bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Models of Status Epilepticus and Neuronal Injury for Evaluation of Therapeutic Interventions
Authors: Reddy Doodipala , Kuruba Ramkumar
Published: September 2013

This article describes current experimental models of status epilepticus (SE) and neuronal injury for use in the screening of new therapeutic agents. Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. SE is an emergency condition associated with continuous seizures lasting more than 30 min. It causes significant mortality and morbidity. SE can cause devastating damage to the brain leading to cognitive impairment and increased risk of epilepsy. Benzodiazepines are the first-line drugs for the treatment of SE, however, many people exhibit partial or complete resistance due to a breakdown of GABA inhibition. Therefore, new drugs with neuroprotective effects against the SE-induced neuronal injury and degeneration are desirable. Animal models are used to study the pathophysiology of SE and for the discovery of newer anticonvulsants. In SE paradigms, seizures are induced in rodents by chemical agents or by electrical stimulation of brain structures. Electrical stimulation includes perforant path and self-sustaining stimulation models. Pharmacological models include kainic acid, pilocarpine, flurothyl, organophosphates and other convulsants that induce SE in rodents. Neuronal injury occurs within the initial SE episode, and animals exhibit cognitive dysfunction and spontaneous seizures several weeks after this precipitating event. Current SE models have potential applications but have some limitations. In general, the experimental SE model should be analogous to the human seizure state and it should share very similar neuropathological mechanisms. The pilocarpine and diisopropylfluorophosphate models are associated with prolonged, diazepam-insensitive seizures and neurodegeneration and therefore represent paradigms of refractory SE. Novel mechanism-based or clinically relevant models are essential to identify new therapies for SE and neuroprotective interventions.
Noncoding RNA in Oncogenesis: A New Era of Identifying Key Players
Authors: Deng Guorui , Sui Guangchao
Published: September 2013

New discoveries and accelerating progresses in the field of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) continuously challenges our deep-rooted doctrines in biology and sometimes our imagination. A growing body of evidence indicates that ncRNAs are important players in oncogenesis. While a stunning list of ncRNAs has been discovered, only a small portion of them has been examined for their biological activities and very few have been characterized for the molecular mechanisms of their action. To date, ncRNAs have been shown to regulate a wide range of biological processes, including chromatin remodeling, gene transcription, mRNA translation and protein function. Dysregulation of ncRNAs contributes to the pathogenesis of a variety of cancers and aberrant ncRNA expression has a high potential to be prognostic in some cancers. Thus, a new cancer research era has begun to identify novel key players of ncRNAs in oncogenesis. In this review, we will first discuss the function and regulation of miRNAs, especially focusing on the interplay between miRNAs and several key cancer genes, including p53, PTEN and c-Myc. We will then summarize the research of long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) in cancers. In this part, we will discuss the lncRNAs in four categories based on their activities, including regulating gene expression, acting as miRNA decoys, mediating mRNA translation, and modulating protein activities. At the end, we will also discuss recently unraveled activities of circular RNAs (circRNAs).
Chaetochromones A and B, Two New Polyketides from the Fungus Chaetomium indicum (CBS.860.68)
Authors: Lu Keyang , Zhang Yisheng , Li Li , Wang Xuewei , Ding Gang
Published: September 2013

Chaetochromones A (1) and B (2), two novel polyketides, were isolated from the crude extract of fungus Chaetomium indicum (CBS.860.68) together with three known analogues PI-3(3), PI-4 (4) and SB236050 (5). The structures of these compounds were determined by HRESI-MS and NMR experiments. Chaetochromones A (1) and B (2) are a member of the polyketides family, which might originate from a similar biogenetic pathway as the known compounds PI-3 (3), PI-4 (4) and SB236050 (5). The biological activities of these secondary metabolites were evaluated against eight plant pathogens, including Alternaria alternata, Ilyonectria radicicola, Trichoderma viride pers, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium verticillioide, Irpex lacteus (Fr.), Poria placenta (Fr.) Cooke and Coriolus versicolor (L.) Quél. Compound 1 displayed moderate inhibitory rate (>60%) against the brown rot fungus Poria placenta (Fr.) Cooke, which causes significant wood decay. In addition, the cytotoxic activities against three cancer cell lines A549, MDA-MB-231, PANC-1 were also tested, without any inhibitory activities being detected.
Physiological Roles and Potential Therapeutic Applications of the P2X7 Receptor in Inflammation and Pain
Authors: Alves Luiz , Bezerra Rômulo , Faria Robson , Ferreira Leonardo , Da Silva Frutuoso Valber
Published: September 2013

The P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a nonselective cation channel that is activated by extracellular ATP and triggers the secretion of several proinflammatory substances, such as IL-1β, IL-18, TNF-α, and nitric oxide. Recently, several preclinical studies have demonstrated that this receptor participates in inflammation and pain mechanisms. Taken together, these results indicate that P2X7R is a promising pharmacological target, and compounds that modulate the function of this receptor show potential as new anti-inflammatory medicines. In this review, we discuss aspects of P2X7R pharmacology and the participation of this protein in inflammation and pain and provide an overview of some promising compounds that have been tested as antagonists of P2X7R, with clinical applicability.
Increased Plasma Concentrations of Vitamin D Metabolites and Vitamin D Binding Protein in Women Using Hormonal Contraceptives: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Møller Ulla , Streym Susanna , Jensen Lars , Mosekilde Leif , Schoenmakers Inez , Nigdikar Shailja , Rejnmark Lars
Published: September 2013

