bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Doing Gender, Doing Heteronormativity
Authors: Schilt Kristen , Westbrook Laurel
Published: July 2009

This article brings together two case studies that examine how nontransgender people, “gender normals,” interact with transgender people to highlight the connections between doing gender and heteronormativity. By contrasting public and private interactions that range from nonsexual to sexualized to sexual, the authors show how gender and sexuality are inextricably tied together. The authors demonstrate that the criteria for membership in a gender category are significantly different in social versus (hetero)sexual circumstances. While gender is presumed to reflect biological sex in all social interactions, the importance of doing gender in a way that represents the shape of one's genitals is heightened in sexual and sexualized situations. Responses to perceived failures to fulfill gender criteria in sexual and sexualized relationships are themselves gendered; men and women select different targets for and utilize gendered tactics to accomplish the policing of supposedly natural gender boundaries and to repair breaches to heteronormativity.
Teacher Learning Opportunities in a Shifting Policy Environment for Instruction
Authors: Heath Kaufman Julia , Stein Mary Kay
Published: July 2009

We bring together education research on factors shaping teacher learning with institutional research on policy shifts and conflicts to explore an instructional policy shift in one school district. Specifically, we compare mathematics teacher learning opportunities in three elementary schools over a three-year period during which a district policy shift toward English as a Second Language (ESL) instruction diverted attention from mathematics curriculum reform efforts. Findings demonstrate that while the policy shift led to significant decreases in mathematics teacher learning opportunities across the district and in two of the case study schools, mathematics teacher learning opportunities were sustained in one case study school due to two school-level strategies: a common, articulated vision for mathematics instruction and a high number of mathematics-focused teachers in the school. Together, these two strategies supported the creation of coherence between mathematics and ESL policies in the school, which encouraged the maintenance of mathematics teacher learning opportunities.
Moral Resources and Political Capital: Theorizing the Relationship Between Voluntary Service Organizations and the Development of Civil Society in China
Authors: Xu Ying , Ngai Ngan-Pun
Published: July 2009

How can voluntary service organizations (VSOs) emerge and survive in a relatively conservative social and political environment? How can such organizations contribute to the development of civil society in contemporary China? To answer these questions, this study applies the qualitative approach and a triangulation of methods to a case study of the city of Jinan. The findings indicate that self-chosen moral resource I, socially recognized moral resource II, ascribed political capital I, and self-achieved political capital II are the key elements that have an impact on the development of civil society in China. Moral resource I is crucial to the success of VSOs in promoting civil society, whereas moral resource II, political capital I, and political capital II may help them to gain the government’s trust, thus facilitating their survival and growth in a relatively conservative social and political environment.
Examining Cultural Validity of the Problem-Solving Inventory (PSI) in Italy
Authors: Nota Laura , Heppner P. Paul , Soresi Salvatore , Heppner Mary J.
Published: July 2009

The problem-solving inventory (PSI) is the most widely used applied problem-solving measure in the United States. Although a great deal of validity and reliability information exists for the PSI, much of this data has been collected in the United States. The purpose of this study was to examine the PSI’s psychometric estimates with a large sample of Italian high school students across geographically representative regions of Italy. Results revealed a similar but slightly different PSI factor structure in the Italian PSI, as well as sex differences (which have been rarely found in the U.S. samples) and different associations with intelligence. In addition to providing useful psychometric information for an Italian PSI, this study identifies the complexities of problem-solving appraisal cross-culturally. Finally, this investigation also serves to underscore the necessity to examine the cultural validity of assessment instruments used in the increasing number of cross-national studies: the widespread practice of simply translating inventories developed in one country and then using them in other cultural contexts can create significant methodological problems.
Social-Cognitive Factors Affecting Clients’ Career and Life Satisfaction After Counseling
Authors: Verbruggen Marijke , Sels Luc
Published: July 2009

This study examines factors affecting clients’ career and life satisfaction in the first 6 months after having participated in career counseling. In particular, we tested a large subset of the recent social-cognitive model of work satisfaction of Lent and Brown using a longitudinal data set of 195 former counseling clients. Our results showed that clients’ goal self-efficacy at the end of the career counseling had a positive impact on their career satisfaction 6 months later. This relationship was fully mediated by external barriers, goal progress, and subsequent goal self-efficacy. The level of career satisfaction 6 months after the counseling was in turn positively related with clients’ life satisfaction. Also personality traits had an influence on clients’ career and life satisfaction, though only indirectly via goal self-efficacy.
Application of Zinc-bis-(DL-Hydrogensaspartate) Does Not Reduce Apoptotic Cell Death in Myocardial Infarction in the Rat Heart
Authors: Schwarz Ernst R. , Tussing Tanja , Skobel Erik , Klosterhalfen Bernd , Domanski Damian , Fuess Justin E.
Published: July 2009

