bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inventing Drugs: A Genealogy of a Regulatory Concept
Authors: Seddon Toby
Published: August 2016

The trade in, and consumption of, illicit drugs is perhaps the archetypal ‘wicked problem’ of our time – complex, globalized, and seemingly intractable – and presents us with one of the very hardest legal and policy challenges of the twenty‐first century. The central concept of a ‘drug’ remains under‐theorized and largely neglected by critical socio‐legal and criminological scholars. Drawing on a range of primary archival material and secondary sources, this article sets out a genealogy of the concept, assembled a little over a century ago out of diverse lines of development. It is argued that the drug label is an invented legal‐regulatory construct closely bound up with the global drug prohibition system. Many contemporary features of the ‘war on drugs’ bear traces of this genealogy, notably how drug law enforcement often contributes to racial and social injustice. To move beyond prohibition, radical law and policy reform may require us to abandon the drug concept entirely.
Capturing Complexities of Relationship‐Level Family Planning Trajectories in Malawi
Authors: Furnas Hannah E.
Published: August 2016

In a transitioning fertility climate, preferences and decisions surrounding family planning are constantly in flux. Malawi provides an ideal case study of family planning complexities as fertility preferences are flexible, the relationship context is unstable, and childbearing begins early. I use intensive longitudinal data from Tsogolo la Thanzi—a research project in Malawi that follows young adults in romantic partnerships through the course of their relationship. I examine two questions: (1) What are the typical patterns of family planning as young adults transition through a relationship? (2) How are family planning trajectories related to individual and relationship‐level characteristics? I use sequence analysis to order family planning across time and to contextualize it within each relationship. I generate and cluster the family planning trajectories and find six distinct groups of young adults who engage in family planning in similar ways. I find that family planning is complex, dynamic, and unique to each relationship. I argue that (a) family planning research should use the relationship as the unit of analysis and (b) family planning behaviors and preferences should be sequenced over time for a better understanding of key concepts, such as unmet need.
Recurrent lipoatrophic panniculitis of children
Authors: Torrelo A. , Noguera‐Morel L. , Hernández‐Martín A. , Clemente D. , Barja J.M. , Buzón L. , Azorín D. , de Jesús A.A. , López‐Robledillo J.C. , Colmenero I. , Kutzner H. , Goldbach‐Mansky R. , Requena L.
Published: August 2016

Background

Recurrent panniculitis in children with lipoatrophy has been loosely described and reported under different names, but has never been systematically evaluated by immunohistochemical stains.

Objective

To depict the profile of children with recurrent idiopathic panniculitis.

Methods

Study of clinical, histopathological and immunohistochemical features in five cases with recurrent idiopathic panniculitis.

Results

Five children with repeated attacks of painful subcutaneous nodules in association with fever, malaise and abdominal pain or arthralgia, with subsequent lipoatrophy were reviewed. In two patients, extensive involvement led to loss of the cutaneous fatty tissue. Laboratory abnormalities included increased acute phase reactants, leukocytosis with mild neutrophilia, microcytic anaemia and elevated liver enzymes. Histopathology showed lobar panniculitis without vasculitis and with a mixed infiltrate, composed of neutrophils, mononuclear cells, lymphocytes, macrophages and myeloid cells. Neutrophils and myeloid cells were more prominent in early lesions, whereas macrophages predominated in late stages, leading to lipophagia and lipoatrophy. Immunohistochemistry showed positive staining for myeloperoxidase around the necrotic adipocytes in early stages and CD68/PGM1 macrophages in late stages. Intense STAT1 staining was observed in the inflammatory infiltrate. All patients improved with methotrexate and corticosteroids.

Conclusion

We present five cases of lobar panniculitis and lipoatrophy in childhood. The clinico‐pathologic presentation shares features with other autoinflammatory diseases.
Increased serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor in pemphigus foliaceus patients with erythroderma
Authors: Miyamoto D. , Sotto M.N. , Otani C.S.V. , Fukumori L.M.I. , Pereira N.V. , Santi C.G. , Maruta C.W. , Burnier M.N.N. , Rebeis M.M. , Aoki V.
Published: August 2016

Background

Erythroderma is a clinical skin syndrome shared by patients with cutaneous disorders of distinct aetiologies as a result of the combined actions of chemokines, adhesion molecules, and cytokines, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).

Objective

To evaluate the profile of serum levels of VEGF and soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (sVEGFR‐1) in pemphigus foliaceus (PF) patients with erythroderma.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective study, which included (i) a chart review of all PF patients from the Autoimmune Blistering Clinic, University of Sao Paulo, Brazil, from January 1991 to December 2014, together with an evaluation of demographic variables, hospitalization duration and complications and (ii) analysis of the circulating VEGF and sVEGFR‐1 levels in PF patients with erythroderma by ELISA. The controls included patients with pemphigus vulgaris or psoriasis.

Results

We observed higher serum VEGF levels in PF patients during erythroderma than during the non‐erythrodermic phase. PF patients showed increased serum levels of sVEGFR‐1 during the erythrodermic phase in comparison to controls. Interestingly, the sVEGFR‐1 and antidesmoglein‐1 levels were positively correlated during the non‐erythrodermic period.

