bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
water absorption in bean seeds (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) DURING PROCESSIN
Authors: MIRANDA LORENA BRITO , LIMA PALLOMA RODRIGUES DE , MARTINS GLÊNDARAAPARECIDA DE SOUZA , DA SILVA WARLEY GRAMACHO
Published: August 2014

The purpose of this paper was to estimate and to evaluate the hydration curves of three kinds of dry bean varieties (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), besides adjusting the Peleg’s model to the experimental values under several soaking temperatures. Bean seeds of pinto, black and red kidney varieties were soaked in distilled water in the temperatures of 20, 30, 40 and 50 °C. The constant C1 (Peleg rate constant) significantly decreased with increase in temperature (20 a 50 °C) demonstrating that the initial rate of water absorption increased with temperature. The three bean varieties exhibited a high rate of water absorption in the beginning of the hydration process, being that Peleg’s model adjusted satisfactorily to the experimental data.
ELABORAÇÃO DE BOLOS ENRIQUECIDOS COM SEMENTE DE ABÓBORA: AVALIAÇÃO QUÍMICA, FÍSICA E SENSORIAL
Authors: BITENCOURT CAROLINE , DUTRA FABIANA LEMOS GOULART , PINTO VÂNIA ZANELLA , HELBIG ELIZABETE , BORGES LÚCIA ROTA
Published: August 2014

Neste estudo avaliou-se o efeito da adição de farinha de semente de abóbora (FSA) nas propriedades químicas, físicas e sensoriais de bolos. A partir da formulação padrão foram elaborados três bolos contendo 7,5 %, 15 % e 30 % de FSA em substituição parcial à farinha de trigo. Os bolos com diferentes concentrações de FSA apresentaram maiores teores de fibras, proteínas e lipídeos em comparação ao bolo com farinha de trigo. Quanto ao conteúdo de tocoferois, os bolos com 15 % e 30 % de FSA apresentaram os maiores valores. A análise sensorial mostrou boa aceitabilidade dos bolos, apesar da formulação com 30 % de FSA apresentar médias menores para os atributos cor e aparência.
VALIDAÇÃO DO TEMPO DE VIDA ÚTIL APRESENTADO POR SENSOR FOTOCRÔMICO DE TEMPO E TEMPERATURA
Authors: BRIZIO ANA PAULA RESEM , PRENTICE CARLOS
Published: August 2014

Estudou-se o comportamento de indicador fotocrômico de tempo e temperatura (ITT) com o objetivo de analisar a influencia de diferentes tempos de ativação (exposição à luz ultravioleta) sobre o processo de descoloração da etiqueta, caracterizando sua vida útil em condições específicas de temperatura. Os valores de desvanecimento da cor do ITT, quantificados mediante o chroma b* (CIELab) em função do tempo, apontaram que a descoloração do rótulo é diretamente proporcional à quantidade de luz usada no processo de ativação e inversamente proporcional à temperatura de armazenamento da etiqueta. Devido à possibilidade de definir a vida útil do ITT de forma reprodutível concluiu-se que esse dispositivo constitui ferramenta confiável para monitorar a cadeia de frio de muitos produtos alimentares.
CRIOCONCENTRAÇÃO - VINHO TINTO
Authors: MONTEIRO CRISTINA L. B. , MASSON MARIA LUCIA
Published: August 2014

O processo de crioconcentração é um método de remoção de água por congelamento, na forma de cristais, utilizado para sucos de frutas, extratos, vinho, etc. Têm sido utiliza do comercialmente para o suco de laranja. Nesta pesquisa aplicamos o método de crioconcentração para o vinho tinto, utilizando um freezer, uma centrífuga e um ebulômetro Salleron Dujordon como principais equipamentos. Utilizamos duas amostragens de vinho para a prática; Vinho integral(A) e vinho diluido (B) com 50% de água.  O objetivo foi conhecer até que ponto podemos elevar a concentração alcoólica do vinho crioconcentrado.
ESTUDO DO PROCESSAMENTO E ESTABILIDADE DE COCO RALADO
Authors: TEIXEIRA EVÂNIA ALTINA MENDONÇA , MAIA GERALDO ARRAES , HOLANDA LUCIANO FLÁVIO FROTA DE , OLIVEIRA GERALDO SÉRGIO FRANCELINO DE , JUNIOR JOSÉ CALS GASPAR , FIGUEIREDO RAIMUNDO WILANE DE
Published: August 2014

O coco ralado foi obtido a partir das amêndoas desintegrada, parcialmente desengorduradas, tendo sido desidratadas a 70ºC até umidade inferior a 3%. Acondicionou-se em sacos laminados (polietileno - aluminio - polietileno) com capacidade para 100g.Procedeu-se o estudo de estabilidade do citado produto, através da realização de análise químicas, físico-químicas; logo após o processamento e a cada 30 dias, por um período de 150 dias de estocagem. O coco ralado apresentou-se ótimas condições sob o ponto de vista químico e físico-químico, durante 150 dias de estocagem.
ESTUDOS DOS SUBPRODUTOS DO MACARUJÁ (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.) CARACTERÍSTICAS FÍSICO-QUÍMICAS DAS CASCAS E SEMENTES
Authors: PONTES MARCO ANTONIO NOBRE , HOLANDA LUCIANO FLÁVIO F. DE , ORIÁ HUMBERTO FERREIRA , BARROSO MARIA ÂNGELA THOMAZ
Published: August 2014

