bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nitrogen Incorporated Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Microstructures From Bias‐Enhanced Microwave N2/CH4‐Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Sankaran Kamatchi Jothiramalingam , Huang Bohr‐Ran , Saravanan Adhimoorthy , Manoharan Divinah , Tai Nyan‐Hwa , Lin I.‐Nan
Published: October 2015

Microstructural evolution as a function of film thickness of nitrogen incorporated ultrananocrystalline diamond (NUNCD) films, grown using bias‐enhanced microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition with gas mixtures of N2/CH4, is systematically investigated. It is observed that by controlling the growth time, the morphology, the microstructure, and the electrical properties of NUNCD films can be manipulated. The growth of NUNCD films starts with the formation of amorphous carbon on Si surface prior to the nucleation of diamond. In the growth time of 10 min, the films retain rod‐shaped diamond grains, whereas in the films grown for 30 min, needle‐like diamond grains are formed, which comprises a diamond core encased in a sheath of sp2‐bonded graphite phase. On increasing the growth time to 60 min, the growth of acicular grains ceases and large proportion of graphite clusters or defective diamond clusters (n‐diamond) is formed. The salient features of such materials with unique granular structure are that their electrical properties can be tuned in wide range such that they are especially useful in practical applications.
Enhanced reduction in threading dislocation density in Ge grown on porous silicon during annealing due to porous buffer reconstruction
Authors: Calabrese G. , Baricordi S. , Bernardoni P. , De Salvador D. , Ferroni M. , Guidi V. , Morandi V. , Vincenzi D.
Published: October 2015

We investigated the effect of annealing on the crystalline quality of Ge epilayers grown on low porosity porous silicon (pSi) buffer layer and on bulk Si by LEPECVD. High‐resolution XRD analysis indicates that during annealing, Ge grown on pSi undergoes a stronger reorganization compared to Ge grown on Si in terms of strain distribution and mosaic broadening. Strong morphological reorganization of the pSi buffer during annealing leads to a stronger reduction in Ge mosaicity as compared to annealed Ge on bulk Si. This improvement is attributed to bending of threading dislocations in a plane parallel to the growth interface, which is attributed to a strain field introduced by pSi within Ge during their simultaneous reorganization at high‐temperature. After cyclic annealing at 750 °C, plan view transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed a threading dislocation density for Ge on pSi which is about one order of magnitude smaller than for annealed Ge on bulk Si. Ge on pSi virtual substrates thus represent a promising platform for the growth of III–V and GeSn semiconductors on Si with a low cost and high‐throughput technique.
Effective buoyancy at the surface and aloft
Authors: Jeevanjee Nadir , Romps David M.
Published: October 2015

It is shown here that a wide, buoyant parcel of air at the surface accelerates far less rapidly than it does aloft. In particular, analytical formulae are derived for the effective buoyancy (i.e. the net vertical acceleration due to parcel buoyancy and environmental response) of idealized cylinders of diameterDand heightH, located in free space and at the surface. These formulae quantify the decrease of effective buoyancy with increasing aspect ratioD/H, and show that this effect is more pronounced for surface cylinders, especially whenD/H> 1. We gain intuition for these results by considering the pressure fields generated by these buoyant parcels, and we test our results with large‐eddy simulations. Our formulae can inform parametrizations of the vertical velocity equation for clouds, and also provide a quantitative map of the ‘grey zone’ in numerical modelling between hydrostatic and non‐hydrostatic regimes.
Fish tissue lipid‐C:N relationships for correcting δ13C values and estimating lipid content in aquatic food‐web studies
Authors: Hoffman Joel C. , Sierszen Michael E. , Cotter Anne M.
Published: October 2015

Rationale

Normalizing δ13C values of animal tissue for lipid content is necessary to accurately interpret food‐web relationships from stable isotope analysis. To reduce the effort and expense associated with chemical extraction of lipids, various studies have tested arithmetic mass balance to mathematically normalize δ13C values for lipid content; however, the approach assumes that lipid content is related to the tissue C:N ratio.

Methods

We evaluated two commonly used models for estimating tissue lipid content based on C:N ratio (a mass balance model and a stoichiometric model) by comparing model predictions to measure the lipid content of white muscle tissue. We then determined the effect of lipid model choice on δ13C values normalized using arithmetic mass balance. To do so, we used a collection of fish from Lake Superior spanning a wide range in lipid content (5% to 73% lipid).

Results

We found that the lipid content was positively related to the bulk muscle tissue C:N ratio. The two different lipid models produced similar estimates of lipid content based on tissue C:N, within 6% for tissue C:N values <7. Normalizing δ13C values using an arithmetic mass‐balance equation based on either model yielded similar results, with a small bias (<1‰) compared with results based on chemical extraction.

