bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pathos and Patina: The Failure and Promise of Constitutionalism in the European Imagination
Authors: Haltern Ulrich
Published: March 2003

Legal studies react to the Union's social legitimacy deficit either by funnelling the problem to empirical sociology (accompanied by the familiar call for more transparency and democracy), or by ignoring it altogether. This article argues that the crisis in social acceptance can be traced back to the texture of EU law. Law is more than a body of rules: it is a social practice, a structure of meaning, and a system of beliefs. In this light, national law has a richly textured fabric of cultural resources to rely on, which makes it ‘ours’. In contrast, EU law embodies the fluid surface of consumer identity and appears less ‘ours’. The Union's counter–measures—adding pathos and patina to neutralise our distrust—have proven unsuccessful. Neither will a new written Constitution be particularly helpful. The way out, rather, is coming to terms with the market citizen, rather than believing in, and forcing upon the consumer, stories of shared values and historically situated commonality.
Towards Industrial Application of Intelligent Training Systems
Authors: Bertin Alberta , Buciol Fabio , Stefanini Alberto
Published: March 2003

Computer‐based training is an area where knowledge‐based techniques enable us to achieve new system functionalities which cannot be attained with conventional techniques. Knowledge‐based training systems can adapt the course, the lesson and the instructional strategy to the needs and attitude of the individual trainee, so as to obtain a completely individualised instruction. Due to these capabilities they are known as Intelligent Training Systems (ITSs). After their introduction in the mid‐eighties with their first successful application in the military sector, ITSs are now mature enough for practical use in civil applications.

This paper presents the experience gained by the authors over the last decade through the realisation of two industrial prototypes in different sectors and the recent development of a full‐scale application. Such experience led to a specification methodology and to a development framework which now provide a solid baseline for the industrial application of the ITS technology.
The Use of a Prototype System for Evaluating Knowledge Elicitation Techniques
Authors: Jones S.R. , Miles J.C.
Published: March 2003

This paper describes the final phase of a research project aimed at investigating the efficacy of using two distinct methods of knowledge elicitation, comparing the knowledge obtained via classification or scaling techniques with that derived from the more traditional interview based approaches. It outlines the process of evaluating the knowledge elicited from an expert via a prototype specifically created for this purpose, the design of which was based directly on the findings of previous rapid prototyping approaches. The prototype was modelled to facilitate the evaluation of elicited knowledge along a numerical scale according to predetermined criteria. The use of the prototype resulted in the knowledge elicited via scaling methods receiving higher ratings than that obtained via non‐scaling methods on the criteria of ‘correctness’ and ‘relevance’, although no significant difference was found between the two sets of data on the criterion of ‘suitable for a knowledge based system’.
Expert knowledge acquisition and the unwilling expert: a knowledge engineering perspective
Authors: Lightfoot Jay M.
Published: March 2003

Expert systems are an evolving technology with the potential to make human expertise widely and cheaply available. The literature describing the development of expert systems generally assumes that experts willingly give up their knowledge. This is unrealistic and may be a reason why most expert system projects fail. This paper explores the problem of unwilling experts from the perspective of a knowledge engineer building an expert system. The link between knowledge and organizational power is established and human motivation theories are discussed. Finally, a new motivational approach is introduced to help the knowledge engineer deal with unwilling experts.
A knowledge sorting process for a product design expert system
Authors: Chen Chun‐Hsien , Occenã Luis G.
Published: March 2003

Knowledge sorting is one way to organize the knowledge acquired from the domain expert(s) and various sources. Well‐organized knowledge representation will make rule extraction much easier. This paper describes a knowledge sorting process that was developed to facilitate the rule extraction for a product design expert system. The process capitalizes on the relationships between design attributes and factors, dependent and independent variables, and consists of three stages: identification of knowledge sources, generation of taxonomic trees, and organization of acquired knowledge. An example applies the sorting process to the development of an expert system for the design of wood head golf clubs.
A hybrid knowledge‐based system applied to epidemic screening
Authors: Li Lynn Ling X
Published: March 2003

Although many knowledge‐based systems (KBSs) focus on single‐paradigm approaches to encoding knowledge (such as production rules), experts rarely use a single type of knowledge in solving a problem. More often, an expert will apply a number of reasoning mechanisms. In recent years, rule‐based reasoning (RBR), case‐based reasoning (CBR) and model‐based reasoning (MBR) have emerged as important and complementary reasoning methodologies in artificial intelligence. For complex problem solving, it is useful to integrate RBR, CBR and MBR. In this paper, a hybrid KBS which integrates a deductive RBR system, an inductive CBR system and a quantitative MBR system is proposed for epidemic screening. The system has been tested using real data, and results are encouraging.
Fractal encoding of context‐free grammars in connectionist networks
Authors: Tabor Whitney
Published: March 2003

