bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Granuloma multiforme: an uncommon differential for leprosy
Authors: Bhatia Shibani , Shenoi Shrutakirthi D , Pai Kanthilatha , PS Srilatha
Published: October 2018

Granuloma multiforme (GM) is a chronic granulomatous skin condition which is clinically characterised by annular lesions mainly over sun-exposed areas and histologically by focal necrobiosis and histiocytic granulomas. Its significance lies in the fact that it can clinically resemble tuberculoid leprosy and hence it can be missed. Here, we report a case of GM from India in a 55-year-old female agriculturist, with multiple asymptomatic large annular rings of papules over the photo-distributed areas. Histopathology helps in confirming the diagnosis and in differentiating it from similar clinical and histologic mimics such as granuloma annulare, tuberculoid leprosy, interstitial granulomatous dermatitis or annular sarcoid. Though a high degree of suspicion is needed to diagnose GM, it should be considered as a differential for various annular conditions.
Exploring Motivations for Online Privacy Protection Behavior: Insights From Panel Data
Authors: Boerman Sophie C. , Kruikemeier Sanne , Zuiderveen Borgesius Frederik J.
Published: October 2018

Personally managing and protecting online privacy has become an essential part of everyday life. This research draws on the protection motivation theory (PMT) to investigate privacy protective behavior online. A two-wave panel study ( N = 928) shows that (1) people rarely to occasionally protect their online privacy and (2) people most often delete cookies and browser history or decline cookies to protect their online privacy. In addition, (3) the perceived threat is high: People perceive the collection, usage, and sharing of personal information as a severe problem to which they are susceptible. The coping appraisal is mixed: Although people do have confidence in some protective measures, they have little confidence in their own efficacy to protect their online privacy. Moreover, privacy protective behavior is affected by perceived severity and response efficacy. These findings emphasize the relevance of the PMT in the context of privacy threats, and have important implications for regulators.
Language Politics and the Constitution of Racialized Subjects in the Corinthian Church
Authors: Tupamahu Ekaputra
Published: October 2018

This study examines the phenomenon of speaking in tongue(s) in the Corinthian church from the point of view of the politics of language. Instead of seeing tongue(s) as a problem of unintelligible-ecstatic speech, it reconsiders this phenomenon as a linguistic struggle. Tongue(s), in this sense, is a multilingual social dynamic that Paul perceives as chaotic. Special attention is given to the role of language as one of the crucial markers of the ancient Greeks’ collective identity. The barbarians are their imaginative and discursive ‘others’ who do not share their language. It is within this sociopolitical context that the employment of the term βάρβαρος in 1 Cor. 14:11 can be understood as a performative act of constituting racialized subjects. Such discourse is Paul’s political strategy of bringing a monolingual order into the Corinthian church.
Adorno on hope
Authors: Jütten Timo
Published: October 2018

I argue that Theodor W. Adorno’s philosophy articulates a radical conception of hope. According to Lear, radical hope is ‘directed toward a future goodness that transcends the current ability to understand what it is’. Given Adorno’s claim that the current world is radically evil, and that we cannot know or even imagine what the good is, it is plausible that his conception of hope must be radical in this sense. I develop this argument through an analysis of (a) Adorno’s engagement with Kant’s conception of hope, (b) Adorno’s references to hope and (c) his critical diagnosis of a metaphysical need for hope. Having demonstrated that Adorno must reject both ordinary and Kantian hope, I examine why Adorno thinks that we still may have reasons for hope. I also show that Adorno’s conception of hope differs from Lear’s in one important respect.
Large mediastinal neoplasm penetrating the myocardium
Authors: El Banna Mosaad , Geraldes Luis , Grapsa Julia , Ramalhao Cristiana , Adigopula Santhi , Edris Ahmad , Ghazala Safieeldin , Alwood Ashley , Kobersy Jacques
Published: October 2018

A 90-year-old female patient presented to the emergency department with abdominal pain. Computed tomography (CT) set the suspicion of a cardiac tumor in the right heart chambers. We describe the presentation, the differential diagnosis and the decision for management of the patient.
Labour geography II: Being, knowledge and agency
Authors: Strauss Kendra
Published: October 2018

This report builds on an examination of different approaches to labour precarity and precarious employment to argue for the need for labour geographers to examine the foundations of our approaches to agency. The debate about agency has become the terrain on which many labour geographers meet, but the dominant epistemology of agency has an (implicit or explicit) grounding in debates about labour’s spatial fix. This grounding rests on assumptions about the activities and sites that ‘count’ in analyses of labour, with implications for theory-building and the politics of knowledge production in labour geography.
Sustainability of Using Recycled Concrete Aggregates as Coarse Aggregate in Concrete Pavements
Authors: Reza Farhad , Wilde W. James , Izevbekhai Bernard
Published: October 2018

