bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intramolecular Catalyst Transfer over Sterically Hindered Arenes in Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Zhu Yu‐Xing , Li En‐Ci , Shen Kang , Hang Xiaochun , Bonnesen Peter V. , Hong Kunlun , Zhang Hong‐Hai , Huang Wei
Published: June 2019

The intramolecular catalyst transfer over sterically hindered arenes in Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction was investigated by the reaction of ortho‐substituted dibromoarenes with equimolar ortho‐substituted phenylboronic acid in the presence of NHC based PEPPSI‐IPr as catalyst. The diarylarene species of the form Ar’−Ar−Ar’ were observed as major product, which suggested the intramolecular transfer of Pd(0) over sterically hindered arenes proceeded smoothly in Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction. Furthermore, our studies also demonstrated that intramolecular catalyst transfer could be a useful tool to improve the polymerization efficiency, especially in the synthesis of ortho‐linked polyarenes.
Feedstock Reagents in Metal‐Catalyzed Carbonyl Reductive Coupling: Minimizing Preactivation for Efficiency in Target‐Oriented Synthesis
Authors: Doerksen Rosalie S. , Meyer Cole C. , Krische Michael J.
Published: June 2019

Use of abundant feedstock pronucleophiles in catalytic carbonyl reductive coupling enhances efficiency in target‐oriented synthesis. For such reactions, equally inexpensive reductants are desired or, ideally, corresponding hydrogen autotransfer processes may be enacted wherein alcohols serve dually as reductant and carbonyl proelectrophile. As described in this Minireview, these concepts allow reactions that traditionally require preformed organometallic reagents to be conducted catalytically in a byproduct‐free manner from inexpensive π‐unsaturated precursors.
Knallgold und Knallsilber
Authors: Wentrup Curt
Published: June 2019

Dieser Essay beschreibt die faszinierenden und hochexplosiven Verbindungen Knallgold und Knallsilber, die leicht mittels Behandlung von in Königswasser gelöstem Gold mit Ammoniak bzw. durch Reaktion von Silberoxid oder Silbersalzen mit Ammoniak hergestellt werden können. Insbesondere Knallgold hat im 16. bis 18. Jahrhundert die Alchemisten gefesselt. Zahlreiche Herstellungen wurden beschrieben, und viele Versuche wurden unternommen, destillierbares, sublimierbares oder trinkbares Gold zu erzeugen und die so erhaltenen Produkte (wahrscheinlich meistens Goldchloride) zur Herstellung einer Tinktur zu verwenden, die “unreine” Metalle säubern und in Gold transformieren könnte und ebenfalls ein Wunderheilmittel aller menschlichen Krankheiten sein sollte.
A Double‐Passivation Water‐Based Galvanic Displacement Method for Reproducible Gram‐Scale Production of High‐Performance Platinum‐Alloy Electrocatalysts
Authors: Gatalo Matija , Bele Marjan , Ruiz‐Zepeda Francisco , Šest Ervin , Šala Martin , Kamšek Ana Rebeka , Maselj Nik , Galun Timotej , Jovanovič Primož , Hodnik Nejc , Gaberšček Miran
Published: June 2019

Preparation of large quantities of high‐performance supported Pt‐alloy electrocatalysts is crucial for the faster development and implementation of low‐temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). One of the prospective nanofabrication synthesis methods is based on the galvanic displacement (GD) reaction. A facile, highly reproducible, gram scale, water‐based double passivation GD method is now presented for the synthesis of carbon‐supported Pt‐M nanoparticles (M=Cu, Ni, Co). It offers great flexibility over the catalyst design, such as the choice of the sacrificial metal (M), variation of the chemical composition of alloy, variation of total metal loading (Pt+M) on carbon support, or even variation of the carbon support itself. The obtained Pt‐alloy catalysts are several times more active compared to a Pt reference and exhibits better stability during accelerated degradation tests performed at 60 °C.
Visible‐Light‐Photosensitized Aryl and Alkyl Decarboxylative Functionalization Reactions
Authors: Patra Tuhin , Mukherjee Satobhisha , Ma Jiajia , Strieth‐Kalthoff Felix , Glorius Frank
Published: June 2019

Despite significant progress in aliphatic decarboxylation, an efficient and general protocol for radical aromatic decarboxylation has lagged far behind. Herein, we describe a general strategy for rapid access to both aryl and alkyl radicals by photosensitized decarboxylation of the corresponding carboxylic acids esters followed by their successive use in divergent carbon–heteroatom and carbon–carbon bond‐forming reactions. Identification of a suitable activator for carboxylic acids is the key to bypass a competing single‐electron‐transfer mechanism and “switch on” an energy‐transfer‐mediated homolysis of unsymmetrical σ‐bonds for a concerted fragmentation/decarboxylation process.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Hydroalkenylation of Cyclopropenes with Alkenylboronic Acids
Authors: Zhang Haiyan , Huang Wei , Wang Tongtong , Meng Fanke
Published: June 2019

