bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Activation and deactivation studies with copper(II) ions on the soap flotation of quartz
Authors: Venkatachalam S. , Mallikarjunan R.
Published: July 2010

Activation of quartz by copper sulphate on the soap flotation has been studied by varying activator concentration, collector concentration and pH to find the equilibrium conditions of flotation and non‐flotation. The results are presented as contact curves. Increasing oleic acid raised the lower critical pH, but excess of oleic acid and of hydroxide depressed flotation. It is postulated that ‘hydroxyoleate of copper’ is responsible for flotation.

Deactivation studies were made by complexing and sequestering the copper with amines, amino‐acids, etc. Increasing deactivator concentrations increase the lower critical pH due to the reduction in the concentration of cupric ions. The usefulness of a new reagent, ascorbic acid, for depression was studied.
Studies on desalination by reverse osmosis
Authors: Banks W. , Sharples A.
Published: July 2010

The structure of cellulose acetate membranes used for desalination in the process of reverse osmosis has been examined. By means of a technique involving aqueous solutions of the stain Biebrich Scarlet, the membranes are shown to consist of two regions, one of which acts as a mechanical support for the much thinner desalinating layer. The phenomenon of asymmetric permeation across these membranes has been studied and shown to be a consequence of the two‐layer structure of the membrane.
Chelating polymers derived from polyvinyl alcohol and cellulose
Authors: Gibson G. K. J. , Packham D. I.
Published: July 2010

Hydrophilic chelating polymers have been prepared by the reaction of organic compounds containing both a reactive halogen and a chelating function, with cellulose and, more especially, polyvinyl alcohol or their alkali metal derivatives. Suitable organic compounds used to illustrate the general reaction included: 5‐chloromethyl‐8‐hydroxyquinoline, 5‐chloro‐8‐hydroxyquinoline, ethyl γ‐chloroacetoacetate and chloromethyl‐kojic acid. Subsequent reaction of the kojic acid‐polyvinyl alcohol polymer with diazotised o‐arsanilic acid to give a polymer containing the azo‐phenylarsonic acid group indicates further scope for these materials. Preliminary tests have shown that the polymers remove metal ions from aqueous solutions. Degradation occurred, however, when the polymers were regenerated with acids to elute adsorbed metal ions.
The effects of some organic acids and salts on the setting of gypsum plaster III. citrates
Authors: Combe E. C. , Smith D. C.
Published: July 2010

A study has been made of the effects of citric acid, potassium citrate and calcium citrate on the setting of calcium sulphate hemihydrate plaster, in continuation of previous studies on this reaction.1,2 The citrates showed more complicated effects than the additives previously tested, and the following factors are taken into account in interpreting the experimental results: (i) formation of complexes, (ii) adsorption, (iii) metathesis and (iv) the accelerating effect of an alkali metal ion, if present.
Studies in trans‐esterification
Authors: Haken J. K.
Published: July 2010

The preparation in good yield of the acrylate and methacrylate esters of 4‐methyl‐4‐methoxypentan‐2‐ol by alkali‐catalysed ester exchange is reported.
The assessment of plutonium and fission product distribution in magnox cans from irradiated fuel elements
Authors: Hines G. F. , Reed D.
Published: July 2010

Mechanical sectioning and autoradiography have been used to establish the concentration profiles of fission products and plutonium in irradiated Magnox cans. The results obtained by the two methods were in good agreement and enabled an estimate to be made of 2—4x 1011 cm2sec−1 for the diffusion coefficient of plutonium in Magnox ZR55 at 400°. Progressive chemical dissolution methods were shown to be unsatisfactory for the determination of concentration profiles.
The physical toxicity of chemicals. VI. Relationships between the boiling points of liquids and the toxicities of their vapours
Authors: McGowan J. C.
Published: July 2010

The following equation gives the relation between the toxic concentration Ct of the vapour to the absolute boiling point TB of a physically toxic liquid: log10Ct (at 25°) = log10CB‐1.43 × 10−4Tb1.7‐EA+0.09 Here, CB is a measure of the intensity of the toxicity and EA accounts for any difference between molecular interaction in the vapour and in the biophase involved in the toxicity.

The equation is useful for the estimation of toxicities and for the classification of toxic substances. It is deduced that compounds with boiling points (°K) above 509(EA ‐ log10CB+1.22)0.588 will show no physical toxicity.
Thermal decomposition of a blackband ironstone. II. Kinetics
Authors: Gardiner S. P. , Long V. D.
Published: July 2010

Blackband ironstone and siderite have been separately decomposed in a fluidised bed of sand in an atmosphere of nitrogen and the progress of reaction followed by a ‘volatile matter’ test. For the ironstone in the temperature range 370–570°, the residual volatile matter (VR) after a time (t) between 10 sec and 60 min. was given by the expression VR = A – B log t, where A and B are constants for a given temperature. The kinetics of decomposition of siderite at 455 and 485° were first‐order with an activation energy of 51 kcal. /mole. It is concluded that blackband ironstone appears to decompose by a large number of independent first‐order reactions having a range of activation energies showing a peak frequency near 50 kcal.
Antistatic treatment of polystyrene by surface sulphonation
Authors: Andrews J. M. , Collins A. H.
Published: July 2010

A number of different methods for sulphonating polystyrene have been examined, and their operating features explained. As a result, it can be seen that certain methods produce modified surfaces which are antistatic over wide climatic limits, and are effectively permanent.
Distribution of adhesive drops within fibre bundles
Authors: Somer Tarik G.
Published: July 2010

The motion of a drop along a fibre is studied to formulate a method by which adhesives could be distributed within fibre bundles. The drops had to be located at the cross‐points of fibres to provide strength and flexibility to the mat.

