bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved nutritional outcomes with neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) in premature infants: a single tertiary neonatal unit’s experience
Authors: Benn Kerri , De Rooy Laura , Cornuaud Peter , Kulkarni Anay , Shetty Sandeep
Published: February 2022

During neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA)/non-invasive (NIV) NAVA, a modified nasogastric feeding tube with electrodes, monitors the electrical activity of the diaphragm (Edi). The Edi waveform determines the delivered pressure from the ventilator. Infant breathing is in synchrony with the ventilator and therefore is more comfortable with less work of breathing. Our aim was to determine if infants on NAVA had improved nutritional outcomes compared to infants managed on conventional respiratory support. A retrospective study was undertaken. Infants on NAVA were matched with two conventionally ventilated controls by gestational age, birth weight, sex, antenatal steroid exposure, and whether inborn or transferred ex utero. NAVA/NIV-NAVA was delivered by the SERVO-n® Maquet Getinge group ventilator. Conventional ventilation included pressure and volume control ventilation, and non-invasive ventilation included nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation, triggered biphasic positive airway pressure, continuous positive airway pressure and heated humidified high flow oxygen. The measured outcome was discharge weight z scores. Eighteen “NAVA” infants with median gestational age (GA) of 25.3 (23.6–27.1) weeks and birth weight (BW) of 765 (580–1060) grams were compared with 36 controls with GA 25.2 (23.4–28) weeks (p = 0.727) and BW 743 (560–1050) grams (p = 0.727). There was no significant difference in the rates of postnatal steroids (61% versus 36% p = 0.093), necrotising enterocolitis (22% versus 11% p = 0.279) in the NAVA/NIV NAVA compared to the control group. There were slightly more infants who were breastfed at discharge in the NAVA/NIV NAVA group compared to controls: breast feeds (77.8% versus 58.3%), formula feeds (11.1% versus 30.6%), and mixed feeds (11.1% versus 11.1%), but this difference was not significant (p = 0.275). There was no significant difference in the birth z scores 0.235 (−1.56 to 1.71) versus −0.05 (−1.51 to −1.02) (p = 0.248) between the groups. However, the discharge z score was significantly in favour of the NAVA/NIV-NAVA group: −1.22 (−2.66 to −0.12) versus −2.17 (−3.79 to −0.24) in the control group (p = 0.033).

Conclusion: The combination of NAVA/NIV-NAVA compared to conventional invasive and non-invasive modes may contribute to improved nutritional outcomes in premature infants.

What is known about this topic:• Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) ventilation enables synchronisation of both the start and end of an inflation breath and allows the neonate to initiate their own breath and regulate.

What this study adds: • NAVA when offered to extremely premature infants may have additional benefit of improved nutritional outcomes.
A survey on Apicomplexa protozoa in sheep slaughtered for human consumption
Authors: Dessì Giorgia , Tamponi Claudia , Pasini Cinzia , Porcu Francesca , Meloni Luisa , Cavallo Lia , Sini Maria Francesca , Knoll Stephane , Scala Antonio , Varcasia Antonio
Published: February 2022

Infections with the Apicomplexa Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum, and Sarcocystis spp. are common causes of reproductive disorders in sheep. However, few epidemiological studies regarding co-infections with these three protozoa are reported in sheep in Italy. For this reason, this study aims to evaluate possible co-infections with T. gondii, N. caninum, and Sarcocystis spp. in sheep slaughtered for human consumption. From April to July 2019, individual blood, brain, heart, and diaphragm samples were collected from 138 sheep after slaughtering. The presence of IgG anti-Toxoplasma in serum samples was evaluated through ELISA. DNA of the three protozoa was investigated using specific PCRs. Co-infection with T. gondii, N. caninum and Sarcocystis spp. was found in 66.7% of the examined sheep. Antibodies against T. gondii were found in the 36.2% of serum samples. The presence of T. gondii DNA was detected in the 67.4%, 77.5%, and 21.7% of the brain, heart, and diaphragm samples, respectively. Neospora caninum DNA was found in 72.5% of the examined brain samples. Sarcocystis spp. DNA was detected in 92% and 52.2% of the heart and diaphragm samples, respectively. Sequence analysis of the Sarcocystis spp. revealed the sole presence of Sarcocystis tenella. The present study demonstrates that sheep have a high risk of infection with the three Apicomplexa investigated, suggesting the need to adopt adequate measures to prevent the spread of these parasitic infections considering their clinical and economic impact on ovine production. Furthermore, the possible role sheep play in the zoonotic transmission of toxoplasmosis to humans was highlighted.
Impact of Stress-Induced Rock Damage on Elastic Symmetry: From Transverse Isotropy to Orthotropy
Authors: Olsen-Kettle Louise , Dautriat Jeremie , Sarout Joel
Published: February 2022

