bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Liturgia w Liber Pontificalis The liturgy in “Liber Pontificalis”
Authors: Nowak Jacek
Published: December 2021

Artykuł Liturgia w „Liber Pontificalis” rozpoczyna się od ukazania historii Liber Pontificalis, która pokazuje, że nie można mówić o jednym autorze tej księgi. Opracowanie jest podzielone na pięć części: 1. Msza Święta; 2. Sakrament święceń; 3. Rok liturgiczny; 4. Przestrzeń; 5. Inne przejawy związane z liturgią. Cztery części zawierają zagadnienia, które są w nich pogrupowane tematycznie, ponieważ dają pewną całość. Natomiast ostatnia część obejmuje problematykę występującą w pojedynczych zapisach. Krytyczne podejście do Liber Pontificalis, w zestawieniu biogramów z innymi źródłami historycznymi, ukazuje, że nie wszystkie normy przypisywane niektórym papieżom są wiarygodne. Te anachronizmy wynikają z faktu, że księga nie pochodzi od jednego autora, a szczególnie początkowe pontyfikaty były spisywane dużo później. Poza tym w tym dziele oprócz liturgii znajdują się informacje dotyczące innych dziedzin, które nie były przedmiotem badań tego opracowania.
Zarząd „kadłubowy” w spółce z ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością
Authors: Kawalec Grzegorz Adam
Published: December 2021

Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia zagadnienie zarządu „kadłubowego” w spółcez ograniczoną odpowiedzialnością. Omawiana instytucja prawa handlowego nie zostałaunormowana przez Kodeks spółek handlowych, lecz została wypracowana przez doktrynę.Autor w niniejszym artykule przedstawia typowe aspekty funkcjonowania zarządu – reprezentacjaspółki oraz prowadzenie spraw spółki przez zarząd „kadłubowy”. Analizując różnestanowiska wypracowane zarówno przez doktrynę, jak i orzecznictwo sądowe, Autor starasię pokazać, że ważniejszą kwestią od istnienia samego organu dla prawidłowego funkcjonowania spółki niezbędna jest odpowiednia liczebność organu w celu dokonania ważnychczynności prawnych w sferze zewnętrznej i wewnętrznej stosunków w spółce z o.o. Autorwskazuje również propozycje de lege ferenda, dzięki którym zarząd „kadłubowy” nie stanowiłbyproblemu dla prawidłowego funkcjonowania spółki w sytuacjach nadzwyczajnych.W końcowej części pracy Autor analizuje rolę kuratora w spółce pod względem jego uprawnieńzwiązanych z prowadzeniem spraw spółki oraz jej reprezentacją.
Wykorzystanie zagranicznego wyroku karnego w polskim postępowaniu cywilnym
Authors: Wasylkowska-Michór Magdalena Anna
Published: December 2021

Celem artykułu jest zidentyfikowanie najważniejszych problemów, które pojawiająsię przy interpretacji art. 11 Kodeksu postępowania cywilnego, który stanowi o warunkachzastosowania wyroku sądu karnego w postępowaniu cywilnym, w sytuacji kiedy zastosowany ma być zagraniczny wyrok karny. W związku z tym na wstępie artykułu,jako punkt wyjścia do dalszych rozważań, przedstawiony został wyrok Sądu Najwyższegoz dnia 27 marca 2013 r. w sprawie o sygnaturze akt V CSK 185/12, który przesądził,że art. 11 k.p.c. stosuje się również w odniesieniu do prawomocnego wyroku wydanegow postępowaniu karnym przez sąd państwa Unii Europejskiej. W dalszej części artykułuautorka przedstawia wątpliwości interpretacyjne związane z zastosowaniem art. 11 k.p.c,które mogą się również nasunąć, kiedy w grę wchodzi zagraniczny wyrok karny, związaneprzede wszystkim z pojęciem wyroku skazującego oraz charakterem i granicami związaniasądu cywilnego wyrokiem karnym.
Notes to the Study of the Oedipus Plot (Issues of Genesis, Evolution, Typology)
Authors:   Tomsk State University, Klimova Margarita N.
Published: December 2021

The Oedipus plot, which is based on the fate of an involuntary parricide and incestor, is one of the most famous in world literature and folklore. Various scientists from historians and ethnographers to psychoanalysts have tried to explain the story of Oedipus plot and incest as its plot-forming motif, but only interdisciplinary research can help to properly understand and adequately describe this “multi-layered” and time-varying phenomenon. Reflecting on V. Ya. Propp’s classic work “Oedipus in the Light of Folklore” (1944), the author of the article offers his own experience of the structural analysis of the famous plot, unfinished by his predecessor-folklorist due to the struggle against “formalism”. The typology of plot processing, proposed by Propp, also needs historical explicitation, due to the Propp’s timeless approach to the analyzed materials, which does not allow judging its evolution. Meanwhile, the Oedipus plot has passed through several stages in its development. Its archaic basis reflected the historical struggle of different forms of succession in a fabulous way. The story of Oedipus, which became one of the examples of the irresistible power of fate for ancient consciousness, found its ethical dimension in the tragedies of Sophocles. In the Middle Ages it was reinterpreted in the spirit of the Christian doctrine of repentance and absolution, becoming the basis of a number of legends about “sinful saints”, but later it lost relevance against the background of the Catholic trade in indulgences and the development of the idea of pre-destination among Protestants. A particular understudied stage in the evolution of the Oedipus plot is the period of its existence in Russia. It came to the Eastern Slavs through Polish media-tion only at the end of the Middle Ages in several versions at once and is represented in the Russian manuscript tradition by a group of “stories about an incestor”. These stories were actively rewritten for three centuries, went into East Slavic folklore and were reflected in the works of new Russian literature.
The properties of highly concentrated aqueous CH3COOK/Na binary electrolyte and its use in sodium-ion batteries
Authors: Khalid Shahid , Pianta Nicolò , Bonizzoni Simone , Mustarelli Percarlo , Ruffo Riccardo
Published: December 2021