Use of hormonal contraceptives (HC) may influence total plasma concentrations of vitamin D metabolites. A likely cause is an increased synthesis of vitamin D binding protein (VDBP). Discrepant results are reported on whether the use of HC affects free concentrations of vitamin D metabolites. Aim: In a cross-sectional study, plasma concentrations of vitamin D metabolites, VDBP, and the calculated free vitamin D index in users and non-users of HC were compared and markers of calcium and bone metabolism investigated. Results: 75 Caucasian women aged 25–35 years were included during winter season. Compared with non-users (n = 23), users of HC (n = 52) had significantly higher plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) (median 84 interquartile range: [67–111] vs. 70 [47–83] nmol/L, p = 0.01), 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) (198 [163–241] vs. 158 [123–183] pmol/L, p = 0.01) and VDBP (358 [260–432] vs. 271 [179–302] µg/mL, p < 0.001). However, the calculated free indices (FI-25OHD and FI-1,25(OH)2D) were not significantly different between groups (p > 0.10). There were no significant differences in indices of calcium homeostasis (plasma concentrations of calcium, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin, p > 0.21) or bone metabolism (plasma bone specific alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and urinary NTX/creatinine ratio) between groups. In conclusion: Use of HC is associated with 13%–25% higher concentrations of total vitamin D metabolites and VDBP. This however is not reflected in indices of calcium or bone metabolism. Use of HC should be considered in the interpretation of plasma concentrations vitamin D metabolites.
Le vin et les femmes : un texte méconnu de la Collection hippocratique
Authors: Villard Laurence
Published: September 2013

Par suite d'une équivalence implicite entre le banquet et le vin, l'absence des femmes honnêtes du banquet a parfois été interprétée comme une interdiction du vin qui serait faite aux femmes grecques. Cette idée repose sur quelques textes bien connus et sur certaines données archéologiques. On commence donc par examiner ces différentes sources, ce qui permet de constater que l'interdit du vin fait aux femmes dans certaines cités ne mentionne ni législateur ni peines encourues — ce qui diffère des interdits frappant ailleurs les deux sexes — , et que les vases présents dans les tombes et destinés à la boisson du mort ne varient pas selon le sexe du défunt — ce qui diffère des sèmata funéraires qui peuvent désigner le caractère masculin (ce sera plutôt un cratère) ou féminin (ce sera plutôt une loutrophore) du mort.

Mais en plus de ces sources bien connues, il est intéressant de faire intervenir un témoignage tiré de la Collection hippocratique : l'auteur d'un des traités gynécologiques énumère en effet, parmi les symptômes révélateurs de la grossesse, le dégoût du vin et de la nourriture qui prend les femmes peu après qu'elles sont tombées enceintes. Outre l'intérêt philologique que présente l'hapax μίσοινος, ce texte montre que les épouses de citoyens dont la fécondité était si importante pour la cité buvaient du vin quand elles étaient en bonne santé, ce qui explique du reste que les médecins leur en prescrivaient tant, en cas de maladie.
L'Empédocle de Platon
Authors: O’Brien Denis
Published: September 2013

Platon fait souvent allusion aux doctrines d'Empédocle, sans pourtant en nommer l'auteur. Dans tous ces passages, la critique implicite est la même : le mal aurait pour origine soit le vice humain (Symposium 189C2-193D5), soit la nature corporelle de l'univers (Politicus 268E8-274E4), sans que l'on soit obligé de faire appel à l'existence d'un dieu maléfique (Sophista 242C8-243A4). C'est bien plutôt le contraire : l'âme du monde, héritière de l'Amour d'Empédocle, exclut de l'univers sa rivale, la Discorde (Timaeus 34B4 ; 36E3).
Serments et institutions civiques à Cos à l'époque hellénistique
Authors: Krob Edwige
Published: September 2013

Searching examination of Coan inscriptions mentioning civic oaths (homopoliteia between Cos and Calymnus, Coan arbitration for Telos) or magistrate oaths (accountants in a lex sacra, priestresses of Demeter, prostatai) lead to a better understanding of the functions of the oath in the Coan institutions : the one who takes it, enters into an agreement with the city and this agreement ensures, under the protection of Gods, an harmony essential to the democracy. The oaths also show that men or women who take them, are active members of the polis which remains at the Hellenistic period, in spite of Ptolemies' protectorate, an healthy community.

By comparing these inscriptions with similar documents — particularly those of Athens — we cannot surely conclude to the diffusion of Attic models of institutions at the Hellenistic period.
Représentation, lumière, conscience chez les Stoïciens
Authors: Lefebvre René
Published: September 2013

Les stoïciens passent pour avoir envisagé la [représentation (phantasia) comme une sorte de lumière (phôs). Cela demande à être considéré de près. Il convient de ne pas mêler sans précautions l'image de la lumière de la conscience et l'image stoïcienne de la lumière de la [représentation.
Environmental Enrichment Synergistically Improves Functional Recovery by Transplanted Adipose Stem Cells in Chronic Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury
Authors: Seo Jung Hwa , Kim Hyongbum , Park Eun Sook , Lee Jong Eun , Kim Dong Wook , Kim Hyun Ok , Im Sang Hee , Yu Ji Hea , Kim Ji Yeon , Lee Min-Young , Kim Chul Hoon , Cho Sung-Rae
Published: September 2013