Conclusion

Erythroderma, which represents one clinical form of PF, implies more severe outcomes. The circulating levels of VEGF, a potent endothelial activator, are increased in PF patients with erythroderma; this result suggests the contribution of the blood vessel endothelium to the pathogenesis of this clinical syndrome. Interestingly, our findings showed a positive correlation between the sVEGFR‐1 and antidesmoglein‐1 antibody levels, indicating a suppressive response to VEGF augmentation during the erythrodermic phase of PF.
Analysis of an astounding aggregation of Ranzania laevis (Molidae: Actinopterygii) in the tropical south‐western Atlantic
Authors: Horn T. S. , Machado R. , Weiss C. V. C. , Giora J. , Malabarba L. R.
Published: August 2016

Unusual catches of more than 4200 kg of the slender sunfish Ranzania laevis are described from the south‐western Atlantic, corresponding to the largest aggregation records for the species. These unexpected records were associated with unusually warm currents in the area. Males and females were physiologically able to spawn at the moment of capture, suggesting the occurrence of reproductive aggregation in this species.
Two‐Piece Extraoral Prosthetic Rehabilitation to a Perineural Invasion Lip Cancer
Authors: Şahan Makbule Heval , Eskiizmir Görkem , Ateş Pınar
Published: August 2016

Lip cancers can severely affect a person in terms of function, esthetics, and psychological trauma. After surgical resection, lip defects require special rehabilitation. This clinical report describes a neck prosthesis of a male patient diagnosed with lower lip squamous cell carcinoma with perineural involvement. The neck prosthesis was connected to the mandibular complete denture with cobalt samarium magnets. Both prostheses improved the patient's mastication, deglutition, and esthetics.
Comparable Axiomatizations of Two Allocation Rules for Cooperative Games with Transferable Utility and Their Subclass of Data Games
Authors: BÉAL SYLVAIN , DESCHAMPS MARC , SOLAL PHILIPPE
Published: August 2016

The axiom of balanced collective contributions is introduced as a collective variant of the axiom of balanced contributions proposed by Myerson. It requires the identical average impact of the withdrawal of any agent from a game on the remaining population. It turns out that the axiom of balanced collective contributions and the classical axiom of efficiency characterize the equal allocation of nonseparable costs, an allocation rule that is extensively used in cost allocation problems and in accounting. In particular, the equal allocation of nonseparable costs coincides with the nucleolus on the class of data games within the European REACH legislation. While our result does not hold on data games, extra axioms enable provision of comparable characterizations of the equal allocation of nonseparable costs and the Shapley value on this class of games.
Nonconvergent Electoral Equilibria under Scoring Rules: Beyond Plurality
Authors: CAHAN DODGE , SLINKO ARKADII
Published: August 2016

We use Hotelling's spatial model of competition to investigate the position‐taking behavior of political candidates under a class of electoral systems known as scoring rules, though the model also has a natural interpretation in the firm location context. Candidates choose ideological positions so as to maximize their support in society. Convergent Nash equilibria in which all candidates adopt the same policy were characterized by Cox (1987). Here, we investigate nonconvergent equilibria, where candidates adopt divergent policies. We identify a number of classes of scoring rules exhibiting a range of different equilibrium properties. For some of these, nonconvergent equilibria do not exist. For others, nonconvergent equilibria in which candidates cluster at positions spread across the issue space are observed. In particular, we prove that the class of convex rules does not have Nash equilibria (convergent or nonconvergent) with the exception of some derivatives of Borda rule. We also look at “two‐party” equilibria. Implications for the firm location model are discussed.
Group Structure and Public Goods Provision in Heterogeneous Societies
Authors: LIND JO THORI
Published: August 2016

I consider a society with heterogeneous individuals who can form organizations for the production of a differentiated public good. A decentralized arrangement of organizations is said to be split‐up stable whenever there is no majority to split any of the organizations. Compared to the social optimum, decentralization yields too few organizations if they provide broad services and potentially too many if they are highly specialized. Conclusions are broadly similar in the presence of an outside opportunity where only some individuals join organizations.
Expression, Purification, and Characterization of Hemolytic Toxin from Virulent Aeromonas hydrophila
Authors: Dong Jing , Ruan Jing , Xu Ning , Yang Yibin , Ai Xiaohui
Published: August 2016

Aeromonas hydrophila is a major pathogen in aquaculture in China; it is also an emerging pathogen in humans and animals. In recent years, several severe diseases, such as gastroenteritis, meningitis, and skin and soft tissue infections, have been found to be caused by A. hydrophila. Aerolysin and hemolysin are the most important virulence factors secreted by A. hydrophila. Therefore, new drugs targeted at these two toxins can be found in the therapy for A. hydrophila infections, reducing the usage of antibiotics. In this paper, we expressed and purified the aerolysin and hemolysin using a prokaryotic expression system. We found that aerolysin was more toxic than hemolysin, both in vitro and in vivo. The lethal dose (LD50) of aerolysin and hemolysin was 0.4 and 2.3 µg per fish, respectively.
Experience of nursing support from the perspective of patients with cancer in mainland China
Authors: Song Yongxia , Lv Xiaoqing , Liu Jingjing , Huang Dan , Hong Jingfang , Wang Weili , Wang Wenru
Published: August 2016

