bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Statistical Modelling of Graphite Properties
Authors: Robinson Peter C. , Maul Philip R.
Published: December 2012

At previous conferences organised by The British Carbon Group at Cardiff and Nottingham papers were presented that demonstrated how statistical modelling techniques can be applied to bore cracking of graphite bricks in AGRs. This is now a mature technology with blind predictions being made before each reactor inspection and comparisons with measurements immediately afterwards; the current status of this work is briefly summarised. Statistical modelling techniques have now been applied to the evolution of graphite properties as an integral part of EDF Energy's strategy for modelling thermo-mechanical graphite properties. Examples are given of how such models can contribute to gaining an understanding of key issues for the evolution of reactor cores, supplementing information gained from more complex models based on detailed representations of the underlying processes. It is shown how the representation of variability at different scales is crucial to producing models with useful predictive power for the evolution of the cores. This work is still at a relatively early stage of development, but represents a potentially important contribution to decisions on reactor lifetimes for safe operation.
Non-Linear Seismic Assessment of AGRs: Incorporation of Aged Graphite Material Properties
Authors: Scully Kieran , Knowles David
Published: December 2012

A requirement exists to demonstrate that the Advanced Gas-cooled Reactors (AGR) provide a single line of protection against a seismic event of defined probability. In order to demonstrate this requirement, a 3D non-linear explicit modelling methodology of the graphite bricks and supporting structures has been developed. The modelling methodology, developed in LS-DYNA, is used to predict component loads, velocities, displacements and control rod / fuel stringer channel shapes during and post seismic event. This paper describes the modelling process with which detailed graphite brick shrinkage and weight loss predictions are incorporated into a global seismic model of the reactor core.
Solid-Body Simulation of the Dynamic Response of an Array of Graphite Bricks
Authors: Brasier Steve , Rogers Stuart
Published: December 2012

Modern commercial Finite Element Analysis codes are now incorporating contact simulation capabilities of increasing sophistication, but solid models of Advanced Gas-cooled Reactor cores containing tens of thousands of components are still too computationally expensive to be practical for seismic analysis. The performance of the experimental SOLFEC code under development at Glasgow University may make such problems tractable, but its use for AGR seismic assessments will represent a significant advance in the state-of-the-art. As an intermediate target, this paper describes the steps required to analyse the response of a smaller array of 81 core bricks which has previously undergone physical testing. Particular emphasis is given to the data and measurements required to support such analyses.
Decomposition of Refuelling Signals to Estimate Channel Bore Profiles
Authors: West Graeme M. , Wallace Christopher J. , McArthur Stephen D. J. , Coghlan Michael
Published: December 2012

The fuel grab load trace (FGLT) generated during refuelling is a primary source of information relating to the structural health of the AGR cores. These refuelling events are routinely analysed and any anomalous behaviour reported at the station Monitoring Assessment Panel meetings. The FGLT is measure of the apparent weight of the fuel stringer as it travels through the graphite core. A number of components contribute to the measured weight, such as aerodynamic effects of coolant gas flow and friction caused by stabilising brushes on the fuel stringer interacting with the walls of the fuel channel. This paper describes a process for isolating each of these components from the FGLT. Separating out the effect of the lower stabilising brushes is particularly beneficial, as this provides a much-improved representation of the channel bore, and thus characterisation of any underlying defects. This is valuable for detecting anomalies in regions of the core where the net effect of the upper and lower stabilising brushes results in masking of the graphite brick bore profile.
Identification of novel signalling roles and targets for Gα and Gβγ downstream of the insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor in vascular smooth muscle cells
Authors: Perrault Raissa , Zahradka Peter
Published: December 2012

Vascular dysfunction is the underlying cause of nearly 80% of heart disease cases, and its initiation and progression can be exacerbated by circulating factors, such as IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor 1). IGF-1, which is highly homologous with insulin, elicits a response via a classical tyrosine kinase receptor, the IGF-1R (IGF-1 receptor). However, it has been suggested that the IGF-1R may also be coupled to a heterotrimeric G-protein and can thus modulate cellular processes via this alternate pathway. The objective of the present study was to investigate the structural aspects of IGF-1R coupling to a heterotrimeric G-protein in VSMCs [vascular SMCs (smooth muscle cells)], as well as examine the contribution of this pathway to cellular responses that are related to vascular disease. We found that the intracellular subunit of the IGF-1R precipitates with two G-protein subunits. The Gβγ-mediated pathway contributes to both proliferation and migration. We also show that IGF-1 specifically activates Gαi and can directly interact with both Gαi1 and Gαi2. A phospho-screen using a novel specific Gαi-peptide inhibitor reveals a number of potential downstream effectors of this pathway, although our results show that it is not essential for SMC proliferation or migration.
Differential configurations involving binding of USF transcription factors and Twist1 regulateAlx3promoter activity in mesenchymal and pancreatic cells
Authors: García-Sanz Patricia , Fernández-Pérez Antonio , Vallejo Mario
Published: December 2012

