bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peritoneal dialysis fluids
Authors: Low Sanmay , Liew Adrian
Published: February 2022

There have been significant advances in the understanding of peritoneal dialysis (PD) in the last 40 years, and uptake of PD as a modality of kidney replacement therapy is increasing worldwide. PD fluids, therefore, remains the lifeline for patients on this treatment. Developing these fluids to be efficacious in solute clearance and ultrafiltration, with minimal adverse consequences to peritoneal membrane health and systemic effects is a key requirement. Since the first PD fluid produced in 1959, modifications to PD fluids have been made. Nonetheless, the search for that ideal PD fluid remains elusive. Understanding the components of PD fluids is a key aspect of optimizing the successful delivery of PD, allowing for individualized PD prescription. Glucose remains an integral component of PD fluids; however, its deleterious effects continue to be the impetus for the search of an alternative osmotic agent, and icodextrin remains the main alternative. More biocompatible PD fluids have been developed and have shown benefits in preserving residual kidney function. However, high cost and reduced accessibility remain deterrents to its widespread clinical use in many countries. Large‐scale clinical trials are necessary and very much awaited to improve the narrow spectrum of PD fluids available for clinical use.
Validation of automated fluorescent‐based technology for measuring total nucleated cell viability of hematopoietic progenitor cell products
Authors: Patel Kanan A. , Patel Nita , Kim Grace H. , Chape Laura S. , Agbon Kristianne Gail D. , Angulo Fuentes Minnie P. , Barbosa Francis‐Marie L. , Castellano Ryan T. , Gonzalez Gloria N. , Mathew Sheeba , Mantile‐Selvaggi Giuditta , Reich‐Slotky Ronit
Published: February 2022

Background

A reliable rapid method for measuring total nucleated cell (TNC) viability is essential for cell‐based products manufacturing. The trypan blue (TB) exclusion method, commonly used to measure TNC viability of hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) products, is a subjective assay, typically uses a microscope, and includes a limited number of cells. The NucleoCounter NC‐200 is an automated fluorescent‐based cell counter that uses pre‐calibrated cartridges with acridine orange and DAPI dyes to measure cell count and viability. This study describes the validation of the NC‐200 for testing HPC's viability.

Methods

Samples from 189 fresh and 60 cryopreserved HPC products were included. Fresh products were tested for viability after collection by both TB and NC‐200. 7‐aminoactinomycin D (7AAD) CD45+ cell viability results were obtained from a flow cytometry test. Cryopreserved products thawed specimens were tested for viability by both TB and NC‐200. The NC‐200 viability results were compared with the other methods. Acceptability criteria were defined as ≤10% difference between the NC‐200 method and the other methods for at least 95% of the samples.

Results

Fresh products' mean viability difference between NC‐200 and TB or 7AAD CD45+ method was 4.9% (95%CI 4.6–5.4) and 2.8% (95%CI 2.2–3.4), respectively. Thawed products' mean viability difference between NC‐200 and TB was 3.0% (95%CI 0.4–5.6).

Conclusion

The NC‐200 automated fluorescent‐based method can be used effectively to determine HPC's viability for both fresh and cryopreserved products. It can help eliminate human bias and provide consistent data and operational ease.
Implementation of a blood bank generated tube for second blood group determination: Challenges, yield, and cost
Authors: Obaidallah Noora , Downie Helen , Colavecchia Connie , Callum Jeannie , Lin Yulia
Published: February 2022

Background

The second blood group determination or group check sample is a process of verifying the ABO group with a second blood sample prior to transfusion. It has been used to detect errors related to wrong blood in tube (WBIT) events and reduce the risk of ABO‐incompatible transfusions. To prevent the clinical team from collecting the group check sample at the same time as the first sample, a tan top tube only available from the blood bank was introduced for second blood group determinations if drawn within 24 h of the first group and screen.

Study design and methods

This is a retrospective study analyzing data from 2005 to 2020 before and after the implementation of the blood bank supplied tan top tube for group check. The number of WBIT events, transfusion delays, and health care costs were determined.

Results

The number of WBIT events remained unchanged throughout the time period. No delays in transfusion or procedure were reported due to the tan top tube group check. There was no increase in group O transfusions over time. In comparison to using an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) tube, the tan top tube was estimated to add an extra yearly cost of $790.79 Canadian dollars.

Conclusion

Second blood group determination using the blood bank supplied tan top tube did not increase the number of WBIT events detected but ensured an independent sample draw. A minimal incremental cost of implementing the tan top tube was noted with no delay in transfusions or procedures.
Impact of mobilization regimen on multiday collection of peripheral blood CD34+ cells by large volume leukapheresis
Authors: Siddiqui Irmeen , Shmookler Aaron , Biller Elizabeth , Hardy Tanner , Hartage Ramon , Losos Michael , Chen Jian
Published: February 2022

Background

The collection yield of hematopoietic progenitors cell (HPC) by leukapheresis is critical for a successful transplantation, which often requires multiday collections to achieve the collection goal.

Study Design and Methods

Collection procedures of 181 patients who underwent leukapheresis for more than 1 day were reviewed. Patients were separated into six groups based on the mobilization regimen: G‐CSF on day 1 (D1) and day 2 (D2) (G‐G); G‐CSF on D1 and G‐CSF and plerixafor on D2 (G‐GP); G‐CSF and plerixafor on day D1 and D2 (GP‐GP); G‐CSF and plerixafor on D1 and G‐CSF on D2 (GP‐G); chemotherapy and G‐CSF on D1 and D2 (GC‐GC); and chemotherapy, G‐CSF, and plerixafor on D1 and D2 (GCP‐GCP). Patient's pre‐collection CD34 count (pre‐CD34) on D1 and D2 were compared in the same individual and among groups.

