bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carl Goerdeler and the Jewish Question, 1933–1942
Authors: Hoffmann Peter
Published: July 2011

In the 1930s, Carl Goerdeler, the mayor of Leipzig and, as prices commissioner, a cabinet-level official, engaged in active opposition against the persecution of the Jews in Germany and in Eastern Europe. He did this openly until 1938 and then secretly in contact with the British Foreign Office. Having failed to change Hitler's policy against the Jews, Goerdeler joined forces with military and civil conspirators against the regime. He was hanged for treason on 2 February 1945. This book describes the actions of Carl Goerdeler, the German resistance leader who consistently engaged in efforts to protect the Jews against persecution. Using new evidence and thus far under-researched documents, including a memorandum written by Goerdeler at the end of 1941 with a proposal for the status of the Jews in the world, the book fundamentally changes our understanding of Goerdeler's plan and presents a new view of the German resistance to Hitler.
Representing and Reconstructing Identities in the Postwar World: Refugees, UNRRA, and Fred Zinnemann's Film,The Search(1948)
Authors: Gemie Sharif , Rees Louise
Published: July 2011

This article analyses Fred Zinnemann's 1948 film,The Search, setting in the context of displaced persons in post-1945 Europe. We concentrate on Zinnemann's treatment of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), arguing that this is central to the film. We also consider the film's references to Americanism, Zionism, gender equality, and children's wartime experiences.
Modelling semi-continuous data using mixture regression models with an application to cattle production yields
Authors: BELASCO E. J. , GHOSH S. K.
Published: July 2011

The present paper develops a mixture regression model that allows for distributional flexibility in modelling the likelihood of a semi-continuous outcome that takes on zero value with positive probability while continuous on the positive half of the real line. A multivariate extension is also developed that builds on past multivariate models by systematically capturing the relationship between continuous and semi-continuous variables, while allowing for the semi-continuous variable to be characterized by a mixture model. The flexibility associated with this model provides potential applications in many production system studies. The empirical model is shown to provide a more accurate measure of mortality rates in cattle feedlots, both independently and within a system including other performance and health factors.
Estonia and Antarctica
Authors: Kaup Enn , Tammiksaar Erki
Published: July 2011

The Russian South Pole expedition carried out in 1819–1821 was an early milestone in the scientific exploration of the Antarctic. The expedition took place under the command of the Baltic German Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen. Bellingshausen came from the Island of Saaremaa in Estonia. The Russian empire, and followed by the Soviet Union, did not attach much importance to Bellingshausen's expedition. It was only after World War II as the question of the Antarctic received close attention that the Bellingshausen expedition received political significance in the Soviet Union. The fact that the expedition really took place was used by the Soviet Union to claim rights to the Antarctic and also to argue for its participation in Antarctic exploration (see Tammiksaar 2007; Bulkeley 2011). In the early stages of exploration of the continent, Estonians were given the opportunity to carry out investigations there. The first Estonian research programme in the Antarctic, on noctilucent clouds, was elaborated by the astronomer Charles Villmann. Altogether some tens of Estonians have visited the southern continent performing investigations in earth sciences, atmospheric physics, hydrology and ecology of surface waters and the human influence on them. They have also carried out isotope studies of the ice sheet to reconstruct environmental conditions in the past.
James Croll: a scientist ahead of his time
Authors: Bol'shakov V.A. , Kapitsa A.P. , Rees W.G.
Published: July 2011

James Croll (1821–1890) was a Scottish scientist who made major, although still largely unrecognised, contributions to the theory of the effects of variations in the Earth's orbit on the global climate. He was the first to identify the importance of positive feedbacks in the climate system, especially the ice-albedo feedback, and he placed the astrochronological method on a sound footing. Croll's theory was the first to predict multiple ice ages. However, it was unable to place the end of the most recent glaciation more recently than 80,000 years ago, and as evidence accumulated throughout the 19th century for a much more recent date than this Croll's theory fell into neglect. We argue that this was particularly unfortunate since several of his key ideas were forgotten, and that this has delayed the development of the orbital theory of paleoclimate.
Assessment of ASTER global digital elevation model data for Arctic research
Authors: Rees W. G.
Published: July 2011

A new source of digital elevation data, the advanced spaceborne thermal emission and reflection radiometer (ASTER) global digital elevation model (GDEM), has been freely available since 2009. It provides enormously greater coverage of the Arctic than previous satellite derived ‘global’ digital elevation models, extending to a latitude of 83 °N in contrast to 60 °N. The GDEM is described as a preliminary, research grade product. This paper investigates its accuracy in a number of specifically Arctic landscapes, including ice and snow, boreal forest, tundra and unvegetated terrain, using test sites in Svalbard, Iceland, Norway and Russia. Semivariogram analysis is used to characterise the magnitude and spatial correlation of errors in the GDEM products from the test sites. The analysis suggests that the horizontal resolution of the GDEM data is around 130 m, somewhat coarser than the sampling interval of 1 second of latitude and longitude. The vertical accuracy is variable, and the factors influencing it have not been systematically explored. However, it appears that the likely accuracy can be estimated from ‘stacking number’ data supplied with the elevation data. The stacking number is the number of independent digital elevation models averaged to generate the supplied product. Provided that this number is greater than around 6 the data have an rms accuracy of typically 5–10 m.
Multi-source synthesis of data to inform health policy
Authors: Pedersen Vibe Hjelholt , Dagenais Pierre , Lehoux Pascale
Published: July 2011

Objectives: To propose a new method for comparing and integrating original qualitative data with systematic reviews of quantitative and qualitative studies, demonstrated by a study of the psychosocial needs of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) sufferers in Québec.