Connectionist network learning of context‐free languages has so far been applied only to very simple cases and has often made use of an external stack. Learning complex context‐free languages with a homogeneous neural mechanism looks like a much harder problem. The current paper takes a step toward solving this problem by analyzing context‐free grammar computation (without addressing learning) in a class of analog computers called dynamical automata, which are naturally implemented in connectionist networks. The result is a widely applicable method of using fractal sets to organize infinite‐state computations in a bounded state space. An appealing consequence is the development of parameter‐space maps, which locate various complex computers in spatial relationships to one another. An example suggests that such a global perspective on the organization of the parameter space may be helpful for solving the hard problem of getting connectionist networks to learn complex grammars from examples.
Internet‐based expert systems
Authors: Grove Ralph
Published: March 2003

The Internet offers a large potential for delivery of various information‐based services, including the services of intelligent applications. As the availability of the Internet has grown, its value as a medium for the delivery of expert systems in particular has increased. There are now a large number of expert systems available on the Internet, including applications in industry, medicine, science and government. Though the Internet provides several advantages for expert system development, it also presents some special problems. These advantages and disadvantages are explored in more detail in this paper. The paper also presents a review of several Internet‐based expert systems with a representative sample of publicly available applications, and a discussion of typical tools for developing Internet‐based expert systems. A case study of an Internet‐based expert system is presented as well.
Selection of knowledge acquisition techniques based upon the problem domain characteristics of production and operations management expert systems
Authors: Wagner William P. , Najdawi Mohammad K. , Chung Q.B.
Published: March 2003

The application of expert systems to various problem domains in business has grown steadily since their introduction. Regardless of the chosen method of development, the most commonly cited problems in developing these systems are the unavailability of both the experts and knowledge engineers and difficulties with the process of acquiring knowledge from domain experts. Within the field of artificial intelligence, this has been called the ‘knowledge acquisition’ problem and has been identified as the greatest bottleneck in the expert system development process. Simply stated, the problem is how to acquire the specific knowledge for a well‐defined problem domain efficiently from one or more experts and represent it in the appropriate computer format. Given the ‘paradox of expertise’, the experts have often proceduralized their knowledge to the point that they have difficulty in explaining exactly what they know and how they know it. However, empirical research in the field of expert systems reveals that certain knowledge acquisition techniques are significantly more efficient than others in helping to extract certain types of knowledge within specific problem domains. In this paper we present a mapping between these empirical studies and a generic taxonomy of expert system problem domains. In so doing, certain knowledge acquisition techniques can be prescribed based on the problem domain characteristics. With the production and operations management (P/OM) field as the pilot area for the current study, we first examine the range of problem domains and suggest a mapping of P/OM tasks to a generic taxonomy of problem domains. We then describe the most prominent knowledge acquisition techniques. Based on the examination of the existing empirical knowledge acquisition research, we present how the empirical work can be used to provide guidance to developers of expert systems in the field of P/OM.
Study of Learning Fuzzy Controllers
Authors: Kazemian Hassan B.
Published: March 2003

This paper compares two types of learning fuzzy controllers, the self‐organizing fuzzy (SOF) controller and the hybrid self‐organizing fuzzy proportional–integral–derivative (SOF‐PID) controller. The SOF is an extension of the rule‐based fuzzy controller, with additional rule creation and rule modification mechanisms. The hybrid SOF‐PID comprises the SOF as a learning supervisory controller readjusting the proportional gain of the PID controller at the actuator section, when the system is on line. The structures of the SOF controller and the hybrid SOF‐PID controller are studied. The performances of the SOF controller and the hybrid SOF‐PID controller are compared by applying them to a two‐link non‐linear revolute‐joint robot arm. For the path tracking experiments, the hybrid SOF‐PID controller followed the required path more closely and smoothly than the SOF controller. The results of the experiments for the SOF controller and the hybrid SOF‐PID controller are also compared with those obtained with a conventional PID controller, using the same values supplied at the setpoint.
The Extraction of Trading Rules From Stock Market Data Using Rough Sets
Authors: Kim Kyoung‐jae , Han Ingoo
Published: March 2003

We propose the rough set approach to the extraction of trading rules for discriminating between bullish and bearish patterns in the stock market. Rough set theory is quite valuable for extracting trading rules because it can be used to discover dependences in data while reducing the effect of superfluous factors in noisy data. In addition, it does not generate a signal to trade when the pattern of the market is uncertain because the selection of reducts and the extraction of rules are controlled by the strength of each reduct and rule. The experimental results are encouraging and show the usefulness of the rough set approach for stock market analysis with respect to profitability.
Adaptive hierarchical tuning of fuzzy controllers
Authors: Mann G.K.I. , Gosine R.G.
Published: March 2003

