bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Citation Impact of NHLBI R01 Grants Funded Through the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act as Compared to R01 Grants Funded Through a Standard Payline
Authors: Danthi Narasimhan S. , Wu Colin O. , DiMichele Donna M. , Hoots W. Keith , Lauer Michael S.
Published: February 2015

Rationale:

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) allowed National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute to fund R01 grants that fared less well on peer review than those funded by meeting a payline threshold. It is not clear whether the sudden availability of additional funding enabled research of similar or lesser citation impact than already funded work.

Objective:

To compare the citation impact of ARRA-funded de novo National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute R01 grants with concurrent de novo National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute R01 grants funded by standard payline mechanisms.

Methods and Results:

We identified de novo (type 1) R01 grants funded by National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute in fiscal year 2009: these included 458 funded by meeting Institute’s published payline and 165 funded only because of ARRA funding. Compared with payline grants, ARRA grants received fewer total funds (median values, $1.03 versus $1.87 million;
P
<0.001) for a shorter duration (median values including no-cost extensions, 3.0 versus 4.9 years;
P
<0.001). Through May 2014, the payline R01 grants generated 3895 publications, whereas the ARRA R01 grants generated 996. Using the InCites database from Thomson-Reuters, we calculated a normalized citation impact for each grant by weighting each article for the number of citations it received normalizing for subject, article type, and year of publication. The ARRA R01 grants had a similar normalized citation impact per $1 million spent as the payline grants (median values [interquartile range], 2.15 [0.73–4.68] versus 2.03 [0.75–4.10];
P
=0.61). The similar impact of the ARRA grants persisted even after accounting for potential confounders.

Conclusions:

Despite shorter durations and lower budgets, ARRA R01 grants had comparable citation outcomes per $million spent to that of contemporaneously funded payline R01 grants.
Defining the Ischemic Penumbra Using Magnetic Resonance Oxygen Metabolic Index
Authors: An Hongyu , Ford Andria L. , Chen Yasheng , Zhu Hongtu , Ponisio Rosana , Kumar Gyanendra , Shanechi Amirali Modir , Khoury Naim , Vo Katie D. , Williams Jennifer , Derdeyn Colin P. , Diringer Michael N. , Panagos Peter , Powers William J. , Lee Jin-Moo , Lin Weili
Published: February 2015

Background and Purpose—

Penumbral biomarkers promise to individualize treatment windows in acute ischemic stroke. We used a novel magnetic resonance imaging approach that measures oxygen metabolic index (OMI), a parameter closely related to positron emission tomography–derived cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen utilization (CMRO2), to derive a pair of ischemic thresholds: (1) an irreversible-injury threshold that differentiates ischemic core from penumbra and (2) a reversible-injury threshold that differentiates penumbra from tissue not-at-risk for infarction.

Methods—

Forty patients with acute ischemic stroke underwent magnetic resonance imaging at 3 time points after stroke onset: <4.5 hours (for OMI threshold derivation), 6 hours (to determine reperfusion status), and 1 month (for infarct probability determination). A dynamic susceptibility contrast method measured cerebral blood flow, and an asymmetrical spin echo sequence measured oxygen extraction fraction, to derive OMI (OMI=cerebral blood flow×oxygen extraction fraction). Putative ischemic threshold pairs were iteratively tested using a computation-intensive method to derive infarct probabilities in 3 tissue groups defined by the thresholds (core, penumbra, and not-at-risk tissue). An optimal threshold pair was chosen based on its ability to predict infarction in the core, reperfusion-dependent survival in the penumbra, and survival in not-at-risk tissue. The predictive abilities of the thresholds were then tested within the same cohort using a 10-fold cross-validation method.

Results—

The optimal OMI ischemic thresholds were found to be 0.28 and 0.42 of normal values in the contralateral hemisphere. Using the 10-fold cross-validation method, median infarct probabilities were 90.6% for core, 89.7% for nonreperfused penumbra, 9.95% for reperfused penumbra, and 6.28% for not-at-risk tissue.

Conclusions—

OMI thresholds, derived using voxel-based, reperfusion-dependent infarct probabilities, delineated the ischemic penumbra with high predictive ability. These thresholds will require confirmation in an independent patient sample.
THE SECRET SIX AND JOHN BROWN'S RAID ON HARPERS FERRY: TWO LETTERS
Authors: La Moy William T.
Published: February 2015

The Secret Six, the Northern men who supported Brown's assault on the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, were committed to shielding themselves. After the Civil War, however, their agent, Franklin Sanborn, in advocating for a “true account” of the event in letters reprinted here, identified its main, and some supporting, actors.
“Never the Right Food”
Authors: Farmer Michial
Published: February 2015

Flannery O’Connor’s first novel, Wise Blood, and John Updike’s second, Rabbit, Run, both deal with the convergences and divergences of the physical and material worlds. Both feature characters who are driven by instinctual longings for or away from divinity, and both feature complicated relationships between their characters and the gods they seek and flee. But the conclusions drawn by these two novels are contradictory. O’Connor’s Hazel Motes, in his desperate attempt to escape from God’s call, ends up performing a painful bodily penance and presumably finds God present in his suffering. Updike’s Harry Angstrom, on the other hand, does his best to find God’s active presence in the world but ends up alienated from that presence, subsumed in the physical world in which he seeks it. This paper seeks an answer for this divergence in endings.
Lexical Arguments and Information Types in Malay Oral Narratives
Authors: Chung Siaw-Fong
Published: February 2015

