bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender-Stereotypic Images of Occupations Correspond to the Sex Segregation of Employment
Authors: Cejka Mary Ann , Eagly Alice H.
Published: June 2007

This study examines the role of gender stereotypes in justifying the social system by maintaining the division of labor between the sexes. The distribution of the sexes in 80 occupations was predicted from participants’ beliefs that six dimensions of gender-stereotypic attributes contribute to occupational success: masculine physical, feminine physical, masculine personality, feminine personality, masculine cognitive, and feminine cognitive. Findings showed that, to the extent that occupations were female dominated, feminine personality or physical attributes were thought more essential for success; to the extent that occupations were male dominated, masculine personality or physical attributes were thought more essential. Demonstrating the role of gender stereotypes in justifying gender hierarchy, occupations had higher prestige in that participants believed that they required masculine personality or cognitive attributes for success, and they had higher earnings to the extent that they were thought to require masculine personality attributes.
On the Parameters of Associative Strength: Central Tendency and Variability as Determinants of Stereotype Accessibility
Authors: Dijksterhuis Ap , van Knippenberg Ad
Published: June 2007

The authors studied the determinants of associative strength of stereotypes. Based on the literature on associative learning and on assumptions derived from a functional view of stereotyping, the authors hypothesized that the strength of stereotypical associations was determined by two parameters: If (a) central tendency of a trait is high and (b) variability of a trait is low, associations are formed, and activating a social category leads to heightened accessibility of this trait. The authors tested their predictions in two experiments in which stereotype accessibility was measured. In Experiment 1, they investigated stereotype development. It was shown that associations between a social category and a trait attribute develop when central tendency is high and when variability is low. In Experiment 2, it was shown that existing stereotypes are also characterized by high central tendency and low variability. The implications of these results are discussed.
Appearance, Stereotype-Incongruent Behavior, and Social Relationships
Authors: Zebrowitz Leslie , Lee So Young
Published: June 2007

The relationship of appearance to family and peer relationships was investigated in a sample of delinquent adolescent boys and a matched sample of nondelinquents, controlling for age, IQ, socioeconomic status, and family risk factors. As predicted, the effects of appearance on family relationships varied with the boys’ delinquency status, with more baby faced or more attractive delinquents experiencing more adverse effects and more baby faced or more attractive nondelinquents experiencing more favorable effects. These results were attributed in part to a contrast effect whereby delinquents’ violation of the benign expectations held for baby faced or attractive individuals results in more negative outcomes for those individuals than for their more mature faced or unattractive peers. Consistent with previous research, peer relationships were better for attractive boys, albeit only when they were delinquent. Peer relationships tended to be poorer for baby faced boys regardless of their delinquency status.
The Role of Self-Deception in Perceptions of Past, Present, and Future Happiness
Authors: Robinson Michael D. , Ryff Carol D.
Published: June 2007

Previous research suggests that self-deception is maximized when (a) there is a lack of concrete information, and (b) the motivation to self-deceive is high. In applying this model to past, present, and future judgments about the self, the future is unique because of its uncertainty, whereas the past is unique because of its lesser relevance to current motivations. We therefore predict that people will be the most self-deceptive when thinking about their future, a prediction supported in four studies ( N s = 96, 125, 40, and 298) using various measures of self-deception and subjective well-- being. Studies 1 and 2 provide basic evidence for future self-- enhancement, whereas Studies 3 and 4 demonstrate that concrete information about the future reduces this bias. More generally, the findings highlight the special status of future well-being judgments as well as the flexible link between self-deception and self-evaluation.
Covariation-Based Attribution: On the Ability to Assess Multiple Covariates of an Effect
Authors: Fiedler Klaus , Walther Eva , Nickel Stefanie
Published: June 2007

For logical and normative reasons, attributions have to follow the covariation rule. However, little is known about the cognitive process by which the covariation of an effect with multiple causes is extracted from empirical observations. Previous research used verbal quantifiers to manipulate covariation with subjects (consensus), objects (distinctiveness), and time (consistency). In contrast, the inductive assessment of covariation from a sequence of observations was the focus of the present experiments. Empirical findings demonstrate that accurate covariation judgment is usually confined to one focused factor. The role of the focal factor is augmented rather than discounted when another covarying factor is present. When attributers can actively search for information, memory for singular observations is strong, but attributional judgments deteriorate. Experimental search strategies improve event memory but interfere with covariation-based judgments. A unidimensional joint scale model provides a better account of underlying cognitive processes than the common factorial-design model.
The Role of Conversational Involvement in Deceptive Interpersonal Interactions
Authors: Burgoon Judee K. , Buller David B. , White Cindy H. , Afifi Walid , Buslig Aileen L. S.
Published: June 2007

