bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INOCULANT, PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN RESPONSES OF LENTIL
Authors: BREMER E. , KESSEL C. VAN , KARAMANOS R.
Published: March 2010

Three field experiments were conducted in 1987 to determine the effect of inoculant, phosphorus and nitrogen on yield and N2 fixation by lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). Sites were located in the Brown, Dark Brown and Black soil zones of Saskatchewan. The experiments were laid out in a split-split-plot design: main plot treatments were no inoculant, commercially available Nitragin ’C’ inoculant and inoculant containing a superior Rhizobium strain, 99A1; subplot treatments were 0 and 30 kg P2O5 ha−1; sub-subplot treatments were 0, 10, 20 or 25, 40 or 50, and 90 kg Nha−1. N2-fixation was estimated by 15N-isotope dilution using barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) or uninoculated lentil as the non-N2-fixing reference crop. At all sites, lentil inoculated with 99A1 had the highest yields and N2 fixed while uninoculated lentil had the lowest. Phosphorus responses only occurred at the site in the Black soil zone which had the most favorable growing conditions and lowest available soil P levels. Phosphorus application increased dry matter and grain yields but did not affect N2 fixation at this site, indicating that the legume host was more responsive to P application than the rhizobia. Total dry matter was always increased by application of N, with the greatest response in the uninoculated treatment. Grain yields were significantly increased by N fertilization at all sites for uninoculated lentil, one site for ’C’-inoculated lentil, and no sites for 99A1-inoculated lentil. Significant yield increases of ’C’-inoculated lentil due to N application indicates that ’C’-rhizobial strains were incapable of supplying sufficient N for maximum yields at these sites. Inoculated lentil receiving 0 to 10 kg N ha−1 obtained 58–75% of their N from the atmosphere; higher N rates reduced this percentage significantly due to substitution of fixed N with fertilizer N. The amount of N2 fixed in the grain ranged from 4 kg ha−1 under drought stressed conditions in the Brown soil zone to 57 kg ha−1 in the Black soil zone.Key words: Lens culinaris, nitrogen, phosphorus, Rhizobium leguminosarum, yield, nitrogen fixation
THE EFFECT OF K AND Cl FERTILIZER ADDITIONS ON BARLEY HERBAGE YIELD AND NUTRIENT CONTENT IN UNDISTURBED AND ARTIFICIALLY COMPACTED SOIL CORES
Authors: GRANT C. A.
Published: March 2010

Disturbed soil cores, at two bulk densities, and undisturbed soil cores were collected from two fields which had been maintained under reduced tillage management. Dry matter yield of growth chamber-grown barley in the disturbed soil cores was equal to or lower than that produced in the undisturbed cores but was unaffected by degree of soil compaction. Increase in dry matter yield in response to K or Cl fertilization was greater in disturbed than undisturbed soils. Compaction did not generally influence response to KCl fertilization. Soil disturbance did not consistently influence concentration of N, K or Cl in barley tissue. Tissue content of Zn was increased by soil disturbance in the clay loam soil and decreased by soil disturbance in the sandy loam soil. Compaction did not influence tissue content of N or Cl. Compaction did not influence K content of plants grown on the clay loam soil, which initially had high levels of plant-available K, but reduced K content of plants grown on K-deficient sandy loam soil. Increased compaction also reduced the Zn content of plants in the sandy loam soil but increased Zn content of plants in the clay loam soil. Application of KCl or CaCl2 increased Cl content of barley tissue and tended to reduce the N content of the tissue, particularly in the clay loam soil. Application of KCl or KNO3 increased K concentration in barley tissue grown on the K-deficient sandy loam soil but not on the higher K clay loam soil.Key words: Potassium, chloride, zinc, compaction, bulk density, barley
EFFECT OF DRYING RATE AND TEMPERATURE ON DRYING INJURY OF CORN SEED
Authors: HERTER ULRICH , BURRIS JOSEPH S.
Published: March 2010

Seed injury has frequently occurred during the drying of corn Zea mays L. seed. This study was conducted to define the effects of drying temperature and drying rate on seed quality. Shelled samples were not injured when dried at 35 °C, even though they dried more rapidly than ear samples at 50 °C. However, shelled seed samples lost viability much more rapidly than ear samples when dried at 50 °C. Drying seed at 50 °C and elevated humidity versus low humidity reduced drying rate and slowed seed deterioration but did not eliminate it. Both temperature and drying rate are factors in drying injury. Excised embryos dried at 22–50 °C germinated well even though they dried at rates up to 40% per hour. Rapid drying may have rendered proteins tolerant to heat before injury occurred.Key words: Drying, temperature, injury, corn, seed, quality
EFFECT OF SEEDING RATE ON PLANT AND SEED CHARACTERISTICS OF NEW FLAX CULTIVARS
Authors: GUBBELS G. H. , KENASCHUK E. O.
Published: March 2010

Five flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) cultivars, Dufferin, McGregor, Linott, NorLin and NorMan were grown in the field in 1985, 1986 and 1987 at seeding rates of 200, 400, 600 and 800 seeds m−2. Averaged over all cultivars and years, as seeding rate increased from 200 to 800 seeds m−2, maturity was hastened 2.1 d, seed weight decreased 0.16 g 1000−1 seeds, oil content decreased 0.6%, iodine number decreased 1.3 units and volume weight was not markedly changed. Lodging increased and basal branching decreased from 1.68 to 0.18 branches per plant as seeding rate increased. Plant height increased 0.6 cm from the 200 to the 400 seeds m−2 rate then decreased 1.8 cm from the 400 to the 800 seeds m−2 rate. Seed yield increased from 110 to 124 g m−2 as seeding rate increased from 200 to 600 seeds m−2, then decreased to 121 g m−2 at 800 seeds m−2. Although yields of the five cultivars varied somewhat in their response to seeding rate and year, most yielded near optimum at the 600 seeds m−2 seeding rate.Key words: Flax, Linum usitatissimum L., seeding rate, lodging
STATUS OF BUNT RESISTANCE IN WESTERN CANADIAN SPRING WHEAT AND TRITICALE
Authors: GAUDET D. A. , PUCHALSKI B. J.
Published: March 2010