We investigated the effects of environmental enrichment (EE) on the function of transplanted adipose stem cells (ASCs) and the combined effect of EE and ASC transplantation on neurobehavioral function in an animal model of chronic hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury. HI brain damage was induced in 7-day-old mice by unilateral carotid artery ligation and exposure to hypoxia (8% O2 for 90 min). At 6 weeks of age, the mice were randomly injected with either ASCs or PBS into the striatum and were randomly assigned to either EE or standard cages (SC), comprising ASC-EE ( n = 18), ASC-SC ( n = 19), PBS-EE ( n = 12), PBS-SC ( n = 17), and untreated controls ( n = 23). Rotarod, forelimb-use asymmetry, and grip strength tests were performed to evaluate neurobehavioral function. The fate of transplanted cells and the levels of endogenous neurogenesis, astrocyte activation, and paracrine factors were also measured. As a result, EE and ASC transplantation synergistically improved rotarod latency, forelimb-use asymmetry, and grip strength compared to those of the other groups. The number of engrafted ASCs and βIII-tubulin+ neurons derived from the transplanted ASCs was significantly higher in mice in EE than those in SC. EE and ASC transplantation also synergistically increased BrdU+βIII-tubulin+ neurons, GFAP+ astrocytic density, and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) level but not the level of CS-56+ glial scarring in the striatum. In conclusion, EE and ASC transplantation synergistically improved neurobehavioral functions. The underlying mechanisms of this synergism included enhanced repair processes such as higher engraftment of the transplanted ASCs, increased endogenous neurogenesis and astrocytic activation coupled with upregulation of FGF2.
Market Niches and the Perceptual Economic Impacts on a Remote Alpine Village: The Brits Week in Laax
Authors: Jenkins Ian , Rios-Morales Ruth
Published: September 2013

This article explores the perceived economic impact that a single nationality creates at a niche alpine tourist destination: Laax, Switzerland. A number of strategies are used to promote new forms of income during a "shoulder" period in a remote alpine destination. One such strategy
is encouraging a niche snow sports event: BRITS Week. Laax has developed a specialized tourism image, focusing upon the sport of snowboarding and freestyle skiing, and encourages specialized events connected with this image. The article explores residents' perceptions of economic expenditure
during BRITS Week. A qualitative methodology was used, involving semistructured interviews with economically active stakeholders from the village of Laax. The data were evaluated and examined using discourse analysis and presented in themed matrix tables. There is evidence to suggest that
the BRITS Week in Laax provides an important economic boost at a shoulder period in the year. But local tourism actors are either ambivalent or hostile to this event, noting that little, if any, benefit is directly derived from the event in the surrounding locale. It is asserted that this
is due to a local oligarchical business model, resulting in little community involvement.
Determining Business Event Legacies Beyond the Tourism Spend: An Australian Case Study Approach
Authors: Foley Carmel , Schlenker Katie , Edwards Deborah , Lewis-Smith Lyn
Published: September 2013

Government and industry are aware that the full value of the business event sector needs to be established. To date, the sector has been evaluated on the economic contribution it makes to host destination tourism. The tourism contributions have been impressive in themselves; however,
this narrow focus has failed to account for a more extensive set of contributions to economies and communities. Impacts from business events in areas such as innovation, education, networking, trade, research, and practice are generally considered to outweigh the financial returns of the tourism
spend. Although anecdotal evidence of the value of business events beyond the tourism dimension has been evident for some time, empirical research in this area is limited. This article has four objectives: first, to highlight the research need for understanding the broader impacts of business
events beyond the tourism spend; second, to identify the range and impact of contributions made by business events to host communities beyond the tourism spend; third, to examine five Australian business events utilizing a grounded theory approach and present a range of identified legacies
in the categories of knowledge expansion; networking, relationships, and collaboration; educational outcomes; raising awareness and profiling; and showcasing and destination reputation. Finally, the article discusses the implications of these findings for the business events sector.
Preclinical Characterization of GLPG0634, a Selective Inhibitor of JAK1, for the Treatment of Inflammatory Diseases
Authors: Van Rompaey Luc , Galien René , van der Aar Ellen M. , Clement-Lacroix Philippe , Nelles Luc , Smets Bart , Lepescheux Liên , Christophe Thierry , Conrath Katja , Vandeghinste Nick , Vayssiere Béatrice , De Vos Steve , Fletcher Stephen , Brys Reginald , van ’t Klooster Gerben , Feyen Jean H. M. , Menet Christel
Published: September 2013

