bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feeding of the copepod Acanthocyclops vernalis on the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia reticulata under laboratory conditions
Authors: Brandl Z. , Fernando C. H.
Published: August 2008

Direct observation of raptorial feeding of the copepod Acanthocyclops vernalis on the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia reticulata is described. The actual eating of the prey takes only a few minutes, but the time between captures is much longer (hours to days) and variable even in a relatively high density of prey. The feeding rate during the 1st day of an experiment, differs from that on the following days, if predators are directly transferred to the experimental conditions. The diet immediately before the experiments also affects the feeding rate. The predators prefer small to large prey specimens.
The ecology of the deer mouse Peromyscus maniculatus in a coastal coniferous forest. II. Reproduction
Authors: Sadleir R. M. F. S.
Published: August 2008

The duration and intensity of reproduction in deer mice was followed for four seasons by live and dead trapping. Three populations living in different types of forest habitat had synchronous breeding seasons, although there were major differences between years in the time of onset and cessation of breeding and in the proportion of females in breeding condition. No consistent relationships were found between either density changes or the incidence of parasitism and reproductive phenology. In the absence of overt food fluctuations there was a relationship between unseasonable temperature changes and breeding. Sudden increases in temperature may have stimulated the onset of breeding but its cessation before the autumn equinox was always associated with a considerable decrease in temperature if this occurred after April. In 57 pregnancies the corpora lutea count was 4.75 ± 1.12 and embryo count was 4.52 ± 1.16. [Formula: see text].
Tensile strength in the cuticle of newly molted cockroaches (Periplaneta americana L.) exposed to ultraviolet radiation (Dictyoptera: Blattaria: Blattidae)
Authors: Gingrich John B.
Published: August 2008

Experiments were conducted on newly molted cockroaches to determine if ultraviolet (UV) irradiation affected tensile strength of the cuticle and curtailed its normal darkening. A 4-h exposure of newly molted cockroaches to 254 nm UV (2820 ergs s−1 cm−2) followed by a 20-h recovery period resulted in a mean tensile strength (660 g/mm2) intermediate between that of newly molted cockroaches (343 g/mm2) and cockroaches allowed to tan normally for 24 h (1614 g/mm2). This indicated that UV exposure of newly molted cockroaches curtailed chemical tanning and normal darkening in the cuticle.
Etude histologique de la régénération pharyngienne de Syllis gracilis Grube (Annélide, Polychète)
Authors: Boilly B. , Thibaut N.
Published: August 2008

During anterior regeneration of Syllis gracilis Grube (Annelida, Polychaeta), the pharynx (pharyngeal sheath, proboscis, proventricle, and ventricle) completely regenerates. Most of the regenerated pharynx (pharyngeal sheath, proboscis, and proventricle) proceeds from direct transformation of the stomodeal invagination. On the other hand, the ventricle seems to come from both the posterior end of the regenerated proventricle (anterior part of the ventricle) and the intestine of the stump (posterior part of the ventricle corresponding to the ventricular coeca).Tile differentiation of the pharynx is precocious and mainly appears in a particular disposition, and a typical evolution of the cells of the mesodermal sheath surrounding the stomodeal invagination. Starting from the 11th day after amputation, the proventricle differs from the presumptive proboscis by a thick mesodermal sheath which forms the radial muscle cells, the transverse diaphragms, and the peritoneal epithelium. On the other hand, the differentiation of the ventricle comes later (17th day after the section was done).
The ultrastructure of the cuticle of the nematode Syphacia obvelata (Rudolphi, 1802). III. Cuticle associated with the male reproductive structures
Authors: Dick T. A. , Wright K. A.
Published: August 2008

Mamelons of male Syphacia obvelata are ventrally situated copulatory structures bounded by cuticle, and internally composed of muscles. Extracuticular spines are found at the apex of each annulus making up the mamelon. The cloaca is formed by an invagination of body wall cuticle, as is the spicule sheath (a portion of the cloacal wall surrounding the free end of the spicule). The spicule, accessory piece, and papillae are innervated and probably function as mechanoreceptors facilitating the positioning of the cloacal region over the vulva during copulation. Dense material forming the gubernaculum, spicule, and accessory piece is distinct from the body wall cuticle. The cortex and basal zones are apposed around the cloacal opening and probably strengthen this area. On the other hand, cuticle lining the cloaca is composed of cortex and an expanded inner zone of matrix material. This matrix material would allow considerable modification in the shape of the cloacal wall during copulation. The apposition of cortex and basal zones over the tip of anal papillae would ensure effective transmission of pressures to the nerve process.
Light and scanning electron microscopy of attachment organs of three monogeneans (Monogenoidea: Polyopisthocotylea)
Authors: Wright K. A. , Dechtiar A.
Published: August 2008

The anterior and posterior attachment organs of three species of monogeneans, Diclybothrium armatum Leuckart, 1835, Neodiscocotyle carpioditis Dechtiar, 1967, and Mazocraeoides olentangiensis Sroufe, 1958, were examined in whole-mount light-microscope preparations, and by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Bothria with openings of gland cells were identified anterior to the oral opening in D. armatum, but sucker-like units evident in light microscopy were not seen by SEM in N. carpioditis and M. olentangiensis as these are apparently internal developments. Holdfast units of the opisthaptor of the three species are of three distinct forms: spring-like clamps in D. armatum, muscular clamps in M. olentangiensis. and suckers with sclerotized rims in N. carpioditis. Hooks in the opisthaptor appendage of D. armatum all function to form a C-shaped double-pronged hook unit. Two of the three pairs of hooks in the posterior end of M. olentangiensis project slightly from the body, while the third pair in this species and the single pair of hooks in N. carpioditis are entirely internal, probably non-functional and vestigial.
The effect of removal of the frontal ganglion on growth and protein synthesis in young adults of Locusta migratoria
Authors: Bignell D. E.
Published: August 2008