Interpersonal Deception Theory (IDT) postulates that interactive deception differs from noninteractive deception due to combined influences of deceiver goals and social skills, mutual influence processes between sender and receiver, feedback, and interaction dynamics. An experiment tested hypotheses that (a) interactive deception displays differ from truthful ones only at the outset of interaction and approximate truthful displays over time, (b) displays are moderated by deceiver social skills, (c) deceivers adapt to receiver communication with reciprocal or compensatory displays, (d) low involvement by receivers conveys negative feedback that instigates more behavioral adjustments by deceivers than does high involvement, and (e) receivers’ postinteraction judgments of deceivers are directly related to deceiver behavioral displays. An experiment in which senders alternated between telling the truth and deceiving, and partners varied their own level of involvement, produced supportive results that have implications for the stability of, and causal mechanisms underlying, deception displays and interpersonal communication generally.
Perceived Social Support and Attributions for Failed Support
Authors: Ross Lisa Thomson , Lutz Catherine J. , Lakey Brian
Published: June 2007

Global perceptions of social support are as stable as personality characteristics, although people occasionally must experience support that violates their expectations. To help understand this phenomenon, two studies investigated perceived support and attributions for when support is needed but not received. The authors hypothesized that persons with high perceived social support would explain that ineffective support resulted from unstable and specific factors. In contrast, low perceived social support persons were expected to make more negative attributions. In Study 1, low versus high perceived social support people made more negative attributions for hypothetical situations in which individuals needed support but did not get it. In Study 2, women described actual failed support experiences. Again, women low in social support made more negative attributions for failed support, compared to those with high support. In both studies, the relation between support and attributions could not be explained by negative emotion.
When it Rains, it Pours: The Greater Impact of Resource Loss Compared to Gain on Psychological Distress
Authors: Wells Jennifer D. , Hobfoll Stevan E. , Lavin Justin
Published: June 2007

The authors prospectively investigated stress in 71, mostly European American, pregnant women. Conservation of Resources (COR) theory was applied to assess the impact of resource losses and gains that occur in women’s lives. Resources were defined as those things that people value or that act as a means to obtaining that which they value and include social, personal, object, and condition resources. The authors hypothesized that women’s resource losses would better predict postpartum anger and depression than their resource gains (in the opposite direction). They also predicted that earlier resource loss would accelerate the negative impact of later resource loss on postpartum distress. Resource gain was expected to be most salient when resource losses co-occurred, such that resource gains buffered the negative impact of resource loss. The hypotheses were generally supported and argue for the primacy of resource loss in the stress process.
Societal Development and the Change of Leadership Style in Oriental Chinese Societies
Authors: Li Ji , Fu Ping Ping , Chow Irene , Peng T. K.
Published: June 2007

The development of East Asian Chinese societies in recent decades has led to observed change in leadership styles among business managers. This study examines the relationship between societal changes, especially the change in culture, and the change in leadership styles. The subjects of this study are Chinese managers in four major Oriental Chinese societies: Mainland China, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan. It is argued that, due to different political, economical, and cultural developments in recent decades, the leadership styles in these Chinese societies have also changed in different directions. Based on data from the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness Program (GLOBE) study, our findings show some significant and interesting differences in leadership style among business leaders in these Chinese societies. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Women and Survival Strategies in Poor Urban Contexts: A Case Study from Guadalajara, Mexico
Authors: Rosas Rocío Enríquez
Published: June 2007

Urban poverty in countries like Mexico nowadays shows a new dynamism that calls for an inter disciplinary approach to allow us to sort out the underlying mechanisms that keep many Mexican households in poverty. Based on current theoretical debates about survival strategies and relying on an anthropological approach, this paper analyzes how urban poor households confront their condition. The analysis starts out from a case study, the world of meanings that underlie poverty and the alternatives that the urban poor currently develop, especially urban poor women, who are mothers (whether they be heads of household or not), in order to survive daily.
Outreach, Impact, and Sustainability of Informal Banking: A Case Study of the Ouelessebougou-Utah Alliance Microenterprise Program in Mali
Authors: Solomon Yodit , Ballif-Spanvill Bonnie , Ward Carol , Fuhriman Addie
Published: June 2007

This paper presents a case study of a rural credit program sponsored by the Ouelessebougou-Utah Alliance (OUA) in Mali, West Africa. Ethnographic methods are employed to determine the outreach, impact, and sustainability of the program. Findings indicate that program specifications increasingly limit participation to an established and primarily male clientele. Both male and female borrowers reported higher earnings and greater contribution to household expenses; however, access to credit for women is not associated with improved status. The prospect for administrative and financial sustainability of the program is undermined by a weak and ineffective educational component.
Socioeconomic and Political Factors of Health Security and Insecurity in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Nef Jorge
Published: June 2007

