bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bertha von Suttner
Authors: Buffton Deborah D.
Published: October 2022

Bertha von Suttner (1843–1914) was the first woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize (1905) and one of the most important and best-known peace activists in Europe between 1889 and 1914. In 1889 she wrote the most popular antiwar novel of the late nineteenth century, Die Waffen nieder! (Lay Down Your Arms), and numerous other books and articles related to peace. She worked tirelessly to promote international arbitration through the Interparliamentary Union, helped organize the Austrian and German Peace Societies and conferences, edited a newsletter promoting peace, and lectured throughout Europe and the United States. Her upbringing in an aristocratic, military Austrian family makes her conversion to peace activism surprising. This chapter will examine how she became a peace activist, the influence of Charles Darwin and Henry Thomas Buckle on her ideas, how her approach to peace compared with those of Leo Tolstoy and Alfred Nobel, and her significance for the peace movement in the European belle époque.
Discourses and Debates on Peacemaking in Imperial China
Authors: Yu Kam-por
Published: October 2022

This chapter examines the discourses and debates on the options of war and peace during the Han and Song dynasties of Chinese history. During the Han dynasty (206 BCE–220 CE), especially the early period, a unified China was disturbed by recurring and irritating raids and lootings from the pastoral nomads in the north. During the Song dynasty (960–1279 CE), China’s highly civilized nation was situated among somewhat equal or even considerably stronger neighbors. While these two periods are both important and representative of Chinese civilization, the international situations and the attitudes towards how to deal with invasive neighbors were remarkably different. A review of the political discourses and debates in these two periods can offer a more comprehensive and concrete understanding of the major concerns regarding war and peace in the Chinese tradition.
Gender, Sexuality, and Peace
Authors: Kennedy Kathleen
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores the interrelationship between gender, race, and sexuality in Black women’s critique of racial violence and theories about peace. It argues that because white supremacist ideology and violence targeted Black bodies, Black women’s peace activism necessarily developed theories about peace and justice that emphasized the interrelationships between gender, sexuality, and race that provide nuanced insights into the nature of American violence both domestically and internationally. The chapter concludes with an exploration of how legal theories Pauli Murray leveraged and anticipated Black feminist theorizing to argue for a reckoning and reconciliation that would allow the United States to fulfill its democratic promise.
Is There a Place for the History of Violence in the History of Peace?
Authors: Smolenski John
Published: October 2022

Historians frequently look for, and find, violence in the past. This propensity has often led them to ignore the relevance of peace history to their own fields. In this chapter, the author argues that a more nuanced understanding of the history of violence can help us understand the various meanings of peace in different historical contexts. The author proposes that scholars can benefit by adopting a new working definition of peace, seeing peace as the maximum amount of allowable violence in any given time, place, or society. Looking at the American Revolution as a case study, the author shows that focusing on its aftermath reveals that the Revolution ushered in a massive wave of violence throughout the North American continent. The Constitution secured a stable peace within the nation. It also established a government that encouraged slavery and colonization. Moreover, peace for the many within the nation relied on allowing structural violence against some, although ideas of allowable violence varied by social group. Finally, thinking of peace in these terms can increase the relevance of peace history to scholars outside the field of peace studies.
African Peace Traditions and Resistance to Colonial Rule
Authors: Tague Joanna T.
Published: October 2022

This chapter examines the many, diverse peace traditions that African men and women practiced between the sixteenth and early twentieth centuries. It discusses the ways in which these traditions were based on a set of consistent protocols that not only helped shape local social organization but enabled political elites to maintain peaceful relations, settle disputes, and avoid armed conflict (with neighboring African communities as well as with early European travelers, missionaries, explorers, and eventually colonial officials). It argues that these diplomatic protocols impacted gender norms and relations, religion, trade, and mobility in various African societies throughout the continent. It concludes with a discussion of the ways in which African men and women adjusted these peace traditions by the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as they looked to international law and other myriad institutions in response to European imperialism.
Cultural Adaptations of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy
Authors: Masuda Akihiko , Morgan Lucas , Spencer Samuel D. , Qinaʻau Joanne , Jo Duckhyun
Published: October 2022

ACT is best understood functionally and contextually as the purposeful behavior of a clinician in a therapeutic context that is both principle-informed and experientially guided. From a functional and contextual account, every ACT case is subject to cultural adaptation because no two individuals have identical learning histories and situational contexts. If ACT is practiced functionally and contextually, no additional guidelines for cultural adaptation are needed. What is extremely difficult, however, is to practice and embody ACT functionally and contextually. The article offers some insights into how a clinician stays connected with the therapeutic context with a given client functionally and contextually.
Baroque Forgeries and the Public Imagination
Authors: Reece Frederick
Published: October 2022

