bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Society for the Anthropology of Food and Nutrition
Authors: Black Rachel
Published: December 2008

•Task Force on World Food Problems Deborah Rubin, Rachel Black
Society for Linguistic Anthropology
Authors: Peterson Mark Allen , Stanlaw James
Published: December 2008

•Until We Meet Again Mark Allen Peterson
Association of Black Anthropologists
Authors: McGlotten Shaka
Published: December 2008

•Reflections on Mentoring
General Anthropology Division
Authors: Lassiter Luke Eric
Published: December 2008

•The Committee for the Anthropology of Science, Technology and Computing Christopher A Furlow
Middle East Section
Authors: Spadola Emilio
Published: December 2008

•Visual Representations of Iran: A Conference, Photo Exhibition and Film Series Roy Dilley Kocer, Pedram Khosronejad
National Association for the Practice of Anthropology
Authors: Miller Christine
Published: December 2008

•Notes from the Field: An Anthropologist's Perspective on Building Communities of Practice Bradley Trainor
Society for Anthropological Sciences
Authors: Lyon Stephen
Published: December 2008

•A Student's View of the State of Anthropology Christina N Pomianek
Society for the Anthropology of Europe
Authors: Passmore Ben
Published: December 2008

•Provocation: Embracing Marginality Susan Carol Rogers
Society for the Anthropology of North America
Authors: Hyatt Susan B
Published: December 2008

•Canadian Diamonds and Imagined Purity Kolson Schlosser
Society for the Anthropology of Work
Authors: Jancius Angela
Published: December 2008

•Anthropologists, Journalists, Drug Traffickers and Others Howard Campbell  •AAA 2009 Meetings Lourdes Gutierrez Najera
Society for Humanistic Anthropology
Authors: Gleach Frederic W , Santiago‐Irizarry Vilma
Published: December 2008

•Why Am I a Humanistic Anthropologist? Frederic W Gleach
Society for Linguistic Anthropology
Authors: Stanlaw James , Peterson Mark
Published: December 2008

•Does the French Language Belong to France? Alexandre Enkerli
Society for Urban, National, and Transnational/Global Anthropology
Authors: Howell Jayne , Pribilsky Jason
Published: December 2008

•Conference Announcement Anna Ochoa O'Leary  •Chilean Repatriation Deborah R Altamirano
Superantigen‐presentation by rat major histocompatibility complex class II molecules RT1.Bl and RT1.Dl
Authors: Dlaske Henry , Karaüzüm Hatice , Monzon‐Casanova Elisa , Rudolf Ronald , Starick Lisa , Müller Ingrid , Wildner Gerhild , Diedrichs‐Möhring Maria , Koch Norbert , Miyoshi‐Akiyama Tohru , Uchiyama Takehiko , Wonigeit Kurt , Fleischer Bernhard , Overbeck Silke , Rink Lothar , Herrmann Thomas
Published: December 2008

Rat major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules RT1.Bl (DQ‐like) and RT1.Dl (DR‐like) were cloned from the LEW strain using reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and expressed in mouse L929 cells. The transduced lines bound MHC class II‐specific monoclonal antibodies in an MHC‐isotype‐specific manner and presented peptide antigens and superantigens to T‐cell hybridomas. The T‐cell‐hybridomas responded well to all superantigens presented by human MHC class II, whereas the response varied considerably with rat MHC class II‐transduced lines as presenters. The T‐cell hybridomas responded to the pyrogenic superantigens Staphylococcus enterotoxin B (SEB), SEC1, SEC2 and SEC3 only at high concentrations with RT1.Bl‐transduced and RT1.Dl‐transduced cells as presenters. The same was true for streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin A (SPEA), but this was presented only by RT1.Bl and not by RT1.Dl. SPEC was recognized only if presented by human MHC class II. Presentation of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis superantigen (YPM) showed no MHC isotype preference, while Mycoplasma arthritidis superantigen (MAS or MAM) was presented by RT1.Dl but not by RT1.Bl. Interestingly, and in contrast to RT1.Bl, the RT1.Dl completely failed to present SEA and toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 even after transduction of invariant chain (CD74) or expression in other cell types such as the surface MHC class II‐negative mouse B‐cell lymphoma (M12.4.1.C3). We discuss the idea that a lack of SEA presentation may not be a general feature of RT1.D molecules but could be a consequence of RT1.Dlβ‐chain allele‐specific substitutions (arginine 80 to lysine, asparagine 82 to aspartic acid) in the extremely conserved region flanking the Zn2+‐binding histidine 81, which is crucial for high‐affinity SEA‐binding.
Enhancement of T‐cell‐mediated anti‐tumour immunity via the ectopically expressed glucocorticoid‐induced tumour necrosis factor receptor‐related receptor ligand (GITRL) on tumours
Authors: Piao Jinhua , Kamimura Yosuke , Iwai Hideyuki , Cao Yujia , Kikuchi Keisuke , Hashiguchi Masaaki , Masunaga Taro , Jiang Hongsi , Tamura Kouichi , Sakaguchi Shimon , Azuma Miyuki
Published: December 2008

