bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anticléricalisme populaire en Catalogne au début du siècle
Authors: Estivill Jordi , Barbat Gustau
Published: March 2007

This article is the result of investigations that the authors have been carrying out for a number of years on working class conditions in Barcelona. They have made it a point to show several manifestations of rebellion from the oppressed classes of Catalonia took on a definitely anti-ecclesiastical tone. This was not due to chance or to atavistic customs tied to ancestral attitudes. To find the wherefore of anticlericalism in the Catalonian popular strupgle, one must firstly try to define what society was itself at that time, and the specific part that the Church played in it.
Towards a Sociological Understanding of Superstition
Authors: Jarvis Peter
Published: March 2007

Les études de sociologie de la religion restreignent le plus souvent leur champ d'investigation aux formes institutionnali sées ou sectaires des pratiques religieuses.
L' implantation portugaise au Kerala et ses effets sur l'organisation sociale et religieuse des Syriens et sur le système des castes
Authors: Houtart François
Published: March 2007

The first part of this article describes the way the portuguese tried to unite and then religiously assimilate the Syrian christians in Kerala.

The latter made up of merchant groups that were not integra ted in caste structure but that pretty much reflected its internal characteritstics, especially endogamy.

This assimilatory process was aimed first of all, at the reli gious system of beliefs and expression by trying to impose the latin rite. But religious organization was also subjected to change through the imposition of a new religious hierarchy that was to replace the old lineage-based organisation: priests as lineage heads, especially. The diamper synod was one of the key. Factors in this process which ended however in failure and resulted in the breaking up of the Syrian group. The second part of the article deals with the establishment of new Christian groups and the con version of lower castes by the portuguese. One way conclude by saying that the Christians remained outside of the caste system proper outwardly characterized by the belief in Hindu divinities, yet they fall into groups bearing its internal social characteristics.
Quelques aspects du phénomène des nouveaux mouvements religieux en République Fédérale d'Allemagne
Authors: Hardin Bert
Published: March 2007

This article was conceived as a supplement to an empirical study of new religious movements which was conducted in the Federal Republic of Germany. The empirical study as well as the "national" reports were undertaken because of the concern about the new groups which has arisen in some of the governmental agencies. The controversy about the new religions presents a delimma for the German government. On the one hand there is a constitutional guarantee for religions freedom and on the other there are similar obligations to protect youth and the institution of the family.
Nationalisation et dénationalisation: le cas des collectivités sacrales excentriques
Authors: Zylberberg Jacques
Published: March 2007

Of the various possible relationships between religion and nationalism, this article focuses on the study of denationalizing theodicies. These theodicies are connected to various communities which are peripheral with respect to the systems of historical action.
Le courant évangélique français: un «intégrisme protestant»?
Authors: Baubérot Jean , Willaime Jean-Paul
Published: March 2007

For the past 10 or 15 years, French evangelism has enjoyed a revival. But it is still poorly known. This article indicates first of all the different trends in French evangelism (orthodox; pietis tic, pentecostalist and charismatic) and shows that, in spite of its diversity, this current gives priority to certain basic orientations, as is shown, amongst other things, by a survey on the pastoral staff.
Arockyai Mary, gardienne du village chez les Parayars de l'Inde du Sud
Authors: Deliège Robert
Published: March 2007

In India, Christianity does not theoretically acknowledge untouchability. In actual fact, it has however made use of the caste system to establish itself. The Church structures quickly reflected this and the discrimination between Catholic castes was identical to that between Hindu classes. Consequently, the untouchables were marginalized within the Church.
What is Hinduism? A Sociological Approach
Authors: Sharma Arvind
Published: March 2007

La question de la définition de l'Hindouisme a déconcerté les chercheurs depuis le moment où, pour la première fois, I'école scientifique moderne occidentale fut mise en contact avec la tradi tion religieuse hindoue. C'est devenu un lieu commun dans l'étude des religions de prétendre que l'Hindouisme est indéfinissable.

L'auteur affirme que cette difficulté provient d'une mauvaise approche de cette définition — à savoir, essayer de la formuler en termes doctrinaux. La flexibilité doctrinale de la tradition reli gieuse hindoue fait échouer de tels essais. Cependant, même s'il apparaît difficile de définir l'Hindouisme, il est plus aisé d'identi fier un Hindou. La récente législation en Inde relative aux Hin dous s'avère très utile. Une fois les Hindous identifiés, l'Hindouisme peut être défini comme la religion des Hindous. Une telle approche peut apparaitre comme étant tautologique, mais est essentiellement sociologique.
Entre la synchronie et la diachronie, les Weltbilder chez quelques théoriciens allemands de la sociologie
Authors: Bizeul Yves
Published: March 2007

