bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CALCULATION METHOD FOR DETERMINING THE GAS FLOW RATE NEEDED FOR LIQUID REMOVAL FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE WELLBORE
Authors: M Hofmann , Al-Obaidi Sudad H , IP Kamensky
Published: September 2021

As a result of flooding and accumulations of liquid at the bottomholes, the operating conditions of gas wells become complicated, so that they end up selfsqueezing and losing of gas production.A method is proposed for determining the technological parameters of operation of the gas wells with the purpose of removing liquid from the bottom of the wells. Data from the gas dynamics and special studies were used to develop this method, which has been tested on one of the oil and gas condensate fields. It offers the possibility to increase the accuracy of the information provided by the fund and to ensure that the production wells are operated as efficiently as possible with the use of this method. In the case of liquid accumulation in the well that is insignificant, or when water is present in the well, the technique is beneficial in that it allows determining the technological parameters of well operation and ensuring the removal of the liquid from the bottom of the well.
Bayesian inference and Markov chain Monte Carlo based estimation of critical slip distance parameter in rate and state model for fault friction
Authors: Dana Saumik
Published: September 2021

We present an algorithmic framework to solve an inverse problem using Bayesian inference and Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling. The input of the inverse problem is the acceleration of the slipping seismogenic fault and the output is the probability distribution of the critical slip distance parameter of the rate and state model for fault friction.
Structured Visual Analysis of Single Case Experimental Design Data: Developments and Technological Advancements
Authors: Dowdy Art , Jessel Joshua , Saini Valdeep , Peltier Corey
Published: September 2021

Visual analysis is the primary method used to interpret single-case experimental design (SCED) data in applied behavior analysis. Research shows that agreement between visual analysts can be suboptimal at times. To address the inconsistent interpretations of SCED data, recent structured visual analysis technological advancements have been developed. To assess the extent to which structured visual analysis is used to guide or supplement applied behavior analyst’s interpretation of SCED graphs, a systematic review between the years of 2015 to 2020 in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis was conducted. Findings showed that despite recent efforts to develop structured visual analysis tools and criteria, these methods are rarely used to analyze SCED data. Here, an overview of structured visual analysis tools is shared, their utility is delineated, common characteristics are brought to light, and future directions for both their research and clinical use are highlighted.
Research on the remote healing with external Qi by the mind of Pangu Shengong: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Wu Yifei
Published: September 2021

Some qigong practitioners send qi to people through their mind to help patients heal. The deciphering of this special phenomenon may have significant implications for psychology and medicine. Therefore, a method is designed to help children with myopia problems to adjust their eyesight by sending qi remotely through Pangu Shengong, in order to test the remote effect of this qigong.: Methods: Two classes of the same grade with similar number of students were selected in an elementary school . One was the experimental group and the other was the control group. The Qi sender sends Qi to the students in the experimental group regularly from a distance of 25.6 kilometers away from the school by Pangu Shengong. Results: The eyesight of students of the experimental group have been improved significantly in a month through sending Qi by the sender and receiving Qi by the students 10 times, while the students in the control group had little change in their vision.Conclusions: Only one Qi sender issues Qi to 25 students and the total time of sending Qi is only 50 minutes, it still has achieved good results and demonstrated the unique function and remote healing effects of Pangu Shengong. It also proved that the Qigong can command qi (matter) to move and cure diseases.
Comparison of E-Commerce Regulations in Chinese and American FTAs: Converging Approaches, Diverging Contents, and Polycentric Directions?
Authors: Huang Jie
Published: September 2021

Insufficient WTO regulation of cross-border e-commerce confronts China and the US with three legal challenges: ambiguous classification of digital products, inadequate consumer and privacy protection, and weak protection of cross-border flow of information. China and the US have adopted converging approaches to address these challenges: inserting e-commerce chapters into their FTAs. However, the substance of these chapters is diverging. Firstly, US FTAs categorise digital products separately from goods and services and provide national treatment and most favoured nation treatment to products and their suppliers. China’s FTAs still offer no solutions to the classification of digital products and their treatment. Secondly, although China’s FTAs still provide weak protection for consumers and privacy, Chinese domestic law has converged towards US FTAs to provide better protection. Thirdly, US and China FTAs are significantly divergent in their regulation of the free flow of information. In the post-TPP era, a polycentric direction will emerge in the regulation of the free flow of information between China and the US.
Gender-inclusive writing for epidemiological research on pregnancy
Authors: Rioux Charlie , Weedon Scott , London-Nadeau Kira , Paré Ash , Juster Robert Paul , Roos Leslie E , Freeman Makayla , Tomfohr-Madsen Lianne
Published: September 2021