The analysis in this paper was based on five Malay narratives of the “frog story”. In these narratives, the types of lexical arguments and their relations with information flow and topic continuity were analyzed. It was found that most narrators used one lexical argument in telling the frog story (e.g., sarang itu jatuh “the nest fell”). About 60% of the verbs in the narratives contained one lexical argument only. Some transitive verbs that usually require the presence of both lexical arguments were used with one lexical argument only when produced in speech (e.g., dia mencari ø di merata tempat “he searched (for) ø everywhere”). Objects were sometimes omitted, as their meanings could be predicted from previous context. Despite the omission of objects, transitive constructions still prevailed in the stories. The most frequently occurring lexical arguments were objects (O) (37%), followed by intransitive subjects (S) (29%) and transitive subjects (A) (27%). In addition, our results showed that new information in Malay was usually allocated to the core argument of the object and to locative expressions, indicating that most of the new information appeared at the end of a clause. On the other hand, topic continuity was held between the subjects in two continuous intonation units. This clear-cut division of discourse functions in the heads and tails of constructions was consistently found in the five pieces of narration. This observation not only showed how ideas could be continued in Malay oral narratives, but also contributes to the study of discourse structure in Malay.
Vague Language that is Vague P in Both L1 and L2: A Comment on Gassner (2012)
Authors: Parvaresh Vahid
Published: February 2015

In one of the most recent studies exclusively devoted to referential vagueness, Gassner (2012) argues that there are occasions in which ‘L2 speakers of English’ display instances of what she calls vagueness
P
. Put more precisely, focusing on the noun “thing” as a case in point, Gassner (2012: 3) reports that while in her L1 data all instances of “thing” are interpreted normally in context, “some instances of ‘thing’ in the L2 data do seem to introduce the phenomenon of vagueness
P
”. These instances, which according to Gassner (: 26) only occur “in L2 uses of the item ‘thing’”, make it too difficult for the hearer to understand what “thing” would refer to. Although Gassner’s findings have some serious implications for researchers working in the field, in what follows I shall argue that vagueness
P
is not necessarily a phenomenon confined to L2 discourse, but rather is found even in L1 data.
Evaluation of Chinese Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR) Weather Reports
Authors: Ding Jinfeng , Zhuge Xiao-Yong , Wang Yuan , Xiong Anyuan
Published: February 2015

Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR) weather reports are a type of high spatiotemporal data currently widely used in weather monitoring and prediction. A recent Chinese AMDAR project began in 2003 has made rapid progress. However, the assessment and accuracy of these Chinese AMDAR reports have yet to be thoroughly discussed. A comparison of temperature and wind observations between Chinese AMDAR reports and rawinsonde data between 2004 and 2010 is conducted in this paper. Results demonstrate that the root-mean-square error (RMSE) between these two sets of data is 1.40°C for temperature, 3.56 m s−1 for wind speed, and 28° for wind direction. Because of the particularity of observation and inversion method, comparison results are not only affected by AMDAR measurement and reporting error but also by spatial and temporal representativeness, flight phases, and the environment. This evaluation helps create a complete estimation of the accuracy of Chinese AMDAR in order to assist with data assimilation.
Pathways in gut-brain communication: Evidence for distinct gut-to-brain and brain-to-gut syndromes
Authors: Keightley Philip C , Koloski Natasha A , Talley Nicholas J
Published: February 2015

Objective:

The rich interconnectedness between gut and brain is increasingly being identified. This article reviews the evidence for brain-gut and gut-brain syndromes, particularly recent epidemiological evidence, and animal studies demonstrating bi-directionality at the formative stage of development.

Method:

Narrative literature review with selection for relevance and quality.

Results:

Population surveys show a strong correlation between anxiety, depression, and functional gastrointestinal disorders, contradicting early suspicions that the high prevalence of anxiety and depression in the clinic was mainly due to neurotic health seeking behaviour. Five and 12 year follow-up shows that psychological distress can predict later onset of a functional gastrointestinal disorder and vice versa. Brain-gut pathways include the autonomic nervous system, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis including corticotrophin releasing factor directly acting on the gut. Gut-brain pathways include ascending pain pathways, cytokines including tumour necrosis factor alpha in response to bacterial translocation and inflammation, 5-hydroxytryptamine secretion by entero-endocrine cells and psychoactive chemicals of bacterial origin which may enter the blood stream, such as gamma-aminobutyric acid, fatty acids and 5-hydroxytryptamine precursors. The ability to control rodent temperament and HPA responsiveness with early modification of gastrointestinal flora, and the effects of early stress on the barrier function of the gastrointestinal tract and flora, suggests an ability of both systems to prime each other in early life for later problems. This hypothesis seems to be supported by a possible protective effect of a probiotic strain of bacteria in a model of early rat psychological trauma.

