bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
British corrosion laboratories (5): The Fulmer Research Institute
Authors: Whittaker J.A.
Published: February 2008

THE Fulmer Research Institute was founded in 1947 to undertake confidential sponsored research for industry and/or government, British and/or foreign. Its founder, the late Col. Devereux, had been impressed by the work of sponsored research organisations such as Battelle, Armour, Stanford and others in the United States, and he believed that a similar organisation should have a role to play in the research effort of this Country. In 1947 this was a far‐sighted belief, for it seems probable that in those early post‐war years research and development were not recognised to the extent they are today, as essential parts of the processes of economic growth.
THE MANAGEMENT APPROACH
Authors: Wilson C.L.
Published: February 2008

The author of this article, a corrosion consultant, treats an aspect of his subject which is of primary importance but which has so far received very little publicity, namely the attitude of financial, non‐technical management towards the problems arising in their plants due to corrosion deterioration. This attitude is seen to be often lacking in comprehension of the real technical and financial requirements involved. Suggestions are made whereby technical and financial management can get together and talk a similar language in overcoming the difficulties of what is nearly always a complex problem, judged from the standpoint of either party. It is emphasised that this will mean changes in the attitude of the technical man— who is frequently deficient in knowledge of fiscal requirements—as well as that of the people usually referred to as ‘management’.
THE PROTECTION OF CADMIUM AGAINST ATTACK BY ORGANIC VAPOURS
Authors: Walker P.
Published: February 2008

This article describes work carried out in UKAEA laboratories to examine the possibility of using protective coatings on cadmium plate—such as that used to protect mild steel—in order to prevent or minimise corrosion due to hostile organic vapours. The degree of attack by vapours of acetic, formic, butyric and propionic acids and formaldehyde on cadmium has been determined and it has been found that attack can be eliminated in many cases by the application of a chlorinated‐rubber lacquer to the metal. A pretreatment primer of the two‐pack etch‐primer type is considered essential for good protection. The protection provided by nine coatings over three pretreatments is described in detail.
Co‐ordination or corrosion of interests?
Authors: Galloway J.O.
Published: February 2008

The Commentary in this journal for December 1964 very rightly drew attention to what seems to be a battle for domination between the newly‐formed British Joint Corrosion Group and the Corrosion and Protection Association. This article is written to put the case for the British Association of Corrosion Engineers, the third party involved, as an endeavour to clarify the situation and to effect co‐ordination. The official aims and objects of B.A.C.E. can be given here, as they form the basis of the argument. These are:
THE DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES AND PROTECTIVE MEASURES WITH CORROSION IN MIND
Authors: White E.E.
Published: February 2008

Iron and steel, like most other common metals, tend to combine with substances present in the atmosphere and revert to compounds from which they have been derived. To prevent this it is essential that efficient protection should be given. Deterioration can be prevented by a knowledge of modern methods of protection and by careful attention to design, and if notice is taken of good practice and correct procedure, structural steelwork can be made to last almost indefinitely.
3 SELECTING MATERIALS FOR ANTI‐CORROSION: PROBLEMS OF APPLICATION OF THERMOPLASTIC COATINGS FOR ANTI‐CORROSIVE SERVICE
Authors: PALMER M.L.
Published: February 2008

Last month our introductory article summarised the general advantages and limitations of these materials for anti‐corrosion work. This second article surveys the more complex field of applying the various types of coating to the surfaces to be protected. Since failure of a plastics coating in a corrosive environment—if the plastics was a proper choice—is nearly always due to poor application, the use of correct methods is vitally important in guaranteeing the life of a coated surface
VINYL COATINGS — LATEST ASPECTS IN ANTI‐CORROSION
Authors: Hayward J.A.
Published: February 2008

M. and T. MacPherson Coatings Ltd., of Jenkins Lane, Barking, Essex, have extensive experience of the development, manufacture and industrial uses of vinyl coatings. In this article their Technical Manager discusses vinyl paints, plastisols and organosols employed for anti‐corrosive applications.
The durability of steel in concrete
Authors: Treadaway MSc CChem FRSC KWJ , Page MA PhD CEng MIM MICorrST CL
Published: February 2008

In a joint research programme, BRE and Aston University are studying the basic processes of corrosion in reinforced concrete. This will provide essential knowledge for predicting long‐term durability and performance of reinforced concrete and for the assessment of repair work.
Protection and colour for architectural metal
Authors: Armstrong Graham
Published: February 2008

There is presently much debate about the whole question of modern architectural standards. But one question which must be asked is whether criticism should be aimed at all modern architecture per se, or whether more specific complaint should be made of buildings such as the 1960's tower blocks made from masses of concrete.
Protection for offshore splash zones
Authors: Aither Ray
Published: February 2008

Protecting off‐shore splash zones from corrosion presents special problems, not the least of which is the task of applying coatings in‐situ. The hazards include:
Pretreating aluminium extrusions
Authors: Hadwen R.
Published: February 2008

