bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Otimizando a superação da dormência em sementes de Acacia mangium Willd.
Authors: Araújo Fernando Dos Santos , Felix Francival Cardoso , Sousa Nelto Almeida de , Alves Emanoel Da Costa , Bruno Riselane De Lucena Alcântara , Alves Edna Ursulino , Nascimento Luciana Cordeiro do
Published: April 2021

O método recomendado pela literatura para superar a dormência das sementes de Acacia mangium Willd. não tem se mostrado eficiente, sendo observado alto percentual de sementes duras remanescentes no teste de germinação. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar diferentes métodos para superação da dormência em sementes de A. mangium. Para isso, foram quantificados os efeitos dos métodos de imersão em água aquecida, escarificação química com ácido sulfúrico e escarificação mecânica manual na presença e ausência da aplicação de fungicida químico, avaliando-se a germinação, percentual de plântulas anormais, sementes mortas e dormentes, velocidade de germinação e incidência de fungos. Todos os métodos favoreceram o desempenho germinativo das sementes de A. mangium em relação ao controle, mas as sementes submetidas à escarificação mecânica manual apresentaram maior porcentagem (92%) e velocidade de germinação (6,46) independentemente da aplicação de fungicida. A imersão em água aquecida não é recomendada por ter gerado alta porcentagem de sementes dormentes (30%), e a escarificação química foi desfavorável devido as maiores porcentagens de sementes mortas (21%), plântulas anormais (13%) e incidência de fungos (36%). Conclui-se que a escarificação mecânica manual é o método mais eficaz para superar a dormência das sementes de A. mangium. Esse protocolo pode ser incorporado à metodologia do teste de germinação desta espécie.
Temperaturas e regulador de crescimento na germinação de sementes de alface
Authors: Silva Cleisson Dener da , David Andréia Márcia Santos de Souza , Soares Marcela De Castro , Conceição Edileuza Dos Reis Souza , Paraizo Eliene Almeida , Silva Rafael Rogério Pereira da , Nobre Danúbia Aparecida Costa
Published: April 2021

A alface apresenta sensibilidade às variações de temperatura durante a germinação, sendo afetada negativamente por altas temperaturas. Deste modo, métodos capazes de minimizar tais efeitos, se revestem de grande importância para promover germinação satisfatória. Assim, objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar a utilização do etefon (precursor do etileno) na germinação de sementes de alface sob diferentes condições de temperatura. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2x6, sendo duas temperaturas (20 e 30°C) e seis concentrações de etefon (0, 200, 400, 600, 800 e 1000 ppm), com quatro repetições. Avaliaram-se a germinação, protrusão radicular, primeira contagem da germinação e índice de velocidade de germinação. O etefon maximizou a germinação e velocidade de germinação de sementes de alface expostas à temperatura de 30°C, enquanto na temperatura de 20°C ocorreram decréscimos. Incrementos também foram verificados no percentual de protrusão radicular para as sementes expostas a 30°C. Em todas as concentrações estudadas, a temperatura de 20°C proporcionou maior percentual e velocidade de germinação. Concentrações entre 726 e 786 ppm proporcionaram melhores respostas no desempenho germinativo de sementes submetidas a 30°C, ao passo que em temperatura de 20°C o etefon promoveu efeito negativo.
Caracterização física e físico-química de morangos San Andreas produzidos sob sistemas orgânico e convencional
Authors: Santos Antônio Nunes dos , Coelho Bruno Emanuel Souza , Galvão Laura Cardoso , Torres Gesiel Silva , Figueiredo Neto Acácio , Santos Iuri Honório dos
Published: April 2021

O Brasil é o segundo maior produtor de morangos da América Latina, e a Bahia é o estado com maior destaque nacional em termos de produtividade. A produção brasileira de morangos é oriunda principalmente do sistema agrícola convencional, caracterizado pelo uso intensivo agrotóxicos, que além do potencial poluidor do ambiente e danoso ao meio ambiente traduz o mesmo assunto. Neste contexto, a agricultura orgânica destaca-se como um sistema alternativo que visam atender aos requisitos de sustentabilidade ambiental, econômica e social. Desta forma, o trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito dos sistemas de produção convencional e orgânico, quanto as características de qualidade de morangos ‘San Andreas’ produzidos em Morro do Chapéu-BA. Os frutos foram colhidos ao atingirem o ponto de maturação fisiológica em áreas de sistemas de produção convencional e orgânico, localizadas no município de Morro do Chapéu-BA. Os frutos foram avaliados quanto aos parâmetros de: massa fresca, comprimento, largura, firmeza, pH, acidez, sólidos solúveis, ratio, vitamina C e cor.  Os dados experimentais foram submetidos ao teste de normalidade, e as médias foram comparadas através do teste de t (p>0,05). Os morangos produzidos no sistema de produção orgânica em Morro do Chapéu-BA apresentaram maior massa fresca, e comprimento e largura, resultando em frutos maiores. Foi observado menores valores de acidez, sólidos solúveis, e maiores valores de pH e teor de vitamina C nos frutos produzidos em sistema de produção orgânica. Não houve diferença estatística na firmeza da polpa, e coloração da epiderme dos frutos em função do sistema de cultivo.
Pós-colheita de folhas de espécies de Strelitizia spp
Authors: Paula Jean Carlo Baudraz de , Ribeiro Júnior Walter Aparecido , Shimizu Gabriel Danilo , Men Gabriel Barraca , Pacheco Camilla De Andrade , Faria Ricardo Tadeu de
Published: April 2021