Conclusion:

Psychological treatments are known to improve functional gastrointestinal disorders, the next wave of research may involve preventative microbiological gut based treatments for primary psychological presentations, both to treat the presenting complaint and inoculate against later functional gastrointestinal disorders.
Healthy Time Use in the Encore Years
Authors: Flood Sarah M. , Moen Phyllis
Published: February 2015

Social engagement is theorized to promote health, with ages 55 to 75—what some call “encore” adulthood—potentially being a time for ongoing engagement or social isolation. We use the American Time Use Survey ( N = 11,952) and a life course perspective to examine associations between paid work, resources, relations, and healthy time use for men and women in the first (55–64) and second (65–74) halves of the encore years. Work limits sufficient sleep (full-time working men) and television watching (all workers) but also time spent in physical activity (full-time workers). College-educated and healthy encore adults—across age and gender divides—are more likely to exercise and watch less television. Marriage and caregiving encourage socializing and limit television watching, despite differential effects on physical activity and sleep. These findings fit well with a gendered life course perspective suggesting socially patterned (by work, resources, relationships, gender, age) health behaviors.
Incitement to dialogue: Josef Hromádka’s call for Christian–Marxist dialogue in Gospel for Atheists
Authors: Cruz Miranda Zapor
Published: February 2015

Josef Lukl Hromádka (1889–1969) was a controversial theologian and professor, whose support for the socialist government in Czechoslovakia caused many Western theologians to condemn him, but challenged others to reexamine their understanding of the relationship between Christianity and political ideologies. In 1958 Hromádka contributed Das Evangelium für Atheisten, later published in English as Gospel for Atheists, to a series of small theological books being published in West Berlin. Gospel for Atheists contrasts with Hromádka’s earlier work, while retaining continuity of thought, because the author’s motivation was to promote dialogue between Christians in the West and Marxists in the East. The audience to whom Hromádka directed Gospel for Atheists, the manner in which he reiterated the motifs that he first addressed in Doom and Resurrection, and the more controversial aspects of his theology that he excluded from Gospel for Atheists, demonstrate Hromádka’s goal of promoting respectful dialogue.
Perceived Expectations for Active Aging, Formal Productive Roles, and Psychological Adjustment Among the Young-Old
Authors: Pavlova Maria K. , Silbereisen Rainer K.
Published: February 2015

We investigated how older adults’ perceptions of societal expectations for active aging, or activation demands (e.g., to stay fit and to contribute to the public good), relate to their involvement in paid work and formal volunteering and psychological adjustment. We used two waves of survey data on young-old Germans (aged 56–75, NT1 = 1,508, NT2 = 602). With the exception of several items on perceived activation demands, paid work and volunteering were not significant longitudinal predictors of such demands. In females, perceived activation demands increased the likelihood to work for pay a year later. Finally, among nonworking individuals, perceived activation demands predicted a better physical self-concept and a higher positive affect, whereas among nonvolunteers, such demands predicted fewer depressive symptoms a year later. We conclude that the policy debate on active aging may benefit some older German adults but is of little consequence for most of them.
Can Nonprofit Enterprises Lead to Better Revenue Conditions in Local Government?
Authors: Park Soyoung , Kim Sungchan
Published: February 2015

Nonprofit enterprises may play an important role in revenue diversification from a government perspective, especially when local governments suffer from revenue shortages. This study attempts to examine whether an increasing number of nonprofit enterprises influence revenue diversification, as measured by the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI), as well as volatility using a panel data set from 2007 to 2012. The results indicate that local governments can secure more diversified and increased income sources as more nonprofit enterprises are created throughout the county. Moreover, nonprofit enterprises with stable business categories contribute more and therefore actively improve revenue conditions of local governments.
Exophytic renal angiomyolipoma and perirenal liposarcoma: revisiting the role of CT for differential diagnosis
Authors: Woo Sungmin , Kim Sang Youn , Cho Jeong Yeon , Kim Seung Hyup , Lee Myoung Seok
Published: February 2015

Background

Exophytic renal angiomyolipoma and liposarcoma are two representative tumors in the retroperitoneum with fatty components that have potential to be misdiagnosed with each other.

Purpose

To compare the computed tomography (CT) findings of exophytic renal angiomyolipoma and perirenal liposarcoma.

Material and Methods

Fourteen and 16 cases with histologically-proven exophytic renal angiomyolipoma and perirenal liposarcoma, respectively, with preoperative CT from January 2000 to December 2013 were reviewed by two radiologists blinded to the clinical and pathological findings for an array of CT findings. These findings were compared between exophytic renal angiomyolipoma and perirenal liposarcoma using the Student t-test and Fisher’s exact test.

Results

Patients with exophytic renal angiomyolipoma were younger ( P = 0.001) without differences in sex ( P = 1.000). Exophytic renal angiomyolipomas were smaller ( P = 0.004) and more commonly showed the following findings: renal parenchymal defect ( P < 0.001), multiple linear vessels ( P = 0.026), aneurysmal dilatation of intratumoral vessels ( P = 0.024), renal parenchymal vascular pedicle ( P < 0.001), hemorrhage ( P = 0.037), encapsulated margin ( P = 0.001), and other intrarenal fatty lesions ( P = 0.037). No significant difference was seen in laterality, renal hilar vascular pedicle, non-fatty soft tissue nodule, calcification, or kidney displacement ( P = 0.236–1.000).

