bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Approaching Nanoscale Oxides: Models and Theoretical Methods
Authors: Bromley Stefan T. , Moreira Iberio de P. R. , Neyman Konstantin M. , Illas Francesc
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetocaloric Effect and Its Relation to Shape‐Memory Properties in Ferromagnetic Heusler Alloys
Authors: Planes Antoni , Manosa Lluis , Acet Mehmet
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Review of Magnetoelectric Perovskite‐Spinel Self‐Assembled Nano‐Composite Thin Films
Authors: Yan Li , Yang Yaodong , Wang Zhiguang , Xing Zengping , Li Jiefang , Viehland D.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Ruthenium‐Based Olefin Metathesis Catalysts Bearing N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Ligands
Authors: Samojlowicz Cezary , Bieniek Michal , Grela Karol
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Organometallic Compounds of the Heavier s‐Block Elements — What Next?
Authors: Smith J. David
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Main‐Group‐Metal Clusters Stabilized by N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes
Authors: Wolf Robert , Uhl Werner
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: π‐Metal Complexes of Tetrapyrrolic Systems. A Novel Coordination Mode in “Porphyrin‐Like” Chemistry
Authors: Cuesta Luciano , Sessler Jonathan L.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Main‐Group and Transition‐Metal Complexes of Bis(phosphinimino)methanides
Authors: Panda Tarun K. , Roesky Peter W.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds at the Institute of Organic Chemsitry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine
Authors: Lozinskii M. O. , Il'chenko A. Y.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Challenge of Atropisomerism in Drug Discovery
Authors: Clayden Jonathan , Moran Wesley J. , Edwards Paul J. , LaPlante Steven R.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Direct Mannich Reaction: A Powerful Tool for the Synthesis of α,β‐Diamino Acids
Authors: Gomez Arrayas Ramon , Carretero Juan C.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Target‐Selective Peptide‐Cleaving Catalysts as a New Paradigm in Drug Design
Authors: Lee Tae Yeon , Suh Junghun
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocontrolled Routes to β,β′‐Disubstituted α‐Amino Acids
Authors: Michaux Julien , Niel Gilles , Campagne Jean‐Marc
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Multifunctional Compounds Containing Organic Nitrates as Prototypes of Hybrid Drugs
Authors: Serkov I. V. , Bezuglov V. V.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Bioresponsive, Cell‐Penetrating, and Multimeric MR Contrast Agents
Authors: Major Jody L. , Meade Thomas J.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Microfluidic Generation of Microgels from Synthetic and Natural Polymers
Authors: Tumarkin Ethan , Kumacheva Eugenia
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Chiral Broensted Acid Catalyzed Friedel—Crafts Alkylation Reactions
Authors: You Shu‐Li , Cai Quan , Zeng Mi
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Functionalization and Characterization of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Singh Prabhpreet , Campidelli Stephane , Giordani Silvia , Bonifazi Davide , Bianco Alberto , Prato Maurizio
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Lanthanide Amidinates and Guanidinates: From Laboratory Curiosities to Efficient Homogeneous Catalysts and Precursors for Rare‐Earth Oxide Thin Films
Authors: Edelmann Frank T.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Impact of Natural Products on Developing New Anticancer Agents
Authors: Cragg Gordon M. , Grothaus Paul G. , Newman David J.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular Regulation of Tumor Angiogenesis and Perfusion via Redox Signaling
Authors: Miller Thomas W. , Isenberg Jeff S. , Roberts David D.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Dissecting Molecular Mechanisms in the Living Brain of Dementia Patients
Authors: Barrio Jorge R. , Satyamurthy Nagichettiar , Huang Sung‐Cheng , Petric Andrej , Small Cary W. , Kepe Vladimir
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Nanoparticulate Assemblies of Amphiphiles and Diagnostically Active Materials for Multimodality Imaging
Authors: Mulder Willem J. M. , Strijkers Gustav J. , van Tilborg Geralda A. F. , Cormode David P. , Fayad Zahi A. , Nicolay Klaas
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Therapeutic Strategy for Autoimmune and Chronic Inflammatory Disease Based on Clinical Results Using IL‐6 Blocking Therapy with a Humanized anti‐IL‐6 Receptor Antibody
Authors: Yoshizaki Kazuyuki
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: B Cell Targeting Therapy Using the anti‐CD20 Antibody in Autoimmune Diseases
Authors: Tanaka Yoshiya
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Lipid‐Shelled Vehicles: Engineering for Ultrasound Molecular Imaging and Drug Delivery
Authors: Ferrara Katherine W. , Borden Mark A. , Zhang Hua
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Gd—Hydroxypyridinone (HOPO)‐Based High‐Relaxivity Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Contrast Agents
Authors: Datta Ankona , Raymond Kenneth N.
Published: October 2009