Among the various methods of application, described in detail, only the solution method gave satisfactory results. An empirical relationship was derived to estimate the mass of the adhesives retained by the fibres.
Studies on desalination by reverse osmosis. III. Mechanism of solute rejection
Authors: Banks W. , Sharples A.
Published: July 2010

The mechanisms by which cellulose acetate membranes can be effective in removing salt from aqueous solution have been considered in relation to available experimental data. It is proposed that diffusive flow is involved, through a pore‐free layer in the membrane, and that solute rejection occurs as a result of the high pressures used, and of the fact that the solute is present at relatively low concentration. The effect of pressure on the activity of a component present at low concentration is small, and consequently the flow of solvent is increased to a greater extent at high pressures than is the flow of solute. Rejection thus approaches 100% asymptotically, as the pressure on the system is increased.
Observations on the relatively high strength of a chalk‐aggregate concrete
Authors: Galwey A. K. , Jones K. A. , Beckett R. S.
Published: July 2010

It has been observed that concrete containing chalk aggregate had a higher compressive strength than other wise similar concrete which contained basalt aggregate, although the chalk rock had a lower compressive strength than the basalt. Measurements of the rates of development of hardness of concrete containing these aggregates, measurements of the surface areas of these aggregates and X‐ray examinations of the crystal phases in the set cement are reported and discussed. It was concluded that the relatively low strength of concrete containing basalt aggregate may be due to development of a phase, not chemically identified in the present work, which had a relatively weak bonding strength to the augite crystals in the basalt concrete.
The effect of some soluble inorganic admixtures on the early hydration of portland cement
Authors: Edwards G. C. , Angstadt R. L.
Published: July 2010

The effects of the soluble chlorides, bromides, nitrates, sulphates and acetates of Ca2+, Mg2+, Li+, Na+ and Zn2+ as well as the corresponding mineral acids on the early hydration of neat Portland cement pastes have been studied. Both the cations and anions are ranked according to their general effectiveness as accelerators of the hydration of the Ca3SiO5 phase: Ca2+>Mg2+>Li+>Na+>H2O>Zn2+ and OH− >Cl−>Br− >NO3−SO42∼H2O > CH3CO2−.
Analysis of mixtures of 14C‐labelled compounds by direct scanning of thin‐layer chromatograms
Authors: Moye C. J. , Goldsack R. J.
Published: July 2010

A critical examination has been made of the technique of studying complex reactions by radiochromatography on thin layers infinitely thick to the radiation emitted by the isotope.1 The technique has its limitations, but it provides a simple means of studying certain reactions which could not otherwise be readily examined.

The reaction of fructose‐U*‐14C with acid in tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol solution illustrates the use of the technique.
The reactions occurring during the refining of toluene with concentrated sulphuric acid. the heterogenous sulphonation of toluene and of 2‐ and 3‐methylthiophens
Authors: Roberts D. , Gore P. H.
Published: July 2010

Results have been obtained which show that the quantities of 2‐ and 3‐methylthiophens sulphonated in the two‐phase refining process of toluene increase almost linearly with rise in acid concentration. The 2‐isomer is sulphonated at a faster rate than the 3‐isomer. The loss of toluene, associated with a given removal of methylthiophens, can be reduced to a minimum by use of 92%—94% w/w sulphuric acid, but such a procedure would be inefficient in other respects.
The swelling of rubber in liquid and vapour (schroeder's paradox)
Authors: Musty J. W. G. , Pattle R. E. , Smith P. J. A.
Published: July 2010

Polymeric substances usually swell less when placed in the vapour of a liquid in a closed vessel than they do in the liquid itself. This is known as ‘Schroeder's Paradox’, and many attempts have been made to explain it. With lightly vulcanised rubber and carbon tetrachloride the paradoxical behaviour is caused by small differences in temperature (of order 0.1 °c) which exist under normal conditions between a liquid and its vapour in a closed vessel; the vapour is normally the warmer of the two. Strict temperature control abolishes the paradox.
Effect of chloride solutions on portland cement
Authors: Heller L. , Ben‐Yair M.
Published: July 2010

Expansion of hardened normal Portland cement in chloride solutions exceeded that in distilled water, but specimens made of ground cement‐clinker were not appreciably affected by the presence of chloride ions. Addition of chloride ions to sulphate solutions caused increased expansion of cement pastes, but the combined effect of chloride and sulphate ions was less than that of the sum of the separate components. Magnesium and calcium chloride were more aggressive than sodium and potassium chloride. In chloride solutions, richer cement pastes were more strongly expanded than poorer ones, in contrast to their behaviour in sulphate solutions.