Glucocorticoid‐induced tumour necrosis factor receptor‐related receptor (GITR) costimulates functions of both effector and regulatory T cells. The administration of agonistic anti‐GITR monoclonal antibodies efficiently enhances various T‐cell‐mediated immune responses; however, it is unknown to what extent the ligand of GITR (GITRL) contributes to T‐cell responses. We investigated the involvement of endogenously expressed GITRL on dendritic cells and ectopically expressed GITRL on tumours in T‐cell‐mediated immunity. Expression of GITRL on dendritic cells in secondary lymphoid organs was limited, and treatment with anti‐GITRL monoclonal antibodies did not substantially affect T‐cell‐mediated immunity to alloantigens, a specific protein antigen (ovalbumin), or tumour antigens. The introduction of GITRL promoted anti‐tumour immunity in four tumour models. Tumour‐associated GITRL greatly augmented the effector function of CD8+ T cells and enhanced the contribution of CD8+ T cells. These events reduced the crucial contribution of CD25+ CD4+ regulatory T cells, which were found to inhibit immunity against tumours lacking GITRL. Peritumoral injection of GITRL tumour vaccine efficiently inhibited the growth of established tumours. Our results suggest that the ectopic expression of GITRL in tumour cells enhances anti‐tumour immunity at peripheral tumour sites. Consequently, the combined use of a GITRL tumour vaccine with methods aimed at enhancing the activation of host antigen‐presenting cells in secondary lymphoid tissues may be a promising strategy for tumour immunotherapy.
Ethics and governance of a longitudinal birth cohort
Authors: Birmingham Karen , Doyle Alan
Published: December 2008

All longitudinal birth cohorts should be undertaken with a detailed ethical strategy and policy on governance. Here we outline the various factors that should be taken into consideration and describe ways in which these issues may be addressed.
Who should be studied and when in a longitudinal birth cohort?
Authors: Golding Jean
Published: December 2008

A longitudinal birth cohort study is uniquely able to collect information on exposures that antecede signs and symptoms leading to diagnoses, and on the development of neurocognitive and behaviour traits. Here we discuss the optimal time to start such a study, and criteria for inclusion and exclusion of subjects.
The overall placing and management structure of a longitudinal birth cohort
Authors: Golding Jean
Published: December 2008

In planning a longitudinal birth cohort study it is important to decide where the target population should be resident and where the organisation should be based, as well as how the study should be directed. In this paper we discuss the ways in which other birth cohort studies have made these choices and outline the advantages and disadvantages of different scenarios.
Why carry out a longitudinal birth survey?
Authors: Golding Jean , Jones Richard , Bruné Marie‐Noël , Pronczuk Jenny
Published: December 2008

In spite of technological progress throughout the world, ill health, both physical and mental, is widespread – but much of this is preventable. With rapid globalisation, populations in both industrialised and developing countries are being exposed to various stresses and to new environmental factors, such as those related to climate change and to an increasing range of chemicals of unknown effect. There is substantial evidence that exposures to environmental risk factors in pregnancy and childhood have a major influence on health and development even into adulthood and future generations. In this paper we discuss the importance of longitudinal studies in identifying the processes underlying health and developmental problems and thus, by using the strengths of birth cohort studies, identifying preventative and other strategies which will protect public health from adverse environmental influences.
Effects of Human Fecal Flora on Intestinal Morphology and Mucosal Immunity in Human Flora‐associated Piglet
Authors: Che C. , Pang X. , Hua X. , Zhang B. , Shen J. , Zhu J. , Wei H. , Sun L. , Chen P. , Cui L. , Zhao L. , Yang Q.
Published: December 2008

Human flora‐associated (HFA) piglet model was established to examine the effects of gut microbes from a different donor species on the intestinal morphology and mucosal immunity. Newborn germ‐free piglets, obtained by caesarean section, were orally inoculated with a human and a porcine faecal suspension, and artificially fed to establish a HFA group (n = 7) and pig flora‐associated (PFA) group (n = 7), respectively. All pigs were killed 6 weeks later. Tissue samples from duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon were collected and studied by histochemistry and immunohistochemistry methods for intestinal morphological analyses and detection of immunocompetent cells. In summary, both groups of pigs performed well but HFA pigs had a somewhat better daily weight gain, and their jejunal villus height and crypt depth were significantly higher. In comparison with PFA pigs, the number of intraepithelial lymphocytes in jejunum was lower but the number of goblet cells containing neutral mucins was significantly increased in HFA pigs. No difference was observed in the number of mast cells. The areas of IgA producing cells and CD4+ T cells in the jejunum and IgG producing cells in the small intestine were significantly higher in HFA pigs. However, the areas of MHC class II expressing cells were significantly increased in the duodenum and colon. Additionally, the amount of Bifidobacteria spp. was significantly higher in HFA pigs. This study confirms that the composition of gut microbes differentially affects the host intestinal mucosal immunity and suggests that commensal bacteria have great effects on intestinal health and development.
Modified Human Beta 2‐Microglobulin (desLys58) Displays Decreased Affinity for the Heavy Chain of MHC Class I and Induces Nitric Oxide Production and Apoptosis
Authors: Wang M. , Harhaji L. , Lamberth K. , Harndahl M. , Buus S. , Heegaard N. H. H. , Claesson M. H. , Nissen M. H.
Published: December 2008

