bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Continuous versus discrete data analysis for gait evaluation of horses with induced bilateral hindlimb lameness
Authors: Smit Ineke H. , Hernlund Elin , Brommer Harold , van Weeren P. René , Rhodin Marie , Serra Bragança Filipe M.
Published: June 2021

Background

Gait kinematics measured during equine gait analysis are typically evaluated by analysing (asymmetry‐based) discrete variables (eg, peak values) obtained from continuous kinematic signals (eg, timeseries of datapoints). However, when used for the assessment of complex cases of lameness, such as bilateral lameness, discrete variable analysis might overlook relevant functional adaptations.

Objectives

The overall aim of this paper is to compare continuous and discrete data analysis techniques to evaluate kinematic gait adaptations to lameness.

Study design

Method comparison.

Methods

Sixteen healthy Shetland ponies, enrolled in a research programme in which osteochondral defects were created on the medial trochlear ridges of both femurs, were used in this study. Kinematic data were collected at trot on a treadmill before and at 3 and 6 months after surgical intervention. Statistical parametric mapping and linear mixed models were used to compare kinematic variables between and within timepoints.

Results

Both continuous and discrete data analyses identified changes in pelvis and forelimb kinematics. Discrete data analyses showed significant changes in hindlimb and back kinematics, where such differences were not found to be significant by continuous data analysis. In contrast, continuous data analysis provided additional information on the timing and duration of the differences found.

Main limitations

A limited number of ponies were included.

Conclusions

The use of continuous data provides additional information regarding gait adaptations to bilateral lameness that is complementary to the analysis of discrete variables. The main advantage lies in the additional information regarding time dependence and duration of adaptations, which offers the opportunity to identify functional adaptations during all phases of the stride cycle, not just the events related to peak values.
Target molecules for future hidradenitis suppurativa treatment
Authors: Zouboulis Christos C. , Frew John W. , Giamarellos‐Bourboulis Evangelos J. , Jemec Gregor B.E. , del Marmol Veronique , Marzano Angelo V. , Nikolakis Georgios , Sayed Christopher J. , Tzellos Thrasyvoulos , Wolk Kerstin , Prens Errol P.
Published: June 2021

The registration of the tumour necrosis factor‐α inhibitor adalimumab in 2015 was a major step forward in the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa/acne inversa (HS). However, it soon became evident that the effectiveness of adalimumab in daily practice was highly variable. A significant unmet medical need of HS patients remained, and the search for novel therapeutic targets was intensified. During the 10th European Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation (EHSF) e.V. Conference, reknown international HS investigators virtually presented and discussed the published data on these potential target molecules for future HS treatment. This article addresses the most promising molecules currently under investigation from a pathophysiological and clinical point of view. With phase III trials ongoing, the anti‐ interleukin (IL)‐17 biologics bimekizumab and secukinumab are in the most advanced stage of clinical development showing promising results. In addition, targeting IL‐1α with bermekimab has shown encouraging results in two clinical trials. Directing treatment at neutrophil recruitment and activation by targeting IL‐36 with spesolimab fits well in the pathogenic concept of HS and clinical phase II trial results are pending. In contrast to in situ evidence, Complement 5a (C5a) and C5a receptor blockade have only shown greater clinical benefit in patients with severe HS. Inhibition of Janus kinase (JAK) 1 signalling in HS showed clinical efficacy only in the highest dosage, highlighting that careful surveillance of the balance between safety and efficacy of JAK inhibition is warranted. Overall, clinical efficacies of all novel treatments reported so far are modest. To guide drug development, more and better‐defined translational data on the pathogenesis of this severe and enigmatic inflammatory skin disease are required.
Static mechanical properties of virgin and recycled short glass fiber‐reinforced polypropylene produced by pellet additive manufacturing
Authors: Rigon Daniele , Ricotta Mauro , Ardengo Giovanni , Meneghetti Giovanni
Published: June 2021

The static behavior of specimens made of virgin and recycled short glass fiber‐reinforced polypropylene filled with mineral filler has been studied. Specimens were produced by means of pellet additive manufacturing (PAM) adopting different infill patterns to investigate the influence of material anisotropy. For comparison purposes, the mechanical properties of the same virgin and recycled materials were investigated also with injection‐molded specimens. The fracture behavior was investigated by analyzing the damage at a macroscopic as well as microscopic level. As the main outcome, it was noted that both the manufacturing and recycling processes play a crucial role in the damage mechanics of the specimens, thus explaining the different fracture behaviors noted at the macroscale.
Anemia in older adults as a geriatric syndrome: A review
Authors: Katsumi Akira , Abe Akihiro , Tamura Shogo , Matsushita Tadashi
Published: June 2021

