bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
fNIRS in the developmental sciences
Authors: Wilcox Teresa , Biondi Marisa
Published: February 2015

With the introduction of functional near‐infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) into the experimental setting, developmental scientists have, for the first time, the capacity to investigate the functional activation of the infant brain in awake, engaged participants. The advantages of fNIRS clearly outweigh the limitations, and a description of how this technology is implemented in infant populations is provided. Most fNIRS research falls into one of three content domains: object processing, processing of biologically and socially relevant information, and language development. Within these domains, there are ongoing debates about the origins and development of human knowledge, making early neuroimaging particularly advantageous. The use of fNIRS has allowed investigators to begin to identify the localization of early object, social, and linguistic knowledge in the immature brain and the ways in which this changes with time and experience. In addition, there is a small but growing body of research that provides insight into the neural mechanisms that support and facilitate learning during the first year of life. At the same time, as with any emerging field, there are limitations to the conclusions that can be drawn on the basis of current findings. We offer suggestions as to how to optimize the use of this technology to answer questions of theoretical and practical importance to developmental scientists. WIREs Cogn Sci 2015, 6:263–283. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1343

This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Development and Aging

Neuroscience > Cognition
Construction of Three Coordination Compounds Formed by in‐situ Ligand Reaction of 1‐Cyanobenzoimidazole
Authors: Fu Lu‐Lu , Luo Ya , Xiang Jing , Leung Chi‐Fai
Published: February 2015

Solvothermal reactions of 1‐cyanobenzoimidazole, NaN3, and hydrated MIICl2 (M = Mn, Zn, Cu) in a mixture of EtOH/H2O in the presence of NH4Cl afforded a mononuclear complex [Mn(L1)2(H2O)4] (1), a 3D polymer [Zn(L1)(OH)]n (2), and a linear polymer {[Cu(Bim)]}n (3), respectively, where the ligand L1 is formed in‐situ from [3+2] dipolar cycloaddition of N3– with nitrile and the ligand Bim is in‐situ formed from C–N bond cleavage of 1‐cyanobenzoimidazole. (L1 = 5‐benzoimidazoyltetrazolate, Bim = benzoimidazole). All the compounds were characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and thermo‐gravimetric analysis (TGA), and their structures were determined by X‐ray crystallography. The solid state luminescent properties of 2 and 3 were also investigated at room temperature.
Complications After Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Video Evaluation Study of Whether the Critical View of Safety was Reached
Authors: Nijssen M. A. J. , Schreinemakers J. M. J. , Meyer Z. , van der Schelling G. P. , Crolla R. M. P. H. , Rijken A. M.
Published: February 2015

Background

Achieving the critical view of safety (CVS) before transection of the cystic artery and duct is important to reduce biliary duct injury in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. To gain more insight into complications after laparoscopic cholecystectomy, we investigated whether the criteria for CVS were met during surgery by analyzing videos of operations performed at our institution.

Methods

All consecutive patients who underwent a completed laparoscopic cholecystectomy between 2009 and 2011 were included. The videos of the operations of patients with complications were independently reviewed and rated by two investigators with a third consulted in the event of a disagreement. The reviewers answered consecutive questions about whether the CVS criteria were met. Patients who underwent an elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy and had no complications were used as a control group for comparison.

Results

Of the 1108 consecutive patients who had undergone a laparoscopic cholecystectomy during the study period, 8.8 % developed complications (average age 51 years) and 1.7 % had bile duct injuries [six patients (0.6 %) had a major bile duct injury, type B, D, or E injury]. In the 65 surgical videos available for analysis, CVS was reached in 80 % of cases according to the operative notes. However, the reviewers found that CVS was reached in only 10.8 % of the cases. Only in 18.7 % of the cases the operative notes and video agreed about CVS being reached. CVS was not reached in any of the patients who had biliary injuries. In the control group, CVS was reached significantly more often in 72 %.

Conclusions

In our institutional series of laparoscopic cholecystectomies with postoperative complications, CVS was reached in only a few cases. Evaluating surgical videos of laparoscopic cholecystectomy cases are important and we recommend its use to improve surgical technique and decrease the number of biliary injuries.
Need for Fetal Autopsy and Genetic Diagnosis in Fetal Limb Anomalies
Authors: Kotecha Udhaya H. , Puri Ratna D. , Dash Pratima , Bijarnia-Mahay Sunita , Lall Meena , Verma Ishwar C.
Published: February 2015

Improved antenatal imaging has led to increased detection rates of fetal limb anomalies. While they are nonlethal, they could be the first indication of an underlying genetic disorder. In the event of termination, postmortem and genetic evaluation are rarely performed, missing the opportunity to diagnose genetic disorders. The aim of the present study was to examine the utility of fetal autopsy in antenatally detected limb anomalies and to determine the incidence of genetic disorders in the same cohort. This was a retrospective evaluation of 59 cases. Only fetuses terminated for limb anomalies, either in isolation or in association with other features, were included. Cases terminated for lethal skeletal dysplasia and arthrogryposis multiplex congenita were excluded. Cases where limb defects were diagnosed after termination were also not included. The antenatal ultrasound records were compared to postmortem findings to determine the concordance rates. Chromosomal studies along with fetal autopsy were performed in all cases. Mutation analysis was also carried out where possible. Complete concordance between antenatal and postnatal findings was observed in 61 % of the cases. In 23.7 % of the cases, additional major anomalies were observed, the commonest being orofacial clefts. A genetic association was present in 62.7 % of the cases, of which, 25.4 % had an abnormal karyotype. Bilateral limb involvement and presence of associated features were strong predictors of genetic syndromes.
Short‐term outcomes of endoscopic submucosal dissection for colorectal neoplasms in a single medical center
Authors: Choo Chung‐Ho , Yen Hsu‐Heng , Yang Chia‐Wei , Chen Yang‐Yuan , Su Wei‐Wen , Soon Maw‐Soan
Published: February 2015

Background

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is an emerging technique for treating superficial neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical experience of ESD for superficial colorectal neoplasms remains limited in Taiwan. The aim of this study was to assess ESD performed in a series of patients at our hospital and report the results.

