bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Political Power and Political Economy of Media: Nicaragua and Bolivia
Authors: Artz Lee
Published: January 2016

The apparent democratic shift unfolding in Latin America, from Venezuela and Bolivia to Ecuador and Nicaragua has been quite uneven. Public access to media provides one measurement of the extent to which social movements have been able to alter the relations of power. In nations where working classes, indigenous peoples, women, youth, and diverse ethnic groups have mobilized and organized constituent assemblies and other social and political organizations, political economies of radical democratic media have been introduced, communicating other progressive national policies for a new cultural hegemony of solidarity.

Moments of rupture caused by social movements have introduced new social and political norms challenging capitalist cultural hegemony across the continent, with deep connections between media communication and social power revealed in every case. Public access to media production and distribution is a key indicator of democratic citizen participation and social transformation. Those societies that have advanced the farthest towards 21st century socialism and participatory democracy have also established the most extensive democratic and participatory media systems. These media reach far beyond community and alternative media forms to become central to an emerging hegemonic discourse advocating social transformation and working class power.

Community media in Nicaragua, Bolivia, and Ecuador demonstrate how radical political power can encourage mass working class participation, including acquiring and using mass communication for social change and social justice.
Business Ethics Education and Global Age Cosmopolitanism (gac)
Authors: Rivera Isaias
Published: January 2016

This article will propose a form of critical business ethics education that will generate Global Age Cosmopolitanism (gac), which is aimed mostly at the propagation of economic justice. Because business practices have the propensity to generate both positive and negative outcomes, a careful review of the social compromises that may underliegacis necessary. It is important to assert that, “thegacethic is a cosmopolitan perspective that presupposes civic universalism” (Rivera 2012). I will identify the key components of the proposed critical business ethics education and will indicate how these differ from standard business ethics education. I will also demonstrate how the proposed form of business ethics education is tied togac.

It is the purpose of this article to consider how business ethics educators and curricula should incorporate proactive approaches to economic justice and strive to avoid the reactive nature of past business ethics literature, the primary goal of which has been to repair unethical business behavior.
The Global Imperative: “World Wellness”
Authors: Kozicki Zigmond
Published: January 2016

Public health refers to all organized measures to prevent disease, promote health, and prolong life. Wellness is an active process of becoming aware of and making choices toward a healthy and fulfilling life. Public health capacity to manage health problems and promote wellness relies on cumulative resources and relationships. There is a growing need for accurate global, regional, and country statistics on population and health. Public health capacity is also very dependent on investment. Each country either ignores or establishes a mission to manage the health and safety of its people. Changing the paradigm needs to involve non-governmental organizations (ngos).
Dangers of an Urban Crisis within the European Union: Fueling Xenophobia and Undermining Democracy
Authors: Voulgarelli-Christidou Christina
Published: January 2016

The global economic and financial crisis of 2007-08 has further intensified a social and urban crisis that undermines democracy and economic institutions internationally. Specifically, the economic crisis and the consequent austerity measures have resulted in greater exploitation in the labor market and job discrimination, in capital flight and undermined political and social institutions that provide for citizens. Xenophobia becomes again a burgeoning problem that is plaguing the European Union (eu) and needs to be addressed thoroughly for it can again undermine the democratic tradition of the region. This article concentrates on perspectives on the current migration crisis within the region of theeuthat has spurred a spiral of xenophobic tendencies and a neo-liberal nationalist narrative. Particular emphasis is placed in the situations in Greece (the much attested “guinea pig” of the democratic experiment) and Italy.
Remnants of Maghrebi Judeo-Arabic among French-born Jews of North-African Descent
Authors: Aslanov Cyril
Published: January 2016

This article is an attempt to apply some operative methodologies in the research on Jewish languages to the specific blend of French used by French Jews born in France to parents with a North-African background. After a classification of the linguistic material gathered during years of fieldwork in France and Israel according to word origin (Algeria; Morocco; Tunisia; general Maghrebi), it goes on to compare the status of the Arabic word in the Jewish mouth with that of the same words in the colloquial speech of young Muslims born in France to immigrant parents. The analysis of the Arabic elements integrated within the colloquial French speech of Jews and Muslims in today’s France goes further, taking into account the last echoes of the speech specific to Catholic pieds-noirs.
Taxonomic review of catsharks of the Scyliorhinus haeckelii group, with the description of a new species (Chondrichthyes: Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae)
Authors: SOARES KARLA D. A. , GOMES ULISSES L. , CARVALHO MARCELO R. DE
Published: January 2016

Sharks of the genus Scyliorhinus from the southwestern Atlantic are reviewed; identification problems and taxonomic misinformation given in the literature are rectified. After extensive examination of the external and internal morphology of specimens collected mostly off southeastern and southern Brazil, Scyliorhinus besnardi Springer & Sadowsky, 1970 is placed in the synonymy of S. haeckelii (Miranda Ribeiro, 1907), which is thoroughly redescribed. Additionally, a new species, Scyliorhinus cabofriensis, sp. nov., is described from the state of Rio de Janeiro, distinguished from all southwestern Atlantic congeners by its color pattern, clasper and neurocranial morphology, and proportional measurements. A key to Scyliorhinus species occurring in the southwestern Atlantic is also provided.
Description of a new species of Cosmolaelaps Berlese and the male of C. brevipedestra (Karg) from Iran, with notes on some other species of Cosmolaelaps Berlese (Acari: Laelapidae)
Authors: NEMATI ALIREZA , GWIAZDOWICZ DARIUSZ J.
Published: January 2016

