bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
estados auténticos de un edificio inconcluso. La teoría construida en la intervención del templo franciscano de Chillán
Authors: González Dafne
Published: June 2023

El artículo abordará el concepto de autenticidad a partir de una propuesta de intervención del templo franciscano de Chillán. En la disciplina de la restauración, la autenticidad es un concepto clave. De hecho, la acción de restaurar se suele definir como <>. Si bien esta idea ha sido cuestionada, ya que implica asumir que han existido otros estados no auténticos, el artículo revisará el concepto y se intentará dilucidar cual es el estado auténtico del templo franciscano. Para llegar a esto, en primer lugar, se propone la reconstrucción histórica, técnica y arquitectónica, con el fin de identificar hitos que marcaron la vida del edificio y fueron definiendo su estado actual. En paralelo, se realizará un recorrido teórico del concepto de autenticidad que evidenciará diversas apreciaciones para el mismo término, poniendo en cuestión la validez de este concepto. Sin embargo, al aplicar el concepto a un caso concreto, se llegará a la conclusión de que el estado auténtico no es único ni mucho menos indiscutible, y funciona más bien como una herramienta para acotar los parámetros que ayudan a definir la intervención en patrimonio.
Monumento a Pedro de Valdivia. Cinco intervenciones para el debate monumental en el Cerro Santa Lucía
Authors: Zelaya Vilca María José
Published: June 2023

En Chile, el período del llamado “estallido social” agudizó el debate sobre la representatividad de los monumentos públicos, ya que permitió la expresión de la disputa entre narrativas desde la institucionalidad y la ciudadanía hacia personajes declarados héroes de la nación, en su mayoría, de la Conquista y Colonia, lo cual se vio reflejado en las múltiples intervenciones hacia los monumentos de Pedro de Valdivia a lo largo de todo el país. Considerando esta coyuntura y el proyecto para una nueva Ley de Monumentos Nacionales, es posible afirmar que el proceso burocrático actual requiere distintas fases y mayor tiempo para dialogar y revisar los monumentos públicos protegidos por ley. En este artículo, se propone un proyecto patrimonial para avanzar hacia un proceso complementario al existente, mediante cinco intervenciones breves, replicables en distintos monumentos públicos que estén siendo cuestionados y que puedan instalarse cuando se requiera. Para ello, se tomará como caso de estudio el monumento público a Pedro de Valdivia en el Cerro Santa Lucía de Santiago, por su densidad histórica y cuestionamiento desde distintas comunidades.
Reconfiguración urbana, turismo y desplazamiento en el Centro Histórico de Cuenca-Ecuador
Authors: Cabrera-Jara Natasha
Published: June 2023

La investigación estudia un fenómeno urbano persistente en ciudades históricas latinoamericanas: su reconfiguración material y simbólica con el propósito de conservar el patrimonio y promocionar el turismo como alternativa de desarrollo. Se propone la revisión crítica de este tipo de transformaciones urbanas, sus modos de planificación y financiamiento, sus efectos en determinados colectivos y el papel de la institución pública. Con este fin se elige como ámbito de estudio al área patrimonial de Cuenca en Ecuador, caso representativo dentro de las ciudades intermedias latinoamericanas, con una exitosa campaña de marketing urbano desplegada a partir de su declaratoria como Patrimonio Cultural de la Humanidad en 1999, que llevó a la ciudad a encabezar importantes rankings internacionales de turismo, especialmente para jubilados extranjeros. Se obtiene como resultado fundamental que la transformación del espacio público y edificios de uso público, ha sido significativa en lo tangible e inmaterial, siendo un efecto importante el desplazamiento de usos, prácticas y usuarios que no encajan con la imagen que se busca publicitar. Finalmente, se pone en duda la sustentabilidad social y económica del modelo de desarrollo implementado.
ПОСТРОЕНИЕ ВЫСОКОТОЧНОГО ПРИБЛИЖЕННОГО РЕШЕНИЯ ИНТЕГРАЛЬНОГО УРАВНЕНИЯ ВИНЕРА ? ХОПФА НА ОТРЕЗКЕ, "Наука юга России"
Authors: Евдокимова О.В. , Бабешко В.А. , Павлова А.В.
Published: June 2023

Предложен новый, достаточно простой и в то же время высокоточный метод решения интегральных уравнений Винера Хопфа на конечном отрезке. Ранее при решении этих уравнений не удавалось построить единое решение, справедливое для всех размеров отрезка. Для больших и малых относительных отрезков были построены различные асимптотические и приближенные методы, что затрудняет оперативность исследования. В настоящей работе на основе проекционных и факторизационных методов, в том числе развитых авторами, предложен подход, позволяющий строить одно решение для всех относительных размеров отрезка задания интегрального уравнения. Тип свойств ядер интегральных уравнений, для которых этот метод применим, указан в статье.
МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ ЭФФЕКТИВНЫХ УПРУГИХ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИК И ПАРАМЕТРОВ АНИЗОТРОПИИ АНТИФРИКЦИОННЫХ ПОЛИМЕРНЫХ КОМПОЗИТОВ, АРМИРОВАННЫХ ОРИЕНТИРОВАННЫМИ ВОЛОКНАМИ, "Наука юга России"
Authors: Колесников В.И. , Бардушкин В.В. , Сычев А.П.
Published: June 2023

