bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular detection of zoonotic Spirometra (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) in Javan-spitting cobra (Naja sputatrix) snakes in Indonesia
Authors: YUDHANA ADITYA , KARTIKASARI ANJANI MARISA , EDILA RYANKA , PRAJA RATIH NOVITA , HAMONANGAN JONATHAN MARK , WARDHANA APRIL HARI , MUFASIRIN MUFASIRIN , KOESDARTO SETIAWAN
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Yudhana A, Kartikasari AM, Edila R, Praja RN, Hamonangan JM, Wardhana AH, Mufasirin, Koesdarto S. 2024. Molecular detection of zoonotic Spirometra (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidae) in Javan-spitting cobra (Naja sputatrix) snakes in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4853-4859. Sparganosis, a neglected disease caused by the larvae of Spirometra tapeworms, is considered a serious threat to public health worldwide. However, data on snake prevalence or molecular study of sparganosis in snakes still needs to be improved. In this study, we aim to investigate the prevalence of plerocercoids (spargana) infection in wild-caught Javan-spitting cobra (Naja sputatrix) snakes in Banyuwangi, East Java Province, Indonesia, using morphological and molecular identification methods. A total of 70 Javan-spitting cobra snakes were purchased from local sellers in Banyuwangi, Indonesia. Morphological identification was conducted on a plerocercoids collected from various predilection sites. Moreover, molecular identification was done by polymerase chain the Polymerase Chain reaction (PCR) method and analyzed using the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene. Plerocercoids were identified in 70 snakes, with the prevalence rate recorded at 60%. A total of 231 plerocercoids were collected and divided into 184 (79.65%) in muscular and 47 (20.34%) in subcutaneous tissues. The plerocercoids were macroscopically identified as thin, flat, and white colored with ribbon-like structure and were 2-14 cm long and 2-8 mm wide. Microscopic examination of plerocercoids using the carmine staining method revealed a mouth-like shape anterior side. Furthermore, PCR analysis results reveal that 5 plerocercoid specimens were identified as Spirometra, and each sample shows positive bands at 467 bp. To our knowledge, this study is the first report of Spirometra in species of Indonesian endemic snake primarily on Java Island. These findings constitute a serious potential risk of human sparganosis transmission in Indonesia because wild-caught Javan-spitting cobra snakes are locally used as human food.
Genetic analysis of brown planthopper resistance in Thai cultivars, local varieties, and wild relatives of rice using molecular markers
Authors: SAENGPRAJAK JUTHAPORN , PHETSOM JIRAPA , SANGDEE APHIDECH , RATTANAPAN AJIN , SAENGPRAJAK ARNUSORN , THANYASIRIWAT THANWANIT , MAHAKHAM WUTTIPONG , THEERAKULPISUT PIYADA
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Saengprajak J, Phetsom J, Sangdee A, Rattanapan A, Saengprajak A, Thanyasiriwat T, Mahakham W, Theerakulpisut P. 2024. Genetic analysis of brown planthopper resistance in Thai cultivars, local varieties, and wild relatives of rice using molecular markers. Biodiversitas 25: 4870-4877. The brown planthopper [Nilaparvata lugens Stål 1854] is prevalent in Asia as a major insect pest that causes significant damage to rice crops. This study aimed to identify cost-effective, eco-friendly methods for developing BPH (Brown Planthopper)-resistant rice varieties by examining the genetic basis of resistance in 40 rice germplasms, including Thai cultivars, local varieties, and wild relatives. Five DNA markers, including SSR (bph2, Bph3, Bph15, Bph17) and InDel (Bph14) markers, closely linked to major BPH resistance genes, were utilized to evaluate genetic diversity. Ten loci, with an average of 2 alleles per locus and 100% polymorphism, were identified. Of the 35 genotypes analyzed, each genotype contained one to five BPH resistance genes. Allele frequencies ranged from 34.92% to 42.86%, while expected heterozygosity varied between 0.242 (RM463) and 0.367 (RM16626), averaging 0.321. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.388 to 0.437, with an average of 0.419, indicating moderate polymorphism and effective discriminating power for the selected BPH-specific markers. UPGMA analysis grouped the 40 rice genotypes into three main clusters, distinguishing them into resistant and susceptible groups. Our findings provide valuable information for selecting parental lines with BPH resistance, supporting the integration of marker-assisted selection (MAS) into rice breeding programs to develop BPH-resistant varieties.
Survey of mosquitoes species in Henda Village, Pulang Pisau District, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia in filariasis case area
Authors: AUGUSTINA INDRIA , KURNIAWAN M. YUSUF ILHAM , TRIAWAN NOPTA , MANTA MUHAMMAD FACHRIZAL , RIYADI NATHASYA RIZKYANA , SYAHRIDHO MUHAMMAD ANDREAN , RATNASARI ARINI , KARMILA MILA , JABAL ARIF RAHMAN
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Augustina I, Kurniawan MYI, Triawan N, Manta MF, Riyadi NR, Syahridho MA, Ratnasari A, Karmila M, Jabal AR. 2024. Survey of mosquitoes species in Henda Village, Pulang Pisau District, Central Kalimantan, Indonesia in filariasis case area. Biodiversitas 25: 4886-4893. Filariasis is a zoonotic disease found in tropical regions. One of the filariasis endemic areas is Henda Village, Pulang Pisau District, Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Three cases of filariasis cases were identified in Henda Village. This study aimed to identify mosquito species that act as vectors in Henda Village. Mosquito samples were collected using human landing collection, resting collection, animal-baited traps, animal barrier screens, and light traps. A total of 650 mosquitoes were collected, including Culex quinquefasciatus (n=361), Mansonia bonneae (n=134), Mansonia uniformis (n=90), Aedes aegypti (n=46), Aedes albopictus (n=13), Coquillettidia crassipes (n=5), and Anopheles barbirostris (n=1). The human landing collection method caught the highest number of mosquitoes at 438 mosquitoes. Overall, the total number of mosquitoes obtained, the highest number of mosquitoes obtained was the species of Culex sp. was Cx. quinquefasciatus.
