bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive study on the isolation and characterization of the hela S3 nuclear matrix
Authors: Belgrader Phillip , Siegel Alan J. , Berezney Ronald
Published: April 2021

Different agents have been employed to extract the histones and other soluble components from isolated HeLa S3 nuclei during nuclear matrix isolation. We report that 0.2 M (NH4)2SCL is a milder extracting agent than NaCl and LIS (lithium 3,5-diiodosali-cylate), on the basis of the apparent preservation of the elaborate fibrogranular network and the residual nucleolus that resemble the in situ structures in whole cells and nuclei, minimal aggregation, and sufficient solubilization of DNA and histones.

The importance of intermolecular disulfide bonds, RNA and 37 °C stabilization on the structural integrity of the nuclear matrix was examined in detail using sulfydryl alkylating, reducing and oxidizing agents, and RNase A. The data suggest that any disulfides formed during the isolation are not essential for maintaining the structural integrity of the in vitro matrix. However, structural integrity of the matrix is dependent upon RNA and to some degree on disulfides that presumably existed in situ. Sodiumtetrathionate and 37 °C stabilization of isolated nuclei resulted in nuclear matrices containing an approximately twofold greater amount of protein, RNA and DNA than control preparations. The 37°C incubation, unlike the sodium tetrathionate stabilization, does not appear to induce intermolecular disulfide bond formation. Neither stabilizations resulted in significant differences of the major matrix polypeptide pattern on two-dimensional (2-D) gels stained with Coomassie Blue as compared to that of unstabilized matrix.

The major nuclear matrix proteins, other than the lamins, did not react to the Pruss murine monoclonal antibody (IFA) that recognizes all known intermediate filament proteins, suggesting that the internal matrix proteins are not related to the lamins in intermediate filament-like quality.
Monoclonal antibodies to plant nuclear matrix reveal intermediate filament- related components within the nucleus
Authors: Beven Alison , Guan Yuhong , Peart Jan , Cooper Christine , Shaw Peter
Published: April 2021

We have prepared a nuclear matrix fraction from purified nuclei of carrot (Daucus carota L.) suspension culture cells, and used this fraction to produce a library of monoclonal antibodies. We report the preliminary characterisation of two antibodies – JIM 62 and JIM 63. The antibodies recognise a polypeptide doublet band at 92×103Mr, which has been partially purified by differential urea extraction. Other intermediate filament antibodies – ME 101, which recognises an epitope conserved among many intermediate filament proteins, and AFB, a monoclonal antibody to plant intermediate filament proteins, and an autoimmune serum directed against human lamins A and C (LSI), also label these bands, suggesting they are related to the intermediate filament/lamin family. IFA, another intermediate filament antibody, labels a band at approximately 60×103Mr which is also enriched in the urea extracts of nuclear matrices. Immunofluorescence microscopy with JIM 63, ME 101, AFB and LSI shows network-like staining, often extending around the nucleolus. In many cases the staining reveals structures that appear to be bundles of fibres. JIM 63 also shows a weak staining of the nuclear rim in carrot nuclei, which can be greatly enhanced by treatment of the specimen with cold methanol after fixation. JIM 63 cross-reacts with all the other plant species we have tested. Vibratome sections of pea roots, extracted as for nuclear matrix preparation and stained with JIM 63 show a clear, strong nuclear rim labelling. Furthermore, JIM 63 strongly labels the nuclear lamina in rat liver nuclei. We suggest that the 92×103Mr protein(s) are related to intermediate filaments and/or lamins, and are distributed both within the nucleus and at the nuclear periphery.
Evidence that intermediate filament reorganization is induced by ATP-dependent contraction of the actomyosin cortex in permeabilized fibroblasts
Authors: Tint I. S. , Hollenbeck P. J. , Verkhovsky A. B. , Surgucheva I. G. , Bershadsky A. D.
Published: April 2021

Intermediate filaments (IFs) undergo specific rearrangements in cells, some aspects of which can be induced experimentally. Centripetal aggregation of the IF network, for example, can be produced by a variety of perturbations. However, the source of motive force is clear for neither in vivo nor experimentally generated IF movements, since, unlike microtubules and actin filaments, IFs have no known force-generating system directly associated with them. We recently obtained evidence that the drug-induced aggregation of vimentin IFs in fibroblasts is an active event, which requires ATP and involves the actin cytoskeleton. In the present study, we sought to test the hypothesis that IF aggregation is driven by a centripetally directed contraction of the actomyosin cortex. To that end, we have permeabilized fibroblasts with Triton X-100 in a stabilizing buffer and reactivated cytoskeletal movements in vitro, under defined solution conditions. Upon nucleotide treatment, these permeabilized cells undergo a nucleotide-dependent centripetal aggregation of vimentin IFs similar in appearance and time course to that induced in intact cells by drug treatment. During in vitro IF aggregation, the permeabilized cells remain fully spread and adherent to the substratum, and the distal ends of the microtubules and actin microfilaments retain their positions in the cell periphery. IF aggregation is accompanied by a contraction of F-actin and myosin into focal aggregates in the same perinuclear region in which the IFs accumulate. If permeabilized cells are treated with the actin-severing protein gelsolin prior to the reactivation of IF movement, the actin cytoskeleton is eliminated and IF aggregation fails to occur when ATP is added. These results strongly support a model in which the motive force for IF movement is supplied indirectly by association with a contracting actomyosin network.
Purification and physical properties of nematode mini-titins and their relation to twitchin
Authors: Nave Rüdiger , Fürst Dieter , Vinkemeier Uwe , Weber Klaus
Published: April 2021

