bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Real-time detection and monitoring of the drug resistance of single myeloid leukemia cells by diffused total internal reflection
Authors: Liang L. , Jin Y. X. , Zhu X. Q. , Zhou F. L. , Yang Y.
Published: April 2018

Real-time detection and monitoring of the drug resistance of single myeloid leukemia cells was achieved using diffused total internal reflection.
Positional isomers of mannose–quinoline conjugates and their copper complexes: exploring the biological activity
Authors: Oliveri Valentina , Bentivegna Federica , Caputo Leonardo , Quintieri Laura , Viale Maurizio , Maric Irena , Lentini Giovanni , Vecchio Graziella
Published: April 2018

Mannoconjugates show significant antibacterial activity. A regioisomer shows antiproliferative activity with copper(ii) ions.
Rapid formation of polyimide nanofiber membranes via hot-press treatment and their performance as Li-ion battery separators
Authors: Hou Jian , Jang Wongi , Kim Sungyul , Kim Jun-Hyun , Byun Hongsik
Published: April 2018

Rapid formation of polyimide nanofiber membranes via the hot-press treatment leads to the development of eco-friendly and low-cost battery separators.
Investigation into Co and Ga2O3 co-doped ZnSe chalcogenide composite semiconductor thin films fabricated using PLD
Authors: Pan Yong , Wang Li , Su XuQiong , Li ShuFeng , Gao DongWen , Han XiaoWei , Yan HuanHuan
Published: April 2018

(Ga2O3)0.1(Co)0.5(ZnSe)0.4 thin films were fabricated via PLD at different pressures and substrate temperatures.
Naturheilkundliche Behandlung der Erschöpfung
Authors: Biallowons Ruth
Published: April 2018

Erschöpfte Patienten sind mit einem ganzheitlichen Therapieansatz in der Regel gut zu behandeln, wie die Erfahrung aus unserer Praxis zeigt. Eine Erschöpfung ist immer subjektiv, objektive Messmethoden existieren bisher nicht. Der erste Schritt ist, die Beschwerden des Patienten ernst zu nehmen. In unserer Praxis hat sich ein multimodales Vorgehen bewährt: Einer ausführlichen Anamnese u. a. mit Psychoedukation folgt eine erweiterte Diagnostik. Die multimodale Therapie umfasst die Ernährungsberatung, Stressmanagement, ggf. Vermittlung eines Coachings, Achtsamkeitsschulung, Bewegung, ggf. Mikronährstoffsubstitution, Akupunktur zum vegetativen Ausgleich. Ein aktives Mitwirken des Patienten ist wesentlich für den Therapieerfolg und stärkt die Selbstwirksamkeit.
The In Vitro and In Vivo Effects of Hypoxis hemerocallidea on Indinavir Pharmacokinetics: Modulation of Efflux
Authors: Havenga Kaylee , Abay Efrem , Wiesner Lubbe , Viljoen Alvaro , Steyn Dewald , Hamman Josias
Published: April 2018

Hypoxis hemerocallidea (African potato) is a popular medicinal plant that has been used traditionally for the treatment of various disorders. Some HIV/AIDS patients use this traditional medicine together with their antiretroviral therapy. This study aimed to determine the impact of selected H. hemerocallidea materials (i.e., a commercial product, an aqueous extract, and biomass reference plant material) on the bidirectional permeability of indinavir across Caco-2 cell monolayers as well as the bioavailability of indinavir during an acute, single administration study in Sprague-Dawley rats. All of the selected H. hemerocallidea test materials demonstrated inhibition effects on indinavir efflux across Caco-2 cell monolayers, albeit to different extents. An increase in the bioavailability of indinavir was obtained in vivo when administered concomitantly with the H. hemerocallidea materials, albeit not statistically significantly. The change in bioavailability directly correlated with the in vitro permeability results. It can therefore be concluded that the change in permeability and bioavailability of indinavir was caused by efflux inhibition and this effect was dependent on the type of H. hemerocallidea material investigated, which was found to be in the following order: commercial product > aqueous extract > reference plant material. The clinical significance of the combined effect of efflux and metabolism inhibition by H. hemerocallidea should be determined in another in vivo model that expresses the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Peripheral Joints and Spine
Authors: Helm-Mil Annette , Eshed Iris , Schueller-Weidekamm Claudia , Reijnierse Monique
Published: April 2018

Both the fields of rheumatology and radiology are changing rapidly. Effective medication has become available for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and transformed it from a progressive disabling disease into a chronic disease. Indications for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have changed accordingly, shifting toward early detection. There is also an overall increased clinical demand for high-end imaging. Together with improvement of MRI units and sequences, MRI protocols are adapted based on clinical indications. This article addresses (1) the clinical background and present role of MRI in early disease detection, (2) RA involvement of peripheral joints, (3) RA involvement of the spine, and (4) state-of-the-art RA MRI protocols. The key toward cost-effective MRI examination in RA is communication between radiologist and rheumatologist as well as awareness and knowledge of the basics and advancements in both fields.
The electrical resistivity of rough thin films: A model based on electron reflection at discrete step edges
Authors: Zhou Tianji , Zheng Pengyuan , Pandey Sumeet C. , Sundararaman Ravishankar , Gall Daniel
Published: April 2018

