bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the Job Satisfaction and Productivity of Telecommuters versus in-House Employees: A Research Note on Work in Progress
Authors: Dubrin Andrew J.
Published: August 2011

Job satisfaction and productivity were compared for 34 in-house employees and 34 telecommuters performing data-entry and coding. Job satisfaction was measured on the Minnesota Job Satisfaction Questionnaire and a five-item work arrangement subscale. Group productivity was measured by data-entry transactions per hour. No between-group differences were found on over-all job satisfaction and subscale scores; however, seven individual items relating to concerns about work-at-home differentiated the groups. Significantly different between-group ranks of importance on 12 of the 25 questionnaire items were found. Despite important limitations in our experimental design, the results suggest that telecommuting tends to increase satisfaction with specific work arrangements and that telecommuters are likely to be more productive than in-house workers on structured, repetitive tasks.
A Test of Lester's Depression Paradox Hypothesis of Suicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 97 high school students, serious suicidal ideation was associated with high scores on Beck's depression inventory and an external locus of control on Rotter's scale, confirming Lester's depression paradox hypothesis of suicide.
Self-Awareness and “Introspective” Private Speech in 6-Year-Old Children
Authors: Morin Alain , Everett James
Published: August 2011

It has been suggested recently that self-awareness is cognitively mediated by inner speech and that this hypothesis could be tested by using the private speech paradigm. This paper describes a study in which the creation of a state of self-awareness was attempted in children to test the viability of a research strategy based on private speech and used to explore the hypothesis of a link between self-awareness and inner speech, and to test directly this hypothesis by comparing the incidence of private speech in self-aware and control conditions. 32 children were asked to evaluate the attractiveness of pictures when in front of a mirror (a widely used self-focusing stimulus) and with no mirror. Reliably more favorable ratings of the images were predicted presuming intensification of affects in self-awareness. Private speech was recorded, with the prediction of a more important incidence of “introspective” self-verbalizations (for example, “Wow! I really like this picture!”) in the self-aware condition. None of these outcomes were obtained. Results are discussed in terms of previous attempts to manipulate self-awareness in children. It is suggested that the private speech paradigm does not appear to be a promising strategy when inner speech and self-awareness are considered.
Cognitive Strategies and Personality Variables in Adherence to Exercise
Authors: Welsh M. Cay , Labbé Elise E. , Delaney Deena
Published: August 2011

Variables associated with adherence to a 6-wk. jogging program were examined in a group of 26 sedentary women, who received instruction and reinforcement for their efforts: one group of 16 received instruction in cognitive self-statements; the other group of 10 did not. Measures included a battery of psychological questionnaires, percentage of body fat, weight, height, and distance run in a 12-min. test. Subjects maintained logs in which they recorded frequency and duration of exercise. Follow-up data were collected at 6-wk. and 6-mo. postprogram. Initial compliance was related to scores on the Self-motivation Inventory, the Type H (Hard-driving) scale of the Jenkins Activity Survey, and the State Anxiety Scale. At 6-mo. follow-up, none of the measures were significantly correlated with exercise frequency.
Effects of Selected Physical Activities on Global Self-Concept and Body-Cathexis Scores
Authors: Ford H. Thomas , Puckett John R. , Reeve T. Gilmour , Lafavi Robert G.
Published: August 2011

To measure the effects of participation in selected physical activities on scores of global self-concept and body-cathexis, 78 men in university physical education service classes participated 3 hours per week for 8 wk. in one of three activities: strength development, body building, or jogging for fitness. The total number of subjects was 113, with the additional 35 men serving as controls. For body-cathexis scores, significant differences were found in favor of the body-building and jogging groups as compared to those of the strength-development and control groups. On global self-concept scores, the body-building and jogging groups showed an increase on immediate retest, while the strength-development and control groups showed little change.
Assessment of Axis Ii Personality Disorders among Female Substance Abusers
Authors: Butler Stephen F. , Gaulier Bernard , Haller Deborah
Published: August 2011

16 female substance abusers were assessed for the presence of personality disorders using two structured interviews and two self-report questionnaires. Although high prevalence of personality disorders was detected by each instrument, there was little agreement among the four methods for assessing these disorders.
Simulation and Dissimulation on Alcoholism Inventories: The Alcadd and the Mast
Authors: Sinnett E. Robert , Benton Stephen L. , Whitfill Joleen
Published: August 2011

A group of 36 normal college students was administered the Alcohol Addiction Test and Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test under three conditions. Significant contrasts between the scores obtained under the honest and simulated alcoholism conditions showed that normal subjects can simulate alcoholism on these inventories.
Comparison of Special Education and Regular Students in Puerto Rico on the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
Authors: Porrata Jose Luis
Published: August 2011

The Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire for Children have been standardized for Puerto Rico. In this study the latter test was administered to 24 14-yr.-old boys in special education. No significant differences in scores on Neuroticism or Psychoticism were observed for these boys and 405 12-yr.-old regular students. Results are discussed in terms of the effectiveness of the special education program in Puerto Rico.
Coefficients Alpha for Components
Authors: Kaiser Henry F. , Norman Warren T.
Published: August 2011

The formula for coefficient alpha for a component is developed. Kaiser's special formula for coefficient alpha for a principal component and the Kaiser-Guttman Rule for the “number of components” are mentioned. A numerical example is added. It is conjectured that the sum of coefficients alpha is invariant under orthogonal rotation.
Single-Item Vs Multiple-Item Measures of Health-Related Quality of Life
Authors: Cunny Kelley A. , Perri Matthew
Published: August 2011

Many survey instruments measure health-related quality of life. Researchers can choose from instruments ranging in length from one to several hundred items. A small sample of 35 chronically ill adults self-administered the Short-form General Health Survey of the Medical Outcomes Study, a 20-item health-related quality-of-life measure with established reliability and validity. One specific item on the MOS questionnaire can serve as a single-item measure of health-related quality of life. This one item correlated positively and significantly with the over-all score for health-related quality of life. The results of this analysis support the use of this single-item measure of health-related quality of life when multiple-item instruments are not suitable due to limitations of resources or sample size.
Managing Countertransference: What the Experts Think
Authors: Hayes Jeffrey A. , Gelso Charles J. , Van Wagoner Steven L. , Diemer Roberta A.
Published: August 2011

The present study attempted to assess the importance of five factors theorized to play a central role in managing countertransference: Self-integration, Anxiety Management, Conceptualizing Skills, Empathy, and Self-insight. 33 experts provided ratings of 50 characteristics of therapists as to the importance of each in managing countertransference. Analysis indicated that each factor is at least somewhat important to management of countertransference, with two of the factors, Self-integration and Self-insight, rated as playing a particularly important role. Clinical implications are discussed.
Health Psychology: Status and Trends
Authors: Blancarte Ana L. , Murphy Kathleen J. , Reilley Robert R.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the present status and suggested trends in health psychology as reported by American Psychological Association Division 38 (Health Psychology) members. A 25-item mail-in survey was developed to obtain these data from a randomly selected sample of 300. Information includes a demographic description of the respondents, their selection of influential books, journals, and individuals, and their opinions regarding the current status and desirable future trends in the field of health psychology.
Effects of a School-Based Alcohol Education Program with a Media Prevention Component
Authors: Collins Donna , Cellucci Tony
Published: August 2011

The effects of an alcohol education presentation with a media component of public service announcements were evaluated. The presentation was conducted over three (consecutive) days with 10th and 11th grade students in a rural area of South Carolina. The professionally produced announcements focused on drinking and driving. 52 subjects were assigned by classroom to either of two treatment groups or a control condition. Both treatment groups received the educational presentation but differed in that Group 2 was also exposed to the videotaped announcements. Effects of exposure were evaluated in separate measures of knowledge, attitudes, and alcohol involvement, using a pre-posttest design, with a 1-mo. follow-up. Analysis showed an effect of over-all program on knowledge at follow-up, but none on attitudes or alcohol involvement. These findings and their implications are discussed in the context of previous evaluations of alcohol education programs and media efforts.
When are Aids Patients to Blame for Their Disease? Effects of Patients' Sexual Orientation and Mode of Transmission
Authors: Dowell Kathleen A. , Presto Charles T. Lo , Sherman Martin F.
Published: August 2011

This study examined three factors affecting college students' attributions of blame for an AIDS patient's disease: sexual orientation of the patient, mode of HIV transmission, and the sex of the subject. 148 subjects read one of six vignettes describing an hypothetical AIDS patient who was described as either an heterosexual or an homosexual man who contracted HIV through one of three avenues: blood transfusion, sexual contact, or TV drug use. The homosexual AIDS patient was considered more to blame for his illness than the heterosexual AIDS patient, but only when mode of transmission was sexual contact. In addition, mode of HIV transmission was a significant factor in attributions of responsibility, as the patient who contracted HIV through a blood transfusion was rated as less responsible than the patient who contracted HIV through sexual behavior or IV drug use. Women consistently rated the AIDS patient as less responsible than did men.
Effect of Reutilization of Retrieval Cues on Free Recall of a Text
Authors: Van Dam Gerrit , Brinkerink-Carlier Michèle
Published: August 2011

Undergraduates, 20 women and 25 men, studied an expository text containing only isolated paragraphs. Each paragraph was accompanied by a potential retrieval cue. During the retention interval experimental subjects received a sentence-completion task or a new learning task in which half of these cues were used again. Processing of interpolated textual materials appeared generally to hamper access to the original text. Moreover, reutilization of cues appears to reduce their evocative power with respect to the original text.
Relationships between Scores on Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence—Revised and Stanford-Binet IV
Authors: Carvajal Howard H. , Parks James P. , Bays Kimberly J. , Logan Robert A. , Lujano Carol I. , Page Gregory L. , Weaver Kenneth A.
Published: August 2011

The Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence—Revised and the Stanford Binet-Intelligence Scale: Fourth Edition were given to 51 preschool, kindergarten, first, and second grade students. Twelve of 15 Pearson correlations between Wechsler IQs and composite and area scores of the Stanford-Binet IV were statistically significant. It is apparent that the two tests measure similar, but not identical, concepts.
Leisure and Type A-B Behavior
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Hicks Gregory J. , Hicks Shelley Orlando
Published: August 2011

Of 334 undergraduates, 152 scoring ≥8 were classified as Type A and 182 scoring <8 as Type B. The groups did not differ in attitudes toward leisure activity, but Type A scorers claimed to spend significantly more time weekly in leisure activities than Type B scorers. This suggests Type A people live more intensely relative to Type B scorers.
Initiation of Dates and Anxiety among College Men and Women
Authors: McNamara J. Regis , Grossman Kandee
Published: August 2011

A dating questionnaire was completed by 248 undergraduate college students who were either dating someone in an exclusive relationship or were not going steady. Responses to this questionnaire by students not going steady with someone indicated that 54 college-age men were more active at initiating and more successful at getting dates than the 70 women. However, between one-half and three-fourths of the college women reported having initiated dates with men. Both sexes experienced considerable anxiety while initiating a date which suggests a self-help system might be designed to ameliorate this problem.
Suppressor Effects in the Relations of Psychological Variables to Resting Blood Pressure
Authors: Goldstein Harris S. , Edelberg Robert , Meier Carl F. , Davis Lee
Published: August 2011

The role of suppressor effects in obscuring the relation of psychological variables and blood pressure was studied. Forty-five nonmedicated patients in a family practice rated themselves relative to their peers on a series of characteristics. Two of these, trapped and lonely, exhibited marked suppressor effects in their relationship with each other and resting blood pressure. Self-ratings of lonely exhibited a moderately strong positive association with ratings of trapped ( r = .63) while only ratings of lonely showed a significant correlation with resting systolic blood pressure ( r = -.31). Yet when the suppressor effects of the ratings on feeling lonely were removed in the regression analyses, the ratings on feeling trapped showed a significant positive association with resting systolic pressure ( r =.42). Similarly, while neither ratings on feeling lonely or on feeling trapped showed separately a significant association with resting diastolic pressure, when suppressor effects were removed in the regression analyses, the ratings of trapped were significantly associated with diastolic pressure in a positive direction ( r = .34) and ratings of lonely were significantly associated in a negative direction ( r = -.33). The significance of this specific suppressor effect and the implications of suppression for psychosomatic research are discussed.
Sophomore Academic Retention Associated with a Freshman Study Skills and College Adjustment Course
Authors: Cone Al L.
Published: August 2011

Retention rates for two entering freshman classes were compared in the second semester of their sophomore year. Scores of 140 freshmen from the fall of 1988 were used to provide a regression equation which identified 70 of 250 freshmen in the fall of 1989 as being at academic risk. Those at risk in 1989 were enrolled in a study skills and college adjustment course. Freshmen at risk from 1988 who did not have the special course available had a 93% attrition rate as sophomores, while at-risk freshmen who took the special course in 1989 had an attrition rate of 47%. Although these results may be secondary to the improved GPAs and greater internality of locus of control reported in 1991 by Cone and Owens, it appears more likely that the results are related to the course.
Effect of Boredom Proneness on Time Perception
Authors: Watt John D.
Published: August 2011

As part of a larger study examining attribution differences in boredom, the effect of Boredom Proneness on perception of time passage was investigated in 110 undergraduates completing a tedious number-circling task. Highly boredom-prone individuals perceived time as passing more slowly during the task than low boredom-prone persons, but the two groups did not differ in their objective or chronometric time-passage estimates. The findings support the contention that depressed affect produces a subjective slowing of time but does not alter the perception of objective passage of chronometric time.
Cognitive Styles and Moral Reasoning
Authors: Mwamwenda Tuntufye S.
Published: August 2011

It was hypothesized that field-dependent persons would be reasoning at the conventional level, whereas field-independent persons would reason at the post-conventional level. Data from 7 female and 3 male graduate students in Canada supported the first hypothesis (8 field-independent vs 2 field-dependent scorers), but not the second one.
Self-Rated Competence, Current Weight, and Body-Image among College Women
Authors: Gibson Stuart G. , Thomas Cheryl D.
Published: August 2011