We have isolated mini-t Ítin from the nematodes Ascaris hunbricoides and Caenorhabditis elegans under native conditions using a modification in the procedure to prepare this protein from insect muscle. The proteins have an apparent molecular weight of 600 000 and appear in oriented specimens as flexible thin rods with a length around 240–250 nm. The circular dichroism spectrum of the Ascaris protein is dominated by β-structure. The proteins react with antibodies to insect mini-titin and also with antibodies raised against peptides contained in the sequence predicted for twitchin, the product of the Caenorhabditis elegans unc-22 gene. Antibodies to insect mini-titin decorate the body musculature as well as the pharynx of wild-type C. elegans in immunofluorescence microscopy. In the twitchin mutant E66 only the pharynx is decorated. We conclude that the mini-titins of invertebrate muscles defined earlier by ultrastructural criteria are very likely to be twitchins, i.e. molecules necessary for normal muscle contraction. We discuss the molecular properties of the proteins in the light of the sequence established for twitchin.
Oxidative metabolism and heat shock-enhanced chemiluminescence in Dictyostelium discoideum
Authors: Fisher P. R. , Karampetsos P. , Wilczynska Z. , Rosenberg L. T.
Published: April 2021

During early differentiation starving Dictyostelium discoideum amoebae produce a burst of light that is enhanced by heat shock at the beginning of development. We report here pharmacological, genetic and spectral evidence that the chemiluminescence results from lipid peroxidation reactions following oxygen reduction by leakage of electrons from ubiquinone in mitochondrial electron transport, andperhaps by peroxisomal oxidation of urate. Our results are consistent with the view that heat shock causes oxidative stress, which in turn induces heat shock proteins and production of reduced oxygen metabolites.
Notice of some new species of british fresh-water diatomaceæ
Authors: Gregory William
Published: April 2021

Having examined with some minuteness the fossil Diatoms in the Mull earth and in the Glenshira sand, both of which deposits yielded a very large number of species, I felt desirous to compare with them the species at present living in our waters. Accordingly I obtained, from various friends, gatherings from a great many different localities, both in England and in Scotland. Those which I have been able to study with some care, up to the present time, are almost all from fresh water, and, postponing to a future opportunity an account of the marine gatherings, I propose now very briefly to notice the results obtained from a number of fresh-water gatherings, more especially with reference to such species as are either altogether new or new to Britain.
Leuckart on the micropyle and minute structure of the egg-shell in insects
Authors: Archiv Müller’s
Published: April 2021

The Author, from observations made upon the ova of 180 insects belonging to the most various groups, is induced to come to the following conclusions. As regards more especially the existence of a micropyle, he conceives that no doubt can be entertained with respect to the following points : That this apparatus is characteristic of all insect ova ;That it consists sometimes of a simple, sometimes of a compound orifice, which passes through the tunics of the ovum, and servesFor the admission of the spermatic filaments.
Remarks on DR. Stein’S Doctrine respecting the Acineta-Forms
Authors: Cienkowski Dr. H.
Published: April 2021

Stein’s observations respecting the Infusoria have justly excited great astonishment among the micrographers. The wonderful phenomena of “Alternation of Generations” have been represented by this observer as occurring more extensively among the Protozoa than perhaps in any other class of animals. The Vorticellina, in consequence of a process of “encysting,” are transformed into Acinetœ, and these again into Vorticellæ, by means of internal motile embryos, which are emitted from them.
Description of a new form of naked-eyed medusa (Thaumantias achroa), with histological details
Authors: Cobbold T. Spencer
Published: April 2021

On the 13th of August, 1856, after filling a marine aquarium, containing about three gallons of water, I detected a small naked-eyed Medusa swimming vigorously near the surface. This minute creature was immediately made the subject of careful study, and it turned out to be a species of Thaumantias new to Britain (fig. 1, Pl. I). So far as I can ascertain, it has not been described by any author abroad; I have therefore thought it worthy of a separate notice. The water containing the Medusa had been procured four days previously from the shore near Leith, and had been kept in an earthen vessel hermetically closed. The animal was only preserved alive until the 16th of the same month, in consequence of injuries sustained during a prolonged and often-repeated microscopic examination.
On the cultivation of mosses
Authors: Higgins H. H. , Ward N. B.
Published: April 2021