The effect of the surface roughness on the electrical resistivity of metallic thin films is described by electron reflection at discrete step edges. A Landauer formalism for incoherent scattering leads to a parameter-free expression for the resistivity contribution from surface mound-valley undulations that is additive to the resistivity associated with bulk and surface scattering. In the classical limit where the electron reflection probability matches the ratio of the step height h divided by the film thickness d, the additional resistivity Δρ = 3/2/(g0d) × ω/ξ, where g0 is the specific ballistic conductance and ω/ξ is the ratio of the root-mean-square surface roughness divided by the lateral correlation length of the surface morphology. First-principles non-equilibrium Green's function density functional theory transport simulations on 1-nm-thick Cu(001) layers validate the model, confirming that the electron reflection probability is equal to h/d and that the incoherent formalism matches the coherent scattering simulations for surface step separations ≥2 nm. Experimental confirmation is done using 4.5–52 nm thick epitaxial W(001) layers, where ω = 0.25–1.07 nm and ξ = 10.5–21.9 nm are varied by in situ annealing. Electron transport measurements at 77 and 295 K indicate a linear relationship between Δρ and ω/(ξd), confirming the model predictions. The model suggests a stronger resistivity size effect than predictions of existing models by Fuchs [Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 34, 100 (1938)], Sondheimer [Adv. Phys. 1, 1 (1952)], Rossnagel and Kuan [J. Vac. Sci. Technol., B 22, 240 (2004)], or Namba [Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1 9, 1326 (1970)]. It provides a quantitative explanation for the empirical parameters in these models and may explain the recently reported deviations of experimental resistivity values from these models.
Mask aligner for ultrahigh vacuum with capacitive distance control
Authors: Bhaskar Priyamvada , Mathioudakis Simon , Olschewski Tim , Muckel Florian , Bindel Jan Raphael , Pratzer Marco , Liebmann Marcus , Morgenstern Markus
Published: April 2018

We present a mask aligner driven by three piezomotors which guides and aligns a SiN shadow mask under capacitive control towards a sample surface. The three capacitors for read out are located at the backside of the thin mask such that the mask can be placed at a μm distance from the sample surface, while keeping it parallel to the surface, without touching the sample by the mask a priori. Samples and masks can be exchanged in-situ and the mask can additionally be displaced parallel to the surface. We demonstrate an edge sharpness of the deposited structures below 100 nm, which is likely limited by the diffusion of the deposited Au on Si(111).
Domain configurations in dislocations embedded hexagonal manganite systems: From the view of graph theory
Authors: Cheng Shaobo , Zhang Dong , Deng Shiqing , Li Xing , Li Jun , Tan Guotai , Zhu Yimei , Zhu Jing
Published: April 2018

Topological defects and their interactions often arouse multiple types of emerging phenomena from edge states in Skyrmions to disclination pairs in liquid crystals. In hexagonal manganites, partial edge dislocations, a prototype topological defect, are ubiquitous and they significantly alter the topologically protected domains and their behaviors. Herein, combining electron microscopy experiment and graph theory analysis, we report a systematic study of the connections and configurations of domains in this dislocation embedded system. Rules for domain arrangement are established. The dividing line between domains, which can be attributed by the strain field of dislocations, is accurately described by a genus model from a higher dimension in the graph theory. Our results open a door for the understanding of domain patterns in topologically protected multiferroic systems.
Interaction potentials and transport properties of Ba, Ba+, and Ba2+ in rare gases from He to Xe
Authors: Buchachenko Alexei A. , Viehland Larry A.
Published: April 2018

A highly accurate, consistent set of ab initio interaction potentials is obtained for the title systems at the coupled cluster with singles, doubles, and non-iterative triples level of theory with extrapolation to the complete basis set limit. These potentials are shown to be more reliable than the previous potentials based on their long-range behavior, equilibrium properties, collision cross sections, and transport properties.
Ultrasound liquid crystal lens
Authors: Shimizu Yuki , Koyama Daisuke , Fukui Marina , Emoto Akira , Nakamura Kentaro , Matsukawa Mami
Published: April 2018

A variable-focus lens using a combination of liquid crystals and ultrasound is discussed. The lens uses a technique based on ultrasound vibration to control the molecular orientation of the liquid crystal. The lens structure is simple, with no mechanical moving parts and no transparent electrodes, which is helpful for device downsizing; the structure consists of a liquid crystal layer sandwiched between two glass substrates with a piezoelectric ring. The tens-of-kHz ultrasonic resonance flexural vibration used to excite the lens generates an acoustic radiation force on the liquid crystal layer to induce changes in the molecular orientation of the liquid crystal. The orientations of the liquid crystal molecules and the optical characteristics of the lens were investigated under ultrasound excitation. Clear optical images were observed through the lens, and the focal point could be controlled using the input voltage to the piezoelectric ring to give the lens its variable-focus action.
The risks to Australia from emerging and exotic arboviruses
Authors: Mackenzie John S , van den Hurk Andrew F
Published: April 2018

