bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles: A Fine Characterization to Unveil Their Thermodynamic Stability
Authors: Piacenza Elena , Presentato Alessandro , Ferrante Francesco , Cavallaro Giuseppe , Alduina Rosa , Chillura Martino Delia F.
Published: May 2021

Among the plethora of available metal(loid) nanomaterials (NMs), those containing selenium are interesting from an applicative perspective, due to their high biocompatibility. Microorganisms capable of coping with toxic Se-oxyanions generate mostly Se nanoparticles (SeNPs), representing an ideal and green alternative over the chemogenic synthesis to obtain thermodynamically stable NMs. However, their structural characterization, in terms of biomolecules and interactions stabilizing the biogenic colloidal solution, is still a black hole that impairs the exploitation of biogenic SeNP full potential. Here, spherical and thermodynamically stable SeNPs were produced by a metal(loid) tolerant Micrococcus sp. Structural characterization obtained by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) revealed that these SeNPs were surrounded by an organic material that contributed the most to their electrosteric stabilization, as indicated by Zeta (ζ) potential measurements. Proteins were strongly adsorbed on the SeNP surface, while lipids, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids more loosely interacted with SeNMs as highlighted by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and overall supported by multivariate statistical analysis. Nevertheless, all these contributors were fundamental to maintain SeNPs stable, as, upon washing, the NM-containing extract showed the arising of aggregated SeNPs alongside Se nanorods (SeNRs). Besides, Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculation unveiled how thiol-containing molecules appeared to play a role in SeO32− bioreduction, stress oxidative response, and SeNP stabilization.
Isolation and Quantification of miRNA from the Biomolecular Corona on Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles
Authors: Vidaurre-Agut Carla , Rivero-Buceta Eva María , Landry Christopher C. , Botella Pablo
Published: May 2021

To understand the factors that control the formation of the biomolecular corona, a systematic study of the adsorption of several miRNAs shown to be important in prostate cancer on amine-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSN-NH2) has been performed. Process parameters including miRNA type, nanoparticle concentration, incubation temperature and incubation time were investigated, as well as the potential competition for adsorption between different miRNA molecules. The influence of proteins and particle PEGylation on miRNA adsorption were also explored. We found that low particle concentrations and physiological temperature both led to increased miRNA adsorption. Adsorption of miRNA was also higher when proteins were present in the same solution; reducing or preventing protein adsorption by PEGylating the MSNs hindered adsorption. Finally, the amount of miRNA adsorbed from human serum by MSN-NH2 was compared to a commercial miRNA purification kit (TaqMan®, Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA). MSN-NH2 adsorbed six times as much miRNA as the commercial kit, demonstrating higher sensitivity to subtle up- and downregulation of circulating miRNA in the blood of patients.
Metal-N4@Graphene as Multifunctional Anchoring Materials for Na-S Batteries: First-Principles Study
Authors: Yang Kaishuai , Liu Dayong , Sun Yiling , Qian Zhengfang , Zhong Shengkui , Wang Renheng
Published: May 2021

Developing highly efficient anchoring materials to suppress sodium polysulfides (NaPSs) shuttling is vital for the practical applications of sodium sulfur (Na-S) batteries. Herein, we systematically investigated pristine graphene and metal-N4@graphene (metal = Fe, Co, and Mn) as host materials for sulfur cathode to adsorb NaPSs via first-principles theory calculations. The computing results reveal that Fe-N4@graphene is a fairly promising anchoring material, in which the formed chemical bonds of Fe-S and N-Na ensure the stable adsorption of NaPSs. Furthermore, the doped transition metal iron could not only dramatically enhance the electronic conductivity and the adsorption strength of soluble NaPSs, but also significantly lower the decomposition energies of Na2S and Na2S2 on the surface of Fe-N4@graphene, which could effectively promote the full discharge of Na-S batteries. Our research provides a deep insight into the mechanism of anchoring and electrocatalytic effect of Fe-N4@graphene in sulfur cathode, which would be beneficial for the development of high-performance Na-S batteries.
Beyond Nitrogen in the Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Nitrogen-Doped Carbons: A NEXAFS Investigation
Authors: Tanasa Eugenia , Maxim Florentina , Erniyazov Tugce , Iacob Matei-Tom , Skála Tomáš , Tanase Liviu , Ianăși Cătălin , Moisescu Cristina , Miron Cristina , Ardelean Ioan , Antohe Vlad-Andrei , Fagadar-Cosma Eugenia , Stamatin Serban
Published: May 2021

Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells require cheap and active electrocatalysts to drive the oxygen reduction reaction. Nitrogen-doped carbons have been extensively studied regarding their oxygen reduction reaction. The work at hand looks beyond the nitrogen chemistry and brings to light the role of oxygen. Nitrogen-doped nanocarbons were obtained by a radio-frequency plasma route at 0, 100, 250, and 350 W. The lateral size of the graphitic domain, determined from Raman spectroscopy, showed that the nitrogen plasma treatment decreased the crystallite size. Synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy showed a similar nitrogen chemistry, albeit the nitrogen concentration increased with the plasma power. Lateral crystallite size and several nitrogen moieties were plotted against the onset potential determined from oxygen reduction reaction curves. There was no correlation between the electrochemical activity and the sample structure, as determine from Raman and synchrotron radiation photoelectron spectroscopy. Near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) was performed to unravel the carbon and nitrogen local structure. A difference analysis of the NEXAFS spectra showed that the oxygen surrounding the pyridinic nitrogen was critical in achieving high onset potentials. The work shows that there were more factors at play, other than carbon organization and nitrogen chemistry.
Tailoring the Geometry of Bottom-Up Nanowires: Application to High Efficiency Single Photon Sources
Authors: Dalacu Dan , Poole Philip J. , Williams Robin L.
Published: May 2021

