bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tlazolteotl: ‘The Filth Deity’ and the sexualization of paid domestic workers in Mexico
Authors: Saldaña-Tejeda Abril
Published: February 2014

This article presents a case study of the sexualization of paid domestic workers in the city of Irapuato, Guanajuato, Mexico. The author argues that the sexualization of workers is linked to historical concerns around purity and contamination. The article looks at the figure of Tlazolteotl, a pre-Hispanic goddess patroness of dust, filth and promiscuous women. It identifies the way colonial acts of translation might have informed concerns, meanings and practices that link ideas of dirt, sexuality and morality. The article explores experiences of sexual harassment among domestic workers that were interviewed and the role of female employers on the reproduction of ideas that define workers’ sexualities as ‘deviant’ and potentially contaminating.
Don’t shoot the messenger: How business leaders get their bearings on a matter of science
Authors: Bowden Vanessa , Leahy Terry
Published: February 2014

The views of business leaders are of particular interest where climate change policies are concerned. This is a study based on interviews with business leaders in the Hunter region. The sociological literature suggests either that the business community will be split according to industry, or that the business community as a whole will resist regulation. Our study finds differences of opinion in the business community somewhat marginal. Interviewee responses also suggest the importance of considering the class location of those who are the messengers of climate science – scientists and environmentalists. Business reactions come out of the habitus of business people and their animosity towards those with high cultural capital. This becomes a barrier to full acknowledgement of the implications of climate science.
Colon cancer cell apoptosis is induced by combined exposure to the n-3 fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid and butyrate through promoter methylation
Authors: Cho Youngmi , Turner Nancy D , Davidson Laurie A , Chapkin Robert S , Carroll Raymond J , Lupton Joanne R
Published: February 2014

DNA methylation and histone acetylation contribute to the transcriptional regulation of genes involved in apoptosis. We have demonstrated that docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6 n-3) and butyrate enhance colonocyte apoptosis. To determine if DHA and/or butyrate elevate apoptosis through epigenetic mechanisms thereby restoring the transcription of apoptosis-related genes, we examined global methylation; gene-specific promoter methylation of 24 apoptosis-related genes; transcription levels of Cideb, Dapk1, and Tnfrsf25; and global histone acetylation in the HCT-116 colon cancer cell line. Cells were treated with combinations of (50 µM) DHA or linoleic acid (18:2 n-6), (5 mM) butyrate or an inhibitor of DNA methyltransferases, and 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC, 2 µM). Among highly methylated genes, the combination of DHA and butyrate significantly reduced methylation of the proapoptotic Bcl2l11, Cideb, Dapk1, Ltbr, and Tnfrsf25 genes compared to untreated control cells. DHA treatment reduced the methylation of Cideb, Dapk1, and Tnfrsf25. These data suggest that the induction of apoptosis by DHA and butyrate is mediated, in part, through changes in the methylation state of apoptosis-related genes.
Laparoscopic Versus Open Splenectomy for Portal Hypertension
Authors: Cai Yunqiang , Liu Zhihong , Liu Xubao
Published: February 2014

Background. Laparoscopic splenectomy has become the gold-standard procedure for normal to moderately enlarged spleens. However, the safety of laparoscopic splenectomy for patients with portal hypertension remains controversial. We carried out this systematic review to identify the feasibility and safety of laparoscopic splenectomy in treating portal hypertension. Data sources. A systematic search for comparative studies that compared laparoscopic splenectomy with open splenectomy for portal hypertension was carried out. Studies were independently reviewed for quality, inclusion and exclusion criteria, demographic characteristics, and perioperative outcomes. Conclusion. Although laparoscopic splenectomy is associated with longer operating time, it offers advantages over the open procedure in terms of less blood loss, lower operative complications, earlier resumption of oral intake, and shorter posthospital stay. Therefore, laparoscopic splenectomy is a safe and feasible intervention for portal hypertension.
Achieving appropriate regulations for electronic cigarettes
Authors: Saitta Daniela , Ferro Giancarlo Antonio , Polosa Riccardo
Published: February 2014

A growing body of scientific studies show that e-cigarettes may serve as an acceptable substitute for smoking tobacco cigarettes, thereby reducing or eliminating exposure to harmful elements in smoke. The success of e-cigarettes is such that sales of these products are rapidly gaining on traditional cigarettes. The rapidly evolving phenomenon is raising concerns for the health community, pharmaceutical industry, health regulators and state governments. Obviously, these products need to be adequately regulated, primarily to protect users. Depending on the form and intended scope, certain regulatory decisions may have diverse unintended consequences on public health and may face many different challenges. Ideally, before any regulations are enacted, the regulatory body will require sufficient scientific research to verify that a problem does exist, quantify the problem, explore all potential solutions including making no change at all, determine the possible consequences of each, and then select the solution that is best for public health. Here we present an overview on the existing and deeming regulatory decisions for electronic cigarettes. We challenge them, based on the mounting scientific evidence with the ultimate goal of proposing appropriate recommendations while minimizing potential unintended consequences of ill-informed regulation.
PLCG1 mutations in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas
Authors: Vaqué José P. , Gómez-López Gonzalo , Monsálvez Verónica , Varela Ignacio , Martínez Nerea , Pérez Cristina , Domínguez Orlando , Graña Osvaldo , Rodríguez-Peralto José L. , Rodríguez-Pinilla Socorro M. , González-Vela Carmen , Rubio-Camarillo Miriam , Martín-Sánchez Esperanza , Pisano David G. , Papadavid Evangelia , Papadaki Theodora , Requena Luis , García-Marco José A. , Méndez Miriam , Provencio Mariano , Hospital Mercedes , Suárez-Massa Dolores , Postigo Concepción , San Segundo David , López-Hoyos Marcos , Ortiz-Romero Pablo L. , Piris Miguel A. , Sánchez-Beato Margarita
Published: February 2014

