bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric nurse's perceptions of their interactions with people who hear voices: A qualitative systematic review and thematic analysis
Authors: McCluskey Anita , Watson Chanel , Nugent Linda , O’Connor Tom , Moore Zena , O’Brien Niall , Molloy Luke , Patton Declan
Published: April 2022

Accessible Summary

What is known on the subject?

There is no qualitative systematic review of nurses' perceptions of their interactions with people hearing voices. There are some studies exploring the interventions provided by community psychiatric nurses to people hearing voices; these give a sense of what interactions may contain.

What the paper adds to the existing knowledge?

Nurses across both community and inpatient mental healthcare settings feel uncertain about how to interact with people hearing voices, sometimes feeling like they can do little to help. Their interactions are affected by the workplace culture, education and training and concern for their own safety. Nurses rely on a therapeutic relationship for all interactions.

What are the implications for practice?

This is an under investigated area of mental healthcare. None the less this qualitative systematic review highlights that nurses are unclear about how to interact with service users hearing voices with the resultant outcome that service users in great distress may only be receiving minimal benefit from their interactions with the nurses caring for them.

Aims and Objectives

The aim of this qualitative systematic review and thematic analysis was to identify and synthesize results from studies that explored psychiatric nurses' perceptions of their interactions with service users experiencing auditory hallucinations (hearing voices).

Method

Qualitative systematic review and thematic analysis.

Results

Five studies that met the inclusion criteria were identified. Nurses reported that they felt uncertain about what to do for service users hearing voices, struggled to have interactions with voice hearers, but greatly valued the therapeutic relationship with service users. Nurses also reported that they required more education and training on how to interact effectively with people hearing voices. Finally, various workplace challenges were identified as an important factor mediating nurse interaction with service users hearing voices.

Discussion

Existing evidence shows that nurses lack clarity about how they can interact effectively and in a way that helps service users who are hearing voices. Significant barriers that they must overcome in order to be more certain of their role in caring for people hearing voices are difficult to engage service users and workplace challenges that were not conducive to helpful interactions and conversations.

Implications for Practice

Nurses caring for people hearing voices require more and better education and training with a view to them becoming more confident and competent when interacting with this service user group. Furthermore, healthy workplace cultures and maintaining a safe environment are necessary for effective caring interactions with people hearing voices.
Best practices in metabarcoding of fungi: From experimental design to results
Authors: Tedersoo Leho , Bahram Mohammad , Zinger Lucie , Nilsson R. Henrik , Kennedy Peter G. , Yang Teng , Anslan Sten , Mikryukov Vladimir
Published: April 2022

The development of high‐throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies has greatly improved our capacity to identify fungi and unveil their ecological roles across a variety of ecosystems. Here we provide an overview of current best practices in metabarcoding analysis of fungal communities, from experimental design through molecular and computational analyses. By reanalysing published data sets, we demonstrate that operational taxonomic units (OTUs) outperform amplified sequence variants (ASVs) in recovering fungal diversity, a finding that is particularly evident for long markers. Additionally, analysis of the full‐length ITS region allows more accurate taxonomic placement of fungi and other eukaryotes compared to the ITS2 subregion. Finally, we show that specific methods for compositional data analyses provide more reliable estimates of shifts in community structure. We conclude that metabarcoding analyses of fungi are especially promising for integrating fungi into the full microbiome and broader ecosystem functioning context, recovery of novel fungal lineages and ancient organisms as well as barcoding of old specimens including type material.
Herbivory, intraspecific trait variability and back to herbivory
Authors: Gorné Lucas D. , Díaz Sandra
Published: April 2022

Ungulate herbivory is a key driver of leaf trait syndromes and defense strategies at the ecological and macroevolutionary levels. Herbivory should also cause short‐term evolution within plant populations, but few studies have experimentally tested this prediction. We set out to experimentally assess the plastic and heritable effects of contemporary history of ungulate herbivory on 1) leaf trait syndromes at the intraspecific level, and on the defense traits, 2) leaf size and 3) size of spines.

We measured leaf traits (specific leaf area, leaf dry matter content, leaf nitrogen concentration and leaf mechanical resistance) in populations of six grass and four woody legume species that had grown under contrasting pressures of domestic ungulate herbivory for at least 40 years. We then performed a common garden experiment, measuring the same traits. Next, we performed cutting experiments on the plants grown in the common garden to measure leaf trait plasticity. In the woody species, we also measured the length of spines and the leaf size (average area per leaf), in the field and in the common garden experiment.

We found that in grasses field herbivory over decades produced a displacement toward more acquisitive leaf trait syndromes. Most of these changes appeared largely due to plasticity. In woody legume species, in contrast, herbivory produced a displacement towards more conservative leaves, longer spines and smaller leaves, with the trait differences between histories of herbivory being mostly hereditary. These results point out that vertebrate herbivory can lead to evolutionary processes at contemporary time scales even in long‐lived perennial plant species, but the direction of such change depends on the life form of the species. These divergent effects could depend on the predominant anti‐herbivore strategies in the different life forms (tolerance versus resistance).
Exploring documentation in Person‐centred care: A content analysis of care plans
Authors: Lydahl Doris , Britten Nicky , Wolf Axel , Naldemirci Öncel , Lloyd Helen , Heckemann Birgit
Published: April 2022

Background

Person‐centred care is a growing imperative in healthcare, but the documentation of person‐centred care is challenging. According to the Gothenburg Framework of Person‐centred Care, care should be documented in continuously revised care plans and based on patients’ personally formulated goals and resources to secure a continuous partnership.