Conclusion

Several CT findings were significantly different between exophytic renal angiomyolipoma and perirenal liposarcoma and may be helpful for differentiating between the two entities when confronting a fatty mass in the perirenal space.
Characterization of short glass fiber reinforced polypropylene foam composites with the effect of compatibilizers: A comparison
Authors: Yang Jinian , Li Ping
Published: February 2015

To improve the performance of short glass fiber reinforced polypropylene (SGF/PP) foam composites, the maleic anhydride (MAH) grafted PP (PP-g-MAH) and MAH grafted ethylene-α-octene copolymer (EOC-g-MAH) were introduced as the interfacial compatibilizers. Then, the effects of compatibilizers on the cellular structures, interfacial morphologies, and mechanical properties of SGF/PP foam composites were investigated and compared in detail. Results showed that the foaming qualities of composites were remarkably improved in the presence of either PP-g-MAH or EOC-g-MAH. The best samples were achieved with minimum average cell diameters and maximum cell densities, when the content of either PP-g-MAH or EOC-g-MAH was added up to 8%. Increased compatibilizers promoted the wettability of PP to SGF, and PP-g-MAH showed the more obvious influence on enhancing SGF–polymer interfacial bonding that that of EOC-g-MAH. Mechanical tests claimed that mechanical properties, except for compression strength, were all strengthened with growing compatibilizers. It was emphasized that EOC-g-MAH had much advantage of improving the impact toughness, whereas the PP-g-MAH was more beneficial of increasing the flexural and compression strength of SGF/PP foam composites.
Hegemonic Masculinity, HIV/AIDS Risk Perception, and Sexual Behavior Change Among Young People in Ghana
Authors: Ganle John Kuumuori
Published: February 2015

Among the youth in some parts of sub-Saharan Africa, a paradoxical mix of adequate knowledge of HIV/AIDS and high-risk behavior characterizes their daily lives. Based on original qualitative research in Ghana, I explore in this article the ways in which the social construction of masculinity influences youth’s responses to behavior change HIV/AIDS prevention interventions. Findings show that although awareness of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and the risks of infection is very high among the youth, a combination of hegemonic masculinity and perceptions of personal invulnerability acts to undermine the processes of young people’s HIV/AIDS risk construction and appropriate behavioral change. I argue that if HIV/AIDS prevention is to be effective and sustained, school- and community-based initiatives should be developed to provide supportive social spaces in which the construction of masculinity, the identity of young men and women as gendered persons, and perceptions of their vulnerability to HIV/AIDS infection are challenged.
Anal Melanoma With Neuroendocrine Differentiation
Authors: Ilardi Gennaro , Caroppo Danila , Varricchio Silvia , Vita Giulia , Di Lorenzo Pierpaolo , Insabato Luigi , De Rosa Gaetano , Mascolo Massimo
Published: February 2015

Melanoma of the anal cavity is an uncommon malignant tumor with an aggressive clinical behavior. The presence of nonmelanocytic cell or tissue components, designated as divergent differentiation, is an unusual but well-documented phenomenon in melanoma. We experienced a rare case of amelanotic melanoma with neuroendocrine differentiation of the anal canal, occurring in a 68-year old woman. This tumor was characterized by a clear-cut radial growth phase and an invasive component composed of a diffuse small cells population positive for neuroendocrine markers with a focal but convincing co-expression of S100 protein. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the first case of neuroendocrine differentiation in a primary melanoma of the anal cavity. Although anal melanoma with neuroendocrine differentiation is exceptional, clinical practitioners should be aware of its possibility at this site.
Critical Race Theory in Education
Authors: Ledesma María C. , Calderón Dolores
Published: February 2015

This article examines the development of Critical Race Theory (CRT) in education, paying attention to how researchers use CRT (and its branches) in the study of K-12 and higher education. The article reviews CRT literature with a focus on CRT scholarship that offers tools to engage with and work against racism within education. The authors highlight works that embody the critical origins of CRT in both the law and elsewhere, with a goal of demonstrating that CRT work means more than just pointing to race. It requires an engagement and articulation with the material, structural, and ideological mechanisms of White supremacy.
Theorizing Legal Participatory Action Research
Authors: Houh Emily M. S. , Kalsem Kristin
Published: February 2015

In this article, the authors discuss how they—as legal scholars—have incorporated principles of participatory action research into their work as critical race/feminist legal researchers. Concerned particularly with how predatory lending practices are exacerbating economic inequalities in the United States, the authors describe their ongoing community-based research on the “fringe economy” and the importance of bringing critical race/feminist insights to issues of economic justice.
Being part of diversity: The effects of an all-inclusive multicultural diversity approach on majority members’ perceived inclusion and support for organizational diversity efforts
Authors: Jansen Wiebren S. , Otten Sabine , van der Zee Karen I.
Published: February 2015

