bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of High-Frequency Transmission Characteristics of Transmission Lines on Copper-Plated Cycloolefin Polymer Using Directly Sputtered Copper Seed Layer and Electroless Copper Plating Seed Layer
Authors: Shimizu Akihiro , Fukada Kazuhiro , Endo Shinichi , Abe Mitsunori , Matsui Akiko
Published: February 2025

We have developed a technology to form a copper plating layer using a directly sputtered copper seed layer without an adhesion layer on cycloolefin polymer (COP) film for application in antenna circuits for 6G communications. This study compared the high-frequency transmission characteristics up to 100 GHz in coplanar transmission lines on copper-plated COP films using either a directly sputtered copper seed layer (sputtered type) or an electroless copper plating seed layer (electroless type). Our findings indicate that the sputtered type exhibits superior transmission loss characteristics compared to the electroless type, particularly beyond 60 GHz. This difference is attributed primarily to the skin effect at high frequencies, where current primarily flows through the copper plating layer for the sputtered type, compared to the electroless type, where it flows through the electroless copper plating layer, which has significantly lower conductivity.
Laser Assisted Bonding for Flip Chip Interconnection of Very Large Chips
Authors: Sarr Cheikh Samba , Danovitch David , Kanso Malak , Gagnon Pascale , Pion Marc-Olivier
Published: February 2025

In recent years, laser-assisted bonding (LAB) has emerged as a promising means to address specific flip-chip assembly issues associated with conventional mass-reflow (MR) and thermo-compression bonding (TCB) processes, for example chip warpage reduction. However, studies have predominantly focussed on small to medium sized chips. For memory, processor, and interposer applications, chip sizes may be much larger. The ability to effectively distribute laser energy across such larger interconnection areas is practically unexplored.

This paper investigates LAB behavior for a 25mm x 26mm silicon chip comprising Cu pillar/SAC solder interconnects, with a particular focus on the size of the optically generated homogeneous laser beam.

A heat transfer study was first conducted to estimate the relationship between chip surface temperature, which can be measured and controlled during the LAB process, and actual joint temperature, the latter requiring a special thermocouple assembly module. The responses allowed the determination of an appropriate range of LAB profile parameters for assembly development.

Assembly results reported revealed that beam size extension beyond the chip region is critical to achieving repeatable defect-free interconnection of such large chips. This relationship was additionally supported by thermal finite element modelling (FEM) that demonstrated that the impact of convective effects at the chip periphery on solder joint temperature distribution, and remediation of same by beam size enlargement, became increasingly important with increasing chip size. It was further demonstrated that, despite the larger beam size and its effect on substrate surface temperature, post assembly chip warpage was reduced by about 50% using LAB as compared to the MR process. Finally, microstructural comparisons between LAB and MR validated that initial intermetallic compound (IMC) formations are significantly reduced on these large chip assemblies, in line with previous studies on smaller chips.
Fan-Out Embedded Bridge with TSV (FO-EB-T) Package Solution for Enhancing HPC Application
Authors: Lin Steven , Ho David , Wang Yu-Po
Published: February 2025

No one can deny we are definitely in Artificial Intelligence (AI) generation as it’s now immersing in all the necessities of our daily life, which effect and become every single part of our behavior. By accelerating the development of leading-edge assembly package combine with new generation high-bandwidth memory (HBM) that the speed can be even increased to 8Gbps, a much higher efficient AI chip can be achieved in enhancing the high-performance computing (HPC) application.

Assembly of Fan-Out Embedded Bridge (FO-EB) chiplet package adopts organic interposer with embedding bridge die which can be aggressively replaced by silicon bridge die with through-silicon-via (TSV) technology to be named as FO-EB-T. This 3D packaging removes the silicon interposer with the benefit of cost effectiveness and directly connects chips with different functions in the form of TSV. The high performance accommodates reducing package height, enhancing design flexibility, shortening the chip transmission path to reinforce chip operation speed. Besides, in order to effectively integrate different functions and process chips to meet the needs of high computing power, low latency, and low power consumption for Server AI computing, Self-driving cars, Networking etc., not only to breakthrough in packaging technology, but the methods of connecting chips and even the material used to connect will be the focus of technology development. In this paper, the selectivity study in terms of the interface connection is covered in pathfinding. The workability with integrated passive device (IPD) added was evaluated to verify the electrical voltage stabilization for package of FO-EB with TSV. Also, the module bonding on substrate method requirement for large Chip Module (CM) was studied as well.
Study of Thermal Conductivity and Reliability of InAg Soldering Thermal Interface Material by Formic Acid Reflow for TIM1 IC Module Package
Authors: Wells Jacob , Geng Jie , Fan Guangyu
Published: February 2025

