bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A CONGENITAL MALFORMATION OF THE MAXILLA OF A HORSE
Authors: Tudor Rebecca A. , III Ramirez Oscar , Jr. Tate Lloyd P. , Gerard Mathew P.
Published: May 2005

A 1‐month‐old male American Paint Horse was evaluated for a hard swelling on the right side of the maxillary region. On radiographs there was a large, expansile outpouching of the right maxillary bone between the second and third premolar teeth. Computed tomography further characterized the expansile lesion to have a soft tissue component and to originate in the region of a caudal maxillary tooth. Surgical reconstruction of the defect was unsuccessful and the animal was euthanetized. Based on failure to find histopathologic evidence of a neoplasm or cyst, the diagnosis was a congenital malformation.
CROSSED RENAL ECTOPIA WITH FUSION IN A CAT
Authors: Allworth Matthew S. , Hoffmann Karon L.
Published: May 2005

In humans, crossed renal ectopia is a rare, usually asymptomatic, congenital malpositioning of the kidneys, involving wandering of one or both embryonic kidneys across the midline and usually fusion with its contralateral partner. This is the first report of crossed renal ectopia in the cat. A 7‐year‐old, neutered male cat was presented with polyuria, polydipsia, and a palpable abdominal mass. Diagnostic investigations, including clinical pathology, survey and contrast radiography, and ultrasonography, confirmed the presence of an ectopic left kidney fused with an orthotopic right kidney, with concurrent renal failure and hypertension. Many features of crossed renal ectopia in this cat are similar to those described in humans, however the vascular supply, the presence of renal failure, and the axial rotation of the fused kidney are atypical.
CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE ASSOCIATED WITH NEPHROLITHIASIS, URETEROLITHIASIS, AND RENAL DYSPLASIA IN A 2‐YEAR‐OLD QUARTER HORSE GELDING
Authors: Wooldridge Anne A. , Seahorn Thomas L. , Williams Jamie , Taylor H. Wayne , Oliver Julian L. , Kim Young , Vicek Thomas J.
Published: May 2005

A 2‐year‐old quarter horse gelding presented for evaluation of polyuria and polydipsia. Azotemia was detected on serum chemistry profile. Small, misshapen, hyperechoic kidneys with decreased corticomedullary demarcation, hydronephrosis, and a right nephrolith were noted ultrasonographically. The diagnosis of end‐stage kidney disease and dysplasia was made histopathologically using ultrasound‐guided biopsy. Two ureteroliths were found in the right ureter via cystoscopy, and a nephrolith was seen in the right kidney at necropsy. Clinical, ultrasonographic, and pathologic features of equine urolithiasis and renal dysplasia are discussed.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF RENAL AUTOGRAFTS IN NORMAL CATS
Authors: Pollard Rachel , Nyland Thomas G. , Bernsteen Lynda , Gregory Clare R. , Hornof William J.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine changes in resistive index (RI) and renal size that occur in normal feline kidney autografts in the immediate post‐transplant period. Qualitative changes in renal parenchymal echogenicity and pelvic dilation were also noted, although this was not a major focus of the study. Fourteen domestic short‐haired cats underwent bilateral nephrectomies followed by an autograft of the right kidney to either the aorta or external iliac artery. Due to post‐operative complications, only nine of these cats completed the study. Ultrasonographic determination of the RI and renal size was made before transplantation and on days 1, 4, 7, 10, and 13 following transplantation. No significant changes in renal RI were identified during the study. Renal size increased significantly, peaking at 63% above baseline on day 7, and stayed elevated at 50% above baseline on day 13. There was no evidence of rejection or other abnormalities found on histologic evaluation of the transplanted kidneys. It was concluded that the RI of normal feline renal autografts does not significantly change in the immediate post‐operative period. However, significant renal enlargement, likely due to a combination of post‐operative edema and hypertrophy, does occur. This study provides baseline information for comparison with feline allografts in the immediate post‐transplant period.
COMPARISON OF ULTRASONOGRAPHIC AND RADIOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS OF CANINE PROSTATE DIMENSIONS
Authors: Atalan Gultekin , Barr Frances J. , Holt Peter E.
Published: May 2005

The purposes of this study were to: 1) compare prostatic dimensions measured on radiographic and ultrasonographic images and 2) compare a subjective radiographic assessment of prostate size with a previously‐described objective method. Thirty‐four male dogs undergoing investigation of prostatic disorders were used. Prostate length and depth were measured from ultrasonographic and radiographic images. A subjective assessment of prostate size (‘small’, ‘normal’, or ‘enlarged’) was made in 29 animals by one of the authors who was unaware of radiographic or ultrasonographic measurements. In addition, the distance from sacral promontory to the pubic brim was also measured. A prostate length or depth of >70% of this distance was defined as ‘enlarged’ and <70% as ‘normal’. After the effects of magnification on radiographic measurements were eliminated, there were no significant differences between prostatic length measured by the two methods. However, a significant difference was obtained between prostatic depth measurements. The subjective assessment agreed with a previously described objective assessment of prostatic size in 21/29 dogs for prostate length but in only 12/29 for depth. Prostatic length varied from 46.6 to 116.4% (mean 75.7%) of the distance from the pubic brim to the sacral promontory. Prostatic depth varied from 33.0% to 94.6% (mean 59.7%) of the same distance. It is recommended that prostate length, rather than depth, be used when evaluating prostate size from lateral abdominal radiographs.
DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS OF DIVALENT SALTS
Authors: YANG HEIDI HAI‐LING , LAWLESS HARRY T.
Published: May 2005