Key Points

Activating mutations in PLCG1 are a frequent finding in tumoral CTCL samples. This raises the possibility of targeted therapies against PLCG1 signaling pathway, using calcineurin inhibitors.
cIAPs and XIAP regulate myelopoiesis through cytokine production in an RIPK1- and RIPK3-dependent manner
Authors: Wong W. Wei-Lynn , Vince James E. , Lalaoui Najoua , Lawlor Kate E. , Chau Diep , Bankovacki Aleksandra , Anderton Holly , Metcalf Donald , O’Reilly Lorraine , Jost Philipp J. , Murphy James M. , Alexander Warren S. , Strasser Andreas , Vaux David L. , Silke John
Published: February 2014

Key Points

cIAPs and XIAP negatively regulate cytokine production, including TNF to disrupt myeloid lineage differentiation. IAPs prevent RIPK1 and RIPK3 activity to limit cytokine production prior to cell death.
Diversity of floral regulatory genes of japonica rice cultivated at northern latitudes
Authors: Naranjo Laura , Talón Manuel , Domingo Concha
Published: February 2014

Background

Rice is considered a short day plant. Originally from tropical regions rice has been progressively adapted to temperate climates and long day conditions in part by modulating its sensitivity to day length. Heading date 3a (Hd3a) and RICE FLOWERING LOCUS T 1 (RFT1) that code for florigens, are known as major regulatory genes of floral transition in rice. Both Hd3a and RFT1 are regulated by Early heading date 1 (Ehd1) and Days to heading on chromosome 2 (DTH2) while Heading date 1 (Hd1) also governs Hd3a expression. To investigate the mechanism of rice adaptation to temperate climates we have analyzed the natural variation of these five genes in a collection of japonica rice representing the genetic diversity of long day cultivated rice.

Results

We have investigated polymorphisms of Hd3a, RFT1, Ehd1, Hd1 and DTH2 in a collection of 57 japonica varieties. Hd3a and RFT1 were highly conserved, displaying one major allele. Expression analysis suggested that RFT1 rather than Hd3a could be the pivotal gene controlling flowering under long day conditions. While few alleles were found in the Ehd1 promoter and DTH2 coding region, a high degree of variation in Hd1, including non-functional alleles, was observed. Correlation analysis between gene expression levels and flowering periods suggested the occurrence of other factors, additionally to Ehd1, affecting RFT1 regulation in long day adapted cultivars.

Conclusions

During domestication, rice expansion was accompanied by changes in the regulatory mechanism of flowering. The existence of non-functional Hd1 alleles and the lack of correlation of their presence with flowering times in plants grown under long day conditions, indicate a minor role of this branch in this process and the existence of an alternative regulatory pathway in northern latitudes. Expression analysis data and a high degree of conservation of RFT1 suggested that this gene could be the main factor regulating flowering among japonica cultivars adapted to northern areas. In the absence of inhibition exerted by Hd1 through repression of Hd3a expression, the role of Ehd1 as a regulator of RFT1 and Hd3a appears to be reinforced. Data also indicated the occurrence of additional regulatory factors controlling flowering.
Insights into naturally minimised Streptomyces albus J1074 genome
Authors: Zaburannyi Nestor , Rabyk Mariia , Ostash Bohdan , Fedorenko Victor , Luzhetskyy Andriy
Published: February 2014

Background

The Streptomyces albus J1074 strain is one of the most widely used chassis for the heterologous production of bioactive natural products. The fast growth and an efficient genetic system make this strain an attractive model for expressing cryptic biosynthetic pathways to aid drug discovery.

Results

To improve its capabilities for the heterologous expression of biosynthetic gene clusters, the complete genomic sequence of S. albus J1074 was obtained. With a size of 6,841,649 bp, coding for 5,832 genes, its genome is the smallest within the genus streptomycetes. Genome analysis revealed a strong tendency to reduce the number of genetic duplicates. The whole transcriptomes were sequenced at different time points to identify the early metabolic switch from the exponential to the stationary phase in S. albus J1074.

