bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Scottish Enlightenment and Scottish Independence
Authors: Smith Craig
Published: October 2015

As the 2014 referendum on whether Scotland should become an independent country approaches, there is increasing debate about the nature and advantages of the relationship between Scotland and the rest of the United Kingdom. This paper seeks to examine the views on the Union between Scotland and England that are found in the writings of the main figures of the eighteenth century Scottish Enlightenment. It examines the arguments that Scotland's most famous social and political thinkers, such as David Hume and Adam Smith, put forward in favour of union with England and uses them to inform the contemporary debate.
Echocardiographic Features of Cardiac Angiosarcomas: The Mayo Clinic Experience (1976–2013)
Authors: Kupsky Daniel F. , Newman Darrell B. , Kumar Gautam , Maleszewski Joseph J. , Edwards William D. , Klarich Kyle W.
Published: October 2015

Objective

Cardiac angiosarcoma is the most common primary malignant cardiac tumor. The dismal prognosis and nonspecific symptomatology underscore the need for an accurate and cost‐effective approach to the identification and characterization of this rare tumor.

Methods

Mayo Clinic tissue registry archives were queried for all histologically confirmed cases of cardiac angiosarcoma (1976–2013) with available imaging data. Echocardiograms were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

Thirty‐three cases of cardiac angiosarcoma were identified; of these, 17 had echocardiograms available (mean age, 46 years; six men). Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) as the initial diagnostic test had 75% sensitivity for visualizing primary cardiac angiosarcoma (9/12 patients). Tumor extension into the pericardium was common and pericardial effusion was present in 15 patients (88%); however, pericardial fluid cytology was negative for malignancy in all tested patients (n = 15). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was preserved in 16 patients (94%) (average LVEF, 62%). Right ventricular function was mildly reduced in two patients (12%) at initial presentation. Tricuspid valve obstruction was present in three patients (18%; mean diastolic gradient, 6.3 mmHg [range, 3–11 mmHg]).

Conclusion

The sensitivity of TTE as the first diagnostic imaging modality compared favorably with computed tomography. Pericardial effusion was common, but pericardial fluid cytology was negative in all patients who underwent pericardiocentesis. The absence of a stalk was a universal finding that may help distinguish angiosarcoma from benign, primarily pedunculated tumors such as myxoma and papillary fibroelastoma.
Expression patterns of Wnt genes in the venom claws of centipedes
Authors: Hayden Luke , Arthur Wallace
Published: October 2015

The venom claws of centipedes, also known as forcipules, represent an evolutionary novelty that must have arisen in the centipede stem species, as they are not found in any other myriapods. The developmental‐genetic changes that are involved in the origin of novelties are of considerable interest. It has previously been shown that centipede forcipules have a unique Hox code. However, this is a combinatorial code: no single Hox gene has a forcipule‐specific expression. Here, we focus on Wnt genes. Two genes of this family show forcipule‐specific expression in the “model centipede” Strigamia maritima: Wnt7 and Wnt11. For Wnt7, this forcipular expression zone seems to be a new one, which has arisen in evolution subsequently to other expression zones of the same gene. However, for Wnt11, the forcipule‐specific expression probably arose by reduction of a more general pattern that originally included most or all of the limbs of an ancestral myriapod. Thus the developmental‐genetic basis of the evolutionary change that turned the first pair of walking legs into venom claws is complex, involving different types of change in expression pattern. This sort of complexity is likely to be the case regarding evolutionary changes in morphology in general. Whether the origins of those features that can be considered as novelties are different in terms of their developmental‐genetic basis from more routine evolutionary changes remains an open question.
Impact of plant and aphid stress history on infestation in arugula plants
Authors: Menéndez A.I. , Folcia A.M. , Vizgarra L. , Romero A.M. , Martínez‐Ghersa M.A.
Published: October 2015

Plants can activate inducible defence mechanisms against pests, pathogens, or chemical elicitors, such as ozone, mediated by reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). An unfavourable balance between ROS production and the plant antioxidant capacity seems to be responsible for the resulting susceptibility of the plant to insect attack. Arugula plants [Eruca sativa Mill. (Brassicaceae)] and green peach aphids, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae), were used in this study to test the hypothesis that the growth of an aphid population depends on both plant and insect stress history. We investigated the impact of density and duration of a previous aphid infestation, and the time lag before re‐infestation, on aphid population growth. In a second experiment, we assessed the effect on aphid population growth of previous ozone exposure of arugula plants in open top chambers receiving a continuous O3 fumigation of 100–120 p.p.b., 90 min per day during 3 days. A third experiment was conducted to study the effect of aphid density during a previous infestation on the population growth on an uninfested host. Both previous herbivory and ozone changed the oxidative status of plant tissues and facilitated aphid population growth, which increased with the duration and density of a previous infestation by aphids. Colonization success also depended on the aphids' own history. Aphids coming from high‐density populations and/or longer infestation periods produced larger populations on an (initially) uninfested plant. Pest outbreaks in a polluted environment might be expected to be modulated by the hosts' spatial‐temporal heterogeneity related to the ozone exposure and previous herbivory.
An overview of current trends and gaps in patient‐reported outcome measures used in haemophilia
Authors: Pocoski Jennifer , Benjamin Katy , Michaels Lisa A. , Flood Emuella , Sasane Rahul
Published: October 2015

Aim

This review summarises the importance, recent progress and issues in measuring patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) in haemophilia research.

