bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genetic Differentiation in the White-Browed Scrubwren (Sericornis-Frontalis) Complex (Aves, Acanthizidae)
Authors: Christidis L , Schodde R
Published: June 2005

Genetic variation among the principal members of the white-browed scrubwren (Sericornis frontalis) complex was assessed by protein electrophoresis. A total of 31 enzyme systems, representing 49 presumptive loci, was screened electrophoretically and analysed by conventional genetic distance measures. Differentiation equivalent to species level was recorded between the Tasmanian form humilis and allotaxa on the Australian mainland. Among mainland forms (laevigaster in the north-east, nominotypical frontalis in the south-east and maculatus in the south-west) differentiation was at a much lower order, equivalent to that between subspecies. The small sample of frontalis isolated in the Mt Lofty Ranges (rosinae), nevertheless, exhibited marked divergence in proteins. Changes in alleles at the aldolase locus confirm that laevigaster and nominotypical frontalis intergrade secondarily, but between 27-degrees-S. (Brisbane-Dalby) and 23-degrees-S. (Rockhampton-Emerald), well to the north of previously postulated zones of introgression.
A Comparative-Study of Macroscopic and Microscopic Dimensions of the Intestine in 5 Macropods (Marsupialia, Macropodidae) .2. Relationship With Feeding-Habits and Fiber Content of the Diet
Authors: Osawa R , Woodall PF
Published: June 2005

A comparative study of macroscopic and microscopic dimensions of the intestines in five macropod species indicated that the grazing macropods (the red kangaroo, Macropus rufus, and the eastern grey kangaroo, Macropus giganteus) had significantly longer caeca and large intestines than those of the browsing macropods (the swamp wallaby, Wallabia bicolor, and the red-necked pademelon, Thylogale thetis). This trend was not observed in the small intestine. The arid-adapted M. rufus also had a significantly longer large intestine than M. giganteus, which may be a water-conservation feature. Intestinal villi were tall in T. thetis, which consumed a less fibrous diet, whereas the agile wallaby, Macropus agilis, on a highly fibrous diet, had short villi; other macropods, on diets of medium fibre content, had villi of intermediate height. Thus, the size of the hindgut (i.e. caecum and large intestine) may provide an index of the specific feeding habit of a species (browsing or grazing), whilst parameters of the villi of the small intestine may reflect the quality of the animals' current diet.
Specific Identity Is Not Correlated With Behavioral and Life-History Diversity in Antechinus-Stuartii Sensu-Lato
Authors: Mcnee A , Cockburn A
Published: June 2005

Two genetically distinct forms of Antechinus stuartii coexist in southern New South Wales, and apparently do not hybridise. We show that sympatric populations cohabit in communal nests both outside and during the breeding season. Contrary to previous claims, there is no evidence that the species are isolated allochronically. There is no evidence that variation in behaviour within A. stuartii is associated with the species difference.
Evolutionary Relationships of the Australasian Mud-Nesters (Grallinidae, Corcoracidae) - Immunological Evidence
Authors: Baverstock PR , Schodde R , Christidis L , Krieg M , Birrell J
Published: June 2005

The phylogenetic relationships of the genera of Australasian mud-nesters (Corcorax, Struthidea and Grallina) were examined by microcomplement fixation, and the results compared with morphological and DNA-DNA hybridisation data. There was general corroboration among all data sets such that (1) Corcorax and Struthidea were well-diverged members of a single lineage related to corvoids, and (2) Grallina comprised two species (Australian G. cyanoleuca and New Guinean G. bruijni) closely allied to Myiagra among the monarch flycatchers (Monarchidae). The immunological data also indicated that Corcorax and Struthidea were closer to Corvus (Corvinae) than to some other members of that subfamily identified by DNA-DNA hybridisation. There was further corroboration of evidence from DNA-DNA hybridisation for an endemic radiation among Australo-Papuan passerine families.
The Duration of Lactation in Antechinus-Stuartii (Marsupialia, Dasyuridae)
Authors: Cockburn A
Published: June 2005

Free-living Antechinus stuartii at the Monga State Forest showed almost no variation in date of birth, yet weaning took place over a period of three weeks. Males were weaned slightly earlier and at greater weights than females. When daughters were considered, weaning was delayed in years when breeding density was high, and females with ten teats weaned their young later and at slightly lower weights than females with eight teats. The difference between the two teat phenotypes was not simply associated with increased reproductive investment, as successful eight-teated mothers weaned their young earlier than less successful mothers, and there was no relation between weaning success and date of weaning for ten-teated mothers. Age of mother did not influence weaning weight or date, and mothers tended to wean at the same time in each year of their life. These patterns are discussed in relation to recent debate on the detection of life-history trade-offs in free-living populations.
Body-Mass Loss, Utilization of Blubber and Fat, and Energetic Requirements of Male Southern Elephant Seals, Mirounga-Leonina, During the Molting Fast
Authors: Slip DJ , Gales NJ , Burton HR
Published: June 2005

