bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aristotle’s Rhetoric in the Latin West
Authors: Copeland Rita
Published: December 2021

Chapter 4 turns from following the long and varied tradition of stylistic teaching and practice to dedicated theory: now the reception of Aristotle’s Rhetoric and especially its analytic of the emotions from antiquity to the late thirteenth century. This chapter treats pathos and enthymeme in Aristotle’s Rhetoric. It contrasts other ancient philosophical traditions of the passions with Aristotle’s phenomenological treatment of emotion in the Rhetoric. It traces the post-classical reception of the Rhetoric through medieval Arabic commentators on the emotions, Moerbeke’s authoritative Latin translation, Giles of Rome’s important commentary on the Rhetoric, c.1272, and other scholastic commentators on the relevant sections of Aristotle’s text. It also contrasts other medieval philosophies of the passions with what readers would have found in Aristotle’s Rhetoric. In his first engagement with the Rhetoric, Giles did not grasp the political significance of Aristotle’s treatment of emotions because his thinking was still embedded in contemporary medieval theories of the passions.
Preaching, Emotion, and the Aristotelian Turn
Authors: Copeland Rita
Published: December 2021

Chapter 7 explores the impact of Aristotelian rhetoric on the emotional work of preaching. Many manuscripts of Aristotle’s Rhetoric (and a good proportion of manuscripts of De regimine principum) belonged to clerical institutions; some of the most interesting responses to Aristotelian rhetoric are left to us by readers who were actively engaged in preaching. The many medieval artes praedicandi offer nothing like Aristotle’s Rhetoric in terms of teaching emotional appeal. The preachers who encountered the Rhetoric would find that it voiced the theory behind what was already lodged in their practice but which the preceptive traditions they had inherited did not articulate. It affirmed, in theoretical terms, what no medieval art of preaching articulated so systematically: the behavioral psychology of emotion and the strategies for appealing to emotions through argument. This chapter gives particular attention to three preachers who used the Rhetoric in their own practice: Thomas Eborall of London, Engelbert of Admont, and Mathias of Linköping (confessor to Birgitta of Sweden). Finally, the chapter explores the impact of the Rhetoric on an anonymous fifteenth-century pastoral reader who composed a short English verse on “Piers the Plowman” which he left in a copy of Aristotle’s Rhetoric next to the section on amicitia; it considers how this preacher brought together the emotional concerns of English poetry (the broad Piers Plowman phenomenon) and the theory of emotion in the Rhetoric.
Gendered Glissandos
Authors: Rice Alison
Published: December 2021

Chapter 7 explores how worldwide women writers have adopted new approaches to feminist concerns. They find inspiration in their own heterogeneity, their diverse backgrounds and proclivities, as well as their familiarity with the experiences of many others to create literary compositions that weigh questions of undeniable importance to women, ranging from professional fulfillment to sexual harassment. Gendered requirements for women in various countries and cultures are evoked in literary compositions that portray the complexity of choices that women who have come to France from elsewhere often face on a regular basis. These authors explore in vivid terms the pressures to conform that so many women experience in this country, regardless of their origin, with a special focus on the seemingly inflexible expectation that women will become mothers. They also delve into conceptions of femininity in a variety of contexts, and extol malleable, multiple, even musical models of behavior that transcend gender-based stereotypes. While they give voice to a wide range of viewpoints in their texts, in my interviews they exhibit an almost unanimous reluctance to accept the label “feminist,” due in large part to the pejorative connotations the term took acquired in many circles in France in the years following the women’s movements of the 1970s. Just as their spoken comments reveal judicious reconsiderations of the term, their written work hints that it isn’t wise to dismiss it altogether; they urge instead the creation of expressions that promote women’s human rights in ways that vary according to context.
Gymnasia and Greek Identity in Ptolemaic Egypt
Authors: Paganini Mario C. D.
Published: December 2021

This is the first complete study of all the documentation relevant to the gymnasium and gymnasial life in Egypt at the time of the Ptolemies, the longest-reigning Hellenistic Royal House (323–30 BC). It analyses the diffusion, characteristics, administration, and developments of the institution of the gymnasium in Ptolemaic Egypt and its implications for the assertion of Greek identity. It shows how this institution and its people were affected by the local environment and how ‘those from the gymnasium’, the members of the most Greek institution ever, were truly embedded in the social and cultural milieu of the country where they lived: they were the ‘Greeks’ of Egypt. Thanks to the information from Ptolemaic Egypt with its papyrological sources, this work showcases the variety of concomitant features and different traditions alive and active in the Hellenistic world, thus contributing to a better understanding of the ancient world in all its complexity and vitality.
Introduction
Authors: Paganini Mario C. D.
Published: December 2021