Catalytic diastereo‐ and enantioselective hydroalkenylation of 3,3‐disubstituted cyclopropenes with readily accessible alkenylboronic acids, promoted by a chiral phosphine/Co complex, is presented. Such a process constitutes the unprecedented and direct introduction of a wide range of alkenyl groups onto the cyclopropane motif to afford multisubstituted cyclopropanes in up to 95 % yield with greater than 95:5 d.r. and 99:1 e.r. Functionalization of the products delivered enantioenriched cyclopropanes that are otherwise difficult to access.
Rapid and Sustained Long‐Term Efficacy and Safety of Canakinumab in Patients With Cryopyrin‐Associated Periodic Syndrome Ages Five Years and Younger
Authors: Brogan Paul A. , Hofer Michael , Kuemmerle‐Deschner Jasmin B. , Koné‐Paut Isabelle , Roesler Joachim , Kallinich Tilmann , Horneff Gerd , Calvo Penadés Inmaculada , Sevilla‐Perez Belén , Goffin Laurence , Lauwerys Bernard R. , Lachmann Helen J. , Uziel Yosef , Wei Xiaoling , Laxer Ronald M.
Published: June 2019

Objective

To assess long‐term efficacy and safety of canakinumab and the response to vaccination in children ages ≤5 years with cryopyrin‐associated periodic syndrome (CAPS).

Methods

CAPS patients (ages ≤5 years) received 2 mg/kg canakinumab subcutaneously every 8 weeks; patients with neonatal‐onset multisystem inflammatory disease (NOMID) received a starting dose of 4 mg/kg in this open‐label trial. Efficacy was evaluated using physician global assessment of disease activity and serum levels of C‐reactive protein (CRP) and amyloid A (SAA). Adverse events (AEs) were recorded. Vaccination response was evaluated using postvaccination antibody titers at 4 and 8 weeks after immunization.

Results

Of the 17 patients enrolled, 12 (71%) had Muckle‐Wells syndrome, 4 (24%) had NOMID, and 1 (6%) had familial cold autoinflammatory syndrome. All 17 patients had a complete response to canakinumab. Disease activity improved according to the physician global assessment, and for 65% of the patients autoinflammatory disease was characterized as “absent” at the end of the study. Median CRP levels decreased over time. No such change was evident in SAA levels. During the extension study, postvaccination antibody titers increased above protective levels in 16 (94%) of 17 assessable vaccinations. Ten of the patients (59%) had AEs suspected to be related to canakinumab; 8 (47%) experienced at least 1 serious AE (SAE). None of the AEs or SAEs required interruption of canakinumab therapy.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that canakinumab effectively maintains efficacy through 152 weeks and appears to have no effect on the ability to produce antibodies against standard childhood non‐live vaccines. The safety profile of canakinumab was consistent with previous studies, supporting long‐term use of canakinumab for CAPS in children ≤5 years of age.
Disease Activity, Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody Type, and Lipid Levels in Antineutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody–Associated Vasculitis
Authors: Wallace Zachary S. , Fu Xiaoqing , Liao Katherine , Kallenberg Cees G. M. , Langford Carol A. , Merkel Peter A. , Monach Paul , Seo Philip , Specks Ulrich , Spiera Robert , St.Clair E. William , Zhang Yuqing , Choi Hyon , Stone John H.
Published: June 2019

Objective

Patients with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)–associated vasculitis (AAV) have an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study was undertaken to develop a clearer understanding of the association between changes in disease activity and lipid levels in AAV, which may inform CVD risk stratification in this population.

Methods

Lipid levels were assessed in stored serum samples (obtained at baseline and month 6) from the Rituximab for ANCA‐Associated Vasculitis (RAVE) trial, which randomized patients to receive either rituximab or cyclophosphamide followed by azathioprine. Paired t‐tests and multivariable linear regression were used to assess changes in lipid levels.

Results

Of the 142 patients with serum samples available, the mean ± SD age was 52.3 ± 14.7 years, 72 (51%) were male, 95 (67%) were proteinase 3 (PR3)–ANCA positive, 72 (51%) had received a new diagnosis of AAV, and 75 (53%) were treated with rituximab. Several lipid levels increased between baseline and month 6, including total cholesterol (+12.4 mg/dl [95% confidence interval (95% CI) +7.1, +21.0]), low‐density lipoprotein (+10.3 mg/dl [95% CI +6.1, +17.1]), and apolipoprotein B (+3.5 mg/dl [95% CI +1.0, +8.3]). These changes were observed among newly diagnosed and PR3‐ANCA–positive patients but not among those with relapsing disease or myeloperoxidase‐ANCA–positive patients. There was no difference in change in lipid levels between rituximab‐treated patients and cyclophosphamide‐treated patients. Changes in lipid levels correlated with changes in erythrocyte sedimentation rate but not with other inflammatory markers or glucocorticoid exposure.

Conclusion

Lipid levels increased during remission induction among patients with newly diagnosed AAV and those who were PR3‐ANCA positive. Disease activity and ANCA type should be considered when assessing lipid profiles to stratify CVD risk in patients with AAV.
The mediating role of cultural capital in the relationship between socioeconomic status and student achievement in 14 economies
Authors: Xie Chen , Ma Yingchun
Published: June 2019

