bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE HYDRATION OF STARCH BELOW THE GELATINIZATION TEMPERATURE
Authors: Gallay Wilfred , Puddington Ira E.
Published: April 2011

The dilatancy of an aqueous starch suspension is particularly marked just above the freezing point and decreases with rise in temperature. The sedimentation volume increases correspondingly, and the degree of compactness of the sediment decreases with increase in temperature. Flocculation is apparent at temperatures 10° below the gelatinization point. It is concluded that there is a continuous increase in hydration of the starch with temperature, in the range below the gelatinization point. The hydration below the gelatinization point is essentially reversible.Dried starch shows little or no dilatancy and a lowering in gelatinization point, and it is noted that the relatively large heat of wetting is probably responsible, in that a degree of gelatinization is effected at the surface of the granule.
THE ARTIFICIAL SYNTHESIS OF A 42-CHROMOSOME SPECIES RESEMBLING COMMON WHEAT
Authors: Thompson W. P. , Britten E. J. , Harding Jean C.
Published: April 2011

An attempt has been made to repeat the hypothetical events in the origin of common wheat. Triticum turgidum (n = 14), a species belonging to the emmer section of the genus, was crossed with Aegilops speltoides (n = 7), and doubling of the chromosomes in F1 was induced by the colchicine method. Four generations of the resulting amphidiploid have been raised. The new synthetic type has the chromosome number (n = 21) of the group of species to which bread-wheat (Triticum vulgare) belongs. It has most but not all of the distinguishing characteristics of the vulgare group and is fairly fertile. It crosses readily with natural T. vulgare; the hybrids are fertile, and the great majority of their chromosomes behave normally at meiosis. It is concluded that the vulgare section of the genus Triticum arose in prehistoric times through a similar series of events.
MICRO TESTS OF ALIMENTARY PASTES: III. THE DIFFERENTIAL RESPONSE OF VARIETIES TO PROCESSING METHODS
Authors: Anderson J. Ansel , Cunningham R. L.
Published: April 2011

The differential response of durum wheat varieties to processing methods, used in the micro test, was studied in a factorial investigation involving four varieties and 27 methods representing the factorial combinations of three absorption levels, three mixing times, and three pressures. Changes in the quality of the micro disks of alimentary paste were measured in terms of the optical absorption coefficient (opacity), colour characteristics (black, yellow, red, and white), and pigment content. Significant interactions between varieties and the three processing factors were demonstrated; different processing methods placed the semolinas in different orders with respect to most of the quality characteristics. It is concluded that it will be difficult to devise a standard micro test for alimentary pastes that will be widely accepted. However, larger interactions with methods will not occur with all pairs of varieties, and it will generally be possible to demonstrate consistent differences between most varieties with respect to at least one or two quality characteristics.
THE CARDIAC OUTPUT OF FOUR FRESHWATER FISH
Authors: Hart J. S.
Published: April 2011

The stroke output of the heart was determined by measurement of the amount of blood in the ventricle at systole and diastole in four species of fish, the bowfin, Amia calva L., the common sucker, Catostomus commersonii (Lacépède), the carp, Cyprinus carpio L., and the catfish, Ameiurus nebulosus (Le Sueur).The stroke output varies with the size of the individual. Smaller individuals of a species, although possessing a smaller absolute output, have a larger output in relation to their size than do larger individuals.Over the size range at which they can be compared (300 to 600 gm.) the four species differ in their stroke output. The catfish has the highest output and the sucker the lowest. The bowfin and the carp are intermediate in this respect. At 500 gm., the outputs of the catfish, bowfin, carp, and sucker per stroke are respectively 0.26 gm., 0.22 gm., 0.18 gm., and 0.11 gm.The results of the present investigation were correlated with those of Black (Biol. Bull. 79: 215–229, 1940); the output of the heart was found to correlate inversely with the effect of carbon dioxide on the blood of the same species, and directly with the affinity of the blood for oxygen. Differences in the circulation may compensate for differences in oxygen transport imposed by the varying effects of carbon dioxide on the blood.
BEHAVIOUR AND NATURE OF THE FLUORESCING SUBSTANCES IN DRIED EGG POWDERS
Authors: Pearce J. A.
Published: April 2011

Fluorescence increased during storage in defatted, dried egg powders, and also in separately dried yolk and white. A portion of the fluorescent material was soluble in fat solvents and especially in alcohols. Ethanol may also destroy some of the fluorescing substance. The results indicate that fluorescent materials arise from changes in the protein fraction, that there is more than one fluorescing substance, and that some of these materials contribute to the increased fluorescence associated with decrease in quality. Indirect evidence indicates that proteose and peptone constituents are partly responsible for fluorescence, and that the nature of the deterioration is hydrolytic. A preliminary study was made of the effect of certain enzymes and micro-organisms on the formation of fluorescent materials. The work is being continued.
THE TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT OF THE DIFFUSION CONSTANT OF COPPER IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF SULPHURIC ACID CONTAINING COPPER SULPHATE
Authors: Patterson W. A. , Burt-Gerrans J. T.
Published: April 2011

This paper presents values of the temperature coefficient of the diffusion constant of copper in aqueous solutions of sulphuric acid containing copper sulphate, for the range 10° to 25 °C. and four acid concentrations. The work is based on the Mathematical Theory of the Changes of Concentration at the Electrode, formulated by Rosebrugh and Miller. Evidence is presented supporting the choice of a new point on the oscillograph potential curve for the measurement of t. The values of K, thus obtained, at 18 °C. are in agreement with those of Cole and Gordon, who used the method of Northrop and Anson. The values of K at 10 °C. calculated from those at 25 °C. by means of viscosity data are in agreement with the values obtained by experiment.
THE ANTIMONY TRICHLORIDE METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF VITAMIN A
Authors: Benham G. H.
Published: April 2011