The reaction of western Canadian spring wheat and triticale to a composite of races of common bunt (Tilletia caries and T. foetida) was assessed in field studies conducted over 2 yr at three locations. Triticale and durum wheat were designated immune or highly resistant. Among cultivars of hard red spring wheat, Columbus was the most resistant followed by Katepwa, Leader, and Lancer. Neepawa, Park, and Marquis were intermediate in resistance. Roblin and Laura were susceptible. The Canadian Prairie Spring wheats HY320 and HY360 were highly susceptible and susceptible, respectively, whereas Oslo was intermediate in resistance. The utility wheats Wildcat and Glenlea were highly susceptible and intermediate, respectively. The soft white wheats Owens and Fielder were susceptible. The reaction of the cultivars to individual bunt races was evaluated under controlled environment conditions to identify specific Bt resistance genes. This revealed the presence of Bt1 in the cultivar Canuck and Bt10 in the line BW-553. Resistance in the other cultivars of hard red spring wheat appeared to be race nonspecific in nature. Race specificity was apparent in durum wheat but the virulence pattern could not be employed to identify specific Bt resistance genes. The potential impact of seeding large acreages to spring wheat cultivars that are highly susceptible to common bunt is discussed.Key words: Tilletia caries, Tilletia foetida, bunt (common)
SEEDBED PREPARATION FOR RAPESEED GROWN ON FALLOW AND STUBBLE
Authors: WRIGHT A. T.
Published: March 2010

Seedbed preparation (SP) systems for Brassica napus and B. campestris cultivars grown on both tilled fallow and on barley stubble were evaluated for 3 yr on Melfort silty clay soil to determine whether the number of tillage operations could be reduced without adversely affecting yield. On fallow, treatments including spring tillage increased the risk of drying out of the seedbed, thereby, delaying crop development and reducing yield. In 1985, this practice delayed maturity by 2.8 d and reduced yield by 225 kg ha−1. In those instances where there were significant differences, SP treatments without spring tillage gave highest yields. Leaving cereal stubble standing over winter to trap snow and incorporating trifluralin in the spring delayed rapeseed maturity by 1.2 d on average. Yield of Tobin rapeseed was unaffected by SP treatment, but the yield of OAC Triton and Westar was highest when tillage was reduced, trifluralin incorporated in the fall and a herbicide used for preseeding weed control in the spring. Direct drilling of OAC Triton gave similar yields to reduced tillage, but this practice resulted in lowest yields of Westar.Key words: Rapeseed, tillage, seedbed, Brassica spp.
QUALITY OF ALFALFA HERBAGE ESTIMATED BY A PREPARED CELLULASE SOLUTION AND NEAR INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: BUGHRARA S. S. , SLEPER D. A. , BELYEA R. L. , MARTEN G. C.
Published: March 2010

Little information is available on estimating in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) herbage by a prepared cellulase solution (PCS) and then using these IVDMD estimates to calibrate near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) equations. Objectives were to compare PCS digestion to that by two rumen fermentation procedures, including true in vitro digestibility (TIVD), and develop NIRS equations to estimate TIVD, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber of alfalfa hay. Seventy-eight alfalfa samples, having a wide range in herbage quality, were analyzed for IVDMD using five different PCS procedures and two rumen fermentation procedures (true and apparent in vitro digestibility). The best NIRS calibration equation for TIVD had R2 of 0.92 and a standard error of selection of 20.7 g kg−1. Correlations between IVDMD and TIVD obtained by the various PCS assays ranged from 0.91 to 0.96 (P < 0.01), with regression coefficients ranging from 0.94 to 0.98. We concluded that PCS gave rapid and accurate estimates of TIVD and that NIRS could accurately estimate TIVD of a wide range of alfalfa herbage quality.Key words: Acid detergent solubles, fungal cellulase solubles, in vitro digestible dry matter, Medicago sativa L., neutral detergent solubles, alfalfa
THE ECONOMICS OF FERTILIZING BROMEGRASS IN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: ZENTNER R. P. , CAMPBELL C. A. , UKRAINETZ H.
Published: March 2010

