bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rethinking Facadism: The Contemporary New Zealand Villa
Authors:   , Wright Hayley
Published: November 2021

The New Zealand Villa is a significant cultural icon of New Zealand. Its architecture encapsulates a rich story of New Zealand's colonial heritage, but preserving this legacy requires respect and understanding in the face of societal change. Presently, villa's are being 'modernised' by owners pressured to maintain the aesthetic 'respectability' of the traditional villa, while simultaneously demanding that their private realms reflect contemporary concerns. Differing expectations and conflict in architectural values results in an irretrievable loss of the villa's cultural integrity.

As the villa becomes permanently entrenched in New Zealand's cultural heritage, an 'authentic' depiction of the architecture becomes subjected to facadism. District plans and heritage rules indirectly promote the 'authenticity' of facadism; however the term authentic is presented to the populace under false pretences resulting in spurious imitation forced upon villa's. Facadism results in a Potemkin City; replicated façades, insufficient in and lacking appreciation for, New Zealand's architectural history. This paper questions facadism in comparison to historical and contemporary methods of architectural change. It aims to rethink the notion of facadism and communicate alternative ways of approaching change that is honest and suitable to the aging dwelling and to the occupational demands of contemporary life.

A methodology for assessing the New Zealand villa will analyse the social aspects of the traditional design through a contemporary lens. An analytical study will be conducted that will review the social and architectural attributes associated with the traditional villa and how it catered for demands and rituals of the Victorian society. It will evaluate the villa's position in contemporary society and focus attention to the roof as a horizontal facade. Principles will explore how the villa's traditional roof and planning attributes can be applied to contemporary lifestyle and cater for a changing occupancy.

A design phase tests the principles through various sites and scales. The desired outcome will present a developed prototype of a 'non frontal' villa designed for the contemporary family unit. It sets out to achieve this through a series of tests exploring how the designed principles can develop a conceptual depiction of a villa. The design outcome of this thesis presents two conclusions. First a contemporary typology of the spatial language of the New Zealand villa and, second, that the villa's facade in contemporary environments has become a three dimensional object with a horizontal nature that needs to be catered for in contemporary architecture.
Floating Development: An Alternative to Land Reclamation for Waterfront Development: A Case Study for Design and Construction of VLFS in Wellington
Authors:   , Qu Xin Sharyn
Published: November 2021

In countries Japan, Netherlands, and Singapore they experience increasing land scarcity due to concentration of population or flooding issue. The growing concerns over environmental degration and political conflicts due to land reclamation means land-filled is no longer an acceptable way. Thus these countries put greater emphasis on investigating and application of other alternatives, such as floating structure, to allow for urban expansion. In particular, Very Large Floating Structure (VLFS) is becoming increasing popular and promising.

This thesis presents a range of water-based development that include urban and architectural scale, historical and recent, and focuses on analysing the urban aspects. Projects of Japan, Netherlands and Singapore are researched at lesser detail for understanding technical, economy and political considerations in a floating development. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the possibilities of having floating structure as a way to expand the city. The case study used is of VLFS on the Lambton Harbour of Wellington city, New Zealand, to demonstrate the feasibility.
Crossing the Threshold between Spatial Installation Art and Interior Architecture
Authors:   , Wiki Caley
Published: November 2021

This thesis explores opportunities to challenge how the nature of spatial installation art might be conceived within the medium of habitable architecture. It explores how spatial installation can take a shift in spatial qualities from space that is occupied to space that is inhabited. It focuses specifically on precedents and opportunities for the use of architectural vocabulary along with materiality, context, ordering systems, and identities to engage the occupant with spatial experience that challenges the boundaries between art and interior architecture. The intent of this thesis is to investigate how such vocabularies can be applied to interior architecture in order to formulate architectural space that society actively interacts in and through. The macro approach embraces multi - functionality allowing freedom for the space to metamorphose when confronted with a new set of social demands by the inhabitant without the space actually needing to physically change.

The thesis investigates the threshold between the realms of conceptual spatial art and programmed habitable architectural space. It examines how an ‘installation’ can respond to multiple programmatic requirements and the requirements of habitation, as a means of redefining our presumptions of interior architecture. This thesis investigates the liminal boundaries defining a construction as a work of architecture versus a work of art by considering interior architecture as a vital transition between architecture and art. As a site for this investigation the thesis explores ‘interior architecture’ opportunities along a pedestrian pathway in Wellington, one which is spatially contained by urban buildings on either side. The selection of this site for an investigation of interior architecture immediately challenges traditional presumptive boundaries between interior architecture, architecture, landscape architecture and urban planning. Such a site provides a critical vehicle for investigating the nature of program and habitability within a constructed installation space that crosses the boundaries into architecture.
Blame the Drafter or the Treaty? Towards Uniformity in the Implementation of Treaties in Domestic Law
Authors:   , Modeste Dara Lenetha Ayanna
Published: November 2021

Domestic courts are often confronted with circumstances in which their interpretation of municipal legislation which purports to implement an international treaty differs significantly from that of other jurisdictions that have implemented that same treaty. States parties often come to realise these differences when they are called upon to cooperate in facilitating the execution of the relevant treaty. This is clearly undesirable as it defeats the purpose of treaty negotiation which is to attain consistency in approach amongst states parties.