A critical description of the antimony trichloride method for the determination of vitamin A is presented. Low values for vitamin A result from:(1) Incomplete extraction from the alcoholic soap solution by using petroleum ether instead of ethyl ether,(2) Incomplete separation of the layers during extraction and washing,(3) Incomplete filtration through anhydrous sodium sulphate.If strict attention is paid to details of procedure, the method gives consistent and reproducible results. Uncertainty in regard to the exact factor for converting the E values to international units makes it impossible at this time to state accurately the absolute values. It is pointed out that this in no way detracts from the usefulness of the chemical test.
CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF 1,1-DIPHENYLINDAN AND ITS DERIVATIVES. SYNTHESIS OF 1,1-DIPHENYL-3-INDANACETIC AND 1,1-DIPHENYL-3-INDENEACETIC ACIDS
Authors: Gagnon Paul E. , Gravel L. , Amiot Louis-Philippe
Published: April 2011

1,1-Diphenylindan was treated with one molecule of bromine. It yielded a monobromide, which was condensed with methyl and ethyl alcohols, piperidine, p-toluidine, and aniline. With aqueous solutions of potassium carbonate, the monobromide directly gave rise to 1,1-diphenylindene and small quantities of diphenylindanyl ether.The condensation of the monobromide with sodium ethyl malonate yielded ethyl 1,1-diphenyl-3-indanmalonate from which 1,1-diphenyl-3-indanmalonic and 1-1-diphenyl-3-indanacetic acids were prepared. A few derivatives of these acids were also obtained.To establish the constitution of 1,1-diphenyl-3-indanacetic acid and, hence, that of the monobromide and of the other compounds, this acid was prepared directly from 3,3-diphenyl-1-indanone by a Reformatsky reaction with ethyl bromoacetate.The method of preparation of 1,1-diphenylindan has been improved, 1,1-diphenylindene has been obtained by new methods, and the following compounds are described, as far as the authors are aware, for the first time: 3-bromo-1,1-diphenylindan, 3-methoxy-1,1-diphenylindan, 3-ethoxy-1,1-diphenylindan, 3-N-piperidyl-1,1-diphenylindan, N-phenyl-1,1-diphenyl-3-indanamine, N-p-tolyl-1,1-diphenyl-3-indanamine, ethyl 1,1-diphenyl-3-indanmalonate, 1,1-diphenyl-3-indanmalonic acid, 1,1-diphenyl-3-indanmalonic acid p-nitrobenzyl ester, silver salt of 1,1-diphenyl-3-indanmalonic acid, 1,1-diphenyl-3-indanacetic acid, 1,1-diphenyl-3-indanacetic acid p-nitrobenzyl ester, silver salt of 1,1-diphenyl-3-indanacetic acid, 1,1-diphenyl-3-indanacetanilide, 1,1-diphenyl-3-indanacetamide, 1,1-diphenyl-3-indanacetonitrile, 1,1-diphenyl-3-indanethylamine hydrochloride, ethyl 3-hydroxy-1,1-diphenyl-3-indanacetate, ethyl 1,1-diphenyl-3-indeneacetate, 1,1-diphenyl-3-indeneacetic acid, silver salt of 1,1-diphenyl-3-indeneacetic acid, 1,1-diphenyl-3-indeneacetic acid p-nitrobenzyl ester, ethyl 1,1-diphenyl-3-indanacetate.
WETTING POWER IN CALCIUM-SOAP–OIL SYSTEMS
Authors: Gallay Wilfred , Puddington Ira E.
Published: April 2011

Contact angles of various mineral oils and water on relatively polar and non-polar calcium stearate surfaces prepared by special means were measured. Pre-moistening of the soap surface with small quantities of water decreased the subsequent contact angle against oil. The effect of the polarity of the oil was determined, and the action of water in the system is discussed.The sedimentation volume of calcium stearate in mineral oil, with and without various added materials, was measured. Water, glycerol, and alcohol effected an agglomeration of the suspended soap, and less polar liquids had no effect. Fatty acid in small quantities brought about a swelling of the soap at room temperature. The relation between wetting power and sedimentation volume is discussed.
OBSERVATIONS ON PHLOEM NECROSIS OF POTATO TUBERS
Authors: Sanford G. B. , Grimble J. G.
Published: April 2011

The results of field tests with random lots of potato tubers showing phloem necrosis of similar type are summarized. The vines from tubers of five of these developed typical leaf-roll symptoms, but those of three others showed no sign of leaf roll, or other symptoms that suggested a virus as the causal agent. The net necrosis in one of the latter samples was known to result from vine infestation of Paratrioza cockerelli Sulc, and in this case the stock returned to full vigour during the second season. It was further confirmed that once the vines show definite symptoms of leaf roll, the phloem elements of their tubers henceforth do not exhibit necrosis.The tissue contiguous to the necrotic phloem elements in the affected tubers was uniformly fluorescent, but the unaffected portion of such tubers, as well as non-necrotic tubers from positive leaf-roll plants, reacted negatively to ultraviolet light.
POLYCHAETA FROM THE WESTERN CANADIAN ARCTIC REGION
Authors: Berkeley E. , Berkeley C.
Published: April 2011

Seventeen species of Polychaeta collected in the western Canadian Arctic are enumerated. All, except three, of these are new records from the area and one (Sphaerodorum biserialis) is new to science.
A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE MAIN ARTERIES IN THE REGION OF THE HEART—AVES VIII: ANSERIFORMES. PART I
Authors: Glenny Fred H.
Published: April 2011

