bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FIRST DIRECTLY DATED ROCK ART IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Jalandoni Andrea , Faylona Marie Grace Pamela G , Sambo Aila Shaine , Willis Mark D , Lising Caroline Marie Q , Kottermair Maria , Loriega Xandriane E , Taçon Paul S C
Published: April 2021

This paper integrates the first rock art directly dated with radiocarbon (14C) in Southeast Asia with the archaeological activity in the area and with stylistically similar rock art in the region. Peñablanca is a hotspot of archaeological research that includes the oldest dates for human remains in the Philippines. The caves in Peñablanca with known rock art were revisited and only 37.6% of the original recorded figures were found; the others are likely lost to agents of deterioration. A sample was collected from an anthropomorph and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dated to 3570–3460 cal BP. The date corresponds to archaeological activity in the area and provides a more holistic view of the people inhabiting the Peñablanca caves at that time. A systematic review was used to find similar black anthropomorph motifs in Southeast Asia to identify potential connections across the region and provide a possible chronological association.
Fourier restriction in low fractal dimensions
Authors: Shayya Bassam
Published: April 2021

Let$S \subset \mathbb {R}^{n}$be a smooth compact hypersurface with a strictly positive second fundamental form,$E$be the Fourier extension operator on$S$, and$X$be a Lebesgue measurable subset of$\mathbb {R}^{n}$. If$X$contains a ball of each radius, then the problem of determining the range of exponents$(p,q)$for which the estimate$\| Ef \|_{L^{q}(X)} \lesssim \| f \|_{L^{p}(S)}$holds is equivalent to the restriction conjecture. In this paper, we study the estimate under the following assumption on the set$X$: there is a number$0 < \alpha \leq n$such that$|X \cap B_R| \lesssim R^{\alpha }$for all balls$B_R$in$\mathbb {R}^{n}$of radius$R \geq 1$. On the left-hand side of this estimate, we are integrating the function$|Ef(x)|^{q}$against the measure$\chi _X \,{\textrm {d}}x$. Our approach consists of replacing the characteristic function$\chi _X$of$X$by an appropriate weight function$H$, and studying the resulting estimate in three different regimes: small values of$\alpha$, intermediate values of$\alpha$, and large values of$\alpha$. In the first regime, we establish the estimate by using already available methods. In the second regime, we prove a weighted Hölder-type inequality that holds for general non-negative Lebesgue measurable functions on$\mathbb {R}^{n}$and combine it with the result from the first regime. In the third regime, we borrow a recent fractal Fourier restriction theorem of Du and Zhang and combine it with the result from the second regime. In the opposite direction, the results of this paper improve on the Du–Zhang theorem in the range$0 < \alpha < n/2$.
Across-generation effects of maternal heat stress during late gestation on production, female fertility and longevity traits in dairy cows
Authors: Kipp Cordula , Brügemann Kerstin , Zieger Peter , Mütze Katja , Möcklinghoff-Wicke Sibylle , König Sven , Halli Kathrin
Published: April 2021

This research paper focuses on time-lagged heat stress (HS) effects from an across-generation perspective. Temperature × humidity indexes (THI) from the last 8 weeks of pregnancy were associated with subsequent female offspring performances. The offspring dataset considered 172 905 Holstein dairy cows from calving years 2002–2013 from 1,968 herds, located in the German federal state of Hesse. Production traits included milk yield (MKG), protein percentage (PRO%), fat percentage (FAT%), somatic cell score (SCS) and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) from the first official test-day in first lactation. Female fertility traits were the non-return-rate after 56 d (NRR56) in heifers and the interval from calving to first insemination (ICFI) in first parity cows. Longevity traits were the length of productive life (LPL), lifetime productivity in milk yield (LTP-MKG) and milk yield per day of life (MKG-DL). The association analyzes for 10 traits combined with meteorological data from 8 single weeks before calving implied in total 80 different runs. THI ≥50 from all single 8 weeks before calving had unfavorably significant effects on FAT%, ICFI and LPL. Heat stress in terms of THI ≥60 from the last 3 weeks before calving impaired MKG. NRR56 decreased with increasing THI, as observed for all 6 weeks before calving. LTP-MKG and MKG-DL decreased due to high THI in the last 4 weeks before calving. Heat stress (THI ≥60) during late pregnancy had no significantly unfavorable impact on PRO% and MUN. Interestingly, SCS in offspring declined with increasing THI during late pregnancy. In conclusion, for most of the primary and functional traits, unfavorable impact of HS from the dry period on time-lagged performances in offspring was identified, even on longevity. From a practical perspective, our data suggest to provide HS abatement to late gestation dams to avoid long-term adverse effects on the offspring.
Jan Blommaert and the use of sociolinguistics: Critical, political, personal
Authors: Rampton Ben
Published: April 2021

On 7 January 2021, Jan Blommaert died aged 59, after a ten-month battle with cancer. He was an extraordinary person and a brilliant academic, and there have been a great many very moving personal accounts of how much Jan meant to the people he interacted with. I knew and worked with him for over twenty-five years, and during his protracted illness, for me and for a lot of others, it was good to be able to tell him directly how much I owed him. But beyond the warm, hospitable, humorous and hugely energising individual we knew, Jan was profoundly committed to—indeed lived—a programme of sociolinguistics that he often traced to the writings of Dell Hymes, the founder ofLanguage in Society. A number of this programme's core elements were spelled out in the introduction to Hymes’ ground-breaking 1969 collection,Reinventing Anthropology, a ‘book… for people for whom “the way things are” is not reason enough for the ways things are, who find fundamental questions pertinent and in need of personal answer’ (1969:7). For my account of the value and vitality that Jan brought to sociolinguistics, I have borrowed from the title of Hymes’ introduction, ‘The use of anthropology: Critical, political, personal’ and, as well as citing some of Jan's own words, I also draw on the reflections of others as evidence of the vigour, clarity, and coherence with which he articulated a practice and purpose for work on language in society.
Circulating bile acids as a link between the gut microbiota and cardiovascular health: impact of prebiotics, probiotics and polyphenol-rich foods
Authors: Pushpass Rose-Anna G. , Alzoufairi Shouq , Jackson Kim G. , Lovegrove Julie A.
Published: April 2021

