bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reproducibility of an electronic probe in relative attachment level measurements
Authors: Yang Mark C. K. , Marks R. G. , Magnusson I. , Clouser B. , Clark W. B.
Published: December 2005

Abstract 4 probing designs have been employed to investigate the reproducibility of the Florida Probe. 3 groups (each composed of 10 subjects) were selected for the study: healthy adults, gingivitis subjects, and periodontitis subjects. The 4 probing designs were as follows: (a) the probe tip was left in the sulcus between successive probings: (b) the probe tip was removed from the gingival margin between probings but the next probing followed immediately; (c) successive whole‐mouth probings were interrupted by a 5‐min interval and a mouthrinse; (d) there was a 4‐week interval between each probing. 3 measurements were taken for each design. The main purpose of this study was to identify variance components in the attachment level variation. The maximum probing error standard deviation was found to be around 0.3 mm, which is considerably smaller than that found in most previous studies. The errors associated with the periodontal condition and probing effect were also estimated. The variance components obtained here can be used for determining the sample size in controlled clinical studies.
A 4‐year controlled clinical study into the use of a ceramic hydroxylapatite implant material for the treatment of periodontal bone defects
Authors: Galgut P. N. , Waite I. M. , Brookshaw J. D. , Kingston C. P.
Published: December 2005

Abstract 10 patients with chronic adult periodontitis who had > 1 tooth with infra‐bony pockets were treated at the test defects by periodontal flap procedures with implantation of hydroxylapatite particles; the control defects were treated by the same surgical procedures but without the implant. A total of 58 test defects and 59 control defects were treated. Each defect had measurements carried out at given sites on the involved tooth surfaces, the sites being considered for subsequent tabulation purposes under the category of shallow (< 3 mm) moderate (3–6 mm) and deep (> 6 mm) initial pocket depths. There were 146 and 152 shallow sites, 216 and 241 moderate sites and 140 and 133 deep sites, at test and control sites, respectively. Measurements of recession, probing pocket depths and probing attachment levels were made at 6 months and 1,2,3 and 4 years. At all sites over the period of the study, for the moderate and deep initial pockets there was a significant reduction in probing depths and an increase in the probing attachment levels. At the 4th year of assessment for the initially deep pockets, the reduction in probing depths was significantly greater for the sites treated with the implant material. In view of the difficult clinical problem posed by the treatment of teeth with deeper periodontal bone defects, further research using either this type of implant material or similar material should be considered.
The effect of 3 mouthrinses on plaque and gingivitis development
Authors: Maruniak J. , Clark W. B. , Walker C. B. , Magnusson I. , Marks R. G. , Taylor M. , Clouser B.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 3 mouthrinses, Listerine Antiseptic®(thymol), Peridex®(chlorhexidine), Perimed® (povidone iodine and hydrogen peroxide), and a placebo (water) on the development of dental plaque and gingivitis, when used as the only oral hygiene procedure for 14 days. 71 subjects were entered into a randomized, double‐blind study. At the baseline examination, papillary bleeding score (PBS), and plaque index (PI) were registered, after which subjects received supragingival prophylaxis and were assigned to 1 of 4 study cells. Subjects were asked to refrain from all oral hygiene procedures except for the supervised 14day 2 × daily rinsing with the assigned preparation. At day 14, the same clinical parameters were again registered. Statistical analysis was performed by a one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) to compare the 4 groups, followed by Duncan's multiple range test to determine specific group differences. At baseline, average PBS and PI scores were similar for all 4 groups. After 14 days, the average PBS for Peridex® and Perimed® was significantly lower than for Listerine Antiseptic® and water. The frequency of interdental units with a PBS>2 was significantly lower for Peridexl® and Perimed® than for Listerine Antiseptic® and water. We concluded that both Peridex® and Perimed® were effective in reducing plaque and gingivitis when used as a 2 × daily mouthrinse by subjects refraining from other oral hygiene procedures. In vitro, a synergistic effect was assumed when inhibition was achieved with Perimed® at the same or greater dilution than was achieved with povidone‐iodine alone.
Periodontal conditions in insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus
Authors: Safkan‐Seppälä B. , Ainamo J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract In the present investigation, the frequency and severity of periodontal ‘disease was assessed in a group of 71 patients with a mean duration of 16.5 years of insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDD). The diabetics, aged 17–63 years, were under treatment at the diabetic outpatient clinic of the III Department of Medicine, University Central Hospital of Helsinki and at two clinics of the Helsinki Health Centre. Based upon their long‐term medical records, 44 individuals were assessed to have a poorly controlled insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (PIDD). At baseline of the present study, the PIDD group had a mean blood glucose level of 11.8 mmol/1 and a mean glycosylated hemoglobin (HBA), level of 10.7%. 27 subjects were classified as having a controlled insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (CIDD). For each individual, site‐specific recordings were made for the plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth, loss of attachment, bleeding after probing, gingival recession and radiographic loss of alveolar bone. Under similar plaque conditions, adult subjects with a long‐term PIDD were found to have lost more approximal attachment and bone than subjects with a CIDD (P=0.046, P=0.019). These differences were not equally obvious when the subjects were classified according to the history of medical complications, such as retinopathies, neuropathies and nephropathies.
