bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Theravada Traditions
Authors: Holt John Clifford
Published: September 2017

This is a study of very popular ritual celebrations observed by Buddhist monks and laity in each of the predominantly Theravada Buddhist cultures in Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia (Thailand, Myanmar, Laos and Cambodia.) The theoretical approach deployed and guides the reader through the distinctiveness of each culture is comparative in nature, and the basic premise that angles the inquiry is that widely observed public rites common to each religious culture reflect the nature of social, economic and political change occurring more broadly in society. Instead of ascertaining how religious ideas have impacted the ideals of government or ethical practice, this study focuses on how important changes, or shifts in the trajectories of society impact the character of religious cultures. In each of the five chapters that focus specifically on a given rite of great public importance, an historical, political or social context is provided in some detail. As such, this volume can be read effectively as one volume introduction to the practice of Theravada Buddhism and the nature of social change in contemporary Sri Lanka and Southeast Asia.
Kathina
Authors: Holt John Clifford
Published: September 2017

This chapter begins with a study of how the Vinaya (“Book of Discipline”) recounts the origins of ritually gifting robes to members of the sangha annually. It then proceeds to an account about how this ritual became the most important season of giving for the laity to the sangha in contemporary Burma. It discusses in depth the manner in which the heavy-handed presence of the Burmese military junta has impacted public ritual gift-giving.
Biofiltration optimization: phosphorus supplementation effects on disinfection byproduct formation potential
Authors: Banihashemi Bahman , Delatolla Robert , Springthorpe Susan , Gorman Erin , Campbell Andy , Basu Onita D. , Douglas Ian P.
Published: September 2017

This study investigates the effects of phosphorus supplementation on the formation potential of total trihalomethanes (TTHMfp) and five species of haloacetic acids (HAA5fp) during exposure to clearwell disinfection contact times. In addition, the study investigates the effects of phosphorus supplementation on the dissolved oxygen, organic carbon and nitrogen removal along with biofilm coverage of the filter media and biomass viability of the attached biofilm. The uptake of total phosphorus in the P enhanced filter did not correspond to the consumption of readily assimilated nitrogen or the consumption of soluble carbon. As such, the dissolved organic carbon reduction in the biologically active filters was shown to not be phosphorus nutrient limited. The clearwell TTHMfp was shown to be reduced in all filters across all measured biological filtration times in the control and P enhanced filters. The HAA5fp increased with phosphorus-supplemented operation at specific filtration cycle times as compared to non-phosphorus-supplemented operation, indicating the potential for production of HAA5 with phosphorus supplementation. Enhanced biofilm coverage of the anthracite and sand media was observed during phosphorus supplementation. In addition, increased viability of the cells embedded in the biofilm was observed in the sand media at depth during phosphorus-supplemented operation.
Prediction of overland flow resistance and its components based on flow characteristics using support vector machine
Authors: Roushangar Kiyoumars , Alipour Saba Mirza
Published: September 2017

Due to the significance of overland flow resistance (f) in hillslope hydrology and models of erosion, the present study peruses the capability of non-linear approaches to estimate the overland flow resistance and its components. For this purpose, numerous support vector machine (SVM) models were developed and tested using four series of flume experimental data sets. This study was divided into two parts; the first section aimed to model the total overland flow resistance and investigates the effect of the different parameters on the resistance. In the second section, the resistance was linearly divided into different types of resistance (namely, grain resistance (fg), form resistance (ff), wave resistance (fw), sediment transport resistance (fs)). Then the separated components (fw and fs) were estimated by SVM. The results revealed the importance of the Froude number (Fr) values as an input data in most of the estimated models. Also, it was concluded that the slope gradient has a stronger impact on the on the sediment transport resistance over plane beds than the other hydraulic properties do. The outcome of the models approved the capability of the proposed models based on SVM. Also, SVM outperformed the empirical approaches.
O léxico nas traduções de história em quadrinhos: uma experiência baseada em corpus
Authors: OLIVEIRA Elaine Cristina , OTTAIANO Adriane Orenha , ALVES Vinícius Cineli
Published: September 2017

Esta investigação conta com o arcabouço teórico-metodológico da Linguística de Corpus, de trabalhos acerca de corpora de aprendizes, bem como de pesquisas baseadas na abordagem lexical. Nesta pesquisa, descrevemos um exercício de tradução de História em Quadrinhos da Turma da Mônica, do português para a língua inglesa, realizado por alunos de uma escola particular profissionalizante na cidade de Votuporanga, região noroeste do Estado de São Paulo. A compilação destes dados foi organizada em arquivos e deu origem a um corpus de aprendizes paralelo, aqui denominado CALI-TradHQ (Corpus de Aprendizes de Língua Inglesa – Tradução de História em Quadrinhos). A metodologia se ocupa da compilação das traduções e do tratamento dos dados no formato eletrônico pelo uso do software WordSmith Tools. Desse modo, este artigo visa mostrar de que forma nós, professores de Língua Estrangeira (LE), podemos utilizar corpora para compreender como os alunos brasileiros utilizam a língua inglesa, notadamente no tratamento e no emprego do léxico. No item análise de dados, investigamos as escolhas efetuadas pelos discentes para traduzir determinados itens lexicais e expressões idiomáticas e discutimos a importância do uso de um corpus de aprendizes de traduções.
Testagem de critérios de avaliação de um vocabulário básico
Authors: DUARTE FERREIRA Gabriela
Published: September 2017