We describe a new species of mite, Cosmolaelaps malmiriensis sp. nov., based on morphological characters of the adult female. We also describe the male of C. brevipedestra (Karg, 1985) and re-describe its female. Gaeolaelaps angustiscutatus (Willmann, 1951), and Gymnolaelaps markewitschi (Pirianyk, 1959) are transferred into Cosmolaelaps. Cosmolaelaps acutiscutus Teng, 1982 and C. subacutiscutus Bai & Wang, 2005 appear to be junior synonyms of C. angustiscutatus. Cosmolaelaps confinisetarum Moreira et al., 2014 is synonymised with C. guttulata (Karg, 1978).
A checklist of Recent non-marine ostracods (Crustacea: Ostracoda) from Thailand, including descriptions of two new species
Authors: SAVATENALINTON SUKONTHIP , SUTTAJIT MAITREE
Published: January 2016

A checklist covering a total of 67 Recent non-marine ostracod species from Thailand, belonging to 33 genera and seven families (Cyprididae, Candonidae, Ilyocyprididae, Notodromadidae, Darwinulidae, Limnocytheridae, Loxoconchidae), is presented. Twenty-five of these are considered endemic to the Oriental region, 17 of which are Thai endemics. Two        species (Hemicypris exiqua Broodbakker, 1983, and Notodromas sinensis Neal & Zhao, 1991) are new records for the Oriental region, and four species (Cypretta seurati Gauthier, 1929, Chrissia ceylonica (Daday, 1898), Chrissia formosa (Klie, 1938), and Dolerocypris fasciata (O.F. Müller, 1776)) are new record for Thailand. The most diverse subfamily in Thailand is the Cypricercinae, with 22 species. The most diverse genera are Strandesia Stuhlmann, 1888 (eight species), followed by Pseudostrandesia Savatenalinton & Martens, 2009 (seven species) and Stenocypris Sars, 1889 (five species). Other enigmatic groups and new taxa occur in the checklist, but these need to be described elsewhere in the future. For example, several species of Cypridopsinae Kaufmann, 1900, Cyclocypridinae Kaufmann, 1900, Candoninae Kaufmann, 1900 and other groups await description. Considering regional distributions based on frequency of occurrences, rare      species constitute a large fraction, whereas very common species are minor elements. Most of the records were reported from the Northern and Northeastern parts of Thailand. Sampled habitat types ranged from ponds, (oxbow) lakes, swamps, reservoirs, springs, canals, rivers, rice fields, waterfalls, and damp leaf litter. Most of the Thai ostracod fauna exists in a wide range of habitats. A brief discussion on the distribution of described species is included with the list.       Additionally, in the present contribution, we describe two new species, Dolerocypris sisaketensis n. sp. and           Hungarocypris suranareeae n. sp., from the Northeastern part of Thailand. The main character of Dolerocypris                   sisaketensis n. sp. is the presence of a spine on the postero-ventral part of the right valve; this feature sets it apart from other Dolerocypris species. Hungarocypris suranareeae n. sp. is the second species of this genus in Thailand and the third one in Southeast Asia. It is clearly distinguished from other Hungarocypris species by the serration on both valves. The genera Dolerocypris and Hungarocypris are briefly discussed and a key to the species of Hungarocypris is provided.
Two new species of Acrocephalomyia Ibáñez-Bernal & Hernández-Ortiz, 2012 from Brazil (Diptera: Ropalomeridae) and a key to known species
Authors: ALVIM EDGAR , ALE-ROCHA ROSALY
Published: January 2016

Two new species of Acrocephalomyia Ibáñez-Bernal & Hernández-Ortiz (Diptera, Ropalomeridae) are described. The genus currently includes three species, the type species from Costa Rica, Acrocephalomyia zumbadoi Ibáñez-Bernal & Hernández-Ortiz, and two new species from Brazil herein described, A. torulosa sp. nov., (State of Mato Grosso do Sul, Midwest) and A. pulchra sp. nov. (State of Amazonas, North). A key for the known species of Acrocephalomyia is given and characters of the male terminalia are described and discussed for the first time, with special attention to the "epiphallus”.
New Jurassic Hangingflies (Insecta: Mecoptera: Bittacidae) from Inner Mongolia, China
Authors: LIU SULIN , SHIH CHUNGKUN , BASHKUEV ALEXEI , REN DONG
Published: January 2016

