bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Haptoglobin concentrations in dogs undergoing trilostane treatment for hyperadrenocorticism
Authors: McGrotty Y. L. , Arteaga A. , Knottenbelt C. M. , Ramsey I. K. , Eckersall P. D.
Published: March 2008

Background: Increased concentrations of haptoglobin (Hp), a moderate acute phase protein, have been demonstrated in dogs with hyperadrenocorticism (HAC). Monitoring serum concentrations of Hp in hyperadrenocorticoid dogs before and after trilostane administration may provide valuable information on the response to therapy. Objective: The aim of this study was to measure Hp concentrations in dogs with spontaneously occurring HAC at the time of diagnosis and after treatment with trilostane. Methods: Serum Hp concentration was measured using an automatic biochemical assay based on Hp‐hemoglobin binding and utilizing SB‐7 reagent in 12 dogs with spontaneous HAC before and after treatment with trilostane (30 or 60 mg PO q 12–24 h). Post‐treatment Hp concentrations were measured at the time the owner reported an improvement in clinical signs. Pretreatment and post‐treatment Hp values were compared with reference values and with values from 4 healthy control dogs. Results: Two dogs with HAC had pretreatment Hp values within the reference interval; 10 dogs had moderate (n = 8) or marked (n = 2) increases in Hp concentration. After treatment with trilostane, Hp concentration remained within the reference interval (n = 2), decreased to within the reference interval (n = 3), or remained moderately increased (n = 7; 3–10 g/L). Overall, a significant decrease was observed in Hp concentration after trilostane treatment compared with pretreatment values (P < .005). Both untreated and treated dogs with HAC had significantly higher Hp concentrations (P < .001) when compared with control dogs. Conclusions: Clinical control of HAC did not closely relate to serum Hp concentration. Further studies are required to assess whether this is because of inadequate control of disease or because a build‐up of cortisol precursors or secondary effects of HAC affect Hp concentration.
Paraneoplastic hypereosinophilia in a dog with intestinal T‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Marchetti Veronica , Benetti Cecilia , Citi Simona , Taccini Valentina
Published: March 2008

AbstractA 9‐year‐old, intact male Doberman Pinscher was examined because of anorexia and weakness. Results of a CBC showed severe, microcytic, hypochromic anemia with mild eosinophilia (2944 cells/μL, reference interval 100‐1250/μL) and thrombocytosis. Hypoferremia, hypoferritinemia, and a positive fecal occult blood test supported a diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia secondary to chronic intestinal hemorrhage. Abdominal ultrasound evaluation showed a thickened small intestinal loop, of which representative specimens were obtained during exploratory laparotomy. Histologically, the intestinal wall was infiltrated by a neoplastic population of large, round, lymphoid cells with vesicular chromatin, 1 or more prominent nucleoli, and a high number of mitotic figures. The cells were closely admixed with mature eosinophils, but were negative for metachromatic granules with toluidine blue. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were positive for CD3, and negative for CD21, Pan B, and CD79a. A diagnosis of intestinal T‐cell lymphoma was made. Chemotherapy was begun, with 30 mg/m2of doxorubicin administered intravenously every 3 weeks. Eosinophil concentration was 880/μL 2 weeks after surgery (on day 15 after presentation) but increased markedly to 62,914/μL on day 30, 62,400/μl on day 37, and 39,444/μL on day 58 after presentation. An association between hypereosinophilia and T‐cell lymphoma is well established in human patients, in whom production of IL‐5 by neoplastic T cells has been demonstrated. Hypereosinophilia has been reported only rarely with intestinal lymphoma in cats and horses, and with T‐cell lymphoma in dogs.
Matrix “blues”: clue to a cranial thoracic mass in a dog
Authors: Boyd Susan P. , Taugner Felicitas M. , Serrano Sergio , Gregory Susan P. , Tennant Kathleen V.
Published: March 2008

AbstractA 5‐year‐old, intact male Italian Spinone dog was presented for progressive, severe dyspnea and coughing. Thoracic radiographs revealed a large mass in the right cranial thorax. Fine‐needle aspiration of the mass yielded a highly cellular sample containing dense clumps of oval to spindle‐shaped mesenchymal cells with distinct intracytoplasmic vacuolation, consistent with lipoblasts and lipocytes. Cell clusters were associated with abundant eosinophilic matrix, which was identified as mucin, based on Alcian blue staining. At exploratory thoracotomy, the mass was found to be nonresectable, and the dog was euthanized. Histologic sections of the multilobular mass had discrete regions of variable cellular differentiation, including highly cellular areas of pleomorphic cells, areas of spindle cells and lipoblasts in a myxoid background, and areas of well‐differentiated lipogenic cells. The histologic diagnosis was myxoid liposarcoma. The thoracic cavity is a rare site for liposarcoma in the dog. The cytologic features of lipoblasts together with a mucopolysaccharide matrix were useful for distinguishing the myxoid variant of liposarcoma from other forms of liposarcoma and myxoid sarcomas.
An immunoturbidimetric assay for rapid quantitative measurement of feline alpha‐1‐acid glycoprotein in serum and peritoneal fluid
Authors: Bence Laura M. , Addie Diane D. , Eckersall P. David
Published: March 2008

