bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduksi Noise Salt And Pepper Pada Citra Digital Menggunakan Metode Contraharmonic Mean Filter
Authors: Simangunsong Pandi Barita Nauli
Published: October 2021

Image is an object that is most often used for personal or public purposes, but the image is very susceptible to interference such as noise or noise where the image is exposed to noise or noise will experience black spots attached to the image. The existence of noise attached to the image needs to be reduced so that the image looks clearer using the contraharmonic mean filter method that can reduce noise in digital images. The image affected by noise after being reduced using the contraharmonic mean filter method, the image is much clearer after being reduced.
Perbaikan kualitas Citra Menggunakan Metode Gaussian Filter
Authors: Sunandar Hery
Published: October 2021

The image is in the form of variations in the intensity of a pixel that does not correlate with neighboring pixels that are easily seen by the eye because they look different. By doing image smoothing, it is expected that the image will become more visible. In certain cases, smoothing of the image is indeed done to soften the surface of the image, such as removing small details. Gaussian filter is a mask that is also often used for image smoothing is a gaussian smoothing mask. The existence of quality improvements in the image can improve the image that has very low quality with a gaussian filter.
Perancangan Kios Buku Online Dengan Menerapkan Algoritma MD5 Dalam Pengamanan Record Login
Authors: Lahagu Amin Setiawan , Hutahaean Harvei Desmon
Published: October 2021

Online book stall is one form of e-commerce in cyberspace, all the time the sale and purchase transactions of books can be done at any time, but along with the development of online transactions, data controls should also be improved. To avoid data from damage caused by irresponsible people, it is necessary to secure data by applying cryptography to the data.

In modern times there are many methods or algorithms that can be used to protect and control data from various attacks, but each of these algorithms certainly has its own weaknesses and strengths. The need for long-distance transactions and the importance of data security caused developers to continue to develop cryptography. MD5 algorithm is a one-way hash function that is often used in cryptography, especially in web-based transactions. The MD5 algorithm encodes data in a constant form of 32 bits. All processes from sales and purchase transactions in online bookstores will be safe and durable when the bookstore database is designed in such a way. The book stall database records are encoded with the MD5 algorithm, especially for logging records as a gateway for hackers or hackers to infiltrate. All transactions in the online book kiosk system are detected by the database, the resilience of the database from all attacks is the control of the system from all kinds of damage.
Diagnosa Penyakit Hepatitis Menggunakan Metode Weighted Product
Authors: Sihaloho Parlindungan , Ginting Wasit
Published: October 2021

Hepatitis is an inflammatory process in the liver tissue. Hepatitis in lay language is often referred to as liver or jaundice. Viral hepatitis infection can develop into cirrhosis or hardening of the liver even liver cancer, inflammation / inflammation and injury to the liver due to hepatic reactions to various conditions, especially viruses, drugs and alcohol. Hepatitis Diagnosis Expert System has been developed with a weighted product method. The weight product method diverts the results of the assessment of each attribute. The results of these multiplications have not been meaningful if they have not been compared with standard values. The weight for the benefit attribute functions as a positive power in the multiplication process, while the cost weight functions as a negative power multiplying the attribute value of each symptom that has been weighted for.From the results of the trials that have been carried out the system has been able to diagnose hepatitis A, B, C, D, E based on the symptoms entered by the patient.
Aplikasi Pengamanan Data Gambar Dengan Menerapkan Algoritma Vigenere Chiper
Authors: Simatupang Ayu Wandira
Published: October 2021

The security and confidentiality of data is very important considering the rapid development of technology at this time which allows the emergence of new techniques that are misused by certain parties that can threaten security from data that are considered insignificant.

Cryptography is a field of science to maintain image security. Cryptography has been implemented in many ways. The way it works is to change the original data that can be understood / read by humans (plaintext) to other forms that cannot be understood / read by humans (ciphertext). The process of transforming plaintext into chiperteks is termed encryption. While the process of returning a chipertext message to plaintext is termed decryption.

Vigenere Cipher is an asymmetric cryptographic algorithm, where the key used to encrypt is different from the one used to decrypt. Vigenere Cipher is a cryptographic algorithm that uses letters and numeric values. Vigenere Cipher requires three steps in the process, namely key generation, encryption, and decryption. The process of encryption and decryption is almost the same process.
Implementasi Algoritma Rot Dan Subtitusional Block Cipher Dalam Mengamankan Data
Authors: Pratiwi Ayu
Published: October 2021

The security and confidentiality of data is one of the most important aspects in the information system at this time. Caused by the rapid development of science and technology that allows the emergence of new techniques, which are misused by certain parties that threaten the security of information systems. In general, the data are categorized into two, namely confidential data and data that is not confidential. Data that is not confidential is usually not too much attention. What really needs to be considered is confidential data, where every information contained in it will be very valuable for those who need it because the data can be easily duplicated.