Seventeen species of the order Anseriformes were dissected and diagrams of the arrangement-patterns of the main arteries of the neck and thorax prepared. All specimens were found to be bicarotidinae normales. Both the right ligamentum aortae and the left ligamentum botalli were present in all of the forms that were studied. Three new vessels were found in several species of ducks. The allantoic artery arises as a branch of the left ischiadic artery in the embryonic Canada goose. The left radix aortae forms an anastomosis with the left pulmonary arch after atrophy of the left systemic arch. The left ductus botalli atrophies after this anastomosis and disappears almost entirely by the time the bird hatches.
THE SPOTTED FEVER AND OTHER ALBERTAN TICKS
Authors: Brown John H.
Published: April 2011

The Rocky Mountain spotted fever tick, Dermacentor andersoni Stiles, is present in large numbers throughout the greater part of southern Alberta. Since 1938 a total of 58,534 drag ticks and 3851 host ticks have been collected. These ticks were taken in 412 separate collections made in 18 different districts. Two collections, one made at Manyberries and the other at Lethbridge, showed that the ticks in those areas were infected with Dermacentroxenus rickettsi Wolbach, the causative organism of Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Sixteen collections made in various districts in southern Alberta were positive for Pasteurella tularensis McCoy and Chapin, the causative organism of tularaemia.The known range of the spotted fever tick extends from the Montana border on the south to Township 33 on the north, and from the Saskatchewan boundary on the east to the British Columbia boundary on the west. The area of greatest abundance is the semiarid rangeland region lying south of the Canadian Pacific Railway from Walsh to the Crow's Nest Pass. Within this region the density of the tick population varied with the district but the highest population was found along the river valleys and in the coulees.It was observed that ticks were more plentiful in small coulees and draws that were well covered with vegetation and possessed numerous cattle paths. The majority of the ticks were usually found on the western and southern slopes of such coulees.The importance of the spotted fever tick cannot be overrated for it is a known transmitter of Rocky Mountain spotted fever, tularaemia, and human and animal tick paralysis in this province. During the course of the survey a new disease of man, believed to be transmitted by this tick, was located in the Eastend district of Saskatchewan.Nine other species of tick are known to be present in Alberta but they were not studied in detail. Two of these, the rabbit tick, Haemaphysalis leporis-palustris Packard, and the bird tick, Haemaphysalis cinnabarina Koch, are known disease vectors.
FURTHER REFINEMENT OF A TECHNIQUE FOR TESTING CONTACT INSECTICIDES
Authors: McLeod W. S.
Published: April 2011

Drosophila melanogaster was sprayed with nicotine sulphate solution by both intermittent and continuous methods. There was no clearly demonstrated superiority of one method over the other. An analysis of variance performed on observed mortalities expressed as angles of equal information indicated that increasing age of flies, increasing numbers of flies per cage, longer delays between filling of the cages and spraying, and increased proportions of males in the samples raised observed mortalities significantly. The type of cloth used to cover the cages must be standardized. Data on fly ages and numbers of flies per cage were also put through the probit analysis of Bliss, which indicated that flies aged five days were most susceptible and fly numbers affected equally the mortalities due to all concentrations.
THE SALINE LAKES OF SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Rawson D. S. , Moore J. E.
Published: April 2011

Sixty lakes in central and southern Saskatchewan were investigated during the years 1938 to 1943. Most of these are saline and lie within the aspen parkland. A few freshwater lakes from the adjacent forest zone were included for comparison. Physical and chemical studies included observation of depth, temperature, dissolved oxygen, light penetration, and the mineral constituents of the water. The plankton was sampled with nets and traps, bottom organisms with an Ekman dredge, and the fish with gill nets and seines. In the first two years the survey covered all the main lakes in the southern part of the province. In the last three, more intensive studies were made in selected lakes.Most of the lakes have between 300 and 30,000 p.p.m. of total solids but Little Manitou Lake has 120,000 p.p.m. The salts are mostly sulphates of magnesium or sodium with little chlorides. Seasonal, annual, and long-term variations in salinity are discussed. Most of the lakes are shallow and only those of moderate depth show thermal stratification. High salinity affects the course of circulation. Light penetration is low in the shallow lakes but none is excessively turbid.The phytoplankton, dominated by the blue-green algae, is mostly composed of euryhaline species. Higher aquatic plants are widespread but absent from Little Manitou Lake. Cosmopolitan species of halophytes grow around the saline lakes. Rotifers are abundant with Pedalia and Brachionus dominant in the more saline water. The Entomostraca thrive in all salinities. The brine shrimp, Artemia salina, is found only in Little Manitou Lake. Chironomid larvae, amphipods, and mollusca dominate the bottom fauna. The relation of the quantity of bottom organisms to salinity is discussed.Twenty-six species of fish are found. Several species tolerate a salinity of 15,000 p.p.m. but only the nine-spined stickleback, Pungitius pungitius, occurs in 20,000 p.p.m. The saline lakes produce much game fish and about 5% of the commercial catch of the province. Fish planting and the results of three experiments in fish culture are recorded.These lakes may be classified as saline eutrophic. Salinity is the dominant influence and it is also an expression of the climatic and physiographic factors that were responsible for the formation of the lakes. The saline lakes of Saskatchewan are much like those in the steppes of western Siberia.
CHEMOTHERAPY IN EXPERIMENTAL TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Melville K. I. , Stehle R. L.
Published: April 2011

