bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contribution to the understanding of the etiology of vocal fold cysts: A functional and histologic study
Authors: Milutinović Zoran , Vasiljević Jovan
Published: October 2006

The etiological theories of vocal fold cysts can be divided into two basic groups: those of congenital and acquired cysts. In ongoing practice, the authors had noted that the greater number of cysts appeared at the functionally most active segment of the vocal folds which, on the other hand, has the least number of glands. Also, it had been noted that patients with vocal fold cysts tended to have hyperkinetic patterns of voice production. These observations indicated the possibility of a functional aspect in the etiology of vocal fold cysts, and consideration of such a possibility was the aim of this work. In 37 cases, the exact location of the cyst was established. In addition, the muscular activity of the phonatory apparatus was estimated, patient self‐descriptions with respect to talkativeness were taken into account, and histological evaluations were made. The cysts were most frequently found in the area of the junction of the anterior and middle thirds of the free edge of the vocal fold. Muscular activity during speech and phonation was increased in study patients. Sixty‐five percent of patients had epidermoid cysts and 35% had retention cysts of the vocal fold. According to study results, the functional aspect of cyst genesis has a marked role in the etiology of vocal fold cysts, which points to the great importance of functional care for cyst patients.
Vincristine‐induced recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis
Authors: Annino Donald J. , Macarthur Carol J. , Friedman Ellen M.
Published: October 2006

Vincristine‐sulfate‐related vocal cord paralysis has been reported infrequently in the literature. The neurotoxicity of the vinca alkaloids is well‐known; however, the potential for cranial nerve involvement is not widely recognized. Given the complexity of the typical patient receiving such a chemotherapeutic agent, the potential for misdiagnosis is high. Many patients have primary tumors or metastatic lesions in sites that could cause the clinician to overlook this reversible cause of neurologic dysfunction. This study describes the first three reported pediatric cases of vincristine‐induced vocal cord paralysis. Two patients developed increasing stridor secondary to bilateral vocal cord paralysis; the third developed a unilateral vocal cord paralysis. All resolved spontaneously upon withdrawal of the vincristine. Vinca‐alkaloid‐induced vocal cord paralysis is a potentially dangerous but reversible lesion. Otolaryngologists should be aware of the association between these agents and cranial nerve neuropathies.
The microsurgical anatomy of the abducens nerve in its intracranial course
Authors: Umansky Felix , Valarezo Alberto , Elidan Josef
Published: October 2006

The microsurgical anatomy of the abducens nerve through its intracranial course was studied in 20 specimens obtained from 10 cadaver heads fixed in formalin. Another 20 specimens were used to study the pattern of branching of the nerve trunk. The following intracranial segments were studied: subarachnoid or intracisternal, petroclival, and intracavernous. Angulations, neurovascular relationships, and branching patterns of the nerve are described. The long intracranial course of the abducens nerve, its tortuosity, and its tight attachment to the skull base at the level of the petrous apex may influence its vulnerability in some pathological conditions.
Keeping the PEACE? A study of investigative interviewing practices in the public sector
Authors: Walsh David W. , Milne Rebecca
Published: October 2006

Purpose. This study examined the interviewing ability of benefit fraud investigators, specifically examining the effects of training in the PEACE model. This model, preferred by the British police, is a mnemonic for the interview process: planning and preparation, engage and explanation, account, closure, and evaluation.

Methods. An analysis was undertaken of 99 audiotapes of real‐life interviews with benefit fraud suspects, comparing performance levels between trained and untrained investigators, using an assessment scale consisting of 56 behavioural and procedural elements adapted from Clarke and Milne (2001).

Results. Some improvements were found in performance amongst the trained investigators notably with good practices being seen in the effective use of ‘open’ questions which facilitated increased information from suspects, in addition to a comprehensive fulfilment of the necessary legal requirements. Additionally, only rare occurrences were found of any unethical practices. However, the study also found little evidence of planning which was thought to affect interview content particularly in relation to their structure and flexibility. Concerns were also found with (i) shortfalls in rapport building, (ii) insufficient coverage of the points that required proving, (iii) failures to completely explore the suspect's motive and (iv) the lack of summarizing during the interview.

Conclusions. The research found some performance improvement after interview training but this was insufficient to suggest a general trend towards increased professionalism. A need for further training was identified, both in the PEACE model and in other appropriate interviewing skills.
High Dietary Phosphate Intake Reduces Bone Strength in the Growing Rat Skeleton
Authors: Huttunen Minna M , Tillman Ilse , Viljakainen Heli T , Tuukkanen Juha , Peng ZhiQi , Pekkinen Minna , Lamberg-Allardt Christel JE
Published: October 2006

Nutrition influences peak bone mass development in early adulthood. The effect of high dietary phosphate intake on the growing skeleton of 1-month-old male rats (n = 30) was assessed in an 8-week intervention. High dietary phosphate intake increased bone remodeling and impaired bone material properties, diminishing bone mechanical strength.

Introduction: High dietary phosphate intake is typical in the Western diet. Abundant phosphate intake enhances parathyroid secretion and bone metabolism. To study the influence of high dietary phosphate intake on growing bone homeostasis and structure, we submitted growing rats to experimental diets that varied in their phosphate content.

Materials and Methods: One-month-old intact male rats (n = 30) were fed a control diet (Ca:P 1:1) or an experimental diet of either Ca:P 1:2 or Ca:P 1:3 for 8 weeks. At the beginning and the end of the study period, the right femurs were measured using DXA. Double labeling with tetracycline injection was performed 12 and 2 days before death. After death, hind legs were cut loose. Left femurs were processed for histomorphometry. Right femurs were measured with pQCT. Mechanical testing was performed on the right femoral neck and tibial shaft. Six right tibias were analyzed with μCT. Serum PTH, calcium, and phosphate contents were analyzed.

Results: High-phosphate intake impaired growth of the animal, limited bone longitudinal growth, and restricted femur BMC and BMD build-up. Osteoclast number, osteoblast perimeter, and mineral apposition rate were increased, and trabecular area and width were decreased. Phosphate decreased femur midshaft total bone BMD, cortical bone BMD, and mean cortical thickness. High-phosphate diet reduced femoral neck and tibial shaft ultimate strength and tibia stiffness and toughness. In addition, serum PTH increased.