Removal of the Frontal ganglion in young adult locusts results in growth arrest, disruption of food passage in the gut, reduced faecal out put, and a high mortality. The effects of the operation in young adults differ in degree from those observed in larvae.An in vitro incubation technique was used to make a quantitative estimate of protein synthesis in the fat body after frontal ganglion removal and starvation. A significant reduction of protein synthesis after frontal ganglion removal was observed.The results are discussed in relation to the role of the stomatogastric nervous system in controlling food passage in the gut and the release of neurohormone from the corpora cardiaca.
Photoperiod and temperature regulation of smolting in steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri)
Authors: Wagner Harry H.
Published: August 2008

Photoperiod was the main environmental factor controlling the onset of par r–smolt transformation in steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) as evidenced by subsequent changes in migratory behavior and coefficient of condition. Photoperiod appeared to act as a synchronizer of an endogenous rhythm because smolt-like fish were observed in the dark at constant temperature from December through July for fish ≥ 19 cm. Phase and frequency or phase adjustment only of the annual photoperiod cycle advanced or delayed smolting. Increasing day length was the major photoperiod constituent stimulatory to smolting whereas day length, as such, and accumulated hours of exposure were of lesser importance. Temperature did not appear to influence the onset of smolting but fish reared under a variable temperature cycle (6.9° to 18.6 °C) generally migrated in larger numbers than did those reared under a constant temperature (12.3 °C). When the seasonal temperature cycle was out of phase and behind the photoperiod cycle, the migratory period was extended. Conversely, when the temperature cycle was in advance of the photoperiod cycle, the migration period was shortened.
Parelaphostrongylus tenuis (Nematoda) and Fascioloides magna (Trematoda) in moose of southeastern Manitoba
Authors: Lankester Murray W.
Published: August 2008

Neurologic disease caused by the meningeal worm, Parelaphostrongylus tenuis (Dougherty 1945), is reported in moose of southeastern Manitoba, where the ranges of moose (Alces alces) and white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) overlap. Moose of this area are also infected commonly with the large American fiver fluke, Fascioloides magna (Bassi 1875). The moose cannot be considered a suitable host of F. magna since extensive liver damage results from infection, thick-walled cysts are formed, and mature flukes with eggs were not found in moose examined. Trematode eggs were found in liver sections of one animal but were not present in the faeces. It is suggested F. magna may be unable to persist in moose populations in the absence of a more suitable cervid host such as white-tailed deer.
Protein nutrition and lymphocyte responsiveness to phytomitogens in the chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera)
Authors: Hudson Robert J. , Paulson Carol A. , Emslie Dorothy , Kerr Guy L. , Kitts W. D.
Published: August 2008

The in vitro functional responses of spleen and bone marrow lymphocytes of chinchillas kept on diets ranging from 11.2 to 24.5% crude protein were evaluated using two plant mitogens, phytohemagglutinin and concanavalin A. Lowered nutritive status was accompanied by general improvement of responsiveness of bone marrow lymphocytes and an impairment of spleen lymphocytes. The inverse relationship between the responses of cells from these two organs suggested that a redistribution of mitogen-sensitive cells from spleen to bone marrow may occur after moderate but prolonged nutritional stress.
The ultrastructure of the cuticle of the nematode Syphacia obvelata (Rudolphi, 1802). IV. The cuticle associated with the female excretory pore, vulva, and vagina vera
Authors: Dick T. A. , Wright K. A.
Published: August 2008

The cuticle forming the excretory pore complex and the vulva and vagina vera in female Syphacia obvelata is formed by body wall cuticle. The nature of the cuticle surrounding the excretory pore and forming the bladder, and tile absence of a muscular system to control the complex suggest that internal pressure (probably hydrostatic) is the generating force for fluid expulsion. The lumens of the vulva and vagina vera are lined by and continuous with the cortical zone of the body wall cuticle. The lumens of both the vulva and vagina vera are tetraradiate. The arrangement of the cuticle at the proximal end of the vagina vera allows for a mechanical means of ejecting eggs (the functional ovijector). The initial force to move eggs up to the ovijector is from the muscles surrounding the vagina vera.
Studies on helminths of North Dakota. VIII. Nematodes from the paddlefish, Polyodon spathula (Walbaum), including Thynnascaris dollfusi sp. nov. (Nematoda: Stomachidae)
Authors: Schmidt Gerald D. , Leiby Paul D. , Kritsky Delane C.
Published: August 2008

Thynnascaris dollfusi sp. nov. is described from the stomach of Polyodon spathula (Walbaum) in North Dakota and reported from this host in Alabama. It has a short intestinal cecum, a long ventricular appendix, spicules 1.07 to 1.45 mm long, and a vulva situated at the junction of the first and second thirds of the body. Female Camallanus sp. is also reported.
A new species of freshwater cyclopoid copepod from Newfoundland
Authors: Daggett Rollin F. , Davis Charles C.
Published: August 2008

