bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Balance on the Lute: The Role of the Strings
Authors: PERUFFO MIMMO
Published: August 2013

The lute was the instrument on which the luthiers and string-makers of the past expended the greatest effort in order to achieve the best possible acoustic balance between the instrument and its strings. Formidable skills in the design and making of instruments were necessitated by the low tension of the strings, the sound produced simply by plucking with the fingers (rather than stroking with the bow) and the huge difference in frequency between the highest and lowest strings (especially in the versions with ten or eleven strings on the same fingerboard). The lute-makers of the Renaissance designed their instruments starting from the mechanical and acoustic properties of the strings, rather from the characteristics of existing instruments. It can thus be asserted that the lute guaranteed its success thanks to the best possible reconciliation of certain variables, in order to achieve the optimum balance between the rules of statics and acoustics.
The Lute: An Instrument for All Seasons
Authors: LOWE MICHAEL
Published: August 2013

During the sixteenth century in Italy, the lute became the most important musical instrument in secular settings, whether as a solo instrument or for voice accompaniments and ensembles. By the early seventeenth century, the growth of monody encouraged the addition of neck extensions to strengthen the bass lines, eventually leading to the introduction of the theorbo or chitarrone. While these larger instruments became popular in theatres and even churches, the traditional lute, with an increased number of courses, remained the pre-eminent solo instrument within smaller, more intimate spaces, especially in France.
‘With tempered notes, in the green hills and among rivers’: Music, Learning, and the Symbolic Space of Recreation in the Manuscript Modena, Biblioteca Estense Universitaria, α.F.9.9
Authors: ZANOVELLO GIOVANNI
Published: August 2013

How did the frottola inhabit Renaissance palazzi? One almost recoils from placing this unsophisticated music within the system of austere symbols that aristocratic interiors had to convey. This apparent contradiction, however, may offer precious insights on the status of music at the turn of the sixteenth century. This chapter describes the layout and content of a Paduan frottola source, MS Modena, Biblioteca Estense, Alpha.F.9.9, and the context in which it originated. The contrast between the highly learned framework and the more vernacular content of this manuscript arguably reflects the tension between humanistic standards required of music and a secular repertory just beginning to adjust to a new role. Only later would music be able to develop the vocabulary for a fruitful dialogue with literary and artistic humanism.
Spaces for Music in Sixteenth-Century Paduan Courts
Authors: BELTRAMINI GUIDO
Published: August 2013

This chapter is dedicated to a particular culture relating to the way one might ideally lead one's life in line with ancient practices and views. The trend in question, which developed in Padua in the first half of the Cinquecento, was promoted by such humanists as Pietro Bembo, Alvise Cornaro and Marco Mantova Benavides. Exceptional connoisseurs of the mores and values of antiquity, these intellectuals personally supervised and directed the building of their homes. Following the model of Hadrian's villa at Tivoli, the complexes of these Paduan residences comprised dwelling areas, pavilions, large gardens and the installation of fountains, statues and rare plants. Inspired by literary sources, the ideal of recreating the ‘ancient’ way of life, in which music played a crucial role, was revived.
Queen Christina of Sweden as a Patron of Music in Rome in the Mid-Seventeenth Century
Authors: MURDOCH TESSA
Published: August 2013

Following her abdication, Queen Christina of Sweden took up residence in the Palazzo Farnese, Rome from 1655. She had already developed a keen interest in music, gained from tuition from a French dancing master, and playing the star role in the ballet The Captured Cupid in honour of her mother's birthday in 1649. Christina's arrival in Rome was marked by performances in her honour in the Palazzo Barberini and Palazzo Pamphili of specially commissioned works by contemporary composers Marco Marazzoli and A.F. Tenaglia, and by her favourite Giacomo Carissimi. Inspired by the chamber music proportions of the cappella of the Collegio Germanico, many of Carissimi's secular arias were composed for his royal Swedish patron. After two years in France, Christina returned to Rome, where she took up residence in the Palazzo Riario on the Janiculum. Inventories record her musical instruments and describe the contents of the Great Hall in which concerts were held.
Spaces for Musical Performance in Seventeenth-Century Roman Residences
Authors: MORELLI ARNALDO
Published: August 2013

This chapter investigates the locations and modes of musical performance in the residences of the nobility in seventeenth-century Rome, indicating the differences between this period and the Renaissance. In particular, instances of music-making in the courts of princes and cardinals are identified and described, in relation to considerations of etiquette, social conventions and anthropology. This research, based on first-hand documentary research in the archives of Roman noble families, has revealed unexpected locations for music-making, which cannot always be justified in terms of acoustic or aesthetic criteria. Particular attention is paid to the places where instruments were stored, as recorded in inventories, and their typology.
Epigraphy and Greek Religion1
Authors: Parker Robert
Published: August 2013

The main part of this chapter reviews the role of texts and writing within the practice of ancient Greek religion, and seeks to modify the common view that oral tradition provided most Greek ritual knowledge. True, most information from inscribed ‘sacred laws’ is administrative and financial: written information — which exists in quantity, especially with the so-called ‘calendars of sacrifices’ — tends to specify exceptions and innovations or to provide precise detail in response to unusual needs. Documentation from the Aegean (Kos) and Asia Minor (Miletos) is cited to illustrate the former, while inscriptions from Sicily (Selinous) and N. Africa (Kyrene) are quoted to show that rituals of purification could occasionally require ‘how to’ instructions.
Epigraphy and the Media
Authors: Rodà Isabel
Published: August 2013