Many divalent salts (e.g., calcium, iron, zinc), have important nutritional value and are used to fortify food or as dietary supplements. Sensory characterization of some divalent salts in aqueous solutions by untrained judges has been reported in the psychophysical literature, but formal sensory evaluation by trained panels is lacking. To provide this information, a trained descriptive panel evaluated the sensory characteristics of 10 divalent salts including ferrous sulfate, chloride and gluconate; calcium chloride, lactate and glycerophosphate; zinc sulfate and chloride; and magnesium sulfate and chloride. Among the compounds tested, iron compounds were highest in metallic taste; zinc compounds had higher astringency and a glutamate‐like sensation; and bitterness was pronounced for magnesium and calcium salts. Bitterness was affected by the anion in ferrous and calcium salts. Results from the trained panelists were largely consistent with the psychophysical literature using untrained judges, but provided a more comprehensive set of oral sensory attributes.
MEASUREMENT OF BITING VELOCITIES AT PREDETERMINED AND INDIVIDUAL CROSSHEAD SPEED INSTRUMENTAL IMITATIVE TESTS FOR PREDICTING SENSORY HARDNESS OF GELATIN GELS
Authors: FINNEY M. , MEULLENET J.F.
Published: May 2005

Jaw movements during the act of biting were measured for seven subjects trained in descriptive analysis using an electrognathograph. The effectiveness of instrumental imitative tests performed at predefined and individual crosshead speeds (matching velocities measured in vivo) to predict the perception of hardness in 14 gelatin gels was assessed. For all seven subjects, the perception of hardness was adequately described by imitative instrumental tests performed with dental replicas of individual subjects (0.88 < R < 0.97). For some of the subjects, tests performed at crosshead speeds matching biting speeds improved the instrumental prediction of hardness, suggesting that biting velocity is an important aspect of the perception of hardness in food.
IMPACT OF SERVING TEMPERATURE ON TRAINED PANEL PERCEPTION OF CHEDDAR CHEESE FLAVOR ATTRIBUTES
Authors: DRAKE M.A. , YATES M.D. , GERARD P.D.
Published: May 2005

The impact of serving temperature on trained panel perception of Cheddar cheese flavor attributes was determined. Seven cheeses were selected to represent a range of age and flavor profiles. A descriptive sensory panel received 75 h training on 15 terms for cheese flavor attributes and basic tastes from a previously identified sensory lexicon for Cheddar cheese. Three serving temperatures were selected (5, 12, 21C). Cheeses were subsequently evaluated in quadruplicate by the panel at each serving temperature. Cheeses were differentiated on their flavor and taste attributes (P < 0.0001). Perception of sour taste intensity increased with serving temperature (P < 0.05). Other flavors and basic tastes did not exhibit a temperature effect or temperature by cheese interaction (P > 0.05). Panelists noted that cheese was more difficult to evaluate at 21C compared with 12 or 5C. Cheddar cheese serving temperature should not pose an issue for comparing descriptive sensory results from multiple locations.
NUTRITIONAL, PHYSICAL AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIOUS CHOCOLATE‐FLAVORED PEANUT–SOY BEVERAGE FORMULATIONS
Authors: DESHPANDE R.P. , CHINNAN M.S. , McWATTERS K.H.
Published: May 2005

Mixture design and pilot‐plant scale processing protocol were developed to obtain the best chocolate‐flavored peanut–soy beverage formulation. Twenty‐eight formulations were evaluated for nutritional (lysine content), physical (viscosity [η], visual stability index [VSI]) and nine sensory (consumer liking) attributes. Lysine contents (mg/g protein) (44.1–57.1) were close to the reference (51.0) and in the desirable range observed for other peanut‐based beverages. Higher viscosity indicated lower consumer liking, but lower viscosity resulted in lower VSI. Formulation ♯8 having 43.9% peanut, 36.3% soy protein isolate (SPI) and 19.8% chocolate syrup had the highest consumer liking and the best balance of physical properties (η = 41.5 mPa·s; VSI = 0.99). As compared to commercial chocolate milk (6 = slightly like to 7 = moderately like), it was rated higher for appearance (7.0), color (6.8) and sweetness (6.4). Two SPI formulations (♯6 and ♯7) and a soy flour formulation (♯14) were rated highest for aroma (6.2), color (7.0) and flavor (6.0), respectively.
EFFECTS OF RESIDUAL TOOTHPASTE FLAVOR ON FLAVOR PROFILES OF COMMON FOODS AND BEVERAGES
Authors: ALLISON ANN‐MARIE A. , CHAMBERS DELORES H.
Published: May 2005

Because toothpaste and other menthol/surfactant‐containing products have residual effects, researchers should ensure that enough time has elapsed between use of toothpaste and evaluation of food products. In this study, orange juice, coffee, sausage and processed cheese were profiled under controlled conditions and at 4, 12, 30 and 60 min after panelists brushed with a strongly mentholated toothpaste. Residual effects of the toothpaste at 4 min reduced several aromatic attributes, but did not affect most fundamental taste or texture attributes. A mint aromatic was observed in some food products after toothpaste use, even after 12 min. Chemesthetic attributes were diminished when a product was presented within 12 min of brushing. Results suggested that the amount of time needed between brushing and tasting depended on the food product. Orange juice, an acidic beverage, required at least an hour's delay; fatty, solid foods could be tasted almost immediately after toothbrushing if provided a warm‐up sample first.
Case presentation: a novel way of treating acute cauliflower ear in a professional rugby player: Figure 1
Authors: Macdonald D J M , Calder N , Perrett G , McGuiness R G
Published: May 2005

