bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Centenary of Missed Opportunities: A Guide to Assembling an Accurate Volume of Samuel Beckett's Dramatic “Shorts”
Authors: Gontarski S.E.
Published: October 2011

Despite the costly efforts and best intentions of both English-language publishers of Samuel Beckett's work and the labours of textual scholars during and just after Beckett's centenary year, Beckett's texts have improved only incrementally and inconsistently in these new centenary and post-centenary editions. This article traces some of the editions of Beckett's work generated by the centenary celebrations, the promises made for them, and the incomplete fulfilment of those promises. In particular, the article traces some of the issues surrounding the Faber editions of 2009–10, especially the author's volume of Krapp's Last Tape and other Short Plays, and appends to this critique the introduction or “Preface” as written before in-house editors at Faber truncated it. In the centenary and post-centenary years, not only have major publishing opportunities been lost, but current efforts may have retarded future corrections. It may be some time before other such efforts to correct Beckett's texts in uniform editions are launched.
A Review on Optimization Modeling of Energy Systems Planning and GHG Emission Mitigation under Uncertainty
Authors: Zeng Yong , Cai Yanpeng , Huang Guohe , Dai Jing
Published: October 2011

Energy is crucial in supporting people’s daily lives and the continual quest for human development. Due to the associated complexities and uncertainties, decision makers and planners are facing increased pressure to respond more effectively to a number of energy-related issues and conflicts, as well as GHG emission mitigation within the multiple scales of energy management systems (EMSs). This quandary requires a focused effort to resolve a wide range of issues related to EMSs, as well as the associated economic and environmental implications. Effective systems analysis approaches under uncertainty to successfully address interactions, complexities, uncertainties, and changing conditions associated with EMSs is desired, which require a systematic investigation of the current studies on energy systems. Systems analysis and optimization modeling for low-carbon energy systems planning with the consideration of GHG emission reduction under uncertainty is thus comprehensively reviewed in this paper. A number of related methodologies and applications related to: (a) optimization modeling of GHG emission mitigation; (b) optimization modeling of energy systems planning under uncertainty; and (c) model-based decision support tools are examined. Perspectives of effective management schemes are investigated, demonstrating many demanding areas for enhanced research efforts, which include issues of data availability and reliability, concerns in uncertainty, necessity of post-modeling analysis, and usefulness of development of simulation techniques.
AZOTO OKSIDŲ IR ANGLIES MONOKSIDO SKLAIDOS ATMOSFEROJE SKAITINIS MODELIAVIMAS PAGAL PHOENICS PROGRAMĄ / THE NUMERICAL MODELING OF NITROGEN OXIDES AND COAL MONOXIDE IN THE ATMOSPHERE, WHEN APPLYING PHOENICS PROGRAMME / ЧИСЛОВОЕ МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ РАССЕЯНИЯ В АТМОСФЕРЕ ОКИСЕЙ АЗОТА (NOX) И УГЛЕРОДА (CO) С ПОМОЩЬЮ ПРОГРАММЫ PHOENICS
Authors: Januševičienė Inga , Venckus Zenonas
Published: October 2011

Atlikti eksperimentiniai tyrimai siekiant nustatyti į aplinkos ora išsiskiriančių dujų kiekius degant įvairių rūšių medienos kurui – malkoms, granulėms, briketams ir pjuvenoms. Dujų analizatoriumi Testo-350 išmatuotos degimo metu į aplinkos ora išsiskiriančių dujų – anglies monoksido (CO), azoto oksidu (NOx) koncentracijos dumuose, deguonies (O2) kiekis, taip pat dūmų temperatūra koncentracijų matavimo vietoje. Remiantis atliktais eksperimentiniais tyrimais pagal PHOENICS programa sumodeliuota anglies monoksido ir azoto oksidu koncentracijos sklaida atmosferoje iš taršos šaltinio (kamino aukštis 13 m), esant tam tikrai eksperimento metu nustatytai koncentracijai. Gauti rezultatai pateikti horizontaliojoje ir vertikaliojoje plokštumose. Atlikti teršalų emisijų pažemio koncentracijos skaičiavimai pagal banguotaja ir kūgiškaja atmosferos stabilumo formas. Gauso metodu apskaičiuoti tiriamu teršalu pažemio koncentracijų maksimumai. Modeliavimo duomenys palyginti su skaičiavimu rezultatais. Abstract An experimental research has been performed during which different kinds of wood – fire wood, granules, briquettes and sawdust – were used for defining the gas quantities emitted in the atmosphere. During the test, when applying the analyser Test-350, it was measured the concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx) in the fumes, the quantity of oxygen (O2) and fume temperature in the measuring place. According to the performed experimental investigations (by using PHOENICS programme), the diffusion of carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides concentration in the atmosfere from the pollution source has been modeled (the hight of the chimney was 13 m).The results are presented in horizontal and vertical planes. The lower level concentration calculating was performed by applying the wavy and conical forms of at- mospheric stability. The maxima of investigated concentrations have been found by Gauss method. The modeling data are compared with the results obtained by calculations. Резюме Проведены экспериментальные исследования, во время которых прибором Test-350 измерялись концентрации эмиссий CO и NOx, выделяемых при сжигании древесного топлива. По данным эксперимента с помощью программы PHOENICS построена модель рассеяния концентраций эмиссий CO и NOx в атмосфере из источникаэмиссии при высоте дымовой трубы в 13 м. Полученные результаты представлены в горизонтальном и вертикальном сечениях. Вычислены концентрации газовых эмиссий над поверхностью земли на разном расстоянии отместа выброса и установлены их минимумы. При вычислении максимальных надземных концентраций изучаемых эмиссий использован метод Гаусса. Проведен сравнительный анализ результатов вычислений и моделирования.
Die sing van psalms in die erediens: Twintig jaar later
Authors: Van Rooy Jacoba H.
Published: October 2011

