bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Safety and efficacy of linuron with or without an adjuvant or S-metolachlor for POST control of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) in sweetpotato
Authors: Moore Levi D. , Jennings Katherine M. , Monks David W. , Leon Ramon G. , Jordan David L. , Boyette Michael D.
Published: April 2021

Field studies were conducted to evaluate linuron for POST control of Palmer amaranth in sweetpotato to minimize reliance on protoporphyrinogen oxidase (PPO)-inhibiting herbicides. Treatments were arranged in a two by four factorial in which the first factor consisted of two rates of linuron (420 and 700 g ai ha−1), and the second factor consisted of linuron applied alone or in combinations of linuron plus a nonionic surfactant (NIS; 0.5% vol/vol), linuron plus S-metolachlor (800 g ai ha−1), or linuron plus NIS plus S-metolachlor. In addition, S-metolachlor alone and nontreated weedy and weed-free checks were included for comparison. Treatments were applied to ‘Covington’ sweetpotato 8 d after transplanting (DAP). S-metolachlor alone provided poor Palmer amaranth control because emergence had occurred at applications. All treatments that included linuron resulted in at least 98% and 91% Palmer amaranth control 1 and 2 wk after treatment (WAT), respectively. Including NIS with linuron did not increase Palmer amaranth control compared to linuron alone, but it resulted in greater sweetpotato injury and subsequently decreased total sweetpotato yield by 25%. Including S-metolachlor with linuron resulted in the greatest Palmer amaranth control 4 WAT, but increased crop foliar injury to 36% 1 WAT compared to 17% foliar injury from linuron alone. Marketable and total sweetpotato yields were similar between linuron alone and linuron plus S-metolachlor or S-metolachlor plus NIS treatments, though all treatments resulted in at least 39% less total yield than the weed-free check resulting from herbicide injury and/or Palmer amaranth competition. Because of the excellent POST Palmer amaranth control from linuron 1 WAT, a system that includes linuron applied 7 DAP followed by S-metolachlor applied 14 DAP could help to extend residual Palmer amaranth control further into the critical period of weed control while minimizing sweetpotato injury.
Transport and Localization of Elastic Waves in Two‐Dimensional Fractured Media: Consequences on Scattering Attenuation
Authors: Lei Qinghua , Sornette Didier
Published: April 2021

We present numerical simulations of elastic wave transport in two‐dimensional fractured media. Natural fracture systems, following a power‐law length scaling, are modeled by the discrete fracture network approach for geometrically representing fracture distributions and the displacement discontinuity method for mechanically computing fracture‐wave interactions. The model is validated against analytical solutions for wave reflection, transmission, and scattering by single fractures, and then applied to solve the wavefield evolution in synthetic fracture networks. We find that the dimensionless angular frequency ῶ = ωZ/κ plays a crucial role in governing wave transport, where ω, Z, and κ are the angular frequency, seismic impedance, and fracture stiffness, respectively. When ῶ is smaller than the critical frequency ῶc (≈5), waves are in the extended mode, either propagating (for small ῶ) or diffusing by multiple scattering (for intermediate ῶ); as ῶ exceeds ῶc, waves become trapped, entering either the Anderson localization regime (kl* ≈ 1) in well‐connected fracture systems or the weak localization regime (kl* > 1) in poorly‐connected fracture systems, where k is the incident wavenumber and l* is the mean free path length. Consequently, the inverse quality factor Q−1 scales with ῶ obeying a two‐branch power‐law dependence, showing significant frequency dependence when ῶ < ῶc and almost frequency independence when ῶ > ῶc. Furthermore, when ῶ < ῶc, the wavefield exhibits a weak dependence on fracture network geometry, whereas when ῶ > ῶc, the fracture network connectivity has an important impact on the wavefield such that strong attenuation occurs in well‐connected fracture systems.
Sediment Transport Potential in a Hydraulically Connected River and Floodplain‐Channel System
Authors: Sumaiya Sumaiya , Czuba Jonathan A. , Schubert John T. , David Scott R. , Johnston Graham H. , Edmonds Douglas A.
Published: April 2021

Meandering river floodplains often contain intermittently flooded complex channel networks. Many questions remain as to the pervasiveness, function, and evolution of these floodplain channels. In this present work, we analyzed size‐specific sediment transport potential and assessed whether the channelized floodplain of the meandering East Fork White River near Seymour, Indiana is on a net erosional or depositional trajectory. We applied a two‐dimensional hydrodynamic model and used simulated model results to estimate the largest sediment size that can be moved in suspension and as bedload at various flows for grain size classes between 4 µm and 64 mm. We developed a probabilistic method that integrates the largest sediment size that can be moved at various flows to compute an effective grain size, which we compared to measured field data. Results show that the river is capable of supplying sand to the floodplain and these floodplain channels can transport sand in suspension and gravel as bedload. This suggests that sediment supplied from the river could be transported as bedload in floodplain channels. These floodplain channels are supply limited under the current hydrologic regime and the grain size distribution of the bed surface is set by the flow conditions; thus, these floodplain channels are net erosional. Finally, our proposed method of probabilistically integrating the largest sediment size that can be moved at various flows can be used to predict the upper end of the grain size distribution in suspension and in bed material, which is applicable to floodplains as well as coastal areas.
Self-organized phase-transition lithography for all-inorganic photonic textures
Authors: Zhang Bo , Tan Dezhi , Wang Zhuo , Liu Xiaofeng , Xu Beibei , Gu Min , Tong Limin , Qiu Jianrong
Published: April 2021

