bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Endovascular Management of Pelvic Trauma
Authors: El Khudari Husameddin , Abdel Aal Ahmed Kamel
Published: April 2021

Major pelvic fractures result from high-energy trauma including traffic accidents and falls, which usually leads to multiple injuries complicating the patient's management. Management of these patients requires a coordinated multidisciplinary approach. Transcatheter embolization is a minimally invasive and effective technique to control massive hemorrhage and can be performed using a variety of embolic agents. It has become an accepted first-line management option for retroperitoneal bleeds in many centers. In this article, the indications for endovascular management of hemorrhage from pelvic trauma, the various embolization techniques, and potential complications will be discussed.
A comparative study of the physical properties of Pr0.63La0.37−xSrxMnO3 (xSr = 0.00–0.30) characterized by “λ” shape dc magnetizations
Authors: Hamdi Riheb , Haik Yousef , Hayek Saleh S. , Samara Ayman , Mansour Said A.
Published: April 2021

Magnetic, morphological, and physical properties of Pr0.63La0.37−xSrxMnO3 (xSr = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, and 0.30) magnetic nanoparticles have been studied experimentally based on the evolution of the amount of Sr in these systems and by heat treatment. A solid-state reaction method was used to prepare the samples. The microstructure of the samples was determined by scanning electron microscopy. Three sets of Sr-doped manganites of the perovskite family Pr0.63La0.37−xSrxMnO3 nanoparticles were heated at three different temperatures, i.e., 500, 700, and 800 °C. X-ray data showed that all compounds in the cubic space group Fd-3m crystallized. Field-cooled and zero-field-cooled thermomagnetic curves measured at low field and low temperatures showed that systems have different magnetic states, varying from superparamagnetic, ferromagnetic to paramagnetic states, with charge ordering behavior present in some prepared systems. The maximum entropy change of the xSr-800°C = 0.05 sample reached the highest value of refrigerant capacity compared to other systems in a magnetic field with 17.278 J/kg at 1 T and 208.264 J/kg at 7 T.
High-power tests and solution to overheating at cavity–coupler interface of the 166.6-MHz beta = 1 superconducting quarter-wave resonator for HEPS
Authors: Huang Tongming , Zhang Pei , Chang Zhengze , Ma Qiang , Zhang Xinying , Li Zhongquan , Han Ruixiong , Wang Qunyao , Lin Haiying , Zhou Jianrong , Ge Rui , Pan Weimin
Published: April 2021

166.6-MHz superconducting cavities have been chosen for the High Energy Photon Source (HEPS) as the main accelerating structures to provide 900 kW of beam power and 5.4 MV of accelerating voltage. A proof-of-principle cavity adopting the quarter-wave beta = 1 geometry was previously developed. Excellent performance was achieved in vertical tests at cryogenic temperatures. The cavity was later welded with a helium jacket, dressed with a power coupler and other ancillaries, and high-power tested in a test cryomodule. Performance degradation was observed and analyzed. Evidence from temperature sensor readout and heat loss measurement results suggested an overheating in the cavity–coupler interface region causing a “thermal runaway” and eventually quenching the cavity at its design voltage. Electromagnetic-fluid-thermal coupled simulation has thus been conducted, and the hypothesis was nicely validated. Finally, solutions were proposed including an elongated niobium extension tube at the coupler port and an optimized helium gas cooling of the power coupler’s outer conductor. These modifications have been subsequently applied on the 166.6-MHz higher-order-mode damped superconducting cavities for the HEPS. Heat loss at 4.2 K contributed by the power coupler can be largely reduced with a modest gas cooling scheme. Similar design approaches can also be applied to other non-elliptical superconducting structures with on-cavity high-power coupler mountings.
A tri-band mode conversion system for high-power microwave applications
Authors: Wang Keqiang , Li Hao , Cai Chen , Luo Yong , Hu Biao , Li Tianming , Wang Haiyang , Zhou Yihong , He Chaoxiong
Published: April 2021

To realize multi-band mode conversion in a high-power microwave incoherent power combination system, a tri-band conversion system (at X-, Ku-, and Ka-bands) is proposed in this paper. The tri-band conversion system mainly consists of three parts: a dual-band multiplexer, a circular waveguide with a 90° bend, and a tri-band mode converter. To investigate the mode coupling characteristics in the system, every part is carefully analyzed and verified. Numerical and simulation results show that the final conversion efficiencies of the conversion system are 98.9% [coaxial transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode–coaxial TE11 mode at 10.16 GHz], 99.1% (coaxial TEM mode–coaxial TE11 mode at 14.45 GHz), and 99.6% (circular TM01–circular TE11 at 30.5 GHz). Meanwhile, its maximum power handling capacities reached 1.5 GW, 957.6 MW, and 726.2 MW. The good agreement between theoretical analyses and simulation results demonstrates that the proposed tri-band system is feasible in high-power microwave applications.
The Metropolitan Context of Substance use and Substance use Disorders among US Adults on Probation or Parole Supervision
Authors: Moore John , Renn Tanya , Veeh Christopher
Published: April 2021