The ROT-n algorithm is one simple encryption algorithm that uses alphabetical shifts as much as n to convert plain text into cipher text, whereas Block ciphers work by processing data in blocks, where several characters / data are combined into one block. Each one block process produces one block output as well.
Aplikasi Pembelajaran Pengenalan Kriptografi Algoritma Affine Cipher Dan Vigenere Cipher Menggunakan Metode Computer Assisted Instruction
Authors: Silaban Batara , Limbong Tonni
Published: October 2021

In a special room for smokers, Exhoust Fan is installed to clean the air and keep the room air fresh. Most Exhoust Fan works manually, not set automatically so that it has a constant rotational speed, so the function of the exhaust fan as an air purifier is not optimal. This study aims to apply a fuzzy method as well as to control the speed of the Exhoust Fan. Fuzzy logic will process the carbon monoxide gas which is detected by the MQ-3 sensor then the output decision maker is in the form of the Exhoust Fan rotation speed level which is exactly in accordance with the amount of carbon monoxide read by the MQ3 sensor. fuzzysugeno method can regulate the speed of putan fan based on the amount of carbon monoxide read by the MQ-3 sensor
Sistem Informasi Wisata Kuliner di Kota Medan Berbasis Web
Authors: Kartini Erta , Silitonga Parasian
Published: October 2021

The advancement of information technology today is fueling the growth in the number of internet users. In the business world, the role of technology is very important, and it can be said that it has become a primary need for entrepreneurs in this period. Likewise about culinary that has used the internet network to present a variety of good information from information on place, taste, presentation and price in the field of information technology. But for culinary information in the city of Medan on a website, while it is still incomplete and there is no website that specializes in culinary tourism in Medan and its reservations. Therefore, it is necessary to design a web-based culinary tourism information system in Medan City to make it easier for people to find culinary varieties in the city of Medan.
Inclusive ICTs in Education
Authors: Khribi Mohamed Koutheair
Published: October 2021

There is no doubt that education is one of the most vital areas in societies, as the development and progress of peoples are mainly linked to the effectiveness and quality of their education systems. Today in the digital age, learners are looking for innovative learning opportunities beyond the one size fits all and traditional classroom-based approaches harnessing the power of information and communication technologies -ICTs. Indeed, availing digital technologies became a necessity for education systems as they offer unprecedented opportunities for all learners, with different abilities, needs, and disabilities, to learn effectively and overcome (or at least reduce) barriers prohibiting them to access education and enjoy meaningful learning experiences. This paper introduces main concepts related to inclusive ICTs in education and explores ways to make them accessible for all.
COVID-19 and Remote Working Trends for PWDs
Authors: Center Mada
Published: October 2021

Considering the way we work and learn now, and how our methods have drastically changed, the year 2020 will be long remembered as the COVID-19 year. Many workers were forced to work from home during the COVID-19 pandemic, and students in many countries resorted to remote...
Can Technology Motivate the Elderly to Live Independently? A Perspective Article
Authors: Al-Thani Dena
Published: October 2021

Technology-supported coaching in conjunction with a variety of persuasive methods can be considered of great potential in supporting the elderly independent living. One of the goals of persuasive technology is to promote and initiate behavioral change. Persuasive technology was initially defined by Fogg in the early 90s. Fogg defines persuasive technology as “the means by which the user’s attitude or behavior changes” (Fogg, 1998). Unlike campaigns that aim to change the attitude of a group of individuals, persuasive technology can be designed for specific individuals. Such technology intends to change the user’s behavior by introducing specific principles in human-computer interaction (Kaptein et al., 2012). Persuasive technology focuses on the final psychological outcome and whether the result has been positive (effective) or negative (no effect) (Ruer et al., 2016). Persuasive technology has transformed over the years. A decade ago, it was used primarily in commercials, advertising, marketing, and sales, and today, It forms a part of many ubiquitous technologies that individuals use daily (Fogg, 2003). However, there is a rather limited attempt to support the elderly’s independent living by using persuasive technologies to support independent living for the elderly.
Web Content Guidelines Accessibility 2.2: What’s new?
Authors: Othman Achraf
Published: October 2021

Mada Center Qatar is a W3C member working on the localization of the international standards and guidelines to enhance the digital accessibility journey of persons with disabilities and the Elderly, Since January 2020, Mada leads the Authorized Arabic Translation of WCAG...
Digital Fabrication and Assistive Technology
Authors: Ben Jamaa Achraf
Published: October 2021

Mada Innovation Program aims to encourage innovators to create Arab technological solutions for people with disabilities and the elderly in Qatar and the Arab world. This program seeks to support and develop innovations and skills necessary to manufacture assistive...
Antifungal Efficacy of Allium Sativum and Zingiber Officinale on Fungi Isolated from Spoilt Bread
Authors: H Jamilu , F.I. Hussain , T Ibrahim
Published: October 2021

Zingiber officinale is a common condiment for various foods and beverages and a history of important traditional medicine herb for the treatment of stomach disorder. This study deals with the antifungal activity of Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale and their phytochemical composition. Ethanolic extracts of two spices (Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale) were tested for antifungal activities against Aspergillus sp, Penicillium sp and Fusarium sp using mycelia growth extension method, result showed varying degrees of antifungal activities against the test fungi. The two extracts showed similar pattern of antifungal activities on the test fungi withthe extract of Allium sativum being more effective with increased zones of inhibition with increased concentrations. Phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, terpenoids and tannin for Allium sativum and flavonoids, glycosides, tannins and anthraquinone for Zingiber officinale. The significant growth of inhibitions of the test fungi by the plant extract suggest the possible use of these spices in controlling infections caused by these fungi and food spoilage.
Turismo e territorialidade
Authors: Gomes Celso Cardoso , Marcusso Eduardo Fernandes
Published: October 2021