A 5-yr study on a Dark Brown Loam at Scott and a 9-yr study on a Gray Luvisolic loam at Loon Lake, Saskatchewan, were used to determine the effect of rate of urea (46-0-0) and ammonium nitrate (34-0-0) fertilization on net returns from bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) production when the N was broadcast annually or as a single application at the start of the experiment. Each N source was applied at annual rates of 0, 50, 100, and 200 kg N ha−1 and at single application rates of 0, 100, 200, 400, and 800 kg ha−1. The ammonium nitrate was also applied at rates of 600 and 1000 kg ha−1. Comparisons of the discounted present value of net returns (NPV) over the study periods showed that N fertilization was highly profitable for all treatments under most forage price, N cost, and interest rate situations. The application of ammonium nitrate was consistently more profitable than urea despite its higher unit cost. At Scott, the 5-yr economic advantage of ammonium nitrate over urea averaged $53–$117 ha−1 for annual applications and $34–$72 ha−1 for single applications when forage price was varied from $0.05 to $0.09 kg−1; at Loon Lake, the corresponding 9-yr advantage of ammonium nitrate averaged $48–$121 ha−1 for annual and $25–$59 ha−1 for single applications. When price was adjusted to reflect forage N and P composition, the economic advantage of using ammonium nitrate over urea was enhanced. For treatments receiving similar rates of total applied N by both methods of application, NPV was generally higher when the N was applied in smaller doses annually compared to all at one time. At Scott, this effect was consistent at all N rates and for both N sources, but at Loon Lake, where moisture was more favorable, single applications at lower N rates often provided similar NPV as for annual N applications. The most profitable fertilizer treatments at Scott and Loon Lake were the 100- and 200-kg ha−1 rates of ammonium nitrate-N applied annually. When forage yields were related to N rate, moisture, and stand age for the annual N application treatments the economic optimum N rates depended greatly on the expectations for moisture, level of risk aversion, and on the ratio of fertilizer N cost to forage price. The optimum application rates of ammonium nitrate-N averaged 7–14 kg ha−1 higher at Scott and 8–27 kg N ha−1 higher at Loon Lake compared to those for urea. Further, the optimum N rates were higher than the general recommendation for bromegrass grown in these regions; thus producers should consider using higher N rates than has been the tradition for maximum economic return.Key words: Net returns, bromegrass hay, N source, N rates, application method
CONTROL OF WILD MUSTARD IN CANOLA WITH POSTEMERGENCE HERBICIDES
Authors: SWANTON C. J. , CHANDLER K.
Published: March 2010

Field studies were conducted in 1986 and 1987 to determine the effectiveness of DPX-A7881 [methyl 2-[(4-ethoxy-6-methylamino-1,3,5-triazin-2-yl) = carbamoyl-sulphanoyl]benzoate] and imazamethabenz for the selective removal of wild mustard Sinapis arvensis L. (Brassica kaber [DC] Wheeler var. pinnatifida [Stokes] Wheeler) from canola (Brassica napus L.). Both DPX-A7881 and imazamethabenz controlled wild mustard when applied at the proper dosage and stage of growth. Susceptibility of wild mustard to either herbicide declined when the herbicide treatment was delayed beyond the six-leaf stage. DPX-A7881 applied postemergence at 10–15 g a.i. ha−1 to wild mustard seedlings in the cotyledon leaf stage of development did not reduce crop yields and significantly reduced the level of 4-hydroxy-benzyl glucosinolate from wild mustard found in canola meal. Canola cultivar Global exhibited greater tolerance to post-emergence applications of DPX-A7881 than to imazamethabenz. The total concentration of canola glucosinolates was found to increase in seed samples taken from plants injured by postemergence applications of imazamethabenz.Key words: Canola, herbicides, wild mustard, seed yield, glucosinolates
EXPRESS FIELD PEA
Authors: ALI-KHAN S. T. , NILSSON B. , BORG A. , BONIS P.
Published: March 2010

Express, a yellow-seeded cultivar of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) developed by Svalof AB, Sweden, was registered in Canada in 1987. Express is earlier-maturing and higher-yielding than check cultivars but more susceptible to powdery mildew.Key words: Pea (field, dry), cultivar description
EFFECT OF HARVEST DATE AND SWATHING ON MOISTURE CONTENT AND CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT OF CANOLA SEED
Authors: CENKOWSKI S. , SOKHANSANJ S. , SOSULSKI F. W.
Published: March 2010

A standing crop of Tobin canola-quality rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.) was sampled and swathed at 4-d intervals between 52 and 10% (wb) seed moisture content. Percentages of distinctly green seeds and chlorophyll contents of seeds were assessed. Swathing hastened loss of green seed color by about 2 d as compared to seeds on standing plants.Key words: Canola, harvest stage, green seed, chlorophyll
DRY MATTER YIELD OF NITROGEN FERTILIZED CRESTED WHEATGRASS ON THREE CHERNOZEMS (MOLLISOLS)
Authors: RYSWYK A. L. VAN , BROERSMA K. , HALL J. W. , BAWTREE A. H.
Published: March 2010

Crested wheatgrass (Agropyron cristatum) on three Chernozemic soil sites was fall fertilized once with 0, 25, 50 and 100 kg N ha−1 and harvested for 7 yr. Yield and yield response of crested wheatgrass to nitrogen were greater on the two moister sites and in the second and third (wettest) years. Low yield response on the driest site was likely due to a history of drought and phosphorus deficiency.Key words: Dry matter yield, crested wheatgrass, Agropyron cristatum, Chenozems, nitrogen fertilization, climatic moisture balance.
TOLÉRANCE AU GEL ET TENEUR EN SUCRES ET EN PROLINE DU COLLET DU FRAISIER (Fragaria ananassa Duch) DURANT L’HIVER
Authors: PAQUIN ROGER , BOLDUC RÉGINALD , ZIZKA JEAN , PELLETIER GUY , LECHASSEUR PIERRE
Published: March 2010

A 4-yr (1983–1987) project was initiated to follow the frost tolerance of vegetative and floral buds of two strawberry cultivars, Redcoat and Bounty, grown in a field near Quebec City (Quebec, Canada), and to record changes in the sugar and proline contents of crowns during the cold season. Strawberry begins to cold harden in September and its frost tolerance (LT50) increases during the autumn, even under the snow, to reach a maximum in January and thereafter decreases to return in May to its original level of September. The vegetative buds have a LT50 similar to that of the flower buds in September and May, but in January the former attain a maximum LT50 of −18.9 °C while that of the latter is −15.1 °C showing a significant difference of 3.8 °C. Strawberry frost tolerance is largely dependent on the decrease in temperature during the autumn, showing correlation coefficients of 0.89 for the vegetative buds and 0.93 for the floral buds. The sucrose, reducing and total sugar contents increase during cold hardening to reach a maximum that coincides with maximal LT50 in January. Relations between the strawberry LT50 and the crown sugar contents are significant. The proline content of crowns varies greatly during cold hardening and dehardening, and its relation with the frost tolerance of the floral and vegetative buds is more than doubtful even if the correlation coefficients are significant.Key words: Strawberry, frost tolerance, sugars, proline, winter survival
DERIVATION AND ASSESSMENT OF DRIS NORMS FOR GREENHOUSE TOMATOES
Authors: CARON J. , PARENT L. E.
Published: March 2010

Diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) norms were developed in Quebec from the 30% top yielding plants among 733 observations on marketable yields and foliar analyses of spring-grown greenhouse tomato plants. These crops produced between 4 and 6.5 kg plant−1 cumulated over 8 wk of harvest. Fifteen optimum nutrient ratios and concentrations were computed from N, P, K, Ca and Mg analytical results. DRIS norms developed irrespective of plant developmental stage were less sensitive than norms developed for selected sampling periods. Including a dry matter index in DRIS did not modify the nutrient ranking of independent samples, but DRIS and the critical value approach produced different diagnoses. The dry matter index may not only help in the separation of limiting from nonlimiting nutrient but can also become an indicator for modifying carbon accumulation in tomato plants. Since DRIS describes numerically the nutrient equilibrium in plants, fertigation regimes could be adapted to the actual plant requirements.Key words: Tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum L., tissue diagnosis, nutrient ratio, diagnosis and recommendation integrated system.
INFLUENCE DE LA TAILLE ET DE LA SAISON SUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT DES FRUITS D’UNE CULTURE DE CONCOMBRE EUROPÉEN
Authors: GOBEIL GUILLAUME , GOSSELIN ANDRÉ
Published: March 2010

A crop of European cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L. ’Corona’) was grown under supplementary lighting (HPS) from 12 Mar. 1987 to 31 Jan. 1988. The flowering, as well as fruit development and production of unproductive flowers was studied using four pruning methods, for winter and summer crops. Pruning method 1 resulted in 12–14 fruit on the main stem. Pruning method 2 lengthened production on short secondary suckers and resulted in 18–20 fruit. Pruning method 3 was used to produce 18–20 fruit on the main stem and on a long secondary sucker growing high up on the plant. Pruning method 4 lengthened production on the main stem, which was made to rest on supporting structures. Our results show that the flowering and fruit production rates are closely related. In summer, the flowering and fruit maturation is shortened and the proportion of marketable fruit is increased. The four pruning methods examined allow good control of spontaneous abortions and a high proportion of marketable fruit, which means a high percentage of productive flowers. However, method 2 was more productive with 4.8 and 6.2 fruit wk−1, respectively, for winter and summer crops.Key words: Cucumis sativus, pruning, supplementary lighting, HPS, cucumber (European)
EFFECT OF A PLASTIC ROW TUNNEL AND SOIL MULCH ON TOMATO PERFORMANCE, WEED CONTROL AND HERBICIDE PERSISTENCE
Authors: JENSEN K. I. N. , KIMBALL E. R. , RICKETSON C. L.
Published: March 2010

Incorporated trifluralin (0.75 kg ha−1) and pre-emergence applications of metribuzin (0.5 kg ha−1) and diphenamid (6.0 kg ha−1) provided effective weed control in transplanted Springset tomatoes grown with early-season supported row tunnels and a full-season clear unperforated polyethylene mulch. This plastic system influenced the weed flora by enhancing or inhibiting the germination and early growth of certain weed species. However, after 5 or 6 wk the clear plastic mulch severely limited further weed growth and competition. This may account for lack of tomato yield or fruit quality response to varying levels of weed control on mulched plots whereas there was a yield response related to levels of weed control on unmulched plots. The plastic mulch also reduced the loss of all three herbicides from soils compared with unmulched plots.Key words: Row tunnels, plastic mulch, trifluralin, metribuzin, diphenamid, herbicide persistence
INFLUENCE OF CROP HEIGHT ON HARVESTING LOSSES IN WINDROWED WHEAT
Authors: CLARKE J. M. , PAUW R. M. DE
Published: March 2010

Harvesting losses in windrower/combine and direct combine harvesting systems were measured in four spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes during 5 yr. Two of the cultivars were of conventional height and two were semidwarfs. Crop height varied among years due to precipitation differences, and ranged from 49 to 90 cm in the conventional-height genotypes HY355 and Neepawa and from 39 to 70 cm in the semidwarfs HY320 and HY912. Total harvesting losses for the windrower/combine system were greater for the semidwarf than for the conventional-height genotypes because of higher combine pick-up losses in the semidwarfs. Pick-up losses increased as crop height decreased (pick-up loss = 17.01 − 0.42 × height + 0.003 × height2, R2 = 0.86) in both the conventional-height and semidwarf genotypes. Pick-up losses increased markedly below a threshold height of approximately 60 cm. Total losses for the direct-combine system were lower than those of the windrower/combine system; in very short crops this advantage was maintained even when direct combining was delayed for 2 wk beyond combine ripeness. Direct combining is recommended in crops less than 60 cm in height. Semidwarf genotypes are shorter than this threshold more frequently than conventional-height genotypes.Key words: Direct combining, Semidwarf, Combine pick-up loss, natural shattering loss
RESPONSE OF WINTER WHEAT TO N AND WATER: GROWTH, WATER USE, YIELD AND GRAIN PROTEIN
Authors: ENTZ M. H. , FOWLER D. B.
Published: March 2010

