bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The evolving trajectory of conjunction use in the ELT research articles
Authors: Safari Marzieh , Mahdavirad Fatemeh
Published: November 2024

The present study was aimed at a diachronic investigation of conjunction as a grammatical cohesive device in ELT research articles. A total number of 100 research articles concentrating on teaching writing skills in the EFL context, and were released in two extremes of 1980–82 and 2020–22 were selected. The caution was taken to choose the papers which were written by expert English writers. Working within a descriptive-analytical framework, the type and frequency of conjunctions used in the articles were examined. The results depicted that the frequency of conjunctions increased at the expense of dropping in their variation. Having looked more closely, we found that particular conjunctions grew in use while the others fell out of the writers' favor. This pattern was also visible in the studies in which non-English writers' research articles were examined. This change, therefore, is attributed to the development of the speech community and the rise of non-English writers. Eventually, we concluded that it might be better to revise our material in ESP classes to adapt to the changes in a speech community.
Synthetic consciousness architecture
Authors: Spasokukotskiy Konstantyn
Published: November 2024

This paper presents a theoretical inquiry into the domain of secure artificial superintelligence (ASI). The paper introduces an architectural pattern tailored to fulfill friendly alignment criteria. Friendly alignment refers to a failsafe artificial intelligence alignment that lacks supervision while still having a benign effect on humans. The proposed solution is based on a biomimetic approach to emulate the functional aspects of biological consciousness. It establishes “morality” that secures alignment in large systems. The emulated function set is drawn from a cross section of evolutionary and psychiatric frameworks. Furthermore, the paper assesses the architectural potential, practical utility, and limitations of this approach. Notably, the architectural pattern supports straightforward implementation by activating existing foundation models. The models can be underpinned by simple algorithms. Simplicity does not hinder the production of high derivatives, which contribute to alignment strength. The architectural pattern enables the adjustment of alignment strength, enhancing the adaptability and usability of the solution in practical applications.
Motion-generation system for violin-playing robot using reinforcement learning differences in bowing parameters due to changes in learning conditions and sound pressure values
Authors: Horigome Kenzo , Shibuya Koji
Published: November 2024

Recently, research on human-robot communication attracts many researchers. We believe that music is one of the important channel between human and robot, because it can convey emotional information. In this research, we focus on the violin performance by a robot. Building a system capable of determining performance from a musical score will leads to better understanding communication through music. In this study, we aim to develop a system that can automatically determine bowing parameters, such as bow speed and bowing direction, from musical scores for a violin-playing robot to produce expressive sounds using reinforcement learning. We adopted Q-learning and ε-greedy methods. In addition, we utilized a neural network to approximate the value function. Our system uses a musical score that incorporates the sound pressure value of each note to determine the bowing speed and direction. This study introduces the design of this system. It also presents simulation results on the differences in bowing parameters caused by changes in learning conditions and sound-pressure values. Regarding learning conditions, the learning rate, discount rate, search rate, and the number of units in the hidden layer in the neural network were changed in the simulation. We used the last two bars of the score and the entire four bars in the first phrase of “Go Tell Aunt Rhody.” We determined the number of units in each layer and conducted simulations. Additionally, we conducted an analysis by adjusting the target sound pressure for each note in the score. As a result, negative rewards decreased and positive rewards increased. Consequently, even with changes in target sound pressure in both the last two bars and the entire four bars, the violin-playing robot can automatically play from the score by improving reinforcement learning. It has become clear that achieving an expressive performance using this method is possible.
Prevalence, detection of virulence genes and antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolated from arbor acres broilers feeding cycle in China
Authors: Zhou Qian , Tang Mengjun , Zhang Xiaoyan , Tang Xiujun , Lu Junxian , Gao Yushi
Published: November 2024

The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance originating from animals presents a significant threat to the treatment of animal disease, public health, and food safety. Researchers have focused on antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli (E. coli), yet there are few reports on the resistance change during the feeding cycle. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance changes of E. coli in animal, environmental, and human samples during the broiler feeding cycle. Epidemiological surveys were performed in a farm with feeding AA broilers in Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, China. Results showed that during a 42-days feeding cycle, 128 E. coli isolates were obtained from the cloaca of white-feathered broilers (n = 140), with an isolation rate of 91.4%, 27 E. coli isolates were obtained from Feed (n = 70) and 35 E. coli isolates were obtained from cage swabs (n = 70). A workers’ hands swabs sample isolation rate of 68.6% (24/35) was observed. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that out of 214 E. coli isolates, varying degrees of resistance were observed against 14 antibiotics. Most strains were resistant to ampicillin, cephalothiophene, ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, sulfamisoxazole, sulfamethoxazole and florfenicol, with a resistance rate exceeding 80%. The resistant strains demonstrated relatively stable patterns in their resistance to various antibiotics. Of the six antibiotic resistance genes tested, the floR gene showed the highest detection rate (72.4%), followed by qnrS (43.0%), mcr-1 (35.0%), aadE-Sat4-aphA-3 (28.0%), blaNDM (8.4%), aac(6′)-lb (3.7%), and cfr (0). The highest detection rate for virulence genes was yijp. In summary, the isolation rate of E. coli and antibiotic resistance profile in broiler chickens remained stable throughout their feeding cycle. These findings can serve as a reference for the rational use of antibiotics in clinical settings, they can guide the use of veterinary drugs in poultry breeding.
Effects of Distracted Pedestrian Behavior on Transportation Safety: Causes and Contributing Factors
Authors: Rijal Birat , Yilmaz Nadir
Published: November 2024