Background: Rates of substance use and substance use disorders are higher among adults on probation or parole supervision compared to the general population. Substance use is a risk factor of not adhering to supervision requirements, which may result in revocation and incarceration. Examining associations of metropolitan area status with substance use and substance use disorders may identify specific substance use behaviors that can be targeted in community corrections prevention and treatment services. The present study examined associations of metropolitan area residency with substance use and substance use disorders among adults on probation or parole supervision. Methods: Data came from the 2015 to 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health ([NSDUH]; N = 4266 adults on parole or probation). Multivariable logistic regression was run for substance-specific models for each of the two outcomes of past-year use and substance use disorder. Results: Nonmetropolitan residency was associated with higher odds of methamphetamine use and lower odds of cocaine use. Nonmetropolitan residency was associated with higher odds of methamphetamine use disorder and lower odds of opioid use disorder and cocaine use disorder. Conclusions: Study findings highlight the differences of substance use and substance use disorders between levels of metropolitan areas for those on probation or parole. Findings suggest that cocaine use should be emphasized in clinical services in large metropolitan areas, whereas methamphetamine use may be prioritized in nonmetropolitan areas. Further study is needed to investigate the interface of substance use behaviors and community corrections outcomes across metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas.
Sustainability design of press machine for waste plastic bottle with electric motor
Authors: Siahaan Ian Hardianto , Soegihardjo Oegik
Published: April 2021

Waste plastic bottle can be a pollutant that can damage the environment. If this waste plastic bottle is not well controlled, it will certainly harm the sustainability of other ecosystems. Usually, waste plastic bottle is difficult to decompose naturally, and even if it will be decomposed, it will take a long time, from 100 to 500 years. The main source of waste plastic bottle is usually the use of plastic material itself, which it is used to inseparable support in everyday life. In general, the use of plastic material has several considerations such as: lightweight, corrosion resistance, non-toxicity, friction and impact resistance, chemical resistance, good thermal stability, and good insulation properties. The general form of this product is disposable plastic bottles in drinking water. Waste plastic bottles are usually used for disposables product. Referring to this condition, they can assume and increase over a certain period the number of waste plastic bottles, where as plastic bottles are the largest source of pollutants on earth. To control this condition, it is necessary to develop a sustainable mechanism of press machine for flatting the waste plastic bottle into sheet plastic before being crushed and recycled into other products. Based on the observation of test results, it was found that the design of press machine for waste plastic bottle works with electric motor well, before being reprocessed.
Studies on Machining Characteristics and Microbiological Growth over Stir Casted A356-Graphite Metal Matrix Composites (A Comparison between Pure Metals and Composite)
Authors: Donthamsetty Suneel , Babu Penugonda Suresh
Published: April 2021

The need of Metal Matrix Composites (MMCs) are increasing day by day due to their good properties like light weight, high strength, durability, corrosion resistance etc. In the present work A356 is taken as main base material due to its excellent mechanical properties and graphite as fortifying material because of high conductive property to form MMC. Machining is done with and without cutting oil by using automatic feed lathe machine by varying the speed and depth of cuts to find out the cutting forces, cutting tool temperatures and surface roughness and found that these values are gradually increased in many cases. Also done microbiological check and found that the colony count is gradually increased from fresh oil usage to used cutting oil after machining. These tests also done on MMCs, pure brass and pure aluminum and compared the results with MMCs. Novelty focused in present research work is regarding Microbial Organism Growth and its pattern over a period of time since these organism are cancerogenic for the operator and in health and hygiene point of view, lot of research work is going on over this organism growth on combination of several cutting fluids and materials. With the evolvement of composite materials, effect of cutting fluids on the above phenomenon is focused in present work. As a routine work, effect of cutting forces also established by changing machining parameters and presented.
Comparison of Effect of Orientation on SS304 and SS316 Material Samples Fabricated with DMLS Technology
Authors: Mallik M. Kedar , Seshagirirao D. V. , Padmaja K. J. , Mani B. Aditya , Pavan Sai , Bhagyasri P.
Published: April 2021

SS316 and SS304 are most widely used materials in mechanical engineering. Many times the products are subjected to tensile load during work. The knowledge of tensile properties is essential for the mechanical engineer working with materials. SS304 and SS316 samples were fabricated using Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) as per JIS standards in different orientations. The samples were then tested for their tensile strength. The same has been simulated on the NX platform for prediction of variations in the tensile strength with change in orientation. The results obtained from the simulation are observed to be in good agreement with the experiment results when the process parameters are same in both the cases. Further, the simulation has been used to predict the tensile strength of the samples that were not experimented.
Flood Plain Modelling of Krishna Lower Basin Using Arcgis, Hec-Georas And Hec-Ras
Authors: Jagadeesh B , Veni K Krishna
Published: April 2021