Anemia, a frequently occurring condition in older patients, has no standard definition; however, in most studies, it is defined as hemoglobin level <12 and <13 g/dL in women and men, respectively. Approximately 10% of older adults living in the community have anemia. The prevalence of anemia is significantly correlated with advanced age and male sex. Anemia is associated with falls, frailty and other negative outcomes, including early mortality. However, there remains little consensus regarding whether anemia treatment favorably affects these adverse outcomes. Therefore, this article reviews the prevalence of anemia, and provides updates on its common causes and treatments in older adults. While excluding well‐established hematopoietic diseases, the etiology of anemia in older adults has been grouped into four categories: (i) nutritional deficiency; (ii) inflammation; (iii) clonal hematopoiesis; and (iv) “unexplained anemia,” when there is no clear mechanism to account for the anemia. Recently, clonal leukocytes were detected in a considerable number of older individuals. The number of somatic mutations in blood leukocytes increases with age; however, single mutations of DNMT3A, TET2 and ASXL1 are not correlated with the presence of unexplained anemia in older adults. With an increased understanding of anemia etiology and the availability of innovative anti‐anemic drugs, future studies that evaluate the causes and benefits of treatment are required. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 549–554.
Thiol–disulfide homeostasis and ischemia‐modified albumin as a marker of oxidative stress in patients with sarcopenia
Authors: Özsürekci Cemile , Şengül Ayçiçek Gözde , Çalışkan Hatice , Tuna Doğrul Rana , Neşelioğlu Salim , Özcan Münevver , Doğu Burcu B , Cankurtaran Mustafa , Erel Özcan , Halil Meltem G
Published: June 2021

Aim

Sarcopenia is characterized by progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength. Chronic inflammatory conditions and increased oxidative stress are in the pathogenesis of sarcopenia. Our aim was to evaluate the relationship between sarcopenia and thiol–disulfide homeostasis and ischemia‐modified albumin levels as an oxidative stress marker.

Methods

Patients aged ≥65 years were recruited in this study. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People criterion. Total thiol, native thiol, disulfide and ischemia‐modified albumin levels were measures according to clinical and laboratory features. Patients were divided into two groups according to their sarcopenia presence; thiol–disulfide homeostasis and ischemia‐modified albumin levels were evaluated between these groups.

Results

Overall, 94 patients were analyzed. The mean age was 75.0 ± 6.71 years. A total of 39% of the patients were diagnosed as probable sarcopenia, 3.2% had sarcopenia, 6.4% had severe sarcopenia and 51.1% were diagnosed as normal. The levels of native thiol, total thiol, disulfide level and disulfide–native thiol, native thiol–total thiol and disulfide–total thiol ratios were similar in patients with sarcopenia when compared with the control group. In addition, there were no differences between albumin and ischemia‐modified albumin levels. In univariate regression analysis, handgrip strength was found to be an independent predictor of native thiol and total thiol, and disulfide levels.

Conclusion

This is the first study in the literature that evaluates the thiol–disulfide homeostasis and ischemia‐modified albumin levels in sarcopenic older patients. Long‐term studies are warranted to confirm the relationship between oxidative stress markers and sarcopenia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 584–589.
Mitochondrial dynamics and degradation in the oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi
Authors: Duan Lan , Okamoto Koji
Published: June 2021

Emerging evidence implicates the vital role of mitochondria in lipid consumption and storage, highlighting the intimate link between energy production and saving. Although formation of giant lipid droplets, which is the key hallmark of the oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi, appears to be regulated in response to changes in mitochondrial shape and metabolism, technical limitations of genetic manipulation have become an obstacle to uncover the mitochondrial behavior in this nonconventional yeast. Here, we established an L. starkeyi strain stably expressing a fluorescent marker for monitoring mitochondrial morphology and degradation and found that mitochondria are mostly fragmented in L. starkeyi cells under fermentable, nonfermentable, and nitrogen depletion conditions. Notably, a fraction of mitochondria‐specific fluorescent signals was localized to the vacuole, a lytic organelle in yeast, indicating degradation of mitochondria in those cells. This possible catabolic event was more predominant in cells under nutrient‐poor conditions than that in cells under nutrient‐rich conditions, concomitantly with lipid droplet formation. Collectively, our studies provide a new tool to investigate mitochondrial dynamics in L. starkeyi and decipher the potential role of mitochondrial degradation in lipid metabolism.
Comparative investigation of ultrafast thermal shock of Ti3AlC2 ceramic in water and air
Authors: Hu Baotong , Bao Yiwang , Su Xiaojia , Wan Detian , Feng Qingguo , Grasso Salvatore , Hu Chunfeng
Published: June 2021

In this work, ultrafast thermal shock of Ti3AlC2 ceramic was evaluated in water and air by utilizing the induction heating method. First, the annealed samples were heated to the set temperature in tens of seconds and dropped into the cooling water within 0.1 s which is rather short not to degrade the sample temperature. Compared to the traditional thermal shock method when quenching in water, the abnormal thermal shock phenomenon did not occur, which is owing to that no dense oxide layers were formed on the samples’ surface to act as the thermal barrier. The continuous decrease in residual flexural strength when quenched in water is associated with water infiltration, chemical reaction, and large surface tensile stress. The residual strength has 27.25 MPa upon 1250°C. Second, at the same testing temperature, the residual flexural strength when quenched in air maintains a high value of 388 MPa up to 1400°C. Dense oxide scales existed on the quenched surface of Ti3AlC2 samples. The results exhibit that Ti3AlC2 ceramic possesses excellent thermal shock resistance in water and air, suitable to be applied in extreme environments.
Spiritual care, compassion and associated factors of midwives working in delivery rooms
Authors: Akın Bihter , Erkal Aksoy Yasemin , Yılmaz Sema
Published: June 2021

Aim

This study aimed to determine the level of spiritual care and compassion among midwives working in delivery rooms and associated factors.