Objectives

This study aimed to examine care plans produced within a randomised controlled trial that tested a person‐centred care intervention in older people with acute coronary syndrome. Nurses with training in the theory and practice of person‐centred care had written the care plans.

Methods

We conducted a secondary analysis of care plans developed in a randomised controlled trial for assessing person‐centred care in patients with acute coronary syndrome (Myocardial Infarct [MI] or unstable angina pectoris). The study sample included 84 patients, with three care plans for each patient from inpatient (T1), outpatient (T2) and primary care (T3), that is, a total of 252 care plans. We conducted a descriptive quantitative content analysis of the care plans to examine the reported patients' life‐world and medical/health resources and goals.

Results

The analysis illustrates the differences and overlaps between life‐world and medical/health goals and resources. The documented goals and resources change over time: life‐world goals and resources decreased with time as medical/health goals and resources documentation increased.

Conclusions

This paper illustrates that in the setting of a randomised controlled trial, nurses with training in person‐centred care recorded fewer life‐world and more medical/health goals over time. Placing life‐world goals at the top of the goal hierarchy enables alignment with medical/health goals. Further research should explore whether the goals and resources documented in care plans accurately reflect patients' wishes as they transition along the care chain.

Trial registration: Swedish registry, Researchweb.org, ID NR 65 791.
Disruption of the primary salicylic acid hydroxylases in rice enhances broad‐spectrum resistance against pathogens
Authors: Zhang Yanjun , Yu Qilu , Gao Shilei , Yu Ningning , Zhao Li , Wang Jinbin , Zhao Jiangzhe , Huang Peng , Yao Linbo , Wang Mo , Zhang Kewei
Published: April 2022

Salicylic acid (SA) is a crucial hormone involved in plant immunity. Rice (Oryza sativa) maintains high SA levels that are not induced by pathogens. However, the roles of SA in rice immunity and yield remain largely unknown. Here, we identified SA 5‐hydroxylases 1 (OsS5H1) and 2 (OsS5H2) as the primary enzymes engaged in catalysing SA to 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid (2,5‐DHBA) in rice. SA levels were significantly increased in the oss5h mutants, while they were dramatically decreased in the OsS5H1 and OsS5H2 overexpression lines. The mutants were resistant, whereas the overexpression lines were susceptible to Pyricularia oryzae and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae. Moreover, the pathogen‐associated molecular patterns‐triggered immunity responses, including reactive oxygen species burst and callose deposition, were enhanced in all the mutants and compromised in the overexpression lines. Quantification of the agronomic traits of the oss5h mutants grown in the paddy fields demonstrated that the grain number per panicle was decreased as the SA levels increased; however, the tiller number and grain size were enhanced, resulting in no significant yield penalty. Collectively, we reveal that mildly increasing SA content in rice can confer broad‐spectrum resistance without yield penalty and put new insights into the roles of SA in immunity and growth.
The WRKY10‐VQ8 module safely and effectively regulates rice thermotolerance
Authors: Chen Sique , Cao Hongrui , Huang Baolin , Zheng Xiujuan , Liang Kangjing , Wang Guo‐Liang , Sun Xinli
Published: April 2022

WRKY transcription factors (TFs) play crucial roles in biotic and abiotic stress responses. However, their roles in thermal response are still largely elusive, especially in rice. In this study, we revealed the functions of WRKY10 TF and VQ8 protein containing VQ motif in rice thermotolerance. Overexpression of WRKY10 or loss of VQ8 function increases thermosensitivity, whereas conversely, overexpression of VQ8 or loss of WRKY10 function enhances thermotolerance. Overexpression of WRKY10 accelerates reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in chloroplasts and apoplasts, and it also induces the expression of heat shock TF and protein genes. We also found that WRKY10 regulates nuclear DNA fragmentation and hypersensitive response by modulating NAC4 TF expression. The balance between destructive and protective responses in WRKY10‐overexpression plant is more fragile and more easily broken by heat stress compared with wild type. In vitro and in vivo assays revealed that VQ8 interacts with WRKY10 and inhibits the transcription activity via repressing its DNA‐binding activity. Our study demonstrates that WRKY10 negatively regulates thermotolerance by modulating the ROS balance and the hypersensitive response and that VQ8 functions antagonistically to positively regulate thermotolerance. The functional module of WRKY10‐VQ8 provides safe and effective regulatory mechanisms in the heat stress response.
Leaf water potential measurements using the pressure chamber: Synthetic testing of assumptions towards best practices for precision and accuracy
Authors: Rodriguez‐Dominguez Celia M. , Forner Alicia , Martorell Sebastia , Choat Brendan , Lopez Rosana , Peters Jennifer M. R. , Pfautsch Sebastian , Mayr Stefan , Carins‐Murphy Madeline R. , McAdam Scott A. M. , Richardson Freya , Diaz‐Espejo Antonio , Hernandez‐Santana Virginia , Menezes‐Silva Paulo E. , Torres‐Ruiz Jose M. , Batz Timothy A. , Sack Lawren
Published: April 2022

