bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Food consumption during screen time in adolescents
Authors: Sichieri Rosely , Rodrigues Renata , ESTIMA Camilla , Yokoo Edna , Gombi‐Vaca Maria Fernanda
Published: June 2021

Oveweight and obesity are increasing in Brazilian adolescents and this nutritional imbalance is a result of high caloric consumption associated with low energy expenditure. The goal of the present study is to assess foods consumed during screen use in adolescents. Four hundred and forty four students from public schools in the city of Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, attending 6th and 7th grades participated in the study. Students were from both gender and mean age were 12 years old. Foods and drinks consumed while watching tv and use of computer and videogames were assessed through a questionnaire developed for the study.

Half of the sample reported used screen more than three hours a day. Almost all sample (92%) eat while watch television, 55% when play videogames and 65% when use computer. Foods/drinks most consumed were sugar sweetened beverages, such as industrialized fruit juices (73%) and soda (72%), followed by fruits (64%), popcorn (51%) and cookies (50%). Adolescents should be discouraged to associate food consumption while use sedentary behaviors such as use of screen time, since both behaviors contribute to weight gain, eating in absence of hunger and eating as habit. Policy makers should address these issues in nutrition recommendation and guidelines.
Differences in Food Sources of Select Nutrients among US Adults by Food Security Status
Authors: Taylor Christopher , Markwordt Alayna , Hooker Neil , Watowicz Rose , Clark Jill , Spees Colleen
Published: June 2021

Food insecurity negatively impacts dietary intakes; however, a broader view of the underlying dietary patterns is needed to understand the health impacts. Dietary recall and food security status data for 16,625 adults from 2005‐2010 NHANES were evaluated to assess the food sources of key nutrients. Dietary data obtained from 24‐hour dietary recalls were used to assess the food sources and quantities of nutrients consumed. Nutrient obtained from the USDA food categories were aggregated to evaluate the total and percent of the day's intakes of nutrients. Differences in volume (g), energy and macronutrients by food categories were compared across the four levels of household food security status. Energy and dietary fat intakes from mixed dishes was highest for the most food insecure adults, at 20% and 25%, respectively. Low and very low food secure adults consumed less fruit (P<0.001) and more grains (P=0.038). Fruit and vegetable contributions to all nutrients were significantly greater for fully food secure adults (P<0.05). Non‐alcoholic beverages were the greatest contributors to carbohydrate intakes in the low and very low food secure adults, nearly 25% of the day's intakes. Dairy products contributed more protein (P<0.001) for adults from fully food secure households. Snacks and sweets had a u‐shaped curve for the contribution of energy and macronutrient intakes (P<0.02). A greater understanding of how the food categories contribute to nutrient intakes is critical to developing intervention strategies to address nutritional status and health disparities experiences during food insecurity.
What Happened to Lunch? Dietary Intakes of 4‐13 Year Old Lunch Consumers and Non‐Consumers in the United States
Authors: Mathias Kevin , Jacquier Emma , Eldridge Alison
Published: June 2021

Dietary behavior studies relating meal patterns to dietary intake have primarily focused on skipping breakfast and consumption of snacks. Many papers have also been written about the dietary quality of the National School Lunch Program, but no previous study has investigated the percentage of children skipping lunch on weekends versus weekdays or if dietary intakes differ by lunch consumption status. For this analysis, the NHANES 2009‐2012 surveys were combined into a sample of 3,647 children 4‐13 years old. The first day 24hr recall was used to assess dietary intakes. Lunch consumption status was self‐reported by the children or their proxy. The results show that on weekdays 7% of 4‐8 year olds skipped lunch and 13% on weekends. For 9‐13 year olds, more distinct differences were observed between boys and girls. On weekdays 12% of 9‐13 year old boys skipped lunch as compared to 17% on weekends, whereas, on weekdays 19% of 9‐13 year old girls skipped lunch as compared to 20% on weekends. Differences in the top sources of calories were shown between lunch consumers and lunch skippers. For both 4‐8 and 9‐13 year olds, the largest contributor of calories was mixed dishes for lunch consumers and savory snacks/sweets for children skipping lunch. Milk/dairy foods were also shown to contribute differently to the diets of lunch consumers and lunch skippers, with milk/dairy among the top 5 sources for lunch consumers and beverages (e.g., 100% juice, sweetened beverages, and coffee/tea) among the top 5 sources for lunch skippers. These results identify a new and potentially less healthful dietary behavior associated with skipping lunch among a relatively high percentage of children in the United States.
Low‐Calorie Sweeteners and Health
Authors: Wang Ding Ding , Shams‐White Marissa , Bright Oliver‐John , Chung Mei
Published: June 2021

Objective

To summarize existing evidence on Low‐Calorie Sweeteners (LCSs) and selected health outcomes using evidence mapping, a new method that systematically characterizes the range of research activity into broad topic areas.

Methods

A comprehensive search strategy on Ovid Medline (through July 2014) was employed to identify peer‐reviewed, published, interventional and prospective cohort studies of LCSs and the following outcome areas: body weight or composition, hunger or satiety mechanisms, altered energy sensing by the brain, and gut hormone responses. Descriptive analyses were performed.

Results

The literature search yielded 12,899 citations, which were screened based on pre‐defined study eligibility criteria. Information on Populations, Interventions or Exposures, Comparators, and Outcomes (PIECO) was extracted from a total of 109 eligible studies. Of the included studies, 85% were conducted in adults. The most commonly used LCS interventions were aspartame (40%), saccharin (17%) and sucralose (9%). The most commonly studied health outcome was body weight. The outcome measures for hunger or satiety mechanisms were heterogeneous.

Conclusions

Some commonly used LCSs, such as polyols, sucralose, and steviol glycosides, are understudied. By systematically identifying existing interventions and research gaps in the current literature, evidence mapping proved to be a useful method to inform researchers, funders, and policy makers of important topics for future research.

