bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gel’fand triplets, continuous and discrete bases and Legendre polynomials
Authors: Celeghini E. , Gadella M. , del Olmo M. A.
Published: November 2024

We consider a basis of square integrable functions on a rectangle, contained in R2, constructed with Legendre polynomials, suitable, for instance, for the analogical description of images on the plane or in other fields of application of the Legendre polynomials in higher dimensions. After extending the Legendre polynomials to any arbitrary interval of the form [a, b], from its original form on [−1, 1], we generalize the basis of Legendre polynomials to two dimensions. This is the first step to generalize the basis to n-dimensions. We present some mathematical constructions such as Gel’fand triplets appropriate in this context. “Smoothness” of functions on space of test functions and some other properties are revisited, as well as the continuity of generators of su(1, 1) in this context.
Doping-free Janus homojunction solar cell with efficiency exceeding 23%
Authors: Li Lei , Yang Zi-Xuan , Huang Tao , Wan Hui , Chen Wu-Yu , Zhang Tao , Huang Gui-Fang , Hu Wangyu , Huang Wei-Qing
Published: November 2024

Photovoltaic solar cell is one of the main renewable energy sources, and its power conversion efficiency (PCE) is improved by employing doping or heterojunction to reduce the photogenerated carrier recombination. Here, we propose a straightforward strategy for constructing high-PCE homojunction solar cells, where intrinsic driving forces can simultaneously enhance the efficiency of carrier separation and transport. Thanks to the intrinsic dipole of Janus structure, doping-free Janus homojunction has naturally not only a type-II band alignment to promote the photoexciton dissociation, but also a reduced effective bandgap to enhance light absorption. More importantly, the interfacial dipole can facilitate the separation of carriers into different layers, thereby promoting carrier separation; and the intrinsic dipole across the Janus structure can drive photoinduced electron and hole transfer to opposite layers, enhancing carrier transport. We illustrate the concept in titanium-based Janus monolayer homojunction, where the theoretically observed PCE reaches 23.22% of TiSSe homojunction. In contrast to the previous cell architectures that require complex processing procedures and often result in defects, the doping-free homojunction configuration promises both high PCE and significantly lower manufacturing costs. Our work opens an avenue to design low-cost, high-efficiency solar cells.
Spectral modeling on the vortex-induced response of a tapered circular cylinder based on experimental evidence
Authors: Brusco Stefano , Piccardo Giuseppe
Published: November 2024

This paper illustrates the application of spectral modeling for analyzing the vortex-induced vibration (VIV) response specifically focusing on a complex scenario involving a tapered circular cylinder exposed to uniform, stationary wind flow characterized by a low level of upstream turbulence. Such modeling is based on experimental evidence gathered during a wind tunnel campaign conducted through both static and dynamic tests. In particular, the definition of the limiting root mean square (RMS) amplitude, the variation of the RMS lift coefficient and of the Strouhal number along the height of the structure result to be crucial in the assessment of the dynamic response. A first model is proposed, based on the outcomes from static tests and from additional insight inferred from the dynamic response. Observing its comparison with the experimental findings in terms of oscillation amplitudes and peak factors, a second refined model is proposed. Moreover, the dynamic behavior of the structure is also investigated through the approach proposed by Engineering Science Data Unit (ESDU) 96030 for tapered structures. The results obtained from applying the spectral model reveal a satisfactory agreement with the experimental outcomes. This accuracy can be significantly attributed to the reproduction of the cellular nature of the vortex-shedding, achieved through an appropriate definition of the Strouhal number along the height of the cylinder. Furthermore, the modeled behavior reveals variations in the regime of the VIV response (e.g., deterministic, transition, stochastic) with respect to the reduced wind velocity, mirroring the findings of the experimental campaign.
A novel reservoir simulation model based on physics informed neural networks
Authors: Liu Aodi , Li Jing , Bi Jianfei , Chen Zhangxing , Wang Yan , Lu Chunhao , Jin Yan , Lin Botao
Published: November 2024

Surrogate models are widely used for reservoir simulations in the petroleum industry to improve computational efficiency. However, the traditional surrogate model mainly relies on the data collected from production wells (e.g., well bottom pressure data and well production data) and ignores the physical mechanism of underground fluid flow; therefore, the surrogate model will be invalid in the case of insufficient data samples. In response to these challenges, a Hard-Soft physics informed neural network (HS-PINN) was proposed to simulate pressure fluctuations around producing wells without relying on any labeled data, where two coupled fully connected neural networks were comprised to control the Hard and Soft constraint conditions. Specifically, in the “Soft Constraint” condition, we employ a modified Lorentz function to incorporate underground flow theory and permeability fields into the loss function. Meanwhile, in the “Hard Constraint” condition, we incorporate an enforcement function in the “output layer” to ensure the network outputs satisfy the boundary and initial conditions. To demonstrate the HS-PINN model's robustness and accuracy abilities, we tested it for single and multi-well production in both noisy low-fidelity and high-fidelity geologic reservoir environments, and the HS-PINN prediction errors were less than 1% in both cases compared to simulation results by the commercial software “COMSOL.” Additionally, we assessed the impacts of varying well interference intensities, adjustments in collocation points counts within the control equations, and diverse geological characteristics on model performance to validate the generalization and stability of HS-PINN. Moreover, the HS-PINN-based surrogate model significantly improves the efficiency of uncertainty quantification tasks compared to simulation-based approaches, requiring only 8% of the computational time. The deep-learning surrogate models developed in this work offer a novel and efficient approach for simulating reservoir development.
Full information of system properties inferred from individual particle dynamics
Authors: Liang Chen , Huang Dong , Lu Shaoyu , Feng Yan
Published: November 2024

