bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A framework for automated enrichment of functionally significant inverted repeats in whole genomes
Authors: Kandoth Cyriac , Ercal Fikret , Frank Ronald L
Published: October 2010

Background

RNA transcripts from genomic sequences showing dyad symmetry typically adopt hairpin-like, cloverleaf, or similar structures that act as recognition sites for proteins. Such structures often are the precursors of non-coding RNA (ncRNA) sequences like microRNA (miRNA) and small-interfering RNA (siRNA) that have recently garnered more functional significance than in the past. Genomic DNA contains hundreds of thousands of such inverted repeats (IRs) with varying degrees of symmetry. But by collecting statistically significant information from a known set of ncRNA, we can sort these IRs into those that are likely to be functional.

Results

A novel method was developed to scan genomic DNA for partially symmetric inverted repeats and the resulting set was further refined to match miRNA precursors (pre-miRNA) with respect to their density of symmetry, statistical probability of the symmetry, length of stems in the predicted hairpin secondary structure, and the GC content of the stems. This method was applied on the Arabidopsis thaliana genome and validated against the set of 190 known Arabidopsis pre-miRNA in the miRBase database. A preliminary scan for IRs identified 186 of the known pre-miRNA but with 714700 pre-miRNA candidates. This large number of IRs was further refined to 483908 candidates with 183 pre-miRNA identified and further still to 165371 candidates with 171 pre-miRNA identified (i.e. with 90% of the known pre-miRNA retained).

Conclusions

165371 candidates for potentially functional miRNA is still too large a set to warrant wet lab analyses, such as northern blotting, on all of them. Hence additional filters are needed to further refine the number of candidates while still retaining most of the known miRNA. These include detection of promoters and terminators, homology analyses, location of candidate relative to coding regions, and better secondary structure prediction algorithms. The software developed is designed to easily accommodate such additional filters with a minimal experience in Perl.
An optimized protocol for microarray validation by quantitative PCR using amplified amino allyl labeled RNA
Authors: Jeanty Céline , Longrois Dan , Mertes Paul-Michel , Wagner Daniel R , Devaux Yvan
Published: October 2010

Background

Validation of microarrays data by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is often limited by the low amount of available RNA. This raised the possibility to perform validation experiments on the amplified amino allyl labeled RNA (AA-aRNA) leftover from microarrays. To test this possibility, we used an ongoing study of our laboratory aiming at identifying new biomarkers of graft rejection by the transcriptomic analysis of blood cells from brain-dead organ donors.

Results

qPCR for ACTB performed on AA-aRNA from 15 donors provided Cq values 8 cycles higher than when original RNA was used (P < 0.001), suggesting a strong inhibition of qPCR performed on AA-aRNA. When expression levels of 5 other genes were measured in AA-aRNA generated from a universal reference RNA, qPCR sensitivity and efficiency were decreased. This prevented the quantification of one low-abundant gene, which was readily quantified in un-amplified and un-labeled RNA. To overcome this limitation, we modified the reverse transcription (RT) protocol that generates cDNA from AA-aRNA as follows: addition of a denaturation step and 2-min incubation at room temperature to improve random primers annealing, a transcription initiation step to improve RT, and a final treatment with RNase H to degrade remaining RNA. Tested on universal reference AA-aRNA, these modifications provided a gain of 3.4 Cq (average from 5 genes, P < 0.001) and an increase of qPCR efficiency (from -1.96 to -2.88; P = 0.02). They also allowed for the detection of a low-abundant gene that was previously undetectable. Tested on AA-aRNA from 15 brain-dead organ donors, RT optimization provided a gain of 2.7 cycles (average from 7 genes, P = 0.004). Finally, qPCR results significantly correlated with microarrays.

Conclusion

We present here an optimized RT protocol for validation of microarrays by qPCR from AA-aRNA. This is particularly valuable in experiments where limited amount of RNA is available.
Association of the eNOS E298D polymorphism and the risk of myocardial infarction in the Greek population
Authors: Dafni Chaido , Drakoulis Nikolaos , Landt Olfert , Panidis Dimitris , Reczko Martin , Cokkinos Dennis V
Published: October 2010

Background

Nitric oxide (NO), produced by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), plays a key role in the regulation of vascular tone. Endothelium-derived NO exerts vasoprotective effects by suppressing platelet aggregation, leukocyte adhesion and smooth muscle cell proliferation. The E298D polymorphic variant of eNOS has been associated with myocardial infarction (MI), but data relating to this variant are divergent in Greece. Accordingly, we examined a possible association between the E298D polymorphism of the eNOS gene and MI in a subgroup of the Greek population.

Methods

The study population consisted of 204 patients with a history of MI and 218 control subjects. All subjects were of Greek origin and were selected from the general population of the greater Athens area. Genotyping was performed with melting curve analysis (Lightcycler system) of polymerase chain reaction amplified products using hybridization probes.

Results

According to the univariate findings, the risk for MI in E298D TT was 2.06 (95%CI: 1.06-4.00, p = 0.032) versus GG+GT and 2.34 (95%CI: 1.17-4.68, p = 0.016) versus GG. The risk for the T allele was estimated at 1.42 (95%CI, 1.06-1.89, p = 0.022) as compared to G allele. Regarding the additive model, one allele increase was associated with 43% higher risk of MI (OR = 1.43, 95%CI: 1.07-1.93, p = 0.018) as compared to the baseline category of homozygous GG. The positive association of TT versus GG+GT with MI risk remained even after adjusting for the main study covariates. Moreover, strong evidence was found for an increased risk for MI among carriers of the TT genotype who were smokers, hypertensive and had a family history of CAD.

