bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterizing source fingerprints and ageing processes in laboratory-generated secondary organic aerosols using proton-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) analysis and HPLC HULIS determination
Authors: Zanca Nicola , Lambe Andrew T. , Massoli Paola , Paglione Marco , Croasdale David R. , Parmar Yatish , Tagliavini Emilio , Gilardoni Stefania , Decesari Stefano
Published: September 2017

Abstract. The study of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in laboratory settings has greatly increased our knowledge of the diverse chemical processes and environmental conditions responsible for the formation of particulate matter starting from biogenic and anthropogenic volatile compounds. However, characteristics of the different experimental setups and the way they impact the composition and the timescale of formation of SOA are still subject to debate. In this study, SOA samples were generated using a potential aerosol mass (PAM) oxidation flow reactor using α-pinene, naphthalene and isoprene as precursors. The PAM reactor facilitated exploration of SOA composition over atmospherically relevant photochemical ageing timescales that are unattainable in environmental chambers. The SOA samples were analyzed using two state-of-the-art analytical techniques for SOA characterization – proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectroscopy and HPLC determination of humic-like substances (HULIS). Results were compared with previous Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements. The combined 1H-NMR, HPLC, and AMS datasets show that the composition of the studied SOA systems tend to converge to highly oxidized organic compounds upon prolonged OH exposures. Further, our 1H-NMR findings show that only α-pinene SOA acquires spectroscopic features comparable to those of ambient OA when exposed to at least 1  ×  1012 molec OH cm−3  ×  s OH exposure, or multiple days of equivalent atmospheric OH oxidation. Over multiple days of equivalent OH exposure, the formation of HULIS is observed in both α-pinene SOA and in naphthalene SOA (maximum yields: 16 and 30 %, respectively, of total analyzed water-soluble organic carbon, WSOC), providing evidence of the formation of humic-like polycarboxylic acids in unseeded SOA.
Relative effects of statistical preprocessing and postprocessing on a regional hydrological ensemble prediction system
Authors: Sharma Sanjib , Siddique Ridwan , Reed Seann , Ahnert Peter , Mendoza Pablo , Mejia Alfonso
Published: September 2017

Abstract. The relative roles of statistical weather preprocessing and streamflow postprocessing in hydrological ensemble forecasting at short- to medium-range forecast lead times (day 1–7) are investigated. For this purpose, a regional hydrologic ensemble prediction system (RHEPS) is developed and implemented. The RHEPS is comprised by the following components: i) hydrometeorological observations (multisensor precipitation estimates, gridded surface temperature, and gauged streamflow); ii) weather ensemble forecasts (precipitation and near-surface temperature) from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction 11-member Global Ensemble Forecast System Reforecast version 2 (GEFSRv2); iii) NOAA’s Hydrology Laboratory-Research Distributed Hydrologic Model (HL-RDHM); iv) heteroscedastic censored logistic regression (HCLR) as the statistical preprocessor; v) two statistical postprocessors, an autoregressive model with a single exogenous variable (ARX(1,1)) and quantile regression (QR); and vi) a comprehensive verification strategy. To implement the RHEPS, 1 to 7 days weather forecasts from the GEFSRv2 are used to force HL-RDHM and generate raw ensemble streamflow forecasts. Forecasting experiments are conducted in four nested basins in the U.S. middle Atlantic region, ranging in size from 381 to 12,362 km2. Results show that the HCLR preprocessed ensemble precipitation forecasts have greater skill than the raw forecasts. These improvements are more noticeable in the warm season at the longer lead times (> 3 days). Both postprocessors, ARX(1,1) and QR, show gains in skill relative to the raw ensemble flood forecasts but QR outperforms ARX(1,1). Preprocessing alone has little effect on improving the skill of the ensemble flood forecasts. Indeed, postprocessing alone performs similar, in terms of the relative mean error, skill, and reliability, to the more involved scenario that includes both preprocessing and postprocessing. We conclude that statistical preprocessing may not always be a necessary component of the ensemble flood forecasting chain.
Spatio-temporal assessment of annual water-balance model for Upper Ganga Basin
Authors: Shukla Anoop Kumar , Pathak Shray , Ojha Chandra Shekhar Prasad , Mijic Ana , Garg Rahul Dev
Published: September 2017

Abstract. The Upper Ganga Basin, Uttarakhand, India has high hydropower potential and plays an important role in development of state economy. Thus, knowledge about water yield is of paramount importance to this region. The paper deals with use of contemporary water yield estimation models, such as the distributed model (InVEST), Lumped Zhang model and their validation to identify the most suited one for water yield estimation in this region. Earlier, while utilizing these models, attempts were made to consider a single value of some important model parameters which in fact show a variation at a pixel level scale. Therefore, in this study, the pixel level computations are performed to assess and ascertain their need in model applications. To validate the findings, the observed sub-basin discharge data is analyzed with the computed water yield for four decades, i.e. 1980, 1990, 2001 and 2015. The results obtained are in good agreement with the water yields obtained at pixel scale.
Non-Gaussian data assimilation of satellite-based leaf area index observations with an individual-based dynamic global vegetation model
Authors: Arakida Hazuki , Miyoshi Takemasa , Ise Takeshi , Shima Shin-ichiro , Kotsuki Shunji
Published: September 2017

