bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A reply to Bøhler
Authors: MOFFAT TINA
Published: September 2002

My response to Bøhler’s contention that ‘Universal recommendations for some weaning practices do make sense’ is presented in two parts. The first focuses on the more detailed criticisms of the article ‘A Biocultural Investigation of the Weanling’s Dilemma in Kathmandu, Nepal: Do universal recommendations for weaning practices make sense?’ (Moffat, 2001), the second on the larger issue of biomedical approaches to maternal–child health education.
The Conversion of Gerard Manley
Hopkins: Some Documents from the
Archive of Pusey House, Oxford
Authors: GROVES PETER
Published: September 2002

In 1994 the archive of Liddon House, London, was moved to Pusey
House in Oxford. The journals of Henry Parry Liddon, kept more or
less daily from 1858 to 1890 (the year of Liddon's death), thus came
to be housed alongside the enormous correspondence of Edward Bouverie
Pusey which Liddon himself spent much effort in collecting. Liddon's
journal entries from 1863 onwards contain a number of references to the
young Gerard Manley Hopkins, then an undergraduate at Balliol. A
number of Hopkins scholars have made use of the journals in their
research but none, to my knowledge, has examined them since their
move to Oxford. Recently, a number of other documents have come to
light which relate to Hopkins's time in Oxford, and in particular to his
conversion. One of these documents strongly suggests that the only extant
letter from Edward Pusey to Hopkins has been misdated since its
publication in 1935, and hence that the accepted chronology of the days
leading up to Hopkins's reception into the Roman Catholic Church needs
slightly to be revised.
Cyprian's Reconstruction of the Martyr Tradition
Authors: BRENT ALLEN
Published: September 2002

Cyprian attacked the claim of the confessing martyr to give absolution independent of the more formal authority of a bishop on the grounds that this practice was radically new. But Cyprian ignored the antiquity of the martyr tradition. The act of confession that involved acute physical suffering had itself been sufficient for ordination earlier, just as it had been sufficient to replace baptism. Reconciliation of an apostate previously took place by offering and giving the eucharist without a separate, episcopal act in the form of imposition of hands. Cyprian's case thus rested on a fundamental reinterpretation of the theology of martyrdom in the interests of extending episcopal control into new areas of church life.
Liberal visions and actual power in grassroots civil society: local churches and women's empowerment in rural Malawi
Authors: VonDoepp Peter
Published: September 2002

Research from a community study in rural Malawi speaks directly to contemporary debates about civil society. Investigating the role of local churches in empowering citizens, the study found that the local Catholic church was more effectively fostering a nascent sense of political efficacy among women than were local Presbyterian churches. Explaining this finding, the article presents two issues that expose problems in the liberal understanding of civil society, and underscore important themes raised in the critical discourse. First, the study reveals that organisations characterised by decentralised authority structures and internal democracy may fail to contribute to the empowerment of marginalised citizens. Such organisations are prone to reproduce and exacerbate local inequalities and conflicts within their structures. Second, corroborating critical views, the study highlights the importance of recognising how power relations affect the character and operation of civil society organisations. The adjusting of power relations within organisations may be a prerequisite to their serving an empowering role with marginalised citizens.
Opium and the Beginnings of Chinese Capitalism in Southeast Asia
Authors: Trocki Carl A.
Published: September 2002

The article suggests that the development of Chinese capitalism in nineteenth-century Southeast Asia was intimately connected to the participation of Chinese merchants in the financing and operation of opium revenue farming concessions. It examines the development and structure of the opium farming system as it operated in the region.
Actors and Arenas, Elections and Competition: The 1958 Election of the Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce
Authors: Visscher Sikko
Published: September 2002

In 1958, the Singapore Chinese Chamber of Commerce had to decide whether to remain active in politics, representing not only the commercial interests of the rich but also the views of Chinese society at large, or to function solely as a commercial organisation. The eventual success of the pro-politics faction illustrates the buoyant aspirations of the Chinese merchant elite. The public battle for control over the Chamber shows that Chinese businessmen assessed their options by pragmatically balancing political, economic as well as cultural constraints and opportunities.
The bushmeat boom and bust in West and Central Africa
Authors: Barnes Richard F. W.
Published: September 2002

Poor soils and high rainfall mean that the high productivity of the forests, an assumption that drives the development of the forest zone, is an illusion. The potential of the forests to produce meat, from wild or domestic herbivores, is limited. Growing human populations and shrinking forests accelerate pressures on forest resources faster than national statistics indicate. A simulation model demonstrates the effects of growing hunting pressure on one monkey and two duiker species. A version of this model that includes random variation shows that large harvests can be obtained for many years, but that a population collapse can happen suddenly; there is no period of gradually declining harvests. The accelerating hunting pressure in a zone of low productivity, shrinking habitat for monkeys and antelopes, the dynamics of non-linear systems, and natural environmental variation that affects reproduction and survival will lead to a collapse of hunted populations across the forest zone. We are now seeing the bushmeat boom and soon we will see the bushmeat bust.
A proposal for a transnational forest network area for elephants in Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana
Authors: Parren Marc P. E. , de Leede Bertken M. , Bongers Frans
Published: September 2002