The Author presents the thought of three German theoreti cians - J. Habermas, R. Döbert et G. Dux - of critical sociology (Frankfort School) who all envisage the rapport society - religion in a diachronic manner by basing themselves on the same key con cept of Weltbild: the image an assemblage of individuals or socie ties form of the world during a period varying in amplitude.
Khomeinisme libanais: Qutb, Fadlallah, même combat
Authors: CARRE Olivier
Published: March 2007

Sayyid Qutb in Egypt against Nasser and Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah in Lebanon against the Maronite hegemony seem to have the same “revolutionary” ideas. Their objective is to establish an Islamic State as soon as possible. Qutb is a sunni militant, Fadlallah a chii who critically followed the Khomeinist innovation (in chii tradition) of the “velayat e-faqih”. Both express a very marginal “political Islam”, far from the main “quietist” political trend of the muslim thought in sunni as in chii imamite traditions. That is why the revolutionary islamic militantism in Lebanon, which appears to be sunni as well as chii, can be referred to as to a “Lebanese Khomeinism”, very close to a “Syro-Lebanese Qutbism”. The chiasm is not between sunnism and chiism, but between islamic political extremism and muslim political traditional quietism.
Migrations, choc de cultures et religion: à propos des communications de C. Lacoste-Dujardin; et W. Clark Roof et C. Manning
Authors: BASTENIER Albert
Published: March 2007

The three papers (of which only two appear in this issue) dedicated to the theme “Migrations, culture shock and religion” necessarily bring the old question of the relationship between the social identity and religious reference of actors to the forefront. The use actors make of their religious referent is never dissociable from the social position they occupy and the mobility strategy they adopt. Beyond the overly simplified paradigm which postulates the decline of the religious referent accompanying the transition from “tradition” to “modernity”, contemporary situations seem to indicate a renewed and complex use of a religious referent always associated with community membership.
La religion au Canada: synthèse des problématiques
Authors: LEMIEUX Raymond
Published: March 2007

The evolution of religion in Canadian society during the 20th century is linked to two main social factors. First, continuous immigration has changed the original bipolar division of the religious landscape between French-speaking Catholicism and English-speaking Protestantism, giving a relative predominance to Catholics everywhere in the country. Second, the growing forces of modernity have eroded the membership of all traditional confessions, profoundly transforming the significance of religious belonging. This article reviews the situation of religiosity in Canada from three angles: its contribution to the construction of identity for individuals and groups, its contribution to moral and cultural framing of populations, and the fragmentation of beliefs. It concludes with the necessity of rethinking both the religious and the secular fields, and the relationship between them, in order to understand a modern society such as this.
Traditions religieuses et modernité: le choc des éthiques autour du projet Grande-Baleine
Authors: TESSIER Robert
Published: March 2007

The example of Quebecois society in Canada enables us to explore the relationships of opposition and identity established between traditional and post-traditional societies, and the way in which each views nature and exploits its resources. This article begins by pointing out that Quebec has not been considered a traditional society since 1960. Next, the connections that can be made between the religious mentality prevalent before 1960 and respect for nature are examined. These connections are then compared to those found in Amerindian traditions, and contrasted with the connections that can be observed when the state begins to play a unifying role in a society formerly organized around the Church. The focus of the article is a case study of a conflict between the state and native Americans—the controversy surrounding plans to build a giant hydroelectric complex on the Great Whale River in Northern Quebec. Despite years of often bitter debate between the Quebecois and Native societies, there is a possible framework for cooperation and agreement. The basis for such an agreement would be an awareness of the interdependence of these two societies. If the Amerindian and Quebecois peoples would work together to achieve their goals, they would be able to form a new social whole, characterized by practical rationality and a democratic spirit. These characteristics would identify the new social entity as a truly modern society.
Communautés de base, terre et environnement en Amazonie
Authors: COUSINEAU Madeleine
Published: March 2007

The mobilization of grassroots Catholic groups (base communities) in the Amazon region of Brazil provides a clear illustration of the influence of religion on social activism. This mobilization has emerged in response to land conflicts and environmental problems that have resulted from the policies of the military government that ruled Brazil from 1964 to 1985. The Roman Catholic Church has responded on both the grassroots and institutional levels to these problems, but not always in a consistent manner. The two case studies presented in this paper show the relationship between base communities and rural activism as affected in different ways by patterns of ecclesiastical authority. The first example illustrates how inconsistencies in support from the Church hampered the effective mobilization of small farmers to resist the loss of their land to an aluminium refinery. The residents of the one rural village that successfully resisted expulsion from the land are suffering from the effects of air and water pollution caused by the aluminium plant and the threat of future health problems because of the proximity of the company's toxic waste dump. The second example presents a more positive outcome. It shows how a Church-supported organization of small farmers in the region of the Transamazonic Highway empowered its members to defend their land rights, to obtain schools and medical services, and to develop their own plans for sustainable agriculture.
Processus de conversion et modes d'identification à l'islam: l'exemple de la France et des Etats-Unis
Authors: DAYNES Sarah
Published: March 2007

