bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DYSKINETIC CEREBRAL PALSY
Authors: KYLLERMAN M.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. In an unselected series of 116 dyskinetic cerebral palsy cases, 35 hyperkinetic and 81 dystonic, 21% of the cases were considered to derive from the prenatal period, 67% from the perinatal, and 7% from the postnatal period, while 5% were untraceable. Isolated risk factors were found in 24% of the hyperkinetic and 24% of the dystonic cases and various combinations in 68 % and 72 %, respectively. Preterm appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age cases with hyperbilirubinemia were found significantly more often among the hyperkinetics (47%) than among the dystonics (11%). Term appropriate‐for‐gestational‐age cases with asphyxia were found significantly more often among the dystonics (30%) than among the hyperkinetics (9%). Term and preterm small‐for‐gestational‐age cases with asphyxia and/or perinatal hypoxia were only found in the dystonic subgroup (14%). Both the hyperkinetic and the dystonic subgroups had significantly lower mean birth weights–2795 g and 2872 g, respectively–than that of the general population, 3500 g. The dystonic subgroup had birth weights significantly below the mean for gestational age. Both subgroups had birth weights significantly below the mean for the respectively birth length. This was particularly pronounced for the cases with birth asphyxia. All infants with birth weights ≤−2.0 SD below the mean for birth length had had birth asphyxia, and the proportion decreased successively to 0% among those > + 1.0 SD.
GROWTH HORMONE DEFICIENCY IN MITOCHONDRIAL CYTOPATHY
Authors: BURNS E. C. , PREECE M. A. , CAMERON N. , TANNER J. M.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Two boys with mitochondrial cytopathy, short stature and growth hormone deficiency showed a significant growth response to human growth hormone. Although not all short patients with mitochondrial cytopathy are growth hormone deficient the association of these conditions should be recognised so that the treatable endocrine disorder can be positively excluded.
MINERALIZATION DEFECTS IN DECIDUOUS TEETH OF LOW BIRTHWEIGHT INFANTS
Authors: MELLANDER M. , NORÉN J. G. , FREDÉN H. , KJELLMER I.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A group of 91 children with birthweights below 2000 g and 48 healthy full‐term children, reference group, were examined for mineralization disturbances of the enamel of deciduous teeth. Perinatal data were collected retrospectively from obstetric and neonatal records. Within the low birthweight group, children with enamel hypoplasia had on the 5% level a significantly lower intake of breast milk during the first week of life than children without disturbances. The only perinatal complication associated with development of mineralization defects was IRDS. Infants with IRDS, however, had a significantly lower intake of breast milk during the first week of life than low birthweight without IRDS. A low frequency of enamel defects was found in the growth‐retarded sub‐group of the low birthweight infants. These infants had a significantly higher intake of breast milk during the first week compared to the AGA‐group. A seasonal variation was found, with the highest prevalence of mineralization disturbances in infants born during winter months. It is concluded that the occurrence of mineralization defects of the deciduous teeth in LBW infants seems to be dependent upon the amount of breast milk given during the early neonatal period and also possibly in which season of the year they are born.
COURSE OF RENAL FUNCTION IN IgA GLOMERULONEPHRITIS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS
Authors: LINNÉ TOMMY , APERIA ANITA , BROBERGER OVE , BERGSTRAND ANDERS , BOHMAN SVEN‐OLOF , REKOLA SAKARI
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The pathophysiology of IgA GN was investigated in different stages of the disease. Seventeen patients who were between 3.5 and 16.5 years of age at the onset were included in the study. Clearance studies were performed repeatedly in 6 patients (in 5 of them over a period extending from the onset to 5‐9.5 years) and only once in 9 patients (10‐23 years after the onset). Two patients (one with uremia) were only evaluated clinically. CIn, CPAH and UNaV were studied during hydropenia (HP) and 3% isotonic saline volume expansion (VE). Shortly after the onset CIn, CPAH and UNaV were depressed. Renal function was essentially normal 1 and 2 years after the onset in spite of signs of active disease. A supernormal GFR was found in 7 patients after they had had the condition between 5 and 17 years. After a duration of IgA GN for >9 years 3 of 12 patients had developed hypertension and uremia and 2 had hypertension or labile BP. Three of 10 patients had a normal GFR and BP, but had increased natriuresis during VE. Only 2 of 10 patients were normotensive and had normal renal function. Disturbancies in the renal function are thus frequent in all stages of IgA GN and the changes seem to be related to the duration of the disease. Exaggerated natriuresis may indicate progressive disease.
SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING AND JAUNDICE IN NEWBORNS
Authors: NICOLL ANGUS , GINSBURG ROBERT , TRIPP JOHN H.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. In a survey it was found that the majority of full‐term breast fed infants receive supplementary feeds of water, dextrose solution or infant formula during the first few days of life. Breast fed babies receiving water or dextrose supplements had higher plasma bilirubins on the sixth day of life than bottle fed infants. Supplementation with water or dextrose did not reduce the hyperbilirubinaemia of term, breast fed infants. Since it may prejudice the establishment of breast feeding, we suggest that the practice is abandoned.
