bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The permeability method of specific surface determination: A correction factor
Authors: Rose H. E.
Published: July 2010

The value of the specific surface for a given powder obtained by the application of Carman's equation is in general found to depend on the porosity of the bed on which the test is made. In this paper a correction is developed that largely eliminates this variation.

Furthermore, for those powders which have also been analysed by alternative techniques, the values of specific surface, as determined by the use of Carman's equation and corrected by means of the data of the present paper, and those obtained by the application of the photo‐extinction and nitrogen‐adsorption techniques, show the deviations which would be predicted from the known limitations of the alternative methods of analysis.
Some aspects of the chemistry of coal tars. II. General characteristics and chemical composition of down‐jet tars
Authors: Vahrman M.
Published: July 2010

The features of the process of down‐jet combustion of coal bearing on the quality of the tar produced are considered. The physical properties of the tar from a high‐volatile, weakly caking coal (Haunchwood peas) and examination of the fractions obtained by distillation show it to be of low‐temperature type. The fraction obtained between 370° and about 400° was a resinous organo‐gel containing high‐boiling phenols, neutral substances and bases. The main chemical classes of compounds were separated from this tar by solvent extraction, and the fractions obtained were further subdivided with organic solvents for comparison with other tars and to obtain sufficiently simple materials for more detailed examination later. Analyses, yields and descriptions of the fractions obtained are given. Similar solvent‐extraction of a down‐jet tar from a low‐oxygen (high‐rank) coal showed that differences and similarities in the coal structures were reflected in the composition of the tars. Further evidence of the primary nature of down‐jet tars was thus obtained.
Vapour pressures of some rare‐earth halides
Authors: Harrison E. R.
Published: July 2010

Approximate data are given on the vapour pressures, in the range 10−1 to 10−3 mm. of mercury, of many of the cerium group of rare‐earth halides. The vapour pressures were determined by the method of molecular effusion. Also, a method is described for dehydrating these halides such that in their anhydrous form they are free from any basic salts and are 100% volatile in vacuo.
Resinous condensation products from humic acids and glycols or diamines
Authors: Thomson G. H.
Published: July 2010

A Northumberland coal can be oxidized by nitric acid or by sodium hydroxide and oxygen under pressure to give a humic acid of empirical formula C3H2O. Since the apparent equivalent weight is 213, this corresponds to C12H8O4. This humic acid can be condensed with glycols and diamines to give hard, black infusible resins, which can be plasticized and filled in the usual manner. These resins are resistant to cold concentrated solutions of acids or alkalis, but can be hydrolysed on prolonged heating under reflux with dilute alkali. During condensation, more than theoretical amounts of water are released; the hardness and the carbon/hydrogen ratio of the product depends on the intensity of heating.
Colorimetric determination of thiophen in pure benzoles by the alloxan and isatin reagents
Authors: French K. H. V.
Published: July 2010

Owing to unexpected maxima in the colour‐concentration curves, some confusion may occur in the colorimetric test for thiophen using alloxan or isatin reagents (French, 1946) if the test is applied to higher concentrations than those for which it was designed. A dilution procedure has been recommended to ensure that the colour measurements are made on the portions of the curves before the maxima.

A number of precautions to be observed when performing the tests have been suggested. These will ensure that reproducible colours are always obtained.
The heat treatment of dolomite. III. The precipitation of magnesia from sea‐water by calcined dolomite
Authors: Britton H. T. S. , Gregg S. J. , Willing E. G. J.
Published: July 2010

Samples of dolime have been prepared by calcining dolomite at a series of temperatures between 700° and 1480°; they were then slaked at 95°, and the slurry added to sea‐water to precipitate magnesium hydroxide. The rate of fall f of the sludge line in tall cylindrical tubes was then observed, and the composition r of the precipitate determined (r = CaO: MgO). Both f and r vary according to the temperature Tc of calcination, and both have minimum values when Tc is between 1000° and 1100°.
The effect of phosphate on the constitution and hardening of portland cement
Authors: Nurse R. W.
Published: July 2010

The effect of phosphorus pentoxide on the burning of Portland‐cement clinker and the setting and hardening of the resultant cement has been investigated, using both synthetic mixtures and the raw materials which it is proposed to use for cement manufacture in Uganda. It is shown that the P2O5 forms a solid solution with the 2CaO,SiO2 of the cement clinker and reduces the content of 3CaO,SiO2. Consequently the early strength falls as the P2O5 increases until, when the P2O5 reaches 2·25% of the clinker, the cement fails to meet British Standard requirements. Formulae are given from which the percentage of compounds present in the clinker can be calculated, and the procedure for determining the proportion of clay in the raw mix is described.

Test data on concrete are given; cement high in P2O5 is affected more markedly than normal cement by an increase in water: cement ratio.
Some new metallic compounds of unsaturated fatty acids: Their preparation and properties
Authors: Skellon J. H. , Spence J. W.
Published: July 2010

The preparation of a series of new metallic soaps of the monoethenoid fatty acids is described. Compounds of selected transition elements with cis‐ and trans‐monoethenoid fatty acids have been prepared and their properties studied.

