bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cross cultural and Interdimensional Implications of Feuerstein's Construct of Mediated Learning Experience
Authors: Skuy Mervyn
Published: March 2007

The central construct of Feuerstein's theory of structural cognitive modifiability, Mediated Learning Experience (MLE), is an important basis on which to understand and promote functioning in the cognitive and emotional spheres, as well as in relation to one's own culture and that of others. The multidimensional nature of MLE serves to render it a significant mechanism in affording reconciliation and promoting integration among aspects of individuals and groups that may otherwise remain disparate, or in conflict. Thus, in this article, the cognitive, emotional and cultural dimensions of MLE are explicitly elaborated as a basis for demonstrating the role of the construct in enhancing cross cultural integration, and in affording a holistic and integrative approach to the education process. The article also proposes the notion of mediating/mediated cultures, as well as the idea of a cognitive approach to intercultural coexistence.
Assessing Children's Perceptions of Themselves as Learners and Problem-Solvers
Authors: Burden Robert
Published: March 2007

A review of the literature on the measurement of self-concept and its various manifestations leads to the conclusion that despite general agreement about its multifaceted nature, there remains some dispute as to how best to measure this. Existing measures have been found wanting either with regard to their psychometric properties or with regard to their ease of application, scoring and interpretation. In particular, there still remains a comparative dearth of instruments directed at specific aspects of children's perceptions of themselves as learners and problem-solvers. A need exists for such an instrument which is valid, reliable and easy to administer, score and interpret. The construction of a simple 20-item scale aimed at measuring children's conceptions of themselves as learners and problem-solvers is described. The Myself-As-Learner Scale appears to meet satisfactory criteria in terms of its factor structure, validity and reliability. Standardization data are provided on a sample of 389 secondary pupils aged between 11 and 13 years. Further information is also provided on the correspondence between MALS scores and scores on tests of cognitive ability and attainment. Suggestions are offered as to the possible application of MALS in further research studies.
International Trade Union Organizations and Women's Policy
Authors: Reufter Werner , Ruftters Peter
Published: March 2007

In this article the authors try to show that the women's policies of three international trade secretariats (ITSs) have become, to a certain degree, institutionalized. In addition, the women's policies of these ITSs have been characterized by a transfer of values and resources from trade unions of industrialized countries to those of underdeveloped countries. They represent, therefore, a sort of international solidarity, which is pragmatic and mainly oriented towards members. Nevertheless, there are still many problems and shortcomings. Women are still underrepresented in the leading bodies and at congresses. Furthermore, the ITSs are not able to influence other institutions effectively or to enforce upon their members policies adopted at the international level.
Worker Participation as Action Learning: A Note
Authors: Revans Reginald W.
Published: March 2007

Links action learning to the belief that those employed in organizations must work together to put them right. Worker participation is seen primarily as a learning process offering rich possibilities for healing the split between managers and workers.
Harnessing Human Resources in the Public Sector
Authors: Grant J. Douglas , Toch Hans
Published: March 2007

Contemporary reform efforts in the public sector are more prone to be Tayloristic or traditional than those in the private sector. This fact is paradoxical, because a number of attributes of public sector organizations-including uncircumscribed technology, professional responsibilities of staff, inhouse promotion of managers-suggest payoff for participatory strategies. Such strategies in the public sector can encompass clients and staff, and can include continuing 'self study' evaluation. The paper summarizes two experiments-one involving police officers, and another featuring prison guards. In both cases, research was a component of a QWL-job enrichment effort combining personal and organizational development.
Workers' Participation in Management: Integration versus Cooptation or Segregation
Authors: Bar-Haim Aviad
Published: March 2007

The Israeli case of the Histadrut's workers' participation scheme is assessed by the workplace elites of the plants that have introduced the program. The core element in the program is the establishment of Joint Management, composed of workers' representatives (WR) and management delegates (MD) in some dozens of industrial, craft, and construction plants of the Histadrut. Homogeneity and uniqueness versus heterogeneity and assimilation in the assessment patterns of two participant elites (WR and MD) and one nonparticipant elite shop committee (UR) were used as analytical dimensions of three possible modes of inter-elite relations concerning the participation scheme: segregation, cooptation or integration.
Some Theory of Industrial and Economic Democracy
Authors: Abell Peter
Published: March 2007

This paper explores a general framework in which one may begin to address the question as to what the impact of increasing labour participation is upon capitalist firms. A conceptual framework for studying the impact upon the power distributions, the rate of exploitation and upon democratic legitimation is outlined in the context of neo-classical Marxism and new concept of exploitation. The interrelationship between participatory reform and the establishment of industrial producer co-operatives is also briefly studied.
The New Right, State Ownership and Privatization: a Critique
Authors: Parker David
Published: March 2007