This essay examines health security and insecurity in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region from a systemic perspective. It concentrates on the concepts of health system and health regime, derived from the contributions of numerous disciplines. Focusing on the notions of living conditions, risk, vulnerability, insecurity, quality of life, coverage, and accessibility, the paper analyses the relationships between the processes of generation and allocation of health (and health risks) and the historical and structural circumstances affecting health. Five analytically interrelated clusters of variables are discussed: (a) the economic, social, and political contexts of health (and their trends) in the LAC region; (b) the cultures and ideologies of health; (c) the delivery structures, both institutional and otherwise, which make up the actually-existing health regime; (d) the policies and processes of health generation and distribution (as well as its accessibility); and (e) the effects or consequences of the aforementioned policies and processes upon the region’s health and its circumstances.
Missing In Action
Authors: Bishop Ronald
Published: June 2007

This analysis follows up work in the late 1970s analyzing Sports Illustrated’s coverage of women’s sports in Olympic years 1956, 1960, 1964, 1968, 1972, and 1976. This article analyzes feature articles in the first issue of each month of Sports Illustrated beginning in 1980, with 72 issues reviewed for total number of articles per issue, sex of athlete featured in each article, number of pages per article, and type of sport covered in each article. An exploration of photographs accompanying the articles is included. In all, 569 articles were reviewed. Although there was an increase in feature coverage of women’s sports in the early 1990s, the change in coverage for the entire period compared with the period analyzed previously was not significant in percentage of articles about women and percentage of pages devoted to coverage of women’s sports. The percentage of photos featuring women dropped dramatically from 1994 to 1996.
It’s Not About The Book
Authors: Butryn Ted M. , Masucci Matthew A.
Published: June 2007

In his autobiography, It’s Not About the Bike: My Journey Back to Life, Lance Armstrong claimed that his identity as a human being is not defined simply in terms of his skill at racing a bicycle. Armstrong’s articulation of multiple, competing identifications is consistent with a postmodern notion of fractured, incomplete identity. However, following Butler, identity can be seen as contested, negotiated, and often hegemonic. Drawing from the emerging field of cyborgology, and the work of Birrell and McDonald, the authors construct a parallel cyborg “counternarrative” alongside the popular Armstrong story. By interrogating Armstrong’s story through the lens of cyborg theory, the authors will explore and articulate alternative meanings/readings of Armstrong’s narrative of self as represented in his book and, finally, suggest that Armstrong’s story can be read as an exemplar of the postmodern cyborg sporting hero.
A (Utopian?) Socialist Proposal for the Reform of Major League Baseball
Authors: Richards Donald G.
Published: June 2007

Major League Baseball currently faces a crisis calling for radical reform of its operations. This article critically examines two recent reform proposals that call for a luxury tax on team salaries combined with revenue sharing that would bring greater financial and competitive parity among and between the league’s constituent teams. It is argued that these reforms do not go far enough in reestablishing the basis for fan loyalty that is the essence of the national pastime. A far superior reform model would have the teams become the property of the municipalities in which they operate, combined with a reserve clause that ties players to particular teams for their playing careers. A predetermined salary structure would make player compensation a function of longevity rather than the market. Salary cost control, in turn, would enable teams to price tickets at levels that would enable more families of modest means to attend games.
Self-Care and Mothering in African American Women With HIV/AIDS
Authors: Shambley-Ebron Donna Z. , Boyle Joyceen S.
Published: June 2007

African American women are the most rapidly growing group of people in the United States diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. The purpose of this study was to explore experiences of self-care and mothering among African American women with HIV/AIDS. It is important to recognize how culture affects illness management, childrearing, and daily living to design culturally appropriate nursing interventions for African American women. Critical ethnography was used to study 10 African American mothers from the rural Southeast who were HIV positive and mothered children who were HIV positive. Domains derived from the research were disabling relationships, strong mothering, and redefining self-care. The cultural theme was creating a life of meaning. African American mothers with HIV/AIDS in the rural Southeast used culturally specific self-care and mothering strategies reflective of cultural traditions. This study acknowledges strengths of African American women and generates theory that will enhance nursing care to this population.
Healing Wounded Relationships to Reduce Latino Youth Violence
Authors: Oscós-Sánchez Manuel Angel , Lesser Janna
Published: June 2007

Latino male youth in the United States are disproportionately affected by violence. This study explores the experiences that young Latino males in a long-term correctional treatment center have had with violence. An iterative qualitative research design was used to guide sequential periods of data collection and analysis. Data was gathered through the use of open-ended, semi-structured group and individual interviews. The information that these young men shared about their lives both in and out of the facility highlight the importance of healing wounded relationships. Long-term interventions that focus on healing, strengthening, and building the relationships that high-risk Latino youth have with caring adults will help to decrease their risk of suffering further violence-related morbidity and mortality.
Operating Theater Culture
Authors: Gillespie Brigid M. , Wallis Marianne , Chaboyer Wendy
Published: June 2007

