bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Membrane integration and topology of RIFIN and STEVOR proteins of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite
Authors: Andersson Annika , Kudva Renuka , Magoulopoulou Anastasia , Lejarre Quentin , Lara Patricia , Xu Peibo , Goel Suchi , Pissi Jennifer , Ru Xing , Hessa Tara , Wahlgren Mats , von Heijne Gunnar , Nilsson IngMarie , Tellgren‐Roth Åsa
Published: December 2019

The malarial parasite Plasmodium exports its own proteins to the cell surfaces of red blood cells (RBCs) during infection. Examples of exported proteins include members of the repetitive interspersed family (RIFIN) and subtelomeric variable open reading frame (STEVOR) family of proteins from Plasmodium falciparum. The presence of these parasite‐derived proteins on surfaces of infected RBCs triggers the adhesion of infected cells to uninfected cells (rosetting) and to the vascular endothelium potentially obstructing blood flow. While there is a fair amount of information on the localization of these proteins on the cell surfaces of RBCs, less is known about how they can be exported to the membrane and the topologies they can adopt during the process. The first step of export is plausibly the cotranslational insertion of proteins into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of the parasite, and here, we investigate the insertion of three RIFIN and two STEVOR proteins into the ER membrane. We employ a well‐established experimental system that uses N‐linked glycosylation of sites within the protein as a measure to assess the extent of membrane insertion and the topology it assumes when inserted into the ER membrane. Our results indicate that for all the proteins tested, transmembranes (TMs) 1 and 3 integrate into the membrane, so that the protein assumes an overall topology of Ncyt‐Ccyt. We also show that the segment predicted to be TM2 for each of the proteins likely does not reside in the membrane, but is translocated to the lumen.
Nocturnal home hemodialysis with low‐flow dialysate: Retrospective analysis of the first European patients
Authors: Gangaram Venkat , Vilpakka Mari , Goffin Eric , Weinhandl Eric D. , Kubisiak Kristine M. , Borman Natalie
Published: December 2019

Introduction: Despite mounting evidence that increased frequency and duration of hemodialysis (HD) improves outcomes, less than 1% of HD patients worldwide receive nocturnal hemodialysis (NHD). Many perceived barriers exist to providing NHD and increasing its provision.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of nocturnal therapy using a low‐flow dialysate system in 4 European centers for a minimum of 12 months, with data collected on patient demographics, training times, safety features, medications, and biochemical parameters at baseline and at 6 and 12 months.

Findings: Data were collected on 21 patients, with 12‐month analysis available for 20 patients. Mean dialysis duration was 28 hours per week, with most dialysis on an alternate night regimen using 50–60 L of dialysate per session. All vascular access types were represented, and low molecular weight heparin was used as a bolus. All biochemical parameters met European standards, with a trend for improvement in standardized Kt/V, phosphate, hemoglobin, and albumin. There was a significant reduction in phosphate binder usage and a reduction in blood pressure medication. Training time was 9.6 sessions for independence at home, with 2 additional sessions to transition to NHD. Additional safety features included an alarmed drip tray under the cycler and moisture sensors under the venous needle (all patients used dual‐cannulation technique). No patient safety events were reported.

Discussion: These data support the use of a low‐flow dialysate system for provision of NHD at home. Biochemical parameters were good, medication burden was reduced at 12 months, and all patients received more than double the duration of HD provided in standard in‐center units. While patient numbers were small, low‐flow dialysis in this cohort was both effective and safe. Use of this alternative HD system could reduce some of the barriers to NHD, increasing the uptake of therapy in Europe, and improving long‐term patient outcomes.
A Systematic Review of the Diagnostic Criteria Used to Select Participants in Randomised Controlled Trials of Interventions Used to Treat Cervicogenic Headache
Authors: Avijgan Mahtab , Thomas Lucy C. , Osmotherly Peter G. , Bolton Philip S.
Published: December 2019

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic criteria used in randomized controlled trials to define trial participants as having cervicogenic headache (CeH).

Background

While animal and human studies suggest a biological basis for “cervicogenic” headaches the diagnostic criteria necessary to evidence CeH are debated.

Methods

A systematic review was undertaken guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses statement. An electronic search of MEDLINE, Cochrane, CINHAL, Pedro, AMED, and EMBASE online databases of randomized controlled trials published between January 1983 and October 2018 found 39 randomized controlled trials which met the study inclusion criteria.

Results

Two independent reviewers found most trials cited 1 (31/39; 79.5%) or more (3/39; 7.6%) references to define the criteria used to identify CeH in their study participants. In spite of updated publications concerning the characteristics and definition of CeH, many (27/39; 69.2%) used diagnostic criteria published between 5 and 24 years prior to the randomized controlled trial. The most commonly cited diagnostic criteria included unilateral headache (18/39; 46.2%), cervical movement or sustained posture that either provoked (18/39; 46.2%) or precipitated (17/39; 43.6%) the headache. Fifteen trials did not exclude participants with signs or symptoms of other forms of headache. Although anesthetic blockade of cervical tissue or nerves is considered necessary for a “definitive” diagnosis, only 7.6% (3/39) of trials used anesthetic blockade at recruitment.