The catalytic influence of these soaps on the autoxidation of monoethenoid acids at high temperatures has been investigated, particularly the special effect of configuration of the acid radical of the catalyst soap on autoxidation processes.
Ionophoresis of some carbohydrate derivatives
Authors: Foster A. B. , Stacey M.
Published: July 2010

The ionophoretic behaviour of a range of simple sugar derivatives in borate buffer solution has been studied. The advantages of the technique are indicated and the interaction of certain methyl sugars with boric acid is discussed.
The orienting influence of the methyl group in toluene in the gomberg reaction
Authors: Wilson R. H.
Published: July 2010

When diazotized 6‐nitro‐m‐toluidine (Me = 1) reacts with toluene, substitution occurs in the ortho‐and meta‐positions in the toluene, to give 3:2′‐dimethyl‐4‐nitrodiphenyl and 3: 3′‐dimethyl‐4‐nitrodiphenyl. The proportion of meta‐substitution is greater than that observed in electrophilic substitutionreactions with toluene, confirming conclusions drawn from the quantum‐mechanical analysis of Wheland (1942).
Some factors affecting the solubility of polymers
Authors: Small P. A.
Published: July 2010

The solubility of a polymer in a non‐polymeric liquid depends mainly on the heat of mixing. When no polar forces are concerned, the cohesive energy densities of polymer and solvent must be close; a method is given for estimating the cohesive energy densities of polymers from a set of additive constants, and it is shown that good agreement is found between values so calculated and values obtained by swelling measurements. The effects of dipole interactions and hydrogen bonding are also discussed. The solubility of polyvinyl chloride in a number of solvents is considered, and correlated with both the cohesive energy density of the solvent and its ability to form hydrogen bonds.
The influence of formamide on the bactericidal action of selected chemical compounds
Authors: Cooper E. A. , Goddard A. E.
Published: July 2010

Formamide (20% aqueous solution) exerts a specific influence on the germicidal power of the saturated fatty acids, the bactericidal action on various micro‐organisms being increased fivefold to tenfold. The hydroxy‐acids are affected by formamide to a much less extent, as also are phenols, isopropyl alcohol, and acetone. The monoalkyl tartrate esters are germicidal to Bacterium aerogenes in concentrations from 1 in 250 to 1 in 500. Aliphatic esters, unlike the fatty acids, are not appreciably influenced in germicidal power by formamide. Acetamide and glycol have little effect on the bactericidal action of acids. Formamide increases the adsorption of both formic and acetic acids from dilute aqueous solution by activated charcoal. Possibly, therefore, the marked rise in the germicidal power of the acids in the presence of formamide is associated with an increased uptake of the acids by the bacterial colloids, making a higher concentration of acid within the cells available for disinfection.
Physicochemical studies on dusts. V. Examination of finely ground quartz by differential thermal analysis and other physical methods
Authors: Dempster P. B. , Ritchie P. D.
Published: July 2010

Physical evidence consistent with the concept of a disturbed surface‐layer, containing non‐quartz silica, on finely ground quartz, is presented:

Differential thermal analysis of quartz dusts is markedly affected by the presence of this layer on fine particles. Below 5–10 μ, the measured quartz content decreases sharply, values <50% having been observed for pure quartz ground to <1 μ; but it is restored to 100% by etching the dusts with hydrofluoric acid. Quartz loss and specific surface are proportional to time of grinding (t) wheret>about 1 hour.

A densitometricX‐ray‐diffraction method is similarly influenced by the disturbed layer on fine particles, line‐intensity being markedly increased by etching the finely ground dusts.

The mean thickness of the disturbed layer is estimated at 0.11–0.15 μ by calculations based jointly on differential thermal analysis and the change in density shown by quartz on grinding. Calculations based on density changes alone, and on previous solubility studies, give lower estimates (0.03–0.05 μ and 0.02–0.03 μ respectively). The refractive index and mean density of the disturbed layer lie nearer to the values for quartz than to those for vitreous silica.

Empirical correction‐factors previously used to compensate for quartz losses in a chemical method of analysis are now given a rational interpretation on the basis stated above, and possibly provide an independent estimate of layer thickness (0.04–0.07 μ).
Production of acetic anhydride from acetone
Authors: Daroux W. Gerard
Published: July 2010

The pilot‐plant process evaluation and full‐scale design for the production of acetic anhydride from acetone are described. Basic economics and alternative processes are briefly discussed.
Acid and alkaline hydrolysis of gelatin
Authors: Croome R. J.
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the thermal decomposition of an alkaline ossein‐gelatin in dilute solutions of hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide within a pH range of 3·05 to 9·85. Reaction temperatures of 60°, 70° and 80° have been employed, the reaction being followed by the decrease in jelly strength, measured by the Bloom Gelometer, of gels, matured at 10°, after having undergone thermal treatment in the sol form.

The reaction is found to be first‐order, and catalysed by both hydrogen ions and hydroxyl ions. Variation of the velocity coefficient with pH is represented by a catenary curve that exhibits a fairly well defined point of minimum velocity at pH 6°4.

The catalytic coefficients of the hydrogen and hydroxyl ions have been determined for the reaction temperatures employed.