In this article we explore the change in elastic symmetry and anisotropy of two geological materials with stress-induced damage. Two independent uniaxial deformation experiments on two layered and natural geomaterials, a shale and a sandstone, support this analysis. Both samples were loaded along their bedding planes at a constant strain rate up to mechanical failure. During deformation, an array of ultrasonic P- and S-wave transducers were employed to monitor the evolution of the ultrasonic velocities up to and beyond sample failure. We report here the impact on elastic symmetry and anisotropy of a uniaxial load applied parallel to the bedding plane of the transversely isotropic shale and sandstone samples. Based on symmetry considerations we analyse whether this load and the resulting stress-induced damage preserve the original transverse isotropy of the rock prior to loading, or lead to orthotropy (orthorhombic symmetry). Our results show that the two transverse isotropic samples retained their transverse isotropy in the initial stages of loading/damage. However for the more anisotropic shale sample the main failure mode was splitting of the bedding planes. In contrast the sandstone sample failed along a shear plane inclined to the bedding plane. In addition, the experimental data are further analysed using continuum damage mechanics to identify the evolution of the general fourth order anisotropic damage tensor during loading. We found that the highest damage variable of the damage tensor was $$D_{11}$$

D
11

for the shale and $$D_{55}$$

D
55

for the sandstone sample. The next highest damage variables for the shale sample were related to the bedding plane ($$x_2$$

x
2

–$$x_3$$

x
3

plane) symmetry: $$D_{23}, D_{32}, D_{44}$$

D
23

,

D
32

,

D
44

. However the damage variables obtained for the less anisotropic and more brittle sandstone sample were harder to interpret due to the mixed mode of fracturing present.
Scale-sensitive governance in forest and landscape restoration: a systematic review
Authors: Wiegant Daniel , van Oel Pieter , Dewulf Art
Published: February 2022

Building on different bodies of the governance literature, we propose a conceptual framework specifying nine scale-sensitive governance arrangements that aim to (1) create cross-scale fit between the governance and ecological scales, and/or (2) foster cross-level alignment between different governance levels. To understand how scale-sensitive governance has played out in practice, our systematic review builds on 84 peer-reviewed empirical journal articles, which represent 84 cases of forest and landscape restoration governance. In the case studies, we identified eight out of nine scale-sensitive governance arrangements: moving tasks to other governance levels; task-specific organisations; polycentric governance; multilevel coordination; multilevel collaboration; multilevel learning; bridging organisations; and multilevel networks. These arrangements constitute important elements of the multilevel environmental governance landscape, and we analysed their role in promoting forest and landscape restoration. By using the proposed conceptual framework, a better understanding is created of how different scale-sensitive governance arrangements can support existing and future restoration efforts that are implemented as part of the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration.
AI-powered model repair: an experience report—lessons learned, challenges, and opportunities
Authors: Barriga Angela , Rutle Adrian , Heldal Rogardt
Published: February 2022

Artificial intelligence has already proven to be a powerful tool to automate and improve how we deal with software development processes. The application of artificial intelligence to model-driven engineering projects is becoming more and more popular; however, within the model repair field, the use of this technique remains mostly an open challenge. In this paper, we explore some existing approaches in the field of AI-powered model repair. From the existing approaches in this field, we identify a series of challenges which the community needs to overcome. In addition, we present a number of research opportunities by taking inspiration from other fields which have successfully used artificial intelligence, such as code repair. Moreover, we discuss the connection between the existing approaches and the opportunities with the identified challenges. Finally, we present the outcomes of our experience of applying artificial intelligence to model repair.
The native and exotic prey community of two invasive paper wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) in New Zealand as determined by DNA barcoding
Authors: Howse Matthew W. F. , McGruddy Rose A. , Felden Antoine , Baty James W. , Haywood John , Lester Philip J.
Published: February 2022

Social wasps are invasive in many regions around the world. In their new communities, introduced predators such as these wasps may be beneficial as consumers of exotic pests, but they will also consume native species. Here, we examined the diet of the exotic European paper wasp (Polistes dominula) and the closely related congener, Polistes chinensis, in a region of New Zealand where they co-occur. DNA barcoding was used to analyse their diet. The diet of both wasp species was largely Lepidopteran but other orders such as Hemiptera, Diptera and Coleoptera were also represented. Our analysis showed substantial site-to-site variation in diet. The two wasps differed significantly in their prey, although these differences appear to be driven by taxa identified from a small number of DNA reads in a small number of samples. Native and introduced fauna were represented in the diets of both wasps and included important agricultural pests. Of the 92 prey taxa able to be identified to species level, 81 were identified as exotic or introduced to New Zealand. The remaining 11 were species native to New Zealand. However, our estimates suggest over 50% of the prey DNA in the wasp diet is derived from native species. These wasps are abundant in some coastal and urban habitats, where they are likely to consume pest species as well as native species of conservation importance. The ecosystem services or costs and benefits provided by these invasive species are likely to be contingent on the prey communities and habitats they occupy.
Coping Strategies and Psychological Maladjustment/Adjustment: A Meta-Analytic Approach with Children and Adolescents Exposed to Natural Disasters
Authors: Raccanello Daniela , Rocca Emmanuela , Barnaba Veronica , Vicentini Giada , Hall Rob , Brondino Margherita
Published: February 2022

Background

Following disasters, children and adolescents can use coping strategies to feel better. A growing body of studies investigated the relation between them and maladjustment/adjustment, i.e., negative symptomatology/positive indicators of development. Yet, these constructs are studied separately.

