bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Boubacar Boris Diop : auteur, traducteur et éditeur en wolof
Authors: Diop Cheikh Mouhamadou Soumoune
Published: January 2020

Boubacar Boris Diop, militant panafricaniste, a décidé d’écrire dans une des langues de son pays natal, pérennisant ainsi l’engagement de son oeuvre littéraire avec les problèmes africains. Rédigeant, traduisant et publiant en wolof, il se range parmi les avocats de la pensée et des langues africaines. Marque d’authenticité et geste révolutionnaire contre la domination du français, l’écriture wolof illustre les performances littéraires de la langue maternelle de l’auteur et invite à une lecture critique approfondie et diversifiée.
L’éducation, un paradigme pour concevoir l’autonomie ? Anthropologie féministe, vulnérabilité et care
Authors: Mozziconacci Vanina
Published: January 2020

Cet article vise à clarifier et à évaluer les présupposés et les implications de la thèse suivante : reconnaître que le care est l’affaire de toutes et de tous, car la vulnérabilité est un donné anthropologique, c’est également reconnaître que l’éducation ⸺ entendue au sens le plus large, comme une croissance qui nécessite des relations avec d’autres que soi ⸺ ne se réduit pas à un moment déterminé de la vie. Cette adoption du processus éducatif comme modèle conduit à redéfinir la catégorie morale et politique de l’autonomie. Pour mener cette analyse, je prendrai pour objet l’articulation entre care, éducation et reconstruction critique de la notion d’autonomie telle qu’elle est développée dans un texte fondateur pour les théorisations féministes de l’« autonomie relationnelle », à savoir l’article « Reconceiving Autonomy: Sources, Thoughts and Possibilities » (1989) de Jennifer Nedelsky.
Explicite et consentement. Critique individualiste de la séduction à l’usage des éducateurs soucieux des questions de genre
Authors: Roelens Camille
Published: January 2020

Cet article propose une critique philosophiquement individualiste de la notion de séduction, laquelle mérite d’être pleinement saisie comme objet de réflexion éthique en éducation aujourd’hui, particulièrement face aux interpellations qui posent le concept de genre. Quelques distinctions essentielles entre éducation, séduction et autorité sont d’abord posées dans une première partie. Une deuxième partie précise comment ce propos s’inscrit dans une perspective d’éducation à l’autonomie, qui elle-même gagne heuristiquement et éthiquement à intégrer les questions et enjeux du genre. Une troisième et dernière partie élabore une critique de la séduction comme mode de rapport entre individus, dans l’optique d’en proposer une solution qui soit à la fois à promouvoir dans le cadre d’une éducation soucieuse des questions et enjeux éthiques du genre et davantage compatible avec le fait de faire de l’autonomie individuelle de chacun le but de l’éducation et un idéal social à poursuivre.
Facteurs déterminants de la réussite des femmes et de leur positionnement dans les carrières scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Insiata Goïta Ouattara Kanndanan
Published: January 2020

Dans cet article sur les femmes scientifiques en Côte d’Ivoire, nous nous interrogeons sur les circonstances qui les ont conduites dans des filières traditionnellement conquises par les hommes. Il s’agit notamment d’identifier et d’analyser les facteurs déterminants qui ont contribué à leur réussite dans des filières où elles étaient sous-représentées. Pour répondre à cette préoccupation centrale, nous avons eu recours à l’analyse de contenu du récit de vie de 26 femmes ayant étudié dans différents domaines scientifiques (mathématiques, ponts et chaussées, physique moléculaire, physique nucléaire, chimie, informatique, microbiologie). Leurs histoires font comprendre leurs parcours scolaires et professionnels, et fournissent des explications concernant leur réussite et leur positionnement dans leurs métiers. En effet, si les résultats obtenus indiquent que des facteurs intrinsèques liés à leurs performances, à la classe et à la composition sociale des familles les ont fait s’orienter vers les études scientifiques, un certain nombre de facteurs extrinsèques (discours politique, identification à un modèle, soutien extérieur, etc.) ont également influencé leurs parcours.
Introduction
Authors: Abadie Delphine
Published: January 2020

Malgré une historiographie riche de plusieurs orientations, les imaginaires, la recherche et les débats académiques semblent parfois demeurer enfermés dans l’exigence d’undevoir-êtrede la philosophie africaine tout à fait caractéristique du seul moment ethnophilosophique. Pourtant, les avenues les plus récentes en philosophie africaine partagent un ensemble de présupposés qui rendent inopérante cette confrontation stérile entre un type de philosophie qui désignerait la « véritable » manière de décoloniser les épistémologies africaines, et toutes les autres formes de la philosophie en Afrique. Depuis les années 1980, on doit constater pourtant que la plupart des philosophes du continent ont emprunté des avenues qui nous éloignent de ce premier moment décolonial de l’« authenticité africaine » en internalisant les critiques développées durant les plusieurs décennies qu’a duré la fameuse querelle de la philosophie africaine. Éclairé par la distinction entre approche décoloniale et approche postcoloniale, cet article propose une relecture des chemins parcourus, des détours et des mutations opérées par la philosophie africaine telle qu’elle s’est développée dans l’espace francophone depuis les années 1940 jusqu’à nos jours.
La décolonisation des savoirs est-elle possible en philosophie ?
Authors: Mbonda Ernest-Marie
Published: January 2020