I send a few particulars respecting the cultivation of Mosses, of which about two hundred and forty species have been planted in my bryarium, which is a glass case about 4 feet 6 inches long, 22 inches from back to front, and 26 inches in height. It is fitted with shelves, and has two doors, one of which is generally left only partially closed. The plants are in separate pots, and are never removed from the case, but are kept in the shade and frequently watered with a syringe. Care is taken to procure suitable kinds of soil; but in most instances the soil is sparingly used, the pots being more than half filled with drainage.
Notes of the Microscopical Examination of a Loose Cartilage from the Knee Joint
Authors: Webb W. Woodham
Published: April 2021

The cartilage on which these observations were made, was removed from the knee-joint of an elderly man in the Norfolk and Norwich Hospital, by my friend Mr. Cadge, surgeon to that institution. It was of somewhat larger size than is usual in such formations, and was of a flattened and elongated shape. Its general appearance was that of a nodule of fibro-cartilage, but the section towards the interior gave rise to a rough gritty sensation, and showed a darker and uneven surface. When dried, the internal parts were quite opaquè, and crumbled away if scraped.
On the Optical Powers of the Microscope
Authors: Rylands P. G.
Published: April 2021

The period has not yet arrived when even all those who employ the microscope methodically, as a means of scientific investigation, possess an intelligent comprehension of the principles on which it is constructed and the nature of its powers as an optical instrument. There is a large region beyond mere manipulation, into which few apparently care to enter. The writers of our introductory treatises have been curiously imitative in dealing with this portion of their duty. They indulge us with nearly the same very elementary diagrams, refer us to Ross’s capital article “Microscope,” in the ‘Penny Cyclopædia,’ and then, with here and there only a trifling exception, leave the matter pretty much as they found it. Surely the time has arrived which calls for more than this; when an optical treatise on the microscope, worthy of the name, is not only desired by the few but required for the many. In the meantime, until this boon be granted, your pages will continue to do good service by dealing with these matters, and, as heretofore, in such a manner as to secure to your readers a large store of information.
Zur kenntniss des generationswechsels und der Parthenogenesis bei den Insecten
Authors: Leuckart Von Rud.
Published: April 2021

The author commences with some general remarks on the bibliography and history of the subject,* and proceeds to describe the ovaries of the oviparous and viviparous Aphides. His observations on these insects, though not carried so far, agree very closely with those previously made by Professor Huxley.
The Rotation of Coloured Discs Applied to facilitate the Study of the Laws of Harmonious Colouring, and to the Multiplication of Images of Objects into Kaleidoscopic Combinations
Authors: Gorham John
Published: April 2021

In this paper I purpose to show how the rotation of coloured discs may be adapted—first, to assist in the investigation of the laws of harmonious colouring, and secondly, to the construction of combinations of perfect symmetry of form and colour, which result from the multiplication of images of simple patterns used as objects. Such combinations are so beautiful that they may be said to vie with, even if not to surpass, those of the kaleidoscope; and although the principle of multiplication is different in the two instruments, yet the resemblance between the figures is sufficiently strong to induce me to designate the apparatus which produces such forms by rotation as the Kaleidoscopic Colour-top.
Half-hours with the Microscope; being a popular guide to the use of the microscope as a means of amusement and instruction
Authors: West Tuffen
Published: April 2021

This unpretending little book is really one of considerable worth, and will be found interesting to a large class of incipient microscopic observers, who use their instrument more for the purposes of rational amusement than with any actual scientific object. Its great value depends upon the plates, which are filled to repletion with accurate and well-drawn figures of a vast number of objects culled with much discrimination, from almost every department of natural history. To say that the figures have been executed by Tuffen West is to say that they are good and faithful representations of what they profess to delineate—and as we presume the objects were themselves selected by that gentleman, his judgment appears to have been as well exerted in that selection as his skill in the representation of the things selected.
Researches on the Development of the Gregarinæ
Authors: Beneden Edouard Van
Published: April 2021

The development of the Gregarinæ has been the object of a great number of investigations, and has exercised the sagacity of a number of distinguished observers. Nevertheless, at the present time it is not fully elucidated. The relation existing between the Gregarinæ and the psorospermic vesicles was first perceived by von Siebold,1 Henle,2 and von Frantzius,3 and definitely demonstrated by the beautiful researches of Stein,4 Kôlliker,5 and Lieberkühn.6 It appears well established that, although sometimes two Gregarinæ conjugate, fusing subsequently into a common mass in one and the same cyst (Stein), yet the conjugation does not necessarily precede the encystment, and often a single Gregarine transforms itself into a vesicle (Bruch, Frantzius, Leuckart, and myself), to give birth, quite as in the first case, to a great number of psorosperms. There are certain Gregarinæ in which the conjugation is never observed; others which one finds always apposed (Zygocystis, Didymophyes), either by their analogous extremities, or by their opposite extremities (Gregarinæ).
An Improved Apparatus for Drawing with the Microscope
Authors: Newton E. T.
Published: April 2021

The camera lucida, which is very generally used for drawing with the microscope, has, in common with most of the instruments used for this purpose, the disadvantage of requiring the microscope body to be placed in a horizontal position.
On Remak’s Ciliated Vesicles and Corneous Filaments of the Peritoneum of the Frog
Authors: Klein E.
Published: April 2021