Objective

We conducted two meta-analyses to examine the mean correlation between disaster-related coping strategies and indicators of maladjustment/adjustment following natural disasters in children and adolescents, considering the role of some moderators.

Methods

We used PsycINFO, PubMed, Eric, and Scopus databases to identify articles on natural disasters (filters: participants ≤ 18 years at the disaster, peer-review, English language). Inclusion required investigating the relation between at least one coping strategy and at least one indicator of maladjustment (e.g., post-traumatic stress disorder, depression) and/or adjustment (e.g., self-efficacy, emotion understanding), for a total of 26 studies (k = 64,n = 9692, for maladjustment;k = 37,n = 3504, for adjustment).

Results

There were global positive significant correlations between coping strategies and negative symptomatology (rpooled = .23) for maladjustment, and positive indicators (rpooled = .17) for adjustment. Negative symptomatology positively correlated with escape (r = .19), social isolation (r = .15), submission (r = .64), and opposition (r = .16); positive indicators positively correlated with problem solving (r = .31), social support (r = .22), and submission (r = .30). We found a moderating role of age, disaster type, and continent for maladjustment.

Conclusions

The study presented an analysis of the coping strategies that can be effective for children and adolescents dealing with natural disasters.
Correct approximation of IEEE 754 floating-point arithmetic for program verification
Authors: Bagnara Roberto , Bagnara Abramo , Biselli Fabio , Chiari Michele , Gori Roberta
Published: February 2022

Verification of programs using floating-point arithmetic is challenging on several accounts. One of the difficulties of reasoning about such programs is due to the peculiarities of floating-point arithmetic: rounding errors, infinities, non-numeric objects (NaNs), signed zeroes, denormal numbers, different rounding modes, etc. One possibility to reason about floating-point arithmetic is to model a program computation path by means of a set of ternary constraints of the form "Image missing"and use constraint propagation techniques to infer new information on the variables’ possible values. In this setting, we define and prove the correctness of algorithms to precisely bound the value of one of the variables x, y or z, starting from the bounds known for the other two. We do this for each of the operations and for each rounding mode defined by the IEEE 754 binary floating-point standard, even in the case the rounding mode in effect is only partially known. This is the first time that such so-called filtering algorithms are defined and their correctness is formally proved. This is an important slab for paving the way to formal verification of programs that use floating-point arithmetics.
Unveiling redox mechanism at the iron centers in the mechanochemically activated conversion of CO2 in the presence of olivine
Authors: Farina Valeria , Simula Maria Domenica , Taras Alessandro , Cappai Luca , Sougrati Moulay Tahar , Mulas Gabriele , Garroni Sebastiano , Enzo Stefano , Stievano Lorenzo
Published: February 2022

The transformation of olivine during the conversion of CO2to light hydrocarbons activated by mechanochemical treatments at different impact frequencies was studied by a combination of several complementary characterization methods including X-ray diffraction, Raman and57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy. Several olivine samples were studied as a function of the milling time, indicating the gradual transformation of FeII-containing olivine into new FeIII-containing weathering products including iron oxides, magnesium iron carbonates and silicates. The results presented here complement those of a previous study on the weathering process of olivine promoted by mechanochemical activation, by demonstrating the role of the redox activity of the iron species during the activation process. These additional spectroscopic results allow us to thoroughly understand the complex weathering mechanism and to correlate it with the efficiency of the CO2conversion and storage properties of mechanochemically activated olivine.
Seismotectonic analysis of the Anker area, Kunene region north-western Namibia
Authors: Sitali M. , Manzunzu B. , Midzi V. , Shipena S. , Lushetile B.
Published: February 2022

Recently, a swarm of seismic events occurred within the Kunene region (NW of Namibia) with magnitude values going up to ML 4.6. Some of the events alarmed the Anker community and have become of national interest. In order to understand the source of this seismic activity, the Geological Survey of Namibia (GSN) and the Council for Geoscience (CGS) of South Africa installed a temporary network of 10 seismic stations in the Anker area to monitor seismicity for a period of 3 months from 20 June to 24 September 2018. More than 1600 microseismic events were recorded and located within the boundaries of the array, which was roughly 50 km × 50 km. The stations were installed in a 50 km × 50 km radius to have an accurate overlap of the network coverage and also by the spatial distribution of the known seismicity in the study area. The magnitude of the events ranged from ML − 1.1 to 3.6 and occurred at depths of less than 20 km. To improve the location of earthquakes, a new velocity model was developed using high-quality seismic dataset recorded by the temporary network. The seismic data was used to determine a minimum 1-D velocity model, which was used for the relocation of the earthquakes using the double difference method. The relocated solutions provided information to explain the seismotectonics of the region and establish the source of the current seismic swarm. Lineaments were mapped using magnetic data to identify the sources of the seismicity. Focal mechanism analysis of some of the events indicates the area is highly faulted with predominantly normal faulting.
Upgrade of recommended nuclear cross section data base for production of therapeutic radionuclides
Authors: Tárkányi F. , Hermanne A. , Ignatyuk A. V. , Takács S. , Capote R.
Published: February 2022