Fuzzy controller design includes both linear and non‐linear dynamic analysis. The knowledge base parameters associated within the fuzzy rule base influence the non‐linear control dynamics while the linear parameters associated within the fuzzy output signal influence the overall control dynamics. For distinct identification of tuning levels, an equivalent linear controller output and a normalized non‐linear controller output are defined. A linear proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID) controller analogy is used for determining the linear tuning parameters. Non‐linear tuning is derived from the locally defined control properties in the non‐linear fuzzy output. The non‐linearity in the fuzzy output is then represented in a graphical form for achieving the necessary non‐linear tuning. Three different tuning strategies are evaluated. The first strategy uses a genetic algorithm to simultaneously tune both linear and non‐linear parameters. In the second strategy the non‐linear parameters are initially selected on the basis of some desired non‐linear control characteristics and the linear tuning is then performed using a trial and error approach. In the third method the linear tuning is initially performed off‐line using an existing linear PID law and an adaptive non‐linear tuning is then performed online in a hierarchical fashion. The control performance of each design is compared against its corresponding linear PID system. The controllers based on the first two design methods show superior performance when they are implemented on the estimated process system. However, in the presence of process uncertainties and external disturbances these controllers fail to perform any better than linear controllers. In the hierarchical control architecture, the non‐linear fuzzy control method adapts to process uncertainties and disturbances to produce superior performance.
From process experts to a real‐time knowledge‐based system
Authors: Ranjan Anubhav , Glassey Jarka , Montague Gary , Mohan Pankaj
Published: March 2003

This paper describes the development and implementation of a real‐time knowledge‐based system (RTKBS) carried out in collaboration with Eli Lilly in the UK. The RTKBS was developed in order to provide consistent advice to the operators of a large‐scale antibiotic production plant in real time. The ultimate objective was to reduce variability and improve the process yield. A wealth of process information exists in the experience of the process operators, engineers and scientists, and it was capitalized upon in this application. However, this information tends primarily to be qualitative in nature and its elicitation traditionally represents a bottleneck in developing an RTKBS. The paper demonstrates that this type of process knowledge can be effectively and rapidly captured and then coded within an RTKBS. The project was undertaken in two stages. During the knowledge elicitation stage the specific application area was identified in consultation with the industrial partner and qualitative knowledge in the selected area was extracted from experts/operators using KAT™ (a structured technique for knowledge elicitation). Subsequently this knowledge was converted into a rule base and implemented within G2, which then acted as an advisory/decision support system.
A case‐based reasoning approach for building a decision model
Authors: Lee Jae Kwang , Kim Jae Kyeong
Published: March 2003

A methodology based on case‐based reasoning is proposed to build a topological‐level influence diagram. It is then applied to a project proposal review process. The formulation of decision problems requires much time and effort, and the resulting model, such as an influence diagram, is applicable only to one specific problem. However, some prior knowledge from the experience in modeling influence diagrams can be utilized to resolve other similar decision problems. The basic idea of case‐based reasoning is that humans reuse the problem‐solving experience to solve new problems.

In this paper, we suggest case‐based decision class analysis (CB‐DCA), a methodology based on case‐based reasoning, to build an influence diagram. CB‐DCA is composed of a case retrieval procedure and an adaptation procedure. Two measures are suggested for the retrieval procedure, one a fitting ratio and the other a garbage ratio. The adaptation procedure is based on decision‐analytic knowledge and decision participants' domain‐specific knowledge. Our proposed methodology has been applied to an environmental review process in which decision‐makers need decision models to decide whether a project proposal is accepted or not. Experimental results show that our methodology for decision class analysis provides decision‐makers with robust knowledge‐based support.
Some applications of fuzzy logic in rule–based expert systems
Authors: Pham Trung T. , Chen Guanrong
Published: March 2003

Fuzzy logic has been used as a means of interpreting vague, incomplete and even contradictory information into a compromised rule base in artificial intelligence such as machine decision–making. Within this context, fuzzy logic can be applied in the field of expert systems to provide additional flexibilities in constructing a working rule base: different experts’ opinions can be incorporated into the same rule base, and each opinion can be modeled in a rather vague notion of human language. As some illustrative application examples, this paper describes how fuzzy logic can be used in expert systems. More precisely, it demonstrates the following applications: (i) a healthcare diagnostic system, (ii) an autofocus camera lens system and (iii) a financial decision system. For each application, basic rules are described, the calculation method is outlined and numerical simulation is provided. These applications demonstrate the suitability and performance of fuzzy logic in expert systems.
Infrastructure Accounting for Local Authorities: Technical Management and Political Context
Authors: Pallot June
Published: March 2003