Methods: A systematic literature review was performed across various databases for English and French language studies, on the psychosocial aspects of CFS. Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed method studies published between January 1994 and July 2008 were included. Unpublished literature and reference lists of included studies were also searched. Themes identified in the literature were used to guide semi-structured interviews with seventeen CFS-sufferers, mostly recruited from a large specialist practice in Montreal. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and validated by a research assistant. Transcripts were coded using the identified themes. New codes were created when new issues arose. All themes were subsequently synthesized into overall categories using a constant comparative method.

Results: The literature search yielded thirty-one papers: twenty-eight primary studies and three systematic reviews. Twelve themes were identified and synthesized into four overall problem categories, such as “Lack of professional recognition.” Interviews confirmed findings from the literature, but also revealed unidentified needs specific to CFS-sufferers in Québec. Policy recommendations were provided to address these needs.

Conclusions: Multi-Source Synthesis provides a systematic method for synthesizing data from original studies with literature findings, thereby broadening the knowledge base and the local relevance of decisions concerning specific patient populations.
Tackling ethical issues in health technology assessment: A proposed framework
Authors: Burls Amanda , Caron Lorraine , Cleret de Langavant Ghislaine , Dondorp Wybo , Harstall Christa , Pathak-Sen Ela , Hofmann Bjørn
Published: July 2011

Objectives: Values are intrinsic to the use of health technology assessments (HTAs) in health policy, but neglecting value assumptions in HTA makes their results appear more robust or normatively neutral than may be the case. Results of a 2003 survey by the International Network of Agencies for Health Technology Assessment (INAHTA) revealed the existence of disparate methods for making values and ethical issues explicit when conducting HTA.

Methods: An Ethics Working Group, with representation from sixteen agencies, was established to develop a framework for addressing ethical issues in HTA. Using an iterative approach, with email exchanges and face-to-face workshops, a report on Handling Ethical Issues was produced.

Results: This study describes the development process and the agreed upon framework for reflexive ethical analysis that aims to uncover and explore the ethical implications of technologies through an integrated, context-sensitive approach and situates the proposed framework within previous work in the development of ethics analysis in HTA.

Conclusions: It is important that methodological approaches to address ethical reflection in HTA be integrative and context sensitive. The question-based approach described and recommended here is meant to elicit this type of reflection in a way that can be used by HTA agencies. The questions proposed are considered only as a starting point for handling ethics issues, but their use would represent a significant improvement over much of the existing practice.
PROFICIENCY ASSESSMENT STANDARDS IN SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION RESEARCH
Authors: Tremblay Annie
Published: July 2011

The present study aims to sensitize SLA researchers to the importance of documenting and controlling for their participants’ proficiency in the target language, with the goal of establishing more robust proficiency assessment standards in experimental research. First, this article presents a survey of recent (2000–2008) foreign and second-language (L2) acquisition studies that show that such standards have yet to be met. Second, it demonstrates the validity, reliability, and practicality of a cloze (i.e., fill-in-the-blank) test designed to discriminate among L2 learners of French at different proficiency levels. Subject and item analyses are performed on the cloze test scores of 169 L2 learners of French from various language backgrounds. The relationship between these scores and the learners’ language background is examined. Cutoff points between proficiency levels are identified in the data. The test then is shared with scholars so that those working with a similar population of L2 learners of French can also use it.
WORD ASSOCIATION IN L1 AND L2
Authors: Fitzpatrick Tess , Izura Cristina
Published: July 2011

Word association responses in first-language (L1) Spanish and second-language (L2) English were investigated by means of response latencies and types of associative response produced. The primary aims were to establish whether (a) some response types are produced more often or faster than others, (b) participants’ L2 response time profiles mirror those of their L1, and (c) participants’ L2 association responses are mediated by their L1 and modulated by proficiency. Results indicate that responses are faster when a double association link is produced—that is, when the response is associated by form and meaning (postman → postbox) or meaning and collocation (spider → web). L2 response time profiles broadly mirror those of the L1, although L2 times are generally slower. A significant priming effect from L1 translation equivalents of cues used in the L2 association task was observed, suggesting L1 mediation in the production of L2 associative responses. Findings are discussed in light of the revised hierarchical model (Kroll & Stewart, 1994). New approaches to modeling and understanding the bilingual lexicon are also suggested.
Note from the Editors
Authors: Ringen Catherine , Vikner Sten
Published: July 2011