About 20 years ago the HSRC (Human Sciences Research Council) conducted an empirical investigation on the singing of psalms in three Afrikaans reformed churches. Vos and M�ller (1990) dealt with different aspects of this investigation, especially the questions of which melodies are sung in the churches, what the frequency of the use of the different psalms is, the way in which new songs are introduced, the situation in the different churches and the influence of church attendance on the love of the psalms. In an investigation undertaken in 2008 (Van Rooy 2009) these matters were investigated in the Reformed Churches in South Africa, a denomiation that introduced a new hymnal in 2003. The comparison of the two investigations revealed that the number of favourite psalms and the same psalms remained fairly constant. The acceptance of new hymns is related to a number of factors, especially the melody and the liturgical usefulness of the new hymns. The new metrical version of the psalms is still not used very frequently in the Reformed Churches in South Africa. This can partly be ascribed to the lack of structured programmes to learn the new hymns.
Comparative Evaluation of the Efficacy of Two Methods of Sterilization for Rotary Nickel-Titanium Files: An in vitro Study
Authors: Halebathi Ramesh Giriyappa , Dodwad Preeti Karan , Uppin Veerendra M , Gandhi Bhavana , Sarangi Priyanka , Sahni Neetika
Published: October 2011

Sterilization in endodontic practice is a must as the major motive of an endodontist is to combat endodontic diseases by eliminating the causative microorganisms. Owing to the design of the endodontic files, it is very conducive for the microorganisms and debris to be anchored onto them. So, the aim of this study was to investigate the sterilizing efficacy of two methods of sterilization using rotary nickeltitanium files: Autoclave and chemical sterilization using two solutions (Quitanet Plus and GlutraMil) and to check whether any sterilizing technique could match the standard of autoclave and which of the two chemical sterilizing agents were more efficient. The rotary endodontic files contaminated with Bacillus stearothermophilus spore suspension, were sterilized by the two methods and their efficacy was checked by immersing the contaminated files in test tubes containing thioglycollate medium. The results of the study showed that the files sterilized by autoclave were 100% sterile and those sterilized with GlutraMil showed 75% sterility with Quitanet showing only 25% sterility. So, the study concluded that autoclave could be used as a reliable method of sterilization in clinical practice but GlutraMil and Quitanet Plus cannot be relied upon completely.
Central Giant Cell Granuloma of the Jaws: A Short Series and Review of Literature
Authors: Mohan Sugandha , Singh Virender , Mathur SK , Kundu Parveen Rana
Published: October 2011

Introduction

Central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) accounts for less than 7% of all lesions of the jaw. It occurs more commonly in the anterior mandible compared to the maxilla. Females have 2 to 3 times higher incidence. Children and young adults are affected the most.

Materials and methods

The present series reviews 10 cases of CGCG suspected on clinical and radiologic basis and confirmed by histopathologic examination.

Results

The age of 10 cases ranged from 7 to 32 years (mean age 19.8); there were six females and four males; six had lesion in the lower jaw and the remaining four in the upper jaw. After radiologic evaluation, the treatment involved surgical curettage which was subjected to histopathologic examination and diagnosed as CGCG.

Conclusions

CGCG is diagnosed by a combination of clinical and radiologic findings and confirmed by histopathology. The condition needs to be distinguished from other giant cell containing lesions. The early and precise diagnosis of CGCG allows conservative management with minimal risk to the adjacent tooth or bone.
Comparative Evaluation of Calcium Hydroxide and Zinc Oxide Eugenol as Root Canal Filling Materials for Primary Molars: A Clinical and Radiographic Study
Authors: Dogra Shikha
Published: October 2011

Aim

The purpose of this study is to compare the efficacy of calcium hydroxide and zinc oxide eugenol as a root canal filling material in primary teeth using endodontic pressure syringe system.

Materials and methods

A total of 40 primary mandibular molars were selected and divided into two groups-group I (calcium hydroxide was used as root canal filling material) and group II (zinc oxide eugenol used as canal filling material). Clinical review was undertaken at 1, 3, 6 and 9 months interval for evaluating pain, tenderness, mobility and any other sign of pathology. Radiographic examination was done at interval of 3, 6 and 9 months for the evaluation of any change in the radiolucency around the apices and inter-radicular space. Resorption of root and filling material was also assessed.

Results

Reduction in the clinical symptoms were noted in both groups (p < 0.01). All the 20 cases in group I demonstrated a decrease in size of radiolucency. However in group II, an increase in radiolucency was observed in 2 teeth at 3 months radiographic examination. Further no decrease in the size of radiolucency was noticed at subsequent follow-up visits. Complete resorption of overfilled material was observed at the 3 months radiographic examination for group I whereas partial resorption of overfilled material was seen at 6 months radiographic examination for group II.