Funding source: International Life Science Institute North American Branch
The snack consumption habit and its contribution to the 24h diet and the prevalence of obesity in Mexican population
Authors: De La Cruz Vanessa , Contreras Alejandra , Villalpando Salvador
Published: June 2021

Introduction

In Mexican population the snack intakes has been associated with unhealthy body weight and obesity in adults.

Objective

To compare the intake of foods consumed as snack; the 24h dietary intakes of snack and non‐snack consumers and the contribution of the prevalence of overweight and obesity between the two groups.

Methods

The dietary and anthropometric data were collected from a 24h recall questionnaire and the general information of ENSANUT 2012, a probabilistic surveys with national representativity. The adequacy of energy and macronutrients were estimated from the IOM. The statistical analysis were calculated by the STATA SE v13 and adjusted by survey design.

Results

Snack consumers were preschoolers (72.8%, n=2,109), scholars (64.3%, n=2,751), adolescents (57.1%, n=2,005) and adults (46%, n=3,173). Fries, sweets, fruits, sodas and cookies were the most consumed snacks in all age groups. In all age groups the snack consumers had larger adequacies of energy and carbohydrates (sugar in particular). The contribution of snacks to the total energy intake was preschoolers 21%, scholars 18%, adolescents 19.9% and adults 20%. These contributions were inadequate for carbohydrates and sugars. No differences were found in the mean of BMI or prevalence of unhealthy weight, except in preschoolers who had a greater BMI z‐score in snack than in non‐snack consumers (0.7 vs 0.4 SD, p<0.05).

Conclusion

Snack consumers showed larger intakes of energy and macronutrients. Snacks contributed to larger intakes of macro and micronutrients but were not associated with unhealthy weight except in preschoolers.
Two Methods to Estimate Fruit and Vegetable Intake of Adults, What We Eat in America, NHANES 2009‐2010
Authors: Hoy Katherine , Goldman Joseph , Moshfegh Alanna
Published: June 2021

Estimates of fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption vary depending on intake definition and research purpose. Two methods used by researchers to evaluate intake include epidemiologic (EPI), which considers all FV defined as cup equivalents (CE) after disaggregating foods and beverages, and behavioral (BEH), which considers only intentional inclusion of FV defined as .2 CE of FV per 100 gm. This study describes intake of FV by adults using EPI vs BEH approaches. One day dietary intake data of adults 20+ years (N=5,762) in What We Eat in America NHANES 2009‐2010 were used. The Food Patterns Equivalents Database 2009‐2010 was used to estimate FV CE. Data are reported for EPI vs BEH. Fruit intake of all adults was 1.1 vs 1.0 CE. Any fruit intake was reported by 68 vs 53% males and by 77 vs 61% females. Excluding 100% fruit juice, intake was 0.7 CE regardless of approach, and 42% males and 53% females reported any intake. Vegetable intake was 1.7 vs 1.3 CE for males, and 1.5 vs 1.1 CE for females. Any vegetable intake was reported by 94 vs 79% males and by 96 vs 81% females. Excluding fried potatoes, intake and percent reporting any intake for males and females respectively were 1.1 and 1.0 CE, and 70 and 73%. The definition of FV intake affects estimates of consumption by the population, and is an important consideration when planning and comparing research studies.
Associations Between Self‐Rated Diet Quality and Type 2 Diabetes Indicators: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2009‐2010)
Authors: Beasley Jeannette , Yi Stella , Firestone Melanie
Published: June 2021

Objective

To examine associations between self‐rated diet quality and key health indicators within a nationally representative sample (NHANES 2009‐2010).

Methods: Self‐rated diet quality was assessed as “In general, how healthy is your overall diet?; with five response levels – ‘excellent,’ ‘very good,’ ‘good,’ ‘fair,’ or ‘poor’ among adults in the NHANES 2009‐2010. Mean values of chronic disease health indicators were compared by category of self‐rated diet quality using analysis of variance.

Results: Nearly one third (31.4%) report overall diet quality was ‘excellent’ or ‘very good’, 42.8% reported ‘good’, and 24.8% rated their diet quality as ‘fair’ or ‘poor’. Lower self‐rated diet quality was significantly associated with higher body mass index, waist circumference, hemoglobin A1c, and fasting blood glucose (Table 1).

Conclusions

Self‐rated diet quality may be a quick, inexpensive tool for identifying individuals at risk for diet‐related health conditions, detect broad changes in perceived diet quality among cohorts over time, and targeting interventions towards those most likely to participate in and benefit from diet‐related changes.

Table 1. Self‐rated diet quality by type 2 diabetes indicators, NHANES 2009‐2010, mean (SE).

Risk Factor
Excellent
Very Good
Good
Fair
Poor

Body Mass Index, kg/m2
26.1 (0.4)
27.1 (0.3)*
28.8 (0.2)*
30.0 (0.2)*
31.8 (0.4)*

Waist Circumference, cm
92.1 (0.7)
94.0 (0.8)*
97.9 (0.4)*
101.1 (0.6)*
104.8 (0.8)*

Hemogobin A1c, %
5.5 (0.0)
5.5 (0.0)
5.6 (0.0)*
5.7 (0.0)*
5.8 (0.1)*

Fasting Blood Glucose, mg/dL
100.0 (1.6)
100.5 (1.4)
103.1 (0.9)
105.0 (0.8)*
109.9 (2.7)*

*P<0.05 by analysis of variance.
Validity of The Mediterranean Diet Screener
Authors: Cerwinske Leah , Volgman Annabelle , Braun Lynne , Rasmussen Heather , Lipson Sally , Tangney Christine
Published: June 2021