Рассматриваются многокомпонентные трибокомпозиты на основе эпоксидного связующего ЭД-20, армированные волокнами бесщелочного стекла и политетрафторэтилена. Полагается, что стеклянные волокна ориентированы вдоль осей x и y прямоугольной системы координат, а волокна политетрафторэтилена – только в направлении оси x. Это соответствует армированию материала стеклотканью, в которую вплетены политетрафторэтиленовые волокна. Построена модель, позволяющая выполнять численные расчеты значений эффективных упругих характеристик (компоненты тензора эффективных модулей упругости) и параметров упругой анизотропии указанных антифрикционных композитов. Модель опирается на обобщенное сингулярное приближение теории случайных полей, используемое при решении стохастического дифференциального уравнения равновесия упругой среды. Проведены численные расчеты значений эффективных упругих характеристик и параметров упругой анизотропии в направлениях осей x, y и z прямоугольной системы координат антифрикционных полимерных композитов, учитывающие изменения величин объемных концентраций их компонентов. При вычислении значений эффективных упругих характеристик модельных трибокомпозитов использовался метод самосогласования. Исследования показали, что увеличение содержания волокон политетрафторэтилена приводит к уменьшению значений эффективных модулей упругости и усилению анизотропии (особенно в направлении осей x и y прямоугольной системы координат) модельных антифрикционных композитов. Установлено, что при фиксированных концентрациях эпоксидного связующего и волокон политетрафторэтилена перераспределение (в направлениях осей x и y) объемной доли волокон бесщелочного стекла для некоторых компонент тензора эффективных модулей упругости приводит к увеличению их значений, а для других, наоборот, к уменьшению. При этом происходит усиление анизотропии в направлении оси x и ее ослабление в направлении оси y, значения параметра анизотропии в направлении оси z изменяются незначительно.
ВОДНАЯ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ (КЛАССЫ PLATYHYPNIDIO?FONTINALIETEA ANTIPYRETICAE PHILIPPI 1956, LEMNETEA DE BOL?S ET MASCLANS 1955) БАССЕЙНА РЕКИ ДОН (В ПРЕДЕЛАХ СТЕПНОЙ ЗОНЫ), "Наука юга России"
Authors: Соколова Т.А. , Ермолаева О.Ю. , Середа М.М.
Published: June 2023

Территория исследований находится в пределах степной зоны юга европейской части России. С целью изучения синтаксономического разнообразия растительности р. Дон и ее притоков проведена классификация водной растительности методом Брауна-Бланке на основе 40 геоботанических описаний, выполненных в 2006–2022 гг. в разных водотоках бассейна р. Дон. Приведена информация о работах, посвященных изучению флоры и растительности бассейна р. Дон, которые позволяют систематизировать данные и сделать выводы об изменениях в биоразнообразии исследуемой территории: в ряду среднее течение – нижнее течение – дельта происходит обеднение водной флоры, виды, которые ранее встречались на всем протяжении участка (Nymphoides peltata (S.F. Gmel.) O. Kuntze, Trapa natans L. s.l., Salvinia natans (L.) All.), в дельте стали редкими, другие не отмечены вовсе (Aldrovanda vesiculosa L., Caltha palustris L., Thelypteris palustris Schott, Stratiotes aloides L.). Снижение биоразнообразия в направлении с севера на юг мы объясняем возрастанием минерализации вод. Представлены результаты инвентаризации высшей водной растительности и приведена характеристика выделенных ассоциаций классов Platyhypnidio Fontinalietea antipyreticae (ассоциация Fontinalietum antipyreticae) и Lemnetea (ассоциации Lemnetum minoris, Lemnetum trisulcae, Lemno minoris–Spirodeletum polyrhizae, Hydrocharitetum morsus-ranae, Stratiotetum aloidis, Ceratophylletum demersi). Наибольшее распространение (отмечены в дельте, нижнем и среднем течении) получили сообщества ассоциаций Hydrocharitetum morus-ranae, Lemnetum minoris, Ceratophylletum demersi.
Current Scenario of Sericulture Industry in Traditional Silk Producing States of India
Authors: Elumalai D. , Kumar K. Indira , Uma K. , Raj P. Mohan
Published: June 2023

The study concerned about the growth rate of mulberry area, production and productivity and cocoon and raw silk production and productivity five major traditional sates (Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, West Bengal, Andhra Pradesh, Jammu Kashmir and West Bengal) in India during 1980-81 to 2016-17. In Tamil Nadu, Compared with all the seven periods the highest significant compound growth observed in mulberry area and production was 17.50 per cent, 21.02 per cent during the period IV (1998-99 to 2001-02) and mulberry productivity 2.63 per cent since improved mulberry varieties like S36 and MR2 was released during that period II (1988-89 to 1997-98).  Overall period (1980-81 to 2016-17), the cocoon productivity (2.67%) was positively significant in Tamil Nadu. There was a positively significant growth rate of cocoon production and productivity in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal. Even though there was negative significant growth in productivity (-7.62%), but the growth of production (0.51%) was non-significant in Jammu Kashmir. There is significant positive growth of production (2.33%) and productivity (2.96%) in India. In Tamil Nadu, The growth rates of raw silk production (2.17%) and productivity (5.25%) was found highly significant during the overall Period (1980-81 to 2016-17). There was a highly significant growth rate of raw silk production and productivity in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and for India as a whole. In Jammu Kashmir; the growth rates of cocoon production alone (4.14%) were significant.
Nutritional Status and Nutrient Adequacy of Food Consumed by Commercial Drivers in Abeokuta South Local Govt Area, Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: Oyesanya Opeyemi Samuel , Oladosu Gbenga Samuel , Akinlose Emmanuel Ayotunde , Bolajoko Opeyemi Oreoluwa , Onabanjo Oluseye Olusegun
Published: June 2023

Introduction: The nutritional status and adequacy of nutrients in the food consumed by commercial drivers have significant implications for their overall health, well-being, and job performance.