Conclusions: High dietary phosphate intake reduced growth, skeletal material, and structural properties and decreased bone strength in growing male rats. Adequate calcium could not overcome this.
Effects of Teriparatide and Alendronate on Vertebral Strength as Assessed by Finite Element Modeling of QCT Scans in Women With Osteoporosis
Authors: Keaveny Tony M , Donley David W , Hoffmann Paul F , Mitlak Bruce H , Glass Emmett V , San Martin Javier A
Published: October 2006

FE modeling was used to estimate the biomechanical effects of teriparatide and alendronate on lumbar vertebrae. Both treatments enhanced predicted vertebral strength by increasing average density. This effect was more pronounced for teriparatide, which further increased predicted vertebral strength by altering the distribution of density within the vertebra, preferentially increasing the strength of the trabecular compartment.

Introduction: Teriparatide 20 μg/day (TPTD) and alendronate 10 mg/day (ALN) increase areal, measured by DXA, and volumetric, measured by QCT, lumbar spine BMD through opposite effects on bone remodeling. Using finite element (FE) modeling of QCT scans, we sought to compare the vertebral strength characteristics in TPTD- and ALN-treated patients.

Materials and Methods: A subset of patients (N = 28 TPTD; N = 25 ALN) from the Forteo Alendronate Comparator Trial who had QCT scans of the spine at baseline and postbaseline were analyzed. The QCT scans were analyzed for compressive strength of the L3 vertebra using FE modeling. In addition, using controlled parameter studies of the FE models, the effects of changes in density, density distribution, and geometry on strength were calculated, a strength:density ratio was determined, and a response to bending was also quantified.

Results: Both treatments had positive effects on predicted vertebral strength characteristics. At least 75% of the patients in each treatment group had increased strength of the vertebra at 6 months compared with baseline. Patients in both treatment groups had increased average volumetric density and increased strength in the trabecular bone, but the median percentage increases for these parameters were 5- to 12-fold greater for TPTD. Larger increases in the strength:density ratio were also observed for TPTD, and these were primarily attributed to preferential increases in trabecular strength.

Conclusions: These results provide new insight into the effects of these treatments on estimated biomechanical properties of the vertebra. Both treatments positively affected predicted vertebral strength through their effects on average BMD, but the magnitudes of the effects were quite different. Teriparatide also affected vertebral strength by altering the distribution of density within the vertebra, so that overall, teriparatide had a 5-fold greater percentage increase in the strength:density ratio.
Craniosynostosis-Associated Gene Nell-1 Is Regulated by Runx2
Authors: Truong Thien , Zhang Xinli , Pathmanathan Dharmini , Soo Chia , Ting Kang
Published: October 2006

We studied the transcriptional regulation of NELL-1, a craniosynostosis-related gene. We identitifed three OSE2 elements in the NELL-1 promoter that are directly bound and transactivated by Runx2. Forced expression of Runx2 induces NELL-1 expression in rat calvarial cells.

Introduction: We previously reported the upregulation of NELL-1 in human craniosynostosis and the overexpression of Nell-1 in transgenic animals that induced premature suture closure associated with increased osteoblast differentiation. To study the transcriptional regulation of NELL-1, we analyzed the 5′ flanking region of the human NELL-1 gene. We identified three osteoblast specific binding elements 2 (OSE2) sites (A, B, and C) within 2.2 kb upstream of the transcription start site and further studied the functionality of these sites.

Materials and Methods: An area of 2.2 kb and a truncated 325 bp, which lacked the three OSE sites, were cloned into a luciferase reporter gene, and co-transfected with Runx2 expression plasmid. The three OSE2 sites were individually mutated and co-transfected with Runx2 expression plasmid into Saos2 cells. Gel shifts and supershifts with Runx2 antibodies were used to determine specific binding to OSE2 sites. CHIP assays were used to study in vivo binding of Runx2 to the Nell-1 promoter. Runx2 expression plasmid was transfected into wildtype and Runx2−/− calvarial cells. Nell-1, osteocalcin, and Runx2 expression levels were measured using RT-PCR.

Results: Addition of Runx2 dose-dependently increased the luciferase activity in the human NELL-1 promoter-luciferase p2213. The p325 truncated NELL-1 construct showed significantly lower basal level of activity. Nuclear extract from Saos2 cells formed complexes with site A, B, and C probes and were supershifted with Runx2 antibody. Mutation of sites A, B, and C significantly decreased basal promoter activity. Furthermore, mutation of sites B and C had a blunted response to Runx2, whereas mutation of site A had a lesser effect. Runx2 bound to NELL-1 promoter in vivo. Transfection of Runx2 in rat osteoblasts upregulated Nell-1 and Ocn expression, and in Runx2 null calvarial cells, both Nell-1 and Ocn expression were rescued.

Conclusions: Runx2 directly binds to the OSE2 elements and transactivates the human NELL-1 promoter. These results suggest that Nell-1 is likely a downstream target of Runx2. These findings may also extend our understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis.
Humor styles, peer relationships, and bullying in middle childhood
Authors: Klein Dana N , Kuiper Nicholas A
Published: October 2006

Contemporary approaches to understanding humor have developed models that underscore the importance of both adaptive and maladaptive humor styles. The expression of these humor styles can then impact either positively or negatively on the self or others. One such model, as recently proposed by Rod Martin and his colleagues, outlines four distinct humor styles; namely self-enhancing, affiliative, self-defeating, and aggressive humor. Several studies with both adults and older adolescents provide initial empirical support for this model, including the adaptive aspects of self-enhancing and affiliative humor, as well as the maladaptive components of self-defeating and aggressive humor. However, these four humor styles have yet to be considered with respect to children. As such, the present paper considers how these different humor styles may bear on peer relationships and bullying during middle childhood (ages 6–12). In our examination, we describe how adaptive and maladaptive humor styles may either help or hinder the child's status within a peer group. Special emphasis is directed towards potential relationships between specific humor styles and either peer acceptance or victimization, as well as both direct and indirect forms of bullying. We conclude by describing several potential areas of research that may prove beneficial in furthering our understanding of humor and social relationship issues in middle childhood.
Cardiac Perforation 6 Weeks After Percutaneous Atrial Septal Defect Repair Using an Amplatzer Septal Occluder
Authors: Maimon Michal S. , Ratnapalan Savithiri , Do Anh , Kirsh Joel A. , Wilson Gregory J. , Benson Lee N.
Published: October 2006

