bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aircraft observations and sub‐km modelling of the lake–land breeze circulation over Lake Victoria
Authors: Woodhams Beth J. , Barrett Paul A. , Marsham John H. , Birch Cathryn E. , Bain Caroline L. , Fletcher Jennifer K. , Hartley Andrew J. , Webster Stuart , Mangeni Solomon
Published: August 2021

The lake–land breeze circulation over Lake Victoria was observed in unprecedented detail with a research aircraft during the HyVic pilot flight campaign in January 2019. An evening and morning flight observed the lake and land breezes respectively under mostly dry conditions. The circulation was observed at various heights along a transect across the lake and onshore in Tanzania. Profiles of the lower troposphere were recorded by dropsondes over the lake and land. Convection‐permitting MetUM simulations with different horizontal grid‐spacings (including sub‐km) were run for the flight periods. During the evening flight, the aircraft crossed the lake breeze front over land at 1627 LT, approximately 50 km to the east of the lake shore, recording a 6 gkg decrease in specific humidity and reversal in wind direction over 5 km. During the morning flight, a shallow land breeze was observed across the eastern shore at 0545 LT. At least one region of increased and deeper moisture (previously seen in simulations but never observed) was sampled over the lake surface between 0527 and 0855 LT. This bulge of moisture was likely formed from the lifting of near‐surface moist air above the lake by low‐level convergence. The observations and model simulations suggest that low‐level convergence occurred at the leading edge of the land breeze, which had detached from the main land breeze and independently propagated westward across the lake with wave‐like characteristics. The MetUM simulations were able to reasonably reproduce the lake breeze front, bulge feature, and its propagation, which is a major achievement given the sparse observational data for model initialisation in this region. However, some timing, resolution and boundary‐layer depth biases require further investigation. Overall, this pilot campaign provided an unprecedented snapshot of the Lake Victoria lake–land breeze circulation and motivates a more comprehensive field campaign in the future.
Diffuse pulmonary calcifications: A case series and review of literature
Authors: Jarjou'i Amir , Bogot Naama , Kalak George , Chen‐Shuali Chen , Rokach Ariel , Izbicki Gabriel , Arish Nissim
Published: August 2021

Pulmonary calcifications are usually incidental asymptomatic findings discovered on x‐rays or computed tomography scans that can be easily overlooked, and their significance undermined, especially in a seemingly asymptomatic person. Calcifications can be a marker of chronicity or disease severity, and thus have diagnostic value. Rarely, calcification can be the direct cause of morbidity. Calcifications can be either localized or diffuse. Many diseases, in particular infectious diseases, can cause localized calcifications. Diffuse calcifications are less common and usually secondary to a handful of conditions such as dystrophic pulmonary calcifications, metastatic pulmonary calcifications, disseminated pulmonary ossifications and pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis. We describe three cases of diffuse pulmonary calcifications, review the different causes of diffuse pulmonary calcifications and provide some indicators on how to differentiate between them. Differentiating between the different types of pulmonary calcifications has significant implications on the management and prognosis of the patients, and thus it is important to distinguish between them.
The dynamic linkage between remittances, export diversification, education, renewable energy consumption, economic growth, and CO2 emissions in top remittance‐receiving countries
Authors: Zafar Muhammad Wasif , Saleem Muhammad Mansoor , Destek Mehmet Akif , Caglar Abdullah Emre
Published: August 2021

In recent years, the literature on financial development, public finance, and other areas has substantially increased; however, remittances are among the most neglected sources with significantly larger resource inflow that may serve the purpose of reducing environmental degradation. The literature on export diversification and education is also limited, with conflicting findings. With this in mind, the current research examined the relationship among remittances, export diversification, education, and CO2 emissions controlling for renewable energy and economic growth in a panel of 22 top remittance‐receiving countries over the period 1986–2017. The study employed second‐generation unit root techniques in econometric methodology, Westerlund and Edgerton cointegration approach with structural breaks, Cup‐FM and CUP‐BC long‐run estimation techniques, and generalized quantile regression method. The findings indicate that remittances help in reducing environmental degradation as they have a negative effect on emissions. Likewise, export diversification reduces CO2 emissions, and renewable energy also contributes to decreasing CO2 emissions. In contrast, economic growth is conducive to environmental degradation. The study also finds a robust estimate of education as a stimulant of environmental degradation. Based on these novel findings, several policy suggestions are discussed.
Xenon Trapping in Metal‐Supported Silica Nanocages
Authors: Xu Yixin , Dorneles de Mello Matheus , Zhou Chen , Sharma Shruti , Karagoz Burcu , Head Ashley R. , Darbari Zubin , Waluyo Iradwikanari , Hunt Adrian , Stacchiola Dario J. , Manzi Sergio , Boscoboinik Alejandro M. , Pereyra Victor D. , Boscoboinik J. Anibal
Published: August 2021

