bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of European Women and the Question of Mixed Couples in the Algerian Nationalist Movement in France, Circa 1918–1962
Authors: MacMaster Neil
Published: April 2011

Interwar migration of Algerian workers to France, predominantly a movement of single males, led to the formation of numerous mixed couples, a pattern that was remarkably different from the high level of ethnic and religious segregation in the colony. This article examines the significant but largely unrecognized role of European women in the émigré nationalist movement. After 1945, and in particular with the start of the War of Independence, family reunification led to a rapid increase in female emigration, enabling a more “patriotic” form of marriage. Concurrently, the influence of the reformist Ulema, which opposed mixed marriage as a symbol of Western assimilation and the subversion of Arabic culture, language, and identity, spread into the nationalist movement. In the latent conflict between more secular, socialist, and progressive currents in the French Federation of the Front de Libération Nationale that accepted or engaged in mixed-couple relations and a religiously inspired, exclusionary, and chauvinistic form of nationalism, the latter won out in the postcolonial state, initiating a long phase of antifeminist reaction.

La migration des travailleurs algériens en France entre les deux guerres, composée essentiellement d'hommes seuls, mena à la formation de nombreux couples d'origines mixtes, condition très différente de celle de la colonie, caractérisée par un haut niveau de ségrégation ethnique et religieuse. L'article examine le rôle considérable des femmes européennes dans le mouvement nationaliste des émigrés algériens, rôle jusqu'ici très peu reconnu. Après 1945, et surtout à partir du début de la guerre d'indépendance, une tendance vers la réunification familiale et l'émigration féminine facilitait des mariages de caractère plus « patriotique ». En même temps, l'influence réformiste des ulémas pénétrait le mouvement nationaliste, s'opposant au mariage mixte, qu'ils représentaient comme symbole d'une domination occidentale et comme une subversion de la culture, langue et identité arabes. Dans le conflit larvé qui opposait d'une part un courant laïc, socialiste et progressiste de la Fédération de France du Front de libération nationale, qui acceptait et pratiquait le couple mixte, et d'autre part un nationalisme d'inspiration plus religieuse, conservatrice et chauvine, c'est ce dernier qui triompha dans l'état postcolonial, ce qui initia une longue période de réaction antiféministe.
Regional Republicans: The Alsatian Socialists and the Politics of Primary Schooling in Alsace, 1918–1939
Authors: Carrol Alison
Published: April 2011

This article deals with political discussions about the place of language and religion in interwar Alsatian primary schools viewed through the lens of the local Socialist Party (SFIO). After Alsace's return to France in 1918, primary schools exemplified the problematic process of reintegrating the province, and parties from across the political spectrum discussed the appropriate language of instruction and whether Alsatian school-children should receive religious education. For the Alsatian Socialists, the answer lay in the broad reform needed to ease reintegration and was motivated by their self-proclaimed republicanism. Thus the party argued for secularity, which would place the province on the same terrain as all other parts of France, and for bilingualism, which would allow the retention of Alsatian regional cultures. In making this argument, the Alsatian SFIO revealed that not everyone in interwar France associated regional language with religion or believed that republican ideas needed to come packaged in the French language. Moreover, the SFIO's actions offer insight into the development of regional political cultures and the varieties of grassroots republicanism in interwar France.

Cet article étudie les débats ayant trait à la place de la langue et de la religion à l'école primaire tels qu'ils sont perçus par le parti socialiste régional (SFIO) dans l'entre-deux-guerres. Après le retour de l'Alsace à la France en 1918, l'école primaire devient l'emblème des difficultés d'intégration que rencontre la région. Les partis politiques de tout bord engagent alors des débats sur la langue à utiliser à l'école ainsi que sur la place de l'éducation religieuse pour les jeunes Alsaciens. Pour les socialistes alsaciens, la réponse se situe au niveau de la large reforme nécessaire à une réintégration souple à la France. C'est pourquoi le parti préconise la laïcité, qui place l'Alsace sur un pied d'égalité avec le reste de la France, et le bilinguisme, qui contribue à la pérennité d'une culture alsacienne régionale. A travers leur participation à la politique de l'enseignement primaire, la SFIO alsacienne souligne les différentes variétés de républicanisme populaire dans la France de l'entre-deux-guerres.
Histone H3 phosphorylation and non-disjunction of the maternal X chromosome during male meiosis in sciarid flies
Authors: Escribá M. Carmen , Giardini M. Cecilia , Goday Clara
Published: April 2011

An extremely unorthodox method of chromosome segregation is found in sciarid flies (Diptera, Sciaridae), where at male meiosis, the whole paternal complement is eliminated and the maternal X chromosome undergoes non-disjunction. At meiosis I, a monopolar spindle directs the segregation of maternal chromosomes to the single pole, whereas paternal chromosomes are discarded. At meiosis II, although maternal autosomes segregate normally, the X chromosome remains undivided. A cis-acting locus within the heterochromatin proximal to the centromere is known to regulate X centromere activity. By immunofluorescence analysis in spermatocytes from Sciara ocellaris and Sciara coprophila, we investigated histone H3 phosphorylation at Ser10, Ser28, Thr3 and Thr11 during male meiosis. We found that chromosome condensation and H3 phosphorylation patterns differ between chromosomes of different parental origin at the time of paternal set elimination. Importantly, at meiosis II, the maternal X chromosome differs from the rest of the chromosomes in that its centromeric region does not become phosphorylated at the four histone H3 sites. We provide here the first evidence linking the under-phosphorylated H3 status of the X chromosome centromeric region with its meiotic non-disjunction in sciarid flies. Our findings strongly support the idea that the deficiency in local H3 phosphorylation inactivates the X centromere at the transition from meiosis I to meiosis II.
p63 maintains keratinocyte proliferative capacity through regulation of Skp2–p130 levels
Authors: McDade Simon S. , Patel Daksha , McCance Dennis J.
Published: April 2011