Seventy-nine compounds comprising 22 p-aminobenzene derivatives, 10 o-aminobenzene derivatives, 11 m-aminobenzene derivatives, 8 p-N-ethyl-aminobenzene derivatives, 10 isomeric hydroxychloroanilines, 3 diaminodiphenylsulphones and 15 miscellaneous agents, have been compared for their effects upon the course of experimental tuberculosis in guinea pigs inoculated intraperitoneally with virulent human tubercle bacillus (Strain H 37 R. V.). Sixty-five of these compounds gave entirely negative results. On the other hand, 14 of the agents tested, namely, p-aminophenol, p-ethylaniline, p-chloroaniline, p-aminophenyl hexyl ether, ethyl-p-aminobenzoate, 2,4-dichloroaniline, p-N-ethylaminophenol, 3-chloro-4-hydroxyaniline, 2-chloro-4-hydroxyaniline, 2-chloro-5-hydroxyaniline, 2-hydroxy-3-chloroaniline, promin, rodilone, and sulphathiazole led, in a number of different experiments, to varying degrees of prolongation of the survival time of some of the animals treated with them, in comparison with both untreated controls and animals treated with other agents. The average survival times of all the animals treated with these agents were also prolonged in several different series of experiments in which each of these agents was tested. None of the latter agents led to a curative effect and all animals both treated and untreated, however long they survived, showed at autopsy gross evidence of tuberculosis involving spleen, liver, lungs, and glands. Finally, it must be emphasized that none of these compounds offer any promise as a cure for tuberculosis, but the results described would suggest that further investigation of chemical agents related to these substances might be worthwhile.
INSTRUMENT CAMERA FOR AIRCRAFT
Authors: Field R. H.
Published: April 2011

The camera is intended for photographing at regular predetermined intervals, or at desired instants, a number of instrument dials contained within the camera base. Records are made on 35 mm. film. The magazine is small and easily detachable to permit loading and unloading. Exposure is obtained by flashing lights, thus eliminating the need for a shutter. After each exposure the film is automatically reset.
DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: X. THE EFFECT OF ADDED SUBSTANCES ON KEEPING QUALITY
Authors: Pearce Jesse A. , Woodcock A. H. , Gibbons N. E.
Published: April 2011

Dried whole egg powders, treated with a number of substances prior to drying, were stored at temperatures from 23.9° to 47.7 °C. Deterioration in quality was assessed by fluorescence measurements, supported in some instances by palatability tests.Fluorescence development in powders containing sodium chloride in combination with either citric or lactic acid was more rapid than in the control powder. The effect was less marked when any of these substances was used alone. The addition of 15% sucrose was more effective in inhibiting fluorescence development at 23.9 °C. than at 37.2 °C. but had no effect at 47.7 °C. The addition of 0.2% sodium bicarbonate, an amount that did not affect the flavour of the powder, retarded deterioration as indicated by fluorescence and palatability tests. Other alkaline salts studied (sodium acetate, benzoate, citrate, salicylate, and tartrate) had no effect.
THE STEREOGRAPH
Authors: Field R. H.
Published: April 2011

A compound stereoscope is described having facilities for (a) measuring parallax displacements and correspondence errors on vertical stereo air photographs, (b) measuring the rectangular co-ordinates of images on air photographs, (c) plotting air bases and minor control in strips of air photographs, (d) plotting to a predetermined scale planimetric detail in untilted or rectified vertical air photographs, (e) plotting form lines by the "floating mark" method.
CANADIAN LINSEED: I. THE EFFECT OF VARIETY AND ENVIRONMENT ON THE COMPOSITION OF LINSEED
Authors: Sallans H. R.
Published: April 2011

Data for oil content, nitrogen, iodine value, 1000-kernel weight, and refractive indices of extracted and expressed oil were determined on three varieties of flax, i.e. Bison, Royal, and Redwing, grown at 35 stations in Saskatchewan. Varietal differences were demonstrated for all properties with the exception of total nitrogen, and significant differences were obtained for all properties due to the effect of environment.Within varieties, highly significant simple correlation coefficients were obtained between iodine value (Hanus) and refractive indices of both expressed and extracted oils. Analysis of residual variance showed that varietal regressions did not differ significantly and prediction equations applicable with equal validity to all three varieties could be derived. Partial correlation coefficients, independent of nitrogen, indicate that these associations are independent of the latter property. A significant association (r =.497**) between oil content and 1000-kernel weight proved to be due to common association of these properties with total nitrogen.A simple intravarietal correlation coefficient of r = −.817** was obtained between nitrogen and oil content. Analysis of residual variance indicated that varietal regressions did not differ in slope and that on the average an increase of 1% in nitrogen was associated with a decrease of 2.45% in oil content. Oil content may be estimated with a standard error of ± 0.57% from the equation, oil content = −2.54 nitrogen + A, where A is a varietal constant.** Indicates that the 1% level of significance was attained.
THE FUNGICIDAL EFFECT OF VEGETABLE-TANNED LEATHER AND VARIOUS DISINFECTANTS ON TRICHOPHYTON GYPSEUM AND T. INTERDIGITALE
Authors: Fulton C. O. , Gibbons N. E. , Moore R. L.
Published: April 2011

Vegetable-tanned leather had a fungicidal effect on one strain of Trichophyton gypseum and two strains of T. interdigitale but not on several strains of common mould contaminants. Chrome-tanned leather, vegetable-tanned leather from an old shoe, and vegetable-tanned leather leached overnight in running water did not possess fungistatic or fungicidal properties.Of a number of disinfectants tested under conditions similar to those occurring during the fat-liquoring operation, phenylmercuric acetate was the most effective, destroying the above organisms in a concentration of 1:100,000. Under the same conditions a 1:1000 dilution of commercial formalin was required.
RESONANCE ABSORPTION OF NEUTRONS IN MANGANESE, GALLIUM, AND PALLADIUM
Authors: Feeny H. , Rasetti F.
Published: April 2011