A floricultura constitui um dos segmentos mais dinâmicos do agronegócio e a utilização de arranjos florais exige alto padrão de qualidade de seus produtos e uma maior longevidade pós-colheita das flores. A quitosana é um polissacarídeo biodegradável capaz de formar um filme natural e permeável às trocas gasosas realizadas pelo vegetal, permitindo a redução do metabolismo da planta favorecendo o prolongamento de sua vida útil. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a durabilidade pós-colheita de folhas de Strelitizia reginae e Strelitizia juncea utilizando produto comercial a base de quitosana (FishFertil®). O experimento foi conduzido inteiramente casualisado de 6 tratamentos com 5 repetições (onde cada folha foi considerada como uma repetição). Foram utilizadas 6 doses ( 0 ; 10 ; 20 ; 40 ; 80 e 160 mg L-1 do produto comercial). Realizaram-se avaliações visuais da longevidade das folhas através de notas e o acompanhamento da perda de água nos tecidos foliares. Observou-se que FishFertil® retardou a perda de massa fresca das folhas de S. juncea e S. reginae. Para ambas as espécies o tratamento controle permaneceu até o 22° dia com notas aceitáveis comercialmente (nota 4). O produto retardou a perda de massa fresca das folhas de S. juncea e S. reginae e as mantiveram até o 34° dia notas dentro do padrão comercial, contudo não foi possível determinar a dose de máxima eficiência do produto para as duas espécies de Strelitzia.
Winning the Customers Over and Again: Investigating Discourse Features in Nigeria Banking Interactions
Authors: Ayeni Bartholomew
Published: April 2021

This paper explores the communication strategies employed by service providers in Nigeria banks to gain new and retain their old customers. This is done by looking at the discourse features inherent in banking interactions. The researcher was given the impetus to undertake this study because of the uniqueness exhibited in banking and business discourse. One could easily have drawn a conclusion that, as expected of every business interaction, the banking interaction would be without fuss because of the training employees receive on human relations, but these findings reveal that this is not always the case. However, the fact that employees have more successful interactions is one that cannot be denied, and this success can be attributed to the application of politeness strategies by bank staff. Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory serves as theoretical framework. Eleven texts from bank employee-customers interactions were purposively selected and subjected to content analysis in order to reveal linguistic strategies employed in them. It is realised that bank employees adopt features like inclusion, directness, informality, face saving features like avoidance of questions, politeness markers, hesitation and taciturnity when interacting with customers. It is also observed that bank employees use hesitation mostly to avoid making absolute statements which could affect customers’ negative face. Also, face saving strategies are the most used as employees do everything to save customer from embarrassment and make them feel good. Inclusion strategies by bank employees serve as vital retention device. This affects the choice of code and kinship terms used by bank employees when relating with customers. In the face of the heat with customers, bank employees resort to taciturnity as an avoidance strategy so that they are not held by their words. Politeness markers like ‘please’ are used even where they do not seem necessary and sorry is not commonly used. In all, bank employees’ attempt to treat their customers as kings in line with their training.
Teaching Competence and Challenges Encountered in Secondary Science Instruction
Authors: DATOY FLORAFEL C.
Published: April 2021

The main purpose of this study was to assess the teaching competence of secondary science teacher instruction in terms of the teaching competence in educational qualification; eligibility; teaching experience; number of training attended; utilization of instructional support system such as laboratory apparatus, facilities and equipment; the teaching method employed and the relationship among these variables. The study was conducted in the big schools of the First Congressional District of Bohol. A total of 812 participants were identified comprising 72 secondary science teachers, 20 school principals and 720 students. The data were subjected to statistical treatment using the weighted mean to assess the teaching competence of science teachers as perceived by themselves, principals and students. The weighted mean was used to determine the educational qualification, performance rating, number of teaching experience, number of trainings attended, utilization of instructional support system such as laboratory apparatus, facilities and equipment and the teaching method employed by the science teacher. Analysis of Variance was used to determine the relationship of teaching competence between educational qualification, years of service, Bachelors and major Degree. Bonferonni and Holms Multiple Comparison test was used for years of service since ANOVA resulted to significantly different results. For the eligibility and performance rating, T-test for two independent means because they were only two (2) groups being compared. However, for the utilization of laboratory apparatus, facilities and other teaching resources and teaching methods employed, both use the correlation because the independent and dependent variables are continuous variables and that is, numerical scale was used. Findings showed that there is a significant relationship on teaching competence between number of teaching experience and teaching methods. This study found out that teaching methods and number of years in teaching affect the teaching competence. Hence, it is urged, that DepEd Personnel should utilize the result of this study and consider the proposed enhancement plan for the improvement of  teaching competence in science instruction.
Representations of Death in Rawi Hage’s Beirut Hellfire Society
Authors: Abu Fares Ashraf , Borgohain Indrani
Published: April 2021