A new bittacid genus, Composibittacus gen. nov., with two new species, C. bipunctatus gen. et sp. nov. and C. reticulatus sp. nov., and a new species of Orthobittacus Willmann 1989, O. maculosus sp. nov., are described from the latest Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation of Daohugou, Inner Mongolia, China. Composibittacus gen. nov. has unique wing characters, such as five pterostigmal crossveins between R1 and R2 and R1 and R2+3 and an elongated pterostigma area, which distinguishes it from all other known genera in Bittacidae. Orthobittacus maculosus sp. nov. differs from other species of Orthobittacus by a combination of the following wing characters: M with six branches in forewings and hind wings, two crossveins between C and Sc, and two pterostigmal crossveins in the forewing. In addition, O. maculosus sp. nov. has light-colored or white spots on the fore- and hind wings. These new venational characters of Composibittacus gen. nov. and O. maculosus sp. nov. enhance our understanding of the diverse morphological characters of early hangingflies. Furthermore, based on the striking similarity of the wings of O. maculosus sp. nov. and Juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia Wang, Labandeira, Shih & Ren 2012 (Cimbrophlebiidae), we propose that leaf mimesis and mutualism with ginkgo plants might have been present in the Bittacidae, as has been proposed in the Cimbrophlebiidae.
Redescription of the genus Cheleocloeon Wuillot & Gillies 1993 (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) with descriptions of three new species from Zambia and Uganda
Authors: Kluge Nikita J.
Published: January 2016

Revised characteristics of Cheleocloeon Wuillot & Gillies 1993 are given. This taxon occupies a separate position within Anteropatellata. The species described as Cheleocloeon mirandei Lugo-Ortiz & McCafferty 1997 and Cheleocloeon sigiense Gillies 2001, as well as the species originally described as Centroptilum falcatum Crass 1947, do not belong to Cheleocloeon. Three new species, Ch. clavifolium sp. n., Ch. lancetofolium sp. n. and C. truncifolium sp. n. from Zambia and Uganda are described based on larvae, subimagoes, imagoes of both sexes and eggs associated by rearing. Additional characteristics of Ch. yolandae Wuillot 1993, Ch. carinatum Wuillot 1993 and Ch. soldani Gattolliat & Sartori 2008 are given based on new material. Some species of Cheleocloeon without formal names are reported from Zambia and Uganda.
On the genus Gonioctena Chevrolat (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae), with descriptions of seven new species from the Oriental region and Palaearctic China
Authors: CHO HEE-WOOK , BOROWIEC LECH
Published: January 2016

Seven new species of Gonioctena Chevrolat are described from the Oriental region and Palaearctic China: Gonioctena (Asiphytodecta) mausonensis sp. nov., G. (A.) oudai sp. nov., G. (Brachyphytodecta) arunensis sp. nov., G. (B.) mauroi sp. nov., G. (B.) medvedevi sp. nov., G. (Gonioctena) fujiana sp. nov. and G. (G.) mongolica sp. nov. Gonioctena (Asiphytodecta) subgeminata tonkinensis (Chen, 1934) is removed from synonymy with G. (A.) subgeminata (Chen, 1934) and raised to the species level. Gonioctena (Gonioctena) suwai Takizawa, 1985 is synonymized with G. (G.) ogloblini Medvedev & Dubeshko, 1972. Gonioctena (Asiphytodecta) sapaensis nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name for G. (A.) unicolor Medvedev, 1987 not Phytodecta quinquepunctata var. unicolor Weise, 1884. Lectotype is designated for Phytodecta subgeminatus var. tonkinensis Chen, 1934.
Cyrtodactylus rufford, a new cave-dwelling bent-toed gecko (Squamata: Gekkonidae) from Khammouane Province, central Laos
Authors: LUU VINH QUANG , CALAME THOMAS , Nguyen TRUONG QUANG , LE MINH DUC , BONKOWSKI MICHAEL , ZIEGLER THOMAS
Published: January 2016

We describe a new species of the gekkonid genus Cyrtodactylus from Khammouane Province, central Laos based on morphological and molecular data. Morphologically, Cyrtodactylus rufford sp. nov. differs from its congeners by a unique combination of the following characters: medium size, SVL reaching 72.5 mm; dorsal pattern with three or four light transverse bands between limb insertions; one intersupranasal; 14–16 irregular dorsal tubercle rows at midbody, weakly developed in the paravertebral region; 27–29 ventral scale rows between ventrolateral folds; 42–43 precloacal and femoral pores in a continuous row in males, enlarged femoral and precloacal scales present; 4 or 5 postcloacal tubercles on each side; dorsal tubercles present at base of tail; medial subcaudal scales enlarged. Molecular analyses show that the new species is closely related to C. khammouanensis, which was originally described from Khammouane Province.
Forced Atmospheric Teleconnections during 1979–2014
Authors: Zhang Tao , Hoerling Martin P. , Perlwitz Judith , Xu Taiyi
Published: January 2016

Forced atmospheric teleconnections during 1979–2014 are examined using a 50-member ensemble of atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) simulations subjected to observed variations in sea surface temperatures (SSTs), sea ice, and carbon dioxide. Three primary modes of forced variability are identified using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the ensemble mean wintertime extratropical Northern Hemisphere 500-hPa heights. The principal component time series of the first and second modes are highly correlated with Niño-3.4 and trans-Niño (TNI) SST indices, respectively, indicating mostly tropical sources. Their impacts are largely confined to the Pacific–North American (PNA) sector. The leading mode describes the canonical atmospheric teleconnection associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) resembling the tropical/Northern Hemisphere pattern. The second mode describes a wave train resembling the classic PNA pattern resulting from atmospheric sensitivity to ENSO asymmetry and from sensitivity to a tropical precursor SST for ENSO development. The third mode is characterized by a hemisphere-scale increasing trend in heights. Based on a comparison with 50-member coupled ocean–atmosphere model simulations, it is argued that this mode is strongly related to radiatively forced climate change, while the other two forced teleconnections are principally related to internal coupled variability. A trend in the leading forced mode is related to ENSO-like decadal variability and dominates the overall observed 500-hPa height trend since 1979. These model results indicate that the trend in the first mode is due to internal variability rather than external radiative forcing.
The Governance of Public Pensions: An Institutional Framework
Authors: Matkin David S. T. , Chen Gang , Khalid Hina
Published: January 2016