Conclusions

S. albus J1074 carries the smallest genome among the completely sequenced species of the genus Streptomyces. The detailed genome and transcriptome analysis discloses its capability to serve as a premium host for the heterologous production of natural products. Moreover, the genome revealed 22 additional putative secondary metabolite gene clusters that reinforce the strain’s potential for natural product synthesis.
Histoplasma capsulatum and Pneumocystis spp. co-infection in wild bats from Argentina, French Guyana, and Mexico
Authors: González-González Antonio E , Aliouat-Denis Cécile M , Ramírez-Bárcenas José A , Demanche Christine , Pottier Muriel , Carreto-Binaghi Laura E , Akbar Haroon , Derouiche Sandra , Chabé Magalie , Aliouat El Moukhtar , Dei-Cas Eduardo , Taylor Maria Lucia
Published: February 2014

Background

Histoplasma capsulatum and Pneumocystis organisms cause host infections primarily affecting the lung tissue. H. capsulatum is endemic in the United States of America and Latin American countries. In special environments, H. capsulatum is commonly associated with bat and bird droppings. Pneumocystis-host specificity has been primarily studied in laboratory animals, and its ability to be harboured by wild animals remains as an important issue for understanding the spread of this pathogen in nature. Bats infected with H. capsulatum or Pneumocystis spp. have been found, with this mammal serving as a probable reservoir and disperser; however, the co-infection of bats with both of these microorganisms has never been explored. To evaluate the impact of H. capsulatum and Pneumocystis spp. infections in this flying mammal, 21 bat lungs from Argentina (AR), 13 from French Guyana (FG), and 88 from Mexico (MX) were screened using nested-PCR of the fragments, employing the Hcp100 locus for H. capsulatum and the mtLSUrRNA and mtSSUrRNA loci for Pneumocystis organisms.

Results

Of the 122 bats studied, 98 revealed H. capsulatum infections in which 55 of these bats exhibited this infection alone. In addition, 51 bats revealed Pneumocystis spp. infection of which eight bats exhibited a Pneumocystis infection alone. A total of 43 bats (eight from AR, one from FG, and 34 from MX) were found co-infected with both fungi, representing a co-infection rate of 35.2% (95% CI = 26.8-43.6%).

Conclusion

The data highlights the H. capsulatum and Pneumocystis spp.co-infection in bat population’s suggesting interplay with this wild host.
Cost-effectiveness of a universal strategy of brief dietary intervention for primary prevention in primary care: population-based cohort study and Markov model
Authors: Gulliford Martin C , Bhattarai Nawaraj , Charlton Judith , Rudisill Caroline
Published: February 2014

Background

A healthy diet is associated with reduced risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. The study aimed to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a universal strategy to promote healthy diet through brief intervention in primary care.

Methods

The research was informed by a systematic review of randomised trials which found that brief interventions in primary care may be associated with a 0.5 portion per day increase in fruit and vegetable consumption. A Markov model that included five long-term conditions (diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke, colorectal cancer and depression) was developed. Empirical data from a large cohort of United Kingdom-based participants sampled from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink populated the model. Simulations compared an intervention promoting healthy diet over 5 years in healthy adults, and standard care in which there was no intervention. The annual cost of intervention, in the base case, was one family practice consultation per participant year. Health service costs were included and the model adopted a lifetime perspective. The primary outcome was net health benefit in quality adjusted life years (QALYs).

Results

A cohort of 262,704 healthy participants entered the model. Intervention was associated with an increase in life years lived free from physical disease of 41.9 (95% confidence interval -17.4 to 101.0) per 1,000 participants entering the model (probability of increase 88.0%). New incidences of disease states were reduced by 28.4 (18.7 to 75.8) per 1,000, probability reduced 84.6%. Discounted incremental QALYs were 4.3 (-8.8 to 18.0) per 1,000, while incremental costs were £139,755 (£60,466 to 220,059) per 1,000. Net health benefits at £30,000 per QALY were -0.32 (-13.8 to 13.5) QALYs per 1,000 participants (probability cost-effective 47.9%). When the intervention was restricted to adults aged 50 to 74 years, net health benefits were 2.94 (-21.3 to 26.4) QALYs per 1000, probability increased 59.0%.

Conclusions

A universal strategy to promote healthy diet through brief intervention in primary care is unlikely to be cost-effective, even when delivered at low unit cost. A targeted strategy aimed at older individuals at higher risk of disease might be more cost-effective. More effective dietary change interventions are needed.
Neuroimaging findings in a woman with brainstem paragonimiasis: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Yi Dong , Qiang Dong , Wenjie Cao
Published: February 2014

Introduction

The most serious erratic migration of paragonimiasis is a cerebral paragonimiasis. Infection in the temporal and occipital lobes of the brain has been previously reported in cerebral paragonimiasis. Here, we report a case of chronic brainstem paragonimiasis.

Case presentation

A 29-year-old Chinese woman presented to our hospital complaining of a sudden onset, three days previously, of double vision and dizziness. A computed tomography scan and diffusion-weighted images looked like an ischemic stroke. However, conglomerates of multiple ring-like enhancements on contrast magnetic resonance imaging, and the characteristic appearance of the ‘tunnel sign’, were found on further examination. Our patient was treated with praziquantel to prevent the spread of the paragonimiasis. She was followed up three months later and showed good recovery.

Conclusions

Conglomerates of multiple ring-like enhancements on contrast magnetic resonance imaging and the characteristic appearance of the ‘tunnel sign’ were important for the diagnosis of chronic brainstem paragonimiasis.
Comparison of Benzene & Toluene removal from synthetic polluted air with use of Nano photocatalyticTiO2/ ZNO process
Authors: Gholami Mitra , Nassehinia Hamid Reza , Jonidi-Jafari Ahmad , Nasseri Simin , Esrafili Ali
Published: February 2014

Background

Mono aromatic hydrocarbons (BTEX) are a group of hazardous pollutants which originate from sources such as refineries, gas, and oil extraction fields, petrochemicals and paint and glue industries.