Background: Alpha‐1‐acid glycoprotein (AGP) is an acute phase protein that increases in concentration in infectious and inflammatory conditions. The serum and peritoneal fluid concentrations of AGP may be useful in the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), a lethal disease of cats. Currently AGP can be measured by radioimmunodiffusion (RID) assays, which are time‐consuming and difficult. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to develop a rapid immunoturbidimetric assay for measurement of AGP in feline serum and peritoneal fluid and to compare the results with those obtained by RID. Methods: AGP was purified by perchloric acid precipitation and ion‐exchange chromatography from a pool of peritoneal fluid obtained from cats with FIP, as determined by a panel of laboratory tests, including serum AGP concentration, albumin: globulin ratio, and total protein concentration, anti‐coronavirus antibody titers, and effusion analysis. The purified AGP in a complete Freund's adjuvant and Tween 20 mixture was injected into a sheep and blood was collected at monthly intervals. Anti‐AGP antiserum, as confirmed by ELISA and Western blot techniques, and a pool of peritoneal fluid from cats with FIP were used to prepare standards. Clinical samples of feline peritoneal fluid (n=55) and serum (n=59) were assayed for AGP and results from the immunoturbidimetric and RID methods were compared. Results: Significant correlation (P < .001) was obtained between methods for both peritoneal fluid (R2=.9259) and serum (R2=.9448) samples. Coefficients of variation for the immunoturbidimetric method were <5%. Conclusions: This rapid immunoturbidimetric assay for measurement of feline AGP in serum and peritoneal fluid may be of value in the diagnosis of FIP and possibly other inflammatory diseases in cats.
Sensitivity of Tru‐cut and fine‐needle aspiration biopsies of liver and kidney for diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis
Authors: Giordano Alessia , Paltrinieri Saverio , Bertazzolo Walter , Milesi Emanuela , Parodi Margherita
Published: March 2008

Background: The detection of typical lesions and feline coronavirus (FCoV) antigen in tissues is the only conclusive method for making a diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). A positive result using Tru‐cut biopsy (TCB) and fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) has high diagnostic specificity, but information about the capacity of these techniques to correctly identify cats with FIP lesions is not available. Objectives: The diagnostic sensitivity of TCB and FNAB for detecting liver and kidney histologic lesions caused by FIP was evaluated. Methods: TCB and FNAB specimens collected mainly at necropsy from 25 cats with FIP were analyzed. Diagnostic sensitivity was calculated on the basis of the number of false‐negative and true‐positive specimens, compared with the number of organs bearing histologic lesions of FIP. Results: Diagnostic sensitivity was higher for hepatic TCB (64%) and FNAB (82%) than for renal (39% and 42%, respectively) procedures. A high percentage of renal cytologic and TCB specimens were inadequate. Combined analysis of TCB and FNAB specimens collected from the same organ increased the diagnostic sensitivity for liver (86%) and kidney (48%). The sensitivity of immunohistochemical/cytochemical analysis was low (11–38% depending on the technique), probably due to variable distribution of feline coronavirus in the lesions. Conclusion: Biopsy of liver and kidney can correctly identify FIP lesions. However, false‐negative results or inadequate samples occur with moderate frequency, especially for immunochemical analysis. Diagnostic sensitivity may be increased when both TCB and FNAB specimens from the same organ are examined.
Serum protein electrophoresis in retired racing Greyhounds
Authors: Fayos Manena , Couto C. Guillermo , Iazbik María Cristina , Wellman Maxey L.
Published: March 2008

Background: Retired racing Greyhounds are becoming common as pets. Because of their unique physiology, results of routine laboratory tests are frequently outside the reference interval for dogs. Compared with other breeds, Greyhounds have low serum protein concentrations, but the concentrations of different serum protein fractions have not been reported. Objectives: Our objectives were to evaluate the results of serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) in healthy, retired racing Greyhounds and compare them with a control group of age‐ and gender‐matched non‐Greyhound dogs. Methods: Agarose gel electrophoresis was done using a standard method; the gels were stained with amido black and scanned with a Cliniscan 2 densitometer (Helena Laboratories, Beaumont, TX, USA). Protein fractions were identified by visual inspection of the electrophoretogram. A Student'st‐test assuming equal variances was used to compare the concentration of the different fractions between groups. Results: The concentrations of total protein, total globulins, and α‐1‐, α‐2‐, β‐1‐, and β‐2‐globulins were significantly lower and the albumin to globulin (A:G) ratio was significantly higher in Greyhounds than in non‐Greyhound dogs (P< .05). There was no significant difference in albumin or γ‐globulin concentrations. Conclusions: Low serum protein concentrations in Greyhounds are the result of low concentrations of α‐ and β‐globulins. These results should be kept in mind when evaluating both healthy and sick Greyhounds. Additional studies are needed to identify the individual proteins associated with low α‐ and β‐globulin concentrations in Greyhounds.
Bronchogenic adenocarcinoma in a cat: an unusual case of metastasis to the skin
Authors: Petterino Claudio , Guazzi Paolo , Ferro Silvia , Castagnaro Massimo
Published: March 2008