Those with responsibilities for the display of inscriptions in museums and other public places have in recent years been addressing the challenge of how the riches of the ancient texts can be conveyed to a public with little or no knowledge of Latin or Greek. The choice of texts should not ignore the casual messages of daily life from graffiti and painted slogans, nor should the later ‘forgeries’ of ancient texts or the innocent errors of stonecutters be excluded. Electronic media can bring to life both ancient images and texts, and can help in presenting difficult or incomplete texts. Inscriptions speak directly from the remote past, and meeting the challenge of transmitting their messages to the modern visitor will certainly repay the effort.
Epigraphy and the Economy of the Roman Empire
Authors: Salmeri Giovanni
Published: August 2013

Rostovtzeff's study of the Roman Empire (1926) cites many inscriptions in the notes but rarely does their evidence figure in the argument of the main text. Since then, many have used inscriptions for more local or specific themes, notably by L. Robert in reconstructing the trading economy of cities in Asia Minor (Nicomedia and Kaunos). Rostovtzeff's dismissal of the economic significance of fairs and markets has also been successfully challenged by studies based on epigraphic evidence. M. Finlay's insistence (1973) on the primitive character of the Roman economy has stimulated arguments that still continue. Trading patterns have been detected in some commodities, e.g. sulphur, from Sicily and Aegean Melos. Monumental construction by emperors, notably Trajan, have been ascribed to economic motives but most have opted to place them in a military or general political context.
Epigraphy and Informatics
Authors: Panciera Silvio
Published: August 2013

This brief chapter stresses the difference between the revolutionary possibilities of applying Information Technology to the Greek and Roman epigraphic record and its limited effects to date. It traces the reasons partly to scholarly attitudes, partly to the lack of a list of prioritised objectives, partly to divergences in the very concepts of ‘inscription’ and of ‘data-base’ and partly to a lack of unity and collaboration.
Creolization and Creole Communities in the Portuguese Atlantic: São Tomé, Cape Verde, the Rivers of Guinea and Central Africa in Comparison
Authors: SEIBERT GERHARD
Published: August 2013

The Portuguese maritime expansion from the 15th century led to interactions and trade between Europeans and Africans. In places where the Portuguese established permanent bases, social interaction with Africans entailed processes of biological and cultural mixing, the outcome of which varied significantly depending on the different geographic, demographic, political and linguistic circumstances. In particular historical and social-cultural contexts, acculturation assumed the form of creolisation, a concept that is defined as a process of ethnicisation and indiginisation whereby former ethnic identities disappear and are replaced by a new ethnic identity. According to this definition, Creole societies only emerged in the archipelagos of Cape Verde, São Tomé and Príncipe, but not in the Rivers of Guinea, where creolisation only partly occurred with regard to one particular group. Creole cultures did not emerge in Kongo or Angola either, where local cultures and languages remained largely intact.
Dutch Trade with Senegambia, Guinea, and Cape Verde, c.1590–1674
Authors: SILVA FILIPA RIBEIRO DA
Published: August 2013

Little attention has been given to the economic activities of European private investors in the Western African trade. To partly fill this void in the literature, this chapter examines the private investment of the entrepreneurs and businessmen of the Dutch Republic in the ‘Guinea of Cape Verde’ between c.1590 and 1674. It analyses the entrepreneurs financing the insurances of ships and cargos for the Guinea of Cape Verde. The chapter also studies the Republic's businessmen operating in the long-distance circuits between the ‘Guinea of Cape Verde’, Europe and the Americas. In addition, it determines the commercial agents of the Republic's merchants and looks at their agency in the Guinea of Cape Verde's trade. This study is based on the collection of Notarial contracts of Amsterdam's Municipal Archive, the Dutch West India Company's archives and on German and Dutch travelling accounts.
The French Discovery of Senegal: Premises for a Policy of Selective Assimilation
Authors: SECK IBRAHIMA
Published: August 2013

This chapter addresses French presence in Senegal, during the first colonisation, the so-called mercantile, and its future implications, notably at the beginning of the implementation of the French colonial system under Louis Faidherbe. For about two centuries before the appointment of the latter as governor in 1854, this country somewhat served as a lab of frenchness, a concept that goes beyond francophony to imply ‘a way of being and to think oneself as French’. However, with the previous integration of the country to the trans-Saharan world, it turned out to be some kind of synthesis of cultural features borrowed from both the Western and the Eastern civilizations and melted with the African cultural background. So it is not surprising that a country credited for being 95 percent Muslim celebrates all the Catholic holidays more so than France today.
An Early Christian Church in the Tropics: Excavation of the N.ª S.ª da Conceição, Cidade Velha, Cape Verde
Authors: EVANS CHRISTOPHER , SØRENSEN MARIE-LOUISE STIG , RICHTER KONSTANTIN
Published: August 2013

This chapter concerns what is arguably one of the first European-built Christian churches in the Tropics, the N.a S.a da Conceição, in Ribeira Grande (now known as Cidade Velha), the former capital of the Cape Verde Islands. It briefly covers the early history of the town and then proceeds to consider its earliest church. The evidence of historical documents is first outlined, and thereafter the results from the first explorative archaeological investigations focussed on the physical remains of the building are summarised. The excavations were successful in locating the early church, which can now be reconstructed as a large, one-and-a-half or two storey high, east‐west oriented building with a vaulted side-chapel on its northern side and buttressed corners on its western façade. Two tombstones found in situ within the floor confirm that the building dates to, at least, the early 16th century.
Slavery, Society, and the First Steps Towards an Atlantic Revolution in Western Africa (Fifteenth–Sixteenth Centuries)
Authors: ALMEIDA MENDES ANTÓNIO DE
Published: August 2013