A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land which is usually dry. Floods can also occur in rivers when the flow rate exceeds the capacity of the river channel, particularly at bends or meanders in the waterway. This results in causing damage to human and property if they are in the natural flood plains of rivers or settled on the banks of rivers. To facilitate the appropriate measures for effective flood mitigation in advance, there is a need to model the flood plain which facilitates to locate the flood plain and its extent for effective flood mitigation measures. By understanding the extent of flooding and floodwater inundation, decision makers are able to make choices about how to best allocate resources to prepare for emergencies and to generally improve the quality of life. This research presents a straightforward approach for processing output of the HEC-RAS hydraulic model, to enable two and three dimensional floodplain mapping and analysis in the ArcView geographic information system. The methodology is applied to a stretch of river Krishna from downstream of Nagarjuna Sagar project to Kummaripalem which is located on upstream of Prakasam Barrage. The flood plain maps are developed for the flows corresponding to 2, 10, 25, 50 and 100 year return periods. The resulting surface model provides a good representation of the general landscape and contains additional detail within the stream channel. Overall, the results of the research indicate that GIS is an effective environment for floodplain mapping and analysis.
A comparative study on seismic analysis of G+6 building with ribbed slab & conventional slab using SAP2000 software
Authors: Baig Mirza Mahaboob , Rashid Abdul , Reddy Y Pavan Sai Durga , Krishna T.G.N.C Vamsi
Published: April 2021

The stability of structures mainly depends on the structural components like beams, columns and slab. Here in this study columns are reduced in the large open areas to access the whole room, which can be done by using the ribbed slab, grid slab and flat slab, which will help in minimizing the no. of columns which are required in the structure. A comparative study on seismic behaviour of G+6 school building is done with conventional slab and ribbed slab at seismic zone III and medium soil conditions by using SAP2000 software, it is found that in gravity analysis the maximum bending moments and shear force obtained for normal slab structure are 84.96 kN-m and 80.86 kN respectively, whereas for ribbed slab structure is 137.39 kN-m and 108.01 kN. The maximum storey stiffness of the ribbed slab structure is found to be 0.94 times of maximum storey stiffness of normal slab structure. It is found that the ribbed slab structure doesn’t perform well in moderate to high seismic areas. The stability of the ribbed slab structure can be enhanced by retrofitting the existing structure.
Performance of Fine Aggregate Replaced Pond Ash on strength of Concrete
Authors: Srikanth A , Nandini K Adithya , Babu Y Anand
Published: April 2021

There is a great demand for the concrete, the second largest consumed material and concrete making materials, for constructions due to stimulated growth of infrastructure worldwide. This lead to the scarcity of natural resources, resulting in creating vast interest in the research area to look for alternative materials which could satisfy both strength and performance criteria of concrete constructions. Pond ash, a waste product of thermal power plants, is one such material, that can be adopted as a suitable material as a fine aggregate in concrete, replacing natural sand partially or fully. Encouraging the usage of such a waste material as constituent in concrete so as to address the issues related to its disposal, environmental and ecological problems, is a social responsibility of researchers, thus contributing to 3Rs-Reduce Reuse and Recycle, there by promoting sustainable construction. It is commonly thought that as inert filter, fine aggregate has a very little effect on the finished concrete properties. However fine aggregate (natural sand or alternative material) and its characteristics play a substantial role in controlling the workability, strength, and durability of concrete constructions. Thus its detailed characterization is essential to boost the confidence of user. So in this report behavior of pond ash is studied. Change in compressive strength and slump values are studied.

1. Thirty six concrete matrices were designed with 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 100 percent pond ash by replacing fine aggregate.

2. The concretes of M20 with 0 percent pond ash and 100 percent fine aggregate shows compressive strength at 28 days curing 89.51 percent higher than conventional comparison mixes respectively.

3. The slump values got on decreasing from 50mm for 0 percent pond ash to 0mm for 100 percent pond ash.
Fighting the unbearable lightness of neglecting kidney health: the decade of the kidney
Authors: Vanholder Raymond , Annemans Lieven , Bello Aminu K , Bikbov Boris , Gallego Daniel , Gansevoort Ron T , Lameire Norbert , Luyckx Valerie A , Noruisiene Edita , Oostrom Tom , Wanner Christoph , Wieringa Fokko
Published: April 2021

A brief comprehensive overview is provided of the elements constituting the burden of kidney disease [chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury]. This publication can be used for advocacy, emphasizing the importance and urgency of reducing this heavy and rapidly growing burden. Kidney diseases contribute to significant physical limitations, loss of quality of life, emotional and cognitive disorders, social isolation and premature death. CKD affects close to 100 million Europeans, with 300 million being at risk, and is projected to become the fifth cause of worldwide death by 2040. Kidney disease also imposes financial burdens, given the costs of accessing healthcare and inability to work. The extrapolated annual cost of all CKD is at least as high as that for cancer or diabetes. In addition, dialysis treatment of kidney diseases imposes environmental burdens by necessitating high energy and water consumption and producing plastic waste. Acute kidney injury is associated with further increases in global morbidity, mortality and economic burden. Yet investment in research for treatment of kidney disease lags behind that of other diseases. This publication is a call for European investment in research for kidney health. The innovations generated should mirror the successful European Union actions against cancer over the last 30 years. It is also a plea to nephrology professionals, patients and their families, caregivers and kidney health advocacy organizations to draw, during the Decade of the Kidney (2020–30), the attention of authorities to realize changes in understanding, research and treatment of kidney disease.
Social Isolation and Loneliness Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Study of U.S. Adults Older Than 50
Authors: Peng Siyun , Roth Adam R
Published: April 2021