During embryonic development, the aristaless-type homeodomain protein Alx3 is expressed in the forehead mesenchyme and contributes to the regulation of craniofacial development. In the adult, Alx3 is expressed in pancreatic islets where it participates in the control of glucose homoeostasis. In the present study, we investigated the transcriptional regulation of Alx3 gene expression in these two cell types. We found that the Alx3 promoter contains two E-box regulatory elements, named EB1 and EB2, that provide binding sites for the basic helix–loop–helix transcription factors Twist1, E47, USF (upstream stimulatory factor) 1 and USF2. In primary mouse embryonic mesenchymal cells isolated from the forehead, EB2 is bound by Twist1, whereas EB1 is bound by USF1 and USF2. Integrity of both EB1 and EB2 is required for Twist1-mediated transactivation of the Alx3 promoter, even though Twist1 does not bind to EB1, indicating that binding of USF1 and USF2 to this element is required for Twist1-dependent Alx3 promoter activity. In contrast, in pancreatic islet insulin-producing cells, the integrity of EB2 is not required for proximal promoter activity. The results of the present study indicate that USF1 and USF2 are important regulatory factors for Alx3 gene expression in different cell types, whereas Twist1 contributes to transcriptional transactivation in mesenchymal, but not in pancreatic, cells.
Role of Helicobacter pylori methionine sulfoxide reductase in urease maturation
Authors: Kuhns Lisa G. , Mahawar Manish , Sharp Joshua S. , Benoit Stéphane , Maier Robert J.
Published: December 2012

The persistence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori is due in part to urease and Msr (methionine sulfoxide reductase). Upon exposure to relatively mild (21% partial pressure of O2) oxidative stress, a Δmsr mutant showed both decreased urease specific activity in cell-free extracts and decreased nickel associated with the partially purified urease fraction as compared with the parent strain, yet urease apoprotein levels were the same for the Δmsr and wild-type extracts. Urease activity of the Δmsr mutant was not significantly different from the wild-type upon non-stress microaerobic incubation of strains. Urease maturation occurs through nickel mobilization via a suite of known accessory proteins, one being the GTPase UreG. Treatment of UreG with H2O2 resulted in oxidation of MS-identified methionine residues and loss of up to 70% of its GTPase activity. Incubation of pure H2O2-treated UreG with Msr led to reductive repair of nine methionine residues and recovery of up to full enzyme activity. Binding of Msr to both oxidized and non-oxidized UreG was observed by cross-linking. Therefore we conclude Msr aids the survival of H. pylori in part by ensuring continual UreG-mediated urease maturation under stress conditions.
Characterization of the bipartite degron that regulates ubiquitin-independent degradation of thymidylate synthase
Authors: Barbour Karen W. , Xing Yang-Yang , Peña Edsel A. , Berger Franklin G.
Published: December 2012

TS (thymidylate synthase) is a key enzyme in the de novo biosynthesis of dTMP, and is indispensable for DNA replication. Previous studies have shown that intracellular degradation of the human enzyme [hTS (human thymidylate synthase)] is mediated by the 26S proteasome, and occurs in a ubiquitin-independent manner. Degradation of hTS is governed by a degron that is located at the polypeptide's N-terminus that is capable of promoting the destabilization of heterologous proteins to which it is attached. The hTS degron is bipartite, consisting of two subdomains: an IDR (intrinsically disordered region) that is highly divergent among mammalian species, followed by a conserved amphipathic α-helix (designated hA). In the present report, we have characterized the structure and function of the hTS degron in more detail. We have conducted a bioinformatic analysis of interspecies sequence variation exhibited by the IDR, and find that its hypervariability is not due to diversifying (or positive) selection; rather, it has been subjected to purifying (or negative) selection, although the intensity of such selection is relaxed or weakened compared with that exerted on the rest of the molecule. In addition, we have verified that both subdomains of the hTS degron are required for full activity. Furthermore, their co-operation does not necessitate that they are juxtaposed, but is maintained when they are physically separated. Finally, we have identified a ‘cryptic’ degron at the C-terminus of hTS, which is activated by the N-terminal degron and appears to function only under certain circumstances; its role in TS metabolism is not known.
Traitement d’un syndrome de Brodie unilatéral sévère, avec des
mini-vis orthodontiques chez un adulte d’âge moyen
Authors: Jung Min-Ho
Published: December 2012

Le syndrome de Brodie unilatéral est une forme rare de malocclusion, souvent accompagnée
d’une asymétrie faciale de sévérité variable. Les anomalies du sens transversal chez
l’adulte sont très difficiles à traiter en particulier dans les cas incluant aussi un
chevauchement des molaires dans le sens vertical. Ce rapport de cas illustre l’utilisation
de mini-vis orthodontiques pour le traitement d’un syndrome de Brodie unilatéral chez un
adulte d’âge moyen. Un ancrage absolu et des dispositifs orthodontiques linguaux fixes
permettent de traiter efficacement les anomalies dentaires, alvéolaires et fonctionnelles
associées au syndrome de Brodie unilatéral. Les documents colligés chez ce patient avant
et après le traitement et la période de contention prouvent l’efficacité et la stabilité
des résultats du traitement, avec peu d’effets secondaires indésirables.
Estimate of surfon evaporation time from the liquid helium surface due to the scattering on ripplons
Authors: Grigoriev A. D. , Grigoriev P. D. , Dyugaev A. M. , Krutov A. F.
Published: December 2012

