bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors Related to the Outcome of Depression Treated with E.C.T.
Authors: Hamilton Max , White J. M.
Published: August 2008

There are two stages in the evaluation of a new treatment: the first is to determine if it has any effect at all, and the second is to determine as strictly as possible, the conditions of its applicability. In practice, these two stages overlap considerably, for they are not completely distinct. As soon as some evidence is available that a treatment is effective, attention tends towards ascertaining the precise indications for its use, the evaluation of its effectiveness, its contraindications and complications.
A Preliminary Report on the use of Sernyl in Psychiatric Illness
Authors: Davies Brian M.
Published: August 2008

Many chemical substances have been used to assist psychotherapeutic treatment. Abreactive procedures, using either depressant substances like sodium amytal, or excitatory substances like methedrine, or sometimes a combination of these substances, are standard procedures though, in everyday psychiatric practice, their use is limited.
The Effect of Stilboestrol in two Cases of Male Transvestism
Authors: Jones Kingsley
Published: August 2008

The possibilities of therapy in cases of male transvestism are very limited. There are a few references in the literature to the use of synthetic oestrogens and in these papers the aim has been to feminize the patient by hormonal castration. Benjamin (1) recommends the use of oestrogens for milder cases and Hamburger (2) has used them prior to surgical castration.
A Clinical Trial of Four Tranquillizing Drugs
Authors: Leitch A. , Seager C. P.
Published: August 2008

In the six years that have elapsed since the tranquillizing drugs have been introduced for the treatment of mental illness, psychiatrists have been overwhelmed by the multiplicity of drugs, each claimed by its manufacturer to be more effective and less toxic than all the others. Contemporaneously, there has been a demand for the better assessment of the value of therapy in psychiatry with less reliance on clinical impression and more on the controlled trial (Eysenck, 1957; Foulds, 1958). It is quite impossible for each clinician to familiarize himself with each new drug, and it is difficult to carry out a fully-controlled double-blind trial on more than a small proportion of them. Moore (1959) has suggested a centrally-controlled trial of the tranquillizing drugs in schizophrenia by a body such as the Medical Research Council (1954) similar to the study on aspirin and cortisone in rheumatoid arthritis. Difficulties concerning diagnosis, and, probably more important, variations in the environment of the treatment situation which are of so much importance in determining the outcome of a mental illness, militate against the successful pursuance of such a scheme, and do not appear to have been overcome so far.
A Clinical Trial of Largactil (Chlorpromazine), Stemetil (Prochlorperazine) and Veractil (Methotrimeprazine)
Authors: Milne H. B. , Fowler D. B.
Published: August 2008

Many phenothiazine derivatives are no. in use in the treatment of schizophrenia. We, in this hospital have used Largactil extensively and more recently Stemetil in the management of chronic schizophrenia.
Volvulus of the Colon in the Demented Patient
Authors: Bates T. J. N. , Glancy L. J.
Published: August 2008

In spite of a thorough search of the medical literature in this country we have been able to discover only two articles (1, 2) that come within the scope of this paper and these were descriptions of single cases in elderly men at the end of the last century. As it is commonly stated in medical text books that not more than 10 per cent. of all cases of intestinal obstruction are due to volvulus and that of these up to 70 per cent. occur in men, we have been impressed by the incidence of four cases of volvulus in just over three years on the female side of this mental hospital (536 females of all ages).
Some Problems in the Study of Psychotic Illness
Authors: Ström-Olsen Rolf
Published: August 2008

I am deeply appreciative of the great honour you have done me in electing me as your President for the coming session. Although very sensible of this honour I am also much aware of my own shortcomings when I remember the distinguished men who have preceded me in this office. The following contribution, I am afraid, contains very little that is original. The purpose of this paper is rather to emphasize a point of view in the study of psychotic illness, which does not always seem to receive adequate attention.
The Mood-Projections of Walt Ruhman
Authors: Kennedy Alexander
Published: August 2008

In these days we expect a good deal of a painter with claims to originality—a good deal more than most of them can give. We are habituated to pictorial representation as a major means of communication of ideas and we are surrounded by technically proficient work in the competitive field of advertising. Work of this kind is evocative too—at least to the variety of emotions which may determine the act of buying—and the poster that does not come off soon comes down. Except in the esoteric field of prestige-advertising, the sales-curve is the sole judge of the efficacy of this kind of appeal and the consumer—the indirect and unwilling patron—is rarely himself able to judge the effects of such hidden persuaders as the artist has built into his work.
Drugs and Personality
Authors: Eysenck H. J. , Easterbrook J. A.
Published: August 2008

There has been relatively little work in psychology and psychiatry in which use has been made of the pupillary reaction to light and darkness; most of the work that has been done has been connected with the relatively slow reactions found in schizophrenia. This neglect is difficult to understand in view of the fact that this reaction and the autonomic innervation determining it are relatively well understood and do not present the same experimental and theoretical difficulties as the psychogalvanic reflex which is very much more widely used (Martin, 1960). In the present study, which forms part of a larger series, an attempt was made to investigate the influence of drugs on the reactivity of the pupil to changes in light stimulation.
Drugs and Personality
Authors: Eysenck H. J. , Easterbrook J. A.
Published: August 2008

