bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Designing and Formulation Optimization of Hyaluronic Acid Conjugated PLGA Nanoparticles of Tamoxifen for Tumor Targeting
Authors: Paswan Suresh K. , Saini Tulsi R. , Jahan Sarwar , Ganesh Narayanan
Published: March 2021

Background:

Tamoxifen is widely used for the treatment of estrogen receptor-positive
breast cancer. However, it is associated with severe side effects of cancerous proliferation on the
uterus endometrium. The tumor-targeting formulation strategies can effectively overcome drug
side effects of tamoxifen and provide safer drug treatment.

Objective:

This study aimed to design tumor-targeted PLGA nanoparticles of tamoxifen by attaching
hyaluronic acid (HA) as a ligand to actively target the CD44 receptors present at breast cancer
cells surface.

Methods:

PLGA-PEG-HA conjugate was synthesized in the laboratory and its tamoxifen loaded nanoparticles were fabricated and characterized by FTIR, NMR, DSC, and XRD analysis. Formulation optimization was done by Box- Behnken design using Design Expert software. The formulations were evaluated for in- vitro drug release and cytotoxic effect on MCF-7 cell lines.

Results:

The particle size, PDI, and drug encapsulation efficiency of optimized nanoparticles were 294.8, 0.626, and 65.16% respectively. Optimized formulation showed 9.56 % burst release and sustained drug release for 8 h. The drug release was effected by non-fickian diffusion process supplemented further by erosion of polymeric matrix and followed korsmeyer-Peppas model. MTT cell line assay shows 47.48 % cell mortality when treated with tamoxifen loaded PLGA-PEG-HA nanoparticles.

Conclusion:

Hyaluronic acid conjugated PLGA-PEG nanoparticles of tamoxifen were designed for active targeting to breast cancerous cells. The results of MTT assay showed that tamoxifen nanoparticles formulation was more cytotoxic than tamoxifen drug alone which is attributed to their preferential uptake by cell lines by affinity of CD44 receptors of cell lines to HA ligand present in nanoparticles.
Recent Patents on the Detection Device for Surface Defects on Bearing
Balls
Authors: Pan Chengyi , Tang Junhong , Cao Guanqun , Hu Bingtao
Published: March 2021

Background:

With the continuous pursuit of high-quality and high-precision bearings
in industrial production, the processing accuracy of bearing balls is increasing, and high surface
quality has become the most basic requirement for high-quality bearing balls. Studying the working
principle of the detection devices for surface defects on bearing balls is beneficial to improve
the surface accuracy of bearing balls and the quality of bearings.

Objective:

The objective of this study was to provide an overview of recent patents and methods
on the detection device for surface defects on bearing balls.

Methods:

This paper reviews various representative patents related to the detection devices for
surface defects on bearing balls. The advantages and disadvantages of the patents are also analyzed.

Results:

By tracing the characteristics of different types of the detection devices for surface defects
on bearing balls, the currently existing problems are concluded and analyzed, such as low detection
accuracy, low detection efficiency, and limited scope of application, etc. The future development
of patents on detection devices for surface defects on bearing balls is discussed.

Conclusion:

The optimization and development of detection devices for surface defects on
bearing balls are beneficial to improve the detection accuracy and efficiency of surface defects
on bearing balls, and are conducive to expanding the scope of application of the detection devices.
More related patents on detection devices of surface defects on bearing balls will be invented.
Effect of direct and indirect financial compensation on job satisfaction
Authors: Burhanudin Burhanudin , Tambun Richard
Published: March 2021

This study aims to examine the effect of direct financial compensation on job satisfaction and to examine the effect of indirect financial compensation on job satisfaction. This type of research is quantitative research. Respondents in this study were 100 employees at PT. Indonesia Asahan Aluminum (Persero), Indonesia. The data collection technique used a questionnaire, while the data analysis technique used multiple linear regression analysis. This study aims to examine the effect of direct financial compensation on job satisfaction and examine the effect of indirect financial compensation on job satisfaction. Based on the results of this study, the company should make an appropriate financial compensation policy, both direct and indirect financial compensation to build employee job satisfaction.
Applying A/B Testing to Clinical Decision Support: Rapid Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Austrian Jonathan , Mendoza Felicia , Szerencsy Adam , Fenelon Lucille , Horwitz Leora I , Jones Simon , Kuznetsova Masha , Mann Devin M
Published: March 2021

Background

Clinical decision support (CDS) is a valuable feature of electronic health records (EHRs) designed to improve quality and safety. However, due to the complexities of system design and inconsistent results, CDS tools may inadvertently increase alert fatigue and contribute to physician burnout. A/B testing, or rapid-cycle randomized tests, is a useful method that can be applied to the EHR in order to rapidly understand and iteratively improve design choices embedded within CDS tools.

Objective

This paper describes how rapid randomized controlled trials (RCTs) embedded within EHRs can be used to quickly ascertain the superiority of potential CDS design changes to improve their usability, reduce alert fatigue, and promote quality of care.

Methods

A multistep process combining tools from user-centered design, A/B testing, and implementation science was used to understand, ideate, prototype, test, analyze, and improve each candidate CDS. CDS engagement metrics (alert views, acceptance rates) were used to evaluate which CDS version is superior.