Privatization is now a key economic policy in a number of countries. Although the arguments surrounding privatization are well rehearsed, its underlying rationale is relatively under-explored. The purpose of this paper is to rectify this by considering the theoretical underpinnings of 'new right' thinking, both from procedural and instrumentalist perspectives. The procedural approach is soon rejected and the paper focuses upon issues relating to the operation of private markets and the relative efficiency of public and private provision, drawing upon recent research in these areas. The paper concludes that insofar as privatization as a policy both in the UK and elsewhere rests upon the arguments reviewed here, it appears to rest upon weak foundations.
'Two Logics of Collective Action' and Trade Union Democracy:* Organizational Democracy and 'New' Politics in German and Swedish Unions
Authors: Jahn Detlef
Published: March 2007

The literature dealing with trade union democracy often concentrates on the representation of members by the leadership. Yet relatively little attention is given to the situation which can arise if members' interests become increasingly heterogeneous and/or are formulated contradictorily or even antagonistically by union spokesmen. The debate taking up 'new' social cleavages indicates that there may be a new kind of social conflict between those preferring an increased material standard and those giving environmental issues higher priority. As regards the case of the debate on nuclear energy in Swedish and German unions I wish to demonstrate how this conflict appears in trade unions and affects trade union government. This article compares the impact of the nuclear energy issue on the Swedish and German trade unions.
Public Policy Implications of Imperfections in the Market for Worker Participation
Authors: Levine David l.
Published: March 2007

Increasing worker participation in decision-making can often increase productivity, but remains uncommon in the US. This paper reviews theories of why the market may produce less than the efficient amount of worker participation. A novel policy intervention in which tax subsidies are tied to multiple imperfect measures of participation is proposed.
Workers' Financial Participation: An East-West Comparative Perspective
Authors: Vaughan-Whitehead Daniel
Published: March 2007

This article compares the recent developments of financial participation schemes in the West and in Central and Eastern Europe. Its first aim is to identify the different legislative experiences, forms and extent of financial participation. The promotion of financial participation intervenes in a totally different context in these two groups of countries. In the West, its main objective is to enhance workers' motivation whilst in Eastern European countries, it appears as a form of privatization. Since financial participation also varies according to the features of the national system of industrial relations, the attitudes of social partners are particularly analysed in a cross-country perspective. Finally, from company examples and a brief survey of empirical research, the author studies the economic and social potentials of these schemes.
Women in the Changing Kibbutz Economy
Authors: Palgi Michal
Published: March 2007

This article examines within the framework of feminist theories how change decisions in the kibbutz communities, which are seemingly gender-neutral, have a significant impact on the gender system. A random sample of 790 kibbutz members representing the 250 secular kibbutz communities was sampled for this purpose. The findings show that women's attitudes toward change are quite similar to men's, but fewer women than men feel that the kibbutz way of life is suitable for them. The conclusions of the article are that: (I) changes that are not aimed specifically at gender equality, would not bring it as a by-product. On the contrary, they might even make the situation worse; (2) while a combination of high technology and good economic situation might cover up gender inequalities, a sudden change in the economic situation would unravel and exacerbate them; and (3) the exclusion of gender equality as one of the goals for survival and the concentration on economic goals alone increases gender inequality.
Solidarity at Last? International Trade Unionism Approaching the Millennium
Authors: Ramsay Harvie
Published: March 2007

The analysis of supranational union organization has been a neglected area for many years. However, the construction of trading blocs and the accelerating internationalization of capital has increased the motivation for labour movements to cooperate, and provided some new opportunities for such efforts. In order to assess the prospects for success, five different approaches to analysis of international unionism are distilled from a fragmented literature, evaluated critically, and the subsequent insights are applied to the prospects for the future. The assessment concentrates on the European scene, where the pace of change and the efforts to construct a continental industrial relations area have been most in evidence. Conclusions are mixed: while there are some real advances and areas of improved outlook for international unions, there are growing challenges from management and a double-edged shift to an enterprise focus in many areas of activity.
Behavioral Approaches to the Problems of Obesity
Authors: Faith Myles S. , Fontaine Kevin R. , Cheskin Lawrence J. , Allison David B.
Published: March 2007

