The Calibration results of the Flight model of the Jovian Electron and Ion spectrometer for the Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer and their link to Mercury
Authors: Bambach Patrick , Krupp Norbert , Fränz Markus , Roussos Elias , Heumüller Philipp , Fischer Henning , Meyer Frank , Szemerey Istvan 
Published: September 2022

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&lt;div class=&quot;textLayer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;Abstract&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;Electrostatic analyzers are key instruments for under&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;standing magnetospheric plasma. Their measurements&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;also contribute to the determination of the surface &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;and interior composition of moons and planets. They&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;measure properties in particle charge, energy and 3D &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;velocity vectors of electrons and ions. Calibration of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;these instruments is challenging.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;Ground facilities &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;can not reproduce the electromagnetic and radiation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;background of Jupiter.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;Also the particle flows and, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;their full energy- and 3D flow spectrum over the&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;complete field of view of a spherical analyzers can &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;not be produced by our facilities.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;Instead beams&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;larger than the field of view of at least one detector &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;channel reproduce step-vise parts of the parameter&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;spaces of the expected spectrum.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;By combining &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;simulations, ground based calibration and in-flight&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;calibration, the reliability of the calibration can be &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;increased.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;The calibration of the flight model of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;the The Jupiter Electron and Ion Spectrometer (JEI) &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;showed good agreement with the simulations, except&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;for a significant discrepancy in azimuth resolution &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;and the geometric factor at high pole inclinations.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;After a final upgrade of the test bench, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;we will allow for better comparison of results between&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;The Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer (JUICE) and the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;BepiColombo missions by cross-calibrating JEI and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;the The Planetary Ion Camera (PICAM).&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;textLayer&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;Charged particles interact with magnetic field, plan&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;ets and moons. Measuring the properties of these par-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;ticles helps to understand the interaction and allows &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;to analyze the surfaces and interiors of planets and&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;moons as a result of their interaction with their sur&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;rounding magnetic field. Unfortunately, calibration of&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;these instruments is complicated because accelerators &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;only produce a small spectrum of the target particle&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;streams at once. In order to improve the results, cal&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;ibration measurements on the ground are combined&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;with simulations and later with calibrations during the &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;mission using known plasma, like the solar wind. The&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;calibration for JEI agreed with the simulations, except &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;for high polar angles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;(Fig.&lt;/span&gt; 1&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;.)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;textLayer&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;This is due to the different beams &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;used for calibration and simulation.&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;textLayer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;1&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;Introduction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;textLayer&quot;&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;JUICE will explore the Jovian magnetosphere and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;three of the four Galilean moons.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;After several fly-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;bys of Europa and Callisto it will eventually enter orbit &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;around Ganymede. JEI is part of The Particle Environ-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;ment Package (PEP) on JUICE. JEI will measure electron and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;ion distributions in the range from a few eV to a few&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;MeV with almost full hemispheric coverage&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;PICAM on BepiColombo has overlaps with JEI in &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;its energy range from&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;1 eV&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;to&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;3 keV&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;While mea-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;suring ions only, PICAM has additionally a time-of-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;flight unit, which allows to resolve incoming particles&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;at a&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;m/&amp;#948;m&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;ratio of 100.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;There are links be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;tween Mercury and Ganymede. Besides being similar&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;size, they are the only known solid objects in the so&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;lar system other than Earth that have intrinsic mag-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;netic fields.&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;While the magnetic moments are simi&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;lar in strength, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;Mercury is exposed to a supersonic plasma&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;textLayer&quot;&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt; of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;the solar wind while Ganymede is only surrounded by the subsonic &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;plasma of Jupiter&amp;#8217;s magnetosphere.&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;textLayer&quot;&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;2. Results&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;textLayer&quot;&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;For all JEI models, including the qualification model, &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;the polar-, energy- and azimuth resolution could be&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;measured in agreement with the accompanying sim&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;ulations and within the specifications of the original&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;proposal. The resolutions and deflector response are &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;plotted in Fig. 2. Only the azimuth resolution deviates&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;at higher polar inclinations from the simulations. The &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;deviation directly affects the geometric factor, which&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;differs over the polar inclinations in the same range.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;The deviation is suspected to be reasoned by the dif&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;ferent exposure of the sensor in the particle flow be-&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;tween the simulations and the beam in the test facil&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;ity. Simulations and measurements with an off-center&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;beam are currently conducted to confirm the cause.&amp;#160;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;A slight coaxial misalignment between the inner and &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;outer spheres could be measured due to the deviations&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;of the individual energy peaks of the channels.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;Currently the positing system is under replacement to &lt;/span&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;allow joint measurements of JEI and PICAM.&lt;/span&gt;
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&lt;div class=&quot;textLayer&quot;&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;Acknowledgements&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;This works is supported by DLR grants 50QW1702&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br role=&quot;presentation&quot; /&gt;&lt;span dir=&quot;ltr&quot; role=&quot;presentation&quot;&gt;and 50QJ1503.&lt;/span&gt;
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