125 female undergraduates ( M age = 19.7 yr.) self-rated their academic, social, and psychological competence and were assessed with respect to current weight, weight concern, and body attitudes. Self-rated academic, social, and psychological competence were not related to current weight; however, less positive self-evaluations of social competence were related to weight concern, negative appraisals of appearance, and dissatisfaction with body parts. Subjective ratings of academic and psychological competence were not significantly associated with any of these variables.
Behavioral Consequences of Job-Related Stress among Resident Physicians: The Mediating Role of Psychological Strain
Authors: Jex Steve M. , Baldwin Dewitt C. , Hughes Patrick , Storr Carla , Conard Scott , Sheehan David V.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the correlations among stressors, psychological strain, and behavioral reactions in a national sample of 1785 resident physicians, 27 to 33 years old. Consistent with previous studies of resident physicians, analysis showed that those experiencing high job-related stressors experienced high psychological strain in both their personal and professional lives. Stressors were also correlated with behavioral reactions. Hierarchical regression suggested that psychological strain mediated the relations between two of the stressors and behavioral reactions to some extent. This was consistent with recent research suggesting that psychological reactions may mediate the relations between stressors and outcomes. Further research on both medical residency and the stressing process was suggested.
Bender-Gestalt Developmental Scores: Predicting Reading and Mathematics Achievement
Authors: Nielson Sue , Sapp Gary L.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relative importance of perceptual-motor processes and intelligence in predicting reading and mathematics achievement of children of low birthweight. Subjects were two groups of 153 children, ages 6 to 12 years, of either low (3 lb. or below, n = 72) or normal birthweight ( n = 81) who participated in a comparative study on sequelae of children of low birthweight. To examine the utility of the Bender-Gestalt test in predicting academic achievement, Bender developmental scores, WRAT reading and mathematics scores, and WISC—R Full Scale IQs from both groups were compared and then intercorrelated separately. The mean comparisons indicated that children of low birthweight scored significantly lower on both Bender scores and reading achievement and had lower IQs than those of normal birthweight. Bender scores also appeared to have more utility for predicting reading and mathematics achievement for children of low birthweight than for those of normal birthweight.
An Inventory to Measure Contact with Medical Health Care Professionals
Authors: Koman Joseph J.
Published: August 2011

The Koman Contact With Medical Health Care Professionals Inventory is described. It was devised to measure total contact including office visits and telephone calls with medical health care professionals as one component of self-report health-related questions. Use of this inventory indicated that women utilize medical health care professionals more than men.
MMPI Characteristics of the DSM-III—R Avoidant Personality Disorder
Authors: Schotte Chris , Maes Michael , Cluydts Raymond , De Doncker Dirk , Claes Machteld , Cosyns Paul
Published: August 2011

The clinical description provided by the MMPI Scale 0 (Social Introversion, Si) reflects an apparent and striking affinity with the DSM-III—R concept of the avoidant personality disorder which was here investigated by comparing the MMPI variables of 22 avoidant with 60 other, nonavoidant personality disordered inpatients. Both of the groups were diagnosed by use of a semistructured interview (SCID-II). The avoidant group obtained for mean MMPI profile a 2-6-7 ( D-Pa-Pt) code. Significant differences were found between groups on MMPI Scales 2 ( D), 7 ( Pt), 9 ( Ma), and 0 ( Si). ROC analysis of the diagnostic performance showed the importance and utility of the evaluation of Scale 0 ( Si) in the psychodiagnostic assessment of the avoidant personality disorder.
High School Study Habits and Early College Achievement
Authors: Matt Georg E. , Pechersky Barry , Cervantes Christi
Published: August 2011

The influence of high school study habits on achievement in high school and during the first semester of college was examined, using data from 159 female and 93 male freshmen. The same study habits that contributed to success in high school are unrelated to academic achievement during the first semester in college. The findings suggest that college freshmen need to acquire new study habits to be academically successful
Sex Composition of Family Sibships and Family Learning Environments
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin
Published: August 2011

This study examined relations between the sex composition of family sibships and measures of family-learning environments. In the sample were 883 Australian 11-yr.-olds and their parents. After taking into account the relations between family social status and the environment measures, the findings indicated that the number of brothers and the number of sisters of the 11-yr.-olds had differential associations with the measures of environment.
National Measures of Extraversion and Neuroticism and Suicide and Homicide Rates
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Correcting the methodological flaws in an original report by Lester in 1987 showed extraversion was not related to the homicide rate and the national measure of neuroticism was not related to the suicide rate for 18 industrial nations.
Contributions to the History of Psychology LXXXIV. Publication Trends in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis: A Review of the First Twenty Years
Authors: Blanchard Katherine A. , Caldwell-Colbert A. Toy , Noland LeAnn
Published: August 2011

Research articles published in the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA) during its first 20 years (1968-1987) are the focus of this review. It is an analysis of five target areas as these appear in 780 research articles published in JABA during this period. These areas include behavior(s), participant(s), setting(s), experimental design(s), and author(s) and are subdivided into more specialized categories for purpose of analysis. Results indicate that JABA has seen a variety of changes in what has been published. The implications for JABA, its history, policies, and future are discussed.
Geographical Concentration of Military Expenditures in the Middle East
Authors: Krus David J. , Webb James M.
Published: August 2011