In two experiments we tested how explicitly including the cultural majority group in an organization’s diversity approach (all-inclusive multiculturalism) affects the extent to which majority members feel included in the organization and support organizational diversity efforts. In Study 1 we focused on prospective employees. We found that an all-inclusive diversity approach, compared with the “standard” multicultural approach in which the majority group is not explicitly made part of organizational diversity, led to higher levels of anticipated inclusion for those with a high need to belong. In Study 2 we turned to sitting organizational members. Here, we again found that an all-inclusive multicultural approach increased perceptions of inclusion, but now the effect was present regardless of individual levels of need to belong. Perceived inclusion, in turn, was positively related to majority members’ support for organizational diversity efforts. Together, these findings underline the effectiveness of an all-inclusive multicultural approach towards diversity.
Identity, choice and consumer freedom – the new opiates? A psychoanalytic interrogation
Authors: Gabriel Yiannis
Published: February 2015

Psychoanalysis opens a variety of windows into understanding contemporary consumption and consumerism. The psychoanalytic theory of defence and the unconscious enables us to understand why commodities, from fast cars to luxury chocolate, so readily stand in to offer substitute gratification for deeper repressed desires and why the meaning of such commodities is liable to become mobile and unstable (Baudrillard, 1988 [1970]). The psychoanalytic concepts of narcissism (Freud, 1914) and the mirror stage (Lacan, 2006) provide powerful entry points into understanding our culture’s obsession with image (Cluley and Dunne, 2012), whilst the theory of neurosis offers significant insights into the addictive and deeply irrational qualities of contemporary consumption (Lasch, 1980). Object relations theory (Winnicott, 1964) enables us to understand how material objects, from early childhood attachments to teddy bears, act as bridges between our sense of self and what we come to view as an external world deeply indifferent to our desires. Several other psychoanalytic concepts and ideas have proven particularly helpful in contemporary discourses on consumption. This essay draws its inspiration from Freud’s theory of religion (Freud,1927, 1930) to test the view that the consumer’s freedom to choose and construct an identity is an illusion in the technical sense – a fantasy that discloses deeper desires and offers substitute gratifications for the discontents inflicted on us by contemporary consumer culture. Like earlier illusions, the illusion of freedom and the derivative illusions of choice and identity may provide some consolation, but, arguably, then deepen the discontents for which they purport to offer comfort.
Understanding social exclusion and psychosocial adjustment of North Korean adolescents and young adult refugees in South Korea through Photovoice
Authors: Kim Min Ah , Hong Jun Sung , Ra Miyoung , Kim Kihyun
Published: February 2015

A growing number of North Korean refugees residing in South Korea face significant challenges in cultural adjustment. However, psychosocial adjustment of North Korean young refugees is not fully understood. To address this research gap, this study explores the life experiences of 10 North Korean adolescent and young adult refugees who resettled in South Korea. Using Photovoice as a participatory research tool consisting of individual interviews, group discussions, and visual representations, six major themes emerged: friends, what we have lost, the world we live in, culture, life goals, and values. Participants reported experiencing social exclusion and peer discrimination as barriers to successful adjustment in South Korea. They also defined their new homeland as a place where competition, material wealth, and social status are highly valued, while traditional values and nature are shunned. Despite these barriers, all of the participants have made efforts to adapt to their new homeland and create new life goals with support from the group home where the participants resided in South Korea. Recognizing and understanding complex issues related to psychosocial adjustments of these refugees can inform the development of culturally relevant psychosocial interventions that foster a sense of belonging and promote coping mechanisms for these young people.
Lesbian Geographies
Authors: Ghaziani Amin
Published: February 2015

Amin Ghaziani on ladies and gentrification.
Pay Transparency
Authors: Friedman Debra S.
Published: February 2015

The federal government, through its recent Executive Orders, is mandating pay transparency for the federal contracting community. This new way of doing business has potentially profound implications for all employers. Companies must be prepared for employees, the federal government and third parties to closely scrutinize their compensation systems and decision-making practices.
Small Area Census Approach to Measure the Township Informal Economy in South Africa
Authors: Charman Andrew J. E. , Petersen Leif M. , Piper Laurence E. , Liedeman Rory , Legg Teresa
Published: February 2015

In this article, we describe a research approach to undertaking a small area census to identify informal economy activity, using a mixture of quantitative and qualitative tools. The method focuses on enterprise activity. The approach enables the researcher to record a broader spectrum of informal micro-enterprises through identifying businesses in situ within an area of sufficient scale to broadly reflect area-level market conditions and business dynamics. The approach comprises an enterprise census, a survey of all identified micro-enterprises in key sectors, in-depth interviews, and participatory research techniques. The article reports on the application of this method in eight case sites, located in township settlements within five major cities in South Africa. The research identified 9,400 individual enterprises, entailing 10,220 primary and secondary activities, distributed within a population of 325,000 and comprising 97,000 households. The approach permits significant advances to our understanding of the spatial dynamics of the informal sector. The research data has enabled the researcher to make original contributions to understanding informal enterprise activities in grocery retailing, liquor trade, and traditional medicine sectors.
Factors influencing international students’ choice to study in Turkey and challenges they experience in Turkey
Authors: Özoğlu Murat , Gür Bekir S. , Coşkun İpek
Published: February 2015

