bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of MSG on Neuronal Cells
Authors: Dopler‐Nelson Mindy , Merlino Emily , Lee Sangmook , Shea Thomas
Published: June 2021

The objective of this investigation was to determine the dose effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG), a commonly used food additive known to contribute umami, on neuronal cells. Potential biological adverse effects of MSG include body weight and cognitive changes and neurotoxicity.

Methods

Primary murine embryonic cortical neurons harvested at day 18 of gestation from C57BL/6 mice were plated at 0.3 million cells/1 ml on poly‐d‐lysine/fibronectin‐coated MEAs in B27‐supplemented neurobasal medium. Astroglial proliferation resulted within 10‐14 days of culture. Cells were stabilized for one month. Cultures received fresh medium with 3 µM or 30 µM MSG, 5 µM or 50 µM glutamate respectively. Synaptic activity was recorded with a MEA‐1060‐INV amplifier interfaced with a DT9814 data acquisition system. Signals were quantified in the presence and absence of MSG, glutamate, and with the combination of antagonist or antioxidant. Cell viability and excitability was assessed at baseline, 2, 6, 24, and 48 hours after the insult was applied to the culture.

Results

Mature neurons showed a significant difference in spike response to 3 µM MSG over time compared to both no treatment and other treatments (p=0.040). Although bursts and spikes decreased with all treatments, some neurons in culture survive brief exposure to both glutamate and MSG.

Conclusion

Our results show that some neurons in culture survive brief exposure to both glutamate and MSG though spikes and bursts of neurons decrease over time when exposed to a range of concentrations of MSG treatment and typically lead to cell degradation and death.

No external support was used to conduct this study.
Worksite Supports for Healthy Eating Reported by Employed Adults
Authors: Onufrak Stephen , Park Sohyun , Kimmons Joel , Harris Diane
Published: June 2021

We examined workplace food environment reported by employed Americans using 2013 Summer Consumer Styles Survey data on 2,101 adults working outside of the home. Food environment measures included the presence of cafeterias, vending machines, and break rooms; availability of healthy items in cafeterias, vending machines and meetings; availability of free drinking water, healthy food promotion, and nutrition education. Prevalence of work site features were examined overall and according to employer size (<100 or 蠅100 employees) with χ2 tests used to test differences. Only 20% of respondents reported their employer provides opportunities to eat a healthy diet. Most amenities were reported more frequently by large compared to small company employees including break room with fridge/microwave (85% vs 63%, p<0.01), drink vending (77% vs 35%, p<0.01), food vending (70% vs 26%, p<0.01) and cafeteria/snack bar (51% vs 14%, p<0.01). Among those who reported having them, availability of healthy foods in cafeterias and food vending did not differ according to employer size with 22% of respondents reporting 蠅50% of foods/ drinks in the cafeteria were healthy and 5% reporting that 蠅50% of foods available in food vending were healthy. Among those with cafeteria or vending available, large company employees were twice as likely as small company employees to report labeling of healthy items (21% vs. 10%, p<0.01). Large company employees were also more likely to report employer provided information on healthy eating (24% vs. 7%, p<0.01), made drinking fountains available on each floor (71% vs. 52%, p<0.01), and had healthy items available at meetings (24% vs. 14%, p<0.01). In conclusion, employees report that workplace supports for healthy eating are limited, with availability even less common among smaller employers.
Cafeteria Managers' Perceptions and Promotion of School Salad Bars
Authors: Skelton Kara , Bruening Meg , Adams Marc , Ohri‐Vachaspati Punam , Hurley Jane , Simpson Julie
Published: June 2021

Objective

To examine cafeteria managers' perceptions of and promotion of salad bars. School salad bars are encouraged by USDA as one of the most effective means to meet the new school meal guidelines. However, little is known about prevalence and implementation of school salad bar promotion strategies.

Methods

Cafeteria Managers (n=653; 72% response rate) completed a 71‐item web‐based cross‐sectional survey on correlates of salad bars during 2014. Several multivariable logistic regression models examined the association between nutrition managers' personal perceptions of salad bars (positive vs. negative) and promotional efforts (7 types) related to salad bars, adjusting for school grade level and number of years respondent spent in current position. Only schools with salad bars were included in the analysis (n=310).

Results

The majority of cafeteria managers viewed salad bars positively (58.2%). There was wide variability in salad bar promotion type, with self‐reported prevalence in sampled schools ranging from 1.9‐33.2%. Positive perceptions of salad bars were related to use of: posters (OR=2.7; p‐value<0.001), morning announcements/promotions (OR=2.04; p‐value=0.025), classroom education (OR=2.8; p‐value=0.004), fruit/vegetable of the day (OR=1.97; p‐value=0.031) and matched salad bar to entrée items (OR=2.42; p‐value=0.001). No significant associations were observed between perceptions of salad bars and changing tray color or school website promotions.

Conclusions

School nutrition managers' perceptions appear important for promoting salad bar use. Future research should examine ways to improve cafeteria staff's perceptions of salad bars. More research is needed on how salad bar promotion impacts consumption of healthy items.
Neighborhood Social Cohesion is Associated with Food Security Status in Households with and without Children in the U.S.
Authors: Martini Lauren , Burke Michael , Younginer Nicholas
Published: June 2021

Neighborhood social cohesion is thought to alleviate food insecurity, but the association is not well understood.