The IAEA Nuclear Data Section has coordinated several actions to setup and improve a database for recommended cross sections and nuclear decay data for various charged-particle reactions that can be used for medical radionuclide production. Some of the earlier evaluations did not provide uncertainties for the recommended cross sections. Updated evaluations with uncertainty quantification for 25 reactions relevant for production of 67Cu, 103Pd, 102mgRh, 114mIn, 125I, 169Yb, 177gLu, 186Re, 192Ir and 210,211At therapeutic radioisotopes are presented. Recommended cross-section data and their uncertainties for production of therapeutic radionuclides are available on the Web page of the IAEA Nuclear Data Section at https://nds.iaea.org/radionuclides and also at the IAEA medical portal ﻿https://nds.iaea.org/medportal.
Naturally occurring glucosinolates and isothiocyanates as a weapon against chronic pain: potentials and limits
Authors: Lucarini Elena , Micheli Laura , Di Cesare Mannelli Lorenzo , Ghelardini Carla
Published: February 2022

Investigation into glucosinolates (GLs) therapeutic effects boasts a long history, which began with the evidence that their hydrolysis-derived isothiocyanates (ITCs) could exert cytoprotective effects through the modulation of both the inflammatory response (NF-kB pathway) and the oxidative stress (Nrf2/ARE pathway), two processes largely involved in the pathogenesis of chronic pain syndromes. GLs and ITCs are also able to modulate the activity and the expression of several targets involved in pain regulation, like opioid receptors. Recently, ITCs turned out to be slow-H2S donors in vivo, able to directly modulate the activity of a subtype of KV7 potassium channels involved in the transmission of painful stimuli, providing a further incentive to their employment in pain management. Nevertheless, some controversies exist in the use of ITCs for pain relief considering their ability to positively modulate the activity of TRPA1 receptors. This review focuses on the preclinical and clinical evidence attesting the beneficial effects of GLs and their derivatives ITCs in chronic inflammatory and neuropathic conditions. In this context, the mechanisms underlying the ability of GLs and ITCs to modulate pain perception and, besides, to prevent the establishment of chronic pain will be described along with their pharmacokinetics and toxicological profile. Finally, other possible mechanisms hidden behind GLs efficacy on pain will be discussed.
Wavefunction realism does not ‘privilege position’
Authors: Schroeren David
Published: February 2022

It is common ground among proponents and detractors of wavefunction realism that the view ‘privileges position’, in the sense that it arbitrarily singles out one among a continuum infinity of wavefunction representations as characterizing the fundamental field: the position representation. This paper shows that, properly understood, wavefunction realism does not involve such an arbitrary choice. First, I argue that, though each wavefunction representation gives rise to a different version of wavefunction realism, the difference between these theories amounts to a mere haecceitistic difference. Second, I argue that wavefunction realists should reconceive of their view as a role-based thesis that is silent about the relevant haecceitistic differences.
Die professionelle pädagogische Beziehung zwischen Referendar*innen und ihren Seminarlehrkräften: Belastungsfaktor oder Ressource?
Authors: Kärner Tobias , Goller Michael , Bonnes Caroline , Maué Elisabeth
Published: February 2022

Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der professionellen pädagogischen Beziehung zwischen Referendar*innen und ihren Seminarlehrkräften, deren Beitrag für die Beanspruchung der Referendar*innen bisher noch nicht eingängig untersucht wurde. Das Ziel der Studie ist es, anhand einer Querschnittserhebung von 2583 Referendar*innen und ausgebildeten Lehrkräften, kompensatorische sowie verstärkende Effekte der Beziehungsdimensionen Transparenz, Fairness, Vertrauen und Ambivalenz auf die wahrgenommene Beanspruchung im Referendariat zu untersuchen. Die Analyse erfolgt mittels eines latent moderierten Strukturgleichungsansatzes. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Belastungen durch die Kerntätigkeiten im Referendariat sowie Belastungen durch den Umgang mit Kolleg*innen im Lehrer*innenkollegium in signifikant positivem Zusammenhang mit resultierenden Beanspruchungsreaktionen stehen. Je transparenter, fairer und vertrauensvoller und je weniger ambivalent die Beziehung zur Seminarlehrkraft erlebt wird, desto geringer fallen die Beanspruchungsreaktionen aus. Die Ergebnisse werden hinsichtlich ihrer Relevanz für die Beziehungsarbeit im Referendariat als zentralem Ausbildungsbestandteil der zweiten Phase der Lehrer*innenausbildung diskutiert.
Circular agri-food economies: business models and practices in the potato industry
Authors: Klein Oliver , Nier Stefan , Tamásy Christine
Published: February 2022