Conservation and reuse of resources are important aspects of sustainability. It is common practice in the U.S. to crush old concrete pavements at the end of their service lives into recycled concrete aggregate and then reuse them in the base course of new pavements. It is not, however, common to use the recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in the new concrete pavement itself. This paper examines the sustainability and, in particular, the economics of using RCA in the construction of new concrete pavements. Life cycle cost analyses were performed for various hypothetical pavement construction scenarios including RCA both in the base and in the concrete layer and compared with conventional options. If RCA is simply substituted for natural aggregate in a concrete mixture, the concrete is likely not to perform as well as a concrete made without RCA. This can be compensated for by decreasing the water–cement ratio and/or increasing the cement content. Despite this fact, the results of the life cycle cost analyses show that it can be very economical to use RCA in new concrete pavement construction. As the natural aggregate used for concrete may be more expensive than the natural aggregate used for base courses, it may make good economic sense to substitute RCA for natural aggregate in concrete. Life cycle analysis also shows that concrete with RCA may have better environmental impact.
The effect of fiber distribution on the compressive strength of hybrid polymer composites
Authors: Koppisetty Sailesh M , Cheryala Sneha B , Yerramalli Chandra S
Published: October 2018

The effect of fiber distribution, in glass/carbon hybrid fiber composites, on the compressive kinking strength is studied using a 3D finite element-based micromechanical model. Existing experimental data from literature have indicated negative effects of hybridizing glass to carbon on the compressive strength. In this study a micromechanical modeling approach has been adopted to study the role of relative locations of glass and carbon fibers and their distributions on the predicted peak compressive strength. In the micromechanical model, the hybridization ratio was varied by changing the number of glass fibers relative to the number of carbon fibers. The effect of fiber distribution was studied by changing the interfiber spacing and location. Results obtained from the analysis indicate the importance of symmetric fiber distribution. It was found that the distribution with glass fiber in the center with a distribution of carbon fibers on the exterior is able to enhance the compressive strength as compared to an unsymmetrical arrangement of fibers in the model.
A study on the potential use of paper sludge ash in concrete with glass aggregate
Authors: Mavroulidou M , Awoliyi S
Published: October 2018

This short communication focuses on the potential use of paper sludge ash, a waste product of the paper making industry, as an innovative binder partially replacing cement in concrete with glass aggregate. After preliminary testing using binary or ternary CEM-II mixes with paper sludge ash/pulverised fly ash, a suitable mix for concrete with glass aggregate was identified. Concrete mixes with partial or full natural sand replacement by waste glass aggregate were then produced and showed appropriate strengths and overall similar or better water absorption characteristics than control mixes with natural aggregates, without manifest alkali-silica reaction problems. This shows potential for applications in precast dry mix concrete units based on the required strengths that were achieved.
Study on the cations-exchanged zeolite and its influence on mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of rubber composites
Authors: El-Sabbagh Salwa H , Mahmoud Doaa S , Ahmed Nivin M , Sabaa Magdy W
Published: October 2018

Enhancement of the physicomechanical properties of rubber can be achieved by the incorporation of reinforcing fillers, such as clay. Cation-exchanged zeolites (CEZes) were prepared by exchanging the native Na+ ions with single inorganic cations (magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), or strontium) and/or double cations (Zn-Mg), then they were processed as reinforcing fillers in the two type of synthetic rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber (NBR) and styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR). Characterization of modified zeolite (Ze) was implemented using infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The aim of this article is to study the influence of Ze and CEZe loadings on the rheometrical and physicomechanical properties of both NBR and SBR composites, also the thermogravimetric analysis was examined and the results were discussed. The results showed that the composites exhibited remarkable improvements in tensile strength, elongation at break, and hardness in the presence of CEZe and also an increase in thermal stability was reported.
Effects of multiple injection strategies on gaseous emissions and particle size distribution in a two-stroke compression-ignition engine operating with the gasoline partially premixed combustion concept
Authors: Bermúdez Vicente , Ruiz Santiago , Novella Ricardo , Soto Lian
Published: October 2018

