bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highly selective removal of U(VI) from aqueous solutions by porous nanomaterials
Authors: Li Yang , Wang Suhua , Wang Xiangke
Published: April 2024

With the fast development of nuclear energy peaceful utilization, large amounts of U(VI) are not only required to be extracted from solutions for sustainable nuclear fuel supply but also inevitably released into the environment to result in pollution, which is hazardous to human health. Thereby, the selective extraction of U(VI) from aqueous solutions is crucial to U(VI) pollution treatment and also to nuclear industry sustainable development. In this minireview, we summarized the selective extraction of U(VI) from solutions by porous nanomaterials (i.e., porous carbon nanomaterials, covalent organic frameworks, metal organic frameworks, and other nanomaterials) using different techniques, that is, sorption, electrocatalysis, photocatalysis, and other strategies. The efficient high extraction ability is dependent on the properties of porous nanomaterials and the used techniques. The high surface areas, abundant active sites, and functional groups are efficient for the high sorption of U(VI), but the special functional groups such as amidoxime groups are more critical for high selective extraction. The electrocatalytic extraction is related to the active sites, especially the single atom sites, of the porous nanomaterials as electrode. The special functional groups, bandgap, electron transfer pathway and electron donor–acceptor structures of photocatalysts contribute the high photocatalytic extraction of U(VI). The interaction mechanisms are discussed from spectroscopic analysis and computational simulation at molecular level. In the end, the challenges and prospectives for the efficient extraction of U(VI) are described.
Environmental DNA metabarcoding differentiates between micro‐habitats within the rocky intertidal
Authors: Shea Meghan M. , Boehm Alexandria B.
Published: April 2024

While the utility of environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding surveys for biodiversity monitoring continues to be demonstrated, the spatial and temporal variability of eDNA, and thus the limits of the differentiability of an eDNA signal, remains under‐characterized. In this study, we collected eDNA samples from distinct micro‐habitats (~40 m apart) in a rocky intertidal ecosystem over their exposure period in a tidal cycle. During this period, the micro‐habitats transitioned from being interconnected, to physically isolated, to interconnected again. Using a well‐established eukaryotic (cytochrome oxidase subunit I) metabarcoding assay, we detected 415 species across 28 phyla. Across a variety of univariate and multivariate analyses, using exclusively taxonomically assigned data as well as all detected amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), we identified unique eDNA signals from the different micro‐habitats sampled. This differentiability paralleled expected ecological gradients and increased as the sites became more physically disconnected. Our results demonstrate that eDNA biomonitoring can differentiate micro‐habitats in the rocky intertidal only 40 m apart, that these differences reflect known ecology in the area, and that physical connectivity informs the degree of differentiation possible. These findings showcase the potential power of eDNA biomonitoring to increase the spatial and temporal resolution of marine biodiversity data, aiding research, conservation, and management efforts.
Vitamin A‐treated natural killer cells reduce interferon‐gamma production and support regulatory T‐cell differentiation
Authors: Jeong Mingeum , Cortopassi Francesco , See Jia‐Xiang , De La Torre Carolina , Cerwenka Adelheid , Stojanovic Ana
Published: April 2024

Natural killer (NK) cells are innate cytotoxic lymphocytes that contribute to immune responses against stressed, transformed, or infected cells. NK cell effector functions are regulated by microenvironmental factors, including cytokines, metabolites, and nutrients. Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient that plays an indispensable role in embryogenesis and development, but was also reported to regulate immune responses. However, the role of vitamin A in regulating NK cell functions remains poorly understood. Here, we show that the most prevalent vitamin A metabolite, all‐trans retinoic acid (atRA), induces transcriptional and functional changes in NK cells leading to altered metabolism and reduced IFN‐γ production in response to a wide range of stimuli. atRA‐exposed NK cells display a reduced ability to support dendritic cell (DC) maturation and to eliminate immature DCs. Moreover, they support the polarization and proliferation of regulatory T cells. These results imply that in vitamin A‐enriched environments, NK cells can acquire functions that might promote tolerogenic immunity and/or immunosuppression.
Modulating the Magnetic Dynamics of Five‐Coordinate DyIII Single‐Molecule Magnets by the Substitution Effect on the Axial Ligand
Authors: Ma Lan , He Yifei , Zeng Zhaopeng , Jiao Yijia , Luo Shuchang , Yu Jipan , Guo Yan , Liu Xiangyu
Published: April 2024

Two five‐coordinate mononuclear DyIII single‐molecule magnets [(TrapenTMS)Dy(L)] (Trapen=tris(2‐aminobenzyl) amine; TMS=SiMe3; L=OPMe3 1, OPEt3 2) have been synthesized by the reaction of [(TrapenTMS)Dy(THF)] and OPMe3, OPEt3, respectively. The molecular structures of 1 and 2 were fully established by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The centre DyIII ions of both complexes exhibit distorted triangular bipyramid geometries, varying with different neutral ligands L on the apex. The TrapenTMS ligand forms the pyramid base of the trigonal bipyramid. Subtle structural modifications of the axial O‐ligand terminal substituent result in different dynamic magnetic behaviors. Magnetic data analysis reveals that 1 and 2 exhibit the characteristic behavior of SMM without a dc field, accompanying an unambiguous quantum tunneling of the magnetization. Field‐induced slow magnetic relaxation was observed for 1 and 2 under an applied bias dc field of 1000 Oe, the relaxation energy barriers are 107 K and 88 K for 1 and 2, respectively. We have investigated the differences in magnetism and magnetic anisotropy between the two complexes by ab initio calculations.
Time trends in opioid use for patients undergoing hip fracture surgery in 1997–2018: A Danish population‐based cohort study
Authors: Melsen I. M. , Szépligeti S. K. , Gundtoft P. H. , Pedersen A. B.
Published: April 2024