A 14-year-old boy presented to the emergency department unaccompanied by his parents with a decreased level of consciousness, bradycardia, and hypotension after a syncopal episode. The patient's electronic chart revealed a percutaneous closure of a secundum atrial septal defect using an Amplatzer septal occluder (AGA Medical, Golden Valley, MN) 6 weeks before this presentation. An urgent echocardiogram revealed a moderate pericardial effusion, and 320 mL of fresh blood was evacuated by subxiphoid pericardiocentesis. The child underwent surgical exploration and was found to have a perforation in the superior-posterior aspect of the right atrium, which was corrected. The septal occluder was extracted, and the atrial septal defect was closed with a pericardial patch. This case illustrates a rare but life-threatening complication of percutaneous closure of atrial septal defect using an Amplatzer septal occluder and the importance of timely access to patient records when available history and physical examination are limited.
The perception of flood risk and water nuisance
Authors: Terpstra T. , Gutteling J.M. , Geldof G.D. , Kappe L.J.
Published: October 2006

In this paper we applied the psychometric paradigm to validate a questionnaire that assesses the risk perception characteristics of flooding and water nuisance. The state-trait anxiety inventory was used as a bench mark to determine whether perceptions are related to anxiety characteristics. A focus group was used to further validate the questionnaire. Factor analyses of 49 questionnaires identified eight flooding factors (explained variance 74%) and three water nuisance factors (explained variance 62%). Internal consistencies of the obtained scales were moderate to high. Like in the perception of external safety risks, “dread” seems to be the most important concept binding different characteristics. Although dread towards both flooding and water nuisance is rather low, it seems more present in the latter case. Furthermore, the extent of dread for water nuisance seems related to someone's state anxiety. In both cases awareness of “increasing risks” is clearly present, and we find the characteristics “(no) dread”, “(un)controllable situation” and “does not affect me” to be related.
Bottom shear stress in unsteady sewer flow
Authors: Bareš V. , Jirák J. , Pollert J.
Published: October 2006

The properties of unsteady open-channel turbulent flow were theoretically and experimentally investigated in a circular cross section channel with fixed sediment deposits. Velocity and turbulence distribution data were obtained using an ultrasonic velocity profiler (UVP). Different uniform flow conditions and triangular-shaped hydrographs were analysed. The hydrograph analysis revealed a dynamic wave behaviour, where the time lags of mean cross section velocity, friction velocity, discharge and flow depth were all evident. The bottom shear stress dynamic behaviour was estimated using four different approaches. Measurements of the velocity distribution in the inner region of the turbulent layer and of the Reynolds stress distribution in the turbulent flow provided the analysed data sets of the bottom shear stress. Furthermore, based on the Saint Venant equation, the bottom shear stress time behaviour was studied using both the kinematic and the dynamic flow principles. The dynamic values of the bottom shear stress were compared with those for the steady flow conditions. It is evident that bottom shear stress varies along the generated flood hydrograph and its variation is the function of the flow unsteadiness. Moreover, the kinematic flow principle is not an adequate type of approximation for presented flow conditions.
One-dimensional GIS-based model compared with a two-dimensional model in urban floods simulation
Authors: Lhomme J. , Bouvier C. , Mignot E. , Paquier A.
Published: October 2006

A GIS-based one-dimensional flood simulation model is presented and applied to the centre of the city of Nîmes (Gard, France), for mapping flow depths or velocities in the streets network. The geometry of the one-dimensional elements is derived from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The flow is routed from one element to the next using the kinematic wave approximation. At the crossroads, the flows in the downstream branches are computed using a conceptual scheme. This scheme was previously designed to fit Y-shaped pipes junctions, and has been modified here to fit X-shaped crossroads. The results were compared with the results of a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model based on the full shallow water equations. The comparison shows that good agreements can be found in the steepest streets of the study zone, but differences may be important in the other streets. Some reasons that can explain the differences between the two models are given and some research possibilities are proposed.
Life cycle optimisation for highway best management practices
Authors: Lee J.G. , Heaney J.P. , Rapp D.N. , Pack C.A.
Published: October 2006

Highway runoff can cause a number of water quantity and quality problems. Stormwater management systems for highways have been developed based on a fast drainage for large storm situations. Non-point source pollution from highway runoff is a growing water quality concern. Stormwater quality control needs to be integrated into highway drainage design and operation to reduce the stormwater impacts on the receiving water. A continuous simulation/optimisation model for analysing integrated highway best management practices (BMPs) is presented. This model can evaluate the life cycle performance of infiltration and/or storage oriented highway BMPs. It can be directly integrated with spreadsheet optimisation tools to find the least cost options for implementing BMPs throughout a specified life cycle.
From single-objective to multiple-objective multiple-rainfall events automatic calibration of urban storm water runoff models using genetic algorithms
Authors: di Pierro F. , Khu S.-T. , Savić D.
Published: October 2006

The calibration of storm water runoff models is a complex task. Early attempts focused on the choice of a performance criterion function that could capture all the facets of the problem into a single-objective framework. Subsequently, the awareness that a good calibration must necessarily take into account conflicting objectives led to the adoption of more sophisticated multi-objective approaches. Only recently, the focus has shifted towards effective ways of exploiting the mounting information provided by the availability of many sets of concurrent rainfall and flow measurements. This paper revisits through a case study the transition just elucidated: the calibration of a SWMM model applied to a catchment in Singapore is tackled through a single-objective, a multi-objective and a multi-objective multiple-event (MOME) paradigm respectively. A new approach to support the latter is presented herein. It consists in formulating the problem of model calibration as a multi-objective problem with m×r objective functions, where m and r are the number of performance criteria and rainfall events respectively, that must be optimized simultaneously. Results suggest that the new MOME framework performs significantly better than the others tested on the case study presented.
Quality of stormwater runoff from paved surfaces of two production sites
Authors: Gnecco I. , Berretta C. , Lanza L.G. , La Barbera P.
Published: October 2006