Este trabalho apresenta e discute a pertinência de uma grade de avaliação de listas de vocabulário básico. Seu objetivo é testar a eficiência da proposta da avaliação de Bell (2013), que possui os seguintes critérios: superordenação, produtividade semântica, produtividade formal, colocabilidade, antonicidade, e a neutralidade afetiva, a cultural e a contextual. Os resultados obtidos permitiram constatar que os critérios não foram discriminantes no momento de estabelecer se uma palavra deveria pertencer ou não a uma lista de vocabulário básico da Língua Espanhola. Isso ocorreu devido ao fato de os critérios não possuírem uma fundamentação estatística. Dessa maneira, chegou-se à conclusão de que é necessária a elaboração de uma grade de critérios que leve em consideração fatores estatísticos.
Semântica e enunciação: a designação da palavra escravidão em artigos do jornal Folha da Noite do início do século XX
Authors: De PAULA MACHADO Carolina
Published: September 2017

A escravidão deixou marcas que ainda não desapareceram e podem ser percebidas não apenas nos museus, em documentos, e objetos, mas também na desigualdade social que temos hoje, no racismo presente nas redes sociais, na violência de qualquer tipo, nas práticas de trabalho escravo que ainda existem, embora sejam crimes, etc. Considerando que é na e pela linguagem que essas práticas são significadas e perpetuadas, temos como objetivo, neste artigo, descrever os sentidos da palavra escravidão depois da abolição dos escravos no Brasil, no jornal “Folha da Noite”, no início do século XX. Perguntar pelos sentidos é buscar observar o que designa a palavra escravidão e, assim, identificar alguns sentidos que circularam e quais eram silenciados na época da primeira República. Esta pesquisa é desenvolvida tomando por base a Semântica do Acontecimento, uma semântica enunciativa que dialoga com a Análise de Discurso materialista. Para a realização das análises, selecionamos as ocorrências da palavra escravidão nos artigos jornalísticos e observamos dois procedimentos de textualidade: a reescrituração e a articulação. As análises revelaram uma relação semântica entre escravidão e o regime republicano, sendo que a República é significada como escravatura branca. Há, também, um deslizamento de sentidos que já significa algumas práticas no trabalho legal como escravidão.
As sequências textuais explicativas: relações entre texto e semântica cognitiva
Authors: JURACH Jussara Maria
Published: September 2017

Este artigo se propõe a identificar traços dos sistemas cognitivos de estruturação da linguagem em proposições constitutivas das sequências explicativas. Para tanto, estabelece associações entre os esquemas sequenciais explicativos, conforme definidos por Adam (2001; 2008), e as contribuições da Semântica Cognitiva, na perspectiva de Talmy (2001), pela identificação de sistemas cognitivos que atuam na estruturação conceitual da linguagem. Com esses fundamentos teóricos, foram realizadas análises de textos que têm como dominante a sequência explicativa, o que possibilitou identificar estruturas conceituais que sustentam as macroproposições constitutivas da explicação e, com isso, ampliar a compreensão sobre os recursos morfossintáticos presentes nos textos estudados, sem deixar de considerá-los também em seus aspectos discursivos.
Embalagens de cigarro como espaço de embate entre destinador e antissujeito
Authors: QUEIROZ Lucas Porto de
Published: September 2017

As embalagens em que são vendidos cigarros vêm se constituindo um texto sui generis: ao contrário do que ocorre com as empresas de praticamente todos os demais produtos que circulam em nosso dia a dia, as que se sustentam pela venda de cigarros, devido a um crescente e ao que parece irrefreável movimento de combate ao tabagismo, vêm tendo de explicitar, em suas próprias embalagens, os argumentos de quem quer justamente frear o ímpeto de venda e consumo desse produto. Noutras palavras, lançando mão do aparato teórico-metodológico da semiótica de linha francesa, a qual embasa nosso trabalho, diríamos que as empresas vendedoras de cigarro, enquanto destinadoras de determinados valores figurativizados em seu produto-cigarro, tentam manipular uma classe a mais difusa possível de sujeitos (potenciais clientes) no sentido de fazê-los cumprir a performance (comprar o produto) que, em última instância, mantém viva tal empresa destinadora. Ora, é evidente que a embalagem do cigarro cumpre papel importante na continuidade dessa relação entre empresa e cliente. Ocorre que, já há algumas décadas, outros destinadores (ministérios da saúde de vários países, Organização Mundial da Saúde etc.) têm se sobreposto a essa relação inicialmente travada entre empresa e cliente, tentando fazer os (potenciais) fumantes crerem que o cigarro traz, muito mais que os valores euforizados pelo destinador, malefícios à saúde, vale dizer, antivalores. O texto que embala os cigarros, então, tornou-se reflexo desse embate entre destinador (empresas) e antissujeito (Organização Mundial da Saúde, por exemplo). Observemos, em alguns textos, como isso tem se manifestado.
Tempo e aspecto verbais e a construção dos sentidos do texto Favola, de Eros Ramazzotti
Authors: CARNEIRO Leandro Vidal
Published: September 2017