Aims: The study assessed the nutritional status and nutrient adequacy of food consumed by commercial drivers in Abeokuta South Local Government area, Ogun State.

Study Design: A descriptive cross-sectional design was used to carry out this study.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the Major Parks of Abeokuta South Local Government from November 2019 to February 2020.

Methodology: The data was obtained from randomly selected three hundred (300) commercial drivers in the major parks (Asero, Ijaiye, Kuti, and Sapon) of Abeokuta South Local Government. A structured-interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain data on the respondent’s demographics and socioeconomic characteristics, anthropometrics characteristics were assessed using a standardized method by trained anthropometrists, and the dietary intake of the respondents was obtained using a validated 24-hour recall questionnaire. Data were analyzed and presented using descriptive and inferential statistics.

Results: All (100%) of the respondents were males with a mean age of 38.7±0.49 years. The mean height and weight of the respondents were found to be 1.68±0.86 m and 68.50±8.47 kg respectively. More than half (59.7%) of the respondents had a normal BMI, 34.3% and 0.3% were overweight and obese respectively and only a few (5.7%) were underweight. The nutrient adequacy results revealed inadequacies of Vitamin C (83.3%), Vitamin B1 (66.7%), Vitamin B6 (79.3%), Calcium (89.3%), Zinc (53.3%), and Magnesium (70.7%).

Conclusion: It is concluded that overweight, obesity, and micronutrients inadequacy is prevalent among commercial drivers. Malnutrition and micronutrient inadequacy among commercial drivers should be recognized as a public health problem and strategies to improve their status and nutrient intake should be implemented.
Evaluation of Different Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis L.) Hybrids for Better Growth and Yield of Flowers under Prayagraj Agro Climatic Conditions
Authors: Reddy Addula Shivani , Prasad V. M. , Mahesh M. K.
Published: June 2023

The present investigation entitled, Evaluation of Different Dahlia (Dahlia variabilis L.)  Hybrids for Better Growth and Yield of Flowers under Prayagraj Agro Climatic Conditions was under taken in the Department of Horticulture, Naini Agriculture Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, U.P. during winter season (2022 to 2023). The experiment was laid out with nine hybrids each replicated thrice in Randomized Block Design. Among the nine hybrids, hybrid Eternity (H2) reported significantly better performance in terms of plant growth parameters like plant height (89.93 cm), number of leaves per plant (133.87), number of branches per plant (11.53), average length of branches (59.67 cm) and stem diameter (2.61 cm). Whereas in terms of Yield parameters, hybrid Chandra Vaga (H7) reported significantly better performance like number of flowers per plant (20.30), number of flowers per plot (121.80), flower yield per ha (73,08,000).
Effect of Different Concentration of Major and Minor Nutrients on the Growth and Yield of Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa L.) Grown under Aeroponic System
Authors: Negi Shefali , Mishra Saket
Published: June 2023

Strawberry is a perennial fruit crop of high importance in the market. It is highly recommended both as table and processed fruit due its nutrient content. The growth period of strawberry is short and hence doesn’t require much time for its growth and development. Aeroponic on the other hand seems to provide a better hand in cultivation of annual species in controlled conditions in a meticulous way.  A field experiment was conducted at Horticulture Research Farm, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agriculture Institute, Sam Higginbottom university of agriculture, technology and science, Prayagraj, U.P during the year 2022-2023. The experiment comprised of eight different treatments with one control T1(3g NPK + 16g micronutrient), T2(6g NPK+14g micronutrient) T3(9g NPK+12g micronutrient), T4(12g NPK+10g micronutrient), T5(15g NPK+8g micronutrient) T6(18g NPK+6g micronutrient), T7(21g NPK+4g micronutrient), T8(24g NPK+2g micronutrient), T0 control (water). Based on the outcome of the current experiment, it can be concluded that treatment T6- (18gNPK+6gmicronutrient) produced the greatest results. It was determined to have the greatest growth traits with highest - Plant height(19.74cm), Number of leaves per plant (25.90), Plant spread(26.43cm) and Root length(28.35cm). It was also found best in terms of yield and yield attributing characters i.e., Total no flowers per plant (31.73), Fruit set (68.2 %) No of fruits per plant (21.58), Fruit weight (39.77g) Average yield (0.86kg).
Texas’ 2021 Ban on Abortion in Early Pregnancy and Changes in Live Births
Authors: Bell Suzanne O. , Stuart Elizabeth A. , Gemmill Alison
Published: June 2023

This study evaluates changes in the number of births in Texas after passage of Texas’ Senate Bill 8 (SB8), which bans abortions as early as 5 weeks’ gestation.
Beliefs Among Veteran Firearm Owners Regarding Whether Clinicians Should Discuss Firearm Safety With Patients
Authors: Aunon Frances M. , Azrael Deborah , Simonetti Joseph A. , Miller Matthew
Published: June 2023

Importance

Veterans are at increased risk of suicide, and guidelines recommend assessing firearm access and counseling to reduce access among patients with elevated suicide risk. How veterans view such discussions is critical to the effectiveness of these interactions.

Objective

To assess whether veteran firearm owners believe clinicians should deliver firearm counseling when patients or their family members are being cared for in specific clinical contexts that suggest heightened risk of firearm injury.

