bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Separating the Accountability and Competence Effects of Mayors on Municipal Spending
Authors: Boetti Lorenzo , Franzoni Federico , Galmarini Umberto , Piacenza Massimiliano , Turati Gilberto
Published: March 2024

The Italian legislation provides a two-term limits for mayors, but it allows term-limited mayors to pass on the torch to one of their deputies as candidates for mayorship. We exploit this feature of the electoral system to design a novel identification strategy for separating the effects of ‘accountability’ (the difference in performance between two politicians facing different incentives in terms of re-elections) and ‘competence’ (the difference in performance between two politicians with different experience in policy making). Using a panel of 1203 Italian municipalities, from 1998 to 2015, we find a significant role for competence but not for accountability in affecting municipal spending. Specifically, second-and-last-term mayors, and first-term mayors with previous experience as executive officers, spend less, on average, than inexperienced first-term mayors. We also discuss the policy implications of this finding.
Boomerang Entrepreneurs and the Declining Home City’s Place Image: Away on the Brain Drain Flow and Back on the Homesick Flow
Authors: Wilkerson James M. , Wafa Marwan A.
Published: March 2024

Boomerang entrepreneurs (practicing and nascent entrepreneurs who return to their declining home cities after years away) may especially be an answer to the brain drain, suppressed innovation, and often tepid entrepreneurial ecosystem condition that plague declining cities such as U.S. Rust Belt cities. This conceptual article addresses how the declining home city’s place image might inform and promote a boomerang entrepreneur’s return migration and venturing decisions and with what implications for the place’s entrepreneurial ecosystem. Even given homesickness, this kind of return migration is unlikely unless prospective boomerang entrepreneurs revise their place images of their old hometowns. We conceptually develop and support propositions on the relationships between place image and brain drain, between affect and both place image revision and entrepreneurial intentions, and between place image revision and both return migration intentions and entrepreneurial opportunity recognition. We also discuss implications for microfoundations of entrepreneurial ecosystems in declining cities, place branding that can encourage boomerang entrepreneurs’ place image revision and return migration to the declining home city, and related research data collection.
Potent antibacterial nanocomposites from okra mucilage/chitosan/silver nanoparticles for multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium eradication
Authors: El Rabey Haddad , Almassabi Rehab F. , Mohammed Ghena M. , Abbas Nasser H. , Bakry Nadia , Althiyabi Abdullah S. , Alshubayli Ibrahim H. , Tayel Ahmed A.
Published: March 2024

The polymeric nanocomposites (NCs), constructed from okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) fruits mucilage (OM), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and chitosan (Ch), were fabricated as potential candidates to overcome drug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium bacteria. AgNPs were directly mediated by OM, with 4.2 nm mean diameters. The composed NCs from Ch/OM/AgNPs were innovatively synthesized and the various ratios of Ch:OM/AgNPs affected the NCs particles’ size and charges. The infrared analysis of employed materials/NCs validated their interactions and conjugations. The antibacterial assays of NCs against different resistant S. Typhimurium strains indicated the efficiency of polymeric NCs to inhibit bacteria with significant superiority over standard antibiotics. The NCs that contained equal ratios from Ch and OM/AgNPs were the best formulation (mean diameter, 47.19 nm and surface charge, +16.9 mV) to exhibit the strongest actions toward S. Typhimurium. The NCs caused severe deformation, destruction, and lysis in exposed bacteria, as traced with scanning microscopy. The biosynthesis of AgNPs using OM and their nanoconjugation with Ch provided effectual natural biopolymers NCs with enhanced expected biosafety and efficiency against drug-resistant S. Typhimurium strains, which supports their potential applications as disinfectant, sterilizing, and curative antibacterial agents.
Experimental investigation on the deterioration of the physical and mechanical properties of autoclaved aerated concrete at elevated temperatures
Authors: Tang Lingxiao , Yao Huayan , Zhang Mingyuan , Gan Jiarui , Xie Mingyu , Xie Wansheng
Published: March 2024

Autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) has been extensively studied and applied in the past decades because of its excellent thermal insulation and acoustic performance, energy efficiency, and outstanding structural performance. To investigate the deterioration characteristics of AAC under high temperatures, the physico-mechanical properties of AAC at different temperatures were tested by mass loss, wave velocity, and compressive tests, and the deterioration mechanism was discussed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) tests. The results showed that after exposure to elevated temperatures, the parameters of apparent form, mass loss, wave velocity, and compressive strength underwent remarkable conversions. It was observed that the ultrasonic behavior of AAC was affected at high temperatures as it increased at 100°C and decreased beyond 100°C. In addition, the compressive strength exhibited a two-stage transformation, slightly increased from ambient temperature to 300°C, and exhibited a rapid reduction beyond 300°C. At 900°C, the specimen lost its strength. By XRD, TGA, and SEM, it was confirmed that a series of physicochemical changes in AAC, such as the water escape and evaporation, decomposition of calcium silicate hydrate and calcium carbonate, and structural damage, were the primary reasons for the deterioration of the physical and mechanical properties at elevated temperatures.
Sixth-kind Chebyshev polynomials technique to numerically treat the dissipative viscoelastic fluid flow in the rheology of Cattaneo–Christov model
Authors: Eid Ali , Khader Mohamed M. , Megahed Ahmed M.
Published: March 2024