This chapter asks how public music theory might begin a productive conversation with performers and listeners about compositional forgery. An initial exploration of a 1966 thought experiment proposed by Glenn Gould in High Fidelity magazine leads to a musical reassessment of themes drawn from the existing philosophical literature on art forgery. Stylistic and historical trends specific to compositional forgery are established through a survey of three forged musical compositions which have become entrenched in the public imagination as archetypes of the musical Baroque despite their twentieth-century compositional origins: “Pugnani’s” Praeludium and Allegro (by Fritz Kreisler), “Albinoni’s” Adagio in G Minor (by Remo Giazotto), and “Caccini’s” Ave Maria (by Vladimir Vavilov). Finally, an overview of recent art exhibitions that have contextualized forged paintings in innovative ways leads to a series of practical suggestions for scholars and musicians interested in acknowledging the existence of compositional forgeries, performing them as such, and discussing them openly with the public.
The Colonial Origins of Indigenous Archaeologies
Authors: Nacuzzi Lidia R. , Lucaioli Carina
Published: October 2022

A review of several colonial stereotypes of South American Indigenous peoples that influenced the archaeological research on them is proposed here from the perspective of Historical Anthropology studies. Officials of the Spanish Crown, missionaries, and travelers described nomadic peoples from the Pampa and Chaco through a series of negative concepts that, for centuries, have overshadowed the understanding of their social and political organization. At the same time, in an attempt to control the territories under their rule, they created a defensive system for their cities, known as frontera (frontier), which functioned as a separation strip between their own spaces and the so-called tierra adentro (interior lands), the space under Indigenous sovereignty. The multiple interactions that took place in those two spaces were also tainted by prejudice and misunderstanding.
Insurgency and Organized Violence in Africa
Authors: Okoi Obasesam , Oriola Temitope B.
Published: October 2022

Insurgency and miscellaneous organized violence have been rising sharply on the African continent. What is driving these attacks? Drawing on case studies in Mali and Somalia, this chapter interrogates the sociological drivers of the insurgent activities, characteristics of insurgent groups, and impact of responses by state actors vis-à-vis organized violence in selected countries. The qualitative analysis shows that state fragility has increased the lethality of insurgencies and the organized violence perpetrated by armed groups such as al-Shabaab in Somalia. As the Somali state continues to show an inability to coordinate a cohesive counterinsurgency response, the development of factional rebel forces has further emboldened al-Shabaab. The state fragility in Mali was exploited by al-Qaeda–affiliated jihadi groups to perpetrate acts of violence in defense of radical Islam. Both cases offer sociologically fascinating contexts for understanding the dynamics of armed insurgencies in Africa.
State Capacity in Historical Political Economy
Authors: Dincecco Mark , Wang Yuhua
Published: October 2022

This chapter evaluates state capacity from a long-run historical perspective. We discuss how to define and measure state capacity. We explain how the establishment of a high-capacity state can enhance domestic peace, improve material prosperity, and promote more pluralistic norms. We describe which factors have obstructed the historical development of high-capacity states. Finally, we characterize ways in which society can harness the various public goods that a capable state can provide, while reducing its potential to act despotically.
Suffrage in Historical Political Economy
Authors: Hanlon W. Walker
Published: October 2022

Understanding why an established group of voters would voluntarily choose to share political power with previously disenfranchised groups through expanding suffrage has been an active area for research by political scientists, economists, and others. Much of the research in this area, whether theoretical or empirical, draws on historical experience. This chapter examines recent developments in this vibrant area of historical political economy research. The chapter begins by offering a taxonomy of suffrage reforms, which acknowledges that historical suffrage reforms have come in many varieties, including the enfranchisement of low-income men; women’s suffrage; the extension of voting rights to racial, ethnic, or religious minorities, and so on. Using this taxonomy as a framework for organizing the discussion, the analysis moves to existing theoretical and empirical work that aims to explain why suffrage reforms take place. The chapter then considers work on the consequences of suffrage reform, both political and economic. Overall, this review reveals a literature where there has been substantial recent progress in a number of dimensions, yet many important aspects of suffrage remain largely unexplored.
Households
Authors: LeBaron Genevieve , Stanley Liam
Published: October 2022

This chapter reviews International Political Economy (IPE) research on the household as an actor within the global economy. The chapter conceptualizes the household in two ways. First of all, it looks at the external relations of the household within the global economy, primarily focusing on residential property and the associated mortgages as a set of key assets for households and banks respectively. It reviews and evaluates the IPE literature on the housing-welfare trade-off, varieties of residential capitalism, and the role of mortgage securitization in global finance. Second, it looks at the internal relations of the household within the global economy, primarily focusing on the household as a site of production and reproduction. It reviews and evaluates the IPE literature on unpaid domestic labor, social reproduction, and the character of capitalism.
Content Analysis in International Political Economy
Authors: Ban Cornel
Published: October 2022