The quest by architects for the ultimate in paint treatments for structural components — windows and door frames, partitioning etc… — where the need for colour variety is increasing, plus the demand for ever longer guarantees from suppliers, has been causing pressure on pretreaters for more sophisticated systems. The author, of ICI pretreatment department, has been looking into the effects of this on aluminium extrusions in an attempt to clarify possible misconceptions, reassert some basic principles, and describe appropriate pretreatment methods.
Temporary corrosion protectives
Authors: Brookman John
Published: February 2008

Temporary corrosion protectives are designed to prevent corrosion of metal surfaces of equipment during transport and storage. They are in many cases removed from the surfaces before the equipment is put into operation, and one of the features which distinguishes them from permanent protectives such as paints, is that they are readily removable. There are broadly 10 different types of temporary protectives; the outlet for some of them is small and the major demand is confined to oils, solvent‐containing fluids and soft solids. The three types of product will in turn be discussed in this and two subsequent issues of ANTI‐CORROSION METHODS AND MATERIALS.
Performance of a highly alloyed stainless steel in marine environments
Authors: Bernhardsson Sven , Mellström Rolf
Published: February 2008

The report is focused on Sanicro 28, an alloy with 27% Cr, 31% Ni, 3.5% Mo, 1% Cu, and its performance as compared with that of AISI 316. The results of potentiostatic and potentiodynamic measurements in neutral and acid chloride solutions are presented. Equilibrium calculations on hydrolysis and chloride complexing have been made. Results of long‐term tests and practical experience are reported.
Cathodic protection monitoring and survey requirements for offshore platforms and pipelines: Part 1
Authors: Wyatt B.S.
Published: February 2008

Irrespective of the type of cathodic protection system applied to an offshore platform or pipeline the longevity and effectiveness of that system, and therefore the safety and continued revenue earning capacity of the platform or pipeline, can be assured only if adequate monitoring and surveying of the performance is undertaken.
Power train cleaning with neutral liquid cleaners at Austin Rover
Authors: Curtis F.T.
Published: February 2008

The resurgence of Austin Rover from the doldrum days of BL is one of the great success stories of British industry in the 1980's. Accompanying the attention to design, mechanical reliability and quality of finish that has made such cars as the Metro, the Maestro, the Montego and the ubiquitous Land Rover all top sellers, has been the great emphasis that is now placed on cleaning in power train operations.
Cathodic protection monitoring and survey requirements for offshore platforms and pipelines: Part 2
Authors: Wyatt B.S.
Published: February 2008

Equipment for and typical results from fixed cathodic protection monitoring systems. The earliest ‘fixed’ offshore cathodic protection monitoring systems were probably those which formed an integral part of automatically controlled impressed current systems for ships. Early fixed monitoring systems for offshore platforms were developments from these ship systems using either fixed silver/silver chloride [Ag/AgCl] electrodes or fixed zinc [Zn] electrodes in some form of permanent housing that could be attached to the structure. They were exclusively hard wired from their locations to some form of topside display which had either no recording or the most rudimentary event counters.
Organic rust converters
Authors: Vacchini Dante
Published: February 2008

It must be first of all asked what rust really is. The question may seem to have an obvious answer. Anybody who has had anything at all to do with iron is acquainted with the effect of rust. Nevertheless, it has to be admitted that even a number of researchers who have dedicated themselves to the subject do not have such clear ideas about it as might be assumed on the first approach. The cause of rust has always been, and still is, a subject of research and discussion, especially in the light of modern electrochemical theory which indicates to us very clearly that to attribute to rust the binomial ‘water+atmospheric oxygen’ alone is a solution which is far too simplistic. A lot of theories have been put forward in this matter, but we shall obviously not have time to study them all. According to J. N. Friend, iron which has been subjected to the combined attack of water vapour and atmospheric oxygen only corrodes quickly when carbon dioxide is present, even in small quantities.
Protection of ships' hulls
Authors: West J.
Published: February 2008

The performance and the life of a coating depends mainly upon the standard of surface preparation before paint application. The quality of preparation necessary varies with the duty expected of the paint system and the most severe service conditions require the highest levels of cleanliness to be achieved. Ships' hulls are mong the most aggressively exposed surfaces which we attempt to protect from corrosion.
Chemo‐mechanical reliability of metallic materials in deep ocean environments — Part 1
Authors: Bombara G.
Published: February 2008

The full development of marine technologies for the industrial exploitation of deep‐sea resources requires the availability of exhaustive engineering data on the degradation of constructional materials when immersed at great length in ocean environments. An overall review of behavioural figures from reliable sources allows to point out major weaknesses and uncertainties with candidate alloys and consequent demands for ameliorative and innovative investigation. Prominent objects of research can be envisaged, accordingly, in: (i) formulating low‐alloy steels whose surface is chemically convertible (by suitable pretreatments or free corrosion itself) so as to abate the rate of oxygen cathodic reduction i.e. the current density required for cathodic protection; (ii) singling out high‐strength steels whose resistance to corrosion‐fatigue and hydrogen embrittlement is in proportion to the strength level; (iii) developing cheaper alternatives to high‐molybdenum stainless alloys resistant to localised corrosion; (iii) combining (in optimal composites) the outstanding resistance of titanium to saltwater corrosion and the low‐cost good mechanical properties of steels.
The automobile — aspects of corrosion
Authors: Hammond Keith
Published: February 2008

