bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dietary fish oil preserves cardiac function in the hypertrophied rat heart
Authors: McLennan Peter L. , Abeywardena Mahinda Y. , Dallimore Julie A. , Raederstorff Daniel
Published: November 2011

Regular fish or fish oil intake is associated with a low incidence of heart failure clinically, and fish oil-induced reduction in cardiac remodelling seen in hypertrophy models may contribute. We investigated whether improved cardiac energy efficiency in non-hypertrophied hearts translates into attenuation of cardiac dysfunction in hypertrophied hearts. Male Wistar rats (n33) at 8 weeks of age were sham-operated or subjected to abdominal aortic stenosis to produce pressure-overload cardiac hypertrophy. Starting 3 weeks post-operatively to follow initiation of hypertrophy, rats were fed a diet containing 10 % olive oil (control) or 5 % fish oil (ROPUFA® 30 (17 % EPA, 10 % DHA))+5 % olive oil (FO diet). At 15 weeks post-operatively, ventricular haemodynamics and oxygen consumption were evaluated in the blood-perfused, isolated working heart. Resting and maximally stimulated cardiac output and external work were >60 % depressed in hypertrophied control hearts but this was prevented by FO feeding, without attenuating hypertrophy. Cardiac energy efficiency was lower in hypertrophy, but greater in FO hearts for any given cardiac mass. Coronary blood flow, restricted in hypertrophied control hearts, increased with increasing work in hypertrophied FO hearts, revealing a significant coronary vasodilator reserve. Pronounced cardiac dysfunction in hypertrophied hearts across low and high workloads, indicative of heart failure, was attenuated by FO feeding in association with membrane incorporation ofn-3 PUFA, principally DHA. Dietary fish oil may offer a new approach to balancing the high oxygen demand and haemodynamic requirements of the failing hypertrophied heart independently of attenuating hypertrophy.
Effects of dietary strawberry powder on blood lipids and inflammatory markers in obese human subjects
Authors: Zunino Susan J. , Parelman Mardi A. , Freytag Tammy L. , Stephensen Charles B. , Kelley Darshan S. , Mackey Bruce E. , Woodhouse Leslie R. , Bonnel Ellen L.
Published: November 2011

Obesity is a strong risk factor for the development of CVD, hypertension and type 2 diabetes. The overall goal of the present pilot study was to feed strawberries, in the form of freeze-dried powder, to obese subjects to determine whether dietary strawberries beneficially altered lipid profiles and reduced blood markers of inflammation compared with a control intervention. A total of twenty healthy subjects (thirteen females and seven males) aged between 20 and 50 years with a BMI between 30 and 40 kg/m2completed the present 7-week double-blind, randomised, cross-over trial. Each subject received a prepared diet 7 d/week for 7 weeks consisting of approximately 35 % of energy from fat, 20 % protein, 45 % carbohydrate and 14 g fibre. Blood was collected on days 1 and 8 for baseline information. After the first week, subjects were randomly assigned to the strawberry powder (equivalent to four servings of frozen strawberries) or control (strawberry-flavoured) intervention for 3 weeks. For the remaining 3 weeks, subjects crossed over to the opposite intervention. Blood was collected again at the end of weeks 3, 4, 6 and 7. A comprehensive chemistry panel, lipid profile analyses and measurement of inflammatory mediators were performed for each blood draw. A 3-week dietary intervention with strawberry powder reduced plasma concentrations of cholesterol and small HDL-cholesterol particles, and increased LDL particle size in obese subjects (P < 0·05). Dietary strawberry powder reduced risk factors for CVD, stroke and diabetes in obese volunteers, suggesting a potential role for strawberries as a dietary means to decrease obesity-related disease.
THE KENNEDY ADMINISTRATION, COUNTERINSURGENCY, AND IRAQ'S FIRST BAʿTHIST REGIME
Authors: Matthews Weldon C.
Published: November 2011

This article explores the relationship between the administration of President John F. Kennedy and the Arab Baʿth Socialist Party's first regime in Iraq from February to November 1963. It demonstrates that Kennedy administration officials had adopted a paradigm of modernization through which they believed recently decolonized countries could achieve high-consumption economies with democratic governments. Because this process appeared threatened by communist-supported insurgencies, the administration developed a doctrine of counterinsurgency, which entailed support for the repressive capacities of developing states. Administration officials regarded the Iraqi Baʿth Party as an agent of Iraq's modernization and of anticommunist counterinsurgency. They consequently cultivated supportive relationships with Baʿthist officials, police commanders, and members of the party's militia, despite the regime's wide-scale human rights violations. The American relationship with militia members began before the coup that brought the Baʿthists to power, and Baʿthist police commanders involved in the coup were trained in the United States.
Notes on the Traffic between Theory and Arabic Literature
Authors: Omri Mohamed-Salah
Published: November 2011

In most Western universities, Arabic literature is rarely studied by itself or for itself. It is subject to disciplinary traffic and intersections, on the one hand, and to what might be called a political predicament, on the other. With this in mind, I outline below some thoughts underpinned by two examples of the state of the art in Arabic literary studies, published four decades apart.
OLEG GRABAR (1923–2011)
Authors: Bates Ülkü Ü.
Published: November 2011