Pedestrian distraction poses significant risks at signalized intersections, especially in populated urban areas. This study investigates the primary causes of pedestrian distraction to determine the contributing factors affecting crossing behavior. Data were collected from ten signalized intersections by conducting in-person interviews, performing real-time observation, and reviewing video recordings. The study used binary logistic regression and Heuristic Bin analysis to examine different levels of distraction among pedestrians. Three major types of pedestrian distractions were identified: visual, auditory, and cognitive distractions. From the regression analysis, two models were developed to predict moderate and high levels of distraction based on factors such as age, intersection location, walking behavior, use of electronic devices, and awareness of traffic signals. The results indicated that smartphone usage and earphones were the predominant sources of distraction. Pedestrians walking in pairs demonstrated higher levels of distraction than those walking alone or in groups. Heuristic Bins analysis revealed that females were slightly more distracted than males while walking alone, in pairs, or in a group. Pedestrians also tended to be more distracted when they were walking in pairs than when walking alone or in groups.
Comparative Analysis of Single-Channel and Multi-Channel Classification of Sleep Stages Across Four Different Data Sets
Authors: Zhang Xingjian , He Gewen , Shang Tingyu , Fan Fangfang
Published: November 2024

Background: Manually labeling sleep stages is time-consuming and labor-intensive, making automatic sleep staging methods crucial for practical sleep monitoring. While both single- and multi-channel data are commonly used in automatic sleep staging, limited research has adequately investigated the differences in their effectiveness. Methods: In this study, four public data sets—Sleep-SC, APPLES, SHHS1, and MrOS1—are utilized, and an advanced hybrid attention neural network composed of a multi-branch convolutional neural network and the multi-head attention mechanism is employed for automatic sleep staging. Results: The experimental results show that, for sleep staging using 2–5 classes, a combination of single-channel electroencephalography (EEG) and dual-channel electrooculography (EOG) consistently outperforms single-channel EEG with single-channel EOG, which in turn outperforms single-channel EEG or single-channel EOG alone. For instance, for five-class sleep staging using the MrOS1 data set, the combination of single-channel EEG and dual-channel EOG resulted in an accuracy of 87.18%, whereas the combination of single-channel EEG and single-channel EOG yielded an accuracy of 85.77%. In comparison, single-channel EEG alone achieved an accuracy of 85.25% and single-channel EOG alone achieved an accuracy of 83.66%. Conclusions: This study highlights the significance of combining EEG and EOG signals in automatic sleep staging, while also providing valuable insights for the channel design of portable sleep monitoring devices.
A Study of the Effects of Virtual Reality-Based Sports Games on Improving Executive and Cognitive Functions in Minors with ADHD—A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Zhang Weixiao , Li Haojie , Sheng Yi
Published: November 2024

(1) Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a common mental health condition in children that can significantly impact their quality of life. In this study, we compared the effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) technology with traditional rehabilitation training through meta-analysis, aiming to provide a basis for the clinical optimization of rehabilitation strategies. (2) Methods: The study was registered in PROSPERO, and a search was conducted using the subject terms “virtual reality” and “attention deficit hyperactivity disorder” across six databases. The search yielded 10 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that met the inclusion criteria. The data were analyzed using a random-effects model in statistical software. (3) Results: The study found that VR exercise game technology significantly outperformed the control group in terms of both the primary outcome (executive function and cognitive function) and secondary outcomes (attention, memory, and task switching) in children under the age of 18 with ADHD (children under 18 years of age are defined as adolescents and children). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of the five outcome measures. Bias tests revealed no publication bias for the primary outcome, but some bias for the secondary outcomes, which did not affect the overall results. (4) Conclusion: VR motor games significantly improved the executive and cognitive functions of children with ADHD.
Understanding Catalyst ‘Volcano’ Dependence Through Fermi-Level Controlled Kinetics Using Electronic Theory
Authors: Turaeva Nigora , Yablonsky Gregory , Fushimi Rebecca
Published: November 2024

The ubiquitous two-step Michaelis–Menten and Temkin–Boudart reaction mechanisms are extended to include the influence of the catalyst electronic subsystem in a 5-step mechanism. The resulting kinetic equation provides an alternative explanation for the well-known volcano-shaped dependence found in catalysis. The equilibrium constants of fast electronic steps are highlighted for their influence on adsorption and desorption through the relative concentration of charged versus neutral intermediates. This generalized concept can be widely applied to determine the optimal catalyst, based on the Fermi level of the material, for reactions proceeding via this universal reaction.
The Differential Enrichment Law of Tight Sandstone Gas in the Eighth Member of Shihezi Formation in the North and South of Ordos Basin
Authors: Wang Haoyuan , Zhang Jingong , Yong Zishu , Qu Xiumei
Published: November 2024