For nanowire-based sources of non-classical light, the rate at which photons are generated and the ability to efficiently collect them are determined by the nanowire geometry. Using selective-area vapour-liquid-solid epitaxy, we show how it is possible to control the nanowire geometry and tailor it to optimise device performance. High efficiency single photon generation with negligible multi-photon emission is demonstrated using a quantum dot embedded in a nanowire having a geometry tailored to optimise both collection efficiency and emission rate.
Fundamentals to Apply Magnetic Nanoparticles for Hyperthermia Therapy
Authors: Fatima Hira , Charinpanitkul Tawatchai , Kim Kyo-Seon
Published: May 2021

The activation of magnetic nanoparticles in hyperthermia treatment by an external alternating magnetic field is a promising technique for targeted cancer therapy. The external alternating magnetic field generates heat in the tumor area, which is utilized to kill cancerous cells. Depending on the tumor type and site to be targeted, various types of magnetic nanoparticles, with variable coating materials of different shape and surface charge, have been developed. The tunable physical and chemical properties of magnetic nanoparticles enhance their heating efficiency. Moreover, heating efficiency is directly related with the product values of the applied magnetic field and frequency. Protein corona formation is another important parameter affecting the heating efficiency of MNPs in magnetic hyperthermia. This review provides the basics of magnetic hyperthermia, mechanisms of heat losses, thermal doses for hyperthermia therapy, and strategies to improve heating efficiency. The purpose of this review is to build a bridge between the synthesis/coating of magnetic nanoparticles and their practical application in magnetic hyperthermia.
Preparation of MgGa Layered Double Hydroxides and Possible Compositional Variation
Authors: Wijitwongwan Rattanawadee (Ploy) , Intasa-ard Soontaree (Grace) , Ogawa Makoto
Published: May 2021

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs), shown as the general formula of [M2+1−xM3+x(OH)2]x+(An−)x/n∙yH2O, are useful for various applications such as anion exchangers/adsorbents, catalysts and catalysts’ supports, and drug/gene carriers due to their structural, compositional and morphological characteristics and their variation. The x value (M3+/(M2+ + M3+) ratio) in layered double hydroxides (LDHs), corresponding to the layer charge density, is one of the important parameters for controlling the properties of LDHs. The x values in commonly available LDHs are limited (0.2 < x < 0.3). In order to obtain LDHs with x < 0.2, Mg2+ Ga3+–LDHs with interlayer iodide were examined. The linear correlation between lattice parameter a and x value in the products with x of 0.06–0.24 was seen, suggesting the successful substitution of Mg2+ in the brucite-like sheet with Ga3+. Carbonate and dodecyl sulfate types MgGa–LDH were prepared by ion exchange with carbonate anion and reconstruction in aqueous solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The products with x of 0.06 were dispersed in water and hexanol better than those with x of 0.24 for MgGa–LDHs containing carbonate and dodecyl sulfate, respectively, suggesting effects of the lower layer charge density on the dispersion.
Highly Sensitive Fluorescent Detection of Acetylcholine Based on the Enhanced Peroxidase-Like Activity of Histidine Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Cheon Hong Jae , Nguyen Quynh Huong , Kim Moon Il
Published: May 2021

Inspired by the active site structure of natural horseradish peroxidase having iron as a pivotal element with coordinated histidine residues, we have developed histidine coated magnetic nanoparticles (His@MNPs) with relatively uniform and small sizes (less than 10 nm) through one-pot heat treatment. In comparison to pristine MNPs and other amino acid coated MNPs, His@MNPs exhibited a considerably enhanced peroxidase-imitating activity, approaching 10-fold higher in catalytic reactions. With the high activity, His@MNPs then were exploited to detect the important neurotransmitter acetylcholine. By coupling choline oxidase and acetylcholine esterase with His@MNPs as peroxidase mimics, target choline and acetylcholine were successfully detected via fluorescent mode with high specificity and sensitivity with the limits of detection down to 200 and 100 nM, respectively. The diagnostic capability of the method is demonstrated by analyzing acetylcholine in human blood serum. This study thus demonstrates the potential of utilizing His@MNPs as peroxidase-mimicking nanozymes for detecting important biological and clinical targets with high sensitivity and reliability.
High-Frequency Magnetoimpedance (MI) and Stress-MI in Amorphous Microwires with Different Anisotropies
Authors: Alam Junaid , Nematov Makhsudsho , Yudanov Nikolay , Podgornaya Svetlana , Panina Larissa
Published: May 2021