The resonance energy Er and the absorption coefficient for self-indication Kr were measured for the neutron capture processes leading to the formation of the radioactive isotopes Mn56, Ga70, Ga72, and Pd109. For Mn, in addition the level width Γ was measured. The values found are the following: For Mn56, Er = 17 e.v., Kr = 1.3 cm.2 per gm., and Γ = 1.67 e.v. For Ga70, Er = 100 e.v. and Kr = 3.9 cm.2 per gm. referred to the absorbing isotope. For Ga72, Er = 50 e.v. and Kr = 8.2 cm.2 per gm. referred to the absorbing isotope. For Pd109, Er = 22 e.v. and Kr = 37 cm.2 per gm. referred to the absorbing isotope.Part of the measurements were performed employing simultaneously boron and the element itself as absorbers. For all the activities investigated, filtering through boron did not appreciably affect the absorption coefficient for self-indication, and, reciprocally, filtering through the element itself did not affect the absorption coefficient in boron. These facts are a good indication that most of the activity induced by non-thermal neutrons is due to one resonance level.In the case of Mn, the measured level width led to an approximate agreement between the measured absorption coefficient in the thermal region and the one calculated from the one-level formula.
A THEORY OF THE CREATION OF ELECTRIC CHARGE
Authors: Watson W. H.
Published: April 2011

The theory is based on equations previously proposed (2) associating with ordinary electromagnetic fields a field which may change the rest-mass of the particles on which it acts. The sources of the new field component [Formula: see text] are places where charge is being created or destroyed. A new interpretation is given to the length e2/mc2, and it is proposed that the e.m. potentials (ϕ,a) be given absolute values in the theory of fields containing electrons. Thus the mass of an electron is determined by the length of the potential four-vector at the place where it is created, and[Formula: see text]The introduction of the N-component into quantum electrodynamics is discussed.
A COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS FOR DETERMINING THE SURFACE AREA OF A POWDER
Authors: Langille R. C. , Braid P. E. , Kenrick Frank B.
Published: April 2011

The surface area of the same barium crown glass powder was determined by two independent methods: (a) comparison of adsorption of methylene blue on the powder and on large measurable broken surfaces; (b) measurement of the projection areas of randomly oriented particles. Although individual results differed rather widely, the averaged results by the two methods agreed surprisingly well: 682 cm.2 per gm. by Method (a), and 568 cm.2 per gm. by Method (b). Since only smooth surfaces were selected for comparison in the dye method, all small surface irregularities and striae on the surface of the powder would be taken into account. Such is not the case in the projection method, as these small surface roughnesses cannot be traced. It is, therefore, not surprising that the dye method gives a greater area than the projection method.
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE COPPER CONTENT OF MILK POWDER
Authors: Boulet M. , McFarlane W. D.
Published: April 2011

The procedure involves extraction of the copper by refluxing the milk powder with a solution of potassium thiocyanate in 95% acetone and determining the copper content of the extract by colorimetry with dihydroxyethyldithiocarbamic acid, after removing carotenoid pigments. The results agree with those obtained by the wet-digestion method but are higher than those yielded by dry-ashing. The advantages of the extraction method are (a) simplicity, (b) low copper content of the "blank", which, with proper precautions, may be negligible, and (c) a large enough sample can be used to permit visual colour comparison with standard solutions of Alizarin Yellow G.
A SYNTHESIS OF PHENYLALANINE AND TYROSINE
Authors: Gaudry Roger
Published: April 2011

Acrylonitrile and diazonium chlorides are condensed to give α-chloro-β-arylpropionitriles which can be converted to α-amino acids. Phenylalanine is obtained by transforming α-chloro-β-phenylpropionitrile into the amide with sulphuric acid, hydrolysing to the acid with hydrochloric acid and animating with ammonia and ammonium carbonate. Tyrosine is obtained from α-chloro-β-p-methoxyphenylpropionitrile by direct hydrolysis with mixed acetic and hydrochloric acids and ammonolysis with ammonia and ammonium carbonate.
LA CRISTALLISATION DE L'AMYLOSE
Authors: Bois Elphège , Vallières Georges
Published: April 2011

not available
OATS AND CLIMATE IN SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Zacks Mildred Brookstone
Published: April 2011

The effect of monthly rainfalls and temperatures during the growing season, upon the resultant yields of oats is studied by the correlation coefficient method and also by the isopract technique.Cool, wet Junes and Julys are the most important features for high subsequent yields, the degree of significance of these varying, however, according to latitude and topography.A system of 13 zones, each more or less homogeneous in these respects is discussed for the Southern Ontario region.Suggestions for future improvement of varieties in the poorer areas, as well as for more reliable crop and climatic statistics is made.The paper also contains a historical summary of similar work done elsewhere in the world, the results so obtained being contrasted with the present ones.
PHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES ON SAP FLOW IN THE SUGAR MAPLE, ACER SACCHARUM MARSH.
Authors: Johnson L. P. V.
Published: April 2011