Materials and methods

Thirty‐three patients who underwent ESD were retrospectively analyzed for tumor size, rate of en bloc resection, complete resection, curative resection, technical results, and complications.

Results

The tumors treated using ESD were situated in the cecum (n = 6), ascending colon (n = 2), transverse colon (n = 2), descending colon (n = 4), sigmoid colon (n = 9), and rectum (n = 10). The median size of the tumors was 30 mm (range, 10–55 mm). The en bloc resection rate was 72.7%, and the complete resection rate was 66.7%. In patients with en bloc resection, the curative resection rate was 87.5%. Histopathological analysis revealed adenoma with low‐grade dysplasia (n = 18), adenoma with high‐grade dysplasia (n = 7), and adenocarcinoma (n = 8). Five patients experienced perforation, and the overall complication rate was 15.2%. None of these five patients received surgical treatment.

Conclusion

ESD is a challenging but relatively safe procedure to treat large superficial colorectal neoplasms. However, additional experience is required to achieve higher en bloc resection, complete resection, and curative resection rates.
Essential function of Aco2, a fusion protein of aconitase and mitochondrial ribosomal protein bL21, in mitochondrial translation in fission yeast
Authors: Jung Soo-Jin , Seo Youngdae , Lee Kyung-Chang , Lee Daeyoup , Roe Jung-Hye
Published: February 2015

A possible interaction between aconitase and a mitochondrial ribosomal protein was suggested in a genome‐wide interactome study. In fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the aco2+
gene encodes a fusion protein between aconitase and a putative mitochondrial ribosomal protein bL21 (Mrpl49). Two types of aco2
+ transcripts are generated via alternative poly (A) site selection, producing both a single aconitase domain protein and the fusion form. The bL21‐fused Aco2 protein resides in mitochondria as well as in the cytosol and the nucleus. The viability defect of aco2 mutation is complemented not by the aconitase domain but by the bL21 domain, which enables mitochondrial translation.
Structure‐based identification of functional residues in the nucleoside‐2′‐O‐methylase domain of Bluetongue virus VP4 capping enzyme
Authors: Stewart Meredith E. , Roy Polly
Published: February 2015

Bluetongue virus (BTV) encodes a single capping protein, VP4, which catalyzes all reactions required to generate cap1 structures on nascent viral transcripts. Further, structural analysis by X‐ray crystallography indicated each catalytic reaction is arranged as a discrete domain, including a nucleoside‐2′‐O‐methyltransferase (2′‐O MTase). In this study, we have exploited the structural information to identify the residues that are important for the catalytic activity of 2′‐O MTase of VP4 and their influence on BTV replication. The effect of these mutations on GMP binding, guanylyltransferase (GTase) and methylase activities were analysed by a series ofin vitro biochemical assays using recombinant mutant proteins; subsequently their effects on virus replication were assessed by introducing the same mutations in replicating viral genome using a reverse genetics system. Our data showed that single substitution mutations in the catalytic tetrad K‐D‐K‐E were sufficient to abolish 2′‐O MTase activityin vitro and to completely abrogate BTV replication in cells; although these mutants retained the upstream GMP binding, GTase and guanine‐N7‐methyltransferase activities. Mutations of the surrounding substrate‐binding pocket (predicted to recruit cap0) had variable effects onin vitro VP4 capping activity. Only triple but not single substitution mutations of these residues in genome resulted in reduced virus replication kinetics. This is the first report investigating the importance of 2′‐O MTase function for any member of theReoviridae and highlights the significance of K‐D‐K‐E tetrad and surrounding residues for the efficiency of 2′‐O MTase activity and in turn, for virus fitness.
A Brief Review of Software Tools for Pangenomics
Authors: Xiao Jingfa , Zhang Zhewen , Wu Jiayan , Yu Jun
Published: February 2015

Since the proposal for pangenomic study, there have been a dozen software tools actively in use for pangenomic analysis. By the end of 2014, Panseq and the pan-genomes analysis pipeline (PGAP) ranked as the top two most popular packages according to cumulative citations of peer-reviewed scientific publications. The functions of the software packages and tools, albeit variable among them, include categorizing orthologous genes, calculating pangenomic profiles, integrating gene annotations, and constructing phylogenies. As epigenomic elements are being gradually revealed in prokaryotes, it is expected that pangenomic databases and toolkits have to be extended to handle information of detailed functional annotations for genes and non-protein-coding sequences including non-coding RNAs, insertion elements, and conserved structural elements. To develop better bioinformatic tools, user feedback and integration of novel features are both of essence.
A simple and practical model for combined wave–current canopy flows
Authors: Zeller Robert B. , Zarama Francisco J. , Weitzman Joel S. , Koseff Jeffrey R.
Published: February 2015