Results

To demonstrate the impact of the process, 2 experiments are highlighted. First, after multiple rounds of usability testing, a revised CDS influenza alert was tested against usual care CDS in a rapid (~6 weeks) RCT. The new alert text resulted in minimal impact on reducing firings per patients per day, but this failure triggered another round of review that identified key technical improvements (ie, removal of dismissal button and firings in procedural areas) that led to a dramatic decrease in firings per patient per day (23.1 to 7.3). In the second experiment, the process was used to test 3 versions (financial, quality, regulatory) of text supporting tobacco cessation alerts as well as 3 supporting images. Based on 3 rounds of RCTs, there was no significant difference in acceptance rates based on the framing of the messages or addition of images.

Conclusions

These experiments support the potential for this new process to rapidly develop, deploy, and rigorously evaluate CDS within an EHR. We also identified important considerations in applying these methods. This approach may be an important tool for improving the impact of and experience with CDS.

Trial Registration

Flu alert trial: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03415425; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03415425. Tobacco alert trial: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03714191; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03714191
Twelve-Lead Electrocardiogram Acquisition With a Patchy-Type Wireless Device in Ambulance Transport: Simulation-Based Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Yoon Sunyoung , Kim Taerim , Roh Taehwan , Chang Hansol , Hwang Sung Yeon , Yoon Hee , Shin Tae Gun , Sim Min Seob , Jo Ik Joon , Cha Won Chul
Published: March 2021

Background

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Early recognition, diagnosis, and reperfusion are the key elements of treatment for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. The absence of a prehospital 12-lead electrocardiogram (P12ECG) can cause definitive treatment delay and repeated transfer. Although guidelines highly recommend the measurement and transmission of P12ECG data, P12ECG use has not been widely established.

Objective

The aim of this study was to verify the time-efficiency and feasibility of the use of a patchy-type 12-lead ECG measuring and transmitting device (P-ECG) by an emergency medical technician (EMT) in an ambulance during patient transport.

Methods

This was a simulation-based prospective randomized crossover-controlled study that included EMTs. The participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups. Group A began the experiment with a conventional 12-lead ECG (C-ECG) device and then switched to the intervention device (P-ECG), whereas group B began the experiment with the P-ECG and then switched to the C-ECG. All simulations were performed inside an ambulance driving at 30 km/h. The time interval was measured from the beginning of ECG application to completion of sending the results. After the simulation, participants were administered the System Usability Scale questionnaire about usability of the P-ECG.

Results

A total of 18 EMTs were recruited for this study with a median age of 35 years. The overall interval time for the C-ECG was 254 seconds (IQR 247-270), whereas the overall interval time for the P-ECG was 130 seconds (IQR 112-150), with a significant difference (P<.001). Significant differences between the C-ECG and P-ECG were identified at all time intervals, in which the P-ECG device was significantly faster in all intervals, except for the preparation interval in which the C-ECG was faster (P=.03).

Conclusions

Performance of 12-lead ECG examination and transmission of the results using P-ECG are faster than those of C-ECG during ambulance transport. With the additional time afforded, EMTs can provide more care to patients and transport patients more rapidly, which may help reduce the symptoms-to-balloon time for patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04114760; https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04114760
Cómo la ciencia de datos puede desbloquear la enseñanza y el aprendizaje a escala de Emily Glassberg Sands
Authors: Montaño Reyes Patricia del Carmen
Published: March 2021

Emily Glassberg1 —vicepresidenta de datos de Coursera— impartió la conferencia Cómo la ciencia de datos puede desbloquear la enseñanza y el aprendizaje a escala , en el Panel de expertos en la línea temática “Analítica del aprendizaje” del 11º Coloquio nacional de educación media superior a distancia realizado virtualmente del 31 de agosto al 11 de septiembre de 2020. En su participación explicó cómo, a partir del análisis del comportamiento de profesores y maestros, se desarrolló en Coursera, el Sistema de intervención de aprendizaje personalizado (SIAP) cuyo propósito es impulsar la retención de estudiantes y mejorar sus resultados en el aprendizaje esperado.
THE ANALYSIS OF VOCATIVES IN THE POEM OF THE COBRA-KING AND THE FROG-KING
Authors: Waruwu Anwar Saputra , Sinar Tengku Silvana , Ganie Rohani
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis thesis entitled “VOCATIVES FOUND THE POEM OF THE COBRA-KING AND THE FROG-KING” is a study about vocatives in The Poem of The Cobra-King and The Frog-King. The aim of this study is to find out the functions of vocatives and types of vocatives also to find out the most dominant function and type of vocatives in The Poem of The Cobra-King and The Frog-King. The main theory used in supporting this study is a theory of vocatives as proposed by Zwicky (1974) and Bungin (2005). To support this study, the researcher employed a descriptive qualitative method since the data of this study are in the form of text. The result of this study indicates that there are two functions of vocatives found in this poem, such as Calls and Addresses. There are four types of vocatives found in this poem, namely Vocative that describes jobs, Vocative in the use of certain social words, Vocative based on characteristics and identity of the interlocutors, and Vocative based on the group of the interlocutors. The most dominant function of vocative found in this poem is the Addresses function that occurs 90 times or 80.36%, followed by Calls that occurs 22 times or 19.64%. While the most dominant type of vocative found is vocative in the use of social words became the most dominant types that occurs 85 times or 75.89% then followed by vocative based on the characteristics and identity of the interlocutors occurs 21 times or 18.75 %, vocative that describes jobs occurs 3 times or 2.67% and the last vocative based on the group of interlocutors occurs 3 times or 2.67 %.
Newcomb dilemma in development management
Authors: Ziegler Zsolt
Published: March 2021