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Berechnung von Dampf/Flüssig‐Gleichgewichtsdaten binärer Gemische aus Dampfdruckdaten
Authors: Aust E. , Jacob K.‐H. , Knorr T. , Schindler M.
Published: October 2009

Vorgestellt wird ein Verfahren, das aus wenigen Dampfdruckkurven binärer Gemische bei verschiedenen Zusammensetzungen die Wechselwirkungsparameter für die Berechnung von Aktivitätskoeffizienten zugänglich macht und so die Vorhersage von Dampf/Flüssig‐Gleichgewichten ermöglicht. Der Vorteil dieses Verfahrens liegt in der experimentell einfachen Zugänglichkeit von Dampfdruckdaten. Eine Demonstration dieses Verfahrens erfolgt anhand zweier binärer Gemische, für die aus Dampfdruckdaten die entsprechenden Dampf/Flüssig‐Gleichgewichte vorhergesagt und mit experimentell ermittelten Daten verglichen werden.
Adsorptive Entfernung von Monophenolethern aus primären und sekundären Alkoholen mit Aktivkohlen
Authors: Bathen D. , Gräf T. , Pasel C.
Published: October 2009

Aufgrund der steigenden Nachfrage nach hochreinen Lösungsmitteln für spezielle Applikationen bei der Produktion von Elektronikkomponenten, Pharmazeutika oder diversen Life Science‐Produkten gewinnt die adsorptive Entfernung von Spurenkomponenten aus der flüssigen Phase zunehmend an Bedeutung. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags werden die experimentellen Ergebnisse von 52 Adsorptionsisothermenmessungen vorgestellt. Es wurden Modellsysteme mit Aktivkohlen als Adsorbentien, Monophenolethern als Adsorptiven sowie primären und sekundären Alkoholen als Lösungsmitteln untersucht, um eine Lücke in der Stoffdatenliteratur zu schließen. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Länge der aliphatischen C‐Atomkette der Alkohole einen bestimmenden Einfluss auf den Adsorptionsprozess ausübt. Die experimentellen Befunde können mit einem einfachen empirischen Modell gut beschrieben werden.
Prognostic value of quantitative p63 immunostaining in adenoid cystic carcinoma of salivary gland assessed by computerized image analysis
Authors: Ramer Naomi , Wu HaiShan , Sabo Edmond , Ramer Yael , Emanuel Patrick , Orta Lurmag , Burstein David E.
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND:

In a long‐term retrospective immunohistochemical study of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) of salivary gland, we investigated the relation of p63 immunodetection to prognosis. Although it is generally agreed that the solid pattern is the most aggressive pattern of growth, ACCs with predominantly cribriform or tubular patterns have an unpredictable clinical course, with a relatively favorable 5‐year survival but a low 20‐year survival.

METHODS:

Formalin‐fixed paraffin sections from 35 cases of ACC showing a predominantly better differentiated histopathology, ie, cribriform or tubular patterns of growth, were immunostained for p63. Automated image analysis was used to quantify p63 positivity, using a modification of a previously developed algorithm.

RESULTS:

Patients alive for more than 10 years had a lower extent of p63 expression than those who died of disease. Kaplan‐Meier analysis revealed that separation of patients with morbidity and mortality from those alive with no evidence of disease, could be achieved at a cutoff of 35% p63 positivity (P = .0031, log‐rank test). Multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazard model revealed p63 and tumor stage to be independent predictors of survival (P = .012 and P = .0003, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS:

To our knowledge, the present study is the first to report prognostic significance of p63 in salivary gland ACC and the first report of a robust and well‐studied immunohistochemical stain performable on routinely fixed and processed tissue with prognostic utility. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.
Primary plasma cell leukemia
Authors: Ramsingh Giridharan , Mehan Paul , Luo Jingqin , Vij Ravi , Morgensztern Daniel
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND:

Primary plasma cell leukemia (PCL) is a rare plasma cell disorder, and current knowledge regarding survival in this disease is limited to small series of patients. Although there has been significant improvement in the survival of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) over the past few decades, it is not known whether there has been a similar trend for PCL.

METHODS:

The authors analyzed the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database to evaluate the characteristics and survival of patients who had PCL compared with those of patients who had MM.