This is the first issue of volume 34 of the Nordic Journal of Linguistics. The NJL is the journal of the Nordic Association of Linguists. Individuals may subscribe to the Journal by joining the Nordic Association of Linguists. The NAL membership form can be found on the Cambridge University Press web site of the NJL, http://journals.cambridge.org/NJL, as well as on the NAL web site, http://www.uef.fi/nal.
The convergence process between Faroese and Faro-Danish
Authors: Petersen Hjalmar P.
Published: July 2011

The topic of this paper is convergence in an asymmetrical bilingual setting, and it will be shown that the outcome of the convergence process is different in the dominant language (L1) from what it is in the receiving language (L2). In L1, there is complication of the receiving language, while there is reduction in the syntax of the L2.
Stylistic Fronting in spoken Icelandic relatives
Authors: Wood Jim
Published: July 2011

Since Maling's (1980) study of embedded verb-second, Icelandic Stylistic Fronting has been an extensively studied aspect of Icelandic syntax. It is widely regarded as an optional fronting operation which moves an ordinarily post-verbal constituent to the pre-verbal domain just in case there is a subject gap. In this study, variationist methodology is employed to study quantitatively the conditioning effects of several syntactic and prosodic factors on Stylistic Fronting in two transcribed corpora of spoken Icelandic. The results show that some grammatical categories favor fronting more than others, and that fronting is affected by the number of syllables in the frontable constituent and the material surrounding the landing site. This lends support to the long-standing intuition that prosodic factors influence the choice to use Stylistic Fronting (which is syntactically optional), while at the same time suggests avenues for further research in addressing certain issues in the syntax of Stylistic Fronting, such as the ‘accessibility hierarchy’.
Estimating the impacts of power line collisions on Ludwig’s Bustards Neotis ludwigii
Authors: JENKINS ANDREW R. , SHAW JESSICA M. , SMALLIE JON J. , GIBBONS BRADLEY , VISAGIE RONELLE , RYAN PETER G.
Published: July 2011

Ludwig’s Bustard Neotis ludwigii, endemic to Africa’s south-west arid zone, is susceptible to collisions with overhead power lines. Limited data from the south-eastern part of its range suggest that this factor may threaten its survival. We estimated transmission line collision rates for Ludwig’s Bustard across its South African range to assess the effect of this mortality on the population. Conservatively, collision rates averaged at least 0.63 ± 0.12 fatal collisions per km of transmission line per year, with relatively little regional variation. Despite being less abundant, the larger males were more collision-prone than females, which might account for the female-biased population. Extrapolating collision rates across the range of the species suggests that 4,000–11,900 birds are killed annually on high-voltage transmission lines. Actual mortality on overhead lines is probably much greater, given biases in carcass detection (crippling, scavenging and habitat biases), as well as the fact that our estimate excludes mortality on lower voltage distribution lines and telephone wires. Given an estimated global population of 56,000–81,000 birds in the late 1980s, the demographic invariant method suggests that such mortality is unsustainable. This result supports the recent upgrading of the conservation status of Ludwig’s Bustard from ‘Least Concern’ to ‘Endangered’, and highlights the need for further research on this problem.
Exogenous Transnationalism: Java and ‘Europe’ in an Organised World Sugar Market (1927–37)
Authors: VON GRAEVENITZ FRITZ GEORG
Published: July 2011

Historians of the inter-war period usually view economic nationalism (in the form of protectionism) and internationalism (in the form of free trade policy) as conflicting concepts. This article argues that the transnational networks of sugar interest groups provided a new form of internationalism compatible with the policy of agricultural protectionism. By tracing the origins of the concept of international market intervention, the article also suggests a new perspective on the economic aspects of the League of Nations’ work and offers an insight into early attempts at agricultural Europeanisation.
Response to Evans
Authors: BALDWIN PETER
Published: July 2011

Because my article was not a review of Richard J. Evans's book, but a thought piece on broader topics prompted by his work, it does not stick only to issues discussed by him. What a shame that Cosmopolitan Islanders was largely ignored, as Evans reports, for he raises important questions. Part of the reason for the book's stillbirth is exemplified in Evans’ response here: the self-isolation of the historical profession that is met by increasing indifference from the rest of the thinking world. Evans's concern to draw fine distinctions and quarantine history apart from all other social science is telling. Yes, Myrdal was a sociologist (well actually an economist, but no matter). And, yes, some of the foreign scholars I mention who write about the Anglosphere work on literature, not history as such. Why such vigorous policing of the disciplinary boundaries when larger issues are at stake? No wonder historians now have their largest audiences among the military history buffs while the more adventurous social sciences cash in on our work in ways we spurn. What William McNeill used to do has become the province of Francis Fukuyama.
THE WELFARE COST OF INFLATION IN OECD COUNTRIES
Authors: Boel Paola , Camera Gabriele
Published: July 2011

The welfare cost of anticipated inflation is quantified in a matching model of money calibrated to 23 different OECD countries for several sample periods. In most economies, in the common period 1978–1998, a representative agent would give up only a fraction of 1% of consumption to avoid 10% inflation. The welfare cost of inflation varies across countries, from a fraction of 0.1% in Japan, to more than 2% in Australia, reaching 6% with bargaining. The model fits money demand data of several countries poorly, however. The fit generally improves with longer sample periods. The results are fairly robust to variations in choice of calibrated parameters and calibration targets.
Discovery on Wheels: the Biobus
Authors: Elert Emily
Published: July 2011