In order to investigate stormwater pollutant loads associated with different anthropic activities and the related pollutant build-up and wash-off processes, two pilot sites have been equipped in the Liguria Region (Italy) for monitoring first flush water quality in a gas station and an auto dismantler facility. TSS, COD, HCtot and heavy metals in dissolved form (Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni, Cd, Cr) have been analyzed during the monitoring campaign (started in February 2004). Stormwater flow and quality data collected in both production sites confirm that EMC values are significantly higher than those observed in an urban site. In the auto dismantler site, the EMC values for TSS, COD and HC largely exceed the standard values (EC 91/271). Contrary to urban surface runoff, scarce correlation between TSS and COD concentrations is observed in runoff from both production sites. The occurrence and nature of the pollutant load connected to first flush flows is discussed by inspection of the M(V)-curves that are provided for all monitored water quality parameters. Significant first flush phenomenon is evidenced for TSS and HC, while such clear behavior doesn't emerge for heavy metals. Hydrologic and climatic characteristics (ADWP, rainfall intensity/depth) appear to scarcely affect the build-up and wash-off processes.
Integrating groundwater into urban water management
Authors: Wolf L. , Klinger J. , Held I. , Hötzl H.
Published: October 2006

The management of urban groundwater resources is directly linked to urban water supply and drainage concepts. A proper integration of groundwater into urban water management plans is recommended for long-term planning. The paper describes the development of a new modelling suite which addresses the urban water and solute balance in a holistic way. Special focus has been placed on the assessment of the impact of sewer leakage on groundwater in four case study cities. Tools for the prediction of sewer leakage including the assessment of uncertainties are now available. Field investigations in four European case study cities were able to trace the influence of sewer leakage on urban groundwater using microbiological indicators and pharmaceutical residues.
Using decision analysis to determine optimal experimental design for monitoring sewer exfiltration with tracers
Authors: Rieckermann J. , Borsuk M.E. , Gujer W.
Published: October 2006

The tracer methods developed to assess exfiltration from sewers in the European project APUSS (assessment of the performance of sewer systems) have a high degree of freedom with regard to the choice of tracer and the dosing strategy. These can lead to very different degrees of uncertainty in the measured exfiltration ratio. In this study, we demonstrate how to select an optimal experimental design using decision analysis, which accounts for this uncertainty and its associated costs. Although the results are site-specific, we can conclude generally that, when NaCl is used as the tracer, the accuracy of the exfiltration estimate is most sensitive to the amount of tracer used and the starting time of the experiment.
Quantification of sewer leakage: a review
Authors: Rutsch M. , Rieckermann J. , Krebs P.
Published: October 2006

One of the goals of the APUSS project (assessing infiltration and exfiltration on the performance of urban sewer systems) is to assess sewer exfiltration, in order to support cities and operators to define problem-oriented rehabilitation strategies. In this paper, we review various methods currently used for the estimation of exfiltration and discuss data needs and applicability for rehabilitation planning. Although each approach has its individual advantages and drawbacks, we identified pressure tests and tracer methods to have the highest potential for decision support in rehabilitation planning. With regard to future challenges (e.g. micropollutants) such methods might play a key role in integrated sewer management.
Assessment of runoff contributing catchment areas in rainfall runoff modelling
Authors: Thorndahl S. , Johansen C. , Schaarup-Jensen K.
Published: October 2006

In numerical modelling of rainfall caused runoff in urban sewer systems an essential parameter is the hydrological reduction factor which defines the percentage of the impervious area contributing to the surface flow towards the sewer. As the hydrological processes during a rainfall are difficult to determine with significant precision the hydrological reduction factor is implemented to account all hydrological losses except the initial loss. This paper presents an inconsistency between calculations of the hydrological reduction factor, based on measurements of rainfall and runoff, and till now recommended literature values for residential areas. It is proven by comparing rainfall-runoff measurements from four different residential catchments that the literature values of the hydrological reduction factor are over-estimated for this type of catchment. In addition, different catchment descriptions are presented in order to investigate how the hydrological reduction factor depends on the level of detail regarding the catchment description. When applying a total survey of the catchment area, including all possible impervious surfaces, a hydrological reduction factor of approximately 0.5 for residential areas with mainly detached houses is recommended–contrary to the literature recommended values of 0.7–0.9.
Indicators of hazard, vulnerability and risk in urban drainage
Authors: Hauger M.B. , Mouchel J.-M. , Mikkelsen P.S.
Published: October 2006

An alternative definition of risk is proposed as risk being a function of the hazard, which is related to the risk source and the vulnerability, which is related to the risk object. The same hazard will not cause the same effect on all risk objects. Therefore, vulnerability is introduced as a system-dependent property to be the link between the hazard and the effect so that the combination of the occurrence of a hazard and the vulnerability of an object results in the effect. In risk communication indicators are helpful since they help to simplify the message that has to be communicated. Three examples (pluvial flooding of sewers, dissolved oxygen depletion in streams and discharge of chemicals to receiving waters) show that dependent on the risk problem possibilities for risk reduction lies either at the risk source or at the risk object. Therefore, it is important to have indicators that can be used when the possibilities of risk reduction are analysed.
Cover Picture: Controlled Encapsulation of Hydrophobic Liquids in Hydrophilic Polymer Nanofibers by Co‐electrospinning (Adv. Funct. Mater. 16/2006)
Authors: Díaz J. E. , Barrero A. , Márquez M. , Loscertales I. G.
Published: October 2006

The cover shows an optical image of co‐electrospun nanofibers of poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (outside) and hydrophobic oil (inside), irradiated by UV light. The resulting non‐woven mats present monosized beads regularly distributed along the nanofibers in work reported by Loscarteles and co‐workers on p. 2110. Only the beads fluoresce, due to special markers added to the oil, indicating that the oil is indeed wholly encapsulated inside the beads.