Putative periodontopathogens in “diseased” and “non‐diseased” persons exhibiting poor oral hygiene
Authors: Dahlén G. , Manji F. , Baelum V. , Fejerskov O.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of the study was to assess the occurrence of some putative periodonto‐pathogens in “test” and “control” sites in “diseased” and “non‐diseased” persons, respectively, from an adult rural Kenyan population exhibiting poor oral hygiene and widespread loss of attachment (LA). 14 persons (<35 years) were assigned to a “diseased” category on the basis of at least 4 sites with LA≥4 mm; at least 5 mm LA and a pocket ≥4 mm interproximally in a lower incisor (“test” site): and less than 2 mm LA and no pocket ≥4 mm distal to a lower canine or mesial to a lower first premolar (“control” site). Age‐matched “non‐diseased” persons were identified on the basis of no sites with LA >2 mm and no pockets ≥4 mm associated with LA. Paperpoint samples from test and control sites as well as a scraping sample from the dorsum of tongue were examined for presence of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bacteroides intermedius, B. melaninogenicus group, Capnocytophaga, Selenomonas spp., and Wolinella recta. P. gingivalis was found in 79% of test sites and 36% of control sites in “diseased” persons, and in 18% and 35% of test and control sites, respectively, in “non‐diseased” persons. “No other bacterial group discriminated significantly between test and control sites or between diseased and non‐diseased subjects. The surprisingly high occurrence of P. gingivalis in non‐diseased subjects, both subgingivally and on tongue, indicates that deep periodontal pockets are not prerequisite ecological environments for P. gingivalis establishment.
Occurrence of periopathogens in smoker and non‐smoker patients
Authors: Preber Hans , Bergström Jan , Linder Lars E.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of the present study was to elucidate the interrelationship between cigarette smoking and the occurrence of periopathogens, i.e., Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Bacteroides gingivalis and Bacteroides intermedius. The study was based on 145 patients with clinically severe periodontitis. 52 men (age range 32–73 years) and 93 women (age range 32–74 years). 83 patients were smokers (≥ 15 cigarettes/day) and 62 non‐smokers. Bacterial samples were collected from one site with a probing depth ≥6 mm for each individual. There were no statistically significant differences in bacterial counts between smokers and non‐smokers (p>0.05). The relative frequencies of smokers and non‐smokers positive for A. actinomycetemcomitans were 31% and 31%, for B. gingivalis 42% and 44%, and for B. intermedius 65% and 53%, respectively. The differences between smoking groups were not statistically significant (p>0.05). The occurrence in different combinations of these bacteria was also determined. There were no statistically significant differences between smoking and combinations of periopathogens (p < 0.05). The results suggest that smoker and non‐smoker patients do not differ with regard to occurrence, relative frequency or different combinations of A. actinomycetemcomitans, B. gingivalis and B. intermedius.
Mineralized tissue‐formation in periodontal wound healing
Authors: Lindskog Sven , Blomlöf Leif
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The purpose of the present study was to examine and compare the different mineralized tissues that are found on and around the dental root following treatment of different periodontal pathosis. The material has been compiled from previously published experimental studies on periodontal therapies and trauma treatments. 4 distinctly different appearances of the mineralized tissue layers on the marginal dentin surfaces were described; new cementum, non‐attached bone‐like tissue, partly attached bone‐like tissue and ankylosis preceded by root resorption. It was concluded that, healing in the periodontal/root interface following periodontal therapy may yield different mineralized tissues, depending on a number of host‐specific and external factors. The temporal pattern of such healing processes is schematically represented.
A comparison of delmopinol and chlorhexidine on plaque regrowth over a 4‐day period and salivary bacterial counts
Authors: Moran J. , Addy M. , Wade W. G. , Maynard J. H. , Roberts S. E. , Åström M. , Movert R.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Delmopinol has been considered as a potential agent for the chemical control of plaque. The aims of these studies were to measure the effects of a 0.2% delmopinol hydrochloride mouthrinse on (1) plaque reformation and (2) salivary bacterial counts. Comparisons were made with a 0.2% chlorhexidine rinse and a placebo rinse. A group of 12 male volunteers took part in the plaque study which was of a double blind, randomised, 3 cell, cross‐over design. From a zero plaque baseline subjects rinsed, 2 × a day, under supervision, for 1 min with 10‐ml volumes of the allocated rinse. After 4 days, during which no other form of oral hygiene was performed, plaque was scored by area and index. Plaque results were significantly lower with chlorhexidine and delmopinol compared with control, and with chlorhexidine compared to delmopinol. Side‐effects with delmopinol were transient tingling and numbness of the tongue in some subjects. A 2nd group of 12 male volunteers received single, 1‐min rinses of the 3 formulations. Salivary bacterial counts were determined immediately before and up to 420 min after rinsing. Compared to the control rinse, chlorhexidine significantly reduced bacterial counts of 420 min. Delmopinol produced a small reduction in bacterial counts which was only significantly different from control at one time point. Delmopinol deserves further evaluation as a chemical plaque inhibitor, particularly when used as an adjunct to normal toothcleaning.