Background

Although opioids are a mainstay for perioperative pain management in hip fracture patients, no studies have described changes in opioid use over the last two decades. The aim of this study was to describe time trends in opioid use in a population‐based cohort of patients undergoing a first‐time hip fracture surgery during 1997–2018.

Methods

Opioid‐naïve hip fracture patients >55 years old were identified in Danish medical databases (n = 115,962). By 2‐year calendar periods, we calculated prevalence rates (PR) of opioid use in the four quarters after surgery (Q1–Q4). Corresponding prevalence rate ratios (PRR) with 1997–1998 as a reference were estimated with 95% confidence intervals. Further, we calculated the median morphine milligram equivalents (MME) for each quarter.

Results

For Q1, the PR of opioid use increased from 29% in 1997–1998 to 78% in 2017–2018 corresponding to a PRR of 2.7 (2.6–2.8). For Q4, the PR was 15% in 1997–1998, peaked in 2003–2004 and then decreased, but stayed high at 13% in 2017–2018. The median MME did not increase when comparing 2017–2018 with 1997–1998, irrespective of the quarter. Tramadol was most frequently used in 1997–1998 shifting to oxycodone in 2017–2018.

Conclusion

The PRs of opioid use in Q1 after surgery increased substantially from 1997 to 2018, but this did not translate into increased opioid use up to 1 year after hip fracture surgery or higher dosage. Our findings underline the importance of sustained focus on opioid tapering, dosage and use of opioids with the lowest potential for addiction and other adverse events.

Significance Statement

Overall, opioid use in Q1 after hip fracture surgery increased 2.7 times from 1997 to 2018, but the doses and opioid use up to 1 year after surgery remained stable. Compared to elderly, younger patients were more likely to use opioid in Q1, while the tendency was opposite in Q2–Q4. The most used opioid type changed from tramadol to oxycodone. Our findings underline the importance of personalized opioid tapering and doses, and use of opioids with the lowest potential for addiction and other adverse events.
Synergistic flame‐retardant effects between silane coupling agents modified expanded graphite and Pt catalyst in silicone rubber composites
Authors: Liu Yang , Zhu Hai‐Bo , Shang Ke , Zhao Bi , Lin Gui‐De , Wang Jun‐Sheng , Yang Jin‐Jun
Published: April 2024

In this work, different kinds of silane coupling agents modified expanded graphite (MEG) fillers were successfully prepared and then incorporated into silicon rubber matrix to fabricate flame‐retardant composite materials (SR/MEG). The inserted MEG fillers with siloxane chains exhibited good compatibility with the silicon rubber matrix, which cannot only reduce the negative impact of adding fillers on mechanical properties but also endow the silicon rubber composites with ideal flame retardancy. Subsequently, platinum (Pt) catalyst was incorporated into the SR/MEG composites to prepare SR/MEG/Pt composites, and the synergistic effects of MEG and Pt catalyst on the thermal stability, flame retardancy, and combustion behavior of silicon rubber composites were systematically investigated. The target SR/MEG/Pt composite with appropriate addition of MEG and Pt catalyst can obtain relatively high char residue of 41.9% and limiting oxygen index value of 29.6%, as well as achieve V‐0 rating in the vertical combustion test, owing to the formation of expanded and dense silicon–carbon protective layer under the catalysis of Pt catalyst. Moreover, the cone calorimeter test results showed that the peak of heat release rate and total heat release of SR/MEG composites were further reduced after the addition of an appropriate amount of Pt catalyst, manifesting the good synergistic effect of MEG and Pt catalyst on the flame retardancy performance of silicon rubber. The method proposed herein may provide a promising way for fabricating high‐performance flame‐retardant silicone rubber materials.
Evaluation of rhizomania infection on sugar beet quality in multi‐year field assessment
Authors: Fasahat Parviz , Aghaeezadeh Mohsen , Taleghani Dariush , Kakueinezhad Mozhdeh , Hosseinpour Mostafa , Pacheco Rosa Angela
Published: April 2024