p63 is a master regulator of proliferation and differentiation in stratifying epithelia, and its expression is frequently altered in carcinogenesis. However, its role in maintaining proliferative capacity remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that hypoproliferation and loss of differentiation in organotypic raft cultures of primary neonatal human foreskin keratinocytes (HFKs) depleted of the α and β isoforms of p63 result from p53–p21-mediated accumulation of retinoblastoma (Rb) family member p130. Hypoproliferation in p63-depleted HFKs can be rescued by depletion of p53, p21CIP1 or p130. Furthermore, we identified the gene encoding S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2), the recognition component of the SCFSkp2 E3 ubiquitin ligase, as a novel target of p63, potentially influencing p130 levels. Expression of Skp2 is maintained by p63 binding to a site in intron 2 and mRNA levels are downregulated in p63-depleted cells. Hypoproliferation in p63-depleted cells can be restored by re-expression of Skp2. Taken together, these results indicate that p63 plays a multifaceted role in maintaining proliferation in the mature regenerating epidermis, in addition to being required for differentiation.
A Mononuclear Peracetatoiron(III) Complex: Structural and Spectroscopic Characterization, and Oxidation Reactivity
Authors: Zhang Xi , Furutachi Hideki , Tojo Tomonori , Tsugawa Tomohiro , Fujinami Shuhei , Sakurai Takeshi , Suzuki Masatatsu
Published: April 2011

A mononuclear peracetatoiron(III) complex [Fe(6Me2-BPP)(CH3C(O)O2)]+ (2) with a tripodal ligand (6Me2-BPP) was prepared in the reaction of an iron(II) complex [Fe(6Me2-BPP)(H2O)]+ (1) with peracetic acid. 2 is the first example of a structurally and spectroscopically well-defined non-heme type peracetatoiron(III) complex and has modest oxidation ability toward triphenyl phosphine, some olefins, and the tertiary C–H bond of adamantane.
Asymmetric Vinylogous Michael Reaction of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehyde with Buteno-4-lactone
Authors: Luo Xiaoyan , Zhou Zhiqiang , Yu Feng , Li Xin , Liang Xinmiao , Ye Jinxing
Published: April 2011

The asymmetric vinylogous Michael reactions of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes with γ-butenolide(buteno-4-lactone) were efficiently catalyzed by the Jørgensen–Hayashi catalyst and LiOAc. The desired products were obtained in satisfactory yields with excellent enantioselectivities and moderate diastereoselectivities.
Rapid Electroformation of Giant Vesicles
Authors: Okumura Yukihisa , Urita Koji
Published: April 2011

With a small amount of an electrolyte, electroformation of giant vesicles (GVs) proceeded faster than in pure water. In 50 µM neutral phosphate buffer, a GV larger than 50 µm formed in 100 s. The time required for the completion was 5–10 min while electroformation in pure water usually takes 90–120 min. The rapid formation was observed with various electrolytes but only of appropriate concentration (for phosphate buffer, 40–200 µM) and not with a nonelectrolyte such as glucose.
Facile Evaluation of Interactions between Carbon Nanotubes and Phthalocyanines Using Silica Spheres Coated with Ultrathin-layers of Single-walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Yoo JongTae , Fujigaya Tsuyohiko , Nakashima Naotoshi
Published: April 2011

A simple and versatile method to evaluate the interactions between four different phthalocyanine dyes and carbon nanotube surfaces using silica spheres coated with ultrathin-layers of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is described. The well-isolated SWNTs immobilized on the silica spheres acted as effective adsorption sites for the dye molecules, and the interactions between them were evaluated by measuring the absorbance change in the supernatant solutions after simple mixing.
High-yield Synthesis of Boron Nitride Nanotubes by Annealing Fe3BO6
Authors: Li Jie , Zhang Laiping , Gu Yunle , Qian Qiongli , Wang Jilin , Zhao Guowei , Pan Xinye
Published: April 2011

Boron nitride (BN) nanotubes were obtained in high yield via chemical vapor deposition by annealing Fe3BO6 under NH3 atmosphere at 1100 °C. The XRD and FTIR spectra indicate the products are high pure hexagonal phase BN. SEM, TEM, and HRTEM were used for observing the morphology of the products. The possible chemical reactions and growth mechanism are also proposed.
Tumour-like presentations of anogenital herpes simplex in HIV-positive patients
Authors: Ranu H , Lee J , Chio M , Sen P
Published: April 2011