Life and perfection, if far from opposites, by their very nature lack affinity. True perfection is both inanimate and inert; once life and movement manifest themselves, perfection suffers. Even so, certain man‐made commodities aim commendably at perfection: literature, painting, music, works of architecture — a line drawn at 90° to abase is a work of perfection. But, as it metamorphosises into a thing of beauty and function such as a Nash terrace or Wren church, utter perfection is lost. On another plane, a cricket‐bat, before being eagerly grabbed by man, possesses elements of perfection. It is only when employed in the hope of creating a great sporting performance, its intrinsic strength gives way to mans weakness. So it is with one of mans greatest status symbols — the automobile.
Studies on aluminium diffusion treated steel for heat exchanger tubes
Authors: Aravindakshan C. , Prabhakaram P. , Sen Gupta A. , Mukherji A.N. , Srivastava P.C. , Sharma T.L. , Roy P.K.
Published: February 2008

Aluminium diffusion treated steel by pack process using ferroaluminium was studied for its heat exchanger tube applications properties. The laboratory and inplant corrosion studies reveal that the diffusion treated low carbon steel is extremely resistant to hot corrosion due to sulphurous gases encountered in heat exchanger tubes of sulphuric acid plants at the operating temperatures. The diffusion treated tubes have shown adequate physical properties for heat exchanger tube bundle fabrication.
Sulphonates as rust inhibitors
Authors: Ananhd O.N. , Malik V.P. , Neemla K.D. , Kumar Vijayu
Published: February 2008

The rust inhibiting characteristics of barium/calcium petroleum sulphonates, prepared from two indigenously available base stocks of different origin have been determined in concentration ranging from 0.5 to 3.0% W/W in mineral oil as per ASTM D‐1748 method. The products have been characterised as ‘outstanding’, ‘good’ and ‘satisfactory’ on the basis of their performance in the humidity cabinet. It has been observed that Ba/Ca petroleum sulphonates possessing outstanding rust inhibiting characteristics show low oil/water interfacial tension and high water solubilization characteristics as compared to other sulphonates. It has also been observed that the rust inhibiting characteristics are profoundly influenced by the structural parameter of the hydrocarbon portion of the petroleum sulphonates. The larger the alkyl side chain, the better is the rust inhibiting properties.
Problems in corrosion control
Authors: Ramanathan Lalgudi V.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion is the degradation of metals by chemical or electrochemical reaction with loss of their physical properties in specific areas or overall. Every year in industrialised countries the losses due to corrosion are enormous — roughly about 3.5 to 4.2% of a country's GDP, and running into billions of dollars. A significant part of these losses can be avoided by putting into practice existing corrosion control measures in a systematic manner.
A new water‐displacing, corrosion preventive compound
Authors: George H.M.
Published: February 2008

Numerous dewatering fluids have been developed and marketed as ‘Jack‐of‐all‐trades’ products. In general terms these products are variations on the tried and tested lanolin in white spirit formulation. A new dewatering, anti‐corrosion product has now been successfully developed and marketed which gives much improved properties over the traditional types. In order to improve the performance of the fluid, especially as regards water displacement, the new fluid contains a blend of anti‐corrosion, film‐forming, dewatering and emulsifying agents in a low carbonising base fluid. The resultant fluid meets the requirements laid down in DEF. STAN. 68–10/2, PX‐24, NATO C‐634 for a ‘corrosion preventive compound, water‐displacing’.
Studies of physical properties of hot sprayed aluminium metal coatings to steel substrates
Authors: Wiktorek S. , Bradley E.G.
Published: February 2008

Sprayed metal coatings are an alternative means of effectively protecting steel structures and equipment exposed to severe environments where other coatings, such as paint, are unsuitable or provide only temporary protection. Selecting the most suitable material for a given application is a very important step in achieving success. For resistance to corrosive environments, zinc and aluminium are the most successful and widely used coatings, both being anodic to iron and steel. The performance of sprayed metal coatings is a function of the environment, coating thickness, adhesion, density and the type of sealer used. The mechanism of adhesion is mainly mechanical, the bond strength being dependent on the application process chosen and standard of surface preparation. This paper describes the results of research work associated with hot sprayed aluminium applied by combustion flame and electric arc processes using compressed air and argon carrier gases. Studies included ductility and adhesion tests, scanning electron microscopy of surfaces and cross sections, and Auger surface analyses.
Elastomeric polyurethanes use as coatings in the arduous conditions of severe corrosion and abrasion
Authors: Tucker J.G.
Published: February 2008

On large engineering projects the capital spent in combating corrosion continues to rise, and the ability to maintain effective corrosion control during the designed operating life means the engineer is able to design structures with less weight and higher stress loadings.
Solving concrete deterioration problems with Raychem anodes
Authors: Kendell K.
Published: February 2008