The Mediterranean Diet Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) screener, a 16‐item tool, has been developed to assess accordance to a Mediterranean‐style food pattern for Americans. Using a cross‐sectional design, construct validity of the MIND screener was measured against a 150‐item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Thirty‐four women attending the Rush Heart Center for Women at Rush University Medical Center completed the validated Vioscreen FFQ electronically, and afterwards were administered the screener by phone or electronically. FFQ food and nutrient intakes were estimated with Nutrition Data Systems for Research (NDSR) Version 44 software. The maximum score for the screener is 16, with higher scores reflecting better diet accordance. Women were 61 (51, 66), median (IQR) years of age with BMIs of 28.2 (25.6, 34.6) kg/m2 and had MIND scores that range from 1 to 12, 7.5 (5.0, 9.0). Intakes of selected foods and nutrients between MIND accordant and non‐accordant women were as follows:

Groups
Salad Vegetables (servings)
Total Vegetables (servings)
MUFA % kcal
Beta‐Carotene mcg/1000 kcal
Lutein + Zeaxanthin mcg/1000 kcal

Accordant (n=9) (MIND ≥ 9)
2.2 (1.6, 4.2)
3.0 (1.5, 4.0)
16.9 (13.8, 17.6)
5257 (2339, 7237)
4841 (2473, 9233)

Non‐accordant (n=25) (MIND < 9)
0.9 (0.6, 2.0)
0.8 (0.5, 2.0)
13.3 (10.8, 15.9)
1400 (762, 3390)
1980 (1380, 4541)

P value, Mann Whitney U
0.005
0.001
0.04
0.02
0.09

Intakes of vegetables, salad vegetables, MUFA, beta‐carotene, and lutein plus zeaxanthin, are consistent with a Mediterranean pattern as captured by this brief screener. Further psychometric testing of this tool is indicated.
Assessment of Individuals with Rheumatoid Arthritis Using the Healthy Eating Index 2010
Authors: Thomas Lauren , Ward Briana , Tsai Maggie , Fazio Taylor , Lam Naomi , Burris Jennifer , Kiely Mary , Yazici Yusuf , Woolf Kathleen
Published: June 2021

Individuals with rheumatoid arthritis experience pain, stiffness, swelling, and disability that may be worsened by poor diet quality. The purpose of this study was to determine diet quality in individuals with RA (n=39; age 53 ± 15 y, BMI 29.6 ± 7.5 kg/m2; duration of disease 16.2 ± 10 y). Height, weight, and waist circumference were measured. The Multi‐Dimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire was used to determine disease activity and functional status. Individuals completed 7‐day weighed food records that were assessed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) 2010 guidelines, which uses 12 components to measure diet quality as it relates to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans and the USDA Food Patterns. The average total score of individuals in this study was 53.9 ± 15.1, with 43.6% of individuals scoring “poor”, 53.8% scoring “fair” and only 2.6% scoring “good”. On average, less than 50% of individuals fulfilled the requirements for total fruit, total vegetables, greens and beans, whole grains, dairy, and fatty acids, while greater than 50% fulfilled the requirements for whole fruits and seafood/plant proteins, and 74% fulfilled protein recommendations. Furthermore, few individuals, on average, fulfilled recommended restriction levels of refined grains (13%), sodium (18%), and empty calories (26%) in this population. A good quality diet can ameliorate the effects of many chronic disease states, such as RA. Both RA specific research and public health programs should incorporate healthy eating interventions to encourage individuals to adopt a healthy diet.
Impact of Maternal Prenatal Mineral Intake on Pubertal Onset in Mexican Children
Authors: Liu Jamie , Sánchez Brisa , Ettinger Adrienne , Cantoral Alejandra , Jones Andrew , Tellez‐Rojo Maria , Hu Howard , Peterson Karen
Published: June 2021

Prenatal intake of minerals that affect sex hormone levels may be related to initiation of maturity in children. We examined the effects of maternal intakes of selenium (Se), vitamin B2, calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) during pregnancy on the pubertal onset at ages 8‐14 among 118 boys and 103 girls.

Maternal dietary intake was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Tanner stages for genitalia (G) and pubic hair (MP) in boys; breast (B) and pubic hair (FP) in girls were obtained by clinical observation. Girls self‐reported age at menarche (M). Multivariable logistic models the association between Se, B2, Ca or Fe and pubertal onset, adjusting for child age, maternal energy intake and socio‐economic status.

Mean (±SD) maternal prenatal intake during pregnancy was 46.73±17.11µg Se, 2.12±0.75 mg B2, 1198.30±411.17mg Ca, and 13.24±4.42mg Fe. With 1 standard deviation (SD) increase in Se, odds of M increased by 7.90 (95%CI: 1.13‐55.12) whereas 1 SD increase in Fe decreased odds of M by 0.18 (95%CI: 0.03‐0.97). With 1 SD increase in B2, odds of G decreased by 0.19 (95%CI: 0.05‐0.72); 1 SD increase in Ca decreased odds of G by 0.20 (95%CI: 0.06‐0.65)

Findings suggest prenatal selenium consumption may be positively associated with menarche. By contrast, iron, vitamin B2, and calcium intake during pregnancy may be related to delayed pubertal onset. Future research will focus on examining the relationships between these micronutrients and sex hormones in order to understand underlying mechanisms. NIEHS 1R01ES021446‐01, P20 ES018171‐01/RD834800, P01 ES02284401/RD 83543601
Pica is Prevalent and Strongly Associated with Iron Deficiency, but not Anemia, among Mexican‐born Pregnant Women Living in the United States
Authors: Roy Aditi , Fuentes‐Afflick Elena , Fernald Lia , Young Sera
Published: June 2021