Conclusions

This systematic review evidences the heterogeneity in the clinical characteristics used to diagnose CeH in participants recruited in randomized controlled trials. It raises a significant concern about the usefulness of currently available randomized controlled trials to determine the clinical merits of the treatment and management of people with CeHs. Our systematic review suggests that most randomized controlled trials published to date have investigated headaches with a clinical presentation involving the neck that maybe better defined as “possible,” “probable,” or “definitive” CeH depending on how well the diagnostic criteria used align with the most recent edition (3rd) of the International Classification of Headache Disorders.
Recombinant FIX Fc fusion protein activity assessment with the one‐stage clotting assay: A multicenter, assessor‐blinded, prospective study in Japan (J‐Field Study)
Authors: Fukutake Katsuyuki , Kobayashi Tomomi , Sommer Jurg M. , Hirakata Toshiyuki
Published: December 2019

Introduction

The one‐stage clotting assay is used to measure factor IX (FIX) activity in patients’ plasma samples and in FIX products for hemophilia treatment. However, the diversity of reagents and instruments has resulted in significant FIX assay variability.

Methods

The accuracy of the one‐stage clotting assay to measure recombinant FIX Fc fusion protein (rFIXFc) activity was evaluated by major Japanese hemophilia treatment centers and commercial laboratories that measure factor IX activity for a majority of hemophilia B patients in Japan. Plasma‐derived FIX (pdFIX) and recombinant FIX (rFIX) products were used as comparators. FIX‐deficient plasma was spiked with four levels of FIX products based on label potency and measured under blinded conditions by routine one‐stage clotting assay procedures in 19 participating laboratories. Interlaboratory coefficient of variation and spike recovery were calculated.

Results

Interlaboratory coefficient of variation of rFIXFc was not significantly different from that of rFIX, but appeared larger than that of pdFIX. Mean spike recovery for rFIXFc was generally comparable to rFIX and pdFIX. However, larger discrepancies between pdFIX and rFIX were observed in three of nine laboratories using ellagic acid‐based activated partial thromboplastin time reagents.

Conclusion

Recombinant FIX Fc fusion protein activity was found to be similar to that of rFIX or pdFIX by the one‐stage clotting assay. However, minimizing interlaboratory variability is vital for optimizing future patient care.
Does body position before and during blood sampling influence the Athlete Biological Passport variables?
Authors: Astolfi Tiffany , Schumacher Yorck Olaf , Crettaz von Roten Fabienne , Saugy Martial , Faiss Raphael
Published: December 2019

Introduction

The Athlete's Biological Passport (ABP) is a tool for the indirect detection of blood doping. Guidelines from the World Anti‐Doping Agency (WADA) require a 2 hours delay after any physical exercise, and to be seated for 10 minutes before collecting an ABP sample. This study investigated posture‐related hematological variations with changes in body position during blood sampling.

Methods

Ten successive venous blood samples from 38 subjects were collected in three situations: immediately after 10‐minutes of normalized activity (B1), after 10‐minutes seated (B2, typical reference sample in an anti‐doping context), after a 50 m walk (B3), after 5 and 10‐minutes in a seated position again (B4 and B5), and finally after 5‐30 minutes supine (B6‐B10). Hemoglobin concentration [Hb] and hematocrit (Hct) were determined by flow cytometry to assess putative posture‐related variations.

Results

Reticulocytes percentage was unchanged in all conditions, [Hb] and Hct were stable after at least 10‐minutes in a seated position. Due to shifts in plasma volume, [Hb] and Hct increased slightly but significantly higher after changing posture for a short walk (+0.1 gr/dL [P = .008] and +0.4% [P = .01] respectively), but readjusted to previous levels after only 5 minutes. Supine position (>10 minutes) induced decreases of [Hb] (−0.2 g/dL in average, P < .01) and Hct (−1.1%, in average, P < .01).

Conclusion

The observed variations in [Hb] and Hct may have minor clinical significance, while they underline the need to follow strict guidelines for posture before and during blood sampling in an anti‐doping context.
Circadian rhythms in innate immunity and stress responses
Authors: Baxter Matthew , Ray David W.
Published: December 2019

Circadian clocks are a common feature of life on our planet, allowing physiology and behaviour to be adapted to recurrent environmental fluctuation. There is now compelling evidence that disturbance of circadian coherence can severely undermine mental and physical health, as well as exacerbate pre‐existing pathology. Common molecular design principles underpin the generation of cellular circadian rhythms across the kingdoms, and in animals, the genetic components are extremely well conserved. In mammals, the circadian timing mechanism is present in most cell types and establishes local cycles of gene expression and metabolic activity. These distributed tissue clocks are normally synchronized by a central pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), located in the hypothalamus. Nevertheless, most clocks of the body remain responsive to non‐SCN‐derived hormonal and metabolic cues (for example, re‐alignment of liver clocks to altered meal patterning). It has been demonstrated that the clock is an influential regulator of energy metabolism, allowing key pathways to be tuned across the 24‐hr cycle as metabolic requirements fluctuate. Furthermore, clock components, including Cryptochrome and Rev‐Erb proteins, have been identified as essential modulators of the innate immune system and inflammatory responses. Studies have also revealed that these proteins regulate glucocorticoid receptor function, a major drug target and crucial regulator of inflammation and metabolism.
Comparison of a co‐produced mental health service to traditional services: A co‐produced mixed‐methods cross‐sectional study
Authors: Pocobello Raffaella , el Sehity Tarek , Negrogno Luca , Minervini Carlo , Guida Maddalena , Venerito Cosimo
Published: December 2019