Prior studies of public pensions emphasize the effect of the political economy on the performance of pension systems. We argue that this approach overlooks important institutional features of pension governance and fails to account for endogenous, indirect, and lagged effects. In this article, we describe those limitations and develop an institutional framework to explain the complexity of public pension governance. We identify and discuss critical environmental conditions, formal institutions, and the causal pathways between institutions and pension performance. We also use a case study of the Florida Retirement System to illustrate the explanatory power of the institutional framework.
Rule-based analysis of throughfall kinetic energy to evaluate biotic and abiotic factor thresholds to mitigate erosive power
Authors: Goebes Philipp , Schmidt Karsten , Härdtle Werner , Seitz Steffen , Stumpf Felix , Oheimb Goddert von , Scholten Thomas
Published: January 2016

Below vegetation, throughfall kinetic energy (TKE) is an important factor to express the potential of rainfall to detach soil particles and thus for predicting soil erosion rates. TKE is affected by many biotic (e.g. tree height, leaf area index) and abiotic (e.g. throughfall amount) factors because of changes in rain drop size and velocity. However, studies modelling TKE with a high number of those factors are lacking.

This study presents a new approach to model TKE. We used 20 biotic and abiotic factors to evaluate thresholds of those factors that can mitigate TKE and thus decrease soil erosion. Using these thresholds, an optimal set of biotic and abiotic factors was identified to minimize TKE. The model approach combined recursive feature elimination, random forest (RF) variable importance and classification and regression trees (CARTs). TKE was determined using 1405 splash cup measurements during five rainfall events in a subtropical Chinese tree plantation with five-year-old trees in 2013.

Our results showed that leaf area, tree height, leaf area index and crown area are the most prominent vegetation traits to model TKE. To reduce TKE, the optimal set of biotic and abiotic factors was a leaf area lower than 6700 mm2, a tree height lower than 290 cm combined with a crown base height lower than 60 cm, a leaf area index smaller than 1, more than 47 branches per tree and using single tree species neighbourhoods. Rainfall characteristics, such as amount and duration, further classified high or low TKE. These findings are important for the establishment of forest plantations that aim to minimize soil erosion in young succession stages using TKE modelling.
Psychogeriatrics in England in the 1950s: greater knowledge with little impact on provision of services
Authors: Hilton Claire
Published: January 2016

In the 1950s, the population aged over 65 years continued to increase, and older people occupied mental hospital beds disproportionately. A few psychiatrists and geriatricians demonstrated what could be done to improve the wellbeing of mentally unwell older people, who were usually labelled as having irreversible ‘senile dementia’. Martin Roth demonstrated that ‘senile dementia’ comprised five different disorders, some of which were reversible. These findings challenged established teaching and were doubted by colleagues. Despite diagnostic improvements and therapeutic successes, clinical practice changed little. Official reports highlighted the needs, but government commitment to increase and improve services did not materialize.
Correlation of Free and Total Phenytoin Serum Concentrations in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Buckley Mitchell S. , Reeves Brittany A. , Barletta Jeffrey F. , Bikin Dale S.
Published: January 2016

Background: Phenytoin is a common medication for seizure treatment and prophylaxis in the intensive care unit (ICU). The clinical utility of the Sheiner-Tozer equation for adjusting total phenytoin levels for hypoalbuminemia remains controversial. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the correlation of this formula in predicting phenytoin serum concentrations. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted in the adult ICU between January 1, 2010, and June 21, 2013. Patients meeting the following study criteria were included: age ≥18 years, admission to the ICU, simultaneously drawn total and free serum phenytoin concentrations with albumin ≤48 hours of phenytoin draws. Study end points were the correlation as well as the level of agreement in the interpretation of the free and adjusted phenytoin concentrations using the Sheiner-Tozer formula in critically ill patients with hypoalbuminemia. Results: A total of 238 patients were analyzed. Mean adjusted total phenytoin and free levels were 16.1 ± 8.1 and 1.5 ± 0.8 µg/mL, respectively ( r = 0.817; P < 0.001). Absolute agreement with level interpretation between adjusted total phenytoin and free levels was 77% (κ = 0.633; P < 0.001). Adjusted phenytoin serum concentrations more frequently overestimated the free level. Conclusions: There is a significant correlation between free and adjusted total phenytoin levels using the Sheiner-Tozer equation in critically ill patients. However, disagreement was noted with interpretation, primarily because of the adjusted concentration overestimating the free level. This imprecision may lead to inaccurate decision making regarding the management of phenytoin in this patient population. Thus, free phenytoin levels should be utilized.
Utility of CD99 Paranuclear Expression in the Differential Diagnosis of Merkel Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Domínguez-Malagón Hugo R. , Michal Michal , Kazakov Dmitry V. , Caro-Sánchez Claudia H. , Lino-Silva Leonardo S.
Published: January 2016