More empirical evidence is needed to answer the question of in what way a family's socioeconomic status (SES) affects student academic achievement, so this study explores the mediating role of cultural capital (CC) in the relationship between SES and student achievement, using the latest approach to testing mediating effects. The data sets from 14 economies in the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2009 were analysed. In general, the results supported the mediation effects of CC, and the mean of ratios of mediation effects to total effects was 23%. For the three frequently used indices of SES, parents’ occupations and education levels had larger impacts on student literacies than did family wealth possession. For most economies, objectified cultural capital (OCC) can explain the effects of all three SES indices on student literacies, but embodied cultural capital (ECC) can only explain the effects of parents’ occupations and education levels on student literacies. Whether for reading literacy, science literacy or mathematics literacy, CC theory is applicable in most economies. However, the mediating effects on reading and science literacies were higher than those on mathematics literacy. For different economies, the explanatory power of CC theory was also different.
Glucose‐containing polymer rings enable fed‐batch operation in microtiter plates with parallel online measurement of scattered light, fluorescence, dissolved oxygen tension, and pH
Authors: Habicher Tobias , Czotscher Vroni , Klein Tobias , Daub Andreas , Keil Timm , Büchs Jochen
Published: June 2019

Bioprocesses operated in batch mode can induce adverse effects like overflow metabolism, substrate inhibition, osmotic inhibition, oxygen limitation, and catabolite repression. To avoid these adverse effects, fed‐batch is the predominant operation mode in industrial production. Nevertheless, screening for optimal production strains is usually performed in microtiter plates and shake flasks operated in batch mode without any online monitoring. Recently, a polymer‐based controlled‐release fed‐batch microtiter plate with stable glucose release characteristics was described. In this study, a glucose‐containing polymer matrix was used to manufacture polymer rings that were placed at the bottom of a 48‐well microtiter plate. Thereby, the liquid content of the well became accessible for optical measurement by the BioLector device. Reflections caused by the polymer ring were minimized by adjusting the scattered‐light measurement position. Influences on the measurement of the dissolved oxygen tension and pH could be avoided by choosing appropriate polymer‐ring geometries. These adjustments enabled parallel online measurement of scattered light, fluorescence, dissolved oxygen tension, and pH of Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) fed‐batch cultivations. The online monitoring and fed‐batch operation capabilities of the fed‐batch microtiter plate presented in this study finds optimal application in screenings and initial process development.
Combinatorial assembly of ferredoxin‐linked modules in Escherichia coli yields a testing platform for Rnf‐complexes
Authors: Schiffels Johannes , Selmer Thorsten
Published: June 2019

The Rnf complex is a membrane‐bound ferredoxin(Fd):NAD(P)+ oxidoreductase (Fno) that couples Fd oxidation to vectorial H+/Na+ transport across the cytoplasmic membrane. Here, we produced two putative Rnf‐complexes from Clostridioides difficile (Cd‐Rnf) and Clostridium ljungdahlii (Cl‐Rnf) for the first time in Escherichia coli. A redox‐responsive low‐expression system enabled Rnf assembly in the membranes of E. coli as confirmed by in vitro activity measurements. To study the physiological effects of Rnf on the metabolism of E. coli, we assembled additional Fd‐dependent enzymes by plasmid‐based multigene expression: (a) an Fd‐linked butyrate pathway (But) from C. difficile, (b) an [FeFe]‐hydrogenase (Hyd) to modulate the redox state of Fd, and (c) heterologous ferredoxins as electron carriers. The hydrogenase efficiently modulated butyrate formation by H2‐mediated Fd reoxidation under nitrogen. In its functionally assembled state, Rnf severely impaired cell growth. Including Hyd in the But/Rnf background, in turn, restored normal growth. Our findings suggest that Rnf mediates reverse electron flow from NADH to Fd, which requires E. coli’s F‐type ATPase to function in its reverse, ATP hydrolyzing direction. The reduced Fd is then reoxidized by endogenous Fd:NAD(P)H oxidoreductase (Fpr), which regenerates NADH and, thereby, initiates a futile cycle fueled by ATP hydrolysis. The introduction of hydrogenase interrupts this futile cycle under N2 by providing an efficient NAD(P)+‐independent Fd reoxidation route, whereas under H2, Hyd outcompetes Rnf for Fd reduction. This is the first report of an Rnf complex being functionally produced and physiologically investigated in E. coli.
Evaluation of productive biofilms for continuous lactic acid production
Authors: Cuny Laure , Pfaff Daniel , Luther Jonas , Ranzinger Florian , Ödman Peter , Gescher Johannes , Guthausen Gisela , Horn Harald , Hille‐Reichel Andrea
Published: June 2019

In white biotechnology research, the putative superiority of productive biofilms to conventional biotransformation processes based on planktonic cultures has been increasingly discussed in recent years. In the present study, we chose lactic acid production as a model application to evaluate biofilm potential. A pure culture of Lactobacillus bacteria was grown in a tubular biofilm reactor. The biofilm system was cultivated monoseptically in a continuous mode for more than 3 weeks. The higher cell densities that could be obtained in the continuous biofilm system compared with the planktonic culture led to a significantly increased space‐time yield. The productivity reached 80% of the maximum value 10 days after start‐up and no subsequent decline was observed, confirming the suitability of the system for long‐term fermentation. The analysis of biofilm performance revealed that productivity increases with the flow velocity. This is explained by the reduced retention time of the liquid phase in the reactor, and, thus, a minor pH drop caused by the released lactic acid. At low flow velocities, the pH drops to a value where growth and production are significantly inhibited. The biofilm was visualized by magnetic resonance imaging to analyze biofilm thickness. To deepen the understanding of the biofilm system, we used a simple model for cell growth and lactic acid production.
Management of isolated recurrence after surgery for pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Kim Y I , Song K B , Lee Y-J , Park K-M , Hwang D W , Lee J H , Shin S H , Kwon J W , Ro J-S , Kim S C
Published: June 2019

Background

Recurrence of pancreatic cancer after primary pancreatectomy occurs in the vast majority of patients. The role of surgical treatment for recurrent pancreatic cancer is not well established.