This study investigates the differences between a co‐produced experimental mental health centre and traditional day centres. For this purpose, we used a collaborative and mixed‐method approach in two complementary studies: (i) a quantitative cross‐sectional study designed to compare users' hospitalization rates and their use of psychiatric medications and (ii) a qualitative study designed to explore and document the experienced differences between co‐produced and traditional services. In the quantitative cross‐sectional study, surveys were administered to 37 users of one co‐produced mental health service and to 40 users of traditional mental health services. A negative binomial regression analysis was performed to examine the relationships between predictors and users' hospitalization rates. After adjusting for the potential confounders, users of the co‐produced centre reported a 63.2% reduced rate of hospitalizations compared with users of traditional mental health services (P = 0.002). Furthermore, 39% of users of the co‐produced centre reported a reduction or even withdrawal from psychiatric medications against 22% of the comparison group (P = 0.036). In the qualitative study, six main differences emerged from a thematic analysis of a large user‐led focus group. In the participants' experiences, the co‐produced service focused on (i) parity and respectful relationships, (ii) people's strengths, (iii) freedom, (iv) psychological continuity, (v) social inclusion, and (vi) recovery orientation. Our research provides empirical evidence concerning the ‘preventive aspect’ of co‐produced mental health services. Additionally, new insights into how different stakeholders, particularly users of co‐produced mental health services, experience the differences between co‐produced and traditional mental health services are provided.
Building Urbanity
Authors: Haase Kirstine
Published: December 2019

The article investigates the social practices of the inhabitants of the medieval town as it is expressed in the materiality of the urban landscape. It is argued that a practice-based approach allows an understanding of how urbanity, defined as a specific set of social practices motivated by the shared space, developed in the medieval period. The town is seen as something more than a physical entity. The argument is developed through a diachronic and contextual analysis of the spatial organisation and layout of the medieval town of Odense in Denmark, as it is seen in the archaeological record of I. Vilhelm Werners Plads, representing the 9th-16thcenturies. The analysis demonstrates that from the mid-12thcentury, the organisation of the settlement plot and the interaction between town dwellers and townscape change. This change of practices is seen as related to a different mind-set and perception of what it means to live in a town, that progressively has provided a sense of urbanity.
Vieh, Laub und Versammlungsplatz
Authors: Kruse Pernille , Matthes Lilian
Published: December 2019

In 2009, a site containing multiple so-called cooking pits with fire-cracked stones was excavated at Egelund near Rise, four kilometers northwest of Aabenraa, southern Denmark (Site Id HAM 4791 Egelund III) (Note/Anmk. 1). The excavation has led to a larger research project focusing on the material remains from the Bronze Age within a 30 km radius of the site (Fig. 1). The ancient community of Rise is characterised by a wide range of material evidence that has been excavated and well documented during the last twenty years. It was therefore considered as relevant to carry out a comprehensive study of the entire archaeological collection from this area and to include as many different sources as possible (Note/ Anmk. 2). The article presents an integrative approach that combines different find categories from dwelling remains to pottery production in an attempt to provide a proper interpretive background for the distribution of cooking pits in the Rise micro-region. One of the most significant results is the demonstration of continuous use of a gathering place attested at Egelund during a period of 1000 years, from the 15thto 5thcentury BC. Different communities combined their resources and effectuated such projects as the building of barrows or dwellings.
Probing crystal structure and site‐selective photo‐physical properties of various Eu3+‐doped niobates
Authors: Phatak Rohan , Pathak Nimai , Muhammed Shafeeq , Das Amitabh , Sali Sanjay K.
Published: December 2019

Niobates of the formula Ba2LaNbO6 and BaLaM2+NbO6 (M2+ = Mg, Ca) were synthesized by the conventional solid state route. Size dependence of M‐cation on the bulk crystal structure of BaLaM2+NbO6 was studied and compared with the Ba2LaNbO6 compound. X‐ray diffraction study confirmed that BaLaMgNbO6 compound has the rhombohedral () crystal structure as compared to the monoclinic (I2/m) in BaLaCaNbO6 and Ba2LaNbO6. The change in the local structure of La cation among these compounds was investigated by carrying out Photoluminescence study on 2 atom% Eu3+‐doped samples. PL study of BaLaMgNbO6:Eu3+ sample indicates Eu3+ ions occupying the distorted 12‐coordinated A‐site, while in Ba2LaNbO6: Eu3+, Eu3+ is present at highly symmetric octahedral B‐site. Upon excitation, the light emission of these compounds changes from reddish‐orange to red to purple in the order Ba2LaNbO6:Eu → BaLaCaNbO6:Eu → BaLaMgNbO6:Eu3+, due to change in Eu3+‐ions site occupancy. Lifetime study also confirmed the presence of two different Eu3+ components at two different lattice sites and their respective emission spectra were isolated by time resoled emission spectroscopy. Furthermore, this site selective lattice occupancy of Eu3+ ions also gave various new insights about its radiative and nonradiative properties at different lattice sites. This works presents a complete structural understanding of BaLaMNbO6‐based matrices and their versatile phosphor characteristics when doped with Eu3+ ion.
Clinical benefits of ridge preservation for implant placement compared to natural healing in maxillary teeth: A retrospective study
Authors: Park Su‐Hyun , Song Young Woo , Sanz‐Martín Ignacio , Cha Jae‐Kook , Lee Jung‐Seok , Jung Ui‐Won
Published: December 2019

Aim

The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine clinical benefits of ridge preservation in terms of surgical invasiveness of implant placement compared to natural healing in the maxilla.