En philosophie, la décolonisation des savoirs est marquée par un certain nombre de « querelles » relatives à son histoire, à sa géographie, à ses lieux et modalités de production, à ses sujets et à ses objets. On y retrouve généralement les questionnements portant sur l’existence de philosophies non occidentales, sur la place qu’occupent celles-ci dans les canons de l’historiographie de la philosophie, et dans les programmes d’enseignement de la philosophie en Occident et ailleurs. On y rencontre aussi la question des modalités méthodologiques et conceptuelles selon lesquelles se construisent les discours philosophiques des anciens colonisés quand il s’agit de se situer par rapport aux philosophies des puissances dominantes. La philosophie africaine constitue un laboratoire permettant d’illustrer les impasses de toute décolonisation des savoirs et aussi d’examiner les conditions de possibilité d’une telle démarche décoloniale.
¿Para qué sirve el protocolo?
Authors: Estanyol i Casals Elisenda
Published: January 2020

Cuando se habla de protocolo, hay quien opina que se trata de algo anacrónico, anticuado, rígido… Algo alejado del progresismo y la modernidad, llegando a pensar que es innecesario y prescindible. Nada más lejos de la realidad.
¿Te gusta conducir?
Authors: Silva Martínez Lena
Published: January 2020

Hace algo más de un año, circulaba por la vida con el piloto automático activado. Tenía trabajo, pareja y lugar de residencia estables. A nivel profesional, sobre todo, hacía más de dos años que trabajaba en la misma empresa y ya me conocía todos los protocolos de actuación. Me di cuenta de que necesitaba un reto, algún imprevisto que trastornara la rutina y me hiciera coger, de nuevo, el volante: ¿qué tal, por ejemplo, un máster en la UOC?
Nomadic singularities of the contemporary art of Yakutia
Authors: nikiforova sargylana valentinovna , Pokatilova Iya Volodarovna , Kharlampieva Nadezhda Radomirovna
Published: January 2020

The relevance of the study is due to the fact that museum and exhibition activities in the region are not sufficiently diverse. Rare precedents of modern practices of contemporary art of Yakutia in the media hype, do not become the object of scientific research. The purpose of the proposed study is to consider the specifics of the organization of the exhibition space (2013), which has become a platform producing new meanings and forms of symbols of the traditional culture of Sakha (Yakuts). The subject of the study is the specifics of building a cultural text in the exhibition space, which allows practitioners of contemporary art to initiate artist-viewer interaction. The analysis of the reception of the inclusion of signs of traditional culture in the modern environment is proposed. The nomadology strategy chosen by the curators allows artists and viewers to transform the structural orderliness of traditional forms of culture into a nomadism unfolding before their eyes. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that contemporary art in the region is taking its first steps and has not yet become the subject of research. For the first time, the postmodern methodology is used on the material of contemporary Yakut art. We have considered one aspect of the exhibition "Prelude to Siberia" - the organization of the exhibition space as an unpredictable unfolding of a nomadic singularity and a provocative clash of traditional and postmodern discourse in regional culture.
A memory of longevity
Authors: Emerson Felicity , Li Cheng-Lin , Lee Siu Sylvia
Published: January 2020

Worms with increased levels of the epigenetic mark H3K9me2 have a longer lifespan that can be passed down to future generations.
From cleared buffers to camp dispersal: mitigating impacts of the Kareela flying-fox camp on adjacent residents and schools
Authors: Mo Matthew , Roache Mike , Williams Rebecca , Drinnan Ian N. , Noël Beth
Published: January 2020

The management of the Kareela flying-fox camp in southern Sydney, New South Wales, is a case study of the challenges faced by local councils trying to mitigate negative impacts from flying-foxes on their communities. When flying-foxes were discovered roosting in Kareela in February 2008, local residents and schools complained to the public land manager, Sutherland Shire Council. Concerns were mainly about the impacts of flying-fox faeces, noise and odour, and fear of disease. Initially, branches overhanging affected properties were removed to mitigate the issue. Ongoing impacts prompted council to clear vegetation from the fringes of the camp, creating a buffer area. These buffers provided physical separation but reportedly caused noise impacts to intensify during peak influxes of flying-foxes when animals appeared to be unsettled from being concentrated into a smaller area of roosting habitat. Camp dispersal was advocated by some stakeholders seeking swift resolution. Others rejected the idea, considering the high cost and poor success rate of camp dispersal attempts elsewhere. Subsequently, several key stakeholders including direct neighbours of the camp renounced their support for camp dispersal. Council proceeded with camp dispersal, which only achieved a temporary absence of flying-foxes from Kareela. During this time, a new flying-fox camp formed 3.5 km away. Flying-foxes subsequently returned to the Kareela camp 15 months after the initial dispersal. This case study demonstrates the many interacting factors involved in managing flying-fox camps that have impacts on human settlements. Moreover, the Kareela case study adds to the list of flying-fox dispersal attempts in eastern Australia that have been ineffective in permanently removing flying-foxes from a camp. The case study also highlights the importance of understanding the social and political context of flying-fox camp management, in addition to flying-fox ecology.
Effect of Drying on the Rehydration Properties of Some Selected Shellfish
Authors: Kiin-Kabari D. B. , Obasi N.
Published: January 2020