Abstract. We developed a data assimilation system based on a particle filter approach with the spatially explicit individual-based dynamic global vegetation model (SEIB-DGVM). We first performed an idealized observing system simulation experiment to evaluate the impact of assimilating the leaf area index (LAI) data every 4 days, simulating the satellite-based LAI. Although we assimilated only LAI as a whole, the tree and grass LAIs were estimated separately with high accuracy. Uncertain model parameters and other state variables were also estimated accurately. Therefore, we extended the experiment to the real world using the real Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) LAI data and obtained promising results.
EBSD analysis of subgrain boundaries and dislocation slip systems in Antarctic and Greenland ice
Authors: Weikusat Ilka , Kuiper Ernst-Jan N. , Pennock Gill M. , Kipfstuhl Sepp , Drury Martyn R.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Ice has a very high plastic anisotropy with easy dislocation glide on basal planes, while glide on non-basal planes is much harder. Basal glide involves dislocations with the Burgers vector b = 〈a〉, while glide on non-basal planes can involve dislocations with b = 〈a〉, b = [c], and b = 〈c + a〉. During the natural ductile flow of polar ice sheets, most of the deformation is expected to occur by basal slip accommodated by other processes, including non-basal slip and grain boundary processes. However, the importance of different accommodating processes is controversial. The recent application of micro-diffraction analysis methods to ice, such as X-ray Laue diffraction and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), has demonstrated that subgrain boundaries indicative of non-basal slip are present in naturally deformed ice, although so far the available data sets are limited. In this study we present an analysis of a large number of subgrain boundaries in ice core samples from one depth level from two deep ice cores from Antarctica (EPICA-DML deep ice core at 656 m of depth) and Greenland (NEEM deep ice core at 719 m of depth). EBSD provides information for the characterization of subgrain boundary types and on the dislocations that are likely to be present along the boundary. EBSD analyses, in combination with light microscopy measurements, are presented and interpreted in terms of the dislocation slip systems. The most common subgrain boundaries are indicative of basal 〈a〉 slip with an almost equal occurrence of subgrain boundaries indicative of prism [c] or 〈c + a〉 slip on prism and/or pyramidal planes. A few subgrain boundaries are indicative of prism 〈a〉 slip or slip of 〈a〉 screw dislocations on the basal plane. In addition to these classical polygonization processes that involve the recovery of dislocations into boundaries, alternative mechanisms are discussed for the formation of subgrain boundaries that are not related to the crystallography of the host grain.The finding that subgrain boundaries indicative of non-basal slip are as frequent as those indicating basal slip is surprising. Our evidence of frequent non-basal slip in naturally deformed polar ice core samples has important implications for discussions on ice about plasticity descriptions, rate-controlling processes which accommodate basal glide, and anisotropic ice flow descriptions of large ice masses with the wider perspective of sea level evolution.
Correction to: Jobbitt, Steven. “Hungarian Martyrs, Refugees, and the Politics of Anticommunism in Salazar’s Portugal, 1956–1957.” Hungarian Cultural Studies. e-Journal of the American Hungarian Educators Association, Volume 9 (2016): DOI: 10.5195/ahea.2016.263
Authors: Jobbitt Steven
Published: September 2017

Changing the incorrect words due to translation error on pages 144, 145, 146. The original article can be found via the DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/ahea.2016.263
Does the New European Banking Regulation discourage Earnings Management?
Authors: Martino Giuseppe Di , Dicuonzo Grazia , Galeone Graziana , Dell'Atti Vittorio
Published: September 2017

In the recent past, the financial crisis has shown important lacks in the EU regulation relating to the banking sector, making the introduction of a unified regulatory framework necessary. Since June 2009 the European Council has recommended a “Single Rulebook”, that is a unique and harmonizing discipline applicable to all financial institutions in the Single Market, become effective on January 2014. This prudential discipline requires much more minimum capital, liquidity and information transparency and it defines format and minimum standards of contents.The aim of this research is to investigate the relation between the new mandatory disclosure and earnings management policies in banking sector realized through Loan Loss Provisions (LLP), the component of income statement mainly subject to manipulations, especially in form of earnings smoothing. Because the new integrated regulatory framework requires a more transparent disclosure, we expected that accruals manipulation (basically LLP) could be discouraged. The empirical analysis is based on a sample of 116 listed European banks over the period prior (2011-2012-2013) and after (2014-2015-2016) the effective date of the Single Rulebook. The evidence confirm our hypothesis suggesting that this banking reform discourages earnings manipulation and improves earnings quality, making financial reporting more useful for investors. The results are important to the regulatory institutions (such as European Union and European Central Bank) supporting more stringent discipline introduced by Basel III.
Innovation and Development through Local Creative Industries: The Goldsmith Center in Caserta – Tarì
Authors: Mustilli Mario , Izzo Filomena , Graziano Domenico
Published: September 2017