This dissertation proposes a solution to that problem. It is based on the hypothesis that uniformity in the drafting techniques used to implement different types of international treaties will eliminate, or at least reduce, the incidence of domestic legislation's deviating from the true intentions of the treaty it proposes to implement. The dissertation tests this hypothesis by examining the approach taken by different jurisdictions in implementing selected treaties. The study reveals that there is merit to the hypothesis. However, there are several factors which determine which drafting technique will best implement the terms of a treaty in a particular jurisdiction. Therefore, the same implementation technique may not be suitable for all contracting states. What is required is a structured approach to treaty implementation. This comes with an appreciation of the factors that will indicate and should be used to determine which drafting technique is the most suitable.

By way of solution to the problem posed, a guide is formulated. It provides a set of best practices for treaty implementation.
From Adjustment to Apportionment in the Goods and Services Tax Act: A Comparative Analysis of the Change-In-Use Rules in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand
Authors:   , Greening Mark J.
Published: November 2021

All countries that have adopted Goods and Services Tax (GST) or Value Added Tax (VAT) employ a ‘change-in-use’ mechanism to distinguish consumption from the stages of production and distribution. New Zealand’s former change-in-use rules were unique. Unlike the ‘use’ based apportionment approaches employed in Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom, New Zealand employed an adjustment approach that utilised a ‘principal purpose’ test and deemed supply mechanism. While Canada has also employed an adjustment approach for capital property, the New Zealand rules have operated differently to those in Canada. In response to criticism for being overly complex and confusing, the New Zealand change-in-use rules will adopt a new ‘use’ based apportionment approach, together with a new mechanism to constrain the number of adjustments, from 1 April 2011 for a number of taxpayers. Applying criteria identified by the Tax Working Group the performance of New Zealand’s change-in-use rules are examined, in comparison to those applied in Australia and Canada. In addition, the comparative readability of the change-in-use provisions in all three jurisdictions is examined. The paper concludes that New Zealand should adopt an apportionment approach and that the Goods and Services Tax Act should be rewritten for improved readability.
AVO Analysis of a Weak BSR on the Hikurangi Margin, New Zealand
Authors:   , Roopa Srinivasan Navalpakam
Published: November 2021

Gas hydrates occur in deep, cold areas on the Hikurangi margin, New Zealand, generally at water depths of ≥ 600m and ≤ 8oC temperature. In these areas elevated hydrostatic pressures and low temperatures create stable conditions for hydrate formation. The occurrence of Bottom-Simulating Reflections (BSRs) is known to indicate the Base of the Gas Hydrate Stability (BGHS) zone, below which solid hydrates cannot exist due to increasing temperatures of sediments. BSRs in most settings worldwide are thought to be largely caused by free gas at the base of the gas hydrate stability zone. They are characterized by a large negative reflection coefficient due to significant decrease in P-wave velocity attributed to the presence of gas below the BSR. On the Hikurangi margin however, many BSRs appear relatively weak. This study presents the results of Amplitude Variation with Offset (AVO) analysis of a weak BSR beneath Puke Ridge, a thrust ridge on the accretionary wedge east of Gisborne, North Island. Rock-physics modelling is used to interpret the findings.

The 05CM04 seismic line has been processed by preserving the amplitude and care has been taken to not bias the variation of reflectivity coefficient with offset. The zero-offset reflection coefficient or AVO intercept (A) is in the range of -0.008 to - 0.015 and the AVO gradient (B) is between -0.015 and -0.03.

Rock-physics modelling was employed to determine the possible concentrations of gas and hydrate that can yield the observed reflection coefficients. Negligible hydrate saturation above with a patchy gas distribution of 3% saturation beneath the BSR might explain this pattern. An alternative end-member estimation of 13% saturation of hydrate in a frame-supporting model with no gas beneath it could generate the observed reflection coefficient but it is geologically unlikely. Synthetic modelling reveals that the low reflectivity of the BSR could also be due to the presence of thin layers of more concentrated or evenly distributed gas but this scenario is considered to be geologically unlikely.