Using the machine learning method, the screening parameter κ and the coupling parameter Γ of two-dimensional (2D) dusty plasma are determined simultaneously purely from position fluctuations of individual particles using both simulation and experiment data. To train, validate, and test convolutional neural networks (CNNs), Langevin dynamical simulations are performed with different κ and Γ values to obtain position fluctuation data of individual particles. From the test with the simulation data, the trained CNNs are able to accurately determine the values of κ and Γ simultaneously, with the typically averaged mean relative error varying between 10 % and 17 %. While using the trained CNN with the 2D dusty plasma experiment data, the distribution of the determined κNN or ΓNN values always exhibits one prominent peak, and the peak locations well agree with the κ and Γ values determined from the widely accepted phonon spectra fitting method. The obtained results clearly demonstrate that, using machine learning methods, the two global characterization parameters of κ and Γ in 2D dusty plasmas are able to be accurately determined simultaneously purely from the position fluctuations of local individual particles.
Siamese neural network improves the performance of a convolutional neural network in colloidal self-assembly state classification
Authors: Lizano-Villalobos Andres , Namikas Benjamin , Tang Xun
Published: November 2024

Identifying the state of the colloidal self-assembly process is critical to monitoring and controlling the system into desired configurations. Recent application of convolutional neural networks with unsupervised clustering has shown a comparable performance to conventional approaches, in representing and classifying the states of a simulated 2D colloidal batch assembly system. Despite the early success, capturing the subtle differences among similar configurations still presents a challenge. To address this issue, we leverage a Siamese neural network to improve the accuracy of the state classification. Results from a Brownian dynamics-simulated electric field-mediated colloidal self-assembly system and a magnetic field-mediated colloidal self-assembly system demonstrate significant improvement from the original convolutional neural network-based approach. We anticipate the proposed improvement to further pave the way for automated monitoring and control of colloidal self-assembly processes in real time and real space.
How to Use Simple Guidelines to Improve Both Beef Cattle Welfare and Sustainability: Lessons from the USA
Authors: Grandin Temple
Published: November 2024

Twenty-five years ago, a simple scoring system that used five outcome measures was used successfully in large slaughter plants to improve animal welfare. The outcome measures were insensibility, stunning efficacy, vocalization during handling, falling, and electric prod use. Two factors enabled this program to still be successful today. It was simple and easy to understand, and it was applied and enforced by large meat buyers. If a plant did not pass the audit, it could be removed from the approved supplier list. This provided a huge economic incentive to improve practices. For a commercial program to be effective, it must be simple so that auditors employed by buyers can be quickly trained. To make a simplified scoring system effective, the most important key indicators need to be determined. An effective key indicator will identify multiple problems that would severely compromise welfare. Two new problems have emerged relatively recently: Increased lameness in fed beef cattle and congestive heart failure. Both conditions severely compromise both welfare and sustainability. Congestive heart failure can cause the death of fed market-weight cattle shortly before slaughter. Both conditions can be easily assessed at the slaughter plant.

Information

© The Author 2024
Soil health under forage and grazing lands in the humid United States
Authors: Franzluebbers Alan J. , Zentella Rodolfo , Kafle Arjun
Published: November 2024

Soil health describes critical functions that can be influenced by land management. Some key soil characteristics are inherent and not altered appreciably, such as texture, mineralogy, and landscape position. Other soil properties and processes can be changed by land management, such as soil organic matter, nutrient concentrations, and the capacity to infiltrate and store water. How and when forage and grazing lands are harvested can modify photosynthesis and allocation of carbon to roots and exudates in soil. Grazing intensity, characterized primarily by stocking rate, is a key management strategy that alters cycling of carbon (C) and associated plant nutrients. Stocking method, nutrient amendment (source, timing, and rate), forage utilization strategy, season of grazing/deferment, type and class of livestock, and livestock distribution on the landscape are other important management strategies that can either negatively affect compaction, nutrient concentration, and greenhouse gas emissions or stimulate greater water holding capacity, slow and steady cycling of nutrients, and soil C and nitrogen (N) sequestration. Responses of soil health to pasture management can be effectively characterized by its essential functions: (i) producing plants for food and fiber, (ii) cycling nutrients, (iii) storing organically bound elements like C and N, (iv) protecting water quality, (v) supplying water and plant growth–promoting compounds, (vi) enabling animal habitat, (vii) harboring biodiversity, and (viii) buffering against toxic accumulation of trace metals and xenobiotic compounds. This review focused on soil health responses to forage and grazing land management in the humid region of the eastern United States. Areas for further research were also identified.
Feeding the cities: Urban agriculture for food security and sustainability of urban areas
Authors: Khan Muhammad Mumtaz , Younis Adnan , Akram Muhammad Tahir , Ijaz M. Muzzamil , Al-Sadi Abdullah M.
Published: November 2024