AbstractA 6‐year‐old, spayed, female, domestic shorthair cat was presented for decreased activity. A nodular lesion was found in the skin extending into the subcutaneous tissue of the right abdominal flank. On lateral and ventrodorsal radiographs of the thorax, an opacity involving the entire right caudal lung lobe and pleural effusion were noted. Cytologic evaluation of cells in the thoracic fluid and in the mass revealed a population of atypical epipthelial cells with marked anisocytosis and high N:C ratios, organized in acinar‐like clusters. Multinucleated cells and several mitotic figures were found. The cytologic interpretation was carcinoma. Because of the progressive severity of clinical signs, the cat was euthanized. Histologic evaluation of tissues obtained at necropsy indicated a bronchogenic adenocarcinoma in the lung, with metastasis to the skin of the right flank, but no involvement of the digits. Based on immunohistochemical stains, the neoplastic cells strongly co‐expressed cytokeratin and vimentin, and were negative for S‐100 and actin‐specific antigen. Bronchogenic adenocarcinoma is an uncommon neoplasm in cats, and the digits are the most common sites of metastasis. This case was unusual in that the skin of the abdominal wall was the primary site of metastasis, with no involvement of the digits.
Diagnosis of systemic cryptococcosis by fecal cytology in a dog
Authors: Graves Thomas K. , Barger Anne M. , Adams Bethany , Krockenberger Mark B.
Published: March 2008

Abstract A 3‐year‐old Boxer was presented with progressive diarrhea, vomiting, and lethargy of 5‐months duration. The dog had watery black feces, a mature neutrophilia, and microcytic anemia. Cytologic evaluation of a direct fecal smear stained with Wright's‐Giemsa revealed numerous encapsulated, narrow‐based, budding organisms consistent with Cryptococcus sp. Pyogranulomatous inflammation and Cryptococcus organisms also were observed in ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspirates of the small intestine and mesenteric lymph nodes, and in histologic sections of colonic biopsies obtained by endoscopy. Multifocal chorioretinitis by fundic examination was consistent with systemic mycosis, and the reciprocal antigen titer (1600) on a cryptococcal antigen latex agglutination test for Cryptococcus neoformans was markedly increased. Using immunohistochemistry, the organism was identified further as C neoformans var. grubii (C neoformans var. neoformans serotype A). After 3 weeks of antifungal treatment, ultrasound examination revealed urinary bladder wall thickening, and Cryptococcus organisms were found in a urine sediment preparation. After 4 months of treatment, the dog was clinically normal and had no abnormal findings on CBC, serum biochemistry, urinalysis, or fecal cytology; however, the antigen titer remained unchanged, mesenteric lymphadenomegaly and jejunal wall thickening were still evident, and cytologic evaluation of fine‐needles aspirates of the jejunal wall revealed budding Cryptococcus organisms. Intestinal involvement in dogs with cryptococcosis is rare, and diagnosis by fecal cytology has not been documented previously.
Acremonium strictumpulmonary infection in a horse
Authors: Pusterla Nicola , Holmberg Tara A. , Lorenzo‐Figueras Mireia , Wong Anita , Wilson W. David
Published: March 2008

AbstractA 10‐year‐old Thoroughbred gelding was admitted to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the University of California–Davis with a 2‐week history of intermittent fever and acute onset of lethargy, anorexia, and ataxia. Although the clinical signs were nonspecific, the results of initial hematologic and biochemical analysis were consistent with a chronic inflammatory process. Thoracic radiographs revealed an increased fine reticulonodular interstitial opacity throughout the dorsal caudal lung fields. Cytologic examination of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid showed mixed inflammation with many mononuclear phagocytes containing single, spherical, intracytoplasmic fungal organisms. Four mold species were cultured in low numbers from the BAL fluid. One of the fungal elements observed on the culture plates was identified asAcremonium strictumby real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). A diagnosis of fungal pneumonia due toA strictumwas made based on the results of thoracic imaging, cytologic evaluation, culture, and PCR testing. The horse made an uneventful recovery with supportive treatment and was disease‐free based on normal physical, radiographic, and cytologic findings at 21 days after presentation. To our knowledge, this is the first report of isolation ofA strictumfrom the BAL fluid of a horse with interstitial pneumonia.
Urine sediment from a Chihuahua
Authors: Pallatto Valarie , Wood Michael , Grindem Carol
Published: March 2008

AbstractA 6‐year‐old, intact male Chihuahua was presented with stranguria and painful urination of 5 days duration. Cystine crystals were observed in low numbers in unstained urine sediment preparations, and a diagnosis of cystinuria was made. Uroliths were removed surgically from the urethra and the bladder, and mineral analysis indicated the stones were composed of 100% cystine. Cystinuria results from an inherited defect in renal tubular transport of cystine that affects many breeds and has been found as an autosomal recessive trait in Newfoundlands. Accurate identification of cystine crystals in urine is an important means of diagnosing cystinuria.
Multilobulated “flower” cells in a subcutaneous mass aspirate from a cat
Authors: Fritz D. , Freeman K. P. , Hopfner C. , Fontaine O. Dela , Seroka M. , Simon F. , Musch D. , Rabeyrin M.
Published: March 2008

Abstract An 8‐year‐old intact male cat was presented with a subcutaneous mass in the region of the right jugular vein. Cytologic and histopathologic examinations revealed cells with multilobulated nuclei (flower cells). Immunochemistry using a panel of markers showed vimentin‐positivity on cytologic specimens, and postive staining for CD79a and BLA36 on histologic specimens. The final diagnosis was lymphoma of B‐cell origin. We have observed similar multilobulated cells in ascites fluid, thoracic fluid, and peripheral blood from dogs and cats with a variety of lymphoid and myeloid neoplasms. Cells with multilobulated nuclei that resemble flower petals also have been described in humans. These cells are infrequently observed in canine and feline cytology specimens and require immunochemistry to determine their cell of origin.
Flow cytometric patterns in blood from dogs with non‐neoplastic and neoplastic hematologic diseases using double labeling for CD18 and CD45
Authors: Comazzi Stefano , Gelain M. Elena , Spagnolo Valentina , Riondato Fulvio , Guglielmino Roberta , Sartorelli Paola
Published: March 2008