This study investigates the complex dynamics of a viscoelastic fluid subjected to magneto-hydrodynamics over a stretching sheet, incorporating the Cattaneo–Christov heat flux model. This model is especially advantageous for explaining heat transfer in materials possessing significant thermal conductivity, where the conventional Fourier’s law might not be precise. The investigation revolves around evaluating how the thermal relaxation time affects the boundary layer and how both thermal radiation and viscous dissipation influence the thermal field. The significance of this research lies in its contribution to understanding the intricate behavior of such fluids in the presence of magnetic fields and non-Fourier heat conduction. The primary objective is to analyze the impact of viscoelasticity, magnetohydrodynamics, and Cattaneo–Christov heat flux on the flow and heat transfer characteristics over the stretching sheet. The research methodology involves the application of mathematical models and numerical techniques, particularly the use of the shifted Chebyshev polynomials of the sixth-order approximation and spectral collocation technique. The major conclusion of the study underscores the significant influence of viscoelasticity, magnetic field, and Cattaneo–Christov heat flux on the transport properties of the fluid, providing valuable insights for applications in various engineering and industrial contexts. Certain notable results arising from the current issue indicate that heat transfer is more pronounced for the viscoelastic factor and magnetic parameter, whereas the thermal relaxation parameter exhibits the opposite trend. In addition, the inclusion of the Cattaneo–Christov term enhances our comprehension of thermal behavior.
Bending energy absorption performance of composite fender piles with different winding angles
Authors: Chen Weisen , Fang Hai , Zhu Lu , Zhang Xinchen , Zhu Junyu
Published: March 2024

In recent years, there has been an increase in accidents involving vessels colliding with bridge piers. These ship–bridge collisions can result in tragic loss of life and severe damage to the bridge structure. To address this issue, a type of fender pile made of winding-formed glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) was proposed as a solution. In this article, three- and four-point bending tests were performed to compare and analyze the damage modes and load-carrying capacity of the fender piles at two different winding angles, namely 45° and 75°. Vertical impact test was simulated using ANSYS/LS-DYNA to verify finite element models. The results revealed variations in damage patterns and bending performance of GFRP piles under the two fiber winding angles. The simulation results suggest that GFRP fender piles can effectively increase the impact time of ship–bridge collisions and reduce the collision forces, thereby significantly improving the protection of bridge piers.
‘I can hear the wind and feel it touch me on the nose’: The search for agency of the environment in the dialogue between human and nature. The case of Austin, TX
Authors: Kotus Jacek
Published: March 2024

This study explores specific relationships between humans and nature and seeks an extended ‘social construction of nature’ in the direction of place agency. The research assumes that place can be in agented action and a reciprocal relationship with human and non-human beings. The study’s main aim is to identify whether, from the perspective of contemporary city users, a partnership with the biotic and geographical environment is possible both within and outside the city. From this aim arises a research question: Does an inhabitant of a large city realize the possibility of a dialogue involving an ‘exchange of meanings’ between two entities of interaction that are often highly different (human and non-human beings)? The research uses a questionnaire survey (to recognize general quantitative opinion) and in-depth interviews with selected respondents (to look for deeper explanations). Results show that some urban respondents can see some environmental elements (in and out of the city) as agents and can describe the relationship human-environment in case of a reciprocal action called dialogue.
Formal urbanisation in East-Central Europe
Authors: Trócsányi András , Karsai Viola , Pirisi Gábor
Published: March 2024

The East-Central European region has undergone a unique urbanisation process during socialist and postsocialist periods. These peculiarities result from social and economic development delays, which the statehas tried to remedy through massive interventions. One such intervention is urban reclassification, where the state promotes certain places it deems crucial, granting them urban status, often without actual developmentor urban characteristics. Due to its artificial character, this intervention is called formal urbanisation in our approach being a specific local feature of the urbanisation process. The visible result is the growth of the urbanpopulation, often only by administrative causes, with the reclassification of villages as towns. The emergence of numerous small towns, which we refer to as newest towns, has significantly influenced urbanisation, alteredthe concept of towns and cities3, and generated significant debates. In this paper, we compare the formal urbanisation of the socialist and post-socialist eras, trying to estimate the added value of formal urbanisation inthe latter period. We compare the administrative backgrounds of formal urbanisation in selected ECE countries for similarities and differences. Throughout the research, we analyse their formal urbanisation involvingapproximately 800 municipalities promoted since 1990 in Poland, Czechia, Hungary, and Romania, trying to identify common and unique features in the processes. Based on historical determination, modernisation, and integration into new spatial processes, considering demographic and functional changes, we developedtypes of formal urbanisation. Our research has revealed several common factors in the reclassification process, such as local initiatives, while we have also identified disparities between principles and practices and varyinglevels of control from regional and national actors. The study has also led to a deeper understanding of formal urbanisation in the context of the urbanisation process as a whole.
Forces of energy welfare in Central Europe: The Russian war in Ukraine as a game changer
Authors: Baranowski Mariusz
Published: March 2024