Turkey is increasingly becoming a regional hub for international students. The number of international students in Turkish universities has grown by almost 300% in the last decade. The current internationalization efforts of the Turkish government and universities have the potential to make Turkey an even more attractive destination for international students, especially from surrounding regions. This remarkable growth comes with some opportunities and challenges that deserve close attention. This study explores the factors influencing international students’ decisions to choose Turkey as their study destination and the challenges they experienced. Data were drawn from 37 international students studying in Turkey through semi-structured in-depth interviews. The results suggest that geographical proximity and cultural, historical, religious and ethnic affinities seem to be very prominent in international students’ decisions to study in Turkey as an emerging regional hub. Several other factors including comparable quality of education, affordability of living and education, scholarship opportunities, and recommendations by family or friends are also found to influence their choice of Turkey. The major challenges include lack of adequate guidance and information during pre- and post-arrival processes. Policy recommendations for emerging study destinations such as Turkey are discussed based on the findings.
Defense versus Opulence? An Appraisal of the Malthus-Ricardo 1815 Controversy on the Corn Laws
Authors: Salvadori Neri , Signorino Rodolfo
Published: February 2015

This article proposes a rational reconstruction of the arguments of Malthus and Ricardo in their 1815 essays, Grounds of an Opinion and An Essay on Profits, whereby a policy of free corn trade was repudiated and endorsed, respectively. Malthus envisaged defense and (trade-induced) opulence as two mutually alternative options and, if required to make a choice, he had no hesitation in choosing the former. By contrast, Ricardo excluded any such trade-off, arguing that even in the case of war or poor domestic harvest, foreign agricultural countries would be seriously damaged if they opted for restrictions on their corn exports to Great Britain.
Neuron-type-specific signaling by the p75NTR death receptor regulated by differential proteolytic cleavage
Authors: Vicario Annalisa , Kisiswa Lilian , Tann Jason Y. , Kelly Claire E. , Ibáñez Carlos F.
Published: February 2015

Signaling by the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) is often referred to as cell-context dependent, but neuron-type specific signaling by p75NTR has not been systematically investigated. Here, we report that p75NTR signals very differently in hippocampal neurons (HCNs) and cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs), and present evidence indicating that this is partly controlled by differential proteolytic cleavage. NGF induced caspase-3 activity and cell death in HCNs but not in CGNs, while it stimulated NFκB activity in CGNs but not in HCNs. HCNs and CGNs displayed different patterns of p75NTR proteolytic cleavage. While the p75NTR carboxy terminal fragment (CTF) was more abundant than the intracellular domain (ICD) in HCNs, CGNs exhibited fully processed ICD with very little CTF. Pharmacological or genetic blockade of p75NTR cleavage by gamma-secretase abolished NGF-induced upregulation of NFκB activity and enabled induction of CGN death, phenocopying the functional profile of HCNs. Thus, the activities of multifunctional receptors, such as p75NTR, can be tuned into narrower activity profiles by cell-type-specific differences in intracellular processes, such as proteolytic cleavage, leading to very different biological outcomes.
Slime moulds use heuristics based on within-patch experience to decide when to leave
Authors: Latty Tanya , Beekman Madeleine
Published: February 2015

Animals foraging in patchy, non- or slowly-renewing environments must make decisions about how long to remain within a patch. Organisms can use heuristics (‘rules of thumb’) based on available information to decide when to leave the patch. Here we investigate proximate patch departure heuristics in two species of giant, brainless amoeba: the slime moulds Didymium bahiense and Physarum polycephalum. We explicitly tested the importance of information obtained through experience by eliminating chemosensory cues of patch quality. In Physarum polycephalum, patch departure was influenced by the consumption of high, and to a much lesser extent low, quality food items such that engulfing a food item increased patch residency time. Physarum polycephalum also tended to forage for longer in darkened, ‘safe’ patches. In Didymium bahiense, engulfment of either a high or low quality food item increased patch residency irrespective of that food item's quality. Exposure to light had no effect on the patch residency time of D. bahiense. Given that our organisms lack a brain, our results illustrate how the use of simple heuristics can give the impression that individuals make sophisticated foraging decisions.
Charge-transfer Complex Formed with Bowl-shaped Corannulene as Electron Donor and Planar 7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinodimethane as Electron Acceptor
Authors: Yoshida Yukihiro , Isomura Kazuhide , Nakamura Yuto , Kishida Hideo , Saito Gunzi
Published: February 2015

Vacuum cosublimation gave the first charge-transfer (CT) solid of π-bowl corannulene as an electron donor with π-planar 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) as an electron acceptor, which consists of segregated and alternating columns. In the latter column, hub carbons with significant HOMO coefficients form π–π interactions with adjacent TCNQ only on the convex side of the corannulene, resulting in the difference in the CT interaction between the two sides.
On the issue of supply and demand of marketing specialists in the Ulyanovsk region
Authors: ��������  , Saburova Marina , �������  , Galeeva R.
Published: February 2015