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of oven drying on the proximate composition and rehydration characteristics of shellfish. Shellfish studied included rough and smooth periwinkle, oyster and whelk. Proximate composition of the fresh samples were determined. Then dried in the oven to a moisture content of 10% and further rehydrated with distill water in sample water ratio of 1:40 and allowed to equilibrate. Proximate composition of the fresh shellfish showed that moisture content ranged from 82.38 to 69.24% with fresh smooth periwinkle having the highest moisture value while whelk had the lowest. The results also showed that whelk had the highest values for ash (2.92%), crude protein (18.83%) and crude fibre (3.71%) when compared to other samples. On rehydration, a moisture loss of 11.75%, 13.28%, 19.24% and 22.04% were observed for rough periwinkle, smooth periwinkle, oyster and whelk, respectively. The results for rehydration indices revealed that dehydration ratio was significantly (p<0.05) high for whelk (1.44), followed by oyster (1.29), rough periwinkle (1.23) and lastly, smooth periwinkle 1.20. Rehydration ratio of whelk (1.47) was equally significantly higher, followed by oyster (1.33) and the least were rough and smooth periwinkle (1.17). For coefficient of reconstitution, oyster recorded the highest value of 1.03, followed by whelk 1.02, rough periwinkle 0.95 and smooth periwinkle 0.98. Rate of water imbibition revealed a sharp increase in the water content of smooth periwinkle up to 240 min and thereafter, it slowed down until equilibrium was reached. In terms of rough periwinkle, oyster and whelk; water imbibition took place with rehydration time up to 300 min, 210 min and 270 min, respectively, thereafter they slowed down. The results have demonstrated that the rate in which oven drying affect the physical and nutritional qualities of shellfish differs.
Drought-tolerant Varieties as an Adaptation Strategy in the Context of Climate Change: Insight from Maize Production Systems in Benin
Authors: Baco Mohamed Nasser
Published: January 2020

Previous studies suggested that maize is set to become a cash crop while ensuring food security better than any other crop. However, climate change has become one of the key production constraints that are now hampering and threatening the sustainability of maize production systems. We conducted a study to better understand changes here defined as adaptations made by smallholder farmers to ensure food security and improve income through maize production in a climate change context. Our results show that maize farmers in northern Benin mainly rely on traditional seeds. Drought as abiotic stress is perceived by farmers in many agro-ecological zones as a disruptive factor for crop production, including maize. When drought is associated with pest damages, both the quantity (i.e. yield) and the quality (i.e. attributes) of products/harvests are negatively affected. The adverse effects of drought continue to reduce production in different agro-ecological zones of the country, because of the lack of widespread adoption of tolerant varieties. The study suggests actions towards the production of drought-tolerant maize seeds, a promotion of seed companies, the organization of actors and value chains. Apart from climate change, the promotion of value chains is also emerging as one of the important aspects to take into account to sustain maize production in Benin.
A Short Review on the Removal of Rhodamine B Dye Using Agricultural Waste-Based Adsorbents
Authors: Imam Saifullahi Shehu , Babamale Halimah Funmilayo
Published: January 2020

Among the various methods available for wastewater remediation, the adsorption technique remains one of the most preferred choices worldwide. This is because the process is effective and economically feasible. Over the years, the abundance and availability of agricultural waste products have encouraged their application in pure or modified forms as catalysts in environmental remediation. Such agricultural wastes are carbonaceous and lignocellulosic in nature with numerous surface functional groups which makes them favorable for use as adsorbents for the removal of various pollutants. Rhodamine B (RhB) dye is a common organic dye in industrial wastewaters but could be artificially removed via adsorption. In this article, the use of agricultural-waste based adsorbents for the removal of RhB dye from aqueous solution over the last decade have been reviewed.
A Hybrid Cryptosystem and Watermarking for Secure Medical Image Transmission
Authors: O. Okediran Oladotun
Published: January 2020

Advances in computing and communication technologies have provided new methods to store and access medical data electronically and distribute them over open communication networks. Today, patients themselves can access their medical information themselves and medical information can be transmitted among medical institutions as well as stakeholders in the health sector.  Accompanying these benefits are concomitant risks for patient medical records in electronic formats and strictly personal medical documentations being transmitted and accessible over open communication channels such as the Internet. Thus it is common knowledge that there should be in place network-level security measures and protocols in medical information systems. Many security schemes that were based on cryptography, watermarking and steganography have been proposed and implemented to secure medical data. However, an apt review of relevant literature revealed that in many implementations robustness against attacks is not guaranteed. Issues bordering on low embedding capacity, low robustness, low imperceptibility and bad trade tradeoff between robustness and capacity are evident in many implementations. In this paper, a hybrid Rivest-Shamir-Adleman (RSA) algorithm, Rivest Cipher 4 (RC4) algorithm and Spread Spectrum techniques were proposed for securing medical image data over open communication networks. The performance of the proposed scheme was evaluated using Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR), Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), Mean Square Error (MSE) and Bit Error Rate (BER). For the five sample medical images used to test the scheme, the BER value is zero while the PNSR and SNR are consistent and they returned desirable high values. The MSE values for the images were low. The average values of the PSNR, SNR and MSE are 51.88 dB, 43.38 dB and 0.113 respectively. Hence, the proposed scheme is utterly revertible, robust and highly imperceptible; the original images can be retrieved by the recipient without any deformation or alteration.
Development of Manual (Pull-type) Two-row Paddy Transplanter for the Benefit of Small Farmers’ Land Holdings
Authors: R. Asha K. , . Padmashree , M. Ray Babu R.
Published: January 2020

