bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digital Payment Dynamics: Analyzing UPI Adoption, Usage, and Security Concerns in Bhagalpur, Bihar
Authors: Kumar Avnish
Published: September 2024

This study investigates the adoption and usage patterns of Unified Payment Interface (UPI) digital payments among 150 respondents from Bhagalpur district in Bihar. The survey reveals that UPI has widespread acceptance across diverse demographic groups, with a majority of users aged 20-39, predominantly male, and well-educated. The income levels of respondents vary, with a significant portion earning less than ₹100,000 annually, while others have higher incomes. Usage patterns indicate that UPI is used for various purposes, including money transfers, bill payments, and marketing, with 50% of users favoring Phone Pe as the most trusted application. Despite the general comfort with digital payments, concerns about fraud are prevalent, with 22% of respondents having experienced fraud, contributing to a sense of insecurity among 35% of users. Nevertheless, the majority of users report feeling secure and are increasingly integrating UPI into their daily transactions. The findings suggest that while India is progressing towards a cashless economy, addressing security concerns and enhancing user trust are crucial for further adoption. Recommendations include strengthening security measures, improving customer support, targeting low-income users, expanding rural outreach, incentivizing safe usage, and enhancing user satisfaction.
Juridical Position of the Legal Entity Endowment of the Jaga Garaga Institution
Authors: Hasan Nugraha Pratama , Hirsannudin  , Suhartana Lalu Wira Pria
Published: September 2024

This thesis analyzes the endowment of a legal entity of the Jaga Garaga Foundation. This type of research is normative research. After the analysis was conducted, the researcher obtained the Establishment Deed of the Jaga Garaga Foundation Number 30 dated November 4, 2010, documents of meeting decision statement, meeting minutes, and deed of meeting decision statement number 82 and number 67, all of these documents in the form of copies. The results show that if a foundation is endowed, transferred, and given, it is considered legally null and void against all provisions and literature contained in the Foundation Law. The problem arises when a legal violation occurs within the foundation's articles of association, whose provisions do not comply with foundation laws, then the unlawful act becomes binding on the parties who commit it. Therefore, it is necessary to have an understanding of the foundation's organs and Notaries in taking steps when designing, deciding, and establishing articles of association within the foundation. It is necessary to pay attention to the clauses and literature of a legal act within the articles of association before it is enforced and determined as valid and absolute.
Rāgadhāri Musical Influence of Radio Operas in Sri Lanka; With Special Reference to ‘Ulpata Gīta Nātakaya’
Authors: Subhash G. K.
Published: September 2024

Ulpata Gīta Nātakaya is a Radio opera in Sri Lanka. It was broadcast in 1958. Radio Opera is an independent musical genre in Sri Lanka. Sri Chandrarathna Manawasinghe is the playwright of this Opera. The music composers of this opera are W.D. Amaradeva and P. Dunston de Silva. The objectives of this study are to identify how the Rāga concept has been used in composing songs; to investigate the contemporary situations, which affected to create the musical content of the Ulpatha Radio opera on the Indian music tradition. Accordingly, the research problem of this study was how to identify the utilization of Indian Rāgadhāri music of the Ulpatha Gīta Nātakaya. This study was done under the qualitative approach. Listening to the original audio recordings and semi- structured interviews were used under primary data sources. Journals, scholarly articles and secondary books were used under the secondary sources. Data analysis was done using qualitative methods. This study revealed that melodies associated with North Indian Rāgadhāri music were used for the content of the Ulpatha Radio Opera. Some melodies are inspired by one raga and others have a mix of several ragas. These melodies can be identified as creative independent melodies, which are associated with ragas. There are several reasons for the use of Rāgadhāri melodies in the background of the play 'Ulpatha' as a creation, which has a local identity. It seems that the socio-cultural factors such as the background of the Indian music education of the composers and the consideration of Indian music as a great tradition have influenced it. Accordingly, the Ulpatha Radio Opera can be identified as a creation with a unique musical usage.
A Medico-Sociological Study on Postpartum Depression: Wedum Gei Sanniya
Authors: Pavithra K. K. H.
Published: September 2024

Postpartum depression is a medical condition faced by some mothers during pregnancy, influenced by cultural values and norms in the Asian Sri Lankan context. This research aimed to investigate the medical and sociological aspects of the healthcare system and treatment conditions for postpartum depression. A sample of 25 respondents, including 20 people from rural and urban areas, was selected for the study. Data analysis was conducted using 20 in-depth interviews and 5 semi-structured interviews. The study found a clear difference between traditional treatment methods in the western medical system and traditional methods in Sri Lankan rural society. About 40% of the sample resorted to treatment in the rural knowledge system, while the remaining 60% relied solely on western medicine. In rural Sri Lankan society, postpartum depression is analyzed through supernatural forces and interpersonal relationships, with chemical methods being used for remedies. However, postpartum depression in urban society tends to shift away from indigenous wisdom-based cultural healing systems and towards Western medical treatments. The research findings suggest that while Western medicine is used in environments affected by modernization and urbanization, alternative medicine is still used in rural areas. The power of the Western medicine system in Sri Lanka should be examined, as it may continue to be based on modernity and urbanization.
The Belief in Pullayar among Agrarian People in Ampara District, Sri Lanka
Authors: Wickramanayake T. Y. D. , Samarasekara K. M. S.
Published: September 2024

