bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International Migration, International Relations and Foreign Policy
Authors: Mitchell Christopher
Published: June 2018

Recent literature on migration, international relations and foreign policy is reviewed in this article, stressing applications of global systems paradigms, studies of state entry and exit rules, and anatomies of domestic policy-setting processes on migration. After a concise assessment of the contemporary theory of global political economy, the paper argues for seeking midrange generalizations on the international relations of migration. It also suggests that analysis begin with the policy-setting processes of the state. Especially through the use of comparative perspectives available from domestic policymaking studies and from the field of international comparative public policy, this approach offers the opportunity to fix empirically the political roles of transnational social forces, which often present themselves as participants in domestic policy contests. Promising future directions in the study of state-to-state relations are also evaluated, with the anticipation that verifying regional or other intermediate patterns of world migration politics may contribute to more general theories of international political economy.
Sponsors, Sponsorship Rates and the Immigration Multiplier
Authors: Jasso Guillermina , Rosenzweig Mark R.
Published: June 2018

This article reviews the evidence pertaining to the extent to which U.S. immigrants actually make use of the family reunification entitlements of United States immigration laws, examining the two available studies which are based on probability samples of immigrant entry cohorts. It then provides new estimates of the characteristics of the U.S. citizen sponsors of immigrant spouses and parents. The first study examined, the 1986 Jasso-Rosenzweig study of the FY 1971 immigrant cohort, suggests that the multiplier — the total number of immigrants brought in by one original immigrant — is far less than its potential size but is not trivial. The 1988 General Accounting Office (GAO) report based on the FY 1985 immigrant cohort indicates that 1) the propensity to sponsor new immigrants is substantially higher for immigrants than for native born citizens and that 2) immigrant sponsors of new immigrants tend to petition as soon as they are able to do so according to the law. With respect to the characteristics of sponsors, analysis of the information in the GAO report indicates that 80 percent of the persons who immigrated in FY 1985 as the spouses of U.S. citizens were sponsored by native born U.S. citizens. In contrast, native born U.S. citizens sponsored only five percent of the parent immigrants. Additional findings on the country of origin and sex of the sponsored immigrants are presented.
Factors in the Residential Choices of Self-Settled Afghan Refugees in Peshawar, Pakistan
Authors: Connor Kerry M.
Published: June 2018

Previous research indicated that settlement behaviors of refugees and rural-to-urban migrants in Third World contexts are influenced by: 1) geographic origins, 2) ethnicity, 3) education level, 4) employment background, 5) political involvement, 6) dates of departure from the homeland and 7) reasons for leaving. This research evaluates the influence of these factors on residential choices of Afghan refugees self-settled in Peshawar, Pakistan. The data indicated that ethnogeographic ties, political involvement, and lack of political activity had been most affective in motivating residential associations and disassociations. Other variables were related to ethnicity, origins and status and, thus, did not influence directly residential choices.
Racial and Ethnic Inequality in the United States, 1940 and 1950: The Impact of Geographic Location and Human Capital
Authors: Hirschman Charles , Kraly Ellen Percy
Published: June 2018

From the newly released 1940 and 1950 Census PUMS (Public Use Microdata Sample) files, this study analyzes male occupational stratification for 35 ethnic populations, defined by “race” and national origins (foreign birthplace or parental birthplace). While racial and Spanish origin minorities had average occupational statuses (scored by Duncan's Socioeconomic Index) far below that of NWNP (Native White of Native Parentage) men, most European ethnics, especially second generation men, were equal to or only slightly below the majority population in 1940 and 1950. A detailed labor market classification of 266 geographic areas did not prove to be a powerful mediating variable in the process of ethnic occupational stratification. Higher education attainments of northern born black men did not help them escape from low status occupations.
Between Hearth and Labor Market: The Recruitment of Peasant Women in the Andes
Authors: Radcliffe Sarah A.
Published: June 2018

Andean peasant women are recruited into varied types of work both in rural and urban areas. Recruiting agents (enganchadores) and family members are particularly important in placing the women in labor markets (ranging from the cities to the jungle) external to the peasant villages. However, recruitment into waged labor is contingent upon the role played by female labor in the maintenance of the rural household: the ages at which highland women migrate is conditioned by the sexual division of labor in the domestic unit. Recruitment into migration is thus an outcome of the interaction between the structure of labor markets and the division of labor within the peasant household.
Development and Return Migration to Rural French Polynesia
Authors: Lockwood Victoria S.
Published: June 2018