The recent pandemic spread of mosquito-borne arboviruses across multiple continents, as exemplified by West Nile (WNV)1,, chikungunya (CHIKV)2, and Zika (ZIKV)3, viruses, together with the continuing disease burden of epidemic dengue viruses (DENVs)1, multiple importations of yellow fever virus (YFV) into populous areas of Asia4, and the potential threat of some other, possibly unknown, emerging arboviral threat, constitute a wake-up call for governments to strengthen surveillance programmes and enhance research into mosquito-transmitted diseases5–7. Rift Valley fever8 (RVFV) and Japanese encephalitis1,9 (JEV) viruses are also important examples of threats to human and/or livestock health. Australia is vulnerable to these arboviral diseases, with risk of importation and outbreak potential varying between viruses10. The risk of exotic arboviral diseases establishing transmission cycles in Australia is dependent on the availability of competent vectors and suitable vertebrate hosts. Therefore, knowledge of the vector competence of Australian mosquito species for exotic arboviruses, potential for the introduction and establishment of exotic vector species, and suitability of vertebrate hosts, are essential components of understanding and mitigating these arboviral threats.
The longest-lived spider: mygalomorphs dig deep, and persevere
Authors: Mason Leanda Denise , Wardell-Johnson Grant , Main Barbara York
Published: April 2018

We report the longest-lived spider documented to date. A 43-year-old, female Gaius villosus Rainbow, 1914 (Mygalomorphae: Idiopidae) has recently died during a long-term population study. This study was initiated by Barbara York Main at North Bungulla Reserve near Tammin, south-western Australia, in 1974. Annual monitoring of this species of burrowing, sedentary mygalomorph spider yielded not only this record-breaking discovery but also invaluable information for high-priority conservation taxa within a global biodiversity hotspot. We suggest that the life-styles of short-range endemics provide lessons for humanity and sustainable living in old stable landscapes.
Two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy of vibrational polaritons
Authors: Xiang Bo , Ribeiro Raphael F. , Dunkelberger Adam D. , Wang Jiaxi , Li Yingmin , Simpkins Blake S. , Owrutsky Jeffrey C. , Yuen-Zhou Joel , Xiong Wei
Published: April 2018

Significance

Quantum states of molecular vibrational polaritons, hybrid half-light, half-matter quasi-particles, are studied using ultrafast coherent two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy. Valuable physical insights such as existence of hidden dark states and ultrafast interactions between dark states and bright polariton states are unambiguously revealed. These results not only advance coherent two-dimensional spectroscopy, but also have significant implications in harvesting the creation of molecular vibrational polaritons for infrared photonic devices, lasing, molecular quantum simulation, as well as chemistry by tailoring potential energy landscapes.
Semantic generalization in Ch’orti’ Mayan numeral classifiers
Authors: Hull Kerry
Published: April 2018

This study examines the process of linguistic change in the classification system of Ch’orti’ Mayan, a language spoken by roughly 12,000 people in southern Guatemala. I trace the origin of the classifier -kojt from its original meaning of “quadruped”, based on the positional root kojt‑ “kneel down”, to all animals in general; then (somewhat unexpectedly) to include certain foods; and most recently to humans. I also describe the impact of ideologically driven decisions by those involved in the Pan-Maya Movement in the Ch’orti’ area relating to the use of -kojt, namely in accelerating its natural sematic broadening to now include all human referents to compensate for the lack of such a classifier in the language. I conclude that this new use of -kojt represents both a case of standard semantic generalization as well as a case of hypercorrection due to revised notions of language ‘correctness’.
Better Than Sex?
Authors: Vincent J. Keith
Published: April 2018

This chapter analyzes the food passions of Meiji-era poet and inventor of the modern haiku Masaoka Shiki (1867–1902). Bedridden for his final five years, he continued to obsessively consume and write about choice morsels he demanded from his family and disciples although his body was no longer capable of digesting them. The chapter illustrates the deceptive simplicity in Masaoka’s poetry and prose on food, and how his use of descriptive minimalism, lists, and personification worked to impart the “essences” of food and the (homo)social relationships evoked by eating. It suggests that Masaoka employed minimalism because language was insufficient to wholly convey one individual's sensual experience to another.
An Anorexic in Miyazaki’s Land of Cockaigne
Authors: Napier Susan
Published: April 2018