Health service delivery in the operating theater is vulnerable to shortages because of the unique environment, postregistration training requirements, and the occupational subculture that characterizes social relations. The aim of this mini-ethnography is to explore characteristics of organizational culture of the operating theater and how this culture is communicated and sustained. The field setting is an eight-theater department in a major hospital in Queensland, Australia. Informants include nurses, orderlies, trainee and consultant surgeons, and anesthetists. Three themes related to primacy of knowledge and competence, social order, and situational control are important cultural indicators in this highly specialized milieu. The level to which members are able to assimilate and meet role expectations depends on the amount of knowledge and experience they possess. A lack of acceptance has the potential to affect members' willingness to continue working in the operating theater, and consequently, may contribute to existing nursing shortages in this specialty.
Love and School: Attachment/Exploration Dynamics in College
Authors: Aspelmeier Jeffery E. , Kerns Kathryn A.
Published: June 2007

Two studies tested the hypothesis that secure attachment facilitates exploration at college. Also, these studies examined how types of insecure attachment differentially predict exploration. In Study 1, 200 undergraduates completed self-report measures of attachment and exploration. In Study 2, 69 undergraduates completed these same measures, and two tasks that measured exploratory behavior. Ratings of attachment styles were differentially related to self-reports of exploration (e.g., security was related to curiosity and comfort with academic social interactions, whereas preoccupation and fearfulness were related to anxiety about academic performance). Sex differences were found in exploratory behavior. For males, dismissiveness and general insecurity were correlated with low levels of exploration of novel objects and relationship information. Anxiousness was correlated with low levels of exploration of novel objects and high levels of exploration of relationship information. For females, dismissiveness was correlated with low levels of exploration of relationship information.
Humans, Machines, and Conversations
Authors: Voskuhl Adelheid
Published: June 2007

This essay investigates the design of automatic speech recognition (ASR) technologies as a site at which the human qualities of ‘hearing’ and ‘understanding’ are mimicked in machines. On the basis of an observational study, it explains the major work components and debates in ASR, such as research paradigms and strategies, as well as the intricacies of instruments and experimentation. Key arguments concern the tensions, conflicts, and ambiguities that emerge from the intersection of disparate research paradigms in ASR. The study emphasizes the actors’ success in establishing a local context of stable, practical rationality in which they negotiate the complementary and conflicting research objectives of building speech recognition machines, on one hand, and understanding human hearing, on the other. The conclusion is cast in terms of a ‘functional contingency’, a concept that characterizes this setting in which researchers successfully make machines ‘recognize speech’ and in so doing make the machines part of specific types of ‘conversation’.
Evolutionary Biology and Ideology: Then and Now
Authors: Young Robert M.
Published: June 2007

This paper was presented at a conference on 'The Social Impact of Modern Biology', organized by the British Society for Social Responsibility in Science in London, 26-28 November 1970. It will appear in the volume of conference proceedings edited by Watson Fuller—to be published on 21 May 1971 by Routledge & Kegan Paul as The Impact of Modern Biology (hard cover £1.75, paperback £0.50)—and is reprinted by kind permission. Because of the interest it aroused at the time, and the way in which it drew on material from several academic disciplines, we are taking the unusual step of reproducing the paper here so that readers may have the advantage of the extended bibliographical and discursive footnotes, which will not be included in the conference proceedings.

The paper was designed basically for an audience of scientists who were assumed to have no knowledge of recent literature on social and historical aspects of science. Dr Young is himself active within the history and philosophy of science, and is working towards a closer relationship with relevant studies in sociology and social anthropology. He makes no claim to a comprehensive knowledge of all the related background literature, nor to having provided here an exhaustive bibliography. This paper is in the nature of a report of work and thought in progress, and a provisional sketch of an emerging point of view. Discussion, criticism and elaboration of the paper's contents, in the form of Notes or Letters, will be welcomed.
Factor Structure of the Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form
Authors: Walters Glenn D.
Published: June 2007

The Lifestyle Criminality Screening Form (LCSF) was subjected to a factor analysis with image extraction and direct oblimin (oblique) rotation. Four samples of male federal offenders with a total N of 400 served as subjects for this study. The results implied the presence of a four-factor solution -antisocial identity, intrusiveness of the confining offense, family/interpersonal conflict, and poor school/work adjustment. The implications and limitations of these findings are discussed.
The effects of conditioning on cardiorespiratory function in adolescent boys
Authors: Shasby Gregory B. , Hagerman Federick C.
Published: June 2007