In this article, a recent trend towards return migration to outer island French Polynesia is examined. Following a discussion of massive rural to urban migration throughout island Oceania, the regional and international factors responsible for reversing population movements in this French Territory are discussed. Finally, the impact of return migration on Tubuai, a rapidly developing outer island, is assessed specifically analyzing the manner in which returnees are reintegrated socially and economically into rural community life. The article concludes that returnees are development-oriented, but that increasing population growth in a context of fundamentally limited rural resources is not an economically viable process in the long term.
The Distribution of the Overseas Chinese in the Contemporary World
Authors: Poston Dudley L. , Yu Mei-Yu
Published: June 2018

This article examines the distribution of the overseas Chinese in the contemporary world. Data are analyzed on the numbers of overseas Chinese in six continents and in more than 130 countries and areas from the end of the 1940s to the early 1980s. In the circa 1980 period, there were between 26.8 million and 27.5 million overseas Chinese. Also, the data indicate that the overseas Chinese population has steadily increased in recent decades. The overseas Chinese now live in almost all parts of the world. Although their distribution is widespread, it is uneven. Changes in the magnitude of the overseas Chinese population are affected by Chinese international migration patterns and by overseas Chinese mortality and fertility. These demographic processes are discussed in the context of overseas Chinese migration.
Population Movement in Zhejiang Province, China: The Impact of Government Policies
Authors: Yang Xiushi , Goldstein Sidney
Published: June 2018

China's urbanization policies include strict control of permanent migration to large cities, but encourage the growth of small cities and towns. Concurrently, temporary migration is widely permitted as a way to stimulate commerce. Data for Zhejiang province indicate that permanent mobility is largely directed toward urban places, that towns gain more than cities and that rural areas experience migration losses. Permanent migrants to urban places are selective of the better educated. Temporary migration is also urban directed but greater in volume than permanent migration, and places considerable strain on urban infrastructure. Government policies are a key to understanding the migration streams and migrant characteristics. The considerable net movement into cities suggests that strict control of city growth is more difficult to achieve than envisaged by policymakers.
Migration in a Small Semiperiphery: The Movement of Puerto Ricans and Dominicans
Authors: Baerga María del Carmen , Thompson Lanny
Published: June 2018

This article argues that the semiperipheral development of Puerto Rico since around 1975 has led to the creation of a relative labor surplus in the formal sectors of the economy while at the same time increasing the demand for cheap labor in the informal service sector. Thus, Puerto Ricans leave their country in search of good jobs in the United States while Dominicans migrate to Puerto Rico and find work in the informal sector. The return migration of Puerto Ricans has also been significant, but is due to their strong national culture, rather than economic reasons. The article concludes that migration to and from Puerto Rico is of a semiperipheral type because it combines characteristics of migration previously described as “migration from the periphery to the center” and “migration within the periphery.” A precise definition of the semiperipheral characteristics of Puerto Rico is given.
Welcome Some and Reject Others: Constraints and Interests Influencing Costa Rican Policies on Refugees
Authors: Basok Tanya
Published: June 2018

This article compares policies toward Salvadorean and Nicaraguan refugees adopted by the Costa Rican government between 1980 and 1989. It examines the differences in treatment of the two groups in the light of four explanatory factors: 1) economic conditions in the host country; 2) the Costa Rican foreign policy interests; 3) national security concerns; and 4) attitudes expressed by the Costa Rican public toward the two refugee groups. It is argued that economic conditions, security concerns and public responses shaped policies toward Salvadorean refugees. Treatment of Nicaraguans, on the other hand, was influenced primarily by the nature of external relations between Costa Rica, Nicaragua and the United States.
Immigration and Living Arrangements: Elderly Women in Canada
Authors: Boyd Monica
Published: June 2018

The foreign-born elderly in Canada include persons who immigrated as young adults but have now grown old, as well as persons who have immigrated late in life, usually under the auspices of family reunification. Considerable diversity exists among the elderly as a result of these echoes of past and current migration flows. Yet, the implication of such diversity has not been extensively researched. This article examines variation in living with family among the elderly by age-at-immigration groups. Previously married elderly women who arrived as children or as young adults are less likely than other groups, including the native born, to live with family. The percentage living with family instead of living alone or with a nonrelative is highest for women immigrating at age 65 or later. Socioeconomic correlates of these patterns are examined.
Secondary Earner Strategies and Family Poverty: Immigrant-native Differentials, 1960–1980
Authors: Jensen Leif
Published: June 2018

