bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Risk Factors for Major Violence Among Homeless Women
Authors: WENZEL SUZANNE L. , LEAKE BARBARA D. , GELBERG LILLIAN
Published: March 2007

Violence against women is a significant public health, criminal, and social problem, but survey research with a focus on homeless women's experiences of violence is limited. Using self-report data from a probability sample of 974 homeless women in Los Angeles County, California, this study examines severity of homelessness, social and family characteristics, subsistence activities, and alcohol and drug abuse or dependence as predictors of major violence (i.e., being kicked, bitten, hit with a fist or object, beaten up, choked, burned, or threatened or harmed with a knife or gun). One third of the women experienced major violence during the year before they were interviewed. Greater severity of homelessness, engaging in subsistence activities, and victimization during childhood were significant predictors of major violence. Analyses suggested that drug dependence might influence victimization risk through sex trade. Major violence against homeless women requires attention from multiple service sectors.
Psychological, Behavioral, and Social Characteristics Associated with Early Forced Sexual Intercourse among Pregnant Adolescents
Authors: LANZ JEAN B.
Published: March 2007

In a research study exploring patterns of substance use and sexual behavior among pregnant adolescent women under the age of 18, the data were examined for associations between a history of early forced sexual intercourse and indicators of psychological, behavioral, and social problems during adolescence. The findings indicate that many pregnant adolescent women have experienced early forced sexual intercourse and that the experience has had a measurable effect on their functioning during adolescence. Compared to reported nonvictims, reported victims were more depressed, anxious, and self-conscious, had lower self-esteem, used more crack, cocaine, and other drugs (excluding marijuana), and engaged in a higher number of delinquent activities. In addition, they moved more frequently, experienced poorer quality family relationships, and felt that they had received less emotional support from family and friends over the past year. Discriminant function analysis succeeded in distinguishing reported victims from nonvictims 67% of the time.
A Social Exchange Explanation for the Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome
Authors: LEONARD ELIZABETH D.
Published: March 2007

Social exchange framework is applied to Summit's Child Sexual Abuse Accommodation Syndrome, which describes a common pattern of interaction and response among child victims of sexual abuse, their caretakers, and the adult offenders. Using the principles of cost and rewards, an analysis is made of the five components of the syndrome: (a) secrecy; (b) helplessness; (c) entrapment and accommodation; (d) delayed, conflicted, and unconvincing disclosure; and (e) retraction. Exchange principles show that all components reflect the least unprofitable of the limited options perceived by victims. Analysis of the syndrome demonstrates the applicability of the exchange perspective for this aspect of child sexual abuse and encourages its use with other aspects of family violence.
Pathways to Disenchantment
Authors: EISIKOVITS ZVI , BUCHBINDER ELI
Published: March 2007

Some evidence in the literature indicated that contact between social workers and battered women is marked by divergent perceptions of the problem and definitions of the situation. The present study analyzed the interaction between social workers and battered women as perceived by the latter. Forty in-depth interviews were conducted with battered women living with their batterers. The content analysis of the interviews yielded two major paths of interaction that converged around a sense of disenchantment: The first was related to social workers' perceived avoidance to handle directly the violence or its consequences, labeled here as disenchantment through avoidance; the second was related to what the women interpreted as social workers' attempts to change, reframe, or distort their definition of the situation—labeled here as disenchantment through action. The major themes constituting each of the two paths are discussed and illustrated. Implications for practice are suggested.
Clinical Interviewing With Trauma Victims
Authors: URQUIZA ANTHONY J. , WYATT GAIL E. , GOODLIN-JONES BETH L.
Published: March 2007

During the past decade, research methodology in the area of child and adult violence has increasingly utilized a clinical interview methodology. Although this methodology promises a more reliable and clinically rich set of data, it also carries higher degree of risk of emotional distress to the interview participants. Thus far, most of the focus on risk has been directed toward the respondent or subject; however, this article describes differing aspects of risk for the interviewer and presents clinical examples. Approaches to minimizing and managing emotional distress on the part of the interviewer are presented, with an emphasis on recruitment of research personnel, initial and ongoing training, and structuring regular interviewer team meetings. It is proposed that the safety and emotional health of both the respondent and the interviewer should always take priority over data collection.
Women's Responses to Battering Over Time
Authors: CAMPBELL JACQUELYN C. , SOEKEN KAREN L.
Published: March 2007