Methods

A descriptive design was utilized to collect data using self‐report questionnaires from 181 midwives working in delivery rooms in Turkey. Data were collected between 1 February 2020 and 20 March 2020.

Results

The mean Spiritual Care‐Giving Scale (SCGS) (min: 25‐ max: 175) and Compassion Scale (CS) (min: 24– max: 120) scores were 147.88 ± 17.84 and 96.37 ± 12.84. It was determined that there was a significant difference between the SCGS and CS scores of the midwives based on age, working year, work schedule, job satisfaction and traumatic birth experiences. Furthermore, there were positive correlations between scores on certain SCGS and CS subdimensions.

Conclusion

Midwifery is a continuously evolving profession based on helping others. However, long working hours and their exposure to traumatic birth events negatively affect both spiritual caregiving and compassion levels of midwives. Working conditions of midwives need to improve and this would contribute to the quality of maternal healthcare. Also, studies should be conducted in different contexts, societies and cultures to identify barriers to compassionate and spiritual care during childbirth.
How does implicit aggressiveness translate into counterproductive work behaviors? The role of job satisfaction and workplace anger
Authors: Ružojčić Mitja , Galić Zvonimir , Jerneić Željko
Published: June 2021

Although implicit aggressiveness, measured by the Conditional Reasoning Test for Aggression (CRT‐A), seems to be important to understand counterproductive work behaviors (CWBs), little is known about psychological mechanisms that explain this relationship. Building on previous work, we examined the role of job satisfaction and workplace anger in this relationship, on a sample of 360 employees who filled in the CRT‐A, and reported on job satisfaction, workplace anger, and CWBs at two occasions separated by 6–12 months. Analyses using a general CWB factor indicated complex relationship between constructs. Additional analyses revealed that: (a) job satisfaction explained the relationship between implicit aggressiveness and organizationally directed CWBs and (b) workplace anger explained the relationship between implicit aggressiveness and interpersonally directed CWBs.
Effectiveness of the MF59‐adjuvanted trivalent or quadrivalent seasonal influenza vaccine among adults 65 years of age or older, a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Coleman Brenda L. , Sanderson Ruth , Haag Mendel D. M. , McGovern Ian
Published: June 2021

Background

Standard‐dose seasonal influenza vaccines often produce modest immunogenic responses in adults ≥65 years old. MF59 is intended to elicit a greater magnitude and increased breadth of immune response.

Objective

To determine the effectiveness of seasonal MF59‐adjuvanted trivalent/quadrivalent influenza vaccine (aTIV/aQIV) relative to no vaccination or vaccination with standard or high‐dose egg‐based influenza vaccines among people ≥65 years old.

Methods

Cochrane methodological standards and PRISMA‐P guidelines were followed. Real‐world evidence from non‐interventional studies published in peer‐reviewed journals and gray literature from 1997 through to July 15, 2020, including cluster‐randomized trials, were eligible. Two reviewers independently extracted data; risk of bias was assessed using the ROBINS‐I tool.

Results

Twenty‐one studies conducted during the 2006/07–2019/20 influenza seasons were included in the qualitative review; 16 in the meta‐analyses. Meta‐analysis of test‐negative studies found that aTIV reduced medical encounters due to lab‐confirmed influenza with pooled estimates of 40.7% (95% CI: 21.9, 54.9; I2 = 0%) for non‐emergency outpatient visits and 58.5% (40.7, 70.9; I2 = 52.9%) for hospitalized patients. The pooled estimate of VE from case‐control studies was 51.3% (39.1, 61.1; I2 = 0%) against influenza‐ or pneumonia‐related hospitalization. The pooled estimates for the relative VE of aTIV for the prevention of influenza‐related medical encounters were 13.9% (4.2, 23.5; I2 = 95.9%) compared with TIV, 13.7% (3.1, 24.2; I2 = 98.8%) compared with QIV, and 2.8% (−2.9, 8.5; I2 = 94.5%) compared with HD‐TIV.

Conclusions

Among adults ≥65 years, aTIV demonstrated significant absolute VE, improved relative VE compared to non‐adjuvanted standard‐dose TIV/QIV, and comparable relative VE to high‐dose TIV.
Structure, processes, and initial outcomes of The Ottawa Hospital Multi‐Specialist Limb‐Preservation Clinic and Programme: A unique‐in‐Canada quality improvement initiative
Authors: Roberts Derek J. , Murphy Christine , Strauss Shira A. , Brandys Timothy , Corrales‐Medina Vicente , Zhang Jing , Lalonde Karl‐André , Meulenkamp Bradley , Jennings Alison , Forster Alan J. , McIsaac Daniel I. , Nagpal Sudhir K.
Published: June 2021