Conclusions

This study indicates that E298D polymorphism of the eNOS gene seems to be associated with MI occurrence in the Greek population. It is possible that TT genotype is closely linked to the etiology of MI even after adjusting for known MI risk factors.
Development of an EGFRvIII specific recombinant antibody
Authors: Gupta Puja , Han Shuang-Yin , Holgado-Madruga Marina , Mitra Siddhartha S , Li Gordon , Nitta Ryan T , Wong Albert J
Published: October 2010

Background

EGF receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) is the most common variant of the EGF receptor observed in human tumors. It results from the in frame deletion of exons 2-7 and the generation of a novel glycine residue at the junction of exons 1 and 8. This novel juxtaposition of amino acids within the extra-cellular domain of the EGF receptor creates a tumor specific and immunogenic epitope. EGFRvIII expression has been seen in many tumor types including glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), breast adenocarcinoma, non-small cell lung carcinoma, ovarian adenocarcinoma and prostate cancer, but has been rarely observed in normal tissue. Because this variant is tumor specific and highly immunogenic, it can be used for both a diagnostic marker as well as a target for immunotherapy. Unfortunately many of the monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies directed against EGFRvIII have cross reactivity to wild type EGFR or other non-specific proteins. Furthermore, a monoclonal antibody to EGFRvIII is not readily available to the scientific community.

Results

In this study, we have developed a recombinant antibody that is specific for EGFRvIII, has little cross reactivity for the wild type receptor, and which can be easily produced. We initially designed a recombinant antibody with two anti-EGFRvIII single chain Fv's linked together and a human IgG1 Fc component. To enhance the specificity of this antibody for EGFRvIII, we mutated tyrosine H59 of the CDRH2 domain and tyrosine H105 of the CDRH3 domain to phenylalanine for both the anti-EGFRvIII sequence inserts. This mutated recombinant antibody, called RAbDMvIII, specifically detects EGFRvIII expression in EGFRvIII expressing cell lines as well as in EGFRvIII expressing GBM primary tissue by western blot, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF) and FACS analysis. It does not recognize wild type EGFR in any of these assays. The affinity of this antibody for EGFRvIII peptide is 1.7 × 107 M-1 as determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).

Conclusion

This recombinant antibody thus holds great potential to be used as a research reagent and diagnostic tool in research laboratories and clinics because of its high quality, easy viability and unique versatility. This antibody is also a strong candidate to be investigated for further in vivo therapeutic studies.
Analysis of mtDNA sequence variants in colorectal adenomatous polyps
Authors: Mehrabi Sharifeh , Akwe Joyce A , Adams Gregory , Grizzle William , Yao Xuebiao , Aikhionbare Felix O
Published: October 2010

Colorectal tumors mostly arise from sporadic adenomatous polyps. Polyps are defined as a mass of cells that protrudes into the lumen of the colon. Adenomatous polyps are benign neoplasms that, by definition display some characteristics of dysplasia. It has been shown that polyps were benign tumors which may undergo malignant transformation. Adenomatous polyps have been classified into three histologic types; tubular, tubulovillous, and villous with increasing malignant potential. The ability to differentially diagnose these colorectal adenomatous polyps is important for therapeutic intervention. To date, little efforts have been directed to identifying genetic changes involved in adenomatous polyps. This study was designed to examine the relevance of mitochondrial genome alterations in the three adenomatous polyps. Using high resolution restriction endonucleases and PCR-based sequencing, fifty-seven primary fresh frozen tissues of adenomatous polyps (37 tumors and 20 matched surrounding normal tissues) obtained from the southern regional Cooperative Human Tissue Network (CHTN) and Grady Memorial Hospital at Atlanta were screened with three mtDNA regional primer pairs that spanned 5.9 kbp. Results from our data analyses revealed the presence of forty-four variants in some of these mitochondrial genes that the primers spanned; COX I, II, III, ATP 6, 8, CYT b, ND 5, 6 and tRNAs. Based on the MITODAT database as a sequence reference, 25 of the 44 (57%) variants observed were unreported. Notably, a heteroplasmic variant C8515G/T in the MT-ATP 8 gene and a germline variant 8327delA in the tRNAlys was observed in all the tissue samples of the three adenomatous polyps in comparison to the referenced database sequence. A germline variant G9055A in the MT-ATP 6 gene had a frequency of 100% (17/17) in tubular and 57% (13/23) in villous adenomas; no corresponding variant was in tubulovillous adenomas. Furthermore, A9006G variant at MT-ATP 6 gene was observed at frequency of 57% (13/23) in villous adenomas only. Interestingly, variants A9006G and G9055A were absent in the villous tissue samples that were clinicopathological designated as "polyvillous adenomas". Our current data provide a basis for continued investigation of certain mtDNA variants as predictors of the three adenomatous polyps in a larger number of clinicopathological specimens.
Molecular Cloning, Characterization, and Chromosome Mapping of Reptilian Estrogen Receptors
Authors: Katsu Yoshinao , Matsubara Kazumi , Kohno Satomi , Matsuda Yoichi , Toriba Michihisa , Oka Kaori , Guillette Louis J. , Ohta Yasuhiko , Iguchi Taisen
Published: October 2010

