bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Winter Fungi of the North Woods
Authors: Stone Abraham , Cozort Lane , Holmstrom Isabelle , Bal Tara
Published: February 2025

A simple field guide to assist in identifying winter fungi in northern hardwood forests. This guide is focused on woody species easily found persisting in winter above snow level and with few look-a-likes found in northeastern and north-central North America. Photos and descriptions are from the Upper Peninsula, Michigan.
Incidence Des Phénomènes Climatiques Planétaires El Niño et La Niña sur les Précipitations Mensuelles à Garoua, Cameroun de 1963 à 2022
Authors: Marie Mena Marin Sylvere , Maximilienne Yangne Houmbosso Claire
Published: February 2025

Dans un contexte des changements climatiques et de la gestion des risques associés aux événements météorologiques extrêmes, l'étude vise non seulement à établir des liens entre l'évolution des précipitations et les deux phénomènes climatiques planétaires (El Niño et La Niña) mais aussi à aboutir sur une analyse axée sur les prévisions et la gestion des risques hydrométéorologiques. La localité de Garoua présente deux saisons distinctes : une saison sèche de novembre à mars, caractérisée par une pluviométrie moyenne de de 4,1mm. Une saison des pluies s’étalant du mois d'avril à celui d’octobre. Cette saison humide enregistre en moyenne 1016,9mm. Les résultats montrent que les précipitations à Garoua présentent une saisonnalité marquée où les mois de janvier et février se caractérisent par une absence quasi totale de pluies établissant ainsi, un période aride nonobstant l’existence de faibles précipitations durant les mois de mars. En revanche, avril connait une augmentation significative des précipitations, atteignant en moyenne 44mm, tandis que mai se distingue avec 111,2mm. Les mois de juin (143,5mm), de juillet (198,7mm) et d’août évoluent sur cette lancée humide, culminant (243,9mm) de précipitations en août. Ainsi, septembre (200,1mm) maintien une pluviométrie assez élevée. Une diminution sensible de la pluviométrie est observée durant les mois d’octobre, de novembre et de décembre. Les épisodes El Niño et la Niña lors de leurs occurrences, sont souvent associés à des conditions climatiques ambivalentes qui s’accompagnent par déficits ou des excédents pluviométriques. Ces variations et les alternances des épisodes El Nino et la Nina agissent considérablement sur la dynamique des précipitations mensuelles à Garoua au point d’influencer sur le régime pluviométrique de la localité de Garoua
Impact of Early pregnancy bleeding on maternal and fetal outcome
Authors: S. ELghazala Zahia , H. Elhararya Fawzia , I. Altaybb Alla , A. Alshekteriac Amina
Published: February 2025

Background: Vaginal bleeding is a common event at all stages of pregnancy, and early pregnancy bleeding during the first and second trimester (EPB) is a common symptom during pregnancy. EPB could have adverse effects on pregnancy and neonate. Objective: Is to assess the effects of early pregnancy bleeding on both mother and fetus. Patients and methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted at Benghazi medical center (BMC); all the eligible women attended the obstetric ward for delivery in the period between the 1st of August and 31th of December 2016 were included. Data collected by direct interview and from medical records. Data analyzed using SPSS ver. 23. Descriptive statistics were obtained, and means, standard deviation, and frequency distribution were calculated. Chi square test was used, P< 0.05 considered as statistically significant. Results: Out of the 1404 women, 125 (9%) women had a history of early pregnancy bleeding (EPB). Pregnancy-induced hypertension, pre-eclamptic toxemia, antepartum hemorrhage, preterm labor, and premature rupture of the membrane were significantly (P<0.05) more frequent among women with a history of early bleeding. Ninety-four (3.5%) women had a history of antepartum hemorrhage, for 27 (1.9%) of them, the cause was due to placenta abruption, while for 22 (1.6%) women the cause was placenta previa. The occurrence of both placenta previa and placenta abruption was significantly (P<0.05) more among women with a history of EPB. Fetal health problems and early neonatal death were significantly (P<0.05) more among mothers with EPB. Conclusion: Serious maternal morbidities are significantly associated with EPB as PET, APH, and PROM. Also prematurity, IUGR, low birth weight, increase risk of neonatal ward admission and perinatal mortality are significantly more among women EPB. Recommendation: Proper antenatal care for early diagnosis, close follow up, and proper management of women with early pregnancy bleeding strongly recommended.
Morphological study of the vertebral column and thoracic cage of the Rüppell's fox (Vulpes rueppellii) in the Benghazi area
Authors: Youssef Abdulgader K. , Ahmed Ahmed W. , Darnawi Neema A.
Published: February 2025

The vertebral column and thoracic cage of a Rüppell's fox from the Benghazi area were morphologically investigated and described in this study. The fox’s vertebral formula was C7, T13, L7, S3, Ca22. In the middle of the pedicle, the fourth vertebra of the normal cervical vertebrae has a paddle-shaped process. The paired accessory processes of the thoracic vertebrae are found posteriorly beside the neural arch of the vertebrae. The dorsal side of the seventh vertebra of the caudal vertebrae has a narrow groove. There were a total of thirteen pairs of ribs. The first nine ribs were sternal, while the final three were asternal. The last rib was floating, and the sternum was made up of nine sternebrae arranged in cylindrical shape.
Assessment of oral problems and dental status of autistic children in comparison to a matched group of non-autistic healthy children in Benghazi, Libya.
Authors: Elamami Najat M. , Alamami Najma M.
Published: February 2025