Highly concentrated aqueous binary solutions of acetate salts are emerging as promising systems for advanced energy storage applications. Together with superior solubility of CH3COOK helpful in achieving water-in-salt electrolyte concentrations, the presence of CH3COOLi or CH3COONa permits intercalation of desired cations in electrode crystalline phases. Although these systems have captured profound scientific attention in recent years, a fundamental understanding of their physicochemical properties is still lacking. In this work, the thermal, rheological, transport, and electrochemical properties for a series of solutions comprising of 20 mol kg-1 of CH3COOK with different concentrations of CH3COONa are reported and discussed. The most concentrated solution, i.e., 20 mol kg-1 of CH3COOK with 7 mol kg-1 of CH3COONa came out to be the best in terms of a compromise between transport properties and electrochemical stability window. Such a solution has a conductivity of 21.2 mS cm-1 at 25°C and shows a stability window up to 3 V in “ideal” conditions, i.e., using small surface area and highly electrocatalytic electrode in a flooded cell. As a proof of concept of using this solution in sodium-ion batteries, carbon-coated LiTi2(PO4)3 (NASICON) demonstrated the ability to reversibly insert and de-insert Na+ ions at about -0.7 V vs. SHE with a first cycle anodic capacity of 85 mAh g-1, average charge efficiency of 96% at low current and a 90% capacity retention after 60 cycles. The very good kinetic properties of the interface are also demonstrated by the low value of activation energy for the charge transfer process (0.12 eV).
Violencia política y memoria restaurativa en Redoble por Rancas, de Manuel Scorza
Authors: Ait Nani Amal
Published: December 2021

En la década de 1970, Manuel Scorza publicó su primera novela, Redoble por Rancas, obra finalista del Premio Planeta 1969 y que forma parte del ciclo llamado La guerra silenciosa. Su enorme éxito internacional contribuyó a visibilizar el contexto trágico y violento de la sociedad andina del centro del Perú de mediados del siglo XX. Dentro de este marco, nuestra propuesta de análisis está orientada a explicar cómo se ejerce la imaginación en la mencionada novela cuando intenta representar la violencia política en sus múltiples dimensiones. Asimismo, buscamos comprobar cómo la ficción en Redoble por Rancas consigue proporcionar nociones acerca de la memoria colectiva, en la medida en que visibiliza las historias no contadas y silenciadas, y desde luego pone el dolor de las víctimas en la escena pública como un acto de justicia poética. Para ello, las nociones de memoria restaurativa (Vivanco, 2018) y justicia poética (Nussbaum, 1997) establecen las bases teóricas que apoyan nuestra indagación.
La argumentación en Valses y otras falsas confesiones, de Blanca Varela
Authors: Fernández Cozman Camilo
Published: December 2021

Un aspecto que se viene discutiendo en el ámbito de los estudios literarios es la dimensión argumentativa de algunos textos poéticos. El propósito de este artículo es reconocer y analizar la estructura argumentativa de algunos poemas de Blanca Varela en Valses y otras falsas confesiones (1972), por ejemplo, “Vals del ángelus”. La idea es segmentar el poema de Varela tomando en cuenta el exordio, la argumentación y la peroración final; luego distinguir las provincias figurales ligadas a técnicas argumentativas a partir de los enfoques de Giovanni Bottiroli, Chaïm Perelman y Lucien Olbrechts-Tyteca. Por último, se trata de enlazar la estructura argumentativa del texto poético con la perspectiva de Walter Benjamin para poner de relieve cómo Varela cuestiona la invisibilización de la mujer en el mundo contemporáneo.
ПОПЕРЕДЖЕННЯ ТРАВМАТИЗМУ ПІД ЧАС ПРАКТИЧНИХ ЗАНЯТЬ СТУДЕНТІВ У ТРЕНАЖЕРНОМУ ЗАЛІ
Authors: Конох А. П. , Баканова О. Ф. , Конох А. А.
Published: December 2021