Results

We found D2 pre‐CD34 were significantly decreased in G‐G, GP‐G, and GP‐GP groups and significantly increased in G‐GP group (p < .001) using a repeated measures ANOVA analysis. D2 pre‐CD34 remained at similar levels as D1 in GC‐GC and GCP‐GCP groups. A multiple regression analysis showed that the mobilization regimen was the only factor that significantly affected pre‐CD34 D2/D1 ratio (p < .001). There was a significant difference in the pre‐CD34 D2/D1 ratio (p < .001) among these six groups with the lowest in GP‐G group (0.40 ± 0.45), and the highest in G‐GP group (2.35 ± 0.36).

Discussion

Mobilization regimen has significant impact on pre‐collection CD34 count. Apheresis facilities may change mobilizing drugs accordingly to achieve a specific HPC goal.
Adaptive radiation therapy using weekly hypofractionation for thymoma treatment: A retrospective study of 10 rabbits
Authors: McCready Julianne E. , Poirier Valerie J. , Fleck Andre , Darco Johnson , Beaufrère Hugues H.
Published: February 2022

Radiation therapy (RT) is being utilized more commonly for rabbit thymomas due to high perioperative mortality rates with surgery. Median overall survival times reported for rabbit thymomas treated with a variety of RT protocols and techniques range from 6 months to greater than 2 years. As thymomas are radiation‐responsive tumours and may shrink rapidly after RT, adaptive radiotherapy (ART) is often warranted. The purpose of this single‐institution retrospective case series was to investigate the tumour volume reduction during RT, the frequency of replanning during RT, and survival time in rabbit thymomas treated using intensity‐modulated/image‐guided radiation therapy (IMRT/IGRT) and a weekly hypofractionated protocol delivering a total dose of 30 Gy. Ten rabbits met the inclusion criteria from October 2014 to October 2019. The median progression‐free survival was 561 days and the median overall survival was 634 days (range: 322–1118 days). The tumour volume gradually decreased with each RT fraction. On post‐hoc analysis, only the first RT fraction was associated with a significant GTV reduction (of more than 50% on average,p < .001). All subsequent RT fractions did not further reduce the GTV significantly (p > .06). Hypofractionated RT using a weekly protocol of 5 fractions of 6 Gy is a reasonable option to treat rabbit thymomas and replanning should be anticipated. The results of this study support the use of RT to rapidly relieve thymoma‐induced dyspnoea in rabbits.
Prediction of the Interface Deformation of Ultrasonic Spot Welding of Multilayer Metal Foils Considering Energy Gradient
Authors: Ma Zunnong , Luo Cheng , Zhang Yansong
Published: February 2022

The ultrasonic spot welding (USW) is widely used in the joining of multilayer Cu or Al tabs in the lithium-ion battery. Due to the high-frequency vibration of the sonotrode and various deformation in each interface, the friction behavior is complex which makes it difficult to simulate the welding process of multilayer specimens. In this paper, an efficient and accurate finite element model (FEM) was proposed via introducing the interface heat flux to equivalent the heat generation by the friction. The total heat flux was determined by the heat transfer analysis and the proportion of each interface was determined based on the analysis of the friction behavior. Then, the FEM was validated by comparing the simulated temperature and deformation with experimental results. Finally, the FEM was applied to simulate the USW process of four, five, and ten layers of copper and aluminum foils in order to characterize the gradient of the ultrasonic energy. It was found that the heat generation concentrated in middle interfaces was 65% of the total in the welding of four-layer copper foils. The heat generation was mainly related to the welding parameters and the proportion was related to the size of tips and the structure of specimens. The plastic strain varied in specimens because of the gradient of the input energy. It was most obvious in the welding of 10-layer aluminum foils that the maximum equivalent plastic strain (PEEQ) in the fifth interface was 92.9% smaller than the top interface.
Fatigue Life Prediction of Structures With Interval Uncertainty
Authors: Desch Michael , Modares Mehdi
Published: February 2022

A new method for reliable fatigue life prediction in metal structural components is developed, which quantifies uncertainties using interval variables. Using this crack-initiation-based method, first, the uncertainties in laboratory test data for the fatigue failure of a structural detail are enumerated. This uncertainty quantification is performed through an interval-based enveloping procedure that relates the interval stress ranges to the number of cycles to failure. This will lead to the construction of an interval S–N relationship. Next, the uncertainties in field test data are enumerated in the extremum values of each stress range, as intervals, leading to the construction of interval stress ranges. For both the laboratory and field data uncertainty analyses, the mean stress effects are considered. Next, the interval damage accumulated over the duration of the field data is determined using the constructed interval S–N relationship and the obtained interval stress ranges. Then, the interval existing damage and interval remaining life are determined. Finally, as a conservative measure, the minimum remaining fatigue life is obtained in which all uncertainties are considered. A numerical example illustrating the developed method is presented, and the results are compared with results obtained by both Monte Carlo simulation and optimization. Using this method, for the numerical example considered, it is shown that the results for bounds on the existing damage and the remaining fatigue life are sharp. Moreover, due to its set-based approach, the method is significantly more computationally efficient when compared with iterative procedures.
Thermomechanical Topology Optimization of Three-Dimensional Heat Guiding Structures for Electronics Packaging
Authors: Farzinazar Shiva , Ren Zongqing , Lim Jungyun , Kim Jae Choon , Lee Jaeho
Published: February 2022