Remak describes (Müller’s ‘Archiv,’ 1841, p. 451) in the mesogastrium of the frog, especially in the neighbourhood of the pancreas, parasitic formations, -l line in length, line in thickness, of cylindrical shape, of solid consistence, and varying in colour from a clear to a dark brown. It is but seldom that they end in a point at either extremity ; in most part they appear transversely truncated. Most of them are enclosed in the tissue of the mesentery, only a few projecting above the surface. They lie either in groups, crossing each other irregularly with microscopic vesicular cavities or larger filaments, are so embedded, that they are fixed with their two extremities in two perfectly different cysts, formed of concentric layers of “cell fibres,” while their middle portion exhibits no special envelope, or also, on its part, possesses a similar layer of cell fibres as a covering, which gradually pass into the fibres of the two ends. Very often, according to Remak, such (dumb-bell) shaped bodies are connected with each other like a chain, or it sometimes happens that several dark filaments lie in a single such dumb-bell shaped body. Most of the corneous filaments (as these filaments are described by Remak) exhibit abundant short lateral thorn-shaped outgrowths ; only a few are smooth superficially. Remak proceeds to say, that he once had an opportunity of convincing himself upon a pale yellow transparent corneous filament, one line in length, that it consisted of a bundle of hollow fibrillæ united with each other in the direction of their length. others I have seen in which this body was double
Reviews: A Monograph of the Gymnoblastic or Tubularian Hydroids Parti
Authors: Allman Geo J.
Published: April 2021

Although, generally speaking, it is better to await the completion of a work before it is reviewed, it is impossible, in the present instance, not to welcome the appearance, though only in part, of Professor Allman’s long and anxiously looked for Monograph on the Hydroida. In one sense, moreover, the present part of the monograph may be regarded as an independent work, seeing that it is entirely devoted to the consideration of the life history of the Hydroida, or their “general morphological or physiological relations as a great natural group,” whilst the second part will be devoted more especially to the consideration of the Tubularinæ, including a description in detail of all the genera and species of which that subdivision is composed.
On the Phenomena Accompanying the Maturation and Impregnation of the Ovum
Authors: Balfour F. M.
Published: April 2021

The brilliant discoveries of Strasburger and Auerbach have caused the attention of a large number of biologists to be turned to the phenomena accompanying the division of nuclei and the maturation and impregnation of the ovum. The results of the recent investigations on the first of these points formed the subject of an article by Mr. Priestley in the sixteenth volume of this Journal, and the object of the present article is to give some account of what has so far been made out with reference to the second of them. The matters to be treated of naturally fall under two heads : (1) the changes attending the ripening of the ovum, which are independent of impregnation ; (2) the changes which are directly due to impregnation.
On the Nature of Fermentation
Authors: Lister Joseph
Published: April 2021

Gentlemen,—In making my first appearance as a teacher in King’s College, I cannot refrain from expressing my deep sense of the honour conferred upon me by the invitation to occupy the chair which I now hold; and, at the same time, my earnest hope that the confidence thus reposed in me may not prove to have been misplaced.

In considering how I could best discharge my duty as the person selected to deliver the Introductory Address of the Medical Session, I have felt that two courses were open to me: either to spend the short but important time at my disposal in an endeavour to convey to the student some sense of the exalted privileges, and correspondingly high responsibilities, of the beneficent calling to which he proposes to devote himself, or to treat on some special subject, in the hope that I might say something which should have interest and, if possible, even instruction, not only for the student, but also for the eminent men whom I have the honour to see around me. The latter is the course which I have decided to follow, and the subject which I have selected is a short account of an inquiry in which I have been engaged in the interval between the cessation of my official duties in Edinburgh and their commencement here. The object of that investigation was to obtain, if possible, some more precise and definite knowledge of the essential nature of a class of phenomena which interest alike the physician, the surgeon, and the accoucheur. I allude to the changes in organic substances which are designated by the general term fermentation.
Original Communications: Note on Gyrodactylus Elegans
Authors: Cobbold T. Spencer
Published: April 2021

Mr. Bradley, F.L.S., having lately drawn the attention of parasitologists to the occurrence of Gyrodactylus on Sticklebacks taken from the ponds on Hampstead Heath, I have recently sought for this curious genus of ectozoa on Gasterostei obtained from the Serpentine in Hyde Park.
Observations on Vegetable Amœboid Bodies
Authors: Hicks J. Braxton
Published: April 2021

In a communication published in ‘Microscopical Trans.,’ April, 1860, I pointed out an amoeboid condition in the zoospore of Volvox globator, which I had observed some years previously, and compared this observation with some of a kindred nature by other naturalists.
On the Spinal Nerves of Amphioxus
Authors: Balfour F. M.
Published: April 2021

In an interesting memoir devoted to the elucidation of a series of points in the anatomy and development of the Vertebrata, Schneider1 has described what he believes to be motor nerves in Amphioxus, which spring from the anterior side of the spinal cord. According to Schneider these nerves have been overlooked by all previous observers except Stieda.
The Coffee-leaf Disease of Ceylon
Authors: Dyer W. T. Thiselton
Published: April 2021