As transformações territoriais causadas pelas atividades turísticas, aliados ao forte avanço da produção de cerveja no Brasil, sobretudo as artesanais, fornecem elementos importantes para análise geográfica. O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar a relação do turismo, território cervejeiro e a territorialidade, tendo como comprovação empírica a rota da cerveja do Rio de Janeiro, especificamente, a Serra Verde Imperial. Neste sentido, pretende apresentar perspectivas para o desenvolvimento local alicerçado nos conceitos de governança do território e nos processos de desterritorialização. Para a análise foi realizado revisão bibliográfica dos temas, análise de dados secundários nos órgãos públicos e das associações ligadas ao turismo cervejeiro, bem como entrevista semiestruturada com a coordenação da rota cervejeira escolhida pelo estudo. As considerações finais, a partir da entrevista e dados levantados, ampliaram a compreensão das potencialidades de desenvolvimento local que os territórios cervejeiros possuem quando relacionados ao turismo.
Pós-graduação em Turismo, Hospitalidade e Lazer no Brasil
Authors: Rejowski Mirian , Ferro Rafael Cunha , Sogayar Roberta Leme
Published: October 2021

O Turismo, a Hospitalidade e o Lazer são áreas próximas com inter-relações ainda pouco investigadas nos estudos sobre a pós-graduação no Brasil que podem configurar uma área de estudo, a TH&L.  Diante disso, desenvolveu-se esta pesquisa qualitativa mediante estudo bibliográfico e documental com o objetivo de investigar as condições e a evolução dos programas de pós-graduação nessa área, ao lado da origem dos seus doutorados sob a influência dos estudos da hospitalidade. Explicita-se o modelo brasileiro, em cujo contexto surgiu o primeiro mestrado em Turismo em 1993, e descreve-se a evolução da pós-graduação em TH&L com a sua consolidação na década de 2010. Os projetos iniciais dos doutorados, geralmente, remetem à Hospitalidade e citam autores e obras da área nas bibliografias de disciplinas, com grande representação das correntes anglo-saxã e francesa. Os autores mais citados foram Conrad Lashley, Isabel Baptista, Alison Morrison, Luiz Octávio Camargo e Marielys Bueno. Algumas instituições compartilharam mais autores referenciais, notando-se dois principais núcleos de compartilhamento. Na maioria dos projetos dos doutorados, constatou-se que a hospitalidade conduziu algum interesse e conhecimento sem, no entanto, ser o seu fio condutor.
Parcerias público-privadas e sua importância para a sustentabilidade do espeleoturismo no Brasil
Authors: Araujo Hugo Rodrigues de , Lobo Heros Augusto Santos
Published: October 2021

No Brasil há mais de 20 mil cavernas registradas no Cadastro Nacional de Informações Espeleológicas (CANIE), das quais algumas centenas são usadas de modo formal ou informal para a visitação turística e apenas 44 contam com o instrumento formal que regula a gestão deste uso, o Plano de Manejo Espeleológico (PME). Isso implica em aspectos positivos e negativos para o setor e desafios para as entidades gestoras de cavernas turísticas, públicas e privadas. Diante disso, esta investigação foi realizada com o objetivo de apresentar propostas para ampliar a sustentabilidade do espeleoturismo no país. Trata-se de um estudo de caso sobre cinco cavernas turísticas localizadas em Minas Gerais. A coleta de dados ocorreu através da revisão da literatura e da pesquisa de campo, que envolveu observação direta e entrevista semiestruturada com os gestores utilizando como instrumento um questionário. Posteriormente, os dados foram organizados e interpretados utilizando a análise de conteúdo como método. Os resultados obtidos ressaltam as potencialidades e as limitações de cada tipo de gestão de caverna turística, e constatam que a sustentabilidade do espeleoturismo no Brasil será atingida por meio da consolidação de parcerias efetivas entre o governo e as entidades privadas.
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder and confabulation in psycholegal settings: A beginner’s guide for criminal justice, forensic mental health, and legal interviewers
Authors: Brown Jerrod , Jonason Alec , Asp Erik , McGinn Valerie , Carter Megan N. , Spiller Vanessa , Jozan Amy
Published: October 2021