Foram utilizadas cascas e sementes de maracujá amarelo (Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa Deg.). Realizou-se determinações físico-químicas e químicas em cascas e sementes. As cascas apresentaram altos teores de umidade; baixo conteúdo em proteínas e lipídios totais; elevado percentual de fibra; boa quantidade de NIFEXT e ferro; razoável conteúdo de cálcio e baixo teor de fósforo. Observou-se nas sementes elevado percentual de fibra; boa quantidade de lipídios totais, cálcio e fósforo. Palavras-chave: Maracujá; cascas e sementes -Características físico-químicas e químicas.
MERENDA ESCOLAR - CONSIDERAÇÕES
Authors: ROCCO CLÁUDIA SEELY , GÔNGORA MARIA REGINA AMADEO
Published: August 2014

Discorre sobre alguns dos aspectos da merenda escolar como distribuição e preparo, objetivando principalmente abordar alguns dos fatores determinantes do consumo de alimentos servidos em programas desta natureza, bem como, características importantes a serem observadas para avaliação de aceitabilidade.
ESTUDO DE AVALIAÇÃO TÉCNICA DE MACARRÃO ADITIVADO COM CONCENTRADO PROTÉICO ANIMAL.
Authors: FUGMANN HILMAR A.J. , GUIMARÃES GABRIEL A. R. , FILHO MARIO DE O. BRANCO , GÔNGORA MARIA REGINA A. , ROCCO CLÁUDIA S.
Published: August 2014

Aceitabilidade absoluta e relativa de macarrão aditivado com concentrado protéico animal a nível de 3% e macarrão convencional. Análises físico-químicas e microbiológicas determinaram as características dos produtos. Análise sensorial realizada com diversas formas definiu o perfil dos produtos através equipe treinada de degustadores. Teste de aceitabilidade escolar apresentou bom índice de aceitabilidade.
ESTUDO SOBRE UM MÉTODO DE PROCESSAMENTO PARA OBTENÇÃO DE SARDINHA DEFUMADA E SUA ACEITABILIDADE*
Authors: TORRANO ADEMAR DAVIDSON MACHADO , TOMASELLI MARCEL , GOMES CELSO ORTIZ
Published: August 2014

Foi desenvolvido método para defumação à quente de sardinha (Sardinella aurita) empregando-se temperaturas iniciais de 45 - 50°C e aumentando-se progressivamente até 80 - 90°C no final do processo. Determinou-se a curva da perda de umidade do produto durante a defumação. A influência do tempo de defumação na aparência desejada do produto foi estabelecida através de observações visuais e de fotografias obtidas a cada intervalo de uma hora, permitindo-se recomendar um tempo ideal de defumação de quatro horas e meia. Verificou-se rendimento global médio da ordem de 46,8% do produto final em relação ao pescado "in natura" utilizado. Um teste de aceitação a nível de consumidor do produto final para avaliar os atributos sabor, aparência, textura e preferência geral numa escala hedônica de 1 (gostei muito) à 6 (desgostei muito), apresentou respectivamente valores médios de 1,6; 2,1; 1,7 e 1,8 indicando de forma geral boa aceitabilidade do produto.
AVALIAÇÃO DA EFICIÊNCIA DE UM SECADOR SOLAR RÚSTICO EM RELAÇÃO AS CARACTERÍSTICAS QUÍMICAS E MICROBIOLÓGICAS DA TILÁPIA DO NILO (Saratherodon niloticus) SALGADA E SECA
Authors: MARTINS SUZANA CLÁUDIA SILVEIRA , TIMBÓ MARIA OLINDA PINHO DE PAIVA , MONTEIRO MARIA DA CONCEIÇÃO DO NASCIMENTO , SOARES ELIANA COSTA , HILUY DIANA JEREISSATI
Published: August 2014

Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a eficiência de um secador solar bem simples, para a secagem de peixe salgado, visando a redução do tempo de secagem, obtenção de produto de melhor qualidade, bem como seu emprego por comunidades de pescadores no interior do Estado do Ceará. Diversos experimentos foram realizados, utilizando-se o secador solar e a secagem natural, acompanhando-se periodicamente a temperatura e a unidade relativa do ar externa e no interior do secador solar. A amostras do produto final foram analisadas em relação ao teor de cloretos, umidade e contagem de bactérias halóficas e os resultados foram comparados.
DIFULSÃO E TRANSPARÊNCIA DE TECNOLOGIA SE SALGA E SECAGEM DE PEIXE DE ÁGUA DOCE EM UMA COMUNIDADE DE PESCADORES LOCALIZADA NO MUNICÍPIO DE ORÓS, NO ESTADO DO CEARÁ
Authors: PAIVA TIMBÓ MARIA OLINDA PINHO DE , MARTINS SAZANA CLÁUDIA SILVEIRA
Published: August 2014

Este trabalho teve como objetivo melhorar a qualidade do peixe salgado-seco produzido no açude Orós, situado no Município de Orós, Estado do Ceará e, como consequência, a melhoria de vida dos pescadores em decorrência da venda do produto por melhor preço.
PRODUÇÃO DE AÇÚCAR INVERTIDO POR CATÁLISE HETEROGÊNEA EM LEITO DE RESINA TROCADORA DE ÍONS
Authors: MILCENT PAUL FERNAND , CORRÊA JOÃO BATISTA CHAVES
Published: August 2014