BSRs beneath some thrust ridges in the southern Hikurangi margin, appear as a series of clearly separated bright spots, which indicate free gas accumulations which when connected mimic the geometry of the seafloor. The most likely lithologic explanation for these high amplitude patches within weak BSRs, is the concept of segmented BSRs which is also seen in the Gulf of Mexico. The bright ―gas‖ anomalies are inferred to correlate with sand-rich high permeability layers while the weak BSR could be due to low saturations of gas in clay-rich low permeability layers. The weak BSR beneath the Puke Ridge is indicative of low and patchy gas saturations in low-permeability reservoir rocks while high amplitude patches found in this area may indicate high-permeability sands that may be attractive reservoir rocks for future gas hydrate production.
Bike your City: Planning and Designing Cycling Infrastructure in the Urban Environment
Authors:   , Jiang Jack J.
Published: November 2021

Cycling is a memory of the past for most of us, the lack of support from the authorities on the cycling infrastructure made it difficult to attract people to cycle in the city. Urban sprawl, traffic congestion, car dependency, environmental pollution and public health concerns have pressured cities around the world to consider reintegrating cycling into the urban environment.

Design as a research method was utilised to investigate the effectiveness of design methodology and workflow for cycling infrastructure from an architecture and design perspective. Using Wellington City as a design case study, this research aimed to improve the legibility, usability and the image of cycling as a mode of transport in the city. To achieve this, a customisable graphical design framework and branding strategies were developed to structure and organise the design components within cycling infrastructure. The findings from the iterative design processes were visualised through the appropriate architectural and presentation conventions.

This research provided an unique architectural perspectives on the issues of cycling infrastructure; the results would support the transportation advisers and urban planners to further the development and integration of cycling, as a viable mode of transport, within the city.
Designing for an Active Community Focus
Authors:   , Bakshi Nilesh
Published: November 2021

This research dissertation set out to determine what form the design and integration of a suburban community centre as a catalyst for moving towards a sustainable built environment might take. The literature of theoretical arguments and built precedents were investigated to identify potential design parameters. A viable site for the project was also investigated. As a result, the Sustainability Drop-in Centre was created in the heart of Karori. Its design was based on international case studies that emphasized green urbanism and TOD design initiatives, whilst also looking at Calthorpe's arguments for TOD design and Lynch's concept of place legibility as a set of inhabitable paths, edges, districts, nodes and landmarks. The integration of these crucial design parameters required a design intervention at multiple scales, from a new traffic design for the suburb to a detailed ramp design aimed at achieving energy efficient building design, thus limiting the need for lifts and escalators. As a result the final chapter illustrates the new design proposal in the form of representational renders of the pedestrian experience. These renditions, informed by the construction drawings referred to throughout the study, determine that the integration of a community centre as a catalyst for moving towards a sustainable built environment would create many improved quality of life opportunities, including, but not limited to, chances for social interaction, spaces and occasions for local bartering, and an opportunity for education in regard to sustainable practices. The design intervention has generated a stronger walkable suburb that gives importance to public sustainable forms of transportation and the needs of pedestrians, resulting in a suburb that will function well into a post-oil future.
Improving Regional Fisheries Management Organisation Decision-Making: New Hope in the South Pacific?
Authors:   , Finny Guy
Published: November 2021

Regional Fisheries Management Organisations (RFMOs) play a key role in promoting the sustainable management of high seas fisheries. However, many RFMOs are not succeeding in this task. Whilst overexploited fish stocks can be blamed on illegal fishing and on States reluctant to implement robust conservation and management decisions, fault can also be found in the design of RFMO decision-making processes, specifically the use of consensus-based decision-making and objection procedures. This paper evaluates whether a new RFMO, the South Pacific Regional Fisheries Management Organisation, and its ‘cutting edge’ decision-making procedure, can act as a model for more effective RFMO decision-making.
After Scotland's literary "Golden Age": Locating Agnes Owens
Authors:   , Pirie-Hunter Rupert Alexander
Published: November 2021