Neste trabalho, embasados em fundamentos da Semiótica Discursiva e em elocuções sobre Tempo e Aspecto verbais, analisamos como as nuances semânticas destas categorias participam da construção dos sentidos do texto Favola, de Eros Ramazzotti. Pela moral implícita, percebemos que o texto em análise pondera sobre o que seja a felicidade e a vida. Elemento recorrente e ativador de sentidos, o tempo, com todas as suas variadas nuances, é tratado de modo muito especial. Usando as formas de passato remoto, o narrador insere, cronologicamente, na sua narrativa as situações vividas por um sujeito, com o objetivo de sequenciá-las e apresentá-las como fatos acontecidos e verdadeiros, sem se importar com a duração de cada um. Usando as formas do imperfetto e do presente, o narrador se apropria do recurso mais expressivo para o seu escopo: criar os efeitos de eternidade. De fato, o Aspecto imperfectivo, atualizado pelas formas destes Tempos verbais, apresenta no texto o escoar dos eventos através do tempo cronológico; as situações, desse modo, são capturadas em pleno acontecer e, por isso, não têm um limite estabelecido, porque ainda vindouro. Identificamos, ainda, uma cuidadosa seleção de vocábulos que investem no texto uma apurada tessitura metafórica, cujas possibilidades de interpretação são variadíssimas, mas que não devem, a nosso parecer, negligenciar os papéis que os valores semânticos do Tempo e do Aspecto verbais exercem.
O(s) lugar(es) da Análise Automática do Discurso na contemporaneidade: focalizando a crise na segurança pública no ES
Authors: Brambila Guilherme
Published: September 2017

Este estudo pretende recuperar os principais pressupostos teóricos da Análise Dialógica do Discurso (ADD), que está embasada da perspectiva bakhtiniana de estudo da linguagem e que vem sido trabalhada por pesquisadores do Círculo, indicando seu lugar na investigação em enunciados produzidos no grupo “Utilidade Pública Capixaba”, dentro da rede social Facebook, a respeito das mulheres de Policiais Militares que encabeçaram manifestações de apoio à paralisação do serviço de segurança pública no estado do Espírito Santo em fevereiro de 2017. Tal proposta de trabalho está centrada em dois objetivos principais que são i) analisar, em diálogo histórico e social, processos dialógicos de enunciação ocorridos dentro do contexto de caos da segurança pública capixaba e ii) comprovar a atualidade e necessidade da ADD para os estudos da linguagem contemporâneos.
Bela, recatada e ‘do lar’: uma análise semiolinguistica da matéria da revista Veja
Authors: Gomes Lopes Bárbara Albuquerque , MELO Mônica Santos de Souza
Published: September 2017

O presente trabalho realiza uma análise do discurso, a partir de conceitos e categorias da Teoria Semiolinguística, propostos por Patrick Charaudeau. O corpus que compõe essa análise é constituído pela matéria intitulada Marcela Temer: bela, recatada e “do lar”, publicada na revista Veja. Este estudo tem como objetivos identificar os sujeitos participantes do ato de comunicação analisado, ressaltar os elementos desse contrato e descrever a configuração do gênero discursivo dos quais o corpus faz parte, assim como os imaginários sociodiscursivos a respeito da identidade e dos papéis da mulher difundidos pela revista. A análise demonstrou que a Veja constrói um saber de crença, baseado no ponto de vista do locutor da notícia e, ao mesmo tempo, estabelece e difunde papéis e comportamentos femininos ideais.
Face e polidez linguística em reclamações online: uma análise sob o viés pragmático
Authors: Barrere Luana Lisboa
Published: September 2017

Neste artigo apresentamos um estudo sobre reclamações postadas no site brasileiro ReclameAQUI e o nosso objetivo consiste em verificar como ocorre o processo de preservação e perda da face através do uso ou da violação dos recursos linguísticos de polidez no processo de interação entre consumidores e fornecedores das empresas reclamadas. Para tanto, adotaremos a teoria da polidez proposta por Brown e Levinson (1987), utilizando as estratégias de polidez positiva e negativa apresentadas por esses autores, além das máximas de Leech (1983), em diálogo com a noção de face de Goffman (1967; 1980). De acordo com os resultados das análises, chegamos à conclusão de que os consumidores violaram mais os recursos de polidez que os representantes das empresas, o que resultou em um número maior de perda de faces dos clientes do que desses representantes.
Traços da oralidade em gêneros discursivos escritos na/da web
Authors: Aquino Noronha Leiliane , Cristina Forte Ferreira Elaine , Lima Neto Vicente de
Published: September 2017

O objetivo desta pesquisa é discutir como determinados traços típicos da oralidade são recriados e redimensionados para a escrita de gêneros discursivos na/da internet, a partir de diferentes letramentos exigidos para as práticas discursivas na web. Amparamo-nos em Bakhtin (1997), no que toca aos pressupostos teóricos de uma perspectiva sociointeracionista da linguagem; em Marcuschi e Dionísio (2007), para a discussão do que é oralidade; em Bisognin (2008), para a descrição do internetês e suas relações entre fala e escrita, e em Buzato (2007), para letramentos multimodais. Como corpus, analisamos 20 exemplares de textos produzidos no Facebook e 20 mensagens trocadas em um grupo de whatsapp de que os autores participam, entre os meses de julho de 2014 e dezembro de 2015. Os resultados apontam que há pelo menos quatro grandes elementos da oralidade na escrita de gêneros na/ da web: o ritmo acelerado, as ocorrências não lexicalizadas, as tentativas de marcação de sentimentos e as repetições.
A (des)legitimação da Libras em práticas discursivas online
Authors: Coelho Jubileia Mendes de Matos
Published: September 2017