Heterogeneous and complex electronic packages may require unique thermomechanical structures to provide optimal heat guiding. In particular, when a heat source and a heat sink are not aligned and do not allow a direct path, conventional thermal management methods providing uniform heat dissipation may not be appropriate. Here we present a topology optimization method to find thermally conductive and mechanically stable structures for optimal heat guiding under various heat source-sink arrangements. To exploit the capabilities, we consider complex heat guiding scenarios and three-dimensional (3D) serpentine structures to carry the heat with corner angles ranging from 30 deg to 90 deg. While the thermal objective function is defined to minimize the temperature gradient, the mechanical objective function is defined to maximize the stiffness with a volume constraint. Our simulations show that the optimized structures can have a thermal resistance of less than 32% and stiffness greater than 43% compared to reference structures with no topology optimization at an identical volume fraction. The significant difference in thermal resistance is attributed to a thermally dead volume near the sharp corners. As a proof-of-concept experiment, we have created 3D heat guiding structures using a selective laser melting technique and characterized their thermal properties using an infrared thermography technique. The experiment shows the thermal resistance of the thermally optimized structure is 29% less than that of the reference structure. These results present the unique capabilities of topology optimization and 3D manufacturing in enabling optimal heat guiding for heterogeneous systems and advancing the state-of-the-art in electronics packaging.
Study of Diesel Spray Impinging Ignition and Combustion Characteristics Under Variable Ambient Densities Based on the Visualization Experiment
Authors: Lou Diming , Tang Yuanzhi , Wang Chengguan , Fang Liang , Zhang Yunhua
Published: February 2022

The application of turbocharged intercooler direct injection (DI) diesel engine in large diesel vehicle transportation and construction machinery will be indispensable for a long time in the future. The extreme condition of the plateau has become a hotspot in the research of diesel combustion. When the diesel engine works on the cold-start or low-load/low-speed condition, the problems of combustion and emission caused by abnormal supercharging of a turbocharger are apparent. The development of the miniaturization of diesel engines can effectively avoid liquid-wall impingement. However, the low density of the plateau will bring inevitable combustion modes, such as impinging ignition and combustion. This study summarized the relationship among spray, fuel–air mixing, ignition, soot formation, and ambient density under the condition of impinging ignition and nonliquid spray impingement, providing a reference for the further research and improvement of diesel engine combustor structure design. The effect of ambient density change on diesel spray mainly weakens radial air entrainment in the fuel injection. There was apparent impinging ignition at 11.37 g/m3 density, and the ignition time delay was 0.2 ms longer than that at 16.07 g/m3, corresponding to the 0 m altitude. Under high altitude with more significant density, the combustion is more intense under higher temperature. However, the larger flame diffusion area under low density leads to the larger soot distribution area and more considerable soot generation.
Apoyo mutuo y cooperación en las comunidades utópicas (Javier León)
Authors: Rodríguez Herrero Virginia
Published: February 2022

Cuando me comprometí a escribir la reseña de este libro, lo hice guiada por un sentimiento de atracción moral hacia lo que el título prometía, asunto que seguramente para algunos, reste valor antropológico a la motivación. A mi modo de ver, supone un factor primordial a la hora de llevar a cabo la tarea de reseñar una obra. Ello me hace pensar en lo importante que resulta anticipar el contenido de lo que vas a leer o encontrar en el interior de la misma, a través de un título que resulte una especie de anzuelo cautivador o de inspirador resumen.
Acciones colectivas femeninas y empoderamiento económico en la comunidad de Soni (Tanzania)
Authors: Manzanera Ruiz Roser , Lizarraga Mollinedo Carmen
Published: February 2022

Los procesos de liberalización de los mercados, que han acompañado a las dinámicas económicas globales más recientes, han provocado importantes cambios en la producción de cultivos comerciales. Estos cambios han ampliado la desigualdad en el acceso y el reparto de los ingresos provenientes de la agricultura comercial entre hombres y mujeres. Algunas mujeres se han organizado y agrupado para dar respuesta a esta situación y mejorar diferentes aspectos de sus vidas. El objetivo de este artículo es analizar los procesos de empoderamiento económico de las mujeres rurales en Soni (Tanzania) ante el desigual acceso a la producción y distribución de los ingresos en este sector económico. Se pone de manifiesto que estos procesos parten de la toma de conciencia de intereses estratégicos compartidos. Los datos se han obtenido del trabajo documental y de campo, y la posterior aplicación de metodología cualitativa, para analizar el caso particular de un pueblo del municipio de Soni, en el Distrito de Lushoto, al norte de Tanzania (2006-2009).
Presentación
Authors: Redacción AIBR
Published: February 2022