Celebrations of Scottish literature in the last decades of the twentieth century have neglected one of Scotland’s most important writers: Agnes Owens. Owens’ work and its influence is far more complex, and far greater in reach, than most accounts acknowledge. Her significance is no secret: Alasdair Gray and James Kelman have championed her work; Glasgow University’s Douglas Gifford has said that Owens “can claim to have done more than most in the redefinition of women in fiction.” This paper aims to lay the groundwork from which meaningful criticism of Agnes Owens can be realised in the 21st Century. Taking cue from Walter Benjamin’s “The Author as Producer”, particularly his argument that “the tendency of a work of literature can be politically correct only if it is also correct in the literary sense”, I argue that the aesthetics and politics of Owens’ work deconstruct and redefine traditional models of working-class literature and representation.  The first chapter analyses her first collection of short stories, Gentlemen of the West and its sequel novella, Like Birds in the Wilderness. I challenge the way these texts have been read as realist working-class fiction through a careful examination of her short stories and novellas, offering an alternative framework through which they can be read. Gentlemen subverts notions of societal “initiation” in working-class fiction, with Mac’s attempt to escape his community being undone by the conclusion of Birds. The second chapter is a study of three of her short stories, attending to her minimalist illustrations of the socially condemned, and her confronting exposition of the readers’ gaze. Finally, this thesis discusses the gendered landscape of her novel, A Working Mother. Using Elaine Showalter’s The Female Malady as an organising text, I argue that Owens’ treatment of gender relations challenge literary notions of female “hysteria” and madness. Taken as a whole, this thesis addresses Owens’ absence, attempting to locate her work within Scottish literary criticism. It is offered as a way forward for the study of her work in years to come.
Natural Product Studies on the Hamigerans
Authors:   , Woolly Ethan
Published: November 2021

This study describes the NMR-directed isolation and structural elucidation of several new and semi-synthesised compounds. Carrying on from the previous examinations on the sponge Hamigera tarangaensis undertaken at VUW resulted in the isolation of an additional seven congeners to the hamigeran family. These included three debrominated analogues (37, 60, 62), an alternative methyl ester analogue (63) and a 4-brominated analogue (64). Two structures with novel functionality were also isolated, which were found in fractions previously not investigated, the nitrile containing hamigeran R (61) and the dimer hamigeran S (65). The isolation of these novel compounds led to the proposal of a biosynthesis from a reaction with hamigeran G (40) and ammonia, similar to the previous nitrogenous hamigerans biosynthesis with amino acids.   Semi-synthesis was undertaken to probe the biosynthesis of these and the other nitrogenous compounds. The results of this produced four new compounds: two imine intermediates, hamigeran G imine (66) and hamigeran B imine (70), a glycine derived hamigeran (68) and the hamigeran D epimer (69).
Questions unanswered, stories untold: Reviewing the New Zealand Government’s response to Foreign Charter Vessel Allegations
Authors:   , King Jordan Carnaby
Published: November 2021

The seafood industry is New Zealand's fifth largest export sector by value and a major contributor to the nation's economy. However, for decades a sizeable portion of annual total industry catch within the Exclusive Economic Zone has been caught by overseas flagged vessels (‘Foreign Charter Fishing Vessels’ or ‘FCVs’) crewed by foreign guestworkers on contract to New Zealand based fishing quota holders. Concerns relating to guestworker welfare, working conditions aboard vessels, and regulatory compliance have characterised their controversial presence in New Zealand waters.  In July 2011 the New Zealand Ministers for Labour and Primary Industries jointly announced the establishment of a Ministerial Inquiry to consider the use and operation of FCVs in New Zealand’s waters following the emergence of reports of widespread exploitation of guestworkers aboard vessels. In August 2011 a high profile report by University of Auckland researchers detailed allegations raised by groups of FCV guestworkers who claimed they had been the victims of sustained physical, sexual, and emotional abuse at sea. The implication is that many guestworkers had been 'trafficked' into the industry to labour for little or no remuneration.   The terms of reference for the Ministerial Inquiry directed the Inquiry Panel to review the use of FCVs against the Government’s articulated priorities for the industry. These priorities were to ‘protect New Zealand’s international reputation and trade access’; ‘maximise economic return to New Zealand from fisheries resources’; and to ‘ensure acceptable and equitable labour standards are applied on vessels operating in New Zealand’s fisheries waters’.   This thesis applies critical discourse analysis methodology to analyse the establishment of the Ministerial Inquiry, the Inquiry’s public consultation process, and the public policy recommendations contained in its final report to Government in order to examine how the experiences and allegations of guestworkers were framed, ordered, and considered throughout the Inquiry process. The research findings suggest that the Inquiry process has marginalised guestworker perspectives and that this has implications for the pursuit of social justice. As such the thesis contributes to an emerging academic literature on the experiences of guestworkers in the New Zealand fishing industry and the ways in which allegations of exploitation and mistreatment have been viewed and responded to by the New Zealand authorities.
Courting controversy: Judges and the problems caused by extrajudicial speech
Authors:   , Moran Jasmin
Published: November 2021