Acute auricular haematoma is a common problem in rugby players and can be difficult to treat due to re-accumulation of the fluid and can subsequently cause the unsightly cauliflower ear. We present a case of auricular haematoma affecting the central part of the pinna in a professional rugby player. This was treated successfully by aspiration and the use of silicone splints which allowed the player to continue training and competing.
The exercise addiction inventory: a quick and easy screening tool for health practitioners: Table 1
Authors: Griffiths M D , Szabo A , Terry A
Published: May 2005

Background:Exercise addiction is not routinely screened for probably because available instruments take a long time to administer, their scoring may be complicated, and their interpretation is not always obvious. A new psychometric instrument has been developed that is capable of identifying people affected by, or at risk of, exercise addiction: the exercise addiction inventory (EAI). A preliminary report showed the EAI had good reliability and validity.

Objectives:To test further the EAI’s psychometric properties and show that it would be quick and simple to administer by general practitioners.

Methods:A sample of 200 habitual exercisers were given the EAI and two existing exercise addiction scales (obligatory exercise questionnaire; exercise dependence scale). Two weeks later, another sample of 79 exercisers were administered the EAI to determine the test-retest reliability of the questionnaire.

Results:The original data from the preliminary report were reanalysed to determine the split half correlation of the EAI. This was found to be 0.84 (Guttman split-half coefficient). A correlation between weekly frequency of exercising and EAI scores was also determined, and it was found that the two variables shared 29% of the variance (r2 =  0.29). The test-retest reliability of the scale was found to be very good (0.85).

Conclusions:The EAI is a valid and reliable tool which would be capable of helping general practitioners to quickly and easily identify people affected by, or at risk of, exercise addiction.
Methods for epidemiological study of injuries to professional football players: developing the UEFA model
Authors: Hägglund M , Waldén M , Bahr R , Ekstrand J
Published: May 2005

A problem with epidemiological studies of football injuries is the inconsistent manner in which injury is defined and data are collected. Projects have been initiated to study the incidence and causes of injury in football, but there is no uniformly accepted reporting system. In this report, some common pitfalls encountered in the recording of injury are addressed, and practical guidelines for epidemiological studies are provided. An injury reporting system developed for the UEFA Football Safety Project for studies on professional footballers is used as a starting point for a general discussion on injury registration and compared with other existing reporting systems. The recording definition of injury may vary between studies depending on its purpose. A time loss injury definition is practical for all playing levels, and, as a minimum, results on time loss injuries should therefore always be reported separately to allow direct comparisons between studies. There is a need to agree on a uniform sports injury classification system with corresponding diagnostic criteria, as well as standardised return to play criteria after injury.
Understanding injury mechanisms: a key component of preventing injuries in sport
Authors: Bahr R , Krosshaug T
Published: May 2005

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries are a growing cause of concern, as these injuries can have serious consequences for the athlete with a greatly increased risk of early osteoarthrosis. Using specific training programmes, it may be possible to reduce the incidence of knee and ankle injuries. However, it is not known which programme components are the key to preventing knee and ankle injuries or how the exercises work to reduce injury risk. Our ability to design specific prevention programmes, whether through training or other preventive measures, is currently limited by an incomplete understanding of the causes of injuries. A multifactorial approach should be used to account for all the factors involved-that is, the internal and external risk factors as well as the inciting event (the injury mechanism). Although such models have been presented previously, we emphasise the need to use a comprehensive model, which accounts for the events leading to the injury situation (playing situation, player and opponent behaviour), as well as to include a description of whole body and joint biomechanics at the time of injury.
Psychological predictors of injury among elite athletes
Authors: Galambos S A , Terry P C , Moyle G M , Locke S A
Published: May 2005

Objectives:To establish injury rates among a population of elite athletes, to provide normative data for psychological variables hypothesised to be predictive of sport injuries, and to establish relations between measures of mood, perceived life stress, and injury characteristics as a precursor to introducing a psychological intervention to ameliorate the injury problem.

Methods:As part of annual screening procedures, athletes at the Queensland Academy of Sport report medical and psychological status. Data from 845 screenings (433 female and 412 male athletes) were reviewed. Population specific tables of normative data were established for the Brunel mood scale and the perceived stress scale.

Results:About 67% of athletes were injured each year, and about 18% were injured at the time of screening. Fifty percent of variance in stress scores could be predicted from mood scores, especially for vigour, depression, and tension. Mood and stress scores collectively had significant utility in predicting injury characteristics. Injury status (current, healed, no injury) was correctly classified with 39% accuracy, and back pain with 48% accuracy. Among a subset of 233 uninjured athletes (116 female and 117 male), five mood dimensions (anger, confusion, fatigue, tension, depression) were significantly related to orthopaedic incidents over the preceding 12 months, with each mood dimension explaining 6–7% of the variance. No sex differences in these relations were found.