The reaction velocity coefficient varies with temperature according to the equation of Arrhenius, and values of the heat of hydrolysis have been calculated from it. These were found to be considerably higher on the acid side of the isoelectric point than on the alkaline side, up to pH 9°35, beyond which they rise again. This variation with the pH of the sol has been explained by visualizing the mechanism of the reaction as being different for concentrations of catalyst greater than, and less than, about 0°03N.
Note on the protection of mild steel by films of lanolin
Authors: Stroud E. G. , Rhoades‐Brown J. E.
Published: July 2010

It has been established that, where lanolin is used for the temporary protection of steel and is applied as a solution in either white spirit or mineral oil, the concentration of lanolin in either solvent must not fall below 12·5% by weight if efficient protection is to be achieved. This is equivalent to 0·006 oz. of lanolin/sq. ft. from white spirit and 0·004 oz./sq. ft. from light mineral oil.
Autoxidation of tin solutions: The action of inhibitors
Authors: Baker E. H.
Published: July 2010

The action of some inhibitors on the autoxidation rates of aqueous stannous solutions has been studied. Two complex organic amino‐compounds, Bandrowski's base and Barsilowski's compound, were found to exert a powerful inhibitory effect on the oxidation of stannous chloride, thus confirming that the reaction involves a chain mechanism. Iron salts were found to have a similar effect on stannous acetate; this shows that the autoxidation likewise involves a chain process.
The role of alcohols in the mechanism of the fischer‐tropsch synthesis: The decomposition of alcohols in the presence of cobalt catalysts
Authors: Gibson E. J.
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the effect of changes in reaction conditions on the decomposition ofn‐primary alcohols over cobalt catalysts in the presence of hydrogen or mixtures of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. The increases in reaction rate with increases in temperature and space velocity are similar for the alcohol decomposition and Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis reactions. With the exception of ethyl alcohol, the most stable of the alcohols, alcohols decompose in synthesis gas (CO + 2H2) at 150° at a rate comparable with that of the synthesis reaction. From an examination of the products of decomposition, it would appear that the main reaction is dehydration of the alcohol. Although the formation of higher hydrocarbons by chain growth takes place during the reaction, especially in the presence of small quantities of carbon monoxide, chain growth from an alcohol which has been desorbed from the surface is not considered to be an important step in the synthesis reaction. The results are consistent with the conception that alcohols are the true primary products of the synthesis.
The application of impulse rendering to the animal‐fat industry
Authors: Chayen I. H. , Ashworth D. R.
Published: July 2010

The impulse‐rendering process, which consists in mechanical rupturing of membranes of fat‐containing cells by high‐speed impulses transmitted through the medium of a liquid, has been developed mainly for degreasing animal by‐products in such a way as to preserve the quality of the fat and protein. The degreasing of bone and soft fat is described in detail, and brief reference is made to possible applications in the recovery of oils from fish, fish livers, vegetable fruits and seeds.
Stress‐corrosion of aluminium‐magnesium alloys. II. Methods for expressing stress‐corrosion susceptibility on a comparative basis
Authors: Jones E. Lloyd
Published: July 2010

The presentation of data obtained from stress‐corrosion experiments, in which the effect of stress on the time‐to‐failure is determined, is discussed.

Methods are suggested by which the susceptibility to stress‐corrosion of materials may be expressed on a comparative basis. The results given in Part I on the stress‐corrosion of aluminium—7%‐magnesium and aluminium‐5%‐magnesium alloys are used to illustrate the methods.
The physical toxicity of chemicals. IV. Solubilities, partition coefficients and physical toxicities
Authors: McGowan J. C.
Published: July 2010

The ‘hole’ theory of solubility which was applied to explain physical toxicity in Parts I, II and III has been used for the calculation of partition coefficients between organic solvents and water, and of solubilities in water. Some relationships previously observed between solubilities and toxicities have been explained.
Improved syntheses in the pyrimidine series. III. 5‐amino‐4‐methylaminopyrimidine
Authors: Brown D. J.
Published: July 2010

A synthesis of 5‐amino‐4‐methylaminopyrimidine is reported, which involves the successful monoamination of 5‐amino‐4: 6‐dichloropyrimidine with methylamine. It is shown, however, that similar monoaminations of 2: 4‐ and 4: 6‐dichloro‐5‐nitropyrimidine (which are possible with ammonia) with methylamine lead only to bismethylamino‐5‐nitropyrimidines. Amination of 2: 4‐dimercapto‐5‐nitropyrimidine with methylamine also gives the diaminated product, but when 2: 4‐dimercapto‐5‐aminopyrimidine is used no reaction takes place.
The polymerization of vinyl monomers in natural rubber latex
Authors: Bloomfield George F. , Swift P. Mcl.
Published: July 2010

Practical methods are described for polymerizing methacrylic esters, styrene and other vinyl monomers in natural rubber latex. The larger rubber particles require an appreciable time to attain equilibrium with the monomer diffusing into them from a liquid monomer phase dispersed in the serum. Provided that substantial proportions of added surface‐active substances are avoided, rubber‐soluble monomers can be polymerized almost entirely within the rubber particles and the modified latex then contains no separately emulsified free polymer. Such conditions favour combination of polymer with rubber. The addition of a sufficiently large amount of dispersing agent favours polymerization of emulsified monomer with less involvement of the rubber. In this way there can be obtained mixtures of rubber and polymer from monomers whose polymerization is otherwise inhibited by the presence of polyisoprene hydrocarbons.
The vapour pressures of N‐propyl and isopropyl nitrates
Authors: Duff G. M. S.
Published: July 2010

The vapour pressures of n‐propyl and isopropyl nitrates have been measured over the temperature ranges 18–21°and 60–80°.
The influence of humidity and temperature on the stability of bleaching powder
Authors: Bijawat H. C. , Sarda P. K.
Published: July 2010