Beta2‐microglobulin (β2m) is the light chain of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC‐I) molecules, and is a prerequisite for the binding of peptides to the heavy chain and their presentation to CD8+ T cells. β2m can be modified in vivo and in vitro by proteolytic cleavage by complement C1 and subsequent carboxypeptidase B‐like activity – processes that lead to the generation of desLys58β2m (dβ2m). This work aims to study the effect of dβ2m on peptide binding to MHC‐I, the influence of dβ2m on the binding of β2m to the MHC‐I heavy chain and the biological activity of dβ2m. Both β2m and dβ2m are able to support the generation of MHC‐I/peptide complexes at 18 °C, but complexes formed in the presence of dβ2m destabilize at 37 °C. Moreover, a 250 times higher concentration of dβ2m than of β2m is needed to displace MHC‐I associated β2m from the cell surface. In addition, only β2m is able to restore MHC‐I/peptide complex formation on acid‐treated cells whereas dβ2m appears to bind preferentially to denatured MHC‐I heavy chains. In cell cultures, exogenously added dβ2m, but not β2m, induces apoptotic cell death in monocytic leukaemic cell lines but spares other kinds of leukaemic cells. Additionally, the presence of dβ2m, and to a lesser extent β2m, enhances IFN‐γ‐induced NO production by monocytic leukaemic cells. In conclusion, these data show that dβ2m is not able to support the formation of a stable tri‐molecular MHC‐I complex at physiological temperature and that dβ2m exerts other biological functions compared to β2m when bound to cells.
Effect of Vibrio cholerae on Chemokine Gene Expression in HT29 cells and its Modulation by Lactobacillus GG
Authors: Nandakumar N. S. , Pugazhendhi S. , Madhu Mohan K. , Jayakanthan K. , Ramakrishna B. S.
Published: December 2008

Epithelial cells participate in the innate immune response to pathogenic bacteria by elaborating chemokines. This study examined the effect of Vibrio cholerae and Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG on inflammatory chemokine gene expression in the HT29 human intestinal epithelial cell line. HT29 cells were exposed to V. cholerae 0139, Lactobacillus or both for 2 h and cultured further thereafter for 4 h. RNA was extracted from the cells and expression of genes for chemokines and related molecules was quantitated by real time PCR using a pathway‐focused PCR array. TLR4 was silenced using shRNA and output of interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) into the media quantitated with and without V. cholerae exposure. NFκB and p38 MAP kinase activation were determined by immunoblotting for IκBα and phosphorylated p38. Vibrio cholerae significantly upregulated gene expression for the neutrophil chemoattractant CXCL chemokines, IL‐8, CXCL and CXCL in HT29 cells, while downregulating the expression of macrophage‐attracting C‐C chemokines. TLR4 silencing did not reduce IL‐8 output from HT29 cells in response to V. cholerae. IκBα degradation was noted in the HT29 cells soon after exposure to V. cholerae and this recovered over time after removal of bacteria. p38 MAP kinase activation was not noted. Vibrio cholerae upregulated the expression of neutrophil attractant chemokines, most prominently IL‐8, in HT29 cells, but downregulated macrophage‐attracting chemokines. Probiotic lactobacilli modulated the IL‐8, but not the other chemokine gene changes, in response to V. cholerae.
Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Cellular Characteristics, Functional Parameters and Cytokine and Chemokine Levels in Interstitial Lung Diseases
Authors: Vasakova M. , Sterclova M. , Kolesar L. , Slavcev A. , Pohunek P. , Sulc J. , Skibova J. , Striz I.
Published: December 2008

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP) and sarcoidosis belong to interstitial lung diseases (ILD) where an imbalance of regulatory, profibrotic and antifibrotic cytokines is hypothesized. The relationship of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid (BALF) cytokines, BALF cell profile and ILD course is supposed. The aim of our study was to correlate BALF cytokine and chemokine levels with BALF cellular characteristics and lung function parameters in different ILD. Twenty‐two sarcoidosis, seven IPF and 11 HP patients underwent lung function tests and BAL. The BALF differential cell counts and superficial cell markers were characterized, and MCP‐1, MIP‐1α, MIP‐1β, RANTES, epithelial neutrophil‐activating protein (ENA)‐78, FGF, G‐CSF, GM‐CSF, IFN‐γ, interleukin (IL)‐1α, IL‐1RA, IL‐1β, ‐2β, ‐4β, ‐5β, ‐6β, ‐8β, ‐10β, ‐17β, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, thromobopoietin (Tpo) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) values measured. The BALF VEGF values were highest in sarcoidosis (P = 0.0526). IL‐1RA values were higher in IPF and HP compared with sarcoidosis (P = 0.0334). IL‐8/ENA‐78 ratio positively correlated with BALF neutrophil counts in IPF (r = 0.89, P = 0.04). Vital capacity and TLCO values positively correlated with VEGF and negatively with IL‐8 BALF levels in all ILDs but the correlations were most significant in sarcoidosis group. We suppose that VEGF plays a role in ILDs’ early phases and has rather angiogenic than profibrotic effect. On the contrary, IL‐8 is probably upregulated in advanced ILDs with prominent fibrosis and marked lung functions decline. We state that BALF VEGF, IL‐8 and ENA‐78 levels and IL‐8/ENA‐78 ratio could become useful markers of ILDs’ phase, activity and prognosis. They might also be helpful in treatment modality choice.
Stromatolites in the Late Ordovician Eureka Quartzite: implications for microbial growth and preservation in siliciclastic settings
Authors: DRUSCHKE PETER A. , JIANG GANQING , ANDERSON THOMAS B. , HANSON ANDREW D.
Published: December 2008