This study was conducted to understand patients’ experiences of nursing support, to identify gaps between patients’ expected needs and the nursing support they received, and to explore reasons for such disparity. A qualitative study with a phenomenological approach was used. A purposive sample of 22 patients with different types of cancer was recruited and interviewed using semistructured guidelines. The data were analyzed using phenomenological analytic methods. Several needs regarding nursing support were expressed, including informational, psychological, clinical, care coordination and communication needs, and there were some unmet or partially‐met needs. Reasons for the disparities covered both patient‐ and nurse‐related factors, including patients’ lack of awareness regarding how to acquire professional assistance and reluctance to express their needs, and nurses’ lack of active communication with patients, inability to provide specific support, and limited resources for coordination. The expectations of nursing support did not always correspond with the actual delivery of nursing care. A tailored intervention is warranted to meet patients’ expectations, which might contribute to quality‐of‐care improvements.
Mating system transitions in Solanum habrochaites impact interactions between populations and species
Authors: Broz Amanda K. , Randle April M. , Sianta Shelley A. , Tovar‐Méndez Alejandro , McClure Bruce , Bedinger Patricia A.
Published: August 2016

In plants, transitions in mating system from outcrossing to self‐fertilization are common; however, the impact of these transitions on interspecific and interpopulation reproductive barriers is not fully understood. We examined the consequences of mating system transition for reproductive barriers in 19 populations of the wild tomato species Solanum habrochaites.

We identified S. habrochaites populations with self‐incompatible (SI), self‐compatible (SC) and mixed population (MP) mating systems, and characterized pollen–pistil interactions among S. habrochaites populations and between S. habrochaites and other tomato species. We examined the relationship between mating system, floral morphology, interspecific and interpopulation compatibility and pistil SI factors.

We documented five distinct phenotypic groups by combining reproductive behavior with molecular data. Transitions from SI to MP were not associated with weakened interspecific reproductive barriers or loss of known pistil SI factors. However, transitions to SC at the northern range margin were accompanied by loss of S‐RNase, smaller flowers, and weakened (or absent) interspecific pollen−pistil barriers. Finally, we identified a subset of SC populations that exhibited a partial interpopulation reproductive barrier with central SI populations.

Our results support the hypothesis that shifts in mating system, followed by additional loss‐of‐function mutations, impact reproductive barriers within and between species.
Tooth agenesis in osteogenesis imperfecta related to mutations in the collagen type I genes
Authors: Malmgren B , Andersson K , Lindahl K , Kindmark A , Grigelioniene G , Zachariadis V , Dahllöf G , Åström E
Published: August 2016

Background

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a heterogeneous group of disorders of connective tissue, mainly caused by mutations in the collagen type I genes (COL1A1 and COL1A2). Tooth agenesis is a common feature of OI. We investigated the association between tooth agenesis and collagen type I mutations in individuals with OI.

Subjects and methods

In this cohort study, 128 unrelated individuals with OI were included. Panoramic radiographs were analyzed regarding dentinogenesis imperfecta (DGI) and congenitally missing teeth. The collagen I genes were sequenced in all individuals, and in 25, multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification was performed.

Results

Mutations in the COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes were found in 104 of 128 individuals. Tooth agenesis was diagnosed in 17% (hypodontia 11%, oligodontia 6%) and was more frequent in those with DGI (P = 0.016), and in those with OI type III, 47%, compared to those with OI types I, 12% (P = 0.003), and IV, 13% (P = 0.017). Seventy‐five percent of the individuals with oligodontia (≥6 missing teeth) had qualitative mutations, but there was no association with OI type, gender, or presence of DGI.

Conclusion

The prevalence of tooth agenesis is high (17%) in individuals with OI, and OI caused by a qualitative collagen I mutation is associated with oligodontia.
How are the phenologies of ripening and seed release affected by species' ecology and evolution?
Authors: Heydel Felix , Tackenberg Oliver
Published: August 2016

The phenology of seed ripening and release are important for dispersal, reproductive success and survival of plants. Most phenological studies, however, consider early phenological phases. Here, we examined the ecological and evolutionary basis of ripening and seed release phenology. We monitored single flower phenology for 104 plant species from 30 families and three life forms from central Europe. Further, we undertook an associate monitoring study along an elevational gradient over two years. We calculated temperature demands (as growing degree days) for ripening and seed release and examined them with respect to the species’ seed mass, life form, dispersal mode and phylogeny. We found a strong correlation between species’ seed mass and temperature demands for ripening. For both variables seed mass and temperature demands for seed ripening, we found a strong effect of the species phylogeny. These phylogenetic signals indicate that the evolutionary history of the species’ lineage affects its seed mass and the temperature demands for seed ripening. Among the studied life forms, shrub species showed the most efficient ripening process. Anemochorous species showed lower relative humidity during seed release than epizoochorous species. For anemochorous species, the synchronisation of release timing with periods that show favourable environmental conditions for wind dispersal could be interpreted as a phenological adaptation to increase dispersal distances. According to the monitoring along the elevational gradient, individuals from higher altitudes showed lower temperature demands for ripening than individuals from lower altitudes. This might tentatively indicate physiological adaptations to lower temperature demands for locations with a shorter growing season. Our study provides basic insights into the ecological, environmental and evolutionary constraints that shape the ripening and seed release phenology of plants. We introduce data that can be used to advance existing models of ripening phenology, seed release and plant spread.
Fusion of foreign T‐cell epitopes and addition of TLR agonists enhance immunity against Neospora caninum profilin in cattle
Authors: Mansilla F. C. , Quintana M. E. , Cardoso N. P. , Capozzo A. V.
Published: August 2016