Genital and perianal ulcers seen in patients with HIV are commonly due to herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. While it is well known that the characteristic presentation of HSV is a vesicular rash or crops of erosions, the clinical presentation of genital HSV infection in HIV is varied and can assume vegetative, hypertrophic, condyloma-like, nodular, ulcerative and tumour-like nodules or plaques. These unusual presentations often lead to a delayed diagnosis. We describe five immunocompromised HIV-positive patients with CD4 counts ranging from 114 to 326 cells/μL with unusual presentations of anogenital herpes.
The relative contribution of viral and bacterial sexually transmitted infections on HIV acquisition in southern African women in the Methods for Improving Reproductive Health in Africa study
Authors: Venkatesh K K , van der Straten A , Cheng H , Montgomery E T , Lurie M N , Chipato T , Ramjee G , Blanchard K , Padian N S , Mayer K H , de Bruyn G
Published: April 2011

We assess the relative contribution of viral and bacterial sexually transmitted infections (STIs) on HIV acquisition among southern African women in a nested case-control study within the Methods for Improving Reproductive Health in Africa (MIRA) trial. Cases were women with incident HIV infection; controls were HIV-uninfected at the time of case seroconversion selected in a 1 to 3 case to control ratio (risk-set sampling), matched on study site and time of follow-up. Conditional logistic regression models were used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (AORs) and population-attributable fractions (PAF). Among 4948 enrolled women, we analysed 309 cases and 927 controls. The overall HIV incidence rate was 4.0 per 100 women-years. The incidence of HIV infection was markedly higher in women who had prevalent Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) (AOR: 2.14; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.55–2.96), incident HSV-2 (AOR: 4.43; 95% CI: 1.77–11.05) and incident Neisseria gonorrhoeae (AOR: 6.92; 95% CI: 3.01–15.90). The adjusted PAF of HIV incidence for prevalent HSV-2 was 29.0% (95% CI: 16.8–39.3), for incident HSV-2 2.1% (95% CI: 0.6–3.6) and for incident N. gonorrhoeae 4.1% (95% CI: 2.5–5.8). Women's greatest risk factors for HIV acquisition were incident bacterial and viral STIs. Women-centred interventions aimed at decreasing HIV incidence in young African women need to address these common co-morbid conditions.
A comparison of condom use errors and problems for heterosexual anal and vaginal intercourse
Authors: Topping A A , Milhausen R R , Graham C A , Sanders S A , Yarber W L , Crosby R A
Published: April 2011

Condom use errors and problems were compared for anal and vaginal intercourse among a convenience sample of heterosexual men aged 18–66 years ( n = 757). Men completed an online questionnaire for the last male condom use event for penile–anal (10.4%) or penile–vaginal (89.6%) intercourse. The prevalence of condom use errors and problems was similar regardless of intercourse type with a few exceptions; those reporting anal intercourse were significantly more likely to report using water-based ( P < 0.001) and oil-based ( P = 0.037) lubricant and to remove condoms before sex was finished ( P < 0.001). The large majority of the sample (93.8%) reported at least one of the nine errors assessed and almost half (46.2%) reported at least one of the seven problems, indicating that many adults may need assistance with these issues. Condom use promotion programmes designed for heterosexual adults are needed that address condom use errors and problems for penile–anal as well as penile–vaginal intercourse.
Technical considerations for accurate measurement of subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness using B-mode ultrasound
Authors: Toomey C , McCreesh K , Leahy S , Jakeman P
Published: April 2011

The search for valid, reliable and inexpensive methods of measuring body composition is an ongoing issue for many researchers. In particular, the measurement of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) is carried out by numerous methods, each with its own drawbacks. Skinfold thickness measurement is the most common in-field method, but it is limited by its tendency to deform the adipose layer, by the limited caliper opening which prevents measurement of larger skinfolds, and the lack of correction for elastic properties of tissue between individuals. Therefore non-invasive field measures which overcome these limitations would be desirable. Ultrasound scanning provides such a device due to its portability and availability, allowing reduced tissue compression and on-screen views of the adipose tissue. Despite a number of papers referring to the use of ultrasound for measuring adipose tissue, the method of measurement has not been fully described. This paper describes our work in determining an accurate method for the measurement of SAT at different body sites, including a comparison of scanning directions and sites. We also describe our investigations into the degree to which compression force through the transducer affects adipose tissue measurement, and the reliability and sensitivity of our methods. We conclude with a recommended reliable scanning protocol for the measurement of SAT.
Laboratory Medicine Best Practices: Systematic Evidence Review and Evaluation Methods for Quality Improvement
Authors: Christenson Robert H , Snyder Susan R , Shaw Colleen S , Derzon James H , Black Robert S , Mass Diana , Epner Paul , Favoretto Alessandra M , Liebow Edward B
Published: April 2011

OBJECTIVE

To develop methods for systematically reviewing evidence for identifying effective laboratory medicine (LM) practices associated with improved healthcare quality outcomes.

RELEVANCE

Although many evidence-evaluation systems have been developed, none are designed to include and rate healthcare quality improvement studies to identify evidence-based practices that improve patient safety and LM quality.

METHODS

Validated evidence-based medicine methods established by governmental agencies, the Guide to Community Preventive Services, and others were adapted for the LM field. Key methods modifications included (a) inclusion of quality improvement study designs; (b) mechanisms for inclusion of unpublished evidence, (c) combining of individual ratings of study quality, effect size, and relevance of outcome measures to evaluate consistency of practice evidence; and (d) deriving an overall strength rating to support evidence-based best practice recommendations. The methods follow the process steps of: ask; acquire; appraise; analyze; apply; and assess. Expert panels used the systematic evidence review results on practice effectiveness for improving healthcare quality outcomes consistent with the Institute of Medicine's healthcare quality aims (safe, timely, effective, equitable, efficient, and patient-centered).