The night before I'm scheduled to volunteer on the Biobus, Dr. Ben Dubin-Thaler—the bus's owner and educational director—calls to give me directions: Take the 5 train to the Bronx, get off at the second-to-last stop. Make two rights and then a left on Baychester Avenue. Walk to John Philip Sousa Middle School. “We'll be parked out front,” Dubin-Thaler tells me. I hesitate, imagining picking my way through a sea of frenzied children and identical school buses. “You'll see us,” says Dubin-Thaler.
Pioneers in Optics: Alexandre Edmond Becquerel and William Henry Bragg
Authors: Davidson Michael W.
Published: July 2011

Four successive generations of the Becquerel family were educated at the prestigious French scientific institution of higher learning, the École Polytechnique, and became physics professors at the French Museum of Natural History. Alexandre Edmond Becquerel was the son of Antoine César (1788– 1878), discoverer of piezoelectricity; father of Antoine Henri (1852– 1908), who discovered radioactivity; and the grandfather of Jean Antoine (1878–1953), who is best known for his work on relativity and the discovery of polarization rotation in the presence of a magnetic field. Though all of these notable scientists carried out a variety of experiments related to optics, it was Alexandre Edmond Becquerel who made the greatest contributions to the field.
Advanced Techniques for Visualization of Diatom Structures?
Authors: Sterrenburg Frithjof A.S.
Published: July 2011

In Microscopy Today, January 2011, Piper and Chmela published an article called “Advanced Techniques for Observation and Photomicrography of Subcellular Structures in Diatom Shells.” This paper clamors for some comments of a fundamental nature.
Identification to Proximal Targets and Affective Organizational Commitment
Authors: Marique Géraldine , Stinglhamber Florence
Published: July 2011

The present study aims to investigate the contribution of identification to proximal targets in the prediction of affective organizational commitment. Using three sets of cross-sectional data, we found that organizational identification mediates the impact of both occupational and workgroup identification on affective organizational commitment. We also examined the relationship between organizational identification and affective organizational commitment and their effects on two of their common outcomes, that is, job satisfaction and turnover intentions. Our results showed that affective organizational commitment mediates the effect of organizational identification on job satisfaction and turnover intentions.
Brittle tectonic evolution and paleostress field reconstruction in the southwestern part of the Fennoscandian Shield, Forsmark, Sweden
Authors: Saintot A. , Stephens M. B. , Viola G. , Nordgulen Ø.
Published: July 2011

Six hundred fault slip data have provided robust paleostress fields within an approximately 35 km3 volume of Paleoproterozoic (1.9 Ga) rocks in the southwestern Fennoscandian Shield, Forsmark, Sweden. These rocks were affected by penetrative ductile strain from 1.87 to 1.86 Ga, folding, ductile strain along discrete zones around 1.8 Ga, and semibrittle or brittle deformation around and after 1.8 Ga. Compatible paleostress fields have been identified using site‐by‐site and merged data sets from outcrops and oriented drill cores. Transpressive deformation with a regional NNW‐SSE σ1 axis, associated with clockwise stress deviation inside a tectonic lens, resulted in dextral slip along regionally significant, steep WNW‐ESE and NW‐SE deformation zones. The semibrittle and most of the brittle structures, including specifically the epidote‐bearing fractures, were established during this oldest regime around 1.8 Ga (latest Svecokarelian). A younger paleostress field with a NE‐SW σ1 axis, which was also transpressive in character, is inferred to have been active at 1.7–1.6 Ga. The best defined paleostress field is transpressive in character with a WNW‐ESE σ1 axis that resulted in sinistral reactivation along the WNW‐ESE and NW‐SE zones. The main set of laumontite‐stepped faults developed at this stage at 1.1–0.9 Ga (Sveconorwegian). It is impossible to exclude fully the influence of reactivation during even younger Phanerozoic tectonic events. Subordinate extensional paleostress fields were related either to the latest Svecokarelian and Sveconorwegian transpressive regimes, due to σ1 and σ2 stress permutations, or to regional extensional tectonic regimes during the Meso‐ or Neoproterozoic or later during the Permo‐Carboniferous and/or Mesozoic.
Long‐term patterns and short‐term dynamics of stream solutes and suspended sediment in a rapidly weathering tropical watershed
Authors: Shanley James B. , McDowell William H. , Stallard Robert F.
Published: July 2011

