bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How compliant are dental practice Facebook pages with Australian health care advertising regulations? A Netnographic review
Authors: Holden ACL , Spallek H
Published: September 2017

Background

The National Law that regulates the dental and other health care professions in Australia sets out regulations that dictate how dental practices are to advertise. This study examines the extent to which the profession complies with these regulations and the potential impact that advertising may have upon professionalism.

Methods

A Facebook search of 38 local government areas in Sydney, New South Wales, was carried out to identify dental practices that had pages on this social media site. A framework for assessment of compliance was developed using the regulatory guidelines and was used to conduct a netnographic review.

Results

Two hundred and sixty‐six practice pages were identified from across the 38 regions. Of these pages, 71.05% were in breach of the National Law in their use of testimonials, 5.26% displayed misleading or false information, 4.14% displayed offers that had no clear terms and conditions or had inexact pricing, 19.55% had pictures or text that was likely to create unrealistic expectations of treatment benefit and 16.92% encouraged the indiscriminate and unnecessary utilization of health services.

Conclusions

This study found that compliance with the National Law by the Facebook pages surveyed was poor.
Conference Call Tone and Stock Returns: Evidence from the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong
Authors: Brockman Paul , Li Xu , Price S. McKay
Published: September 2017

We investigate market reactions to manager and analyst tones during earnings conference calls using company transcripts from the Stock Exchange of Hong Kong (SEHK). This is the first study to examine the role of conference call tones outside of a US setting. Consistent with previous US‐based results, we find that positive tones lead to higher stock returns. In contrast to US‐based results, we show that investors place more emphasis on managerial tones than on analyst tones. We also find that stock market reactions to conference call tones are stronger for firms with a sophisticated investor base.
Continuous infusion vs. intermittent bolus injection of furosemide in acute decompensated heart failure: systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Ng K. T. , Yap J. L. L.
Published: September 2017

Loop diuretics remain a fundamental pharmacological therapy to remove excess fluid and improve symptom control in acute decompensated heart failure. Several recent randomised controlled trials have examined the clinical benefit of continuous vs. bolus furosemide in acute decompensated heart failure, but have reported conflicting findings. The aim of this review was to compare the effects of continuous and bolus furosemide with regard to mortality, length of hospital stay and its efficacy profile in acute decompensated heart failure. All parallel‐arm randomised controlled trials from MEDLINE, EMBASE, PubMed and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from inception until May 2017 were included. Cross‐over randomised controlled trials, observational studies, case reports, case series and non‐systematic reviews that involved children were excluded. Eight trials (n = 669) were eligible for inclusion. There was no difference between furosemide continuous infusion and bolus administration for all‐cause mortality (four studies; n = 491; I2 = 0%; OR 1.65; 95%CI 0.93–2.91; p = 0.08) or duration of hospitalisation (six studies; n = 576; I2 = 71%; mean difference 0.27; 95%CI −1.35 to 1.89 days; p = 0.74). Continuous infusion of intravenous furosemide was associated with increased weight reduction (five studies; n = 516; I2 = 0%; mean difference 0.70; 95%CI 0.12–1.28 kg; p = 0.02); increased total urine output in 24 h (four studies; n = 390; I2 = 33%; mean difference 461.5; 95%CI 133.7–789.4 ml; p < 0.01); and reduced brain natriuretic peptide (two studies; n = 390; I2 = 0%; mean difference 399.5; 95%CI 152.7–646.3 ng.l−1; p < 0.01), compared with the bolus group. There was no difference in the incidence of raised creatinine and hypokalaemia between the two groups. In summary, there was no difference between continuous infusion and bolus of furosemide for all‐cause mortality, length of hospital stay and electrolyte disturbance, but continuous infusion was superior to bolus administration with regard to diuretic effect and reduction in brain natriuretic peptide.
Epistemic beliefs as predictors of epistemic emotions: Extending a theoretical model
Authors: Rosman Tom , Mayer Anne‐Kathrin
Published: September 2017

Background

The cognitive incongruity model of epistemic beliefs and emotions states that if students’ beliefs about the nature of knowledge (e.g., knowledge as simple and absolute) are incompatible with the epistemic nature of learning materials (e.g., complex and contradictory), cognitive incongruity arises. This, in turn, entails negative emotional consequences.

Aims

The epistemic nature of contradictory learning materials might be perceived differently depending on whether individuals resolve the contradictions or not. Therefore, extending the cognitive incongruity model, the present paper argues that cognitive (in)congruity also depends on how individuals act on the learning materials. We expect that only if students resolve contradictory scientific claims (e.g., by identifying moderators), more advanced epistemic beliefs (e.g., evaluativism) have positive emotional effects and vice versa.

Sample

A field‐experimental study with N = 86 undergraduate psychology students was conducted.

Method

Using a multiple‐texts approach, participants were first presented controversial evidence on gender stereotyping from 18 different (fictional) studies. In contrast to similar multiple‐texts approaches, all contradictions could be resolved by identifying the contextual factors that a certain type of stereotype discrimination occurs in (‘resolvable controversies’). After reading, the experimental group was asked to resolve the contradictions, whereas two control groups read the same texts, but were not required to resolve the controversies.