Circular economies are an important pillar of sustainable production and consumption. This particularly applies to the agri-food industry, which is characterised by large amounts of organic waste and by-product streams posing a serious challenge for many food producers. Therefore, respective firms increasingly adopt circular economy business models (CEBMs) to manage these resource flows effectively. However, there is only little knowledge on the functioning of CEBMs in bio-based industries, especially from a socio-economic perspective. We address this gap by exploring enablers and motivations behind such business models as well as the institutional contexts they are embedded in. In methodological terms, we adopt a case study approach using the example of potato production in Lower Saxony (northwest Germany). The core of the paper is a qualitative in-depth analysis of four potato processors, adopting varying business models to valorise their by-product streams (e.g. peels, scraps, pulp) either ‘in-house’ or in partnerships with external partners. The findings show that the implementation of CEBMs results from a complex interplay of internal and external enablers, with economic considerations as the main impetus for the management of biological reverse cycles. Thereby, we found a shifting economic logic in the assessment of potato by-products from disposable waste to valuable resources for other sectors (e.g. livestock farming, bioenergy, biofuels). While being encouraged by targeted policies, the companies studied feel increasingly affected by emerging sustainability discourses, prompting them to (re)design and (re)frame their CEBMs in view of environmental and societal issues.
Growth factor receptor and β1 integrin signaling differentially regulate basal clonogenicity and radiation survival of fibroblasts via a modulation of cell cycling
Authors: Vehlow Anne , Cordes Nils
Published: February 2022

Cell adhesion to extracellular matrix proteins mediates resistance to radio- and chemotherapy by activating integrin signaling. In addition, mutual and cooperative interactions between integrin and growth factor receptor signaling contribute to the cellular radiation response. Here, we investigate to which extend the crosstalk between β1 integrins and growth factor receptor signaling determines the cellular radiation response of fibroblasts by assessing clonogenic survival and cell cycling. By utilizing growth factor signaling competent and either β1 integrin wildtype GD25β1A fibroblasts or β1 integrin mutant, signaling incompetent GD25β1B fibroblasts, we show basal clonogenic survival to depend on growth factor receptor but not integrin signaling. Our data further suggest the cooperation between β1 integrins and growth factor receptors to be critical for enhancing the radiation-induced G2/M cell cycle block leading to improved clonogenic radiation survival. By pharmacological inhibition of EGFR and PI3K, we additionally show that the essential contribution of EGFR signaling to radiogenic G2/M cell cycle arrest depends on the co-activation of the β1 integrin signaling axis, but occurs independent of PI3K. Taken together, elucidation of the signaling circuitry underlying the EGFR/β1 integrin crosstalk may support the development of advanced molecular targeted therapies for radiation oncology.
A Perspective on Thermally Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings: Current Status and Trends
Authors: Vaßen Robert , Bakan Emine , Mack Daniel Emil , Guillon Olivier
Published: February 2022

For more than 6 decades, thermal barrier coatings have been used to protect structural parts in both stationary and aviation gas turbines. These coatings allow the use of significant higher operation temperatures and hence increased efficiencies. In the 1970s, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) was identified as outstanding material for this application. As major deposition technologies both electron beam physical vapor deposition (EB-PVD) and atmospheric plasma spraying (APS) have been established. Although the topic is already rather old, there are still frequent activities ongoing to further improve the technology, both with respect to materials and microstructural issues also regarding the use of advanced coating technologies, especially in the field of thermal spray. The paper tries to summarize major developments in both fields, the materials and the processing focusing on thermal spray methods. The impact of both materials and processing are summarized by the results of burner rig tests for various systems. Furthermore, a short outlook on possible future directions of developments will be given.
Part defects identification in selective laser melting via digital image processing of powder bed anomalies
Authors: Boschetto A. , Bottini L. , Vatanparast S. , Veniali F.
Published: February 2022

Despite the potential of additive manufacturing and specifically of selective laser melting, several considerable barriers exist to widespread utilization, especially in specific industries that produce high-value components. Quality control and mechanical characterization remain the most expensive challenge. The quality and mechanical properties of the manufactured parts are influenced by potential defects; the characteristics of these defects, such as size, shape, location, and distribution, have shown to play key roles in mechanical properties. This work proposes a methodology for providing the identification of powder bed anomalies and consequent part defects through a synchronized analysis of the powder layers via digital image processing. This method can be used to study the critical defects formation during the layerwise process, providing important information about their location without the use of expensive or destructive measurements.
Manufacturing Processes for Permanent Magnets: Part II—Bonding and Emerging Methods
Authors: Cui Jun , Ormerod John , Parker David S. , Ott Ryan , Palasyuk Andriy , McCall Scott , Paranthaman Mariappan Parans , Kesler Michael S. , McGuire Michael A. , Nlebedim Cajetan , Pan Chaochao , Lograsso Thomas
Published: February 2022

Permanent magnets produce magnetic fields and maintain the field even in the presence of an opposing magnetic field. They are widely used in electric machines, electronics, and medical devices. Part I reviews the conventional manufacturing processes for commercial magnets, including Nd-Fe-B, Sm-Co, alnico, and ferrite in cast and sintered forms. In Part II, bonding, emerging advanced manufacturing processes, as well as magnet recycling methods are briefly reviewed for their current status, challenges, and future directions.
Mediterranean Diet and its Effect on Endothelial Function: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review
Authors: Fatima Kaneez , Rashid Ahmed Mustafa , Memon Usama Abdul Ahad , Fatima Syeda Sidra , Javaid Syed Sarmad , Shahid Omema , Zehri Fazila , Obaid Muhammad Adil , Ahmad Mahlika , Almas Talal , Minhas Abdul Mannan Khan
Published: February 2022

Background

Endothelial dysfunction serves as an early marker for the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD); therefore, it is a site of therapeutic interventions to reduce the risk of CVD.

