bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PERSPECTIVE: The World's Top Innovation Management Scholars and Their Social Capital*
Authors: Thieme Jeff
Published: May 2007

Using 959 articles reflecting the work of 1,179 scholars, this study ranks the world's top scholars in innovation management (IM) on the basis of the number of research articles published across 14 top academic journals in technology and innovation management, marketing, and management between 1990 and 2004. Twenty‐three scholars have at least eight articles in this period. Michael Song has the most (31), followed by Robert Cooper, Roger Calantone, William Souder, and Elko Kleinschmidt, who have published at least 17 articles in the 15‐year period. Surprisingly, the list of schools that either trained or currently employ these top scholars is quite different from Linton's (2004) recent ranking of the top business schools in the management of technology. Guided by social capital theory, the present study analyzes the embeddedness characteristics of IM scholars to determine the extent to which social capital explains scholarly productivity. A current controversy in the social capital literature is the embeddedness characteristics that create social capital. On the one hand, the closure perspective argues that social capital results from strong relational ties with others in a dense, local neighborhood of actors who are relatively disconnected from others. On the other hand, the brokerage perspective argues that social capital is created when actors have relational ties that span these dense, local neighborhoods. The findings in the present study support both perspectives. Furthermore, the results suggest that strategic orientation is a contingency variable that clarifies the conditions in which closure‐ or brokerage‐based embeddedness is appropriate. Specifically, scholars pursuing an entrepreneurial publication strategy are more productive when their relational embeddedness is consistent with the brokerage perspective of social capital creation, whereas scholars pursuing a focused publication strategy are more productive when their relational embeddedness is consistent with the closure perspective of social capital creation. The results have implications for both the IM scholar community and the social capital literature. Whether IM scholars are pursuing an entrepreneurial strategy that capitalizes on emergent knowledge across various theories and perspectives or pursuing a focused strategy by concentrating on gaining deep understanding of a specific stream of research, there are many avenues and opportunities for improving publication performance through the formation of new social capital. Finally, the empirical support for the contingency variable strategic orientation is consistent with recent speculation that both perspectives are important and suggests that future work should focus on further identification and clarification of contingency factors associated with them.
Drivers of Outsourced Innovation: An Exploratory Study*
Authors: Calantone Roger J. , Stanko Michael A.
Published: May 2007

The outsourcing of innovation has been on the rise for years, but research in this area lags behind industry practice. Interviews with managers and a theory base grounded in transaction cost analysis are used to guide the development of an exploratory model that details potential drivers of the outsourcing of innovation activities. Using industry‐level data, the proposed model is partially tested using two distinct regression analyses that reveal significant effects both contemporaneously and persisting over time. Several of the proposed drivers of outsourced innovation are shown to be significant, including exploratory research performed and profit margin. The finding that exploratory research performed is significantly related to the outsourcing of innovation activities represents a significant contribution to the innovation and organizational learning literatures. As well, finding a relationship between margins and organizational sourcing fills a gap in the business to business marketing literature. Managerial implications are drawn for both managers of the innovation process in traditional firms and those in firms wishing to garner outsourced innovation contracts. The drivers found to be significant in this study should allow for better resource planning from innovation managers in traditional firms as well as better targeting of perspective clients from firms seeking contract innovation business.
Information Use and New Product Outcomes: The Contingent Role of Strategy Type
Authors: Citrin Alka Varma , Lee Ruby P. , McCullough Jim
Published: May 2007

Information is an important resource for firms to develop new products successfully, and firms must rely on their ability to use information effectively. This research builds on information processing and contingency theories to explore the effect of firm strategy type and the conceptual and instrumental use of information on new product outcomes. Firms operating in high‐tech industries are faced with high levels of uncertainty caused by rapidly evolving technologies. Consequently, creating innovative and successful products becomes particularly challenging. Past research examining organizational use of information points to the presence of strategic contingencies that may impact the new product outcomes that accrue to a firm. A cross‐sectional study was conducted to examine how the impact of information use on new product outcomes varies by strategy type. Using data from 150 software development firms based in a developing economy, the theoretical hypotheses proposed are tested. After controlling for environmental turbulence, the research results demonstrate that firms focusing on specific types of information use innovate successfully only when that information use is congruent with an appropriate strategic orientation. Specifically, the present study finds that prospector firms focusing on conceptual information use enhance both their new product performance and new product creativity outcomes, whereas analyzer firms enhance only their new product performance outcomes. A focus on instrumental information use has different effects for firms. Defender firms enhance both their new product performance and creativity outcomes only when focusing on instrumental information use. In contrast, prospector firms detract from their new product creativity outcomes, and analyzer firms reduce their new product performance outcomes when focusing on instrumental information use.
The Benefits and Costs of Inequality for the Advantaged and Disadvantaged*
Authors: Albrecht Don E. , Albrecht Scott G.
Published: May 2007

Objectives. To test theoretical models intended to improve our understanding of the consequences of increased inequality for advantaged and disadvantaged populations.

Methods. The 5 percent PUMS (Public Use Microdata Sample) data from the 2000 Census of Population and Housing were analyzed using a variety of ANOVA and regression techniques.