Forest elephants Loxodonta africana cyclotis in Ghana and eastern Côte d'Ivoire live in small isolated populations and number fewer than 1,000 individuals in total. To ensure the long-term survival of these elephants the present forest reserves need to be linked into a network by forest corridors. The potential of such corridors is demonstrated by the active use by elephants in Ghana of forest ‘shelterbelts’, created in the 1930s. Using information from recent surveys of elephants and vegetation status, and from published information, we propose three possible wildlife corridors in the border region between Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana, establishment of which would lead to a transnational forest network area in the Bia and Bossematié areas. Establishing a forest network for forest elephants would require political will, transnational cooperation among forest and wildlife managers, and participation of the local people.
Mill's Proof
Authors: Mawson Tim
Published: September 2002

This paper constitutes a suggested route through the well-trodden minefield that is Mill's proof of Utilitarianism. A deductive course—tramping gamely straight across from an egoistic psychological hedonism to a disinterested ethical hedonism—would seemingly be the most hazardous route across the terrain. Thus, it has become standard policy amongst guides to advise readers of Utilitarianism that this is a route which Mill neither needs nor attempts to take. I shall argue that in travelling down this route one can avoid the dangers with which it is usually associated and I shall tentatively suggest that one may find oneself following Mill's footsteps in doing so.
International security and the virtual state: states and firms in world politics
Authors: Rosecrance Richard
Published: September 2002

In recent years a new group of ‘virtual states’—analogous to
the virtual corporation—has emerged in world politics and economics. In order to concentrate upon high
level services (research, development, product design, financing, marketing and transport), these
countries have transferred much of their manufacturing production elsewhere. Hong Kong, Taiwan,
Singapore, Switzerland, Holland, and others have earned large returns from producing abroad as
home labour costs escalate. To some degree every major industrial nation has moved in a virtual
direction as manufacturing declines to 20 per cent of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and services
rise to 65, 70 per cent or more. This evolution conflicts with traditional security assumptions
about the necessity of a powerful and compact economic base. Now countries' economic potential
is frequently divided between home and host nations, and security may depend upon reliable access
to the economies of other states. Virtual states and nations moving in a ‘virtual direction’
may improve their position through economic growth in normal times, but may become vulnerable when
security threats arise. In war they have to co-ordinate supply from a range of allied nations to
carry on the struggle against opponents. It might be thought that their pattern of peacetime
interdependence undermines their long-term security.
Shape-shifting NATO: humanitarian
action and the Kosovo refugee crisis
Authors: Huysmans Jef
Published: September 2002

The article deals with NATO's intervention in Kosovo. Instead of focusing on the military and diplomatic interventions, the article looks at how NATO developed a humanitarian interest in providing assistance and protection to the Kosovo Albanian refugees. In the name of the refugees—and to a lesser extent, of internally displaced persons—NATO entered a humanitarian field and was partly transfigured into a humanitarian agency during the crisis in Kosovo. The political significance of NATO's humanitarianism was that its reputation for competence and its image of respectability and honour depended to an extent on how well it supported the international assistance to the Kosovo Albanians. The stakes were not limited to the immediate Kosovo context, however. The symbolic struggle for reputation and honour resonated directly in the political struggle for the conservation and transformation of the European security complex. The success of the humanitarian operation became an additional element of demonstrating the value of military capital for acquiring political authority in the definition and management of security problems in post-Cold War Europe.
Grammatical and situational aspect in French: a developmental study
Authors: LABELLE MARIE , GODARD LUCIE , LONGTIN CATHERINE-MARIE
Published: September 2002

We study the ability of children to provide an appropriate continuation for a stimulus sentence, taking into account the joint demands of situational aspect and grammatical aspect. We hypothesize that the aspectual transitions required by some aspectual combinations play a role in the difficulty of providing an appropriate continuation for them. We tested 130 French-speaking children of 5;06 to 9;0. In general, the data are consistent with the idea that the ability of children to construe an appropriate continuation for a stimulus clause is a function of both the situational aspect of the clause and the grammatical aspect provided by the verbal morpheme. There is a significant tense×situational aspect interaction in the number of continuations that children are able to provide in answer to the stimuli. Contrary to our expectations, there is no significant tense×situational aspect in the number of appropriate continuations, this being perhaps due to the small number of continuations for each stimulus type, but there are trends in the expected direction, which further studies may be able to confirm.
Commentary on Ravid & Tolchinsky ‘Developing linguistic literacy: a comprehensive model’
Authors: KEMP NENAGH
Published: September 2002

Ravid & Tolchinksy (R&T) introduce an important concept for the field of
language acquisition and development: linguistic literacy. To be ‘linguistically literate’, they say, one must possess both ‘knowledge of the two major
linguistic modalities – speech and writing’ and ‘a linguistic repertoire that
encompasses a wide range of registers and genres’. These two statements
make clear the great breadth of research that the authors have considered in
formulating their model.
The foundations and development of metalinguistic knowledge
Authors: SHARPE DEAN , ZELAZO PHILIP DAVID
Published: September 2002