Professor Oleg Grabar, a luminary historian of Islamic visual arts and culture, died on 8 January 2011 at his home in Princeton, N.J. He was a much respected and beloved professor and mentor of generations of undergraduate and graduate students who were inspired by his generous spirit, his probing mind, and his intellectually challenging questions about the nature of culture, art, and history. He was invited to lecture widely in many countries, and he authored more than thirty books—several of which have been translated into multiple languages—as well as over one hundred essays in international journals.
ANDRÉ RAYMOND (1925–2011)
Authors: Hathaway Jane , Deguilhem Randi
Published: November 2011

André Raymond, who passed away at his home in Aix-en-Provence on 18 February 2011, leaves an international legacy in Middle East studies. Born in 1925 in Montargis, a small town situated about seventy-five miles south of Paris, Monsieur Raymond, as he was known to his numerous students and to younger scholars in Europe, Russia, the Middle East, the Far East, and North America, taught for many years at the University of Provence and, after his retirement, in the United States.
CAPITALIST BINATIONALISM IN MANDATORY PALESTINE
Authors: Shafir Gershon
Published: November 2011

In response to the outbreak of the Arab Revolt of 1936, a coterie of five prominent entrepreneurs and intellectuals in the Mandatory Jewish community formulated a capitalist binationalist resolution of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. This paper examines the genesis of and debate over the little-known Concord they proposed and compares it with better-known liberal and socialist binationalist plans. “The Five,” as they came to be known, were the only binationalists seeking to base political parity on economic integration. The occasion of their blueprint allows further exploration of the preconditions for an effective binationalist program, among them the structure of labor markets, political preferences of minorities and majorities in regard to sovereignty, and levels of mutual trust. Ultimately, binationalist resolutions of the Israeli–Palestinian conflict were precluded by the Labor Settlement Movement's separatist state-building strategy.
Coagulase-negative staphylococci from non-mastitic bovine mammary gland: characterization ofStaphylococcus chromogenesandStaphylococcus haemolyticusby antibiotic susceptibility testing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis
Authors: Pate Mateja , Zdovc Irena , Avberšek Jana , Ocepek Matjaž , Pengov Andrej , Podpečan Ožbalt
Published: November 2011

During routine microbiological examination of milk samples from dairy cows without clinical signs of mastitis, quarter milk samples of 231 dairy cows from 12 herds were investigated for the presence of coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS). The isolates were identified on the basis of colony morphology, Gram staining, catalase and coagulase test and the commercial kit, API Staph. CNS was detected in 29% (67/231) of the cows. A total of seven CNS species were identified with the most prevalent beingStaphylococcus (Staph.) chromogenes(30%) andStaph. haemolyticus(28·8%), followed byStaph. simulans(11·2%),Staph. xylosus(11·2%),Staph. epidermidis(7·5%),Staph. hyicus(6·3%) andStaph. sciuri(5%). The predominant species,Staph. chromogenesandStaph. haemolyticus, were further characterized by antibiotic susceptibility testing using the agar disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) and by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Considerable resistance to ampicillin and penicillin was observed in both species. Isolates with identical or highly similar PFGE profiles were detected at the herd level despite a marked heterogeneity seen for both species. On the basis of somatic cell count, absence of clinical signs of inflammation and heterogeneity of genotypes, we assume that CNS isolated in this study could not be considered as important causative agents of the bovine mammary gland inflammation.
Lobbying for trade barriers: a comparison of poultry producers' success in Cameroon, Senegal and Ghana
Authors: Johnson Martha C.
Published: November 2011

Over the last two decades, developing countries have lowered trade barriers considerably. As a result, they have experienced a surge in food commodity imports. In Ghana, Senegal and Cameroon, a flood of frozen poultry imports in the late 1990s and early 2000s threatened domestic poultry producers. In response, they organised to demand protectionist measures. This article examines why the Cameroonian and Senegalese governments responded to these demands while the Ghanaian government did not. Employing data from interviews in Senegal, newspaper coverage in all three countries, and documentation from non-governmental organisations, it argues that Cameroonian, and to a lesser extent Senegalese, producers were able to influence government policy because they faced few barriers to collective action and built alliances with consumers before lobbying government. The findings suggest that a public choice, interest group-focused approach is still useful for explaining policy outcomes in West Africa.
Access to land for urban farming in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: histories, benefits and insecure tenure
Authors: McLees Leslie
Published: November 2011

People in sub-Saharan Africa rely on a variety of informal mechanisms to gain access to land for urban farming. However, the literature on land tenure focuses on gaining access to land for housing, whereas farming, which is highly visible in the urban landscape of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, requires farmers to negotiate their access in ways distinct from housing. A close examination of four open-space farms in Dar es Salaam reveals that there are different methods of gaining access to land for farming as opposed to housing. Additionally, theorising this access reveals that the landowners who allow farmers on their land for food production also derive benefits. This can provide a framework for current efforts to integrate urban agriculture into the city zoning plans.
Emotional and symptomatic reactivity to stress in individuals at ultra-high risk of developing psychosis
Authors: Palmier-Claus J. E. , Dunn G. , Lewis S. W.
Published: November 2011

Background

The stress–vulnerability model of psychosis continues to be influential. The aim of this study was to compare emotional and symptomatic responses to stress in individuals at ultra-high risk (UHR) of developing psychosis, in age- and gender-matched healthy controls, and in patients with non-affective psychosis.