Realizing general processing applicable to various materials by one basic tool has long been considered a distant dream. Fortunately, ultrafast laser–matter interaction has emerged as a highly universal platform with unprecedented optical phenomena and provided implementation paths for advanced manufacturing with novel functionalities. Here, we report the establishment of a three-dimensional (3D) focal-area interference field actively induced by a single ultrafast laser in transparent dielectrics. Relying on this, we demonstrate a radically new approach of self-organized phase-transition lithography (SOPTL) to achieve super-resolution construction of embedded all-inorganic photonic textures with extremely high efficiency. The generated textures exhibit a tunable photonic bandgap (PBG) in a wide range from ~1.3 to ~2 μm. More complicated interlaced textures with adjustable structural features can be fabricated within a few seconds, which is not attainable with any other conventional techniques. Evidence suggests that the SOPTL is extendable to more than one material system. This study augments light–matter interaction physics, offers a promising approach for constructing robust photonic devices, and opens up a new research direction in advanced lithography.
Age and sex specific effects of APOE genotypes on ischemic heart disease and its risk factors in the UK Biobank
Authors: Li Mengyu , Zhao Jie V. , Kwok Man Ki , Schooling C. Mary
Published: April 2021

APOE genotypes are associated with ischemic heart disease (IHD), several other cardiovascular diseases and dementia. Previous studies have not comprehensively considered all genotypes, especially ε2ε2, nor associations by age and sex, although IHD incidence differs by sex. In the UK Biobank, including 391,992 white British participants, we compared effects of APOE genotypes on IHD and its risk factors. Compared to the ε3ε3 genotype, ε2ε2 was not clearly associated with IHD but was associated with lower plasma apolipoprotein B (apoB). The ε2ε3 genotype conferred lower IHD risk, systolic blood pressure (SBP), pulse pressure and plasma apoB than ε3ε3. ε3ε4 and ε4ε4 conferred higher IHD risk, higher pulse pressure and plasma apoB, but lower glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) than ε3ε3. The associations by age and sex were fairly similar, except ε2ε2 compared to ε3ε3 was marginally positively associated with IHD in the younger age group and nominally inversely associated with SBP in men. ε3ε4 compared to ε3ε3 was nominally positively associated with SBP in women. APOE genotypes affect IHD risk increasingly from ε2ε3, ε3ε3, ε3ε4 to ε4ε4, with similar patterns for pulse pressure and plasma apoB, but not for diabetes. Associations with blood pressure differed by sex. Greater understanding of products of APOE and their effects might generate targets of intervention.
Rheological and technological characterization of red rice modified starch and jaboticaba peel powder mixtures
Authors: Almeida Raphael Lucas Jacinto , dos Santos Pereira Tamires , Almeida Renata Duarte , Santiago Ângela Maria , de Lima Marsiglia Wanda Izabel Monteiro , Nabeshima Elizabeth Harumi , de Sousa Conrado Líbia , de Gusmão Rennan Pereira
Published: April 2021

Properties of modified starch and its interaction with functional raw materials are of great interest to the food industry. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the rheological and technological characterization of starches modified by the action of the enzymes α-amylase and amyloglucosidase and their mixtures with jaboticaba peel powder. The parameters of firmness, gumminess, and final viscosity of starches paste increased, and the tendency to setback was reduced with the addition of jaboticaba peel powder. Starches and mixtures presented shear-thinning behavior. The addition of jaboticaba peel powder to starches increased water, oil, and milk absorption capacity, while syneresis remained stable over the storage period. The addition of jaboticaba peel powder had a positive effect on native and modified starches' rheological and technological properties, qualifying it as an alternative for developing new functional food products.
An analytical method reduces noise bias in motor adaptation analysis
Authors: Blustein Daniel H. , Shehata Ahmed W. , Kuylenstierna Erin S. , Englehart Kevin B. , Sensinger Jonathon W.
Published: April 2021

When a person makes a movement, a motor error is typically observed that then drives motor planning corrections on subsequent movements. This error correction, quantified as a trial-by-trial adaptation rate, provides insight into how the nervous system is operating, particularly regarding how much confidence a person places in different sources of information such as sensory feedback or motor command reproducibility. Traditional analysis has required carefully controlled laboratory conditions such as the application of perturbations or error clamping, limiting the usefulness of motor analysis in clinical and everyday environments. Here we focus on error adaptation during unperturbed and naturalistic movements. With increasing motor noise, we show that the conventional estimation of trial-by-trial adaptation increases, a counterintuitive finding that is the consequence of systematic bias in the estimate due to noise masking the learner’s intention. We present an analytic solution relying on stochastic signal processing to reduce this effect of noise, producing an estimate of motor adaptation with reduced bias. The result is an improved estimate of trial-by-trial adaptation in a human learner compared to conventional methods. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the new method in analyzing simulated and empirical movement data under different noise conditions.
Study on the selective oxidation of methane over highly dispersed molybdenum-incorporated KIT-6 catalysts
Authors: Chen Pei , Xie Zean , Zhao Zhen , Li Jianmei , Liu Bonan , Liu Baijun , Fan Xiaoqiang , Kong Lian , Xiao Xia
Published: April 2021

The isolated MoOx species contribute to the highly selective formation of formaldehyde.
Practical one-pot amidation of N-Alloc-, N-Boc-, and N-Cbz protected amines under mild conditions
Authors: Hong Wan Pyo , Tran Van Hieu , Kim Hee-Kwon
Published: April 2021