Content analysis is a research technique used to systematically describe the content of communication, with a view to its interpretation. Over the past two decades this technique has become highly relevant to key questions addressed by International Political Economy (IPE) scholars. This chapter traces the history of content analysis, its varieties, and ways in which it has transformed some research agendas in IPE. As such, the analysis shows that the method has come a long way, from a simple and opaque register (word frequencies, three-point coding schemes, non-transparent coding rules) to a register that is technically sophisticated (automated machine learning, sentiment analysis, author-topic modeling, text mining), transparent and layered with other formal methods (network analysis, sequence analysis, regression analysis). This sophistication has greatly benefited IPE and should be applauded. Yet with growing technical sophistication there emerges the danger of technological fetishism. The chapter suggests that IPE scholars should be mindful of this risk, keep the method flexible, pluralistic, and in touch with the qualitative evidence that has anchored the fundamentals of IPE.
Intergovernmental Organizations
Authors: Broome André
Published: October 2022

The study of intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) became an integral part of International Political Economy (IPE) scholarship when the field emerged and has continued to be an important focus for successive waves of research as the field has developed. This chapter provides an overview of key points of theoretical debate about the status of IGOs as agents in world politics and the complex power relations between IGOs and their member states. Three core areas of IGO scholarship are discussed, drawing on examples including the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the World Bank, and the World Trade Organization (WTO). The chapter examines how different IGOs function as agents of control, coordination, and expertise in the governance of the international political economy.
International Financial Institutions
Authors: Kentikelenis Alexandros E. , Babb Sarah L.
Published: October 2022

Having sizeable lending capacity and unparalleled epistemic power, international financial institutions (IFIs) are the world’s most powerful international organizations. One class of IFIs is primarily focused on lending for development projects, and commands portfolios of hundreds of millions of dollars that can transform infrastructure and social services in low- and middle-income countries. Another class is geared toward providing financial assistance to countries in economic crisis and has an active role in shaping their policy environments. Through these activities, IFIs alter the development trajectories of borrowing countries, for better or for worse. This article reviews these debates. We first map IFI forms and functions and examine their governance structures. Subsequently, we examine two of the leading controversies surrounding IFI activities: the problematic impact of these activities on social and environmental outcomes; and the charge that they impinge on developing countries’ policy sovereignty. We conclude by outlining fruitful directions for future research.
Youth
Authors: Berland Kevin Joel
Published: October 2022

This chapter reviews the major events and influences in Samuel Johnson’s early life––his family background, his difficult birth and early illness, his parents’ circumstances, his schooling and independent learning, his mentors, his time at Oxford, his failures as schoolmaster, his marriage––up to his arrival in London. A major emphasis is on the way key issues in his early life have been interpreted in ways that support differing approaches to Johnson’s later years. The chapter also reviews the medical and neuropsychological issues that affected his entire life, as well as his education and early indications of genius, his discontents at Oxford, his bouts of depression, his forays into teaching, his marriage, and his early religious development.
Polemic
Authors: Vilmar Christopher
Published: October 2022

This chapter challenges readings of Johnson as empathetic, arguing instead that polemic forms a crucial and habitual aspect of his characteristic style. The polemical qualities of his conversation are analyzed in examples drawn from the biographical. The bulk of the chapter consists of close analysis of his Parliamentary Debates, which are seen in dialogue with other aspects of print and manuscript culture, and argues that the printed form of these debates may be best described as “concatenated polemic.” The conclusion turns to further examples drawn from Johnson’s late political writing as well as his literary criticism. In sum, Johnson arrives at some of his most significant insights in the heat of controversy, frequently engaging in dialogue with other texts that is deliberately aggressive and unsparing.
Travel
Authors: Lee Anthony W.
Published: October 2022

This chapter examines Samuel Johnson’s relationship with travel, both his physical journeys and the textual records of such journeys, or travelogues. It begins by consulting entries on travel in Johnson’s Dictionary and his theoretical discussion in Idler 97, finding that for Johnson, travel and travel-writing possessed profound moral and aesthetic dimensions. The chapter then looks at three major journeys that Johnson undertook to France and Wales with Hester Thrale, and Scotland with James Boswell. All three left textual records of these excursions, and the article describes and analyzes Johnson’s writings in light of the Thrale’s and Boswell’s—especially with respect to Johnson’s Journey to the Western Islands, which is one of his literary masterpieces and a major contribution to the travelogue genre. The article concludes with a consideration of the Journey’s considerable aesthetic dimensions.
Law
Authors: Clingham Greg
Published: October 2022