Purpose: The aim of this study is to assess oral problems and the dental status of autistic children in comparison to a matched group of non-autistic healthy children in Benghazi, Libya. Patients and Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study included 60 (38 males, 22 females) children with autism and a control group consisting of 60 healthy children, selected from relatives of the autistic patients in an attempt to match the two groups concerning age, sex, and general dental care background. Both groups were recruited and examined in a rehabilitation center for  Autism spectrum disorder ASD children in Benghazi, Libya. The age of children in both groups ranged from 4-14 years. Oral problems involving oral infections, eruption patterns, developmental dental anomalies, and tooth fractures were all assessed clinically while; bruxism assessment was based on the attrition shown on enamel surfaces of all teeth. Dental caries, gingival health, and oral hygiene status were assessed using dmft/DMFT index, Gingival Index (GI), and Plaque Index (PI), respectively. Results were tabulated and statically analyzed using a t-test or (Mann-Whitney) for quantitative variables or variables not normally distributed. Similarly, comparison, as regards qualitative variables, will be done using chi-square, Fisher exact, or Monte Carlo correction as indicated. Results: No statistically significant differences were presented between both groups, as regards oral infection (P=0.097), eruption pattern (P=0.428), tooth fracture (p=0.119), and developmental dental anomalies (p=0.381). However, there was a statistically significant difference between autistic and non-autistic children with respect to attrition due to bruxism (p<0.001), More enamel attrition was observed in autistic children (26.7% vs 1.7%). On the other hand, the mean dmft score was lower in children with autism than in controls (5.23 vs. 4.06; P < 0.001) these differences were not statistically significant. Moreover, children with autism revealed moderate levels of gingivitis and dental plaque compared to their control group with no statistically significant (p=0.188),(p= 0.157) respectively. Conclusions: children with autism in Benghazi experienced moderate levels of attrition and gingivitis, and their caries level was lower than their counterparts. Therefore, oral health education programs should be planned to provide appropriate preventive protocol as well as effective treatment for this special section of society.
A comparison of some biological characteristics of the common cuttlefish, Sepia officinalis (Linnaeus, 1758), collected from two different sites on the Libyan eastern coast (southern Mediterranean).
Authors: Alsonosi Fatma A. , Elbaraasi Houssein M. , Ilfergane Abdulkarem A. , Bojwari Galal A.
Published: February 2025

The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis, which is found along Libya's eastern Mediterranean coast. The study examined 109 and 60 specimens of Sepia officinalis collected from the Libyan coasts of Benghazi and Sousa, respectively. The total length of the samples varied between 39.6 and 36.1 cm in Benghazi and 35.1 and 31.2 cm in Sousa, according to the results. The samples from Benghazi included 71 females and 38 males, while the samples from Sousa included 25 females and 35 males. Samples from Benghazi ranged in age from 146 to 72 days, while those from Sousa ranged in age from 110 to 36 days. Male to female ratio was 0.5:1 in Benghazi, but 1.4:1 in Sousa.
Seismic facies and attribute analyses of a prograding clinoform complex, northeast Sirt Basin, Libya
Authors: Abdalla Muneer A. , Zafir Akram M. , Nassar Ayman A.
Published: February 2025

The internal geometry and depositional system of a prograding clinoform complex are investigated using integrated 3-D seismic and wireline log data from the Assamoud Field in NE Sirt Basin, Libya, through detailed seismic facies and attribute analyses. Seismic attributes have proved to be a highly effective method for the interpretation of carbonate facies. Six major seismic facies (SF) show complex lithology and depositional systems. SF1 consists of high angle, sigmoidal, continuous reflections of high amplitude clinoforms. SF2 has high angle oblique paralleland semi-continuous reflections of moderate to high amplitude clinoforms. The prograding nature of SF1 and SF2 suggest carbonate progradation into the interplatform basin through downslope shedding from the platform top and margin. SF3 consists of subparallel and semi-continuous reflections of moderate amplitude located basinward of the clinoformin SF1 and SF2. SF4 shows undulated or hummocky internal configuration andis discontinuous to semi-continuous of moderate amplitude reflections and was interpreted as a basin floor fan deposited on the lower slope or basin during sea-level lowstand. SF5 displaysan erosive channel-shaped geomtery and wavy to subparallel semi continuous reflections of moderate to high amplitude. It was interpreted as an incised valley developed on top of the clinoforms. SF6 displays broken reflections and circular features along the upper sequence boundary which are interpreted as karst features developed as a result of subaerial exposure and erosion of the upper sequence boundary. The seismic facies and attribute analysis, log facies and their stacking patterns, and the position of the facies along the platform enabled the subdivision of the clinoform complex into two different subsystems: proximal slope that contains SF1 and SF2 and consist predominantly of thick successions of limestone with a minor amount of mud, and a distal slope that contains SF3 and is comprised of thick limestone successions with more shale units compared to the proximal slope. The prograding clinoforms may have formed as a result of sea-level highstands when sediment supply outpaces the rate of creation of accommodation space. The truncational termination patterns on top of the clinoforms suggest major erosion and removal of the upper portion of the clinoforms.
A comparative study on the behavior of Riemann-Liouville and Caputo fractional derivatives of some functions
Authors: Inbaig Abdlgader M. , Bashon Yasmina M.
Published: February 2025

This paper presents an overview of fractional order derivative operators. Particular attention is devoted to the Riemann-Liouville and Caputo fractional derivative operators. A comparative study of these two frameworks to show how they behave geometrically. The computation results of some elementary function derivatives of fractional order are shown in graphic form and tabular for this purpose.  The conclusion will include a few observations about derivatives of integer and fr Abdlgader M. Inbaig, Yasmina M. Bashon
actional order.
Survey response rates by requestor’s characteristics
Authors: McKibben Jason D. , Clemons Christopher A. , Blythe Jessica M.
Published: February 2025