FOOD ALLERGY IN FINNISH CHILDREN AGED 1 TO 6 YEARS
Authors: KAJOSAARI M.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Food allergy was studied in a total of 866 Finnish children aged 1, 2, 3 and 6 years in the Helsinki region. The diagnosis was based on history as well as on elimination and challenge performed at home concerning fish, citrus fruit and eggs. The prevalence of food allergy was 19% at one year of age, increased to a peak of 27% at three years, and thereafter decreased to 8% at six years of age. The most common allergenic foods were citrus fruit, tomato, eggs, strawberry and fish. A positive history of food allergy could be confirmed by challenge in about half of the cases in the younger age groups and in 100% at six years of age. The data indicate that food allergy is common in Finnish children.
ANTIBIOTIC TREATMENT OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Authors: SZAFF M. , HØIBY N.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. During the period 1965‐79 191 cystic fibrosis patients have been treated with 2349 courses of anti‐staphylococcal chemotherapy in the Danish Cystic Fibrosis Centre. The standard treatment was orally administered Fusidic acid in combination with Oxacillin or Dicloxacillin given for 14 days. In cases of penicillin allergy Fusidic acid in combination with Rifampicin was given. The overall results showed that S. aureus was eradicated from sputum by a single course of chemotherapy in 74% of the cases, although in 8% the original strains (phage‐type) was replaced by a new strain. Repeated or extended treatment was successful in most of the remaining cases and, as a result, only 9% of our patients harboured S. aureus continuously for 6 months or more. On the average each patient received 2 anti‐staphylococcal treatment per year, but no decrease in efficacy of repeated treatment was seen. Likewise, no significant increase of S. aureus precipitins and no development of resistant strains was seen in our patients. Due to the efficacy of chemotherapy and the principles of early treatment whether there are clinical symptoms of infection or not, S. aureus infection is now considered a minor problem without relation to poor prognosis in our cystic fibrosis patients.
EVIDENCE FOR A LARYNGEAL CHEMOREFLEX IN SOME HUMAN PRETERM INFANTS
Authors: PERKETT ELIZABETH ANN , VAUGHAN ROSS LEROY
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Studies in animals have documented the presence of a laryngeal chemoreflex. This reflex reflex in apnea when water is placed in the laryngeal area. This study of ten premature infants presents data that would support the existence of a similar reflex response in some premature infants. All ten infants studied had apnea of unknown etiology.
CUTANEOUS VASCULITIS AS A MANIFESTATION OF COELIAC DISEASE
Authors: SIMILÄ S. , KOKKONEN J. , KALLIOINEN M.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Dermatological changes are rare in childhood coeliac disease. A 12‐year‐old girl is described with untreated coeliac disease and chronic cutaneous vasculitis. The skin lesions cleared completely and growth was restored after treatment with a gluten‐free diet.
III Effects of Silver Nitrate Prophylaxis on Visual Alertness in Neonates
Authors: WAHLBERG V. , LUNDH W. , WINBERG J.
Published: January 2008

In a series of investigations we have studied whether silver nitrate used as prophylaxis against neonatal gonococcal ophthalmia has mainly positive or negative consequences. In this study 39 newborns, randomly divided into three groups given silver nitrate or the less irritating Hexarginum or physiological saline (placebo) as prophylaxis were studied. The eye drops were administered two hours after delivery. The groups were observed on days 2 and 4 post partum. The soothing effect and the effect on visual alertness were compared between the groups when infants were lifted from supine position to the shoulder. On day 2 infants in the silver nitrate group showed less alertness and scanning behaviour than did children in the Hexarginum and saline groups. There were no indications that the chemical conjunctivitis caused by silver nitrate interfered with soothability on either day 2 or day 4 or with visual stimulation on the fourth day of life. The design of the study permitted parental eye contact with the infant during the first two hours of life. It is still an open question whether or not silver nitrate administered within a few minutes after delivery, which would prevent the early eye contact, would have any long‐lasting effects on visual alertness or on parent‐infant relationship.
V. Long‐term Influences on Conjunctival Secretion, Infant Behaviour, Breast‐feeding and Maternal Feelings. A Descriptive Study
Authors: WAHLBERG V.
Published: January 2008

A follow‐up study regarding the effects of different forms of eye prophylaxis against neonatal gonococcal ophthalmia and a descriptive study of maternity and neonatal care, comprising 136 mothers and their healthy newborns were performed. At birth all infants were randomly divided into three different eye prophylaxis groups in a double‐blind fashion: 1 % silver nitrate, 10 % Hexarginum, and physiological saline. The mothers were interviewed by telephone three months post partum and answered questionnaire at six months. The aim was to examine whether there were any long‐term side effects of eye prophylaxis, and to study whether the mothers’experiences of the events around birth, and her feelings during the following months were influenced by the type of prophylaxis given. Aner 8–10 weeks, when nearly all eye irritation had disappeared in the saline group, it was reported that 21 % of the infants in the silver nitrate group and 12 % in the Hexarginum group still had persistent irritation in the eyes. The answers about the mothers’experiences of delivery and their first contact with their newborns did not differ between the prophylaxis groups. However, the study introduced many questions concerning routine procedures. Thus, as many as 32 % of full‐term infants had been separated from their mothers and most of them placed in an incubator within 10 minutes after birth. Episiotomy had been performed in 40 %. A frequency of 24 % of colicky cry/pain (3–4 hours a day for 4 weeks or more) was reported at three months. Since significant relations were found between colic and some events around birth it seems necessary to examine the medical indications for these interventions.
PLASMA AMINO ACID BALANCE IN RELATION TO PROTEIN INTAKE IN PRETERM INFANTS: WHAT IS OPTIMAL PROTEIN INTAKE?