Beneficial effects of probiotic, prebiotic and polyphenol-rich interventions on fasting lipid profiles have been reported, with changes in the gut microbiota composition believed to play an important role in lipid regulation. Primary bile acids, which are involved in the digestion of fats and cholesterol metabolism, can be converted by the gut microbiota to secondary bile acids, some species of which are less well reabsorbed and consequently may be excreted in the stool. This can lead to increased hepatic bile acid neo-synthesis, resulting in a net loss of circulating low-density lipoprotein. Bile acids may therefore provide a link between the gut microbiota and cardiovascular health. This narrative review presents an overview of bile acid metabolism and the role of probiotics, prebiotics and polyphenol-rich foods in modulating circulating cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk markers and bile acids. Although findings from human studies are inconsistent, there is growing evidence for associations between these dietary components and improved lipid CVD risk markers, attributed to modulation of the gut microbiota and bile acid metabolism. These include increased bile acid neo-synthesis, due to bile sequestering action, bile salt metabolising activity and effects of short-chain fatty acids generated through bacterial fermentation of fibres. Animal studies have demonstrated effects on the FXR/FGF-15 axis and hepatic genes involved in bile acid synthesis (CYP7A1) and cholesterol synthesis (SREBP and HMGR). Further human studies are needed to determine the relationship between diet and bile acid metabolism and whether circulating bile acids can be utilised as a potential CVD risk biomarker.
Counting matchings via capacity-preserving operators
Authors: Gurvits Leonid , Leake Jonathan
Published: April 2021

The notion of the capacity of a polynomial was introduced by Gurvits around 2005, originally to give drastically simplified proofs of the van der Waerden lower bound for permanents of doubly stochastic matrices and Schrijver’s inequality for perfect matchings of regular bipartite graphs. Since this seminal work, the notion of capacity has been utilised to bound various combinatorial quantities and to give polynomial-time algorithms to approximate such quantities (e.g. the number of bases of a matroid). These types of results are often proven by giving bounds on how much a particular differential operator can change the capacity of a given polynomial. In this paper, we unify the theory surrounding such capacity-preserving operators by giving tight capacity preservation bounds for all nondegenerate real stability preservers. We then use this theory to give a new proof of a recent result of Csikvári, which settled Friedland’s lower matching conjecture.
Endotracheal Tube Cuff Pressure – Comparison of the Two Filling Methods – Simulated Test
Authors: Ilczak Tomasz , Ćwiertnia Michał , Białoń Piotr , Szlagor Michał , Kudłacik Beata , Rak Małgorzata , Bialka Szymon , Ubych Adam , Stasicki Arkadiusz , Waksmańska Wioletta , Bujok Jan , Mikulska Monika , Bobiński Rafał , Kawecki Marek
Published: April 2021

Introduction:

Tracheal intubation is the optimal method for opening up airways. Performed correctly, it prevents stomach contents from entering the respiratory tract and allows asynchronous cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) to be conducted during sudden cardiac arrest. An important element of correct intubation is proper inflation of the endotracheal tube cuff. Research has shown that when medical personnel use the palpation technique, the cuff is usually inflated incorrectly. This can result in numerous health complications for the patient.

Methods:

This research was conducted in 2020 on a group of paramedics participating in the 15th International Winter Championship of Medical Rescuers in Bielsko-Biala (Poland). The aim of the research was to assess two methods of inflating the endotracheal tube cuff. Method A involved inflating the cuff using a syringe and assessing the pressure in the control cuff using the palpation technique. Method B involved inflating the cuff using a manometer. During the inflation, both the cuff inflation pressure and the time required to complete the procedure were recorded. Analysis was also conducted on whether completion of certified Advanced Life Support (ALS) and Advanced Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS) training had any influence on the effectiveness of the inflation procedure.

Results:

The research showed that paramedics using Method B significantly more often inflated the endotracheal tube cuff to the correct pressure than those using Method A. However, when Method B was used, the procedure took longer to conduct. The study also showed that completion of certified ALS or ACLS training did not have a significant influence on proper inflation of the cuff. Those who had completed certified training courses took significantly longer to inflate the endotracheal tube cuff when using Method A.

Conclusions:

Inflation of the endotracheal tube cuff by use of a syringe, followed by the palpation technique for assessing the inflation of the cuff balloon, is ineffective. Paramedic teams should be equipped with manometers to be used for inflating the endotracheal tube cuff.
Design and analysis of wideband MIMO antenna arrays for 5G smartphone application
Authors: Sghaier Nizar , Latrach Lassaad
Published: April 2021