Este trabalho propõe analisar sete comentários veiculados no blog “Chongas” sobre a falta de competência linguística do surdo. A questão que orienta a pesquisa é: Como práticas discursivas podem contribuir para a (des)legitimação da Libras? Teoricamente, este trabalho baseia-se nos conceitos de Habitus, Competência Linguística e Língua Legítima, de Bourdieu (2004, 2008). A partir desses conceitos, destaca-se que a Língua Brasileira de Sinais, Libras, apesar de ser considerada como segunda língua oficial do Brasil, se mantém em uma relação subalterna em determinados discursos, fato evidenciado tanto nos excertos que a deslegitimam, quanto na necessidade de enunciar sua legitimidade como língua na modalidade gestual-visual. Com base na contribuição de Bourdieu, busca-se romper com práticas discursivas de exclusão e propor a legitimação da Língua de Sinais (modalidade gestual-visual) e o reconhecimento das diferenças linguísticas. Como resultado, pode-se observar que, nas práticas discursivas online, o habitus é considerado como um conjunto de práticas adquiridas nas interações e incorporadas às outras práticas sociais que formam o Capital Cultural do enunciador ou falante. No entanto, as posições não são neutras, mas permeadas por relações de poder evidenciadas nas práticas discursivas online.
Multimodalidade e hipertexto: uma análise do site Hora do ENEM
Authors: Silva Marcela Regina Vasconcelos da
Published: September 2017

Na sociedade atual, marcada pela ampliação da construção coletiva de conhecimentos, intensa troca de informações e alta conectividade, ganha relevo o caráter multimodal da comunicação. Com a proliferação de novos meios de comunicação, devido ao desenvolvimento de múltiplas tecnologias de informação, torna-se imprescindível discutir como multimodalidade e hipertexto interagem na construção de sentidos. Para tanto, analisamos o site Hora do ENEM, à luz dos estudos teóricos de Dionísio (2008, 2009), Dondis (2007), Kress; van Leeuwen (2006), Rojo (2009), Soares (2004), Vieira (2007). Os resultados obtidos ratificaram a ideia de que apenas o domínio do sistema linguístico não é suficiente para a construção de sentidos na leitura dos textos, tendo em vista que a presença de elementos multimodais nesses textos de ampla circulação social é significativa para a compreensão. Foi constatado que, uma vez que a utilização de signos verbais e recursos visuais, além de relevante para os efeitos de sentido, são considerados mais atraentes e mais informativos pelos leitores letrados, poderia haver, no site Hora do ENEM, um investimento maior no diálogo entre recursos verbais e não verbais.
Aprendizagem Cooperativa no Ensino Médio: histórias de quem conviveu com essa abordagem de ensino
Authors: MOURA Ana Célia Clementino , MELLO Dilma Maria de
Published: September 2017

A Aprendizagem Cooperativa tem como principal objetivo promover interação entre indivíduos de forma que sua participação no grupo ao qual pertencem seja valorizada e, assim, cada um reconheça a si e ao outro como promotores do conhecimento. É no contexto de interação que os alunos da Escola Estadual de Educação Profissional Alan Pinho Tabosa, localizada em Pentecoste, Ceará (Brasil), discutem, divergem e aprendem juntos desde 2011. Como advogamos que a Aprendizagem Cooperativa colabora com o crescimento do estudante e este, por sua vez, ao avaliá-la, colabora com a sua aplicação, elaboramos o presente trabalho que busca, por meio de histórias contadas pelos próprios alunos, analisar a contribuição da Aprendizagem Cooperativa para a vida estudantil e pessoal desses alunos que, ao longo de três anos, vivenciam-na em pelo menos dez horas por dia, visto ser a escola de tempo integral. Na escola há quatro turmas: Aquicultura, Informática, Agroindústria e Acadêmica. Para que os alunos redigissem seus posicionamentos críticos, propusemos uma produção de texto, aplicando inicialmente um instrumental, o mapa de ideias, a fim de podermos abordar todos os elementos da Aprendizagem Cooperativa a serem avaliados. Embora tenhamos aplicado o instrumental com todos os alunos, para este trabalho, selecionamos uma narrativa de cada turma, para compreendermos a contribuição da Aprendizagem Cooperativa para suas vidas. Para refletirmos sobre os posicionamentos, seguimos os princípios da Pesquisa Narrativa (CLANDININ; CONNELLY, 2000), visto que seus pressupostos possibilitam expressar como o pesquisador e os participantes vivem, contam e compreendem as histórias vividas. No caso do presente artigo, o que pensamos como pesquisadores entrelaça-se ao que pensam os participantes, alunos do 3º ano do Ensino Médio.
O emprego da locução [meio + que]: um enfoque funcionalista no vernáculo conquistense
Authors: BARROS LIMA Gilsileide Cristina , SOUSA Valéria Viana , Da SILVA Jorge Augusto Alves
Published: September 2017