During the last ten years a parasitic fungus has devastated the coffee plantations of Ceylon and Southern India, and is now slowly spreading eastward through the coffee-growing countries of the old world. Its history commands our attention as the enemy of one of the most important industries of the tropical possessions of the empire. In itself, moreover, it is an interesting biological study, supplying, as it does, a striking analogy in its first appearance, progress, and effects, to the epidemic diseases of animals, in regard to which, however, so far, there is only a presumptive probability in favour of the view that the physiological disturbances or organic lesions which are characteristic of them are due to the introduction into their tissues and subsequent multiplication thereof some extraneous organism.
On the structure and homologies of the germinal layers of the embryo1
Authors: Balfour F. M.
Published: April 2021

The discovery by Pander and Von Baer that the young embryos of vertebrated animals were formed of distinct layers of cells known as the germinal layers, and that there were special and constant relations between these layers and the adult organs throughout the group, remained for a long time an isolated fact. In 1859 Huxley made an important step towards the explanation of the nature of these layers by comparing them with the ectoderm and endoderm of the Hydrozoa.
Contributions to the Minute Anatomy of the Nasal Mucous Membrane
Authors: Klein E.
Published: April 2021

In the present paper I propose to describe the structure of the organ of Jacobson, and of the mucous membrane lining the anterior portion of the nasal cavity in the adult guinea-pig, and in future papers, soon to follow, to extend these observations to the same organs in the rabbit, mouse, dog, ape, and man.
Notes on Echinoderm Morphology, No. X. On the Supposed Presence of Symbiotic Algæ in Antedon rosacea
Authors: Herbert Carpenter P.
Published: April 2021

The anatomical monograph on Antedon rosacea which has been recently published by Messrs. Vogt and Yung,1 contains the exposition of a new theory as to the nature of the sacculi, those problematical structures which have hitherto so completely puzzled all the various naturalists who have devoted any attention to the Crinoidea. These vesicular bodies, to which the name sacculi was given by Dr. Carpenter,2 were regarded by him as possibly sense-organs, by Edward Forbes as ovaries, by Wyville Thomson as calcareous glands, and as possibly excretory organs by Perrier,3 with whom Ludwig4 was inclined to agree ; while Vogt and Yung describe them as symbiotic algæ,5
Studies on Earthworms.No. III. Criodrilus lacuum, Hoffmeister
Authors: Benham William Blaxland
Published: April 2021

Thanks to the kindness of Dr. Örley, who, at Professor Ray Lankester’s request, sent him a bottle containing a large number of Criodrilus preserved in spirit, and including both sexually mature and young specimens, as well as cocoons, I have been enabled to make a study of this interesting worm. The specimens are all in a good state of preservation, and I have been able to add several new facts concerning its anatomy. This is the first time that figures illustrating the general anatomy of Criodrilus have been published. Hoffmeister1 gives a coloured figure of the worm, and of the cocoon, showing their natural size and appearance, but with no details as to setæ, pores, &c.; Vejdovsky2 has already published excellent figures of various portions or organs of the worm; e. g. the ovary, nephridial funnel, setæ, transverse section of the body, so that I have not repeated these. Dr. Örley3 added drawings of the prostomium, as well as of that of another worm which he described as Criodrilus dubiosus; but in his paper, published in the present number of this Journal, he makes no reference to this worm. He, however, mentions Allolobophora dubiosa as occurring with C. lacuum, so that, presumably, they are one and the same animal. But with all these figures no general view of the worm has been given.
The Relation of the Nemertea to the Vertebrata
Authors: Hubrecht A. A. W.
Published: April 2021

In venturing at the close of my Report on the Nemertea, collected by ILM.S. “Challenger,” to leave the region of demonstrated facts and actual observations, and to enter upon that of speculation and suggestion, I gladly availed myself of the permission for so doing granted to me by the editor, Mr. John Murray. I thought it necessary to ask for that permission, because general speculations on the ancestry of the Chordata hardly appeared to me to fit into the framework of those Reports. My desire in this case to deviate from a rule which I held to be salutary, was due to the fact that of late these speculations have been conducted along very varying channels, an entirely new one having only very lately been opened by Bateson’s important series of papers on Balanoglossus. An attempt to give more depth to one of these channels, and thus to lead into it the attention of a greater number of my fellow-workers, especially commended itself to me, since it was my conviction that the lines laid down by myself in former publications derived considerable support from the “Challenger “material, and were thus entitled to a renewed and full consideration.
On the Fate of the Muscle-Plate, and the Development of the Spinal Nerves and Limb Plexuses in Birds and Mammals
Authors: Paterson A. M.
Published: April 2021