Design, Setting, and Participants

In this cross-sectional study, data were from a probability-based online survey of self-identified veterans who reported owning at least 1 firearm (National Firearms Survey, July 1 to August 31, 2019) and were weighted to generate nationally representative estimates. Data were analyzed from June 2022 to March 2023.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Participants were asked, “As part of routine care, should physicians and/or other health care professionals talk with their patients about firearms and firearm safety if their patient or their patient’s family member (is at risk of suicide; has mental health or behavioral problems; is abusing or addicted to alcohol or drugs; is a victim of domestic violence; has Alzheimer’s disease or another dementia; or is going through a hard time).” Response options included “No,” “Yes, sometimes,” and “Yes, always.” In addition, responses were dichotomized as “Yes, at least sometimes” and “No.”

Results

Of 4030 adults who completed the survey (65% completion rate), 678 (mean [SD] age, 64.7 [13.1] years; 638 [92.9%] male) identified as veteran firearm owners. Across the 6 clinical contexts, support for clinicians “at least sometimes” discussing firearm safety as part of routine care ranged from 73.4% (95% CI, 69.1%-77.3%) when someone is “going through a hard time” to 88.2% (95% CI, 84.8%-90.9%) when someone has “mental health or behavioral problems.” When a patient or family member is at risk for suicide, 79.4% (95% CI, 75.5%-82.8%) of veteran firearm owners responded that clinicians should “at least sometimes” discuss firearms and firearm safety.

Conclusions and Relevance

This study’s findings suggest that most veteran firearm owners believe that clinicians should provide firearm counseling during routine care when a patient or family member is at heightened risk of firearm injury. These findings belie concerns that discussing firearm access with veteran firearm owners is an unacceptable practice.
Long-term Patient-Reported Outcomes in a Population-Based Cohort Following Radiotherapy vs Surgery for Oropharyngeal Cancer
Authors: Dohopolski Michael J. , Diao Kevin , Hutcheson Katherine A. , Akhave Neil S. , Goepfert Ryan P. , He Weiguo , Lei Xiudong Jennifer , Peterson Susan K. , Shen Yu , Sumer Baran D. , Smith Benjamin D. , Sher David J.
Published: June 2023

Importance

Oncologic outcomes are similar for patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) treated with primary surgery or radiotherapy. However, comparative differences in long-term patient-reported outcomes (PROs) between modalities are less well established.

Objective

To determine the association between primary surgery or radiotherapy and long-term PROs.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This cross-sectional study used the Texas Cancer Registry to identify survivors of OPSCC treated definitively with primary radiotherapy or surgery between January 1, 2006, and December 31, 2016. Patients were surveyed in October 2020 and April 2021.

Exposures

Primary radiotherapy and surgery for OPSCC.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Patients completed a questionnaire that included demographic and treatment information, the MD Anderson Symptom Inventory–Head and Neck (MDASI-HN) module, the Neck Dissection Impairment Index (NDII), and the Effectiveness of Auditory Rehabilitation (EAR) scale. Multivariable linear regression models were performed to evaluate the association of treatment (surgery vs radiotherapy) with PROs while controlling for additional variables.

Results

Questionnaires were mailed to 1600 survivors of OPSCC identified from the Texas Cancer Registry, with 400 responding (25% response rate), of whom 183 (46.2%) were 8 to 15 years from their initial diagnosis. The final analysis included 396 patients (aged ≤57 years, 190 [48.0%]; aged >57 years, 206 [52.0%]; female, 72 [18.2%]; male, 324 [81.8%]). After multivariable adjustment, no significant differences were found between surgery and radiotherapy outcomes as measured by the MDASI-HN (β, −0.1; 95% CI, −0.7 to 0.6), NDII (β, −1.7; 95% CI, −6.7 to 3.4), and EAR (β, −0.9; 95% CI −7.7 to 5.8). In contrast, less education, lower household income, and feeding tube use were associated with significantly worse MDASI-HN, NDII, and EAR scores, while concurrent chemotherapy with radiotherapy was associated with worse MDASI-HN and EAR scores.

Conclusions and Relevance

This population-based cohort study found no associations between long-term PROs and primary radiotherapy or surgery for OPSCC. Lower socioeconomic status, feeding tube use, and concurrent chemotherapy were associated with worse long-term PROs. Further efforts should focus on the mechanism, prevention, and rehabilitation of these long-term treatment toxicities. The long-term outcomes of concurrent chemotherapy should be validated and may inform treatment decision making.
A Teenager With Dysphagia, Mild Dyspnea, and an Indolent Mass
Authors: Bady Ebone Evans , Schwartz Tyler R. , Tibesar Robert
Published: June 2023

A 15-year-old male presented with dysphagia to solid foods, and dyspnea when laying on the right side that had progressed during 8 months. What is your diagnosis?
Regulations and Guidelines for Toxic Exposures in the Workplace
Authors: Ewert Donald H. , Rompre Ghislain , Ansari Rais A. , Saghir Shakil A.
Published: June 2023