With the increasing migration of people to urban areas, the demand for extra, fresh, and healthy food in cities has escalated manyfold. Further, anthropogenic activities, high rise buildings, and unplanned construction in urban areas are increasing urban heat. Therefore, the objective of this study is to review the salient features and constraints of urban agriculture, in addition to illustrating traditional and modern approaches, and policies used worldwide to promote the urban agriculture (UA). Urban agriculture is a key component of sustainable urban development that plays a pivotal role in combating food security and malnutrition in peri-urban and urban areas by growing different fruits, vegetables, mushrooms, herbs, flowering and ornamental plants in urban dwellings for food and aesthetic purposes. UA often combines with other functions like urban greening, biodiversity, waste recycling, environmental disaster reduction, CO
2
absorption, urban heat island reduction, recreational benefits, contributing to the circular economy and UN sustainable development goals (SDGs). Plants in UA are grown in vacant open spaces, rooftops, balconies and containers, resulting in urban organic harvest by fostering income and health improvement. The concept of UA is being utilized efficiently in many countries. However, there is still a need to promote UA by arranging community gatherings and school students, creating awareness and capacity building through education and training. Growers need to be connected to land and open spaces, enhancing value addition in UA and formulating supportive policies to foster Agri-tourism in urban farms to making it a successful initiative. Recent innovative research ideas and new technological developments such as artificial intelligence (AI), internet of things (IoT), automation and mechanization in UA are opening new avenues for quality food production in urban areas for sustainable cities.
Livestock-Associated Anthrax Outbreaks in Wild Herbivores in Mago National Park (MNP), Ethiopia: One Health Perspective
Authors: Shiferaw Fekadu , Kock Richard
Published: November 2024

In Ethiopia, anthrax is a relatively common livestock disease, with individual wildlife cases occurring occasionally but rarely reported. It is an endemic, prioritized and immediately notifiable disease. Between 1999 and 2019, anthrax outbreaks were documented, affecting thousands of livestock and humans, with two epidemic events in wildlife, in the month of September in 1999 associated with livestock and in 2000 without cases in livestock or humans. Over a period of two months in 1999, a total of 1617 deaths were recorded in 21 species of wild animals and 95% of these were in lesser kudu (
Tragelaphus imberbis
). A number of livestock mortalities in 1999 were reported adjacent to, but outside, MNP. During the second outbreak in 2000 over the same period of the year, there were a total of 563 deaths of 8 wildlife species with lesser kudu again mostly affected (94%). In 1999, twenty people from pastoral communities in the local area, who ate and handled livestock and wildlife carcasses, including one scout, became sick with severe skin lesions, but all recovered after treatment. Laboratory investigation confirmed the cause of animal death was from fulminating infection with
Bacillus anthracis
. The disease events in MNP triggered multi-stakeholder participation in the outbreak investigation and diagnosis and in the control measures that were applied. This case study briefly reviews the background of anthrax in Ethiopia and available data from these two anthrax outbreaks in humans and domestic and wild animals and discusses the challenges, costs, and benefits of applying a One Health approach in and around MNP.

Information

© The Authors 2024
A heterogeneous patient-specific model of glioblastoma multiforme tumor through an inverse problem
Authors: Fotouhi Morteza , Yousefnezhad Mohsen
Published: November 2024

This paper presents a mathematical framework for the prognosis of glioblastoma brain tumor growth on a patient-specific basis, employing a heterogeneous image-driven methodology. The approach utilizes a reaction–diffusion model to capture the diffusion and proliferation dynamics of tumor cell density, integrated with an inverse problem based on partial differential equation-constrained formulation that links the model to medical images. We establish a theoretical framework that forms a robust foundation for our proposed methodology. Then a numerical algorithm is introduced to implement the framework effectively. We also validate the efficacy of our approach using synthetic tumors on a real brain magnetic resonance image. This work significantly contributes to advancing our understanding of glioma dynamics and offers a promising avenue for personalized treatments through the estimation of spatially varying parameters.
Kerr nonlinearity-induced nonreciprocal Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen steering in a cavity magnonic system
Authors: Hu Shuqi , Liu Jiajun , Cheng Guangling , Zhong Wenxue , Zhang Jiansong , Chen Aixi
Published: November 2024

We propose to utilize magnon Kerr nonlinearity to generate and control microwave–microwave Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen (EPR) steering in a cavity magnonic system consisting of two microwave cavities and an yttrium iron garnet (YIG) sphere, where the magnon mode in the YIG sphere is driven by an electromagnetic field. The results show that Kerr nonlinearity of the magnon could not only sensibly induce enhanced entanglement of two microwave fields but also produce asymmetric EPR steering with different ratios of two damping rates and coupling constants. Moreover, it is found that the nonreciprocity of the steady-state EPR steering is obtainable by controlling the sign of the magnon Kerr parameter, which could be tuned from positive to negative by changing the direction of the static magnetic field. The demonstrated nonreciprocal EPR steering is of fundamental interest for the manipulation of quantum states, and may provide potential applications in quantum information tasks.
Current fluctuations in the symmetric exclusion process beyond the one-dimensional geometry
Authors: Berlioz Théotim , Venturelli Davide , Grabsch Aurélien , Bénichou Olivier
Published: November 2024