Conventional methods, including incineration, condensation, adsorption and absorption have been used for removal of VOCs. None of these methods is economical for removal of pollutants of polluted air with low to moderate concentrations. The heterogeneous photocatalytic processes involve the chemical reactions to convert pollutant to carbon dioxide and water. The aim of this paper is a comparison of Benzene & Toluene removal from synthetic polluted air using a Nano photocatalytic TiO2/ ZNO process.

Results

The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns showed that Nano crystals of TiO2 and ZNO were in anatase and rutile phases. Toluene & benzene were decomposed by TiO2/ ZNO Nano photocatalyst and UV radiation. Kruskal-wallis Test demonstrated that there are significant differences (pvalue < 0.05) between pollutant concentrations in different operational conditions.

Conclusions

Degradation of toluene & benzene increases with increasing UV intensity and decreasing initial concentrations. Effect of TiO2/ZNO Nano photocatalyst on benzene is less than that on toluene. In this research, Toluene & benzene removal by TiO2/ZNO and UV followed first-order reactions.
Accuracy and precision of calibrated arterial pulse contour analysis in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage requiring high-dose vasopressor therapy: a prospective observational clinical trial
Authors: Metzelder Sebastian M , Coburn Mark , Stoppe Christian , Fries Michael , Simon Tim-Philipp , Reinges Marcus HT , Höllig Anke , Rossaint Rolf , Marx Gernot , Rex Steffen
Published: February 2014

Introduction

Calibrated arterial pulse contour analysis has become an established method for the continuous monitoring of cardiac output (PCCO). However, data on its validity in hemodynamically instable patients beyond the setting of cardiac surgery are scarce. We performed the present study to assess the validity and precision of PCCO-measurements using the PiCCO™-device compared to transpulmonary thermodilution derived cardiac output (TPCO) as the reference technique in neurosurgical patients requiring high-dose vasopressor-therapy.

Methods

A total of 20 patients (16 females and 4 males) were included in this prospective observational clinical trial. All of them suffered from subarachnoid hemorrhage (Hunt&Hess grade I-V) due to rupture of a cerebral arterial aneurysm and underwent high-dose vasopressor therapy for the prevention/treatment of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). Simultaneous CO measurements by bolus TPCO and PCCO were obtained at baseline as well as 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after inclusion.

Results

PCCO- and TPCO-measurements were obtained at baseline as well as 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h after inclusion. Patients received vasoactive support with (mean ± standard deviation, SD) 0.57 ± 0.49 μg · kg-1 · min-1 norepinephrine resulting in a mean arterial pressure of 103 ± 13 mmHg and a systemic vascular resistance of 943 ± 248 dyn · s · cm-5. 136 CO-data pairs were analyzed. TPCO ranged from 5.2 to 14.3 l · min-1 (mean ± SD 8.5 ± 2.0 l · min-1) and PCCO ranged from 5.0 to 14.4 l · min-1 (mean ± SD 8.6 ± 2.0 l · min-1). Bias and limits of agreement (1.96 SD of the bias) were −0.03 ± 0.82 l · min-1 and 1.62 l · min-1, resulting in an overall percentage error of 18.8%. The precision of PCCO-measurements was 17.8%. Insufficient trending ability was indicated by concordance rates of 74% (exclusion zone of 15% (1.29 l · min-1)) and 67% (without exclusion zone), as well as by polar plot analysis.

Conclusions

In neurosurgical patients requiring extensive vasoactive support, CO values obtained by calibrated PCCO showed clinically and statistically acceptable agreement with TPCO-measurements, but the results from concordance and polar plot analysis indicate an unreliable trending ability.
President's Page
Authors: Slob Evert
Published: February 2014

In the January 2005 issue of Geophysics, the topic of publishing about geophysics was discussed extensively in a paper titled “The history, current status, and future of Geophysics,” written by Dean Clark. The paper gives an overview of the past, present, and future based on responses to a number of questions asked of former editors by Gerard Schuster, who was SEG editor at that time. I agree with Dean: “The greatest and most far-reaching decision made by SEG's leaders was establishing Geophysics.” The people who chose Geophysics as the name of the journal when launching it had remarkable foresight. The name is all encompassing and has endless viability. It brings to mind what I think are the important aspects for the future: the quality of published material, the width and reach of topics, and the way we make published material available. These are interlinked and will be important when open-access publishing becomes the model of the future.
First SEG Volunteer Day a big success
Authors: Bartel David
Published: February 2014

On Saturday, 21 September, before the SEG convention began in earnest, the first SEG Volunteer Day was held at the Houston Food Bank. About 32 volunteers ( Figure 1 ) participated in sorting and packing donated food for distribution across southeast Texas. Many of the volunteers were from the University of Houston GeoSociety. The Houston Food Bank is the largest food bank in the United States (by pounds) distributing more than 80 million pounds in the past year to more than 600 partner agencies (soup kitchens, food pantries, senior centers, and other agencies) in 18 southeast Texas counties. The Houston Food Bank generates food for more than 137,000 people per week. Most of the food goes to the working poor—those persons who have jobs but still struggle to put enough food on the table for their families. Only 6% of the people served are homeless; the other 94% are working people who struggle to pay bills and provide adequate food on the table.
Reviews
Authors: Rüger Andreas
Published: February 2014