Tras un cuatrimestre con numerosas novedades en el seno de nuestra Asociación, nos complace presentar el tercer volumen de nuestra revista para el año 2015. A lo largo de los últimos meses ha sido continuado el aumento de envíos de manuscritos originales a AIBR, una circunstancia que demuestra la extraordinaria actividad investigadora que está experimentando la antropología iberoamericana. Desgraciadamente, nos vemos obligados con demasiada frecuencia a limitar los textos que publicamos, una cuestión que por otra parte AIBR está tratando de solventar a base de incrementar la cantidad de originales publicados. El éxito del Congreso de Madrid, unido a la buena acogida que también está teniendo el Congreso de Barcelona (para septiembre de 2016), demuestra que la producción investigadora en nuestros países se ve en la necesidad de medios editoriales para ver la luz.
Un día cualquiera en la cárcel: la etnografía-ficción como representación de una investigación
Authors: Martos-García Daniel , Devís-Devís José
Published: February 2022

El uso de formas alternativas de representación viene siendo objeto de debate en las ciencias sociales desde hace tiempo, como una respuesta posmoderna a los límites de la ciencia positivista. Sin embargo, su uso en las ciencias de la actividad física y el deporte es minoritario, tanto como la investigación cualitativa. En este caso, presentamos un relato de etnografíaficción que trata de recrear la vida en prisión, fundamentalmente en el polideportivo, y que está basado en los datos recolectados a través de una etnografía que supuso dos años de trabajo de campo en una prisión española. En aquella ocasión, se enfatizaron los significados que para los distintos tipos de participantes tenía la actividad física y el deporte. Este artículo tiene dos propósitos. El primero consiste en reivindicar el uso de esta modalidad narrativa en la investigación cualitativa. El segundo, crear un nuevo relato que dé voz a las personas estudiadas y provoque las emociones de los lectores/as mediante el recuerdo de las experiencias de los participantes.
Desigualdades, diferencias y experiencias de (no) pertenencia en educación, de Ana Bravo-Moreno (Ed.)
Authors: Jasso Martínez Ivy Jacaranda
Published: February 2022

El texto que nos presenta Ana Bravo-Moreno es una colección de capítulos que tienen como eje transversal el tema de la desigualdad generada a partir de la/s diferencia/s, analizando cómo se producen, negocian y cambian estas en contextos específicos. Se trata de un tema en boga, que se ha venido discutiendo en la última década, especialmente respecto a las diferentes posturas que han evidenciado y discutido la manera y estrategias en que se vive y experimenta la diversidad cultural en el aula y en la escuela. El libro consta de ocho capítulos, más la introducción, donde se pasa revista de diferentes casos (España, Argentina, Estados Unidos, Grecia), y cada capítulo aborda con diferente profundidad la temática.
Cuerpos y corporalidades en las culturas de las Américas, de Silvia Citro, José Bizerril y Yanina Mennelli (Coords.)
Authors: Vicente Martín Patricia
Published: February 2022

Marcel Mauss presentó en el año 1934, en la Société de Psychologie, una conferencia -Les techniques du corps- que se publicaría dos años después, convirtiéndose en un texto pionero, considerado como uno de los primeros intentos de construir una teoría sociológica del cuerpo. Desde entonces, diversas disciplinas como la Historia, el Arte y la Antropología -entre otras- han hecho del cuerpo su tema fetiche; concretamente durante las décadas de 1980 y 1990 se dio uno de los períodos más fértiles en lo que se refiere a la reflexión teórica sobre el cuerpo. La difusión de estas propuestas fue desigual: España y los países de América Latina son claro ejemplo de cómo el estudio del cuerpo y las corporalidades se consolidaron de manera algo más tardía y con su propia idiosincrasia.
Antropología del desarrollo y factores críticos para el éxito de los proyectos de cooperación internacional. El caso de las ONGD en América Latina
Authors: Monje José Antonio
Published: February 2022

Uno de los aspectos más importantes para la gestión de proyectos de cooperación internacional para el desarrollo es la definición de sus factores de éxito y fracaso. Sin embargo, la percepción de lo que se considera como éxito o fracaso varía en función de la perspectiva desde la cual observar dicha gestión y sus resultados alcanzados. Por lo tanto, para definir adecuadamente estos factores debemos hacer un análisis desde los propios actores implicados. La presente investigación aborda dichas percepciones en torno a factores clave de intervención como el logro de los objetivos, la percepción de éxito, la satisfacción de las expectativas y niveles de participación. Desde la percepción del equipo ejecutor del proyecto, los principales factores de éxito están asociados con la capacidad de alcanzar los objetivos propuestos y generar empoderamiento en la población, mientras que la población objetivo considera que, además del empoderamiento, la mejora efectiva de su calidad de vida y sus niveles de participación en la gestión son también factores clave a tomar en cuenta. Sin embargo, esta investigación también constata que la participación de la población destinataria es menos valorada en la práctica por los equipos ejecutores de lo que se admite en la teoría
«Como un sedimento que se va quedando en el cuerpo»: Percepción social del riesgo sobre compuestos tóxicos persistentes y otras sustancias químicas sintéticas en la alimentación entre mujeres embarazadas y lactantes en España
Authors: Larrea-Killinger Cristina , Muñoz Araceli , Begueria Arantza , Mascaró Pons Jaume
Published: February 2022