Ravid & Tolchinsky present a valuable framework for understanding the
development of metalinguistic knowledge (i.e. grasp of language form as
opposed to content). Although this framework makes an admirable contribution, we question the authors' emphasis on familiarity with written
language as an enabling condition, and instead outline an approach that
makes more obvious provision for cognitive foundations and early development. This approach attempts to locate the development of metalinguistic understanding within the context of domain-general and age-related
changes in cognitive function – in particular, increases in the complexity of
representational structures involved in conscious reflection.
Limits of finite dimensional nest algebras
Authors: HOPENWASSER ALAN , POWER STEPHEN C.
Published: September 2002

We introduce order conserving embeddings as a more general form of order preserving embeddings between finite dimensional nest algebras. The structure of these
embeddings is determined, in terms of order indecomposable decompositions, and
they are shown to be determined up to inner conjugacy by their induced maps on
K0. Classifications of direct systems and limit algebras are obtained in terms of
dimension distribution groups.
Natural history and larval morphology of Boophis occidentalis (Anura: Mantellidae: Boophinae) provide new insights into the phylogeny and adaptive radiation of endemic Malagasy frogs
Authors: Andreone Franco , Vences Miguel , Guarino Fabio M. , Glaw Frank , Randrianirina Jasmin E.
Published: September 2002

During a zoological survey in north‐west Madagascar (Sahamalaza Peninsula) we documented aspects of the natural history of Boophis occidentalis (formerly a subspecies of B. albilabris and here raised to species level). Individual age assessed by skeletochronology ranged from 4 to 11 years. Breeding behaviour was observed at a seasonal stream after heavy rainfalls: five choruses of eight to 90 males aggregated in shallow brook sections. The males emitted low frequency calls and engaged in scramble battles. Only two females were found. A couple laid a large number of eggs, attached as a single layer on submerged stones. Tadpoles reared from these eggs had the typical morphology of brook‐breeding Boophis species with a 1:5+5/3 keratodont formula and a relatively flattened body. Adult males had an anteroventrally oriented cloaca, a morphological trait shared with B. albilabris. Advertisement calls were similar in general structure to those of B. albilabris recorded at Anjanaharibe‐Sud. They were unharmonious and consisted of pulsed notes emitted at irregular intervals. Much lower pulse rates in B. albilabris (30–38 pulses/s) than in B. occidentalis (90–109 pulses/s) support the specific distinctness of these taxa. The combination of characters related to reproductive biology in B. occidentalis and B. albilabris is unique in Boophis. The acontinuous breeding behaviour and large number of eggs per clutch are traits found in the pond‐breeding species of the B. tephraeomystax group, while larval morphology and habitat are characteristic of brook‐breeding species. Available morphological and molecular data place B. albilabris and B. occidentalis into the brook‐breeding Boophis radiation. The acontinuous timing of reproduction and large egg number may be secondary adaptations that allowed the species to colonize arid regions of western Madagascar.
Undergraduate education in geriatric medicine
Authors: Hasan Mujtaba
Published: September 2002

In the developed, as well as developing countries, there is an immediate challenge
to ensure an adequate supply of health professionals trained in providing care for
older people to meet the needs of increasing numbers. Currently 20% of the
population of the United Kingdom (UK) is over 60 – 12 million people. By 2031
this proportion will be nearly a third – 18.6 million people. The largest
increases are anticipated among the over-85 age group, from 0.8 million in 1987 to
1.4 million in 2025. In Europe the number of people aged over 80 years will double
within the next 25 to 30 years. It is estimated that there will be more
than 1.2 billion elderly people in the world by the year 2025 – three-quarters
of them living in the developing countries.
Inside the Magic Rectangle: Recent Research on the History of Television
Authors: Foot John
Published: September 2002

Ada Ferrari and Gaia Giusto (eds.), Milano città della radio televisione (Milan: Francoangeli, 2000) 139pp., L 24,000 (pb) ISBN 88-464-1721-6.

Chiara Giaccardi, Anna Manzato and Giorgio Simonelli, Il paese catodico. Televisione e identità nazionale in Gran Bretagna, Italia e Svizzera Italiana (Milan: FrancoAngeli, 1998) 135pp., L 24,000 (pb) ISBN 88-464-0734-2.

Ralph Negrine, Television and the Press since 1945 Documents in Contemporary History, (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), 212pp., £12.99 (pb) ISBN 0-7190-4921-0.

Jeffrey S. Miller, Something Completely Different. British Television and American Culture (University of Minnesota Press, 2000), 208pp., £12.99 (pb), ISBN 0-8166-3241-3, £31.00 (hb) 0-1866-3240-5.

Marie-Francoise Lévy (ed.), La Télévision dans la République. Les années 50, Collection ‘Histoire du temps present’ (Paris: IHTP/CNRS, Editions complexe, 1999), 242pp (pb), €18.30, ISBN 2-87027-730-X.