Materials & Methods

This study included 178 patients with 206 implants placed at ridge‐preserved sites and 493 patients with 656 implants placed at naturally healed sites in maxillary anterior and posterior regions. Patient‐ and implant‐related data were collected from electronic dental records including additional augmentation procedures performed before or during implant placement and surgical complications. Cumulative survival rate was assessed using Kaplan–Meier method. The annual peri‐implant marginal bone loss between the two groups was compared using the Mann–WhitneyUtest.

Results

The follow‐up period was 24.4 ± 18.1 months (mean ± standard deviation) for ridge‐preserved sites and 45.7 ± 29.6 months for naturally healed sites. Sinus augmentation was performed at similar frequencies in the two groups, but lateral approach was applied significantly more at naturally healed sites (37.2%) than ridge‐preserved sites (8.3%,p ≤ .001). There was no intergroup difference in the cumulative survival rate or annual peri‐implant marginal bone loss.

Conclusion

Ridge preservation can be clinically beneficial for minimizing the invasiveness of implant surgery by simplifying the procedure when sinus augmentation is expected in the maxilla.
IMPLICATIONS OF UNSUSTAINABLE DIVIDENDS
Authors: Harris Oneil , Ngo Thanh , Susnjara Jurica
Published: December 2019

In this article, we examine the wealth effects of unsustainable dividend payments and explore the economic forces that may explain why they exist. We find that the larger the dividend–earnings differential, the lower the short‐ and long‐run wealth effects to shareholders. In addition, the dividend–earnings differential increases not only the probability of a subsequent dividend cut over the next four quarters but also the likelihood that the cut will be greater than 5%. Overall, our findings suggest that although investors are not fooled by unsustainable dividend payments, the negative announcement effects are in anticipation of protracted poor performance.
Unexpected effects of metyrapone on corticosteroid receptor interaction with the genome and subsequent gene transcription in the hippocampus of male rats
Authors: Kennedy Clare L. M. , Carter Sylvia D. , Mifsud Karen R. , Reul Johannes M. H. M.
Published: December 2019

Glucocorticoid hormones (GCs) play a pivotal role in many stress‐related biological processes. In the hippocampus, GCs act through mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) to modify gene transcription. The involvement of GCs in biological processes has been investigated using the corticosterone (CORT)‐synthesis blocker metyrapone. How metyrapone affects the action of GC at the genomic level still remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effects of this enzyme blocker on plasma CORT levels and hippocampal MR and GR binding to GC responsive elements (GREs) within the GC target genes Fkbp5 (FK506‐binding protein 5), Per1 (Period 1) and Sgk1 (Serum‐ and glucocorticoid‐activated kinase 1), as well as the transcriptional responses of these genes under control and acute stress conditions in rats. For comparison, we also investigated these endpoints in rats that had undergone adrenalectomy (ADX). Although metyrapone had no effect on baseline levels of CORT, the drug increased MR and GR to GRE binding within the GC target genes and the transcriptional activity of these genes. As expected, acute forced swim (FS) stress strongly increased plasma CORT levels, hippocampal MR and GR to GRE binding within Fkbp5, Per1 and Sgk1, and the transcriptional activity (mainly hnRNA levels) of these genes. Metyrapone attenuated, but did not abolish, these effects of stress on plasma CORT and MR and GR to GRE binding. The drug effects on FS‐induced transcriptional activity were gene‐dependent with a reduction seen in Fkbp5 hnRNA (but not Fkbp5 mRNA), an enhancement in Per1 hnRNA (but not Per1 mRNA), and no effect on both Sgk1 hnRNA and mRNA levels. ADX however completely abrogated the effects of FS on plasma CORT, as well as hippocampal MR and GR to GRE binding and transcriptional responses. Thus, in contrast to ADX, metyrapone produced inconsistent effects on GC‐sensitive genomic endpoints that question its suitability as a tool in neuroendocrine and other research.
Temporary Staffing and Patient Death in Acute Care Hospitals: A Retrospective Longitudinal Study
Authors: Dall’Ora Chiara , Maruotti Antonello , Griffiths Peter
Published: December 2019

Purpose

To explore the association between the levels of temporary nurse staffing and patient mortality. Achieving adequate nurse staffing levels plays a vital role in keeping patients safe from harm. The evidence around deploying temporary staffing to maintain safe staffing levels is mixed, with some studies reporting no adverse effects on patient mortality.

Design

A retrospective longitudinal observational study using routinely collected data on 138,133 patients admitted to a large hospital in the south of England. Data were collected between April 2012 and April 2015.