The energetic requirements of male southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina, were estimated from mass loss, and changes in blubber mass determined by ultrasound in 11 seals over the moulting fast. Mean rate of mass loss was 9.60+/-2.25 kg day-1 or 6.46+/-0.77 g kg-1 day-1, with about 63% of this lost as fat. Blubber was depleted by about 48% over the moulting period. The relative distribution of blubber remained unchanged after the moult, and seals lost blubber at similar rates over all areas of the body. Energy expenditure was estimated to be 7.54+/-82 MJ kg-1 over the mean 35.6-day moulting period.
Biochemical Systematics of the Charadriiformes (Shorebirds) - Relationships Between the Charadrii, Scolopaci and Lari
Authors: Christian PD , Christidis L , Schodde R
Published: June 2005

Electrophoretic variation at 29 presumptive protein loci was examined among 30 species of Charadriiformes. Phenetic and cladistic analyses consistently identified three major lineages. The first included the Charadriidae (plovers, dotterels and lapwings), Burhinidae (stone-curlews), Recurvirostridae (avocets and stilts) and Haematopodidae (oystercatchers); the second the Scolopacidae (sandpipers, curlews and godwits); and the third the Lari (gulls and terns) and, arguably, the Glareolidae (coursers and pratincoles). The position of the Jacanidae (jacanas) was ambivalent, either clustering loosely with the Scolopacidae or as a separate lineage. The results of these analyses agree in many areas with those obtained from previous studies based upon skeletal morphology and DNA-DNA hybridisation, yet they differ also in relationships found both within and between the four lineages. The significance of these differences is discussed.
The Phenology of the Native Dung Beetle Onthophagus-Australis (Guerin) (Coleoptera, Scarabaeinae) in South-Eastern Australia
Authors: Tyndale-Biscoe M , Walker J
Published: June 2005

Onthophagus australis (Guerin) is predominantly univoltine at two sites in south-eastern Australia, with Peaks Of activity in spring when most oviposition takes place, and in autumn when the new generation emerges. It overwinters mainly in the adult stage, and populations decline during summer droughts. The optimum temperature for oviposition is between 20 and 25-degrees-C, and the beetle produces food balls intermittently throughout life. The threshold temperature for development was estimated to be 5.2-degrees-C, and 1612 day-degrees (degrees-C) are required for development from egg to adult. In the laboratory, 100 beetles in a 1-L dung pad are able to reduce bush fly survival by 74%, and reduce the size of the fly puparia by 18%. In spring, when bush flies first build up their populations in the field, numbers of 0. australis did not often reach 100 per pad, thus limiting their usefulness for the biological control of the bush fly.
Rates of Albumin Evolution in Parrots (Aves, Psittaciformes)
Authors: Baverstock PR , Christidis L , Krieg M , Birrell J
Published: June 2005

A number of lines of evidence suggest that the rate of molecular evolution in birds is slower than in other vertebrates. This hypothesis was tested by measuring the extent of amino-acid sequence divergence in albumin among species of parrots by means of microcomplement fixation. This group was chosen because its modern distribution is strongly suggestive of a Gondwanan origin. The results show that the intercontinental albumin distances are well below those expected for a Gondwanan group. These data are in accord with the hypothesis that birds have a slower rate of molecular evolution, although other explanations are possible.
Hematology of Wild Allied Rock-Wallabies, Petrogale-Assimilis Ramsay, 1877 (Marsupialia, Macropodidae), in North Queensland
Authors: Spencer PBS , Speare R
Published: June 2005

The haematology of a colony of wild allied rock-wallabies, Petrogale assimilis Ramsay, 1877, from north-western Queensland was studied for 20 months. Wallabies were repeatedly trapped at monthly intervals and 511 blood samples from 96 animals were examined, making this the most comprehensive study of the haematology of any macropod species. The morphology of the red blood cells and leucocytes was similar to those of other marsupials. Large and small lymphocytes were recognised. Binucleate lymphocytes were found in 7.2% of blood smears. Normal haematological values were within the published ranges for other marsupials. However, the average white blood cell count (mean +/- s.e.: 9.03 +/- 0.92 X 10(9) L-1) was close to the upper end of the range for macropods. The normal (mean +/- s.e.) red blood cell count (5.24 + 0.15 X 10(12) L-1), packed cell volume (0.4291 +/- 0.019 L L-1) and haemoglobin concentration (14.07 +/- 0.41 g dL-1) of male wallabies were higher than those of females (4.79 +/- 0.15 X 10(12) L-1, 0.3952 +/- 1.19 L L-1, and 12.95 +/- 0.41 g dL-1, respectively). No gender differences were detected in the white blood cell count (9.03 +/- 0.92 x 10(9) L-1), mean corpuscular volume (82.28 +/- 1.35 fL), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (26.98 +/- 0.57 pg) or mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (32.82 +/- 0.57 g L 1). The red blood cell count, packed cell volume, haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular haemoglobin, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration and the absolute neutrophil count in juveniles and subadults increased with age. The neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio was less than 1.0 in pouch young and approached 1.0 in adults. The red blood cell count, packed cell volume and haemoglobin concentration of lactating females did not vary with age of pounch young.
Mate Guarding in a Population of White-Fronted Chats, Ephthianura-Albifrons Jardine and Selby (Passeriformes, Ephthianuridae) - a Response to Group Living and a Male-Skewed Sex-Ratio
Authors: Major RE
Published: June 2005