Obesity is a complex and increasingly prevalent disorder that can confer a number of medical, social, and psychological difficulties. As a result, an array of treatment strategies falling under the generic umbrella of “behavior therapy”have been developed and continue to be refined and expanded. In this article, different behavioral approaches to the problems of obesity are outlined and reviewed, specifically, those that target (a) body weight or composition, (b) lifestyle factors and other health-related variables, and (c) related psychological variables such as self-esteem and assertiveness, as well as negative attitudes toward obese persons held by nonobese individuals. For each of these targets of change, approaches to both individual- and group-level interventions are considered. Suggestions for future research and clinical work are offered. Throughout, the importance of conceptualizing obesity as a multifaceted problem is underscored. The necessity for explicit target goals when attempting to modify behavior is also highlighted.
A New Measure of Parenting Practices Involving Preadolescent-and Adolescent-Aged Children
Authors: Jacob Theodore , Moser Richard P. , Windle Michael , Loeber Rolf , Stouthamer-Loeber Magda
Published: March 2007

Parenting behaviors have played critical roles in various theoretical and clinical models that have sought to explain the development and course of deviant child behavior. Notwithstanding the importance of this topic, the extant literature reveals very few adequate instruments for describing such patterns. To address 3this need, the authors developed a self-report procedure for assessing parenting practices involving preadolescent and adolescent children, the Loeber Youth Questionnaire. Preliminary reliability and concurrent validity data were quite encouraging, and the instrument’s two major dimensions (affect and control) fit well with the existing clinical and research literature. Limitations and future research directions are addressed.
Using Real-Time Recording to Enhance the Analysis of Within-Session Functional Analysis Data
Authors: Rapp John T. , Carr James E. , Miltenberger Raymond G. , Dozier Claudia L. , Kellum Karen K.
Published: March 2007

Functional analysis methods have become standard practice for determining the maintaining variables of problem behavior. The analysis of within-session response patterns has been proposed as a useful adjunct to the functional analysis. Many within-session analyses have been conducted on data obtained from interval scoring methods. However, interval methods only provide an estimate of within-session data. The authors briefly describe a real-time recording method and provide a rationale for its use. The authors then provide descriptions of several research studies from their lab in which real-time data were crucial in determining behavioral function from experimental analyses.
Enhancing Readiness-to-Change Substance Abuse in Persons with Schizophrenia
Authors: Carey Kate B. , Purnine Daniel M. , Maisto Stephen A. , Carey Michael P.
Published: March 2007

This article describes a four-session intervention designed for persons with co-occurring substance abuse and schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, to be administered as an add-on module to supplement ongoing mental health treatment in an outpatient setting. The intervention targets those dually diagnosed individuals with low readiness-to-change as indicated by current use, and/or lowlevel of engagement in treatment for substance abuse. The intervention is designed to increase problem recognition, to enhance motivation to change maladaptive patterns of substance use, and to facilitate engagement in substance abuse treatment. To achieve these goals, the authors have adopted constructs from the Transtheoretical Model of Change, the authors used principles of motivational and harm reduction interventions, and tailored them to the target population.
Respiratory Dysregulation in Anxiety, Functional Cardiac, and Pain Disorders
Authors: Wilhelm Frank H. , Gevirtz Richard , Roth Walton T.
Published: March 2007

Respiration is a complex physiological system affecting a variety of physical processes that can act as a critical link between mind and body. This reviewdiscusses the evidence for dysregulated breathing playing a role in three clinical syndromes: panic disorder, functional cardiac disorder, and chronic pain. Recent technological advances allowing the ambulatory assessment of endtidal partial pressure of CO2 (PCO2) and respiratory patterns have opened up new avenues for investigation and treatment of these disorders. The latest evidence from laboratories indicates that subtle disturbances of breathing, such as tidal volume instability and sighing, contribute to the chronic hypocapnia often found in panic patients. Hypocapnia is also common in functional cardiac and chronic pain disorders, and studies indicate that it mediates some of their symptomatology. Consistent with the role of respiratory dysregulation in these disorders, initial evidence indicates efficacy of respiration-focused treatment.
Critical Conditions for Hyperventilation Responses
Authors: Van Diest Ilse , Proot Patricia , Van De Woestijne Karel P. , Han Jiang Na , Devriese Stephan , Winters Winnie , Van Den Bergh Omer
Published: March 2007

Hyperventilation is often conceived of as part of a fight-or-flight response, triggered by situations with high arousal and negative valence. However, a previous study using emotional imagery found hyperventilation responses during imagery of high-arousal scenes regardless of their valence. Those imagery scripts contained suggestions of autonomic activity, which may have partly induced or enhanced the hyperventilatory responsivity. The present study used four emotional scripts—depicting relaxing, fearful, depressive, and pleasant situations—without suggestions of autonomic or respiratory responses. After each imagery trial, participants rated their imagery for valence, arousal, and vividness. Fractional end-tidal carbon dioxide (FetCO2), inspiratory and expiratory time, tidal volume, and pulse rate were measured in a non-intrusive way. Results showed significant FetCO2 drops during the fearful and pleasant scripts. However, this effect was much smaller compared to imagery scripts with autonomic response propositions. Participants imagining scripts without autonomic response information found it harder to imagine the scripts vividly and reported lower levels of subjective arousal.
Unbinding Assertion and Aggression in Research and Clinical Practice
Authors: DeGiovanni Ina Sue , Epstein Norman
Published: March 2007