The symmetric simple exclusion process (SEP) is a paradigmatic model of transport, both in and out of equilibrium. In this model, the study of currents and their fluctuations has attracted a lot of attention. In finite systems of arbitrary dimension, both the integrated current through a bond (or a fixed surface), and its fluctuations, grow linearly with time. Conversely, for infinite systems, the integrated current displays different behaviours with time, depending on the geometry of the lattice. For instance, in 1D the integrated current fluctuations are known to grow sublinearly with time, as

t

. Here we study the fluctuations of the integrated current through a given lattice bond beyond the 1D case by considering a SEP on higher-dimensional lattices, and on a comb lattice which describes an intermediate situation between 1D and 2D. We show that the different behaviours of the current originate from qualitatively and quantitatively different current-density correlations in the systems, which we compute explicitly.
The c − d conjecture
Authors: Latorre José I , Sierra Germán
Published: November 2024

We conjecture a relation between the local dimension d of a local nearest-neighbor critical Hamiltonian in one spatial dimension and the maximum central charge, c
max, that it can yield. Specifically, we propose that

c

max

⩽
d
−
1

, establishing a link between the short-distance lattice realization of a model and its emerging long-distance entanglement properties. This inequality can be viewed as a general form of a c-theorem establishing the reduction of effective degrees of freedom between the UV lattice and the IR conformal field theory. We support this conjecture with numerous examples.
Determining the issues associated with the urban centre: A case of Jalandhar city
Authors: Nainwal Rajat , Bharmoria Rahul , Belwal Himani
Published: November 2024

Urban centers often serve as the centers of economic, social, and cultural activity within a region, playing a pivotal role in its development and growth. However, with this centralization comes a myriad of challenges, ranging from infrastructure strains to socio-economic disparities. Jalandhar city, situated in the Indian state of Punjab, exemplifies this complexity as it grapples with various issues associated with its centre. Rapid urbanization and population growth have resulted in increased pressure on transportation networks, utilities, and public services. This paper aims to delve into the multifaceted challenges facing Jalandhar’s city centre, shedding light on the intricacies of urban management and development in the context of a rapidly evolving urban landscape. Traffic congestion, inadequate parking facilities, and overburdened utilities contribute to the deteriorating quality of life for residents and commuters alike. The major problems identified in the study area includes inadequate parking; poor road maintenance; noise and safety issues; unavailability of street lighting, pathways, and proper seating space. Addressing these issues requires comprehensive planning, infrastructure improvements, and community engagement to enhance the overall liveability and functionality of the study area.
Assessment of self-compacting lightweight concrete: preparation of eco-friendly fiber content on mechanical and durable characteristics
Authors: Chandrasekhar Reddy K. , Kumar Marri Rohini , Vinod B.
Published: November 2024

In recent years, a growing focus has been on creating eco-friendly concrete alternatives, garnering increased attention and support. Using natural fibers in the construction industry will minimize the exploitation of natural raw materials and promote sustainability in the construction industry. This work aims to investigate the influence of palmyra fruit mesocarp fiber (PFMF), Polyolefin fiber (PF), and glass fiber (GF) on the production of self-compacting concrete (SCC). The fiber content was used in three ratios, 1, 1.5, and 2%, as an alternative to fine aggregate. This research was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, a preliminary investigation was carried out to find the maximum adding percentage of fiber content in the successful production of SCC. The mechanical characteristics (compressive, split tensile, and flexural strength) and durability (water absorption, Acid attack, and ultrasonic pulse velocity) were evaluated. The second phase incorporates the fresh characteristics (T500 and slump flow). Adding 1.5%(PFMF/PF/GF) with 10% SF in SCC significantly enhanced the mechanical and durability properties. The compressive, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength at 28 days increase to 4.30 MPa, 120 MPa, and 4.3 MPa compared to SCC. Scanning electronic microscopic (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed to evaluate the microstructure of concrete samples. Overall, the incorporation of up to 1.5% as a replacement of fine aggregate in manufacturing fiber-blended SCC mixtures can be recommended.
Development of lightweight bricks using agricultural and industrial waste
Authors: Dighade R. R. , Sakhare J. D. , Mujumdar S. S. , Bhimte L. W. , Bansod V. M. , Pachpole A. S. , Rukhamode T. Y.
Published: November 2024

The construction industry is undergoing a notable shift towards environmental sustainability, driving the innovation of construction materials that are robust, lightweight, and eco-friendly. this study delves into the formation of lightweight bricks, with a focus on their mechanical properties, thermal insulation capabilities, and environment-imperative agricultural and industrial waste material. In response to the environmental imperative to reduce reliance on clay and other raw materials in construction, this study investigates the utilization of flower waste, iron ore, chaff, and wheat husk, in the production of lightweight bricks. This alternative material offers a sustainable solution to mitigate the environmental impact of traditional brick manufacturing processes. Through a systematic evaluation of physical properties, materialistic properties, and thermal performance the study provides insights into the feasibility and efficacy of incorporating chaff and wheat husk into brick production. The findings offer practical recommendations for the development of environment-friendly construction materials contribute to the conservation of natural resources and the promotion of sustainable building practices.
Teaching Social Justice From a Social Work Perspective
Authors: Tan Kevin , Campbell Jeanna , Windsor Liliane
Published: November 2024