Patient preference regarding 4 types of periodontal therapy following 3 years of maintenance follow‐up
Authors: Kalkwarf Kenneth L. , Kaldahl Wayne B. , Patil Kashinath D.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. It has been shown that certain types of periodontal therapy result in greater post‐therapy gingival recession. It has been suggested that this recession may lead to maintenance complications for patients. This study evaluated patient perceptions 3 years following the completion of 4 types of periodontal therapy (coronal scaling (CS), root planing (RP), modified Widman surgery (MW), and flap with osseous resectional surgery (FO)). 75 individuals completed split‐mouth therapy and 3 years of maintenance follow‐up. An interview survey of all patients categorized their perception for each treatment of their mouth concerning difficulty in cleaning, sensitivity to temperature, general “feeling” of the region, prevalence of localized symptoms, food retention, comfort of oral examination, and attitude toward repeating therapy. Responses to questions showed no statistically significant differences between treatment regions. Patterns demonstrated that FO‐treated regions were perceived to have less food retention, but were more difficult to clean. It was generally found that at the end of 3 years of maintenance, patients felt their mouths were “normal”, they experienced few localized symptoms, and were very willing to repeat any of the treatment regimens if necessary.
Metronidazole in periodontitis
Authors: Loesche Walter J. , Grossman Natalie , Giordano James
Published: December 2005

Abstract Patient compliance with the unsupervised usage of prescription medication can be poor. In the treatment of periodontal infections with systemic antimicrobial agents, in situations where the efficacy of the antimicrobial agent is being evaluated, non‐compliance could underestimate the true efficacy of the agent. Metronidazole is an agent with reported success in the treatment of anaerobic periodontal infections, Metronidazole is particularly effective in vitro against spirochetes, and this efficacy was investigated as a means of measuring patient compliance with metronidazole usage. Patients who had high proportions of spirochetes. i.e., > 20%. in plaques removed from diseased periodontal sites, were given metromdazole (500 mg bid) under supervision. In all individuals who received the metronidazole, there was a significant and rapid decline and/or disappearance of spirochetes from the plaque during the time interval that metronidazole was detectable in the saliva. This observed decline in spirochetes was then used to determine which patients had been compliant in a double‐blind clinical trial involving the unsupervised usage of metronidazole. Only 10 of 18 patients (56%) were considered compliant in their usage of metronidazole. These 10 patients experienced a significantly greater benefit from the metronidazole than did the 8 patients who were considered noncompliant, i.e., a reduction of surgical needs of 8.3 teeth per compliant patient versus3,6 teeth per non‐compliant patient. A test for the hydrolysis of the synthetic peptide (BANA) was also able to identify most non‐compliant patients. Clinical trials involving the unsupervised usage of systemic medication need to take into account patient non‐compliance.
Metronidazole in the treatment of localized juvenile periodontitis
Authors: Saxén Leena , Asikainen Sirkka
Published: December 2005

Abstract Systemic metronidazole and tetracycline were compared as adjunctive agents in the treatment of localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP). 27 patients with Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans‐positive (Aa) LJP were treated with scaling and rootplaning, control of oral hygiene and periodontal surgery if indicated. The patients were randomly divided into 3 equal groups: the 1st group had metronidazole 200 mg × 3 × 10 days, the 2nd tetracycline 250 mg × 4 × 12 days, the 3rd group received no medication and served as a control. 6 patients had periodontal surgery. 4 sites with the most advanced bone loss as determined on radiographs were selected in each subject for test sites. Gingival index, gingival bleeding after probing (GB), probing depth (PD), suppuration, and radiographic bone loss were registered, and subgingival Aa was selectively cultured. GB and PD>4 mm were registered in the whole dentition as well. All parameters were monitored at baseline and at 6 and 18 months after treatment. By the end of the study, Aa was suppressed to below detection level at all test sites only in the metronidazole group, at 17/26 sites (4 patients) in the tetracycline group and at 19/26 sites (6 patients) in the control group. Clinically, all groups showed improvement. In conclusion, metronidazole was more effective than tetracycline in the suppression of Aa and the suppression of Aa appeared to produce better clinical results.
A comparison of methods to assess marginal bone height around endosseous implants
Authors: Meijer H. J. A. , Steen W. H. A. , Bosman F.
Published: December 2005

Abstract 3 methods of measurements of marginal bone level on intra‐oral radiographs of endosseous implants are described: measurements with a computerized image analysis system, with a magnifying‐glass and with a digital sliding gauge. The accuracy of each of these methods was investigated and compared. The intra‐ and inter‐observer error analysis showed that determining the precise bone height on the image is responsible for a large standard deviation for each method. It is concluded that measurements with a digital sliding gauge are preferable because it is easy to put into practice, and in addition, accuracy matches the accuracy of the other methods.