The 326 ha Río Icacos watershed in the tropical wet forest of the Luquillo Mountains, northeastern Puerto Rico, is underlain by granodiorite bedrock with weathering rates among the highest in the world. We pooled stream chemistry and total suspended sediment (TSS) data sets from three discrete periods: 1983–1987, 1991–1997, and 2000–2008. During this period three major hurricanes crossed the site: Hugo in 1989, Hortense in 1996, and Georges in 1998. Stream chemistry reflects sea salt inputs (Na, Cl, and SO4), and high weathering rates of the granodiorite (Ca, Mg, Si, and alkalinity). During rainfall, stream composition shifts toward that of precipitation, diluting 90% or more in the largest storms, but maintains a biogeochemical watershed signal marked by elevated K and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration. DOC exhibits an unusual “boomerang” pattern, initially increasing with flow but then decreasing at the highest flows as it becomes depleted and/or vigorous overland flow minimizes contact with watershed surfaces. TSS increased markedly with discharge (power function slope 1.54), reflecting the erosive power of large storms in a landslide‐prone landscape. The relations of TSS and most solute concentrations with stream discharge were stable through time, suggesting minimal long‐term effects from repeated hurricane disturbance. Nitrate concentration, however, increased about threefold in response to hurricanes then returned to baseline over several years following a pseudo first‐order decay pattern. The combined data sets provide insight about important hydrologic pathways, a long‐term perspective to assess response to hurricanes, and a framework to evaluate future climate change in tropical ecosystems.
Reconstitution of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis pupylation pathway in Escherichia coli
Authors: Cerda‐Maira Francisca A , McAllister Fiona , Bode Nadine J , Burns Kristin E , Gygi Steven P , Darwin K Heran
Published: July 2011

Prokaryotic ubiquitin‐like protein (Pup) is a post‐translational modifier that attaches to more than 50 proteins in Mycobacteria. Proteasome accessory factor A (PafA) is responsible for Pup conjugation to substrates, but the manner in which proteins are selected for pupylation is unknown. To address this issue, we reconstituted the pupylation of model Mycobacterium proteasome substrates in Escherichia coli, which does not encode Pup or PafA. Surprisingly, Pup and PafA were sufficient to pupylate at least 51 E. coli proteins in addition to the mycobacterial proteins. These data suggest that pupylation signals are intrinsic to targeted proteins and might not require Mycobacterium‐specific cofactors for substrate recognition by PafA in vivo.
Regulation of Rad51 function by phosphorylation
Authors: Flott Sonja , Kwon Youngho , Pigli Ying Zhang , Rice Phoebe A , Sung Patrick , Jackson Stephen P
Published: July 2011

Rad51 is a key enzyme involved in DNA double‐strand break repair by homologous recombination. Here, we show that in response to DNA damage, budding yeast Rad51 is phosphorylated on Ser 192 in a manner that is primarily mediated by the DNA‐damage‐responsive protein kinase Mec1. We show that mutating Rad51 Ser 192 to Ala or Glu confers hypersensitivity to DNA damage and homologous‐recombination defects. Furthermore, biochemical analyses indicate that Ser 192 is required for Rad51 adenosine triphosphate hydrolysis and DNA‐binding activity in vitro, whereas mutation of Ser 192 does not interfere with Rad51 multimer formation. These data suggest a model in which Mec1‐mediated phosphorylation of Rad51 Ser 192 in response to DNA damage controls Rad51 activity and DNA repair by homologous recombination.
The academic birth rate
Authors: Martinson Brian C
Published: July 2011

Universities have been churning out PhD students to reap financial and other rewards for training biomedical scientists. This deluge of cheap labour has created unhealthy competition, which encourages scientific misconduct.
SIRT3 deacetylase: the Jekyll and Hyde sirtuin
Authors: Silberman Dafne M , Mostoslavsky Raul
Published: July 2011

Mitochondrial deacetylase SIRT3 protects against oxidative damage. In an article published online this month in EMBO reports, it is shown to also aggravate paracetamol‐induced liver toxicity, calling for caution in trying to pharmacologically enhance SIRT3 activity.
Beliefs About Weight Gain Among Young Adults: Potential Challenges to Prevention
Authors: LaRose Jessica Gokee , Gorin Amy A. , Clarke Megan M. , Wing Rena R.
Published: July 2011

This study assessed young adults' beliefs about weight gain with the goal of improving intervention efforts with this high‐risk group. A total of 1,347 incoming freshman (45% male; 81% non‐Hispanic white; 18.6 ± 1.7 years; BMI = 23.3 ± 2.3 kg/m2) at a large state university in the Northeast completed a survey designed to assess: (i) degree of concern about weight gain, (ii) level of interest in weight control programs, and (iii) the most acceptable setting for an intervention. Perceptions about freshman weight gain were consistent across gender, with men and women reporting that the average student gains 5.4 ± 1.9 kg and 5.6 ± 1.9 kg respectively. Men in general were less concerned about weight gain (P < 0.001) and reported they would have to gain 6.2 ± 4.2 kg before becoming concerned compared to 3.1 ± 1.7 kg among women (P < 0.001). Overweight (OW) men were more concerned about gaining weight than normal weight (NW) men (P < 0.001) and indicated they would have to gain less weight before becoming concerned (5.0 ± 3.0 kg vs. 6.7 ± 4.5 kg, P < 0.001). Fewer men reported they would join a program to prevent weight gain (17% men vs. 40% women, P < 0.001); the percentage of men willing to join a prevention program did not vary by weight status (P = 0.59). Both men and women were most likely to report a willingness to attend classes on a local college campus compared to other settings. Findings highlight the challenges of engaging young adults in weight gain prevention programs, particularly young men, and are discussed in terms of implications for improving recruitment efforts and intervention development with this population.
Overview and application of the National Aquatic Ecological Monitoring Program (NAEMP) in Korea
Authors: Lee Sang-Woo , Hwang Soon-Jin , Lee Jae-Kwan , Jung Dong-Il , Park Yeon-Jae , Kim Ji-Tae
Published: July 2011