Method

A total of 27 UHR, 27 psychotic and 27 healthy individuals completed the experience sampling method, an ambulant diary technique, where they were required to fill in self-assessment questions about their emotions, symptoms and perceived stress at semi-random times of the day for 6 days. Quesionnaire and interview assessments were also completed.

Results

Multilevel regression analyses showed that individuals at UHR of developing psychosis reported greater negative emotions in response to stress than the healthy individuals. Against the initial hypotheses, the UHR individuals also experienced greater emotional reactivity to stress when compared with the patient group. No significant differences were observed between the patients and the non-clinical sample. Stress measures significantly predicted the intensity of psychotic symptoms in UHR individuals and patients, but the extent of this did not significantly differ between the groups.

Conclusions

Individuals at UHR of developing psychosis may be particularly sensitive to everyday stressors. This effect may diminish after transition to psychosis is made and in periods of stability. Subtle increases in psychotic phenomena occur in response to stressful events across the continuum of psychosis.
Risk of schizophrenia in relation to parental origin and genome-wide divergence
Authors: Pedersen C. B. , Demontis D. , Pedersen M. S. , Agerbo E. , Mortensen P. B. , Børglum A. D. , Hougaard D. M. , Hollegaard M. V. , Mors O. , Cantor-Graae E.
Published: November 2011

Background

Second-generation immigrants have an increased risk of schizophrenia, a finding that still lacks a satisfactory explanation. Various operational definitions of second-generation immigrants have been used, including foreign parental country of birth. However, with increasing global migration, it is not clear that parental country of birth necessarily is informative with regard to ethnicity. We compare two independently collected measures of parental foreign ethnicity, parental foreign country of birth versus genetic divergence, based on genome-wide genotypic data, to access which measure most efficiently captures the increased risk of schizophrenia among second-generation immigrants residing in Denmark.

Method

A case–control study covering all children born in Denmark since 1981 included 892 cases of schizophrenia and 883 matched controls. Genetic divergence was assessed using principal component analyses of the genotypic data. Independently, parental foreign country of birth was assessed using information recorded prospectively in the Danish Civil Registration System. We compared incidence rate ratios of schizophrenia associated with these two independently collected measures of parental foreign ethnicity.

Results

People with foreign-born parents had a significantly increased risk of schizophrenia [relative risk (RR) 1.94 (95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.41–2.65)]. Genetically divergent persons also had a significant increased risk [RR 2.43 (95% CI 1.55–3.82)]. Mutual adjustment of parental foreign country of birth and genetic divergence showed no difference between these measures with regard to their potential impact on the results.

Conclusions

In terms of RR of schizophrenia, genetic divergence and parental foreign country of birth are interchangeable entities, and both entities have validity with regard to identifying second-generation immigrants.
Emotion modulates cognitive flexibility in patients with major depression
Authors: Murphy F. C. , Michael A. , Sahakian B. J.
Published: November 2011

Background

Depression is associated with alterations of emotional and cognitive processing, and executive control in particular. Previous research has shown that depressed patients are impaired in their ability to shift attention from one emotional category to another, but whether this shifting deficit is more evident on emotional relative to non-emotional cognitive control tasks remains unclear.

Method

The performance of patients with major depressive disorder and matched healthy control participants was compared on neutral and emotional variants of a dynamic cognitive control task that requires participants to shift attention and response from one category to another.

Results

Relative to controls, depressed patients were impaired on both tasks, particularly in terms of performance accuracy. In the neutral go/no-go task, the ability of depressed patients to flexibly shift attention and response from one class of neutral stimuli to the other was unimpaired. This contrasted with findings for the emotional go/no-go task, where responding was slower specifically on blocks of trials that required participants to shift attention and response from one emotional category to the other.

Conclusions

The present data indicate that any depression-related difficulties with cognitive flexibility and control may be particularly evident on matched tasks that require processing of relevant emotional, rather than simply neutral, stimuli. The implications of these findings for our developing understanding of cognitive and emotional control processes in depression are discussed.
Decreased heart rate variability during emotion regulation in subjects at risk for psychopathology
Authors: Di Simplicio M. , Costoloni G. , Western D. , Hanson B. , Taggart P. , Harmer C. J.
Published: November 2011

Background

Dysfunctions in the regulation of emotional responses are related to poor psychological well-being and increased impact of cardiovascular disease. It has been suggested that the relationship between negative affect and higher morbidity could be mediated by a dysregulation of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), for example, of heart rate variability (HRV). Neuroticism is a personality trait associated with a maladaptive emotion regulation and also with alterations in ANS function. However, it is unknown whether subjects with high neuroticism present with specific biases in emotion regulation associated with reduced HRV.

Method

In total, 33 healthy subjects (n=13, highly neurotic) performed an emotion regulation task, during which they were instructed to either passively view negative pictures or attempt to down-regulate the affect elicited by the images. During the task an electrocardiogram was recorded and HRV was measured by calculation of the high frequency spectrum (HF-HRV).