In a previous paper in this series Eysenck, Holland and Trouton (1957) showed that the seen after-effects resulting from stimulation by means of a rotating spiral were increased very little by a stimulant drug and decreased significantly by a depressant drug. At that time there was little evidence that these aftereffects were in fact correlated, as the theory demanded, with extraversion and introversion. Since then two separate experiments dealing with normal and neurotic subjects respectively produced very strong evidence in favour of this hypothesis (Eysenck, 1960), and it seemed desirable to repeat the experiment in order to discover whether the failure of the stimulant drug in the first experiment to produce very positive results was merely a chance effect or was in fact a genuine failure of the theory.
Drugs and Personality
Authors: Eysenck H. J. , Easterbrook J. A.
Published: August 2008

Figural after-effects are the observable results of a hypothetical process of satiation or inhibition which accompanies and follows the passage of neural currents consequent upon stimulation. Most of the work in this field has been on figural after-effects affecting contours. In this work an inspection figure is fixated for a fairly lengthy period of time; this is then withdrawn and two test figures are substituted. One of these test figures falls within the same area as the inspection figure while the other is well removed from this area. Differences in size between the two figures which are objectively equal are usually observed and are supposed to be a consequence of satiation set up by the inspection figure (McEwen, 1958).
Phenylketonuria
Authors: Crome L. , Pare C. M. B.
Published: August 2008

Phenylketonuria is an inborn error of metabolism characterized by excretion of phenylpyruvic acid in the urine and usually by severe mental defect and certain bodily features of which dilution of pigment is the most noticeable.
Treatment of Severe Depression by Imipramine (Tofranil)
Authors: Blair Donald
Published: August 2008

The depressive syndrome is very distressing and incapacitating for any patient who suffers from it, and wherever it occurs psychiatrists are faced with a serious problem more particularly because of the consequent risk of suicide. The incidence of depressive illnesses has in my experience certainly not decreased during recent years, on the contrary it has probably increased and there is still an urgent need for more effective therapy to counteract the dire suffering and suicidal rate involved.
The Symptomatology of Mental Disease Among Refugees in Norway
Authors: Eitinger Leo
Published: August 2008

In an earlier investigation the author (1959) raised the question regarding whether a higher incidence of psychiatric disorders could be observed among refugees who remained in, or came to Norway after World War II. Through a personal investigation of all the (sixty) refugees who were admitted to Norwegian mental hospitals and psychiatric departments during the period 1 January, 1946–31 December, 1955, it has been possible to answer this question in the affirmative and without any shadow of doubt. The author could also show that the incidence of psychoses among refugees in Norway is, for all diagnoses, five times higher than could be expected when compared with a matched Norwegian population. For schizophrenia alone the incidence is less than five times higher, while for reactive psychoses it lies far above this number.
Drug Addiction and Habit Formation—An Attempted Integration
Authors: Walton D.
Published: August 2008

In view of the promise attached to the recent attempts to integrate learning and personality theory (Eysenck, 1957), and the suggestion that drug addiction might be a learned response, it would appear profitable to consider the relevance of this integration to a better understanding of addiction, a suggestion reinforced by two recent papers by Partridge (1959a, b). On the basis of a clinical survey of addiction he came to the conclusion that the extent and severity of addiction was dependent on “… the extent to which the particular personality can tolerate them (i.e. the symptoms, such as anxiety, which would arise without the drug) … patients with a low tolerance of discomforts and frustrations are those more likely to be addicts, just as they are more likely to turn to drugs in the first place … the development of addiction, in fact, depends much on the personality … the form of addiction depends more on the circumstances and opportunities with which the particular personality has been confronted.” Such considerations and conclusions can be conceptualized within and predicted from the theoretical framework to be proposed later in the present review.
Conceptual Structure in Thought-Disordered Schizophrenics
Authors: Bannister D.
Published: August 2008

“Thought-disorder” in schizophrenia was initially a psychiatric concept derived from clinical observation. As crystallized in standard psychiatric authorities, say Mayer-Gross, Slater and Roth (1954) the primary features of the talk (and inferentially the thinking) of thought-disordered schizophrenic patients are:

(i)

Inconsequential following of side issues.

(ii)

Tendencies for the thought to be directed by alliterations, analogies, clang associations, associations with accidents of the speaker's environment, symbolic meanings, and the condensation of several (perhaps mutually contradictory) ideas into one.

(iii)

Words used out of context, e.g. concrete meanings taken where abstract meanings would be appropriate.

(iv)

Clinging to unimportant detail.

(v)

The use of laconic answers, e.g. I don't know, maybe, perhaps—indicative of emptiness and vagueness of ideas.

(vi)

Thought is generally marked by gaps, poverty, indefiniteness and vagueness.

(vii)

Indications of thought-blocking.