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) are neurodevelopmental/neurobehavioral conditions caused by prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE). Impairments caused by PAE contribute to the over‐representation of individuals with FASD in the United States juvenile and adult criminal justice systems. These same impairments can equally impact on individuals with FASD who are witnesses to or victims of crime who also have to navigate the complexities of the criminal justice system. Difficulties include increased susceptibility to confabulation throughout the legal process that, in turn, can contribute to increased rates of poor outcomes including false confessions and wrongful convictions. Individuals with FASD are particularity at risk of confabulation when they are subjected to tactics, such as stressful and anxiety‐provoking situations, threats, and leading, suggestive, or coercive questioning. Many professionals in the forensic context are unfamiliar with FASD or related confabulation risk and may unintentionally utilize tactics that intensify impacts of pre‐existing impairment. This article serves as a beginner’s guide for professionals working in criminal justice settings by (a) providing research‐based overviews of FASD and confabulation, (b) describing how FASD may lead to confabulation, and (c) suggesting ways that professionals can modify protocols when interacting with individuals with FASD. Suggestions in this article hold the potential to decrease the risk of confabulation in the criminal justice system and decrease problematic outcomes, such as false confessions and wrongful convictions among individuals with FASD.
Genetics of intervertebral disc disease: A review
Authors: Ravichandran Doraiswamy , Pillai Jaishanker , Krishnamurthy Kandamaran
Published: October 2021

Intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) is a common musculoskeletal disease affecting about 5% of all individuals. It is characterized by lumbar disc herniation, which causes nerve root irritation, either mechanically or via inflammatory mediators, and results in radiating pain, known as sciatica. Numerous studies have been conducted to identify the causes and risk factors for IVDD. Lifting heavy loads, torsional stress, and motor vehicle driving are among the best‐identified environmental risk factors. However, it has become evident recently from family and twin studies that genetic factors may also be important in IVDD. This hypothesis was strengthened by the identification of two collagen IX alleles associated with sciatica and lumbar disc herniation. In addition, disc degeneration has been shown to be related to an aggrecan gene polymorphism, a Vitamin D receptor and matrix metalloproteinase‐3 gene alleles. This review highlights the genetic role and occupational aspects of IVDD.
Marketing Authorization Applications Made to the European Medicines Agency in 2018–2019: What was the Contribution of Real‐World Evidence?
Authors: Flynn Robert , Plueschke Kelly , Quinten Chantal , Strassmann Valerie , Duijnhoven Ruben G. , Gordillo‐Marañon Maria , Rueckbeil Marcia , Cohet Catherine , Kurz Xavier
Published: October 2021

Information derived from routinely collected real‐world data has for a long time been used to support regulatory decision making on the safety of drugs and has more recently been used to support marketing authorization submissions to regulators. There is a lack of detailed information on the use and types of this real‐world evidence (RWE) as submitted to regulators. We used resources held by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) to describe the characteristics of RWE included in new marketing authorization applications (MAAs) and extensions of indication (EOIs) for already authorized products submitted to the EMA in 2018 and 2019. For MAAs, 63 of 158 products (39.9%) contained RWE with a total of 117 studies. For 31.7% of these products, the RWE submitted was derived from data collected before the planned authorization. The most common data sources were registries (60.3%) followed by hospital data (31.7%). RWE was mainly included to support safety (87.3%) and efficacy (49.2%) with cohort studies being the most frequently used study design (88.9%). For EOIs, 28 of 153 products (18.3%) contained RWE with a total of 36 studies. For 57.1% of these products, studies were conducted prior to the EOIs. RWE sources were mainly registries (35.6%) and hospital data (27.0%). RWE was typically used to support safety (82.1%) and efficacy (53.6%). Cohort studies were the most commonly used study design (87.6%). We conclude that there is widespread use of RWE to support evaluation of MAAs and EOIs submitted to the EMA and identify areas where further research is required.
Virtual and augmented reality: New tools for visualizing, analyzing, and communicating complex morphology
Authors: Cieri Robert L. , Turner Morgan L. , Carney Ryan M. , Falkingham Peter L. , Kirk Alexander M. , Wang Tobias , Jensen Bjarke , Novotny Johannes , Tveite Joshua , Gatesy Stephen M. , Laidlaw David H. , Kaplan Howard , Moorman Antoon F. M. , Howell Mark , Engel Benjamin , Cruz Cole , Smith Adam , Gerichs William , Lian Yingjie , Schultz Johanna T. , Farmer C. G.
Published: October 2021

Virtual and augmented reality (VR/AR) are new technologies with the power to revolutionize the study of morphology. Modern imaging approaches such as computed tomography, laser scanning, and photogrammetry have opened up a new digital world, enabling researchers to share and analyze morphological data electronically and in great detail. Because this digital data exists on a computer screen, however, it can remain difficult to understand and unintuitive to interact with. VR/AR technologies bridge the analog‐to‐digital divide by presenting 3D data to users in a very similar way to how they would interact with actual anatomy, while also providing a more immersive experience and greater possibilities for exploration. This manuscript describes VR/AR hardware, software, and techniques, and is designed to give practicing morphologists and educators a primer on using these technologies in their research, pedagogy, and communication to a wide variety of audiences. We also include a series of case studies from the presentations and workshop given at the 2019 International Congress of Vertebrate Morphology, and suggest best practices for the use of VR/AR in comparative morphology.
Laminaria japonica fucoidan ameliorates cyclophosphamide‐induced liver and kidney injury possibly by regulating Nrf2/HO‐1 and TLR4/NF‐κB signaling pathways
Authors: Tian Shanshan , Jiang Xiaoxia , Tang Yunping , Han Tao
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

During clinical practice, cyclophosphamide (CTX) can lead to liver and kidney injury in vivo. In this study, we established a liver and kidney injury model by injecting CTX (80 mg kg−1 d−1) into male ICR mice, and then mice were treated with saline and fucoidan (20 or 40 mg kg−1), respectively. Subsequently, the liver and kidney toxicity indices, the expression levels of malonic dialdehyde (MDA), inflammatory factors, and the main protein levels of the Nrf2/HO‐1 and TLR4/NF‐κB pathways were determined.