Conclusions

Among‐species consistency in the relationship between fish muscle tissue C:N ratio and lipid content supports the application of arithmetic mass balance to normalize δ13C values for lipid content. The uncertainty associated with both lipid extraction quality and choice of model parameters constrains the achievable precision of normalized δ13C values to about ±1.0‰. Published in 2015. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the U.S.A.
Prediction of coronary artery disease risk based on multiple longitudinal biomarkers
Authors: Yang Lili , Yu Menggang , Gao Sujuan
Published: October 2015

In the last decade, few topics in the area of cardiovascular disease (CVD) research have received as much attention as risk prediction. One of the well‐documented risk factors for CVD is high blood pressure (BP). Traditional CVD risk prediction models consider BP levels measured at a single time and such models form the basis for current clinical guidelines for CVD prevention. However, in clinical practice, BP levels are often observed and recorded in a longitudinal fashion. Information on BP trajectories can be powerful predictors for CVD events. We consider joint modeling of time to coronary artery disease and individual longitudinal measures of systolic and diastolic BPs in a primary care cohort with up to 20 years of follow‐up. We applied novel prediction metrics to assess the predictive performance of joint models. Predictive performances of proposed joint models and other models were assessed via simulations and illustrated using the primary care cohort. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zur Beschreibung fahrbahnunebenheitsinduzierter Radkraftschwankungen von Straßenfahrzeugen auf der Basis stochastischer Differentialgleichungen
Authors: Friedl Roland
Published: October 2015

Fahrbahnunebenheiten stellen neben Brems‐ und Anfahrvorgängen die wichtigste Ursache für Schwingbewegungen von Straßenfahrzeugen dar. Ausgehend von einer Beschreibung der Fahrzeuge auf der Basis so genannter Starrkörpermodelle wird ein effizientes Verfahren zur Ermittlung fahrbahnunebenheitsinduzierter Fahrzeugschwingungen sowie der daraus resultierenden Streuungen vertikaler Radkräfte präsentiert. Die mathematische Beschreibung der Fahrbahnunebenheiten erfolgt dabei als normalverteilte vektorielle Zufallsprozesse, welche die wesentlichen Charakteristika realer Unebenheitsverläufe im stochastischen Sinne widerspiegeln. Wie experimentelle Untersuchungen belegen, kommt dabei der Berücksichtigung der Korrelation zwischen den versetzt am Fahrzeug wirkenden Unebenheitsamplituden in den einzelnen Reifenaufstandspunkten eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Durch eine Darstellung der stochastischen Eigenschaften realer Unebenheitsverläufe über so genannte Formfilter sowie eine Erweiterung der zugrundeliegenden Zustandsgleichung, wird eine Beschreibung des dadurch induzierten Schwingungsverhaltens von Straßenfahrzeugen auf der Basis stochastischer Differentialgleichungen möglich. Die darauf begründete Kovarianzanalyse linearer Schwingungssysteme, welche für normalverteilte Erregerprozesse die vollständige Information des Antwortverhaltens repräsentiert, stellt eine effiziente Methode zur Berechnung von Zufallsschwingungen infolge mehrfachkorrelierter stochastischer Erregung dar.

Statistical analysis of vehicle vibrations due to random road roughness using stochastic differential equations. The pavement roughness as the main source of low frequent vehicle oscillations leads to a significant variation in the vertical wheel forces. Describing the pavement roughness as a normally distributed stochastic process, an efficient method to quantify these variations in the vertical wheel forces based on simplified vehicle models is shown. As can be seen from experiments, a proper consideration of the correlation between the roughness amplitudes acting at the several wheels is essential. Applying the spectral factorization theorem the transformation matrix of a shaping filter, a synthetic system describing the stochastic characteristics of the roughness amplitudes, can be obtained. By establishing a state space model of the shaping filter and combining it with that of the vehicle to an augmented state space model, stochastic differential equations can be used to describe the vibrations of vehicles due to random surface roughness. The covariance matrix, which for zero mean and normally distributed system input contains the total information about the system’s response, can be calculated very efficiently based on the Lyapunov matrix equation.
Untersuchungen zum Schweißen in kaltumgeformten Bereichen
Authors: Kuhlmann Ulrike , Kudla Konrad
Published: October 2015

Die Prozesse Kaltumformen und Schweißen zählen zu den typischen Fertigungsverfahren im Stahl‐ und Anlagenbau. Durch den Prozess Kaltumformen erfolgt eine Querschnittsformgebung aus dem ebenen Blechzustand in eine profilierte Form. Beim späteren Fügeprozess werden die so gefertigten Bauteile häufig in der kaltumgeformten Zone verschweißt. Durch den Umformprozess wird das Material im Bereich der Umformzone im plastischen Bereich gedehnt und gestaucht. Die Dehnungen führen zu einem Eigenspannungszustand und einer erhöhten Sprödbruchgefahr. Durch den Schweißprozess in der plastisch umgeformten Zone entsteht unter anderem eine Wärmebehandlung, die die Versprödung des Materials begünstigen kann. Durch aktuelle Regelwerke wird das Schweißen im kaltumgeformten Bereich durch Mindestabstände oder durch einzuhaltende Verhältnisse Biegeradius zu Blechdicke r/t eingeschränkt. In diesem Beitrag werden Ergebnisse aus einem Forschungsvorhaben vorgestellt, das sich zum Ziel gesetzt hat, durch experimentelle und numerische Untersuchungen vorhandene Kriterien und Bedingungen zum Schweißen von kaltumgeformten Bauteilen zu überprüfen und weiterzuentwickeln.