Mate-guarding behaviour and three attributes considered to affect its intensity (nesting dispersion, territoriality and sex ratio) were studied in a population of white-fronted chats. All-purpose territories were not defended and there was a tendency for nests to be clustered. A 1.7:1 male-skewed sex ratio was evident, with males accounting for 83% of birds in flocks during the breeding season. Paired males followed their mates prior to and during nest building, and attacked other males that approached their mates. Males copulated with dummy females which they defended from dummy and live males. Mate guarding protects males from cuckoldry and perhaps prevents loss of females to other males during a breeding season characterised by multiple broods.
Metabolism, Water-Balance and Temperature Regulation in the Golden Bandicoot (Isoodon-Auratus)
Authors: Withers PC
Published: June 2005

The Barrow I. golden bandicoot (Isoodon auratus) is a small arid-adapted marsupial. It has a low and labile body temperature, a low basal metabolic rate, a low thermal conductance, and a low rate of evaporative water loss. Its metabolic, thermal and hygric physiology resembles that of another arid-adapted bandicoot, the bilby, and differs from temperate and tropical bandicoots.
Gut Capacity, Functional Allocation of Gut Volume and Size Distributions of Digesta Particles in 2 Macropodid Marsupials (Macropus-Robustus-Robustus and M-R-Erubescens) and the Feral Goat (Capra-Hircus)
Authors: Freudenberger DO
Published: June 2005

Gut capacity (wet mass of all digesta) was measured in the euro (Macropus robustus erubescens), the wallaroo (M. r. robustus) and the feral goat (Capra hircus). Gut capacity, as a proportion of body mass (mean+/-s.e.), was greatest (P<0.01) in the goat at 20.4+/-1.5%, 13.2+/-0.5% in the wallaroo, and 11.6+/-1.2% in the euro. Similarly, the mass of total fermentation contents was greatest (P<0.01) in the goat at 17.1+/-1.2% of body mass, 11.2+/-0.5% in the wallaroo and 10.6+/-0.7% in the euro. However, the allocation of the gut to various functions was similar among the species; the fermentation contents of the stomach were 70%, the small intestines were 9%, the caecum was 5%, and the colon was 9% of the total mass of digesta. There were no mechanisms in the gut of the two macropodids that selectively delayed digesta; the size distribution of digesta particles was similar in all sections of the gut. However, in the goat 25% of the dry matter from the ruminoreticulum was retained on 2.4- and 1.2-mm sieves, but no digesta from the other sections of the gut were retained on the 2.4-mm sieve and only 0.5-2% was retained on the 1.2-mm sieve. It was concluded that the goat has evolved a larger gut to meet higher metabolic energy requirements, but the allocation of the gut to various functions is similar among ruminants and macropodids, and this is a response to the evolution of herbivory in grasslands. The selective retention of large particles in the rumen, rumination and greater capacity account for the more complete digestion of plant cell wall by ruminants than by similar-sized macropodids.
Ultrastructure of Sensory Receptors of an Undescribed Species of Luridae (Platyhelminthes, Rhabdocoela)
Authors: Rohde K , Watson NA
Published: June 2005

Nine types of uniciliate sensory receptors are described from an undescribed species of Luridae: a collar receptor with a collar formed by 7-8 rods; a receptor with a long vertical and short horizontal rootlet and a thick ring-like electron-dense collar; a receptor with an approximately 2-mum-long cilium that has a narrow bent tip; a bulbous receptor with a short bulbous cilium; an intraepidermal receptor with a short cilium enclosed in an epidermal cavity; a receptor with a long cilium, short ciliary rootlet and electron-dense rod; pharyngeal receptors with long (at least 4 mum long) and short (0.5 mum long) cilia; and a pharyngeal receptor with a cilium of intermediate length. Centrioles in nerve cells and (in cross-section) butterfly-shaped cilia may also be of a sensory nature. Ecological implications of the large variety of sensory receptors are discussed: in the variety of stimuli to which animals have to respond for survival, interstitial beach habitats are comparable to habitats on or in hosts used by platyhelminth parasites (which have a comparable number of receptor types).
Influence of High-Temperatures on the Survival of Rhopalosiphum-Padi (L) (Hemiptera, Aphididae) in Irrigated Perennial Grass Pastures in South-Australia
Authors: Debarro PJ , Maelzer DA
Published: June 2005

A field experiment in a perennial grass pasture showed that the survival of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) was reduced when aphids were exposed to air temperatures of at least 36-degrees-C (32-degrees-C at the base of the sward). The longevity, rate of reproduction and fecundity of individuals also declined as the exposure temperature and duration of exposure increased. The results of the field experiment were later corroborated by sampling an aphid population every 4-6 days over summer and regressing aphid numbers on daily maximum temperature and duration of exposure to temperature. A model is proposed to estimate the numbers of aphids that survive in refuge areas over summer in relation to temperature-induced mortality.
Systematics of Litoria-Iris (Anura, Hylidae) and Its Allies in New-Guinea and a Note on Sexual Dimorphism in the Group
Authors: Menzies JI
Published: June 2005

Four new species (Litoria havina, L. mucro, L. pronimia and L. ollauro), whose morphology and known or assumed breeding behaviour suggest that they are related to Litoria iris, are described. Three of these species show-marked sexual dimorphism in that the snout of the male bears a dermal 'spike', whereas the snout of the female is truncate. The anatomy of this structure is described and it is speculated that glands on the snout are involved in olfactory stimulation during courtship.
Relationships and Radiations in the Meliphagine Honeyeaters, Meliphaga, Lichenostomus and Xanthotis (Aves, Meliphagidae) - Protein Evidence and Its Integration With Morphology and Ecogeography
Authors: Christidis L , Schodde R
Published: June 2005