In order to improve performance of internal combustion engines and meet the requirements of the new pollutant emission regulations, advanced combustion strategies have been investigated. The newly designed partially premixed combustion concept has demonstrated its potential for reducing NOx and particulate matter emissions combined with high indicated efficiencies while still retaining proper control over combustion process by using different injection strategies. In this study, parametric variations of injection pressure, second injection and third injection timings were experimentally performed to analyze the effect of the injection strategy over the air/fuel mixture process and its consequent impact on gaseous compound emissions and particulate matter emissions including its size distribution. Tests were carried out on a newly designed two-stroke high-speed direct injection compression-ignition engine operating with the partially premixed combustion concept using 95 research octane number gasoline fuel. A scanning particle sizer was used to measure the particles size distribution and the HORIBA 7100DEGR gas analyzer system to determine gaseous emissions. Three different steady-state operation modes in terms of indicated mean effective pressure and engine speed were investigated: 3.5 bar indicated mean effective pressure and 2000 r/min, 5.5 bar indicated mean effective pressure and 2000 r/min, and 5.5 bar indicated mean effective pressure and 2500 r/min. The experimental results confirm how the use of an adequate injection strategy is indispensable to obtain low exhaust emissions values and a balance between the different pollutants. With the increase in the injection pressure and delay in the second injection, it was possible to obtain a trade-off between NOx and particulate matter emission reduction, while there was an increase in hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions under these conditions. In addition, the experiments showed an increase in particle number emissions and a progressive shift in the particles size distribution toward larger sizes, increasing the accumulation-mode particles and reducing the nucleation-mode particles with the decrease in the injection pressure and delay in the third injection.
Students Shaping Internationalization in a Conflict-Ridden Society: Experiences of Israeli Teacher Education Colleges
Authors: Goldstein Olzan , Natur Nazeh , Trahar Sheila , Yemini Miri
Published: October 2018

This article focuses on students from two Israeli teacher education colleges serving marginalized communities, both of which participated in a European Union (EU) project aimed at fostering internationalization in higher education institutions in Israel. The study reported focuses on students’ agency in shaping institutional internationalization processes, in particular during their studies but also, as it became apparent, later in their teaching careers following graduation. Moreover, we explore how students’ agency in internationalization is shaped by the conflict and its consequences. Employing a qualitative methodology, we followed six students’ personal and professional trajectories, revealing the nature and scope of their activities and perceptions in light of their proactive role in internationalization in their institutions. We show how life in a conflict-ridden society may prompt proactivity and agency among marginalized students, revealing and discussing the potential transformative nature of students’ agency in internationalization processes. Our findings indicate that institutions can strive to facilitate student agency and utilize it to further develop internationalization within their institutions.
An enhanced void-crack-based Rousselier damage model for ductile fracture with the XFEM
Authors: Ahmad MIM , Curiel-Sosa JL , Arun S , Rongong JA
Published: October 2018

This work presents a modelling strategy for ductile fracture materials by implementing the Rousselier damage model with the extended finite element method (XFEM). The implicit integration scheme and consistent tangent modulus based on a radial return mapping algorithm for this constitutive model are developed by the user-defined material subroutine UMAT in ABAQUS/Standard. To enhance the modelling of the crack development in the materials, the XFEM is used that allows modelling of arbitrary discontinuities, where the mesh does not have to be aligned with the boundaries of material interfaces. This modelling strategy, so-called Rousselier-UMAT-XFEM (RuX) model, is proposed to connect both concepts, which gives an advantage in predicting the material behaviour of ductile material in terms of voids and crack relation. This is the first contribution where XFEM is used in ductile fracture analysis for micromechanical damage problems. The results indicate that the RuX model is a promising technique for predicting the void volume fraction damage and crack extension in ductile material, which shows a good agreement in terms of stress–strain and force–displacement relationships.
European but not European enough: An explanation for Brexit
Authors: Carl Noah , Dennison James , Evans Geoffrey
Published: October 2018

To date, most accounts of the UK’s vote to leave the EU have focussed on explaining variation across individuals and constituencies within the UK. In this article, we attempt to answer a different question, namely ‘Why was it the UK that voted to leave, rather than any other member state?’. We show that the UK has long been one of the most Eurosceptic countries in the EU, which we argue can be partly explained by Britons’ comparatively weak sense of European identity. We also show that existing explanations of the UK’s vote to leave cannot account for Britons’ long-standing Euroscepticism: the UK scores lower than many other member states on measures of inequality/austerity, the ‘losers of globalisation’ and authoritarian values, and some of these measures are not even correlated with Euroscepticism across member states. In addition, we show that the positive association between national identity and Euroscepticism is stronger in the UK than in most other EU countries. Overall, we conclude that Britons’ weak sense of European identity was a key contributor to the Brexit vote.
Hume and Smith studies after Forbes and Trevor-Roper
Authors: Skjönsberg Max
Published: October 2018

The ‘Scottish Enlightenment’ has fostered a steadily growing academic industry since Duncan Forbes and Hugh Trevor-Roper put the subject on the map in the 1960s. David Hume and Adam Smith have from the start been widely considered as its leading thinkers, and their thoughts on politics have attracted an increasing amount of attention in recent years. Two new publications invite readers to reflect on the state of the art in Scottish Enlightenment studies in general, and especially Hume and Smith scholarship. Christopher Berry’s Essays on Hume, Smith and the Scottish Enlightenment collects many of Berry’s pathbreaking essays from a career spanning over 40 years . The Infidel and the Professor by Dennis Rasmussen is astonishingly the first book-length treatment of the private and philosophical friendship between Hume and Smith. Both publications reflect how much Scottish Enlightenment studies have expanded since the 1960s, and the sustained interest in Hume and Smith to boot. At the same time, they also raise questions about the future of the field and what remains to be done.
Connecting Findings to Meaningful Change
Authors: Greason Michelle
Published: October 2018