Leaf water potential (ψleaf), typically measured using the pressure chamber, is the most important metric of plant water status, providing high theoretical value and information content for multiple applications in quantifying critical physiological processes including drought responses. Pressure chamber measurements of ψleaf (ψleafPC) are most typical, yet, the practical complexity of the technique and of the underlying theory has led to ambiguous understanding of the conditions to optimize measurements. Consequently, specific techniques and precautions diversified across the global research community, raising questions of reliability and repeatability. Here, we surveyed specific methods of ψleafPC from multiple laboratories, and synthesized experiments testing common assumptions and practices in ψleafPC for diverse species: (i) the need for equilibration of previously transpiring leaves; (ii) leaf storage before measurement; (iii) the equilibration of ψleaf for leaves on bagged branches of a range of dehydration; (iv) the equilibration of ψleaf across the lamina for bagged leaves, and the accuracy of measuring leaves with artificially ‘elongated petioles’; (v) the need in ψleaf measurements for bagging leaves and high humidity within the chamber; (vi) the need to avoid liquid water on leaf surfaces; (vii) the use of ‘pulse’ pressurization versus gradual pressurization; and (viii) variation among experimenters in ψleafPC determination. Based on our findings we provide a best practice protocol to maximise accuracy, and provide recommendations for ongoing species‐specific tests of important assumptions in future studies.
Accuracy of noninvasive fibrosis scores in predicting advanced fibrosis in pediatric patients after liver transplantation
Authors: Habash Nawras , Ezaizi Yamen , Kak Ibrahim , Conjeevaram Selvakumar Praveen Kumar , Lopez Rocio , Alkhouri Naim , Kabbany Mohammad Nasser
Published: April 2022

Background

Liver biopsy is the gold standard to stage fibrosis in liver disease. Several scoring systems have been studied to predict advanced fibrosis in liver disease. Those scores have not been validated in pediatric liver transplant patients.

Aim

Evaluate the performance of three fibrosis scores (FSc) in assessing the presence of advanced fibrosis (AF) in children after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT).

Methods

Patients < 20 years of age who underwent liver biopsy post‐OLT with laboratory values within 1 month of the biopsy were included. Fibrosis was determined by an experienced pathologist (F0‐4). We defined AF as F3‐4. The following FSc were calculated: AST/ALT ratio, APRI, and FIB‐4 index. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was done to assess the FSc performance in predicting AF.

Results

A total of 232 biopsies were analyzed, of those 42 (18.1%) showed AF (F3‐4). FIB‐4 was significantly higher in patients with AF compared to those without AF [median value of 1.1 [0.7, 3.0] and 0.6 [0.2, 1.4], respectively (p = .02)]; however, FIB‐4 had satisfactory accuracy to diagnose AF with significant overlap and AUC of 0.68 (CI 0.56–0.81). Cutoff points of 0.2 and 3.03 were used to rule in and rule out AF, respectively. AST/ALT and APRI were not significantly different between patients with and without AF.

Conclusion

Even though FIB‐4 had satisfactory accuracy in detecting AF in pediatric transplant patients, noninvasive hepatic FSc developed in adults still performed poorly. Our results highlight the need to develop a reliable pediatric FSc.
To switch or to repeat? Commonalities and differences in the electrophysiological correlates of preparation for voluntary and forced task choices
Authors: Jurczyk Vanessa , Steinhauser Robert , Dreisbach Gesine , Steinhauser Marco
Published: April 2022

When switching tasks in the laboratory, either the experimenter or the participant can decide which task comes next. So far, this kind of forced and voluntary task switching is usually investigated in isolation. However, in our everyday life, switching between different tasks and goals often depends both on current situational demands and on our intentions. While research has mainly focused on differences between forced and voluntary switching, it is still unclear whether, and if so, which neural processes are shared between both switch types. To identify these, we compared electrophysiological preparatory activity in blocks of randomly intermixed voluntary and forced task‐switching trials. We further manipulated the forced switch rate (20% vs. 80%) between blocks to de‐confound voluntariness with switch frequency and to investigate how switch frequency effects influence preparatory potentials. ERP analysis revealed an enhanced early parietal activity pattern in the P3b time window on voluntary trials, possibly reflecting early traces of a decision process. A later pre‐target negativity was enhanced on forced as compared to voluntary trials. Multivariate pattern analyses revealed that a common preparatory activity on both forced and voluntary switch trials can be found in the switch positivity time window, which we interpreted as an index of a common endogenous task preparation process.
Experimental Implementation of Energy Closure Analysis for Reduced Order Modeling
Authors: Bhattacharyya Suparno , Cusumano Joseph. P.
Published: April 2022