Nitrogen and water are important variables that influence both grain yield and quality of wheat. The present study was conducted to investigate the combined effects of N and water on the growth, water use, yield and grain protein concentration of stubbled-in winter wheat produced in Saskatchewan. Seven field experiments were conducted between 1984 and 1986 on a range of soil types. Irrigation to approximately 150% of normal growing season precipitation significantly increased grain yield in five of the seven trials. A significant water × N interaction was recorded for grain yield in the remaining two trials. Grain yield response to irrigation averaged 10.9 kg ha−1 mm−1 at total available N levels above 140 kg ha−1. In trials where residual soil NO3–N to 61 cm averaged 40 kg ha−1, 62% of the grain yield increase was due to fertilizer N while 38% of the grain yield increase was due to the interaction between water and fertilizer N. Increases in grain yields due to N and water were attributed to increased levels of pre-anthesis dry matter, a higher number of kernels per square meter and an improved water use efficiency (kg ha−1 grain mm−1 total crop water use). The semidwarf cultivar Norwin and the tall cultivar Norstar responded similarly to N fertilization. In one trial, where moisture conditions were very favorable, a water × cultivar interaction indicated a greater response of Norwin to irrigation. The Gompertz equation was used to describe grain protein concentration-N response. The coefficient that describes the initial lag phase of this function was correlated with dry matter at anthesis (r = 0.97**) and root zone extractable water at stem elongation (r = 0.85**). These observations demonstrate that as pre-anthesis growing conditions improve more N is required to produce an increase in grain protein concentration above a minimum 8.2%.Key words: Wheat (winter), water use, nitrogen
EFFETS DES RÉGIMES THERMIQUES ET HYDRIQUES, DES pH DU SOL ET DE LA FUMURE PHOSPHATÉE SUR LA RÉPONSE AU PHOSPHORE DE LA LUZERNE
Authors: DIONNE J. L. , PESANT A. R. , BARNETT G. M. , MASON W. N.
Published: March 2010

The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of phosphorus application, air temperature, soil moisture regime and soil pH on the yield response of, and soil phosphorus availability to, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L ’Saranac’). The following treatments were used in factorial combination: three moisture regimes: (1) semi-dry, with soil moisture between FC (100% of available water or field capacity) and WP (0% of available water or wilting point), (2) optimal, between FC and 70% of available water, (3) wet, between saturation point and FC; three rates of phosphorus in the form of disodium phosphate (0, 12.5 and 25.0 P kg−1 of dry soil; and three soil pH levels: original (5.2 or 5.7), 6.5 and 7.5. Half of the alfalfa was grown in a warm greenhouse section with a minimum daytime temperature of 25 °C and 19 °C at night and the other half in a cool section with a daytime minimum of 15 °C and 9 °C at night. Although shoot yields were higher under warm than under cool conditions, yield response to phosphorus was greater under cool than warm growing conditions. Yield increases due to phosphorus were linear under optimum and wet soil moisture regimes and nonsignificant under the semi-dry regime. Phosphorus application increased root weight by 18% under the cool regime compared to 14% in the warm greenhouse. Phosphorus uptake by alfalfa increased with increasing rates of soil-applied P, except in semi-dry soils at warm temperature, where no effect of P on P uptake was recorded. Phosphorus uptake increased significantly with soil pH and was higher under warm temperature and optimal water regime.Key words: Phosphorus fertilization, available phosphorus, alfalfa, soil moisture regime, air temperature, phosphorus uptake
GERMINATION RESPONSE OF TWO ALPINE GRASSES FROM THE ROCKY MOUNTAINS OF ALBERTA
Authors: ACHARYA SURYA N.
Published: March 2010

Germination studies on alpine bluegress (Poa alpina L.) and broad-glumed wheatgrass (Agropyron latiglume Scribn. and Smith [Rydb.]) were undertaken to determine optimum germination conditions, the presence of seed dormancy and the extent of variability among populations for rapid germination. Poa alpina seeds germinated best under darkness and 16/8 h cycles of 22/15 °C temperature, while A. latiglume needed a 29/22 °C regime and darkness for best germination. Rapid germination in both species occurred within a narrow range of temperature conditions. Light and suboptimal temperatures appeared to have an inhibitory effect on seed germination during the initial period of imbibition. Germination inhibition through external factors (secondary dormancy) and the presence of primary dormancy in the nursery-grown seeds may be a genetic adaptation to stressful alpine environments. This and the differences among populations for seed germination in both species are encouraging for our breeding program which is developing genotypes for alpine and subalpine reclamation.Key words: Alpine bluegrass, broad-glumed wheat grass, temperature effect, light, population, seed germination.
CANOLA YIELD AND PROFITABILITY AS INFLUENCED BY VOLUNTEER WHEAT INFESTATIONS
Authors: O’DONOVAN J. T. , KIRKLAND K. J. , SHARMA A. K.
Published: March 2010

The effects of different densities of volunteer wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ’Neepawa’) on the yield of canola (Brassica campestris L. ’Tobin’ and B. napus L. ’Westar’), and the seed yield of the volunteer wheat were determined in field experiments conducted at Vegreville, Alberta and Scott, Saskatchewan. Hyperbolic models provided a good fit to the data in most instances and indicated that volunteer wheat can severely reduce canola yield. A model pooled over locations and years indicated that volunteer wheat populations as low as one plant m−2 reduced canola yield by approximately 1%. Yield loss predictions from the models were used to determine the economics of volunteer wheat control with herbicides. In some cases, revenue losses due to reduced canola yield could be alleviated when the value of the volunteer wheat was considered.Key words: Volunteer wheat, canola, rectangular hyperbola, multiple regression, economic threshold, volunteer cereals
HY355 WHITE SPRING WHEAT
Authors: PAUW R. M. DE , TOWNLEY-SMITH T. F. , McCAIG T. N. , CLARKE J. M. , McLEOD J. G. , KNOX R. E.
Published: March 2010