Indium and indium-containing alloys such as indium silver (InAg) alloys have generally been paid considerable attention as thermal interface materials for usage in thermal management of microprocessors such as CPU, GPU and AI accelerator. This is, especially true for high-performance computing electronics with high power density. Reflow process parameters of InAg preforms with differing compositions of Ag ranging from 3 to 10 wt% as well as various thicknesses were extensively studied bonding Cu to Cu to achieve optimum properties and performance of the InAg soldered joint using formic acid vacuum reflow. Basic characterization was also completed including basic physical properties such as density, modulus and phase transition. Moreover, X-ray scanning and confocal scanning acoustic microscopy (C-SAM) were used to identify voids and delamination of the InAg soldered joints, respectively. Laser Flash Analysis (LFA) was employed to measure thermal conductivity of the soldered joint bonding Cu to Cu after the reflow process in the determined optimum conditions. Thermal cycling testing (TCT) was conducted with a profile of -40°C to 125°C, 30 min of dwell time and highly accelerated stress testing (HAST) with a profile of 110°C/85%RH/0.22 MPa/264 hr, to evaluate reliability of the soldered joints, the initial characterization testing was repeated at several intervals. To further understand the change of microstructure after the given number of thermal cycling, cross-sectional samples were prepared and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to characterize morphologies of the soldered joints. In this presentation, the influence of the different compositions of InAg alloys and bond line thickness (BLT) on the voiding performance, delamination and thermal conductivity of the soldered joints, as well as the results of reliability are discussed.
Applying Machine Learning to the Smart Welding of Cylindrical Lithium-ion Battery Cells within Battery Modules
Authors: McKeown Mike
Published: February 2025

Battery packs are used in transportation and energy storage applications to provide sufficient power for machine operation. There are various types of battery cell structures as well as numerous methods of interconnecting the battery cells. This paper will focus on cylindrical battery cells, the 21700 type, and Smart Welding as the interconnect technology. Smart Welding is a hybrid version of an ultrasonic welder and an ultrasonic heavy wire bonder that was developed by Hesse GmbH. The problem addressed in this study was that previous research pointed to a need for improvement in determining the optimally smart welding parameters for cylindrical lithium-ion battery cells within a module. By using Taguchi techniques and a Naïve Bayes Classifier, a machine learning algorithm was developed to help determine optimum Smart Weld parameters that produced acceptable weld shear values and nuggets.
Advanced 3D Integrated Circuit Packaging: Metallurgical Improvement and FLOLA (Flux-Less Oxide-removal Laser Assembly) Process at a 9㎛-Pitch Micro-Bump
Authors: Ahn Seok-Geun , Oh Ju-Hyeon , Jeon Gwang-Jae , Lee Dae-Ho , Choi Sun-Woo , Kim Kyoung-A , Yun Hyo-Kyeong , Choi Jin-Young , Lee Seok-Hyun , Ahn Su-Jin
Published: February 2025

The study aimed to explore the thermal stability of the new bump metallurgy and evaluate the feasibility of flux-less bonding in 9㎛ pitch. A mechanical 3D-IC package structure was implemented to achieve this, connecting two chips vertically with a 9-micron bump pitch. The study used a diffusion barrier to suppress intermetallic compounds (IMCs) between the metal pillar “M” and the solder. A newly adopted Flux-Less oxide-removal Laser Assembly (FLOLA) was used to interconnect the top die to a 12-inch bottom wafer vertically at the wafer level process using neither fluxing nor cleaning. To verify the heat resistance property of diffusion barrier embedded micro-bumps, a high-temperature storage test (HTST) was conducted at 150℃ for 1000 hours and 180℃ for 500 hours, respectively. That samples were precisely grinded and polished to inspect cross-sections of solder joint, field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and plasma focused ion beam (PFIB) were used to characterize the behavior of IMC growth for iso-thermal aging time conditions. The reliability test result showed that diffusion barrier layer could suppress IMC growth effectively, and eliminate the void risk by volume shrinkage, shown like as a conventional nickel-solder(Ni-Sn) under bump metallurgy (UBM), completely.
The Effect of Conductor Processing and Properties on Additively Manufactured Antenna Performance
Authors: Enakerakpo Emuobosan , Al-Shaibani Waleed Tawfik , Shamsian Olya Noruz , Al-Haidari Riadh , Obeidat Abdullah S. , Umar Ashraf , Alhendi Mohammed , Poliks Mark
Published: February 2025

Printed electronics techniques are increasingly utilized for device fabrication, particularly in flexible electronics. This study investigates the performance trade-offs associated with additive printed electronics methods and materials, focusing on antenna gain. A dual-band dipole antenna, operating at 2.4 GHz and 4.6 GHz, was designed using the ANSYS High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS), with printed silver as the conductive material and 5mil (125 μm) Kapton as the substrate. Three sets of antennas, each with different conductive materials and printing techniques, were fabricated while maintaining a consistent substrate and antenna design. The fabrication techniques include dispensing and aerosol jet printing, with the conductive materials varying in particle size. Results show that resistance primarily affects antenna gain at 2.4 GHz, while the microstructure of the conductive material plays a more significant role at 4.6 GHz.
Processing Tank Flow Mechanics for Next Generation Glass Core Substrates
Authors: Kudriavtsev Vladimir , Bajaj Rajeev , Lane Chris , Karim Zia
Published: February 2025