CONCLUSIONS

Adapting and developing methods from validated systems and applying them to systematically review and evaluate practices in LM by using published and unpublished studies is feasible. With these methods, evidence from quality improvement studies can be systematically synthesized and summarized to identify effective LM practices. Practical and scientifically validated demonstration of a positive impact on outcomes ensures that practitioners, policy makers, and decision makers at all levels have the evidence needed for improving healthcare quality and public health.
Assessment of the Coefficient of Lateral Earth Pressure at Rest (K
o) from In Situ Seismic Tests
Authors: Cai Guojun , Liu Songyu , Puppala Anand J. , Tong Liyuan
Published: April 2011

The coefficient of the earth pressure at rest (Ko) is an important soil parameter that influences shear strength, stress-strain behavior, and compressibility characteristics of both cohesive and cohesionless soils. This paper presents a research study in which the Ko values of natural soil deposits are interpreted on the basis of seismic shear wave velocity measurements made at two research sites in Jiangsu province of China. Seismic piezocone penetration tests and cross-hole seismic logging tests were performed at both sites and these results have been used in two existing Ko-shear wave velocity models for prediction of Ko. The predicted Ko at both sites are compared with values determined utilizing Jaky’s formula via laboratory measured strength parameters. Certain variations between predictions and measurements are noted for soils at shallow depths, which are attributed to stress history and desiccation in these layers. Further analysis developed correction factors that accounted for both soil types and overconsolidation ratio effects. These factors can be used with original models for better interpretation of Ko for overconsolidated clays. This approach showed a reasonable match between interpreted Ko properties from both models and those that utilize laboratory test results.
The Contribution of Mobile Bearing Knee Design in Optimizing Tibial Rotation in Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Stiehl James B.
Published: April 2011

This study assessed the alignment and rotation in mobile bearing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) with the tibia cut first technique using an imageless referencing computer navigation protocol evaluating 41 patients. Prerelease mechanical alignment (MA) averaged 7° varus +/−5° (Range: 8° valgus to 20° varus). Post implant MA was 0.5° varus +/−1.2° (Range: 2° valgus to 3° varus). Post operative radiographic MA was 0.3° varus +/−1.3° (Range: 2° valgus to 2° varus). The baseline measurement of tibial rotation from 0° to 90° flexion was 6°+/−7.2° of tibial internal rotation (Range: 8° external rotation to 19.5° internal rotation). The post implant tibial rotation from 0° to 90° flexion was 3.6°+/−8° of tibial internal rotation (Range: 17° external rotation to 29° internal rotation). Of the baseline group, 25 % demonstrated tibial external rotation with flexion. After TKA, 28 % had tibial external rotation with flexion. When comparing the nominal tibial position in relation to the femur at 0° before and after TKA, the tibial rotation point at 0° moved more externally in 21 % and more internally in the rest with mean change for the overall group of 3.9° of internal rotation (Range: 17° internal to 5° external). This study identified significant changes in knee rotation that may be caused by correction of alignment and deformity. Mobile bearing implants by nature of unconstrained rotation are likely to accommodate these variations. This feature could be defined as a significant advantage over fixed-bearing prostheses.
Effects of Air Speed and Liquid Temperature on Droplet Size
Authors: Hoffmann W. Clint , Fritz Bradley K. , Bagley W. E. , Lan Yubin
Published: April 2011

Advancements in both application hardware (e.g., nozzles and spray assist devices) and spray property modification products have led to a number of products that are specifically designed to maximize the on-target deposition and minimize off-target movement of spray droplets. Testing protocols are being developed to objectively measure spray drift reduction from a wide range of drift reduction technologies (DRTs) including spray nozzles, sprayer modifications, spray delivery assistance, spray property modifiers (adjuvants), and/or landscape modifications. Using a DRT evaluation protocol, the objectives of this work were to study the effects of different air speeds on droplet size from different spray nozzles and spray solutions and to further evaluate the effects of differences in liquid and air temperature on droplet size at the different air speeds tested. Measured spray droplet size was significantly affected by changes in airspeed with the DV0.5 increasing by ∼30–100 μm and the percent of spray volume less than 200 μm decreasing by 50 % or more as the tunnel airspeed was increased from 0.5 to 6.7 m/s (1 to 15 miles per hour), depending on the spray solution, spray nozzle, and air speed. The data also showed a lesser influence of temperature differential between the spray solution and ambient air, with the differences seen most likely resulting from changes in spray solution physical properties with the changes in liquid temperature. Most importantly, this study demonstrated that a reference nozzle evaluated under the same conditions resulted in the reduction in driftable fines while the DRT remained constant across all conditions tested.
Effect of Cooling Rate During Quenching on the Toughness of High Speed Steels
Authors: Gonçalves Cristiane Sales , Slaviero André Luiz , Mesquita Rafael Agnelli , Tschiptschin André Paulo , Haddad Paulo de Tarso
Published: April 2011