Recently a new type of surface excitations, surfons, has been proposed. Phenomenologically, these excitations can be interpreted as atoms on a surface quantum level. They explain the strong temperature dependence of surface tension coefficient of liquid helium. In the present work we studied theoretically the interaction of these excitations with ripplons, the quanta of surface waves. The lifetime of surfons due to the absorption of a ripplon and subsequent evaporation from the surface was estimated. The obtained surfon lifetime considerably exceeds the inverse surfon energy, substantiating the treatment of surfons as quasiparticles.
Dielectric relaxation with polaronic and variable range hopping mechanisms of grains and grain boundaries in Pr0.8Ca0.2MnO3
Authors: Shah Matiullah , Nadeem M. , Atif M.
Published: December 2012

Polycrystalline Pr0.8Ca0.2MnO3 has been synthesized through solid state reaction route and phase purity is analyzed using synchrotron XRD. Magnetization M(T) showed Mn spin alignment due to ferromagnetic ordering around 125 K (TC), whereas M(H) showed an onset of non-linear behavior from 200 K and with temperature re-orientation of magnetic moment is discussed. The modulation of relaxation processes revealed different formations of impedance plane plots with temperatures. A change in equivalent circuit models from (R1C1)(R2Q2) to (R1C1)(R2Q2)(R3Q3) at 100 K is being reported. The analysis of the impedance data is carried out by calculating impedance of grains and grain boundaries. Fitted parameters derived from these equivalent circuit parameters showed a change in conduction mechanism from small polaronic hopping model (SPH) to Mott's variable range hopping (MVRH) model, around 125 K (TC). Carriers hop to larger distance with multiple activation energies and are described by MVRH below TC. Above this temperature, different trap centers start facilitating these carriers through SPH. Dielectric relaxation shows dispersion around 125 K and the origin of this polarization lies close to the relaxation derived from the grains and their interfaces.
Fluorescence quantum efficiency of CdSe/ZnS quantum dots embedded in biofluids: pH dependence
Authors: Pilla Viviane , Alves Leandro P. , de Santana Juliana F. , da Silva Leandro G. , Ruggiero Reinaldo , Munin Egberto
Published: December 2012

The radiative quantum efficiency (η) of CdSe/ZnS core-shell quantum dots (QDs) embedded in synthetic oral fluid was measured using a thermal lens (TL) technique. TL transient measurements were performed using the mode-mismatched dual-beam (excitation and probe) configuration. Thermal optical characterization of CdSe/ZnS QDs was performed for two different core sizes (3.9 and 5.1 nm) incorporated into synthetic saliva with different potential of hydrogen (pH 4–8) values. The thermal diffusivity (D) and average emission wavelength (⟨λem⟩) results are approximately independent of the pH of the solutions evaluated. The fractions of absorbed energy converted into heat (φ) and η are dependent on both the fluid pH and core size of the CdSe/ZnS core-shell QDs. The dependence on pH was also evidenced by fluorescence measurements, which corroborate the results obtained by the thermal lens technique.
Physics of a magnetic filter for negative ion sources. II. E × B drift through the filter in a real geometry
Authors: Boeuf J. P. , Claustre J. , Chaudhury B. , Fubiani G.
Published: December 2012

The physics of a magnetic filter under conditions similar to those of the negative ion source for the ITER neutral beam injector is analyzed with the help of a two-dimensional particle-in-cell Monte Carlo Collisions model. A detailed analysis of the different terms of the electron momentum equations shows how diamagnetic and drift currents can be dominant in different regions of the filter. Electron transport through the filter is due to an E × B drift current on one side of the chamber induced by the presence of the chamber walls perpendicular to the electron diamagnetic current. The filter design of the ITER negative ion source, which does not allow a closed electron diamagnetic current, induces an asymmetry of the plasma that is analyzed with the particle model. It is shown that electron transport through the filter in this geometry is very different from the transport in an ideal, one-dimensional magnetic filter often considered in the literature and described in detail in the companion paper [Boeuf et al., Phys. Plasmas 19, 113509 (2012)].
Note: Observation of a new electronically excited state of cobalt monoxide
Authors: Zang Jianzheng , Zhang Qun , Qin Chengbing , Gu Zhong , Bai Xilin , Chen Yang
Published: December 2012

The laser-induced fluorescence excitation spectra of jet-cooled CoO molecules have been recorded in the energy region of 21 800—25 000 cm−1. Apart from the seven vibronic bands assigned to the known G4Φ9/2(υ′) − X4Δ7/2(υ″ = 0) progression [M. Barnes, D. J. Clouthier, P. G. Hajigeorgiou, G. Huang, C. T. Kingston, A. J. Merer, G. F. Metha, J. R. D. Peers, and S. J. Rixon, J. Mol. Spectrosc. 186, 374 (1997)10.1006/jmsp.1997.7456], we observed a new band system assignable to the [22.95]4Δ7/2(υ′ = 0 − 4) − X4Δ7/2(υ″ = 0) progression. Extensive perturbations among these vibronic bands have been revealed by means of reduced energy plots. The new electronically excited 4Δ state has been determined to be most likely of an electronic configuration (2pπ)3(4sσ)2(3dδ)3(3dπ)3 based on the charge-transferred promotion model.
Nonlinear, stationary electrostatic ion cyclotron waves: Exact solutions for solitons, periodic waves, and wedge shaped waveforms
Authors: McKenzie J. F. , Doyle T. B. , Rajah S. S.
Published: December 2012