In many vertebrates, steroid hormones are essential for ovarian differentiation during a critical developmental stage as well as promoting the growth and differentiation of the adult female reproductive system. Although studies have been extensively conducted in mammals and a few fish, amphibians, and bird species, the molecular mechanisms of sex steroid hormone (estrogens) action have been poorly examined in reptiles. Here, we evaluate hormone receptor and ligand interactions in two species of snake, the Okinawa habu (Protobothrops flavoviridis, Viperidae) and the Japanese four-striped rat snake (Elaphe quadrivirgata, Colubridae) after the isolation of cDNAs encoding estrogen receptor α (ESR1) and estrogen receptor β (ESR2). Using a transient transfection assay with mammalian cells, the transcriptional activity of reptilian (Okinawa habu, Japanese four-striped rat snake, American alligator, and Florida red-belly freshwater turtle) ESR1 and ESR2 was examined. All ESR proteins displayed estrogen-dependent activation of transcription via an estrogen-response element-containing promoter; however, the responsiveness to various estrogens was different. Further, we determined the chromosomal locations of the snake steroid hormone receptor genes. ESR1 and ESR2 genes were localized to the short and long arms of chromosome 1, respectively, whereas androgen receptor was localized to a pair of microchromosomes in the two snake species examined. These data provide basic tools that allow future studies examining receptor-ligand interactions and steroid endocrinology in snakes and also expands our knowledge of sex steroid hormone receptor evolution.
Elevated Circulating IGF-I Promotes Mammary Gland Development and Proliferation
Authors: Cannata Dara , Lann Danielle , Wu Yingjie , Elis Sebastien , Sun Hui , Yakar Shoshana , Lazzarino Deborah A. , Wood Teresa L. , LeRoith Derek
Published: October 2010

Animal studies have shown that IGF-I is essential for mammary gland development. Previous studies have suggested that local IGF-I rather than circulating IGF-I is the major mediator of mammary gland development. In the present study we used the hepatic IGF-I transgenic (HIT) and IGF-I knockout/HIT (KO-HIT) mouse models to examine the effects of enhanced circulating IGF-I on mammary development in the presence and absence of local IGF-I. HIT mice express the rat IGF-I transgene under the transthyretin promoter in the liver and have elevated circulating IGF-I and normal tissue IGF-I levels. The KO-HIT mice have no tissue IGF-I and increased circulating IGF-I. Analysis of mammary gland development reveals a greater degree of complexity in HIT mice as compared to control and KO-HIT mice, which demonstrate similar degrees of mammary gland complexity. Immunohistochemical evaluation of glands of HIT mice also suggests an enhanced degree of proliferation of the mammary gland, whereas KO-HIT mice exhibit mammary gland proliferation similar to control mice. In addition, HIT mice have a higher percentage of proliferating myoepithelial and luminal cells than control mice, whereas KO-HIT mice have an equivalent percentage of proliferating myoepithelial and luminal cells as control mice. Thus, our findings show that elevated circulating IGF-I levels are sufficient to promote normal pubertal mammary epithelial development. However, HIT mice demonstrate more pronounced mammary gland development when compared to control and KO-HIT mice. This suggests that both local and endocrine IGF-I play roles in mammary gland development and that elevated circulating IGF-I accelerates mammary epithelial proliferation.
Moving Past EFCA
Authors: Brody David
Published: October 2010

The questions posed by this symposium are ones that, up to now, I have put out of my mind. What was the point, in the midst of the EFCA campaign, of looking back and apportioning blame for labor's decline? Or of looking forward and wondering whether EFCA really was worth the trouble? It was enough just to make the fight. But now that we have lost, maybe the organizers of this symposium are right that it is time to take up these questions. The exercise cannot do any harm and, just conceivably, might give us some bearings for thinking about next steps.
Rohmer's Les amours d'Astre et de Celadon as a systematical synthesis for Bazin's space-based adaptation theory
Authors: Grosoli Marco
Published: October 2010

This article expounds ric Rohmer's adaptation theory, both through his early writings on the subject (heavily influenced by Andr Bazin's filmic ontology) and some of the films he made after he became a director, that is, his cinematographic adaptations from other art forms. After this
overview, a close analysis of his very last film (Les amours d'Astre et de Cladon) follows, because this film can easily be considered the ultimate manifesto for Rohmer's adaptation theory. According to it, cinema is more than a simple art: it is the art that bears the strongest connection
with reality not because it can reproduce reality, but because it can grasp reality's spatial coordinates. This is why cinema should merge itself with the other arts: because it can transfigure an artistic language (simply put: an art form) into a purely spatial asset. Dealing with a different
kind of art, cinema turns the sign into space.
Translating western musicals into Chinese: Adapting to the reception
Authors: Sorby Stella
Published: October 2010

Through researching the development and influence of the history and heritage of Chinese opera for over 800 years, this article aims to investigate Chinese opera goers' expectations from and perceptions of the libretti translations of western musicals and what translation strategies
might be adopted for Chinese audiences' reception. In light of that tradition, this article argues that, unlike many western opera goers who would put more emphasis on the music and the singing, for Chinese audiences, the poetic and rhyming lyrics in opera are just as important. This theatrical
tradition may influence the Chinese translation of western musicals. Using descriptive translation study methods, this article bases its case studies on cover versions of some western musicals that have already been performed in China, such as The Phantom of the Opera and Cats,
and discusses the aspects including singability, creativity and intercultural adaptations.
Reviews
Authors: Collard Christophe , Poore Benjamin , Raw Laurence , Sayad Cecilia
Published: October 2010

BOOKS INMOTION: ADAPTATION, INTERTEXTUALITY, AUTHORSHIP, MIREIA ARAGAY ED. (2005) Amsterdam: Rodopi, 289 pp., ISBN 90-420-1957-3, Paperback, 38.45.