Results. It was found that in geographic areas where inequality levels were high, individuals with low levels of education earn lower incomes than equally educated individuals in areas where inequality levels were lower. Similarly, in high‐inequality areas, individuals employed in low‐paying industries, who were not married, and who were minority earned lower incomes than individuals with similar characteristics in low‐inequality areas. The data clearly show that as the level of inequality increases, the benefits of being advantaged and the costs of being disadvantaged both increase.

Conclusions. Support was found for both theoretical models tested in this study. As the extent of inequality increases in the United States, it is apparent from this study that the life chances of disadvantaged individuals diminish and are largely determined by the accident of their birth.
Social Insurance Expansion and Political Regime Dynamics in Europe, 1880–1945*
Authors: Kim Wonik
Published: May 2007

Objectives. This article analyzes the causal relationship between political regime dynamics and social insurance expansion. I theorize that the social insurance expansion is the result of the ruling elites' strategic decision about regime change to dispel revolutionary motives. The key testable implication is that social insurance expansion is more likely to happen under a democratic regime, which, in turn, is influenced by the threat of social revolution evinced by strike activities.

Methods. Using historical data on social insurance coverage from 12 European countries from 1880 to 1945, I test the hypothesis employing a treatment‐effects model that endogenizes democratization.

Results. I find a positive association between social insurance expansion and democracy, controlling for other political mechanisms. Furthermore, I find that democratic transition is greatly influenced by the duration and intensity of strikes.

Conclusion. This study suggests that social insurance expansion requires a link between a threat of revolution and democratization.
Criteria Air Pollution and Marginalized Populations: Environmental Inequity in Metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona*
Authors: Grineski Sara , Bolin Bob , Boone Christopher
Published: May 2007

Objectives. Our objective is to examine spatial relationships between modeled criteria air pollutants (i.e., nitrous oxides, carbon monoxide, and ozone) and sociodemographics in metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona. Modeled air pollution offers environmental justice researchers a new and robust data source for representing chronic environmental hazards.

Methods. We used multiple regression equations to predict criteria pollution levels using sociodemographic variables at the Census block group level.

Results. We find that Census block groups with lower neighborhood socioeconomic status, higher proportions of Latino immigrants, and higher proportions of renters are exposed to higher levels of criteria air pollutants. Proportion African American, however, is not a significant predictor of criteria air pollution in the Phoenix metro area.

Conclusions. These findings demonstrate clear social‐class and ethnic‐based environmental injustices in the distribution of air pollution. We attribute these patterns to the role of white privilege in the historical and contemporary development of industrial and transportation corridors in Phoenix in relation to racially segregated neighborhoods. Although all people are implicated in the production of criteria pollutants, lower‐income and ethnic‐minority residents are disproportionately exposed in metropolitan Phoenix.
Estimating Missing Values from the General Social Survey: An Application of Multiple Imputation*
Authors: Penn David A.
Published: May 2007

Objectives. Most researchers who use survey data must grapple with the problem of how best to handle missing information. This article illustrates multiple imputation, a technique for estimating missing values in a multivariate setting.

Methods. I use multiple imputation to estimate missing income data and update a recent study that examines the influence of parents' standard of living on subjective well‐being. Using data from the 1998 General Social Survey, two ordered probit models are estimated: one using complete cases only, and the other replacing missing income data with multiple imputation estimates.

Results. The analysis produces two major findings: (1) parents' standard of living is more important than suggested by the complete cases model, and (2) using multiple imputation can help reduce standard errors.

Conclusions. Multiple imputation allows a researcher to use more of the available data, thereby reducing biases that may occur when observations with missing data are simply deleted.
Implantable Cardioverter‐Defibrillator Shocks Increase T‐Wave Alternans
Authors: LAMPERT RACHEL , SOUFER ROBERT , McPHERSON CRAIG A. , BATSFORD WILLIAM P. , TIRADO STEPHANIE , EARLEY CHRISTINE , GOLDBERG ANNA , SHUSTERMAN VLADIMIR
Published: May 2007

Introduction: While implantable defibrillator shocks save lives, shock can lead to ventricular arrhythmias. However, the mechanism of shock‐related proarrhythmia remains unclear. We evaluated the impact of ICD shock on repolarization instability, a factor associated with ventricular arrhythmogenesis.

Methods and Results: Sixty‐five patients with ICDs underwent ambulatory ECG monitoring during defibrillation testing 3 months postimplant. TWA was analyzed continuously in the time domain during baseline, sedated, and post‐shock states. RR, QRS, and QT intervals and catecholamines were also measured continuously. Adequate pre‐ and post‐shock Holter data were recorded in 55 patients, 48 male, mean 64 ± 12 years, 50 with coronary disease, 48 with prior spontaneous or induced arrhythmia. TWA significantly increased after shock, from 9.6 ± 0.5 to 11.9 ± 0.6 μV, as did QRS duration, epinephrine, and norepinephrine levels, compared with sedated and baseline states. RR intervals decreased minimally. TWA changes with shock were not associated with RR or QRS duration changes, but were associated with changes in epinephrine.