Methods

A critical review of recent advances and trends in measuring haemophilia‐related PROs was conducted, using current regulatory guidelines and methodological recommendations to evaluate these instruments.

Results

Although regulators, payers and policymakers increasingly consider the patient's perspective to be important in treatment decision‐making, to date, few haemophilia intervention studies have meaningfully applied PRO endpoints. Condition‐specific PRO instruments have been developed, but most are not fully validated; sensitivity to subgroup differences and changes over time is unclear. Generic PROs and instruments developed for other conditions have been used to measure health‐related quality of life (HRQL) in haemophilia patients, but little evidence of their validity for this purpose exists. Haemophilia presents a number of challenges to developing valid, reliable and responsive PRO instruments, including the rarity of the disorder; necessitating research in multiple counties to attain sufficient sample size; the chronic nature of the condition; acute exacerbations of illness; age and geographical region variations with respect to treatment; differences in treatment regimens, range of disease severity and phenotypes; and changes in patients' perceived health status over time. Given that haemophilia begins at birth, the illness has an impact on the lives of caregivers, although the extent of the impact is largely unknown.

Conclusions

Patient perspectives are crucial to understanding the best and most cost‐effective haemophilia treatment approaches. More research is needed on the ability of current disease‐specific and generic PRO instruments to capture responsiveness to treatments over time and subgroup differences in outcomes. Inclusion of PROs in clinical trials is necessary to answer these questions.
Evaluating Growth for ELL Students: Implications for Accountability Policies
Authors: Lakin Joni M. , Young John W.
Published: October 2015

In recent years, many U.S. states have introduced growth models as part of their educational accountability systems. Although the validity of growth‐based accountability models has been evaluated for the general population, the impact of those models for English language learner (ELL) students, a growing segment of the student population, has not received sufficient attention. We evaluated three commonly used growth models: value tables or transition matrices, projection models, and student growth percentiles (SGP). The value table model identified more ELL students as on track to proficiency, but with lower accuracy for ELL students. The projection and SGP models were more accurate overall, but classified the fewest ELL students as on track and were less likely to identify ELL students who would later be proficient. We found that each model had significant trade‐offs in terms of the decisions made for ELL students. These findings should be replicated in additional state contexts and considered in the development of future growth‐based accountability policies.
The SER primer and climate change
Authors: Clewell Andre , Aronson James
Published: October 2015

The SER Primer on Ecological Restoration provides a succinct introduction to, and overview of, the rapidly growing field of ecological restoration. The Primer was issued initially in 2002 by the Society for Ecological Restoration (SER) and reissued verbatim 2 years later in a more attractive format (http://www.ser.org/resources;resources-detail-view/ser-international-primer-on-ecological-restoration). A SER committee recently began deliberations to update the Primer, and much discussion is underway. As two of the Primer's principal authors, we were invited to share our views on how the Primer can be advantageously revised in the light of any changes or new insights since 2002. In particular, we were asked how the Primer might be modified to reflect the ways that ecological restoration address conservation issues raised by climate change and other rapid environmental shifts and global changes. We also touch on questions relating to the benefits of ecological restoration to human society, as this is an area where the Primer needs sharper focus. We have structured the following in a ‘Frequently Asked Questions’ format to highlight issues raised in the recent literature and to focus attention on other issues that merit consideration in the Primer revision process.
Whole genome sequencing shows sleeping sickness relapse is due to parasite regrowth and not reinfection
Authors: Richardson Joshua B. , Evans Benjamin , Pyana Patient P. , Van Reet Nick , Sistrom Mark , Büscher Philippe , Aksoy Serap , Caccone Adalgisa
Published: October 2015

The trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (Tbg) is a cause of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) endemic to many parts of sub‐Saharan Africa. The disease is almost invariably fatal if untreated and there is no vaccine, which makes monitoring and managing drug resistance highly relevant. A recent study of HAT cases from the Democratic Republic of the Congo reported a high incidence of relapses in patients treated with melarsoprol. Of the 19 Tbg strains isolated from patients enrolled in this study, four pairs were obtained from the same patient before treatment and after relapse. We used whole genome sequencing to investigate whether these patients were infected with a new strain, or if the original strain had regrown to pathogenic levels. Clustering analysis of 5938 single nucleotide polymorphisms supports the hypothesis of regrowth of the original strain, as we found that strains isolated before and after treatment from the same patient were more similar to each other than to other isolates. We also identified 23 novel genes that could affect melarsoprol sensitivity, representing a promising new set of targets for future functional studies. This work exemplifies the utility of using evolutionary approaches to provide novel insights and tools for disease control.
Shared Religious Beliefs, Prayer, and Forgiveness as Predictors of Marital Satisfaction
Authors: Olson Jonathan R. , Marshall James P. , Goddard H. Wallace , Schramm David G.
Published: October 2015