Paddy (rice) is considered as the most important staple food-cereal crop in south-east Asian countries. It is the majorly consumed food in India. Transplanting of paddy is a highly labor-intensive operation and is still done manually. It takes around 182 to 250-man hours a day to manually transplant rice. Also, many a time due to shortage of labour, transplanting is delayed which causes a progressive decrease in yield. The scarcity of labour during the peak season of transplanting creates a problem to complete the transplanting operation in time. Manually operated paddy transplanter can be useful for small and marginal landholdings. Here we intended to develop equipment that should be of low cost, fabricated locally, versatile in utility, reducing drudgery by making transplanting possible without bending and useful for small farmers. The developed two row rice transplanter prototype can transplant 20 to 25-day old seedlings up to 5 cm depth with adjustable row spacing of about 15-20 cm. It requires two operators, one for filling the tray while walking behind and another for pulling the transplanter while walking in front of the machine. The actual filed capacity of 0.2 ha per day (eight hour working day) was achieved with the machine by considering a 5%- and 3%- time loss due to turning and filling tray respectively.
Ethnobotanical Study of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Used in the Al-Hoceima Region (Northern Morocco)
Authors: Bouzdoudi Brahimc El , Boukhari Latifa El , Hicham Barbara , Tomader Errabii , Mohammed L’bachir El Kbiach
Published: January 2020

Objective: An ethnobotanical study of medicinal and aromatic plants was conducted in the region of Al-Hoceima (Morocco) to contribute to the knowledge of medicinal species used in traditional phytotherapy by the local population.

Methodology: Using 100 questionnaire sheets, a series of ethnobotanical surveys were carried out in the field during April and May 2019 among ordinary users of the plants. The ethnobotanical survey was carried out using a probability (random) sampling method.

Results: The results of this study showed that foliage is the most used part (46%) and the majority of the remedies are prepared as an infusion (46%). Medicinal plants are often used to treat digestive diseases (19%) and 42% of these plants are cultivated.

Conclusion: The surveys carried out made it possible to assemble information on medicinal and aromatic plants (the part used and the method of preparation) and on the profile of the informant (sex, age, academic level). Moreover, this study could have a great bibliographical value for scientific research in the fields of phytochemistry and pharmacology.
Prevalence and Pattern of Pneumonia among Children Admitted into University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital: A Two Year Review
Authors: Gabriel-Job Nneka , S. Azubogu Uju
Published: January 2020

Introduction: Pneumonia is the leading cause of death among children, it accounts for 17.0% of under- five deaths in Nigeria yearly. The aim of this study is to determine the pattern of pneumonia among children in Port Harcourt.

Materials and Methods: A 2year retrospective descriptive study was done; the admission and discharge records at the children emergency ward (CHEW) and folders of patients admitted for pneumonia were used to retrieve information.

Results: A total of 2169 children were admitted into CHEW from 2017- 2018, this comprised of 1089 (50.2%) males and 1080 (49.8%) females. Of the 2169 children, 286 (13.2%) of them had pneumonia. More males (16.9%) compared to females (9.4%) had pneumonia, with a significant gender difference. (ꭓ2 = 26.29, p = < 0.001) Males were twice more likely to have pneumonia compared to the females (OR = 1.95, CI= 1.51-2.54). The highest prevalence of Pneumonia (27.1%) was amongst children < 1 year old (P = <0.001). Thirteen (4.6%) of those that had pneumonia died.  Mortality was highest (9.2%) among those who presented late (> 5 days after onset of symptoms.) (ꭓ2 =10.73, p = 0.03).

Conclusion: Childhood pneumonia is still a burden among children in Port Harcourt. Early presentation to the hospital may reduce the mortality.
Benign Proliferative Breast Disease: A Histopathological Review of Cases at Korle Bu Teaching Hospital
Authors: Derkyi-Kwarteng Leonard , A. Brown Ato , Derkyi-Kwarteng Abigail , Gyan Eric , P. Akakpo Kafui , Abraham Afua
Published: January 2020

Background:​ With the increasing education on breast cancer, most women are reporting to the hospital with breast lumps most of which are benign breast lesions. Benign breast diseases constitute a heterogeneous group of lesions including developmental abnormalities, inflammatory lesions, epithelial and stromal proliferation and neoplasms. This is to look at the various histologic type of benign proliferative breast diseases among Ghanaian women.

Method​s: This is a retrospective study of breast excisions received between 2006-2013 at the Department of Pathology, Korle Bu teaching hospital (KBTH), Ghana. All histological slides were retrieved and examine. Demographic information was also retrieved from the request form. The data was subject to analysis using SPSS version 16.5 and Windows Excel.

Results​: During the period of study, 2,805 cases of benign breast lesions were received by the department, out of which 2,396 were proliferative benign lesions representing 89.4%. The top five lesions were fibroadenoma (89.01%), fibroadenomatoid hyperplasia (3.26%), tubular adenoma (2.51%), benign phylloides tumour (1.71%) and intraductal papilloma (1.59%). The average ages of clients with these lesions were 24 years (±8.3 years), 28 years (±10.7 years), 22.7 years (±15 years), 38 years (±14.2 years and 45.4 years (±8.3 years) respectively. Fibroadenoma and benign phelloides tumour have a preponderance to the right and left breast respectively with statistical significance.