Many publications of Russian and foreign researchers tell about need of critical reconsideration of programs of marketing education. The priority in this

process is taken by a problem of reduction of the content of vocational training of marketing specialists in compliance with the requirements of labor

market. The cause is that, on the one hand, the demand of graduates is observed by labor market, on the other hand - employers are not quite satisfied

with the level of their competence. Results of research of a demand of marketing specialists by labor market of the Ulyanovsk region and poll of the high

school teachers participating in vocational training of marketing specialists about the formed competences and personal characteristics of future marketing

specialists are presented in this article. In the article the attention to a question of is also paid what professional knowledge, abilities and personal

qualities is not enough for the young specialists in marketing who just left walls of higher education institution, ways of overcoming of barriers "good

theoretical base - bad orientation to practical activities" within training are given in higher education institution. In the conclusion the conclusion about

what "portrait" of the modern marketing specialist who left walls of higher education institution is drawn.
Development of combined back propagation algorithm and radial basis function for diagnosing depression patients
Authors: R. Bhuvana , S. Purushothaman , R. Rajeswari , R.G. Balaji
Published: February 2015

Depression is a severe and well-known public health challenge. Depression is one of the most common psychological problems affecting nearly everyone either personally or through a family member. This paper proposes neural network algorithm for faster learning of depression data and classifying the depression. Implementation of neural networks methods for depression data mining using Back Propagation Algorithm (BPA) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) are presented. Experimental data were collected with 21 depression variables used as inputs for artificial neural network (ANN) and one desired category of depression as the output variable for training and testing proposed BPA/RBF algorithms. Using the data collected, the training patterns, and test patterns are obtained. The input patterns are pre-processed and presented to the input layer of BPA/RBF. The optimum number of nodes required in the hidden layer of BPA/RBF is obtained, based on the change in the mean squared error dynamically, during the successive sets of iterations. The output of BPA is given as input to RBF. Through the combined topology, the work proves to be an efficient system for diagnosis of depression.
Notes on monotonically metacompact
generalized ordered spaces
Authors: Xu Ai-Jun
Published: February 2015

In this paper, we show that any generalized ordered space X is monotonically (countably) metacompact
if and only if the subspace X - { x } is monotonically (countably) metacompact for every point x of X and monotone
(countable) metacompact property is hereditary with respect to convex (open) subsets in generalized ordered spaces.
In addition, we show the equivalence of two questions posed by H.R. Bennett, K.P. Hart and D.J. Lutzer.
Kinetic Energy Release and Metastable Transitions II. The Decomposition of Doubly-Charged Ions of Aliphatic and Alicyclic Hydrocarbons
Authors: Barber M. , Jennings K. R .
Published: February 2015

The decompositions of doubly-charged ions given by a number of C3 -C8 aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons have been investigated in a double-focusing mass spectrometer. Many processes were found in which high kinetic energy CH3
+ and C2H3
+ ions are formed. Doubly-charged ions fragment by more than one route and in many cases, high kinetic energy fragment ions are formed in at least two different ways. Metastable transitions common to several compounds were observed, the intensities rising as the degree of unsaturation increased.
Effect of Lattice Disorder on the Line Shape of NMR Spin Echo Signals
Authors: Mehring M , Kanert O
Published: February 2015

The spin echo line shapes of Rb87 and Br79.81 have been measured in undeformed and plasti­cally deformed RbBr single crystals. Analysis of the line shape of the measured echoes shows that the quadrupolar part of the echoes is given by point defects in the case of undeformed crystals, whereas in deformed crystals this term is determined by dislocations. A quantitative evaluation of the width of the quadrupolar shape yields the mean dislocation density in the samples as a function of the shear stress acting during the deformation. It was found that the square root of the dislocation density is proportional to the shear stress.
Spinaustausch zwischen optisch gepumptem Cs133 und N14 Beschreibung einer Apparatur für große N14-Signale
Authors: Tilgner R. , Fricke J. , Haas J.
Published: February 2015

An apparatus for alkali-nitrogen spin exchange is described yielding N14 signals with a high signal to noise ratio. Measurements in the range of intermediate coupling (Back-Goudsmit-range) are reported and compared with values of first order perturbation theory.
Raman Spectra of Cinnabar (HgS), Realgar (As4S4) and Orpiment (As2S3)
Authors: Scheuermann W. , Ritter G. J.
Published: February 2015

The Raman shifts in naturally occurring cinnabar (HgS), realgar (As4S4) and orpiment (As2S3) have been measured at room temperature using a photoelectrically recording Raman spectrometer with He-Ne laser excitation at 6328 Å. By using the infra-red spectra of these compounds it was possible to make a partial assignment of these shifts. The number and symmetries of the Raman active phonons were calculated for the covalently bonded "sub-units". Most of the theoretically predicted vibrations were observed. The theory that realgar and orpiment are built from the same structural units could be supported.
The Ground-State Energy of Anisotropie Spin-Spin Interaction in One-Dimensional Chain
Authors: Jannussis A. D.
Published: February 2015

In the present work the integral equation of Yang and Yang is studied by the method of moments. In general the solution of the integral equation is reducible to a linear algebraic system which can be solved only approximately. From the solution of the system the ground-state energy and the magnetization of the anisotropic spin-spin interaction in a one-dimensional chain is de­termined.
Über die Abnahme von Elektronenzentren in 60Co-γ-bestrahltem polykristallinem NaCl bei Adsorption von Gasen
Authors: Rabe J. R. , Joppien G.
Published: February 2015