The Presentation Book: How to Create It, Shape It and Deliver It!, by E. Ledden, ISBN 978-1-292-00258-3, 2013, Pearson Education Ltd., 176 p., £9.09 (e-book available)
Sections/Associated Societies Focus
Authors: Mikada Hitoshi
Published: February 2014

The Society of Exploration Geophysicists Japan (SEGJ) hosted its 11th biennial international meeting on geophysical imaging and its applications. The symposium, held 18–21 November 2013 at Shin-Yokohama Prince Hotel in Yokohama, was cosponsored by eight geophysical societies including SEG, ASEG, AOGS, EEGS, EAGE, Indonesian Association of Geophysicists (HAGI), KSEG, and Vietnam Association of Geophysics (VAG). We welcomed 208 delegates from 16 countries, including Indonesia, Korea, China, Mongolia, the United States, Canada, Norway, Romania, and others.
Molecular Weight Dependence of SiO2 Nanoparticle Agglomeration Behavior in Monodisperse PMMA–SiO2 Hybrid Suspension
Authors: Tadano Tsuyoshi , Zhu Rui , Muroga Yoshio , Hoshi Toru , Sasaki Daisuke , Yano Shoichiro , Sawaguchi Takashi
Published: February 2014

The rapid agglomeration of SiO2 nanoparticles suspended in organic solvents, where the interactions between the PMMA chains and SiO2 are very weak and may be ignored, is, therefore, concluded to be “entanglement agglomeration mechanism” triggered by strong mutual entanglement effects occurring when the polymer chains come into contact, overlap, and mutually intrude each other at higher polymer concentrations, providing the driving force for particle agglomeration.
When Ideas Trump Interests: Preferences, Worldviews, and Policy Innovations
Authors: Rodrik Dani
Published: February 2014

Ideas are strangely absent from modern models of political economy. In most prevailing theories of policy choice, the dominant role is instead played by “vested interests”—elites, lobbies, and rent-seeking groups which get their way at the expense of the general public. Any model of political economy in which organized interests do not figure prominently is likely to remain vacuous and incomplete. But it does not follow from this that interests are the ultimate determinant of political outcomes. Here I will challenge the notion that there is a well-defined mapping from “interests” to outcomes. This mapping depends on many unstated assumptions about the ideas that political agents have about: 1) what they are maximizing, 2) how the world works, and 3) the set of tools they have at their disposal to further their interests. Importantly, these ideas are subject to both manipulation and innovation, making them part of the political game. There is, in fact, a direct parallel, as I will show, between inventive activity in technology, which economists now routinely make endogenous in their models, and investment in persuasion and policy innovation in the political arena. I focus specifically on models professing to explain economic inefficiency and argue that outcomes in such models are determined as much by the ideas that elites are presumed to have on feasible strategies as by vested interests themselves. A corollary is that new ideas about policy—or policy entrepreneurship—can exert an independent effect on equilibrium outcomes even in the absence of changes in the configuration of political power. I conclude by discussing the sources of new ideas.
Competing in Advanced Manufacturing: The Need for Improved Growth Models and Policies
Authors: Tassey Gregory
Published: February 2014

The United States has underinvested for several decades in a set of productivity-enhancing assets necessary for the long-term health of its manufacturing sector. Conventional characterizations of the process of bringing new advanced manufacturing products to market usually leave out two important elements: One is “proof-of-concept research” to establish broad “technology platforms” that can then be used as a basis for developing actual products. The second is a technical infrastructure of “infratechnologies” that include the analytical tools and standards needed for measuring and classifying the components of the new technology; metrics and methods for determining the adequacy of the multiple performance attributes of the technology; and the interfaces among hardware and software components that must work together for a complex product to perform as specified. If the public–private dynamics are not properly aligned to encourage proof-of-concept research and needed infratechnologies, then promising advances in basic science can easily fall into a “valley of death” and fail to evolve into modern advanced manufacturing technologies that are ready for the marketplace. Each major technology has a degree of uniqueness that demands government support sufficiently sophisticated to allow efficient adaptation to the needs of its particular industry, whether semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, computers, communications equipment, medical equipment, or some other technology-based industry.
Edela-Eesti kohad ja keel Salomo Heinrich Vestringi sõnaraamatus
Authors: Pajusalu Karl
Published: February 2014

