopWin aplicando diversos métodos
Authors: García Ruiz F. Javier , Moya de la Torre Eduardo J. , Poncela Alfonso , Curiel Robles Alexander , Jiménez Rodríguez Jordán
Published: February 2022

El objetivo de este trabajo es diseñar e implementar un controlador para un sistema de ventilación, el cual debe encontrarse en el interior de un maletín para mostrar su funcionamiento con fines puramente didácticos. A grandes rasgos, el sistema se compone de una resistencia alojada en el interior de un tubo de aluminio, la cual irradiará calor. En un extremo del tubo se sitúa un sensor de temperatura para conocer el valor de esta. En el extremo opuesto un ventilador. La temperatura deberá mantenerse regulada de la mejor forma posible según el valor de consigna que se haya seleccionado. Para conseguir este fin se usará un controlador comercial que pueda encontrarse habitualmente en la industria y que regulará tanto la potencia de la resistencia, como la velocidad del ventilador.
Wpływ Jana III Sobieskiego na sejmiki ziemskie – próba interpretacji zjawiska
Authors: Kołodziej Robert
Published: February 2022

Jan III Sobieski was active in the domestic policy. He tried to influence pre-parliament dietines so they would elect the King’s sympathetic parliamentarians and to take into account instructions advantageous to the Court. There was lot of assembly in Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the King needed many supporters – senators and local noble elites. However, he had a wide range of possibilities on how to win them. People trusted by the Court attended the dietines personally or through their family and political friends. They reported to the King on the results of deliberations, made sure people elected as deputies were recommended by the Monarch and there weren’t disadvantages for the Court in an instruction. Of course, the Court didn’t win the political fight everywhere. Sometimes a compromise with the opposition was necessary. Occasionally Court’s supporters interrupted a dietine to not allow the opposition to win. The King convened often a second dietine, which was sometimes held in secret, with a small circle of trusted people. The methods used by the King weren’t different from methods of opposition and Sobieski took advantage of the cracks in the parliamentary system of Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
Dyplomacja brytyjska wobec hiszpańskiego zaangażowania w wojnę o sukcesję polską (1733–1735)
Authors: Makówka Magdalena
Published: February 2022

The aim of this article is to present the attitude of Great Britain to Spanish involvement in the war of Polish succession. Benjamin Keene, an envoy to Spain, played a key role in the British policy of that period. The British decided not to get involved in the conflict and from its first months tried to persuade Spain not to participate in it. Since 1734, the British together with the Dutch tried to mediate for peace. However, these efforts proved to be ineffective and did not bring any benefits to Albion.
Dyplomacja Delfiny Maria Józefa Saska wobec polityki francuskiej w połowie XVIII wieku
Authors: Kuras Katarzyna
Published: February 2022

The article presents „the secret of Dauphine of France”, i.e. the actions taken by Marie-Josephe of Saxony (1731–1767), the wife of Dauphin of France Louis Ferdinand, to bring her brother, Prince Francis Xavier de Saxony, to the Polish throne. The „secret” reconstructed in works published between 1901 and 1902 by Casimir Stryienski occupies a marginal but permanent place in the historiography literature. In the light of this analysis, which takes into account the legal and traditional position of Dauphine at the French court, the foreign policy of France in Central and Eastern Europe in the middle of the 18th century, and the knowledge that Maria Józefa possessed on the realities of the Polish policies, it turns out that the „secret” in its current version was an exaggerated, literary construct rather than a diplomatic reality.
Combining Ability Studies for Seed Yield and its Quantitative Traits in F2 Crosses of Mungbean [Vigna radiata (Wilczek)]
Authors: Mishra Ankita , Mishra T.K. , Satpathy Tapasee , Pradhan B.
Published: February 2022

Background: Combining ability is a measure that enables breeders to select better parents and outstanding hybrids. General combining ability and specific combining ability is used to determine best performing parents and vigorous hybrids respectively and provides an opportunity to understand the nature of gene action involved in inheritance of each character. Methods: A combining ability analysis was carried out with six mungbean varieties and their 15 F2 crosses derived from half diallel fashion. Data was recorded for 10 characters and were subjected to statistical analysis using method-II and model-1 of Griffing’s approach. Result: There was importance of both additive and non-additive gene action in inheritance of all the characters as apprehended from significant values in mean sum of square due to GCA and SCA. Studies on components of variance due to GCA and SCA indicated there was preponderance of additive gene action for days to 50% flowering, days to maturity and pod length whereas non-additive gene action was expressed for other characters. Four parents viz., Kamdev, Pant Mung-8, MGG-385 and OBGG-52 were considered as best general combiners on the basis of significant GCA effects for a number of yield and its related traits. Based on SCA effects and per se performance, the crosses IPM-02-14/OBGG-58, OBGG-52/OBGG-58 and MGG-385/OBGG-52 displayed significant SCA in desirable direction along with high mean for many of the yield attributing characters. Highest significant SCA for seed yield was observed by the cross Kamdev/IPM-02-14. These selected parents and crosses can be used for further breeding programmes for crop improvement in mungbean.