Ionizing radiation generates color centers in sodium chloride. On adsorption of gases on preir-radiated salt the concentration of electron centers decreases. Adsorbed azoethane partly decomposes forming nitrogen. About one to five electron centers disappear per nitrogen molecule formed depending on experimental conditions (temperature, amount of azoethane adsorbed and pretreatment of the salt). Electron centers disappear and nitrogen is formed with identical rates following first order kinetics. It is suggested that adsorbed molecules interacting with the surface cause electrons or holes to escape from their traps and eventually to recombine.
The Effect of the Anion Polarization on the Cationic Mobilities in Nitrate Binary Mixtures
Authors: Wagner Vittoriano , Berra Emilio , Forcheri Sandro
Published: February 2015

The electrical perturbation induced by the simultaneous presence of two different cations near the anion (which is the frame of reference) is indicated as main factor influencing the internal mobilities in dilute solutions of monovalent nitrates in NaNO3 .

By extending the mobility isotherm derived on the basis of the previous assumptions to a larger concentration range, an equivalent conductivity isotherm is proposed.
”Extra-Reflexe“ in Elektronenbeugungsdiagrammen von Silicium nach Ionenbeschuß
Authors: Kleinhenz Karl
Published: February 2015

The electron diffraction diagrams of silicon single crystal foils, thinned by usual etch-technique and bombarded by ions, contained several finenesses, which had been investigated in order to analyse stacking faults and precipitations. Moreover it could be shown, that it is not allowed to replace the Ewald-sphere by an Ewald-plane exploring the fine structure of diffraction diagrams, not even applying fast electrons (100 kV).
Über den Plasma-Einschluß in Cusp-Geometrie
Authors: Belitz H. , Kugler E.
Published: February 2015

In order to study the behaviour of a theoretically MHD-stable spindle cusp plasma, produced and heated by means of a fast rising magnetic cups field (Bmax = 75 kG), various diagnostic tech­niques were used to measure the plasma parameters (the radius R and the shape of the plasma; the electron and ion temperature Te and Ti density n). During the time of observation (≈ 12 μsec) the plasma shape does not change and no MHD-instabilities could be detected. Because of cusp- losses, however, density and temperatures decay to about 30 - 50% of their maximum values (Te = 145 eV, Ti = 255 eV, n = 3,8× 1O16 cm-3). There is experimental evidence that the loss areas of line- and point cusps are nearly equal. The experimental results are fairly well described by a two fluid model of Hobbs and Spalding, if the total loss area is put equal to 1.2 × 2π R ri (ri = mean ion Larmor radius on the plasma boundary).
Einzelionennachweis mit einem Öldampfzählrohr im Proportionalbereich
Authors: Wilmsmeyer K.
Published: February 2015

Es wurde ein Zählrohr mit offenem Fenster gebaut, dessen Kupferwände auf 160 °C erwärmt werden. Damit lassen sich mit Öldampf von 0,3 Torr als Zählgas bei 550 Volt Spannung 2 keV-Ionen nachweisen. Bei etwas höheren Energien (3 keV) werden Ansprechwahrscheinlichkeiten größer als 99% erzielt; mindestens bis M = 131 (Xe) wird die Massendiskriminierung kleiner als 1‰ pro Masseneinheit. Bei Verwendung von Octoil-Dampf erreicht man bei guter Reproduzierbarkeit einen Nulleffekt von wenigen Impulsen pro Minute. - Die theoretische Erklärung der Versuchsergebnisse, besonders des zu den üblichen Proportionalzählern unterschiedlichen Verhaltens, brachte darüber hinaus einen aufschlußreichen Einblick in den Verstärkungsmechanismus bei extrem niedrigen Zählgasdrucken.
Viskositätsanomalien in Flüssigkeitsgrenzzonen. I. Zur hydrodynamischen Theorie zweier in Flüssigkeit gegeneinander bewegter, verschieden geformter Festkörperflächen
Authors: Peschel G. , Adlfinger K. H.
Published: February 2015

Starting from a hydrodynamic basic equation given by Reynolds a relation is derived which describes the kinetics of the approach of a spherically formed and a plane solid plate in a liquid with a viscosity coefficient η under the action of a force K.

Liquids which show a molecular long range orientation up to a distance of about 10-5 cm in the immediate neighbourhood of a solid surface have an enhanced viscosity coefficient in this surface zone as some authors found by determining the flux emitted from very thin capillaries. The problem of the kinetics of two differently formed solid plates approaching to extremely small distances is solved for this case.
Störung der kohärenten Lichtstreuung bei Level-crossing-Experimenten am Rb I-Spektrum durch Edelgasatome
Authors: Grosswendt B.
Published: February 2015

Level crossing signals in the 62P3/2-state of both Rb85 and Rb87 have been detected in the presence of noble gas ad-mixtures. From the analysis of the signal linewidths in their dependence on the noble gas pressure the cross sections for Rb85-Ar, Rb85-He, Rb87-Kr and Rb87-He have been derived.