Response rates are crucial for the effectiveness of survey-based behavioral science and the validity of research conclusions. This study investigates the impact of the characteristics of individuals requesting participation on response rates in online surveys within the agricultural sector. Using social exchange theory and Coleman’s social capital theory as guiding frameworks, we examined whether the personal characteristics of the requestor influence response rates. Data were collected from a sample of 1,452 agricultural development personnel using four different request formats varying by the gender and position of the requestor. Following Dillman’s tailored design method, participants received a pre-email, a request email with a link to the survey, and four waves of follow-up emails. Response rates were analyzed based on the four treatment groups, the gender of the requestor, and the position of the requestor. The findings indicate no significant differences in response rates based on the requestor's gender or position. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and independent t-tests revealed that neither the highest level of education, years of teaching experience, nor the wave of response significantly affected by the requestor's characteristics. These results suggest that the established trust and social capital within the agricultural community do not significantly influence survey participation. The study highlights the need for researchers to address declining response rates in survey research. It recommends building and maintaining community trust by providing clear, concise, and accessible research findings. Researchers should also consider more targeted sampling methods to reduce survey fatigue and improve response rates. The implications of these findings extend to the broader field of social science research, emphasizing that the gender and position of the requestor do not increase response rates or reduce selection bias. Future research should explore alternative methods to enhance survey participation and address the challenges of non-response bias in agricultural education research.
Selçuklu Hanedanından Bir Bani: Fatma Hatun ve Külliyesi
Authors: Odabaşı Zehra
Published: February 2025

Fatma Hatun, Türkiye Selçuklu sultanlarından II. İzzeddin Keykâvus’un kızıdır. Selçuklu sultanlarından olan II. İzzeddin Keykâvus, Moğol tahakkümü devrinde Türkmenlerle birlikte hem kardeşine hem de Moğollara karşı Selçuklu ülkesinin, hanedan ailesinin ve Anadolu halkının bağımsızlığını korumak için türlü yollar aramış ancak başarılı olamayınca ülkesini terk ederek ailesiyle birlikte önce Bizans’a sonra da Altın Orda Hanlığına sığınmak zorunda kalmıştır. Muhtemelen babasıyla birlikte Konya’dan Kırım’a giden ya da Kırım’da dünyaya gelen Fatma Hatun’un hayatı birçok bilinmeyenle doludur. Buna rağmen onun Türkiye Selçuklu ülkesine döndüğü ve burada hem annesi ve kendisi hem de sütannesi için bir vakıf inşa ettirdiği ortadadır. Selçuklu ülkesinde saltanat kadınlarının kurdukları vakıfların türlerini, konumlarını, malzemesini, bu eserlerin kitâbe ve süslemelerini belirlemeleri, onların kendilerini nerede ve nasıl hangi araçlarla temsil etmek istediklerini açıkça göstermektedir. Bunun yanında, kadın vakıf kurucuların eserlerini yalnızca toplumun sosyal bir ihtiyacının karşılanması, mimari ve sanatsal bir değer ya da itibar meşruiyeti olarak değerlendirmek doğru değildir. Bu vakıflar, kadınlara Selçuklu döneminde atfedilmiş olan toplumsal değerlerin sonraki kuşaklara aktarılması bakımından da çok önemlidir. Dolayısıyla bu vakıf külliye, Fatma Hatun’un vakfettiği gelirlerle 20. yüzyılın başlarına kadar ekonomik işleyişini devam ettirmenin ve bir medeniyetin kültürel devamlılığını sağlamanın yanında Selçuklu hanedan ailesi ile ilgili birçok bilginin ortaya çıkmasına da imkân vermiştir.
Borçlanma Stratejileri ve Sarraf Kredileri Bağlamında Osmanlı Vakıflarında Kriz Yönetimi (1750-1840)
Authors: Pantık Ramazan
Published: February 2025

Osmanlı vakıfları çok geniş bir yelpazede kendisinin şekillendirdiği ve kontrol ettiği iktisadi bir faaliyet alanı yaratmıştır. Osmanlı vakıflarını idari ve mali yönden tetkik etmek için iktisadi ve idari değerlendirmelere daha elverişli, farklı bir tasnife ihtiyaç olduğu aşikârdır. Nitekim selatin, paşa ve ümera vakıfları olarak anılan ve devletin çeşitli büroları tarafından sıkı bir denetimde faaliyetlerini yürütün merkezi vakıflar, devasa bütçeleri idare etmişlerdir. Her biri müstakil ekonomik üniteler şeklinde organize olan bu vakıflar, kuruldukları bölgelerdeki sosyal, beledi, kültürel, dinî ve kentsel yaşamın ihtiyaç duyduğu çok katmanlı ve önemli hizmetleri yerine getirmişlerdir.

Gerek bütünüyle saray kadrolarından atanan görevlilerce yönetilen veya denetlenen gerek vakıf kurucusunun kendi soyundan gelen ardıllar tarafından yönetilen merkezi büyük vakıflar, 18. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına kadar belirli bir bütçe seviyesini koruyabilmişlerdir. Ancak bu yüzyılın özellikle ikinci yarısından itibaren vakıflarda devasa bütçe açıkları görülmeye başlamıştır. İltizam, malikâne, esham ve kaime gibi uygulamaların erken modern çağdan 19. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar Osmanlı merkez hazinesi için savaş ekonomisinin finansmanında iç borçlanma ve kredi işlevi gördüğü bilinmektedir. Bununla birlikte Osmanlı tarihinin en yaygın ve en uzun ömürlü kurumları olan vakıfların kurumsal kriz yönetme pratikleri ile mali buhran dönemlerinde geliştirdikleri stratejilere dair bilgilerimiz henüz çok sınırlıdır. Bu tespitlerden hareketle çalışma, Osmanlı vakıf sisteminin bütçe açıkları karşısında geliştirdiği kriz yönetme pratiklerinden özellikle borçlanma stratejilerini ve sarraflarla kurulan kredi ağlarını ele alır.
1776 Yılında Osmanlı Devleti’nin Ticaret Kalyonu İnşası Emri: Fermanlı Kalyonlar
Authors: Özdemir Gümüş Şenay
Published: February 2025