This chapter highlights the significance of social justice as a core value of the social work profession and its resonance across multiple domains. It is argued that social work education needs to shift its focus from the individual to the structural aspects of social issues. This calls for social work to reconnect with its roots in community organizing and to blend clinical skills with community organizing to mobilize people and advocate for social justice within broader sociopolitical contexts. The chapter explores how to instill an understanding of social justice in students effectively and how to best prepare and equip them to actively contribute to social justice causes. It is suggested that incorporating social justice principles into the curriculum requires ongoing reflection and adaptation to ensure it remains relevant and responsive to the ever-evolving landscape of social issues.
Neuronal viability/astrocyte activity ratio in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex as a biomarker of Alzheimer’s dementia: a proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study
Authors: Jha Shreya , Torres-Carmona Edgardo , Iwata Yusuke , Ma Clement , Graff-Guerrero Ariel , Fischer Corinne E , Mulsant Benoit , Pollock Bruce G , Rajji Tarek K , Kumar Sanjeev
Published: November 2024

N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) and myo-inositol (mI) are neurometabolites reflecting neuronal viability and astrocyte activity, respectively. These are quantified using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) and may be biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease dementia (AD). Our objectives were: 1) Compare dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) NAA and mI levels between AD and cognitively healthy control participants (HC) 2) assess if NAA/mI ratio can distinguish groups, and 3) explore the relationship between metabolites and cognition. The study included 64 participants over 55, 41 with AD. Bilateral DLPFC NAA and mI levels were quantified using 3 T 1H-MRS and normalized to H2O. NAA and NAA/mI ratio were lower in AD vs. HC. mI was unchanged. The NAA/mI ratio at a cut-off value of 1.69 showed 59% sensitivity and 87% specificity at distinguishing AD from HC. NAA was associated positively with cognition. In conclusion, DLPFC metabolite changes suggest altered mitochondrial function in AD. NAA/mI ratio shows good specificity in distinguishing AD from HC, suggesting its role in complementing other biomarkers. Future studies should evaluate NAA/mI ratio with other disease specific biomarkers.
Highly efficient transdermal delivery of rutin via microemulsions containing deep eutectic solvents composed of choline chloride-polyethylene glycol
Authors: Tanigawa Mina , Sakuragi Mina
Published: November 2024

Microemulsions (MEs) incorporating a hydrated deep eutectic solvent (hydrated DES) were prepared in the inner phase. These MEs increase the rutin solubility and skin permeability. Conventional water-in-oil (W/O) MEs maintained a spherical structure during stratum corneum (SC) penetration. Conversely, MEs containing hydrated DES transitioned from an ellipsoidal to a spherical shape after applying SC. The released DES disrupts the lipid layers in the SC, enhancing the skin permeation of MEs containing DESs compared with W/O ME.
Automated tooth segmentation in magnetic resonance scans using deep learning - A pilot study
Authors: Flügge Tabea , Vinayahalingam Shankeeth , van Nistelrooij Niels , Kellner Stefanie , Xi Tong , van Ginneken Bram , Bergé Stefaan , Heiland Max , Kernen Florian , Ludwig Ute , Odaka Kento
Published: November 2024

Objectives

The main objective was to develop and evaluate an artificial intelligence model for tooth segmentation in magnetic resonance (MR) scans.

Methods

MR scans of 20 patients performed with a commercial 64-channel head coil with a T1-weighted 3D-SPACE (Sampling Perfection with Application Optimized Contrasts using different flip angle Evolution) sequence were included. Sixteen datasets were used for model training and 4 for accuracy evaluation. Two clinicians segmented and annotated the teeth in each dataset. A segmentation model was trained using the nnU-Net framework. The manual reference tooth segmentation and the inferred tooth segmentation were superimposed and compared by computing precision, sensitivity, and Dice-Sørensen coefficient. Surface meshes were extracted from the segmentations, and the distances between points on each mesh and their closest counterparts on the other mesh were computed, of which the mean (average symmetric surface distance) and 95th percentile (Hausdorff distance 95%, HD95) were reported.

Results

The model achieved an overall precision of 0.867, a sensitivity of 0.926, a Dice-Sørensen coefficient of 0.895, and a 95% Hausdorff distance of 0.91 mm. The model predictions were less accurate for datasets containing dental restorations due to image artefacts.