Using fieldwork carried out in France and the United States, the author considers the diversity of the representations converts have about Islam. She distinguishes several ideal-typical modes of identification with Islam, demonstrating the complexity of the conversion process: for individual converts, Islam can represent a spiritual quest, an opposition to Christianity, the continuation of a monotheist path, a means of affirming identity or ethnicity, or a social protest. These elements are not in relaity exclusive, but are blended in many different combinations, reflecting the variety of collective histories and individual stories; this typology will, it is hoped, be a useful analytic tool (in terms of community, identity, and resistance) for studying the dynamism of community religious movements, which are at present growing rapidly.
Cultural Capital and Educational Attainment
Authors: Sullivan Alice
Published: March 2007

According to Bourdieu's theory of cultural reproduction, children from middle-class families are advantaged in gaining educational credentials due to their possession of cultural capital. In order to assess this theory, I have developed a broad operationalisation of the concept of cultural capital, and have surveyed pupils on both their own and their parents' cultural capital. I will conclude that cultural capital is transmitted within the home and does have a significant effect on performance in the GCSE (General Certificate of Secondary Education) examinations. However, a large, direct effect of social class on attainment remains when cultural capital has been controlled for. Therefore, `cultural reproduction' can provide only a partial explanation of social class differences in educational attainment.
Globalization or Internationalization? Foreign Footballers in the English League, 1946-95
Authors: McGovern Patrick
Published: March 2007

This article challenges the idea that globalization is an inexorable free market process that fundamentally changes the nature of economic competition. Using evidence on hiring practices from the English football league (1946-95) it presents a case study of a labour market where globalization might reasonably be expected. In finding that the market is characterized by a process of internationalization, the article goes on to show how this process is influenced by a range of economic, social and political factors that have distinctly national or British origins. More specifically, it argues that the recent expansion in overseas recruitment is shaped by the risk averse way in which employers deal with that which makes labour unique as a commodity: its variability and plasticity. Consequently, English clubs tend to draw heavily on those foreign sources that most resemble local sources in terms of climate, culture, language and style of football (for example, Scotland, Ireland, Australia and northern Europe, especially Scandinavia). Accordingly, the article concludes that radical notions of labour market globalization are fundamentally flawed since they fail to account for the ways in which labour market behaviour is socially embedded.
Neither Busybodies nor Nobodies: Managing Proximity and Distance in Neighbourly Relations
Authors: Crow Graham , Allan Graham , Summers Marcia
Published: March 2007

This article reflects on empirical findings from research into neighbour relations conducted in a small town on the south coast of England. Competing accounts exist of the changing nature of relations between neighbours, and of the sources of pressures for relations with neighbours to combine privacy and sociability. The empirical findings reported on here shed light on the reasons behind people's involvement with or detachment from neighbours, in the process revealing their conceptions of a `good neighbour'. The article argues that it is a skilful accomplishment for neighbours to establish and maintain a workable balance between `keeping one's distance' and `being there when needed'. Little evidence was found of face-to-face relationships between neighbours conforming to the stereotypes of intrusive `nosy neighbours' or people who reclusively `keep themselves to themselves'. The article concludes that analyses of neighbouring relationships need to capture the interplay of forces which allow individuals greater freedom from community control than was found in the past but which do not herald the redundancy of neighbourhood ties implied in theories of privatization, individualization and globalization. As a result, analysis will need to go beyond the busybody/nobody dichotomy.
The Crystallite Orientation in Different Varieties of Jute Fibers of Known Strength
Authors: Sen R.K. , Chowdhury S.K.
Published: March 2007

The orientation of micelles in jute fiber of different varieties, both Tossa and White having different values of intrinsic strength and quality ratio, has been studied. The Hermans' orientation factor, average angle of orientation, and angle at 40% intensity of ten different samples of jute fibers have been determineed from the intensity distribution curves of the equatorial arcs, in the X -ray diffraction photograph. It has been ob served that the orientation factor and angle at 40% intensity have no correlation with the intrinsic strength, but there is a slight correlation if the two varieties of jute White and Tossa are taken separately. For the same value of strength these two varieties have different values of orientation factor. The quality ratio of the yarn has no correla tion with the orientation factor and the angle at 40% intensity. It has been further observed that the average angle of orientation varies from 8° to 9° approximately in the case of jute fibers, and Hermans' orientation factor varies from 0.96 to 0.97, whereas those of ramie are 7°36' and 0.973, respectively.
The Supercontraction of Wool in Solutions of Lithium Salts
Authors: Griffith June , Alexander A.E.
Published: March 2007