Paracyclops yeatmani n. sp. is reported from three localities on the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland. The new species is described and figured, and is contrasted with P. fimbriatus poppei and P. affinis.
The food and feeding of common eiders in the St. Lawrence estuary in summer
Authors: Cantin M. , Bédard J. , Milne H.
Published: August 2008

The study was conducted in the St. Lawrence estuary during 1969 and 1970. The food abundance in the intertidal zone was measured in four Sampling stations located on the south shore of the river; the measurements revealed that over 95% of the available food of the common eider (Somateria mollissima) consisted of Littorina spp., Mytilus edulis, and Gammarus oceanicus. Both adult and young birds showed a distinct rhythm of feeding activities associated with tidal level. During the prenesting period, herring eggs and Nereis virens made up most of the food of adult common eiders. When accompanying ducklings, females ate mostly Littorina spp. and amphipods. Littorina spp. made up between 30 and 97% of the diet of the ducklings, the importance of this gastropod growing with age of the bird. Energy requirements during maximum growth were evaluated at about 460 kcal/bird per day on ducklings (age 54 days) fed natural foods, while between week 3 and week 8 it stood at about 520 kcal/bird per day in ducklings fed "turkey starter." These figures were used to assess the importance of the food removed by the eiders from the intertidal zone during the summer. We conclude that between 10 and 30% (according to the area) of the standing-crop biomass of Littorina alone (in July) is removed by the ducklings and the females accompanying them. At various moments through the season, these birds remove between 40 and 100 metric tons of mollusks per day from the intertidal zone.
The structure, ciliation, and function of the lips of some bivalve molluscs
Authors: Gilmour T. H. J.
Published: August 2008

The structure, ciliation, and function of the lips of 12 species belonging to nine families of the subclass Pteriomorphia are described. All these species have devices for preventing the swallowing of excess water, collected along with participate food material, by the ctenidia and palps. It is suggested that in all bivalves, as in other suspension-feeding animals, water currents are generated by the food-collecting apparatus. But, whereas in members of the echinoderm superphylum, the development of gill slits to allow the escape of excess water which has already entered the mouth has had great evolutionary implications, the escape of water before it gets to the mouth is usually achieved in a less conspicuous manner in bivalves, although a complex lip apparatus has been developed in some monomyarian members of the Pteriomorphia.
The effect of arginine vasotocin on the isolated amniotic membrane of the guinea pig
Authors: Vizsolyi E. , Perks A. M.
Published: August 2008

Amniotic membranes from fetal guinea pigs at 0.46 of term were maintained in vitro by means of salines which reproduced the electrolytes of the natural fluids, and. which maintained small osmotic and hydrostatic gradients from the fetal to the maternal solutions. Water passed slowly from the fetal to the maternal side (average rate = 3.93 mg/cm2 per minute). Synthetic arginine vasotocin (AVT) at 8–100 vasopressor mU/ml of amniotic saline slowed the fetal–maternal flow, or reversed it to give a net uptake of water into the amniotic saline (maximum reversed flow = 10.4 mg/cm2 per minute). Despite individual variability between membranes, there was a linear relationship between the change in the rate of flow, and the log of the dose of AVT (AVT threshold indicated = 6.4 mU/ml). Synthetic arginine vasopressin (AVP) and fetal pituitary extracts produced similar responses (AVP threshold = about 1.0 mU/ml). Synthetic oxytocin was without effect in doses up to 100 oxytocic mU/ml. Although the doses tested appeared to be pharmacological, evidence is reviewed for a possible physiological significance. It is suggested that amounts of AVT, or more probably AVP, are liberated from the fetal pituitary by osmotic or other stimuli, and pass in the fetal urine into the amniotic cavity; there they act on the amnion to stimulate it to conserve or augment amniotic fluid by transporting water inwards from the maternal environment.
A quantitative and temporal study of histamine and histidine in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) venom
Authors: Owen Michael D. , Braidwood James L.
Published: August 2008

We have measured the amounts of histamine and histidine in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) venom glands, venom-reservoir tissue, and venom taken from single worker bees of known age.Our results show that neither of these venom components is present in newly emerged worker bees. Histamine and histidine were first detected in the venom of week-old bees, and the amounts present increased for 3 to 4 weeks, reached maxima, and then fell off again in 6-week-old bees.We discuss the significance of histamine as a venom component and the timing of its appearance in the venom in relation to age correlated changes in the activities of honey bees.
Bionomics of three species of glossosomatid caddis flies (Trichoptera: Glossosomatidae) in Oregon
Authors: Anderson N. H. , Bourne John R.
Published: August 2008

The life cycles of three species of caddis flies of the family Glossosomatidae, Anagapetus bernea Ross, Agapetus bifidus Denning, and Glossosoma penitum Banks, are compared based on monthly collections from Oak Creek and Berry Creek, Benton County, Oregon. Glossosoma penitum, the most abundant species, is bivoltine with overlapping summer and winter generations. Anagapetus bernea and A. bifidus are univoltine with the former being a winter-growing species, and the latter a summer species.Differences in habitat preference occurred, though all three species were collected within a single square meter. Agapetus bifidus is more common in the slower water of glides, whereas G. penitum and A. bernea occur chiefly on the riffles. Anagapetus bernea is more restricted to the headwater regions and small side branches than is G. penitum.A key is provided to distinguish larvae of the three species and the cases are illustrated.
Some new Eimeria (Protozoa, Coccidia) from freshwater fishes in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Molnar Kalman , Fernando C. H.
Published: August 2008