Well‐preserved siliciclastic domal stromatolites, up to 2 m wide and 1·5 m high, are found in a 10 to 15 m thick interval within the Late Ordovician Eureka Quartzite of Southern Nevada and Eastern California, USA. These stromatolites appear as either isolated features or patchy clusters that contain more than 70% by volume quartz grains; their association with planar, trough and herringbone cross‐bedding suggests that they were formed in an upper shoreface environment with high hydraulic energy. In this environment, sand bars or dunes may have provided localized shelter for initial microbial mat colonization. Biostabilization and early lithification of microbial mats effectively prevented erosion during tidal flushing and storm surges, and the prevalence of translucent quartz sand grains permitted light penetration into the sediment, leading to thick microbial mat accretion and the formation of domal stromatolites. Decimetre‐scale to metre‐scale stromatolite domes may have served as localized shelter and nucleation sites for further microbial mat colonization, forming patchy stromatolite clusters. Enrichment of iron minerals, including pyrite and hematite, within dark internal laminae of the stromatolites indicates anaerobic mineralization of microbial mats. The occurrence of stromatolites in the Eureka Quartzite provides an example of microbial growth in highly stressed, siliciclastic sedimentary environments, in which microbial communities may have been able to create microenvironments promoting early cementation/lithification essential for the growth and preservation of siliciclastic stromatolites.
Effect of polymorphism in insulin locus and HLA on type 1 diabetes in four ethnic groups in Israel
Authors: Benedek G. , Brautbar C. , Vardi P. , Sharon N. , Weintrob N. , Zung A. , Israel S.
Published: December 2008

This study examined a possible association of the insulin (INS) gene with type 1 diabetes (T1D) in patients and controls from four ethnic groups in Israel. We analyzed the distribution of −23HphI single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) T/A alleles that correspond to INS variable number of tandem repeat short class I alleles (26–63 repeats) and class III alleles (141–209 repeats), respectively. The −23HphI T/T genotype was found to be positively associated with T1D in three Jewish groups (Yemenites: 93.9% patients vs 68.8% controls, P = 0.0002; Ashkenazi: 80.6% vs 50.8%, P < 10−4; Ethiopians: 75% vs 40.5%, P = 0.002). The Yemenite healthy controls have the highest frequency of T allele from all Jewish groups studied (83.5% vs 68.8% in Ashkenazi and 64.3% in Ethiopians). The high frequency of a susceptibility allele in the Yemenites is in line with the high incidence of T1D in this population. No association was observed between T1D and the INS gene in Israeli Arabs studied (70.6% vs 66.7%). Variable incidence of T1D among different ethnicities in Israel is largely attributed to heterogeneous genetics. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) results of our previous studies describing the susceptibility and protective haplotypes were used for combined analysis to determine possible interaction between the HLA and INS loci. Only in the Ashkenazi group such interaction was presented with statistical significance.
Identification of the novel allele HLA‐B*580102 by sequence‐based typing in a Chinese individual
Authors: Zhu F.‐M. , Zhang W. , He J. , Yan L.‐X.
Published: December 2008

A novel HLA‐B*580102 allele was identified by sequence‐based typing in China.
Structural aspects of B*4617 molecule, a novel HLA‐B*46 allele identified by sequence‐based typing
Authors: Sohn Y.‐H. , Oh H.‐B. , Heo Y.‐S. , Kwon O.‐J.
Published: December 2008

New allele B*4617 showed one nucleotide difference with B*460101 at codon 167 (TGG→TCG).
Description of three novel HLA‐DRB3 alleles: DRB3*010105, DRB3*0112 and DRB3*0113
Authors: Lee K. W. , Jung Y.‐A.
Published: December 2008

This communication describes three novel DRB3 alleles whose exon 2 sequences are identical to that of DRB3*010102 except for a single nucleotide substitutions. Comparing with DRB3*010102, the sequence of DRB3*010105, DRB3*0112, and DRB3*0113 differ at codon 31 (TTC ‐> TTT), codon 84 (GGG ‐> CGG; Gly ‐> Arg), and codon 37 (TTC ‐> CTC; Phe ‐> Leu), respectively.
Identification of the novel allele HLA‐B*4076 by sequence‐based typing in a Chinese individual
Authors: Li S.‐Y. , Xie J.‐H. , Dong L. , Yan L.‐N. , Yuan Y.‐H.
Published: December 2008

A novel human leukocyte antigen‐B allele, officially named B*4076 allele, was found in a potential Chinese bone marrow donor when direct sequence‐based typing was carried out. The novel B*4076 is identical to B*400101 with an exception of one base substitution at position 239(C>A)of exon 2 resulting in codon #80 changed from AAC (Asn) to AAA (Lys).
Identification of a new HLA DRB1 allele (HLA‐DRB1*1167) in a potential hematopoietic stem cell donor from Iraqi Kurdistan
Authors: Testi M. , Lai S. , Alba F. , Andreani M. , Carcassi C.
Published: December 2008

High‐resolution polymerase chain reaction sequence‐specific primer typing and sequence‐based typing of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) gene DRB1 in a potential hematopoietic stem cell donor of Kurdish ethnicity revealed a new allelic variant of HLA‐DRB1*11. The sequence was named DRB1*1167, and comparison with previously described DRB1 alleles demonstrated a mixed pattern shared with some DRB1*08 alleles.
Identification of a new HLA‐B*40 allele, HLA‐B*4081, in a Chinese individual
Authors: Zou H.‐Y. , Li Z. , Cheng L.‐H. , Wang D.‐M. , Deng Z.‐H.
Published: December 2008

A novel human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐B*40 allele, officially named B*4081, was identified during routine high‐resolution sequence‐based typing in a Chinese potential hematopoietic stem cell transplantation donor. The HLA‐B*4081 allele shows one nucleotide difference from B*400101 in exon 2 at nucleotide position 124 where G→C (codon 18 GGG→CGG) resulting in a coding change, 18Gly is changed to Arg, this is a unique nucleotide change among the HLA class I alleles, suggesting a point mutation mechanism.
A novel HLA‐Cw*0436 allele identified by haplotype‐specific extraction and sequence‐based typing
Authors: Lim J. , Kim Y. , Cho B. , Chung N.‐G. , Bok J.‐N.
Published: December 2008