Worship of deities takes a specific position among the religious beliefs related to agriculture. The Pullayar deity belief with agriculture specially can be seen in Northern Province and Nuwarakalaviya in the North Central Province of Sri Lanka. The study investigates the significance of the Pullayar deity belief among the agricultural community in Ampara District. It also focusses on the ways in which the agricultural practices of farmers, socio-cultural identities, and customs are influenced by the deity belief system. The main objective of the research was to examine the contemporary condition of Pullayar deity belief associated with agriculture in the Ampara District. The two Grama Niladari (GN) divisions of Galahitiyagoda and Udayagiriya belonging to Uhana Divisional Secretariat in Ampara district were used as the study areas. Data required for the research was collected using forty (40) farmers selected from the study area under random sampling method. Participatory observation and unstructured interviews were used to gather data. Pullayar worship is closely linked with the agricultural practices of Ampara district. Here farmers perform specific rituals for a successful harvest. Among the farming folk beliefs of Ampara, the Pullayar deity worship is uniquely adapted to protect the land from fertility and natural calamities. According to the farmers in this area, it is customary to worship the Buddha as well as Gambara Devi before doing any task in the paddy fields. As a special offering for pullayar deity, farmers offer coconut and let the pots overflow with milk as a ritual. It is performed by them for the protection of their fields and cattle. Pullayar rituals foster collective social cohesion. Strengthens community bonds through shared spiritual practices. Worship as well reveals a gendered division of religious duties, with men leading agricultural rituals and women maintaining household shrines. Therefore, this society reflects a balanced role of spiritual practices across genders. Though, Pullayar deity worship can be regarded as a particular cultural aspect that is unique to the agrarian economic system in this area and still exists now.
Yabancı Dil Olarak Türkçe Öğretiminde Podcast (Sesli Yayın) Kullanımının Dinleme Kaygısına ve Dinleme Öz Yeterlik Algısına Etkisi
Authors: Ağca Hilal , Aktaş Elif
Published: September 2024

ÖZ: Bu çalışmada yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretiminde podcast (sesli yayın) kullanımının dinleme kaygısına ve dinleme öz yeterlik algısına etkisinin tespiti amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubu, İstanbul Medipol Üniversitesi Türkçe Hazırlık Okulunda yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğrenen B1 düzeyindeki 43 öğrenciden (23 deney, 20 kontrol) oluşmaktadır. Çalışmada nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden ön test-son test denkleştirilmemiş kontrol gruplu yarı deneysel desen kullanılmıştır. Deneysel uygulama sürecinde deney grubundaki öğrencilere altı hafta süreyle her hafta iki podcast olmak üzere ses dosyaları iletilmiş ve aynı süreç içinde üç farklı mobil uygulamaya aynı podcast dosyaları yüklenmiştir. Kontrol grubundaki öğrencilerle ise mevcut dinleme metinleri ve etkinlikleriyle derslere devam edilmiştir. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak ‘Yabancı Dilde Dinleme Kaygısı Ölçeği’ ve ‘Yabancı Dil Olarak Türkçe Dinleme Becerisi Öz Yeterlik Ölçeği’ kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde bağımlı ve bağımsız gruplar t testi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda sesli yayınların Türkçeyi yabancı dil olarak öğrenenlerin dinleme kaygısına olumlu yönde etki ettiği tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca sesli yayınların dinleme öz yeterlik algısı ölçeği ‘üst düzey-değerlendirme’ alt boyutunun deney grubu lehine anlamlı bir fark oluşturduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonuçları doğrultusunda yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğrenenlerin özellikle dinleme becerilerini geliştirmek için sesli yayınların etkili bir şekilde kullanılması gerektiği önerilmektedir.
Anahtar sözcükler: yabancı dil olarak Türkçe öğretimi, podcast/sesli yayın, dinleme kaygısı, dinleme öz yeterlik algısı
DAMPAK GAME ONLINE TERHADAP PSIKOSOSIAL REMAJA DI KELURAHAN KAMONJI
Authors: Rahmadiani Rahmadiani
Published: September 2024