One-pot efficient transformation of N-Alloc-, N-Boc-, and N-Cbz protected amines to amides was achieved by using 2-chloropyridine and trifluoromethanesulfonyl anhydride as well as Grignard reagent and MgCl2.
Tethered Cord
Authors: Thomale Ulrich W. , Finger Tobias , Schulz Matthias
Published: April 2021

Das tethered cord (TC), welches im Rahmen von angeborenen Fehlbildungen entsteht, ist ein heterogenes Krankheitsbild. Offene Neuralrohrdefekte bedürfen einer unmittelbaren Versorgung nach Geburt. Bei geschlossenen Fehlbildungen ist eine operative Behandlungsindikation in Abhängigkeit von folgenden Faktoren zu stellen: Komplexität der Fehlbildung, Erfahrung des Operateurs mit spinalen Dysraphien und Progression von assoziierten neurologischen Symptomen. Das intraoperative Neuromonitoring und die Mikrochirurgie sind unabdingbare Vorrausetzungen für die Operation. Ein interdisziplinäres Team, bevorzugt in einem spezialisierten Zentrum, ist Voraussetzung für die langfristige Versorgung der durchaus komplexen Begleiterscheinungen eines TCs. Der Funktionserhalt und ggf. auch die Funktionsverbesserung mit Erhalt der Lebensqualität muss das primäre Ziel der Behandlung darstellen.
Blasenkarzinom − Komplikationen der Harnableitung
Authors: Pfister David , Niegisch Günter
Published: April 2021

Auch heute noch stellt die radikale Zystektomie mit Anlage einer Harnableitung einen der komplikationsträchtigsten Eingriffe in der Uro-Onkologie dar. Insbesondere im Langzeitverlauf, aber auch perioperativ spielen dabei durch die Harnableitung bedingte Probleme eine wesentliche Rolle.

Perioperativ stehen dabei im Wesentlichen gastrointestinale Probleme wie etwa ein Ileus, aber auch Infekte und frühe Komplikationen der unterschiedlichen Anastomosen im Vordergrund. Während ein Ileus ebenso wie perioperative Infekte i. d. R. medikamentös behandelt werden können, erfordern Insuffizienzen der intestinalen Anastomose regelhaft und Insuffizienzen der ureterointestinalen Anastomosen häufig operative Revisionen.

Im Langzeitverlauf können Narbenbildungen zu chronischen Harnabflussbehinderungen und bei kontinenten Harnableitungen zur Steinbildung führen und ebenso wie parastomale Hernien weitere Therapien erforderlich machen. Funktionelle Darmprobleme können die Lebensqualität der Patienten nachhaltig beeinflussen.

Durch eine verbesserte Vorbereitung präoperativ und die begleitenden Maßnahmen während des stationären Aufenthalts können nicht operationsbedingte Komplikationen signifikant reduziert werden.

Die Zystektomie mit der therapieassoziierten Morbidität ist ein Paradebeispiel für eine zentrumsbasierte Operation um Komplikationen sowohl perioperativ als auch im weiteren Follow-up zu reduzieren.
Immer tiefere Remissionen erzielbar
Authors: Bischoff Angelika
Published: April 2021

Neue Entwicklungen in der Erstbehandlung und Rezidivtherapie des multiplen Myeloms, die auf der virtuellen Jahrestagung der American Society of Hematology (ASH) vorgestellt wurden, präsentierte Prof. Katja Weisel, Hamburg, auf einem Video-Stream des Kompetenznetzes Maligne Lymphome.
Operabilität und pathologisches Ansprechen des Lungenkarzinoms nach neoadjuvanter Therapie mit Immun-Checkpoint-Inhibitoren
Authors: Lücke E. , Ganzert C. , Föllner S. , Wäsche A. , Jechorek D. , Schoeder V. , Walles T. , Genseke P. , Schreiber J.
Published: April 2021

Hintergrund Eine Blockade von Immun-Escape-Mechanismen (z. B. PD1/PD-L1) mit Immun-Checkpoint-Inhibition (ICI) kann das Überleben von Patienten mit fortgeschrittenem NSCLC wesentlich verlängern und ausgeprägte Remissionen induzieren. Eine neoadjuvante ICI bei Patienten mit resektablem (UICC-Stadium III) oder oligometastasiertem (UICC-Stadium IVA) NSCLC wurde bisher kaum untersucht.

Patienten/Methoden Es wurden Biopsien von Patienten mit lokal fortgeschrittenem oder oligometastasiertem NSCLC untersucht. Es erfolgte bei einer PD-L1-Expression > 50 %, gutem ECOG-Status und zu erwartender Operabilität die ICI-Applikation und nach ca. 4 Wochen die thoraxchirurgische OP. Alle Patienten erhielten ein komplettes Staging einschließlich PET-CT, cMRT und endobronchialem Ultraschall. Es wurden die Verträglichkeit, das radiologische und histologische Tumoransprechen und das chirurgische Outcome analysiert.