The Introduction provides a background to set the book’s argument into the larger context of the Hellenistic world. After giving a brief account of Hellenism in Egypt before and after Alexander’s campaigns, the chapter provides comparative material by presenting selected examples of Hellenistic gymnasia outside of Egypt with their architectonic characteristics, their functions, and their cultural significance. It then provides the methodological and scholarly foundations of the analysis and reviews the main aspects that come into play for the study of the gymnasia of Ptolemaic Egypt. This sets the place of Egypt within the study of the larger Hellenistic world.
Living the Greek Way
Authors: Paganini Mario C. D.
Published: December 2021

This chapter moves its attention to the activities performed on the premises of the gymnasia of Egypt, in order to get a sense of the institution’s daily life, which represented the result of a common feeling of shared traditions by its members and contributed to the perpetuation of such feeling. Attention is devoted to the physical activities performed in the gymnasia, including games and athletic contests, as well as to the religious events which the gymnasium’s members set up. The gymnasium was the favourite setting for athletic training and for other cultural endeavours, aimed at intellectual entertainment, display of cultural prowess, competition, socializing, bonding, and networking; the gymnasium was not a place devoted to education proper. A short excursus provides an overview of athletics in Egypt. The final section of the chapter focuses on the presence, character, and role of private associations housed in gymnasia.
Links between language and society among the Murui of north-west Amazonia
Authors: Wojtylak Katarzyna I.
Published: December 2021

Murui, a Witototan language spoken in southern Colombia and northern Peru, has at its disposal a number of linguistic features that mirror the structure of the Murui society, the Murui belief system, the environment the Murui people live in, and their means of subsistence. Demonstrable associations between linguistic and non-linguistic features (the so-called “integration points”) discussed here are: classifiers (and their significance in terms of the Murui beliefs, religion, spirits, and dreams, and the means of subsistence), possessive marking (vs. the relations within the Murui community, social hierarchies, and kinship categorization), spatial adverbs (vs. the means of subsistence and physical environment), and linguistic avoidance terms (vs. the beliefs, religion, spirits, and dreams). As the Murui people are gradually being drawn into the Colombian market economy and relevant cultural practises become obsolete, some correlations described here are more prone to disintegrate than others.
Motivating Non-Contingency
Authors: Dorr Cian , Hawthorne John , Yli-Vakkuri Juhani
Published: December 2021

This chapter takes up the question of how to motivate the crucial ‘Non-Contingency’ premise in the Tolerance Puzzles introduced in Chapter 2, a question that has received surprisingly little attention in the literature on these puzzles. We articulate and set aside some dubious motivations for the premise, including motivations which assimilate Tolerance Puzzles to the well-known Sorites Paradox. In place of these, we develop a ‘Security Argument’ for Non-contingency, based on the thought that it is not just a matter of chance or luck that we avoid error in believing the Tolerance premise.
Coincidence Puzzles
Authors: Dorr Cian , Hawthorne John , Yli-Vakkuri Juhani
Published: December 2021

This chapter presents and discusses a general schema that subsumes a variety of puzzles having to do with the modal behaviour of material objects, some new and some familiar. These puzzles involve ‘Robustness’ premises according to which certain objects of a given kind are counterfactually robust in certain respects; ‘Non-coincidence’ premises according to which distinct objects of that kind are incapable of coinciding, and ‘Non-distinctness’ premises that rule out the scenarios in which actually distinct objects could have been identical; these jointly entail an absurd conclusion.
Rejecting Iteration
Authors: Dorr Cian , Hawthorne John , Yli-Vakkuri Juhani
Published: December 2021

This is the first of two chapters exploring the option of resolving various Tolerance Puzzles by denying Iteration, the claim that whatever is possibly possible is possible. In this chapter we grant for the sake of argument that Iteration fails for metaphysical necessity, and consider whether there are other Tolerance Puzzles which remain problematic even on that assumption. Our main focus is on puzzles involving ancestral metaphysical possibility—the status of being either possible, or possibly possible, or possibly possibly possible, or…—for which Iteration is guaranteed by our basic modal logic. We argue that plausible higher-order identities suggest that ancestral metaphysical possibility is not a trivial status even for those who deny Iteration for metaphysical possibility.
Tolerance and Counterpart Theory
Authors: Dorr Cian , Hawthorne John , Yli-Vakkuri Juhani
Published: December 2021

Many philosophers have thought that Tolerance Puzzles can be easily dissolved by adopting some form of counterpart theory, which is roughly the view that being possibly a certain way is having a counterpart that is that way. This chapter shows how standard versions of counterpart theory involve radical departures from standard modal logic (going far beyond Iteration-denial) which we claim are unacceptable, and argues that once counterpart theory is developed in such a way as to avoid such logical revisionism, it has no special capacity to resolve the puzzles.
Non-Qualitativeness and Aboutness
Authors: Dorr Cian , Hawthorne John , Yli-Vakkuri Juhani
Published: December 2021