An analysis contrasting the military expenditures of Middle Eastern countries with those of Western industrial nations indicated a pattern of high military expenditures associated with the Middle East geographical area. Interpretations of this association centering around cultural and religious factors are discussed.
Dealing with Romantic Jealousy by Finding a Replacement Relationship
Authors: Mathes Eugene W.
Published: August 2011

For Western Illinois University women, romantic jealousy (as measured on the Interpersonal Jealousy Scale) resulting from a terminated relationship correlated negatively with year in school, time since the terminated relationship, number of subsequent relationships, and the extent to which subsequent relationships provided rewards and self-esteem. For men at this university jealousy only correlated negatively with year in school.
Correlations among Wisc—R IQs and Several Measures of Receptive and Expressive Language for Children Referred for Special Education
Authors: Wiesner Myra , Beer John
Published: August 2011

For 42 children from rural north central Kansas school districts (27 boys, 15 gills) who were referred for Special Education testing, the WISC—R IQs (Full Scale, Verbal, and Performance), the means on the Expressive One Word Picture Vocabulary Test, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test—Revised, and the Test of Language Development were recorded from the children's files. No sex differences on any variable were noted; all variables correlated (Pearson) significantly but varied in magnitude. This group of tests, being intercorrelated, can be used to collect information on children's academic, speech, and language abilities. Valid judgments can be made regarding children's academic abilities for school when multiple tests are administered by professional staff.
Interpersonal Relations and Helping Norms among University Students of Japan, Taiwan, and Korea
Authors: Naito T. , Ibusuki R. , Lin W. , Rhee C.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the effects of interpersonal relations on some aspects of moral judgment among 68 Japanese, 70 Chinese, and 92 Korean university students. The subjects were asked to judge agents' acts in stories about varied helping situations which formed a factorial design: familiarity and kinship between subjects and the agent, those between the agent and the victim, and actions. Analysis showed that the two relationships between the agent and the victim significantly affected judgments in three cultures. The magnitudes of the effects of kinship between agent and victim varied across the cultures.
The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire: U.S. Normative Data
Authors: Cloninger C. Robert , Przybeck Thomas R. , Svrakic Dragan M.
Published: August 2011

The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire is a self-report personality inventory measuring three major personality dimensions: Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, and Reward Dependence. Normative data, based on a U.S. national probability sample of 1,019 adults, are presented and the psychometric properties of the questionnaire are discussed.
Perceptions of Leadership Traits: Comparison of Adolescent and Adult School Leaders
Authors: Morris G. Barry
Published: August 2011

This study compares the responses of 58 adolescent and 58 adult school leaders on the Leadership Traits Inventory. Adolescent leaders rank integrity, good listening, and knowledge or skills highest and rank compassion, consistency, and flexibility lowest. Adult leaders, in comparison, rank sense of purpose, integrity, and knowledge or skills highest and rank flexibility, compassion, and creativity lowest. Rank-order differences between the groups are significant. Adolescent leaders rank good listening and creativity significantly higher than adult leaders. Adults rank sense of purpose, consistency, and flexibility significantly higher than adolescents. Moreover, adolescent school leaders tended to be girls. The results are viewed in terms of leadership qualities, gender, and the developmental differences between adolescents and adults.
Self-Defeating Personality and Perceptions of Family Environment
Authors: Schill Thomas , Beyler Jane , Morales Joann , Ekstrom Bonnie
Published: August 2011

People scoring higher on a scale of self-defeating personality perceived their family environments as lacking cohesiveness. Men also perceived their family environments as discouraging open expression of feelings, being unconcerned about school and work achievement, and providing no ethical or religious values. Results were seen as lending validity to clinical theories of masochism which relate lack of family support and lack of reinforcement for assertive, efficacious behavior to the development of self-defeating behavior patterns.
Psychology of Computer Use: XXV. Locus of Control, Information-System Dialogues, and End-Users' Satisfaction
Authors: Meinert David B. , Festervand Troy A. , Lumpkin James R.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the correlation of locus of control and end-users' satisfaction for three computer dialogue treatments—question/answer, menu, and command language. In the present study, 390 subjects were classified as internally or externally oriented according to an abbreviated form of Rotter's I-E Scale. Subjects then utilized an information system possessing one of three randomly selected dialogues to solve a problem in selecting employees. Their over-all satisfaction with the system was measured. Analysis of variance did not support the hypothesis that locus of control is associated with users' satisfaction.
Changes in Learning Style Preference during a Three-Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Geiger Marshall A. , Pinto Jeffrey K.
Published: August 2011