Conclusion

The findings of the present study indicate that calcium hydroxide could be used exclusively or as an alternative to zinc oxide eugenol as a root canal filling material for the primary teeth.
Unicystic Ameloblastoma in a Young Female: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Chatra Laxmikanth , Kanneppady Sham Kishor , Sakri Santosh B , Nanditha S , Prashanth Shenoy K
Published: October 2011

Ameloblastoma is an archetype of a true neoplasm of odontogenic origin. Most ameloblastomas have been classically described as a multilocular cyst-like lesion of the jaw. The unicystic variant is far less frequent and has been reported in only 6% of ameloblastomas. The presented patient is an 18-year-old female, diagnosed with this distinct entity which was treated with hemimandibulectomy, followed by reconstruction.
Technical Note: A new discrete ordinate first-order rotational Raman scattering radiative transfer model – implementation and first results
Authors: Kylling A. , Mayer B. , Blumthaler M.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Rotational Raman scattering in the Earth's atmosphere explains the filling-in of Fraunhofer lines in the solar spectrum. A new model including first-order rotational Raman scattering has been developed, based on a reimplementation of the versatile discrete ordinate radiative transfer (DISORT) solver in the C computer language. The solver is fully integrated in the freely available libRadtran radiative transfer package. A detailed description is given of the model including the spectral resolution and a spectral interpolation scheme that considerably speeds up the calculations. The model is used to demonstrate the effect of clouds on top and bottom of the atmosphere filling-in factors and differential optical depths. Cloud effects on vertical profiles of the filling-in factor are also presented. The spectral behaviour of the model is compared against measurements under thunderstorm and aerosol loaded conditions.
Nucleation and condensational growth to CCN sizes during a sustained pristine biogenic SOA event in a forested mountain valley
Authors: Pierce J. R. , Leaitch W. R. , Liggio J. , Westervelt D. M. , Wainwright C. D. , Abbatt J. P. D. , Ahlm L. , Al-Basheer W. , Cziczo D. J. , Hayden K. L. , Lee A. K. Y. , Li S.-M. , Russell L. M. , Sjostedt S. J. , Strawbridge K. B. , Travis M. , Vlasenko A. , Wentzell J. J. B. , Wiebe H. A. , Wong J. P. S. , Macdonald A. M.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. The Whistler Aerosol and Cloud Study (WACS 2010), included intensive measurements of trace gases and particles at two sites on Whistler Mountain. Between 6–11 July 2010 there was a sustained high-pressure system over the region with cloud-free conditions and the highest temperatures of the study. During this period, the organic aerosol concentrations rose from <1 to ~6 μg m−3. Precursor gas and aerosol composition measurements show that these organics were almost entirely of secondary biogenic nature. Throughout 6–11 July, the anthropogenic influence was minimal with sulfate concentrations <0.2 μg m−3 and SO2 mixing ratios ≈0.05–0.1 ppbv. Thus, this case provides excellent conditions to probe the role of biogenic secondary organic aerosol in aerosol microphysics. Although SO2 mixing ratios were relatively low, companion box-model simulations show that nucleation and growth may be modeled accurately if Jnuc=3×10−7 [H2SO4] and the organics are treated as effectively non-volatile. Due to the low condensation sink and the fast condensation rate of organics, the nucleated particles grew rapidly (2–5 nm h−1) with a 10–25% probability of growing to CCN sizes (100 nm) in the first two days before being scavenged by coagulation with larger particles. The nucleated particles were observed to ultimately grow to ~200 nm after three days. Comparisons of size-distribution with CCN data show that particle hygroscopicity (κ) was ~0.1 for particles larger 150 nm, but for smaller particles near 100 nm the κ value decreased near midway through the period from 0.17 to less than 0.06. In this environment of little anthropogenic influence and low SO2, the rapid growth rates of the regionally nucleated particles – due to condensation of biogenic SOA – results in an unusually high efficiency of conversion of the nucleated particles to CCN. Consequently, despite the low SO2, nucleation/growth appear to be the dominant processes controlling particle number concentrations.
Atmospheric influences on infrared-laser signals used for occultation measurements between Low Earth Orbit satellites
Authors: Schweitzer S. , Kirchengast G. , Proschek V.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. LEO-LEO infrared-laser occultation (LIO) is a new occultation technique between Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, which applies signals in the short wave infrared spectral range (SWIR) within 2 μm to 2.5 μm. It is part of the LEO-LEO microwave and infrared-laser occultation (LMIO) method that enables to retrieve thermodynamic profiles (pressure, temperature, humidity) and altitude levels from microwave signals and profiles of greenhouse gases and further variables such as line-of-sight wind speed from simultaneously measured LIO signals. Due to the novelty of the LMIO method, detailed knowledge of atmospheric influences on LIO signals and of their suitability for accurate trace species retrieval did not yet exist. Here we discuss these influences, assessing effects from refraction, trace species absorption, aerosol extinction and Rayleigh scattering in detail, and addressing clouds, turbulence, wind, scattered solar radiation and terrestrial thermal radiation as well. We show that the influence of refractive defocusing, foreign species absorption, aerosols and turbulence is observable, but can be rendered small to negligible by use of the differential transmission principle with a close frequency spacing of LIO absorption and reference signals within 0.5%. The influences of Rayleigh scattering and terrestrial thermal radiation are found