Magnetoimpedance (MI) in Co-based microwires with an amorphous and partially crystalline state was investigated at elevated frequencies (up to several GHz), with particular attention paid to the influence of tensile stress on the MI behavior, which is called stress-MI. Two mechanisms of MI sensitivity related to the DC magnetization re-orientation and AC permeability dispersion were discussed. Remarkable sensitivity of impedance changes with respect to applied tensile stress at GHz frequencies was obtained in partially crystalline wires subjected to current annealing. Increasing the annealing current enhanced the axial easy anisotropy of a magnetoelastic origin, which made it possible to increase the frequency of large stress-MI: for 90mA-annealed wire, the impedance at 2 GHz increased by about 300% when a stress of 450 MPa was applied. Potential applications included sensing elements in stretchable substrates for flexible electronics, wireless sensors, and tunable smart materials. For reliable microwave measurements, an improved SOLT (short-open-load-thru) calibration technique was developed that required specially designed strip cells as wire holders. The method made it possible to precisely measure the impedance characteristics of individual wires, which can be further employed to characterize the microwave scattering at wire inclusions used as composites fillers.
Nitrogen Dynamics in Wetland Systems and Its Impact on Biodiversity
Authors: Yousaf Anum , Khalid Noreen , Aqeel Muhammad , Noman Ali , Naeem Nayab , Sarfraz Wajiha , Ejaz Ujala , Qaiser Zonaira , Khalid Arifa
Published: May 2021

Wetlands are viable sinks for nitrate and have also been identified as a source of nitrous oxide, a product of two microbially regulated processes: nitrification and denitrification. Anthropogenic expansion of nitrogen is a leading cause of the eutrophication of water bodies and may also contribute to the deterioration of the ozone layer in the stratosphere. Wetlands ameliorate the quality of water percolating through them, by retaining nutrients and sequestering carbon, and simultaneously enhancing the flora and fauna diversity of these landscapes. Among the many services these wetlands provide, they also alleviate nitrate pollution by attenuating reactive nitrogen from agricultural drainage and ensure the effective reclamation of the wastewater. The literature regarding the viability of wetlands suggests a linear relationship between the removal of nitrogen and its loading rate, thereby suggesting a potential loss of nitrogen removal capacity due to the loss of wetland area. This review discusses the nitrogen removal mechanisms in existing wetlands along with the environmental variables affecting the optimum performance and management of these wetlands, in terms of greenhouse gas retention and biodiversity. Conservation of these wetlands should be contemplated to maintain the world-wide nitrogen cycle and diminish the negative repercussions of surplus nitrogen loading.
Dietary Selenium Regulates microRNAs in Metabolic Disease: Recent Progress
Authors: Huang Xin , Dong Yu-Lan , Li Tong , Xiong Wei , Zhang Xu , Wang Peng-Jie , Huang Jia-Qiang
Published: May 2021

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for the maintenance of a healthy physiological state. However, due to environmental and dietary factors and the narrow safety range of Se, diseases caused by Se deficiency or excess have gained considerable traction in recent years. In particular, links have been identified between low Se status, cognitive decline, immune disorders, and increased mortality, whereas excess Se increases metabolic risk. Considerable evidence has suggested microRNAs (miRNAs) regulate interactions between the environment (including the diet) and genes, and play important roles in several diseases, including cancer. MiRNAs target messenger RNAs to induce changes in proteins including selenoprotein expression, ultimately generating disease. While a plethora of data exists on the epigenetic regulation of other dietary factors, nutrient Se epigenetics and especially miRNA regulated mechanisms remain unclear. Thus, this review mainly focuses on Se metabolism, pathogenic mechanisms, and miRNAs as key regulatory factors in Se-related diseases. Finally, we attempt to clarify the regulatory mechanisms underpinning Se, miRNAs, selenoproteins, and Se-related diseases.
Detraining Effects on Muscle Quality in Older Men with Osteosarcopenia. Follow-Up of the Randomized Controlled Franconian Osteopenia and Sarcopenia Trial (FrOST)
Authors: Ghasemikaram Mansour , Engelke Klaus , Kohl Matthias , von Stengel Simon , Kemmler Wolfgang
Published: May 2021

The present study aimed to determine the effect of detraining on muscle quality (MQ) in older men with osteosarcopenia. Forty-three community-dwelling older men (78 ± 4 years) were randomly allocated to a consistently supervised high-intensity resistance exercise training (HIRT) group (n = 21) or a control group (CG, n = 22). The HIRT scheduled a periodized single set protocol twice weekly. After the intervention, the men were subjected to six months of detraining. Muscle quality (MQ), defined as maximum isokinetic hip/leg extensor strength per unit of mid-thigh intra-fascia volume, was determined by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or per unit of thigh muscle mass assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Intention-to-treat analysis with multiple imputations was applied. We observed significant exercise effects for MQ (p = 0.001). During detraining, the HIRT group lost about one-third of the intervention-induced gain and displayed significantly (p = 0.001) higher MQ reductions compared to the CG. Nevertheless, after training and detraining, the overall intervention effect on MQ remained significant (p ≤ 0.004). In summary, six months of absence from HIRT induce a significant deleterious effect on MQ in older osteosarcopenic men. We conclude that intermitted training programs with training breaks of six months and longer should be replaced by largely continuous exercise programs, at least when addressing MQ parameters.
Intracortical and Intercortical Motor Disinhibition to Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Newly Diagnosed Celiac Disease Patients
Authors: Fisicaro Francesco , Lanza Giuseppe , D’Agate Carmela Cinzia , Ferri Raffaele , Cantone Mariagiovanna , Falzone Luca , Pennisi Giovanni , Bella Rita , Pennisi Manuela
Published: May 2021