In 2017, The Ottawa Hospital initiated a unique‐in‐Canada quality improvement initiative by opening a novel, multi‐specialist limb‐preservation clinic. We sought to describe the structure, processes, and initial outcomes of the clinic and evaluate whether it is achieving its mandate of providing high‐quality wound clinical care, education, and research. We conducted a descriptive prospective cohort study alongside a nested study of 162 clinic patients requiring serial assessments. There have been 1623 visits, mostly (72.2%) from outpatients. During 17.8% of visits, patients were evaluated by >1 specialist. Therapies provided most often included negative‐pressure wound therapy (32.7%), biological wound dressings (21.6%), and total contact casting (18.5%). Furthermore, 1.2% underwent toe/ray amputations or skin grafting in clinic and 22.8% were initiated on antimicrobials. Mixed‐effects models suggested that mean wound volumes for those requiring serial assessments decreased by 1.6 (95% confidence interval = −0.86 to −2.27) cm3 between visits. The clinic provided seven rotations to vascular surgery, infectious diseases, dermatology, and palliative care physicians; three nursing preceptorships; and two educational workshops. It also initiated provincial and national vascular health and wound care research initiatives. This study may be used to guide development of other limb‐preservation clinics and programmes. Findings support that our programme is achieving its mandate.
2.5–5.5 μm mid‐infrared emission from Ni2+‐doped chalcohalide glass ceramics containing CsPbI3 perovskite nanocrystals
Authors: Cui Manman , Yang Anping , Sun Mingyang , Lin Huixing , Lin Hang , Ren Jing , Yang Zhiyong
Published: June 2021

The development of mid‐infrared (MIR) broadband tunable lasers urgently needs high performance laser gain materials. Transition metal (TM) ions doped glass ceramics are considered to be efficient MIR broadband laser gain media. However, it is difficult to achieve gain because of the large scattering loss and low luminescence efficiency. In this paper, GeS2–Sb2S3–CsI–PbI2 chalcohalide glass ceramics containing CsPbI3 perovskite nanocrystals are fabricated by the melt‐quenching method and subsequent heating treatment. The crystallization behavior of CsPbI3 nanophase and MIR luminescence properties of Ni2+ dopant are systematically investigated. Evidently, spherical CsPbI3 perovskite nanocrystals are precipitated and uniformly distributed in the glassy matrix, which can reduce the light scattering and make the chalcohalide glass ceramics have a high transparency. Moreover, an ultra‐broadband MIR emission in the range of 2.5–5.5 μm is observed for the first time, to our best knowledge, from Ni2+‐doped chalcohalide glass ceramics containing CsPbI3 perovskite nanocrystals. The newly developed Ni2+‐doped chalcohaldie glass ceramics could be promising gain media for MIR broadband tunable lasers.
The psychological experiences of nurses after inpatient suicide: A meta‐synthesis of qualitative research studies
Authors: Shao Qinwen , Wang Yanjie , Hou Kunhua , Zhao Haiping , Sun Xianghong
Published: June 2021

Aims

To explore nurses’ psychological experiences after inpatient suicide.

Design

Qualitative studies were meta‐synthesized.

Data sources

Eight databases (PubMed, Web of Science, CINAHL, Embase, Wanfang Data, VIP database, CBM and CNKI) were searched for qualitative studies from each database's inception to 31 August 2020.

Review methods

Studies were critically appraised using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklist for Qualitative Research. Qualitative data were extracted, summarized, and meta‐synthesized.

Results

Eleven studies were included, and five themes were identified: (a) emotional experience, (b) cognitive experience, (c) coping strategies, (d) self‐reflection and (e) impact on self and practise.

Conclusion

Nurses reported various negative emotions after inpatient suicide. Hospital administrators should recognize nurses’ second victim psychological trauma. Moreover, they must develop theory‐based education, training and psychological support programmes to promote nurses’ mental health. Hospital patient safety management is also important to ensure patient safety whilst preventing nurses from becoming second victims.

Impact

Understanding the psychological experiences of nurses who have undergone inpatient suicide will inform future research and practise. Nurses require psychological support after experiencing adverse events. Education and training are necessary to help nurses acquire suicide knowledge, understand the role of the second victim, better cope with adverse events and promote self‐growth. Hospitals should strengthen the construction of a safety culture to ensure patient safety.
Singapore's health outcomes after critical illness in kids: A study protocol exploring health outcomes of families 6 months after critical illness
Authors: Poh Pei‐Fen , Lee Jan Hau , Manning Joseph C. , Carey Matthew C. , Sultana Rehena , Latour Jos M.
Published: June 2021

Aim

To explore and understand the impact of paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission on longitudinal health outcomes, experiences and support needs of children and their parents in the first 6 months after PICU discharge and to examine the role of ethnicity.

Design

This study uses a prospective, longitudinal design.

Methods

The sample will include children (N = 110) and at least one parent (N = 110) admitted to the PICU (KKH‐AM start‐up fund, October 2020). Quantitative study: Participants will be recruited at PICU admission. Data will be collected at five time points: during PICU admission (T0), at PICU discharge (T1), 1 month (T2), 3 months (T3) and 6 months (T4) after PICU discharge. Questionnaires will assess physical and cognitive outcomes of the child survivor. Emotional and social health outcomes will be assessed for both the child and the parents. Qualitative study: At least 12 parents will take part in a semi‐structured interview conducted at both 1 and 6 months after PICU to explore their experiences and support needs after PICU discharge. All interviews will be audio‐recorded with verbatim transcription. We will use framework analysis for qualitative data analysis.

Discussion

Understanding of Singapore health outcomes after critical illness in kids (SHACK) and their families is limited. There is an urgent need to comprehensively understand the health trajectory and consequences of the PICU child survivors and their families. This research will be the first to explore the health outcomes, needs and experiences after paediatric critical illness in Asia.