Investigations on welding in cold‐formed areas. Cold forming and welding are typical production processes for steel and plant construction. Cold forming is a process where a planar metal plate is transformed into a profiled cross‐sectional shape. These cold formed elements are often connected by welding in the cold formed zone. In the cold formed zone, the metal is stretched and compressed into the plastic range. The strains due to cold forming lead to residual stresses and brittle failure becomes more likely. Welding in the plastic formed zones means a heat treatment, which may induce an embrittlement of the material. In current design codes, welding in cold formed zones is restricted to certain minimum distances or limiting ratios of bending radius to plate thickness r/t. The paper presents results of a research project, which includes experimental and numerical investigations. It is the aim of this research project to verify and to improve existing criteria and conditions regarding welding in cold formed zones.
Trapezblechstege im Verbundbau
Authors: Raichle Jochen , Kuhlmann Ulrike
Published: October 2015

Die Anwendung von trapezförmig gekanteten Stegen im Verbundbrückenbau bietet zahlreiche Vorteile. Durch die Einbindung des gekanteten Stahlstegs in den Betongurt ist die direkte Übertragung von Schubkräften und Biegemomenten in der Verbundfuge möglich. Die zusätzliche Anordnung von randnahen Kopfbolzen steigert die Tragfähigkeit und verbessert die Gebrauchstauglichkeit der Verbundfuge. Da die Kopfbolzen nahe zum Bauteilrand des Stahlbetongurts angeordnet werden, muss der Einfluss dieser randnahen Ausbildung, insbesondere die hervorgerufenen Spaltzugkräfte, berücksichtigt werden. Dieser Beitrag stellt Forschungsergebnisse von experimentellen und numerischen Untersuchungen zu einer Längsschub‐ und einer Querbiegebeanspruchung der Verbundfuge dar. Es wird das Tragverhalten der Verbindung erläutert. Außerdem werden Bemessungsgleichungen für diese Beanspruchungen bereitgestellt sowie konstruktive Hinweise gegeben.

Corrugated steel webs in composite construction – longitudinal shear and transverse bending moment with headed studs close to the concrete surface. The application of corrugated steel webs in composite bridges leads to many advantages. The embedment of the corrugated web allows transferring shear forces and bending moments at the composite connection. The additional arrangement of horizontally lying headed studs increases the carrying capacity and improves the serviceability of the composite connection. As the headed studs are positioned close to the surface of the concrete slab, the edge influence inducing splitting forces has to be considered. This paper shows results of research work on longitudinal shear and transverse bending moment at the composite connection. The load carrying behavior is illustrated. Furthermore design equations of the resistances and some constructional recommendations are given.
Profil‐ und systemabhängige Tragfähigkeiten biegedrillknickgefährdeter Träger aus gewalzten I‐Profilen
Authors: Ebel Rebekka , Kindmann Rolf , Knobloch Markus
Published: October 2015

Dieser Beitrag analysiert das Tragverhalten biegedrillknickgefährdeter Träger. Im Fokus stehen als Basissysteme Einfeld‐ und Zweifelträger sowie Kragträger jeweils unter einachsiger Biegung. Neben der Spannweite und dem Profil beeinflusst auch das statische System das Tragverhalten. Die Ergebnisse einer umfassenden numerischen Parameterstudie mit Hilfe der Finiten‐Elemente‐Methode zeigen unter anderem eine große profilabhängige Streuung der Tragfähigkeiten auf.

Das Tragverhalten wird durch verschiedene Versagenskriterien charakterisiert. Vier unterschiedliche Kriterien begrenzen die Traglasten und charakterisieren Tragverhalten und Versagen. Sie sind abhängig vom statischen System und Profil in unterschiedlichen Schlankheitsbereichen maßgebend. Die Erkenntnisse zum Tragverhalten werden genutzt, um bestehende analytische Verfahren zu bewerten und die Gründe für Abweichungen zu numerischen Berechnungsergebnissen zu analysieren. Abweichungen von teilweise über 20 % zeigen, dass vereinfachte Verfahren system‐ wie auch die profilabhängigen Streuungen nur unzureichend erfassen. Der Beitrag zeigt Folgen einer Iy/IT‐abhängigen Ermittlung von Imperfektionsbeiwerten je System auf. Dieses Vorgehen ermöglicht es, besonders für Einfeldträger mit Streckenlasten die Streuungen im Hauptanwendungsbereich auf 4 % zu begrenzen.

Influence of cross sections and static systems on the load bearing capacity of rolled I‐section beams subjected to lateral torsional buckling. This paper analyses the load‐bearing behaviour of beams subjected to lateral torsional buckling. Single span beams, two‐span beams and cantilever beams in uniaxial bending are chosen as basic systems. In addition to the length and the cross section the static system influences the bearing characteristics and capacities. The results of a comprehensive numerical parameter study indicates a large scatter of the bearing capacities.

The bearing behaviour is characterised by different failure criteria. The decisive slenderness range of the criteria depends on the static system and the cross section. These results can be used to review commonly used analytical methods. The large scatter of the comparative study indicates that simplified models have difficulties in describing the influence of the static system and the cross section on the load bearing behaviour. Finally the paper presents an Iy/IT‐ratio dependent approach for each system. Especially for the single span beam this approach reduces the scatter to 4 % in the main application range.
Zur Nachhaltigkeit von Stahl‐ und Verbundkonstruktionen bei Büro‐ und Verwaltungsgebäuden – Tragkonstruktionen (Teil 3)
Authors: Stroetmann Richard , Podgorski Christine , Faßl Thomas
Published: October 2015

Der folgende Beitrag zur Nachhaltigkeit von Tragkonstruktionen für Büro‐ und Verwaltungsgebäude ist eine Fortsetzung des Aufsatzes in [1] und [2]. Im ersten Teil wurden zunächst eine Übersicht über das AIF‐FOSTA‐Projekt P881 gegeben und die Objektanforderungen an die Tragkonstruktionen sowie Deckensysteme in Stahl‐ und Verbundbauweise beschrieben. Nach einer Darstellung zur Normungssituation und zu Bewertungssystemen wurde die im Forschungsprojekt angewendete Methodik zur Beurteilung der ökologischen und ökonomischen Qualität von Tragkonstruktionen erläutert. Ferner ging der Beitrag auf Untersuchungen zur Optimierung von Deckensystemen ein. Gegenstand des zweiten Teils war die Querschnittswahl und Bemessung der Gebäudestützen für ständige und vorübergehende Bemessungssituationen sowie für den Brandfall unter Nachhaltigkeitskriterien. Anschließend wurden die Ergebnisse aus Parameterstudien zur Optimierung von Tragsystemen mit Unterzugsdecken vorgestellt, in denen die Decken, Trägersysteme und Stützen einbezogen wurden.