Results

A significant interaction between task condition and personality group was observed on HF-HRV measures (F1,31=6.569, p=0.016). This was driven by subjects with low neuroticism presenting higher HF-HRV during down-regulation compared to passive exposure to negative stimuli, while subjects with high neuroticism reported an opposite tendency.

Conclusions

Our results show reduced HF-HRV during cognitive reappraisal of negative stimuli in high neuroticism and indicate a specific link between loss of flexibility in the parasympathetic cardiovascular tone and emotion regulation, consistent with previous work. Such findings support the importance of exploring the combination of ANS adaptability and emotional dysregulation in neuroticism as different facets of a common psychosomatic vulnerability factor.
Evolving conceptions of justice in international law
Authors: ARMSTRONG DAVID
Published: November 2011

The article examines the argument that international law is already beginning to reflect cosmopolitanism. It does so by briefly reviewing the history of the ways in which concepts of justice have been represented in international law and then considering the case that cosmopolitanism is present in various forms in contemporary international law. While dismissing some of the stronger cosmopolitan claims it argues that the fuller picture has complexities that International Relations Realists and legal Positivists tend to ignore.
Effect of androstenedione on the growth and meiotic competence of bovine oocytes from early antral follicles
Authors: Taketsuru Hiroaki , Hirao Yuji , Takenouchi Naoki , Iga Kosuke , Miyano Takashi
Published: November 2011

Medium that contains 17β-estradiol has been reported to support in vitro growth of bovine oocytes, isolated from early antral follicles, until the final stage. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of androstenedione in medium on such growing bovine oocytes. Oocyte–granulosa cell complexes were collected from early antral follicles and cultured for 14 days in medium supplemented with 17β-estradiol (0, 10 and 100 ng/ml) or androstenedione (0, 10 and 100 ng/ml). The mean diameter of oocytes measured after seeding on the culture substrate was 96.9 μm (n = 191). Either steroid was necessary for maintainance of the organization of oocyte–granulosa cell complexes over the 14-day culture period. In the 17β-estradiol- or the androstenedione-supplemented medium about 80% or 65%, respectively, of viable oocytes were recovered. In both groups the increase in oocyte size was significant after 14 days. The in vitro grown oocytes were cultured for a further 22–24 h for oocyte maturation; 13% and 30% of oocytes grown in the 10 and 100 ng/ml 17β-estradiol-supplemented medium reached metaphase II, respectively; more than 64% of oocytes grown in the androstenedione-supplemented medium matured to metaphase II. These results show that androstenedione, as 17β-estradiol, can maintain the viability of bovine oocyte–granulosa cell complexes and support the growth of oocytes, and that androstenedione promotes the acquisition of oocyte meiotic competence efficiently at a low dose.
A nonsense variation p.Arg325X in thevascular endothelial growth factor-Agene may be associated with congenital tricuspid aortic valve stenosis
Authors: Zhao Wu , Wang Jian , Shen Jie , Sun Kun , Chen Yiwei , Ji Wei , Fu Lijun , Wu Yurong , Li Fen
Published: November 2011

Background

In our recent study, we first reported that mutation invascular endothelial growth factor-Ais associated with bicuspid aortic valve stenosis. However, to date no groups have explored the role ofvascular endothelial growth factor-Avariations in the aetiology of congenital tricuspid aortic valve stenosis.

Methods

We sequenced all eight coding exons and exon–intron boundaries of thevascular endothelial growth factor-Agene in deoxyribonucleic acid samples of a cohort of 32 sporadic patients with tricuspid aortic valve stenosis, 300 normal controls, and 103 disease controls – conotruncal defects – in order to identify sequence variants.

Results

We identified a c.973C > T heterozygous nonsense variation in exon 6 of thevascular endothelial growth factor-Agene in a patient with an isolated tricuspid aortic valve stenosis. The c.973C > T variation, which was absent in all controls, changes a highly conserved arginine at amino acid position 325 to a stop codon (p.Arg325X) and is predicted to produce a truncated protein of 324 amino acid residues. The proband's parents had a normal cardiac phenotype; however, his father was a carrier of the p.Arg325X variation, which indicates that the p.Arg325X variation is inherited and incompletely penetrant.

Conclusion

We report for the first time that the p.Arg325X nonsense variation in thevascular endothelial growth factor-Agene may be associated with congenital tricuspid aortic valve stenosis.
Total isovolumic time relates to exercise capacity in patients with transposition of the great arteries late after atrial switch procedures
Authors: Tay Edgar L. W. , Gibson Derek , Inuzuka Ryo , Josen Manjit , Alonso-Gonzalez Rafael , Giannakoulas Georgios , Li Wei , Dimopoulos Konstantinos , Gatzoulis Michael A.
Published: November 2011

Background

Systemic right ventricular systolic dysfunction is common late after atrial switch surgery for transposition of the great arteries. Total isovolumic time is the time that the ventricle is neither ejecting nor filling and is calculated without relying on geometric assumptions. We assessed resting total isovolumic time in this population and its relationship to exercise capacity.

Methods

A total of 40 adult patients with transposition of the great arteries after atrial switch – and 10 healthy controls – underwent transthoracic echocardiography and cardiopulmonary exercise testing from January, 2006 to January, 2009. Resting total isovolumic time was measured in seconds per minute: 60 minus total ejection time plus total filling time.