A new wideband multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) antenna system able to operate in a frequency band ranging between 3.3 and 7.1 GHz is proposed for fifth-generation (5G) new radio applications for future smartphones. The design structure contains four pairs of compact microstrip-fed slot antennas, located at the corners of an FR-4 printed circuit board. Each pair of antennas consists of a radiator with two concentric annular slots, fed by two L-shaped microstrip-feeding lines and provides polarization and radiation pattern diversity function due to the orthogonal placement of their feed-line. In order to reduce the mutual coupling characteristic, we have inserted a rectangular slot under each microstrip feed-line. Besides, we have coupled and linked the two rings by a small gap to combine and move the resonant modes so as to achieve wideband coverage. The measured and simulated results show that the proposed design achieves the desired performance, such as isolation >12 dB, a total efficiency >48%, and an envelope correlation coefficient <0.07. In addition, the radiation pattern, the total efficiency, the realized gain, and the channel capacity are also studied. According to the reached results, the proposed MIMO antenna may be a suitable application-oriented design for 5G mobile communication.
Wideband split-ring antenna arrays based on substrate integrated waveguide for Ka-band applications
Authors: Dong Yunfeng , Zhurbenko Vitaliy , Kaslis Kyriakos , Bjørstorp Jeppe M. , Johansen Tom K.
Published: April 2021

This paper presents wideband split-ring antenna arrays based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) for Ka-band (26.5–40 GHz) applications. The antenna array is fed by a 2.92 mm coaxial connector (K-connector) and the power is equally distributed to each split-ring resonator. The designed coplanar waveguide (CPW), SIW, CPW-to-SIW transition, coaxial-to-CPW transition, and two-stage SIW power divider are described in detail. By using a thin Rogers 6002 substrate with silver epoxy-filled vias, a transition prototype is designed, fabricated, and tested in a back-to-back configuration. A wideband split-ring resonator is developed as a single element and four possible arrangements of antenna arrays are introduced. By combining the designed components and routing paths, two full layouts of the antenna arrays with four split-ring resonators are addressed. As a demonstrator, a 2×2 antenna array prototype in a compact format is designed, fabricated, and tested. The fabricated antenna array achieves a measured directivity of 15.0 dBi with a fractional bandwidth of 23.0% centered at 30.5 GHz.
An Assessment of Regional ICESat‐2 Sea‐Level Trends
Authors: Buzzanga Brett , Heijkoop Eduard , Hamlington Benjamin D. , Nerem R. Steven , Gardner Alex
Published: April 2021

Sea‐level rise is an important indicator of ongoing climate change and well observed by satellite altimetry. However, observations from conventional altimetry degrade at the coast where regional sea‐level changes can deviate from the open‐ocean and impact local communities. With the 2018 launch of the laser altimeter onboard ICESat‐2, new high‐resolution observations of ice, land, and ocean elevations are available. Here we assess the potential benefits of sea level measured by ICESat‐2 by comparing to data from Jason‐3 and tide gauges. We find good agreement in the linear rates computed from the independent observations, with an absolute average residual of 3.60 ± 0.03 cm yr−1 between global ICESat‐2 and Jason‐3 observations at a 1° posting. The recent La Niña is clearly evident in ICESat‐2 observations, as well as small‐scale features. By demonstrating the quality of the ICESat‐2‐measured sea level, we provide support for integrating it into the existing suite of sea‐level observations.
A Statistical Study of F‐Region 3.2‐m‐Scale Field‐Aligned Irregularities Occurrence and Vertical Plasma Drift Over Hainan: Solar Activity, Season, and Magnetic Activity Dependences
Authors: Jin Han , Zou Shasha , Yan Chunxiao , Yang Guotao , Chen Gang , Zhang Shaodong , Yan Jingye , Yi Shan , Wang Zhihua
Published: April 2021

The dependences of the nighttime low‐latitude F‐region 3.2‐m‐scale field‐aligned irregularities (FAIs) occurrence and vertical drift on solar activity, season, and magnetic activity during 2014–2017 are studied by using the coherent scatter radar located at Fuke (19.5°N, 109.1°E) and a nearby Digisonde at Sanya (18.4°N, 109.6°E), Hainan Island, China. The postsunset FAIs occurrence and vertical drift are closely related and modulated by the solar activity, especially for equinox. Utilizing the day‐to‐day comparison analysis, the threshold of the peak for the definitive postsunset FAIs generation during equinox was ∼30 m/s. The postmidnight FAIs occurrence in June solstice did not increase with the decreasing solar activity and is different from the nearby longitude 100°E reported by other studies. This difference is suggested to be due to the different Intertropical Convergence Zone activity between the two longitudes and reveals the highly localized and dynamic nature of irregularities, which clearly highlights the related challenges of space weather forecast. The SYM‐H and AE indices are used as indicators of the geomagnetic activity level, and the statistical results show that enhanced geomagnetic activity appears to weaken the evening and thus suppress the subsequent FAIs generation during the postsunset period. Westward substorm‐related overshielding electric field and/or disturbance dynamo electric field in the dusk side are suggested to play a role in the FAIs suppression during geomagnetic disturbances. This study contributes to the limited available statistical results in the Asian sector and is valuable for the holistic understanding of the global small‐scale FAIs occurrence pattern.
Pore Habit of Gas in Gassy Sediments
Authors: Terzariol Marco , Sultan Nabil , Apprioual Ronan , Garziglia Sebastien
Published: April 2021

Gas bubbles are widespread in seafloors and lakebeds and typically found in shallow and fine‐grained sediments. Sediment properties control gas nucleation and gas migration. Gas migration and pathways have been studied mostly in clean coarse particles or fine‐grained matrices. Nevertheless, both cases show very distinct geo‐behaviors. Pore habit is defined by the counteracting effects of effective stress and pore‐throat‐dependent capillary pressure. In this article, we explore gas nucleation by CO2 gas exsolution and its consequent gas‐driven fractures (open‐mode discontinuities) or pore invasion in binary sediments as a function of fines content (FC). We conducted physical test analogies for different FC subjected to gas exsolution. Our results highlight that the pore habit of gas in gassy sediments depends on its capability to invade a neighboring pore (capillarity) and burial depth (effective stress). We show that the load dominant fraction in binary soils can be used to estimate the dominant pore throat size. We then proposed a robust methodology to predict the pore habit of gassy sediments from its properties as defined in recent developments in soil behavior and characterization. Finally, we applied it to a real case offshore Vancouver Island.
Noctilucent Clouds Light Up Northern Germany
Authors: Kish Stacy
Published: April 2021