Twelve new species of Eimeria (Protozoa, Coccidia) have been described and figured from freshwater fishes in Ontario, Canada. They are Eimeria osmeri sp. nov., E. glenorensis sp. nov., E. freemani sp. nov., E. degiustii sp. nov., E. moronei sp. nov., E. hybognathi sp. nov., E. iroquoina sp. nov., E. ictaluri sp. nov., E. laureleus sp. nov., E. ojibwana sp. nov., E. haneki sp. nov., and E. tedlai sp. nov. This is the first published record on Coccidia in freshwater fishes in Canada.
Cytochemistry of sperm histones in three cartilaginous fish
Authors: Bols N. C. , Kasinsky H. E.
Published: August 2008

The sperm histones of the spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias), the longnose skate (Raja rhina), and the ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei) fall into the mouse/grasshopper class, designated by Bloch (1969) according to a variety of cytochemical criteria. The implications of this finding for sperm-histone function and evolution are discussed.
In vitro development of Terranova decipiens (Nematoda) (Krabbe, 1878)
Authors: McClelland G. , Ronald K.
Published: August 2008

Eggs of Terranova decipiens were dissected from the vagina and uterus of adult worms from seals and incubated in seawater at 15C. Freshly hatched larvae were cultivated to preadults in Eagle's medium (MEM) with 20% fetal-calf serum.At 15C, 70% of the larvae exsheathed and grew to the infective stage without further molts. Infective larvae were 31.3 (27.7–33.3) mm in length after 52 weeks of cultivation and were similar in morphology to larvae from fish.At 35C, 80%. of cultivated larvae (5.0–24.2 mm in length) molted to preadult. There was a 25% increase in length over a 6-week, period. Cultivated preadults (6.1–36.8 mm in length) were morphologically similar to preadults from seals. They did not, however, complete development to adulthood, and an attempt to infect a seal with cultivated infective larvae was unsuccessful.The described in vitro developmental stages of T. decipiens form a useful guide to the in vivo identification of this important economic nematode.
Photoperiodism in the early balsam strain of the Neodiprion abietis complex (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: Wallace D. R. , Sullivan C. R.
Published: August 2008

The early balsam strain of the Neodiprion abietis complex does not have a photoperiodically controlled, prepupal diapause occurring during the summer in its normal, univoltine life cycle. This is the first instance we have found in laboratory tests of 15 species and subspecies of diprionid sawflies in which photophase does not regulate the course of prepupal development in a normal life cycle. Daylength, however, does influence the induction of an intense, or prolonged, prepupal diapause that in nature would result in at least a 2-year life cycle for individuals with the intense diapause.The duration and variability of larval development are both affected by daylength.
Influence of breeding time interval on egg number, mortality, and hatching of the zebra fish Brachydanio rerio
Authors: Niimi A. J. , LaHam Q. N.
Published: August 2008

An optimal breeding interval of 10 days was determined for zebra fish which would insure low mortality and uniform hatching among replicate samples. Egg mortality increased from 5% to 100% as the time interval between breeding periods was increased from 10 days to 40 days. Most larvae hatched 5 days after fertilization, although hatching was influenced by the time interval between breeding periods. Egg production differed among individuals of the same replicate to a greater extent than the influence of time between breeding intervals.
The Fürbringer hypothesis of nerve–muscle specificity reexamined with respect to the facial musculature
Authors: Minkoff Eli C.
Published: August 2008

Max Fürbringer's hypothesis of nerve–muscle specificity postulates that the connection between a muscle and its nerve supply is immutable throughout the course of ontogeny and phylogeny. This hypothesis has proven to have great heuristic value in determining muscle homologies, but exceptions are also known in which nerve supply is not constant. In the mammalian facial musculature, for example, the larger groups of muscles usually have a constant nerve supply, while the finer divisions of the preauricular group of muscles have a changeable nerve supply. Several instances are cited where one ramus of the facial nerve seems to have invaded the field of another. Nerve supply thus represents an excellent and useful, but by no means infallible, guide to muscle homologies.
Filling and emptying of the galliform caecum
Authors: Fenna L. , Boag D. A.
Published: August 2008

The movement of a barium meal was traced through the gastrointestinal tract of a Japanese quail by means of X-ray contrast photography. Peristaltic movements were recorded in the small and large intestine, and antiperistaltic movements were recorded in the large intestine and the caeca. Peristaltic and antiperistaltic waves of contraction converging at the openings of the caeca apparently forced intestinal contents laterally into the caeca. The filling and emptying of the caeca are discussed in the light of these observations.
A new species of caprellid (Crustacea: Amphipoda) associated with gorgonian octocorals
Authors: Laubitz Diana R. , Lewbel George S.
Published: August 2008