RESULTS

Our results indicated that fucoidan could significantly decrease serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatinine (CRE), and urea (BUN) in the test group compared to the model group. Fucoidan administration caused reductions in MDA, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), IL‐1β, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) levels and improved superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px), and catalase (CAT) activities in the liver and kidney of CTX‐induced mice. Fucoidan up‐regulated the Nrf2/HO‐1 pathway and enhanced the protein levels of Nrf2, HO‐1, GCLM, and NQO1. Moreover, fucoidan down‐regulated the TLR4/NF‐κB pathway, as indicated by decreased levels of TLR4, NF‐κB p65, NF‐κB p50, and increased IκBα level in liver and kidney tissues.

CONCLUSION

Our studies suggest that fucoidan can ameliorate CTX‐induced liver and kidney injury, potentially via up‐regulating the Nrf2/HO‐1 pathway and inhibiting the TLR4/NF‐κB pathway. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Loss of bioactive microRNAs in cow's milk by ultra‐high‐temperature treatment but not by pasteurization treatment
Authors: Zhang Yangdong , Xu Qingbiao , Hou Jinxiu , Huang Guoxin , Zhao Shengguo , Zheng Nan , Wang Jiaqi
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

Milk microRNA (miRNA) with bioactivity is beneficial for human health. However, the effect of heat treatment on miRNA in milk is still not clear. In this study, the miRNAs in raw (RM), pasteurized (PM) and ultra‐high‐temperature (UHT) milk (UM) from the same batch were extracted, sequenced and analyzed.

RESULTS

The results showed that there was a significant difference in miRNAs between RM and UM, but not between RM and PM. The total read counts of milk miRNAs were significantly decreased by heat treatment, with the least counts in UM (P < 0.05). The average length and GC percentage of miRNAs were significantly reduced by heat treatment (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference in these terms between RM and PM. The content of miRNAs was verified by qPCR, finding that miR‐17‐5p, miR‐25, miR‐27b and miR‐9‐5p were significantly reduced in UM (P < 0.05) but not significantly affected in PM (except miR‐27b). In addition, the targeting gene ontology enrichment functions of the different presented miRNAs were mostly enriched in biological process, cellular component and molecular function. The top 20 enriched miRNAs with different levels in heat‐treated milk were identified by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment analysis. Interestingly, most of the functions of these miRNA targeting genes are involved in cancer or inflammation activity.

CONCLUSION

This study revealed that the bioactive miRNA in RM was lost after UHT treatment but not in pasteurized treatment. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Surgical management of suspected gallbladder cancer: The role of intraoperative frozen section for diagnostic confirmation
Authors: Chan Benjamin K. Y. , Carrion‐Alvarez Lucia , Telfer Rebecca , Rehman Adeeb H. , Bird Nicholas , Mann Kulbir , Jones Robert P. , Malik Hassan Z. , Fenwick Stephen W. , Diaz‐Nieto Rafael
Published: October 2021

Background

Preoperative diagnosis for suspected gallbladder cancers is challenging, with a risk of overtreating benign disease, for example, xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis, with radical cholecystectomies. We retrospectively evaluated the surgeon's intraoperative assessment alone, and with the addition of intraoperative frozen sections, for suspected gallbladder cancers from a tertiary hepatobiliary multidisciplinary team (MDT).

Methods

MDT patients with complex gallbladder disease were included. Collated data included demographics, MDT discussion, operative details, and patient outcomes.

Results

A total of 454 patients with complex gallbladder disease were reviewed, 48 (10.6%) were offered radical surgery for suspected cancer. Twenty‐five underwent frozen section that led to radical surgery in 6 (25%). All frozen sections were congruent with final histopathology but doubled the operating time (p < 0.0001). Both the surgeon's subjective and additional frozen section's objective assessment, allowed for de‐escalation of unnecessary radical surgery, comparing favourably to a 13.0% cancer diagnosis among radical surgery historically.