A shift in the tropopause jet may have triggered the unusual number of high-altitude clouds that briefly appeared in the early summer of 2019.
Assessing the Role of Water in Alaskan Flat‐Slab Subduction
Authors: Petersen Sarah E. , Hoisch Thomas D. , Porter Ryan C.
Published: April 2021

Low‐angle subduction has been shown to have a profound impact on subduction processes. However, the mechanisms that initiate, drive, and sustain flat‐slab subduction are debated. Within all subduction zone systems, metamorphic dehydration reactions within the down‐going slab have been hypothesized to produce seismicity, and to produce water that fluxes melting of the asthenospheric wedge leading to arc magmatism. In this work, we examine the role hydration plays in influencing slab buoyancy and the geometry of the downgoing oceanic plate. When water is introduced to the oceanic lithosphere, it is incorporated into hydrous phases, which results in lowered rock densities. The net effect of this process is an increase in the buoyancy of the downgoing oceanic lithosphere. To better understand the role of water in low‐angle subduction settings, we model flat‐slab subduction in Alaska, where the thickened oceanic lithosphere of the Yakutat oceanic plateau is subducting beneath the continental lithosphere. In this work, we calculate the thermal conditions and stable mineral assemblages in the slab crust and mantle in order to assess the role that water plays in altering the density of the subducting slab. Our slab density results show that a moderate amount of hydration (1–1.5 wt% H2O) in the subducting crust and upper lithospheric mantle reduces slab density by 0.5%–0.8% relative to an anhydrous slab, and is sufficient to maintain slab buoyancy to 300–400 km from the trench. These models show that water is a viable factor in influencing the subduction geometry in Alaska, and is likely important globally.
Atmospheric Gravity Waves in Aeolus Wind Lidar Observations
Authors: Banyard T. P. , Wright C. J. , Hindley N. P. , Halloran G. , Krisch I. , Kaifler B. , Hoffmann L.
Published: April 2021

Aeolus is the first Doppler wind lidar in space. It provides unique high‐resolution measurements of horizontal wind in the sparsely observed upper‐troposphere/lower‐stratosphere (UTLS), with global coverage. In this study, Aeolus' ability to resolve atmospheric gravity waves (GWs) is demonstrated. The accurate representation of these small‐scale waves is vital to properly simulate dynamics in global weather and climate models. In a case study over the Andes, Aeolus GW measurements show coherent phase structure from the surface to the lower stratosphere, with wind perturbations >10 ms−1, a vertical wavelength ∼8 km, and an along‐track horizontal wavelength ∼900 km. Good agreement is found between Aeolus and co‐located satellite, ground‐based lidar and reanalysis data sets for this example. Our results show that data from satellites of this type can provide unique information on GW sources and propagation in the UTLS, filling a key knowledge gap that underlies known major deficiencies in weather and climate modeling.
Progress on AlGaN-based solar-blind ultraviolet photodetectors and focal plane arrays
Authors: Cai Qing , You Haifan , Guo Hui , Wang Jin , Liu Bin , Xie Zili , Chen Dunjun , Lu Hai , Zheng Youdou , Zhang Rong
Published: April 2021

Solar-blind ultraviolet (UV) photodetectors (PDs) have attracted tremendous attention in the environmental, industrial, military, and biological fields. As a representative III-nitride material, AlGaN alloys have broad development prospects in the field of solar-blind detection due to their superior properties, such as tunable wide bandgaps for intrinsic UV detection. In recent decades, a variety of AlGaN-based PDs have been developed to achieve high-precision solar-blind UV detection. As integrated optoelectronic technology advances, AlGaN-based focal plane arrays (FPAs) are manufactured and exhibit outstanding solar-blind imaging capability. Considering the rapid development of AlGaN detection techniques, this paper comprehensively reviews the progress on AlGaN-based solar-blind UV PDs and FPAs. First, the basic physical properties of AlGaN are presented. The epitaxy and p-type doping problems of AlGaN alloys are then discussed. Diverse PDs, including photoconductors and Schottky, metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM), p-i-n, and avalanche photodiodes (APDs), are demonstrated, and the physical mechanisms are analyzed to improve device performance. Additionally, this paper summarizes imaging technologies used with AlGaN FPAs in recent years. Benefiting from the development of AlGaN materials and optoelectronic devices, solar-blind UV detection technology is greeted with significant revolutions.
Can small molecular inhibitors that stop de novo serine synthesis be used in cancer treatment?
Authors: McNamee Megan Jessica , Michod David , Niklison-Chirou Maria Victoria
Published: April 2021

To sustain their malignancy, tumour cells acquire several metabolic adaptations such as increased oxygen, glucose, glutamine, and lipids uptake. Other metabolic processes are also enhanced as part of tumour metabolic reprogramming, for example, increased serine metabolism. Serine is a non-essential amino acid that supports several metabolic processes that are crucial for the growth and survival of proliferating cells, including protein, DNA, and glutathione synthesis. Indeed, increased activity of D-3-phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH), the enzyme rate-limiting de novo serine synthesis, has been extensively reported in several tumours. Therefore, selective inhibition of PHGDH may represent a new therapeutic strategy for over-expressing PHGDH tumours, owing to its downstream inhibition of essential biomass production such as one-carbon units and nucleotides. This perspective article will discuss the current status of research into small molecular inhibitors against PHGDH in colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and Ewing’s sarcoma. We will summarise recent studies on the development of PHGDH-inhibitors, highlighting their clinical potential as new therapeutics. It also wants to shed a light on some of the key limitations of the use of PHGDH-inhibitors in cancer treatment which are worth taking into account.
The ecological importance of habitat complexity to the Caribbean coral reef herbivore Diadema antillarum: three lines of evidence
Authors: Bodmer M. D. V. , Wheeler P. M. , Anand P. , Cameron S. E. , Hintikka Sanni , Cai W. , Borcsok A. O. , Exton D. A.
Published: April 2021