Background: Celiac disease (CD) may present or be complicated by neurological and neuropsychiatric manifestations. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) probes brain excitability non-invasively, also preclinically. We previously demonstrated an intracortical motor disinhibition and hyperfacilitation in de novo CD patients, which revert back after a long-term gluten-free diet (GFD). In this cross-sectional study, we explored the interhemispheric excitability by transcallosal inhibition, which has never been investigated in CD. Methods: A total of 15 right-handed de novo, neurologically asymptomatic, CD patients and 15 age-matched healthy controls were screened for cognitive and depressive symptoms to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), respectively. TMS consisted of resting motor threshold, amplitude, latency, and duration of the motor evoked potentials, duration and latency of the contralateral silent period (cSP). Transcallosal inhibition was evaluated as duration and latency of the ipsilateral silent period (iSP). Results: MoCA and HDRS scored significantly worse in patients. The iSP and cSP were significantly shorter in duration in patients, with a positive correlation between the MoCA and iSP. Conclusions: An intracortical and interhemispheric motor disinhibition was observed in CD, suggesting the involvement of GABA-mediated cortical and callosal circuitries. Further studies correlating clinical, TMS, and neuroimaging data are needed.
Evaluation of Nutrient Intake and Food Consumption among Dutch Toddlers
Authors: Steenbergen Elly , Krijger Anne , Verkaik-Kloosterman Janneke , Elstgeest Liset E. M. , ter Borg Sovianne , Joosten Koen F. M. , van Rossum Caroline T. M.
Published: May 2021

Improving dietary habits at a young age could prevent adverse health outcomes. The aim was to gain insight into the adequacy of the dietary intake of Dutch toddlers, which may provide valuable information for preventive measures. Data obtained from the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey 2012–2016 were used, which included 672 children aged one to three years. Habitual intakes of nutrients were evaluated according to recommendations set by the Dutch Health Council. Specific food groups were evaluated according to the Dutch food-based dietary guidelines. For most nutrients, intakes were estimated to be adequate. High intakes were found for saturated fatty acids, retinol, iodine, copper, zinc, and sodium. No statement could be provided on the adequacy of intakes of alpha-linoleic acids, N-3 fish fatty acids, fiber, and iron. 74% of the toddlers used dietary supplements, and 59% used vitamin D supplements specifically. Total median intakes of vegetables, bread, and milk products were sufficient. Consumption of bread, potatoes and cereals, milk products, fats, and drinks consisted largely of unhealthy products. Consumption of unfavorable products may have been the cause of the observed high and low intakes of several nutrients. Shifting towards a healthier diet that is more in line with the guidelines may positively affect the dietary intake of Dutch toddlers and prevent negative health impacts, also later in life.
Development and Pilot Testing of a Food Literacy Curriculum for High School-Aged Adolescents
Authors: Ruiz Lyndsey D. , Radtke Marcela D. , Scherr Rachel E.
Published: May 2021

Adolescent obesity and poor diet quality are increasingly prevalent and could be mitigated with attainment of food literacy. However, as these programs for adolescents are lacking, the purpose of this project was to develop a food literacy curriculum for high school-aged adolescents. The curriculum was designed in accordance with food literacy attributes and components utilizing Backward Design, Social Cognitive Theory, and Constructivism. After expert committee review, pilot testing was completed in two low-income communities by a trained facilitator and observer. Detailed observations were collected during pilot testing to assess achievement of learning objectives. Modifications were made to lesson procedures as required. The resulting curriculum, Teens CAN: Comprehensive Food Literacy in Cooking, Agriculture, and Nutrition, contains 12 modules of experiential lessons and application activities within three topics. Agriculture lessons concentrate on the food supply chain and food environments; nutrition lessons include food groups while focusing on nutrients of concern for underconsumption; and cooking lessons include food safety, budgeting, and preparation. Teens CAN provides a comprehensive and necessary approach to advancing food literacy in adolescents. Future directions include assessing dietary implications after participating in Teens CAN lessons and employment of an innovative two-tiered cross-age teaching model.
Diet–Microbiota Interactions in Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Sugihara Kohei , Kamada Nobuhiko
Published: May 2021

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. Although the precise etiology of IBD is largely unknown, it is widely thought that diet contributes to the development of IBD. Diet shapes the composition of the gut microbiota, which plays critical roles in intestinal homeostasis. In contrast, intestinal inflammation induces gut dysbiosis and may affect the use of dietary nutrients by host cells and the gut microbiota. The interaction of diet and the gut microbiota is perturbed in patients with IBD. Herein, we review the current knowledge of diet and gut microbiota interaction in intestinal homeostasis. We also discuss alterations of diet and gut microbiota interaction that influence the outcome and the nutritional treatment of IBD. Understanding the complex relationships between diet and the gut microbiota provides crucial insight into the pathogenesis of IBD and advances the development of new therapeutic approaches.
Effect of Oat β-Glucan on Affective and Physical Feeling States in Healthy Adults: Evidence for Reduced Headache, Fatigue, Anxiety and Limb/Joint Pains
Authors: Wolever Thomas M. S. , Rahn Maike , Dioum El Hadji , Jenkins Alexandra L. , Ezatagha Adish , Campbell Janice E. , Chu YiFang
Published: May 2021