Conclusions

The MDT process was highly sensitive in identifying gallbladder cancers but lacked specificity. The surgeon's intraoperative assessment is paramount in suspected cancers, and deescalated unnecessary radical surgery. Intraoperative frozen section was a safe and viable adjunct at a cost of resources and operative time.
Early clinical trial data and real‐world assessment of COVID‐19 vaccines: Insights from the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists
Authors: Patel Nimish , Bouchard Jeannette , Oliver Meredith B. , Badowski Melissa E. , Carreno Joseph J. ,   the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists
Published: October 2021

As of August 2021, there were three COVID‐19 vaccines available in the United States for the prevention of coronavirus 2019 (COVID‐19). The purpose of this narrative review is to examine the early experience from the Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) of BNT162b2 (Pfizer, Inc./BioNTech), mRNA‐1273 (Moderna, Inc.), and Ad26.COV2.S (Johnson and Johnson/Janssen Global Services, LLC) through July 2021. The EUA data from the clinical trials have largely been corroborated by real‐world effectiveness investigations post‐authorization. These studies indicate that immunity is obtained within 2 weeks post‐vaccination and may endure for 6 months. The immunity conferred by the vaccines may also be effective against SARS‐CoV‐2 variants of concern. Additionally, populations not included in the emergency use authorization studies may also benefit from vaccination. This look back at the initial clinical experience can be used by the global community to inform and develop COVID‐19 vaccine programs.
Construction of nanoaggregates from amphiphilic supramolecules containing barbiturate and Hamilton wedge units
Authors: Lu Jie , Deng Yingying , Zhong Keli , Huang Zhegang , Jin Long Yi
Published: October 2021

The study of supramolecular morphology is gaining significant attention. This may be attributed to the fact that nanostructures of aggregates have been found to significantly influence the photoelectronic properties of supramolecular materials. In this study, the self‐assembling behaviour of rod–coil molecules with barbiturate (Ba) or Hamilton wedge (Hw) units and the supramolecule Ba‐Hw was investigated. In chloroform solution, molecule Hw consisted of an oligo‐ethylene chain with degree of polymerization of 17 as well as biphenyl, phenyl and Hw units. Ba molecules incorporated octyloxy, biphenyl, phenyl and Ba groups that self‐organized into nanofibres with different diameters. Supramolecular amphiphile Hw‐Ba self‐aggregated into different sizes of nanosheet‐like aggregates. In a dimethylsulfoxide/H2O (1:19 v/v) mixed polar solvent, molecules Hw and Ba aggregated into twist‐shaped and nanosheet aggregates, while the supramolecular Hw‐Ba aggregated into larger‐size microtubes. Experimental results obtained for these molecular assemblies suggest that combining Ba and Hw units by employing hydrogen bonds is an effective strategy for forming amphiphilic supramolecules. Compared with the individual rod–coil molecules Ba and Hw, supramolecule Hw‐Ba has stronger π–π intermolecular forces due to the presence of more planar Hw‐Ba building blocks, which form various supramolecular assemblies with less curvature than the rigid and flexible surfaces of the original molecules. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Surface chemistry and diffusion of trace and alloying elements during in vacuum thermal deoxidation of stainless steel
Authors: Zhu Lin , Al‐Sakeeri Ali , Lenrick Filip , Darselius Berg Oskar , Sjödin Per , Zakharov Alexei A. , Knutsson Axel , Mikkelsen Anders
Published: October 2021

Removal of the native surface oxide from steel is an important initial step during vacuum brazing. Trace and alloying elements in steel, such as Mn, Si, and Ni, can diffuse to the surface and influence the deoxidation process. The detailed surface chemical composition and grain morphology of the common stainless‐steel grade 316L is imaged and spectroscopically analyzed at several stages of in‐vacuum annealing from room temperature up to 850°C. Measurements are performed using synchrotron‐based X‐ray photoemission and low‐energy electron microscopy (XPEEM/LEEM). The initial native Cr surface oxide is amorphous and unaffected by the underlying Fe grain morphology. After annealing to ~700°C, the grain morphology is seen at the surface, persisting also after the complete oxygen removal at 850°C. The surface concentration of first Mn and then Si increases significantly when annealing to 500°C and 700°C, respectively, while Ni and Cr concentrations do not change. Mn and Si are not located only in grain boundaries or clusters but are distributed across over the surface. Both Mn and Si appear as oxides, while Cr oxide becomes metallic Cr. Annealing from 500°C up to 850°C leads to the removal of first the Mn and then Si oxides from the surface, while Cr and Fe are completely reduced to metals. Deoxidation of Cr occurs faster at the grain boundaries, and the final Cr metal surface content varies between the grains. The findings are summarized in a general qualitative model, relevant for austenite steels.
A Disability Critical Race Theory Solidarity Approach to Transform Pedagogy and Classroom Culture in TESOL
Authors: Migliarini Valentina , Stinson Chelsea
Published: October 2021

Until very recently, ability and whiteness as relational systems have been uninterrogated by TESOL research, policy, practice, and teacher education. Consequently, monolingual teachers often use students’ proximity to whiteness and nondisabled status as a metric for ascertaining their ability or belonging in certain language learning spaces. Similarly, English language teachers’ uncritical and unsupported engagement with policy and professional learning around race and whiteness contributes to the unwarranted subjection of multilingual students to the special education referral process. In this contribution, we aim to analyze the nuances of ableism and racism in the field of TESOL, and offer TESOL educators practical examples to dismantle it. Drawing from the critical intersectional framework of DisCrit, this contribution presents two DisCrit solidarity‐oriented practical examples for the language classroom: cultural reciprocity and translanguaging. We argue that these support TESOL educators in understanding the relationship between whiteness and ability, as well as valuing the importance of multilingualism in school settings.
A phase-field approach to pneumatic fracture with anisotropic crack resistance
Authors: Bilgen Carola , Weinberg Kerstin
Published: October 2021