Rhizomania is one of the most destructive and damaging sugar beet diseases that has spread in different regions of Iran. In order to evaluate the genotypic, environmental, and genotype by environmental variability of sugar beet genotypes under rhizomania infection, variance components were estimated from the trial series in 7 years. Required data, such as yield and quality parameters, were collected from value for cultivation and use trials. Results of analysis of variance showed that the environment was the source that explained most of the variability, except for amino‐N and alkalinity. Quality traits were also influenced by the environment × cultivar interaction, so that 4.8% (white sugar content) to 46.1% (alkalinity) variance was observed. In contrast, genetic variation was much lower, between 1.2% (potassium) and 27.4% (amino‐N). A strong and negative correlation was found between root yield, sugar yield, and white sugar content with the disease index, which obviously illustrates the negative impact of the rhizomania on root weight and as a consequence on the dependent traits. The cluster analysis of the cultivars based on the quantitative and qualitative traits and the disease index showed that the range of variation in traits, such as the disease index, varied from 6.25 for the susceptible cultivar to 1.25 for the resistant one. This indicates the existence of sufficient genetic diversity among cultivars in terms of this trait. High impurity accumulation was observed in Shiraz region compared with Mashhad. In conclusion, it is observed that rhizomania has a significant effect on the impurity concentration in the root, especially sodium, potassium, and amino‐N. This is very important in the sugar industry because sugar extraction depends on the concentration of these impurities, in addition to the sugar content of each cultivar.
When words are not enough: The combined effects of autism meta‐stereotypes and recruitment practices aimed at attracting autistic job‐seekers
Authors: Goldberg Caren , Willham Evan
Published: April 2024

Based on research on meta‐stereotypes and signaling theory, we examined the effects of organizational signaling on the attraction of autistic applicants. Our model predicted that meta‐stereotypes and the combination of expressed and evidence‐based autism‐conscious signals would have simple and joint effects on candidates' fit perceptions, which would, in turn, affect their job pursuit intentions. Further, we expected that the effect of signaling on our outcomes would be weaker among candidates with strong negative autism meta‐stereotypes. Prior to testing our hypotheses, we conducted a focus group to determine the supports that autistic job seekers deemed most important. As the ability to work from home (WFH) was overwhelmingly the most cited support, we included this as our evidence‐based signal. Specifically, we examined the combined effect of disability‐conscious (vs. disability‐blind) diversity statements and WFH (vs. retirement benefits) on expected fit and subsequent job pursuit intentions. Both meta‐stereotypes and combined signals significantly influenced fit expectations. Further, the autism‐friendly signals significantly affected the fit of candidates with weak and moderate negative meta‐stereotype, but not the fit of candidates with strong meta‐stereotypes. In addition, our results indicate that the signal x meta‐stereotype interaction had an indirect effect on job pursuit intentions. Findings are discussed vis‐à‐vis the research on signaling theory and practical guidance is offered to employers seeking to attract the growing number of autistic job seekers.
Empowerment of farmers through participatory irrigation management in Bihar, India
Authors: Roy Lal Bahadur , Singh Abhinav Prakash
Published: April 2024

Poorly performing irrigation schemes in India require technical, managerial and institutional support on an urgent basis. In recent years, participatory irrigation management (PIM) has gained momentum as a strategy to improve the performance of irrigation systems, increase water use efficiency and promote equitable water distribution. This approach involves the active involvement of farmers and other stakeholders in the planning, implementation and management of irrigation systems. The state of Bihar has primarily an agrarian economy and irrigation is essential for agricultural production. However, Bihar's irrigation potential is being underutilized due to improper management of irrigation systems. In Bihar, the experiment of PIM in the Paliganj distributary of the Sone irrigation scheme was attempted as a local initiative by WALMI Patna, which was funded by USAID, and, thus, the need for an overall state policy and strategic plan was realized. Therefore, PIM has been implemented through the formation of water users' associations (WUAs) and farmers’ organizations (FOs) at different levels under the Bihar Irrigation Act of 1997, and Bihar Irrigation, Flood Management and Drainage Rules, 2003. The Bihar model of PIM is based on the macro‐to‐micro approach because of its geographical conditions and the size of the schemes in the state. This paper examines the implementation of PIM in Bihar and its impacts on farmers.
Rethinking and redrawing teaching and learning: Latinx preservice teachers documenting their pedagogies of the home through comic strips
Authors: González Ybarra Mónica , Marroquin Elenia
Published: April 2024

The purpose of this study is to understand how Latinx preservice teachers (LPSTs) engage their multimodal and multilingual literacies to create comic strips about the knowledge and pedagogies found within their homes located within with U.S.‐Mexico borderlands. Drawing on pedagogies of the home and Chicanx/Latinx multimodality, the findings illustrate how the LPSTs used comic creation to document teaching and learning practices of biculturalism, cultural preservation, spirituality, remedios, and the importance of education. This study has implications for developing teacher education pedagogies that are reflective of the linguistic and cultural diversity of LPSTs.
Irisin influences the in vitro differentiation of human mesenchymal stromal cells, promoting a tendency toward beiging adipogenesis
Authors: Di Maio Girolamo , Alessio Nicola , Ambrosino Alessia , Al Sammarraie Sura H. A. , Monda Marcellino , Di Bernardo Giovanni
Published: April 2024