The aim of this paper is to explore the representations of death in Beirut Hellfire Society, a novel written by the Lebanese author, Rawi Hage, and published in 2018. The novel indulges in immoral and varied casts like the de-romanticizing subjects in Cormac McCarthy’s Blood Meridian which help illustrate the realities of life during wartime. All the characters portrayed in Beirut Hellfire Society are colorful and complicated vignettes. They span the four seasons following the death of Pavlov’s father, who is killed in a bomb explosion when he is in the middle of digging a grave. In this novel, Hage portrays the dilemma that people faced during the Lebanese civil war and the meaninglessness of death. He deliberately presents a striking description of death that overflows in the city of Beirut throughout the civil war and links it to a myriad of aspects associated to it; mourning, burials, funeral dancing, lunacy, a sense of humor and jokes regarding death, and above all, cremation, to personify the abundant death and destruction that pervaded Beirut on that period of Lebanon’s history with its utmost horrible and devastating face. Pavlov, a twenty years old undertaker, and his father are extraordinary characters and members of the “Hellfire Society,” a secretive organization of infidels, hedonists, idolaters, in which the members cremate people at their own request. Hellfire Society is a mysterious, rebellious and anti-religious sect that arranges secret burial for those who have been denied it because the deceased was a homosexual, an atheist, and an outcast or abandoned by their family, church and state. With death front and centre, Rawi Hage’s Beirut Hellfire Society is a treatise on living with war. In short, it is a novel that practically defines iconoclasm and registers the horrible, prevalent, and immeasurable shocking death that ensues as a real consequence of war and its atrocities.
Concept Mapping as a Reading Comprehension Tool
Authors: Lumontad Nicomedes S. , Argate Rex , Aparece Ulysses B.
Published: April 2021

The main intent of this study was to find-out the effectiveness of the use of concept mapping in improving the reading comprehension skills of students, at Asian College of Technology. Based on the findings, a reading enhancement plan was proposed. The study utilized the Quasi-Experimental Method, with reading comprehension questions and concept maps. The research subjects were the forty education students. They were divided into two groups. One group served as the experimental group while the other group served as the control group. The researchers made reading comprehension questions on the three reading texts and concept maps to the two groups of respondents. Appropriate statistical tool was used to analyze the data collected and gathered. Concept mapping is proven to be helpful in improving the reading comprehension skills of the students. Through concept mapping, the students’ analytical, structural, and creative skills would be gradually enhanced making them better readers. A syllabus enrichment was proposed to utilize concept mapping as one of the essential teaching and reading strategies in developing the students’ reading comprehension skills.
The Images of Women in Selected Contemporary Short Stories by Contemporary Filipino Women Writers
Authors: Sarip Hasmina Domato
Published: April 2021

This inquiry sought to discover the images of women as portrayed in the contemporary short stories entitled “Fallout” by Maria L.M. Fres-Felix and “Language” by Sunantha Mendoza. Feminist Literary Criticism, specifically liberal, radical, Freudian, socio-cultural, stereotypical feminist perspective were employed to critically analyze the actions and feminist perspective of the female characters. The study attempted to meet the following objectives: 1) to describe the images of women as depicted by the authors in the stories; 2) to identify the dominant devices used in the stories; and, 3) to determine the feminist themes conveyed in the stories. Through examining and analyzing the short stories, different images of women were discovered. The close textual reading resulted in the researcher’s coming up with the following findings: female characters are portrayed as involved, sophisticated, strong-minded, competitive, independent and unconventional. The dominant devices are symbols, juxtaposition, foreshadowing, imagery, idiom, metaphor, irony and figures of speech were effectively utilized in the stories to probe the images of women that are found in each story. Indeed, women will come a long way in facing the battle against patriarchal values.
Breaking the Silence of Homer’s Women in Pat Barker’s the Silence of The Girls
Authors: Borgohain Indrani A.
Published: April 2021