Protein electrophoresis was carried out on 32 of the c. 40 species of meliphagine honeyeaters and integrated with external morphology and ecogeography to clarify component lineages and their inter-relationships. Three primary lineages were identified, corroborating precisely the three controversial genera currently recognised in the Australo-Papuan region: (1) Lichenostomus with 20 species centred in Australian sclerophyllous habitats, (2) Meliphaga with 12 species in lowland New Guinean and Australian rainforests, and (3) Xanthotis with 3 species in Australo-Papuan rainforests. Except for the L. flavus-L. unicolor group, electrophoresis failed to corroborate consistently any of the morphologically based minor lineages in Lichenostomus and identified no consistent alternatives itself. Among the sibling species of Meliphaga, however, it distinguished two principal groups: the M. lewinii clade of two Australian ad one New Guinean species, and the M. analoga clade of seven New Guinean and one Australo-Papuan species and one Australian endemic, M. albilineata, hitherto of disputed position. Ecogeographic support for these groups is demonstrated. Affinities of peripheral taxa not screened electrophoretically are discussed. Evolutionary radiation among the major lineages is traced against the environmental oscillations of the Plio-Pleistocene in Australia and New Guinea.
Nutrients, Antinutrients and Leaf Selection by Captive Koalas (Phascolarctos-Cinereus)
Authors: Hume ID , Esson C
Published: June 2005

The preferences of koalas for Eucalyptus foliage, as ranked by keepers at 13 wildlife parks and zoos in New South Wales, were compared with the content of a number of nutrients and antinutrients (allelochemicals) in samples of the leaves offered to koalas in each park. Statistical analyses indicated that no single factor separated the four preference groups used, but that koalas selected foliage that contained at least a minimal or threshold level of water (approximately 55%) (P=0.028) and essential oils (approximately 2% of dry matter) (P=0.044). The essential oils of the two most preferred groups had a higher proportion of volatile monoterpenes (the most aromatic oil fraction) (P<0.001) and a lower proportion of sesquiterpenes (P<0.001) than those of the two least preferred groups. The two most preferred groups also had a higher (P=0.008) ratio of nitrogen (N) to neutral-detergent fibre (NDF), and the most preferred group had the lowest (P=0.033) content of condensed tannins (CT) and the highest (P=0.010) ratio of N to CT. Thus, the ratios of N to NDF and CT are likely to be important predictors of koala acceptance of Eucalyptus foliage, and probably its nutritive value. It also appears that koalas may use eucalypt oils as a positive feeding cue, and that they prefer oils with a relatively high proportion of volatile monoterpenes.
Surface Enlargement in the Large-Intestine of the Koala (Phascolarctos-Cinereus) - Morphometric Parameters
Authors: Snipes RL , Snipes H , Carrick FN
Published: June 2005

Morphometric data are presented for various parameters of the large intestine of the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). For the first time, empirical values are provided that substantiate the morphologically obvious enormous development of the caecum and proximal colon in this herbivorous marsupial. By use of a computer-aided planimeter the basal or ground surface areas of the caecum and colon were determined. On paraffin-embedded material the surface enlargement of the mucosa due to microscopically visible folds or plicae was measured. This is expressed in the form of a surface-enlargement factor which was multiplied by the basal surface areas to give total surface areas. The basal surface areas (with percentage of entire intestine in parentheses) are: caecum, 890.6 cm2 (32.0%); colon, 1434.8 cm2 (51.5%); and entire (large and small) intestine, 2785.0 cm2. In the caecum and proximal colon of the koala, 8-14 longitudinal folds augment the surface area enormously. Basal areas plus that additional area afforded by the folds amount to: caecum, 3659.8 (45.9%); colon, 3854.0 (48.3%); and entire intestine, 7973.4 cm2. Respective total areas (surface enlargement factor x basal area) are: caecum, 10 979.5 cm2 (44.9%); colon, 9808.5 cm2 (40.1%); and entire intestine, 24 464.7 cm2 (= 2.4 m2).
Observations of Blood Values, Heart-Rate and Respiratory Rate of Leopard Seals (Hydrurga-Leptonyx) (Carnivora, Phocidae)
Authors: Williams R , Bryden MM
Published: June 2005

There are few opportunities to study leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) under controlled conditions, and practical constraints make physiological investigations of measurement in free-living animals difficult. We examined blood characteristics, the degree of bradycardia during unrestrained submergence, and the duration of terrestrial apnea, in two captive leopard seals. Blood was taken from two resting, unrestrained leopard seals out of water on nine occasions, over a period of a year. Haematocrit, mean erythrocyte count, mean corpuscular volume, haemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular haemoglobin and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration were measured, as well as bicarbonate, pH, and oxygen and carbon dioxide tension. Heart rate was recorded on land and during unrestrained submergence; the mean degree of bradycardia on submergence was 27%, maximum 44%. Periods of terrestrial apnea, which have been shown to increase as diving capacity increases during ontogeny in northern elephant seals, were of shorter duration in the leopard seals than in captive harbour seals or southern elephant seals. It is postulated that this is indicative of lesser diving ability of leopard seals than the other two species.
The Life-History of Badumna-Candida (Araneae, Amaurobioidea)
Authors: Downes MF
Published: June 2005