Newcomb dilemmas show a discrepancy in our rational reasoning, as made clear by comparing Evidential Decision Theory with Causal Decision Theory. In this paper, I look at three versions of the dilemma: the original, highly technical and abstract one plus two more mundane cases. I also account for the general schema of the dilemma possibly appearing in macroeconomic situations. Ahmed (2014) aims to provide a solution for macroeconomic cases that opens room for forming a development management Newcomb dilemma – an imaginary case of electric motor competition between Toyota and Tesla. I argue that Ahmed’s solution may solve the macroeconomic Newcomb dilemma, but it cannot be applied to the development management dilemma. If I am right, similar Newcomb situations could be cropping up regularly in development management, leading to seemingly insoluble strategic decisions having to be made. This may create an inevitable pitfall for development management.
Hemangioma cavernoso de colon en paciente Jóven
Authors: Ruiz Cáez Karina María , Cure Michailith Jesús Habib , Canedo Matute Javier Antonio , Jiménez  Canedo Jesika
Published: March 2021

El hemangioma cavernoso de colon es una neoplasia vascular benigna, muy poco frecuente. Se realiza una breve descripción del cuadro clínico, diagnóstico y tratamiento de un paciente joven con un hemangioma cavernoso en el sigmoides. Se trata de un paciente de 18 años de edad quien consultó al servicio de urgencias por un cuadro clínico consistente en sangrado rectal indoloro asociado con disnea, astenia y adinamia; el paciente ingresó con signos vitales estables, posteriormente, se realizaron estudios complementarios, entre ellos un hemograma, que reportó un síndrome anémico grave que lleva al estudio de su causa. Se realizó una colonoscopia que reportó una lesión a nivel del sigmoides compatible con hemangioma colónico. El paciente es llevado a cirugía (laparotomía), se realizó una hemicolectomía y se confirmó el diagnostico por estudio de patología.
Avoidance and Early Diagnosis of Erroneous Permanent Pacemaker Placement into the Left Ventricle: A Case Report
Authors: Osman Abdelrahman , Ahmad Ali
Published: March 2021

Pacemakers are implanted through the subclavian vein to the right side
of the heart. In rare cases, pacemakers may be inserted into the left
ventricle via the subclavian artery, carrying a risk of thromboembolism.
This is a case of a pacemaker inserted via the subclavian artery into
the left ventricle.
Neuroimaging findings in MOGAD -- MRI and OCT
Authors: Bartels Frederik , Lu Angelo , Oertel Frederike , Finke Carsten , Paul Friedemann , Chien Claudia
Published: March 2021

Summary Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody associated
disorders (MOGAD) are rare in both children and adults, and have been
recently suggested to be an autoimmune neuroinflammatory group of
disorders that are different from aquaporin-4 autoantibody associated
neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and from classic multiple
sclerosis. In vivo imaging of the MOGAD patient central nervous system
has shown some distinguishing features when evaluating magnetic
resonance imaging of the brain, spinal cord, optic nerves, as well as
retinal imaging using optical coherence tomography. In this review, we
discuss key clinical and imaging characteristics of paediatric and adult
MOGAD. We describe how these imaging techniques may be used to study
this group of disorders and discuss how these imaging methods have led
to recent insights for consideration in future studies.
Mixed Adenoneuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Perianal Region
Authors: Berendika Jelena , Nikic Gordan , Đokanović Dejan , Vještica Milka , Savić Sanja , Jungić Saša , Gojković Zdenka , Babić Božana , Tubic Biljana
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Mixed adenoneuroendocrine carcinoma (MANEC) is a tumor of
the gastrointestinal tract that contains both exocrine and endocrine
components, with each component representing a minimum of 30% of the
total tumor mass.
Enhanced image preprocessing method for an autonomous vehicle agent system
Authors: Huang Kaisi , Wen Mingyun , Park Jisun , Sung Yunsick , Park Jong , Cho Kyungeun
Published: March 2021

Excessive training time is a major issue face when training autonomous vehicle agents with neural networks by using images as input. This paper proposes a deep time-economical Q network (DQN) input image preprocessing method to train an autonomous vehicle agent in a virtual environment. The environmental information is extracted from the virtual environment. A top-view image of the entire environment is then redrawn according to the environmental information. During training of the DQN model, the top-view image is cropped to place the vehicle agent at the center of the cropped image. The current frame top-view image is combined with the images from the previous two training iterations. The DQN model use this combined image as input. The experimental results indicate higher performance and shorter training time for the DQN model trained with the preprocessed images compared with that trained without preprocessing.
Olecranon aperture of the humerus: A morphometrical study
Authors: Kundalic Braca , Markovic Branka , Mitkovic Milan , Ugrenovic Sladjana , Jovanovic Ivan , Cukuranovic-Kokoris Jovana , Graovac Ivana , Cukuranovic Rade
Published: March 2021