(viii)

Indications of pressure of thoughts.
Purines in the Urine of Normal and Schizophrenic Subjects
Authors: Bollard Brenda M. , Culpan R. H. , Marks N. , McIlwain H. , Shepherd Michael
Published: August 2008

Although there have been many attempts to discover in the body fluids, chemical peculiarities characteristic of schizophrenic illness, the outcome of most of these investigations has been inconclusive (see for example Altschule, 1953; Kety, 1959). Little attention has been paid, however, to purine metabolism until the recent studies of Kishimoto (1958) who reported peculiarities in the absorption spectra of body fluids in schizophrenia which he attributed to abnormalities in the conversion of adenine through hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid. These findings appeared to be supported by evidence which included the determination of urinary xanthine by a xanthine oxidase method based on that of Williams (1950).
A Review of Stress Reactivity Research in Relation to Psychopathology and Psychopathic Behaviour Disorders
Authors: Tong J. E. , Murphy I. C.
Published: August 2008

In a series of papers concerned with the problems of repeated psychopathic and delinquent behaviour, use has been made of a loose theory which interprets the social behaviour or habit as being a particular learned response to stress, anxiety or emotional disturbance, or to stressor stimuli not necessarily activating physiological stress (190-200). This theoretical position was adopted on account of its relative simplicity, its similarity to many clinical theories, and its ease of access for laboratory and operational studies. In a mainly adult hospital setting, the area chosen for research has been the differentiation of stable and unstable patients, the determination of methods which allow for accurate prognosis of future stability or instability and the form which future instability might take. The objective also contains the assumption that an explanation of instability should be in a form which permits therapeutic endeavour or at least indicates some basic principles for therapy to adopt, and utilizes variables which change as the patient changes.
On Opening an Adolescent Unit
Authors: Turle G. C.
Published: August 2008

The main purpose of this paper is to report our experience in developing a psychiatric in-patient unit for adolescent boys. The Unit is known as Beech House and contains 16 beds and has been operating since January, 1959. It is a non-statutory ward and is the first treatment unit of this kind attached to a large provincial mental hospital such as St. Augustine's. Its catchment area is limited to the South-East Metropolitan region which comprises Kent and part of East Sussex. Only exceptionally are cases from outside these two counties accepted into the unit.
The Description and Interpretation of Pictures in Cases of Brain Lesion
Authors: Ettlinger G.
Published: August 2008

Picture material may be “described” or “interpreted”. This distinction (further discussed in the section on Analysis of Results) is related in part to the complexity of the material, in part to the kind of response that is required. Defective description of pictures in cases of brain lesion has aroused little comment and has not been claimed to exist as an isolated disability. In contrast impaired interpretation of picture material has been more frequently found in association with disease or injury of the cerebral hemispheres. Moreover there is little agreement concerning the nature of this disability.
Problem-Solving Deficits Following Wounds of the Brain
Authors: Jarvie Hugh
Published: August 2008

This paper is based upon an investigation that I carried out some years ago into the intellectual changes that resulted in a group of 71 men following wounds of the brain (Jarvie, 1954). These men had been wounded, by high-velocity missiles, during the late War or in the Korean Campaign, and damage to most areas of the brain were represented in the series; the wounds showed all degrees of severity from small areas of cortical contusion up to extensive destruction within the hemispheres.
The Complexity of Motivations to Suicidal Attempts
Authors: Stengel E.
Published: August 2008

Attempted suicide is a non-fatal act of self-damage carried out with the conscious intention of self-destruction. This is the only definition about which clinicians can be expected to agree. Attempted suicide was, until recently, regarded only as an abortive or unsuccessful suicide. Consequently, it was studied purely retrospectively, which is appropriate for events which mark the ultimate end of an individual. Motives, methods, clinical diagnosis, social factors leading to the suicidal attempts were examined and the available figures were interpreted in the same way as the suicide figures. In the published studies, the number of attempted suicides used to be smaller or did not greatly exceed those of suicides occurring in the same population. It is not surprising that nonmedical research workers should have accepted them as reliable approximations to the true incidence of suicidal attempts, but many psychiatrists have done the same, which illustrates the deceptive magic of figures.
Psychotic Depression and Age
Authors: Foulds G. A.
Published: August 2008

The subject of the present communication arose from an incidental observation made during an attempt to establish a Symptom: Sign Inventory for use with all types of mental patients. For some time past all cases diagnosed by psychiatrists as suffering from depression, whether psychotic or neurotic, have been given this inventory. The observation made was that, within the group diagnosed as psychotic, those over 60 years of age did not appear from the inventory to have the same symptoms as those under 60.
Consciousness and the Highest Cerebral Centres, with Remarks on the Penfield-Walshe Controversy
Authors: Levin Max
Published: August 2008

In deep coma the patient usually lies still, without moving. Why doesn't he move? Many will answer, “Because he is unconscious”. This is on the assumption, which seems eminently reasonable, that motor centres are under the control of a higher centre for mind. On voluntary movement, according to this assumption, motor centres receive and obey impulses from the psychic centre. When the psychic centre is paralysed, as in coma, the motor centres lie idle, like men in a factory marking time because the foreman is away and there is no one to tell them what to do.
Levomepromazine in the Treatment of Neuroleptic Resistant Psychotics
Authors: Payne Peter , Verinder David
Published: August 2008