This is the second of two chapters devoted to a special subclass of Tolerance Puzzles based on ‘indiscernible modality’, on which qualitative truths are automatically necesssary. This chapter develops our favoured solution to these puzzles, which involves denying the qualitativeness of properties like being a table. We introduce a metaphysical notion of “aboutness” which can be used to probe the sources of non-qualitativeness, and consider some special challenges that arise on the assumption that there could be new objects that aren’t among the objects there actually are.
Internalism, Externalism, and Autonomous Belief
Authors: Carter J. Adam
Published: December 2021

What must be the case for an autonomous belief condition on knowledge (motivated in Chapter 1) to be satisfied by a knower? Chapter 2 takes up this question by investigating whether or not the knowledge-relevant (viz., epistemic) autonomy of a belief is determined entirely by the subject’s present mental structure. What I’ll call ‘internalists’ about epistemically autonomous belief say ‘yes’, and externalists say ‘no.’ Internalism about epistemic autonomous belief turns out to be problematic for reasons entirely independent from those we might have for rejecting internalist approaches to epistemically justified belief. What is shown to fare much better is a kind of ‘history-sensitive’ externalist approach to epistemically autonomous belief. On the particular account I go in for, which draws from externalist thinking about attitudinal autonomy more generally (as well as from virtue epistemology), a belief lacks the kind of epistemic autonomy that’s needed for propositional knowledge if the subject comes to possess the belief in a way that (put simply) bypasses or pre-empts the subject’s cognitive abilities and is such that the subject lacks easy (enough) opportunities to competently shed that belief.
Issue competition in five countries: snakes in a tunnel
Authors: Grossman Emiliano , Guinaudeau Isabelle
Published: December 2021

What determines the issue content of party competition? The extant literature is torn between issue ownership theories predicting contrasted partisan profiles and more strategic views of electoral platforms emphasizing parties’ incentives to converge on the priorities with the greatest payoffs. This chapter argues that parties are like snakes in tunnels: this metaphor conceptualizes parties’ incentives to emphasize contrasted issues to stay true to their identity and past priorities (the ‘snake’ component) as well as constraints exerted on those efforts by political opponents and context (the ‘tunnel’). Parties need to accommodate emerging problems and their competitors’ strategies, resulting in considerable cross-partisan overlap. Utilizing analyses of Comparative Agendas Project data on issue attention in party manifestos, plus qualitative observations on single electoral campaigns and how parties ‘steal’ issues from each other, the chapter discusses the potential implications of our observations for the way elections influence policies, a topic at the core of the next chapter.
A Promising Youth
Authors: Jackson Christine
Published: December 2021

The Crown’s dependence upon the gentry to govern the provinces grew during the sixteenth century and education and family connections became the key routes to public service. Chapter 1 explores Herbert’s birth, upbringing, and educational background and their long-term impact upon his character, public career, and private life. It considers the ambitions of his parents for their first-born son and the role played by his mother and Newport grandmother in shaping the early development of his elite masculine values, commitment to the preservation of family honour, and Protestant beliefs and practice. It examines Herbert’s enthusiasm for study, his classical education under the supervision of private tutors, and his experience of university education and socialization in late-Tudor Oxford. It probes the repercussions of his father’s untimely death, the arrangements for his wardship, his acceptance at age fifteen of an ambitious but ultimately unhappy marriage to an older Herbert heiress, and the family’s relocation to London.
Framing in and through Public International Law
Authors: van Aaken Anne , Elm Jan-Philip
Published: December 2021

Framing is pervasive in public international law. International legal norms and international politics both inevitably frame how international actors perceive a given problem. Although framing has been an object of study for a long time, it has not been systematically explored in the context of social cognition and knowledge production processes in public international law. We aim to close this gap by examining the implications of framing effects—that is, issue framing and equivalence (including gain-loss) framing—for preference and belief formation in specific settings. After providing an overview of the experimental evidence of both types of framing, we identify typical situations in public international law where framing effects play an important role in social cognition and knowledge production processes. Without claiming to be exhaustive, we focus on international negotiations, international adjudication, global performance indicators, and norm framing.
Prosociality, International Law, and Humanitarian Intervention
Authors: Broude Tomer
Published: December 2021

A significant insight of behaviouralism and social psychology, well-established through experimental research, is that actors display ‘social preferences’, other-regarding or non-self-interested decision-making. Contrary to rational choice assumptions, people may have only ‘bounded selfishness’ in decisions, caring not only about their own payoffs, but about those of others. This chapter provides a broad framework for assessing the relevance of prosociality to international law, discussing the levels of analysis problem that inheres in any shift from individual psychology to corporate actors such as states. The chapter focuses on one area in which prosociality may enrich discussion of a contested issue in international law and the problems it raises—humanitarian intervention. How can motivation and personality—the main variables of prosociality—apply to international actors? Is the ‘bystander effect’ prevalent in international relations? Which other areas of international law relate to prosociality? And can (or should) international law encourage prosociality?
Labels as the Visible Part of International Law’s Invisible Frames
Authors: Melillo Margherita
Published: December 2021