Glass substrates are increasingly seen as an alternative for interposers in heterogeneous packaging [1]. In a typical wet tool, substrates undergo chemical treatments in separate tanks. Standard panels (510x515mm) are processed simultaneously, requiring a carrier for automated loading, unloading, locking, and transportation. This study examines flow velocities between panels, carrier walls, and tank walls in stationary positions. The overflow tank, a crucial sparger system component, has three fluid parts: the lower distribution area, a separation plate, and the main tank. To enhance the design, we study the interplay between porous resistances, showerhead coverage, carrier-to-platform distance, carrier-to-free surface distance, carrier-to-wall gaps, and distances between panels. Our approach aims for a custom flow field in the sparger tank that is as uniform and unidirectional as possible. Designing tank and carrier components to prevent stagnation zones ensures shorter residence times, critical for the sparger system’s effectiveness. Our findings apply to wet chemical etching of TGV vias or electroless metal (Ni, Cu, etc.) deposition processes.
Digestibility of minerals in proprietary feed by rabbits and their manure quality
Authors: Ingweye J.N. , Nwabueze I.G. , Onengiye G. , Okoseimiema J.
Published: February 2025

In this study, apparent mineral digestibility by rabbits and their manure quality were examined using proprietary poultry pelleted feed tagged F1, F2, F3 and F4 fed to 12 rabbit bucks of the New Zealand White x Chinchilla crossbreed aged 16 weeks shared into 3 animals per group and housed individually in wire cages. They underwent three days adjustment period and 7 days faecal collection. Each animal was fed 200g of their allotted feed/day without forage. The collected faeces from each replicate were collected, bulked, refrigerated, weighed, dried and analysed for mineral content. The Completely Randomized Design and One–Way ANOVA were used. Data were analysed using SPSS software while significant means (p<0.05) were separated using LSD. Results show the Na, K, Ca, P and Mg contents of feed ranged from 0.23–0.27, 0.79–0.85, 0.87–0.98, 0.48–0.52, 0.34–0.38%, respectively, while the Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn ranged from 2.80–4.50, 56.00–69.35, 5.65–7.60 and 11.40–13.55mg/kg, respectively. The apparent digestibility values of Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn ranged from 26.20–29.06, 18.44–27.96, 21.63–27.99, 38.46–54.45, 37.79–44.20, 46.67–78.57, 28.70–38.66, 42.76–61.06 and 30.63–43.42%, respectively while the DM, N, K, and P contents of the manure ranged from 87.54–88.35, 1.41–1.54, 0.57–0.70 and 0.22–0.32%, respectively. There were significant differences (p<0.05) among feed minerals, percent digestibility and manure minerals. The Na, K, Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Fe and Mn contents in feed could satisfy rabbit needs while others may not. Digestibility of P , Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe and Mn were acceptable while others were low. The N and P in the manures may need supplementation with organic manures rich in these minerals. In conclusion, F3 with better digestibility values is recommended as rabbit feed, while F4 manure is recommended for soils low in P and K .
Tomato prices fluctuation and marketing analysis in Ido Local Government area of Oyo State
Authors: Azeez F.A. , Babatunde T.O. , Ojo-fakuade F.F. , Kareem A.T.
Published: February 2025

Tomato is one of the most important and major vegetable crops grown in Nigeria but fluctuations in the prices of tomato reinforce food insecurity and malnutrition. This study sought to assess the effects of price fluctuation and profitability index of tomato business in Ido Local Government Area (LGA) of Oyo State. A two-stage random sampling method was used for this study. Four markets (Akufo, Apete, Elenusonso and Ido markets) were sampled out of 10 major markets in Ido LGA. Afterwards, twenty-five (25) tomato marketers were randomly selected in each of the selected markets. In sum, one hundred (100) copies of a well-structured questionnaire were administered to elicit needed information. The differentials rates in turn-over per season was estimated to assess the influence of price fluctuation on tomato business using descriptive statistics while Gross Margin analysis was used to determine the profitability index of tomato business in the study area. The study thus concluded that there would be high potential for increased turnover during the dry season (Quarter 1 and Quarter 4) and would subsequently bring high income to the marketers within the study area. The marketers should therefore adopt value addition methods through processing and packaging of their products in order to avoid wastages that characterized rainy season business while economic policy of the government should be adjusted.
Impact of Styrofoam wastes generation to the environment using residents living in Ibadan Metropolis as a case study
Authors: Ekunola J. N. , Ogunsanwo O.Y. , Aina K.S.
Published: February 2025