A two-year study of the social spider Badumna candida at Townsville, Queensland, provided information on colony size and changes over time, maturation synchrony, temperature effects on development, sex ratio, dispersal, colony foundation, fecundity and oviposition. Key findings were that B. candida outbred, had an iteroparous egg-production cycle between March and October, had an even primary sex ratio and achieved maturation synchrony by retarding the development of males, which matured faster than females at constant temperature. There was no overlap of generations, the cohort of young from a nest founded by a solitary female in summer dispersing the following summer as subadults (females) or subadults and adults (males). These findings confirm the status of B. candida as a periodic-social spider (an annual outbreeder), in contrast to the few known permanent-social spider species whose generations overlap. Cannibalism, normally rare in social spiders, rose to 48% when spiders were reared at a high temperature. This may be evidence that volatile recognition pheromones suppress predatory instincts in social spiders.
A Field-Study of Communication and Social-Behavior of the Tasmanian Devil at Feeding Sites
Authors: Pemberton D , Renouf D
Published: June 2005

The Tasmanian devil, Sarcophilus harrisii, the largest extant carnivorous marsupial, is normally solitary, but it congregates when feeding on carcasses. In this study, observations of behaviour during group feeding were used to document the communication and social organisation of these little-known animals. Their communication repertoire involved visual (20 postures), vocal (11 sound forms) and probably chemical signalling via urination and ano-genital drag. While some animals had conspicuous markings, 13% had none, suggesting that markings were not necessary for individual recognition. Agonistic interactions seldom resulted in physical clashes, but a few led to damage to the muzzle and rump, as supported by heavy scarring in these regions. Adult males were the most frequently and seriously scarred, probably related to agonistic encounters from longer feeding bouts and copulatory aggression. Devils gorged themselves, eating approximately 40% of their body mass. There was no apparent hierarchical structure to the sequence in which individuals fed. Feeding duration seemed to be determined by the extent to which an animal feeding on the carcass was sated.
The Ultrastructure of the Spermatozoon of Dromidiopsis-Edwardsi Rathbun, 1919 (Crustacea, Brachyura, Dromiidae) - Confirmation of a Dromiid Sperm Type
Authors: Jamieson BGM , Tudge CC , Scheltinga DM
Published: June 2005

The dromiid spermatozoon, as exemplified by Dromidiopsis edwardsi, Stimdromia (=Petalomera) lateralis and Dromidia antillensis, accords with that of the Homolidae and differs markedly from spermatozoa of other crabs (the raninid-heterotreme-thoracotreme assemblage) in the discoidal form of the acrosome and the capitate form of the perforatorium. Dromiids differ from homolids in the greater depression of the acrosome and the form of the head of the perforatorium, thus exhibiting a distinctive dromiid sperm type. The head is bilaterally prolonged in D. edwardsi and also shows bilateral symmetry, though this is less pronounced in S. lateralis. In homolids the head of the perforatorium has the form of a horizontally disposed spiked wheel. Centrioles are unknown in dromiid sperm but are present in homolids. Nuclear arms in D. edwardsi, as in homolids, have the form of three small radial vertices. Dromiids, homolids, raninids, higher heterotremes and thoracotremes differ (homoplasically?) from lower heterotremes in lacking microtubules in the nuclear arms. Dromiid sperm lack the posterior median process of the nucleus seen in homolids, anomurans and lower heterotremes. The sperm of D. edwardsi differs from other investigated dromiid sperm in the asymmetrical location of the opercular perforation relative to the longitudinal axis of the sperm, and in more complex zonation of the acrosome vesicle. The acrosome is deeply embedded in the nucleus in D. edwardsi whereas in S. lateralis it is superficial on the nucleus. Both have an apical protuberance of subopercular material through the opercular perforation, known elsewhere only in dynomenid crabs. Sperm structure in the Dromiidae thus differs significantly from that in the Eubrachyura.
Energy-Intake of Immature Southern Elephant Seals, Mirounga-Leonina (Carnivora, Phocidae)
Authors: Krockenberger MB , Bryden MM
Published: June 2005

We report the mass of food and energy consumed by, and growth of, three immature southern elephant seals from 14 months to 3 years old, at Taronga Zoo, Sydney. The seals were fed four species of fish and one squid genus. There was no consistent or seasonal pattern of variation among the different dietary components, and mean figures for fat, protein, water and energy were used in calculations of dietary consumption by the seals. The mean energy density of the food was 8.65 kJ g-1. The growth rate of the three seals was at the high end of the range for wild southern elephant seals. As in natural populations, growth was positive for most months of the year, but negative from November to January, when fasting, haulout and moulting occur in wild elephant seals of similar age. There was no evidence of fluctuations in energy intake as a result of seasonal variation of temperature or other weather effects. The three animals spent 30% of their time active and 70% at rest. This contrasted with the wild population, in which immature animals of similar age spend more than 70% of their time active and less than 30% at rest. The gross energy intake of the cohort of young, growing elephant seals at Macquarie Island was estimated to be of the order of 1570 x 10(6) MJ per year.
Hibernation and Daily Torpor in Marsupials - a Review
Authors: Geiser F
Published: June 2005