Mammals exhibit two distinct types of adipose depots: white adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT). While WAT primarily functions as a site for energy storage, BAT serves as a thermogenic tissue that utilizes energy and glucose consumption to regulate core body temperature. Under specific stimuli such as exercise, cold exposure, and drug treatment, white adipocytes possess a remarkable ability to undergo transdifferentiation into brown‐like cells known as beige adipocytes. This transformation process, known as the “browning of WAT,” leads to the acquisition of new morphological and physiological characteristics by white adipocytes. We investigated the potential role of Irisin, a 12 kDa myokine that is secreted in mice and humans by skeletal muscle after physical activity, in inducing the browning process in mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). A subset of the MSCs possesses the remarkable capability to differentiate into different cell types such as adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. Consequently, comprehending the effects of Irisin on MSC biology becomes a crucial factor in investigating antiobesity medications. In our study, the primary objective is to evaluate the impact of Irisin on various cell types engaged in distinct stages of the differentiation process, including stem cells, committed precursors, and preadipocytes. By analyzing the effects of Irisin on these specific cell populations, our aim is to gain a comprehensive understanding of its influence throughout the entire differentiation process, rather than solely concentrating on the final differentiated cells. This approach enables us to obtain insights into the broader effects of Irisin on the cellular dynamics and mechanisms involved in adipogenesis.
Obesity‐dependent molecular alterations in fatal COVID‐19: A retrospective postmortem study of metabolomic profile of adipose tissue
Authors: Pilger Bruna I. , Castro Alex , Vasconcellos Franciane F. , Moura Karen F. , Signini Étore De Favari , Marqueze Luis Felipe B. , Fiorenza‐Neto Edson A. , Rocha Mateus T. , Pedroso Giulia S. , Cavaglieri Claudia R. , Ferreira Antonio G. , Figueiredo Caique , Minuzzi Luciele G. , Gatti da Silva Guilherme H. , Castro Gabriela S. , Lira Fábio S. , Seelaender Marilia , Pinho Ricardo A.
Published: April 2024

We investigated the effects of obesity on metabolic, inflammatory, and oxidative stress parameters in the adipose tissue of patients with fatal COVID‐19. Postmortem biopsies of subcutaneous adipose tissue were obtained from 25 unvaccinated inpatients who passed from COVID‐19, stratified as nonobese (N‐OB; body mass index [BMI], 26.5 ± 2.3 kg m−2) or obese (OB BMI 34.2 ± 5.1 kg m−2). Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that body composition was responsible for most of the variations detected in the metabolome, with greater dispersion observed in the OB group. Fifteen metabolites were major segregation factors. Results from the OB group showed higher levels of creatinine, myo‐inositol, O‐acetylcholine, and succinate, and lower levels of sarcosine. The N‐OB group showed lower levels of glutathione peroxidase activity, as well as higher content of IL‐6 and adiponectin. We revealed significant changes in the metabolomic profile of the adipose tissue in fatal COVID‐19 cases, with high adiposity playing a key role in these observed variations. These findings highlight the potential involvement of metabolic and inflammatory pathways, possibly dependent on hypoxia, shedding light on the impact of obesity on disease pathogenesis and suggesting avenues for further research and possible therapeutic targets.
circUSP13 facilitates the fast‐to‐slow myofiber shift via the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in goat skeletal muscles
Authors: Zhang Zhen , Kang Ziqi , Deng Kaiping , Li Juan , Liu Zhipeng , Huang Xinai , Wang Feng , Fan Yixuan
Published: April 2024

Understanding how skeletal muscle fiber proportions are regulated is essential for understanding muscle function and improving the quality of mutton. While circular RNA (circRNA) has a critical function in myofiber type transformation, the specific mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Prior evidence indicates that circular ubiquitin‐specific peptidase 13 (circUSP13) can promote myoblast differentiation by acting as a ceRNA, but its potential role in myofiber switching is still unknown. Herein, we found that circUSP13 enhanced slow myosin heavy chain (MyHC‐slow) and suppressed MyHC‐fast expression in goat primary myoblasts (GPMs). Meanwhile, circUSP13 evidently enhanced the remodeling of the mitochondrial network while inhibiting the autophagy of GPMs. We obtained fast‐dominated myofibers, via treatment with rotenone, and further demonstrated the positive role of circUSP13 in the fast‐to‐slow transition. Mechanistically, activation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathway significantly impaired the slow‐to‐fast shift in fully differentiated myotubes, which was restored by circUSP13 or IGF1 overexpression. In conclusion, circUSP13 promoted the fast‐to‐slow myofiber type transition through MAPK/ERK signaling in goat skeletal muscle. These findings provide novel insights into the role of circUSP13 in myofiber type transition and contribute to a better understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying meat quality.
Aluminum zirconate nanoparticles in etch and rinse adhesive to caries affected dentine: An in‐vitro scanning electron microscopy, elemental distribution, antibacterial, degree of conversion and micro‐tensile bond strength assessment
Authors: Niazi Fayez Hussain , Luddin Norhayati , Alghawazi Abdulaziz Marzouq , Al Sebai Leen , Alqerban Ali , Alqahtani Yahya M. , Barakat Ali , Samran Abdulaziz , Noushad Mohammed
Published: April 2024