Results

The mean age was 31.6 plus or minus 7.6 years, and 38.0% were men. There were 16 patients (40%) who had more than or equal to moderate systolic dysfunction of the right ventricle. Intra- and inter-observer agreement was good for total isovolumic time, which was significantly prolonged in patients compared with controls (12.0 plus or minus 3.9 seconds per minute versus 6.0 plus or minus 1.8 seconds per minute, p-value less than 0.001) and correlated significantly with peak oxygen consumption (r equals minus 0.63, p-value less than 0.001). The correlation strengthened (r equals minus 0.73, p-value less than 0.001) after excluding seven patients with exercise-induced cyanosis. No relationship was found between exercise capacity and right ventricular ejection fraction or long-axis amplitude.

Conclusion

Resting isovolumic time is prolonged after atrial switch for patients with transposition of the great arteries. It is highly reproducible and relates well to exercise capacity.
Long-term inhaled iloprost use in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Alehan Dursun , Yıldırım Işıl , Şahin Murat , Özkutlu Süheyla , Özer Sema , Karagöz Tevfik
Published: November 2011

Background

We performed a retrospective analysis of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension receiving inhaled iloprost in a single centre to evaluate long-term tolerability, safety, and efficacy of chronic inhaled iloprost therapy in children.

Methods

A total of 20 patients with either idiopathic or associated pulmonary arterial hypertension were treated with iloprost between April, 2003 and January, 2010. The median age and weight of the patients were 3.8 years – ranging from 4 months to 19 years – and 12.3 kilograms – ranging from 4 to 73 kilograms – respectively. Pulmonary arterial hypertension was idiopathic or hereditary in eight patients (40%) and associated with congenital cardiac disease in 12 patients (60%).

Results

Of the 20 patients, 15 had combined therapy – 12 patients with two and three patients with three different classes of drugs. In all, six patients died during follow-up. The median follow-up time was 18 months, ranging from 6 to 74 months. The 6-minute walking test was performed in 7 out of 20 patients at baseline and on follow-up. The median 6-minute walking test increased from 420 to 490 metres after iloprost therapy (p = 0.028). After initiation of iloprost therapy, one patient complained of headache and another had a rash around his mouth, none necessitating discontinuation of therapy. Overall compliance with inhaled iloprost was good.

Conclusion

Pulmonary hypertension is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Careful assessment of each patient and timely combination of specific vasodilator therapy is needed to improve clinical outcomes. This study suggests that inhaled iloprost, with or without concomitant endotelin receptor antagonist and/or phosphodiesterase inhibitor, is safe and efficacious for treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension in children.
EFFICIENT RAMSEY EQUILIBRIA
Authors: Becker Robert A. , Mitra Tapan
Published: November 2011

Ramsey equilibrium models with heterogeneous agents and borrowing constraints are shown to yield efficient equilibrium sequences of aggregate capital and consumption. The proof of this result is based on verifying that equilibrium sequences of prices satisfy the Malinvaud criterion for efficiency.
Is the intake of sugar-containing beverages during adolescence related to adult weight status?
Authors: Stoof Susanne P , Twisk Jos WR , Olthof Margreet R
Published: November 2011

Objective

To investigate the relationship between the intake of sugar-containing beverages (SCB) at the age of 13 years and adult weight status 24–30 years later.

Design

A longitudinal study with 30 years of follow-up from adolescence (age 13 years in 1976) to adulthood (up to 2000 and 2006). Dietary intake was assessed through cross-check dietary history face-to-face interviews by a dietitian. Beverages were divided into two categories: (i) total SCB and (ii) SCB excluding 100 % fruit juices. Percentage of total fat (%total fat) and percentage of trunk fat (%trunk fat) were obtained through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measurements; body weight and height were measured by trained staff.

Setting

Amsterdam Growth and Health Longitudinal Study, the Netherlands.

Subjects

One hundred and fourteen males and 124 females.

Results

In males, but not in females, each additional daily serving of SCB excluding 100 % fruit juices at 13 years was associated with 1·14 % higher %total fat (95 % CI 0·04, 2·23 %; P = 0·04) and 1·62 % higher %trunk fat (95 % CI 0·14, 3·10 %; P = 0·03) in adulthood after correction for confounders. No statistically significant relationship was found between the intake of SCB excluding 100 % fruit juices at the age of 13 and BMI in both sexes. In addition, no statistically significant relationships were found between the intake of total SCB and all measures of adult weight status in both sexes.

Conclusions

Intake of SCB excluding 100 % fruit juices at the age of 13 years was positively associated with adult %total fat and %trunk fat in males, but not in females.
Television viewing and variations in energy intake in adults and children in the USA
Authors: Sisson Susan B , Broyles Stephanie T , Robledo Candace , Boeckman Lindsay , Leyva Misti
Published: November 2011

Objective

Examine the association between energy intake and television (TV) viewing in Americans.

Design

Nationally representative, cross-sectional study of 2003–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

Setting

Total energy intake was determined by two 24 h recalls. TV viewing was reported as low (≤1 h/d), middle (2–3 h/d), and high (≥4 h/d). Multivariate linear regression models were used to analyse TV viewing and energy intake, adjusted for BMI (percentile for children 2–18 years), age, ethnicity and physical activity.