A new species of caprellid amphipod, Caprella gorgonia, is described from gorgonian octocorals from the coast of southern California. It is characterized by the slender anterior head projection, the strongly tuberculate basis of gnathopod 2, and large lateral spines on pereonite 5. Observations in the field indicate that Lophogorgia chilensis Verrill is the primary substrate for this caprellid.
The ultrastructure of the lemnisci and body wall of Octospinifer macilentus (Acanthocephala)
Authors: Beermann Ildiko , Arai Hisao P. , Costerton J. W.
Published: August 2008

The ultrastructure of the lemnisci and body wall of Octospinifer macilentus (Van Cleave, 1919), parasitic in the intestine of the white sucker, Catostomus commersoni (Lacepede), is described and illustrated. Observations made on this worm indicate that the structure follows the general pattern described for other species of acanthocephalans.
The parental behavior of the male brook stickleback Culaea inconstans (Kirtland)
Authors: McKenzie J. A.
Published: August 2008

The parental behavior of the brook stickleback, Culaea inconstans, is similar to that described for other species of sticklebacks. The male aerates the developing embryos by fanning a current of water over the eggs. The amount of time spent fanning is low for the first 3 or 4 days. It then increases rapidly until the embryos hatch. A nursery helps to entangle the young for a few days before they become free-swimming. Time to hatching is dependent upon water temperature. Some males were seen building new nests by pulling apart the old one, and then transferring the eggs from the old to the new nest. Males were observed stealing eggs from nests other than their own.
A telemetric study of the abdominal temperature of a hibernator, Spermophilus richardsonii, maintained under constant conditions of temperature and light during the active season
Authors: Scott Grace Workman , Fisher Kenneth C. , Love James A.
Published: August 2008

The abdominal temperatures of richardson's ground squirrels maintained under constant conditions of light and temperature were automatically recorded from surgically inserted temperature transmitters, during the active season.These provided evidence of the existence of daily and short temperature cycles, a long-term downward trend, and temperature drops during the prehibemalion period.The significance of these observations to the hypothesis (Hammel 3967) that the 'set point' for rewarming b lower during the hibernation season is discussed.
The development, route of migration, and pathogenesis of Crenosoma mephitidis in the skunk (Mephitis mephitis)
Authors: Stockdale P. H. G. , Fernando M. A. , Craig R.
Published: August 2008

Crenosoma mephitidis migrates to the lungs of skunks from the stomach via the liver. Development from the third-stage larva to adult occurs in the lungs. The pathogenesis of the disease and the lesions produced are described.
Sublethal effect of DDT on osmotic and ionic regulation by the goldfish Carassius auratus
Authors: Weisbart Melvin , Feiner Daniel
Published: August 2008

Goldfish treated with up to 35 parts per billion (ppb), 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl) ethane(DDT) for up to 330 h in a running freshwater system showed significant but inconsistent decreases in plasma osmotic and sodium concentrations and a significant but inconsistent increase in potassium concentrations.Goldfish exposed to 17.5 ppb DDT for 330 h and subsequently transferred to brackish water (synthetic) showed no significant differences in plasma electrolytes from solvent-treated goldfish.No correlation between pesticide concentrations and total lipid content of individual goldfish was found but for one exception. Fish exposed to higher doses showed higher pesticide levels in their bodies.The lack of correlation between in vitro and in vivo experiments is discussed.
The diet of harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena (L.)) in coastal waters of Eastern Canada, with special reference to the Bay of Fundy
Authors: Smith G. J. D. , Gaskin D. E.
Published: August 2008

Stomach contents of 81 harbor porpoises (Phocoena phocoena (L.)) collected from eastern Canadian coastal waters during 1969–1972 were examined. A total of 454 free otoliths and 54 undigested specimens representing a minimum of 281 fish, consisting of nine species in seven families, were recovered from the copious semidigested fish remains found in 52 of the stomachs. Clupea harengus (herring), Gadus morhua (cod), and Scomber scombrus (mackerel) otoliths accounted for more than 78% of the total. Osmerus mordax (smelt), Pollachius virens (pollock), Merluccius bilinearis (silver hake), Sebastes marinus (redfish), and Macrozoarces americanus (ocean pout) otoliths were also identified. Squid (Illex sp.), hagfish (Myxine glutinosa), and polychaetes (Nereis sp.) were identified in a few stomachs. Fifteen of the stomachs examined were empty or contained only fluid. Examination of the stomachs of the 16 smallest animals indicated that weaning occurred at body lengths of 100–104 cm.
Snow goose primaries as indicators of age and sex
Authors: Kelsall John P.
Published: August 2008

Significant differences were found, by age and sex, in mean vane length and mean weight of the fourth primary flight feathers of lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens) collected in the Mackenzie River delta in September, 1971. Such differences might have research or management applications.
A comparison of soluble-protein fractions in two acanthocephalan genera
Authors: Eveleigh Eldon S.
Published: August 2008

Micro-starch gel electrophoretic separation of soluble proteins from whole-Acanthocephala homogenates yielded band profiles useful for distinguishing between the genera Prosthorhynchus and Polymorphus. Certain protein bands were common to both genera while other bands were characteristic. Band patterns for two stages of Polymorphus were identical except for differences in the relative concentration of certain bands.
In vitro development of the nematode Contracaecum osculatum Rudolphi 1802 (Nematoda: Anisakinae)
Authors: McClelland G. , Ronald K.
Published: August 2008