RESULTS:

Among 291 patients with PCL, the median age was 67 years (range, 19‐98 years), the distribution of men and women was nearly equal, and the majority of patients were white (79.4%). The median overall survival (OS) was 4 months and the median disease‐specific survival (DSS) was 6 months for patients with PCL; the 1‐year, 2‐year, and 5‐year OS rates were 27.8%, 14.1%, and 6.4%, respectively. There were no survival differences noted according to sex or race. Patients aged <60 years were found to have a better median OS compared with patients aged ≥60 years (median OS, 7 months vs 3 months; P = .007), although the 5‐year OS was equally poor in both groups (6.3% vs 6.4%, respectively). During the same period, 49,106 patients with MM were identified. Unlike MM, in which there has been a modest but statistically significant improvement in OS and DSS noted over time, no significant improvement was evident for PCL.

CONCLUSIONS:

The poor long‐term outcome and the lack of survival improvement in PCL suggest the need for better therapeutic options for these patients. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Comparative anatomy of the locus coeruleus in humans and nonhuman primates
Authors: Sharma Yukti , Xu Tao , Graf Werner M. , Fobbs Archie , Sherwood Chet C. , Hof Patrick R. , Allman John M. , Manaye Kebreten F.
Published: October 2009

The locus coeruleus (LC) is a dense cluster of neurons that projects axons throughout the neuroaxis and is located in the rostral pontine tegmentum extending from the level of the inferior colliculus to the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. LC neurons are lost in the course of several neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. In this study we used Nissl staining and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity to compare the human LC with that of closely related primate species, including great and lesser apes, and macaque monkeys. TH catalyzes the initial and rate‐limiting step in catecholamine biosynthesis. The number of TH‐immunoreactive (TH‐ir) neurons was estimated in each species using stereologic methods. In the LC of humans the mean total number of TH‐ir neurons was significantly higher compared to the other primates. Because the total number of TH‐ir neurons in the LC was highly correlated with the species mean volume of the medulla oblongata, cerebellum, and neocortical gray matter, we conclude that much of the observed phylogenetic variation can be explained by anatomical scaling. Notably, the total number of LC neurons in humans was most closely predicted by the nonhuman allometric scaling relationship relative to medulla size, whereas the number of LC neurons in humans was considerably lower than predicted according to neocortex and cerebellum volume. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:963–971, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of calcium‐binding proteins and nNOS in the human vestibular and precerebellar brainstem
Authors: Baizer Joan S. , Broussard Dianne M.
Published: October 2009

Information about the position and movement of the head in space is coded by vestibular receptors and relayed to four nuclei that comprise the vestibular nuclear complex (VNC). Many additional brainstem nuclei are involved in the processing of vestibular information, receiving signals either directly from the eighth nerve or indirectly via projections from the VNC. In cats, squirrel monkeys, and macaque monkeys, we found neurochemically defined subdivisions within the medial vestibular nucleus (MVe) and within the functionally related nucleus prepositus hypoglossi (PrH). In humans, different studies disagree about the borders, sizes, and possible subdivisions of the vestibular brainstem. In an attempt to clarify this organization, we have begun an analysis of the neurochemical characteristics of the human using brains from the Witelson Normal Brain Collection and standard techniques for antigen retrieval and immunohistochemistry. Using antibodies to calbindin, calretinin, parvalbumin, and nitric oxide synthase, we find neurochemically defined subdivisions within the MVe similar to the subdivisions described in cats and monkeys. The neurochemical organization of PrH is different. We also find unique neurochemical profiles for several structures that suggest reclassification of nuclei. These data suggest both quantitative and qualitative differences among cats, monkeys, and humans in the organization of the vestibular brainstem. These results have important implications for the analysis of changes in that organization subsequent to aging, disease, or loss of input. J. Comp. Neurol. 518:872–895, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nonlinear Hamiltonian waves with constant frequency and surface waves on vorticity discontinuities
Authors: Biello Joseph , Hunter John K.
Published: October 2009

Waves with constant, nonzero linearized frequency form an interesting class of nondispersive waves whose properties differ from those of nondispersive hyperbolic waves. We propose an inviscid Burgers‐Hilbert equation as a model equation for such waves and give a dimensional argument to show that it models Hamiltonian surface waves with constant frequency. Using the method of multiple scales, we derive a cubically nonlinear, quasi‐linear, nonlocal asymptotic equation for weakly nonlinear solutions. We show that the same asymptotic equation describes surface waves on a planar discontinuity in vorticity in two‐dimensional inviscid, incompressible fluid flows. Thus, the Burgers‐Hilbert equation provides an effective equation for these waves. We describe the Hamiltonian structure of the Burgers‐Hilbert and asymptotic equations, and show that the asymptotic equation can also be derived by means of a near‐identity transformation. We derive a semiclassical approximation of the asymptotic equation and show that spatially periodic, harmonic traveling waves are linearly and modulationally stable. Numerical solutions of the Burgers‐Hilbert and asymptotic equations are in excellent agreement in the appropriate regime. In particular, the lifespan of small‐amplitude smooth solutions of the Burgers‐Hilbert equation is given by the cubically nonlinear timescale predicted by the asymptotic equation. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Java implementation platform for the integrated state‐ and event‐based specification in PROB
Authors: Yang L. , Poppleton M. R.
Published: October 2009