Background: In dogs, flow cytometry is used in the phenotyping of immunologic cells and in the diagnosis of hemic neoplasia. However, the paucity of specific antibodies for myeloid cells and B lymphocytes and of labeled antibodies for multicolor techniques limits the ability to detect all leukocyte subpopulations. This is especially true for neoplastic and precursor cells. CD18 and CD45 are expressed on all leukocytes and are involved in cell activation, and together could be useful in helping determine cell lineage. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to double label canine blood for CD18 and CD45 and to use the differential expression of antigens to identify leukocyte populations in dogs with non‐neoplastic and neoplastic hematologic diseases. Methods: A template was developed using blood samples from 10 clinically healthy dogs and a back‐gating technique. Differential leukocyte counts obtained with the template were compared with those obtained by manual and automated methods on blood samples from 17 additional healthy dogs. Blood samples obtained from 9 dogs with non‐neoplastic (reactive) hematologic diseases and 27 dogs with hemic neoplasia were double stained for CD18 and CD45 using mouse anticanine CD18 monoclonal antibody (mAb) plus phycoerythrin‐conjugated rat anticanine CD45 mAb and fluorescein isothiocyanate‐conjugated rabbit antimouse IgG. Hemic neoplasms were diagnosed by cell morphology, and immunophenotypic and cytochemical markers. Results: With the double label, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and T‐ and B‐lymphocytes were identified. In reactive disorders, a population of activated neutrophils with high CD45 and CD18 expression was detected. In hemic neoplasia, cell lineage was easily determined, even in acute leukemia. Conclusions: Double labeling for CD18/CD45 may be useful as a screening method to evaluate hematologic diseases and help determine cell lineage, and to aid in the selection of a panel of antibodies that would be useful for further analysis.
Effects of time, initial composition, and stabilizing agents on the results of canine cerebrospinal fluid analysis
Authors: Fry Michael M. , Vernau William , Kass Philip H. , Vernau Karen M.
Published: March 2008

Background: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is considered highly labile, but not all samples are analyzed immediately. Changes in the composition of CSF could potentially affect diagnostic test results and thus influence decisions about patient management. There has been little scientific inquiry into how variables such as time, initial composition, and storage conditions affect results of standard laboratory analysis of CSF. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of time, protein concentration, and presence or absence of exogenous stabilizing agents on standard CSF analysis results. Methods: Thirty abnormal CSF samples from 26 dogs were evaluated. Samples were divided into aliquots comprising different treatment groups and stored at 4°C. Total nucleated cell count (TNCC), differential cell count (DCC), and cell morphology were evaluated for all groups; protein concentration was measured for selected groups. Unaltered aliquots were analyzed immediately (T0Hr) and at 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours (T2Hr–T48Hr); aliquots with added fetal calf serum (FCS) or hydroxyethyl starch (hetastarch) were analyzed at T48Hr. Results: Significant time‐dependent changes were observed in DCC in unaltered samples. Mononuclear cells deteriorated more rapidly than did neutrophils. Based on microscopic examination and subjective scoring of cell morphology, cells were consistently more degenerate by T24Hrcompared with T0Hr. Samples with protein concentrations ≥50 mg/dL were less susceptible to cell deterioration than those with lower protein concentrations. Adding either FCS or hetastarch improved sample stability. Conclusions: Delayed analysis of canine CSF by 4–8 hours is unlikely to alter diagnostic interpretation, especially for samples with protein concentrations ≥50 mg/dL. The likelihood of misinterpretation is higher for samples with low cellularity or low protein concentration. We provide specific recommendations for adding FCS or hetastarch to samples that will not be analyzed within 1 hour.
Reference intervals for hematologic and biochemical constituents and protein electrophoretic fractions in captive common buzzards (Buteo buteo)
Authors: Spagnolo Valentina , Crippa Valentina , Marzia Amelia , Sartorelli Paola
Published: March 2008

Background: Increasing interest in wildlife care leads to the need for new tools to evaluate animal health. Laboratory investigations require reference intervals against which to compare the results obtained. For common buzzards, only a few studies have been performed to establish hematologic and biochemical reference intervals. Objectives: The aim of this work was to develop reference values for routine hematologic and biochemical constituents and protein electrophoretic fractions and evaluate possible seasonal differences in values for healthy common buzzards. Methods: Heparinized blood samples were collected from 23 captive, clinically healthy common buzzards between February 2001 and June 2003. A CBC, routine biochemical analysis, and protein electrophoresis were performed. Data distribution was assessed and results from birds sampled in spring, summer, and winter were compared. Results from alternative methods for hemoglobin (Hgb; estimated as HCT ÷ 3 vs spectrophotometry), total protein (biuret vs refractometry), and albumin (bromcresol green vs electrophoresis) concentrations also were compared. Results: Reference intervals were calculated as 10–90th percentiles. In spring and summer, total WBC and heterophil counts, and urea, total protein, prealbumin, and β‐ and γ‐globulins concentrations were significantly different from winter values. Results obtained by alternative methods for Hgb, total protein, and albumin concentrations were significantly different from those obtained by standard methods, although estimated and spectrophotometric Hgb values were significantly correlated. Conclusions: The reference values obtained in this study for hematologic and plasma biochemical constituents and their seasonal variation in healthy, captive common buzzards will be useful in the clinical evaluation of these birds in rehabilitation settings.
Undifferentiated tumor in the ovary of a corn snake (Elaphe guttata guttata)
Authors: Petterino Claudio , Bedin Marco , Podestà Giorgia , Ratto Alessandra
Published: March 2008