The gastrointestinal (GI) side-effects of dietary fibers are recognized, but less is known about their effects on non-GI symptoms. We assessed non-GI symptoms in a trial of the LDL-cholesterol lowering effect of oat β-glucan (OBG). Participants (n = 207) with borderline high LDL-cholesterol were randomized to an OBG (1 g OBG, n = 104, n = 96 analyzed) or Control (n = 103, n = 95 analyzed) beverage 3-times daily for 4 weeks. At screening, baseline, 2 weeks and 4 weeks participants rated the severity of 16 non-GI symptoms as none, mild, moderate or severe. The occurrence and severity (more or less severe than pre-treatment) were compared using chi-squared and Fisher’s exact test, respectively. During OBG treatment, the occurrence of exhaustion and fatigue decreased versus baseline (p < 0.05). The severity of headache (2 weeks, p = 0.032), anxiety (2 weeks p = 0.059) and feeling cold (4 weeks, p = 0.040) were less on OBG than Control. The severity of fatigue and hot flashes at 4 weeks, limb/joint pain at 2 weeks and difficulty concentrating at both times decreased on OBG versus baseline. High serum c-reactive-protein and changes in c-reactive-protein, oxidized-LDL, and GI-symptom severity were associated with the occurrence and severity of several non-GI symptoms. These data provide preliminary, hypothesis-generating evidence that OBG may reduce several non-GI symptoms in healthy adults.
Association between Dietary Inflammatory Index, Dietary Patterns, Plant-Based Dietary Index and the Risk of Obesity
Authors: Wang Yoko B. , Shivappa Nitin , Hébert James R. , Page Amanda J. , Gill Tiffany K. , Melaku Yohannes Adama
Published: May 2021

Evidence on the association between various dietary constructs and obesity risk is limited. This study aims to investigate the longitudinal relationship between different diet indices and dietary patterns with the risk of obesity. Non-obese participants (n = 787) in the North West Adelaide Health Study were followed from 2010 to 2015. The dietary inflammatory index (DII®), plant-based dietary index (PDI) and factor-derived dietary pattern scores were computed based on food frequency questionnaire data. We found the incidence of obesity was 7.62% at the 5-year follow up. In the adjusted model, results from multivariable log-binomial logistic regression showed that a prudent dietary pattern (RRQ5 vs. Q1 = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.15–0.96), healthy PDI (RR = 0.31; 95% CI: 0.12–0.77) and overall PDI (RR = 0.56; 95% CI: 0.23–1.33) were inversely associated with obesity risk. Conversely, the DII (RR = 1.59; 95% CI: 0.72–3.50), a Western dietary pattern (RR = 2.16; 95% CI: 0.76–6.08) and unhealthy PDI (RR = 1.94; 95% CI: 0.81–4.66) were associated with increased risk of obesity. Based on the cubic spline analysis, the association between an unhealthy PDI or diet quality with the risk of obesity was non-linear. In conclusion, an anti-inflammatory diet, healthy diet or consumption of healthy plant-based foods were all associated with a lower risk of developing obesity.
Immunonutritional Bioactives from Chenopodium quinoa and Salvia hispanica L. Flour Positively Modulate Insulin Resistance and Preserve Alterations in Peripheral Myeloid Population
Authors: Selma-Gracia Raquel , Megušar Polona , Haros Claudia , Laparra Llopis José
Published: May 2021

Innate immunity plays a determinant role in high fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin resistance. This study compares the effects of immunonutritional bioactives from Chenopodium quinoa (WQ) or Salvia hispanica L. (Ch) when used to partially replace wheat flour (WB) into bread formulations. These flours were chosen to condition starch and lipid content in the products as well as because their immunonutritional activity. To be administered with different bread formulations, HFD-fed C57BL/6J mice were distributed in different groups: (i) wild type, (ii) displaying inherited disturbances in glucose homeostasis, and (iii) displaying dietary iron-mediated impairment of the innate immune TLR4/TRAM/TRIF pathway. We analyze the effects of the products on glycaemia and insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), plasmatic triglycerides, intestinal and hepatic gene expression and variations of myeloid (MY), and lymphoid (LY) cells population in peripheral blood. Our results show that feeding animals with WQ and Ch formulations influenced the expression of lipogenic and coronary risk markers, thus attaining a better control of hepatic lipid accumulation. WQ and Ch products also improved glucose homeostasis compared to WB, normalizing the HOMA-IR in animals with an altered glucose and lipid metabolism. These positive effects were associated with positive variations in the peripheral myeloid cells population.
Maintenance of Skeletal Muscle to Counteract Sarcopenia in Patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease and Especially Those Undergoing Hemodialysis
Authors: Mori Katsuhito
Published: May 2021