Using a 2013 national sample, we tested the association between neighborhood social cohesion and household food security. Four items measured social cohesion (i.e., can count on neighbors, neighbors who help each other, closely knit neighbors, trustworthy neighbors) and food security was measured by the 10‐item USDA Household Food Security Survey. The social cohesion items were summed and treated as continuous. Multinomial logistic regression assessed the association between social cohesion and food security (i.e., food secure (reference), low food secure (LFS), and very low food secure (VLFS)). Models were stratified by households with (n=6,375) or without (n=13,937) children and adjusted for demographic and socioeconomic confounders.

In households with children, social cohesion score was associated with decreased odds of LFS (odds ratio (OR) 0.95; 95% confidence Interval (CI) 0.93‐0.96) and VLFS (OR 0.90; 95% CI 0.88‐0.91). In households without children, social cohesion score was associated with decreased odds of LFS (OR 0.96, 95% CI 0.93‐0.99) and VLFS (OR 0.89; 95% CI 0.85‐0.92).

Higher neighborhood social cohesion is associated with higher food security among households with and without children in the U.S.

The University of South Carolina supported this work.
Cost and Availability of Gluten‐Free Food Products in Northwestern México
Authors: Arias‐Gastélum Mayra , Cabrera‐Chávez Francisco , Delgado‐Uriarte Marianela , Vergara‐Jiménez Marcela , Magaña‐Gómez Javier , Magaña‐Ordorica Dalia , Ontiveros Noe
Published: June 2021

Objective

To evaluate the availability and cost of gluten‐free food products (GFP) in Northwestern México.

Methods

A Mexican market basket of wheat‐containing products was created based on data from the National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy (CONEVAL). The cost and availability of GFP and their wheat counterparts were recorded in 2 border and 3 non‐border cities from Northwestern México. A total of 26 supermarkets and health food stores were included. Products were grouped into 17 food categories. Availability of GFP was defined as the proportion of categories found in each city. Cost was calculated per 100 grams or 10 mL of product. Mann‐Whitney T test was used for statistical comparisons.

Results

A total of 101 GFP were found among all stores. Product availability ranged from 47% to 100% among the cities. The most common products were cereal bars (n=19) and pastas (n=14) in non‐border cities, and in border cities (cereal bars n= 10, pastas n= 11). The availability of GFP per store fluctuates between 6‐59% among 8 health‐food stores and between 0‐47% in 5 out of 6 supermarkets. One supermarket had 88% of availability. Overall, GFP were more expensive than their wheat‐based counterparts (P < .05) and pasta products had the highest price difference (up to ten fold).

Conclusion

In Northwestern Mexico, there is low availability of GFP, and these are more expensive than their wheat‐based counterparts. This represents a challenge for individuals in need to follow a gluten free diet. Supported by PROFAPI 2013/009.
Overweight and Obesity in School Age Population Beneficiaries of School Breakfasts Program in San Luis Potosí, Mexico
Authors: Morales‐Ruan Ma. del Carmen , Mendez Gomez‐Humaran Ignacio , Cuevas‐Nasu Lucia , Shamah‐Levy Teresa
Published: June 2021

Objective

To establish the association between overweight and obesity and to be beneficiary of the School Breakfasts Program (PDE) in school age children from San Luis Potosí, Mexico.

Materials and methods: information from 403 children was analyzed, 303 belonging to PDE and 100 from control group. Body Mass Index (BMI) z‐score was obtained as well as information about age, diet and socioeconomic level. Descriptive analyses were performed and a logistic regression model was done.

Results: Overweight and obesity prevalence in PDE group was 13.9% and 6.5% respectively whereas in the control group were of 10% and 6%. A significant association could not be found between overweight (OR= 1.2, p=0.65) and obesity (OR=0.83, p=0.72) and belonging to the program. It was observed that as the socioeconomic index increases the probability of shift from a normal weight status to overweight was 3.5 times bigger in socioeconomic tertile 3 in relation to tertile 1 (p=0.000) and 12.5 times for the shifting from overweight to obesity (p=0.001).

Conclusions

No association between to be beneficiary of the PDE and overweight and obesity was found. This is positive because the program was restructured in 2010 as part of a national obesity prevention and control program through guidelines for the sale of food and beverages in schools.

Supported by FOMIX SLP COPOCyT Project FMSLP‐213‐CO2‐208475
Associations of Dietary Carbohydrate Quality (CQ) with Daily Interstitial Glucose Patterns in Community‐Dwelling Individuals: a Pilot Study
Authors: McCrory Megan , Amankwaah Akua
Published: June 2021

Background

In controlled feeding studies, daily glucose patterns assessed by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) reflect overall dietary carbohydrate quality (CQ) and the pattern of carbohydrate intake. However, few studies in non‐diabetic, community‐dwelling individuals exist. The purpose of this study was to determine associations of dietary variables reflecting CQ with interstitial glucose patterns in community‐dwelling, non‐diabetic individuals consuming self‐selected diets. The study is ongoing and results from the first 5 participants who completed measurements at Purdue University are reported here.

Methods

Healthy, non‐smoking adults (1 M/ 4 F; aged 33.2±10.9 y; BMI 25.6±4 kg/m2 (mean±SD)) wore a CGM (iPro2, Medtronic) for 24h and performed a multiple pass 24h dietary recall for the same day. Glucose peak (PK) and total area under the curve (AUC) were determined, and macronutrients, fiber (total, soluble and insoluble), glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) were calculated with Nutrition Data System for Research software version 2011.