Conclusions: ICD shock, even in the sedated state, increases repolarization instability as measured by TWA, an effect mediated in part by sympathetic stimulation. This association between shock and TWA may have important mechanistic and clinical implications for optimization of defibrillation therapy.
Avoidance of Right Ventricular Pacing in Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Improves Right Ventricular Hemodynamics in Heart Failure Patients
Authors: LEE KATHY L. , BURNES JOHN E. , MULLEN THOMAS J. , HETTRICK DOUGLAS A. , TSE HUNG‐FAT , LAU CHU‐PAK
Published: May 2007

Background: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) applied by pacing the left and right ventricles (BiV) has been shown to provide synchronous left ventricular (LV) contraction in heart failure patients. CRT may also be accomplished through synchronization of a properly timed LV pacing impulse with intrinsically conducted activation wave fronts. Elimination of right ventricular (RV) pacing may provide a more physiological RV contraction pattern and reduce device current drain. We evaluated the effects of LV and BiV pacing over a range of atrioventricular intervals on the performance of both ventricles.

Methods: Acute LV and RV hemodynamic data from 17 patients with heart failure (EF = 30 ± 1%) and a wide QRS (138 ± 25 msec) or mechanical dyssynchrony were acquired during intrinsic rhythm, BiV, and LV pacing.

Results: The highest LV dP/dtmax was achieved during LV pre‐ (LV paced prior to an RV sense) and BiV pacing, followed by that obtained during LV post‐pacing (LV paced after an RV sense) and the lowest LV dP/dtmax was recorded during intrinsic rhythm. Compared with BiV pacing, LV pre‐pacing significantly improved RV dP/dtmax (378 ± 136 mmHg/second vs 397 ± 136 mmHg/second, P < 0.05) and preserved RV cycle efficiency (61.6 ± 14.6% vs 68.6 ± 11.4%, P < 0.05) and stroke volume (6.6 ± 4.4 mL vs 9.0 ± 6.3 mL, P < 0.05). Based on LV dP/dtmax, the optimal atrioventricular interval could be estimated by subtracting 30 msec from the intrinsic atrial to sensed RV interval.

Conclusions: Synchronized LV pacing produces acute LV and systemic hemodynamic benefits similar to BiV pacing. LV pacing at an appropriate atrioventricular interval prior to the RV sensed impulse provides superior RV hemodynamics compared with BiV pacing.
Biventricular Pacing and QT Interval Prolongation
Authors: BHATIA ATUL , NANGIA VIKRAM , SOLIS JOAQUIN , DHALA ANWER , SRA JASBIR , AKHTAR MASOOD
Published: May 2007

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to examine BiV pacing‐dependent changes in QT interval and the related potential for proarrhythmia. Biventricular (BiV) pacing has emerged as a promising therapy for patients with advanced congestive heart failure (CHF) and bundle branch block (BBB).

Methods and Results: One hundred and seventy‐six consecutive patients (123 men and 53 women; mean age 67 ± 16 years) with ischemic (n = 128) or nonischemic (n = 48) cardiomyopathy in New York Heart Association Class II (8%) or III (92%) CHF (ejection fraction 24 ± 9%) underwent atrial synchronous BiV pacing. The QRS, QT, and JT intervals were measured at 30 minutes after initiation of BiV pacing, at 24 hours, and at 1 month postimplant. QT interval was defined as the time interval between the initial deflection of the QRS complex and the point at which the T wave crossed the isoelectric line. At baseline, the average QRS duration was 178 ± 10 ms, attributable to left BBB (n = 158) or intraventricular conduction delay (n = 18). BiV pacing resulted in a small but statistically significant reduction in QRS duration (148 ± 9 ms during BiV pacing vs 178 ± 10 ms at baseline [P < 0.0001]), yet the QT increased to 470 ± 34 ms with BiV pacing versus 445 ± 32 ms at baseline [P < 0.0001]). The JTc interval during BiV pacing was significantly shorter than during LV pacing (290 ± 9 ms vs 320 ± 20 ms, P < 0.0001). During a mean follow‐up of 24 ± 6 months, one patient developed recurrent torsade de pointes. That was eliminated once left ventricular pacing was discontinued.

Conclusion: Biventricular pacing prolongs QT interval. However, the occurrence of torsade de pointes is uncommon.
Live/Real Time Three‐Dimensional Transthoracic Echocardiographic Assessment of Tricuspid Valve Pathology: Incremental Value over the Two‐Dimensional Technique
Authors: Pothineni Koteswara R. , Duncan Kurt , Yelamanchili Pridhvi , Nanda Navin C. , Patel Vinod , Fan PoHoey , Burri Manjula V. , Singh Anurag , Panwar Sadik R.
Published: May 2007