There are many technical situations, such as various biological or medical applications, in which a hydrophobic fluid must be encapsulated inside a hydrophilic polymer shell in the form of tiny microscopic pieces. A novel approach is presented, based on the co‐electrospinning of the hydrophilic polymer melt (outside) and the hydrophobic fluid (inside), which results in beaded micro‐ and nanofibers, such that the hydrophobic fluid is efficiently encapsulated inside the beads. For the selected fluid couple, the low liquid–liquid surface tension and the high viscosity of the melt prevent the varicose break‐up of inner fluid in the coaxial electrified jet until the very end of the co‐electrospinning process. The resulting fibers present beads filled with the hydrophobic fluid, separated by a rather uniform distance whose length depends partially on the melt flow rate. The bead diameter grows with the inner flow rate, going from a monosized to a bisized distribution. In the case under study, the maximum relative (inner‐to‐outer) flow rate is one. The diameter of the solid fibers between beads scales well with existing theories for simple electrospinning.
Cover Picture: Metallic Striped Nanowires as Multiplexed Immunoassay Platforms for Pathogen Detection (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 41/2006)
Authors: Tok Jeffrey B.‐H. , Chuang Frank Y. S. , Kao Michael C. , Rose Klint A. , Pannu Satinderpall S. , Sha Michael Y. , Chakarova Gabriela , Penn Sharron G. , Dougherty George M.
Published: October 2006

Engineered nanowires offer an alternative substrate for performing single and multiplex sandwich immunoassays. In their Communication on page 6900 ff., J. B.‐H. Tok et al. describe the use of antibody‐conjugated Au/Ag‐striped nanowires, as shown in the cover picture, in an immunoassay to analyze biological warfare agent simulants. Rapid identification of the stripe pattern and details on the degree of binding between the nanowires and the fluorophore‐tagged antigen targets is possible by simultaneous analysis of reflectance and fluorescence images.
Eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitors influence mortality of Pieris brassicae larvae co‐injected with fungal conidia
Authors: Tunaz Hasan
Published: October 2006

Influence of fungal species (conidia spores) on mortality of Pieris brassicae larvae differed when injected into the larvae. The effects of B. bassiana (ARSEF‐1151) were expressed in a conidial dose‐dependent manner on mortality of the larvae. An increased and faster mortality of the larvae followed B. bassiana (ARSEF‐1151) infection when the spores were co‐injected with the eicosanoid biosynthesis inhibitors (dexamethasone, naproxen, phenidone, esculetin). These compounds express different modes of action. These lethal effects were reversed when dexamethasone was injected with eicosanoid precursor arachidonic acid (20:4n‐6). Nodulation is the predominant cellular reaction to bacterial and fungal injection in insects. Injection of each of five fungal species showed that nodulation intensity varies according to infecting fungal species. These findings support the idea that virulent effects of entomopathogenic, fungal species can be increased when P. brassicae immune systems are suppressed. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 63:93–100, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ringaufspaltung von Chromon mit CH‐aciden Verbindungen in Acetanhydrid. 21. Mitt. über Untersuchungen an 4‐Pyronen
Authors: Eiden F. , Fenner H.
Published: October 2006

Chromon (6, R = H) reagiert mit 1,3‐Dimethylbarbitursäure (3) in Acetanhydrid zum Pyrimidino‐benzopyranyliden‐Derivat 8, in Anwesenheit von Basen zum o‐Hydroxybenzoyl‐barbituryl‐äthen 10. 8 entsteht auch mit 3 aus dem Chromenyliden‐Derivat 5, R = H, das durch Decarboxylieren der Carbonsäure 4, R = H, oder durch Erhitzen von 8 in methanolischer Kalilauge gewonnen werden kann. Mit 1,3‐Diphenyldioxopyrazolidin (14) entsteht aus 6, R = H, neben o‐Hydroxyacetophenon das Bispyrazolidino‐methin 16.
Das Reaktionsverhalten von Phenylessigsäurederivaten bei der Aminomethinylierung
Authors: Kreutzberger A. , Abel D.
Published: October 2006

Im System der Phenylessigsäure (II) erfolgt unter der Einwirkung von s‐Triazin (I) durch zweifache Aminomethinylierung und anschließende Cyclisierung Bildung 5‐substituierter 4‐Hydroxy‐pyrimidine (VI). Als Sekundärreaktion des aus Phenylessigsäure‐anhydrid (IX) und I primär gebildeten Aminomethinylierungsproduktes (X) tritt Bildung von 4‐Hydroxy‐3,5‐diphenyl‐pyridin (XIV) auf. Letzteres entsteht auch aus I und α,α′‐Diphenyl‐aceton (XV). Die aus dem Enol XVIII und I gebildete O‐Aminomethinylierungsstruktur XXII geht eine Chapman‐Umlagerung unter Bildung der korrespondierenden Formaminoverbindung XXVII ein.
Über Basisch substituierte Tryptamine und Tryptophole 2. Mitt.: Über die Synthese in 2‐Stellung basisch substituierter Tryptopholderivate
Authors: Eichele O. , Mutschler E.
Published: October 2006

Die Darstellung von 2‐(N‐Piperidinomethyl)‐tryptophol‐Derivaten aus 2‐Methyltryptophol wird beschrieben.
Darstellung, Reaktionen und Eigenschaften von Thiocarbamidsäure‐S‐estern aktivierter Methylenverbindungen 15. Mitt. über Untersuchungen an Acyl‐enaminen
Authors: Eiden F. , Gauglitz G.
Published: October 2006

Durch Addition von Wasser an Thiocyansäure‐Derivate aktivierter Methylenverbindungen entstanden Thiocarbamidsäure‐S‐ester (1, 2, 3), die mit Diphenylacetaldehyd umgesetzt, En‐thiolurethane (6, 7, 8) lieferten.
Perjodatreaktion von Aminen 5. Mitt. über glykolspaltende Reagenzien
Authors: Möhrle H.
Published: October 2006

Bei der Umsetzung N‐tertiärer Basen des 1‐Phenyl‐3‐amino‐propanol(1)‐Typs mit Natrium‐metaperjodat sind zwei Reaktionswege realisiert:

1. Die Bildung des entsprechenden Aminoxids. 2. Die unspezifische Dehydrierung über die Imoniumstufe zu sekundärem Amin und Carbonsäure.