The results are interpreted in terms of the rates of formation of calcium chloroaluminate, the effect of chloride ion on sulphoaluminate crystallisation, slight variations in composition of the chloride phase and leaching of some of the reaction products.
Reactive dyes: Preparation of substituted styrylpyrimidines and styryl‐s‐triazines
Authors: Hickmott P. W.
Published: July 2010

Reactive styrene dyes, in which a dichloropyrimidine or triazine group is incorporated with the reactive methylene component, have been prepared and evidence for their chemical reaction with polyamide fibre (nylon) given. The corresponding hydroxy‐, amino‐ and substituted‐amino‐styryl‐s‐triazines have been made. The diaminotriazinyl group has also been introduced into the aldehyde component, but attempts to hydrolyse this to give the corresponding dihydroxy derivative were unsuccessful.
Action of micro‐organisms on bituminous materials. II. Composition of low molecular weight asphaltic fractions determined by microbial action and infra‐red analyses
Authors: Traxler R. W. , Robinson J. A. , Wetmore D. E. , Traxler R. N.
Published: July 2010

Assay of narrow fractions from three asphalts designated 1A, 3A, and 6A indicates the chemical nature of some of the asphaltic constituents utilised by Mycobacterium ranae and Pseudomonas 196Aa. These organisms were tested with pure hydrocarbons for growth response. The results indicated that Ps. 196A utilised n‐alkanes containing 6—22 carbon atoms, some alkenes and fatty acids but none of the aromatic hydrocarbons tested. M. ranae utilised substituted benzene compounds, but not benzene, alkenes or most alkanes. Using asphalt fractions obtained by thermal diffusion, infra‐red data were correlated with microbial results. The two approaches support each other in partial elucidation of the structures of the asphalt fractions.
Vinyl acetate monomer—a pilot plant study
Authors: Goyal Hari B. , Garg M. O. , Rao K. R. , Srivastava R. D.
Published: July 2010

The kinetics of the reaction of acetic acid and acetylene over zinc acetate‐activated carbon catalyst was investigated over a wide range of process variables in a pilot reactor. Although various catalytic reaction mechanisms were postulated, the rate of reaction was most satisfactorily correlated by a mechanism of surface reaction between charged adsorbed acetic acid and acetylene, which assumes that the rate controlling step was the irreversible charged adsorption of acetylene and acetic acid.
The neuropsychological profile of galactosaemia
Authors: Doyle Claire M. , Channon Shelley , Orlowska Danuta , Lee Philip J.
Published: July 2010

Long‐term follow‐up studies of individuals with galactosaemia have indicated that despite a strict galactose‐free diet, cognitive functioning is often below average. This study was designed to examine the neuropsychological profile of individuals with galactosaemia in terms of IQ, memory, executive functioning, perceptual abilities and educational outcome. Twenty‐eight people with classic galactosaemia and no comorbid neurological or psychiatric disorder took part. A battery of clinical neuropsychological tests was performed. Overall, findings were consistent with previous literature in showing galactosaemia to be linked to below‐average functioning across a range of cognitive measures when mean scores were examined. Thus, the mean overall scores for verbal and performance IQ, memory, and executive functions were in the low average range. However, a range of ability was represented across individuals, with some achieving average or above scores and education to A level or above. Further work using longitudinal methodology is needed to address the issue of factors mediating any cognitive weaknesses and to establish the extent of any possible decline in functioning over time.
Early initiation of enzyme replacement therapy improves metabolic correction in the brain tissue of aspartylglycosaminuria mice
Authors: Dunder Ulla , Valtonen Pirjo , Kelo Eira , Mononen Ilkka
Published: July 2010

Aspartylglycosaminuria (AGU) is a lysosomal storage disease caused by deficient activity of glycosylasparaginase (AGA), and characterized by motor and mental retardation. Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) in adult AGU mice with AGA removes the accumulating substance aspartylglucosamine from and reverses pathology in many somatic tissues, but has only limited efficacy in the brain tissue of the animals. In the current work, ERT of AGU mice was initiated at the age of 1 week with three different dosage schedules of recombinant glycosylasparaginase. The animals received either 3.4 U of AGA/kg every second day for 2 weeks (Group 1), 1.7 U/kg every second day for 9 days followed by an enzyme injection once a week for 4 weeks (Group 2) or 17 U/kg at the age of 7 and 9 days (Group 3). In the Group 1 and Group 3 mice, ERT reduced the amount of aspartylglucosamine by 34 and 41% in the brain tissue, respectively. No therapeutic effect was observed in the brain tissue of Group 2 mice. As in the case of adult AGU mice, the AGA therapy was much more effective in the somatic tissues than in the brain tissue of the newborn AGU mice. The combined evidence demonstrates that a high dose ERT with AGA in newborn AGU mice is up to twofold more effective in reducing the amount of the accumulated storage material from the brain tissue than ERT in adult AGU animals, indicating the importance of early detection and treatment of the disease.
Kinetics and Antioxidative Sites of Capsaicin in Homogeneous Solution
Authors: Okada Youji , Tanaka Kaoru , Sato Eisuke , Okajima Haruo
Published: July 2010