We demonstrated recently that immunization with recombinant Neospora caninum profilin (rNcPRO) induces limited protection and a regulatory T‐cell response in mice. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immune response elicited by rNcPRO in cattle and assess a strategy to enhance its immunogenicity, combining the addition of T‐cell epitopes and immune modulators. We developed a chimeric recombinant profilin fused to functional T‐cell epitopes present in the N‐terminal sequence of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) glycoprotein G (rNcPRO/G). Groups of three cattle were immunized with two doses (2 weeks apart) of rNcPRO or rNcPRO/G formulated with alum hydroxide or a nanoparticulated soya‐based adjuvant enriched with Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR9 agonists, aimed to tackle the MyD88 pathway (AVECplus). rNcPRO induced only a primary immune response (IgM mediated), while antibodies in rNcPRO/G‐vaccinated animals switched to IgG1 after the booster. The vaccine formulated with rNcPRO/G and AVECplus improved the production of systemic IFN‐γ and induced long‐term recall B‐cell responses. Overall, our study provides data supporting the use of T‐cell epitopes from VSV glycoprotein G and TLR agonists to enhance and modulate immunity to peptide antigens in bovines, particularly when using small proteins from parasites for which immune responses are usually feeble.
Post‐flowering night respiration and altered sink activity account for high night temperature‐induced grain yield and quality loss in rice (Oryza sativaL.)
Authors: Bahuguna Rajeev N. , Solis Celymar A. , Shi Wanju , Jagadish Krishna S. V.
Published: August 2016

High night temperature (HNT) is a major constraint to sustaining global rice production under future climate. Physiological and biochemical mechanisms were elucidated forHNT‐induced grain yield and quality loss in rice. Contrasting rice cultivars (N22, tolerant; Gharib, susceptible;IR64, high yielding with superior grain quality) were tested under control (23°C) andHNT(29°C) using unique field‐based tents from panicle initiation till physiological maturity.HNTaffected 1000 grain weight, grain yield, grain chalk and amylose content in Gharib andIR64.HNTincreased night respiration (Rn) accounted for higher carbon losses during post‐flowering phase. Gharib andIR64recorded 16 and 9% yield reduction with a 63 and 35% increase in average post‐flowering Rn underHNT, respectively.HNTaltered sugar accumulation in the rachis and spikelets across the cultivars with Gharib andIR64recording higher sugar accumulation in the rachis.HNTreduced panicle starch content in Gharib (22%) andIR64(11%) at physiological maturity, but not in the tolerantN22. At the enzymatic level,HNTreduced sink strength with lower cell wall invertase and sucrose synthase activity in Gharib andIR64, which affected starch accumulation in the developing grain, thereby reducing grain weight and quality. Interestingly,N22recorded lower Rn‐mediated carbon losses and minimum impact on sink strength underHNT. Mechanistic responses identified will facilitate crop models to precisely estimateHNT‐induced damage under future warming scenarios.
Effective implementation of a patient blood management programme for platelets
Authors: Sekhar M. , Clark S. , Atugonza R. , Li A. , Chaudhry Z.
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To implement a patient blood management (PBM) programme in platelet transfusion.

Aims

To improve the appropriate use of blood components, reduce wastage and generate savings.

Background

PBM is a multidisciplinary, evidence‐based approach to optimising the care of patients who need blood transfusion and to use blood products appropriately. Strategies for PBM ensure that patients receive the best possible treatment with the transfusion of components when indicated, at the same time avoiding or reducing unnecessary transfusions. Typically, PBM initiatives have addressed the use of red cells. PBM initiatives in platelets (PBM‐P) are an important aspect of Transfusion Medicine.

Methods

We present data from an initiative for PBM‐platelets (PBM‐P) comprising a service improvement programme through the role of a ‘platelet co‐ordinator’ (PBM‐Pc) to optimise the use of platelets in a large complex tertiary care hospital in a National Health Service (NHS) setting.

Results

Analysis at 18 months of the role showed sustained improvement in compliance with quality standards defined by British Committee for Standards in Haematology (BCSH) guidelines and significant financial savings due to improved use and reduced wastage. The appropriate use of platelets increased by 17, 23 and 18% in the prophylactic, pre‐procedure and peri‐procedure categories, respectively. Importantly, despite concurrent increases of patient activity, platelet issues and cost reduced by 21% over the period of analysis.

Conclusions

Our model has been efficacious in delivering the effective stewardship of platelets and can be successfully implemented in NHS.
Bioactive lipids accumulate in stored red blood cells despite leukoreduction: a targeted metabolomics study
Authors: Fu Xiaoyun , Felcyn Jacob R. , Odem‐Davis Katherine , Zimring James C.
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND

Accumulation of bioactive lipids during red blood cell (RBC) storage has been identified as a potential source of posttransfusion sequelae in vulnerable populations. Typically, white blood cells (WBCs) have been implicated in the generation of bioactive lipids, and leukoreduction has been seen as a solution to this issue.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

We developed a targeted metabolomics approach with isotope dilution to quantify a panel of bioactive lipids in both leukoreduced (LR) and nonleukoreduced (NLR) RBC units over the course of storage.