Subjects

Pre-school children (2–5 years;n1369), school-age children (6–11 years;n1759), adolescents (12–18 years;n3233) and adults (≥19 years;n7850) in the USA.

Results

There was a significant association between TV viewing and energy intake for adolescent girls (highv. low:β= 195·2,P= 0·03) and men (highv. low:β= −113·0,P= 0·02; middlev. low:β= −131·1,P= 0·0002). Mean adjusted energy intake for adolescent girls was 7801·0, 8088·5 and 8618·2 kJ/d for low, middle and high TV viewing, respectively. Mean adjusted energy intake for men was 9845·9, 9297·2 and 9372·8 kJ/d for low, middle and high TV viewing.

Conclusions

TV viewing was associated with energy intake in US children and adults only in 12–18-year-old girls and men. For girls, the high TV viewing category consumed more energy daily (816·3 kJ (195 kcal)) than the low category. In men, the middle and high TV viewing categories consumed less energy daily (548·4 kJ (131 kcal) and 473·0 kJ (113 kcal), respectively) than the low category. Our findings support some, but not all previous research. Future research is needed to explore this complicated relationship with rigorous measures of energy intake and TV viewing.
Identifying Weak Linear Features with the “Coalescing Shortest Path Image Transform”
Authors: Vallotton Pascal , Sun Changming , Lovell David , Savelsbergh Martin , Payne Matthew , Muench Gerald
Published: November 2011

The detection of line-like features in images finds many applications in microanalysis. Actin fibers, microtubules, neurites, pilis, DNA, and other biological structures all come up as tenuous curved lines in microscopy images. A reliable tracing method that preserves the integrity and details of these structures is particularly important for quantitative analyses. We have developed a new image transform called the “Coalescing Shortest Path Image Transform” with very encouraging properties. Our scheme efficiently combines information from an extensive collection of shortest paths in the image to delineate even very weak linear features.
Effektorspezifische Bahnungs­prozesse beim Betrachten von ­Basketball- und Fußballspielern
Authors: Klein-Soetebier Timo , Steggemann Yvonne , Weigelt Matthias
Published: November 2011

Zusammenfassung.Das Betrachten fremder Handlungen führt automatisch zur Aktivierung gleicher Bewegungen beim Beobachter. Studien, die solche Effekte nachweisen konnten, instruierten dabei die Versuchspersonen (Vpn), auf den Akteur bzw. die Handlung zu achten. Die vorliegende Studie untersucht die effektorspezifische Mitaktivierung für eine Aufgabe, in welcher der Akteur bzw. die Handlung selbst irrelevant für die Bearbeitung der Aufgabe ist. Dafür wurden den Basketball- und Fußballexperten Bilder von Basketball- und Fußballspielern in unterschiedlichen Aktionen präsentiert. Die Aufgabe war es, mit der Hand oder dem Fuß auf die Rahmenfarbe zu reagieren. Dabei konnte das Körperteil, mit dem die Reaktion ausgeführt werden sollte (Hand vs. Fuß), mit der gezeigten Sportart (Basketball vs. Fußball) übereinstimmen (kongruent) oder nicht (inkongruent). Die Ergebnisse ergaben schnellere Reaktionen und weniger Fehler für kongruente Versuche. Danach führt das Betrachten fremder Handlungen auch dann zur effektorspezifischen Mitaktivierung im Beobachter, wenn diese für die Bearbeitung der Aufgabe irrelevant sind und keine unmittelbare Zuwendung der Aufmerksamkeit verlangen. Die sportartenspezifische Expertise der Vpn wirkte sich dagegen nicht auf die Bearbeitung der Aufgabe aus.
Soil mineralogy at the Mars Exploration Rover landing sites: An assessment of the competing roles of physical sorting and chemical weathering
Authors: McGlynn Ian O. , Fedo Christopher M. , McSween Harry Y.
Published: November 2011

Soils in Gusev Crater and Meridiani Planum derive primarily from a surface dominated by basalt. The modal mineralogy of primary (igneous) and secondary (alteration) phases in the soils is estimated using Mössbauer, MiniTES, and APXS spectra. Primary minerals include plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine with less common apatite, magnetite, and chromite. Secondary phases are dominated by sulfates, and include nanophase oxides, chlorides, hematite, and are assumed to include amorphous silica and phyllosilicates. Most soil chemical compositions overlap with basalts indicating that despite the presence of a secondary component in the soils, they have not been significantly chemically weathered. We modeled the significance of olivine dissolution by acid‐S by iteratively removing the molar FeOT + MgO component (olivine proxy) from the mean bulk compositions of the Gusev rock classes Adirondack, Algonquin, and Irvine until none remained. Regardless of modeling conditions, acid‐S alteration cannot account for many soils in Gusev Crater that are either depleted or enriched in molar FeOT + MgO, although it is a process capable of explaining some soil compositions. Based on a rock and mineral mixing model, supports our hypothesis for soil formation that consists of surface comminution by impact gardening, followed by compositional modification by hydrodynamic sorting and admixing of secondary components, including phyllosilicates and sulfates. Such a physical process can produce the range of molar FeOT + MgO in soils by concentrating or depleting specific minerals. For example, dust and fine sands are enriched in molar FeOT + MgO relative to coarse sand, which suggests accumulation of more mafic phases in finer grain fractions.
Martian crustal dichotomy and Tharsis formation by partial melting coupled to early plume migration
Authors: Šrámek Ondřej , Zhong Shijie
Published: November 2011