The JAKs receive continued interest as therapeutic targets for autoimmune, inflammatory, and oncological diseases. JAKs play critical roles in the development and biology of the hematopoietic system, as evidenced by mouse and human genetics. JAK1 is critical for the signal transduction of many type I and type II inflammatory cytokine receptors. In a search for JAK small molecule inhibitors, GLPG0634 was identified as a lead compound belonging to a novel class of JAK inhibitors. It displayed a JAK1/JAK2 inhibitor profile in biochemical assays, but subsequent studies in cellular and whole blood assays revealed a selectivity of ∼30-fold for JAK1- over JAK2-dependent signaling. GLPG0634 dose-dependently inhibited Th1 and Th2 differentiation and to a lesser extent the differentiation of Th17 cells in vitro. GLPG0634 was well exposed in rodents upon oral dosing, and exposure levels correlated with repression of Mx2 expression in leukocytes. Oral dosing of GLPG0634 in a therapeutic set-up in a collagen-induced arthritis model in rodents resulted in a significant dose-dependent reduction of the disease progression. Paw swelling, bone and cartilage degradation, and levels of inflammatory cytokines were reduced by GLPG0634 treatment. Efficacy of GLPG0634 in the collagen-induced arthritis models was comparable to the results obtained with etanercept. In conclusion, the JAK1 selective inhibitor GLPG0634 is a promising novel therapeutic with potential for oral treatment of rheumatoid arthritis and possibly other immune-inflammatory diseases.
Retinoic Acid Improves Defective TLR9/RP105-Induced Immune Responses in Common Variable Immunodeficiency–Derived B Cells
Authors: Indrevær Randi L. , Holm Kristine L. , Aukrust Pål , Osnes Liv T. , Naderi Elin H. , Fevang Børre , Blomhoff Heidi K.
Published: September 2013

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is a disease that is characterized primarily by low levels of serum Igs, resulting in a high incidence of infections. It also has been associated with impaired B cell signaling via TLR9 and reduced serum levels of vitamin A. Given the established link between vitamin A deficiency and increased susceptibility to infections, we investigated the ability of the vitamin A metabolite all-trans retinoic acid (RA) to restore the defective immune responses in CVID-derived B cells activated through the TLRs TLR9 and RP105. We demonstrate that RA almost normalizes proliferation and IL-10 secretion in patient-derived B cells. IgG secretion is also partially restored, but to a more moderate extent. This can be explained by impaired RA-mediated isotype switching in TLR9/RP105-stimulated CVID-derived B cells owing to reduced induction of activation-induced deaminase. Accordingly, these B cells secreted higher levels of IgM than did normal B cells, and RA augmented IgM secretion. The ability of RA to improve critical immune parameters in CVID-derived B cells stimulated through TLR9 and RP105 support the possibility of combining RA with TLR stimulation for the treatment of CVID.
Tumor Suppressor p53 Inhibits Systemic Autoimmune Diseases by Inducing Regulatory T Cells
Authors: Kawashima Hirotoshi , Takatori Hiroaki , Suzuki Kotaro , Iwata Arifumi , Yokota Masaya , Suto Akira , Minamino Tohru , Hirose Koichi , Nakajima Hiroshi
Published: September 2013

The tumor suppressor p53 plays a central role in tumor suppression by inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, senescence, and DNA repair. In addition to the antitumor functions of p53, accumulating evidence using systemic p53-deficient mice suggests that p53 suppresses autoimmunity. However, it remains unknown how p53 suppresses autoimmunity. In this study, we generated T cell–specific p53-deficient mice (CD4-Cre p53fl/fl mice, or p53 conditional knockout [cKO] mice) and found that aged p53-cKO mice spontaneously developed inflammatory lesions in various organs, including lung, liver, stomach, thyroid gland, submandibular gland, and kidney. Additionally, anti-nuclear Abs and autoantibodies against gastric parietal cells were detected in p53-cKO mice but not in control p53fl/fl mice (p53 wild-type mice). Importantly, the number of Foxp3+CD4+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the spleen and lung as well as in vitro differentiation of induced Tregs was significantly reduced in p53-cKO mice as compared with that in p53 wild-type mice. Regarding the mechanisms underlying p53-mediated Treg induction, p53 enhanced the transcription of Foxp3 by binding to the promoter and the conserved noncoding DNA sequence-2 of the Foxp3 gene. Taken together, these results suggest that p53 expressed in T cells functions as a suppressor for autoimmunity by inducing Treg differentiation.
Lysis-on-Chip of Single Target Cells following Forced Interaction with CTLs or NK Cells on a Dielectrophoresis-Based Array
Authors: Abonnenc Melanie , Borgatti Monica , Fabbri Enrica , Gavioli Riccardo , Fortini Cinzia , Destro Federica , Altomare Luigi , Manaresi Nicolò , Medoro Gianni , Romani Aldo , Tartagni Marco , Lo Monaco Elisa , Giacomini Patrizio , Guerrieri Roberto , Gambari Roberto
Published: September 2013

Guiding the interaction of single cells acting as partners in heterotypic interactions (e.g., effectors and targets of immune lysis) and monitoring the outcome of these interactions are regarded as crucial biomedical achievements. In this study, taking advantage of a dielectrophoresis (DEP)-based Laboratory-on-a-chip platform (the DEPArray), we show that it is possible to generate closed DEP cages entrapping CTLs and NK cells as either single cells or clusters; reversibly immobilize a single virus-presenting or tumor cell within the chip at a selected position; move cages and their content to predetermined spatial coordinates by software-guided routing; force a cytotoxic effector to physically interact with a putative target within a secluded area by merging their respective cages; generate cages containing effector and target cells at predetermined E:T ratios; accurately assess cytotoxicity by real-time quantitation of the release kinetics of the fluorescent dye calcein from target cells (>50 lytic events may be tested simultaneously); estimate end points of calcein release within 16 min of initial E:T cell contact; simultaneously deliver Ab-based phenotyping and on-chip lysis assessment; and identify lytic and nonlytic E:T combinations and discriminate nonlytic effector phenotypes from target refractoriness to immune lysis. The proof of principle is provided that DEPArray technology, previously used to levitate and move single cells, can be used to identify highly lytic antiviral CTLs and tumor cells that are particularly refractory to NK cell lysis. These findings are of primary interest in targeted immunotherapy.
Stable CD4 Expression and Local Immune Activation in the Ectocervical Mucosa of HIV-Infected Women
Authors: Hirbod Taha , Kimani Joshua , Tjernlund Annelie , Cheruiyot Juliana , Petrova Anna , Ball Terry B. , Mugo Nelly , Jaoko Walter , Plummer Francis A. , Kaul Rupert , Broliden Kristina
Published: September 2013