Since the mid-1960s, the United States has witnessed a new wave of immigration that has been characterized by dramatic increases in both the number of new arrivals entering to be reunited with kin and the flows from Asian and Latin American countries. The new immigration has given rise to concern that the United States is welcoming far too many people destined for the bottom of the socioeconomic ladder. These fears run contrary to the traditional image of immigrants as being willing to make sacrifices via labor force commitment in order to prosper economically. To address these issues, this article studies immigrant-native differentials in the ability of secondary earners (family earners other than the family head) to lift families out of poverty. Using both descriptive and multivariate techniques to analyze the 1960, 1970 and 1980 U.S. Census Public Use Samples, it compares immigrant and native families among four key race groups: white, black, Hispanic and Asian. It is shown that the ameliorative impact of secondary earners is greater for immigrant than native families; that this generalization holds for whites, blacks and Hispanics but not Asians; and that the immigrant advantage in ameliorative effects vis-a-vis natives declined noticeably over the 1960–1980 period for all but Asian families. The implications of these results for the overall trend in poverty among immigrants is discussed.
Cultural Endowment, Disadvantaged Status and Economic Niche: The Development of an Ethnic Trade
Authors: Tsukashima Ronald Tadao
Published: June 2018

Japanese-American immigrants have developed, and at times have dominated, niches in the economy. Operating as a one-man business, the yard care worker (or maintenance gardener) is one telling case. Culturally rooted agricultural know-how and ethnic solidarity along common prefectural lines contributed to the growth of the ethnic trade. By closing options in the market, host hostility exacerbated ethnic fixations. Although marginal early on, the Japanese gardener became entrenched until such time that the succeeding generation, far better educated, moved out and up.
The Integration of Muslim Minorities in the Netherlands
Authors: Shadid W. A.
Published: June 2018

Due to factors such as the permanent presence of nearly 400,000 Muslims in the Netherlands (3% of the total population), the interest of broader societal circles in Islam has been evoked. The government strives to integrate these minorities into the “multicultural” society. In spite of the Dutch “pillarization system” and the fact that the constitution grants freedom of religion, several structural barriers inherent to the groups concerned, as well as to Dutch society, impede this integration process. Due to these obstacles, the emergence of a “Dutch Islam,” as well as of important fundamentalist groups among Muslims in the Netherlands, are not to be expected in the future. Furthermore, the accomplished changes in the Dutch regulations and guidelines in favor of Muslims indicate a disbalance between the pace of integration in the juridical sphere on the one hand and in the socioeconomic sphere on the other. The flexibility in the juridical sphere is mainly due to the pillarization system, while socioeconomic integration of Muslims in Dutch society is impeded by the existing prejudice and discrimination.
Comparative Studies of Migration and Exclusion on the Grounds of “Race” and Ethnic Background in Western Europe: A Critical Appraisal
Authors: Bovenkerk Frank , Miles Robert , Verbunt Gilles
Published: June 2018

Comparative studies of migration into Western Europe and of the expression of racism within the various countries of Western Europe have become increasingly common. These can be divided into three relatively distinct categories on the basis of their intentions and objectives. However, they all share the weakness of being unable to explain both the commonality and the specificity of migration flows and the political and ideological character of the reaction to these migrations. Hence, they highlight the need for an alternative methodology and theoretical framework for such comparative analysis.
Asian Women Workers in Kuwait
Authors: Shah Nasra M. , Al-Qudsi Sulayman S. , Shah Makhdoom A.
Published: June 2018

As a percentage of the female expatriate labor force in Kuwait, Asians increased from 13 percent in 1965 to 68 percent in 1985. A major reason for this is the increase in domestic servants, especially in Kuwaiti households, 62 percent having at least one servant. Maids come mainly from Sri Lanka, India and the Philippines. A majority are married, aged 20–39 and earn KD 39 (US$130) a month. Some are faced with horrific living conditions. In contrast, the professional and clerical females earn KD242 (US$800). Regression analysis indicates the wage differentials between Asian and national women to be significant and indicative of discrimination.
Dual Chain Migration: Post-1965 Filipino Immigration to the United States
Authors: Liu John M. , Ong Paul M. , Rosenstein Carolyn
Published: June 2018

Since 1965, there have been two chains or patterns of emigration from the Philippines, the largest source of Asian immigration to the United States. This study analyzes the modes of entry used by each chain to determine their effects on the composition of subsequent Filipino immigration and on the strategies pursued by sponsors in both chains. It also examines the persistence of these chains over time and their consequences for Filipino community development in the United States. Data were obtained from the U.S. Census as well as from the Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) annual reports and from INS microdata tapes from 1972 to 1985. The latter source permits the examination of relationships previously inaccessible in INS published material. Results indicate that 1) although each chain initially relied upon different modes of entry, succeeding cohorts in both chains have come to rely upon similar modes of admission because of the heavy emphasis on family reunification within the 1965 Immigration Act; 2) the basis of occupational immigration has changed from the third to the sixth preference with correspondingly greater use of the adjustment process; and 3) differences in the socioeconomic composition of each chain persist and are reflected in contemporary Filipino American community development.
Refugee Adaptation and Community Structure: The Indochinese in Quebec City, Canada
Authors: Dorais Louis-Jacques
Published: June 2018