Kolb's (1985) Learning Style Inventory and theories of learning preferences have stimulated much research and theory construction. A number of researchers have argued that, as students move through their college careers, their learning styles are likely to change significantly. This paper reports on the completion of a three-year study to assess the actual extent of change that occurred in a sample of college students. Our results offer mixed support for the proposition that students' learning styles change during the college experience.
Magical Thinking and Alcohol Labels
Authors: Springer John M. , Nagoshi Craig T.
Published: August 2011

31 men and 29 women were randomly assigned to conditions in which they drank water they had labeled as either WATER, ALCOHOL, or NOT ALCOHOL, then completed a mood measure. Subjects given the ALCOHOL label who reported low frequency of using alcohol had a significantly greater positive mood and a less negative mood than subjects in the other conditions.
Changing Multiple-Choice Test Answers: An Informal Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: August 2011

A number of studies performed primarily with students studying education and psychology suggest a generally held belief that more points are to be lost than gained by changing initial answers on multiple-choice tests. A survey of 442 undergraduate business students tended to confirm the results of a recent inquiry that implied business administration students appear to hold a similar belief.
Indeterminacy in Psychology
Authors: Smith David D.
Published: August 2011

There is an irreducible uncertainty in the prediction of human behavior because the dynamics of the brain, as a self-organizing system consisting of many millions of elements, are inherently indeterminate. Thus the Laplacian ideal of universal laws relating knowable causes to predictable effects cannot be realized in psychology.
Effects of Humorous Stimuli and Sense of Humor on Discomfort
Authors: Hudak Deborah A. , Dale J. Alexander , Hudak Mary A. , DeGood Douglas E.
Published: August 2011

The effects of humor on increasing discomfort thresholds were tested with Transcutaneous End Nerve Stimulation (TENS). Undergraduate students ( n = 31) with high or low scores on Martin and Lefcourt's Situational Humor Questionnaire were randomly assigned to a humor or nonhumor condition. Discomfort thresholds for TENS were assessed before and during treatment. There was a significant increase in discomfort thresholds in the humorous treatment compared to the nonhumorous condition. Evidence was found for subjects to smile “wryly” (an increase in zygomatic and corrugator tensions) more during humorous stimuli than nonhumorous stimuli when they were waiting to be stimulated with the TENS.
Personality and Attitude towards Religion among Adult Churchgoers in England
Authors: Francis Leslie J.
Published: August 2011

A sample of 165 regular churchgoers completed the short form of the Revised Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, together with the Francis scale of attitude towards Christianity. While the data demonstrate that the central thesis of Eysenck's theory relating personality with religious attitudes holds good among a religious sample, they also suggest that other aspects of personality theory and measurement relating personality with religious attitudes may function differently in a religiously committed sample than in more general samples.
Low MMPI Diagnostic Performance for the DSM-III-R Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Authors: Schotte Chris , De Doncker Dirk , Maes Michael , Cluydts Raymond , Cosyns Paul
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the diagnostic performance of the MMPI validity and clinical scales, and especially of Scale 7 ( Pt), for the DSM-III—R obsessive-compulsive personality disorder by comparing the MMPI variables for 24 obsessive-compulsive with those for 58 nonobsessive-compulsive inpatients. Both groups were diagnosed by semistructured interview (SCID-II). The obsessive-compulsive group obtained for the mean MMPI profile a 2-(6-l) ( D-Pa-Hs) code, with a tendency for a lowered Scale 4 ( Pd) score, compared to the nonobsessive-compulsive group. Neither the ROC analysis of the individual MMPI scales, including Scale 7 ( Pt), nor the analyses of frequency of two-point codes and elevated ( T>69) scales showed any clear indications of good diagnostic performance for the DSM-III—R obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.
Education and Experience as Factors in Effective Classroom Management
Authors: Morrison Thomas L.
Published: August 2011

Teachers' classroom management and students' work involvement were observed in 32 classrooms, Grades 4 to 6. Teachers with advanced professional education controlled a greater proportion of boundary-related activity in their classrooms. Their classrooms had more work involvement by students, less passive uninvolvement, and less anxiety was reported by students. Over-all, amount of teaching experience was unrelated to measures of classroom boundary management or students' work involvement or reported anxiety. Teachers with more experience at their current grade level did have classrooms with less anxiety. In this setting, systematic feedback or other guidance may be necessary to facilitate the development of more effective performance based on experience.
Teachers' Perceptions of Factors Contributing to Children's Social Status
Authors: Maag John W. , Vasa Stanley F. , Kramer Jack J. , Torrey Gregory K.
Published: August 2011