Laboratory experiments were used to evaluate and improve modelling of combined wave–current flow through submerged aquatic canopies. Horizontal in-canopy particle image velocimetry (PIV) and wavemaker-measurement synchronization allowed direct volume averaging and ensemble averaging by wave phase, which were used to fully resolve the volume-averaged unsteady momentum budget. Parameterizations for the drag, Reynolds stress, vertical advection, wake production and shear production were tested against the laboratory measurements. The drag was found to have small errors due to unsteadiness and the finite aspect ratio of the canopy elements. The Smagorinsky model for the Reynolds stress showed much better agreement with the measurements than the quadratic friction parameterization used in the literature. A proposed parameterization for the vertical advection based on linear wave theory was also found to be effective and is much more computationally efficient than solving the pressure Poisson equation. A simple 1D 0-equation Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) model was developed to use these parameterizations. The basic framework of the model is an extrapolation from previous 2- and 3-box models to $N$ boxes. While the resolution of the model is flexible, the filter length for the Smagorinsky parameterization has to be chosen appropriately. With the proper filter length, the $N$-box model demonstrated good agreement with the measurements at both low and high resolution. Scaling analysis was used to establish a region of parameter space where the $N$-box model is expected to be effective. The following conditions define this region: the wave-induced velocity is of similar or greater magnitude than the background current, the drag to shear length ratio is small enough to produce canopy behaviour, the wave orbital excursion is not much larger than the drag length, the Froude number is small and the canopy is under shallow submergence, yet far from emergent. Under these assumptions, the dominant balance is between pressure and unsteadiness, the drag is secondary, and the other terms are small. The simple Reynolds stress parameterization in the $N$-box model is appropriate under these conditions because the Reynolds stress is unlikely to be the dominant source of error. This finding is important because the Reynolds stress is typically one of the dominant drivers of computational cost and model complexity. Based on these findings, the $N$-box model is expected to be a practical tool for a wide range of combined wave–current canopy flows because of its simplicity and computational efficiency.
Evaluating Wine-Tasting Results and Randomness with a Mixture of Rank Preference Models
Authors: Bodington Jeffrey C.
Published: February 2015

Evaluating observed wine-tasting results as a mixture distribution, using linear regression on a transformation of observed results, has been described in the wine-tasting literature. This article advances the use of mixture models by considering that existing work, examining five analyses of ranking and mixture model applications to non-wine food tastings and then deriving a mixture model with specific application to observed wine-tasting results. The mixture model is specified with Plackett-Luce probability mass functions, solved with the expectation maximization algorithm that is standard in the literature, tested on a hypothetical set of wine ranks, tested with a random-ranking Monte Carlo simulation, and then employed to evaluate the results of a blind tasting of Pinot Gris by experienced tasters. The test on a hypothetical set of wine ranks shows that a mixture model is an accurate predictor of observed rank densities. The Monte Carlo simulation yields confirmatory results and an estimate of potential Type I errors (the probability that tasters appear to agree although ranks are actually random). Application of the mixture model to the tasting of Pinot Gris, with over a 95% level of confidence based on the likelihood ratio and t statistics, shows that agreement among tasters exceeds the random expectation of illusory agreement. (JEL Classifications: A10, C10, C00, C12, D12)
The Opportunity Cost of Conflict: Statistically Comparing Israel and Synthetic Israel
Authors: Horiuchi Yusaku , Mayerson Asher
Published: February 2015

What would Israel’s economy have looked like without the 2000 Palestinian Intifada? This article examines this counterfactual question by statistically comparing the economic growth trajectories of Israel and a “synthetic” Israel, which is constructed by applying a method proposed by Abadie and Gardeazabal (2003) and Abadie, Diamond and Hainmueller (2010, 2014). The results of the analysis suggest that Israel’s per capita gross domestic product during the Second Intifada was reduced by an average of about $2,003 per year (in 2005 US dollars). This amounts to about 8.6 percent of the 2000 baseline level. In the case of the Second Intifada, the opportunity cost of conflict was indeed substantial and significant.
Bioequivalence ofn-3 fatty acids from microencapsulated fish oil formulations in human subjects
Authors: Sanguansri Luz , Augustin Mary Ann , Lockett Trevor J. , Abeywardena Mahinda Y. , Royle Peter J. , Mano Mark T. , Patten Glen S.
Published: February 2015

Fish oiln-3 fatty acids (FA) have known health benefits. Microencapsulation stabilises and protects fish oil from oxidation, enabling its incorporation into foods. The aim of the present study was to compare the bioavailability ofn-3 FA delivered as two microencapsulated fish oil-formulated powders or fish oil gel capsules (FOGC) taken with a flavoured milk in healthy participants. Formulation 1 (F1) composed of a heated mixture of milk protein–sugar as an encapsulant, and formulation 2 (F2) comprised a heated mixture of milk protein–sugar–resistant starch as an encapsulant. Participants consumed 4 g fish oil (approximately 1·0 g EPA and DHA equivalent per dose). Bioavailability was assessed acutely after ingestion of a single dose by measuring total plasma FA composition over a period of 48 h (n14) using a randomised cross-over design, and over the short term for a period of 4 weeks using an unblinded parallel design (after daily supplementation) by measuring total plasma and erythrocyte FA composition at baseline and at 2 and 4 weeks (n47). In the acute study, F1 greatly increased (% Δ) plasma EPA and totaln-3 FA levels at 2 and 4 h and DHA levels at 4 h compared with FOGC. The time to reach maximal plasma values (Tmax) was shorter for F1 than for FOGC or F2. In the short-term study, increases in plasma and erythrocyten-3 FA values were similar for all treatments and achieved an omega-3 index in the range of 5·8–6·3 % after 4 weeks. Overall, the results demonstrated human bioequivalence for microencapsulated fish oil powder compared with FOGC.
Emissions of nitrous oxide and ammonia from a sandy soil following surface application and incorporation of cauliflower leaf residues
Authors: NETT L. , FUß R. , FLESSA H. , FINK M.
Published: February 2015