Aims

To examine the effect of the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), as an intervention, on structural and functional parameters of endothelial function, and how it may reduce the risk of CVD and associated mortality.

Methods

Medline database was searched for randomized controlled trials. Random-effects meta-analysis was conducted on 21 independent datasets. Meta-regression and subgroup analysis were performed to assess whether the effect of MedDiet was modified by health status (healthy subjects or with increased CVD risk), type of MedDiet intervention (alone or combined), type of parameter (functional or structural), study design (cross-over or parallel), BMI, age, and study duration. Our study used sample size, mean, and standard deviation of endothelial function measurements for both MedDiet intervention and control in the analyses.

Results

Inverse relationship between endothelial function and intake of MedDiet was observed (SMD: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.16, 0.52;P = 0.0001). Overall, MedDiet increased FMD by 1.39% (95% CI: 0.47, 2.19;P < 0.001). There was a significant improvement in endothelial function in both healthy patients and in those with an increased risk of CVD. No significant variation was observed in the effects of MedDiet on endothelial function, due to study design or type of intervention.

Conclusions

These findings support that MedDiet can reduce the risk of CVD by improving endothelial function.
Investigation of very low Earth orbits (VLEOs) for global spaceborne lidar
Authors: McGrath Ciara , Lowe Christopher , Macdonald Malcolm , Hancock Steven
Published: February 2022

Very low Earth orbits (VLEOs) have been proposed as a beneficial space mission regime due to their propensity to increase instrument spatial resolution and reduce launch cost per unit mass. However, for visual instruments, these benefits come at the cost of a decreased instrument swath width. This reduction results in longer revisit periods for regions on Earth and longer time until global coverage is achieved. Conversely, light detection and ranging (lidar) as an active remote sensing technique, can benefit from larger swath widths at lower altitudes, due to the increased signal-to-noise ratio. Investigation of this relationship shows that lidar swath width is inversely proportional to altitude squared, and, as a result, the number of spacecraft required to provide a desired lidar coverage also decreases approximately in inverse proportion to altitude squared. Investigation of suitable propulsion systems shows that although propellant mass and number of thrusters required for orbit maintenance increases with decreasing altitude, the overall system mass, and hence launch cost, will, in general, tend to decrease with decreasing altitude due to the lower number of spacecraft required. For a given mission, spacecraft bus, and propulsion system, a VLEO altitude can be identified that will result in the minimum overall mission cost.
Experimental study on water-based mud: investigate rheological and filtration properties using cupressus cones powder
Authors: Ali Imtiaz , Ahmad Maqsood , Ganat Tarek Al-Arbi
Published: February 2022

Improper drilling fluid parameters may induce a variety of issues, including insufficient cuttings transport, limited solids suspension, poor hole cleaning, and excessive filtrate invasion to the formation. Controlled and optimized drilling fluids rheology is considered the key parameter to solve severe drilling problems encountered during drilling operations. Oil-based muds have numerous applications, but owing to some economic, environmental, and operational challenges, drilling companies are looking for new additives to enhance the characteristics of water-based muds for improved performance. However, the longer exposure of some WBM additives degrades them, which leads to insignificant mud characteristics. In this study, micro-sized naturally occurring agro-material namely cupressus cones powder (CCP) has been assessed as a potential additive in WBM for the first time to enhance the mud performance by improving its rheological and filtration properties. The objective of this study is to prepare a drilling fluid using abundantly available cupressus cones powder and investigate its effects on mud properties. The rheological and filtration characteristics of the drilling muds were determined based on API standards. A series of experiments have been performed to evaluate the impact of CCP loading on the rheology and fluid loss characteristics of drilling mud. The concentration of CCP was varied from 1 to 7 ppb. The findings of rheological characteristics demonstrated that altering the CCP loading enhanced the plastic viscosity, yield point, and gel strength of water-based drilling mud. The optimal concentration for PV was recorded in the range of 2–4 ppb, while the optimum value of YP was obtained at 6 ppb. Moreover, the temperature affected the viscosity and filtration of the mud, whereas the CCP containing muds were found salt resistant. The percent decrease in filtrate volume at 25, 121, and 150 °C was noted as 50, 59.6, and 62%, respectively. The effectiveness of the CCP was also observed from the SEM analysis. This study described the use of a locally available agro-waste material as a potential mud additive.
Indigenous local observations and experiences can give useful indicators of climate change in data-deficient regions
Authors: Chanza Nelson , Musakwa Walter
Published: February 2022