Factors related to children's friendships have been empirically related to social development and social status. Identifying specific factors related to peer status is important for teachers and counselors in recognizing children at risk for behavior and emotional problems. 370 teachers' global opinions about the importance of factors associated with peer status were assessed through a statewide survey. Analysis indicated that social skills, physical attractiveness, and outgoingness were the most frequently cited factors contributing to students' social status. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Rates of Attempted Suicide and Completed Suicide in European Community Nations
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Estimates rates of attempted suicide were moderately associated with rates of completed suicide in 1976 across seven European nations.
Junior and Senior Faculty Women: Commonalities and Differences in Perceptions of Academic Life
Authors: Johnsrud Linda K. , Wunsch Marie
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to explore the commonalities and differences in the perceptions of senior and junior faculty women regarding the barriers to success experienced early in academic careers. The population consisted of 22 pairs of junior and senior faculty women who participated in a mentoring program at a major public research university. Descriptive data indicate close agreement among junior and senior women faculty regarding the importance of the majority of potential barriers. Nonetheless, important differences exist. An exploratory factor analysis identified four underlying dimensions: personal security, work priorities, sense of belonging, and scholarly accomplishment. There was a significant difference between the two groups in their perceptions of personal security.
Reconsidering Response Sets, Test-Taking Attitudes, Dissimulation, Self-Deception, and Social Desirability
Authors: Merydith Scott P. , Wallbrown Fred H.
Published: August 2011

This paper provides a summary of an examination of three lines of personality research involving response sets, empirical keying, and social desirability. The roots of these respective constructs are traced from their origins in Wundt's laboratory through the classic works of Meehl and Hathaway and Edwards up to Cattell's current reconstructions which take the form of trait-view theory and perturbation theory. After a careful analysis of the research and theoretical formulations from these three areas, it is concluded that Cattell's (1986) perturbation theory not only provides the most comprehensive system for understanding how respondents systematically distort their responses on personality questionnaires but also provides a solid framework for multivariate studies designed to test and refine his formulations.
Changes in Nonverbal Behavior of Therapists and Depressed Patients during Cognitive Therapy
Authors: Yarczower Matthew , Kilbride Janet E. , Beck Aaron T.
Published: August 2011

Nonverbal behavior of 8 patients and 7 therapists during the first few minutes of 20 therapeutic sessions (either 2 or 3 per therapist-patient pair) was used as a baseline measure to assess whether there were systematic changes by the end of a single therapeutic session. The nonverbal behavior of both patients and therapists showed increases in prosocial behavior. Also, increases in signs of anxiety were noted in the nonverbal behavior of therapists. Significant correlations between nonverbal behavior of patients and therapists occurred for certain classes of behavior. It appears worthwhile to assess changes in nonverbal behavior during therapeutic sessions.
Locus of Control in Rural Southern Elementary Gifted Students
Authors: Karnes Frances A. , D'Ilio Victor R.
Published: August 2011

The locus of control as measured by the Nowicki-Strickland Locus of Control Scale was investigated for 68 rural, southern elementary gifted students, ages 8 to 14 years. The scores became more internal with older ages, and the girls ( n = 34) tended to have more internal locus of control across grades.
Police Department Policies: A Study of Correlates by City
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Police department characteristics were associated with characteristics of cities in an analysis for 57 American cities with populations over 250,000 in 1975.
The Use of the MMPI-2 in Conjunction with the Neo-Personality Inventory
Authors: Stein Melinda B. , Hackerman Florence R.
Published: August 2011

The combined use of the MMPI-2 Basic and Content Scales and NEO-Personality Inventory has produced data that describe the interplay of psychiatric disorders and personality traits. Diagnostic and clinical implications include the patient's coping style, flexibility, motivation, organization, and compliance in treatment.
Psychotherapists' Attitudes toward Observations of Nonverbal Communication in a Greeting Situation: I. Psychometrics of a Questionnaire
Authors: Åström Jan , Thorell Lars-Håkan , D'Elia Giacomo
Published: August 2011

A questionnaire was designed for the assessment of psychotherapists' attitudes toward nonverbal communication and their observation of it in a reference situation, i.e., the first time the therapist and the patient meet in a waiting room. The interrater reliability of the questionnaire was measured. Upon minor modifications, a final version of the questionnaire was completed, and the intrarater (test-retest) reliability, the discriminating capacity, and the homogeneity of the questionnaire were studied. The questionnaire has satisfactory psychometric qualities for use in research on nonverbal communication in psychotherapeutic greeting.
Self-Regulated Learning and Achievement by Middle-School Children
Authors: Sink Christopher A. , Barnett Jerrold E. , Hixon Jon E.
Published: August 2011

The relationship of self-regulated learning to the achievement test scores of 62 Grade 6 students was studied. Generally, the metacognitive and affective variables correlated significantly with teachers' grades and standardized test scores in mathematics, reading, and science. Planning and self-assessment significantly predicted the six measures of achievement. Step-wise multiple regression analyses using the metacognitive and affective variables largely indicate that students' and teachers' perceptions of scholastic ability and planning appear to be the most salient factors in predicting academic performance. The locus of control dimension had no utility in predicting classroom grades and performance on standardized measures of achievement. The implications of the findings for teaching and learning are discussed.
Reassessment of the Miller Social Intimacy Scale: Use with Mixed- and Same-Sex Dyads Produces Multidimensional Structures
Authors: Downs A. Chris , Hillje Eric S.
Published: August 2011