Kecanggihan ilmu teknologi membawa perubahan yang sangat pesat diberbagai aspek kehidupan. Salah satu contoh kemajuan teknologi yang tersedia bagi remaja saat ini adalah internet. Internet memberikan banyak manfaat bagi penggunanya. Tetapi disamping maanfaat penggunaanya, juga memberikan dampak negatif seperti masalah psikososial pada remaja. Masalah psikososial pada remaja akibat dari penggunaan internet sebagai sarana hiburan seperti Game Online.  Dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana bermain game online memengaruhi kesehatan mental remaja menjadi fokus penelitian ini.  Pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif digunakan, bersama dengan pengumpulan data melalui wawancara, observasi, dan catatan tertulis.  Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan dampak menguntungkan dari bermain game online online, dan juga menunjukkan bahwa generasi muda dapat memperoleh uang dengan bermain game online online. Namun game online lebih banyak memberikan dampak negatif pada remaja, salah satunya yaitu menimbulkan masalah psikososial. Masalah psikososial yang dialami remaja pengguna game online seperti, menghabiskan waktu kepada game online , komunikasi yang pasif pada orang disek
Challenges Faced by Beginner Instructors and their Influence on Job Performance at University Level
Authors: Shabbier Quarttulain , Shoukat lubna
Published: September 2024

This study deals with the challenges of novice teachers and their impact on professional performance. Moreover, novice instructors are those who are starting their careers and are in the learning stage. Furthermore, they have less than five years of experience and they face both internal and external challenges that have an impact on job performance. The population of the study comprises all novice teachers of the Islamia University of Bahawalpur. The sample of the study consisted of 210 novice teachers randomly selected from the population. Data was collected through a questionnaire and collected data was organized and interpreted as mean score, frequency score, and percentage. The main recommendation of the study was the supportive behavior of senior teachers and an encouraging job environment helpful in novice teachers' job performance.
Factors Influencing the Slow Rate of Postgraduate Degree Completion: A Case of University of Peshawar, Pakistan
Authors: Begum Maryam , Khan Parveen , Ullah Sabeeh
Published: September 2024

The study examines the factors that contribute to the slow rate of postgraduate degree completion at the University of Peshawar-Pakistan. For this purpose, the perspectives of 52 students, both male and female at different postgraduate levels were gathered using a survey questionnaire. The findings reveal that personal factors, such as untimely correction submissions, research topic selection problems, and funding constraints significantly contribute to the slow rate of postgraduate degree completion. Additionally, the student-supervisor relationship and institutional factors including bureaucratic processes, communication gaps, and complicated evaluation processes play crucial roles in the delay. Our study recommends that research competencies, secure financial resources, and flexible study models should be enhanced for the students. Moreover, supervisors are urged to refine their supervision skills, while the institute should create a supportive research environment and reconsider outdated evaluation processes.
To Explore the Practice of Translingual Pedagogies for Second Language Teaching in Multilingual Classrooms: Students' Perspective
Authors: Zafar Shabana , Murad Amna , Mushtaq Zakia
Published: September 2024

In a multilingual classroom where students have diverse linguistic backgrounds, teaching in the English language is very challenging, especially when the medium of instruction is English or a second language. There are a number of research studies focused on this linguistic issue. One of the emerging strategies to deal with multilingual students is translanguaging where students can build their own repertoire of language to make and build meaning. This study will focus on the student’s perspective about translingual pedagogy. The questionnaire will be used to investigate if the students were given the chances of translingual strategies, and effective they thought those strategies were. The observations will help to get the data from another angle. The results provide the data that students are mostly in favor of the translingual strategies yet they are not provided much chance to use the native language.
Measuring Secondary School Teachersâ€™ Competency in the Subject of English
Authors: Arshad Muhammad , Amir Muhammad , Naqvi Syed Waseem Ul Haq
Published: September 2024

This study examines the qualifications of secondary school English teachers in South Punjab, Pakistan. It emphasizes the central role of teachers in education, emphasizing that their effectiveness is linked to their knowledge, skills, and attitude awareness. Competency standards are divided into academic skills, professional skills, and personal skills. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire based on a 5-point Likert scale, and observations, which ensured reliability. The sample consisted of 3600 high school students, equally distributed across gender and urban/rural areas. Results showed that although the teachers are competent in many areas, they lack the knowledge to teach the vocabulary components, oral communication with correct pronunciation and intonation, and assessment of student work. In addition, teachers strive to provide quality care to students. Studies have recommended needs-based training for teachers to address these weaknesses.
Navigating News Consumption on Social Media: Exploring the Impact of Demographics on Digital Literacy
Authors: Kiran Ayesha , Yousaf Muhammad , Yousaf Zahid
Published: September 2024

This study intends to evaluate the impact of demographic variables on digital literacy. A cross-sectional research design was employed to explore impact of demographic variables on digital literacy. Data from respondents was collected through survey method. The researchers used purposive sampling to select media professionals who met specific criteria, as well as convenience sampling to select students who were easily accessible. We chose 200 participants, consisting of 100 individuals from the media industry and an equal number of students. The results indicated that there were notable disparities in digital literacy based on age and level of education. Younger individuals with higher levels of education demonstrated greater proficiency in digital literacy. The study emphasizes critical role of digital literacy in media consumption and need for targeted educational interventions to address digital literacy deficiencies.
A Comparative Study of Legal Framework in Educational Counselling in Finland and Pakistan
Authors: - Shabnam , Baig Mirza Shahid Rizwan
Published: September 2024