PROB is an animation and model checking tool, which supports integrated event‐ and state‐based specifications combining B and CSP. We present an initial strategy for implementing the combined specification model as a concurrent Java program. Our Java implementation for the combined B and CSP model uses a similar approach to that of JCSP. The restricted operational semantics for the integrated B and CSP model in PROB is defined. Then a new Java package, JCSProB, is developed for implementing the semantics. The new package supports external choice with multi‐way synchronization, and introduces an improved multi‐threading implementation from JCSP. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Quakesim portal and services: new approaches to science gateway development techniques
Authors: Pierce Marlon E. , Gao Xiaoming , Pallickara Sangmi L. , Guo Zhenhua , Fox Geoffrey C.
Published: October 2009

Traditional techniques in building science portals and gateways are being challenged by new techniques such as Web 2.0 and Cloud Computing. This paper discusses some of our efforts to evaluate these techniques as we evolve the QuakeSim architecture. We believe that architecturally both traditional and newer approaches for Gateways are very similar; thus, giving us a path for moving to hybrid approaches. In this paper, we specifically evaluate techniques for building interactive user interfaces that rely on remote services; architectural approaches for managing massive job submissions that can include both parallel and serial jobs; and an architectural prototype for building component‐based containers compatible with emerging standards. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly Dispersed Pd Species Active in the Suzuki–Miyaura Reaction
Authors: Okumura Kazu , Matsui Hirosuke , Tomiyama Takuya , Sanada Takashi , Honma Tetsuo , Hirayama Sayaka , Niwa Miki
Published: October 2009

Structures of Pd/zeolites immersed in solvents were measured by in situ X‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS). Systematic studies revealed that the selection of an appropriate support (USY‐zeolite), thermal treatment temperature of USY, solvent (o‐xylene), H2 partial pressure (6 %), and the use of a Pd amine complex affect the structure of Pd. As a result, we found that monomeric Pd can be obtained in the USY support with H2 bubbling in o‐xylene. The structural properties of Pd correlate well with its catalytic performance in the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling reactions; a very high TON of up to 11 000 000 was obtained over the monomeric Pd.
Update on the Development of a New U.S. Kidney Transplant Allocation System
Authors: Norman Silas P.
Published: October 2009

A substantial revision of the adult kidney allocation system in the U.S. is currently underway. The proposed revised system combines the new concepts of life years from transplant (LYFT), the donor profile index (DPI), and dialysis time (DT) into an overall kidney allocation score (KAS). The KAS for the first time integrates a measure of medical utility into kidney allocation. A KAS‐based system holds the promise of improved efficiency, increased waitlist access and a gain in the number of life‐years achieved from transplantation. This article discusses the rationale for the development of a new system, the state of the KAS proposal, and the challenges that remain to implementation of a new kidney allocation system.
Development of behavior in the litter huddle in rat pups: Within‐ and between‐litter differences
Authors: Bautista Amando , García‐Torres Esmeralda , Prager Geraldine , Hudson Robyn , Rödel Heiko G.
Published: October 2009

Early postnatal growth in mammals can be considerably influenced by litter size and often differs among littermates in relation to birth mass. In a study of Long Evans laboratory rats we asked whether within‐ and between‐litter differences in body mass and growth are related to behavioral development during early postnatal life. For this, we analyzed the amount of general motor activity and the display of directed, seemingly goal‐oriented interactions within the litter huddle in previsual pups. During the study period from postnatal days 2 to 11, we found significant changes in pup behavior, showing a nonlinear, quadratic shape. General motor activity and, more specifically, the display of behaviors apparently directed to reaching central positions in the litter huddle increased during the first postnatal days and then decreased again. However, pups from small litters that grow more rapidly than pups from large litters, showed a faster increase in both behaviors, whereas the young from large litters reached a higher maximum. We also found striking within‐litter differences in the amount of directed behavior performed by light and heavy pups, with higher levels in the former group, most probably because light pups that have a less favorable body mass‐to‐volume ratio and more often occupy peripheral positions in the litter huddle, make a greater effort to reach thermally favorable central positions. In conclusion, our study shows there to be consistent between‐litter as well as within‐litter differences in behavioral patterns during early life. These differences might have important implications for an individual's long‐term behavioral and physiological performance. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 52: 35–43, 2010
The uncarboxylated form of osteocalcin is associated with improved glucose tolerance and enhanced β‐cell function in middle‐aged male subjects
Authors: Hwang You‐Cheol , Jeong In‐Kyung , Ahn Kyu Jeung , Chung Ho Yeon
Published: October 2009

Background

Recent human studies support the notion that serum osteocalcin increases β‐cell proliferation and insulin secretion, and improves insulin sensitivity. However, no study has examined the effects of serum osteocalcin γ‐carboxylation status on these associations or determined the role of uncarboxylated osteocalcin in glucose metabolism in humans.