Neste trabalho, analisamos, segundo os princípios do Funcionalismo norte-americano e da gramaticalização, a construção [meio + que] em entrevistas extraídas do Português Culto de Vitória da Conquista (Corpus PCVC). Nosso objetivo foi identificar as propriedades morfossintáticas, semânticas e discursivas dessa locução que, invariavelmente desconhecida nos registros formais de uso da língua, assume valores discursivos próprios e tende a se fixar no sistema linguístico.
Nanofabrication strategies for advanced electrode materials
Authors: Chen Kunfeng , Xue Dongfeng
Published: September 2017

The development of advanced electrode materials for high-performance energy storage devices becomes more and more important for growing demand of portable electronics and electrical vehicles. To speed up this process, rapid screening of exceptional materials among various morphologies, structures and sizes of materials is urgently needed. Benefitting from the advance of nanotechnology, tremendous efforts have been devoted to the development of various nanofabrication strategies for advanced electrode materials. This review focuses on the analysis of novel nanofabrication strategies and progress in the field of fast screening advanced electrode materials. The basic design principles for chemical reaction, crystallization, electrochemical reaction to control the composition and nanostructure of final electrodes are reviewed. Novel fast nanofabrication strategies, such as burning, electrochemical exfoliation, and their basic principles are also summarized. More importantly, colloid system served as one up-front design can skip over the materials synthesis, accelerating the screening rate of highperformance electrode. This work encourages us to create innovative design ideas for rapid screening high-active electrode materials for applications in energy-related fields and beyond.
Tandem Mass Spectrometric Evaluation of Core Structures of Aromatic Compounds after Catalytic Deoxygenation
Authors: Dong Xueming
Published: September 2017

Catalytic deoxygenation of coal enhances the stability and combustion performance of coal-derived liquids. However, determination of the selectivity of removal of oxygen atoms incorporated in or residing outside of aromatic rings is challenging. This limits the ability to evaluate the success of catalytic deoxygenation processes. A mass spectrometric method, in-source collision-activated dissociation (ISCAD), combined with high resolution product ion detection, is demonstrated to allow the determination of whether the oxygen atoms in aromatic compounds reside outside of aromatic rings or are part of the aromatic system, because alkyl chains can be removed from aromatic cores via ISCAD. Application of this method for the analysis of a subbituminous coal treated using a supported catalyst revealed that the catalytic treatment reduced the number of oxygen-containing heteroaromatic rings but not the number of oxygen atoms residing outside the aromatic rings.
Department of War and External Affairs: The Anglo-Boer War and Imperialism
Authors: Wild Jonathan
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the response of writers to the 1899–1902 Boer War (or the Anglo-Boer War, as it is now more commonly known) in particular, looking at the work that emerged during the time of the conflict. It demonstrates how the war's role in focusing the anxieties felt by ordinary British and British Empire citizens about the efficacy and sustainability of British imperialism is especially evident in the literature which emerged both during the conflict and in the ensuing years of the decade. It goes on to investigate ‘invasion literature’, a popular genre of writing that imagined an often vulnerable and unprepared Britain being attacked and conquered by rival imperial powers. The chapter then examines the idea of Empire as discussed in the fiction of Rudyard Kipling, Joseph Conrad, and John Buchan.
Department of Administration: Office Clerks and Shop Assistants
Authors: Wild Jonathan
Published: September 2017

This chapter registers the significant shift that took place in the social and cultural fabric of the publishing industry in the first decade of the new century, and traces its effects. To what extent, this chapter asks, did the office boys and counter-jumpers, who were so much a feature of the Edwardian literary scene, actually succeed in reshaping the literary world in their own image? The chapter begins by tracing the rise to prominence of two writers, Arnold Bennett and H. G. Wells, whose names have since become inextricably associated with the term ‘Edwardian’. Their ability to profit from the favourable literary conditions in this period is examined in context with other writers of their class and generation who were, to use a characteristic phrase of the day, ‘getting on’.
Department of Decadence: Sex, Cars and Money
Authors: Wild Jonathan
Published: September 2017

This chapter investigate Edwardian modernity via three areas which epitomised this quality for many readers of the day: sex, cars, and money. Investigations into the first of these categories reveal the existence of a thriving and often quite explicit commentary on sex in the fiction of the day. Next, while concentrating on the motorcar as the embodiment of Edwardian technological modernity, the chapter also uncovers a wider fascination for the latest ‘thing’ in a range of contemporary publications. Finally, this chapter concentrates on the issue of money (and the corruption that it often implies in the period's literature) in the New Drama of the day.
Global Paris: Topographies and Dwelling Spaces
Authors: Guha Malini
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores the film Deux ou trois choses que je sais d'elle (1967) and discusses how its staging of the spatial dynamics of the modernized post-war Paris lays a foundation for the analysis of topographical space and dwelling space. It establishes the concept of “network narrative,” which, when subjected to particular modes of reconfiguration, tells a series of migrant narratives that bring the past and present together through encounters and collisions. The network narrative, as rendered in its modernist, art cinema form, gives rise to an exorbitant experience of the global city. This exorbitance becomes a way of grasping the kinds of relationships between the imperial past and the global present as they emerge through distinctly topographical means.
Language choice and conversational repair in bilingual interaction
Authors: Gafaranga Joseph
Published: September 2017