Examining the efficacious educational counseling regulations in Pakistan and Finland for appropriate secondary student assistance was the primary goal of the study. The adoption of appropriate counseling activities as the primary academic curriculum in our schools and colleges is necessary due to the expansion of technology- skilled-based practices. To create rules and policies for educational institutions that will ensure high-quality instruction and aworkforce of productive kids, it is necessary to review the regulatory bodies that oversee education. It is still not clear if counseling in educational institutions is allowed under the current legal framework. It is possible to use some laws or acts on educational counseling that are in place throughout the world (such as Finland) as model legislation for similar acts that would be proposed for our own national education policy.
Effects of Social Education on Students Performance at Stage of Secondary Standard in District Mianwali: A Quantitative Analysis Study
Authors: Bibi Shazia , Zunaira Fatima Syeda , Parveen Abida
Published: September 2024

Education gives the opportunity to develop their social skills and improve their socio-economic status. (Hendrik, 2019). The research study's goals were to: (1) determine how social education affected pupils; (2) ascertain teachers' attitudes toward social education; and (3) pinpoint the elements that contribute to the social development of students. Moreover, it was descriptive in nature. The target population of the study was all the public sector secondary school teachers of District Mianwali. Simple random sampling technique 4200 teachers of secondary schools were chosen for the population of the research. The simple random technique was used to select the sample; around 200 teachers were selected for the present research. The tool of research was used to collect the data; it was a self- developed tool. The percentage, mean, standard deviation and t-test were among the descriptive and inferential statistics employed by the researcher. Through analysis, it found that the participants are more need to aware of social education.
Evaluating the Implementation and Challenges of the Single National Curriculum at the Primary Level in District Jhelum
Authors: Moin Muhammad , Chaudhry Abid Ghafoor
Published: September 2024

A salient policy move in Pakistan emerged with the conception and foundation of the Single National Curriculum (SNC), to standardize the educational content and ensure educational equity in the country. This study aims to look at the implementation of the SNC at the primary level in District Jhelum, focusing on problems that have occurred during this time and the validity of the policy. It adopted a mixed-method study design that used questionnaires and interviews to gather quantitative and qualitative data on resource allocation, teacher training, curriculum acceptance, and involvement of stakeholders. Obstacles to the implementation of the SNC are shown to be resource inadequacy, lack of teacher training, and lack of commitment from stakeholders. The study draws a conclusion for policy change and further research.
An In-Depth Exploration of the Empowerment Experiences and Their Impact on Personal Growth of Female Lecturers
Authors: Fatima Beenish , Athar Shamaila , Azeem Athar
Published: September 2024

Women in Pakistan face numerous challenges because of the rigid patriarchal structure. However, their economic self sufficiency gives them autonomy in different aspects of their life. This study aimed to investigate the empowerment experiences among female lecturers in colleges in the district of Bhakkar, Punjab. Twelve participants were sampled using a purposive sampling technique and were interviewed to share their experiences. The findings were analyzed using the thematic analysis approach. Under two main themes—empowerment experiences and their impact on personal growth—the findings revealed that female lecturers feel empowered in relation to domestic decision-making and control over their salary. However, most of them face limitations in their freedom of movement. Furthermore, their increased level of empowerment has led to improved self-worth and confidence. It is recommended that policymakers devise policies to integrate women into the economic sector to enhance their well-being as well as that of society as a whole.
A Critical Analysis of the Regulations and Process of Appointment of Vice-Chancellors at Higher Education Institutions in Pakistan
Authors: Farukh Hafiz Quaisar Mahmood , Rehman Hafiz Aziz-ur-
Published: September 2024

In post Eighteenth Amendment era higher education became a provincial subject, limiting the Federal HEC's role to maintaining standards. However, only two provinces have established their Higher Education Commissions with limited power. Various university acts have loopholes regarding appointments of vice- chancellors, leading to some appointments being nullified by higher courts due to procedural non-compliance. The lack of clear rules for higher level appointments negatively impacts lower levels, necessitating a robust legislative framework. It is crucial to appoint permanent vice-chancellors for all vacant positions in Higher Education Institutions. An effective and efficient regulatory and legislative framework for the higher education sector should involve all major stakeholders, including the Federal Government, Provincial Governments, university representatives, the National Finance Commission, and the Council of Common Interest. This collaboration is essential to address the current gaps and improve governance in higher education.
Investigating the Effect of Physical Training on Heart Rate Variability in Universit Male Players
Authors: Hussein Hurria , Iqbal Butt Muhammad Zafar , Tabassum Yasmeen
Published: September 2024