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar cómo las mujeres embarazadas y lactantes perciben la presencia de sustancias químicas en los alimentos y reflexionan acerca de los efectos en su propia salud, la del feto y la del bebé, cuando piensan sobre la acumulación, transmisión y eliminación de estas sustancias de su cuerpo. Partimos de la hipótesis de que el discurso de las mujeres sobre los efectos en salud de los Compuestos Tóxicos Persistentes (CTP) está relacionado con la proximidad o distancia social de los actores sociales reproductores de estos discursos. La recepción y aceptación de estas argumentaciones son más evidentes cuanto mayor es la confianza en los actores sociales que transmiten esa información. Este artículo analiza los discursos del personal sanitario y el entorno social próximo de estas mujeres, pues ambos juegan un papel esencial en la transmisión de dichos discursos. A pesar de que los consejos alimentarios que reciben las mujeres están fuertemente medicalizados, las informaciones facilitadas sobre sustancias químicas en los alimentos en el entorno médico son escasas y poco homogéneas, de forma que este tipo de riesgos son invisibilizados en la relación médico-paciente, y la responsabilidad sobre la gestión de los mismos suele recaer en las mujeres.
In-plasma photo-assisted etching of Si with chlorine aided by an external vacuum ultraviolet source
Authors: Du Linfeng , Economou Demetre J. , Donnelly Vincent M.
Published: February 2022

Photo-assisted etching of p-type Si was previously found to occur in a chlorine-containing, Faraday-shielded, inductively coupled plasma (ICP), and this was attributed to the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light generated by the plasma. Other causes for the very high etching rates were ruled out, including ion bombardment. In the present study, the substrate in the main Cl2/Ar ICP was subjected to extra VUV light that was generated in an independently controlled, auxiliary Ar/He ICP in tandem with the main ICP. The ICPs were separated by a tungsten mesh and a bundle of high-aspect-ratio quartz tubes in a honeycomb configuration. There was no measurable perturbation of the main plasma by the auxiliary plasma. The etching rate was found to be enhanced by 11%–51% with the additional VUV light provided by the auxiliary ICP. With absolute measurements of the auxiliary ICP photon flux at the sample surface, as described elsewhere, incredibly large etching yields of 90–240 Si atoms per photon were obtained. It is argued that etching is not a result of electron–hole pair formation but is instead ascribed to a photocatalytic chain reaction.
Development and Assessment of a Method to Estimate the Value of a Maximum Voluntary Isometric Contraction Electromyogram from Submaximal Electromyographic Data
Authors: Norasi Hamid , Koenig Jordyn , Mirka Gary A.
Published: February 2022

The electromyographic (EMG) normalization (often to maximum voluntary isometric contraction [MVIC]) is used to control for interparticipant and day-to-day variations. Repeated MVIC exertions may be inadvisable from participants’ safety perspective. This study developed a technique to predict the MVIC EMG from submaximal isometric voluntary contraction EMG. On day 1, 10 participants executed moment exertions of 100%, 60%, 40%, and 20% of the maximum (biceps brachii, rectus femoris, neck flexors, and neck extensors) as the EMG data were collected. On day 2, the participants replicated the joint moment values from day 1 (60%, 40%, and 20%) and also performed MVIC exertions. Using the ratios between the MVIC EMGs and submaximal isometric voluntary contraction EMG data values established on day 1, and the day 2 submaximal isometric voluntary contraction EMG data values, the day 2 MVIC EMGs were predicted. The average absolute percentage error between the predicted and actual MVIC EMG values for day 2 were calculated: biceps brachii, 45%; rectus femoris, 27%; right and left neck flexors, 27% and 33%, respectively; and right and left neck extensors, both 29%. There will be a trade-off between the required accuracy of the MVIC EMG and the risk of injury due to exerting actual MVIC. Thus, using the developed predictive technique may depend on the study circumstances.
National Collegiate Athletic Association Swimmers With Glenohumeral Multidirectional Laxity Have an Increased Glenohumeral Joint Range of Motion Profile
Authors: Silverson Oliver A. , Saini Gaura , Knutson Kyle R. , Sauder Briana D. , Sheldon Gregory R. , Willwerscheid Allison F. , Gruber Chelsea L. , Ohlrogge Fanchon , Nelson Bradley J. , Staker Justin L.
Published: February 2022

Context: Adaptations in glenohumeral joint laxity and range of motion (ROM) are prevalent in competitive swimmers. Increased glenohumeral laxity in swimmers has been found to exist in multiple directions. However, it is unclear if swimmers with multidirectional laxity (MDL) possess altered glenohumeral ROM compared with swimmers without MDL. The purpose of this study was to compare the glenohumeral ROM characteristics of external rotation (ER), internal rotation (IR), total arc of motion (ER + IR), and total arc of motion ratio (ER/IR) between swimmers with MDL and without MDL. Our secondary objective was to investigate the effect of MDL on self-reported pain and function. Design: Observational study. Methods: Twenty-nine NCAA Division I swimmers (females: 15 and males: 14; age 19.5 [1.2] y; body mass index 23.9 [2.0] km/m2) participated in a preseason physical assessment including measures of glenohumeral ROM and joint laxity. These measures were used to determine the presence or absence of MDL for both shoulders of each participant. Glenohumeral ROM characteristics were compared between shoulders with MDL and shoulders without MDL with independent t tests. Self-reported pain and function scores were recorded biweekly across the season with a modified Kerlan-Jobe Orthopedic Clinic questionnaire. The seasonal average Kerlan-Jobe Orthopedic Clinic questionnaire scores were compared between swimmers with MDL and swimmers without MDL with analysis of variance, with factors of sex and MDL status. Results: Shoulders with MDL possessed increased glenohumeral IR (P < .001; effect size: 0.65) and total arc of motion (P < .004; effect size: 0.45) compared with shoulders without MDL. There were no differences in ER. There was no difference in self-reported pain and function between groups. Conclusions: Shoulders with MDL possess increased glenohumeral IR and total arc of motion compared with shoulders without MDL. The presence of MDL may not affect self-reported pain and function in competitive swimmers.
Test–Retest of a Novel Wii Board–Based Device to Assess Eccentric Knee Flexor Strength During the Nordic Hamstring Exercise
Authors: Macedo Maria de Cássia , Souza Matheus Almeida , Batista Geyson de Lima , Barbosa Michelle Almeida , Barbosa Alexandre Carvalho
Published: February 2022