Concrete durability has now become a subject of considerable world‐wide concern and study. Many statements have been published outlining the magnitude and cost to society of the problem of premature deterioration of reinforced concrete structures. In the majority of cases, steel reinforcement corrosion has been determined to be the root cause of the problem. A number of individual causes exist, however the principal agents are carbonation and chloride contamination.
Dutch minister warns on air and sea pollution by metal based abrasives
Authors: Frazer Evans Nigel
Published: February 2008

A stern warning about massive air and sea pollution by on‐going use of metal based abrasive slags in power blasting has just been issued by a Dutch Government environment minister.
The kinetics of anodic and cathodic polarization of aluminium and its alloys
Authors: Ahmad Zaki
Published: February 2008

The relatively complex corrosion mechanism of aluminium has been studied by several authors. Corrosion of aluminium occurs only when the metal protective oxide layer is damaged and when the repair mechanism is prevented by chemical dissolution. Polarization methods have been extensively used to investigate the mechanism of localised corrosion and processes that lead to localised corrosion. The potential‐pH diagrams are shown in Fig. 1A. In using potentiostatic techniques, the potential is controlled and current is determined as the independent variable. Potentiostatic and potentiody‐namic techniques have been applied by several authors to study the corrosion of aluminium in different environment. Both anodic and cathodic polarization curves have been used to interpret the kinetics of pitting corrosion of aluminium in chloride containing environments. Both the anodic and cathodic process are complex and the interpretation of the anodic and cathodic polarization curves of aluminium is often tedious. The situation arises partly from the fact that the role of film formation on the kinetics of corrosion is not clearly understood. Previously there is not established mechanisms of initiation and propagation of pits in aluminium and its alloys. Several parameters such as pitting potential, breakdown potential, active passive transition potential, related to the pitting process of aluminium, are full of controversy. Numerous references on the above can be found in literature).
The Stress Corrosion Properties of 3CR12
Authors: Sandenbergh R.F.
Published: February 2008

The stress corrosion properties of 3CR12 were evaluated in various media by means of potentiodynamic scanning and the slow strain rate techniques. In general 3CR12 shows good resistance to stress corrosion except in hot chloride solutions above 100°C.
Use of advanced steels and alloys mounts in seawater, process systems
Authors: Lövland Paul
Published: February 2008

A quiet material revolution is under way on offshore production platforms — advanced steels and alloys are being applied to a larger extent than ever before, particularly in seawater and process systems.
Role of impurities on the dissolution of mild steel in acidic media
Authors: Nigam Niru , Kumkum Srivastava Mrs
Published: February 2008

Sulphates, chlorides, nitrates and oxidising agents were studied as impurities in sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid. Presence of chlorides inhibited the dissolution of mild steel in sulphuric acid whereas presence of nitrates and oxidising agents accelerated the reaction. In the case of hydrochloric acid, mild steel dissolution was inhibited by sulphate impurities and was accelerated by nitrates and oxidising agents. Ipomoea and Amaranthus (5%) were used as inhibitors. Both of them showed good performance in the two acids in the presence of impurities.
Some considerations on effective internal corrosion monitoring
Authors: Clarke Michael A.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion monitoring techniques fall broadly into two categories: those which provide simple numeric data for control purposes, and those which offer a spectrum of information for diagnostic purposes. Corrosion monitoring can be carried out directly at locations susceptible to corrosion, or indirectly under conditions simulating susceptible but inaccessible points. The interpretation of the data can reflect the purpose of monitoring at the particular location. A consistent form of presentation, and comparative tabulation including statistical analysis can greatly facilitate correlation and trend spotting. Broad spectrum techniques may give an early indication of new problems. An effective internal corrosion monitoring programme can make a major contribution towards the control of plant operating costs.
Studies on the corrosion inhibitive properties of zinc and calcium ferrite pigments in fertilizer plant environment
Authors: Verma K.M. , Chakraborty B.R.
Published: February 2008

The environment in the fertilizer complex is highly corrosive to the structural members due to the varied nature of the raw materials, intermediates and end products being handled. The conditions varies from highly acidic to highly alkaline. The emission of corrosive salts coupled with moist gases aggravate the deterioration of the structurals.
An appraisal of glass reinforced plastic as a pressure pipeline material
Authors: Barrie Greatorex C
Published: February 2008

Pipeline systems throughout the world have been receiving increased attention over the last few years. In part, this has been due to the rise in use of new materials, but it is also the result of the growth in awareness of the need for a reliable supply of clean, potable water.
Noranode the cost effective alternative
Authors: Jensen Finn
Published: February 2008

For almost 10 years it has been known that zinc sacrificial anodes on hot pipelines offshore, i.e. exposed to high temperature, may suffer from intergranular corrosion.
The case for galvanizing
Authors: Smith Brian
Published: February 2008