Methods

Patients who underwent primary pancreatectomy with curative intent from 2000 to 2014 at a single large-volume centre were evaluated retrospectively. CT or PET was used to select patients with an isolated recurrence. The clinicopathological features and survival outcomes were compared according to treatment modalities.

Results

Of the 1610 patients with pancreatic cancer who underwent resection, 1346 (83·6 per cent) were diagnosed with recurrent pancreatic cancer. Recurrence was locoregional in 366 patients (27·2 per cent), distant multifocal in 251 (18·6 per cent), distant isolated in 188 (14·0 per cent), locoregional plus distant in 153 (11·4 per cent) and peritoneal seeding in 388 (28·8 per cent). Of the 1346 patients with recurrence, 197 (14·6 per cent) had isolated recurrence; of these, 48 (24·4 per cent of all isolated recurrences; 3·6 per cent of all recurrences) underwent resection. Median survival of the 197 patients after diagnosis of isolated recurrence was 14·7 months; it was longer in patients who underwent surgical resection than among those treated non-surgically (23·5 versus 12·0 months; P = 0·014). Multivariable analysis showed that chemotherapy and resection for recurrence were associated with better prognosis. Median survival after recurrence was longest in the 23 patients with isolated pulmonary recurrence (33·3 months). Survival after recurrence was better in patients who underwent resection of isolated recurrence in the remnant pancreas (median 28·0 versus 12·0 months, P = 0·010) and lung (median 36·5 versus 9·5 months; P = 0·010) than in those who did not undergo resection.

Conclusion

Surgical resection may be considered an option for treatment of patients with isolated recurrent pancreatic cancer.
Randomized clinical trial of open suture repairversustotally extraperitoneal repair for treatment of sportsman's hernia
Authors: Sheen A J , Montgomery A , Simon T , Ilves I , Paajanen H
Published: June 2019

Background

Sportsman's hernia/athletic pubalgia is a recognized cause of chronic groin pain in athletes. Both open and laparoscopic surgical repairs have been described for treatment, but there are no comparative studies. The hypothesis here was that relief of pain would be achieved earlier in patients treated with open minimal suture repair than totally extraperitoneal repair.

Methods

A randomized multicentre trial in four European countries was conducted to compare open minimal suture repair with totally extraperitoneal repair. The primary endpoint was complete relief of pain (visual analogue scale (VAS) score 20 or less on a scale from 0 to 100 mm) at 1 month. Secondary endpoints included complications, time to return to sporting activity, and number of patients returning to sport within 1 year.

Results

A total of 65 athletes (92 per cent men) with a median age of 29 years were enrolled (31 open repair, 34 totally extraperitoneal repair). By 4 weeks after surgery, median preoperative VAS scores had dropped from 70–80 to 10–20 in both groups (P < 0·001). Relief of pain (VAS score 20 or less) during sports activity 4 weeks after surgery was achieved in 14 of 31 patients after open repair and 24 of 34 after totally extraperitoneal repair (P = 0·047). Return to full sporting activity was achieved by 16 and 18 patients respectively after 1 month (P = 0·992), and by 25 versus 31 after 3 months (P = 0·408).

Conclusion

Totally extraperitoneal repair was less painful than open repair in the first month, but otherwise both procedures were similarly effective in treating chronic pain due to sportsman's hernia. Registration number: NCT02297711 ( http://www.clinical.trials.gov).
Randomized clinical trial comparing total extraperitoneal with Lichtenstein inguinal hernia repair (TEPLICH trial)
Authors: Gutlic N , Gutlic A , Petersson U , Rogmark P , Montgomery A
Published: June 2019

Background

Chronic pain is reported after 10–35 per cent of inguinal hernia operations. The aim was to compare quality of life (QoL) after total extraperitoneal (TEP) and Lichtenstein hernia repairs in the setting of an RCT with operations performed by department-certified hernia surgeons.

Methods

Men aged 30–75 years with an ASA grade I–II primary inguinal hernia were randomized to TEP or Lichtenstein repair. Primary endpoint was pain at 1 year assessed with the Inguinal Pain Questionnaire (IPQ). Clinical examination, IPQ, SF-36® and study-specific questions were recorded before surgery, and at 1 and 3 years.

Results

Some 416 patients (202 TEP and 214 Lichtenstein) had surgery; 95·2 per cent completed 1-year and 89·9 per cent 3-year follow-up. At 1 year ‘pain during last week’ was reported by 6·9 per cent after TEP and by 9·8 per cent after Lichtenstein repair (P = 0·303), and ‘pain right now’ by 3·7 and 5·9 per cent respectively (P = 0·315). Favourable outcomes for TEP were duration of operation, 30-day complications, time to full recovery, foreign body sensation and sick leave. Groin sensory changes diminished after TEP but increased after Lichtenstein repair. Preoperative QoL was affected, especially in the physical subscales, but was restored to normal after surgery. At 1 and 3 years, 98·3 and 97·4 per cent respectively of the patients were satisfied; 1·6 per cent (6 of 374) suffered a recurrence at 3 years, four after TEP and two after Lichtenstein repair.