Objectives

The potential impact of social distancing policies during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on social isolation and loneliness is of increasing global concern. Although many studies focus primarily on loneliness, patterns of social isolation—particularly physical and digital isolation—are understudied. We examined changes in social isolation, physical isolation, digital isolation, and loneliness in U.S. adults older than 50 before and during the lockdown.

Methods

Two waves of the Health and Retirement Study, a national panel sample of U.S. adults older than 50 years, were used. Fixed-effects regression models were fitted to identify within-person change from 2016 to 2020 to examine the impact of social distancing policies during the pandemic.

Results

There was an increase in physical isolation and social isolation among respondents during the COVID-19 social distancing policies. However, respondents experienced no change in digital isolation or loneliness. The increase in physical isolation was only present for people with high COVID-19 concern, whereas people with low concern experienced no change in physical isolation.

Discussion

Despite an increase in physical isolation due to the social distancing policies, U.S. adults aged older than 50 stayed connected through digital contact and were resilient in protecting themselves from loneliness.
Incorporating vertical distribution in index standardization accounts for spatiotemporal availability to acoustic and bottom trawl gear for semi-pelagic species
Authors: Monnahan Cole C , Thorson James T , Kotwicki Stan , Lauffenburger Nathan , Ianelli James N , Punt Andre E
Published: April 2021

Abundance indices from scientific surveys are key stock assessment inputs, but when the availability of fish varies in space and time, the estimated indices and associated uncertainties do not accurately reflect changes in population abundance. For example, indices for many semi-pelagic species rely on acoustic and bottom trawl gear that differ in water column coverage, and so spatiotemporal trends in fish vertical distribution affect the availability of fish to each gear type. The gears together cover the whole water column, and so in principle allow estimation of more accurate, combined indices of the whole population. Here, we extend previous methods and develop a vertically integrated index, which accounts for spatiotemporal correlation and works with data unbalanced spatially or unpaired from distinct surveys. Using eastern Bering Sea walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) as an example, we identified clear spatial and temporal patterns in vertical distribution and gear availability from 2007 to 2018. Estimated acoustic annual vertical availability ranged from 0.339 to 0.888 among years, and from 0.588 to 0.911 for the bottom trawl survey. Our results highlight the importance of accounting for the spatiotemporal and vertical distribution of semi-pelagic fish to estimate more accurate indices, and provide important context for gear availability.
A Feeling of Unease: Distance, Emotion, and Securitizing Indigenous Protest in Canada
Authors: Van Rythoven Eric
Published: April 2021

Why do public officials sometimes avoid using security claims to frame an issue, even when there are strong incentives and historical precedent for doing so? Efforts to portray indigenous protest as a security issue are a recurring feature of Canada's settler colonial history. Recently, however, a series of public officials have emphatically rejected these kinds of claims. To explain this puzzle, I argue that a growing feeling of unease over the history of settler colonialism has transformed once acceptable security claims into sources of controversy and racism. Generated through diverse social repertoires linked to indigenous-led forms of reconciliation, this unease has resulted in officials facing pressure to distance themselves—through denials, apologies, and euphemisms—from claims that have become increasingly controversial. The result is not a direct end to the securitization of indigenous protest—some figures may actively court controversy, while others can still make these claims in private conversation or internal documents. Instead, the effect of this unease is to render these claims less publicly defensible and thus make security practices targeting indigenous communities appear increasingly illegitimate.
Bouveret syndrome—a rare form of gastric outlet obstruction
Authors: Jin LongHai , Naidu Krishanth
Published: April 2021

Bouveret syndrome is a rare form of gastric outlet obstruction. It is typically diagnosed in frail elderly patients with protracted biliary disease. Thus, it has disproportionally high rates of morbidity and mortality. A 90-year-old man presented to our tertiary hospital with acute abdominal pain and symptoms of bowel obstruction. He was diagnosed with Bouveret syndrome on abdominal computed tomography and required judicious resuscitation and an emergency laparotomy. This article highlights the key features of Bouveret syndrome, and reviews the current diagnostic modalities as well as the contemporary treatment paradigm.
Observations of the γ-ray-emitting narrow-line Seyfert 1, SBS 0846+513, and its host galaxy
Authors: Hamilton Timothy S , Berton Marco , Antón Sonia , Busoni Lorenzo , Caccianiga Alessandro , Ciroi Stefano , Gässler Wolfgang , Georgiev Iskren Y , Järvelä Emilia , Komossa S , Mathur Smita , Rabien Sebastian
Published: April 2021