Foi realizada a hidrólise da sacarose por resinas de troca iônica nas faixas de 50 a 70ºC de temperatura e de 10 a 50% de concentração de alimentação, em reator tubular. As resinas estudadas foram a AMBERLITE IR-118, AMBERLITE IR-120 e AMBERLYST 15. Confirmou-se a ocorrência de desajustes a uma cinética de primeira ordem em condições mais severas de hidrólise. Tais desajustes vinvular-se-iam a reações secundárias no sistema, afetando a velocidade intrínseca de reação e de difusão. Considerando-se uma reação de primeira ordem, as constantes de velocidade não são independentes da concentração da solução.
CARACTERÍSTICAS QUÍMICAS E FÍSICO-QUÍMICAS DA AMÊNDOA E CASCA DA CASTANHA DE DIFERENTES CLONES DE CAJUEIRO ANÃO (Anacardium occidentale, L.)
Authors: FILHO MEN DE SÁ DE SOUZA , MAIA GERALDO ARRAES , FROTA DE HOLANDA LUCIANO FLÁVIO , ORIÁ HUMBERTO FERREIRA , DE FIGUEIREDO RAIMUNDO WILANE
Published: August 2014

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo verificar a existência ou não de diferenças quanto ao aspecto químico e físico-químico entre o cajueiro anão e o cajueiro comum. Procedeu-se às seguintes determinações na casca e na amêndoa: umidade, cinzas, extrato etéreo, proteína, carboidratos totais, acidez livre, índice de peróxido do óleo, ferro, cálcio e fósforo. As amêndoas de castanha de caju dos clones em estudo apresentaram elevados teores de proteína, extrato etéreo e carboidratos totais, sendo boa fonte de cálcio, fósforo e ferro.
PESQUISA DE Salmonella EM PRODUTOS ALIMENTARES DE ORIGEM ANIMAL
Authors: GALARDA IZABEL , SANTOS LIMA MARIA LUIZA PILOTTO , ELIAS AZIZI
Published: August 2014

Pesquisa a presença de Salmonella em 744 amostras de produtos de origem animal, coletadas nas condições em que são entregues ao consumo público. Foram isoladas 12 cepas de Salmonella, todas do sorotipo S.typhimurium. A freqüência de Salmonella foi mais alta nos produtos de origem suína, chegando a 13,31% em amostras de fígado e a 2% em lingüiça. Todo material oriundo de bovinos foi negativo. Em amostras de origem aviária a porcentagem de positividade ficou em 0,71%. Os resultados indicam que a fonte mais importante de Salmonella são os suínos, sendo secundário o papel de bovinos e aves.
Aprendendo a “brigar melhor”: administração de conflitos sem violência na escola
Authors: Loos Helga , Zeller Thomas Vincenz
Published: August 2014

O propósito deste trabalho é relatar uma experiência de intervenção realizada em uma escola pública municipal de Curitiba/PR, cujo objetivo foi o treinamento de habilidades sociais e de interação interpessoal, buscando contribuir para minimizar os episódios agressivos freqüentes na escola, principalmente entre alunos. Diversas atividades lúdicas foram seqüencialmente aplicadas em cinco dias consecutivos, em sessões de duas horas diárias com cada turma, tendo participado aproximadamente 120 alunos de segundas e terceiras séries do ensino fundamental e seus respectivos professores. À equipe pedagógica ofertou-se uma oficina extra, de seis horas, com a finalidade de discutir as bases teórico-práticas do programa. As atividades foram centradas no fortalecimento das quatro competências básicas necessárias ao lidar com diferenças e conflitos: percepção, comunicação, cooperação e auto-estima. Os participantes tiveram também a oportunidade de conhecer e discernir entre a “língua do lobo” (comunicação calcada na ambigüidade e na falta de reconhecimento das necessidades reais dos indivíduos) e a “língua da girafa” (comunicação direta e empática), refletindo sobre as vantagens dessa última e treinando seu uso. Através da observação do comportamento dos alunos durante as atividades, conversas informais com a equipe pedagógica e um instrumento avaliativo escrito sobre a oficina, considera-se que a experiência apresentou resultados positivos.  Palavras-chave: conflito interpessoal; violência; comunicação não-violenta; mediação; educação escolar.
The synanthropisation of vascular plant flora of mires in the coastal zone (Kashubian Coastal Region, N Poland) – range, reasons for, and spatial characteristics
Authors: Budyś Agnieszka
Published: August 2014

The paper deals with symptoms, directions and actual state of anthropic transformation of the flora in various ecological types of peatlands in the coastal zone. The main purpose of the work was to define phases and characteristic features of flora’s change in particular mires types and point the reasons for this process. The research was conducted in eastern part of Polish Baltic Coast (Kashubian Coastal Region). Contemporary flora was recorded in 2000-2004. The floristic list was completed with all data from former research. Chosen features of environment were analysed using topographic and geological maps and aerial photographs. Correlation between flora differentiation and some features of environment were analysed with multivariate analyses (DCA, PCA, RDA,CA) and GIS technique. There were 958 species recorded in the total flora of studied area, 93 among them became locally extinct. The big share in contemporary flora have synanthropic species and plants of wide ecological amplitude. Geographically alien species stand for 24% of nowadays flora. The results show that due to anthropic pressure, coastal raised bogs and fens are presently a mosaic of secondary habitats with very high floristic diversity, however raised bog habitats are more resistant to alien species expansion than fens. Despite deep flora disturbances, such as eurytopisation or allochtonisation, contemporary flora of coastal peatlands still has some characteristic features connected with geology, ecological differentiation and geobotanical location.
Macrofungi in the secondary succession on the abandoned farmland near the Białowieża old-growth forest
Authors: Kałucka Izabela
Published: August 2014