A novel HLA‐Cw*04 variant allele, Cw*0436, was identified in three members of a Korean family. This allele shows only one nucleotide difference from Cw*0411 in exon 2 at nucleotide position 268 (codon 90 GCC→GAC), resulting in an amino acid change from Alanine (A) to Aspartic acid (D).
Polymorphisms of HLA genes in Western Javanese (Indonesia): close affinities to Southeast Asian populations
Authors: Yuliwulandari R. , Kashiwase K. , Nakajima H. , Uddin J. , Susmiarsih T. P. , Sofro A. S. M. , Tokunaga K.
Published: December 2008

Identification of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antigens that are known as the highest polymorphic genes has become a valuable tool for tissue transplantation, platelet transfusion, disease susceptibility or resistance, and forensic and anthropological studies. In the present study, the allele and haplotype frequencies of HLA‐A, HLA‐B, and HLA‐DRB1 were studied in 237 unrelated healthy Western Javanese (Indonesia) by the high‐resolution polymerase chain reaction‐Luminex method. A total of 18 A, 40 B, and 20 DRB1 alleles were identified. The most frequent HLA‐A, ‐B, and ‐DRB1 alleles were HLA‐A*2407 (21.6%), HLA‐B*1502 (11.6%) and HLA‐B*1513 (11.2%), and DRB1*1202 (37.8%), respectively. The most frequent two‐locus haplotypes were HLA‐A*2407‐B*3505 (7%) and HLA‐B*1513‐DRB1*1202 (9.2%), and three‐locus haplotypes were HLA‐A*3401‐B*1521‐DRB1*150201 (4.6%), HLA‐A*2407‐B*3505‐DRB1*1202 (4.3%), and HLA‐A*330301‐B*440302‐DRB1*070101 (4.2%). HLA allele and haplotype frequencies in addition to phylogenetic tree and principal component analyses based on the four‐digit sequence‐level allele frequencies for HLA‐A, HLA‐B, and HLA‐DRB1 showed that Western Javanese (Indonesia) was closest to Southeast Asian populations.
Linkage and association study of FcγR polymorphisms in celiac disease
Authors: Sareneva I. , Koskinen L. L. E. , Korponay‐Szabo I. R. , Kaukinen K. , Kurppa K. , Ziberna F. , Vatta S. , Not T. , Ventura A. , Ádány R. , Pocsai Z. , Széles G. , Mäki M. , Saavalainen P. , Einarsdottir E.
Published: December 2008

The Fcγ receptor cluster on chromosome 1q23 contains a number of genes that may affect susceptibility to celiac disease, but previous studies have yielded contradictory results. We studied the FcγRIIa*A519G (rs1801274) and FcγRIIIa*A559C (rs396991) single nucleotide polymorphisms in celiac disease families from Hungary and Finland and in celiac disease case–control materials from Hungary and Italy. Neither the Hungarian nor the Italian case–control material or a meta‐analysis of the combined case–control material showed significant single‐marker or haplotype association. In addition, neither linkage nor family‐based association tests showed evidence for association in the Finnish or Hungarian family material. This study thus does not support a previous publication showing FcγR association with celiac disease.
Microbial diversity in Cenozoic sediments recovered from the Lomonosov Ridge in the Central Arctic Basin
Authors: Forschner Stephanie R. , Sheffer Roberta , Rowley David C. , Smith David C.
Published: December 2008

The current understanding of microbes inhabiting deeply buried marine sediments is based largely on samples collected from continental shelves in tropical and temperate latitudes. The geographical range of marine subsurface coring was expanded during the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Arctic Coring Expedition (IODP ACEX). This expedition to the ice‐covered central Arctic Ocean successfully cored the entire 428 m sediment stack on the Lomonosov Ridge during August and September 2004. The recovered cores vary from siliciclastic sediment low in organic carbon (< 0.2%) to organic rich (∼3%) black sediments that rapidly accumulated in the early middle Eocene. Three geochemical environments were characterized based on chemical analyses of porewater: an upper ammonium oxidation zone, a carbonate dissolution zone and a deep (> 200 m below sea floor) sulfate reduction zone. The diversity of microbes within each zone was assessed using 16S rRNA phylogenetic markers. Bacterial 16S rRNA genes were successfully amplified from each of the biogeochemical zones, while archaea was only amplified from the deep sulfate reduction zone. The microbial communities at each zone are phylogenetically different and are most closely related to those from other deep subsurface environments.
HERCULES IN ITALIAN RENAISSANCE ART: MASCULINE LABOUR AND HOMOEROTIC LIBIDO
Authors: SIMONS PATRICIA
Published: December 2008

Hercules was an exemplar of moral and civic virtue when represented in Italian Renaissance art. How he embodied masculinity, however, has not been explored. A popular but complicated figure, he visualized the burdens and tensions of idealized masculinity. By examining his battle against desire, as represented in his struggle with Antaeus, this article points to multivalence and varying receptions, from moralizing allegory to erotic fantasy. It concentrates on imagery from the ‘Florentine Picture Chronicle’, Pollaiuolo, Mantegna and his circle, and Michelangelo.
DEATH, HISTORY, AND THE MARVELLOUS LIVES OF TINTORETTO
Authors: LOH MARIA H.
Published: December 2008