Introduction/Objective. Olecranon aperture is a variable opening in the septum between the olecranon and coronoid fossae. Its frequency varies largely in different populations and knowledge of its presence may have clinical implications. The objective of our study was to determine its prevalence in a sample of Serbian population and to investigate its morphology and morphometrical features, as well as its relation to the distal end of humerus. Methods. A material used were 70 dry human humeri from the bone collection of the Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis. We analyzed the presence, shape, transverse and vertical diameter of the aperture, its distance to the tips of the epicondyles from medial border (MB) and lateral border (LB), as well as the distance between epicondyles (EW) and translucency of the septum in the bones with no aperture. Vernier caliper was used for measurements of the diameters and distances. Results. Eight olecranon aperatures were observed in seven bones (10%), seven on the left and one on the right side. Half of them were oval-shaped, while round, triangular, and irregular shape were found. Translucent septum in humeri with no aperture was present in 67.1% of the sample. There were no significant differences between MB and LB, neither between EW in bones with aperture and with septum. Conclusion. Our study presented the rare data about the frequency of olecranon aperture in Serbian population, suggesting that robusticity of the humerus is not related to the presence of the olecranon aperture.
Buckling and postbuckling behavior of shell type structures under thermo mechanical loads
Authors: Vasic Zoran , Maksimovic Katarina , Maksimovic Mirko , Vasovic Ivana , Vidanovic Nenad , Simonovic Aleksandar
Published: March 2021

The thermo mechanical buckling and post-buckling behavior of layered composite shell type structure are considered with the finite element method under the combination of temperature load and applied mechanical loads. To account for through-thickness shear deformation effects, the thermal elastic, and higher-order shear deformation theory is used in this study. The refined higher order theories, that takes into account the effect of transverse normal deformation, is used to develop discrete finite element models for the thermal buckling analysis of composite laminates. Attention in this study is focused on analyzing the temperature effects on buckling and post-buckling behavior of thin shell structural components. Special attention in this paper is focused on studying of values of the hole in curved panel on thermal buckling behavior and consequently to expend and upgrade previously conducted investigation. Using finite element method, a broader observation of the critical temperature of loss of stability depending on the size of the hole was conducted. The presented numerical results based on higher-order shear deformation theory can be used as versatile and accurate method for buckling and post-buckling analyzes of thin-walled laminated plates under thermo mechanical loads.
Do Your Students Know What They Don't Know? An Accounting Competencies Strategy
Authors: Butler Maureen G. , Church Kimberly Swanson , King Gail Hoover , Spencer Angela Wheeler
Published: March 2021

This experiential learning strategy engages students to increase awareness of professional core competencies recommended by professional organizations. This activity allows students across the accounting curriculum to explore competencies to bridge the professional skills gap and develop a plan to acquire these necessary skills. The strategy activities include (1) initial class discussion; (2) personal SWOT analysis; (3) research of a professional competency framework; (4) personal assessment of competencies, including demonstrative examples, analysis of personal skill development experiences and self-rating of skills; (5) reflective group discussion to identify gaps in individual student's skills assessment; (6) individual competency development plan for underrated skills; and (7) summary discussion of strategies for how to acquire/improve skills for career success. The result of this activity is that students are introduced to a process they can use throughout their academic and professional careers to facilitate the acquisition of necessary skills for success as an accounting professional.
The Role of Subjectivity in Mitigating Incentive Contracting Risks
Authors: Lillis Anne M. , Malina Mary A. , Mundy Julia
Published: March 2021

We examine how subjectivity in performance measurement and reward systems (PMRS) is used to mitigate incentive contracting risks. Drawing on data from 38 interviews with supervisory and subordinate managers in four firms, we provide a more comprehensive explanation of the role of subjectivity in risk mitigation than is evident in the prior literature. We provide empirical evidence of the importance firms place on the use of subjectivity to mitigate the risk of incentive misalignment and employee sorting errors relative to its well-documented role in mitigating employee compensation risk. We find that incentive misalignment arising from unanticipated behavioral responses to performance measures is a particularly important risk, managed through subjective performance assessments. The extent of subjectivity we observe poses a significant risk of errors and bias. We observe that both vertical and horizontal information gathering and review by calibration panels are key strategies to mitigate the downside risk of subjectivity.

JEL Classifications: M49; M55; M52; M51.
From Accounting to Economics: The Role of Aggregate Special Items in Gauging the State of the Economy
Authors: Abdalla Ahmed M. , Carabias Jose M.
Published: March 2021

We propose and find that aggregate special items conveys more information about future real GDP growth than aggregate earnings before special items because the former contains advance news about future economic outcomes. A two-stage rational expectations test reveals that professional forecasters fully understand the information content of aggregate earnings before special items, but underestimate that of aggregate special items when revising their GDP forecasts. Using vector autoregressions, we show that aggregate earnings before special items has predictive ability for GDP because, as suggested by previous literature, it acts as a proxy for corporate profits included in national income. In contrast, aggregate special items captures changes in the behavior of economic agents on a timely basis, which, in turn, have real effects on firms' investment and hiring, as well as consumers' wealth and spending. Consistent with news-driven business cycles, we find that aggregate special items produces synchronized movements across macroeconomic aggregates.