In diesem Beitrag werden Parameterstudien zur Ökologie und zu den Kosten von Slim‐Floor‐Systemen, eine Gegenüberstellung mit Unterzugsdecken sowie Untersuchungen zum Einfluss der Anschlüsse vorgestellt. Abschließend werden zusammenfassende Erläuterungen zur Wahl der Deckensysteme und Stützen sowie Hinweise auf die im Projekt P881 erarbeiteten Planungshilfen gegeben.

Sustainability of steel and composite structures of office and administration buildings – Structural systems (part 3). The following paper on the sustainability of structural systems of office and administration buildings is a sequel of the articles in [1] and [2]. In the first part, an overview on the AIF FOSTA Project P881 was given and the requirements resulting from the building and structural design as well as slab systems in steel and composite construction were described. After an overview on the standardization situation and assessment systems, the methods used in the research project to assess the environmental and economic performance of structural systems were explained. In addition, the paper discussed studies on the optimization of slab systems. The choice of the cross‐section and the dimensioning of the building columns for persistent and transient design situations as well as for the case of fire considering sustainability criteria were the subject of the second part.

In this paper, the results of parametric studies on the ecology and costs of slim floor systems, a comparison with slabs with downstand beams, and studies on the influence of joints are presented. Finally, summarizing remarks on the choice of floor systems and columns as well as comments on the planning tools developed in Project P881 are given.
Brief Report: Immune Microenvironment Determines the Immunogenicity of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Derivatives
Authors: Todorova Dilyana , Kim Jinchul , Hamzeinejad Sara , He Jingjin , Xu Yang
Published: October 2015

The breakthrough of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has raised the possibility that patient-specific iPSCs can provide autologous cells for cell therapy without the concern for immune rejection. However, the immunogenicity of iPSC-derived cells remains controversial. Using syngeneic C57BL/6 (B6) mouse transplantation model, several studies indicate that B6 iPSC-derived cells exhibit some levels of immunogenicity when transplanted into B6 mice subcutaneously. In contrast, one recent study has concluded that various lineages of B6 iPSC-derived cells exhibit no immunogenicity when transplanted under the kidney capsule of B6 mice. To resolve the controversy concerning this critical issue of iPSC biology, we used the same B6 transplantation model to demonstrate that the immune response toward antigens is dependent on the immune environment of the transplantation site. Immunogenic antigen-expressing B6 embryonic stem cells (ESCs) as well as B6 iPSCs and their terminally differentiated cells survived under the kidney capsule but are immune rejected when transplanted subcutaneously or intramuscularly. The cotransplantation of mature B6 dendritic cells under the kidney capsule leads to immune rejection of B6 iPSC-derived grafts but not B6 ESC-derived grafts, indicating that the lack of detectable immune response to iPSC-derived grafts under the kidney capsule is due to the lack of functional antigen presenting cells.
P-Selectin Sustains Extramedullary Hematopoiesis in the G
ata1low Model of Myelofibrosis
Authors: Spangrude Gerald J. , Lewandowski Daniel , Martelli Fabrizio , Marra Manuela , Zingariello Maria , Sancillo Laura , Rana Rosa Alba , Migliaccio Anna Rita
Published: October 2015

Splenomegaly is a major manifestation of primary myelofibrosis (PMF) contributing to clinical symptoms and hematologic abnormalities. The spleen from PMF patients contains increased numbers of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and megakaryocytes (MK). These MK express high levels of P-selectin (P-sel) that, by triggering neutrophil emperipolesis, may cause TGF-β release and disease progression. This hypothesis was tested by deleting the P-sel gene in the myelofibrosis mouse model carrying the hypomorphic Gata1low mutation that induces megakaryocyte abnormalities that recapitulate those observed in PMF. P-selnullGata1low mice survived splenectomy and lived 3 months longer than P-selWTGata1low littermates and expressed limited fibrosis and osteosclerosis in the marrow or splenomegaly. Furthermore, deletion of P-sel disrupted megakaryocyte/neutrophil interactions in spleen, reduced TGF-β content, and corrected the HSC distribution that in Gata1low mice, as in PMF patients, is abnormally expanded in spleen. Conversely, pharmacological inhibition of TGF-β reduced P-sel expression in MK and corrected HSC distribution. Spleens, but not marrow, of Gata1low mice contained numerous cKITpos activated fibrocytes, probably of dendritic cell origin, whose membrane protrusions interacted with MK establishing niches hosting immature cKITpos hematopoietic cells. These activated fibrocytes were not detected in spleens from P-selnullGata1low or TGF-β-inhibited Gata1low littermates and were observed in spleen, but not in marrow, from PMF patients. Therefore, in Gata1low mice, and possibly in PMF, abnormal P-sel expression in MK may mediate the pathological cell interactions that increase TGF-β content in MK and favor establishment of a microenvironment that supports myelofibrosis-related HSC in spleen.
Coordination Polymers with Different Dimensionalities: from 2D Layer to 3D Framework
Authors: Zhang Yongde , Du Zhongwei , Luo Xuegang
Published: October 2015