Liability is a word which is on everyone's lips — or seems to be. From doctor to hairdresser, parent to social worker, people are increasingly aware of having to accept responsibility for their actions and their consequences.
Quality verification of large stainless steel vessels
Authors: Page G.G.
Published: February 2008

The dairy, meat, wine, brewing, nuclear, space and many other industries use vast numbers of very large thin walled vessels to store and process their products. They have established that, provided the correct grades and finishes of stainless steels are used, and that the manufacturing quality of the vessel is correctly specified and carried out, such vessels should give many years of satisfactory service. These closely controlled process industries often ensure that optimum conditions of plant are maintained by subjecting the plant to very harsh cleaning and sanitising routines. Failure either in the form of product contamination or leakage may be viewed with grave concern, and can be extremely embarrassing and costly. The price of scaffolding, inspection and carrying out minor maintenance on six silos at one food processing plant has recently been put as high as $40,000. However, such cost was considered to be trivial compared with the cost that might later be incurred if the product was to be downgraded due to biological contamination; or if unscheduled plant shutdowns for maintenance were required during peak production times.
“Energy efficiency in furnaces”
Authors: McLaren S.
Published: February 2008

1.1 Metabrasive Ltd — The Company and Product Metabrasive Ltd is a wholly‐owned, British registered, subsidiary of a French Company, Wheelabrator‐Allevard S.A., which is based in the Isère region of France just north of Grenoble. That Company, which is itself 51% American owned, bought the steel abrasives business from Bradley & Foster Ltd., a part of Staveley Industries, in August 1980.
Chemical approach to inhibit dezincification of Cu‐based alloys
Authors: Singh Inder
Published: February 2008

The inhibition effect and mechanism of benzotriazole 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole with and without the addition of thiourea on dezincification of Cu‐based alloys have been studied. The measurement were carried out in the solution of 3.5% NaCl with 0.025% Na2SO44 at pH adjusted to 3.53 and at 29° and 60°C. Electrical measurements were conducted galvanostatically (2.14 mA/cm2) and potentiostatically (−200 mV vs. SCE) for 3 hr in the test solution. The performance of the inhibitor were assessed in terms of (1) dissolution of Cu/Zn during polarization and (2) electric charge measurement. The inhibition efficiency calculated from electric charge was in good conformity with the results of chemical analysis of Cu/Zn dissolution during polarization in the test solution. The results were discussed in the light of adsorption theory.
An insidious form of corrosion
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: February 2008

Often occuring with little or no visual indications of surface corrosion such as discolouration or the build up of products, stress corrosion cracking happens when three conditions have been satisfied: a high sustained surface tensile stress must be present; the surface of the part must be in an aggressive environment; and the material must be one which is susceptible to localized corrosion. Cracks formed in this way can extend for considerable lengths with time and as this happens, the residual strength of the part will gradually be reduced. Of particular concern is the deep propagation of these cracks in a thick part of a component with very small surface evidence.
The measurement of corrosion in overhead power lines
Authors: Schwabe P.H. , Pike D.
Published: February 2008

One of the factors giving rise to failure of steel reinforced aluminium power line conductors (ACSR) is corrosion due to the loss of zinc galvanising from the steel. As the zinc coating deteriorates, so galvanic corrosion of the aluminium sets in, resulting in weakening of the conductor, overheating and eventual failure. The corrosion occurs within the conductor and is caused by the ingress of pollution and moisture to the interface between the aluminium and the galvanised steel strands. (Ref 1,2). Originally, conductors were manufactured from dry strands but in later conductors the strands (except the outer layer) were bitumen or grease coated to improve resistance of degradation. Methods of identifying internal corrosion in ACSR includes infrared scanning of energised lines, conductor diameter measurements and visual examination. Corrosion is usually well advanced before it is identified by these methods. In order therefore to obtain early warning of internal corrosion, a specialised corrosion detector based on the measurement of eddy currents was developed by the Central Electricity Generating Board. (Ref 1). This Overhead Line Corrosion Dector (OHLCD) has been brought to the market place by CORMON Ltd and this paper describes the construction and operation of the commercial system.
“In‐service” aircraft inspection and non‐destructive testing
Authors: Bunce Harold G.
Published: February 2008

Consider an aircraft in the throes of major maintenance. With access panels, cover panels, fairings, galley units, seats, interior trim removed, primary structure, electrical and hydraulic systems together with all the other complexities which make up a modern flying machine are revealed. Lift the cabin floor to find a multitude of control systems, look into the electronics bay at racks of black boxes, large looms of multi‐coloured cables and a certain perspective about the importance of organised and systematic approach to inspection of aircraft begins to emerge. Clearly the broad brush approach is neither appropriate nor likely to be effective.
Material development to meet today's demands
Authors: Watts M.R.
Published: February 2008