Methods

The aim of this study was to determine the association between uncarboxylated osteocalcin and β‐cell function and insulin sensitivity in humans. As many as 199 men, aged 25–60 years (mean age, 47 years), who had never been treated with glucose lowering agents, were enrolled in this cross‐sectional study. OGTT was performed and other metabolic parameters, such as, BMI, BP, lipid profiles, and both uncarboxylated and carboxylated osteocalcin plasma levels were measured.

Results

When subjects were divided into tertiles by uncarboxylated and carboxylated osteocalcin plasma concentrations, subjects in the upper tertile of each showed lower fasting and post‐challenge glucose levels after adjusting for age and BMI (P < 0.05). The upper uncarboxylated osteocalcin tertile was associated with higher HOMA‐B% levels, which are representative of β‐cell function (P < 0.05), and the upper carboxylated osteocalcin tertile was associated with lower HOMA‐IR values, which are representative of insulin resistance (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Elevated levels of both carboxylated and uncarboxylated forms of osteocalcin were associated with improved glucose tolerance. Moreover, the uncarboxylated form of osteocalcin was found to be associated with enhanced β‐cell function, and the carboxylated form was associated with improved insulin sensitivity in middle‐aged male subjects. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of the expression pattern of the PRC2 core subunit Suz12 during embryonic development of Xenopus laevis
Authors: Aldiri Issam , Vetter Monica L.
Published: October 2009

The Polycomb repressive complex 2 is a multimeric aggregate that mediates silencing of a broad range of genes, and is associated with important biological contexts such as stem cell maintenance and cancer progression. PRC2 mainly trimethylates lysine 27 of histone H3 and is composed of three essential core subunits: EZH2, EED, and SUZ12. The Xenopus orthologs of PRC2 subunits Ezh2 and Eed have been described but Suz12 remained unidentified. Here, we report the cloning of the Xenopus Suz12, and determine its spatiotemporal expression during development. Xsuz12 transcript is provided maternally and continues to be expressed throughout development, particularly in the anterior part of the developing central nervous system. Importantly, comparative analysis of the expression of the PRC2 subunits Xez, Xeed, and Xrbbp4 indicates that their expression largely coincides with Xsuz12 in the nervous system, suggesting that PRC2 may have unexplored functions in the development of the frog central nervous system. Developmental Dynamics 238:3185–3192, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel human CD4+ T‐cell inducer subset with potent immunostimulatory properties
Authors: Ndhlovu Lishomwa C. , Leal Fabio E. , Eccles‐James Ijeoma G. , Jha Aashish R. , Lanteri Marion , Norris Philip J. , Barbour Jason D. , Wachter Douglas J. , Andersson Jan , Taskén Kjetil , Torheim Eirik A. , Aandahl Einar M. , Kallas Esper G. , Nixon Douglas F.
Published: October 2009

The complexity of immunoregulation has focused attention on the CD4+ T “suppressor” regulatory cell (Treg), which helps maintain balance between immunity and tolerance. An immunoregulatory T‐cell population that upon activation amplifies cellular immune responses was described in murine models more than 30 years ago; however, no study has yet identified a naturally occurring T “inducer” cell type. Here, we report that the ectoenzyme CD39/NTPDase1 (ecto‐nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase 1) helps to delineate a novel population of human “inducer” CD4+ T cells (Tind) that significantly increases the proliferation and cytokine production of responder T cells in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, this unique Tind subset produces a distinct repertoire of cytokines in comparison to the other CD4+ T‐cell subsets. We propose that this novel CD4+ T‐cell population counterbalances the suppressive activity of suppressor Treg in peripheral blood and serves as a calibrator of immunoregulation.
Long‐lasting immunity by early infection of maternal‐antibody‐protected infants
Authors: Navarini Alexander A. , Krzyzowska Malgorzata , Lang Karl S. , Horvath Edit , Hengartner Hans , Niemialtowski Marek G. , Zinkernagel Rolf M.
Published: October 2009