negligible. Cloud-scattered solar radiation can be observable under bright-day conditions, but this influence can be made negligible by a close time spacing (within 5 ms) of interleaved laser-pulse and background signals. Cloud extinction loss generally blocks SWIR signals, except very thin or sub-visible cirrus clouds, which can be addressed by retrieving a cloud layering profile and exploiting it in the trace species retrieval. Wind can have a small influence on the trace species absorption, which can be made negligible by using a simultaneously retrieved or a moderately accurate background wind speed profile. We conclude that the set of SWIR channels proposed for implementing the LMIO method (Kirchengast and Schweitzer, 2011) provides adequate sensitivity to accurately retrieve eight trace species of key importance to climate and atmospheric chemistry (H2O, CO2, 13CO2, C18OO, CH4, N2O, O3, CO) in the upper troposphere/lower stratosphere region outside clouds under all atmospheric conditions. Two further species (HDO, H218O) can be retrieved in the upper troposphere.
Shallow water carbonate platforms (Late Aptian, Southern Apennines) in the context of supraregional to global changes
Authors: Raspini A.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. A preliminary study based on the comparison of recently published δ13C record of the Late Aptian Monte Tobenna and Monte Faito sections (Southern Italy) with reference carbon isotope curves reveals how sea-level fluctuations played a fundamental role in regolating the carbonate sedimentation in the inner lagoonal environments of the Apenninic platform and the occurrence of some peculiar facies during a time of increasing volcano-tectonic activity and trophic levels of the water. During the lowering of the sea level, microbial carbonates were a common product of the shallow marine ecosystem in a general context of deterioration of the inner lagoon environmental conditions. When trophic levels were too high, due to the decisive contribution of a supraregional dictator (e.g. increase of the precipitation rate), and the environmental conditions were unsuitable for the main carbonate producers of the inner lagoonal settings, the Orbitolina (Mesorbitolina parva and Mesorbitolina texana) level formed, just before the minimum accommodation space on the platform was reached and fresh/brackish water environments spread. In deposits underlying the orbitolinid-rich facies of the carbonates studied, Salpingoporella dinarica alga is widespread, possibly due to the seawater's chemical composition that could have encouraged the development of its low-Mg calcite skeleton. On the contrary, during periods of sea level rise (and early highstand) no or minor microbial carbonates formed in the shallow lagoonal settings that were not influenced by the paleoenvironmental changes mostly induced by the mid-Cretaceous volcanism, and therefore easily remained in a healthy state.
The fate of fluids released from subducting slab in northern Cascadia
Authors: Ramachandran K. , Hyndman R. D.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Large amounts of water carried down in subduction zones are driven upward into the overlying forearc upper mantle and crust as increasing temperature and pressure dehydrate the subducting crust. Through seismic tomography velocities we show that, (a) the overlying forearc mantle in Northern Cascadia is hydrated to serpentinite, and (b) the low Poisson's ratio at the base of the forearc lower crust that may represent silica deposited from the rising fluids. From the velocities observed in the forearc mantle, the volume of serpentinite estimated is ~30 %. This mechanically weak hydrated forearc region has important consequences in limits to great earthquakes and to collision tectonics. An approximately 10 km thick lower crustal layer of low Poisson's ratio (σ = 0.22) in the forearc is estimated to represent a maximum addition of ~14 % by volume of quartz (σ = 0.09). If this quartz is removed from rising silica-saturated fluids over long times it represents a significant addition of silica to the continental crust and an important contributor to its average composition.
Ice stream or not? Radio-echo sounding of Carlson Inlet, West Antarctica
Authors: King E. C.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. The Antarctic Ice Sheet loses mass to the surrounding ocean mainly by drainage through a network of ice streams: fast-flowing glaciers bounded on either side by ice flowing one or two orders of magnitude more slowly. Ice streams flow despite low driving stress because of low basal resistance but are known to cease flowing if the basal conditions change, which can take place when subglacial sediment becomes dewatered by freezing or by a change in hydraulic pathways. Carlson Inlet, Antarctica has been interpreted as a stagnated ice stream, based on surface and basal morphology and shallow radar reflection profiling. To resolve the question of whether the flow history of Carlson Inlet has changed in the past, I conducted a ground-based radar survey of Carlson Inlet, the adjacent part of Rutford Ice Stream, and Talutis Inlet, West Antarctica. This survey provides details of the internal ice stratigraphy and allows the flow history to be interpreted. Tight folding of isochrones in Rutford Ice Stream and Talutis Inlet is interpreted to be the result of lateral compression during convergent flow from a wide catchment into a narrow, fast-flowing trunk. In contrast, the central part of Carlson Inlet has gently-folded isochrones that drape over the bed topography, suggestive of local accumulation and slow flow. A 1-D thermo-mechanical model was used to estimate the age of the ice. I conclude that the ice in the centre of Carlson Inlet has been near-stagnant for between 3500 and 6800 yr and that fast flow has not occurred there during that time period.
Changes in the marine-terminating glaciers of central east Greenland and potential connections to ocean circulation, 2000–2010
Authors: Walsh K. M. , Howat I. M. , Ahn Y. , Enderlin E. M.
Published: October 2011