Ergebnisse 4 Patienten (2 männlich, 2 weiblich, Alter 56–78 Jahre, n = 3 Adenokarzinom, n = 1 Plattenepithelkarzinom) erhielten präoperativ einen ICI. Alle Patienten hatten lokal fortgeschrittene Tumore, und die mediastinalen Lymphknoten waren in 3 Fällen positiv. Bei einem Patienten lag eine isolierte Hirnmetastase vor, welche stereotaktisch radiotherapiert wurde. Alle Patienten erhielten präoperativ komplikationslos 2–6 Zyklen eines ICI (3 × Pembrolizumab; 1 × Atezolizumab). Dies führte nicht zu einer Verzögerung der OP. Nach iRECIST zeigten 3 Tumore eine partielle response (PR), und ein Patient wies ein stable disease (SD) auf. Alle Tumore wurden komplett reseziert, und die OP erwies sich trotz inflammatorischer Veränderungen als technisch unproblematisch. Es gab keine behandlungsbezogene Morbidität oder Mortalität und keine perioperativen Komplikationen. In den Resektaten waren jeweils 2-mal ein komplettes pathologisches Ansprechen (CPR), Regressionsgrad III nach Junker, und 2-mal ein Regressionsgrad IIa nach Junker nachweisbar. Das mittlere Follow-up betrug 12 (1–24) Monate. Die PPR-Patienten entwickelten entweder Fernmetastasen nach 6 Monaten oder ein Lokalrezidiv nach 4 Monaten. Die CPR-Patienten sind bisher rezidivfrei.

Schlussfolgerungen Eine neoadjuvante Therapie mit ICI ist gut verträglich und kann bei ausgewählten Patienten eine komplette Tumorremission induzieren. Die Behandlung hat keinen negativen Einfluss auf den chirurgischen Eingriff. Die Prognose ist vielversprechend bei CPR und eingeschränkt bei PPR.
Zirkulierende DNA als Biomarker für die adjuvante Therapie
Authors: Schmale Ine
Published: April 2021

Etwa 20–30 % der Patienten mit Kolorektalkarzinom, die sich einer Resektion mit kurativer Absicht unterziehen, erleiden einen Rückfall. Um eine bessere Risikoeinschätzung zu erhalten, wurde zirkulierende Tumor-DNA (ctDNA) als Marker für eine minimale residuale Resterkrankung (MRD) untersucht. Laut den beim ASCO-GI präsentierten Ergebnissen, ist die ctDNA ein vielversprechender Biomarker nach dem chirurgischen Eingriff für ein Rezidiv und kann die radiologische Nachsorge teilweise ersetzen.
Schutz und Regeneration der Betazellen
Authors: Solimena Michele , Lickert Heiko , Schürmann Annette
Published: April 2021

Der Typ-1-Diabetes sowie das fortgeschrittene Stadium des Typ-2-Diabetes sind durch den Verlust oder die Fehlfunktion der Insulin-produzierenden Betazellen in der Bauchspeicheldrüse gekennzeichnet. Bislang gibt es keine Möglichkeit, das Fortschreiten des Betazellverlusts durch eine medikamentöse Behandlung aufzuhalten oder umzukehren. In dem Forschungsschwerpunkt Schutz und Regeneration der Betazellen arbeitet das Deutsche Zentrum für Diabetesforschung (DZD) u. a. an Verfahren, um die Insulin-produzierenden Betazellen besser zu schützen bzw. sie wiederherzustellen oder zu ersetzen.
Entwicklung und Validierung einer deutschsprachigen Kurzform des Coping Strategies Inventory
Authors: Schetsche Christian , Jaume Luis Carlos , Gago-Galvagno Lucas , Elgier Angel Manuel
Published: April 2021

Wenn festgestellt wird, dass eine externe und/oder interne Anforderung die eigenen Ressourcen erschöpft, werden bestimmte Strategien verwendet, um mit dem damit verbundenen Stress umzugehen. Obwohl ein Zusammenhang zwischen der emotionalen Unterdrückung und einem höheren Grad an pathologischen Zuständen nachweisbar ist, existieren keine deutschsprachigen Kurzinstrumente, die diese Stressbewältigungsstrategie beinhalten. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es daher, das Coping Strategies Inventory zu übersetzen und eine Kurzversion des Instruments zu entwickeln. Die Stichprobe (N=272) wurde über eine web-basierte Umfrage erhoben und eine explorative Faktoranalyse zeigte anstelle von 8 die Existenz von 9 Stressbewältigungsstrategien, die mit dem Instrument erfasst werden. Die Ergebnisse der konfirmatorischen Faktoranalyse zeigten nicht nur angemessene psychometrische Eigenschaften der 9-Faktorenstruktur, sondern auch deren Überlegenheit im Vergleich zu einer übergeordneten Faktorenstruktur. Signifikante Korrelationen mit allen Persönlichkeitsmerkmalen bestätigen die konvergente Validität des Instruments, sodass seine Kurzversion im deutschsprachigen Raum eingesetzt werden kann.
Applications of the Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons Olefination in Modern Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Beemelmanns Christine , Roman Dávid , Sauer Maria
Published: April 2021

The Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons (HWE) reaction is one of the most reliable olefination reaction and can be broadly applied in organic chemistry and natural product synthesis with excellent selectivity. Within the last few years HWE reaction conditions have been optimized and new reagents developed to overcome challenges in the total syntheses of natural products. This review highlights the application of HWE olefinations in total syntheses of structurally different natural products covering 2015 to 2020. Applied HWE reagents and reactions conditions are highlighted to support future synthetic approaches and serve as guideline to find the best HWE conditions for the most complicated natural products.