This article shows how, despite differences in their economic integration, the Vietnamese, Cambodians and Loatians now living in the Quebec City area (Canada) have established, over the last ten to fifteen years, three distinct ethnic communities. It also explains how the specific structure of each community is either linked to the presence, among refugees, of relatively well-educated and economically successful individuals or to the activation of core cultural values, such as religion and sustained interpersonal relations. A limited comparison with other Indochinese communities puts into light some particulars and commonalities of the Quebec case.
The International Convention on the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families in the Context of International Migration Policies: An Analysis of Ten Years of Negotiation
Authors: Lönnroth Juhani
Published: June 2018

This article is an effort, by one of the drafters, to analyze the factors affecting the creation of a new international instrument, like the UN Convention on Migrant Workers. The analysis may be characterized as “participative sociology.” The factors chosen for the analysis are: the effects of the time span of drafting upon the content and structure of the instrument; the effects of the migratory phenomenon and the resulting political context; the effects of the method of work upon the drafting process; the nature of the UN as the forum for negotiation; the effects of the participating personalities; and the effects of the vested “national interests.” Through illustrative examples, comparative analysis and a juxtaposition of the various factors, the complexity of the process and of the instrument itself may be better understood and some generalizations can be drawn with respect to similar drafting processes of international legal instruments. In the conclusion, the most significant features of the Convention are summarized.
Part II: Interpreting the Convention: Human Rights, State Sovereignty and the Protection of Undocumented Migrants under the International Migrant Workers Convention
Authors: Bosniak Linda S.
Published: June 2018

Pursuant to the international legal principle of territorial sovereignty, states possess extensive authority to control the ingress of foreigners into their territory, but the presence of tens of millions of irregular migrants around the world reveals that states often fail to exercise such control in practice. As a result, international society is faced with the need to establish standards of appropriate treatment for irregular migrants who are present within the territory of receiving states. In view of the precarious social condition of these individuals, the need for human rights protections in this context is particularly urgent, but the interests of states in territorial sovereignty are also at stake. The International Convention seeks to accommodate these competing concerns by providing human rights protections to undocumented migrants which are substantial but less extensive than those provided to documented migrants, and through ensuring states’ continuing authority in the spheres of immigration control and national “membership policy.” The article concludes that, despite the unmistakable normative value of many of the Convention's protective provisions, the Convention's ability to substantially ameliorate the human rights situation of irregular migrants is significantly constrained by its overriding commitment to the norms and structures of sovereign statehood.

[W]hile the international legal protection afforded to aliens is on [the] one hand an inchoate expression of human similarities which cannot be denied, it is simultaneously an expression of national differences which are equally beyond question. (Morgan, 1988:142)
Part III: Prospects for and Barriers to Implementation: Case Studies: The UN Convention and the European Instruments for the Protection of the Migrants
Authors: Kojanec Giovanni
Published: June 2018

Two different situations concerning migration are present in Western Europe today: the EEC system and the framework of rules established independently of that system by specific treaties.

The EEC regulations are based on the principle of freedom of movement, stay and work for nationals of a member state in the territory of all other member states, equality of treatment with nationals of the host country being strictly applicable.

Outside the Community context, a number of multilateral treaties between member states of the Council of Europe, whose rules have been developed mainly on the basis of principles established by ILO Conventions, are in force, all inspired by the following guiding principles: safeguarding the right of each state to decide on the admission of foreign immigrants; affirming the guarantee of equal treatment to immigrants legally admitted and limiting the application of said rules to nationals of the contracting parties. Basic civil and political rights are protected, independently of nationality, with regard to every person within the jurisdiction of states parties to the European Convention on Human Rights.

Consequently, the UN Convention is essentially relevant for those migrant workers present in Europe who are nationals of those states not members of the EEC or not parties to those European conventions. Particularly important are the provisions concerning irregular migrations.
Using the New Migrant Workers’ Rights Convention
Authors: Niessen Jan , Taran Patrick A.
Published: June 2018

The International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families is a valuable instrument both to bring about recognition of the human rights of migrants and to uphold or defend such rights in practice. Nonetheless, migrants’ associations and organizations in support of migrants tend to underestimate the significance of international conventions. Compared with the demands they put forward conventions offer too little. However, experience has shown that international conventions can be used successfully to defend migrants’ rights. In this article, suggestions are made as to how nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) can use this new Convention.
The New International Convention: A Moroccan Perspective
Authors: Boudahrain Abdellah
Published: June 2018