Historically, occupational diseases often served as signs of exposure to toxic substances in the workplace, and legislation to regulate workplace exposure was slow to develop. While research and technology provided the rationale and methodologies to develop legislation, regulations, and guidelines reducing workplace hazards, social (e.g., working age of children or working hours) and catastrophes (e.g., mine explosions, asbestos disease, and epidemics) were often the main factors for laws/regulations. Political and civil rights movements also play a role in regulatory changes. In the early part of this century, regulations and guidelines to control toxic substances in workplaces primarily emerged out of social forces such as those introduced by labor unions and social reformers such as Alice Hamilton who was instrumental in putting workplace health and safety on the agenda for U.S. federal activities during the early 1900s. The first academic programs to support these efforts were instituted very early in 1900; the Department of Biology and Public Health at MIT offered a course in industrial hygiene in 1905 followed by the University of Pennsylvania, where a doctorate in public health was offered in 1906 with emphases on industrial hygiene. In 1919, the University of Cincinnati established a 1‐year Certificate of Public Health in Industrial Hygiene. The National Safety Council on Benzol was the first committee to establish current benzene exposure thresholds, and various private organizations (e.g., NSC, ANSI, ACGIH, API) provided exposure guidelines for various toxic substances. This chapter covers history of the development of regulations/guidelines to control exposure to toxic substances at workplaces.
Coal Tar, Crude Oil, and Derived Products
Authors: Ryman‐Rasmussen Jessica
Published: June 2023

Naturally occurring petroleum ranges in physical state from liquids to solids. Petroleum, its refining streams, and petroleum‐derived products are comprised of chemical compounds that can number in the thousands and that can vary in chemical composition due to variation in both source material and refining processes. As such, petroleum substances are Substances of Unknown or Variable Composition, Complex Reaction Products, and Biological Materials, also known as UVCBs. Petroleum and its distillates have been divided into categories in the United States and European Union based on refining processes. These categories have been used as an organization point for hazard characterization by regulatory authorities in the United States and European Union. This chapter describes the production, physicochemical properties, exposure, and hazards for petroleum, petroleum streams, and petroleum‐derived products. For substances for which chemical constituents have been identified that are key drivers of hazard (e.g., benzo[a]pyrene), these constituents are discussed. Additionally, for some substances, information is provided on regulatory and/or advisory hazard classifications, status regarding Harmonised Classification and Labelling, or recommended exposure limits from regulatory authorities.
N‐Nitroso Compounds
Authors: Green Laura C.
Published: June 2023

N‐Nitroso compounds are a diverse group of hundreds of potentially toxic and carcinogenic chemicals. Of these, the most well studied are chemically simple nitrosamines, such as dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) and diethylnitrosamine (DEN), both of which are remarkably potent causes of cancer in all animal‐species so far tested; and likely to be carcinogenic to humans as well. This chapter addresses how our exogenous exposures to these and related compounds—both occupationally and environmentally—have changed over the decades. Notably, DMN and some otherN‐nitroso compounds are also formed endogenously, in all animals, including humans: mechanisms of this endogenous nitrosation are discussed herein. The chemistry and metabolism of selected nitrosamines are presented, especially as these relate to the formationin vivoof the proximately toxic and carcinogenic chemical‐species. Nitrosamine exposures via cigarettes are detailed, as are (historical and current) occupational exposures, such as via rubber‐manufacturing, and via some metal lubricating fluids. General environmental exposures via food, beverages, and pharmaceuticals are also discussed.
Occupational Toxicology in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Authors: Dolan David G. , Bercu Joel P. , Graham Jessica C. , Barle Ester L.
Published: June 2023

Much of the activity in the pharmaceutical industry has its origins in the fine chemicals industry of the late nineteenth century. At that time, advances in chemistry and medicine led to the manufacture of pharmacologically active small molecules to produce desirable biological effects to treat diseases and illnesses at relatively low doses. Advances in biology and chemistry in the past quarter century have led to an increase in innovation resulting in a variety of novel modalities, especially recombinant proteins, antibody‐drug conjugates, cell and gene therapies, peptides and polypeptides, oligonucleotides, and vaccines. The roles and responsibilities of occupational toxicologists in the pharmaceutical industry have expanded dramatically in the twenty‐first century, commensurate with the changing regulatory requirements and treatment modalities. The occupational toxicologists' roles have become increasingly multidisciplinary and the scope of their involvement has expanded to encompass diverse aspects of worker safety as well as patient safety, and to include involvement throughout a molecule's development, from early development through postcommercialization.
Metalworking Fluids (MWFs)
Authors: Gordon Terry , Taylor Barbara
Published: June 2023

Metal working fluids (MWFs) comprise a complex class of chemicals used in the processing and machining of metal products. A wide variety of additives are used to improve the functionality and longevity of MWFs and include detergents, antioxidants, buffering agents, anti‐foaming agents, and antimicrobials. Importantly, during the use of MWFs, the aerosolized fluids are contaminated by microbial products particularly in the water‐based MWFs. The majority of literature on the adverse human health effects associated with exposure to MWFs can be attributed to mixed exposures to predominantly water‐based fluids, with some straight oil data. Similarly, many of the experimental animal toxicology studies have also examined water‐based fluids and unfortunately, the development and production of MWFs are rapidly changing, and thus health studies have largely been conducted using MWFs that may no longer be in use. This chapter presents the current knowledge on the adverse health effects associated with exposure to water‐based, synthetic, and semi‐synthetic MWFs.
Mechanisms of Action of Carcinogenic Chemicals Including Occupational Carcinogens
Authors: Kobets Tetyana , Williams Gary M.
Published: June 2023

This chapter provides an overview of the diverse mechanisms, which are involved in the induction of neoplasia produced by chemical carcinogens, including occupational carcinogens. The key events involved in the process of carcinogenesis are discussed, and the broad classification of carcinogens based on their primary mechanism of action is delineated. Two major classes of carcinogens are discussed: (1) DNA‐reactive (genotoxic) carcinogens, which react with nuclear DNA directly producing DNA damage in the target tissue and (2) epigenetic (nongenotoxic) carcinogens, which either indirectly interact with DNA or affect other regulatory macromolecules altering cellular processes involved in growth control and/or cell death in the target tissue. Examples of human carcinogens are provided. In addition, methods of human risk assessment are discussed.
Computational Toxicology
Authors: Wijeyesakere Sanjeeva J. , Richardson Rudy J.
Published: June 2023