The theory of fully nonlinear stationary electrostatic ion cyclotron waves is further developed. The existence of two fundamental constants of motion; namely, momentum flux density parallel to the background magnetic field and energy density, facilitates the reduction of the wave structure equation to a first order differential equation. For subsonic waves propagating sufficiently obliquely to the magnetic field, soliton solutions can be constructed. Importantly, analytic expressions for the amplitude of the soliton show that it increases with decreasing wave Mach number and with increasing obliquity to the magnetic field. In the subsonic, quasi-parallel case, periodic waves exist whose compressive and rarefactive amplitudes are asymmetric about the “initial” point. A critical “driver” field exists that gives rise to a soliton-like structure which corresponds to infinite wavelength. If the wave speed is supersonic, periodic waves may also be constructed. The aforementioned asymmetry in the waveform arises from the flow being driven towards the local sonic point in the compressive phase and away from it in the rarefactive phase. As the initial driver field approaches the critical value, the end point of the compressive phase becomes sonic and the waveform develops a wedge shape. This feature and the amplitudes of the compressive and rarefactive portions of the periodic waves are illustrated through new analytic expressions that follow from the equilibrium points of a wave structure equation which includes a driver field. These expressions are illustrated with figures that illuminate the nature of the solitons. The presently described wedge-shaped waveforms also occur in water waves, for similar “transonic” reasons, when a Coriolis force is included.
Terahertz radiation by beating Langmuir waves
Authors: Son S. , Joon Moon Sung , Park J. Y.
Published: December 2012

An intense terahertz (THz) radiation generated by the beating of two Langmuir waves, which are excited by the forward Raman scattering, is analyzed theoretically. The radiation energy per shot can be as high as 0.1 J, with the duration of 10 ps. Appropriate plasma density and the laser characteristics are examined.
Experimental investigation of virtual cathode sheath in the presence of secondary electrons produced by streaming ions
Authors: Li Wei , Ma J. X. , Li Jing-ju , Wei Zi-an
Published: December 2012

The potential profiles near a negatively biased stainless steel plate or mesh immersed in an unmagnetized weakly collisional plasma were investigated experimentally. The results show that deep virtual cathode structures arise inside the sheath region in front of the plate caused by secondary electrons produced by streaming ions hitting the surface of the plate. The characteristics of the virtual cathode depend on the incoming ion energy, neutral gas pressure, and bulk plasma density. In addition, the replacement of the plate with the mesh results in the suppression of the virtual cathode because of the equivalent reduction in the secondary electron yield.
Generation of Standard Wild-Type MARCM Clones for Analysis of Drosophila Brain Development
Authors: Kao Chih-Fei , Lee Tzumin
Published: December 2012

The generation and analysis of clones of cells with a genotype different from the rest of an organism has been used for studying molecular mechanisms underlying development. Genetic mosaics in Drosophila typically involve derivation of homozygous daughter cells from heterozygous precursors through mitotic recombination. MARCM (mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker) couples loss of heterozygosity with derepression of a marker gene. This permits unique labeling of specific homozygous daughter cells, and thus makes mosaic analysis possible in the complex nervous system. The principle of MARCM involves the generation of GAL80-minus homozygous daughter cells in otherwise heterozygous tissues, therefore allowing GAL4-dependent activation of upstream activation sequence (UAS)-reporter specifically in the homozygous cells of interest. To make MARCM clones, it is necessary to generate organisms carrying at least five genetic elements (flippase [FLP], flippase recognition targets [FRTs], tubP-GAL80, GAL4, and UAS-marker) in specific configurations. Induction of FLP in neural precursors can be temporally controlled using a heat-shock promoter or spatially regulated using a tissue-specific promoter. Mitotic recombination in a neuroblast (NB) may yield a multicellular NB clone (progeny of the renewed NB) or a two-cell clone (progeny of the derived ganglion mother cell [GMC]). Single-cell clones can be obtained following mitotic recombination in GMCs. Phenotypic analysis of mosaic brains can be greatly simplified using a GAL4 driver that is only expressed in neurons of interest. One can also mark different subcellular structures of the clones using distinct UAS reporters. This protocol outlines the steps involved in standard MARCM analysis.
Prism-Type Total Internal Reflection Microscopy for Single-Molecule FRET
Authors: Joo Chirlmin , Ha Taekjip
Published: December 2012

Single-molecule (sm) fluorescence detection is a powerful method for studying biological events without time and population averaging. Förster (fluorescence) resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a spectroscopic technique in which the efficiency of energy transfer from donor to acceptor molecules is used to determine distances between molecules in the 30–80 Å range. Structural changes in biological molecules or relative motion between two interacting molecules can be detected by a change in FRET. A variant of smFRET is based on total internal reflection (TIR) microscopy, which can be set up in two ways, either using an oil-immersion (objective-type) or a water-immersion (prism-type) lens. This protocol describes the setup for prism-type TIR microscopy (excitation and emission), which has been a major imaging tool for smFRET since it was first introduced.
Gene Profiling in the Avian Embryo Using Laser Capture Microdissection and RT-qPCR
Authors: Morrison Jason A. , Bailey Caleb M. , Kulesa Paul M.
Published: December 2012