ADAPTATION IN CONTEMPORARY CULTURE: TEXTUAL INFIDELITIES, ED. RACHEL CARROLL, (2009) London: Continuum,
212 pp., ISBN: 9780826424648, Paperback, 19.99

ADAPTATIONS: PERFORMING ACROSS MEDIA AND GENRES, MONIKA PIETRZAK- FRANGER AND ECKART VOIGTS-VIRCHOW EDS. (2009) Trier: WVT Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Trier, 319 pp., ISBN 978-3-86821-148-1, Paperback, Euro 32.50

AFTER
HITCHCOCK: INFLUENCE, IMITATION, AND INTERTEXTUALITY, DAVID BOYD AND R. BARTON PALMER, EDS. (2006) Austin: University of Texas Press, 282 pp., ISBN 978-0-292-71338-3, Paperback, 15.19
Polarizing Filters in Ski Sports
Authors: Lingelbach Bernd , Jendrusch Gernot
Published: October 2010

Polarizing filters are suitable, e.g., for driving/motoring. They also have great advantages for sailing or angling. But are they useful in alpine skiing? A natural source for at least partly polarized light is not only the scattered light in the sky but also the reflected light on special materials. The reflected light on snow might be partly polarized, especially for compressed snow (traces in the snow) or ice patches. Depending on the direction of the polarization of a filter, the amount of information might be reduced in a skiing area because these polarized icy patches might become invisible.
Genetic hyperthyroidism: hyperthyroidism due to activating TSHR mutations
Authors: Hébrant A , van Staveren W C G , Maenhaut C , Dumont J E , Leclère J
Published: October 2010

Three syndromes affecting the thyroid gland are described in the literature separately: familial nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism, sporadic congenital nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism, and autonomous adenomas. Recent studies have shown that these three syndromes are caused by similar activating mutations of the TSH receptor gene (TSHR), and that the consequences of these mutations on the physiology and gene expression of the thyroid are qualitatively, but not quantitatively, similar. The three syndromes and two suggested unrecognized variants are in fact facets of the same disease, genetic hyperthyroidism due to TSHR mutations, the expression of which depends on the intensity of activation, its timing, and on the number of affected cells.
Concrete performance using locally produced kaolin
Authors: Pan W. F. , Razak H. A.
Published: October 2010

This study presents the effect of incorporating local calcined kaolin on the engineering properties and durability of concrete with water/binder ratios in the range of 0·40–0·60. Blended mixtures with cement replacement of 5, 10, 15 and 20% were designed with a target slump of 150 ± 25 mm. From this investigation, it was found that a 10% replacement level was the optimum level in terms of compressive strength. Beyond 10% replacement levels, the strength was decreased but remained higher than the control mixtures with the exception of water/binder ratio of 0·60. With respect to the durability test, the initial surface absorption at 10 min (ISA-10), the sorptivity and the water absorption were enhanced with higher replacement level regardless of water/binder ratio. A linear equation was developed to determine the superplasticiser dosage for a desired workability based on the obtained results. This investigation has shown that the local kaolin has a potential to be incorporated as blended cement as it improves the durability/permeability and compressive strength in comparison with ordinary Portland cement mixtures.
Briefing: Innovative cladding at the ‘Think Tank’
Authors: Pilbeam B. , Barfield J.
Published: October 2010

In 2007, a new cladding with several innovative characteristics was introduced to the market. A crystal layer beneath its mineral fibre façade refracts light into a range of different colours to create an iridescent quality. Its colour changes according to the time of day or angle from which it is viewed. The manufacturing process, in which mineral wool fibres are compressed at high pressures, creates an extremely tough substance that is as hard wearing as stone but as flexible and workable as wood. It is also eco-friendly, being fully reusable/recyclable (without any downgrade) and manufactured from at least 30% sustainable sources. This briefing explains the circumstances that led to its first specification and instalment on a building called the ’Think Tank‘ in the UK.
The Role of Cost Related Factors in the Competitiveness of European Services
Authors: Visintin Stefano , Maroto Andres , Di Meglio Gisela , Rubalcaba Luis
Published: October 2010

The emergence of service offshoring places competitiveness at the centre of the discussion on international trade and business. Service competitiveness factors remain a field that is largely unexplored. This paper addresses the role of cost related factors explaining service competitiveness. It empirically tests trade performance of 15 European countries in 8 service markets in order to observe the role of cost factors, country effects and industry specific patterns. A model based on cross section and panel data regressions is suggested in order to test the influence of cost determinants and their elasticities. Results show great heterogeneity among service activities and suggest the importance of non-cost related factors within European Union countries.
How China's Employment Problems Became Trade Problems
Authors: Aaronson Susan
Published: October 2010

This article focuses on the potential trade spillovers of Chinese policies to maintain employment and discusses how nations might work collaboratively at the WTO to address this problem. Chinese leaders are determined to maintain employment and have long ignored Chinese employment laws (as well as international law) that could empower workers. Chinese leaders have not made sufficient effort to either educate workers and managers about their rights and responsibilities under the law (demand side of the law) or to educate policymakers throughout China as to their enforcement obligations under the law (supply side). The failure to enforce these laws has distorted trade.