Levomepromazine, levo-3-methoxy-10(2' methyl-3'-dimethylamino-l' propyl) phenothiazine is a phenothiazine derivative which was isolated in the Rhone-Poulenc Laboratories and studied pharmacologically by Sigwald et al. (2) in 1956.
Imipramine in Chronic Depression
Authors: Barker P. A. , Ashcroft G. W. , Binns J. K.
Published: August 2008

Imipramine hydrochloride (N-(γ-dimethylaminopropyl)-iminodibenzyl hydrochloride, “Tofranil”) has been shown by many investigators to be of value in the treatment of depressive states. The reports of Kuhn (1957, 1958) and of Kielholz and Battegay (1958) have been followed by confirmatory papers from other authors. A number of contributors to the McGill University Symposium on Depression and Allied States (1959) commented favourably on the value of imipramine in depression; Hoff, however, while agreeing that the drug is useful in acute depressions stated that he found it ineffective in chronic depression.
A Psychometric Assessment of the Effects of Imipramine
Authors: Orme J. E.
Published: August 2008

The clinical evaluation of a controlled investigation of the effects of Tofranil as an anti-depressant is described elsewhere (Holdway, 1960). This paper describes psychological assessments on the same in-patient sample.
Iatrogenic Parkinsonism
Authors: Boardman R. H. , Fullerton A. G.
Published: August 2008

There can hardly be a psychiatrist in this country who has not produced parkinsonism in his schizophrenics with reserpine or phenothiazines: Moore, who was among the first in the field in the use of reserpine, spoke of the parkinsonian syndrome, but there was one observation of his that received only passing attention, This was that a small number of his chronic schizophrenics lost their florid schizophrenic symptoms, to be replaced by a clinical picture that he found closely akin to retarded endogenous depression, to the point of contemplated or attempted suicide.
Tissue Levels of Chlorpromazine in Experimental Animals
Authors: Wechsler Magdalena Berger , Roizin Leon
Published: August 2008

The increasing use of tranquillizers in the treatment of mental disorders has made it imperative to study both the immediate and long-term effects of these drugs in order to establish their limits of safety. One of the approaches that appeared important to us was the correlation of the histological findings (Roizin, True and Knight, 1959) with tissue levels of the drug. In addition to its significance from the pathological standpoint, such a study may also furnish information towards a better understanding of the mechanism of action of these drugs.
E.C.T. in Schizophrenia
Authors: Baker A. A. , Bird G. , Lavin N. I. , Thorpe J. G.
Published: August 2008

Convulsive therapy as a form of treatment for schizophrenia originated very soon after insulin coma treatment and the induction of convulsions by an electric current was first used by Cerletti and Bini in 1938. For many years insulin comas were regarded as the treatment of choice, although E.C.T. was recognized as having some value, particularly in catatonic conditions. In the last eight years the advent of effective chemical therapy with the tranquillizers has tended to overshadow the value of any other form of treatment.
A Report on the Effects of Phenelzine (Nardil), a Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor, in Depressed Patients
Authors: Middlefell R. , Frost I. , Egan G. P. , Eaton H.
Published: August 2008

Phenelzine, β-phenylethylhydrazine, of structural formula, is regarded as a potent, rapidly acting, long-lasting monoamine oxidase (M.A.O.) inhibitor. The administration of such compounds protects 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) which is destroyed by M.A.O. 5-hydroxytryptamine is believed to act in the brain as a chemical mediator, the function of which is to control the pulsating action of oligodendroglial cells which supply the other brain tissues with nutrient. It has been suggested that a relative 5-hydroxytryptamine deficiency is the fundamental biochemical disorder of severe depressive states and that M.A.O. inhibitors such as phenelzine tend to promote restoration to more normal concentration and activity.
Co-Operation in World Mental Health Year
Authors: Rees J. R.
Published: August 2008

I am glad that the Papers Committee has arranged today's meeting in order to give some emphasis to the international aspects of preventive psychiatry and work for mental health. Faced continually with the pressing needs of our own individual professional tasks, it is wise sometimes to raise our sights and look at some of the problems and activities of our neighbour countries in the world.
Oral Sernyl in Obsessive States
Authors: Davies Brian M.
Published: August 2008

Sernyl, 1 aryl-cyclo-hexylamine, is a synthetic drug first used by the anaesthetists because, when given intravenously, it produces analgesia. However, the occurrence of psychological disturbances post-operatively led to the investigation of this drug by psychiatrists. It was found that Sernyl produces many interesting psychological disturbances, some of which resemble the primary symptoms of schizophrenia (Davies and Beech, 1960). In a previous paper (Davies, 1960) Sernyl was given intravenously to five patients with long-standing psychoneurotic illnesses. It proved to be an effective abreactive agent and produced some interesting results in three of the patients who had obsessional symptoms. Sernyl, in the doses used, is not an hallucinogen, though it produces other effects similar to lysergic acid diethylamide, which has been used extensively as a therapeutic agent, particularly in obsessional states (Sandison et al., 1954). The preliminary report suggested that Sernyl might have some practical advantages over LSD—in particular, it produced a less severe disturbance and its effects were over more quickly. Further investigations were clearly indicated and this present paper reports on the use of oral Sernyl in five patients with obsessional illnesses.
A Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor (Niamid) in the Treatment of the Mentally Subnormal
Authors: Davies T. S.
Published: August 2008