The γ-ray-emitting galaxy SBS 0846+513 has been classified as a narrow-line Seyfert 1 (NLS1) from its spectroscopy, and on that basis would be thought likely to have a small central black hole hosted in a spiral galaxy. However, very few of the γ-ray NLS1s have high-resolution imaging of their hosts, so it is unknown how the morphology expectation holds up for the γ-emitting class. We have observed this galaxy in the J band with the Large Binocular Telescope’s LUCI1 camera and the ARGOS adaptive optics system. We estimate its black hole mass to lie between $4.2\times 10^7 \le \frac{\rm{\it{ M}}}{\text{M}_\odot } \le 9.7\times 10^7$, using the correlation with bulge luminosity, or $1.9\times 10^7 \le \frac{\rm{\it{ M}}}{\text{M}_\odot } \le 2.4\times 10^7$ using the correlation with Sérsic index. Our favoured estimate is 4.2 × 107 M⊙, putting its mass at the high end of the NLS1 range in general but consistent with others that are γ-ray emitters. These estimates are independent of the broad-line region viewing geometry and avoid any underestimates due to looking down the jet axis. Its host shows evidence of a bulge + disc structure, from the isophote shape and residual structure in the nuclear-subtracted image. This supports the idea that γ-ray NLS1 may be spiral galaxies, like their non-jetted counterparts.
APOGEE view of the globular cluster NGC 6544
Authors: Gran F , Zoccali M , Rojas-Arriagada A , Saviane I , Contreras Ramos R , Beaton R , Bizyaev D , Cohen R E , Fernández-Trincado J G , García-Hernández D A , Geisler D , Lane R R , Minniti D , Moni Bidin C , Nitschelm C , Olivares Carvajal J , Pan K , Rojas F I , Villanova S
Published: April 2021

The second phase of the APOGEE survey is providing near-infrared (near-IR), high-resolution, high signal-to-noise spectra of stars in the halo, disc, bar, and bulge of the Milky Way. The near-IR spectral window is especially important in the study of the Galactic bulge, where stars are obscured by the dust and gas of the disc in its line of sight. We present a chemical characterization of the globular cluster NGC 6544 with high-resolution spectroscopy. The characterization of the cluster chemical fingerprint, given its status of ‘interloper’ towards the Galactic bulge and clear signatures of tidal disruption in its core is crucial for future chemical tagging efforts. Cluster members were selected from the DR16 of the APOGEE survey, using chemodynamical criteria of individual stars. A sample of 23 members of the cluster was selected. An analysis considering the intracluster abundance variations, known as anticorrelations is given. According to the red giant branch (RGB) content of the cluster, the iron content and α-enhancement are [Fe/H] = −1.44 ± 0.04 dex and [α/Fe] = 0.20 ± 0.04 dex, respectively. Cluster members show a significant spread in [Fe/H] and [Al/Fe] that is larger than expected based on measurement errors. An [Al/Fe] spread, signal of an Mg–Al anticorrelation is observed and used to constrain the cluster mass budget, along with C, N, Mg, Si, K, Ca, and Ce element variations discussed. Across all the analysed evolutionary stages (RGB and asymptotic giant branch), about ∼2/3 (14 out of 23) show distinct chemical patterns, possibly associated with second-generation stars.
The symbiotic recurrent nova V3890 Sgr: binary parameters and pre-outburst activity
Authors: Mikołajewska J , Iłkiewicz K , Gałan C , Monard B , Otulakowska-Hypka M , Shara M M , Udalski A
Published: April 2021

We present and analyse optical photometry and high-resolution Southern African Large Telescope spectra of the symbiotic recurrent nova V3890 Sgr at quiescence. The orbital period, P = 747.6 d, has been derived from both photometric and spectroscopic data. Our double-line spectroscopic orbits indicate that the mass ratio is q = Mg/MWD = 0.78 ± 0.05, and that the component masses are MWD ≈ 1.35 ± 0.13 M⊙ and Mg ≈ 1.05 ± 0.11 M⊙. The orbit inclination is ≈67−69○. The red giant is filling (or nearly filling) its Roche lobe, and the distance set by its Roche lobe radius, d ≈ 9 kpc, is consistent with that resulting from the giant pulsation period. The outburst magnitude of V3890 Sgr is then very similar to those of RNe in the Large Magellanic Cloud. V3890 Sgr shows remarkable photometric and spectroscopic activity between the nova eruptions with time-scales similar to those observed in the symbiotic recurrent novae T CrB and RS Oph and Z And-type symbiotic systems. The active source has a double-temperature structure that we have associated with the presence of an accretion disc. The activity would be then caused by changes in the accretion rate. We also provide evidence that V3890 Sgr contains a CO WD accreting at a high, ∼a few× 10−8 to 10−7 M⊙ yr−1, rate. The WD is growing in mass, and should give rise to a Type Ia supernova within ≲106 yr – the expected lifetime of the red giant.
Solar large-scale magnetic field and cycle patterns in solar dynamo
Authors: Obridko V N , Pipin V V , Sokoloff D , Shibalova A S
Published: April 2021