Pulse rate and oxygen consumption were measured for 19 boys (aged 12-13) assigned to either Distance, Interval, or No-Training regimens, during a 5 min. run at 6 m.p.h., zero % grade on a motor driven treadmill prior to a 12 week condi tioning period, following conditioning, and after four months of deconditioning. Oxy gen consumption was assessed by open- circuitry and heart rate monitored by direct electrocardiography. Both condi tioning groups significantly improved car diovascular fitness (Distance group. 175-152 beats/min. and Interval group: 175-159 beats/min.) at P < .01, but no differences were noted between them. They differed significantly from the Con trol group (P < .05) which showed no change (172-173 beats/min.). No sig nificant differences occurred between any of the groups for Vo2 variables, but Within group analysis statistically fa vored the Distance group. Post-condi tioning and -deconditioning compari sons indicated that deconditioning had a deleterious effect on cardiorespiratory function. Cardiorespiratory fitness im proved to the extent that competitive running events of 2-6 miles are sug gested for this age group, but as the data indicated, only after sufficient train ing. Task similarity of training and stan dard test and running volume apparently afforded a slightly greater improvement of cardiorespiratory fitness in the Distance group. Marked deterioration of fitness during deconditioning was attributed to complete absence of a training stimulus.
Fire on ice
Authors: Sutherland Gerald W.
Published: June 2007

Hockey is recognized as being one of the fastest and most demanding sports in the world, with a reputation for roughness and physical risk. The risk factor should be defined as the probability of the partici pant's sustaining injury. Because of our growing concern for the physical safety of both male and female ice hockey players at all age levels, this study was designed to: (1) examine the incidence of acciden tal and penalty-related injuries; (2) exam ine the nature and severity of the injuries; (3) analyze the physical risks; (4) identify the causative factors of risk; (5) recom mend changes to enhance the sport's safety.
Popliteal hiatus of the lateral meniscus
Authors: Cohn Arnold K. , Mains Douglas B.
Published: June 2007

The popliteal hiatus is the opening defined by the fascicles of the lateral meniscus, which permits the popliteal tendon to pursue its course from the tibia to its femoral attachment. The medial border of the popliteal hiatus is the body of the meniscus. Ten fresh-frozen knee specimens from human adult males (with no evidence of previous surgery to the knees) were dissected. The joints were disarticulated so that only the lateral structures remained intact. The perimeter of the meniscal attachment anterior to the hiatus measured 4.2 ± 0.3 cm, and the perimeter posterior to the hiatus measured 3.4 ± 0.5 cm. The total perimeter of the lateral meniscus was 8.9 ± 0.7 cm. The length of the superior fascicle of the lateral meniscus was 0.9 ± 0.2 cm. In this series, the length of the hiatus was 1.3 ± 0.1 cm. The anatomy of the popliteal hiatus was constant. The popliteal hiatus is an anatomical structure and must be differentiated from pathologic lesions common to the same area.
Knee injury in skiing
Authors: Johnson Robert J. , Pope Malcolm H. , Weisman Gerald , White Bruce F. , Ettlinger Carl
Published: June 2007

During the past four ski seasons, all 1,141 ski injuries which occurred in a large northern Vermont ski area were evaluated prospectively. Of these injuries, 21.6% involved knee ligaments and 18.6% involved sprains of the medial collateral ligament. Females sustained a disproportionately high incidence of Grade I medial collateral sprains, but suffered the more severe sprains at a rate similar to that of males. Individuals who were smaller, younger, less experienced, and less skilled sustained a higher incidence of Grade I injuries. Skiers suffering complete tears of the medial collateral ligament were no smaller, younger, or less skilled or experienced than our control population. Medial collateral sprains are produced primarily by external rotation and vaigus forces. Two-mode release bindings are insensitive to several loading configurations which could produce knee sprains. Bindings which allow release in roll, shear, and twist at the heel, as well as twist at the toe and forward lean, appear to be necessary to protect the knee.
Anatomical and physiologic characteristics to predict football ability
Authors: Arnold James A. , Brown Barry , Micheli Ralph Peter , Coker Tom P.
Published: June 2007

In a prospective study of 56 scholarship players at the Univer sity of Arkansas in 1976, 14 anatomical and physiologic mea surements were carried out on each of the 56 players, to include certain orthopaedic strength, power, and balance tests, and compared to the coaches' subjective ratings of football ability in an effort to determine which characteristics best correlate to the athlete's true performance.

The correlation matrix for the criterion measure and the predictor variables of selected anatomical strength, balance, and power measures are presented, and the results of the study indicate that genu varum (0.445) and tibial torsion (—0.33) had the highest correlation with the coaching criterion variable. The average tibial torsion was 42.6 for these scholarship ath letes, while normal average tibial torsion among a nonscholar ship group was 27.40 degrees. Other anatomical characteristics measured, as well as strength and power measure, could not reach the critical level of ±0.263 to be significant at the 0.05 level, although horsepower was close (0.255). The Margaria- Kalamen power test was significantly related to the 40-yard dash, and a moderately good measure of football ability.
High cost of high school football injuries
Authors: Pritchett James W.
Published: June 2007