Conclusion​: There are some differences between benign breast lesions in Ghanaian women as compared to other African countries within the Sub Saharan region.
WWP1 knockout in mice exacerbates obesity‐related phenotypes in white adipose tissue but improves whole‐body glucose metabolism
Authors: Hoshino Shunsuke , Kobayashi Masaki , Tagawa Ryoma , Konno Ryutaro , Abe Takuro , Furuya Kazuhiro , Miura Kumi , Wakasawa Hiroki , Okita Naoyuki , Sudo Yuka , Mizunoe Yuhei , Nakagawa Yoshimi , Nakamura Takeshi , Kawabe Hiroshi , Higami Yoshikazu
Published: January 2020

White adipose tissue (WAT) is important for maintenance of homeostasis, because it stores energy and secretes adipokines. The WAT of obese people demonstrates mitochondrial dysfunction, accompanied by oxidative stress, which leads to insulin resistance. WW domain‐containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1 (WWP1) is a member of the HECT‐type E3 family of ubiquitin ligases and is associated with several diseases. Recently, we demonstrated that WWP1 is induced specifically in the WAT of obese mice, where it protects against oxidative stress. Here, we investigated the function of WWP1 in WAT of obese mice by analyzing the phenotype of Wwp1 knockout (KO) mice fed a high‐fat diet. The levels of oxidative stress markers were higher in obese WAT from Wwp1 KO mice. Moreover, Wwp1 KO mice had lower activity of citrate synthase, a mitochondrial enzyme. We also measured AKT phosphorylation in obese WAT and found lower levels in Wwp1 KO mice. However, plasma insulin level was low and glucose level was unchanged in obese Wwp1 KO mice. Moreover, both glucose tolerance test and insulin tolerance test were improved in obese Wwp1 KO mice. These findings indicate that WWP1 participates in the antioxidative response and mitochondrial function in WAT, but knockdown of WWP1 improves whole‐body glucose metabolism.
Evaluation of the dosimetric impact of manufacturing variations for the INTRABEAM x‐ray source
Authors: Shaikh Mubin Y. , Joiner Michael C. , Nalichowski Adrian , Kumaraswamy Lalith K. , Burmeister Jay
Published: January 2020

Introduction

INTRABEAM x‐ray sources (XRSs) have distinct output characteristics due to subtle variations between the ideal and manufactured products. The objective of this study is to intercompare 15 XRSs and to dosimetrically quantify the impact of manufacturing variations on the delivered dose.

Methods and Materials

The normality of the XRS datasets was evaluated with the Shapiro–Wilk test, the accuracy of the calibrated depth–dose curves (DDCs) was validated with ionization chamber measurements, and the shape of each DDC was evaluated using depth–dose ratios (DDRs). For 20 Gy prescribed to the spherical applicator surface, the dose was computed at 5‐mm and 10‐mm depths from the spherical applicator surface for all XRSs.

Results

At 5‐, 10‐, 20‐, and 30‐mm depths from the source, the coefficient of variation (CV) of the XRS output for 40 kVp was 4.4%, 2.8%, 2.0%, and 3.1% and for 50 kVp was 4.2%, 3.8%, 3.8%, and 3.4%, respectively. At a 20‐mm depth from the source, the 40‐kVp energy had a mean output in Gy/Minute = 0.36, standard deviation (SD) = 0.0072, minimum output = 0.34, and maximum output = 0.37 and a 50‐kVp energy had a mean output = 0.56, SD = 0.021, minimum output = 0.52, and maximum output = 0.60. We noted the maximum DRR values of 2.8% and 2.5% for 40 kVp and 50 kVp, respectively. For all XRSs, the maximum dosimetric effect of these variations within a 10‐mm depth of the applicator surface is ≤ 2.5%. The CV increased as depth increased and as applicator size decreased.

Conclusion

The American Association of Physicist in Medicine Task Group‐167 requires that the impurities in radionuclides used for brachytherapy produce ≤ 5.0% dosimetric variations. Because of differences in an XRS output and DDC, we have demonstrated the dosimetric variations within a 10‐mm depth of the applicator surface to be ≤ 2.5%.
How EDs can help patients with AUDs: Rescue teams
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: January 2020

Heart attack patients get attention from many experts when they arrive at the emergency department (ED). The same thing should happen to patients with alcohol use disorders (AUDs), says the country's top alcohol expert.
CADCA CEO reflects on prevention progress over past 3 decades
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: January 2020

With 2020 the 30th anniversary of Community Anti‐Drug Coalitions of America (CADCA), we asked Chairman and CEO General Arthur T. Dean to reflect on how the field has changed.
Wireless Manipulation of Magnetic/Piezoelectric Micromotors for Precise Neural Stem‐Like Cell Stimulation
Authors: Liu Lu , Chen Bin , Liu Kun , Gao Junbin , Ye Yicheng , Wang Zhen , Qin Ni , Wilson Daniela A. , Tu Yingfeng , Peng Fei
Published: January 2020

Precise neural electrical stimulation, which is a means of promoting neuronal regeneration, is a promising solution for patients with neurotrauma and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, wirelessly controllable targeted motion and precise stimulation at the single‐cell level using S.platensis@Fe3O4@tBaTiO3 micromotors are successfully demonstrated for the first time. A highly versatile and multifunctional biohybrid soft micromotor is fabricated via the integration of S.platensis with magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles and piezoelectric BaTiO3 nanoparticles. The results show that this micromotor system can achieve navigation in a highly controllable manner under a low‐strength rotating magnetic field. The as‐developed system can achieve single‐cell targeted motion and then precisely induce the differentiation of the targeted neural stem‐like cell by converting ultrasonic energy to an electrical signal in situ owing to the piezoelectric effect. This new approach toward the high‐precision stimulation of neural stem‐like cells opens up new applications for micromotors and has excellent potential for precise neuronal regenerative therapies.
A Synthetic Carrier of Nucleic Acids Structured as a Neutral Phospholipid Envelope Tightly Assembled on Polyplex Surface
Authors: Xue Yonger , Feng Jia , Liu Yilei , Che Junyi , Bai Guang , Dong Xiaotao , Wu Fei , Jin Tuo
Published: January 2020