Most heterothermic marsupials appear to display one of the two patterns of torpor that have been described in placental mammals. During shallow, daily torpor body temperature (T(b)) falls for several hours from about 35-degrees-C to values between 11 and 28-degrees-C, depending on the species, and metabolic rates fall to about 10-60% of the basal metabolic rate (BMR). In contrast during deep and prolonged torpor (hibernation), T(b) falls to about 1-5-degrees-C, metabolic rates to about 2-6% of BMR and torpor bouts last for 5-23 days. Shallow, daily torpor has been observed in the opossums (Didelphidae), the carnivorous marsupials (Dasyuridae) and the small possums (Petauridae). Daily torpor may also occur in the numbat (Myrmecobiidae) and the marsupial mole (Notoryctidae). Deep and prolonged torpor (hibernation) has been observed in the pygmy possums (Burramyidae), feathertail glider (Acrobatidae) and Dromiciops australis (Microbiotheriidae). The patterns of torpor in marsupials are paralleled by those of monotremes, placentals and even birds. These similarities in torpor patterns provide some support to the hypothesis that torpor may be plesiomorphic. However, as endothermy and torpor in birds apparently has evolved separately from that in mammals and as torpor occurrence in mammals can change within only a few generations it appears more likely that torpor in endotherms is convergent.
Diving Ability of the Platypus
Authors: Evans BK , Jones DR , Baldwin J , Gabbott GRJ
Published: June 2005

Reports of the underwater endurance of the platypus differ. In the present study, most dives observed at Melbourne Zoo were less than 3 min, but several were longer (up to 11 min). Calculated dive: surface ratios were between 2.5:1 and 20:1. Most dives in the laboratory were between 30 s and 4 min duration, and heart rate fell in all dives, from pre-dive rates of 140-230 to 10-120 beats min-1. These falls in heart rate indicate that blood supply to many tissues is restricted, but the short recovery times after dives suggest there is little anaerobic metabolism. Similarly, the distribution and properties of LDH isozymes in skeletal muscle do not suggest heavy dependence on anaerobic glycolysis, and the ability of platypus muscles to 'buffer' metabolic acids that accumulate during anaerobiosis is low relative to other diving mammals. The platypus dives after a large inspiration (about 50 mL for a 1-kg animal). Total blood volume of the platypus is not known, but haematocrit, haemoglobin concentration and oxygen-carrying capacity have been shown to be high. Myoglobin oxygen stores in platypus are about 5 mL per kg body weight. Estimates of available oxygen stores and oxygen consumption rate indicate little need for anaerobic metabolism during normal dives, and it is suggested that the platypus has the physiological capacity for greater underwater endurance than previously suggested.
Seasonal Water, Energy and Food Use by Free-Living, Arid-Habitat Mammals
Authors: Nagy KA
Published: June 2005

In arid ecosystems, the dry season is probably an especially challenging time for animals to find adequate food and water resources. Both stressful and benevolent times of the year can be identified by measuring rates of water and energy use (with doubly labelled water), diet and behaviour throughout a year in free-ranging animals. Such field studies have been completed on four species of arid-land mammals. Jackrabbits (Lepus californicus) are strict herbivores, and most Mojave Desert individuals have no access to drinking water, and depend on their food for their water. When vegetation dries up during the summer drought, most jackrabbits apparently die of dehydration and malnutrition, but populations are replenished by bountiful reproduction after winter rains. However, springbok antelope (Antidorcas marsupialis), also strict herbivores, can maintain water and energy balance throughout the year in the Kalahari in southern Africa by drinking water if available, but, if not, they obtain enough water from dietary plants, probably by feeding before dawn, when food items have taken up water from the humid air. Antelope ground squirrels (Ammospermophilus leucurus) are omnivorous in the Mojave Desert, and are active diurnally. They have lower water and energy requirements than non-desert mammals of the same body mass, like many desert mammals, but their ability to find succulent plant or animal foods in all seasons appears to be their primary survival tool. On the other hand, Merriam's kangaroo rats (Dipodomys merriami) are essentially nocturnal, and were thought to be strict granivores that never drank. A recent study, done throughout a year in the Mojave Desert, confirms their lack of drinking, but reveals that they eat much green vegetation in late winter and spring, probably in connection with reproduction. They obtain additional water throughout the year by caching dry seeds in humid burrows, where seeds take up water hygroscopically before being eaten. Although springbok, antelope ground squirrels and Merriam's kangaroo rats were in negative energy and water balance at times during the year, only jackrabbits were severely stressed by the dry season. Each species has a unique suite of desert survival mechanisms. Future research should include carnivores as well as arid-habitat marsupials.
Endotherm Energetics - From a Scalable Individual-Based Model to Ecological Applications
Authors: Porter WP , Munger JC , Stewart WE , Budaraju S , Jaeger J
Published: June 2005