A community volunteer sample of 98 battered women was interviewed using a combination of established instruments and in-depth questions over three points in time during a period of 3½ years. An ANOVA change analysis approach was used, dividing the women into three approximately equal groups according to abuse status. Groups 1 and 2, women who indicated a change from abuse to nonabuse status, reported significantly better health as compared to women reporting abuse at all three times. In contrast, depression decreased for all 3 groups from Time 1 to Time 2, with a significant increase at Time 3 with no effect of abuse status. Self-esteem in non-African American women had a similar trajectory. However, for African American women, the means in both self-esteem and self-care agency increased across all three times, regardless of abuse. Depression trajectories also differed between African American and non-African American women.
Child Abuse Potential
Authors: HAAPASALO JAANA , AALTONEN TERHI
Published: March 2007

Twenty-five mothers whose children had been under the supervision of the Child Protection Services (CPS group) primarily for neglect and 25 comparison mothers were compared with respect to their child abuse potential as assessed by Milner's Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAPI). We examined whether the CPS mothers' child abuse potential would still be elevated 7 years after the reported maltreatment of their child. Second, an attempt was made to predict the CAPI scores with the mothers' childhood abuse experiences, adulthood social problems, and socioeconomic status. The CPS mothers scored significantly higher than the comparison mothers on most of the CAPI scales, indicating their persistent elevated child abuse potential. No significant differences between the groups were found, however, in risk for child abuse. Hierarchical regression analyses showed that the CAPI Abuse scale scores were best predicted by maternal social problems. Childhood abuse experienced by the mothers and socioeconomic status failed to predict the CAPI Abuse scale scores.
The Relationship of Animal Abuse to Violence and Other Forms of Antisocial Behavior
Authors: ARLUKE ARNOLD , LEVIN JACK , LUKE CARTER , ASCIONE FRANK
Published: March 2007

Results from this study challenge the assumption that animal abusers commonly “graduate” from violence against animals to violence against humans. The criminal records of 153 animal abusers and 153 control participants were tracked and compared. Animal abusers were more likely than control participants to be interpersonally violent, but they also were more likely to commit property offenses, drug offenses, and public disorder offenses. Thus, there was an association between animal abuse and a variety of antisocial behaviors, but not violence alone. Moreover, when the time order between official records of animal abuse and interpersonal violence was examined, animal abuse was no more likely to precede than follow violent offenses. Although these findings dispute the assumption that animal abuse inevitably leads to violence toward humans, they point to an association between animal abuse and a host of antisocial behaviors, including violence. Also discussed are the methodological problems of demonstrating sequential temporal relations between animal abuse and other antisocial behaviors.
Informing the Research Agenda on Domestic Abuser Intervention Through Practitioner-Researcher Dialogues
Authors: MURPHY CHRISTOPHER M. , DIENEMANN JACQUELINE A.
Published: March 2007

Officials in the state of Maryland have adopted the goal of establishing empirically based practice standards for intervention programs that work with domestic abuse perpetrators. This article highlights a set of roundtable discussions between practitioners, policy makers, and researchers, the goal of which was to inform the research agenda on Abuser Intervention Programs (AIPs). Contextual material is provided on the gap between practice and research in mental health disciplines in general and on the need for structured communication between practitioners and researchers to help bridge this gap. Roundtable participants emphasized a number of important research directions that converge and diverge with recent trends in research on domestic abuse perpetrators and AIPs.
Charting Your Company’s Course through Troubled Economic Times
Authors: Hofrichter David A.
Published: March 2007

One of the most disturbing aspects of our current economic malaise is the number of companies reacting to difficult times by ignoring the lessons learned in the 1990s concerning high performance. These companies are embracing practices more likely to prolong their problems rather than alleviate them. With their backs to the wall, troubled companies face a number of questions. There is the practical matter of people: At a time when layoffs are in the air, how does the organization keep its top talent—the people it most needs to retain if it is going to recover? A broader but equally pressing issue is strategic: How will the business get out of trouble and on the road to recovery? The corollary question is just as important: What can it do to avoid, or at least minimize, similar trouble in the future? These challenges are even more daunting during an economic downturn. This article answers key questions to help identify the path to business recovery.
Executive Compensation and Changes mn Control: A Search for Fairness
Authors: Paulin George B.
Published: March 2007

Changes in company ownership or control almost always lead to changes in staffing (often including lost jobs), reporting relationships, and pay philosophy. Many U.S. companies address these uncertainties either by establishing ongoing change-in-control arrangements, or by adopting such arrangements when the changes occur or are pending.