Unconventional oil and gas resources are important energy sources for alleviating energy crises and maintaining sustainable social development. Therefore, the subsequent exploration and development of the basin summarizes and analyzes the reasons for the difference in natural gas enrichment between the southern and northern parts of the Ordos Basin. The tight sandstone gas of the Upper Paleozoic in the Ordos Basin has become a key field for increasing reserves and production of natural gas in the basin. As a high-quality tight sandstone gas reservoir, the eighth member of the Shihezi Formation only has good gas production in the south of the basin. For this reason, the types of natural gas source rocks in the north and south of the Upper Paleozoic were summarized, and the main types of gas source rocks in the north and south were clarified. The sedimentary facies of the eighth member of the Shihezi Formation and the Shanxi Formation were analyzed. The results show that the main gas-producing source rock in the northern part of the basin is coal rock, and in the southern part, it is dark mudstone. The Permian Shanxi Formation in the northern part of the basin mainly develops the delta front, which provides good conditions for the development of coal and rock. Compared with the northern Shanxi Formation, the Permian Shanxi Formation in the southern Ordos Basin mainly develops marine facies and marine-continental transitional facies, and the coal seam is not created. Therefore, the natural gas produced by the coal of the Shanxi Formation can easily migrate to the good reservoir in the eighth member of the box, which is also the reason for the difference in the enrichment of tight sandstone gas in the north and south of the Ordos Basin.
Transfer Learning for the Prediction of Energy Performance of Water-Cooled Electric Chillers: Grey-Box Models Versus Deep Neural Network (DNN) Models
Authors: Dou Hongwen , Zmeureanu Radu
Published: November 2024

The development of data-driven prediction models of energy performance of HVAC equipment, such as chillers, depends on the quality and quantity of measurement data for the model training. The practical applications always struggle with the credibility of results when the training dataset of an existing chiller is relatively small. Moreover, when the energy analyst needs to develop a reliable predictive model of a new chiller, the manufacturer’s proprietary data are not always available. The transfer learning method can soften these constraints and can help in the development of a predictive model that captures the knowledge from the available chiller, called the source chiller, using a small dataset, and apply it to a new chiller, called the target chiller. The paper presents the successful application of transfer learning strategies by using grey-box models and DNN models for the prediction of chillers performance, when measurement data are recorded at 15 min time intervals by the building automation system (BAS) and used for training and testing. The paper confirms the initial hypothesis that both the grey-box models and DNN models of the source chiller from July 2013 predict well the energy performance of the target chiller with measurement datasets from 2016. The DNN models perform slightly better than the grey-box models. The pre-trained grey-box models and DNN models, respectively, are transferred to the target chiller using three strategies: SelfL, TLS0, and TLS1, and the results are compared. SelfL strategy trains and tests the models only with the target data. TLS0 strategy directly transfers the models from the source chiller to the target chiller. TLS1 strategy transfers the models, pre-trained with an extended dataset that is composed of training dataset of Ds and training dataset of Dt. Finally, the models are tested with another set of testing data. The difference in computation times of these two types of models is not significant for preventing the use of DNN models for the applications within the BAS, when compared with grey-box models.
A Study on CO₂ Emission Reduction Strategies of Coal-Fired Power Plants Based on CCUS-ECBM Source-Sink Matching
Authors: Yang Huawei , Zhang Pan , Zhang Chenxing , Zhang Peiwen , Jia Xiaoyan
Published: November 2024

In order to reduce CO₂ emissions from industrial processes, countries have commenced the vigorous development of CCUS (carbon capture, utilization and storage) technology. The high geographical overlap between China’s extensive coal mining regions and CO2-emitting industrial parks provides an opportunity for the more efficient reduction in CO2 emissions through the development of Enhanced Coal Bed Methane (ECBM) Recovery for use with CCUS technology. Furthermore, the high geographical overlap and proximity of these regions allows for a shift in the transportation mode from pipelines to tanker trucks, which are more cost-effective and logistically advantageous. The issue of transportation must also be considered in order to more accurately assess the constructed cost function and CCUS source–sink matching model for the implementation of ECBM. The constructed model, when considered in conjunction with the actual situation in Shanxi Province, enables the matching of emission sources and sequestration sinks in the province to be realized through the use of ArcGIS 10.8 software, and the actual transport routes are derived as a result. After analyzing the matching results, it is found that the transportation cost accounts for a relatively small proportion of the total cost. In fact, the CH4 price has a larger impact on the total cost, and a high replacement ratio is not conducive to profitability. When the proportion of CO2 replacing CH4 increases from 1 to 3, the price of CH4 needs to increase from $214.41/t to $643.23/t for sales to be profitable. In addition, electric vehicle transportation costs are lower compared to those of fuel and LNG vehicles, especially for high-mileage and frequent-use scenarios. In order to reduce the total cost, it is recommended to set aside the limitation of transportation distance when matching sources and sinks.
Comparative Analysis of Electrostatic Charging Characteristics Considering the Flow Conditions of Nonconductive Flammable Liquids
Authors: Byeon Junghwan , Park Hyeongon , Ko Woong
Published: November 2024