Reduced order models (ROMs) provide an efficient, kinematically condensed representation of computationally expensive high-dimensional dynamical systems; however, their accuracy depends crucially on the accurate estimation of their dimension. We here demonstrate how the energy closure criterion, developed in our prior work, can be experimentally implemented to accurately estimate the dimension of ROMs obtained using the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD). We examine the effect of using discrete data with and without measurement noise, as will typically be gathered in an experiment or numerical simulation, on estimating the degree of energy closure on a candidate reduced subspace. To this end, we used a periodically kicked Euler–Bernoulli beam with Rayleigh damping as the model system and studied ROMs obtained by applying POD to discrete displacement field data obtained from simulated numerical experiments. An improved method for quantifying the degree of energy closure is presented: the convergence of energy input to or dissipated from the system is obtained as a function of the subspace dimension, and the dimension capturing a predefined percentage of either energy is selected as the ROM dimension. This method was found to be more robust to data discretization error and measurement noise. The data-processing necessary for the experimental application of energy closure analysis is discussed in detail. We show how ROMs formulated from the simulated data using our approach accurately capture the dynamics of the beam for different sets of parameter values.
Dynamic Modeling and Transient Response of a Rigid-Body Inductrack Maglev System
Authors: Wang Ruiyang , Yang Bingen
Published: April 2022

The Inductrack system provides a novel way to achieve magnetic levitation by using Halbach arrays of permanent magnets (PMs). Due to the complexities of the nonlinear electro-magneto-mechanical coupling in the system, most previous analyses of the Inductrack system rely on steady-state results and consequently cannot fully capture the dynamic behaviors of the system in transient scenarios. In this article, a new three degrees-of-freedom (3DOF) transient model of the Inductrack system is proposed. This model describes the rigid-body motion of the Inductrack vehicle with axial (longitudinal) and vertical (transverse) displacements and pitch rotation, and it is derived without any assumption of steady-state quantities. Compared to a recently available 2DOF lumped-mass model developed by the authors, the inclusion of the pitch rotation in the new model results in a much more complicated mechanism of electro-magneto-mechanical coupling. Numerical results show that the pitch rotation can have a significant effect on the dynamic response and stability of the Inductrack system, which necessities vibration control for the safe operation of the Inductrack system.
Coherence in cooperative photon emission from indistinguishable quantum emitters
Authors: Koong Zhe Xian , Cygorek Moritz , Scerri Eleanor , Santana Ted S. , Park Suk In , Song Jin Dong , Gauger Erik M. , Gerardot Brian D.
Published: April 2022

Photon-mediated interactions between atoms can arise via coupling to a common electromagnetic mode or by quantum interference. Here, we probe the role of coherence in cooperative emission arising from two distant but indistinguishable solid-state emitters because of path erasure. The primary signature of cooperative emission, the emergence of “bunching” at zero delay in an intensity correlation experiment, is used to characterize the indistinguishability of the emitters, their dephasing, and the degree of correlation in the joint system that can be coherently controlled. In a stark departure from a pair of uncorrelated emitters, in Hong-Ou-Mandel–type interference measurements, we observe photon statistics from a pair of indistinguishable emitters resembling that of a weak coherent state from an attenuated laser. Our experiments establish techniques to control and characterize cooperative behavior between matter qubits using the full quantum optics toolbox, a key step toward realizing large-scale quantum photonic networks.
Translational recoding by chemical modification of non-AUG start codon ribonucleotide bases
Authors: Fujita Yoshihiko , Kameda Takeru , Singh Chingakham Ranjit , Pepper Whitney , Cecil Ariana , Hilgers Madelyn , Thornton Mackenzie , Asano Izumi , Moravek Carter , Togashi Yuichi , Saito Hirohide , Asano Katsura
Published: April 2022

In contrast to prokaryotes wherein GUG and UUG are permissive start codons, initiation frequencies from non-AUG codons are generally low in eukaryotes, with CUG being considered as strongest. Here, we report that combined 5-cytosine methylation (5mC) and pseudouridylation (Ψ) of near-cognate non-AUG start codons convert GUG and UUG initiation strongly favored over CUG initiation in eukaryotic translation under a certain context. This prokaryotic-like preference is attributed to enhanced NUG initiation by Ψ in the second base and reduced CUG initiation by 5mC in the first base. Molecular dynamics simulation analysis of tRNA
i
Met
anticodon base pairing to the modified codons demonstrates that Ψ universally raises the affinity of codon:anticodon pairing within the ribosomal preinitiation complex through partially mitigating discrimination against non-AUG codons imposed by eukaryotic initiation factor 1. We propose that translational control by chemical modifications of start codon bases can offer a new layer of proteome diversity regulation and therapeutic mRNA technology.
CMOS-compatible compute-in-memory accelerators based on integrated ferroelectric synaptic arrays for convolution neural networks
Authors: Kim Min-Kyu , Kim Ik-Jyae , Lee Jang-Sik
Published: April 2022