This paper documents widespread failure of the clinical and research literature to differentiate assertiveness from coercive aggressive behavior. Confusion with aggression is tied to early theoretical models, semantic errors, and differential value judgments. Recent concepts and research bearing upon the differentiation of assertion and aggression are reviewed. Standard self-report and behavioral measures of assertion are evaluated in terms of (a) confounding with aggression, and (b) failure to provide separate assessment of aggression. Adequate evidence of discriminant validity (in this case, the ability to discriminate between the constructs of assertion and aggression) is lacking for all measures reviewed. However, particular instruments have considerable promise. Recommendations are made for improving discriminant validity of self-report and behavioral methods of assessing assertion.
Vicarious Effects of Time-Out in the Modification of Aggression in the Classroom
Authors: Wilson C. Chrisman , Robertson Stephen J. , Herlong Linda H. , Haynes Stephen N.
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to assess the vicarious effects of time-out applied to a child's aggressive behaviors in the classroom. In an ABAB replication design, aggressive behaviors by a child in a classroom were followed by 5-minute periods of social isolation. The aggressive behaviors of untreated classmates were also monitored. Time-out contingencies were associated with a reduction in the levels of aggressive behavior in treated and untreated subjects. Decisions to change between phases were based on statistical stabilization of the percentage of intervals in which aggression occurred within each phase.
Generalized Behavior Change During Oppositional Child Training
Authors: Strain Phillip S. , Young Clifford C. , Horowitz Judy
Published: March 2007

Treatment outcome data and demographic information were collected for 140 families which participated in oppositional child treatment based upon differential reinforcement procedures. The dependent measure of generalized child behavior change in the home setting was examined with reference to variations in the following demographic items: age of child, sex of child, race of child, birth order, number of siblings, age of mother, income level of family, educational level of mother, percentage attendance during treatment, and family intactness. Three variables-age of child, percentage attendance during treatment, and family intact-ness-were found to be significantly related to the demonstration of appropriate levels of cooperative behavior in the home.
Forward and Backward Chaining, and Whole Task Methods
Authors: Walls Richard T. , Zane Thomas , Ellis William D.
Published: March 2007

The effects of training by whole task, forward chaining, and backward chaining methods were examined in teaching vocational rehabilitation clients the construction of three assembly tasks. Clients learned to assemble a bicycle brake, a meat grinder, and a carburetor on three successive days by the three training methods in a counterbalanced design. The percentage of responses that were errors was, on the average, more than twice as great for subjects in the whole task method as for subjects in either chaining method (which did not differ). Total time to criterion did not differ among chaining and whole methods. Slower learning subjects benefited substantially from the systematic chaining procedures.
Improving Oral Hygiene with Videotape Modeling
Authors: Murray Jo Ann , Epstein Leonard H.
Published: March 2007

Two experiments designed to evaluate a videotape modeling procedure for improving toothbrushing performance in Head Start youngsters are presented. The effects of toothbrushing were measured by the PHP (Personal Hygiene Performance) technique in each study. The PHP is an observational procedure for rating tooth plaque after use of a disclosing solution. In Experiment I, oral hygiene performance was improved for subjects provided videotape modeling as compared to the performance of subjects in a no-treatment control group. In Experiment II, the videotape treatment was compared to a feedback-reinforcement technique and a no-treatment control group over a one-week baseline, one-week treatment, and six-week follow-up. Results suggested that both experimental treatments were superior to the no-treatment control during treatment; the effects of the videotape procedure were more durable than feedback. However, performance of subjects in the videotape group did decrease by the sixth week of follow-up.
Food Choice and Eating Behavior Among Obese, Lean, and Normal Individuals
Authors: Cinciripini Paul M.
Published: March 2007

The current study evaluates the food preferences and eating behavior of lean, normal, and obese subjects in a university cafeteria setting. Results showed that male leans did not differ from male normals in the proportion of calories derived from various food categories. Female leans ate proportionately less regular dairy but more fruit and dessert calories than female normals. Male obese ate more red meats and less fruit and dessert calories than male normals. Female obese showed the same patterns as female leans, consuming more desserts and fruit, but less regular dairy calories than female normals. Male leans also consumed less red meat and more dessert calories than male obese. No differences were found in total calories or menu items within sex and weight groups. Males, however, consumed more calories and chose more items than females. No differences were found among the groups in bite rate, sip rate, and total eating time. However, male and female leans engaged in significantly more noneating activity than their normal group and male obese ate significantly more calories/mouthful than all but the male leans. The results suggest that food choice, particularly saturated fat, may play a weaker role in the weight status of male lean and female obese subjects than in other groups, and that lean subjects are apt to find food and eating stimuli much less reinforcing than obese subjects. Results are discussed in terms of implications for treatment of obesity.
Changing Food Selections in a Public Cafeteria
Authors: Cinciripini Paul M.
Published: March 2007