Electrostatic is generated through friction or contact between certain materials—a process that frequently occurs in industries such as manufacturing, logistics, electronics, chemicals, petroleum, and gas. In particular, in industries dealing with flammable materials—such as petrochemicals, refining, energy, semiconductors, and electronics—electrostatic can pose a fire or explosion risk, highlighting the critical importance of implementing electrostatic control and preventive measures. To manage electrostatic at a safe level, it is crucial to prevent charge accumulation that would lead to high charging voltages. This study developed a streaming electrification generator that considers the flow conditions of non-conductive flammable liquids, allowing observation, comparison, and analysis of electrostatic charging characteristics. Specifically, to determine conditions that create fire and explosion hazard atmospheres, measurements of charging voltage, discharging current, and charging electric charge were obtained and analyzed under various experimental conditions. A comparative analysis of various electrostatic charging characteristics revealed that, in certain cases, increasing the temperature of a flowing liquid may actually decrease the charging voltage depending on the properties of the pipeline material. By considering not only the decrease in liquid conductivity with temperature changes but also the variation in the work function of solid materials, the underlying causes of the observed results can be understood. The experimental results derived from this study provide concrete and reliable data essential for controlling and managing electrostatic at a safe level and are expected to serve as a foundational resource to more clearly identify electrostatic risks in industrial safety management.
Characteristics and Genesis of Heavy Oil in Shallow and Thin Layers in Chepaizi Area, Xinjiang, China
Authors: Tao Jianqiang , Hu Chunyu , Wang Wenfeng , Gao Xiangquan , Feng Shuo , Han Changcheng , Zhang Jiapeng
Published: November 2024

The Neoproterozoic Shawan Formation in the Chepaizi area is recognized for its significant heavy oil resources. Investigating the underlying causes and mechanisms of heavy oil changes in accordance with the specific characteristics of the reservoir is crucial for future exploration and development. The distribution of heavy oil in the Pai 612 block was identified to present a combination of shallow and thin deposits, high porosity, high permeability, and elevated water content. The physicochemical properties of the crude oil included a complex composition, high density, high viscosity, substantial gel content, and notable oxidation-biodegradation potential. The oxidation and biodegradation of crude oil during transportation played the critical roles in the formation of heavy oil. As cru3de oil was transported upward, the formation temperature decreased, resulting in increased viscosity. An excess of water could initially increase and subsequently decrease heavy oil viscosity, while groundwater in the reservoir contained various chemicals that interacted with colloids and asphaltenes, further increasing the viscosity. During the formation of the early heavy oil reservoir, the light oil was unable to dissolve and transport the high-molecular-weight asphaltene component, leading to the high resin content in the heavy oil of the Pai 612 block.
The Analysis of Electrodynamic Forces in Residual Current Circuit Breakers Primary Current Paths During Short-Circuit Tests
Authors: Szulborski Michał , Strehar Lucjan , Majdič Urban , Vrabič Gorazd
Published: November 2024

This paper deals with the effect of electrodynamic forces acting on the primary current paths of residual current circuit breakers. This paper consists of a simulation part and an experimental part from the short-circuit tests performed. The experimental part presents short-circuit tests and shows the occurrence of electrodynamic forces in a visible way. The formation of electrodynamic forces in the current paths of residual current circuit breakers is associated with the flow of large currents but primarily with short-circuit currents. To highlight this phenomenon, a detailed specification of the parameters during the tests was presented. In the simulation part, the physical phenomenon of electrodynamic forces was captured by using a detailed 3D model of residual current circuit breakers and real-scale current paths. Accordingly, the authors proposed a new method using finite element analysis to obtain the values of electrodynamic forces acting on the current paths of the residual current circuit breaker by performing a detailed 3D-coupled simulation. The analysis of the obtained results and the subsequent effects of their interactions provided interesting conclusions, allowing us to improve the circuit breaker design to withstand critical short-circuit conditions.
Characteristics and Controlling Factors of Natural Fractures in Lacustrine Mixed Shale Oil Reservoirs: The Upper Member of the Lower Ganchaigou Formation in the Ganchaigou Area, Qaidam Basin, Western China
Authors: Zhao Xing , Wang Guiwen , Li Dong , Wang Song , Sun Quanwei , Lai Jin , Han Zongyan , Li Yafeng , Shen Yinghao , Wu Kunyu
Published: November 2024