Methods

We used multilevel survival models to explore the association between in‐hospital deaths and daily variation in registered nurse (RN) and nursing assistant (NA) temporary staffing, measured as hours per patient per day. Analyses controlled for unit and patient risk.

Findings

Use of temporary staffing was common, with only 24% (n = 7,529) of the 30,980 unit‐days having no temporary RN staff and 13% (n = 3,951) having no temporary NAs. The hazard of death was increased by 12% for every day a patient experienced high levels (1.5 hr or more per day) of RN temporary staffing (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.12, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.03–1.21). The hazard of death was increased on days when NA temporary staffing was more than 0.5 hr per patient (aHR 1.06; 95% CI 1.03–1.08).

Conclusions

Days with more than 1.5 hr per patient of temporary RNs and days with more than 0.5 hr of temporary NAs were associated with increased hazard of death.

Clinical Relevance

Heavy reliance on temporary staff is associated with higher risk for patients dying. There is no evidence of harm associated with modest use of temporary RNs so that required staffing levels can be maintained.
New morphological evidence of the ‘fate’ of growth plate hypertrophic chondrocytes in the general context of endochondral ossification
Authors: Pazzaglia Ugo E. , Reguzzoni Marcella , Casati Lavinia , Sibilia Valeria , Zarattini Guido , Raspanti Mario
Published: December 2019

The ‘fate’ of growth plate hypertrophic chondrocytes has been long debated with two opposing theories: cell apoptosis or survival with transformation into osteogenic cells. This study was carried out on the proximal tibial growth plate of rabbits using light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. We focused particularly on the orientation of the specimens included in order to define the mineral deposition and the vascular invasion lines and obtain histological and ultrastructural images at the corresponding height of the plate. Chondrocyte morphology transformation through the maturation process (characterized by vesicles and then large cytoplasmic lacunae before condensation, fragmentation and disappearance of the nuclear chromatin) did not correspond to that observed in the ‘in vitro’ apoptosis models. These findings rather suggested the passage of free water from the cartilage matrix into a still live cell (swelling). The level of these changes suggested a close relationship with the mineral deposition line. Furthermore, the study provided evidence that the metaphyseal capillaries could advance inside the columns of stacked hypertrophic chondrocytes (delimited by the intercolumnar septa) without the need for calcified matrix resorption because the thin transverse septa between the stacked chondrocyte (below the mineral deposition line) were not calcified. The zonal distribution of cell types (hypertrophic chondrocytes, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and macrophages) did not reveal osteoclasts or chondroclasts at this level. Morphological and morphometric analysis recorded globular masses of an amorphous, necrotic material in a zone 0–70 μm below the vascular invasion line occasionally surrounded by a membrane (indicated as ‘hypertrophic chondrocyte ghosts’). These masses and the same material not bound by a membrane were surrounded by a large number of macrophages and other blood cell precursors, suggesting this could be the cause of macrophage recall and activation. The most recent hypotheses based on genetic and lineage tracing studies stating that hypertrophic chondrocytes can survive and transform into osteoblasts and osteocytes (trans‐differentiation) were not confirmed by the ultrastructural morphology or by the zonal comparative counting and distribution of cell types below the vascular invasion line.
A systematic integrative review of parents' experience and perception of sleep when they stay overnight in the hospital together with their sick children
Authors: Løyland Borghild , Angelhoff Charlotte , Kristjánsdóttir Gudrún , Sjølie Hege
Published: December 2019

Aims and objectives

To elucidate knowledge available on parents' experience and perception of sleep when they stay overnight in hospital together with their sick children.

Background

In Nordic countries, children are entitled to have at least one parent with them during hospitalisation. Parents' sleep, when accommodated at the hospital during the child's admission, may be a challenge.

Design

A systematic literature search was conducted in EMBASE, MEDLINE and PsycINFO; period is restricted from 1 January 2007 to 1 April 2019. Studies included were those in which parents were accommodated in hospital with their child, 0–18 years of age, for at least one night. Original peer‐reviewed scientific research papers conducting qualitative, quantitative or mixed designs were included. Systematic reviews were not included. This systematic integrative review was registered in PROSPERO and performed according to the PRISMA guidelines. All authors participated in study selection, data extraction and quality assessment of the literature.

Results

Fifteen studies were included, and they varied in terms of origin, aims, design, methods used and sample size. Three overall main themes appeared: sleep quality, factors affecting sleep and consequences of sleep loss. Combined psychological factors were found to affect parents' sleep, as well as isolated psychological factors, for example, stress, anxiety, worries and difficult thoughts. Environmental and social factors were also identified, for example, privacy and caring for family.

Conclusion

Study of this subject is still in its exploratory phase. There is a need for the development of theory of substance in the clarification of the meaning of sleep among parents during difficult times such as children's hospitalisation.

Relevance to clinical practice

Understanding risk factors associated with sleep and sleep deprivation in parents staying overnight in the hospital with their sick child is important, since lack of sleep may lead to serious stress‐related outcomes for the parents.
Time spent watching television impacts on body mass index in youth with obesity, but only in those with shortest sleep duration
Authors: Golshevsky Daniel M , Magnussen Costan , Juonala Markus , Kao Kung‐Ting , Harcourt Brooke E , Sabin Matthew A
Published: December 2019

Aim

To determine the interplay between sleep and sedentary behaviours on body mass index (BMI) in children with obesity.