High speed steels are usually employed in cutting tools and forming dies. Heat treatment is an important step during the tool manufacturing process, being responsible for most of the final properties, mainly hardness and toughness. In this context, an especial interest relies on the effect of hardening variables on mechanical properties and tool performance. The present paper aimed to study the effect of cooling rate during the quenching process of standard designation AISI M2 high speed steel, under typical industrial conditions. The experiments were carried out in an industrial vacuum furnace, with high pressure nitrogen quenching. Several cooling rates were obtained by variation of the nitrogen pressure and by the use of test specimens with different dimensions. Toughness results were mainly evaluated through static bend test. Low cooling rates were shown to decrease material toughness and large parts presented a decrease in mechanical properties from surface to core regions. Carbide precipitation on grain boundaries are pointed as the main explanation for all these effects.
Key gene regulatory sequences with distinctive ontological signatures associate with differentially endonuclease-accessible mouse sperm chromatin
Authors: Saida Myriam , Iles David , Elnefati Abdul , Brinkworth Martin , Miller David
Published: April 2011

Using a well-established endonuclease-based chromatin dissection procedure in conjunction with both experimental comparative genome hybridisation (CGH) array profiling andin silicodata mining, we show that mouse spermatozoa contain chromatin that is sensitive and resistant to digestion with micrococcal nuclease (MNase). Sequences represented in the micrococcal nuclease digestion solubilised (MNDS) but not the MND insoluble (MNDI) chromatin are strongly enriched in chromosomal regions of high gene density. Furthermore, by fluorescencein situhybridisation (FISH) analysis, we show that MNDS and MNDI DNAs occupy distinct domains of decondensed mouse sperm nuclei that may also retain abundant histones. More detailedin silicoanalysis of CGH probe location in relation to known promoters and sequences recognised by CCCTC binding factor (CTCF) shows a significant excess of both in MNDS chromatin. A functional analysis of gene promoters reveals strong ontological signatures for ion transport on methylated promoters associated with CTCF binding sequences in MNDS chromatin. Sensory perception is the only strong ontological signature present in MNDI chromatin, driven by promoters that are not associated with CTCF regardless of their methylation status.
Health Supervision for Children With Fragile X Syndrome
Authors: Hersh Joseph H. , Saul Robert A. ,   Committee on Genetics
Published: April 2011

Fragile X syndrome (an FMR1–related disorder) is the most commonly inherited form of mental retardation. Early physical recognition is difficult, so boys with developmental delay should be strongly considered for molecular testing. The characteristic adult phenotype usually does not develop until the second decade of life. Girls can also be affected with developmental delay. Because multiple family members can be affected with mental retardation and other conditions (premature ovarian failure and tremor/ataxia), family history information is of critical importance for the diagnosis and management of affected patients and their families. This report summarizes issues for fragile X syndrome regarding clinical diagnosis, laboratory diagnosis, genetic counseling, related health problems, behavior management, and age-related health supervision guidelines. The diagnosis of fragile X syndrome not only involves the affected children but also potentially has significant health consequences for multiple generations in each family.
Current Therapeutic Options for Hyponatremia: Indications, Limitations, and Confounding Variables
Authors: Human Theresa
Published: April 2011

The arginine vasopressin receptor antagonists, also known as the vaptans, are a new class of agents that address some of the unmet medical needs of patients with hyponatremia. Traditional therapies, including diuretics, fluid restriction, and saline infusions, have variable effects, potential toxicities, and concerns with patient adherence. Furthermore, these therapies are not specific to the underlying pathophysiology causing the hyponatremia. The recently approved arginine vasopressin receptor antagonists, however, target the underlying abnormal release of arginine vasopressin that is very likely at the core of the pathophysiology. Management of hyponatremia requires balancing the benefits of therapeutic intervention to restore normal serum sodium concentrations against the potential risks. Additional clinical experience is needed to develop reliable criteria for determining which patients should be treated with these agents. However, the data available indicate that this new class of drugs can favorably affect serum sodium concentration and clinical outcomes in patients with hypervolemic and euvolemic hyponatremia.
Clinically Significant Drug Interactions in Younger and Older Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐Positive Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Yiu Pannyun , Nguyen Nancy N. , Holodniy Mark
Published: April 2011

Study Objective. To characterize clinically significant drug interactions (CSDIs) in younger and older human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐positive patients who were receiving antiretroviral therapy.

Design. Retrospective medical record review.

Setting. HIV specialty clinic at a Veterans Affairs medical center.

Patients. A total of 110 younger (age < 50 yrs) and older (age ≥ 50 yrs) HIVpositive patients receiving antiretroviral therapy during 2007.

Measurements and Main Results. Demographic, clinical, and prescription drug data were collected. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic drug interactions were identified, assigned a severity grade, and evaluated for management according to two sources. Interactions with a grade of 2 (monitoring or timing of doses recommended), 3 (therapy modification recommended), or 4 (contraindicated) were considered CSDIs. Among 36 younger and 74 older patients, 763 CSDIs were identified. At least one CSDI was present in 83.3% and 89.2% of younger and older patients, respectively (p=0.56), with most having both antiretroviral and nonantiretroviral CSDIs. Younger and older patients, respectively, had a median of 3 and 5.5 total CSDIs/patient (p=0.09), 2 and 3 antiretroviral CSDIs/patient (p=0.65), and 0.5 and 2.5 nonantiretroviral CSDIs/patient (p=0.04). The proportions of grade 2, 3, and 4 CSDIs were 74.1%, 25.0%, and 0.9%, respectively, in younger patients and 73.1%, 26.1%, and 0.7%, respectively, in older patients (p=0.92). Younger patients had more CSDIs involving antihistamine, erectile dysfunction, and hormone or corticosteroid agents (p<0.01), whereas older patients had more CSDIs involving antihypertensive and antidiabetic agents (p<0.001). Management and outcomes of grades 3 and 4 antiretroviral CSDIs did not differ significantly by age. A list of frequently mismanaged interactions is provided.