Vegetable production systems are often characterized by excessive nitrogen (N) fertilization and the incorporation of large amounts of post-harvest crop residues. This makes them particularly prone to ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Yet, urgently needed management strategies that can reduce these harmful emissions are missing, because underlying processes are not fully understood. The present study therefore focuses on the effects of residue placement on NH3 and N2O emissions. For this, cauliflower leaf residues (286 kg N/ha) were either applied as surface mulch (mulch) or mixed with the topsoil (mix) and in situ NH3 and N2O emissions were investigated. The experiment took place on a sandy soil in Northeastern Germany during summer 2012. Residue application created a high peak in N2O emissions during the first 2 weeks, irrespective of residue placement. There was no significant difference in the emission sums over the experimental period (65 days) between the mix (5·8 ± 0·68 kg N2O-N/ha) and the mulch (9·7 ± 1·53 kg N2O-N/ha) treatment. This was also the case for NH3 emissions, which exhibited a lower initial peak followed by a prolonged decline. Measured emission sums were 4·1 ± 0·33 (mix) and 5·1 ± 0·73 (mulch) kg NH3-N/ha. It was concluded that substantial NH3 and N2O emissions can occur after high input of available organic carbon and N even in a coarse-textured soil with low water-holding capacity. Other than expected, surface-application does not enhance NH3 emissions at the expense of N2O emissions compared with residue mixing into the soil, at least under the conditions of the present study.
Unsettled Lands: Labour and land cultivation in western China during the War of Resistance (1937–1945)
Authors: LAWSON JOSEPH
Published: February 2015

Before the 1937 Japanese invasion of China, almost all Chinese leaders and intellectuals believed that the large-scale agricultural settlement of China's western peripheries would rapidly deliver extensive economic and social benefits. At the onset of the war, many officials from the western provinces pressed the central government to fund programmes to allow millions of refugees from Japanese-occupied territory to settle on and cultivate ‘wasteland’ (huang) on the peripheries of their jurisdictions. Influenced more by pre-War ideology than the demands of the War, central and provincial governments established ‘land settlement and cultivation zones’ (kenzhiqu) in these provinces. However, these ventures were much less well supported than their proponents had hoped. This was not only because the War strained government finances—funding forkenzhiquwas always limited relative to support for agricultural cooperatives—but also partly becausekenzhiquattempts to recruit settlers clashed with the acute labour shortage in core zones of unoccupied China, which led to the abandonment of already cultivated land there, and partly because of the mistrust between central and regional governments. Nonetheless, wartime advocacy for more land cultivation in the Northwest did have important repercussions, leading to a renewed interest in penal colonies.
Elites and Corruption: A Theory of Endogenous Reform and a Test Using British Data
Authors: Popa Mircea
Published: February 2015

Eighteenth-century Britain displayed patterns of corruption similar to those of developing countries today. Reforms enacted in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries eliminated many of these patterns. This article develops a theoretical argument that seeks to explain why the British elite enacted anticorruption reforms and provides evidence using a new data set of members of the House of Commons. The author argues that the shock that pushed the British elite from preferring the old corrupt regime to preferring the reformed one was an increase in government spending and a corresponding increase in the costs of tolerating corruption. Features unique to Britain allowed the reformist outcome to emerge and illuminate why such an outcome is difficult to achieve in general.
Land ownership patterns associated with declining forest birds: targeting the right policy and management for the right birds
Authors: MASLO BROOKE , LOCKWOOD JULIE L. , LEU KAREN
Published: February 2015

For over a century the foundation of biological conservation has been the development of open space networks either through outright public land acquisition or appropriate management of private lands. Because both approaches come with significant trade-offs, it is critical to understand which species are found across various land ownership types so that policy tools and management actions can efficiently be targeted to do the most good. In this paper, presence-only biological data were used to create species distribution maps for 18 imperilled forest bird species that breed within the deciduous forests of New Jersey (USA). These maps, combined with publicly available, spatially explicit information on land ownership, document who owns the habitat relied on by each of these 18 species. There were significant variations in both species- and guild-specific reliance on public versus private lands, with the latter preferentially supporting nearly twice as many species as the former. Subcategories of land ownership provided support for the role of both state-owned forests and privately-owned agricultural lands in forest bird conservation; however, each landownership type supports a distinct set of species. While explicitly recognizing the need to employ diverse conservation strategies, the approach provides a solid framework for structuring forest conservation planning and policy at regional scales.
Neither the public nor experts judge species primarily on their origins
Authors: VAN DER WAL RENÉ , FISCHER ANKE , SELGE SEBASTIAN , LARSON BRENDON M. H.
Published: February 2015