The Russian war in Ukraine has changed global geopolitical priorities and the policies of individual countries. The consequences of this ongoing war will be felt for decades to come, including the militarisation of states and the strengthening of political-military alliances. This article explores the effects of this conflict through the lens of energy welfare, which is used as an essential litmus test for the transforming economies of the Visegrad Group (V4) countries in Central Europe. Energy security and the energy transition have become critical topics, and energy security and its impact on social welfare affect the sensitive areas of policy choices that will determine the direction of development in this part of Europe. The V4 countries – Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary – illustrate a wide range of domestic and geopolitical orientations that place individual countries in different decision-making situations. The ideological and political forces determine the scope for achieving energy welfare and are, therefore, the subject of this article. Based on macroeconomic and survey data results, the article’s primary research query examines how the V4 countries’ reliance on Russian fossil fuels affects their political attitudes and societal perceptions of the conflict in Ukraine, and the implications for their energy security and welfare in the face of the European Green Deal efforts. The different strategies adopted by the four countries considered translate into energy transition pathways to a low carbon economy described in the European Green Deal and strategies to provide energy at a reasonable price at the expense of a coherent European policy towards Russian aggression.
Manić, E., Nikitović, V. and Djurović, P. (eds.): The Geography of Serbia: Nature, People, Economy
Authors: Demeter Gábor
Published: March 2024

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Tensile properties and dynamic mechanical analysis of kenaf/epoxy composites
Authors: Abdullah A. H. , Tharazi I. , Salleh F. M. , Halim N. H. A. , Solihin Z. H. , Marzuki Afeeqa Puteri , Abdan K.
Published: March 2024

Kenaf fibre-reinforced polymer composites could offer low-cost, biodegradable, recyclable, and renewable materials. The hydrophilic kenaf fibres exhibit poor compatibility with the hydrophobic epoxy matrix as compared to their synthetic counterparts and ultimately, this may severely constrain their potential as a green composite material. This work aims to evaluate the tensile properties and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of kenaf fibre composites reinforced with two epoxy systems as matrices, B and M resins. Neat epoxy samples and kenaf-reinforced composites with varying fibre loading, 15% and 45% were fabricated in the study. It was found that the tensile properties of kenaf composites are dependent on the epoxy resin systems and higher with reinforcement content. The tensile strength of M-15% and M-45% are 16.3% and 12.0% stronger than their counterparts. Determination of interfacial shear strength using a modified micromechanical model was employed showing that M-45 has a higher value than B-45%, 107.09 kPa and 90.28 kPa respectively. By DMA, in general, an increase in the storage modulus and peak height in the loss modulus was always higher with kenaf composites that were manufactured with the M resin system. The adhesion factor, A calculated from tan delta curves and cole-cole plot has shown the state of fibre/matrix adhesion level in each epoxy resin system. The SEM analysis indicates the presence of void spaces around fibres and matrix may attributed to the lower compatibility of the B resins system used in kenaf composites fabrication.
Sustainable considerations in additive manufacturing processes: A review
Authors: Ononiwu Ndudim , Ako Paul , Anyaoha Chukwuemeka , Ikwuagwu Chibuzo , Jacobs Ifeanyi
Published: March 2024

Efficient waste management practices are becoming increasingly necessary due to the negative environmental and health impacts of waste generation and disposal. One type of waste that has received particular attention is electronic waste (e-waste). This category of waste has the potential to cause significant environmental harm if not disposed of properly. The management of e-waste is crucial in the electrical/electronic industry which has led to the creation of models and institutional legislature to promote sustainable production processes. Among these processes, Additive manufacturing otherwise referred to as 3D printing is particularly effective in reducing waste generation and energy requirements by reusing spent parts and products as feedstock. Sustainability in the manufacturing and production sectors can be promoted through the inculcation of certain practices. Of these practices, reusing e-waste that would otherwise be disposed of in landfills has the potential to promote environmental cost savings. This article introduces the potential of e-waste being integrated into the manufacturing sector to promote sustainable production. The article also addresses the problem of geometric e-waste generation and suggests an efficient way of reusing waste from the electrical and electronic industries.
The interplay between self-regulated learning behavioral factors and students’ performance in English language learning through Moodle
Authors: Prasetya Rizky Eka
Published: March 2024