Xenon (Xe) is a valuable and scarce noble gas used in various applications, including lighting, electronics, and anesthetics, among many others. It is also a volatile byproduct of the nuclear fission of uranium. A novel material architecture consisting of silicate nanocages in contact with a metal surface and an approach for trapping single Xe atoms in these cages is presented. The trapping is done at low Xe pressures and temperatures between 400 and 600 K, and the process is monitored in situ using synchrotron‐based ambient pressure X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Release of the Xe from the cages occurs only when heating to temperatures above 750 K. A model that explains the experimental trapping kinetics is proposed and tested using Monte Carlo methods. Density functional theory calculations show activation energies for Xe exiting the cages consistent with experiments. This work can have significant implications in various fields, including Xe production, nuclear power, nuclear waste remediation, and nonproliferation of nuclear weapons. The results are also expected to apply to argon, krypton, and radon, opening an even more comprehensive range of applications.
Evolvability analysis framework: Adding transition path and stakeholder diversity to infrastructure planning
Authors: Szajnfarber Zoe , Groover Joshua A. , Wei Zhenglin , Broniatowski David A. , Chernicoff William , Helveston John P.
Published: August 2021

This paper presents the Evolvability Analysis Framework (EAF), a new perspective on evaluating complex infrastructure systems. EAF enables decision makers to explore alternative transition paths, thus providing several multi‐step options to achieve a desired end state. These multi‐step transition paths can be particularly valuable when they mitigate the impact of system degradation during the deployment of new capabilities. Additionally, EAF is formulated in a manner that empowers decision makers to apply decision variables, such as a cost cap or an equity metric, which are increasingly relevant to modern decision‐making. To demonstrate the method and its value, we apply the EAF to a case study inspired by Los Angeles’ Vision 2028. We identify 26 transition paths across different performance dimensions. We model the cost and performance of each transition pathway and compare them using multiple measures, including traditional benefit‐cost metrics and differential impacts on different stakeholder groups. Our results show that multi‐step paths outperform single‐step transitions to an end state (“big bang” approaches) in most scenarios. Multi‐step paths also provide valuable alternatives when particular stakeholders value non‐cost metrics.
Shaping the biology of citrus: II. Genomic determinants of domestication
Authors: Gonzalez‐Ibeas Daniel , Ibanez Victoria , Perez‐Roman Estela , Borredá Carles , Terol Javier , Talon Manuel
Published: August 2021

We performed genomic analyses on species and varieties of the genus Citrus to identify several determinants of domestication, based on the pattern of pummelo [Citrus maxima (Burr. f) Merr] and mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) admixture into the ancestral genome, as well as population genetic tests at smaller scales. Domestication impacted gene families regulating pivotal components of citrus flavor (such as acidity) because in edible mandarin varieties, chromosome areas with negative Tajimas values were enriched with genes associated with the regulation of citric acid. Detection of sweeps in edible mandarins that diverged from wild relatives indicated that domestication reduced chemical defenses involving cyanogenesis and alkaloid synthesis, thus increasing palatability. Also, a cluster of SAUR genes in domesticated mandarins derived from the pummelo genome appears to contain candidate genes controlling fruit size. Similarly, conserved stretches of pure mandarin areas were likely important as well for domestication, as, for example, a fragment in chromosome 1 that is involved in the apomictic reproduction of most edible mandarins. Interestingly, our results also support the hypothesis that various genes subject to selective pressure during evolution or derived from whole genome duplication events later became potential targets of domestication.
Higgsed network calculus
Authors: Zenkevich Yegor
Published: August 2021

Abstract

We introduce a formalism for describing holomorphic blocks of 3d quiver gauge theories using networks of Ding-Iohara-Miki algebra intertwiners. Our approach is very direct and gives an explicit identification of the blocks with Dotsenko-Fateev type integrals for q-deformed quiver W-algebras. We also explain how quiver theories corresponding to Dynkin diagrams of superalgebras arise, write down the corresponding partition functions and W-algebras, and explain the connection with supersymmetric Macdonald-Ruijsenaars commuting Hamiltonians.
Gravity duals of quantum distances
Authors: Yang Run-Qiu
Published: August 2021

Abstract

This paper provides a holographic approach to compute some most-frequently used quantum distances and quasi-distances in strongly coupling systems and conformal field theories. By choosing modular ground state as the reference state, it finds that the trace distance, Fubini-Study distance, Bures distance and Rényi relative entropy, all have gravity duals. Their gravity duals have two equivalent descriptions: one is given by the integration of the area of a cosmic brane, the other one is given by the Euclidian on-shell action of dual theory and the area of the cosmic brane. It then applies these duals into the 2-dimensional conformal field theory as examples and finds the results match with the computations of field theory exactly.
Epidemiology of burn patients admitted in the Netherlands: a nationwide registry study investigating incidence rates and hospital admission from 2014 to 2018
Authors: Van Yperen Daan T. , Van Lieshout Esther M. M. , Verhofstad Michael H. J. , Van der Vlies Cornelis H.
Published: August 2021

Purpose

The aim of this study was to gain insight into the epidemiology of burn patients admitted to a hospital without a burn center or referred to a burn center.

Methods

This retrospective, nationwide, cohort study included patients with burns or inhalation trauma, admitted between 2014 and 2018, from a national trauma registry. The primary outcome measure was admission to a hospital with or without a burn center. Secondary outcome measures were patient and injury characteristics, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission and length of stay, and hospital length of stay (HLOS).