RESULTS

Leukoreduction greatly attenuated the production of 12‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), 12‐hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid, and 14‐hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (HDoHE), all three of which are mediated by 12‐lipoxygenase present in WBCs and platelets. However, despite leukoreduction, micromolar levels of linoleic acid (LA), arachidonic acid (AA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were observed in the RBC units stored for 42 days. These major polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and their oxidation products (oxylipins) also significantly increased with storage time, including 5‐, 8‐, 9‐, 11‐, 12‐, and 15‐ HETEs from AA; 9‐ and 13‐hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (HODE); 9‐, 10‐, and 12,13‐dihydroxyoctadecenoic acids from LA; and 14‐, 16‐, and 17‐HDoHEs from DHA. The majority of PUFAs and oxylipins accumulated in the supernatant fraction. Large donor‐to‐donor variations were observed in both LR‐RBC and NLR‐RBC units.

CONCLUSION

While the exact role the accumulation of PUFAs and oxylipins plays in RBC unit quality and transfusion medical outcomes remains undetermined, the analytes of interest in this study may serve as biomarkers for lipid degradation and oxidation during storage and may induce changes in human physiology upon transfusion.
Idiopathic thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura: strongest risk factor for relapse from remission is having had a relapse
Authors: Mai Falk Jennifer , Scharrer Inge
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUND

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a rare, episodic clinical syndrome involving the production of thrombi in the microvasculature accompanied by thrombocytopenia and symptoms of organ ischemia. Idiopathic TTP develops when a patient produces antibodies that react with the protease ADAMTS13. The course after an episode is unpredictable; patients may relapse frequently or never. There is no laboratory value that can reliably predict potential relapse.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

To assess diagnostic and predictive values for risk of relapse, plasma samples from 27 patients with idiopathic TTP in remission were analyzed for anti‐ADAMTS13 immunoglobulin (Ig)G, ADAMTS13 activity, and ADAMTS13 inhibitor titer. Patients were recruited at the Department of Hematology at the University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany.

RESULTS

Anti‐ADAMTS13 IgG was detected in 12 patients (44%); their median level of ADAMTS13 activity was nondetectable. Patients with anti‐ADAMTS13 IgG had a median number of three previous relapses, whereas the 15 patients without presence of IgG (56%) had a median number of one previous relapse (p < 0.001; Mann‐Whitney U test). The concentration of free anti‐ADAMTS13 IgG and the levels measuring inhibitory activity (Bethesda unit) were positively correlated.

CONCLUSION

A subgroup of TTP patients in remission with anti‐ADAMTS13 IgG and nondetectable ADAMTS13 activity showed an increased risk for relapsing disease as demonstrated by their number of past relapses. The positive correlation we observed between anti‐ADAMTS13 IgG and inhibitor levels supports the theory of ADAMTS13 inhibition as the crucial mechanism causing severe deficiency in ADAMTS13 activity in TTP.
Effect of Regional Intravenous Limb Perfusate Volume on Synovial Fluid Concentration of Amikacin and Local Venous Blood Pressure in the Horse
Authors: Moser Darla K. , Schoonover Mike J. , Holbrook Todd C. , Payton Mark E.
Published: August 2016

Objective

To determine the effect of volume of amikacin perfusate for intravenous regional limb perfusion (IVRLP) via the cephalic vein in standing, sedated horses on (1) amikacin concentrations in the synovial fluid of the radiocarpal joint (RCJ) and distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) and, (2) amikacin concentration in the systemic circulation, and (3) regional intravenous pressure.

Study Design

Randomized cross‐over design.

Animals

Six adult horses.

Methods

Each horse received IVRLP using 4 perfusate volumes (10, 30, 60 & 120 ml) in random order, after a minimum of 1 week washout. After application of a pneumatic tourniquet, IVRLP with 1 g of amikacin in 0.9% NaCl was performed. Synovial fluid from the RCJ and DIPJ, and systemic and regional venous blood were sampled, and regional blood pressure was measured, immediately before perfusion (time 0), and 15 and 30 minutes after perfusion but before tourniquet release.

Results

No difference was observed in the mean amikacin concentration of synovial fluid for the 4 perfusate volumes (P>.09). For all volumes, mean amikacin concentration for DIPJ synovial fluid was higher than for RCJ (P<.0001). The mean amikacin concentration in DIPJ synovial fluid was therapeutic for resistant pathogens using the 10, 60, and 120 mL volumes but the mean amikacin concentration for RCJ synovial fluid was not therapeutic for resistant pathogens with any perfusate volume. All volumes resulted in an immediate increase in mean regional intravascular pressure after perfusion (P<.0001) but was not different across the 4 perfusate volumes.