The influence of humidity and temperature on the stability of bleaching powder has been investigated. At 40°, the available chlorine content of a tropical bleaching powder was reduced by half in 51 weeks at 0% relative humidity but in only 5 weeks at 100% relative humidity. At low humidities the deterioration produced by temperature was not excessive up to about 36°, but beyond 40° temperature contributed significantly to instability even at 0% relative humidity. Empirical equations have been developed relating stability to relative humidity, and amount of water absorbed to time of exposure.
Precipitation of basic copper carbonates from cupric sulphate and sodium carbonate solutions
Authors: Hsu C. T.
Published: July 2010

The effect of (1) the molecular ratio Na2CO3/CuSO4, (2) concentration of the reacting solutions, (3) mode of agitation during precipitation, and (4) ageing of the precipitate on the chemical composition and physical properties of the products from mixing aqueous solutions of copper sulphate and sodium carbonate was investigated. For products of definite chemical composition and desirable physical properties, the recommended precipitation conditions are: molecular ratio Na2CO3/CuSO4, 1.1:1; concentration of reacting solutions, approximately 1.0 molar; mild stirring; and sufficient time must be allowed for the precipitate to transform from blue gelatinous to green crystalline form. The CuO/CO2 ratio in the precipitates thus obtained correspond with that of malachite.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. VI. The preparation of cyanomethyltin compounds by the decarboxylation of organo‐tin cyanoacetates
Authors: van der Kerk G. J. M. , Luijten J. G. A.
Published: July 2010

The preparation of organo‐tin compounds containing a cyanomethyl group attached to the tin atom is described. The formation of the tin—carbon bond occurs through a decarboxylation reaction. Some chemical properties of the cyanomethyltin compounds are given.
The role of interfacial electrical conditions in detergency
Authors: Durham K.
Published: July 2010

A detergent system is treated as a lyophobic colloid system and the interaction between particulate soil and fibres in an electrolyte solution is represented by the superposition of the potentials due to London—van der Waals' attraction, the Born repulsion and double layer repulsion. The resultant potential‐energy curves are used to discuss the influence of electrical forces in soil removal and redeposition.

It is shown that the particle size of the soil, and the concentration and valency of electrolyte, are important parameters which determine the influence of interfacial electrical conditions in detergency. It is also shown that ease of soil removal is incompatible with a high degree of stability against redeposition. The relation between the surface potential (ψ0) which is used in the theory to describe interfacial electrical conditions, and the zeta potential, derived from electrokinetic experiments, is discussed, and reasons for the lack of correlation between interfacial electrical conditions (described by zeta potentials) and detergent efficiency are given.
Some new non‐staining, non‐discolouring antioxidants for synthetic rubber
Authors: Pattison F. L. M. , Woodhams R. T.
Published: July 2010

A search for new non‐staining, non‐discolouring antioxidants for unvulcanized synthetic rubber has led to the discovery of some highly active compounds. These conform to the general formula

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Ultrasonic pulse measurements to study the rate of hardening of soil‐cement
Authors: Jones R.
Published: July 2010

An ultrasonic pulse technique has been adapted for studying the rate of hardening of soil‐cement. In this technique, the velocity of propagation of a pulse through the soil‐cement is measured and its increase as the mixture ages indicates the hardening that occurs. The method has advantages over conventional methods in that being non‐destructive, repetitive tests can be made on the same specimen.

The presence of organic matter can delay the set of sand‐cement mixes for a matter of weeks, and the method has special advantages in studying the problem of the hardening process of such mixtures. Results have been obtained on cylinders of soil‐cement made from samples of sand which contained different amounts of organic matter. The rate of hardening varied considerably between the different batches of specimens tested. One particular series had not attained a satisfactory strength after six weeks whereas another series was satisfactory after only a few days. Over such diversity of behaviour the pulse velocity provided an adequate means for following the hardening process. The results indicated that, for the particular soil‐cement tested, the compressive strength (C) and the pulse velocity (V) were related by an expression of the form C = aV3.
The measurement of vapour diffusivities in coal‐gas and some common gases
Authors: Nelson E. T.
Published: July 2010

An apparatus has been developed for the determination of vapour‐gas diffusivities based on Arnold's unsteady state method. The diffusivities of water vapour in hydrogen, nitrogen and air, and the diffusivities of water vapour and benzene in a typical coal gas mixture have been determined at 25°, 40° and 55°c. The diffusivities of water vapour in hydrogen, nitrogen and air have been compared with previous experimental results. It is found that the apparatus is capable of producing results of slightly improved reproducibility in a fraction of the time required by previous experimental methods based on Stefan's steady state method.
Applications of infra‐red spectroscopy to surface coatings
Authors: O'Neill L. A. , Cole C. P.
Published: July 2010

A survey is made of the applications of infra‐red spectroscopy in the surface coatings field, especially in connexion with (1) the chemistry of drying oils, particularly with reference to the geometrical isomerization of fatty acids, the autoxidation process and copolymerization of oils with unsaturated compounds; (2) the curing of epoxy resins, and (3) the identification of synthetic resins.
A method for determining the degree of orientation of graphite
Authors: Bacon G. E.
Published: July 2010