The plaque‐removing efficacy of an oscillating/rotating toothbrush
Authors: van der Weijden G. A. , Danser M. M. , Nijboer A. , Timmerman M. F. , van der Velden U.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to test the effectiveness of a new type of BRAUN electric toothbrush (D5) in comparison with the traditional BRAUN electric toothbrush (D3) and to a manual toothbrush (M). For this study, 60 dental students were selected who had no previous experience with the use of an electric toothbrush. The study consisted of 3 experiments. Prior to each experiment, all students were asked to abstain from all oral hygiene procedures for at least 24 h. In Exp I, the efficacy of toothbrushing was studied when one of the investigators brushed the teeth of the students. No toothpaste was used in this first part of the study. In Exp II, the efficacy of brushing was evaluated when the brushing was carried out by the students themselves. In Exp III, the efficacy of the brushing was studied after the students had received a professional instruction and oral prophylaxis. The available time for the brushing amounted to a total of 2 min per mouth. The amount of dental plaque was evaluated by means of the Silness and Löe plaque index at 6 sites around the tooth. Results showed in Exp I that both electric toothbrushes proved to remove significantly more plaque than the manual toothbrush (M 78%; D3 85%; D5 86%). In Exp II, no significant differences in plaque‐removing efficacy were found between the 3 brushes (M 73%; D3 72%; D5 73%). In Exp III, the D5 proved to remove significantly more plaque than the other two brushes (M 77%; D3 77%; D5 83%). In conclusion, within the limitations of this study, both electric toothbrushes showed that they have the ability to remove more plaque than a manual toothbrush. The D5 proved to remove more plaque than the D3 after professional oral hygiene instruction.
Effect of rinsing time on antiplaque‐antigingivitis efficacy of listerine
Authors: Ross Norton M. , Mankodi Suru M. , Mostler Karen L. , Charles Christine H. , Bartels Linda L.
Published: December 2005

Abstract This double‐blind, controlled clinical study compared the effectiveness of 30‐ and 60‐s listerine rinses in both inhibiting the development of, and reducing existing, supragingival plaque and gingivitis, using an experimental gingivitis model. 94 subjects completed this study. For each subject, a modified gingival index, modified Quigley‐Hein plaque index and Eastman interdental bleeding index were recorded at baseline and at 2 weeks. Following the baseline examinations, subjects received half‐mouth prophylaxes, and began 2 × daily supervised rinsing either with listerine for 30 or 60 s or with a control mouthrinse for 30 s as their sole oral hygiene measure. Statistical analysis (ANCOVA) showed that both the 30‐ and 60‐s listerine rinses were significantly (p<0.01) more effective than the control in inhibiting and reducing plaque, gingivitis and gingival bleeding. Although 60‐s rinses with listerine were significantly more effective (p<0.01) than 30‐s rinses in controlling plaque, the 2 rinse durations were similarly effective in controlling interdental bleeding and gingivitis. This study confirms the recommendation of 2 × daily rinsing with listerine for 30 s as an effective regimen for gingivitis control.
Cytomegalovirus infection presenting as acute periodontal infection in a patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus
Authors: Dodd Caroline L. , Winkler James R. , Heinic Gad S. , Daniels Troy E. , Yee Karen , Greenspan Deborah
Published: December 2005

Abstract During childhood, many people acquire primary infection with Cytomegalovirus (CMV), one of the herpes viruses. If they later become immunosuppressed, such as occurs with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, CMV is likely to become reactivated. Severe disease caused by CMV is. life‐threatening in the HIV‐infected population, CMV retinitis, gastritis, colitis, pneumonia, encephalitis and hepatitis have all been reported, but oral lesions due to infection with CMV are rarely reported. We report a case of oral CMV infection which at first was clinically indistinguishable from HIV‐associated periodontal disease.
Gingival hyperplasia in renal allograft recipients receiving cyclosporin‐A and calcium antagonists
Authors: King Gaston N. , Fullinfaw Robert , Higgins Thomas J. , Walker Rowan G. , Francis David M. A. , Wiesenfeld David
Published: December 2005

Abstract Although it is established that the immunosuppressant cyclosporin‐A (CsA) and calcium antagonists [Nifedipine (Nif) and Diltiazem (Dz)] can independently induce gingival enlargement, little has been documented on the significance of the salivary CsA levels and the combined effect of CsA and a calcium antagonist upon gingival tissues. In the present cross‐sectional investigation, clinical periodontal parameters and the pharmacologic profiles of CsA, Nif, and Dz were determined for 66 renal transplant recipients. Subjects were divided into the following groups: Group (Gp) I: CsA [n=18]; Gp 2: CsA + Nif [n=15]; Gp 3: CsA + Dz [n=12] and a negative Control Gp 4: azathioprine [n=21]. A gingival enlargment score was assessed for each patient from study models using a byperplastic index (HI). Pharmacologic profiles included CsA whole blood and whole saliva levels as measured by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. The HI scores between Gp 1, 2 and 3 were not significantly different. However, when compared with controls (Gp 4), there was a significant difference in HI and all individual groups (Gp 1, 2, 3) (p<0.05). Gingival hyperplasia was only weakly related to plaque and calculus but was unrelated to CsA dose (mg/kg/day), duration of CsA therapy (months), CsA blood or saliva levels (ng/ml), or the concurrent administration of a Nif or Dz. Gingival enlargement was found to occur in 49% of subjects who were either on CsA or CsA and a calcium antagonist. It is concluded that CsA alone or in combination with a calcium antagonist caused a significant increase in gingival enlargement compared with controls. However, the CsA effect in inducing gingiva] hyperplasia did not appear to be potentiated by the addition of a calcium antagonist.