Johnson loved the law and counted many lawyers among his closest friends. This chapter argues that Johnson’s knowledge of English common law, European jurisprudence, and natural law was deep and broad. It establishes the formal and imaginative links Johnson makes between language and law, and between rhetorical argument and legal justice. While Johnson understands legal representation as a kind of poetics contributing to a historical narrative, his thinking is always rooted in legal tradition and practice. The chapter thus demonstrates that Johnson sustains broader philosophical and moral principles by recourse to specific legal knowledge, discussing examples associated with property (the case of the Auchinleck entail) and slavery (the case of Joseph Knight). In these and other instances, Johnson deploys legal knowledge and rhetorical skill to question economic sentimentality, moral platitudes, and sloppy thinking. The chapter concludes that in emphasizing legal efficacy in terms of its moral and social consequences, Johnson enlists his respect for established legal practice and civil society in support of social justice and human emancipation, and, in a surprising turn, looks forward to the idea of a “living constitution” articulated by Justice Stephen Breyer in the twentieth century.
Commerce
Authors: De Bruyn Frans
Published: October 2022

A well-read and intellectually curious individual, Samuel Johnson had a solid grasp of principles of economics and commerce, but his remarks on these subjects are scattered and eclectic rather than systematic. Although he was not an original thinker on the subject, his opinions largely echoing the mercantile perspective prevalent in his time, his reflections on trade and commerce can nonetheless surprise because of the unpredictable moral perspective he brings to bear. His views on the moral and social effects of wealth and consumption, for example, are perceptive precisely because they are not weighed down by received moral strictures about the dangers of riches and luxury. His opinions about colonization, empire, and the slave trade are also memorable for their powerfully expressed moral indignation. Some of the most forceful and scathing statements of this most quotable of writers were prompted by his loathing of slavery and his sense of the questionable legality of European colonial claims.
Education
Authors: Richard Jessica
Published: October 2022

Samuel Johnson was famously learned, a teacher, an autodidact, and a didactic writer; he understood all of his work to be educational in purpose. Like so many educational thinkers of his era, he was strongly influenced by John Locke and excited by the opportunities that an expanding print market offered for learning. Yet he understood and acknowledged more than most educationalists of his era how one’s psychology might undermine efforts at learning; rather than fighting these weaknesses, Johnson structured his educational approach around them. Examining Johnson’s own learning, his teaching, and his educational writing across his career, from the textbook The Preceptor to his essays and tales to the Dictionary, we can see Johnson’s construction of an educational practice sensitive to the challenges of reading with attention.
Philosophy
Authors: Pasanek Brad
Published: October 2022

This chapter approaches eighteenth-century philosophy characterologically, exhibiting Samuel Johnson by means of several Theophrastan types (Sage, Gadfly, Stoic, Skeptic, Man of Science) and surveying likewise the cast of philosophical characters presented in his periodical essays and other publications. Many studies of Johnson’s philosophical engagements pair him with John Locke, David Hume, or Jean-Jacques Rousseau and discover surprising alignments and affinities. Often in this important scholarship, much of it here summarized and digested, Johnson is contrasted with a contemporary philosophe who becomes a foil useful for more narrowly characterizing Johnson’s commitments as those of a moralist or religious anti-philosopher. My exposition instead begins and concludes with a consideration of nonsense and laughter, which are understood as conditioning the open and variegated eighteenth-century character system available to Johnson and evidenced in his writing.
Virtue
Authors: Hudson Nicholas
Published: October 2022

Although virtue is a preeminent concern in Johnson’s writings, his various remarks on this concept are rife with inconsistencies and even contradictions. As a secular moralist, he stressed that the distinction between virtue and vice, while clear in theory, was obscured by the challenges of daily life and overborn by the senses and worldly desires. This recognition of the difficulty of a virtuous life generally led him to adopt a highly forgiving attitude toward moral failure. As a Christian thinker, however, he was far less forgiving, at least on himself. In his religious writings, the term “virtue” is mostly eclipsed by the different concept of “sin.” “Sin” concerned not just virtuous behavior but private thoughts and inward piety, leading him to a stern and even despairing assessment of his own chances for salvation.
God
Authors: Parker Blanford
Published: October 2022

We can deduce from Johnson’s major works his clearest conception of God. We get a very particular kind of “fideism” by reading the ideas of God and futurity in The Vanity of Human Wishes, Rasselas, The Vision of Theodore, and his review of Soame Jenyns. Johnson indicates that faith and hope are the only fruitful means of getting close to a remote and largely unknowable God. This position is conformed in a few very important Rambler essays. This alone grounds for him the promise of the Bible. By this, Johnson challenges most of the claims of evidential or natural theology so common in his era.
Verse
Authors: Venturo David F.
Published: October 2022