Francesca Anania, Davanti allo schermo. Storia del pubblico televisivo (Rome: Carocci, 1997), 152pp., L 30,000 (pb), ISBN 88-430-0535-9.
Love and the web
Authors: SCRAMAGLIA ROSANTONIETTA
Published: September 2002

The purpose of this study was to examine and explain how the landscape of personal relationships is changing through new means of technologies such as the Internet. Nowadays, increasing numbers of individuals are getting to know each other, and falling in love, thanks to this form of communication. In order to understand and analyse this phenomenon from a sociological perspective, I have carried out exploratory research on the situation in Italy. We conducted a series of interviews and constructed the histories of the lives of Italians who, by navigating, fell in love with their correspondents and got involved in affairs with, more or less, happy endings. We were thus able to discover that, behind this virtual world, there are real feelings, emotions, hopes and dreams. Often, on the computer, anonymity and the barrier of the screen allow people to be more spontaneous, sincere, true and genuine with each other than they might be in real life. True love affairs according to Francesco Alberoni's definition are born. However, meeting in person, which must happen sooner or later, can result in losing what might have been gained up to that point. As in every challenge, many end up as losers and few as winners.
The future of ageing
Authors: MITTELSTRASS JÜRGEN
Published: September 2002

This paper considers the forms of life of old age and the opportunities presented by these forms of life (i.e. optimal ageing) as well as corresponding research programmes into gerontology. Ageing and old age are usually viewed more as a biological, medical and socio-economic problem and less as a form of life that can be optimized and cultivated. Viewed from this perspective, the gerontological research programme is the programme of interventionist science. This, of course, includes natural scientific research, which today is organized along very specialized disciplinary lines. The point to grasp is that the gerontological research programme is an integrative programme, and thus something pursued in an interdisciplinary, even transdisciplinary, manner. This possibility is supported by the fact that there is apparently no uniform genetic programme that could explain the ageing process and prevent differential ageing. In the introductory part of the paper, a differentiated culture of ageing is discussed, followed by a descriptive part, in which various research programmes are presented. The conclusion takes up some ideas on the interdisciplinarity or transdisciplinarity of a future science of ageing.
DNA microarrays: a bridge between genome sequence information and biological understanding
Authors: HARSHMAN KEITH , MARTÍNEZ-A CARLOS
Published: September 2002

The development, refinement and increasingly widespread use of DNA microarrays have been important responses to the explosion of sequence information produced by genome science. The high sample densities possible with DNA microarrays, coupled with the complete or nearly complete genome sequences available for humans and model organisms, provide a powerful analytical method to measure both qualitative and quantitative variations in RNA and DNA. Principal among the applications of microarrays is the large-scale analysis of RNA expression, often referred to as expression profiling. The power of this application lies in its ability to determine the expression patterns of tens of thousands of genes in a single experiment. Additionally, the ability to detect DNA polymorphisms makes microarrays useful in studies designed to correlate DNA sequence variations with variations in phenotype. The unprecedented scale on which microarrays allow both experimentation and generation of results should make possible a more complete and comprehensive understanding of cells and cellular processes.
Are there positive incentives from privatizing social security? A panel analysis of pension reform in Latin America
Authors: PACKARD TRUMAN G.
Published: September 2002

The paper estimates the impact of social security reform – specifically, the transition from a purely public pay-as-you-go (PAYGO) system to one with private individual retirement accounts – on the share of the workforce that contributes to formal retirement security systems. Using a simple model of a segmented labor market, the paper exploits variation in data from a panel of eighteen Latin American countries, observed from 1980 to 1999. Results show a positive incentive effect after the introduction of individual retirement accounts that, ceteris paribus, increases the share of the economically active population who contribute to the reformed system. However, this takes place only gradually as employers and workers become familiar with the set of new social security institutions that reforms put in place.
Application of a Variable Structure Model in Observation and Control of an Anaerobic Digestor
Authors: Tartakovsky B. , Morel E. , Steyer J. P. , Guiot S. R.
Published: September 2002

In this work, a variable structure model (VSM) of an anaerobic digestion process was developed. The anaerobic biodegradation process was described by four nonlinear submodels representing methanogenic, chemical oxygen demand overload, acidogenic, and hydrogen‐inhibited states of the anaerobic process. At any instant, process dynamics was modeled only by one of the submodels, while the others were considered trailing. The choice of a leading submodel was handled by a knowledge‐based system, which analyzed available process variables, such as off‐gas composition and reactor pH. The feasibility of the proposed method was demonstrated both by using the VSM to predict the outputs of a comprehensive process model, and the experimental results obtained in a pilot scale anaerobic fixed‐bed bioreactor.
Mass Transfer in Blood Oxygenators Using Blood Analogue Fluids
Authors: Wickramasinghe S. Ranil , Kahr Carin M. , Han Binbing
Published: September 2002

Mass transfer correlations for hollow fiber blood oxygenators have been determined experimentally using Newtonian and non‐Newtonian blood analogue fluids. The Newtonian fluids consisted of deionized water and glycerol/water mixtures. The non‐Newtonian fluids were prepared by adding small amounts of xanthan gum to the Newtonian blood analogue fluids. The rheological behavior of the non‐Newtonian blood analogue fluids was modeled using the power law. The diffusion of oxygen into and out of the Newtonian and non‐Newtonian blood analogue fluids has been studied. The liquid stream flowed outside and across bundles of woven hollow fibers, while the gas stream flowed inside the fibers.
Transport and Kinetic Processes Underlying Biomolecular Interactions in the BIACORE Optical Biosensor
Authors: Sikavitsas V. , Nitsche J. M. , Mountziaris T. J.
Published: September 2002