In contemporary environmental conservation, species are judged in terms of their origin (‘nativeness’), as well as their behaviour and impacts (‘invasiveness’). In many instances, however, the term ‘non-native’ has been used as a proxy for harmfulness, implying the need for control. Some scientists have attempted to discourage this practice, on the grounds that it is inappropriate and counterproductive to judge species on their origin alone. However, to date, no empirical data exist on the degree to which nativeness in itself (that is, a species’ origin) shapes people's attitudes towards management interventions in practice. This study addresses this void, demonstrating empirically that both the public and invasive species professionals largely ignore a species’ origin when evaluating the need for conservation action. Through a questionnaire-based survey of the general public and invasive species experts in both Scotland and Canada, the study revealed that perceived abundance and damage to nature and the economy, rather than non-nativeness, informed attitudes towards species management, empirically substantiating the claim that a species’ perceived abundance and impact, and not its origin, is what really matters to most people. Natural resource management should thus focus explicitly on impact-related criteria, rather than on a species’ origin.
Haemodynamic impact of stent implantation for lateral tunnel Fontan stenosis: a patient-specific computational assessment
Authors: Tang Elaine , McElhinney Doff B. , Restrepo Maria , Valente Anne M. , Yoganathan Ajit P.
Published: February 2015

Background

The physiological importance of the lateral tunnel stenosis in the Fontan pathway for children with single ventricle physiology can be difficult to determine. The impact of the stenosis and stent implantation on total cavopulmonary connection resistance has not been characteriszed, and there are no clear guidelines for intervention.

Methods and results

A computational framework for haemodynamic assessment of stent implantation in patients with lateral tunnel stenosis was developed. Cardiac magnetic resonances images were reconstructed to obtain total cavopulmonary connection anatomies before stent implantation. Stents with 2-mm diameter increments were virtually implanted in each patient to understand the impact of stent diameter. Numerical simulations were performed in all geometries with patient-specific flow rates. Exercise conditions were simulated by doubling and tripling the lateral tunnel flow rate. The resulting total cavopulmonary connection vascular resistances were computed. A total of six patients (age: 14.4±3.1 years) with lateral tunnel stenosis were included for preliminary analysis. The mean baseline resistance was 1.54±1.08 WU·m2 and dependent on the stenosis diameter. It was further exacerbated during exercise. It was observed that utilising a stent with a larger diameter lowered the resistance, but the resistance reduction diminished at larger diameters.

Conclusions

Using a computational framework to assess the severity of lateral tunnel stenosis and the haemodynamic impact of stent implantation, it was observed that stenosis in the lateral tunnel pathway was associated with higher total cavopulmonary connection resistance than unobstructed pathways, which was exacerbated during exercise. Stent implantation could reduce the resistance, but the improvement was specific to the minimum diameter.
TRANSPORTED TO BOTANY BAY: IMAGINING AUSTRALIA IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY CONVICT BROADSIDES
Authors: Elliott Dorice Williams
Published: February 2015

The speaker of this ballad(circa 1828) laments the fact that, though he was born of “honest parents,” he became “a roving blade” and has been convicted of an unspecified crime for which he has been sentenced to “Botany Bay,” a popular name for Australia. Although he addresses his audience as “young men of learning,” the rest of the ballad implies that he, as is conventional in the broadside form, is a working-class apprentice gone astray. Like this fictional speaker, approximately 160,000 men and women convicted of crimes ranging from poaching hares to murder – but mostly theft – were transported to one of the new British colonies in Australia between the years 1787 and 1867. Minor crimes such as shoplifting, which today would merit some community service and a fine, yielded a sentence of seven years, while other felons were sentenced for fourteen years to life for more serious crimes. While non-fictional accounts of the young colony of New South Wales were published in Britain almost as soon as the First Fleet arrived there in 1788, these were written by people with at least a middle-class education, whereas the vast majority of the convicted felons who were transported came from the working classes. Since books and newspapers were expensive and the level of literacy among working-class people varied considerably, few of them would have had access to such accounts of the new colonies. Several descriptions, mostly borrowed from the writings of the officers who accompanied the First Fleet, were published in cheap chapbook form, while occasional letters from convicts to their families were printed and distributed, and of course there were unpublished letters plus word-of-mouth reports from convicts or soldiers who did return. But none of these were broadly disseminated among working-class people.
“SAVING BRITISH NATIVES”: FAMILY EMIGRATION AND THE LOGIC OF SETTLER COLONIALISM IN CHARLES DICKENS AND CAROLINE CHISHOLM
Authors: Joseph Terra Walston
Published: February 2015

As Cambridge historian J. R. Seeley writes inThe Expansion of England (1883), the fear of colonial secession, inspired by that of the United States, haunted Britons’ perception of their “second Empire” throughout the nineteenth century, effectively working against a sense of shared national destiny with the white settlers of Canada, New Zealand, and Australia (14–15). One important way Victorian writers combatted the “optimistic fatalism” Seeley observed in his fellow Britons was through an imperial economy of affect, which circulated sentiment and stressed emotional identification between settlers and metropolitan Britons (15). If mid-nineteenth-century British literature can be said to negotiate the tensions of Britain's empire through representations of racial, cultural, and linguistic difference, then narratives of sameness – of British families across the oceans – offer models for cohering the British settler empire. In such a model, techniques designed to reinforce the sentimental bonds of settlers to their families might also reinforce the social, political, and affective connections of the settlers to the metaphorical “mother country.”
A novel FGCPW-fed flag-shaped UWB monopole antenna
Authors: Al-Zayed Ayman S. , Shameena V.A.
Published: February 2015