Twenty‐nine patients with different tricuspid valve (TV) pathologies were studied by both two‐dimensional transthoracic (2DTTE) and live/real time three‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography (3DTTE). A major contribution of 3DTTE over 2DTTE was the en face visualization of all three leaflets of the TV in all patients. This allowed accurate assessment of TV orifice area in patients with TV stenosis and carcinoid disease. Loss of TV leaflet tissue, defects in TV leaflets and size of TV systolic non‐coaptation could also be delineated and resulted in identifying the mechanism of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) in patients with Ebstein's anomaly and rheumatic heart disease. Prolapse of TV leaflets could also be well visualized and enabled us to develop a schema for systematic assessment of individual segment prolapse which could help in surgical planning. The exact sites of chordae rupture in patients with flail TV as well as right ventricular papillary muscle rupture could be well seen by 3DTTE. 3DTTE also permitted sectioning of various TV masses for more specific diagnosis of their nature. In addition, color Doppler 3DTTE provided an estimate of quantitative evaluation of TR severity, since the exact shape and size of the vena contracta could be accurately assessed. In conclusion, our preliminary experience with 3DTTE has demonstrated substantial incremental value over 2DTTE in the assessment of various TV pathologies.
Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation on Forensic Evidence. 2. Analysis of Writing Inks on Porous Surfaces
Authors: Ramotowski Robert S. , Regen Erin M.
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT: The effect of electron beam irradiation on a series of different writing inks is described. As the anthrax‐tainted letters were discovered in October 2001, the U.S. government began to experiment with the use of the electron beam irradiation process for destroying such biological agents. Plans initially considered a large‐scale countrywide use of this technology. However, over time the scope of this plan as well as the radiation dosage were reduced, especially when some adverse consequences to mailed items subjected to this process were observed. Little data existed at the time to characterize what level of damage might be expected to occur with common items sent through the mail. This was especially important to museums and other institutions that routinely ship valuable and historic items through the mail. Although the Smithsonian Institution initiated some studies of the effect of electron beam irradiation on archived materials, little data existed on the effect that this process would have on forensic evidence. Approximately 97 different black, blue, red, green, and yellow writing inks were selected. Writing ink types included ballpoint, gel, plastic/felt tip, and rollerball. All noncontrol samples were subjected to standard mail irradiation conditions used by the U.S. Postal Service at the time this experiment was performed. A video spectral comparator and thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) analysis were used to evaluate both the control and the irradiated samples. Some published studies reported changes in the presence/absence of dye bands in the chromatograms of irradiated writing inks. Some of these studies report the formation of additional dye bands on the chromatogram while others report missing dye bands. However, using standard testing guidelines and procedures, none of the 97 irradiated inks tested were found to show any significant optical or chemical differences from the control samples. In addition, random testing of some of the ink samples using a second solvent system did not reveal any changes. However, one control ink did show some minor changes in optical properties and dye characteristics over time (but not TLC) while the irradiated sample remained stable. Significant changes in the ultraviolet fluorescence characteristics of the irradiated paper samples themselves (not inks) were also observed.
Forensic Dental Training in the Dental School Curriculum
Authors: Stoeckel Daniel C. , Merkley Patricia J. , McGivney James
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT: This article reviews the literature regarding forensic education in the dental school curriculum and describes an exercise in forensic identification of victims of a mass casualty. Radiographs were made of dentate human cadavers in the gross anatomy laboratory at the Southern Illinois School of Dental Medicine. The jaws were then removed to provide “wet specimens” for the exercise. Several restorations were performed on the cadaver teeth, after which radiographs of the dissected jaws were made. One author wrote up mock dental records for each of the victims. These records included the first set or “premortem” radiographs. Students participating in the exercise were provided with a plane crash scenario, the dental records of the passengers on the manifest, the dissected jaws, and the second set or “postmortem” radiographs. Students were expected to form three teams. The first two teams evaluated the ante‐mortem and postmortem dental records. The third team compared the ante‐mortem and postmortem records to arrive at identification. The purpose of the exercise was twofold. It introduced dental students to forensic dentistry and emphasized the need for complete and accurate record keeping in the dental office. Several factors lessened the realism of the exercise and made it difficult to reproduce in the future. These included the uniformity of the dental records and the destruction of cadaver material following the exercise.
Age Estimation of Korean Adults by Occlusal Tooth Wear
Authors: Yun Jong‐Il , Lee Jeong‐Yun , Chung Jin‐Woo , Kho Hong‐Seop , Kim Young‐Ku
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT:The aim of the present study was to evaluate the validity of the modified Kim's scoring system as a practical method of recording occlusal tooth wear and estimating age. For this purpose, 1092 pairs of maxillary and mandibular full‐arch casts were randomly selected, scored, and analyzed. The results showed that the modified Kim's scoring system had excellent reliability, and that occlusal tooth wear had a positive correlation with age. Tooth wear scores of all teeth except the two lower central incisors were higher in males than in females. Calculating tables for age estimation were designed by multiple linear regression analysis. Estimated ages were within ±5 years of actual ages in 63.5% of male subjects, and 64.0% of female subjects. The accuracy of age estimation was increased when the subjects were divided into two age groups and data were re‐analyzed. Collectively, it was shown that the modified Kim's scoring system is a reliable and accurate method for age estimation, and that the data from these 1092 individuals can be used as a standard for age estimation of Korean adults.
Apparent Effects of Glyphosate on Alkaloid Production in Coca Plants Grown in Colombia
Authors: Casale John , Lydon John