Reliable quantitative kinetic data on the antioxidant activity of capsaicin (CAP) is lacking, and the antioxidative mechanism of CAP is still unclear. Therefore, an investigation aimed at elucidating the antioxidative sites of CAP that react with chain‐propagating peroxyl radicals was undertaken. First, the reaction of CAP with 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was investigated, and it was found that the stoichiometric factor of CAP is 2. Then, the rate constant for the reaction of CAP with peroxyl radicals derived from cumene was measured. CAP reacted with peroxyl radicals at a constant rate of kinh = 5.6 × 103 M−1 s−1. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of various related compounds against cumene oxidation were measured, showing that the phenolic OH group is the active portion of the molecule. In addition, the kinetic solvent effects of DPPH/CAP reactions were measured in methanol, acetonitrile, acetone and tetrahydrofuran. In particular, an enhancement in the reaction rate was observed in alkaline methanol, indicating that these results are due to the partial ionization of the phenol of CAP and very fast electron transfers from the phenolate anion to DPPH. We interpreted these results as indicating that the phenolic OH group of CAP is mainly associated with peroxyl radical scavenging.
Aquatic Versus Land‐based Exercises as Early Functional Rehabilitation for Elite Athletes with Acute Lower Extremity Ligament Injury: A Pilot Study
Authors: Kim Eunkuk , Kim Taegyu , Kang Hyunyong , Lee Jongha , Childers Martin K.
Published: July 2010

Objective

To compare outcomes between aquatic and land‐based exercises during early‐phase recovery from acute lower extremity ligament injuries in elite athletes.

Design

A single‐blinded, covariate adaptive randomized, controlled study.

Setting

National training center for elite athletes.

Participants

Twenty‐two athletes with isolated grade I or II ligament injury in ankles or knees were randomized into either an aquatic or land‐based exercise group.

Interventions

Early functional rehabilitation program (ranging, strengthening, proprioceptive training, and functional exercises) was performed in both groups. All exercises were identical except for the training environment.

Main Outcome Measurements

Data were collected at baseline and at 2 and 4 weeks using a visual analog scale (VAS) for pain; static stability (overall stability index [OSI] level 5 and 3); dynamic stability (TCT), and percentage single‐limb support time (%SLST).

Results

Both groups showed decreases in VAS, OSI 5 and 3, and TCT, with a concomitant increase in %SLST at 2 and 4 weeks (P < .05). No significant differences were detected between the 2 groups in any of the outcome measures. However, the line graphs for VAS, OSI 3, TCT, and %SLST in the aquatic exercise group were steeper than those in the land‐based exercise group indicating significant group by time interactions (P < .05). These data indicate that the aquatic exercise group improved more rapidly than the land‐based exercise group.

Conclusions

For elite athletes with acute ligament sprains in the lower limb, aquatic exercises may provide advantages over standard land‐based therapy for rapid return to athletic activities. Consequently, aquatic exercise could be recommended for the initial phase of a rehabilitation program.
Factors associated with weaning practices in term infants: a prospective observational study in Ireland
Authors: Tarrant Roslyn C. , Younger Katherine M. , Sheridan-Pereira Margaret , White Martin J. , Kearney John M.
Published: July 2010

The WHO (2001) recommends exclusive breast-feeding and delaying the introduction of solid foods to an infant's diet until 6 months postpartum. However, in many countries, this recommendation is followed by few mothers, and earlier weaning onto solids is a commonly reported global practice. Therefore, this prospective, observational study aimed to assess compliance with the WHO recommendation and examine weaning practices, including the timing of weaning of infants, and to investigate the factors that predict weaning at ≤ 12 weeks. From an initial sample of 539 pregnant women recruited from the Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin, 401 eligible mothers were followed up at 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum. Quantitative data were obtained on mothers’ weaning practices using semi-structured questionnaires and a short dietary history of the infant's usual diet at 6 months. Only one mother (0·2 %) complied with the WHO recommendation to exclusively breastfeed up to 6 months. Ninety-one (22·6 %) infants were prematurely weaned onto solids at ≤ 12 weeks with predictive factors after adjustment, including mothers’ antenatal reporting that infants should be weaned onto solids at ≤ 12 weeks, formula feeding at 12 weeks and mothers’ reporting of the maternal grandmother as the principal source of advice on infant feeding. Mothers who weaned their infants at ≤ 12 weeks were more likely to engage in other sub-optimal weaning practices, including the addition of non-recommended condiments to their infants’ foods. Provision of professional advice and exploring antenatal maternal misperceptions are potential areas for targeted interventions to improve compliance with the recommended weaning practices.
Metabolic rate and growth in the temperate bivalve Mercenaria mercenaria at a biogeographical limit, from the English Channel
Authors: Brown Alastair , Heilmayer Olaf , Thatje Sven
Published: July 2010