A finite-ground coplanar waveguide (FGCPW)-fed compact ultra-wideband flag-shaped monopole antenna is presented. The antenna consists of a FGCPW-fed monopole asymmetrically loaded with a rectangle strip. The antenna has a compact size of 21.85 × 28 × 1.6 mm3. Parametric analysis is conducted to understand the effect of various parameters on the antenna performance. Simple design equations are presented to provide reliable initial design of the antenna if a different substrate is to be used. Constant gain and monopole-like radiation patterns are observed along the entire operating range from 3.1 to 12 GHz. Investigation of the time domain characteristics reveals that the proposed antenna exhibits excellent pulse handling capabilities.
Distance measurements and limitations based on guided wave 24 GHz dual tone Six-port radar
Authors: Lindner Stefan , Barbon Francesco , Linz Sarah , Mann Sebastian , Weigel Robert , Koelpin Alexander
Published: February 2015

In the following, a continuous wave radar system based on the Six-port principle will be shown for measurement tasks at enclosed systems needing micrometer accuracy as well as high update rates like tank level monitoring or hydraulic cylinder piston control. To exceed the ambiguity limit of such an interferometric system, a dual tone approach is used. The system will be presented with measurement results at 24 GHz within a WR42 waveguide to prove the feasibility of the proposed concept. Furthermore, considerations on timing will show the potential as a low-latency system, capable of high measurement data update rates, and different influences on the system performance and limitations of such a system will be discussed in comparison to alternative setups.
That Which Belongs to All: Khipus, Community, and Indigenous Legal Activism in the Early Colonial Andes
Authors: de la Puente Luna José Carlos
Published: February 2015

In recent years, scholars from a variety of fields have advanced the idea that native legal activism worked as one of the most widespread and effective strategies for the defense of communal assets, political autonomy, and customary law in early colonial Peru. Indigenous claimants, petitioners, and legal intermediaries begin to appear in the historical record just ten years after the initial encounter at Cajamarca in 1532. After embracing Iberian legal culture in the early 1540s, individuals of noble Inca descent began to engage with local and metropolitan courts, preparing letters, reports, petitions, and proofs of services and merit aimed at securing their status within the new order. Native lords (caciques) and communities of non-Inca origin joined as active litigants and petitioners in the late 1540s, hiring advocates and solicitors and sending their own delegations to tend to their legal affairs in Lima, seat of a royal court of appeal. During the two decades that followed the promulgation of the New Laws (1542), which granted these courts of appeal oraudienciasin the Americas the right to assess and revise Indian tributary quotas, Lima experienced an explosion of litigation by native polities requesting a reduction of their fiscal burdens and caciques seeking confirmation of their chiefly rank. Lawsuits pertaining to lands and pastures, town boundaries, and lordship (cacicazgo) rights soon ensued. In the early 1560s, the first Andean caciques crossed the Atlantic on behalf of their communities and reached the still-itinerant Habsburg court. Indigenous groups quickly became expert litigators in secular and ecclesiastical courts. Their legal activism continued unabated throughout the Habsburg era.
Conséquences de la maladie grave sur les proches
Authors: Burki Christine
Published: February 2015

Dieser Artikel ist das Ergebnis von 700 Interviews, die in den letzten drei Jahren im «Espace Proches» in Lausanne geführt wurden, einem Ort, der nicht professionellen Betreuern gewidmet ist. Er versucht, die Realität der Angehörigen zu beschreiben und aufzuzeigen, wo die spezifischen Schwierigkeiten liegen in den verschiedenen Rollen, die sie angenommen oder von der Umgebung in Zusammenhang mit einer progressiven Erkrankung zugewiesen bekommen haben. Er versucht, dem Hausarzt Tipps zu geben, wie er diesen Betreuern, die einer starken physischen und psychologischen Belastung ausgesetzt sind, Unterstützung zukommen lassen kann.
Spécificités de l'antalgie chez les patients palliatifs en situation ambulatoire
Authors: Pautex Sophie
Published: February 2015

Die Schmerztherapie für einen Patienten zuhause mit einer oder mehreren fortgeschrittenen Krankheiten, geht über die Opioid-Verschreibung hinaus. Neben der Suche nach den am besten geeigneten Schmerzmitteln (schmerzgesteuert; möglichst wenig schädliche Wirkungen), sind folgende drei Dimensionen wichtig: interprofessionelle Pflege (gemeinsame Versorgungsziele, Bewertung, Überwachung der Schmerzen und anderer Symptome; Physiotherapie), Information, Schulung und Unterstützung für Patienten und Familie, insbesondere betreffend Verwendung von Opioiden, und schliesslich das «advanced care planning». Dazu gehört beispielsweise die Anforderung von Reservemedikation im Falle von Durchbruchschmerzen oder die Festlegung des Ortes des Spitalaufenthalts bei Verschlechterung des Zustandes oder des Todes.
Potential dual imaging nanoparticle: Gd2O3 nanoparticle
Authors: Ahmad Md. Wasi , Xu Wenlong , Kim Sung June , Baeck Jong Su , Chang Yongmin , Bae Ji Eun , Chae Kwon Seok , Park Ji Ae , Kim Tae Jeong , Lee Gang Ho
Published: February 2015