The paper deals with the succession of basidiomycete macrofungi on abandoned farmland. The research was carried out in the unique complex of old fields of different age located on the southwest edge of the Białowieża old-growth forest (NE Poland). These lands undergo spontaneous secondary succession leading to formation of a continental fresh pine forest. Regular observations of basidiomata in 16 permanent plots (11 plots of 1000 m2, 5 plots of 400 m2) representing initial, optimal and terminal stage of vegetation development from psammophilous grassland to a pine forest with 100-year-old tree stand were conducted for three years. Soil and vegetation analyses were also carried out as well as quantitative examination of ectomycorrhizae in root samples. The series yielded 300 species of macromycetes (including 6 collective taxa) found in permanent plots plus 18 species outside the plots. The species composition, spatial distribution of sporocarps, and quantitative structure of fungal communities changed along the successional gradient. Increasing diversity of fungi resulted from persistence of species typical of open areas and species associated with younger trees, as well as accumulation of species associated with older trees and more developed stands. Some species typical of younger phases were replaced with species arriving later in the chronosequence. Species usually occurred long before and after attaining maximum abundance and frequency. Species associated with certain periods of vegetation development could be distinguished, as well as species accompanying the phytocoenoses regardless of their developmental stage. Patterns in structural changes of the fungal community, e.g., in number of species, abundance, frequency and production of carpophores, could also be recognised. They were different in ectomycorrhizal and in saprotrophic fungi. The occurrence of the former was influenced mainly by the presence of symbiotic trees and their age, stand structure and soil properties, while occurrence of the latter was affected by microclimatic factors and by diversity of accessible substrates. Changes in fungal communities were consistent with vegetation changes, but were also specific to this group of organisms.
Isolement et mise en évidence des oocystes de Cyclospora cayetanensis dans un hydrosystème polysaprobe en zone équatoriale, Afrique Centrale
Authors: Ajeagah Gideon A. , Ngoko Kamguep Ellénita , Nola Moïse , Menbohan Samuel Foto , Njine Thomas
Published: August 2014

Peu de données sont disponibles sur la distribution des Apicomplexa parasites du tube digestif de l’homme. Ils causent pourtant des maladies diarrhéiques de très grande envergure. Une étude menée de janvier à août 2011, dans le cours d’eau Olézoa à Yaoundé (Cameroun), a visé à rechercher et caractériser les oocystes de Cyclospora cayetanensis. Les échantillonnages ont été effectués en amont et en aval du cours d’eau, sur deux stations localisées en zone fortement anthropisées. L’identification des oocystes de C. cayetanensis isolés à l’aide de l’observation directe après coloration au Lugol et selon la technique de Ziehl-Neelsen, a montré qu’ils sont constitués de deux sporocystes contenant chacun deux sporozoïtes. La dynamique d’abondance de ce microorganisme est significativement corrélée à la turbidité, à la température et au pH de l’eau (p < 0,01). Par ailleurs, les formes non sporulées sont plus abondantes que les formes sporulées dans l’environnement et sont fortement corrélées aux teneurs en oxygène dissous qui est un paramètre très important pour leur sporogénèse. En amont du cours d’eau, l’abondance la plus élevée de C. cayetanensis a été de 407 oocystes•L-1 et la valeur enregistrées en aval été de 250 oocystes•L-1. La population de C. cayetanensis observée a été largement dominée par les formes non sporulées de taille 8 µm. La concentration des oocystes la plus élevée en utilisant la technique directe et celle de Ziehl-Neelsen a été enregistrée respectivement au cours des mois de juin et juillet; ces périodes se situent respectivement à la fin de la petite saison des pluies et au début de la saison sèche.
Les oasis du Sahara algérien, entre excédents hydriques et salinité.
Authors: Idder Tahar , Idder Abdelhak , Tankari Dan-Badjo Abdourahamane , Benzida Amina , Merabet Soumia , Negais Hamza , Serraye Aïcha
Published: August 2014

Parler d'excédents d'eau en milieu désertique peut paraître aberrant à première vue. C'est pourtant une réalité qui est vécue, depuis de nombreuses années déjà, dans une grande partie des oasis du Sahara algérien. Ce problème est devenu aujourd’hui une véritable menace pour l’environnement et les conséquences s'en font ressentir aussi bien en agglomération qu’en périphérie des zones habitées.

L’accroissement des rejets d’eaux usées urbaines et d’eaux de drainage agricole a entraîné des remontées importantes des eaux des nappes superficielles dans la plupart des agglomérations urbaines du Sahara algérien. Ces remontées ont favorisé la dégradation des conditions environnementales et ont fortement perturbé les équilibres naturels dans les oasis sahariennes, déjà fragilisées par des conditions climatiques extrêmes et par des caractéristiques topographiques qui ne facilitent pas l’évacuation des eaux excédentaires. Les oasis du Sahara algérien sont en effet, pour la plupart, installées dans des cuvettes sédimentaires. Ces oasis qui, auparavant, avaient fonctionné comme des systèmes hydrauliques bien équilibrés, souffrent aujourd’hui d’excès d’eau. Cette étude décrit à travers un cas particulier, celui de Ouargla, l’une des plus importantes oasis du Sahara algérien, ce phénomène d’excédents hydriques en mettant en évidence ses conséquences, en particulier sur la salinisation des sols de l’oasis. Les résultats des analyses physico-chimiques effectuées ont montré que les conductivités électriques des différents sols de la cuvette de Ouargla sont excessivement élevées, pouvant atteindre 5 000 mS•m-1 dans les horizons de surface en saison estivale. Cette sur-salinisation est principalement influencée, non seulement par des contextes géologique et climatique défavorables, mais aussi par une très forte salinité de la nappe superficielle dont la conductivité électrique dépasse 7 000 mS•m-1.
Propositions théoriques pour une méthode d’analyses sociologiques des discours
Authors: Jenny Jacques , Della Faille Dimitri , Rizkallah Élias
Published: August 2014