We compare spectra of the zonal harmonics of the large-scale magnetic field of the Sun using observation results and solar dynamo models. The main solar activity cycle as recorded in these tracers is a much more complicated phenomenon than the eigen solution of solar dynamo equations with the growth saturated by a back reaction of the dynamo-driven magnetic field on solar hydrodynamics. The nominal 11(22)-yr cycle as recorded in each mode has a specific phase shift varying from cycle to cycle; the actual length of the cycle varies from one cycle to another and from tracer to tracer. Both the observation and the dynamo model show an exceptional role of the axisymmetric ℓ5 mode. Its origin seems to be readily connected with the formation and evolution of sunspots on the solar surface. The results of observations and dynamo models show a good agreement for the low ℓ1 and ℓ3 modes. The results for these modes do not differ significantly for the axisymmetric and non-axisymmetric models. Our findings support the idea that the sources of the solar dynamo arise as a result of both the distributed dynamo processes in the bulk of the convection zone and the surface magnetic activity.
Rethinking the Cultural Politics of Punk
Authors: McKay George
Published: April 2021

This chapter is a reconsideration of the contribution punk rock made to antinuclear and antiwar expression and campaigning in the 1980s in Britain. Much has been written about the avant-garde, underground, independent, DIY, and grass-roots (counter)cultural politics of punk and post-punk, but the argument here is that such scholarship has often been at the expense of considering the music’s hit and even chart-topping singles. The chapter has three aims: first, to trace the relations between punk and cultures of war and peace; second, to reframe punk’s protest within a mainstream pop music context via analysis of its antiwar hit singles in two key years, 1980 and 1984; third, more broadly, to further our understanding of (musical) cultures of peace. Punk was a pop phenomenon, but so was political punk: the vast majority of the many pop hit songs and headline acts with antiwar and antinuclear messages in the military dread years of the early 1980s were a lot, or a bit, punky. This chapter argues that a wider and at the time significantly higher-profile social resonance of punk has been overlooked in the subsequent critical narratives. In doing so it seeks to revise punk history, and retheorize punk’s social contribution as a remarkable music of truly popular protest.
Human Resource Management in the Middle East
Authors: Haak-Saheem Washika , Darwish Tamer K.
Published: April 2021

This chapter focuses on human resource management (HRM) in the Middle East and provides a review of the myriad lists of terms and geographies that have been used to describe the region. Although the Middle East context enjoys great geographical and economic significance, coupled with a unique institutional setup, there is limited literature on HRM relevant to this region. Hence, we seek to explore the importance of the Middle East’s unique institutional and cultural context for HRM and its implications for theory and practice. To do so, we first examine the relative impact of context on HRM in general before looking at several specific examples of some of the Middle Eastern countries. This chapter concludes with a number of important areas for future research.
New Narratives from Old Texts
Authors: Potter Michelle
Published: April 2021

This chapter briefly examines two early Australian works, Terra Australis (1946), by Edouard Borovansky, and The Display (1964), by Robert Helpmann. In these works, both choreographers used a strong narrative structure to focus on issues that were significant in Australian society and culture at the time the ballets were made. The chapter then highlights in greater depth two works, Nutcracker: The Story of Clara (1992) and Swan Lake (2002), created by choreographer Graeme Murphy in collaboration with his creative associate Janet Vernon and designer Kristian Fredrikson. It examines the way in which Murphy and his collaborative team recontextualized old and well-known texts to speak powerfully to a contemporary audience, to bring exceptional drama and realism to contemporary dance, and to give audiences completely new and challenging ways of reading well-known works from the international ballet repertoire.
What is a Rehearsal in Ballet?
Authors: Ross Janice
Published: April 2021

This chapter explores rehearsals, asking what they represent practically and philosophically and when does practice in rehearsals yield to the finished product of a dance ready for public viewing. It considers the hours of labor, failure, and interruption that constitute life in the rehearsal studio as the dancer is shaped by the choreographer and rehearsal director. Rehearsals are considered in contrast to the rules of inviolability protecting a finished performance. Using Ballet 422 by Justin Peck as a case study and examples from reality TV and films to paintings, rehearsal rooms are explored as places of hidden preparation, visual pleasure, and the imaginary as well as fascination for audiences. Ballet dancers are taught to survey themselves through mirrors, the eyes of rehearsal directors, video cameras, and iPhones as ever-expanding systems of surveillance. Although ballet dancers spend the majority of their professional lives in rehearsals, the nature of what goes on in the rehearsal studio has too rarely been the focus of dance studies scholarship.
Christopher Wheeldon
Authors: Straus Rachel
Published: April 2021