A recently proposed model links the formation and early evolution of the Tharsis volcanic province on Mars to the preexisting hemispheric dichotomy (Zhong, 2009). A key aspect of this model is the assumption of a deep lithospheric root below the thicker crust of the southern highlands. We implemented a parameterization of partial melting into the 3‐D spherical shell mantle convection code CitcomS in order to investigate whether the required lithospheric thickness variation can be generated self‐consistently by partial melting when stiffening of the melt residue due to devolatilization is considered. The rate of melt production strongly depends on the mantle temperature, and additional strong coupling between the flow and partial melting is introduced through the stiffening effect on the melt residue. We find that it is possible to generate a lithospheric keel by partial melting above a single upwelling that excites a relative rotation between the one‐plate lithosphere and the mantle below while producing the amount of melt distributed in a broad region constrained to one hemisphere that is necessary to form the crustal dichotomy. This scenario thus offers an internal mechanism for the Martian dichotomy formation and validates the hypothesis of Zhong (2009).
Far‐ultraviolet reflectance properties of the Moon's permanently shadowed regions
Authors: Gladstone G. Randall , Retherford Kurt D. , Egan Anthony F. , Kaufmann David E. , Miles Paul F. , Parker Joel W. , Horvath David , Rojas Paul M. , Versteeg Maarten H. , Davis Michael W. , Greathouse Thomas K. , Slater David C. , Mukherjee Joey , Steffl Andrew J. , Feldman Paul D. , Hurley Dana M. , Pryor Wayne R. , Hendrix Amanda R. , Mazarico Erwan , Stern S. Alan
Published: November 2011

Although of great interest for science and resource utilization, the Moon's permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) near each pole present difficult targets for remote sensing. The Lyman Alpha Mapping Project (LAMP) instrument on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission is able to map PSRs at far‐ultraviolet (FUV) wavelengths using two faint sources of illumination from the night sky: the all‐sky Ly α glow produced as interplanetary medium (IPM) H atoms scatter the Sun's Ly α emissions, and the much fainter source from UV‐bright stars. The reflected light from these two sources produces only a few hundred events per second in the photon‐counting LAMP instrument, so building maps with useful signal‐to‐noise (SNR) ratios requires the careful accumulation of the observations from thousands of individual LRO orbits. In this paper we present the first FUV albedo maps obtained by LAMP of the Moon's southern and northern polar regions. The results show that (1) most PSR regions are darker at all FUV wavelengths, consistent with their surface soils having much larger porosities than non‐PSR regions (e.g., ∼70% compared to ∼40% or so), and (2) most PSRs are somewhat “redder” (i.e., more reflective at the longer FUV wavelengths) than non‐PSR regions, consistent with the presence of ∼1–2% water frost at the surface.
Exploring uncertainties in the relationship between temperature, ice volume, and sea level over the past 50 million years
Authors: Gasson Edward , Siddall Mark , Lunt Daniel J. , Rackham Owen J. L. , Lear Caroline H. , Pollard David
Published: November 2011

Over the past decade, efforts to estimate temperature and sea level for the past 50 Ma have increased. In parallel, efforts to model ice sheet changes during this period have been ongoing. We review published paleodata and modeling work to provide insights into how sea level responds to changing temperature through changes in ice volume and thermal expansion. To date, the temperature to sea level relationship has been explored for the transition from glacial to interglacial states. Attempts to synthesize the temperature to sea level relationship in deeper time, when temperatures were significantly warmer than present, have been tentative. We first review the existing temperature and sea level data and model simulations, with a discussion of uncertainty in each of these approaches. We then synthesize the sea level and temperature data and modeling results we have reviewed to test plausible forms for the sea level versus temperature relationship. On this very long timescale there are no globally representative temperature proxies, and so we investigate this relationship using deep‐sea temperature records and surface temperature records from high and low latitudes. It is difficult to distinguish between the different plausible forms of the temperature to sea level relationship given the wide errors associated with the proxy estimates. We argue that for surface high‐latitude Southern Hemisphere temperature and deep‐sea temperature, the rate of change of sea level to temperature has not remained constant, i.e., linear, over the past 50 Ma, although the relationship remains ambiguous for the available low‐latitude surface temperature data. A nonlinear form between temperature and sea level is consistent with ice sheet modeling studies. This relationship can be attributed to (1) the different glacial thresholds for Southern Hemisphere glaciation compared to Northern Hemisphere glaciation and (2) the ice sheet carrying capacity of the Antarctic continent.
An extremely low profile, compact, and broadband tightly coupled patch array
Authors: Irci E. , Sertel K. , Volakis John L.
Published: November 2011