Conclusions:The findings support suggestions that psychological measures have utility in predicting athletic injury, although the relatively modest explained variance highlights the need to also include underlying physiological indicators of allostatic load, such as stress hormones, in predictive models.
Evidence based prevention of hamstring injuries in sport
Authors: Petersen J , Hölmich P
Published: May 2005

A common soft tissue injury in sports involving sprinting and jumping is the hamstring strain. A major problem with hamstring strains is the high incidence of reinjury. Muscle injuries can be classified as direct or indirect and are typically grouped into three categories according to severity. A number of potential risk factors have been proposed for hamstring strains. Only a few are evidence based and some are mainly based on theoretical assumptions. There is a lack of clinical research on the effectiveness of rehabilitation programmes for hamstring strains. Although the initial treatment of rest, ice, compression, and elevation is accepted for muscle strains, no consensus exists for their rehabilitation. Not much evidence based research has been carried out on prevention of hamstring strain. To our knowledge only two prospective studies have so far been published. As the injuries are common in football and other sports involving sprinting and jumping, there is a need for further research preferably in the form of randomised controlled trials.
A review of electromyographic activation levels, timing differences, and increased anterior cruciate ligament injury incidence in female athletes
Authors: Hewett T E , Zazulak B T , Myer G D , Ford K R
Published: May 2005

Deficits in dynamic neuromuscular control of the knee may contribute to the higher incidence of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury in female athletes. There is evidence that neuromuscular training alters muscle firing patterns, as it decreases landing forces, improves balance, and reduces ACL injury incidence in female athletes. The purpose of this review is to summarise the evidence for altered muscular activation and timing relative to ACL injury risk in female athletes.
The effect of sports specific training on reducing the incidence of hamstring injuries in professional Australian Rules football players
Authors: Verrall G M , Slavotinek J P , Barnes P G
Published: May 2005

Objectives:To assess in a single team of Australian Rules football players the effect of a specific intervention program on the incidence and consequence of hamstring muscle strain injuries.

Method:A prospective study was performed with a single team being followed for four playing seasons for hamstring injury. Magnetic resonance imaging was used to confirm the diagnosis of hamstring muscle injury. After two playing seasons an intervention program was implemented with the number of athletes with hamstring injury, competition days missed, and incidence of hamstring match injuries per 1000 h of playing time being compared pre- and post-intervention. The intervention program involved stretching whilst fatigued, sport specific training drills, and an emphasis on increasing the amount of high intensity anaerobic interval training.

Results:In the seasons prior to the intervention, nine and 11 athletes sustained hamstring injury compared to two and four following intervention. Competition days missed reduced from 31 and 38 to 5 and 16 following intervention and match incidence decreased from 4.7 to 1.3 per 1000 h of playing time. A beneficial effect was demonstrated with a smaller number of players having hamstring injuries (p = 0.05), a lower number of competition games missed being recorded (p<0.001), and a decrease in hamstring strain incidence per 1000 h of playing time (p = 0.01) following the intervention program.

Conclusions:Increasing the amount of anaerobic interval training, stretching whilst the muscle is fatigued, and implementing sport specific training drills resulted in a significant reduction in the number and consequences of hamstring muscle strain injuries.
Lifecourse study of bone health at age 49–51 years: the Newcastle thousand families cohort study
Authors: Pearce Mark S , Birrell Fraser N , Francis Roger M , Rawlings David J , Tuck Stephen P , Parker Louise
Published: May 2005

Objective:To quantify the direct and indirect effects of fetal (position in family, weight, and social class at birth), childhood (breast feeding, growth, infections, and social class in childhood, age at menarche), and adult life (social class, alcohol consumption, smoking, diet, reproductive history, exercise, hormone replacement therapy use), and adult size (height, weight) on bone health at age 49–51 years, as measured by bone mineral density, total scanned bone area of the hip and lumbar spine, and femoral neck shaft angle.

Design:Follow up study of the Newcastle thousand families birth cohort established in 1947.

Participants:171 men and 218 women who attended for dual energyxray absorptiometry scanning.

Main results:Fetal life explained around 6% of variation in adult bone mineral density for men, but accounted for less than 1% for women. Adult lifestyle, including effects mediated through adult weight accounted for over 10% of variation in density for men and around 6% for women. Almost half of variation in bone area for men was explained by early life. However, most of this was mediated through achieved adult height and weight. In women, less than 5% of variation in bone area was accounted for by early life, after adjusting for adult size. Most of the variation in each of the indicators for both sexes was contributed either directly or indirectly by adult lifestyle and achieved adult height and weight.

Conclusions:The effect of fetal life on bone health in adulthood seems to be mediated through achieved adult height.
NEW DIRECTIONS IN PIDGIN AND CREOLE STUDIES
Authors: Baptista Marlyse
Published: May 2005

This chapter introduces the reader to the areas of previous investigation in creole studies, while outlining new directions the field is taking. The first section shows that, although the chief areas of interest have essentially remained the same for the past few decades, methodologies have changed toward a more comprehensive multilayered approach aimed at a better understanding of how individual creole languages emerge, evolve and function. The second section focuses particularly on cognitive processes involved in creole formation, such as restructuring, relexification, reanalysis, and dialectal leveling. In the third and last section, I critically evaluate the current state of affairs and point out potential obstacles and promising interdisciplinary trends.
New Spectral Types L and T
Authors: Kirkpatrick J. Davy
Published: May 2005