Results of numerous studies have demonstrated a positive relation between religiosity and marital well‐being. In this study, the authors examined direct effects on marital satisfaction of religious homogamy, prayer for spousal well‐being, and forgiveness. They also examined the degree to which religiosity buffered against risks to marital well‐being. The results indicated significant positive linear relations between each indicator of religiosity and marital satisfaction. Furthermore, religiosity moderated, or buffered against, the negative effects of risk factors; specifically, religious homogamy buffered against previous divorce; prayer buffered against having a high‐stress marriage; and spousal forgiveness buffered against cohabitation before marriage, previous divorce, and stressful marriage.
The Role of Pessimistic Attributions in the Association Between Anxious Attachment and Relationship Satisfaction
Authors: Kimmes Jonathan G. , Durtschi Jared A. , Clifford Charity E. , Knapp Darin J. , Fincham Frank D.
Published: October 2015

Attributions—the explanations spouses give to each other's behavior—have been consistently linked to relationship satisfaction, but little is known about the origins of attributional tendencies. In this study, an actor–partner interdependence model was tested to examine the relationships among pessimistic attributions, anxious attachment, and relationship satisfaction, using married couples (N = 767) from The German Family Panel Analysis of Intimate Relationships and Family Dynamics (pairfam; Huinink et al., 2011). For husbands and wives, higher levels of anxious attachment predicted more pessimistic attributions 2 years later. These pessimistic attributions, in turn, predicted their own later relationship satisfaction. Husbands' pessimistic attributions also predicted lower wives' relationship satisfaction. Pessimistic attributions fully mediated the relationship between anxious attachment and relationship satisfaction within spouses. It may be beneficial when intervening with couples to facilitate improvement in their attachment security and thereby promote more optimistic attributions and higher relationship satisfaction.
Language Votes: Attitudes Toward Foreign Language Policies
Authors: Rivers William P. , Robinson John P. , Harwood Paul G. , Brecht Richard D.
Published: October 2015

This article reports data from opinion polls on attitudes toward language policy in the American public over the last decade. The data appear to reflect sustained support for the teaching and learning of foreign languages at all levels and suggest that there is stronger grassroots acknowledgment of the value of languages than is reflected in statements issued by professionals engaged in, and organizations devoted to, the teaching and learning of languages. The data provide a foundation on which to advocate for increased support of foreign language learning as a core component of 21st‐century education and citizenship.
The devil is in the detail: unstable response functions in species distribution models challenge bulk ensemble modelling
Authors: Hannemann Henrik , Willis Katherine J. , Macias‐Fauria Marc
Published: October 2015

Aim

Species distribution models (SDMs) are commonly used to determine threats to biodiversity and opportunities under climate change. DespiteSDMsbeing based on the assumption of complete knowledge of the climate space of the modelled species, truncated occurrence datasets (and hence truncated climate spaces) such as national inventories are often employed. This may lead to prediction errors, which have been proposed to stem from: (1) the degree of climate space truncation and/or (2) instability of the modelling algorithms. Our aim was to explore the potential causes of prediction errors inSDMsusing truncated training datasets.

Location

Europe 11° W–32° E, 34°–72° N.

Methods

SDMsemploying commonly used bioclimatic variables were applied to seven forest tree species. We created two model training datasets covering: (1)Germany only (significantly truncated climate space) and (2) Europe (minimally truncated climate space). Differences between the climate space represented byGermany‐only and European data were measured on two‐dimensional climate spaces obtained through principal component analysis of the bioclimatic variables. SevenSDMalgorithms were run, and the stability of the response function and variable selection for each species and model type were analysed.

Results

The degree of climate space truncation was less important for model performance than the instability of model algorithms and indiscriminate variable selection. The latter led to irrelevant relationships of species occurrence with bioclimatic variables. These instabilities caused pronounced prediction errors.

Main conclusions

Our results strongly suggest that erroneous model predictions stem from instability and ecological irrelevance of the statistical functions relating the probability of a species' occurrence to bioclimatic variables, compounded by a lack of consistency in variable selection. Models displaying these characteristics showed lower overall performance when trained with truncated datasets. Further, commonly used ensemble approaches do not compensate for the shortfalls of individual models. Detailed model‐by‐model and species‐by‐species analysis of response functions and variable importance is recommended.
Listen with Your Eyes; Towards a Filmic Geography
Authors: Jacobs Jessica
Published: October 2015