Results

Results revealed that absolute beliefs positively and evaluativistic beliefs negatively predict negative emotions, but only if students were instructed to resolve the contradictions.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that extending the cognitive incongruity model by how students deal with controversial learning materials might be worthwhile.
A novel tool for predicting extracapsular extension during graded partial nerve sparing in radical prostatectomy
Authors: Patel Vipul R. , Sandri Marco , Grasso Angelica A.C. , De Lorenzis Elisa , Palmisano Franco , Albo Giancarlo , Coelho Rafael F. , Mottrie Alexander , Harvey Tadzia , Kameh Darian , Palayapalayam Hariharan , Wiklund Peter , Bosari Silvano , Puliatti Stefano , Zuccolotto Paola , Bianchi Giampaolo , Rocco Bernardo
Published: September 2017

Objectives

To create a statistical tool for the estimation of extracapsular extension (ECE) level of prostate cancer and determine the nerve‐sparing (NS) approach that can be safely performed during radical prostatectomy (RP).

Patients and Methods

A total of 11 794 lobes, from 6 360 patients who underwent robot‐assisted RP between 2008 and 2016 were evaluated. Clinicopathological features were included in a statistical algorithm for the prediction of the maximum ECE width. Five multivariable logistic models were estimated for: presence of ECE and ECE width of >1, >2, >3, and >4 mm. A five‐zone decision rule based on a lower and upper threshold is proposed. Using a graphical interface, surgeons can view patient's pre‐treatment characteristics and a curve showing the estimated probabilities for ECE amount together with the areas identified by the decision rule.

Results

Of the 6 360 patients, 1 803 (28.4%) were affected by non‐organ‐confined disease. ECE was present in 1 351 lobes (11.4%) and extended beyond the capsule for >1, >2, >3, and >4 mm in 498 (4.2%), 261 (2.2%), 148 (1.3%), 99 (0.8%) cases, respectively. ECE width was up to 15 mm (interquartile range 1.00–2.00). The five logistic models showed good predictive performance, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was: 0.81 for ECE, and 0.84, 0.85, 0.88, and 0.90 for ECE width of >1, >2, >3, and >4 mm, respectively.

Conclusion

This novel tool predicts with good accuracy the presence and amount of ECE. Furthermore, the graphical interface available at www.prece.it can support surgeons in patient counselling and preoperative planning.
SHIRKING, STANDARDS AND THE PROBABILITY OF DETECTION
Authors: Sessions John G. , Skåtun John D.
Published: September 2017

By relaxing the common efficiency wage assumption of exogenous shirking detection probabilities, we demonstrate how standards and efficiency wages are related. In a more general setting where the probability of detection depends upon the equilibrium effort level of non‐shirkers, we show that the uniformly positive (negative) supply‐side relationship between wages (unemployment insurance) and effort is no longer guaranteed. Profit maximization on the part of the firm, however, ensures that effort will depend positively (negatively) on wages (unemployment insurance) in equilibrium.
Discrimination, Parent–Adolescent Conflict, and Peer Intimacy: Examining Risk and Resilience in Mexican‐Origin Youths' Adjustment Trajectories
Authors: Delgado Melissa Y. , Nair Rajni L. , Updegraff Kimberly A. , Umaña‐Taylor Adriana J.
Published: September 2017

Peer discrimination and parent–adolescent conflict in early adolescence were examined as predictors of depressive symptoms and risky behaviors from early to late adolescence using four waves of data over an 8‐year period from a sample of 246 Mexican‐origin adolescents (MTime 1 age = 12.55,SD = 0.58; 51% female). The buffering effect of friendship intimacy and moderating role of adolescent gender were tested. Higher levels of discrimination and conflict in early adolescence were associated with higher initial levels of depressive symptoms and risky behaviors in early adolescence and stability through late adolescence. For females who reported higher than average discrimination, friendship intimacy had a protective effect on their depressive symptoms.
Long‐term stable vertical bone regeneration after sinus floor elevation and simultaneous implant placement with and without grafting
Authors: Verdugo Fernando , Uribarri Agurne , Laksmana Theresia , D'addona Antonio
Published: September 2017

Background

Less invasive surgical approaches to regenerate bone intra‐sinus and allow long‐term functional implant stability are needed.

Purpose

To evaluate long‐term vertical bone regeneration after sinus floor elevation and simultaneous implant placement with and without bone grafting.

Methods

Vertical bone gains (VBG) post‐sinus elevation, with and without grafting, were evaluated in thirty individuals presenting an average residual bone height (RBH) of 4.2 mm using a standardized digital technique. Measurements were taken preoperatively, and at an average of 64.6 months follow‐up. Clinically, peri‐implant tissues were assessed for pocket formation and presence of inflammation to evaluate established success criteria.

Results

Overall, RBH averaged 4.2 ± 1.1 mm (range: 1.8‐5.8) and VBG 7.7 ± 1.6 mm (range: 6.0‐12.9). Mean difference of 7.6 mm between vertical bone heights (VBH) at augmented implants sites and initial RBH, 11.8 versus 4.2 mm, (P < .0001, CI95%: 6.9‐8.2) was statistically significant. RBH averaged 4.5 ± 0.8 mm and 3.8 ± 1.2 (P = .07) and VBG 6.8 ± 0.5 and 8.5 ± 1.9 mm (P = .003, CI95%: 0.6‐2.7), for nongrafted and grafted individuals, respectively. The grafting group received an average graft volume of 0.35 ± 0.1 cc (range: 0.25‐0.5) per implant site. Long‐term follow‐ups average 64.6 months (range: 36‐144) and all implants met the success criteria. VBG ≥ 7 mm were 7.3 times more likely to develop on grafted sites (OR = 7.3, P = 0.02, CI95%: 1.2‐46.2).