Scanning electron microscopic observations of early plaque formation in vivo on enamel specimens treated with delmopinol
Authors: Collaert Bruno , Attström Rolf , Holmstrup Palle , Fredebo Lise , Hase Jan C.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of this double blind, cross‐over, scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study was to compare the effect of topical application of 0.5% delmopinol HCl (aqueous solution) with placebo on early supragingival plaque formation on enamel specimens attached to a maxillary premolar. 3 subjects underwent 2 × (placebo and delmopinol treatment, respectively) 7 treatment periods (1/2, 1, 2, 8, 24 hours; 3, 7 days) of undisturbed dental plaque accumulation, during which 2 ml of placebo and delmopinol HCl 0.5%, respectively, were applied topically to all teeth 2 × daily. At the end of each period, the specimen was retrieved and processed for SEM. For the specimens obtained after 24 h or less, the number of visible micro‐organisms was estimated. For the 3‐ and 7‐day specimens, the area covered by plaque was calculated planimetrically. Large inter‐individual differences were observed in the number of bacteria attaching during the first 24 h, with apparently no major differences between delmopinol and placebo. 1 subject showed a bacterial colonization predominated by curved rods throughout the first 8 h. Compared to placebo, the area of the specimens covered by plaque was reduced after 3 and 7 days of delmopinol use, with coccoid cells as the predominant morphotype. Plaque maturity, characterized by the appearance of corncob formations and high numbers of different morphotypes, was not observed on the delmopinol specimens, in contrast to the placebo specimens. The study shows that topical application of 0.5% delmopinol HCl delays and interferes with dental plaque maturation.
Periodontal disease experience in adult long‐duration insulin‐dependent diabetics
Authors: Thorstensson H. , Hugoson A.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of this study was to analyse periodontal disease experience in 40 to 70 year‐old, sex‐matched insulin‐dependent diabetics and non‐diabetics. The study involved 83 diabetics and 99 non‐diabetics. The clinical and radiographic examination comprised recordings of number of teeth, presence of plaque, gingival conditions, probing pocket depth and alveolar bone level (main variable). Diabetics aged 40 to 49 years had more periodontal pockets 6 mm and more extensive alveolar bone loss than non‐diabetics in the same age‐group. There was also a significantly higher number of subjects belonging to classification groups with severe periodontal disease experience among diabetics in that age‐group. In the age‐groups 50–59 and 60–69 years, no major differences were found. The disease duration in these 3 age groups was 25.6 years, 20.5 years and 18.6 years, respectively, and the age of onset thus appears to be an important risk factor for future periodontal destruction.
The effect of subgingival debridement on periodontal disease parameters and the subgingival microbiota
Authors: Sato Kenjiro , Yoneyama Takeyoshi , Okamoto Hiroshi , Dahlén Gunnar , Lindhe Jan
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of the present investigation was to analyse the effect of subgingival scaling and root planing in subjects who prior to treatment exercised meticulous supragingival plaque control. 300 subjects were examined at baseline and after 1 and 2 years without treatment. After the year 2 examination, 62 subjects were randomly selected for therapy. They were given detailed instruction in proper self‐performed toothcleaning measures and were carefully monitored during the subsequent 2 years. Following the year‐4 examination, 2 quadrants, 1 maxillary and 1 mandibular in each subject, were randomly selected for additional therapy. The teeth in the selected quadrants were exposed to subgingival scaling and root planing. The subgingival therapy was repeated until a site no longer bled on gentle probing. This basic therapy was completed within a 2‐month period. All subjects were re‐examined after another 12‐month interval. The examinations at year 4 and 5 included assessment of plaque, gingivitis, probing pocket depth and analysis of samples obtained from the subgingival microbiota at 134 selected sites. The findings from the present study demonstrated: (i) that subgingival scaling and root planing were effective in eliminating subgingival plaque and gingivitis; (ii) that professional therapy resulted in a pronounced reduction of probing depth at sites which at year 4 had a probing depth >3 mm; (iii) that in non‐scaled quadrants, the extension of self‐performed plaque control resulted in a continued improvement of the periodontal conditions at sites which at year 4 were < 5 mm deep.
The effects of orthodontic tooth movement on the glycosaminoglycan components of gingival crevicular fluid
Authors: Samuels R. H. A. , Pender N. , Last K. S.
Published: December 2005

Abstract In this study, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected from around a canine tooth, in children, before and during orthodontic tooth movement. The aim was to identify and quantify the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) components of GCF and relate them to tooth movement, gingival inflammation, plaque accumulation, pocket probing depth and GCF volume recorded at the site of sampling. GAG in GCF samples, collected for a 15‐min period into microcapillary tubes, were separated electrophoretically, stained with Alcian blue and quantified using a laser densitometer. 2 GAG components of hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulphate (CS) were identified. The increase in GCF volume during orthodontic tooth movement was only partly due to increased gingival inflammation, GAG levels varied with different types of orthodontic tooth movement. In GCF, levels of CS, in particular, may reflect the changes in the deeper periodontal tissues which could be monitored during orthodontic tooth movements.