Authors: RÄIHÄ N.C. R.
Published: January 2008

Räihä NCR. (Department of Paediatrics in Malmö, University of Lund, Sweden). Plasma amino acid balance in relation to protein intake in preterm infants: What is the optimal protein intake? Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 296:19, 1982. — The milk of a given species should be best adapted for the nutrition of the newborn of that species. This applies for the normal infant born at term and there is consequently general agreement that human milk is the most appropriate nutritional regimen for the full‐term infant. While there is agreement when the full‐term infant is concerned, this is not the case for the preterm infant whose requirements have not yet been fully determined. It has been during the late 1970s that the more common survival of infants around 1000 g at birth has been possible. It is clear, that when deciding on an optimal diet for these infants one cannot generalize and speak about an appropriate diet for “all” preterm infants but growth rate and stage of biochemical development of the particular preterm infant in question, must be considered as well. The metabolic immaturities and the time of their maturation are important when nutritional regimens of the infants are planned. During the first four to six weeks of life, depending on maturity at birth, when both amino acid synthesizing and degradating capacities are not yet fully developed, a compromise must be made, between estimated protein requirement and actual intake, in order to avoid metabolic imbalances, which may be deleterious for later intellectual performance. During this period the mothers expressed breast milk should be preferred and pooled donor milk should be added only when the mother is not providing enough. A total intake of 185 to 200 ml per kg per day should be given. When biochemical maturity of the infants has been achieved, protein intake may be increased somewhat as a supplement to breast milk. If human milk is not available and proprietary formula must be used for feeding preterm infants it must be kept in mind that formulas with a protein composition similar to that found in human milk cause less metabolic stress than do those with a protein and amino acid composition more like bovine milk.
IMPLICATIONS OF LIMITATION OF RENAL FUNCTION FOR THE NUTRITION OF LOW BIRTHWEIGHT INFANTS
Authors: APERIA A. , BROBERGER O. , ZETTERSTRÖM R.
Published: January 2008

Aperia, A, Broberger, O. and Zetterström, R. (Departments of Paediatrics, S:t Görans's Hospital and Huddinge Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden). Implications of limitation of renal function for the nutrition of low birthweight infants. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 296:48, 1982. — Renal function is immature in low‐birth‐weight infants. The glomerular filtration rate is low during the entire first month of life. It is 20–50% of that observed in older children and adults. This limits the excretory capacity of the kidney and might set an upper limit for the protein intake. The capacity to reabsorb bicarbonate is not fully developed. This predisposes the low‐birth‐weight infant to metabolic acidosis. The capacities to excrete sodium when in positive sodium balance and to retain sodium when in negative sodium balance are limited. If the daily sodium balance is not well monitored, conditions of negative sodium balance with hyponatremia as well as of positive sodium balance with hypernatremia might occur.
CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS ECONOMY OF THE PRETERM INFANT AND ITS INTERACTION WITH VITAMIN D AND ITS METABOLITES
Authors: SENTERRE J. , SALLE B.
Published: January 2008

Senterre, J. and Salle, B. (Departments of Neonatology, University hospital, Liège, Belgium and Lyon, France). Calcium and phosphorus economy of the preterm infant and its interaction with vitamin D and its metabolites. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 296: 85, 1982.—One hundred and seventeen 3‐day metabolic balance studies were carried out in 69 preterm infants. Matched groups of infants were fed either banked human milk, an infant formula or a low birthweight infant formula with medium‐chain triglycerides. In addition groups were constituted according to the vitamin D intake or the administration of 1,25–dihydroxyvitamin D. In infants fed human milk, mean fat absorption was 77%. Calcium absorption was 49±11% with no vitamin D supplementation and it reached 70±11% with a daily oral dose of 30 g of vitamin D. However in this latter group urinary excretion of calcium was very high because of the low phosphorus intake. With infant formula, mean fat absorption was 73%. Calcium absorption was 20±11% with no vitamin D supplementation, 32±13% with 25 g of vitamin D per day and 49±10% with daily administration of 0.5 g of 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D. With low birthweight infant formula, mean fat absorption was 90%. Calcium absorption was 32±15% with no vitamin D supplementation, 45±13% with 25 g of vitamin D, 59±10% with 50 g of vitamin D and 58±6% with 0.5 g of 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D per day. However with this active metabolite of vitamin D, serum level and urinary excretion of calcium were significantly higher. Whatever the milk or the vitamin D intake, phosphorus absorption was about 90%. Phosphorus retention was related to nitrogen plus calcium retentions. This study indicates that vitamin D status is the major factor regulating intestinal absorption of calcium. Activation pathways of vitamin D and gut response to 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D are operative in preterm infant. However in populations where relative vitamin D deficiency is common as in the present study, it seems necessary to give preterm infants a daily oral dose of 30 to 50 g (1200–2000 IU) of vitamin D for achieving maximal calcium absorption. Preferably, plasma 25‐hydroxyvitamin D level should guide the clinician in estimating the sufficiency of vitamin D intake.
BREAST FEEDING AND THE MOTHER‐INFANT RELATIONSHIP
Authors: RICHARDS M. P. M.