Conclusion

In the medium term, both TEP and Lichtenstein hernia repair had similar outcomes after 1 year, with high rates of patient satisfaction and low rates of chronic pain and recurrence. There were short-term advantages for pain and recovery rate after TEP repair. Registration number: NCT00803985 ( www.clinicaltrials.gov).
Asking the Right Question: The Key to Good Assessment
Authors: Barrett Sheri H.
Published: June 2019

This chapter describes a model of assessment based on Action Research that promotes and relies on faculty engagement to improve student learning.
Ensuring Student Success: Using Formative Assessment as the Key to Communication and Compassion Among Faculty, Students, and Staff
Authors: Akkaraju Shylaja , Atamturktur Seher , Broughton Laura , Frazer Tica
Published: June 2019

This chapter illustrates the value of formative assessment as the key to better understand students who struggle with classroom learning. The authors present ways in which professional development, classroom assessment, and student services can come together with the common goal of building a community focused on the student learning experience and student success.
Biochemical changes associated with electron beam irradiation of rice and links to kernel discoloration during storage
Authors: Mohammadi Shad Zeinab , Steen Emiel , Devlieghere Frank , Mauromoustakos Andy , Atungulu Griffiths G.
Published: June 2019

Background and objectives

Rice kernel discoloration during storage results in significant economic losses to rice growers and processors. This study aimed to elucidate the extent of chemical changes and microbial involvement on discoloration of rice kernels during storage. To segregate and/or diminish the effects of microbes, one lot of hybrid long‐grain rice (XL753) samples was irradiated with nonthermal electron beam (EB) dose of 14 kGy. The irradiated and nonirradiated control samples of rice at a moisture content (MC) of 21% on a wet basis were stored at three temperatures (20, 30, and 40°C) for 8 weeks. Samples were taken every 2 weeks for microbial and chemical analyses.

Findings

A negative relationship was noted between discoloration and microbial load. The trend of increasing discoloration and chemical properties such as free sugars, free fatty acid, and free 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furaldehyde (HMF), especially at higher storage temperatures and durations, suggested that biochemical changes were major drivers of the observed rice discoloration. The higher HMF in highly discolored rice (≥20%) explained nonenzymatic browning in the rice matrix during storage.

Conclusions

From this study, it was drawn that the rice kernel discoloration was not directly related to the microbial load; the discoloration was seen in EBI rice even with 99% reduction in microbial load. However, it was clarified that the rice discoloration especially in EBI rice samples was related to the observed chemical changes, which were also storage temperature dependent.

Significance and novelty

Milled rice discoloration during storage of rough rice is insufficiently understood. There is no information correlating changes in chemical attributes and microbial activity to discoloration of contemporary hybrid rice during storage. Therefore, the results of the current study provide important fundamental information and also suggest storage conditions required to arrest discoloration and maintain quality of contemporary milled hybrid rice.
Sequential treatment with secukinumab and ustekinumab in a patient with severe psoriasis and recent history of cerebral malignant melanoma metastasis
Authors: Ghazanfar Misbah N. , Karlsmark Tonny , Danielsen Patricia Louise , Thomsen Simon F.
Published: June 2019

This report of a 53‐year‐old woman with severe psoriasis treated with biologic therapy despite recent history of malignant melanoma with cerebral metastasis suggests that biologic therapy for chronic inflammatory diseases may be an option for selected patients with recent cancer.
Diagnostic utility of procalcitonin in inpatients at a community hospital
Authors: Douthit Nathan T. , Cobia Brytney S.
Published: June 2019

Procalcitonin is an important diagnostic tool to be used in conjunction with clinical judgement and other data regarding the infectious etiology and appropriate treatment of the patient's present illness.
Polymerization of ϵ‐Caprolactam to Nylon‐6 Catalyzed by Barium σ‐Borane Complex under Mild Condition
Authors: Bhattacharjee Jayeeta , Harinath Adimulam , Sarkar Alok , Panda Tarun K.
Published: June 2019

A mild and low‐temperature synthesis of nylon‐6 is achieved through the ring‐opening polymerization of ϵ‐caprolactam using barium σ‐borane complex as the catalyst. Due to the mild nature of the catalyst, this protocol provides an easy means of synthesizing nylon‐6, for the first time with a precise and predictable molecular weight. From various model experiments, it is evident that the σ‐coordinated boron hydride acts as a mild hydride donor in the first step of the reaction to generate lactamate anions, which then undergo ring‐opening polymerization in‐situ with the remaining caprolactam molecules under the influence of the dehydrogenated boron metal complex.
Manipulation and Control of Structure and Size of Inorganic Nanomaterials in Microchemical Systems
Authors: Luo Guangsheng , Du Le , Wang Yujun , Wang Kai
Published: June 2019

Microchemical systems exhibit a unique capacity of preparing and manipulating various nanomaterials. In this review, the state‐of‐the‐art microchemical systems and the on‐demand development for the preparation of novel inorganic nanomaterials with certain dimensions or complex structures are summarized and discussed. Multistep synthesis and manipulation in microchemical systems are presented and compared, as well as new strategies such as in‐line monitoring, feedback control, and self‐optimization. The design and strategy for tuning the nucleation, growth, functionalization, and assembly of nanomaterials are considered. The challenges are put forward and an outlook for the future directions of nanomaterial preparation and production in microchemical systems is specially provided.
Synthesis of the Antibiotic Precursor Thiazolyl‐7‐Aminocephalosporanic Acid in a Microstructured Flow System
Authors: Wirth Vanessa , Volkmar Julia , Bayer Thomas
Published: June 2019