Suppression of subgingival Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in localized juvenile periodontitis by systemic tetracycline
Authors: Christersson Lars A. , Zambon Joseph J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The current study assessed the clinical and microbiological effects of systemic antimicrobial therapy alone in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans‐infected adolescents with periodontal disease. The study involved 6 localized juvenile periodontitis patients 13–18 years of age, who harbored high numbers of A. actinomycetemcomitans: in subgingival plaque samples. The periodontal lesions were microbiologically monitored by selective culture, and clinically assessed for probing pocket depth and periodontal attachment level 3 months prior to baseline, and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months posttreatment. Tetracycline‐HCl (250 mg/ QID) was prescribed until 1 week after subgingival A. actinomycetemcomitans was no longer detectable or for a maximum of 8 weeks. During 3 months prior to treatment, pocket depth was unchanged, and was then significantly reduced from an average of 7.1 mm to 5.1 mm 12 months after treatment (p ‐ 0.02). The mean change in clinical attachment level was a gain of 1.4 mm between baseline and 12 months (p= 0.02). 3 of the 6 patients were still infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans after 8 weeks of antibiotic therapy and 4 subjects were infected at 12 months. Numbers of A. actinomycetemcomitans were still suppressed in most lesions. There was a strong association between mean numbers of A. actinomycetemcomitans in periodontal pockets and mean change in probing attachment level at any given time point. For 22 available comparisons, derived from all time points, there was a strong association (r= 0.68) between subgingival A. actinomycetemcomitans and change in probing attachment level. 8 of 9 (89%; sensitivity) individual patient time intervals with “disease” (< 1.5 mm gain in probing attachment level) were tested positive (≥ 100 CFUJ, whereas 9 of 13 (69%; specificity) individual patient time intervals with “no disease” (≥ 1.5 mm gain in probing attachment level) were A. actinomycetemcomitans negative (< 100 CPU) (p= 0.007).
An investigation into the use of restriction endonuclease analysis for the study of transmission of Actinomyces
Authors: Barsotti O. , Morrier J. J. , Decoret D. , Benay G. , Rocca J. P.
Published: December 2005

Abstract DNA fingerprints of 28 reference strains of Actinomyces, comprising representatives of different species and serotypes, and 19 isolates recovered from 16 periodontal patients was performed. The aim was to determine the potential of the method for detecting strain differences in terms of discriminatory power and to evaluate its usefulness in the typing of Actinomyces strains for eco‐epidemiological studies. Among the 17 restriction endonucleases tested, Bst EII, Pvu II and Sma I proved to be the most suitable for the genus Actinomyces restriction digest analysis. Visual comparisons of Bst EII, Pvu II and Sma I digest patterns of chromosomal DNA revealed clear differences within species but also within serotypes of Actinomyces that are otherwise identical. The method offers the qualities for use as an epidemiological tool for identifying sources and tracing routes of transmission of Actinomyces: stability, reproducibility, ease of preparation and interpretation and enough sensitivity for detection of differences between morphologically and serologically similar strains of Actinomyces.
Evaluation of peri‐implant sulcular temperature
Authors: Rams Thomas E. , Roberts Thomas W. , Slots Jorgen
Published: December 2005

Abstract Sulcular temperatures were measured on 35 clinically stable and restored osseointegrated denial implants and compared to 50 remaining natural teeth in 9 partially‐edentulous adults using the Perio Temp temperature probe (ABIO‐DENT, Inc., Danvers, MA USA). Replicate peri‐implant sulcular measurements showed a mean difference of 0.1±0.15 (SD)°C. Implant temperatures varied from 0.41 to 3.9°C below sublingual temperatures measured on each patient, and maxillary implants were significantly cooler than mandibular implants (p<0.001, t‐test). A posterior‐to‐anterior temperature gradient was found in both the maxilla and mandible, with anterior implants significantly cooler than posterior fixtures. No significant differences were found in sulcular temperatures of osseointegrated dental implants and natural teeth located in anatomically‐equivalent oral sites. Similarly to natural teeth, sulcular temperature may serve as a valuable diagnostic tool in evaluating dental implant status.
Progression of periodontal tissue destruction at splinted/non‐splinted teeth
Authors: Ericsson I. , Giargia M. , Lindhe J. , Neiderud A.‐M.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of the present investigation was to study whether splinting, i.e., immobilisation of teeth, may interfere with the rate of periodontal tissue destruction that can be accomplished by ligature placement and plaque accumulation. 5, 1‐year‐old, beagle dogs were included in the experiment. The mandibular 2nd and 3rd premolars and the 1st molar on both sides of the mandible were extracted. 2 titanium implants were installed in the sites of 3P and 1M, i.e., in the right quadrant of the mandible. 3 months later, abutment connection was performed and a fixed, gold splint, connecting the tooth and the implants, was inserted. The non‐resilient splint was cemented in place on Day 0 and 4P was hereby immobilized. In each dog, the contralateral fourth premolar (P4) served as the non‐splinted control tooth. Experimental periodontal tissue breakdown was initiated by placing cotton floss ligatures around the neck of 4P and P4 and by allowing the animals to accumulate plaque and calculus. Once every month, new ligatures were placed at the level of the receding gingival margin. The experiment was terminated on Day 180. Radiographs of 4P and P4 were obtained and biopsies sampled. The results of the measurements, made in the radiographs and the histological sections, disclosed that the splinting of the experimental teeth, failed to prevent or retard apical downgrowth of plaque and associated attachment loss. It was concluded that increased tooth mobility, within the limits of the present experiment, obviously did not establish conditions which favoured an enhanced destruction of the periodontal tissues in the beagle dog model.