Conclusion

Cephalic IVRLP of 1 g of amikacin diluted to a volume of 10–120 mL with 0.9% NaCl will achieve amikacin concentrations therapeutic for resistant pathogens in the synovial fluid from the DIPJ. Concentrations below therapeutic levels for resistant pathogens are reached in the synovial fluid from the RCJ.
NEW RELIGIOUS MOVEMENTS, TECHNOLOGY, AND SCIENCE: THE CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE E‐METER IN SCIENTOLOGY TEACHINGS
Authors: Bigliardi Stefano
Published: August 2016

This article is aimed at contributing to the study of the relationship that new religious movements entertain with technology and science. It focuses on an object that is central in Scientology's teachings and practice: the Electropsychometer or E‐meter. In interaction with the general public, such as in a 2014 TV Super Bowl advertisement, Scientology seems to claim a unique relationship with science and technology in the form of a “combination” and a “connection” evoked while displaying this very E‐meter. Hence, exploring the teachings related to it is relevant in order to understand how such combination or connection is conceptualized.
Algunas claves para entender la vigencia de la poesía romántica del tango argentino desde un estudio de recepción
Authors: Montes María De los Ángeles
Published: August 2016

Este artículo expone los resultados de una investigación sociosemiótica realizada en Córdoba, Argentina, en torno a las interpretaciones que realizan los actuales consumidores de tango argentino para apropiarse de una poesía popular, edificada sobre una moral que tiene fuertes puntos de contraste con la de la clase media. Para ello, se realizaron dos ruedas de entrevistas a una muestra teórica compuesta de 26 personas, con el fin de indagar sobre sus preferencias y creencias en las que sustentan sus selecciones. Se ofrece, finalmente, una hipótesis que nos permite comprender por qué la poesía romántica del tango es la selección preferencial: el prototipo de amor que han incorporado es, en parte, coherente con estos poemas y, cuando no lo es, les basta juzgar ese caso particular como menos adecuado al tópico —en lugar de revisar el prototipo interpretativo—.
Narrative Events of Pre-Service Teachers at the End of their Teaching Practicum with Regard to their Pedagogical Advisor: Learnings Reported
Authors: Castañeda-Peña Harold , Rodríguez-Uribe Magda , Salazar-Sierra Adriana , Chala-Bejarano Pedro Antonio
Published: August 2016

Este artículo reporta los resultados de un estudio cualitativo que indagó sobre las narrativas significativas de 184 estudiantes de un programa de licenciatura en lenguas modernas en una universidad privada de Bogotá. El estudio buscaba identificar y caracterizar diferentes aspectos (lingüísticos, sociales, cognitivos, pedagógicos, emocionales, u otros) que los profesores en formación narraron como significativos para su aprendizaje al finalizar la práctica docente. Después de terminar este periodo, los eventos narrativos de diferentes cohortes de practicantes (2009-I a 2012-II) se recogieron a través de un instrumento de autovaloración. El artículo se centra en la relación de los profesores en formación y su guía pedagógico durante el periodo de la práctica. El análisis de los datos reveló que los profesores en formación establecieron una relación estrecha con su guía pedagógico y, en esta relación, se destacaron el apoyo del guía, su experiencia, actitud y conocimiento, particularmente en relación con el papel que los futuros profesores adquieren como agentes didácticos, no como educadores pedagógicos.
Conditioned hearing sensitivity change in the harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)
Authors: Nachtigall Paul E. , Supin Alexander Ya. , Pacini Aude F. , Kastelein Ronald A.
Published: August 2016

Hearing sensitivity, during trials in which a warning sound preceding a loud sound, was investigated in two harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena). Sensitivity was measured using pip-train test stimuli and auditory evoked potential recording. When a hearing test/warning stimulus, with a frequency of either 45 or 32 kHz, preceded a loud 32 kHz tone with a sound pressure level of 152 dB re 1 μPa root mean square, lasting 2 s yielding an sound exposure level (SEL) of 155 dB re 1 μPa2s, pooled hearing thresholds measured just before the loud sound increased relative to baseline thresholds. During two experimental sessions the threshold increased up to 17 dB for the test frequency of 45 kHz and up to 11 dB for the test frequency of 32 kHz. An extinction test revealed very rapid threshold recovery within the first two experimental sessions. The SEL producing the hearing dampening effect was low compared to previous other odontocete hearing change efforts with each individual trial equal to 155 dB re 1 μPa2 but the cumulative SEL for each subsession may have been as high as 168 dB re 1 μPa2. Interpretations of conditioned hearing sensation change and possible change due to temporary threshold shifts are considered for the harbor porpoise and discussed in the light of potential mechanisms and echolocation.
Genomic analysis reveals hidden biodiversity within colugos, the sister group to primates
Authors: Mason Victor C. , Li Gang , Minx Patrick , Schmitz Jürgen , Churakov Gennady , Doronina Liliya , Melin Amanda D. , Dominy Nathaniel J. , Lim Norman T-L. , Springer Mark S. , Wilson Richard K. , Warren Wesley C. , Helgen Kristofer M. , Murphy William J.
Published: August 2016

The colugo genome reveals hidden biodiversity and the sister group to primates.
Structure of the voltage-gated K
+
channel Eag1 reveals an alternative voltage sensing mechanism
Authors: Whicher Jonathan R. , MacKinnon Roderick
Published: August 2016

A different gate design

The voltage-gated potassium channel Eag1 is overexpressed in tumor cells from a range of cancers, and inhibiting Eag1 reduces tumor growth. Whicher and Mackinnon determined the structure of a mammalian Eag1 bound to the inhibitor calmodulin at 3.78 Å resolution (see the Perspective by Toombes and Swartz). The organization of the voltage-sensing and pore domains differs from that of other potassium channels, indicating that the gating mechanism is distinct. The structure also shows how the channel can be closed by a ligand, independently of the position of the voltage sensor.