Eggs of Contracaecum osculatum were dissected from the vagina and uterus of adult worms from seals and were incubated in seawater at 15C. Freshly hatched larvae were cultivated to preadult in Eagle's medium (MEM) with 20% foetal calf serum.At 15C, the ensheathed second-stage larvae exsheathed and grew to the infective stage without further molts. Infective larvae of C. osculatum were 6.5 mm (5.9–9.5) in length after 32 weeks.At 35C, 58% of infective larvae > 2 mm in length molted to subadults which possessed cuticular lips but lacked interlabia. Subadults were 2.9–13.8 mm in length and morphologically similar to larvae found attached to the gastric mucosa of seals. Four subadults subsequently molted to preadults 13.1–17.2 mm in length with interlabia. However, an attempt lo infect a seal with cultivated infective larvae was unsuccessful.
Responses of miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni to an equal energy spectrum of monochromatic light
Authors: Wright D. G. S.
Published: August 2008

An equal energy spectrum of monochromatic light (irradiance = 0.22 μW/cm2) caused miracidia of Schistosoma mansoni to respond maximally in a directed manner to wavelengths of 525 nm and 650 um. Miracidia of S. mansoni responded to wavelengths which make up the greatest percentage composition of spectral intensity in clear fresh water and muddy waters.
The embryonic development of the black prickleback, Xiphister atropurpureus, a Pacific Coast blennioid fish
Authors: Wourm John P. , Evans David
Published: August 2008

Spawning of Xiphister atropurpureus occurs during late April–May. Eggs are deposited in a coherent mass which is guarded by the parents. Development is divided into 35 stages. At 13 °C, eggs require 21 days to hatch. Stage 1 is an unfertilized ovum. Cleavage during stages 2–11 produces a typical teleost blastula. During epiboly, which begins at stage 12 and ends at stage 14, the embryonic axis is formed. Stages 15 to 31 are periods of embryonic growth and organ differentiation. Hatching occurs at stage 32. Larval growth occurs during stages 33–35. Yolk absorption is complete 10 days post hatching. The general pattern of development is similar to that of most teleosts. The newly hatched larva, although large, retains many embryonic characteristics. The eel-like shape of the adult is mirrored in the long body of the larva. Larval morphology and the life history of allied forms suggest a pelagic existence for Xiphister larvae. The behavioral pattern of egg aggregation during Xiphister spawning is considered to have a high survival value. (1) It reduces the probability of predation on single eggs and increases the probability of egg survival. (2) The inability of a predator to obtain positive reinforcement from finding single dispersed eggs may lead to abandonment of localized predator search patterns. (3) Since the egg mass is subject to a larger size, but numerically smaller predator class, the probability of egg-mass survival is increased. (4) As the unit of predation shifts from an egg to the egg mass, survival remains on an individual basis. Since the probability of predation is equally shared, the probability of survival appears to be increased by a factor proportional to total egg number (about 500). Parental care also enhances egg survival.
Body-rubbing, marking, and other scent-related behavior in some ground squirrels (Sciuridae), a descriptive study
Authors: Steiner André L.
Published: August 2008

In some ground squirrels, mainly Arctic and Columbian, body-rubbing can be comfort or marking behavior, depending on the context. The mouth-corner apocrine glands are probably involved in individual/group/mother–offspring recognition. These glands are also rubbed against the substrate, particularly by dominant males. This is apparently scent-marking and seems to express territorialism, dominance, and readiness to fight, particularly when accompanied by clawing of the ground, for the latter case. Marking is also performed in neighboring residences, where it frequently involves fighting and chasing away the intruder. The squirrel also rubs its anogenital area against the substrate. A liquid trail (urine? secretion of the anal glands? both?) is left behind, possibly an indicator of sex and (or) reproductive condition. The anal gland papillae pulsate during some agonistic encounters.Extensive scent dissemination and scent-sharing take place between group members and also their habitat. A dorsal-glandular area is also rubbed against the substrate. Both hostile (biting) and friendly (licking, grooming) responses are apparently focused on scent-producing or s cent-bearing body areas.
Ultraviolet photography: a new application for remote sensing of mammals
Authors: Lavigne D. M. , Øritsland N. A.
Published: August 2008

Photography in the near ultraviolet region of the electromagnetic spectrum permits detection of some white animals against a background of ice or snow. This has immediate application in aerial censusing of a number of animal populations which are not detected by current remote-sensing techniques.
Salinity preferences of Fundulus heteroclitus and F. diaphanus (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae): their role in geographic distribution
Authors: Fritz E. S. , Garside E. T.
Published: August 2008

Salinity preferences and the effect of salinity acclimation on salinity preferences were determined for both the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitus, and banded killifish, F. diaphanus. Experiments were conducted in a vertical salinity gradient consisting of layers at 0, 8, 14, 20, 26, and 31‰ salinity and at about 19C. Vertical-gradient tests were corroborated by retesting fishes in a two-compartment horizontal comparator. Mummichogs show a moderate preference for water of intermediate salinity (20‰) and a slight preference for 8‰. Banded killifish show a strong preference for fresh water. Neither species is affected by salinity acclimation. The differing preferences agree with their rarely overlapping natural habitat distributions.
The integument of the ocean sunfish (Mola mola L.) (Plectognathi) with observations on the lesions from two ectoparasites, Capsula martinierei (Trematoda) and Philorthagoriscus serratus (Copepoda)
Authors: Logan V. H. , Odense P. H.
Published: August 2008