Norms regarding the rule of law underpin the GATT/WTO but they are implicit. China became the first (but not only) nation to have explicit rule of law obligations. China was “required to enforce the rule of law throughout all of its territories.” I suggest a way in which WTO members can address this problem and at the same time provide incentives to China to improve its rule of law.
Insuring Against Instability: United States and the Future of the International Monetary Fund
Authors: Suominen Kati
Published: October 2010

The International Monetary Fund (IMF), only a few years ago fading into obscurity in the thriving world economy, made a comeback during the 2008-2009 crisis. The G-20 re-tasked the Fund and tripled its lending capacity. Notwithstanding its new windfall and duties, the Fund’s legitimacy and effectiveness are in doubt. The main challenges center on disagreements between the Western European nations and emerging markets over the Fund’s governance and focus, a specter of disintegration of the global crisis management architecture by way of bilateral and regional financial arrangements (particularly in Asia), and limitations to the Fund’s responsiveness to major crises.

Yet the threat of global financial instability persists, and the Fund is uniquely qualified to counter it. The United States, the Fund’s founder and main shareholder, has sponsored sound reforms to the Fund in the context of the G-20. However, farther-reaching paradigmatic changes are required for the Fund to effectively manage global economic instability in the 21st century: focusing the Fund’s analytical powers squarely on systemic risks and largest economies rather than on small, developing nations; turning the Fund from a crisis firefighter into a global preventive care unit that rewards members for sound policies; and making the Fund a bridge between public and private insurance markets.
Extraction and separation of U(VI) and Th(IV) from hydrobromic acid media using Cyanex-923 extractant
Authors: Ghag Snehal , Pawar Suresh
Published: October 2010

A systematic study of the solvent extraction of uranium(VI) and thorium(IV)
from hydrobromic acid media was performed using the neutral phosphine oxide
extractant Cyanex-923 in toluene. These metal ions were found to be
quantitatively extracted with Cyanex-923 in toluene in the acidity range
5x10-5-1x10-4 M and 5x10-5-5x10-3 M, respectively, and they are stripped from
the organic phase with 7.0 M HClO4 and 2.0- 4.0 M HCl, respectively. The
effect of the equilibrium period, diluents, diverse ions and stripping agent
on the extraction of U(VI) and Th(IV) was studied. The stoichiometry of the
extracted species of these metal ions was determined based on the slope
analysis method. The extraction reactions proceed by solvation and their
probable extracted species found in the organic phase were UO2Br2?2Cyanex-923
and ThBr4?2Cyanex-923. Based on these results, a sequential procedure for
their separation from each other was developed.
Synthesis of nitrogen-containing dispiroheterocycles using nitrilimines (II)
Authors: Dalloul Hany , Samaha Abu
Published: October 2010

A series of 1,2,4,9,10,12-hexaazadispiro[4.2.4.2]tetradeca-2,10-dienes (5a-j)
was synthesized by the reaction of 1,4-cyclohexanedione oxime 3 with
appropriate nitrilimines 2. The microanalysis and spectral data of the
synthesized compounds are in full agreement with their molecular structure.
The microbial features of some of the synthesized compounds were studied by a
known method.
1-Naphthyl-TADDOL/Emim BF4: A new catalytic system for the asymmetric addition of Chan’s diene to aromatic aldehydes
Authors: Villano Rosaria , Acocella Maria , Sio Vincenzo , Scettri Arrigo
Published: October 2010

A new organocatalytic system was tested as a promoter for the asymmetric addition of Chan’s diene to aldehydes under solvent-free conditions. This new organocatalyst generated in situ by mixing 1-naphthyl-TADDOL derivative and Emim BF4 was able to give enantioenriched vinylogous aldols and hetero-Diels-Alder cycloadducts. A mechanistic investigation through the detection of nonlinear effects confirmed the involvement of the ionic liquid in the formation of a new catalytic supramolecular species.
Alkyl methylphosphonic acids, the degradation products of organophosphorous CWA — preparation and direct quantitative GC-FID analysis
Authors: Połeć Iwona , Kiełczewska Anna , Konopski Leszek , Oleksa Grażyna , Krukowska Hanna , Legocki Jan
Published: October 2010

Seven alkyl methylphosphonic acids, products of hydrolytic degradation of organophosphorus chemical warfare agents, were obtained with a high purity (mostly above 98%), with the aim of being applyed as future certified reference materials. Ethyl (EMPA), isopropyl (IMPA), pinacolyl (PMPA), butyl (BUMPA), isobutyl (IBUMPA), cyclohexyl (CHMPA) and 2-ethylhexyl (EHMPA) monoesters of MPA were synthesized and characterized by MS EI, FTIR and NMR (1H, 13C, 31P), TLC, as well as GC and GC-MS after derivatization. The conditions for a direct quantitative GC FID analysis on CP-FFAP CB column of non-derivatized alkyl methylphosphonic acids were developed. This is the first successful attempt of a directed GC analysis of free alkyl phosphonic acids. Their chemical purity was determined and limit of quantification (LOQ) values for some of them were evaluated for the GC-FID method.
Kinetic and spectroscopic investigations of aqueous micelles of cationic surfactants
Authors: Luchetti Luciana
Published: October 2010