Methods

Cross‐sectional study of 343 children with obesity aged 4–17 years, from a tertiary care weight management clinic in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Multifaceted data relating to activity and sleep from child and parent questionnaires analysed with anthropometric data collected during routine clinical care. Associations between sleep duration and activity measures were examined via regression models with adjustment for potential confounders.

Results

Higher BMI was associated with more hours spent watching television (P = 0.04), as well as less reported enjoyment of physical activity (P = 0.005) and less time spent in organised sport activity (P = 0.005). Higher BMI was also associated with higher levels of obstructive sleep apnoea (P = 0.002). Less time in bed was associated with higher levels of BMI (P = 0.03) but analysis by sex revealed this association to only hold for males. In the whole group, a significant television and sleep interaction was seen, such that increasing television watching was associated with higher BMI, but only in those with shortest sleep duration.

Conclusions

Both poor sleep and increasing screen time (including television viewing, smart‐phone use, internet use or video‐gaming) appear to impact BMI in children with obesity, with a particular detrimental effect of television viewing in those who sleep less. Efforts to improve sleep time and quality in children may minimise negative effects of screen time on increasing BMI and should be included in public health strategies to combat obesity in childhood.
Metabonomics analysis of Zi goose follicular granulosa cells using ENO1 gene expression interference
Authors: Ji Hong , Guo Wenjin , Niu Chunyang , Li Yue , Lian Shuai , Zhan Xuelong , Guo Jingru , Zhen Li , Yang Huanmin , Li Shize , Wang Jianfa
Published: December 2019

The Zi goose is native to North‐east China and is noted for its high egg production. Alpha enolase (ENO1) is a glycolytic enzyme which functions as a plasminogen receptor in follicular granulosa cells (FGCs), with several studies showing that FGCs can support follicular development. By transfecting the ENO1 interfering plasmid (shRNA) into FGCs, ENO1 expression in these cells was downregulated, suggesting the successful knock‐down of ENO1 in these cells. In this knock‐down model, we detected 13 metabolites from FGCs using LC/MS. When compared with the non‐coding shRNA (NC) group, the lower level metabolites were (R)‐(+)‐citronellic acid, altretamine, 3‐hydroxycaproic acid, heptadecanoic acid, cholecalciferol vitamin D3, indole, benzoic acid, capric acid, caffeic acid, azelaic acid, 3,4‐dihydroxyhydrocinnamic acid and cholic acid, while oleic acid was detected at high levels. To further examine the results of metabolomics, six key metabolites were verified by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). We found that vitamin D3, indole, benzoic acid, capric acid and cholic acid were significantly downregulated in the shRNA group, while oleic acid was significantly upregulated. This observation was consistent with the metabolomics data. Through these studies, we found that decreased ENO1 levels altered certain metabolite levels in FGCs.
Endogenous fat losses and true and apparent fat digestibility in adult and growing dogs fed diets containing poultry offal fat
Authors: Sabchuk Tabyta T. , Risolia Larissa W. , Souza Camilla M. M. , Félix Ananda P. , Maiorka Alex , Oliveira Simone G.
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study was to evaluate the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of dietary nutrients, endogenous fat loss (EFL), dietary metabolizable energy (ME) content, coefficient of true digestibility (CTD) of fat and faecal parameters of dogs. A total of 16 puppies and 8 adult dogs were distributed according to a double Latin square experimental design. A basal diet was formulated, to which increasing levels (60, 120 and 180 g/kg) of poultry offal fat oil were added. EFL was estimated using hyperbolic and linear regression as a function of LW/day and dry matter (DM) intake, respectively, and the CTD of fat was calculated. The CTTAD of acid‐hydrolysis ether extract (AHEE) and ME content increased as dietary poultry offal fat level increased both in adult dogs and in puppies (p < .05). The CTTAD of DM and crude protein were higher in adult dogs than in puppies. EFL was estimated by hyperbolic regression asy = 98.1094 − 13.6202/xandy = 99.1280 − 26.1366/x, wherey = CTTAD of AHEE (%) andx = AHEE intake/kg BW, for adult dogs and puppies, respectively, which yielded EFL values of 138 and 262 mg AHEE per kg BW per day for adult dogs and puppies respectively. The EFL estimated by linear regression was 7.89 g and 8.97 g/kg DM intake for adult dogs and puppies respectively. The CTD estimated by both methodologies was higher in puppies than in adults (p < .05). Lower faecal DM and score, and higher ammonia production were obtained in puppies than adult dogs (p < .05). The results indicate good fat utilization and that fat digestibility is underestimated, as the CTTAD of AHEE does not take into account EFL, particularly at low‐fat inclusion levels and in growing dogs, which have greater EFL than adult dogs.
Genome structure and apomixis in Phoenicaulis (Brassicaceae; Boechereae)
Authors: Mandáková Terezie , Ashby Kaylynn , Price Bo J. , Windham Michael D. , Carman John G. , Lysak Martin A.
Published: December 2019