A tightly coupled patch array (TCPA) is introduced to realize small‐size, extremely low profile planar antennas with broadband performance. Past approaches have used frequency selective surfaces (FSSs) as part of the substrate or ground plane (i.e., in passive mode) for also realizing low‐profile antennas. In contrast, the proposed TCPA employs an FSS aperture as the radiating structure (i.e., array antenna). A key aspect of the TCPA is the exploitation of differences in FSSs when operating in radiating and passive modes. Tight element coupling and periodic excitation are the keys for achieving broadband operation. In this paper, a small‐size, finite array is designed along with a very thin and compact feeding network. The designed TCPA resonated at 2.07 GHz with 5.6% impedance bandwidth (∣S11∣ < −10 dB), 4.4 dB realized gain (86% efficiency), and 23% gain bandwidth (3 dB drop). Of importance is that the overall aperture dimensions were only λ0/3 × λ0/3 and λ0/42 thick (including feeding network) at the midfrequency of operation. A preliminary TCPA antenna prototype was fabricated and tested. Both simulated and measured data show enhanced bandwidth as compared to the conventional microstrip patch antennas of the same size and thickness. However, as common for such extremely low profile microstrip antennas, the conductivity losses were augmented. Thus, the measured TCPA efficiency (50%) was smaller than computed.
Fully coupled hydrogeophysical inversion of a laboratory salt tracer experiment monitored by electrical resistivity tomography
Authors: Pollock Davina , Cirpka Olaf A.
Published: November 2011

We perform a salt tracer experiment, monitored by time‐lapse electrical resistivity tomography, in a quasi‐two‐dimensional sandbox with the aim of determining the hydraulic conductivity distribution in the domain. We use sodium chloride as a tracer, together with cochineal red for visual monitoring. The time series of observed resistance for each electrode configuration is characterized by its temporal moments. We invert the mean arrival time of electrical potential perturbations and a few steady state hydraulic head measurements using the fully coupled hydrogeophysical approach recently introduced by Pollock and Cirpka (2010). This is the first application of the approach to experimental data. The results obtained show a reasonable agreement between the estimated hydraulic conductivity field and the pattern of the actual sandbox filling. Using this estimation, a transient simulation is performed to compute the propagation of the salt tracer plume through the sandbox. The latter is compared to pictures taken during the experiment. These results show an even better agreement, indicating that the lenses of different sand types are not entirely homogeneous and some unexpected preferential flow paths are present. We conclude that temporal moments of potential perturbations obtained during salt tracer tests provide a good basis for inferring the hydraulic conductivity distribution by fully coupled hydrogeophysical inversion.
Feedback loops and temporal misalignment in component‐based hydrologic modeling
Authors: Elag Mostafa M. , Goodall Jonathan L. , Castronova Anthony M.
Published: November 2011

In component‐based modeling, a complex system is represented as a series of loosely integrated components with defined interfaces and data exchanges that allow the components to be coupled together through shared boundary conditions. Although the component‐based paradigm is commonly used in software engineering, it has only recently been applied for modeling hydrologic and earth systems. As a result, research is needed to test and verify the applicability of the approach for modeling hydrologic systems. The objective of this work was therefore to investigate two aspects of using component‐based software architecture for hydrologic modeling: (1) simulation of feedback loops between components that share a boundary condition and (2) data transfers between temporally misaligned model components. We investigated these topics using a simple case study where diffusion of mass is modeled across a water‐sediment interface. We simulated the multimedia system using two model components, one for the water and one for the sediment, coupled using the Open Modeling Interface (OpenMI) standard. The results were compared with a more conventional numerical approach for solving the system where the domain is represented by a single multidimensional array. Results showed that the component‐based approach was able to produce the same results obtained with the more conventional numerical approach. When the two components were temporally misaligned, we explored the use of different interpolation schemes to minimize mass balance error within the coupled system. The outcome of this work provides evidence that component‐based modeling can be used to simulate complicated feedback loops between systems and guidance as to how different interpolation schemes minimize mass balance error introduced when components are temporally misaligned.
Landscape structure and climate influences on hydrologic response
Authors: Nippgen Fabian , McGlynn Brian L. , Marshall Lucy A. , Emanuel Ryan E.
Published: November 2011

Climate variability and catchment structure (topography, geology, vegetation) have a significant influence on the timing and quantity of water discharged from mountainous catchments. How these factors combine to influence runoff dynamics is poorly understood. In this study we linked differences in hydrologic response across catchments and across years to metrics of landscape structure and climate using a simple transfer function rainfall‐runoff modeling approach. A transfer function represents the internal catchment properties that convert a measured input (rainfall/snowmelt) into an output (streamflow). We examined modeled mean response time, defined as the average time that it takes for a water input to leave the catchment outlet from the moment it reaches the ground surface. We combined 12 years of precipitation and streamflow data from seven catchments in the Tenderfoot Creek Experimental Forest (Little Belt Mountains, southwestern Montana) with landscape analyses to quantify the first‐order controls on mean response times. Differences between responses across the seven catchments were related to the spatial variability in catchment structure (e.g., slope, flowpath lengths, tree height). Annual variability was largely a function of maximum snow water equivalent. Catchment averaged runoff ratios exhibited strong correlations with mean response time while annually averaged runoff ratios were not related to climatic metrics. These results suggest that runoff ratios in snowmelt dominated systems are mainly controlled by topography and not by climatic variability. This approach provides a simple tool for assessing differences in hydrologic response across diverse watersheds and climate conditions.