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT: During the routine analysis of coca leaf material from South America, alkaloids in Erythroxylum coca var. ipadu (ECVI) leaf samples from fields suspected of being treated with glyphosate were compared with those from non‐treated E. coca var. ipadu and Erythroxylum novogranatense var. novogranatense (ENVN) plants. Cocaine levels in leaf tissue from non‐treated ECVI and ENVN were 0.53±0.08% and 0.64±0.08% (w/w), respectively, whereas leaves from treated plants were nearly devoid of cocaine. Further analysis demonstrated the presence of several previously undescribed N‐nortropane alkaloids, several of which were tentatively identified. The results suggest that applications of glyphosate to coca plants can have dramatic effects on the quantity and quality of alkaloids produced by surviving or subsequent leaves. The analytical data presented will be of value to forensic chemists who encounter illicit cocaine preparations containing alkaloids produced from coca plants treated with glyphosate.
Diary of an Astronaut: Examination of the Remains of the Late Israeli Astronaut Colonel Ilan Ramon's Crew Notebook Recovered After the Loss of NASA's Space Shuttle Columbia*
Authors: Brown Sharon , Sin‐David Laser
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT: Two months after the fatal re‐entering into the Earth's atmosphere of Columbia flight STS‐107, the remains of Israeli astronaut Colonel Ilan Ramon's Crew Notebook were found strewn in a field in San Augustine County, TX. The random pile of papers was found to have survived the calamity of the Shuttle's disintegration remarkably well. Most of the papers recovered were torn and/or washed out to varying degrees but only mildly charred around the edges. The sheets of paper could be categorized into four groups: Group I: eight sides of paper written while in space in black ink and in pencil—Ramon's personal diary; the writing on these eight sides of paper survived well and is only missing where the pages were torn. Small fragments found in the field were physically matched to holes in the pages thus locating their original positions in the text. Group II: six sides of technical preparation notes written by Ramon before the mission. The writing on these pages was washed out entirely, but much of it was visualized using infrared luminescence. Group III: eight sides of personal notes prepared by Ramon before the mission written in blue ink. The writing on these pages was barely visible to the naked eye and not visualized by infrared luminescence, but was made largely legible by digital enhancement imaging. Group IV: a few sides of printed technical information. These pages were mostly intact and were not examined at length as they contained standard printed material. After completion of examinations at the Questioned Document Laboratory of the Israel Police, the diary was transferred to the Paper Conservation Department of the Israel Museum for preservation and strengthening treatments.
Stature Estimation of 3–10‐Year‐Old Children from Long Bone Lengths
Authors: Smith Shelley L.
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT:Estimation of stature in adult forensic cases with available long bones of the limbs is routine, but such estimation is less common in subadult cases. Long bones from subadult cases are often used to estimate age, but in some instances stature may be helpful or even critical for identification. Few published regression equations exist for consultation in such cases. Data from the longitudinal growth study conducted by the Child Research Council in Denver in the mid‐1900s are utilized to produce dual‐sex and single‐sex regression equations for the six long bones of the limbs (humerus, radius, ulna, femur, tibia, and fibula) and for the combined femur+tibia length. All measurements are from radiographs and are of diaphyseal length. Examples show that similar results can be obtained using a two‐step process of “ballpark” estimation from published tables of the Denver data, but these new regressions allow a one‐step standard error estimate for the means. Regressions are further compared with those previously published by Finnish researchers, which are generally broadly comparable. More routine stature estimation in subadult cases is encouraged both as an aid to possible identification and as a test of the available regression equations.
Traumatic Asphyxia in Weightlifters
Authors: Jumbelic Mary I.
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT: The cases presented here are an unrecognized source of accidental asphyxia—compression of the neck by barbells. Two cases of traumatic asphyxia due to this preventable hazard occurred in a 5‐year period in central New York. There have been at least 11 similar deaths reported to the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) and cataloged in the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System between 1999 and 2002. A petition filed in 2003 with the CPSC‐proposed mandatory labeling of bench presses to make consumers aware of this hazard, but was denied. This report looks at the deaths that have occurred due to this unrecognized safety threat and provides pertinent advice to make bench‐pressing a safer activity.
Y‐STRs in Forensic Medicine: DNA Analysis in Semen Samples of Azoospermic Individuals
Authors: Soares‐Vieira José Arnaldo , Correia Billerbeck Ana Elisa , Miazato Iwamura Edna Sadayo , Zampieri Ricardo Andrade , Fígaro Gattás Gilka Jorge , Munoz Daniel Romero , Hallak Jorge , Bilharinho Mendonca Berenice , Lucon Antonio Marmo
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT: The incidence of rape has increased, especially in metropolitan areas, such as the city of São Paulo. In Brazil, studies about it have shown that the majority of this type of crime is committed by the relatives and persons close to the victim. This has made the crime more difficult to be denounced, as only 10% of the cases are reported to competent police authorities. Usually, cytological exams are carried out in sex crime investigations. The difficulty in showing the presence of spermatozoa is frequent, but it does not exclude the presence of male DNA. The absence of spermatozoa in material collected from rape victims can be due to several factors, including the fact that the agressor suffers from azoospermia. This condition can be the result of a successful vasectomy. As the majority of DNA in the ejaculation sample is from spermatozoa, there is much less DNA to be analyzed. This study presents the application of Y‐STRs (DYS19, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, and DYS393) in DNA analysis of sperm samples from 105 vasectomized men. The study demonstrated a great variation in DNA concentration. DNA extraction and amplification was possible in all sperm samples even in the absence of spermatozoa. The same profile was observed, for each individual, from DNA extracted from blood, pre‐ and postvasectomy semen samples. The use of markers specific for Y chromosome in sex crime cases, especially in the absence of spermatozoa, is very important, mainly because in most situations there is a small quantity of the agressor's DNA in the medium and a large quantity of the victim's DNA.
Y‐Chromosomal STR Haplotypes in Two Endogamous Tribal Populations of Karnataka, India
Authors: Thangaraj Kumarasamy , Chaubey Gyaneshwer , Singh Vijay Kumar , Reddy Alla G. , Chauhan Pallavi , Malvee Rashmi , Pavate P. P. , Singh Lalji
Published: May 2007