Apomixis in crucifer (Brassicaceae) species is rare, reported in just four genera (Boechera, Draba, Erysimum, and Parrya), and one intergeneric hybrid (Raphanobrassica). It is well studied only in Boechera, where it is widespread among 100+ recognized species. However, its occurrence in related genera of the tribe Boechereae has not been documented previously. Here we analyzed genome evolution, mode of reproduction, and fertility of the monospecific Boechereae genus Phoenicaulis (P. cheiranthoides), endemic to the northwestern United States. We discovered that the species encompasses diploid (2n = 2x = 14), triploid (2n = 3x = 21), and tetraploid (2n = 4x = 28) populations. Comparative chromosome painting analyses revealed that the three karyotypes are essentially structurally identical, differing only in the presence of a largely heterochromatic chromosome (Het) in the triploid and tetraploid cytotypes. The genome structure of Phoenicaulis appeared identical to that of Boechera species previously analyzed, suggesting genomic stasis despite the morphological and molecular divergence of the two genera. This genome colinearity extended to the presence and structure of the Het chromosomes, which are closely associated with apomictic reproduction in Boechera. Interestingly, all three cytotypes of Phoenicaulis proved to be apomictic, regardless of the presence or absence of a Het chromosome, and sexual populations have yet to be identified.
The effect of night‐time exercise on sleep architecture among well‐trained male endurance runners
Authors: Aloulou Anis , Duforez Francois , Bieuzen Francois , Nedelec Mathieu
Published: December 2019

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of night‐time (21:00 hours) high‐intensity, intermittent exercise on sleep architecture among well‐trained athletes in a laboratory setting. In a randomized, counterbalanced order, 11 well‐trained male runners completed a simulated trail‐running exercise (TRAIL) on a motorized treadmill and a resting condition (REST; no exercise during the day). After each condition, nocturnal autonomic nervous system activity and core body temperature (CBT) were measured and sleep was analysed using polysomnography and actigraphy. Markers of muscle damage (maximal voluntary contraction [MVC], plasma creatine kinase concentration [CK] and perceived muscle soreness) were recorded before and immediately (POST), 24 hr (H24) and 48 hr (H48) after exercise. TRAIL induced a high level of fatigue and mild exercise‐induced muscle damage, as determined by a reduction in MVC (−9.4%, p < .01, d = −1.36) and increases in [CK] (+176.0%, p < .01, d = 1.49) and perceived muscle soreness (+4.5 UA, p < .01, d = 2.17) compared with REST at H24. A trend for increased non‐rapid eye movement (+4.2%; p = .10; d = 0.86) and reduced rapid eye movement (−4.4%; p = .07; d = −0.87) during sleep was observed for TRAIL compared with the REST condition. Moreover, compared with REST, TRAIL significantly increased CBT and nocturnal HR during the first part of the night. In conclusion, sleep architecture was modified after night‐time, high‐intensity exercise among well‐trained runners.
Changes in land cover resulting from the introduction of non‐native pine modifies litter traits of temperate forests in Patagonia
Authors: Franzese Jorgelina , Raffaele Estela , Blackhall Melisa , Rodriguez Johanna , Soto Alejandra Y.
Published: December 2019

Aims

Changes in land cover resulting from the introduction of non‐native pine plantations and subsequent pine invasion is increasingly affecting forest areas in the Southern Hemisphere, and having negative impacts on diverse ecosystem components. We studied the abundance, biophysical attributes, and flammability of litter in temperate forests modified by the introduction of the non‐native Pinus radiata, and later by its post‐fire invasion from adjacent sites. We also evaluated the short‐term effects on litter of mechanical removal of P. radiata from post‐fire invasion sites.

Location

North‐western Patagonia, Argentina.

Methods

We measured abundance, depth, moisture content and determined species composition of litter samples collected at native forest, plantation, and post‐fire invasion and removal sites. We also performed flammability tests on leaf litter samples of the dominant species from each habitat type. In all cases, litter traits from the modified habitats were compared with those obtained from native forest (reference system).

Results

Moisture content and litter species composition were notably affected by the alteration of habitat. A decrease in species richness and changes in the identity and abundance of the dominant species were the most remarkable shifts recorded in the modified habitats. While pine needles were mainly associated with parameters indicative of high leaf litter flammability, the opposite was found for leaves of the dominant native trees. The removal of invasive pines from early post‐fire invasion did not reveal any biophysical changes in litter that would indicate a tendency towards the conditions found in native forest litter.

Conclusions

Pine needles as a novel element in litter found in pine‐dominated habitats have a prominent impact on litter traits associated with alterations in key ecosystem properties in comparison with the reference system. For a short‐term recovery of burned, invaded areas, additional ecological practices other than the removal of invasive trees should be conducted to successfully drive successional changes towards conditions similar to those found in native vegetation.
Efficacy and safety of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir in renally impaired patients with chronic HCV infection
Authors: Lawitz Eric , Flisiak Robert , Abunimeh Manal , Sise Meghan E. , Park Jun Y. , Kaskas Marwan , Bruchfeld Annette , Wörns Marcus‐Alexander , Aglitti Andrea , Zamor Philippe J. , Xue Zhenyi , Schnell Gretja , Jalundhwala Yash J. , Porcalla Ariel , Mensa Federico J. , Persico Marcello
Published: December 2019

Background and Aims

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection increases the risk of incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) and progression to end‐stage renal disease (ESRD). Previously available direct‐acting antiviral regimens are not approved for patients with advanced CKD across all HCV genotypes.