Phylogeny of Wolbachia in Drosophila mutant from Bandung, Indonesia
Authors: KUSMINTARSIH ENDANG SRIMURNI , GEMILANG PESONA , NURYANTO AGUS , MAHMOUD HANAN HASSAN ALSHEIKH , AMBARNINGRUM TRISNOWATI BUDI
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Kusmintarsih ES, Gemilang P, Nuryanto A, Mahmoud HHA, Ambarningrum TB. 2024. Phylogeny of Wolbachia in Drosophila mutant from Bandung Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 4894-4899. Wolbachia is a microorganism known as an intracellular endosymbiont in arthropods that causes reproductive changes and most commonly cytoplasmic incompatibility. Wolbachia pipientis A has been divided into two major subgroups (A and B) and 17 subgroups. Therefore, the present study aims to determine the presence of Wolbachia subgroup in Drosophila mutants and to analyze the phylogeny, of Wolbachia in Drosophila mutants using Wolbachia surface protein (wsp) primer genes. The presence of Wolbachia was determined based on the DNA band pattern on the agarose gel. The phylogenetic relationship among Wolbachia in Drosophila mutants was inferred from a phylogenetic tree. Based on the neighbor-joining method, the phylogenetic tree reconstruction was done in MEGA X software. The result shows that Wolbachia from 7 types of Drosophila mutant samples (taxi, ebony, dumpy, miniature, sepia, white, eye missing, in one subgroup as Wolbachia sp. wMel isolate Yunnan outer surface protein precursor (wsp) gene, partial cds., while between samples and out-group is closely related to Wolbachia sp. in Diabrotica cristata 16S rRNA sub-group A. This result is the first systematic survey of Wolbachia in Drosophila mutants and the first survey classifying Wolbachia infections by subgroup. The research future is to explore Wolbachia in many more insects.
Phytochemical composition and bioactivity of Parkia timoriana leaf extract from Kediri, Indonesia in various solvent polarities
Authors: SARIWATI ATMIRA , SARI FITA , SURYANTI VENTY , HANDAYANI DESI SUCI , SETYONO HILDA ALFIYANI , YULIATI NINIS
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Sariwati A, Sari F, Suryanti V, Handayani DS, Setyono HA, Yuliati N. 2024. Phytochemical composition and bioactivity of Parkia timoriana leaf extract from Kediri, Indonesia in various solvent polarities. Biodiversitas 25: 4900-4908. The potential therapeutic uses of bioactive chemicals found in natural sources have led to a significant increase in focus on their investigation in recent years. Parkia timoriana (DC.) Merr. has secondary metabolites, which have been used as a traditional medicine. This work studies the phytochemical composition and bioactivities evaluation of the P. timoriana leaf extract of varying solvent polarities, such as methanol, water, ethyl acetate, and hexane. The methanol extract has the highest secondary metabolite contents, excluding terpenoids contents. The Follin-Ciocalteu method showed that the total phenolic content of methanol extract was 302.02 mg GAE/g. The aluminum chloride colorimetric method revealed that the total flavonoid content of the methanol extract was 256.85 mg QE/g. The tannin acid, alkaloids, saponins, and terpenoids contents of methanol extracts were determined by Spectrophotometer UV-Vis, which were found to be 32.07 mg TAE/g, 23.86 mg CoE/g, 18.35 mg DE/g, 5.23 mg Linalool Eq./g, and respectively. The highest terpenoid contents were found in hexane extract, which was 11.34 mg of Linalool Eq./g. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were assessed by measuring the free-radical of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and scavenge of 2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzene-thiazoline-6-sulfonic-acid (ABTS)). The methanol extract was shown to have the strongest antioxidant activity, where the DPPH and ABTS IC50 values were 47.78 and 39.54 µg/mL, respectively. The methanol extract exhibited the greatest antimicrobial activities, where the inhibition zone for Candida albicans and Escherichia coli fungus were 21 and 22 mm, respectively. Antidiabetic effects were assessed in vitro by blocking ?-amylase and ?-glucoside. The methanol extract shows an inhibition of 50.19 µg/mL for ?-glucoside and 42.50 µg/mL for ?-amylase. The secondary metabolites of P. timoriana leaf are great building blocks for making potent medications.