When Caribbean long-spined sea urchins, Diadema antillarum, are stable at high population densities, their grazing facilitates scleractinian coral dominance. Today, populations remain suppressed after a mass mortality in 1983–1984 caused a loss of their ecosystem functions, and led to widespread declines in ecosystem health. This study provides three lines of evidence to support the assertion that a lack of habitat complexity on Caribbean coral reefs contributes to their recovery failure. Firstly, we extracted fractal dimension (D) measurements, used as a proxy for habitat complexity, from 3D models to demonstrate that urchins preferentially inhabit areas of above average complexity at ecologically relevant spatial scales. Secondly, controlled behaviour experiments showed that an energetically expensive predator avoidance behaviour is reduced by 52% in complex habitats, potentially enabling increased resource allocation to reproduction. Thirdly, we deployed a network of simple and cost-effective artificial structures on a heavily degraded reef system in Honduras. Over a 24-month period the adult D. antillarum population around the artificial reefs increased by 320% from 0.05 ± 0.01 to 0.21 ± 0.04 m−2 and the juvenile D. antillarum population increased by 750% from 0.08 ± 0.02 to 0.68 ± 0.07 m−2. This study emphasises the important role of habitat structure in the ecology of D. antillarum and as a barrier to its widespread recovery.
Proteomic and phosphoproteomic profiling of shammah induced signaling in oral keratinocytes
Authors: Patil Shankargouda , Bhat Mohd Younis , Advani Jayshree , Mohan Sonali V. , Babu Niraj , Datta Keshava K. , Subbannayya Tejaswini , Rajagopalan Pavithra , Bhat Firdous A. , Al-hebshi Nezar , Sidransky David , Gowda Harsha , Chatterjee Aditi
Published: April 2021

Shammah is a smokeless tobacco product often mixed with lime, ash, black pepper and flavorings. Exposure to shammah has been linked with dental diseases and oral squamous cell carcinoma. There is limited literature on the prevalence of shammah and its role in pathobiology of oral cancer. In this study, we developed a cellular model to understand the effect of chronic shammah exposure on oral keratinocytes. Chronic exposure to shammah resulted in increased proliferation and invasiveness of non-transformed oral keratinocytes. Quantitative proteomics of shammah treated cells compared to untreated cells led to quantification of 4712 proteins of which 402 were found to be significantly altered. In addition, phosphoproteomics analysis of shammah treated cells compared to untreated revealed hyperphosphorylation of 36 proteins and hypophosphorylation of 83 proteins (twofold, p-value ≤ 0.05). Bioinformatics analysis of significantly altered proteins showed enrichment of proteins involved in extracellular matrix interactions, necroptosis and peroxisome mediated fatty acid oxidation. Kinase-Substrate Enrichment Analysis showed significant increase in activity of kinases such as ROCK1, RAF1, PRKCE and HIPK2 in shammah treated cells. These results provide better understanding of how shammah transforms non-neoplastic cells and warrants additional studies that may assist in improved early diagnosis and treatment of shammah induced oral cancer.
Magnification inferred curvature for real-time curvature monitoring
Authors: Arnoult Alexandre , Colin Jonathan
Published: April 2021

The in situ and real-time measurement of curvature changes of optically reflecting surfaces is a key element to better control bottom-up fabrication processes in the semiconductor industry, but also to follow or adjust mirror deformations during fabrication and use for space or optics industries. Despite progresses made in the last two decades thanks to laser deflectometry-based techniques, the community lacks an instrument, easy to use, robust to tough environments and easily compatible with a large range of fabrication processes. We describe here a new method, called magnification inferred curvature (MIC), based on the determination of the magnification factor of the virtual image size of a known object created by a reflecting curved surface (the substrate) acting as a spherical mirror. The optical formalism, design, and proof of concept are presented. The precision, accuracy, and advantages of the MIC method are illustrated from selected examples taken from real-time growth monitoring and compared with state-of-the-art laser deflectometry-based instruments.
Extrahepatic alveolar echinococcus on multi-slice computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Guo Hui , Liu Wenya , Wang Jian , Xing Yan
Published: April 2021

Alveolar echinococcus (AE) is a severe health problem in endemic areas. In recent years, the incidence of this disease in China has been increasing. The study was designed to illustrate the multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of extrahepatic AE. A cohort of 33 patients who suffered from extrahepatic AE was enrolled consecutively from January 2012 to December 2017. The MSCT and MRI features of extrahepatic AE were recorded and analyzed by experienced radiologists. All cases secondary to hepatic AE, except two primary extrahepatic AE, were found in this study. Locations of extrahepatic AE included 19 (57.6%) lung, 10 (30.3%) adrenal gland, 9 (27.3%) brain, 5 (15.2%) peritoneal cavity, 5 (15.2%) spleen, 4 (12.1%) diaphragm, 3 (9.1%) kidney, 3 (9.1%) retroperitoneal, and 2 (6.1%) vertebra; Involvement of 1 (3.0%) heart, 1 (3.0%) mediastinum, 1 (3.0%) muscle, and 1 (3.0%) pancreas was rare. AE of the lung usually appeared as irregular and scattered nodules with small vacuoles or cavities inside and peripheral distribution. Multiple cerebral nodules with calcification and surrounding edema were the most common features seen in brain AE. Adrenal gland AE presented as plaques containing different sizes of hypodense areas and different amounts of calcification. Injection of contrast medium showed no enhancement of lesions except in the brain. MSCT and MRI are reliable imaging methods for the diagnosis of extrahepatic AE. When one AE patient is clinically confirmed, MSCT scan from the chest to the abdomen should be performed to exclude other organs AE.
Tunable solid-state thermal rectification by asymmetric nonlinear radiation
Authors: Lee Junbyeong , Jan Agha Aamir , Ganorkar Shraddha Prakash , Cho Jungwan , Lee Dongwoo , Baik Seunghyun
Published: April 2021