POPULATION: Approximately 5.0 mL of blood sample was collected from a total of 150 men belonging to two tribal populations of coastal Uttar Kannada district of Karnataka, with their informed written consent. Both the populations are endogamous and they belong to the Dravidian linguistic family. Halakki is a tribal group having a population size of c. 3383. They claim that they originally belong to Gujarat and Rajasthan, and migrated through Andhra Pradesh to Karnataka. Kunabhi is also a tribal population, c. 35,214 in number. They were hunters and gatherers but presently they practice agriculture.
Twelve‐Locus Y‐STR Haplotypes in the Flemish Population
Authors: Mertens Gerhard , Jehaes Els , Leijnen Gitte , Rand Steven , Jacobs Werner , Van Marck Eric
Published: May 2007

POPULATION: One hundred and thirteen unrelated Flemish men from Belgium.
Allele Frequencies of D16S764 and D10S2470 in Two Populations
Authors: Yang Zhi Hui , Wang Chuang , Zhou Bin , Jia Jing , Zhu Yin Hua , Zhang Geng Qian , Zhang Lin
Published: May 2007

POPULATION: Chinese Han (n=103) and Thai (n=110).
Pseudomycetoma caused by Microsporum canis in an immunosuppressed patient: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Berg Jena C. , Hamacher Kirsten L. , Roberts Glenn D.
Published: May 2007

Background:  A 65‐year‐old woman with a history of liver and kidney transplantation presented with a pruritic and tender rash of 2‐year duration on her left knee.

Methods:  The patient had a physical examination, and multiple skin biopsies were performed.

Results:  Examination showed a cluster of dome‐shaped, violaceous papules. A skin biopsy specimen showed multiple granules containing basophilic material within the superficial to mid dermis. The grains were embedded in an eosinophilic substance and surrounded by granulomatous inflammation. A Gomori methenamine silver stain showed abundant septate hyphae, and cultures grew colonies of Microsporum canis. A diagnosis of dermatophytic granuloma, or pseudomycetoma, was made. After considering the patient’s immune status, a prolonged course of fluconazole was initiated.

Conclusion:  Microsporum canis, a frequently encountered zoophilic dermatophyte associated with tinea capitis and tinea corporis, is rarely associated with a mycetoma‐like presentation, grain formation, or systemic infection. The medical literature describes only six cases of M. canis causing mycetoma‐like formations in immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. This case report describes an unusual presentation of a common dermatophyte infection, and the literature review summarizes the importance of recognizing atypical presentations of dermatophyte infections. Such infections may warrant more aggressive treatment in immunocompromised patients.
Load‐bearing capacity of all‐ceramic posterior four‐unit fixed partial dentures with different zirconia frameworks
Authors: Kohorst Philipp , Herzog Timo J. , Borchers Lothar , Stiesch‐Scholz Meike
Published: May 2007

The aim of thisin vitrostudy was to compare the load‐bearing capacity of posterior four‐unit fixed partial dentures (FPDs) produced with two different yttria‐stabilized polycrystalline tetragonal zirconia (Y‐TZP) ceramics, one being a presintered material, the other a fully sintered, hot isostatically pressed material. Additionally, as a novel approach, the influence of preliminary mechanical damage upon the fracture force of an FPD has been investigated. A total of 20 frameworks each were milled from presintered zirconia and from fully sintered zirconia. Prior to veneering, 10 frameworks of each material were ‘damaged’ by a defined saw cut similar to an accidental flaw generated during shape cutting. Before fracture testing, all FPDs were subjected to thermal and mechanical cycling. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate fracture surfaces. Statistical analysis showed that FPDs milled from fully sintered zirconia had a significantly higher fracture resistance compared with specimens made from presintered material, whereas preliminary damage did not have a significant effect. After aging, FPDs made from both materials were capable of withstanding occlusal forces reported in the literature. Therefore, both types of Y‐TZP may be suitable for posterior four‐unit all‐ceramic FPDs, although further prolonged aging experiments and prospective clinical trials are required to prove their fitness for clinical use.
Effects of a new titanium fluoride derivative on enamel de‐ and remineralization
Authors: Exterkate Rob A. M. , Ten Cate Jacob M.
Published: May 2007