The synthesis of thiazolyl‐7‐aminocephalosporanic acid, a pharmaceutical precursor of the β‐lactam antibiotic drug cefodizime, could be successfully realized in a continuous microstructured flow system. This was accomplished by changing the process window from batch, having a reaction temperature of 60 °C with a reaction time of 1 h, to a flow system at temperatures > 100 °C and reaction times of several minutes. The space‐time yield could be increased by a factor of 130.
Access to β‐Ketonitriles through Nickel‐Catalyzed Carbonylative Coupling of α‐Bromonitriles with Alkylzinc Reagents
Authors: Donslund Aske S. , Neumann Karoline T. , Corneliussen Nicklas P. , Grove Ebbe K. , Herbstritt Domenique , Daasbjerg Kim , Skrydstrup Troels
Published: June 2019

Herein, we report a nickel‐catalyzed carbonylative coupling of α‐bromonitriles and alkylzinc reagents with near stoichiometric carbon monoxide to give β‐ketonitriles in good yields. The reaction is catalyzed by a readily available and stable nickel(II) pincer complex. The developed protocol tolerates substrates bearing a variety of functional groups, which would be problematic or incompatible with previous synthetic methods. Additionally, we demonstrate the suitability of the method for carbon isotope labeling by the synthesis of 13C‐labeled β‐ketonitriles and their transformation into isotopically labeled heterocycles.
The Effect of Additives on the Viscosity and Dissolution of Cellulose in Tetrabutylphosphonium Hydroxide
Authors: Nguyen Mai N. , Kragl Udo , Michalik Dirk , Ludwig Ralf , Hollmann Dirk
Published: June 2019

An electrolyte solution of tetrabutylphosphonium hydroxide (TBPH) in water can dissolve over 20 wt % of cellulose in minutes and therefore constitutes a promising alternative green solvent system compared to known imidazolium‐ or dimethylacetamide‐based systems. Overcoming the disadvantage of the extremely high viscosity of TBPH/cellulose solutions can facilitate their use for various applications. In this study, the application of cosolvents for the reduction, and thus adjustability, of the viscosity is addressed. Even well‐known antisolvents can be easily deployed, resulting in a dramatic drop in viscosity. High concentrations of cosolvents (excluding ethanol) are tolerated without precipitation of the dissolved cellulose. Furthermore, the effect of the cosolvents on the additional dissolution of cellulose is discussed. The amount of dissolved cellulose is quantified by 13C NMR spectroscopy.
A lightweight and secure NFC‐base mobile payment protocol ensuring fair exchange based on a hybrid encryption algorithm with formal verification
Authors: Thammarat Chalee , Kurutach Werasak
Published: June 2019

During the past few years, many near‐field communication (NFC) mobile payment protocols have been widely used and received more and more attentions. This could be an essential factor for the growth of the world economy and leads to the improvement of the quality of life for human beings. The NFC mobile payment is one prominent approach in allowing m‐commerce to conduct a sales transaction. However, fair exchange and information security are significant concerns in creating trust among the parties participating in the transaction. Many NFC mobile payment protocols have been introduced by researchers. But, most of them still lack some crucial properties of information security and fair exchange, and this can be an obstacle to their uses. In this article, we propose an NFC mobile payment protocol that possesses comprehensive properties of both information security and fair exchange for sales transaction processing. The protocol employs both symmetric and asymmetric encryptions, hash function, and the technique of offline session key generation, in order to improve the security while maintaining the lightweight property. The fairness analysis shows that the proposed protocol is more competent and effective than others. It can resolve any dispute in case one party misbehaves. Finally, the proposed protocol's security has been successfully verified using both Burrows, Abadi and Needham (BAN logic) and the Scyther tool.
Proximal fate marker homothorax marks the lateral extension of stalk‐eyed fly Cyrtodopsis whitei
Authors: Singh Amit , Gogia Neha , Chang Chia‐Yu , Sun Yi Henry
Published: June 2019

The placement of eyes on insect head is an important evolutionary trait. The stalk‐eyed fly, Cyrtodopsis whitei, exhibits a hypercephaly phenotype where compound eyes are located on lateral extension from the head while the antennal segments are placed inwardly on this stalk. This stalk‐eyed phenotype is characteristic of the family Diopsidae in the Diptera order and dramatically deviates from other dipterans, such as Drosophila. Like other insects, the adult eye and antenna of stalk‐eyed fly develop from a complex eye‐antennal imaginal disc. We analyzed the markers involved in proximo‐distal (PD) axis of the developing eye imaginal disc of the stalk‐eyed flies. We used homothorax (hth) and distalless (dll), two highly conserved genes as the marker for proximal and distal fate, respectively. We found that lateral extensions between eye and antennal field of the stalk‐eyed fly's eye‐antennal imaginal disc exhibit robust Hth expression. Hth marks the head specific fate in the eye‐ and proximal fate in the antenna‐disc. Thus, the proximal fate marker Hth expression evolves in the stalk‐eyed flies to generate lateral extensions for the placement of the eye on the head. Moreover, during pupal eye metamorphosis, the lateral extension folds back on itself to place the antenna inside and the adult compound eye on the distal tip. Interestingly, the compound eye in other insects does not have a prominent PD axis as observed in the stalk‐eyed fly.
Collaboration and engagement produce more actionable science: quantitatively analyzing uptake of fish tracking studies
Authors: Nguyen Vivian M. , Young Nathan , Brownscombe Jacob W. , Cooke Steven J.
Published: June 2019