The supercontraction of various types of wool, modified wool, and other keratins has been studied using concentrated solutions of lithium salts, particularly the bromide. The purity of the lithium bromide has been found to be of considerable importance, traces of bromine in the solution having a profound effect. With bromine concentrations in the range 10-4-10-5 M, marked differences between clean and detergent-treated wools have been observed. Removal of the bromine by means of thiosulfate has enabled quantitative measurements to be made of such variables as concentration of lithium bromide, time and temperature of treatment, etc.
Some Relationships Between Supermolecular Structure and Mechanical Behavior of Native and Chemically Modified Cotton Cellulose1
Authors: Tripp Verne W. , Orr Rollin S. , Ziifle Hilda M. , Conrad Carl M.
Published: March 2007

Cotton fibers are constructed principally of macromolecules of cellulose. These are disposed in the fiber in such a way as to display a number of aspects, which collectively may be referred to as the "supermolecular structure." It includes such features as molecular chain length, polymolecularity, natural cross-linkage, crystallinity, crystal modification, crystallite size, orientation. accessibility, and chemical modification. Super imposed on these structural aspects is the gross morphology of the fiber itself. Many of these aspects have an influence in one way or another upon the response which the fiber makes when subjected to a variety of mechanical forces, which collectively may be referred to as "mechanical behavior." Among the responses considered are strength, elongation, stiffness, toughness, elasticity, and resilience. Selected examples are pre sented, showing how the mechanical behavior is conditioned in various ways by the supermolecular structure.
Relation of Charge to Frictional Work in the Static Electrification of Filaments
Authors: Levy J.B. , Wakelin J.H. , Kauzmann W.J. , Dillon J.H.
Published: March 2007

A study of the generation of electrical charge on fibrous materials was carried out using the apparatus of Hersh and Montgomery, in which a fiber is held fixed in an insulated lower yoke while a second fiber in a grounded upper yoke is rubbed across it under controlled ambient and mechanical conditions. The original apparatus was modi fied to permit measurement of the frictional work of rubbing as well as the charge. Precautions were taken to discharge both fibers with a radioactive source after each measurement.

It was found that, at any one velocity, several thousand rubs were required before steady values of charge transferred and frictional work of rubbing were obtained.

It was also found that the velocity of rubbing affected strongly both the charge trans ferred and the frictional work of rubbing, the former being found to decrease and the latter to increase with increasing velocity. This has been explained in terms of local heating, plastic junctions, and material transfer which occur during rubbing. An em pirical relationship relating the velocity of rub, the frictional work of rubbing, and the charge transferred was found to hold in the great majority of the cases examined.

From the experimental data obtained it was possible to calculate the mechanical energy expended in any one rub and to estimate the resulting electrical energy. Thus for any pair of fibers under a given set of conditions it was possible to calculate the efficiency of the process of converting mechanical energy to triboelectrical energy. At 30° C. and 33% RH, measured efficiencies were very low (0.00-0.42%); at a very low humidity, efficiencies as high as 2.0% were found.

The presence of a lubricant on the fiber surfaces during rubbing was found in most cases to cause a decrease in both the charge and frictional work of rubbing.
Desegregation in a Diverse and Competitive Environment
Authors: Ming Racy
Published: March 2007

To comply with the district desegregation plan, the San Francisco Unified School District previously required higher scores for Chinese American students applying to the academic magnet, Lowell High School, than for more underrepresented groups. Several Chinese parents sued the district, challenging the legality of the desegregation plan, which led to the recent end of race-based assignments. This article examines the admissions debate at Lowell and suggests that the exclusion of Asian and Latino concerns in the district’s policy-making process led to the lawsuit. Furthermore, this article provides a detailed examination of Lowell enrollment figures and discusses misconceptions about high-achieving African American and Latino students.
White Flight from Busing?
Authors: Bosco James J. , Robin Stanley S.
Published: March 2007

White flight is not a universal: It depends upon the city as context.
School Desegregation, Busing, and Suburban Migration
Authors: Lord J. Dennis , Catau John C.
Published: March 2007

White flight from a southern city: Not many fled, but there was a variety of reasons.
Why Not?
Authors: Philliber William W.
Published: March 2007

Attitude measures are now better than subgroup memberships as voting predictors.
Strategies for Working with Problem Students
Authors: Perry Roger H.
Published: March 2007

Organizational differences produce changes in student behavior.
Adolescent Suicide
Authors: Smith Elsie J.
Published: March 2007