Results

Of the 5524 included patients, 2787 (50.4%) were treated at a non-burn center, 1745 (31.6%) were subsequently transferred to a burn center, and 992 (18.0%) were primarily presented and treated at a burn center. The annual number of patients decreased from 1199 to 1055 (− 12.4%). At all admission locations, a clear incidence peak was observed in children ≤ 4 years and in patients of ≥ 80 years. The number of ICU admissions for the entire population increased from 201 to 233 (33.0%). The mean HLOS for the entire population was 8 (SD 14) days per patient. This number remained stable over the years in all groups.

Conclusion

Half of all burn patients were admitted in a non-burn center and the other half in a burn center. The number and incidence rate of patients admitted with burns or inhalation trauma decreased over time. An increased incidence rate was found in children and elderly. The number of patients admitted to the ICU increased, whereas mean hospital length of stay remained stable.
Component-based structural equation modeling for the assessment of psycho-social aspects and performance of athletes
Authors: Fabbricatore Rosa , Iannario Maria , Romano Rosaria , Vistocco Domenico
Published: August 2021

Recent studies have pointed out the effect of personality traits on athletes’ performance and success; however, fewer analyses have focused the relation among these features and specific athletic behaviors, skills, and strategies to enhance performance. To fill this void, the present paper provides evidence on what personality traits mostly affect athletes’ mental skills and, in turn, their effect on the performance of a sample of elite swimmers. The main findings were obtained by exploiting a component-based structural equation modeling which allows to analyze the relationships among some psychological constructs, measuring personality traits and mental skills, and a construct measuring sports performance. The partial least squares path modeling was employed, as it is the most recognized method among the component-based approaches. The introduced method simultaneously encompasses latent and emergent variables. Rather than focusing only on objective behaviors or game/race outcomes, such an approach evaluates variables not directly observable related to sport performance, such as cognition and affect, considering measurement error and measurement invariance, as well as the validity and reliability of the obtained latent constructs. The obtained results could be an asset to design strategies and interventions both for coaches and swimmers establishing an innovative use of statistical methods for maximizing athletes’ performance and well-being.
Impact of climate variability of the Western Tropical Pacific on maximum salinity water in the South China Sea
Authors: Dippner Joachim W. , Weber Sarah C. , Subramaniam Ajit
Published: August 2021

Salinity observations in the Vietnamese upwelling area in June 2016 indicated a significant increase in the salinity of the maximum salinity water (MSW). The source of MSW inflow into the South China Sea (SCS) is a mixture of the Western North Pacific Central Water and the North Pacific Equatorial Water. Although the East Asian winter monsoon is correlated with both the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), the mean salinity of MSW is only spuriously lag correlated to the PDO, but highly correlated to all tropical climate modes (except El Niño Modoki) with a time lag up to 7 months. Composite analyses indicate that the modulation of ENSO by a PDO in a positive phase results in optimal inflow conditions. A comparison of two post-El Niño years with different PDO polarity (negative in 2003 and positive in 2016) shows that the dominant driver is the variability in outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR) and in zonal wind in the tropics. In 2003, enhanced convective activity over the West Pacific warm pool resulted in a cyclonic circulation. In 2016, convective activity was weak and an anticyclonic circulation was intensified, which transported the saltier North Pacific Equatorial Water into the SCS. This observed increase in the salinity of MSW requires a modification of the previous definitions of characteristic water masses, which is presented here. The question of whether or not the increase in MSW salinity is a transient phenomenon cannot be answered. It might be possible that the increase in salinity is related to global warming.
Stage of colorectal cancer diagnosis for immigrants: a population-based retrospective cohort study in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Lofters A. K. , Gatov E. , Lu H. , Baxter N. N. , Corrado A. M. , Guilcher S. J. T. , Kopp A. , Vahabi M. , Datta G. D.
Published: August 2021

Background

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of cancer death in Canada. Immigrants in Ontario, Canada’s most populous province, are known to have lower rates of CRC screening, but differences in stage of CRC diagnosis are not known.

Methods

We utilized linked administrative databases to compare early (stage I–II) versus late (stage III–IV) stage of CRC diagnosis for immigrants versus long-term residents among patients diagnosed in Ontario between 2012 and 2017 (n = 37,717) and examined the association of immigration-related, sociodemographic, and healthcare-related factors with stage.

Results

Almost 45% of those with CRC were diagnosed at a late stage. Immigrants were slightly more likely to be diagnosed at a late stage than their long-term resident counterparts [Adjusted relative risks (ARRs) 1.06 (95% CI 1.02–1.10)], but after adjusting for age and sex, this difference was no longer significant. In fully adjusted models, we observed a higher likelihood of late-stage diagnosis for people with the fewest co-morbidities (ARR 0.86 [95% CI 0.83–0.89]) and those with no visits to primary care (versus a high level of continuity of care) [ARR 1.07 (95% CI 1.03–1.12)].

Conclusion

Immigrants were not more likely to have a late-stage CRC diagnosis after adjusting for relevant factors, but access to primary care and healthcare contact was significantly associated with diagnostic stage.