There is a symbiotic relationship between qualitative research and knowledge mobilization. However, there is often a significant lag between the conduct of research and the findings reaching the public (including those it impacts and those with the power to make change). In designing my study on ethics and policy in long-term care (LTC) with the aim of improving quality care, I sought a method that would not only generate broad data but data on which stakeholders would be able to more readily act and thus promote meaningful and timely change. With this goal in mind, I adopted an empirical ethics approach with the aim of consensus building and used an innovative qualitative Delphi method to explore ethics and ethical reasoning in LTC and the interaction between frontline practice and organizational and public policy. While the Delphi method is starting to gain more recognition alongside more well-known qualitative methods, it has yet to be used in the exploration of empirical ethics and policy in LTC. The rich findings from this study suggest it has the potential of expanding the breadth of qualitative inquiry, as it draws on real-world practice and decision-making to promote consensus in areas of organizational, policy, and practice change. There is a need for further research using a modified qualitative Delphi method in empirical ethics and policy research in LTC, as well as other areas. However, the results of this study suggest the suitability and benefits of the approach for qualitative inquiry and propose researchers seeking to expand research findings, knowledge mobilization, and to connect findings to meaningful and practical change should consider adopting the Delphi method.
Indexing neoliberal ideology and political identities in a racially diverse business community
Authors: Shrikant Natasha , Musselwhite Jeanette
Published: October 2018

This article examines the relationship between everyday talk, the reproduction of political ideology and the interactional accomplishment of situated identities through analyzing how institutional members index neoliberal ideology in their everyday interactions. Analysis of audio- and video-recorded data from racially diverse business members of two Texas chambers of commerce illustrates how chamber members indirectly index neoliberal ideology through taking stances toward government policies. White, upper class participants display neoliberal stances through using complaints – constituted by questions, humor, idioms and inference-rich terms – about the Affordable Care Act because it is a form of government interference that increases taxes and the federal deficit. Minority business members use discursive strategies such as double-voiced discourse and self-repairs to balance tensions between criticizing neoliberal ideology because it does not benefit minorities yet still orient to its taken-for-granted value in their business community. Overall, while participants’ interactions generally seem to operate within the structural constraints of neoliberal ideology, our analysis illustrates how participants take up neoliberal ideology in situated ways that, at times, provide avenues for negotiating the relevance of neoliberal ideology to everyday life.
Rigid polyurethane foams from unrefined crude glycerol and technical lignins
Authors: Muller Louis Christiaan , Marx Sanette , Vosloo Hermanus CM , Fosso-Kankeu Elvis , Chiyanzu Idan
Published: October 2018

The need for green materials has driven interest in the preparation of rigid polyurethane foam (PUF) from various biomass types. The present study aims at increasing bio-based content by utilizing by-products from both the pulp and paper and biodiesel industries. Bio-based polyols from respective liquefaction of kraft lignin, organosolv lignin and lignosulphonate in crude glycerol were employed to prepare rigid PUFs. The highest foam compressive strength was 345 kPa with density 79 kg m−3; thermal conductivity was 0.039 W m−1 K−1 and the corresponding material had 44 wt% renewable content. Thermal characteristics and biodegradability were also evaluated. Technical lignin type was found to determine product properties to a large extent. Based on the use of existing industrial scale by-products in this study, the findings can be beneficial for present and future biorefineries in the valorization of lower value by-product streams.
Race/Ethnicity and Measures of Violence at the Macro Level
Authors: Painter-Davis Noah , Harris Casey T.
Published: October 2018

An abundance of scholarship has examined the racial invariance thesis positing that the causes of violence, especially markers of disadvantage, are similar across racial/ethnic groups. More recently, research has adopted “yardsticks” to provide more meaningful assessments of the thesis, including incorporating Latinos into analyses and using statistical tests to compare disadvantages’ effects across groups. Less attention, however, has been given to the measure of violence the thesis applies to. Although intended to explain offending, criminologists commonly substitute measures of race-/ethnic-specific arrest and victimization. Using 2010–2014 National Incident-Based Reporting System data for 453 census places, we examine whether the relationship between structural disadvantage and race-/ethnic-specific violence varies across measures of offending, arrest, and victimization. Consistent with “lenient interpretations” of the thesis, we find that disadvantage is generally associated with higher rates of violence among Whites, Blacks, and Latinos, regardless of the measure of violence. However, at odds with “strict interpretations” of the thesis, there are significant differences in the magnitude of disadvantages’ effects across groups and these differences are conditioned somewhat by the measure of violence examined. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are considered.
Impact of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Reading Skills of Children and Adolescents With Dyslexia
Authors: Rios Débora Medeiros , Correia Rios Mino , Bandeira Igor Dórea , Queiros Campbell Fernanda , de Carvalho Vaz Daniel , Lucena Rita
Published: October 2018

Introduction:

Rehabilitation techniques have been used to facilitate reading acquisition in dyslexia. However, many individuals continue to present academic impairment throughout life. New intervention strategies are necessary to further help this population.