Published: January 2008

Richards, M. P. M. (Child Care and Development Group, University of Cambridge, U.K.) Breast feeding and the mother‐child relationship. Acta Paediatr Scand, Suppl. 299:33, 1982.—The paper discusses the connections between the mother‐infant relationship and infant feeding. While there is little evidence that the relationship is determined by the method of feeding employed, there are factors that limit the mother‐child relationship and which make the establishment of lactation difficult and its maintenance more uncertain. Some problems of breast feeding in contemporary industrialised society are described.
IRON ABSORPTION BY THE PREMATURE INFANTThe Effect of Transfusion and Iron Supplements on the Serum Ferritin Levels
Authors: SHAW JONATHAN C. L.
Published: January 2008

Shaw, J. C. L. (Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University College London and the Rayne Institute, University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, U.K.). Iron absorption by the premature infant. The effect of transfusion and iron supplements on the serum ferritin levels. Acta Paed Scand, Suppl. 299:83, 1982.—The amount of iron in a 1.0 kg preterm infant at birth is sufficient to synthesise only about 18.0 grams of haemoglobin. Since breast milk contains only 40 μgFe/100 ml, anaemia will develop in a premature baby fed breast milk unless supplementary iron is given. Preterm infants fed on breast milk are in negative iron balance averaging ‐0.24 mg/kg day for at least thirty days after birth, and it can be estimated that they require an intake of about 0.6 mg/kgday to compensate for obligatory intestinal iron losses. Insensible skin losses, estimated from measurements in adults, are small—of the order of 0.02 μg/kgday, but losses due to venesection may be considerable since each gram of haemoglobin contains 3.4 mg of iron. Absorption of supplementary iron by preterm infants is a linear function of intake, which suggests immature control of iron absorption. Giving blood transfusions seem to diminish iron absorption but may not prevent it altogether. Giving repeated blood transfusions results in high serum ferritin levels similar to those seen in iron overload—however these levels decline spontaneously with age. Preterm infants who are given repeated transfusions do not require iron supplements until the transfusions cease.
METHODS IN INFANT NUTRITION RESEARCH: BALANCE AND GROWTH STUDIES
Authors: ZIEGLER EKHARD E. , FOMON SAMUEL J.
Published: January 2008

Ziegler, E. E. and Fomon, S. J. (Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City). Methods in infant nutrition research: balance and growth studies. Acta Paed Scand, Suppl. 299:90, 1982.—Questions of infant nutrition can often be answered by metabolic balance studies or by studies of food intake and growth. The methods used by the authors for these approaches are described and an example of each is given. Balance studies demonstrated that lactose was more effective than a corn starch hydrolysate in promoting absorption of calcium, magnesium and manganese. A study of food intake and growth provided convincing evidence of the ability of infants to digest starch adequately after 6 weeks of age. There was a suggestion that some infants less than 6 weeks of age had limited ability to digest starch.
II. FACTORS AFFECTING THE CONTINUANCE OF BREAST FEEDING
Authors: BLOOM K. , GOLDBLOOM R. B. , ROBINSON S. C. , STEVENS F. E.
Published: January 2008

Bloom K., Goldbloom, R. B., Robinson, S. C. and Stevens, F. E. (Departments of Psychology, Pediatrics and Obstetrics, Grace Maternity Hospital, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada). Breast vs. formula feeding. II. Acta Paed Scand, Suppl. 300:9, 1982.—Study 1. A prospective, longitudinal study of 249 breast feeding mothers revealed that continuance of breast feeding was positively associated with breast feeding preparation (prenatal breast feeding class p=0.04, preparation of breast p=0.02) paternal preference (p=0.02), early contact (immediate post‐delivery contact, early initiation of breast feeding and daily rooming‐in while in hospital, p=0.002), maternal education (p=0.001). and paternal occupational status (p=0.005). Duration of breast feeding was longer for multiparas (p=0.009). Mothers who stopped breast feeding in the first 6 weeks breast fed for only 18.2 days. Early termination was related (p=0.01) to reported infant behaviours (crying, waking) which were assumed to indicate hunger. Study 2. An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the effect of social support on increasing the duration of breast feeding. Three groups (N=50 each, primiparas) were randomly selected: Formula, Breast Control, Breast Experimental. During weeks 1‐4, Breast Experimental mothers were telephoned weekly by a nurse to provide informed support for breast feeding and related infant care. Social support for these primiparous mothers increased their duration of breast feeding (p=0.05).
SYSTEMIC AND MUCOSAL IMMUNITY AND NON‐SPECIFIC DEFENSE MECHANISMS IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS PATIENTS
Authors: SCHIØTZ PETER OLUF
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Systemic and mucosal immunity and non specific defense mechanisms in cystic fibrosis patients. Acta Paediatr Scand 1982; suppl 301: 55‐62. — A review is given of the different immunological defense mechanisms in cystic fibrosis that may explain the increased susceptibility to pulmonary infections in these patients. It is concluded that no specific primary defect has been demonstrated so far.