Life extension in modern society has introduced new concepts regarding such disorders as frailty and sarcopenia, which has been recognized in various studies. At the same time, cutting-edge technology methods, e.g., renal replacement therapy for conditions such as hemodialysis (HD), have made it possible to protect patients from advanced lethal chronic kidney disease (CKD). Loss of muscle and fat mass, termed protein energy wasting (PEW), has been recognized as prognostic factor and, along with the increasing rate of HD introduction in elderly individuals in Japan, appropriate countermeasures are necessary. Although their origins differ, frailty, sarcopenia, and PEW share common components, among which skeletal muscle plays a central role in their etiologies. The nearest concept may be sarcopenia, for which diagnosis techniques have recently been reported. The focus of this review is on maintenance of skeletal muscle against aging and CKD/HD, based on muscle physiology and pathology. Clinically relevant and topical factors related to muscle wasting including sarcopenia, such as vitamin D, myostatin, insulin (related to diabetes), insulin-like growth factor I, mitochondria, and physical inactivity, are discussed. Findings presented thus far indicate that in addition to modulation of the aforementioned factors, exercise combined with nutritional supplementation may be a useful approach to overcome muscle wasting and sarcopenia in elderly patients undergoing HD treatments.
Risk of Iron Overload in Obesity and Implications in Metabolic Health
Authors: Moore Heslin Aoibhín , O’Donnell Aisling , Buffini Maria , Nugent Anne P. , Walton Janette , Flynn Albert , McNulty Breige A.
Published: May 2021

Excessive adiposity is associated with several metabolic perturbations including disturbances in iron homeostasis. Increased systemic inflammation in obesity stimulates expression of the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin, which can result in a maldistribution of bodily iron, which may be implicated in metabolic dysfunction. This study aimed to investigate the effect of adiposity and any associated inflammation on iron homeostasis and the potential implications of dysregulated iron metabolism on metabolic health. Analyses are based on a subsample from the cross-sectional Irish National Adult Nutrition Survey (2008–2010) (n = 1120). Ferritin status and risk of iron overload were determined based on established WHO ferritin ranges. Participants were classed as having a healthy % body fat or as having overfat or obesity based on age- and gender-specific % body fat ranges as determined by bioelectrical impedance. Biomarkers of iron status were examined in association with measures of body composition, serum adipocytokines and markers of metabolic health. Excessive % body fat was significantly associated with increased serum hepcidin and ferritin and an increased prevalence of severe risk of iron overload amongst males independent of dietary iron intake. Elevated serum ferritin displayed significant positive associations with serum triglycerides and markers of glucose metabolism, with an increased but non-significant presentation of metabolic risk factors amongst participants with overfat and obesity at severe risk of iron overload. Increased adiposity is associated with dysregulations in iron homeostasis, presenting as increased serum hepcidin, elevated serum ferritin and an increased risk of iron overload, with potential implications in impairments in metabolic health.
Environmental Correlates of Prevalence of an Intraerythrocytic Apicomplexan Infecting Caribbean Damselfish
Authors: Halliday-Isaac Akacia K. , Robinson Jennilee B. , Cruz-Rivera Edwin , Campbell Andrew G. , Sikkel Paul C.
Published: May 2021

Parasites are an integral part of coral reef ecosystems due to their influences on population dynamics, biodiversity, community structure, and food web connectivity. The Phylum Apicomplexa contains ubiquitous animal associates including the causative agents of globally important human diseases such as malaria and cryptosporidiosis. Despite their ubiquity, little is known about the biology, ecology, or distribution of these microorganisms in natural animal populations. In the US Virgin Islands, the dusky damselfish (Stegastes adustus) had a high but variable incidence of a Haemohormidium-like blood apicomplexan among 30 sites sampled. Microscopic analyses of blood smears allowed us to group these fish as infected, having low intensity infections, or uninfected. Regression analyses detected no significant differences in the condition indices (expressed as length–mass ratio). However, infection was clearly associated with potentially extremely high leukocyte counts among infected S. adustus that were not seen in uninfected fish. These results suggested the potential for some impact on the host. Linear mixed effects models indicated that S. adustus population density and meridional flow velocity were the main predictors of apicomplexan prevalence, with presence of other Stegastes species, population distance from watershed, zonal flow velocity, the complexity of the surrounding habitat, and season not showing any significant relationship with fish infection.
Molecular Detection and Genotyping of Enteric Protists in Asymptomatic Schoolchildren and Their Legal Guardians in Madrid, Spain
Authors: Köster Pamela Carolina , Dashti Alejandro , Reh Lucia , Bailo Begoña , Hernández-de-Mingo Marta , Muadica Aly Salimo , Carmena David
Published: May 2021

Asymptomatic carriage of diarrhoea-causing enteric protist parasites in the general population is poorly understood, particularly in medium- to high-income countries. This molecular epidemiological survey investigates the presence, molecular diversity, and household transmission of Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., Blastocystis sp., and Enterocystozoon bieneusi in schoolchildren aged 2–13 years (n = 74) and their legal guardians (n = 6) in Madrid, Spain. Enteroparasite detection and genotyping was conducted in stool samples by molecular (PCR and Sanger sequencing) methods. Potential associations linked to infections were investigated through epidemiological questionnaires. Giardia duodenalis was the most prevalent enteric parasite found (14%, 95% CI: 7.1–23), followed by Blastocystis sp. (10%, 95% CI: 6.2–22) and Cryptosporidium spp. (3.8%, 95% CI: 0.78–11). None of the participants tested positive for E. bieneusi. Sequence analyses revealed the presence of G. duodenalis assemblage B, sub-assemblage BIV in a single child. The three Cryptosporidium isolates obtained were assigned to C. hominis, two of them belonging to the gp60 subtype IbA10G2. Four Blastocystis subtypes were identified including ST2 (38%, 3/8), ST3 (25%, 2/8), ST4 (25%, 2/8), and ST8 (12%, 1/8). All G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium isolates were detected in children only. Blastocystis ST3 and ST4 were circulating in members of the same household. Blastocystis carriage rates increased with the age of the participants. Presence of diarrhoea-causing enteric protists was common in apparently healthy children.
Applications of Catechins in the Treatment of Bacterial Infections
Authors: Wu Meishan , Brown Angela C.
Published: May 2021