This article reviews the compensation policies and regulatory implications of pay actions related to changes in control. It discusses such topics as U.S. trends; ways to avoid inadvertent errors or abuses in agreements; ways to convert outstanding stock options to the new company; and best practices for the future.
How to Make Gainsharing Successful: The Collective Experience of 17 Facilities
Authors: Masternak Robert
Published: March 2007

Why are some gainsharing plans more successful than others? This article reports on the author's discussion with human resource managers from two major corporations. Participants had experience with gainsharing plans at 17 manufacturing sites. The managers' discussion focused on issues including both the technical and social aspects of gainsharing, performance results, plan design, implementation steps, employee involvement, and suggestions for improvement. This investigation of various gainsharing plans provides examples of commonalties in the successful plans, practices that were found to be most helpful in advancing performance, and advice for those who are planning to install a gainsharing plan. These managers agreed that a gainsharing plan can be a powerful tool for positive change.
Meeting The Communication Challenge
Authors: Ackley Dennis R.
Published: March 2007

For the most part, account-based pension plans are not traditional long-service retirement plans. They are "when your service ends" plans, whether the employee leaves to retire or start a new job or vocation, and they are much like savings plans. They are also a new approach to helping employ-ees understand and accumulate their financial resources. Easier to explain to employees than more traditional pension plans, account-based plans still present stumbling blocks in terms of how to successfully introduce them to your orga-nization. Why the new plan is being introduced and what it is intended to do and not to do are the toughest and most important communication challenges that need to be met. Key communica-tion elements include proper naming of the bene-fit (don't call it a retirement plan) and demonstrating your organization's intended people strategy.
Should Options Reward Absolute or Relative Shareholder Returns?
Authors: Johnson Alan
Published: March 2007

Stock options have become the primary long-term incentive device used in the Untied States and Western Europe and their use continues in other parts of the world. The amount of compensation involved in these prgrmas is immense, as is thir impact of share dilution. The recent, long-running bull market has created a ”lottery”, sates the author, in which mediocre-peroming managers have been cashing in winning tickets. in this context, the author questions wether owing stock options has kept pace with changes in the business world over the past 50 years. The author does not argue the assumption that companies sould like empoyees' and executives' compensation to shareholder value. He does state, however, taht the fundamental issues concering stock options and other long-term incentive devife are wether they are designed to motivate and reward absolute or relative share holder returns. Simply put, are absolute stock price gains t he best indicator of shareholder value creation, or is permance erlative to the broad market or to industry peers a more meaningful indicator of sucess?
Stock Option Repnclng: What Now?
Authors: Linney Reid
Published: March 2007

Stock options are the lifeblood of Silicon Valley. Indeed, they've become the vehicle for shifting the balance of success-sharing between shareholders and employees, creating a bigger pie to share, and increasing shareholder tensions in the process. Because stock options are so important to companies in Silicon Valley, repricing has become critical for the survival of companies with stock prices that turn south. Repricing stock options has become the best, and sometimes only, defense for these companies. FASB recently proposed a new accounting treatment for repriced options that could very well be the death knell for this practice. But the needs that have driven companies to embrace repricing will continue unabated. This article puts those needs into perspective and identifies some alternatives that companies may adopt in lieu of repricing, or in combination with a modest repricing.
A Review Of Death Penalty Caselaw: Future Directions For Program Evaluation
Authors: Small Mark A.
Published: March 2007

The death penalty has been under increasing empirical study since the United States Supreme Court decision in Furman v. Georgia. In recent years the Supreme Court has narrowed both the relevance and applicability of empirical evidence in deciding capital punishment cases. This paper reviews empirical challenges to the death penalty from the perspective of program evaluation. Recent trends in death penalty litigation suggest that the Supreme Court is simply fine-tuning the "death program," focusing on fairness of procedures and deferring the more difficult moral questions to state legislatures.
Jedwabne: Will the Right Question be Raised?
Authors: Prizel Ilya
Published: March 2007

The stupid dark masses will probably embark on crimes and madness. But let at least a handful of Polish intelligentsia protest before mankind and history.

Eliza Orzeszkowa, 1881
The Dilemmas of Dissidence: the Politics of Opposition in East-central Europe
Authors: Judt Tony
Published: March 2007

“It is not necessary,” said the priest, “to accept everything as true, one must only accept it as necessary.”

“A melancholy conclusion,” said K. “It turns lying into a universal principle.”

Franz Kafka, The Trial
Testing Validity and Reliability of an Instrument Which Measures Maternal Evaluation of Breastfeeding
Authors: Riordan Janice M. , Woodley Gina , Heaton Karen
Published: March 2007

Breastfeeding satisfaction is usually measured by how long a mother breastfeeds. Lack of another method to measure the mother's evaluation of breastfeeding has been a barrier to breastfeeding research. This study tested validity and reliability of the Maternal Breastfeeding Evaluation Scale (MBFES), a new tool which measures mothers' satisfaction with breastfeeding. The sample consisted of 73 women who attended breastfeeding classes in a midwestern hospital. MBFES scores were significantly correlated with the length of time mothers intended to breastfeed (r = .31) and the length of time they breastfed (r = .49), which supports validity. Correlation coefficients for the scale and subscales, .83, .73, .76 and .78, respectively, indicated acceptable internal consistency among items in the scale. These findings support reliability and validity of the MBFES for clinical use.
Mother's Milk: A Medium for Early Flavor Experiences
Authors: Mennella Julie A.
Published: March 2007