Abstract A 6‐year‐old intact female corn snake (Elaphe guttata guttata) was presented with a 3‐week history of anorexia. Coelomic radiographs revealed a 9 × 4 cm soft tissue opacity suggestive of a right ovarian enlargement. The mass (9 × 5 × 4 cm) was surgically removed, and multiple smears from tissue sections were stained with Diff‐Quik. Multiple tissue samples from the mass were collected and fixed in formalin. Cytologic specimens were moderately cellular and contained light pink amorphous background material. The cells were primarily spindle‐shaped with moderate to marked anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. Cells sometimes were round to polygonal, and rarely were arranged in small clusters. Macrophages occasionally were observed. Histologic specimens consisted of a highly cellular mass composed of pleomorphic, spindle‐shaped cells and, occasionally, round to polygonal cells arranged in irregular fascicles. The neoplastic cells were immunoreactive for cytokeratin (AE1/AE3), smooth muscle actin, and skeletal muscle actin, but did not stain for vimentin or desmin. On the basis of the morphologic and immunohistochemical results, a diagnosis of ovarian undifferentiated carcinoma was made. In this report, we describe the challenges of using immunohistochemistry to diagnose this uncommon type of tumor in reptiles.
Cutaneous melanophoroma in a green iguana (Iguana iguana)
Authors: Irizarry‐Rovira Armando R. , Wolf Alexander , Ramos‐Vara Jose A.
Published: March 2008

Abstract An adult, male, green iguana (Iguana iguana) of unknown age was presented with a history of an enlarging, dark, skin mass in the right axillary region. The mass was excised because neoplasia was suspected. Impression smears of the cut surface of the mass were prepared for cytologic examination, and the mass was fixed for histologic examination. The impression smears contained numerous, discrete, pigmented, neoplastic cells consistent with melanin‐producing neoplastic chromatophores. Histologic findings were consistent with a cutaneous melanophoroma. By transmission electron microscopy, the intracytoplasmic pigment granules corresponded to numerous melanosomes and lower numbers of premelanosomes. Tissue sections of the tumor were immunoreactive for Melan A antigen and were negative for S‐100 antigen. The cytologic, histologic, electron microscopic, and immunohistochemical findings of the neoplasm were consistent with those of melanophoroma, an uncommon neoplasm of reptiles. The present report augments the limited body of knowledge on cytomorphologic and immunohistochemical characteristics of pigmented neoplasms in reptiles.
Nasal and oral masses in a dog
Authors: Levy Esther , Mylonakis Mathios E. , Saridomichelakis Manolis N. , Polizopoulou Zoe S. , Psychogios Vassilios , Koutinas Alexander F.
Published: March 2008

Abstract A 5‐year‐old, intact male, stray dog was presented in poor body condition, with pallor, muzzle deformity, multiple oozing fistulas with grass awns, bilateral sanguinopurulent nasal discharge and a fleshy friable mass occupying part of the hard palate. A friable mass occupying both nasal cavities was found on rhinoscopy. The dog had moderate nonregenerative normochromic‐microcytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, hyperglobulinemia, and hypoalbuminemia. Cytologic preparations of the nasal and oral masses contained a neoplastic population of round cells with intracytoplasmic and extracellular vacuoles. Leishmania amastigotes also were observed, in the cytoplasm of macrophages and, occasionally, within neoplastic cells. A diagnosis of transmissible venereal tumor and concurrent leishmaniosis was made. Treatment with vincristine and allopurinol resulted in complete resolution of clinical signs and disappearance of the masses. The presence of amastigotes in neoplastic TVT cells may suggest an alternative mode of transmission of canine leishmaniosis where these diseases co‐exist.
Cerebrospinal fluid from a 7‐month‐old dog with seizure‐like episodes
Authors: Amude Alexandre M. , Alfieri Amauri A. , Balarin Mara R. S. , Dos Reis Antônio C. F. , Alfieri Alice F.
Published: March 2008

Abstract A 7‐month‐old dog was presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil with a 1‐week history of seizure‐like activity and compulsive walking. Neurological deficits included seizures, nystagmus, absence of a menace reaction, depressed postural reactions, spastic tetraparesis, opisthotonos, and spasticity of the thoracic limbs. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) evaluation showed severe lymphocytic pleocytosis (554 cells/μL, with 70% lymphocytes) and a protein concentration of 17 mg/dL. The histopathologic findings in cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem obtained at necropsy were compatible with acute encephalomyelitis caused by canine distemper virus (CDV). Using reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), CDV RNA was detected in both CSF and fragments of fresh brain tissue. The results indicated that CDV was the agent responsible for the clinical and laboratory presentation. Severe pleocytosis with lymphocyte predominance is an unusual finding in canine distemper and must be differentiated from granulomatous meningoencephalitis. RT‐PCR on CSF is a useful, fast, and specific method to diagnose CDV infection in dogs.
Serum chemistry of free‐ranging white whales (Delphinapterus leucas) in Svalbard
Authors: Tryland, Morten , Thoresen, Stein Istre , Kovacs, Kit M. , Lydersen Christian
Published: March 2008