The chronological and geographical preferences of Atlantic researchers often produce historiographies cloistered in nationalisms and particularised cultural identities. The Portuguese expansion in the Atlantic world is often read as an epic of this time, bringing together the histories of Europe, Africa and the Americas and in fact legitimising and explicating the contemporary domination of the Global North over the Global South. This chapter localises the first contacts of Portuguese and Africans within the specific time and place of 15th-century Senegambia. Decoding the military and commercial initiatives of the Portuguese Crown and their North African and sub-Saharan African partners reveals an intertwined history linking the African and European continents. Initiatives coordinated by mercantile agents, together with the flux of free and forced labour, all contribute towards understanding the basis of the first Atlantic civilization based on production and labour.
Bartering for Slaves on the Upper Guinea Coast in the Early Seventeenth Century
Authors: NEWSON LINDA A.
Published: August 2013

In the context of debates about the definition and origins of globalisation and the role of African agency in the Atlantic slave trade, this chapter examines the commodities traded by Portuguese New Christian slave traders on the Upper Guinea coast in the early 17th century. Based on detailed account books of three slave traders discovered in the Inquisition section of the Archivo General de la Nación in Lima, Peru, it shows how Africans often determined the types and prices of goods exchanged and forced Europeans to adapt to local trade networks. Hence while commodities such as Indian textiles and beads reflected the position of the Portuguese slave traders in a global trading network, at the same time they were actively involved in trading locally produced cloth and beeswax as well as slaves.
‘A Commanding Commercial Position’: The African Settlement of Bolama Island and Anglo-Portuguese Rivalry (1830–1870)
Authors: HAVIK PHILIP J.
Published: August 2013

The attempt to establish plantation agriculture on the island of Bolama by British settlers in the early 1790s triggered a scramble for West Africa's resources in the Guinea Bissau region. The dispute and its eventual settlement in Portugal's favour in 1870 was to heighten the already tense Anglo-Portuguese relations as a result of the latter's resistance to the abolition of the slave trade. However, this territorial dispute has overshadowed the regional aspects of the island's settlement. Rather than being a mere object of European designs, the island was also the locus of rivalry between local trade lineages and African communities, and even the site of personal infighting due to their own particular dynamics. This chapter focuses on this local and regional momentum that continued regardless of the broader conflict, involving slaves, freed slaves, Christianised Africans, African migrants and trader-planters, producing distinct patterns of settlement and crop cultivation.
‘Legitimate’ Traders, the Building of Empires, and the Long-Term After-Effects in Africa
Authors: SHERWOOD MARIKA
Published: August 2013

This chapter tries to find answers to some important questions regarding ‘legitimate trade’. While the 1807 Act made trading in enslaved Africans illegal, was it legitimate to trade in African produce when produced by indigenous slaves and transported to the coast also by slaves? And how ‘legitimate’ was it to supply slave traders with everything from vessels to bank accounts and the manufactured goods exchanged for enslaved children, women and men? To examine these issues, the chapter examines the firm of Forster & Smith, trading with West Africa from the early 19th century, and their relationship with the colonial and National governments of Britain in the post-abolition era.
Introduction
Authors: BETHENCOURT FRANCISCO
Published: August 2013

This Introduction explains both the origins of this book, in a conference held at King's College London in 2009, and the questions that structure it, pointing out historical continuities and discontinuities, tensions between taxonomy and practice, historical visions (from Hegel to Humboldt, Freyre to Boxer) and recent angles of analysis.
Racism: An Evolving Virus 1
Authors: VALA JORGE , PEREIRA CÍCERO
Published: August 2013

Does it make sense to talk about racism in contemporary democratic societies? How can one explain the durability of racial prejudice and discrimination based on belief in the idea of race in formally anti-racist democratic societies? What possible peculiarities are displayed by social attitudes in Portugal in relation to people who are seen to belong to different racial or cultural groups? This chapter studies the most recent trends concerning racial prejudice and discrimination in Portugal.
Writing from the Margins: Towards an Epistemology of Contemporary African Brazilian Fiction
Authors: BROOKSHAW DAVID
Published: August 2013

This chapter discusses the extent to which it is feasible to talk of a black Brazilian literary tradition that is somehow cohesive, conscious of itself and self-reflective. In looking at works by black fiction writers during the second half of the twentieth century, such as Romeu Crusoé, Oswaldo de Camargo, Cuti, Geni Guimarães, Marilene Felinto and Muniz Sodré, it suggests that writers of African descent who self-identify as black Brazilians are to a large extent bound by identification with region as much as they are with skin colour, in a similar way to other ‘ethnic’ writers in Brazil.
Many-Coloured Glass, Aerial Images, and the Work of the Lens: Romantic Poetry and Optical Culture
Authors: Armstrong Isobel
Published: August 2013