Newborn higher vertebrates are largely immuno‐incompetent and generally survive infections – including poxviruses – by maternal antibody protection. Here, we show that mice survived epidemics as adults only if exposed to lethal orthopoxvirus infections during infancy under the umbrella of maternal protective antibodies. This implies that both the absence of exposure to infection during early infancy or of effective vaccination renders the population highly susceptible to new or old re‐emerging pathogens.
Innate signaling regulates cross‐priming at the level of DC licensing and not antigen presentation
Authors: Keller Susanne A. , Schwarz Katrin , Manolova Vania , von Allmen Caroline E. , Kinzler Matthias G. , Bauer Monika , Muntwiler Simone , Saudan Philippe , Bachmann Martin F.
Published: October 2009

Innate stimuli, such as TLR ligands, are known to greatly facilitate cross‐priming. Currently it is unclear whether innate stimuli enhance cross‐priming at the level of cross‐presentation or at the level of T‐cell priming. In this study, we addressed this question by measuring cross‐presentation as well as cross‐priming by virus‐like particles (VLP) displaying peptide p33 derived of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus. Innate stimuli were varied by either packaging different TLR ligands into virus‐like particles or using mice deficient in two key molecules of TLR‐signaling, namely the adaptor molecule MyD88 as well as IFN‐α/β receptor. While efficient cross‐presentation occurred despite strongly reduced activation of DC in the absence of TLR ligand‐mediated signals, T‐cell priming was abolished. Thus, innate stimuli regulate cross‐priming at the level of DC licensing for T‐cell activation and not antigen presentation.
Expression of apoptosis‐related genes in an Ethiopian cohort study correlates with tuberculosis clinical status
Authors: Abebe Markos , Doherty T. Mark , Wassie Liya , Aseffa Abraham , Bobosha Kidist , Demissie Abebech , Zewdie Martha , Engers Howard , Andersen Peter , Kim Louise , Huggett Jim , Rook Graham , Yamuah Lawrence K. , Zumla Alimuddin
Published: October 2009

Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains one of the world's deadliest pathogens in part because of its ability to persist in the face of an active immune response. It has been suggested that apoptosis of infected macrophages is one way in which the host deals with intracellular pathogens and that M. tuberculosis can inhibit this process. To assess the relevance of this process for human disease, we compared the expression of multiple genes involved in the activation of the extrinsic (“death receptor initiated”) pathway of apoptosis in 29 tuberculosis patients, 70 tuberculosis contacts and 27 community controls from Ethiopia. We found that there is a strong upregulation of genes for factors that promote apoptosis in PBMC from individuals with active disease, including TNF‐α and its receptors, Fas and FasL and pro‐Caspase 8. The anti‐apoptotic factor FLIP, however, was also upregulated. A possible explanation for this dichotomy was given by fractionation of PBMC using CD14, which suggests that macrophage/monocytes may regulate several key molecules differently from non‐monocytic cells (especially TNF‐α and its receptors, a finding confirmed by protein ELISA) potentially reducing the sensitivity to apoptotic death of monocyte/macrophages – the primary host cell for M. tuberculosis. This may represent an important survival strategy for the pathogen.
Divanadium(V) and Trapped Valence Linear Tetravanadium(IV,V,V,IV) Complexes
Authors: Sarkar Anindita , Pal Samudranil
Published: October 2009

In an acetonitrile/water mixture, reactions of the N,N′‐bis(diacetyl)hydrazine (H2diah), bis(acetylacetonato)oxidovanadium(IV) [VO(acac)2] and monodentate N‐coordinating heterocycles (hc) in a 1:2:2 mol ratio provide yellow divanadium(V) complexes of formula [(hc)O2V(μ‐diah)VO2(hc)] (1, hc = imidazole; 2, hc = pyrazole; 3, hc = 3,5‐dimethyl pyrazole). On the other hand, in the same solvent mixture reactions of the same reagents in a 1:4:2 mol ratio produce green linear tetravanadium(IV,V,V,IV) complexes of formula [(acac)2OV(μ‐O)VO(hc)(μ‐diah)(hc)OV(μ‐O)VO(acac)2] (4, hc = imidazole; 5, hc = pyrazole; 6, hc = 3,5‐dimethyl pyrazole). The complexes 1–6 have been characterized by elemental analysis, magnetic susceptibility, and various spectroscopic and electrochemical measurements. The X‐ray crystal structures of 1, 3 and 6 have been determined. In all three structures, the diazine ligand diah2– is in trans configuration. Metal‐centred bond parameters are consistent with the localized electronic structure of the two trans‐bent {OV(μ‐O)VO}3+ cores present in 6. The pentavalent metal centres in 1, 3 and 6 are in a distorted trigonal‐bipyramidal N2O3 coordination environment, while the terminal tetravalent metal centres in 6 are in a distorted octahedral O6 coordination sphere. The eight‐line EPR spectra of the tetravanadium species (4–6) in dimethyl sulfoxide at ambient temperature indicate the rare valence localized electronic structure in the fluid phase. All the complexes are redox active and display metal‐centred electron transfer processes in dimethyl sulfoxide solution. A reduction within –0.78 to –0.94 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) is observed for the divanadium(V) species 1–3, while a reduction and an oxidation are observed in the potential ranges –0.82 to –0.90 V and 0.96 to 1.12 V (vs. Ag/AgCl), respectively, for the tetravanadium species 4–6. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
para‐Bromophenyl[tris(pyrazolyl)]borate Complexes of Group 1 Metals, Thallium and Magnesium: Synthesis and Characterization of Transfer Agents for “Third‐Generation” Tp Ligands
Authors: Zagermann Johannes , Kuchta Matthew C. , Merz Klaus , Metzler‐Nolte Nils
Published: October 2009