For centuries, many believed that the lactating woman's diet could influence the composition and flavor of her milk and that substances in human milk could be transmitted from the wet nurse or mother and have long-lasting effects on the child. The research described herein focuses on mother's milk as a medium of early sensory experiences for the human infant and establishes several points. First, human milk is not a food of invariant flavor. Rather, like the milk of other mammals, human milk is flavored by ingested compounds such as garlic, mint, vanilla, and alcohol and provides the potential for a rich source of varying chemosensory experiences to the infant. Second, the infants' response to a particular flavor in milk may depend upon the recency and duration of past exposures. That is, the prior diet of mothers, and consequently their infants, may modify the infants' responses to these flavors during breastfeeding.
Prenatal Breastfeeding Education: Its Effect on Breastfeeding Among WIC Participants
Authors: Reifsnider Elizabeth , Eckhart Donna
Published: March 2007

The effect of prenatal breastfeeding education on breastfeeding incidence and duration was determined among 31 prenatal WIC participants. The subjects, assigned to a control group (n= 17) or experimental group (n= 14), received prenatal nutrition education through the WIC program. The experimental group received at least one breastfeeding education class. There was no significant difference in breastfeeding incidence between the groups, however, there was a significant difference in breastfeeding incidence by parity (p<0.05). There was a significantly higher percentage of women still breastfeeding at 3 and 4 months postpartum in the experimental versus the control group (p<0.05). The control group breastfed for 29.5 + 43.6 days, while the experimental group breastfed for 76 days + 104.3 (p=.05). Multiparous women who had bottle-fed previous children breastfed for a shorter duration (18 + 22 days) than primiparous women (60 87 days) (p<.07).
Breastfeeding Practices of Infants with Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome
Authors: Moe Jillian K. , Holland Molly D. , Johnson Rachel K.
Published: March 2007

Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome (RTS) is a rare disorder affecting 1 out of 300,000 people, characterized by broad thumbs and toes, distinctive facial features, hypotonia, and developmental delays. In this study, 180 members of an RTS parent group completed a survey that elucidated breastfeeding practices of infants with RTS. Fifty-nine percent of mothers initiated breastfeeding with an average duration of 7.1 months. Overall, 48% of the women reported that their child had a good to fair suck, and 50% were fairly to very pleased with the breastfeeding experience. Problems reported with breastfeeding included poor weight gain (46%), poor nipple grasp (35%), failure to thrive (34%), and infant fatigue (33%). In other populations of infants with special needs, many breastfeeding problems have been alleviated with instruction, proper positioning, close nutritional follow up, and strong encouragement by the health care team. With adequate support, mothers and their children with RTS can successfully carry out breastfeeding.
Promoting Exclusive Breastfeeding for 4-6 Months in Honduras: Attitudes of Mothers and Barriers to Compliance
Authors: Cohen Roberta J. , Brown Kenneth H. , Rivera Leonardo Landa , Dewey Kathryn G.
Published: March 2007

Prospective and retrospective data on maternal attitudes and obstacles to exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) were collected from Honduran mothers of low birthweight (1500-2500 g), term infants who were enrolled in an intervention study to compare infant outcomes in those who were randomly assigned to breastfeed exclusively for either 4 or 6 months. Perceived advantages of EBF were that it was easier, more practical and economical, and resulted in better infant health and growth. Disadvantages included the perceived time demand, concerns that the infant would accept solids less readily, and fears that breast milk alone was insufficient. The majority of study participants said that they would choose to EBF, particularly in the first few weeks, women who persevered became enthusiastic proponents of EBF. Messages to promote EBF need to target the entire community, not just mothers, and should focus on addressing common misconceptions and alerting women to potential problems before they occur.
Evaluating the Association of Two Breastfeeding Assessment Tools with Breastfeeding Problems and Breastfeeding Satisfaction
Authors: Schlomer Julie A. , Kemmerer Jacque , Twiss Janice J.
Published: March 2007

This pilot study evaluated how the scores from each of two breastfeeding assessment tools correlated with breastfeeding satisfaction and problems. A convenience sample of 30 first-time breastfeeding mothers participated. Mothers were randomly assigned to use either the LATCH or Infant Breastfeeding Assessment Tool (IBFAT). The Maternal Breastfeeding Evaluation Scale (MBFES) and Potential Early Breastfeeding Problem Tool (PEBPT) were used to evaluate the association of the scores of each assessment tool with breastfeeding satisfaction and breastfeeding problems. As scores on the both the LATCH and IBFAT increased, maternal satisfaction scores tended to increase, but not significantly, and breastfeeding problem scores tended to decrease (r=-0.5, p=0.06 and r=-0.49, p=0.06; respectively).
The Streetcorner Preacher
Authors: Hong Lawrence K. , Dearman Marion V.
Published: March 2007