The use of film‐making as a research method and film as publication currently sits rather awkwardly in the social sciences. While some disciplines situate film (and video) production within a visual sub‐discipline, this approach risks diminishing the non‐visual and ‘more than visual’ elements of film. Filmic publication has also been hampered by the assumption that it is less theoretical than text and incompatible with the peer and editorial review process of the journal article. Today, technological innovations have made the processes of production, editing and storage of films (as digital videos) easier and cheaper, and the Internet has opened up new platforms for dissemination. The ability of film to creatively cut across a diverse range of academic and non‐academic networks chimes with the general call to reach new audiences and engage more directly with policymakers and the communities we work among. This article looks at geography's uneven relationship with film and proposes that the online digitisation of the research and learning environment is challenging our reliance on text. The growing ubiquity of sound‐driven and image‐driven media calls for a rise in filmic literacy and the development of a digital filmic geography that is not only theoretically rigorous but also creative, collaborative and practice‐led.
Interview‐ and questionnaire‐based surveys on elderly patients' wishes about artificial nutrition and hydration during end‐of‐life care
Authors: Yamaguchi Yasuhiro , Mori Hiromi , Ishii Masaki , Okamoto Sohshi , Yamaguchi Kiyoshi , Iijima Setsu , Ogawa Sumito , Ouchi Yasuyoshi , Akishita Masahiro
Published: October 2015

Aim

To promote advance directives, it is crucial to understand how many older persons have wishes related to end‐of‐life care. Additionally, it is important to understand how cognitive function or mood affect these wishes.

Methods

For the interview‐based survey, 99 inpatients aged 75 years or older were enrolled after excluding patients with a Mini‐Mental State Examination score of 20 or less. For the questionnaire‐based survey, 99 outpatients aged 75 years or older without dementia were enrolled. Both surveys comprised the same items on older patients' wishes related to artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) during end‐of‐life care.

Results

Of the total enrolled patients, 76.8% participated in the interviews. Of these, 50.0% were against ANH during their end‐of‐life care, including the patients who were definitely against ANH (26.3%). In contrast, just 5.3% wished to receive ANH. In the questionnaire survey, 65.6% of the respondents were against ANH, and 4.9% wished to receive ANH. Aging and Mini‐Mental State Examination scores of less than 24 were significantly associated with a higher tendency to decline from participating in the interview. However, the distribution of the interview answers was not associated with age, Mini‐Mental State Examination or Geriatric Depression Scale scores. Of the interviewed patients, 84.2% agreed to their responses being preserved in their medical records.

Conclusions

Although the majority of the elderly patients were against ANH during end‐of‐life care, many patients did not have definite wishes in Japan. The percentage of those who were against ANH was not associated with cognitive function or depressive state. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2016; 16: 1204–1210.
Detecting Drawdowns Masked by Environmental Stresses with Water‐Level Models
Authors: Garcia C.A. , Halford K.J. , Fenelon J.M.
Published: October 2015

Detecting and quantifying small drawdown at observation wells distant from the pumping well greatly expands the characterized aquifer volume. However, this detection is often obscured by water level fluctuations such as barometric and tidal effects. A reliable analytical approach for distinguishing drawdown from nonpumping water‐level fluctuations is presented and tested here. Drawdown is distinguished by analytically simulating all pumping and nonpumping water‐level stresses simultaneously during the period of record. Pumping signals are generated with Theis models, where the pumping schedule is translated into water‐level change with the Theis solution. This approach closely matched drawdowns simulated with a complex three‐dimensional, hypothetical model and reasonably estimated drawdowns from an aquifer test conducted in a complex hydrogeologic system. Pumping‐induced changes generated with a numerical model and analytical Theis model agreed (RMS as low as 0.007 m) in cases where pumping signals traveled more than 1 km across confining units and fault structures. Maximum drawdowns of about 0.05 m were analytically estimated from field investigations where environmental fluctuations approached 0.2 m during the analysis period.
Going Beyond Overlooked Populations in Lebanese Historiography: The Armenian Case
Authors: Nalbantian Tsolin
Published: October 2015

Scholarship on the historiography of Lebanon consistently calls attention to ethnic and religious communities that have been conveniently “left out” of Lebanese history to perpetuate either a mostly Maronite imagination of Lebanon that traces its roots to Phoenician (and therefore non‐Arab and non‐Muslim origins) or to a larger pan‐Arab narrative. Nevertheless, recent attempts to write a modified – and more inclusive – history of Lebanon continue to disregard Armenian inhabitants in the country. By exploring the Lebanese Armenian press coverage of the 1946 Repatriation Movement (a worldwide undertaking to gather all members of the Armenian Diaspora and relocate them in the Soviet Republic of Armenia), I aim to show additional articulations of citizenship, homeland, and belonging in Lebanon in the first years of its independence. Repatriation and its coverage present us with untapped resources that complicate both traditional and corrective narratives of the history of Lebanon. The exploration of these understandings allows for scholarship to go beyond the traditional constraints of viewing Lebanon as an amalgamation of sectarian divisions that need to be covered in some form to create a dominant national narrative. In addition, these findings avoid the temptation to create a more inclusive national history of Lebanon, as they present scholars with ambiguous and changing notions of who is Lebanese. © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Flood‐related skin diseases: a literature review
Authors: Tempark Therdpong , Lueangarun Saoraya , Chatproedprai Susheera , Wananukul Siriwan
Published: October 2015