Bu çalışmanın konusu 1776 tarihli bir fermanla inşa edilmeleri istenen ticaret kalyonlarıdır. Fermanda devlet ricali, âyan ve zenginler arasından belirlenen 10 kişi kendi paralarıyla birer ticaret kalyonu inşa etmekle görevlendirilmişti. Ticaret kalyonu inşasıyla görevlendirilen kişiler, yapımını tamamladıktan sonra donanım ve personelini de hazırlayacakları bu kalyonları Mısır-İstanbul arasında ticarette kullanacaklardı. Böyle bir fermanın çıkarılmasındaki amaçlardan biri Küçük Kaynarca Anlaşması’ndan sonra Karadeniz’in uluslararası ticarete açılmasıyla birlikte Osmanlı Devleti için önemi daha da artan Mısır emtiasını nakledecek ticaret gemilerinin sayısının arttırılmasıydı. Devletin inşasını emrettiği ticaret kalyonlarının kullanımına dair bir başka beklentisi ise bunların savaş dönemlerinde donanmaya katılmalarıydı. Bu sayede sadece ticaret gemilerinin sayısında bir artış sağlanmış olmayacak özellikle Çeşme Baskını’yla uğranılan gemi kaybının telafi edilmeye çalışıldığı bir dönemde donanmayı takviye edecek nitelikte gemilere de sahip olunacaktı. Bu makalede söz konusu emrin uygulama süreci arşiv belgeleri kullanılarak incelenmektedir. Çalışmada kimlerin ticaret kalyonu inşasıyla görevlendirildikleri, bu kişilerin emir karşısındaki tutumları, bu sürecin sonunda inşa edilecek kalyonların sayı ve kullanım amaçları açısından istenilen hedefe ulaşılıp ulaşılamadığı açıklanmaktadır. Makalede ticaret kalyonu inşası emrinin Karadeniz’in kapalılık statüsünün sona erdiği bir dönemde Osmanlı Devleti’nin ticari ve askerî gemiciliği açısından taşıdığı önem irdelenmektedir. Söz konusu emir, 19. yüzyılın başlarında şekillenen “Miri Ticaret Filosu” oluşturma çalışmalarına uzanan sürecin bir parçası olarak değerlendirilmektedir.
From Entomological Disaster to Agricultural Modernization, the Effect of Pink Bollworm on Cotton Farming in Çukurova (1914-1928)
Authors: Ceylan Okan
Published: February 2025

Since the second half of the 19th century, pink bollworm, which has been effective on a global scale, spread to Çukurova as a result of cotton seed imports from Egypt after the First World War (the WWI). In 1924 and 1925, pink bollworm, which had a negative impact on cotton yields, was initially seen as an entomological problem in cotton, but turned into a social, economic and political problem due to the key importance of cotton in Türkiye’s foreign trade, textile industry and rural development. As a matter of fact, the agricultural control against pink bollworm led to technical advances, scientific innovations and legal regulations in cotton cultivation. In this context, Adana Seed Breeding Station was established in 1925 and Mersin Agricultural Control Laboratory in 1926. In the literature, the cotton history of Çukurova is mostly discussed in terms of society, state and geography. This study, on the other hand, goes one step beyond the anthropocentric perspective and explains the historical process through the relationship of partnership and interdependence between cotton, society and the state. Spatially, the role of pink bollworm in the socio-economic, scientific and technical transformation of Çukurova cotton farming is explored, taking into account the global dimension. Periodically, this study focuses on the transition phase from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic and examines the period from the WW I, when the pest began to appear, to the Great Depression of 1929, when planned industrial development models or Keynesian economic policies that envisioned state interventionism began to be implemented.
Acemhöyük’ten Kırmızı Haç Motifli Bir Erken Tunç Çağı Çanağı
Authors: Kamış Yalçın
Published: February 2025

Tuz Gölü’nün hemen güneyinde bulunan Acemhöyük, Asur Ticaret Kolonileri Çağı’nın önemli ticari ve siyasi merkezlerinden biridir. Günümüze kadar sürdürülen çalışmalar, Acemhöyük’ün MÖ III. binyılın ilk yarısından itibaren iskân gördüğünü ve MÖ II. binyılın başlarında Orta Anadolu’nun büyük krallık merkezlerinden biri haline geldiğini göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada, Acemhöyük güney yamacında sürdürülen kazılarda ele geçen ve Erken Tunç Çağı’na tarihlenen bir çanak buluntusu ele alınmıştır. Güney yamaçta çöp çukuru içerisinde bulunan çanak, Anadolu’da en erken örnekleri Neolitik Çağ’da görülen kırmızı haç motifli çanakların bir örneğidir. Bu çanakların Erken Tunç Çağı’nın ilk yarısında İç Batı Anadolu çevresinde nispeten sınırlı bir bölgede yayılım gösterdikleri bilinmektedir. Ancak Erken Tunç Çağı sonlarına tarihlenen tabakalara sahip çok sayıda yerleşimde, bu tip çanakların bulunması, bir yaygınlaşma sürecine işaret etmiştir. Kırmızı haç motifli çanakların ele geçtiği yerleşimlerin coğrafi dağılımına bakıldığında, Batı Anadolu’dan Kilikya’ya kadar uzanan geniş bir bölgeyle karşılaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada tartışılan Acemhöyük çanağı, öncelikle arkeolojik bağlamı ve teknik özellikleriyle ele alınmıştır. Biçim ve bezeme özellikleri temelinde benzer örneklerle karşılaştırılan çanağın kırmızı haç motifinin yaygınlaştığı süreçle bağlantılı olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Biçim, hamur, astar gibi makroskopik özellikler, çanağın yerleşime dışarıdan getirilmediğine işaret etmiştir. Sonuç olarak Acemhöyük çanağının içinde bulunan kırmızı haç motifi, dönemin inanç sistemleriyle bağlantılı bir sembolün çanak çömlek üretimine yansıması şeklinde değerlendirilmiştir.
Aspendos’tan 12. Yüzyıla Tarihlendirilen Bir Depolama Birimi ve Kentin Akdeniz Ticaretindeki Yeri Üzerine Yeni Bulgular
Authors: Köse Veli , Bilgin Mustafa , Kopçuk İnan , Şehit Ertan
Published: February 2025