The late Professor Balfour1 showed that the spinal nerves in Elasmobranchs spring entirely from epiblastic origins, and the same has been proved conclusively regarding the roots at least of the spinal nerves in birds and mammals, by the researches of Milnes Marshall,2 His,3 and others. The most complete account of the early stages in the development of the nerves in higher Vertebrates is that of Marshall.2 He has traced the roots of the nerves from their origin from the spinal cord to the point when they unite together to form the mixed nerve. From that point onwards there is uncertainty. Though it is considered highly probable that the further growth of the nerves consists of an extension towards the periphery of the original epiblastic elements, still it has not been proved that this is so. It has not hitherto been shown that the nerve-trunks, after the junction of the two roots, are not formed from the cells of the mesoblast.
On the Quadrate in the Mammalia.
Authors: Baur G.
Published: April 2021

In what skeletal piece in the Mammalia is the quadrate of the Sauropsida and Ichthyopsida to be looked for? is a question which has received very varied answers.
On the Hæmoglobin Crystals of Rodents’ Blood
Authors: Halliburton W. D.
Published: April 2021

The crystals of hæmoglobin since their first discovery have been described by various observers as occurring in no less than five out of the six crystallographic systems. Subsequent investigators have reduced this number to two, namely, the rhombic system, in which the hæmoglobin from, the blood of most animals crystallises; and the hexagonal system, in which that from the blood of certain rodents is said to crystallise.
On the Intra-Ovarian Egg of Some Osseous Fishes
Authors: Scharff Robert
Published: April 2021

The following researches were carried out during the past summer while acting as assistant to Professor McIntosh, at the St. Andrew’s Marine Laboratory. The fresh material for the investigations was taken from St. Andrew’s Bay, which is extremely rich in all kinds of animal life. Professor McIntosh kindly placed at my disposal many preserved ovaries and ova from his large collection, which served me for sections. But my contributions to the history of development leave a good many gaps to be filled up by future observers, as I was not able to obtain a consecutive series of the ovaries of any species. If an ovary be opened it is generally found to contain eggs of a certain size only, and in order to get an entire succession of the various stages, ovaries of the same species should be procured at different seasons of the year. It is not possible to see all the phases of development in one and the same ovary. There is one form, however, which abounds near St. Andrews, and which, due to its spawning period being spread over several months, contains ova of almost all sizes. This is the gurnard (Trigla gurnardus). It is in many other points a very suitable object for investigation.
Studies on the Comparative Anatomy of Sponges: I. On the Genera Ridleia, n. gen., and Quasillina, Norman
Authors: Dendy Arthur
Published: April 2021

Some months ago, when going over the large collection of Sponges in the British Museum, I came upon a curious little specimen,1 which a cursory examination soon showed to be of exceptional interest. I was therefore led to make a careful investigation of the minute anatomy, and soon discovered that the specimen in question was the type of a new genus of Monaxonid Sponges allied to Quasillina on the one hand, and Suberites on the other. For purposes of comparison, I was further led to make as complete a re-examination as possible of the minute anatomy of Quasillina, which led to an almost complete confirmation of what Dr. Vosmaer has already published on the subject, and also to the discovery of some interesting new points.
On the Ancestral Development of the Respiratory Organs in the Decapodous Crustacea
Authors: Buchanan Florence
Published: April 2021

In the Crayfish, so well known to all students of zoology, our attention is attracted to the varying positions of the gills, and, in reading Professor Huxley’s book, especially devoted to this Crustacean, we are led to compare the different positions of these organs and their relations to each other in the different segments in many of the Decapods. In so doing the question arises as to how they have come to be situated as they are, and it is to this question that I propose, in the following paper, to attempt an answer. It must, I am afraid, be only a suggestion as to the real answer, since several details in the development of the various forms would have to be carefully worked out in order to prove the whole theory true.
Notes on the Anatomy of Scorpions. I.—External Sexual Characters
Authors: Narayanan Muliyil
Published: April 2021

It is stated in certain text-books that male Scorpions differ from the females in having broader chelae and a longer postabdomen. Professor Bourne has pointed out to me that these characters are not, at any rate in the species which we have examined, valid. The chelae of the male are indeed, in the species Scorpio (Pandinus) fulvipes, which is common in Madras, narrower than those of the female.
The Early Stages in the Development of Disti-chopora violacea, with a Short Essay on the Fragmentation of the Nucleus
Authors: Hickson Sydney J. , Oxon Cantab. et
Published: April 2021

The material upon which I have made my investigations was in part collected by me in N. Celebes, and in part by Professor A. C. Haddon in Torres Straits. Some of the specimens were treated with strong alcohol alone, others with corrosive sublimate followed by alcohol. For decalcification I have entirely used nitric acid.
Das Mikroskop, und die mikroskopische Technik; ein Hand-buch fur Arzte und Studirende. (The Microscope, and its Mode of Application, &c.)
Authors: Frey Heinrich
Published: April 2021