In the course of finding ligands suitable for application in bioorganometallic systems, “third‐generation” Tp‐transfer agents p‐BrC6H4TpM [M = Na (1), K (2), Rb (3), Cs (4), Tl (5); Tp = tris(pyrazolyl)borate], p‐BrC6H4Tp*Tl (6) [Tp* = tris(3,5‐dimethylpyrazolyl)borate], (p‐BrC6H4Tp)2Mg (7), p‐BrC6H4TpMeK (8) [TpMe = tris(3‐methylpyrazolyl)borate] and p‐BrC6H4Tp*K (9) bearing a functionalizable 4‐bromophenyl group on the boron atom were synthesized and characterized. Monovalent 6 and magnesium‐sandwich compound 7 were structurally characterized in the solid state by X‐ray diffraction. Compound 6 forms a dimer by κ2‐coordination of Tl to one Tp ligand and to the bromine atom of a neighbouring 4‐bromophenyl group.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Chiral, Neutral, and Paramagnetic Gold Dithiolene Complexes Derived from Camphorquinone
Authors: Perochon Romain , Poriel Cyril , Jeannin Olivier , Piekara‐Sady Lidia , Fourmigué Marc
Published: October 2009

Reaction of racemic (dl)‐ or enantiopure (D)‐camphorquinone with P4S10in dimethylimidazolidinone followed by addition of NiCl2·6H2O or KAuCl4affords the corresponding bornylenedithiolato metal complexes [(dl‐bordt)2Ni], [(D‐bordt)2Ni], [(dl‐bordt)2Au], and [(D‐bordt)2Au] in their neutral form. Cyclic voltammetry and UV/Vis/NIR spectrometry show that the bornylenedithiolato ligand acts as a highly electron‐rich dithiolene ligand. Complete assignment of the1H and13C NMR signals of the diamagnetic enantiopure [(D‐bordt)2Ni] is reported thanks to a combination of 2D NMR spectroscopy experiments. X‐ray crystal structure determinations were performed for the four complexes, showing that the two diastereomeric mixtures, [(dl‐bordt)2Ni] and [(dl‐bordt)2Au], are isomorphous (space groupP21/c), as are also the two enantiopure complexes, [(D‐bordt)2Ni] and [(D‐bordt)2Au] (space groupP21). Positional disorder of the two (D)‐ and (L)‐bornylenedithiolate enantiomers on the same position is observed in the structure of the diastereomeric mixtures, with the complex located on the inversion center. The temperature dependence of the magnetic susceptibility of the paramagnetic gold complexes [(dl‐bordt)2Au] and [(D‐bordt)2Au] demonstrates the presence of antiferromagnetic interactions, to a larger extent in the diastereoisomeric mixture [(dl‐bordt)2Au] than in the enantiopure complex [(D‐bordt)2Au], as a consequence of stronger lateral S···S intermolecular interactions in the former. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
NMR Chemical Shifts of Metal Centres in Polyoxometalates: Relativistic DFT Predictions
Authors: Vankova Nina , Heine Thomas , Kortz Ulrich
Published: October 2009