▪ Abstract  The establishment of new spectral classes cooler than type M has had a brief, yet already rich, history. Prototypes of the new “L dwarf” and “T dwarf” classes were first found in the late 1980s to mid-1990s, with a flood of new discoveries occurring in the late 1990s with the advent of deep, large-area, digital sky surveys. Over four hundred and fifty L and T dwarfs are now cataloged. This review concentrates on the spectroscopic properties of these objects, beginning with the establishment of classification schemes rooted in the MK Process. The resulting grid of spectral types is then used as a tool to ferret out the underlying physics. The temperature ranges covered by these spectral types, the complex chemical processes responsible for the shape of their emergent spectra, their nature as either true stars or brown dwarfs, and their number density in the Galaxy are discussed. Two promising avenues for future research are also explored: the extension of the classification system to three dimensions to account for gravity- and metallicity-dependent features, and the capability of newer large-area surveys to uncover brown dwarfs cooler than those now recognized.
PLANAR CELL POLARIZATION: An Emerging Model Points in the Right Direction
Authors: Klein Thomas J. , Mlodzik Marek
Published: May 2005

Polarization is a feature common to many cell types. Epithelial cells, for example, exhibit a characteristic apical-basolateral polarity that is critical for their function. In addition to this ubiquitous form of polarity, whole fields of cells are often polarized in a plane perpendicular to the apical-basal axis. This form of polarity, referred to as planar cell polarity (PCP), exists in all adult Drosophila cuticular tissues, as well as in numerous vertebrate tissues, including the mammalian skin and inner ear epithelia. Recent advances in the study of PCP establishment are beginning to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying this cellular process. This review discusses new developments in the molecular understanding of PCP in Drosophila and vertebrates and integrates the current data in a model to illustrate how interactions between PCP factors might function to generate planar polarity.
INTRACELLULAR COMPARTMENTATION IN PLANCTOMYCETES
Authors: Fuerst John A.
Published: May 2005

The phylum Planctomycetes of the domain Bacteria consists of budding, peptidoglycan-less organisms important for understanding the origins of complex cell organization. Their significance for cell biology lies in their possession of intracellular membrane compartmentation. All planctomycetes share a unique cell plan, in which the cell cytoplasm is divided into compartments by one or more membranes, including a major cell compartment containing the nucleoid. Of special significance is Gemmata obscuriglobus, in which the nucleoid is enveloped in two membranes to form a nuclear body that is analogous to the structure of a eukaryotic nucleus. Planctomycete compartmentation may have functional physiological roles, as in the case of anaerobic ammonium-oxidizing anammox planctomycetes, in which the anammoxosome harbors specialized enzymes and is wrapped in an envelope possessing unique ladderane lipids. Organisms in phyla other than the phylum Planctomycetes may possess compartmentation similar to that of some planctomycetes, as in the case of members of the phylum Poribacteria from marine sponges.
MATING IN CANDIDA ALBICANS AND THE SEARCH FOR A SEXUAL CYCLE
Authors: Bennett R.J. , Johnson A.D.
Published: May 2005

Candida albicans is a normal part of the human microflora, but it is also an opportunistic fungal pathogen that causes both mucosal infections and life-threatening systemic infections. Until recently, C. albicans was thought to be asexual, existing only as an obligate diploid. However, a mating locus was identified that was homologous to those in sexually reproducing fungi, and mating of C. albicans strains was subsequently demonstrated in the laboratory. In this review, we compare and contrast the mating process in C. albicans with that of other fungi, particularly Saccharomyces cerevisiae, whose mating has been most intensively studied. Several features of the mating pathway appear unique to C. albicans, including aspects of gene regulation and cell biology, as well as the involvement of “white-opaque” switching, an alteration between two quasi-stable inheritable states. These specializations of the mating process may have evolved to promote the survival of C. albicans in the hostile environment of a mammalian host.
CELLULAR FUNCTIONS, MECHANISM OF ACTION, AND REGULATION OF FTSH PROTEASE
Authors: Ito Koreaki , Akiyama Yoshinori
Published: May 2005

FtsH is a cytoplasmic membrane protein that has N-terminally located transmembrane segments and a main cytosolic region consisting of AAA-ATPase and Zn2+-metalloprotease domains. It forms a homo-hexamer, which is further complexed with an oligomer of the membrane-bound modulating factor HflKC. FtsH degrades a set of short-lived proteins, enabling cellular regulation at the level of protein stability. FtsH also degrades some misassembled membrane proteins, contributing to their quality maintenance. It is an energy-utilizing and processive endopeptidase with a special ability to dislocate membrane protein substrates out of the membrane, for which its own membrane-embedded nature is essential. We discuss structure-function relationships of this intriguing enzyme, including the way it recognizes the soluble and membrane-integrated substrates differentially, on the basis of the solved structure of the ATPase domain as well as extensive biochemical and genetic information accumulated in the past decade on this enzyme.
Biology of Plant Rhabdoviruses
Authors: Jackson Andrew O. , Dietzgen Ralf G. , Goodin Michael M. , Bragg Jennifer N. , Deng Min
Published: May 2005

The Rhabdoviridae, whose members collectively infect invertebrates, animals, and plants, form a large family that has important consequences for human health, agriculture, and wildlife ecology. Plant rhabdoviruses can be separated into the genera Cytorhabdovirus and Nucleorhabdovirus, based on their sites of replication and morphogenesis. This review presents a general overview of classical and contemporary findings about rhabdovirus ecology, pathology, vector relations, and taxonomy. The genome organization and structure of several recently sequenced nucleorhabdoviruses and cytorhabdoviruses is integrated with new cell biology findings to provide a model for the replication of the two genera. A prospectus outlines the exciting opportunities for future research that will contribute to a more detailed understanding of the biology, biochemistry, replication and host interactions of the plant rhabdoviruses.
Tospovirus-Thrips Interactions
Authors: Whitfield Anna E. , Ullman Diane E. , German Thomas L.
Published: May 2005