Adolescent suicides have doubled in a decade. Durkheim's and Freud's explanations are illuminating. Methods for assessment of individual risks and counseling approaches are offered.
Competency-Based Teacher Education Versus the Real World
Authors: Hilbert Richard A.
Published: March 2007

"CBTE': Rationalization of teacher education has attractions as 'folk philosophy" and as a spurious science.
The Ambiguity of Improvement
Authors: Ramsay John G.
Published: March 2007

Early progressive educational reforms in Buffalo were sought to better prepare students for life and work in the industrial age.
An Experimental Health Education Program
Authors: Andrews Richard L. , Hearne Jill T.
Published: March 2007

Low SES first and third graders respond positively to an experimental health education program.
University Prestige and Black Academic Performance
Authors: Smith A. Wade
Published: March 2007

Neither strength of racial identification nor some other conventional variables seem to predict black students'success at predominantly white colleges or universities. However, the nature of the schools is a predictor.
Problems and Opportunities in School Financial Management
Authors: Chabotar Kent John
Published: March 2007

Many school systems' budget presentations, management control, cost accounting, and reporting are unsatisfactory. The author suggests improvements.
The Changing Status of the Teaching Profession
Authors: Ornstein Allan C.
Published: March 2007

Several innovations will affect and make more nearly professional the role of the teacher.
The Status of and Potential for Administrator Assessment Centers in Education
Authors: Milstein Mike , Fiedler Cella Karen
Published: March 2007

Selection of administrators may be improved by nontraditional methods.
A Critical Perspective of Leadership Vision
Authors: Dantley Michael E.
Published: March 2007

Socialization tends to make school administrators protectors of order and the status quo. Leadership for reform requires a "vision"J and philosophy.
School Integration in an Upwardly Mobile Community
Authors: Ayalon Hana , Jamsby Hama , Yogev Abraham
Published: March 2007

In "Y" the appearance of higher status students did not result in higher images of others. School tracking seemed to perpetuate differences.
School-to-Community Written Communications
Authors: Hanson E. Mark , Henry Walter A. , Hough David
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to analyze the quality and content of written messages sent from selected schools and district offices to residents of their respective communities. These school-to-community messages are critical because they help shape community perspectives about what schools are doing and how well they are doing it. Over a 6-month period, 594 communities from nine schools and three central offices were collected and items analyzed through the use of a rating instrument similar to that used in marketing research. The analysis concludes that the communication items tend to be quite functional, in the sense that their purposes are clear and the amount of information transmitted is sufficient to ensure understanding. However, the items were rated as typically dull, devoid of interesting style and creative language, written almost exclusively in English, and as far as the newsletters were concerned, targeted toward a generic, upwardly mobile, White, middle-class parent. The study concludes with a series of ideas about how school-to-community written communication can be improved.
Extended Year, Extended Contracts
Authors: Gandara Patricia
Published: March 2007

Classrooms across the country are losing many of their best teachers in their first few years of teaching. One of the primary reasons given by teachers for leaving teaching is low salaries. Although teacher pay has increased nearly 20% over the last decade, it still remains lower than for. many other professions requiring a similar level of preparation. And, because of shifting demographics and a recession-hit economy, it is not likely to rise dramatically in the near future. One option for raising teachers' salaries within the confines of restricted state and local budgets is an extended contract made possible through year-round school schedules. This study reports on such an experiment, looking at issues of teacher satisfaction and burnout in extended-year contracts.
Increasing Student Achievement
Authors: Marx Gary E. , Hunter Deborah D. , Johnson Carol D.
Published: March 2007

Urban school reform is only effective to the degree to which change occurs in the classroom. Oak Park Schools implemented the Sixteen-step Strategic Planning Process designed to improve school performance and increase student achievement. This paper presents a case study of how the school district used feedback on student achievement patterns to frame a process of reflection and subsequent action to improve performance. The qualitative analysis of grouped data organized in relation to district standards is one of the unique aspects of this approach. The article describes achieved results and concludes with recommendations for others interested in adopting the process.
Puerto Rican Natural Support Systems
Authors: Delgado Melvin , Rivera Hilda
Published: March 2007

This manuscript focuses on the identification and use of Puerto Rican natural support systems in collaborative ventures with schools and other systems. The article presents the results of a longitudinal study of 24 Puerto Rican families with children in a local elementary school. Implications are presented for a developmental approach for school involvement with natural support systems in an urban environment.
Highly Successful and Loving, Public Elementary Schools Populated Mainly by Low-Ses Children of Color
Authors: Scheurich James Joseph
Published: March 2007