The Convention is examined from the triple perspective of its conclusions, the content of its provisions and their likely effects on protections proffered migrants and their families. It is argued that the Convention is unlikely to improve substantially upon protection over and beyond that offered by existing instruments, particularly those of the International Labour Organization (ILO). The major reasons for this are the retention of a wide scope of discretion by sovereign states in immigration policy matters and a world order generally poorly suited to protection of the weak and disinherited.
A Comparison of the Korean Minorities in China and Japan
Authors: Min Pyong Gap
Published: June 2018

Approximately 1.8 million Koreans are settled in China and some 700,000 Koreans are located in Japan. The Korean minorities in two neighboring Asian countries make an interesting contrast in adjustment and ethnicity. Whereas the Koreans in China have maintained high levels of ethnic autonomy and positive ethnic identity, the Korean Japanese have lost much of their cultural repertoire and have suffered from negative ethnic identity. This paper provides a comparative analysis, explaining why the Koreans in two countries have made the different adjustments. It focuses on the basic differences in minority policy between China and Japan, the difference in the context of migration, the existence or absence of a territorial base, and the differential levels of influence from Korea. This comparative analysis is theoretically valuable because it has demonstrated that the physical and cultural differences between the majority group and a minority group are not necessary conditions for prejudice and discrimination against the minority group.
Caribbean Migration to Puerto Rico: A Comparison of Cubans and Dominicans
Authors: Duany Jorge
Published: June 2018

Cuban and Dominican migration to Puerto Rico is a recent example of the intra-Caribbean movements initiated over 200 years ago. This article argues that migration within the Caribbean is as important as migration outside the region. To begin, the historical literature shows that intra-Caribbean migration preceded the movement to North America and Europe. Furthermore, migration within the region has always been heterogeneous in its socioeconomic composition and motivations. The present essay examines the similarities and differences between Cubans and Dominicans in Puerto Rico. Its objectives are to determine the magnitude of the flows, describe the migrants’ residential patterns, analyze their mode of incorporation into the labor market, assess their socioeconomic origins, and evaluate their reasons for migrating. The article concludes that intra-Caribbean migration continues to provide a significant avenue for social mobility within the region.
Assimilation, Disruption and the Fertility of Mexican-Origin Women in the United States
Authors: Stephen Elizabeth Hervey , Bean Frank D.
Published: June 2018

This research uses 1970 and 1980 Census data to test hypotheses about the effects of adaptation, assimilation and disruption on the fertility of Mexican-origin women. In the absence of longitudinal or life history data, the kinds of forces affecting immigrant group fertility can be inferred by: 1) examining the degree to which Mexican-origin women disaggregated by nativity or generational groups differ in fertility behavior from non-Hispanic Whites; 2) analyzing both current and cumulative fertility; 3) comparing the fertility of nativity or generational groups disaggregated by age of women and period of immigration; and 4) conducting cohort analyses between more than one time period. The findings show evidence of both assimilation and disruption effects on reproductive behavior. Fertility is found to decline the greater the length of familial exposure to the United States and, in the case of younger groups of immigrant women, to fall below the level of U.S.-born Mexican-origin and non-Hispanic White women when other variables are held constant. These results illustrate why assimilation effects on immigrant group fertility have often not emerged in previous research. They also imply that the fertility behavior of the Mexican-origin population is likely to come to resemble that of the rest of the population the longer this group resides in the United States.
Adjustment of Immigrant Children as a Function of Parental Attitudes to Change
Authors: Aronowitz Michael
Published: June 2018

This study examined the relationship between the adjustment in school of immigrant children and their parents’ attitudes to social change and new experiences. The subjects were 51 Jewish children between the ages of six and fifteen, all born in the former Soviet Union and immigrants to the United States, and a comparison group of 51 American-born Jewish children attending the same parochial school in San Francisco. Parental attitudes to social change and new experiences were found to be significant predictors of the adjustment in school of both immigrant and native children, even when the effects of parental education, family SES, and children's age, intelligence, English language competence and immigrant/native status were held constant. Parental attitudes to social change and new experience were not found to be differentially associated with adjustment for immigrant as opposed to native children. An interaction was found between the gender of the parent holding the set of attitudes toward change and new experiences, and the differential adjustment of sons and daughters.
The Impacts of Farm Work on Health: Analyses of the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Guarnaccia Peter J. , Angel Jacqueline Lowe , Angel Ronald
Published: June 2018

Farmworkers long have been recognized as a disadvantaged group with a wide range of occupationally related health problems. A coherent picture of the major health problems faced by agricultural workers has begun to emerge. This study presents data from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES) on the effects of ever having participated in farm work on health status. Thus, it provides the first national level perspective on the health of people who have participated in farm work with a focus on Hispanics. People with farm work experience considered themselves to be in worse physical health and had experienced more work–related disabilities than other Hispanics.
Ukraine in the Context of New European Migrations
Authors: Shamshur Oleg V.
Published: June 2018