This paper explores the problems for judicial impartiality that a judge’s extrajudicial speaking or writing on academic matters may create. Examples from New Zealand and abroad demonstrate such extrajudicial commentary may lead to a finding of apparent bias or require that a judge recuse himself from hearing a case. The current regulation of extrajudicial speech, as ascertained from judicial conduct codes and case law, provides that judges can speak and write extrajudicially on such matters but must exercise caution in the tone and language they use. The paper concludes that this is an appropriate approach and that a solution of judicial silence is undesirable. This conclusion is supported by empirical research conducted by the author which shows that the incidence of extrajudicial writing in New Zealand is low.
Arbitrator ethics in New Zealand: The New Zealand approach to ethical obligations in international arbitration
Authors:   , McLean Ella
Published: November 2021

Arbitrators in international arbitrations must observe ethical obligations of impartiality and independence, competence, diligence, confidentiality and compliance with the arbitration agreement. A New Zealand understanding of these standard international obligations is influenced by New Zealand’s ethical culture. New Zealand arbitrators practicing overseas must recognise how their culture affects their approach to ethical obligations. In particular, they must be aware that a New Zealand approach to impartiality and independence may be seen as relaxed by those outside New Zealand. A New Zealand approach to ethical obligations is also applied during the enforcement of arbitrators’ obligations where New Zealand is the seat of an international arbitration. Foreign parties are likely to be satisfied with the enforcement of ethical obligations in New Zealand. This is good news for those seeking to establish New Zealand as a regional hub of international arbitration.
Environmental impact assessments in areas beyond national jurisdiction
Authors:   , Boyes Amy
Published: November 2021

A state that wishes to proceed with an activity or development has an obligation to undertake an assessment of the risks that activity will have on the environment. This obligation has been generally accepted in domestic and international law, and is often conducted in domestic and trans boundary areas. However, the application of the obligation in marine areas beyond national jurisdiction has been fragmented, with many activities and areas not being assessed. This paper looks at the international obligation to conduct an EIA in areas beyond national jurisdiction, and discusses the possibility of the development of an implementation agreement that would enhance and specify the requirement to conduct an EIA in areas beyond national jurisdiction.
Destination brand and tourism business brands in Binh Thuan province, Vietnam
Authors:   , Pham Vien Tran Truc
Published: November 2021

The consistency between a destination brand (DB) and tourism business brands (TBBs) has been acknowledged as pivotal in destination brand management (DBM). Recent research suggests that consistency should be a synergy of a DB and TBBs and that consistency could be guaranteed if stakeholders are fully involved through the whole process of the DB creation and development. However, research which goes beyond theoretical suggestions is lacking. To fill the research gap, this thesis seeks to address two related research aims:  (1) To assess the consistency between the DB and TBBs in Binh Thuan province; (2) To examine the process of DB creation and development in Binh Thuan province, the involvement of tourism business stakeholders in this, and the influence of this process on consistency.  In doing so, this thesis aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the consistency in relation to the nature of DB, the DBM, and the involvement/buy-in of tourism stakeholders.  This thesis, drawing on the literature of DBs and the recent developments in DBM and stakeholders‟ buy-in, develops a conceptual framework and applies it in Binh Thuan (BT), Vietnam.  The first phase examines the brand-related information projected in marketing materials of BT‟s DB and 87 TBBs. The consistency between the DB and the TBBs is assessed through the use of content analysis. To seek an explanation for the resulting patterns of consistency, 29 in-depth interviews of business managers who managed the TBBs, and two interviews with destination marketing organisations‟ (DMOs) representatives were coded into prominent themes using an analytical framework developed by the researcher.  The study found that the consistency between the DB and TBBs varied according to businesses. Among the brand elements, selling points and target markets were the most consistent. However, the most competitive values reflected through slogans varied among TBBs. This study found that the DB is the outcome of a long-term process in which the destination core values play an important role for building the DB identity, underpinning all of the following components of the DB, influencing the integration of TBBs into the DB architecture, and TBBs‟ consistency with the DB. The study found that if stakeholders are fully involved in the whole process of DB creation and development, their brands are likely to be very consistent with the DB.
Intellectual Freedom in New Zealand Public Libraries: An exploration of the variables that affect library workers’ understanding and application of intellectual freedom in the library
Authors:   , Hill Kathryn
Published: November 2021