Although anecdotal evidence suggests that pica occurs among Mexican‐born women, especially during pregnancy, the prevalence and covariates of pica in this population are unknown. Given the potential health risks and benefits of pica substances, there is a need to better understand pica. We examined the frequency and covariates of pica, including its association with iron status, in Mexican‐born pregnant women living in Salinas Valley, California. Trained, bilingual study personnel conducted structured interviews with 186 pregnant women in their 2nd or 3rd trimester at public health clinics. [Hb] was assessed using Hemocue (210) and transferrin receptor (TfR) was measured in dried blood spots. The most frequently ingested pica substances were ice (63.4%), unripe mango (57.8%), earth (22.5%), and piedritas, “little rocks” (14.1%). Half of all participants (51.3%) reported ever engaging in pica and 38.2% did so during pregnancy. In a multivariate logistic model that predicted any pica during pregnancy, TfR [OR: 1.32; p<0.01] and smell aversions [OR: 2.11; p<0.05] were the strongest correlates [table1]. Women who engaged in pica during pregnancy were twice as likely to be iron deficient (ID) as women who did not and the association between pica and anemia was not statistically significant [table2]. Among pregnant, Mexican‐origin women, pica was associated with ID, but not anemia. The prevalence of pica, the strength of the association with ID, and the potential dangers of some pica substances highlight the need to understand the underlying etiology and consequences.
Dietary Quality in Nulliparous Women Planning Pregnancy: Results from the ISIS Study
Authors: Hsiao Pao Ying , Fung June , Mitchell Diane , Hartman Terryl , Goldman Marlene
Published: June 2021

There is evidence that periconceptional health, including dietary quality (DQ), may affect conception and pregnancy outcome.

We evaluated the association between DQ, as assessed by the Alternative Healthy Eating Index for Pregnancy (AHEI‐P) and conception and pregnancy outcomes in participants of the ISIS study, a prospective cohort study of healthy, nulliparous women (n = 132) who were planning their first pregnancy (mean age = 29.8 ± 3.2 y and BMI = 24.3 ± 5.4 kg/m2). Dietary data were collected prior to conception using a series of three unannounced, telephone 24‐hour dietary recalls. Outcomes of interest included confirmed clinical pregnancy (CCP; hCG 蠅 20 mIU/mL), live birth (LB), and pregnancy loss (PL). Of the 80 CCP, 69 were LB and 11 were PL.

Mean AHEI‐P was 72.0 ± 13.8. When AHEI‐P was categorized into tertiles, 59%, 55% and 68% of the participants in the tertiles (from lowest AHEI‐P to highest and most favorable) achieved CCP.

Preliminary data analyses, using logistic regression, revealed that after controlling for maternal age, race, smoking status, pre‐pregnancy BMI, and time to conceive, there was a greater odds of achieving CCP for every 5‐point increase in AHEI‐P score (OR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.06‐1.52). No significant association was found between AHEI‐P and LB or PL.

Results of this study suggest differences in DQ and likelihood of CCP. Future analyses will examine the role of paternal DQ on pregnancy outcomes.

Supported by R01 HD409762 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD.
Neuro–Immune Stimulation Therapy:Quantum Energy Transference via Bio‐electromagnetic Field Resonance
Authors: Einstein George , Gee Anita , Tulp Orien
Published: June 2021

To determine whether homeostasis of the body's immune system can be improved via stimulation of the bio‐electromagnetic process of natural human interaction and contact, an observational study was conducted utilizing a small purposive adult sample (N = 3 female, 1 Male). Various medical conditions were reported including Stomach Cancer, Arachnoid Cyst, EOL dx for CHF, and severe allergic reactions. Subjects received 1‐7 Therapy sessions ea in an attempt to use alternative forms of therapy due to slow or non‐productive current medical treatments. At this stage, physical, mental and universe coherence phenomena limitations no longer exist. The human body emits a strong bio‐electromagnetic field which can transfer positive quantum energy through touch, or transference can occur within close proximity. Neuro‐Immune Stimulation Therapy involves the process of reversing the destructive effects of negative quantum energy within the body by the intentional transference of natural high frequency bio‐electromagnetic field resonance or positive quantum energy transference. This naturally occurring phenomenon is represented in the third step of GP Einstein's mathematical model for (3Σ) Quantum Bio‐Energy Therapy: (Σ IQBET) = ΣBEM‐Phy.QE x ΣBEM‐CHQE x ΣBEM‐Psy.NQE.Results: All conditions showed substantial improvement toward normalization within 1 to 7 days.

Conclusion

Integrated Neuro‐Immune Stimulation Therapy can effectively engage natural healing mechanisms by electromagnetic receptors. Further study of this form of integrative therapy may prove beneficial for patients suffering from various cancers, infectious diseases, & chronic illnesses.
Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG ATCC 53103 (LGG) as an Immune Adjuvant for Influenza Vaccination in the Elderly
Authors: Solano‐Aguilar Gloria , Molokin Aleksey , Botelho Christine , Fiorino Anne‐Maria , Vinyard Bryan , Urban Joseph , Haverkamp Miriam , Hibberd Patricia
Published: June 2021

Annual vaccination against seasonal influenza in the U.S. is recommended for all persons aged 蠅 6 months. A moderate effectiveness for influenza vaccines of approximately 60% has been estimated. Little is known about mechanisms needed to enhance vaccine efficacy against influenza. We investigated the effect of feeding LGG to clinically healthy elderly subjects participating in two separate randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled studies (RCT) where subjects consumed 2 x 1010 cfu of LGG or placebo for 28 days after vaccination with either Trivalent Inactivated Influenza vaccine (TIV) (n=27), or Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV)(n=30). Transcriptome among treatment groups was compared in each RCT using deep RNA sequencing (RNA‐seq) of 500ng of RNA isolated from whole blood of all subjects prior (baseline) during (day 21 and 28), and 28 days after feeding of LGG had ceased (day 56). Differentially expressed genes (DEG) with an absolute fold difference >1.5 were analyzed after data mining using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. Enrichment of genes associated with inflammation and production of IFNs were seen in LGG‐treated subjects with LAIV vaccination after 21 and 28 days of continuous LGG treatment. No significant changes were seen after LGG feeding ceased in LAIV vaccinated patients or in any of the subjects given TIV vaccination. Measuring DEG by RNA‐seq can be used to evaluate immune adjuvant properties of LGG with different vaccine preparations.
Immune Response to a Salmonella Enteritidis Infection in Chickens Fed Different Immunomodulatory Nutrients
Authors: Wils‐Plotz Emma , Klasing Kirk
Published: June 2021