Conclusion

None to negligible amounts of grafting material are required to regenerate substantial amounts of autogenous bone into atrophic sinus cavities after simultaneous implant placement. The regenerated VBH seems stable for functional implant stability long‐term. Implant success rates were 100% at an average of 64.6 months.
A comparative study of encode protocol versus conventional protocol for restoring single implants: One‐year prospective randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Abduo Jaafar , Gade Lakshmi , Gill Harjot , Judge Roy , Darby Ivan
Published: September 2017

Background

The Encode protocol (Biomet 3i, Palm Beach Gardens, Fla) has been proposed as a simplified implant restoration protocol.

Purpose

To compare the 1‐year clinical outcome of the Encode and conventional protocols for restoring single implants.

Materials and methods

Forty‐seven implants were inserted in 44 patients. After randomizing the implants, 24 implants were allocated to the Encode protocol and 23 implants were allocated to the conventional protocol. After 1 year, changes in esthetics, patient satisfaction, proximal contacts quality, occlusal contacts quality, marginal bone level (MBL), and probing pocket depth (PPD) were evaluated. Further, the prosthesis cleansability, mucosal health, bleeding on probing (BoP), metallic discoloration, and all forms complications were recorded.

Results

Forty patients with 41 implants (22 Encode and 19 conventional) were recalled. One conventional crown failed due to excessive looseness. Esthetics, patient satisfaction, and prosthesis cleansability were favorable for the two protocols. One Encode crown (4.5%) and six conventional crowns (33.3%) had slight mucosal redness. BoP was present around 8 Encode crowns (36.4%) and eight conventional crowns (45.4%). Only two conventional crowns showed metallic discoloration of the mucosa. The two protocols had similar PPD alteration (Encode = 0.04 mm, conventional = 0.13 mm), and MBL loss (Encode = 0.71 mm, conventional = 0.78 mm). Similar proximal contacts and occlusal contacts were observed for the two protocols.

Conclusions

After 1 year, the Encode protocol for restoring single implants appears to be comparable to the conventional protocol from the biological, prosthetic, and esthetic perspectives.
Activating α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome through regulation of β‐arrestin‐1
Authors: Ke Ping , Shao Bo‐Zong , Xu Zhe‐Qi , Chen Xiong‐Wen , Wei Wei , Liu Chong
Published: September 2017

Aims

To evaluate whether activating α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) could inhibit the NOD‐like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome through regulation of β‐arrestin‐1 in monocyte/macrophage system, thus contributing to the control of neuroinflammation.

Methods

The protein levels of NLRP3, caspase‐1 (Casp‐1) p20 and proCasp‐1, interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) p17 and proIL‐1β, IL‐18 and proIL‐18 were measured using Western blotting. The mRNA levels of Casp‐1 and IL‐1β were detected by real‐time PCR (RT‐PCR). The colocalization and interaction of NLRP3 protein and β‐arrestin‐1 were measured by immunofluorescence staining and immunoprecipitation.

Results

The expression of β‐arrestin‐1 was significantly increased and colocalized with CD45‐positive cells in spinal cord of experimental auto‐immune encephalomyelitis (EAE) mice when compared with the sham mice, which was attenuated by pretreatment with PNU282987, a specific α7nAChR agonist. PNU282987 also significantly inhibited the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and thus decreased the production of IL‐1β and IL‐18 both in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)/ATP‐stimulated BV2 microglia in vitro and spinal cord from EAE mice in vivo, while inverse effects were observed in α7nAChR knockout mice. Furthermore, overexpression of β‐arrestin‐1 attenuated the inhibitory effect of PNU282987 on NLRP3 inflammasome activation in LPS/ATP‐stimulated BV2 microglia. PNU282987 inhibited the interaction between β‐arrestin‐1 and NLRP3 protein in vitro.

Conclusions

The present study demonstrates that activating α7nAChR can lead to NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition via regulation of β‐arrestin‐1 in monocyte/microglia system.
Deoxygenation of inspiratory muscles during cycling, hyperpnoea and loaded breathing in health and disease: a systematic review
Authors: Tanaka Takako , Basoudan Nada , Melo Luana T. , Wickerson Lisa , Brochard Laurent J. , Goligher Ewan C. , Reid W. Darlene
Published: September 2017