Phase-field models of fracture allow the prediction of crack propagation and crack patterns. In this contribution, externally driven fracture processes in linear and finite elasticity are investigated. Different approaches to consider pneumatic pressure and materials with non-isotropic crack resistance are studied, combined, and examined in detail. The versatility of the proposed models is proven by a series of numerical simulations in two and three dimensions.
Alterations of inter-domain flexibility in actin monomers during cyclophosphamide treatment
Authors: Szatmári Dávid , Lőrinczy Dénes
Published: October 2021

The actin is one of the main component of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton. The continuous rearrangement of actin filaments is provided by the different complexes with divalent cations (Ca2+ or Mg2+) and nucleotides (ATP, ADP). In the medical routine, cyclophosphamide (CP) is applied as cytostatic and it was shown that in vivo muscle filament system was changed by the CP treatment and it has direct interaction with actin monomers as well. The evolutionary importance of physical links between domains is one of the most interesting question to understand the multi-domain development of protein functions. Here, we analyse the thermal stability modifier act of inter-domain links in proteins, monitored by DSC, with the concept of that how did the nucleotide binding cleft between the two main domains of actin monomers affect the activation energy of domains if it was blocked or released by CP binding or dissociation, respectively. We investigated the importance of inter-domain linkers on the thermodynamic properties of actin. Ca2+ and Mg2+ bound G-actin can be stabilized by CP binding or polymerization. CP treatment of Ca2+-F actin lacks the structural integrity of the more flexible polymer and shows same stability as CP bound monomers. However, Mg2+-F actin did not show any kinetic response to the CP treatment. We can assume that the inter-domain linker of actin reduces the stability of the domains which leads to a more reactive and variable structure as a thermodynamic advantage for the development of a multi-domain protein can be blocked by CP treatment.
On the performance of particle filters with adaptive number of particles
Authors: Elvira Víctor , Miguez Joaquín , Djurić Petar M.
Published: October 2021

We investigate the performance of a class of particle filters (PFs) that can automatically tune their computational complexity by evaluating online certain predictive statistics which are invariant for a broad class of state-space models. To be specific, we propose a family of block-adaptive PFs based on the methodology of Elvira et al. (IEEE Trans Signal Process 65(7):1781–1794, 2017). In this class of algorithms, the number of Monte Carlo samples (known as particles) is adjusted periodically, and we prove that the theoretical error bounds of the PF actually adapt to the updates in the number of particles. The evaluation of the predictive statistics that lies at the core of the methodology is done by generating fictitious observations, i.e., particles in the observation space. We study, both analytically and numerically, the impact of the number K of these particles on the performance of the algorithm. In particular, we prove that if the predictive statistics with K fictitious observations converged exactly, then the particle approximation of the filtering distribution would match the first K elements in a series of moments of the true filter. This result can be understood as a converse to some convergence theorems for PFs. From this analysis, we deduce an alternative predictive statistic that can be computed (for some models) without sampling any fictitious observations at all. Finally, we conduct an extensive simulation study that illustrates the theoretical results and provides further insights into the complexity, performance and behavior of the new class of algorithms.
Improved assessment of middle ear recurrent/residual cholesteatomas using temporal subtraction CT
Authors: Baba Akira , Matsushima Satoshi , Fukuda Takeshi , Yamauchi Hideomi , Fujioka Hiroaki , Hasumi Jun , Yoshimoto Shohei , Shoji Tomokazu , Kurihara Sho , Yamamoto Yutaka , Kojima Hiromi , Kurokawa Ryo , Kurokawa Mariko , Ota Yoshiaki , Ojiri Hiroya
Published: October 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate the usefulness of temporal subtraction CT (TSCT) of temporal bone CT for the detection of postoperative recurrent/residual cholesteatoma of the middle ear.

Methods

Thirty-two consecutive patients with surgically proven postoperative recurrent/residual cholesteatoma and 14 consecutive patients without recurrent/residual lesion matched the selection criteria and were retrospectively evaluated. TSCT imaging was generated with the use of serial postoperative CT. Two experienced radiologists and two residents evaluated the presence of bone erosive change by comparison serial CT studies, and CT and TSCT. The detection rate of bone erosive change, sensitivity and specificity of the recurrence/residual lesions, and reading time for each reader were evaluated.