1 Introduction and Historical Background

2 Applications of HWE

2.1 Cyclization by HWE Reactions

2.2.1 Formation of Medium- to Larger-Sized Rings

2.2.2 Formation of Small- to Medium-Sized Rings

2.3 Synthesis of α,β-Unsaturated Carbonyl Groups

2.4 Synthesis of Substituted C=C Bonds

2.5 Late-Stage Modifications by HWE Reactions

2.6 HWE Reactions on Solid Supports

2.7 Synthesis of Poly-Conjugated C=C Bonds

2.8 HWE-Mediated Coupling of Larger Building Blocks

2.9 Miscellaneous

3 Summary and Outlook
Propagation of rays in 2D and 3D waveguides: A stability analysis with Lyapunov and reversibility fast indicators
Authors: Gradoni G. , Panichi F. , Turchetti G.
Published: April 2021

Propagation of rays in 2D and 3D corrugated waveguides is performed in the general framework of stability indicators. The analysis of stability is based on the Lyapunov and reversibility error. It is found that the error growth follows a power law for regular orbits and an exponential law for chaotic orbits. A relation with the Shannon channel capacity is devised and an approximate scaling law found for the capacity increase with the corrugation depth.
Computational study of gaseous cellular detonation diffraction and re-initiation by small obstacle induced perturbations
Authors: Yuan X. Q. , Yan C. , Zhou J. , Ng H. D.
Published: April 2021

A gaseous detonation wave that emerges from a channel into an unconfined space is known as detonation diffraction. If the dimension of the channel exit is below some critical value, the incident detonation fails to re-initiate (i.e., transmit into a self-sustained detonation propagating) in the unconfined area. In a previous study, Xu et al. [“The role of cellular instability on the critical tube diameter problem for unstable gaseous detonations,” Proc. Combust. Inst. 37(3), 3545–3533 (2019)] experimentally demonstrated that, for an unstable detonable mixture (i.e., stoichiometric acetylene–oxygen), a small obstacle near the channel exit promotes the re-initiation capability for cases with a sub-critical channel size. In the current study, two-dimensional numerical simulations were performed to reveal this obstacle-triggered re-initiation process in greater detail. Parametric studies were carried out to examine the influence of obstacle position on the re-initiation capability. The results show that a collision between a triple-point wave complex at the diffracting shock front and the obstacle is required for a successful re-initiation. If an obstacle is placed too close or too far away from the channel exit, the diffracting detonation cannot be re-initiated. Since shot-to-shot variation in the cellular wave structure of the incident detonation results in different triple-point trajectories, for an obstacle at a fixed position, the occurrence of re-initiation is of a stochastic nature. The findings of this study highlight that flow instability generated by a local perturbation is effective in enhancing the re-initiation capability of a diffracting cellular detonation wave in an unstable mixture.
Oscillatory flow of Koo–Kleinstreuer and aggregate nanofluids in cylindrical annuli: Toward an innovative solution to deal with nanofluids instability
Authors: Ragui Karim , Bennacer Rachid , El Ganaoui Mohammed
Published: April 2021

This paper exhibits the oscillatory characteristics of a free convective flow of nanofluids in horizontal concentric annuli of pilot dimensions to provide a mechanical solution against their particles settling which occurs by aggregation. These nanofluids are generated according to each class of particles that may exist with four types of industrial base liquids. Koo–Kleinstreuer semi-empirical models are used to generate databases of ideal suspended particles with Brownian motion. Meanwhile, Maxwell–Bruggeman and Kreiger–Dougherty semi-empirical models are used to incorporate the aggregation mechanism. A hybrid lattice Boltzmann/finite-difference approach is adopted to provide the space-time solutions. The accuracy of this numerical tool is inspected by providing over nine validations based on literature data. Hence, an improved flow pattern chart is accomplished to expand the open literature, depending on the flow nature of the base liquids in the annuli. Next, the oscillatory nature is fully revealed for each nanofluid processed. Following the frontiers toward the non-settling of aggregates, three main regimes are identified depending on the annulus size and the combination between ideal and aggregate mechanisms. Owing to this, a new settling chart is established to emerge the sheer limit of the annulus size for a non-settling process.
Conditions of appearance and dynamics of the modified two-stream instability in E × B discharges
Authors: Petronio Federico , Tavant Antoine , Charoy Thomas , Alvarez Laguna Alejandro , Bourdon Anne , Chabert Pascal
Published: April 2021

The large differential drift motion between electrons and ions that is created by the E × B current can produce different instabilities, such as the electron cyclotron drift instability, perpendicular to the magnetic field, and the Modified Two-Stream Instability (MTSI), with a component along the magnetic field. In this paper, we derive and validate a stability condition for the apparition of the MTSI modes in 2D particle-in-cell simulations of E × B discharges in the radial-azimuthal plane of a Hall thruster. We verify that, by choosing properly the domain dimensions, it is possible to capture correctly the MTSI growth and its corresponding number of azimuthal periods. In particular, we show that an azimuthal length that is smaller than a certain threshold prevents the MTSI from growing. Moreover, we show that the MTSI growth does not depend on the plasma density, but is affected by the axial electric field (perpendicular to the simulation domain). Additionally, we show that during its linear growth in the early times of the simulations, the MTSI produces an enhanced heating of the electrons in the magnetic field direction as well as an increased cross field mobility. For longer times, in the nonlinear regime, the system evolves toward a more chaotic state with the presence of structures that mostly exhibit large azimuthal wavelengths.
Investigating 3,4-bis(3-nitrofurazan-4-yl)furoxan detonation with a rapidly tuned density functional tight binding model
Authors: Lindsey Rebecca K. , Bastea Sorin , Goldman Nir , Fried Laurence E.
Published: April 2021