This chapter briefly explores the principles and application of predictive computational approaches (cheminformatics) to the field of toxicology. In recent years, regulatory and consumer pressures have promoted the use of non‐animal alternatives (including cheminformatics approaches) to assess hazards associated with novel and existing chemicals. In general, thesein silicoapproaches enable us to do two important things: (1) Rapidly assess likely molecular mechanisms of toxicity; and (2) Suggest mechanistic hypotheses for experimental validation or refutation. To this end, we provide an overview of current two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional computational approaches including mechanistic machine learning, structural scaffolding, docking, and molecular dynamics simulations. Together with techniques such as inverse docking and pharmacophore/toxicophore mapping, it is possible to use these techniques to align compounds with their potential macromolecular targets, including off‐targets of toxicity. While the approaches discussed in this chapter could potentially be of value when assessing hazards associated with biological xenobiotics and protein–DNA interactions, our focus is on small‐molecule toxicants and theirin vivo[protein] targets.
Molybdenum
Authors: Klipsch Kevin , Aveyard Lindsay , Carey Sandra , Hubbard Sue A. , Levy Leonard S. , Mitchell Philip C. H.
Published: June 2023

Molybdenum is an essential element for humans, animals, and plants. But excess exposure to molybdenum substances may cause harmful effects. This chapter describes natural occurrence, production, uses, and chemical and biochemical properties of molybdenum substances, and possible adverse effects in relation to dose. The emphasis is on commercial inorganic molybdenum substances and those where the molybdate ion [MoO4]2−is the driver for a biological effect.
Kiritimatiellaceae
Authors: Spring Stefan
Published: June 2023

Ki.ri.ti.ma.ti.el.la.ce'ae. N.L. fem. dim. n.
Kiritimatiella
, type genus of the family; L. fem. pl. n. suff. –
aceae
, ending to denote a family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Kiritimatiellaceae
, the
Kiritimatiella
family.

Kiritimatiellota / Kiritimatiellia / Kiritimatiellales / Kiritimatiellaceae

To date, there is only one cultivated strain in the family
Kiritimatiellaceae
, the type strain of
Kiritimatiella glycovorans
(Spring et al., 2016). Microorganisms assigned to this family are generally free‐living, nonmotile, non‐spore‐forming, coccoid bacteria adapted to anoxic aquatic niches characterized by hypersaline conditions. Other features include cell division by binary fission, a Gram‐negative type cell wall containing peptidoglycan, no intracellular membranes, and an anaerobic metabolism based on the fermentation of carbohydrates. The main nongaseous fermentation products are ethanol and acetate. Transparent exopolymers are formed and probably protect cells from desiccation in hypersaline environments. Cellular fatty acid patterns are dominated by straight‐chain (C
18:0
) and iso‐branched fatty acids (iso‐C
14:0
). The major polar lipid was identified as phosphatidylglycerol (PG) besides minor amounts of an unidentified phospholipid, two distinct glycolipids, an aminolipid and small amounts of phosphoglycolipids. The genome size of the only described type strain of this family is 2.9 Mb.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 63 (genome analysis).

Type genus
:
Kiritimatiella
Spring et al. 2016, VL174.
Terrilactibacillus
Authors: Tanasupawat Somboon , Kingkaew Engkarat , Thitiprasert Sitanan , Thongchul Nuttha
Published: June 2023

Ter.ri.lac.ti.ba.cil'lus. L. fem. n.
terra
, of the earth; L. neut. n
. lac
(gen.
lactis
), milk; L. masc. n.
bacillus,
a small rod; N.L. masc. n.
Terrilactibacillus,
soil lactic acid rodlet.

Firmicutes / Bacilli / Bacillales / Bacillaceae / Terrilactibacillus

Terrilactibacillus
is a genus in the family
Bacillaceae
. It currently comprises two species
Terrilactibacillus laevilacticus
and
Terrilactibacillus tamarindi
. Members of genus are distributed in soils and tree bark. This genus encompasses endospore‐forming rod‐shaped bacteria. Cells are Gram‐stain‐positive, facultatively anaerobic, and motile by means of peritrichous flagella. Colonies on glucose‐yeast‐peptone (GYP) agar plates were circular, convex, and ivory‐white.
d
‐Lactic acid was produced homofermentatively from glucose. Growth at 20–45°C, pH 3.5–9.0, and 3–4% (w/v) NaCl. The cell wall peptidoglycan contained
meso
‐diaminopimelic acid. The major respiratory quinone was menaquinone with seven isoprene units (MK‐7). Major fatty acids were
iso
‐C
16:0
,
anteiso
‐C
15:0
, and
anteiso
‐C
17:0
. The
in silico
DNA G + C content was 36.8–37.1 mol%. The type species of the genus is
Terrilactibacillus laevilacticus
Prasirtsak et al. 2016
VP
. Originally isolated from soil.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 36.8–37.1 (
In silico
).

Type species
:
Terrilactibacillus laevilacticus
Prasirtsak et al. 2016.
Candidatus Nanopusillus
Authors: St. John Emily , Reysenbach Anna‐Louise , Podar Mircea
Published: June 2023

Na.no.pu.sil'lus. Gr. masc. n.
nânos,
a dwarf; L. masc. adj.
pusillus,
very small; N.L. masc. n.
Nanopusillus,
a very small member of the
Nanoarchaeota
.