People who have a uterus but are not cisgender women may carry pregnancies. Unfortunately to date, academic language surrounding pregnancy remains largely (cis )woman-centric. The exclusion of gender-diverse people in the language of pregnancy research in English is pervasive. In reviewing a random sample of 500 recent articles on pregnancy or pregnant populations across health research fields, we found that only 1.2% of articles used gender-inclusive language (none of them in epidemiology), while the remaining 98.8% used (cis )woman-centric language. First and foremost, recent recommendations highlight the need to include trans, non-binary and gender-diverse people in study design. Meanwhile, there remains a lack of awareness that all research on pregnancy can contribute to inclusiveness, including in dissemination and retroactive description. We explain how the ubiquitous use of (cis )woman-centric language in pregnancy-related research contributes to (1) the erasure of gender diversity; (2) inaccurate scientific communication; and (3) negative societal impacts, such as perpetuating the use of exclusionary language by students, practitioners, clinicians, policymakers, and the media. We follow with recommendations for gender-inclusive language in every section (i.e., introductions, methods, results, discussions) of epidemiological articles on pregnant populations. The erasure of gender-diverse people in the rhetoric of research about pregnant people can be addressed immediately, including in the dissemination of results from ongoing studies that did not take gender into consideration. This makes gender-inclusive language a crucial first step towards the inclusion of gender-diverse people in epidemiological research on pregnant people and other health research more globally.
Personal Jurisdiction Based on the Location of a Server: Chinese Territorialism in the Internet Era?
Authors: Huang Jie
Published: September 2021

Whether a court can exercise personal jurisdiction based on the location of a server in internet tort cases is a controversial issue. Its significance comes from the paradox that the internet is de-localized because it is ubiquitous, but servers are indispensable to the internet and every server has a geographic location. Since 2001, Chinese law has allowed courts to exercise personal jurisdiction solely based on the location of a server or other computing equipment in intellectual property infringement cases. Recently, it has extended this jurisdiction rule to all internet torts. This paper asks whether the location of a server should be considered as the place where the tort occurs and whether this territorial-based jurisdiction rule can suffice its public-law legislative goal. It may enrich current research about technology-mediated legal challenges to private international law in two aspects. Firstly, it conducts a broad international survey by looking into laws in China, the US, Australia and the EU. It also analyzes where the tort occurs when servers are owned by an infringer, a third party or an infringee in domain name registration, service outsourcing, platform, cloud computing, commercial spams, etc. It concludes that in legal theory, the location of the server is not the place where an internet tort occurs. Secondly, by analyzing China’s experience, it argues that, in the internet era, states have to look for private-international-law tools to advance their public policy claims. However, the practice shows that the territorial-based jurisdiction rule is limited in fulfilling its pubic-law legislative goal.
Overlooked and Unaddressed: A narrative review of mental health consequences of child marriages.
Authors: Burgess Rochelle Ann , Jeffery Mairi , Odero Sabina , Rose-Clarke Kelly , Devakumar Delanjathan
Published: September 2021

Child Marriage (before the age of 18) affects over 12 million young women globally, annually. Despite acknowledgement of the negative impacts of the practice on reproductive health, mental health consequences are largely overlooked. Given the ability for poor mental health to intensify other health and social challenges, understanding the mental health consequences linked to child marriage is vital. Our study is the first to examine how mental health is approached in current literature on child marriage. Our conceptual framework was informed by a rapid assessment of key issues in the field. Systematic searches of papers published between 2000-2020 were completed on four electronic databases with no language restrictions. Our protocol was registered on Prospero (CRD42019139685). Articles were assessed using PRISMA guidelines, and their quality assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools. Of the 4,457 records identified, 21 papers meeting inclusion criteria were analysed using narrative synthesis. The final sample included 5 qualitative, 1 mixed-methods and 15 quantitative studies (14 cross-sectional and 1 longitudinal study) reporting on data from 12 countries, largely in the global south. Intimate partner violence, poverty, challenges in childbirth and isolation were identified as social factors linked to emotional distress by those married as children. Depression was the most reported mental disorder. Anxiety, phobias, psychological distress, substance misuse, negative well-being and anti-social personality disorder were reported less frequently. Findings highlight that while significant emotional distress and specific mental health conditions are linked to child marriage, gaps in our understanding remain. Future studies are needed to; clarify directionality in these relationships; understand the mental health needs of young men, LGBTQI communities and those in humanitarian settings. Given the well documented cyclical relationship between social determinants and mental health conditions, we outline a series of community-oriented interventions which blend psychological, social and structural support to promote mental health and wellbeing in the contexts of child marriage.
The casual effect of fertility: The multiple problems with instrumental variables for the number of children in families
Authors: Öberg Stefan
Published: September 2021