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have gained much attention because they can provide superior complex image recognition through convolution operations. Convolution processes require repeated multiplication and accumulation operations, which are difficult tasks for conventional computing systems. Compute-in-memory (CIM) that uses parallel data processing is an ideal device structure for convolution operations. CIM based on two-terminal synaptic devices with a crossbar structure has been developed, but unwanted leakage current paths and the high-power consumption remain as the challenges. Here, we demonstrate integrated ferroelectric thin-film transistor (FeTFT) synaptic arrays that can provide efficient parallel programming and data processing for CNNs by the selective and accurate control of polarization in the ferroelectric layer. In addition, three-terminal FeTFTs can act as both nonvolatile memory and access device, which tackle issues from two-terminal devices. An integrated FeTFT synaptic array with parallel programming capabilities can perform convolution operations to extract image features with a high-recognition accuracy.
Domestic and Foreign Islamic Studies in the 1980s and the Soviet–Afghan War
Authors: Guseva Yu. N.
Published: April 2022

The author of this article holds that the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan was used by the opponents of the Soviet Union both in the West and in Central Asia to revive pan-Turkic ideas and to present the Soviet Union as an opponent of Islam in all its manifestations. To a certain extent, this situation was based on a serious study of the history and current state of Islam abroad. Soviet Islamic studies turned out to be on the far periphery of scientific interests. In the context of the outbreak of the conflict, domestic Islamic studies were found to be catching up. Research did not support knowledge at the level necessary for making political decisions. Politicians did not listen to experts; on the contrary, scientists tried to guess what the government wanted to hear from them.
On the Circumstances of the Decision to Deploy Troops to Afghanistan
Authors: Pikhoya R. G.
Published: April 2022

This article examines the context in which the highest political leadership of the Soviet Union made the decision to deploy troops to Afghanistan and points out the utmost level of secrecy of the corresponding resolution adopted by the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CC CPSU Politburo). The inconsistency of the drafting of this decision, “Concerning the Situation in ‘A,’” with the Politburo document drafting norms then in force, is noted.
Sjogren syndrome presenting as atrioventricular block in an adult
Authors: Ehtesham Moiz , Fortune Kathryn , Shabbir Muhammad Asim , Peredo-Wende Ruben
Published: April 2022

A woman in her late teens with a history of Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and ongoing sicca symptoms presented with syncope. Upon admission, she was found to be bradycardic with a second-degree atrioventricular (AV) block. After infectious, structural and metabolic aetiologies had been ruled out, she was worked up for rheumatologic causes.

Our patient had elevated titres of anti-Sjogren syndrome (SS) antibodies anti-Ro antibodies and was diagnosed with AV block secondary to SS. She was treated with a permanent pacemaker. Patient was followed up in clinic where she denied further syncopal episodes and was started on secretagogues for sicca symptoms.
Evaluating algorithmic fairness in the presence of clinical guidelines: the case of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk estimation
Authors: Foryciarz Agata , Pfohl Stephen R , Patel Birju , Shah Nigam
Published: April 2022

Objectives

The American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association guidelines on primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) recommend using 10-year ASCVD risk estimation models to initiate statin treatment. For guideline-concordant decision-making, risk estimates need to be calibrated. However, existing models are often miscalibrated for race, ethnicity and sex based subgroups. This study evaluates two algorithmic fairness approaches to adjust the risk estimators (group recalibration and equalised odds) for their compatibility with the assumptions underpinning the guidelines’ decision rules.MethodsUsing an updated pooled cohorts data set, we derive unconstrained, group-recalibrated and equalised odds-constrained versions of the 10-year ASCVD risk estimators, and compare their calibration at guideline-concordant decision thresholds.

Results

We find that, compared with the unconstrained model, group-recalibration improves calibration at one of the relevant thresholds for each group, but exacerbates differences in false positive and false negative rates between groups. An equalised odds constraint, meant to equalise error rates across groups, does so by miscalibrating the model overall and at relevant decision thresholds.

Discussion

Hence, because of induced miscalibration, decisions guided by risk estimators learned with an equalised odds fairness constraint are not concordant with existing guidelines. Conversely, recalibrating the model separately for each group can increase guideline compatibility, while increasing intergroup differences in error rates. As such, comparisons of error rates across groups can be misleading when guidelines recommend treating at fixed decision thresholds.

Conclusion

The illustrated tradeoffs between satisfying a fairness criterion and retaining guideline compatibility underscore the need to evaluate models in the context of downstream interventions.
Long-term cardiovascular risk prediction in the emergency department: a mixed-methods study protocol
Authors: Reynard Charles , McMillan Brian , Jafar Anisa , Heagerty Anthony , Martin Glen Philip , Kontopantelis Evangelos , Body Richard
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains one of the leading causes of preventable death in Europe, therefore any opportunity to intervene and improve care should be maximised. Known CVD risk factors are routinely collected in the emergency department (ED), yet they are often not acted on. If the risk factors have prognostic value and a pathway can be created, then this would provide more holistic care for patients and reduce health system inefficiency.

Methods and analysis

In this mixed-methods study, we will use quantitative methods to investigate the prognostic characteristics of routinely collected data for long-term CVD outcomes, and qualitative methods to investigate how to use and implement this knowledge. The quantitative arm will use a database of approximately 21 000 chest pain patient episodes with a mean follow-up of 7.3 years. We will use Cox regression to evaluate the prognostic characteristics of routinely collected ED data for long-term CVD outcomes. We will also use a series of semi-structured interviews to co-design a prototype care pathway with stakeholders via thematic analysis. To enable the development of prototypes, themes will be structured into a logic model consisting of situation, inputs, outputs and mechanism.