The construction of the early platforms in the North Sea often stretched materials technology to its limits and sometimes beyond them. There are many instances where major pumps or piping systems have had to be replaced either because the original materials were not sufficient for the duty or because the process fluids have become more corrosive during the life of the oilfield. The paper reviews the considerable work that has been carried out in recent years specially directed at developing stainless steels capable of withstanding a number of the harsh corrosion environments met on off‐shore platforms. The latest stainless steels are able to withstand all the standard seawater duties without suffering from localised pitting or crevice corrosion. Their resistance to hydrogen sulphide stress corrosion means they can cope with the most sour process fluids at present met in the North Sea.
A closer look on application of cathodic protection in reinforced concrete structures
Authors: Golam Ali Mohammad , Rasheeduzzafar  , Dakhil Fahd H.
Published: February 2008

Damage due to corrosion of reinforcing steel has been established as the main cause of deterioration of concrete structures. In the United States alone, corosion damage to bridge decks and support structures has been estimated between $165 and $500 million annually. In the Arabian Gulf, severe corrosion conditions exist: high salt content in water and aggregates used in concrete and also high salt content in the atmosphere causing serious corrosion in reinforced concrete structures. For this region, the cost of damage has not been fully estimated but must run into hundreds of millions of dollars. Cathodic protection may be thought of as the ultimate solution to the problem of corrosion in this region.
Efficiency of some 2‐heterocarboxaldehyde‐2′‐pyridyl‐hydrazones as corrosion inhibitors for Al dissolution in HCl solution
Authors: El‐Tagouri M.M. , Mostafa M.R. , Abu El‐Nader H.M. , Abu El‐Reash G.M.
Published: February 2008

The efficiency of some 2‐heterocarboxaldehyde‐2′‐pyridyl‐hydrazones as inhibitors for the acid dissolution of Al was studied by mass loss, hydrogen evolution and polarization measurement techniques. The corrosion rate was measured in 2M HCI at different temperature and concentrations; maximum percentage protection (85%) was obtained at 103M for the compound containing oxygen atom. The activation energies were calculated for all the additives used. The rate constant decreases as the inhibition efficiency increases. The results show that the studied materials influencing both the cathodic and anodic process. The mechanism of inhibition was proposed on the basis of the formation of a protective monolayer by the inhibitors molecules on the metal surface according to Langmuir isotherm.
In The ‘Light’ of Experience
Authors: Graves Richard
Published: February 2008

THE emergence of high speed military transmission systems, led to the adoption of a Data Bus system, whose parameters were defined by Mil‐Std‐1553B. Since its introduction several years ago, it has developed into a fully matured standard, with a worldwide acceptance from Government bodies, armed forces and industry. This has meant that the large bundle of cables have been replaced by a single twisted pair of wires. The effect of this on the industry has been to reduce the number of connectors.
Flow Measurement
Authors: Calzavara Luciano
Published: February 2008

Attaining accuracy FLOW measurement is stated to be one of the main problems confronting todays test engineer.
Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System
Authors: Ford CEng MRAeS Terry
Published: February 2008

HIGHLY topical in its subject and affording a venue for the exchange of information and experience on both sides of the Atlantic, the Royal Aeronautical Society conference on the Traffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) provided an opportunity for an appreciation of development so far and progress for the future.
Super D‐Gun
Authors: Gill B.J.
Published: February 2008

MORE than thirty years ago, Union Carbide invented a device based on detonating gas mixtures of oxygen and acetylene for making coatings from fine powders. The most successful of these was a family of tungsten carbide/cobalt materials which rapidly became established as the industry standard for thin, wear resistant coatings.
Research into the Control of Corrosion on Aircrafts
Authors: Smith CJE
Published: February 2008

IT is impossible to obtain accurate information on the cost of aircraft corrosion to the civil airline operators and the armed services. The true cost should include aircraft washing and cleaning, the cost of inspection, the application of supplementary protectives and maintenance of the protective scheme as well as the cost of blending out corrosion damage and the replacement of parts which cannot be repaired. The removal of paint and repainting are further items which must be included in the overall corrosion costs. Estimates made by IATA in 1982 suggested that member airlines were spending the order of 200 million dollars per year on corrosion rectification or the equivalent of 8 to 20 dollars per flying hour depending on the aircraft type or operator. More recently it has been suggested that the actual cost of corrosion to the USAF is probably about one billion dollars per year.
Long Life Topcoat — LLT 2000
Authors: Parrott Brian R.
Published: February 2008

The use of fluoropolymer resin within ambient temperature curing exterior paint finishes for use on aircraft are shown to be a practical and beneficial proposition. Comparison with two‐component polyester polyurethanes and with acrylic urethanes clearly indicates superior durability in terms of gloss and colour retention.
Radial Ply Tyres for Aircraft — Update
Authors: Barlow B.Sc S
Published: February 2008

Since the 1950's the radial ply tyre has gradually penetrated all fields of ground transportation to the situation today where it enjoys a dominant position, particularly in the Western World where road surfaces are of a high standard. The advantages offered by the radial ply construction for passenger car and road vehicle applications are well known, although their lack of robustness has prevented their more general adoption in areas where roads are of an inadequate standard.
Passive Fire Protection Success
Authors: Sealey Alan
Published: February 2008