This paper provides an overview of the development and application of the National Aquatic Ecological Monitoring Program (NAEMP) in Korea, which uses biological and habitat–riparian criteria for river/stream and watershed management. Development of NAEMP began in 2003, with recognition by the Korean Ministry of Environment (MOE) of the limitations of applying chemical parameters (e.g., biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)) as the principal targets of water environment management. Ecosystem health criteria under NAEMP were developed from 2003 to 2006. Candidate sites for monitoring were also screened and established across the country. NAEMP was implemented in 2007, and since then a standard protocol of nationwide monitoring based on multi-criteria has been implemented to assess the ecological condition of rivers and streams. The monitoring results indicate that many Korean rivers and streams are severely degraded, with biological conditions that are much worse than their water chemistry suggests. In 2009, 24% of rivers and streams were in classes C (Fair) and D (Poor) for BOD, but more than 71, 53, and 27% were categorized as Fair to Poor according to fish, diatom, and benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages, respectively. NAEMP is promising in that the results have already had great impacts on policy making and scientific research relevant to lotic water environment and watershed management in Korea. In the future, NAEMP results will be used to develop more aggressive regulations for the preservation and restoration of rivers/streams, riparian buffer areas and watersheds. Another future aim of the NAEMP is to develop aquatic ecological modeling based on the monitoring results.
The texture of Nd oxide grains in Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets studied by synchrotron radiation
Authors: Woodcock T. G. , Wright J. , Scheerbaum N. , Liu J. , Gutfleisch O.
Published: July 2011

Synchrotron pole figures have been recorded from the Nd2Fe14B, Nd2O3, and NdO grains in commercial Dy-free, Nd-Fe-B sintered magnets in the as-sintered and fully annealed states. In contrast to the well known <00l> fiber texture in the Nd2Fe14B grains, the Nd-oxide phases showed no preferred orientation in the as-sintered or annealed states. The random orientation of the Nd-oxide grains was confirmed from histograms of the pole density values. These showed only small deviations from the pole density of a non-textured material.
Concentration dependent refractive index of a binary mixture at high pressure
Authors: Croccolo Fabrizio , Arnaud Marc-Alexandre , Bégué Didier , Bataller Henri
Published: July 2011

In the present work binary mixtures of varying concentrations of two miscible hydrocarbons, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphtalene (THN) and n-dodecane (C12), are subjected to increasing pressure up to 50 MPa in order to investigate the dependence of the so-called concentration contrast factor (CF), i.e., (∂n/∂c)p, T, on pressure level. The refractive index is measured by means of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The setup and experimental procedure are validated with different pure fluids in the same pressure range. The refractive index of the THN-C12 mixture is found to vary both over pressure and concentration, and the concentration CF is found to exponentially decrease as the pressure is increased. The measured values of the refractive index and the concentration CFs are compared with values obtained by two different theoretical predictions, the well-known Lorentz-Lorenz formula and an alternative one proposed by Looyenga. While the measured refractive indices agree very well with predictions given by Looyenga, the measured concentration CFs show deviations from the latter of the order of 6% and more than the double from the Lorentz-Lorenz predictions.
Implementation of screened hybrid density functional for periodic systems with numerical atomic orbitals: Basis function fitting and integral screening
Authors: Shang Honghui , Li Zhenyu , Yang Jinlong
Published: July 2011

We present an efficient O(N) implementation of screened hybrid density functional for periodic systems with numerical atomic orbitals (NAOs). NAOs of valence electrons are fitted with gaussian-type orbitals, which is convenient for the calculation of electron repulsion integrals and the construction of Hartree-Fock exchange matrix elements. All other parts of Hamiltonian matrix elements are constructed directly with NAOs. The strict locality of NAOs is adopted as an efficient two-electron integral screening technique to speed up calculations.
Constrained-pairing mean-field theory. V. Triplet pairing formalism
Authors: Ellis Jason K. , Jiménez-Hoyos Carlos A. , Henderson Thomas M. , Tsuchimochi Takashi , Scuseria Gustavo E.
Published: July 2011

Describing strong (also known as static) correlation caused by degenerate or nearly degenerate orbitals near the Fermi level remains a theoretical challenge, particularly in molecular systems. Constrained-pairing mean-field theory has been quite successful, capturing the effects of static correlation in bond formation and breaking in closed-shell molecular systems by using singlet electron entanglement to model static correlation at mean-field computational cost. This work extends the previous formalism to include triplet pairing. Additionally, a spin orbital extension of the “odd-electron” formalism is presented as a method for understanding electron entanglement in molecules.
Concentration dependence of ionic conductance measured with ion-selective sub-micro pipette probes in aqueous sodium and potassium chloride solutions
Authors: Son J. W. , Takami T. , Lee J.-K. , Kawai T. , Park B. H.
Published: July 2011