The aqueous micellar solutions of monocationic surfactants N-hexadecyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide (CTABr), N-hexadecyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium nitrate (CTANO3), N,N,N-tributyl-N-hexadecylammonium bromide (CTBABr) and gemini surfactants 1,4-bis(N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethylammonium)ethane dibromide (C-E-C2Br), 1,4-bis(N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethylammonium)propane dibromide (C-P-C2Br), and 1,4-bis(N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethylammonium)butane dibromide (C-B-C2Br) were studied with a solvatochromic probe, 2,6-diphenyl-4-(2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium-1-yl)phenolate, better known as Reichard’s ET-30 dye. The local polarity at the probe site (ET) was calculated from the wavelength maximum of the lowest-energy intramolecular charge-transfer ϖ-ϖ* absorption band of ET-30. The results were compared with a kinetic investigation of the cyclization of 2-(3-bromopropyloxy)phenoxide (PhBr7) in micelles; this reaction is a model for SN2 reactions and it depends on medium polarity.
Removal of hazardous pharmaceutical from water by photocatalytic treatment
Authors: Choina J. , Duwensee H. , Flechsig G. , Kosslick H. , Morawski A. , Tuan V. , Schulz A.
Published: October 2010

The photocatalytic abatement of hazardous pharmaceuticals has been investigated at very low concentration in the ppb range as found in wastewater and in environmental pollutants. Photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline as a model compound with titania catalysts has been studied using solarium UV-A and black light with differentially applied electric power, tetracycline and catalyst concentration. Abatement of up to 90% has been achieved after 1 hour. Adsorption of tetracycline and photochemical degradation contribute significantly to the abatement of tetracycline resulting in an immediate reduction during the initial period of treatment. Contribution of adsorption is high at very low concentration (500 ppb). Photocatalytic treatment with titania is even highly efficient in the abatement of very small concentrations of tetracycline in drinking water.
Differential pulse voltammetry in analysis of disinfectants — 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, 4-chloro-3-methylphenol, triclosan, chloramine-T
Authors: Baranowska Irena , Bijak Katarzyna
Published: October 2010

The aim of this work was to study the possibility of simultaneous voltammetric determination of some disinfectants used as components in cosmetic products. The examined compounds were: triclosan (5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol), chloramine-T (N-chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide sodium salt), 4-chloro-3-methylphenol and 2-mercaptobenzothiazole. Measurements were performed using glassy carbon electrode immersed in Britton-Robinson buffers which acted as supporting electrolytes. The dependence of oxidation and reduction potentials on pH was examined using cyclic voltammetry. Britton-Robinson buffer of pH 9.9 was chosen for further studies to ensure the best separation of compounds. The resultant oxidation potentials indicate the possibility to simultaneously determine some of the disinfectants.. Oxidation reactions of mixtures containing two compounds (4-chloro-3-methylphenol and chloramine-T, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and 4-chloro-3-methylphenol, 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and triclosan) were recorded as differential pulse voltammograms.
pH impact on the sol-gel preparation of calcium hydroxyapatite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2, using a novel complexing agent, DCTA
Authors: Bogdanoviciene Irma , Tőnsuaadu Kaia , Mikli Valdek , Grigoraviciute-Puroniene Inga , Beganskiene Aldona , Kareiva Aivaras
Published: October 2010

Aqueous sol-gel chemistry routes — based on ammonium hydrogen phosphate as the phosphorus precursor, calcium acetate monohydrate as the source of calcium ions, and 1,2-diaminocyclohexanetetraacetic acid monohydrate (DCTA) as the complexing agent — have been used to prepare calcium hydroxyapatite (HA). The sol-gel process was performed in aqueous solution at different pH values followed by calcination of the dry precursor gels for 5 h at 1000°C. Phase transformations, composition, and structural changes in the polycrystalline samples were studied by thermoanalytical methods (TG/DTA), infrared spectroscopy (IR), X-ray powder diffraction analysis (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was shown that pH adjustment has significant impact on the apatite formation process and on the morphology and phase purity of the ceramic samples.
Simplex-valued probability
Authors: Frič Roman
Published: October 2010

We continue our study of generalized probability from the viewpoint of category theory. Assuming that each generalized probability measure is a morphism, we model basic probabilistic notions within the category cogenerated by its range. It is known that the closed unit interval I = [0, 1], carrying a suitable difference structure, cogenerates the category ID in which the classical and fuzzy probability theories can be modeled. We study generalized probability theories modeled within two different categories cogenerated by a simplex S
n = {(x
1, x
2, …, x
n) ∈ I
n: $$
\mathop \sum \limits_{i = 1}^n
$$
x
i ≤ 1}, carrying a suitable difference structure; since I and S
1 coincide, for n = 1 we get the fuzzy probability theory as a special case. In the first case, when the morphisms preserve the so-called pure elements, the resulting category S
n
D, n > 1, and ID are isomorphic and the generalized probability theories modeled in ID and S
n
D are “the same”. In the second case, when the morphisms map each maximal element to a maximal element, the resulting categories WS
n
D, n > 1, lead to different models of generalized probability theories. We define basic notions of the corresponding simplex-valued probability theories and mention some applications.
Synaptic algebras
Authors: Foulis David
Published: October 2010