The current study evaluated the influence of three behavioral procedures on the eating behavior of lunch-time patrons in a university cafeteria. A total of 5542 observations were made over a 16-month period. Food selections were unobtrusively recorded as the subjects passed through the checkout lines. A determination of sex/weight class was also made (male/female lean, normal, or obese). Using a series of reversal (ABA) designs, the subjects were exposed to the following procedures: Caloric feedback prior to food selection; labeled items to indicate nutritionally favorable choices; and a token system in which a cash rebate was made contingent on appropriate food selection behavior. The results showed that the token system produced the most uniform increases in vegetables, soup, fruit, chicken, fish, turkey, and salad consumption, while consumption of high-fat and dessert items was reduced. Caloric feedback was associated with decreased carbohydrate, red meat, and dairy product consumption, with little increase in other areas. Labeling had isolated effects on obese subjects' vegetable, soup, and fruit consumption. Female obese were found to be the most sensitive to all the procedures, and male obese the most resistant. Implications for the treatment of obesity and self-regulation of eating behavior are discussed.
Does Behavior Therapy Still Work When the Experimenters Depart?
Authors: Andrews Gavin , Feyer Anne-Marie
Published: March 2007

The power of behavior therapy to change maladaptive behavior in the short run is well documented. Although successful medical treatments soon become incorporated into service programs, similar transitions are not so evident in the behavioral literature. A successful behavioral treatment program for adult stutterers is described. This program had been developed from a series of empirical investigations. However, for the last five years it has been operating as a service program. It therefore presented a unique opportunity to document the transition to the service phase of a behavior therapy program. Outcome results in the empirical phase were comparable in the short run and superior in the long run to those derived from the experimental phase. Implications for clinical research in the behavioral therapies are discussed.
Increasing Oral Reading Proficiency
Authors: Singh Nirbhay N. , Singh Judy
Published: March 2007

A number of techniques have been used to correct oral reading errors and enhance word recognition accuracy. For example, drill has been shown to be effective with learning-disabled children, and positive practice procedures have been found to be effective with mentally retarded children. In the present study an alternating-treatments design was used to measure the differential effects of these two error correction procedures and a no-training control condition on the number of oral reading errors made by four moderately mentally retarded children. The extent to which the children retained their learning of the error words following intervention with drill and positive practice was also assessed one day after the initial reading of the passages. Results showed that when compared with the no-training control condition both error correction procedures were effective in reducing the number of oral reading errors, but that positive practice was superior to drill for all subjects. The retention data showed that fewer errors were made on those passages that had been remediated through positive practice. However, a comparison of the mean number of errors made during intervention and retention indicated that retention was marginally better under the drill condition than under positive practice.
Modification of Self-Injurious Behavior
Authors: Luiselli James K.
Published: March 2007

Although the application of contingently applied protective equipment represents a promising approach to the treatment of self-injurious behavior, limited experimental evaluation of such methodology has been performed. The present study examined the effects of using contingent protective equipment to control multiple forms of self-injury in a 161/2-year-old developmentally disabled boy who was both deaf and blind. The program entailed applying a padded helmet and mittens for a predefined duration whenever targeted self-injurious responses were emitted. Data on self-injury were recorded throughout the boy's daily schedule in a residential facility within the context of an ABAB single-case design. Results indicated that the program of contingently applied protective equipment produced marked decreases in the rate of self-injury and that low levels of responding were maintained during 2-and 6-month follow-up assessments. A social validation questionnaire revealed that staff members judged the treatment program to be an effective and acceptable method of intervention. Critical issues regarding the implementation of contingent protective equipment are discussed.
Group Training to Increase Social Behaviors in Young Multihandicapped Children
Authors: Sisson Lori A. , Babeo Thomas J. , Van Hasselt Vincent B.
Published: March 2007