Natural fractures within the lacustrine mixed shale oil reservoirs of the upper member of the Lower Ganchaigou Formation (E32) in the Ganchaigou area of the Qaidam Basin are pivotal to the exploration and development of shale oil and gas. This research investigates the developmental characteristics and controlling factors of natural fractures and their impact on the reservoir quality based on cores, image logs, thin sections, scanning electron microscopy observations, and experimental and production data. The results indicate that natural fractures in the E32 are categorized into tectonic fractures, diagenetic fractures, and abnormal high-pressure fractures. Tectonic fractures are characterized by a significant variation in dip angles, a wide range of apertures, low density, and a high filling degree. Diagenetic fractures typically exhibit low dip angles, small apertures, high density, and a low filling degree. Abnormal high-pressure fractures display chaotic orientations and complex styles, often consisting of filled fractures. The development and distribution of natural fractures are jointly influenced by mineral composition and brittleness, lamination structure, organic matter content and maturity, diagenesis, tectonic factors, and abnormal high pressure. A high content of dolomite, thin-bedded structures comprising carbonate laminae and felsic laminae, and abundant mature organic matter provide a favorable foundation for fracture development. Diagenesis, including dissolution, pressure solution, and mineral dehydration shrinkage, acts as a beneficial guarantee for fracture development. Tectonic locations near the hanging wall of faults and the core of anticlines are the main regions for fracture development. Abnormal high pressure is a crucial driving force for fracture development. Interconnected natural fractures of various types and scales significantly expand reservoir space and enhance pore connectivity and flow capacity, serving a vital function in maintaining high and stable production in lacustrine mixed shale oil reservoirs.
Overcoming the Challenge of Exploration: Organizational Readiness of Technology Entrepreneurship on the Background of Energy Climate Nexus
Authors: Czemiel-Grzybowska Wioletta , Bąkowski Michał , Forfa Magdalena
Published: November 2024

This paper examines the organizational readiness of Polish energy enterprises in the face of these challenges, exploring factors that influence their ability to undertake exploratory innovation and meet the demands of the energy–climate nexus. The study aims to investigate the organizational readiness of Polish energy enterprises, focusing on their capacity to explore and adopt innovative solutions in response to the dual pressures of advancing energy technologies and addressing climate imperatives. The triangulation of research methods was chosen to achieve the most reliable research outcomes. Among the available techniques, two were selected: computer-assisted web interviewing (CAWI) and in-depth interviews, both of which were employed to gather the necessary data. The model illustrates the impact of each interaction among the three types of affordances, presenting a corresponding set of results specific to digital affordances and entrepreneurial dynamics. Furthermore, it offers policy recommendations to support the sector’s adaptive capacity and proposes frameworks for energy firms to enhance their exploration capabilities in response to both market and regulatory imperatives. The research objective is to assess the current state of organizational readiness among Polish energy enterprises for implementing and scaling new technologies that contribute to both enhanced energy efficiency and resilience to climate change.
The Role of Underground Salt Caverns in Renewable Energy Peaking: A Review
Authors: Huang Si , Li Yinping , Shi Xilin , Bai Weizheng , Huang Yashuai , Hong Yang , Liu Xiaoyi , Ma Hongling , Li Peng , Xu Mingnan , Xue Tianfu
Published: November 2024

To address the inherent intermittency and instability of renewable energy, the construction of large-scale energy storage facilities is imperative. Salt caverns are internationally recognized as excellent sites for large-scale energy storage. They have been widely used to store substances such as natural gas, oil, air, and hydrogen. With the global transition in energy structures and the increasing demand for renewable energy load balancing, there is broad market potential for the development of salt cavern energy storage technologies. There are three types of energy storage in salt caverns that can be coupled with renewable energy sources, namely, salt cavern compressed air energy storage (SCCAES), salt cavern hydrogen storage (SCHS), and salt cavern flow battery (SCFB). The innovation of this paper is to comprehensively review the current status and future development trends of these three energy storage methods. Firstly, the development status of these three energy storage methods, both domestically and internationally, is reviewed. Secondly, according to the characteristics of these three types of energy storage methods, some key technical challenges are proposed to be focused on. The key technical challenge for SCCAES is the need to further reduce the cost of the ground equipment; the key technical challenge for SCHS is to prevent the risk of hydrogen leakage; and the key technical challenge for SCFB is the need to further increase the concentration of the active substance in the huge salt cavern. Finally, some potential solutions are proposed based on these key technical challenges. This work is of great significance in accelerating the development of salt cavern energy storage technologies in coupled renewable energy.
Effects of Chinese Fir Retention Density on Soil Bacterial Community Structure in Chinese Fir and Betula luminifera Mixed Forests Plantations in China
Authors: Zhang Meiman , Wan Zhibing , Gao Wenhui , Zhang Ye
Published: November 2024