A DFT approach incorporating relativistic corrections and solvent effects was tested for NMR calculations on transition‐metal centres in polyoxometalates. For a monoplatinum decavanadate derivative and a set of dilacunary polyoxotungstates 51V and 183W chemical shifts were calculated at several levels of theoretical treatment regarding solvent, counterion and exchange‐correlation functional. Calculations were performed first in the gas phase to model isolated ions and next in a continuum model for water to evaluate the importance of solvation for the quality of the computed chemical shifts. We show that the use of the orbital‐dependent Kohn–Sham exchange‐correlation functional SAOP in ZORA spin‐orbit calculations with solvent effects included via COSMO substantially improves the agreement between computed results and experimental benchmarks for 51V chemical shifts (atleast, in the case of [H2PtIVV9O28]5–). In the case of dilacunary polyoxotungstates our calculations confirm the necessity of modelling an ion pair in which a counterion is specifically included in the POM lacuna to attain accurate predictions of the corresponding 183W NMR spectra. We show that if the counterion is relatively small (like Li+ and Na+), the explicit location of a water molecule in its vicinity (in addition to the overall COSMO treatment) improves further the accuracy of the correlation between computed and experimental shifts (to less than 5 ppm of the encompassed δ range).(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Sulfonic Acid Analogs of Terephthalic and Trimesic Acid as Linkers in Metal‐Organic Frameworks – Synthesis of Thermally Robust MOFs
Authors: Mietrach Andrea , Muesmann Thomas W. T. , Christoffers Jens , Wickleder Mathias S.
Published: October 2009

p‐Benzenedisulfonic acid and 1,3,5‐benzenetrisulfonic acid are prepared in an efficient and scalable two‐step protocol from respective bromobenzene derivatives. These acids are used in analogy to terephthalic and trimesic acid for the formation of metal‐organic frameworks with copper(II) centers. Due to the enhanced acidity of sulfonic acids, weakly basic malachite can be used as inorganic precursor material. After dehydration at about 100 °C, the anhydrous frameworks exhibit significantly increased thermal stability (up to 400 °C) relative to the commonly known carboxylate MOFs. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Ligandless Iron‐Catalyzed Desulfinylative C–C Allylation Reactions using Grignard Reagents and Alk‐2‐enesulfonyl Chlorides
Authors: Volla Chandra M. R. , Marković Dean , Dubbaka Srinivas Reddy , Vogel Pierre
Published: October 2009

Alk‐2‐enesulfonyl chlorides 1–4 were synthesized by the BCl3‐promoted ene reaction of alkenes with SO2. These sulfonyl chlorides were then used as electrophilic partners in iron‐catalyzed desulfinylative cross‐coupling reactions with different Grignard reagents (aromatic, aliphatic, andheteroaromatic). The reaction can be catalyzed with even 2 mol‐% of the simple iron salt Fe(acac)3. The regioselectivity of these allylations was studied by using sulfonyl chlorides 3 and 4 with aryl Grignard reagents. The scope of these allylations was further extended by the coupling of ester‐substituted alk‐2‐enesulfonyl chloride 10 with aromatic Grignard reagents. Symmetrical products were synthesized by double C–C allylation with the use of 2‐methylidenepropane‐1,3‐disulfonyl chloride (12). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
The Slow Rearrangement of a Sterically Hindered Nitro‐Cyclohexadienone and the Absence of Phenol Oxidation by Nitrogen Monoxide
Authors: Peters Steven J. , Blood Trisha M. , Kassabaum Mark E.
Published: October 2009

The exposure of 2,4,6‐tri‐tert‐butylphenol (1) in solution to NO2· results in the rapid formation of 2,4,6‐tri‐tert‐butyl‐4‐nitro‐2,5‐cyclohexadienone (2), which then undergoes a slow (ca. 3 d) rearrangement in the absence of air. The mechanism that describes this rearrangement is understood for the first time and involves the initial isomerization of 2 to form a(–ONO)‐substituted cyclohexadieneone (6). The nitrite moiety undergoes bond homolysis releasing NO· while forming an oxyl radical intermediate. An intermolecular, concerted hydrogen abstraction, which proceeds between 6 and this oxyl radical, results in the simultaneous formation of all stable products, some of which have not been previously observed. Furthermore, when 1 is exposed to NO· under anaerobic conditions, no reaction is observed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Fabrication of Nanocomposite Containing Naphthoquinone and Nanogold Supported on Poly(2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid) Film for Voltammetric Determination of N‐Acetyl‐L‐Cysteine
Authors: Raoof Jahan Bakhsh , Ojani Reza , Chekin Fereshteh , Jahanshahi Mohsen , Rashid‐Nadimi Sahar
Published: October 2009

A modified electrode was fabricated by grafting of poly (2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid) film (PDC) by electropolymerization of 2,6‐pyridinedicarboxylic acid on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Then, gold nanoparticles (NG) and 1,2‐naphthoquinone‐4‐sulfonic acid sodium (Nq) were immobilized on the PDC/GCE to prepare Nq/NG/PDC/GCE by immersing electrode into NG and Nq solution, respectively. The Nq species on NG/PDC/GCE could catalyze electrooxidation of N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine (NAC) with lowering the over potential by about 600 mV. This method used for detection of NAC in dynamic range from 4.0×10−6 M to 1.30×10−4 M with a detection of limit (2σ) 8.0×10−7 M.