The chapter explores how labels can be used in international law-making to reinforce cognitive associations. Its first section defines the notion of labels and explains the relevance of labels in the literature on framing. The second section presents an empirical case-study on the use of frames and labels: the history of negotiations of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Drawing on primary sources and on the travaux préparatoires, the chapter reviews how the making of the FCTC was supported by framing and labelling. Finally, the third section of the chapter reflects on how analysing labels can enhance our understanding of international law.
Reflections on the International Telecommunication Union: International Organizations as Epistemic Structures
Authors: Klabbers Jan
Published: December 2021

This chapter discusses the role of international organizations in the production and dissemination of knowledge. Outlining a notion of epistemic authority suitable for international organizations (distinguishing between authority based on knowledge, and authority by means of knowledge), it then zooms in on the work of the International Telecommunication Union, one of the oldest (and least visible) international organizations around. The analysis of the ITU’s work, in turn, feeds back into further thinking about the law of international organizations: how, if at all, can the law and its underlying theoretical framework take epistemic authority into account?
Introducing Schumpeter to China
Authors: Lee Keun
Published: December 2021

Economic catch-up is defined in the literature as the narrowing of a latecomer firm’s or country’s gap vis-à-vis a leading country or firm. However, latecomers do not simply follow the advanced countries’ path of technological development; rather, they sometimes do something new, skip certain stages, or create a new path that is different from those of the forerunners. Although the path-following strategy based on the initial factor–cost advantages helps in the gradual catch-up of late entrants’ market shares, a sharp increase in the latecomers’ market shares is likely to occur when a shift in technologies or demand conditions occurs. Such a shift is utilized by the path creation or stage skipping of latecomers, both of which can be considered a case of leapfrogging. That is, leapfrogging is a latecomer doing something differently from forerunners, often ahead of them. Technological leapfrogging is a precondition for success in technological catch-up or in closing the gap with incumbents in terms of technological capabilities. Then, such technological catch-up in several sectors may lead to economic catch-up in terms of the growth of per capita GDP or economic power. This eventual linkage from technological leapfrogging to economic catch-up via technological catch-up is what we mean by the title of this book. We focus on this main hypothesis with the Chinese experience in this book. One conclusion from this book is that China’s successful rise as a global industrial power has been due to its strategy of technological leapfrogging, which has enabled it to move beyond the middle-income trap and possibly the Thucydides trap, although at a slower speed.
Street Markets in La Paz and São Paulo
Authors: Hummel Calla
Published: December 2021

Chapter 4 tells the history and structure of street vending in two municipalities in the La Paz department of Bolivia and two districts in the São Paulo state in of Brazil. This chapter demonstrates how officials actively intervene in informal markets and workers’ organizations, and suggests how those interventions vary over time, creating highly structured organizations around La Paz and fleeting organizations around São Paulo. The chapter then develops the specific incentive structures that officials and workers face. Chapter 4 grounds the game theoretic model’s assumptions in observations from street markets in La Paz: It shows that unorganized street vendors create negative externalities, that street vendors approach collective action decisions with a cost–benefit analysis, that officials offer private benefits to organized street vendors, especially leaders, and that once organized, street vendors self-regulate and bargain with officials.
Value Taxonomy
Authors: Rønnow-Rasmussen Toni
Published: December 2021

‘Value Taxonomy’ has two objectives. First, it presents a range of approaches to classifying values. In doing so, it brings to the fore key notions and distinctions that play important roles in value theory in general, but especially in this work, such as intrinsic/final value, final/non-final value, intrinsic/extrinsic value, and relational/non-relational value; derivative and non-derivative value; attributive and predicative use. In value theory, the nature of the value-making features functions as a gateway to how we should understand many of the above distinctions. The chapter considers therefore some advantages and disadvantages of this approach. Second, ‘Value Taxonomy’ introduces some of the key issues in formal and substantive value theory, respectively, for a reader who is not familiar with contemporary value theory.
Fitting-Attitude Analysis
Authors: Rønnow-Rasmussen Toni
Published: December 2021