The constituent layers of the integument of the ocean sunfish are described. An eosinophilic epidermal cell is reported. The method of formation and calcification of the fibrillar plates and tubercles is suggested. Regional variation in the fibrillar-plate formation was observed, and its possible role in the movement of the tail discussed. The tubercle is contrasted with placoid and ganoid scales. The lesions associated with the copepod Philorthagoriscus serratus and the trematode Capsala martinierei are described. P. serratus could, in heavy infections, impare the host. C. martinierei causes only superficial damage. The most important pathological implication of both parasites is that they expose the host to secondary infection.
Coccidia (Protozoa, Eimeriidae) of the pikas Ochotona collaris, O. princeps, and O. hyperborea yesoensis
Authors: Hobbs R. P. , Samuel W. M.
Published: August 2008

Two new species of Eimeria and one of Isospora are described from the collared pika, Ochotona collaris, collected in the Yukon Territory, Canada. Oocysts of E. circumborealis n. sp. are ellipsoid to subspherical and measure 21–34 by 15–23 (26.6 by 20.2); sporocysts are ovoid, measuring 10–16 by 6–9 (13.4 by 8.2). A micropyle, diffuse polar granules, Stieda body, and sporocyst residua are present, Övoid oocysts of E. klondikensis n, sp. are 32–38 by 23–26(35.2 by 24,6); sporocysts are ovoid, measuring 14–16 by 8–10 (15.5 by 9.2). A prominent micropyle, polar granule, Stieda body, and sporocyst residua are present. Oocysts of I. yukonensis n. sp. are elongate ellipsoid, measuring 48–57 by 21–27 (52.4 by 23.3); sporocysts are ovoid measuring 26–29 by 12–14 (27.6 by 12.3). A Stieda body, substiedal body, and sporocyst residua are present. In addition, this is the first record of E. barretti, E. banffensis, E. calentinei, E. princepsis, and I. marquardti from O. collaris; and of E. circumborealis, E. calentinei, E. banffensis, E. klondikensis, E. princepsis, and E. worleyi from O. hyperborea yesoensis. All of the above species except I. yukonensis and E. worleyi were also found in O. princeps from southwestern Alberta; E. circumborealis and E. klondikensis are new host records for this pika.
The blackflies (Diptera: Simuliidae) of insular Newfoundland. II. Seasonal succession and abundance in a complex of small streams on the Avalon Peninsula
Authors: Lewis David J. , Bennett Gordon F.
Published: August 2008

Pickavance Creek and six tributaries on the Avalon Peninsula, Newfoundland, were sampled for blackflies during the period 1970–1972. Nine species of simuliids were found to be breeding in the streams, and their seasonal succession and abundance of larvae and pupae were studied. Overwintering larvae of Prosimulium mixtum, P. fuscum, and Cnephia mutata were found to grow actively during the winter.
The blology of Gammarus (Crustacea, Amphipoda) ln the northwestern Atlantlc. VIII. Geographlc distribution of the northern specles
Authors: Steele D. H. , Steele V. J.
Published: August 2008

The geographic distribution of the northern Gammarus species of the northwestern Atlantic, arranged from north to south, is as follows: circumpolar, Gammarus wilkitzkii and Gammarus setosus; both shores of the Atlantic, Gammarus duebeni, Gammarus finmarchicus, Gammarus obtusatus, Gammarus oceanicus, and Gammarus stoerensis; western Atlantic, Gammarus lawrencianus, Gammarus mucronatus, and Gammarus tigrinus.It is suggested that the genus Gammarus sensu lato has originated in warm water in the Tethys Sea region, and that the species found in the northwestern Atlantic have radiated from there.
Species concepts and speciation
Authors: Scudder G. G. E.
Published: August 2008

Some of the recent literature on species concepts and speciation is reviewed. It is evident that there is no single precise and objective definition of the species which is universally acceptable and applicable. Rather than trying to solve the species problem by searching for more definitions or separating the category of nomenclatural taxonomy from that of experimental research, it is suggested that it would be preferable to recognize and indeed stress that not all species are of the same kind. Different sorts of species should be recognized and understood in relation to different inherent characteristics and different strategies of evolution. We should thus recognize palaeospecies, morphospecies, sibling species, ring species, polytypic species, biospecies, introgressed species, hybrid species, compilospecies, agamospecies, gynogenetic species, and so on. It ought to be possible to devise a scheme for designating these and handling them then in a systematic manner.With reference to speciation, it is concluded that no longer should we stress that gradual allopatric speciation is the only or indeed main mode of speciation in animals. We should encompass also the concepts of quantum speciation, gradual sympatric speciation, instant speciation, and speciation by hybridization and polyploidy. There is now experimental evidence to show that these are theoretically possible. However, it is as well to remember that, to date, speciation by hybridization and polyploidy is the only proven method.As noted by many previous authors, there is no single mode of speciation. The process in different groups of animals is liable to be radically different. Further, even in the same family or genus, there is no reason to believe that the mode of speciation will be constant.
Visual and acoustical social displays by the grasshopper Chortophaga viridifasciata (Acrididae: Oedipodinae)
Authors: Steinberg June B. , Willey Robert B.
Published: August 2008