Synthetic carriers of nucleic acids remain inefficient for practical applications due to their insufficient functions as compared with viral vectors developed by evolution. Here, a synthetic carrier is designed to structurally mimic lentivirus, a widely‐used viral vector in therapeutic developments, for its neutral phospholipid membrane tightly anchored on the surface of a packed nucleic acid core. Unlike the reported lipopolyplexes of which the surface membrane around the nucleic acid core is formed from charged lipids, the stable attachment of the neutral lipids to each polyplex core in the present system is achieved through preadsorbed micelles of multicarboxyl amphiphilic molecules as lipid bilayer anchors. The adsorbed micelles are under a tension of deformation due to the electrostatic attraction of the head groups to the cationic surface and their “thermodynamic responsibility” to cover the hydrophobic tails in water. When liposomes of neutral phospholipids approach, the hydrophobic tail groups of the adsorbed micelles may insert into the lipid bilayer matrix to induce them to fuse around polyplex and relieve the thermodynamic tension. The formed neutral phospholipid membrane may encapsulate the polyplex core stably, prevent siRNA from prephagocytic leaking and degrading, and immobilize functional agents with increased capacity.
Surface Free Energy Estimation: A New Methodology for Solid Surfaces
Authors: Altay Bilge Nazli , Ma Ruoxi , Fleming Paul D. , Joyce Michael J. , Anand Adarsh , Chen Ting , Keskin Bekir , Maddipatla Dinesh , Turkani Vikram S. , Kotkar Prashant R. , Fleck Alexander , Rasheed Rasheed , He Duo
Published: January 2020

An interpretation of solid surfaces is generated based on physical considerations and the laws of thermodynamics. Like the widely used Owens–Wendt (OW) method, the proposed method uses liquids for characterization. Each liquid provides an absolute lower bound on the surface energy with some uncertainty from measurement variations. If multiple liquids are employed, the largest lower bound is taken as the most accurate, with uncertainty due to measurement errors. The more liquids used, the more accurate is the greatest lower bound. This method links generalizations of the Good–Girifalco equation with a general thermodynamic inequality relating the three‐interfacial tensions in a three‐phase equilibrium system. The method always satisfies this inequality with better than a 65% certainty. However, the OW seldom, if ever, conforms to this inequality and even then, the degree of satisfaction is insignificant. A reconciliation of the two methods is proposed based on rescaling the OW surface energies to conform to the inequality. This enables interpretations of dispersion and polar components of the surface energy, which are thermodynamically self‐consistent. The proposed method is also capable of dealing with material exchange between liquid and solid phases, when the surface tension and contact angle of the saturated liquids can be measured.
Highly Sensitive Polarization Rotation Measurement through a High‐Order Vector Beam Generated by a Metasurface
Authors: Yue Fuyong , Aglieri Vincenzo , Piccoli Riccardo , Macaluso Roberto , Toma Andrea , Morandotti Roberto , Razzari Luca
Published: January 2020

The precise determination of the polarization state of light is fundamental for a vast variety of applications in remote sensing, astronomy, optics and terahertz technology, to name just a few. Typically, polarization characterization is performed by using a combination of multiple optical devices such as beam splitters, polarizers, and waveplates. Moreover, to achieve high‐precision, balanced photodetectors and lock‐in amplifiers are employed, thus contributing to increasing system complexity. Here, a technique for polarization rotation measurements with a dynamic range of 180° and a sensitivity of about 10−2 degrees is realized using a properly designed metasurface. Such device generates a vector beam with an azimuthally‐dependent polarization distribution, as a result of the superposition of two vortex beams carrying opposite orbital angular momenta (ℓ = ±30). After propagation through a linear polarizer, the spatial intensity profile of such a beam turns into 60 lobes. By tracking the displacement of only two of these lobes on a camera, the rotation of the input polarization state can be retrieved with high resolution. The proposed approach offers a new route toward the development of compact high‐precision polarimeters and can also be exploited in quantum information processing, optical communications, as well as nonlinear and chiral optics.
Ethical considerations for cardiac surgical interventions in children with trisomy 13 and trisomy 18
Authors: Neubauer Kathryn , Boss Renee D.
Published: January 2020

Medical and surgical approaches to children with trisomy 13 and 18 are evolving, and an increasing number of patients are being considered for simple and complex cardiac procedures. This review describes how the shifts in medical and social considerations for children with trisomy 13 and 18 mirror the shifts that occurred 50 years ago for children with trisomy 21. Yet the variability in cardiac lesions, and variability in non‐cardiac comorbidities, is much greater for patients with trisomy 13 and 18 than for those with trisomy 21. That variability, combined with the severe neurologic impairment in survivors, complicates the current risk: benefit balance of surgical intervention. Consistent approaches to care for these patients should be built on an evidence base, and should include contributions from specialists in medical ethics and palliative care.
Photocatalytic Synthesis of Diphosphorous Quinoline Compounds
Authors: Xiong Yunkui , Zhang Yu , Qi Liping , Jiang Minbao , Zhang Jianye , Wang Tao
Published: January 2020