Araştırma makalesinin konusunu, Antalya ili, Serik ilçesi, Belkıs Mahallesi sınırları içerisinde yer alan Aspendos Antik Kenti’nde, 2019 ve 2020 yılları arasında Roma Bazilikası’nın Vestibulum bölümünde sürdürülen kazı çalışmalarında açığa çıkartılan bir depolama birimi oluşturmaktadır. V3 kodlamasıyla tanımlanan arkeolojik sektörde gerçekleştirilen kazılarda, bazilikanın son kullanım evresi olduğu düşünülen, MS 12. yüzyıla ait bir mekânla karşılaşılmıştır. Vestibulum’un iç kuzeybatı köşesine bitiştirilerek yapılan bu küçük kare planlı mekân, düzensiz taş bloklarla şekillendirilerek harçla tutturulmuştur. Anıtsal boyutlardaki Roma Bazilikası MS 5. yüzyılda kiliseye çevrilmiş, MS 12. yüzyılda ise Bazilika’nın, en azından Vestibulum’unun içi, ya dinî ya da özel kullanım amaçlı mütevazı teknikte inşa edilmiş bir yaşam alanına dönüştürülmüştür. Çalışmanın hedeflerinden biri, bahsi geçen zaman diliminde, bu tip yalın görünümlü konut alanlarında, depolama şeklinin, fonksiyonun ve bununla bağlantılı saklama koşullarının nasıl bir görünüme sahip olduğunu dayanak noktalarıyla birlikte açıklığa kavuşturabilmektir. Ayrıca, bu özel alanın içinde ele geçirilen ticari amphoralar araştırma kapsamına dâhil edilerek bunlardan en uygun sonucu vereceği düşünülen toplam 10 adet ticari amphora değerlendirilmiştir. Aspendos örneklerinin üç ayrı tip içerisinde sınıflandırılabileceği önerilmektedir. Bu tipler göz önüne alındığında, Aspendos’un söz konusu dönemde Akdeniz’deki ticaret ağının bir parçası olduğu, Myra (Demre) gibi komşu yakın kentlerin yanı sıra başkent Konstantinopolis’i de içine alan deniz aşırı uzak merkezlerle de yakın ilişkiye girdiği anlaşılmıştır.
Cosmic Bulk Flow Analysis in Modified Gravity Theories: f(R) and Perturbed f(R) Models with Neutrino Coupling
Authors: Yarahmadi Muhammad , Salehi Amin
Published: February 2025

In this study, we explore the characteristics of bulk flow across various redshift ranges within the frameworks of f(R) gravity, perturbed f(R) gravity, and perturbed f(R) gravity coupled with neutrinos. Our investigation reveals profound insights into large-scale cosmic flows and their interactions with major cosmic structures, such as the Sloan Great Wall (SGW) and the King Ghidorah Supercluster (KGSc). We find that incorporating neutrinos into the perturbed f(R) gravity model results in a substantial increase in bulk flow velocities across all redshifts, with notable enhancements in the higher redshift ranges, where velocities can exceed 3000 km s−1 in the 0.8 < z < 1.4 range. Moreover, the direction of the bulk flow in this model closely aligns with the dark energy dipole, especially at redshifts z > 0.4, showing near-perfect congruence with cosmic superclusters. This suggests a significant interaction between neutrinos and cosmic structures, influencing cosmic acceleration. At lower redshifts, such as 0.1 < z < 0.2, the bulk flow aligns with the SGW, while in the 0.4 < z < 0.6 range it aligns with the KGSc. In the low redshift range 0.001 < z < 0.016, although velocities are lower, neutrinos still subtly increase the bulk flow velocity and maintain alignment with nearby cosmic structures, such as the Local Supercluster. Our results underscore the critical role of neutrinos in shaping cosmic flows and offer new insights into the interplay between dark energy, neutrinos, and modified gravity models. Future research should delve deeper into these interactions to elucidate the mechanisms influencing large-scale cosmic structures.
Tip of the Iceberg: Overmassive Black Holes at 4 < z < 7 Found by JWST Are Not Inconsistent with the Local

M
BH

-

M
⋆

Relation
Authors: Li Junyao , Silverman John D. , Shen Yue , Volonteri Marta , Jahnke Knud , Zhuang Ming-Yang , Scoggins Matthew T. , Ding Xuheng , Harikane Yuichi , Onoue Masafusa , Tanaka Takumi S.
Published: February 2025

JWST is revealing a remarkable new population of high-redshift (z ≳ 4), low-luminosity active galactic nuclei in deep surveys and detecting the host galaxy's stellar light in the most luminous and massive quasars at z ∼ 6 for the first time. Recent findings claim that supermassive black holes (SMBHs) in these systems are significantly more massive than predicted by the local black hole (BH) mass–stellar mass (