We outline a computer model of heat and mass transfer through flesh, fat and porous fur for endotherms of any dimensions. We then validate it with a series of laboratory studies. Finally, we explore applications of the model to Bergmann's rule, predicting the mouse-to-elephant curve, climate-disease-toxicant interactions, animal 'design' via genetic engineering and energetic constraints on community structure. As a first test of the model we present calculations and metabolic chamber measurements for mammals ranging in size from mice to Holstein calves. We then compare simultaneous measurements on deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus, of oxygen consumption, doubly labelled water turnover and food consumption with calculations of metabolic rate using body temperature radio-telemetry as input to the endotherm model. The endotherm model derived in the Appendix requires data on allometry (body dimensions, surface area), fur properties, core temperature, air and radiant temperatures and wind speed. The model is useful for calculating energetic expenditure in different microclimates without the need for extensive physiological measurements in the laboratory. Model predictions of metabolic rate at 12-degrees-C and at 22-degrees-C were well correlated with each of the three empirical estimates. The model shows that the posture an animal assumes can influence measurements of metabolic rate. Model calculations of metabolic rate using postures ranging from a curled-up ball-like geometry to a sprawled-out, cylinder or ellipsoid geometry bracket all three sets of simultaneous empirical data taken on the same animals. Applications of the model show that it can be applied in a wide variety of circumstances to gain insight into physiological and ecological problems.
Nest of the Social Spider Phryganoporus-Candidus (Araneae, Desidae) - Structure, Annual Growth-Cycle and Host-Plant Relationships
Authors: Downes MF
Published: June 2005

Aspects of the biology of the social spider Phryganoponrs candidus (=Badumna candida) (L. Koch) in relation to its life history are described, based on data from a field and laboratory study conducted over several years at Townsville, Queensland. Host plant records and preferences are given, and an analysis made of the effects of nest height and ecotone proximity on nest occurrence. Founded between October and February as a chambered silk funnel by a solitary subadult female, the nest was enlarged by the female and her progeny into a complex retreat area and an outlying prey-trapping area. The architecture of the retreat was not an aggregation of repeated subunits. Closely adjacent nests sometimes united their prey-capture webbing to form compound nests. From a tagged sample of new-founded nests, 31% reached a stage at which thriving spiderlings were present. Numbers of spiders in nests ranged from 9 to 224 and correlated with nest size, which ranged from 70 to more than 20 000 cm(2). At the peak of nest growth in October, the stage at which subadult spiders began to disperse, about 90 spiders inhabited each nest; only 12% of new-founded nests reached this stage. Summer dispersal left nests empty; they degenerated under rain and became moribund by March. The main host plants were Zizyphus mauritiana (the chinee apple) and Dolichondrone heterophylla. Most nests occurred between 0.5 and 2.5 m from the ground but height did not influence nest success. Nests were prevalent at ecotones, although they did not thrive better there. Because so much of the social biology of spiders is integrated with the structure and function of their nests, these findings are relevant to an understanding of the evolution of sociality in spiders.
Loud Calls of the Yellow-Bellied Glider, Petaurus-Australis - Territorial Behavior by an Arboreal Marsupial
Authors: Goldingay RL
Published: June 2005

The yellow-bellied glider, Petaurus australis, is possibly the most vocal of all marsupials but little attention has been given to the functional significance of its calling behaviour. This study describes various traits of the calling behaviour and examines their significance. The traits were: (i) calling occurred throughout the night but was more frequent in the first 3 h of activity; (ii) calling frequency was significantly greater near the boundary (9.1 calls per 30 min) rather than the core (2 calls per 30 min) of glider home ranges; (iii) calling and gliding were highly correlated; (iv) calling rate was influenced by a glider's feeding behaviour; and (v) experimental playback of calls (simulating an intruder) resulted in calling rates by gliders that were significantly higher after the playback (6.3 calls per 15 min) than before the playback (2.8 calls per 15 min). Gliders approached the area of playback in 50% of tests; in one instance from a distance of 200 m. Assessment of the calling behaviour of gliders, by reference to seven functions proposed for loud calls of primates, indicates that the most likely function of calls is to mediate intergroup spacing. The traits of the calling behaviour, together with the observation that glider home ranges are virtually exclusive of those of neighbouring groups, suggest that calls serve a territorial function. The use of vocalisations appears to be the most effective method for advertising territories, which commonly exceed 50 ha. A review of the use of loud calls by other species of arboreal marsupial showed that at present there are insufficient data to enable an adequate assessment of the function of loud calls among these species.
Ecology of Helicoverpa-Armigera (Hubner) and Heliothis-Punctigera (Wallengren) in the Inland of Australia - Larval Sampling and Host-Plant Relationships During Winter and Spring
Authors: Zalucki MP , Murray DAH , Gregg PC , Fitt GP , Twine PH , Jones C
Published: June 2005

Extensive surveys during the winter months in inland areas of Australia have greatly extended both the range and known hosts of Australia's two pest Helicoverpa species. H. punctigera was the more common species, being collected from c. half of the sites sampled. Here a further 47 plant species in 8 families are recorded as possible host plants; the majority (all except two) are new records of native hosts, and greatly extend the existing lists. H. armigera was less common, being recorded from c. 10% of the 554 sites sampled. This species was reared from 28 species in 10 plant families. Both moth species are recorded for the first time from various native plant species, predominantly in the Asteraceae and Fabaceae. The Goodeniaceae is also added to the host list of both species. Determination of the status of host plants is discussed.
Gastrointestinal Nematodes of the Frillneck Lizard, Chlamydosaurus-Kingii (Agamidae), With Particular Reference to Skrjabinoptera-Goldmanae (Spirurida, Physalopteridae)
Authors: Jones HI
Published: June 2005