A clinical evaluation of the effects of a recently introduced monoamine oxidase inhibitor, N - isonicotinoyl - N1—(β - N - benzylcarboxamido - ethyl) hydrazine (Niamid, Pfizer, Ltd.) on certain types of mentally subnormal patients has been carried out over the past year.
Management of Schizophrenia in Sarawak Mental Hospital, 1959
Authors: Schmidt K. E.
Published: August 2008

In view of the drastic changes which have occurred in psychiatric treatment during the past five years and in the attitude towards it we have assessed our results, in order to compare them with those recently published by other writers. (Parnell (3)).
Epilepsy and Behaviour Disorder in Schoolchildren
Authors: Keating Leslie E.
Published: August 2008

In approaching a survey such as this, one is immediately faced not only by the obvious difficulties in a study of a broad cross-section of the population with many divergencies and categories in the hands of so many different physicians and observers, but also, as Gibbs and Stamps (1958) point out, by the fact that “new information has developed so rapidly in the last few years that no time has been allowed for dead opinions to be given a decent burial”.
A Study of Alcoholism As an Occupational Hazard of Merchant Seamen
Authors: Rose Harry K. , Glatt M. M.
Published: August 2008

The present paper is based on the study of the drinking habits of British seamen interviewed during a recent journey.
Treatment of Psychopaths
Authors: Gibbens T. C. N.
Published: August 2008

Dr. Scott has outlined the varieties of treatment which have been suggested for psychopaths and some of the varieties which may be suitable for certain methods.
Moustaches
Authors: Peberdy G. R.
Published: August 2008

These studies of association between types of moustache and personality features were made during World War II in two officer-selection Boards (U.K., Male). The Boards contained Senior Officers (who interviewed each candidate), “Military Testing Officers” (who graded on practical tests given over three days residence), and a psychiatrist. A “Psychological Testing Team” conducted written tests. Board results were expressed as “pass” or “fail” or “referred back”. The ratings upwards of “pass” were DD, D, C, B and A. Men considered too unadaptable for officer grade (and so “failing”), but likely to become or to remain good N.C.O.s, were (for the information of the Board) specially noted as “fail: N.C.O.”. The “referred back” men were rated NY (“Not Yet”—chance of further maturity). In this paper “pass” and “fail” are placed in inverted commas to emphasize that ratings had reference to selection for one role only—that of Commissioned Officer.
A Note on “Distance Constancy in Schizophrenic Patients”
Authors: Rump E. E.
Published: August 2008

Weckowicz, Sommer and Hall (14) in a paper on the size and distance perception of schizophrenic patients relate their results to a theory of the normal perception of size and distance. This paper analyses more fully some aspects of their results, since they provide evidence against the theory of perception which Weckowicz et al. accept.
The Problem of In-Patient Psychotherapy
Authors: Freeman H. L.
Published: August 2008

Admission of patients with neurotic or personality disorders to psychiatric hospitals is fraught with a number of difficulties. These arise partly from the fact that the majority of psychiatric hospitals are designed primarily for the needs of psychotic patients. Other difficulties come from the character of the patients themselves and from the complexities of the treatment they require.
Clinical Studies of a New Barbiturate (Nealbarbitone)
Authors: Robin A. A. , Cronin D. P. , Scotton L.
Published: August 2008

Brandström (1957) in Sweden, has recently resolved certain problems in the synthesis of barbiturates with a neopentyl group as one of the ring substituents and the resulting compound 5-allyl-5-neopentyl-barbituric acid∗ has been subjected to experimental studies which show it to be less hypnotic and anaesthetic than amylobarbitone or pentobarbitone sodium and yet protective to rats subjected to a stress situation after the technique of Jacobsen and Sonné (1955). The drug is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, and has a duration of action between that of amylobarbitone and phenobarbitone.
The Treatment of Prolonged Insulin Coma
Authors: Kay William Whittle
Published: August 2008

This thesis gives an account of the use of cortisone and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) in the treatment of prolonged comas occurring in the course of deep insulin coma treatment. Cases in which neither hormone was used are also included. The pathology and aetiology of this type of prolonged coma are discussed and a classification of the cases seen is made.
A Clinical and Biochemical Study of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibition in Depressed Patients
Authors: Dewhurst W. G. , Pare C. M. B.
Published: August 2008