Results

Soluble fiber (but not total or insoluble fiber) was inversely associated with glucose AUC (r= ‐0.82; p=0.086) and PK (r= ‐0.97; p=0.005), while GI and GL were positively associated with glucose AUC (r=0.80‐0.82; p=0.098‐0.086) and PK (r=.87‐88; p=0.057‐0.048). GL was not associated with glucose PK after controlling for energy intake (r=0.84; p=0.157), but soluble fiber remained associated with glucose PK after controlling for GI (r=‐0.95; p=0.048).

Conclusion

Interstitial glucose patterns assessed by CGM may reflect self‐selected dietary CQ.
The Alternate Healthy Eating Index is Associated with the Metabolic Syndrome in Latino Adults: Results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL)
Authors: Mattei Josiemer , Sotres‐Alvarez Daniela , Daviglus Martha , Gallo Linda , Gellman Marc , Hooshmand Shirin , Hu Frank , Tucker Katherine , Willett Walter , Siega‐Riz Anna Maria , Van Horn Linda , Kaplan Robert
Published: June 2021

High scores of the Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) denote a healthy diet and are associated with lower cardiometabolic risk; yet reports for Latinos are limited. The aim was to compare the association of AHEI (range 0‐110) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components across 6 Latino backgrounds using data from 12,406 US‐residing Latinos 18‐74y without diabetes at HCHS/SOL baseline. Overall, Latinos had unhealthy intake of sugary beverages, whole grains, and fruit; and favorable intake of trans fats, and nuts and legumes. Mean AHEI differed by background (p<0.001), ranging from 53 for Mexicans to 43 for Puerto Ricans. Overall odds (95% CI) of having MetS were 18% (6, 39%) lower per 10‐unit increase in AHEI. This association was modified by background (p=0.002), with significant results only for Mexicans (26% (10, 40%)) and Central Americans (38% (3, 60%)). AHEI was inversely associated with waist circumference, blood pressure, and glucose for Mexicans and Puerto Ricans, and triglycerides for Mexicans, and positively associated with HDL‐C for Puerto Ricans and Central Americans. In summary, while healthier diet quality may protect all Latinos against MetS, the association of AHEI and individual MetS components varies by background. Funded by NHLBI.
Associations between Folate Biomarker Levels and Renal Function among Adults in the U.S.
Authors: Hu Jing , Juan Wenyen , Sahyoun Nadine
Published: June 2021

Since the kidneys are highly involved in maintaining folate homeostasis, the effect of folic acid fortification of grain products may be affected by reduced kidney function. However, it is unclear what the impact of renal insufficiency is on folate status. This study investigated the associations of renal function with levels of serum and red blood cell (RBC) folate, plasma homocysteine and the presence of serum unmetabolized folic acid (UMFA) in U.S. adults. Data of participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2002 aged 蠅 40 years were used in this study. Associations between levels of folate biomarkers and homocysteine and the presence of UMFA and three estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) categories (< 60, 60–90 and 蠅 90 mL/min/1.73 m2) were assessed using multivariable regression models, controlled for confounders. The Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD‐EPI) formula was used to estimate eGFR. In men and women, RBC folate and plasma homocysteine levels were significantly higher among individuals with eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 compared with those with eGFR 蠅 90 ml/min/1.73 m2; serum folate levels were not significantly different between eGFR groups. In women but not in men, UMFA was significantly more likely to appear in the blood of individuals with eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 than those with GFR 蠅 90 ml/min/1.73 m2 (OR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.2–4.0). Reduced renal function may be implicated in the increased blood folate concentrations. Caution should be taken in consumption of folic acid‐enriched foods and supplements among individuals with renal insufficiency.
Does Secondhand Smoke Exposure Moderate the Association between Food Insecurity and Asthma among Children?
Authors: Ding Meng , Zizza Claire
Published: June 2021

Food insecurity has been linked to several childhood health conditions, including asthma. The purpose of this study is to examine whether the association between food insecurity and asthma is moderated by secondhand smoke (SHS) among children (3‐18y). Our population‐based sample included 15701 participants in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999‐2010. Food security status was assessed by the USDA 18‐item Food Security Survey Module. Asthma was self‐reported by children 蠅12y or reported by household reference participants for those children <12y. Children's SHS exposure was defined as serum cotinine levels of 蠅0.05 ng/ml. Logistic regression models were used to control for possible confounders in our analyses. Among children with SHS exposure, those who were living in marginally food secure (Odds Ratio 1.33; 95% CI, 1.04‐1.68) and food insecure (Odds Ratio 1.24; 95% CI, 1.04‐1.48) households were more likely to report asthma compared to those in fully food secure households when controlling for age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Among children without SHS exposure, an association between food insecurity and asthma was not observed. In conclusion, SHS exposure may play an important role in food insecure children's increased risk for asthma.
Fruit and vegetable intake is associated with lower Framingham risk scores in Korean men
Authors: Bae Yun‐Jung , Choi Mi‐Kyeong
Published: June 2021