Nanoarchaeota / Nanobdellia / Nanobdellales / Nanobdellaceae /
Candidatus Nanopusillus

The genus
Candidatus
Nanopusillus is comprised of small coccoid cells (∼100–400 nm) that live epibiotically on the surface of archaeal hosts. The first described species,
Candidatus
Nanopusillus acidilobi, is an anaerobic, hyperthermophilic acidophile whose best growth is observed at 82°C, pH 3.6, cultivated from a hot spring in Yellowstone National Park.
Ca
. Nanopusillus acidilobi cells associate with the
Crenarchaeota
host organism
Acidilobus
sp. 7A. Archaeal flagella (archaella) have been predicted from the genome sequence and shown to be expressed in the proteome. A second putative species,
Candidatus
Nanopusillus massiliensis, was recently reported from human dental plaque and associates with the methanogen
Methanobrevibacter oralis
. The genome consists of a single scaffold which is highly fragmented by spans of ambiguous nucleotides, with 16S rRNA gene fragments from
Bacteria
. Both species have small genomes (∼0.6 Mb) encoding few biosynthetic genes and no apparent ATP synthase complex genes, suggesting that the nanoarchaeotes rely on their host for the production of major cellular precursors.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 24 (genome analysis).

Type species
:

Candidatus
Nanopusillus acidilobi

Wurch et al. 2016.
The anticipatory paradigm
Authors: Amos‐Binks Adam , Dannenhauer Dustin , Gilpin Leilani H.
Published: June 2023

Anticipatory thinking is necessary for managing risk in the safety‐ and mission‐critical domains where AI systems are being deployed. We analyze the intersection of anticipatory thinking, the optimization paradigm, and metaforesight to advance our understanding of AI systems and their adaptive capabilities when encountering low‐likelihood/high‐impact risks. We describe this intersection as the anticipatory paradigm. We detail these challenges in concrete examples and propose new types of anticipatory thinking, towards a paradigm shift in how AI systems are evaluated.
Strategies to Improve Equitable Access to Early Osteoarthritis Diagnosis and Management: An Updated Review
Authors: Abenoja Angela , Theodorlis Madeline , Ahluwalia Vandana , Battistella Marisa , Borkhoff Cornelia M. , Hazlewood Glen Stewart , Lofters Aisha , MacKay Crystal , Marshall Deborah , Gagliardi Anna R.
Published: June 2023

Though osteoarthritis (OA) affects millions of people worldwide, many fail to access recommended early, person‐centered OA care, particularly women who are disproportionately impacted by OA. A prior review identified few strategies to improve equitable access to early diagnosis and management for multiple disadvantaged groups. We aimed to update that review with literature published in 2010 or later on strategies to improve OA care for disadvantaged groups including women. We identified only 11 eligible studies, of which only 2 (18%) focused on women only. Other disadvantaged groups targeted in the largely US‐based studies included patients who are Black, Spanish‐speaking, rural, and adults aged 60 years and older. All studies evaluated interventions targeted to patients; 4 (36%) assessed video decision aids, and 7 (63.6%) assessed in‐person, video, or telephone self‐management education. Interventions were often multifaceted (n = 9, 82%), and most studies (n = 8, 73%) achieved positive outcomes in at least some outcomes measured. No studies evaluated clinician‐ or system‐level strategies. Few studies (n = 5, 45%) described how they tailored strategies to disadvantaged groups or how they addressed person‐centered care concepts apart from enabling self‐management. Future research is needed to develop, implement, evaluate, and scale‐up multilevel strategies to enhance equitable, person‐centered OA care for disadvantaged groups including women.
Langmuir–Blodgett‐Mediated Formation of Antibacterial Microneedles for Long‐Term Transdermal Drug Delivery
Authors: Lu Ziyi , Du Shan , Li Jiaxun , Zhang Min , Nie Huali , Zhou Xiaojun , Li Fulun , Wei Xinwei , Wang Jinqiang , Liu Fuyao , He Chuanglong , Yang Guang , Gu Zhen
Published: June 2023

Microneedles (MNs) have become versatile platforms for minimally invasive transdermal drug delivery devices. However, there are concerns about MN‐induced skin infections with long‐term transdermal administration. Using the Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) technique, a simple method for depositing antibacterial nanoparticles of various shapes, sizes, and compositions onto MNs is developed. This strategy has merits over conventional dip coating techniques, including controlled coating layers, uniform and high coverage, and a straightforward fabrication process. This provides MNs with a fast‐acting and long‐lasting antibacterial effect. This study demonstrates that antibacterial MNs achieve superior bacterial elimination in vitro and in vivo without sacrificing payload capacity, drug release, or mechanical strength. It is believed that such a functional nanoparticle coating technique offers a platform for the expansion of MNs function, especially in long‐term transdermal drug delivery fields.
Extracellular Vesicles‐Derived Hybrid Nanoplatforms for Amplified CD47 Blockade‐Based Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Tang Lu , Yin Yue , Cao Yuqi , Fu Cong , Liu Hening , Feng Jingwen , Wang Wei , Liang Xing‐Jie
Published: June 2023