The discovery that iproniazid benefits certain subjects with depression, linked with the demonstration that it inhibits the enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO), led to the hypothesis that inhibition of MAO was the essential mechanism by which iproniazid caused relief of symptoms (Pletscher, 1959). Iproniazid, unfortunately, can produce serious toxic effects, particularly on the liver (Pare and Sandler, 1959), and this has limited its clinical application. For this reason a search has been made for MAO inhibitors with an effective anti-depressant action yet without the serious toxic effects of iproniazid. Among the newer compounds for which such claims have been made is N-isonicotinoyl (-N-N-benzylcarboxamidoethyl) hydrazine or Nialamide.
Trifluoperazine (“Stelazine”) a Controlled Clinical Trial in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Stanley W. J. , Walton D.
Published: August 2008

So many new compounds are now being introduced for the treatment of psychiatric disorders that it is difficult for the clinician to assess the accuracy of the claims made for them. If a form of therapy is one hundred per cent. effective in a disease which was previously one hundred per cent. fatal, for example vitamin B12 in pernicious anaemia, the question of a controlled trial does not arise. But even the manufacturers do not claim such a degree of effectiveness for drugs advocated for the treatment of mental illnesses, and in addition the natural course of such illnesses is very variable, so that it is essential that clinical trials of these drugs should be controlled. Foulds (1958) has reviewed British and American clinical trials of drugs in psychiatry during the years 1951 to 1956, and has shown that the less controlled a trial, the more likely it is to result in a favourable report on the drug being tested, presumably because of bias on the part of the clinician. Forrester (1958), however, on the basis of a completely uncontrolled trial of Stelazine on only twenty-five patients, concluded that “the amount of improvement in a few cases was not sufficient to encourage the further use of the drug”.
Uneventful Trifluoperazine (Stelazine) Therapy After Previous Granulocytic Depression
Authors: Simpson George M.
Published: August 2008

There are many reports referring to incidence of agranulocytosis in patients receiving phenothiazines. This and the potential hepatotoxic effect of this group of drugs have been the greatest drawback in their usage.
Psychiatric Illness in Adolescence: Presentation and Prognosis
Authors: Annesley P. T.
Published: August 2008

A unit for adolescent psychiatric patients was opened at St. Ebba's Hospital in 1949 by the late Dr. D. E. Sands. At that time, there were few in-patient facilities for this group of patients and the unit therefore received many of the most disabled cases from all parts of the country. Sands (1953)∗ wrote of the need for such a unit. “In the juvenile period there is psychiatric breakdown to a degree which from medical and social standpoints is as much of a problem as such illness in later life. There are some who have stated that all children's and juvenile psychoses should be treated at home. Experience with these patients has shown that, however desirable this may be in theory, it is no more practical or safe for some types of juveniles than for adults. The truth of this view might have been inferred in any case from the frequency with which such cases have found their way for years into all kinds of makeshift in-patient accommodation because home for one reason or another proved impossible or practically nonexistent”. He then gave an account of the classification, aetiology and treatment of patients on the unit and the results on discharge. The present article discusses the presentation of psychiatric illness in adolescence, reviews the follow-up on patients admitted between 1949 and 1953 and compares these follow-up results with those of Sands on discharge.
A Comparison of Tetrabenazine and Chlorpromazine in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: Ashcroft G. W. , MacDougall Elizabeth J. , Barker P. A.
Published: August 2008

At the present time only two groups of drugs have an established place in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia, the phenothiazine derivatives and the rauwolfia group of alkaloids. Of these two groups the phenothiazines are in more general use, and, although not free from side-effects, are safer drugs for the long-term management of schizophrenic patients. They also have a wider range of effectiveness in the different schizophrenic syndromes. Many observers, however, have been impressed by the dramatic results obtained in a proportion of cases of long-term schizophrenia treated with the rauwolfia alkaloids and these may be effective in cases not responding to the phenothiazines (Kline, 2).
Reactions of Children Within Family Groups As Measured by the Bene-Anthony Tests
Authors: Linton Harriet , Berle Beatrice Bishop , Grossi Margaret , Jackson Elsie
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this paper is to describe the results obtained when the Bene-Anthony Family Relations Test was administered to 69 children in 28 families and to relate these results to the health and social characteristics of this group. These children, 17 American Negroes, 46 Puerto Ricans and 6 Americans of European descent receive out-patient paediatric care from two paediatricians and a public health nurse, in a small family neighbourhood clinic located in a Manhattan slum area. The parents of these children also receive out-patient treatment from the two internists associated with this clinic.
The Thirty-Fifth Maudsley Lecture: “Hysteria 311”
Authors: Slater Eliot
Published: August 2008

Permit me to begin by saying how pleased and proud I am to have received the invitation to deliver this year's Maudsley lecture. This is, I think, one of the highest honours that our psychiatric confraternity can confer on any of its members, and is something that the recipient will treasure as an enduring reward.
Treatment of Mongolism with Pituitary Extract
Authors: Berg J. M. , Kirman B. H. , Stern J. , Mittwoch Ursula
Published: August 2008

When mongolism was first described, it was considered by some authors to be a form of cretinism (Seguin, 1866), and with the discovery of the effect of thyroid treatment in cretinism, this was tried in mongolism also. The disappointing results diverted attention to other endocrines. Tredgold, in 1929, was recommending a mixture of thyroid, pituitary, thymus, suprarenal and pineal glands, though he did not believe that such treatment was curative.
Folie à Trois
Authors: Dewhurst W. G. , Eilenberg M. D.
Published: August 2008