HY355, white spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) combines high grain yield, normal height and photoperiod insensitivity. HY355 is heterogeneous for kernel hardness with 55% of the breeder lines rated hard and 45% rated soft. HY355 is the first registered wheat cultivar eligible for grades of Canada Prairie Spring (white). It received a 2-yr interim registration on 6 May 1988.Key words: Wheat (spring), cultivar description
YIELD AND SEED QUALITY OF SUNFLOWER HYBRIDS IN RESPONSE TO A PAIRED-ROW SEEDING PATTERN
Authors: GUBBELS G. H. , DEDIO W.
Published: March 2010

Four oilseed sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hybrids, varying widely in growth habit, were grown with rows uniformly spaced at 45 cm and in a paired-row arrangement, alternating 30 cm with 60 cm, in 1986 and 1987 at Morden, Manitoba. Soil moisture conditions were adequate in both seasons. There were no significant differences in achene yield between the row spacing treatments.Key words: Sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., row spacing, paired rows
PS 72 SOYBEAN
Authors: BRADNER N. R. , SIMPSON R. D. , HADLOCK A. A.
Published: March 2010

PS 72 is a Maturity Group I soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivar which is the same maturity and 2.3% higher yielding than the cultivar Hodgson. Its main advantage is its yield performance, lodging tolerance and phytophthora tolerance.Key words: Glycine max, PS 72 cultivar, soybean
MINERAL STATUS AND GROWTH OF CONTAINERIZED COMPACT ANDORRA JUNIPER UNDER DIFFERENT IRRIGATION AND FERTILIZER REGIMENS
Authors: HICKLENTON PETER R. , McRAE K. B.
Published: March 2010

Juniperus horizontalis ’Plumosa Compacta’ were grown in 3.8-L containers to compare the factorial effects of irrigation (top vs. capillary) and controlled release fertilizer placement (incorporated vs. surface-applied) on shoot nutrient content and growth. These treatments were compared with a liquid fertilized control. Shoot N contents on 30 June (31 d after potting) were highest in plants which were top-irrigated and supplied with incorporated Nutricote, but were lowest in these plants at the end of the season (28 Sept.). Top-irrigated, Nutricote-incorporated, and liquid-fertilized plants showed the highest shoot K contents on 30 June. Lowest shoot K occurred in the top-irrigated, Nutricote-incorporated treatment on 28 Sept. In comparison with N or K, shoot P showed much less variation over the growing season. Incremental branch growth was less when fertilizer was surface-applied than when it was incorporated, but end-of-season shoot dry weights were similar in all plants except those which were top irrigated and supplied with incorporated Nutricote. This treatment produced the highest end-of-season shoot dry weight and best overall growth. Seasonal growth was positively correlated with early season (30 June) shoot N and K contents.Key words: Controlled release fertilizer, Nutricote, irrigation, Juniper
TWO DESTRUCTIVE METHODS OF ESTIMATING FRESH LEAFLET MASS OF POTATO PLANTS
Authors: LACTIN D. J. , HOLLIDAY N. J.
Published: March 2010

The leaf area of plants may be estimated by weighing the leaves and relating area to mass. In this paper we compare the accuracy, precision, and cost of two methods of estimating leaflet mass of potato plants (Solanum tuberosum L.). In the "ratio" method, leaflet mass estimates are derived by comparison of dry/fresh mass ratios of leaflet samples, stem samples, and of the entire aboveground parts of the plant. In the "extrapolation" method, samples of the aboveground portions of the plant are taken and the mass of leaflets, as a proportion of sample mass, is used to estimate the mass of leaflets on the entire plant. The methods are equally accurate and precise (r2 of regressions of predicted on actual leaflet masses: ratio method, 0.9847; extrapolation method, 0.9937). The ratio method requires less time except for relatively small plants. The ratio method can be appended to measurements of tissue dry-mass. Both methods can be applied to all plants which can be easily processed to consist of only two tissues.Key words: Potato, Solanum tuberosum, leaflet mass estimation, accuracy, precision, sampling cost
LIGHTING FOR GREENHOUSE VEGETABLE PRODUCTION – AN OVERVIEW
Authors: EHRET D. L. , MOLNAR J. M. , JOLLIFFE P. A.
Published: March 2010

At temperate latitudes, growth of greenhouse vegetable crops is well correlated with seasonal shifts in irradiance, which constrains annual production schedules and productivity. Although supplemental lighting would appear to be a potentially useful means of extending seasonal limits, current use of supplemental lighting is largely restricted to propagation and transplant production. Information is scarce concerning the use of supplemental lighting during the main crop growth period. Yield data from trials with lettuce, cucumber, tomato and pepper grown under supplemental lighting are promising, but more information on product quality is needed. Adequate guidelines for the suitable timing, irradiance, spectral energy distribution and seasonal use of supplemental lighting are not yet in place for producing crops, and need to be developed in conjunction with other cultural factors. Supplemental lighting increases the effectiveness of greenhouse carbon dioxide enrichment, but may necessitate adjustments in nutrient and climate management in the greenhouse.Key words: Greenhouse, lighting, vegetables, season extension
FRUCTANS IN ONION BULBS IN RELATION TO STORAGE LIFE
Authors: SUZUKI MICHIO , CUTCLIFFE J. A.
Published: March 2010