Creative industries are one of the main productive factors that fuel quality and competition; driving forces of the Italian economy. Creative industries are leading the economic growth all over the world through their techniques, among which are Co-creation and Design Thinking. New business models are being developed which are having positive effects on other business sectors and on the urban areas where they are located.This research analyzes whether creative industries in the Goldsmith Center in Caserta (Tarì) are adopting the same innovative techniques (esp. Co-creation and Design Thinking) and if they are able to contribute to the territorial economic development.Interviews were carried out to determine the awareness of the innovative techniques (Co-creation and Design Thinking) and their potential.The results of the research indicate some confusion on the innovative techniques – Co-creation and Design Thinking – but there is a general consensus on the advantages, with positive effects on the local and/or regional business communities.The results, in short, show that the craftsmanship of the goldsmiths in Caserta, or rather, the creative sector in question, can have some positive effects even on other business sectors in the province of Caserta and, therefore, on local development.
Tien jaar Pensioenwet
Authors: Lutjens Erik
Published: September 2017

Samenvatting

De Pensioenwet is in 2007 in werking getreden. Deze wet geeft regels betreffende het – aanvullend – pensioen in de werkgever-werknemersverhouding. De Pensioenwet beoogt aan werknemers financiële en uitvoeringszekerheid te geven, opdat hun pensioenverwachtingen ook uitkomen. Kort na inwerkingtredingen ontstonden hierin al teleurstellingen van werknemers: de financiële en kredietcrisis sloeg een bres in het vermogen van pensioenfondsen en voor veel rechthebbenden waren kortingen nodig. Dit leidde tot een nu al jaren durend debat over de inrichting van het pensioenstelsel in de toekomst. Tegen die achtergrond geeft dit artikel een overzicht van de juridische aandachtspunten van tien jaar Pensioenwet.
PROFIL PSYCHOSOCIAL DES ENFANTS PRÉSENTANT DES COMPORTEMENTS SEXUELS PROBLÉMATIQUES DANS LES SERVICES QUÉBÉCOIS DE PROTECTION DE L’ENFANCE
Authors: Dufour Claudia , Tougas Anne-Marie , Tourigny Marc , Paquette Geneviève , Hélie Sonia
Published: September 2017

En protection de l’enfance, les enfants ayant des comportements sexuels problématiques (CSP) suscitent parfois des malaises chez les intervenants et provoquent de l’inquiétude en raison des torts qu’ils peuvent causer. Prenant appui sur un modèle explicatif adapté par Boisvert et ses collaborateurs, la présente étude visait à cerner les facteurs qui distinguent les enfants présentant des CSP des autres enfants pris en charge en protection de l’enfance. Des analyses secondaires ont été réalisées à partir des données de l’Étude d’incidence québécoise de 2008 sur les situations évaluées en protection de la jeunesse. L’échantillon comprenait 1020 enfants de 2 à 12 ans ayant fait l’objet d’un signalement retenu et fondé. Les enfants avec CSP (n = 72) ont été comparés aux enfants sans CSP (n = 948) sur un ensemble de variables personnelles et familiales au moyen d’analyses univariées, puis multivariées. Le modèle final de régression logistique révèle que les enfants avec CSP sont plus susceptibles de manifester une variété de problèmes de fonctionnement, d’avoir fait l’objet d’un signalement fondé pour agression sexuelle et d’avoir un père ou une mère qui a vécu un placement dans l’enfance. À l’inverse, ils sont moins susceptibles d’avoir fait l’objet d’un signalement fondé pour mauvais traitements psychologiques. La discussion traite de l’incidence des résultats pour l’intervention en contexte de protection.
ETHICS, ART, AND SOCIAL WORK
Authors: Wehbi Samantha
Published: September 2017

There has been a growing interest in bringing creative arts as methods and processes into social work education and practice to enhance student learning and contribute to practices tackling issues of social justice and anti-oppression. This paper builds on the current conversation about the intersection of art and social work to propose the need for engagement with ethical considerations to guide our practice. Relying on examples of arts-informed and arts-based projects that tackle issues of ableism and racism, the discussion focuses on the need to consider issues of consent, representation, appropriation and agency of participants in these projects. Borrowing from the metaphor of photographic practice, the article concludes by proposing three ethical principles to guide arts-informed and arts-based practices in social work.
Multi-criteria Optimization of Motorways of the Sea in the Function of the Environment Protection: Case Study of Croatia
Authors: Jugović Alen , Cukrov Marijan , Poletan Jugović Tanja
Published: September 2017

The transport system causes extremely harmful consequences for society and the environment. It is manifested through the increased emission of harmful exhaust gases, traffic congestions, traffic accidents, increased level of noise, higher levels of stress and various diseases of all participants of the transport system and society in general. The implementation and modernization of intermodality through the Motorways of the Sea (MoS) as its ecological and socio-economic sustainable subsystem is the efficient way of reducing the above mentioned consequences. Further sustainable development of MoS can be observed according to the ecological and socio-economic criteria and sub-criteria set out in this paper in order to keep it in direct function of protecting the society and preserving the environment.
The physical dimensions of amyloid aggregates control their infective potential as prion particles
Authors: Marchante Ricardo , Beal David M , Koloteva-Levine Nadejda , Purton Tracey J , Tuite Mick F , Xue Wei-Feng
Published: September 2017