Only 16 cases of folie à trois have been reported in the English literature (Wolff, 1957). The present case seems worth recording because of the rarity with which this condition is described and the problems it raises.
Neuropsychiatric Syndrome Complicating Obstructive Jaundice of Recent Onset
Authors: Ashcroft G. W. , Barker P. A.
Published: August 2008

This case is thought to be of interest because neuropsychiatric complications appeared a relatively short time after the onset of obstructive jaundice.
Experience with Thioridazine (“Melleril”) Therapy
Authors: Gold N.
Published: August 2008

“A doctor must know not only the virtue of a drug, but also its drawbacks”—

Carling (1960).

Thioridazine is one of the newer phenothiazine derivatives used in psychiatry. Previous workers have reported few serious side-effects with it. The following pilot trial was carried out on male patients suffering from chronic schizophrenia who required nursing in a closed ward.
An Evaluation of the Double-Blind Trial as a Method of Assessing Promazine (“Sparine”) in the Treatment of Chronic Psychotic Patients
Authors: Hargreaves M. A.
Published: August 2008

Most people now accept the value of the tranquillizer or ataractic drugs, which play a major role in individual therapeutic results and in environmental change in major psychiatric hospitals. Numerous surveys have stressed the influence of these drugs and they have recently been confirmed by Brill and Patton (1959) in a twelve-year review of mental hospitals capable of dealing with over ninety-three thousand patients. As the number of patients on tranquillizing drugs (mainly chlorpromazine) increased, so the patients requiring restraint decreased, the discharges increased and the re-admissions decreased: a direct cause and effect relationship was established.
Gloucester and the Beginnings of the R.M.P.A.
Authors: Walk Alexander , Walker D. Lindsay
Published: August 2008

The 120th year of our Association's existence is nearing its end and we are approaching the actual 120th anniversary of its foundation. Through the kindness of the Management Committee we are able to meet at its birthplace, Gloucester, and to visit the hospital where it was conceived and brought into existence. At that time known as the Gloucestershire General Lunatic Asylum, and now as Horton Road Hospital, it is one of the oldest buildings continuously in use for the care of the mentally ill.
Morbid Jealousy: Some Clinical and Social Aspects of a Psychiatric Symptom
Authors: Shepherd Michael
Published: August 2008

Jealousy is more than a psychiatric symptom. Its language is universal: the conduct and feelings of the jealous man and woman have repeatedly drawn the attention of the great observers of human nature, the moralists and the philosophers as well as the poets and the novelists. They have, on the whole, described the reaction more successfully than they have defined it. Even the most celebrated definitions—Descartes' “kind of fear related to a desire to preserve a possession” or Spinoza's “mixture of hate and love”, for example— merely illustrate the complexity of a term whose many nuances of meaning can be detected in its roots. The English adjective “jealous” and the noun “jealousy” are derived respectively from the French “jaloux” and “jalousie”, both taken from the old Provençal “gilos”; “gilos” in turn may be traced back to the vulgar Latin adjective “zelosus” which comes from the late Latin “zelus” and so indirectly from the Greek ζηλoς. In its transmission the word has thus been debased. It has ceased to denote “zeal” or “ardour”; the “noble passion” which stood opposed to “envy” for the Greeks has acquired a pejorative quality. In modern German the distinction is preserved verbally, “Eifersucht” having been formed from the original “Eifer” (zeal) and the suffix “-sucht”, which is cognate with “siech”, meaning “sickly”. Amorous jealousy claims associations of its own. During the seventeenth century the French word “jalousie” acquired the meaning of “blind” or “shutter”; in this sense it entered the English language as a noun in the early nineteenth century; the transmutation is thought to have signified a jocular reference to the suspicious husband or lover who could watch unobserved behind the jalousie; the Italian word “gelosia” is used in this way as early as the middle of the sixteenth century. In the Scandinavian languages separate words designate amorous jealousy. (1) The Swedish “svartsjuk”, literally “black sick”, is taken from an old expression which identified jealousy with the wearing of black socks; the Danish “skinsyg”, “afraid of getting skin (a rebuff)”, harks back to an old link of jealousy with skin which may in turn have been connected with hose or socks. (2) The origin of the colours which are traditionally employed to depict jealousy, especially black, yellow and green, is obscure.
Depression and Childhood Bereavement
Authors: Brown Felix
Published: August 2008

This work was originally started because attention had been drawn to the high suicide rate in Hampstead. Geffen and Warren (1) originally reported this high rate. During the last ten years it has varied between 20 and 30 per 100,000 inhabitants (see Table I). It also compares with the suicide death rate of 10 per 100,000 for the whole community.
A Controlled Clinical Test of a New Psycholeptic Drug (Haloperidol)
Authors: Brandrup E. , Kristjansen P.
Published: August 2008