We describe a machine learning approach to rapidly tune density functional tight binding models for the description of detonation chemistry in organic molecular materials. Resulting models enable simulations on the several 10s of ps scales characteristic to these processes, with “quantum-accuracy.” We use this approach to investigate early shock chemistry in 3,4-bis(3-nitrofurazan-4-yl)furoxan, a hydrogen-free energetic material known to form onion-like nanocarbon particulates following detonation. We find that the ensuing chemistry is significantly characterized by the formation of large CxNyOz species, which are likely precursors to the experimentally observed carbon condensates. Beyond utility as a means of investigating detonation chemistry, the present approach can be used to generate quantum-based reference data for the development of full machine-learned interatomic potentials capable of simulation on even greater time and length scales, i.e., for applications where characteristic time scales exceed the reach of methods including Kohn–Sham density functional theory, which are commonly used for reference data generation.
Water intake and wastage during the growing–finishing period of immunocastrated and surgically castrated pigs
Authors: da Costa Mendes Muniz Henrique , Klein Daniela Regina , da Silva dos Santos Marrone , Schneider Luciane Inês , Speroni Ceron Marcos , Rodrigues Bonet de Quadros Arlei , Gewehr Clóvis Eliseu , de Oliveira Vladimir
Published: April 2021

Context An adequate management of water use is essential in agricultural systems, including pig farming. Reducing the water footprint is important to preserve this natural resource, although there is limited qualitative information about water intake and water intake behaviour, especially in immunocastrated pigs. Aim The objective of this study was to compare water disappearance, and estimate wasted water and water intake behaviour for immunocastrated and surgically castrated male pigs. Methods Twenty-four surgically castrated male pigs and 24 entire male pigs submitted to immunocastration were used, with an average initial weight of 29.3 kg (±1.9 kg) and an age of 75 days. The pigs were housed in a growing–finishing facility with 24 pens and two animals per pen; each pen was equipped with a semi-automatic feeder and a bite-ball drinker with a water meter. The disappearance of water was measured by collecting the values of the water meters on a daily basis, and the water intake behaviour was determined by collecting the values of the water meters per hour. Water input and output values were estimated, and wasted water was calculated by subtracting the input from the output value. Key results The weekly average water disappearance for surgically castrated males was higher (P < 0.05) than that for immunocastrated males, except in the last 2 weeks of the experimental period; the same was observed when expressed based on weight. Castrated animals also wasted 21.4% more water than immunocastrated animals. Regarding the water consumption profile, there were no differences between the two groups; water consumption was higher in the afternoon. The lower water disappearance in immunocastrated pigs was due to the increase in feed intake after the second dose of the immunocastration vaccine and to the lower amounts of waste because of less aggressive behaviour. Conclusion Immunocastrated male pigs have a smaller water footprint, but a similar water intake behaviour compared with surgically castrated animals. Implications Knowledge of the profile of water intake and a way to estimate water waste allows more efficient and sustainable management of water resources in pig production systems.
Comparing metapopulation dynamics of infectious diseases under different models of human movement
Authors: Citron Daniel T. , Guerra Carlos A. , Dolgert Andrew J. , Wu Sean L. , Henry John M. , Sánchez C. Héctor M. , Smith David L.
Published: April 2021

Significance

Newly available large-scale datasets of human population movement represent an opportunity to model how diseases spread between different locations. Combining infectious disease models with mechanistic models of host movement enables studies of how movement drives disease transmission and importation. Here we explore how modeled epidemiological outcomes may be sensitive to the modeler’s choice of movement model structure. We use three different mathematical models of disease transmission to show how a model’s epidemiological predictions can change dramatically depending on the chosen host movement model. We find these different outcomes are robust to using the same data sources to parameterize each candidate model, which we illustrate using an example of real-world malaria transmission and importation in Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea.
A megastudy of text-based nudges encouraging patients to get vaccinated at an upcoming doctor’s appointment
Authors: Milkman Katherine L. , Patel Mitesh S. , Gandhi Linnea , Graci Heather N. , Gromet Dena M. , Ho Hung , Kay Joseph S. , Lee Timothy W. , Akinola Modupe , Beshears John , Bogard Jonathan E. , Buttenheim Alison , Chabris Christopher F. , Chapman Gretchen B. , Choi James J. , Dai Hengchen , Fox Craig R. , Goren Amir , Hilchey Matthew D. , Hmurovic Jillian , John Leslie K. , Karlan Dean , Kim Melanie , Laibson David , Lamberton Cait , Madrian Brigitte C. , Meyer Michelle N. , Modanu Maria , Nam Jimin , Rogers Todd , Rondina Renante , Saccardo Silvia , Shermohammed Maheen , Soman Dilip , Sparks Jehan , Warren Caleb , Weber Megan , Berman Ron , Evans Chalanda N. , Snider Christopher K. , Tsukayama Eli , Van den Bulte Christophe , Volpp Kevin G. , Duckworth Angela L.
Published: April 2021

Many Americans fail to get life-saving vaccines each year, and the availability of a vaccine for COVID-19 makes the challenge of encouraging vaccination more urgent than ever. We present a large field experiment (
N
= 47,306) testing 19 nudges delivered to patients via text message and designed to boost adoption of the influenza vaccine. Our findings suggest that text messages sent prior to a primary care visit can boost vaccination rates by an average of 5%. Overall, interventions performed better when they were 1) framed as reminders to get flu shots that were already reserved for the patient and 2) congruent with the sort of communications patients expected to receive from their healthcare provider (i.e., not surprising, casual, or interactive). The best-performing intervention in our study reminded patients twice to get their flu shot at their upcoming doctor’s appointment and indicated it was reserved for them. This successful script could be used as a template for campaigns to encourage the adoption of life-saving vaccines, including against COVID-19.
Phragmidium rosae-rugosae.
Authors:   USA, USDA-ARS
Published: April 2021