Conclusions

The current study developed an automated method for tooth segmentation in MR scans with moderate to high effectiveness for scans with respectively without artefacts.
PIN1a- mediated auxin release from rootstock cotyledon contributes to healing in watermelon as revealed by seeds soaking-VIGS and cotyledon grafting
Authors: Wang Xiao , Xiong Mu , Xu Jianuo , Zhang Ting , Kadeer Akebaierjiang , Bie Zhilong , Notaguchi Michitaka , Huang Yuan
Published: November 2024

Grafting is a propagation method extensively utilized in cucurbits. However, the mechanisms underlying graft healing remain poorly understood. This study employed self-grafted watermelon plants to investigate how rootstock cotyledon affects healing. The complete removal of rootstock cotyledons significantly hindered scion growth, as evidenced by reductions in scion fresh weight and the area of true leaves. Physiological assessments revealed reduced callus formation, weaker adhesion forces, a more pronounced necrotic layer, and decreased rates of xylem and phloem reconnection at the graft junction when rootstock cotyledons were completely removed. Additionally, auxin levels at the rootstock graft junction notably decreased following cotyledon removal. In contrast, the exogenous application of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) notably enhanced graft healing. Moreover, gene expression analysis of the PIN auxin efflux carriers in the rootstock cotyledons indicated significant activation of ClPIN1a post-grafting. Furthermore, we developed an improved Virus Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS) system for cucurbits using seeds soaking method. This method achieved an infection success rate of 83% with 60%-75% gene silencing efficiency, compared to the 37% success rate with 40%-60% efficiency seen with traditional cotyledon infection. Combining our novel VIGS approach with cotyledon grafting techniques, we demonstrated that rootstock cotyledons regulate callus formation through ClPIN1a-mediated endogenous auxin release, thus facilitating graft union development. These findings suggest potential strategies for enhancing watermelon graft healing by manipulating rootstock cotyledons.
Ascertainment of Community Exposure Sites to Ross River Virus During the 2020 Outbreak in Brisbane, Australia
Authors: Proboste Tatiana , Bista Damber , Clark Nicholas J , Arora Sahil , Devine Gregor , Darbro Jonathan M , Malloy Deena S , Francis Daniel , Soares Magalhães Ricardo J
Published: November 2024

This study investigated potential Ross River virus (RRV) exposure sites in Greater Brisbane during the Queensland coronavirus disease 2019 lockdown (January–July 2020). Using RRV notifications, cluster identification techniques, and mobile phone data for movement network analysis, the study examined 993 RRV cases and 9 million movement trajectories from residential RRV cluster areas (hot spots). The findings revealed that population movement was a key risk factor to RRV incidence within hot spots, whereby highly interconnected areas had more RRV cases during lockdown. While environmental conditions within RRV hot spots were less significant compared with their connectivity, areas with higher vegetation density had fewer RRV cases. The study also noted that individuals from RRV hot spots spent less time in green areas before lockdown than during and after lockdown. The results suggest that population movement significantly influenced the 2020 RRV outbreak. These insights can help adapt current vector control and surveillance protocols to target areas identified in this study.
Ginsenoside Rb1 ameliorates hippocampal neuroinflammation in rats after intracerebral hemorrhage by inactivating the TLR4/NF-kB pathway
Authors: Liu Xi , Wang Yuying , Han Ling , Li Xing , Zhong Yan , Zhou Jilin , Fei Xiyun , Peng Min , Duan Jixin , Zhong Zhijun
Published: November 2024

Purpose

This work elucidated the therapeutic effect and mechanism of ginsenoside Rb1 on intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).

Methods

ICH rat models were treated by ginsenoside Rb1. Modified neurological deficit score, and Y-maze and Morris water-maze tests were performed on rats. Hippocampal neuronal damage was observed by Nissl staining. Rat primary astrocytes were exposed to ginsenoside Rb1, Hemin, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were assessed via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. TLR4/NF-kB pathway activity was appraised by Western blot. Immunofluorescence staining was for hippocampal glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression and P65 protein location in hippocampus and astrocytes.

Results

In rats after ICH, ginsenoside Rb1 ameliorated neurological impairment and hippocampal neuronal damage; improved learning and memory ability; reduced brain water content; decreasedhippocampal TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6; inactivated TLR4/NF-kB pathway; and declined hippocampal GFAP expression. In rat primary astrocytes exposed to Hemin, ginsenoside Rb1 declined TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6; inactivated TLR4/NF-kB pathway; and hindered P65 protein entry into nucleus. However, these functions of ginsenoside Rb1 on the Hemin-induced astrocytes were abolished by LPS.

Conclusion

Ginsenoside Rb1 has promising future for clinical ICH treatment, which exerts therapeutic effect on ICH by ameliorating hippocampal neuroinflammation via inactivating the TLR4/NF-kB pathway.
Prognostic factors for patients with cancer-associated dermatomyositis: a retrospective, multicentre cohort study of 73 patients
Authors: Teboul Alexandre , Allenbach Yves , Tubach Florence , Belin Lisa , Cassius Charles , Demortier Juliette , Dossier Antoine , Faucon Caroline , Kasser Camille , Mekinian Arsène , Monseau Grégoire , Fouchard Maxime , Chambrelan Estel , Viguier Manuelle , Kluger Nicolas , Mahévas Thibault , Bergeret Blanche , Bachmeyer Claude , Lenormand Cédric , Hotz Claire , Diaz Emmanuelle , Cordel Nadège , Benveniste Olivier , Bessis Didier , Bouaziz Jean-David , Chasset François
Published: November 2024

Objectives

To investigate factors associated with DM complete clinical response and overall survival with a focus on the use of immunosuppressive therapies in patients with cancer-associated DM.