SLEEP‐RELATED GONADOTROPIN RHYTHMS IN CHILDREN FOLLOWING TREATMENT OF ACUTE LEUKEMIA: RECOVERY OF THE HYPOTHALAMO‐PITUITARY‐GONADAL AXIS AFTER CHEMOTHERAPY AND CNS‐IRRADIATION
Authors: BECK W. , STUBBE P. , JENTSCH E. , PRINDULL G.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Twelve children (5 girls and 7 boys, between the ages of 6 and 20 years) in complete remission from previous ALL who had completed their entire anti‐leukemic treatment program and who had been off all chemotherapy for at least one year, were included in a study of sleep‐related prolactin and gonadotropin rhythms. All the patients had received prophylactic CNS‐irradiation. The patients in early puberty showed a sleep‐dependent FSH rhythm. Patients in middle‐to‐late puberty had sleep‐related FSH and LH rhythms, and estradiol and testosterone plasma concentrations were normal for their pubertal stage, suggesting recovery of the hypothalamo‐pituitary‐gonadal feedback system. We conclude that the neuro‐endocrine axis is not permanently injured by CNS‐irradiation and anti‐leukemic therapy.
CHRONIC PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA LUNG INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Authors: SCHIØTZ P. O. , JØRGENSEN M. , FLENSBORG E. WINGE , FÆRØ O. , HUSBY S. , HØIBY N. , JACOBSEN S. VIDAR , NIELSEN H. , SVEHAG S. ‐E.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A double blind controlled trial of Becotide® (beclomethasone diproprionate) inhalations was carried out for treating cystic fibrosis patients with chronic P. aeruginosa lung infection to determine its efficacy and safety. The aim of the treatment was to diminish the inflammatory response in the lungs of these patients, a response which is initiated by an allergic type III reaction. Pulmonary inflammation was evaluated by measurements of proteolytic activity, albumin concentration and immune complex activity in the sputum solphase before, during, and after the 16 weeks the trial lasted. 26 cystic fibrosis patients participated (13 received Becotide® and 13 placebo) and the results showed that local steroids have no effect on the inflammatory response in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients with chronic P. aeruginosa lung infection. No adverse effects were demonstrated. There was, however, a significant increase in the inflammatory parameters for all 26 cystic fibrosis patients when the trial period was over, compared to the insidious pulmonary destruction which takes place in the lungs of these patients, and it corresponded to a significant decrease (p<0.05) in forced vital capacity which took place at the same time. Therefore, chronic P. aeruginosa lung infection in these patients should be treated as efficiently as possible.
CONGENITAL CENTRAL HYPOVENTILATION SYNDROME TREATED WITH DIAPHRAGM PACING
Authors: RUTH VINETA , PESONEN ERKKI , RAIVIO KARI O.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome was diagnosed in an infant who since birth had shallow respiration and CO2 retention during sleep, absent ventilatory response to hypercarbia, and no underlying disease or trauma to account for the symptoms. Diaphragm pacing was started at the age of 81/2 months and has been successfully carried out at home, guided by end‐tidal CO2 monitoring. After 22 months of home treatment, at the age of two years 9 months, linear growth and psychomotor development are progressing normally, while previous symptoms of cor pulmonale have not progressed.
EFFICACY OF DIAZOXIDE IN PREVENTING HYPOGLYCEMIA IN A CHILD AFFECTED BY HYPOPITUITARY DWARFISM
Authors: VENTURA A. , CANCIANI M. , TAMARO P.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. An observation is reported of the efficacy of diazoxide (10 mg/kg/24 h) in the prevention of hypoglycemic crises in a child with growth hormone deficiency. The success of the therapy may be attributed to a reduction of glucose uptake induced by the drug, rather than to the inhibition of insulin secretion which is already depressed in subjects affected by growth hormone deficiency. The availability of a drug with no serious and irreversible side effects, capable of preventing hypoglycemic crises in patients with hormone deficiency, seems to be important whenever it is not possible to immediately start a replacement therapy.
PERINATAL MORTALITY: CHANGES IN THE DIAGNOSTIC PANORAMA 1974–1980
Authors: LÖFGREN O. , POLBERGER S.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. During the period 1974–1980, all late abortions (>19 completed gestational weeks) (LA), late fetal deaths (LFD) and early neonatal deaths (END) were surveyed in a cotninuous material of 17 813 births with an ascertained gestational age established by early ultrasound fetometry. There was no maternal death during the period. The total perinatal mortality (PM) was 0.98 % with an END rate of 0.51 %. In about 45 % of LFD no diagnosis was found. Intrapartum death was extremely rare as was END caused by asphyxia or infection. In END, death from immaturity constituted the major group in the beginning of the period, while after 1977 lethal malformations was the dominating diagnosis. There was a continuous decrease in Idiopathic Respiratory Distress Syndrome (IRDS) as a cause of END. The porportion of END in extremely premature children showed a constant decrease in the beginning of the period. No difference in sex was found in END except for lethal malformations where there was a significant male preponderance. As a consequence of a more active obstetrical care, some fetuses who would previously have been classified as LA were probably delivered liveborn, extremely premature and appeared as END. The question of where to set the limits for what should be included in PM is thus highly relevant.
EFFECTS OF INTENSIVE PHYSICAL TRAINING ON SERUM LIPIDS AND LIPOPROTEINS
Authors: NIZANKOWSKA‐BAZ T. , ABRAMOWICZ T.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The effects of intensive physical training of plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C) and triglycerides (TG) were studied in 38 “sport school” children who had ten 45 min periods of exercises each week. The results were compared with those in 35 control “standard school” children who had only two 45 min periods of exercises. The exercise group demonstrated a significantly higher mean HDL‐C concentration and lower TG levels.