There is little published information on this plant pathogenic fungus, which is limited to parts of Asia and the Russian Far East. It infects Rosa spp., which exist in other regions of the world with similar environmental conditions; therefore this species may pose a threat to native or agricultural plants if introduced.
Microwave absorption properties of amorphous Fe–B particle composites in K band
Authors: Li Wenliang , Zhang Junming , He Donglin , Wang Guowu , Wang Tao
Published: April 2021

In this study, spherical amorphous Fe–B submicron particles were synthesized via aqueous chemical reduction, and a composite with a mass fraction of 80% was prepared by compounding them with polyurethane. By measuring the electromagnetic parameters and calculating the microwave absorption properties, we found that the composite had excellent absorption performance in a frequency range of 18–26.5 GHz. When the absorber was 0.88 mm thick, the reflection loss (RL) peak reached a maximum (−47.94 dB) with a bandwidth (RL < −10 dB) of 5.01 GHz. The absorption mechanism of the composite in the K band was also investigated. The results showed that the Fe–B particle composite effectively reduced the absorber’s thickness, maintaining a good absorption performance in the K band.
Enhancement of thermoelectric performance of CH3NH3PbI3 through strain driven topological phase transition and doping
Authors: Kore Ashish , Murari Himanshu , Singh Poorva
Published: April 2021

The effects of compressive strain, doping and temperature on the thermoelectric properties of CH3NH3PbI3 have been investigated by employing first principles based calculations and semi-classical Boltzmann theory. CH3NH3PbI3 displays a topological phase transition under 9.9% external compressive strain. Thermoelectric studies reveal that application of strain enhances the Seebeck coefficient for electron and hole-doped regions. This increment is attributed to the strain induced band inversion and modifications in the electronic density of states at the topological transition point. The strain driven topological phase transition produces a ZT value of 0.89 for hole-doped CH3NH3PbI3 at 800 K.
Influence of anisotropic strain and temperature on hydrogen dissolution in tungsten
Authors: Han Quan-Fu , Zhang Ying , Yang Kun Jie , Liu Yue-Lin
Published: April 2021

We have studied the double effects of anisotropic strain and temperature on the dissolution behavior of hydrogen (H) in tungsten (W) by using first-principles calculation combined with thermodynamic model. The strain and temperature effects are reflected by uniaxial/biaxial strain loading and vibrational Helmholtz free energy, respectively. We calculated the dissolution energy of the H atom at four different interstitial sites of TIS(1), TIS(2), OIS(1) and OIS(2). For TIS(2), OIS(1) and OIS(2), the dissolution energy of H changes monotonically as the biaxial strain rises from −5% to 5%. However, the dissolution ability of H at TIS(1) can be promoted by employing either compressive or tensile biaxial strain. There are more interesting results, the temperature-dependent dissolution energy of H at TIS(1) shows a significant decrease with the compressive biaxial strain loading, but this phenomenon does not occur at other three positions, i.e., TIS(2), OIS(1) and OIS(2). Besides, with the same anisotropic strain loading, the dissolution energy of H for all four kinds of positions increase as the temperature rises from 300 to 1800 K, which is mainly originated from the contribution of the vibrational Helmholtz free energy. Our results indicate that H atoms are more easily to accumulate in the anisotropic strain enrichment region in W as the temperature rises, which will make it more easier to form H bubbles in W.
Video analysis of the fall and vertical downward launch of Styrofoam balls with air drag
Authors: de Oliveira A L , de Jesus V L B , Sasaki D G G
Published: April 2021

The drag effect on a falling ball caused by air is a conventional subject in the most well-known textbooks of classical mechanics and fluid dynamics. Further, there are some papers that employ video analysis to track objects movements in the air making it possible to obtain position data as a function of time and its graphs. However, none of them addresses the case of a ball thrown downwards, maybe because this situation is neglected by textbooks or probably due to the experimental difficulty to perform this kind of launch manually. In this paper, both the fall and the vertical launch down of five different Styrofoam balls are filmed with an ordinary smartphone camera and analysed by using the free software Tracker. The position and velocities graphs depicted clearly the air drag effect on the ball’s movements. The entire raw data are compared with a theoretical model and therefore terminal and initial velocities can be extracted as adjusted parameters from simple mathematical fits. The Reynolds number and the drag coefficient calculated for each ball agree with those found in the literature.
Tuning the electronic structures and anisotropic transport behaviors of GeSe monolayer by substitutional doping
Authors: Guo Caixia , Hao Shouliang , Wang Fang , Wang Tianxing , Liu Yufang
Published: April 2021

The electronic structures and anisotropic transport properties of doped-GeSe monolayers are systematically explored by performing the density functional theory combined with non-equilibrium Green’s function method. Numerical results of the cohesive energy and formation energy show that it is possible to substitute Ge/Se with isovalent atoms and group-V atoms at room temperature. Isovalent substitutions of Ge/Se atoms can maintain the semiconducting features of monolayer GeSe. While the doping of group-V atoms modifies drastically the electronic structures of doped-GeSe and makes metallic properties appear. In addition, the anisotropy of electronic transport of monolayer GeSe also can be effectively manipulated by substitutional doping. In particular, the isotropic electronic transport properties are shown in the devices based on GeSe with P substituting Ge atom. An obvious negative differential resistance behavior with a large current peak-to-valley ratio up to the radio of 103 is gained in N-dope device. These results are useful for the future potential applications of GeSe materials in next-generation high-efficiency electronic devices.
Inter-annual and spatial climatic variability have led to a balance between local fluctuating selection and wide-range directional selection in a perennial grass species
Authors: Keep T , Rouet S , Blanco-Pastor J L , Barre P , Ruttink T , Dehmer K J , Hegarty M , Ledauphin T , Litrico I , Muylle H , Roldán-Ruiz I , Surault F , Veron R , Willner E , Sampoux J P
Published: April 2021

Background and Aims

The persistence of a plant population under a specific local climatic regime requires phenotypic adaptation with underlying particular combinations of alleles at adaptive loci. The level of allele diversity at adaptive loci within a natural plant population conditions its potential to evolve, notably towards adaptation to a change in climate. Investigating the environmental factors that contribute to the maintenance of adaptive diversity in populations is thus worthwhile. Within-population allele diversity at adaptive loci can be partly driven by the mean climate at the population site but also by its temporal variability.