Characterization and potential of L-glutaminase enzyme from symbiotic red algae Eucheuma spinosum as antibacterial, anticancer, and antiviral dengue agents by in vitro
Authors: KARIM HARNINGSIH , AZIS ARIEF , RAMADANI ANANDA , PINE A. TENRIUGI DAENG , ANITA ANITA , AHMAD AHYAR , MUKRIANI MUKRIANI , MASSI MUH NASRUM , PERMANA ANDI DIAN
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Karim H, Azis A, Ramadani A, Pine ATD, Anita, Ahmad A, Mukriani, Massi MN, Permana AD. 2024. Characterization and potential of L-glutaminase enzyme from symbiotic red algae Eucheuma spinosum as antibacterial, anticancer, and antiviral dengue agents by in vitro. Biodiversitas 25: 4939-4949. Cancer is a disease caused by the abnormal growth of body tissue cells. A new approach in cancer treatment through targeted therapy is using microbial enzymes. One enzyme that has potential for future cancer therapy is L-glutaminase. On the other hand, dengue fever is endemic in Indonesia, necessitating maximum and sustained efforts to address the dengue problem, including infection and cancer. Indonesia is an archipelagic nation, with two-thirds of its territory comprising seas, and boasts many diverse marine biota and macroalgae. One cultivated variety of marine algae is the red algae Eucheuma sp.. This study aimed to isolate the L-glutaminase enzyme produced by symbiotic Cobetia marina from red algae Eucheuma spinosum. The optimum activity of the L-glutaminase enzyme was found at pH 8 and 37°C. It was activated by metal ions Mg2+, Co2+, and Mn2+. The antibacterial activity test revealed that L-glutaminase at a concentration of 5 mg/L exhibited inhibitory effects on pathogenic bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, the cytotoxic test demonstrated the most substantial impact in the F1 fraction at a concentration of 160 µg/mL, with a percent inhibition value of 25.65% and an IC50 value of 64.26 µg/mL on MCF-7 cells. The anti-dengue activity of L-glutaminase in crude extract toward Vero cells indicates inhibition percentage and CC50 value of 78% and 167.15 ?g/mL, respectively. These findings suggest that the L-glutaminase enzyme fractions from symbiotic C. marina hold promise for antibacterial and anticancer uses and antiviral activity against dengue.
Proposal to list the Peruvian tuco-tuco (Ctenomys peruanus, Ctenomyidae, Rodentia) as a critically endangered species
Authors: MEDINA CÉSAR EDGARDO , MEDINA YASMY KARINA , BOCARDO EDWIN FREDY
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Medina CE, Medina YK, Bocardo EF. 2024. Proposal to list the Peruvian tuco-tuco (Ctenomys peruanus, Ctenomyidae, Rodentia) as a critically endangered species. Biodiversitas 25: 5005-5011. The Peruvian tuco-tuco, Ctenomys peruanus Sanborn and Pearson 1947, is a subterranean rodent endemic to High Andes of southern Peru. This rodent is historically known by four record localities dating back to the 1950s, and a fifth locality in 2011, all based on specimens housed in natural history museums, is now facing a critical situation. Recent surveys in 17 localities in Arequipa, Moquegua, Tacna, and Puno regions revealed the local extinction of C. peruanus at previously recorded sites while identifying two new localities; however, currently, the species only lives in one locality (Callacami, Puno). This remaining population of fewer than 50 mature individuals is under intense hunting pressure for human consumption and traditional medicinal practices, and it is experiencing a continuous loss of the extension and quality of its habitat due to overgrazing and agricultural expansion. Our research is the first effort to fill a 72-year gap with no field data for C. peruanus. Therefore, we propose to categorize C. peruanus as a Critically Endangered species (CR) according to the criteria established by the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species. The authorities and academic community are urged to join efforts to curb the aforementioned anthropogenic threats and devise and implement management and conservation plans for C. peruanus in Peru.
The spillover effect of bird functional groups on oil palm smallholdings in Indonesia
Authors: PRADANA DIMAS HARYO , PATRIA MUFTI PETALA , YASMAN YASMAN , WINARNI NURUL LAKSMI
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Pradana DH, Patria MP, Yasman, Winarni NL. 2024. The spillover effect of bird functional groups on oil palm smallholdings in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 5055-5062. In Southeast Asia, oil palm plantations are a major cause of deforestation, a situation that demands urgent attention. On the other hand, oil palm is important for the economy of Southeast Asian countries. Thus, there are attempts to develop sustainable palm oil production. The spillover effect of bird functional groups on oil palm smallholdings was studied in Indonesia from 14 September to 14 October 2022 and from 23 September to 20 October 2023. Whether birds at oil palm smallholdings provide insect pest control was also examined. The point count method was used to count birds at the oil palm smallholding, ecotone, and adjacent forest remnant at four oil palm smallholdings in Riau Province and two in Central Kalimantan. A bird exclosure experiment was used to examine whether birds provide insect pest control. The difference in bird abundance of the three habitat types was analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon test as the post-hoc test. Wilcoxon test was also used to analyze the difference in herbivory rate of bird exclosure and control of oil palm leaflet seedlings. Carnivore birds showed lower abundance at the oil palm smallholdings than at the ecotone, indicating a spillover effect process. However, there was no significant difference between the herbivory rate of control and bird exclosure treatment, suggesting insect pest control service provided by birds dispersed to oil palm smallholdings could be more optimal.
Impact of intermittent stream flow on water quality and structural composition of macroinvertebrates in a semi-arid region of South Africa
Authors: MATITA THATO P. , ADDO-BEDIAKO ABRAHAM , LUUS-POWELL WILMIEN
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Matita TP, Addo-Bediako A, Luus-Powell W. 2024. Impact of intermittent stream flow on water quality and structural composition of macroinvertebrates in a semi-arid region of South Africa. Biodiversitas 25: 5074-5082. This study investigated the impact of varying flow regimes on water quality and the structural composition of macroinvertebrates in the Moopitse River, South Africa. Samples were collected during three distinct flow conditions: high flow, low flow, and intermittent flow. Water quality parameters were measured in situ, and water samples were collected for nutrient analysis before macroinvertebrate sampling. A total of 4,094 individuals, representing seven orders and 22 families, were recorded. The assessment, based on water quality and macroinvertebrate structure, revealed that intermittent flow (cessation of flow) negatively affected both water quality and the distribution of macroinvertebrates. There was a decline in both taxa richness and abundance in response to flow intermittency. The observed low taxa richness and abundance, particularly during high flow and intermittent regimes, align with expectations for such hydrologically extreme habitats. Compared to the perennial rivers in the Olifants River Basin, the Moopitse River is less diverse, as the intermittent environment favors generalist and stress-tolerant taxa rather than sensitive taxa. Water parameters such as turbidity, conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and nutrient levels were significantly higher during intermittent flow, while dissolved oxygen levels were notably lower. Overall, water quality was best during low flow, which also supported greater macroinvertebrate richness and abundance. These findings suggest that river discontinuity may lead to habitat degradation, thereby altering the structural distribution of macroinvertebrate communities. Understanding the effects of flow variation and habitat changes is crucial for environmental and biodiversity conservation. Therefore, conservation strategies should incorporate innovative approaches to mitigate the impacts of flow discontinuities and habitat degradation.