Background: Abnormal physiological conditions and diseases can change the concentrations of enzymes, metabolites, and minerals in the body. Serum chemistry information may thus be indicative of a specific disease; interpretion of such information requires knowledge of serum chemistry reference intervals from a seemingly healthy population of the species. Objective: The aim of this study was to obtain serum chemistry reference intervals for a population of white whales. Methods: Blood samples were collected from 21 free‐ranging white whales (beluga; Delphinapterus leucas). The whales were live‐captured in nets during 1996–2001 in Storfjorden, Van Mijenfjorden, and Van Keulenfjorden (Svalbard, Norway). While the whales were briefly physically restrained, blood was collected from the caudal vein into vacuum tubes without anticoagulant. The blood was left to clot for 4–6 hours before serum was obtained by centrifugation. The serum samples were then kept at −20°C until analysis. Enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase [ALP], creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase [LDH], amylase, lipase), metabolites (urea, creatinine, bilirubin, cholesterol, triglycerides, nonesterified fatty acids, glucose), and minerals (calcium, phosphate, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride) were analyzed in an Advia 1650 System (Bayer, Tarrytown, NY, USA). Cortisol was analyzed in an Immulite One system (Diagnostic Products Corporation, Los Angeles, CA, USA). The major blood proteins (albumin and globulins) were separated by gel electrophoresis in a Beckman Paragon electrophoresis system (Beckman Coulter, Inc., Fullerton, CA, USA). Results: Serum values for all analytes were reported as median and range, and reference intervals were calculated as 10–90th percentiles. Activities of ALP and LDH and cortisol concentration were higher, and protein and bilirubin concentrations were lower compared with those previously reported for white whales from Canada; remaining results were strikingly similar in these 2 white whale populations. Conclusions: These data provide valuable serum chemistry reference intervals for future health assessments of white whales in Svalbard and other white whale populations, as well as captive individuals.
Stability of stored canine plasma for hemostasis testing
Authors: Furlanello, Tommaso , Caldin, Marco , Stocco, Annachiara , Tudone, Elena , Tranquillo, Vito , Lubas, George , Solano‐Gallego Laia
Published: March 2008

Background: A review of the literature revealed limited information about the stability of samples for coagulation testing in dogs. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the stability of individual coagulation factors, clotting times, and other parameters of hemostasis in stored canine plasma. Methods: Citrated plasma samples were obtained from 21 dogs. Prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), fibrinogen concentration, and factor I, II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, and XII activities were measured on an automated coagulation analyzer with commercially available reagents. Antithrombin (AT) activity and D‐dimer concentration were measured on an automated chemistry analyzer using validated kits. Samples were analyzed within 1 hour after collection (initial analysis) and once daily for 2 or 4 consecutive days following storage at room temperature (RT) or 4°C, respectively. Results: Storage time at either temperature did not have any effect on PT, factor II, V, VII, X, or XII activities, D‐dimer concentration, or AT activity. In contrast, aPTT was significantly prolonged after 72 and 96 hours at 4°C; fibrinogen concentration was decreased after 48 hours at RT; the activities of factors VIII and IX were decreased after 48, 72, and 96 hours at 4°C; and factor XI activity was decreased after 72 hours at 4°C. Conclusions: Results suggest that storage of canine plasma for 2 days at RT does not have a significant effect on hemostasis test results with the exception of a slight decrease in fibrinogen concentration. In contrast, aPTT and factors VIII, IX, and XI were unstable in refrigerated plasma after 48 or 72 hours of storage.
Squash–prep cytology in the diagnosis of canine and feline nervous system lesions: a study of 42 cases
Authors: De Lorenzi, Davide , Mandara, Maria Teresa , Tranquillo, Massimo , Baroni, Massimo , Gasparinetti, Nicola , Gandini, Gualtiero , Masserdotti, Carlo , Bonfanti, Ugo , Bertolini, Giovanna , Vian, Patrizia , Bernardini Marco
Published: March 2008

Background: The increased sophistication of imaging techniques in veterinary medicine allows the detection of a wide variety of intracranial and intraspinal lesions; however, imaging often does not provide a definitive diagnosis for nervous system (NS) lesions. Cytology is emerging as a useful diagnostic tool for obtaining a fast and accurate assessment of NS lesions, but little information is available for dogs and cats. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy of cytologic evaluation of squash samples from NS lesions in dogs and cats and to consider cytology‐based diagnostic guidelines and sources of misdiagnosis. Methods: Cytologic specimens from masses localized in the central and peripheral NS taken during surgery or postmortem examination were classified into 3 groups according to the final histopathologic diagnosis: Group 1 = completely correct diagnosis, when the cytologic diagnosis and final histologic diagnosis were exactly correlated; Group 2 = partial correlation, when the cytologic diagnosis only partially correlated with the final histologic diagnosis, and Group 3 = no correlation, when the cytologic diagnosis was incorrect and there was no correlation with the general histologic type of lesion. The diagnostic accuracy of cytopathology was calculated by considering the histopathologic diagnosis as the “gold standard,” and calculating a 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: A total of 42 animals (33 dogs and 9 cats) were included in the study. The cytologic diagnoses were classified in Group 1 for 32 cases (76%; 95% CI 0.63–0.89), in Group 2 for 6 cases (14%; 95% CI 0.04–0.25), and in Group 3 for 4 cases (10%; 95% CI 0.006–0.18). Considering both complete and partial correlation as an adequate result, cytologic diagnosis was satisfactory in 90% of biopsies. Conclusions: Although the current series of cases is relatively small, cytologic evaluation of squash preparations can be considered a fairly accurate and reliable tool in the diagnosis of NS lesions.
Cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma in a heifer with increased serum lactate dehydrogenase activity
Authors: Klinkon, Martina , Černe Manica
Published: March 2008