Impact

This study will provide an understanding of the health outcomes and trajectory of children and parents in the first 6 months after PICU discharge and examine the association between race and outcomes after PICU discharge. Identification of modifiable pre‐disposing risk factors during the PICU admission will inform future interventions to improve long‐term outcomes of children and parents following paediatric critical illness.

Trial registration: Clinicaltrial.gov: ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04637113.
Shared patterns of spatial accumulation of lineages across terrestrial vertebrates
Authors: Crouch Nicholas M. A.
Published: June 2021

Aim

Whether species co‐occur with closely related taxa has long been thought to influence both the rate of species formation and maximum clade diversity. However, it is unclear whether these processes act concordantly across entire clades and between taxa with disparate dispersal and life history strategies. Quantifying these patterns will yield a better understanding of the factors regulating biodiversity. I investigate whether allopatry promotes lineage diversification leading to greater clade richness. I also test whether slowdowns in diversification and family richness are correlated with increased sympatry.

Location

Global.

Taxon

Birds, mammals, and amphibians.

Methods

Posterior distributions of speciation rate estimates were compared between different definitions of lineage allopatry. Temporal changes in speciation rate were compared against family diversity as well as the mean and maximum number of overlapping familial ranges.

Results

More diverse families accumulate more overlapping ranges, but this process is nonrandom with predominantly nonsister taxa overlapping. Sister species in allopatry have higher speciation rates, with rates generally suppressed when allopatry is defined using all confamilial taxa, suggesting that the effect changes over the course of a radiation. Slowdowns in diversification are uncorrelated with the maximum and mean number of regionally sympatric species, therefore appearing to be either an idiosyncratic feature of certain clades or at least not related to spatial packing of confamilial species.

Main conclusions.

Allopatry of sister species is correlated with rapid diversification at 1–3 Ma timescales. At the family level, maximal clade diversity is achieved through increased sympatry of member species, that is, packing of related species within a single geographic area.
Differential speciation rates, colonization time and niche conservatism affect community assembly across adjacent biogeographical regions
Authors: Benício Ronildo A. , Provete Diogo B. , Lyra Mariana L. , Heino Jani , Haddad Célio F. B. , Rossa‐Feres Denise de C. , da Silva Fernando R.
Published: June 2021

Aim

To test the importance of evolutionary and biogeographical processes in shaping the assembly of local frog communities in two adjacent regions (hereafter, coastal and inland regions) with different historical signatures. We asked two main questions: (1) why does the coastal region harbour more frog species than the inland region? and (2) how do these processes affect the spatial variation in taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversities within and across these regions?

Location

southeastern Brazil.

Taxon

Anurans.

Methods

We generated time‐calibrated phylogenies to estimate the relative timing of colonization, rates of speciation, extinction and dispersal between regions. We tested the phylogenetic signal in reproductive modes. These traits were also used to examine variation in functional composition across sites. We calculated metrics of phylogenetic community structure that capture the relationships near the root and tips of the tree. Finally, we tested the relationships between the spatial variation of multiple diversity dimensions and topographic complexity, Pleistocene and contemporary climate gradients for three spatial extents: (1) only coastal sites; (2) only inland sites; and (3) the two regions combined.

Results

The structure of communities was related to the region in which they are located, with regional pool size being two times greater for the coastal than inland region. This pattern seems to reflect both a higher speciation rate and earlier colonization time in the coastal than in the inland region. Reproductive modes within frog genera were less variable than among families, indicating phylogenetic signal. This pattern influenced local community assembly within the inland region due to the absence of species with direct development, tadpoles in bromeliads or eggs and tadpoles in streams in this region.

Main conclusions

Macroevolutionary dynamics, such as colonization time, differences in speciation rates and niche conservatism generate the disparity in species richness and assembly patterns of local communities between regions, but not within regions, in which local communities were more similar to each other.
Social Jetlag in adolescents: From a nursing perspective
Authors: Uslu Esra , Özsaban Aysel , Çağan Özlem
Published: June 2021

Problem

Social Jetlag (SJL) is a condition leading to many important physical, mental, behavioral, and cognitive problems in adolescents.

Methods

The sample of this study, which used a descriptive and correlational design, consisted of 247 high school students. The SJL parameters were informed by the literature, while chronotype was identified using the Morningness‐Eveningness Scale for Children. The factors associated with SJL were determined using a structured questionnaire.

Findings

Students' SJL value was 2 h 10 min ± 01:11. As students' tendency to be an evening chronotype increased, the SJL value increased, as well (r = −0.472; p < 0.001). In terms of SJL, student's grade level (β = −0.167; p = 0.004) and chronotype (β = −0.438; p < 0.001) were a negative risk factor, while spending time in bed with TV/computer/smartphone before sleeping (β = 0.127; p = 0.031) was a positive risk factor.