Abstract. Outlet glaciers on the periphery of the Greenland Ice Sheet have undergone substantial changes in the past decade. Limited geophysical observations of the marine-terminating glaciers of eastern Greenland's Geikie Plateau and Blosseville Coast suggest rapid rates of mass loss and short-term variability in ice dynamics since 2002. Glaciers in this region terminate into the Denmark Strait, which is a thermodynamic transition zone between the Arctic and North Atlantic oceans spanning from 66° N to 69° N. We examine time series of thinning, retreat and flow speed of 38 marine-terminating glaciers along the central east Greenland coast from 2000 to 2010 and compare this record with coastal sea surface temperatures to investigate a potential relationship between warming of the sea surface and increased melt at the glacier termini. We find that glacial retreat, thinning and acceleration have been more pronounced throughout the Denmark Strait, supporting our hypothesis that ocean warming associated with shifts in the Irminger and East Greenland currents are causing increased melt at the ice-ocean interface.
Solution‐Processed Ambipolar Field‐Effect Transistor Based on Diketopyrrolopyrrole Functionalized with Benzothiadiazole
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Kim Chunki , Lin Jason , Nguyen Thuc‐Quyen
Published: October 2011

Ambipolar charge transport in a solution‐processed small molecule 4,7‐bis{2‐[2,5‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)‐3‐(5‐hexyl‐2,2′:5′,2″‐terthiophene‐5″‐yl)‐pyrrolo[3,4‐c]pyrrolo‐1,4‐dione‐6‐yl]‐thiophene‐5‐yl}‐2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole (BTDPP2) transistor has been investigated and shows a balanced field‐effect mobility of electrons and holes of up to ∼10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1. Using low‐work‐function top electrodes such as Ba, the electron injection barrier is largely reduced. The observed ambipolar transport can be enhanced over one order of magnitude compared to devices using Al or Au electrodes. The field‐effect mobility increases upon thermal annealing at 150 °C due to the formation of large crystalline domains, as shown by atomic force microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. Organic inverter circuits based on BTDPP2 ambipolar transistors display a gain of over 25.
Homogeneous catalytic hydrogenation of hydroxyl‐terminated liquid nitrile rubber
Authors: Wei Xinpeng , Zhang Liqun , Wang Weimin , Yue Dongmei
Published: October 2011

It was difficult to obtain high degree of hydrogenation of hydroxyl‐terminated liquid nitrile rubber (HTBN) by using homogeneous noble metal catalyst because the hydroxyl (OH) in HTBN was likely to cause catalyst poisoning. In this study, with hexamethyl disilylamine protecting OH, a good yields of hydrogenated HTBN was synthesized through the use of homogeneous metal catalyst. The effects of catalyst concentration, reaction time, hydrogen pressure, and temperature on the hydrogenation of HTBN were investigated and obtained the following optimum process parameter values: catalyst mass fraction of 0.8%, reaction time of 8 h, pressure of 1.6 MPa, and temperature of 100°C. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy were used to characterize the hydrogenation product of the protected HTBN, indicating that under certain conditions a high degree of hydrogenation of HTBN can be achieved. Only the carbon–carbon double bonds (CC), not the CN bonds, are subject to hydrogenation. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
HDPE‐ash nanocomposites
Authors: Ayswarya E. P. , Abraham Beena T. , Thachil Eby Thomas
Published: October 2011

Ash‐based polymer composites are assuming increasing importance because of the pollutant potential, fine particle size, and low price of ash. Fly ash and rice husk ash are two prominent ash materials on which some investigations have already been done for potential use in polymer composites. This article highlights the results of a study on the use of wood ash in HDPE. Wood ash is mainly a mixture of various metallic compounds and some silica. Here, the characterization of wood ash has been done with the help of XRD, ICPAES, light scattering based particle size analysis, FTIR, and SEM. The results show that wood ash particle size has an average value of 293 nm, much lower than other categories of ash. When blended with HDPE in the presence of a compatibilizer, wood ash gives rise to vastly improved mechanical properties over that of the base polymer. The results prove that wood ash is a valuable reinforcing material for HDPE and the environmental pollution due to wood ash can be solved in a most profitable way by this technique. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Effects of academic experience and prestige on researchers' citing behavior
Authors: Frandsen Tove Faber , Nicolaisen Jeppe
Published: October 2011

This article reports the findings of a bibliometric study of the measurable effects of experience and prestige on researchers' citing behavior. All single authors from two econometrics journals over a 10‐year time period form the basis of the analysis of how experience and prestige affect the number of references in their publications. Preliminary results from linear regression models suggest that two author types can be characterized using this analysis. Review experience seems to be the decisive factor in the data. The article discusses the implications of the findings and offers suggestions for future research within this new and promising area.
Performance of a pilot‐scale packed bed reactor for perchlorate reduction using a sulfur oxidizing bacterial consortium
Authors: Boles Amber R. , Conneely Teresa , McKeever Robert , Nixon Paul , Nüsslein Klaus R. , Ergas Sarina J.
Published: October 2011