Background. Recent reviews have referred to the paranuclear dot-like staining pattern of CD99 in several neoplasms, including solid pseudopapillary tumors in the pancreas, colonic adenocarcinomas, and colonic adenomas as well as in Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC). The aim of this work was to explore the utility of CD99 paranuclear staining in the differential diagnosis of MCC. Material and Methods. We explore paranuclear dot-like CD99 expression in several small, round blue cell neoplasms, including neuroendocrine neoplasms, Ewing sarcomas/primitive neuroectodermal tumors (EWS/PNET), melanomas, small cell lung carcinomas (SCC), lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia, and rhabdomyosarcomas, in comparison with 33 cases of MCC, to determine the specificity of the paranuclear dot-like CD99 expression in MCC. Results. Twenty MCC (60%) demonstrated focal expression of CD99 and of those, 14 (42.4%) showed the characteristic paranuclear dot-like expression. CD99 was also paranuclear positive in 4 of 11 (36%) SCC, in 3 of 7 (43%) EWS/PNET, in 1 of 6 (16%) lymphoblastic lymphoma/leukemia cases, in 3 of 3 (100%) rhabdomyosarcomas and all melanomas were negative for the CD99 reaction. Conclusion. CD99 paranuclear dot-like expression was not exclusive of the MCC compared with several neoplasms included in its differential diagnosis. This expression is not a great diagnostic aid.
Ovarian Yolk Sac Tumor With High-Grade Serous Carcinoma in a 62-Year-Old Woman
Authors: McCarthy Whitney A. , Masand Ramya P.
Published: January 2016

Ovarian yolk sac tumors are germ cell tumors that usually present in children and young women. Rarely, these tumors can arise in older women, usually in conjunction with surface epithelial tumors, suggesting divergent differentiation from the latter. The combination of mixed ovarian yolk sac tumor and high-grade serous carcinoma is rare, with only one case documented in the literature. We present a case of mixed ovarian yolk sac tumor and high-grade serous carcinoma in a postmenopausal woman, including a brief discussion of the immunohistochemical findings and differential diagnosis. Despite the rarity of mixed ovarian yolk sac tumor and surface epithelial tumors, it is important to recognize the biphasic nature of the tumor, which should prompt a thorough immunohistochemical evaluation. The therapeutic and prognostic implications of proper diagnosis cannot be overemphasized.
An Evaluation of the Monolithic Dome Construction Method for Biological Containment Structures
Authors: Neighbor Noel , South David B.
Published: January 2016

A monolithic dome was built as a residential structure using a previously developed airform technique. The building consisted of an outer airtight form, polyurethane foam insulation, and reinforced concrete. Except for the airform kit, locally available materials were used for construction using several alternatives and options applicable to this kind of building. The process and options were evaluated relative to their application for the production of biological containment facilities. It was concluded that the monolithic dome building technique is an effective alternative to conventional methods.
Helium as a Replacement for Dichlorodifluoromethane in Class II Biological Safety Cabinet Integrity Testing
Authors: Stuart David G. , Ghidoni Daniel , Eagleson Dennis
Published: January 2016

Dichlorodifluoromethane was commonly used for many years as a tracer gas for leak testing biological safety cabinets. International agreement to ban release of chlorofluorocarbons into the atmosphere led the United States Environmental Protection Agency to regulate the discharge limit to zero when adequate substitutes are available. Hence the need arose to develop a leak test using an alternative tracer gas that is environmentally friendly. Helium was compared to refrigerant 12 and found to be an adequate substitute in this testing of Class II Type A biological safety cabinets. A waiver was obtained from NSF International to permit the use of the proposed helium leak test as an alternative to the Halogen Leak Test.
Autoclave Emissions—Hazardous or Not
Authors: Hadar Julia , Tirosh Tsvi , Grafstein Ora , Korabelnikov Evgeny
Published: January 2016

Autoclaves used for sterilization and decontamination of biological materials operate at temperatures of 121°C or higher. Substances placed in the autoclave produce emissions that may have unpleasant odors, and in some instances may be hazardous. Agar and media cause odors when autoclaved but are not hazardous. However certain chemicals cause irritation of the eyes, nose and throat and may also be hazardous when released during autoclaving. Plastics such as polystyrene used in the manufacture of disposables, are unstable when autoclaved and may release gases such as styrene and ethyl benzene. Adequate ventilation systems are needed in areas where autoclaves are located.
Handling of Large Experimental Animals Infected with a Risk Group 4 Virus
Authors: Abraham G. , Hooper P. , Williamson M. , Muschialli J. , Martin D. , Duff I. , Nguyen S.
Published: January 2016

The safe experimental handling of animals infected with a new Risk Category 4 virus posed significant biosafety challenges. Novel approaches for restraining, handling and inoculating horses, cats and large fruit-eating bats with equine morbillivirus were developed. Equipment was designed to allow staff working in encapsulating suits access to all parts of a large animal room capable of accommodating seven horses individually. Procedures were developed for the safe handling, anesthesia and euthanasia of experimental animals and for the disposal of infected horse carcasses. Comprehensive staff training for this demanding work included safety consciousness, teamwork and training in first aid and emergency procedures.
Hepa Filters
Authors: First Melvin W.
Published: January 2016