JEL Classifications: E01; E32; E60; M41.
Effective Tax Planning
Authors: Schwab Casey M. , Stomberg Bridget , Williams Brian M.
Published: March 2021

We use data envelopment analysis (DEA) to develop a measure of effective tax planning that is theoretically aligned with the Scholes-Wolfson paradigm and captures how efficiently firms maximize after-tax returns given their operating, investing, and financing decisions. We then (1) document that the measure is associated with higher after-tax returns to provide assurance DEA achieves its objective in our setting, (2) demonstrate that the measure is incremental to cash ETRs in predicting after-tax returns, (3) validate the measure by showing its association with lower tax and non-tax costs, and (4) provide evidence that the measure captures something about taxes distinct from overall firm performance. This measure is useful to researchers given the known limitations of ETRs as a measure of tax planning.

Data Availability: Tax Effectiveness values are available on the authors' websites.
Type 2 Diabetes Subgroups, Risk for Complications, and Differential Effects Due to an Intensive Lifestyle Intervention
Authors: Bancks Michael P. , Chen Haiying , Balasubramanyam Ashok , Bertoni Alain G. , Espeland Mark A. , Kahn Steven E. , Pilla Scott , Vaughan Elizabeth , Wagenknecht Lynne E. ,   the Look AHEAD Research Group
Published: March 2021

OBJECTIVE

We reevaluated the Action for Health in Diabetes (Look AHEAD) intervention, incorporating diabetes subgroups, to identify whether intensive lifestyle intervention (ILI) is associated with differential risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) by diabetes subgroup.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In the Look AHEAD trial, 5,145 participants, aged 45–76 years, with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and overweight or obesity were randomly assigned to 10 years of ILI or a control condition of diabetes support and education. The ILI focused on weight loss through decreased caloric intake and increased physical activity. To characterize diabetes subgroups, we applied k-means clustering to data on age of diabetes diagnosis, BMI, waist circumference, and glycated hemoglobin. We examined whether relative intervention effects on the trial’s prespecified CVD outcomes varied among diabetes subgroups.

RESULTS

We characterized four subgroups related to older age at diabetes onset (42% of sample), poor glucose control (14%), severe obesity (24%), and younger age at diabetes onset (20%). We observed interactions (all P < 0.05) between intervention and diabetes subgroups for three separate composite cardiovascular outcomes. Randomization to ILI was associated with increased risk for each cardiovascular outcome only among the poor-glucose-control subgroup (hazard ratio >1.32). Among the three other diabetes subgroups, ILI was not associated with increased risk for CVD.

CONCLUSIONS

Among overweight and obese adults with T2D, a lifestyle intervention was associated with differential risk for CVD that was dependent on diabetes subgroup. Diabetes subgroups may be important to identify the patients who would achieve benefit and avoid harm from an ILI.
FLUCTUATION OF Doleschallia bisaltide LARVAE (LEPIDOPTERA: NYMPHALIDAE) ON CARICATURE-PLANT (Graptophyllum pictum)
Authors: Adi M Bakti Samsu , Susanti Dian , Wijaya Nur Rahmawati
Published: March 2021

Caricature-plant cultivation is often damaged due to the attack of Doleschallia bisaltide larvae. High reproduction ability of D. bisaltide is a serious problem that need to be managed, therefore it will not inflict a financial losses. This study was aimed to determine the fluctuation of D. bisaltide larval population in the caricature-plant plantation in Kalisoro, Tawangmangu. The observations were carried out with a survey method on five observation plots for seven months from March to September 2018. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and the Spearman rank correlation coefficient test. The results showed that the population structure was changed during the observations with the highest larval population in May. The results of Spearman rank correlation coefficient test showed significant and positive correlation between third, fourth, and fifth instars larvae with the rainfall. The control of D. bisaltide can not only depend on the presence of natural enemies, therefore control interventions were needed especially at a suitable time and environment whne the population increased.
INSECTICIDAL JOINT ACTION OF TERNARY EXTRACT MIXTURES OF FOUR SPECIES OF TROPICAL PLANTS AGAINST Plutella xylostella AND Crocidolomia pavonana
Authors: Prijono Djoko , Anggraini Maya , Maryani Sri Riski , Surya Elina Diana
Published: March 2021