The utility of a group social skills intervention for increasing social behaviors in blind, multihandicapped children was examined in a multiple-baseline analysis. Five multihandicapped elementary school-age boys attending a residential school for the blind were trained to initiate social interactions, respond to initiations by others, and maintain social interactions during social skills lessons that were incorporated into the ongoing classroom curriculum. Assessment of multihandicapped subjects in free-play settings consistently showed higher rates of social, and lower rates of isolate and inappropriate, behaviors with training. These levels more closely approximated levels displayed by nonhandicapped peers in similar situations. Evaluation of generalization to free-play situations with nonhandicapped children, however, revealed limited change in social interaction between handicapped and nonhandicapped participants. A six-month follow-up indicated greater skill maintenance in the presence of trained peers than with untrained multihandicapped children. Results are discussed in terms of (a) the need to develop more cost-efficient skills training procedures that incorporate strategies to promote social behavior change across settings and peer groups; (b) the heuristic value of including untrained handicapped and nonhandicapped peers in social skills assessment settings; and (c) the potential for positive collateral effects with skills training approaches.
New Evidence for the Effectiveness of Stress Management Training in Groups
Authors: Tallant Steven , Rose Sheldon D. , Tolman Richard M.
Published: March 2007

This study evaluates the effectiveness of a stress management treatment based upon transactional stress and group treatment theory. Treatment components included teaching the cognitive-be- havioral skills of relaxation, cognitive restructuring, and assertiveness within a structured small-group setting. Thirty-two symptomatic volunteers were assigned to either a treatment group or a wait-list condition. Treatment consisted of eight, two-hour weekly group sessions. On all dependent measures of stress, the treatment subjects evidenced significant pre- to posttest reductions. Futhermore, on three of the four measures, the treatment subjects evidenced significant pre- to posttest reductions in stress compared to the wait-list subjects.
The Effect of Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviors (DRI) on Pica for Cigarettes in Persons with Intellectual Disability
Authors: Donnelly David R. , Olczak Paul V.
Published: March 2007

The effect of Differential Reinforcement of Incompatible Behaviors (DRI) on pica for cigarettes in two intellectually disabled adults was studied using an A-B-A-B treatment design; in addition, the efficacy of using placebo pica stimuli (bread "cigarette butts") was evaluated. Both subjects received 10 15-minute sessions of baseline followed by 10 sessions of DRI, with a reversal to baseline and a repeat of the DRI treatment. Results support the efficacy of DRI with pica, as well as the use of placebo pica stimuli. Generalization was conducted with one of the subjects; results indicate that treatment effects were present when implemented by several ward personnel. The implications of the results for future research were discussed.
Resistance During Psychotherapy and Behavior Therapy
Authors: Verhulst Jan C.R.M. , van de Vijver Fons J.R.M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of the present study into the phenomenon of resistance was twofold. First, the meaning of the concept as conceived by therapists of psychoanalytic and behavioral orientation was investigated. Second, an attempt was made to gain insight into the dynamics of the clinical phenomenon of resistance. The results of the study indicated that both groups of therapists attached virtually the same meaning to the concept of resistance. Both groups viewed the same classes of behaviors as indicative of resistance. Furthermore, it was found, as expected, that analytically oriented therapists reported the occurrence of resistance more frequently. The two groups agreed that "avoiding" and "fighting" behaviors were the most prominent resistances of clients. Therapist behaviors that were most likely to elicit resistance in the client are the "informative" behaviors, such as asking questions about the nature and origin of the complaint. Clinical implications of the research findings are discussed.
Pathways to Maladaptive Parenting with Mothers and Their Conduct Disordered Children
Authors: Sansbury Lonnie L. , Wahler Robert G.
Published: March 2007

Maladaptive parenting with conduct disordered children appears to involve two social interaction traps called compliance and inconsistency. A mother's participation in these traps is thought to be influenced by her child, by the quality of the mother's life, and by her perceptions of child behavior. This study was an attempt to assess these influences and to examine their correlations with maternal trap participation. To do so, 33 clinic-referred conduct disordered children and their mothers were evaluated through direct observation, maternal self-reports, and maternal observations of home videotapes depicting mother and child. The data were then analyzed as correlational paths among trap measures and measures of the suspected influences. Results showed the two traps to be distinctly different processes, and inconsistency appeared to represent a more complex process than did compliance. Discussion of the findings centered on problems in maternal care of conduct disordered children and prospects for clinical interventions with these mother-child dyads.
Behavioral Interventions to Reduce Maladaptive Responding in Youth with Dual Sensory Impairment
Authors: Sisson Lori A. , Van Hasselt Vincent B. , Hersen Michel
Published: March 2007