Transmissible amyloid particles called prions are associated with infectious prion diseases in mammals and inherited phenotypes in yeast. All amyloid aggregates can give rise to potentially infectious seeds that accelerate their growth. Why some amyloid seeds are highly infectious prion particles while others are less infectious or even inert, is currently not understood. To address this question, we analyzed the suprastructure and dimensions of synthetic amyloid fibrils assembled from the yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) prion protein Sup35NM. We then quantified the ability of these particles to induce the [PSI+] prion phenotype in cells. Our results show a striking relationship between the length distribution of the amyloid fibrils and their ability to induce the heritable [PSI+] prion phenotype. Using a simple particle size threshold model to describe transfection activity, we explain how dimensions of amyloid fibrils are able to modulate their infectious potential as prions.
Laboratory evaluation of different formulations of Stress Coat® for slime production in goldfish (Carassius auratus) and koi (Cyprinus carpio)
Authors: Shivappa Raghunath B. , Christian Larry S. , Law Jerry M. , Lewbart Gregory A.
Published: September 2017

A study was carried out to assess the effect of Stress Coat® on slime production in goldfish (Carassius auratus) and koi (Cyprinus carpio). The study also investigated histological changes that might be associated with slime producing cells, and wound healing in koi. Several formulations of Stress Coat® were investigated and the results showed that polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), also known as povidone, an ingredient of Stress Coat®, when used alone, showed significantly higher slime production in goldfish than salt and Stress Coat® without PVP after 25 h. The results also showed that koi treated with compounds containing PVP showed better wound healing than those not exposed to PVP. Histology results showed no difference between compounds tested with regards to density and number of slime producing cells.
Re-examination of the contribution of substrates to energy expenditure during high-intensity intermittent exercise in endurance athletes
Authors: Aslankeser Zübeyde , Balcı Şükrü Serdar
Published: September 2017

Background

It has been believed that the contribution of fat oxidation to total energy expenditure is becoming negligible at higher exercise intensities (about 85% VO2max). The aim of the present study was to examine the changes in substrate oxidation during high-intensity interval exercise in young adult men.

Methods

A total of 18 healthy well-trained (aged 19.60 ± 0.54 years, BMI = 22.19 ± 0.64 kg/m2,n = 10) and untrained (aged 20.25 ± 0.41 years, BMI = 22.78 ± 0.38 kg/m2,n = 8) young men volunteered to participate in this study. After an overnight fast, subjects were tested on a cycle ergometer and completed six 4-min bouts of cycling (at ∼80% VO2max) with 2 min of rests between intervals. Energy expenditure and the substrate oxidation rate were measured during the experiment by using indirect calorimetry. The blood lactate concentration was collected immediately after each interval workout.

Results

The fat oxidation rate during each workout was significantly different between the untrained and the athlete groups (p < 0.05), and the carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation rate during the experiment was similar between groups (p > 0.05). Moreover, lactate concentration significantly increased in the untrained group (p < 0.05), whereas it did not significantly change in the athlete group during the workouts (p > 0.05). Fat contribution to energy expenditure was significantly higher in the athlete group (∼25%) than in the untrained group (∼2%).

Conclusions

The present study indicates that 17 times more fat oxidation was measured in the athlete group compared to the untrained group. However, the athletes had the same CHO oxidation rate as the recreationally active subjects during high-intensity intermittent exercise. Higher fat oxidation rate despite the same CHO oxidation rate may be related to higher performance in the trained group.
Divergence of compost extract and bio-organic manure effects on lucerne plant and soil
Authors: Ren Haiyan , Hu Jian , Hu Yifei , Yang Gaowen , Zhang Yingjun
Published: September 2017

Aim

Application of organic materials into agricultural systems enhances plant growth and yields, and improves soil fertility and structure. This study aimed to examine the effects of “compost extract (CE)”, a soil conditioner, and bio-organic manure (BOM) on the growth of lucerne (Medicago sativa), and compare the efficiency between BOM (including numbers of microorganisms) and CE (including no added microorganisms).

Method

A greenhouse experiment was conducted with four soil amendment treatments (control, BOM, CE and CEBOM), and was arranged in a completely randomized design with 10 replicates for each treatment. Plant biomass, nutritive value and rhizobia efficacy as well as soil characteristics were monitored.

Result

CE rather than BOM application showed a positive effect on plant growth and soil properties when compared with the control. Lucerne nodulation responded equally to CE addition and rhizobium inoculation. CE alone and in combination with BOM significantly increased plant growth and soil microbial activities and improved soil structure. The synergistic effects of CE and BOM indicate that applying CE and BOM together could increase their efficiency, leading to higher economic returns and improved soil health. However, CE alone is more effective for legume growth since nodulation was suppressed by nitrogen input from BOM. CE had a higher efficiency than BOM for enriching soil indigenous microorganisms instead of adding microorganisms and favouring plant nodulation.
Dynamic integration and excision of filamentous phage XacF1 in Xanthomonas citri pv. citri, the causative agent of citrus canker disease
Authors: Ahmad Abdelmonim A. , Kawabe Makoto , Askora Ahmed , Kawasaki Takeru , Fujie Makoto , Yamada Takashi
Published: September 2017