‘Fitting-Attitude Analysis’ introduces fitting-attitude (FA) analysis. This pattern of value analysis has received considerable attention over the past two decades, and various iterations of it have been proposed and discussed. After having outlined some of the advantages of FA analysis, it is made clear why we should be neither too confident about its success nor too worried about the challenges it faces. A large part of the chapter deals with different challenges to FA analysis, including a recent attempt (which goes back to Franz Brentano) to handle the so-called ‘wrong kind of reason’ problem. The chapter also considers an issue that has received less attention in the literature, which again takes us back to Brentano. G. E. Moore argued that Brentano was wrong in his analysis of what it is for something to be more valuable than something else is. It is argued that Moore was wrong on this matter. In this connection, a way of understanding the strength and weight of reasons is proposed. The proposal is hard to avoid if the FA advocate understands the notion of reason to be primitive in his analysis. The chapter ends by discussing some recent challenges to FA analysis that arise in the wake of the insight that reasons are agency-dependent, but values are not. Once we modify the standard FA analysis in a certain way, these challenges turn out to be less serious than they appear.
Favouring for No Reason
Authors: Rønnow-Rasmussen Toni
Published: December 2021

‘Favouring for No Reason’ addresses two matters. First, it argues that some favourings (i.e. pro- or contra-attitudes) may not be reason-governed. Various examples, including some from Joseph Raz, suggest that neither the guise of the good nor the guise of reason thesis is true: some of our favourings are favourings for no reasons. Being motivated is often a matter of having a set of beliefs and desires whose content appears normative to the agent, but sometimes being motivated does not involve motivating reasons but is rather a matter merely of having the right sorts of belief and desire. A second issue concerns whether fitting-attitude analysis (FA) should require that the valuable object’s properties appear in the content of the fitting pro- or contra-attitude. The so-called dual-role approach to FA analysis affirms that the properties that make an object x valuable have a dual role: on the one hand, they provide reasons for favouring x, and on the other hand, they appear in the intentional content of the favouring. It is argued that the dual-role approach is preferable to the classical form of FA analysis. However, that does not mean that the classical FA analysis is incorrect. Dual-role FA analysis should be regarded as a specification of its classical forebear. The remaining sections of this chapter consider different cases that challenge the dual-role approach.
Introduction
Authors: Hegele Arden
Published: December 2021

The introduction reimagines the historical narrative of rivalry between increasingly specialized cultures of medicine and the arts in the Romantic period as instead a period of mutual exchange. This familiar history is belied by the historical movement of the terms “autopsy” and “verve,” which traveled in opposite directions between medical and literary fields during the height of the British Romantic period. The crossing of “autopsy” and “verve” between fields introduces the book’s principal concerns: how shared concepts and critical practices were exchanged between letters and medicine, how new structures of thought crossed between biological and textual concerns, and how tropes of organicity, disease, and treatment in Romantic texts reveal the diagnostic practices that bridged literary and medical cultures. Through a study of the great developments in the history of medicine in this period, and the “metapothecaries” like Samuel Taylor Coleridge who considered literature and medicine through a shared ontology, the chapter argues that Romantic literature develops the notion of protocols of diagnosis—the idea that the same protocols of critical interpretation can be used by doctors to diagnose disease, and by readers to understand works of fiction and poetry. Outlining four protocols of diagnosis that the rest of the book will elaborate, the chapter concludes by linking these four formulations to modern methodologies of critical reading, exploring the resonance of this history to contemporary reflections on the history of what has come to be called “symptomatic reading.”
Introduction
Authors: Jenkins Lyndsey
Published: December 2021

This chapter explains who the Kenneys were, provides biographical detail about the family and the individual sisters, and sets out the political, economic, social, and cultural context in which they grew up. It shows that, despite the rhetoric of sisterhood which often characterizes feminist politics, friendship rather than family has been central to suffrage studies, and argues that the family needs to be given greater consideration. It also explains the place of class in suffrage historiography and the relationship between the women’s and labour movements as a way into understanding the relative lack of work on suffrage militants. The chapter sets out the source material which forms the basis for this study, explains the thematic biographical approach, and summarizes the chapters which follow.
Childhood
Authors: Jenkins Lyndsey
Published: December 2021

This chapter argues that it is impossible to understand the Kenneys’ politics without understanding their home life. It suggests that we need to see the Kenneys as a product of two related cultures: the tradition of autodidactism and the ‘religion of socialism’. Reading, Christianity, and socialism underpinned these cultures and help explain the sisters’ political trajectory. Though many women were drawn to feminist activism from particular strands of the labour movement, particularly the Independent Labour Party and the trade unions, these were not the only currents of thought which influenced women’s politics. The Kenneys’ childhoods not only give us access to working-class women’s political development outside the workplace but also begin to connect feminist militancy with a different political tradition.
Militancy
Authors: Jenkins Lyndsey
Published: December 2021

This chapter explains an apparent paradox—that the Kenney sisters always defined themselves as militant but were almost never violent—by conceptualizing militancy as a collective identity, rather than a set of practices. It explains what it meant to be a militant, not through the acts which militancy involved but the relationships which enabled and sustained it. Analysing the connections between militant identity and community helps account for the intensity of the Kenneys’ commitment to the cause and the diverse expressions of that commitment. Focusing on the meaning, not the form, of militancy, this chapter argues that militancy was a question of identification, not practice. It was created in the mind, not an act of the body.
Careers
Authors: Jenkins Lyndsey
Published: December 2021