Many persons who have multiple sensory, physical, and developmental disabilities display behaviors that interfere significantly with adaptive functioning and social acceptance. In this investigation, the efficacy of multiple component behavioral interventions for reducing maladaptive responding exhibited by two individuals with dual sensory impairment and profound mental retardation was evaluated. Results indicated that differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) approaches were not effective in either case. However, when deceleration procedures (overcorrection or brief physical restraint) werc added, target behaviors decreased quickly. Also, interventions were faded in such a way that gains were maintained for 6 months with only minimal effort by staff. Ongoing assessment of concurrent effects of behavior reduction strategies revealed increases in time on task or amount of work completed, even though these responses were not targeted specifically. Yet negative side effects (e.g., increases in self-stimulation) also were documented, highlighting the importance of evaluating multiple behaviors during intervention. Finally, despite the fact that objective assessments led to positive conclusions regarding treatment efficacy, ratings of baseline and treatment behavior samples by independent judges showed overall improvement in only one case. These findings suggest the need for multifaceted evaluation to determine the utility of interventions in applied settings.
Social-Skills Interventions with Adolescents
Authors: Christopher Jeanette Smith , Nangle Douglas W. , Hansen David J.
Published: March 2007

During adolescence, the interpersonal interactions and behaviors necessary for successful social functioning become increasingly complex. In recent years, social-skills training with adolescents has made a variety of advances beyond basic skill acquisition toward techniques designed to promote generalization and maintenance of an effective interpersonal repertoire. This article reviews relevant empirical literature for current issues and procedures in social-skills training with adolescents, including use of social-skills interventions for a variety of adolescent populations and problems, use of innovative and promising intervention procedures, and issues regarding generalization and social validity of intervention procedures.
The Relationship Between Self-Esteem and Deviant Sexual Arousal in Nonfamilial Child Molesters
Authors: Marshall W. L.
Published: March 2007

Changes in self-esteem as a result of direct treatment were evaluated in 12 nonfamilial child molesters, and the relationship between these changes and reductions in deviant arousal was assessed. Treatment enhanced self-esteem, and these improvements were significantly correlated with reductions in deviant arousal even though deviant fantasies were not targeted in treatment. Implications of these findings for theoretical analyses of sexual offending and for treatment are discussed.
Psychological Treatment of Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Victims of Sexual Aggression
Authors: Echeburua Enrique , De Corral Paz , Zubizarreta Irene , Sarasua Belen
Published: March 2007

The aim of this research was to test the comparative effectiveness of two therapeutic modalities in the treatment of chronic posttraumatic stress disorder in victims of sexual aggression: (a) self-exposure and cognitive restructuring and (b) progressive relaxation training. The sample consisted of 20 patients (victims of rape in adulthood or adult victims of childhood sexual abuse) selected according to DSM-III-Rcriteria. A multigroup experimental design with repeated measures (pretreatment, posttreatment, and 1-, 3-, 6-, and 12-month follow-up) was used. Most treated patients improved, but the success rate was higher in all measures in the exposure and cognitive restructuring group immediately on posttreatment and at follow-up. Implications of this study for clinical practice and future research in this field are commented on.
Promoting Generalized Social Interactions Using Puppets and Script Training in an Integrated Preschool
Authors: Gronna Sarah S. , Serna Loretta A. , Kennedy Craig H. , Prater Mary Anne
Published: March 2007

Puppet script trainingwas used to teach the social skills of greeting, responding to conversations, and initiating conversations to a preschool child with visual impairments. Susie and four peers without disabilities were taught social skills utilizing puppets enacting sociodramatic scripts within group training sessions.Training sessions were immediately followed by free-play activities among peers without disabilities to assess skill generalization. A single-case study using a multiple-baseline design demonstrated that the intervention increased performance of social skills during recess with peers. Results demonstrated that Susie learned the target behaviors and generalized their use to free-play activities with her peers.
The Use of Virtual Reality Exposure in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Hodges Larry F.
Published: March 2007

One possible alternative to standard in vivo exposure may be virtual reality exposure. Virtual reality integrates real-time computer graphics, body tracking devices, visual displays, and other sensory input devices to immerse a participant in a computer-generated virtual environment. Virtual reality exposure (VRE) is potentially an efficient and cost-effective treatment of anxiety disorders. VRE therapy has been successful in reducing the fear of heights in the first knowncontrolled study of virtual reality in the treatment of a psychological disorder. Outcome was assessed on measures of anxiety, avoidance, attitudes, and distress. Significant group differences were found on all measures such that theVREgroupwas significantly improved at posttreatment but the control group was unchanged. The efficacy of virtual reality exposure therapy was also supported for the fear of flying in a case study. The potential for virtual reality exposure treatment for these and other disorders is explored.
Gender Differences, Motivation, and Empathic Accuracy: When it Pays to Understand
Authors: Klein Kristi J. K. , Hodges Sara D.
Published: March 2007

Two studies of college students investigated the conditions under which women perform better than men on an empathic accuracy task (inferring the thoughts and feelings of a target person). The first study demonstrated that women’s advantage held only when women were given a task assessing their feelings of sympathy toward the target prior to performing the empathic accuracy task. The second study demonstrated that payments in exchange for accuracy improved the performance of both men and women and wiped out any difference between men’s and women’s performances. Together, the results suggest that gender differences in empathic accuracy performance are the result of motivational differences and are not due to simple differences of ability between men and women.
Counterfactual Thinking and Self-Motives
Authors: Sanna Lawrence J. , Chang Edward C. , Meier Susanne
Published: March 2007