Assessing inspiratory muscle deoxygenation and blood flow can provide insight into anaerobic stress, recruitment strategies and mechanisms of inspiratory muscle limitation. Therefore, this review aimed to synthesize measurements of inspiratory muscle oxyhaemoglobin (O2Hb), deoxyhaemoglobin (HHb), blood volume and flow of the inspiratory muscles acquired via near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) during cycling, hyperpnoea and loaded breathing in healthy non‐athletes, healthy athletes and patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or chronic heart failure (CHF). Searches were performed on Medline and Medline in‐process, EMBASE, Central, Sportdiscus, PubMed and Compendex. Reviewers independently abstracted articles and assessed their quality using the modified Downs and Black checklist. Of the 644 articles identified, 21 met the inclusion criteria. Studies evaluated non‐athletes (n = 9), athletes (n = 5), COPD (n = 2) and CHF (n = 5). The sample was 90% male and 73% were non‐athletes and athletes. Interventions included cycle ergometry, hyperpnoea, loaded breathing, elbow flexor loading and combined loaded breathing and ergometry. Athletes and patients with CHF or COPD demonstrated deoxygenation of inspiratory accessory muscles that was often an opposite or exaggerated pattern compared to non‐athletes. O2Hb decreased and HHb increased significantly in inspiratory muscles during cycle ergometry and loaded breathing with accentuated changes during combined ergometry and loaded breathing. During different regimens of hyperpnoea or loaded breathing, comparisons of inspiratory muscles demonstrated that the sternocleidomastoid deoxygenated more than the intercostals, parasternals or scalenes. Evaluating inspiratory muscle deoxygenation via NIRS can inform mechanisms of inspiratory muscle limitation in non‐athletes, athletes and patients with CHF or COPD.
Chronic granulomatous dermatitis induced by talimogene laherparepvec therapy of melanoma metastases
Authors: Everett Ashlyn S. , Pavlidakey Peter G. , Contreras Carlo M. , De Los Santos Jennifer F. , Kim Ju Y. , McKee Svetlana B. , Kaufman Howard L. , Conry Robert M.
Published: September 2017

Talimogene laherparepvec (TVEC) is the first oncolytic viral immunotherapy approved by the FDA, for advanced melanoma consisting of genetically modified herpes simplex type 1 virus which selectively replicates causing tumor lysis, expressing granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) and activating dendritic cells. Intratumoral injection of TVEC produces objective response in 41% of stage IIB‐IV M1a melanoma. However, clinical response assessment can be problematic due to immune‐related inflammation at established tumor sites. Herein, we report 5 cases of granulomatous dermatitis developing at sites of TVEC injection associated with pathologic complete response in 4 of 5 patients. Over 5 months, TVEC injections were administrated in a median of 20 tumors per patient for 9 median doses prior to biopsy of persistent, indurated nodules. Granulomatous dermatitis with melanophages and melanin pigment incontinence was observed in all samples without evidence of melanoma cells in 4 patients. The fifth patient was rendered melanoma‐free by resection of the 1 nodule out of 4 with persistent tumor. Repetitive administration of TVEC or other oncolytic viral immunotherapies mimicking unresolved infection can produce granulomatous inflammation confounding assessment of the degree of tumor response and need for additional TVEC therapy. Tumor biopsies are encouraged after 4 to 6 months of TVEC administration to differentiate melanoma from granulomatous inflammation. Patients with confirmed granulomatous dermatitis replace continued with remained in remission after treatment discontinuation. Inflammatory nodules typically regress spontaneously.
Cover Image, Volume 19, Issue 10
Authors: Ruan Yue , Thabit Hood , Leelarathna Lalantha , Hartnell Sara , Wilinska Malgorzata E. , Tauschmann Martin , Dellweg Sibylle , Benesch Carsten , Mader Julia K. , Holzer Manuel , Kojzar Harald , Evans Mark L. , Pieber Thomas R. , Arnolds Sabine , Hovorka Roman ,   on behalf of AP@home consortium
Published: September 2017

The cover image, by Yue Ruan et al., is based on the Brief Report Faster insulin action on is associated with improved glycaemic outcomes during closed‐loop insulin delivery and sensor‐augmented pump therapy in adults with type 1 diabetes, DOI: 10.1111/dom.12956

image
Hypervolume concepts in niche‐ and trait‐based ecology
Authors: Blonder Benjamin
Published: September 2017

Hutchinson's n‐dimensional hypervolume concept for the interpretation of niches as geometric shapes has provided a foundation for research across different fields of ecology and evolution. There is now an expanding set of applications for hypervolume concepts, as well as a growing set of statistical methods available to operationalize this concept with data. The concept has been applied to environmental, resource, functional trait, and morphometric axes and to different scales, i.e. from individuals, species, to communities and clades. Further, these shapes have been variously interpreted as niches, ecological or evolutionary strategy spaces, or proxies for community structure. This paper highlights these applications’ shared mathematical framework, surveys uses of the hypervolume concept across fields, discusses key limitations and assumptions of hypervolume concepts in general, provides a critical guide to available statistical estimation methods, and delineates the situations where hypervolume concepts can be useful.
Evolution with a seed bank: The population genetic consequences of microbial dormancy
Authors: Shoemaker William R. , Lennon Jay T.
Published: September 2017

Dormancy is a bet‐hedging strategy that allows organisms to persist through conditions that are suboptimal for growth and reproduction by entering a reversible state of reduced metabolic activity. Dormancy allows a population to maintain a reservoir of genetic and phenotypic diversity (i.e., a seed bank) that can contribute to the long‐term survival of a population. This strategy can be potentially adaptive and has long been of interest to ecologists and evolutionary biologists. However, comparatively little is known about how dormancy influences the fundamental evolutionary forces of genetic drift, mutation, selection, recombination, and gene flow. Here, we investigate how seed banks affect the processes underpinning evolution by reviewing existing theory, implementing novel simulations, and determining how and when dormancy can influence evolution as a population genetic process. We extend our analysis to examine how seed banks can alter macroevolutionary processes, including rates of speciation and extinction. Through the lens of population genetic theory, we can understand the extent that seed banks influence the evolutionary dynamics of microorganisms as well as other taxa.
Estimation of extractable protein in botanical fractions of legume and grass species
Authors: Solati Z. , Jørgensen U. , Eriksen J. , Søegaard K.
Published: September 2017