The diamondback moth (DBM), Plutella xylostella, and the cabbage head caterpillar (CHC), Crocidolomia pavonana, were two main pests of cruciferous vegetable crops. Among the viable alternative ingredients that could be utilized to control those two pests were eco-friendly botanical insecticides. This study was conducted to evaluate the joint action of ternary extract mixtures of four tropical plant species, i.e. Piper aduncum (Pa), Piper retrofractum (Pr), Sapindus rarak (Sr), and Tephrosia vogelii (Tv), against DBM and CHC. Results of leaf-residue feeding bioassays showed that based on co-toxicity ratio at both LC50 and LC levels, ternary mixtures of Pa extract with Sr and Tv extracts at concentration ratios of 1:5:1, 1:5:2, and 2:5:1 indicated synergistic joint action on DBM larvae. A mixture of Pa, Sr and Tv extracts at a ratio of 2:5:1 was also synergistic to CHC at both LC level but antagonistic at the LC 95 50 95 and LC 95 levels. This mixture at the 1:5:1 ratio was synergistic on CHC at the LC level whereas at the 1:5:2 ratio was antagonistic to CHC at both LC levels. Furthermore, ternary mixtures of Pr extract with Sr and Tv extracts at the three concentration ratios were synergistic to CHC. Thus, ternary mixtures of Pa or Pr extract with Sr and Tv extracts at appropriate concentration ratios are potential alternatives for the control of DBM and CHC.
“扁鵲見蔡桓公”——對一則古代案例的倫理學回顧
Authors: WANG Jianguang
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.扁鵲是中國先秦時期著名的醫生，同時也是中國傳統醫學和醫學倫理的奠基者和實踐者之一。他在與蔡桓公的幾次會面中作出的對話，有著豐富的道德內涵，展示了傳統醫患之間的一種具有特色的醫學倫理。中國傳統的醫學倫理和職業精神並不把醫生僅僅看成是一個純粹的技術性職業，而是賦與其中豐富的人生道德內涵和家國天下的思想，所以在西方醫患關係中被認為是十分重要的知情同意問題，在中國傳統的醫患關係中雖然也存在，但並沒有成為中國傳統醫患關係的主體。與之相反，中國傳統的醫患關係因為是建立在“上醫醫國”的文化土壤中的，醫患之間的關係也是在綱常倫理的維度中加以調適的，所以這種關係不僅僅是今天意義上的權利和義務、知情和同意等法律屬性的關係。Bian Que is the earliest known Chinese physician of the Pre-Qin era (ca. 700 B.C.E), whose name is often associated with physicians of the highest medical caliber. One legend tells of how when Bian Que was in the feudal state of Cai, he visited the Lord Huan and told him that he had a serious disease. The Lord Huan thought Bian Que was trying to profit from the fears of his patients and declined the offer for treatment. Eventually, Lord Huan’s condition got worse. The last time Bian Que went to see Lord Huan, he knew that the lord would soon die and escaped from the state. This essay considers the ethical implications of the legend, such as the moral duty of the physician and the nature of the physician-patient relationship. Did Bian Que violate informed consent when he failed to tell the lord he would die of the disease if not treated immediately? The author concludes that the role of physician in ancient China was quite different from what one sees today. Thus, modern ideas and concepts such as informed consent and the language of rights cannot be applied to the case of Bian Que.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 182 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
家庭與生命倫理學中的文化危機
Authors: WANG Jue
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.The issue of the family has long been repressed and de-emphasized on the agenda of contemporary bioethics. In stark contrast, in his latest essay Engelhardt gives the family a central place in accounting for some profound social-political controversies in recent bioethical debates. The question therefore arises: what difference would it make to bioethics if we were to treat the family as a central and divisive issue in bioethics? This question helps us to assess the significance of Engelhardt’s essay. In this paper, I try to answer this question and also consider Engelhardt’s essay from the perspective of cultural crisis. First, I argue that by bringing the family to the fore, Engelhardt is not concerned with one new item on the agenda of bioethics, but with an overall cultural crisis originating from the libertarian/liberal construal of family prevailing in the contemporary, secular, quasi-post-modern world. Second, I show that the mainstream Western bioethics proves to be part of this crisis, rather than its cure. Therefore, the ultimate goal of Engelhardt’s essay is to examine the limit and possibility of dominant Western bioethical discourse, with a view to honestly assessing the social, financial, and moral costs involved in an increased presence of post-traditional families. Finally, following this line of thought, I suggest that an inter-cultural dialogue is the key to dealing with the crisis under discussion.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 144 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
導論: 生命倫理與文化自覺
Authors: FAN Ruiping
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese生命倫理學同文化的關係是一個複雜的問題。顯然，文化有不同的定義，人們有不同的理解；每一種文化都通過具體的語言、藝術、物品和技術來表達、傳達、發展和轉化。然而，人們有理由相信，文化的核心其實是人們所持的信念、態度和習俗的總和；正是這些不同的觀念及其實踐，把世界上的人群分屬為不同的文化，諸如基督教文化、自由主義文化、儒家文化，等等。儘管文化也可以粗略分為較大的文化（如“中華文化”）、或者細分為較小的文化（如“儒家文化”），但其負載一套價值觀念以及體現在一定的實踐活動中的本質，則是相同的。由此說來，每位學者都不免帶有雙重身份。一重是學術身份，由所研究的對象來決定，如自然科學家，社會科學家，人文學家，等等。在這種意義上，研究生命倫理學的學者當然是生命倫理學家（我這裡所說的“家”並非專指“大學者”而言）。另一重則是文化身份，由學者所持的價值觀念來決定：如基督教學者、世俗的自由主義學者、儒家學者，等等。相對而言，自然科學家的學術身份與文化身份較易分開。例如，我們讀一篇分子生物學論文，大概無法（也沒有必要）察覺作者的基督徒身份。但就生命倫理學研究而言，學者的兩重身份則是很難分得清楚的，因為生命倫理學的問題本身以及對於它們的分析、判斷和解決方案，都負荷著明顯的價值觀念。想要撇開自己的價值觀念來論述一套生命倫理，大概只會雲遮霧罩、不知所云。也就是說，生命倫理學研究是無法同文化脫了關係的，因為處於文化核心地帶的東西正是價值觀念。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 35 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
哲學家的冒險——讀〈王鳳儀倫理療病闡析〉
Authors: CHENG Wei
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.It remains unclear whether forms of disease therapy that rely solely on ethics or other aspects of human nature can be effective. Claims have been made throughout history for the efficacy of ethics-based medical practices, such as religious treatments. However, it is necessary to scientifically test the claim that such treatments have curative effects. It would be too hasty to accept such a conclusion without sufficient investigation. Indeed, such unthinking acceptance would entirely contradict Confucian values.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 38 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