Conclusions

The students had a high SJL value. The results might be useful for nurses to develop intervention strategies to improve adolescents sleep habits.
ASPP2 inhibits hepatitis B virus replication by preventing nucleus translocation of HSF1 and attenuating the transactivation of ATG7
Authors: Wang Shanshan , Sun Yu , Wang Yang , Wang Anna , Kou Buxin , Che Yang , Chen Dexi , Zhang Yulin , Shi Ying
Published: June 2021

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a kind of virus with the capability to induce autophagy, thereby facilitating its replication. Reducing hepatocyte autophagy is proved to be a useful way to inhibit HBV replication. Herein, we reported that p53‐binding protein 2 (apoptosis‐stimulating protein of p53‐2, ASPP2) could attenuate HBV‐induced hepatocyte autophagy in a p53‐independent manner. Mechanistically, overexpressed ASPP2 binds to HSF1 in cytoplasm of HBV‐infected cells, which prevents the translocation of HSF1 to nuclei, thereby inhibiting the transactivation of Atg7. By regulating the transcription of Atg7, ASPP2 reduces hepatocyte autophagy, thereby inhibiting HBV replication. Therefore, ASPP2 is a key regulator of cell autophagy, and overexpression of ASPP2 could be a novel method to inhibit HBV replication in hepatocytes.
Experimental methodologies to evaluate the masking ability of dental materials: A systematic review
Authors: dos Santos Renan Brandenburg , Collares Kaue , Brandeburski Suzane Boa Nova , Pecho Oscar E. , Della Bona Alvaro
Published: June 2021

Objective

To conduct a systematic review on the masking ability of discolored substrates, analyzing the capacity and quality of the response produced by the different methodologies and techniques applied to overcome this clinical challenge.

Materials and methods

The study followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) statement. The electronic search was conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases, without date restriction. In vitro studies, written in English, applying different methodologies to evaluate masking ability were included. The variables of interest were: type, color and thickness of the restorative and/or cement material; use of pigments in the restorative material and/or cement; color of the substrate; and background color used for the evaluations.

Results

Database search retrieved 307 eligible papers with a final inclusion of 47 published papers. Approximately 98% of the studies used ΔE, 36% used TP, and only 6% used CR to evaluate the masking ability of restorative materials.

Conclusions

The most appropriate methodology to evaluate the masking ability is using color difference equations (ΔE) associated with the perceptibility and acceptability thresholds.

Clinical significance

As different methodologies have been used to evaluate the masking ability of esthetic restorative materials on colored substrates, there is an urgent need to reach a consensus and propose a method, which is suggested by the present systematic review.
Age and growth of early‐life‐stage Atlantic tarpon (Megalops atlanticus) from the northcentral Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Graham Patrick M. , Franks James S. , Anderson Evan J. , Leaf Robert T. , Tilley Jason D.
Published: June 2021

Age and growth of early‐life‐stage Atlantic tarpon Megalops atlanticus collected from Mississippi coastal waters in the northcentral Gulf of Mexico (GOM) are described using otolith microstructure analysis. Tarpon leptocephali (n = 95, 16.0—27.8 mm standard length, LS) collected from June throughOctober 2013—2018, ranged in age from 22 to 43 days (mean = 30.9 ± 0.5 days). Leptocephalus somatic growth rates ranged 0.46—1.24 mm day−1 (mean = 0.76 ± 0.02 mm day−1), and leptocephalus otolith growth rates ranged 1.78—3.97 μm day−1 (mean = 2.58 ± 0.04 μm day−1). Growth rates were inversely correlated to leptocephalus age, indicating the shrinkage phase associated with leptocephalus metamorphosis. Juvenile tarpon (n = 358, 50—359 mm fork length, LF) were collected from August through December 2007—2018. Juveniles exhibited a positive allometric relationship (adjusted R2 = 0.99, P < 0.001) between length and mass. The age of 100 juveniles (71—277 mm LF) ranged from 76 to 174 days. Juvenile growth rate was estimated as 1.56 ± 0.11 mm day−1. Significant (P < 0.001) linear relationships were found between juvenile age and otolith metrics, including otolith mass (R2 = 0.81) and radius (R2 = 0.68). Evaluation of the backcalculated hatch dates suggests that specimens in the collection hatched from late May through mid‐September with slight peaks during July and August. A Rao's Spacing Test of Uniformity indicates the presence of significant lunar periodicity in leptocephalus hatch dates (n = 95, U = 250.1, P < 0.05), with 50% of the leptocephali hatched within 5 days (before or after) of the full moon. This study fills critical gaps in the scientific knowledge of tarpon and provides estimates of early‐life‐history metrics for an iconic game fish at the northernmost extent of its GOM range.
The changing times of Europe's largest remaining commercially harvested population of eel Anguilla anguilla L.
Authors: Aprahamian Miran W. , Evans Derek W. , Briand Cedric , Walker Alan M. , McElarney Yvonne , Allen Michelle
Published: June 2021

This study quantifies the processes involved in regulating the European eel population of Lough Neagh, a lake in Northern Ireland. The relationship between glass eel input and silver eel output for the 1923–1997 cohorts was best described by a Beverton–Holt stock recruitment model. Glass eel input time series was not complete and was thus derived from the relationship between catches elsewhere in Europe and Lough Neagh, together with the addition of stocked glass eel. Silver eel output was the sum of silver eel escapement, catch and yellow eel catch converted to silver eel equivalents. Natural mortality increased with glass eel density, ranging from 0.017 to 0.142 year−1. The mean carrying capacity increased from ≈3.25 M silver eels (≈26 kg ha−1) for the 1923–1943 cohorts to ≈5.0 M (≈40 kg ha−1) for the 1948–1971 cohorts before regressing back to ≈3.25 M. The total silver eel output was highest during the late 1970s/early 1980s at 35–45 kg ha−1 year−1 and lowest during the early years of the 20th century and is currently at 10–15 kg ha−1 year−1. The findings are discussed in relation to (a) the ecological changes that have occurred within the lough, associated with eutrophication and the introduction of roach (Rutilus rutilus L.), and (b) the decline of the wider European eel stock across its distribution range. The findings from this study have relevance for the wider management of the European eel stock.
Dental prosthetic treatment reduced the risk of weight loss among older adults with tooth loss
Authors: Kusama Taro , Nakazawa Noriko , Kiuchi Sakura , Kondo Katsunori , Osaka Ken , Aida Jun
Published: June 2021

Objectives

Weight loss is a critical health issue in older adults. Oral function is essential for nutrient intake and can be restored using dental prosthetic treatments in patients with tooth loss. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between tooth loss and weight loss among the older adults and to evaluate the magnitude of its risk reduction by dental prosthetic treatment.