The preferential orientation of the carbon planes in blocks of graphite prepared by extrusion or pressing is described in terms of an orientation function and it is shown how this varies with the particle size of the starting materials. An ‘anisotropy factor’ is defined as a useful index of the material. A discussion is given of the effect of orientation on the anisotropy of thermal and irradiation expansion of bulk graphite.
Solubilities in the system CaSO4‐NaCl‐H2O at 25° and 35°
Authors: Madgin W. M. , Swales D. A.
Published: July 2010

Solubilities of both gypsum and anhydrite in solution with sodium chloride, varied in concentration up to saturation, have been determined at 25° and for gypsum only at 35°. Sodium chloride lowers the temperature (42°) at which both forms of calcium sulphate have the same solubility and the salt concentration to cause this at 25° has been determined. The influence of small amounts of sodium sulphate, in addition to sodium chloride, has also been investigated.

It has been found that calcium sulphate, never present as much as 1 % by weight, has very little if any influence on the solubility of sodium chloride.
Infra‐red analysis by the derivative method
Authors: Singleton F. , Collier G. L.
Published: July 2010

Derivative infra‐red spectra have been obtained by means of an analogue computer and utilized in qualitative and quantitative analysis. The second derivative with respect to time of the light intensity, obtained when the spectrometer is scanning at a fixed rate, may be used to detect and fix the position of minor changes of absorption, while the second derivative of the logarithm of the light intensity approximates very closely to the second derivative of optical density and is a quantitative function of the absorbing material.

The value of the derivative function is zero or very small over considerable intervals of the wavelength scale and analyses for a particular component in complex mixtures may frequently be made by a single measurement of the magnitude of the quantitative derivative function at an appropriate wavelength without interference from other components. m‐Cresol and o‐cresol have been directly estimated in commercial m‐cresol, and m‐ and o‐cresol and phenol have been assayed in crude tar phenols without prior fractionation and by a single independent measurement for each.

The success of analyses using wide slits is attributed to the triangular form of the spectrometer slit function.
A new electrolytic separation technique using semi‐permeable membranes
Authors: Glueckauf E. , Kitt G. P.
Published: July 2010

A separation technique is described which is based on the observation by the authors, that the exclusion of cations by membranes with negatively charged groups (and vice versa for anions) is much greater for ions of high charge. As a result of this, ion transfer is much greater for monovalent than for di‐ and trivalent ions and, by cascading this effect, complete separations are possible. Smaller effects concerning ions of equal charge are also described.
The determination of impurities in steam
Authors: Janssen C. , Smit G. B.
Published: July 2010

As carry‐over from boilers and evaporators can give rise to serious difficulties, it is of importance to be able to determine the low salt contents occurring in the condensate of steam from them. A critical and experimental study of the various methods which have been suggested during the last few years, shows the conductivity method to be the most suitable if interference by NH3and CO2is eliminated by degassing the steam sample condensate. A suitable method based on this principle has been developed and is described. It is shown that ammonia and carbon dioxide in the free and combined state in concentrations higher than those occurring in practice can be completely removed.

A formula, sufficiently accurate for practical purposes, is given for converting conductivity to total dissolved solids, in p.p.m.
The kinetics of the catalytic hydrogenation of benzene on supported nickel and nickel oxide catalysts
Authors: Motard R. L. , Burke R. F. , Canjar L. N. , Beckmann R. B.
Published: July 2010

In the development of a pilot unit for studying reactions involving heterogeneous catalysis a nickel catalyst was selected for the initial study, and the hydrogenation of benzene in a fluidized reactor using nickel and nickel oxide supported on silica gel was investigated for the reaction C6H6+ 3 H2→ C6H12at temperatures of 150—220° for the nickel oxide study and 220–275° for nickel, pressures being 25–100 p.s.i.g. and molal ratios of hydrogen to benzene ranging from 0·5 to 3·9. The data were correlated with an equation of the form\documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ \[r = \frac{{k_e K_{H_2 }^3 K_B p_{H_2 }^3 p_B }}{{\left({1 + K_{H_2 } p_{H_2 } + K_B p_B } \right)^4 }} \] $\end{document}

By observing how the history of the catalyst affects its activity some of the known erratic behaviour of nickel catalysts is now better understood. The reported rate equation and constants for various activity levels for nickel catalyst enable a more intelligent design of chemical reactors employing this catalyst.
The quantitative measurement and transfer of samples in gas chromatography
Authors: McCreadie S. W. S. , Williams A. F.
Published: July 2010

A simple device is described for easy transfer of a sample to the column of adsorbent used for gas chromatography.
The purification of plutonium by a thenoyltrifluoro‐acetone (T.T.A.) process
Authors: Cuninghame J. G. , Miles G. L.
Published: July 2010

The extraction of plutonium by T.T.A. in the presence of impurities is discussed, and data are presented for the extraction of uranium, zirconium, ruthenium, iron, and chromium. A block flow‐sheet for the purification of 1 g. of plutonium from 10 g. of uranium and one curie of zirconium is given.
Raney cobalt hydrogenation catalysts. I. the preparation of the catalyst
Authors: Aller B. V.
Published: July 2010

The preparation of Raney cobalt in a highly active form has been accomplished by treating fine‐mesh cobalt/aluminium alloy powders with alkali at 15–20°. The influence of alloy particle size, preparation temperature and aluminium content on catalytic activity is demonstrated, and a comparison is made with the better‐known Raney nickel catalysts.
Stages in the preparation of potassium manganate from pyrolusite
Authors: de Carvalho A. J. C.
Published: July 2010