Studies using genital tissue samples from HIV-infected women might provide important information about HIV susceptibility and transmission. In this study, ectocervical biopsies were obtained from 20 HIV-seropositive (HIV+) Kenyan female sex workers (FSW) and 20 HIV-seronegative lower risk (HIV− LR) women. To control for the impact of sex work, 20 HIV− FSW were also recruited. Immune molecules were assessed in situ by immunohistochemistry and for mRNA expression by quantitative PCR. The HIV+ women were reportedly infected for a median of 3 y (1–21 y), with a median viral load of 11,735 copies/ml (20–648,000 copies/ml). These women had significantly lower CD4 blood cell counts than the HIV− LR women but comparable levels of CD4 expression in ectocervix. Whereas cellular markers were similar between the HIV+ group and the HIV− LR women, the HIV-binding molecules CCR5, dendritic cell–specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3–grabbing nonintegrin, and mannose receptor as well as the inflammatory markers CD69, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-22 were significantly upregulated in the HIV+ group. As compared with the HIV− FSW women, the HIV+ women had significantly upregulated levels of CD4, CD3, CCR5, Langerin, dendritic cell–specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3–grabbing nonintegrin, and mannose receptor as well as inflammatory cytokines. The CD4 cell depletion previously seen in the gut mucosa of HIV-infected individuals was thus not observed in the ectocervical mucosa. Stable CD4 cell expression and local immune activation in the lower female genital tract may promote viral replication and genital shedding and increase the risk of sexual HIV transmission.
Reading the Old Testament in the 21st century using the Book of Jonah as reference
Authors: Spangenberg Izak J.J.
Published: September 2013

Some Old Testament scholars identify three main types of approaches to the Bible, namely, (1) theological (2) historical and (3) literary. Others would rather refer to different methods of studying the Bible, which can be linked to different worlds. Some methods focus more on the world behind the text, others on the world of the text itself, whilst yet a third group focuses more on the world in front of the text. One reads the text according to which of the three worlds one regards as the most important. Although there is truth in all of these classifications of approaches to studying the Bible and methods of doing so, the audience for whom the reading is done plays an even more important role. The different audiences often cherish different views of Scripture which can be linked to a specific paradigm and which dominates the outcome of the reading process. The fact is illustrated by investigating how the book of Jonah has been read and studied in recent years.
Torah and prophecy: A debate of changing identities
Authors: Otto Eckart
Published: September 2013