Research Problem: The study aimed to ascertain New Zealand public library workers’ understanding of the principles of intellectual freedom and whether or not these principles were applied in practice. Furthermore the study sought to explore the variables that affect the attitudes and behaviours of public library workers towards intellectual freedom.  Methodology: The research project used a quantitative framework employing a cross-sectional design to investigate the attitudes and behaviours of New Zealand library staff toward intellectual freedom via online self-completion questionnaires. The sample population was drawn from professional email lists NZLibs, PUBSIG-l and Te Rōpū Whakahau.  Results: The 172 completed surveys revealed that respondents generally agreed with the principles of intellectual freedom that the library associations promote. However their commitment to these principles is often tested by the obligation that they feel towards library stakeholders. The results indicate that experience, education, the employer and the library association all play some role in shaping the professional attitudes and behaviours of individuals towards intellectual freedom.  Implications: The results of the study suggest that more needs to do be done in regards to the education of library staff and the public on the importance of intellectual freedom within a democratic society. A stronger sense of professional identity needs to be cultivated amongst library workers to ensure they have the confidence to stand behind their professional ideals in the face of opposition. Furthermore survey results suggest that employers need to place a higher priority on both training and awareness regarding the principle of intellectual freedom within the library.
Balancing rangatiratanga and kawanatanga: Waikato-Tainui and Ngāi Tahu’s Treaty settlement negotiations with the Crown
Authors:   , Fisher Martin
Published: November 2021

Waikato-Tainui and Ngāi Tahu’s negotiations with the Crown produced the first two major iwi-based agreements of the modern era of Treaty settlements in New Zealand/Aotearoa. While the existing historiography has previously addressed the general parameters of each agreement, and some key players have briefly written about their involvement in the process, an analysis of both negotiations through the lens of the iwi (tribe) pursuit of rangatiratanga (or self-determination) and the Crown’s defence of its sovereignty and kawanatanga (or governance) increases our understanding of these precedent-setting Treaty settlements. Māori rangatiratanga and Crown sovereignty and governance were not the only factors that drove all parties in their negotiations, but they represented the dominant motivating force in terms of reaching agreements on very difficult issues.  Through an investigation of Ngāi Tahu, Waikato-Tainui, Crown and public sources, this thesis identifies the balancing of iwi rangatiratanga and the Crown’s sovereignty and kawanatanga in four major areas of the process: the development of iwi governance systems post-settlement, the negotiation of the financial aspects of the settlement, the parameters surrounding the return of land, and the formulation of the historical accounts and Crown apologies. The political structures set by the Crown to govern the process influenced all aspects of the negotiation. Waikato-Tainui and Ngāi Tahu argued that a larger quantum would be necessary to achieve the finality and general financial certainty sought by the Crown, but were challenged most prominently by Treasury. Nonetheless both iwi were able to obtain significant concessions. The subsequent limit set on the total financial scope of each settlement also influenced the amount of land that was returned. In addition the Crown’s overall control of the process influenced the type of Crown lands that would be returned, and in Waikato-Tainui’s case, the legal form in which land was returned. The negotiations regarding the historical accounts and apologies that accompanied each settlement similarly were influenced by the limitations imposed by the Crown, in contrast to the specific details sought by Ngāi Tahu and Waikato-Tainui.  The Crown was able to strengthen its governance by achieving settlements with Waikato-Tainui and Ngāi Tahu. Both iwi also were able to enhance their own rangatiratanga by settling their claims, enhancing their political power and influence regionally and nationally. Ultimately Waikato-Tainui and Ngāi Tahu’s Treaty settlements simultaneously reinforced the Crown’s sovereignty and kawanatanga and energised Ngāi Tahu and Waikato-Tainui’s pursuit of rangatiratanga.
'It's all the things'? Exploring teachers' views on the notion of 'community' in early childhood education
Authors:   , Hamer Judith
Published: November 2021

This thesis explores the multiple meanings of ‘community’ within early childhood education (ECE). Utilising a qualitative, interpretive approach, this exploratory case study has sought to gain an in-depth understanding of how teachers view the meaning of ‘community’ within a typical, non-community-owned ECE centre. Rogoff’s (1984, 1995) three planes of sociocultural activity (personal, interpersonal and institutional) have been utilised as a theoretical framework to more fully understand the rich context of this case study centre. Findings from this study highlight that practices of this centre primarily focus inwards on the education and care of the enrolled children and the support of their families within the ECE ‘centre community’. However, despite this, the teachers both collectively and individually also reflect a diverse range of views on the notion of ‘community’ in terms of people, place and connections, including views that look outwards to consider the child within the context of their wider social and physical world. This study concludes that there needs to be a much larger social and political discussion about the notion of ‘community’ within the wider ECE sector, including the role and provision of ECE, not only in terms of the care and education of children but within society as a whole.
Trans-Tasman Border Stories: Actor-Network Theory and Policy Narrative in Action
Authors:   , Nicklin Germana
Published: November 2021