The increasing popularity of online learning environments, such as Moodle LMS, has led to a growing interest in identifying factors contributing to student success in language learning. Self-regulated learning behaviors, such as goal setting, planning, and self-monitoring, have been identified as key predictors of academic achievement. However, limited research on how these behaviors relate to success in online language learning environments is limited. This study aimed to identify self-regulation learning factors and assess behaviors in English language teaching through Moodle LMS by analyzing trace data. The study analyzed trace data from 1523 English language learners in a Moodle course and identified several behavioral factors. The final course point in English language learning is significantly predicted, including the number of completed quizzes, middle course points, engagement with course materials, time spent on tasks, completion score quizzes, access time in total, and pacing. The study found that completing quizzes was the strongest predictor of the final course point, followed by time spent on task, access time in total, and middle course point. The findings suggest that educators can use the identified behavioral factors to promote self-regulated learning online and develop interventions to support students struggling with self-regulated learning. The studies include using trace data to analyze behavioral patterns and focusing on self-regulated learning factors in online language learning. The study provides important insights into self-regulated learning factors and behaviors in English language learning through Moodle LMS, which can inform the development of effective interventions to support students in online language learning environments.
Designing digital storytelling books for TPACK development of Indonesian pre-service ELT teachers
Authors: Signori Tifani Yuris , Drajati Nur Arifah , Putra Kristian Adi
Published: March 2024

In today's educational system, the need for teachers to acquire technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK) has already become a mainstream transformation. Therefore, it is necessary to find a suitable strategy and approach to develop pre-service ELT teachers’ TPACK, in which one of them is actively engaging them in the design of technology-enhanced learning. This study sought to investigate Indonesian pre-service ELT teachers’ TPACK level development after designing digital storytelling book. Narrative inquiry was adopted in this research. The data were obtained from the pre- service ELT teachers’ reflective notes and semi-structured interviews. The findings of the study show that all participants are in the TPACK level of “accepting”. In the level of accepting, pre-service teachers form a favorable attitude toward teaching and learning English with digital storytelling. The implication derived from this study is that it is necessary to carefully design a project in teacher education program that can improve the pre-service teachers' TPACK level.
REPRESENTASI ETNISITAS TERHADAP TRADISI MITONI
Authors: Kurniawan Hanif , . Sudjarwo , Sinaga Risma Margaretha
Published: March 2024

Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengkaji representasi tradisi mitoni masyarakat Jawa yang tinggal di Kab. Lampung Tengah Kec. Trimurjo Kel. Simbarwaringin. Metode penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif kualitatif yang bertujuan untuk menggambarkan, menjelaskan dan menjawab secara lebih rinci masalah yang akan diteliti dengan mempelajari sebanyak mungkin individu, kelompok atau peristiwa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Mitoni merupakan salah satu cara berkomunikasi orang Jawa dengan menggunakan simbol. Nilai-nilai spiritual mitoni merupakan simbol ideologi Jawa eskatologis yang berfungsi menjaga keharmonisan sosial.

 

This research is intended to examine the representation of the mitoni tradition of the Javanese people who live in the Kab. Central Lampung Kec. Trimurjo Kel. Simbarwaringin. This research method is descriptive qualitative which aims to describe, describe, explain, explain and answer in more detail the problems to be studied by studying as much as possible an individual, a group or an event. The results of the study show that Mitoni is one of the Javanese ways of communicating by using symbols. The spiritual values ​​of mitoni are symbols of eschatological Javanese ideology which functions to maintain social harmony.
Countering The Crimes of Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing in Indonesia Digital Banking: A Legal Approach Perspectives
Authors: Ramadianto Anang Riyan , Wicaksono Bayu Akbar
Published: March 2024

The practice of money laundering is not new nowadays. People have been transferring illegally obtained money (illegal money) to the legal system for a long time (the world of regular money). It is unlawful to possess this kind of money, thus this is done to try to prevent getting caught. Whereas acts of providing, gathering, donating, or lending money, directly or indirectly, with the intent to be used and/or which are known to be used to support terrorist activities, terrorist groups, or terrorists, are considered to be funding terrorism. During the Covid-19 pandemic, digital banking in Indonesia grew rapidly, making transactions for customers relatively simple. Thus, if the government does not make significant steps to combat terrorism financing with the many current legislation, this will become an issue. As a result, in order to stop the financing of terrorism in Indonesia, digital banks must have an AML-CFT system that includes customer due diligence and regular client evaluations. To stop these problems, a number of linked institutions have regulations.
An Evaluation of the Correlation between Criminal Intelligence Management and Security Operations in Benue State, Nigeria.
Authors: Featherstone Clairmont
Published: March 2024