Inovirus XacF1 (7325 nucleotides) is integrated into the genome of Xanthomonas citri pv. citri (Xcc) strains at the host dif site (attB) by the host XerC/D recombination system. The XacF1 attP sequence is located within the coding region of ORF12, a possible phage regulator. After integration, this open reading frame (ORF) is split into two pieces on the host genome. We examined dynamic integration/excision of XacF1 in Xcc strain MAFF 301080 and found that the integration started at 4 h postinfection (p.i.) and peaked at 12 h p.i. Thereafter, the ratio of integrated to free forms remained constant, suggesting equilibrium of integration and excision of XacF1 in the host genome. However, the integrated state became very unstable following a 5′‐deletion of ORF12 in XacF1, suggesting that ORF12 plays a key role in the integration cycle of XacF1 in Xcc strains.
ACTUP
Authors: Shepard Benjamin
Published: September 2017

The AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP) formed in New York City in 1987, challenging the ineffective response to the HIV‐AIDS crisis. Beyond the physical disease, the group fought against stereotypes of the disease founded on sexuality, race, and the counterculture. On its 20th anniversary, in March 2007, Larry Kramer, playwright and founder of ACT UP, declared the organization “the greatest grassroots group in history.”
A
frican
A
merican Resistance, Reconstruction Era
Authors: Wendt Simon
Published: September 2017

Faced with an upsurge of anti‐black violence after the end of slavery, blacks in the American South frequently resorted to armed force to protect themselves and their communities. Compared with similar efforts by militant slaves prior to the Civil War, black defensive efforts during Reconstruction were more widespread and more successful. However, white numerical and military superiority as well as the reluctance of the federal government to come to the aid of embattled African Americans made black resistance a dangerous venture that tended to result in brutal retaliation and failed to halt the advent of segregation and disfranchisement.
A
güeybaná
I
(d. 1510) and
A
güeybaná
II
(d. 1511)
Authors: Uriona Viviana
Published: September 2017

When the conquistador Juan Ponce de León came to the island called Borinquen (today Puerto Rico), he met the Taíno tribe and its chieftains (caciques), Agüeybaná I and Agüeybaná II (Agüeybaná means “big sun”). All other caciques were subordinate to these two.
A
lbanian Nationalism
Authors: Dalakoglou Dimitrios K. , Halili Rigels
Published: September 2017

Arbëresh
intellectuals introduced the ideas of European Romanticism and Enlightenment into the Albanian‐speaking world, including nationalism during the nineteenth century. The
Arbëresh
were an Albanian‐speaking diaspora that moved from the Balkans to southern Italy and Sicily during the fifteenth century, following the occupation of the Balkan territories by the Ottoman army. During the nineteenth century their circles shaped a linguistic‐cultural movement based upon their Albanian mother tongue. This was the beginning of the so‐called Albanian
Rilindje Kombëtare
. This term is generally translated as National Awakening; however,
Rilindje
literally means rebirth, a common term used by Balkan nationalist movements. At this stage the early Albanian nationalist circles of Italy had little or no impact on the Balkans.
A
lianza Popular Revolucionaria
A
mericana
Authors: Gabriel Cabrera M.
Published: September 2017

The Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana (APRA) was originally a continent‐wide political front that worked to unify all the oppressed social sectors in Latin America that fought against imperialist domination, and thus to advance their liberation and political and economic union. It was founded in May 1924 by Victor Raul Haya de la Torre, a Peruvian politician and student leader. A few years after its foundation, APRA converted from a front to a party organization, becoming the Partido Aprista Peruano (Peruvian Aprista Party), although it continued to be known as APRA. Even though initially the Aprista Party had revolutionary tendencies, it gradually came to be defined as social democratic and in practice adopted a liberal approach.
A
linsky,
S
aul (1909–1972) and the
I
ndustrial
A
reas
F
oundation
Authors: Pauli Benjamin J.
Published: September 2017

Born in Chicago to Russian Jewish immigrants, Saul Alinsky was the leading tactician of community organizing in his day. As a student in the University of Chicago's cutting‐edge sociology department in the early 1930s, Alinsky's fieldwork brought him into close contact with the crime and poverty of the inner city, and he began to develop an understanding of the influence of the environment on individual behavior. The anti‐delinquency projects of the Institute for Juvenile Research provided him with a jumping‐off point for a career as an organizer that would span more than three decades. Alinsky began his activist career by successfully laboring to forge the Back of the Yards Neighborhood Council, a very unlikely alliance of the local union, the church, and the community, in the Chicago slum infamously portrayed by Upton Sinclair in
The Jungle
. In 1940 he founded the Industrial Areas Foundation (IAF), an umbrella organization to oversee the inception of new campaigns across the country. Alinsky's other notable victories would include the organization of the African American ghetto Woodlawn in South Chicago in 1959, and a high‐profile battle in the mid‐1960s with the Eastman Kodak company in Rochester, New York that pioneered the tactic of stockholder activism. In 1969 Alinsky and his right‐hand man Ed Chambers established a training institute for organizers, which versed up‐and‐coming activists in Alinsky's unique philosophy of social engagement.
al‐Sanusi,Muhammad ibnAH(ca. 1787–1859)
Authors: Waskey Andrew J.
Published: September 2017