This study examines year-to-year (1965, 1976 to 1977) and state-to-state (six western United States) cost variations in relation to injury site, severity, and repetition of high school football injuries. Data were collected from the files of the largest single insurer of secondary school students in these states. Analysis was made through a specially programmed Qantel 1300 computer. The average claim cost in 1965 was $34.72, in 1976 was $149.93, and, in 1977, it was $177.95. The average cost was lowest in Utah and highest in California. In the 1976 to 1977 season, 3,501 claims from 15, 252 players were reported. Over 25% of the claims filed were from players who had more than come claim per season. Relatively minor injuries (sprains, strains, contusions, and abrasions) accounted for 72.3% of all injuries but only 42.4% of medical costs. Lower extremity injuries accounted for one-third of the injuries and one-half of the costs. Knee injuries alone accounted for 12.7% of all injuries and 31.8% of all medical costs paid by the insurance company. It is proposed that trainers and coaches not only know how to care for minor injuries but also that they are more rigid in their criteria for fitness, agility, stamina, and psychologic factors so that players predisposed to injury and repeated injuries will not contribute to the escalating medical costs of high school football injuries.
Arthroscopy of the knee under general anesthesia: an aid to the determination of ligamentous instability
Authors: Ivey F. Martin , Blazina Martin E. , Fox James M. , Del Pizzo Wilson
Published: June 2007

During a 34-month period (March 1976 through December 1978), 790 patients underwent arthroscopic examination of the knee under general anesthesia. Preoperative assessment of ligamentous instability was compared with the ligamentous examination while under general anesthesia. Eight percent of the patients with no preoperative instability first demonstrated ligamentous instability under general anesthesia. Thirty-six percent of the patients with preoperative instability and 27% of the patients with previous surgery had either an increased grade or additional component of instability found when ex amined under general anesthesia. Information gained from arthroscopy without a comprehensive ligament examination under anesthesia may result in an incomplete diagnosis and ineffective treatment. Patients at high risk include those with acute injuries, preoperative instability, or previous surgery.
Knee injuries in skiing
Authors: Edlund Gunnar , Gedda Staffan , Hemborg Anders
Published: June 2007

This paper evaluates 420 ski injuries occurring in Northern Sweden in 1977. Our main aim was to correlate knee injuries with types of skiing and to note a change in incidence with evolution of equipment. Fifty-eight lesions (13.8%) affected the knee joint which is about the same frequency as 10 years earlier nor has introduction of high stiff boots in downhill skiing increased incidence of knee injuries. Cross-country and long- distance skiing produced more knee injuries (24.7%) than down hill skiing (11.4%). Cross-country skiers were older and more women in this group sustained knee injuries. The use of non- release type bindings is probably the main reason for this higher incidence but age and different skiing techniques seem to contribute.
Myositis ossificans of the upper arm
Authors: Huss Charles D. , Puhl James J.
Published: June 2007

Myositis ossificans is a benign condition resulting from severe muscular contusion manifested by heterotrophic bone forma tion. The process is common in the anterior thigh but the literature dealing with myositis ossificans in the upper arm is limited. Ten cases of the condition in the upper arm were seen in our practice. All 10 were the result of football injuries and exhibited one or more of the triad of local pain, a hard palpable mass in the muscle, and a flexion contracture of the elbow. Seven of the cases (70%) were asymptomatic or significantly improved in less than 3 months with conservative nonoperative management. Three patients (30%) underwent surgery because the painful mass persisted. In two (66%) of the surgically managed cases, there was clinical and radiographic evidence of recurrence postoperatively in spite of delaying excision until radiographic parameters of maturation were present.
Flexibility and musculoskeletal symptomatology in female gymnasts and age-matched controls
Authors: Kirby R.L. , Simms F.C. , Symington V.J. , Garner J.B.
Published: June 2007

Sixty competitive female gymnasts and 35 age- matched nonathletic controls were interviewed for musculoskeletal symptoms and examined for flexibil ity. A significantly greater number of gymnasts (P < 0.01) had musculoskeletal symptoms in the wrist, low back, hip, shin, and foot regions than did the controls. The average number of symptomatic regions per sub ject was significantly greater ( P < 0.001) in gymnasts (6.17) than in controls (2.25).

Gymnasts had greater shoulder flexion and horizon tal abduction, lumbar flexion, hip extension, and toe- touching abilities ( P < 0.001). Controls surpassed gymnasts only in the extent of elbow supination (P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in lum bar, knee or elbow extension. No statistically signifi cant correlations in flexibility between different body regions were identifiable in gymnasts or controls. The gymnasts with low back discomfort had greater toe- touching ability than those without symptoms. No other consistent and significant relationships between symptomatology and flexibility in a region were found.
Intraarticular iliotibial band reconstruction for anterior cruciate ligament insufficiency
Authors: Yost J.G. , Chekofsky K. , Schoscheim P. , Nolan Patricia , Slovin Helaine , Norman Scott W.
Published: June 2007

Intraarticular reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament by transferring the distal aspect and insertion of the iliotibial band has been clinically successful. Our surgical technique theoretically retains normal neurovascular supply, and thus, the potential for dy namic repair exists. Thirty-five patients, 28 men and 7 women, underwent this reconstruction. The average age was 24 years, with a range from 18 to 46. There were 27 chronic and 8 acute injuries.