This study examined the correlation between criminal intelligence management and security operations in Benue State, North Central Nigeria. The study adopted the qualitative method, semi-structured Key Information Interview (KII) technique and review of relevant literature in its investigations. Based on its earlier findings, the following conclusions were reached by the study. A sample size of 21 (n-21) was determined for the study. Findings of the study showed that the way the key tools/agents used for collection of intelligence information for production of criminal intelligence, including informants, surveillance, technologies (ICTs), and community policing, has significant correlation with the outcome of security operations by the Joint Task Force and other outfits involved in the fight against crime in Benue State.  Secondly, this study also found that how criminal intelligence analysis phase of the intelligence cycle (process) is managed has significant relationship with the outcome of security operations by the Joint Task Force and other outfits involved in the fight against the rising wave of crime in Benue State. Furthermore, it was also the finding of this study that the way dissemination/sharing of criminal intelligence products among sister anti-crime outfits is managed has significant correlation with the outcome of security operations involved in the fight against crime in Benue State. Another recommendation of the study was adequate provision of operational logistics to the Intelligence Units of various law enforcement agencies, including patrol vehicles, telephones, and other communication equipment, arms and ammunition, and cameras, among others. The study also recommended great efforts at enhancing the capacities of the community policing approach to fighting crime by way of adequate provision of operational logistics, enhanced remuneration, and regular training of volunteers in the various vigilante groups operating across various local and urban neighbourhoods in Nigeria, including the Livestock Guards in Benue State.
Child Protection of Perpetrators of Terrorism in Indonesia: How should we do? Should we punish them?
Authors: Akbar Athayya
Published: March 2024

In Indonesia, the issue of child protection within the context of perpetrators of terrorism presents a multifaceted challenge that necessitates a careful balance between justice and rehabilitation. This paper delves into the complexities surrounding this issue, acknowledging the rights and well-being of children while addressing the imperative for accountability and security. While children may be both victims and perpetrators of terrorism, the prevailing question is how to effectively respond to their involvement. This paper examines the existing legal frameworks in Indonesia, international standards, and the various challenges encountered in implementing appropriate strategies. It considers the identification and assessment of affected children, the efficacy of rehabilitation and reintegration programs, as well as the importance of psychological and social support. Moreover, it highlights the significance of community perceptions and the risk of stigmatization, as well as the need for long-term monitoring to prevent recidivism. Ultimately, this paper advocates for a comprehensive approach that combines punitive measures with rehabilitation efforts, emphasizing the importance of multi-agency collaboration, educational initiatives, psychosocial support, and legal safeguards. Through case studies and lessons learned, it aims to inform policymakers and practitioners in Indonesia on effective strategies for ensuring the protection and well-being of children involved in terrorism while upholding principles of justice and accountability.
Cyberterrorism and National Security: Issues and Challenges in Contemporary Indonesia
Authors: Amrullah Karem
Published: March 2024

Cyberterrorism has emerged as a significant threat to national security in contemporary Indonesia, presenting multifaceted challenges to governmental authorities, security agencies, and society at large. This paper examines the landscape of cyberterrorism in Indonesia, exploring its various dimensions, including its definition, manifestations, and impacts on national security. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature, governmental reports, and media sources, this paper identifies key issues and challenges posed by cyberterrorism in the Indonesian context. It analyzes the vulnerabilities of Indonesia's cyberspace infrastructure, the motivations driving cyberterrorist activities, and the potential consequences for political stability, economic development, and social cohesion. Furthermore, this paper evaluates the effectiveness of existing cybersecurity measures and counterterrorism strategies employed by Indonesian authorities, highlighting areas for improvement and future research. By shedding light on the complex interplay between cyberterrorism and national security, this paper aims to contribute to a better understanding of this critical issue and inform policy responses aimed at safeguarding Indonesia's digital domain.
The New Face of Terrorism: Global and National Challenges
Authors: Rosa Jean
Published: March 2024

In the contemporary landscape, terrorism has metamorphosed into a multifaceted and dynamic threat, manifesting in diverse forms on both global and national fronts. This paper investigates the intricacies of this evolving phenomenon, shedding light on its new face amidst shifting geopolitical paradigms and technological advancements. Through an exploration of the complex interplay between state and non-state actors, as well as the proliferation of diverse ideologies, it elucidates the challenges posed by modern terrorism at both global and national levels. The analysis encompasses the emergence of asymmetrical warfare tactics, the proliferation of transnational networks, and the diversification of ideological motivations driving terrorist activities. Moreover, it delves into the specific challenges faced by nations, including the rise of domestic radicalization, lone wolf attacks, and vulnerabilities in security infrastructure. By examining these issues, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the contemporary terrorism landscape, highlighting the imperative for international cooperation, enhanced cybersecurity measures, and community engagement strategies in countering this pervasive threat. Through case studies and projections for future trends, it offers valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners tasked with addressing the complexities of terrorism in the 21st century.
Analysis of Changes in Criminal Threats in Regulations on Environmental Protection and Management
Authors: Arimurti Danang Johar , Najicha Fatma Ulfatun
Published: March 2024