Exploring the benefit of arbuscular mycorrhizal Glomus spp. in improving available soil P and crop growth of sorghum cultivated on ex-coal mine soil
Authors: PRASETYA BUDI , ARFIYANTI HERLIANA , ARFARITA NOVI
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Prasetya B, Arfiyanti H, Arfarita N. 2024. Exploring the benefit of arbuscular mycorrhizal Glomus spp. in improving available soil P and crop growth of sorghum cultivated on ex-coal mine soil. Biodiversitas 25: 5112-5122. One main problem of ex-coal mining land is low soil phosphate (P) availability and easy binding of phosphate to Fe and Al (hydro)oxide. These conditions affect the abundance and activity of soil microorganisms. Unlike other microbes, mycorrhizae can help root uptake of P that is not available in the inorganic form and make it available for crops. The addition of slow-release phosphate sources - such as rock phosphate, bone meal, and fish meal - are good sources of P nutrients because they are not easily fixed and washed away. This study aimed to improve ex-coal mining land conditions by increasing the level of P availability in soil via the application of various P sources at different dosages to improve mycorrhizal spores and sorghum growth. The pot experiment used a factorial completely randomized block design (CRBD) with 3 different phosphate source type (P), consisting of 3 treatment levels, under the optimum concentration of - P1: rock phosphate; P2: bone meal; and P3: fish meal - and various dose of phosphate source (F) consisting of 5 treatment levels - F0: control; F1: 0.17 g/polybag; F2: 0.29 g/polybag; F3: 0.40 g/polybag; and F4: 0.57 g/polybag-with a total combination of 15 treatments with 4 replications. The combination of the P2F3 treatment (bone meal dose of 0.40 g/polybag) was the best dose. It was effective in increasing the number of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (AM) spores by 273 and increasing soil available P by 28.24 mg/kg. The P1F4 (natural phosphate with 0.57 g polybag-1) was the best treatment and produced the greater fresh weight and dry weight biomass of sorghum at about 31.86 g and 10.47 g, respectively. The plant height was increased by 5 to 35%, but there was no effect on the number of sorghum leaves.
Nucleotide sequence diversities of Chitinase and PR1 genes from Theobroma cacao cv. MCC 02 and Sulawesi 1
Authors: SETIOWATI AAN , ARDIE SINTHO WAHYUNING , SANTOSO TRI JOKO , SUDARSONO SUDARSONO
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Setiowati A, Ardie SW, Santoso TJ, Sudarsono. 2024. Nucleotide sequence diversities of Chitinase and PR1 genes from Theobroma cacao cv. MCC 02 and Sulawesi 1. Biodiversitas 25: 1-13. Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) faces vascular streak dieback (VSD) disease caused by Ceratobasidium theobromae, so disease control strategies are necessary, such as developing disease-resistant cocoa cultivars. Characterization of Chitinase (Chi) and Pathogenesis Related Protein 1 (PR1) could be the starting point for such purposes. This research aimed to characterize Chi-like and PR1-like genes from cocoa cv. MCC 02 (VSD resistant) and Sulawesi 1 (SUL 1, susceptible). The Chi-like and PR1-like amplicons were generated from cocoa cultivars, and sequencing of the amplicons generated 858 bp (Chi-like) and 569 bp (PR1-like). The multiple sequence alignment (MSA) of seven Chi-like fragments from two cocoa clones identifies four non-synonymous and two synonymous SNPs. The MSA of seven PR1-like fragments from two cocoa clones identifies three non-synonymous and two synonymous SNPs in the PR1-like coding and two SNPs in the 3’-non-coding regions. Phylogenetic tree construction among four TcChi-like accessions and 36 accessions from the NCBI Database indicates that all cocoa Chi-like genes are clustered in Clade II, separated from Chi-like of other species that belong to Clade I or Clade III. Phylogenetic tree construction among 24 accessions of PR1-like sequences from various plant species indicates that the cocoa PR1-like gene sequences are more closely related to Herrania umbratica and Theobroma grandiflorum.