Results

TSCT + CT significantly improved the detection of bone erosive changes compared to CT-only evaluation (17.4–41.3% vs. 37.0–58.7%, p = 0.008–0.046). The mean sensitivity and specificity of TSCT + CT for experienced radiologists were 0.77 and 1.00, and 0.52 and 0.97 without TSCT. The mean sensitivity and specificity of TSCT + CT for residents were 0.64 and 1.00, and 0.41 and 1.00 without TSCT. Sensitivity showed an increase in all readers. The use of TSCT significantly reduced the reading time per case in all readers (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

TSCT improves the depiction of newly occurring progressive bone erosive changes, and detection sensitivity and reading time in postoperative recurrence/residual cholesteatoma of middle ear.
The colors of our brain: an integrated approach for dimensionality reduction and explainability in fMRI through color coding (i-ECO)
Authors: Tarchi Livio , Damiani Stefano , La Torraca Vittori Paolo , Marini Simone , Nazzicari Nelson , Castellini Giovanni , Pisano Tiziana , Politi Pierluigi , Ricca Valdo
Published: October 2021

Several systematic reviews have highlighted the role of multiple sources in the investigation of psychiatric illness. For what concerns fMRI, the focus of recent literature preferentially lies on three lines of research, namely: functional connectivity, network analysis and spectral analysis. Data was gathered from the UCLA Consortium for Neuropsychiatric Phenomics. The sample was composed by 130 neurotypicals, 50 participants diagnosed with Schizophrenia, 49 with Bipolar disorder and 43 with ADHD. Single fMRI scans were reduced in their dimensionality by a novel method (i-ECO) averaging results per Region of Interest and through an additive color method (RGB): local connectivity values (Regional Homogeneity), network centrality measures (Eigenvector Centrality), spectral dimensions (fractional Amplitude of Low-Frequency Fluctuations). Average images per diagnostic group were plotted and described. The discriminative power of this novel method for visualizing and analyzing fMRI results in an integrative manner was explored through the usage of convolutional neural networks. The new methodology of i-ECO showed between-groups differences that could be easily appreciated by the human eye. The precision-recall Area Under the Curve (PR-AUC) of our models was > 84.5% for each diagnostic group as evaluated on the test-set – 80/20 split. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for an integrative and easy-to-understand approach in the analysis and visualization of fMRI results. A high discriminative power for psychiatric conditions was reached. This proof-of-work study may serve to investigate further developments over more extensive datasets covering a wider range of psychiatric diagnoses.
Study of dynamic and ecological properties of automotive bi-fuel engine
Authors: Chłopek Zdzisław , Lasocki Jakub , Sar Hubert
Published: October 2021

Gaseous fuels are increasingly used to power internal combustion engines. Spark-ignition engines are fuelled with liquefied petroleum gas. Engines powered by gaseous fuels are characterized by good ecological properties due to the emission of pollutants. The paper presents the results of empirical tests of two passenger cars with spark-ignition engines powered alternatively: with gasoline and LPG fuel. The engines were equipped with fifth generation LPG fuelling systems. The tests were performed on a chassis dynamometer in tests used in approval procedures in Europe (NEDC test) and in the United States of America (FTP-75 test). These tests were the basis for determining the average specific distance emission of pollutants (carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxide) during the tests. The engines were also tested in the conditions of the external speed characteristics while accelerating the car in third gear. It was found that the type of fuelling the engines with both fuels has little influence on the dynamic properties of the engine due to the effective power. The tests clearly showed a decrease in specific distance emission of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The relative reduction in specific distance emission of carbon monoxide was in the order of (45–65)%, and carbon dioxide—about 10%. For hydrocarbons, there was an increase in specific distance emission of hydrocarbons for the fuelling of engines with LPG, while for hydrocarbons, there was a large difference in the value of the relative specific distance emission difference for both tests. (The relative difference was from 25 to 175%.) Specific distance emission of nitrogen oxides turned out to be significantly higher when running engines with LPG. The reason for this is leaning of the fuel mixture at high rotational speed during acceleration of the car, which may result from insufficient conversion efficiency of engine control algorithms in the LPG fuel mode.
Paints analysis and conservation treatment of painted sculpture: Jean Dubuffet, Guard Dog II
Authors: Han Ye Bin , Lee Na Ra , Kim Young Mok , Shin Jeong Ah , Cha Sun Min , Kwon Hee Hong
Published: October 2021

Guard Dog II (1969–1970) by Jean Dubuffet is an artwork that shows the characteristics of the artist's l'hourloupe period (1962–1974). This study revealed the materials and manufacturing techniques used by the artist at the time through material analysis of Guard Dog II, and suggested an appropriate conservation treatment method for the work through a cleaning test. Dust, stains, discoloration, cracks, etc. were observed on the surface of the artwork and stains were particularly severe and discoloration required conservation treatment. Prior to treatment, multiple analytical approaches such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometer were applied to identify the materials of the paint layers and confirm the state of the conservation of the artworks. As a result, it was confirmed that polyurethane paint was used in the artwork, and the pigment used for each color was also identified. For the stable conservation treatment of the artwork, the chromaticity, glossiness and workability of the cleaning materials were evaluated, and it was found that isopropyl alcohol and nonionic surfactant were suitable for cleaning. The conservation treatment was performed based on results from the cleaning test, and the artwork was restored cleanly. Since most of the existing research on cleaning methods has been focused on painting, this study contributes to the conservation of sculptures by suggesting cleaning methods suitable for three-dimensional colored objects.

Article highlights

The materials and production techniques used in Jean Dubuffet, Guard Dog II were confirmed.

As cleaning materials for deteriorated artworks, isopropyl alcohol and non-ionic surfactants are effective.

Hydrogels are not suitable for this work due to the type and characteristics of the gels.