The high efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter has become an indispensable item in the maintenance of biological safety and is also used as a means of preserving cultures from contamination originating in the surrounding air. HEPA filters originated with military requirements for protection against chemical, biological, and radiological warfare agents and to avoid emissions from nuclear weapons production facilities. Everything about these filters was classified “secret” during WWII and for a number of years after the end of the war. When they were declassified and commercial production commenced, many new uses were found in medicine, microelectronics manufacturing, and pharmaceutical production. A thorough understanding of these filters proved to be so important that they stimulated research and development activities that established the science of air filtration on a firm theoretical basis and promoted rapid advances in materials of construction and production methods. The history of their origin and development is an interesting story in itself and helps our understanding of their capabilities and limitations.
Risk Assessment for Biological Agents in the Laboratory
Authors: Knudsen Richard C.
Published: January 2016

Risk assessments for using biological agents in the laboratory are qualitative rather than quantitative. A number of risk factors for performing the assessment are identified and discussed in terms of information needed and assessment. A process for performing a qualitative risk assessment for biological agents in the laboratory is presented with an example.

This article was presented at the 5th National Symposium on Biosafety held in Atlanta, Georgia on January 17–20, 1998. The Symposium was sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the American Biological Safety Association (ABSA). Reprinted from Rational Basis for Biocontainment Proceedings, ABSA, pp. 56–65.
Ambient Formaldehyde Levels Before, During, and after Biological Safety Cabinet Decontamination
Authors: Liu Mary L. , Corrigan Mary Julie , Herrick Robert F.
Published: January 2016

The Biological Safety Cabinet (BSC) is the most commonly used piece of engineering control in laboratories working with infectious agents or recombinant DNA, offering personnel, product, and environmental protection. BSCs are routinely decontaminated with formaldehyde, an effective biocide (which is then neutralized with ammonium bicarbonate). During these procedures, laboratory personnel vacate the room, and the decontamination technicians wear respiratory protection. Nevertheless, because formaldehyde is an irritant, a sensitizer, and a suspect human carcinogen, it is important to determine the potential laboratory levels. Using an electrochemical direct-reading instrument, this study examined ambient formaldehyde levels in five research laboratories undergoing decontamination. In four of the processes, formaldehyde levels were below the limit of detection (0.4 ppm) the entire time. However, the fifth one had two concentration peaks, one at 1.5 ppm, when formaldehyde was released into the cabinet, the other at 37.8 ppm, when the cabinet was opened up after the procedure. During the first peak, the ambient levels remained above the OSHA PEL of 0.75 ppm for 10 minutes. During the second spike, the levels stayed above the STEL of 2.0 ppm for 90 minutes and did not fall below the PEL for another 170 minutes. The first peak probably resulted from the cabinet not being tightly sealed. The second peak may have been the result of incomplete neutralization and the size of the cabinet relative to the room. These results indicate that while the usual controls are effective, some additional controls, such as measuring out the amount of ammonium bicarbonate more carefully (the current procedure involves making “eyeball” estimates), may still be needed to counteract and/or prevent such occasions. Further investigation is needed to determine the frequency of elevated formaldehyde levels during BSC decontamination procedures and the role that the ratio of cabinet-to-room size plays in determining these levels.
Book review: Bourn, Douglas. 2015: The Theory and Practice of Development Education: A Pedagogy for Global Social Justice
Authors: Dalby Tom Pablo
Published: January 2016

Bourn, Douglas. 2015: The Theory and Practice of Development Education: A Pedagogy for Global Social Justice. New York: Routledge. 222 pp. £95.00 clothbound, £29.99 paperback, £23.51 e-book. ISBN: 978-1-138-80476-0 (clothbound). ISBN: 978-1-138-80477-7 (paperback). ISBN: 978-1-315-75273-0 (e-book).
The struggles over African languages
Authors: Maseko Pam , Vale Peter
Published: January 2016

In this interview, African Language expert Pam Maseko speaks of her own background and her first encounter with culture outside of her mother tongue, isiXhosa. A statistical breakdown of South African languages is provided as background. She discusses Western (originally missionary) codification of African languages and suggests that this approach to understanding of, and teaching in, African Languages continued during apartheid South Africa. The limitations of this are explored. In this early section, the place of Afrikaans as an ‘African’ language is briefly considered. The conversation turns to the post-apartheid years where issues of the impact of globalization (and the concomitant power of English) on African languages are considered. New approaches to the study of African language are analysed and the important role played in these by Rhodes University are considered.
Deploying Foucauldian genealogy: Critiquing ‘quality’ reform in early childhood policy in Australia
Authors: Hunkin Elise
Published: January 2016