Identification of the nettle caterpillar in smallholding oil palm plantation cultivated on peatland in Ogan Ilir, South Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: ANGGRAINI ERISE , SETIAWATI TIYAS , HERLINDA SITI , IRSAN CHANDRA , MULAWARMAN MULAWARMAN , GOFAR NUNI , MUSLIM A. , LAU WEI HONG
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Anggraini E, Setiawati T, Herlinda S, Irsan C, Mulawarman, Gofar N, Muslim A, Lau WH. 2025. Identification of the nettle caterpillar in smallholding oil palm plantation cultivated on peatland in Ogan Ilir, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 36-44. Nettle caterpillars are a major pest in oil palm plantations, posing a significant threat to the productivity and sustainability of this crop. These voracious leaf-feeding caterpillars can cause severe damage, hindering plant growth, reducing fruit production, and even leading to the mortality of oil palm trees. This study aimed to identify the species of caterpillars that inflict damage, their physical traits, population densities, and the symptoms of their attacks. This study employed direct observation and documentation of caterpillar species in the field. Observations were conducted to assess the extent of damage inflicted by caterpillars in the field. Subsequently, document using a camera, collect field samples, and identification of the nettle caterpillars found in oil palm plantation cultivated on peatland in Ogan Ilir, South Sumatera, Indonesia. This investigation identified three species of caterpillars: Setora nitens, Birthosea bisura, and Parasa lepida. These three species of caterpillars typically exhibit similar coloration but possess distinct morphological traits. The S. nitens species predominates among the largest number of species. Caterpillars consume both young and mature oil palm leaves, remaining only in the midrib. Additional indications of the attack include perforations in the leaves. The incidence of caterpillar assaults may attain 100% of nettle caterpillar infestation, accompanied by an attack rate of 57.75%. This study concludes that three primary species of nettle caterpillar were identified in oil palm plantations, exhibiting indications of damage classified as fairly severe. Thus, effective management of nettle caterpillars is crucial to maintaining the productivity and profitability of oil palm plantations.
Development and validation of novel microsatellite markers of a potentially invasive fern Dicranopteris linearis var. linearis
Authors: KAMARUDIN NURSHANARIAH BALKIS , AZIZ MUSABBIHAH ABDUL , OTHMAN AHMAD SOFIMAN , ROSAZLINA RUSLY
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Kamarudin NB, Aziz MA, Othman AS, Rosazlina R. 2025. Development and validation of novel microsatellite markers of a potentially invasive fern Dicranopteris linearis var. linearis. Biodiversitas 26: 46-54. Dicranopteris linearis is a forked fern native to Peninsular Malaysia. Recently, it has been recognized for its invasive potential in the ecosystem of Peninsular Malaysia due to its abundance, rapid spread, aggressive growth pattern, and competition for resources available to other native plants and crops. Despite its abundance and invasive potential, little is known about the potential domination mechanism and influence of genetic diversity on its establishment. Addressing this knowledge gap requires population genetic analysis, yet the fern has limited genomic information and molecular markers available. Hence, we aimed to develop novel microsatellite markers from D. linearis var. linearis using whole genome sequencing (WGS) data for preliminary population genetic analysis. Our analysis identified 879 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), predominantly trinucleotide repeats (AAC/GTT). Out of 462 primer pairs designed, 20 were randomly selected for validation, leading to eight markers verified as polymorphic across 30 tested individuals from the Batu Ferringhi population. These markers showed a moderate level of genetic variation (Na= 3.5, He= 0.4884) between individuals. Furthermore, these markers achieved successful amplification in six related species with transferability rates between 75% and 100%. The SSR markers developed in this study can be applied for future population-level studies to ascertain factors that may be driving diversity that enables the survival, adaption, and domination of the potentially invasive fern and its related species in the ecosystem of Peninsular Malaysia.
Enhancing sustainable livestock support through Kaliwo agroforestry in Southwest Sumba District, Indonesia
Authors: KII WILHELMUS YAPE , SODIQ AKHMAD , SUMARMONO JUNI , SETIANTO NOVIE ANDRI , JELAN ZAINAL A.
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Kii WY, Sodiq A, Sumarmono J, Setianto NA, Jelan ZA. 2025. Enhancing sustainable livestock support through Kaliwo agroforestry in Southwest Sumba District, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 73-84. The agroforestry system is one of the most popular land management systems related to livestock production. The objectives of this study were to establish the roles of Kaliwo agroforestry and its interconnections with the livestock production system as a source of animal feed, a free-range habitat for poultry such as chickens and ducks, and sources of local materials for the construction of livestock enclosures within the Southwest Sumba District, Indonesia. The research used a qualitative descriptive method involving 420 farmers. We collected data using questionnaires, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), and direct observation in three agro-ecosystem zones: lowland (Loura and Kodi) and highland (Wewewa). The triangulation method validated the data obtained from interviews, observations, and FGDs. We performed the descriptive analysis using both statistical and non-statistical methods. The findings indicated that farmers procured 18 species of forage from Kaliwo as feed for both ruminants (goats, buffaloes, and cattle) and non-ruminants (pigs and horses), particularly during the dry season when forage in pastures was scarce. Furthermore, Kaliwo serves as a free-range environment for poultry and livestock, including pigs and goats in Loura, and it constitutes the main source of materials for the construction of livestock pens. Farmers repurpose residual fodder and manure as organic fertilizer for a variety of crops cultivated in Kaliwo and small farms. Kaliwo is considered one of the key resources in livestock production systems for its long establishment and favourable adaptation to the natural environment. The integration of agroforestry practices with livestock husbandry can serve as a paradigm for sustainable livestock farming by leveraging local ecological wisdom.