Studies investigating how the number of children in a family affects the parents or the children face problems because the variable of interest is endogenous in the model. The currently accepted solution to this problem is to use instrumental variables (IVs), for example, based on twin births. In this paper, I review and add to the critique of IVs based on twin births and show that that there are so many issues—major and minor—with these IVs that results based on them are not reliable or interpretable. I also review other IVs used in the literature, for example IVs based on the sexes of the firstborn children, and conclude that there are, as of yet, no credible IVs for the number of children. We need to disregard results from studies applying these IVs, reevaluate the current state of knowledge, and develop new, more credible methods.
COVID-19 and Applicable Law to Transnational Personal Data: Trends and Dynamics
Authors: Huang Jie
Published: September 2021

The recent COVID-19 outbreak has pushed the tension of protecting personal data in a transnational context to an apex. Using a real case where the personal data of an international traveller was illegally released by Chinese media, the paper identifies that three trends have emerged at the each stage of conflict-of-laws analysis for lex causae: (1) the EU, the US, and China characterize the right to personal data differently, (2) the spread-out unilateral applicable law approach comes from the fact that all three jurisdictions either consider the law for personal data protection as a mandatory law or adopt connecting factors leading to the law of the forum, and (3) the EU and China strongly advocate de-Americanisation of substantive data protection laws. The trends and their dynamics provide valuable implications for developing the choice of laws for transnational personal data. First, this finding informs parties that jurisdiction is a predominant issue in data breach cases because courts and regulators would apply the forum law. Second, currently there is no international treaty or model law on choice-of-law issues for transnational personal data. International harmonization efforts will be a long and difficult journey considering how the trends demonstrate not only the states’ irreconcilable interests, but also how states may consider these interests as their fundamental values that they do not want to trade off. Therefore, for states and international organisations, a feasible priority is to achieve regional coordination or interoperation among states with similar values on personal data protection.
Conflicts between Civil Law and Common Law in Judgment Recognition and Enforcement: When is the Finality Dispute Final?
Authors: Huang Jie
Published: September 2021

Very little literature concerns conflicts between civil law and common law requirements for judgment recognition and enforcement (JRE) and grounds for refusing JRE. This paper intends to fill this gap by using the finality dispute between Mainland China and Hong Kong as an example. It compares relevant Chinese law, Hong Kong law, U.S. law, and EU law. It also analyzes Mainland judicial statistics from 1999 to 2010. It argues that Hong Kong courts inappropriately apply the law of the requested court to determine the finality of a Mainland judgment in the judgment recognition and enforcement proceedings. It proposes three solutions to solve the finality dispute between Mainland China and Hong Kong: amend Hong Kong law, amend Mainland law, or adopt interregional law approaches.
Media Personae as Informal Science Communicators on Social Media: An Explorative Study on the Potential of Para-Social Opinion Leadership
Authors: Hemminger Elke
Published: September 2021

It is a paradox that science helps us understand the world today better than ever before, while at the same time, science is under siege as misinformation and ‚alternative facts‘ are spread in social media’s filter bubbles and echo chambers. This paper presents an explorative key case study on media personae as potential science communicators on social media. By integrating the concept of para-social opinion leadership into the model of media personae as informal science communicators on social media, the paper explores how media personae can act as opinion leaders and advocate the understanding and communication of science in an informal and creative way.
To be or not to be an author in a publication related to Amazon fires--A Foucauldian dichotomy of author anonymity.
Authors: Iyer Ramasubramania
Published: September 2021

Abstract In a recent publication on Amazon fires, the acknowledgement section mentions some authors withdrew their names apprehensive of their career growth being stifled. In this short communication , this unusual author anonymity concerning climate change is presented as a Foucauldian dichotomy.
Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxyapatite from Duck Eggshell by Wet Precipitation Process
Authors: Azis Yelmida , Alfarisi Cory Dian , Komalasari Komalasari , Khairat Khairat , Sahan Yusnimar
Published: September 2021

Hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) is the most stable form of calcium phosphate and widely used in various medical applications, mainly in orthopedics and dentistry due to its close similarities with the inorganic mineral component of bone and teeth. This study aims to synthesize hydroxyapatite from duck eggshell using the precipitation method. The duck eggshell was calcined, hydrated (slaking) and underwent carbonation to form Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC).  Afterwards, (NH4)2HPO4 was added to produce HAp by varying the molar ratio of Ca/P by 1.67, 1.77 and 1.87 and stirring speed by 200, 250, 300rpm under basic condition (pH 10 – 11). The best results were obtained at a molar ratio of 1.77 with 200rpm stirring speed. Furthermore, the X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that its crystals were hexagonal with sizes of 23.062nm, in the absence of other crystalline phases. Therefore, the hydroxyapatite was obtained in the agglomerates form with a specific surface area of ??55.929m2/g.
NILAI EKONOMI POTENSI JASA LINGKUNGAN MENYERAP KARBON DI TAMAN WISATA ALAM BULUH CINA KABUPATEN KAMPAR PROVINSI RIAU
Authors: Yana Arfitri , Zulkarnaini Zulkarnaini , Warningsih Trisla
Published: September 2021