The al‐Sanusi (Senussi), calledsanmyyiain Arabic, is a Sufi order founded by Muhammad ibn Ali al‐Sanusi, who was born near Mustaghanim in Algeria. The Sanusyyia movement was an Islamic reform movement like the Wahhabi of Arabia and the Mahdist movement of Sudan. Organized into a brotherhood (tariqá), the Sanusyyia method of reform sought to renew devotion to Islam by emphasis upon spiritual experiences. The call for renewal of an Islamic life became a militant mystical movement that was also a call to oppose western colonialism. The expansion of the French into North Africa was resisted by several elements. These included many desert tribes, traditional rulers, and the al‐Sanusi.
A
mbedkar,
B
.
R
. (1891–1956)
Authors: Chatterjee Debt
Published: September 2017

Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, a defender of civil rights social justice for the lowest‐caste Dalit (Untouchables) in India, was born on April 14, 1891, at the Military Headquarters of War near Indore. A son of Subedar Ramji Sakpal and Bhimabai, he hailed from a Hindu, untouchable Mahar family. As such, from an early age Ambedkar had experienced much of the social hazards which go with untouchability. Bhimrao married Ramabai at the age of 17.
American Civil War Draft Riots
Authors: Maddern Stacy Warner
Published: September 2017

On July 13, 1863, an angry mob of New York's working people began moving uptown from lower Manhattan, gathering workers from workshops and factories along the way. The protest was an expression of collective outrage over the National Conscription Act passed in March 1863, which made all single men aged 20–45 and married men up to 35 subject to a draft lottery. What was particularly offensive to working people was that the Act allowed deferred conscription to anyone able to pay the government a $300 exemption fee.
Anarchism, Britain
Authors: Franks Benjamin
Published: September 2017

As far back as the nineteenth century there was a significant division between class struggle, social anarchism, and the alternative, individualist version of libertarianism. In the UK context this latter branch of anarchism was associated with Henry Seymour, a “disciple” of Benjamin Tucker. Seymour, who some claim edited the first anarchist newspaper in Britain,
The Anarchist
(1885), briefly collaborated with Peter Kropotkin, but their partnership soon folded because of philosophical differences (individualism vs. mainstream socialist versions of anarchism). Kropotkin departed to set up his own anti‐capitalist anarchist paper,
Freedom
.
Anarchism, Finland
Authors: Laitinen Jukka
Published: September 2017

Anarchist views and practices became popular in Finland in the radical grassroots activism of the 1990s. This new wave of social protest on such issues as racism, the power of corporations, or the exploitation of animals etched the term “activist” indelibly in Finnish public discourse.
Anarchism, Greece
Authors: Vradis Antonios , Dalakoglou Dimitrios K.
Published: September 2017

Anarchism in Greece stands among the largest and most active contemporary movements of its kind in the world. The first organized anarchist group in the country appeared as early as 1876. Near‐complete lack of anarchist activity between World War II and the military dictatorship (1967–74) effectively divides the history of Greek anarchism into two distinct phases, 1876–1944 and 1967‐present.
Anarchism,
K
orea
Authors: Hwang Dongyoun
Published: September 2017

Anarchism, accepted by Korean radicals in the early 1920s as an idea for independence from Japanese colonial rule since 1910, was one of the most important currents in the Korean independence movement. While their immediate goal was to “retake” independence through direct action, motivated by national consciousness, the ultimate goal of Korean anarchists was to achieve a social revolution bent on anarchist principles. Anarchism offered them an alternative to Bolshevism and social Darwinism with its promise of human progress through mutual aid, and hope for a new society with its universal messages of freedom, no compulsory power, and spontaneous alliance.
Anarchism,
N
ew
Z
ealand
Authors: Goldman Asher
Published: September 2017

As in much of the world, anarchists and sympathizers played a large role in the formation of syndicalist‐leaning unions in New Zealand in the early 1900s. World War I, the 1917 Russian Revolution, and the formation of the Labor Party combined to almost completely decimate the movement until the late 1950s, when it reformed as part of the New Left. Later, the influence of punk and then the anti‐globalization movement would help grow anarchism's popularity, although it has still not begun to approach the level of influence it held in the early twentieth century.
Anarchosyndicalism
Authors: Cohn Jesse
Published: September 2017

Anarchosyndicalism is the term for the anarchist labor union movement (a labor union is called a
syndicat
in French, or a
sindicato
in Spanish). Powerful anarchosyndicalist organizations included the Federación Obrera Regional Argentina (founded 1901), the Industrial Workers of the World (founded 1905), the Confédération Générale du Travail (founded 1906), and the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (founded 1910). These unions were distinguished from their conventional counterparts not only by their radical goals – the abolition of capitalism and the state in favor of a system of generalized self‐management – but also by their decentralized structure and willingness to engage in direct action, including extralegal tactics such as sabotage.
Anti‐Apartheid Movement, South Africa
Authors: McKinley Dale T.
Published: September 2017

The anti‐apartheid movement in South Africa can broadly be defined as encompassing those who actively opposed a political, cultural, and socioeconomic system defined by separate development based on race. While the roots of this system can be traced back many years, it was in opposition to the institutionalized program of apartheid in 1948 by the white supremacist National Party that an anti‐apartheid movement was born. The key purpose of this movement – which encompassed a wide range of organizations and constituencies but centered on the nationalist African National Congress (ANC) – was the attainment of majority rule. The movement existed until the apartheid system was formally ended with South Africa's first non‐racial democratic elections on April 27, 1994.
Anti‐War Movement, Iraq
Authors: Smith David Michael
Published: September 2017