This study aimed to assess the test–retest reliability of a Wii board–based device to assess the eccentric knee strength. Healthy participants (n = 20, 22.7 [3.4] y, 1.71 [0.09] m, 69 [13] kg) performed 2 assessments—days 1 and 2—of the Nordic hamstring exercise (3 trials per day, 3 min of rest between trials, and 48 h between trials) on a padded board with an attached Wii Balance Board (WBB). A ratchet inelastic strap made the contact between the participant’s distal aspect of both legs and the inverted upper surface of the WBB. The means among 3 trials were used to extract the absolute strength and the left and the right limb strengths. No between-session differences were found (P range = .691–.981). The intraclass correlation coefficient range showed excellent results (.905–.926), as the Cronbach α test (above .94). The correlation was high (r > .91; .820 < r2 < .862). The Bland–Altman analysis returned high levels of agreement. The standard error of measurement ranged from 5.56 to 11.07 N and the minimal detectable change from 15.42 to 30.68 N. The percentage of standard error of measurement values were 2.95%, 3.74%, 2.88%, respectively, for absolute strength, right limb strength, and left limb strength. The adapted system showed an excellent cost–benefit relationship with optimal test–retest reliability. The findings suggest that the adapted system, using the WBB, is a reliable method for measuring the eccentric knee strength.
Exploring Sex Differences and Force Level Effects on Grip Force Perception in Healthy Adults
Authors: Li Yan-Xia , Li Lin , Cai Zhi-Qiang , Zhou Xu-Xue , Hao Xiu-Jun , Li Li
Published: February 2022

This study aimed to explore the effect of sex and force level on grip force reproduction in healthy adults by conducting a force reproduction task. Participants (n = 28) were instructed to replicate a range of reference grip force levels (10–130 N in 10 N increments). We found that women (absolute error: 16.2 ± 8.7 N) replicated these force levels more accurately than men (absolute error: 23.1 ± 9.5 N) at higher force levels (90–130 N). Furthermore, the force reproductions were most accurate at the 30–50 N range for men and the 50–60 N range for women. These results may offer significant insights into the higher rates of musculoskeletal disorders among women, enabling researchers and clinicians to design novel interventions and tools that can improve grip force perception and reduce hand injury rates in both men and women.
Metabolic profiling of prostate cancer in skeletal microenvironments identifies G6PD as a key mediator of growth and survival
Authors: Whitburn Jessica , Rao Srinivasa R. , Morris Emma V. , Tabata Sho , Hirayama Akiyoshi , Soga Tomoyoshi , Edwards James R. , Kaya Zeynep , Palmer Charlotte , Hamdy Freddie C. , Edwards Claire M.
Published: February 2022

The spread of cancer to bone is invariably fatal, with complex cross-talk between tumor cells and the bone microenvironment responsible for driving disease progression. By combining in silico analysis of patient datasets with metabolomic profiling of prostate cancer cells cultured with bone cells, we demonstrate the changing energy requirements of prostate cancer cells in the bone microenvironment, identifying the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) as elevated in prostate cancer bone metastasis, with increased expression of the PPP rate-limiting enzyme glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) associated with a reduction in progression-free survival. Genetic and pharmacologic manipulation demonstrates that G6PD inhibition reduces prostate cancer growth and migration, associated with changes in cellular redox state and increased chemosensitivity. Genetic blockade of G6PD in vivo results in reduction of tumor growth within bone. In summary, we demonstrate the metabolic plasticity of prostate cancer cells in the bone microenvironment, identifying the PPP and G6PD as metabolic targets for the treatment of prostate cancer bone metastasis.
The magnitude of LFA-1/ICAM-1 forces fine-tune TCR-triggered T cell activation
Authors: Ma Victor Pui-Yan , Hu Yuesong , Kellner Anna V. , Brockman Joshua M. , Velusamy Arventh , Blanchard Aaron T. , Evavold Brian D. , Alon Ronen , Salaita Khalid
Published: February 2022

T cells defend against cancer and viral infections by rapidly scanning the surface of target cells seeking specific peptide antigens. This key process in adaptive immunity is sparked upon T cell receptor (TCR) binding of antigens within cell-cell junctions stabilized by integrin (LFA-1)/intercellular adhesion molecule–1 (ICAM-1) complexes. A long-standing question in this area is whether the forces transmitted through the LFA-1/ICAM-1 complex tune T cell signaling. Here, we use spectrally encoded DNA tension probes to reveal the first maps of LFA-1 and TCR forces generated by the T cell cytoskeleton upon antigen recognition. DNA probes that control the magnitude of LFA-1 force show that
F
>12 pN potentiates antigen-dependent T cell activation by enhancing T cell–substrate engagement. LFA-1/ICAM-1 mechanical events with
F
>12 pN also enhance the discriminatory power of the TCR when presented with near cognate antigens. Overall, our results show that T cells integrate multiple channels of mechanical information through different ligand-receptor pairs to tune function.
Ultraefficient extracellular vesicle–guided direct reprogramming of fibroblasts into functional cardiomyocytes
Authors: Kim Hyosuk , Song Byeong-Wook , Park Soon-Jung , Choi Seong Woo , Moon Hanbyeol , Hwang Ki-Chul , Kang Sun-Woong , Moon Sung-Hwan , Yang Yoosoo , Kwon Ick Chan , Kim Sun Hwa
Published: February 2022