Artikkel käsitleb Salomo Heinrich Vestringi eesti-saksa sõnaraamatut „Lexicon Esthonico Germanicum”, mis on koostatud 18. sajandi alguses ja ilmus trükituna esmakordselt alles 1998. aastal. Vestring sündis Pärnus ja töötas enamiku oma elust seal pastorina. Sellepärast on ootuspärane, et sõnaraamat kajastab suuresti tollast Pärnu ümbruse ja laiemalt Edela-Eesti keelepruuki. Artiklis käsitletaksegi sõnaraamatus esivaid Edela-Eesti kohanimesid, muud sõnavara ning fonoloogilisi ja morfoloogilisi erijooni. Ilmneb, et suurel osal sellest sõnavarast ja grammatilistest erijoontest on vasted ka liivi keeles, eriti Põhja-Lätis kõneldud Salatsi liivi keeles. Vestringi esitatud ainesest tuleb esile selliseidki keelejooni, mis on hiljem tuntud üksnes liivi keelest. See annab alust arvata, et kunagi on Edela-Eesti murded olnud liivi keelele veel lähedasemad kui 20. sajandil, ning toetab seisukohta, et Edela-Eesti murded ja liivi keel on varem moodustanud ühtse edelaläänemeresoome murdekontiinumi.South-western Estonian places and language in Salomo Heinrich Vestring’s dictionary. The article concerns the Estonian- German dictionary „Lexicon Esthonico Germanicum” by Salomo Heinrich Vestring which was compiled in early 18th century and first published in 1998. Vestring was born in Pärnu and spent most of his life working there as a pastor. Therefore it is not surprising that the dictionary largely reflects contemporary language use of Pärnu area and south-western Estonia in general. The article discusses south-western Estonian place names, other vocabulary and characteristic phonological and morphological features occurring in the dictionary. It appears that a large part of the vocabulary and characteristic features of grammar have cognates in Livonian, particularly in Salaca Livonian spoken in northern Latvia. Vestring’s material even includes language features that are later only known to exist in Livonian. This gives a reason to believe that south-western Estonian dialects have earlier been closer to Livonian than in the 20th century and supports the view that south-western Estonian dialects and Livonian used to form a single south-western Finnic dialect continuum.
VA(T)-tarindist ja selle alternatiividest vanemas kirjakeeles
Authors: Penjam Pille
Published: February 2014

Artiklis analüüsitakse nägema-verbi komplementlaiendite näitel 17.–19. sajandi eesti kirjakeele va(t)-tarindeid ja nendega funktsionaalselt sarnaseid konstruktsioone. Osutub, et lõunaeesti kirjakeeles on va(t)-tarindi suhteline esinemissagedus suurem kui põhjaeesti kirjakeeles, kuid tarindi olulisim alternatiiv nii põhja- kui ka lõunaeesti kirjakeeles on et-komplementlause, mis toimib samasuguses rollis ka tänapäeva eesti kirjakeeles. Eeskätt põhjaeesti kirjakeeles esineb ka muid alternatiivseid konstruktsioone, nagu ma- ja da-infinitiivi- ning nud- ja tud-partitsiibitarindid, samuti sidendita kõrvallaused. Kõigi nende tänapäeva kirjakeelest kadunud alternatiivide suhteline esinemissagedus on 17. sajandil olnud suurem kui 19. sajandil, kuid lõplikult pole need põhjaeesti kirjakeelest 19. sajandi keskpaigaks veel kadunud.VA(T)-construction and its alternatives in Older Literary Estonian. The article analyzes va(t)-constructions and functionally similar constructions in the 17th–19th century Literary Estonian on the example of complements of the verb nägema ’see’. It appears that in Literary South Estonian the relative frequency of va(t)-construction is higher than in Literary North Estonian while the most significant alternative of the construction in both Literary North and South Estonian is et ’that’ complement clause which functions in the same role also in Modern Literary Estonian. Other alternative constructions are present primarily in Literary North Estonian such as ma- and da-infinitive constructions and nud- and tud-participal constructions, also relative clauses without relativizers. Although the relative frequency of these alternatives missing in Modern Literary Estonian was higher in the 17th century than in the 19th century, they were still not completely wiped out from the Literary North Estonian by the mid-19th century.
Vanade sõnastike veebiandmebaas ja mida sealt leida
Authors: Prillop Külli , Ress Kristel
Published: February 2014

Eesti keele kolm vanimat trükitud sõnastikku pärinevad 17. sajandist ja nende aines oli 21. sajandi alguseni uurijatele kättesaadav üksnes faksiimileväljaannetena. Tartu Ülikooli vana kirjakeele töörühmas on viidud need sõnastikud elektroonilisele kujule, märgendatud ja analüüsitud, samuti on publitseeritud kahe sõnastiku (Heinrich Stahli 1637. aasta saksa-eesti sõnastik, Heinrich Gösekeni 1660. aasta saksaladina- eesti sõnastik) uusväljaanded (vastavalt 2002, 2012). Uusväljaandeid koostades saadud andmekogu on rakendatud sõnastike veebiversioonide loomiseks olemasoleva vana kirjakeele andmebaasi juurde (http://www.murre.ut.ee/vakkur/sonastikud). Artiklis kirjeldatakse Stahli ja Gösekeni sõnaraamatute põhjaeestikeelse ainese uurimise eripära, piiranguid ja tulevikuvaateid rõhuasetusega pooleliolevate veebisõnastike koostamisele. Tuuakse näiteid nii algsetest 17. sajandi sõnastikest kui ka nende uusversioonidest pabersõnastikuna ja veebis. Esimest korda esitatakse võrdlevaid arvandmeid nende kahe praeguseks põhjalikumalt läbi töötatud sõnastiku kohta. Antakse ülevaade Stahli ja Gösekeni sõnaraamatu märksõnadest, korduvatest ja ainukordsetest vastetest, sõnaliigilisest koosseisust ja muutevormidest.Online database of old Estonian dictionaries and what is to be found there. The three oldest printed dictionaries of Estonian originate from the 17th century. Their contents were available only in the form of facsimiles until the 21st century. The Old Literary Estonian working group of the University of Tartu has digitalised the dictionaries and published novel paper versions of two dictionaries (Stahl’s German-Estonian dictionary of 1637 and Göseken’s German-Latin-Estonian dictionary of 1660). The work was based on a methodology developed by the working group for the compilation of new versions with reversed language pairs. The data sets so created were used to produce the online versions of the dictionaries (http://www.murre.ut.ee/vakkur/sonastikud) to offer enthusiasts more ways to access the unique subject matter of the dictionaries. This article describes the nature, limitations and prospects of studying the Estonian language material of the Stahl and Göseken dictionaries, focusing on the current compilation of online dictionaries. For the first time, comparative figures are provided on the two German-Estonian dictionaries, which have been thoroughly studied: an overview is given of keywords, recurring and unique matches, parts of speech and inflections.
Alamsaksa laensõnadest Johannes Gutslaffi grammatika taustal
Authors: Viikberg Jüri
Published: February 2014