У статті теоретично обґрунтовано профілактичні умови попередження травматизму в процесі практичних занять у закладі вищої освіти. Науковими дослідженнями та практикою фізичного виховання доведено, що систематичне виконання фізичних вправ сприяє зміцненню здоров’я, поліпшенню роботи основних систем організму. Проте виконання рухових дій повинно відбуватися за певними правилами, їх недотримання призводить до різноманітних травм, які негативно впливають на весь організм людини. На практичних заняттях у тренажерному залі студенти отримують значні фізичні навантаження, які відсутні в повсякденному житті. Водночас травматизм має місце в навчальному та тренувальному процесі. Правильно побудовані заняття сприяють попередженню різного роду травм. Отримання травми в процесі фізичного виховання серед студентів були й залишаються серйозною проблемою. Унаслідок травми виникає втрата робочого часу для надання першої допомоги й наступного медичного лікування та реабілітації потерпілого, що збитково для навчально-виховного процесу. Незважаючи на постійні зусилля організаторів фізичного виховання, травматизм на заняттях у тренажерному залі залишається значним, тому проблема травматизму на заняттях з фізичного виховання є актуальною. Отже, профілактика травматизму – найкращий засіб у боротьбі з травмами. У статті аналізуються результати формувального педагогічного експерименту, який показав ефективність упровадження запропонованого спеціального курсу «Попередження травматизму в тренажерному залі» в практичні заняття студентів. Вказується, що в контрольній групі студенти отримали п’ять легких і дві середні травми, а в експериментальній групі травм не зафіксовано, а це свідчить, що, окрім обов’язкового інструктажу з техніки безпеки, є необхідність запровадження додаткових спеціальних заходів з попередження травм у студентів під час занять у тренажерному залі. Доведено, що дотримання установлених норм, правил поведінки попередження травматизму та різного роду ушкоджень, отриманих студентами на заняттях під час практичних занять, дозволяє на належному організаційному рівні провести заняття, зберегти здоров’я, і життя студента.
ШЛЯХИ ВДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ ХОРЕОГРАФІЧНОЇ ПІДГОТОВЛЕНОСТІ СПОРТСМЕНОК У СПОРТИВНІЙ АЕРОБІЦІ
Authors: Шеховцова К. В. , Тищенко В. О.
Published: December 2021

Сьогодні виникають деякі складнощі під час тренування в спортивній аеробіці, особливо щодо хореографічного складника. Враховуючи специфічні тенденції розвитку цього виду спорту, бажано сприяти покращенню виразності рухів та композиційної підготовки. У роботі розглядаються напрями хореографічної підготовки з точки зору вимог до підготовки відповідних вправ. Мета дослідження – здійснити аналіз фахової літератури та обґрунтувати засоби і методи вдосконалення хореографічної підготовленості спортсменок у спортивній аеробіці. Об’єкт дослідження – навчально-тренувальний процес спортсменок у спортивній аеробіці. Предмет дослідження – засоби і методи вдосконалення хореографічної підготовленості спортсменок у спортивній аеробіці. Під час роботи використано методи теоретичного рівня дослідження: абстрагування, аналогію, аналіз, узагальнення, що спрямовані на виявлення проблем і суперечностей, пов’язаних із хореографічною підготовленістю спортсменок у спортивній аеробіці. Спираючись на положення кодексу підрахунку балів FIG, автори дослідження мали на меті проаналізувати відповідну літературу останніх років та визначити сучасні тенденції в підготовці хореографії з відповідним впливом на художню підготовку. Навіть якщо навчальні елементи підсилюють один одного, їх взаємозв’язок уже давно обґрунтовано, хореографічна підготовка набуває все більш чіткої самобутності, власної структурованої концепції, різних складних джерел походження. Здійснено спробу ранжування даних, що стосуються складників хореографічного руху, як вони аналізуються в літературі останніх років, щодо до особливих вимог до спортивної аеробіки. Подано структуру хореографічної композиції. Удосконалення хореографічної підготовленості спортсменок у спортивній аеробіці може бути довготривалим, адже воно пов’язано з освітніми знаннями та навичками спортсменок, які впливатимуть на якість виконання різних елементів. Тому необхідно застосовувати комплексний підхід для одночасного покращення танцювальних та фізичних якостей, синтезувати різні засоби та методи, дбати про всебічний розвиток спортсменок.
UUV Platform Optimal Design for Overcoming Strong Current
Authors: Kim Min-Gyu , Kang Hyungjoo , Lee Mun-Jik , Cho Gun Rae , Li Ji-Hong , Kim Cheol
Published: December 2021

This paper proposes an optimal design method for an unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) platform to overcome strong current. First, to minimize the hydrodynamic drag components in water, the vehicle is designed to have a streamlined disc shape, which help maintaining horizontal motion (zero roll and pitch angles posture) while overcoming external current. To this end, four vertical thrusters are symmetrically mounted outside of the platform to stabilize the vehicle’s horizontal motion. In the horizontal plane, four horizontal thrusters are symmetrically mounted outside of the disc, and each of them has the same forward and reverse thrust performances. With these four thrusters, a specific thrust vector control (TVC) method is proposed, and for external current in any direction, four horizontal thrusters are controlled to generate a vectored thrust force to encounter the current while minimizing the vehicle’s rotation and maintaining its heading. However, for the numerical simulations, the vehicle’s hydrodynamic coefficients related to the horizontal plane are derived based on both theoretical and empirically derived formulas. In addition to the simulation, experimental studies in both the water tank and circulating water channel are performed to verify the vehicle’s various final performances, including its ability to overcome strong current.
Stone Scissors Paper. A Trilogy of Papers
Authors: Salter Leah , Kebbe Lisen , Simon Gail
Published: December 2021