Two coordination polymers, namely [Cd(HL)2]n·nH2O (1) and [Zn(L)]n (2) (H2L = benzimidazole‐2‐butanoic acid), were prepared by solvothermal reaction of Cd(NO3)2 or Zn(NO3)2 and H2L. The structures of these two compounds were determined by the single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses and further characterized by IR spectroscopy, elemental analyses, powder X‐ray diffraction analyses, and thermal analyses. Compound 1 is a two‐dimensional (2D) layer framework, which is further packed into a 3D supramolecular framework by intermolecular hydrogen bonds, whereas compound 2 is a three‐dimensional (3D) framework with 3‐connected etb topology. The H2L ligand in compounds 1 and 2 displays two different anionic forms (HL– and L2–), which then adopt two different coordination modes. Moreover, thermal stabilities and luminescent properties of these two compounds were also investigated.
V16N1.5: Metastable or Missing in the Binary Phase Diagram?
Authors: Widenmeyer Marc , Wessel Claudia , Dronskowski Richard , Niewa Rainer
Published: October 2015

The stability of V16N1.5 was investigated by experiments and density functional calculations. Three synthetic approaches besides the classical reaction of vanadium with flowing ammonia were evaluated: (i) The ammonolysis of β‐V2H, (ii) the reaction of vanadium and δ‐VN at elevated temperatures in sealed ampoules, and (iii) the thermal decomposition of δ‐VN in dynamic vacuum at high temperatures. However, none of them was suitable to provide single phase V16N1.5 yet. The results achieved by experiments and by simulations both indicate an absence of significant homogeneity range for V16N1.5. The high‐temperature experiments suggest a strongly enhanced thermal stability for V16N1.5 than reported in literature, suggesting V16N1.5 to represent a thermodynamically stable compound rather than being metastable. Temperature dependent powder X‐ray diffraction proves stability of V16N1.5 up to 700 °C. During a thermal analysis experiment in argon V16N1.5 was still observed after 24 h at 1300 °C. Consequently, first‐principle calculations of the thermodynamic properties of V16N1.5 revealed an endothermal decomposition to V and β‐V2N.
Tricarbonylrhenium(I) Complexes with N‐Heterocyclic Thiones and Selenols
Authors: Meltzer Antje , Cargnelutti Roberta , Hagenbach Adelheid , Schulz Lang Ernesto , Abram Ulrich
Published: October 2015

Reactions of (NEt4)2[Re(CO)3Br3] with N‐heterocyclic thiols such as 2‐mercaptobenzimidazole (H2Sbenzim), 2‐mercaptothiazoline (HSthiaz), or 5‐mercapto‐1‐methyltetrazole (HSmetetraz) give rhenium(I) complexes of various compositions: (NEt4)[Re(CO)3Br2(H2Sbenzim)], [Re(CO)3(HSthiaz)3]Br, and (NEt4)[Re2(CO)6(μ‐S‐Smetetraz‐κS)(μ‐N,S‐Smetetraz‐κS,N)2]. Corresponding reactions with 2‐mercaptopyridine (HSpy) and bis(2‐pyridine)diselenide [(Sepy)2] did not give defined products in reasonable yields, whereas [Re(CO)5Br] reacts with HSpy and (Sepy)2 with formation of [Re(CO)3(HSpy)3]Br and [Re2(CO)6(Sepy)2], respectively. All reactions were performed without the addition of a supporting base and the sulfur‐containing organic ligands are coordinated in their thione forms with the exception of Smetetraz– in its μS‐bridging coordination mode in (NEt4)[Re2(CO)6(μ‐S‐Smetetraz‐κS)(μ‐N,S‐Smetetraz‐κS,N)2], which can be regarded as thiolate. The bonding mode of the selenium containing ligands in the dimeric compound [Re2(CO)6(Sepy)2] (C–Se distance: 1.93 Å) can also best be described as selenolate. The products are stable on air at an ambient temperature. They were studied spectroscopically and by X‐ray diffraction.
Dietary Linseed Oil Reduces Growth While Differentially Impacting LC‐PUFA Synthesis and Accretion into Tissues in Eurasian Perch (Perca fluviatilis)
Authors: Geay F. , Wenon D. , Mellery J. , Tinti E. , Mandiki S. N. M. , Tocher D. R. , Debier C. , Larondelle Y. , Kestemont P.
Published: October 2015

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of replacing dietary fish oil (FO) with linseed oil (LO) on growth, fatty acid composition and regulation of lipid metabolism in Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) juveniles. Fish (17.5 g initial body weight) were fed isoproteic and isoenergetic diets containing 116 g/kg of lipid for 10 weeks. Fish fed the LO diet displayed lower growth rates and lower levels of DHA in the liver and muscle than fish fed the FO diet, while mortality was not affected by dietary treatment. However, DHA content recorded in the liver and muscle of fish fed the LO diet remained relatively high, despite a weight gain of 134 % and a reduced dietary level of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFA), suggesting endogenous LC‐PUFA biosynthesis. This was supported by the higher amounts of pathway intermediates, including 18:4n‐3, 20:3n‐3, 20:4n‐3, 18:3n‐6 and 20:3n‐6, recorded in the liver of fish fed the LO diet in comparison with those fed the FO diet. However, fads2 and elovl5 gene expression and FADS2 enzyme activity were comparable between the two groups. Similarly, the expression of genes involved in eicosanoid synthesis was not modulated by dietary LO. Thus, the present study demonstrated that in fish fed LO for 10 weeks, growth was reduced but DHA levels in tissues were largely maintained compared to fish fed FO, suggesting a physiologically relevant rate of endogenous LC‐PUFA biosynthesis capacity.
Differences and overlap in self-reported symptoms of bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder
Authors: Baryshnikov I. , Aaltonen K. , Koivisto M. , Näätänen P. , Karpov B. , Melartin T. , Heikkinen M. , Ketokivi M. , Joffe G. , Isometsä E.
Published: October 2015

Background

Differential diagnosis between bipolar disorder (BD) and borderline personality disorder (BPD) is often challenging due to some overlap in symptoms and comorbidity of disorders. We investigated correlations in self-reported symptoms of BD and BPD in screening questionnaires at the levels of both total scores and individual items and explored overlapping dimensions.