Currently, Indonesia is facing serious environmental problems which are exacerbated by a lack of public awareness and law enforcement. Law enforcement is very important in overcoming environmental problems, and in this case means the use of legal instruments that can be coercive, such as criminal sanctions. The main legal basis that regulates environmental protection and management in Indonesia is Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management and several amendments to Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning Ratification of Government Regulation Number 2 of 2022 concerning Job Creation. This article focuses on changes in criminal sanctions and how they occurred by comparing the two laws and analyzing them. The results show that five articles concerning criminal sanctions have been changed or deleted. This is because four of the five articles have been simplified for administrative purposes and to avoid legal ambiguity, while one of the five articles cannot be determined because the changes made resulted in the law being dead.
Ponorogo Regency Green Open Space Analysis of Law Number 27 of 2007 concerning Spatial Planning
Authors: Arimurti Danang Johar , Najicha Fatma Ulfatun
Published: March 2024

One of the uses of space stated in Law Number 26 of 2007 concerning Spatial Planning is Green Open Space (RTH). This law requires that each district/city have a green open space area of at least 30% of the entire regional area. Ponorogo Regency is one of the districts in East Java Province which has an area of 137,178 Ha. This research will discuss the suitability of the green open space owned by Ponorogo Regency to Law Number 26 of 2007 concerning spatial planning and the potential for developing green open space in the Ponorogo Regency area. This article uses normative research methods with a positive legal approach and an approach using statistical data. The result is that Ponorogo Regency has not yet reached the minimum green open space limit of 30% because it is still at 19%. However, Ponorogo Regency has ambitions with the existence of Regional Regulation Number 1 of 2012 concerning RTRW 2012-2032 which states that the minimum limit of 30% RTH will be achieved in 2032. For the potential for developing RTH areas, Ponorogo Regency has three places, namely roads, river routes and mining areas.
Double Standards in Human Rights Interpretation (Comparison of American and Asian Practices)
Authors: Sanjaya Aldo Dicky , Faisal Mokhammad Kahvi
Published: March 2024

This discussion moves on to an understanding of the double standard politics carried out by the United States related to the maintenance of human values and human rights within the framework of democratization on the implications of the Arab Spring political conflict. The United States applies double standards in its response to the military coup case that occurred in Egypt.
Indonesia-China International Dispute on the Natuna Island Case: Various International Law Discourses and Practices in Regional Countries
Authors: Chasanah Anissaa Nuril , Arifin Ridwan , Nte Ngboawaji Daniel
Published: March 2024

The waters of natuna contain rich natural resources such as minerals and fisheries and provide international sea lanes for ships that come from the Indian Ocean to industrialized countries and to the Pacific Ocean. The real sector of poverty alleviation between China and Indonesia is a challenge to the stability of Indonesian sovereignty. Meaning that the south China sea itself has border with Indonesia in the waters of natuna. The natuna case began in 2009 with a unilateral claim by the Chinese government indicating that the national strength and defense in terms of national sovereignty still has flaws and loopholes. According to China, they've entered the natuna area into a map of their territory based on the nine imaginary lines usually called the nine dash line which China has claimed and marking its maritime border. But from these nine points this line Indonesia does not recognize because Indonesia says it has no basis whatsoever for international law.
The Natuna Waters Conflict between Indonesia and Vietnam: How is it resolved in International Law?
Authors: Tyas Annida Ayuning
Published: March 2024

Indonesia is one of the largest archipelagic countries in the world consisting of thousands of islands. Part of Indonesia, namely the Natuna Islands, its position protrudes to the north which is located in the southern South China Sea. The Natuna Sea has natural resources, such as minerals and fish, and is an international sea crossing for ships coming from the Indian Ocean to enter the industrial countries around the sea and also to the Pacific Ocean. The problem of conflicts that occur between Indonesia and Vietnam in Natuna waters is one of the cases that are within the scope of International Law, especially specifically on International Sea Law. The Republic of Indonesia is one of the countries affected by the southern China sea conflict. Because the Indonesian EEZ region in the Natuna waters region is included in the Vietnam unilateral claim map. Therefore, Indonesia seeks to resolve, prevent and make resolutions regarding the South China Sea conflict which seriously threatens national interests and State sovereignty. One of the strategies implemented by Indonesia is the policy to enforce Vietnamese-flagged vessels carrying out illegal fishing in Natuna waters and also directing the combat fleet in the form of warships to intensify patrol in the region. In this regard, Indonesia conducted various negotiations and diplomacy to ensure that it resolved issues concerning the waters of southern China.
Human Rights And Relativism Through The Lens Of Developing Nations Case Study Of Indonesia’s Ratification On CEDAW
Authors: Lubis Muhammad Rizki Akbar
Published: March 2024