This study aimed at analyzing the daily intake of fruits and vegetables by type on a national level and the effect on the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) risk, as determined by the Framingham Risk Score. A total of 5,275 men who were involved in the 2007–2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) were divided into 3 groups based on the Framingham Risk Score for CHD over 10 years: low‐risk (<10%), intermediate‐risk (10–20%), and high‐risk (>20%) groups. Low‐risk participants had significantly lower waist circumferences and blood pressures than the high‐risk participants. The intake of salted vegetables was significantly lower in the low‐risk group than in the intermediate‐risk group (p = 0.0090), while the intake of tuber vegetables was the highest in the low‐risk group (p = 0.0022). The intake of tuber vegetables was inversely and significantly associated with the risk of CHD (Model 1: 4th vs. 1st quartile, OR = 0.625, 95% CI = 0.518–0.754, p for trend < 0.0001), and the significant relationship with CHD risk remained even after adjusting for potential confounders (Model 2: 4th vs. 1st quartile, OR = 0.775, 95% CI = 0.633–0.947, p for trend = 0.0220). Further development of appropriate strategies for higher fruit and vegetable intake may help prevent CHD in Korean men.
Use of Online Collaborative Case Study Modules for Obesity Education
Authors: Bignell Whitney , Fischer Joan
Published: June 2021

Nutrition curricula need to comprehensively address obesity management. Course time constraints may limit in‐depth coverage. Added online case studies can provide experiential learning and enhance coverage of learning objectives. Online collaborative case‐based learning modules (CBLM) on obesity management were tested in four nutrition/dietetics classes. Facilitated CBLMs, based on constructivism, included reflective essays, discussion boards, group activities, and self‐evaluation of learning. Students completed pretests one week prior to and posttests one week after modules. CBLM information and activities were released over three weeks, allowing practice of skills over time. This study presents data from an upper level dietetics class. We tested the hypothesis that a CBLM would have a greater impact on students' obesity knowledge and skills than a standard case study. Students were stratified based on first exam performance and randomized to groups of 5‐6 students to complete the CBLM or a standard case study focused on nutrition assessment of obesity. Forty‐five students completed pretests and posttests. Independent t‐tests revealed a greater mean increase in scores for CBLM than standard group (+7.9 and ‐0.6%, respectively, P = 0.03). Two‐way ANOVA showed that students with below‐mean pretest scores had a greater mean score increase with CBLM compared to a standard case study (+19.6 vs. +3.5%, P <0.001). There was no significant difference between standard and CBLM delivery among students with above‐mean pretest scores. In summary, a CBLM increased knowledge and skills of nutrition students compared to a standard case study.

Source of Research Support: College of Family and Consumer Sciences, The University of Georgia
Think Globally, Act Locally: Regulated Deployment of Polysaccharide Degradation Abilities by our Symbiotic Gut Bacteria
Authors: Martens Eric
Published: June 2021

Symbiotic microorganisms expand human digestive physiology by providing an armament of glycan‐degrading enzymes that are absent in the human genome. Dietary glycans, mixed with endogenous mucus, present a diverse menu of carbohydrates, which the trillions of microorganisms that inhabit the colon have adapted strategies to sense, triage and degrade. Understanding which of the hundreds of species of gut microbes consume each nutrient, how glycan degradation abilities vary among taxa and what molecular mechanisms are involved, are central problems in defining the relationship between diet, microbiota and health. We are taking microbiological, genomic, genetic and biochemical approaches to address these problems. Our results have revealed that members of the Bacteroidetes are major contributors to complex carbohydrate digestion and rely on expression of discrete gene clusters that each encodes the requisite proteins to catabolize a particular glycan. Each gene cluster is activated by a locally encoded transcription factor that participates in carbohydrate sensing and metabolism. In a single bacterium, many dozen individual gene clusters could simultaneously be triggered to respond to available nutrients. Yet, in experimental conditions, there is an ordered progression of carbohydrate utilization, reminiscent of catabolite repression. We are exploring the phenomenon of catabolite prioritization in gut Bacteroidetes and the mechanisms involved. Our results reveal that sensing and metabolic triaging of glycans varies among species, underscoring the idea that these phenomena are likely to be hidden drivers of microbiota dynamics and may dictate which microorganisms preferentially commit to various niches in a constantly changing nutritional environment.
HomeStyles: Using Behavior Change Theory to Promote Preschooler and Family Health
Authors: Martin‐Biggers J , Koenings M , Hongu N , Worobey J , Byrd‐Bredbenner C
Published: June 2021

Using behavior change theory to guide health promotion program development and implementation improves intervention efficacy. Yet, many programs are not theory‐driven and, of those that are, few programs demonstrate specifically how theories were applied. This poster graphically illustrates how social cognitive theory (SCT) and motivational interviewing (MI) techniques were used to create HomeStyles, a health promotion program designed to enable and motivate parents of preschoolers to reshape their home environments and lifestyles to promote optimal child growth and development using quick, easy, no‐cost, and culturally‐appropriate methods. HomeStyles components include 12 mini‐magazine‐style guides, goal setting trackers, nudges, and enhancements that facilitate behavior change. Guides focus on key weight management topics: diet, physical activity, and sleep. All guides use SCT and MI constructs. Facilitator‐versions of the guides annotate the use of SCT and MI constructs. The guides establish outcome expectations (positive/negative consequences and value parents place on them) and relevance and rewards from evidence‐based research; promote parent modeling (observational learning); provide tips and ideas from other families to establish social norms, elicit change, explore importance, and normalize target behaviors; build self‐efficacy, and facilitate goal setting utilizing self‐monitoring and reinforcement techniques. The annotation method developed has the potential to serve as a model for other programs to demonstrate application of behavioral constructs, increase use of theoretical constructs in nutrition programs, and improve clarity of research reporting. USDA NIFA #2011‐68001‐30170
A Study of factors related with beverage intake of high school girls in Incheon area, Korea
Authors: Kim Young A , Jin Seonhwa
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this study was to examine the current status and influencing factors of high school students' beverage intake and provide school meal management plan with correct data. 710 high school girls were surveyed in Incheon, one of 5 major cities in Korea.