International resistance to the US invasion of Iraq became the largest, most diverse, and arguably first genuinely global anti‐war movement in the annals of human experience. By March 2002, people throughout the world had begun mobilizing to oppose the George W. Bush administration's increasingly obvious plans for war in Iraq. On March 16, in Barcelona, about 300,000 people participated in the European Social Forum's march against globalization and war. When the president visited Berlin and Paris in late May, tens of thousands of protesters greeted him with anti‐war slogans and epithets. In early September, former South African President Nelson Mandela expressed the view of the majority of the world's peoples when he described Bush's plans for war as a threat to world peace.
Arendt, Hannah (1906–1975)
Authors: King James M.
Published: September 2017

Born in Hanover, Germany, Hannah Arendt was a German Jewish political theorist of nationalism and revolution who was eventually forced to flee her home country due to the rise of National Socialism, an exile prompting her to direct her efforts toward combating totalitarianism.
Argentina, Worker Strikes in Patagonia, 1920–1921
Authors: Tarcus Horacio
Published: September 2017

The first large rural strike in Patagonia took place in November 1920 in Santa Cruz, a wool‐exporting area dominated by large
latifundios
and British meatpacking plants.
Armenia, Mass Protest and Popular Mobilization, 1980s to Present
Authors: DerGhougassian Khatchik
Published: September 2017

Between 1975 and 1985, an estimated total of 222 violent actions were perpetrated against targets related to the Turkish state or Turkish interests, in approximately 20 western and non‐western countries, including former Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, both at that time under a socialist regime. Armenian secret organizations claimed responsibility for these acts perpetrated in demand of the recognition of the Armenian genocide (1915–23), as well as moral and material reparations, often formulated in terms of the devolution of the Armenian historical homeland – Western Armenia – in today's eastern Turkey. The RAND Corporation characterized the geographical scope of these actions as the broadest of its time, not equalized by any other group.
A
rmenian Resistance, 1915
Authors: Peroomian Rubina
Published: September 2017

The Armenian Genocide is commonly thought to have started in April 1915. However, the roots of this event and the Armenian resistance to annihilation stretch back for centuries, beginning with the fifteenth‐century occupation of Armenia by the Ottoman Turks. Indeed, Ottoman rule over Armenia was one of oppression and discrimination. Armenians were treated as second‐class citizens and were subjected to illicit taxation, discriminatory laws, and constant harassment and persecution. Armenian culture and civilization suffered significant setbacks, and Armenians were turned into subservient slaves who showed absolute compliance even when their belongings were looted, their villages ransacked, and their women kidnapped. This situation changed in the early nineteenth century, as the liberal ideas of Europe began to reach the Armenians. National awareness was on the rise, and the will to stand up for their basic rights escalated.
Artigas, Gervasio José (1764–1850)
Authors: Uriona Viviana
Published: September 2017

José Gervasio Artigas was a South American military man, politician, and freedom fighter. He was born in Montevideo, Uruguay, the son of police officer José Artigas Martín and his wife Antonia Rodríguez Arnal. His grandfather was one of Montevideo's first settlers. Artigas is considered the “father of Uruguayan independence.”
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal (1881–1938)
Authors: Waskey Andrew J.
Published: September 2017

Turkish nationalist Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was born in Salonika (Thessaloniki, Greece) in the Ottoman empire in 1881. His father, Ali Riza Efendi, was a Turkish‐speaking minor official of the Ottoman empire who had also achieved some business success. Kemal attended a number of military schools before graduating from the War Academy in early 1905. He then joined the army, where he organized the Fatherland Society and eventually joined the revolutionary activities of the Young Turks, which later broadened into the Committee for Union and Progress (CUP). Abandoning hope in reforms, Kemal and others marched on Constantinople in order to overthrow the authoritarian rule of Sultan Abdulhamit II.
Aung San (1915–1947)
Authors: Dasgupta Nupur
Published: September 2017

Bogoyoke(General) Aung San was the most important of the generation of Burmese nationalists who matured into national leaders in the watershed period of World War II. The anti‐colonial struggle and the dream of a consensual Union of Burma with all ethnic communities are inextricably linked with Aung San, considered the father of modern Burma.
Australia, New Social Movements
Authors: Scalmer Sean
Published: September 2017

Since the early twentieth century, the term “social movements” has been used to denote socialist and industrial campaigns of labor. “New social movements” are generally dated from the middle 1960s. The term was invented by a group of European thinkers impressed with the radicalism of contemporary protest and convinced of labor's exhaustion. They depicted the “new” movements as critics of industrial society; advocates of post‐material values; democratically organized; staffed by the new middle class; and devoted to the most radical and extra‐parliamentary of actions. They were, so the argument ran, the social actors of the future (Touraine 1971; Offe 1985; Melucci 1989).
Australian Utopian Communities
Authors: Metcalf Bill
Published: September 2017

Levitas (1990: 7) defines Utopia as the “desire for a better way of being and living.” There are various definitions for communal group/intentional community, but the most widely accepted is:
Babeuf, François‐Noël (1760–1797) and the Conspiracy of Equals
Authors: Blackman Robert H.
Published: September 2017