Since time immemorial, women have been silenced by patriarchal societies in most, if not all, cultures. Women voices are ignored, belittled, mocked, interrupted or shouted down. The aim of this study examines how the contemporary writer Pat Barker breaks the silence of Homer’s women in her novel The Silence of The Girl (2018). A semantic interplay will be conducted with the themes in an attempt to show how Pat Barker’s novel fit into the Greek context of the Trojan War. The Trojan War begins with the conflict between the kingdoms of Troy and Mycenaean Greece. Homer’s The Iliad, a popular story in the mythological of ancient Greece, gives us the story from the perspective of the Greeks, whereas Pat Barker’s new novel gives us the story from the perspective of the queen- turned slave Briseis. Pat Barker’s, The Silence of the Girls, written in 2018, readdresses The Iliad to uncover the unvoiced tale of Achilles’ captive, who is none other than Briseis. In the Greek saga, Briseis is the wife of King Mynes of Lyrnessus, an ally of Troy. Pat Barker as a Postmodernist writer, readdresses the Trojan War in his novel through the representation of World War One, with dominant ideologies. The novel illustrates not only how Briseis’s has tolerated and survived her traumatic experiences, but also, how she has healed and composed her fragmented life together. Homer’s poem prognosticates the fall of Troy, whereas Barker’s novel begins with the fall Lyrnessus, Briseis’ home that was destroyed by Achilles and his men. Hence, Pat Barker uses intertextuality in her novel, engages both the tradition of the great epic and the brutality of the contemporary world. She revives the Trojan War with graphic pictorial vividness by fictionalizing World War in her novel. Through her novel, she gives Briseis a voice, illuminates the passiveness of women and exposes the negative traits of a patriarchal society.
Translation Technique Analysis of Verbal Abuse in The Dark Heroine: Dinner With A Vampire by Abigail Gibbs
Authors: Kumaralalita Jahnu Sekar Ayum , M.R. Nababan  , Djatmika Djatmika
Published: April 2021

This study highlights English-Indonesian translation of verbal abuse in the novel The Dark Heroine: Dinner With A Vampire by Abigail Gibbs. The novel is a thrilling paranormal set in London, published by HarperCollins in 2012. The novel was the New York Times Best Seller and also dubbed as “The Sexiest Romance You’ll Read This Year”. The purpose of this study is to find out the translation technique that the translator used in translating verbal abuse. This study is descriptive and qualitative in nature by doing an analysis of documents and FGD (Focus Group Discussion). The findings of the study showed that 12 techniques were used by the translator to translate the verbal abuse in The Dark Heroine: Dinner With A Vampire; established equivalent, variation, explicitation, pure borrowing, implicitation, modulation, compensation, reduction, generalization, deletion, reduction, paraphrase, and transposition.
Representation, Attribution and Perspectivation in EU Diplomatic Discourse Addressed to Iraq
Authors: Hussein Ahmed Sultan , Ahmed Muneera Hussein
Published: April 2021

Internationally, politicians, practice power, spread ideology, and effect changes in the world through language. World events are prompted by the words and actions of State leaders and politicians. Diplomats normally manipulate symbolism in diplomatic practice to convey various massages. This paper aims at uncovering how foreign policy objectives, identities and ideologies are communicated in the EU discourse. Drawing on Ruth Wodak’s (2001) Discourse Historical Approach (DHA) which is an interdisciplinary eclectic approach, the researchers focus on the discursive skills of persuasion and convincing a diplomat enjoys. The study answers a set of empirical questions: 1) how have individuals, objects, events, processes and actions been named and referred to linguistically in the selected data? 2) What traits and features have been attributed to them? 3) From what perspective have these nominations and attributes been expressed? This study fills a gap in scholarship in using speeches to study the diplomatic relationships between the EU and Iraq from a critical discourse analysis perspective. The study concludes that EU actors perceived of Iraq as a partner, an immediate neighbor and a peer. Meantime, they attempt to construct an identity for EU as an actor to establish peace, democracy and human rights. Being demographically diverse, EU tries to influence Iraq’s perception to follow the suit. Some of the aforementioned perspectives were expressed through narration, quoting or metaphors.
Sociolinguistic Analysis of School Failure among High School Students: Marrakesh as a Case Study
Authors: Bounhir Rachida
Published: April 2021

The purpose of this study is to record the beliefs/views of teachers and students on the sociolinguistic factors of school failure. The facts of this research are part of a wider research concerning student’s social adequacy having used a questionnaire and the viability of the educational system. The sample used for this research was 30 pupils and 20 teachers from four public high schools in   Marrakesh. The results show that both teachers and students attribute school failure to different sociological and psychological factors. Results and implications of this analysis will be presented at the end of this paper. Some recommendations are presented as well.
A Corpus-Based Analysis of William Shakespeare's The Winter's Tale
Authors: Hung Maosheng , Chen Hsing-Ya , Chang Yu-Yun , Hung Wei-Tse , Tsoi Chun-Hei
Published: April 2021