In 2000, English-born Christopher Wheeldon became the first artist-in-residence at New York City Ballet (NYCB). The press compared his choreography to George Balanchine’s. This chapter discusses Wheeldon’s critically acclaimed NYCB ballet Polyphonia (2001) in relation to the “thick narrative” of the company’s history. It argues that Wheeldon’s collaborations with NYCB dancers Wendy Whelan and Jock Soto, in Polyphonia and other works, produced a unique aesthetic, one that transcended Balanchine’s neoclassical legacy. The chapter ends by considering how Wheeldon’s controversial decision to direct the Broadway musical about Michael Jackson is not out of character, but emblematic of his propensity to embrace the role of an outsider, who works to understand the unfamiliar and who surpasses what is expected of him.
Between Two Worlds
Authors: Anderson Zoë
Published: April 2021

This chapter examines Christopher Wheeldon’s British works in the light of his two formative training and performing experiences, with The Royal Ballet and with the New York City Ballet. Comparing the aesthetics of these companies in the 1980s and 1990s, it examines how Wheeldon consciously drew on both influences: American speed and attack, and British lyricism and drama. Featuring new interview material with Wheeldon, the chapter analyzes his ballets Pavane, Tryst, DGV: Danse à Grande Vitesse, Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland, and The Winter’s Tale, putting them in the context of both British theater and international contemporary ballet.
Twyla Tharp’s Classical Impulse
Authors: Bukhari Kyle
Published: April 2021

This chapter focuses on Twyla Tharp’s career-long engagement with classical ballet. In particular, it looks at Deuce Coupe (1973) and In the Upper Room (1986) and suggests these works, that featured classical and modern-trained dancers together on the same stage, constitute early experiments in contemporary ballet. Tharp did not hybridize the dance forms; rather, she allowed them to coexist in a discrete, stylistic duality. This chapter asks how this radical juxtaposition of genres might have contemporized the classical ballet form. Early negative critical reception to Tharp’s use of traditional ballet choreography and pointe shoes raises the question of possible gender biases against Tharp as a female choreographer in a male-dominated field. While Tharp considers herself a modern and ballet choreographer, this chapter proposes it is through the pastiche of dance postmodernism that Tharp was able to incorporate classical ballet as a ready-made and that her work of the period can be read as early prototypes of the contemporary ballet genre.
Weaving Apollo
Authors: Coates Emily
Published: April 2021

This chapter, written by a former New York City Ballet dancer turned choreographer, critically examines the influence of George Balanchine’s Apollo on women’s authorship. Much has been written about the grip of patriarchal culture on ballet culture, as male leaders continue to dominate female muses and outmoded representations of gender persist. Balanchine famously granted his ballerinas interpretive range, while limiting their ability to choreograph. “Ballet is woman,” he declared, but women do not make the ballets. This chapter shifts the critical lens to the ways that a repertory, specifically an iconic ballet, can infiltrate a company’s consciousness—in this case, through a male god of classical Greek antiquity, reimagined through Igor Stravinsky’s score and Balanchine’s choreography, spanning nine decades of interpretation. Drawing on the project Incarnations, and a collaboration with Yvonne Rainer, the chapter argues for more complex choreographic strategies in contemporary work, as one way to disrupt and dismantle the inherited male creator/female muse paradigm embedded within neoclassical ballet.
Do We Have Moral Duties to Past People?
Authors: Scarre Geoffrey
Published: April 2021

This chapter aims, first, to investigate the metaphysical difficulties concerning the status of the dead and the basis of the obligations that the living owe to them and, second, to determine in more detail what rights the dead may have and what obligations these impose upon the living. If death marks the extinction of the personal self, then the problem is to explain how there can be any obligations to no-longer-existing people. In the earlier part of the chapter, it is argued that while many treatments of the so-called problem of the subject offered in the literature are unsatisfactory, there are nevertheless ways of buttressing the common intuition that there can be moral duties toward the dead. Putative duties to the dead may be divided into two classes, here labeled inherited and original. Inherited duties are those which devolve on living people as a consequence of historical injustices committed by their forebears (e.g., enslavement, ethnic cleansing, or theft of land). Original duties spring from one’s status as an accountable moral agent duty-bound to treat other persons as ends in themselves; plausibly, these include preserving the good name of the dead, keeping promises made to them when alive, and honoring the terms of their wills. It is argued that there are important duties of both kinds, though attention is given to the difficulties that may arise where cultural expectations clash or where tensions arise between our duties to the dead and our duties to the living.
Risk, Responsibility, and Procreative Asymmetries
Authors: Weinberg Rivka
Published: April 2021