Sap flow from the stumps of sugar maples was over five times as great as that from the trunks of the same trees, which were detached in November, January and March. There was no consistent variation in the sugar concentration of sap samples drawn from stumps and trunks, but samples taken from points above girdles were consistently higher in sugar than those taken from below.Sap flow is attributed mainly to the activities of living cells, and it is suggested that the oxygen concentration of the sap and the release of hydrostatic pressure in tapped trees are related to cell activities.The beneficial effect of alternating cold nights and warm days on sap flow is attributed to an increase in availability of oxygen to the living cell through the agency of the relative solubility levels of oxygen in water at low and high temperatures.
PROOF OF THE EXISTENCE OF PRE-OVIPOSITAL EMBRYONIC DEATHS IN CHICKENS AND THEIR BEARING ON THE RELATION BETWEEN 'FERTILITY' AND HATCHABILITY
Authors: Munro S. S. , Kosin Igor L.
Published: April 2011

Although the terms 'fertility' and 'hatchability' refer in chickens to two biologically independent processes, in practice they are frequently found to be related. This type of association suggests that the two variables are related only through the mediation of a special set of conditions. The latter find their expressions in a low level of fertility and hatchability. It is suggested that under these conditions, a large proportion of 'infertiles' among hatching eggs are cases of pre-oviposital embryonic death. Evidence to support this has been provided by cytological study of the germ discs of such eggs. The germ discs were found to contain colonies of cells, indicating arrested but nonetheless genuine embryonic development. It has been shown, furthermore, that eggs of some hens are unfertilizable. On the basis of the present data it was possible to establish the existence of another peak in the embryonic mortality curve, occurring during the first 25± hr. of zygotic development.
APPROXIMATE NUTRIENT COMPOSITION OF DRIED ROSE HIPS
Authors: Tuba Jules , Hunter George , Kastelic Joseph
Published: April 2011

The dried fleshy part of the fruit of the wild rose, besides being the richest known source of vitamin C, is also a rich source of vitamin A, and in addition contains appreciable amounts of thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin.The material contains about 30% fermentable sugar—a mixture of about equal parts of glucose and fructose. An additional 10% of the same sugars is set free by hydrolysis.The protein content is about 5.5%, and lipids, 1.5%.
RESPIRATORY QUOTIENTS OF EXPIRED AND ALVEOLAR AIR AT NORMAL AND REDUCED BAROMETRIC PRESSURES
Authors: Ferguson J. K. W. , Dugal L. P.
Published: April 2011

In the paper are reported the results of 55 experiments on four subjects seated quietly at ground level and 15,000 ft. breathing air. Inspiratory and expiratory alveolar air samples were taken immediately before and after a period during which expired air was collected.A systematic difference can be demonstrated between the respiratory quotients of inspiratory and expiratory samples of alveolar air taken when the subject is seated at rest. This difference is much diminished by anoxia at a barometric pressure equivalent to 15,000 ft. supporting Krogh and Lindhard's analysis of the course of gaseous exchanges in the lungs. The R.Q.'s of expiratory samples of alveolar air approximate closely those of expired air. Haldane's hypothesis that the respiratory dead space for carbon dioxide is smaller than for oxygen is not supported by our findings under seated resting conditions on the average. The R.Q. of expired air may be used for calculating average relations between the partial pressures of carbon dioxide and oxygen in alveolar air by the Alveolar Equation.
DETERMINATION OF BROMIDE-BROMINE IN THE BLOOD OF PATIENTS UNDERGOING TREATMENT WITH BROMIDE
Authors: Cameron A. T. , Guthrie Jean S.
Published: April 2011

A method is described for the estimation of bromide-bromine in blood, which depends on liberation of bromine by persulphate in sulphuric acid from a zinc hydroxide filtrate from blood, aspiration of the bromine into iodide, and titration of the liberated iodine with thiosulphate. The method is not applicable to normal blood, but is specially designed for estimation of the blood bromine of patients to whom bromides are being administered. It is not suitable for estimation of corresponding amounts of iodide-iodine.
INFLUENCE OF SULPHONAMIDES ON FIBROBLASTS
Authors: Anderson Reta , Orr J. H. , Reed G. B.
Published: April 2011

The toxicity of several sulphonamides for tissue cells has been tested by adding the compounds to tissue cultures of fibroblasts (guinea pig heart tissue in guinea pig serum). Supersaturated solutions of sulphadiazine or sulphapyrazine, in serum, have no influence on the growth of fibroblasts. Sulphathiazole, N1-benzoyl-sulphanilamide, or sulphanilamide in similar concentrations inhibit fibroblast growth. The above-mentioned five sulphonamides in concentrations up to 100 mgm. per 100 ml. have no apparent influence on fibroblast growth. In contrast, azochloramide in concentrations of 5 to 10 mgm. per 100 ml. inhibit growth.
N1-BENZOYL-SULPHANILAMIDE IN EXPERIMENTAL GAS GANGRENE
Authors: Reed G. B. , Orr J. H.
Published: April 2011

It is shown that in regard to gas gangrene Clostridium the in vitro bacteriostatic action of N1-benzoyl-sulphanilamide is similar to that of sulphathiazole and sulphadiazine. In local treatment of experimental gas gangrene in guinea pigs, N1-benzoyl-sulphanilamide is equal to sulphathiazole in retarding infection with C. welchii, C. novyi, or C. septicum. It is slightly superior to sulphathiazole in retarding C. sordellii infections.
THE PROTHROMBIN LEVELS OF ANIMALS IN SHOCK
Authors: Irish Ursula , Hamilton Jean I. , Haist R. E. , Jaques L. B.
Published: April 2011