This thesis explores the relationship between narrative and action in the policy practice of border management in trans-Tasman regional economic integration. Using the European Union, the most developed form of regional integration, as a point of reference, it examines five stories of policy practice relating to the joint Prime Ministerial announcement on 2 March 2009 that committed Australia and New Zealand to ‘reduce remaining barriers at the borders to ensure that people and goods can move more easily between the two countries’ (Key & Rudd, 2009a).  Actor-network theory (ANT) is the theoretical frame, drawing particularly on the works of Bruno Latour, John Law and Vicky Singleton, Michel Callon, and Barbara Czarniawksa, enhanced with aspects of the narrative theory of Hannah Arendt and Paul Ricoeur. This frame aligns with and builds on the policy narrative work of Rod Rhodes and Maarten Hajer and is applied to both regional integration and policy practice.   New knowledge comes from identifying border management as a domain of policy practice, and extending Callon’s concept of marketization to border management, which is shown to be part of the global trading narrative that underpins regional integration. In trans-Tasman regional economic integration, narratives are revealed as a mix of economic, political and cultural matters of concern that are enacted with different types of separation and integration effects. The trans-Tasman relationship features as a macro-actor from which a mix of narrative effects emerges.  The combination of economic, political and cultural narratives revealed in trans-Tasman regional economic integration can be seen in the EU, but with different emphases and effects arising from the interaction between them. This finding suggests a potential anatomy of border management policy in regional integration.  Through tracing the actions of officials, this thesis reveals Trans-Tasman policy narratives to be performative, made up of the many little translations that occur in day-to-day policy practice, into which are woven the above broader connections. It also reveals that narrative is not only a way to tell the stories of what is being done, but that the narratives of matters of concern drive the action, and the action itself tells its own story. Narratives thus cannot be separated from action. These policy narratives are multiple and affect action in different ways, both positively and negatively, depending on the matters of concern, the relational power (who’s speaking on behalf of whom or what) and how they interact with one another.  A point of departure for this thesis is the use of ANT to explore policy narrative, and the potential for applying the concept of performativity to other approaches of policy narrative. The narrative aspect of ANT is underemphasised yet it is a powerful analytical tool that has the potential to add to the effectiveness of the practice of policy. Incorporating aspects of narrative theory together with ANT is shown to enhance the insights.
What are the factors that have influenced individual music therapists' professional identity and have those factors impacted on their practice and the field as a whole in New Zealand?
Authors:   , Warren Penny
Published: November 2021

The purpose of this research project is to investigate the factors that influence individual music therapists’ professional identities in New Zealand over time and whether these factors impacted on their practice and the field as a whole in New Zealand. Professional identity is a multi-dimensional process that develops over time and is underpinned by the concepts of personal and social identity. For music therapists, this process is also interconnected with the ongoing shaping of the boundaries of the music therapy profession.  A qualitative case study methodology was employed. Nine music therapists who had over five year’s clinical experience in New Zealand were engaged in open-ended interviews and a process of thematic analysis was used to generate the findings from verbatim transcriptions of each interview.  An overarching category and three core themes relating to personal, profession-specific individual and collective features of identity have emerged as influences on the individual music therapists’ professional identities. The overarching category is to be validated by others. The three core themes are to i) feel a sense of professional competence, ii) experience direct or indirect reciprocal communication with other music therapists, and iii) develop an ability to adapt and manage change in response to new conditions or client need. Within the overarching category and core themes are an overlapping interplay of subsidiary themes that hold different levels of salience for each music therapist and reflect the dynamic, interwoven nature of professional identity. All but one of the participants in this study had trained overseas. Now working in New Zealand as experienced practitioners, it is clear they would have had a significant international influence on the music therapy community in this country. In future it would be interesting to explore how the professional identity of music therapists in New Zealand might have changed as more locally trained music therapists become experienced practitioners.  The results of this study also draw attention to the presence and value of supervision within the New Zealand community of music therapists; an individual sense of belonging to a professional group that holds common values and norms, shared approaches and theories; and the strength of the participant’s own musical identity. Music is a key distinguishing factor in the professional identity of music therapists, and the primary modality that they use in their clinical practice. However, that it was rarely used as a method of supervision for music therapists’ in this study seemed significant.  The results suggest that a stronger and more expansive awareness of professional identity can potentially be developed through reflection upon the influences on identity, and can consequently positively influence clinical practice.
Children’s Engagement with their Learning using E-portfolios
Authors:   , Goodman Nicola
Published: November 2021