Background: Early studies in different stress models have shown potential beneficial effects of exogenous zinc application with reduction in the rate of apoptotic cell death. This has not been shown in models of myocardial infarction. Methods: Rats were exposed to either brief episodes of acute ischemia followed by reperfusion (phase 1) or chronic coronary occlusion (phase 2). Animals were either treated with zinc or vehicle. Groups 1 and 3 received zinc-bis-(DL-hydrogenaspartate) 10 mg/kg body weight as a single 5-mL bolus administered intraperitoneally 24 hours prior to coronary occlusion, groups 2 and 4 received saline. The infarct sizes were determined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining and expressed at relative areas to areas of ischemia. Histological slices of the rat’s myocardium at the border zones of the infarcts were stained with the TUNEL method to assess for apoptosis. Animals in groups 5, 7, and 9 received zinc, given once before and then repeated every 4 days after coronary occlusion, whereas groups 6, 8, and 10 received saline. Animals were observed for observation periods of 13 (groups 9 and 10), 16 (groups 7 and 8), or 19 weeks (groups 5 and 6), respectively. Two-dimensional echocardiography was performed to measure ejection fraction (EF) at baseline and at the end of the observation periods. TUNEL staining was used to detect and quantify apoptosis rate in the border zones of infarcts after the hearts were excised. Results: Infarct sizes were 49% + 22% in group 1 (zinc + 30 minutes ischemia + 30 minutes reperfusion); 48% + 10% in group 2 (vehicle + 30 minutes ischemia + 30 minutes reperfusion); 42% + 11% in group 3 (zinc + 60 minutes ischemia + 30 minutes reperfusion); and 41% + 23% in group 4 (vehicle + 60 minutes ischemia + 60 minutes reperfusion). In group 1, 11% + 6% of cells were apoptotic compared to 12% + 4% in group 2, 16% + 9% in group 3, and 17% + 7% in group 4 (P > .05). In phase 2, echocardiography revealed a significant reduction in EF in all groups after coronary occlusion. There were no significant differences in EF between the 5 groups at baseline and at follow-up. TUNEL staining did not reveal any significant apoptosis after 13 to 19 weeks. Conclusion: Application of zinc failed to result in reduction of infarct size after temporary coronary occlusion followed by reperfusion and did not demonstrate any reduction in apoptotic cell death. In chronic coronary occlusion, zinc also did not improve EF compared to controls in the presented model in rats. The mechanisms involved in antiapoptotic effects seem to be more complex and might not be inducible by simple zinc injections.
Oral Systemic Administration of Ankaferd Blood Stopper Has No Short-Term Toxicity in an In Vivo Rabbit Experimental Model
Authors: Bilgili Hasan , Captug Ozge , Kosar Ali , Kurt Mevlut , Kekilli Murat , Shorbagi Ali , Kurt Ozlem Kar , Ozdemir Oktay , Goker Hakan , Haznedaroglu Ibrahim Celalettin
Published: July 2009

Background: Ankaferd blood stopper (ABS) is a standardized herbal extract obtained from 5 different plants. In Turkey, it has been approved for local topical applications in external postsurgical and postdental surgery bleedings. Ankaferd blood stopper, besides its hemostatic activity, has in vitro anti-infectious and antineoplastic actions. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess short-term hematological and biochemical safety following the oral systemic administration of ABS to rabbits. Methods: Twelve rabbits (aged 6-12 months) were included to test the safety of oral ABS. Animals were divided into 4 groups, which had ABS administered orally at doses of 1, 3, 6, and 9 mL, irrespective of their weight. The general well-being and feeding patterns of the animals were observed for a period of 7 days. Blood samples (5.5 mL) were obtained just before oral administration, on days 1 and 4. Results: During the observation period of 7 days, none of the animals showed any abnormal behavior or deviation from the normal. Acute mucosal toxicity, hematotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and biochemical toxicity were not observed during the short-term follow-up of the animals. Conclusions: No signs of toxicity were observed in rabbits during short-term study with oral ABS administration.
Review: Toward Realizing the Potential of Diversity in Composition of Interprofessional Health Care Teams
Authors: Mitchell Rebecca , Parker Vicki , Giles Michelle , White Nadine
Published: July 2009

Interprofessional approaches to health and social care have been linked to improved planning and policy development, more clinically effective services, and enhanced problem solving; however, there is evidence that professionals tend to operate in uniprofessional silos and that attempts to share knowledge across professional borders are often unsuccessful.
CEO Compensation and Hospital Financial Performance
Authors: Reiter Kristin L. , Sandoval Guillermo A. , Brown Adalsteinn D. , Pink George H.
Published: July 2009