This chapter discusses how copious excretion and vomit feature in popular animator Miyazaki Hayao's Academy-award winning feature Spirited Away (2001), arguing that these bodily eruptions are critiques of rampant consumer capitalism in contemporary Japan. Set in a carnivalesque world revolving around a luxurious bathhouse for gods of all shapes and sizes, the film repeatedly portrays scenes of food excess, denial, and expulsion, which can be interpreted as anorexia and bulimia. The chapter sees the eating frenzies depicted as Miyazaki's metaphor for materialistic overconsumption, and perceives the strong work ethic and self-denial that bring about the protagonist Sen's salvation as Miyazaki's call for a return to traditional values.
Language of the Heart
Authors: Hambrick-Stowe Charles E.
Published: April 2018

Charles E. Hambrick-Stowe gives us a window into Jonthan Edwards’ spiritual practices and how the Bible colored them. With his typological imagination, Edwards relished nature, but even there, his imaginative reflections connected what he perceived in nature with what he read in Scripture. The Bible also helped him sift through the thorny question of how one best understands experiential religion, straddling the means of grace and the free work of the Holy Spirit. His various notebooks reveal how extensively Scripture shaped Edwards’ spiritual and intellectual life. In practice, the Bible became the language of Edwards’ prayer and song, and it also guarded against misguided Enlightenment-era notions about experiencing God. To the end of his life, Scripture was a constant source of solace in Edwards’ spiritual journey.
Jonathan Edwards’ Reflections on the Virgin Mary
Authors: Stein Stephen J.
Published: April 2018

Stephen J. Stein focuses on Jonthan Edwards’ treatment of a figure in the New Testament, the Virgin Mary. He highlights a striking irony in Edwards’ exegesis by juxtaposing his steady criticism of the Roman Catholic Church against his high praise of Mary. Stein’s essay is driven by immersion in Edwards’ biblical notebooks, which gives readers a taste of Edwards’ engagement with the Bible and his subsequent theological development from that exegesis. Stein especially highlights how Edwards linked the Virgin Mary to the life of Jesus Christ and the larger story of salvation. Although this question clearly centers on the New Testament, Edwards brings Old Testament passages to bear on it, which illustrates his canonical approach to interpreting Scripture.
Jonathan Edwards, War, and the Bible
Authors: Byrd James P.
Published: April 2018

James P. Byrd reminds us of the militaristic context in which Jonthan Edwards lived. Edwards himself was fully aware of the rivalry between Catholic France and Protestant England, and he saw the battles waged between these two powers on American soil as part of a larger cosmic struggle. What is sometimes forgotten, however, is that Edwards brought meaning to this setting by probing Scripture for what it had to say about war. Edwards preached a number of sermons on war during his lifetime, and from Scripture he found support for just wars and for the duty of citizens to serve in battle. By exploring Edwards’ engagement with both the Old and New Testaments on war in his context, Byrd offers another angle on how Scripture shaped Edwards’ life and thought, just as the issues of his day affected his reading of Scripture.
Hadrian’s Relationships
Authors: Brennan T. Corey
Published: April 2018

This chapter discusses four close relationships Hadrian developed beyond his marriage: with Trajan’s niece (Sabina’s mother), Matidia I; Trajan’s widow, Plotina; the Bithynian youth Antinoös; and the consular L. Ceionius Commodus, whom Hadrian adopted and publicly promoted as his heir (restyled as L. Aelius Caesar). It is argued that one common denominator is Hadrian’s deep—even excessive—emotional attachment to these women and men. Another is the spectacular honors he paid Matidia and Plotina in his first decade of rule, in conspicuous contrast to what he allowed his wife. Particularly important is a speech, known through a now lost inscription, that Hadrian delivered on behalf of Matidia the Elder after her death and before her deification in 119. Hadrian’s praise—for her physical appearance, character, temperament—illuminates his ideals for Sabina. In conclusion, the chapter explains Hadrian’s adoption of Antoninus and his complex dynastic scheme, which succeeded surprisingly well.
Power in the Ekklēsia
Authors: Shaner Katherine A.
Published: April 2018

This chapter compares the relationship between leadership qualifications for bishops and deacons and limitations placed on widows and enslaved persons in both the letters of Ignatius and 1 Timothy. This comparison yields fissures in each argument that reveal power struggles in the ekklēsia around enslaved participation and leadership. First Timothy asserts that widows and slaves must be subordinate to those with higher status and that the leadership structure of the ekklēsia should reflect this subordination. Such an instruction suggests that, in practice, slaves participated in the community differently than the proposed guidelines. Ignatius’s Letter to Polycarp as well as his Letter to the Philippians reveal not only ambiguity around enslaved leadership but also power struggles within communities purchasing enslaved members’ freedom. The chapter suggests that enslaved persons participated in the complex structuring of power in communities; sometimes as dehumanized tools, sometimes as ambiguous actors, and sometimes as fully equal partners.
Epilogue
Authors: Shaner Katherine A.
Published: April 2018