Traditional treatments for treating lengkauk disease employed by the community in the Segedong Sub-district, Mempawah District, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia
Authors: PANJAITAN RUQIAH GANDA PUTRI , RAHMADANI DESTI , FAJRI HAYATUL , AKBARINI DIAN , CAIPING ZHU
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Panjaitan RGP, Rahmadani D, Fajri H, Akbarini D, Caiping Z. 2025. Traditional treatments for treating lengkauk disease employed by the community in the Segedong Sub-district, Mempawah District, West Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 94-101. Lengkauk is an illness that affects children, resulting in symptoms such as weight loss, abdominal bloating, frequent fever, irritability, lethargy and weakness. Other characteristics include pale palms, soles and face, stunted growth and decreased appetite. The use of plants as traditional medicine for treating lengkauk in children in the Segedong Sub-district, Mempawah, West Kalimantan, Indonesia is still practiced by the local community, although this knowledge is primarily held by certain elderly individuals, such as local shamans and midwives. This study aimed to identify the types of plants used, the parts of the plants employed, the preparation methods and the treatment practices for managing lengkauk. A qualitative research methodology was utilized with data collection conducted through triangulation techniques including interviews, observations and documentation. The research identified six types of plants used to treat lengkauk (i) bawang merah (Allium cepa); (ii) jengkol (Archidendron jiringa); (iii) kelapa hijau (Cocos nucifera); (iv) lempuyang (Zingiber zerumbet); (v) moje (Barleria cristata); and (vi) sirih hijau). The parts of the plants used include leaves, bulbs, fruits and rhizomes. These six plants belong to different families: Acanthaceae (B. cristata), Amaryllidaceae (A. cepa), Arecaceae (C. nucifera), Fabaceae (A. jiringa), Piperaceae (P. betle) and Zingiberaceae (Z. zerumbet).
The anatomy, histology, and oxidative stress level of the liver in fruit bat (Rousettus amplexicaudatus)
Authors: DHAMAYANTI YENI , SURYADININGRAT MUHAMMAD , MUJIBURRAHMAN AGUNG , FIRDAUSY LINTANG WINANTYA , MASLAMAMA SALIPUDIN TASIL , PURNAMA MUHAMMAD THOHAWI ELZIYAD
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Dhamayanti Y, Suryadiningrat M, Mujiburrahman A, Firdausy LW, Maslamama ST, Purnama MTE. 2025. The anatomy, histology, and oxidative stress level of the liver in fruit bat (Rousettus amplexicaudatus). Biodiversitas 26: 102-110. Among the wildlife species known for propagating zoonoses is the fruit bat (Rousettus amplexicaudatus). It is known that the liver organ serves as a detoxifying center in the only flying mammal. An examination of the liver's anatomy, histology, and oxidative stress level was essential to bridge the gap between earlier research and take into account the liver's critical function in bats. Seven bats—four males and three females—were enlisted to examine the liver's gross anatomy, histology, levels of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and catalase (CAT). The study's findings, which highlight the unique aspects of bat liver anatomy and the absence of gender differences in enzyme levels, have significant implications for our understanding of zoonotic diseases. As a result, the liver is covered by connective tissue, which also separates the liver parenchyma into three lobes: the cranial, middle, and caudal lobes. The liver of a bat lacked an additional lobe, in contrast to most mammals. According to histology, the liver lobule's hepatocytes are grouped radially from the center and terminate in the central vein. The portal vein, bile ductules, and hepatic artery branches were all visible in the triad. Furthermore, this study found no significant differences (p<0.05) between male and female bats in terms of MDA (p = 0.463), SOD (p = 0.686), GPx (p = 0.455), and CAT (p = 0.443). As a reference for typical circumstances, this study concluded the anatomy, histology, and antioxidant enzymes of fruit bats' livers. Furthermore, fruit bats with normal liver conditions might be compared to the antioxidant enzyme profiles we reported.
Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Araucaria spp. from Taman Bunga Nusantara, Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia
Authors: SUGITA PURWANTININGSIH , USTATI MIRA NUR , KURNIAWANTI KURNIAWANTI , SYAHBIRIN GUSTINI , DIANHAR HANHAN , RAHAYU DYAH UTAMI CAHYANING
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Sugita P, Ustati MN, Kurniawanti, Syahbirin G, Dianhar H, Rahayu DUC. 2025. Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of Araucaria spp. from Taman Bunga Nusantara, Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 118-126. Araucaria columnaris (AC) and Araucaria cunninghamii (ACu) are members of the Araucaria genus known for their various pharmacological activities. This study aims to analyze the phytochemical properties, Total Phenolic Content (TPC), Total Flavonoid Content (TFC), and antioxidant activities of twigs from AC and ACu, using different solvents (i) acetone (A); (ii) ethanol (E); and (iii) Ethyl acetate (Ea). Quantitative measurements for TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activity were conducted using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, aluminum chloride colorimetric method, and the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay, respectively. Phytochemical screening indicated the presence of phenolics, flavonoids, steroids, and triterpenoids in all extracts. Saponins were found exclusively in acetone extracts, while none contained alkaloids. The TPC is expressed as mg of gallic acid equivalent (GAE) per g of extract, while TFC is presented as mg of quercetin equivalent (QE) per g of extract. The TPC of AC twigs in acetone (ACA) was the highest, followed by ethanol (ACE) and ethyl acetate (ACEa). Similarly, the highest TPC was also observed in acetone (ACuA) for ACu twigs, followed by ethanol (ACuE) and ethyl acetate (ACuEa). Regarding TFC, the order for AC twigs was ACA > ACEa > ACE, while for ACu twigs, it was ACuEa > ACuE > ACuA. ACuE exhibited strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 29.57 ± 1.11 µg/mL, whereas the other extracts displayed moderate antioxidant activity. The results of this research provide preliminary data that can serve as a foundation for future studies.