Flood is one of the most common natural disasters, which commonly occurs in all parts of the world. The effects of the disasters considerably become enormous problems to overall public health systems. Flood‐related skin diseases are a portion of these consequences presenting with cutaneous manifestations and/or signs of systemic illnesses. We conducted a systematic literature review of research publications relating to flooding and skin diseases. The purpose of this review was to provide dermatologists as well as general practitioners with comprehensive conditions of flood‐related skin diseases and suggested treatments. Moreover, we categorized these flood‐related diseases into four groups comprising inflammatory skin diseases, skin infections, traumatic skin diseases, and other miscellaneous skin diseases in a bid to implement early interventions and educate, prevent, and efficaciously handle those skin diseases under such a catastrophic situation so that better treatment outcomes and prevention of further complications could be ultimately achieved and accomplished.
Investigating factors associated with quality of life of vitiligo patients in Singapore
Authors: Chan Moon Fai , Thng Tien Guan Steven , Aw Chen Wee Derrick , Goh Boon Kee , Lee Sze Min , Chua Tse Lert
Published: October 2015

Skin disease is often visible to others. People who have dermatological condition may also suffer from its psychological consequences. The purpose of this study is to explore the quality of life of patients with vitiligo and to identify factors associated with their quality of life. A descriptive correlational study was conducted with 222 patients with vitiligo recruited from two skin centres in Singapore from 2009 to 2011. Data were collected by a structured questionnaire. Three outcome variables were measured in the study: predisposal, clinical and psychological outcomes. Results showed that almost two‐thirds of the participants reported vitiligo had moderate to extreme impact on their quality of life. Multiple regression analyses showed that patients who were depressed, had thyroid disease and had not used multiclear treatment were more likely to report poor quality of life. It is recommended that providing health care consultation for patients with vitiligo may help reduce depressive symptoms and maintain their psychological health, thus enhance their quality of life.
Theological Reflection on the Ecological Problem in Relation to the Accra Confession: An East Asian Perspective
Authors: Lam Jason
Published: October 2015

Compared with the declarations related to ecological concerns produced by other ecclesial bodies, the Accra Confession is not a latecomer.2 But in view of the increasingly severe situation the world is now facing (for example, the nuclear threat, from Chernobyl to Three Mile Island and, recently, Fukushima), it seems that the “prophetic” voice from the Christian church always comes too late. Be that as it may, every Christian should share the common mission of being a peacemaker with all of God's creation, despite the groaning of the earth in face of all sorts of threat and injustice. In this paper, I first review the Accra Confession in relation to ecological concerns. Then, as it seems to me that the interfaith perspective has received less attention, I develop a theological reflection based on my East Asian cultural resources in order to make a contribution to the global problem from a regional stance. Finally I provide some practical suggestions.
Non‐cytotoxic antiviral activities of granzymes in the context of the immune antiviral state
Authors: Andrade Felipe
Published: October 2015

Summary:  Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites, whose replication depends on components encoded by the virus and pathways and functions of the host cell. In addition to the pathways required for viral synthesis, viruses activate multiple mechanisms to evade immune attack, promoting viral propagation while avoiding or slowing the host immune response. To achieve efficient control of viral infections, the immune system in vertebrates relies on diverse and synergistic antiviral pathways (both at the innate and adaptive immune response), which target and inactivate viral and host components involved both in viral replication and in viral defenses that block host antiviral activities. During this process, the immune system uses mechanisms to slow down viral propagation, while apoptotic pathways are triggered to kill (when possible) the infected cell. Granzymes (granule enzymes) are key components of the immune response that play important roles in eliminating host cells infected by intracellular pathogens. Although the induction of target cell death has been considered the central function for these proteases, recent evidence supports that granzymes can achieve direct antiviral activities through the cleavage of viral and host factors required for viral replication and viral defense. In addition, granzyme A can stimulate the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. The focus of this review is to discuss recent views on antiviral mechanisms involved in controlling viral infections, with special interest in novel and potential non‐death‐related antiviral functions of the granzymes, and how these unique functions complement and synergize with the ‘antiviral state’ created by interferons and cytotoxic lymphocytes in response to virus.
‘Difficult to diagnose’ desmoid tumours: a potential role for CTNNB1 mutational analysis
Authors: Colombo Chiara , Bolshakov Svetlana , Hajibashi Shohrae , Lopez‐Terrada Lola , Wang Wei‐Lien , Rao Priya , Benjamin Robert S , Lazar Alexander J , Lev Dina
Published: October 2015

Colombo C, Bolshakov S, Hajibashi S, Lopez‐Terrada L, Wang W‐L, Rao P, Benjamin R S, Lazar A J & Lev D (2011) Histopathology59, 336–340

‘Difficult to diagnose’ desmoid tumours: a potential role for CTNNB1 mutational analysis

Aims:  The utility of CTNNB1 (encoding β‐catenin) genotyping for diagnosing sporadic desmoid tumours (DT) when traditional clinicopathological parameters were inconclusive was evaluated.