Forest is the most dominant area in composing the role of environmental services. One of the environmental services of forests is carbon absorption services. Forests play an important role in climate change, namely as carbon sinks and carbon storage (stock). Nature Tourism Park is one of the ecosystems that becomes CO2 storage and absorbent. The study was conducted for 1 (one) month in Buluh Cina Nature Tourism Park. This study aims to determine the potential of environmental services to absorb carbon, the economic value of environmental services to absorb carbon, and how the role of the government and society in the management of Buluh Cina Nature Tourism Park. The research method used in this study is a field survey method that measures tree diameters and determines tree species to determine carbon potential, the benefit transfer method to calculate the economic value of carbon absorption  and indepht interviews to determine the role of government and society in environmental management in Buluh Cina Nature Tourism Park. The results showed that the potential of environmental services to absorb carbon  aboveground level in Buluh Cina Nature Tourism Park was 358,919 tons / ha or 345,757,150 tons when extrapolated to the total breadth of Buluh Cina Nature Tourism Park. Furthermore, the results of the calculation using the benefit transfer method of the economic  value of carbon absorbing services  in the  Buluh Cina Nature Tourism Park are Rp. 69,696,398,680, -. For the role of the government and the Society, the respondents consisted of the Head of the Buluh Cina Nature Tourism Park, the Head of Buluh Cina Village, Ninik Mamak and the Buluh Cina Village Society.The role of government and society cannot be separated from one another. The government and the society together maintain, protect and manage the Buluh Cina Nature Tourism Park in order to achieve environmental sustainability.
STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN EKOWISATA BAHARI SELAT BARU KABUPATEN BENGKALIS
Authors: Arisa Selly , Sukendi Sukendi , Syahril Syahril
Published: September 2021

Management of marine ecotourism in its development requires a specific strategy. Pantai Selat Baru, Kabupaten Bengkalis. This study aims to identify the natural, socio-economic and cultural potential of Pantai Selat Baru and to formulate the development to develop the Selat Baru area as a marine ecotourism area. This survey has been conducted with field observation techniques, and interviews using a questionnaire that has been tested for validity and reliability before being distributed to respondents. The results showed that Pantai Selat Baru could be developed through the concept of ecotourism. Visitors can see marine biota and types of animals and mangrove plants around the tourist attraction. The number of marine ecotourism tourists reaches 4,000-5,000 visitors per month. However, since the Covid-19 pandemic thenumberof tourists visiting has only reached 2,000-3,000 people in 2020. The strategy for developing Marine Ecotourism Area in Selat Baru Bengkalis: Is that providing supporting facilities for marine ecotourism and maintaining supporting facilities; Increasing supervision of environmental sustainability and the condition of marine ecotourism Selat Baru beach; Increasing local community participation through socialization and training activities to support the development of Selat Baru marine ecotourism.
REALITAS PERMASALAHAN PENEGAKAN HUKUM LINGKUNGAN DI INDONESIA
Authors: Johar Olivia Anggie
Published: September 2021

Handling environmental law enforcement problems in Indonesia can be done in two ways, namely penal and non-penal. The difference between the two is that penal is repressive while non-penal is preventive. In essence, repressive action can also be seen as preventive action in a broad sense. The factors that influence environmental law enforcement in Indonesia are political intervention and power when formulating environmental laws and regulations, low human resources and the judicial mafia in the process of enforcing environmental criminal law in Indonesia. The inconsistency between the rules, between the rules and the criminal justice system and among law enforcers itself is an obstacle in upholding environmental law in Indonesia. The solution that can be done is to improve human resources, both intellectual and moral, to achieve the success of environmental law enforcement. And there must be a common vision, mission, orientation and comprehensive mastery of environmental regulations by each related department so that environmental problems can be harmonized without sacrificing the interests of the community, businessmen, government and environmental interests. The government must also synchronize economic, social and ecological elements in every development policy, so that the policies issued by the government do not harm the environment.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF RETURN SLUDGE IN REMOVING UNDESIRABLE MATERIALS FROM CLARIFLOCCULATOR BASINS
Authors: A. Hasan Ali
Published: September 2021

To assess the use of returned sludge in water treatment, samples were brought from the Tigris River water during the summer and fall of 2002. A chemical treatment was carried out on it using alum as a coagulant, and after adding different percentages of sludge deposited at the bottom of the clarification ponds, it was found that returning 50% of the sludge improves the removal efficiency by an amount that can reach 14%. This applies to models with low and medium turbidity; otherwise, the reduction in removal efficiency is due again. The aluminum sulphate and hydroxides deposited at the bottom of the pond and recycled with the reflux sludge contributed to the improvement of the removal efficiency.
Analysis of loss of grain grains by classical thrusting and separating device of grain harvester combine
Authors:   National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine, Rogovskii I. L.
Published: September 2021