Internationally, there has been mounting interest in the subject of accounting for infrastructure assets and their deterioration. In New Zealand, the adoption of full accrual accounting across the public sector from 1989 has meant that local authorities have been grappling for some time with the problem of how best to account for these assets in a manner which is relevant for both managers and elected representatives. This paper reviews methods of accounting for infrastructure in New Zealand local authorities, and explores how infrastructure assets and related expenses might be accounted for in a manner which is consistent with both the New Zealand accounting profession’s conceptual framework and the requirements of democratic decision making over the allocation of resources.
Tracking Resource Use in a Welfare Organization: Needs, Costs and Co‐production
Authors: Llewellyn Sue , Saunders Iain
Published: March 2003

Public sector welfare organizations are situated at the sharp end of resource allocations in society and must cope in an environment where demand frequently far exceeds supply. In consequence, the resource problem of meeting the need for social welfare is never fully resolvable and evaluations of the ways in which scarce resources are used within the public sector are of critical importance for public policy. This paper draws on an empirical study of a welfare service for homeless young people in order to illustrate, first, the cost implications of two different approaches to service delivery (one more superficial – termed ‘people‐processing’; one more in depth – termed, ‘people‐changing’) and, second, how the characteristics of the clients served (in particular, their ability to fully engage with the service termed –‘co‐production’) can have a marked impact on the cost of the services delivered to them.
Public Audit: A Clarification of CIPFA's views – A Reply
Authors: Lovell Alan
Published: March 2003

In this article I reject Martin Evans' accusation that I seriously misrepresented CIPFA when citing CIPFA's submission to the Nolan Committee in my 1996 FAM article. CIPFA's argument regarding auditor independence is presented as a difference between two conceptual models – the private sector and public sector models of audit. I argue that however Evans tries to present CIPFA's position, any concerns relate to differences of practice, not concept. Whilst it is understandable that CIPFA would wish to present these differences as relating to conceptual frameworks, the argument does not stand up to scrutiny.
University Audit Departments in the United States
Authors: Montondon Lucille Guillory , Fischer Mary
Published: March 2003

Internal auditors of public and private universities were asked about their selection processes, supervisors, and activities. At public institutions, the governing board selects the internal auditor, the president supervises the work and more audit findings are implemented. Private institutions have more audit committees that are involved with the internal auditors' activities and their auditors perform more program audits. Thus, although public universities are following professional guidelines more closely, suggesting more accountability, private universities have greater access to audit committees and perform more value‐added audits.
Public Sector Managers Handling Accounting Data: A UK Framework Validated in Spain
Authors: Purdey Derek E. , Gago Susana
Published: March 2003

A group of Spanish researchers wanted to understand how public sector managers were affected by the accounting systems that provide their data and how such managers used the data at a time when Government policy sought to reduce cash expenditures. The group, who interviewed the managers of seven Galician Business Schools, found that the data was not used but further explanations were difficult. It turned to an Original Framework of 8 UK Issues for public sector managers handling data (Purdy, 1993a). This paper takes the Original Framework, discusses its bases, considers areas for research then introduces the concept of a Continuum of learning related to handling data. Successive amendments to the Framework are made until an Extended Framework of 19 Spanish Issues is produced. These Frameworks are discussed with the interview material. The findings show that the Issues were generally well covered by managers and in the direction anticipated by the Extended Framework indicating some relevance to this Framework. The independently collected material had a close correspondence with the Original Framework and was sufficient for that Framework to become a general research instrument for examining the handling of data by its recipients.
Exploring Accounting and Democratic Governance: A Study Comparing a Norwegian and a Russian County
Authors: Bourmistrov Anatoli , Mellemvik Frode
Published: March 2003

Interpretations and explanations of experience that make consequences interpretable and actions imaginable are said to be given by accounts. Formal accounting systems used in economic, social and political institutions are seen as portraying their political realities. The purpose of this study is to explore connections and tensions between the realities portrayed in the accounting systems and the governance structures of local governments in two counties, one in Norway and one in Russia. The formal accounting and governmental systems of these two counties are described, analyzed and compared using accounting and democratic governance perspectives. The article ends with a discussion of interrelationships and tensions between accounting and democratic governance. Through comparing the democratic governing structures of these two counties with the accounting systems employed, three main conclusions are presented. Firstly, it is shown that principal–agent relations influence accounting procedures that symbolize democratic governance. Secondly, the accounting language applied does not portray local politicians. Thirdly, accounting norms do not reflect democracy and democratic governance. In summary, the study shows that even very formalized accounting offers flexibility by way of giving meaning to processes and structures in organizations characterized by strictly formalized structures.
Debt Schedules of Tax‐Exempt Bonds Using NIC
Authors: Stanhouse Bryan , Stock Duane
Published: March 2003