Ethics and dissemination

This work has been approved by Research Ethics Committee (Wales REC7) and the Human Research Authority under reference 19/WA/0312 and 19/WA/0311. It has also been approved by the Confidentiality Advisory Group reference 19/CAG/0209. Dissent recorded in the NHS’ opt-out scheme will be applied to the dataset by NHS Digital. This work will be disseminated through peer-review publication, conference presentation and a public dissemination strategy.

Trial registration number

ISRCTN41008456.

Protocol version

V.1.0—7 June 2021.
Hypertension, its correlates and differences in access to healthcare services by gender among rural Zambian residents: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Tateyama Yukiko , Techasrivichien Teeranee , Musumari Patou Masika , Suguimoto S. Pilar , Ongosi Anita Nyaboke , Zulu Richard , Dube Christopher , Ono-Kihara Masako , Kihara Masahiro
Published: April 2022

Objectives

To examine the prevalence of hypertension and access to related healthcare services among rural residents of Mumbwa district in Zambia.

Design

Cross-sectional study with probability cluster sampling.

Setting

Rural Zambia.

Participants

We recruited 690 residents from Mumbwa district aged 25–64 years who had been living in the study area for ≥6 months and had adopted the lifestyle of the study area. Pregnant women and women who had given birth in the past 6 months were excluded. The data collection—questionnaire survey and anthropometric and biological measurements—was conducted between May and July 2016.

Results

In the overall sample, 39.7% and 33.5% of the men and women had hypertension (systolic blood pressure (BP)≥140 or diastolic BP ≥90 mm Hg), respectively. Among the participants without a previous diagnosis of hypertension, 30.3% presented with hypertension at the time of measurement. In the multivariable analysis, alcohol intake and urban residence in men, and older age group, higher education and body mass index ≥25 kg/m2 in women were significantly associated with hypertension. Among the 21.8% who never had their BP measured, 83.8% were men; among these men, older age (adjusted OR (AOR), 0.43; 95% CI 0.25 to 0.73) and HIV positive status (AOR, 0.37; 95% CI 0.14 to 0.97) were negatively associated, while current smoker status (AOR, 2.09; 95% CI 1.19 to 3.66) was positively associated with the lack of BP measurements.

Conclusion

We found that hypertension is prevalent in the target rural area. However, many were not aware of their hypertension status and many never had their BP measured, indicating a serious gap in cardiovascular disease prevention services in Zambia. There is an urgent need for health promotion and screening for hypertension, especially in the primary health services of rural Zambia. Issues related to healthcare accessibility in men require particular attention.
Mental health and health-related quality of life among healthcare workers in Indonesia during the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Syamlan Adila T , Salamah Sovia , Alkaff Firas F , Prayudi Yogi E , Kamil Muhammad , Irzaldy Abyan , Karimah Azimatul , Postma Maarten J , Purba Fredrick Dermawan , Arifin Bustanul
Published: April 2022

Objectives

Healthcare workers (HCWs) are the front lines during the COVID-19 pandemic. They are more exposed to COVID-19 than other professions. Studies from other countries have shown that the mental health and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of HCWs were affected during this pandemic. However, studies on mental health in Indonesia remain scarce and no study has evaluated the HRQoL among HCWs. Thus, this study was designed to explore the mental health status and HRQoL among HCWs in Indonesia.

Design

This was a cross-sectional study.

Setting

This was an open online survey in Indonesia conducted from December 2020 to February 2021.

Participants

This study involved HCWs who worked during the COVID-19 pandemic. Of the 502 respondents who accessed the online questionnaire, 392 were included in the analysis.

Outcomes

Mental health status was measured using the 21-item Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale and HRQoL was measured using the second version of the 12-item Short-Form Health Survey (SF12v2).

Results

The prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress among HCWs was 29.4%, 44.9% and 31.8%, respectively. Using the SF12v2 questionnaire, 354 (90.3%) HCWs were found to have impaired physical component and 156 (39.8%) HCWs have impaired mental component.

Conclusion

The prevalence of mental health problems among HCWs was high in Indonesia. HRQoL, particularly the physical component, was affected in most HCWs. Thus, policymakers should give more attention to the mental health and HRQoL of HCWs during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Correlation of respiratory oscillometry with CT image analysis in a prospective cohort of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Wu Joyce K Y , Ma Jin , Nguyen Lena , Dehaas Emily Leah , Vasileva Anastasiia , Chang Ehren , Liang Jady , Huang Qian Wen , Cassano Antonio , Binnie Matthew , Shapera Shane , Fisher Jolene , Ryan Clodagh M , McInnis Micheal Chad , Hantos Zoltán , Chow Chung-Wai
Published: April 2022

Background

Markers of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) severity are based on measurements of forced vital capacity (FVC), diffusing capacity (DLCO) and CT. The pulmonary vessel volume (PVV) is a novel quantitative and independent prognostic structural indicator derived from automated CT analysis. The current prospective cross-sectional study investigated whether respiratory oscillometry provides complementary data to pulmonary function tests (PFTs) and is correlated with PVV.