Growing interest in pay-for-performance and the level of chief executive officers’ (CEOs’) pay raises questions about the link between performance and compensation in the health sector. This study compares the compensation of nonprofit hospital CEOs in Ontario, Canada to the three longest reported and most used measures of hospital financial performance. Our sample consisted of 132 CEOs from 92 hospitals between 1999 and 2006. Unbalanced panel data were analyzed using fixed effects regression. Results suggest that CEO compensation was largely unrelated to hospital financial performance. Inflation-adjusted salaries appeared to increase over time independent of hospital performance, and hospital size was positively correlated with CEO compensation. The apparent upward trend in salary despite some declines in financial performance challenges the fundamental assumption underlying this article, that is, financial performance is likely linked to CEO compensation in Ontario. Further research is needed to understand long-term performance related to compensation incentives.
Do Hospitals Rank Differently on HCAHPS for Different Patient Subgroups?
Authors: Elliott Marc N. , Lehrman William G. , Goldstein Elizabeth , Hambarsoomian Katrin , Beckett Megan K. , Giordano Laura A.
Published: July 2009

Prior research documents differences in patient-reported experiences by patient characteristics. Using nine measures of patient experience from 1,203,229 patients discharged in 2006-2007 from 2,684 acute and critical access hospitals, the authors find that adjusted hospital scores measure distinctions in quality for the average patient with high reliability. The authors also find that hospital “ranks” (the relative scores of hospitals for patients of a given type) vary substantially by patient health status and race/ ethnicity/language, and moderately by patient education and age ( p < .05 for almost all measures). Quality improvement efforts should examine hospital performance with both sicker and healthier patients, because many hospitals that do well with one group (relative to other hospitals) may not do well with another. The experiences of American Indians/Alaska Natives should also receive particular attention. As HCAHPS (Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems) data accumulate, reports that drill down to hospital performance for patient subtypes (especially by health status) may be valuable.
The Diagnostic Reliability of Sexual Sadism
Authors: Doren Dennis , Elwood Richard
Published: July 2009

Previous studies have reported low diagnostic agreement on the paraphilias, especially sexual sadism. In the present study, 34 evaluators throughout the United States reviewed summaries of 12 committed sex offenders. The evaluators agreed more than 90% of the time on whether offenders met criteria for any paraphilia in general and sexual sadism in particular. The authors attribute the low reliability reported in previous studies to different agreement indices, the amount and quality of information available to evaluators, and the prevalence of the respective paraphilic diagnoses in their samples.
Homicidal Events Among Mexican American Street Gangs
Authors: Valdez Avelardo , Cepeda Alice , Kaplan Charles
Published: July 2009

This article examines the complexity of street gang homicides and focuses on situational factors that lead to gang members' susceptibility to this violent behavior within the context of a disadvantaged minority community. This study is based on an analysis of 28 homicides involving Mexican American gang members. The absence of immigrant youth involvement in these types of violent crimes is discussed. Findings demonstrate how locally embedded social processes associated with specific gang types, ecology, drugs, circumstances, and motives unfold into homicidal events. These findings may contribute to the development of street-based social programs focused on gang mediation, dispute resolution, and crisis intervention.
Spatial Heterogeneity in the Effects of Immigration and Diversity on Neighborhood Homicide Rates
Authors: Graif Corina , Sampson Robert J.
Published: July 2009

This article examines the connection of immigration and diversity to homicide by advancing a recently developed approach to modeling spatial dynamics—geographically weighted regression (GWR). In contrast to traditional global averaging, we argue on substantive grounds that neighborhood characteristics vary in their effects across neighborhood space, a process of “spatial heterogeneity.” Much like treatment-effect heterogeneity and distinct from spatial spillover, our analysis finds considerable evidence that neighborhood characteristics in Chicago vary significantly in predicting homicide, in some cases showing countervailing effects depending on spatial location. In general, however, immigrant concentration is either unrelated or inversely related to homicide, whereas language diversity is consistently linked to lower homicide. The results shed new light on the immigration-homicide nexus and suggest the pitfalls of global averaging models that hide the reality of a highly diversified and spatially stratified metropolis.
Measuring Exposure to Health Messages in Community-Based Intervention Studies: A Systematic Review of Current Practices
Authors: Morris Daniel S. , Rooney Megan P. , Wray Ricardo J. , Kreuter Matthew W.
Published: July 2009

Accurately measuring exposure is critical to all intervention studies. The present review examines the extent to which best practices in exposure assessment are adhered to in community-based prevention and education studies. A systematic literature review was conducted examining community-based studies testing communication interventions, published in 2003-2007. Of 663 studies identified, 54 met all inclusion criteria and were reviewed for type of exposure assessment conducted (if any), use of exposure data in study analyses, and discussion of biases related to exposure assessment. Although a majority of studies ( n = 38; 70%) assessed exposure, most of these used only a simple dichotomous measure ( n = 31; 82%), less than half used exposure data to adjust intervention effects ( n = 16; 42%), and only six (16%) addressed selective exposure as a possible source of bias. There is substantial room for improvement in measurement and analysis of exposure to communication in community-based disease prevention studies.
A Proposal for Operationalizing the Pace and Scope of Organizational Change in Management Studies
Authors: Street Christopher T. , Gallupe R. Brent
Published: July 2009