Impact

Attachment to a primary care provider who provides regular preventive care may play a role in more favorable stage at diagnosis for CRC and thus should be a healthcare system priority.
Controversy around climate change reports: a case study of Twitter responses to the 2019 IPCC report on land
Authors: Sanford Mary , Painter James , Yasseri Taha , Lorimer Jamie
Published: August 2021

In August 2019, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) published its Special Report on Climate Change and Land (SRCCL), which generated extensive societal debate and interest in mainstream and social media. Using computational and conceptual text analysis, we examined more than 6,000 English-language posts on Twitter to establish the relative presence of different topics. Then, we assessed their levels of toxicity and sentiment polarity as an indication of contention and controversy. We find first that meat consumption and dietary options became one of the most discussed issues on Twitter in response to the IPCC report, even though it was a relatively minor element of the report; second, this new issue of controversy (meat and diet) had similar, high levels of toxicity to strongly contentious issues in previous IPCC reports (skepticism about climate science and the credibility of the IPCC). We suggest that this is in part a reflection of increasingly polarized narratives about meat and diet found in other areas of public discussion and of a movement away from criticism of climate science towards criticism of climate solutions. Finally, we discuss the possible implications of these findings for the work of the IPCC in anticipating responses to its reports and responding to them effectively.
Implantable vagus nerve stimulation system performance is not affected by internal or external defibrillation shocks
Authors: Libbus Imad , Stubbs Scott R. , Mazar Scott T. , Mindrebo Scott , KenKnight Bruce H. , DiCarlo Lorenzo A.
Published: August 2021

Purpose

Autonomic regulation therapy (ART) for heart failure (HF) is delivered using vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), and has been associated with improvement in cardiac function and HF symptoms. VNS is delivered using an implantable pulse generator (IPG) and a lead placed around the cervical vagus nerve. Because HF patients may receive concomitant cardiac defibrillation therapy, testing was conducted to determine the effect of defibrillation (DF) on VNS system performance.

Methods

Normal swine (n = 4) with VNS system implants on the right cervical vagus nerve received sequential defibrillation shocks with three defibrillation systems: an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD), a subcutaneous ICD (S-ICD), and an external cardioverter defibrillator (ECD). Each system delivered a series of bipolar high-energy shocks and reverse-polarity high-energy shocks.

Results

The specified cardiac defibrillation shocks were delivered successfully from each of the three defibrillation systems to all animals. After each shock series, interrogation of the IPG confirmed that software and data were unchanged from pre-programmed values. After all of the defibrillation shocks were delivered, the IPGs underwent and passed comprehensive electrical testing demonstrating proper system function. No shifts in IPG parameters or ART system failures were observed, and histologic evaluation of the vagus nerve revealed no anatomic changes.

Conclusions

Implantable VNS systems were tested in vivo for immunity to defibrillation via ICD, S-ICD, and ECD, and were found to be unaffected by a series of high-energy defibrillation shocks. These results confirm that ART systems are capable of continuing to function after defibrillation and the cervical vagus nerve is anatomically unaffected.
Analysis of information cascading and propagation barriers across distinctive news events
Authors: Sittar Abdul , Mladenić Dunja , Grobelnik Marko
Published: August 2021

News reporting, on events that occur in our society, can have different styles and structures, as well as different dynamics of news spreading over time. News publishers have the potential to spread their news and reach out to a large number of readers worldwide. In this paper we would like to understand how well they are doing it and which kind of obstacles the news may encounter when spreading. The news to be spread wider cross multiple barriers such as linguistic (the most evident one, as they get published in other natural languages), economic, geographical, political, time zone, and cultural barriers. Observing potential differences between spreading of news on different events published by multiple publishers can bring insights into what may influence the differences in the spreading patterns. There are multiple reasons, possibly many hidden, influencing the speed and geographical spread of news. This paper studies information cascading and propagation barriers, applying the proposed methodology on three distinctive kinds of events: Global Warming, earthquakes, and FIFA World Cup. Our findings suggest that 1) the scope of a specific event significantly effects the news spreading across languages, 2) geographical size of a news publisher’s country is directly proportional to the number of publishers and articles reporting on the same information, 3) countries with shorter time-zone differences and similar cultures tend to propagate news between each other, 4) news related to Global Warming comes across economic barriers more smoothly than news related to FIFA World Cup and earthquakes and 5) events which may in some way involve political benefits are mostly published by those publishers which are not politically neutral.
The ICECAP-A instrument for capabilities: assessment of construct validity and test–retest reliability in a general Dutch population
Authors: Rohrbach Pieter J. , Dingemans Alexandra E. , Essers Brigitte A. , Van Furth Eric F. , Spinhoven Philip , Groothuis-Oudshoorn Catharina G. M. , Van Til Janine A. , Van den Akker-Van Marle M. Elske
Published: August 2021

Purpose

The ICEpop CAPability measure for Adults (ICECAP-A) assesses five capabilities that are important to one’s well-being. The instrument might be an important addition to generic health questionnaires when evaluating quality of life extending beyond health. This study aimed to conduct a psychometric assessment of the Dutch translation of the ICECAP-A.

Methods

Construct validity of the instrument was assessed in two ways. First, by measuring correlations with the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire and a measure of self-efficacy and, second, by investigating the ability to distinguish between groups known to differ on the construct the ICECAP-A means to capture. Additionally, test–retest reliability was evaluated.