The progress of the reaction between solid KOH and pyrolusite has been shown by X‐ray analysis to proceed via cryptomelane, K2Mn8O16, to potassium permanganite, K2Mn4O8, both of which are brown‐black insoluble compounds. The next step would appear to be the formation of an unstable potassium manganite of approximate composition K2Mn2O4–6 which breaks down to varying mixtures of the soluble manganate K2MnO4 and insoluble potassium permanganite.
Physical factors affecting the absorption of oxygen by thin films of bituminous road binders
Authors: Dickinson E. J. , Nicholas J. H. , Boas‐Traube S.
Published: July 2010

The absorption of oxygen by bituminous road binders in the absence of light at temperatures normally encountered on the road was found to be a process controlled by diffusion, the rate of absorption depending markedly on the viscosity of the binder and the thickness of the binder‐film. The acceleration of absorption produced by increasing the temperature corresponded to an activation energy for the process of approximately 10 kcal./mol. Generally speaking, tars showed a higher rate of absorption than straight‐run petroleum bitumens.

Irradiation of the film with light in the wavelength range 3000–5000Å was found to produce a marked acceleration of the reaction but, because of the high degree of absorption of the light, it was probably effective only to a depth of 10μ below the exposed surface. Light had no effect at film depths greater than 60μ. When the illumination was sufficiently intense a relatively hard layer was formed on the surface which retarded further reaction of oxygen with the underlying layers of binder. This surface skin is always produced by exposure to natural sunlight. With the bitumens examined, light produced a greater acceleration of the reaction than with the tars; the surface skin was also formed more rapidly on the bitumen films.
Catalytic vapour‐phase oxidation of crotonaldehyde to maleic acid
Authors: Bhattacharyya S. K. , Venkataraman N.
Published: July 2010

The oxidation of crotonaldehyde to maleic acid over various catalyst combinations is studied and compared with the oxidation of benzene. About 76% conversion of crotonaldehyde is obtained on a vanadium pentoxide‐molybdenum oxide‐kieselguhr catalyst. The effects of preparation of catalyst and operating conditions on the percentage conversion are described. The presence of water in the crotonaldehyde has little effect on the activity of the catalysts.
The recovery of molybdenum from acid solution using potassium ferrocyanide
Authors: Robbins D.
Published: July 2010

A process has been devised for the recovery of molybdenum from a concentrated acid solution utilizing the well known reaction between molybdates and a soluble ferrocyanide. It is shown that the product of this reaction is molybdenyl ferricyanide (MoO2)3[Fe(CN)6]2.

This compound is roasted in air to give a mixture of ferric and molybdic oxides, which can be separated by ammonia solution or, alternatively, it is converted to MoS3 by acidifying the solution obtained by dissolving it in yellow ammonium sulphide. Investigations into the effect of ammonia on the molybdate‐ferrocyanide reaction are described and it is shown that ammonium molybdate will react with potassium ferricyanide.
Ternary liquid equilibria systems:n‐propanol‐water‐esters
Authors: Rao R. Jagannadha , Rao C. Venkata
Published: July 2010

Mutual solubility and tie‐line data are presented for five ternary‐liquid systems containingn‐propanol, water and the estersn‐propyl acetate,n‐butyl acetate, amyl acetate, ethyl propionate and ethyl butyrate. Equilibrium distribution data for the systemn‐propanol‐water‐ethyl acetate at 20° reported in the literature have been plotted for comparison on the mutual solubility and equilibrium distribution diagrams. The tie‐line data for all the systems are correlated well by the methods of Hand and Othmer‐Tobias and the plait points are located by the method of Treybalet al.From the equilibrium distribution diagram, it is seen that in all the above systems,n‐propanol prefers the ester layer unlike methanol which favours the aqueous phase. Esters seem to be better suited for the extraction ofn‐propanol than of methanol from water.
Solubility of hydrogen halides in organic compounds containing oxygen. II. Assessment of contributions of groups in alcohols
Authors: Gerrard W. , Macklen E. D.
Published: July 2010

Continuation of the study of saturation solubility of hydrogen chloride in alcohols at 0–50° has led to the assessment of the contribution to the solubility of each part of a molecule, according to its polar character and distance from the oxygen atom. Correlation of solubility with electron density on the oxygen atom is in excellent agreement with the correlation of the basic strength of alcohols, esters and ethers, and certain physical and chemical properties.
The heats of formation and dissociation of zinc sulphide
Authors: Richards A. W.
Published: July 2010

An entrainment method has been used to measure the reduction and dissociation equilibria of β‐zinc sulphide (sphalerite) in hydrogen and nitrogen respectively.

Values obtained for ΔH1000 in the reactions studied ZnS(β)+Hg(g)=Zn(s)+H2S(g), and ZnS(β)=Zn(g)+½S2(g), were 71.93 ± 1.0 and 93.51 ± 1.0 kcal/mole, respectively.

The heat of formation of zinc sulphide was calculated from the reaction Zn(s) + S(rhombic) = ZnS(β), and a value of ΔH298=‐49.2 ± 1.0 kcal./mole was obtained.