Pathological findings included an absent anterior cruciate (14 knees), severe stretching (13), failed reconstruction or repair (4), midportion tears (3), and avulsion (1).

Postoperative patients were evaluated according to the Kennedy criteria. An anterior drawer of 2+ was not observed in any patient. There were no cases of 2+ rotary instability, and no pivot shifts. The possibil ity of a dynamic or proprioceptive repair was assessed by electromyography. While no evidence of electrical activity was recorded on the gluteus maximus on 60 normal knee examinations, all 10 tested postoperative iliotibial band patients had electrical activity. The failed results of the series showed no evidence of activity.
Low-intensity x-ray-imaging scope (Lixiscope)
Authors: Tansey William J.
Published: June 2007

The low-intensity x-ray imaging scope (Lixiscope) is a hand-held, totally portable fluorescopic device utiliz ing a low-energy, low-intensity y source of 125I. The unit was developed at the Goddard Space Flight Cen ter for the National Aeronautics and Space Adminis tration. It has become apparent that there is increasing use of this tool, especially in sports medicine, to diagnose and treat injuries of the hand, foot, ankle, wrist, and elbow at the time that they occur. The Lixiscope enables the orthopaedic surgeon to carry out the immediate screening at the scene of the injury with a hand-held x-ray unit. The unit gives a visible light output and the image can be recorded on instant processing film or used with other image-recording devices. The small size of the unit, combined with the minute radioactive source, provides a portability that we have not seen in the past. This will enable us to immediately differentiate between sprains and frac tures right after the injury occurs. It is quite useful in finding metallic or other foreign bodies in the hand or foot, and is most useful in the operating or emergency room for this purpose. There are numerous applica tions for this unit in other fields of medicine and dentistry. It certainly should be considered an impor tant development for immediate x-ray evaluation of the injured person.
Angular deformity of the middle fingers in a young athlete
Authors: Rayan Ghazi M. , Grana William A.
Published: June 2007

A case is reported in which a radial deviation deformity of the middle fingers at the proximal interphalangeal joints developed in a young athlete who sustained repeated trauma to the finger tips by a basketball. There were no other factors that suggest a different etiology for this deformity.
Stress fractures of the femur in runners
Authors: Lombardo Stephen J. , Benson Douglas W.
Published: June 2007

Early diagnosis, followed by conservative manage ment, permitted five of six long-distance runners to return to running after they had suffered stress frac tures of the femur. The sixth patient developed a displaced fracture of the femoral neck which was openly reduced and internally fixated at surgery: this athlete returned to marathoning one year later. In the series there were two fractures of the femoral neck and four of the proximal medial shaft of the femur. Although early diagnosis depends upon a complete history, physical examination and x-ray film results, bone scanning is a further aid when x-ray films still do not confirm the presumptive diagnosis.
A retrospective study of gymnastics injuries to competitors and noncompetitors in private clubs
Authors: Lowry Cathy Benton , Leveau Barney F.
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine the num ber and types of injuries which occur to competitive and noncompetitive gymnasts in private clubs. Sec ondary purposes were to determine which events were most hazardous, and whether or not the ratio between participant and instructor, the availability of safety equipment, and the conditioning programs used af fected the injury rate.

The data show that gymnastics has a high injury rate for competitors, but a low injury rate for noncom petitors. The level of competition seems to be the most important factor related to rate of injury.
Assessment of the unstable shoulder by computed arthrography
Authors: Kinnard Patrick , Tricoire Jean-Louis , Levesque Rejean-Yves , Bergeron Denis
Published: June 2007

The evaluation of 10 patients with subluxing and dis locating shoulder is presented. Routine radiography with special views detected the presence of Hill Sachs lesions in seven patients, but was not conclusive for three patients. Soft tissue and bone anomalies were documented by computed arthrography in all 10 pa tients. Computed arthrography represents a valuable tool in the diagnosis of obscure unstable shoulders.
Plantar fascia release for chronic plantar fasciitis in runners
Authors: Snider M.P. , Clancy W.G. , Mcbeath A.A.
Published: June 2007