This study aimed to assess the impact of physical training on heart rate variability (HRV) in male university ergo rowing athletes and middle- and long-distance track and field athletes. Ninety athletes, aged 19 to 25, underwent an intensive 8-week training program. HRV measurements were taken at baseline, after 4 weeks, and at the end of the 8 weeks using a Polar H10 strap. Results showed significant decreases in HRV across all sports: ergo rowing saw a 60% decrease, middle-distance events a 61% decrease, and long-distance events a 75% decrease from pre- to post-intervention. These reductions indicate a high physiological response to intensive exercise, suggesting that structured training positively affects autonomic function and cardiovascular health. The findings highlight the importance of physical training in maintaining autonomic balance and overall cardiovascular health in athletes.
Online Education and its Relevance for Pakistan: A Case Study of Professional Development and Research Institute Pakistan (PDRI)
Authors: Shah Zahir
Published: September 2024

This article debates the need and importance of alternative education by comparing online and on-campus modes of learning. Focusing on the (PDRI) in Pakistan, which was shifted to online education during the pandemic, this research aims to determine the benefits and drawbacks of both methods. This research will further identify the role of AI in modern online education and the problems posed by the alternative methods. For extended access and flexibility in post-COVID Pakistan, e-learning has emerged as an important solution. It, however, comes with difficulties in technological participation barriers and quality assurance challenges. On-campus education offers face-to-face interaction and campus resources. This paper, therefore, argues for future research directions in the pursuit of hybrid models, addressing socio-cultural barriers by building digital literacy toward more inclusive education systems. These insights seek to enlighten stakeholders on how to establish an adaptable and resilient system of education for their digital future.
Model Curriculum for Life Skills Based Education (LSBE) for Children with Intellectual Challenges
Authors: Elahi Maidaa Saboor , Hameed Abdul , Hassan Syeda Seerat
Published: September 2024

This article presents a comprehensive model curriculum for Life Skills-Based Education (LSBE) for children with intellectual challenges in Pakistan. The curriculum is developed through a mixed-method approach, including literature reviews, surveys, expert consultations, and focus group discussions. This proposed LSBE curriculum addresses essential life skills such as self-awareness, empathy, coping with emotions, critical thinking, decision-making/problem-solving, and communication. It underscores inclusive, student-centered approaches, making it adaptable to various educational settings. It aligns with global practices and integrates Islamic values. The curriculum aims to enhance the quality of life and foster the holistic development of children with intellectual challenges, promoting independence and inclusivity. It provides practical guidelines for educators, curriculum developers, and policymakers, serving as a crucial tool for advancing educational equity and improving life outcomes for children with intellectual challenges in diverse regional contexts.
Emotional Intelligence, Conflict Resolution and Self Efficacy among Children of Working and Non-Working Mothers
Authors: Huda Noor ul , Khan Muhammad Luqman , Afzal Samreen
Published: September 2024

Adolescents of working and non-working mothers are assessed for emotional intelligence, conflict resolution, and self-efficacy. Developmental features examined a sample of 200. The group was emotionally intelligent, 72–148, M 117.9, SD 15.4. Conflict resolution scores 36 to 54 averaged 45.0 (SD = 3.0), indicating moderate efficacy and low skewness. Average self-efficacy declined from 12 to 66 to 28.6 (SD = 5.7). Adolescents with non-working mothers scored higher on emotional intelligence (M = 121.65, SD = 13.55) than working mothers (M = 114.16, SD = 16.39), with a modest effect size. Adolescents of non-working parents had higher self-efficacy (M = 29.53, SD = 6.12) than working moms (M = 27.81, SD = 5.20) with a small to moderate effect size (Cohen's d = 0.3 Adolescent emotional intelligence and self-efficacy are higher in non-working mothers. Because parental employment influences adolescent development, working women's families need interventions.
Exploring the Impact of Social Media on the Mental Health of University Students
Authors: Shahzadi Aqsa Iram , Farooq Muhammad , Fazail Amna
Published: September 2024

The number of students using sites for interaction with one another has significantly increased. The massive use of social media among university students is an alarming situation that is causing harm to mental health. This research aims to find out that social media addiction causes some major factors that damage students' irregular sleeping patterns, attitudes, and behaviors. Social media users make and share content for a brief period of time, adding content that enables them to project the perfect image that has a significant impact on their mental health and life satisfaction. The findings show a strong connection between social media use and sleeping patterns and a considerable correlation between mental health and sleep patterns. Additionally, 36.3% of them reported going to bed between 12 am and 1 am respectively. Hence, 29.8% of them claimed their use of social networking sites as the reason for their later bedtime.
Learning by Doing: Hands-on Activities for Learning Mathematical Concepts at ECE Level
Authors: Khan Bahram , Hussain Syed Nasir
Published: September 2024