Universalists argue that human rights as laid out by current human rights law embodies universal ideals and rights that are universally relevant and applicable to all people. However, some relativists have questioned this idea, pointing out that ethical systems should evolve in the context of local cultures and not assume its universal applicability. It arises a question whether human rights indeed a universal concept that should be assumed to all nations irrespective of its cultural differences. Especially in the context of most developing nations that have their own cultural philosophies and societal conducts, it is intriguing to assess how does the "universal applicability" of human rights fare within the local enforcement of human rights treaties. This research will be normative legal research as it will analyze the legal aspect of relativism in the perspective of developing nations in its relation to the enforcement of human rights within the existing treaty that encompasses of Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women. This article argues that "consent" of the intended groups that the human treaties wanted to protect matters to bridge the difference between the two concepts.
Protection of Human Rights Against Women in an International Legal Perspective
Authors: Kastiady Salvia Salsabila Putri
Published: March 2024

Violations of human rights against women are still a serious debate, because there are still many women who experience acts of human rights violations, even though the National Human Rights Commission and the National Women's Commission have been initiated, it is not a guarantee that human rights violations against women will not occur. Sexual violence in international law develops according to the circumstances when acts of violence occur. sexual, where the act of sexual violence occurs. This occurs in conditions of armed conflict or in conditions where there is no armed conflict, namely in domestic life and at work. Sexual violence International law is regulated in many cases, including the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court of 1974, which classifies sexual violence as the most serious crime. Apart from that, it is also regulated in the general agreement to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women, if the regulations are stricter, preventive measures related to protection against sexual violence are in accordance with this Convention. The National Commission on Violence Against Women has also classified gender-based violence
Case of Nickel Ore Export Trade Dispute Between Indonesia and the European Union and Its Resolution from an International Legal Perspective
Authors: Putri Aprilia Puspitasari
Published: March 2024

In this article, we will discuss the case of the nickel ore export trade dispute between Indonesia and the European Union from an international legal perspective. The European Union has issued a policy restricting imports of nickel ore from Indonesia which is considered to violate international trade agreements. Indonesia responded and filed a lawsuit with the World Trade Organization (WTO) and asked for dispute resolution through the WTO dispute resolution mechanism. This article will discuss how to resolve disputes between Indonesia and the European Union. This case is very complex regarding nickel ore because Indonesia is the largest supplier of this natural resource.
State Responsibility in Protecting Human Rights: An International Legal Perspective
Authors: Hidayah Syarifaatul
Published: March 2024

As a country based on law, Indonesia has an obligation to provide human rights protection for every one of its people. This article discusses the concept of human rights in international law, the responsibility of states in protecting human rights according to international law, as well as the implementation of state responsibility in practice and case studies of state responsibility in protecting human rights. The purpose of this research is to find out the state's responsibility in protecting human rights. Based on the results of the discussion, the State has the responsibility to protect human rights from violations by third parties. This means that the state must prevent, investigate, prosecute and punish violations of the human rights of its citizens. including international role institutions and legal instruments governing state responsibilities in enforcing human rights.
Ambalat Dispute Settlement Analysis Study: Juridical Review of Regional Conflict Between Indonesia and Malaysia Based on an International Law Perspective
Authors: Noer Rana Tatsbita
Published: March 2024

Dispute refers to a disagreement or conflict between two or more parties that cannot be resolved directly. The context of a dispute includes areas such as law, business, personal relationships, or politics. Dispute resolution involves methods such as negotiation, mediation, arbitration, or judicial proceedings. The goal is to reach a solution that is fair and satisfactory to all parties involved. Meanwhile, international disputes occur between countries or international entities and involve issues such as borders, international law, trade, and human rights. The solution requires a deep understanding of international law and often requires a complex approach because it involves the sovereignty of the countries involved, with a stable solution requiring cooperation between countries. For example, the Ambalat dispute, namely the maritime border dispute between Indonesia and Malaysia around the Karimata Strait and North Natuna Sea, is related to claims of sovereignty rights over water blocks rich in natural resources. This conflict has caused tensions since the mid-2000s. Efforts to resolve this involve diplomacy, negotiation and mediation to reach a solution that is acceptable to both countries. This dispute reflects the complexity of maritime border disputes in Southeast Asia, where countries compete in claiming strategic maritime areas.
Protection of Indonesian Fisher on Commercial Fishing: Review of ILO Convention 188
Authors: Dewi Dinda Mangesti , Prakarsa Satria Unggul Wicaksana
Published: March 2024