Abstract A 1‐year‐old heifer from an enzootic bovine leukemia virus (BLV)‐free breeding herd was examined for numerous cutaneous plaques on the neck, shoulder, back, perineum, and tail. Impression smears of the skin lesions contained a large population of neoplastic lymphoblastic cells. Hematologic findings included mild anemia, neutrophilia, and lymphocytosis. The serum activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) was moderately increased at admission (4712 U/L), and remained increased despite normal to minimally increased activities of liver‐ and muscle‐specific enzymes. The heifer was serologically negative for BLV. Because of declining condition and poor prognosis, the heifer was euthanized on day 37 after presentation. At necropsy and on histologic examination, epitheliotropic and folliculotropic cutaneous lymphoma, with generalized involvement of lymph nodes and spleen and infiltration of liver and kidney, was diagnosed. Immunophenotyping results (CD79a–, CD3+) were consistent with a lymphoma of T‐cell origin. We concluded that cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma had spread to the other internal organs, and that the neoplasm likely contributed to increased serum LDH activity.
Neospora caninumassociated with septic peritonitis in an adult dog
Authors: Holmberg, Tara A , Vernau, William , Melli, Ann C , Conrad Patricia A
Published: March 2008

AbstractA 7‐year‐old, male neutered Rhodesian Ridgeback dog was referred to the University of California–Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital with a 4‐month history of peritonitis and episodic abdominal discomfort, lethargy, and weakness. Marked abdominal distension with a prominent fluid wave was noted on physical examination. Cytologic analysis of the abdominal fluid indicated a septic exudate with mixed bacteria and many protozoal zoites. Differentials for the identity of the protozoal zoites includedToxoplasma gondii,Sarcocystis neurona, andNeospora caninum. Indirect latex agglutination antigen testing, standard indirect fluorescent antibody testing, and PCR analysis were performed to identify the zoites. The dog's serum antibody titer forN caninumtachyzoites was 1:20,480, known polysera toN caninumreacted against zoites in the abdominal fluid, and PCR analysis of the abdominal fluid was positive for the presence of a known gene ofN caninum. Based on the morphologic, immunologic, and molecular findings, the zoites were identified asN caninum. It remains unclear how the tachyzoites gained access to the peritoneal cavity. To the authors' knowledge, there are no reports of freeN caninumin abdominal fluid of any species.
Bold fusion: transtracheal wash from a Jersey calf
Authors: Brazzell, Jennifer L. , Kaese, Heather J. , Borjesson Dori L.
Published: March 2008

Abstract Abstract A 10‐week‐old, female, Jersey calf was referred to the University of Minnesota Veterinary Medical Center for evaluation of difficult breathing and inappetence of 18‐hours duration. Cytologic examination of a transtracheal wash specimen revealed pyogranulomatous inflammation, with increased numbers of multinucleated cells. Differential diagnoses included established bacterial infection, viral infection, fungal infection, and foreign body reaction. Immunocytochemical staining was done on a direct smear of the transtracheal wash using a cocktail of 4 mouse monoclonal antibodies against 3 human respiratory syncytial virus proteins. Strong intracytoplasmic staining within mononuclear cells was observed and a diagnosis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus infection was made. Immunocytochemistry may be used as a rapid, inexpensive, adjunctive diagnostic tool for the antemortem diagnosis of bovine respiratory syncytial virus on transtracheal wash specimens.
Method comparison in the clinical laboratory
Authors: Jensen Asger Lundorff , Kjelgaard‐Hansen Mads
Published: March 2008

Abstract Studies comparing a new method with an established method, to assess whether the new measurements are comparable with existing ones, are frequently conducted in clinical pathology laboratories. Assessment usually involves statistical analysis of paired results from the 2 methods to objectively investigate sources of analytical error (total, random, and systematic). In this review article, the types of errors that can be assessed in performing this task are described, and a general protocol for comparison of quantitative methods is recommended. The typical protocol has 9 steps: 1) state the purpose of the experiment, 2) establish a theoretical basis for the method comparison experiment, 3) become familiar with the new method, 4) obtain estimates of random error for both methods, 5) estimate the number of samples to be included in the method comparison experiment, 6) define acceptable difference between the 2 methods, 7) measure the patient samples, 8) analyze the data and 9) judge acceptability. The protocol includes the essential investigations and decisions needed to objectively assess the overall analytical performance of a new method compared to a reference or established method. The choice of statistical methods and recommendations of decision criteria within the stages are discussed. Use of the protocol for decision‐making is exemplified by the comparison of 2 methods for measuring alanine aminotransferase activity in serum from dogs. Finally, a protocol for comparing simpler semiquantitative methods with established methods that measure on a continuous scale is suggested.
Serum alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme activities in canine malignant mammary neoplasms with and without osseous transformation
Authors: Karayannopoulou M. , Polizopoulou Z. S. , Koutinas A. F. , Fytianou A. , Roubies N. , Kaldrymidou E. , Tsioli V. , Patsikas M. N. , Constantinidis T. C. , Koutinas C. K.
Published: March 2008