Metabolism and growth rate of the hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, were investigated in a population invasive to Southampton Water, southern England. An individual metabolic model expressed as a function of soft tissue dry mass was fitted to data of 18 individuals (log (VO2) = −1.952 + 0.543 • log (DM); F1,16 = 201.18, P < 0.001, r2 = 0.926). A von Bertalanffy growth function was fitted to 227 size-at-age data pairs of 18 individuals (Ht = 80.13 • (1 − e−0.149 • (t−0.542)); r2 = 0.927). Individual age-specific somatic production was calculated, demonstrating increase with age to a maximum of 3.88 kJ y−1 at ten years old followed by decrease, and individual age-specific annual respiration was calculated, demonstrating asymptotic increase with age to 231.37 kJ y−1 at 30 years old. Results found here lie within the physiological tolerances reported across the biogeographical range, suggesting that the species' biogeographical limitation in the UK to Southampton Water results from ecological rather than physiological factors.
Experimental removal of the invasive Caulerpa racemosa triggers partial assemblage recovery
Authors: Klein J.C. , Verlaque M.
Published: July 2010

The invasive species Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea represents a serious threat to the diversity of benthic assemblages in the Mediterranean Sea. In the present study, a removal experiment was carried out to test whether, after 18 months of C. racemosa var. cylindracea exclusion, the macrophyte assemblage resembled a non-invaded assemblage. The results show that in the assemblage invaded by C. racemosa var. cylindracea the number of species, macrophyte cover, Shannon diversity and Pielou's evenness were lower than in the non-invaded assemblage. Erect perennial species were particularly affected and other introduced species were significantly reduced or completely excluded. After 18 months of removal/exclusion of C. racemosa var. cylindracea, only partial recovery of the macrophyte assemblage could be observed. Species numbers, total cover and erect perennial species cover were still significantly lower than in the non-invaded plots. However Shannon diversity and Pielou's evenness had reached comparable levels. In contrast to native macrophytes, the total cover of other introduced species reached a level comparable to the non-invaded plots. In summary, the present study revealed that after 18 months of C. racemosa var. cylindracea exclusion: (i) only partial recovery of the macrophyte assemblage occurred; and (ii) the development of other invasive species was favoured by the absence of C. racemosa var. cylindracea (Sisyphus effect).
The effect of temperature and salinity on the larval development of Stenorhynchus seticornis (Brachyura: Inachidae) reared in the laboratory
Authors: Hernández Jesús E. , Palazón-Fernández José Luis , Hernández Gonzalo , Bolaños Juan
Published: July 2010

Larvae of Stenorhynchus seticornis were reared in the laboratory in a factorial experiment employing three temperatures (22, 25 and 28°C) and three salinities (30, 35 and 40‰) to determine the effects of these variables on the survival and duration of the larval stages. Larvae from five females were subdivided in six groups of 10 and reared in glass bowls containing 125 ml filtered and UV-irradiated seawater at different temperature–salinity combinations. Larvae were transferred daily to clean bowls with newly hatched Artemia nauplii, and the number of moults and mortality within each bowl was recorded. Complete larval development of S. seticornis occurred under all experimental conditions, except at temperature 28°C and salinity 35‰. Salinity affected percentage survival of the two zoeal stages, but not that of the megalopa. Survival of the second zoeal stage, the megalopa, and the complete development to the first crab was affected by temperature, with the greatest survival occurring at 25°C. Duration of the two zoeal stages, the megalopa, and development to the first crab stage showed a gradual reduction with increasing temperature. Development from hatching to the first crab stage required 17 to 31 days and was inversely related to temperature, averaging 26.9 days at 22°C, 21.0 days at 25°C and 19.7 days at 28°C. Salinity affected the duration of the first zoeal stage only.
Precious corals (Coralliidae) from north-western Atlantic Seamounts
Authors: Simpson Anne , Watling Les
Published: July 2010

Two new species belonging to the precious coral genusCoralliumwere collected during a series of exploratory cruises to the New England and Corner Rise Seamounts in 2003–2005. One red species,Corallium bathyrubrumsp. nov., and one white species,C. bayerisp. nov., are described.Corallium bathyrubrumis the first redCoralliumto be reported from the western Atlantic. An additional species,C. niobeBayer, 1964 originally described from the Straits of Florida, was also collected and its description augmented.
‘Patriots and Professors’: A Century of Roman Studies, 1910–2010
Authors: Stray Christopher
Published: July 2010

This essay offers a survey of the history of the Roman Society during the 100 years since its foundation in 1910. It discusses relations with other classical bodies, especially the Hellenic Society and the Classical Association; the Society's fragile finances until the 1950s; and the key role played over several decades by its Secretary, Margerie Taylor. Separate sections deal with the Society's library; its journals, theJournal of Roman Studies(1911) andBritannia(1970); membership and finance; and relations with schools, amateur archaeologists and the University of London, whose Institute of Classical Studies has housed the Society's office and library since 1958.
Bears and Coins: The Iconography of Protection in Late Roman Infant Burials
Authors: Crummy Nina
Published: July 2010