The last two decades have seen the emergence of a global education paradigm that has reimagined education through the lens of neo-liberal ideology. Education policy agendas and discourses in current times are globally governed through transnational networks, which have increased the opaqueness of education policymaking. For critical policy researchers, the challenge is to respond with new methodologies that can capture and critique the increasingly diffuse, fractured nature of contemporary policy processes. This article presents one such methodology, where Foucauldian genealogy is used to construct a history of the discourse of ‘quality’ in early childhood reform policy in Australia. The genealogical approach is combined with ‘network ethnography’, which uses interviews with policy actors and the construction of policy network and mobility maps to undertake a governmentality analysis of discourse production. The preliminary findings emphasize the global spread of a positivist discourse of quality, and discuss its neo-liberal ideological ties and policy uses in Australian early childhood policy. The tactical use of human capital theory in the Australian Early Years Learning Framework is uncovered, wherein government discourse control resulted in the creation of learning outcomes for children, intended for use as a performativity structure.
Algorithms for reconstruction of chromosomal structures
Authors: Lyubetsky Vassily , Gershgorin Roman , Seliverstov Alexander , Gorbunov Konstantin
Published: January 2016

Background

One of the main aims of phylogenomics is the reconstruction of objects defined in the leaves along the whole phylogenetic tree to minimize the specified functional, which may also include the phylogenetic tree generation. Such objects can include nucleotide and amino acid sequences, chromosomal structures, etc. The structures can have any set of linear and circular chromosomes, variable gene composition and include any number of paralogs, as well as any weights of individual evolutionary operations to transform a chromosome structure. Many heuristic algorithms were proposed for this purpose, but there are just a few exact algorithms with low (linear, cubic or similar) polynomial computational complexity among them to our knowledge. The algorithms naturally start from the calculation of both the distance between two structures and the shortest sequence of operations transforming one structure into another. Such calculation per se is an NP-hard problem.

Results

A general model of chromosomal structure rearrangements is considered. Exact algorithms with almost linear or cubic polynomial complexities have been developed to solve the problems for the case of any chromosomal structure but with certain limitations on operation weights. The computer programs are tested on biological data for the problem of mitochondrial or plastid chromosomal structure reconstruction. To our knowledge, no computer programs are available for this model.

Conclusions

Exactness of the proposed algorithms and such low polynomial complexities were proved. The reconstructed evolutionary trees of mitochondrial and plastid chromosomal structures as well as the ancestral states of the structures appear to be reasonable.
Revisiting in vivo staining with alizarin red S - a valuable approach to analyse zebrafish skeletal mineralization during development and regeneration
Authors: Bensimon-Brito A. , Cardeira J. , Dionísio G. , Huysseune A. , Cancela M. L. , Witten P. E.
Published: January 2016

Background

The correct evaluation of mineralization is fundamental for the study of skeletal development, maintenance, and regeneration. Current methods to visualize mineralized tissue in zebrafish rely on: 1) fixed specimens; 2) radiographic and μCT techniques, that are ultimately limited in resolution; or 3) vital stains with fluorochromes that are indistinguishable from the signal of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-labelled cells. Alizarin compounds, either in the form of alizarin red S (ARS) or alizarin complexone (ALC), have long been used to stain the mineralized skeleton in fixed specimens from all vertebrate groups. Recent works have used ARS vital staining in zebrafish and medaka, yet not based on consistent protocols. There is a fundamental concern on whether ARS vital staining, achieved by adding ARS to the water, can affect bone formation in juvenile and adult zebrafish, as ARS has been shown to inhibit skeletal growth and mineralization in mammals.

Results

Here we present a protocol for vital staining of mineralized structures in zebrafish with a low ARS concentration that does not affect bone mineralization, even after repetitive ARS staining events, as confirmed by careful imaging under fluorescent light. Early and late stages of bone development are equally unaffected by this vital staining protocol. From all tested concentrations, 0.01 % ARS yielded correct detection of bone calcium deposits without inducing additional stress to fish.

Conclusions

The proposed ARS vital staining protocol can be combined with GFP fluorescence associated with skeletal tissues and thus represents a powerful tool for in vivo monitoring of mineralized structures. We provide examples from wild type and transgenic GFP-expressing zebrafish, for endoskeletal development and dermal fin ray regeneration.
Connecting various types of cyclic contractions and contractive self-mappings with Hardy-Rogers self-mappings
Authors: Kumari Panda Sumati , Panthi Dinesh
Published: January 2016

In this paper, we introduce the new classes of Hardy-Rogers type cyclic contractions and prove pertinent fixed point theorems for these Hardy-Rogers type contractions in the generating space of a b-dislocated metric family.
Endoscopic ear surgery in Canada: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Yong Michael , Mijovic Tamara , Lea Jane
Published: January 2016

Background

Endoscopic ear surgery is an emerging technique with recent literature highlighting advantages over the traditional microscopic approach. This study aims to characterize the current status of endoscopic ear surgery in Canada and better understand the beliefs and concerns of the otolaryngology – head & neck surgery community regarding this technique.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey study of Canadian otolaryngologists was performed. Members of the Canadian Society of Otolaryngology were contacted though an online survey carried out in 2015.