Results

In total, 1002 participants representative of the general Dutch population completed an online survey. For test–retest reliability, 252 participants completed the same questionnaire 2 weeks later. The ICECAP-A indicated moderate to strong correlations with the EQ-5D-5L and a strong correlation with self-efficacy. Furthermore, it was capable of differentiating known groups. Moreover, results indicated adequate test–retest reliability with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.79.

Conclusion

In summary, results suggest adequate test–retest reliability and construct validity and indicate that the ICECAP-A might be of added value, especially when considering areas outside of the traditional health intervention model.
Spatial distribution of trace elements in surface sediments of Hooghly (Ganges) river estuary in West Bengal, India
Authors: Trifuoggi Marco , Ferrara Luciano , Toscanesi Maria , Mondal Priyanka , Ponniah Jonathan Muthuswamy , Sarkar Santosh Kumar , Arienzo Michele
Published: August 2021

The spatial distribution of trace elements in surface sediments of the Hooghly estuary was studied over the monsoons in 2014–2017. As, Cd, Ni, Pb and U were two- to sixteen-fold the crust means with increasing levels toward the estuary, with Ni peak during the post-monsoon. Pearson’s correlation matrix, cluster analysis, enrichment factors and pollution index revealed the anthropic source and association of trace elements with Fe, Mn and Al and of Pb with U. Geoaccumulation index revealed for Ni an extremely contaminated situation at the estuary water during monsoon and for Cd a heavily contaminated situation at freshwater location. The potential contamination index was >6; thus, sediments were very severely contaminated by As, Cd and Ni with worst situation for As and Cd at fresh and brackish water and during post-monsoon. The overall ecological risk was severe, 300≤RI<600 at all sites and seasons, especially after the monsoon, at fluvial and brackish locations.
Die Produktion eines „Problemviertels“. Mediale Diskurse, politisch-polizeiliche Interventionen und interaktive Situationsbedeutungen
Authors: Rinn Moritz , Wehrheim Jan
Published: August 2021

Auf Grundlage qualitativ-ethnographischer Forschung und aus symbolisch-interaktionistischer Perspektive untersucht der Beitrag den wechselseitigen Verstärkungsprozess von negativen Stadtteilimages und polizeilichen Interventionen sowie dessen unterschiedliche Auswirkungen auf Alltage von Bewohner*innen problematisierter Stadtteile. Am Beispiel des seit mehreren Jahrzehnten stadtpolitisch als „benachteiligt“ bearbeiteten Essen-Altendorf zeigt der Artikel auf, wie spezifische Images von „gefährlichen“ oder „problematischen“ Stadtteilen durch Wechselwirkungen zwischen medialer Berichterstattung, polizeilichen Interventionen sowie Situationsbe-deutungen von einzelnen Akteur*innen (re‑)produziert werden. Es entstehen, so die Beobachtung, polizeilich-publizistische Verstärkerkreisläufe, die das „Problemviertel“-Image immer wieder neu reproduzieren und weitere, tendenziell restriktive polizeiliche und stadtpolitische Interventionen legitimieren. Neben „territorialer Stigmatisierung“ (Wacquant) der Bewohner*innen evozieren diese Interventionen konkurrierende Situationsdefinitionen, Problemkonstruktionen und Gegenerzählungen, die indes öffentlich selektiv wahrgenommen und bewertet werden. Stadtteilbewohner*innen greifen in ihren Situationsbe-deutungen auf unterschiedliche Wissens- bzw. Erfahrungsbestände zurück. Es zeigt sich, dass Perspektiven, die dem dominanten „Problemvierteldiskurs“ widersprechen – etwa indem sie ethnisierend diskriminierende polizeiliche Kontrollpraktiken thematisieren – im öffentlichen Diskurs großenteils marginalisiert bleiben.
Offen gemacht: Der Stand der internationalen evidenzbasierten Forschung zu Open Educational Resources (OER)
Authors: Otto Daniel , Schröder Nadine , Diekmann Daniel , Sander Pia
Published: August 2021

Open Educational Resources (OER) bilden ein wichtiges Element im Diskurs über eine Digitalisierung von Bildung. Der Beitrag erhebt den Stand der internationalen empirischen Forschung zu OER, um dadurch Desiderate für eine zukünftige Forschungsagenda aufzuzeigen. Mittels eines systematischen Mapping-Ansatzes wird dafür die empirische, englischsprachige Forschungslandschaft kartiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Forschung vor allem im Hochschulbereich betrieben wird und wenige Studien für den Bereich Schule vorliegen. Forschungsmethodisch sind quantitative Studien prävalent, die vorwiegend umfragebasiert durchgeführt werden. Das primäre Forschungsinteresse der Studien konzentriert sich auf Wahrnehmungsfaktoren von OER sowie auf deren Übernahme und Nutzung in der Bildungspraxis. Ein weiteres Forschungsfeld sind Offene Textbücher und deren komparative Kostenvorteile oder qualitative Vergleichbarkeit mit kostenpflichtigem Bildungsmaterial. Forschungsdesiderate liegen im Feld der Usability respektive Benutzerfreundlichkeit von OER-Repositorien. Forschung hierzu könnte die zahlreichen Bundesländerinitiativen zur Etablierung von OER-Landesportalen unterstützen. Weitere Forschungslücken finden sich bei den Effekten der Nutzung von OER auf das pädagogische Handeln und die Veränderungen etablierter Bildungspraktiken.
The Effects of Long-Term High Water Iodine Levels in the External Environment on the Carotid Artery
Authors: Bian Ji , Zhang Man , Li Feng , Gao Jie , Wei Zhexue , Liu Zijing , Wang Xiaoming , Jiang Wen , Bian Jianchao
Published: August 2021