Methods and results:  Cases included were: (i) new primary lesions where initial DT diagnosis was inconclusive; and (ii) possible recurrent DT versus scar. Formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) tissues were obtained via needle biopsy or a surgical excision (57 specimens) as part of initial assessment. DNA extraction, CTNNB1 exon 3 amplification and sequencing were conducted in a Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments of 1988 (CLIA)‐approved molecular diagnostics laboratory. For patients with no previous DT history (n = 47) sequencing identified mutations in 30 (64%), substantiating DT diagnosis. In biopsies with non‐mutated (NM) CTNNB1 (n = 17) the test was inconclusive; in seven of these, a diagnosis of DT was strongly favoured in the subsequent surgical resection specimen. Ten patients with previously resected DT were evaluated; mutation was identified in six cases (60%), indicating DT over scar. In two (20%) with primary tumours harbouring CTNNB1 mutation no mutation was found, favouring scar over DT; the other two NM‐CTNNB1 cases (20%) were inconclusive.

Conclusions:  CTNNB1 genotyping can be very useful in ‘difficult to diagnose’ lesions when the differential diagnosis includes DT. Recognizing inherent test limitations, the presence of CTNNB1 mutation can inform the therapeutic approach.
Prognostic value of ABCG2 in moderately and poorly differentiated intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Larbcharoensub Noppadol , Sornmayura Pattana , Sirachainan Ekaphop , Wilasrusmee Chumpon , Wanmoung Harirak , Janvilisri Tavan
Published: October 2015

Larbcharoensub N, Sornmayura P, Sirachainan E, Wilasrusmee C, Wanmoung H & Janvilisri T  (2011) Histopathology59, 235–246

Prognostic value of ABCG2 in moderately and poorly differentiated intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

Aims:  Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a primary hepatic malignancy derived from cholangiocytes. The survival rate of ICC patients is very low, and conventional chemotherapy is not effective in prolonging long‐term survival. Adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP)‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters mediate the transport of various substances in several cellular processes. The expression of ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2 has been implicated in multidrug resistance and poor prognosis in several types of cancer. The aim of this study was to examine their expression in normal cholangiocytes and ICC tissues.

Methods and results:  Immunohistochemistry was employed to evaluate the expression of these transporters in 60 cases of ICC with respect to clinicopathological features and patient outcome. The proportions of cases with loss of ABCB1, ABCC1 and ABCG2 expression were 93.3%, 68.3% and 50%, respectively. Only the loss of ABCG2 was related to a worse prognosis (P = 0.031), and was associated with lymph node involvement (P = 0.003) and higher tumour grade (P = 0.028). Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed that the loss of ABCG2 expression was an independent prognostic factor in patients with moderately or poorly differentiated ICC (P = 0.02).

Conclusions:  These results suggest that ABCG2 may be involved in cholangiocarcinogenesis; the loss of its expression may enhance tumour progression and contribute to aggressive growth of ICC.
Cloning of an octopamine/tyramine receptor and plasticity of its expression as a function of adult sexual maturation in the male moth Agrotis ipsilon
Authors: Duportets L. , Barrozo R. B. , Bozzolan F. , Gaertner C. , Anton S. , Gadenne C. , Debernard S.
Published: October 2015

In the male moth Agrotis ipsilon behavioural response and antennal lobe (AL) neuron sensitivity to the female‐produced sex pheromone increase with age and juvenile hormone (JH) level. We recently showed that the neuromodulator, octopamine (OA), interacts with JH in this age‐dependent olfactory plasticity. To further elucidate its role, we cloned a full cDNA encoding a protein that presents biochemical features essential to OA/tyramine receptor (AipsOAR/TAR) function. The AipsOAR/TAR transcript was detected predominantly in the antennae, the brain and, more specifically, in ALs where its expression level varied concomitantly with age. This expression plasticity indicates that AipsOAR/TAR might be involved in central processing of the pheromone signal during maturation of sexual behaviour in A. ipsilon.
Improving cultural competence education: the utility of an intersectional framework
Authors: Powell Sears Karen
Published: October 2015

Medical Education 2012: 46:545–551

Context  Most US medical schools have instituted cultural competence education in the undergraduate curriculum. This training is intended to improve the quality of care that doctors, the majority of whom are White, deliver to ethnic and racial minority patients. Research into the outcomes of cultural competence training programmes reveals that they have been largely ineffective in improving doctors’ skills. In varied curricular formats, programmes tend to teach group‐specific cultural knowledge, despite the vast heterogeneity of racial and ethnic groups. This cultural essentialism diminishes training effectiveness.

Methods  This paper proposes key curriculum content changes and suggests the inclusion of an intersectional framework in the cultural competence curriculum. This framework maintains that racial and ethnic minority groups hold multiple social statuses, called social locations, which interact with one another to uniquely shape the health views, needs and experiences of the individuals within the groups. Social locations include those defined by race, ethnicity, gender, social class and sexuality, which are experienced multiplicatively, not additively, within a particular social context. Cultural competence education must go beyond simplified cultural understandings to explore these more complex meanings. Doctors’ ability to understand, communicate with and treat diverse groups can be vastly improved by applying an intersectional framework in academic research, self‐awareness exercises and clinical training.