Power struggles involving the ambiguous status of enslaved persons in leadership roles were endemic to first- and second-century religious practices within Ephesian groups, including early Christian groups. Indeed, these power struggles illustrate a fundamental problem in the study of slavery both ancient and contemporary: stable definitions of slavery are often declared in service to reifying kyriarchal leadership and power. Early Christian communities, like communities today, are not immune to this problem despite declarations of equality within them. Future scholarship as well as the contemporary religious communities need to reckon with the challenge to configure power differently from enslaved, kyriarchal logics.
The Gods of Indian Country
Authors: Graber Jennifer
Published: April 2018

During the nineteenth century, Americans sought the cultural transformation and the physical displacement of American Indian nations. Native people resisted these efforts. Though this process is often understood as a clash of rival economic systems or racial ideologies, it was also a profound spiritual struggle. The conflict over Indian Country sparked crises for both Natives and Americans. In the end, the experience of intercultural encounter and conflict over land produced religious transformations on both sides. This book focuses on Kiowa Indians during Americans’ hundred-year effort to acquire, explore, and seize their homeland between 1803 and 1903. Kiowas had known struggle and dislocation before. But the forces bearing down on them in the form of soldiers, missionaries, and government representatives were unrelenting. Under increasing pressure, Kiowas adapted their rituals in the hopes of using sacred power more effectively. They drew on a wide range of sources and shifted significantly as circumstances demanded. With Indian Country under assault, Kiowas exercised creative improvisation to sustain their lands and people. Against Kiowas stood Protestants and Catholics who hoped to remake Indian Country. These activists asserted the primacy of white Christian civilization and the need to transform the lives of Native peoples. They also saw themselves as the Indian’s friend, teacher, and protector. But as Kiowas resisted their plans, these Christian representatives supported policies that broke treaties and appropriated Native lands. They argued that the benefits of Christianity and civilization outweighed the costs. In order to secure Indian Country and control indigenous populations, they sanctified the economic and racial hierarchies of their day.
Moral Responsibility and the Social Dynamics of Power and Oppression
Authors: Mackenzie Catriona
Published: April 2018

This chapter argues that moral responsibility theorists who take seriously the social scaffolding of agency and the interpersonal dynamics at the heart of our practices need to pay more sustained attention to the effects of social power and oppression. David Shoemaker’s tripartite distinction between attributability, answerability, and accountability is used to develop this argument. The aim of Shoemaker’s distinction is to explicate how impairments of capacity with respect to one or more of these dimensions affect agents’ eligibility for moral responsibility ascriptions. In this chapter the tripartite distinction is used to tease out the various ways that moral responsibility ascriptions and practices are entangled with social dynamics of power, thereby affecting persons’ statuses as morally responsible agents. The chapter concludes by considering the implications of the argument for Strawsonian theories and justifications.
Socializing Responsibility
Authors: Levy Neil
Published: April 2018

There is a near universal consensus that the bearers of moral responsibility are the individuals people identify with proper names. In this chapter, it is suggested that if people take the exercise of agency as a guide to the identification of agents, they may find that agents sometimes extend into the world: they may be constituted by several individuals and/or by institutions. These extended agents may be responsible for morally significant outcomes. The chapter argues that institutions or extended agents may also be responsible for the failure of individuals to satisfy the epistemic conditions on moral responsibility. Individuals may believe virtuously but falsely, due to the way in which cues to reliability are socially distributed. The chapter concludes by suggesting that a focus on individual responsibility may have distracted people from the urgent task of reforming the institutional actors responsible for widespread ignorance about morally significant facts.
The Relation to Theory and Practice
Authors: Peari Sagi
Published: April 2018

While the previous chapters are concerned with elaboration and exposition of the Choice and Equality pillars, this chapter is more concerned with implementation. Thus, it delineates CEF’s distinctiveness from other choice-of-law accounts and traces its conceptual independence from such notions as the corrective justice theory of private law and the notion of international human rights. Taking the provisions of the American Second Restatement as an example, this chapter analyzes them from the standpoint of CEF. Ultimately, in its last section, the chapter makes some observations about CEF’s suitability to provide a normative framework to meet the challenges of the digital age and the Internet.
Conclusion
Authors: Peari Sagi
Published: April 2018

This chapter summarizes the manuscript’s argument development as a three-stage progression. Firstly, the first two chapters have provided a platform for choice equality foundation’s (CEF) establishment and development. Thus, these chapters have elaborated on the central elements of Savigny’s influential choice-of-law theory and told the story of the mysterious choice-of-law methodology of better-law. Secondly, and drawing on discussions in the first two chapters, the next three chapters have presented the CEF, its foundational pillars of Choice and Equality, their operation and their crystallization in a wide spectrum of traditional and contemporary choice-of-law doctrines and concepts. Finally, the last chapter has offered some further comments and clarifications on CEF’s conceptual independence, its implementation, and its attractiveness for meeting the challenges of the digital age.
Understanding Environmental Behavior
Authors: DeSombre Elizabeth R.
Published: April 2018