This study demonstrates that Indigenous local observations and experiences can enrich knowledge of climate change, particularly in data-deficient regions that are not adequately covered by weather stations. Paradoxically, these places host groups of Indigenous Peoples who have rich knowledge about their local climates from their many years of constant interactions with the environment. The study used group-based semi-structured interviews to collaborate with keystone elderly participants who had profound knowledge and lived experiences about observed changes in their local environment (n = 13). These participants were identified through theoretical sampling from four remote Indigenous villages of Mbire District in Zimbabwe. The purpose of the study was to identify indicators of climate change impacts from communities believed not to have been much influenced by the scientific construct of climate change. Results revealed that the locals have a keen interest to closely observe changes occurring in their environment, including finer accounts of experiences with climatic events, owing to their predominantly climate-sensitive livelihoods. These results corroborate existing evidence about a warmer and drier climate and the reported increase in the frequency and severity of drought as well as floods in the area, and add finer details to the changes in ecological, hydrological and human systems, which are not sufficiently reported in existing climate impact studies. We also flagged new observations in biological systems as pointers for further intensive investigation. Given the complexity associated with understanding impacts of climate change and the urgent need to refine knowledge about the same, we argued for perforation of the boundaries of climate science to accommodate enriching perceptions of Indigenous communities who have been religiously observing changes happening in their local environment, albeit being relegated.
Epigenetic Aging in Early Life: Role of Maternal and Early Childhood Nutrition
Authors: Koemel Nicholas A. , Skilton Michael R.
Published: February 2022

Purpose of Review

Early life presents a pivotal period during which nutritional exposures are more likely to cause epigenetic modifications, which may impact an individual’s health during adulthood. This article reviews the current evidence regarding maternal and early childhood nutritional exposures and their role in epigenetic aging.

Recent Findings

Maternal and early life consumption of diets higher in fiber, antioxidants, polyphenols, B vitamins, vitamin D, and ω-3 fatty acids is associated with slower epigenetic aging. Conversely, diets higher in glycemic load, fat, saturated fat, and ω-6 fatty acids demonstrate a positive association with epigenetic aging.

Summary

Maternal and early life nutrition directly and indirectly influences epigenetic aging via changes in one-carbon metabolism, cardiometabolic health, and the microbiome. Clinical trials are warranted to determine the specific foods, dietary patterns, and dietary supplements that will normalize or lower epigenetic aging across the life course.
Assessment of aflatoxin and heavy metals levels in maize and poultry feeds from Delta State, Nigeria
Authors: Ifie Idolo , Igwebuike Chinyere G. , Imasuen Paul , Akalamudo Winnie , Oghenebrorhie Obakanurhe , Akpodiete Job O. , Eze Ukpai A.
Published: February 2022

The aim of this study was to determine the concentration of total aflatoxin and heavy metals (lead cadmium, chromium and copper) in poultry feed and ingredients from two regions (north and central) in Delta State, Nigeria. A total of 120 samples collected (comprising of maize, soybean meal, layers mash and broiler finisher) directly from poultry farms, feed mills and poultry feed dealers were analysed for moisture content, total aflatoxin and heavy metals (lead, cadmium, chromium and copper) concentrations. Moisture content was analysed using standard Association of Official Agricultural Chemists method, while total aflatoxin and heavy metals concentrations were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and atomic absorption spectrometry, respectively. Total aflatoxins concentrations ranged from 12.0 to 20 µg/kg and 21 to 31 µg/kg in samples from north and central region, respectively. Apart from maize, aflatoxin content in other samples from the north was marginally lower (18–20 µg/kg) than permitted levels. On the other hand, aflatoxin levels in samples from the central were all above tolerable limits. Copper content in samples was less than permissible limit, while 44.4, 29.1 and 21% of samples had concentrations of lead, cadmium and chromium, respectively, above permissible limit. The presence of aflatoxin and lead in poultry feeds above permissible limits of 20 µg/kg and 5 mg/kg, respectively, may pose a risk for animal productivity and human health.
Development of bioanode for versatile applications: microfuel cell system in the presence of alcohol and glucose
Authors: Ledesma-García J. , Gurrola M. P. , Trejo-Arroyo D. L. , Rodríguez-Morales J. A. , Gutiérrez A. , Escalona-Villalpando R. A. , Arriaga L. G.
Published: February 2022

The purpose of this work is to develop a bioanode using the enzymes of glucose oxidase (GOx) and alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) as catalysts to oxidised glucose and alcohol present in different beverages. The study was carried out using the covalent bonding method for both enzymes via the functionalization of carbon nanofibers for the formation of carboxyl groups that can form bonds with the amine groups of the enzyme, as well as using tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) with Nafion. The optimum operation parameters of both enzymes (pH and temperature) were determined for the later evaluation in a microfluidic fuel cell. In addition, using the scanning electrochemical microscopy technique, a local study of enzymatic processes is used to demonstrate that the enzymes immobilized on the same electrode remain active. The evaluation of the microfluidic fuel cell was carried out using different solutions, 0.01 M glucose, 0.01 M ethanol and a mixture of 0.01 M glucose and 0.01 M ethanol, all in phosphate buffer solutions at pH 7, where it was possible to obtain a maximum performance of 5.07 ± 0.1 mW cm−2, and there was a significant increase in current density compared to non-composite solutions (glucose or ethanol). In addition, different alcoholic beverages were used to evaluate the versatility and adaptability of the bi-enzymatic anode electrode with the perspective use in Lab-on-a-Chip systems.
Multi-objective multi-criteria evolutionary algorithm for multi-objective multi-task optimization
Authors: Du Ke-Jing , Li Jian-Yu , Wang Hua , Zhang Jun
Published: February 2022