The transport and kinetic processes describing biomolecular interactions in the BIACORE optical biosensor have been studied with the help of a mathematical model. In comparison to previous models, the model presented here couples, for the first time, transport phenomena in the flow channel with hindered diffusive transport and reactions inside the hydrogel. Simulated experiments based on this model, and two simpler models extant in the literature, are used to identify cases under which the detailed model is essential for accurate prediction of kinetic parameters. It is shown that this model can substantially improve the accuracy of kinetic parameter estimation when transport limitations in the flow channel and/or the hydrogel significantly influence the observed instrument response curves. The model can extend the range of the instrument's applicability to higher concentrations of immobilized species within the hydrogel. It can also be used for accurate design of experiments with the purpose of minimizing errors in the estimation of the kinetic parameters.
Influence of Ambient Air Temperature on the Cooling/Heating Load of a Single Cell Protein Jacketed Fermenter Operating on Cheese Whey under Continuous Conditions
Authors: Ghaly A. E. , Mahmoud N. S.
Published: September 2002

The heat generated by mixing and lactose metabolism, during the continuous production of single cell protein from cheese whey lactose using a jacketed fermenter with running cooling water, was calculated using a heat balance equation. The technique quantified the heat produced in and lost from the fermentation unit. Most of the heat generated by mixing in the cell‐free system (97.47%) was lost with exhaust gas, while a very small amount (2.53%) was lost through the fermenter lid, wall, and bottom. The heat generated by mixing was significant (26.31% of the total heat generated in the fermentation system with an active yeast population present) and, therefore, cannot be ignored in heat balance calculations. About 19.71% of the total heat generated in the reactor was lost through the coolant at an ambient temperature of 22 ± 0.5 °C, showing the need for a cooling system. A yeast population size of 986 million cells/mL and a lactose removal efficiency of 95.6% were observed. About 72.5% and 27.5% of the lactose consumed were used for growth and respiration, respectively. A yield of 0.66 g of cells/g of lactose was achieved. The heat released by unit biomass was 7.05 kJ/g of cells. The results showed the significant impact of ambient air temperature on the cooling load. The heat to be removed from the medium by the cooling system varied from 3.46 to 281.56 kJ/h when the temperature increased from 16 to 30 °C. A heating system is needed to maintain the medium temperature at 34 °C when the ambient air temperature is below 16 °C.
Polyelectrolyte‐Coated Ion Exchangers for Cell‐Resistant Expanded Bed Adsorption
Authors: Dainiak Maria B. , Galaev Igor Yu. , Mattiasson Bo
Published: September 2002

Adsorption chromatography in expanded beds is a widely used technology for direct capture of target proteins from fermentation broths. However, in many cases this method cannot be applied as a result of the strong tendency of cells or cell debris to interact with the adsorbent beads. To prevent contamination of the expanded bed with the biomass, STREAMLINE DEAE, anion exchanger designed for expanded bed adsorption, was modified with a layer of poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). The shielding layer of polyelectrolyte was attached to the surface of the matrix beads via electrostatic interactions. PAA with a high degree of polymerization was chosen to prevent diffusion of large polymer molecules into the pores of adsorbent. Thus, the shielding layer of PAA was adsorbed only at the mouth of the pores of STREAMLINE DEAE beads and only marginally decreased the binding capacity of the ion exchanger for bovine serum albumin, the model protein in this study. PAA‐coated STREAMLINE DEAE practically did not interact with yeast cells, which otherwise bound strongly to the native adsorbent at neutral conditions. Cell‐resistant PAA‐coated anion exchanger was successfully used for isolation of BSA from the model protein mixture containing BSA, lysozyme (positively charged at applied conditions), and yeast cells. The layer of PAA was stable under mild elution conditions, and the modified adsorbent could be used in the repeated purification cycles.
Biological Conversion of Anglesite (PbSO4) and Lead Waste from Spent Car Batteries to Galena (PbS)
Authors: Weijma Jan , de Hoop Klaas , Bosma Wobby , Dijkman Henk
Published: September 2002

Lead paste, a solid mixture containing PbSO4, PbO2, PbO/Pb(OH)2precipitate, and elemental Pb, is one of the main waste fractions from spent car batteries. Biological sulfidation represents a new process for recovery of lead from this waste. In this process the lead salts in lead paste are converted to galena (PbS) by sulfate‐reducing bacteria. This paper investigates a continuous process for sulfidation of anglesite (PbSO4), the main constituent of lead paste, and lead paste, consisting of a laboratory‐scale gas‐lift bioreactor to which a slurry of anglesite or lead paste was supplied. Sulfate or elemental sulfur was added as an additional sulfur source. Hydrogen gas served as an electron donor for the biological reduction of sulfate and elemental sulfur to sulfide by sulfate‐ and sulfur‐reducing bacteria. Anglesite was almost completely converted to galena at a loading rate of 19 kg of PbSO4m−3day−1, producing a sludge of which the crystalline lead phases consisted of >98% PbS (galena) and 1–2% elemental Pb. With lead paste, stable sulfidation rates of up to 17 kg of lead paste m−3day−1were demonstrated, producing a sludge of which the crystalline lead phases consisted of an estimated >96% PbS, 1–2% elemental Pb, and 1–2% PbO2.
New field of impact research looks to the oceans
Authors: Gersonde Rainer , Deutsch Alexander
Published: September 2002