Research in code-switching, undertaken against the backdrop of very negative attitudes towards the concurrent use of two or more languages within the same conversation, has traditionally been geared towards rehabilitating this form of language use. Now that code-switching has been rehabilitated, the research tradition faces an entirely new challenge, namely that of its continued relevance. This book argues that, in order to overcome this challenge, research should aim to describe specific interactional practices involving the use of two or more languages and outlines a methodology for doing so. This chapter illustrates this methodology by means of a specific case study. The chapter describes the interactional practice of conversational repair in bilingual interaction. Two research questions are raised: (a) where in the repair sequence can language alternation occur and (b) what does language alternation do when it occurs in repair sequences. It is shown that language alternation interacts with repair organisation in two ways. Either language alternation is the focus of conversational repair or it is an additional resource for the organisation of conversational repair.
Summary and conclusion
Authors: Gafaranga Joseph
Published: September 2017

Research in code-switching, undertaken against the backdrop of very negative attitudes towards the concurrent use of two or more languages within the same conversation, has traditionally been geared towards rehabilitating this form of language use. From being seen as a random phenomenon reflecting the user’s lack of competence, code-switching is currently seen as sign of an advanced level of competence in the languages involved and as serving different interactional functions. However, as a result of its success, the research tradition now faces an entirely new challenge: Where to from here? How can research in code-switching continue to be relevant and interesting now it has largely achieved its original purpose? This book has argued that, in order to overcome this challenge, the notion of bilingualism itself must be redefined. Bilingualism must be seen as consisting of diverse interactional practices and be investigated as such. This book has made the case for this new approach, outlined a methodology for investigating bilingualism as interactional practices and illustrated it by means of three case studies. This concluding chapter wraps up the argument and invites other researchers to contribute to this new research direction.
The Hobbesian Hypothesis: How a Colonial Prejudice Became an Essential Premise in the Most Popular Justification of Government
Authors: Widerquist Karl , McCall Grant S.
Published: September 2017

This chapter introduces the role of “the Hobbesian hypothesis” in social contract theory by discussing how Thomas Hobbes introduced it. It defines the version of “the Lockean proviso” relevant to social contract theory as the following moral standard: for a state to be justified virtually everyone must be better off under the state than they could reasonably expect to be in any stateless environment. The chapter defines the contractarian version of “the Hobbesian hypothesis” as the empirical claim that the Lockean proviso is fulfilled by the state: the state benefits everyone or at least everyone who prefers safety to a perilous environment devoid of security. The chapter argues that any plausible justification of existing states drawn from broadly Hobbesian or contractarian principles relies on this hypothesis as an empirical premise comparing the welfare of disadvantaged people in state society and people in stateless societies.
The Hobbesian Hypothesis in Eighteenth-Century Political Theory
Authors: Widerquist Karl , McCall Grant S.
Published: September 2017

This chapter shows how “the Hobbesian hypothesis” (the claim that everyone is better off in a state society with a private property system than they could reasonably expect to be in any society without either of those institutions) appeared in Eighteenth-Century political theory. It shows how disagreement about the truth of the hypothesis produced virtually no debate. David Hume, Adam Smith, Immanuel Kant, Edmund Burke, and others asserted its supposedly obvious truth without providing evidence. Lord Shaftesbury, the Baron de Montesquieu, and Thomas Paine voiced scepticism but also provided little evidence. Others, such as Jean-Jacques Rousseau talked about similar issues without clearly taking a position on the hypothesis.
Implications
Authors: Widerquist Karl , McCall Grant S.
Published: September 2017

Earlier chapters of this book found that the Hobbesian hypothesis is false; the Lockean proviso is unfulfilled; contemporary states and property rights systems fail to meet the standard that social contract and natural property rights theories require for their justification. This chapter assesses the implications of those findings for the two theories. Section 1 argues that, whether contractarians accept or reject these findings, they need to clarify their argument to remove equivocation. Section 2 invites efforts to refute this book’s empirical findings. Section 3 discusses a response open only to property rights theorists: concede this book’s empirical findings and blame government failure. Section 4 considers the argument that this book misidentifies the state of nature. Section 5 considers a “bracketing strategy,” which admits that observed stateless societies fit the definition of the state of nature, but argues that they are not the relevant forms of statelessness today. Section 6 discusses the implications of accepting both the truth and relevance of the book’s findings, concluding that the best response is to fulfil the Lockean proviso by taking action to improve the lives of disadvantaged people.
Man is a Wolf to Man1
Authors: Still Judith
Published: September 2017

This focuses on Derrida’s analysis of the figure of the wolf in the first volume of The Beast and the Sovereign, particularly in La Fontaine’s fables (where the wolf can represent the sovereign as well as the outlaw) and in political philosophy of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, notably Hobbes’s De Cive and Rousseau’s Discourses. This is developed with reference to other texts of the period such as the Encyclopédie in which wolves are represented as man’s enemies, rivals for scarce resources, notably food. The wolf is typically evoked as solitary and hungry; for Hobbes he, like man in the state of nature, is dangerous. For Rousseau, on the other hand, both wolf and pre-social man are shy rather than violent, preferring flight to fight – and food is naturally abundant for natural man who would in any case prefer fruit and vegetables to meat. The politics of food and taste are critical both in the self-fulfilling prophecy that man will become a wolf to man, and in the extermination of wolves.
China and the Formation of the Modernist Aesthetic Ideal
Authors: Porter David
Published: September 2017