To incorporate different concentrations of Al2O9Zr3 (1%, 5%, and 10%) nanoparticles (NP) into the ER adhesive and subsequently assess the impact of this addition on the degree of conversion, μTBS, and antimicrobial efficacy. The current research involved a wide‐ranging examination that merged various investigative techniques, including the application of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface characterization of NP coupled with energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, μTBS testing, and microbial analysis. Teeth were divided into four groups based on the application of modified and unmodified three‐step ER adhesive primer. Group 1 (0% Al2O9Zr3 NPs) Control, Group 2 (1% Al2O9Zr3 NPs), Group 3 (5% Al2O9Zr3 NPs), and Group 4 (10% Al2O9Zr3 NPs). EDX analysis of Al2O9Zr3 NPs was performed showing elemental distribution in synthesized NPs. Zirconium (Zr), Aluminum (Al), and Oxides (O2). After primer application, an assessment of the survival rate of Streptococcus mutans was completed. The FTIR spectra were analyzed to observe the characteristic peaks indicating the conversion of double bonds, both before and after the curing process, for the adhesive Etch and rinse containing 1,5,10 wt% Al2O9Zr3 NPs. μTBS and failure mode assessment were performed using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) and stereomicroscope respectively. The μTBS and S.mutans survival rates comparison among different groups was performed using one‐way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc (p = .05). Group 4 (10 wt% Al2O9Zr3 NPs + ER adhesive) specimens exhibited the minimum survival of S.mutans (0.11 ± 0.02 CFU/mL). Nonetheless, Group 1 (0 wt% Al2O9Zr3 NPs + ER adhesive) displayed the maximum surviving S.mutans (0.52 ± 0.08 CFU/mL). Moreover, Group 2 (1 wt% Al2O9Zr3 NPs + ER adhesive) (21.22 ± 0.73 MPa) samples displayed highest μTBS. However, the bond strength was weakest in Group 1 (0 wt% Al2O9Zr3 NPs + ER adhesive) (14.13 ± 0.32 MPa) study samples. The etch‐and‐rinse adhesive exhibited enhanced antibacterial activity and micro‐tensile bond strength (μTBS) when 1% Al2O9Zr3 NPs was incorporated, as opposed to the control group. Nevertheless, the incorporation of Al2O9Zr3 NPs led to a decrease in DC.

Research Highlights

10 wt% Al2O9Zr3 NPs + ER adhesive specimens exhibited the minimum survival of S.mutans.

1 wt% Al2O9Zr3 NPs + ER adhesive samples displayed the most strong composite/CAD bond.

The highest DC was observed in Group 1: 0 wt% Al2O9Zr3 NPs + ER adhesive.
Convergence analysis of artificial intelligence research capacity: Are the less developed catching up with the developed ones?
Authors: Javed Saima , Rong Yu , Abbasi Babar Nawaz
Published: April 2024

This study examines whether less developed countries are catching up with developed ones using the log t convergence technique (LCT) and the dynamic spatial ordered probit (DSOP) model. The findings revealed that first, there is no overall convergence in AI research capacity. Second, club clustering analysis showed convergence in four of the five groups of countries on AI research output and in three of the four groups on AI patent grants. Third, the countries are experiencing a slow divergence process in AI research capacity. Fourth, the region, income group and cluster of the countries are influencing the convergence process.
Gene replacement therapies for inherited disorders of neurotransmission: Current progress in succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency
Authors: Lee Henry H. C. , Latzer Itay Tokatly , Bertoldi Mariarita , Gao Guangping , Pearl Phillip L. , Sahin Mustafa , Rotenberg Alexander
Published: April 2024

Neurodevelopment is a highly organized and complex process involving lasting and often irreversible changes in the central nervous system. Inherited disorders of neurotransmission (IDNT) are a group of genetic disorders where neurotransmission is primarily affected, resulting in abnormal brain development from early life, manifest as neurodevelopmental disorders and other chronic conditions. In principle, IDNT (particularly those of monogenic causes) are amenable to gene replacement therapy via precise genetic correction. However, practical challenges for gene replacement therapy remain major hurdles for its translation from bench to bedside. We discuss key considerations for the development of gene replacement therapies for IDNT. As an example, we describe our ongoing work on gene replacement therapy for succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency, a GABA catabolic disorder.
Pediatric Postoperative Outcomes for Severe and Very Severe Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Authors: Hurly Jordyn A. , Clements Anna Christina , Ryan Marisa A. , Ballard Megan , Jenks Carolyn , Sterni Laura M. , Tunkel David E. , Walsh Jonathan M.
Published: April 2024

Objective

To determine if increasing obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) severity, as determined by preoperative polysomnography data, is an independent risk for respiratory complications and level of follow‐up care after adenotonsillectomy or tonsillectomy.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of patients ≤21 years of age with severe OSAS (obstructive apnea–hypopnea index [OAHI] >10) undergoing adenotonsillectomy or tonsillectomy. Patients were categorized based on preoperative polysomnography data (PSG). Outcome measures including respiratory complications were collected via chart review. Logistic regression was used in the analysis of all parameters, and Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests were used for analysis of both OAHI and oxygen saturation nadir as continuous variables. All surgeries were performed at Johns Hopkins Hospital, a tertiary care center.

Results

We identified 358 patients with severe OSAS who had adenotonsillectomy or tonsillectomy. OAHI >40 and oxygen saturation nadir <80% were significantly associated with postoperative respiratory complications. Increasing OAHI and O2 saturation <80% was each associated with unplanned continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) initiations postoperatively. There was no association between hypercarbia and presence of any complications.

Conclusion

Patients with very severe OSAS (preoperative OAHI ≥40) as determined by preoperative PSG may be at higher risk of developing respiratory complications postoperatively. However, there does not appear to be a linear association with increasing severity of OAHI on regression analysis. Further research is needed to understand factors associated with complications in severe and very severe OAHI.