This chapter uses the lives of Caroline and Jane Kenney to offer new insights into the relationship between suffrage, feminism, and educational reform. While the links between the teaching profession, the women’s movement, and the suffrage campaign have long been recognized, teachers’ interests in suffrage are usually framed in terms of demands for equal pay, workplace rights, and professional status. This chapter instead explores the Kenney sisters’ interests in the purpose and meaning of education, especially for women, through their commitment to pedagogical reform and innovative education. It shows how their access to a network of reformers, gained through their suffrage work and connections, was one of their most important resources, allowing them to pursue their interests across national boundaries. Their careers suggest some of the possibilities open to feminist teachers who were committed to personal, professional, and political advancement, and who had the resources and opportunities to pursue their goals.
Conclusion
Authors: Jenkins Lyndsey
Published: December 2021

This chapter summarizes some of the key themes which emerge from this study of the Kenneys’ lives. It emphasizes the importance of focusing on working-class women’s political agency, as well as studying them in the context of their family and friendship networks. The Kenneys’ lives offer a way of understanding what the suffrage campaign meant to working-class women, who saw it as a transformative measure rather than a symbolic goal or utilitarian tool. The chapter argues for the importance of understanding the practical and emotional factors which enabled these women to pursue their politics. It considers some of the implications for contemporary activism, identifies remaining questions which need to be answered, and indicates new lines of enquiry for suffrage research.
Aesthetic Value
Authors: Cochrane Tom
Published: December 2021

This chapter develops a foundational account of aesthetic value in general. It presents an analysis of aesthetic value as ‘objectified final value’. It is not only that we can aesthetically value the world, but also that we only really value the world in its own right by means of aesthetic value. This analysis is then underwritten with a key psychological claim: that aesthetic values are ‘distal versions’ of practical values. Moreover, the intensity of each aesthetic value rests on an ‘essential tension’ where a psychological reward is balanced against a challenge. It is then argued that this characterization demands a realist, object-focused (rather than experience-focused) model of aesthetic value. This permits the genuine sharing of aesthetic value.
The Sublime
Authors: Cochrane Tom
Published: December 2021

An analysis of the sublime is presented in this chapter. It is argued that experiences of the sublime combine a negative emotional state, in which the individual feels a sense of ‘self-negation’, with a pleasurable sense of the object’s sublime qualities. After reviewing a number of different historical theories of the sublime, it is argued that the positive aspect of the sublime requires that we recognize our psychological capacity to empathize with objects. It is argued that by means of our empathic engagements, we are enthralled by the power of sublime objects. In service of Aestheticism, the sublime gives us a way to become reconciled to hostile or indifferent features of nature.
The Creation of Art
Authors: Cochrane Tom
Published: December 2021

This chapter presents Aestheticism as a general approach to life. It is argued that a dedicated aestheticist will be inspired to create works of art. In alignment with this view an aesthetic functionalist account of art is defended, incorporating aspects of the expression theory of art and the cognitive theory of art. It is then suggested that the way an artist creatively responds to the value of the world is an ideal of living well. Moreover, although there are other such ideals, the artistic paradigm can apply to a variety of human activities, including the pursuit and expression of one’s understanding (as in philosophy). In the latter part of the chapter it is then argued that, in distilling aesthetic values, the artist has an important social role to play. Artworks help us to discern value ideals, and our capacity to discern values is a vital component of virtue.
the sentimental lives of international lawyers
Authors: Simpson Gerry
Published: December 2021

If, to adapt a well-known international legal aphorism, international law is what international lawyers are, what, then, is an international lawyer? This chapter stages an answer to this question in three acts. In the first, it considers the absence of ‘life’ in the writing of international law and especially the way in which most international lawyers position themselves as a ‘person from nowhere’. In the second act, it documents and re-describes a recent move towards biography or micro-history or ‘life’ in the field of international law. In the final section, it describes four sentimental vices found in international legal work and reads these vices alongside the sentimentality of the late 18th-century ‘sentimental’ English novel before suggesting that there is a sentimental life available to international lawyers, through which they might weave a path between teariness (with the attendant risks of cheap sentimentality) and a too-cool dispassion (that is in danger of lapsing into an alienated technocracy).
State-Making
Authors: Wiedemann Benedict
Published: December 2021

When Innocent III proclaimed a Crusade against heretics in the south of France, it led, eventually, to the deposition of the count of Toulouse, Raymond VI. One of Raymond’s territories—the county of Melgueil—had an ancient (though vague) relationship with the papacy. The bishop of Maguelone used this relationship to justify his own possession of the county (granted to him, at his request, by the pope). In the process the bishop and the other claimants to the county established that Melgueil was a papal ‘fief’ (feudum)—a term not applied to the county before. Once the bishop had taken possession, he instrumentalized papal authority to build up his power against both internal and external enemies.
Wronging by Requesting
Authors: Laskowski N. G. , Silver Kenneth
Published: December 2021