Design

Three‐year follow‐up longitudinal study based on a self‐reported questionnaire.

Setting

Community‐dwelling older adults in Japan.

Participants

Adults aged 65 and older (n = 53,690).

Measurements

We used >10% weight loss during follow‐up, the number of remaining teeth, and the use of dental prostheses as the outcome variable, exposure variable, and mediator, respectively. We fitted the logistic regression model including possible confounders and calculated the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of the controlled direct effect (CDE) at the level of use or nonuse of the dental prosthesis based on a causal mediation analysis framework. Additionally, we calculated the proportion eliminated by the dental prosthesis.

Results

The mean age of participants was 72.6 years (1 SD = 5.5), and 47.4% were males. About 5.8% (n = 3132) of them experienced >10% weight loss during the follow‐up. Weight loss was observed in 6.8% of the participants with 0–19 remaining teeth and in 4.3% of them with ≥20 remaining teeth. The CDE of 0–19 remaining teeth was greater when no one used dental prosthesis (OR = 1.41; 95% CI = 1.26–1.59) compared with that when all participants used dental prosthesis (OR = 1.26; 95% CI = 1.08–1.46). This indicated that dental prosthesis decreased the risk of weight loss by 37.3%.

Conclusion

Our study revealed that tooth loss increased the risk of clinically critical levels of weight loss among community‐dwelling older adults. However, this risk was reduced by dental prosthetic treatment.
Developing eHealth tools for diverse older adults: Lessons learned from the PREPARE for Your Care Program
Authors: Scheerens Charlotte , Gilissen Joni , Volow Aiesha M. , Powell Jana L. , Ferguson Clarissa M. , Farrell David , Li Brookelle , Berry Corinne , Sudore Rebecca L.
Published: June 2021

Background/Objectives

Electronic Health (eHealth) tools offer opportunities for people to access health information online; yet, most tools are not designed to meet the unique needs of diverse older adults, leading to health disparities. Our goal was to provide guidance for the development of eHealth tools for diverse older populations for use in geriatric care models.

Design

Guidance for eHealth tools was compiled from user design resources and eHealth design literature. Pragmatic examples were provided from an evidenced‐based eHealth tool called PREPAREforYourCare.org (PREPARE). We used quantitative feasibility data from PREPARE research studies and qualitative analysis of PREPARE focus groups, cognitive interviews, and feedback from randomized trials to further inform our recommendations.

Results

Guidance and lessons learned include: (1) define clear objectives and a conceptual framework; (2) co‐create with the target population; (3) optimize the design and layout for accessibility and ease of use, such as text at the 5th grade reading level, closed captioning, etc.; (4) use simple, standardized navigation design; (5) use actionable information to enhance behavior change, such as modeling of behaviors; (6) align accompanying written materials with the eHealth tool; and (7) create tracking mechanisms for ongoing user feedback. PREPARE is used as a case example to provide pragmatic illustrations for how the guidance may be operationalized.

Conclusion

eHealth tools can be tailored to the unique characteristics, preferences, and needs of diverse older populations. Following the “lessons learned” may help decrease health disparities among diverse older adults and ensure eHealth tools are readily accessible and culturally appropriate.
Pre‐Exposure Prophylaxis for HIV Infection and the Role of the Women's Health Care Provider in HIV Prevention
Authors: Ruppe Leah B. , Spencer Lisa A. , Kriebs Jan M.
Published: June 2021

HIV infection is a major public health problem for women in the United States. Prevention of new HIV infections is essential to the goal of eliminating HIV in the United States. Pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an effective and safe HIV prevention method recommended for women at increased risk for HIV infection, including during pregnancy and lactation. The recommended PrEP regimen is a fixed‐dose combination of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine administered as a single daily dose. The initial evaluation for individuals desiring PrEP for HIV prevention includes obtaining a history, laboratory evaluation, and evaluation of the accessibility and acceptability of PrEP. Individuals using PrEP medications are seen every 3 months for follow‐up. These follow‐up visits include evaluation for signs and symptoms of seroconversion, management of side effects and adverse reactions, and evaluation of adherence to PrEP. Follow‐up visits also include testing for HIV, sexually transmitted infections, and renal function and a review of HIV prevention and risk reduction methods. Despite known safety and efficacy of PrEP among women, PrEP use in women in the United States remains low. Gaps exist in HIV prevention that can in part be addressed by women's health care providers through risk screening and provision of HIV prevention methods. All providers of comprehensive sexual health care can and should assess individuals for risk factors for HIV infection and offer HIV prevention methods, including PrEP, to individuals at risk for HIV.
European Academy of Neurology/Peripheral Nerve Society guideline on diagnosis and treatment of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: Report of a joint Task Force—Second revision
Authors: Van den Bergh Peter Y. K. , van Doorn Pieter A. , Hadden Robert D. M. , Avau Bert , Vankrunkelsven Patrik , Allen Jeffrey A. , Attarian Shahram , Blomkwist‐Markens Patricia H. , Cornblath David R. , Eftimov Filip , Goedee H. Stephan , Harbo Thomas , Kuwabara Satoshi , Lewis Richard A. , Lunn Michael P. , Nobile‐Orazio Eduardo , Querol Luis , Rajabally Yusuf A. , Sommer Claudia , Topaloglu Haluk A.
Published: June 2021