Organizational change is an important construct for management theorists, yet organizational research is being hampered by inconsistent and incompatible operationalizations of the construct. This article presents a proposal for improving clarity about how the types and characteristics of organizational change can be operationalized and measured. In particular, the scope and pace of organizational change are examined and a common approach is developed to measure the impacts of these two factors on patterns of organizational change.
Interviewing Reluctant Respondents: Strikes, Henchmen, and Gaelic Games
Authors: Dundon Tony , Ryan Paul
Published: July 2009

This article deals with interviewing reluctant respondents. The analysis is used to construct a process-oriented model of respondent rapport and empathy. By assessing respondent rapport in a reflective way, the article contributes to the sociology of knowledge generation and the construction of respondent reality of complex social phenomena. Using the authors’ reflective experiences of a particular interview episode, the stages of rapport building in the researcher— respondent relationship are assessed, providing guidance and lessons for future researchers. The limitations of the approach are considered and suggestions for future research are made.
Dealing With Spatial Heterogeneity in Entrepreneurship Research
Authors: Breitenecker Robert J. , Harms Rainer
Published: July 2009

In quantitative research, analyses are generally made using a geographically defined population as the study area. In this context, the relationships between predictor and response variables can differ within the study area, a feature that is known as spatial heterogeneity. Without analyzing spatial heterogeneity, a global model may not be correct, and there may be unclear spatial boundaries in the generalizability of the findings. The authors discuss how the method of geographically weighted regression (GWR) can be used to identify the study area, and illustrate the utility of GWR for empirical analyses in entrepreneurship research. Future entrepreneurship research can benefit from analyzing whether conflicting evidence may be due to spatial heterogeneity and from applying GWR in an exploratory way.
Family Restaurant Brand Personality and Its Impact On Customer's eMotion, Satisfaction, and Brand Loyalty
Authors: Lee Yong-Ki , Back Ki-Joon , Kim Jin-Young
Published: July 2009

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of restaurant brand personality on customer's emotions (positive and negative), customer satisfaction, and brand loyalty using structural equation models. The study also explores the applicability of the five-factor model of brand personality scales to the restaurant industry. Empirical data were gathered from 475 diners at five properties of a chain restaurant via survey questionnaires. This study confirms five brand personality dimensions in the restaurant industry. Also, the study findings suggest that customers' emotions play the dominant role in explaining satisfaction and brand loyalty. Marketers would gain much by continuously monitoring restaurant customers' perceptions of restaurant brand personality.
Simultaneous Impacts of International Diversification and Financial Leverage On Profitability
Authors: Jang SooCheong , Tang Chun-Hung
Published: July 2009

This study examines international diversification and financial leverage in a simultaneous equations model to understand how they affect profitability after accounting for the endogeneity between strategic and financial decisions. An analysis of hotel companies showed an inverted U-shaped relationship between financial leverage and profitability, implying an optimal leverage pattern for maximum profitability. The study also found that international diversification significantly, but only indirectly, influences the profitability of hotel firms through the moderating role of leverage. This indicates that financial leverage is more closely related to profitability than international diversification. However, the results also suggest that the effect of international diversification still needs to be considered when making financial decisions.
The Effect of Management Commitment To Service On Employee Service Behaviors: the Mediating Role of Job Satisfaction
Authors: Hyun Jeong Kim  , Tavitiyaman Pimtong , Woo Gon Kim
Published: July 2009

This study focuses on the effect of four management-commitment-to-service factors (i.e., organizational support, rewards, empowerment, and training) on employees' job satisfaction and service behaviors. Ten hotels, located in Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, participated in this study. The structural equation model using Thai hotel workers indicated that rewards, empowerment, and training are positively related to job satisfaction but did not support a path from organizational support to job satisfaction. The positive impact of empowerment on employees' job satisfaction in a high-power-distance culture such as Thailand was an unexpected finding. It may result from proper training and reward systems offered to young Thai frontline employees who are familiar with and favor U.S. (Western) culture. Furthermore, job satisfaction was found to have a significant influence on Thai employees' extra-role customer service behaviors and cooperation. In summary, this study shows that job satisfaction serves as a mediator between three management service initiatives (rewards, empowerment, and training) and employees' service behaviors toward customers and coworkers.
Corporate Social Responsibility Within the U.S. Lodging Industry: an Exploratory Study
Authors: Gard McGehee Nancy , Wattanakamolchai Somyot , Perdue Richard R. , Onat Calvert Esra
Published: July 2009