Based on the analysis of most domestic combines, it is established that they have a traditional scheme of threshing and separating device, which includes one or two sequentially arranged threshing threshers and keyboard straw shaker. The design of drumming from rods with cross plates provides, first of all, intensification of process of threshed grain. Cereals are threshed easily, so there is no need to intensify threshing. For example, when harvesting grain harvester KZS-9M "Slavutich" with a gap at the outlet between the threshing drum and the drum 18 mm and the speed of the threshing drum 450 min-1, the loss of threshing was absent in all experiments. In this case, the transverse plates of the drum are an obstacle to the movement of the threshed mass in the threshing-separating device, forming a dead space behind each bar, where a small component of plant mass accumulates. The quality of the threshing and separating device of the combine harvester was determined by the coefficients of undersmilling, separation, crushing and clogging of the grain received for cleaning. Damage to the grain during threshing in the thresher is mainly due to the influence of the circumferential linear velocity of the threshing drum and the gap between the threshing drum and the drum. Therefore, the gap in the threshing space is variable and changes in the direction of decrease from the entrance of the plant mass into the threshing device to its exit. To summarize, we used the gap in the threshing space at the outlet of the thresher. In this regard, the beginning of the tests was at a drum speed of 450 min-1. During the tests it was found that the greatest influence on the damage to the grain has a circular linear speed of the threshing drum. Thus, when increasing the speed of the drum per 100 min-1 from 450 to 550 min-1, the damage increased from 1.5% to 5.5%, ie almost 4 times.
Práticas profissionais e Formação Docente: Reconhecimento das sexualidades no contexto da Educação Física.
Authors: TORRES Marco Antonio , ARREGUY Agnes Vasconcelos , RODRIGUES Vítor Luiz Rocha
Published: September 2021

O presente artigo analisou como as noções sobre gênero e sexualidades têm emergido no contexto da Educação Física. Para isto foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico para situar o debate acadêmico sobre a questão. Também foram feitas entrevistas semiestruturadas com professores (as) dessa disciplina. As análises dialogaram com a noção de reconhecimento de Judith Butler (2015) e com um escopo teórico pertinente a essa perspectiva. As análises apontam um número reduzido de pesquisas diante dos debates já realizados na área da Educação, de modo específico naqueles trabalhos que analisam a formação docente. As entrevistas indicaram uma apropriação incipiente de noções que se referem a gênero e sexualidades entre docentes da disciplina. Estes (as) profissionais apontam uma discussão mínima dessas noções nos processos de formação docente. Por fim, as análises finais indicam que esse contexto produz formas precárias de reconhecimento acerca dos direitos LGBTQIA+, algo que prejudica a produção de uma crítica à cisheteronormatividade e dificulta um enfrentamento mais efetivo da lgbtfobia no contexto da disciplina.
Tutoria em tempos de distanciamento social: uma abordagem no campo da Educação Física
Authors: Ungheri Bruno Ocelli , Gontijo Larissa Sepúlveda Rocha
Published: September 2021

O artigo em tela apresenta reflexões sobre um processo de tutoria desenvolvido em uma das disciplinas ofertadas pela Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto aos cursos de graduação em Educação Física no primeiro semestre de 2020. Em função da conjuntura pandêmica imposta pelo novo Corona Vírus, o plano de trabalho original teve que ser revisto, o que não impediu a manutenção das atividades de tutoria. Nesse contexto, foram desenvolvidas três iniciativas de trabalho remoto junto aos tutorados, que se engajaram na empreitada, mas, com o passar do tempo, reduziram sua presença nos encontros. Por esse motivo, foi aplicado um questionário para elucidação dos fatores causadores do cenário vivenciado. Percebemos que todos os envolvidos tiveram suas rotinas afetadas pelas determinações de isolamento, promovendo impactos psicossociais que, pouco a pouco, manifestaram-se pela queda de interesse nas atividades propostas. Sobre estas, verificamos que o “Oriconline” e as reuniões do Laboratório Lazer, Gestão e Política (LAGEP) sobressaíram como espaços formativos com melhores índices de motivação discente no curso da pandemia.
Adrénaline au cours de la réanimation de l’arrêt cardiaque
Authors: Dumas F. , Cariou A.
Published: September 2021