Immunomodulation of tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) into tumor‐inhibiting M1‐like phenotype is a promising but challenging strategy. Cleverly, tumor cells overexpress CD47, a “don't eat me” signal that ligates with the signal regulatory protein alpha (SIRPα) on macrophages to escape phagocytosis. Thus, effective re‐education of TAMs into the “eat me” type and blocking the CD47‐SIRPα signaling play pivotal roles in tumor immunotherapy. Herein, it is reported that hybrid nanovesicles (hEL‐RS17) derived from extracellular vesicles of M1 macrophages and decorated with RS17 peptide, an antitumor peptide that specifically binds to CD47 on tumor cells and blocks CD47‐SIRPα signaling, can actively target tumor cells and remodel TAM phenotypes. Consequently, more M1‐like TAMs infiltrate into tumor tissue to phagocytize more tumor cells due to CD47 blockade. By further co‐encapsulating chemotherapeutic agent shikonin, photosensitizer IR820, and immunomodulator polymetformin in hEL‐RS17, an enhanced antitumor effect is obtained due to the combinational treatment modality and close synergy among each component. Upon laser irradiation, the designed SPI@hEL‐RS17 nanoparticles exert potent antitumor efficacy against both 4T1 breast tumor and B16F10 melanoma models, which not only suppresses primary tumor growth but also inhibits lung metastasis and prevents tumor recurrence, exhibiting great potential in boosting CD47 blockade‐based antitumor immunotherapy.
Regulating the Lithium Ions’ Local Coordination Environment through Designing a COF with Single Atomic Co Site to Achieve Dendrite‐Free Lithium‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Zhang Conghui , Xie Jiyang , Zhao Changtai , Yang Yongxin , An Qi , Mei Zhiyuan , Xu Qijun , Ding Yuqing , Zhao Genfu , Guo Hong
Published: June 2023

The detrimental growth of lithium dendrites and unstable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) inhibit the practical application of lithium‐metal batteries. Herein, atomically dispersed cobalt coordinate conjugated bipyridine‐rich covalent organic framework (sp2c‐COF) is explored as an artificial SEI on the surface of the Li‐metal anode to resolve these issues. The single Co atoms confined in the structure of COF enhance the number of active sites and promote electron transfer to the COF. The synergistic effects of the Co─N coordination and strong electron‐withdrawing cyano‐group can adsorb the electron from the donor (Co) at a maximum and create an electron‐rich environment, hence further regulating the Li+ local coordination environment and achieving uniform Li‐nucleation behavior. Furthermore, in situ technology and density functional theory calculations reveal the mechanism of the sp2c‐COF‐Co inducing Li uniform deposition and promoting Li+ rapid migration. Based on these advantages, the sp2c‐COF‐Co modified Li anode exhibits a low Li‐nucleation barrier of 8 mV, and excellent cycling stability of 6000 h.
Advancing Glycan Analysis: A New Platform Integrating SERS, Boronic Acids, and Machine Learning Algorithms
Authors: Hu Qiang , Kuai Dacheng , Park Hyundo , Clark Haley , Balbuena Perla B. , Kwon Joseph Sang‐Il , Wu Hung‐Jen
Published: June 2023

Glycans are the most abundant fundamental biomolecules, but profiling glycans is challenging due to their structural complexity. To address this, a novel glycan detection platform is developed by integrating surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), boronic acid receptors, and machine learning tools. Boronic acid receptors bind with glycans, and the reaction influences molecular vibrations, leading to unique Raman spectral patterns. Unlike prior studies that focus on designing a boronic acid with high binding selectivity toward a target glycan, this sensor is designed to analyze overall changes in spectral patterns using machine learning algorithms. For proof‐of‐concept, 4‐mercaptophenylboronic acid (4MBA) and 1‐thianthrenylboronic acid (1TBA) are used for glycan detection. The sensing platform successfully recognizes the stereoisomers and the structural isomers with different glycosidic linkages. The collective spectra that combine the spectra from both boronic acid receptors improve the performance of the support vector machine model due to the enrichment of the structural information of glycans. In addition, this new sensor could quantify the mole fraction of sialic acid in lactose background using the machine learning regression technique. This low‐cost, rapid, and highly accessible sensor will provide the scientific community with another option for frequent comparative glycan screening in standard biological laboratories.
How Does Temporal and Sequential Delivery of Multiple Growth Factors Affect Vascularization Inside 3D Hydrogels?
Authors: Bastard Céline , Günther Daniel , Gerardo‐Nava José , Dewerchin Mieke , Sprycha Peter , Licht Christopher , Lüken Arne , Wessling Matthias , De Laporte Laura
Published: June 2023

Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis are leveraged by orchestrated secretion of several growth factors. Mimicking this process in vitro can maximize vascularization inside 3D cell cultures. While the role of individual growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, Ephrin‐B2, angiopoietins, and platelet‐derived growth factor‐BB (PDGF‐BB) is well studied, the temporal influence of growth factor secretion, and the effect of their concentrations and combinations on in vitro vascularization inside hydrogels, have not been systematically investigated. Here, combinations of angiopoietin‐1, angiopoietin‐2, and PDGF‐BB improve vascularization of a human umbilical vein endothelial cells‐fibroblast coculture inside polyethylene glycol‐based hydrogels the most, while the optimal concentrations and time points of growth factor addition are determined. Moreover, fibroblasts, pericytes, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are compared as supporting cells, of which MSCs best promote vascularization in coculture. Additionally, the resulting blood vessels align with magnetically oriented rod‐shaped microgels when cultured inside the Anisogel. To mimic fibrosis, transforming growth factor‐beta is added, resulting in significantly smaller vessels and more collagen secretion. This in vitro study reveals that a cascade of growth factors can improve vascular formation in 3D hydrogels, which is important to create viable tissue‐engineered constructs for therapies and in vitro healthy and diseased tissue models.