This exploratory study examines corporate social responsibility (CSR) in the lodging industry by measuring the contributions to communities made by lodging properties throughout the United States. This work is significant for two reasons: (a) It attempts to develop a theoretical foundation for CSR within the U.S. lodging industry; (b) it signifies one of the first attempts to quantify one component of CSR, corporate giving, within the U.S. lodging industry. A random sample of lodging properties in the United States was surveyed, and they were asked to report their various contributions to community. Although a limited response prevented generalizability, based on 421 responding properties, regression analysis suggested that the industry made various contributions worth more than $815 million or 3.6% of total industry profits in 2005. The results also showed that a number of structural variables affected the quantified social component of CSR among lodging properties as well as the existence of CSR written policies, processes, and principles.
Have the Perceptions of the Successful Factors for Travel Web Sites Changed Over Time? the Case of Consumers in Hong Kong
Authors: Cheung Catherine , Law Rob
Published: July 2009

This research note reports on a study about online consumers' view on the successful factors for travel Web sites. Empirical evidence from a large scale domestic Omnibus survey conducted in 2007 revealed that 31.8% of the interviewed Hong Kong residents had visited at least one travel Web site in the past 2 years and that 17.6% of this group of respondents had also made online purchases on travel-related products. These results showed an increasing percentage of both online browsers and purchasers compared with a similar study conducted in 2000. More important, when comparing the views of online purchasers with online browsers, significant differences are found on their perceptions of “secure payment methods” and “online booking and confirmation.”
Defining the Hospitality Discipline: a Discussion of Pedagogical and Research Implications
Authors: Ottenbacher Michael , Harrington Robert , Parsa H.G.
Published: July 2009

Hospitality is one of the oldest professions and is regarded as a powerful economic activity that touches many aspects of human life. On the other hand, hospitality is a relatively new academic discipline that has no consensus on its scope and exposure. This obvious absence of consensus on the scope of the hospitality field has been a limiting factor in advancing the discipline-specific research agenda and teaching practices that affect this field. In response to this lack of clarity in definition or understanding of the field of hospitality, this article discusses a variety of definitions for hospitality and presents how a variety of researchers have classified hospitality in earlier research. The author argues that the term hospitality is a broad term or a construct, consisting of a diverse group of industries. This situation creates substantial issues in terms of the external validity of empirical studies in the hospitality literature, and raises the question of whether unique and identifiable dimensions of hospitality exist that separates it as an independent field of study from the other social sciences. In fact, it is argued that the lack of definitional consensus on the term hospitality significantly impairs the pedagogical integrity, thus, affecting the ability to establish the epistemological roots of the new and emerging hospitality discipline. In the current study, a conceptual classification of the term hospitality is suggested, and research issues in assessment of the multidimensional nature of the hospitality construct are described.
Representing South Asian alterity? East London's Asian electronic music scene and the articulation of globally mediated identities
Authors: Murthy Dhiraj
Published: July 2009

In the years since the London tube bombings, popular depictions of British Asians have been increasingly `othered' at best, and stereotyped as dangerous terrorists at worst. Asian self-representation continues to be a critically-needed intervention. East London's Asian electronic music scene serves as a means to represent the voices of young urban British Asians, attempting to bring them from peripheral alterity and render them visible in mainstream British popular culture. The music, which blends synthesized electronic music with South Asian musical stylings, has brought musicians from both the South Asian diaspora and the subcontinent to perform in `Banglatown', East London. These regular globalized performances of the scene, an aspect rarely investigated, have challenged locally bounded British Asian identities.
The city that was creative and did not know
Authors: Bottà Giacomo
Published: July 2009

This article explores the relation between popular music and creative cities through the example of Manchester between 1976 and 1997. The formation of a local music scene is analysed through the notion of urban creative milieu stating its historical debt to the city industrial heritage; place-images produced by the local popular music scene are analysed as visual, aural and lyrical productions. The article examines the consolidation of the considered local popular music scene through bottom-up and autonomous projects and the regeneration of some areas of Manchester. It looks at the role of the 'New Left' municipality, its difficulties in recognizing the city's creative capital and its attitude towards the production and consumption of popular music. The conclusions present some general reflections on the Manchester legacy and its significance for a definition of creativity at the urban level.
Alternations
Authors: Mäkelä Janne
Published: July 2009

This article examines the national-international relationship of recent music discourses in Finland. Since 2000, Finnish popular music has gained notable recognition at the international level. Some acts (e.g. HIM, Children of Bodom and Apocalyptica) have even succeeded in the US market, which traditionally has been considered important for music performers. This export boom has had a significant role in the legitimization of rock music, yet it has revealed how contemporary national cultures are produced in a context of popular culture in which distinctiveness often is sought globally. Tracing the changes in Finnish music exports and using the media discourse of metal music as an example, this article argues that international fame not only supports the commercial prosperity and institutional production of Finnish popular music, but also appears as a form of modern nation-building.
The Market, Values and Coordination of Actions
Authors: Kangas Risto
Published: July 2009