Methods

The effects of climate temporal mean and variability on within-population allele diversity at putatively adaptive quantitative trait loci (QTLs) were evaluated using 385 natural populations of Lolium perenne (perennial ryegrass) collected right across Europe. For seven adaptive traits related to reproductive phenology and vegetative potential growth seasonality, the average within-population allele diversity at major QTLs (HeA) was computed.

Key Results

Significant relationships were found between HeA of these traits and the temporal mean and variability of the local climate. These relationships were consistent with functional ecology theory.

Conclusions

Results indicated that temporal variability of local climate has likely led to fluctuating directional selection, which has contributed to the maintenance of allele diversity at adaptive loci and thus potential for further adaptation.
Seasonality and Crime in Orlando Neighbourhoods
Authors: Kim Young-An , Wo James C
Published: April 2021

The current study examines seasonality by modelling crime in small spatial units while accounting for numerous land uses (e.g. hotel, store, school and industrial) and sociodemographic characteristics. We estimate logistic regression models that predict the probability of a crime occurring in our sample of blocks in Orlando, FL over the 52 weeks of the year (i.e. block-weeks). In addition, we examined interaction terms between each land use measure and a set of measures for weeks of the year to assess seasonal effects on neighbourhood crime. Our findings reveal a (nonlinear) seasonal effect in which the risk of neighborhood crime peaks during the summer weeks and the effect of certain land uses systematically varies across weeks of the year.
A Validated, Rapid and Cost-Efficient HPTLC Method for Quantification of Gamma-Linolenic Acid in Borage Oil and Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Kawish S M , Qadir Abdul , Saad Suma , Beg Sarwar , Jain Gaurav K , Aqil Mohd , Alanazi Amer M , Khan Azmat Ali , Rashid Md Abdur , Rab Rehan A , Almalki Waleed H , Ahmad Farhan J
Published: April 2021

Borage oil that is extracted from (Borago officinalis Linn.) is a well-known medicinal plant having various medicinal benefits. In this work, an affordable, simple, reliable, rapid and easily accessible high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method was developed for the estimation of gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) in borage oil. HPTLC method employs thin-layer chromatography (TLC) aluminum plates precoated with silica gel (G60F254) as the stationary phase, and the mixture of hexane:toulene:glacial acetic acid (3:7:1, v/v/v) was used as the mobile phase. Densitometric analysis of the TLC plates was carried out at 200 nm. The developed method showed well-resolved spots with retention factor (Rf) value of 0.53 ± 0.04 for GLA. Various experimental conditions like saturation time for chamber, solvent phase migration and width of the band were studied intensely for selecting the optimum conditions. The method validation was performed for parameters like linearity, accuracy, specificity and precision. The values of limit of detection and limit of quantification for GLA were found to be 0.221 and 0.737 μg/band, respectively. In nutshell, the developed HPTLC method was found to be highly sensitive for the estimation of GLA in the herbal oil samples and formulations.
The Operational Feasibility of Vaccination Programs Targeting Influenza Risk Groups in the World Health Organization (WHO) African and South-East Asian Regions
Authors: Ortiz Justin R , Yu Stephen L , Driscoll Amanda J , Williams Sarah R , Robertson Joanie , Hsu Jui-Shan , Chen Wilbur H , Biellik Robin J , Sow Samba , Kochhar Sonali , Neuzil Kathleen M
Published: April 2021

Background

Influenza vaccination is uncommon in low-resource settings. We evaluated aspects of operational feasibility of influenza vaccination programs targeting risk groups in the World Health Organization (WHO) African (AFR) and South-East Asian (SEAR) Regions.

Methods

We estimated routine immunization and influenza vaccination campaign doses, doses per vaccinator, and cold storage requirements for 1 simulated country in each region using evidence-based population distribution, vaccination schedule, and vaccine volumes. Influenza vaccination targeted persons <5 years, pregnant women, persons with chronic diseases, persons ≥65 years, and healthcare workers (HCW). For the AFR country, we compared vaccine volumes to actual storage capacities.

Results

Targeting HCW had a small operational impact, and subsequent findings exclude this group. During 3-month influenza vaccination campaigns, monthly doses delivered in the AFR country increased from 15.0% for ≥65 years to 93.1% for <5 years and in the SEAR country from 19.6% for pregnant women to 145.0% for persons with chronic diseases. National-level cold storage capacity requirements increased in the AFR country from 4.1% for ≥65 years to 20.3% for <5 years and in the SEAR country from 3.9% for pregnant women to 28.8% for persons with chronic diseases. Subnational-level cold storage capacity requirements increased in the AFR country from 5.9% for ≥65 years to 36.8% for <5 years and the SEAR country from 17.6% for pregnant women to 56.0% for persons with chronic diseases.

Conclusions

Influenza vaccination of most risk groups will require substantial increases in doses, doses per vaccinator, and cold storage capacity in countries where infrastructure and resources are limited.