The complex and specific interplay between thrips, tospoviruses, and their shared plant hosts leads to outbreaks of crop disease epidemics of economic and social importance. The precise details of the processes underpinning the vector-virus-host interaction and their coordinated evolution increase our understanding of the general principles underlying pathogen transmission by insects, which in turn can be exploited to develop sustainable strategies for controlling the spread of the virus through plant populations. In this review, we focus primarily on recent progress toward understanding the biological processes and molecular interactions involved in the acquisition and transmission of Tospoviruses by their thrips vectors.
Static interaction between muscle mechanoreflex and arterial baroreflex in determining efferent sympathetic nerve activity
Authors: Yamamoto Kenta , Kawada Toru , Kamiya Atsunori , Takaki Hiroshi , Sugimachi Masaru , Sunagawa Kenji
Published: May 2005

Elucidation of the interaction between the muscle mechanoreflex and the arterial baroreflex is essential for better understanding of sympathetic regulation during exercise. We characterized the effects of these two reflexes on sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) in anesthetized rabbits ( n = 7). Under open-loop baroreflex conditions, we recorded renal SNA at carotid sinus pressure (CSP) of 40, 80, 120, or 160 mmHg while passively stretching the hindlimb muscle at muscle tension (MT) of 0, 2, 4, or 6 kg. The MT-SNA relationship at CSP of 40 mmHg approximated a straight line. Increase in CSP from 40 to 120 and 160 mmHg shifted the MT-SNA relationship downward and reduced the response range (the difference between maximum and minimum SNA) to 43 ± 10% and 19 ± 6%, respectively ( P < 0.01). The CSP-SNA relationship at MT of 0 kg approximated a sigmoid curve. Increase in MT from 0 to 2, 4, and 6 kg shifted the CSP-SNA relationship upward and extended the response range to 133 ± 8%, 156 ± 14%, and 178 ± 15%, respectively ( P < 0.01). A model of algebraic summation, i.e., parallel shift, with a threshold of SNA functionally reproduced the interaction of the two reflexes ( y = 1.00 x − 0.01; r2 = 0.991, root mean square = 2.6% between estimated and measured SNA). In conclusion, the response ranges of SNA to baroreceptor and muscle mechanoreceptor input changed in a manner that could be explained by a parallel shift with threshold.
Endothelin-1-induced contraction in veins is independent of hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Thakali Keshari , Demel Stacie L. , Fink Gregory D. , Watts Stephanie W.
Published: May 2005

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide and H2O2, are capable of modifying vascular tone, although the response to ROS can vary qualitatively among vascular beds, experimental procedures, and species. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) induces superoxide production, which can be dismutated to H2O2. The RhoA/Rho kinase pathway partially mediates ET-1-induced contraction and recently was implicated in superoxide-induced contraction. We hypothesized that H2O2, not superoxide, mediates venous ET-1-induced contraction. Rat thoracic aorta and vena cava contracted to exogenously added H2O2 (1 μM–1 mM) [maximum aortic contraction = 10 ± 3% of phenylephrine (10 μM) contraction; maximum venous contraction = 85 ± 13% of norepinephrine (10 μM) contraction]. (+)-( R)- trans-4-(1-aminoethyl- N-4-pyridil)cyclohexanecarboxamide dihydrochloride (Y-27632, 10 μM), a Rho kinase inhibitor, significantly reduced venous H2O2-induced contraction (15 ± 1% of control maximum) and reduced maximum ET-1-induced contraction by 59 ± 1%. However, neither the H2O2 scavenger catalase (100 and 2,000 U/ml) nor cell permeable polyethylene glycol-catalase (163 and 326 U/ml) reduced ET-1-induced contraction in the vena cava. The catalase inhibitor 3-aminotriazole (3-AT) also had no effect on maximal venous ET-1-induced contraction. Basal H2O2 levels were three times higher in the vena cava than in the aorta (vena cava, 0.74 ± 0.09 nmol H2O2/mg protein; aorta, 0.24 ± 0.05 nmol H2O2/mg protein). ET-1 (100 nM) increased H2O2 in the vena cava but not in the aorta (vena cava, 154.10 ± 17.29% of control H2O2; aorta, 83.72 ± 20.20%). Antagonism of either ETA or ETB receptors with the use of atrasentan (30 nM) or BQ-788 (100 nM), respectively, reduced ET-1 (100 nM)-induced increases in venous H2O2. In summary, ET-1 increased H2O2 in veins but not arteries, and venous ET-1-induced H2O2 production was independent of the contractile properties of ET-1.
Pyruvate-fortified cardioplegia suppresses oxidative stress and enhances phosphorylation potential of arrested myocardium
Authors: Knott E. Marty , Ryou Myoung-Gwi , Sun Jie , Heymann Abraham , Sharma Arti B. , Lei Yu , Baig Mirza , Mallet Robert T. , Olivencia-Yurvati Albert H.
Published: May 2005