This chapter begins with an overview of the nineteenth-century history of the idea of China as an ‘aesthetic’ culture, or one that might be best apprehended through an aesthetic lens, in contrast to the ‘theoretical’ disposition of the West. In order to examine the function of the idea of a ‘Chinese aesthetic’ for Modernist writers, and the Bloomsbury group in particular, it focuses on Lytton Strachey’s play The Son of Heaven (1913), asking what imaginative needs does it serve and which characteristic features of Modernism the ‘Chinese aesthetic’ enables or brings to the foreground? In doing so it explains the origins of the early 20c obsession with Chinese poetry of the Tang dynasty, and how this poetry came to embody the notion of a Chinese civilizational aesthetic.
Shared Affinities: Katherine Mansfield, Ling Shuhua and Virginia Woolf
Authors: Laurence Patricia
Published: September 2017

Though the term chinoiserie has historically been applied to the decorative and visual arts, this chapter explores its theoretical and practical extension into literature in a specific conversation among and about three female writers from England and China, Virginia Woolf, Katherine Mansfield and Ling Shuhua, presenting a notion of chinoiserie as a valuable aesthetic training of the British visual and reading eye. Woolf, for example, valued the writing of Ling Shuhua-- labeled ‘the Chinese Katherine Mansfield’ in China-- for ‘the charm of the unlikeness’ of her aesthetic perceptions. The Chinese admired the writing of Katherine Mansfield and Virginia Woolf, translating them into Chinese beginning in the 1920s. This aesthetic reciprocity informs the theoretical and methodological issues in this chapter which weaves the style of ‘chinoiserie,’ feminism and modernism into a cross-cultural ‘conversation.’
Chinoiserie: An Unrequited Architectural Affair
Authors: Denison Edward
Published: September 2017

Chinoiserie’s stylistic repertoire in Britain over recent centuries has encompassed a wide range of art practices, but it has remained conspicuously absent from one art form in particular: architecture – the slow art. Despite a promising, prominent and pioneering entrance onto Chinoiserie’s stage in the mid-eighteenth century, most notably through the work of Sir William Chambers, reverence for China in the field of architecture has been negligible when compared with decorative, visual and literary art forms. While acknowledging this relative obscurity, this chapter examines the long and complex architectural relations between Britain and China up to the mid-twentieth century, a seminal epoch in which Chinoiserie was gaining approbation in other art practices, architectural Modernism was at its height internationally, British architects were travelling to or being raised in China in greater numbers than at any time in history, and the first Chinese architects were returning from an education in various foreign countries, including Britain. These myriad architectural interrelations have received relatively little scholarly attention as a collective group in comparison to other art practices while the individual architects, Chinese (such as Luke Him Sau) and British, and their work remain underexplored.
Cukor Maudit
Authors: Krohn Bill
Published: September 2017

This chapter analyzes Cukor's films maudit. Two themes interweave in this chapter: that Cukor's strategy vis-à-vis the Production Code was already in place in the first film to be discussed, Tarnished Lady (1931); and that the economic laws implicit in the Code, the laws of Class, had already been put in their place as cinematic simulacra invented for the occasion. It's a given that all this is always happening inside a film because of Cukor's inscription, in his first features, of a form of filmed theater that stages these codes and their subversion just as it does in the films of Jean Renoir and Orson Welles.
George Cukor’s Theatrical Feminism
Authors: Williams Linda Ruth
Published: September 2017

This chapter reads Cukor's women as spectacle/spectator in a contractual form, with female bodies and talents as self-traded commercial tools. Esther/Vicki (A Star is Born, 1954), Angela (Heller in Pink Tights, 1960), and Lily (A Life of Her Own, 1950) are economic participants in the spectacle industries within which their narratives are set, as well as reflections of Cukor's own preoccupation with the revealing processes of theatrical cinema. Gaslight (1944), though something of an outlier compared to the other three films, is also discussed here. These films reflect his sustained and touching sympathy for working women and women caught in transformation narratives.
The Hetero Media Gaze
Authors: Pullen Christopher
Published: September 2017

This chapter considers the emergence of the female gaze upon the queer male, foregrounding the concept of the hetero media gaze, framing histories of female representation within Hollywood film. As part of this foundational theories of the gaze are critiqued, relating issues of genre and audience identification. The central case studies include, an examination of the emerging female gaze considering the representation of Doris Day and Rock Hudson, within the films Pillow Talk (Michael Gordon 1959, US), Lover Come Back (Delbert Mann 1961, US) and Send Me No Flowers (Norman Jewison 1964, US), considering the notion of the star persona. At the same time more explicit representations of the straight girl and the queer guy are explored, considering three diverse films and their connection to social realism: A Taste of Honey (Tony Richardson 1961, UK), Darling (John Schlesinger 1965, UK), and Zee and Co (Brian G. Hutton 1972, UK).
Film and Commodity
Authors: Pullen Christopher
Published: September 2017