This is a trilogy of papers about land and people and the ecology they create together. Leah lives on the coast in South Wales. Lisen lives on the island of Gotland in Sweden. Gail lives in Yorkshire in the north of England. What connects us and our writings is the land, its history, its place in industry and what we do and don’t see. The cuts in the land reflect the cuts in our minds, unnegotiated edits in our stories, and disconnects in political discourses. This trilogy of papers documents some of these cuts and joins. We speak about the land we walk on and the stories told about it. We point to scars in the landscape and ask how they connect with those in the lungs and on the wrist. The landscape of the present holds clues about its past and its future. And the timescapes in the writings evoke a necessity to connect time and place, human and non-human colonising and liberatory methods and live with a maddening, flickering lenticularity (Pillow, 2019).
Panmorphic Crisis: Cultural Rupture and Systemic Change
Authors: Simon Gail
Published: December 2021

The systemic community has cultivated a talent for living with perturbation and a graceful approach to not knowing. In this extremely unsettled era of what I am calling panmorphic crisis so much is in urgent need of our attention. In this paper, I discuss some of the many systems in play creating this panmorphic crisis and discuss the impact of changing temporality. Our existing approaches to therapy and the training of practitioners may not be enough to see us out of one era and meet the needs of a new, emergent world. To create a state of preparedness to change may involve some degree of fundamental overhaul structurally and theoretically. I go on to consider approaches to disruption and consider the homeostatic pull towards restorative positions. Crises create opportunities for not only exploring ideas and practices which we take for granted but also for re-organising the cultural foundations on which we build worlds with each other. I reflect on how the myth of return-to-normal is a dangerous agenda when the culture being restored is infused with historical social injustices. In order for systemic therapy and training programmes to make changes that are culturally relevant, we need to study and alter the impact on our work of colonising and pathologising practices and theory. I discuss systemic liminality, its limits and the impact of disruption to our cultural rhythms. Later, I propose the concept of Stolpersteine, stumbling blocks, to help us encounter hidden histories and our prejudices, and offer some questions for us to consider in our undertaking to decolonise and depathologise our practice and theory to meet the challenges of transmaterial living systems.
A Critical Approach to the Inclusion of the Revised Bloom’s Taxonomy in Active Skills for Reading: Book 1
Authors: ULUM Ömer Gökhan
Published: December 2021

Bloom’s Taxonomy was produced in 1956 by the educational psychologist Benjamin Bloom with the aim of fostering higher order thinking skills in education. In time, the original taxonomy was revisited by applying some changes. This up to date taxonomy mirrors a more active style of cognition and is possibly more precise. The revised one developed the practicality of the taxonomy by employing action words. There are six steps of cognitive domain in the revised version, the levels of which are conceptually different. These are remembering, understanding, applying, analyzing, evaluating, and creating in the revised version and they are beneficial in forming learning outcomes since specific verbs are particularly suitable for each level. Accordingly, this paper focuses on exploring how the revised Bloom’s taxonomy is contained in the reading questions of an EFL reading course book. Therefore, two research questions were promoted to respond to the cognitive skills in the revised taxonomy. The first research question aims at evaluating the lower level while the second one hints on the higher cognition level. The analyzed EFL reading course book was inquired through descriptive content analysis method. The results of the study displayed that the assessed reading course book lacks the higher level cognitive skills underlined in the revised Bloom’s taxonomy. Thus, related assumptions have been produced to suggest how the reading course books which are being produced or will be produced should refer to the revised Bloom’s taxonomy while assessing reading comprehension.
Postglacial paleoceanology of the Barents sea
Authors:   Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Ivanova E.V. , Murdmaa I.O. ,   Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: December 2021

The Chapter presents reconstructions of ice sheet boundaries, surface- and bottom-water environments in the Barents Sea for several postglacial intervals. The evolution of the basin during deglaciation is considered in relation to climate changes in the Northern Hemisphere and variations in the intensity of Atlantic water inflow from the last glacial maximum to the Holocene. Particular attention is paid to changes in the dominant sedimentation processes and to diachronous character of deglaciation. Reconstructions are based on our own (more than 30 deep-sea cores) and published data with the account for the available regional schemes of deglaciation. The early stage of degradation of the Scandinavian-Barents Sea ice sheet was completed by the beginning of the Bølling-Allerød interstadial. This warming was characterized by a significant increase in the Atlantic water penetration in the Barents Sea linked to a re-organization of global thermohaline circulation. The new increases in the Atlantic water inflow into shelf depressions occurred at the end of Younger Dryas and in Preboreal. In the Holocene, glaciomarine sedimentation was replaced by the marine hemipelagic one in the deep troughs and depressions.
On climatic changes in the temperature of the Barents Sea and their possible causes
Authors:   Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Serykh I.V. , Kostianoy A.G. ,   Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: December 2021