Mixed broad-leaved trees are particularly effective in addressing ecological issues such as soil degradation and biodiversity loss caused by the dense planting of Chinese fir. Understanding the changes in soil bacterial communities in fir–broadleaf mixed forests as a function of fir retention density may offer new insights for optimizing management practices and enhancing the ecological functions of the underground components of forest ecosystems. In this study, the diversity and composition of soil bacterial communities in mixed Cunninghamia lanceolata and Betula luminifera forests (CFBFs) with diverse retention densities of Chinese fir (1250, 1560, and 1690 trees/hm2) were analyzed. The results suggested that the soil characteristics and microbial communities’ diversity and structure are significantly influenced by the retention densities of Chinese fir in CFBFs. At the aggregate scale, the CFBFs with a retention density of 1560 trees/hm2 presented the greatest soil bacterial community diversity (based on the Chao 1 (3562.75) and Shannon indices (6.58)), and the diversity and richness of soil bacteria initially increase and then decrease as the retention density decreases. In CFBFs, regardless of the retention density, bacterial communities in soil were mainly composed of Acidobacteria, Proteobacteria, and Planctomycetes. The relative abundance of soil Acidobacteria first elevated and afterwards decreased as the retention density decreased, with the highest levels (47.15%) observed in the stand with 1560 trees/hm2 of Chinese fir. The Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) showed that the soil microbial community structure in CFBEs with a retention density of 1560 trees/hm2 is significantly different from CFBEs with a retention density of 1260, and 1690 trees/hm2. Moreover, with different retention densities of Chinese fir, soil organic C, total N concentrations, and soil pH also significantly affected the diversity and composition of CFBF soil bacterial communities. Our results show that the choice of retention densities significantly influences soil microbial diversity and composition in CFBFs. Optimal retention densities (1560 trees/hm2) of Chinese fir in CFBFs can maximize bacterial diversity and stability, providing management guidance for thinning for sustainable management of the soil microenvironment of CFBFs.
5-Hydroxytryptamine G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Family Genes: Key Players in Cancer Prognosis, Immune Regulation, and Therapeutic Response
Authors: Liu Simeng , He Mingang , Sun Hefen , Wu Yi , Jin Wei
Published: November 2024

Background: Firstly, 5-hydroxytryptamine G-protein-coupled receptors (HTGPCRs) are a family of 13 genes associated with cancer progression. Nevertheless, a comprehensive understanding of HTGPCRs in cancer remains largely lacking. Method: We tested the gene expression levels and prognostic values for the HTGPCRs in relation to pan-cancer. A subsequent analysis examined the relationships among HTGPCR expression and clinical characteristics, immune subtypes, stemness scores, tumor microenvironments (TMEs), single-cell analyses, and drug sensitivity. Result: A significant difference in HTGPCR expression was found between normal tissues and tumors. HTR1D/2C expressed higher levels in breast invasive carcinoma (BRCA), colon adenocarcinoma, and liver hepatocellular carcinoma. HTGPCR gene expression was correlated with prognosis in many cancers. HTR1D/2C were associated with poorer overall survival for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. In addition, HTGPCR expression correlated significantly with the stemness scores of RNA and DNA, TMB, and MSI, as well as stromal and immune scores of pan-cancer patients. Additionally, the expression of HTR2A/2B/7 was correlated significantly with immune cells and immune checkpoint genes in a variety of cancers, such as BRCA, brain lower-grade glioma, and lung adenocarcinoma. Immune regulation and TME were both regulated by HTGPCRs. Using single-cell analysis, we found that the gene set of HTGPCRs correlated with many cancer-related functional states in retinoblastoma. Moreover, drug sensitivity and HTR4 were significantly correlated. Furthermore, we validated results in breast cancer and found knockdown of HTR1D inhibited breast cancer cell growth and metastasis. Conclusion: As prognostic indicators, HTGPCRs hold considerable promise and offer insights into the therapeutic targets for malignancy.
Barriers and Facilitators to Vaccine Equity Amidst the COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout in the United States
Authors: Piltch-Loeb Rachael , Nuñez Sahr Josefina , Nelson LaRon E. , Vlahov David , Gershon Robyn R.
Published: November 2024

State and local health departments were responsible for ensuring equitable distribution of the COVID-19 vaccine. This qualitative study aimed to identify the challenges, strategies, disappointments, and successes in achieving equity for hard-to-reach and at-risk populations. Using a purposive sampling strategy, 16 individuals affiliated with health departments across nine states, each holding leadership roles in vaccine distribution, were interviewed between late 2021 and mid-2022. The key factors promoting vaccine equity included (1) inviting community members to serve on vaccine advisory groups to participate in decision-making; (2) utilizing pre-existing community relationships and spaces to facilitate the planning and distribution of the vaccine; and (3) establishing and building upon community outreach to support accessibility and uptake of the vaccine. The barriers included (1) a lack of clarity on vaccine prioritization criteria; (2) language/communication access; and (3) the initial focus on mass vaccination sites for vaccine delivery. The stakeholders also highlighted potential facilitators for increasing equity in future vaccine rollouts. Overall, community engagement emerged as a critical factor in ensuring equity during disaster response efforts.
Subunits Med12 and Med13 of Mediator Cooperate with Subunits SAYP and Bap170 of SWI/SNF in Active Transcription in Drosophila
Authors: Shidlovskii Yulii V. , Ulianova Yulia A. , Shaposhnikov Alexander V. , Kolesnik Valeria V. , Pravednikova Anna E. , Stepanov Nikita G. , Chetverina Darya , Saccone Giuseppe , Lebedeva Lyubov A. , Chmykhalo Victor K. , Giordano Ennio
Published: November 2024