Only 13% of the approximately 165 known terrestrial impact structures have been identified as originating in marine environments. Except for one marine impact that was discovered in a deep sea basin (Figure 1, Table 1), most of the marine impacts have been reported from shallow water marginal or epicontinental seas where characteristic craterform structures developed. Unlike continental impacts, an oceanic impact would generate megatsunamis that could potentially devastate coastlines, destroying coral reefs, destabilizing shelf ice and shelf deposits, and causing the backwash of terrestrial matter. The ejection of large quantities of water and salt into the atmosphere might lead to depletion of the ozone shield and acidification of surface regions, and could affect the Earth's albedo and the power of greenhouse forcing.
Encyclopedia of Volcanoes
Authors: Rowe Gary L.
Published: September 2002

“A remarkable milestone.”

“The list of contributors is a who's who of volcanology”

“This is the most important volcano book of the century.”

These are but a few of the glowing accolades given in the promotional literature that accompanied the review copy of this book. What is remarkable is that the Encyclopedia ofVolcanoes lives up to its press clippings and is, indeed, a book that “will truly be the authoritative reference book on volcanology for a long time to come.” Perhaps the book's only shortcoming is that its sheer size and moderately high cost may prevent its distribution to a wider audience.
Residual land subsidence near abandoned gas fields raises concern over northern Adriatic coastland
Authors: Baú Domenico , Gambolati Giuseppe , Teatini Pietro
Published: September 2002

Many gas fields have been detected in the Northern Adriatic basin in the last 50 years. Gas production began in the early 1950s, and today some of the reservoirs are depleted. Other fields are currently under production or awaiting development in the near future (Figure 1a). One major environmental consequence of withdrawing gas from the ground is land subsidence. This can be a matter of great concern if the field is located below or close to low‐lying and densely urbanized coastal areas. A ground elevation loss of only a few centimeters in these areas can enhance the ingress of sea water inland and expose the shore to flooding during high tides and severe storm events (Figure 2a).
Red planet portraits
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: September 2002

More than 25,000 images of Mars taken by cameras aboard the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) were released and made available to the public over the Internet on May 22. The archive of MGS images now covers a period that spans one Mars year—687 Earth days—according to NASA.

“These are exciting times for Mars scientists, and this release of images is in my opinion something unprecedented in the Mars science business,” said Ken Edgett, staff scientist at Malin Space Science Systems, San Diego, Califomia. The company built and operates the Mars Global Surveyor camera system. “People everywhere with Internet access will be able to take their own personal journey of exploration and discover Mars via these pictures. They can experience them the same way that Mars Global Surveyor scientists do—one at a time, no captions or explanations, just ‘Here it is. What does it show me?”’
NOy partitioning from measurements of nitrogen and hydrogen radicals in the upper troposphere
Authors: Keim E. R. , McKeen S. A. , Gao R. S. , Donnelly S. G. , Wamsley R. C. , Del Negro L. A. , Fahey D. W. , Hanisco T. F. , Lanzendorf E. J. , Proffitt M. H. , Margitan J. J. , Hintsa E. J. , Jaeglé L. , Webster C. R. , May R. D. , Scott D. C. , Salawitch R. J. , Wilson J. C. , McElroy C. T. , Atlas E. L. , Flocke F. , Bui T. P.
Published: September 2002

Recent studies using NO, NOy, OH and HO2 (HOx) observations have postulated acetone and convection of peroxides as significant sources of HOx in the upper troposphere (UT). This work focuses on the effect these additional HOx sources have on the modeled NOy partitioning and comparisons of the modeled NOx/NOy ratio to observations. The measured NOx/NOy ratio is usually much higher than predicted regardless of the presence of acetone in the model. The exception occurs for air parcels having low NOy and O3 values. For these air parcels the measured NOx/NOy ratio is much lower than the calculated ratio unless acetone is included in the model. In all cases acetone increases the fraction of NOy that is peroxy acetyl nitrate (PAN) from typical values of much less than 0.1 to values as high as 0.35. Including acetone also reduces the scatter in a comparison between modeled and observed NOx/NOy ratios.
The weakness of earthquake faults
Authors: Mora Peter , Place David
Published: September 2002

Numerical experiments using the particle based lattice solid model produce simulated earthquakes. Model faults with a thin gouge layer are sufficiently weak relative to those without gouge to explain the heat flow paradox (HFP). Stress drop statistics are in agreement with field estimates. Models with a thick granular fault zone exhibit a strong evolution effect. Results are initially similar to those of laboratory experiments but after a sufficient time, the system self‐organizes into a weak state. The long time required for self‐organization could explain why weak gouge has not been observed in the laboratory. The new results suggest an HFP explanation without the so called “fatal flaws” of previously proposed solutions. They demonstrate that fault friction potentially undergoes a strong evolution effect and could be dependent on gouge microstructure. This raises questions about the extent to which laboratory derived “friction laws” can be used in macroscopic domain earthquake simulation studies.
El Niño/La Niña and Sahel precipitation during the Middle Holocene
Authors: Otto‐Bliesner Bette L.
Published: September 2002