M
BH

-

M
⋆

) relation and that this is not due to sample selection effects. Through detailed statistical modeling, we demonstrate that the coupled effects of selection biases (i.e., finite detection limit and requirements for detecting broad lines) and measurement uncertainties can largely explain the reported offset and flattening in the observed

M
BH

-

M
⋆

relation toward the upper envelope of the local relation, even for those at

M
BH

<
1

0
8

M
⊙

. We further investigate the possible evolution of the

M
BH

-

M
⋆

relation at z ≳ 4 with careful treatment of observational biases and consideration of the degeneracy between intrinsic evolution and dispersion in this relation. The bias-corrected intrinsic

M
BH

-

M
⋆

relation in the low-mass regime (

M
⋆

≲
1

0
10

M
⊙

) suggests a large population of low-mass BHs (

M
BH

≲
1

0
5

M
⊙

), possibly originating from lighter seeds, may remain undetected or unidentified. These results underscore the importance of forward modeling observational biases to better understand BH seeding and SMBH–galaxy coevolution mechanisms in the early universe, even with the deepest JWST surveys.
Mapping the Outcomes of Stellar Evolution in the Disks of Active Galactic Nuclei
Authors: Fabj Gaia , Dittmann Alexander J. , Cantiello Matteo , Perna Rosalba , Samsing Johan
Published: February 2025

The disks of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are expected to be populated by numerous stars, either formed in the outer regions of the disk via gravitational instability or captured from the nearby nuclear star cluster. Regardless of their formation mechanism, these stars experience altered evolutionary paths, mostly shaped by the accretion of dense disk material. In this study, through the comparison of different timescales, we chart the evolutionary outcomes of these AGN stars as a function of disk radius and across a range of supermassive black hole masses, spanning from 106 to 109
M
⊙, for two popular AGN disk models. We find that in the outer regions of the disk, stars evolve similarly to those in the interstellar medium, but in the inner and denser regions, accretion quickly turns low-mass stars into massive stars, and their fate depends on just how quickly they accrete. If accretion occurs at a faster rate than nuclear burning, they can reach a quasi-steady “immortal” state. If stars accrete faster than they can thermally adjust, runaway accretion occurs, potentially preventing a quasi-steady state and altering the disk structure. During the AGN lifetime, in the regions of the disk that produce massive stars, supernovae (SNe) and gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) may occur within the disk over a wide range of optical depths and ambient densities. Subsequently, in the final phase of the AGN, as the disk becomes depleted, formerly immortal stars will be unable to replenish their fuel, leading to additional SNe and GRBs.
Investigating Temporal and Spatial Variation of Jupiter’s Atmosphere with Radio Observations
Authors: Hardesty Joanna , Moeckel Chris , de Pater Imke
Published: February 2025

We study the spatial and temporal variability in Jupiter's atmosphere by comparing longitude-resolved brightness temperature maps from the Very Large Array radio observatory and NASA's Juno spacecraft Microwave Radiometer taken between 2013 and 2018. Spatial variations in brightness temperature, as observed at radio wavelengths, indicate dynamics in the atmosphere as they trace spatial fluctuations in radio-absorbing trace gases or physical temperature. We use four distinct frequency bands, probing the atmosphere from the water cloud region at the lowest frequency to the pressures above the ammonia cloud deck at the highest frequency. We visualize the brightness temperature anomalies and trace dynamics by analyzing the shapes of brightness temperature anomaly distributions as a function of frequency in Jupiter's North Equatorial Belt (NEB), Equatorial Zone (EZ), and South Equatorial Belt (SEB). The NEB has the greatest brightness temperature variability at all frequencies, indicating that more extreme processes are occurring there than in the SEB and EZ. In general, we find that the atmosphere at 5 and 22 GHz has the least variability of the frequencies considered, while observations at 10 and 15 GHz have the greatest variability. When comparing the size of the features corresponding to the anomalies, we find evidence for small-scale events primarily at the depths probed by the 10 and 15 GHz observations. In contrast, we find larger-scale structures deeper (5 GHz) and higher (22 GHz) in the atmosphere.
Systematics of the Dendropsophus leucophyllatus species group (Anura, Hylidae) from the Chocó region of Ecuador, with description of a new species
Authors: Aguirre P. Doménica , Apunte Katherine , Ron Santiago R.
Published: February 2025

The Dendropsophus leucophyllatus group is composed by 19 species distributed from Central America to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. Only one species is known from the Chocó region, D. ebraccatus, which is also distributed in Central America. Previous studies suggested the existence of two species masked under “D. ebraccatus”. The only other species of Dendropsophus in the Chocó lowlands of Ecuador is D. gryllatus, an elusive species never included in phylogenetic analyses. In the present study, we review the systematics of both species based on morphological, genetic, and bioacoustic data. For phylogenetic analyses, we sequenced four mitochondrial genes (12S, 16S, COI, ND1, including flanking tRNAs) and two nuclear genes (TYR, POMC). Our results indicate that the populations of “D. ebraccatus” from the Chocó of Ecuador represent a new species, not most closely related to D. ebraccatus from Central America, but to D. gryllatus. The new species inhabits tropical rainforest and piedmont evergreen forest of NW Ecuador and SW Colombia. Populations of the new species differ from D. gryllatus by having larger body size and by the presence of an hourglass-shaped dorsal mark. The new species differs from D. ebraccatus from Central America by the absence of a clear band under the eye, by having well defined dorsal spots and by having a distinct advertisement call. Both species appear to be allopatric and, according to our time-tree, diverged from each other during the late Pliocene.
Three new species and a new record of pheretimoid earthworms (Crassiclitellata, Megascolecidae) from Misamis Oriental, Philippines, with data from the mitochondrial genome
Authors: Aspe Nonillon M. , Zhao Huifeng , Mapile Maria Reynalen F. , Obusan Maria Christine M. , Zhang Yufeng , Castañares Edgar , Florida Eric John D. , Wu Donghui
Published: February 2025