The author argues for a theory of responsibility for outcomes of imposed risk, based on whether it was permissible to impose the risk. When one tries to apply this persuasive model of responsibility for outcomes of risk imposition to procreation, which is a risk imposing act, one finds that it doesn’t match one’s intuitions about responsibility for outcomes of procreative risk. This mismatch exposes a justificatory gap for procreativity, namely, that procreation cannot avail itself of the shared vulnerability to risks and their constraints—to the balance one is forced to strike between one’s interest in being free to impose risks on others and one’s interest in being safe from harm resulting from the risk imposed by others—which serves to justify risk imposition, generally. Whereas most risk impositions involve trade-offs of liberty and security among people who share the vulnerabilities associated with the taking, imposing, or being constrained from imposing risks, procreation involves the introduction of people into that position of vulnerability in the first place. Thus, when one procreates, one imposes risks in the absence of the shared vulnerability that usually serves as a justification for risk imposition. Procreative risks may not be wrongfully imposed, but they aren’t permissibly imposed in a manner fully comparable to other permissibly imposed risks. This makes procreation a unique form of risk imposition, with unique implications for its justification and for one’s responsibility for its outcomes. This insight can help explain several puzzling procreative asymmetries.
Universal State Pension Schemes and the Duties of Retirees
Authors: Finneron-Burns Elizabeth
Published: April 2021

Because they are funded on a pay-as-you-go basis, universal state pension schemes are long-term intergenerational contracts. In them, one working generation (G2) contracts with retirees (G1) to fund their retirement. Unlike in a standard contract, G1 does not offer anything to G2. Rather, G3 (G2’s children and grandchildren) will be expected to fund G2’s retirement in turn. In this way, G1 and G2 have bound G3 into a contract without their tacit or express consent (because they do not exist to give it at the time of the contract). In this chapter the author interrogates the foundational question of whether an intergenerational contract of this nature is just. The author anticipates that a model of hypothetical consent will help make sense of the binding nature of such a contract. However, the author also argues that if hypothetical consent is relied upon to justify such contracts, it will place unexpected obligations on G2, including the obligation to reproduce or support high levels of immigration, and rights for G3, including the right to heavily tax G2 if they do not discharge the aforementioned duties.
The Challenge of Population
Authors: Conly Sarah
Published: April 2021

According to the most informed estimates, if humans continue to reproduce as predicted, there will be a population of 9.7 billion by 2050 and 10.9 billion by 2100. No one knows exactly what sort of life these future generations will live, but the consensus is that it will be bad: There will be shortages of everything, especially food and drinkable water. There will be violent conflict over resources. And it will be devastating for the natural world in a way that will redound upon the humans who are causing the destruction. Given this, what should be done? The obligation to future generations is to produce fewer members of those generations. And this is an obligation that overrides other considerations. People do not have a right to freedom of choice when the wrong choice will be so harmful to those yet to come. That said, there are ways to influence people’s choices that allow people to choose freely the appropriate course of action. Contraception can be made free and readily available. People who have fewer children could be awarded with tax benefits. The fact that the fertility rate has already been falling consistently shows that people respond to non-coercive pressure to reduce family size. However, if, in the long run, voluntary action is not enough, certain sorts of coercion are permissible and can be introduced in ways that are consistent with equity between peoples.
Prosecutors and their Legislatures, Legislatures and their Prosecutors
Authors: Gold Russell M.
Published: April 2021

This chapter explores the often-pathological relationship between prosecutors and legislatures and considers fiscal pressure as an important antidote to the pathology. Institutional incentives between prosecutors and legislatures align in a way quite different than the classic separation of powers story. Rather, legislatures are well served to empower prosecutors as much as possible by making criminal law broad and deep. And with respect to substantive criminal law, prosecutors have been enormously empowered. Prosecutors are not merely passive recipients of such power but indeed actively lobby for it—often quite successfully. But fiscal pressures can provide a cross-cutting pressure for legislatures, particularly at the state level where many governments must balance their budgets. Thus, sentencing law sometimes finds legislatures refusing prosecutors’ requests for ever longer or mandatory minimum sentences because longer sentences are expensive; this is especially true where sentencing commissions provide legislatures with meaningful data on costs of particular proposals. Criminal procedure has recently found progressive prosecutors leading the way toward defendant-friendly reforms such as using unaffordable money bail less frequently and providing defendants with more discovery than is required by law. In these spaces, county prosecutors have provided laboratories of experimentation that led the way toward broader statewide reforms.
Law Enforcement Agent Defendants and Prosecutors
Authors: Rushin Stephen
Published: April 2021

This chapter considers the unique challenges that prosecutors face in investigating and charging police officers suspected of criminal misconduct. This topic has taken on new importance in the wake of the events in Ferguson, Missouri in 2014. Modern prosecutors often face intense public pressure to hold police officers accountable for wrongdoing. Despite this pressure, a number of recent studies have found that prosecutors rarely pursue criminal charges against police officers. And when they do pursue criminal charges, prosecutors are less successful in securing convictions against police officers relative to other similarly situated criminal defendants. This chapter examines the causes of and solutions to this problem. The first part of this chapter explores some of the possible reasons for the lack of success in prosecuting law enforcement agent defendants, both at the state and federal level. Some have argued that prosecutors face irreconcilable conflicts of interest in cases involve police officer defendants, while others have noted a number of institutional barriers that prevent the criminal charging and conviction of police officers. The second part of this chapter summarizes some of the most compelling normative recommendations made by prior scholars to improve the investigation and prosecution of criminal conduct by police officers.