Narrative approaches to documentation and assessment in early childhood education (ECE) encourages children to be active contributors in their own learning journey. With the growing emphasis of technology in society it is natural that this shift has transformed assessment practices with the introduction of e-portfolios. E-portfolios are seen in tertiary, secondary and primary settings nationwide and most recently have been introduced into ECE as a way to extend traditional documentation methods. As a result, documentation and the role children have in their own learning has shifted. Despite their growing popularity in early childhood settings there is very little research into the effect that e-portfolios have on teachers, parents, and most importantly, children and their learning. Given this limited research this study sought to understand the ways in which children are engaging with their learning through e-portfolios. This mixed methodology study used a national online survey as well as case studies to develop an understanding of this topic. Participants included early childhood centre educators, parents and children from settings across New Zealand. Findings revealed a distinct variation in the ways that centres are using e-portfolios to engage children with their learning. A large number of centres are maintaining both hard-copy and online versions of a child's portfolio to ensure that children are not removed from contributing to and revisiting their learning. Whilst results showed examples of children's in-depth engagement with e-portfolios, they also highlighted that many centres are not yet harnessing their full potential. These findings suggest implications for teacher practice, including the need for greater support and training for teachers. As e-portfolios are still a new phenomenon in ECE this study suggests areas of future research to investigate this topic further to improve learning outcomes for children.
Generation Y: Incentive and Reward Schemes
Authors:   , du Preez Winifred Jessie
Published: November 2021

Due to the constant changes in workforce and generational composition, employee retention and recruitment has been a major problem. Currently there are three generations working side by side in the workforce namely; the Baby Boomer Generation, Generation X and Generation Y. This research has focused on the most effective ways in which to motivate, attract and retain employees, in particular Generation Y employees. This is important as an employee’s motivation and performance has an impact on the company’s success. Different generational members have different generational characteristics as well as individual differences and failure by mangers to understand the generational and individual differences can result in misunderstandings, miscommunication, conflict and performance issues. By providing managers with the necessary knowledge to understand employees, effective incentive and reward schemes can be designed and implemented. Using Vroom’s Expectancy Theory framework, this study examines Generation Y and X employees in New Zealand accounting and commerce industries in order to understand their preferences, feelings and opinions on the matter of motivation, employee retention and attraction, as well as their perceived generational characteristics. A focus group method was used in order to gather the necessary data. The results illustrate that the characteristics of Generation Y participants did not agree with most of the existing literature on what types of incentive schemes are most effective for these employees, while also pointing out that these employees are also driven by cultural and individual differences. As this study was industry and generational specific, it allowed the gathering of in-depth information, opinions and feelings that contributes to existing literature as well as being the first of its kind due to being executed in New Zealand.
Rethinking Global Administrative Law: Formulating a working definition of “global administrative action”
Authors:   , Hilton Luke
Published: November 2021

Global administrative law (GAL) aims to plug the “accountability deficit” in global institutions by projecting national administrative law principles onto the global scale. Global administrative action has been provisionally delineated as "rulemaking, adjudication, and other decisions that are neither treaty-making nor simple dispute settlements between parties”. But the concept has not yet been defined. The paper adopts a “bottom up” approach by analysing the domestic administrative law of America, New Zealand, and South Africa in order to construct a definition of global administrative action. The paper presents a working definition of the concept.
Talking About Transition: An Exploration of the Secondary to Tertiary Transition Process for Music Students in a New Zealand Context
Authors:   , Wenden Lynne
Published: November 2021

There are complex challenges facing music students majoring in performance in New Zealand as they transition from secondary to tertiary study. As a result of their pretertiary experiences, these students form identities and develop subjectivities that are often discordant with notions of a broadly conceived degree-level education. Through exploring transition using ethnographic and interpretive approaches, it is clear that significant numbers of performance students are not engaging with the more theoretical aspects of their music degrees and can in fact be actively resistant to acquiring knowledge in areas of the curriculum that they perceive as falling outside those necessary to become a performer. This research suggests that education systems in secondary schools in New Zealand contribute considerably to these student subjectivities as despite individual levels of knowledge that students bring to their tertiary studies, these systems result in significant homogenous subjectivities and approaches. More generally, secondary schools appear unable to consistently prepare music students for their tertiary music studies for reasons that include curricula that is: widely interpreted, compartmentalised, heavily weighted towards assessments, and, in terms of performance assessments, lacking in validity.  In ‘talking about transition’ within a New Zealand context, questions arise concerning pre-determined educational practices, which present unnecessary and prohibitive hurdles that can serve to culturally alienate our own students. For this reason and others, this research suggests these students will benefit from socio-culturally relevant pedagogical practice in addition to systems that provide accessible, manageable, and meaningful connections between secondary and tertiary levels of knowledge. Research findings also suggest that improved communication between education sectors and between institutions and students is key to empowering students with regard to their own learning.