A 3-yr study with eight different onion cultivars, Allium cepa, was conducted to determine the association of water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) with the storability of the bulbs. Onion bulbs were harvested in the fall of 1983, 1984 and 1985, and sample bulbs were analyzed for WSC. Water-soluble carbohydrates of onion bulbs consisted of a series of oligofructans, the maximum degree of polymerization (DP) being between 10 and 15, in addition to fructose, glucose and sucrose. Fructan concentration of onion bulbs harvested in 1985 decreased during storage. Onion cultivars with a short storage life, such as Buffalo, contained a relatively high moisture content, a high concentration of monosaccharides and a low concentration of fructans at harvest. These criteria may be used as an indicator for identifying onion cultivars with a very short storage life but not for the prediction of storability of onions with medium to long storage life.Key words: Onion, Allium cepa, storage, carbohydrate, fructan, HPLC, molecular size
RESPONSE OF NEAR-ISOGENIC PEA CULTIVARS TO INFECTION BY Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi RACES 1 AND 5
Authors: CHARCHAR M. , KRAFT J. M.
Published: March 2010

Near-isogenic pea cultivars, differing by a single dominant gene for resistance (R) or susceptibility (S) to Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. pisi race 1 (’M410’-S, ’Vantage’-R) or race 5 (’Sundance’-S, ’Sundance II’-R), were evaluated for their response to infection. The response of resistant cultivars to each race was similar. Colonies of both races were isolated in higher numbers from tap and lateral root apices of susceptible as compared with resistant cultivars. Internal tap root and hypocotyl invasion occurred in all cultivars tested. However, lateral roots and stems of resistant cultivars were not infected as compared with susceptible lines. Surface colonization of tap and lateral roots of the resistant cultivars was significantly less than with the susceptible cultivars. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that gel-like material completely sealed off xylem elements in lateral roots, epicotyls, and aboveground stems of resistant cultivars. In contrast, intense mycelial invasion, without the formation of gels, occurred in susceptible cultivars. Conidial germination and germ-tube growth of both race 1 and race 5 were stimulated by xylem fluids from the susceptible, but not from the resistant cultivars. A resistance response based on physical containment and reduced fungal growth was evident.Key words: Fusarium wilt, host response, Pisum sativum
DETECTION AND OCCURRENCE OF PRIMARY INFECTION BY POTATO VIRUS S OF DISEASE-FREE PLANTS
Authors: SINGH R. P. , BOUCHER A. , SOMERVILLE T. H.
Published: March 2010

Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and potato plantlets of cultivars Green Mountain, Red Pontiac, Russet Burbank and Shepody, potato virus S (PVS) was detected in primary infected plants under field conditions. Potato virus S was detected 3 wk postinoculation (p.i.) from the field-grown plants as compared to 2 wk p.i. from greenhouse-grown plants. Potato virus S concentration in infected plants remained high throughout the growing season. The ELISA test using dormant tubers was not reliable because A405 nm values overlapped between infected and healthy tubers. Exposure of healthy plants to PVS sources in the field resulted in high infections with PVS by the 9th wk of growth. This pattern of infection suggests involvement of aerial vectors in the transmission of PVS under conditions of the Atlantic region of Canada.Key words: Current year infection, ELISA, dormant tubers, spread of PVS
INTERPLANT AND INTRAPLANT COMPETITION EFFECTS ON MAIN STEM YIELD OF THREE DIVERSE-TILLERING SPRING WHEATS
Authors: HUCL P. , BAKER R. J.
Published: March 2010

Three spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes (Neepawa, Siete Cerros and M1417) were subjected to four levels of tiller removal (MS remaining, MS + T1 remaining, MS + T1 + T2 remaining, control) at three plant densities (two, four and eight plants per 15-cm-diameter pot) in a controlled environment to assess the effects of interplant and intraplant competition on stem dimensions and yield-related traits of genotypes with diverse tillering habits. Both types of competition resulted in reduced kernel weight and main stem grain yield and increased yield per pot. Interplant competition also reduced harvest indices while intraplant competition reduced main stem length and main stem diameter. The oligoculm genotype, M1417, was more sensitive to interplant competition than Siete Cerros and Neepawa. The increased sensitivity of M1417 appears to result from plant mortality combined with the inability to maintain kernel mass under severe interplant competition.Key words: Triticum aestivum, wheat (spring), tiller removal, grain yield, plant competition.
SEEDING RATE EFFECTS ON LOW-TILLERING SPRING WHEATS IN A SEMIARID ENVIRONMENT
Authors: HUCL P. , BAKER R. J.
Published: March 2010

To determine if increased seeding rates would alter relative yields of traditional and low-tillering genotypes, a high-tillering (Neepawa), a low-tillering (Siete Cerros), and an oligoculm (M1417) spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotype were seeded in replicated field trials at two locations in 1984 and 1985. A four-replication split-plot design, with genotypes assigned to main plots and seeding rates (40, 80 160, 320 and 640 seeds m−2) to subplots, was used for each experiment. Grain yield and its components were measured on individual plots or on main stems of five plants in each plot. All three genotypes expressed maximum yield at the same seeding rate (640 seeds m−2 in 1984 and 320 seeds m−2 in 1985) in the semiarid conditions of these experiments. Despite diverse tillering habits, the relative yields of these three genotypes could not be altered by changing seeding rates. On average, Siete Cerros (low-tillering) yielded 15% more than Neepawa and 17% more than M1417. Neepawa had lower grain yields than M1417 at all seeding rates in 1984, but higher grain yields in 1985. A similar change in relative performance of these two genotypes was observed for harvest index of the main stem but not for main stem grain yield kernels spike −1 on the main stem or kernel weight.Key words: Wheat (spring), oligoculm, yield components, genotype-environmental interaction.
A MODEL OF SPRING WHEAT (Triticum aestivum) FOR LARGE AREA YIELD ESTIMATIONS ON THE CANADIAN PRAIRIES
Authors: STEWART D. W. , DWYER L. M.
Published: March 2010