A well got-up and imposing-looking work on the microscope has lately appeared under the above title, which, however, is anything but fully expressive of its contents. The work, in fact, consists of two principal divisions. The first 156 pages only relate to the instrument itself, its appurtenances, and the various methods to be followed in the observation, preparation, and preservation of objects; the remainder, except the last 22 pages, is simply a sort of compendium of such parts of histology as may be useful to the medical student. The last 22 pages, which are numbered consecutively to the rest, and evidently intended.to form part of the book, contain merely lists of prices of the various forms of instruments constructed by all the more eminent continental and English makers — matters, we should conceive, hardly worthy of being placed in the body, as it were, of a professedly scientific work, though useful enough perhaps to the student who may be in search of an instrument, and at a loss to know where to look for one suited to his wants or means
Review: Lectures on the Elements of Comparative Anatomy
Authors: Huxley Thomas Henry
Published: April 2021

This work consists substantially of the lectures delivered by Professor Huxley in the spring of 1863, at the Royal College of Surgeons of England, in discharge of his duties as Hunterian Professor of Comparative Anatomy and Physiology to the College. Although this work may be regarded as fragmentary, consisting, as it does in the first place, of six lectures on the Classification of Animals, and eight lectures on the Vertebrate Skull, the author hopes eventually to bring out subsequently other courses of lectures, and thus to produce a systematic work on Comparative Anatomy. Those who have in any manner regarded the publications of Professor Huxley, will be glad of the prospect of having presented to them a systematic view of the opinions held by one who has distinguished himself by his contributions to almost every department of zoological and physiological inquiry. Professor Huxley says, with regard to this work, that in intention therefore the present work is the first of a series, to be followed in due order by a second volume on “Man and the other Primates,” and a third on the remaining Mammalia, and so on. As far as the inquiries with the microscope are concerned, we must content ourselves with drawing attention to those parts of the present volume which are devoted to the classification of animals. We cannot pretend to follow Professor Huxley into those details which lead him to differ with Professor Owen with regard to the theoretical structure of the vertebrate skull. We can only say, with regard to this second part of his work, that it will afford to all students of comparative anatomy, an example of how great is the power of analysis demanded of, and how wide are the inquiries of, the philosophical anatomist. It is only in a very subsidiary way that the minute inquiries of the microscopist can assist the anatomical.philosopher in arriving at the general laws which regulate the morphology of the higher classes of the animal kingdom.
The Aseptic Cultivation of Mycetozoa
Authors: Miller Casper O.
Published: April 2021

Until the work of de Bary nothing was known about the development of Mycetozoa further than that they appeared as a slimy mass from which the sporangia were formed. He made a short report (1) on the development of the zoospores from the spores at the “Naturforscherversammlung,” in Göttingen, in 1854, which was followed by his other publications (2, 3). He speaks (8) of keeping portions of plasmodia in glass dishes containing water, or on slides, but they died in a few days without forming sporangia. Spores of Æthalium septicum, planted on moistened tan on the 2nd of May, showed at the beginning of July colourless plasmodia, which continued through July without further development. Another culture of spores of the same plasmodium, planted the 13th of August, developed many zoospores, and on the 8th of October plasmodia were seen. Spores of Lycogala, planted in a dish containing water and decaying pine-wood, developed zoospores within twenty-four hours ; about the fourteenth day there were plasmodia present, which at the end of a fortnight had died without forming sporangia. He also planted spores of Stemonitis obtusata on decaying pine-wood, and found plasmodia on the fourteenth day, but they did not develop further. De Bary was unable to determine whether the plasmodia developed from a single zoospore or by the fusion of a number of zoospores.
On the Reaction of Daphnia magna (Straus) to certain Changes in its Environment
Authors: Warren Ernest
Published: April 2021

For some years I have been engaged in breeding Daphnia magna (Straus), for the purpose of obtaining data which would be of value in testing the current theories, of heredity. The investigation has led me to a series of experiments on the action of common salt, and on the effect of a confined volume of water on this animal. Some of the results seem to present certain features of considerable interest and of wide biological significance; they illustrate how closely the organism is knit to its external conditions of life.
Further Remarks on the Development of Amphioxus
Authors: MacBride E. W.
Published: April 2021

In 1897 I published in this Journal (6) a paper entitled “The Early Development of Amphioxus.” In this work it was shown—(1) that the gut wall is all formed by the endoderm, and that the blastopore is at first posterior and subsequently displaced on to the dorsal surface; (2) that the mesoderm originated from five distinct rudiments, viz. (a) an anterior pouch of the gut, from which the head cavities are formed ; (b) a pair of dorso-lateral pouches which give rise to the first pair of myotomes, and to long ventral sac-like outgrowths of the same which extend back into the atrial ridges; and (c) a pair of dorso-lateral grooves in the gut wall extending back to the blastopore, which gradually become separated off in front, and at the same time divided up to form all the myotonies which succeed the first.
The Anatomy and Classification of the Arenicolidæ, with some Observations on their Post-larval Stages
Authors: Gamble F. W. , Ashworth J. H.
Published: April 2021