We describe three new species of pheretimoid earthworms from Misamis Oriental, Mindanao Island, Philippines. One species is Polypheretima andresisp. nov., belonging to the Polypheretima elongata group of Easton (1979), characterized by having a pair of genital markings in xix, successive segments in line with the male pores, paired batteries of up to 28 spermathecae in vi and/or vii, and shallow copulatory bursae. Two species belong to Pheretima, namely Pheretima elnorroaesp. nov. of the Pheretima sangirensis species group of Sims and Easton (1972), characterized by having a pair of spermathecal pores in the intersegmental furrow of 7/8, and Pheretima naawanensis sp. nov. of the Pheretima dubia species group of Sims and Easton (1972), characterized by having three pairs of spermathecal pores in 6/7–8/9. Furthermore, for the first time, Metaphire bahli has been recorded on Mindanao Island. The mitochondrial genomes of the four species are provided, which included 13 protein-coding genes. A phylogenetic analysis is performed, and the taxonomic status of the four species is supported. The newly described species confirms the diverse assemblage of earthworms in the Philippines and highlights the need for extensive surveys of earthworms and investigating them for potential uses and applications.
Zbrani spisi 1
Authors: Rigler Jakob , Smole Vera
Published: February 2025

V knjigi je 42 razprav, razvrščenih v pet razdelkov: Razprave o razvoju slovenskega glasovja (13), Dialektološke razprave (14), Razprave o naglasu (4), Razprave o jezikovnih razmerjih (4) ter Ocene in polemike (7). Razprave o knjižnem jeziku naj bi prinesli Zbrani spisi 2. Uredniški Dodatki (150 strani) vsebujejo seznam strokovne literature, ki jo je uporabljal Jakob Rigler, seznam krajšav, dopolnjeno Riglerjevo bibliografijo, bibliografijo člankov o njegovem življenju, raziskovalnem delu in odmevih nanj ter o polemikah, v katere se je vključeval sam ali pa so med zagovorniki in nasprotniki Riglerjevih stališč tekle po njegovi smrti. Pridano je tudi kazalo zemljevidov in skic ter imensko, stvarno in besedno kazalo.
Kojève et l’idée d’un empire anti-impérialiste : l’Empire latin comme espace de connectivité de la culture européenne
Authors: Marconi Monja
Published: February 2025

L’article vise à mettre en lumière comment l’essai de Kojève, écrit en 1945, analyse de manière prophétique, par certains aspects, les relations géopolitiques qui ont caractérisé la période d’après-guerre du siècle dernier entre les trois nations bordant la Méditerranée et qui auraient pu constituer l’Empire latin : la France, l’Italie et l’Espagne. Mettant en évidence leurs caractéristiques communes et, plus généralement, dans l’analyse de l’essai de Kojève, nous avons cherché à adopter une approche interprétative de type dialectique, soulignant comment une réflexion de cette nature pourrait être pertinente aujourd’hui au sein d’une Union européenne fortement déséquilibrée en faveur de l’aspect économique, souvent au détriment des aspects culturels et politiques.
Penser la connectivité de l’espace méditerranéen avec Paul Valéry
Authors: Signorile Patricia
Published: February 2025

Matrice de civilisations fondatrices, axe d’inspirations multiples mais aussi espace de barbarie et de replis identitaires, la Méditerranée définit un espace singulier porteur d’une dynamique créatrice. Pour Valéry, la fascination exercée par la Méditerranée est d’abord celle d’un « stimulant » intellectuel et cognitif. Dès lors, deux axes essentiels s’imposent, celui d’un sud vécu par l’écrivain, intime mais à valeur universelle. Un autre plus symbolique et intellectuel, spécifique d’une écriture du sud et d’un imaginaire de tous les continents. C’est donc le jeu de cette « connectivité » entre individualité et universalité qu’il s’agit de sonder à travers l’œuvre de Paul Valéry pour tenter de penser la Méditerranée et ses rives dans un monde inexorablement en devenir, et d’y discerner, peut-être, les sources de la renaissance d’une humanité en proie à des problèmes universels.
Fundamentals of Neural Networks
Authors: Canay Özkan
Published: February 2025

Artificial intelligence, which is quickly helping us solve several complex problems, is centered on neural networks. This chapter gives a detailed introduction to the foundational concepts of neural networks, from perceptrons and activation functions to multilayer architectures. How networks improve their output using iterative processes is explained, with a focus on backpropagation and its associated methods. These architectures are introduced with examples from general-purpose tasks, including classification and regression, showcasing their adaptability and versatility. In addition, the chapter describes problems, such as the vanishing gradient problem, and their solutions, including advanced activation functions and training algorithms, to enhance training efficiency. The chapter presents selection strategies for problem-specific architectures which focus on both scalability and real-world applicability. It also discussed regularization methods for preventing overfitting and ensuring reliable performance across different datasets.
Government Policy and Its Importance for Building an Asian Democratic Sphere for Global Governance in the Post-A.I. World
Authors: Biswas Mitrajit
Published: February 2025

The paper is an attempt at understanding that how the various Asian countries can look at their policy aspects for a great role in the global space. The policy aspect is being tried to be looked at from the aspect of the foreign aspect. Also, the paper tries to bring in the perspective of how the public policy aspect can be intertwined with the global vision. It is therefore an attempt to understand the foreign policy aspect in terms of the policy aspect which differs across the vast expanse of the countries of Asia. It is this relation of the global policy aspect in terms of public policy governance
From Consultation to Collaboration
Authors: Rashmi C. P.
Published: February 2025