Municipal bonds are a large proportion of the total number of securities offered every year. The volume outstanding is more than that of all federal agency debt. It is important that the issuance procedure be as cost efficient as possible. This research develops a model to minimize the net interest cost of a municipal bond issue. Net interest cost remains a highly popular award criteria. The model incorporates the level and shape of the yield curve, the schedule of revenue to be received, and the segmented nature of the municipal market.
How Theories of Financial Intermediation and Corporate Risk‐Management Influence Bank Risk‐Taking Behavior
Authors: Pagano Michael S.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the rationales for risk‐taking and risk‐management behavior from both a corporate finance and a banking perspective. After combining the theoretical insights from the corporate finance and banking literatures related to hedging and risk‐taking, the paper reviews empirical tests based on these theories to determine which of these theories are best supported by the data. Managerial incentives are the most consistently supported rationale for describing how banks manage risk. In particular, moderate/high levels of equity ownership reduce bank risk while positive amounts of stock option grants increase bank risk‐taking behavior. The review of empirical tests in the banking literature also suggests that financial intermediaries coordinate different aspects of risk (e.g., credit and interest rate risk) in order to maintain a certain level of total risk. The empirical results indicate hedgeable risks such as interest rate risk represent only one dimension of the risk‐management problem. This implies empirical tests of the theories of corporate risk‐management need to consider individual sub‐components of total risk and the bank’s ability to trade these risks in a competitive financial market. This finding is consistent with the reality that banks have non‐zero expected financial distress costs and bank managers cannot fully diversify their bank‐related personal investments.
Nostalgia for ‘innocent homely pleasures’: The 1964 New Zealand Controversy over Washday at the Pa
Authors: Brookes Barbara
Published: March 2003

In 1964, the New Zealand Department of Education withdrew and destroyed 38,000 copies of Washday at the Pa, a booklet depicting Maori family life, at the request of the Maori Women’s Welfare League. This essay explores the raced and gendered context of the ensuing uproar in the press, which debated aspects of New Zealand identity. It situates the Washday controversy in the context of post‐war housing and differential standards of living experienced by Maori and pakeha. It argues that the League upheld claims to both modernity and tradition, while many pakeha used the occasion to express nostalgia for mother–centred domesticity.
Women and Law in Colonial India: A Social History
Authors: Basu Srimati
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Women and Law in Colonial India: A Social History, by Srimati Basu.
The State of the Union: Sexuality in American History
Authors: Pearsall Sarah M. S.
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Merril D. Smith (ed.), Sex and Sexuality in Early America

Beryl Satter, Each Mind a Kingdom: American Women, Sexual Purity, and the New Thought Movement, 1875–1920

Sharon R. Ullman, Sex Seen: The Emergence of Modern Sexuality in America

M. E. Melody and Linda M. Peterson, Teaching America about Sex: Marriage Guides and Sex Manuals from the Late Victorians to Dr Ruth
‘De–Humanised Females and Amazonians’: British Wartime Fashion and its Representation in Home Chat, 1914–1918
Authors: Buckley Cheryl
Published: March 2003

Popular representations of the fashionably dressed female body between 1914 and 1918 were highly contradictory and, as this essay will show, were sharply delineated in Home Chat, one of a growing number of relatively new women’s magazines which addressed the needs of an expanding skilled working–class and lower–middle–class female readership. Aiming to provide women with practical advice about all aspects of their daily lives, from the traditional concerns of fashion and beauty, marriage and children, to the more contentious issue of women’s aspirations beyond the home, Home Chat was uniquely placed to reflect shifting gender and class relations.
Gender, Equality and the Culture of Organizational Assessment
Authors: Rubin Jennifer
Published: March 2003

In spite of years of equal opportunities legislation and guidelines, a marked gender imbalance at the apex of organizational career structures persists (Carrier 1995). The predominant liberal model of equal opportunities (EO) seeks to alleviate sex‐discrimination through advocating gender‐neutral or ‘same’ treatment (Meehan and Sevenhuisjen 1991; Gatens 1991; Bock and James 1992). However, the present study suggests that ostensibly gender‐neutral organizational practices may exclude characteristics, values and concerns more typically associated with women. This paper draws on a study of gender in selection to corporate management and raises questions about whether and how characteristics, values, goals and concerns which have been perceived as ‘female’ or ‘feminine’ may be excluded from ostensibly gender‐neutral equality practices. Findings suggest that EO theory and practice need to move beyond limited either/or debates around ‘equality’ and ‘difference’. In order to do so, it may also be necessary to challenge dichotomous thinking about gender which currently informs much of that debate. In order to facilitate the development and progress of women in organizations it is not enough for EO initiatives to treat gender as a category of difference that can be overcome through superficial changes, for example in interview procedures, which merely seek to exclude issues perceived as gendered. Instead, a longer agenda for equality must move beyond the debate about women’s ‘sameness’ or ‘difference’ from men to include a deeper understanding of the gendered nature of organizational positions, structures and practices.
Equal Opportunity versus Elitism? Culture Change in a New ‘Old University’
Authors: Duke Chris
Published: March 2003

This paper examines aspects of the experience of a male University Pro‐Vice‐Chancellor with responsibilities for equal opportunity (EO). It reflects upon attitudes within the university and efforts at equalizing opportunity; on some practical obstacles; and on some devices used to promote EO.