It is concluded that the observed vapour pressure of ZnS is due completely to dissociation of it into Zn and S vapour.
The use of anion‐exchange resins for the removal and recovery of non‐hydrocarbon constituents from hydrocarbons. I. Carboxylic acids and phenols
Authors: Eaves A. , Munday W. A.
Published: July 2010

An examination has been made of the adsorption of phenols and carboxylic acids (including naphthenic acids) from hydrocarbon solvents, especially benzene, using a strongly basic anion‐exchange resin in hydroxide, chloride and bicarbonate forms after pretreatment of the water‐wet resin with (A) benzene, (B) methanol and (C) methanol followed by drying, resins treated as (B) and (C) being then treated with benzene.

The possibilities of the uses of these pretreated resins for separation of phenols from carboxylic acids or fractionation of mixtures of phenols or acids are discussed. Application of the procedure to the separation of higher‐alkylated phenols from lubricating oil is described.
Investigations on organo‐tin compounds. XII. The action of lithium aluminium hydride and grignard reagents on organo‐tin nitriles and esters
Authors: Van Kerk G. J. M. Der , Noltes J. G.
Published: July 2010

Reactions of cyanoalkyl‐ and methoxycarbonylalkyl‐tin compounds with lithium aluminium hydride and Grignard reagents have been studied. Several new organo‐tin compounds containing hydroxyalkyl, aminoalkyl and ketoalkyl groups are described.
The extraction of thorium from sulphate solution by alkyl phosphates
Authors: Madigan D. C.
Published: July 2010

The extraction of thorium from sulphate solution by alkyl phosphates is described, and methods are presented for the recovery of thorium from the organic solution after extraction.
Fuel oxidation by sulphuric acid
Authors: Benjamin L. , Gold V.
Published: July 2010

A quantitative study has been made of the oxidation of various coals by sulphuric acid–water mixtures. Two coals of different particle sizes showed identical oxidation rates. A mechanism of the oxidation reaction is suggested.
The dioxan method for recovering tar binder from road materials
Authors: Green E. H.
Published: July 2010

A solvent method is described for recovering tar from samples of road‐surfacing materials for viscosity measurements and distillation tests. The sample is extracted with dioxan plus 2.5% of methanol which dissolves tar oils and resins leaving the dioxan‐insoluble portion on the aggregate. Either (1) the solution is distilled under standard conditions to remove the solvent and, during the final stage, dioxan‐insoluble material (prepared beforehand from a suitable tar) is added and the solids are dispersed to give a tar having properties similar to those of the original tar, or (2) the soluble tar only is recovered by distilling the solution under standard conditions, and an allowance is made for the insoluble portion of tar when the viscosity of the recovered soluble tar is determined. The second procedure effects a useful saving in time when the viscosity only is required.

The method has been checked over a range of viscosities wide enough to embrace all road materials. The repeatability and reproducibility of the method have been established by co‐operative tests with other laboratories.
Pitting corrosion of aluminium in sodium chloride solutions
Authors: Hagyard T. , Santhiapillai J. R.
Published: July 2010

The anodic corrosion process in an artificial pit in aluminium undergoing active corrosion in dilute sodium chloride has been examined by pH and potential measurements and by schlieren observations. Evidence is produced that corrosion continues and spreads mainly in a downwards direction due to the special ability of aluminium chloride solutions to activate passive aluminium surfaces, thus extending the area of active metal along the flow path of this solution.

It is shown that the anodic solution can dissolve large amounts of aluminium hydroxide yet still exhibit this behaviour. Insoluble anodic products, postulated by previous workers, would seem to occur in a minor degree, if at all, inside of the pit itself; any anodic hydrogen evolution would probably produce a basic aluminium chloride solution, not a mixture of hydroxide and stoicheiometric chloride.
The polymerisation of acetylene derivatives. II. Polymerisation of pentenynyl, hexenynyl and pentadienyl esters of dibasic acids
Authors: Davis A. C. , Hunter R. F.
Published: July 2010

Dipent‐4‐en‐2‐yn‐1‐yl phthalate readily undergoes polymerisation in the crude state but suffers from thermal instability on distillation even in high vacuum. The corresponding ester of adipic acid showed, however, the increased stability anticipated on the further separation of the vinylacetylenic groupings and yielded a tough, insoluble, difficultly‐fusible polymer on heating with diazoamino‐benzene as initiator. The corresponding terephthalic ester has a higher melting point but tends to polymerise at room temperature.

The effect of partial reduction of the conjugated triple bond of the vinylacetylenic residues in the last two esters was investigated by preparation of the corresponding derivatives of penta‐2:4‐dien‐1‐ol. These esters showed very similar properties to the acetylenic compounds.

Attempts to polymerise n‐butylallylacetylene and diallylacetylene by heating with diazoaminobenzene and benzoyl peroxide respectively as initiators proved unsuccessful.
The mechanism of detergency. I. Adsorption of detergent on fibre and soil
Authors: Jayson G. G.
Published: July 2010

The adsorption of 35S‐labelled sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate on clean and soiled cotton has been studied. To assess the importance of this adsorption in detergency the effect of changes in the concentrations of detergent, particulate soil, detergent adjuncts and water hardness were investigated. The rǒle of the detergent in the soil‐removal process is discussed.
Ziegler‐type polyethylene
Authors: Berger M. N. , Boultbee T. H.
Published: July 2010

An account is given of the production, structure and properties of polyethylene made by the Ziegler process, by which polymers in a wide range of molecular weight and density can be produced.