The problem of crew protection is very worrying. Data on migrant care in 2020 last reported 54,248 cases of migrant workers experienced by Indonesian migrant workers. (Henny Rosidah, et al, 2022) There is a need to ratify ILO Convention 188 to protect migrant workers. (Lalu hadi adha, 2022) The protection of shipwrecked workers is still minimal, and there is a need for improved regulations in their protection (Satria Aldi Putraza et al., 2023). The number of slavery that occurs in Indonesian crew (ABK) regarding exploitation for this is the need for protection in legislation and ILO Convention 188. (Fadilah lay fatimah ely, et al, 2022) The legal protection of shipwrecked workers has been regulated in ILO Convention 188. The legal problem in this research is how to protect the legal crew of Indonesian citizens with a revi of ILO Convention 188 and how the state's efforts to provide legal protection to the shipwrecked workers. This research uses socio-legal research with an interdisciplinary approach based on comprehensive law and sees society, law and institutions working. The results of this research on the protection of shipwrecked workers are contained in ILO Convention 188, as well as in national law contained in Law Number 18 of 2017. In handling, it is necessary to be specific because of the difficulty of supervision, limited access, and improvement in the fisheries sector. State efforts are also contained in ILO Convention 188. And state accountability is included in the terms of liability and responsibility.
Examining Singapore’s State Responsibility in International Law Perspective for the Death of David Hartanto: A Case Study of an Indonesian Citizen in Singapore's Territorial Territory
Authors: Ratih Ayuk Nila , Kusuma Hanityo Akbar
Published: March 2024

This paper delves into the complex legal and ethical dimensions surrounding the death of David Hartanto, an Indonesian citizen, within the territorial boundaries of Singapore. Hartanto's tragic demise sparked significant attention and debate, raising questions about Singapore's obligations under international law regarding the protection of foreign nationals within its jurisdiction. Drawing upon legal principles, case law, and relevant international agreements, this study scrutinizes Singapore's state responsibility concerning the death of Hartanto. It analyzes the circumstances leading to his demise, investigates potential breaches of legal obligations by Singaporean authorities, and evaluates the adequacy of the legal frameworks governing the protection of foreign nationals. Moreover, the paper explores the broader implications of this case for diplomatic relations, human rights protections, and the rule of law in the context of transnational incidents involving state responsibility. By critically examining the Hartanto case, this paper contributes to the ongoing discourse on the intersection of state sovereignty, human rights, and international legal obligations, offering insights into avenues for enhancing accountability and ensuring the protection of individuals irrespective of their nationality within a state’s territorial jurisdiction.
Legal Framework for Addressing Sea Environmental Pollution: A Case Study of the Montara Oil Spill in East Timor
Authors: Mahendra Brian Maulana , Lien Pao Thai , Myat Champo Khan
Published: March 2024

This paper examines the legal framework governing the resolution of sea environmental pollution, with a focus on the Montara Oil Spill incident in East Timor. Through a case study approach, it analyzes the international and domestic legal instruments and mechanisms relevant to addressing such environmental disasters. The paper explores the roles of various stakeholders, including governments, international organizations, and affected communities, in responding to and mitigating the impacts of the Montara Oil Spill. Additionally, it assesses the effectiveness of existing legal frameworks in holding responsible parties accountable and facilitating environmental restoration efforts. By synthesizing legal principles and practical insights from the Montara case, this paper contributes to the broader discourse on environmental law and policy, particularly in the context of sea pollution incidents.
Sosiolinguistics Alih Kode dan Campur Kode dalam Ceramah Habib Umar Al-Muthohhar
Authors: Irrohman Arju Taufiq , Rokhman Fathur
Published: March 2024

Lecture is a way of conveying ideas or messages to others. In religious lectures conducted by Habib Umar Al-Muthohhar, it is often found that in lecturing he used the code of switching and mixing. The objectives of this study are (1) to describe the type of code-switching in Habib Umar Al-Muthohhar's lectures, (2) to describe the type of code-mixing in Habib Umar Al-Muthohhar's lectures (3) to describe the factors that caused the code-switching in Habib Umar Al-Muthohhar's lectures, (4) describe the factors that caused the code-mixing in Habib Umar Al-Muthohhar's lectures. The theoretical approach that used in this research is sociolinguistics. The data of this study were utterances spoken by Habib Umar Al-Muthohhar in some lectures that allegedly contained the symptoms of code-switching and code-mixing. The data collection method in this study is using the listening method with the speech free listening technique. The results showed that there were several types of code-switching and code-mixing used by Habib Umar in his lectures. The types of code-switching found were internal, external, metaphorical, situational, temporary, and permanent. The type of code-mixing in Habib Umar Al-Muthohhar's lecture mixed the code in and out. The form of code-mixing is the insertion of words, repetitions, phrases, and clauses. Factors that caused the code-switching are speakers, speech partners, subject matter, and evokes a sense of humor. The factors that caused the code-mixing are role identification, variety identification, desire to explain or explain, and show familiarity.