Alleluia, alleluia, Lord, I glorify your name. Thank you, Jesus, Heaven come to your heart, heaven come to your heart. Amen, amen. Devil is here, but Jesus is right here. Alleluia, alleluia Praise the Lord. Thank you, Jesus.
The Politics of Public Art
Authors: Dubin Steven C.
Published: March 2007

Organizational dynamics and priorities determine how art is produced as a public service. Chicago's CETA-sponsored Artists-in-Residence program (AIR) developed a distinctive culture and organizational structure to adapt to a complex and politicized environment and to manage a wide variety of artistic personnel. The fate and effectiveness of artists and their projects depended on their contribution to the organization's survival and the fit between AIR's manifest culture and the various latent cultures artists endorsed. Recurring internal struggles and external problems resulted in a narrow, conventionalized and noncontroversial interpretation of public art.
Role Blurring in a Holistic Therapeutic Community
Authors: Wiley Juniper
Published: March 2007

Role segregation, or the clear split between the role of staff and patient, has been a dominant feature of the traditional mental hospital and most contemporary community-based treatment facilities for the mentally ill. In contrast, this article reports on an innovative community-based therapeutic milieu for the chronically mentally ill in which a holistic healing philosophy and egalitarian ideology supports the blurring of roles of staff and patient. A detailed description and analysis of “role blurring' is offered that includes (1) an examination of its sources and organizational and therapeutic consequences, (2) the ways in which role and status are inevitably and subtly reasserted and differentiated by way of interactional strategies and structural factors, (3) this therapeutic community's place within the reforms of institutionalization and deinstitutionalization, and (4) a discussion of what other organizational contexts do and do not to promote “role blurring.”
VISUAL ETHNOGRAPHY
Authors: MARGOLIS ERIC
Published: March 2007

Visual representations, such as photographs, maps, and computer graphics, have much to offer ethnography. In the early 1900s, photojournalists and sociologists used photography to document poverty in rural America and urban slums. Nonverbal representations played an important role in bringing social conditions to the attention of the citizenry. This article reports on a street outreach project taking place in San Francisco's Tenderloin district. A variety of visual representations was used to illuminate the social processes, events, relationships, and meanings of both the subculture of intravenous drug users and the outreach workers who pass out bleach and condoms to prevent transmission of the AIDS virus. Maps are used to depict the drug users' view of the Tenderloin and the centers of HIV infection in San Francisco. Computer graphics describe the demographics of the client population, while photographs portray the reality of outreach work in a way that words cannot. The article sketches a paradigm for using visual material in ethnographic investigations.
COMPETENT PARENTS, COMPLEX LIVES
Authors: ROSIER KATHERINE BROWN , CORSARO WILLIAM A.
Published: March 2007

This study builds on earlier ethnography of friendship processes among children attending a Head Start program in a large city in the Midwest. Here, through intensive interviews and ethnographic observations of a small sample of the Head Start children's families, the researchers examine the values and concerns of lower-class Black mothers regarding their children's education. Earlier studies have shown that Black parents of all income levels place great value on education and have high expectations for their children's academic careers. The present research goes beyond these studies by directly addressing the strategies that parents employ in acting on these values. The article describes an impressive array of strategies that the study's respondents use to encourage their children's academic achievement and to promote the development of values that will keep them enthusiastic about schooling. The theoretical implications of the findings are then addressed. In particular, the discussion highlights the need for an extension of Kohn's well-known arguments concerning the relationship between social class and conformity. Finally, the researchers stress that longitudinal ethnography is a crucial method for developing theoretical understandings of family socialization processes and children's educational experiences.
WAYS OF LEARNING
Authors: HENNING PHILIP H.
Published: March 2007

This article is based on a seven-month ethnographic study of the work and learning of seven refrigeration service technicians working for a supermarket chain in the north-eastern United States. The resources that are used for learning by these technicians are varied and complex and lie in the realms of the physical affordances of technical objects, particular forms of discourse, and in the social relationships that are built around the service department. In managing the troubles between machines and people in the supermarkets under their care, the technicians use the rich collection of locally available resources for learning in their daily work life that ensures them a central place in this community of practice.
BETWEEN A HARD ROCK AND POSTMODERNISM:
Authors: BORCHARD KURT
Published: March 2007

Various researchers have promoted the use of ethnographic accounts in subjective descriptions of postmodern spaces. The Hard Rock Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas represents such a space, embodying several key features of postmodern culture. These features include the commodification of image signs and popular culture, the commercial neutralization of signifying practices subversive to capitalism, ephemeral architecture informing ephemeral social relationships, and the creation of spectacles of ironic pleasure. The author merges his experience of the Hard Rock Hotel's opening night, his interaction with the space and others in it, and his thoughts relating these to a postmodern moment/ethnography.
Learning from the Field: Economic Growth and Workforce Development in the 1990s
Authors: Giloth Robert P.
Published: March 2007