Results  Integrating an intersectional framework into cultural competency education can better prepare doctors for caring for racial and ethnic minority patients. This paper recommends curriculum elements for the classroom and clinical training that can improve doctor knowledge and skills for caring for diverse groups. Medical schools can use the proposed model to facilitate the development of new educational strategies and learning experiences. These improvements can lead to more equitable care and ultimately diminish disparities in health care. Although these recommendations are designed with US schools in mind, they may improve doctor understanding and care of marginal populations across the world.
Students’ workplace learning in two clerkship models: a multi‐site observational study
Authors: O’Brien Bridget C , Poncelet Ann N , Hansen Lori , Hirsh David A , Ogur Barbara , Alexander Erik K , Krupat Edward , Hauer Karen E
Published: October 2015

Medical Education 2012: 46:613–624

Context  Longitudinal integrated clerkships (LICs) are established, rapidly growing models of education designed to improve the core clinical year of medical school using guiding principles about workplace learning and continuity. This study is the first to report data from direct observations of workplace learning experiences of students on LICs and traditional block clerkships (BCs), respectively.

Methods  This multi‐institution study used an observational, work‐sampling methodology to compare LIC and BC students early and late in the core clinical year. Trained research assistants documented students’ activities, participation (observing, with assistance, alone), and interactions every 10 minutes over 4‐hour periods. Each student was observed one to three times early and/or late in the year. Data were aggregated at the student level and by in‐patient or out‐patient setting for BC students. One‐way analysis of variance (anova) was used to compare two groups early in the year (LIC and BC students) and three groups late in the year (LIC, out‐patient BC and in‐patient BC students).

Results  Early‐year observations included 26 students (16 LIC and 10 BC students); late‐year observations included 44 students (28 LIC, eight out‐patient BC and eight in‐patient BC students). Out‐patient activities and interactions of LIC and BC students were similar early in the year, but in the later period LIC students spent significantly more time performing direct patient care activities alone (25%) compared with out‐patient (12%) and in‐patient (7%) BC students. Students on LICs were significantly more likely to experience continuity with patients as 34% of their patients returned to them, whereas only 5% of patients did so for out‐patient BC students late in the year.

Conclusions  By late year, LIC students engage in patient care more independently and have more opportunities to see clinic patients on multiple occasions than BC students. Consistent with the principles of workplace learning, these findings suggest that yearlong longitudinal integrated education models, that rely mostly on ambulatory settings, afford students greater opportunities to participate more fully in the provision of patient care.
Evaluation of coexistence of the Human Herpesvirus type 8 (HHV‐8) infection and pemphigus
Authors: Meibodi Naser Tayyebi , Nahidi Yalda , Mahmoudi Mahmoud , Javidi Zari , Rastin Maryam , Sheikh Akram , Esmaeeli Habib Allah
Published: October 2015

Background  Human Herpesvirus type 8 (HHV‐8) is a new member of the herpes virus family, first found in the tissue of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)‐related Kaposi’s sarcoma. Environmental factors including viral infection may play a role in the onset and/or development of pemphigus. Some studies based on polymerase chain reaction findings suggest an association between HHV‐8 and pemphigus. The aim of this study is investigation of the association of pemphigus with HHV‐8 and the relationship between inflammatory and acantholytic cells with HHV‐8 infection.

Methods  Tissue‐extracted DNA from 41 paraffin‐embedded skin tissues from patients first presenting with pemphigus was tested using nested PCR for the presence of HHV‐8. A total of 37 cases had pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and 4 patients had pemphigus foliaceus (PF). For our control group, normal skin of 21 cosmetic surgery patients were included. Furthermore, microscopic slides with H&E staining were evaluated for the number of inflammatory and acantholytic cells per microscopic field.

Results  Skin lesions from 13 of 37 patients (35.1%) with PV and 2 of 4 cases (50%) with PF were positive for HHV‐8 DNA. All specimens in our control group were negative for this virus.

Conclusion  HHV‐8 infection might be a contributing factor in the initiation or development of pemphigus.
Cutaneous adverse drug reactions seen in a tertiary hospital in Johor, Malaysia
Authors: Ding Wen Yi , Lee Chew Kek , Choon Siew Eng
Published: October 2015

Background  Adverse drug reactions are most commonly cutaneous in nature. Patterns of cutaneous adverse drug reactions (ADRs) and their causative drugs vary among the different populations previously studied.

Objective  Our aim is to determine the clinical pattern of drug eruptions and the common drugs implicated, particularly in severe cutaneous ADRs in our population.

Materials and Methods  This study was done by analyzing the database established for all adverse cutaneous drug reactions seen from January 2001 until December 2008.