L’auteur propose de désigner les deux paradigmes fondamentaux dont l’explicitation et l’articulation lui semblent nécessaires (mais non suffisantes) pour impulser un véritable tournant sociologique aux analyses de discours que pratiquent nos collègues sociologues français, souvent sous influence sociolinguistique et/ou sous influence informatique et statistique - notamment lorsqu’il s’agit de pratiques lexicométriques. Le premier est le paradigme des « instances de pratiques discursives » en interaction mutuelle au sein d’un dispositif « circulatoire ». Le second est le paradigme des quatre principaux « registres de sens » ou « dimensions constitutives fondamentales » de toute expression discursive-langagière. Pour chacun de ces paradigmes les applications méthodologiques sont brièvement illustrées. Enfin, cette réflexion méthodologique ne peut pas ne pas interroger également les présupposés de la dimension temporelle, et ce à partir de la philosophie ontogénétique de Gilbert Simondon, et ne peut pas ne pas évoquer le paradigme des rapports fondamentaux de dominance sociale - que l’auteur considère comme constitutif de toute problématique sociologique.
Une modélisation du processus de mentorat entrepreneurial et sa mise en application
Authors: Mitrano-Méda Stéphanie , Véran Lucien
Published: August 2014

Les recherches relatives au mentorat entrepreneurial sont encore peu nombreuses et une vision intégrée et robuste du processus de mentorat manque. Notre constat est que dans un programme formel de mentorat entrepreneurial la relation est tripartite entre le mentor entrepreneur, le mentoré entrepreneur novice et l’organisation tierce initiatrice du programme. Nous proposons une modélisation du processus de mentorat basée sur une relecture de six des modèles existants dans la littérature, incluant la relation du binôme de mentorat et le rôle joué par l’organisation tierce. Cette modélisation permet de comparer des cas et de juger les fonctions clés du tiers initiateur.
Evolutionary consequences of intra-patient phage predation on microbial populations
Authors: Seed Kimberley D , Yen Minmin , Shapiro B Jesse , Hilaire Isabelle J , Charles Richelle C , Teng Jessica E , Ivers Louise C , Boncy Jacques , Harris Jason B , Camilli Andrew
Published: August 2014

The impact of phage predation on bacterial pathogens in the context of human disease is not currently appreciated. Here, we show that predatory interactions of a phage with an important environmentally transmitted pathogen, Vibrio cholerae, can modulate the evolutionary trajectory of this pathogen during the natural course of infection within individual patients. We analyzed geographically and temporally disparate cholera patient stool samples from Haiti and Bangladesh and found that phage predation can drive the genomic diversity of intra-patient V. cholerae populations. Intra-patient phage-sensitive and phage-resistant isolates were isogenic except for mutations conferring phage resistance, and moreover, phage-resistant V. cholerae populations were composed of a heterogeneous mix of many unique mutants. We also observed that phage predation can significantly alter the virulence potential of V. cholerae shed from cholera patients. We provide the first molecular evidence for predatory phage shaping microbial community structure during the natural course of infection in humans.
A Review of Natural Dispersion Models
Authors: Fingas Merv
Published: August 2014

Natural dispersion occurs when fine droplets of oil are transferred into the water column by wave action or sea turbulence. Depending on oil conditions and the amount of sea energy available, natural dispersion can be insignificant or it can temporarily displace a portion of the oil. Current models predict the amount of oil entering the water column, but do not deal with their stability or how long these droplets stay in the water column. The most commonly-used model is by Delvigne, who carried out experiments in a flume. Delvigne measured the droplets entering the water column using a simplified procedure. These data were then converted to a model to predict the entry of droplets into the water column. Delvigne recommended procedures to calculate the resurfacing of the dispersed droplets but no models have implemented these. A review of the mathematics of this procedure show that the Delvigne model might be adjusted to be more unit consistent and to correctly incorporate oil viscosity. The other models used include the Audunson and Mackay models. These models are also reviewed. The Audunson model is simple and does not incorporate any inputs other than the wind speed. Further, the Audunson model predicts that most slicks will dissipate within a day or a few days. The Mackay model predicts little natural dispersion. Although the Mackay model incorporates a sea state function, the effect of this is not as great as in other models. Several issues have been noted about all natural dispersion models. These are: 1 In all cases natural dispersion models predicted the input of droplets into the water column and suggestions were made about predicting rise and resurfacing, but this important second part was never implemented by anyone,2 The natural dispersion predicted was measured as a temporary phenomenon - that is the instantaneous input of droplets into the water column. The persistence was not measured. The equation was designed to yield only the temporary transport in the water. Later workers assumed that the natural dispersion portion was permanently dispersed, and3 All models over-predict natural dispersion, especially in cases of low sea states.
Tidal Inlet Protection Strategies for Oil Spill Response; Concepts, Testing, and Considerations
Authors: Benggio Bradford , Chesteen Kimberly , DeSantis Jason , Knudsen Richard , Slaughter John
Published: August 2014

Coastal Area Contingency Plans (ACP) developed by local Area Committees are the consensus stakeholder documents that guide response actions to oil spills. Key to these ACPs are the Geographic Response Plans (GRPs) that identify specific areas and resources that are priorities for protection during spill response. Within the GRPs, the operational strategies to protect each priority are pre-identified and depicted on maps.