Styrofoam products are dominantly used in Nigeria for packaging of items such as foods, electronics and domestics. The use of Styrofoam is increasing and its impact to environment is now a major challenge. This study investigated the impact of Styrofoam wastes generation to the environment using Ibadan metropolis as a case study. A total of eighty (80) well structured questionnaires were administered to the consumers of Styrofoam products found within Ibadan metropolis. Ibadan has 11 local government areas in the metropolitan which consist of 5 urban local government areas in the city. 3 urban local government areas (Ibadan North, Ibadan South West and Ibadan North West) were adopted for the study based on these factors; commercialization, industrialization and population. Results reveal that male respondents that are still active youths within the 31- 40 years age bracket with secondary school certificate are dominantly involved in the activities (distribution and consumption) of Styrofoam in the studied areas. As recorded, high demand of Styrofoam waste (85%) was witnessed by respondents while 6.7 % of the Styrofoam wastes were openly disposed. Large quantities of used Styrofoam products were monthly derived as waste, which are either disposed in the open space or sold to other users. Most respondents by 66.7 % were not even aware that Styrofoam waste can still be reprocessed for the production of wood-based composite. Pearson chi-square revealed that educational qualification and year of experience are insignificant to the method adopted for disposal. It was realized that Styrofoam products are highly consumed in Ibadan and there is need for the government and other organizations to start generating income through the use of technological management. Apart from being used for adhesive, it can also be useful for the production of composite in the wood based industry, which can serve as carbon gases storage tank rather than climate destroyer.
Effect of watering regimes and hormones on early growth of Pterocarpus erinaceus
Authors: Ukanyirioha C. J. , Okechalu A. A. , Erhabor T.A. , Dahunsi O.M.
Published: February 2025

Pterocarpus erinaceus is an endangered indigenous species that needs to be regenerated artificially. Its germination challenges as well as slow early growth are major limitations for its use in plantation establishment and in large scale afforestation projects. A study on the effect of water regimes and hormones on early growth of Pterocarpus erinaceus was carried out under nursery condition. Two (2) hormones (honey and Aloe Vera) were used in combination with 5 water regimes to determine the most suitable for early growth of the species. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 15 treatments and 9 replicates. The findings revealed that watering seedlings of Pterocarpus erinaceus twice a day (2x/day) gives better results on early growth (3.17cm, 4.91cm and 5.73cm for treatment without hormone, treatment with aloe vera and honey respectively). The shoot height of seedlings under the watering regime 2X/day was significantly different from the shoot height of seedlings under other water regimes evaluated. The effect of hormone showed that honey was a better hormone than aloe vera at early stages of growth of Pterocarpus erinaceus as seedlings treated with honey showed better responses in shoot height, collar diameter and number of leaves. Both hormones had better results on shoot height, collar diameter and number of leaves compared to the control, indicating that hormones are highly required to enhance early growth of the species. It is therefore recommended that honey be used as hormones in the raising of Pterocarpus erinaceus seedlings and that the seedlings be watered twice daily, in the morning and evening.
Voices of social workers on the barriers that women face in accessing substance use treatment services in Limpopo province, South Africa
Authors: Baloyi Dzunisani E. , Khosa Priscalia
Published: February 2025

The prevalence rate of substance use in women has escalated world over, yet, little is known about their access to available substance use treatment services. This study, through a feminist lens, examines the perspectives of social workers coordinating substance use programmes in South Africa’s Limpopo province on the barriers that women face in accessing substance use treatment services. We adopted a qualitative approach through an exploratory-descriptive research design and conducted semi-structured telephonic interviews with 20 social workers within the Department of Social Development. Data that were analysed through thematic content analysis shows that women encounter personal barriers, like lack of motivation to change and denial about the substance use problem, together with external obstacles such as the shortage of treatment facilities and limited government investment in substance use treatment. The authors then recommend that the government invest more financial resources in substance use treatment to address some of the barriers that women face when seeking treatment.
E-health literacy in nursing
Authors: Wojcieszko Monika , Duplaga Mariusz
Published: February 2025

Recent years have seen a steadily increasing interest in using digital sources to obtain health-related information. Furthermore, information and communication technologies (ICT) are important in supporting professional activities performed by health care workers worldwide. The term e-health literacy (eHL) refers to the ability of people using the Internet to search for, find, understand, and evaluate health-related information from electronic sources. The level of eHL shows whether the public can access and process basic health information or use health services provided through electronic means. This article is focused on presenting the importance of eHL in tasks performed by nursing students and nurses. We present the concept of eHL, describe methods of measuring it, and discuss factors determining its level. The study is based on a purposeful literature review.
Zawody medyczne w dziedzinie stomatologii – zakresy kompetencji i obowiązków. Wybrane aspekty prawne i praktyczne
Authors: Lipowski Paweł , Gajda Edyta
Published: February 2025

This article covers the subject of different medical professions in the field of dentistry. The considerations presented herein focus on the legal regulations of these medical professions within the Polish law and the characteristics of legal provisions related to the medical licensing in that regard and, above all, the scope of competences and duties. The aforementioned legal provisions refer to the sphere of practical regulations of health services provided by dentists, dental assistants, dental hygienists, dental technicians and dental technology specialists, as professions that are included under the umbrella term of dentistry. The analysis of legal provisions from a practical perspective allows the authors to formulate conclusions regarding the type of medical care being provided, falling within the area of management of the health care systems, and more broadly, public health.
Religions- und Kulturkontakt im Bild. Über Metaphern und Formulare in der materialen Missionsgeschichte
Authors: Krüger Patrick Felix
Published: February 2025