A number of infant burials in Britain, both cremations and inhumations, contained a consistent deposit of a small jet bear, black mineral jewellery, a coin, and a pottery beaker. Some of the graves held several examples of these items, and some a wider variety of objects. Comparison with more obviously amuletic grave deposits from Butt Road, Colchester, and Lankhills, Winchester, suggests that the coins were selected for their reverse image, and that both they and the bears are representations of guardians placed in the burials to ensure that the child did not enter the underworld alone and unprotected. These bears are set in the wider context of the animal's iconography and mythology, with particular reference to the Greek cult of Artemis, who oversaw childbirth and child-rearing. The choice and importance of materials and the positions of objects within graves are also briefly explored and the social identity of the dead infants is examined. In an appendix of other burials containing jet animals, the Chelmsford hoard of jet jewellery is reinterpreted as grave goods from the inhumation of a young woman.
ThePetit AppareilMasonry Style in Roman Britain: Geology, Builders, Scale and Proportion
Authors: Allen J.R.L.
Published: July 2010

Masonry facing at 31 widely scattered sites was characterised by the comparative lithometric analysis of the linear dimensions, apparent areas and apparent proportions of random samples of 50 exposed building blocks. Typically, block length lies between three-quarters and one Roman foot and height from one-third to one-half of a foot. The mean proportions of blocks vary with the type of stone and range from 1.50 to 2.54, with ‘military’ builders tending to prefer low length:height ratios and stone that fractured in much the same way regardless of direction relative to the bedding (i.e. isotropic, near-isotropic). The evidence suggests that the choice of general-purpose stone and proportions by ‘military’ and ‘non-military’ builders varied over time with changing circumstances. Both kinds of builder seem to have been least selective in the late first and early second centuriesa.d.and again in the late third and early fourth centuries.
Overexpression of Bax inhibitor‐1 (BI‐1) induces cell transformation in NIH3T3 cells
Authors: Xiang‐yong Li , Yang‐chao Chen , Ke‐yuan Zhou , Mei‐hong Zhang , Hai‐qing Luo , Hsiang‐fu Kung , Xin Zhou
Published: July 2010

BI‐1 (Bax inhibitor‐1), an apoptosis‐inhibiting gene belonging to the Bcl‐2 protein family, plays an important role in mitochondrial apoptosis pathway to suppress Bax‐induced apoptosis. To investigate the potential role of BI‐1 in promoting cell growth and tumorigenesis, in the present study we overexpressed the BI‐1 gene in NIH3T3 cells using the lentivirus‐mediated gene expression system. Our in vitro studies showed that NIH3T3 cells overexpressing BI‐1 displayed a significantly higher growth rate and formed more and larger colonies than the control cells. In addition, our in vivo studies indicated that the lenti‐BI‐1‐infected cells formed obvious tumours, while no tumours were formed by the control cells after subcutaneously injected into nude mice. These results strongly suggested that the BI‐1 gene might play a crucial role in neoplastic genesis and development.
Immunogenicity, toxicology, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of growth hormone ligand–receptor fusions
Authors: Ferrandis Eric , Pradhananga Sarbendra L. , Touvay Caroline , Kinoshita Carol , Wilkinson Ian R. , Stafford Kevin , Wu Zida , Strasburger Christian J. , Sayers Jon R. , Artymiuk Peter J. , Ross Richard J.
Published: July 2010

A fundamental concern for all new biological therapeutics is the possibility of inducing an immune response. We have recently demonstrated that an LR-fusion (ligand–receptor fusion) of growth hormone generates a potent long-acting agonist; however, the immunogenicity and toxicity of these molecules have not been tested. To address these issues, we have designed molecules with low potential as immunogens and undertaken immunogenicity and toxicology studies in Macaca fascicularis and pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies in rats. Two variants of the LR-fusion, one with a flexible linker (GH–LRv2) and the other without (GH–LRv3), were tested. Comparison was made with native human GH (growth hormone). GH–LRv2 and GH–LRv3 demonstrated similar pharmacokinetics in rats, showing reduced clearance compared with native GH and potent agonist activity with respect to body weight gain in a hypophysectomized rat model. In M. fascicularis, a low level of antibodies to GH–LRv2 was found in one sample, but there was no other evidence of any immunogenic response to the other fusion protein. There were no toxic effects and specifically no changes in histology at injection sites after two repeated administrations. The pharmacokinetic profiles in monkeys confirmed long half-lives for both GH–LRv2 and GH–LRv3 representing exceptionally delayed clearance over rhGH (recombinant human GH). The results suggest that repeated administration of a GH LR-fusion is safe, non-toxic, and the pharmacokinetic profile suggests that two to three weekly administrations is a potential therapeutic regimen for humans.
Struggling for the centre from the periphery: the fiction of Zaynab Hifni
Authors: Altorki Soraya
Published: July 2010

The premise of this article is that anthropologists may examine how literature (and novels in particular) can be used by women to create meanings, and how these meanings are relevant to the lives of people in societies. It pursues this theme in the writings of Zaynab Hifni, a prominent younger-generation author whose works have been distributed widely in the Arab world, if not in her native Saudi Arabia. Writing in the realist tradition, Hifni seeks to challenge male-dominated discourses by exploring ways in which women can interpret cultural values and symbols for themselves and thus broaden their scope for choices.
Studying planet populations with Einstein's blip
Authors: Dominik Martin
Published: July 2010