One of the priorities contained within the GRPs are tidal inlets. They are the gateways to much of the most sensitive habitat and resources to protect in the event of an oil spill. To address protection of these important gateways, Tidal Inlet Protection Strategies (TIPS) for Oil Spill Response have been developed that are scientifically and operationally based. They are designed to protect the resources inside the inlet from oil that may enter from an offshore source.

Tidal inlets, while among the most important areas to protect, are also some of the most difficult to effectively protect. This is due to strong currents created by flood and ebb tidal flows (which are often not fully known), associated bathymetry stability issues (shoaling), responder access, and sensitive resource concerns subject to impact from the oil as well as from response actions. The inlets, in addition to being so critical for the protection of environmental resources, are also typically very important gateways for commerce and other waterway use activities.

The TIPS concept has been tested for several inlets over the years. Most recently, a class A inlet (highest degree of difficulty) strategy was tested in South Florida. This poster will present issues related to the value and importance of developing and testing TIPS, hurdles and difficulties to overcome when planning TIPS projects and tests, positive outcomes from an operational perspective as well as from benefits derived from education, coordination and management of expectations of government, industry, and the public when it comes to protection of environmental resources during a major oil spill. Finally, the poster will offer recommendations and issues for discussion that area committees should consider relative to TIPS and area contingency planning in general.
M/V JOHN B. CADDELL
Authors: Potter Kristen , Brown Bridgette , Rosiu Cornell
Published: August 2014

Hurricane Sandy hit the East Coast of the United States on October 29th, 2012, caused over $63 billion in damage, destroyed thousands of homes, left over 8 million people without electrical service, and killed at least 131 people in eight states. Amongst the damage was the unique case of the grounded Tank Vessel, JOHN B. CADDELL on New York's Staten Island. The CADDELL posed a distinctive challenge to pollution mitigation and eventual vessel removal efforts, being stateless/ownerless, and commanded high profile media/public attention. Responders used a variety of creative methods to ensure the surrounding environment was not further affected by the grounded vessel, including the authorized use of solidifying agents. This poster describes the procedures used to determine vessel disposition and explores the innovative use of solidifiers in this particular case. Determining final disposition of the vessel involved an extensive process of multi-agency cooperation and coordination. Leveraging the existing authorities of the New York's Sheriff's Department to dispose of abandoned vessels, the Coast Guard was able to work with local, state and federal partners to implement a removal plan.

Additionally, National Strike Force and Coast Guard Sector New York personnel utilized the cutting edge technology of solidifying polymer agents to effectively reduce the amount of contaminants onboard the vessel. As per the Area Contingency Plan, the Regional Response Team-Region 2 (RRT-2) was activated, and was used to brief Federal and State member agencies on the planned protective use of a solidifier by the Federal On-Scene Coordinator during cleanup efforts. RRT-2 was provided a current situational brief, objectives, and a proposed application plan. RRT-2 concurred with the utilization plan, and contributed some additional recommendations, which enhanced cleanup operations conducted under the ESF-10 Mission Assignment from New York State.
Development and implementation of a shoreline oiling assessment (SCAT) programme for a Tier 3 OSRO
Authors: Holland Rob , Owens Ed
Published: August 2014

Consistent and reproducible shoreline oiling assessments are critical for making decisions regarding shoreline treatment options and strategies. Industry recognised protocols such as the long established SCAT technique are embedded in many national contingency planning frameworks and are now considered best practice. This paper will describe the OSRL project recently embarked on with Owens Coastal Consultants (OCC) to fully embed the SCAT protocol into OSRL's internal training and response procedures. OSRL has long employed many elements of SCAT in their shoreline response planning process but required a consolidated integration of standard SCAT methodology, process and data handling. Key deliverables for the OSRL SCAT “upgrade” are summarised: Internal training A 4 day SCAT Team Leader training course constructed to provide a solid grounding in SCAT process, shoreline response programmes / management, coastal processes, shoreline impacts and protection techniques. Field work forms an integral part of this course with 2 x ½ day shore based classes covering segmentation, response techniques, shoreline dynamics and operational considerations. SCAT competency to be included at all levels of OSRL personal development plans. External training Introduction of a joint OSRL/OCC 3-day SCAT training course to the OSRL technical training suite at global locations with the aim of establishing OSRL as a lead SCAT training organisation in strategic partnership with OCC. 2013 saw UK, USA and Australia as key course locations. Advocacy A continuing programme of external engagement and messaging of the OSRL SCAT development programme at multiple forums globally. SLA Integration The most important part of the programme is embedding the SCAT process and tools into OSRL's internal response procedures and toolkits for use in spills of all magnitude. Such efforts include the development of mangrove Shoreline Oiling Summary (SOS) forms, OSRL SCAT Manual and Field book, internal training courses, exercises, SCAT data management options and personnel development plans. The trained pool of SCAT expertise will eventually extend to around 70 individuals to support multiple roles ranging from Team Leads, Coordinators, SCAT/OPS Liaison, Logistics Support and Technical Advisors. OSRL staff will also support a larger pool of international expertise that OCC are coordinating for SCAT response functions. Summary The paper will describe in greater detail the design and implementation of the SCAT programme into OSRL's Service Level Agreement (SLA) for the benefit of its Members globally.
Synthetic Eelgrass
Authors: Curtis Thomas
Published: August 2014