Der Artikel untersucht den Einfluss von Religions- und Kulturkontakt auf materiale Objekte der Missionsgeschichte. Der Fokus liegt auf der Frage, wie religiöse Inhalte in Kunstwerke eingeschrieben werden. Dies wird mittels der Formulartheorie an Beispielen christlicher Kunst aus China und Japan gezeigt, die in einem missionarischen Kontext entstanden sind. Die Studie zeigt hierbei auf, wie insbesondere visuelle Metaphern und kulturelle Motive in Verbindung von Wort und Text genutzt werden, um eine Synthese zwischen den künstlerischen Traditionen und den missionarischen Inhalten zu schaffen. Anhand der Untersuchung ausgewählter Werke der Gruppe Ars Sacra Pekinensis kann die Bedeutung kultureller und religiöser Kontextualisierung für die Integration christlicher Symbolik in nicht-westliche Kunsttraditionen nachgewiesen werden.
Treatment Option of Inherited Hemophilia A and B: In Case of Gene Therapy
Authors:   Injibara University, Injibara, Ethiopia, Tsega Alemu
Published: February 2025

Hemophilia is the X-linked inherited bleeding illness caused by genetic abnormalities in the F8 (hemophilia A) or F9 (hemophilia B) genes. Hemophiliacs
experience bleeding episodes into the joints and soft tissues, which can be managed with self-infusion of concentrations of factor VIII or IX. Because
hemophilia is a monogenic illness with easily measured outcomes (factor levels and bleed rates), it makes it a desirable target for gene therapy. One of the
most promising vectors for hemophilia gene therapy is lentiviral or adeno-associated virus (AAV)-based. Recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors
have been used successfully in all preclinical and clinical trials to far for factor VIII or IX hepatocyte transduction. These vectors were used to repair the
bleeding phenotype in preclinical animal models of hemophilia A and B. Clinical translation to individuals with severe hemophilic phenotype was spurred
by some of these encouraging preclinical results. This represents a significant advancement in the field because these patients undergoing gene therapy
with AAV vectors demonstrated long-term expression of therapeutic FIX levels. With gene therapy, hemophilia patients can have a single treatment and
maintain their factor levels for years or decades rather than relying on a steady supply of medication and frequent delivery at short intervals. Over the past
ten years, significant progress has been achieved in the development of gene therapy for hemophilia. The phase III trial stage of adeno-associated virus
(AAV) vector-mediated gene transfer in hemophilia A and B has begun. Clinical trials are currently evaluating factor VIII (FVIII) or factor IX (FIX) gene
editing technologies or lentiviral vector gene transfer. It is anticipated that major markets will authorize and distribute the first gene therapy drugs, FVIII
and FIX, in the near future.
Enhancing Paediatric Diagnostic Accuracy: A Case Report on the Clinical Utility of MedBrain in Nigeria
Authors:   Effective Care Research Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikwe University, Awka, Nigeria, Eleje George Uchenna , Nri-Ezedi Chisom Adaobi ,   Department of Paediatrics, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria., Nduagubam Obinna Chukwuebuka ,   Nduagubam, Nzeduba Chiesonu Dymphna ,   Department of Paediatrics, Enugu State University Teaching Hospital (ESUTH), Parklane, Enugu, Nigeria, Shatima Denis Richard ,   Department of Paediatrics, National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria, Ikhide Ohireime Lawrence ,   Department of Nuclear Medicine, National Hospital, Abuja, Nigeria, Usuah Joshua Alexander ,   Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Enugu State University Teaching Hospital (ESUTH), Parklane, Enugu, Nigeria, Dinwoke Paul Chibuike ,   Department of Information and Communication Technology, Molcom Multi-Concepts Limited, Abuja, Nigeria, Mamah Johnbosco Emmanuel ,   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Nigeria
Published: February 2025

Diagnosing childhood illnesses can often be challenging, particularly with conditions that share overlapping symptoms. This case report examines the role
of MedBrain, a Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS), in diagnosing common childhood illnesses. The report discusses two clinical cases involving a
9-year-old child diagnosed with chickenpox and a 4-year-old child diagnosed with measles, both in Nigeria. For each case, MedBrain provided a differential
diagnosis with a ranked list of diseases and associated diagnostic scores based on the system's algorithms. The predicted diagnoses were evaluated and
validated by paediatricians, demonstrating the diagnostic clinical utility of MedBrain. This case report offered valuable insights into MedBrain's functionality,
clinical relevance, and potential in clinical research, with the capability to improve diagnostic accuracy in paediatric care.
Carbon Footprint throughout the Life Cycle of Electric Vehicles and Its Influence on Transport Sector Decarbonization
Authors:   Thrust of Internet of Things, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (Guangzhou), Nansha, Guangzhou 511400, Guangdong, China, Hu Guobiao , Luo Hao ,   School of International Education, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, Guangdong, China, Li Zhenqi ,   National Engineering Research Centre of High-Speed Railway Construction Technology, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China, Liu Kun ,   School of Economics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming 650503, Yunnan, China
Published: February 2025