This article will examine the discursive process of canon formation that occurred in Venice in the 1640s. In 1648 Carlo Ridolfi published Le maraviglie dell'arte; it represented one of the first regional histories of art and stood as a monument against Giorgio Vasari's grand and authoritative lives of the artists. The first half of Ridolfi's Le maraviglie began with the late medieval artist Il Guariento and culminated with the biographies of Titian and Veronese. The second volume opened with Tintoretto and went on to cover the lives of modern Venetian painters working in the early seventeenth century. The deaths of Tintoretto and then of his son Domenico, it will be argued, were the first and last steps that enabled the eventual birth of a luminous master narrative for Venetian art.
AIMING HIGH: PORCELAIN, SÈVRES AND THE GRAND VASE
Authors: CAREY JULIET
Published: December 2008

This essay aims to explore the manifold ways in which the creation of the Grand Vase articulated different but mutually reinforcing ideas of ‘greatness’ in French manufacture in the 1770s and 1780s. Technologically speaking, it aimed to demonstrate by its scale and the vivid perfection of its blue glaze both the mastery of hard paste (and therefore a decisive break with and progress from the manufactory's past) and its perpetuation of those qualities, particularly of colour, that had distinguished and established the reputation of its soft paste wares. However, at a time when the Government was increasingly reluctant to use privileges or patents to secure trading advantages, even for its own royal manufactories, increasingly design became the means by which technological innovation was promoted as a selling point. The vase was no exception. It reproduced, though with significant variation, the antique Medici Vase, greatly admired in France since the seventeenth century when Colbert commissioned copies for Versailles. It thus demonstrated porcelain's potential as a sculptural medium to vie with the antique, and articulated d'Angiviller's ambition for a renaissance of the grand siècle. The history of the conceptualization and production of this work challenges the long‐established view of the royal manufactories as conservative: hostile to technical, design and commercial innovation.
FROM THE ROYAL ACADEMY TO A HOTEL IN KAPUNDA: THE TOUR OF WILLIAM POWELL FRITH'S DERBY DAY IN COLONIAL AUSTRALIA
Authors: MONTANA ANDREW
Published: December 2008

Antipodean populations in the 1860s craved visual entertainment and popular spectacle and the 1864–65 exhibition of William Powell Frith's famous Royal Academy picture Derby Day (1856–8) was hailed as the first modern masterwork to tour the Australian colonies. Accompanied by reproductive prints for sale, this single‐picture exhibition of mid‐Victorian revellers at the Derby held up a mirror of English national life to colonials, and was a commercial enterprise organized by publisher and dealer Gambart & Co. to capitalize on new markets for art. With attention generally only given to the first exhibition of European paintings acquired by the Melbourne Public Library at the time of Derby Day's tour, art historians have never told the story of the painting's Antipodean journey in the mid‐1860s, and its Australian impact has been omitted by the few British scholars who have mentioned the tour.
Agricultural productivity and rural incomes in England and the Yangtze Delta, c.1620–c.18201
Authors: ALLEN ROBERT C.
Published: December 2008

The productivity of agriculture in England and the Yangtze Delta are compared c.1620 and c.1820 in order to gauge the performance of the most advanced part of China vis‐à‐vis its counterpart in Europe. The value of real output is compared using purchasing power parity exchange rates. Output per hectare was nine times greater in the Yangtze Delta than in England. More surprisingly, output per day worked was about 90 per cent of the English performance. This put Yangtze farmers slightly behind English and Dutch farmers c.1820, but ahead of most other farmers in Europe—an impressive achievement. There was little change in Yangtze agricultural productivity between 1620 and 1820. In 1820, the real income of a Yangtze peasant family was also about the same as that of an English agricultural labourer. All was not rosy in the Yangtze, however, for incomes there were on a downward trajectory. Agriculture income per family declined between 1620 and 1820, even though income per day worked changed little since population growth led to smaller farms and fewer days worked per year. The real earnings of women in textile production also declined, since the relative price of cotton cloth dropped—possibly also because a larger population led to greater production. The implication is that the Yangtze family, unlike the English family, had a considerably higher real income c.1620, and that period was the Delta's golden age.
Sequential Cross‐border Mergers in Models of Oligopoly
Authors: SALVO ALBERTO
Published: December 2008

Anti‐competitive mergers may be held up when outside firms respond pro‐competitively. I examine the profitability of cross‐border mergers by embedding a class of oligopoly models—where mergers are anti‐competitive and actions are strategic substitutes—in a sequential merger game, cast in a two‐country setting. I find that cross‐border mergers: (i) are held up only when ‘international differences’ are minimal; (ii) happen in clusters, not in isolation; and (iii) can be interdependent. I illustrate with two standard oligopolies. The ‘bumpiness’ of the world suggests that the hold‐up problem is less pervasive in an open‐economy context.
Organizational Design, Technology and the Boundaries of the Firm
Authors: HALONEN‐AKATWIJUKA MAIJA
Published: December 2008

Focus (specialization) improves productivity but leads to more dependency and opens a door for holdup problems. We analyse how organizational design interacts with the allocation of ownership in minimizing the holdup problem. We identify a new cost of integration: inefficient organizational design in an integrated firm. We also show that the boundaries of the firm depend on technology.
Landholding Patterns in Early Islamic Egypt
Authors: SIJPESTEIJN PETRA M.
Published: December 2008