Level of Evidence

4 Laryngoscope, 134:4148–4155, 2024
Endoscopic Repair of Anterior Skull Base Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks is Successful in Frail Patients
Authors: Eide Jacob G. , Kshirsagar Rijul S. , Wen Chris , Qatanani Anas , Harris Jacob , Sellers Lauren , Abello Eric H. , Douglas Jennifer E. , Palmer James N. , Adappa Nithin D. , Kuan Edward C.
Published: April 2024

Objective

Surgical frailty estimates a patient's ability to withstand the physiologic stress of an intervention. There is limited data regarding the impact of frailty on endoscopic cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak repair.

Methods

Patients undergoing CSF leak repair at two tertiary academic skull base programs were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic, treatment, and postoperative outcomes data were recorded. Frailty was calculated using validated indices, including the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) classification, Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), and the Modified 5‐Item Frailty Index (mFI‐5). Outcomes included 30‐day medical and surgical complications and readmission.

Results

A total of 185 patients were included with 128 (69.2%) female patients and average age of 54 ± 14 years. The average body mass index was 34.6 ± 8.5. The most common identified etiology was idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) in 64 patients (34.6%). A total of 125 patients (68%) underwent perioperative lumbar drain placement (primarily to measure intracranial pressures and diagnose IIH). Most patients were ASA class 3 (48.6%) with mean CCI 2.14 ± 2.23 and mFI‐5 0.97 ± 0.90. Three patients had postoperative CSF leaks, with an overall repair success rate of 98.4%. There was no association between increased frailty and 30‐day medical outcomes, surgical outcomes, or readmission (all p > 0.05).

Conclusions

Endoscopic CSF leak repair in a frail population, including lumbar drain placement and bed rest, was not associated with an increased rate of complications. Previous data suggests increased complications in open craniotomy procedures in patients with significant comorbidities. This study suggests that the endoscopic approach to CSF leak repair is well tolerated in the frail population.

Level of Evidence

IV Laryngoscope, 134:2713–2717, 2024
Comparative study of robust optimization model of multimaterial emergency logistics in an uncertain environment
Authors: Chen Liang
Published: April 2024

Given the significance of objective functions in alleviating human suffering within the humanitarian relief supply chain, it is imperative to consider both logistics costs and the cost of deprivation as ideal targets. This study investigates a multimaterial single‐cycle stochastic mixed integer model, integrating uncertainties about post‐disaster demand, supply survival, and road networks. An innovative heuristic approach is used to solve the stochastic facility location problem, which minimizes unfulfilled requests and response times in lexicographic order. This research also compares the cost‐minimization model of the pre‐positioning problem to an alternative model that maximizes demand satisfaction under resource constraints. Empirical validation through numerous case studies and solutions confirms the effectiveness and feasibility of the alternative model. The results of our experiments consistently demonstrate that the best solution provided by the alternative model not only satisfies the minimum cost model but also surpasses the conventional problem, without compromising performance. Consequently, it is crucial to avoid the cost‐minimization approach at the expense of human suffering.
Clinical and genetic characteristics of three patients with congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis: Case reports and a review of the literature
Authors: Cho Jun Hee , Hwang Soojin , Kwak Yoon Hae , Yum Mi‐Sun , Seo Go Hun , Koh June‐Young , Ju Young Seok , Yoon Ji‐Hee , Kang Minji , Do Hyo‐Sang , Kim Soyoung , Kim Gu‐Hwan , Bae Hyunwoo , Lee Beom Hee
Published: April 2024

Background

Congenital insensitivity to pain with anhidrosis (CIPA) is an extremely rare autosomal recessive disorder caused by loss‐of‐function mutations of the NTRK1 gene, affecting the autonomic and sensory nervous system. Clinical manifestation is varied and includes recurrent fever, pain insensitivity, anhidrosis, self‐mutilating behavior, and intellectual disability.

Methods

Clinical and genetic features were assessed in two males and one female with genetically confirmed CIPA using exome or genome sequencing.

Results

CIPA symptoms including recurrent fever, pain insensitivity, and anhidrosis manifested at the age of 1 year (age range: 0.3–8 years). Two patients exhibited self‐mutilation tendencies, intellectual disability, and developmental delay. Four NTRK1 (NM_002529.3) mutations, c.851‐33T>A (p.?), c.2020G>T (p.Asp674Tyr), c.2303C>T (p.Pro768Leu), and c.574‐156_850+1113del (exons 5‐7 del) were identified. Two patients exhibited early onset and severe phenotype, being homozygous for c.851‐33T>A (p.?) mutations and compound heterozygous for c.851‐33T>A (p.?) and c.2020G>T (p.Asp674Tyr) mutation of NTRK1. The third patient with compound heterozygous mutations of c.2303C>T (p.Pro768Leu) and c.574‐156_850+1113del (exons 5‐7 del) displayed a late onset and milder clinical manifestation.