Selective ionic currents in aqueous sodium and potassium chloride solutions with concentrations from 0.01 M to 1.0 M were measured using sub-micro pipette probes in which a poly(vinyl chloride) film containing crown ethers selectively filtered sodium or potassium ions. The selective ionic currents were monitored with a sub-picoampere current measurement system developed from the techniques of TΩ-gap impedance scanning tunneling microscopy. The ionic currents increased with the concentration of the corresponding solution, and thus these sub-micro pipette probes can be applied to detect local ionic concentration of a specific ion in living cells with ionic concentration higher than 0.1 M.
Dispersed disease-causing neomorphic mutations on a single protein promote the same localized conformational opening
Authors: He Weiwei , Zhang Hui-Min , Chong Yeeting E. , Guo Min , Marshall Alan G. , Yang Xiang-Lei
Published: July 2011

The question of how dispersed mutations in one protein engender the same gain-of-function phenotype is of great interest. Here we focus on mutations in glycyl-tRNA synthetase (GlyRS) that cause an axonal form of Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) diseases, the most common hereditary peripheral neuropathies. Because the disease phenotype is dominant, and not correlated with defects in the role of GlyRS in protein synthesis, the mutant proteins are considered to be neomorphs that gain new functions from altered protein structure. Given that previous crystal structures showed little conformational difference between dimeric wild-type and CMT-causing mutant GlyRSs, the mutant proteins were investigated in solution by hydrogen-deuterium exchange (monitored by mass spectrometry) and small-angle X-ray scattering to uncover structural changes that could be suppressed by crystal packing interactions. Significantly, each of five spatially dispersed mutations induced the same conformational opening of a consensus area that is mostly buried in the wild-type protein. The identified neomorphic surface is thus a candidate for making CMT-associated pathological interactions, and a target for disease correction. Additional result showed that a helix-turn-helix WHEP domain that was appended to GlyRS in metazoans can regulate the neomorphic structural change, and that the gain of function of the CMT mutants might be due to the loss of function of the WHEP domain as a regulator. Overall, the results demonstrate how spatially dispersed and seemingly unrelated mutations can perpetrate the same localized effect on a protein.
An ATP-binding cassette subfamily G full transporter is essential for the retention of leaf water in both wild barley and rice
Authors: Chen Guoxiong , Komatsuda Takao , Ma Jian Feng , Nawrath Christiane , Pourkheirandish Mohammad , Tagiri Akemi , Hu Yin-Gang , Sameri Mohammad , Li Xinrong , Zhao Xin , Liu Yubing , Li Chao , Ma Xiaoying , Wang Aidong , Nair Sudha , Wang Ning , Miyao Akio , Sakuma Shun , Yamaji Naoki , Zheng Xiuting , Nevo Eviatar
Published: July 2011

Land plants have developed a cuticle preventing uncontrolled water loss. Here we report that an ATP-binding cassette (ABC) subfamily G (ABCG) full transporter is required for leaf water conservation in both wild barley and rice. A spontaneous mutation,
eibi1.b
, in wild barley has a low capacity to retain leaf water, a phenotype associated with reduced cutin deposition and a thin cuticle. Map-based cloning revealed that
Eibi1
encodes an HvABCG31 full transporter. The gene was highly expressed in the elongation zone of a growing leaf (the site of cutin synthesis), and its gene product also was localized in developing, but not in mature tissue. A de novo wild barley mutant named “
eibi1.c
,” along with two transposon insertion lines of rice mutated in the ortholog of
HvABCG31
also were unable to restrict water loss from detached leaves.
HvABCG31
is hypothesized to function as a transporter involved in cutin formation. Homologs of HvABCG31 were found in green algae, moss, and lycopods, indicating that this full transporter is highly conserved in the evolution of land plants.
Extension of the ECRH operational space with O2 and X3 heating schemes to control tungsten accumulation in ASDEX Upgrade
Authors: Höhnle H. , Stober J. , Herrmann A. , Kasparek W. , Leuterer F. , Monaco F. , Neu R. , Schmid-Lorch D. , Schütz H. , Schweinzer J. , Stroth U. , Wagner D. , Vorbrugg S. , Wolfrum E.
Published: July 2011

ASDEX Upgrade has been operated with tungsten-coated plasma-facing components for several years. H-mode operation with good confinement has been demonstrated. Nevertheless, purely neutral beam injection-heated H-modes with reduced gas puff, moderate heating power or/and increased triangularity tend to accumulate tungsten, followed by a radiative collapse. Under these conditions, central electron heating with electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH), usually in X2 polarization, changes the impurity transport in the plasma centre, reducing the central tungsten concentration and, in many cases, stabilizing the plasma. In order to extend the applicability of central ECRH to a wider range of magnetic field and plasma current additional ECRH schemes with reduced single-pass absorption have been implemented: X3 heating allows us to reduce the magnetic field by 30%, such that the first H-modes with an ITER-like value of the safety factor of q
95 = 3 could be run in the tungsten-coated device. O2 heating increases the cutoff density by a factor of 2 allowing higher currents and triangularities to be addressed. For both schemes, scenarios have been developed to cope with the associated reduced absorption. In the case of central X3 heating, the X2 resonance lies close to the pedestal top at the high-field side of the plasma, serving as a beam dump. For O2, holographic mirrors have been developed which guarantee a second pass through the plasma centre. The beam position on these reflectors is controlled by fast thermocouples. Stray-radiation protection has been implemented using sniffer probes.
Yos9p assists in the degradation of certain nonglycosylated proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Jaenicke Laura A. , Brendebach Holger , Selbach Matthias , Hirsch Christian
Published: July 2011