This article examines the impact of the Arab conquests of the 630s and 640s on rural society and fiscal organization in Egypt. Traditional accounts paint a picture of a seventh‐century Egypt from which the aristocracy had largely disappeared and in which Arab rulers and administrators communicated directly with village communities. Drawing upon the testimony of seventh‐century documentary papyri, this essay reveals the continued role of Christian elites in administering tax collection and the extent to which the Arab conquerors left agrarian social relations largely undisturbed. Only over the course of the eighth century were indigenous Christian elites sidelined, leading to a number of tax revolts on the part of the Coptic population.
Early Medieval Byzantium and the End of the Ancient World
Authors: WHITTOW MARK
Published: December 2008

To talk of the Roman empire after 600 as Byzantine carries the implication that something fundamental had changed. Clearly the empire was much smaller, but was it also distinct as a social system? Did the Roman aristocracy adapt and survive in the seventh and eighth centuries, or did a new elite emerge? Did those farming the empire's fields notice any difference? A combination of familiar texts and material evidence from archaeology supports a case for this as a period of radical change, but any conclusions are bound to be provisional as long as the archaeology of this period remains a low priority.
An inter‐regional approach to intraspecific variation in habitat association: Rock Buntings Emberiza cia as a case study
Authors: SÁNCHEZ SARA , VÁCLAV RADOVAN , PROKOP PAVOL
Published: December 2008

The habitat association approach has been increasingly used in ecology to resolve problems in wildlife conservation and management. One problem related to habitat association studies is that they are restricted to small geographical areas within a species’ range, and thus they are applicable to only a limited set of environmental conditions utilized by the species. In addition, very few studies address why the preference for specific habitat components may be adaptive for the species in question. The objective of this study was to examine how consideration of populations of a species from two dramatically different environments affects the results of habitat association modelling for a ground‐nesting passerine, the Rock Bunting Emberiza cia. At a regional scale, a trend to defending breeding habitat patches with relatively higher stone cover was confined to birds from a temperate region in Slovakia. In contrast, in a semi‐arid region in southeastern Spain, Rock Buntings preferred to use breeding habitat patches that had relatively higher grass cover. Combining data from both regions, breeding Rock Buntings showed a general pattern of using habitat patches close to hedges, with low bush cover, high ditch density and a steep slope. Whereas regional habitat association models appear to be sensitive to the particularities of the breeding environment, our study suggests that Rock Bunting breeding habitat association is constrained by the adults’ tactics to protect themselves against predators. Although the birds prefer to nest in patches of low vegetation, the better to see nearby predators, these patches are ideally close to taller vegetation that can be used to provide cover when evading predators, and they are also of a rugged profile that helps the birds to approach and leave the nest stealthily.
Habitat influences on urban avian assemblages
Authors: EVANS KARL L. , NEWSON STUART E. , GASTON KEVIN J.
Published: December 2008

Urbanization is increasing across the globe and there is growing interest in urban ecology and a recognition that developed areas may be important for conservation. We review the factors influencing urban avian assemblages, focusing on habitat type and anthropogenic resource provision, and analyse data from a common bird monitoring scheme to assess some of these issues. The review suggests that (1) local factors are more important than regional ones in determining the species richness of urban avian assemblages, raising the potential for the management of urban sites to deliver conservation; (2) habitat fragmentation frequently influences urban avian assemblages, with the effects of patch size being greater than those of isolation, and (3) urban bird assemblages appear to respond positively to increasing the structural complexity, species richness of woody vegetation and supplementary feeding, and negatively to human disturbance. Data from Britain's Breeding Bird Survey, combined with habitat data obtained from aerial photographs, were used to assess a number of these issues at the resolution of 1‐km squares. Green‐space constituted 45% of these squares, and domestic gardens contributed 50% of this green‐space, though their contribution to large continuous patches of green‐space was negligible. There was no significant positive correlation between the densities of individual species in urban areas and surrounding rural areas. Rural species richness declined with increasing latitude, but urban species richness was not correlated with latitude. This contrast contributes to slightly higher avian species richness in rural squares in Southern England than urban ones. Occupancy and abundance were strongly positively correlated in urban avian assemblages, and some indicator species of conservation concern occurred in few urban areas and at low densities. Such species will require conservation action to be precisely targeted within urban areas. Of the urban indicators of conservation concern, only the House Sparrow Passer domesticus and Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris were more abundant in urban than rural areas. Moreover, the densities of these two species were strongly and positively correlated, indicating that they may be limited by shared resources, such as nest‐sites or supplementary food. There was little evidence that high densities of nest‐predating corvids were associated with reduced densities of their prey species. Species richness and the densities of individual species frequently declined with an increasing number of buildings. Current trends for the densification of many British urban areas are thus likely to be detrimental for many bird species.
The association of lung function and plasma volume expansion in neonatal alpaca crias following plasma transfusion for failure of passive transfer
Authors: Paxson Julia A. , Cunningham Suzanne M. , Rush John E. , Bedenice Daniela
Published: December 2008

Objective–Failure of passive transfer in neonatal alpacas is often corrected by IV administration of commercial camelid plasma. The goal of this study was to characterize changes in pulmonary function, gas exchange, and cardiovascular parameters associated with IV plasma transfusion.

Design–Prospective clinical study.

Setting–A university‐based referral hospital.

Animals–Eleven clinically healthy alpaca crias (age: 1–18 days) with failure of passive transfer (IgG<8 g/L [800 mg/dL]).

Interventions–Thirty milliliters per kilogram of commercial camelid plasma was administered IV over 90 minutes. Before and after the transfusion, the following cardiopulmonary measurements were obtained: arterial blood gas analysis, pulmonary functional residual capacity (FRC), PCV, total plasma protein and echocardiographic M‐mode measures. Additionally, central venous pressure and indirect arterial blood pressure were monitored throughout the plasma transfusion.