TESTS recently conducted by the Fire Research Station on behalf of the CAA to assess the effectiveness of onboard water sprinklers involved the construction of a test rig based on the fuselage of a Boeing 707 passenger aircraft. Major fire conditions were created outside and the flames were also drawn into the fuselage in a series of tests.
Rubber a ‘Natural’ for V‐22 Osprey Tiltrotor Aircraft
Authors: Potter J.L.
Published: February 2008

The ability to rise like a helicopter, tilt its rotors forward and fly like an airplane puts unusual demands on tiltrotor bearings, links and springs. Add to this stringent requirements for high reliability and low maintenance and you've got one tought assignment. Innovative and sophisticated natural rubber products from Lord Corporation have met the challenge.
Managing Technical Information in an Open Systems Environment
Authors: Moore John C.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Effectively managing your technical information does not just mean knowing where the documents are stored — it means effectively managing your products. It is fast becoming the key to managing time‐to‐market, quality, and costs as well. Managing the technical information about products has become known as Product Information Management (PIM). This article discusses the organisational, financial and technical implications involved in the successful management of product information, and the enabling of organisational and technical interoperability.
The Quiet Helicopter
Authors: Ford CEng MRAeS Terry
Published: February 2008

ACCEPTANCE of helicopter operations in all of their various forms has often been conditioned by noise and this subject was addressed at a recent Royal Aeronautical Society Conference. The generation of noise, both in the helicopter itself and externally was described and measures being taken to alleviate it were outlined.
Flight Deck Development
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: February 2008

FOR its 1992 Technical Presentation the Guild of Air Pilots and Air Navigators considered flight deck developments for the 21st century and gave indications of trends now being realised and portents for the future. From NASA assumptions for the next generation cockpit and aircraft's physical, fiscal and operating environment were stated, based on the concept that the design has its genesis in the environment in which it must be productive and efficient.
Advances in Ceramic Manufacturing Technology
Authors: Shore Paul
Published: February 2008

COMMON to a diverse range of manufacturing industries, is the drive to miniaturise and produce higher precision products. Electric switches and relays, for example, operate faster when they are smaller. In turn this pushes forward the need for greater understanding of materials and processes at the molecular and atomic level.
Aircraft Maintenance Management Part 1
Authors: Middleton D.H.
Published: February 2008

THE world slump which has opened this decade has had a serious effect upon aviation generally, de‐regulation in USA and the end of much of the tension with the former USSR has also had its effect, particularly in the military sphere.
Research into Materials Aspects of Aircraft Maintenance and Life Extension — Part 1
Authors: Chester R.J. , Clark G. , Hinton B.R.W. , Baker A.A.
Published: February 2008

OVER several decades the Defence Science and Technology Organisation's Aeronautical Research Laboratory (ARL) has undertaken materials research focussed on support for maintenance and life extension of military aircraft. The reason for selecting this research focus — rather than development of new materials — derives from the fact that approximately half of the through‐life cost of a military aircraft is spent on maintenance. The cost‐effectiveness of research which reduces maintenance costs can therefore be substantial. Similarly, research activities which prolong the service life of an aircraft can provide large benefits by delaying purchase of a replacement fleet; acquisition costs are also large, at approximately one‐third of the through‐life cost of an aircraft fleet. A recent Australian evaluation of the cost‐effectiveness of materials‐related research aimed at reducing cost‐of ownership reported a benefit: cost ratio of the order of 25:1. One example is the Mirage IIIO whose initial design safe life of 24000 flying hours was extended to 4,000 flying hours as a result of research and development carried out at ARL; the aircraft was flown for six years more than initially planned, effectively delaying the need to replace the fleet. This type of life extension R&D requires a range of scientific and engineering approaches, focussed on evaluation of potential problems, and the development of technologically feasible life‐extension measures. Many of the maintenance‐reducing and life‐extension developments for military aircraft are readily applicable to aging civil aircraft. This paper highlights some of the materials research — specifically improved corrosion protection, evaluation of defects using non‐destructive inspection and repair of damage — which is now proving to be applicable to aging aircraft.
Developments in Engine‐Airframe Integration
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: February 2008

THE way in which powerplant characteristics are matched to those of an aircraft and the degree to which such integration is desirable are topics which have occupied designers for a considerable time. Development technologies influence these considerations and lead to a limited choice of powerplant locations. A recent Royal Aeronautical Society conference addressed these issues and made an introductory point of the fact that the ideal extent of integration for say, a subsonic transport, will be quite different to that appropriate to a V/STOL or stealth combat type.
Condition Monitoring of Spindle Machines Performance is Proving Cost Effective at British Aerospace
Authors: Smith MSc CEng FIMfgE Tony
Published: February 2008

A significant amount of metal removal is undertaken at British Aerospace's Preston plant during the machining of mainly aluminium wing skins, bulk heads and leading edge sections for Tornados, Jaguars and other aircraft.
Credit Card Sized GCAT Helps Solve Mylar Tape Shortage
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: February 2008