The widespread existence of highly successful elementary schools populated mainly by low-socioeconomic-status students of color substantially undermines popular assumptions about the pervasive school failure of these students. Indeed, the fact that these highly successful schools are academically competitive with-and even superior to-the better Anglo schools suggests that these highly successful schools may have developed a better model for schooling. That these schools have been developed by school-level educators rather than by university researchers is also critically important. What is provided here, then, is a description of the core beliefs and organizational culture of these highly successful schools.
Gender Labels and Gender Identity as Predictors of Drug Use among Ethnically Diverse Middle School Students
Authors: KULIS STEPHEN , MARSIGLIA FLAVIO FRANCISCO , HECHT MICHAEL L.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the intertwined roles of gender labels (male/female) and gender identity in predicting drug-use behaviors and experiences of middle school students in a large, ethnically diverse, southwestern city. Three dimensions of gender identity are derived through factor analysis, one relating to femininity and nurturance, another relating to masculinity and self-confidence, and a third relating to masculinity and dominance. In bivariate and multivariate tests the authors find that masculine dominance is associated with higher frequency of recent drug use, particularly for boys' use of marijuana and hard drugs, with more drug offers and a greater variety of drugs used over their lifetimes. Gender identity measures do not supersede gender labels in predicting drug outcomes, but they are shown to be more powerful predictors in combination than separately. Possible relationships between gender identity and early adolescents' relationships with their ethnic groups, families, peers, groups of reference, and school environments are discussed.
Precursors and Consequences of Membership in Youth Gangs
Authors: DUKES RICHARD L. , MARTINEZ RUBÉN O. , STEIN JUDITH A.
Published: March 2007

Explanations of gang membership were studied in a population of 11,000 secondary school students. Lower self-esteem, perceived academic ability, psychosocial health, and bonds with institutions appeared to precede gang membership (selection model). Greater drug use, greater delinquency, greater fear of harm, and being armed were precursors and consequences of gang membership (facilitation and selection models). “Wannabes” were partway between nonmembers and members. Findings were consistent with gang membership as a result of lack of social integration.
The GPA Perspective
Authors: RABOW JEROME , CHOI HEE-JIN , PURDY DARCY
Published: March 2007

This research addresses issues generated by the pioneering work of Becker, Geer, and Hughes done in 1959 on the grade point average (GPA) perspective and surveys done 30 years later that further documented the perspective. An interview schedule was designed to have undergraduate students explore, in writing, a number of issues related to the perspective. There were three major findings from this study. Contrary to the Becker et. al. findings, the authors found that the perspective is fostered prior to college by parents and grade school teachers and family processes. Second, the strength of the perspective was further documented by students who gave five major reasons for maintaining the perspective. Third, the perspective translated into a set of practices that involve sacrificing health, personal relationship, hobbies, and other interests. Finally, the examination of the influence and power of the perspective seemed to allow students to move from being acted upon (passive) to becoming active (subjects).
Lord Davies, E.H. Carr and the Spirit Ironic: a Comedy of Errors
Authors: Porter Brian
Published: March 2007

It is a great irony in the history of international relations that David Davies, one of its early and more generous benefactors, and E.H. Carr, author of one of the discipline's classics, were so opposed to each other. Yet had Davies not founded the Woodrow Wilson Chair in Aberystwyth in 1919, it is unlikely that Carr (whose appointment Davies bitterly regretted) would have turned his mind to international relations and written The Twenty Years' Crisis. In the end however each man laboured under a great illusion: the Welshman that peace could be imposed on the world by force; and the Englishman that the planned economy, as developed in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution, represented the future. Great believers in the idea of progress, each of these two eminent late-Victorians expended a fortune in the one case, and years of labour in the other, to justify and substantiate his own vision of the world.
Cosmopolitan Political Communities in International Relations
Authors: Linklater Andrew
Published: March 2007

Modern political communities and committed to two competing moral principles. The first holds that fellow-citizens or co-nationals have special rights and deserve special consideration. The second maintains that each member of the human race deserves equal respect. As a consequence, political communities have to reconcile their duties to promote the interests of citizens with their obligations to the remainder of the human race. This article asks how political communities should understand their responsibilities to outsiders. Particular emphasis is placed on the duty not to harm outsiders and not to benefit from the harm that befalls other peoples. It is argued that an ethical foreign policy based on the `no harm' principle is one way in which communities can reconcile their duties to fellow citizens and their obligations to distant strangers. This is one way in which peoples can retain their separate identities while shouldering the responsibility of building a worldwide moral community.
Overcoming Metaphysics
Authors: Burkitt Ian
Published: March 2007