À ce jour, l’adrénaline est fortement recommandée dans le traitement de l’arrêt cardiaque. Son utilisation est bien ancrée dans les pratiques, et elle est présente dans les recommandations et les algorithmes de prise en charge depuis des décennies. Cependant, ces mêmes recommandations reposent sur un niveau de preuve faible dans cette indication. Les propriétés pharmacologiques de l’adrénaline et ses effets secondaires et indirects peuvent expliquer en partie la controverse actuelle qui anime les experts dans ce domaine. Plusieurs études cliniques récentes, majoritairement observationnelles, ont renforcé les incertitudes concernant le devenir des patients exposés à ce traitement lors d’un arrêt cardiaque, en termes de survie et d’évolution neurologique. Ces observations ont encouragé la réalisation d’essais cliniques susceptibles de clarifier le rapport bénéfice/risque de ce traitement. Un large essai randomisé a récemment évalué l’adrénaline comparée à un placebo, et a montré l’efficacité de ce médicament concernant le succès de la réanimation initiale. Toutefois, le questionnement demeure entier concernant l’effet de ce traitement sur le devenir neurologique à distance. Actuellement, plusieurs études cliniques explorent d’autres modalités d’administration afin d’optimiser au mieux son effet sur les différents critères de jugement incluant le devenir à long terme. Globalement, même si l’adrénaline permet d’améliorer la survie immédiate après un arrêt cardiaque, son rôle reste donc incertain concernant le devenir neurologique des patients à moyen et long termes. Cependant, en l’absence d’alternative et dans l’attente de données supplémentaires, ce médicament reste recommandé dans tous les protocoles de réanimation spécialisée de l’arrêt cardiaque.
Le dosage de la procalcitonine peut-il être utile à la prise en charge d’une infection à SARS-CoV-2 aux urgences et en réanimation ?
Authors: Hausfater P. , Charles P.-E.
Published: September 2021

De nombreuses études d’impact ont validé l’intérêt du dosage de la procalcitonine pour rationaliser les antibiothérapies dans les infections respiratoires basses. En l’absence d’étude prospective interventionnelle spécifiquement chez les patients atteints de Covid-19, le dosage de la procalcitonine peut cependant être utilisé aux urgences comme dans les autres IRB pour l’aide à la décision d’antibiothérapie. La majorité des infections à SARS-CoV-2 non compliquées ont des valeurs de procalcitonine inférieures à 0,25 μg/l. Parallèlement, des concentrations supérieures à 0,5 μg/l peuvent traduire un risque d’évolution vers une forme grave et/ou une co-infection bactérienne. En soins critiques, la procalcitonine est prometteuse chez les patients avec un syndrome de détresse respiratoire aiguë lié à la Covid. Chez ces patients, la pertinence de l’antibiothérapie est à reconsidérer quotidiennement, compte tenu du risque d’infection bactérienne qui évolue tout au long de séjours souvent prolongés, afin de réduire la sélection d’espèces résistantes et de limiter les toxicités.
Cameroon: the radicalization of Islam and the expansion of Boko Haram
Authors: Denisova Tatyana S.
Published: September 2021

The radicalization of Islam in Cameroon is quickly changing the country's religious landscape and contributing to the spread of religious intolerance. Unlike, for example, neighboring Nigeria and the Central African Republic, previously Cameroon rarely faced serious manifestations of sectarian tensions, but over the past 10-15 years traditional Sufi Islam has been increasingly supplanted by the ideology of Wahhabism. Wahhabism is rapidly spreading not only in the north of the country, but also in the south, which until recently was inhabited mainly by Christians and animists. The spread of Wahhabism is actively supported and funded by Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar and Egypt. Sufism, the followers of which mainly include Fulani living in the northern regions, is gradually losing its position. The specific interpretation of Islam leads to the destabilization of religious and public political life, and Koranic schools and refugee camps become "incubators of terrorists".
The growing influence of radical Islam in Cameroon is largely due to the expansion of the terrorist organization Boko Haram into the country; one of the consequences of this is the broadening affiliation of Cameroonians, inspired by calls for the cleansing of Islam and the introduction of Sharia law, with this armed Islamist group. As in other African countries, the radicalization of Islam is accompanied by the intensification of terrorist activities, leading to an exacerbation of the internal political situation, an increase in the number of refugees, and the deterioration of the socio-economic situation of the population, etc.
The failure of the Cameroonian government to counter terrorist activities in the north of the country in the near future may lead to an escalation of the military-political conflict on religious grounds in the context of political instability that Cameroon is experiencing at the moment.
A hundred-year-long story (for the anniversary of the Сommunist party of China)
Authors: Burov Vladilen G.
Published: September 2021