Although attention to labor market preparation, access, and retention for disadvantaged workers has experienced a dramatic turnaround in the past 6 years for economic and policy reasons, serious challenges remain. Today’s workforce development implies more than employment training in the narrow sense: It means substantial employer engagement, deep community connections, career advancement, integrative human service supports, contextual and industry-driven education and training, reformed community colleges, and connective tissue of networks. This article discusses six areas of workforce development learning: (a) retention and advancement, (b) employer and jobseeker customers, (c) regions and neighborhoods, (d) race and labor markets, (e) best practices and replication, and (f) labor market reform. In addition to inevitable economic downturns, optimism should be tempered by three big challenges: the underlying patterns of wage and income inequality, the persistence of race and gender inequalities, and our historic failure to create effective links between schools and labor markets.
Enterprise Zones and Job Creation: Linking Evaluation and Practice
Authors: Boarnet Marlon G.
Published: March 2007

Although enterprise zones have been a popular economic development tool for several years, there is still a lack of evidence on both zone effectiveness and how to improve existing zone programs. This article discusses several evaluation criteria that should be given more attention. First, the article addresses methodological issues in assessing zone benefits, including the importance of comparing places that received zones with a suitably chosen control group of places that did not get zones. Second, the data requirements for enterprise zone evaluation are examined. The link between evaluation and practice is discussed. Zone evaluations must address not only efficiency criteria such as the measurement of benefits and costs but also the question of how to improve the functioning of existing zones. The conclusion is that zone evaluations should pay closer attention to research methodology and strive to document program implementation information that can improve the practice of enterprise zones.
Changing Work Organization in Small Manufacturers: Challenges for Economic Development
Authors: Theodore Nik , Weber Rachel
Published: March 2007

This review article examines the growing literature on the changing employment practices of small and medium-sized manufacturers. Specifically, the authors examine the literature in three areas: (a) hiring practices, (b) employment security and retention, and (c) career ladders. Observers disagree about the extent to which restructuring has taken place in smaller firms, the nature of workplace change, and the impact of this change on employees and firms. The policy arena is just as contentious; a host of different strategies have been proposed to provide employment opportunities in manufacturing, particularly for low-income populations. By synthesizing the research to date and evaluating the key debates in this area, this literature review will assist economic development researchers and practitioners in making the leap to workforce issues.
Can Service-Producing Industries Provide a Catalyst for Regional Economic Growth?
Authors: Gillis William R.
Published: March 2007

State and local economic development policies are typically targeted toward manufacturing enterprises. In this article, it is argued that state and local officials interested in economic growth should identify and implement policies to stimulate employment in service-producing industries as well as in manufacturing industries. Reluctance to target service-producing industries specifically in economic development policy is partly due to a belief that only manufacturing industries can drive regional employment growth. The fundamental thesis of this article is that service-producing firms can also provide a catalyst for regional growth. Four specific processes by which service-producing industries are a catalyst for economic expansion are discussed: (1) attracting dollars from outside the local economy, (2) import substitution, (3) strengthening the local business infrastructure, and (4) employing resources that are available locally. The article also points out specific research needed to facilitate the development of effective policies to stimulate growth of service-producing industries in local area economies.
The Market Failure Approach to Regional Economic Development Policy
Authors: Bartik Timothy J.
Published: March 2007

This article argues that regional economic development policies should aim to correct failures of private markets to achieve efficiency. Market failures that may rationalize regional economic development policies include involuntary unemployment, involuntary underemployment, fiscal benefits, agglomeration economies, research spillovers, imperfect human capital markets, imperfect information markets, and imperfect financial markets. Development policies to correct market failures may be evaluated by the nonmarket benefits created for society. The market failure approach focuses policymakers' attention on areas where private market performance is weakest and allows comparisons of development policies.
The Race to Build: Infrastructure Competition among Communities
Authors: Taylor Leon
Published: March 2007

Jurisdictions build infrastructures not only to accommodate recent growth but also to compete for new growth. Infrastructural competition can waste resources, particularly when subsidies make it cheap for localities to undertake such contests. By contrast, tax competition wastes few resources. Communities might reduce waste by financing infrastructure through user or impact fees.
The Impact of Credentials, Skill Levels, Worker Training, and Motivation on Employment Outcomes: Sorting Out the Implications for Economic Development Policy
Authors: Wolman Harold , Lichtman Cary , Barnes Suzie
Published: March 2007