MUCOCUTANEOUS LYMPH NODE SYNDROME (KAWASAKI DISEASE) IN ISRAEL
Authors: KEREN G. , BARZILAY Z. , ALPERT G. , SPIRER Z. , DANON YL.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. In this report the clinical, laboratory and histopathological findings of 13 children with Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome (Kawasaki disease; MCLS) are reviewed. This is the first report of a series with a description of the clinical findings as well as pathological findings in patients from Israel. Pseudomonas infection appeared to be the underlying cause of both the clinical symptoms and the pathological changes of some (or all) cases of Kawasaki disease.
MICTURITION CYSTOURETHROGRAPHY USING X‐RAY OR SCINTIGRAPHY IN CHILDREN WITH REFLUX
Authors: BRENDSTRUP L. , CARLSEN N. , NIELSEN S. L. , DYRBYE M. , EIKEN M. , KRASILNIKOFF P. A. , GERTZ T. C.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Thirty children with first time urinary tract infection were investigated for vesicoureteral reflux after bladder catheterization. Micturition cystourethrography with X‐ray was compared to scintigraphy because scintigraphy gives less than 10% radiation dose by fluoroscopy. Reflux to the renal pelvis was observed more frequently with scintigraphy, otherwise the nosographic sensitivity and the predictive value of a negative test were about the same (0.90). Scintigraphy is therefore recommended for routine control of reflux in children.
DOG HYPERSENSITIVITY IN ASTHMATIC CHILDREN
Authors: VANTO T. , KOIVIKKO A.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The occurrence of dog hypersensitivity in 203 unselected asthmatic children was investigated by means of the skin prick test, the provocation test and RAST. The history of past and present exposure to dogs, symptoms in contact with dogs, and the effects of pet avoidance were examined. The amount of dog dander antigens was analyzed by counter‐immunoelectrophoresis from dust samples from 67 homes. A history of past or present dog hypersensitivity was obtained from 120 subjects (59%). A positive (≧++) prick test reaction was observed in 113 (56%), a positive provocation test result in 84 (41%) and a RAST class ≧ 1 in 140 (69%). The serum levels of IgE antibodies to dog dander correlated significantly with serum total IgE and the frequency of asthmatic attacks. The occurrence of dog allergy was not significantly associated with past or present exposure to dogs at home. However, the children who were exposed to dogs during the first year of life had dog allergy more often than those with late or without exposure. Significant amounts of dog dander antigen were also found in dust samples from homes where dogs have never been kept. Serum samples from previous years were available from 24 patients. Rising or steadily high levels of IgE antibodies to dog dander were observed even in subjects who strictly avoided dogs. The results show that dog hypersensitivity is an important cause of allergic disorders in asthmatic children, and that the common presence of dog dander antigens in our environment may induce dog allergy even without direct exposure to dogs.
PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM IN INFANCY ASSOCIATED WITH FAMILIAL HYPOCALCIURIC HYPERCALCEMIA
Authors: LILLQUIST K. , ILLUM N. , JACOBSEN B. BROCK , LOCKWOOD K.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Clinical and biochemical evidence of primary hyperparathyroidism (prim. HPT) is reported in an infant with hypotonia, feeding problems and constipation from birth. Following a partial parathyroidectomy at the age of 12 months, the clinical condition improved. In her sister, mother and three other maternal relatives a familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia (FHH) was subsequently demonstrated. All were clinically healthy in spite of increased total and ionized serum calcium, normal serum parathyroid hormone concentration, low urinary calcium excretion and normal renal excretion of cyclic AMP. Similar findings appeared in our patient after parathyroidectomy. An autosomal dominant inheritance of FHH is suggested. It is thus demonstrated, that a mother with FHH may give birth to healthy children with FHH as well as to infants with prim. HPT associated with FHH.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN CONCENTRATIONS AND BACTERIAL ANTIBODY TITRES IN BREAST MILK FROM MOTHERS OF ‘PRETERM’ AND ‘TERM’ INFANTS
Authors: SUZUKI S. , LUCAS A. , LUCAS P. J. , COOMBS R. R. A.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. IgA, IgM and IgG concentrations and their bacterial antibodies to E. coli, group B streptococci and Brucella abortus were measured in human breast milk collected from the 1st 10th day post‐partum from mothers delivered of ‘preterm’infants (Premature Breast Milk or PBM) and from mothers delivered of term infants (Term Breast Milk or TBM). Reverse passive haemagglutination tests (RPH), rocket immuno‐electrophoresis and mixed reverse passive antiglobulin haemagglutination tests (MRPAH) were employed. PBM at 2‐5 days post‐partum (though not beyond this period) contained higher IgA levels than did TBM, and this difference persisted even when total IgA was expressed as a proportion of total milk protein: in contrast the IgM and IgG contents of PBM and TBM were the same at both these postnatal ages. The titre of IgA antibody to E. coli, which was absorbable only by the corresponding bacteria, showed no significant difference between PBM and TBM, whereas the titres of IgA reacting with Br. abortus and, to a lesser extent group B streptococci, were higher B PBM than those in TBM. However the IgA which reacted with Br. abortus and group B streptococci was not specific to those organisms but was absorbed by all three bacteria studied. It is speculated that the high IgA content of early preterm milk and perhaps the presence of especially high titres of what appears to be a non‐specific or cross‐reacting bacterial IgA in such milk, may be immunologically advantageous to low birthweight infants fed on their own mother's milk.