Aquatic telemetry technology generates new knowledge about the underwater world that can inform decision‐making processes and thus can improve conservation and natural resource management. Still, there is lack of evidence on how telemetry‐derived knowledge can or has informed management, and what factors facilitate or deter its use. We present one of the first quantitative studies related to the science‐action gap and evaluate factors that influence the uptake of fish telemetry findings into policies and practices, as well as social acceptance of these findings. We globally surveyed 212 fish telemetry researchers regarding the knowledge uptake of an applied fish telemetry research project of their choice. Respondents’ personal and professional attributes, as well as the attributes of their chosen projects, were analyzed using machine learning algorithms to identify important factors that influenced the uptake (i.e., use, trust, and/or acceptance) of their findings. Researchers with extensive collaborations and who spent more time engaging in public outreach experienced greater uptake of their findings. Respondents with greater telemetry experience and commitment (e.g., more telemetry publications, higher proportion of research on fish telemetry) tended to achieve more social acceptance of their findings. Projects led by researchers who were highly involved and familiar with the fisheries management processes, and those where greater effort was devoted to research dissemination, also tended to experience greater uptake. Last, the levels of complexity and controversy of the issue addressed by the research project had a positive influence on the uptake of findings. The empirical results of this study support recent messages in the science practitioner literature for greater collaboration, knowledge co‐production with partners, and public engagement to enable the transfer of knowledge and the use of evidence in decision‐making and policies. Scientific organizations should consider shifting reward incentives to promote engagement and collaboration with non‐scientific actors, and perhaps even rethinking hiring practices to consider personal and professional characteristics or attitudes such as altruism and networking skills given the influence of these factors in our model. Last, networks composed of both research and practice potentially have a key role in brokering and facilitating knowledge exchange and actions.
Effects of neighborhood trait composition on tree survival differ between drought and postdrought periods
Authors: Chen Yuxin , Uriarte María , Wright Stuart Joseph , Yu Shixiao
Published: June 2019

Although direct tree demographic responses to drought are widely recognized, studies of drought‐mediated changes in tree interactions are rare. We hypothesize that drought exacerbates soil‐water limitation and intensifies competition for water, but reduces light limitation and competition for light. We predict that competition would be stronger for trees (1) consuming more water or more susceptible to water deficits during drought and (2) intercepting more light or more susceptible to shade during postdrought periods. We tested these predictions in a 50‐ha tropical forest plot by quantifying the effects of neighborhood mean trait values on tree survival during versus after a severe drought. We used wood density (WD) and leaf mass per area (LMA) as proxies for water and light use strategies, respectively. Tree survival was lower, canopy loss was greater, and sapling recruitment was greater during the drought relative to postdrought census intervals. This suggests that drought pushed water deficits to lethal extremes and increased understory light availability. Relationships between survival and neighborhood WD were independent of drought, which is inconsistent with our first prediction. In contrast, relationships between survival and neighborhood LMA differed strongly with drought. Survival time was unaffected by neighborhood LMA during drought, but was longer for trees of all sizes in low‐LMA neighborhoods in the postdrought census interval, consistent with the prediction of reduced competition for light during drought. Our results suggest that severe drought might increase light availability and reduce competition for light in moist tropical forests.
2‐Sulfonylpyrimidines Target the Kinesin HSET via Cysteine Alkylation
Authors: Förster Tim , Shang Erchang , Shimizu Kenshiro , Sanada Emiko , Schölermann Beate , Huebecker Mylene , Hahne Gernot , López‐Alberca Maria Pascual , Janning Petra , Watanabe Nobumoto , Sievers Sonja , Giordanetto Fabrizio , Shimizu Takeshi , Ziegler Slava , Osada Hiroyuki , Waldmann Herbert
Published: June 2019

Supernumerary centrosomes are a source of aneuploidy, and cells have adopted different mechanisms to avoid multipolar mitoses. The kinesin HSET is required for pseudo‐bipolar mitoses in cancer cells with amplified centrosomes and suppression of HSET activity is regarded a potential anti‐cancer approach. We report the identification of 2‐sulfonylpyrimidine inhibitors of HSET enzymatic activity. HSET inhibition results in establishment of multipolar mitoses and simultaneous inhibition of the kinesin Eg5 restored bipolar spindle formation. Correlation of structure to activity revealed that the 2‐sulfonylpyrimidinyl group is required for the activity of the compound class and that 2‐sulfonylpyrimidines covalently modify HSET. In addition, these electrophiles react with glutathione, thereby causing oxidative stress. This general reactivity needs to be taken into account if 2‐sulfonylpyrimidines will be employed in the development of biologically active small molecules.
Age‐related differences in the acute pain facial expression during infancy
Authors: O'Neill Monica C. , Ahola Kohut Sara , Pillai Riddell Rebecca , Oster Harriet
Published: June 2019

Background

The ontogenetic perspective on the development of emotional expressions in infants holds that infants' facial and vocal expressions evolved to serve crucial communicative functions in infancy and contribute to infants' survival. Infants' facial expressions should be contextualized by their own developmental stage rather than presuppositions from verbal populations. The overall aim of this paper was to examine age differences in the temporal patterning of elucidated facial expressions in the first minute following vaccination injections.