Immunomodulatory nutrients alter the immune response to pathogens; modulating that individual's resistance to pathogen challenges. Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) causes mild illness in poultry, but causes over 1 million cases of human illness yearly, mostly due to contaminated eggs or undercooked meat. Pathogens undergo fast‐paced evolution creating problems for vaccination and antibiotic control; therefore it is important to investigate alternative avenues. The objective of this study was to characterize the immune response of juvenile chicks treated with known immunomodulatory nutrients: corn oil (control), fish oil, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), and lutein, during a SE infection. Diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous, with the basal diet consisting of soy‐bean meal, and rice. Four‐week‐old Hyline W‐36 chicks (n=96), were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments replicated in 6 pens of 4 birds per diet. All birds were orally dosed with 1 ml of 7.3 x 106 CFU/ ml SE in PBS after a 7 day diet adaptation. Liver, spleen, and duodenal (DMS) and ileal mucosal scrapings (IMS) were collected for immune related gene expression by rtPCR. The corn oil diet increased IL‐6 and iNOS expression across tissues. The fish oil and lutein diets increased IL‐1β, TLR‐4, and IL‐10 expression in DMS. The lutein diet decreased iNOS and TLR‐4 expression in the spleen. The lutein diet decreased SE presence in the DMS, but increased presence in the spleen where inflammatory cytokine expression was suppressed. The CLA diet decreased inflammatory cytokine expression across tissues, and SE presence was correspondingly increased in both the DMS and spleen. Thus, each dietary treatment altered the immune response to SE differently and this was reflected in the invasion of SE into tissues.
Increased Skim Milk Consumption Reduces Uricemia, Body Fat, and Body Weight in Excess Body Weight Women Pursuing Energy Restricted Diet
Authors: Alfenas Rita , Cândido Flávia , Alfenas Raquel , Freitas Dayse
Published: June 2021

Objective

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of increased calcium consumption on obesity prevention and control.

Methods

Thirty three women, low‐calcium consumers (<800mg/day), aged 18‐42 years, BMI 27.72 +1.14 kg/m² and body fat 42.61+1.03% participated in this 45 consecutive days (6 weeks), parallel design study. Subjects were randomly allocated in one of the experimental groups: low calcium (control (LC)) or high calcium (calcium citrate (CIT) or skim milk (SM)). Breakfast (LC:0mg of calcium/day, CIT and SM:~700mg/day) was consumed in the laboratory. Hypocaloric diets (‐500kcal/day; 800mg of calcium/day (C) or 1500 mg of calcium/day (CIT and SM)) were prescribed. Fasting blood samples, body fat, anthropometric and biochemical parameters were assessed on days 1 and 45. Food intake was assessed in the first, third, and last weeks.

Results

There was a significant reduction in serum uric acid concentration in SM, and in ionized calcium in SM and CIT compared to C. Body fat (total, trunk, and android) and waist circumference significantly reduced in the SM group. Weight loss was significantly higher (119% and 100%) in the SM group compared to LD and CIT groups, respectively. Energy, macronutrients, and fiber intakes did not differ between‐group.

Conclusions

Daily consumption of 4‐5 portions of skim milk may be an effective strategy to prevent and control obesity in excess body weight women pursuing an energy restricted diet.

Research support

Brazilian Research Foundation of Minas Gerais State ‐ FAPEMIG, National Council for Scientific and Technological Development ‐ CNPq, and CAPES Foundation.
Weight Control Practices in Civilian Dependents of Active Duty Military Personnel
Authors: Bukhari Asma , Das Sai Krupa , Montain Scott , McGraw Susan , Lutz Laura , Sepowitz John , Niro Philip , Young Andrew , Roberts Susan
Published: June 2021

Obesity is prevalent in military families, but there is little information on the attitudes, beliefs and weight challenges of this unique group. We surveyed and conducted focus groups on weight‐related issues in 32 female civilian dependents of active duty military personnel, aged 38±7.6 (mean +SD) years, and BMI 33±6. Participants reported wishing to lose 36±16% of their weight, i.e. to an ideal BMI of 24±3 kg/m2. They also defined the weight loss that they would be 'satisfied’ with as 27±14% weight (BMI of 26±4 kg/m2). Previous weight loss attempts were 4±2.5 in the past year, and reasons provided for wanting to lose weight were improving health (88%) and appearance (78%), and increasing energy level (75%). Ratings for preferred types of weight loss help were reading educational articles (100%), receiving professional help (94%), support group participation (91%), healthy food samples (84%), cooking classes (78%), emails (75%), web tools (69%), social media (66%), and phone calls (22%). Weight loss strategies used in previous diets included exercise (75%), self‐made plan (59%), counting calories (59%), weight loss programs (25%), and skipping meals (19%). Deployment of partner and frequent moves were identified as additional barriers that are unique to this population. Obese civilian dependents of military personnel perceive lifestyle challenges that are characteristic in military families, but are motivated to lose weight and broadly receptive to a wide range of approaches. The views expressed are those of the authors and do not reflect official policy of the Departments of the Army, Defense, or the U.S. Government.
Marine Sources but Not Plant Sources of Omega‐3 Fatty Acids Prevents Progression of Hepatic Steatosis in fa/fa Zucker Rats
Authors: Hong Lena , Zahradka Peter , Taylor Carla
Published: June 2021

Objective

To compare omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n3 PUFA) diets rich in α‐linoleic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on hepatic steatosis in fa/fa Zucker rats.