Conclusion

All three patients exhibited variable phenotypes and disease severity. This research enriches our understanding of clinical and genetic aspects of CIPA, highlighting variable phenotypes and disease severity.
New moment formulas for moments and characteristic function of the geometric distribution in terms of Apostol–Bernoulli polynomials and numbers
Authors: Simsek Buket
Published: April 2024

Although it is very easy to calculate the 1st moment and 2nd moment values of the geometric distribution with the methods available in existing books and other articles, it is quite difficult to calculate moment values larger than the 3rd order. Because in order to find these moment values, many higher order derivatives of the geometric series and convergence properties of the series are needed. The aim of this article is to find new formulas for characteristic function of the geometric random variable (with parameter p) in terms of the Apostol–Bernoulli polynomials and numbers, and the Stirling numbers. This characteristic function characterizes the geometric distribution. Using the Euler's identity, we give relations among this characteristic function, the Apostol–Bernoulli polynomials and numbers, and also trigonometric functions including
and
. A relations between the characteristic function and the moment generating function is also given. By using these relations, we derive new moments formulas in terms of the Apostol–Bernoulli polynomials and numbers. Moreover, we give some applications of our new formulas.
Modifying Effects of Genetic Variations on the Association Between Dietary Isothiocyanate Exposure and Non‐muscle Invasive Bladder Cancer Prognosis in the Be‐Well Study
Authors: Wang Zinian , Kwan Marilyn L. , Haque Reina , Singh Prashant K. , Goniewicz Maciej , Pratt Rachel , Lee Valerie S. , Roh Janise M. , Ergas Isaac J. , Cannavale Kimberly L. , Loo Ronald K. , Aaronson David S. , Quesenberry Charles P. , Zhang Yuesheng , Ambrosone Christine B. , Kushi Lawrence H. , Tang Li
Published: April 2024

Scope

Dietary isothiocyanate (ITC) exposure from cruciferous vegetable (CV) intake may improve non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) prognosis. This study aims to investigate whether genetic variations in key ITC‐metabolizing/functioning genes modify the associations between dietary ITC exposure and NMIBC prognosis outcomes.

Methods and results

In the Bladder Cancer Epidemiology, Wellness, and Lifestyle Study (Be‐Well Study), a prospective cohort of 1472 incident NMIBC patients, dietary ITC exposure is assessed by self‐reported CV intake and measured in plasma ITC‐albumin adducts. Using Cox proportional hazards regression models, stratified by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in nine key ITC‐metabolizing/functioning genes, it is calculate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for recurrence and progression. The rs15561 in N‐acetyltransferase 1 (NAT1) is alter the association between CV intake and progression risk. Multiple SNPs in nuclear factor E2‐related factor 2 (NRF2) and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) are modify the associations between plasma ITC‐albumin adduct level and progression risk (pint < 0.05). No significant association is observed with recurrence risk. Overall, >80% study participants are present with at least one protective genotype per gene, showing an average 65% reduction in progression risk with high dietary ITC exposure.

Conclusion

Despite that genetic variations in ITC‐metabolizing/functioning genes may modify the effect of dietary ITCs on NMIBC prognosis, dietary recommendation of CV consumption may help improve NMIBC survivorship.
Factors affecting early career registered nurses' views of building good relationships with patients: A qualitative empirical research study
Authors: Kago Reiko , Ota Katsumasa , Niimi Yukari
Published: April 2024

Aim

To clarify the factors affecting early career registered nurses' (ECRNs') views on building good nurse–patient relationships.

Design

An exploratory qualitative research design was implemented using detailed individual semi‐structured interviews.

Methods

Interview data were analysed using a thematic approach based on the systematic text condensation analysis proposed by Malterud.

Data Sources

Eleven consenting nurses working in four hospitals.

Results

Six characteristics were identified that influenced ECRNs' perceptions of building good nurse–patient relationships: finding clues through reflection, observing patients' reactions, clarifying their role as a nurse, doing their best for the patients, treating each patient as an irreplaceable individual and receiving support.

Conclusions

We discovered that the factors affecting ECRNs' views could be divided into two categories: factors that contribute to ECRNs' views on developing positive relationships with patients, and factors that influence ECRNs' relationships with patients but do not directly lead to positive relationships. It is critical for ECRNs to reflect on their experiences of poor relationship‐building and observe patients' reactions. ECRNs seldom recognize that they have developed good relationships with their patients. It is critical to consider organizational environment and support as variables in developing a nurse–patient relationship so that the responsibility does not fall solely on ECRNs.

Implications

The results of this study provide clues to help ECRNs overcome difficulties in building relationships with patients. Furthermore, they can be used to develop educational programme for ECRNs. Future studies should use these findings to provide support to ECRNs and help them build relationships with patients.
The experience of Thai adolescents with depression: A qualitative study
Authors: Reangsing Chuntana , Pitchalard Khanittha , Moonpanane Katemanee , Wimolphan Pawadee
Published: April 2024

Aim

People who have depression experience a maelstrom of emotion as they attempt to understand what is happening to them. While the experience has been quite extensively documented in adults and older individuals, there is a great deal less information available about adolescent depression experiences and reactions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the experiences of Thai‐adolescents suffering from depression.

Design

Interpretative phenomenological analysis.

Method

Fourteen adolescents were recruited from a secondary school in Chiangrai province, Thailand. Semi‐structured interviews were carried out. Interviews were analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis.