The aim of this article is to contribute to the discussion about the social functions of the market. I am interested in the special kind of social order the social interaction in the market produces, which has been mostly ignored in sociology. In the first part I look for historical reasons for the peripheral role of the market in sociological analysis. My argument in this regard is that this omission of the economic realm becomes more understandable if one takes into consideration not only the prerequisite of entrance into the academic field, namely not to step on the toes of older and more established fields of research, but also the very ambivalent and, in some strands of social thought, even openly hostile attitude to the market. The second part of the paper presents two paradigmatic but problematic cases of a sociological analysis of the economic realm: Émile Durkheim's views and Talcott Parsons' early conception of a society—economy relationship. In the third part I figure out another way to think about the role of the market in society from a standpoint that accepts the centrality of aspects such as values and norms in social life. I do not, however, postulate a societal value consensus at large, but see the economic sphere itself to be the source of those stabilizing mechanisms. As a starting point I use Talcott Parsons' theory of communication media and the concept of social order it implicitly contains. It offers possibilities for finding connections to earlier discussions of the social functions of the market, labelled `commercial ideology', referring to eighteenth-century social thought. With my discussion I hope to show that interactions in the market have wider ramifications for social order, while the market produces its own distinct kind of order not captured by the dichotomy of value vs. interest-based actions and orders so common in sociology.
The Mannheim Hypothesis Revisited
Authors: Zafirovshi Milan , Rodeheaver Daniel G.
Published: July 2009

This paper revisits the classical sociological hypothesis of conservatism, specifically the `Mannheim Hypothesis,' and its bearing on liberty or liberal modernity. The original formulation of the Mannheim Hypothesis posits that conservatism tends to oppose the `principle of liberty' and, hence, liberal modernity or liberalism, defined as its immediate antagonist. This paper presents the Mannheim Hypothesis of conservatism and liberty, as well as its initial general solution by Mannheim and other classical sociologists. Then it attempts to solve this hypothesis by presenting relevant theoretical arguments and supporting empirical evidence. Overall this essay reaffirms the classical sociological solution of the Mannheim Hypothesis of conservatism and liberty in contemporary society.
Economics, Politics and Sociology
Authors: Smart Barry
Published: July 2009

Classical sociology is generally equated with analyses of late nineteenth-and early twentieth-century thinkers whose writings ranged seamlessly across what, subsequently, would become differentiated fields of inquiry. One twentieth-century analyst whose texts replicate aspects of the works of the classical sociologists is J.K. Galbraith, a figure whose disciplinary home is conventionally considered to be economics, but whose writings transcend disciplinary boundaries to explore the articulation of economic, social and political phenomena. Galbraith's studies, addressing such matters as increasing inequality and growing economic insecurity; the cultivation and management of consumer demand; the imbalance between private consumption and public provision; and the growth in military and defence expenditure, continue to be of contemporary relevance and warrant a prominent place within sociology.
Children and the `New Biopolitics of Control': Identification, Identity and Social Order
Authors: Penna Sue , Kirby Stuart
Published: July 2009

This article addresses questions arising from debates surrounding issues of surveillance and privacy in the light of rapid developments in new technologies, specifically electronic databases for information sharing between professionals and agencies. We examine claims that the conjuncture of technology and genetics, producing identification technologies that `read' the body, have heralded the emergence of a `biopolitics of control', paying particular attention to the ways in which children and young people in the UK have become a focus of new control technologies. We argue that current developments, in neglecting the embodied nature of subjectivity, confuse identificationwith processes of identity formation, thereby contributing to conditions that nurture the problems of social disorder such technology is meant to reduce. This argument raises a set of questions for the law and processes of youth justice that we explore through a discussion of the inclusion of children and young people in the UK DNA data base.
Designing Integrative Knowledge Management Systems: Theoretical Considerations and Practical Applications
Authors: Ardichvili Alexandre , Seung Won Yoon
Published: July 2009

The problem and the solution. Alignment between strategic and operational processes and organizational learning and knowledge management (KM) solutions is a key to sustained competitive advantage of business organizations. Currently, most KM design approaches follow linear and individual-centered frameworks similar to traditional instructional systems design models and pay little attention to how user collaboration occurs. Furthermore, KM is rarely integrated with organizational learning systems. The authors of this study use concepts from the situated learning literature,Vygotskian theory of cognitive development, and a holistic learning and performance architecture to propose a new approach to the design of integrative learning and KM systems.The article concludes with specific recommendations for systems designers and implications for HRD professionals.
HRD's Role in Knowledge Management
Authors: Cho Yonjoo , Cho Eunsang , McLean Gary N.
Published: July 2009