Iodine excess typically affects thyroid function in the human body and may damage carotid artery. Four investigation plots with different water iodine levels were selected in Shandong Province, China. These included a low, medium, and high iodine group and an iodine excess group whose water iodine content was < 10, 50–150, 150–300, and > 300 μg/L, respectively. Residents aged 20–65 years answered a questionnaire and underwent carotid artery ultrasonography, and their height, weight, and urinary iodine concentrations were measured. A total of 2026 individuals participated in the study. Urinary iodine concentration increased with increased water iodine levels. The medial thickening rate and intimal roughness rate in the iodine excess group were significantly higher than in the other three groups. After controlling for factors such as gender, age, and BMI, iodine excess remained as a risk factor for carotid intima-media thickening. Excess water iodine in the external environment is a risk factor for intima-media thickening of the carotid artery, suggesting that iodine excess may cause vascular injury and promote atherosclerosis.
Reducing the Carbon Footprint: Primary Production of Aluminum and Silicon with Changing Energy Systems
Authors: Saevarsdottir Gudrun , Magnusson Thordur , Kvande Halvor
Published: August 2021

The world now pushes for a low-carbon future, and international goals for greenhouse gas emission reductions have been set. Industrial processes, including metallurgical processes, make up more than a fifth of the total global emissions, and those have been rising with infrastructure development and the expansion of the middle-class worldwide. This paper focuses on two energy-intensive processes, aluminum production and metallurgical grade silicon production, and how the carbon footprints from these industrial processes have developed in recent decades. The main trend is that the increased demand for these metals has led to expanding primary production for both of them, based on energy with an increasing share of fossil-based electric power. In fact, the average carbon footprint of the energy used in aluminum and silicon production has increased by 38% and 43%, respectively, from 2000 to 2019. The change in energy mix offsets any progress in process efficiencies. This work addresses this and discusses opportunities for improvements.

Graphical Abstract
Adaptation and Validation of a Sentinel-Based Chlorophyll-a Retrieval Software for the Central European Freshwater Lake, Balaton
Authors: Tóth Veronika Zsófia , Ladányi Márta , Jung András
Published: August 2021

The importance of lakes and reservoirs leads to the high need for monitoring lake water quality both at local and global scales. Remote sensing is a rapidly evolving, versatile technology that can be successfully applied in several economic and scientific fields. Numerous studies demonstrate the applicability of satellites in algae detection and monitoring. Algae play an essential role in aquatic ecosystems, although their overgrowth poses a serious risk. Overgrowth of algae, also known as algal bloom, has serious ecological, social, economic and health effects. The research area of our study was Lake Balaton, the largest lake in Central Europe. The aim was to find the most appropriate algorithm(s) for the inland lake to define the chlorophyll-a amount. In addition, two new algorithms were developed based on the reflectance values of the satellite image. The results show that the two highest correlations were performed by the newly validated, blue/green ratio-based algorithm, Chl-aB/G (r = 0.93) and the chl_re_oc2 algorithm (r = 0.86) of the Acolite software. Although the Acolite software was not developed for lakes but for marine waters, it is also applicable to inland waters.
Evaluating the efficacy of potential fungicide-adjuvant combinations for control of myrtle rust in New Zealand
Authors: Adusei-Fosu Kwasi , Rolando Carol A. , Richardson Brian , van Leeuwen Rebecca , Gaskin Robyn , Bader Martin K.-F. , Pathan Amin K.
Published: August 2021

Myrtle rust is a serious fungal disease caused byAustropuccinia psidiiaffecting a number of Myrtaceae species in New Zealand and elsewhere. Control with fungicides or biologicals provides a mechanism to reduce the build-up of inoculum in the short-term while other strategies are being developed or deployed for long-term management. This study evaluated the efficacy of fungicides for control of myrtle rust under controlled conditions and identified adjuvants that would promote spreading of fungicidal active ingredients across the leaf surface. The spread of fungicide on detachedM. excelsaleaves was assessed by applying three different adjuvants in combination with seven fungicides. Subsequently,M. excelsaplants were treated with three fungicides/mixes, (azoxystrobin + epoxiconazole, triademinol or a natural tea-extract) at a single rate followed by inoculation withA. psidiiurediniospores on day 0, 7, 14 or 21 days after spraying. The response to infection inM. excelsaplants based on different inoculation timings at days 0, 7 and 21 significantly differed among fungicide treatments. The fungicide azoxystrobin + epoxiconazole was the most effective with infections significantly lower on the adaxial leaf surface than abaxial, despite good surface coverage of fungicide being achieved on both leaf surfaces. There were significant differences among fungicides based on the proportion of infected leaves onM. excelsaplants. Day 21 post-spray inoculation indicated a significant interaction between inoculation time and fungicide on leaf disease ratings. However, this was not the case at either 28 or 35 days post-inoculation. This research contributes to fungicide options for myrtle rust control in New Zealand.
Abdominelle Distension und Blähungen
Authors: Misselwitz Benjamin , Wiest Reiner
Published: August 2021