Plantar fascia release has been suggested to be of benefit for patients with symptoms of chronic unre sponsive plantar fasciitis. However, results of this pro cedure have not been published. We performed 11 releases in 9 long-distance runners whose symptoms had been present for an average of 20 months and had not responded to nonsurgical treatment. The results of these operations were excellent in 10 feet and good in 1 foot at an average follow-up time of 25 months. Eight out of nine patients returned to desired full training at an average time of 4.5 months. Histologic examination of surgical biopsy specimens from these patients showed collagen necrosis, angiofibroblastic hyperpla sia, chondroid metaplasia, and matrix calcification. Plantar fascia release was an effective procedure for these patients.
Acute straight lateral instability of the knee
Authors: DeLee Jesse C. , Riley Mark B. , Rockwood Charles A.
Published: June 2007

Although ligamentous injuries of the knee joint repre sent a common orthopaedic problem, damage to the lateral supporting structures is a relatively rare occur rence. 1, 2,5,6,18,25,28,29,30,33
The Elmslie-Trillat procedure: Evaluation in patellar dislocation and subluxation
Authors: Brown David E. , Alexander A. Herbert , Lichtman David M.
Published: June 2007

The Elmslie-Trillat procedure for correction of patello femoral malalignment was evaluated in 27 knees in 22 patients with an average followup of 42 months (mini mum of 24 months). Preoperative and postoperative pain and activity levels were recorded for all knees. The quadriceps angle was recorded in 22 knees preopera tively and in 19 knees postoperatively. Good or excel lent results were obtained in 81% overall and in 91 % of those knees with patella alta. The postoperative quadriceps angle (Q-angle) correlated with the result. Correction of 10° or less was always associated with a good or excellent result. In contrast, all patients with a fair or poor result had Q-angles of 15° or greater. The preoperative Q-angle did not correlate with the eventual result.

We concluded that inadequate medial displacement of the anterior tibial tuberosity may lead to unsatisfac tory results and that this may be avoided by intraoper ative measurement of the Q-angle; that significant distal advancement of the tibial tuberosity is not required in patella alta; and that correction of the Q-angle to 10° or less correlates with a good or excellent result from the Elmslie-Trillat procedure for treatment of patella subluxation and dislocation.
The active pivot shift: The role of the popliteus muscle
Authors: Peterson Lars , Pitman Mark I. , Gold Joan
Published: June 2007

Ligament insufficiency due to athletic injury is widely recognized and reported as an etiological factor in knee joint instability. It was recognized that a patient pre senting with knee joint instability due to past hockey injury to the anterior cruciate liagment, subsequently verified surgically, was able to voluntarily and actively perform the pivot shift maneuver with his knee as a result of his anterolateral rotatory instability. During a subsequent 6 month period, three other patients with similar anterior cruciate deficiencies presented with this same active pivot shift maneuver phenomenon. A study was designed to determine the active muscle or mus cles involved in this abnormal active motion in the knee joint with anterolateral rotatory instability. Electromyo graphic studies with needle electrodes were conducted on a variety of muscles in four subjects presenting with the instability. Results indicated that the popliteus mus cle plays a major role in the active performance of the pivot shift maneuver.
Prophylaxis and management of hamstring muscle injuries in intercollegiate football players
Authors: Heiser Thomas M. , Weber Jerry , Sullivan George , Clare Patrick , Jacobs Rae R.
Published: June 2007

Hamstring muscle strains were responsible for the loss of playing time of a significant number of football players at the University of Nebraska in the early 1970s. After the acquisition of a Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer, the number of injuries was noted to decrease. A retro spective study was performed over the period 1973 to 1982.

Players in Group I, from 1973 to 1977, underwent a training program consisting of a supervised winter run ning program and self-designed year-long stretching, running, and weight lifting. Hamstring injuries were managed with rest, ice, and elevation initially and, by the third day, mild running was instituted. On the av erage, by the 14th day the athlete had demonstrated adequate speed and agility and was allowed to return to action. Group II consisted of players from the 1978 to 1982 period. These players received supervised winter running programs and staff-designed year-long stretching, running, and weight lifting programs. In ad dition, all athletes had baseline testing of hamstrings and quadriceps. Deficits were corrected to a desired ratio of 0.60. Injured players in Group II were treated with rest, ice, and elevation initially. High speed isoki netic workouts were begun on the third day with testing on the fifth day. They were allowed to begin jogging when the peak torque of hamstrings equaled 70% of baseline. Players returned to action when peak-torque reached a level of 95% of the baseline score or a hamstrings:quadriceps ratio of 0.55 or greater. Average time out of action was 2 weeks.

Group I consisted of 534 player-years. There were 41 primary hamstring injuries with 13 recurrences. Group II consisted of 564 player-years. There were six primary hamstring injuries with no recurrences.

It is concluded that isokinetic testing and rehabilita tion of muscle imbalances can prevent hamstring strains. Also, isokinetic testing of hamstring muscle injuries can prevent recurrences by ensuring the athlete has regained near-normal muscle strength before re turning to action. Isokinetic rehabilitation of injured mus cle can stimulate it to heal with higher tensile strength during the critical healing period resulting in less like lihood of recurrence.