This chapter introduces the entire book, which is about what social science can tell us about the causes of environmental behavior and about how to change this behavior. In addition to an overview of the topics of each chapter, this introduction argues that individual behavior is worth examining: even though each act is in itself an unimaginably small contribution to any given environmental problem, individual behavior aggregates, and collectively these individual behaviors have enormous global effect. Nevertheless the argument of the book is not that we should persuade people individually to change their behavior: doing so is inefficient and ineffective, for reasons elaborated throughout the book. Instead, the focus should be on institutions and on incentives that affect in a larger way the behavior of individuals.
Problem Characteristics
Authors: DeSombre Elizabeth R.
Published: April 2018

Problem characteristics and social structures make environmental problems easy to create and difficult to address. Environmental problems are externalities—unintended consequences of other goals and activities people pursue. Because people don’t individually experience much, if any, of the harm they create (which is likely to affect others distant in time and space), it is difficult and costly for them to prioritize avoiding it. Collective action, necessary to make a difference environmentally, is difficult. These characteristics of environmental issues themselves are embedded in broader social structures—infrastructure and economic choices we do not directly or immediately control. These problem aspects suggest strategies: people are happy to accomplish their goals in a way that does not harm the environment if it can be made convenient for them to do so. In some cases aspects of an issue’s characteristics, or even social structures, can be changed.
Conclusion
Authors: Ogorzalek Thomas K.
Published: April 2018

This final chapter takes stock of the urban political order. What does the continued deepening of the place-character divide mean for American politics? What are the implications of this narrative for the unity and durability of a national alignment still characterized by such strange bedfellows? And what are the prospects for institutional changes that would reinforce or replicate the integrative dynamics of the mid-twentieth century’s city institutions in a nation that is now mostly suburban? Some answers to these questions are posed, centered on the implications of city delegation theory and from a perspective that refocuses a picture of cities as key drivers of American politics.
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Authors: Chapman Audrey R. , Tararas Konstantinos
Published: April 2018

This chapter focuses on the human rights work of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and its interconnection with initiatives relating to global health. Embedded in its Constitution, the promotion of human rights has been a component of UNESCO’s activities across its fields of competence since the first years of its existence. Although global health is not central to its mandate, many of UNESCO’s programs are either inextricably connected to global health or have contributed to UN initiatives promoting public health and the right to health. This is showcased through an overview of UNESCO’s efforts on: (1) standard-setting and monitoring; (2) rights in education; and (3) rights in science. Enabling factors for a stronger human rights articulation of UNESCO’s global health initiatives are the adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development as a rights-based common standard of achievement and the resulting inter-agency cooperation and coordination.
The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
Authors: MacNaughton Gillian , McGill Mariah
Published: April 2018

For over two decades, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) has taken a leading role in promoting human rights globally by building the capacity of people to claim their rights and governments to fulfill their obligations. This chapter examines the extent to which the right to health has evolved in the work of the OHCHR since 1994, drawing on archival records of OHCHR publications and initiatives, as well as interviews with OHCHR staff and external experts on the right to health. Analyzing this history, the chapter then points to factors that have facilitated or inhibited the mainstreaming of the right to health within the OHCHR, including (1) an increasing acceptance of economic and social rights as real human rights, (2) right-to-health champions among the leadership, (3) limited capacity and resources, and (4) challenges in moving beyond conceptualization to implementation of the right to health.
The employment miracle
Authors: Fratzscher Marcel
Published: April 2018

After reaching a low point of economic dynamism and employment in 2005, a state of affairs in which it came to be regarded as the “sick man of Europe,” Germany achieved impressive, indeed apparently miraculous growth in employment. In the process German society cut unemployment in half and created almost 5 million new jobs. In this chapter’s discussion, the primary focus is on the different elements and causes that have gone into the employment miracle in Germany since the start of the twenty-first century. In addition, the chapter highlights the underlying weaknesses and problems in Germany’s labor market as the century’s second decade nears its close.
The importance of the euro for Europe
Authors: Fratzscher Marcel
Published: April 2018

Europe has experienced its deepest economic and political crisis since the 1930s and 1940s. A growing number of politicians, not just from the extreme right or left but also from mainstream parties, have made the euro the scapegoat for Europe’s crisis. The German finance minister in 2015 and 2016 went so far as to repeatedly make public calls for a “temporary Grexit”—for Greece to leave the euro at least temporarily—as doing this might be in Greece’s and Europe’s best interest. Why was the euro created, and what are its benefits? What needs to be done to strengthen the euro and make it work for everyone? Why is there such strong opposition to the euro in Germany? And what do policymakers need to do to address this opposition? These questions are the subject of this chapter and are important for Europe’s future and prosperity.
The American Constitution: First and Second Foundings
Authors: Mathews Jud
Published: April 2018

Officially, the U.S. Supreme Court hews to a strong state action requirement and rejects the idea that constitutional rights can shape what private parties owe each other. To highlight some of the peculiarities of the state action doctrine, this chapter begins with a detailed discussion of a modern case, Brooks v. Flagg Brothers. Then, to understand the doctrine’s origins, the chapter turns to history. This chapter illuminates the political logic of the state action requirement at the time when the Court first imposed it, in the late nineteenth century. The chapter also highlights more flexible approaches to conceptualizing rights in the American tradition that were closed off with the choice for a strong state action rule.
Canada’s Constitution and Courts
Authors: Mathews Jud
Published: April 2018