Simulations with a synchronously coupled atmosphere‐land‐ocean‐sea ice model indicate El Niño/La Niña‐like events in the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean during the middle Holocene (6 ka) with similar intensities and frequencies as at present (0 ka). July‐August‐September Sahel precipitation shifts northward as expected from proxy data. For present‐day, interannual‐decadal variability of western Sahel precipitation is correlated with both Pacific El Niño/La Niña sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies and the Atlantic dipole. Teleconnections at 6 ka between Sahel precipitation and El Niño/La Niña SST anomalies are absent with tropical Atlantic SSTs asserting a dominant influence. These results illustrate potential problems with using present‐day teleconnection patterns in interpreting past climate variability from proxy data.
Preliminary activity of Leonid meteor storm observed with a video camera in 1997
Authors: Kinoshita Masao , Maruyama Takuya , Sagayama Toru
Published: September 2002

Optical meteor observations were carried out in Mauna Kea, Hawaii, in November 1997, in order to investigate the activity of Leonid shower under strong moon shine. We report a spectacular event of a meteor burst, with 100–150 meteors in only two seconds, observed at the time of descending node of the comet at 13:31 UT on November 17, 1997. From a preliminary analysis, the spread of the meteors in the orbit are estimated to be approximately 100 km along the trajectory and 50 km in the lateral direction. This observed meteor rate is comparable to the maximum hourly rate reported in 1966. The video camera observation shown here can be very useful for observations during the forthcoming strong Leonid meteor storm.
Footprints of lobe reconnection observed in ionospheric electron density under steady northward IMF
Authors: Pryse S. E. , Smith A. M. , Moen J. , Lorentzen D. A.
Published: September 2002

The paper focuses on ionospheric signatures of lobe reconnection near magnetic noon under steady northward IMF. Enhanced Type 2 aurora observed by a meridian scanning photometer and reverse ion energy dispersion measured during a DMSP satellite pass provide evidence for the reconnection. Tomographic imaging of the spatial plasma distribution reveals key footprints of the processes, including the location of the adiaroic boundary separating the lobe cells from the closed LLBL precipitation, the dispersion of precipitating soft ions along sunward convecting field lines, and the possible presence of a Birkeland current sheet at the adiaroic boundary. The chain of ionospheric tomography receivers from Tromsø to Svalbard provides a powerful tool for investigation of the ionospheric response to magnetospheric boundary layer processes and their coupling to the ionosphere.
Anomalies of precipitable water vapour and vertical stability during El Nino
Authors: Nanjundiah Ravi S. , Srinivasan J.
Published: September 2002

The vertical stability of the troposphere has been shown to play an important role in the evolution of El Nino. The changes in vertical moist stability is correlated with changes in the precipitable water vapor. The precipitable water vapor in the east Pacific is larger than that in the west Pacific during El Nino events and hence the east Pacific is more unstable than the west Pacific. This promotes the formation of deep clouds and rainfall in the east Pacific instead of the west Pacific.
Pollutants from the Gulf War serve as water mass tracer in the Arabian Sea
Authors: Plähn Olaf , Rhein Monika , Fine Rana A. , Sullivan Kevin F.
Published: September 2002

In 1995, concentrations of the chlorofluorocarbon compound CFC‐12 in the outflow water from the Persian Gulf were 8–40 fold higher than normally caused by air‐sea gas exchange. At that time, the anomaly was restricted to the Gulf of Oman north of 20°N, while in 1998 the signal had spread southwestward to 12°N. The sources of this CFC‐12 input of about 6400 kg are most likely the fire extinguishers and solvents used during and after the Gulf War in 1991. This CFC‐12 signal is a new feature of the Persian Gulf Water (PGW) which can be used to track and quantify the spreading and dilution of PGW in the northern Indian Ocean. The contaminated PGW spreads southward with a mean velocity of 0.02–0.025 m s−1. At 20°N, the anomaly is diluted by a factor of more than two, and east of the island Socotra by a factor of four. A mean transport of less than 0.5·106 m³ s−1 is calculated for PGW assuming a mean dilution rate of 30% from the source signal in the Gulf of Oman to the western Arabian Sea.
Pervasive pressure‐solution transfer: A poro‐visco‐plastic model
Authors: Revil A.
Published: September 2002

Stressed quartz sand saturated by water can deform by matter transport through the water phase (pressure solution). This process is modeled by a poro‐visco‐plastic (Voigt‐type) rheology. A characteristic time constant characterizes the transition between Newtonian viscous densification and poro‐plastic deformations. For short‐time scales, the viscous densification is either controlled by interface kinetic or by the diffusivity of the solute Si(OH)4 at the grain contacts. For long‐time scales, the poro‐plastic rheology corresponds to a thermodynamic equilibrium at the grain contacts.
Solar‐induced versus internal variability in a coupled climate model
Authors: Drijfhout S. S. , Haarsma R. J. , Opsteegh J. D. , Selten F. M.
Published: September 2002