Upon doing something generous for someone with whom you are close, some kind of reciprocity may be appropriate. But it often seems wrong to actually request reciprocity. This chapter explores the wrongness in making these requests, and why they can nevertheless appear appropriate. After considering several explanations for the wrongness at issue (involving, e.g., distinguishing oughts from obligation, the suberogatory, imperfect duties, and gift-giving norms), a novel proposal is advanced. The requests are disrespectful; they express that their agent insufficiently trusts the hearer to recognize their own reasons to reciprocate, and the close relationship between them morally requires this kind of trust. This proposal is articulated and situated in the recent discussion of the normativity of requests. The chapter concludes by explaining how these requests may appear appropriate. Agents in these relationships often have standing to make requests, though the standing is lacking in these particular cases.
Against Seizing the Day
Authors: Kauppinen Antti
Published: December 2021

On a widely accepted view, what gives meaning to our lives is success in valuable ground projects. However, philosophers like Kieran Setiya have recently challenged the value of such orientation toward the future, and argued that meaningful living is instead a matter of engaging in atelic activities that are complete in themselves at each moment. This chapter argues that insofar as what is at issue is meaningfulness in its primary existential sense, strongly atelic activities do not suffice for meaning. Instead, finding one’s life meaningful is warranted both by sustainable success in valuable prospective (future-oriented) projects and by success in reflexive projects that aim to promote or realize a practice-dependent value that can be realized at each moment, but never for good. Activities of the latter kind are only weakly atelic, since their aim remains distinct from the activity, and individual actions gain significance from serving a long-term commitment. Thus, whether our ground projects are prospective or reflexive, what we do at each moment contributes to leading a meaningful life only when it’s connected in the right way to what we do at other moments.
Ordinary Wrongdoing
Authors: Woods Jack
Published: December 2021

This chapter deals with a hitherto neglected category of wrongdoing—ordinary wrongdoing. Ordinary wrongs are banal, common, pedestrian, and yet still wrong. They are important for a number of reasons, not least of which is that reflection on them displays the importance of distinguishing being liable for blame from deserving blame. Ordinary wrongs are exactly those wrongs for which you can be blamed or criticized, but where it would be a mistake for someone to exercise their entitlement to blame or criticize you. The distinction between being liable for blame and deserving blame can then be used to dissolve certain objections to conventionally dependent norms.
The Practical Significance of Kant’s Categorical Imperative
Authors: Bagnoli Carla
Published: December 2021

On a standard interpretation, the aim of the formula of universal law is to provide a decision procedure for determining the deontic status of actions. By contrast, this chapter argues for the practical significance of the Categorical Imperative (CI) centering on Kant’s account of the dynamics of incentives. This approach avoids some widespread misconceptions about how the CI operates and false expectations about what it promises and delivers. In particular, it explains how it differs from deductive practical inferences. The CI is the supreme form of morality, and yet not in the sense that particular categorical principles can be derived deductively from it, once the relevant details are supplied. The efficacy of practical reasoning primarily concerns agents and consists in their reorientation toward the right end. Moral knowledge is knowledge about what we ought to do, but it is also a distinctive variety of self-knowledge, that is, knowledge of ourselves as rationally efficacious agents.
Introduction
Authors: King Jeffrey C.
Published: December 2021

It is arguable that the word ‘I’ has a context invariant meaning that suffices to secure semantic values for it in context. Set ‘I’ in a context and its context invariant meaning secures the speaker of the context as its semantic value in that context (at least if there is one). Consider the class of contextually sensitive expressions whose context invariant meanings arguably do ...
An Update Rule for Cases of Felicitous Underspecification
Authors: King Jeffrey C.
Published: December 2021

Having given many examples of felicitous underspecification in the previous chapter and saying how we update the context in such cases, I provide an update rule that correctly predicts these updates. I also argue that the update rule has good intuitive backing. I consider a case in the literature discussed by Kai von Fintel and Anthony Gillies that superficially looks like a case of underspecification and argue that it isn’t. Finally, I argue that no existing update rule such as diagonalization makes correct predications about updating in cases of felicitous underspecification.
Embeddings
Authors: King Jeffrey C.
Published: December 2021

I consider the results of embedding sentences containing felicitous underspecified expressions in certain environments. In particular, I consider embeddings under negation, and verbs of propositional attitude. These cases give rise to a new possibility for update. The update rule from Chapter 3 is shown to handle these embedded cases.
Introduction
Authors: Shearn Samuel Andrew
Published: December 2021