This lecture argues that new optical experiences created by the lens and what we now call the virtual image were the foundation alike of ‘high’ science, associated at this historical moment with the telescope, and popular spectacle. They precipitated and renewed an enquiry into the nature and status of the image (always incipient in poetics) as the technologies of the phantasmagoria, the kaleidoscope and the diorama penetrated deep into the poets' worlds and words. The projected image, without a correspondence in reality, was a troubling aspect of this modern technology, provoking new understandings of materiality and immateriality. Colour, reflection and refraction became central concerns as a corollary of the debate. Some poets (Wordsworth, Coleridge, Amelia Opie, Keats, Shelley) assimilated this imagery into their work, albeit skeptically. Others (Charlotte Smith, Blake) violently resisted it. The lecture looks closely at image-making in poetic language, and argues that there were both ontological and political stakes in this enquiry.
A Protestant or Catholic Atlantic World? Confessional Divisions and the Writing of Natural History
Authors: Canny Nicholas
Published: August 2013

Some competition was associated with all European voyages of discovery, whether considered in an intellectual or a nautical sense, but the character of the competition became confessional as the contest between states over resources to be exploited gave way to disputation between denominations over how souls might best be saved. This happened when, in the late sixteenth century, Protestant publicists began to disparage the colonial endeavours that the Spanish and Portuguese authorities had been engaged upon for more than a century, and when they resolved to start the colonial process all over again, with a view to making the Atlantic World a Protestant rather than a Catholic space. This was to be achieved both by releasing what remained of the Native American population in Central and South America from Spanish tyranny, and by establishing Protestant colonies to evangelise the native populations in extensive areas of America to which the Iberians had no more than titular claims. A comparison between French and English colonial undertakings in the West Indies, and between the literatures associated with these endeavours over the course of the seventeenth century, establishes that these Protestant ambitions proved as elusive in practice as they had been myopic in theory. The conclusion seeks to explain why colonial efforts in which Catholic religious orders were involved proved more capable of linking scientific investigations with missionary concerns than was possible in colonies that were self consciously Protestant.
Portable Christianity: Relics in the Medieval West (c.700–1200)
Authors: Smith Julia M. H.
Published: August 2013

This paper uses the proxy evidence of relic inventories and labels to explore the role of relics in medieval Christianity. By means of an examination of their material nature, it argues that their primary characteristics were their fragmentary and often amorphous nature; their lack of intrinsic identification; and their easy portability. By emphasising that relic collecting was a habit that contributed to establishing religious identities and affiliations, the paper clarifies relics' role in relocating knowledge of Christian history into the homes and churches of medieval Europe. Finally, having noted that their dissemination followed established networks of travel and communication, it emphasises that relics rendered the essentials of Christianity tangible and portable.
Myself when Young: Becoming a Musician in Renaissance Italy—or Not
Authors: Blackburn Bonnie J.
Published: August 2013

In his Lives, Giorgio Vasari mentions many artists who were talented at music when they were young, prominently Giorgione and Sebastiano del Piombo. Benvenuto Cellini resisted his father's pressure to choose music. Why? How rewarding was a musical profession in Renaissance Italy? It could be very lucrative, both for town musicians such as Cellini's father and for castratos. Moonlighting for banquets, dances, even spying, could bring in additional income. For gentlemen, music was a necessary social grace; they had private tutors, such as Silvestro Ganassi dal Fontego, who was himself a painter as well as a printer. Amateurs could learn from cathedral choirmasters, who were often music theorists, the pinnacle of the profession. The theorist Pietro Aaron, choirmaster at Imola Cathedral, then tutor to the sons of Sebastian Michiel, Grand Prior of the Knights of St John of Jerusalem in Venice, had a wide acquaintance among humanists, noblemen and other musicians, and his letters open a window on the life of a musician. Among his many professions, the writer Antonfrancesco Doni counted music; a madrigal he wrote in 1560 is included in an appendix. The ability to improvise verses and music was much prized, ranging from star performers such as Serafino Aquilano to amateurs such as Niccolò Machiavelli. Portraits of musicians are discussed; they offer important evidence but are difficult to interpret. The theorist Lodovico Zacconi concluded in 1592 that being a musician was not only an honourable and lucrative profession but an enjoyable one.
FORRAGEAMENTO DE APIS MELLIFERA L. EM INFLORESCÊNCIA DE SYMPLOCOS TENUIFOLIA BRAND
Authors: Pegoraro Adhemar , Chaves Neto Anselmo , Noemberg Lazzari Sonia Maria , Pereira Barros da Costa Débora Cristina , Nunes Rodrigues Sandra Regina
Published: August 2013

Tornou-se relevante conhecer o potencial das plantas apícolas visando ao melhoramento da florada em áreas de Reserva Legal. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a concentração de sólidos solúveis (açúcares) no néctar do Symplocos tenuifolia; avaliar o percentual médio de operárias portadoras de néctar, pólen e ambos sobre as inflorescências desta planta; correlacionar a concentração de açúcares no néctar à temperatura atmosférica, à umidade relativa do ar e à luminosidade. O experimento foi realizado em Mandirituba (PR) utilizando-se 1.050 operárias para calcular a percentagem média de alimentos que elas portavam. Os valores médios percentuais dos recursos alimentares foram: néctar 21,7%, pólen 15,3%, ambos 31,7%. Nas operárias que portavam néctar foi medida a concentração de açúcares com refratômetro de mão. Entre as horas do dia existiu diferença significativa na concentração de açúcares no néctar variando de 22,8 a 30,1%. A temperatura apresentou correlação positiva significativa em relação à concentração de açúcares no néctar e a umidade relativa no ar apresentou correlação moderada e inversa. S. tenuifolia pode ser utilizada para melhorar o pasto apícola, visto que a espécie disponibiliza alimento no fim da primavera.
SOTALIA GUIANENSIS POPULATION DENSITY ESTIMATIVE IN THE BAY OF ANTONINA, BRAZIL
Authors: Japp Anne Karoline , De Fatima Filla Gislaine
Published: August 2013