The potential of a new titanium fluoride (TiF) derivative for caries prevention was tested in a pH‐cycling model. Daily treatments with various concentrations (100, 250, and 500 p.p.m.) of TiF were compared with similar sodium fluoride (NaF) treatments given at the same pH. Bovine enamel lesions were subjected to 3 wk of pH cycling. The effects were assessed by analyzing calcium uptake and loss in the re‐ and demineralizing solutions, respectively, and by post pH cycling microradiographic analysis of the lesions. Treatments with NaF reduced calcium loss, enhanced calcium uptake, and induced overall lesion remineralization. Treatments with TiF derivative gradually caused almost complete inhibition of calcium loss and uptake (lesion ‘arrestment’), irrespective of the concentration of the TiF derivative. To test the permanence of protection, sound enamel was pretreated with either TiF derivative or NaF, and demineralized for 14 d at pH 4.4 and 4.6. Calcium loss data show that up to 80% inhibition of demineralization could be achieved for the TiF derivative, which was not possible for NaF treatments. This inhibition was obtained through a combination of concentration and number of treatments. The TiF derivative is a promising agent for the prevention of dental caries, especially when aimed at preventing the onset of caries.
Dental fluorosis and dental caries among 12‐yr‐old children from high‐ and low‐fluoride areas in Lithuania
Authors: Narbutaitė Julija , Vehkalahti Miira M. , Milčiuvienė Simona
Published: May 2007

We investigated the prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis, and the occurrence of dental caries, among 12‐yr‐old children from high‐ and low‐fluoride areas in a country with high caries figures and a developing oral healthcare system. The sample included a total of 600 lifetime residents from high‐fluoride (HF; 1.7–2.2 ppm) and low‐fluoride (LF; 0.2 ppm) areas in Lithuania. The diagnoses of dental fluorosis followed the Thylstrup‐Fejerskov Index (TF), and a diagnosis of dental caries followed the World Health Organization criteria. In the HF area, 66% of the 12‐yr‐old children had dental fluorosis (TF score > 0) compared with 4% in the LF area. The maximum TF severity scores were 7 and 3, respectively. The mean number of teeth with fluorosis was 4.5 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.0,5.0] for the HF group and 0.2 (95% CI = 0.1,0.2) for the LF group. In the HF group, 72% had a decayed, missing or filled teeth (DMFT) score of > 0, compared with 87% in the LF group. The mean DMFT was 2.0 (95% CI = 1.8,2.3) in the HF group and 3.5 (95% CI = 3.2,3.8) in the LF group. Current untreated caries (DT) occured (DT >0) in half of both the HF and LF groups. Regardless of the concentration of fluoride in the drinking water, the prevalence of past (DMFT > 0) and present (DT > 0) caries was high, calling for more emphasis on the prevention of tooth decay in countries, such as Lithuania, with high caries figures and a developing oral healthcare system.
Chloroplast Division
Authors: Glynn Jonathan M. , Miyagishima Shin‐ya , Yoder David W. , Osteryoung Katherine W. , Vitha Stanislav
Published: May 2007

Chloroplasts are descendants of cyanobacteria and divide by binary fission. Several components of the division apparatus have been identified in the past several years and we are beginning to appreciate the plastid division process at a mechanistic level. In this review, we attempt to summarize the most recent developments in the field and assemble these observations into a working model of plastid division in plants.
The Etiological Role of Allogeneic Fetal Rejection in Pre‐Eclampsia
Authors: Nishizawa Haruki , Hasegawa Kiyoshi , Suzuki Machiko , Kamoshida Shingo , Kato Takema , Saito Kuniaki , Tsutsumi Yutaka , Kurahashi Hiroki , Udagawa Yasuhiro
Published: May 2007

Problem

It has been demonstrated that allogeneic fetal rejection in normal pregnancy is prevented by placental indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO). Further, an immunological etiology has been implicated in pre‐eclampsia.

Method of study

We examined the differences in placental IDO activity between normal and pre‐eclamptic pregnancies.

Results

IDO mRNA expression and enzyme activity levels in the placenta were low in patients with severe pre‐eclampsia. The enzyme activity also inversely correlates with the blood pressure of the patients. In the placentas from severe pre‐eclampsia, IDO immunoreactivity was low, whereas regional T‐cell infiltration was observed reciprocally proportional to the IDO activity.

Conclusion

Our findings implicate a potential role for IDO activity and a maternal immunological reaction against an allogeneic fetus in the etiology of pre‐eclampsia.
The emerging role of botulinum toxin in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders
Authors: Song PC , Schwartz J , Blitzer A
Published: May 2007

The objective of this review was to discuss the emerging role of botulinum toxin in the treatment of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), to review the current literature, recent clinical trials, as well as preliminary data from our own clinical study, and to formulate an algorithm for the work‐up and treatment of TMD.
Association of the 54‐nucleotide repeat polymorphism of hPer3 with heroin dependence in Han Chinese population
Authors: Zou Y. , Liao G. , Liu Y. , Wang Y. , Yang Z. , Lin Y. , Shen Y. , Li S. , Xiao J. , Guo H. , Wan C. , Wang Z.
Published: May 2007