What do you do when Mylar tape is becoming unavailable, there are no suitable replacements and your sophisticated multi‐million pound 5 axis milling machines are controlled by Mylar tape?
The Route to Realtime Third Octave Analaysis on a PC
Authors: Rumble Andy
Published: February 2008

THE vast majority of noise specifications, rating indices, requlations and working procedures are based around overall levels and/or octave or fractional octave frequency analysis. Traditionally, analyses of this type are carried out by passing noise signals through analogue filter sets, using the ‘energy’ (pressure‐squared) outputs that result to drive analogue or digital indicators.
ATR Composite Wing
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: February 2008

THE ATR consortium manufactures a range of transport aircraft for which Aerospatiale supplies the wings and associated structure and Alenia of Italy manufactures the fuselage and empennage. Engines, propellers and landing gear are supplied by Pratt & Whitney of Canada, Hamilton Standard and Messier‐Bugatti, respectively. At Le Bourget this year, the opportunity was taken to introduce new models together with plans for the future.
Airport Crash Fire
Authors: Meyer Ulf
Published: February 2008

IN the first few frightening moments of an aircraft on fire on the runway, there is only one thing that matters — rapid knockdown and extinguishment of the fire to save lives.
Trent — Concept through to Production
Authors: Hutchinson John
Published: February 2008

The 1988 decision by British engineering company Rolls‐Royce to launch a new gas turbine engine at the top end of the power market was a bold move.
Vought aircraft enhances thrust reverser database with CFD simulations
Authors: Wooden Perry A. , Nobel Timothy P.
Published: February 2008

Costly physical experiments are normally used to evaluate the performance of thrust reverser concepts during the design process. This is because the design geometry is normally so complex that producing a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model would take longer than running an experiment. Recently, unstructured grid CFD software packages have come onto the market that claim to greatly reduce the amount of time required to produce a grid. One of these packages. RAMPANT from Fluent, Inc., Lebanon, New Hampshire, was used to model an experimental thrust reverser design. A series of varying cascade blades were modelled in less than a day and the analysis results matched well with the experimental data.
Helicopter survival and response
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: February 2008

Among the interesting papers at a recent conference was a contribution which detailed the US Army Aviation and Troop Command's Aviation Applied Technology Directorate (AATD) initiated research on cockpit air bags. Based on actual mishap data — a member of an aircrew may survive an accident with only minor injuries, whereas the gunner, for example, receives fatal injuries owing to his head flailing into the rigid telescopic sighting unit.
Converting to carbide
Authors: Gaten Nick
Published: February 2008

The expected return on major investment by Aerospace Forgings Ltd, in CAD/CAM and computer‐controlled die‐sinking machine tools has only been fully realized with a switch from high speed steel (HSS) to solid and inserted carbide cutting tools which have been supplied by Stellram of Melksham.
Aviation batteries: the state of the art in nickel cadmium
Authors: Hapiak Fred‐Eric , Thomas Nigel
Published: February 2008

The battery requirements of aircraft manufacturers and airlines in the 1970s and 1980s were for longer life and ever‐increasing electrical performance in areas such as power‐to‐weight ratio and energy density but, towards the end of the 1980s, a major additional requirement became apparent: a reduction in battery maintenance to reduce direct costs and cut aircraft downtime.
Bookshelf
Authors: Rasmussen Maurice , Adams R.J. , Buffington J.M. , Banda S.S.
Published: February 2008

Not since the early days of space flight has the subject of hypersonic flow been of such importance to aerospace. Spurred by visions of hypersonic transport, and aerospace planes, the US Government now supports studies of hypersonic flow in at least 18 graduate research centres across the USA, and numerous major universities now offer graduate and senior‐level undergraduate courses on the subject.
How project management helped the B‐2 Stealth Bomber to take off
Authors: Bowen Gail
Published: February 2008

For more than 15 years, 6,000 companies and over 40,000 people worked together to design, develop and produce the B‐2 Stealth Bomber, the United States' futuristic bombing machine.
Materials developments
Authors: Ford Terry
Published: February 2008

This year's Paris Air Show provided an opportunity to see some of the notable advances made in materials technology and to examine progress made in applications to a variety of components. Du Pont and another US company, Lanxide Corporation, formed a joint venture a while ago to design, develop and manufacture ceramic matrix and metal matrix composites for use in aerospace and other areas. One example concerns ceramic composite parts for turbine engine combustors which allow the side wall temperatures to be increased from 1,000°C to 1,300°C, thereby increasing fuel efficiency.
Advances in protective coatings and processes for aerospace applications
Authors: Smith Chris J.E.
Published: February 2008

The aerospace industry relies heavily on protective treatments and processes to ensure that the structural integrity of an aircraft is not degraded in service as a result of operating under harsh corrosive conditions. Many of the chemicals and processes currently employed in metal finishing have been found to cause pollution and long‐term damage to the environment. Legislation and international agreements are now in place which ultimately will lead to a ban or major reduction in the use of many of these processes and coatings. The aircraft constructors and operators are seeking to adopt new protective schemes and treatments which will satisfy future environmental requirements.