Inter‐relationships between bone mineral content measures
Authors: Hildebolt C. F. , Rupich R. C. , Vannier M. W. , Zerbolio D. J. , Shrout M. K. , Cohen S. , Pinkas A.
Published: December 2005

Abstract In vitro periodontal alveolar bone mineral content (BMC) measurements obtained with dual‐energy radiography (DER) were compared with assessments based on bitewing radiographs (BWX). In addition, in patients, the relationship between bitewing and several postcranial dual‐energy‐radiographic measures were evaluated. Dual‐energy‐radiographic and bitewing measurements were made on 2 cadaver mandibles initially and after 2 incremental bone reductions at 4 sites. Rank‐order correlations between dual‐energy‐radiographic and bite‐wing measures for the 4 sites ranged from 0.7 to 1.00. Bitewing measures indicated true bone loss with a sensitivity of 1.00. For patients, correlations between bitewing measures and dual‐energy‐radiographic scans suggested the strongest relationships were in the distal sections of the radius and ulna and in the intertrochanteric and Ward's areas of the femur. Correlations, in the 0.5–0.6 range, were not statistically significant (p > 0.05), but were quite robust considering the small sample size and preliminary nature of this investigation. Results suggest that the bitewing measure is sufficiently sensitive to detect clinically meaningful (5% or greater) changes in alveolar BMC and. further, that alveolar bone mineral content may reflect postcranial BMC. The implications of postcranial bone mineral changes being reflected in alveolar bone would enhance both our understanding and treatment of alveolar bone loss. The use of bitewing measures to facilitate identification of patients with postcranial bone loss is discussed.
Specificity and levels of oral and systemic antibodies to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans
Authors: Engstöm Per‐Erik , Larsson Anders , Norhagen Gunilla , Smith C.I. Edvard , Sällberg Matti , Helgeland Kristen , Hammarström Lennart
Published: December 2005

Abstract Salivary and gingival crevicular fluid antibodies and systemic antibodies were analysed for levels and specificity against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans components. The major reactivity of salivary and serum IgA1 and IgA2 antibodies to the periodontal pathogen A. actinomycetemcomitans was against bands between 14 and 83 kD for IgA1 and bands between 14 and 68 kD for IgA2 in Western blot. In addition to specific binding, there was also a hitherto unrecognized Fc‐mediated binding of IgG antibodies to an A. actinomycetemcomitans component around 50 kD. Serum IgG antibodies to A. actinomycetemcomitans leukotoxin displayed the highest median value and only 1 individual showed salivary IgM antibodies in ELISA. Elevated levels of gingival crevicular fluid lgA2 antibodies indicated a local production of IgA from periodontal tissues. Using synthetic peptides, several distinct epitopes on the leukotoxin were recognized by both salivary and serum IgA antibodies.
Hypophosphatasia: dental aspects and mode of inheritance
Authors: Chapple I. L. C.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Hypophosphatasia is rare enzymopathy that normally presents within the first few years of life and often has profound effects upon the periodontiurn. It is a heritable disorder characterised by defective mineralisation of the skeletal and dental structures of the body and a deficiency in the liver/bone/kidney (L/ B/K) isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), There has been a tremendous advance in our knowledge of this condition over the last decade due to the advent of highly specific DNA probes and novel microanalytical techniques. This paper aims to review current literature about hypophosphatasia with special reference to the dental aspects of the condition and to shed light upon the controversial area of its mode of genetic: inheritance. It is concluded that hypophosphatasia may result from the existence of 2 defective alleles, which alone or in combination may cause the condition, One allele is expressed in an autosomal dominant manner producing milder phenotypic characteristics, whilst the other is expressed in an autosomal recessive manner producing the more severe clinical form that often results in neonatal death. The milder phenotypes may go undiagnosed and the consequence of this in genetic counselling terms is extremely important.
Probing depth at implants and teeth
Authors: Ericsson Ingvar , Lindhe Jan
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of the present investigation was to assess the resistance offered by the gingiva at teeth and the peri‐implant mucosa at osseointegrated titanium implants to mechanical probing. 5 beagle dogs were used in the experiment. The 2nd and 3rd premolars and the 1st molars of the right and left mandibular dentition were extracted. 2 titanium implants were installed in the edentulous right and left premolar‐ and motar‐regions. Abutment connection was performed 3 months later. The remaining premolar in the left jaw (P4) was exposed to “experimental periodomitis” during a 4–momh period and, thus, the 4th premolar in the right jaw (4P) was representing healthy periodontium. The inflamed soft tissues at P4 were treated using a flap procedure. Following 2 weeks of healing, the main experiment was started, i.e., day 0. During the subsequent 360 days, the teeth and abutment parts of the implants were regularly exposed to plaque control (3 x /week). Radiographs of 4P‐, P4‐ and the implant‐regions were obtained on days 0 and 360. Mobility measurements were performed on days 0 and 360. Biopsies of the experimental teeth and the implants were sampled at the end of the study, The results of the present experiment demonstrated that differences in terms of tissue composition, organization and attachment between the gingiva and the root surface on one hand and between the peri‐implant mocusa and the ‐implant surface on the other, make the conditions for probing depth measurements at teeth and implants different. It was observed that the resistance offered by the gingiva to probing was greater than that offered by the peri‐implant mucosa, and consequently the probe penetration became more advanced at implants than at teeth.