The dimensional structure of the Miller Social Intimacy Scale has not been assessed. This investigation examined internal reliability and principal components of the scale for nonspousal same- and mixed-sex dyads with 149 male and 210 female undergraduate students. Analyses yielded high internal reliability over-all and unique multidimensional structures for each dyad type. This clarifies and enhances subsequent use of the scale for studying intimate friendship patterns which vary in sex composition.
Monitoring and Postconfinement Treatment of Sex Offenders: An Urgent Need
Authors: Eisenman Russell
Published: August 2011

In addition to French's 1991 idea that we need to have treatment of sex offenders which carries over from prison to the real world environment, it is suggested that there is also an urgent need for (a) monitoring the sex offender after release from incarceration and (b) postconfinement treatment, similar to that provided by Alcoholics Anonymous.
Age Differences in Health Attitudes and Beliefs
Authors: Thorson James A. , Powell F. C.
Published: August 2011

In a telephone interview, samples of 196 older and 280 younger adults completed a series of 24 items designed to assess health beliefs. Differences may have implications for health care expenditures now and in the future.
Relationship of Computer Hassles, Somatic Complaints, and Daily Hassles
Authors: Hudiburg Richard A.
Published: August 2011

The relationships between computer hassles, measured by the Computer Technology Hassles Scale, daily hassles, measured by the Daily Hassles Scale, and somatic complaints, measured by the Hopkins Symptom Checklist, were investigated in a college sample of 103. Computer hassles were correlated .57 with daily hassles and .39 with somatic complaints. Daily hassles were correlated .62 with somatic complaints. In general, these measures were uncorrelated with computer experience or computer knowledge. The Daily Hassles Scale, a measure of stress, is a better correlate for the Computer Technology Hassles Scale, a measure of computer-related stress, than the Perceived Stress Scale.
Depression, General Anxiety, Test Anxiety, and Rigidity of Gifted Junior High and High School Children
Authors: Beer John
Published: August 2011

27 gifted students in junior high and high school from north central Kansas school districts were administered the Children's Depression Inventory, the Beck Depression Scale, Test Anxiety Scale, General Anxiety Scale, and Breskin's Rigidity Scale. Sex, age, and grade were not considered, as the sample was small. The gifted students' mean scores for depression were below the cut-off score while their test anxiety, general anxiety, and rigidity scores were at moderate levels. Pearson correlations were significant for Beck Depression with the Children's Depression ( r = .82) and General Anxiety Scales ( r = .60). Scores on the General Anxiety Scale correlated significantly with those on the Children's Depression Inventory ( r = .69) and the Test Anxiety Scale ( r = .55). Rigidity scores were not correlated significantly with any other measure and scores on the depression scales did not correlate significantly with those on the Test Anxiety Scale.
Comment on Large Gender Difference on Death Anxiety in Arab Countries
Authors: Templer Donald I.
Published: August 2011

The mean difference between men and women on the Death Anxiety Scale as found around the world seems to be higher in Arab countries. It was suggested that this is a function of larger sex-role differences in Arab countries.
Ego Identity Status and Family Environment: A Correlational Study
Authors: Willemsen Eleanor W. , Waterman Kristin K.
Published: August 2011

The study reported here investigated the relationship between individuals' perceptions of their families' functioning and of their own emerging identity. Individuation from the parents is closely intertwined with identity formation; families supportive of young people's separation and individuation more often have identity-achieved young people. 83 college students responded to an assessment of their perceptions of their families in 10 areas related to goals, separateness of family members, and over-all functioning. They also responded to the Extended Version of the Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status of Bennion and Adams. Correlations among family dimensions and the identity status scales indicate family factors were related to identity status in the following ways: Little conflict predicted the foreclosure identity status for both sexes. Identity achievement is related to aspects of family functioning differently for the two sexes. Indeed, gender-related aspects of family functioning best predict identity status. Valuing independence and achievements predicts men's identity achievement and emotional expression predicts women's identity achievement. Lack of family integration is related to the diffusion status in both sexes.
Teaching Professional Ethics to Undergraduate Counseling Students
Authors: Lamb C. Sue
Published: August 2011

Teaching ethics to undergraduates is a topic of increasing interest among mental health professionals; knowledge of ethics is particularly important to students who seek employment in agencies after graduation. This article describes methods of presenting ethics of practice both in a separate ethics course and as part of an undergraduate counseling practicum. Sources of materials used for course readings are presented.
Strategies for Success
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Among 60 college students, preference for competitive strategies for achieving success was associated with higher scores for an external locus of control and on the Type A personality scale.