To assess the carbon footprint of new energy vehicles, a comprehensive life cycle analysis is essential. This study develops a unified carbon emission
calculation model for electric vehicles, addressing all phases from raw material acquisition, component manufacturing, and usage to recycling. Using
the BYD E6 (a specific EV car model) as a case study, life cycle carbon emissions were calculated based on the associated data released in 2022. Carbon
emissions from material extraction and recycling, component production and assembly, battery production and recycling, as well as energy consumption
during vehicle usage and maintenance, are all considered. The results reveal that battery manufacturing accounts for the largest share of carbon emissions,
representing 76.85% of the total. Notably, when second-life utilization technologies for power batteries are employed, the recycling rate increases
significantly, leading to a substantial reduction in overall carbon emissions. Additionally, this study analyzes sales trends and market share dynamics of
new energy vehicles over the past decade and forecasts their future development, while also considering the financial and ecological benefits derived from
the financial value of carbon emissions.
Case Report: Uterine Prolapse in a Young Nulliparous Female
Authors:   Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, Ambedkar Nagar Hospital (Under Delhi government) Dakshinpuri, New Delhi, Meena Neeta
Published: February 2025

Childbirth is the dominant etiological factor for the development of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) Uterine prolapse is a rare condition in young nulliparous
females. We report a case of a 20-year-old nulliparous married woman presenting with symptoms of pelvic pressure and discomfort. Physical examination
and imaging studies confirmed the diagnosis of uterine prolapse.Patient underwent an open Shirodkar’s sling surgery which was uneventful. And was fitted
with a support pessary for additional support.Followed by pelvic floor physical therapy, including Kegel exercises and biofeedback.She reported significant
improvement in her symptoms, with reduced pelvic pressure and discomfort.
Factorial validity of the personal pedagogical worldview scale to assess teacher education
Authors: Cueva Gomez Walter Daniel , Acuna Casas Bernardo Raul
Published: February 2025

The objective of the research was to determine the validity of the construct through factor analysis, explaining a set of 29 observable variables that make up the scale of involvement of the personal pedagogical worldview in the educational act through a linear model. This analysis allowed the variables to be reduced to fewer hypothetical factors with a substantive interpretation. The sample (N = 691) included teachers in teaching and other functions. The results revealed a tetrafactorial structure with adequate validity and reliability indices. KMO and Bartlett’s tests confirmed the adequacy of factor analysis, and the Varimax rotation identified four main factors: cognitive, socio-effective, spiritual, and physical, each correlated with specific groups of educational variables.
Development of critical thinking and balanced use of cell phones in students
Authors: Cabrera Heredia Norma Alejandrina , Mogollon Peralta Patricia Alexandra
Published: February 2025

The use of electronic devices is increasingly prevalent among young people in the educational field. This study aims to examine the relationship between cell phone dependence and critical thinking in ninth-year students in the city of Chunchi. A non-experimental, cross-sectional, and correlational research design was employed. Additionally, intentional non-probabilistic sampling was used, including male and female students aged 13 to 14 years, with data collected through two tests (EDAS and PENCRISAL). The main findings indicate that students are at risk of developing cell phone dependence, with 22.8% already exhibiting signs of it, while 25.1% show no dependence. Furthermore, 56.1% of students demonstrate a low level of critical thinking development.
Challenges in the attention to university students with high intellectual abilities
Authors: Manzano Diaz Luis Alberto , Jurado Fernandez Cristian Augusto , Lozano Rivera Martin Wilson
Published: February 2025

The attention to students with high intellectual abilities has been a challenge for teachers, this situation does not escape the university context, so it is decided to carry out a non-experimental, cross-sectional research, based on a quantitative paradigm. Due to the proximity to the population under study, we worked with 85 teachers. A survey was conducted for data collection, which was processed with SPSS v27 software. The main results show that attending to students with high intellectual abilities is a challenge for teachers and that even in the present where so many teaching methodologies have been implemented, it is not easy to attend to these students who require specialized attention. Therefore, it is necessary to increase teacher training in this area and reinforce pedagogical and psycho-pedagogical knowledge to assume this situation with better results.
Acute respiratoire insufficiëntie bij een patiënte met een centrale veneuze katheter
Authors: De Mey J. , Van Heck V. , Stevens D.
Published: February 2025

Acute respiratory distress in a patient with a central venous catheter

Increasing use of central venous catheters outside of the hospital or on non-acute care departments increases the risk of catheter-associated complications. This case reports describes the typical presentation of acute respiratory distress due to iatrogenic pulmonary venous air embolisms secondary to an uncapped central venous catheter, which was only noticed several hours after the event. After the case description, we briefly describe the incidence, pathophysiology, and treatment options, and underline the importance of timely recognition of catheter-related problems to prevent iatrogenic harm.
REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDEX: TRADE BETWEEN THE EU AND TÜRKIYE FOR ALL PRODUCT
Authors: AKKAYA ONUR
Published: February 2025