The present work aimed to estimate the population density of Sotalia guianensis in the Bay of Antonina, southern Brazilian coast, by linear transects, distance method. The average group size in the total area was 2.57 individuals/group. The study area is 28.1 km2 and it was divided in two sub-areas, an outer area closer to the sea and another more enclosed with a higher fresh water input. In the Sector I, the one with greater marine influence, the density estimation found was D = 3.01 animals/ km2 (Variation Coefficient, VC 24.67%), whereas in Sector II there was no estuarine dolphin record. Also, during the rainy season a higher density value was found in the bay (D = 4.99 individuals/ km2, VC 15.93%). When the area division was ignored an overestimation of density was found (D = 3.80 animals/km2; VC 15.71%) due to the data extrapolation beyond the sampled area, including areas not much used by the dolphins. This superestimation due to the few estuarine dolphins records in the Bay of Antonina and also to the method used, which was biased by existing of sand banks at low tide which made it impossible to access all transects.
EFEITO DO TEMPO DE CONGELAMENTO SOBRE AS CARACTERÍSTICAS FÍSICO-QUÍMICAS DA CARNE BOVINA E SUÍNA
Authors: Vilani de Pelegrini Luis Fernando , De Pellegrini Luiz Gustavo , De Pellegrini Luiz Giovani , Ribeiro Sanquetta de Pelleg Ana Carolina
Published: August 2013

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a influência do tempo de armazenamento da carne bovina e suína, em relação às características físico-químicas. Foram utilizadas amostras comerciais de carne bovina e suína provenientes do músculo longissimus dorsi, sendo que cada amostra era representada por porções de 250 gramas, as quais foram embaladas e armazenadas a -18 oC por intervalos de tempo predeterminados, sendo: 60, 120, 180 e 360 dias. Após o período de descongelamento, foi medida a perda de massa e o líquido exsudado foi coletado para a quantificação dos níveis de nitrogênio total, avaliando-se também o pH e a oxidação lipídica. Os resultados mostraram que o período de estocagem altera as características físico-químicas da carne bovina e suína, porém sem causar significativos prejuízos.
EFEITOS GENÉTICOS E AMBIENTAIS SOBRE AS CARACTERÍSTICAS PRODUTIVAS EM REBANHO NELORE CRIADO NA REGIÃO NORTE DO ESTADO DO TOCANTINS
Authors: Lopes Nepomuceno Leandro , De Andrade Ricardo José , Brito Lopes Fernando , Santos de Lira Thaymisson , Farias Vieira Laryany , De Jesus Santos Geneíldes Cristina , De Sousa Pereira Leonardo , Ferreira Jorge Luís
Published: August 2013

Objetivou-se estudar a influência de efeitos genéticos e ambientais sobre as características de peso aos 205dias (P205), peso aos 365 dias (P365) e peso aos 550 dias (P550), em rebanho da raça Nelore criado em Araguaína (TO). As médias obtidas para P205, P365 e P550 encontram-se dentro dos limites estabelecidos em outras regiões do Brasil. As fontes de variações apresentaram efeito significativo (p < 0,05) sobre os pesos estudados. Os efeitos de sexo, ano, idade da vaca e mês de nascimento são importantes fatores não genéticos que influenciam os pesos pré-desmama e pós-desmama de bovinos da raça Nelore. As estimativas dos coeficientes de herdabilidades foram de média a alta magnitude, resultando em boa variabilidade genética dentro do rebanho, bem como a possibilidade de seleção para tais características.
EFEITOS DA UTILIZAÇÃO DE ÓLEOS ESSENCIAIS NA ALIMENTAÇÃO DE AVES MATRIZES PESADAS
Authors: Bonin Chilante Renata , Kira Kussakawa Katia Cristina , Flemming José Sidney
Published: August 2013

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos da inclusão de óleos essenciais como aditivo na alimentação de aves matrizes pesadas sobre os parâmetros produtivos de pintos de corte. Foram utilizadas 18.358 matrizes Ross, na fase de Postura I, de 26 a 35 semanas, distribuídos em dois tratamentos, teste e controle, com sete repetições por tratamento. Na dieta do grupo-teste, foi adicionado, na ração, 100 gr por tonelada do aditivo comercial Saluto®. Foram comparados entre os tratamentos os índices de produção de ovos, eclodibilidade, mortalidade acumulada, viabilidade, número de ovos por ave alojada e número de ovos lavados. Observou-se que a utilização dos óleos essenciais na dieta de matrizes pesadas apresentou efeitos significativos (p < 0,05; p < 0,10) sobre os parâmetros avaliados. Houve aumento significativo na produção de ovos em relação ao grupo-controle e os índices de mortalidade acumulada foram menores para o tratamento com óleos essenciais em relação ao grupo-controle.
AVALIAÇÃO DO MECANISMO DE AÇÃO DO ISOTIOCIANATO DE ALILA CONTRA ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Milano Hella Rebeca , Ernlund Macedo Renata , Bittencourt Luciano Fernando
Published: August 2013