A novel sulfur‐utilizing perchlorate reducing bacterial consortium successfully treated perchlorate (ClO) in prior batch and bench‐scale packed bed reactor (PBR) studies. This study examined the scale up of this process for treatment of water from a ClO and RDX contaminated aquifer in Cape Cod Massachusetts. A pilot‐scale upflow PBR (∼250‐L) was constructed with elemental sulfur and crushed oyster shell packing media. The reactor was inoculated with sulfur oxidizing ClO reducing cultures enriched from a wastewater seed. Sodium sulfite provided a good method of dissolved oxygen removal in batch cultures, but was found to promote the growth of bacteria that carry out sulfur disproportionation and sulfate reduction, which inhibited ClO reduction in the pilot system. After terminating sulfite addition, the PBR successfully removed 96% of the influent ClO in the groundwater at an empty bed contact time (EBCT) of 12 h (effluent ClO of 4.2 µg L−1). Simultaneous ClO and NO reduction was observed in the lower half of the reactor before reactions shifted to sulfur disproportionation and sulfate reduction. Analyses of water quality profiles were supported by molecular analysis, which showed distinct groupings of ClO and NO degrading organisms at the inlet of the PBR, while sulfur disproportionation was the primary biological process occurring in the top potion of the reactor. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:637–646. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Histologic patterns and molecular characteristics of lung adenocarcinoma associated with clinical outcome
Authors: Solis Luisa M. , Behrens Carmen , Raso M. Gabriela , Lin Heather Y. , Kadara Humam , Yuan Ping , Galindo Hector , Tang Ximing , Lee J. Jack , Kalhor Neda , Wistuba Ignacio I. , Moran Cesar A.
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND:

Lung adenocarcinoma is histologically heterogeneous and has 5 distinct histologic growth patterns: lepidic, acinar, papillary, micropapillary, and solid. To date, there is no consensus regarding the clinical utility of these patterns.

METHODS:

The authors performed a detailed semiquantitative assessment of histologic patterns of 240 lung adenocarcinomas and determined the association with patients' clinicopathologic features, including recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) rates. In a subset of tumors, expression levels of 2 prognostic molecular markers were evaluated: thyroid transcription factor‐1 (TTF‐1) (n = 218) and a panel of 5 proteins (referred as the FILM signature index) (n = 185).

RESULTS:

Four mutually exclusive tumor histology pattern groups were identified: 1) any solid (38%), 2) any papillary but no solid (14%), 3) lepidic and acinar but no solid or papillary (30%), and 4) acinar only (18%). Patients in group 3 had a higher RFS rate than patients in group 1 (hazard ratio [HR], 0.4510; P = .0165) and group 2 (HR, 0.4253; P = .0425). Solid pattern tumors (group 1) were associated with a lower OS rate than nonsolid pattern tumors (all stages: HR; 1.665; P = .0144; stages I and II: HR, 2.157; P = .008). In the patients who had tumors with a nonsolid pattern, high TTF‐1 expression was associated significantly with higher RFS (HR, 0.994; P = .0017) and OS (HR, 0.996; P = .0276) rates in all stages, and a high FILM signature index score was associated with lower RFS and OS rates in all stages (RFS: HR, 1.343; P = .0192; OS: HR, 1.371; P = .0156) and in stages I and II (RFS: HR, 1.419; P = .0095; OS: HR, 1.315; P = .0422).

CONCLUSIONS:

The presence of a solid histologic pattern was identified as a marker of unfavorable prognosis in patients with primary lung adenocarcinoma. High TTF‐1 expression and low FILM signature index scores were associated with a better prognosis for patients who had tumors with a nonsolid pattern. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Stereotactic body radiotherapy for multisite extracranial oligometastases
Authors: Salama Joseph K. , Hasselle Michael D. , Chmura Steven J. , Malik Renuka , Mehta Neil , Yenice Kamil M. , Villaflor Victoria M. , Stadler Walter M. , Hoffman Philip C. , Cohen Ezra E. W. , Connell Philip P. , Haraf Daniel J. , Vokes Everett E. , Hellman Samuel , Weichselbaum Ralph R.
Published: October 2011

BACKGROUND:

A subset of patients with metastatic cancer in limited organs may benefit from metastasis‐directed therapy. The authors investigated whether patients with limited metastases could be safely treated with metastasis‐directed radiotherapy.

METHODS:

Patients with 1 to 5 metastatic cancer sites with a life expectancy of >3 months received escalating stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) doses to all known cancer sites. Patients were followed radiographically with CT scans of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis and metabolically with fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography, 1 month after treatment, and then every 3 months. Acute toxicities were scored using the National Cancer Institute's Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 3.0, and late toxicities were scored using the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group late toxicity scoring system.

RESULTS:

Sixty‐one patients with 113 metastases were enrolled from November 2004 to November 2009 on a prospective radiation dose escalation study. Median follow‐up was 20.9 months. Patients tolerated treatment well; the maximal tolerated dose was not reached in any cohort. Eleven patients (18.3%) have not progressed. One and 2‐year progression‐free survival are 33.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 22.8‐46.1) and 22.0% (95% CI, 12.8‐34.4); 1‐year and 2‐year overall survival are 81.5% (95% CI, 71.1‐91.1) and 56.7% (95% CI, 43.9‐68.9). Seventy‐two percent of patients whose tumors progressed did so in limited (1‐3) metastatic sites.