This study delves into the dynamics of trade between the European Union (EU) and
Türkiye, employing the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) theory as its analytical
framework Focusing on the period from the fourth quarter of 2022 to the fourth quarter
of 2023, the research offers a comprehensive analysis of bilateral trade relations at the
All Product level. During the specified timeframe, the EU and Türkiye have navigated a
multitude of economic and geopolitical factors, influencing the nature and patterns of
their trade interactions. Against this backdrop, the RCA theory provides a valuable lens
for understanding the comparative advantages each party possesses in their trade
relationship. Through rigorous analysis of All Product level data, this study examines
the trade flows, export structures, and comparative advantage indices of both the EU
and Türkiye across various sectors and product categories. By calculating revealed
comparative advantage indices, the research identifies the specific sectors where each
party demonstrates a comparative advantage in trade. The findings of this study shed
light on the intricacies of trade dynamics between the EU and Türkiye. Analysis at the
All Product level offers a comprehensive understanding of the evolving specialization
patterns and changes in comparative advantages over the specified period. Moreover,
the research explores the implications of these findings for future trade relations
between the EU and Türkiye. This research contributes significantly to the literature on
EU-Türkiye trade relations by offering a detailed analysis based on All Product level
data. The insights derived from this study hold valuable implications for policymakers,
economists, and stakeholders involved in shaping the trajectory of bilateral trade
cooperation and integration between the EU and Türkiye.
USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN BUSINESS
Authors: AXINTE AUGUSTIN MARIUS
Published: February 2025

Still in its infancy, artificial intelligence (AI) can become a good ally in our business,
especially in these times. But using AI requires education, first digital and then
entrepreneurial because when we talk about using AI in business, we must consider the
potential risks, especially in terms of cyber security, but also the fact that an
economically judicious use of AI in our business can certainly help improve productivity
in the workplace, without the need for aggressive human replacement. Based on these
premises, the aim of this paper is to answer the following questions: What is artificial
intelligence? Who can use it? What are the risks of using artificial intelligence in
business? What jobs may disappear as AI develops and matures? The methodology used
to answer these questions is based on the literature, official documents published by
European Commission offices and statistics issued by specialized bodies. The conclusion
that emerges is that the use of artificial intelligence is an advantage in the creation of
new products and services.
THE EFFECTIVE APPLICATION OF THE RULE OF LAW BY THE MEMBER STATES OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
Authors: VERGA CRINA MIHAELA
Published: February 2025

The paper aims to explain, in the first part, the concept of the rule of law, as it is
determined at the level of the European Union. From its creation until today, the
principle of the rule of law has experienced a spectacular evolution and a very
widespread in democratic states.
The second part the paper emphasizes some support mechanisms of the rule of law in the
European Union while the last one refers to the analysis of how the member states of the
European Union have effectively implemented the analyzed principle. In this sense, in
our exposition, important decisions are analyzed, pronounced by the General Court and
the Court of Justice of the European Union, with reference to the principles of legality
and legal certainty, as well as the effective judicial protection. It was found that,
although the rule of law is one of the essential values of the Union, which was constantly
promoted by the Union bodies, it was repeatedly violated by the Member States; some of
them even had vehement reactions related to the constraints endured in this regard.
The article is of real interest both for specialists in the field and, above all, for the
Member States of the Union, which have the obligation to comply with the existing legal
provisions of the European Union and the specific jurisprudence on the matter.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF THIRD PARTY FUNDING OF JUDICIAL PROCEEDINGS
Authors: BRĂNICI MARIUS
Published: February 2025

In international arbitration, parties autonomy is a vital principle, allowing them to
determine how the proceedings are to be conducted, subject to the application of the
mandatory regulations of the state where the proceedings are held and, where
applicable, the rules of the arbitral institution. In other words, being a technique that is
mainly based on the application of the principle of freedom of contract, third party
financing (TPF) is often allowed in principle in arbitration cases that are also
contractual in nature.
The research focuses on the attention paid to financing by third parties in judicial cases,
which can be explained by some of the fundamental advantages it entails (respect for the
fundamental nature of the right to defense and unrestricted access to justice, patrimonial
advantages, etc.). Both plaintiffs and defendants can take advantage of the TPF
throughout the procedure, but also afterwards (ie during the execution of the resolution).
The analysis of the law in force and the jurisprudence are used to explain one of the key
issues fueling suspicion and skepticism about the use of TPF, i.e the method introducing
an outsider into the lawyer-client relationship (the third-party funder) whose sole
interest and only connection to the dispute is the pursuit of the capitalist objective of
making a profit. The papers point out the advantages and the lack of the procedure, in
the context of the EU law proposal for a regulation on the topic.
Formulating Mathematical Constants: Streamlining Shaded Area Calculations in Circle-Square Geometric Configurations
Authors: Babatuan Jessa Mae D. , Subong Ana Ruth A. , Decano Ronald S.
Published: February 2025

This research solves the difficulty in computing shaded areas of configurations of circles and squares using the derivation of two constants: ci=0.2146 for circles that inscribe and cc=0.5708 for circumscribed circles. The article makes these calculations easier by giving general shortcut equations that avoid the process steps traditionally associated with such problems. With verification against the standard techniques, the new constants provided exact and efficient solutions, considerably reducing the computational effort and the possibility of mistakes. The research contributes to geometry by filling a gap in the literature, namely that no streamlined approach previously existed for calculating shaded area. Practical applications of such findings are evident in school settings, mathematical competitions, and professional work in architecture and engineering. By simplifying these geometric computations, the study enhances accessibility and problem-solving efficiency.