The significance of public involvement in AI policy-making is examined in this chapter, with a focus on the transition from conventional, consultation-based approaches to inclusive, cooperative ones. These models improve transparency, trust, and alignment with social ideals as AI becomes more pervasive in daily life. We examine the advantages of collaborative techniques and their drawbacks, including power dynamics and resource constraints, using case studies. In order to ensure responsible, democratic AI governance that represents the interests of the public, collaborative participation is essential.
Russian Invasion in Ukraine
Authors: Koumparoudis Evangelos Ioannis
Published: February 2025

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has been ongoing since February 2022.Beyond its special importance for geopolitics and political science, there is another dimension worth examining, that of software-defined warfare. The implication of AI and robotic technologies in the Russian-Ukrainian war is to a great extent leading us to consider that is the first conflict that can be considered to be fully software-defined. This chapter also explores the disinformation and misinformation spread during the war on television and social media such as Facebook and Twitter. We investigate the reactions to disinformation by citizens of other countries, such as Romania and Greece. Finally, the chapter delves into war-case scenarios run by ChatGPT and fuzzy cognitive maps with genetic tuning.
Deconstructing Warfare
Authors: Ben-Israel Galit Margalit
Published: February 2025

This chapter examines the transformations in warfare, power dynamics, and international relations in the 21st century, focusing on redefining concepts such as superpower, battlefield, war, and army. Using structuralism and post-structuralism frameworks, the research analyzes recent conflicts, including the Russia-Ukraine war (2022-2024), Hamas's October 7, 2023 attack on Israel, the Israel-Gaza conflict (2023-2024), and Iran's Proxies vs. Israel (2023-2024) as critical case studies. Key findings reveal a significant shift in modern and post-modern conflict. Traditional definitions of superpower are challenged by countries like Iran, which exert influence through proxy networks and asymmetric warfare. Battlefields now span physical, cyber, and informational domains simultaneously. The concept of war has evolved to include complex, multi-actor scenarios involving both state and non-state entities, with groups like Hamas (and Hezbollah) demonstrating capabilities traditionally associated with state armies. The research highlights the role of technological disruption.
Exploring the Complexities of India-Bangladesh Relations
Authors: Khare Pranjal , Raghuwanshi Vishambhar
Published: February 2025

This chapter establishes the strategic relations between India and Bangladesh with more emphasis on history, cultural, geographical, and political pertinent factors. India-Bangladesh relations are based on mutual history and cultural similarities, but several times have witnessed cooperation in different fields along with conflict like water, border, and political changes. It analyses major events that include the liberation war, post-liberation diplomacy, water issues such as the Ganges and Teesta River Water Agreement, and the current Rohingya issue. Besides, it analyses the impact of domestic politics in Bangladesh and geopolitical concerns arising from the increasing Chinese interest in this country. In applying the mutual cooperation and shared interest proposition, the study holds that power relations have had a rather profound impact on their bilateral relations as new internal and external dynamics will unfold their relations in the future. A proper comprehension of this relationship remains central to the geopolitical stability and South Asian development.
Hobbesian Contractualism
Authors: Rahangdale Prashant , Bag Shubhangi Bajaj , Das Pallab , Khare Pranjal
Published: February 2025

“Amid the contemporary political turmoil, Hobbes's contractualism, as exemplified in Leviathan, stands as a beacon of rational order in the face of chaos.” This chapter delves into Hobbes' contractualism, its implications for civil conflict, and its relevance to ongoing conflicts such as Afghanistan's. Leviathan serves as our guide, navigating us through the complexities of war, sovereignty, and social cohesiveness. It uses analogies between theory and reality to equip us with the tools to resolve civil unrest and foster peace in our turbulent times. This chapter is not just a theoretical exploration. It has three practical goals. First, it elucidates Hobbes' contractualism and its implications for the causes and solutions of war. Second, drawing from Hobbes's experiences in civil unrest, as depicted in Leviathan, it scrutinises the relationship between contractualism and civic strife. Finally, it applies Hobbes's theories to shed light on Afghanistan's protracted civil war.
Predictive parameters for cervical lymph node metastasis in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Attia Lobna A. , Mousa Aml , Attia Walaa A. , Al-Gammal Eman A.N.
Published: February 2025

Background

Laryngeal carcinoma represents the most common malignancy in otolaryngological surgical practice, accounting for about one-third of all malignancies of the head and neck region. The presence of lymph node metastasis (LNM) is considered the most important predictor of survival in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas, including laryngeal cancer.

Objectives

In this study, we aimed to identify histopathological and radiological parameters associated with LNM in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC).

Patients and methods

This retrospective study included a total of 89 cases of LSCC who underwent laryngectomy and neck dissection in Ain Shams University Hospital. A collection of clinicoradiologic and histopathologic data, as well as a review by two independent pathologists, was done.

Results

In univariate analysis, radiologic evidence of thyroid cartilage involvement, pathologically proven bilaterality, larger tumor size, grade, stage, lymphovascular and perineural invasion, and margin positivity were significantly associated with LNM (P=0.037, P=0.011, P=0.034, P=0.004, P=0.005, P<0.00001, P=0.004, and P=0.02, respectively). Using multivariate analyses, tumor bilaterality, T stage, and perineural invasion were found to be independent risk factors for LNM, with T stage being the most significant predictor.

Conclusion

This study found that the most important histopathologic parameters related to cervical LNM from primary LSCC cases include tumor bilaterality, size, histologic grade, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, margin clearance, and tumor stage. Radiologic evidence of thyroid cartilage invasion was also considered an independent risk factor.