Objectives:

Assess the impact of transcranial direct current stimulation on reading skills in children and adolescents with dyslexia.

Methods:

The study was conducted with one-group pretest–posttest. Participants received 2 mA transcranial direct current stimulation during 30 minutes for 5 consecutive days. Reading performance was measured by a group of tasks (identification and reading of letters, syllables, words, nonwords, and text).

Results:

A significant increase in the number of correct answers for nonwords and text tasks was observed after transcranial direct current stimulation ( P = .035 and P = .012, respectively).

Conclusion:

The transcranial direct current stimulation seems to be a promising tool for the treatment of reading problems in dyslexia. Future studies are necessary to confirm the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation and to establish optimal intervention protocol in this population.
The Self-Assessed Békesy Procedure: Validation of a Method to Measure Intelligibility of Connected Discourse
Authors: Decruy Lien , Das Neetha , Verschueren Eline , Francart Tom
Published: October 2018

In clinical practice and research, speech intelligibility is generally measured by instructing the participant to recall sentences. Although this is a reliable and highly repeatable measure, it cannot be used to measure intelligibility of connected discourse. Therefore, we developed a new method, the self-assessed Békesy procedure, which is an adaptive procedure that uses intelligibility ratings to converge to a person’s speech reception threshold. In this study, we describe the new procedure and the validation in young, normal-hearing listeners. First, we compared the results on the self-assessed Békesy procedure to a recall procedure for standardized sentences. Next, we evaluated the inter- and intrasubject variability of our procedure. Furthermore, we compared the thresholds for sentences in three masker types between the self-assessed Békesy and a recall procedure to verify if these procedures resulted in similar conclusions. Finally, we compared the thresholds for two types of sentences and commercial recordings of stories. In general, the self-assessed Békesy procedure is shown to be a valid and reliable procedure as similar thresholds (difference < 1 dB) and test–retest reliability (< 1.5 dB) were observed compared with standard speech audiometry tests. In addition, the time efficiency and similar differences between maskers to a recall procedure support the potential of this procedure to be implemented in research. Finally, significant differences between the thresholds of sentences and connected discourse materials were found, indicating the importance of controlling for differences in intelligibility when presenting these materials at the same signal-to-noise ratios or when comparing studies.
Selecting a Grounded Theory Approach for Nursing Research
Authors: Singh Shaminder , Estefan Andrew
Published: October 2018

Grounded theory is a commonly used research methodology. There are three primary approaches to grounded theory in nursing research: those espoused by Glaser, Strauss and Corbin, and Charmaz. All three approaches use similar procedures, yet there are important differences among them, which implies that researchers need to make careful choices when using grounded theory. Researchers new to grounded theory need to find the most appropriate approach that fits their research field, topic, and researcher position. In this article, we compare the three grounded theory approaches. Choices of a grounded theory approach will depend on the researcher’s understanding of the philosophical underpinnings of all three approaches. Practical aspects of grounded theory approaches should match the information processing styles and analytical abilities of the researcher and the intended use of the theory. We illustrate key aspects of decision making about which method to select by drawing upon the first author’s experiences in his doctoral research.
Nummular headache
Authors: Martins Isabel Pavão , Abreu Luis
Published: October 2018

Nummular headache (NH) is an unusual disorder attributed to a dysfunction of the epicranial nerves. We report a new series of cases, highlighting some clinical features, the association with other headaches, and the therapeutic response. Data of patients with NH, fulfilling ICHD-3 criteria, observed in a Headache Outpatient clinic during 5 years, were retrieved from records. Response to onabotulinumtoxinA was recorded prospectively and evaluated with a Headache Impact Test (HIT). Twenty-four patients, aged 53.8 (±14.6) years at diagnosis, 13 women, had definitive ( N = 21) or probable ( N = 3) NH for an average of 2.4 years. Headache was consistently localized, more frequently extratrigeminal ( N = 15) and parietal, and confined to the scalp. Pain was unremitting since onset in 58.3% of mild-to-moderate severity often with superimposed paroxysms (66.7%) and local allodynia (70.8%). In five cases, there was a possible precipitant. Thirteen patients reported other headaches, preceding NH by 8.2 years. In eight persistent cases, there was a significant improvement on HIT, after onabotulinumtoxinA. Despite its persistence, NH may go unrecognized for years. It often follows other headache types and has some tropism for hair-covered regions of the scalp. OnabotulinumtoxinA seems effective in persistent cases.
Identifying Challenges and a Research Agenda for Flow in Software Project Management
Authors: Dennehy Denis , Conboy Kieran
Published: October 2018