Herein, we report the reaction of quinoline with diphenylphosphine oxide in the presence of visible light without catalyst. The reaction completes in 24 h under the mild conditions and the substrates are well tolerant. This method provides a straightforward and environmentally friendly access to diphosphorous quinoline compounds. Similarly, this method can also aid in the phosphate functionalization of some heterocyclic compounds.
Synthesis of a Hemispherical Geodesic Phenine Framework by a Polygon Assembling Strategy
Authors: Mio Tatsuru , Ikemoto Koki , Sato Sota , Isobe Hiroyuki
Published: January 2020

A synthetic strategy to construct large geodesic structures of phenine (1,3,5‐trisubstituted benzene) was devised. In this strategy, five pentagons were assembled on an omphalos pentagon, and bridging peripheral pentagons furnished five additional hexagons. Thirty phenine units were synthetically assembled to afford a large C220H180 molecule with a phenine framework isoreticular to a hemispherical, bisected segment of C60. Although a hemispherical structure of the phenine framework was suggested by solution‐phase NMR spectra, crystallographic analysis revealed an oval‐like deformation of the molecular shape. In‐depth structural analyses, including theoretical calculations, showed that structural fluctuations observed as variations in the biaryl torsion angles allowed structural deformations and, at the same time, that the dynamic fluctuations resulted in the spectroscopic observation of a hemisphere as a time‐averaged structure.
In Vitro Light‐Up Visualization of a Subunit‐Specific Enzyme by an AIE Probe via Restriction of Single Molecular Motion
Authors: Zang Tienan , Xie Yachen , Su Sa , Liu Feiran , Chen Qianqian , Jing Jing , Zhang Rubo , Niu Guangle , Zhang Xiaoling
Published: January 2020

Enzymes contain several subunits to maintain different biological functions. However, it remains a great challenge for specific discrimination of one subunit over another. Toward this end, the fluorescent probe TPEMA is now presented for highly specific detection of the B subunit of cytosolic creatine (CK) kinase isoenzyme (CK‐B). Owing to its aggregation‐induced emission property, TPEMA shows highly boosted emission toward CK‐B with a fast response time and very low interference from other analytes, including the M subunit of CK (CK‐M). With the aid of a Job plot assay, ITC assay and molecular dynamics simulation, it was directly confirmed that the remarkably enhanced fluorescence of TPEMA in the presence of CK‐B results from the restriction of single molecular motion in the cavity. Selective wash‐free fluorescence imaging of CK‐B in macrophages under different treatments was successfully demonstrated.
Li/Garnet Interface Stabilization by Thermal‐Decomposition Vapor Deposition of an Amorphous Carbon Layer
Authors: Feng Wuliang , Dong Xiaoli , Zhang Xiang , Lai Zhengzhe , Li Panlong , Wang Congxiao , Wang Yonggang , Xia Yongyao
Published: January 2020

Applying interlayers is the main strategy to address the large area specific resistance (ASR) of Li/garnet interface. However, studies on eliminating the Li2CO3 and LiOH interfacial lithiophobic contaminants are still insufficient. Here, thermal‐decomposition vapor deposition (TVD) of a carbon modification layer on Li6.75La3Zr1.75Ta0.25O12 (LLZTO) provides a contaminant‐free surface. Owing to the protection of the carbon layer, the air stability of LLZTO is also improved. Moreover, owing to the amorphous structure of the low graphitized carbon (LGC), instant lithiation is achieved, and the ASR of the Li/LLZTO interface is reduced to 9 Ω cm2. Lithium volatilization and Zr4+ reduction are also controllable during TVD. Compared with its high graphitized carbon counterpart (HGC), the LGC‐modified Li/LLZTO interface displays a higher critical current density of 1.2 mA cm−2, as well as moderate Li plating and stripping, which provides enhanced polarization voltage stability.
Iridium‐Catalyzed Silylation of Five‐Membered Heteroarenes: High Sterically Derived Selectivity from a Pyridyl‐Imidazoline Ligand
Authors: Karmel Caleb , Rubel Camille Z. , Kharitonova Elena V. , Hartwig John F.
Published: January 2020

The steric effects of substituents on five‐membered rings are less pronounced than those on six‐membered rings because of the difference in bond angles. Thus, the regioselectivities of reactions of five‐membered heteroarenes that occur with selectivities dictated by steric effects, such as the borylation of C−H bonds, have been poor in many cases. We report that the silylation of five‐membered‐ring heteroarenes occurs with high sterically derived regioselectivity when catalyzed by the combination of [Ir(cod)(OMe)]2 (cod=1,5‐cyclooctadiene) and a phenanthroline ligand or a new pyridyl‐imidazoline ligand that further increases the regioselectivity. The silylation reactions with these catalysts produce high yields of heteroarylsilanes from functionalization at the most sterically accessible C−H bonds of these rings under conditions that the borylation of C−H bonds with previously reported catalysts formed mixtures of products or products that are unstable. The heteroarylsilane products undergo cross‐coupling reactions and substitution reactions with ipso selectivity to generate heteroarenes that bear halogen, aryl, and perfluoroalkyl substituents.
Homonuclear Decoupling in 1H NMR of Solids by Remote Correlation
Authors: Moutzouri Pinelopi , Paruzzo Federico M. , Simões de Almeida Bruno , Stevanato Gabriele , Emsley Lyndon
Published: January 2020