Methods

EXPEDITION‐5 is a phase 3 study to evaluate efficacy and safety of the fixed‐dose combination of glecaprevir and pibrentasvir (G/P) for chronic HCV infection (genotype 1 through 6) in adults without cirrhosis or with compensated cirrhosis and with stage 3b, 4 or 5 CKD. Patients received approved duration of G/P according to HCV genotype, cirrhosis status and prior HCV treatment experience. The primary efficacy endpoint was percentage of patients with sustained virologic response at 12 weeks post‐treatment (SVR12).

Results

Among the 101 patients enrolled in the study, 24% had predialysis CKD and 76% were on dialysis. Eighty‐four patients were treated with G/P for 8 weeks, 13 patients for 12 weeks and four patients for 16 weeks. Fifty‐five per cent of patients had genotype 1, 27% had genotype 2, 15% had genotype 3 and 4% had genotype 4, and none had genotype 5 or 6 infection. The SVR12 rate was 97% (98/101, 95% confidence interval, 91.6‐99.0). No patients experienced virologic failure. Adverse events (AEs) reported in at least 5% of the patients were pruritus, bronchitis, hypertension and generalized pruritus. Serious AEs were reported in 12% of patients; none related to study drug.

Conclusions

G/P treatment yielded high SVR12 rates irrespective of the presence of stage 3b, 4 or 5 CKD. No safety signals were detected.

Clinicaltrials.gov identifier

This Phase 3 clinical trial was funded by AbbVie and registered with clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03069365 (EXPEDITION‐5).
Genomic and phenomic analysis of island ant community assembly
Authors: Darwell Clive T. , Fischer Georg , Sarnat Eli M. , Friedman Nicholas R. , Liu Cong , Baiao Guilherme , Mikheyev Alexander S. , Economo Evan P.
Published: December 2019

Island biodiversity has long fascinated biologists as it typically presents tractable systems for unpicking the eco‐evolutionary processes driving community assembly. In general, two recurring themes are of central theoretical interest. First, immigration, diversification, and extinction typically depend on island geographical properties (e.g., area, isolation, and age). Second, predictable ecological and evolutionary trajectories readily occur after colonization, such as the evolution of adaptive trait syndromes, trends toward specialization, adaptive radiation, and eventual ecological decline. Hypotheses such as the taxon cycle draw on several of these themes to posit particular constraints on colonization and subsequent eco‐evolutionary dynamics. However, it has been challenging to examine these integrated dynamics with traditional methods. Here, we combine phylogenomics, population genomics and phenomics, to unravel community assembly dynamics among Pheidole (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) ants in the isolated Fijian archipelago. We uphold basic island biogeographic predictions that isolated islands accumulate diversity primarily through in situ evolution rather than dispersal, and population genomic support for taxon cycle predictions that endemic species have decreased dispersal ability and demography relative to regionally widespread taxa. However, rather than trending toward island syndromes, ecomorphological diversification in Fiji was intense, filling much of the genus‐level global morphospace. Furthermore, while most endemic species exhibit demographic decline and reduced dispersal, we show that the archipelago is not an evolutionary dead‐end. Rather, several endemic species show signatures of population and range expansion, including a successful colonization to the Cook islands. These results shed light on the processes shaping island biotas and refine our understanding of island biogeographic theory.
Genotypic diversity in clinical and environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans from India using multilocus microsatellite and multilocus sequence typing
Authors: Prakash Anupam , Sundar Gandhi , Sharma Brijesh , Hagen Ferry , Meis Jacques F. , Chowdhary Anuradha
Published: December 2019

Background

Cryptococcus neoformans is the leading cause of cryptococcal meningitis in HIV/AIDS patients. As infections in humans are predominantly caused by the inhalation of basidiospores from environmental sources, therefore, analysing the population structure of both clinical and environmental populations of C neoformans can increase our understanding of the molecular epidemiology of cryptococcosis.

Objective

To investigate the genotypic diversity and antifungal susceptibility profile of a large collection of C neoformans isolates (n = 523) from clinical and environmental sources in India between 2001 and 2014.

Materials and methods

Cryptococcus neoformans isolates were genotyped by AFLP, microsatellite typing (MLMT) and MLST. In vitro antifungal susceptibility for standard antifungals was undertaken using CLSI M27‐A3.

Results

All isolates were C neoformans, AFLP1/VNI and exhibited mating‐type MATα. MLMT revealed that the majority of isolates belonged to microsatellite cluster (MC) MC3 (49%), followed by MC1 (35%), and the remaining isolates fell in 11 other MC types. Interestingly, two‐thirds of clinical isolates were genotype MC3 and only 17% of them were MC1, whereas majority of environmental strains were MC1 (54%) followed by MC3 (16%). Overall, MLST assigned 5 sequence types (STs) among all isolates and ST93 was the most common (n = 76.7%), which was equally distributed in both HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative patients. Geometric mean MICs revealed that isolates in MC1 were significantly less (P < .05) susceptible to amphotericin B, 5‐flucytosine, itraconazole, posaconazole and isavuconazole than isolates in MC3.

Conclusions

The study shows a good correlation between MLMT and MLST genotyping methods. Further, environmental isolates were genetically more diverse than clinical isolates.