Direct lineage conversion holds great promise in the regenerative medicine field for restoring damaged tissues using functionally engineered counterparts. However, current methods of direct lineage conversion, even those using virus-mediated transgenic expression of tumorigenic factors, are extremely inefficient (~25%). Thus, advanced methodologies capable of revolutionizing efficiency and addressing safety concerns are key to clinical translation of these technologies. Here, we propose an extracellular vesicle (EV)–guided, nonviral, direct lineage conversion strategy to enhance transdifferentiation of fibroblasts to induced cardiomyocyte-like cells (iCMs). The resulting iCMs have typical cardiac Ca
2+
transients and electrophysiological features and exhibit global gene expression profiles similar to those of cardiomyocytes. This is the first demonstration of the use of EVs derived from embryonic stem cells undergoing cardiac differentiation as biomimetic tools to induce cardiac reprogramming with extremely high efficiency (>60%), establishing a general, more readily accessible platform for generating a variety of specialized somatic cells through direct lineage conversion.
The chaperone Tsr2 regulates Rps26 release and reincorporation from mature ribosomes to enable a reversible, ribosome-mediated response to stress
Authors: Yang Yoon-Mo , Karbstein Katrin
Published: February 2022

Although ribosome assembly is quality controlled to maintain protein homeostasis, different ribosome populations have been described. How these form, especially under stress conditions that affect energy levels and stop the energy-intensive production of ribosomes, remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate how a physiologically relevant ribosome population arises during high Na
+
, sorbitol, or pH stress via dissociation of Rps26 from fully assembled ribosomes to enable a translational response to these stresses. The chaperone Tsr2 releases Rps26 in the presence of high Na
+
or pH in vitro and is required for Rps26 release in vivo. Moreover, Tsr2 stores free Rps26 and promotes reincorporation of the protein, thereby repairing the subunit after the Na
+
stress subsides. Our data implicate a residue in Rps26 involved in Diamond Blackfan Anemia in mediating the effects of Na
+
. These data demonstrate how different ribosome populations can arise rapidly, without major energy input and without bypass of quality control mechanisms.
Experimental test of quantum causal influences
Authors: Agresti Iris , Poderini Davide , Polacchi Beatrice , Miklin Nikolai , Gachechiladze Mariami , Suprano Alessia , Polino Emanuele , Milani Giorgio , Carvacho Gonzalo , Chaves Rafael , Sciarrino Fabio
Published: February 2022

Since Bell’s theorem, it is known that local realism fails to explain quantum phenomena. Bell inequality violations manifestly show the incompatibility of quantum theory with classical notions of cause and effect. As recently found, however, the instrumental scenario—a pivotal tool in causal inference—allows for nonclassicality signatures going beyond this paradigm. If we are not limited to observational data and can intervene in our setup, then we can witness quantum violations of classical bounds on the causal influence among the involved variables even when no Bell-like violation is possible. That is, through interventions, the quantum behavior of a system that would seem classical can be demonstrated. Using a photonic setup—faithfully implementing the instrumental causal structure and switching between observation and intervention run by run—we experimentally witness such a nonclassicality. We also test quantum bounds for the causal influence, showing that they provide a reliable tool for quantum causal modeling.
Large-scale implementation of rapid antigen testing system for COVID-19 in workplaces
Authors: Rosella Laura C. , Agrawal Ajay , Gans Joshua , Goldfarb Avi , Sennik Sonia , Stein Janice
Published: February 2022

The transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in workplaces has been a persistent issue throughout the pandemic. In response, a not-for-profit initiative emerged to mitigate COVID-19 workplace transmission in Canada. We report the process for establishing a workplace frequent rapid antigen test (RAT) program. The screening program identified 473 asymptomatic individuals who tested positive on the RAT and confirmed positive by a nasopharyngeal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) diagnostic test. One in 4300 RATs was presumptive positive but later tested PCR negative, and thus, false positives did not meaningfully disrupt workplace operations. Most employers rated the program highly and felt strongly that the program contributed to workplace and community safety. The findings describe a sustained and scalable implementation plan for establishing a frequent workplace testing program. High-frequency testing programs offer the potential to break chains of transmission and act as an extra layer of protection in a comprehensive public health response.
No effect of thermal maturity on the Mo, U, Cd, and Zn isotope compositions of Lower Jurassic organic-rich sediments
Authors: Dickson Alexander J. , Idiz Erdem , Porcelli Don , Murphy Melissa J. , Celestino Ricardo , Jenkyns Hugh C. , Poulton Simon W. , Hesselbo Stephen P. , Hooker John N. , Ruhl Micha , van den Boorn Sander H.J.M.
Published: February 2022