This responsibility is anchored and explained in the context of an interest in organization development, organization culture, and the management of innovation. The paper considers EO but also scans other attempts to achieve cultural change in support of other policy aspirations: strengthening a ‘research culture’, creating a ‘teaching culture’, fostering staff development, access and community service. It considers how far change has been internally or externally driven and has been intrinsic or extrinsic, rational, persuasive or coercive, principled or pragmatic, interested or disinterested, and with what success it has been promoted by formal and informal means. The university’s membership of Opportunity 2000 is located within this analysis.

An attempt is made to illuminate what has worked and why, taking account of the resilience with which change can be subverted; informal as well as formal modes of working; and the extent to which working with the grain may be effective. The paper combines practical experience of promoting EO with reflection upon the experience.
Participatory Design in Women’s Organizations: The Social World of Organizational Structure and the Gendered Nature of Expertise
Authors: Balka Ellen
Published: March 2003

Participatory design is an approach to designing technological systems that differs from traditional approaches to design in many respects. The goal of participatory design is to encourage users of technological systems to actively participate in the process of designing technological systems. The end goal of participatory design is to enable users of technological systems to articulate their needs, and to develop technological systems that account for those needs.

In this paper I attempt to extend the analysis of gender as a factor in participatory design initiative by focusing on the challenges of implementing participatory design in the context of non‐profit women’s organizations. The context for my discussion is set by outlining a recent initiative to design a nationwide feminist computer network in Canada. Scholarship on participatory design, feminist organizing and the implementation of computer systems in non‐profit organizations is discussed in relation to original research carried out in the Canadian province of Newfoundland. Organizational structures that differentiate feminist non‐profit organizations from other organizational forms and the gendered nature of expertise are identified as particular challenges that must be addressed in order for participatory design to be successful when women’s groups are the participatory designers.
Correlates of Voluntary vs. Involuntary Part‐time Employment among US Women
Authors: Caputo Richard K. , Cianni Mary
Published: March 2003

This article presents a study of the extent to which type and duration of labour force attachment add to the explanatory power of psychological, demographic, and family household characteristics to predict voluntary (n=166) vs. involuntary part‐time (n=160) employment of women in the United States. We use the terms ‘voluntary’ and ‘involuntary’ to reflect the woman's choice in accepting to work in paid part‐time employment. In this context, voluntary part‐time work is not meant to be construed as charitable, non‐paid activities, but rather is construed as individuals who are working part‐time but who would prefer to be working full‐time, if a suitable job were available. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Labor Market Experience (NLSLME), we found that labour market attachment characteristics added little to predict part‐time employment status (involuntary vs. voluntary) and had virtually no effect on the odds of any other correlates on employment status. The major exception was number of years of unemployment. The longer working women were previously unemployed, the greater the likelihood they were involuntarily employed in part‐time jobs. In addition, we found that marriage and private sector employment decreased the likelihood of involuntary part‐time employment.

Findings suggest that involuntarily part‐time employed women appear to be ‘settling’ for what they can get, namely, part‐time rather than full‐time jobs and that unmarried part‐timers may be viewed as a stigmatized or marginal group more likely to be employed in the public rather than private sector. Policy implications and future research are discussed.
The Equality Deficit: Protection against Discrimination on the Grounds of Sexual Orientation in Employment
Authors: Busby Nicole , Middlemiss Sam
Published: March 2003

The provisions of UK law offer no specific protection to gay men and lesbians suffering discrimination in the workplace on the grounds of sexual orientation. Such discrimination may take many forms and can result in ‘fair’ dismissal in certain circumstances. This article considers the degree of legal protection available under current provisions and investigates possible sources for the development of specific anti‐discrimination legislation. It is concluded that, despite the application of certain aspects of employment law, the level of protection afforded to this group of workers amounts to an equality deficit in comparison to the legal redress available to those discriminated against on other grounds. Although the development of human rights legislation may have some application in this context, the combination of institutionalized discrimination and wider public policy concerns suggest that the introduction of specific legislation aimed at eliminating such discrimination in the United Kingdom is still some way off.
Does the P* Model Provide Any Rationale for Monetary Targeting?
Authors: Svensson Lars E. O.
Published: March 2003