Like other Soviet successor states, the Ukraine is faced by multiple international migration-related dilemmas and opportunities. However, apocalyptic predictions forecasting mass emigration appear unwarranted. The future character of Ukrainian emigration policies is discernible in the category of those who travel for “personal reasons,” most of whom are tourists. Many tourists are looking for work abroad. Business trips constitute a second class of often concealed labor force movement. The ecological effects of the Chernobyl disaster also will be a long-term factor affecting Ukrainian emigration.
International Migrations in Europe: Polish Perspectives for the 1990s
Authors: Korcelli Piotr
Published: June 2018

This article presents estimates of the size of emigration from Poland during the 1980s as well as projections concerning the migration patterns in the 1990s. The author anticipates a contraction of the volume of population outflow by some 50 percent: from about 100,000 to about 50,000 per year, on the average. These projections are based upon the examination of the role of a number of incentives and barriers to migration, including economic, demographic and political factors. In the final section, prospects concerning immigration to Poland are briefly discussed.
Forced Migrations in Central European History
Authors: Stola Dariusz
Published: June 2018

In Central Europe, forced migrations constitute a considerable and in some countries a major part of all migratory movements in modern history. They take place now and will probably affect the future of the region. This article presents the basic information on the major Central European involuntary movements of the last 200 years. It emphasizes the first half of this century, especially the “black decade” (1939–1949)—the apogee of forced migrations. The article indicates several factors, known from the past movements, which persist or re-emerge in today's Central Europe and may have impact on future migrations.
Part III: New Perspectives on International Migration to Europe: International Comparisons and International Relations: North American Free Trade and the European Situation Compared
Authors: Weintraub Sidney
Published: June 2018

While both the EC and NAFTA are designed to provide trade preferences to the member countries, the two groupings differ markedly in other respects. The Treaty of Rome, establishing what is now the EC, consciously used economic means to foster political cohesion in Western Europe; whereas, the NAFTA negotiations seek free trade rather than more comprehensive economic integration precisely to minimize political content. The EC contains many social provisions absent from the NAFTA discussions, the most important of which is the right of migration from one EC country to another. However, migration between Mexico and the United States, both legal and undocumented, is more extensive than between any of the EC countries. This migration is unlikely to diminish in the near to medium term because of the great disparity that exists in the levels of income of the two countries. However, a reduction in the pressure to emigrate from Mexico over the long term requires sustained economic growth there, to which free trade with the United States can contribute.
Reflections on Immigration to Europe in Light of U.S. Immigration History
Authors: Archdeacon Thomas J.
Published: June 2018

Recent immigration from the south and the east has undermined the popular belief that Europe is a set of ethnically and culturally unchanging states. In response, Europeans have turned to American history for insights into managing diversity. Extrapolating from America's experience, however, requires careful analysis. The success of the United States in integrating peoples rested partly in political and socioeconomic conditions that may not hold in all places at all times. Moreover, current discussions of “multiculturalism” may be misleading in regard both to the connotations of the term and to the history of immigrant group assimilation in the United States.
Migration, International Relations and the New Europe: Theoretical Perspectives from Institutional Political Sociology
Authors: Heisler Martin O.
Published: June 2018

The transformations of the international system and the regimes of the Soviet Union's successor-states and former allies removed barriers to exit from those countries. Western Europe now confronts possible population movements from the East, at a time when its own societies and institutions are undergoing change: the advent of a single unified market in the European Community; the organization of new, joint security and foreign policy capabilities; and coping with growing manifestations of political and social stress blamed on the presence of immigrants. Existing theories in international relations and migration studies offer little guidance in confronting problems that are at once societal and international. Conceptual and theoretical links across the domestic and international levels of analysis and with migration are needed. An institutional political sociology orientation comprised of elements in the recent literature of several social sciences and neoliberal international relations may provide the necessary intellectual grasp and practical policy guidance. An illustrative application suggests that massive east-to-west migration is unlikely; and it offers grounds for guarded optimism about prospects for stability in and fruitful integration into the Western European ethos by the new regimes in East-Central Europe and the Baltics. However, it points to a more gloomy future for many of the other states of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe.
The Future of Immigrant Incorporation: Which Models? Which Concepts?
Authors: Heisler Barbara Schmitter
Published: June 2018