The dynamic nature of the developing embryo makes it challenging to understand complex morphogenetic events using information from large-scale gene expression patterns. What would be more insightful is molecular profiling of small numbers of cells selectively surveyed at specific developmental stages. However, detecting gene expression profile information from small numbers of cells (<10) in homogenous tissue has remained a major challenge. Here, we describe the use of laser capture microdissection (LCM), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and RT-qPCR to extract gene profile information in distinct embryo tissue more precisely than is possible with any other method. We use the chick embryo model system and combine electroporation and dual-label IHC to specifically identify cells for harvest by LCM without significant degradation of total RNA. We describe the development of a pre-amplification protocol for small subpopulations of cells to produce sensitive RT-qPCR results. The gene-specific pre-amplification efficiently and linearly amplifies only gene transcripts of interest from the harvested material without the need for RNA isolation. By combining the above techniques with microfluidic RT-qPCR, we robustly analyze the expression of ∼300 genes from as few as 10 cells harvested by LCM. Together, this protocol presents a confident isolation and means of sensitive expression analysis of small cell numbers from tissues and overcomes a technical hurdle that limits gene profiling.
Preparation of the Mouse Spinal Column for Repetitive Imaging Using Two-Photon Laser-Scanning Microscopy
Authors: Steffens Heinz , Nadrigny Fabien , Kirchhoff Frank
Published: December 2012

Two-photon imaging of the nervous system is now used extensively for visualizing brain dynamics and signal activities. To date, scientists have focused on the analysis either of gray matter forebrain structures, such as the cortex and cerebellum, or they have investigated muscle innervation of peripheral nerves. The spinal cord is an ideal structure to use for imaging central nervous system white matter. The dorsal columns formed by myelinated sensory axons are located directly at the surface of the spinal cord underneath the pia mater. Neuronal fibers and neighboring glial cells can be imaged in transgenic mice using cell type-specific fluorescent protein expression. This protocol describes the anesthesia and surgical procedures necessary to prepare the mouse spinal column so that neurons and glia in the spinal cord can be imaged using two-photon laser-scanning microscopy (2pLSM). These procedures are ideal for repetitive-imaging experiments in which the spinal cord is to be imaged repetitively over multiple days, with time for the mouse to recover between imaging sessions.
Single-Molecule FRET with Total Internal Reflection Microscopy
Authors: Joo Chirlmin , Ha Taekjip
Published: December 2012

Single-molecule (sm) fluorescence detection is a powerful method for studying biological events without time and population averaging. Förster (fluorescence) resonance energy transfer (FRET) is a spectroscopic technique in which the efficiency of energy transfer from donor to acceptor molecules is used to determine distances between molecules in the 30–80 Å range. Structural changes in biological molecules or relative motion between two interacting molecules can be detected by a change in FRET. This article focuses primarily on smFRET based on total internal reflection (TIR) microscopy. It begins with discussions of dye choice and labeling of nucleic acids and proteins. These are followed by information on surface preparation and data acquisition. Various methods of data analysis are then presented, as is information on setting up TIR microscopy, both the objective and the prism types.
Uric acid and prognosis in angiography‐proven coronary artery disease
Authors: Ndrepepa Gjin , Braun Siegmund , King Lamin , Fusaro Massimiliano , Tada Tomohisa , Cassese Salvatore , Hadamitzky Martin , Haase Hans‐Ullrich , Schömig Albert , Kastrati Adnan
Published: December 2012

Background

The optimal uric acid (UA) level associated with the lowest mortality and the strength of association between UA and mortality in various subgroups of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) are unknown.

Materials and methods

This study included 13 273 patients with angiographic confirmation of CAD and UA measurements available. The primary outcome analysis was 1‐year mortality.

Results

Based on the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the best cut‐off of UA for mortality prediction was 7·11 mg/dL. Using this cut‐off, patients were divided into two groups: the group with UA ≤ 7·11 mg/dL (n = 9075) and the group with UA > 7·11 mg/dL (n = 4198). Cardiac mortality was 6·3% (256 deaths) in patients with UA > 7·11 mg/dL and 2·3% (201 deaths) in patients with UA ≤ 7·11 mg/dL [hazard ratio (HR) = 2·82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2·36–3·36; P < 0·001]. After adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, UA remained an independent correlate of cardiac mortality (HR = 1·20, 95% CI 1·08–1·34; P = 0·001, for each standard deviation increase in the logarithmic scale of UA). The relationship between cardiac or all‐cause mortality and UA showed a J‐shaped pattern with lowest mortality in patients with UA between 5·17 and 6·76 mg/dL. UA predicted mortality across all subgroups of patients, with strongest association in women and patients without arterial hypertension.

Conclusions

UA predicted an increased risk of cardiac mortality across all subgroups of patients with CAD. The association between UA and cardiac or all‐cause mortality had a ‘J‐shaped’ pattern with lowest risk of death in patients with UA levels between 5·17 and < 6·76 mg/dL.
Food availability outweighs ocean acidification effects in juvenile Mytilus edulis: laboratory and field experiments
Authors: Thomsen Jörn , Casties Isabel , Pansch Christian , Körtzinger Arne , Melzner Frank
Published: December 2012