Beide Umsetzungen sind auch bei N‐tertiären Phenyläthylaminen festzustellen. Damit ist gesichert, daß für den Reaktionsverlauf die Aminfunktion allein, ohne die Mitwirkung der Hydroxylgruppe verantwortlich ist.
Oxydationsprodukte einiger Aporphinalkaloide 47. Mitt.: Isolierung und Chemie der Alkaloide einiger Papaverarten
Authors: Preininger Vi. , Hrbek J. , Samek Z. , Šantavý F.
Published: October 2006

Es wurden der Mechanismus der Oxydation der Aporphinalkaloide und die Konstitution des grünen Oxydationsproduktes von Isothebain studiert und dabei festgestellt, daß nur Aporphinalkaloide, die eine Phenolgruppe am C‐1 oder C‐11 oder gleichzeitig je eine Phenolgruppe am C‐10 und C‐11 tragen, eins grünes Oxydationsprodukt liefern.
Berechnungen der Titrationskurven schwacher Säuren oder Basen. 2. Mitt. über „Berechnung von Titrationskurven”︁
Authors: Ebel S.
Published: October 2006

Es wird eine Möglichkeit angegeben, die Titrationskurven für die Titration schwacher Säuren mit starken Basen mit Hilfe eines Digitalrechners zu berechnen. Es werden die Volumenänderung während der Titration, der mittlere und spezifische Aktivitätskoeffizient sowie Alkalifehler, Elektrodensteilheit und Elektrodennullpunkt berücksichtigt. Die kubische Gleichung wird über das Iterationsverfahren nach Newton‐Raphson gelöst, der Näherungswert je nach Größe des Reagenzvolumens über verschiedene Näherungen errechnet. Ebenso werden die 1. und 2. Ableitung der Titrationskurve formelmäßig beschrieben. Eine Algol‐Prozedur gestattet es, die gewünschten Werte der Titrationskurve als direkt von der Titrationsmittelzugabe abhängige Größen abzurufen. Für die Größe des kS‐Wertes besteht keine Begrenzung.
Über Umsetzungen vinyloger Carbonsäureamide
Authors: Böhme H. , Willinger G.
Published: October 2006

Primäre und sekundäre vinyloge Carbonsäureamide 1 reagieren mit Phenylisocyanat unter Bildung der Harnstoffe 2, nur die primären bilden mit Chloral die Addukte 4, deren Acetylierung zu den Estern 5 führt.

Sekundäre vinyloge Carbonsäureamide, deren Vinylprotonen nicht substituiert sind, reagieren mit Chloral am Cα zu den Addukten 7, deren Acetylierung die Ester 8 liefert. Tertiäre vinyloge Carbonsäureamide des Typs 9 reagieren mit Chloral an der Methylgruppe am Cβ unter Bildung der Addukte 10, deren Umsetzung mit Phenylisocyanat zu den Urethanen 11 führt.

Formaldehyd und Benzaldehyd bilden mit primären und sekundären vinylogen Carbonsäureamiden über die Addukte 12 die Methylen‐bisverbindungen 13, die unter Aminabspaltung in Dihydropyrinderivate 14 übergehen. Durch trans‐ständige Anordnung der Vinylprotonen charakterisiertes 15 ist in die N‐Hydroxymethyl‐verbindung 16 zu überführen.
Herstellung von Mannichbasen des α‐Tetralons und Indanons durch Anlagerung an Diarylimine
Authors: Roth H. J. , Assadi F.
Published: October 2006

Die bisher unbekannten Mannichbasen des α‐Tetralons und Indanons mit Benzaldehyd als elektrophiler und aromatischem Amin als nucleophiler Komponente werden durch BF3‐katalysierte Anlagerung der Ketone an die entsprechenden Diarylimine hergestellt.
Dihydroisochinolin‐Umlagerung 10. Mitt.: Zum Mechanismus der Umlagerung tertiärer 1,2‐Dihydroisochinoline
Authors: Knabe J. , Sierocks K.
Published: October 2006

Die im Benzylrest elektronenziehende Substituenten tragenden 1‐Benzyl‐1,2‐dihydroisochinoline III, IX und X erleiden zwar mit verdünnten Säuren die Dihydroisochinolin‐Umlagerung, aber die Umlagerungsquote ist geringer als bei der entsprechenden unsubstituierten 1‐Benzylverbindung. Dieser Befund spricht dagegen. daß der C‐1‐Substituent bei der Dihydroisochinolin‐Umlagerung als Anion wandert.
N‐Pyronyl‐acetamidine 26 Mitt. über Untersuchungen an 4‐Pyronen
Authors: Eiden E. , Plückhan J.
Published: October 2006

4‐Pyrono‐oxazole (1) reagieren mit aliphatischen Aminen zu N‐Pyronyl‐amidinen (5,8) die sich auch durch Reaktion von 2‐Amino‐4‐pyron‐Derivaten (6) mit Dimethylacetamid‐diäthylacetal (7) gewinnen lassen.
Über weitere N‐unsubstituierte O‐Acyl‐hydroxylamine 41. Mitt. über Hydroxylamin‐Derivate
Authors: Zinner G. , Nebel G. , Hitze M.
Published: October 2006

Durch Hydrolyse O‐acylierter Acethydroximsäureester und durch HCl‐Spaltung O‐acylierter tert. Butyl‐N‐hydroxycarbamate ließen sich weitere O‐Acyl‐hydroxylamine herstellen, darunter auch solche mit Alkoxycarbonyl‐ sowie mono‐ und di‐substituierten Carbamoyl‐Gruppen.
Zur Reaktion von Piperidondicarbonsäureestern mit o‐Aminothiophenol
Authors: Hawlitzky N. , Haller R.
Published: October 2006