A physically-based model is described which calculates hard red spring wheat yields for the Canadian prairies given daily weather parameters. The model uses a simple resistance analog to calculate plant water stress and a nonlinear response factor for temperature effects. Yield data on a large area (crop district) basis were used both for calculating coefficients in the model with a nonlinear least squares algorithm and for verification purposes. Weather effects were separated from technological trends using multiplicative and additive non-linear time functions. The model with the additive time trend produced smaller standard errors of estimate (SEE) on all soil types; SEEs between actual and calculated yield averaged 157, 225 and 253 kg ha−1 for the Brown, Dark Brown, and Black soil zones respectively using the additive time trend. Use of the model for predictive purposes is discussed.Key words: Time trends, nonlinear fitting, physical model, crop district scale
SCREENING GREEN FIELD PEA GENOTYPES FOR RESISTANCE TO COLOR LOSS
Authors: GUBBELS G. H. , ALI-KHAN S. T.
Published: March 2010

Green field pea (Pisum sativum L.) genotypes were grown in the field and harvested before and after exposure to moist conditions. The seeds were evaluated for percent bleaching and intensity of green color. Samples from the first harvest were placed on moist paper in petri dishes for later recording of percent hard seeds and color. Percentage of bleached seeds and color at last harvest gave a good evaluation of resistance to color loss of the genotypes. Percentage of hard seed was strongly correlated with percentage of bleached seeds (negative) and color at last harvest (positive), and would provide the basis of a screening technique. However, non-soaking on moist paper may be associated with cooking quality, in which case the method would be of value in selecting lines for the split green pea market, but not for the whole green pea market.Key words: Pea (green field), Pisum sativum L., cotyledon color, seed bleaching
COMPARISON OF HILL AND ROW PLOTS FOR AGRONOMIC AND QUALITY TRAITS IN SPRING MALTING BARLEY (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Authors: TRAGOONRUNG S. , HAYES P. M. , JONES B. L.
Published: March 2010

Provided they reliably predict row plot performance, hill plots should be useful for doubled haploid recurrent selection in malting barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The primary objective of this research was to compare hill and row plot expression of agronomic and malting quality traits in an array of elite spring habit barley germplasm grown under irrigated conditions. A supporting objective was to identify an appropriate seeding rate for hill plot evaluation. Eight-replicate hill plots at four seeding rates (10, 20, 30, and 40 seeds per hill) were compared with adjacent four-replicate row plots in each of three environments. Genotype and genotype × environment interactions were significant for most agronomic traits in both plot types. Significant, linear genotype responses to hill plot seeding rates were observed for most agronomic traits. Seeding rate had no consistent effect on the expression of malting quality. The percentage of lines in common in the two plot types at 25 and 50% selection intensities was the most useful comparison statistic and indicated hill plot selection should be effective for most agronomic and malting quality traits. Although yield heritability estimates were consistently high in both hill and row plots, there was little relationship between trait expression in the two plot types. Differential tillering in response to hill plot competition is likely responsible. A seeding rate of 10 seeds per hill should be appropriate in preliminary screening for traits amenable to hill plot selection in irrigated spring habit malting barley.Key words: Hordeum vulgare L., malting quality, breeding methods, barley
NEAR-INFRARED REFLECTANCE ESTIMATES OF GRAIN PROTEIN AND MALT EXTRACT IN HILL AND ROW PLOT EVALUATIONS OF SPRING MALTING BARLEY
Authors: TRAGOONRUNG S. , HAYES P. M. , BROICH S. L.
Published: March 2010

Expensive, time-consuming analyses can limit selection responses for grain protein and malt extract in a malting barley improvement program. Alternative breeding strategies, such as doubled haploid recurrent selection, rapidly produce more genotypes than can be evaluated in conventional plots. Prior to implementing a doubled haploid recurrent selection program for malting quality we sought to test the utility of hill plot evaluation and near-infrared reflectance (NIR) prediction for grain protein and malt extract. Five- and six-wavelength calibration equations were generated for prediction of grain protein and malt extract, respectively. The multiple correlation coefficient of the protein equation (0.96) was higher than that of the malt extract equation (0.88). Calibration equations for both traits based on separate locations and spike classes (two-row vs. six-row) were less robust than the multiple environment, combined equations. The grain protein and malt extract equations had acceptable predictive power for both row and hill plot samples. However, in view of differential trait expression in hill and row plots, NIR prediction based on hill plot evaluation is appropriate for grain protein. NIR prediction of malt extract is best deferred until genotypes are evaluated in row plots.Key words: Malting quality, NIR, hill plots, barley
THE EFFECT OF OVULE POSITION ON THE FREQUENCY OF HYBRID AND INBRED SEED IN FABA BEAN
Authors: DUC G. , ROWLAND G. G.
Published: March 2010

The effect of ovule and ovary position on the frequency of hybrid seed production of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) was measured at Dijon, France and Saskatoon, Canada. Even though there was far greater ovule fertilization frequency at Dijon (72%) than at Saskatoon (30%) the frequency of hybrid seed was significantly greater at Saskatoon (24%) than at Dijon (15%). Neither the position of the ovule within the ovary nor the position of the raceme on the stem had any effect on the production of hybrid seed. However, at both locations the highest position within a raceme produced a significantly greater proportion of hybrid seeds. It is proposed that under the effect of intra- or inter-plant stress, developing ovaries containing hybrid embryos may be selectively retained.Key words: Vicia faba, ovule fertilization, outcrossing, faba bean