Ocean acidification is expected to decrease calcification rates of bivalves. Nevertheless, in many coastal areas high pCO2 variability is encountered already today. Kiel Fjord (Western Baltic Sea) is a brackish (12–20 g kg−1) and CO2 enriched habitat, but the blue mussel Mytilus edulis dominates the benthic community. In a coupled field and laboratory study we examined the annual pCO2 variability in this habitat and the combined effects of elevated pCO2 and food availability on juvenile M. edulis growth and calcification. In the laboratory experiment, mussel growth and calcification were found to chiefly depend on food supply, with only minor impacts of pCO2 up to 3350 μatm. Kiel Fjord was characterized by strong seasonal pCO2 variability. During summer, maximal pCO2 values of 2500 μatm were observed at the surface and >3000 μatm at the bottom. However, the field growth experiment revealed seven times higher growth and calcification rates of M. edulis at a high pCO2 inner fjord field station (mean pCO2 ca. 1000 μatm) in comparison to a low pCO2 outer fjord station (ca. 600 μatm). In addition, mussels were able to out‐compete the barnacle Amphibalanus improvisus at the high pCO2 site. High mussel productivity at the inner fjord site was enabled by higher particulate organic carbon concentrations. Kiel Fjord is highly impacted by eutrophication, which causes bottom water hypoxia and consequently high seawater pCO2. At the same time, elevated nutrient concentrations increase the energy availability for filter feeding organisms such as mussels. Thus, M. edulis can dominate over a seemingly more acidification resistant species such as A. improvisus. We conclude that benthic stages of M. edulis tolerate high ambient pCO2 when food supply is abundant and that important habitat characteristics such as species interactions and energy availability need to be considered to predict species vulnerability to ocean acidification.
Settler Colonial Automobilities: A Distinct Constellation of Automobile Cultures?
Authors: Clarsen Georgine , Veracini Lorenzo
Published: December 2012

A growing body of scholarship employs the concept of ‘automobility’ to understand the practices, meanings and values with which cars have become invested. Analysis of settler colonial phenomena has also recently cohered into a distinctive transnational research strand. This article aims to integrate the findings of these two previously unconnected scholarly agendas in order to ask the following questions: can the existence of a distinct settler colonial form of automobility culture be hypothesised; can a distinct notion of ‘settler colonial automobility’ be construed and profitably compared with other automobility traditions and, if so, what are its key characteristics? Given its inherently composite nature, this article aims to contribute to scholarly debates on both transnational automobilities and on settler colonial phenomena.
Thirteenth and Fourteenth Century European‐Mongol Relations
Authors: Ho Colleen
Published: December 2012

Growing recent interest in the Mongol Empire and its Eurasian conquests has led to an increase in scholarship on the Mongols. After the Mongol attacks on Eastern Europe – specifically Russia, Poland, Hungary, and the Balkans – in the 1230s–1240s, Europeans were petrified of the terrifying and unfamiliar invaders. However, at times this initial anxiety waned and even turned to hope for a European alliance with the Mongols against Muslim powers like the Mamlūks of Egypt. This essay briefly summarizes recent major works on medieval European and Mongol relations in the areas of diplomacy, mission, art, and material culture. The author encourages scholars on the Mongol Empire to collaborate across disciplines in an attempt to counteract the difficult multilingual nature of sources on the Mongol Empire. Finally, the essay will show how medieval Eurasian and Mongol studies exemplify topics in history like transnationalism, cross‐cultural exchanges, and intercontinental trade, which are more relevant today in our globalized world than ever.
Effect of frying variables on French fry properties
Authors: Kalogianni Eleni P. , Smith Peter G.
Published: December 2012

This work focuses on the effect of frying variables (repeated frying, potato‐to‐oil ratio, potato distribution in the fryer, oil type and potato variety) on French fry properties (water content, oil content, crust thickness and shrinkage). Furthermore, the rate of change in French fry properties during a frying batch is investigated. The temperature was acquired in several positions within the oil and the potato. It was found that when repeated frying was conducted up to regulation limits for frying oil use, the examined French fry properties were not significantly affected. On the contrary, the potato‐to‐oil ratio, potato distribution and potato variety significantly affected the water content of French fries. The most significant changes occurred during the first 1–2 min of a frying batch. According to the temperature measurements, the crust‐core front continued to advance after this first frying period. However, there was no observable crust thickness increase; this was attributed to crust shrinkage.
Nanobiotechnology perspectives. Role of nanotechnology in the food industry: a review
Authors: Durán Nelson , Marcato Priscyla D.
Published: December 2012

Nanotechnology is becoming increasingly important for the food sector. Promising results and applications are already being developed in the areas of nutrient delivery systems through bioactive nanoencapsulation, biosensors to detect and quantify pathogens organic compounds, other chemicals and food composition alteration, and even edible film to preserve fruit or vegetables. This article reviews the application and the benefits of nanotechnology in different areas of food industry that include bioactive nanoencapsulation, edible thin film, packages and nanosensors. It is possible to conclude from the review that the nanotechnology advances increase the safety and quality of food and mainly decrease the time for pathogen detection.
Influence of pressurised liquid extraction and solid–liquid extraction methods on the phenolic content and antioxidant activities of Irish macroalgae
Authors: Tierney Michelle S. , Smyth Thomas J. , Hayes Maria , Soler‐Vila Anna , Croft Anna K. , Brunton Nigel
Published: December 2012