Johannes Gutslaff oli Urvaste koguduse pastor (1641–1656), kes on läinud eesti kirjakeele ajalukku esimese lõunaeesti grammatika „Observationes grammaticae circa linguam Esthonicam” (1648) koostajana. Artiklis on võetud vaatluse alla tema keeleõpetuse saksa-eesti sõnastikuosa eesti vasted ja põhitähelepanu on koondatud alamsaksa laensõnade leidumisele. Väljasõelutud sõnad on rühmitatud vastavalt sellele, kas saksa märksõna tähendust on eesti keeles edasi antud alamsaksa laenu või omasõna abil. Jõutakse järeldusele, et Gutslaffi sõnakasutus on üheks indikaatoriks alamsaksa laensõnade tulekul eesti keelde. Veidi üle poole eesti sõnavastetest moodustavad alamsaksa laensõnad, millega on saksa märksõnade tähendust edasi andnud nii Gutslaff kui ka tema kaasaegsed. Teise poole moodustavad sellised eesti vasted, mille puhul Gutslaffi kaasaegsed eelistasid alamsaksa laensõnu, tema ise aga kas omasõnu või varasematest keelekontaktidest pärit laene. Silmas pidades Gutslaffi töö- ja elukohta Urvastes, on need omasõnavasted rühmitatud murdeleviku alusel: ühed on registreeritud eeskätt põhjaeesti murretest või laiemaltki, teised on iseloomulikud lõunaeesti murdeile, iseäranis Võru murdele. Lõpuks esitatakse vasted, mis on tõenäoliselt Gutslaffi enese loodud.About Low German loanwords on the basis of Johannes Gutslaff’s grammar. The present paper gives an overview of the Estonian equivalents in the German-Estonian vocabulary of the first South Estonian grammar “Observationes grammaticae circa linguam Esthonicam” (1648), with emphasis on probable Low German loanwords. The entries have been selected and grouped according to which equivalent the author has given them in Estonian: either a Low German loanword or an Estonian word. In the latter case, we have tried to differentiate between dialect (mainly Võru) words and Gutslaff’s own word creation. A conclusion is made that Gutslaff’s word usage is one of the indicators of how Low German borrowings came into Estonian.
Rationale for Methodology and Algorithm of Economic and Technological Development Designed for Large-Scale Machine Builders
Authors: Караханян  , Karakhanyan G.
Published: February 2014

Scientific basics of methodology are formed by patterns of economic and

technological development of companies. The paper presents step-by-step

guidance for optimization strategy implementation based on perceived patterns

of companies’ economic and technological development.
Application of neural networks for options valuation
Authors: Хромов  , Khromov S.
Published: February 2014

The paper concerns the implementation of neural networks as a means of

assessing options values at the stock market. Conventional methods of options

valuation are contrasted with alternative and innovative method based on

neural systems. Ways to further develop and implement new valuation method

utilizing neural networks are outlined.
Infrastructure Preconditions of Economic Activity
Authors: Высокий  , Vysokiy Victor
Published: February 2014

Search, preservation and change of equilibrium conditions in developing economic systems are considered. Transport analogies are drawn to prevent collision of investment interests and mechanical analogies are drawn to reach investment interests balance with the least squares method based on effect on expenses elasticity, admissible for investments in the real estate, carried out by investors with different patterns of ownership. Elasticity is considered as manifestation of the law of diminishing returns and is used to justify a share of expenses for infrastructure design in the total amount of expenses on territorial development projects. In terms of mechanistic analogies investments are likened to potential energy accumulation, while economic elasticity is likened to nonlinearity of interlocked springs elastic characteristics, and the payback period of investments is likened to the weight stretching these springs.
The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas and Signorita Prym (economic remake)
Authors: Свирчевский  , Svirchevskiy Vadim
Published: February 2014

Problems associated with the civilization development of the modern society

are considered. The author emphasizes economic issues, examines how

economic processes affect differentiation of countries by level of access to

benefits of civilization and by human-caused impact on environment. The

motives of entrepreneurial activity are viewed through the prism of conflict

between interests of an individual and society implying that the state is in

charge of preventing such conflicts.
Redefining the Moral and Legal Roles of the State in Everyday Life: The New Life Movement in China in the Mid-1930s
Authors: Liu Wennan
Published: February 2014