The tunable solid-state thermal rectification of a three-terminal device is presented by asymmetric nonlinear far-field radiation. The experimental findings are supplemented with finite element analysis, with a maximum rectification ratio of 93.1%.
α-Keto hydrazones in asymmetric aminocatalysis: reactivity through β-amino aza-dienamine intermediates
Authors: Matador Esteban , Retamosa María de Gracia , Rohal'ová Dominika , Iglesias-Sigüenza Javier , Merino Pedro , Fernández Rosario , Lassaletta José M. , Monge David
Published: April 2021

α-keto hydrazones activated by a bifunctional amino-thiourea catalyst generate β-amino aza-dienamine intermediates which react with nitroalkenes in highly enantioselective fashion.
Synthesis of 5-trifluoromethyl-1,2,3-triazoles via base-mediated cascade annulation of diazo compounds with trifluoroacetimidoyl chlorides
Authors: Yang Hefei , Xu Tian-Hui , Lu Shu-Ning , Chen Zhengkai , Wu Xiao-Feng
Published: April 2021

A metal-, azide- and CF3-reagent free approach for the synthesis of 5-trifluoromethyl-1,2,3-triazoles via base-mediated cascade annulation of diazo compounds with trifluoroacetimidoyl chlorides has been developed.
Construction of a self-supporting Ni2P–WO3 heterostructure for highly efficient hydrogen evolution under both caustic and acidic conditions
Authors: Wang Benzhi , Wang Lixia , Qian Yongteng , Yang Yuting , Isimjan Tayirjan Taylor , Yang Xiulin
Published: April 2021

An amorphous Ni2P–WO3/CC based HER catalyst is constructed through a facile and scalable method. The catalyst exhibits excellent electrocatalytic HER activity and two-electrode overall water splitting performance in alkaline solutions.
A search for distant, pulsating red giants in the southern halo
Authors: Mauron N. , Gigoyan K. S. , Kendall T. R. , Hambleton K. M.
Published: April 2021

To investigate the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) population in the Galactic halo, we search for pulsating AGB stars at a heliocentric distance D > 50 kpc. Our research is based on the Catalina Southern Survey (CSS) catalogue of variables, comprising 1286 long-period variables (LPVs) with δ < −20°. We first focus on the 77 stars in the cap |b| > 30° for which spectral M-type or C-type classification can be derived from Hamburg-ESO objective prism spectra. Most of these are oxygen-rich (M-type) and very few are carbon rich. The periods are in the range 100–500 days, and CSS amplitudes are up to 3 mag. In this small sample, no halo AGB star is fainter than Ks0 = 12.5. This may be due to the scarcity of AGBs in the outer halo, or insufficient instrumental depth. Leaving aside spectral information, we then searched for even fainter pulsators (Ks > 12.5) in the entire CSS catalogue. Gaia astrometry makes it possible to identify some contaminants. Our final result is the identification of ten candidate distant LPVs. If these ten stars obey the fundamental mode K-band period–luminosity relation used for Miras and small-amplitude Miras, their distances are between 50 and 120 kpc from the Sun. In a diagram showing distance versus Gaia tangential velocity, these ten stars have positions consistent with that of other objects in the halo, such as globular clusters and dwarf galaxies. We detect some underluminous AGBs that deserve further study. Finally, the halo LPVs ressemble the slow redder variable of globular clusters when colour and periods are compared.
Learning data-driven reduced elastic and inelastic models of spot-welded patches
Authors: Reille Agathe , Champaney Victor , Daim Fatima , Tourbier Yves , Hascoet Nicolas , Gonzalez David , Cueto Elias , Duval Jean Louis , Chinesta Francisco
Published: April 2021

Solving mechanical problems in large structures with rich localized behaviors remains a challenging issue despite the enormous advances in numerical procedures and computational performance. In particular, these localized behaviors need for extremely fine descriptions, and this has an associated impact in the number of degrees of freedom from one side, and the decrease of the time step employed in usual explicit time integrations, whose stability scales with the size of the smallest element involved in the mesh. In the present work we propose a data-driven technique for learning the rich behavior of a local patch and integrate it into a standard coarser description at the structure level. Thus, localized behaviors impact the global structural response without needing an explicit description of that fine scale behaviors.
Écoulement et capture d’aérosols dans les masques respiratoires
Authors: Duprat Camille
Published: April 2021

Une stratégie essentielle dans la lutte contre la pandémie de Covid-19 est le port de masques composés de fibres enchevêtrées non tissées, qui capturent les gouttes chargées de virus émises par le porteur du masque ou présentes dans l’air ambiant.