According to the type of their school, the students are divided into 2 groups. 50.1% from specialized high schools and 49.9% of general high school. The major type of family was nuclear family regardless of their type of high school. However, the percentage of students from a single‐parent family, students staying with their relatives, students from protective facilities was examined higher in specialized high school students group. And the ratio of students spent more than 3,000 won (about 3 USD) was examined higher in normal high school students group.

The taste was top priority factor of both groups to choose beverage. The specialized high school group considered of advertisement and wrapping more than the general high school group did. Commonly, the most favored beverages were milk and milk products, and followed by fruit and vegetable juice, soda and caffeinated drinks. The general high school group recognized the caffeinated drinks better than the other group. Students from general high school intake more milk and milk product and less soda and caffeinated drink than the specialized high school group.

Therefore, school meal management plan should consider about beverage, especially for specialized school students so does the nutrition education programs
Association of Video Game Playing and Lifestyle Behaviors in Adults
Authors: Cemelli Christine , Burris Jennifer , Woolf Kathleen
Published: June 2021

Video games are a pastime increasing in popularity and in time commitment. Although research has examined the association between video games and body mass index (BMI), only limited research has investigated how gaming affects lifestyle behaviors. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between video game playing (online [ONG] and offline [OFG]) and lifestyle behaviors using non‐video game players (NVG) as the control group. One hundred and forty‐seven participants, aged 18‐64 (ONG n=70, age= 23±7 y, BMI=26.1±5.7 kg/m²; OFG n=36, age=26±6 y, BMI=26.0±6.9 kg/m²; NVG n=37, age=36±15 y, BMI=25.8±4.6 kg/m²;), were surveyed using an online questionnaire. The ONG reported more time spent playing video games each week compared to the OFG group (ONG =25±15, OFG 14±10, hours per week; p=0.001). Two validated questionnaires (Eating Behavior Pattern Questionnaire [EBPQ], Sedentary Behavior Questionnaire [SBQ]) assessed lifestyle behaviors. Using the EBPQ, the NVG reported more low‐fat eating behaviors than both video game playing groups (p<0.001). No differences were observed between groups for the other eating behavior measures (i.e., emotional eating, haphazard planning). Using the SBQ, the NVG reported more time per week spent watching TV per week than both video game groups (ONG= 8± 10, OFG=10± 9, NVG= 17± 9, hours per week; p<0.001). All three groups were significantly different in hours per week spent playing exclusively computer games (ONG 27±12, OFG=18± 11, NVG=3± 5, hours per week; p<0.001). In this study, video game playing was associated with an eating behavior that may be linked to chronic disease. Furthermore, the different types of gaming (online, offline) was associated with sedentary behaviors. More research is needed to understand how this growing pastime influences overall health.
Bombesin Preserves the Exocrine Pancreas and Gut‐Islet Axis during Parenteral Nutrition
Authors: Neuman Joshua , Pierre Joseph , Cadena Mark , Thompson Mary , Busch Rebecca , Heneghan Aaron , Cham Candace , Jones Elaina , Groblewski Guy , Chang Eugene , Kudsk Kenneth , Kimple Michelle
Published: June 2021

Parenteral nutrition (PN) is the IV delivery of nutrients to individuals unable intake nutrients via the gut. During PN, intestinal and pancreatic physiology is compromised, leading to tissue atrophy and perturbed immune responses. In addition, PN is often associated with poor glucose control. We showed previously the gastrin releasing peptide analog, bombesin (BBS), enhanced gut immune response and architecture when administered during PN. Yet, the impact of BBS on pancreatic structure and function remained unclear. We hypothesized BBS treatment during PN would mitigate loss of exocrine pancreas structure and function and augment islet function. As compared to control mice, infusion of BBS during PN prevented exocrine tissue atrophy and preserved digestive enzyme secretion. Although there were no significant changes in gross islet morphology, we did observe increased β‐cell replication and function. We also found glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1), a gut‐derived hormone with islet actions, was significantly elevated in plasma of mice BBS‐treated PN mice. Further, islets from BBS‐treated PN mice were significantly more responsive to a GLP‐1 receptor agonist. Finally, BBS increased intestinal cell proglucagon gene expression, suggesting it acts on the gut to promote GLP‐1 secretion in vivo. In sum, our data suggest that BBS preserves both exocrine and endocrine pancreas function during PN, with islet effects involving the gut‐pancreas axis.
Replacing Dietary Meat with Fish Increases Plasma Glucose without Affecting Protein Glycation
Authors: Raad Noor , Rehder Doug , Sherma Nisha , Beezhold Bonnie , Johnston Carol , Borges Chad , Sweazea Karen
Published: June 2021