On July 1, 2021, celebrations were held in Beijing on the occasion of the centenary of the formation of the Communist Party of China. Its history is full of various tragic and heroic events. After a five-year period of cooperation with the Kuomintang (the National Party of China), due to the betrayal of the latter, a fifteen-year armed struggle between the two parties for power begins, interrupted for the time of Japan's aggression against China.
In 1949, the People's Republic of China was created under the leadership of the Communist Party. The period of socialist construction is replaced by the time of the “great leap forward” and the people's communes, and then by the years of “the cultural revolution”. After 1976, the country gradually begins to implement a policy of reform and openness, which continues until the present time.
The Communist Party comes to its anniversary with huge achievements, China has become the second most economically powerful power in the world. The General Secretary of the Communist Party Xi Jinping made a speech at the celebrations. First of all, he recalled the time when, as a result of the opium wars, China turned into a semi-colonial, semi-feudal country and paid tribute to the memory of the revolutionaries of the older generation who ended this condition. Then he listed the majestic tasks that the Chinese state faces in the field of domestic and foreign policy.
The experience of the Chinese Communists in implementing the modernization of their country attracts attention all over the world and certainly deserves to be studied.
PLANNING OF FOREIGN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY AS A FACTOR OF INCREASING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF THE ENTERPRISE IN THE WORLD MARKET
Authors:   Khmelnytskyi National University, KRAVCHYK Yurii
Published: September 2021

At the present stage of market relations, competition plays an extremely important role not only as a major factor in the development of individual enterprises, but also entire countries. The rapid processes of globalization make it possible to expand markets, but not every company can compete with other firms in foreign markets. The article examines the concepts of “competition” and “competitiveness of the enterprise” in foreign markets. Since today in the modern world competition is the driving force of any economy, without it the existence and development of the economy in general is impossible. The success of any business depends on the ability to compete in the market of goods or services. In the period of globalization and integration in the international space, the formation of a rational sequence of planning such activities is becoming increasingly important for enterprises engaged in foreign economic activity. This type of management activity contributes to obtaining additional profits through the use of the benefits of international labor and international integration, as well as identifying prospects and possible options for the development of foreign economic activity of organizations. That is why the technology of foreign economic activity planning is becoming especially relevant today. The article considers the factors influencing the planning of foreign economic activity of the enterprise, investigates the theoretical foundations of planning, suggests ways to improve the planning of foreign economic activity of the enterprise to increase competitiveness. The company’s success in the domestic or global market is its competitiveness, and as a result there is stability in the market. Competitiveness is the ability of an enterprise to conduct a fair competition in the chosen market, using all its resources productively, and as a result to make a profit. If the company occupies a leading position in the competitive market, then its product is in demand from consumers and has some advantages over the products of competitors. Managing the competitiveness of the enterprise is partly a function of general management, the purpose of which is to ensure the viability and sustainable operation of the enterprise in the event of any changes in the external environment. International competitiveness is the achievement by an enterprise of competitive advantages in competition on the international market. The study of competitiveness revealed its factors that influence the planning of imports. Internal factors depend on the nature of the enterprise, while external – on the state of the environment. Thus, successful foreign economic activity is determined by the optimal organizational structure of the department of foreign economic activity, coordination of all departments and specialists who provide export-import operations of the enterprise.
DEMOGRAPHIC CRISIS IN UKRAINE: STATE, CONSEQUENCES AND PROSPECTS OF OVERCOMING IT
Authors:   Leonid Yuzkov Khmelnytskyi University of Management and Law, KRAVETS IRYNA
Published: September 2021

The article analyzes the demographic situation in Ukraine, which has acquired signs of a demographic crisis. There has been an unprecedented decline in Ukraine’s population, which has lost a fifth in the years since independence. The current trends of population decline in the regional context have been studied. It is established that the prospects of depopulation are quite disappointing, given the low overall fertility rate, as well as the predominance of mortality over fertility. The natural movement of the population has been studied, the main causes of its high mortality, especially in working age, due to increased morbidity, in particular the high prevalence of risk factors for noncommunicable diseases, which form more than 80% of mortality in Ukraine, under the influence of endogenous, exogenous and quasi-endogenous factors. The causes of low birth rate, as well as modern features and orientations of reproductive behavior of the population are revealed. In Ukraine, there is a tendency of low life expectancy and population aging compared to some European countries. It is concluded that under such conditions large-scale depopulation will be inevitable. The peculiarities of modern migration processes, in particular labor migration, which can give impetus to alternative migration, have been clarified. The interaction of demographic processes and socio-economic development of the country is determined. Ways to overcome the demographic crisis are a set of demographic measures (organization and conduct of the census, which was not conducted for two decades, the formation of population registers, increasing financial assistance to mothers at birth in accordance with modern requirements, etc.) and socio-economic measures to strengthen reproductive behavior, flexible employment for childbirth and child rearing, improving the level and quality of life of citizens, increasing work motivation in Ukraine, social protection of citizens, etc.
HISTORICAL STAGES OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF INTERNAL CONTROL
Authors:   Vinnytsia National Agrarian University, KOZACHENKO AnnА
Published: September 2021