This study was a corpus-based analysis of William Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale. A corpus based on the original text of the play was built for analysis. Then, a program called AntConc was used to acquire the top 200 frequency words from the corpus. Finally, five of the most frequently occurring content words were manually selected to analyze their relationship with the main characters or the content/implications of the play. The results obtained via the AntConc program showed that (1) lord appeared 89 times in the corpus and ranked 50th among the top 200 frequency words. It has the power and implication of making people forget their original intention and self, deceiving people, and causing people to forget how to cherish the people around them. (2) Shepherd occurred 65 times and ranked 68th. It symbolizes the idea of hope. (3) Daughter appeared 34 times and 125th. It assumes a crucial role throughout the whole play and makes the story go smoothly. (4) Honour occurred 34 times and ranked 126th. It represents the transformation of danger into safety. (5) Beseech appeared 18 times and ranked 198th. It can be understood as turning bad results into good results.
The Methodological Principles for Translating the Literal Association (al-Mushtarak al-Lafẓī) in the Qur’ān to the English Language
Authors: Almuways Yasir Sulaiman
Published: April 2021

The aim of this study is to provide methodological principles for translating the Literal Association (al-Mushtarak al-Lafẓī) in the Qur’ān which has not yet been explored in the field of translation studies due to the gap that currently exists between the science of Tafsīr (the interpretation of the Qur’ān) and the science of Translation in relation to the Literal Association Phenomenon in the Qur’ān, and this is where the research problems lie. This study employs the analytical and inductive research methodologies in which the ʾāyāt (Qur’ānic signs) of the Literal Association and their semantics (meanings) are analysed and studied based on the approach and the perspective of Ibn Jarīr al-Ṭabarī in his book of Tafsīr. This current study investigates and examines 581 ‘āyāt containing wordings of Literal Association from Ibn Jarīr al-Ṭabarī’s Tafsīr which is known as al-Tafsīr al-Maʾthūr (narration-based type of Tafsīr). This research results in an extraction of 46 methodological rules for the process of translating the Literal Association in the Qur’ān. Additionally, this research results in a disciplined systematic study with a clear methodological framework which will be used in the science of Translation in place of the translations of the Qur’ān which have rendered this phenomenon based on their literal (linguistic) meanings and not their actual intended meanings (pragmatic functions) taken from their Qur’ānic contexts which surely result in some semantic clashes and contradictions.
The Dictionary of Sexual Terms in Arabic: Introducing Classical Vocabulary to the Modern Generation
Authors: Lesmana Maman
Published: April 2021

Research on Arabic lexicography has been widely conducted. Some researchers argue that compiling dictionaries containing classic vocabularies is still a necessity because there has been the demand to help people who convert to Islam understand the meaning of scripture correctly as their language is different from the language of the Quran that contains many words and expressions that are difficult to comprehend even for the Arabs themselves.  On the other hand, some argue that the classical dictionaries containing old vocabulary are no longer necessary since their majority of words are no longer used. This study aims to see the truth in regards to these debates. The corpus to be discussed in this study is a dictionary containing sexual terms in Arabic. From the results of research, it is found that one side of the dictionary contains a lot of classical vocabulary that is difficult to understand and not needed in the present as it contains a special meaning in one particular field. On the other hand, that does not mean this dictionary is not important. In addition to enriching the Arabic lexicography, it is also useful for researches of the Arabic language, literature and culture.
Genealogy of Cebuano Language in Calbayog City, Samar
Authors: Acosta Nathalie Ann Alaga
Published: April 2021

This study investigated the reasons why the resident-participants of Brgy. Pena, Brgy. Malayog, Brgy. Cagmanipis Sur and Brgy. Cagmanipis Norte speak Cebuano. The researcher used narrative research design wherein, in-depth interviews were conducted to the participants of the barangays. Significant reasons revealed that the first settlers of the barangays originally came from Cebu and Masbate. The original settlers who came from Cebu and Masbate were Cebuano speakers in nature and this is due to the primary livelihood which is fishing. Further, the participants have strong language preservation and maintenance towards Cebuano language and a strong indicator of this is they are active speakers of their language. Hence, the participants positively see their language as their tool to communicate even with the majority speakers as they perceived their language not as a hindrance in participating in communication settings even with the Waray-Waray Speakers. Lastly, there is a precise establishment of habitual language use in a contact situation despite of contact with majority language speakers.
Learning Process, Reading Strategies, and Comprehension in Culture-based Texts
Authors: Valerozo Rhealyn B. , Aggabao Rischelle G.
Published: April 2021

This study seeks to determine the learning process and reading strategies employed by grade 8 students in identifying their comprehension level by reading culture-based literary texts. The researchers made use of descriptive survey to describe the learning process and reading strategies of the respondents while correlational design was used to determine the relationship of learning process and reading strategies with reading comprehension of the respondents.  The findings of the study revealed that grade 8 students are sometimes engaged in the learning process and sometimes employed different reading strategies while reading culture-based literary texts. Based on the comprehension test results, most of the respondents could hardly comprehend culture-based literary texts. Though there is no correlation that exists between learning processes and reading comprehension, students’ reading strategies have a significant relationship to their reading comprehension. Language teachers should provide appropriate literary texts and acquaint students on the use of different reading strategies to improve their critical thinking skills.
The Use of Code Switching: A Case of Iraqi Students in University of Karabuk
Authors: Hashim Sattar J.
Published: April 2021