A seleção de moléculas naturais com ação inibitória sobre patógenos é uma das formas de reduzir os problemas causados pela resistência antimicrobiana. O isotiocianato de alila (ITA), extraído de plantas, possui comprovada atividade antimicrobiana contra cepas de Escherichia coli. No entanto, seu mecanismo de ação sobre esses micro-organismos ainda é desconhecido. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar o mecanismo de ação do isotiocanato de alila contra a E. coli utilizando método rápido baseado na resposta ao estresse de cepas mutantes contendo gene indicador lacZ (produtor de β-galactosidase). Foram utilizadas cinco cepas de E. coli, sendo uma controle (selvagem) e quatro modificadas por fusões entre o gene lacZ e as regiões promotoras de danos: da proteína induzida pelo choque ao frio, cspA::lacZ (ação de referência associada ao cloranfenicol); das enzimas citoplasmáticas induzidas pelo calor, ibp::lacZ (ação associada à estreptomicina), do promotor P3 do gene rpoH, ativado pelo desdobramento de proteínas no periplasma, P3rpoH::lacZ (polimixina B); do promotor sulA, induzido pela inibição da replicação do DNA, sulA::lacZ (ácido nalidíxico). A ação de ITA sobre as cepas de E. coli foi comparada a um controle negativo (sem tratamento) e a controles positivos dos antibióticos referência para cada mecanismo de ação. O ITA não resultou em maior expressão da enzima β-galactosidase em nenhuma das cepas geneticamente modificadas. Contudo, mediante algum mecanismo ainda desconhecido, o ITA foi provavelmente capaz de inibir seletivamente a produção de pelo menos algumas proteínas de reparo, sem afetar a transcrição e a tradução de proteínas presentes no operon lac ou inibir a atividade enzimática da β-galactosidase.
Sexual risk after HIV diagnosis: a comparison of pre‐ART individuals with CD4>500 cells/µl and ART‐eligible individuals in a HIV treatment and care programme in rural KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa
Authors: McGrath Nuala , Richter Linda , Newell Marie‐Louise
Published: August 2013

Introduction

Little is known about people diagnosed as HIV‐positive who access HIV care early in their disease. In pre‐ART studies published to date, only a minority of the participants have CD4>500 cells/µl.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study compared individuals presenting for HIV care with CD4>500 cells/µl, “pre‐ART” (N=247), with individuals who had CD4<200 cells/µl or WHO Stage IV, “ART‐eligible” (N=385). Baseline characteristics were contrasted between the two groups and logistic regression models used to explore group differences in: (a) being sexually active in the last month; (b) disclosure of HIV status to current partner; (c) knowing the HIV status of one's current partner; and (d) condom use at last sex.

Results

Pre‐ART and ART‐eligible individuals were similar in terms of a wide range of socio‐demographic characteristics. Controlling for gender, only current sexual behaviour and HIV‐testing history were significantly different between ART groups. In multivariable models, participants in the pre‐ART group were twice as likely to be sexually active in the last month, OR 2.06 95% CI (1.32, 3.21), and to know their partner's status, OR 1.95 (1.18, 3.22) compared to those in the ART‐eligible group. Self‐reported disclosure of HIV status to current sexual partner (71%), condom use at last sex (61%) and HIV concordancy within relationships were not significantly different between the two ART groups. Overall, 39% of the study participants reported knowing that they were in concordant HIV‐positive relationships. Fifty‐five percent of all participants reported not knowing their partner's HIV status, only half of whom reported using a condom at last sex. Pre‐ART individuals were significantly less likely to have tested HIV‐positive for the first time in the last year and to have tested for sickness‐related reasons than the ART‐eligible group.

Conclusions

Reported sexual risk behaviours by pre‐ART individuals with CD4>500 cells/µl suggest a continued risk of onward HIV transmission. There is a need for positive prevention efforts to target this group given that current treatment guidelines do not provide them with ART. Strengthening support regarding disclosure, partner HIV testing and consistent condom use, and further promotion of HIV testing in the community to assist earlier diagnosis are urgently required.
Desarrollo andino: sustentable y con identida
Authors: Guerrero Jiménez Bernardo
Published: August 2013

El concepto de desarrollo ocupa buena parte de la agenda de losEstados y los gobiernos en América Latina. Sin embargo, esta idea escondealgunos supuestos que en este artículo discutimos. El desarrollo y su vinculacióna la identidad cultural, al territorio, contraviene la idea hegemónicaque anima a este concepto nacido en Occidente. Analizamos el itinerario enAmérica Latina y lo ubicamos en el Norte Grande de Chile, enfatizando lasideas centrales desde los años sesenta en adelante del siglo XX. Finalizamosargumentando a favor del llamado posdesarrollo.
Predictores asociados a variaciones en puntajes Simce en la región del Biobío
Authors: Orellana Olivares Ricardo Andres , Merino Escobar José Manuel
Published: August 2013