Conclusion. Clinically significant drug interactions were prevalent in younger and older HIV‐positive patients receiving antiretroviral therapy, among which nonantiretroviral interactions should not be overlooked. Knowledge of the drug classes frequently involved in CSDIs by age group and types of CSDIs that are commonly mismanaged may help clinicians optimize care for HIV‐infected patients.
Raltegravir Intensification Therapy in Two Human Immunodeficiency Virus‐Infected Patients with Undetectable Viremia and Discordant CD4+ Response
Authors: Sherman Elizabeth M. , Cocohoba Jennifer M. , Dong Betty J.
Published: April 2011

Immunologic failure is characterized by the inability to maintain an adequate CD4+ cell count despite human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) suppression below standard limits of detection. With no consensus on the most efficacious treatment for poor immunologic response, intensification of a given antiretroviral therapy regimen with an additional antiretroviral agent has been proposed. We describe the responses to intensification therapy with raltegravir to increase CD4+ cell count in two HIV‐infected patients who were receiving optimized antiretroviral therapy but experienced discordant immunologic response. In both patients, HIV RNA remained undetectable for at least 70 weeks. The first patient demonstrated no clinically significant change in absolute CD4+ count over baseline (‐2 cells/mm3) as well as a net decrease in CD4+ percentage (‐3%). The second patient demonstrated a robust increase in absolute CD4+ count over baseline (+61 cells/mm3) and a clinically significant increase in CD4+ percentage (+3%). Therefore, conflicting immunologic responses to raltegravir intensification occurred in these two patients with undetectable HIV RNA who were receiving optimized background therapy. Management strategies for immunologic failure and results of the few studies on intensification with antiretrovirals in virologically suppressed patients are discussed. Further prospective trials confirming the immunologic benefits of raltegravir intensification are required before this strategy can be routinely recommended.
Microstructure Analysis of Selected Platinum Alloys
Authors: Battaini Paolo
Published: April 2011

Metallographic analysis can be used to determine the microstructure of platinum alloys in order to set up working cycles and to perform failure analyses. A range of platinum alloys used in jewellery and industrial applications was studied, including several commonly used jewellery alloys. Electrochemical etching was used to prepare samples for analysis using optical metallography and additional data could be obtained by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. The crystallisation behaviour of as-cast alloy samples and the changes in microstructure after work hardening and annealing are described for the selected alloys.
The 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Palladium-Catalysed Cross-Coupling
Authors: Colacot Thomas J.
Published: April 2011

The 2010 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded jointly to Professor Richard F. Heck (University of Delaware, USA), Professor Ei-ichi Negishi (Purdue University, USA) and Professor Akira Suzuki (Hokkaido University, Japan) for their work on palladium-catalysed cross-coupling in organic synthesis. This article presents a brief history of the development of the protocols for palladium-catalysed coupling in the context of Heck, Negishi and Suzuki coupling. Further developments in the area of palladium-catalysed cross-coupling are also briefly discussed, and the importance of these reactions for real world applications is highlighted.
Trickling Filter and Trickling Filter‐Suspended Growth Process Design and Operation: A State‐of‐the‐Art Review
Authors: Daigger Glen T. , Boltz Joshua P.
Published: April 2011

The modern trickling filter typically includes the following major components: (1) rotary distributors with speed control; (2) modular plastic media (typically cross‐flow media unless the bioreactor is treating high‐strength wastewater, which warrants the use of vertical‐flow media); (3) a mechanical aeration system (that consists of air distribution piping and low‐pressure fans); (4) influent/recirculation pump station; and (5) covers that aid in the uniform distribution of air and foul air containment (for odor control). Covers may be equipped with sprinklers that can spray in‐plant washwater to cool the media during emergency shut down periods. Trickling filter mechanics are poorly understood. Consequently, there is a general lack of mechanistic mathematical models and design approaches, and the design and operation of trickling filter and trickling filter/suspended growth (TF/SG) processes is empirical. Some empirical trickling filter design criteria are described in this paper. Benefits inherent to the trickling filter process (when compared with activated sludge processes) include operational simplicity, resistance to toxic and shock loads, and low energy requirements. However, trickling filters are susceptible to nuisance conditions that are primarily caused by macro fauna. Process mechanical components dedicated to minimizing the accumulation of macro fauna such as filter flies, worms, and snail (shells) are now standard. Unfortunately, information on the selection and design of these process components is fragmented and has been poorly documented. The trickling filter/solids contact process is the most common TF/SG process. This paper summarizes state‐of‐the art design and operational practice for the modern trickling filter.
Temporal Evolution of Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates and Heavy Metals in Sludge from Wastewater Treatment Plant
Authors: Villar M. , Callejón M. , Villar P. , Fernández‐Torres R. , Bello M. A. , Guiraúm A.
Published: April 2011