Shock was produced in rats by a clamping technique and in dogs by the application of pressure cuffs to the hind limbs. Blood samples obtained from the shocked animals tended to clot in the presence of normally adequate amounts of heparin or oxalate. The prothrombin time, plasma time, clotting time, and prothrombin titre of the blood were determined before and during shock. The chief change noted in the clotting system was a more rapid activation of prothrombin in the samples from the shocked animals and from clamped controls. The cause of this change has not been established. It does not seem to be related to the activity of a proteolytic enzyme.
THE EFFECT OF POTASSIUM IODIDE, SODIUM IODIDE, AND IOD-ETHAMINE UPON THE CONCENTRATION OF ALCOHOL-SOLUBLE AND ALCOHOL-INSOLUBLE FRACTIONS OF BLOOD IODINE
Authors: Boyd Eldon M. , Blanchaer M. C.
Published: April 2011

Potassium iodide, sodium iodide, and Iod-Ethamine were given by stomach tube to 54 rabbits and the concentration of alcohol-soluble and -insoluble blood iodine followed for a period up to 24 hr. Following all three iodides, there was a rise and fall in the values of both fractions of blood iodine, the values for the alcohol-soluble fraction rising to the higher levels but declining more rapidly than the values for the alcohol-insoluble fraction. Potassium iodide had the advantage over sodium iodide that after its use the peak levels of both fractions of blood iodine were maintained for a longer period of time. Iod-Ethamine had the advantage over potassium iodide that higher peak levels were reached with both fractions of blood iodine and, while not maintained for as long as after potassium iodide, these peak levels were held for several hours and for a longer period than following sodium iodide. The concentrations of blood iodine were of the same order or higher than those found in respiratory tract fluid following administration of the same dose of iodides, suggesting that the appearance of iodine-containing substances in respiratory tract fluid (R.T.F.) after iodide therapy is of the nature of a simple diffusion from blood.
RESISTANCE TO EXTREME TEMPERATURES IN CONNECTION WITH DIFFERENT DIETS
Authors: Dugal L. P. , Leblond C. P. , Thérien M.
Published: April 2011

The purpose of this research was to investigate the relative value of different diets for conferring on animals resistance to extremes of temperature. These diets were equicaloric and equivitaminic and differed only in the relative proportions of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. The self-selection method of feeding was used, with rats exposed to low and to high temperatures. The results obtained with this method have been verified on large groups of animals adapted and not adapted to extreme temperatures. It has been found that a diet rich in fats is decidedly superior to one rich in carbohydrates (both diets being equicaloric and equivitaminic) for adaptation and resistance to cold on the part of the animals, and that a diet rich in carbohydrates and poor in fats is much more favourable than one rich in fats for conferring resistance to heat.
PRODUCTION AND PROPERTIES OF 2,3-BUTANEDIOL: V. SMALL-SCALE PRODUCTION UNIT
Authors: Rose Dyson , King W. S.
Published: April 2011

A small-scale process for producing 2,3-butanediol by fermentation of approximately 25 gal. of whole wheat mash per week is described. Although simple and unspecialized, the equipment proved satisfactory for the purpose of providing fermentation and recovery data and sufficient diol for experimental purposes. Data are given which show that with careful control of the operating conditions the fermentations obtained were entirely satisfactory but that losses in the recovery process lower the over-all recovery of diol to about 55% of that shown by analysis of the fermented mashes.
DRIED WHOLE EGG POWDER: XVI. RELATIVE STABILITY OF POWDERS OF DIFFERENT QUALITY
Authors: Thistle M. W. , Pearce Jesse A. , White W. Harold , Fletcher D. A.
Published: April 2011

When stored at 24 °C. (75° F.) for one month, samples of dried whole egg powder of varying initial qualities, collected from 10 Canadian plants over a period of six months, developed fluorescent materials at much the same rate. Powders from two of the plants, heat-treated to provide good, questionable, and definitely poor samples, were stored at 24 °C. for periods up to four months. Some of the observed differences in stability were attributable to different moisture contents; but within plants, good and poor quality powders deteriorated at the same rate. In a third experiment, mixtures of good and poor quality powders having a similar moisture content also deteriorated at the same rate. It is concluded that the rate of quality deterioration in egg powders, as determined by fluorescence changes, is independent of the initial quality.
A SURVEY OF THE VITAMINS A AND D POTENCIES OF THE LIVER OIL OF ATLANTIC COD (GADUS MORRHUA L.)
Authors: Pugsley L. I. , Morrell C. A. , Kelly J. T.
Published: April 2011

A survey has been made of the variations and of some of the factors influencing the variations of the vitamins A and D potencies of the liver oil of cod landed at ports in Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the Gaspé peninsula of Quebec. An increase in the vitamin A potency was paralleled by an increase in the vitamin D potency and the oil content of the liver increased with the percentage liver in the fish. An increase in the oil content of the liver and of the liver content of the fish was accompanied by a decrease in the concentration of vitamins A and D in the oil. The vitamin potency of the oil tended to decrease as the fishing season advanced from June to October and the oil content of the liver increased during this period. When the yield of vitamins was expressed per 100 gm. of fish there was no apparent seasonal change in potency indicating that the seasonal changes observed were due to dilution. A relationship was observed between the stages in the spawning cycle and the oil content of the liver. Fish classed as "steaks" (six to eight years) yielded a liver oil higher in vitamins A and D potencies than "market cod" (four to six years) and the liver oil of "scrod" (three to four years) had the lowest vitamins A and D potencies.
A SIMPLE METHOD OF SEALING GAS- OR VACUUM-PACKED TINS
Authors: Bryce W. A. , Tessier H.
Published: April 2011