A synaptic algebra is both a special Jordan algebra and a spectral order-unit normed space satisfying certain natural conditions suggested by the partially ordered Jordan algebra of bounded Hermitian operators on a Hilbert space. The adjective “synaptic”, borrowed from biology, is meant to suggest that such an algebra coherently “ties together” the notions of a Jordan algebra, a spectral order-unit normed space, a convex effect algebra, and an orthomodular lattice.
On the notion of coexistence in quantum mechanics
Authors: Busch Paul , Kiukas Jukka , Lahti Pekka
Published: October 2010

The notion of coexistence of quantum observables was introduced to describe the possibility of measuring two or more observables together. Here we survey the various different formalisations of this notion and their connections. We review examples illustrating the necessary degrees of unsharpness for two noncommuting observables to be jointly measurable (in one sense of the phrase). We demonstrate the possibility of measuring together (in another sense of the phrase) noncoexistent observables. This leads us to a reconsideration of the connection between joint measurability and noncommutativity of observables and of the statistical and individual aspects of quantum measurements.
Quantum measure theory
Authors: Gudder Stan
Published: October 2010

We first present some basic properties of a quantum measure space. Compatibility of sets with respect to a quantum measure is studied and the center of a quantum measure space is characterized. We characterize quantum measures in terms of signed product measures. A generalization called a super-quantum measure space is introduced. Of a more speculative nature, we show that quantum measures may be useful for computing and predicting elementary particle masses.
Estimation of an unobservable parameters in the type II constraints in singular linear regression model
Authors: Kubáček Lubomír
Published: October 2010

In regular linear regression model with the type II constraints the unobservable parameters in the constraints can be estimated by the BLUE of the observable parameters. The BLUE respects the constraints. If the estimator of the observable parameters which is the BLUE in the model without constraints is used, then the estimator of the unobservable parameters is the same.

A problem is whether this is valid in the case of a singular model.
Norwegian obstetricians' opinions about cesarean section on maternal request: should women pay themselves?
Authors: Fuglenes Dorthe , Øian Pål , Gyrd‐Hansen Dorte , Olsen Jan Abel , Kristiansen Ivar S.
Published: October 2010

Objective. To explore obstetricians' opinions on cesarean section (CS) on maternal request in the absence of a medical indication, and the potential to regulate CS on maternal request through financial incentives such as patient co‐payment. Design. Cross‐sectional study. Setting. Norway. Population/sample: A total of 507 obstetricians (response rate 71%). Methods. Questionnaire covering socio‐demographic variables, professional experience and attitudes about CS on maternal request (such as willingness to perform, views on how CS on maternal request should be financed). Main outcome measures. Obstetricians' opinions about CS on maternal request including funding and use of patient co‐payments. Results. Clinical encounters with CS on maternal request were considered problematic from a clinical viewpoint by 62% of the respondents. While 35% considered the costs of CS on maternal request to be a public responsibility, 40% suggested use of co‐payments ranging from €188– €7,500. Male obstetricians less frequently considered CS on maternal request problematic and were more likely to favor public funding than females. Female obstetricians favored use of co‐payments more often than males (64% female vs. 37% male obstetricians, χ2 = 23.94, p < 0.001) and suggested higher co‐payments. The median co‐payment was €1,875 for female and €1,250 for male obstetricians (p < 0.001). Conclusions. The study supports the existence of a gender difference concerning obstetricians' responses to patient requested cesarean section. The results indicate that a substantial proportion of obstetricians welcome some form of constraint concerning cesarean section requests in the absence of a medical indication.
Preoperative multidetector row computed tomography for evaluation and assessment of resection criteria in patients with pancreatic masses
Authors: Grieser Christian , Steffen Ingo G. , Grajewski Luise , Stelter Lars , Streitparth Florian , Schnapauff Dirk , Glanemann Matthias , Langrehr Jan , Andreou Andreas , Neuhaus Peter , Hamm Bernd , Hänninen Enrique Lopez , Denecke Timm
Published: October 2010

Background: Preoperative assessment of pancreatic masses is still challenging as regards the characterization and assessment of irresectability. The opportunities of modern multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) with image postprocessing can be expected to enhance the diagnostic performance if accurate criteria are elaborated.

Purpose: To estimate the accuracy of MDCT and multiplanar image reconstructions with the use of standardized imaging criteria for preoperative evaluation of pancreatic masses with respect to irresectability.

Material and Methods: A total of 105 consecutive patients who underwent exploratory laparoscopy or pancreatic resection and had preoperative 3-phase MDCT (4–64 rows) were enrolled retrospectively. First, transverse sections and secondly additional 3Ds were reviewed by two independent blinded observers (O1/O2). Preoperative imaging findings were correlated with intraoperative and histopathologic results.

Results: Among all 105 patients, 70 malignant pancreatic tumors and 35 benign pancreatic diseases were found (accuracy of 93% for O1 and 91% for O2). For arterial tumor invasion, receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis (values averaged from the results of O1 and O2) revealed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.931 for transverse sections and 0.986 for 3Ds. Regarding irresectability, positive predictive values were 97% (with 3Ds, 97%) for O1/O2; negative predictive values were 84% (with 3Ds, 89%) for O1 and 86% (with 3Ds, 91%) for O2.