The choice of catalyst combination of aluminium alkyl and transition metal halide (e.g. TiCl4) is discussed and factors affecting rate of polymerisation, density and average molecular weight are considered.

Results are given for molecular weight distribution and the nature of the residual unsaturated groups is described.

Curves relating various physical and mechanical properties are presented, the results of accelerated light‐stability tests are given and changes in properties with degradation are illustrated.
Effect of relative humidity on the rate of dissolution of aluminium in iodine‐methanol solution
Authors: Maclennan D. F.
Published: July 2010

In the isolation of surface films from aluminium alloys, by dissolving the metal in iodine‐methanol solution, the rate at which the aluminium is dissolved depends upon the relative humidity of the atmosphere in contact with the solution. Controlled‐humidity experiments have shown that, at 30°c, the most favourable relative humidity is about 38%.
Water‐transfer between aqueous systems by a partially miscible solvent. II.
Authors: Baniel A.
Published: July 2010

The direction of isothermal water transfer between two aqueous systems and its theoretical maximum value are directly deducible from a diagram describing water partial vapour pressure as a function of concentration for each of these systems. Such deductions remain approximately valid when a partially miscible solvent is used as a transfer medium provided all solutes present have only small or negligible partition coefficients with respect to it. The possible extent of water transfer is necessarily affected by the intervention of a solvent and can be computed exactly only from diagrams of solvent hydration as a function of concentration of solute in the aqueous phase.

Several features of butanol‐1, butanol‐2 and butanone as water transfer media are compared and evaluated.
Poly‐N‐vinylcarbazole. II. Preparation, moulding and dielectric properties
Authors: Davidge H.
Published: July 2010

Polymerisations of N‐vinylcarbazole have been carried out in bulk and in suspension, to provide a machinable material, a moulding powder and a novel foamed polymer. The dielectric properties of the polymer were found to be of the same order as those of polystyrene, having a dielectric constant of 3.00 and a power factor of about 0.0010 over a wide frequency range but were more stable to changes of frequency and temperature; mechanically it is marginally inferior, but has a superior thermal stability.
Some polyamides from dicarboxylic acids containing aromatic ether groups
Authors: Tyler G. J. , Whittaker K.
Published: July 2010

The preparation of some novel dicarboxylic acids* containing one or more phenoxyacetic acid group(s) is described. The acids give polyamides of high molecular weight when condensed with diamines. Some properties of the polyamides with hexamethylenediamine and decamethylenediamine are described.
Further advances in dissolved oxygen microanalysis. II. Sources of interference
Authors: Potter E. C. , Everitt G. E.
Published: July 2010

The interfering effects of various substances on the Winkler reaction as applied to dissolved oxygen microanalysis have been elucidated. Ammonia, cyclohexylamine and morpholine do not interfere at concentrations encountered in power‐station practice. Interference from sulphite ion is overcome by the reversed‐reagents procedure introduced by Schwartz & Gurney, but this is invalidated in the presence of ferrous ion or hydrazine. Interference from this source is fully overcome by pre‐treatment of the water sample with an equilibrated strongly acidic cation‐exchange resin.
Pitting of aluminium in synthetic waters
Authors: Davies D. Eurof
Published: July 2010

The corrosion characteristics of commercially pure aluminium in synthetic ‘tap’ waters, containing sodium chloride, calcium carbonate and dissolved copper, have been studied. In the presence of any two of the constituents, the loss in weight is very small, but nodular pitting is observed when the three are present. The maximum weight loss occurs when the Ca2+ content is 50 p.p.m., irrespective of the chloride ion concentration, the copper content being constant.

Specimens which have been anodised and subsequently sealed, show no pitting in two weeks; unsealed specimens are less effective in this respect. Localised corrosion is most severe after the oxide film has been removed in a phosphoric/chromic mixture.

A theory is put forward to explain the initiation of pits and their subsequent development with time.
Polymerisation of acetylene derivatives. III. Polymerisation of a dimer of 4‐penten‐2‐yn‐1‐ol and attempted polymerisation and copolymerisation with styrene of 1:1:3:3:6‐pentamethyl‐4‐isopropenyliso‐coumaran, 1: 4 ‐ di ‐p ‐ chlorophenoxy ‐ 2 ‐ butyne, and 2‐methyl‐2‐isopropenyl‐4‐methyloldioxolan
Authors: Davis A. C. , Hunter R. F.
Published: July 2010

In contrast to 3‐buten‐1‐ynyldimethyl‐carbinol, 4‐penten‐2‐yn‐1‐ol gives on treatment with anhydrous ferric chloride an open‐chain dimer which readily polymerises on heating with benzoyl peroxide and 1: 1‐azobisisobutyronitrile as initiators to give resins which are insoluble in hot dioxan and cold cyclohexanone.

Attempts to polymerise 1:1:3:3:6‐pentamethyl‐4‐isopropenyltsocoumaran and to copolymerise both this monomer and 1: 4‐di‐p‐chlorophenoxy‐2‐butyne with styrene by heating with benzoyl peroxide as initiator were unsuccessful. Similar attempts to polymerise and copolymerise 2‐methyl‐isopropenyl‐4‐methyloldioxalan with styrene were also unsuccessful.