The problem and the solution. This article provides an overview of knowledge management and discusses its link with human resource development (HRD). It also provides a short preview of what is included in this issue. The authors outline the major points in this issue for HRD scholars and practitioners as they work to leverage knowledge management as an HRD learning tool.
Market Orientation, Intrapreneurship Behavior, and Organizational Performance: Test of a Structural Contingency Model
Authors: Sun Li-Yun , Wen Pan
Published: July 2009

This study examines a mediated moderation process linking market orientation and organizational performance. Data were obtained from 143 manufacturing firms in the People’s Republic of China. Regression results reveal that (a) organizational structure moderates the relationship between market orientation and organizational performance and between market orientation and intrapreneurship behavior, and (b) intrapreneurship behavior fully mediates the interactive effects of market orientation and organizational structure on organizational performance. Thus, the interaction between market orientation and organizational structure positively affects intrapreneurship behavior, which in turn leads to organizational performance. The study sheds light on the mechanisms through which market orientation affects organizational performance.
Distrust in Leaders
Authors: Keyton Joann , smith Faye L.
Published: July 2009

Without prompting, stratified randomly selected employees addressed communication improvements at their manufacturing facility. More than one quarter expressed distrust in their leaders. Responses were coded with two distrust conceptualizations: the opposite features of Butler and Cantrell's trust dimensions and Bies and Tripp's actions that violate trust. Narratives were also coded for target of distrust and language intensity. Narratives exposed the communication-distrust link proposed by scholars, reinforcing the behavioral foundation of distrust as a psychological construct. Results challenge the position that distrust is the opposite of trust. Peaks of language intensity occurred for various single dimensions and combinations of distrust dimensions.
The Design and Development of the Father-Child Instrument (FCI) for Assessing the Characteristics of Fathers’ Availability and Engagement With Their Preschool Children
Authors: Halme Nina , Tarkka Marja-Terttu , Paavilainen Eija , Nummi Tapio , Åstedt-Kurki Päivi
Published: July 2009

Despite the fact that father—child involvement has extensive effects on the health and well-being of the family, there is a paucity of research on fathers’ presence in health care research. The design and development of an instrument for assessing the characteristics of fathers’ availability and engagement with their preschool-aged children in Finland is presented. Data collection was undertaken in two separate periods involving 263 and 821 fathers. Results indicate that the father—child instrument (FCI) is ready for use in research seeking to assess fathers’ availability and engagement with their preschoolers. Further research is nonetheless required to assess the potential for a more sensitive interaction and for the generalization of the FCI.
Predictors of Condom Use Among Israeli Soldiers
Authors: Ben Natan Merav , Danilov Sergei , Evdokimovitz Yuli
Published: July 2009

Only a small percentage of young people aged 18 to 20 years use condoms regularly. Thus, the younger population has an increased risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases. This study examines the underlying determinants of condom use among soldiers based on the theory of planned behavior as well as the influence of soldiers’ social circumstances and prior sexual experience. A correlational design using an exploratory survey method was used. Participants were sampled in a convenience sample of 113 male soldiers from the Israel defense forces. A total of 70.1% of soldiers use condoms in their first sexual experience, however, this percentage subsequently decreases. The study indicates that soldiers are not familiar with the risks of frequent oral and anal sex. Behavioral intentions and self-control are significant predictors of condom use. Condom use among soldiers from one-parent families was lower than among soldiers from two-parent families. The theory of planned behavior seems to be a helpful method of predicting condom use among soldiers. Accordingly, efforts should be channeled at attempts to generate changes in soldiers’ views of condom use, intensifying normative pressures operated by their social milieu, and increasing their self-control in the use of condoms.
All-Inside Meniscal Repair
Authors: Turman Kimberly A. , Diduch David R. , Miller Mark D.
Published: July 2009

All-inside meniscal repair has gained widespread popularity over recent years. The devices and techniques have rapidly evolved, resulting in increased ease of use and reduced surgical times and risk to the neurovascular structures. Despite these advances, inside-out suture repairs remain the current gold standard, with proven long-term results. All-inside techniques must continue to be compared to inside-out meniscal repair.
Operative Treatment of a Complete Rupture of the Origination of the Rectus Femoris
Authors: Bottoni Craig R. , D’Alleyrand Jean-Claude G.
Published: July 2009