Analysis of the monthly average temperature data of the Barents Sea at various depths showed its significant increase over the past decades. Against the background of this growth, temperature fluctuations were detected with periods close to the periods of El Nino – Global atmospheric oscillations, North Atlantic fluctuations and changes in the North Atlantic current. Analysis of daily average temperature data of the Barents Sea surface showed an increase in the amplitude, number and duration of extreme temperature phenomena with a positive sign and a decrease in extreme temperature phenomena with a negative sign for the period of satellite observations
Satellite altimetry of the Barents sea
Authors:   Geophysical Center of Russian Academy of Sciences, Lebedev S.A. ,   Federal State Budget Education Establishment of Higher Professional Education Maykop State Technological University, Kostianoy A.G. ,   Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Popov S.K. ,   Hydrometeorological Scientific Research Center of the Russian Federation
Published: December 2021

Satellite altimetry data are used for investigation of the sea level variability and sea ice cover retreat in the Barents Sea in 1992−2018. The data from ERS−1/2, ENVISAT, SARAL/AltiKa, and Sentinel-3A/3B satellites were used in this study. An increasing trend of the sea level of about 2.31 mm/yr was observed in this time period, which caused a total increase in the Barents Sea level by about 6 cm. Linear trends of the sea level change varied from 1.84 mm/yr in July to 4.29 mm/yr in September. The average velocity of the ice edge retreat along the tracks in the northeastern direction is of 10.9 km/yr for the same period. It was found that the ice edge displacement rate tends to increase by 0.30 km/yr per a degree in longitude in the eastward direction. Thus, the ice edge retreat along the “eastern” tracks goes faster than along the “western” ones, which is likely explained by a change in the water dynamics in the Barents Sea.
Some geochemical features of the major element composition of the surface bottom sediments of the Barents sea
Authors:   Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Gordeev V.V. , Demina L.L. ,   Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Alekseeva T.N. ,   Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: December 2021

The results of determination of the major element composition of 34 surface bottom sediment samples of the Barents sea are presented in this chapter. The main sources of sedimentary material supply to the sea – river discharge, aeolian input and other – were considered. It was shown that the available own and literature data did not allow to obtain an adequate estimation of entering sedimentary material balance in the sea. The comparison of the compositions of bottom sediments (sands, aleurites, pelites) and of predominated in the sea basin rocks has demonstrated the prevailed terrigenous material input. The interdependences between all major elements in bottom sediments and their grain-size composition were considered in details. It was established that the well-known interrelationships with the politic sediment fraction took place for all elements except Mn – increasing their contents along with growth of pelitic fraction. The exception is SiO2 and CaO, they demonstrated the highest content in the coarse fractions. The Mn behavior is unusual one. Mn concentrations in the sediments of the south-western part of the sea is almost independent on the share of the pelitic fraction that is very unexpected. At the same time the sediments from the north-eastern part of the sea are very enriched by Mn – up to 1.0−1.5%. The probable reasons of such type of this metal distribution in the sediments are discussed. On a base of the results available the fragmental maps of Al, Fe and Mn oxides distribution in the bottom sediments were constructed. The conclusion was made that our new data supported the classical type of the prevailed terrigenous sediment formation in the Barents Sea.
Cation-exchange properties of sediments in the Central depression of the Barents Sea
Authors:   Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novikov G.V. , Sychkova G.I. ,   Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: December 2021

The article presents data on the study of cation exchange properties of sediments in the Central depression of the Barents Sea relative to heavy metals. The experiments were carried out both on sediments of natural moisture and on sediments after removal of sludge water. The maximum values of the equilibrium exchange capacity of sediments containing and not containing silt water practically coincide and are (in mg-eqv/g) in Mn, Ni, Zn, Cd – 0.20-0.28; Pb – 0.28-0.40; Cu – 0.36-0.66. According to the obtained values of the exchange capacity of precipitation belong to the class of adsorbents. The influence of sediments size and concentration of metal salt solutions on the exchange capacity of precipitation was studied. It is concluded that, on the one hand, precipitation contributes to the circulation of heavy metal cations in the marine environment, on the other hand, sediments can be considered as cleaners and pollutants of marine waters.
A Comparative Study of Using Risk Adjusted Discount Rate and Historical-Based Monte Carlo Simulation to Evaluate Risk/Uncertainty in Oil and Gas Investment
Authors: Lidyanto D. I.
Published: December 2021

This paper presents a comparative analysis of the use of two methods, Risk Adjusted Discount Rate (RADR) and Monte Carlo Simulation, in evaluating the risks and uncertainties in an oil and gas investment proposal. Basically, RADR method is the same as the usual discounted cash flow. But the discount rate already considers any risk/uncertainty that a project will face. Thus, some percentage, based on trusted publisher, will be added to the discount rate. While using monte carlo simulation, an economic model, with base discount rate, will be evaluated by creating hundreds of possible iterations that continually change the major economic assumption based on historical data such as production, capital expenditure, operating expenditure, oil and gas price. The purpose of this paper is to compare the use of two methods, RADR and Historical-Based Monte Carlo Simulation in evaluating risk/uncertainty in oil and gas investment proposal. There are four real oil and gas projects which will be evaluated: Project 1 (Gas Development Project), Project 2 (Shallow Water Development Project), Project 3 (Offshore Development Project), and Project 4 (EOR Development Project). The Net Present Value (NPV) of each project with those two methods will be evaluated and analyzed. The comparison study shows that NPV Calculation with Historical-Based Monte Carlo Simulation tend to have higher NPV. This is important to maintain the level of project attractiveness. Historical Based Monte Carlo Simulation method also shows the real risks and uncertainties because it is based on the historical data. Besides, this method gives real picture of what the project might face in the future instead of allowing static variables to be introduced into potential dynamic model. However, to make Historical-Based Monte Carlo Simulation robust, complete historical database is needed. While, Risk Adjusted Discount Rate method can simply be used by trusted publication.
Inspection of Production Tubing Thickness to Extend Well Operation Time With Thicktube Robot at Pertamina EP Asset 5 Field Sangasanga
Authors: Hidayat T. R.
Published: December 2021