With a globally strong interest in bio‐based products such as fuels and chemicals, a feasible source of protein for the industry with positive economic impacts could be from leaves. However, more knowledge is needed on how to improve the content of extractable protein. Grasses and legumes have a high content of protein with a favourable amino acid composition. The extractable true protein was estimated at two harvest dates in leaf and stem of the legume species white clover (Trifolium repens L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) and the grass species perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea L.) using the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. Extractable true protein was more concentrated in the leaf than in the stem of all the species. Easily extractable true protein in the leaf constituted 63%–68% and 54% of crude protein in legumes and grasses respectively. If the cell wall‐bound true protein in the leaf can be extracted, concentration of extractable true protein may increase by 7%–14% and 21%–26% of crude protein in legume and grass respectively. Legume leaf could be superior to grass leaf for protein production in a biorefinery due to higher extractable true protein both on a mass basis and per hectare. In white clover leaf, a significant decline in concentration of extractable true protein with maturity was simultaneous with a substantial increase in extractable true protein per hectare.
A unified materials approach to mitigating optical nonlinearities in optical fiber. I. Thermodynamics of optical scattering
Authors: Ballato John , Cavillon Maxime , Dragic Peter
Published: September 2017

Sustained progress in the development of optical fibers has led to the present state where further improvements in performance are limited by intrinsic optical nonlinearities. In order to circumvent such limitations, the user community has adopted two general approaches: (i) engineer the enabled systems accordingly; and/or (ii) microstructure the fiber to shift nonlinear thresholds to high optical power levels. In both cases, the nonlinearities are accepted as they are and performance is enhanced through added system or fiber design complexity. This paper, the first in a trilogy, along with two companion articles (in 3 parts) (Int J Appl Glass Sci. 2018;9:278‐287; Int J Appl Glass Sci. 2018 (in press); Int J Appl Glass Sci. 2018 (in press)), treats a third option, which is to mitigate optical nonlinearities at their fundamental origin: the materials with which the light interacts. As will be shown, such a materials approach permits greater reductions to nonlinearities including, in some cases, their complete elimination, than do the two present methods. Simpler fiber geometries and ease of manufacturing are additional benefits of this unified materials approach.
Effect of polyethylenimine addition and washing on stability and electrophoretic deposition of Co3O4 nanoparticles
Authors: Sadeghi Ghazvini Ali Asghar , Taheri‐Nassaj Ehsan , Raissi Babak , Riahifar Reza , Sahba Yaghmaee Maziar
Published: September 2017

In this work, the parameters of cobalt oxide suspension such as conductivity, zeta potential, particle size, stability, and finally the electrophoretic behavior of particles in the absence and presence of polyethylenimine (PEI) in acetone medium were investigated. Also, the effects of washing on the stability and electrophoretic deposition of Co3O4 were studied. Characterization of the obtained layer by optical microscopy revealed that there was no deposition in the suspension without PEI, while a uniform layer was formed in the presence of PEI additive. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results confirmed the uniformity of layer obtained in acetone using PEI additive. Moreover, SEM results demonstrated that more porous microstructures were obtained at longer deposition durations. The difference in the porosity of the layers, as indicated by the SEM micrographs, is attributed to increase in the deposition time.
Diagnostic yield of asymptomatic arrhythmias detected by mobile cardiac outpatient telemetry and autotrigger looping event cardiac monitors
Authors: Derkac Wayne M. , Finkelmeier Jeffrey R. , Horgan Daniel J. , Hutchinson Mathew D.
Published: September 2017

Introduction

Asymptomatic arrhythmias can have important therapeutic implications in certain patient populations, for example, atrial fibrillation in patients with prior ischemic stroke. We sought to compare the diagnostic yield of two commercially available monitoring systems with automated arrhythmia detection algorithms.

Methods

We queried a large, proprietary database containing rhythm data for patients receiving ambulatory EKG monitoring (BioTelemetry, Malvern, PA, USA). We compared all patients prescribed mobile cardiac outpatient telemetry (MCOT™, Braemar Manufacturing, LLC, Eagan, MN, USA) versus autotrigger looping event recorder (AT‐LER) devices over a consecutive 8‐month period. Data from both device types were analyzed for diagnostic yields in detecting asymptomatic (device‐triggered) arrhythmias consisting of atrial fibrillation (of any detected duration), bradycardia (ventricular rate ≤ 40 bpm), ventricular pause (≥ 3 seconds), supraventricular tachycardia (≥ 6 consecutive supraventricular beats), and ventricular tachycardia (≥ 4 consecutive premature ventricular contractions). The mean time to first diagnosis of each arrhythmia for each device was determined. Physician‐designated diagnostic codes for patients prescribed each device were also determined from the database.

Results

The MCOT™ device had significantly higher diagnostic yields of all evaluated asymptomatic arrhythmias than the AT‐LER. The MCOT™ device also produced an earlier mean time to diagnosis for all evaluated asymptomatic arrhythmias. These findings were noted despite a shorter average prescription length for MCOT™ monitored patients.