Tea is the second most commonly consumed beverage worldwide. Along with its aromatic and delicate flavors that make it an enjoyable beverage, studies report numerous health advantages in tea consumption, including applications in antimicrobial therapy. The antimicrobial properties of tea are related to catechin and its derivatives, which are natural flavonoids that are abundant in tea. Increasing evidence from in vitro studies demonstrated antimicrobial effects of catechins on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and proposed direct and indirect therapeutic mechanisms. Additionally, catechins were reported to be effective anti-virulence agents. Furthermore, a number of studies presented evidence that catechins display synergistic effects with certain antibiotics, thus potentiating the activity of antibiotics in resistant bacteria. Despite their numerous beneficial properties, catechins face many challenges in their development as therapeutic agents, including poor absorption, low bioavailability, and rapid degradation. The introduction of nanobiotechnology provides target-based and stable delivery, which enhances catechin bioavailability and optimizes drug efficacy. As further research continues to focus on overcoming the unresolved challenges, catechins are likely to see additional promising applications in our continual fight against bacterial infections.
Isolation and Characterization of Capnocytophaga bilenii sp. nov., a Novel Capnocytophaga Species Detected in a Gingivitis Subject
Authors: Antezack Angéline , Boxberger Manon , La Scola Bernard , Monnet-Corti Virginie
Published: May 2021

Capnocytophaga species are commensal gliding bacteria that are found in human and animal oral microbiota and are involved in several inflammatory diseases, both in immunocompromised and immunocompetent subjects. This study contributes to increased knowledge of this genus by characterizing a novel species isolated from a dental plaque sample in a male with gingivitis. We investigated morphological and chemotaxonomic characteristics using different growth conditions, temperature, and pH. Cellular fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis was employed with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA, orthologous average nucleotide identity (OrthoANI), and digital DNA–DNA hybridization (dDDH) relatedness were performed. The Marseille-Q4570T strain was found to be a facultative aerobic, Gram-negative, elongated, round-tipped bacterium that grew at 25–56 °C and tolerated a pH of 5.5 to 8.5 and an NaCl content ranging from 5 to 15 g/L. The most abundant fatty acid was the branched structure 13-methyl-tetradecanoic acid (76%), followed by hexadecanoic acid (6%) and 3-hydroxy-15-methyl-hexadecanoic acid (4%). A 16S rDNA-based similarity analysis showed that the Marseille-Q4570T strain was closely related to Capnocytophaga leadbetteri strain AHN8855T (97.24% sequence identity). The OrthoANI and dDDH values between these two strains were, respectively, 76.81% and 25.6%. Therefore, we conclude that the Marseille-Q4570T strain represents a novel species of the genus Capnocytophaga, for which the name Capnocytophaga bilenii sp. nov. is proposed (=CSUR Q4570).
Bioverm® in the Control of Nematodes in Beef Cattle Raised in the Central-West Region of Brazil
Authors: de Oliveira Lucineide da Silva Santos Castelo Branco , Dias Felipe Guerra Santos , Melo Andréia Lima Tomé , de Carvalho Lorendane Millena , Silva Edir Nepomuceno , Araújo Jackson Victor de
Published: May 2021

Cooperia, Haemonchus and Oesophagostomum are the genera of gastrointestinal parasitic nematodes most prevalent in cattle and constitute a serious problem in cattle breeding due to the impact they have on meat and milk production and the high costs of control measures. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the efficiency of Bioverm® (Duddingtonia flagrans) in the control of gastrointestinal parasitism of young cattle raised in the field, in the Central-West region of Brazil. The experiment was conducted on a farm located in the municipality of Jangada, MT, where 18 cattle, Nelore and Aberdeen Angus breeds, aged six to ten months, were randomly divided into two groups (treated group and control group) and distributed in paddocks of Brachiaria decumbens, naturally infested by larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes. The animals in the treated group received 1g of Bioverm® for each 10 kg of body weight, administered daily with commercial feed, throughout a period of six months. In the control group, each animal received 1 g of rice bran for each 10 kg of body weight, without Bioverm®, added to the feed. Stool and pasture samples were collected every two weeks. The treated group showed a significant reduction (p < 0.05) in values of eggs per gram of feces (EPG) and a significant gain of body weight (p < 0.05) when compared to the control group. The fungal formulation Bioverm® was effective in pasture decontamination and consequently in reducing the occurrence of reinfection by nematodes. The animals treated with Bioverm® showed a lower parasitic load and greater weight gain.
Regulation of Expression of the TIR-Containing Protein C Gene of the Uropathogenic Escherichia coli Strain CFT073
Authors: Ittensohn Julia , Hemberger Jacqueline , Griffiths Hannah , Keller Maren , Albrecht Simone , Miethke Thomas
Published: May 2021