Methods

From September 2019 to March 2020, we enrolled 89 patients with IPF diagnosed according to international guidelines. We performed standard spectral (5–37 Hz) and novel intrabreath tracking (10 Hz) oscillometry followed by PFTs. Patients were characterised with the gender-age-physiology (GAP) score. CT images within 6 months of oscillometry were analysed in a subgroup (26 patients) using automated lung texture analysis. Correlations between PFTs, oscillometry and imaging variables were investigated using different regression models.

Findings

The cohort (29F/60M; age=71.7±7.8 years) had mild IPF (%FVC=70±17, %DLCO=62±17). Spectral oscillometry revealed normal respiratory resistance, low reactance, especially during inspiration at 5 Hz (X5in), elevated reactance area and resonance frequency. Intrabreath oscillometry identified markedly low reactance at end-inspiration (XeI). XeI and X5in strongly correlated with FVC (r2=0.499 and 0.435) while XeI was highly (p=0.004) and uniquely correlated with the GAP score. XeI and PVV exhibited the strongest structural-functional relationship (r2=0.690), which remained significant after adjusting for %FVC, %DLCO and GAP score.

Interpretation

XeI is an independent marker of IPF severity that offers additional information to standard PFTs. The data provide a cogent rationale for adding oscillometry in IPF assessment.
Recombinase polymerase amplification in the molecular diagnosis of microbiological targets and its applications
Authors: Mota D.S. , Guimarães J.M. , Gandarilla A.M.D. , Filho J.C.B.S. , Brito W.R. , Mariúba L.A.M.
Published: April 2022

Since the introduction of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in 1983, nucleic acid amplification has permeated all fields of biological science, particularly clinical research. Despite its importance, PCR has been restricted to specialized centers and its use in laboratories with few resources is limited. In recent decades, there has been a notable increase in the development of new isothermal technologies for molecular diagnosis with the hope of overcoming the traditional limitations of the laboratory. Among these technologies, recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) has a wide application potential because it does not require thermocyclers and has high sensitivity, specificity, simplicity, and detection speed. This technique has been used for DNA and RNA amplification in various pathogenic organisms such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites. In addition, RPA has been successfully implemented in different detection strategies, making it a promising alternative for performing diagnoses in environments with scarce resources and a high burden of infectious diseases. In this study, we present a review of the use of RPA in clinical settings and its implementation in various research areas.
Realistic neutron star models in f(T) gravity
Authors: Lin Rui-Hui , Chen Xiao-Ning , Zhai Xiang-Hua
Published: April 2022

We investigate the nonrotating neutron stars in f(T) gravity with $$f(T)=T+\alpha {T}^2$$

f

(
T
)

=
T
+
α

T

2

, where T is the torsion scalar in the teleparallel formalism of gravity. In particular, we utilize the SLy and BSk family of equations of state for perfect fluid to describe the neutron stellar matter and search for the effects of the f(T) modification on the models of neutron stars. For positive $$\alpha $$
α
, the modification results in a smaller stellar mass in comparison to general relativity, while the neutron stars will contain larger amount of matter for negative $$\alpha $$
α
. Moreover, there seems to be an upper limit for the central density of the neutron stars with $$\alpha >0$$

α
>
0

, beyond which the effective f(T) fluid would have a steplike phase transition in density and pressure profiles, collapsing the numerical system. We obtain the mass–radius relations of the realistic models of neutron stars and subject them to the joint constraints from the observed massive pulsars PSR J0030+0451, PSR J0740+6620, and PSR J2215+5135, and gravitational wave events GW170817 and GW190814. For the neutron star model in f(T) gravity to be able to accommodate all the mentioned data, the model parameter $$\alpha $$
α
needs to be smaller than $$-\,4.295$$

-

4.295

, $$-\,6.476$$

-

6.476

, $$-\,4.4$$

-

4.4

, and $$-\,2.12$$

-

2.12

(in the unit of $${G}^2M_\odot ^2/c^4$$

G

2

M
⊙
2

/

c
4

) for SLy, BSk19, BSk20, and BSk21 equations of state, respectively. If one considers the unknown compact object in the event GW190814 not to be a neutron star and hence excludes this dataset, the constraints can be loosened to $$\alpha <-\,0.594$$

α
<
-

0.594

, $$-\,3.5$$

-

3.5

, 0.4 and 1.9 (in the unit of $${G}^2M_\odot ^2/c^4$$

G

2

M
⊙
2

/

c
4

), respectively.
Development of the Dynamic Response of Curved Bridge Deck Pavement Under Vehicle–Bridge Interactions
Authors: Zhang Xia , Chen Enli , Li Lingyun , Si Chundi
Published: April 2022