Enhanced mycorrhiza helper bacterial inoculant for improving the health of Arabica coffee seedlings grown in nematode-infected soil
Authors: HINDERSAH REGINAWANTI , ASYIAH IIS NUR , AMARIA WIDI , FITRIATIN BETTY NATALIE , MUDAKIR IMAM , BANERJEE SAON
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Hindersah R, Asyiah IN, Amaria W, Fitriatin BN, Mudakir I, Banerjee S. 2025. Enhanced mycorrhiza helper bacterial inoculant for improving the health of Arabica coffee seedlings grown in nematode-infected soil. Biodiversitas 26: 127-124. The Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Mycorrhiza Helper Bacteria (MHB) combine to combat the Pratylenchus coffeae nematode infection on coffee plantations sustainably and synergistically. Additionally, AMF facilitates the availability of phosphorus in plants. The objectives of present study are to formulate an enhanced MHB liquid inoculant containing Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas diminuta, and to test its efficacy in controlling P. coffeae in roots, improving P status in soil and plants, and promoting the growth of Arabica coffee seedlings infested with the nematodes. MHB liquid inoculant was enhanced by optimizing molasses, nitrogen, phosphorus, and MHB concentrations. The five treatments were used, and five replications were in a randomized block-design greenhouse experiment to investigate the AMF Glomus agregatum and MHB inoculant. The improved substrate for MHB liquid inoculant comprised 2% molasses, 0.05% NH4Cl, and 0.1% KH2PO4, with a 2:3 initial volume ratio of B. subtilis and P. diminuta. Scaling up the MHB inoculant in the 2 L reactor boosted the bacterial population to 1010 CFU/mL and the P content to 100 mg/kg. Applying 200 AMF spores and 109 CFU/mL MHB increased leaf number, plant P uptake, and soil P while decreasing root damage and nematode population in soil and roots. Combined AMF and MHB reduced P. coffeae infestation in roots by 70.79% and increased P content in soil and plants by 57.2% and 61.9%, respectively.
Composition and role of ants (Formicidae) as indicators of habitat conditions in different stands in urban forest, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: BUDIAMAN BUDIAMAN , NURAENI SITTI , NURHAINI NURHAINI , PRASTIYO ANDI
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Budiaman, Nuraeni S, Nurhaini, Prastiyo A. 2025. Composition and role of ants (Formicidae) as indicators of habitat conditions in different stands in urban forest, Makassar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 145-152. Urban forests provide ecological services such as air, microclimate, and environmental biodiversity, ecosystems in urban areas, assessing their quality and health through ecological indicators such as ants (Formicidae), which are very sensitive to habitat changes and serve as effective bioindicators for urban forest management sustainable. This research aims to identify the diversity and distribution of ant species and assess the potential of ants as ecological indicators of environmental conditions in urban forests. Sampling was done in three different stands: teak (Gmelina arborea), suren (Toona sureni), and mahogany (Swietenia mahagoni). The trap method uses a pitfall trap to collect ant specimens, which were then identified. Data analysis was carried out by calculating diversity, dominance, abundance, and evenness indices, as well as further analysis using correlation and principal component analysis (PCA). The results showed that there was significant variation in ant species composition among various stand types with 9 species, 6 genera, and 3 subfamilies. Species from the Camponotus genus dominate in urban forests, with Camponotus virulens dominating in teak stands, Camponotus sp. in suren stands, and Pheidole plagiaria in mahogany stands. The findings of the correlation analysis demonstrated a highly significant and positive relationship between humidity and ant dominance (0.989). This suggests that humidity is the environmental factor that exerts the greatest influence on the increased dominance of specific species. Furthermore, the very strong and positive relationship between diversity (H') and evenness (E) (0.943) indicates that ecosystems with high diversity tend to have a more even distribution of species. PCA analysis revealed a relationship between ant species composition and environmental factors such as temperature and humidity. The differences in ant species (Formicidae) composition across various stand types in the Makassar city forest are influenced by environmental conditions, such as temperature and humidity, making them suitable ecological indicators for assessing habitat quality and urban forest ecosystem health. This information supports sustainable urban forest management and biodiversity conservation efforts in urban environments, highlighting the importance and significance of ants in ecological studies.
Isolation and potential evaluation of organophosphate-indigenous degrading fungi from Singolangu Farmland, Magetan, Indonesia
Authors: PUJIATI PUJIATI , HERTANTI HERTANTI , KISWARDIANTA R. BEKTI , FATIMAH FATIMAH , RAMADHAN RICO , NI'MATUZAHROH NI'MATUZAHROH
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Pujiati, Hertanti, Kiswardianta RB, Fatimah, Ramadhan R, Ni’matuzahroh. 2025. Isolation and potential evaluation of organophosphate-indigenous degrading fungi from Singolangu Farmland, Magetan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 157-168. Pesticide use is prevalent in Indonesian agriculture, especially in vegetable farming regions like Singolangu Hamlet, Sarangan Village, Plaosan, Magetan, East Java. While pesticides effectively control pests, their overuse and misuse have caused soil contamination, health disruptions, and decreased agricultural productivity. This study examines the potential of indigenous fungi from Singolangu to remediate soil polluted by organophosphate pesticides, specifically chlorpyrifos and profenofos. Twelve indigenous mold isolates were isolated and ex-situ bioaugmentation was performed with six treatments. The levels of N, P, K, pH, and organophosphate pesticide residues were analyzed. Aspergillus flavus was the most effective in bioremediation, achieving significant results within four weeks and displaying N, P, K, pH values of 101 ppm, 99 ppm, 306 ppm, and 6, respectively. The KPSK Formula (a mixture of all Fungi KPS1 to KPS12 ) which utilized a 12-isolate consortium, also showed significant results, with N, P, K, and pH values of 57 ppm, 59 ppm, 138 ppm, and 6, respectively. The control soil had 150 ppm of chlorpyrifos and 29 ppm of profenofos left over from the pesticides, but the bioremediation treatment KPS3 lowered these levels to 97 ppm of chlorpyrifos and 5.5 ppm of profenofos. This study indicates that indigenous fungi can efficiently degrade profenofos and chlorpyrifos pesticides, either individually or in consortium.