In their respective analyses of Western civilizations, both Norbert Elias and Michel Foucault were concerned to overcome metaphysical notions of power and freedom, seeing them as relations rather than as properties possessed by some groups and individuals but not others. This essay explores the similarities between their understanding of power and freedom as relations. However, there are many differences between these two theorists, most important of which is the Nietzschean philosophy that is the foundation of Foucault's analysis. Central to the Foucauldian and Nietzschean understanding of power and freedom is the concept of "agonism," the eternal contest between humans. The author argues that this concept reintroduces metaphysics to the analysis of power and freedom in the form of a metaphysics of conflict. Elias's work offers a better way out of metaphysics because it is based on a sociological ontology from which truly relational concepts of power and freedom can be devised.
Age, Depression, and Attrition in the National Survey of Families and Households
Authors: MIROWSKY JOHN , REYNOLDS JOHN R.
Published: March 2007

It might seem that following people over time provides the best indication of how people change with age. Sample attrition can undermine that assumption. This study describes the impact of health, impairment, and depression on attrition in the National Survey of Families and Households. It analyzes the impact of that attrition on estimates of the age-specific changes in depression over a six-year period. In doing so, it illustrates methods for assessing and perhaps correcting the effects of attrition. Results show that the cross-sectional relationship of baseline depression to age differs sharply for those who later drop out compared with those who stay in. Much of the difference, but not all, vanishes with adjustment for health and impairment. The probability of dropping out increases with poor health, impairment, and depression at baseline. The impact of impairment and depression on attrition increases with age. Panel models that ignore the attrition imply that depression decreases in old age. Models that adjust for the hazard of attrition imply that depression rises by an amount that increases with age.
Estimating True Changes when Categorical Panel Data are Affected by Uncorrelated and Correlated Classification Errors
Authors: BASSI FRANCESCA , HAGENAARS JACQUES A. , CROON MARCEL A. , VERMUNT JEROEN K.
Published: March 2007

Conclusions about changes in categorical characteristics based on observed panel data can be incorrect when (even a small amount of) measurement error is present. Random measurement errors, referred to as independent classification errors, usually lead to over-estimation of the total amount of gross change, whereas systematic, correlated errors usually cause underestimation of the transitions. Furthermore, the patterns of true change may be seriously distorted by independent or systematic classification errors. Latent class models and directed log-linear analysis are excellent tools to correct for both independent and correlated measurement errors. An extensive example on labor market states taken from the Survey of Income and Program Participation panel is presented.
A Review of Mathematical Methods in Sociometry
Authors: Roistacher Richard C.
Published: March 2007

Current mathematical and computer methods for the analysis of group and organizational structures of communication and evaluation are reviewed. Sociometric data collection, the detection of cliques and subgroups, sociometric index construction, and computer methods in sociometry are discussed. Clique detection methods are classified as either linkage methods, in which sociometric data are treated as a linear graph, or as distance methods, in which data are treated as a configuration of points in a space. Several linkage and distance analysis methods are discussed and compared. It is suggested that some of the methods of numerical taxonomy could be applied to the analysis of group and organizational structures.
APL Applications To Social Science Research
Authors: Marshall Kimball P. , Wilson Stanley E.
Published: March 2007

Although social science research has been greatly facilitated by the advent ofpreprogrammed "statistical packages,"such as SPSS and SAS, these generally require relatively large scale computer resources which are often unavailable to social science researchers at smaller colleges and universities. However, recent advances in computer technology have increased the availability of mini- and microlevel computers while significantly reducing equipment costs. Complementary advances in interactive programming languages have enhanced the research and instructional potentials of these new systems. In this paper, one such interactive language, APL, is discussed as to potential applications in social science research. This relatively easy to learn language is available on many large scale installations, as well as on mini-and microlevel, low cost systems. Specifically, this paper presents generalizable APL programming techniques to guide the social science researcher in the use of this language. Topics covered include: (1) organization of data for input to the computer: (2) selection of subsets of cases for mathematical manipulation; (3) data modification and creation of new variables; and (4) application of analyti cal statistical procedures.
Decreasing Multicollinearity
Authors: Smith Kent W. , Sasaki M.S.
Published: March 2007

When the multicollinearity among the independent variables in a regression model is due to the high correlations of a multiplicative function with its constituent variables, the multicollinearity can be greatly reduced by centering these variables around minimizing constants before forming the multiplicative function. The values of these constants that minimize the multicollinearity are derived, and the conditions are identified under which centering the variables about their means will reduce the multicollinearity. Among the advantages of this procedure are that the mean square error remains at its minimum, that the coefficients for other variables in the model are unaffected by it, and that the OLS estimates for the original model can be calculated from those for the modified model. Thus, even when estimates of the original model are desired, the procedure can be used to reduce numerical error.
Analysis of Population Diversity
Authors: Teachman Jay D.
Published: March 2007