從儒家式的生命經驗到儒家生命倫理學
Authors: CHENG Guobin
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.To reconstruct the Confucian moral tradition, we must first understand the ethical nature of human beings and be fully committed to moral practice. The existing research on the concept of an ethical cure shows how Chinese people understand life, medicine and moral and ethical practice, and explores the possibility of reconstructing the Confucian way of life in modern society. However, too great an emphasis on the connection between ethics-based medical treatment and Confucian cultural identity misrepresents the close relationship between ethics and Confucianism.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 46 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
“壽數”與“文化”的關聯度探析
Authors: DENG Rui
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.Life span is affected by two important dimensions of traditional Chinese culture. The principle that “the Tao follows nature” makes Chinese philosophers tolerant of misunderstandings and frustration. Remaining calm and retaining a positive attitude can increase longevity. The obligation to “subdue the self” urges Chinese philosophers to concentrate on specific things, enabling outstanding achievements and even increasing longevity. However, culture is not the only determinant of life span. Social conditions also affect life expectancy. The comparison with French thinkers is one-sided, as individuals in numerous countries and professions enjoy a high life expectancy. Nevertheless, it is important to adhere to Confucian values to cultivate one’s moral character.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 18 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
理解認同危機的另一種可能性
Authors: HAN Dan
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.As modern bioethical consumers, we are responsible for developing positive solutions to the discipline’s identity crisis. In many cases, “four-principles” bioethics offers a guide for cross-cultural debate. Optimism is crucial for distinguishing specific moral rules and ultimate moral principles. The observations on which Professor Solomon’s theory is based do not demonstrate that the basic ethical principles of bioethics are culture-bound, merely that specific ethical rules are culture-bound.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 87 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
醫學模式的遞嬗
Authors: LIU Hong
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.The body is a medical and philosophical category that marks the existence of a human life. The body is not only physiological, psychological, and social in nature, but also cultural and philosophical. The body constitutes a unique identity that cannot be forged or duplicated by reductionist strategies. Many biological, psychological, and social models of medicine give insufficient space to the human, moral, and emotional components of medical activities. The body ethics model of medicine transcends these models, and its proposal is thus a milestone in the promotion of the medical humanities.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 25 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
對李瑞全教授〈中國文化中的人論與醫學: 儒家之醫學模式〉一文的回應
Authors: FANG Xudong
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.Professor Lee Shui Chuen’s paper puts forth a grand plan to construct a Confucian model of medicine that differs from the Western model. However, it is a pity that Lee fails to offer sufficient Confucian resources to pursue that goal. It seems that Lee’s attention is focused largely on traditional Chinese medical theories whose origins do not lie in Confucianism alone. Lee also discusses the Confucian doctrine of humanity (ren), which essentially belongs to the realm of medical ethics. His emphasis on synesthesia (gantong) is instructive. In fact, a characteristic of any genuine Confucian model of medicine, neo-Confucian models in particular, is an understanding of those patients who have lost their synesthesia. For example, neo-Confucian master Zhu Xi called concentrating on success in the imperial examination a severe illness of the mind, and suggested that the illness could be cured through self-cultivation efforts.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 46 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
生物醫學與生命倫理學: 科學主義的問題
Authors: YUNG Lawrence
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.This commentary offers a review of Jeffrey Bishop’s reflections on the history of medicine in the West. It agrees with Bishop’s criticisms of scientism in biomedicine and with how the problems of scientism persist despite various attempts at reform. However, it also points out that Bishop’s discussion of the influence of philosophical dualism on Christianity and scientism is inadequate. Dualism is in fact deeply rooted in the West (such as in Plato’s philosophy and some early interpretations of Christianity). This commentary concludes that Chinese biomedicine, much like Western biomedicine, needs to forge its own path, as biomedicine is a social response to physical and psychological threats to the human mind and body.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 89 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
評《大乘中觀哲學的生死觀》一文
Authors: YIP Kam Ming
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract in English only.This article comments on Zhang Ying’s essay “Death and Dying in Chinese Madhyāmika Buddhism”. The central thesis of Zhang’s essay is that Madhyāmika’s non-dualist approach to samsara and nirvana, this world and the other world, and life and death helps narrow the gap between life and death and consequently remove our fear of death, which in turn has important implications for hospice care. However, Zhang did not explain how this non-duality can be put into practice, which is a major defect of Zhang’s paper. And if accessibility to non-duality in practice is not fully explained, people’s confusion around hospice care remains. Moreover, Zhang’s essay fails to explain the implications of Madhyāmika’s non-dualist approach for the practice of hospice care in contemporary society, which Zhang promised to do so.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 147 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