Abdominelle Blähungen und Distensionen sind häufige klinische Symptome bei gastroenterologischen Patienten, die mit starker Einschränkung der Lebensqualität einhergehen können. Pathophysiologische Mechanismen sind komplex und sehr individuell und beinhalten a) eine gestörte abdominelle Akkommodation, d. h. Umverteilung der abdominothorakalen Organe mit Zwerchfelltiefstand und Relaxation der Bauchwand (Bauchvorwölbung), b) eine/n gestörte/n intestinaler Gastransport und -evakuation, c) vermehrte Gasansammlung luminal sowie d) viszerale Hypersensitivität. Blähungen sollten bei Erstmanifestation profund abgeklärt werden, während bei Rezidiven in Abwesenheit von Alarmsymptomen die Diagnostik minimal gehalten werden sollte. Therapeutisch sind Sport, Stuhlregulation und Ernährungsanpassung als Basistherapie wichtig. Hierbei können je nach führendem Pathomechanismus Anti‑/Probiotika, gasreduzierende Agenzien, Spasmolytika, Laxativa/Sekretagoga, Prokinetika, Biofeedback oder Antidepressiva hilfreich sein. Oft gestaltet sich die Behandlung von abdominellen Blähungen und Distension jedoch schwierig, daher ist eine verständnisvolle stabile Arzt-Patienten-Beziehung für eine langfristig erfolgreiche Behandlungsstrategie ausschlaggebend.
Hydroxyprogesterone caproate for preterm birth: A situational analysis from the Indian perspective
Authors: Thangaraju Pugazhenthan , Varthya Shoban Babu , Shanmugam Prakash Srinivasan Timiri , Sree Sudha T.Y. , Mittal Chaitanya
Published: August 2021

Background

Preterm birth can cause morbidity and mortality in addition to trauma or loss to the mother, and present a major financial burden to the family. This risk may be minimized by timely intervention.

Objective

To understand the safety and efficacy of hydroxyprogesterone in decreasing the incidence of preterm birth, neonatal complications, and maternal mortality, based on evidence obtained from the Indian scientific literature.

Methods

Relevant articles were searched for and retrieved from the databases PubMed, medrXiv, Embase, Cochrane, biorXiv, and arXiv.

Results

A total of 62 relevant articles were assessed, and of these, 59 articles did not meet the eligibility criteria. In total, 3 articles which satisfied the criteria and 2 articles sourced from cross references were included in the study. Across these 5 articles, a total of 536 patients received hydroxyprogesterone caproate or placebo for preterm birth.

Conclusion

In all five articles, recurrence rate of preterm birth was reduced in the treated group compared to control group. The safety profile of progesterone tends to be better than that of the placebo. The findings of our analysis of individual patient data (IPD) summarizes various clinical trial data, which can assure clinicians that vaginal progesterone administration is effective and well tolerated.
Beyond the Silk Roads
Authors: Marsden Magnus
Published: August 2021

Small-scale traders play a crucial role in forging Asian connectivity, forming networks and informal institutions separate from those driven by nation-states, such as China's Belt and Road Initiative. This ambitious study provides a unique insight into the lives of the mobile traders from Afghanistan who traverse Eurasia. Reflecting on over a decade of intensive ethnographic fieldwork, Magnus Marsden introduces readers to a dynamic yet historically durable universe of commercial and cultural connections. Through an exploration of the traders' networks, cultural and religious identities, as well as the nodes in which they operate, Marsden emphasises their ability to navigate Eurasia's geopolitical tensions and to forge transregional routes that channel significant flows of people, resources, and ideas. Beyond the Silk Roads will interest those seeking to understand contemporary iterations of the Silk Road within the context of geopolitics in the region. This title is also available as Open Access.
COST-SENSITIVE MULTI-CLASS ADABOOST FOR UNDERSTANDING DRIVING BEHAVIOR BASED ON TELEMATICS
Authors: So Banghee , Boucher Jean-Philippe , Valdez Emiliano A.
Published: August 2021

Using telematics technology, insurers are able to capture a wide range of data to better decode driver behavior, such as distance traveled and how drivers brake, accelerate, or make turns. Such additional information also helps insurers improve risk assessments for usage-based insurance, a recent industry innovation. In this article, we explore the integration of telematics information into a classification model to determine driver heterogeneity. For motor insurance during a policy year, we typically observe a large proportion of drivers with zero accidents, a lower proportion with exactly one accident, and a far lower proportion with two or more accidents. We here introduce a cost-sensitive multi-class adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) algorithm we call SAMME.C2 to handle such class imbalances. We calibrate the algorithm using empirical data collected from a telematics program in Canada and demonstrate an improved assessment of driving behavior using telematics compared with traditional risk variables. Using suitable performance metrics, we show that our algorithm outperforms other learning models designed to handle class imbalances.
Implementation context for addressing social needs in a learning health system: a qualitative study
Authors: Theis Ryan P. , Blackburn Katherine , Lipori Gloria , Harle Christopher A. , Alvarado Michelle M. , Carek Peter J. , Zemon Nadine , Howard Angela , Salloum Ramzi G. , Shenkman Elizabeth A. ,   the UF CTSI Learning Health System Program
Published: August 2021

Introduction.