A series of experiments is conducted in which a variable solar irradiance is imposed for a range of frequencies and amplitudes in a simplified coupled General Circulation Model. For realistic amplitudes solar forcing dominates over internal variability in global mean surface air temperature (GM‐SAT) beyond decadal timescales. Its impact increases with period up to 50 years. Evidence is found for interactions between climate variations with different timescales. A weak 22‐yr solar irradiance variation excites a significant spectral peak with a 70‐yr period in GM‐SAT. On the regional‐scale the internal variability dominates at all timescales. Patterns of internal variability and their associated variance are robust for a variable solar forcing. The temporal spectra, however, are sensitive to such forcing. Some preferred decadal timescales of the internal modes of the coupled system disappear when the solar forcing varies.
Isentropic advection by gravity waves: Quasi‐universal M−3 vertical wavenumber spectra near the onset of instability
Authors: Eckermann Stephen D.
Published: September 2002

A two‐dimensional model was used to advect air parcels under the influence of a linear superposition of hydrostatic gravity waves. As wave amplitudes increased, vertically profiled wave perturbations became nonsinusoidal, producing increased spectral power at large wavenumbers M. At saturation amplitudes just before onset of convective instabilities, these “tail spectra” assumed universal M−3 shapes, similar to observed spectra in the atmosphere and oceans.
Interannual warm and cool events in the subtropical/mid‐latitude South Indian Ocean Region
Authors: Reason C. J. C.
Published: September 2002

Interannual warm and cool events in the subtropical / mid‐latitude South Indian Ocean region, that are not associated with extreme phases of the El Niño Southern Oscillation, are examined. During these events, there tend to be periods of significantly anomalous rainfall in large parts of southern Africa. Typically, the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies become significant during the austral autumn of the first calendar year of the event, and dissipate during the spring of the following year. Examination of cloud cover and near‐surface winds suggests that atmospheric forcing may contribute towards the SST anomalies, via changes in insolation and wind‐driven upper ocean mixing and surface fluxes.
An attempt to retrieve low cloud motion winds over land in the African Monsoon flow on Meteosat pictures
Authors: Désalmand Françoise , Szantai André , Desbois Michel
Published: September 2002

It has been possible to extract cloud motion winds corresponding to the African monsoon flow during the rainy season over land from the set of all cloud wind vectors provided by a crude cloud tracking method on VIS Meteosat pictures. The selection cannot be based only on IR radiances, due to the presence of semi‐transparent clouds and partial coverages of the pixels. Several tests have been proposed with an additional selection, based on the analysis of the histogram of cloud motion directions. Cloud motion winds obtained on VIS pictures are clearly separated in this diagram and justify the selection of a direction range where only clouds embedded in the monsoon flow are tracked. These winds are also validated by comparisons with NCEP analysed fields.
The pressure medium as a solid‐state oxygen buffer
Authors: Dobson David P. , Brodholt John P.
Published: September 2002

We present a simple method to buffer oxygen fugacity at high pressures and high temperatures where the traditional ‘double capsule’ method is inappropriate. The pressure medium is doped with a metal which partially reacts with the free oxygen in the pore spaces of the cell. The resultant finely intergrown metal‐metal oxide assemblage buffers the oxygen fugacity in the sample as long as the capsule and furnace materials are oxygen permeable.
Melting boundary of Fe‐17%Si up to 5.5 GPa and the timing of core formation
Authors: Yang Haitao , Secco Richard A.
Published: September 2002

Melting of Fe‐17wt%Si has been investigated at temperatures up to 1600°C and pressures up to 5.5 GPa in a cubic anvil press. The melting temperature, TM, was identified with the discontinuity in temperature and pressure dependence of electrical resistance. Two types of electrode materials, Pt and Fe, were used and gave consistent melting results. TM increases with pressure from 1200°C at 1 atm to 1430°C at 5.5 GPa. dTM/dP decreases with pressure and reaches a value of zero at P∼5 GPa. Combined with the thermal profiles of the proto‐Earth, the pressure independence of the melting boundary of Fe‐17%Si at the highest pressures of this study suggests core formation began early in Earth accretion with a substantial liquid metal phase fraction between 30 Ma and 42 Ma.
Do faults trigger folding in the lithosphere?
Authors: Gerbault Muriel , Burov Eugenii B. , Poliakov Alexei N. B. , Daignières Marc
Published: September 2002

A number of observations reveal large periodic undulations within the oceanic and continental lithospheres. The question if these observations are the result of large‐scale compressive instabilities, i.e. buckling, remains open. In this study, we support the buckling hypothesis by direct numerical modeling. We compare our results with the data on three most proeminent cases of the oceanic and continental folding‐like deformation (Indian Ocean, Western Gobi (Central Asia) and Central Australia). We demonstrate that under reasonable tectonic stresses, folds can develop from brittle faults cutting through the brittle parts of a lithosphere. The predicted wavelengths and finite growth rates are in agreement with observations. We also show that within a continental lithosphere with thermal age greater than 400 My, either a bi‐harmonic mode (two superimposed wavelengths, crustal and mantle one) or a coupled mode (mono‐layer deformation) of inelastic folding can develop, depending on the strength and thickness of the lower crust.