It has long been clear that increased education is associated with improved employment outcomes. However, the reason for this relationship is not fully understood. The purpose of this research was to examine the relative impact of general skill level, job-specific training, credentials, and motivation on employment outcomes for labor market entrants who have recently finished their education. The data for the study were drawn from the 1986 follow-up of the High School and Beyond longitudinal survey sponsored by the U.S. Department of Education. The sample consisted of 1980 high school seniors and sophomores who were interviewed first in 1980 and reinterviewed every two years thereafter to 1986. The research findings are examined for their implications for economic development policy.
Migrating Retirees: A Source for Economic Development
Authors: Fagan Mark , Longino Charles F.
Published: March 2007

Communities depending solely on recruiting manufacturing industries for economic growth and development might be missing opportunities to better succeed with their efforts. Also, with all of the competition among communities for the relocation of these plants, the odds of success for many communities are low. Many smaller communities cannot compete in this strategy but have the necessary infrastructure for an overlooked strategy: attracting retirees. Older amenity and return migrants have high recession proof incomes (largely discretionary), and substantial financial assets that they transfer to their community of relocation. Their demand for goods and services stimulates the following industries: real estate, financial, health care, recreational, utilities, insurance, and retail. The community economic impact of these in-migrants is shown to be extremely positive.
Developing a Leading Indicator Series for a Metropolitan Area
Authors: Crane Steven E.
Published: March 2007

In this article, a composite leading indicator of employment conditions is constructed for the Milwaukee, Wisconsin metropolitan area. This index contains both purely local data series and several national data series. After describing the process for constructing this index, we explored its ability to accurately track and anticipate employment conditions, both in a purely after-the-fact review and in a more stringent "real time" simulation. The overall conclusion is that this index does an effective job of signaling changing employment conditions. This effectiveness, combined with the simplicity and flexibility of the index construction process, indicates that such an index can be useful to economic developers and others interested in tracking local employment conditions.
Clawbacks and the Administration of Economic Development Policy in the Midwest
Authors: Peters Alan H.
Published: March 2007

Over the past decade, competition for private investment among the American states has attracted much negative comment. Clawbacks have been proposed as a way of imposing controls on the provision of state economic development subsidies. Clawbacks stipulate that a publicly subsidized firm not achieving agreed-upon employment performance targets must pay back a portion of the subsidy it received. This article reviews the arguments made in favor of clawbacks and presents new data on clawback usage in major midwestern grant and loan incentive programs that indicate clawback provisions are reasonably widely used. However, there is considerable divergence in the operation and organization of clawbacks across programs, and there appears to be little agreement on how firm employment performance should be evaluated. Most directors of state grant and loan programs feel that the inherent riskiness of business should be taken into account when deciding whether clawback sanctions should be applied to under performing firms.
Hidden Economic Development Assets
Authors: Blair John P. , Endres Carole R.
Published: March 2007

The productive informal economy is often ignored as an economic development asset because it is difficult to measure. This article examines the case for including the informal sector in urban development strategies. Size estimates suggest that the informal sector is large and growing more rapidly than GNP Therefore, it is substantial enough to warrant a role in economic development planning. Several factors, including lower opportunity costs of participation, circumvention of means tests, a dense set of social and institutional relationships, and demographic composition contribute to generating a more active informal economy in central cities. Policy options are suggested to capitalize on the productive informal economy, including more careful monitoring, supplementing the social safety net, strengthening the role of training, and encouraging entrepreneurship and job development.
The Coming Crisis in Industrial Land: A Planning Perspective
Authors: Kotval Zenia , Mullin John R.
Published: March 2007

Local planners too frequently have neglected their industrial resources and are therefore endangering their economic base. Indeed, conditions have reached the point that rarely can one find in the Northeast a 100-acre contiguous industrial parcel of land, with water and sewer services, that is environmentally clean and has direct access to major highways without passing through a residential neighborhood. Furthermore, there is clearly a mismatch between land zoned for industry and that which is suitable for development. This article analyzes the key factors that are influencing industrial land use decisions and provides recommendations that may be of assistance to local officials throughout the country.
"Ties that Bind" Reexamined
Authors: Blair John P. , Zhang Zhongcai
Published: March 2007

Correlations between indicators of economic success of central cities and their suburbs have been used as evidence that the suburbs depend on central cities for economic development. This article revisits the suburban dependency thesis by considering the supposition that state-level variables contribute to the success of both central city and suburbs. Thus the correlations between central cities and suburban indicators of development may be due to the fact that both are influenced by state-level activities rather than suburban central-city dependence. In addition this article examines different linkages between the central city and its inner and outer suburbs. Our findings suggest that the extent of suburban dependence is less than previously thought.
Displaced Workers and Rural Entrepreneurship: A Four-State Study
Authors: Buss Terry F.
Published: March 2007