Methods

We performed a multicentre, retrospective cohort study. Multivariable survival analyses used a Cox model with time-dependent covariates and adjustments with inverse probability censoring weighting.

Results

We included 73 patients with cancer-associated DM. Median follow-up was 3.92 years. Overall, 40 (54.8%) patients achieved cancer remission, with DM complete clinical response in 28/40 (70.0%). DM complete clinical response was associated with cancer remission (hazard ratio [HR] 2.46, 95% CI [1.13–5.32]) and younger age (HR 0.68, 95% CI [0.49–0.95]). Risk of mortality was associated with sustained cancer activity (HR 12.93, 95% CI [2.42–69.25]), male sex (HR 2.82, 95% CI [1.19–6.70]), and older age (HR 1.86, 95% CI [1.26–2.79]) but not sustained DM activity (HR 0.40, 95% CI [0.13–1.26]). Oral corticosteroid use was a protective factor only on univariate analysis (HR 0.18, 95% CI [0.08–0.42]).

Conclusion

This study provides strong evidence of a significant association between the evolutions of DM and cancer, both in terms of overall survival and DM complete clinical response. Immunosuppressive treatments for DM were not significantly associated with mortality.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04637672.
Long-term effectiveness of the combination of iguratimod and alendronate in SAPHO syndrome: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Tang Wangna , Duan Hongji , Lv Xueya , Zhao Hong , Wu Lingge , Deng Xiaoli
Published: November 2024

Objective

To evaluate the long-term effectiveness of the combination of Iguratimod (IGU) and Alendronate for patients with Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis and Osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome.

Methods

A prospective cohort study was conducted on patients diagnosed with SAPHO syndrome at Peking University Third Hospital and Beijing Jishuitan Hospital from 2017 to 2024. The initial treatment regimen comprised a combination of IGU and Alendronate. Patients who were followed up for >2 years were included in our study. We collected demographic data, clinical symptoms, recurrence rates, treatment duration and overall response to therapy for all patients.

Results

Seventeen patients were recruited for our cohort, with a median (IQR) follow-up of 2.91 (2.34) years. The mean treatment duration was 39.10 months. Among patients with osteoarticular involvement (17/17), 35.30% (6/17) achieved complete improvement without any recurrence, 11.76% (2/17) showed partial improvement and 52.94% (9/17) experienced intermittent flares. For patients with skin involvement (11/17), 63.64% (7/11) achieved complete improvement, 27.27% (3/11) had partial improvement and 9.09% (1/11) experienced intermittent recurrence. Notably, 88.26% (15/17) regained complete independence and resumed work, and 94.12% (16/17) experienced alleviation of anxiety and insomnia. By the end of last follow-up, 52.94% (9/17) had ceased treatment after a mean duration of 25.22 months and 22.22% (2/9) of them encountered recurrence.

Conclusion

The combination of IGU and Alendronate as initial treatment may be effective for the long-term management of SAPHO syndrome. ∼41% of the patients could discontinue treatment after more than two years without recurrence.
Trends in Gender Representation and Impact of Practice Setting on Productivity and Reimbursement Gap for Female Mohs Micrographic Surgery Physicians: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Sakunchotpanit Goranit , Trepanowski Nicole , Awerman Jessica L. , Benlagha Imene , Nguyen Bichchau
Published: November 2024

BACKGROUND

Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is a male-predominant dermatologic subspecialty. The impact of practice setting and gender composition on the productivity and reimbursement of female MMS surgeons has not been thoroughly examined.

OBJECTIVE

To determine changes in female representation, productivity, and Medicare reimbursement across practice types.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services database for Medicare Part B claims during pre–COVID-19 (2013–2019) and post–COVID-19 (2019–2022) pandemic.

RESULTS

From 2013 to 2019, the number of MMS surgeons billing Medicare increased by 22% from 2,135 to 2,605, with proportion of female physicians increased by only 4% (28% to 32%, p = .012). In 2019, female MMS surgeons performed fewer total cases and earned less payments than male counterparts across all practice settings. Productivity and reimbursement gaps, as compared to national median values for male MMS surgeons, were highest for female MMS surgeons working in mixed-gender practices (39% and 39%) and lowest in single-surgeon practices (17% and 27%). All-female multisurgeon practices saw the greatest improvement in both productivity and reimbursement gaps (55% to 25% and 47% to 29%, respectively). From 2019 to 2022, case volume decreased across all practice types, reflecting a significant COVID-19 impact on MMS services.

CONCLUSION

Proportion of female MMS surgeons nationwide increased very slightly between 2013 and 2022. However, productivity and reimbursement gaps remained significant and varied across practice settings.
Can metformin be used as a treatment for unresponsive oral ulcers? A case report
Authors: Kudsi Maysoun , Tarcha Raghad , Haidar Ghina , Lahham Leen A. , Drie Tasneem
Published: November 2024

Introduction:

Aphthae are common lesions that occur inside the mouth on the mucous membrane, often associated with various diseases. The causal pathogenesis generally depends on the accompanying condition, but there is usually no serious underlying cause.