Although Einstein originally judged that ‘there is no great chance of observing this phenomenon’, the ‘most curious effect’ of the bending of starlight by the gravity of intervening foreground stars—now commonly referred to as ‘gravitational microlensing’—has become one of the successfully applied techniques to detect planets orbiting stars other than the Sun, while being quite unlike any other. With more than 400 extra-solar planets known altogether, the discovery of a true sibling of our home planet seems to have become simply a question of time. However, in order to properly understand the origin of Earth, carrying all its various life forms, models of planet formation and orbital evolution need to be brought into agreement with the statistics of the full variety of planets like Earth and unlike Earth. Given the complementarity of the currently applied planet detection techniques, a comprehensive picture will only arise from a combination of their respective findings. Gravitational microlensing favours a range of orbital separations that covers planets whose orbital periods are too long to allow detection by other indirect techniques, but which are still too close to their host star to be detected by means of their emitted or reflected light. Rather than being limited to the Solar neighbourhood, a unique opportunity is provided for inferring a census of planets orbiting stars belonging to two distinct populations within the Milky Way, with a sensitivity not only reaching down to Earth mass, but even below, with ground-based observations. The capabilities of gravitational microlensing extend even to obtaining evidence of a planet orbiting a star in another galaxy.
Dynamical influences on European climate: an uncertain future
Authors: Woollings Tim
Published: July 2010

Climate science is coming under increasing pressure to deliver projections of future climate change at spatial scales as small as a few kilometres for use in impacts studies. But is our understanding and modelling of the climate system advanced enough to offer such predictions? Here we focus on the Atlantic–European sector, and on the effects of greenhouse gas forcing on the atmospheric and, to a lesser extent, oceanic circulations. We review the dynamical processes which shape European climate and then consider how each of these leads to uncertainty in the future climate. European climate is unique in many regards, and as such it poses a unique challenge for climate prediction. Future European climate must be considered particularly uncertain because (i) the spread between the predictions of current climate models is still considerable and (ii) Europe is particularly strongly affected by several processes which are known to be poorly represented in current models.
Black-box calibration for complex-system simulation
Authors: Forrester Alexander I. J.
Published: July 2010

Predicting or measuring the output of complex systems is an important and challenging part of many areas of science. If multiple observations are required for parameter studies and optimization, accurate, computationally intensive predictions or expensive experiments are intractable. This paper looks at the use of Gaussian-process-based correlations to correct simple computer models with sparse data from physical experiments or more complex computer models. In essence, physics-based computer codes and experiments are replaced by fast problem-specific statistics-based codes. Two aerodynamic design examples are presented. First, a cheap two-dimensional potential-flow solver is calibrated to represent the flow over the wing of an unmanned air vehicle. The rear wing of a racing car is then optimized using rear-wing simulations calibrated to include the effects of the flow over the whole car.
The emergence of a coherent structure for coherent structures: localized states in nonlinear systems
Authors: Dawes J. H. P.
Published: July 2010

Coherent structures emerge from the dynamics of many kinds of dissipative, externally driven, nonlinear systems, and continue to provoke new questions that challenge our physical and mathematical understanding. In one specific subclass of such problems, in which a pattern-forming, or ‘Turing’, instability occurs, rapid progress has been made recently in our understanding of the formation of localized states: patches of regular pattern surrounded by the unpatterned homogeneous background state. This short review article surveys the progress that has been made for localized states and proposes three areas of application for these ideas that would take the theory in new directions and ultimately be of substantial benefit to areas of applied science. Finally, I offer speculations for future work, based on localized states, that may help researchers to understand coherent structures more generally.
Muon to electron conversion: how to find an electron in a muon haystack
Authors: Kurup A.
Published: July 2010

The standard model (SM) of particle physics describes how the Universe works at a fundamental level. Even though this theory has proven to be very successful over the past 50 years, we know it is incomplete. Many theories that go beyond the SM predict the occurrence of certain processes that are forbidden by the SM, such as muon to electron conversion. This paper will briefly review the history of muon to electron conversion and focus on the high-precision experiments currently being proposed, COMET (Coherent Muon to Electron Transition) and Mu2e, and a next-generation experiment, PRISM.

The PRISM experiment intends to use a novel type of accelerator called a fixed-field alternating-gradient (FFAG) accelerator. There has recently been renewed interest in FFAGs for the Neutrino Factory and the Muon Collider, and because they have applications in many areas outside of particle physics, such as energy production and cancer therapy. The synergies between these particle physics experiments and other applications will also be discussed.
Construction in year 2030: developing an information technology vision
Authors: Erdogan B. , Abbott C. , Aouad G.
Published: July 2010