The typical linewidths of 1H NMR spectra of powdered organic solids at 111 kHz magic‐angle spinning (MAS) are of the order of a few hundred Hz. While this is remarkable in comparison to the tens of kHz observed in spectra of static samples, it is still the key limit to the use of 1H in solid‐state NMR, especially for complex systems. Here, we demonstrate a novel strategy to further improve the spectral resolution. We show that the anti‐z‐COSY experiment can be used to reduce the residual line broadening of 1H NMR spectra of powdered organic solids. Results obtained with the anti‐z‐COSY sequence at 100 kHz MAS on thymol, β‐AspAla, and strychnine show an improvement in resolution of up to a factor of two compared to conventional spectra acquired at the same spinning rate.
Minimization of Carrier Losses for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells through Structural Modification of Triphenylamine Derivatives
Authors: Rodríguez‐Seco Cristina , Méndez Maria , Roldán‐Carmona Cristina , Pudi Ravi , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja , Palomares Emilio Jose
Published: January 2020

Three hole transport materials (HTMs) based on a substituted triphenylamine moiety have been synthesized and successfully employed in triple‐cation mixed‐halide PSCs, reaching efficiencies of 19.4 %. The efficiencies, comparable to those obtained using spiro‐OMeTAD, point them out as promising candidates for easily attainable and cost‐effective alternatives for PSCs, given their facile synthesis from commercially available materials. Interestingly, although all these HTMs show similar chemical and physical properties, they provide different carrier recombination kinetics. Our results demonstrate that is feasible through the molecular design of the HTM to minimize carrier losses and, thus, increase the solar cell efficiencies.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Cationic Boron Complexes Distorted by Pyridine‐based Pincer Ligands: Isolation of a Photochemical Hofmann–Martius‐type Intermediate
Authors: Janes Trevor , Diskin‐Posner Yael , Milstein David
Published: January 2020

A family of cationic boron complexes was synthesized, using a dianilidopyridine pincer ligand, which imposes in‐plane distortion of the geometry at boron towards T‐shaped. Reactivity of these cations toward hydride and base was investigated, and the utility of these cations as precursors to a variety of π‐conjugated BN heterocycles was demonstrated. 300 nm irradiation of a deprotonated pincer boron complex triggered a C−N cleavage/C−C formation yielding a dearomatized boryl imine, which has a structure akin to the long‐proposed intermediate in the photochemical Hofmann–Martius rearrangement. The photo‐rearrangement triggers relief of the distortion imposed by the pincer ligand.
Evaluation of mass transfer effect and response surface optimization for abatement of phenol and cyanide using immobilized carbon alginate beads in a fixed bio‐column reactor
Authors: Pathak Uttarini , Banerjee Avishek , Roy Teetas , Das Subham Kumar , Das Papita , Kumar Tarkeshwar , Mandal Tamal
Published: January 2020

Coke oven sectors dispense phenol and cyanide into the circumferential ecosystem, which becomes a serious concern to the subsistence of the flora and fauna. The current study investigates phenol–cyanide treatment using carbon alginate beads immobilized with mixed bacterial consortium. Response surface using central composite design was contrived for the batch and packed bed bio‐column optimization study. The optimal removal conditions obtained in batch study were 89.77% and 82.33% for phenol and cyanide, respectively, with 10‐g/L adsorbent dosage, time 2 hr, and particle diameter 0.3 cm, whereas 87.22% and 90.97% with 22‐cm column height, column diameter 3 cm, 10‐ml/min flow rate, and 1‐hr operation time. The actual exposure time of the pollutants in the bio‐column reactor was calculated to be 22.15 min. Analysis of variance and model statistics predicted a high coefficient of determination for column operation with R2 = .9950 (phenol), R2 = .9976 (cyanide), and p values < .0001 stating significant model. The quantitative estimation of the combined external mass transfer and biodegradation effect was performed to evaluate correlation as (phenol) and (cyanide) with km = 0.052 and km = 0.055 cm/hr, respectively. The surface morphological study was executed by field emission scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis depicting bacterial film development on the porous carbon matrix for effective treatment of binary system.
Developing Student Metacognition through Reflective Writing in an Upper Level Undergraduate Anatomy Course
Authors: O’Loughlin Valerie Dean , Griffith Lauren Miller
Published: January 2020

Incorporating metacognitive strategies in the classroom helps students monitor and adjust their learning strategies throughout the semester, and helps students progress from novice to expert learners in a subject. Journaling (i.e., reflective writing) is one metacognitive task that allows students to contemplate and articulate their skill development as they learn a new subject. The research reported here examines the use of ‘blogs’ (i.e., online journals) in an upper level undergraduate human anatomy course. The blogs both facilitated development of students' metacognitive skills and provided researchers insight into student metacognitive process. Data were examined from 92 students from three successive semesters (spring 2010, 2012 and 2014). Each student reviewed 10 radiology online cases throughout the semester and then reflected on their understanding of anatomy and radiology in an online blog for each case. A total of 927 blogs were examined for this research. The researchers used a grounded theory approach to analyze the blog narratives and develop a codebook based on common themes. The 927 blogs yielded 11,082 statements that were coded with the codebook. As the semester progressed, the blog entries showed that students demonstrated greater self‐confidence in their abilities to understand the subject matter, expressed greater enthusiasm for anatomy in general, and they improved their metacognitive skills. This research illustrates that reflective writing in an undergraduate anatomy course not only facilitates improvement in student metacognitive skills, but also provides the instructor with evidence how a student progresses from novice to more experienced learner in anatomy.