HEREDITARY MOTOR AND SENSORY NEUROPATHIES IN SWEDISH CHILDREN
Authors: WESTERBERG B. , HAGNE I. , SELLDÉN U.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Clinical, neurophysiological and laboratory data are given for 32 children (30 kinships) considered to represent hereditary motor and sensory neurophaties (HMSN) of neuronal‐axonal types. In 25 families (27 cases) one of the parents was found to be affected. In one both parents were normal. The mode of inheritance in the 27 patients with familial neuronal‐axonal HMSN was concluded to be autosomal dominant HMSN II (Lambert type). The disability was mild to moderate and, on an average, less pronounced than in de‐ and remyelinating types of HMSN. Seven out of 27 were early toe‐walkers of the secondary type. Cavus feet were noted in 25, hand atrophies in eight and mild scoliosis in five. Sensory complaints were recorded in 21. The nerve conduction velocities (NCVm and NCVs) of children and parents were slightly subnormal in a few. EMG proved to be the most important parameter for identifying subclinically affected parents.
A FOLLOW‐UP STUDY UP TO THE AGE OF 14 OF CHILDREN WHOSE MOTHERS SMOKED DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: RANTAKALLIO PAULA
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The children of mothers who smoked during pregnancy (n=1819) and their controls, all born in northern Finland in 1966, were followed up to the age of 14. The children of the smokers were more prone to respiratory diseases than the others. They were also shorter and their mean ability at school poorer than among the controls. The differences remained significant after adjusting for the mother's height and age, social class as determined by the father's occupation, number of older and younger children in the family and the sex of the child. The smoking mothers were found to differ from their controls in each social class, in contrast to the situation at the time of pregnancy, now having on average poorer health, being more often unemployed and having more often left their families. Maternal smoking was still seen to have an effect on the children's physical and mental development, even when these factors were also taken into consideration in the regression analyses, although it was less important than many other socio‐biological factors, and it was no more important than paternal smoking.
CONGENITAL NEUROFIBROMATOSIS
Authors: EEG‐OLOFSSON O. , LINDSKOG U.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Multiple subcutaneous tumors were found at birth in a pair of identical twins, and the histological diagnosis was neuroflbroma. The tumors disappeared within seven months. This disorder must be differentiated from congenital generalized fibromatosis, which usually shows a malignant course.
CONGENITAL BOWING OF THE LONG BONES
Authors: FRYNS J. P. , ANNICQ P. , ULRIX M. , VAN DEN BERGHE H.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT.A short‐limbed, normocephalic type of campomelic dwarfism is reported in a 1‐year‐old boy. The pertinent literature on this subject is briefly reviewed.
A CASE OF IMMUNODEFICIENCY WITH DECREASED SERUM IgA LEVELS AND IMPAIRED POLYCLONAL B CELL DIFFERENTIATION IN VITRO
Authors: SAKANO T. , HOSOKAWA A. , HORINO N. , HYODO S. , KISHI T. , SUZAWA T. , KITTAKA E. , SAKURA N. , USUI T.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. We report a patient with low serum IgA levels and persistent pulmonary infection. In spite of the normal contents of serum IgG and IgM, the patient had a deficiency for plasma cell differentiation of all major classes of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA and IgM). Cross culture systems between normal T or B cells and the patient's T or B cells showed a defect of both T and B cell function.
EFFECT OF SEASON AND VITAMIN D SUPPLEMENTATION ON PLASMA CONCENTRATIONS OF 25‐HYDROXYVITAMIN D IN NORWEGIAN INFANTS
Authors: MARKESTAD T.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Plasma concentrations of 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (250HD) were determined in 81 vitamin D supplemented or unsupplemented infants at the end of winter. The values were compared with maternal levels and with concentrations found in 22 unsupplemented infants at the end of summer. The 250HD levels of the neonates were lower, but closely related to maternal values (r=0.95, p<0.0005). Unsupplemented breast‐fed infants had lower 250HD levels at 6 weeks than at 4 days (16±7 vs. 32±15 nmol/l, mean ±1 SD, p<0.0005). The mean 250HD level of vitamin D supplemented 6‐12 months old infants was intermediate between those of the unsupplemented nursed groups and the unsupplemented children studied during summer (53±28 vs. 85±28 nmol/l, p<0.0005). Six weeks old infants who had received a milk formula containing 400 IU vitamin D3 per liter had levels similar to the latter group (92±21 nmol/l). The data suggest that the vitamin D stores acquired during fetal life, or from ultraviolet light exposure during the summer, may be inadequate to maintain safe levels of 250HD throughout the winter, but that a daily supplement of 400 IU is adequate to establish concentrations in the summer range.
AN UNUSUAL FORM OF ARYLSULFATASE A DEFICIENCY COMBINED WITH SULFATIDE‐EXCRETION AND A NORMAL SULFATIDE‐LOADING
Authors: TØNNESEN T. , ANDERSEN M. SCHULTZ , BURKART T. , CHRISTOMANOU H. , NIELSEN K. BRØNDUM , WIESMANN U. N.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A 7‐year‐old girl who showed retarded psychomotor development and generalized hypotonia without any signs of progression is described. Marked deficiency of arylsulfatase A activity in leukocytes and fibroblasts was observed. Both parents showed activity in cultured fibroblasts within the heterozygote‐normal range. Cerebroside‐sulfatase activity was absent in cultured fibroblasts from the patient. Urinary analyses revealed a pathologically increased sulfatide excretion. Normal sensory nerve conduction velocity was found, but no metachromatic material was found in a sural nerve nerve biopsy. Loading of the patient's fibroblasts with sulfatides resulted in normal uptake and normal degradation.