Emerging technologies offer new solutions to the construction industry, improving processes, enabling automation and effective decision-making mechanisms and changing current ways of work. Previous research has tended to consider a direct causal relationship between the emerging and prospective technologies and the future of construction. However, the future of construction will be influenced not only by the developments in the information technology (IT) industry, but also by other technological changes. Societal, economic, environmental and political factors will shape the future, together with emerging technologies. This paper presents a scenario-planning exercise that aimed to identify possible futures that the construction industry might face. In order to achieve the aims of the research, a literature review was carried out on scenario planning and future studies related to construction and construction IT, which was followed by a mini survey and two prospective workshops as part of the La Prospective scenario-planning approach. In a future study, it is important to understand the forces, issues and trends in order to inform and enable further thinking and action towards achieving a preferred future state whilst being prepared for what might be round the corner. Therefore, the paper first investigates the driving forces of change, main trends, issues and factors that might shape the future, focusing on factors related to society, technology, environment, economy and politics. Secondly, four future scenarios that were developed keeping these factors in mind are presented. The scenarios start from a global view and present the images of the future world in year 2030. They later focus on the construction industry, imagining how it will be shaped by the future world and trying to visualize the information and communication technology implications for construction. Finally, a preferred future scenario for 2030 is introduced based on the principle that the future can be influenced if we know what we want it to be. Focusing mainly on the IT vision, the paper concludes with recommendations in the areas related to innovation, communication and collaboration, education and training, process improvement, interoperability, user-centred IT and sustainability, in order to reach the desired state determined by the vision.
Understanding jet noise
Authors: Karabasov S. A.
Published: July 2010

Jets are one of the most fascinating topics in fluid mechanics. For aeronautics, turbulent jet-noise modelling is particularly challenging, not only because of the poor understanding of high Reynolds number turbulence, but also because of the extremely low acoustic efficiency of high-speed jets.

Turbulent jet-noise models starting from the classical Lighthill acoustic analogy to state-of-the art models were considered. No attempt was made to present any complete overview of jet-noise theories. Instead, the aim was to emphasize the importance of sound generation and mean-flow propagation effects, as well as their interference, for the understanding and prediction of jet noise.
Quantum-assisted biomolecular modelling
Authors: Harris Sarah A. , Kendon Vivien M.
Published: July 2010

Our understanding of the physics of biological molecules, such as proteins and DNA, is limited because the approximations we usually apply to model inert materials are not, in general, applicable to soft, chemically inhomogeneous systems. The configurational complexity of biomolecules means the entropic contribution to the free energy is a significant factor in their behaviour, requiring detailed dynamical calculations to fully evaluate. Computer simulations capable of taking all interatomic interactions into account are therefore vital. However, even with the best current supercomputing facilities, we are unable to capture enough of the most interesting aspects of their behaviour to properly understand how they work. This limits our ability to design new molecules, to treat diseases, for example. Progress in biomolecular simulation depends crucially on increasing the computing power available. Faster classical computers are in the pipeline, but these provide only incremental improvements. Quantum computing offers the possibility of performing huge numbers of calculations in parallel, when it becomes available. We discuss the current open questions in biomolecular simulation, how these might be addressed using quantum computation and speculate on the future importance of quantum-assisted biomolecular modelling.
Quantum oscillations probe the normal electronic states of novel superconductors
Authors: Coldea Amalia I.
Published: July 2010

In 2008, new classes of high-temperature superconductors containing iron have been discovered. These iron pnictides offer a new area of exploration and understanding of superconductivity. Quantum oscillations is a bulk probe that allows us to map out the full Fermi surface of a superconducting system in its normal metallic state. These oscillations are determined by the Landau quantization in high magnetic fields and are usually observed at very low temperatures and in very clean samples. By knowing the exact nature of the quasi-particles in the normal state and the degree of electronic correlations, one can simplify and restrict theoretical models required to understand the pairing mechanism in superconductors. I will discuss the current understanding of the Fermi surface studies in iron-based superconductors as determined from quantum oscillations.
The future of computational modelling in reaction engineering
Authors: Kraft Markus , Mosbach Sebastian
Published: July 2010

In this paper, we outline the future of modelling in reaction engineering. Specifically, we use the example of particulate emission formation in internal combustion engines to demonstrate what modelling can achieve at present, and to illustrate the ultimately inevitable steps that need to be taken in order to create a new generation of engineering models.
Shining light into the black box of spinal locomotor networks
Authors: Whelan Patrick J.
Published: July 2010

Rhythmic activity is responsible for numerous essential motor functions including locomotion, breathing and chewing. In the case of locomotion, it has been realized for some time that the spinal cord contains sufficient circuitry to produce a sophisticated stepping pattern. However, the central pattern generator for locomotion in mammals has remained a ‘black box’ where inputs to the network were manipulated and the outputs interpreted. Over the last decade, new genetic approaches and techniques have been developed that provide ways to identify and manipulate the activity of classes of interneurons. The use of these techniques will be critically discussed and related to current models of network function.
Computational approaches to neuronal network analysis
Authors: Prinz Astrid A.
Published: July 2010

Computational modelling is an approach to neuronal network analysis that can complement experimental approaches. Construction of useful neuron and network models is often complicated by a variety of factors and unknowns, most notably the considerable variability of cellular and synaptic properties and electrical activity characteristics found even in relatively ‘simple’ networks of identifiable neurons. This chapter discusses the consequences of biological variability for network modelling and analysis, describes a way to embrace variability through ensemble modelling and summarizes recent findings obtained experimentally and through ensemble modelling.