Conclusions

In patients with conventional diagnostic monitoring indications, MCOT™ had significantly higher diagnostic yields for five asymptomatic arrhythmias compared to the AT‐LER.
Entrainment mapping: Theoretical considerations and practical implementation
Authors: Schaeffer Benjamin , Stevenson William G.
Published: September 2017

Entrainment mapping enables the diagnosis and characterization of reentrant arrhythmias from analysis of the specific interaction between pacing maneuvers and tachycardia. Described 40 years ago, the implementation and interpretation of pacing maneuvers to entrain tachycardias has evolved into an indispensible tool for diagnosis and mapping reentrant cardiac arrhythmias. For complex re‐entry pathways entrainment mapping allows determination of the relation of pacing sites to the re‐entry circuit and discrimination of relevant re‐entry parts from bystander areas. Careful interpretation is needed to recognize misleading findings. The general physiology of re‐entry, and the application, interpretation, limitations, and pitfalls of entrainment maneuvers used for cardiac mapping is reviewed.
Roles and expression profiles of long non‐coding RNAs in triple‐negative breast cancers
Authors: Kong Xiangyi , Liu Wenyue , Kong Yanguo
Published: September 2017

Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) refers to the breast cancers that express little human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), progesterone receptor (PR) and oestrogen receptor (ER). When compared to other types of breast cancers, TNBC behaves more aggressively with relatively poorer prognosis. Moreover, except chemotherapy, no targeted treatments have been approved yet until now. Although the molecular‐biological mechanisms of the initiation and development of TNBC have been explored a lot, the exact details underlying its progressions are still not clear. Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs), with the length greater than 200 nucleotides, are non‐protein coding transcripts. Previous researches have shown that lncRNAs are significantly involved in a variety of pathophysiological processes such as cell migration, invasion, proliferation, differentiation and development. lncRNAs’ dysregulated expressions have been observed in many types of tumours including TNBCs. This article will review the functional roles and dysregulations of lncRNAs in TNBCs. These lncRNAs are worthy of exploitation regarding their potential application values of TNBC's diagnosis and treatment.
Roles of mitochondrial dynamics modulators in cardiac ischaemia/reperfusion injury
Authors: Maneechote Chayodom , Palee Siripong , Chattipakorn Siriporn C. , Chattipakorn Nipon
Published: September 2017

The current therapeutic strategy for the management of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is to return blood flow into the occluded coronary artery of the heart, a process defined as reperfusion. However, reperfusion itself can increase mortality rates in AMI patients because of cardiac tissue damage and dysfunction, which is termed ‘ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury’. Mitochondria play an important role in myocardial I/R injury as disturbance of mitochondrial dynamics, especially excessive mitochondrial fission, is a predominant cause of cardiac dysfunction. Therefore, pharmacological intervention and therapeutic strategies which modulate the mitochondrial dynamics balance during I/R injury could exert great beneficial effects to the I/R heart. This review comprehensively summarizes and discusses the effects of mitochondrial fission inhibitors as well as mitochondrial fusion promoters on cardiac and mitochondrial function during myocardial I/R injury. The comparison of the effects of both compounds given at different time‐points during the course of I/R injury (i.e. prior to ischaemia, during ischaemia and at the reperfusion period) are also summarized and discussed. Finally, this review also details important information which may contribute to clinical practices using these drugs to improve the quality of life in AMI patients.
Brentuximab vedotin exerts profound antiproliferative and pro‐apoptotic efficacy in CD30‐positive as well as cocultured CD30‐negative germ cell tumour cell lines
Authors: Schönberger Stefan , van Beekum Cornelius , Götz Barbara , Nettersheim Daniel , Schorle Hubert , Schneider Dominik T. , Casati Anna , Craveiro Rogerio B. , Calaminus Gabriele , Dilloo Dagmar
Published: September 2017

Prognosis in patients suffering from high‐risk, refractory and relapsed germ cell tumours (GCT) often comprising of CD30‐positive embryonal carcinoma (EC) components remains poor. Thus, novel treatment strategies are warranted. The antibody‐drug conjugate (ADC) brentuximab vedotin delivers the potent antimitotic drug monomethyl auristatin E (MMAE) to CD30‐expressing tumour cells. After CD30 binding, internalization and intracellular linker cleavage cytotoxic MMAE can efflux and eradicate neighbouring CD30‐negative cells. To analyse cytotoxicity and a potential bystander effect of brentuximab vedotin in GCT, we established an in vitro coculture model mimicking GCT of heterogeneous CD30 positivity and measured cell viability, proliferation and apoptosis after exposure to brentuximab vedotin and unbound MMAE by MTS‐ and flow cytometry‐based CFSE/Hoechst assay. CD30 expression being assessed by quantitative RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry was apparent in all EC cell lines with different intensity. Brentuximab vedotin abrogates cell viability of CD30‐positive GCT27 EC line exerting marked time‐dependent antiproliferative and pro‐apoptotic activity. CD30‐negative JAR cultured alone barely responds to brentuximab vedotin, while in coculture with GCT27 brentuximab vedotin induces clear dose‐dependent cytotoxicity. Cellular proliferation and cell death are significantly enhanced in CD30‐negative JAR cocultured with CD30‐positive GCT27 compared to JAR cultured alone in proof of substantial bystander activity of brentuximab vedotin in CD30‐negative GCT. We present first evidence that in an in vitro model mimicking GCT of heterogeneous histology, brentuximab vedotin exerts potent antiproliferative and pro‐apoptotic activity against both CD30‐positive as well as CD30‐negative GCT subsets. Our results strongly support translational efforts to evaluate clinical efficacy of brentuximab vedotin in high‐risk GCT of heterogeneous CD30 positivity.
SPOCK1 promotes the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer through Slug‐induced epithelial‐mesenchymal transition
Authors: Chen Dehu , Zhou Haihua , Liu Guiyuan , Zhao Yinghai , Cao Gan , Liu Qinghong
Published: September 2017