Some 1,128 rural new business entrepreneurs in Arkansas, Maine, Michigan, and North Dakota were interviewed to determine the role of displaced workers in starting businesses. The study compared displaced workers and other entrepreneurs, looking at business characteristics, operator characteristics, and numerous other measures. Displaced workers and others were found to be similar. The study concludes that special programs targeted at displaced workers in rural places are not warranted, but that more general programs serve their technical assistance needs.
The Effectiveness of Firm-Specific State Tax Incentives in Promoting Economic Development: Evidence from New York State's Industrial Development Agencies
Authors: Lynch Robert G. , Fishgold Gunther , Blackwood Dona L.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the effectiveness of industrial development agencies (IDAs) in contributing to economic development in New York State by providing firm-specific tax incentives. The costs of IDAs, especially in terms of forgone tax revenues, are documented. The benefits of IDAs are partially reviewed, and a methodology for the wider evaluation of the benefits of IDAs-which may yet become possible—is set forth. The authors conclude that New York State's experience with its IDAs provides evidence that firm-specific tax incentives are ineffective in promoting economic development. The reason is straightforward: An analysis of the evidence shows that the benefits of IDAs are questionable, whereas their costs, in terms of forgone tax revenues, are clear and substantial. Between 1987 and 1991, for example, IDA activity resulted in few verifiable economic benefits to New York State, although causing state and local governments to lose over $1.3 billion in tax revenues.
Making Networks, Remaking the City
Authors: Indergaard Michael
Published: March 2007

Flexible manufacturing networks (FMNs) in Europe and Japan give small firms the ability to make timely, innovative responses to market shifts. Using FMNs for community development may boost the capacities of small firms while increasing community assets. U.S. models of FMNs tend to neglect issues of social process. This article argues that FMN programs need to be localized; network arrangements should emerge from local contingencies of group formation and institution building. A project from Toledo, Ohio, is used to present a social mobilization model of FMNs. Firms aspiring to joint production are placed into collaborative encounters with each other, customers, and community supporters. The aim is to usher firms through a developmental process that brings new conceptions of self peers, community actors, and strategic possibilities. Preliminary results indicate that processes of group formation and institutional change have begun.
Analyzing the International Competitiveness of Metropolitan Areas: The MICAM Model
Authors: Rondinelli Dennis A. , Vastag Gyula
Published: March 2007

The foundation of metropolitan economic development is rapidly changing as inter-national trade and investment become more critical forces in national, regional, and urban economic growth. Economic globalization will require metropolitan areas to create a business climate that supports and attracts internationally competitive firms and industries. Conventional approaches to urban economic analysis focus primarily on the internal characteristics of metropolitan areas and treat international market trends as exogenous variables when they are taken into consideration at all. The Metropolitan International Competitiveness Assessment Model (MICAM) examines an urban region's strengths and weaknesses in the context of international trade and investment requirements.
WORK STYLE AND NETWORK MANAGEMENT
Authors: BROWNE KATHERINE E.
Published: March 2007

Working women in the Caribbean and Latin America are more active in the labor market than their counterparts in most other regions of the world. Yet, they remain much less economically mobile than working men. Using research from a long-term study in Martinique, this article offers a new view of the cross-class construction of women's economic immobility. Research results suggest that irrespective of a woman's socioeconomic status, household structure, education, skills, or freedom from domestic chores, the organization of her work is patterned in ways that preclude economic growth. When women try to “get ahead,” they invest more of their own time; men, by contrast, put others to work. I argue that these and other gender-based patterns of work organization and network management express a hidden but enduring legacy of a patriarchal value system.
PEAKS AND VALLEYS
Authors: LOIS JENNIFER
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author examines the gendered emotional culture of high-risk takers. Drawing on five and one-half years of ethnographic fieldwork with a volunteer search and rescue group, the author details the intense emotions rescuers experienced before, during, and after the most dangerous and upsetting rescues. Lyng's concept of “edgework” (voluntary risk taking) is used to analyze how male and female rescuers experienced, understood, and acted on their feelings. The data reveal several gendered patterns that characterized this emotional culture. The article concludes with a discussion of gender, edgework, and emotional culture, focusing on the theoretical implications of their confluence.
CATHOLIC WOMEN AND THE CREATION OF A NEW SOCIAL REALITY
Authors: WALLACE RUTH A.
Published: March 2007

This article presents a sociological analysis of the changing role of women in the Catholic church over the past twenty years. The theoretical framework is drawn from The Social Construction of Reality by Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann (1967). Data are derived from the documents of Vatican II, the revised Code of Canon Law, research from 1965 to the present, and exploratory interviews with Catholic women recently appointed as church administrators. The article concludes with a discussion of future prospects regarding the new social reality for Catholic women.