Samuel Johnson wrote verse from his adolescence in the 1720s to weeks before he died in December 1784, his poetic reputation secured early by his imitations of Juvenal: London (1738) and The Vanity of Human Wishes (1749). Johnson was a versatile poet, at home in many genres. Besides the political London and religious and philosophical Vanity, he wrote outstanding theater prologues and an epilogue, poignant elegies and epitaphs, and playful and satiric drawing-room verse. Johnson became the foremost British critic of verse of his time, editing the Works of Shakespeare (1765) and concluding his career with the fifty-two biographical and critical essays now known as The Lives of the Poets (1779–81). Although often regarded as an “Augustan” or “neoclassical” poet, the directness and simplicity, as well as the expressive intimacy of his later poetry, make Johnson a surprising forebear of Blake, Wordsworth, and Coleridge.
Colonization to Climate Change
Authors: Levi Barnard John
Published: October 2022

This chapter takes Jack London’s story “To Build a Fire” as a starting point for the elaboration of an ecocritical method that attends to quotidian things and habits of consumption as they have appeared across an array of American literary and cultural productions over the long twentieth century. It focuses in particular on consumable commodities like meat, tobacco, and petroleum, tracing them back to their points of origin—through space to distant sites of industrial production and through time to the longer history of colonization from which American industrialization emerged—as a way of revealing the deep implication of modern American life, from its food culture to its literary forms, in both the histories of colonial expropriation and carbon emission and the present planetary crises that have been their cumulative result.
“Warm with Tipsy Embraces”
Authors: Stecopoulos Harilaos
Published: October 2022

This chapter examines Allen Ginsberg’s “Series of Poems on China,” works written during the 1984 US–China Writers’ Conference, as an important example of how cultural diplomacy sometimes enabled the expression of queer intimacies. An iconoclastic literary ambassador, Ginsberg had little interest in contributing to the emerging ties between the People’s Republic of China and the United States, but he did hope to connect on an ad hoc basis with ordinary Chinese citizens. He pursued this goal by sharing poems by Whitman and Williams and by generating his own lyric tributes to China and Chinese writers in an affective, and often homoerotic, manner. Rather than serve as a medium for state expression, poetry for Ginsberg had the capacity to detourn the cultural Cold War, transforming the grand narrative of geopolitics into the fleeting closeness of a same-sex literary encounter.
Unidentified Flying Objects
Authors: Carroll Rachel Jane
Published: October 2022

This chapter argues for the relevance of conceptual art to literary studies and demonstrates the centrality of Black radicalism to the history of conceptualism. The chapter employs “undisciplined” literary studies methods in readings of key works in conceptual artist and philosopher Adrian Piper’s output from the 1970s, including untitled performance at Max’s Kansas City (1970), Catalysis (1970–1971), Talking to Myself: The Ongoing Autobiography of an Art Object (1974), and Mythic Being (1973–1975). It illustrates how attention to literary elements such as style, voice, and address can help us to understand Piper’s conceptualism in consonance with the Black radical tradition. At the intersections of literary studies and Black studies, these readings suggest that Black radicalism has something to teach us about reading and conceptualism—and vice versa.
Of Canons and Cabinets
Authors: Gercken Becca
Published: October 2022

This chapter proposes a new type of Indigenous literary activism: by thinking differently about what enters the canon and by approaching existing canonical texts in new ways, we can stimulate new readings, new pedagogical strategies, and perhaps even new methodologies. The texts analyzed in this chapter call for an Indigenous understanding—tribal, national, transnational—of Indigenous bodies. Heid E. Erdrich, Mark Turcotte, and Sherman Alexie’s engagement with problematic Western (mis)readings of Indigenous bodies and N. Scott Momaday’s warning of the potential for misreading offer us a way forward as we work to establish canonical parameters and reading strategies that will transform not only the context of the American literary canon but also the ways that we engage with that content.
Where Border Meets Narrative, Where Body Meets Word
Authors: Hernández Bernadine
Published: October 2022

This chapter suggests how Chicanx and Latinx performance art continues the work of literary border narratives, opening up new possibilities for theorizing border subjectivity. The “body narrative” of Chicanx and Latinx performance interrogates the line between animal species being and the human. Artists such as Naomi Rincón Gallardo, Xandra Ibarra, and Rafael Esparza have taken up the marginality of the “human” and focused on the subhuman, the animal, and/or objectified “brownness” to explode traditional border narratives with their bodies, tell a story of what is next for the Chicanx subject, and imagine a new future of possibility for border studies.
Transcranial Stimulation of Episodic Memory Networks
Authors: Hebscher Melissa , Voss Joel L.
Published: October 2022