The paper examines the usefulness of various theoretical approaches for understanding the causes and consequences of international migration in the 1990s. Extantideas are considered in three periods, each with its own characteristic approach: the classical, represented by push and pull and assimilation perspectives; the modern, reflecting neo-Marxist and structured inequality perspectives; and emerging patterns in the literature, focusing on multiculturalism, social movements and citizenship. While the classic approach has some historical applicability, the altered economic and sociopolitical conditions of individual states and the world system in general call for a variety of orientations and models. Although the newer approaches seem most promising, the picture they provide is also incomplete.
Illegal Migrant Laborers in Japan
Authors: Spencer Steven A.
Published: June 2018

The rapid increase in the number of illegal migrant workers in Japan in the last seven years poses Japanese policy-makers with a dilemma: should Japan capitulate to a domestic labor shortage and outside pressure on its borders and admit foreign laborers legally, or should it maintain its policy of excluding foreign laborers in order to protect Japanese society and economy from the adverse effects of foreign migration? Strong arguments in favor of both sides make an easy choice impossible, but the swelling presence of illegal migrant workers, fostered by strong economic forces, may make an exclusionary policy unworkable and unrealistic.
Temporary versus Permanent Population Mobility in Melanesia: A Case Study from Vanuatu
Authors: Haberkorn Gerald
Published: June 2018

Melanesia's urban population tripled from a mere 7 percent of the region's total population in 1955 to 20 percent by 1985. The recency and magnitude of this development and the absence of any established forms of urban living in the region's precolonial history virtually rules out natural population growth as the principal cause behind this process of rapid urbanization and suggests massive internal population mobility as the most likely cause. The overall picture conveyed by the Melanesian mobility literature, however, emphasizes rural-based circular mobility as the predominant form of population mobility in the region. Seeking to reconcile this contrast, this article argues that much of the alleged continued predominance of circular mobility owes more to its underlying operationalizations, ways of measurement, and theoretical conceptualizations than reflects contemporary reality. This argument is substantiated by an analysis of recent developments in Vanuatu mobility set in the local and historical conditions of migration from the island of Paama. It is demonstrated how specific structural transformations on the island and in urban areas throughout this century were not only conducive to a change from temporary to long-term or permanent rural absences, but how they also have emerged as the direct result of mobility, thus highlighting the latter's dialectical nature. Evidence for this mobility change is derived from a comparative analysis of lifetime mobility histories of urban and rural Paamese men and women.
Artisan Entrepreneurs: Two Centuries of Italian Immigration to the Netherlands
Authors: Bovenkerk Frank , Ruland Loes
Published: June 2018

Through recent ethnographic study of European international migration, a new type of temporary migrant has been identified that has been important historically: artisan entrepreneurs. The description of four such Italian groups to the Netherlands (chimney sweeps, mosaic workers, makers of plaster figures and ice-cream vendors) demonstrates how the demands of their trades have shaped their social histories.
The Future of Refugee Flows and Policies
Authors: Rogers Rosemarie
Published: June 2018

The number of forced migrants—recognized refugees, persons in “refugeelike” situations, and internally displaced—is estimated today to exceed 40 million. The changed international climate of the 1990s (a renewed emphasis on human rights; broader concepts of national security; and the profound political changes in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union) has shifted the focus from the asylum and resettlement countries to the countries of origin: there is today a greater willingness to intervene in other countries’ affairs either to avert the creation of new flows of focused migrants or to assist internally displaced populations, and there is the expectation of large-scale voluntary returns of refugees in asylum. This article discusses these and other policy issues concerning forced migration in this new international environment.
The Structure and Social Functions of Korean Immigrant Churches in the United States
Authors: Min Pyong Gap
Published: June 2018

A vast majority of Korean immigrants in the United States are affiliated with ethnic churches. Korean ethnic churches serve important social functions for Korean church members and the Korean community as a whole. This article has two major objectives. First, it provides descriptive information on the structure of Korean immigrant churches in the United States. More importantly, it systematically analyzes social functions of Korean immigrant churches. The article focuses on four major social functions: 1) providing fellowship for Korean immigrants; 2) maintaining the Korean cultural tradition; 3) providing social services for church members and the Korean community as a whole; and 4) providing social status and positions for Korean adult immigrants. Interviews with 131 Korean head pastors in New York City are the major data source for this study.
Spouse Selection among the Children of European Immigrants: A Comparison of Marriage Cohorts in the 1960 Census
Authors: Kalmijn Matthijs
Published: June 2018