Results

The following four themes were identified: (1) struggling to make sense of their situation, (2) feeling down and withdrawing, (3) contemplating self‐harm and (4) therapy as a last choice. The results point to the continuing significance of promoting psychoeducation for Thai‐adolescents with depression as well as parents, school nurses and health providers while eliminating stigma.
Psychometric properties evaluation of the Advance Care Planning Readiness Scale for community‐dwelling older adults with chronic diseases residing in suburban counties within the Chinese context
Authors: Gao Fang , Chui Ping Lei , Che Chong Chin , Xiao Li , Wang Fan
Published: April 2024

Aim

To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Advance Care Planning Readiness Scale (ACPRS‐C) within the context of community‐dwelling older adults with chronic diseases residing in suburban counties in China.

Design

Descriptive, cross‐sectional survey.

Methods

The research method employed in this study is characterized as a methodological study. Self‐reported survey data were collected among community‐dwelling older adults with chronic diseases residing in suburban counties in China. Including the following psychometric characteristics, item analysis was performed using the decision value method and Pearson's correlation analysis. Content validity was assessed through expert panel evaluation. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was determined by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient and corrected item‐total correlation. Additionally, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was utilized to assess the construct validity of the ACPRS‐C.

Results

A total of 228 older adults participated in this psychometric study from August to October 2023. The item content validity index ranged from 0.80 to 1.00, while the scale content validity index was 0.945. The scale demonstrated excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.931), and the correlation between items and total score was satisfactory. The structural validity was deemed robust (CFA model fit: chi‐square/df = 1.121, comparative fit index = 0.992).

Conclusion

The ACPRS‐C is a scale with strong psychometric properties to assess the ACP readiness within the context of community‐dwelling older adults with chronic diseases residing in suburban counties in China. Its reliability and validity hold considerable significance for both research and clinical practice.
Does one plus one always equal two? Examining complementarities in educational interventions
Authors: Özek Umut
Published: April 2024

Public policies targeting individuals based on need often impose disproportionate burden on communities that lack the resources to implement these policies effectively. In an elementary school setting, I examine whether community‐level interventions focusing on similar needs and providing resources to build capacity in these communities could improve outcomes by improving the effectiveness of individual‐level interventions. I find that the extended school day policy that targets lowest‐performing schools in reading in Florida significantly improved the effectiveness of the third‐grade retention policy in these schools. These complementarities were large enough to close the gap in retention effects between targeted and higher‐performing schools.
Effect of hybridization on the mechanical performance and cost efficiency of carbon/flax bio‐hybrid composites
Authors: Masud Manzar , Mubashar Aamir
Published: April 2024

This research investigates the effects of fiber hybridization on the mechanical performance of carbon/flax bio‐hybrid laminates. The study comprised of manufacturing and analyzing five distinct composite laminates, comprising pure carbon and various carbon/flax configurations with symmetric and asymmetric layups. The laminates were subjected to uniaxial tensile and low‐velocity impact testing at energy levels from 30 to 75 J. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were conducted to assess the damage/failure patterns to determine the changes due to hybridization and stacking sequence. The experimental results revealed that integrating flax layers into different bio‐hybrid configurations significantly influences their strength, stiffness and impact resistance. One of symmetric layups, having uniform distribution of flax layers throughout thickness, demonstrated the most enhanced performance. To facilitate comprehensive comparison, two indices were developed: Composite‐Performance Index (CPI) and Cost‐Effectiveness Index (CEI). These indices indicate that bio‐hybrid configurations, optimally designed with appropriate number of evenly distributed flax layers, can match or surpass performance of pure carbon layup. The study concludes that incorporating flax into carbon fiber laminates can yield substantial benefits in impact performance with slight compromise in tensile strength and stiffness. However, the overall cost efficiency of bio‐hybrid composites is superior, considering both tensile strength and impact performance.

Highlights

Effect of fiber hybridization on the mechanical performance of hybrid laminates was studied.

Carbon/Flax composites exhibited slightly lower tensile strength compared to carbon‐based layup.

Symmetric layups with evenly distributed flax layers showed enhanced impact performance.

Cost efficiency of bio‐hybrid composites is superior for both tensile and impact performance.
Polyurethanes by ring‐opening polymerization initiated from alcohol moiety‐tethering acylazide
Authors: Akae Yosuke , Theato Patrick
Published: April 2024

An orthogonal agent having both alcohol and acylazide groups was used to construct novel polyurethanes by a simple synthetic process. Ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) of δ‐valerolactone from the orthogonal agent afforded a crystalline polymer having acylazide initiation end, while that of δ‐decanolactone resulted in an amorphous polymer. Since acylazide groups undergo thermally induced Curtius rearrangements to yield isocyanate groups, simple heating of above polymers gave macromonomers having both an isocyanate initiation end and an alcohol termination end, which afforded corresponding polyurethane by self‐polyaddition in a bulk condition without any additives. Meanwhile, kinetic analysis of the Curtius rearrangement revealed that a quantitative conversion was reached within a short reaction time, for example at 110°C for 30 min, or at 100°C for 1 h. Moreover, obtained polyurethane species showed unique self‐immolative type thermal degradation behavior. Considering the above, this orthogonal agent turned out to be useful to construct various polyurethane structures by a facile synthetic process, which would contribute to precise polymer synthesis and sequence defined polymer synthesis.