Deux mécanismes principaux de capture des gouttes sont observés : l’interception directe de grosses gouttes qui ne sont capturées qu’en dessous d’une vitesse critique, et la capture par impact inertiel de petites gouttes qui augmente avec la vitesse des gouttes. Il est nécessaire de mieux quantifier ces phénomènes en fonction de la microstructure du matériau filtrant pour optimiser l’efficacité des masques selon les usages.
La stratégie européenne en physique des particules
Authors: Hamel de Monchenault Gautier , Vacavant Laurent
Published: April 2021

La communauté européenne de physique des particules a actualisé en 2020 sa feuille de route, dont la mise à jour a lieu environ tous les sept ans depuis 2005, sous l’égide du CERN, l’Organisation européenne pour la recherche nucléaire.

La mise à jour de 2020 formule des recommandations sur les priorités scientifiques et les futurs objectifs de la physique des particules dans un contexte mondial, sur les instruments qui offrent le meilleur potentiel pour atteindre ces objectifs, et sur les technologies qui doivent être développées pour construire ces instruments.

L’ambition de cet article est d’apporter un éclairage sur ces recommandations.
Yves Couder. De l’apprentissage par l’expérience, et quand l’expérience guide la recherche
Authors: Thiria Benjamin , Courrech du Pont Sylvain
Published: April 2021

Cet article revient sur un enseignement central du département de physique de l’Université de Paris. Initié par Yves Couder et ses collègues au milieu des années 1970, cet enseignement a pour but de mettre l’observation, le questionnement et la mesure expérimentale au centre de l’apprentissage des sciences fondamentales, tranchant radicalement avec les méthodes conventionnelles.

De nos jours, le module de « Physique Expérimentale » fait toujours partie intégrante de la formation des jeunes physiciens de l’Université de Paris et a depuis inspiré plusieurs autres enseignements universitaires et de grandes écoles.
Myopexie des Musculus rectus inferior: Indikationen und Langzeitergebnisse
Authors: Hoeckele Nicole , Kaeser Pierre-François , Klainguti Georges
Published: April 2021

Hintergrund Die Myopexie am Rectus inferior wird bei inkomitanten vertikalen Schielwinkeln ohne signifikante Vertikalabweichung in Primärposition angewendet. Wir berichten über Langzeitergebnisse in diversen Pathologien.

Methoden Retrospektiv wurden die Daten von Patienten ausgewertet, bei denen im Zeitraum von 1984 bis 2018 eine Rectus-inferior-Myopexie durchgeführt wurde. Bei allen Patienten wurde mittels Tangentenskala nach Harms der vertikale und torsionelle Schielwinkel bei Blick geradeaus (PP) und 25° Abblick sowie das Feld des binokularen Einfachsehens (BES) gemessen. Letzteres wurde mithilfe einer Punkteskalamessung in Prozent evaluiert. Postoperative Kontrollen erfolgten nach 1 Monat, 6 Monaten und im Langzeitverlauf (1 – 24 Jahre).

Ergebnisse 62 Patienten wurden eingeschlossen (Durchschnittsalter 41 Jahre, 28 Frauen und 34 Männer), 47 wiesen eine Obliquus-superior-Parese (Gruppe 1) und 15 eine Senkungseinschränkung anderer Genese (Gruppe 2) auf. 31 Patienten waren bereits voroperiert. Bei 34 Patienten wurde die Myopexie kombiniert mit einer anderen Operation. In der Gruppe 1 betrug der präoperative Mittelwert (MW) des vertikalen Schielwinkels in PP 6,4° und im Abblick 12,3°, postoperativ 4° und 7,2°. In der Gruppe 2 verringerte sich der Wert von 3,3° in PP und 11,5° im Abblick auf 1,2° und 6,6°. Im Langzeitverlauf zeigte sich besonders in der Gruppe 1 ein Effektverlust. Der Einfluss auf die Zykloabweichung war in beiden Gruppen gering. Der mithilfe eines Punktesystems gemessene Bereich des BES in Prozent (Median) verbesserte sich in Gruppe 1 von 10% prä- auf 39% postoperativ und von 25 auf 69% in der Gruppe 2.

Schlussfolgerung Die Myopexie am Rectus inferior reduziert deutlich die Inkomitanz der vertikalen Schielabweichung ohne wesentliche Beeinflussung der Zykloabweichung. Im Langzeitverlauf zeigt sich vor allem bei den Obliquus-superior-Paresen eine Abnahme des Effekts. Die Rectus-inferior-Myopexie stellt keine klassische Behandlungsmethode bei den Obliquus-superior-Paresen dar. Sie kommt nur in Einzelfällen zum Einsatz.
Seltene Erkrankungen der Orbita
Authors: Kisser Ulrich , Heichel Jens , Glien Alexander
Published: April 2021

Dieser Übersichtsartikel stellt eine Zusammenstellung seltener Erkrankungen der Orbita dar. Es werden angeborene Fehlbildungen und strukturelle Läsionen, entzündliche Erkrankungen, gutartige und bösartige epitheliale sowie nicht epitheliale Tumoren erörtert. Da in der Orbita zahlreiche Gewebetypen auf engstem Raum beieinanderliegen, kommen dort besonders viele Erkrankungen vor, sodass der Vollständigkeit und dem Tiefgang bei den einzelnen Abhandlungen natürliche Grenzen gesetzt sind. Die Kapitel beinhalten eine Übersicht über das jeweilige klinische Erscheinungsbild, wichtige Stichpunkte zur Diagnostik, Therapie und gegebenenfalls zur Prognose der Erkrankung. Dabei wurde versucht, die besonders charakteristischen Merkmale der einzelnen Erkrankungen herauszuarbeiten, sodass trotz der kurzen Darstellung die relevanten Aspekte enthalten sind.
Prismen zur Blickverlagerung und Schielkorrektur bei Augenmotilitätsstörungen und Kopfzwangshaltung
Authors: Eppenberger Leila Sara , DiTaranto Rahel , Bücheler Andrea , Heckmann Jan , Sturm Veit
Published: April 2021

Hintergrund Das therapeutische Management von Motilitätseinschränkungen und begleitender Kopfzwangshaltung (KZH) stellt oft eine Herausforderung dar. Wir berichten über unsere Erfahrungen mit der Prismenapplikation.