Five homologues of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS)—LAS C‐10, LAS C‐11, LAS C‐12, and LAS C‐13 and total LAS—were monitored during a one‐year period in primary, secondary, and digested sludge to evaluate their presence and temporal evolution. Extraction of LAS was carried out using microwaves energy, and determination was performed using high‐performance liquid chromatographic‐ fluorescence (HPLC‐FL). The results showed that concentrations of total LAS were between 9 337 mg/kg−1 dry matter for primary sludge and 33.3 mg/kg−1 (DM) for secondary sludge. Concentrations of total LAS were greater than 2 113 mg/kg−1 in primary and digested sludge and were less than 260 mg/kg−1 in secondary sludge. On the other hand, the highest concentrations of LAS in primary sludge were found in summer, probably because of lack of rain during those months. Concentrations tend to be constant throughout the year in digested sludge. In addition heavy metals also were analyzed. Heavy metals, including zinc, copper, nickel, lead, and chromium are persistent environmental contaminants that cannot be destroyed. Biomagnification through the food‐chain and potential accumulation in human tissues can cause both human health and environmental concerns. Concern regarding total heavy metal content of sludge limits sludge recycling for use on agricultural lands. This paper presents a comparative study of wastewater sludge that are going to be used as fertilizer based on the requirements of legislation proposed in the European Union. This research found that concentrations of total LAS in digested sludge are higher than the limits established in the proposed new draft.
Kinetics and Reaction Pathways of Formaldehyde Degradation Using the UV‐Fenton Method
Authors: Liu Xiangxuan , Liang Jiantao , Wang Xuanjun
Published: April 2011

This study was based on the purpose of investigating the reaction rules of formaldehyde (HCHO) as an intermediate product in the degradation of many other organic wastewaters. The process conditions of UV‐Fenton method for the degradation of the low concentrations of HCHO were studied in a batch photochemical reactor. The results showed that, when the original HCHO concentration was 30 mg/L, at an operating temperature of 23°C, pH = 3, an H2O2 dosage of 68 mg/L, and an H2O2‐to‐Fe2+ mole ratio (H2O2:Fe2+) of 5, 91.89% of the HCHO was removed after 30 minutes. The degradation of HCHO in the UV‐Fenton system was basically in accordance with the exponential decay. The kinetic study results showed that the reaction orders of HCHO, Fe2+, and H2O2 in the system were 1.054, 0.510, and 0.728, respectively, and the activation energy (Ea) was 9.85 kJ/mol. The comparison of UV/H2O2, Fenton, and UV‐Fenton systems for the degradation of HCHO, and the results of iron catalyst tests showed that the mechanism of UV‐Fenton on the degradation of HCHO was through a synergistic effect of Fe2+ and UV light to catalyze the decomposition of H2O2. The introduction of UV irradiation to the Fenton system largely increased the degradation rate of HCHO, mainly as a result of the accelerating effect on the formation of the Fe2+/Fe3+ cycle. The reaction products were analyzed by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry and a chemical oxygen demand (COD) analyzer. The effluent gases also were analyzed by gas chromatography. Based on those results, the reaction pathways of HCHO in the UV‐Fenton system were proposed. The qualitative and quantitative analysis of the reaction products and the COD showed that the main intermediate product of the reaction was formic acid, and the further oxidation of it was the rate‐limiting step for the degradation of HCHO.
Effect of Process Parameters on Greenhouse Gas Generation by Wastewater Treatment Plants
Authors: Yerushalmi L. , Shahabadi M. Bani , Haghighat F.
Published: April 2011

The effect of key process parameters on greenhouse gas (GHG) emission by wastewater treatment plants was evaluated, and the governing parameters that exhibited major effects on the overall on‐ and off‐site GHG emissions were identified. This evaluation used aerobic, anaerobic, and hybrid anaerobic/aerobic treatment systems with food processing industry wastewater. The operating temperature of anaerobic sludge digester was identified to have the highest effect on GHG generation in the aerobic treatment system. The total GHG emissions of 2694 kg CO2e/d were increased by 72.5% with the increase of anaerobic sludge digester temperature from 20 to 40°C. The operating temperature of the anaerobic reactor was the dominant controlling parameter in the anaerobic and hybrid treatment systems. Raising the anaerobic reactor's temperature from 25 to 40°C increased the total GHG emissions from 5822 and 6617 kg CO2e/d by 105.6 and 96.5% in the anaerobic and hybrid treatment systems, respectively.
On the Statistical Properties of SGoF Multitesting Method
Authors: de Uña-Alvarez Jacobo
Published: April 2011

In this paper we establish the statistical properties of SGoF multitesting method under a mixture model. It is assumed that the available set of p-values is statistically independent. Special attention is paid to the huge dimension problem in which the number of tests goes to infinity. Formulae for the power and the rate of false discoveries/non-discoveries of SGoF are given, so the role of the gamma-parameter of SGoF is understood. The existing connection between SGoF and a test of significance for the proportion of non-true nulls below gamma is explored. This connection suggests a possible modification of SGoF which may improve the power of the method. Simulation studies and a real data illustration are included.
Mechanical Protection of Induction Motors by Off-the-Shelf Electrical Protective Relays
Authors: Khederzadeh Mojtaba
Published: April 2011