The HRD ubiquitin ligase recognizes and ubiquitylates proteins of the endoplasmic reticulum that display structural defects. Here, we apply quantitative proteomics to characterize the substrate spectrum of the HRD complex. Among the identified substrates is Erg3p, a glycoprotein involved in sterol synthesis. We characterize Erg3p and demonstrate that the elimination of Erg3p requires Htm1p and Yos9p, two proteins that take part in the glycan-dependent turnover of aberrant proteins. We further show that the HRD ligase also mediates the breakdown of Erg3p and CPY* engineered to lack N-glycans. The degradation of these nonglycosylated substrates is enhanced by a mutant variant of Yos9p that has lost its affinity for oligosaccharides, indicating that Yos9p has a previously unrecognized role in the quality control of nonglycosylated proteins.
Podosome rings generate forces that drive saltatory osteoclast migration
Authors: Hu Shiqiong , Planus Emmanuelle , Georgess Dan , Place Christophe , Wang Xianghui , Albiges-Rizo Corinne , Jurdic Pierre , Géminard Jean-Christophe
Published: July 2011

Podosomes are dynamic, actin-containing adhesion structures that collectively self-organize as rings. In this study, we first show by observing osteoclasts plated on bead-seeded soft substrates that podosome assemblies, such as rings, are involved in tension forces. During the expansion of a podosome ring, substrate displacement is oriented outward, suggesting that podosomal structures push the substrate away. To further elucidate the function of forces generated by podosomes, we analyze osteoclast migration. Determining the centers of mass of the whole cell (G) and of actin (P), we demonstrate that osteoclasts migrate by “jumps” and that the trajectories of G and P are strongly correlated. The velocity of the center of mass as a function of time reveals that osteoclasts rapidly catch up with podosomal structures in a periodic pattern. We conclude that actin dynamics inside the cell are not only correlated with cell migration, but drive it.
Calcium signals and calpain-dependent necrosis are essential for release of coxsackievirus B from polarized intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Bozym Rebecca A. , Patel Kunal , White Carl , Cheung King-Ho , Bergelson Jeffrey M. , Morosky Stefanie A. , Coyne Carolyn B.
Published: July 2011

Coxsackievirus B (CVB), a member of the enterovirus family, targets the polarized epithelial cells lining the intestinal tract early in infection. Although the polarized epithelium functions as a protective barrier, this barrier is likely exploited by CVB to promote viral entry and subsequent egress. Here we show that, in contrast to nonpolarized cells, CVB-infected polarized intestinal Caco-2 cells undergo nonapoptotic necrotic cell death triggered by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor–dependent calcium release. We further show that CVB-induced cellular necrosis depends on the Ca2+-activated protease calpain-2 and that this protease is involved in CVB-induced disruption of the junctional complex and rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton. Our study illustrates the cell signaling pathways hijacked by CVB, and perhaps other viral pathogens, to promote their replication and spread in polarized cell types.
Nuclear lipid microdomains regulate nuclear vitamin D3uptake and influence embryonic hippocampal cell differentiation
Authors: Bartoccini Elisa , Marini Francesca , Damaskopoulou Eleni , Lazzarini Remo , Cataldi Samuela , Cascianelli Giacomo , Gil Garcia Mercedes , Albi Elisabetta
Published: July 2011

Despite recent advances in the understanding of the role of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3(1,25-(OH)2D3) in the CNS, the mechanism of action remains obscure. We demonstrate that some 1,25-(OH)2D3receptor (VDR) is localized in the cell nucleus in specialized microdomains enriched in sphingomyelin and cholesterol; the integrity of these microdomains is necessary for embryonic hippocampal cell differentiation. Sphingomyelinase (SMase) treatment reduces both VDR and labeled 1,25-(OH)2D3content in nuclear microdomains. We have previously shown that HN9.10e embryonic hippocampal cells differentiate when incubated with 100 nM 1,25-(OH)2D3in the presence of 10% fetal calf serum, while serum deprivation induces cell death. In this study, we have investigated whether conditions that alter lipid content of nuclear microdomains modify 1,25-(OH)2D3–induced differentiation. Serum deprivation activates SMase and modifies the composition of nuclear microdomains, which lose the 1,25-(OH)2vitamin D3receptor. The incubation of serum-deprived cells with 100 nM 1,25-(OH)2D3prevents differentiation. However, treatment with 400 nM 1,25-(OH)2D3during serum withdrawal increases the lipid content of the nuclear microdomains, allows the interaction of 1,25-(OH)2D3with its receptor, and results in differentiation. These results suggest the presence of VDR in nuclear microdomains is necessary for 1,25-(OH)2D3–induced differentiation in embryonic hippocampal cells.