This study was designed to examine the effects of hands-on activities on mathematical concepts at ECE level. The main objective of this study was to increase students’ understanding about early mathematical concepts through hands-on activities. Nursery class of Government Primary School Kotkay Puran Shangla KPK was selected for the study as a sample. The nature of the study demanded an experimental research design and one-group pre-test post-test design was used. The test was conducted before teaching through hands-on activities and after to see the effects. In 45 classes the treatment was completed. Pre-test and post-test were the same. The results of paired sample t-test provide evidence of significant differences which show that students’ learning of mathematical concepts was raised when taught through hands-on activities. This study recommends emphasizing the importance of hands-on activities while teaching at ECE level.
Professional Growth Pathways for Primary School Teachers in Multi-grade Environment: Challenges and Solutions
Authors: Bashir Asma , Mohyuddin Rabiah , Akhtar Samina
Published: September 2024

The main objective of the current research was to investigate the professional development of teachers in public schools who teach in classes with several grade levels. Professional development is a crucial aspect of effective multi-grade teaching. Multi-grade teaching is believed to have a substantial influence on both instruction and learning. A descriptive research method was used for the study. The study population consisted of 200 government school instructors, from which a sample of 496 teachers was randomly chosen using simple random sampling. The selection was made from public schools in the Ziarat area of Balochistan, Pakistan. The data were subjected to analysis using factor analysis,ANOVA,and chi-square test. The research findings suggest that instructors with expertise and pedagogical abilities achieve higher levels of teaching and learning outcomes in multi-grade classes. The study suggested that the administration should arrange training programs to augment the pedagogical knowledge and proficiency of instructors in schools.
Impact of Privatization of Government Schools on Quality and Access to Education: Perceptions of Stakeholders
Authors: Haider Naeem , Gul Fariha , Amjad Faisal
Published: September 2024

The government has announced a policy for the privatization of government schools recently. This announcement has raised many concerns about the already compromised quality of education and access to education locally. The current study is an effort to explore the perceptions of teachers, administrators, and parents on the aforementioned phenomenon. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews with the respondents selected on the basis of convenience. Later, the themes were generated through transcription and thematic analysis. The responses indicate dissatisfaction of all stakeholders about privatization. The administrators are not clear about their responsibility, teachers are more concerned about their job structure while parents are more concerned about access to education. The study recommends a large-scale study for exploring the concerns and thus reviewing the policy.
The Role of Mother Tongue and its Impact on Learning English Grammar at Elementary Level
Authors: Waheed Abdul , Khan irfan Ullah , Hussain Mudassir
Published: September 2024

A mother tongue plays a fundamental role in the use of other languages. The research was carried out to determine the influence of the Pashto language (L1) on the acquisition of English grammar at the elementary level in District Karak. This study employed the detailed procedure of thematic analysis technique and the Pretest-Post-test Equivalent-Groups Design for experimental design. The participants were grouped using convenient and random sampling techniques. It was found that a significant difference was observed between the scores of post-tests of the control group as well as the experimental group when the result of both groups was compared. Learners of the investigational group surpassed the learners of the control group in the domain of this particular component of grammar. It is recommended that the government should induct English teachers of the mother tongue of the learners so that they may utilize the mother tongue of the learners while teaching English grammar to their students.
Cultivating the Competencies: An Examination of Learning Skills in Elementary Education
Authors: Siddique Zafar , Amanat Ishaq , Saleem Khalid
Published: September 2024

The learning skills cover numerous abilities toward learning, understanding, and applying knowledge. These skills generally include critical thinking, problem-solving, creativity, collaboration, communication, information literacy, and adaptability. This study was designed to determine the extent to which learning skills have been integrated into the Single National Curriculum (SNC) for elementary education and to collect qualitative data about how workable this integration is. A qualitative document analysis approach and interviews of Elementary School Teachers were used to collect data. The findings indicated that learning skills are being integrated into the SNC but, students do not apply them to their daily lives. The reasons for this problem are several: untrained teachers, insufficiency of resources, heavy pressure of society on grades, outworn methods of teaching, less use of technology, community, and parental support, and most importantly, a vast difference between the curriculum design and its actual implementation.
Impact of Reflective Practice on the Successful Implementation of Teacher Education Programs: A Case Study of Punjab Province
Authors: Naz Bushra , Aftab Muhammad Javed , Sarfraz Abdul Haseeb
Published: September 2024