The study interprets the postexilic book of Deuteronomy as a prophetic testament, which characterises Moses as the only arch-prophet (Dt 34). This was a position not of prophetic groups of the Second Temple Period, but of priestly scribes who were responsible for the postexilic redaction of the Pentateuch. They were in a discourse with postexilic groups and schools of prophetic scribes who denied the priestly theory of legitimate prophecy, especially in the book of Jeremiah, but also in Isaiah. The study highlights the discussion and draws some conclusions about postexilic circles of authors in Torah and prophecy.
Satellite-based estimate of aerosol direct radiative effect over the South-East Atlantic
Authors: Costantino L. , Bréon F.-M.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. The net effect of aerosol Direct Radiative Forcing (DRF) is the balance between the scattering effect that reflects solar radiation back to space (cooling), and the absorption that decreases the reflected sunlight (warming). The amplitude of these two effects and their balance depends on the aerosol load, its absorptivity, the cloud fraction and the respective position of aerosol and cloud layers. In this study, we use the information provided by CALIOP (CALIPSO satellite) and MODIS (AQUA satellite) instruments as input data to a Rapid Radiative Transfer Model (RRTM) and quantify the shortwave (SW) aerosol direct atmospheric forcing, over the South-East Atlantic. The combination of the passive and active measurements allows estimates of the horizontal and vertical distributions of the aerosol and cloud parameters. We use a parametrization of the Single Scattering Albedo (SSA) based on the satellite-derived Angstrom coefficient. The South East Atlantic is a particular region, where bright stratocumulus clouds are often topped by absorbing smoke particles. Results from radiative transfer simulations confirm the similar amplitude of the cooling effect, due to light scattering by the aerosols, and the warming effect, due to the absorption by the same particles. Over six years of satellite retrievals, from 2005 to 2010, the South-East Atlantic all-sky SW DRF is −0.03 W m−2, with a spatial standard deviation of 8.03 W m−2. In good agreement with previous estimates, statistics show that a cloud fraction larger than 0.5 is generally associated with positive all-sky DRF. In case of cloudy-sky and aerosol located only above the cloud top, a SSA larger than 0.91 and cloud optical thickness larger than 4 can be considered as threshold values, beyond which the resulting radiative forcing becomes positive.
Long-path averaged mixing ratios of O3 and NO2 in the free troposphere from mountain MAX-DOAS
Authors: Gomez L. , Navarro-Comas M. , Puentedura O. , Gonzalez Y. , Cuevas E. , Gil-Ojeda M.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. A new approximation is proposed to estimate O3 and NO2 mixing ratios in the Northern Subtropics Free Troposphere (FT). Multi Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (MAX-DOAS) high mountain measurements, recorded at Izaña Observatory (28°18' N, 16°29' W), are used in this work. Proposed method uses horizontal and near-zenith geometries to estimate the station level differential path. Two different methods are described. First one uses retrieved Slant Column Densities (SCD) of O4. On second method, path is estimated from LIBRADTRAN radiative transfer model for the region and season. Results show that under low aerosol loading, O3 and NO2 mixing ratios concentrations can be retrieved with moderately low errors. Obtained concentrations have been compared with in situ instrumentation on the observatory. O3 concentration in FT is found to be in the range of 40–80 ppb, approximately. NO2 is in the range of 20–30 ppt, below the detection limit of in situ instrumentation. The different air masses scanned by each instrument have been identified as a cause of discrepancy between O3 observed by MAX-DOAS and in situ.
Global characteristics of Pc1 magnetic pulsations during solar cycle 23 deduced from CHAMP data
Authors: Park J. , Lühr H. , Rauberg J.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. We present a global climatology of Pc1 pulsations as observed by the CHAMP satellite from 2000 to 2010. The Pc1 center frequency and bandwidth are about 1 and 0.5 Hz, respectively. The ellipticity is mostly linear with the major axis almost aligned with the magnetic zonal direction. The diurnal variation of Pc1 occurrences shows a primary maximum early in the morning and a secondary maximum during pre-midnight hours. The annual variations of the occurrence rates exhibit a clear preference for local summer. The solar cycle dependence of the occurrence rate reveals a maximum at the declining phase (2004–2005). Neither magnetic activity nor solar wind velocity controls the Pc1 occurrence rate significantly. Pc1 occurrence rate peaks at subauroral latitudes, but the steep cutoff towards higher latitudes is due to auroral field-aligned currents masking the Pc1 pulsations. The center frequency of Pc1 pulsations does not show a clear dependence on latitude. The global distribution of Pc1 exhibits highest occurrence rates near the longitude sector of the South Atlantic Anomaly. Pc1 events at auroral latitudes, although they are rarely detected, show a clear occurrence peak around local noon. A majority of the auroral Pc1 events are observed during solar minimum years.
Relative roles of local disturbance, current climate and palaeoclimate in determining phylogenetic and functional diversity in Chinese forests
Authors: Feng G. , Mi X. C. , Bøcher P. K. , Mao L. F. , Sandel B. , Cao M. , Ye W. H. , Hao Z. Q. , Gong H. D. , Zhang Y. T. , Zhao X. H. , Jin G. Z. , Ma K. P. , Svenning J.-C.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. The main processes underlying the generation and maintenance of biodiversity include both local factors such as competition and abiotic filtering and regional forces such as palaeoclimate, speciation and dispersal. While the effects of regional and local drivers on species diversity are increasingly studied, their relative importance for other aspects of diversity, notably phylogenetic and functional diversity is so far little studied. Here, we link data from large Chinese forest plots to data on current and Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) climate as well as local disturbance regimes to study their relative roles in determining woody plant phylogenetic and functional diversity in this important hotspot for woody plant diversity. Local disturbance was the best predictor of functional diversity as represented by maximum canopy height (Hmax), probably reflecting the dominant role of competition for light in determining the forest Hmax structure. In contrast, the LGM-present anomaly in temperature was the factor with the strongest explanatory power for phylogenetic diversity, with modern climate also important. Hence, local contemporary and regional historical factors have highly contrasting importance for the geographic patterns of the functional and phylogenetic aspects of Chinese forest woody plant diversity. Importantly, contemporary factors are of overriding importance for functional diversity, while palaeoclimate has left a strong signature in the phylogenetic diversity patterns.
Imperfect scaling in distributions of radar-derived rainfall fields
Authors: van den Berg M. J. , Delobbe L. , Verhoest N. E. C.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Fine scale rainfall observations for modeling exercises are often not available, but rather coarser data derived from a variety of sources are used. Effectively using these data sources in models often requires the probability distribution of the data at the applicable scale. Although numerous models for scaling distributions exist, these are often based on theoretical developments, rather than on data. In this study, we develop a model based on the α-stable distribution of rainfall fields, and tested on 5 min radar data from a Belgian weather radar. We use these data to estimate functions that describe parameters of the distribution over various scales. Moreover, we study how the mean of the distribution and the intermittency change with scale, and validate and design functions to describe the shape parameter of the distribution. This information was combined into an effective model of the distribution. Finally, the model was fitted to data from numerous storms, and the resulting parameters were compared to investigate the change in scaling behavior through time.
The geomorphological effect of cornice fall avalanches in the Longyeardalen valley, Svalbard
Authors: Eckerstorfer M. , Christiansen H. H. , Rubensdotter L. , Vogel S.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. The study of snow avalanches and their geomorphological effect in the periglacial parts of the cryosphere is important for enhanced geomorphological process understanding as well as hazard-related studies. Only a few field studies, and particularly few in the High Arctic, have quantified avalanche sedimentation. Snow avalanches are traditionally ranked behind rockfall in terms of their significance for mass-wasting processes of rockslopes. Cornice fall avalanches are at present the most dominant snow avalanche type at two slope systems, called Nybyen and Larsbreen, in the valley Longyeardalen in central Svalbard. Both slope systems are on northwest-facing lee slopes underneath a large summit plateau, with annual cornices forming on the top. High-frequency and magnitude cornice fall avalanching is observed by daily automatic time-lapse photography. In addition, rock debris sedimentation by cornice fall avalanches was measured directly in permanent sediment traps or by snow inventories. The results from a maximum of seven years of measurements in a total of 13 catchments show maximum mean rock debris sedimentation rates ranging from 8.2 to 38.7 kg m−2 at Nybyen, and from 0.8 to 55.4 kg m−2 at Larsbreen. Correspondingly, avalanche fan surfaces accreted from 2.6 to 8.8 mm yr−1 at Nybyen, and from 0.2 to 13.9 mm yr−1 at Larsbreen. This comparably efficient rockslope mass wasting is due to collapsing cornices producing cornice fall avalanches containing large amounts of rock debris throughout the entire winter. The rock debris of different origin stems from the plateau crests, the adjacent free rock face and the transport pathway, accumulating distinct avalanche fans at both slope systems. Cornice fall avalanche sedimentation also contributed to the development of a rock glacier at the Larsbreen site during the Holocene. We have recorded present maximum rockwall retreat rates of 0.9 mm yr−1 at Nybyen, but as much as 6.7 mm yr−1 at Larsbreen, while average Holocene rockwall retreat rates of 1.1 mm yr−1 at Nybyen have been determined earlier. As cornice fall avalanches are the dominant type of avalanche in central Svalbard, the related geomorphological effect is assumed to be of significance at periglacial landscape scale. A climate-induced shift in prevailing winter wind direction could change the rockslope sedimentation effectively by changing the snow avalanche activity.
Emergency versus elective ureteroscopic treatment of ureteral stones
Authors: Matani Yousef S. , Al-Ghazo Mohammed A. , Al-Azab Rami S. , Bani Hani Osamah , Ghalayini Ibrahim F. , Bani Hani Ibrahim
Published: September 2013