PT Pertamina EP Field Sangasanga is committed to completing the work program that is launched every year. It is expected to support the 2020 production target of 5380 BOPD as written in the 2020 Work Program. One of the efforts to increase the production rate of Field Sangasanga is to do Well Service Maintenance (WSM). Data of different failures during performing WSM work are collected. The frequency of breakdowns and size of loss were identified and analyzed employing quality improvement tools are; Pareto and Fishbone Diagram. Results indicate that tubing leaks cause 51.6% of the potential loss. Tubing often leaks because the wall thickness is less than the minimum. Root-cause-analysis highlights that most failure in the tubing is caused by the existing inspection tool cannot check the entire thickness of the tubing surface. Leaky tubing leads to many problems, such as increased work time, operational costs, and loss of production. We developed an inspection robot named Thicktube, which uses simple Arduino programming, equipped with a VL53L0X proximity sensor for measurement, SMS feature, and micro-SD feature. The Thicktube is fitted with a motor speed of 0.36 m/s driven by a battery remote control. With three sensor angles, Thicktube is designed to measure the thickness of the tubing as much as 27 points on one joint dimension along 9 meters. The test to compare the result is measured using Thicktube and Ultrasonic Thickness. Thicktube has a measurement accuracy of 82% with a measurement resolution of 1 mm. Thicktube as a preliminary tubing inspection can reduce the incidence of downtime due to leaky tubing. By applying Thicktube tools, a company can save up to Rp. 3.1 billion. In addition, the potential hazards of pulling out the tubing can be avoided.
Detect Oil Spill in Offshore Facility using Convolutional Neural Network and Transfer Learning
Authors: Raharjo D.
Published: December 2021

The oil spill has a detrimental effect on the environment due to its pollution and long-term damage to sea wildlife. As the facility ages, the pipeline leak may increase as integrity reduces due to corrosion or erosion and worsens by minimal maintenance activity. To detect the oil leak, some assessments in the United States statistically found that leak detection system (LDS) effectiveness is less than 20% based on Aloqaily and Arafat (2018). Probably, LDS might not always give a satisfactory result to detect leaks and oil spills and may need to rely on other manual surveillance. Nevertheless, due to limited personnel and the large area of interest, oil spill usually goes undetected until local people and fishermen report it. In an oil spill case, having an early notification is crucial to limiting the leakage and improving mitigation time. To put it in perspective, one of the largest oil spills is the Deepwater Horizon, with an estimation of oil discharged around 4.1 – 4.9 million bbls, and legal fees cost up to 61.6 billion dollars. Looking at this number, we can estimate how important it is to stop oil spills at the very initial of occurrence to minimize environmental damage. This paper aims to exhibit a new approach in oil spill detection using deep convolutional neural networks and transfer learning. We develop an “artificial eye” to automatically classify the surrounding image and identify external manifestations to detect oil spills. We offer a concept upon how we leverage artificial intelligence to automatically classify a stream of the picture, whether it is an oil spill or not. Furthermore, we introduce an IoT and drone technology concept to maximize it to survey the pipeline path regularly. The image captured by these devices is then fed through a deep learning classifier model that decides whether the leak is present or not. By utilizing this technology, we hope to create automatic early notification if leakage occurs so that the oil spill combat team can cure the problem as fast as possible before the leak expands further.
Millennial Green Drilling: Deliver More with Less (Solution to the Drilling Operations)
Authors: Kusumawardhani D.
Published: December 2021

The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic spread across the oil and gas industry, which required a rapid change on the way we deliver drilling activity and avoid operational disruption. To assure continuous offshore Jackup drilling operations, an Operator in East Java area and Schlumberger decided to implement Performance Live digitally connected service. It reduces the risk of virus transmission as well as substitutes the requirement for logistic and related costs for personnel onboard. The multiskilled and multistage of one crew came in conjunction with a digital ecosystem to deliver safer and higher-performing operations with less personnel onboard, resulting in carbon footprint reduction. This initiative reduced the operator Operations wellsite crew size and enabled performing most analytical tasks from the office environment. Using this approach, the operation was successfully conducted with zero HSE or service quality incidents. In addition to the ability to proceed with the operations, rig crew size was reduced by 33% from standard configuration, which lowered carbon print by the same amount. Background and Challenges: The objective of the drilling campaign was to increase oil production in operator’s concession operating block from the carbonate reservoirs by drilling an exploration well in 2020. Known as one of the toughest areas in Indonesia for drilling conditions, this basin has a high possibility of total losses environment and massive thick limestone that posed high stick/slip and shock and vibration. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic crisis added unprecedented uncertainty and posed many challenges for the operator ensuring business continuity and drilling operations, especially with regards to health, safety, and operational considerations where operations would be conducted with tough logistics and people movement.
Determining Well Growth in High Temperature Well by History Matching to the Production Data
Authors: Nurdin S.
Published: December 2021