Case presentation:

This case report describes a 33-year-old male patient with a 10-year history of recurrent oral ulcers and impaired glucose tolerance. The patient had previously been treated with glucocorticoids, which provided temporary relief. Laboratory tests and immune profiles were normal. After 1 week of treatment with metformin at a dose of 500 mg twice daily, the lesions were relieved, and the patient required further metformin treatment for three years without any recurrence.

Discussion:

Metformin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory effects in preclinical studies, making it a potential treatment option for mucocutaneous manifestations. This case report highlights the clinical effectiveness of metformin in treating oral ulcers and suggests its potential as an alternative treatment option for this condition.

Conclusion:

Further studies are needed to confirm the efficacy and safety of metformin in treating mucocutaneous manifestations.
A Regional Analysis of Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Initiatives in Plastic Surgery Residency Programs
Authors: Choi Dylan G. , Luu Kevin , Brite Gabrielle , Plonkowski Alexander T. , Daubs Mariam Al-Hamad , Krajewski Aleksandra
Published: November 2024

Background:

Residents seek inclusive training environments that prioritize diversity. To evaluate programs that focus on these elements, websites have become essential for applicants but often lack in diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) content. Thus, this study aimed to assess current efforts and attention to DEI within plastic surgery residency programs and compare them by region.

Methods:

A retrospective review of Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education plastic surgery residency program websites was conducted. Various elements of DEI were identified on each program's page and were compared based on geographic region.

Results:

Upon review, 82 residency programs were identified. Of these programs, 40 (48.7%) mentioned at least 1 element of DEI on their website, 38 (46.3%) promoted gender affirmation surgery as a part of their program, 29 (35.4%) mentioned advocacy, and 39 (47.6%) showcased at least 1 publication/presentation about DEI. Between the regions, there was no statistically significant difference in mention of DEI or perceptible representation in leadership. However, there was a significant difference in the mention of gender affirmation surgery, with the Northeast having the most mention (74.1%, P = 0.006). In addition, there was a significant difference in DEI research featured on websites, with the West having the highest rate of features (69.2%, P = 0.019).

Conclusions:

This study demonstrates the variance of different aspects of DEI on plastic surgery websites. To foster diverse prospective applicants, plastic surgery residency programs must be aware of these paucities and address them accordingly.
Design of a Low-cost Radiation Weather Station
Authors: Kim Ryan A. , Kent Andrew J.E. , Noey Jordan D. , Kearfott Kimberlee J.
Published: November 2024

Combining a traditional weather station with radiation monitors draws the public’s attention to the magnitude of background radiation and its typical variation while providing early indications of unplanned radiological releases, such as nuclear power plant accidents or terrorist acts. Several networks of combined weather and radiation monitoring sensors exist, but these fail to be affordable for broad distribution. This work involves creating an affordable system to accumulate data from multiple locations into a single open-source database. The data collected should thus serve as a friendly database for high school students. The system is designed around an inexpensive sensor package featuring a cup anemometer, wind direction vane, and tip bucket rain gauge. A Raspberry Pi 4 microcomputer interfaces through RJ11 and RJ45 connectors to these and other sensors. Custom-designed circuits were implemented on printed circuit boards supporting sensor chips for temperature, pressure, humidity, and air electrical resistance. The outdoor board communicates with ultraviolet light, soil moisture, and temperature sensors, relaying data using wired connections indoors where a Raspberry Pi 4 and indoor circuit board are located. The indoor board employs wireless internet protocol to communicate with a homemade Geiger-Mueller counter and a consumer-grade temporal radon monitor. The system employs an internet connection to transfer data to a cloud-based storage system. This enables a website with continuously updated pages dedicated to each established system to display collected data. Weatherproofed fused filament fabricated indoor and outdoor cases were designed. Sensor functions were tested for functionality and accuracy.
Surgical Trends in Chronic Pancreatitis from 2014 Through 2021
Authors: Turunen Andrew , Garg Sushil Kumar
Published: November 2024

Objectives

We analyzed annual surgical trends for benign chronic pancreatitis (CP), studying specifically mortality, morbidity, and pancreatic fistula rates. We also aimed to identify predictors of pancreatic fistula formation.

Methods

For this analysis, we used data from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program from 2014 through 2021. The study included patients who underwent surgery for benign CP. Data collected included patient demographics, preoperative variables, and postoperative outcomes. Data were analyzed with univariate and multivariate analyses, with significance defined as P ≤ .05.

Results

Over the study period, the number of pancreatic surgical procedures increased 49.3%, although surgery specifically for CP declined by 31.7%. The rate of pancreatic fistula formation decreased 44.9%, and mortality decreased 31.9%. Significant predictors of a pancreatic fistula included no diabetes, preoperative sepsis, soft texture of the pancreatic gland, and greater patient weight.

Conclusion

Surgery for benign CP decreased substantially despite the established efficacy of surgical intervention for long-term pain management. The concurrent decline in mortality and rates of pancreatic fistula formation suggest advances over the study years in surgical and postoperative care.