Measurements and Main Results–The IV plasma transfusion resulted in significantly reduced PCV (−5.4±5.1%), increased total plasma protein (+4±4 g/L [0.4±0.4 g/dL]), elevated central venous pressure and changes in left and right ventricular M‐mode indices, consistent with plasma volume expansion. Transfusion was further associated with a significant increase in arterial oxygen pressure (PaO2) (+11.2±15 mm Hg) and decrease in FRC (−5.6±8.3 mL/kg).

Conclusions–IV administration of 30 mL/kg camelid plasma to neonatal crias resulted in measurable plasma volume expansion and a concurrent reduction in FRC. Administration of this quantity of plasma appeared to be safe in healthy neonatal crias. However, changes in lung volume associated with plasma administration may create risks for crias with underlying cardiopulmonary or systemic disease.
Evaluation of a new full‐body animal rescue and transportation sling in horses: 181 horses (1998–2006)
Authors: Fürst Anton E. , Keller Ruedi , Kummer Martin , Manera Celine , Von Salis Björn , Auer Jörg , Bettschart‐Wolfensberger Regula
Published: December 2008

Objective–The goal of this study was to evaluate the reliability of the Animal Rescue and Transportation Sling (ARTS) for emergency and clinical use in horses.

Design–A retrospective study of the use of the ARTS in the hospital and field.

Setting–The medical records of 158 horses referred to the Equine Hospital, University of Zurich, and 23 records from the Large Animal Rescue.

Animals–The ARTS was used in 121 standing and 60 recumbent horses. Seventy‐eight horses were sedated, 47 patients were under general anesthesia when the sling was applied and no sedation or anesthesia was required in 56 horses.

Interventions and Main Results–The ARTS was applied in crane and helicopter rescue operations to stabilize horses that required lifting (n=41), during emergency transportation (n=24), to facilitate induction of general anesthesia (n=4) or recovery from general anesthesia (n=51). Additionally, the sling was used to immobilize horses with fractures (n=29), to reduce weight‐bearing in horses with severe lameness (n=12), to support horses with disorders of the CNS (n=7), to help recumbent horses rise (n=9), and to provide support for horses after repair of large abdominal hernias (n=4). Acceptance of the ARTS by the horses was scored as excellent (n=153), good (n=19) and poor (n=6), and the sling was not tolerated in 3 horses. Only after long‐term use (weeks) did the skin over certain pressure points become irritated, resulting in superficial pressure sores.

Conclusions–The ARTS was reliable, safe, and easy to use. It proved to be ideal for a wide variety of emergencies.
Anthropology from the Bones: A Memoir of Fieldwork, Survival, and Commitment
Authors: Mahmood Cynthia Keppley
Published: December 2008

In this deeply personal account, I describe for the first time how I was assaulted, beaten, and raped by a gang of hired thugs or rogue police in a north central Indian state during fieldwork in 1992. A graphic narrative of this event leads into a brief meditation on the sorts of things readers would typically prefer not to know, and on our compulsion as engaged anthropologists to bring them into the conversation anyway. I conclude with the persisting hope of survivors of violence—like many of our ethnographic interlocutors in arenas of conflict—that healing is possible and that change toward justice can occur. Finally, I write of an anthropology that speaks from a spiritual, political, and intellectual paradigm which recognizes that, unspoken or not, values of the heart are as central to our field as those of the mind.
“Coyote May Carry You off on His Tail”: A Shoshoni Perspective on Ethics
Authors: Glowacka Maria , Gould Drusilla
Published: December 2008

In this article, we present a Shoshoni perspective on ethics and discuss examples of the ethical key concepts embedded in Deniwape, the traditional knowledge that has been transmitted orally within family lines. Deniwape represents a set of principles that delineate traditional connections between landscape, family, customary practices, and cultural values. We focus specifically on the semantic meanings and cultural usages of ethical key concepts to offer new insights into the understanding of traditional Shoshoni ethics.
Anthropology and Human Rights: Between Silence and Voice
Authors: Pereira Pedro Paulo Gomes
Published: December 2008

This text deals with ethnographic research carried out for two years at Fraternidade Assistencial Lucas Evangelista (FALE), an institution that provides residence to 200 people diagnosed with HIV. At this institution, located on the outskirts of Brasilia, Brazil, ex‐convicts, ex‐prostitutes, abandoned children, transvestites, drug addicts, alcoholics, and those expelled from their homes by parents and relatives live together in a situation of confinement and terror. This text explores some of the possibilities and difficulties of anthropology at the forefront of the Human Rights debate. In particular, it emphasizes the dilemma of silence and voice—remaining silent or speaking out—for both anthropologists and their interlocutors.
The Poetic Turn of Culture, or the “Resistances of Structure”
Authors: Maynard Kent
Published: December 2008

Paul Friedrich (1996) argues that poetry helps us to understand the cultural assumptions of particular societies, as well as think about what culture is. What does it mean to say that culture is in poetry, or poetry in culture? And what are the consequences of such questions for theories of culture or structure? I qualify what Friedrich says about poetry and culture, taken separately, as well as the two interwoven sides of his equation—culture in poetry, and poetry in culture. Yet, Friedrich gives us a fundamental insight: that both culture and poetry possess structural elements while they may also be highly allusive. To unravel this paradox we can turn to the telling phrase of the poet, Heather McHugh (1996): poetry (and I would add culture) is “a making full of breakings.” Both rely on a “structure of resistances,” less a blueprint for action than a watercolor wash, at once elliptical and suggestive of both social memory and imagined futures.