Code switching (CS) is considered as a widespread multifunctional phenomenon in bilinguals’ speech both formally and informally. CS is common among Arabic speakers because they usually use it when switching from English to Arabic in their utterances. Iraqi students are enlisted within this rule because they usually use English-Arabic CS. The current study aims at exploring the types of code-switching used in students’ daily life conversations in University of Karabuk and in dormitory setting and the reasons for using this code switching. These conversations are recorded and transcribed into written texts. Then, they are analysed by using Appel and Muysken’s (2005) classification of code-switching. Basing on the data input, the findings showed that the intra-sentential type is the most frequent type used in these conversations. Also, the findings showed that the reasons for code-switching were primarily either to convey a message or to express gratitude. These results were congruent with Poplack’s (1980) hypothesis. The study contributes noticeably to the knowledge body of literature as highlighting the use of code switching in the Turkish city of Karabuk.
Students’ Perceptions of Textbooks in Moroccan High Schools
Authors: Sakale Sana
Published: April 2021

The objective of this study is to reveal the different perceptions, practices and problems related to speaking skills in Moroccan secondary education in general. The sample of the study consisted of students coming from different schools in the academy of Rabat-Salè-Zemmour-Zaer area. The results revealed a discrepancy between classroom activities, textbooks activities and the objectives of the guidelines set for the teaching of speaking in Moroccan high schools. The results also showed that the thematic importance, thematic variety and the preference of listening-focused textbooks including listening to songs are found to be what students perceive to be their most significant inclinations. The study concluded with a number of pedagogical implications for the teaching/learning process.
To What Extent Does Language Encourage Cross Cultural Problems in Intercultural Communication?
Authors: Bili Yunita Reny Bani
Published: April 2021

Intercultural communication plays pivotal role in cross-cultural social context. Some scholars argue that the lack of language proficiency and competency may contribute to negative phenomena in the communication setting. However, this research paper argues that the failure to embrace cultural and psychological factors also pose serious cross-cultural problems. The study employed library research to gain evidences for this research. The result shows that insufficient cultural knowledge leads to injured feelings and judgment of impoliteness in cross-cultural setting. In addition, negative ethnocentrism and stereotype are the psychological factors that also triggered the problems. As the solution towards the barriers, this paper also suggests several strategies to establish successful intercultural communication when conducting verbal and non-verbal communication.
The Father-Figure in Fadwa Tuqan's and Yael Dayan's Autobiographies
Authors: Hamdan Mohammed , Zeyada Atheer , A'teeq Lara
Published: April 2021

This paper examines the father figure in the autobiographies of the Palestinian poet Fadwa Tuqan (1917-2003) and the Israeli novelist Yael Dayan (1939-present). In the early half of the twentieth century, Nablusi women, exemplified by Fadwa, did not have the chance to participate in the political life until the nakba in 1948. Women subsequently became freer and could gain more access to the social and political life which normally monopolized by patriarchs. In the same year, i.e. 1948, Tuqan's father died, so he was not present later to share the success of his daughter. Hence, the picture of the father that Fadwa draws in her autobiography A Mountainous Journey (1990) is mainly bounded to the domestic life. Dayan, unlike Fadwa, was given the infinite freedom to experience life since childhood. Although most Jewish women in the Israeli community obtained the same opportunities at the time, she was more privileged because she was the daughter of the famous Israeli leader Moshe Dayan. In her autobiography My Father, His Daughter (1986), Yael talks extensively about her father's political position and how it affected her life negatively and positively. This paper henceforth sheds light on dominant social and political patriarchal ideologies in the two autobiographies and how they are represented differently, that is: Tuqan's social father and Dayan's political father.
Religious Dilemma and Identity Crisis in Saud Alsanousi's The Bamboo Stalk (2015)
Authors: Abdu-Alhakam Abubakr M.A. , Elshingeety Mohamed Elamin , Sherif Wigdan Yagoub
Published: April 2021

The current paper aims to investigate the religious identity crisis in the themes of Alsanousi's The Bamboo Stalk (2015). It also determines to explore the kinds of the identity status depicted in the novel as well as the causes of identity loss. The paper takes the qualitative approach for data interpretation and adopts the descriptive discourse analysis (DDA) method. The analysis is then guided by the intercultural communication theory (ICT). The paper found that the protagonist and some other characters face identity crisis and suffer from religious dilemma due to several reasons the most of which is the dominance of the socio-class norms that prevents religion from playing its role in making its adherents equal. The paper also confirms the negative effect of hybridization on the religious identity formation. It reinforces the validity of the application of ICT on fictive data and contributes new form of IC analysis on fictive data.
Politeness Strategies used in Lwisukha in Local Public Administrative Meetings
Authors: Ingato Lilian , Alati Atichi , Barasa David
Published: April 2021