The so-called P* model is frequently used or referred to in discussions of monetary targeting. This gives the impression that the P* model might provide some rationale for monetary targeting or for the monetary reference value used by the Eurosystem. The P* model implies that inflation is determined by the level of and changes in the `real money gap' (the deviation of current real balances from their long-run equilibrium level), and hence that the real money gap is an important indicator for future inflation. Nevertheless, the P* model does not seem to provide any rationale for either a Bundesbank-style money-growth target or a Eurosystemstyle money-growth indicator.
Country Legal Environments and Corporate Investment Performance
Authors: Mueller Dennis C. , Yurtoglu B. Burcin
Published: March 2003

In recent years considerable attention has been devoted to differences across countries in the institutional environments in which corporations operate, and the consequences of these institutional differences for corporate performance. In this paper we test for the presence of differences in corporate performance across 38 countries, and in particular whether these differences are related to the types of legal systems existing in each country. To measure corporate performance we estimate returns on investment relative to company costs of capital in each country. We find significant differences in the investment performance of corporations across our sample of countries. Companies in countries with English-origin, common law legal systems perform significantly better on average than do those in civil law systems.
Better LATE? Instrumental Variables Estimation of the Returns to Job Mobility during Transition
Authors: Siebern Frank
Published: March 2003

Recent theoretical contributions to the problem of job mobility decisions during the transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy suggest that individuals self-select into specific forms of job mobility behaviour on the basis of their unobservable characteristics. In this case, standard results from both simple treatment-control comparisons of average income and from OLS regressions of reduced-form earnings equations do generally not identify any causal effect of job mobility on income. This paper addresses the endogeneity problem related to job mobility in a quasi-experimental framework and estimates the returns to (early) job mobility in the Eastern German transition process for the period 1990-96. Identification is based on instrumental variables estimation. Two instruments are suggested that account for some of the variation in the job mobility behaviour throughout transition. They allow further for a natural distinction between forced and voluntary movers on the basis of the local average treatment effect (LATE) interpretation of IV estimates. Estimation results contrast strongly with results from both simple treatment-control comparisons and simple OLS estimation. They suggest negative returns to forced job mobility as opposed to positive returns to voluntary job mobility early in transition, thus stressing the existence of heterogeneous returns to job mobility.
Exchange Agreements Facilitate Collusion
Authors: Normann Hans-Theo
Published: March 2003

A duopoly model with quantity competition is analyzed in which firms collude in two markets. There is specialization in production in order to promote efficiency. Firms may then either exclusively market one good each, or they may agree to exchange goods and cross-supply a part of the production to the other firm. It is shown that, compared to specialization in marketing, positive exchanges of goods relax the incentive constraints that limit the extent of collusion.
The Dynamics of a Simple Relative Adjustment Cost Framework
Authors: Feichtinger Gustav , Kort Peter M. , Hartl Richard F. , Wirl Franz
Published: March 2003

This paper considers a capital accumulation model with the specific feature that adjustment costs depend on investment relative to the size of the capital stock. This framework has, beyond its plausible yet neglected setting, a number of interesting consequences. In particular, the possibility of multiple equilibria, of an unstable steady state and thus of a (`history dependent') threshold associated with concavity is surprising given a voluminous literature on multiple, history-dependent equilibria emphasizing non-concavities (or convexities).
Non-linear Error Correction and the Efficient Market Hypothesis: The Case of German Dual-Class Shares
Authors: Breitung Jörg , Wulff Christian
Published: March 2003

The efficient market hypothesis implies that (risk-adjusted) asset prices cannot be cointegrated. On the other hand, arbitrage processes prevent prices of fundamentally related assets from drifting too far away. An attractive model that reconciles these two conflicting facts is the non-linear error correction mechanism (ECM). Such a process tolerates small deviations from the long-run relationship. For more substantial deviations, an effective adjustment process pushes the diverging prices towards their fundamental relationship. In this paper parametric and non-parametric techniques are employed to investigate the ECM between prices of voting and non-voting stocks. Despite its intuitive appeal, we find little evidence for a non-linear relationship between German dual-class shares. Only in four out of 12 cases does the threshold ECM yield a substantial improvement of fit. In other cases, the evidence for non-linearity is rather weak and the threshold ECM fails to outperform the linear model.
Missgunst am ‘Musensitz’: Ein reisender Engländer bei Goethe und Schiller
Authors: Guthke Karl S.
Published: March 2003

In der Kultur des klassischen Weimar ist der ‘reisende Engländer’ so etwas wie eine Institution. Hier wird auf Grund des wiedergefundenen Tagebuchs von George Butler, dem späteren Leiter der Harrow School, über dessen Gespräche 1798 und 1801 mit Goethe und Schiller berichtet. Soweit die Äußerungen bekannt waren, werden sie wesentlich ergänzt und berichtigt.
Prescribing for the New Germany: The Journal Frankfurter Hefte in its First Year of Publication (1946)
Authors: Bushell Anthony
Published: March 2003