Cardioplegic arrest for bypass surgery imposes global ischemia on the myocardium, which generates oxyradicals and depletes myocardial high-energy phosphates. The glycolytic metabolite pyruvate, but not its reduced congener lactate, increases phosphorylation potential and detoxifies oxyradicals in ischemic and postischemic myocardium. This study tested the hypothesis that pyruvate mitigates oxidative stress and preserves the energy state in cardioplegically arrested myocardium. In situ swine hearts were arrested for 60 min with a 4:1 mixture of blood and crystalloid cardioplegia solution containing 188 mM glucose alone (control) or with additional 23.8 mM lactate or 23.8 mM pyruvate and then reperfused for 3 min with cardioplegia-free blood. Glutathione (GSH), glutathione disulfide (GSSG), and energy metabolites [phosphocreatine (PCr), creatine (Cr), Pi] were measured in myocardium, which was snap frozen at 45 min arrest and 3 min reperfusion to determine antioxidant GSH redox state (GSH/GSSG) and PCr phosphorylation potential {[PCr]/([Cr][Pi])}. Coronary sinus 8-isoprostane indexed oxidative stress. Pyruvate cardioplegia lowered 8-isoprostane release ∼40% during arrest versus control and lactate cardioplegia. Lactate and pyruvate cardioplegia dampened ( P < 0.05 vs. control) the surge of 8-isoprostane release following reperfusion. Pyruvate doubled GSH/GSSG versus lactate cardioplegia during arrest, but GSH/GSSG fell in all three groups after reperfusion. Myocardial [PCr]/([Cr][Pi]) was maintained in all three groups during arrest. Pyruvate cardioplegia doubled [PCr]/([Cr][Pi]) versus control and lactate cardioplegia after reperfusion. Pyruvate cardioplegia mitigates oxidative stress during cardioplegic arrest and enhances myocardial energy state on reperfusion.
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ligands suppress fibronectin gene expression in human lung carcinoma cells: involvement of both CRE and Sp1
Authors: Han ShouWei , Ritzenthaler Jeffrey D. , Rivera Hilda N. , Roman Jesse
Published: May 2005

Lung carcinoma often occurs in patients with chronic lung disease such as tobacco-related emphysema and asbestos-related pulmonary fibrosis. These diseases are characterized by dramatic alterations in the content and composition of the lung extracellular matrix, and we believe this “altered” matrix has the ability to promote lung carcinoma cell growth. One extracellular matrix molecule shown to be altered in these lung diseases is fibronectin (Fn). We previously reported increased growth and survival of non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cells exposed to Fn. Thus Fn may serve as a mitogen/survival factor for NSCLC and therefore represents a novel target for anti-cancer strategies. To this end, we studied the effects of the PPARγ ligands 15d-PGJ2, rosiglitazone ( BRL49653 ), and troglitazone on Fn expression in NSCLC cells and found that they were able to inhibit Fn gene transcription. Inhibition of Fn expression by BRL49653 and troglitazone, but not by 15d-PGJ2, was prevented by the specific PPARγ antagonist GW-9662 and by PPARγ small interfering RNA. Working with Fn deletion and mutated promoter constructs, we found that the region between −170 and −50 bp downstream from the transcriptional start site of the promoter was involved in PPARγ ligand inhibition. PPARγ ligands also diminished the phosphorylation of CREB, diminished Sp1 nuclear protein expression, and prevented the binding of these transcription factors to CRE and Sp1 sites, respectively, within the Fn promoter. In summary, our results demonstrate that PPARγ ligands inhibit Fn gene expression in NSCLC cells through PPARγ-dependent and -independent pathways that affect both CREB and Sp1.
Recombinant human VEGF treatment enhances alveolarization after hyperoxic lung injury in neonatal rats
Authors: Kunig Anette M. , Balasubramaniam Vivek , Markham Neil E. , Morgan Danielle , Montgomery Greg , Grover Theresa R. , Abman Steven H.
Published: May 2005

VEGF signaling inhibition decreases alveolar and vessel growth in the developing lung, suggesting that impaired VEGF signaling may contribute to decreased lung growth in bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Whether VEGF treatment improves lung structure in experimental models of BPD is unknown. The objective was to determine whether VEGF treatment enhances alveolarization in infant rats after hyperoxia. Two-day-old Sprague-Dawley rats were placed into hyperoxia or room air (RA) for 12 days. At 14 days, rats received daily treatment with rhVEGF-165 or saline. On day 22, rats were killed. Tissue was collected. Morphometrics was assessed by radial alveolar counts (RAC), mean linear intercepts (MLI), and skeletonization. Compared with RA controls, hyperoxia decreased RAC (6.1 ± 0.4 vs. 11.3 ± 0.4, P < 0.0001), increased MLI (59.2 ± 1.8 vs. 44.0 ± 0.8, P < 0.0001), decreased nodal point density (447 ± 14 vs. 503 ± 12, P < 0.0004), and decreased vessel density (11.7 ± 0.3 vs. 18.9 ± 0.3, P < 0.001), which persisted despite RA recovery. Compared with hyperoxic controls, rhVEGF treatment after hyperoxia increased RAC (11.8 ± 0.5, P < 0.0001), decreased MLI (42.2 ± 1.2, P < 0.0001), increased nodal point density (502 ± 7, P < 0.0005), and increased vessel density (23.2 ± 0.4, P < 0.001). Exposure of neonatal rats to hyperoxia impairs alveolarization and vessel density, which persists despite RA recovery. rhVEGF treatment during recovery enhanced vessel growth and alveolarization. We speculate that lung structure abnormalities after hyperoxia may be partly due to impaired VEGF signaling.
The physiology of the peripheral vestibular system: the birth of a field
Authors: Angelaki Dora E.
Published: May 2005

This essay looks at the historical significance of three APS classic papers that are freely available online:

Fernandez C and Goldberg JM.