Defining population diversity to be the distribution of population elements along a continuum of homogeneity to heterogeneity with respect to one or more variables, measures are described with variance-based interpretations which can be applied to qualitative data. A significant contribution is that the measures are not restricted to the analysis of univariate distributions. Rather, it is possible to use these statistics to define relationships in bivariate and multivariate distributions.
Linear Models with Spatially Distributed Data
Authors: Doreian Patrick
Published: March 2007

This article deals with linear models for which data have been aggregated over well-defined geographic areas. Such data may be generated by spatial processes, and these may be represented in the form of spatial autocorrelation in the disturbance term or directly in the form of a spatial effect. This article details the derivation of Ord's (1975) MLEprocedurefor the spatial disturbances model and contrasts it with this MLE procedure for the spatial effects model. These alternative model specifications and estimation procedures are then illustrated by a variety of examples. These MLEprocedures for the spatial models are also contrasted with conventional regression procedures (which ignored geographical space). If there is spatial autocorrelation present, an MLE procedure is preferable.
On Defining Normative Consistency
Authors: HOPE KEITH
Published: March 2007

Reanalysis of data on norms of role-assignment shows that between 1953 and 1976 mothers increasingly expressed the view that certain, traditionally sex-segregated, household tasks should be done by children of both sexes. Dividing the overall variance into variance due to substantive (attitudinal) effects and variance due to trends in attitude over time, we find that 61% of the trend variance is attributable to simple shift toward desegregation of tasks. The attitudinal variance is dominated by a tendency toward ideological consistency, that is, by a generalized belief either in segregated or in joint assignment of tasks. This accounts for 73% of the substantive variance. These simple conclusions are arrived at by taking a multiway frequency distribution, and instead of fitting the usual row, column and interaction effects, subjecting those effects to orthogonal rotation, thereby arriving at meaningful axes.
Introducing a Disturbance into Logit and Probit Regression Models
Authors: ALLISON PAUL D.
Published: March 2007

Logit and probit regression models for dichotomous data make no explicit allowance for heterogeneity induced by omitted explanatory variables or by random fluctuations. This article considers several alternative models for incorporating heterogeneity by the inclusion of a disturbance term. When all the observations are independent, the presence of the disturbance has few empirical consequences. In particular, the variance of the observed counts does not increase and conventional estimators are still appropriate. For some models, however, the disturbance variance may invalidate cross-population comparisons. Quite different implications arise with grouped data when there is a single realization of the disturbance for each group. The observed variance is increased and conventional estimators are inefficient. Several alternative estimators are considered.
Common, Specific, and Error Variance Components of Factor Models
Authors: RAFFALOVICH LAWRENCE E. , BOHRNSTEDT GEORGE W.
Published: March 2007

In the classic factor-analysis model, the total variance of an item is decomposed into common, specific, and random error components. Since with cross-sectional data it is not possible to estimate the specific variance component, specific and random error variance are summed to the item's uniqueness. This procedure imposes a downward bias to item reliability estimates, however, and results in correlated item uniqueness in longitudinal models. In this article, we describe a method for estimating common, specific, and random error variance with longitudinal data. An empirical example demonstrates the specification and testing of hypotheses regarding the temporal invariance of common, specific, and error components, and the practical utility of our approach. This example makes clear the limitations of combining specific and random error components. The assumption that all unique variance is random error is shown to be untenable.
Latent Structure Models with Direct Effects between Indicators
Authors: HAGENAARS JACQUES A.
Published: March 2007

A basic assumption of latent structure models is that of local independence: given the score on the latent variable, the scores on the manifest variables are independent of each other. This basic assumption is violated when test-retest effects, response consistency effects, correlated response errors, and so forth are present. However, it is possible to reformulate the latent class model in such a way that these direct relations between the indicators (manifest variables) can be accounted for. The reformulation proposed here, takes place within the framework of log-linear modeling.
Estimating Multiplicative Regression Terms in the Presence of Measurement Error
Authors: FEUCHT THOMAS E.
Published: March 2007

Measurement error is a continuing concern for sociologists. A particularly nagging problem has been estimating regression coefficients of multiplicative effects when the component variables contain measurement error. Recently, Heise (1986) presented a corrected estimator for multiplicative terms containing measurement error. The research presented here extends Heise's work, and examines the use of an alternate corrected/constrained estimator proposed by Fuller (1980, 1987). The results of a Monte Carlo simulating give some support for Heise's findings, while providing further explanation for the behavior of estimators. The simulation focuses on small samples (n = 60 and n = 90), and examines the impact of different levels of measurement reliability on error correction procedures. Estimators are compared on the basis of bias, variance, root mean squared error, and singlesample inference accuracy. OLS is included as a benchmark. Results indicated only modest improvements over OLS in estimation using the corrected/constrained estimator, and some hazards in using the simpler corrected estimator in small samples. OLS is judged to be fairly robust and predictable in its inaccuracy.