Optimization and molecular identification of PUA-14 bacterial isolate from protease-producing mangrove waters
Authors: Ananta Yorasakhi , Alamsjah Feskaharny , Agustien Anthoni
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Ananta Y, Alamsjah F, Agustien A. 2025. Optimization and molecular identification of PUA-14 bacterial isolate from protease-producing mangrove waters. Biodiversitas 26: 190-198. Protease enzymes, the hydrolase enzymes that break down proteins into simpler molecules, are a vital component of the food, pharmaceutical, and other chemical industries. By selecting microorganisms as enzyme producers, we can meet the high demand for enzymes and promote sustainable production. This study aimed to determine the optimum conditions for protease production by protease-producing PUA-14 bacterial isolates from mangrove waters and to identify the isolates through biomolecular analysis. We conducted laboratory experiments to optimize protease production by varying carbon sources, nitrogen sources, trace elements, and inoculum concentrations. The optimization process employed the One Factor at A Time (OFAT) approach and the Central Composite Design (CCD) within the framework of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) using Design Expert 13 software. Furthermore, biomolecular analyses, including DNA isolation, amplification, and sequencing, were performed to identify the bacterial isolates. The study identified the optimum conditions for protease production by the PUA-14 bacterial isolate are 0.5% lactose, 2.5% NaNO3, Zn as the trace element, and 2.5% inoculum concentration. Molecular analysis confirms the similarity of the PUA-14 bacterial isolate to Bacillus pseudomycoides strain LB-AsDX1-3. These research findings not only provide a foundation for future research but also have immediate practical implications, highlight the potential for sustainable enzyme production under optimized conditions, and support a wide range of industrial applications.
Antibacterial activity of phyllospheric bacteria isolated from Rhizophora mucronata against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis
Authors: RIZQOH DEBIE , YOLANDA SILVA DWI , NUGRAHENI ENNY , SIPRIYADI SIPRIYADI , ULYANDARI MELLYTA , WIBOWO RIZKY HADI , OKTOVIANI OKTOVIANI , DJATMIKO ELLEN MAIDIA , PUTRI ANNISA AMELIA
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Rizqoh D, Yolanda SD, Nuhraheni E, Sipriyadi, Ulyandari M, Wibowo RH, Oktoviani, Djatmiko EM, Putri AA. 2025. Antibacterial activity of phyllospheric bacteria isolated from Rhizophora mucronata against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Biodiversitas 26: 199-210. The treatment of bacterial infection often involves the administration of antibiotics. However, the increasing use of antibiotics has led to bacterial resistance. The black mangrove Rhizophora mucronata is a vital biological resource containing bioactive compounds with potential antibacterial properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the antibacterial potential of phyllospheric bacteria from R. mucronata leaves against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. The study was carried out using descriptive experimental research. In the initial stage, phylospheric bacteria were isolated from the leaves of R. mucronata using serial dilution method. The results showed that a total of 641 colonies were isolated from R. mucronata. Out of them, 53 dominant phyllospheric bacterial isolates were identified, which exhibit regular round shape with smooth edges colonies, flat elevation, moist texture and produce yellow color pigment. Gram staining revealed 42 Gram-positive and 11 Gram-negative bacterial isolates. The antibacterial activity test showed that 10 isolates had the ability to inhibit the growth of E. coli, 6 isolates inhibited the growth of B. subtilis and 3 isolates inhibited both bactera. Among 19 isolates, three isolates, namely BF1, BF4, and BF17 showed the best antimicrobial activity. The result of phytochemical tests revealed that all the crude extracts contained alkaloid, tannins, and saponins. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed potential metabolites, such as: [3,4-D]pyrimidine-5,7-dione, cyclo (L-Pro-L-Val), maculosin, 2,3,4-Trihydroxybenzaldehyde (TBA), phenethyl alcohol (PEA) tryptophol, benzene ethanol and benzeneacetic acid. The present study concluded that phyllospheric bacteria produce several active compounds that can inhibit bacterial growth.
The study of diversity and distribution of bats in several fragmented forests and small adjacent islands in Batam City, Riau Island, Indonesia
Authors: SYAMSI FAUZIAH , NOVARINO WILSON , DAHELMI DAHELMI , CHAIRUL CHAIRUL
Published: February 2025

Abstract. Syamsi F, Novarino W, Dahelmi, Chairul. 2025. The study of diversity and distribution of bats in several fragmented forests and small adjacent islands in Batam City, Riau Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 223-232. Bats are ecologically and taxonomically diverse and crucial in tropical ecosystems, including on islands. This study compares bat diversity in fragmented forests on urban islands and adjacent islands connected by bridges to assess the impact of urbanization on bat populations, providing insights for conservation and habitat management. We sampled bats across four sites in Batam City, Indonesia, including two secondary forests (SF1 and SF2) and two small islands (SI1 and SI2). Using 120 harp trap nights and 120 net nights, we captured 429 bats representing 15 species and 4 families. Our findings revealed moderate bat diversity (H' 1.02 to 1.66), with SF1 being the most stable habitat, showing balanced species richness, evenness (0.72), and low dominance (0.24), indicating an evenly distributed community. The Bray-Curtis Similarity index indicated that SF1 had a distinct bat community with only 58% similarity to other habitats. Notably, two near-threatened species were found in SF1, emphasizing its ecological significance. The study suggests that fragmented forests with healthy vegetation and habitat complexity surrounding urban areas are more supportive of bat populations than small islands with limited resources. These results highlight the need for targeted conservation efforts in forest fragments surrounding urban areas to preserve bat diversity in Batam City, Riau Island, Indonesia.