To revise the 2010 consensus guideline on chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP). Seventeen disease experts, a patient representative, and two Cochrane methodologists constructed 12 Population/Intervention/Comparison/Outcome (PICO) questions regarding diagnosis and treatment to guide the literature search. Data were extracted and summarized in GRADE summary of findings (for treatment PICOs) or evidence tables (for diagnostic PICOs). Statements were prepared according to the GRADE Evidence‐to‐Decision frameworks. Typical CIDP and CIDP variants were distinguished. The previous term “atypical CIDP” was replaced by “CIDP variants” because these are well characterized entities (multifocal, focal, distal, motor, or sensory CIDP). The levels of diagnostic certainty were reduced from three (definite, probable, possible CIDP) to only two (CIDP and possible CIDP), because the diagnostic accuracy of criteria for probable and definite CIDP did not significantly differ. Good Practice Points were formulated for supportive criteria and investigations to be considered to diagnose CIDP. The principal treatment recommendations were: (a) intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) or corticosteroids are strongly recommended as initial treatment in typical CIDP and CIDP variants; (b) plasma exchange is strongly recommended if IVIg and corticosteroids are ineffective; (c) IVIg should be considered as first‐line treatment in motor CIDP (Good Practice Point); (d) for maintenance treatment, IVIg, subcutaneous immunoglobulin or corticosteroids are recommended; (e) if the maintenance dose of any of these is high, consider either combination treatments or adding an immunosuppressant or immunomodulatory drug (Good Practice Point); and (f) if pain is present, consider drugs against neuropathic pain and multidisciplinary management (Good Practice Point).
Thickness accuracy of virtually designed patient‐specific implants for large neurocranial defects
Authors: Wittner Claudia , Borowski Markus , Pirl Lukas , Kastner Johann , Schrempf Andreas , Schäfer Ute , Trieb Klemens , Senck Sascha
Published: June 2021

The combination of computer‐aided design (CAD) techniques based on computed tomography (CT) data to generate patient‐specific implants is in use for decades. However, persisting disadvantages are complicated design procedures and rigid reconstruction protocols, for example, for tailored implants mimicking the patient‐specific thickness distribution of missing cranial bone. In this study we used two different approaches, CAD‐ versus thin‐plate spline (TPS)‐based implants, to reconstruct extensive unilateral and bilateral cranial defects in three clinical cases. We used CT data of three complete human crania that were virtually damaged according to the missing regions in the clinical cases. In total, we carried out 132 virtual reconstructions and quantified accuracy from the original to the generated implant and deviations in the resulting implant thickness as root‐mean‐square error (RMSE). Reconstructions using TPS showed an RMSE of 0.08–0.18 mm in relation to geometric accuracy. CAD‐based implants showed an RMSE of 0.50–1.25 mm. RMSE in relation to implant thickness was between 0.63 and 0.70 mm (TPS) while values for CAD‐based implants were significantly higher (0.63–1.67 mm). While both approaches provide implants showing a high accuracy, the TPS‐based approach additionally provides implants that accurately reproduce the patient‐specific thickness distribution of the affected cranial region.
An open‐label, investigator‐initiated, single‐center, prospective, pilot clinical study to evaluate the efficacy of a skin whitening serum applied twice daily combined with a spot‐preventing SPF50+ sunscreen in healthy female subjects with melasma hyperpigmentation
Authors: Cantelli Mariateresa , Ferrillo Maria , Granger Corinne , Fabbrocini Gabriella
Published: June 2021

Background

Melasma is a common skin disorder characterized by alterations in normal skin pigmentation. The objective was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a skin whitening serum containing niacinamide, hydroxyphenoxy propionic acid, dipotassium glycyrrhizate, glycolic acid, and 4‐n‐butylresorcinol applied twice daily combined with a spot‐preventing SPF50+ sunscreen for treatment of melasma.

Methods

Twelve healthy Caucasian women with melasma (Fitzpatrick skin types II−IV) were enrolled in this pilot clinical study. Efficacy evaluations were performed at baseline and weeks 4, 8, and 12 of treatment and included clinical and instrumental assessments.

Results

All endpoints for melasma hyperpigmentation showed a statistically significant improvement from baseline to the end of the study. There was only one dropout. No signs of irritation or discomfort were observed at baseline, w4, w8, or w12. An overall improvement in melasma was observed both clinically and on reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM).

Conclusion

This topical skin whitening serum had favorable outcomes for the treatment of melasma hyperpigmentation in adult women, as demonstrated on investigator and instrumental assessments. The results of this pilot study need to be confirmed in randomized, controlled studies with a larger sample size.