The use of politeness strategies among Abiisukha is propelled by the cultural need to maintain close ties and relationship. When the relationship is not maintained, there will definitely be a communication breakdown (Billow & Krauss 1988). This occurs when one interactant feels offended and the partner does not mend the offense using a polite strategy. Generally, rules of interaction are like grammatical rules as they allow social members to perform their acts according to various mutual expectations and to understand each other by making a sense of features like apologizing, requesting or complimenting. Being sensitive to these acts in the course of interaction satisfies the feelings of the offended partner (Chomsky, 1990). In this paper, we present a pragmatic analysis of politeness strategies used by Abiisukha in local public administrative meetings. Firstly, we introduce the politeness strategies used by Lwisukha speakers in local public administrative meetings. Secondly, we explain how gender influences the use of linguistic politeness strategies in local public administrative meetings. And lastly, we show how setting influences the use of linguistic politeness strategies. The findings of this paper will be helpful to the stake holders and policy makers as it will enable them appreciate the need of politeness strategies for the coexistence of not only Lwisukha speech community but the country at large considering that Kenya as a country has so many tribes with different languages. The politeness strategies identified in Lwisukha can be incorporated in the other Kenyan languages.
Total Assimilation in Persian Phonology: A Modified Contrastive Specification Account
Authors: Hajimohammad Mohammad , Alinezhad Batool , Rafiei Adel
Published: April 2021

Nowadays the main stream in the most fields of linguistics including phonology is minimalism and redundancy removing, which derives from the principle of the economy of language. The advent of under specification theory in the late 19th century can be considered as the beginning of redundancy removing in the domain of phonology. During recent decades different versions of under specification such as Radical Under specification, Contrastive Specification and Modified Contrastive Specification (MCS) have been presented. Modified Contrastive Specification (MCS), which is the finding of Toronto Phonology School is based on Contrastive Hypothesis in which a contrastive hierarchy is applied to specify the contrastive features. It is believed that only contrastive features are specified in phonological representations and redundant values never exist in underlying representations. This paper aims to present a novel analysis of total assimilation process in terms of the manner of articulation in consonant clusters having the structures of –st and –zd in Persian which is an active process in phonology of Persian. Working within the framework of the MCS, through drawing a contrastive hierarchy for phonological features, this paper leads to this conclusion that the feature [continuant] in Persian consonants is a contrastive feature so by spreading this feature, the coronal stops /t/, /d/ assimilate to fricatives /s/ and /z/ respectively. To represent contrast and markedness in this system, we have proposed a contrastive hierarchy of [son] > [lab] > [cont]> [voiced] for consonants involved in the process of total assimilation in Persian.
The Dynamic Construal and Generation of Abstract Coherence with the Framework of Cognitive Reference Point, Target Concept Point and the Processing Mental Path
Authors: Lu Chao
Published: April 2021

Langacker’s model of Cognitive Reference Point (CRP) and Wang Yin’s model of Remedied Cognitive Reference Point (RCRP) could be integrated to form a cognitive trinity to construe and generate the text coherence. This trinity framework is composed of cognitive reference point, target concept point and the processing mental path (CTM) within certain semantic domain. This research tested the efficacy of CTM and found it promotes the dynamic construal and generation of local and global coherence in Abstracts of scientific papers. Activating the related information schema and integrating the mental representation with the semantic information embedded in the Abstract sentences, the three-dimensional CTM establishes a cognitive referential framework for Abstract viewers. This CTM framework assists Abstract viewers in efficiently construing and constructing the local and global coherence of Abstracts.
Humanity in Science Fiction Movies: A Comparative Analysis of Wandering Earth, The Martian and Interstellar
Authors: Xinyi Ma , Jing Hua
Published: April 2021

Wandering Earth, released in 2019, is regarded as a phenomenal film that opens the door to Chinese science fiction movies. The Chinese story in the film has aroused the resonance of domestic audiences, but failed to get high marks on foreign film review websites. In contrast, in recent years, science fiction films in European and American countries are still loved by audiences at home and abroad, such as The Martian and Interstellar, which have both commercial and artistic values. It can be seen that the cultural communication of western science fiction movies is more successful than that of China. Taking the above three works as examples, this paper analyzes the doomsday plot, the beauty of returning home and the role shaping of scientific women in science fiction movies from the perspective of the organic combination of “hard-core elements of science fiction” and “soft value in humanity”, in an attempt to help the foreign cultural communication of domestic science fiction movies. As an attempt to facilitate the global development of Chinese science fiction, this paper concludes that certain Chinese traditional cultural spirit needs further spreading, that Chinese science fiction and humanity should be combined in a more natural way, and that in particular, female character need in depth and multi-dimensional interpretation.
Dream in Disguise: A Marxist Analysis of Presentation of Dream in Paulo Coelho’s The Alchemist
Authors: Mazumder Tanmoy
Published: April 2021