Die Umsetzung von 2,6‐Diphenyl‐piperidon‐(4)‐dicarbonsäure‐(3,5)‐dialkylestern mit o‐Aminothiophenol in siedendem Xylol führt zu einer Ringspaltung. Als Reaktionsprodukt wurde neben 2‐Phenylbenzothiazol das 3‐Hydroxy‐2‐benzyl‐1‐oxo‐1H‐benzo[d]pyrido‐[2,1‐b]thiazol isoliert.
Dihydroisochinolin‐Umlagerung 14. Mitt.: Über den Einfluß einiger Substituenten am Stickstoff
Authors: Knabe J. , Powilleit H.
Published: October 2006

Ein Vergleich der Umlagerungsraten von I a, I b, I c und I d zeigt, daß größere Substituenten am Stickstoff die Umlagerung sterisch behindern. Als Nebenreaktion tritt außer der Eliminierung des C‐1‐Substituenten bei allen untersuchten Verbindungen in geringem Umfange Disproportionierung ein. Ein Einfluß der Größe des Stickstoffsubstituenten auf die Nebenreaktionen war nicht festzustellen.
Tetrahydroindol‐4‐one aus cyclischen β‐Dicarbonyl‐Verbindungen
Authors: Roth H. J. , Hagen H.‐E.
Published: October 2006

Cyclische β‐Diketone lassen sich mit Desylanilin zu 1,2,3‐Triphenyl‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydroindol‐4‐onen kondensieren.
Aminomethylierung des Wallach'schen Ketons I und seines Isomeres II
Authors: Roth H. J. , Thaßler K.
Published: October 2006

I läßt sich auf 3 verschiedenen Wegen aminomethylieren. Das in der Literatur als ”︁Dibenzalcyclohexyliden‐cyclohexanon„ beschriebene Produkt ist ein Pyran‐Derivat. Bei der Aminomethylierung von II tritt eine Umlagerung der exocyclischen Doppelbindung ein, wodurch eine vinyloge Aminomethylierung verhindert wird.
Enamide von Phosphorsäure‐ und Thiophosphorsäureestern. 22. Mitt. über Untersuchungen an Acyl‐enaminen
Authors: Eiden F. , Schönduve E.
Published: October 2006

Phosphorsäure‐ und Thiophosphorsäureester‐amide (1a–c, 5) reagieren mit substituierten Acetaldehyden (3a–d) zu den Enamiden 4a–h sowie 6a–d. Diese können durch katalytisches Hydrieren in N‐substituierte Phosphorsäureester‐amide (7a, b), durch Reaktion mit Aldehyden (3b, d) in 3‐Azapentadiene (12a, b) umgewandelt werden.
2‐Hydroxylamino‐adamantan
Authors: Zinner G. , Geister B.
Published: October 2006

Ausgehend von 2‐Aminoadamantan wird 2‐Hydroxylamino‐adamantan synthetisiert und durch Acyl‐Derivate und Nitrone charakterisiert.
N‐Nitroso‐ und N‐Aminocytisin
Authors: Luputiu G. , Moll F.
Published: October 2006

N‐Amino‐cytisin (3) kann sowohl durch Reduktion of N‐nitroso‐cytisine (2) als auch durch Umsetzung von Cytisin (1) mit Hydroxylaminosulfonsäure gewonnen werden. Das bei der Hydroxyl‐aminosulfonsäure‐Methode auftretende Zwischenprodukt ist mit dem aus 3 und Benzaldehyd dargestellten Benzylidenamino‐cytisin (4) identisch. Die massenspektrometrische Fragmentierung der dargestellten Verbindungen wird beschrieben.
Zur Kenntnis der Farbreaktion von Diphenylcarbazid mit Magnesiumsalzen
Authors: Auterhoff H. , Wiemann W.
Published: October 2006

Es wird gezeigt, daß die Reaktion zwischen Diphenylcarbazid und Magnesiumionen in alkalischer methanolischer Lösung auf das Oxidationsprodukt Diphenylcarbazon zurückzuführen ist. Es entsteht eine Adsorptionsverbindung, die 1 Mol Diphenylcarbazon auf 30 bis 60 Mol Mg‐(OH)2 enthält.
Das Reaktionsverhalten des 2,7‐Diamino‐4,5‐dimethyl‐imidazo[5,1‐f]‐as‐triazins 15. Mitt. Kondensationen mit Hydrazin‐N, N′‐dicarbonsäure‐diamidin
Authors: Kreutzberger A. , Schücker R.
Published: October 2006

Die beiden von 2,7‐Diamino‐4,5‐dimethyl‐imidazo[5,1‐f]‐as‐triazin (7) gebildeten Reihen von Salzen lassen sich an Hand des Mono‐ (7d) und des Dihydrochlorids (7c) demonstrieren. Aus der Reaktion von 7 mit Acetanhydrid geht das 2,7‐Bisacetamino‐4,5‐dimethyl‐imidazo[5,1‐f]‐as‐triazin (7e), mit Benzoylchlorid das 2,7‐Bisbenzamino‐4,5‐dimethyl‐imidazo[5,1‐f]‐as‐triazin (7f) hervor.
Isatin als elektrophile Komponente der Mannichreaktion
Authors: Roth H. J. , Lausen H. H.
Published: October 2006

Isatin, das sich besonders gut als nucleophile, NH‐acide Komponente aminomethylieren läßt, kann auch als elektrophile Komponente zur Gewinnung von Mannichbasen eingesetzt werden.
Derivate von 1‐Phenyl‐, 1‐Propenyl‐ und 1‐Allenyl‐isochroman. 11. Mitt. über Untersuchungen in der Isochroman‐ und Isothiochroman‐Reihe
Authors: Böhme H. , Sitorus U.
Published: October 2006

Das aus 1‐Cyan‐isochroman (1) und Natriumhydrid erhaltene Carbanion reagiert mit 2,4‐Dinitro‐fluor‐benzol zu 1‐[2′, 4′‐Dinitro‐phenyl]‐1‐cyan‐isochroman (2) und mit Propargyl‐bromid zu 1‐[Propin‐(2′)‐yl]‐1‐cyan‐isochroman (3). Wasserstoffperoxid in alkal. Lösung über‐führt 3 durch partielle Verseifung in das Carbonsäureamid 4, das beim Erhitzen mit Natrium‐äthylat das Allenderivat 5 liefert.
Hexahydro‐benzo[e]‐as‐triazine 18. Mitt. Kondensationen mit Hydrazin‐N,N′‐dicarbonsäure‐diamidin
Authors: Kreutzberger A. , Schücker R.
Published: October 2006