CONCLUSIONS:

Patients with 1 to 5 metastases can be safely treated to multiple body sites and may benefit from SBRT. Further investigation should focus on patient selection. Cancer 2011;. © 2011 American Cancer Society.
Photoreceptor types, visual pigments, and topographic specializations in the retinas of hydrophiid sea snakes
Authors: Hart Nathan S. , Coimbra João Paulo , Collin Shaun P. , Westhoff Guido
Published: October 2011

Sea snakes have evolved numerous anatomical, physiological, and behavioral adaptations to suit their wholly aquatic lifestyle. However, although sea snakes use vision for foraging and mate selection, little is known about their visual abilities. We used microspectrophotometry, light microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy to characterize the retinal photoreceptors of spine‐bellied (Lapemis curtus) and horned (Acalyptophis peronii) sea snakes. Both species have three types of visual pigment sensitive to short (SWS; wavelength of maximum absorbance, λmax 428–430 nm), medium (MWS; λmax 496 nm), and long wavelengths of light (LWS; λmax 555–559 nm) in each of three different subtypes of cone‐like single photoreceptor. They also possess a cone‐like double photoreceptor subtype, both the principal and accessory member of which contain the LWS visual pigment. Conventional rods were not observed, although the MWS photoreceptor may be a “transmuted” rod. We also used stereology to measure the total number and topographic distribution of neurons in the ganglion cell layer of L. curtus, the olive sea snake (Aipysurus laevis), and the olive‐headed sea snake (Disteira major). All species have a horizontal visual streak with specialized areas in the nasal and temporal retina. Both L. curtus and D. major also have a specialized area in the ventral retina, which may reflect differences in habitat usage and/or foraging behavior compared to A. laevis. Maximal spatial resolution was estimated at 1.1, 1.6, and 2.3 cycles deg−1 in D. major, L. curtus, and A. laevis, respectively; the superior value for A. laevis may reflect its specialized crevice‐foraging hunting technique. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:1246–1261, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Aging reduces total neuron number in the dorsal component of the rodent prefrontal cortex
Authors: Stranahan Alexis M. , Jiam Nicole T. , Spiegel Amy M. , Gallagher Michela
Published: October 2011

For many years, aging was thought to be accompanied by significant decreases in total neuron number across multiple brain regions. However, this view was revised with the advent of modern quantification methods, and it is now widely accepted that the hippocampus and many regions of the cortex show substantially preserved numbers of neurons during normal aging. Nonetheless, age‐related changes in neuron number do occur in focal regions of the primate prefrontal cortex (PFC), but the question of whether age‐related neuron loss is an exclusive characteristic of the PFC in primates remains relatively unexplored. To investigate the loss of neurons with normal aging in rodents, we used unbiased stereological methods to quantify the number of principal neurons and interneurons in the PFC of young and aged rats. We observed a significant age‐related decline in the number of principal neurons in the dorsal PFC. The number of interneurons positively stained with antibodies to glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 was also reduced in the dorsal PFC of aged rats. These observations indicate that the dorsal PFC is susceptible to neuron loss with aging in rodent brain and suggest some common basis for vulnerability in cortical circuits across species. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:1318–1326, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nonlocal Tug‐of‐War and the Infinity Fractional Laplacian
Authors: Bjorland Clayton , Caffarelli Luis , Figalli Alessio
Published: October 2011

Motivated by the “tug‐of‐war” game studied by Peres et al. in 2009, we consider a nonlocal version of the game that goes as follows: at every step two players pick, respectively, a direction and then, instead of flipping a coin in order to decide which direction to choose and then moving a fixed amount ϵ > 0 (as is done in the classical case), it is an s‐stable Levy process that chooses at the same time both the direction and the distance to travel. Starting from this game, we heuristically derive a deterministic nonlocal integrodifferential equation that we call the “infinity fractional Laplacian.” We study existence, uniqueness, and regularity, both for the Dirichlet problem and for a double‐obstacle problem, both problems having a natural interpretation as tug‐of‐war games. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Limits of digital unit–remote radio unit distance and cell coverage induced by time division duplex profile in mobile WiMAX systems
Authors: Kim Sung‐Man
Published: October 2011

We analyze the theoretical limits of three characteristics in the mobile WiMAX base station composed of DU (digital unit) and RU (remote radio unit): (i) the maximum distance between DU and RU; (ii) the maximum number of cascading RUs that can be connected to a DU; and (iii) cell coverage from RU. These theoretical limits are induced by the time division duplex profile of the IEEE802.16 standard. With the typical parameters of the mobile WiMAX system, the maximum allowable distance between DU and RU is 7.4 km and the cell coverage from RU is 8.3 km for 10‐MHz channel BW. This analysis will be a helpful practical guideline for designing mobile WiMAX base stations and planning mobile WiMAX cells. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drosophila as a model for epithelial tube formation
Authors: Maruyama Rika , Andrew Deborah J.
Published: October 2011