Maxvachonia brygooi, Strongyluris; paronai, Physalopteroides filicaudo, Abbreviata anomala, A. confusa, Skrjabinoptera goldmanae and unidentified species of Oxyuroidea and Trichostrongyloidea were recovered from the gastrointestinal tract of the frillneck lizard, Chlamydosaurus kingii, from northern Australia. The nematode fauna is similar to that found in Pogona mitchelli (Agamidae). Skrj. goldmanae was the most abundant nematode; adults were attached to the stomach wall with their anterior ends buried within the submucosa. The hosts' histopathological responses consisted of collagen proliferation with macrophage infiltration, and evidence is presented that worms in the tissues die and are resorbed. Possible explanations for this mode of feeding and for the host reaction are discussed in terms of the annual activity cycle of the lizard host.
Genetic-Variation in Yabbies, Cherax-Destructor and C-Albidus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Parastacidae), Indicates the Presence of a Single, Highly Sub-Structured Species
Authors: Campbell NJH , Geddes MC , Adams M
Published: June 2005

The high degree of morphological variability exhibited by yabbies (Cherax destructor Clark and C. albidus Clark) prompted this investigation of genetic variation, specifically addressing the taxonomy and population structure of these freshwater crayfish. Yabbies from 14 localities in South Australia and Victoria were classified morphologically and examined electrophoretically at 35 gene loci. Morphometric analysis confirmed the existence of two morphotypes with allopatric distributions. Genetic divergence between morphotypes was relatively low (average fixed differences = 4.72%, average Nei D = 0.085) compared with known interspecific levels-both generally and within the genus Cherax-and levels of divergence between populations within the morphotypes. Subspecific status for albidus is consequently advocated. This species shows evidence of a high degree of genetic fragmentation, with significant heterogeneity occurring at two or more loci between even the closest localities. Gene flow appears to be severely restricted even within drainage basins and a 'stepping-stone' model of population structure may be appropriate. This high degree of genetic fragmentation may explain the variable morphology of this species although phenotypic plasticity could also play a role. Genetic variation was chaotically distributed (the only consistent geographic pattern of divergence corresponding to the albidus morphotype), probably reflecting numerous translocations of this species. The results highlight the need for taxonomy and management to be based on genetic as well as morphological subdivisions.
Field Metabolism and Water Requirements of Spinifex Pigeons (Geophaps-Plumifera) in Western-Australia
Authors: Williams JB , Bradshaw D , Schmidt L
Published: June 2005

Spinifex pigeons (Geophaps plumifera) are one of the few avian species that have evolved the capacity to reside in the hot and dry regions of central and north-western Australia. Previous investigation has revealed that their basal metabolic rate (BMR) equals only 68% of allometric prediction. In this study, we addressed the hypothesis that these birds have a reduced field metabolic rate (FMR) and water influx as a result of their lowered BMR. We measured the FMR and water flux of free-living spinifex pigeons by means of the doubly labelled water method. Although body mass of free-living male and female pigeons differed significantly, with males weighing on average 90.8 +/- 7.7 g (+/- s.d.) and females 80.2 +/- 5.6 g, FMR was statistically indistinguishable between sexes. For sexes combined, FMR averaged 139.9 mL CO2 h-1, or 73.5 kJ day-1, a value 38.7% of allometric expectation. These data support the hypothesis that spinifex pigeons have a markedly reduced FMR, probably, in part, the result of a depressed BMR compared with other birds of similar size. Our phylogenetic analysis of the BMR of pigeons lacked sufficient data to determine whether a reduced BMR in Australian pigeons was the consequence of ecological adaptation or phylogenetic constraint. Water influx ranged from 2.5 to 39.0 mL day-1 and averaged 18.4 mL day-1. Of the total water intake, 83.5% came from drinking; their food, seeds, supplied about 4%. Maintenance metabolism, energy allocated to basal plus thermoregulatory metabolism, accounted for about 67% of the average FMR, indicating that the activity requires relatively low energy expenditure in these birds.
Laboratory Adaptation and Inbreeding in Helicoverpa-Punctigera (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae)
Authors: Cacoyianni Z , Kovacs IV , Hoffmann AA
Published: June 2005

Inbreeding in the noctuid moth Helicoverpa punctigera was examined by crossing moths within and between families set up from field-collected females. There were large inbreeding effects for larval viability, and smaller effects for adult size and larval/pupal developmental time. Size and developmental time were compared in two recently collected strains from Western Australia and Victoria, and in two strains from these locations held in the laboratory for eight or 12 generations. In both laboratory-adapted strains, the length of a hindwing vein was reduced and the time spent at the pupal stage was extended. There were also changes in pupal weight but these were inconsistent. Means of F1s from crosses between the strains were intermediate for hindwing length and pupal weight, while F1 means for pupal developmental time were similar to those of recently collected strains. This suggests that some changes in established stocks were due to laboratory adaptation rather than inbreeding. A comparison of lines held for one or four generations in the laboratory indicated changes in hindwing length and pupal developmental time in the same direction as those observed in crosses between established and new laboratory stocks.