El creciente interés por contar con investigaciones que expliquendiferencias en resultados académicos en el Sistema de Medición de los Resultadosdel Aprendizaje (Simce) que vayan más allá de la mera construcciónde un «ranking educativo», es el fundamento del propósito principalde este estudio que busca identificar posibles predictores de tipo social, culturalo económico, que incidan de manera estadísticamente significativa envariaciones en los resultados de la prueba mencionada aplicada el año 2009a Cuarto básico. La población comprendida corresponde a la totalidad dela región del Biobío, Chile. Como esta población resulta demasiado extensapara el análisis de nivel individual, se trabajó con las medias comunales delSimce en las 54 comunas que comprenden la mencionada región. El métodode recolección de datos consistió en una búsqueda exhaustiva de la mayorcantidad de predictores disponibles en bases de datos confiables como elCenso, Casen, Sinim y Simce. Los datos obtenidos fueron ordenados, analizadosy correlacionados a través del programa de análisis estadístico SAS.El análisis estadístico de regresión lineal múltiple permitió establecer un modeloóptimo trivariado para la variable dependiente, conformado por lasvariables independientes: evaluación docente, crecimiento anual comunal dela población y porcentaje de acceso a computador. Finalmente, este modelo explicó un 57% de la variación total de los resultados Simce 2009 con unerror alfa de 1 por 10.000
Metodología dialógica e interdisciplina en la extensión universitaria. Reflexiones acerca de una experiencia
Authors: Trotta Lucía , Soza Rossi Paula Viviana
Published: August 2013

El trabajo es el resultado de nuestras reflexiones sobre la metodologíadialógica y la conformación de equipos interdisciplinarios en procesosde investigación-acción. Las mismas surgieron a partir de una experienciade extensión universitaria desarrollada en la Universidad Nacional de LaPlata, Argentina, en conjunto con la Comisión Provincial por la Memoria(CPM) y la Asociación de Trabajadores del Estado (ATE) de la Provincia deBuenos Aires. El proyecto buscaba el acceso, apropiación y resignificacióncolectiva de los documentos pertenecientes al archivo de la ex Direcciónde Inteligencia de la Policía de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (DIPBA) enposesión de la CPM. Es decir, un encuentro entre esos documentos que conteníanparte de la historia argentina de persecución, represión y prácticasde resistencias, y sus protagonistas. El trabajo busca identificar los nudosproblemáticos y las potencialidades de la experiencia, así como reconstruirla apuesta metodológica que se constituyó a partir de la disposición al diálogoy de la conformación de un nos-otros. En este proceso se analiza lapresencia de una perspectiva dialógica en la conceptualización de la nociónde extensión; en la opción metodológica por la investigación-acción participativay sus tensiones presentes en el campo; en la forma de pensar y actuar interdisciplinariamente construyendo un otro extensionista; y en ladecisión a partir de las necesidades situadas planteadas por los trabajadoresy las trabajadoras de incorporar específicamente el diálogo intergeneracionale intergénero. Una posición que nos permitió un diálogo entre sujetosparticipantes de la experiencia de extensión y la elaboración colectiva de losdenominados procesos de «re» (Vasilachis, 2007). Redefinición de la identidad,redefinición discursiva ante la mirada de los otros (la DIPBA) y unaredefinición de la memoria colectiva de los trabajadores y las trabajadorasdel sindicato a partir de una reconstrucción histórica colectiva. Por último,se plantean los obstáculos y elementos facilitadores que encontramos entodo el proceso, de modo de realizar un aporte que ilumine algunos aspectospara llevar adelante otras experiencias de extensión universitaria exitosas.
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Back to the Real: Efficacy and Perception of a Modified Cognitive Interview in the Field
Authors: Colomb Cindy , Ginet Magali , Wright Daniel , Demarchi Samuel , Sadler Christophe
Published: August 2013

Since the Cognitive Interview (CI) was developed, many experiments have been published, but only two have investigated its efficacy in real criminal cases. Here, a Modified CI (MCI) is tested with real interviews in an inquisitor justice system. Several moderators and the interviewers' attitudes towards the CI/MCI are also examined. Eighty‐one witnesses were interviewed by 27 French military police officers, with a Standard Police Interview, a Structured Interview (SI), or an MCI. The MCI produced the most forensically relevant information, especially for victims. Trainees judged the SI and the MCI useful, usable, and acceptable, and felt efficient in using them, beliefs that increased after 1 year of practice. The self‐efficacy was linked with the declared use of the techniques. In all, this study confirmed the efficacy of the CI/MCI as a tool to be used in the field, with some cautions to be underlined, notably because of the small sample size considered. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Task Importance Effects on Prospective Memory Strategy Use
Authors: Penningroth Suzanna L. , Scott Walter D.
Published: August 2013

Mnemonic strategies generally improve prospective memory (PM) performance. However, little is known about why people use such strategies. In the Motivational‐Cognitive Prospective Memory model, task importance is thought to influence performance via multiple mechanisms, including increased strategy use. Our main purpose was to test this mechanism: higher PM task importance was hypothesized to cause greater strategy use. We also tested whether importance would specifically increase the use of more effective (external) strategies. Participants reported their strategy use for two hypothetical PM tasks. As predicted, they listed more strategies for more important tasks. This result demonstrates one mechanism for motivational effects in early phases of the task. We found weaker support for the prediction that participants would selectively increase their use of better strategies for more important tasks. This finding supports a relatively pessimistic view of meta‐memory in PM, at least when it comes to modulating one's use of dependable strategies. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of a play‐based curriculum in the first two years of primary school: literacy and numeracy outcomes over seven years
Authors: McGuinness Carol , Sproule Liz , Bojke Chris , Trew Karen , Walsh Glenda
Published: August 2013