Flow and its associated tools and metrics are increasingly being reported as an approach used to achieve continuous deployment of software and delivery of value in software development projects. Yet, the extant literature on flow tools to date is rather limited. Also, what does exist tends to largely focus on the generic version of flow, rather than any rigorous examination of its use in the turbulent and constantly changing ‘real world’ environment within which it is applied. This study draws on a longitudinal case to identify the challenges of implementing flow and to provide a research agenda for flow project management.
War, Imperial Expansion and Religious Developments in Mid-Eighteenth-Century Britain and Ireland
Authors: Conway Stephen
Published: October 2018

This article offers a fresh look at the relationship between war, imperial expansion (itself a consequence of war) and religious developments in Britain and Ireland in the middle decades of the eighteenth century. While conflict between Britain and the Catholic Bourbon powers between 1739 and 1763 heightened popular hostility to ‘popery’ among Protestants, war and the expansion of empire helped to change elite attitudes towards Catholicism. Catholic rehabilitation, though long-drawn-out and limited in this period, had the effect of dividing Protestants, deepening the mutual suspicions and mistrust between Protestant Dissenters and the Anglican establishment in England, Wales and Ireland. *I am grateful to the owners and custodians of the archives that I cite, or from which I quote, for permission to use the material in their collections. This article is an off-shoot of a wider project on the impact of the mid-eighteenth-century wars on Britain and Ireland.
Modeling the Impact of Earthquake-Induced Debris on Tsunami Evacuation Times of Coastal Cities
Authors: Castro Sebastián , Poulos Alan , Herrera Juan Carlos , de la Llera Juan Carlos
Published: October 2018

Tsunami alerts following severe earthquakes usually affect large geographical regions and require people to evacuate to higher safety zones. However, evacuation routes may be hindered by building debris and vehicles, thus leading to longer evacuation times and an increased risk of loss of life. Herein, we apply an agent-based model to study the evacuation situation of the coastal city of Iquique, north Chile, where most of the population is exposed to inundation from an incoming tsunami. The study evaluates different earthquake scenarios characterized by different ground motion intensities in terms of the evacuation process within a predefined inundation zone. Evacuating agents consider the microscale interactions with cars and other people using a collision avoidance algorithm. Results for the no ground shaking scenario are compared for validation with those of a real evacuation drill done in 2013 for the entire city. Finally, a parametric analysis is performed with ten different levels of ground motion intensity, showing that evacuation times for 95% of the population increase in 2.5 min on average when considering the effect of building debris.
Neurologic Complications of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Saylor Deanna
Published: October 2018

PURPOSE OF REVIEW

Widespread use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) has led to near-normal life expectancy in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. However, neurologic complications of HIV remain common; can affect any part of the neuraxis; and are due to direct effects of the virus, immunosuppression because of untreated HIV infection, aberrant immune responses in the setting of ART initiation, and ART toxicities.

RECENT FINDINGS

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) remains one of the most common neurologic complications of HIV encountered today, but milder forms predominate in people on ART. No specific treatments for HAND exist, but small trials and epidemiologic evidence suggest paroxetine, intranasal insulin, and maraviroc may have utility in its treatment; further trials of these agents are ongoing. Widespread ART use has decreased the incidence of central nervous system opportunistic infections, but prognosis often remains poor in those who develop opportunistic infections. High-titer positive serum cryptococcal antigen is strongly predictive of cryptococcal meningitis and provides a tool to enhance diagnosis in areas with limited resources. HIV is an independent risk factor for stroke, and accelerated aging associated with HIV infection results in neurologic diseases of older age occurring at much younger ages in individuals infected with HIV. Ongoing HIV replication in the CSF despite peripheral virologic suppression may contribute to the development of HAND and may not improve despite adjusting the ART regimen to increase central nervous system penetrance.

Neurologists are likely to encounter patients infected with HIV in clinical practice. This article reviews the presentation, diagnosis, and management of the most common neurologic conditions associated with HIV infection and ART.
Exercise Increases Mucosal-associated Invariant T Cell Cytokine Expression but Not Activation or Homing Markers
Authors: HANSON ERIK D. , DANSON ELI , EVANS WILLIAM S. , WOOD WILLIAM A. , BATTAGLINI CLAUDIO L. , SAKKAL SAMY
Published: October 2018

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have properties of both the innate and adaptive immune systems but are an understudied population within exercise immunology. These lymphocytes aggregate at the mucous membranes, but it is unknown if submaximal exercise alters their circulating numbers or function.

Purpose

To determine the MAIT cell response to submaximal exercise on activation and homing marker expression and stimulated cytokine production.

Methods

Twenty healthy, young, recreationally active males cycled for 40 min at 86% of VT after an overnight fast. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated and labeled to identify specific MAIT cell populations using flow cytometry. Cytokine production after stimulation was also determined.