Substantial evidence implicates the hippocampus and its coordination with a distributed network of interconnected brain areas as being essential for episodic memory, our memory for past events. Motivated by findings that the effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are conducted throughout stimulated networks, recent experiments have successfully manipulated memory by targeting the hippocampal network via “network-targeted” stimulation. These experiments have identified increases in episodic memory and the network-wide coordination of brain activity that it requires. Network-targeted stimulation differs from the dominant framework for TMS experiments which emphasizes focal effects of stimulation on the stimulated tissue. We offer a conceptual framework for important distinctions between network-wide and focal effects of stimulation on episodic memory and discuss factors that may influence stimulation effects. The findings we review offer considerable evidence for TMS enhancement of episodic memory, which is promising for the future development of treatments for memory disorders.
Experimental and Therapeutic use of Transcranial Stimulation TECHNIQUES in Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Oberman Lindsay M. , Enticott Peter G. , Kirkovski Melissa
Published: October 2022

There is a paucity of translational approaches that target the brain networks underlying the core behavioral symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). One exception is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), which has emerged as a viable tool for both the study and potential treatment of ASD. Herein we summarize the research using TMS to investigate the neuropathophysiology of ASD as well as preliminary evidence suggesting that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) protocols may lead to improvements in neurophysiological, neuropsychological, and clinical aspects of ASD. While preliminary results are promising, there is insufficient evidence to support its wide-spread use to treat the core symptoms of ASD in general clinical practice. Given the growing interest and ongoing randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) in this area, we expect that over the next several years we will see an increase in the use of TMS to study and treat individuals with ASD.
Theoretical Context
Authors: Schefold Bertram
Published: October 2022

Ordoliberalism arose as a response to totalitarianism at the time of the Second World War but underlying ideas were older. Though directed against the relativism of the historical school, it rescued its heritage by solving the so-called ‘antinomy’ of theory and history. The economy always operates in an economic order that has grown and can be represented as an ideal type. Economic development expresses itself in the transformation of this order and in the transformation of processes that take place within. The former should guarantee the free play of the market, while the state should abstain from interfering with the latter. Eucken thus contributed to the solution of the Methodenstreit, continuing the work of Weber and, indirectly, discussions on the duty of the state and the rights of the subjects in cameralism. Even public debates on monopoly and competition during the time of the Reformation expressed similar concerns.
Viktor Vanberg
Authors: Dold Malte
Published: October 2022

This chapter provides an overview of the work of German economist-sociologist Viktor Vanberg. By working out a synthesis between the contractarian economics of James Buchanan and the evolutionary economics of Friedrich Hayek, Vanberg has made essential contributions to the development and modernisation of Ordoliberal thinking. The first part of this chapter highlights biographical milestones in Vanberg’s career, which help trace important personal and institutional influences on his intellectual journey. The second part of this chapter carves out key themes of Vanberg’s research programme—constitutional political economy (CPE). It discusses the methodological foundations of CPE, including its underlying behavioural model, the question of deliberate design versus the evolution of social orders, and the relationship between market and state. The chapter closes with an assessment of Vanberg’s contributions to Ordoliberal philosophy and economics.
Adam Smith
Authors: Vanberg Viktor J.
Published: October 2022

Various authors have pointed to the puzzling discrepancy between the emphasis with which Ordoliberals have sought to dissociate their version of liberalism from Adam Smith’s, and the apparent commonalities that their own outlook in fact share with his political economy. Focusing on the Ordoliberal Freiburg School, the argument in this chapter is based on the supposition that this discrepancy should be attributed to the fact that, in a time when liberalism had fallen into disrepute, the founders of the Freiburg School were less concerned with doing justice to Smith’s work than with dissociating their Ordoliberal paradigm from an ill-reputed liberal tradition. The chapter takes a closer look at the parallels between Smith and the Freiburg School’s outlooks on economic policy.
Carl Schmitt
Authors: Cristi Renato
Published: October 2022

Decisionism is the juridical conception that Carl Schmitt deployed politically during the Weimar period to draw a separation between the state and market society. His aim was to set up the conditions for an authoritarian liberal compromise to strengthen the authority of the state and, at the same time, guarantee the autonomy of markets. Schmitt’s idea of a strong state caught the attention of German economists such as Alexander Rüstow and Walter Eucken, who criticised laissez-faire liberalism for its naturalisation of the market economy. They blamed a weak, non-interventionist state for the cartelisation of the German economy. Despite the fact that these economists balked at Schmitt’s Nazi conversion in 1933 and broke with the Nazi regime after Kristallnacht in 1938, their espousal of a strong state has remained a contentious issue because of its association with Schmitt’s decisionism.
Historical Context of the Theoretical Formation
Authors: Ptak Ralf
Published: October 2022

In order to understand German neoliberalism, it is necessary to reflect on Germany’s path to liberal capitalism. It is in the course of this process that German liberalism gains its authoritarian and democracy-sceptical character, which also becomes the core of the founding Ordoliberal generation. The 1920s and especially the Great Depression of 1929–1932 are of decisive importance for the emergence of Ordoliberalism. In this phase, it emerged as an independent current, detached itself from the plural economic debates of the time, and interpreted the Great Depression as a policy failure of the democratic constitutional state. The early Ordoliberals, in line with the political right, seek limits to democracy and politics and develop the first rudiments of liberal interventionism. In the 1930s and 1940s, they then elaborate the theoretical foundations of an Ordoliberal economic and social concept.
Balancing the World
Authors: Schulz-Forberg Hagen
Published: October 2022