Methods

Six week old fa/fa rats were fed n3 PUFA diets containing ALA (faALA), EPA (faEPA) or DHA (faDHA) for 8 weeks relative to a linoleic acid (LA)‐rich n6 PUFA diet fed to fa/fa (faLA) and lean (lnLA) rats. Comparisons were to baseline fa/fa rats (faBASE). Body weight and feed intake were monitored. Fasting serum was obtained at 0 and 8 weeks, and liver samples were collected at week 8.

Results

faEPA and faDHA had less body weight gain compared to faLA, but faALA was not different from faLA. faDHA had total liver lipids levels similar to faBASE, while faALA had the most hepatic steatosis. This was unrelated to liver weights, which did not differ among the fa/fa groups. There was no differences in liver lipid vesicle size among the fa/fa rats, but there was a trend in the distribution of vesicle sizes with faLA having the largest followed by faALA, faEPA and faDHA. faDHA and faLA had lower fasting insulin compared to faALA and faEPA, while the baseline groups and lnLA had the lowest fasting insulin levels overall. AUCinsulin was lower in faDHA compared to faALA but similar to faEPA and faLA.HOMA‐IR was highest in faALA and faEPA, but was not different from faDHA. faEPA had lower fasting serum triglycerides than faBASE and faALA.

Conclusion

DHA prevented further progression of hepatic steatosis in fa/fa Zucker rats and was associated with improvements in insulin resistance. ALA had the highest degree of hepatic steatosis and displayed a higher degree of insulin resistance than EPA and DHA.

Supported by ARDI
Short‐term High Fat Diet Feeding Leads to Resistance of Hepatic mTORC1 Signaling to Stimulation by Amino Acids
Authors: Kimball Scot , Ravi Suhana , Gordon Bradley , Jefferson Leonard
Published: June 2021

A major complication of obesity is development of non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, although many of the phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of the disease have been identified, the molecular triggering events that initiate it are undefined. In the present study, the effect of short‐term (i.e. 蠄 2 wk) consumption of a high‐fat diet (HFD) on changes in signaling through the protein kinase mTOR in complex 1 (mTORC1) was assessed. In contrast to previous studies showing constitutive activation of mTORC1 in the liver of animals fed a HFD for four or more weeks, in the present study mTORC1 signaling was lower in fasted rats that had been fed a high fat compared to a control diet. Moreover, the stimulatory effect of re‐feeding fasted animals was blunted in animals consuming a HFD compared to controls. Repressed feeding‐induced activation of mTORC1 signaling was not due to insulin resistance. Instead, livers of rats fed a HFD exhibited resistance of mTORC1 to activation by amino acids. In support of this conclusion, the feeding‐induced association of the amino acid‐responsive Rag GTPases with mTORC1 was blunted in HFD‐fed rats compared to controls. Moreover, both basal and amino acid‐induced activation of mTORC1 signaling was significantly reduced in livers from HFD‐fed compared to control rats after perfusion in situ with medium containing amino acids at the concentrations found in the plasma of fasted rats (1X) or four times those concentrations. Overall, the results are consistent with the conclusion that consuming a high‐fat diet causes changes in the Rag signaling pathway that result in resistance to amino acid‐induced activation of mTORC1.

(Supported by NIH grant DK13499)
Impaired mTOR Regulation of Lipolysis in Lipocalin‐2 Deficient Adipocytes
Authors: Deis Jessica , Guo Hong , Chen Xiaoli
Published: June 2021

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is an intracellular sensor of nutrient status and plays a key role in lipid and glucose metabolism. Rapamycin, a specific inhibitor of mTORC1, has been known to regulate lipolysis. Lipocalin 2 (Lcn2), a recently identified adipokine, has been shown to regulate lipid metabolism and non‐adrenergic thermogenesis. Herein, we assessed mTOR signaling in Lcn2 knockout (KO) adipocytes and evaluated the impact of Lcn2 deficiency on the metabolic regulation of rapamycin. 3T3‐L1 cells and inguinal stromal‐vascular cells collected from wild‐type (WT) and Lcn2 KO mice were cultured and differentiated to adipocytes. Lcn2 KO adipocytes had decreased basal lipolysis, but normal isoproterenol‐stimulated lipolysis when compared to WT adipocytes. Interestingly, 24h treatment of 3T3‐L1 adipocytes with rapamycin resulted in a marked increase in Lcn2 gene and protein expression and secretion; this effect of rapamycin was only observed in the presence of insulin. Due to the elevated response of Lcn2 expression to rapamycin, we next sought to determine the role of Lcn2 in rapamycin‐mediated lipolysis. Rapamycin induced expression of lipolytic genes such as hsl, atgl, and plin1 was completely blunted in Lcn2 KO adipocytes. Despite an impaired response to rapamycin, insulin‐stimulated mTOR signaling was not significantly altered in Lcn2 KO adipocytes. There were no significant changes in 24h insulin‐stimulated phosphorylation of p70S6 kinase and Akt at Ser473 or Thr308 in Lcn2 KO adipocytes. This suggests that the absence of Lcn2 impairs mTOR‐regulated downstream targets and processes. In conclusion, Lcn2 deficient adipocytes demonstrate an impaired response to rapamycin‐mediated lipolysis, suggesting that Lcn2 is an important mediator of mTOR regulation in lipolysis.
Metabolic Syndrome (MetS) in an HIV Cohort on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)
Authors: Lopez Johanna , Tiozzo Eduard , Konefal Janet , Adwan Sarah , Martinez Lynell , Villabona Juan , Cutrono Stacey , Rodriguez Allan , Woolger Judi , Lewis John
Published: June 2021

Objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of MetS characteristics, and factors associated with the presence of MetS, in 89 people living with HIV (PLWH) on ART enrolled in a community‐based exercise training and nutrition education program targeting individuals of low socioeconomic status.