Methods

One hundred infants were videotaped longitudinally (2, 4, 6 and 12 months) from 2007–2012 during their routine vaccination appointment over the first year of life and five major negative facial configurations were identified using BabyFACS. In the current study, facial configurations were graphed in 5‐s epochs for 1‐min post‐vaccination and subsequently analysed for facial expression by time effects using Repeated Measures ANOVAs at each age.

Results

Clear differences in temporal patterns were displayed as infants aged. ANOVA analyses indicated significant facial expression by time interactions at each age.

Conclusions

Facial expressions illustrating intense/moderate distress and sensory overload were prominent in the first 15 s at the 2‐, 4‐ and 6‐month vaccination. However, expressions showing regulation of distress occurred progressively earlier over 1 min post‐needle in older infants, suggesting a significant shift in regulatory capacity of pain‐related distress occurs after 6‐months of age.

Significance

An important developmental milestone was identified in infants' ability to regulate distress at 6 months. Supporting parents' infant pain management is particularly critical in the first months of life as infants' initial facial expressions appear to be more reflective of an organism overwhelmed by distress.
Neurosteroid and benzodiazepine combination therapy reduces status epilepticus and long‐term effects of whole‐body sarin exposure in rats
Authors: Lumley Lucille , Miller Dennis , Muse William T. , Marrero‐Rosado Brenda , de Araujo Furtado Marcio , Stone Michael , McGuire Jeffrey , Whalley Christopher
Published: June 2019

Objective

Our objective was to evaluate the protective efficacy of the neurosteroid pregnanolone (3α‐hydroxy‐5β pregnan‐20‐one), a GABAA receptor‐positive allosteric modulator, as an adjunct to benzodiazepine therapy against the chemical warfare nerve agent (CWNA) sarin (GB), using whole‐body exposure, an operationally relevant route of exposure to volatile GB.

Methods

Rats implanted with telemetry transmitters for the continuous measurement of cortical electroencephalographic (EEG) activity were exposed for 60 minutes to 3.0 LCt50 of GB via whole‐body exposure. At the onset of toxic signs, rats were administered an intramuscular injection of atropine sulfate (2 mg/kg) and the oxime HI‐6 (93.6 mg/kg) to increase survival rate and, 30 minutes after seizure onset, treated subcutaneously with diazepam (10 mg/kg) and intravenously with pregnanolone (4 mg/kg) or vehicle. Animals were evaluated for GB‐induced status epilepticus (SE), spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS), impairment in spatial memory acquisition, and brain pathology, and treatment groups were compared.

Results

Delayed dual therapy with pregnanolone and diazepam reduced time in SE in GB‐exposed rats compared to those treated with delayed diazepam monotherapy. The combination therapy of pregnanolone with diazepam also prevented impairment in the Morris water maze and reduced the neuronal loss and neuronal degeneration, evaluated at one and three months after exposure.

Significance

Neurosteroid administration as an adjunct to benzodiazepine therapy offers an effective means to treat benzodiazepine‐refractory SE, such as occurs following delayed treatment of GB exposure. This study is the first to present data on the efficacy of delayed pregnanolone and diazepam dual therapy in reducing seizure activity, performance deficits and brain pathology following an operationally relevant route of exposure to GB and supports the use of a neurosteroid as an adjunct to standard anticonvulsant therapy for the treatment of CWNA‐induced SE.
Mechanical response characteristics and permeability evolution of coal samples under cyclic loading
Authors: Yang Xuelin , Cao Jie , Cheng Xiaoyang , Liu Yanbao , Li Xuelong , Sun Zhongguang , Guo Junjie
Published: June 2019

Understanding the stress‐cracks‐permeability evolution law inside coal body under cyclic loading is significant to optimize the gas extraction technology and gas disasters prevention technology. In order to explore the influence of mining cyclic stress on the mechanical behavior and permeability variation of gas‐bearing seams, the experiments on permeability evolution, deformation law, and acoustic emission (AE) characteristics of coal samples under cyclic loading with different loading stress level and different loading frequency were carried out. These results indicate that the higher loading stress level, the shorter the fatigue life of coal sample. With the increase of the loading stress level, the change rate of permeability became higher and the relation curves between permeability and loading cycles developed from “U” to “V,” which can be defined and divided into three stages, for example, decrease stage, stable stage, and increase stage. And the permeability in the decrease stage can be modeled as a power function of the loading cycles, while the permeability in the increase stage can be modeled as an exponential function of the loading cycles. Besides, the loading stress level has a significant on the permeability, while the loading frequency has little impact on the permeability evolution. In the process of coal deformation under cyclic loading, the strain development of strain coal samples was in the shape of inverted “S,” while the variation of the peak values of corresponding AE ring counts presented “U” type. In addition, there was a good correlation between the permeability and the AE parameters of coal samples, which provide a new sight into the dynamic variation process of the stress‐cracks‐permeability evolution inside coal body under cyclic loading.
Achieving Sustainability Through Sustainable Organizational Evaluation Systems
Authors: Porter Stephen , Hawkins Penny
Published: June 2019

Organizational evaluation systems become sustainable through being networked, use‐focused, and by undertaking processes aligned with agreed‐upon quality standards. Through being sustainable, organizational evaluation systems can more effectively contribute to the aims and values of sustainable development by undertaking evaluation processes that enable the understanding of complexity, and generate process use, learning loops, and networks of practice. The importance of developing networks of evaluation practice is specifically highlighted in this chapter as it has received less coverage than the importance of use and quality in the literature on evaluation systems.