Ordoliberal international theory developed a holistic, interdependent multilateralism in the middle of the twentieth century. Constructing a theoretical edifice that combined their anti-centralist conviction with a world economic order, decentralisation became one of the central ideas within Ordoliberal reflections on regionalism and international order. Any construction of a smaller spatial unit needed to be conducive to the world economy, which was conceptualised as an interdependent network of voluntary members. European integration was discussed intensely by Ordoliberals and serves here as a prism for understanding Ordoliberal regional and international theory as well as the avoidance of arbitrary power via the notion of ‘functional integration’. While criticising arbitrary exertion of power via institutions, Ordoliberals endorsed regimes of power built on an understanding of so-called ‘anonymous coercion’.
Walter Eucken on Currency Matters and Central Banking
Authors: Bibow Jörg
Published: October 2022

This contribution revisits Walter Eucken’s views and policy advice concerning currency matters and central banking. It explores his famous ‘currency primacy postulate’, his specific ideas for sound currency arrangements, and the role of central bank independence as an institutional safeguard of price stability. The chapter highlights that there seems to be little correspondence between the principle of central bank independence as established in West Germany after the second war (and as later bequeathed to Europe under the euro) and Eucken’s favoured (perfectly) competitive economic order and the envisioned monetary order which he believed deserved primacy in such an order. Independent central bankers setting interest rates, that is, intervening in market processes, while telling democratically elected politicians what economic policies they should follow, do not provide any ‘inbuilt automatic monetary stabiliser’—nor do they constitute ‘Ordnungspolitik’ at all.
Post-War Ordoliberalism, Race and the Politics of Development
Authors: Cornelissen Lars
Published: October 2022

This chapter discusses how leading Ordoliberal thinkers, Wilhelm Röpke and Alexander Rüstow, approached the concepts of race and development in their post-war writings, arguing that these offered them a means of theorising non-Western culture. It begins by mapping their respective positions on race, showing that whilst Röpke and Rüstow held different views on the notion of racial superiority, both men believed that ‘scientifically’ informed race theory is a legitimate and important branch of the social sciences. The chapter then proceeds to discuss the way they framed the concept of economic ‘underdevelopment’, which they theorised as the result of cultural ‘backwardness’. The chapter contends that this argument was underpinned by their shared belief in the importance of racial differences and concludes that despite their differing views on racial hierarchy, both Röpke and Rüstow relied on a racialised understanding of culture and development.
Social Policy in an Entrepreneurial Society
Authors: Maier-Rigaud Remi
Published: October 2022

Ordoliberal social policy outlines the normative social order of a free and humane society and is key to the understanding of competitive markets as merely instrumental. It is a specific type of social policy, coined ‘vital policy’ (Rüstow) and ‘structural policy’ (Röpke), which emerged against the background of Ordoliberal critique of unadulterated forms of laissez-faire capitalism, which led to proletarianisation. Ordoliberal social policy contains conservative elements, but it is highly relevant today with respect to its emphasis on local solidarity and equality of opportunity. By empowering the individual to endorse an entrepreneurial spirit, it aims at overcoming mass society and comprehensive welfare states, with their emphasis on material support. Furthermore, Ordoliberal social policy is avant-garde with respect to Sen’s capability approach and ideas of a green economy.
Ordoliberalism as Political Rationality in Foucault’s Genealogy of Liberalism
Authors: Vogelmann Frieder
Published: October 2022

Michel Foucault analyses liberalism’s evolving practices of government as a series of political rationalities that determine how, what and when to govern. He focuses on four aspects: the possible objects of government that a political rationality designates, the subjects to be governed and who should govern, the concepts used to articulate these systems of governable objects and subjects, and the strategies to establish the political rationality. Using this framework to understand Ordoliberalism shows it to occupy a pivotal place in the genealogy of liberalism because it introduces three lasting changes: it denaturalises liberalism, generalises the government for competition and embeds markets in an enterprise society. By complicating the presumed distinctions between society and economy and between neo- and Ordoliberalism, Foucault’s account of Ordoliberalism shows the dangers of the popular critique of neoliberalism that argues in favour of a socially embedded liberalism.
Franz Böhm’s Private Law Society and Lessons for Our Age
Authors: Everson Michelle
Published: October 2022