Gadolinium (Gd) is a unique and powerful element in chemistry and biomedicine which can be applied simultaneously to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), X-ray computed tomography (CT) and neutron capture therapy for cancers. This multifunctionality can be maximized using gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) nanoparticles (GNPs) because of the large amount of Gd per GNP, making both diagnosis and therapy (i.e., theragnosis) for cancers possible using only GNPs. In this study, the T1 MRI and CT dual imaging capability of GNPs is explored by synthesizing various iodine compound (IC) coated GNPs (IC-GNPs). All the IC-GNP samples showed stronger X-ray absorption and larger longitudinal water proton relaxivities (r1 = 26–38 s−1mM−1 and r2/r1 = 1.4–1.9) than the respective commercial contrast agents. In vivo T1 MR and CT images of mice were also acquired, supporting that the GNP is a potential dual imaging agent.
Associations of Three Well-Characterized Polymorphisms in the IL-6 and IL-10 Genes with Pneumonia: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Chen Hong , Li Ning , Wan Huanying , Cheng Qijian , Shi Guochao , Feng Yun
Published: February 2015

Published data on the associations between three well-characterized polymorphisms in the interleukin 6 and 10 (IL-6 and IL-10) genes and the risk of pneumonia are inconclusive. A meta-analysis was performed to derive a more precise estimate. The electronic databases MEDLINE (Ovid) and PubMed were searched from the earliest possible year to May 2014. A total of 9 articles met the criteria and these included 3460 patients with pneumonia and 3037 controls. The data were analyzed with RevMan software and risk estimates are expressed as odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). Analyses of the full data set failed to identify any significant association of pneumonia risk with the IL-6 gene -174C allele (OR = 1.00; 95% CI: 0.98–1.03), the IL-10 gene -592C allele (OR = 1.20; 95% CI: 0.95–1.52), or the IL-10 gene -1082A allele (OR = 1.21; 95% CI: 0.99–1.49). In a subgroup analysis by pneumonia type, ethnicity, sample size and quality score, no significantly increased risk of pneumonia was found for individuals carrying the IL-6 gene -174C allele. There was a low probability of publication bias, as reflected by the fail-safe number. This meta-analysis suggests that there is no significantly increased risk of pneumonia associated with previously reported IL-6 and IL-10 polymorphisms.
Design and Application of a Novel High-throughput Screening Technique for 1-Deoxynojirimycin
Authors: Jiang Peixia , Mu Shanshan , Li Heng , Li Youhai , Feng Congmin , Jin Jian-Ming , Tang Shuang-Yan
Published: February 2015

High-throughput screening techniques for small molecules can find intensive applications in the studies of biosynthesis of these molecules. A sensitive, rapid and cost-effective technique that allows high-throughput screening of endogenous production of the natural iminosugar 1-deoxynojirimycin (1-DNJ), an α-glucosidase inhibitor relevant to the pharmaceutical industry, was developed in this study, based on the inhibitory effects of 1-DNJ on the activity of the β-glycosidase LacS from Sulfolobus solfataricus. This technique has been demonstrated effective in engineering both the key enzyme and the expression levels of enzymes in the 1-DNJ biosynthetic pathway from Bacillus atrophaeus cloned in E. coli. Higher biosynthetic efficiency was achieved using directed evolution strategies.
Plasma Metabolite Profiling and Chemometric Analyses of Lung Cancer along with Three Controls through Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Musharraf Syed Ghulam , Mazhar Shumaila , Choudhary Muhammad Iqbal , Rizi Nadeem , Atta-ur-Rahman
Published: February 2015

Lung cancer has been the most common death causing cancer in the world for several decades. This study is focused on the metabolite profiling of plasma from lung cancer (LC) patients with three control groups including healthy non-smoker (NS), smokers (S) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients (COPD) samples using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in order to identify the comparative and distinguishing metabolite pattern for lung cancer. Metabolites obtained were identified through National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) mass spectral (Wiley registry) and Fiehn Retention Time Lock (RTL) libraries. Mass Profiler Professional (MPP) Software was used for the alignment and for all the statistical analysis. 32 out of 1,877 aligned metabolites were significantly distinguished among three controls and lung cancer using p-value ≤ 0.001. Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (PLSDA) model was generated using statistically significant metabolites which on external validation provide high sensitivity (100%) and specificity (78.6%). Elevated level of fatty acids, glucose and acids were observed in lung cancer in comparison with control groups apparently due to enhanced glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis and acidosis, indicating the metabolic signature for lung cancer.
A novel immobilization strategy for electrochemical detection of cancer biomarkers: DNA-directed immobilization of aptamer sensors for sensitive detection of prostate specific antigens
Authors: Yang Zhugen , Kasprzyk-Hordern Barbara , Goggins Sean , Frost Christopher G. , Estrela Pedro
Published: February 2015

A novel immobilization strategy of DNA aptamer sensors for sensitive detection of a protein biomarker was developed based on DNA-directed immobilization.
Interactions between nodes in a physical gel network of telechelic polymers; self-consistent field calculations beyond the cell model
Authors: Bergsma J. , Leermakers F. A. M. , van der Gucht J.
Published: February 2015