Three studies indicated that valenced events and self-motives have implications for understanding processes underlying counterfactual thinking. Moods (Study 1) and outcome valence (Study 3) influenced counterfactuals when self-motives (self-improvement, mood-repair, mood-maintenance, and self-protection) were manipulated directly. Agreement and reaction times (Studies 1 and 2), as well as time pressure (Study 3), indicated that counterfactual responses can be quick or slow depending on whether self-motives suggest a direction either consistent or inconsistent with direction activated initially. In Study 2, responses to manipulated outcomes by high- and low-self-esteem persons, who differ naturally in self-motives, provided further evidence for proposals when task repeatability was varied. Implications for antecedents and consequences of counterfactual thinking, self-motives, and dual-process models, are discussed.
Selective Memory and the Persistence of Paradoxical Self-Esteem
Authors: Tafarodi Romin W. , Tam Janice , Milne Alan B.
Published: March 2007

Previous research suggests that paradoxical self-esteem (contrasting levels of self-liking and self-competence) is associated with selective memory for self-relevant information. The form and function of this bias was examined here. College students classified as paradoxical or nonparadoxical viewed a series of trait adjectives. Recognition memory for the words was later tested. Results revealed that heightened selectivity in paradoxicals was limited to words conveying low social worth. Those paradoxically low in self-liking showed distinctively good memory and those paradoxically high in self-liking showed distinctively bad memory for these words. The claim that memory bias contributes to the persistence of paradoxical self-esteem also was tested. As expected, the self-liking of paradoxicals with the strongest memory bias showed the least shift toward self-competence 4 months later.
Being Better or Getting Better? Social and Temporal Comparisons as Coping Mechanisms in Close Relationships
Authors: Frye Nancy E. , Karney Benjamin R.
Published: March 2007

How do partners in close relationships evaluate the broader implications of their specific problems? Prior research suggests that partners evaluate their relationships through social and temporal comparisons. The current study expanded on this work in two ways. First, within-subject analyses examined whether partners use comparisons strategically, engaging in more favorable comparisons with respect to more threatening problems. Results confirmed that spouses generally perceive themselves to be better off than other couples and generally expect their problems to remain stable over time. However, within-subject analyses revealed that, with respect to more severe problems, spouses were less likely to perceive themselves as superior but more likely to perceive those problems as improving over time. Second, sample and longitudinal data were used to examine the accuracy of partners’ comparisons. Consistent with predictions, social comparisons were associated with actual standing within the sample, whereas temporal comparisons were not associated with actual change over time.
Perceiving Discrimination Against One’s Gender Group has Different Implications for Well-Being in Women and Men
Authors: Schmitt Michael T. , Branscombe Nyla R. , Kobrynowicz Diane , Owen Susan
Published: March 2007

Using structural equation modeling, the authors tested theoretical predictions concerning the effects of perceived discrimination against one’s gender on psychological well-being in women and men. Results were highly supportive of the Rejection-Identification Model, with perceptions of discrimination harming psychological well-being among women but not among men. The results also support the Rejection-Identification Model’s prediction that women partially cope with the negative well-being consequences of perceived discrimination by increasing identification with women as a group. In contrast, perceived discrimination was unrelated to group identification among men. The authors found no support for the hypothesis that perceptions of discrimination have self-protective properties among the disadvantaged. Results are consistent with the contention that the differential effects of perceived discrimination among women and men are due to differences in the groups’ relative positions within the social structure.
Individual Differences in Self-Presentational Motives in Daily Social Interaction
Authors: Nezlek John B. , Leary Mark R.
Published: March 2007

In a study of self-presentational motives in everyday social encounters, 164 first-year and upper-class undergraduate students described their social interactions for 1 week using a variant of the Rochester Interaction Record. These descriptions focused on the strength of self-presentational motives and concerns for others’ evaluations. Participants also completed measures of individual differences hypothesized to be relevant to self-presentation, which formed four distinct factors. A series of multilevel random coefficient modeling analyses found that individual differences in factors labeled Impression Motivation, Impression Construction Positivity, and Impression Construction Appropriateness were positively related to participants’ nervousness in interaction and individual differences in Impression Motivation were positively related to the strength of self-presentational motives in interaction. A fourth factor, Negative Self-Evaluation, was positively related to the strength of participants’ self-presentational motives for first-year students but negatively related to self-presentational motives for upper-class students, and Negative Self-Evaluation was related to self-presentation differently for men and women.