Science
, this issue p.
664
; see also p.
646
Dangerous liaisons
Venomous How Earth's Deadliest Creatures Mastered Biochemistry
Christie Wilcox
Scientific American/Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 2016. 251 pp.
Authors: Kemp Christopher
Published: August 2016

An insider's guide to venomous creatures delivers on the science but is short on tales of the bitten and stung
Twists and turns in gating ion channels with voltage
Authors: Toombes Gilman E. S. , Swartz Kenton J.
Published: August 2016

The EAG potassium channel may use an alternative voltage-dependent gating mechanism
Measuring the passage of brain time
Authors: Czeisler Charles A.
Published: August 2016

Many brain areas are under both circadian and homeostatic control
EIT's teething problems
Authors: Nowotny Helga , Kolar Jana
Published: August 2016

Good policy intentions do not always translate into the desired outcome. Nearly a decade ago, the European Commission (EC) launched two new entities with the goal of building a European-wide ecosystem—one to support frontier research, the European Research Council (ERC), and the other to boost innovation, the European Institute of Technology (EIT). Today, the ERC is considered the gold standard for funding frontier research of scientific excellence, with a budget that almost doubled in 2014 under Horizon 2020, the European Union Framework Programme for Research and Innovation. What about the EIT? While acknowledging the progress made, an April report by the European Court of Auditors states that the EIT's overly complex operational structure and past management problems have impeded its overall effectiveness. In fact, continuous evaluations and adjustments will probably be needed to turn it into a success.
Draft Genome Sequences of Four Thermophilic Spore Formers Isolated from a Dairy-Processing Environment
Authors: Caspers Martien P. M. , Boekhorst Jos , de Jong Anne , Kort Remco , Nierop Groot Masja , Abee Tjakko
Published: August 2016

Spores of thermophilic spore-forming bacteria are a common cause of contamination in dairy products. Here, we report draft genome sequences of four thermophilic strains from a milk-processing plant or standard milk, namely, a
Geobacillus
thermoglucosidans
isolate (TNO-09.023),
Geobacillus stearothermophilus
TNO-09.027, and two
Anoxybacillus flavithermus
isolates (TNO-09.014 and TNO-09.016).
Complete Genome Sequence of
Ornithogalum
Mosaic Virus Infecting
Gladiolus
spp. in South Korea
Authors: Cho Sang-Yun , Lim Seungmo , Kim Hongsup , Yi Seung-In , Moon Jae Sun
Published: August 2016

We report here the first complete genome sequence of
Ornithogalum
mosaic virus (OrMV) isolated from Taean, South Korea, in 2011, which was obtained by next-generation sequencing and Sanger sequencing. The sequence information provided here may serve as a potential reference for other OrMV isolates.
Complete Genome Sequence of the Oncolytic
Sendai virus
Strain Moscow
Authors: Zainutdinov Sergei S. , Tikunov Artem Y. , Matveeva Olga V. , Netesov Sergei V. , Kochneva Galina V.
Published: August 2016

We report here the complete genome sequence of
Sendai virus
Moscow strain. Anecdotal evidence for the efficacy of oncolytic virotherapy exists for this strain. The RNA genome of the Moscow strain is 15,384 nucleotides in length and differs from the nearest strain, BB1, by 18 nucleotides and 11 amino acids.
In Vivo
Conditions Enable IFNAR-Independent Type I Interferon Production by Peritoneal CD11b
+
Cells upon Thogoto Virus Infection
Authors: Kochs Georg , Anzaghe Martina , Kronhart Stefanie , Wagner Valentina , Gogesch Patricia , Scheu Stefanie , Lienenklaus Stefan , Waibler Zoe
Published: August 2016

Type I interferons (IFNs) crucially contribute to host survival upon viral infections. Robust expression of type I IFNs (IFN-α/β) and induction of an antiviral state critically depend on amplification of the IFN signal via the type I IFN receptor (IFNAR). A small amount of type I IFN produced early upon virus infection binds the IFNAR and activates a self-enhancing positive feedback loop, resulting in induction of large, protective amounts of IFN-α. Unexpectedly, we found robust, systemic IFN-α expression upon infection of IFNAR knockout mice with the orthomyxovirus Thogoto virus (THOV). The IFNAR-independent IFN-α production required
in vivo
conditions and was not achieved during
in vitro
infection. Using replication-incompetent THOV-derived virus-like particles, we demonstrate that IFNAR-independent type I IFN induction depends on viral polymerase activity but is largely independent of viral replication. To discover the cell type responsible for this effect, we used type I IFN reporter mice and identified CD11b
+
F4/80
+
myeloid cells within the peritoneal cavity of infected animals as the main source of IFNAR-independent type I IFN, corresponding to the particular tropism of THOV for this cell type.