Results

One in three PLWH met Adult Treatment Panel (ATP) III criteria for MetS and it was mostly due to high waist circumference and elevated blood pressure. Higher use of protease inhibitors, elevated hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c), greater self‐reported daily caloric intake and consumption of carbohydrates, sugar, added sugar, and higher glycemic load were found among the individuals with MetS, compared to those without it. Elevated HbA1c and high total sugar consumption were the strongest predictors and accounted for 30% of the occurrence of MetS.

Conclusions

The overall prevalence of MetS observed was higher than previously reported in the general population and other PLWH cohorts. Additional work is needed to determine whether MetS is a more disease/treatment or lifestyledependent condition in PLWH. This material is based on work supported by AstraZeneca HealthCare Foundation's Connections for Cardiovascular Health SM(CCH) program.
β‐lapachone Ameliorates Obesity through Enhancing Browning of White Adipose Tissue in High fat‐Diet Induced Obese Mice
Authors: Ha Tae Youl , Choi Won Hee , Jang Young Jin , Ahn Jiyun
Published: June 2021

β‐laphachone (BLC) is a naphthoquinonea, originally isolated from a Bignoniaceae tree Tabebuia avellanedae Lorentz ex Griseb and has been extensively studied because it possesses a wide range of biological activities. However, the potential of BLC in the anti‐obesity has not been explored.This study was conducted to evaluate the anti‐obesity effect of BLC focusing on increasing in energy expenditure by browning effect of white adipocyte in stromal vascular fraction (SVF), and in diet induced obese mice model. BLC increased the expression of brown‐adipocyte specific genes, including UCP1, PRDM16, Cidea and PGC1α in SVF cell during differentiation. A significant increase of oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and higher degree of UCP1 was shown in BLC treated adipocyte. BLC decreased in body weight gains and reduced fat mass and adiposity compared to HFD. BLC also significantly increased fatty acid oxidation and mitochondrial function related genes in the liver, such as SIRT1, PGC1α, PPARα, UCP2 and CPT1. BLC also increased the resting VO2 and energy expenditure. Furthermore, BLC increases the expression of brown specific genes in WAT including UCP1, PRDM16, Cidea and PGC1α, and activates a brown adipocyte‐like transcriptional and functional phenotype in scWAT. Especially, the characteristics of morphological changes toward a BAT‐like phenotypes was shown in the scWAT of BLC fed mice. Taken together, increased expression of brown specific adipocyte genes significantly by BLC would lead to increase of energy expenditure by the browning of WAT and it prevents obesity and ameliorates metabolic disorders induced by obesity.
Disassociation between knowledge and behaviors related to body weight status of adults in Kentucky
Authors: Wang Changzheng , Huang Lingyu , Butler Cecil
Published: June 2021

Reduction in obesity prevalence will largely depend on modification of dietary and physical activity behaviors of people. The objective of this study was to assess the critical knowledge and behaviors related to the body weight status of adults in Kentucky. A total of 820 visitors to the 2005 Kentucky State Fair were recruited to fill out a questionnaire before they were given a free analysis of their body composition with a Tanita TBF‐521 body composition analyzer. Majority of the subjects had a positive view of milk, vegetables, fruits and physical activities, but over 40% of the subjects consumed less than two servings of milk per day, over 50% of them consumed less than two servings of vegetables and more than 60% of them consumed less than two servings of fruits per day. Most of the subjects realized that soft drinks were not healthful but liked the taste of the drinks, so over 50% of the people had more than 2 servings of soft drinks per day. A significant proportion of people considered watching TV fun, so over 70% of the people watched two or more hours of TV per day. Compared with people with normal body mass indexes, overweight and obese people consumed less milk, vegetables and fruits, but had more soft drinks and spent more time watching TV. These results indicate that people do not always adopt behaviors which they know are good for them. Preventive programs should focus on motivating people to increase behaviors which will help to reduce risks of obesity.
Effect of Carbohydrate and Protein Focused Diets on Metabolic Syndrome Prevalence in Overweight and Obese Women Combined with Exercise
Authors: Goodenough Chelsea , Earnest Conrad , Lockhart Brittanie , Oliver Jonathan , Kreider Richard , Rasmussen Chris
Published: June 2021

We examined the effect of a protein (PRO, 1.14g/kg/day) or carbohydrate (CHO, ~2.2g/kg/day) focused diet (1600 kcals) combined with 10‐wks of circuit training exercise on NCEP ATP III defined metabolic syndrome (MetS).We performed a retrospective, analysis of eight completed studies in 663 women (age 46+11 y, BMI 24.3 – 62.0 kg/m2) participating in a CURVES™ exercise program. CHO and PRO diets were assigned based on a CHO preference questionnaire at baseline. Primary (MetS presence) and Secondary (summated MetS z‐scores and MetS component features) were analyzed via Chi‐Square and GLM, respectively, at baseline and follow‐up and covaried for age, study classification and respective baseline MetS component features.At study initiation XX% of our cohort presented with MetS (PRO, 49%, CHO, 42%). At follow‐up, both diets showed a similar reduction in MetS prevalence (PRO, 19% vs. CHO, 19%, P<0.04). No differences were noted for MetS‐z (PRO, ‐0.17, xx, 95% CI, low, high; CHO, ‐0.20, xx, 95%, CI) or individual component features for the PRO vs. CHO diets with the exception of DBP (mean±SD): Waist (‐0.28±0.02 vs. ‐0.28±0.025, P= 0.97) Glucose (‐0.07±0.03 vs. ‐0.08±0.04, P= 0.87), Trig (‐0.16±0.04 vs. ‐0.09±0.04, P= .20), HDL‐C (‐0.21±0.03 vs. ‐0.19±0.04, P= 0.68), Systolic BP (‐0.16±0.4 vs. ‐0.24±0.05, P= 0.26), or Diastolic BP (‐0.14±0.05 vs. ‐0.30±0.05 P= 0.02).Our findings suggest that a low calorie diet partitioned for CHO and PRO has no additive effect when combined with a structured exercise program on MetS prevalence in women.
Differences in Hormonal Markers of Acne Among Adults with and without Acne
Authors: Burris Jennifer , Rietkerk William , Shikany James , Woolf Kathleen
Published: June 2021