Circadian clock genes have the function of producing circadian rhythm. They are also implicated in the origin or development of many diseases such as cancers and neuropsychiatric diseases. The purpose of this study is to determine whether the 54‐nucleotide repeat polymorphism of hPer3, one of the circadian clock genes, associates with heroin dependence. DNA samples were obtained from 209 Chinese heroin‐dependent subjects and 249 Chinese healthy controls. The 54‐nucleotide repeat polymorphism was detected by polymerase chain reaction and DNA agarose gel electrophoresis. The frequency of four‐repeat allele was significantly higher (χ2= 10.64, P = 0.001; corrected for multiple tests, P = 0.003) in the mixed gender heroin‐dependent subject group (four repeat: 0.89, five repeat: 0.11) than in the mixed gender control group (four repeat: 0.81, five repeat: 0.19); the frequency of four‐repeat allele was also significantly higher (χ2= 10.00, P = 0.002; corrected for multiple tests, P = 0.006) in the male heroin‐dependent subject group (four repeat: 0.89, five repeat: 0.11) than in the male control group (four repeat: 0.81, five repeat: 0.19); for females, no significant trend was observed with the 54‐nucleotide repeat polymorphism between the heroin‐dependent subject group and the control group. Our results suggest that the 54‐nucleotide repeat polymorphism of hPer3 significantly associates with heroin dependence at the allele frequency level and may be a potential risk factor for the development of heroin dependence.
Risk and protective haplotypes of the alpha‐synuclein gene associated with Parkinson’s disease differentially affect cognitive sequence learning
Authors: Kéri S. , Nagy H. , Myers C. E. , Benedek G. , Shohamy D. , Gluck M. A.
Published: May 2007

Alpha‐synuclein (SNCA) is a key factor in the regulation of dopaminergic transmission and is related to Parkinson’s disease. In this study, we investigated the effects of risk and protective SNCA haplotypes associated with Parkinson’s disease on cognitive sequence learning in 204 healthy volunteers. We found that the 3′‐block risk SNCA haplotypes are associated with less effective stimulus‐reward learning of sequences and with superior context representation of sequences. In contrast, participants with protective haplotypes exhibit better stimulus‐reward learning and worse context representation, which suggest that these functions are inversely affected by risk and protective haplotypes. The Rep1 promoter polymorphism does not influence cognitive sequence learning. Because stimulus‐reward learning may be mediated by the basal ganglia and context learning may be related to the medial temporal lobe, our data raise the possibility that dopaminergic signals regulated by SNCA inversely affect these memory systems.
The Angiotensin Type 1 Receptor Activates Extracellular Signal‐Regulated Kinases 1 and 2 by G Protein‐Dependent and ‐Independent Pathways in Cardiac Myocytes and Langendorff‐Perfused Hearts
Authors: Aplin Mark , Christensen Gitte Lund , Schneider Mikael , Heydorn Arne , Gammeltoft Steen , Kjølbye Anne Louise , Sheikh Søren P. , Hansen Jakob Lerche
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  The angiotensin II (AngII) type 1 receptor (AT1R) has been shown to activate extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) through G proteins or G protein‐independently through β‐arrestin2 in cellular expression systems. As activation mechanisms may greatly influence the biological effects of ERK1/2 activity, differential activation of the AT1R in its native cellular context could have important biological and pharmacological implications. To examine if AT1R activates ERK1/2 by G protein‐independent mechanisms in the heart, we used the [Sar1, Ile4, Ile8]‐AngII ([SII] AngII) analogue in native preparations of cardiac myocytes and beating hearts. We found that [SII] AngII does not activate Gq‐coupling, yet stimulates the β‐arrestin2‐dependent ERK1/2. The Gq‐activated pool of ERK1/2 rapidly translocates to the nucleus, while the β‐arrestin2‐scaffolded pool remains in the cytosol. Similar biased agonism was achieved in Langendorff‐perfused hearts, where both agonists elicit ERK1/2 phosphorylation, but [SII] AngII induces neither inotropic nor chronotropic effects.
Predictors of Sexual and Relationship Functioning in Couples with Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome
Authors: Smith Kelly B. , Tripp Dean , Pukall Caroline , Nickel J. Curtis
Published: May 2007

Introduction

Both partners in a relationship are typically affected when one experiences sexual dysfunction and/or pain. However, couple functioning has rarely been investigated in Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome (CP/CPPS), a common condition in men involving pelvic pain and sexual dysfunction.

Aim

To identify potential predictors of sexual and relationship function among couples with CP/CPPS, and to examine associations among pain, sexual, and relationship variables in patients and their women partners.

Methods

Thirty-eight patients with CP/CPPS and their women partners completed questionnaires assessing sexual and relationship function via mail.

Main Outcome Measures

Patients completed a subscale from the Multidimensional Pain Inventory and the International Index of Erectile Function. Partners completed the Female Sexual Function Index. All participants completed the Golombok–Rust Inventory of Sexual Satisfaction and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale.

Results

Couples' sexual function, sexual satisfaction, and relationship adjustment were all significantly associated. Pain severity significantly predicted sexual and relationship functioning among couples. However, multiple regression models revealed that sexual and relationship variables were the strongest predictors of patient and partner functioning, over and above pain severity. Patient sexual function was predicted by patient sexual satisfaction and female sexual function, whereas female sexual function was predicted by female sexual satisfaction and patient relationship adjustment. With regard to sexual satisfaction, patient sexual function and relationship adjustment and female relationship adjustment predicted patient sexual satisfaction. Female sexual function predicted female sexual satisfaction. Among both patients and partners, relationship adjustment was significantly predicted by that of one's partner. The only partner variable that was significantly predicted by patient pain severity was female sexual function.

Conclusion

Significant links exist among the sexual and relationship functioning of patients with CP/CPPS and their partners. These results emphasize the importance of the interpersonal context on couples' functioning, and highlight the need to adopt a biopsychosocial approach when investigating CP/CPPS.