SAYP and Bap170, subunits of the SWI/SNF remodeling complex, have the ability to support enhancer-dependent transcription when artificially recruited to the promoter on a transgene. We found that the phenomenon critically depends on two subunits of the Mediator kinase module, Med12 and Med13 but does not require the two other subunits of the module (Cdk8 and CycC) or other subunits of the core part of the complex. A cooperation of the above proteins in active transcription was also observed at endogenous loci, but the contribution of the subunits to the activity of a particular gene differed in different loci. The factors SAYP/Bap170 and Med12/Med13 did not form sufficiently stable interactions in the extract, and their cooperation was apparently local at regulatory elements, the presence of SAYP and Bap170 in a locus being necessary for stable recruitment of Med12 and Med13 to the locus. In addition to the above factors, the Nelf-A protein was found to participate in the process. The cooperation of the factors, independent of enzymatic activities of the complexes they are part of, appears to be a novel mechanism that maintains promoter activity and may be used in many loci of the genome. Extended intrinsically disordered regions of the factors were assumed to sustain the mechanism.
Combining antimiR-25 and cGAMP Nanocomplexes Enhances Immune Responses via M2 Macrophage Reprogramming
Authors: Petrovic Marija , Majchrzak Oliwia B. , Marecar Rihana Amreen Mohamed Hachime , Laingoniaina Annick C. , Walker Paul R. , Borchard Gerrit , Jordan Olivier , Tankov Stoyan
Published: November 2024

Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive brain cancer with a highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), invariably infiltrated by tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). These TAMs resemble M2 macrophages, which promote tumor growth and suppress immune responses. GBM cells secrete extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing microRNA-25, which inhibits the cGAS-STING pathway and prevents TAMs from adopting a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype. This study characterizes antimiR-25/cGAMP nanocomplexes (NCs) for potential therapeutic applications. A particle size analysis revealed a significant reduction upon complexation with antimiR-25, resulting in smaller, more stable nanoparticles. Stability tests across pH levels (4–6) and temperatures (25–37 °C) demonstrated their resilience in various biological environments. Biological assays showed that antimiR-25 NCs interacted strongly with transferrin (Tf), suggesting potential for blood–brain barrier passage. The use of cGAMP NCs activated the cGAS-STING pathway in macrophages, leading to increased type I IFN (IFN-β) production and promoting a shift from the M2 to M1 phenotype. The combined use of cGAMP and antimiR-25 NCs also increased the expression of markers involved in M1 polarization. These findings offer insights into optimizing antimiR-25/cGAMP NCs for enhancing immune responses in GBM.
From an Invasive Weed to an Insecticidal Agent: Exploring the Potential of Lantana camara in Insect Management Strategies—A Review
Authors: Kumar Randeep , Guleria Niraj , Deeksha Mudagadde G. , Kumari Nisha , Kumar Ravendra , Jha Arun Kumar , Parmar Neha , Ganguly Pritam , de Aguiar Andrade Eloisa Helena , Ferreira Oberdan Oliveira , de Oliveira Mozaniel Santana , Chandini
Published: November 2024

Lantana camara is weed with a wide range of chemical constituents, including primary and secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and terpenoids. These compounds contribute to its medicinal and pesticidal potential. The essential oils and different solvent fractions derived from L. camara exhibit notable variations in their respective chemical compositions across various plant parts, spatial distributions, and interspecific comparisons. The principal components, notably lantadene A, lantadene B, lantadene C, lantadene D, β-caryophyllene, α-humulene, and several others, constitute a significant portion of the essential oil derived from the leaves and flowers. Researchers have discovered that L. camara oil exhibits potent insecticidal activity against a range of pests, with variations in potency observed across different seasons due to changes in chemical composition. In addition to the essential oils, solvent extracts of L. camara, primarily methanolic extracts of the leaves of this species, demonstrate considerable potential as fumigant and contact toxins for stored grain pests. However, these have been comparatively less characterized with respect to their insecticidal properties, particularly in comparison to the essential oils. Molecular docking studies have demonstrated that phytochemical compounds present in the plants interfere with the activity of several enzymes that are responsible for the growth and survival of insects. For example, compounds such as β-caryophyllene and linalool exhibited a high binding affinity to AChE, thereby enhancing its neurotoxic effects. In conclusion, this review identifies L. camara as a natural insecticide with a complex set of modes of action attributed to its rich phytochemical profile. The integration of traditional knowledge with modern molecular techniques might expose avenues for the sustainable management of pests and control, ultimately making L. camara a key resource for such applications. Further studies are necessary to characterize such bioactive compounds and their uses in controlling pests in agricultural operations.
Suppression of Metastasis of Colon Cancer to Liver in Mouse Models by Pretreatment with Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Nanog-Overexpressing Colon-26 Cancer Cells
Authors: Henmi Takuya , Matsuoka Hideaki , Katayama Noa , Saito Mikako
Published: November 2024