Chiang Kai-shek launched the New Life Movement in Nanchang in February 1934 to revive traditional morality by reforming people’s daily behavior. In response to civil leader Wang Jingwei’s challenge, Chiang agreed to deploy moral suasion to urge the Chinese people to observe the New Life directives, but he still integrated the movement into government routine and relied on government agents, especially policemen, to implement it. Contemporary politicians and commentators understood this movement as an effective way to cultivate qualified citizens and to maintain social order in the power void caused by the retreat of the traditional rule of morality and the deficiency of the rule of law, so the New Life Movement was located in a new domain of state control between morality and law. Although this new domain was similar to the Western state apparatus of disciplining the population to produce “docile bodies” in the Foucauldian sense, it was actually an integral part of China’s own modernizing process, in which the state redefined its moral and legal role in people’s everyday lives in order to build a modern nation-state.
Past and Present Resource Disputes in the South China Sea: The Case of Reed Bank
Authors: Muscolino Micah S.
Published: February 2014

In 2012, tensions flared between China and the Philippines over plans to drill for oil in the Reed Bank, a disputed shoal in the South China Sea, rekindling fears about the possibility of military conflict over the area’s energy resources. This article shows that international controversy centering on the Reed Bank’s hydrocarbon reserves initially emerged during the oil crisis of the 1970s, when the pursuit of energy resources transformed the islets into a hotly contested area. As in recent years, oil exploration by multinational corporations in conjunction with the Philippines catalyzed international disputes. Vigorous protests from China and other nations that lay claim to territories in the South China Sea prompted the Philippines to assert its own jurisdictional claims. The territorial dispute pushed claimants to the brink of military confrontation in the 1970s, yet armed conflict failed to materialize. By examining the initial round of tensions surrounding oil exploration at Reed Bank, this article situates the current international competition for the South China Sea’s energy resources in historical perspective. Analyzing past disputes and their ultimate resolution offers insights into the dynamics of present tensions, while making it possible to critically engage with arguments predicting future “resource wars” in the South China Sea.
The Silence of Homer's Sirens
Authors: Schur David
Published: February 2014

This paper argues that Homer's Odyssey essentially tricks its audience into believing that the deadly, narrative song of the Sirens, which is in fact left in silence, has been overheard and overcome. Making a strong distinction between narrative and nonnarrative singing, I describe several ways in which the epic poem creates the illusion that the Sirens are narrators. Through instances of embedded narrative and proleptic repetition, the Sirens' self-description—which coincides with the foretold event of their singing a narrative—comes to stand in for the narrative song they are expected to sing.
An Iambic Scepter?: The Akhnymenē Skytalē of Archilochus
Authors: Pappas Alexandra
Published: February 2014

Archilochus issues an iambic challenge to Kerykides through the frame of authoritative speech in Epode 185W; the much-debated phrase akhnymenē skytalē is essential to that attack. I propose a new reading of akhnymenē that allows for its double-valence: it is at once "sorrowful" (as traditionally understood) and "speaking." This double meaning accords precisely with the dual strands of Archilochus' biting poetic mode: his words bring sorrow to their target in their verbal articulation. Such a reading also recommends my view of Archilochus' message stick as an analogue to Hesiod's iconic scepter, that is, as emblematic of Archilochus' authoritative iambic speech.
Malcolm X, Sexual Hearsay, and Masculine Dissemblance
Authors: Polk Khary
Published: February 2014

Noting the use of rumor within African American communities as a form of dissemblance, this essay examines the controversial reception of Manning Marable’s posthumous biography of Malcolm X, which resuscitates speculation that the slain civil rights icon engaged in sex work with white men during the 1940s. I consider how the denial of these rumors shapes our understanding and memory of Malcolm X while pointedly questioning whether such tools have outlived their usefulness as methods of resistance in the black public sphere.
“If you’re in a country that’s progressive, the woman is progressive”: Black Women Radicals and The Making of the Politics and Legacy of Malcolm X
Authors: McDuffie Erik S. , Woodard Komozi
Published: February 2014

This article examines the crucial but understudied role black women radicals such as Vicki Garvin, Louise Little, Betty Shabazz, and Queen Mother Audley Moore played in shaping the black revolutionary politics and legacy of Malcolm X. Dynamic activist-intellectuals, these women’s collaborations with Malcolm X speak to the importance of black women in the making of the black radical tradition.
Marginalization of Published Scholarship on Students With Disabilities in Higher Education Journals
Authors: Peña Edlyn Vallejo
Published: February 2014

While numbers of students with disabilities continue to rise in postsecondary education, little is known about the extent to which the scholarship on this student population has kept pace. A critical content analysis was conducted to review articles on students with disabilities published in top-tier journals of higher education between 1990 and 2010. Topical and methodological trends and limitations were examined, revealing that the depth and breadth of research on students with disabilities is vastly limited in mainstream journals of higher education. Recommendations are made for future research to fill gaps in methodology and topic areas.
But We’re Not Laughing: White Male College Students’ Racial Joking and What This Says About “Post-Racial” Discourse
Authors: Cabrera Nolan L.
Published: February 2014

This study critically analyzes White male college student narratives regarding racial joking. Through semi-structured interviews, 29 participants described a pattern of behavior and rationalization: they heard and told racist jokes frequently; the jokes were framed as not racist; and the jokes were told only among White people, because the participants viewed minorities as overly sensitive. These students were far from post-racial (i.e., in a state where race no longer matters), despite the prevalence of this discourse, and this highlighted a shared responsibility in the perpetuation of racist practices among joke tellers, listeners, and institutions of higher education.