Inundation of biota in coastal waters by heavy smothering deposits of oil requires cleanup to enable ecological recovery within normal time scales. Conventional floating curtain and sorbent oil booms deployed to prevent such inundation have proven only marginally effective. Currents have advected oil under them. Wave have induced snap loadings destroying them, or advected oil over them. The capacity of conventional sorbent booms is limited to their outer surface. Such booms are discarded with the oil they adsorb, because the oil cannot be economically separated from them. To protect coastal wetlands, a new form of floating, sorbent barrier, called synthetic eelgrass (SE), is proposed to interdict and sequester floating oil before it can inundate the coast. Oil so captured can be recovered enabling SE to be reused, repeatedly. The form of this new barrier was suggested by natural sessile life. Zostera marina, common eelgrass, survives in seas by its flexibility and compliance to wave induced forces. Leukonoid sponges, filter feeders that remove nutrients from seawater passing through them, suggest a higher saturation limit to adsorbed oil on a sorbent that is an open-cell foam with a high surface area to volume ratio. Like eelgrass, SE has long, slender, buoyant blades, rising from the seabed to the surface, where it can extend over some surface area. These blades of SE, called filaments, are intrinsically buoyant strips of ethylene methyl acrylate (EMA), an amorphous thermoplastic elastomer, a non-polar material, which is oleophilic and hydroscopic. Besides crude oil, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and organic compounds such as lipids, amino acids, fatty acids, fats and soaps can be adsorbed on EMA. SE acts as a sponge. Because EMA's Youngs modulus is small, adsorbed oil can be squeezed out of SE, and SE can be reused, repeatedly. Filaments of SE are attached to a line, anchored at both ends to the seabed. Thousands of filaments, placed side by side, along this line can be deployed and recovered much as demersal longline fishermen do. While recovering or deploying a line of SE, an existing barrier would not be breeched provided two or more parallel lines of SE had been placed in close proximity. Being reusable, synthetic eelgrass provides an economical means of interdicting, sequestering, and recovering oil, and other non-polar chemicals, spilled in water before they can inundate the environment.
Cascading Spill Response Equipment in Washington State
Authors: Keeney Conor
Published: August 2014

Understanding the effects of cascading response equipment is an important component of oil spill planning and response. It is critical to understand both how long it takes for equipment to reach a particular location and to understand what sort of gaps are created if equipment is cascaded out of an area. The Washington State Department of Ecology created a model to help analyze equipment depths to be used when verifying planning standards and to analyze requests for in state equipment during out of state incidents.
SUBSURFACE OIL DETECTION AND DELINEATION IN SHORELINE SEDIMENTS
Authors: Owens Edward , Castle Robert , Dubach Helen
Published: August 2014

An American Petroleum Institute (API) Oil Spill Research and Development (R&D) Project was designed to evaluate current practice and prospective developing technologies for the detection and delineation of subsurface oil in shoreline sediments. One product of the study has been the production of a Field Guide to support planners and responders during a spill response in which subsurface oil is known or suspected in beaches (API Technical Report 1149-2, September 2013). This job aid includes a step-wise process for the development of a subsurface oil survey design and a survey plan. Generally accepted technology for emergency response level detection and delineation of subsurface oil on shorelines has advanced only slowly in the last 40 years. Current practices typically consist of visual observations using excavations, various coring techniques, water jetting, and use of UV lights. Other tactics have been tested, but most did not increase the speed or quality of data collection. These procedures are labor intensive and time consuming, particularly when large areas are involved or repetitive surveys are necessary. In addition, typically, current practices rely on small horizontal samples, which may not be adequate to detect or define subsurface oil if the distribution is discontinuous. The key attributes of the basic current and developing technology strategies are horizontal delineation, vertical delineation, survey speed, the description of oil characteristics, and relative costs. Analysis of these attributes strongly suggests that no single currently accepted technique is likely to be applicable to all situations that may be encountered and that a combination of current practice and developing technology may be effective in providing better subsurface resolution at a quicker rate and with a more efficient commitment of resources. Developing technologies have a real potential to provide procedures that can either accelerate the collection of subsurface data or allow for continuous horizontal detection and delineation. Some of the developing technologies, in particular, service dogs, electromagnetic, and surface vapor measurements, show significant potential for achieving operational status with minimal additional testing and trials and so represent a realistic potential for short-term (months to years), high value gains.
Dynamic Risk Assessment of Shoreline Contamination from Ships: Integrating an Oil Spill Model
Authors: Fernandes Rodrigo , Lourenço Filipe , Braunschweig Frank , Neves Ramiro
Published: August 2014