A method of soldering tins in a gaseous atmosphere or in a vacuum is described. The heating element is a coil of resistance wire supported over a hole in a flat surface of the tin. When the heating circuit is closed, a small piece of solder previously hung in the upper end of the coil is melted and drops on the area about the hole and thereby produces an effective seal.
USE OF RADON FOR INDUSTRIAL RADIOGRAPHY
Authors: Morrison A.
Published: April 2011

The factors that have kept radon from becoming popular for industrial radiography are discussed and the conditions under which it will be most useful are deduced. Data are given to enable radiographers to find the correct exposure for radon in those instances where it can be best applied.
TERMINATION EFFECTS IN FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER CHAINS
Authors: Ferguson Alex. J.
Published: April 2011

The theoretical response curves of finite chains of the feedback networks described by Wheeler are studied. A generalization of a standard formula for passive filters is obtained and applied to the problem. The paper presents computed reflection coefficients for various simple terminations and computed response curves for feedback chains of three, four, and five stages, using these terminations. Many of the response curves are unsatisfactory. These occur with the simpler types of terminations such as normally occur in practice. It is shown how matching at both ends of the amplifier can greatly improve the response curves with a loss of gain. Curves are also given that show the advantage of using a constant-k; half-section as a termination.
THE ORGANIC THERMISTOR BOLOMETER
Authors: Niven C. D.
Published: April 2011

When heat radiation falls on a thin sheet of cellophane painted on each side with aquadag, the electrical conductivity measured through the sheet changes sufficiently that the cellophane can be used as the sensitive element in a bolometer. Since the electrical conductivity of the cellophane depends largely on the moisture content, it was found necessary to attach a small tube containing calcium chloride to the bolometer to act as a humidistat. D-c. amplification was employed. When the bolometer was used with a 10 in. front-silvered concave mirror, the apparatus could detect the heat radiated from a man's face at 100 yards.
IDENTITY OF THE HYDROLYTIC BASE OBTAINED FROM DELPHINIUM BROWNII RYDB. WITH LYCOCTONINE
Authors: Marion Léo , Manske R. H. F.
Published: April 2011

The base obtained by hydrolysis of the chief alkaloid present in Delphinium Brownii Rydb. is shown to be identical with lycoctonine by comparison with an authentic sample of the latter. The perchlorate, picrate, and methiodide of lycoctonine from both sources have been compared and found to be identical.
THE ALKALOIDS OF FUMARIACEOUS PLANTS: XL. CORYDALIS CORNUTA ROYLE
Authors: Manske Richard H. F.
Published: April 2011

Only protopine and d-stylopine have been isolated in amount sufficient for identification from Corydalis cornuta. Though closely related taxonomically to C. sibirica and C. ochotensis only the presence of acetyl-ornithine confirms this similarity. It is suggested that C. ochotensis is a polyploid form of C. cornuta.
A NOTE ON THE VISCOSITIES OF SOLUTIONS OF NITROCOTTON IN A MIXED NITROGLYCERINE-NITROGLYCOL SOLVENT
Authors: Fensom David
Published: April 2011

Viscosities of solutions of a number of types of nitrocotton in a mixed solvent consisting of 80% glyceryl trinitrate and 20% ethylene glycol dinitrate by weight have been measured in a modified Stormer viscometer. Complete solution was attained only with difficulty, but such solutions when obtained showed viscosity–concentration relations similar to those obtained with acetone solutions.
THE FLOW OF GASES AND VAPOURS THROUGH POROUS MEDIA
Authors: Hodgins J. W. , Flood E. A. , Dacey J. R.
Published: April 2011

A study has been made of the flow of permanent gases (helium, hydrogen, nitrogen) and condensable vapours (diethyl ether and ethyl bromide) through a sintered glass plug. The permanent gases are transferred by a combination of Knudsen and Poiseuille flow, while the flow of condensable vapours diverges from these equations in such a fashion as to suggest surface transfer.The flow rates of the condensable vapours begin to fall off at about 50% of the saturation pressures. Hysteresis effects are also observed in this region. It is suggested that these phenomena are caused by the condensation of small amounts of vapour in critical regions of the glass structure.
INSTABILITY OF SOLUTIONS OF HIGH POLYMERS
Authors: Morrison J. A. , Holmes J. M. , McIntosh R.
Published: April 2011

The change in the viscosity property of solutions of high polymers on ageing has been investigated. It has been found that the variations in viscosity are due to changes in the molecular weight of the dissolved polymer, caused by the presence of small amounts of impurities. In particular, oxygen appears to give rise to degradation reactions, while iron salts cause the formation of gel structures. Solutions of the dry polymers in pure solvents, when aged in the absence of air, show only very small variations in viscosity. The investigation has been conducted with three polymers, polyvinyl acetate, polystyrene, and polymethyl methacrylate in solution in three solvents, bis(2-chloroethyl) ether, nitrobenzene, and bis(2-chloroethyl) sulphide.The principal reaction seems to occur between the impurity and the polymer, with the solvent acting as an inert medium. However, it appears that in the case of bis(2-chloroethyl) sulphide, reaction of iron salts with the solvent is possible.The intrinsic viscosity of polyvinyl acetate recovered from the aged solutions has been determined. The k′ factor of Huggins has been evaluated from these measurements, and appears to change during some of the ageing processes.
CALYCANTHINE: V. ON CALYCANINE
Authors: Marion Léo , Manske Richard H. F. , Kulka Marshall
Published: April 2011

A compound having the structure previously suggested for calycanine has been synthesized. It is a lepidyl-carboline but is not identical with the degradation product from calycanthine. As an alternative structure for calycanine its formulation as a carboline is abandoned and it is suggested that it is a compound formed by fusion of a carbazole and a pyridine nucleus.