Methods

The McLean Screening Instrument (MSI) for BPD and the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ) for BD were filled in by patients with unipolar and bipolar mood disorders (n = 313) from specialized psychiatric care within a pilot study of the Helsinki University Psychiatric Consortium. Pearson's correlation coefficients between total scores and individual items of the MSI and the MDQ were estimated. Relationships between MDQ and MSI were evaluated by exploratory factor analysis (EFA).

Results

The correlation between total scores of the MDQ and MSI was moderate (r = 0.431, P < 0.001). Significant correlations were found between the MSI items of “impulsivity” and “mood instability” and all MDQ items (P < 0.01). In the EFA, the MSI “impulsivity” and “mood instability” items had significant cross-loadings (0.348 and 0.298, respectively) with the MDQ factor. The MDQ items of “irritability”, “flight of thoughts” and “distractibility” (0.280, 0.210 and 0.386, respectively) cross-loaded on the MSI factor.

Conclusions

The MDQ and MSI items of “affective instability”, “impulsivity”, “irritability”, “flight of thoughts” and “distractibility” appear to overlap in content. The other scale items are more disorder-specific, and thus, may help to distinguish BD and BPD.
is not a Polish group
Authors: COHEN MICHAEL P. , KALLMAN ROBERT R.
Published: October 2015

The group $\text{PL}_{+}(I)$ of increasing piecewise-linear self-homeomorphisms of the interval $I=[0,1]$ may not be assigned a topology in such a way that it becomes a Polish group. The same statement holds for the groups $\text{Homeo}_{+}^{\text{Lip}}(I)$ of bi-Lipschitz homeomorphisms of $I$, and $\text{Diff}_{+}^{1+\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}}(I)$ of diffeomorphisms of $I$ whose derivatives are Hölder continuous with exponent $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}$, as well as the corresponding groups acting on the real line and on the circle.
On intrinsic ergodicity of factors of subshifts
Authors: MCGOFF KEVIN , PAVLOV RONNIE
Published: October 2015

It is well known that any $\mathbb{Z}$ subshift with the specification property has the property that every factor is intrinsically ergodic, i.e. every factor has a unique factor of maximal entropy. In recent work, other $\mathbb{Z}$ subshifts have been shown to possess this property as well, including $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$-shifts and a class of $S$-gap shifts. We give two results that show that the situation for $\mathbb{Z}^{d}$ subshifts with $d>1$ is quite different. First, for any $d>1$, we show that any $\mathbb{Z}^{d}$ subshift possessing a certain mixing property must have a factor with positive entropy which is not intrinsically ergodic. In particular, this shows that for $d>1$, $\mathbb{Z}^{d}$ subshifts with specification cannot have all factors intrinsically ergodic. We also give an example of a $\mathbb{Z}^{2}$ shift of finite type, introduced by Hochman, which is not even topologically mixing, but for which every positive-entropy subshift factor is intrinsically ergodic.
Amenable actions of inverse semigroups
Authors: EXEL RUY , STARLING CHARLES
Published: October 2015

We say that an action of a countable discrete inverse semigroup on a locally compact Hausdorff space is amenable if its groupoid of germs is amenable in the sense of Anantharaman-Delaroche and Renault. We then show that for a given inverse semigroup ${\mathcal{S}}$, the action of ${\mathcal{S}}$ on its spectrum is amenable if and only if every action of ${\mathcal{S}}$ is amenable.
On Knudsen-minimum effect and temperature bimodality in a dilute granular Poiseuille flow
Authors: Alam Meheboob , Mahajan Achal , Shivanna Deepthi
Published: October 2015

The numerical simulation of gravity-driven flow of smooth inelastic hard disks through a channel, dubbed ‘granular’ Poiseuille flow, is conducted using event-driven techniques. We find that the variation of the mass-flow rate ($Q$) with Knudsen number ($Kn$) can be non-monotonic in the elastic limit (i.e. the restitution coefficient$e_{n}\rightarrow 1$) in channels with very smooth walls. The Knudsen-minimum effect (i.e. the minimum flow rate occurring at$Kn\sim O(1)$for the Poiseuille flow of a molecular gas) is found to be absent in a granular gas with$e_{n}<0.99$, irrespective of the value of the wall roughness. Another rarefaction phenomenon, the bimodality of the temperature profile, with a local minimum ($T_{\mathit{min}}$) at the channel centerline and two symmetric maxima ($T_{\mathit{max}}$) away from the centerline, is also studied. We show that the inelastic dissipation is responsible for the onset of temperature bimodality (i.e. the ‘excess’ temperature,${\rm\Delta}T=(T_{\mathit{max}}/T_{\mathit{min}}-1)\neq 0$) near the continuum limit ($Kn\sim 0$), but the rarefaction being its origin (as in the molecular gas) holds beyond$Kn\sim O(0.1)$. The dependence of the excess temperature${\rm\Delta}T$on the restitution coefficient is compared with the predictions of a kinetic model, with reasonable agreement in the appropriate limit. The competition between dissipation and rarefaction seems to be responsible for the observed dependence of both the mass-flow rate and the temperature bimodality on$Kn$and$e_{n}$in this flow. The validity of the Navier–Stokes-order hydrodynamics for granular Poiseuille flow is discussed with reference to the prediction of bimodal temperature profiles and related surrogates.
Precession of a rapidly rotating cylinder flow: traverse through resonance
Authors: Marques Francisco , Lopez Juan M.
Published: October 2015