Results  A total of 281 cutaneous ADRs were seen in 280 patients. The most common reaction pattern was maculopapular eruption (111 cases, 39.5%) followed by Stevens‐Johnson Syndrome (SJS: 79 cases, 28.1%), drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS: 19 cases, 6.8%), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN: 16 cases, 5.7 %), urticaria/angioedema (15 cases, 5.3%) and fixed drug eruptions (15 cases, 5.3%). Antibiotics (38.8%) and anticonvulsants (23.8%) accounted for 62.6% of the 281 cutaneous ADRs seen. Allopurinol was implicated in 39 (13.9%), carbamazepine in 29 (10.3%), phenytoin in 27 (9.6%) and cotrimoxazole in 26 (9.3%) cases. Carbamazepine, allopurinol and cotrimoxazole were the three main causative drugs of SJS/TEN accounting for 24.0%, 18.8% and 12.5% respectively of the 96 cases seen whereas DRESS was mainly caused by allopurinol (10 cases, 52.6%) and phenytoin (3 cases, 15.8%).

Discussion  The reaction patterns and drugs causing cutaneous ADRs in our population are similar to those seen in other countries although we have a much higher proportion of severe cutaneous ADRs probably due to referral bias, different prescribing habit and a higher prevalence of HLA‐B*1502 and HLA‐B*5801 which are genetic markers for carbamazepine‐induced SJS/TEN and allopurinol‐induced SJS/TEN/DRESS respectively.

Conclusion  The most common reaction pattern seen in our study population was maculopapular eruptions. Antibiotics, anticonvulsants and NSAIDs were the most frequently implicated drug groups. Carbamazepine and allopurinol were the two main causative drugs of severe ADRs in our population.
Secondary amyloidosis in Indigenous Australians
Authors: Corbett C. L. , Lawton P. D.
Published: October 2015

Secondary amyloidosis (AA) is an established consequence of many chronic inflammatory conditions. In the developed world, it is most often the result of rheumatological disease. However, the relative frequency of underlying causes may be different in indigenous populations. We present a case series of three remote‐living, Indigenous Australians found to have pathologically confirmed amyloidosis and renal impairment at diagnosis. The presence of an underlying inflammatory condition was unclear in two cases. The remaining case had established bronchiectasis and suffered rapidly progressive renal impairment at a young age.
The turn formation at positions 22 and 23 in the 42‐mer amyloid β peptide: The emerging role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Murakami Kazuma , Masuda Yuichi , Shirasawa Takuji , Shimizu Takahiko , Irie Kazuhiro
Published: October 2015

One hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides in the brain; Aβ mainly consists of 42‐mer and 40‐mer peptides (Aβ42 and Aβ40). Aβ42 plays a more critical role in the pathogenesis of AD because Aβ42 aggregates much faster and is more toxic than Aβ40. Therefore, there is an urgent need to elucidate the mechanism of aggregation and neurotoxicity of Aβ42 to develop therapeutic agents. Here, we introduce the pathological role of Aβ42 in AD and review our recent findings of the structural analysis of Aβ42 using systematic proline replacement, electron spin resonance and solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance, and the new mechanism of neurotoxicity of Aβ42 through the formation of radicals. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2010; 10 (Suppl. 1): S169–S179.
25 Years On: Reflecting on the Past and Looking to the Future in Gender and Management Research
Authors: Broadbridge Adelina , Simpson Ruth
Published: October 2015

This paper celebrates the progress that has been made in gender and management research over the last 25 years and outlines some current challenges faced. TheBritish Journal of Managementhas disseminated many of the key debates, from empirical and theoretical work, that have helped to both frame and reflect developments in the field – and this paper charts some of this diverse terrain. Challenges include current conceptualizations that gender issues have been ‘solved’ with a tendency towards ‘gender denial’ in understandings of work based disadvantage. Future areas of research are identified including the need to continue to monitor and publicize gender difference; to clarify and conceptualize emerging gendered hierarchies and new forms of gendered power; and to reveal hidden, gendered practices and processes currently concealed within norms, customs and values.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: SELLING AND BUYING KNOWLEDGE ONLINE: FEASIBLE OR FANTASTY?
Authors: Dushnitsky Gary , Klueter Thomas
Published: October 2015

Gary Dushnitsky and Thomas Klueter, ‘Is there an eBay for ideas? Insights from online knowledge marketplaces’, European Management Review 8, no. 1, 2011.
734. QUERCUS GUYAVIFOLIA
Authors: Coombes Allen , Rix Martyn
Published: October 2015

A Chinese evergreen oak, Quercus guyavifolia A. Lév., from Yunnan, and Sichuan, is illustrated and compared with related species. Its cultivation is considered.
Ideology and the University
Authors: VINCENT ANDREW
Published: October 2015

Ideology underpins recent transformations of British universities; it forms an unquestioned backdrop to policy‐making. The ideology at issue is a market‐based neo‐liberalism—accompanied by a doctrinaire private‐sector managerialism. Universities employing this ideology envision it as common sense. The ideology is thus not proselytised, but rather structures the vernacular of university speech. In reality it is a highly politicised ideology masquerading as a managerial reality. Its effect on universities has been profoundly destructive. The dignified public good of higher education has now become a huckstering marketised mechanism. What is so perplexing is the quiescence of universities. The ideology is so hegemonic that it appears exempt from criticism. University administrators are now quite unapologetic ideological functionaries and we need to relearn how to criticise those who manage us. Ultimately no ideology lasts, this present one will be supplanted, the question is what level of damage to civil and intellectual life will it inflict?