Western diets high in red meat are associated with hyperglycemia, which promotes insulin resistance and diabetes. Elevated plasma glucose promotes glycation of circulating proteins such as albumin, which is thought to lead to some of the complications associated with hyperglycemia. We hypothesized that lowering meat consumption would reduce protein glycation. Forty five healthy adult omnivorous subjects were randomized into one of three groups and instructed to either consume meat or poultry twice per day (control), eliminate meat and increase dietary fish (pesco‐vegetarian), or adopt a vegetarian diet (lacto‐vegetarian) for four weeks. Fasting plasma samples were collected from participants at baseline and after 4 weeks of the dietary intervention. Plasma glucose concentrations were measured using a commercially available kit. Percent glycated albumin was measured by mass spectrometry. Plasma glucose concentrations were significantly increased following 4‐weeks of pesco‐vegetarian diet (P=0.002, paired t‐test). Neither the lacto‐vegetarian (P=0.898) or the control diet (P=0.233) affected plasma glucose concentrations. Despite the significant increase in plasma glucose following a pesco‐vegetarian diet, no change in percent glycated albumin was observed (P>0.50, ANOVA). These findings may indicate a protective effect of the pesco‐vegetarian diet on protein glycation in the presence of elevated plasma glucose and suggest the need for additional studies to examine the link between increased fish consumption and glucose regulation.
Activation of TLR2 or TLR4 Induces ER Stress Leading to Inflammasome‐mediated IL‐1β Secretion in Monocytes
Authors: Hwang Daniel , Snodgrass Ryan , Huang Shurong
Published: June 2021

The major dietary saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid (C16:0), can induce activation of blood monocytes mediated through Toll‐like receptor (TLR)‐inflammasome signaling pathways. Activated monocytes extravasate into adipose tissues and are differentiated into macrophages or dendritic cells that generate proinflammatory signals leading to insulin resistance. A recent study showed elevated expression of ER stress markers in circulating blood monocytes of patients with type 2 diabetes. Thus, we determined whether agonists of TLR2 and TLR4 (Pam3CSK4 and LPS, respectively) and C16:0 can induce ER stress, and whether ER stress is sufficient to induce monocyte activation as assessed by inflammasome‐mediated IL‐1β secretion. C16:0 induced phosphorylation of IRE‐1 and eIF2 and the expression of CHOP. Pam3CSK4 induced phosphorylation of eIF2 to a lesser extent than did LPS or C16:0, but did not induce phosphorylation of IRE‐1 or CHOP expression. LPS also failed to induce CHOP but induced the phosphorylation of both IRE‐1 and eIF2. These results suggest that activation of TLR2 or TLR4 induces different ER stress responses as assessed by IRE1, eIF2, and CHOP. C16:0‐, Pam3CSK4‐, or LPS‐induced IL‐1β production in THP‐1 cells was inhibited by 4‐phenylbutyric acid, an inhibitor of ER stress. Two ER stress‐inducing molecules thapsigargin and tunicamycin induced ER stress; however, thapsigargin but not tunicamycin led to the expression of pro‐IL‐1β and secretion of IL‐1β in THP‐1 cells. Together, these results suggest that not all types of ER stress are sufficient to induce inflammasome‐mediated IL‐1β secretion in THP‐1 monocytes (USDA‐ARS‐WHNRC Program Funds,USDA/NIFA grant 2013‐03477).
Interaction between NLRP3 Inflammasome and Sirt1/6 : Metabolomics Approach
Authors: Lee Hee Jae , Hong Young‐Shick , Yang Soo Jin
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study is to investigate the interaction between nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain‐like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and sirtuin (Sirt) 1/6 and to evaluate the effects of nicotinamide riboside (NR) on NLRP3 inflammasome or Sirt 1/6. Recent studies have suggested that Sirt may have an anti‐inflammatory function. NLPR3 inflammasome amplifies pro‐inflammatory response and consists of NLRP3, apoptosis‐associated speck‐like protein containing a caspase activation recruitment domain (ASC), and caspase1. The interaction between NLPR3 inflammasome and Sirt1/6 relating to inflammation has remained unknown. NR, a new form of vitamin B3, presents in milk and beer. NR has been highlighted in advantageous effects on metabolic regulation. Knockdown (KD) technology for Sirt 1/6 and NLRP3 was applied, and then NR was administered. NLRP3 inflammasome complex (NLRP3, ASC, and caspase1), inflammatory markers, and Sirt pathway were analyzed. Serum metabolites of experimental mice were measured by 1H NMR. KD of Sirt1 or 6 triggered hepatic metaflammation. Also, the levels of 3‐hydroxybutyrate and glutamate in serum were lower in Sirt1 KD group than control. Sirt1 KD activated NLRP3, ASC, and caspase1. However, NLRP3 KD did not alter the levels of Sirt and PGC1‐α. Administration of NR significantly improved pro‐inflammatory markers, including TNF‐α and IL‐6. These improvement was accompanied by significant shifts of NLRP3 inflammasome. NR intervention in NLRP3 KD mice ameliorated hepatic metaflammation. Serum metabolites were affected by NR treatment. Our results demonstrated that Sirt regulated NLRP3 inflammasome and NR affected NLRP3 inflammasome‐mediated hepatic metaflammation.
The Impact of a Polyphenol Treatment on TNF‐α‐Induced Cytokine Release from C2C12 Myotubes
Authors: Earl Kate , Lightfoot Adam , McArdle Anne
Published: June 2021