Conclusion: MDCT with 3Ds was highly accurate for evaluation and assessment of irresectability criteria in patients with pancreatic masses. However, due to the limited specificity regarding arterial tumor infiltration, the indication for surgical exploration should be made generously in case of inconclusive findings.
CT, MR, 18F-FDG PET/CT, and their combined use for the assessment of mandibular invasion by squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity
Authors: Gu Dong Hyeon , Yoon Dae Young , Park Chan Hee , Chang Suk Ki , Lim Kyoung Ja , Seo Young Lan , Yun Eun Joo , Choi Chul Soon , Bae Sang Hoon
Published: October 2010

Background: A reliable assessment of mandibular invasion is crucial for treatment planning to obtain both radical tumor resection and good functional results.

Purpose: To retrospectively compare the diagnostic value of three different imaging methods – computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/CT – and their combined use for detection of mandibular invasion by squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the oral cavity.

Material and Methods: Forty-six patients (39 men and 7 women; mean age, 59.4 years) suspected of having mandibular invasion by SCC of the oral cavity underwent CT, MR, and PET/CT within 2 weeks before surgery. First, each study was reviewed separately for the presence of mandibular invasion by tumors. Then, the value of combined images was assessed based on a confidence rating score for each modality assigned by observers. These results were verified with histopathologic findings.

Results: Histopathologic examination revealed mandibular invasion in 12 of 46 SCCs. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 41.7%, 100%, and 84.8% for CT; 58.3%, 97.1%, and 87.0% for MR; and 58.3%, 97.1%, and 87.0% for PET/CT, respectively. The comparison of these modalities showed no statistically significant difference among them ( P > 0.05). The combination of CT, MR, and PET/CT improved sensitivity (83.3%), without loss of specificity (100%) and accuracy (95.7%), although the difference failed to reach statistical significance ( P > 0.05).

Conclusion: The combined analysis of CT, MR, and PET/CT can improve sensitivity in the detection of mandibular invasion by SCC of the oral cavity.
Une politique de croissance : le système téléphonique allemand
Authors: Thomas Frank ,   Campus Verlag
Published: October 2010

This article retraces the main stages in the history of the telephone in Germany: its introduction into the Imperial Post and Telegraph system in 1877 followed by the advent of subscriber networks and the confirmation of State monopoly on telephony; the modernization of the system and financial autonomy of the PTT administration after WWI; the development of telecommunications and their being placed under exclusive political and police control by the Nazis for military purposes; the reconstitution of the telephone network after the destruction of WWII, and, finally, its rapid transformation into a mass system. The author reaches several conclusions on the development of large technological systems and emphasizes the weight of political actors, the influence of initial decisions on the long-term development of a system, and the importance of an analysis of its geographical characteristics.
Le réseau géodésique
Authors: Huber Peter W. ,   Ministère de la justice américain
Published: October 2010

Pour P. Huber, le réseau téléphonique est constitué de deux éléments fondamentaux : les nœuds (commutateurs ou ordinateurs) et les liaisons qui les relient (systèmes de transmission). Quand la transmission est bon marché et la commutation coûteuse, le réseau revêt une structure pyramidale. Mais, à présent que les données s'inversent et que nous bénéficions d'une véritable révolution technologique, les nœuds prolifèrent et les liaisons sont réduites au minimum, ce qui donne au réseau une structure géodésique.
INVESTIGATION AND ASSESSMENT OF DEPENDENCES OF THE TOTAL CARBON ON PH IN NERIS REGIONAL PARK SOIL
Authors: Baltrėnas Pranas , Pranskevičius Mantas , Lietuvninkas Arvydas
Published: October 2010

Soil is one of the most important natural subsystems of the Earth's landscapes, which is exceptionally vital for a human being as the main source of food resources. In order to take care of the future one of the most relevant problems of the mankind is to preserve soils of the Earth, their fertility and normal state under conditions of the increasing technogenic effect and degradation of natural landscapes. As the global warming has already started, its after‐effects, which will be invertable faced by the Lithuanian agriculture, must be overcome as an additional negative factor. The paper aims at revealing the dependence of the total carbon on pH. It also focuses on the impact of climate change on the total carbon and soil degradation. Santrauka Dirvožemis yra vienas iš svarbiausiu gamtiniu Žemes landšaftu posistemiu, išimtinai svarbus žmogui kaip pagrindinis maisto ištekliu šaltinis. Rūpinantis ateitimi, viena iš aktualiausiu žmonijos problemu – išsaugoti Žemes dirvožemius, ju derlinguma ir normalia būkle vis didejančio technogeninio poveikio ir gamtiniu landšaftu degradacijos salygomis. Kaip papildoma neigiama faktoriu privalu iveikti prasidejusio globalaus atšilimo pasekmes, su kuriomis neišvengiamai susidurs ir Lietuvos žemes ūkis. Straipsnyje siekiama atskleisti bendrosios anglies priklausomybe nuo pH, atkreipti demesi i klimato kaitos itaka dirvožemio degradacijai. Резюме Почва является одной из важнейших подсистем природных ландшафтов Земли, имеющей особенно важное значение для людей в качестве основного источника пищи. Одной из наиболее неотложных задач, стоящих перед человечеством, обеспокоенным своим будущим, является сохранение почв Земли, их плодородия и здорового состояния в условиях усиливающегося техногенного воздействия и деградации природного ландшафта. При этом придется преодолеть и уже начавшееся глобальное потепление, которое неизбежно коснется литовского сельского хозяйства. В статье предпринята попытка выявить зависимость общего углерода от рН, а также обратить внимание на последствия, наносимые изменением климата общему углероду, а также на деградацию почв.