Although the literature which treats of the anatomy of Arenicolais a large and growing one, there are several structures, such as the nervous system, the nephridia, the “hearts” and “heart-body,” which have received little or no attention from anatomists such as de Quatrefages, Grube, Claparède, Pruvot, Racovitza, who have contributed largely to a knowledge of the comparative morphology of Polychætes. Embryologists have neglected the Arenicolidæ even more. Wilson’s early paper (1882)1 still remains the only account of the development of an Arenicola (A. cristata) from the egg up to the early post-larval stage, and naturally enough only deals with the external features. In 1893 the post-larval stage of the common lugworm was identified by Dr. Benham, and though his decision was soon afterwards questioned by Mesnil (1897), Benham’s statements have since received full confirmation. It is not our purpose to give in this place a full résumé of past or recent work on the Arenicolidæ, but merely to point out that both in morphology and embryology there are lacunæ where our present knowledge is scanty or entirely lacking. This statement applies, moreover, to the groups with which it has been suggested, though on somewhat slender grounds, that the Arenicolidæ are allied, namely, the Maldanidæ on the one hand and the Scalibregmidæ on the other. For all we know to the contrary, these families may represent three more or less parallel but independent modifications. Their relationship can only be adequately discussed when the modifications of structure and development of each family are known as a whole. With reference to the Scalibregmidæ, for example, many of the structural features are Only known through the work of Rathke (1843) or of Danielssen (1859). Even more recent writers, such as Wirén (1887), have been content, when dealing with the vascular system or the subdivision of the body-cavity, to record the results of the examination of one or two genera without even determining the limits of specific differences, which at any rate in the Arenicolidæ extend from obvious external marks to the mode of origin of the gonads, or the grade of development of certain ganglion-cells in the nerve-cord.
The Scottish Silurian Scorpion
Authors: Pocock R. I.
Published: April 2021

Our knowledge of the existence of scorpions in marine beds of Upper Silurian age dates from the publication of an announcement to this effect in the ‘Comptes rendus de l’Académie des Sciences,; Paris, in December, 1884, wherein Professor Lindstrom and Dr. Thorell gave an account of the discovery of the well-preserved remains of a fossil scorpion at Gotland in Sweden, proposing for the new form the name Palæophouus nuncius. This important find in palaeontology attracted wide-spread interest, and was discussed in various journals, scientific and popular. In 1885 it was followed by an exhaustive memoir on the fossil by Lindström and Thorell (‘Kongl. Sv. Vet.-Akad. Handl.,’ xxi, No. 9, 1885). Prior to the appearance of this memoir an article entitled “Ancient Air Breathers,” by Mr. B. N. Peach, was printed in ‘Nature’ (vol. xxxi, pp. 295—298, 1885). In this a preliminary description was given of a second Upper Silurian scorpion, which had been unearthed in the summer of 1883 at Lesmahago, in Lanarkshire, and formed part of the rich collection of fossils belonging to Dr. Hunter. The value of this second specimen was enhanced by the circumstance that it fortunately lies with its ventral surface exposed, and is thus the complement, as it were, of the Gotland fossil, of which the dorsal surface, at all events, of the anterior half of the body is uppermost.
On the Structure of the Hairs of Mylodon Listai and other South American Edentata
Authors: Ridewood W. G.
Published: April 2021

The interest attaching to the disco preserved skin of a great Ground Sloth, very closely allied to if not identical with Mylodon, was considerably increased when it was found that the hairs do not agree in their minute structure with those of the Tree Sloths, Bradypus and Cholœpus. While agreeing with the latter in the absence of a definite medulla, they are destitute of the extra-cortical layer which characterises the hairs of Bradypus, and have not the fluted surface which is such a distinctive feature of the hairs of Cholœpus. The characters of the hairs have been commented upon by several authors in the course of their remarks upon the remains of this ground sloth, but the subject has never been treated exhaustively ; and Professor Ray Lankester suggested to me that the matter was worthy of further inquiry, and that it was desirable to compare the newly discovered hairs not only with those of Bradypus and Cholœpus, but also with those of the ant-eaters and armadillos.
Notes on the Development of Paludina vivipara, with special reference to the Urinogenital Organs and Theories of Gasteropod Torsion
Authors: Drummond Isabella M.
Published: April 2021

These researches have been conducted in the Laboratory of Comparative Anatomy at Oxford, under the superintendence of Professor Weldon. They were originally undertaken in order to confirm or correct the account of the coelom and its derivatives given by von Erlanger, and the results obtained are set forth in Part I of this paper. These then led to a renewed study of the whole course of development with a view to obtaining evidence upon the theories of torsion recently put forward by Pelseneer, Amaudrut, and Boutan. Von Erlanger’s account deals only with the organogeny, and leaves the question of torsion on one side; it is perhaps for this reason that the development of Paludina has lately been sometimes regarded as too much modified and abbreviated to give any clear evidence on this point. Doubtless great modification has taken place owing to the loss of the free larval life; nevertheless, bearing this in mind, it is possible to a large extent so to disentangle the different processes of development which, owing to abbreviation, here go on side by side, as to be able to compare the results obtained with those of the authors above mentioned. In Part II, therefore, I give a brief account of the development, aiming not so much at a description of the organogeny, except in one or two cases where my results differ from those of von Erlanger, as at making clear the changes in position and relative proportions of the organs in successive stages.