Im Gegensatz zu der bei der Reaktion mit Benzoinen beobachteten Kondensation der Amidingruppierungen des Azodicarbonsäure‐diamidins (1) erfolgt bei der Umsetzung von 1 mit cyclischen β‐Dicarbonylverbindungen (2) primär Anlagerung an die N = N‐Doppelbindung von 1. Unter Durchlaufen der Intermediärstufe 3 bilden sich durch Kondensation die Hexahydro‐benzo[e]‐as‐triazine (4).
Notiz zur Kondensation von Quadratsäure‐1,2‐bisamiden mit Malonsäurediäthylester 7. Mitt. über Polycarbonylverbindungen
Authors: Seitz G. , Morck H.
Published: October 2006

Durch Kondensation von Quadrat säure‐1,2‐bisamiden mit Malonsäure‐diäthylester lassen sich die pharmakologisch interessanten 1,4‐Diazepin‐derivate 7 synthetisieren.
Gegen Malaria wirksame 6‐Aminochinoline. IV. Mitteilung: 6‐(4‐Diäthylamino‐1‐methylbutylamino)‐5‐methoxychinolin
Authors: Nickel P. , Fink E.
Published: October 2006

6‐(4‐Diäthylamino‐1‐methylbutylamino)‐5‐methoxychinolin (3) wurde synthetisiert, um die Bedeutung von Methoxygruppen in 5‐ und 8‐Stellung für die Malariawirksamkeit von 6‐Amino‐chinolinen zu untersuchen. 3 zeigt keine Wirksamkeit gegen P. vinckei.
Untersuchungen über Synthese und entzündungshemmende Wirksamkeit aliphatisch substituierter Benztriazole
Authors: Kreutzberger A. , van Der Goot H.
Published: October 2006

Aus der Umsetzung von Benztriazol (1) mit den aliphatischen Carbonsäurechloriden 2a–2h gehen die 1‐Acyl‐benztriazole 3a–3h hervor. 1‐(tert.‐Butylacetyl)‐(3c) und 1 Äthoxycarbonyl‐benztriazol (3f) weisen bemerkenswerte entzündungshemmende Eigenschaften auf.
Über 5‐Aryl‐3H‐1,2,4‐dithiazole, eine neue Klasse hochwirksamer Fungizide
Authors: Böhme H. , Ahrens K. H.
Published: October 2006

Die Konstitution des aus N‐Hydroxymethyl‐thiobenzamid (1) und Thionylchlorid neben N‐Chlormethyl‐benzimidchlorid (5) entstehenden 5‐Phenyl‐3H‐1,2,4‐dithiazol‐hydrochlorids (4) wird durch IR‐,NMR‐ und Massenspektrum sowie auf chemischem Wege gesichert. Die aus 4 dargestellte Base 7 liefert bei der Einwirkung von Phenylmagnesiumbromid unter Aufspaltung der Disulfidbrücke N‐Phenylmercaptomethyl‐thiobenzamid (9), ihr Perchlorat 8 geht mit 2,3‐Dimethylbutadien eine Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion zu dem Pyrido‐dithiazolidin 11 ein. Triphenyl‐methyl‐tetrafluoroborat überführt 7 unter Abspaltung eines Hydridions in das Dithiazolyliumsalz 12, bei dessen Hydrolyse N‐Formyl‐thiobenzamid (13) entsteht.

Da 5‐Phenyl‐3H‐1,2,4‐dithiazol (7) eine sehr gute und sehr breite fungizide Wirkung aufweist, werden weitere im aromatischen Kern substituierte Derivate 17 dargestellt.
Reaktionen mit Sulfamid, 3. Mitt. Säure‐ und basenkatalysierte Reaktionen von Chromon‐3‐carbaldehyd mit Sulfamid
Authors: Dusemund Jürgen
Published: October 2006

Chromon‐3‐carbaldehyd (1) und Sulfamid (2a) reagieren säurekatalysiert zum Bischromonyl‐dithiatetrazocin 3 und Bischromonyliden‐sulfamid 4. Die basenkatalysierte Umsetzung von 1 mit 2a liefert das Benzopyrano [4,3‐d]thiadiazin 6.
Barbitursäurederivate, 23. Mitt. Chirale 1‐Methyl‐5‐butyl‐5‐phenylbarbitursäure, Enantiomere mit entgegengesetzter zentralnervöser Wirkung
Authors: Knabe Joachim , P. Büch Horst , Gradmann Volker , Wolff Ingrid
Published: October 2006

Es wird über die Synthese des Racemats und der Enantiomere von 1‐Methyl‐5‐butyl‐5‐phenylbarbitursäure (1d) sowie über die tierexperimentelle Untersuchung der zentralnervösen Wirkung der Substanzen berichtet. Die R (−)‐Barbitursäure und das Racemat wirken narkotisch, die S (+)‐Verbindung verursacht einen pentetrazolähnlichen Krampfanfall.
Synthese und komplexierende Eigenschaften symmetrischer N,N′‐Tetra‐(8‐hydroxychinolyl‐5‐methyl)‐α,ω‐diaminoalkane
Authors: Roth Hermann J. , Höfkens Jürgen
Published: October 2006

Es wird über eine einfache, vom 5‐Chlormethyl‐8‐hydroxychinolin ausgehende Synthese von N,N′‐Tetra‐(8‐hydroxychinolylmethyl)‐α,ω‐diaminoalkanen und deren komplexierende Eigenschaften berichtet.
Zur Reaktion von Thioanisol mit Antimonpentachlorid
Authors: Hartke Klaus , Zerbe Horst‐Georg
Published: October 2006

Die Reaktion von Antimonpentachlorid mit Thioanisol (5) führt bei − 70° zum Sulfoniumsalz 6, bei 0° zum Chlorsulfoniumsalz 7. 4‐Methyl‐thioanisol (9) liefert unter diesen Bedingungen zwar das erwartete Chlorsulfoniumsalz 10, das sich jedoch bei Isolierungsversuchen zersetzte.