François‐Noël Babeuf, better known as Gracchus Babeuf, and his Conspiracy of Equals have been a source of inspiration for political activists on the left at least since the publication of Buonarroti's
Babeuf s Conspiracy for Equality
(1828). The Conspirators wanted to create a just and egalitarian society. This was to be accomplished not by redistributing land, the “agrarian law” proposed by the Gracchus brothers in ancient Rome, but by the communal ownership of real property. They sought equality of outcomes, arguing that every person's labor was equally important to society. They also favored women's political and economic rights. To achieve their goals, the Conspirators put together a uniquely modern formula for revolution, combining propagandizing poor urban workers, subverting the military, and creation of a revolutionary vanguard operating in secret dominated by an anonymous central committee. Commentators on the left and right have claimed Babeuf as a forefather of Marxism and Leninism.
Baker, Ella Josephine (1903–1986)
Authors: Brown Susan Love
Published: September 2017

Ella Josephine Baker was a civil rights activist best known for her work with the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), and the Student Non‐Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). Her emphasis on grassroots activism and her ability to work with several organizations and causes at a time made her one of the most effective leaders in the civil rights movement.
Constitutional Reform in Bolivia, 2005–Present
Authors: Bennett Natasha
Published: September 2017

The election of Evo Morales in 2005 as Latin America's first indigenous president brought Bolivia to the forefront of indigenous empowerment. At a ceremonial inauguration held at the holy pre‐Incan site of Tiwanaku, Morales declared that his election marked the beginning of a new era – an era characterized by the end of the neoliberal state and the empowerment of the world's indigenous populations. Indeed, the election of Morales can be regarded as the culmination of a series of social movements that have made gains since the country's 1952 revolution. At the height of indigenous struggle for equality in Bolivia's political processes the country's 2009 plurinational constitution socially and legally legitimated Bolivia's diverse social and indigenous groups.
Derrida, Jacques (1930–2004)
Authors: Socha Bailey
Published: September 2017

Jacques Derrida was born on July 15, 1930 in El‐Bair, Algeria to a Sephardic Jewish family. Under the Vichy Government, which had suspended Derrida's French citizenship for two years, he was also expelled from school. He returned in 1944 and began to read philosophy texts. Derrida came to Paris in 1949 with the intention to enter the Ecole Normale Supérieur to study philosophy. After two failures, he was finally admitted in 1952 and was awarded anagregationin 1955. He was awarded thePrix Jean‐Cavaillesfor his introduction to Husserl'sOrigins of Geometry.
Habermas, Jürgen (b. 1929)
Authors: Socha Bailey
Published: September 2017

Jürgen Habermas was born on June 18, 1929 in Gummersbach, Germany. He is a philosopher and sociologist who emerged from the Frankfurt School tradition of advancing the social development of all citizens through the public sphere.
Marable, Manning (1950–2011)
Authors: Ness Immanuel
Published: September 2017

Manning Marable was a leading historian, scholar, and critic on African American rights, and class in the United States and a prominent biographer of leading figures in the struggle for civil rights. Born in Dayton Ohio in 1950, Marable received PhDs in history at the University of Washington and the University of Maryland. He went on to teach at Tuskegee University, the University of San Francisco, Cornell University, and Fisk University before founding and directing programs in Africana studies at Colgate University, Purdue University, Ohio State University, and the University of Colorado. In 1993 Marable founded the Columbia University Institute for Research in African‐American Studies as a professor of history and public affairs, a position he held until his death.
Japanese Innovation in Adaptable Homes
Authors: Minami Kazunobu
Published: September 2017

By the late 1960s, Japan's postwar housing boom had resulted in supply exceeding demand. But these buildings were poor quality and short‐lived. Since then, the country has seen various initiatives – both public and private – to improve the building stock and make it sustainable. Ranging from construction guidelines, to tax incentives, to technical innovations, they have achieved considerable success. Kazunobu Minami – Professor of Architecture at the Shibaura Institute of Technology in Tokyo, who has worked as an architect for the Japanese government since 1981 – tells their story.
Adaptability: A Low‐Carbon Strategy
Authors: Sturgis Simon
Published: September 2017

For all its merits, the craze for ‘zero‐carbon’ new‐build is arguably misleading. In fact, retrofitting or recycling existing building stock can be a more eco‐friendly option than even the best‐intentioned demolition and replacement. Simon Sturgis, managing director of London‐based Sturgis Carbon Profiling, is an expert in assessing projects’ ‘green’ credentials. He describes different scenarios for two examples – a 19th‐century London terraced house, and a standard out‐of‐town industrial warehouse/office building – that illustrate his point, and sets out the analytical methods used by his firm.
Revolution and Evolution: The Architectural Association
Authors: Wright Clare
Published: September 2017

The Architectural Association conducts its pedagogical alchemy in a labyrinthine terrace of grand Georgian townhouses in London's Bloomsbury. Intimately intertwined with the school's sense of identity, the buildings form a responsive and still‐evolving armature for activities.

A new masterplan commissioned from Wright & Wright Architects, currently taking shape, will consolidate the AA as a physical, institutional and cultural entity. Clare Wright, one of the practice's cofounders, explains how.