The efficiencies of pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) and a traditional solid–liquid extraction (SLE) at extracting antioxidant polyphenols from Irish macroalgae Ascophyllum nodosum, Pelvetia canaliculata, Fucus spiralis and Ulva intestinalis were compared. PLE was more effective for extracting polyphenols with acetone/water (80:20); however, when food‐friendly solvents of ethanol/water (80:20) and water were employed, SLE resulted in higher phenolic content in brown macroalgal extracts. For example, the Fucus spiralis SLE water and ethanol/water extracts displayed total phenolic contents (TPCs) of 130.58 ± 2.78 and 142.81 ± 1.77 μg phloroglucinol equivalents (PGE) mg−1 sample, respectively, compared with TPCs of 90.79 ± 1.16 and 124 ± 6.54 μg PGE mg−1 sample for the corresponding PLE extracts. All SLE aqueous ethanolic macroalgal extracts possessed higher DPPH radical scavenging abilities (RSA) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) than their PLE equivalents. This study indicates that the application of high extraction temperatures (50–200 °C) and pressures (500–3000 psi) used in PLE does not enhance the antioxidant activities of macroalgal extracts relative to SLE extraction. The ability to produce antioxidant food‐friendly macroalgal extracts using SLE could represent significant cost reductions on an industrial scale further enhancing the potential of macroalgal polyphenols to be used in functional food preparations.
Effects of glycerol, sorbitol, xylitol and fructose plasticisers on mechanical and moisture barrier properties of pullulan–alginate–carboxymethylcellulose blend films
Authors: Tong Qunyi , Xiao Qian , Lim Loong‐Tak
Published: December 2012

The effects of glycerol, sorbitol, xylitol and fructose plasticisers on water sorption, mechanical properties, water vapour permeability (WVP) and microstructure of pullulan–alginate–carboxymethycellulose (PAC) blend films were investigated. At low plasticiser concentrations (below 7% w/w dry basis), antiplasticisation effect was observed, causing an increase in tensile strength (TS) but a decrease in the equilibrium moisture content. As glycerol concentration increased from 0% to 7%, TS increased from 68.1 to 69.6 MPa, whereas equilibrium moisture contents at 0.84 aw decreased from 0.37 to 0.3 g H2O g−1 dry basis. At higher plasticiser concentrations (14–25% w/w), an opposite trend was observed on the PAC films, resulting in the reduction of TS and elevation of moisture content. Among the four plasticisers tested, the fructose‐plasticised films were the most brittle, showing the highest TS, but had the lowest elongation at break (EAB), WVP and equilibrium moisture content values than films plasticised with other polyols. On the other hand, glycerol resulted in the most flexible film structure, exhibiting opposite materials' properties as compared with the fructose‐plasticised films. For instance, at 25% (w/w) plasticiser concentration, EAB and WVP values of fructose‐plasticised films were 33.5% and 3.48 × 10−6 g m Pa−1 h−1 m−2, which were significantly lower than that of glycerol‐plasticised films (58.6% and 4.86 × 10−6 g m Pa−1 h−1 m−2, respectively). Scanning electron microscopy showed that the plasticised PCA films were less homogeneous and more porous than the unplasticised counterparts, indicating that plasticisers had an effect on the microstructural morphology of the film matrix.
Regional, institutional and individual factors affecting selection of minimally invasive nephroureterectomy in Japan: A national database analysis
Authors: Sugihara Toru , Yasunaga Hideo , Horiguchi Hiromasa , Fujimura Tetsuya , Nishimatsu Hiroaki , Tsuru Nobuo , Kazuo Suzuki , Ohe Kazuhiko , Fushimi Kiyohide , Homma Yukio
Published: December 2012

Objectives

To reveal individual, institutional and regional factors affecting selection of minimally invasive nephroureterectomy in Japan.

Methods

The Japanese Diagnosis Procedure Combination database was queried to retrieve cases of nephroureterectomy for pelvic or ureter malignancies carried out between 2007 and 2010. A multivariate logistic regression analysis with variables including age, sex, pre‐existing comorbidities, tumor location, tumor–nodes–metastasis classification, academic status of hospitals, hospital volume, geographic region and year of surgery was modeled to evaluate predictors of carrying out a minimally invasive (including laparoscopic and minimum incision endoscopic) nephroureterectomy.

Results

Overall, 3863 open (58.2%), 2635 laparoscopic (39.7%) and 139 minimum incision endoscopic nephroureterectomy (2.1%) cases from 713 hospitals were identified. The proportion of minimally invasive procedures increased from 35.7% to 48.6%. Minimally invasive nephroureterectomy was the most frequently carried out in the Kinki and Chugoku regions (50.9% and 50.4%, respectively) compared with the least in the Kanto region (31.3%). Multivariate analysis showed that lower Charlson Comorbidity Index, lower tumor–nodes–metastasis stage, academic hospitals, higher operative volume centers, western regions of Japan and later year were independently associated with the use of minimally invasive nephroureterectomy. Age, sex and tumor location were not significant factors.

Conclusions

Despite regional and institutional variations, the proportion of minimally invasive nephroureterectomy has gradually increased in Japan. Minimally invasive nephroureterectomy is more likely to be carried out in patients with low tumor stage and low risk at higher volume academic hospitals. Our findings provide fundamental data for future health policies to foster nationwide healthcare uniformity.
Charity plus (Respond to this article at http://www.therai.org.uk/at/debate)
Authors: Benthall Jonathan
Published: December 2012

This editorial takes to task a statement on humanitarianism by Valerie Amos, UN Under‐Secretary‐General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, which seems to gloss over issues to do with staff selection and management policies, but especially the work of veteran anthropologists in the field of development and alternative perspectives on humanitarianism.
Increased apoptosis in osteoclasts and decreased RANKL immunoexpression in periodontium of cimetidine‐treated rats
Authors: Longhini Renata , de Oliveira Priscila Aparecida , de Souza Faloni Ana Paula , Sasso‐Cerri Estela , Cerri Paulo Sérgio
Published: December 2012

It has been demonstrated that histamine interferes with the recruitment, formation and activity of osteoclasts via H1‐ and H2‐receptors. Cimetidine is a H2‐receptor antagonist used for treatment of gastric ulcers that seems to prevent bone resorption. In this study, a possible cimetidine interference was investigated in the number of alveolar bone osteoclasts. The incidence of osteoclast apoptosis and immunoexpression of RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand) was also evaluated.