Patienten und Methoden Retrospektive Fallserie von 3 Patienten mit Augenmotilitätsstörungen und begleitender KZH, bei denen eine Behandlung mittels Prismenkorrektur erfolgte.

Ergebnisse Ein 37-jähriger Mann mit traumatischer Okulomotoriusparese links mit leichter residueller Senkungseinschränkung und deutlicher Hebungseinschränkung zeigte nach Prismenausgleich der Hypotropie links (OS: 10^ Basis oben) ein Feld binokularen Einfachsehens (BES-Feld) nur im Abblick. Erst unter zusätzlicher Vorgabe von beidseits 10^ Basis oben gelang eine Verlagerung des BES-Feldes in die Primärposition. Ein 45-jähriger Mann mit Parinaud-Syndrom infolge eines Schädel-Hirn-Traumas und beidseitiger Hebungseinschränkung beklagte erhebliche Nackenbeschwerden bei ausgeprägter Kinnhebung. Zudem bestand bei Amaurose rechts eine sekundäre Exotropie. Unter Vorgabe von OS: 8^ Basis oben war der Patient bei Aufgabe der KZH auch subjektiv beschwerdefrei. Bei einer 69-jährigen Frau mit Abduzensparese links bestand eine Kompensation der Schielabweichung nur im äußersten Rechtsblick unter Einnahme einer ausgeprägten Linksdrehung von 20°. Mit OS: 20^ Basis temporal
resultierte Doppelbildfreiheit ohne KZH in Primärposition.

Schlussfolgerung Neben der Schielkorrektur kann auch die Blickverlagerung durch Prismen in verschiedenen klinischen Konstellationen therapeutisch hilfreich sein. Zur Reduktion der KZH erfolgt die prismeninduzierte Blickverlagerung prinzipiell in Richtung des Motilitätsdefizits.
Clinical Classification of Acquired Concomitant Esotropia
Authors: Gisselbaek Sara , Hoeckele Nicole , Klainguti Georges , Kaeser Pierre-François
Published: April 2021

Background Classification and management of acquired concomitant esotropia is controversial. We sought to establish a simple clinical classification in order to determine in which cases further investigations in search of underlying pathologies are necessary.

Patients and Methods Observational retrospective study of the files of 175 consecutive patients examined in our unit between 2009 and 2018 for acute convergent strabismus. One hundred and nine patients were selected, after exclusion of infantile, incomitant, or mechanical esotropias, residual esotropias, and patients examined on a single occasion. All patients received a complete orthoptic and ophthalmological examination. We grouped the patients according to their common characteristics.

Results We established the following categories: 1. Acute esotropia of large angle (20 to 45 prism diopters [PD]), accompanied by mild hyperopia (mean 1.2 D) in children (n = 16) and moderate myopia (mean 3.7 D) in adolescents and adults (n = 13). 2. Decompensated micro-esotropia, which is distinguished from the other categories by the presence of abnormal retinal correspondence (n = 33). 3. Decompensated esophoria, with intermittent deviations of 5 to 30 PD, esotropia being compensated part of the time (n = 25). 4. Esotropia present only at a distance in patients over 50 years of age (n = 20). 5. Small-angle esotropia (< 15 PD) greater at a distance, associated with oculomotor cerebellar syndrome (n = 2). Complementary examinations (MRI or CT scan) were performed on 21 patients, leading to the discovery of a posterior fossa astrocytoma in a 4-year-old boy.

Conclusions The recognition of decompensated micro-esotropia and esophoria, as well as distance esotropia of the elderly, avoids unnecessary additional investigations, which are indicated in any type of acute comitant strabismus if associated with any neurological sign or symptom (e.g., headaches, nausea, vertigo, imbalance, poor coordination, nystagmus, or papilledema). In the absence of neurological findings, there is no consensus about the indication of neuroimaging in large-angle acquired concomitant esotropia, but long-term follow-up of patients that do not undergo neuroimaging is strongly recommended in order to identify later occurring intracranial diseases. This is of particular importance with children.
Kommunikation in Zeiten von Corona: Führen auf Distanz
Authors: Napp Barbara
Published: April 2021

Wie führen Sie Ihre Sitzungen? Wahrscheinlich wie ich auch, online.
#nichtselbstverständlich: Sieben Stunden in der Primetime
Authors: Kohrs Jens
Published: April 2021

Am letzten März-Tag hat ProSieben sein gesamtes Abendprogramm umgeworfen. Sieben Stunden lang zeigte der Privatsender eine Fachkrankenpflegerin bei der Arbeit. Das unkonventionelle Format sollte eine Respekt-Kundgebung für Pflegekräfte sein. Die Resonanz war so beeindruckend wie der Beitrag.
Organisationsgrad in der Pflege: Ganz schön ernüchternd
Authors: Heeser Alexandra
Published: April 2021

Der Organisationsgrad skandinavischer Pflegekräfte beträgt 90 Prozent und ist damit schätzungsweise zehnmal so hoch wie hierzulande – die Mitglieder der Gewerkschaften Verdi, Bochumer Bund und Komba sowie diverser Berufsverbände zusammengerechnet. Doch warum tun sich die Pflegenden so schwer, sich zu organisieren? kma hat bei verschiedenen Playern im Gesundheitswesen nachgefragt.
A look at advances in flexible thermoelectrics and its wearable applications
Authors: Johnson-Groh Mara
Published: April 2021

A review of flexible thermoelectrics discusses recent advances and challenges of the field.