This article uses 1960 census data to describe patterns of spouse selection among the native-born children of European immigrants. The analysis builds on previous studies of ethnic intermarriage, but is new in that it focuses specifically on the second generation. In addition, it considers intermarriage as a multidimensional phenomenon and evaluates how the relative importance of national and educational boundaries in marriage choice has changed. Comparisons of synthetic marriage cohorts suggest that second generation European Americans marry increasingly into the native stock, they marry increasingly out of their national origin group, and the national boundaries that separate them have become weaker over time. At the same time, it is found that educational homogamy has increased across cohorts. More generally, changes in the marital assimilation of the second generation can be characterized as a shift from national origins to education. Methodologically, the study is novel in that multidimensional logmultiplicative models of association are used as a new way of measuring marriage distances between groups.
Rethinking Assimilation and Ethnicity: The Chinese in Thailand
Authors: Bun Chan Kwok , Kiong Tong Chee
Published: June 2018

This article critically re-examines some of the major hypotheses about the assimilation process in general and the assimilation of the Chinese in Thailand in particular. We argue that assimilation cannot be seen as a straight line, one-way, lineal process of the Chinese becoming Thai. At the very least, we suggest that assimilation be conceived as a two-way process which, in the long run, will leave the Chinese with something Thai and the Thai with something Chinese. The important theoretical question is no longer whether the Chinese in Thailand have been assimilated or not, but rather how they, as individuals and as a group, go about presenting themselves in their transactions with the Thai and other Chinese, and why. The analytical focus will thus be on the dynamics of social transactions within and between ethnic boundaries. What typically happens when an ethnic actor stays within his or her own ethnic boundary? What motivates him or her to cross it? The primordialists on the one hand and the situationists on the other answer these questions in seemingly contrasting ways. We maintain in this article that this need not be so. It is our suggestion that some fundamental, classical dichotomies in sociology, such as instrumental and expressive functions, public and private place, and secondary and primary status, be retrieved and used creatively as strategic conceptual building blocks in the overall task of theory-building in the field of ethnic studies.
Soviet Jews in the United States: An Analysis of Their Linguistic and Economic Adjustment
Authors: Chiswick Barry R.
Published: June 2018

This article reviews the literature and analyzes 1980 Census data to study English language fluency and earnings among Soviet Jews. The literature review reveals: 1) the importance of employment and attaining premigration occupational status for self-esteem; 2) the difficulty of adjusting to the wide range of choices in the United States; 3) the greater difficulty and economic importance of learning English; and 4) the rapid linguistic and economic mobility. The multivariate analysis supports the latter two points. Soviet Jews have a difficult initial adjustment, but after five years in the United States they achieve parity in English fluency and earnings with other European immigrants, ceteris paribus.
Immigrant Qualifications: Recognition and Relative Wage Outcomes
Authors: Chapman Bruce J. , Iredale Robyn R.
Published: June 2018

Australian society is most unusual in that it is characterized by relatively large numbers of immigrants, many of whom are ostensibly skilled workers. This empirical exercise used a data set compiled under the auspices of the Commonwealth Government. The data revealed that around 39 percent of skilled immigrants chose to subject their overseas qualifications to local assessment and, of these, 42 percent were recognized as being equivalent to their Australian counterpart. The econometric wage estimations reveal that immigrants from non-English-speaking countries, as a whole, received low increments as a consequence of overseas qualifications compared to those having Australian qualifications.
Integration of Vietnamese Refugees into the Norwegian Labor Market: The Impact of War Trauma
Authors: Hauff Edvard , Vaglum Per
Published: June 2018

One hundred forty-five Vietnamese boat refugees were interviewed on arrival and after three years in Norway. The integration into the labor market was poor and the rate of unemployment was relatively high (16%). Eighty-two (63%) were members of the labor force, the rest being students (n=41) or housewives (n=6). Both loss of social status in Vietnam in 1975 and experiences of war trauma were independently related to labor force participation, when age, sex and mental health were controlled for. The risk of unemployment was increased among men and among refugees with low formal education and with no accompanying spouse. The results indicate that war trauma may have an impact on career choice and integration into the labor market which is independent of mental health. Future immigration policies should probably improve the refugees’ opportunities to establish intraethnic social networks to facilitate job finding and entrepreneurship.
The Choice of Migration Destination: Dominican and Cuban Immigrants to the Mainland United States and Puerto Rico
Authors: Funkhouser Edward , Ramos Fernando A.
Published: June 2018

Puerto Rico provides an alternative destination for immigrants from the Spanish-speaking Caribbean because the culture is similar to that in the source country. In this study, we use the 1980 Census of Population to examine the importance of relative earnings and culture in the choice of destination. The main finding is the similar pattern of choice of location for immigrants from the Dominican Republic and Cuba. The more educated and more professional immigrants are found in either Puerto Rico or outside the enclave on the mainland. Within this group, those with less time remaining in the labor market and lower English ability are found in Puerto Rico. We find that not all differences in location decision are attributable to differences in reward structure by location.