Results

Mucosal-associated invariant T cells were 2.9% of T cells and increased to 3.9% after exercise and with recovery whereas cell numbers significantly increased by 91.5% after exercise before returning to resting levels. Chemokine and activation marker absolute cell number significantly increased while expression levels remained constant but the high levels of CCR5 may help direct MAIT cells to sites of inflammation. After stimulation, TNFα expression significantly increased after exercise before returning to baseline with a similar trend for IFNγ.

Conclusions

The MAIT cell numbers undergo a partial biphasic response after submaximal exercise and appear to be preferentially mobilized within T cells; however, the magnitude of the submaximal response was attenuated relative to maximal exercise. Stimulated MAIT cells increase TNFα expression, indicating greater responsiveness to pathogens after acute exercise.
Fitness Mediates Activity and Sedentary Patterns Associations with Adiposity in Youth
Authors: SANTOS DIANA A. , MAGALHÃES JOÃO P. , JÚDICE PEDRO B. , CORREIA INÊS R. , MINDERICO CLÁUDIA S. , EKELUND ULF , SARDINHA LUÍS B.
Published: October 2018

Purpose

We aimed to examine the cross-sectional associations of patterns of sedentary time (ST) and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with total fat mass index (FMI) and abdominal FMI (FMIabd) in children, and additionally, to analyze if cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) mediated these associations.

Methods

Fat mass index and FMIabd were assessed with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in 333 participants (172 girls) age 9 to 11 yr. MVPA, ST, breaks in ST per sedentary hour (BST/ST) and the number of daily sedentary bouts with various lengths (1–4, 5–9, 10–14, and ≥15 min) were assessed with accelerometry and CRF using a maximal cycle test. Hayes’ PROCESS macro for SPSS was used for mediation analysis.

Results

The number of shorter sedentary bouts (1–4 min) was inversely associated with FMI (β = −0.108), whereas longer sedentary bouts (5–9 min, β = 0.169; 10–14 min, β = 0.193; ≥15 min, β = 0.377) had a positive association, independent of MVPA (P < 0.05). A similar trend was found for FMIabd. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was negatively related to FMI (β = −0.029) and to FMIabd (β = −0.003). There were no main associations for ST and BST/ST (P > 0.05). Cardiorespiratory fitness was inversely related to total and abdominal adiposity, and a large portion (40.9–65.7%) of the associations of MVPA and sedentary bouts with both FMI and FMIabd were mediated by CRF.

Conclusions

Time in MVPA and accumulating ST in shorter sedentary bouts is inversely related to adiposity. However, these associations may be mediated by CRF. Emphasis should be given to programs that target increases in MVPA, which may influence CRF while reducing sedentary recreational behaviors.
Validation of the 6-min Walk Test for Predicting Peak V˙O2 in Cancer Survivors
Authors: SCHUMACHER ALEXANDRA N. , SHACKELFORD DANIEL Y. K. , BROWN JESSICA M. , HAYWARD REID
Published: October 2018

Purpose

To assess the quality of the relationship between V˙O2peak estimated from patient outcomes on the 6-min walk test (6MWT) and the V˙O2peak calculated from patient outcomes on the University of Northern Colorado Cancer Rehabilitation Institute (UNCCRI) treadmill protocol.

Methods

Cancer survivors (N = 187) completed the UNCCRI treadmill protocol and a 6MWT 1 wk apart in randomized order to obtain V˙O2peak. Values from the UNCCRI treadmill protocol were compared against four common 6MWT V˙O2peak prediction equations.

Results

All four 6MWT prediction equations significantly (P < 0.001) underestimated V˙O2peak with predicted values ranging from 8.0 ± 4.1 mL·kg−1·min−1 to 18.6 ± 3.1 mL·kg−1·min−1, whereas the UNCCRI treadmill protocol yielded a significantly higher value of 23.9 ± 7.6 mL·kg−1·min−1. A positive strong correlation occurred between estimated V˙O2peak derived from the UNCCRI treadmill protocol and only one of the V˙O2peak values derived from the 6MWT prediction equations (r = 0.81), and all four equations consistently underpredicted V˙O2peak.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that the 6MWT is not a valid test for predicting V˙O2peak in the cancer population due to its consistent underestimation of V˙O2peak regardless of the prediction equation. Obtaining an accurate and valid V˙O2peak value is necessary to correctly prescribe an individualized exercise rehabilitation regimen for cancer survivors. It is recommended that clinicians avoid the 6MWT and instead implement treadmill testing to volitional fatigue to quantify V˙O2peak in cancer survivors.
Suicide ideation and stresses among the working
professionals in India
Authors: sode Raghavendra , Chenji Kalaa , Maimdane Laila
Published: October 2018

Aim of the study

The current study aims to explore the stresses leading to suicides among working professionals and identify the relationship among the stress factors and suicide ideation.

Subject or material and methods

The sample consisted of 297 Indian working professionals including male (70%) and female (30%) between the age group of 18-55 years. The researcher explored the stresses by conducting in-depth interviews which resulted in identifying four themes using thematic framework analysis.