It has been demonstrated that cancer cells that have survived cancer treatment may be more malignant than the original cancer cells. These cells are considered the main cause of metastasis in prognosis. A Nanog-overexpressing colon-26 (Nanog+colon26) was generated to obtain such a malignant cancer cell model, which was confirmed by enhancement of metastatic potential by in vivo tests using mice. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted from Nanog+colon26 cells (Nanog+colon26EVs) were administered to mice three times per week for three weeks. Subsequently, Nanog+colon26 cells were administered, and metastatic colonies were analyzed two weeks later. The results demonstrated that the administration of EVs suppressed metastasis. Nanog+colon26EVs enhanced phagocytic activity and M1 marker CD80 of a macrophage cell line J774.1. These suggested the enforcement of tumor-suppressive properties of macrophages and their contribution to the in vivo suppression of metastasis. Small RNA sequencing was conducted to identify Nanog-dependent miRNAs that exhibited significant changes (Fc ≥ 1.5 or Fc ≤ 1/1.5; p < 0.05) in Nanog+colon26EVs relative to colon26EVs. Nine miRNAs (up-regulated: four, down-regulated: five) were identified, and 623 genes were predicted to be their target genes. Of the 623 genes identified, nine genes were predicted to be highly relevant to macrophage functions such as phagocytosis.
The Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, and Antitumor Proprieties of Flavonol-Rich Extracts from Allium ursinum (Wild Garlic) Leaves: A Comparison of Conventional Maceration and Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Techniques
Authors: Oravetz Kinga , Diaconeasa Zorita , Carpa Rahela , Rakosy-Tican Elena , Cruceriu Daniel
Published: November 2024

Despite the growing interest in using natural compounds for disease prevention and treatment, Allium ursinum (wild garlic), known for its therapeutic properties, has not been extensively studied for its chemical composition and biological activities. Therefore, this study aims to explore the in vitro antioxidant, antibacterial, and antitumor activities of A. ursinum extracts according to their functional phytochemical profile, while assessing whether ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) enhances bioactive properties in comparison to conventional maceration (CM). Both extracts were characterized by spectrophotometric methods and LC-ESI+-MS. The antioxidant activity was assessed via the CUPRAC and hydrogen peroxide scavenging assays, the antimicrobial properties via the disk-diffusion method against five pathogenic strains, and the antitumor activity via the MTT assay on four cancer cell lines. The major constituents of the methanolic extracts from leaves were kaempferol derivatives and alliin. The quercetin derivative rutin was also found. Maceration assisted using UAE yielded 20% more bioactive compounds in comparison to CM alone. Employing UAE in the extraction significantly increased antioxidant and antimicrobial proprieties, in line with its chemical composition. The antitumor cytotoxic activity was low to moderate, regardless of method, as explained by the absence of highly cytotoxic compounds. Wild garlic extracts possessed strong antioxidant and substantial antibacterial activities.
Transcriptomic Analysis of Blood Collagen-Induced Arthritis Mice Exposed to 0.1 THz Reveals Inhibition of Genes and Pathways Involved in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Dione Mactar Ndiaga , Zhang Qi , Shang Sen , Lu Xiaoyun
Published: November 2024

Inflammation plays an essential role in the phases of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as the joints secrete a range of molecules that modulate the inflammatory process. While therapies based on physical properties have shown effectiveness in a range of animal experimental models, the understanding of their biological mechanisms remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effects of a 0.1 terahertz (THz) wave in rheumatoid arthritis in an attempt to dissect the molecular pathways implicated. The collagen-induced rheumatoid arthritis (CIA) model joint mice were irradiated daily for 30 min over a period of 2 weeks with continuous 0.1 terahertz waves. High-throughput bulk RNA sequencing of the murine blood was performed to analyze and characterize the differences in gene expression changes between the control (Ctrl), CIA (RA), and CIA exposed to THz. Differentially expressed genes, canonical pathway analysis, gene set enrichment, and protein–protein interaction were further run on the selected DEGs. We found that terahertz exposure downregulated gene ontologies representing the “TGF-β signaling pathway”, “apoptosis”, “activation of T cell receptor signaling pathway”, and “non-canonical NF-κB signal transduction”. These observations were further confirmed by a decreased level in the expression of transcription factors Nfib and Nfatc3, and an increased level of Lsp1. In addition, the expression of Mmp8 was significantly restored. These results indicate that THz ultimately attenuates the inflammatory response of hemocytes through the T cell and NF-κB pathway, and these changes are reverberated in the blood transcriptome. In this first report of transcriptome sequencing in a model of rheumatoid arthritis exposed to terahertz waves, the downregulated DEGs were associated with anti-inflammatory effects.