Introduction: This retrospective study investigates the role of the emergency ureteroscopic (URS) approach in the definitive treatment of ureteric stones.Methods: We reviewed all patients admitted for ureteric stones from May 2003 to December 2010. Those who underwent URS stone treatment were selected and stratified into emergency (EMG) and elective groups (ELG). Emergency URS is defined as URS being performed within 24 hours of admission to the emergency room. The main indication for emergency treatment was refractory ureteric colic in spite of narcotic analgesia. Both groups were statistically compared in terms of their patient-, stone- and outcome-related variables. The overall success rate was defined by the clearance of the stone and/or presence of residual fragments (<3 mm) at the end of 4-week follow-up period.Results: In total, 903 patients were suitable for analysis with 244 and 659 patients in the EMG and ELG, respectively. Age, sex and comorbidities were comparable in both groups. Average ages were 43.4 ± 15.31 and 45.6 ± 13.24 years among EMG and ELG, respectively. Stones had an average size of 0.92 ± 0.49 (in the EMG group) and 0.96 ± 0.53 cm (in the ELG group). We found that 61.1% and 65.7% of stones were distally located in the EMG and ELG, respectively. EMG had a longer operative time (69 ± 21.03 vs. 57 ± 13.45 minutes) with comparable average hospital stays (1.9 days). Intra-operative double-J stents or ureteric catheter insertion was noted in 72.5 and 67.7% of EMG and ELG, respectively. The overall complication rates were reported in 13.1% in EMG and 14.4% in ELG. A higher rate of ureteric injuries (early and late) was documented in the EMG group (7% vs. 5.6%). Most of these injuries were minor and manageable without additional procedure and/or general anesthesia. Success was achieved in 90.6% and 91.8% of the EMG and ELG groups, respectively.Conclusion: With recent advances in technology, the growing trend toward one-stage definitive treatment, patient acceptability and rising concerns over financial aspects, emergency URS treatment of ureteric stones is evolving as a standard initial management option.
Percutaneous silicon catheter insertion into the IVC, following percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) exchange
Authors: Kotb Ahmed F , Elabbady Ahmed , Mohamed Khaled , Atta Mohamed Adel
Published: September 2013

Percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) has been widely used to drain an infected, obstructed kidney. Few major complications have been associated with it. Few publications have reported the misplacement of nephrostomy tube into the inferior vena cava (IVC), following percutaneous nephrolithotomy. We report a case of a misplaced silicon catheter, through the left renal vein, extending into the IVC, following nephrostomy tube exchange. Our case was safely managed, and we concluded that although PCN and nephrostomy tube exchange are relatively simple procedures, they should be done cautiously, by a well-trained urologist, and preferably under ultrasound or fluoroscopic guidance.
Primary proximal urethral adenocarcinoma: Case report and brief review
Authors: Siosaki Marcos Duarte , Machado Roberto Dias , Souza Ana Tarsila Fonseca , Magnabosco Wesley Justino , Santos Alexandre Cesar , Gonçalves Fernando Zapparoli , Pereira Fernando Coutinho , Silva Carlos Flávio de Araújo , Faria Eliney Ferreira
Published: September 2013