Physiology of peripheral neurons innervating otolith organs of the squirrel monkey. I. Response to static tilts and to long-duration centrifugal force. J Neurophysiol 39: 970–984, 1976 ( http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/39/5/970 ).

Fernandez C and Goldberg JM.

Physiology of peripheral neurons innervating otolith organs of the squirrel monkey. II. Directional selectivity and force-response relations. J Neurophysiol 39: 985–995, 1976 ( http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/39/5/985 ).

Fernandez C and Goldberg JM.

Physiology of peripheral neurons innervating otolith organs of the squirrel monkey. III. Response dynamics. J Neurophysiol 39: 996–1008, 1976 ( http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/39/5/996 ).
Discovering spatial working memory fields in prefrontal cortex
Authors: Wang Xiao-Jing
Published: May 2005

This essay looks at the historical significance of one APS classic paper that is freely available online:

Funahashi S, Bruce CJ, and Goldman-Rakic PS. Mnemonic coding of visual space in the monkey's dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. J Neurophysiol 61: 331–349, 1989 ( http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/61/2/331 ).
Making the retina approachable
Authors: Matthews Gary
Published: May 2005

This essay looks at the historical significance of three APS classic papers that are freely available online:

Kuffler SW. Discharge patterns and functional organization of mammalian retina. J Neurophysiol 16: 37–68, 1953 ( http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/16/1/37 ).

Dowling JE and Werblin FS. Organization of retina of the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus. I. Synaptic structure. J Neurophysiol 32: 315–338, 1969 ( http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/32/3/315 ).

Werblin FS and Dowling JE. Organization of the retina of the mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus. II. Intracellular recording. J Neurophysiol 32: 339–355, 1969 ( http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/32/3/339 ).
Approaches to the Study of Haptic Sensing
Authors: Henriques Denise Y. P. , Soechting John F.
Published: May 2005

This review surveys results from a new approach to the problem of haptic sensing, in which subjects use primarily proximal arm movements to explore the shapes of virtual objects. These shapes are generated using a robotically controlled manipulandum. We begin by summarizing distortions of simple geometric properties (such as the length and orientation of lines) in the haptic perception of space. We then consider the extent to which the sense of more complex shapes (such as quadrilaterals) can be explained by these geometric distortions, i.e., the extent to which the shape of a complex object is synthesized from simpler constituent elements, and some of the sensory cues that may be important in this process. Haptic and visual processing of shapes appear to lead to some similar illusions. However, we argue that the processing of haptic information differs fundamentally from visual processing in that the former requires the integration of information that evolves in time as well as in space.
Dynamics of Excitatory Synaptic Components in Sustained Firing at Low Rates
Authors: Wyart Claire , Cocco Simona , Bourdieu Laurent , Léger Jean-Francois , Herr Catherine , Chatenay Didier
Published: May 2005

Sustained firing is necessary for the persistent activity associated with working memory. The relative contributions of the reverberation of excitation and of the temporal dynamics of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) to the maintenance of activity are difficult to evaluate in classical preparations. We used simplified models of synchronous excitatory networks, hippocampal autapses and pairs, to study the synaptic mechanisms underlying firing at low rates. Calcium imaging and cell attached recordings showed that these neurons spontaneously fired bursts of action potentials that lasted for seconds over a wide range of frequencies. In 2-wk-old cells, the median firing frequency was low (11 ± 8.8 Hz), whereas in 3- to 4-wk-old cells, it decreased to a very low value (2 ± 1.3 Hz). In both cases, we have shown that the slowest synaptic component supported firing. In 2-wk-old autapses, antagonists of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) induced rare isolated spikes showing that the NMDA component of the EPSP was essential for bursts at low frequency. In 3- to 4-wk-old neurons, the very low frequency firing was maintained without the NMDAR activation. However EGTA-AM or α-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine (MCPG) removed the very slow depolarizing component of the EPSP and prevented the sustained firing at very low rate. A metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)-activated calcium sensitive conductance is therefore responsible for a very slow synaptic component associated with firing at very low rate. In addition, our observations suggested that the asynchronous release of glutamate might participate also in the recurring bursting.
Parallel Processing of Spatial and Serial Order Information Before Moving to a Remembered Target
Authors: Smyrnis Nikolaos , d'Avossa Giovanni , Theleritis Christos , Mantas Asimakis , Ozcan Alpay , Evdokimidis Ioannis
Published: May 2005

Information storage and retrieval from working memory is limited by the capacity of storage mechanisms and attentional processes. Nevertheless, it has been shown that processing of multiple features can proceed independently in working memory. In this study we investigated how serial order and directional information are processed when executing a movement to a remembered target direction. We compared the performance of 11 healthy subjects in 3 motor working memory tasks, one with a varying spatial memory load, one with a varying serial order memory load, and one in which memory load was varied for both features. We found that the spatial information memory load does not affect the ability to store information about serial order and vice versa. Furthermore, movement response latencies indicated that retrieval of information about both features proceeds simultaneously. These results strongly favor independent, parallel working memory systems for processing space and order information in the motor system.