The 1D-cell model is compared with 3D-geometries for determining the strength and pairwise additivity of interactions between polymer network nodes.
Synthesis, structure, and magnetic properties of novel B-site ordered double perovskites, SrLaMReO6 (M = Mg, Mn, Co and Ni)
Authors: Thompson Corey M. , Chi Lisheng , Hayes John R. , Hallas Alannah M. , Wilson Murray N. , Munsie Timothy J. S. , Swainson Ian P. , Grosvenor Andrew P. , Luke Graeme M. , Greedan John E.
Published: February 2015

Four new double perovskites, SrLaMReO6 (M = Mg, Mn, Co, Ni), are characterized by X-ray and neutron diffraction, XANES, magnetic susceptibility, and μSR.
A stable phosphanyl phosphaketene and its reactivity
Authors: Li Zhongshu , Chen Xiaodan , Bergeler Maike , Reiher Markus , Su Cheng-Yong , Grützmacher Hansjörg
Published: February 2015

A phosphanyl phosphaketene undergoes a hetero-Cope-rearrangement to a highly reactive heterocyclic diphosphene which can be trapped.
Novel pH-sensitive drug carriers of carboxymethyl-hexanoyl chitosan (Chitosonic® Acid) modified liposomes
Authors: Hardiansyah Andri , Huang Li-Ying , Yang Ming-Chien , Purwasasmita Bambang Sunendar , Liu Ting-Yu , Kuo Chih-Yu , Liao Hung-Liang , Chan Tzu-Yi , Tzou Huei-Ming , Chiu Wen-Yen
Published: February 2015

Chitosonic® Acid modified liposomes as a novel drug carrier displayed pH-sensitive, drug controlled release character and a good cellular internalization.
Tungstite nanoparticles prepared by microwave-assisted synthesis and their application as a hole transporting layer in organic solar cells
Authors: Bottois Clément , Tarasov Konstantin , Poncelet Olivier , Pecquet Régis , Lemaitre Noëlla
Published: February 2015

Thin films of tungstite (WO3·H2O) nanoparticles have been used as a hole transporting layer (HTL) in organic solar cells and demonstrated good performances.
Highly selective zirconia-based propene sensor attached with sol–gel derived NiO nanospheres
Authors: Mahendraprabhu Kamaraj , Elumalai Perumal
Published: February 2015

An YSZ-based electrochemical sensor was fabricated using sol–gel derived NiO nanospheres. The sensor exhibited high sensitivity and selectivity to C3H6 (propene) with excellent long-term stability.
Derivation of stretched exponential tap density equations of granular powders
Authors: Hao Tian
Published: February 2015

The tap density of granular powders was found to be better fitted with the stretched exponential law.
Wet-chemical nitrogen-doping of graphene nanoplatelets as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Chang Dong Wook , Choi Hyun-Jung , Baek Jong-Beom
Published: February 2015

We developed a facile, versatile method to prepare pyridinic N-rich nitrogen-doped graphene nanoplatelets (PN-GNs), which show unique electrocatalytic activities toward the oxygen reduction reaction with enhanced long-term cycle stability and good tolerance to methanol crossover.
High electrochemical performance of 3.9 V LiFeSO4F directly synthesized by a scalable solid- state reaction within 1 h
Authors: Kim Minkyu , Jung Yongjo , Kang Byoungwoo
Published: February 2015

3.9 V triplite LiFeSO4F was synthesized by a scalable solid-state reaction within 1 h without undergoing phase transformation. The resulting material has nanosized particles that achieve almost full capacity and superior rate capability even at 10 C (6 min).
DNA/RNA chimera templates improve the emission intensity and target the accessibility of silver nanocluster-based sensors for human microRNA detection
Authors: Shah Pratik , Choi Suk Won , Kim Ho-jin , Cho Seok Keun , Thulstrup Peter Waaben , Bjerrum Morten Jannik , Bhang Yong-Joo , Ahn Jong Cheol , Yang Seong Wook
Published: February 2015

MicroRNAs have been recognized as novel biomarkers in many diseases including cancer and diabetes among others.
Exploring new dimensions in cadaveric decomposition odour analysis
Authors: Stefanuto P.-H. , Perrault K. A. , Lloyd R. M. , Stuart B. , Rai T. , Forbes S. L. , Focant J.-F.
Published: February 2015

This study demonstrates the first documented use of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography – high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-HRTOFMS) for volatile organic compound analysis in the forensic sciences.
Access to polysubstituted indoles or benzothiophenes via palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of furfural tosylhydrazones with 2-iodoanilines or 2-iodothiophenols
Authors: Yin Biaolin , Zhang Xiaoyu , Zhang Xiaoting , Peng Hui , Zhou Wen , Liu Bo , Jiang Huanfeng
Published: February 2015

Palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of furfural tosylhydrazones with 2-iodoanilines or 2-iodothiophenols produces polysubstituted indoles or benzothiophenes, respectively.
Microsolvation of LiBO2 in water: anion photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio calculations
Authors: Zeng Zhen , Hou Gao-Lei , Song Jian , Feng Gang , Xu Hong-Guang , Zheng Wei-Jun
Published: February 2015

We conducted anion photoelectron spectroscopy and ab initio studies on the LiBO2(H2O)n− (n = 0–5) clusters to investigate the microsolvation of LiBO2 in water.