Beyond its immediate applications, the work shows the potential of these constants to inspire further developments in mathematics and related fields. Relevant to Euclidean geometry, optimization, and computational algorithms, the findings have interdisciplinary implications, extending to fields such as physics, design, and data visualization. This research establishes a foundation for future studies, including applications to irregular shapes and three-dimensional geometries and the development of computational tools to integrate these formulas into broader contexts.
Factors Influencing the Intention to Continuously Use DouYin: A Study Among Media Content Producers in China
Authors: Hu Junke , See Kee Ng , Liang Ruoyan
Published: February 2025

In the ever-evolving landscape of Web 3.0, driven by technological advancements such as 5G, artificial intelligence, and virtual reality, Douyin has played a pivotal role in social media platforms, especially in China. Previous studies have mainly focused on the experiences of general Douyin users, overlooking the perspectives of content media producers. In response, this study delves into the factors that continuously boost the intention to use Douyin, especially among media content producers. Using the Uses and Gratifications Theory and the Theory of Planned Behaviour, this study conducted a web survey with 421 respondents. The results indicate that motivational factors (information-seeking, self-expression, entertainment, and financial incentives), and belief factors (attitude and perceived behavioural control) significantly affected the intention to continue using Douyin. However, socialisation did not have a significant positive effect towards the intention. These findings have practical implications for Douyin-centric investigations, studies involving media content producers, and the broader context of Chinese social media exploration.
Stakeholder Engagement Practices among CSR Award-Winning Companies in Malaysia
Authors: Ahmad Zeti Azreen
Published: February 2025

Stakeholder engagement is a widely used framework in corporate social responsibility (CSR), aiming to create value for businesses and their stakeholders. This practice helps foster relationships, enabling organisations to better understand stakeholders’ real issues, needs, and expectations. The engagement process generates insights useful for organisations to adjust to their core business strategies, including CSR initiatives. In this context, the underlying motivation to engage with stakeholders is to bring about positive change to them and not merely for business gain. Nevertheless, the reason and how organisations engage with stakeholders have not been extensively researched. The objectives of this study are threefold: to examine the underlying motives of engaging with stakeholders, to delve into communication strategies employed to engage with stakeholders and to explore the extent of stakeholders’ engagement practices disclosed in the CSR report. This qualitative study examines 17 CSR reports of CSR award-winning companies in Malaysia. This study found that business motive appears dominant: forming a strategic partnership with stakeholders is pertinent to business growth. Nevertheless, the specific benefits that stakeholders gain from this engagement have not been adequately reported.
Exploring the Multidimensional Sustainability of Advertising Agencies in Emerging Economies: A Case Study of Jakarta, the Capital City of Indonesia
Authors: Utoyo Arsa Widitiarsa
Published: February 2025

Against the backdrop of accelerated digital disruption in an emerging economy, this study investigates agencies’ sustained existence within the advertising industry based in Jakarta. While digital resilience is a key angle, this research includes other sustainability-implied challenges like financial resilience, client relationship management or continuous innovation. Based on the in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with industry professionals, the study presents vital factors, including strategic innovation, effective stakeholder engagement, and service diversification that foster long-term sustainability. This paper offers a multifaceted direction for digital transformation, market dynamics, and sustainable business environment by advertising agencies in Jakarta. Its insights are actionable for agencies seeking to remain competitive and deliver high degrees of client satisfaction and financial success in a constantly shifting market. Then, this research will bring sustainability one step ahead of digital disruption by presenting the myriad strategies advertising agencies must adopt in dynamic and competitive emerging markets to stay alive.
The Mental Health Status of E-Cigarette Users in Hulu Langat District, Selangor
Authors: Mohammed Amer Imran  , Ahmad Zaki Rafdzah , Nik Mohamed Mohamad Haniki , Abdul Rahman Jamalludin
Published: February 2025

This study explores the mental health status of e-cigarette users and associated factors, emphasising the importance of ethical marketing for sustainable mental wellness. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 303 Malaysian e-cigarette users in Hulu Langat District, Selangor, using the DASS-21 questionnaire to measure depression, anxiety, and stress. Multivariate logistic regression was applied to analyse associated factors. Prevalence rates for depression, anxiety, and stress were 11.9%, 21.5%, and 10.6%, respectively. Factors associated with mental health outcomes included experimentation, withdrawal symptoms, exposure to promotions, and beliefs about e-cigarettes’ efficacy in smoking cessation. E-cigarette users experience varying levels of psychological distress. Addressing withdrawal symptoms and promoting ethical marketing practices are crucial for reducing mental health issues and contributing to sustainable community mental health.