Univoltine northern populations of Chortophaga viridifasciata (De Geer) are usually separated seasonally and by habitat preference from other acridids, whereas southern populations usually are bi- or tn-voltine. potentially interacting with many acridid species seriatim. This series of populations affords an opportunity to lest quantitatively the effects of interspecific interaction on the communication system. Field and laboratory analyses of a population from northern Illinois clarify several aspects of the communication system. As a member of the Oedipodinae, Chortophaga possesses several primitive-appearing morphological characteristics associated with signalling, for example, a variable stridulatory apparatus present only in the male, relatively uncolored and unhanded hindwings, and a lack of contrasting colors or markings associated with the metathoracic legs which are used as a semaphore signalling device. In addition, behavioral analyses reveal signals (e.g., the fast flick) intermediate between those used for agonistic and courtship behavior, and provide evidence which may support extant hypotheses regarding the origin of communication systems in the Oedipodinae. It remains uncertain, however, whether these features are truly primitive or the result of relaxed selection pressure for maintenance of a more precise communication system,
The feeding site and probable feeding mechanism of the parasitic nematode Capillaria hepatica (Bancroft, 1893)
Authors: Wright K. A.
Published: August 2008

Examination by light and electron microscopy of the tissue surrounding the anterior end of the trichuroid nematode Capillaria hepatica in the liver of its mouse host indicates that the nematode is enclosed by multinucleate cytoplasmic masses originating from parenchymal liver cells. These cytoplasmic masses have desmosomal contacts with adjacent cells. Nuclei often have an irregularly expanded nuclear envelope, greatly increased amounts of heterochromatin or increases in interchromatinic and perichromatinic granules, and segregated nucleolar components. Mitochondria are swollen and endoplasmic reticulum is swollen or vesiculated to varying degrees. The outer cell membrane of the cytoplasmic masses is thrown into extensive irregular folds, but on the surface next to the nematode, no cell membrane can be found. As the nematode's intestinal contents include remnants of cellular materials, it seems likely that the nematode feeds upon the cytoplasm surrounding its anterior region. Unsuccessful attempts to demonstrate the uptake of trypan blue, colloidal gold, or ferritin injected into the host's circulatory system further suggest that this nematode feeds from the induced host reaction rather than from blood or tissue fluids.
The genus Typhlodromus Scheuten (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) in Canada and Alaska
Authors: Chant D. A. , Hansell R. I. C. , Yoshida E.
Published: August 2008

Three genera of predacious mites in the subfamily Phytoseiinae (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) are known to occur in Canada and Alaska. Chant reviewed the genus Phytoseius Ribaga in Canada, and Chant and Hansell reviewed the genus Amblyseius Berlese in Canada and Alaska. The present paper, based on examination of several thousands of specimens, describes, keys, and figures the 20 species of Typhlodromus Scheuten known to occur in Canada and Alaska, and includes full collection records. Two new species arc described.
Revision of the genus Dibolia Latreille in America north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Parry Richard H.
Published: August 2008

The chrysomelid genus Dibolia Latr. is revised for North America north of Mexico. Thirteen species are recognized, 6 of which are described as new: D. californica, D. chelones, D. kansana, D. melampyri, D. obscura, and D. penstemonis. Dibolia championi Jacoby is recorded for the first time from the United States and Mexico.All species are described and illustrated, host plant records are provided where possible, and a key for the separation of the species is presented. The distribution of each species is indicated by locality records and distribution maps. A general discussion of the habits of the genus, a brief redescription of the larva of D. borealis Chev., and a brief review of the habits of this species are also included.
A description of the embryology, larval development, and feeding of the sea anemones Anthopleura elegantissima and A. xanthogrammica
Authors: Siebert Jr. Arthur E.
Published: August 2008

The embryology of Anthopleura elegantissima and Anthopleura xanthogrammica is described. Ova of A. elegantissima are 120–150 μm in diameter and brown, while those of A. xanthogrammica are 175–225 μm in diameter and purple. In both species, cleavage is complete and equal: endoderm formation is by emboly. The planulae of both species are similar in appearance and are 150–250 μm in length with an apical tuft 60–75 μm in length. Feeding of the planulae is discussed, as is the function and phylogenetic significance of the apical sensory tuft of the planula.
Fine structure of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids of the sea cucumbers Cucumaria lubrica and Leptosynapta clarki (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)
Authors: Atwood David G.
Published: August 2008

Spermatogonia, which usually lie in close contact with the basal lamina of the testicular wall, and are joined together by desmosomes, contain a roughly circular nucleus with one or two nucleoli. Small proacrosomal granules are first evident in late spermatogonia. A tubular body (0.2 × 1.5 microns (μ)) consisting of a parallel array of tubules is observed in spermatogonia of Cucumaria. Spermatocytes were identified by the presence of flagellar formation, large proacrosomal granules, and centriolar satellite projections. Striated rootlets of the two species differ morphologically. A dense chromatoid body is present in spermatocytes of Leptosynapta. Spermatids of both species are joined by cytoplasmic bridges. By late spermiogenesis, the nucleus of Leptosynapta is roughly circular, whereas that of Cucumaria is tapered at both ends. No microtubules were observed during the elongation of the Cucumaria nucleus. Fibrous projections extend from the proximal centriole of both species into the centriolar fossa. It is suggested that only one mitochondrion is present throughout spermatogenesis. This implies that the mitochondrion transforms from a highly branched tubular structure to a simple compact organelle. Morphogenesis of the acrosome is described.