IMPORTANCE
Type I IFNs are crucial for the survival of a host upon most viral infections, and, moreover, they shape subsequent adaptive immune responses. Production of protective amounts of type I IFN critically depends on the positive feedback amplification via the IFNAR. Unexpectedly, we observed robust IFNAR-independent type I IFN expression upon THOV infection and unraveled molecular mechanisms and determined the tissue and cell type involved. Our data indicate that the host can effectively use alternative pathways to induce type I IFN responses if the classical feedback amplification is not available. Understanding how type I IFN can be produced in large amounts independently of IFNAR-dependent enhancement will identify mechanisms which might contribute to novel therapeutic strategies to fight viral pathogens.
Systematically Altering Bacterial SOS Activity under Stress Reveals Therapeutic Strategies for Potentiating Antibiotics
Authors: Mo Charlie Y. , Manning Sara A. , Roggiani Manuela , Culyba Matthew J. , Samuels Amanda N. , Sniegowski Paul D. , Goulian Mark , Kohli Rahul M.
Published: August 2016

Our antibiotic arsenal is becoming depleted, in part, because bacteria have the ability to rapidly adapt and acquire resistance to our best agents. The SOS pathway, a widely conserved DNA damage stress response in bacteria, is activated by many antibiotics and has been shown to play central role in promoting survival and the evolution of resistance under antibiotic stress. As a result, targeting the SOS response has been proposed as an adjuvant strategy to revitalize our current antibiotic arsenal. However, the optimal molecular targets and partner antibiotics for such an approach remain unclear. In this study, focusing on the two key regulators of the SOS response, LexA and RecA, we provide the first comprehensive assessment of how to target the SOS response in order to increase bacterial susceptibility and reduce mutagenesis under antibiotic treatment.
Early and long-term outcome of infants born extremely preterm
Authors: Johnson Samantha , Marlow Neil
Published: August 2016

There is no question that birth at extremely low gestational ages presents a significant threat to an infant's survival, health and development. Growing evidence suggests that gestational age may be conceptualised as a continuum in which births before 28 weeks of gestation (extremely preterm: EP) represent the severe end of a spectrum of health and developmental adversity. Although comprising just 1%–2% of all births, EP deliveries pose the greatest challenge to neonatal medicine and to health, education and social services for the provision of ongoing support for survivors with additional needs. Studying the outcomes of these infants remains critical for evaluating and enhancing clinical care, planning long-term support and for advancing our understanding of the life-course consequences of immaturity at birth. Here we review literature relating to early and long-term neurodevelopmental, cognitive, behavioural and educational outcomes following EP birth focusing on key themes and considering implications for intervention.
Influence of neighbourhood socioeconomic position on the transition to type II diabetes in older Mexican Americans: the Sacramento Area Longitudinal Study on Aging
Authors: Garcia Lorena , Lee Anne , Zeki Al Hazzouri Adina , Neuhaus John M , Moyce Sally , Aiello Allison , Elfassy Tali , Haan Mary N
Published: August 2016

Objective

To examine the influence of neighbourhood socioeconomic position (NSEP) on development of diabetes over time.

Design

A longitudinal cohort study.

Setting

The data reported were from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging, a longitudinal study of the health of 1789 older Latinos.

Participants

Community-dwelling older Mexican Americans residing in the Sacramento Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Main outcome

Multistate Markov regression were used to model transitions through four possible states over time: 1=normal; 2=pre-diabetic; 3=diabetic; and 4=death without diabetes.

Results

At baseline, nearly 50% were non-diabetic, 17.5% were pre-diabetic and nearly 33% were diabetic. At the end of follow-up, there were a total of 824 people with type 2 diabetes. In a fully adjusted MSM regression model, among non-diabetics, higher NSEP was not associated with a transition to pre-diabetes. Among non-diabetics, higher NSEP was associated with an increased risk of diabetes (HR=1.66, 95% CI 1.14 to 2.42) and decreased risk of death without diabetes (HR: 0.56, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.96). Among pre-diabetics, higher NSEP was significantly associated with a transition to non-diabetic status (HR: 1.22, 95% CI 0.99 to 1.50). Adjusting for BMI, age, education, physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption, medical insurance and nativity did not affect this relationship.

Conclusions

Our findings show that high NSEP poses higher risk of progression from normal to diabetes compared with a lower risk of death without diabetes. This work presents a possibility that these associations are modified by nativity or culture.
Social Stories in mainstream schools for children with autism spectrum disorder: a feasibility randomised controlled trial
Authors: Marshall David , Wright Barry , Allgar Victoria , Adamson Joy , Williams Christine , Ainsworth Hannah , Cook Liz , Varley Danielle , Hackney Lisa , Dempster Paul , Ali Shehzad , Trepel Dominic , Collingridge Moore Danielle , Littlewood Elizabeth , McMillan Dean
Published: August 2016

Objectives

To assess the feasibility of recruitment, retention, outcome measures and intervention training/delivery among teachers, parents and children. To calculate a sample size estimation for full trial.

Design

A single-centre, unblinded, cluster feasibility randomised controlled trial examining Social Stories delivered within a school environment compared with an attentional control.

Setting

37 primary schools in York, UK.

Participants

50 participants were recruited and a cluster randomisation approach by school was examined. Participants were randomised into the treatment group (n=23) or a waiting list control group (n=27).

Outcome measures

Acceptability and feasibility of the trial, intervention and of measurements required to assess outcomes in a definitive trial.

Results

An assessment of the questionnaire completion rates indicated teachers would be most appropriate to complete the primary outcome measure. 2 outcome measures: the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS)-2 and a goal-based measure showed both the highest levels of completion rates (above 80%) at the primary follow-up point (6 weeks postintervention) and captured relevant social and behaviour outcomes. Power calculations were based on these 2 outcome measures leading to a total proposed sample size of 180 participant groups.

Conclusions

Results suggest that a future trial would be feasible to conduct and could inform the policy and practice of using Social Stories in mainstream schools.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN96286707; Results.