The introduction of the new psychopharmacological agent haloperidol (R 1625, “Serenase”R) to psychiatric therapy provides an interesting supplement to the chemotherapeutic outfit available for the treatment of psychoses. It seems to be the first compound possessing neuroleptic powers of at least the same degree as the drugs used so far, in spite of a chemical structure quite different from reserpine and the drugs of the phenothiazine group.
Monism and Dualism: New Lamps for Old
Authors: McCartan William
Published: August 2008

The Presidency of this Association carries with it an opportunity for service commensurate with the challenge of the time, and I am grateful that you should think me worthy of this high honour and fit for such responsibility at a crucial phase in the development of psychiatry. Events will show whether you have been wise in your choice, but however that may be you can be sure of my utmost effort on behalf of the Association.
Schizophrenia—A Hundred Years Ago and Today
Authors: Klaf Franklin S. , Hamilton John G.
Published: August 2008

Have there been changes in the clinical picture of schizophrenic illness over the past hundred years? Or, to put the question more precisely, are the schizophrenic patients of the 1950s any different phenomenologically from their counterparts in the 1850s?

Recent studies (4, 5, 9, 14, 20) have aimed at determining the presence or absence of an increased incidence of psychosis in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Opinion is evenly divided as to whether the social changes of the twentieth century have significantly altered the epidemiology of psychotic illness. In spite of an increasing preoccupation with social psychiatry (13), the psychiatric literature is silent on the vital question “Have the changes of the past hundred years altered the clinical picture of schizophrenic illness itself?”

The present study, comparing a selected group of schizophrenics of both sexes from the 1850s and 1950s, begins the search for information on the change or lack of change in this important condition over the past hundred years.
Perceptual Isolation and Schizophrenia
Authors: Smith Stanley , Thakurdas H. , Lawes T. G. G.
Published: August 2008

The early investigators in the field of perceptual isolation were at McGill University, especially Bexton et al. (1954). Since then there have been many subsequent works and papers on the subject. In general, published results of this type of experiment can be divided into two groups. Sometimes marked sequelae to sensory deprivation have been described (Bexton et al., 1954 and Goldberger et al., 1958). Such disturbances included thinking, imagery and time appreciation, together with delusional and hallucinatory phenomena. On the other hand, at Princeton University, Vernon et al. (1956), under very carefully controlled experimental conditions, found virtually no sequelae. A paper published from this hospital (Smith and Lewty, 1959) described a silent room which was designed, constructed and standardized to a mean sound pressure level difference of 80 decibels. (Measurements made at octave intervals from 80-10,000 c./sec.) In this particular room 20 volunteers spent varying periods from 5 hours 50 minutes to 92 hours 20 minutes under conditions of partial and complete sensory deprivation. We used a room so as to mitigate the physical effects of reduced somatic activity and fur gloves were used instead of the more common cardboard cylinders, which after a period of time produce a great deal of skin irritation and indeed abrasions, and introduce a great deal of unnecessary complications into a study of pure sensory deprivation.
Social Treatment of Chronic Schizophrenia: a Comparative Survey of Three Mental Hospitals
Authors: Wing J. K. , Brown G. W.
Published: August 2008

One of the fundamental concerns of social psychiatrists is to determine whether social events can influence the onset and the course of a particular mental illness and, if so, in what ways. The problems involved are formidable. In schizophrenia, for example, it is necessary to have reliable means of measuring the manifestations and progress of the disease, as well as adequate methods for assessing social events. However, if these difficulties can be satisfactorily overcome, there is a way in which a preliminary experiment can be made.
The Reliability of Psychiatric Assessment: An Analysis
Authors: Kreitman N. , Sainsbury P. , Morrissey J. , Towers J. , Scrivener J.
Published: August 2008

This study arose out of another enquiry currently in progress (Sainsbury and Grad) into the relative merits of community and hospital care of the mentally sick as practised in the Chichester and District Mental Health Service. For this purpose it was clearly important to know how reliable were the psychiatric assessments made on patients referred to the Service. The occasion was seized to carry out a detailed investigation into the reliability of diagnosis and other psychiatric assessments under N.H.S. conditions, with particular reference to why disagreement between psychiatrists sometimes occurs. As described elsewhere (Carse, 1958; Morrissey and Sainsbury, 1959), the Service supplies all the psychiatric requirements of Chichester and district, and thus provides a wide range of patients treated in a variety of settings.
Psychosis Occurring in the Senium a Review of an Industrial Population
Authors: Gibson A. C.
Published: August 2008

Roth and his associates (1952, 1955, 1956) making observations on the classification and prognosis of psychotic illness occurring in elderly people found that the majority of patients fell into five main diagnostic categories; about half were cases of affective psychosis, most of which responded to E.C.T., and the rest suffered from arteriosclerotic and senile psychosis, paraphrenia and delirium. All the groups, with the exception of the senile psychotics, showed a considerable proportion of physical illness, particularly the cases of affective psychosis whose first attacks occurred after the age of sixty years. Most of the cases of delirium were physically ill and of the paraphrenics 30 per cent. were either blind or deaf.