In normal approach, well growth is predicted using simulation software based on well construction, reservoir fluid, pressure, and temperature data. In the new approach proposed in this paper, the well model was validated with the production data record by confirming the production rate, downhole and surface temperature. This validation process was carried out through history matching process. This validated model is then used for further analysis, including forecasting potential future well growth in the future. In order to get reliable data for model validation, the production data must be grouped in to several category based on flow rate and duration of flow. This is to ensure the well has produced long enough at certain rate until the well temperature has stabilized with very minimum changes. As the temperature stabilized and the well has reached steady state condition, the well growth measurement become more consistent. Through the history matching process, the forecast of well growth is closer to the actual measurement compare to the conventional method that is tend to be over estimates or under estimates. This paper will provide a comparison the existing method of determining growth in high temperature well, broaden the knowledge of the audience and the reader.
Batch Production: A Success Story to Improve Oil Production in Mature Fields in Medco E&P, South Sumatera
Authors: Elthaf N. S.
Published: December 2021

X and Y fields are mature fields with almost 400 wells have been drilled since 1996. Many wells have been shut-in for a long time due to producing below economical limit of 10 BOPD. Several reasons are due to depleted reservoir pressure, watered out, and low reservoir quality. Long shut-in time allows the reservoir pressure to build up and improve. On the other side, good waterflood and pressure maintenance efforts also improved the reservoir pressure and oil recovery potential. Many wells become potential for reactivation. In 2018, 5 (five) wells were reactivated after a long period of shut-in. However, the initiatives were not entirely effective due to lack of established method for candidates selection and prioritization applied. Not all wells can be monitored and reviewed thus resulting in lacking of reactivation candidates. In 2019, a more comprehensive method named “Batch Production” is introduced. It is an end-to-end selection process which consists of 5 (five) lenses: well screening, reservoir aspect review, operational aspect review, prioritization, and execution and monitoring. After implementing “Batch Production” method in 2019, we successfully reactivated 35 (thirty five) wells in 2019 – 2020 with total initial gain of 1062 BOPD, which are significantly higher than 2018 result of 5 (five) wells with 184 BOPD gain. Telisa reservoir has higher initial oil gain compared to Baturaja reservoir which were mostly driven by reservoir pressure increment. This result proves how “Batch Production” method is effective and covers all the important aspects in well reactivation. It also helps the operation team by streamlining the process of reactivating a well. No additional cost such as rig intervention or well stimulation is needed in this method, making this initiative as cost-effective yet very profitable for mature fields.
Spatial Data Visualization in Augmented Reality for Facility Operations and Asset Monitoring in Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Diatmiko E. B. A.
Published: December 2021

Conventional and inadequate facility monitoring and planning commonly addressed severe consequences, including a significant amount of time allocation, which might lead to disruption in public service provision, cost, property damage, injuries, and fatalities. This study aims to answer the challenges in conventional facility monitoring and construction planning in the oil and gas industry by utilizing emerging technology, Augmented Reality (A.R.), and GIS integration. This research presents a new workflow involving site suitability analysis, field data collection, data visualization that integrates GIS capabilities, mobile technology, and A.R. connected seamlessly, called GIS-AR. Based on the results of this study, with approximately 1.6 meters measurement deviation, less operating time (< 10 seconds), and few workers involved (only one person), GIS-AR implementation showed benefits in facility operations, monitoring, and planning in the oil and gas industry. Those values answered the challenges faced by the industry in time management and worker efficiency, at which the cost can be potentially saved up to 98%. The convergence of GIS, web mapping, mobile technology, and A.R. implies the emergence of location-based systems and, in sequence, the diminishing use of traditional analog maps by smartphone users. This convergence supports a new way of spatial data exploration.
A Holistic Approach to Achieve Excellence in Pipeline Security Using "SOLIDS"
Authors: Rais M.
Published: December 2021