Unmet social needs contribute to growing health disparities and rising health care costs. Strategies to collect and integrate information on social needs into patients’ electronic health records (EHRs) show promise for connecting patients with community resources. However, gaps remain in understanding the contextual factors that impact implementing these interventions in clinical settings.

Methods.

We conducted qualitative interviews with patients and focus groups with providers (January−September 2020) in two primary care clinics to inform the implementation of a module that collects and integrates patient-reported social needs information into the EHR. Questions addressed constructs within the Theoretical Framework for Acceptability and the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. Data were coded deductively using team-based framework analysis, followed by inductive coding and matrix analyses.

Results.

Forty patients participated in interviews, with 20 recruited at the clinics and 20 from home. Two focus groups were conducted with a total of 12 providers. Factors salient to acceptability and feasibility included patients’ discomfort answering sensitive questions, concerns about privacy, difficulty reading/understanding module content, and technological literacy. Rapport with providers was a facilitator for patients to discuss social needs. Providers stressed that limited time with patients would be a barrier, and expressed concerns about the lack of available community resources.

Conclusion.

Findings highlight the need for flexible approaches to assessing and discussing social needs with patients. Feasibility of the intervention is contingent upon support from the health system to facilitate social needs assessment and discussion. Further study of availability of community resources is needed to ensure intervention effectiveness.
Videos, Views, and Vaccines: Evaluating the Quality of COVID-19 Communications on YouTube
Authors: Marwah Harleen K. , Carlson Kyle , Rosseau Natalie A. , Chretien Katherine C. , Kind Terry , Jackson Hope T.
Published: August 2021

Objectives:

As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine is introduced, it is critical to recognize that public opinion on vaccines is largely influenced by health communications, with YouTube being a major source of information and misinformation. This analysis graded the accuracy, quality, and reliability of the most viewed YouTube videos depicting COVID-19 and vaccinations over a 6-mo period.

Methods:

We collected hyperlinks for the 150 most viewed YouTube videos discussing COVID-19 from January through June 2020. Closed captioning data were searched for the term “vaccine,” yielding 32 videos. This sample was evaluated for quality, accuracy, and reliability using a rubric that incorporated existing instruments: Global Quality Scale (GQS), JAMA Benchmark Criteria, and DISCERN.

Results:

These 32 videos had 139,764,188 views at the time of data collection. The majority of videos received low scores, with network news sources receiving the lowest scores overall.

Conclusions:

The overall quality of COVID-19 YouTube videos related to vaccines may be low and raises a precautionary alert for the public consuming these videos and for health-care providers working to provide the best information to their patients. Existing scoring tools may not capture the complexities of social media. New tools could allow for a better understanding of the modern landscape of health communications.
Public Reactions to Noncompliance with Judicial Orders
Authors: CARLIN RYAN E. , CASTRELLÓN MARIANA , GAURI VARUN , JARAMILLO SIERRA ISABEL C. , STATON JEFFREY K.
Published: August 2021

Constitutions empower people to ask judges for binding orders directing state agents to remedy rights violations, but state agents do not always comply. Scholars propose that by making it easier to observe noncompliance, courts can leverage public pressure for compliance when it exists. Yet, exposure to information about noncompliance might lead individuals to accept high levels of noncompliance and reduce support for judicial remedies. We estimate the rate of noncompliance with judges’ orders via a rigorous tracking study of the Colombiantutela.We then embed this rate in three survey experiments fielded with online national quota samples. We show that people find the noncompliance rate in thetutelahighly unacceptable regardless of a variety of mitigating factors. We also show that public reactions to this information depend on prior expectations, a finding that stresses the importance of scholarship in cognitive psychology for studies of compliance in law and politics.
Interchangeable Bodies: International Marriage and Migration in the Eighteenth-Century Moravian Church
Authors: Douma-Kaelin Kelly
Published: August 2021

This article investigates the extent to which the theology and structure of marriage within the German Moravian Church functioned to connect and grow the Church as an international network across the Atlantic world in the eighteenth century. Specifically, it argues that Moravian conceptions of marriage facilitated intentional international partnerships that led to the relocation and migration of many European women as Moravian missionaries throughout the eighteenth century. In some instances, early Moravians lived in sex-segregated communal housing and viewed sexual intercourse as a sacred unification with Christ, free of human desire. Part of the Moravian impetus to be “everywhere at home” required preventing individual congregational differences in order to create a larger international community. If the Church aimed to view all brothers and sisters as productive bodies to serve the growth of the community, then these bodies needed to be interchangeable and unrooted to a specific space. The premeditated practice of intermarriage between congregations meant that there were not individual groups that practiced the Moravian faith, but rather a singular global church family. Based on an analysis of Moravian missionary women's memoirs, this article begins to delve into the social and geographic mobility available to these eighteenth-century women through a nonnormative marital structure.