In this paper, a novel idea is presented to apply off-the-shelf commercial protective relays, widely used to protect induction motors against different electrical and thermal faults, to detect mechanical faults as a complementary capability. In other words, the available protective relays can be configured to protect induction motors against mechanical abnormalities in addition to their normal duty to detect electrical and thermal faults. To support the idea, the current and vibration signals are generated by sophisticated modeling of the motor for different faults and then the simulated signals are injected to a numerical relay simulator designed in full detail to resemble a commercial relay. It is shown that some mechanical faults like broken rotor bars and shorted stator windings can be diagnosed by the relay using the Motor Current Signature Analysis (MCSA). Other mechanical abnormalities harder to detect by MCSA would be diagnosed by using vibration analysis as a complementary tool to MCSA. In the latter case, an extra input (vibration) is needed to be delivered to the relay. Simulation results verify the presented analysis used for modeling healthy/faulty motor and the designed relay simulator.
Induction Immunosuppressive Therapy in the Elderly Kidney Transplant Recipient in the United States
Authors: Gill Jagbir , Sampaio Marcelo , Gill John S. , Dong James , Kuo Hung-Tien , Danovitch Gabriel M. , Bunnapradist Suphamai
Published: April 2011

Background and objectives

The choice of induction agent in the elderly kidney transplant recipient is unclear.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements

The risks of rejection at 1 year, functional graft loss, and death by induction agent (IL2 receptor antibodies [IL2RA], alemtuzumab, and rabbit antithymocyte globulin [rATG]) were compared among five groups of elderly (≥60 years) deceased-donor kidney transplant recipients on the basis of recipient risk and donor risk using United Network of Organ Sharing data from 2003 to 2008.

Results

In high-risk recipients with high-risk donors there was a higher risk of rejection and functional graft loss with IL2RA versus rATG. Among low-risk recipients with low-risk donors there was no difference in outcomes between IL2RA and rATG. In the two groups in which donor or recipient was high risk, there was a higher risk of rejection but not functional graft loss with IL2RA. Among low-risk recipients with high-risk donors, there was a trend toward a higher risk of death with IL2RA.

Conclusions

rATG may be preferable in high-risk recipients with high-risk donors and possibly low-risk recipients with high-risk donors. In the remaining groups, although rATG is associated with a lower risk of acute rejection, long-term outcomes do not appear to differ. Prospective comparison of these agents in an elderly cohort is warranted to compare the efficacy and adverse consequences of these agents to refine the use of induction immunosuppressive therapy in the elderly population.
Modulation of migratory activity and invasiveness of human glioma spheroids following 5-aminolevulinic acid–based photodynamic treatment
Authors: Etminan Nima , Peters Corinna , Ficnar Julian , Anlasik Suzan , Bünemann Erich , Slotty Philipp J. , Hänggi Daniel , Steiger Hans-Jakob , Sorg Rüdiger V. , Stummer Walter
Published: April 2011

Object

Five-aminolevulinic acid–mediated photodynamic therapy (ALA/PDT) can improve the clinical outcome in patients suffering from glioblastoma. Besides direct phototoxicity, additional mechanisms may contribute. Therefore, the authors studied the influence of ALA/PDT on glioblastoma's migratory and invasive behavior in a human glioma cell spheroid model.

Methods

Glioma spheroids were grown from human U373 and A172 cell lines. After ALA/PDT of spheroids, the authors assessed the migration of tumor cells and their capacity to invade a collagen matrix, as well as changes in their viability, morphology, and expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs).

Results

The authors found that ALA/PDT caused long-lasting, nearly complete suppression of glioma cell migration and matrix invasion compared with nontherapeutic controls, including either irradiation or incubation with ALA only. Although ALA/PDT induced tumor cell apoptosis, suppression of migration/invasion was not simply due to phototoxicity because 50% of tumor cells remained vital throughout the observation period. Moreover, the morphology of ALA/PDT-treated cells changed significantly toward a polygonal, epithelial-like appearance, which was associated with alterations in the actin cytoskeleton. Furthermore, downregulation of MMP-7 and -8 was observed after treatment whereas other MMPs remained unchanged.

Conclusions

In addition to directly eliminating glioma cells through apoptosis, ALA/PDT alters their invasiveness, possibly due to the effects on the cytoskeletal organization and MMP expression.
Cervical spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma with internal jugular vein thrombosis
Authors: Ishida Atsushi , Matsuo Seigo , Niimura Kaku , Yoshimoto Haruko , Shiramizu Hideki , Hori Tomokatsu
Published: April 2011

Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma (SSEH) is a rare condition, and its etiology remains unclear. Spinal venous wall instability due to intravenous pressure changes and the resultant venous rupture seem to be the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Here, the authors report a case of posterior SSEH at the C3–5 level causing mild left hemiparesis in a previously healthy 56-year-old woman. Angiography performed at the time of admission showed left internal jugular vein (IJV) thrombotic occlusion and dilation of the surrounding venous plexus, strongly suggesting that these pathologies caused the SSEH. Furthermore, immediate MR imaging suggested severely impaired blood flow in the left IJV. The hematoma soon resolved after spontaneous IJV thrombolysis. The authors' radiological observations imply that idiopathic IJV thrombosis may cause cervical SSEH.