Indonesian oil and gas transporter, PT Pertamina Gas (Pertagas), has a special task to operate the Tempino to Plaju Crude Oil Pipeline (TPCOP) to deliver 15,000 barrel-oil per day (BOPD) crude oil. Pertagas faced a big challenge and concern in the operation due to the frequent illegal tapping activities and risk of pipeline product theft. In 2012, 748 illegal taps cases or equal to a daily average of 2 cases were reported. The loss from crude oil transportation was approximately 40% per day and loss revenue was more than $20 million a year. Moreover, illegal tapping by cutting into pipelines can cause pipeline ruptures and explosions, leading to human casualties, destruction of property, and damage to the environment. Pertagas reported that illegal taps have increased to 400% from year 2010 to the year 2013. Efforts were taken to minimize the illegal tapping frequency by developing an integrated system that includes supervision and security of assets along the pipeline called “Security and Oil Losses Management with Integrated Detection System (SOLIDS)”. This system consists of Asset Management System (AMS), Liquid Management System (LMS), Leak Detection System (LDS), security patrol, Emergency Response Team (ERT), and is supported by Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) programs. The implementation of SOLIDS proved to be an effective oil loss detection technology and pipeline security control that detects product thefts quickly and locates illegal tapping points accurately, so protective measures could be applied immediately. The implementation showed a good result. Pertagas has been succeeded in reducing losses from illegal taps from 748 cases in 2012 to zero cases in 2018. Consistent implementation of this system will provide a solution in reducing losses and illegal tapping under all operational conditions.
Digitalization of Decommissioning Cost Estimation Process for Upstream Assets
Authors: Lah M. B. C.
Published: December 2021

The paper provides an insight on how has addressed PETRONAS has addressed its pain points on limited resources, simplified work processes with reliable auditable tool for decision making through digitalization. PETRONAS is currently performing its annual budgetary assessment for all Malaysia assets which consist of more than 300 platforms with close to 600 pipelines and other assets eg. terminals, subsea systems & floating structure. With limited timeline and resources to establish decommissioning cost, the consistency and quality is vital for estimating work to improvise process efficiency and cost effective via digitalization. The process improvement requirements are pooled and possible digitalization takeovers are studied in detail via stakeholder engagements, technical workshops and lessons learned analysis. The method is solely based on digitalization of bottoms-up cost estimation process which has been embedded in a single tool to fix and standardize all technical and commercial basis. The tool has been developed with taking into all technical and commercial aspects in decommissioning offshore assets. Twelve base options which include reefing options, cutting methodologies, cost sharing execution strategies have been embedded in the tool. Based on the digital approach, it has been proven that cost estimation process duration has been optimized up to 60% for all Class V- and Class IV decommissioning cost estimates which is equivalent to 3,600 manhours for 1000 facilities. Furthermore, consistency in cost estimation approach and robustness in developing cost estimates for multiple options for decision making has been guaranteed with the centralization cost estimating approach via digital platform. Centralized digital depository of the technical inputs, basis and assumptions are also crucial to ensure this essential data could be retrieved in the future as most decommissioning projects would only be executed during the tail end of a facility’s production life.
Transitioning from Time Based to Risk Based Inspection (RBI) for Static Equipment at Banyu Urip Facility
Authors: Novitasari R. A.
Published: December 2021

This paper discusses the strategies, implementation, and benefits of the transition from time-based to risked-based inspections (RBI) for static equipment in Banyu Urip Facility. A review of facility integrity programs was conducted to pressure vessel (PV) and tank inspection results to assess the effectiveness of associated integrity programs. This data was utilized as a basis for risk assessment to determine if an RBI program was fit for the purpose to extend inspection intervals for static equipment. The implementation of RBI in Banyu Urip Facility began with carbon steel pressure vessels and tanks. These static equipment were jointly evaluated by multiple functions to ensure seamless execution and timely analysis of data. Inspection packages were developed, which considered applicable degradation mechanisms to select representative test points and ensure consistency for future inspection. All inspection packages consisted of general arrangement drawings depicting vessels and associated test points. Once reviewed and approved, this information was documented in Asset Integrity Management Software to streamline future campaigns. Each vessel was independently evaluated for RBI suitability including the identification of credible failure mode and details of potential future inspection requirements. Outcomes of this evaluation were transmitted into fit for risk inspection interval that provides cost reduction opportunity while maintaining equipment integrity. Furthermore, it also help to drive focus toward higher criticality equipment. This approach is also being considered for other types of static equipment, including piping and PSV.
Onshore Site Restoration; Overview and Lesson Learned
Authors: Atmaja G. P.
Published: December 2021

Ministerial Regulation of Energy and Mineral Resources (PerMen ESDM) No. 15/2018 and PTK-040 (PTK–040 /SKKMA0000/2018/S0) rev-1, which serve as the recent abandonment and site restoration (ASR) legal basis, mandated Oil and Gas upstream activity to perform EBA (Environmental Based Assessment) prior to or at the contract expiration date, or end-of-contract (EOC). The result of EBA which leads to ASR planning and activities, includes well plug & abandonment (P&A), facility decommissioning, and site restoration activities. The purpose of site restoration is to eliminate environmental risks by performing clean-up of the identified impacted sites from upstream exploitation and production operation activities. Onshore site restoration activities, as part of ASR, refers to several technical regulatory references. They include Ministerial Regulation of Environment (PerMenLH) No. 33/2009 concerning step-by-step Site Restoration Activity (site clearing, delineation, excavation, sampling, segregation, treatment), Governmental Regulation (PP) No. 101/2014 Attachment V. concerning reference of target analyte parameter and criteria, and Ministerial Decree of Environment (KepMenLH) No. 128/2003 on treatment method. This paper intends to provide information, which include overview, and lessons learned from onshore site restoration, as part of ASR activities, to stakeholders who may be subject to ASR implementation.