Tumour necrosis factor –alpha (TNF‐α) promotes skeletal muscle dysfunction and the effects of systemic increases in cytokines can be exacerbated by further local production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Increased levels of dietary polyphenols including resveratrol, Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and curcumin are associated with a reduction in systemic inflammation and may therefore alleviate symptoms of muscle dysfunction. We hypothesised that treatment of C2C12 myotubes with TNF‐α would result in increased production of cytokines by muscle and that prior treatment of myotubes with physiological levels of dietary polyphenols would protect against this. C2C12 myotubes were pre‐treated with 1µM or 10 µM of resveratrol, EGCG or curcumin for 24 hours followed by 5ng/ml or 25ng/ml TNF‐α for 24 hours, with appropriate controls. Release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐6, MCP‐1/CCL2, RANTES/CCL5 and Keratinocyte Chemoattractant (KC) from C2C12 muscle cells was significantly increased in response to 5 and 25ng/ml TNF‐α (p<0.05) compared with untreated cells. Pre‐treatment with 1µM resveratrol significantly reduced the TNF‐α‐induced release of IL‐6, MCP‐1, RANTES/CCL5 and KC from C2C12 cells (p<0.5). These data suggest that resveratrol may be a potent anti‐inflammatory treatment to reduce the local effects of increased systemic TNF‐α in muscle. Funded by BBSRC and the ME Association.
Inhibitory Effects of Butein on Adipocyte Differentiation through Upregulation of Nrf‐2/HO‐1 Pathway in 3T3‐L1 Adipocyte
Authors: Lee Junsoo , Yang Jinwoo
Published: June 2021

Butein is the biologically active component of Toxicodendron vernicifluum and has been shown to have pleiotropic effects such as induction of apoptosis, anti‐cancer, anti‐fibrogenic, and anti‐inflammatory activities. In this study, the effects of butein on adipocyte differentiation and the mechanisms involved were investigated in 3T3‐L1 adipocyte. The treatment of butein inhibited the protein expression of key transcription factors such as CCAAT‐enhancer‐binding proteins α (C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ). Butein also increased Nrf‐2 and HO‐1 protein expressions in a dose‐dependent manner. Treatment with zinc protoporphyrin (ZnPP), a specific inhibitor of HO‐1, abolished the inhibitory effects of butein on the C/EBPα and PPARγ protein expressions. Furthermore, transfection of Nrf2 siRNA significantly reversed the butein‐mediated increase of HO‐1 protein expression and decrease of C/EBPα and PPARγ protein expressions. In conclusion, butein inhibited the adipogenesis in 3T3‐L1 adipocyte through, at least in part, upregulation of Nrf‐2/HO‐1 signaling pathway. These results suggest that butein has preferable properties for obesity or metabolic syndrome.
Adherence to the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (WCRF/AICR) Guidelines of Women during Breast Cancer Treatment
Authors: Di Pietro Patricia , Bavaresco Thaiany Piazera Fanni , dos Santos Rafaela , de Liz Sheyla , Cardoso Alyne , de Assis Maria Alice , Vieira Francilene
Published: June 2021

Support: CNPq, CAPES

We investigated the anthropometrics, lifestyle and nutritional characteristics of women during breast cancer treatment to according with WCRF/AICR guidelines. This is a nonrandomized clinical trial, including an evaluation at baseline and after treatment (±12mo). The characteristics were evaluated according to WCRF/AICR guidelines. The data were analyzed using paired t test, Wilcoxon test or McNemar test. This study included 78 women, 46.1% of them reported breast feeding for more than 6mo. After the treatment increased the overweight resulting in significant increase of body mass index mean (+1.1kg) and waist circumference (+2.0cm). A significant increase (15.4%) in energy density of diet higher than 125kcal/100g was observed. A decrease of sedentary (5.1%), an increase (9.0%) in the red and processed meat intake (蠅500g/week) and increase (7.7%) in the consumption of plant foods (蠅400g/day), but not significant were found. Decreased the prevalence of consumption of alcoholic beverages (>15g/day) (2.6%), the sodium intake (>2.4g/day) (3.8%) and the use of dietary supplements (2.5%), however there were not significant differences. After the breast cancer treatment most women do not adhere to the recommendations of the WCRF/AICR as to overweight, waist circumference, sedentary and energy density of diet. Thus, nutritional education strategies should be conducted to encourage healthy lifestyles and improve the quality diet these patients.
Genetic Factors Influence Choline Dynamics in Pregnant and Lactating Women
Authors: Ganz Ariel , Shields Kelsey , Yan Jian , Cohen Vanessa , Swersky Camille , Formin Vlad , Stover Julie , Lovesky Jessica , Mohan Sanjay , Lopez Yusnier , Chuang Jasmine , Carrier Bradley , Vitiello Gerardo , Malysheva Olga , Caudill Marie
Published: June 2021

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can influence disease risk and alter choline requirements. Adequate choline intake is critical during pregnancy and lactation to ensure proper fetal and infant development. Using stable isotope methodology, this long‐term, randomized controlled feeding trial examined the impact of genetic variation in choline‐ and one‐carbon‐metabolizing enzymes on plasma choline dynamics. Pregnant, lactating, and control women consumed 480 or 930 mg choline/d for 10‐12 weeks; d9‐choline, which comprised 20% of total intake, was used as the metabolic tracer. Plasma enrichment of deuterated choline metabolites at study week 9 was measured by LCMS/MS. MTHFD1 rs2236225 genotype was found to interact with reproductive state and choline intake to influence plasma enrichment of choline metabolite ratios of d9 betaine: d9‐PTC (3‐way interaction, p = 0.012); d6‐DMG: d9‐betaine (reproductive state: genotype interaction, p = 0.050); d3‐choline: d9‐choline (3‐way interaction, p = 0.018); and d3+d6‐PTC: d9‐PTC (3‐way interaction, p = 5.1 x 10‐5). Additionally, individuals with one or more copies of the MTHFR rs1801133 variant allele had higher d6‐DMG: d9‐betaine enrichment (p = 0.0090), indicating that decreased activity of MTHFR may increase the utilization of choline‐derived methyl groups for the re‐methylation of homocysteine to methionine. These results indicate that genotype, reproductive state, and choline intake level interact to influence the metabolic flux of dietary choline. These data can inform choline intake recommendations for genetic‐subgroups of women differing in reproductive status.
The Effects of Folate Deficiency and Folic Acid Supplementation on Folate Absorption and Metabolism in a Mouse Model
Authors: Warzyszynska Joanna , Im David , Bloemen Nicolaas , Sohn Kyoung‐Jin , Kim Sung‐Eun , Zuchniak Anna , Aufreiter Susanne , O'Connor Deborah , Kim Young‐In
Published: June 2021