誰應為醫療保健買單？——中國城鎮衛生籌資責任主體歷史演進的儒家反思
Authors: WU Jingxian
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.一個道德上公正的醫療保健制度，不僅應該保障人人都可以均等地獲得基本的衛生保健服務，還應該是財務上可持續的。醫療保健制度籌資責任主體一般包括政府、個人、家庭等，各籌資主體責任大小對實現一國或一地區衛生資源的有效配置、為當地居民提供公平而又有效的醫療衛生服務至關重要。本文將建國以來中國城鎮地區醫療保健制度的發展演進劃分為四個階段，分別是計劃經濟時期、經濟制度轉軌時期、市場經濟初期、全民基本醫療保險時期，基於儒家生命倫理原則，對中國（內地）城鎮地區衛生籌資責任主體進行回顧、反思，分析認為中國衛生籌資責任主體發展經歷了「政府大包大攬、個人及家屬免費享受」——「政府財政逐漸退出、個人及家庭負擔加重」——「 政府責任回歸、個人負擔有所下降」——「政府、市場、個人責任逐漸趨於均衡」這一過程。基於儒家衛生正義觀，本文認為「仁政」不是絕對平均主義，也非個人全權負責；「家庭本位」的傳統文化在中國一直活躍至今，制度安排亟需家庭責任的回歸。在儒家看來，一個道德上合理的衛生籌資責任，應該是個人、家庭和政府的平衡與和諧。A morally justifiable health care system should not only ensure that everyone has equal access to basic health care services, but also be financially sustainable. It is normally supposed that governments, individuals and families take joint responsibility for health care in a certain country or region. Their levels of financial responsibility are a significant factor in the effective allocation of healthcare resources and fair delivery of health care services.This paper divides the historical evolution of health care financing responsibilities in urban China since 1949 into four periods: a planned economy period, an economic system transition period, an initial period of market economy and a universal health coverage period. Based on Confucian ethical principles, the author reflects on financing responsibilities in urban China. She determines that the financing responsibilities of different periods have changed from government- to individual-dominant, finally achieving a balance between government, the market and the individual. The author argues that from a moral standpoint, according to Confucian ethical appeals on health justice, a benevolent government should practice neither the doctrine of absolute equalization nor the principle of individual liberalism. As the idea that the family comprises the primary community is still active in contemporary China, family responsibility should be emphasized along with health care financing policy. According to Confucianism, a morally just health care financing responsibility requires a proper balance and harmony between individuals, families and governments.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 401 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
遺體捐獻行為的中國文化困境
Authors: ZHANG Yanghui
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.在中國文化中，保留個人軀體的完整性具有重要意義，這導致醫學教學和科研中的屍源短缺現象成為制約醫學發展的一大問題。中國傳統文化一直被各界認為是阻礙遺體捐獻的根源，但本文基於訪談和文獻分析，發現導致這一現象的原因遠較傳統文化的影響更為複雜，其核心問題在於子女與父母在看待身體、死亡和“孝”上存在的多元價值觀衝突。價值觀衝突的文化根源不僅是多數研究指認的儒家傳統文化，而是一個包含著傳統文化、現代文化、精英文化與世俗文化相互交融和衝突的複雜問題。同時，兩者雖然在觀念上存在矛盾衝突，但所追求的終極目標具有高度一致性，即實現人的“尊嚴”。In Chinese culture, the preservation of the integrity of the body is greatly significant, which has led to a shortage of corpses in medical teaching and research and become a major problem restricting the development of medical research and treatment in China. Accordingly, it is generally believed that traditional Chinese culture has been a barrier to body donation in China. However, based on interviews and literature analyses, this paper shows that the factors leading to the body donation shortage in China are much more complicated than this simple “cultural” belief. The core problem, as our investigation finds, is that children and parents are in conflict over the value of the body and death and the virtue of filial piety. The cultural root of this conflict is not merely the nature or content of the traditional Confucian culture as identified by most researchers. Rather, it is a result of the complex interplay between modern scientific, revolutionary and traditional ethical views on the role of the body, the function of the Chinese patriarchal clan system and the blending of elastic spirit and modern secular culture. Finally, the paper argues that although donators and their children may have different understandings and value conflicts, their ultimate goal is highly consistent, that is, to achieve human dignity as expressed in modern Chinese society.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 6231 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
當代中國家庭醫療決策的倫理策略——一個有關家庭醫療決策的案例研究
Authors: CHENG Guobin
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.在當代中國家庭醫療決策過程存在以下幾個特點：第一，病人的自主權並未完全消失，但其實現程度和方式受到了諸多限制；第二，對病人的行為能力和權利限度的判斷上存在家長主義和後果論的特徵，在一定程度上構成了對病人權利的剝奪；第三，病人的最大利益和個人意願仍然是決策依據的重要方面，但對這兩者的解讀體現出了偏重客觀利益和共用價值觀的特點，又受到家庭具體權力結構的影響。在家人做出最終決策的形式背後隱藏著諸多豐富的細節，家庭醫療決策是一個傳統與現代、家庭與個人價值觀共同作用的複雜過程，用任何一個單一的理論模型都很難說清它的本來面貌。This essay points out that informed consent in China today is often replaced by the “family decision” model, which is designed to embody Confucian family ethics and maximize the benefit of family involvement in medical decision making. The author, a physician, uses a specific case he encountered when treating an elderly woman with late-stage colon cancer. Because the patient did not know the whole truth of her condition, most of the medical decisions regarding her treatment were made by her children. Ideally speaking, a “family decision” means that both the patient and his/her close family members will be involved in the decision-making process. Yet, the author’s experiences show that in most cases, decision-making responsibilities shift from the patient to the family, especially when the patient is an elderly parent. Theoretically speaking, the Confucian ethics of humanness (ren) and filial piety (xiao) support family as the most appropriate authority for medical decisions. However, in reality, the author finds that this could be problematic when family members hide medical information from the patient—sometimes with cooperation from the physician. The essay recommends that more respect and autonomy should be given to the patient if the “family decision” policy is truly implementedDOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 202 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.