Recent experiments using a rapidly rotating and precessing cylinder have shown that for specific values of the precession rate, aspect ratio and tilt angle, sudden catastrophic transitions to turbulence occur. Even if the precessional forcing is not too strong, there can be intermittent recurrences between a laminar state and small-scale chaotic flow. The inviscid linearized Navier–Stokes equations have inertial-wave solutions called Kelvin eigenmodes. The precession forces the flow to have azimuthal wavenumber$m=1$(spin-over mode). Depending on the cylinder aspect ratio and on the ratio of the rotating and precessing frequencies, additional Kelvin modes can be in resonance with the spin-over mode. This resonant flow would grow unbounded if not for the presence of viscous and nonlinear effects. In practice, one observes a rapid transition to turbulence, and the precise nature of the transition is not entirely clear. When both the precessional forcing and viscous effects are small, weakly nonlinear models and experimental observations suggest that triadic resonance is at play. Here, we used direct numerical simulations of the full Navier–Stokes equations in a narrow region of parameter space where triadic resonance has been previously predicted from a weakly nonlinear model and observed experimentally. The detailed parametric studies enabled by the numerics reveal the complex dynamics associated with weak precessional forcing, involving symmetry-breaking, hysteresis and heteroclinic cycles between states that are quasiperiodic, with two or three independent frequencies. The detailed analysis of these states leads to associations of physical mechanisms with the various time scales involved.
The favourable effects of long-term selenium supplementation on regression of cervical tissues and metabolic profiles of patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Karamali Maryam , Nourgostar Sepideh , Zamani Ashraf , Vahedpoor Zahra , Asemi Zatollah
Published: October 2015

This study was conducted to assess the effects of long-term Se administration on the regression and metabolic status of patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (CIN1). This randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was carried out among fifty-eight women diagnosed with CIN1. To diagnose CIN1, we used specific diagnostic procedures of biopsy, pathological diagnosis and colposcopy. Patients were randomly assigned to two groups to receive 200 μg Se supplements as Se yeast (n 28) or placebo (n 28) daily for 6 months. After 6 months of taking Se supplements, a greater percentage of women in the Se group had regressed CIN1 (88·0 v. 56·0 %; P=0·01) compared with those in the placebo group. Long-term Se supplementation, compared with the placebo, resulted in significant decreases in fasting plasma glucose levels (−0·37 (sd 0·32) v. +0·07 (sd 0·63) mmol/l; P=0·002), serum insulin levels (−28·8 (sd 31·2) v. +13·2 (sd 40·2) pmol/l; P<0·001), homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance values (−1·3 (se 1·3) v. +0·5 (se 1·4); P<0·001) and a significant elevation in quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (+0·03 (sd 0·03) v. −0·01 (sd 0·01); P<0·001). In addition, patients who received Se supplements had significantly decreased serum TAG (−0·14 (sd 0·55) v. +0·15 (sd 0·38) mmol/l; P=0·02) and increased HDL-cholesterol levels (+0·13 (sd 0·21) v. −0·01 (sd 0·15) mmol/l; P=0·003). In addition, compared with the placebo group, there were significant rises in plasma total antioxidant capacity (+186·1 (sd 274·6) v. +42·8 (sd 180·4) mmol/l; P=0·02) and GSH levels (+65·0 (sd 359·8) v. −294·2 (sd 581·8) μmol/l; P=0·007) and a significant decrease in malondialdehyde levels (−1·5 (sd 2·1) v. +0·1 (sd 1·4) μmol/l; P=0·001) among those who took Se supplements. Overall, taking Se supplements among patients with CIN1 led to its regression and had beneficial effects on their metabolic profiles.
Political Orientation, Information and Perceptions of Election Fraud: Evidence from Russia
Authors: Robertson Graeme
Published: October 2015

Citizen perceptions of the extent of fraud in a given authoritarian election can differ widely. This article builds on the literature on information acquisition and processing in democracies to argue that much of this variation is due to the way in which citizens’ underlying political orientations affect both the kind of information they gather and how they process that information. These differences in information acquisition and processing have important implications for how election monitoring reports, access to the internet and other sources of information are likely to affect the stability of contemporary authoritarian regimes. The theory is tested using observational data and a survey experiment from the Russian presidential election of 2012.
Statistical modelling of grapevine phenology in Portuguese wine regions: observed trends and climate change projections
Authors: FRAGA H. , SANTOS J. A. , MOUTINHO-PEREIRA J. , CARLOS C. , SILVESTRE J. , EIRAS-DIAS J. , MOTA T. , MALHEIRO A. C.
Published: October 2015