Adult male rats were treated with 100 mg kg−1 of cimetidine for 50 days (CimG); the sham group (SG) received saline. Maxillary fragments containing the first molars and alveolar bone were fixed, decalcified and embedded in paraffin. The sections were stained by H&E or submitted to tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) method. TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labeling) method and immunohistochemical reactions for detecting caspase‐3 and RANKL were performed. The number of TRAP‐positive osteoclasts, the frequency of apoptotic osteoclasts and the numerical density of RANKL‐positive cells were obtained. Osteoclast death by apoptosis was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In CimG, TRAP‐positive osteoclasts with TUNEL‐positive nuclei and caspase‐3‐immunolabeled osteoclasts were found. A significant reduction in the number of TRAP‐positive osteoclasts and a high frequency of apoptotic osteoclasts were observed in CimG. Under TEM, detached osteoclasts from the bone surface showed typical features of apoptosis. Moreover, a significant reduction in the numerical density of RANKL‐positive cells was observed in CimG.

The significant reduction in the number of osteoclasts may be due to cimetidine‐induced osteoclast apoptosis. However, RANKL immunoexpression reduction also suggests a possible interference of cimetidine treatment in the osteoclastogenesis.
Predicting patient disposition in a paediatric emergency department
Authors: Bradman Kate , Borland Meredith , Pascoe Elaine
Published: December 2012

Aim

The aim of this study is to directly compare published prediction tools with triage nurse (TN) predictions within a defined paediatric population.

Method

A prospective observational study carried out over a week in May 2010 in the Emergency Department (ED) at Princess Margaret Hospital for Children in Perth, Western Australia. TN predicted which patients would be admitted to hospital at the time of ED presentation. Data required for the other prediction tools (paediatric early warning score (PEWS); triage category and the Pediatric Risk of Admission Score (PRISA) and PRISA II were obtained from the notes following the patient's ED attendance.

Results

A total of 1223 patients presented during the study week, 91 patients were excluded and a total of 946 patients (83.6%) had TN predictions and were included in the analysis. TN predictions were compared against a PEWS ≥ 4, triage category 1, 2 and 3, PRISA ≥ 9 and PRISA II ≥ 2. TNs had the highest prediction accuracy (87.7%), followed by an elevated PEWS (82.9%), triage category of 1, 2, or 3 (82.9%). The PRISA and PRISA II score had an accuracy of 80.1% and 79.7%, respectively.

Conclusion

When compared with validated prediction tools, the TN is the most accurate predictor of need to admit. This study provides valuable information in planning efficient flow of patients through the ED.
Twelve‐year review of neonatal deaths in the delivery room in a perinatal tertiary centre
Authors: Tudehope David , Papadimos Emily , Gibbons Kristen
Published: December 2012

Aim

To describe decisions made for babies who died in the delivery room as a result of clinical practice of non‐resuscitation or unsuccessful resuscitation.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted of neonatal deaths (NNDs) ≥ 400 g and/or ≥20 weeks' gestation born at Mater Mothers' Hospitals 1998–2009 who were not admitted to a neonatal nursery. Deaths were divided into not resuscitated and unsuccessful resuscitation and subdivided by cause of death as extremely preterm, congenital abnormality or ‘other’.

Results

Of all 539 NNDs, 217 (40.3%) were not admitted to a neonatal nursery, comprising 174 (80.2%) not resuscitated and 41 (18.9%) unsuccessful resuscitation, while in a further two newborn infants resuscitation was not required. Only 13 of 123 (10.6%) extremely preterm infants who died in the delivery room had resuscitation attempted. Of 77 infants who died from congenital abnormalities in the delivery room 18 (23.3%) had resuscitation attempted. Fifteen babies with other diagnoses died in the delivery room; five with severe intrapartum asphyxia without resuscitation and a further 10 (8 preterm) with Apgar scores of 0–1 at 1 min and ≤3 at 5 min who did not respond to extensive resuscitation.

Conclusions

A large proportion of NNDs occurred outside the neonatal nurseries involving end‐of‐life decision‐making. Review of the circumstances of these NNDs in the subcategories of extreme prematurity, congenital abnormalities and ‘other’ raises different management dilemmas with the potential for clinical practice improvement in compassionate care and transparency in decision‐making.
Draft Genome Sequence of Staphylococcus aureus ST672, an Emerging Disease Clone from India
Authors: Khedkar Supriya , Prabhakara Sushma , Loganathan Ramya Malarini , S Chandana , Gowda Malali , Arakere Gayathri , Seshasayee Aswin Sai Narain
Published: December 2012

We report the draft genome sequence of methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) strain ST672, an emerging disease clone in India, from a septicemia patient. The genome size is about 2.82 Mb with 2,485 open reading frames (ORFs). The staphylococcal cassette chromosome
mec
(SCC
mec
) element (type V) and immune evasion cluster appear to be different from those of strain ST772 on preliminary examination.