This chapter explores the development of Canadian constitutionalism leading up to judicial engagement with the horizontal effect of rights. The Supreme Court of Canada already enjoyed an exceptionally broad jurisdiction when the enactment of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982 gave it an extensive set of constitutional rights to interpret. At the same time, the very breadth of the Court’s formal powers was a reason to use them carefully, especially because the Charter triggered anxieties about federalism among many advocates for provincial autonomy. This chapter shows how, in this context, the Supreme Court of Canada had little to gain from announcing a far-reaching constitutionalization of private law.
Constitutional Rights, Private Law, and Judicial Power
Authors: Mathews Jud
Published: April 2018

This concluding chapter looks back, reviewing key insights from the case studies, and outward, reflecting on what the horizontal dimension of rights suggests about constitutionalism more broadly. The conclusion introduces short shadow case studies (Poland, China, the European Court of Justice, and the United Kingdom) that shed more light on the dynamics of horizontal rights and underscore how their impact is sensitive to institutional and political differences. The chapter considers linkages between horizontal effect and two other prominent developments in constitutionalism, proportionality review and weak-form judicial review. It concludes by suggesting that horizontal rights can serve as engines of political integration, prompting multibranch engagement in the business of giving concrete form to a nation’s most fundamental commitments.
Social and Societal Over-Positioning
Authors: Hermans Hubert J. M
Published: April 2018

The process of over-positioning shows how exaggeration of positioning leads to I-prisons that limit the freedom of the self. After presenting some examples of over-positioning (pushy parents) and under-positioning (depression), the main focus is on the comparison of the former Soviet communist system that placed the other (the community) above the self (the individual), and the capitalist society in its neo-liberal manifestation that places the self above the other. In this context, the following developments are discussed: the process of marketization and economizing in modern societies and their manifestation in consumerism as forms of over-positioning, the “empty self” resulting from the combination of individualism and consumerism after World War II, the shadow side of the American Dream; the excesses of hyperconsumption in an affluent society, the psychological consequences of money orientation, and the failure of overconsumption to contribute significantly to happiness.
Integration through Ventanillas de Salud and Plazas Comunitarias
Authors: Délano Alonso Alexandra
Published: April 2018

This chapter presents empirical evidence of origin-country diaspora programs with a focus on immigrant integration. It draws from examples of programs focused on education, health, financial literacy, and labor rights, carried out mainly by Mexico throughout its consular network in the United States. Through interviews, it examines the ways in which these programs have emerged and evolved, emphasizing the coalitions formed among consulates, public and private institutions in the United States, and migrant organizations. Through relationships of trust established through consulates, migrants and partner organizations, these programs connect migrants with precarious legal status to institutions in the country of destination that support their access to services to ensure the protection of their social rights, which then enable them to claim and exercise political rights.
Social Rights Beyond Borders
Authors: Délano Alonso Alexandra
Published: April 2018

This chapter examines variations in diaspora policies across generations and migration status, considering changes in migrants’ precarious status from the perspective of the DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals) program. It focuses on the ways in which the rhetoric and implementation of Mexico’s diaspora programs has adapted focusing on the 1.5 generation, and the ways in which these policies have been challenged by returned migrants. In the context of massive deportations that have coincided with the rise of the Dreamers movement and the implementation of DACA, origin countries’ attempts to engage this group reveal the challenges and contradictions of diaspora policies that offer assistance abroad and expand the concept and practice of extraterritorial membership in specific moments and for particular groups, but have limited resources and opportunities for those same populations upon their return to their country of origin.
Conclusions: From Here and There
Authors: Délano Alonso Alexandra
Published: April 2018

This chapter discusses diaspora policies focused on integration and protection of social rights from the perspective of questions around the boundaries of citizenship and global migration governance. The evidence engages a larger debate about solidarity across borders focused on equal access to rights from a perspective of shared responsibility and accountability. It considers the examples of extension of rights and the expansion of concepts such as integration and citizenship, examined throughout the book as innovative practices and discourses around migration that are being articulated, challenged, and imagined through interactions at multiple scales and across borders between migrants, states, and nonstate actors. It juxtaposes these policies and practices against anti-immigrant discourse and xenophobia that have developed in parallel and offers alternative pathways to respond to it, particularly in the context of US President Donald Trump’s administration.
Mongols in the Tarikh-i Rashidi
Authors: Anooshahr Ali
Published: April 2018