Background: Increased serum activity of total alkaline phosphatase (TALP) has been found in dogs with mammary neoplasms, especially malignant mixed tumors. We hypothesized that the bone isoenzyme of alkaline phosphatase (BALP), a specific indicator of osteoblastic activity and bone formation, may contribute to increased TALP in dogs with mammary neoplasms with osseous transformation. Objective: The purpose of this study was to compare serum TALP, BALP, and other ALP isoenzyme activities in dogs with mammary malignant neoplasms with and without osseous transformation. Methods: Twenty‐one female dogs with malignant mammary neoplasms were compared with 21 clinically healthy, age‐matched female control dogs. Physical, clinicopathologic (including preprandial and postprandial serum bile acids, ACTH stimulation, and low‐dose dexamethasone suppression tests), radiographic, and ultrasonographic examinations were performed on all dogs with tumors to assess coexisting conditions. On the basis of histologic examination of excised tumors, dogs were further classified as having epithelial (n=11) or mesenchymal/mixed (epithelial‐mesenchymal) (n=10) neoplasms, the latter of which had histologic and radiologic evidence of bone formation. Serum TALP, BALP, liver alkaline phosphatase (LALP), and corticosteroid‐induced alkaline phosphatase (CALP) activities were measured using biochemical methods. Results: Dogs with malignant mammary tumors had significantly higher (P< .05) median serum TALP (170 U/L), BALP (59 U/L), LALP (49 U/L), and CALP (24 U/L) activities, compared with control dogs (81, 32, 37, and 5 U/L, respectively). Significantly higher activities of BALP and LALP were found in dogs with epithelial neoplasms; whereas, only CALP activity was higher in dogs with mesenchymal/mixed neoplasms. There was no significant difference in TALP or isoenzyme activitities between epithelial and mesenchymal/mixed groups. Conclusion: BALP activity is increased in some dogs with malignant mammary tumors but does not account for the increase in TALP in dogs with neoplasms that have osseous transformation.
Cerebrospinal fluid analysis and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of neurologic disease in dogs: a retrospective study
Authors: Bohn Andrea A. , Wills Tamara B. , West Chadwick L. , Tucker Russell L. , Bagley Rodney S.
Published: March 2008

Background: Diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities in dogs can be challenging antemortem. Historically, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis has been used for routine diagnostic evaluation of animals with suspected neurologic disease; however, with increasing availability of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, the need for concurrent CSF analysis may be questioned. Objective: The purpose of this study was to retrospectively assess and compare the diagnostic information contributed from MR imaging and CSF analysis in a population of dogs presenting with neurologic disease. Methods: Results of concurrent MR imaging and CSF analysis were evaluated in dogs presented for neurologic diseases. Based on clinical diagnosis, the sensitivity of CSF analysis and MR imaging for detecting a nervous system abnormality was calculated. Dogs with diagnoses confirmed by other diagnostic modalities were also evaluated separately. Results: A total of 256 dogs were included in the study. For clinical diagnoses in which abnormalities were expected, MR imaging abnormalities were found in 89% and CSF abnormalities in 75% of dogs; CSF abnormalities were more common than MR imaging abnormalities only in inflammatory CNS disease. The majority of CSF abnormalities were nonspecific; an etiologic diagnosis was determined in only 2% of CSF samples. MR imaging excelled in detecting structural disorders, revealing 98% of vertebral abnormalities. In confirmed cases (n=55), 76% of MR images and 9% of CSF samples were diagnostic. When intervertebral disk disease (IVDD) and vertebral malformation were excluded from analysis (n=16 remaining), 25% of MR images and 6% of CSF cytology results were highly indicative of the confirmed diagnoses; CSF titer results provided the diagnosis in 25% of these cases. Conclusion: CSF analysis may not be necessary when MR findings of IVDD or vertebral malformation/instability are obvious; however, when the cause of neurologic disorder is uncertain, concurrent MR imaging and CSF analysis provides the greatest assistance in establishing a clinical diagnosis.
A femorotibial joint swelling with popliteal lymph node enlargement in a Rottweiler
Authors: Pereira P. Dias , Santos M. , Montenegro L. , Faustino A. M.
Published: March 2008

Abstract A 9‐year‐old male Rottweiler was presented to the Veterinary Medical Hospital Montenegro, Porto, Portugal with a large mass medial to the left stifle and radiographic signs of bone lysis involving the proximal tibia, fibula, and distal femur. A fine‐needle aspiration was obtained from left popliteal lymph node, which was markedly enlarged. Cytologic examination revealed a highly cellular sample consisting of pleomorphic cells with marked anisocytosis and anisokaryosis and other criteria of malignancy. Some cells contained intracytoplasmic, granular, dark brown material, consistent with hemosiderin. Histologic evaluation of the surgically‐excised lymph node revealed a neoplastic proliferation of histiocytic cells, with marked pleomorphism; occasional cells were erythrophagocytic. Mitotic figures were frequently observed, and many were atypical. Histologic findings were consistent with malignant histiocytosis. Necropsy examination confirmed the diagnosis of malignant histiocytosis with systemic involvement affecting most organs examined. This case of malignant histiocytosis case had an atypical clinical presentation, mimicking a musculoskeletal disorder. It underlines the importance of cytology as a simple, inexpensive, rapid and noninvasive complementary exam in routine clinical practice that can permit early diagnosis of the disease and timely selection of the most adequate therapy.