Latest scientific and technological developments on coastal monitoring and operational oceanography have provided the opportunity of building complex and integrative decision support systems for coastal risk management. An innovative methodology to dynamically produce quantified risks has been developed, integrating numerical metocean forecasts and oil spill simulations with the existing monitoring tools. The risk rating combines the likelihood of an oil spill occurring from a vessel navigating in the study area with the assessed consequences to the shoreline. The spill likelihood is based on dynamic marine weather conditions and statistical information from previous accidents. The shoreline consequences reflect the associated oil amount reaching shoreline and the environmental and socio-economic vulnerabilities. The oil reaching shoreline is quantified with an oil spill fate and behavior model. Shoreline risk is variable in time, based on variable vessel positions (from AIS) and metocean conditions (from operational numerical models). The simultaneous calculation of the risk posed by each vessel crossing a study area is integrated, allowing the generation of a dynamic shoreline risk map for the study area. Shoreline risks can be computed in real time or from previous obtained data. The whole system has been implemented in real time on the Portuguese and Galician Coast. Since several ships cross this area, optimization was performed to allow running the oil spill model for multiple virtual spills from ships along time. The integrated oil spill model uses MOHID lagrangian particle tracking system, where all major transport and weathering processes are considered, including full 3D movement of oil particles, wave-induced currents, and a novel implementation of oil-shoreline interaction. The relevance of integrating the oil spill model in the risk algorithm is evaluated. To perform this, risk levels are compared considering the impact of virtual spilled oil reaching shoreline based on oil spill model simulations, or simply considering the vessel shoreline proximity as impact factor. The integration of an oil spill model in the shoreline risk levels, combined with adequate metocean modeling forecasts, allow a more realistic approach in the assessment of shoreline impacts, which can become even more important in case of regions with greater variability in marine weather conditions. The risk assessment from historic data can help finding typical risk patterns, “hot spots” or developing sensitivity analysis to specific conditions, whereas real time risk levels can be used in the prioritization of individual ships, geographical areas, strategic tug positioning and implementation of dynamic risk-based vessel traffic monitoring.
Green synthesis of surfactants for removing grude-oil films off water surface
Authors: Asadov Z.H. , Rahimov R.A. , Salamova N.V. , Zarbaliyeva N.A. , Ahmadova G.A.
Published: August 2014

As traditional sources of raw materials and energy like petroleum, coal, gas, etc. are gradually depleted, more and more attention is attracted by alternative and renewable ones to which, among the firsts, natural lipids of vegetable and animal origin belong. As is known, natural oils and fats mainly consist of triglycerides of higher monocarboxylic acids. These triglycerides being ecologically clean esters by nature are very convenient initial products for carrying out “green” syntheses.

Taking the above-mentioned into consideration investigations have been performed in order to synthesize novel nonionic surfactants by direct interaction of triglycerides of olive, corn, sunflower, flax-seed, soybean and other vegetable oils as well as of beef, mutton, goat, pork fats, cod-liver and seal oils with such ethanolamines as mono-, di- and triethanolamine (TEA). The resulting products being respectively monoethylolamides, diethylolamides and triethanolamine esters, according to stalagmometric measurements, exhibit efficient surfactant properties greatly reducing surface tension at the kerosene-water interface from 46.0–46.5 down to 1–2 mN/m under room conditions. These surfactants have an applied importance as they have a capability to remove thin crude oil films off the water surface, water having a very wide range of mineralization (distilled, fresh, sea and stratal waters). In soft waters under the action of these surfactants thin crude-oil films are mainly transformed into a spot, i.e. they behave as crude oil collectors. In hard waters the mentioned surfactants usually disperse ecologically dangerous crude-oil films eliminating their hazard to marine inhabitants since such films disordering gas (for example, oxygen and carbon dioxide) and energy (mainly of sunlight origin) exchange at the water-air interface disturb an ecological balance. They also demonstrate high inhibitor properties against corrosion of steel.

Phosphate- and ethanolaminophosphate derivatives of the mentioned mono- and diethylolamides as well as TEA esters of natural higher monocarboxylic acids fractions have also been synthesized which pertain to efficient anionic surfactants. According to laboratory tests, they also possess strong capabilities to collect or disperse thin crude-oil films from the surface of water having various degrees of mineral salts contents.

The obtained chemicals are of great practical interest, first of all, for the Caspian Sea region which is very rich in crude oil reserves.
Assessment of Oil Burning Efficiency- Development of a Burning Bench
Authors: JEZEQUEL Ronan
Published: August 2014

Since the Deepwater Horizon spill (2010), the controlled In Situ Burning (ISB) of oil has demonstrated to be a possible solution to treat offshore oil spill. As other techniques usually deployed (mechanical recovery, dispersion), ISB efficiency depends on various parameters such as the oil nature, its evaporation degree, water content. In order to assess the influence of these parameters on the ignitability and burning efficiency, an experimental device was developed at Cedre. The burning bench comprises a burning cell which was created to avoid any boilover phenomenon. Glass barriers, specific hood and plume exhaust system complete the device to ensure safety conditions. Burning tests are conducted on a 100 mL volume of oil sample. During the combustion, the flame is characterized by using various temperature probes set at different heights. In addition, temperature of seawater is also recorded during each test. A gravimetric impactor is mounted in the hood to collect continuously the particles produced during the burning and afterwards to quantify the PM 2.5, PM 10 and PAH content in the soot. At the end of a burning test, residues are collected and quantified after solvent extraction. Different analyses are then performed on the residues: density, viscosity, simulated distillation, chemical family separation (saturates, aromatics, resins, asphaltens), PAH and alkanes distribution and content, … Potential PAH transfer from the oil to the water column is measured after SBSE (Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction) of water samples and quantification by GC-MS.

During the burning bench development, many tests were performed on different products (light refined products, fresh crude oil, weathered crude oil, heavy fuel oil, …). The preliminary results highlighted a very good reproducibility of the tests. For the refined product, more than 70% of the product burnt. For most of the fresh crude oils tested, the burning efficiency was between 50 and 60%. While testing heavy fuel or weathered product, the burning efficiency never exceeded 40%. In addition, different burning techniques were investigated such as igniter efficiency, compressed air influence, thermo resistant sorbent efficiency, …