Epithelial tubular organs are essential for life in higher organisms and include the pancreas and other secretory organs that function as biological factories for the synthesis and delivery of secreted enzymes, hormones, and nutrients essential for tissue homeostasis and viability. The lungs, which are necessary for gas exchange, vocalization, and maintaining blood pH, are organized as highly branched tubular epithelia. Tubular organs include arteries, veins, and lymphatics, high‐speed passageways for delivery and uptake of nutrients, liquids, gases, and immune cells. The kidneys and components of the reproductive system are also epithelial tubes. Both the heart and central nervous system of many vertebrates begin as epithelial tubes. Thus, it is not surprising that defects in tube formation and maintenance underlie many human diseases. Accordingly, a thorough understanding how tubes form and are maintained is essential to developing better diagnostics and therapeutics. Among the best‐characterized tubular organs are the Drosophila salivary gland and trachea, organs whose relative simplicity have allowed for in depth analysis of gene function, yielding key mechanistic insight into tube initiation, remodeling and maintenance. Here, we review our current understanding of salivary gland and trachea formation – highlighting recent discoveries into how these organs attain their final form and function. Developmental Dynamics 241:119–135, 2012. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A dividing ratio changeable digital PLL with low jitter using a multiphase clock divider
Authors: Fujimoto Kuniaki , Yahara Mitsutoshi , Sasaki Hirofumi
Published: October 2011

Since phase‐locked loops (PLL) are used in the clock extraction of digital communications and high‐density digital recording, it is required to have simultaneously low jitter, fast pull‐in, and wide lock‐in range characteristics. However, in the case of the conventional dividing ratio changeable digital PLL based on phase state memory and double clock‐edge detection (PM‐DCPLL), the output jitter in the steady state becomes no less than half the pulse width of the base clock controlling the loop, and the upper bound frequency of the lock‐in range is limited accordingly. In this paper, we propose a dividing ratio changeable digital phase‐locked loop (MC‐DCPLL) with low jitter, wide lock‐in range, and fast pull‐in characteristics using a multiphase clock divider. Since the output jitter of this circuit is one phase difference of the multiphase clock in steady state, the circuit can reduce the output jitter to 1/k of that of a conventional PM‐DCPLL when a k phase clock is used. Therefore, the upper bound frequency becomes k times that of a conventional PM‐DCPLL. Furthermore, the initial pull‐in is completed in one period of the input signal by using the initial pull‐in circuit. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(11): 55–62, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10340
Character recognition by time–frequency analysis using writing pressure
Authors: Watanabe Tatsuhito , Katsura Seiichiro
Published: October 2011

With the development of information and communication technology, personal verification becomes more and more important. In the future ubiquitous society, the development of terminals handling personal information will require personal verification technology. The signature is one of the personal verification methods; however, the number of characters is limited in the case of the signature and therefore false signatures are easily used. Thus, personal identification from handwriting is difficult. This paper proposes a “haptic pen” that extracts the writing pressure, and shows a character recognition method based on time–frequency analyses. Although the figures of characters written by different writers are similar, the differences appear in the time–frequency domain. As a result, it is possible to use the proposed character recognition for personal identification more exactly. Experimental results show the viability of the proposed method. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(11): 32–40, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10376
Cluster‐structured particle swarm optimization with interaction and adaptation
Authors: Yazawa Kazuyuki , Tamura Kenichi , Yasuda Keiichiro , Motoki Makoto , Ishigame Atsushi
Published: October 2011

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is one of the most powerful methods for solving unconstrained and constrained global optimization problems. A cluster‐structured PSO with interaction and adaptation is proposed in this paper, and the cluster structure, interaction, and adaptation of the proposed PSO are analyzed by numerical simulations. The feasibility and advantages of the proposed cluster‐structured PSO are demonstrated by numerical simulations using some typical global optimization test problems. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 94(11): 9–17, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10379
Noninverted buck–boost converters with dual delta sigma modulators
Authors: Kobori Yasunori , Kono Masashi , Shimizu Toshihiko , Kobayashi Haruo
Published: October 2011

This paper presents a new control circuit to create a high‐performance noninverted buck–boost converter with dual ΔΣ modulations. Experimental load regulation, corresponding to load current steps of ±0.5 A, is within 45 mVpp, and the efficiency without a synchronized rectifier is 83% at an input voltage of 2.5 V and a load current of 0.8 A. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 178(2): 21–28, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21115
Method for bandwidth compression and transmission of environmental information in bilateral teleoperation
Authors: Kubo Ryogo , Ohnishi Kouhei
Published: October 2011

In this paper, a novel method for bandwidth compression and transmission of environmental information is proposed for bilateral teleoperation systems with multiple degrees of freedom (MDOF). In this method, environmental information, that is, the position of end‐effectors and the reaction force exerted on them, is converted into environmental modes by using discrete Fourier transform (DFT) matrices. The environmental modes to be transmitted are then selected on the basis of the communication bandwidth between master and slave robots. Bilateral control is achieved in low‐frequency modal spaces, and local position control is achieved in high‐frequency modal spaces. The validity of the proposed method is confirmed by performing an experiment. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 178(2): 47–54, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21206