The study set out to investigate the relationship between reflective practice and the successful implementation of teacher education programs in Punjab. A quantitative research design was applied. The numerical data was collected to find the patterns and relationships regarding reflective practice and its effects. Teachers from different educational levels within the Punjab Education Department comprised the population, and we selected a sample of 250 teachers through simple random sampling to ensure representativeness. Data was collected using a self-developed questionnaire, including closed-ended questions to capture comprehensive insights. Expert review and factor analysis ensured the validity of the tool, and Cronbach's alpha and test-retest methods assessed its reliability. The results demonstrated a positive correlation between reflective practice and teaching effectiveness, confidence, and classroom management. Besides, the demographic analyses indicated that senior teachers and those in rural areas saw greater benefits from reflective practices. To maximize professional development, reflective practice requires customized programs and collaborative cultures, according to the study.
Writing Anxiety: Why do IELTS Test Takers Fail to Obtain their Desired Band Scores?
Authors: Kakar Rahmat Ullah , Marwari Badal Ram , Bhutto Mir Allah Dino
Published: September 2024

Numerous individuals with varied backgrounds (doctors, engineers, IT professionals) either want to study in an English-speaking country or want to immigrate there. Hence they have to attempt an English proficiency test –IELTS –that requires good proficiency in writing, alongside listening, reading, and speaking. However writing has been an uphill task leading the test-takers to multiple retakes. Therefore this study is conducted to investigate the level and kind of anxiety associated with writing. The contributors to this study are 38 IELTS aspirants who have been training for IELTS through self-study and a well-known institute in Karachi, Pakistan. Responses were accumulated through Google Forms, they were translated into pie charts and ultimately presented to readers. The outcomes demonstrate that practices of learners and teachers in this context are aligned with the set standards but with minor faults. Findings of this study are essential for the IELTS aspirants as well as IELTS instructors.
Effectiveness of Continuous Professional Development Teachers-Training Programmes: From Trainee Teachers' Perspectives
Authors: Hussain Shah , Khan Iqbal Amin , Khan Munir
Published: September 2024

This study seeks to determine the effectiveness of continuous professional development (CPD) programs from trainee teachers' perspectives in the Malakand division. The researchers used a quantitative research approach to test hypotheses. A self-constructed questionnaire based on the opinion of trainee teachers was administered before and after the intervention (CPD). Data were collected from 266 trainee teachers in training centers in three districts of the Malakand division. The results revealed significant differences in the opinion of trainee teachers regarding content knowledge, instructional roles, ethics and professionalism, classroom management skills, and pedagogical knowledge. They perceived that after the training a significant increase took place in their perceptions regarding five constructs. The study recommended that trainee teachers as well as in-service teachers be provided ample chances to enhance their content, pedagogical, and content pedagogical skills. The government must provide a handsome amount for the conduction of CPD for teachers to equip them with modern teaching methods and skills.
Pakistan's Response to International Commitments Regarding Women's Rights: A Case Study of the 4th UPR Cycle
Authors: Fatima Kiran , Amin Muhammad Shahzad , Ali Anwar
Published: September 2024

Using the 4th UPR cycle as a contextual inquiry, this pilot project seeks to investigate Pakistan's approach to addressing global commitments on women's rights. The purpose of this study is to examine Pakistan's efforts to promote gender equality and inclusion of women and to assess how the nation has implemented the recommendations of the fourth UPR cycle. The researcher thoroughly reviewed the exercises and efforts undertaken by Pakistan to improve women's liberties, especially due to the recommendations made by the fourth UPR cycle. Its experts likely understood what these plans meant for women in Pakistan based on the specific strategies and projections that were formulated. The finding helped to determine the main components that hindered or affected the fruitful implementation of these commitments during the fourth UPR cycle. Furthermore, this study explored the manners through which grassroots developments and general society groups have fought for women's emancipation in Pakistan.
A Realist Perspective of the Iraq War after 9/11
Authors: Rahman Javaid-Ur- , Yousaf Zahid , Ali Arshad
Published: September 2024

The theory of relation is based on power politics. It gives importance to power and is related to achieving peace through power. Morgenthau believes the realism perspective is based upon a human's intrinsic nature. Thomas Hobbes in 'reductionisms as purpose' claim that inherently humans are bad. Power optimization is driving political realism and the balance of power maintains it. It is supposed that in the global system, the conflict between states is characterized by anarchy. In essence, human nature is anarchic, due to that everyone is in competition. In this study, the researchers attempt to throw light on different features of realism. It is discussed that the international system is more or less anarchical, as there is undisclosed competition every time. It is delineated that leaders are mainly involved in power politics After 9/11, George W. Bush, in order to gain power without consulting other countries chose to go for the Iraq War.
USA Espionage on Allies in Realm of Trust & Ethics
Authors: Naheed Maria , Shabbir Qurat-Ul-Ain
Published: September 2024