Metastasis is a crucial impediment to the successful treatment for gastric cancer. SPOCK1 has been demonstrated to facilitate cancer metastasis in certain types of cancers; however, the role of SPOCK1 in the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer remains elusive. SPOCK1 and epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐related biomarkers were detected by immunohistochemistry and Western blot in gastric cancer specimens. Other methods including stably transfected against SPOCK1 into gastric cancer cells, Western blot, migration and invasion assays in vitro and metastasis assay in vivo were also performed. The elevated expression of SPOCK1 correlates with EMT‐related markers in human gastric cancer tissue, clinical metastasis and a poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. In addition, knockdown of SPOCK1 expression significantly inhibits the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer cells in vitro and in vivo, inversely, SPOCK1 overexpression results in the opposite effect. Interestingly, SPOCK1 expression has no effect on cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Regarding the mechanism(s) of SPOCK1‐induced cells invasion and metastasis, we prove that Slug‐induced EMT is involved in SPOCK1‐facilitating gastric cancer cells invasion and metastasis. The elevated SPOCK1 expression is closely correlated with cancer metastasis and patient survival, and SPOCK1 promotes the invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer through Slug‐mediated EMT, thereby possibly providing a novel therapeutic target for gastric cancer.
Candidatus Actinochlamydia pangasiae sp. nov. (Chlamydiales, Actinochlamydiaceae), a bacterium associated with epitheliocystis in Pangasianodon hypophthalmus
Authors: Sood N , Pradhan P K , Verma D K , Yadav M K , Ravindra  , Dev A K , Swaminathan T R , Sood N K
Published: September 2017

Chlamydial infections are recognised as causative agent of epitheliocystis, reported from over 90 fish species. In the present study, the farmed striped catfish Pangasianodon hypophthalmus (14–15 cm, 70–90 g) with a history of cumulative mortality of about 23% during June and July 2015, were brought to the laboratory. The histopathological examination of gills from the affected fish revealed presence of granular basophilic intracellular inclusions, mostly at the base of the interlamellar region and in gill filaments. A concurrent infection with Trichodina spp., Ichthyobodo spp. and Dactylogyrus spp. was observed in the gills. The presence of chlamydial DNA in the gills of affected fish was confirmed by amplification and sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. BLAST‐n analysis of these amplicons revealed maximum similarity (96%) with Candidatus Actinochlamydia clariae. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, it was inferred that the epitheliocystis agents from striped catfish were novel and belonged to the taxon Ca. Actinochlamydia. It is proposed that epitheliocystis agents from striped catfish will be named as Ca. Actinochlamydia pangasiae. The 16S rRNA gene amplicons from novel chlamydiae were labelled and linked to inclusions by in situ hybridisation. This is the first report of epitheliocystis from India in a new fish host P. hypophthalmus.
Fifteen years of using a second stage protein substitute for weaning in phenylketonuria: a retrospective study
Authors: Evans S. , Daly A. , MacDonald J. , Pinto A. , MacDonald A.
Published: September 2017

Background

In phenylketonuria (PKU), during weaning, it is necessary to introduce a second stage phenylalanine (Phe)‐free protein substitute (PS) to help meet non‐Phe protein requirements. Semi‐solid weaning Phe‐free PS have been available for >15 years, although no long‐term studies have reported their efficacy.

Methods

Retrospective data from 31 children with PKU who commenced a weaning PS were collected from clinical records from age of weaning to 2 years, on: gender; birth order; weaning age; anthropometry; blood Phe levels; age commenced and dosage of weaning PS and Phe‐free infant L‐amino acid formula; natural protein intake; and issues with administration of PS or food.

Results

Median commencement age for weaning was 17 weeks (range 12–25 weeks) and, for weaning PS, 20 weeks (range 13–37 weeks). Median natural protein was 4 g day−1 (range 3–11 g day−1) and total protein intake was >2 g kg−1 day−1 from weaning to 2 years of age. Children started on 2–4 g day−1 protein equivalent (5–10 g day−1 of powder) from weaning PS, increasing by 0.2 g kg−1 day−1 (2 g day−1) monthly to 12 months of age. Teething and illness adversely affected the administration of weaning PS and the acceptance of solid foods. Altogether, 32% of children had delayed introduction of more textured foods, associated with birth order (firstborn 80% versus 38%; P = 0.05) and food refusal when teething (80% versus 29%; P = 0.02).