This introduction presents Tillich’s notion of the justification of the doubter as a modern attempt to answer the Lutheran Christian problem of assurance. It explains the rationale of the book: to understand where Tillich landed, theologically, after the First World War, and how he got there. After locating the book within Tillich scholarship, the unique approach is indicated: attending to Tillich’s theological roots, interrogating his autobiographical narrative, making the early sermons central, and uncovering untranslated early German material for an English-language audience. Furthermore, the problematic ambiguities of Tillich’s personal life are considered. The introduction concludes with an overview of the book’s chapters.
Convincing the Doubter (Moabit 1912–13)
Authors: Shearn Samuel Andrew
Published: December 2021

This chapter explores Tillich’s Moabit sermons (1912–13), apologetic evenings, and memorandum Kirchliche Apologetik. In his memorandum, Tillich calls for apologetics as an answer to the decline of the church. Tillich hopes to demonstrate atheistic monism’s philosophical error, the abyss of its autonomy, leading towards the insight that the paradox of thought (that thought alone comes to its end) is the paradox of Christianity, that thought requires foundation in Christianity. Thus the doubter is convinced, but not justified. In Tillich’s Moabit sermons, the answer to doubt is Christ, the image of God in the soul.
The elements of General Relativity
Authors: Steane Andrew M.
Published: December 2021

This chapter is a survey of central ideas and equations in general relativity. The basic equations are written down with a view to seeing where we are heading in the book, and in order to present both the field theory and the geometric interpretation of gravity. The central role of the metric is introduced, and the equivalence principle is discussed. It is emphasized that spacetime interval is both a mathematical and a physical idea. It is explained how gravity works “behind the scenes” by modifying equations which otherwise look like familiar equations of electromagnetism. The sense in which acceleration is in some respects a relative and in some respects an absolute concept is explained. It is shown why the motion of matter, not just its mass, must influence gravitation. The stress-energy tensor is introduced and defined.
An introductory example: the uniform static field
Authors: Steane Andrew M.
Published: December 2021

This chapter discusses some physical effects related to two simple metrics: the RIndler metric and the uniform static field. The purpose is to illustrate the methods by applying them in an exact calculation which is not too taxing. The Christoffel symbols and curvature tensors are obtained, and some example geodesics are calculated. The force experienced by a fisherman fishing in the RIndler metric is calculated.
The affine connection
Authors: Steane Andrew M.
Published: December 2021

The connection and the covariant derivative are treated. Connection coefficients are introduced in their role of expressing the change in the coordinate basis vectors between neighbouring points. The covariant derivative of a vector is then defined. Next we relate the connection to the metric, and obtain the Levi-Civita connection. The logic concerning what is defined and what is derived is explained carefuly. The notion of a derivative along a curve is defined. The emphasis through is on clarity and avoiding confusions arising from the plethora of concepts and symbols.
Curvature
Authors: Steane Andrew M.
Published: December 2021

The mathematics of Riemannian curvature is presented. The Riemann curvature tensor and its role in parallel transport, in the metric, and in geodesic deviation are expounded at length. We begin by defining the curvature tensor and the torsion tensor by relating them to covariant derivatives. Then the local metric is obtained up to second order in terms of Minkowski metric and curvature tensor. Geometric issues such as the closure or non-closure of parallelograms are discussed. Next, the relation between curvature and parallel transport around a loop is derived. Then we proceed to geodesic deviation. The influence of global properties of the manifold on parallel transport is briefly expounded. The Lie derivative is then defined, and isometries of spacetime are discussed. Killing’s equation and properties of Killing vectors are obtained. Finally, the Weyl tensor (conformal tensor) is introduced.
Cosmological dynamics
Authors: Steane Andrew M.
Published: December 2021

The chapter deals with the large-scale dynamics of the universe. First the Friedmann equations are obtained from the Einstein field equation, and they are interpreted with the aid of a Newtonian comparison. Then the application to the universe modelled as a collection of ideal fluids is described. Density parameters and the equation of the state are defined, and the main features of the evolution of matter, radiation and the vacuum are obtained. Analytic solutuions in various simple cases are found. Dark matter and dark energy are defined through their observational evidence. The particle horizon is defined and discussed. The density and temperature at last scattering are calculated by a model involving Thomson scattering, expansion, and the Saha equation.
The growth of structure
Authors: Steane Andrew M.
Published: December 2021

The growth of structure by gravitational collapse from initially small perturbations is described. The Jeans instability is calculated. The structure equations are obtained and solved in various cases (radiation-dominated, matter-dominated and others) via a linearized treatment. Hence the main features of the growth of density perturbations are obtained. The observed spectrum in the present is used to infer the primordial spectrum. The scale-invariant (Harrison-Zol’dovich) spectrum is described. The process of baryon acoustic oscillations is outlined and the sound horizon is defined. The chapter concludes with brief notes on galaxy formatiom.