Franz Böhm, Bildungsbürger, son of a protestant-catholic public servant, First World War hero, committedly radical (market) liberal, anti-Nazi, post-war University Rector and Christian Democrat member of the German Bundestag, was a man of his age, and is for that all the more a man for our times. Where progressive academic thought has dissected Böhm, probing for his affinities with Carl Schmitt, most discomforting of all legal dissenters, we are now drawn to relearn his biography in the light of strains placed upon the contemporary liberal state. Likewise, where Michel Foucault decried Böhm as simple forerunner for neoliberalism, constrained only by a fundamental fear of the masses, we need now to differentiate, to better understand, with the aid of Böhm’s writings, the defining distinctions between (failing) technocratic universalisms, nihilistic seekers-after-power and ‘ordered’ exchange within a ‘free’ but constrained market. Even as we continue to doubt the existence of equity and equality within Böhm’s ‘private law society’, we can celebrate and still make use of his writings in defence of the core of the liberal state against civil disintegration, market anarchists and attack by power-hungry authoritarians.
Alexander Rüstow
Authors: Kolev Stefan , Goldschmidt Nils
Published: October 2022

This chapter reconstructs the life and work of Alexander Rüstow (1885–1963), a key member of the first Ordoliberal generation. As a gifted networker in Berlin during the 1920s and early 1930s, he connected political economists of various ideological backgrounds. As a public intellectual, he suggested reforms for the ailing Weimar Republic, a testimony of which is his address to the Verein für Socialpolitik in September 1932. After his emigration to Istanbul in 1933, Rüstow focused on a historical diagnosis of the civilisation which was on the brink of extinction, and Das Versagen des Wirtschaftsliberalismus (The Failure of Economic Liberalism) is a key document in this regard. After returning to Germany in 1949, he finished his monumental Ortsbestimmung der Gegenwart (The Coordinates of the Present Times) and resumed his role as a vocal public intellectual in the young Federal Republic.
Can Internet-Delivered Pain Management Programs Reduce Psychological Distress in Chronic Pain? Exploring Relationships Between Anxiety and Depression, Pain Intensity, and Disability
Authors: Bisby Madelyne A , Chandra Shianika S , Dudeney Joanne , Scott Amelia J , Titov Nickolai , Dear Blake F
Published: October 2022

Background

Adults with chronic pain who also report high pain intensity and disability are more likely to experience depression and anxiety symptoms. The present study examined changes in anxiety and depression symptoms after an Internet-delivered pain management program based on baseline pain intensity and disability severity categories.

Methods

We conducted a secondary analysis of data from four randomized controlled trials (N = 1,333).

Results

Greater pain intensity and disability were associated with increased odds of elevated anxiety or depression symptoms at baseline. Treatment led to greater reductions in anxiety and depression symptoms compared with a waitlist control, and these improvements occurred irrespective of baseline pain intensity or disability severity. Those individuals who reported ≥30% improvements in pain intensity or disability after treatment were more likely to also report ≥30% improvements in psychological symptoms. Importantly, most participants who achieved ≥30% improvements in depression and anxiety had not experienced such improvements in pain intensity or disability.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that emerging Internet-delivered pain management programs can lead to reductions in psychological distress even when pain intensity and disability are severe or do not improve with treatment. This indicates the value of such treatments in treating distress and improving mental health in people with chronic pain.
Size Reduction of the Right Amygdala in Chronic Pain Patients with Emotional Stress: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Chen Meng-Hsiang , Sun Cheuk-Kwan , Lin I-Mei , Suen Mein-Woei , Sue Yu-Ru , Chen I-Ling , Lin Chih-Lung , Yeh Pin-Yang
Published: October 2022

The structural impact of chronic pain on amygdala in chronic pain (CP) patients remains unclear, although major depression and anxiety are known to be associated with its increase and decrease in size, respectively. This study aimed at examining the relationship between emotional stress and amygdala size in CP patients. The effects of mediating and moderating variables were also examined. The PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched for English clinical trials from inception to February 2022 using the appropriate keyword strings. We compared the differences in amygdala size assessed with magnetic resonance imaging between CP patients with emotional stress and healthy counterparts. Of the 49 full-text articles identified, 13 studies enrolling 1,551 participants including 738 CP patients with emotional stress and 813 controls were analyzed. Emotional stress evaluated with questionnaires based on Beck depression inventory, Hamilton depression/anxiety scale, state-trait anxiety inventory, and hospital anxiety and depression scale revealed significant differences between CP patients with emotional stress and controls, indicating a subclinical but significant level of emotional stress in CP patients. The results demonstrated an amygdala shrinkage among CP patients with emotional stress compared to the controls, especially the right side (P = .02). Besides, pain from a single body region was more likely to impact the amygdala size compared to diffuse pain (P = .02). Regression analysis revealed no significant association between continuous variables (age, gender, pain duration/intensity) and amygdala size. Our findings demonstrated that emotional stress was associated with a reduced right amygdala size in CP patients.