Conclusions

Timing of introduction of solid foods and weaning PS, progression onto more textured foods and consistent feeding routines were important in aiding their acceptance. Any negative behaviour with weaning PS was mainly associated with food refusal, teething and illness. Parental approach influenced the acceptance of weaning PS.
Involvement of platelet‐derived growth factor ligands and receptors in tumorigenesis
Authors: Heldin C.‐H. , Lennartsson J. , Westermark B.
Published: September 2017

Platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) isoforms and their receptors have important roles during embryogenesis, particularly in the development of various mesenchymal cell types in different organs. In the adult, PDGF stimulates wound healing and regulates tissue homeostasis. However, overactivity of PDGF signalling is associated with malignancies and other diseases characterized by excessive cell proliferation, such as fibrotic conditions and atherosclerosis. In certain tumours, genetic or epigenetic alterations of the genes for PDGF ligands and receptors drive tumour cell proliferation and survival. Examples include the rare skin tumour dermatofibrosarcoma protuberance, which is driven by autocrine PDGF stimulation due to translocation of a PDGF gene, and certain gastrointestinal stromal tumours and leukaemias, which are driven by constitute activation of PDGF receptors due to point mutations and formation of fusion proteins of the receptors, respectively. Moreover, PDGF stimulates cells in tumour stroma and promotes angiogenesis as well as the development of cancer‐associated fibroblasts, both of which promote tumour progression. Inhibitors of PDGF signalling may thus be of clinical usefulness in the treatment of certain tumours.
Development of a system‐based water balance model to assess interrelated physical and anthropogenic constraints in lake and reservoir watersheds, applied to Coeur d'Alene Lake, Idaho, USA
Authors: Hedden‐Nicely Dylan R. , Fiedler Fritz
Published: September 2017

This study presents a methodology for the development of a water balance model that uses publicly available data in a manner useful to water scientists and managers who manage complex lake and reservoir watersheds. The approach was applied to Coeur d'Alene Lake, a naturally occurring lake that is controlled by a dam located on its outlet (Spokane River) in North Idaho, USA. As in many other areas, the region surrounding Coeur d'Alene Lake has experienced high rates of population growth in recent years, and there is concern that, as consumptive water use increases, the lake will eventually not be able to be managed to simultaneously maintain the federally mandated minimum flow requirements in the Spokane River and also maintain the target summertime elevation of 2128 feet (648.6 m) for recreation and hydropower purposes. The complexity caused by the competing uses at Coeur d'Alene Lake makes it an excellent case study for similarly characterized watersheds. Both a natural flow model and regulated elevation model were developed, and sensitivity analysis was conducted on both models to evaluate which lake processes have the greatest effects on lake elevation, thereby requiring the most attention. A ‘low‐flow’ scenario was modelled to demonstrate the usefulness of the model and to inform Coeur d'Alene Lake regional stakeholders regarding the interrelationship between current water policy and the lake's physical behaviour under stressed conditions that could result from climate change. Model result indicates that, while lake elevation may be maintained at the summertime elevation of 2128 feet (648.6 m) under a low‐flow scenario, the outflows in the Spokane River start to approach the minimum flow requirements in the month of August. The developed approach is useful where publicly available data exist and allows for economic, yet rigorous, water resources systems evaluation without requiring significant field data collection.
A Stereo‐Matching Technique for Recovering 3D Information from Underwater Inspection Imagery
Authors: O'Byrne Michael , Pakrashi Vikram , Schoefs Franck , Ghosh Bidisha
Published: September 2017

Underwater inspections stand to gain from using stereo imaging systems to collect three‐dimensional measurements. Although many stereo‐matching algorithms have been devised to solve the correspondence problem, that is, find the same points in multiple images, these algorithms often perform poorly when applied to images of underwater scenes due to the poor visibility and the complex underwater light field. This article presents a new stereo‐matching algorithm, called PaLPaBEL (Pyramidal Loopy Propagated BELief) that is designed to operate on challenging imagery. At its core, PaLPaBEL is a semiglobal method based on a loopy belief propagation message passing algorithm applied on a Markov random field. A pyramidal scheme is adopted that enables wide disparity ranges and high‐resolution images to be handled efficiently. For performance evaluation, PaLPaBEL is applied to underwater stereo images captured under various visibility conditions in a laboratory setting, and to synthetic imagery created in a virtual underwater environment. The technique is also demonstrated on stereo images obtained from a real‐world inspection. The successful results indicate that PaLPaBEL is well suited for underwater application and has value as a tool for the cost‐effective inspection of marine structures.
THE CREATION OF GENDER BIAS IN MUSEUM COLLECTIONS: Recontextualizing Archaeological and Archival Collections from Chaco Canyon, New Mexico
Authors: Heitman Carrie C.
Published: September 2017

Using feminist and decolonial archival theory, this article examines a case study exposing the gender biases entailed in the creation of both image and artifact collections from historic‐era excavations in the American Southwest. Documentary and photographic archives aggregated from various institutional repositories into the Chaco Research Archive (CRA) document the initial segregation of women into particular areas of archaeological practice and help shed light on the historical context for contemporary issues of gender segregation. This article recontextualizes primary archaeological data, engages legacy materials as both source and subject, and provides a methodology to read “against the archive” in an effort to expose and reinterpret gender inequalities. Women archaeologists, I argue, are underrepresented in the visual records of the early to mid‐twentieth century. I also demonstrate how selective field documentation and collection practices obscure some of the ways women participated in the social transformations that defined emergent Chacoan society.