A 23-year-old male athlete reported both feeling and hearing a pop in his anterior thigh while sprinting. This was followed by immediate pain and an inability to walk. He had swelling and tenderness in his inguinal region. Radiographs were normal. An magnetic resonance imaging revealed a complete avulsion of the rectus femoris from its origin on the anterior inferior iliac spine. Following discussions of his treatment options, the patient chose to undergo operative management of the injury. A surgical repair was performed of the tendon of the direct head to the anterior inferior iliac spine through bone tunnels. He had a full recovery over the next 6 months and subsequently returned to unrestricted active military duty.
The murine equivalent of the A181E TACI mutation associated with common variable immunodeficiency severely impairs B-cell function
Authors: Lee John J. , Rauter Ingrid , Garibyan Lilit , Ozcan Esra , Sannikova Tatyana , Dillon Stacey R. , Cruz Anthony C. , Siegel Richard M. , Bram Richard , Jabara Haifa , Geha Raif S.
Published: July 2009

TNFRSF13B, which encodes TACI (transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor), is mutated in 10% of patients with common variable immune deficiency (CVID). One of the 2 most common TACI mutations in CVID, A181E, introduces a negative charge into the transmembrane domain. To define the consequence of the A181E mutation on TACI function, we studied the effect of its murine equivalent, mTACI A144E, on TACI signaling in transfected cells and on TACI function in transgenic mice. The mTACI A144E mutant, like its human TACI A181E counterpart, was expressed on the surface of 293T transfectants and was able to bind ligand, but exhibited impaired constitutive and ligand-induced NFκB signaling. In addition, constitutive and ligand-induced clustering of the intracellular domain was deficient for A144E as measured by fluorescence resonance energy transfer. Transgenic mice expressing the A144E mutant on TACI−/− background had low serum IgA levels and significantly impaired antibody responses to the type II T-independent antigen TNP-Ficoll. B cells from A144E transgenic mice were impaired in their capacity to proliferate and secrete IgG1 and IgA in response to TACI ligation. These results suggest that mTACI A144E mutation and its human counterpart, A181E, disrupt TACI signaling and impair TACI-dependent B-cell functions.
Safety and immunologic effects of IL-15 administration in nonhuman primates
Authors: Berger Carolina , Berger Michael , Hackman Robert C. , Gough Michael , Elliott Carole , Jensen Michael C. , Riddell Stanley R.
Published: July 2009

The administration of cytokines that modulate endogenous or transferred T-cell immunity could improve current approaches to clinical immunotherapy. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is used most commonly for this purpose, but causes systemic toxicity and preferentially drives the expansion of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells, which can inhibit antitumor immunity. IL-15 belongs to the γc cytokine family and possesses similar properties to IL-2, including the ability to induce T-cell proliferation. Whereas IL-2 promotes apoptosis and limits the survival of CD8+ memory T cells, IL-15 is required for the establishment and maintenance of CD8+ T-cell memory. However, limited data are available to guide the clinical use of IL-15. Here, we demonstrate in nonhuman primates that IL-15 administration expands memory CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, and natural killer (NK) cells in the peripheral blood, with minimal increases in CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. Daily administration of IL-15 resulted in persistently elevated plasma IL-15 levels and transient toxicity. Intermittent administration of IL-15 allowed clearance of IL-15 between doses and was safe for more than 3 weeks. These findings demonstrate that IL-15 has profound immunomodulatory properties distinct from those described for IL-2, and suggest that intermittent administration of IL-15 should be considered in clinical studies.
Platelet factor 4 regulates megakaryopoiesis through low-density lipoprotein receptor–related protein 1 (LRP1) on megakaryocytes
Authors: Lambert Michele P. , Wang Yuhuan , Bdeir Khalil H. , Nguyen Yvonne , Kowalska M. Anna , Poncz Mortimer
Published: July 2009

Platelet factor 4 (PF4) is a negative regulator of megakaryopoiesis, but its mechanism of action had not been addressed. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor–related protein-1 (LRP1) has been shown to mediate endothelial cell responses to PF4 and so we tested this receptor's importance in PF4's role in megakaryopoiesis. We found that LRP1 is absent from megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor cells, is maximally present on large, polyploidy megakaryocytes, and near absent on platelets. Blocking LRP1 with either receptor-associated protein (RAP), an antagonist of LDL family member receptors, or specific anti-LRP1 antibodies reversed the inhibition of megakaryocyte colony growth by PF4. In addition, using shRNA to reduce LRP1 expression was able to restore megakaryocyte colony formation in bone marrow isolated from human PF4-overexpressing mice (hPF4High). Further, shRNA knockdown of LRP1 expression was able to limit the effects of PF4 on megakaryopoiesis. Finally, infusion of RAP into hPF4High mice was able to increase baseline platelet counts without affecting other lineages, suggesting that this mechanism is important in vivo. These studies extend our understanding of PF4's negative paracrine effect in megakaryopoiesis and its potential clinical implications as well as provide insights into the biology of LRP1, which is transiently expressed during megakaryopoiesis.