The isotope ratios of redox-sensitive metals in organic-rich rocks are critical tools for quantifying the timing and severity of deoxygenation and nutrient cycling in Earth's past. The resilience of isotopic data to thermal alteration of the host sediments over millions of years of burial is, however, largely unknown. We present molybdenum, uranium, cadmium, and zinc stable-isotope data from two stratigraphic successions of the same Lower Jurassic Posidonienschiefer unit in the Lower Saxony Basin of northern Germany that were affected by different burial histories. We show that thermal maturity had no effect on the isotopic compositions of these elements but does appear to have increased their concentrations in the rock. The data corroborate the results of laboratory-based maturation studies and provide constraints on the Mo, U, Cd, and Zn isotopic compositions of ca. 182 Ma seawater in the Lower Saxony Basin.
Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction hiding behind myopericarditis in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Freeman Howard , Lutz Katherine , Riquelme Patricio , Kahl Leslie
Published: February 2022

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory condition with various cardiovascular sequelae. Pericarditis is the most common cardiac manifestation, yet patients also have a markedly elevated risk of premature atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndrome (ACS). This makes the diagnosis of ischaemic chest pain both challenging and crucial in these patients. Here, we examine the case of a 39-year-old male who presented with acute myopericarditis and pericardial tamponade in the setting of newly diagnosed SLE. Several days later, the patient experienced an infero-septal non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Urgent percutaneous coronary intervention showed 100% proximal right coronary artery (RCA) occlusion with subsequent placement of two overlapping drug-eluting stents to the proximal-mid RCA. This case illustrates the need to carefully evaluate patients with SLE for underlying cardiovascular disease regardless of age or the presence of tradition risk factors. Recognition of the increased incidence of ACS in SLE patients is crucial for early diagnosis and revascularisation.
Abdominal tuberculosis masquerading as ovarian carcinoma in a Caucasian woman: a diagnostic challenge
Authors: Das Ananya , Mead Paul , Mala Hilal Razvi
Published: February 2022

We present a case of a 37-year-old Caucasian woman with abdominal distension and loss of weight. She was initially presumed to be a case of ovarian malignancy due to an elevated serum cancer antigen 125 (CA 125) level and imaging of abdomen and pelvis that showed ascites and bulky ovaries. However, histological examination of biopsy later revealed it to be a case of abdominal tuberculosis (AbT). Ascitic fluid was also found to be positive forMycobacterium tuberculosisby whole genome sequencing. The patient was started on antituberculosis treatment following which she showed a significant improvement in her symptoms.
Visual loss and optic neuropathy in a patient with Klinefelter’s syndrome, open-angle glaucoma, vitamin B12(cobalamin) and folate deficiency
Authors: Pandit Jyotin C , McNally Thomas William , Hasan Hani , Pandit Rachel Leanna
Published: February 2022

A 54-year-old man with Klinefelter’s syndrome presented to the neuro-ophthalmology clinic with progressive painless visual blurring in the right eye over 2 years. He was receiving intramuscular testosterone therapy for hypogonadism and hypromellose for dry eye. Acuity was reduced bilaterally, and the right optic nerve head appeared pale and asymmetrically cupped. Optical coherence tomography revealed loss of retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in the right eye and visual field testing showed a developing right-ring scotoma. Blood tests showed vitamin B12and folate deficiencies and polycythaemia. The patient was managed with intramuscular hydroxocobalamin, oral folate administration and re-initiation of his glaucoma medication. In Klinefelter’s syndrome, signs of comorbid deficiency can be masked by the polycythaemic effect of testosterone therapy. For patients on long-term testosterone therapy, such as those with Klinefelter’s syndrome, we recommend baseline ophthalmic examination and assessment, including intraocular pressure measurement, pachymetry, gonioscopy and screening 24-2 visual field testing.
Lethal subarachnoid haemorrhage in a patient with rete mirabile network of the posterior circulation with associated aneurysm
Authors: Matsoukas Stavros , Fifi Johanna T , Shigematsu Tomoyoshi
Published: February 2022

Rete mirabile (RM), an arterial network normally existing in some vertebrate animals interconnecting the extracranial and intracranial arterial circulation, can rarely be found in humans whether asymptomatic or presenting with cerebral ischaemia or haemorrhage. Encompassing diverse angiographic characteristics and similarities with other arterial malformations, proper diagnosis and differential diagnosis is challenging. We hereby describe an unusual RM case variant, presenting to us with lethal subarachnoid haemorrhage owing to a ruptured small aneurysm associated with the RM network. Angiography disclosed an absent P1 segment of the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) and an RM network anastomosing the basilar apex with the normal distal PCA. Brain death was confirmed on the fifth day after admission and attributed to the severity of subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). This is an exceedingly rare case representing an intradural-to-intradural RM anastomosis in a patient presenting with lethal SAH. RM epidemiology, pathophysiology, presentation, angiographic findings and prognosis are reviewed.
Intraoperative haemorrhagic choroidal detachment during MicroIncision Vitrectomy Surgery (MIVS): a unique mechanism
Authors: Markan Ashish , Ayyadurai Nikitha , Singh Simar Rajan , Katoch Deeksha
Published: February 2022

Haemorrhagic choroidal detachment (HCD) is a dreaded intraoperative complication of ophthalmic surgery, despite being rare. Multiple systemic and ocular risk factors of HCD have been reported. Acute hypotony during surgery is considered one of the most important precipitating factors. We herein describe a series of events during pars plana vitrectomy surgery for management of rhegmatogeneous retinal detachment which lead to localised HCD. We believe that the pathogenesis of localised HCD is related to compressive decompressive forces during the final tie of the encircling element after fluid air exchange.