This chapter will continue to investigate Central Asia by showing how the Mongol prince Mirza Haydar Dughlat (d. 1551) ruminated wistfully about his Mongol origins nostalgically as a time of aristocratic order that had vanished by his day. Yet Mirza Haydar also had to confront negative aspects of that past such as paganism and violence. In short the author perceived Turco-Mongol origins as a biological problem which was however not ethnic. Here too, as in the case of Transoxania in the previous chapter, Turkestani origins were always problematic and were deferred to another time and place beyond the author’s present context and circumstances.
Political Choice and Campaign Communication Innovation
Authors: Epstein Ben
Published: April 2018

The behavioral choices made by various types of political organizations differ based on the communication goals and constraints placed upon various types of actors. This chapter offers case studies exploring these variations over time, examining the development of campaign communication strategies over time as well as the pace and pattern of communication innovation and imitation. The chapter starts by connecting the major innovations in campaign communication tactics from 1796 through the 1990s, spanning the Elite, Mass, and Broadcast political communication orders (PCOs). Next, it provides a more detailed examination of the history of online campaign innovations, with particular emphasis on the build-up to and aftermath of the 2008 Obama campaign. This chapter concludes by evaluating the extent to which the successful Obama model was replicated and how campaign communication has stabilized in the years since, including the unconventional 2016 election.
Interest Group Innovation
Authors: Epstein Ben
Published: April 2018

This chapter uses a case study approach to explore the political choice phase of the political communication cycle (PCC) over time. Focusing on interest groups and detailing the long history of these organizations in America, the chapter primarily examines innovations made by four of the largest interest groups in American history: AARP, the Sierra Club, the National Rifle Association (NRA), and MoveOn.org. These four interest groups have spanned multiple political communication orders (PCOs) and their overall lack of innovativeness until recent years is tied to the distinct nature of their shared political communication goals. These goals are far narrower than campaigns or social movements and therefore are much less likely to motivate innovative efforts. These trends have started to change in the internet-based era as new organizational and communication strategies have opened up interest groups to greater innovation along the lines of MoveOn.org.
Saddam Takes Control
Authors: Helfont Samuel
Published: April 2018

Chapter 1 discusses Saddam Hussein’s rise to the presidency in Ba’thist Iraq in which he inherited an existing relationship between his regime and the Iraqi religious landscape. Saddam also inherited a rich Ba‘thist intellectual heritage, which had a good deal to say about religion, and Islam in particular, and offered what he considered to be powerful tools to face the challenges that lay before him. Chapter 1 highlights the the role of religion in Saddam’s rise to power and the secret polices on religion that he enacted. It will then discuss the initial steps he took to consolidate his power and contain uprisings within Iraq’s religious landscape. His polices reflect a Ba’thist interpretation of Islam that was first articulated by the Syrian Christian intellectual, Michel Aflaq, in the mid-20th century. Under Saddam’s leadership, the Ba’thist regime attempts to impose its ideas on religion.
Suppressing the Islamist Opposition
Authors: Helfont Samuel
Published: April 2018

This chapter details the Ba’thist regime’s conflict with Iraqi Islamists during the 1980s. It highlights the insights provided by Iraqi intelligence reports. In doing so, it shows that the regime confronted a wide-scale uprising in the late 1970s and early 1980s, mostly among Shi’i Islamists and the Da’wa Party. However, the regime did also face threats from Sunni Islamists such as the Muslim Brotherhood. Membership in any political organization other than the Ba‘th Party necessarily resulted in harsh regime responses. In the middle years of the 1980s, the regime felt it had established control. This success gave the regime a clearer picture of the opposition and its membership. The regime gradually contained these threats, pushing Sunni and Shi’i Islamists underground or into exile.
Continuity and Change in the Gulf War
Authors: Helfont Samuel
Published: April 2018

This chapter discusses the Ba’thist regime’s use of religion during the Gulf Crisis in 1990 and the Gulf War in 1991. In 1990, Saddam invaded Kuwait and then Saddam again raised eyebrows in 1991 by delivering what became known as his first and second “jihad speeches,” which highlighted long-held Ba’thist ideas about Islam. Saddam was able to integrate the regime’s political instrumentalization of religion into its broader strategies for the war. Those ideas were then echoed throughout Iraq’s religious landscape and in its official and unofficial propaganda during the war. As this chapter shows, the increase in regime’s propagation of religious propaganda during the conflict reflected an increase in its institutional capacity to organize and present its views on religion rather than a shift in ideology away from Ba’thism toward Political Islam.
A Transformed Religious Landscape
Authors: Helfont Samuel
Published: April 2018

This chapter begins by re-evaluating state–society relations in Iraq during the 1990s and early 2000s. It argues, along with other archival-based works, that the regime was much more robust than the literature on Iraq had suggested during this period. Then the chapter discusses a similar dynamic with regard to the relationship between religion and state. The regime had much more control over the religious landscape in the 1990s than has been stated in previous works on Iraq, but creating the regime’s system was a long, arduous process, carried out by countless officials, to co-opt, coerce, and create a religious landscape that would be capable of contributing to the Ba‘thists’ political goals. When it politically instrumentalized its view on Islam during a Faith Campaign that Saddam launched in 1993, it did so from a position of strength rather than weakness.