This chapter considers the representation of straight girl and queer guy within mainstream film, relating the context of the star persona, or the life world of the star. Initially considering the representation of Kenneth Williams within a range of Carry On films, arguing that his imagined real-life friendship with female characters influences how we might read these films, aspects of camp, fantasy, irony and parody are foregrounded. Later more explicit filmic representations of the straight girl and the queer guy are examined, contextualizing the self-reflexive influence of John Schlesinger and Christopher Isherwood respectively within the landmark films Sunday Bloody Sunday (John Schlesinger 1971, UK) and Cabaret (Bob Fosse 1972, US). This leads into an examination of the explicitly commoditized representation of queer man in union with the straight girl, in the films My Best Friend’s Wedding (P. J. Hogan 1997, US), The Object of My Affection (Nicholas Hytner 1998, US) and The Next Best Thing (John Schlesinger 2000, US). As part of this the life world and the cultural capital of the female co-star dominates in providing the cultural reading.
Conclusion
Authors: Pullen Christopher
Published: September 2017

The representation of the straight girl and the queer guy within film and television is a complex source of identification. This book has offered a glimpse into this subject area, foregrounding the notion of the hetero media gaze, which may be considered as the dominant viewing processes of western media production worlds that address, and try to represent, heterosexual audiences. This may be coded as both post-feminist and neoliberal (see ...
Reconstructing Islam in a Post-metaphysical Age: Muhammad Iqbal’s Interpretation of Immortality
Authors: McClure Christopher Scott
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the doctrine of immortality in Muhammad Iqbal's thought, flushing out its religious and social impact. Iqbal presents a thoroughly modern theory of immortality — one rooted in teleology rather than metaphysics. Immortality is understood in two ways: as personal immortality and immortality in history. These two kinds of immortality exist in tension with each other. Iqbal reinterprets the traditional Islamic conception of immortality and resurrection as a reward to it being a culmination of the life-process of ego. However, this vision of immortality depends upon human actions and these actions happen within a society and may even be political. The implications are far-reaching for religion and society, including the believers' freedom to interpret their own religion (ijtihad) and asserting a place in India's future.
Introduction
Authors: Fisher Austin
Published: September 2017

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to reconsider the cultural significance of the Italian Western, its position within global cinema, and its continuing trends of reception and appropriation around the globe. Focusing on the globally oriented origins and legacies of Westerns produced or co-produced by Italian studios, this book addresses routes of cultural, political, and ethnic relocation that lie at the heart of the ‘Spaghetti’ Western phenomenon. By analysing these films' processes of production, distribution, and consumption as sites of dynamic cultural exchange wherein supposed boundaries become blurred, the book aims to widen the sociohistorical debate around this much-loved filone. The remainder of the chapter considers scholarship on the Spaghetti Western followed by an overview of the subsequent chapters.
A Poetics of Listening
Authors: Lawrence Faith
Published: September 2017

This is an exploration of Kathleen Jamie’s ‘poetics of listening’, a consideration of the importance of ‘listening' within her poetic practice. A 'poetics of listening' is compared with the notion that a poet must first and foremost ‘find their voice’. Close examination of Jamie's poems suggests that the stance of the ‘listener’ is one which allows the poet to encounter the non-human on equal terms, but which also offers a solution to the ethical question ‘why should I write?’. Jamie has been called a ‘supreme listener’, and listening encounters pervade her work. The value she places on ‘attention’ is shown to have a connection with her interest in the oeuvre of Rainer Maria Rilke. It is also argued that in Jamie's work, learning to listen is a way to live with, rather than protest our impermanence.
Kathleen’s Scots
Authors: Crawford Robert
Published: September 2017

This assesses Kathleen Jamie's use of Scots across a range of her poetry, but it also has some qualities of a personal tribute by a fellow contemporary poet. Beginning with a discussion of Jamie's collection, The Autonomous Region, Crawford assesses the use of Scots elsewhere in her work. Particularly striking, for example, are her translations of Hölderlin into Scots, in her recent collection, The Overhaul.
‘An Orderly Rabble’: Plural Identities in Jizzen
Authors: Baker Timothy L.
Published: September 2017

Jizzen (1999) has frequently been approached in terms of its clear parallels between individual and national birth and development. Throughout the volume, however, Jamie presents collective identity not in terms of unity but rather, in the words of ‘Lucky Bag’, an ‘orderly rabble’. Identity is figured not simply in terms of shared experience, but also through what might be termed a politics of difference, whereby the nation – and by extension, perhaps, the self – is seen in terms of individuals defined in relation to other individuals. This approach is exemplified in the collection’s structure, wherein poems in different registers and voices closely abut. This chapter argues, in comparison to other contemporary poets, that in Jizzen Jamie turns her focus to the construction of a tentative ‘we’ that is amplified in later volumes. Her complex organisation of the volume suggests a new way of thinking about how literature identifies and creates a common world.
Repetition, Return and the Negotiation of Place in The Tree House
Authors: Davidson Lynn
Published: September 2017

This chapter discusses how, in Kathleen Jamie’s The Tree House, intertextual repetends draw attention to the responsive and mutable nature of language in order to ask questions about compositions of place within the natural world. It suggests that repeated words alter in meaning due to the influence of their syntactic environment. It then goes on to discuss how, as the repeated word moves through different syntactic contexts with the resulting alterations in aspects of its meaning, the repetitions can provide possibilities for re-imagining some established narratives – especially concepts of belonging and place. Specifically, the shifts in meaning and resonance allow the poems to ask, in a variety of settings, if and how human-made templates of ownership and mythology are relevant in a contemporary, environmentally compromised world.