The article examines the contribution by one of the most distinguished and enduring journals to appear in the immediate postwar period to the creation of a new Germany and a new German consciousness following the defeat of National Socialism. The journal’s Catholic stance, including its passionate advocacy on behalf of a federal, decentralised Germany within a united Europe, is placed in its larger historical and cultural context. With detailed reference to the first year of publication, the article attempts to establish the initial concerns of the journal’s editors in an occupied country and to give an assessment of their contribution to the re‐emergence of German political, intellectual, and cultural life after 1945.
‘The Mysteries of Rudolfo’— Rudolf Kommer from Czernowitz —‘That Spherical, Remorselessly Shaved, Enigmatic “Dearest Friend”;’— A Puller of Strings on the Exile Scene
Authors: Vietor‐Engländer Deborah
Published: March 2003

The name of Rudolf K. Kommer from Czernowitz (1885–1943), one of the most mysterious figures on the exile scene, occurs continually in memoirs and autobiographies throughout the thirties and early forties, and a Novelle and a novel were written about him. This article tries to investigate the role he played, particularly for Max Reinhardt in the United States, whether he was in fact a Nazi double agent or not, and to examine one specific case of help given by him to an exile, namely Alfred Kerr. Kommer inspired a young American playwright to write a play about the conflict between Kerr and Hauptmann, which was performed in New York as early as 1934. The Kerr–Kommer letters document the nature of a completely selfless relationship on Kommer’s part.
Narrative Structure and the Search for the Self in Brigitte Reimann’s Franziska Linkerhand
Authors: Jones Helen L.
Published: March 2003

Central to the paper is a detailed analysis of the formal structure of Franziska Linkerhand, with the focus placed predominantly on the roles of voices in the novel: from whose perspective are events in the novel narrated? Who is given the authority to speak in the text? And who corrects whose voices? By creating narrative layers in the first and the third person the author has produced a differentiated account of GDR reality and in doing so questions the dictates of socialist realism which demanded a ‘typical’ plot narrated with authorial distance from exemplary characters. Christa Wolf’s poetics of subjective authenticity, and changes in the perception of the reader in the GDR, have clearly influenced the writing of the novel. Furthermore, self‐reflexive elements of the text are shown to expose the impossibility of a personal history being anything other than constructed, although the belief that literature can mirror life is not rejected.

Protest gegen die Fabel, die Romankonstruktion, die mir zu kristallen, zu rein erscheint, zu künstlich, zu klar.
Heinrich Von Kleist’s Report On Heligoland
Authors: Hibberd John
Published: March 2003

A principal interest of Heinrich von Kleist’s ‘Geographische Nachricht von der Insel Helgoland’, published in his Berliner Abendblätter of 4 December 1810, lies in its unstated relevance to the dilemma of Prussia as Napoleon intensified his economic war with Britain to the distress of his vassals and allies. Under conditions of censorship Kleist relays data on Heligoland which he claims are authenticated, but are selective, not entirely accurate, and include a mathematical error. They form the material of a rhetoric which hints that an extraordinary situation (the flourishing trade on Heligoland now countered by French measures against the smuggling of British produce into Europe) demands an extraordinary response. Despite an affirmative allusion to liberal economic theory, Kleist avoids taking sides in the argument between reformers and conservatives in Prussia. He seems to imply that their disagreements are of minor significance or a distraction when the external threat to fundamental natural liberties could trigger a radical spiritual renewal.
‘Herr und Frau X. Beliebig’? Zur Funktion der Vornamensinitiale bei Thomas Mann
Authors: Elsaghe Yahya A.
Published: March 2003

Unter den vielen Spott‐ und sprechenden Namen in Thomas Manns Werken bilden die Abkürzungen des Vor‐ bei ausgeschriebenem Nachnamen eine kultur‐geschichtlich besonders aufschlußreiche Sondergruppe, deren Bedeutung und Funktion sich dadurch bestimmen läßt, daß man solche scheinbar schweigenden Namen in den namensrechtlichen Debatten und der vöischen Propaganda des ausgehenden neunzehnten und des frühen zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts rekontextua‐lisiert. Abgekürzte Vornamen, wie sie zum Beispiel in den Buddenbrooks oder in Gladius Dei erscheinen, denunzieren den jüischen Assimilisationswillen, aus dem heraus entsprechende Namensschreibungen auf die antisemitisch motivierte Erschwerung der Namensflucht in praxi reagierten. Die sich darin manifestie‐rende Obsession mit typisch jüischen Namen, auf die Thomas Mann noch und gerade bei deren Abkürzung zälen konnte, reflektiert letztlich die Aporie, in welche der diskriminatorische Diskurs beim Üergang vom kulturellen zum ras‐senbiologischen Antisemitismus geriet.