Primary urethral cancer in females is rare. It has a poor prognosis. The published data on this topic are limited, composed mostly of small case series. This paper presents a case of an advanced adenocarcinoma of the urethra, intestinal type, treated with anterior exenteration.
Actinomycosis of the urinary bladder
Authors: Huang Chun , Al-Essawi Turki
Published: September 2013

Actinomycosis of the urinary bladder is a rare anaerobic bacterial infection caused by Actinomyces isrealii. Initial diagnosis is often difficult and this disease is easily misdiagnosed as a urothelial or urachal tumour. The definitive diagnosis is usually made postoperatively via tissue pathology. We discuss a case of a 54-year-old male with a smoking history and a 2.5-week history of gross hematuria. Ultrasound, computed tomography and cystoscopy revealed a large inflammatory mass adherent to the right, anterior bladder wall, suggesting malignancy. Transurethral resection and histological pathology subsequently confirmed inflammatory urothelium and gram-positive bacteria consistent with actinomyces species.
Double jeopardy? Renal sparing management of simultaneous ipsilateral renal cell carcinoma and urothelial carcinoma
Authors: Bay Benjamin N. , Black Peter
Published: September 2013

The occurrence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) and urothelial carcinoma (UC) synchronously in the same kidney is exceedingly rare. All reported cases have been managed with either nephroureterectomy or nephrectomy. We report on a patient who required renal-sparing management of his double malignancy, including open partial nephrectomy of his pT1a RCC and endoscopic laser ablation of his low-grade Ta renal pelvis UC. After 4 years, the patient is in good health and disease-free under strict surveillance. It, therefore, would appear justified to combine partial nephrectomy for RCC and endoscopic management of UC in the same kidney of an appropriately selected patient.
The effect of seedling chilling on glutathione content, catalase and peroxidase activity in Brassica oleracea L. var. italica
Authors: Wojciechowska Renata , Hanus-Fajerska Ewa J. , Kołton Anna , Kamińska Iwona , Grabowska Aneta , Kunicki Edward
Published: September 2013

The study was designed to determine the possible relationship between Brassica oleracea var. italica seedlings stored at 2°C in the dark for seven and fourteen days, respectively, and the level of certain antioxidant parameters in particular organs. A parallel objective of the experiment was to determine if the reaction of seedlings to low temperature might be persistent in fully developed plants until harvest time. After 14 days of chilling a significant increase in the glutathione content was observed in the seedling leaves in comparison to the non-chilled plants. During vegetation in field conditions this effect was maintained in leaves up to the stage of formation of flower buds. At harvest the highest content of glutathione was demonstrated in broccoli heads, obtained from plants, which were previously chilled in the seedling phase for two weeks. Peroxidase activity in broccoli seedlings increased each year of the three-year study due to the duration of the cooling time, whereas in the case of catalase the changes were not so distinct. At harvest time the activity of both enzymes in the leaves and flower buds fluctuated according to the particular year of study.
Two new free-living nematode species (Trefusiina: Trefusiidae) from the Chatham Rise crest, Southwest Pacific Ocean
Authors: Leduc Daniel
Published: September 2013

Two new species of the family Trefusiidae, viz., Trefusia piperata sp. nov. and Trefusialaimus idrisi sp. nov., are described from the crest of the Chatham Rise, Southwest Pacific Ocean (350 m water depth). The present study provides the first species records for this family in the region. Trefusia and Trefusialaimus comprise twenty and three valid species, respectively. A key to males of Trefusia is provided.
Stress, risque suicidaire et annonce de son homosexualité
Authors: Charbonnier Élodie , Graziani Pierluigi
Published: September 2013

Cette recherche vise à mieux comprendre le risque suicidaire élevé des jeunes lesbiennes et gays. Pour cela, nous avons évalué les liens pouvant exister entre leur risque suicidaire et l’important stress qu’elles et ils ressentent lors de la divulgation de leur homosexualité. Des entretiens semi-directifs ont été réalisés auprès de 15 jeunes se disant lesbiennes ou gays. Au sein de notre échantillon, trois jeunes avaient fait une tentative de suicide, dont deux en lien avec l’annonce de leur homosexualité. Nos résultats démontrent que cette divulgation# être génératrice d’une importante détresse et conduire certains jeunes à avoir envie de mettre fin à leurs jours, essentiellement lorsqu’elle donne lieu à des attitudes négatives. Mais elle peut aussi être source de libération et de bien-être, notamment lorsqu’elle conduit le jeune à bénéficier d’un soutien plus important.
Suicidality among trans people in Ontario: Implications for social work and social justice
Authors: Bauer Greta R. , Pyne Jake , Francino Matt Caron , Hammond Rebecca
Published: September 2013

While transgender and transsexual (trans) communities have been documented to experience high rates of suicidality, little attention has been paid to how this may vary based on experiences of social injustice. Using survey data from the Trans PULSE Project (n=433), we estimated that suicidal thoughts were experienced by 36% of trans Ontarians over the past year, and that 10% attempted suicide during that time. Moreover, we documented that youth and those experiencing transphobia and lack of support are at heightened risk. Suicidality varied greatly by medical transition status, with those who were planning to transition sex, but who had not yet begun, being most vulnerable. Recommendations are made for improving wellbeing in trans communities, through policy advocacy, service provision, access to transition care, and fostering accepting families and communities.