This study investigates Paulo Coelho’s highly popular novel, The Alchemist (1988), in its English translation. Coelho’s The Alchemist has positively influenced millions of its readers worldwide as it inspires them to pursue their dreams or their “personal legends” in their lives without being afraid of failure. Santiago’s quest for his dream becomes a motivation for the readers to face challenges in their road to success in life. Coelho himself advocates for being aware of our “personal calling” which he says is “God’s blessing” or, “our own dream”. The current research questions the presentation of this dream by the author in this novel as it does not seem to be a simple dream. The dream is regarded as a metaphor not only by the author himself, but also by many critics who interpret this dream from a positivistic outlook to life. In this research, I would argue that this dream has its other metaphorical connotations too due to its way of presentation. Santiago’s dream and its pursuit highly resemble the pursuit of American Dream, a capitalist ideology. Santiago’s quest for his dream and the hidden treasure which he finds in the end has been argued as promotion of “rugged individualism” in this study. Thus, the paper, from a Marxist point of view, decodes the dream metaphor in The Alchemist, and tries to understand the operation of other capitalist ideologies in it.
Translanguaging in Multilingual English Language Teaching in the Philippines: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Gatil Tranie Balderrama
Published: April 2021

The debate on language preference in English language teaching in a multilingual setting has stirred the traditional monolingual “English Only Policy” in the Philippines. As a result, the Mother Tongue-Based Multilingual Education (MTB-MLE) was institutionalized in 2009. The question still lies as to the multilingual teaching practices employed in the Philippine schools. This study was conducted in order to review the translanguaging strategies of teachers in teaching English in the Philippines. It utilized the qualitative approach using systematic literature review. 14 papers were initially examined using 4 inclusion and exclusion criteria. 7 papers have qualified and selected as samples. The findings of the literature review showed that: 1.) Both natural and official translanguaging are employed in ELT and 2.) Translanguaging bridges the linguistic gap of learner’s L1, L2 and the target language, which in common in a linguistically diverse country such the Philippines. Future researches may look at building a theoretical framework of translanguaging as a language teaching pedagogy in mainstream education.
The Conceptualization of Immigration in Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake
Authors: Yousif Jahida Nuradin , Al-Jumaili Yasir Allawi
Published: April 2021

This paper attempts to analyse the metaphorical representation of immigration in Jhumpa Lahiri’s novel The Namesake (2003). It aims to explore the way in which the process of immigration is conceptualized in terms of experiences from other domains. Lahiri as the second generation of immigrants is brought up in the family that experienced the process of immigration. However, the notion of immigration among Lahiri’s critics is explored, but a few number of researches approached its metaphorical language, whereas the current paper investigates immigration in terms of the stylistic investigation of immigration metaphors in the light of cognitive approach. This study also examines the mapping process, which is used to conceptualize immigration in the novel.  It applies insights from Conceptual Metaphor Theory by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson to the linguistic expression that underlie conceptual metaphors that are selected from the novel. In addition, it identifies all the source domains that are used in the selected expressions to represent the target domain of immigration, through the mapping process. The immigration process in Lahiri’s The Namesake is compared to ‘ sort of lifelong pregnancy’, ‘perpetual wait’, ‘ constant burden’, ‘free’, and ‘ packing a pillow and a blanket’. The selection of the conceptual metaphor theory provides a deeper understanding of the way the process of immigration is represented.
Translation of Utterances which Accommodate Responses of Expressive Criticizing and Apologizing Speech Acts
Authors: Ramadan AB  , M.R. Nababan  , Djatmika
Published: April 2021

There are a lot of foreign novels in Indonesia that are written in English. Indonesians who do not have enough knowledge about the English language need Indonesian translation. Thus, having a translator must be considered when translating a novel, most especially the response of expressive speech acts. This article observes the types of response towards expressive criticizing and apologizing speech acts. It also observes the translation technique used to translate a response of specific expressive speech acts and its quality in terms of accuracy. This research employs descriptive qualitative method with content analysis and Focus Group Discussion (FGD henceforth). Also, content analysis was used to categorize the types of responses. In addition, FGD was used to determine the translation technique and its accuracy. The researcher applied purposive sampling to determine the data. The data are the utterances collected through content analysis. The researcher validated the data through the use of source triangulation and methodological triangulation. The data are limited from the four main characters in the novel. The finding shows that from 57 data, there are 18 types of responses. In addition, there are 14 translation techniques used. Furthermore, the accuracy score is 2.77.