The effects of folate deficiency and folic acid (FA) supplementation on folate absorption and metabolism have not been well established in vivo. We investigated the effects of folate deficiency and FA supplementation on gene expression of folate receptors/transporters and metabolic enzymes in a mouse model. Postweaning C57BL/6 mice were randomized to receive diets containing 0 (moderate folate deficiency), 2 (control) or 20 mg FA/kg of diet for 3 months. Gene expression was assessed by real‐time RT‐qPCR. Plasma folate and unmetabolized FA and hepatic and small intestinal folate concentrations accurately reflected the supplemental levels of FA (p‐trend<0.0001). Expression of the proton‐coupled folate transporter (Pcft), reduced folate carrier (Rfc) and folate receptor‐1 (Folr1) in the small intestine and Folr1 in the liver was inversely associated with the supplemental levels of FA (p‐trend<0.0001). The supplemental levels of FA were inversely associated with thymidylate synthase (Tyms) expression in the liver and serine hydroxymethyltransferase (Shmt1) expression in the small intestine (p‐trend<0.05) but were not associated with the expression of dihydrofolate reductase (Dhfr) or methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (Mthfr) in either tissue. Our data suggest that folate deficiency and FA supplementation modulate expression of genes involved in folate absorption and metabolism, likely as a homeostatic mechanism. However, FA supplementation may also adversely influence folate absorption and metabolism by dysregulation of these pathways.

Supported by CIHR MOP#106446
The role of Glycine N‐methyltransferase (GNMT) in cellular 1‐carbon metabolism
Authors: Chiang EnPei , Ko Hsin‐An , Wang Yi‐Cheng , Huang Yu‐Hsiung , Lin Yan‐Jun , Chen Yi‐Ming , Tang Feng‐Yao
Published: June 2021

GNMT is a folate binding protein commonly diminished in human hepatoma. We have demonstrated that GNMT assists cellular methyl group homeostasis in vitro. In the present study we postulated that GNMT assists cellular 1‐carbon metabolism and helps maintain genome integrity by promoting nucleotide biosynthesis. To test the hypothesis, GNMT was over‐expressed in GNMT‐null cell lines cultured in conditions of folate abundance or restriction. The partitioning of folate dependent 1‐carbon groups was investigated using stable isotopic tracers and GC/MS. DNA damage was assessed as uracil content in cell models, and in Gnmt wildtype (Gnmt(+/+)), heterozygote (Gnmt(+/‐)) and knockout (Gnmt(‐/‐)) mice under folate deplete, replete, or supplementation conditions. We discovered that GNMT‐ cells utilized more exogenous formate in purine synthesis, suggesting that GNMT may promote endogenous formate generation. Furthermore, compared to GNMT‐, GNMT+ cells had increased percentage of the thymidine specie derived from the mitochondria as formate, supporting our hypothesis. In conclusion, GMMT assists cellular 1‐carbon metabolism in numerous ways. GNMT helps methyl group homeostasis, assists formate generation; supports methylene‐folate dependent pyrimidine synthesis and formylfolate dependent purine syntheses; and minimizes uracil incorporation into DNA in folate depletion. Loss of GNMT impairs nucleotide biosynthesis. Over‐expression of GNMT improves DNA integrity by reducing uracil misincorporation in DNA both in vitro and in vivo. The present study gives new insights into the role of GNMT on cellular 1‐carbon metablic kinetic.
Low Status of Vitamin C Promotes Oxidative Stress in Healthy Adults
Authors: Waly Mostafa , Al Attabi Zaher , Guizani Nejib
Published: June 2021

Background

Several studies have reported a significant reduction in non‐communicable diseases during adulthood by adopting a dietary regiment that is rich in dietary antioxidants.

Objective

The present study was conducted to assess the nutritional and biochemical status of vitamin C in healthy adults, and to measure their oxidative stress indices.

Subjects and Methods

A cross‐sectional study included 200 healthy subjects (100 males and 100 females) were recruited for this study. The vitamin C intake was assessed by analyzing the study subjects' intake of antioxidants‐rich foods using a semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire. The serum levels of vitamin C and glutathione were determined using biochemical assay kits.

Results

The male group had significantly higher intake of vitamin C as compared to the female group (P <0.05). Vitamin C and glutathione levels were higher in the sera of the male study subjects as compared to female group (P <0.05).

Conclusions

The daily intake of vitamin C of the male subjects was positively correlated to their serum levels of vitamin C and glutathione, indicating a potential improvement in the cellular redox status. This is consistent with previously published studies reporting a significant reduction in oxidative stress in relation to high status of vitamin C.