The uropathogenic Escherichia coli strain CFT073 causes kidney abscesses in mice Toll/interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing protein C (TcpC) dependently and the corresponding gene is present in around 40% of E. coli isolates of pyelonephritis patients. It impairs the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling chain and the NACHT leucin-rich repeat PYD protein 3 inflammasome (NLRP3) by binding to TLR4 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 as well as to NLRP3 and caspase-1, respectively. Overexpression of the tcpC gene stopped replication of CFT073. Overexpression of several tcpC-truncation constructs revealed a transmembrane region, while its TIR domain induced filamentous bacteria. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that tcpC expression is presumably tightly controlled. We tested two putative promoters designated P1 and P2 located at 5′ of the gene c2397 and 5′ of the tcpC gene (c2398), respectively, which may form an operon. High pH and increasing glucose concentrations stimulated a P2 reporter construct that was considerably stronger than a P1 reporter construct, while increasing FeSO4 concentrations suppressed their activity. Human urine activated P2, demonstrating that tcpC might be induced in the urinary tract of infected patients. We conclude that P2, consisting of a 240 bp region 5′ of the tcpC gene, represents the major regulator of tcpC expression.
Renal Involvement in Linear Nevus Sebaceous Syndrome—An Underrecognized Feature
Authors: Kuok Chonin , Chan Kwaiyu
Published: May 2021

Linear nevus sebaceous syndrome (LNSS) is a rare neurocutaneous disorder. It is characterized by the presence of nevus sebaceous, ocular anomalies, neurological deficits, and convulsion. Renal involvement was not commonly reported. We report a 10-year-old girl with LNSS who had concomitant cystic kidney disease and diffuse aortopathy with bilateral renal artery stenosis, leading to hypertension requiring oral anti-hypertensive medications. The girl presented with chorioretinal coloboma and multiple nevus sebaceous at birth. She had aortic coarctation and received surgical repair at one week of life. She had persistent hypertension during her follow-up. Further investigations were performed to look for causes of hypertension apart from possible re-coarctation. Her magnetic resonance angiogram revealed diffuse aortopathy, which extended from the aortic arch to the abdominal aorta. Branches of the aorta, including the celiac trunk, superior mesenteric arteries, and renal arteries, were also narrowed. Multiple renal cysts were also identified in her right kidney. Interventional angioplasty over the renal arteries was not feasible due to diffuse narrowing of the aorta, especially at the origins of renal arteries. The blood pressure was controlled with oral anti-hypertensive medications. Our case illustrated that pediatricians should be aware of the possible renal involvements in LNSS, which impose a significant impact on the management and long-term prognosis of these patients.
Neonatal Dyshormonogenetic Goiter with Hypothyroidism Associated with Novel Mutations in Thyroglobulin and SLC26A4 Gene
Authors: Calcaterra Valeria , Lamberti Rossella , Viggiano Claudia , Gatto Sara , Spaccini Luigina , Lista Gianluca , Zuccotti Gianvincenzo
Published: May 2021

Congenital goiter is an uncommon cause of neck swelling and it can be associated with hypothyroidism. We discuss a case of primary hypothyroidism with goiter presenting at birth. Ultrasound showed the enlargement of the gland and thyroid function tests detected marked hypothyroidism. Genetic analysis via next generation sequencing (NGS) was performed finding two mutations associated with thyroid dyshormonogenesis: c.7813 C > T, homozygous in the exon 45 of the thyroglobulin gene (TG) and c.1682 G > A heterozygous in exon 15 of the SLC26A4 gene (pendrin). Sanger sequencing of parents’ DNA samples revealed that the first mutation (c.7813 C > T) was inherited from both of them, while the second one (c.1682 G > A) was inherited from the mother. Hormone replacement therapy was started, following which a gradual decrease in the size of the goiter was seen with the normalization of hormonal levels. Normal infant growth status and neurological development were recorded during follow-up. Neonatal dyshormonogenetic goiter with hypothyroidism may represent an unusual cause of neonatal neck mass. Early identification and hormone replacement therapy are crucial for a better neurodevelopmental outcome. Genetic analysis is mandatory in order to reach a specific diagnosis and to elucidate new patterns of thyroid disorder.
Parent Training and Therapy in Children with Autism
Authors: Frolli Alessandro , Bosco Antonia , Di Carmine Francesca , Cavallaro Antonella , Lombardi Agnese , Sergi Luana , Corrivetti Giulio , Ricci Maria Carla
Published: May 2021

With the introduction of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5th ed. (DSM-5) autism spectrum disorders (ASD) fall into the category of neurodevelopmental disorders. ASD is characterized by the inhibitory mechanisms responsible for social adaptation and emotional expression being underdeveloped, causing a child’s recognition and understanding of emotions to be impaired. Our study hypothesizes that early intervention using behavioral interventions such as Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) and reflexive functions (RF) training on parents can improve the development of joint attention (JA), a cognitive precursor to the theory of mind (ToM) and mentalization processes. We considered a sample of 84 children aged between 20 and 30 months who had received a diagnosis of risk of autism spectrum disorder (level 1). The sample was divided into two groups of 42 subjects, in the first group we carried out a weekly behavioral parent training (PT) based only on ABA principles, while in the second group we carried out a weekly PT aimed at improving reflective functions and parental awareness according to a model inspired by the model based on emotional mirroring and mentalization of Fonagy. Our study shows that parents who are able to make sense of both their own mental state and that of their child can serve as a protective factor for the child’s development even in atypical developmental situations such as in ASD.