Evolutionary multi-objective multi-task optimization is an emerging paradigm for solving multi-objective multi-task optimization problem (MO-MTOP) using evolutionary computation. However, most existing methods tend to directly treat the multiple multi-objective tasks as different problems and optimize them by different populations, which face the difficulty in designing good knowledge transferring strategy among the tasks/populations. Different from existing methods that suffer from the difficult knowledge transfer, this paper proposes to treat the MO-MTOP as a multi-objective multi-criteria optimization problem (MO-MCOP), so that the knowledge of all the tasks can be inherited in a same population to be fully utilized for solving the MO-MTOP more efficiently. To be specific, the fitness evaluation function of each task in the MO-MTOP is treated as an evaluation criterion in the corresponding MO-MCOP, and therefore, the MO-MCOP has multiple relevant evaluation criteria to help the individual selection and evolution in different evolutionary stages. Furthermore, a probability-based criterion selection strategy and an adaptive parameter learning method are also proposed to better select the fitness evaluation function as the criterion. By doing so, the algorithm can use suitable evaluation criteria from different tasks at different evolutionary stages to guide the individual selection and population evolution, so as to find out the Pareto optimal solutions of all tasks. By integrating the above, this paper develops a multi-objective multi-criteria evolutionary algorithm framework for solving MO-MTOP. To investigate the proposed algorithm, extensive experiments are conducted on widely used MO-MTOPs to compare with some state-of-the-art and well-performing algorithms, which have verified the great effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed algorithm. Therefore, treating MO-MTOP as MO-MCOP is a potential and promising direction for solving MO-MTOP.
Rethinking ResNets: improved stacking strategies with high-order schemes for image classification
Authors: Luo Zhengbo , Sun Zitang , Zhou Weilian , Wu Zizhang , Kamata Sei-ichiro
Published: February 2022

Various deep neural network architectures (DNNs) maintain massive vital records in computer vision. While drawing attention worldwide, the design of the overall structure lacks general guidance. Based on the relationship between DNN design and numerical differential equations, we performed a fair comparison of the residual design with higher order perspectives. We show that the widely used DNN design strategy, constantly stacking a small design (usually, 2–3 layers), could be easily improved, supported by solid theoretical knowledge and with no extra parameters needed. We reorganise the residual design in higher order ways, which is inspired by the observation that many effective networks can be interpreted as different numerical discretisations of differential equations. The design of ResNet follows a relatively simple scheme, which is Euler forward; however, the situation becomes complicated rapidly while stacking. We suppose that stacked ResNet is somehow equalled to a higher order scheme; then, the current method of forwarding propagation might be relatively weak compared with a typical high-order method such as Runge–Kutta. We propose HO-ResNet to verify the hypothesis on widely used CV benchmarks with sufficient experiments. Stable and noticeable increases in performance are observed, and convergence and robustness are also improved. Our stacking strategy improved ResNet-30 by 2.15% and ResNet-58 by 2.35% on CIFAR-10, with the same settings and parameters. The proposed strategy is fundamental and theoretical and can, therefore, be applied to any network as a general guideline.

Graphical abstract
Influence of geological factors on coal permeability in the Sihe coal mine
Authors: Zou Guangui , Zhang Qianhua , Peng Suping , She Jiasheng , Teng Deliang , Jin Chaochao , Che Yuyan
Published: February 2022

Permeability of coal reservoirs influence the extraction of coal gas from coal seams. Twelve coal samples were collected at an anticline and a syncline of the No. 3 coal seam in the Sihe coal mine. Porosity, permeability, pore size, vitrinite reflectance, and liquid nitrogen adsorption of the samples were evaluated. Structural curvatures at the sample locations, and the distance between the sampling locations and the nearest faults were calculated based on seismic data. The influences of the evaluated parameters on permeability were analyzed. Major factors that influence permeability of the No. 3 coal seam were extracted using principal component analysis (PCA). Based on the porosity–permeability model derived from the Archie formula and classic Kozeny–Carman equation, we deduced that the permeability of coal increased with an increase in porosity. With an increase in average vitrinite reflectance, permeability decreases first and then increases. PCA results showed that coal permeability was regulated by three key components representing three modes. The first component included pore size, depth, and pore complexity accounting for 52.59% of the variability indicating that it was the most important in controlling permeability. The second component included specific surface area, structural curvature, and porosity, and the third component comprised of specific surface area, porosity, and average vitrinite reflectance. Overall, pore diameter and complexity had significant effects on coal permeability. The results show that researchers and stakeholders must consider the interactions among multiple factors rather than single factors to understand the influences on permeability to facilitate efficient utilization of coalbed methane resources.