Acne is a relatively common skin disease affecting individuals of all ages. Although acne pathogenesis is multifactorial, acne development may be influenced by endocrine changes related to insulin resistance. This study investigated differences in hormonal markers of acne [glucose, insulin, insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐1, insulin‐like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)‐3, and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations] among adults with and without acne. Thirty‐two participants with moderate or severe acne (n=10 males, n= 22 females) and 30 participants with no acne (n=7 males, n=23 females) completed a health history questionnaire, body composition assessment, and fasting blood draw. Insulin resistance was calculated using HOMA‐IR. There were no differences in age, sex, BMI, body composition, glucose, and IGFBP‐3 concentrations between groups. Participants with acne had greater insulin (6±3 uIU/mL) and IGF‐1 concentrations (259±75 ng/mL) and lower SHBG concentrations (62±69 nmol/L) compared to participants with no acne (insulin=4±4 uIU/mL, IGF‐1=216±45 ng/mL, SHBG = 92±80 nmol/L) (p=0.007, p=0.036, and p=0.022 respectively). Participants with acne had greater insulin resistance (1.15±0.67) compared to participants with no acne (0.76±0.79, p=0.004). These results suggest IGF‐1 and SHBG concentrations and insulin resistance may be associated acne development. Future research should investigate interventions focused on reducing insulin resistance and IGF‐1 and increasing SHBG concentrations as potential treatments for acne.
No Dose‐Response Relationship in the Effect of Commonly Consumer Sugars on Insulin Sensitivity Across a Range of Typical Human Consumption Levels
Authors: Lowndes Joshua , Yu Zhiping , Rippe James
Published: June 2021

Questions have been raised as to whether dietary carbohydrate intake is directly related to the development of type 2 diabetes. Of particular importance, fructose‐induced insulin resistance has been previously shown in animals. However, the implications of such findings for humans are unclear as these models typically use very high doses of sugars and from sources not commonly consumed. Therefore, little is known about how the typical consumption of sugar in humans affects risk factors for diabetes.

355 weight‐stable (weight change <3% in previous 30 days) individuals aged 20‐60 years old drank sugar‐sweetened low fat milk every day for 10 weeks as part of their usual diet. Added sugar was provided in the milk as either high fructose corn syrup or sucrose at 8%, 18% or 30% of the calories required to maintain body weight. Insulin resistance was measured using the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA IR) on fasting measures and a standard Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) was used to measure insulin and glucose areas under the curve resistance (AUC30g * AUC30I) and whole body insulin sensitivity and hepatic insulin resistance using the Matsuda Composite Insulin Sensitivity Index (ISI).

There was a small increase in weight in the entire cohort (169.1 ± 30.6 vs 171.6 ± 31.8lbs, p<0.001), which was greater in the 30% level than in the 8% or 18% levels (p<0.05). Glucose, insulin, HOMA, Glucose AUC, Insulin AUC, Matsuda Insulin Sensitivity Index, and hepatic insulin resistance did not vary by sugar level (p>0.05) nor by sugar type (p>0.05).

These data show that risk factors for diabetes do not vary between the 8th % (25th percentile), and the 30% group (95th percentile). Importantly, the type of sugar (HFCS versus sucrose) had no effect on any response.
Protein Synthesis Controls the Activity of Maltase‐Glucoamylase and Sucrase‐Isomaltase in non‐intestinal Tissues
Authors: Quezada‐Calvillo Roberto , Simsek Meric , Juarez Jacquelin , Nichols Buford
Published: June 2021

Maltase‐Glucoamylase (MGAM) and Sucrase‐Isomaltase (SI) are α‐glucosidases of the membrane of small intestinal enterocytes responsible for the digestion of dietary carbohydrates into glucose and other monosaccharides. MGAM and SI mRNA expression, protein synthesis and catalytic activity of MGAM and SI are found predominantly in enterocytes; however, they are also found in lower amounts in other non‐intestinal tissues, notably blood leukocytes and kidney cells. Little information exists on the functions, the mRNA expression, the nature of the respective proteins and catalytic properties of MGAM and SI in non‐intestinal tissues. To correlate the transcription, synthesis and activity of these enzymes, we measured the mRNA expression of MGAM and SI; the catalytic activities of maltase, sucrase, and isomaltase; and the presence of the respective proteins in small intestine and other tissues such as spleen, kidney and pancreas of 8 weeks old mice. Small intestine showed the highest level of mRNA expression of MGAM and SI, as well as their typical WB pattern and catalytic activity. Blood, kidney, and spleen displayed substantial amount of mRNA expression particularly for MGAM, but lower than small intestine. The variable proportions of maltase/sucrase and sucrase/isomaltase enzyme activities and the WB protein bands, indicated differences in the protein synthesis and processing among different tissues. We conclude that mRNA expression and the corresponding protein translation control the activities of MGAM and SI among tissues.