Comparative estimation of periodontal conditions by means of different index systems
Authors: Diamanti‐Kipioti A. , Papapanou P. N. , Moraitaki‐Tsami A. , Lindhe J. , Mitsis F.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The aim of the present study was to compare epidemiological data of periodontal disease obtained from a sample of adults by means of different, commonly employed, partial and full‐mouth index systems, in order to explore the amount of discrepancy attributed to the methodology per se. 169 dentate subjects, aged 25–64 years, were subjected to a clinical examination, including circumferential probing assessments of pocket depth (PPD) and attachment level (PAL) at all teeth present. The individual mean % of tooth sites with PPD of 6 mm and the % of subjects exhibiting at least one such deep pocket were calculated based on (i) full‐mouth data, (ii) data derived from the buccal and mesial surfaces from 1 randomly selected upper and 1 lower quadrant, (iii) probing assessments at the 6 “Ramfjord teeth”, (iv) the full‐mouth community pehodontal index for treatment needs (CPITN), and (v) the partial CPITN based on 10 index teeth. The PAL data were analyzed by means of 3 versions of the extent and severity index, 1 generated by full‐moutn assessments and 2 by partial assessments based on 28 and 10 tooth sites, respectively. In the entire sample, the individual mean % of sites with PPD of 6 mm generated by the different systems ranged between 5.0 and 4.2 sites/subject. By full‐mouth CPITN scorings, an average of 1.0 score‐4 sextants/subject was recorded, while the partial CPITN generated a corresponding value of 0.8 score‐4 sextants/subject. The prevalence of subjects with at least one deep pocket was found to be (i) 47% by the full‐mouth examination, (ii) 24% by the half‐mouth examination, (iii) 26% by the use of the “Ramfjord teeth”, and (iv) 44% by the partial CPITN. Variations in the accuracy of the partial recordings were observed in different age groups. Analysis of the PAL data generated extent values ranging between 93 and 96% and severity values between 3.6 and 3.9 mm. It was concluded that partial recording systems (i) provide reasonably valid estimates of the individual mean number of “affected” tooth sites; however, (ii) they grossly underestimate the prevalence of subjects exhibiting deep periodontal pockets.
Relationship between palatoradicular grooves and localized periodontitis
Authors: Hou Guey‐Lin , Tsai Chi‐Chung
Published: December 2005

Abstract A total of 404 maxillary lateral and central incisors were examined in a group of 101 individuals comprising 64 males and 37 females for the presence of palatoradicular groove (PRG). The methods used to document the presence of PRO situated at or apical to the cemento‐enamel junction (CEJ) included clinical probing, flap operation and inspection with the aid of an enlarging oral mirror. PRGs were classified by location in the mesial, distal and midpalatal areas of affected teeth. The plaque index (PII), gingival index (GI) and probing pocket depth (PPD) were recorded on the lingual aspect of the teeth examined. Those PRG with initial PPDs of mm and located at or apical to the CEJ were counted as PRG with PPD. The difference in the PRG location for teeth with and without PPDs was analyzed via the φ2 test. The relationship between the presence of a PRG and the patients periodontal health and plaque accumulation were analyzed using the t‐test. Results are summarized as follows: (1) the proportional test showed statistical non‐significance amongst the sexes; (2) PRGs were greatest in the maxillary lateral incisors when compared to the central incisors; few patients had PRGs in both the maxillary and central incisors; (3) PRGs were most often located in the midpalatal part of affected teeth as opposed to the mesial or distal area; however, more distal and mesial PRGs were associated with PPDs when compared to centrally situated PRGs; (4) a direct statistical relationship was established between the depth, location of PRGs and the GI, P1I and development of PPDs in affected teeth.
Digital radiographic image–based bone level measurements: effect of film density
Authors: Shrout Michael K. , Powell Billy J. , Hildebolt Charles F. , Vannier Michael W. , Ahmed Nawal M.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Previous studies have demonstrated that accurate alveolar bone‐level measurements can be made using digitally enhanced bitewing radiographs. In this study, we determined the effect of exposure variations on bone–level measurement accuracy using digital radiographic images of dry skulls. 6 direct bone‐level measurements on the mandibular 1st molars of dry skulls were established by consensus of 2 expert observers. 13 bitewing radiographs were taken on each side of 11 skulls, using a specially designed positioning device. Exposure settings of 70 kVp. 10 mA. and 24 impulses were empirically chosen as the baseline. Kilovolt‐age and impulses times were individually varied (50 to 100 kVp in 10 kV increments and 15 to 48 impulses in 6 steps) to ensure a wide range of clinically relevant optical densities on the test images. The radiographs were digitized and alveolar bone level measurements, corresponding to those for skulls, were made on the images by 2 observers. Pearson product‐moment coefficients between radiographs and criteria measurements were calculated. It was found that dry skull and digital bitewing radiographic measurements were highly correlated, within the limits of exposure parameter variations tested. Accurate measurements of alveolar bone level are possible from bitewing radiographs taken within a wide range of exposures, when digital image processing techniques are employed.