The article highlights the views of scientists on the allocation of periods (stages) in the history of internal control, which differ in the following features: the emergence and development of socio – economic relations that existed at different times; diversification of objects and subjects of control; complicating the tasks of control over the different levels of development of productive forces and equipment of each society; specific methodological techniques. Thus, the first manifestations of control are observed during the period of primitive communal system. The period of slavery is considered the stage of the emergence of internal control. Characteristic of this period was physical coercion to work. In the period of the feudal system, the peculiarities of the development of socio-economic formation of European states are the distinction between external and internal audit, and accounting registers to reflect the facts of economic life, which served for entries in the accounts of the General Ledger. In addition, control activities were manifested in the movement of credit and settlement transactions between buyers, in settlements between buyers and banks, in production processes and private ownership of the means of production. The capitalist system of production did not require many special control bodies, and its functions were carried out directly by the owners of the means of production. The basis of capitalism was the private property of the bourgeoisie on the means of production, but not on the worker, who at that time received more freedom. It was during the communist formation that thorough work was carried out on the methodological support of internal economic control, but its active development began after the declaration of independence of Ukraine, by borrowing the foundations in foreign countries. Thus, the periodization presented in the article helps to trace the historical aspect of the development and formation of internal control as a control system as a whole, in a certain period of time in which.
REGIONAL DIFFERENCES OF POPULATION’S MIGRATION ACTIVITY IN THE CARPATHIAN REGION OF UKRAINE
Authors:   State Institution “Dolishniy Institute of Regional Research of NAS of Ukraine”, TESLIUK ROMAN , RUSHCHYSHYN NADIIA ,   Lviv University of Trade and Economics
Published: September 2021

Analysis of the population’s migration activity in the Carpathian region of Ukraine is necessary to determine the spatial basis for the formation and development of territorial communities, development and implementation of demographic and socio-economic policy measures. The level of immigration to the Carpathian region from 2012 to 2020, annually exceeded the level of emigration. During this period, the urban settlements in the region are characterized by a stable migration increase (25 thousand people), while there was a migration reduction of the rural population of the region (by 4 thousand people). The increase is typical for Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk regions, the negative migration balance is for Zakarpattia and Chernivtsi regions. The share of international migrants in migration flows in the Carpathian region is small, the population of Transcarpathia and Bukovina is more active in this regard. Interregional migration links are close between Lviv and Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv and Zakarpattia, Ivano-Frankivsk and Chernivtsi regions. There is a noticeable reduction in the difference between the number of arrivals and departures, but in general the Carpathian region continues to be attractive for migration to residents of other country regions. In general, in 2016-2019, the population of the Carpathian region due to migration increased by 4 people per 10,000 population. The population’s migratory activity in the Carpathian region has a suburbanization character, which indicates the suburban areas attractive for living and working. Along with this, there is a significant leaching of human potential from mountainous areas, northern and north-eastern districts in Ivano-Frankivsk and Chernivtsi regions, industrial cities in the Carpathian region. The main threat to the development of the Carpathian region, caused by internal migration, is primarily the depopulation of some villages in the region, which is now manifested in the aging rural population. In the future, the unfavorable demographic situation in rural areas may lead to the decline of the local economy, social infrastructure and a general decline in the quality of life of residents.
PRODUCTION AND OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES: MODERN INTERPRETATIONS OF ESSENCE AND RELATIONSHIPS OF CONCEPTS
Authors:   SHEE “Kyiv National Economic University named after Vadym Hetman, KOROTKOVA KSENIIA
Published: September 2021

In the conditions of constant transformations of business and its main activity, the research of production and operational activity that, sometimes, is missed at research of all activity of the organization remains actual question. The purpose is to present the results of the study to clarify the essence and distinguish between the concepts of “production activity” and “operational activity of the organization”. The article defines the concept of “production” and “production activity”, which defines the creation of tangible products, ie material values. It is determined that production is aimed at creating a physical product by any means of labor. In the conditions of constant transformation of post-industrial society, development of high technologies, science-intensive productions and informatization of all spheres of life, interweaving and interaction of economic and social activity the sphere of services increasingly begins to prevail over the sphere of production. To confirm or refute this fact, statistical information on the ratio of production to services as of 2012 and 2019 was examined, and it is determined that by the criterion of the number of economic entities by type of economic activity, the service sector significantly outweighs the production sector (86% and 14%, respectively). That is why there is a need to separate the names of these activities. The terms “production” and “production activity” continued to be interpreted traditionally – as the manufacture of tangible products, and for the non-productive sphere was created an analogue – “operations”. The authors’ approaches to the essence of “operational activity” are considered and it is determined that this concept is broader than “production activity”, as it includes the non-productive sphere and the sphere of services. The terms “production and operating activities” are distinguished.