Results

The majority of participants in this study (70 %) used an endoscope in their practice, with a large proportion utilizing the endoscope for cholesteatoma or tympanoplasty surgery. To date, 38 Canadian otolaryngologists (70 % of respondents) have used an endoscope for at least 1 surgical case, but only 6 (11 %) have performed more than 50 endoscopic cases. Of the otolaryngologists who use endoscopes regularly, the majority still use the microscope as their primary instrument and use the endoscope only as an adjunct during surgery. However, the general attitude surrounding endoscopes is positive; 81 % believe that endoscopes have a role to play in the future of ear surgery and 53 % indicated they were likely to use endoscopes in their future practice. Participants who were earlier in their practice or who had more exposure to endoscopic techniques in their career were more likely to have a positive stance towards endoscopic ear surgery ( p < 0.05, p < 0.01, respectively). The main concern regarding endoscopic ear surgery was the technical challenge of one-handed surgery, while the primary perceived advantage was the reduced rates of residual or recurrent disease.

Conclusions

Endoscopic ear surgery is a new technique that is gaining momentum in Canada and there is enthusiasm for its incorporation into future practice. Further investment in training courses and guidance for those looking to start or advance the use of endoscopes in their practice will be vital in the years to come.
Role of Adjuvant Therapy in a Population-Based Cohort of Patients With Early-Stage Small-Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Yang Chi-Fu Jeffrey , Chan Derek Y. , Speicher Paul J. , Gulack Brian C. , Wang Xiaofei , Hartwig Matthew G. , Onaitis Mark W. , Tong Betty C. , D’Amico Thomas A. , Berry Mark F. , Harpole David H.
Published: January 2016

Purpose

Data on optimal adjuvant therapy after complete resection of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) are limited, and in particular, there have been no studies evaluating the role of adjuvant chemotherapy, with or without prophylactic cranial irradiation, relative to no adjuvant therapy for stage T1-2N0M0 SCLC. This National Cancer Data Base analysis was performed to determine the potential benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy with and without prophylactic cranial irradiation in patients who undergo complete resection for early-stage small-cell lung cancer.

Patients and Methods

Overall survival of patients with pathologic T1-2N0M0 SCLC who underwent complete resection in the National Cancer Data Base from 2003 to 2011, stratified by adjuvant therapy regimen, was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards analysis. Patients treated with induction therapy and those who died within 30 days of surgery were excluded from analysis.

Results

Of 1,574 patients who had pT1-2N0M0 SCLC during the study period, 954 patients (61%) underwent complete R0 resection with a 5-year survival of 47%. Adjuvant therapy was administered to 59% of patients (n = 566), including chemotherapy alone (n = 354), chemoradiation (n = 190, including 99 patients who underwent cranial irradiation), and radiation alone (n = 22). Compared with surgery alone, adjuvant chemotherapy with or without radiation was associated with significantly improved survival. In addition, multivariable Cox modeling demonstrated that treatment with adjuvant chemotherapy (hazard ratio [HR], 0.78; 95% CI, 0.63 to 0.95) or chemotherapy with radiation directed at the brain (HR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.36 to 0.75) was associated with improved survival when compared with no adjuvant therapy.

Conclusion

Patients with pT1-2N0M0 SCLC treated with surgical resection alone have worse outcomes than those who undergo resection with adjuvant chemotherapy alone or chemotherapy with cranial irradiation.
Grounding, Explanation, and the Limit of Internality
Authors: Litland Jon Erling
Published: January 2016

Most authors on metaphysical grounding have taken full grounding to be an internal relation in the sense that it's necessary that if the grounds and the grounded both obtain, then the grounds ground the grounded. The negative part of this essay exploits empirical and provably nonparadoxical self-reference to prove conclusively that even immediate full grounding isn't an internal relation in this sense. The positive, second part of this essay uses the notion of a “completely satisfactory explanation” to shed light on the logic of ground in the presence of self-reference. This allows us to develop a satisfactory logic of ground and recover a sense in which grounding is still an internal relation.
Inhomogeneous distribution of Chlamydomonas in a cylindrical container with a bubble plume
Authors: Nonaka Yuki , Kikuchi Kenji , Numayama-Tsuruta Keiko , Kage Azusa , Ueno Hironori , Ishikawa Takuji
Published: January 2016

Swimming microalgae show various taxes, such as phototaxis and gravitaxis, which sometimes result in the formation of a cell-rich layer or a patch in a suspension. Despite intensive studies on the effects of shear flow and turbulence on the inhomogeneous distribution of microalgae, the effect of a bubble plume has remained unclear. In this study, we used Chlamydomonas as model microalgae, and investigated the spatial distribution of cells in a cylindrical container with a bubble plume. The results illustrate that cells become inhomogeneously distributed in the suspension due to their motility and photo-responses. A vortical ring distribution was observed below the free surface when the bubble flow rate was sufficiently small. We performed a scaling analysis on the length scale of the vortical ring, which captured the main features of the experimental results. These findings are important in understanding transport phenomena in a microalgae suspension with a bubble plume.
An interview with Peter Lawrence
Authors: Vicente Catarina
Published: January 2016

Peter Lawrence, FRS, is a fly geneticist based at the Department of Zoology at the University of Cambridge. During his illustrious career he has carried out pioneering work on pattern formation and polarity, and his contributions have been recognised by many honours, including the Prince of Asturias prize with Gines Morata and election to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He is also an outspoken critic of the current scientific system and particularly how it affects young scientists. We recently had the opportunity to chat with Peter, and we asked him about the influence of his mentor Sir V. B. Wigglesworth, writing his first grant at age 65 and his time as an editor of Development.