In 2000–2002 an innovative early years curriculum, the Enriched Curriculum (EC), was introduced into 120 volunteer schools across Northern Ireland, replacing a traditional curriculum similar to others across the UK at that time. It was intended by the designers to be developmentally appropriate and play‐based with the primary goal of preventing the experience of persistent early failure in children. The EC was not intended to be a literacy and numeracy intervention, yet it did considerably alter pedagogy in these domains, particularly the age at which formal reading and mathematics instruction began. As part of a multi‐method evaluation running from 2000–2008, the research team followed the primary school careers of the first two successive cohorts of EC children, comparing them with year‐ahead controls attending the same 24 schools. Compared to the year‐ahead control group, the findings show that the EC children's reading and mathematics scores fell behind in the first two years but the majority of EC children caught up by the end of their fourth year. Thereafter, the performance of the first EC cohort fell away slightly, while that of the second continued to match that of controls. Overall, the play‐based curriculum had no statistically significant positive effects on reading and mathematics in the medium term. At best, the EC children's scores matched those of controls.
Ultrasound mediated enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and carboxymethyl cellulose
Authors: Sulaiman Ahmad Ziad , Ajit Azilah , Chisti Yusuf
Published: August 2013

A recombinant Trichoderma reesei cellulase was used for the ultrasound‐mediated hydrolysis of soluble carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and insoluble cellulose of various particle sizes. The hydrolysis was carried out at low intensity sonication (2.4–11.8 W cm−2 sonication power at the tip of the sonotrode) using 10, 20, and 40% duty cycles. [A duty cycle of 10%, for example, was obtained by sonicating for 1 s followed by a rest period (no sonication) of 9 s.] The reaction pH and temperature were always 4.8 and 50°C, respectively. In all cases, sonication enhanced the rate of hydrolysis relative to nonsonicated controls. The hydrolysis of CMC was characterized by Michaelis‐Menten kinetics. The Michaelis‐Menten parameter of the maximum reaction rate Vmax was enhanced by sonication relative to controls, but the value of the saturation constant Km was reduced. The optimal sonication conditions were found to be a 10% duty cycle and a power intensity of 11.8 W cm−2. Under these conditions, the maximum rate of hydrolysis of soluble CMC was nearly double relative to control. In the hydrolysis of cellulose, an increasing particle size reduced the rate of hydrolysis. At any fixed particle size, sonication at a 10% duty cycle and 11.8 W cm−2 power intensity improved the rate of hydrolysis relative to control. Under the above mentioned optimal sonication conditions, the enzyme lost about 20% of its initial activity in 20 min. Sonication was useful in accelerating the enzyme catalyzed saccharification of cellulose. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 29:1448–1457, 2013
Capping protein beta is required for actin cytoskeleton organisation and cell migration during Drosophila oogenesis
Authors: Ogienko Anna A. , Karagodin Dmitry A. , Lashina Valentina V. , Baiborodin Sergey I. , Omelina Eugeniya S. , Baricheva Elina M.
Published: August 2013

Capping protein (CP) is a well‐characterised actin‐binding protein important for regulation of actin filament (AF) assembly. CP caps the barbed end of AFs, inhibiting the addition and loss of actin monomers. In Drosophila melanogaster, the gene encoding CP β‐subunit is named capping protein beta (cpb; see Hopmann et al. [1996] J Cell Biol 133: 1293–305). The cpb level is reduced in the Drosophila bristle actin cytoskeleton and becomes disorganised with abnormal morphology. A reduced level of the CP protein in ovary results in disruption of oocyte determination, and disturbance of nurse cell (NC) cortical integrity and dumping. We describe novel defects appearing in cpb mutants during oogenesis, in which cpb plays an important role in border and centripetal follicle cell migration, ring canal development and cytoplasmic AF formation. The number of long cytoplasmic AFs was dramatically reduced in cpb hypomorphs and abnormal actin aggregates was seen on the inner side of NC membranes. A hypothesis to explain the formation of abnormal short‐cut cytoplasmic AFs and actin aggregates in the cpb mutant NCs was proffered, along with a discussion of the reasons for ‘dumpless’ phenotype formation in the mutants.
Upregulation of HO‐1 is accompanied by activation of p38MAPK and mTOR in human oesophageal squamous carcinoma cells
Authors: Hu Jian‐Li , Xiao Lan , Li Zhen‐Yun , Wang Qiong , Chang Yu , Jin Yi
Published: August 2013

Induction of HO‐1 protein can have both beneficial and detrimental effects for cells, including regulating proliferation and apoptosis of several tumours. We have investigated the regulation of HO‐1, p38MAPK and mTOR in the context of proliferation, cell cycle events and apoptosis of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells. Real‐time PCR and Western blots were used to determine the expression levels of HO‐1, p38MAPK, p‐p38MAPK and p‐mTOR. MTT assays were used to measure proliferation, FACS for cell cycle events and Annexin V staining for apoptosis. Proliferation of Eca109 cells was inhibited and apoptosis was induced in the presence of p38MAPK inhibitor (SB203580) and mTOR inhibitor (Rapamycin, RAPA). HO‐1 expression was downregulated in cells treated with SB203580 and RAPA. HO‐1 overexpression inhibited apoptosis and induced G2/M arrest in SB203580 and RAPA‐treated cells. HO‐1 expression was upregulated in the presence of ethanol, and was accompanied by activation of p38MAPK and mTOR. However, ethanol‐treated cells exposed to HO‐1 inhibitor showed no effect on p38MAPK and mTOR activation. The data suggest that ethanol‐induced upregulation of HO‐1 in oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma is accompanied by the activation of the p38MAPK and mTOR pathways.