Results

Themes identified were the social stresses, economic stresses, health and family stresses. The correlation coefficient between the stresses and suicide ideation were positively significant and the logistic regression analysis explained 83% of the variance.

Discussion

Further stresses like psychological and organizational stresses could be explored for future investigation.

Conclusions

The research proves the sources of suicide ideation among working professional and helps to develop possible interventions at different steps to overcome such intentions.
Recognition of major depressive disorder and its
correlates among adult male patients in primary care
Authors: Pal Sutanaya , Oswal Rajat , Vankar Ganpat
Published: October 2018

Aim of the study

Primary care is one of the first points of contact for patients with Major Depressive Disorder. However, before these centers can become effective referral points, it is essential to know the prevalence and current rates of detection there. We aimed to determine the prevalence of MDD and its sociodemographic correlates in a Primary Care Center and to evaluate the accuracy of the Primary Care Physicians’ diagnosis.

Subject or material and methods

It is an observational cross-sectional study conducted in a rural primary health care center on adult male attendees. PHQ-9 was used to screen for depression, which was confirmed by a psychiatrist who interviewed and diagnosed the patients using the DSM-5 criteria. Each patient was separately examined by the primary care physician who gave his/her opinion on whether the patient had depression or not.

Results

Out of 335 adult male patients, 22.1 percent screened positive with PHQ-9 and 42 patients (12.5 %) had Major Depression. The primary care physicians diagnosed only 45 percent of cases correctly, missing 55 percent. The correlation between the two PHC Physicians and the psychiatrist’s diagnosis had a Kappa of 0.342 and 0.281, respectively. Significant socio-demographic correlates were self-reported financial stress and life stressors.

Discussion

The prevalence found was consistent with studies done in other countries. The physicians’ diagnosis may have been an overestimation due to Hawthorne effect.

Conclusions

The primary care physician was unable to diagnose a significant fraction of the depression. This emphasizes the need for further training at this level, to catch the disease early and improve referral rates.
MICROSTRUCTURE AND THERMAL STABILITY OF Al-Fe-X ALLOYS
Authors: Školáková Andrea , Hanusová Petra , Průša Filip , Salvetr Pavel , Novák Pavel , Vojtěch Dalibor
Published: October 2018

In this work, Al-11Fe, Al-7Fe-4Ni and Al-7Fe-4Cr (in wt. %) alloys were prepared by combination of casting and hot extrusion. Microstructures of as-cast alloys were composed of aluminium matrix with large and coarse intermetallics such as Al13Fe4, Al13Cr2 and Al5Cr. Subsequently, as-cast alloys were rapidly solidified by melt-spinning technique which led to the supersaturation of solid solution alloying elements. These rapidly solidified ribbons were milled and compacted by hot-extrusion method. Hot-extrusion caused that microstructures of all alloys were fine with uniform dispersed particles. Moreover, long-term thermal stability was tested at temperature 300 °C for as-cast and hot-extruded alloys and chromium was found to be the most suitable element for alloying to improve thermal stability.
MODELLING PLASTIC DEFORMATION OF STAINLESS STEEL PIPES
Authors: Di Pietro Orlando , Rufini Riccardo , Di Schino Andrea
Published: October 2018

Plastic deformation is the most common technique adopted to manufacture complex shape pieces in the most efficient way. Even higher requirements need to be faced in the different applications. In order to target such requirement quality and compliance tests are carried out aimed to guarantee that these standards are faced; this often means a waste of material and economic resources. A far as concerns welded stainless steel pipes many criticises affecting the general trend of subsequent machining need to be considered. In this paper, the effects of different process parameters and geometrical constrain on austenitic stainless steel pipe forming are studied by Finite Elements Method (FEM) simulations. The model sensitivity to input parameters is reported. The feasibility of the simulated process is evaluated through the use of Forming Limit Diagrams (FLD).
A RAPID APPROACH TO ESTIMATE THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF GREY CAST IRON CASTINGS
Authors: Ferro P. , Borsato T. , Bonollo F. , Padovan S.
Published: October 2018

Grey cast iron is a brittle or quasi-brittle material very sensitive to the microstructure morphology deriving from its solidification kinetics. This is the reason why different zones of a casting, even with the same thickness, may be characterized by different mechanical properties according to the solidification time. The mechanical characterization of the alloy made by following the Standards that refer to values obtained from separately casted samples is insufficient for a designer who needs to know the specific properties of the material in each zone of interest of the casting.In this work a method is described to predict the mechanical properties of castings made of GH 190 cast iron that correlates the solidification times with the ultimate tensile strength through a master curve, supposed to depend only on alloy chemical composition. This predictive approach was successfully validated with experimental mechanical characterization of a real industrial casting.
Contents
Authors: AMS Editorial
Published: October 2018

Research papers

Technical paper

Errata