In the surge of violations of international law, the USA has been under the realm of abstruse introspection due to its unhinged efforts to destabilize the allied states' cyber networks. This abstract objectifies the maligned activities of the USA to possess control and command over its allies regardless of international standards of sovereignty and integrity. These practices abjure the trust and confidence building among nations, eroding their diplomatic, economic, and military relations. This research emphasizes the importance of historical events leading to the construction of the USA's robust and scrutinized policies regarding national and international security. Moreover, addressing international law, this paper emancipated the need for action against such violations. However, it also entails the policies and rules to regulate surveillance intelligence practices among alliances in order to ensure trust and retain diplomatic relations.
Aligning Housing Laws with UN Habitat's Mission: A Sustainable Development Goal Perspective
Authors: Baig Shahid Rizwan , Sarwar Lubna Ghulam
Published: September 2024

Aligning housing laws with the mission of UN-Habitat and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is essential for achieving sustainable urban development and enhancing global living standards. This paper examines how housing policies can be integrated with UN Habitat's goals and the SDGs, focusing on creating equitable, resilient, and sustainable urban environments. It addresses current challenges, including affordability, climate resilience, and social inclusion, and proposes solutions such as strengthening policy frameworks, improving financial mechanisms, promoting community engagement, and advancing environmental sustainability. The study identifies common barriers to effective policy alignment, such as financial constraints and outdated regulations, and offers actionable recommendations for policymakers and stakeholders. By aligning housing laws with global sustainability goals, the paper argues, we can better target SDGs related to sustainable cities, poverty reduction, and inequality, contributing to long-term sustainable development.
Maintainability of Writ Jurisdictions in Case of Public Sector Universities in Pakistan: An Appraisal of Master and Servant Doctrine Interpreted by Apex Courts
Authors: Farukh Quaisar Mahmood , Rehman Hafiz Aziz-ur-
Published: September 2024

The maintainability of writ jurisdiction in case of public sector universities is actually an accountability mechanism as Public sector universities get public funds in the form of budget support. These public institutions must be answerable before public as they are getting benefit of tax. The writ jurisdiction on the basis of statutory and non-statutory rules has become a bone of contention for university employees. No legislative mechanisms had been provided in post Eighteenth amendment era to address the grievances of university employees, therefore; courts had to fill the gap between Higher Education Institutions and their employees by interpreting the doctrine of Master and Servant sagaciously. There is a dire need to devise an effective & efficient regulatory and legislative framework for higher education sector while taking on board all major stakeholders i.e. Federal Government, Provincial governments, representative of universities, National Finance Commission and Council of Common Interest.
Transgender Rights in Pakistan: Navigating Legal Framework, Practices and Challenges
Authors: Fazeel Muhammad
Published: September 2024

Analyzing the philosophical foundation and practical realities of the Pakistani experience with transgender rights, this study aims to establish the successes, challenges, and potential directions for development. Over the last few years, the Pakistani legislators have enhanced the legal protection for Transgender Rights to a significant level. A landmark bill passed in 2018, the Transgender Persons (Protection of Rights) Act seeks to provide for the protection of the rights of the Trans populace. It would therefore be important to explore the real-life phenomenon of Pakistan's transgender persons, as a way of getting to know the application of the issues translated into real-life context. Regrettably, transgender people face prejudices, abuse, and social and employment ostracism in different settings at work, medical facilities, in their domicile, and in schools. People, and groups, both non-governmental and governmental, are dedicating their efforts towards solving such issues.
The Rise of Islamophobia in India: Violation of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedom of Indian Muslims
Authors: Khan Robina , Siddique Maryam , Abbas Zafar
Published: September 2024

This article examines Islamophobia in India and its impact on the human rights and basic liberties of Indian Muslims. Islamophobia is a new form of racism that has grown out of xenophobia, negative profiling, and stereotyping of Muslims. This article focuses upon the current state of Islamophobia, basic liberties, hate speech, discrimination, and violence against Muslims. These acts of prejudice, animosity, and violence against Muslim communities are major infringements on their human rights and a violation of their religious freedom. The BJP has been promoting a number of evil anti-Muslim policies, including discriminatory citizenship laws, the lynching of Muslims on suspicion of consuming or transporting beef and a ban on communal prayers. We conclude that the institutionalisation of Islamophobia through new laws and policies have a negative impact on Muslims’ human rights and religious freedom in India. Similarly, the media in India also promotes Islamophobia.
Hampering Originality: IP Laws in the USA in the Milieu of Generative Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Irfan Zia Ullah , Saleem Yabinda , Munir Bakht
Published: September 2024

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is leading to the replacement of human intellect by Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI), which is to be a new norm for redefining artistic and literary works not subject to human authorship. The IP laws, particularly in the USA, haven't proved to be dynamic enough to adapt to this fast-moving change. The existing IP laws seem unfair when seen through the prism of the rationale behind the protection of intellectual property in the wake of generative artificial intelligence. The article develops the argument that intellectual property laws especially copyright laws need to evolve to protect AI-generated works. Existing laws, don't protect AI-generated works on the pretext that a machine cannot have intellectual property rights. The article advocates and develops a rationale as to why copyright protection for AI authors will be inevitable shortly to safeguard the intellectual rights of human authors.