Phenological models are considered key tools for the short-term planning of viticultural activities and long-term impact assessment of climate change. In the present study, statistical phenological models were developed for budburst (BUD), flowering (FLO) and veraison (VER) of 16 grapevine varieties (autochthonous and international) from the Portuguese wine-making regions of Douro, Lisbon and Vinhos Verdes. For model calibration, monthly averages of daily minimum (Tmin), maximum (Tmax) and mean (Tmean) temperatures were selected as potential regressors by a stepwise methodology. Significant predictors included Tmin in January–February–March for BUD, Tmax in March–April for FLO, and Tmin, Tmax and Tmean in March–July for VER. Developed models showed a high degree of accuracy after validation, representing 0·71 of total variance for BUD, 0·83 for FLO and 0·78 for VER. Model errors were in most cases < 5 days, outperforming classic growing degree-day models, including models based on optimized temperature thresholds for each variety. Applied to the future scenarios RCP4·5/8·5, projections indicate earlier phenophase onset and shorter interphases for all varieties. These changes may bring significant challenges to the Portuguese wine-making sector, highlighting the need for suitable adaptation/mitigation strategies, to ensure its future sustainability.
INCIDENCE OF, AND RISK FACTORS FOR, MALNUTRITION AMONG CHILDREN AGED 5–7 YEARS IN SOUTH INDIA
Authors: Jeyaseelan Visalakshi , Jeyaseelan Lakshmanan , Yadav Bijesh
Published: October 2015

Protein–energy malnutrition is a major health problem contributing to the burden of disease in developing countries. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of, and risk factors for, malnutrition among school-going children in south India. A total of 2496 children aged 5–7 years from rural and urban areas of south India were recruited in 1982 and followed up for malnutrition over a period of 9 years. Their body heights and weights were measured every six months and socio-demographic factors such as mother’s education and father’s education and relevant household characteristics and hygiene practices collected. Body mass index and height-for-age z-scores were used to determine children’s levels of underweight and stunting, respectively, classified as normal, mild/moderate or severe. Risk factor analysis was done for pre-pubertal ages only using Generalized Estimating Equations with cumulative odds assumption. There was a significant difference between male and female children in the incidence of severe underweight and stunting (6.4% and 4.2% respectively). Children in households with no separate kitchen had 1.3 (1.0–1.6) times higher odds of being severely underweight (p=0.044) compared with those with a kitchen. Children without a toilet facility had significantly higher odds of severe underweight compared with those who did. Children with illiterate parents had higher odds of severe stunting than those with literate parents. In conclusion, the prevalence of malnutrition among these south Indian children has not changed over the years, and the incidence of severe malnutrition was highest in children when they were at pubertal age. The risk factors for stunting were mostly poverty-related, and those for underweight were mostly hygiene-related. Adolescent children in south India should be screened periodically at school for malnutrition and provided with nutritional intervention if necessary.
Biodiversity offsetting and conservation: reframing nature to save it
Authors: Apostolopoulou Evangelia , Adams William M.
Published: October 2015

Biodiversity offsetting involves the balancing of biodiversity loss in one place (and at one time) by an equivalent biodiversity gain elsewhere (an outcome referred to as No Net Loss). The conservation science literature has chiefly addressed the extent to which biodiversity offsets can serve as a conservation tool, focusing on the technical challenges of its implementation. However, offsetting has more profound implications than this technical approach suggests. In this paper we introduce the concept of policy frames, and use it to identify four ways in which non-human nature and its conservation are reframed by offsetting. Firstly, offsetting reframes nature in terms of isolated biodiversity units that can be simply defined, measured and exchanged across time and space to achieve equivalence between ecological losses and gains. Secondly, it reframes biodiversity as lacking locational specificity, ignoring broader dimensions of place and deepening a nature–culture and nature–society divide. Thirdly, it reframes conservation as an exchange of credits implying that the value of non-human nature can be set by price. Fourthly, it ties conservation to land development and economic growth, foreshadowing and bypassing an oppositional position. We conclude that by presenting offsetting as a technical issue, the problem of biodiversity loss due to development is depoliticized. As a result the possibility of opposing and challenging environmental destruction is foreclosed, and a dystopian future of continued biodiversity loss is presented as the only alternative.
Fasciola hepatica mucin-encoding gene: expression, variability and its potential relevance in host–parasite relationship
Authors: CANCELA MARTÍN , SANTOS GUILHERME B. , CARMONA CARLOS , FERREIRA HENRIQUE B. , TORT JOSÉ FRANCISCO , ZAHA ARNALDO
Published: October 2015

Fasciola hepatica is the causative agent of fasciolosis, a zoonosis with significant impact both in human and animal health. Understanding the basic processes of parasite biology, especially those related to interactions with its host, will contribute to control F. hepatica infections and hence liver pathology. Mucins have been described as important mediators for parasite establishment within its host, due to their key roles in immune evasion. In F. hepatica, mucin expression is upregulated in the mammalian invasive newly excysted juvenile (NEJ) stage in comparison with the adult stage. Here, we performed sequencing of mucin cDNAs prepared from NEJ RNA, resulting in six different cDNAs clusters. The differences are due to the presence of a tandem repeated sequence of 66 bp encoded by different exons. Two groups of apomucins one with three and the other with four repeats, with 459 and 393 bp respectively, were identified. These cDNAs have open reading frames encoding Ser-Thr enriched proteins with an N-terminal signal peptide, characteristic of apomucin backbone. We cloned a 4470 bp gene comprising eight exons and seven introns that encodes all the cDNA variants identified in NEJs. By real time polymerase chain reaction and high-resolution melting approaches of individual flukes we infer that fhemuc-1 is a single-copy gene, with at least two different alleles. Our data suggest that both gene polymorphism and alternative splicing might account for apomucin variability in the fhemuc-1 gene that is upregulated in NEJ invasive stage. The relevance of this variation in host–parasite interplay is discussed.