PHOTOTHERAPY‐ASSOCIATED DIARRHEA The Role of Bile Salts
Authors: BERANT M. , DIAMOND E. , BRIK R. , YURMAN S.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The concentration of fecal bile salts was measured in 14 Jaundiced neonates who received phototherapy (PT group) and their 14 nontreated matched controls (C). Before initiation of phototherapy, mean bile salt concentrations in stool specimens from the two groups were similar. At 12 hours of ‘lights on', stool specimens from PT babies showed a significantly increased mean bile salt concentration, whereas in the C babies there was no change (3.65±0.39 vs 2.62±0.22 mmol/I; p<0.01). At 24 hours after ‘lights off', stool specimens from the PT infants had a mean bile salt concentration like that before phototherapy, and not different from C. During phototherapy, nine PT babies had a bile salt concentration in their stools of 3.5 mmol/I and above; 6 of these babies had watery stools with a high sodium content. The high concentration of bile salts found in the colonic contents of neonates during phototherapy would appear to be a factor in the pathogenesis of phototherapy‐associated diarrhea in the jaundiced neonate.
AMYLOID‐RELATED SERUM PROTEIN (SAA) AS AN INDICATOR OF LUNG INFECTION IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS
Authors: MARHAUG G. , PERMIN H. , HUSBY G.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. AmyIoid‐rehted serum protein (SAA) was analysd by radioimmunoassay in 32 patients with cystic fibrosis, and compared with other acute phase reactants and lung function. The level of SAA showed significant correlation with impaired lung function due to active Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection, and also to C‐reactive protein. SAA seemed to correlate better to the presence of bacteria in sputum than C‐reactive protein. Ten of the patients received extensive antibiotic treatment for their pulmonary infection, and falling serum levels of SAA paralleled the clinical response to treatment. Thus the concentration of SAA in these patients was a valuable guide for the selection of patients for antibiotic treatment as well as a good parameter of the response to therapy.
THORACIC KYPHOSIS AND LUMBAR LORDOSIS DURING THE GROWTH PERIOD IN CHILDREN
Authors: WILLNER S. , JOHNSON B.
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. The thoracic kyphosis and the lumbar lordosis were studied in 1101 healthy children in consecutive age‐groups between 8 and 16 years of age. The sagittal curves were estimated with a spinal pantograph–a noninvasive device–with the child standing in a relaxed position. The accuracy and the reproducibility of this technique are studied and shown to be acceptable. The thoracic kyphosis varied in both boys and girls. The least pronounced kyphosis was seen at the age of 10–12 years. At the age of 8 and 14–16 the mean range of the kyphosis increased statistically significantly. A positive correlation was also seen between the velocity of growth and the range of the kyphosis. In the lordosis, a similar trend could not be seen, but instead a slow continuous increase. A positive correlation was also observed between the ranges of the kyphosis and lordosis in most of the age‐groups. An individual variation was, however, seen and wide ranges of kyphosis as well as lordosis must be accepted as normal variations.
MEMBRANOUS GLOMERULOPATHY AND CHRONIC SMALL‐INTESTINAL ENTEROPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH AUTOANTIBODIES DIRECTED AGAINST RENAL TUBULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE AND THE CYTOPLASM OF INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS
Authors: MARTINI A. , SCOTTA M. S. , NOTARANGELO L. D. , MAGGIORE G. , GUARNACCIA S. , GIACOMO C. DE
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. A child with an immune‐mediated disease is described, who presented two very rare clinical manifestations, a membranous glomerulopathy with circulating anti‐renal tubular basement membrane antibody and a small‐intestinal enteropathy with circulating antibody directed against the cytoplasm of intestinal epithelial cells. Steroid treatment was followed by complete resolution of the renal but not the intestinal manifestations.
Psychological Reactions in 102 Families with a Newborn Who Has a Falsely Positive Screening Test for Congenital Hypothyroidism
Authors: BODEGÅRD GÖRAN , FYRÖ KARIN , LARSSON AGNE
Published: January 2008

The potential psychological risks of falsely positive test results in neonatal screenings have not been studied previously. 20000 newborns were screened for congenital hypothyroidism. Of the 144 positive tests, 137 were false. The families of 102 babies with false positives were explored in reference to their (1) initial parental psychic reactions (emotional reactions and abilities for coping) and (2) residual reactions 6 to 12 months later. 78 families initially exhibited strong emotional reactions. Providing information about a positive screening test is therefore an acute strain to the majority. After a period of 6 to 12 months there was in 18 families persistent insecurity regarding the baby's health. These concerns were linked by the family to the screening and the disease screened for. This may impair the parent–child relation and, thus, the child's development. Thus a false positive test appear to trigger in the majority a development of a psychic crisis. 12 families seemed however to have been totally untouched by the potential threat of the information. The crisis is effectively solved by most (consideration must be paid to the integrated psychological support given to all). It is not known whether the 18 risk families actually have been iatrogenically hurt or if their worries brought to attention in connection with the screening merely represent habitual psychic maladjustment.

Preparation for parenthood and education about screening principles are beneficial and important. This study demonstrates the importance not only of asking how much worry is elicited but also how this worry is being handled (coping ability) in order to provide a fair estimate as to which families are at risk.