Curved bridge is commonly used in highway viaducts and overpass, on which deck pavement plays a crucial role in dispersing wheel load and providing level driving surface. Due to the influence of geometric nonlinearity of curved bridge and vehicle–bridge coupling vibration, curved bridge deck pavement (BDP) is subjected to a complex mechanical state. To study the dynamic response of the curved BDP under complex vehicle–bridge interaction (VBI) condition, this paper proposes an original dynamic analysis scheme. The BDP and bridge structure are simulated by the finite element method and the vehicle is simulated as a multi-body system (MBS); together they are integrated into a coupled system model. The numerical results are consistent with the experimental data. The dynamic responses of the proposed scheme are about 10–20% larger than those of moving constant forces, which indicates that the vehicle–bridge coupling vibration should be considered in the dynamic analysis of BDP. The parametric study shows that the vehicle weight can aggravate the response of the BDP; however, the effect of the vehicle speed on the deck pavement response and impact factor is not obvious. As road roughness classification and tire stiffness increase, the dynamic curve fluctuation of BDP is more obvious and the amplitude is larger. Through parameter sensitivity analysis, it can be concluded that vehicle weight has the greatest effect on the dynamic behavior of BDP, followed by vehicle speed and roughness, and tire stiffness has the least impact.
Running Safety of High-Speed Railway Train on Bridge During Earthquake Considering Uncertainty Parameters of Bridge
Authors: Liu Xiang , Jiang Lizhong , Xiang Ping , Feng Yulin , Lai Zhipeng , Zhou Wen
Published: April 2022

China’s railway network is wide, and some of them cross the seismic zone, and the ratio of high-speed railway (HSR) bridges is high. Therefore, the safety of trains on the bridge may be endangered in the event of an earthquake. Because the response of track–bridge system is sensitive to the randomness of bridge structural parameters during the earthquake, while the train wheelset is directly in contact with the track system, the running safety of train (RST) may be also sensitive to the randomness of structural parameters. In this paper, the model of train–bridge coupled system (TBCS) under earthquake was established, and the accuracy of the model was verified by test results. To efficiently calculate the safety performance of trains considering the randomness of structural parameters, the point estimation method (PEM) was used in this paper, and the applicability of PEM was proved by comparing with the calculation results of Monte Carlo simulation (MCS). Then, PEM was used to discuss the running safety performance of trains under different ground motion (GM) intensities, different train speeds, and different pier heights. Finally, based on the maximum probability, the GM intensity threshold of a bridge based on running safety is determined.
On the Aα spectrum of the zero-divisor graphs
Authors: Barati Zahra , Afkhami Mojgan , Khashyarmanesh Kazem
Published: April 2022

Let [Formula: see text] be a commutative ring with nonzero identity and [Formula: see text] be the set of all nonzero zero-divisors of [Formula: see text]. The zero-divisor graph of [Formula: see text], denoted by [Formula: see text], is a simple graph whose vertex set consists of all elements of [Formula: see text], and two distinct vertices [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are adjacent if and only if [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we investigate the [Formula: see text]-spectral of the zero-divisor graph of the ring [Formula: see text]. Specially, we study the [Formula: see text]-spectral of the zero-divisor graph of the ring [Formula: see text] for [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are distinct prime numbers and [Formula: see text]. Moreover, we study the [Formula: see text]-spectral of the zero-divisor graph of the ring [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is a prime number and [Formula: see text].
Randomized Moving Target Approach for MAC-Layer Spoofing Detection and Prevention in IoT Systems
Authors: Madani Pooria , Vlajic Natalija , Maljevic Ivo
Published: April 2022

MAC-layer spoofing, also known as identity spoofing, is recognized as a serious problem in many practical wireless systems. IoT systems are particularly vulnerable to this type of attack as IoT devices (due to their various limitations) are often incapable of deploying advanced MAC-layer spoofing prevention and detection techniques, such as cryptographic authentication. Signal-level device fingerprinting is an approach to identity spoofing detection that is highly suitable for sensor-based IoT networks but can be also utilized in many other types of wireless systems. Previous research works on signal-level device fingerprinting have been based on rather simplistic assumptions about both the adversary’s behavior and the operation of the defense system. The goal of our work was to examine the effectiveness of a novel system that combines signal-level device fingerprinting with the principles of Randomized Moving Target Defense (RMTD) when dealing with a very advanced adversary. The obtained results show that our RMTD-enhanced signal-level device fingerprinting technique exhibits far superior defense performance over the non-RMTD techniques previously discussed in the literature and, as such, could be of great value for practical wireless systems subjected to identity spoofing attacks. We have also introduced a novel proof-of-concept adaptive parameter tuning approach for system practitioners with the ability to encode their risk profile and compute the most efficient hyper-parameters of our proposed defense system.
A Survey on Text Classification: From Traditional to Deep Learning
Authors: Li Qian , Peng Hao , Li Jianxin , Xia Congying , Yang Renyu , Sun Lichao , Yu Philip S. , He Lifang
Published: April 2022

Text classification is the most fundamental and essential task in natural language processing. The last decade has seen a surge of research in this area due to the unprecedented success of deep learning. Numerous methods, datasets, and evaluation metrics have been proposed in the literature, raising the need for a comprehensive and updated survey. This paper fills the gap by reviewing the state-of-the-art approaches from 1961 to 2021, focusing on models from traditional models to deep learning. We create a taxonomy for text classification according to the text involved and the models used for feature extraction and classification. We then discuss each of these categories in detail, dealing with both the technical developments and benchmark datasets that support tests of predictions. A comprehensive comparison between different techniques, as well as identifying the pros and cons of various evaluation metrics are also provided in this survey. Finally, we conclude by summarizing key implications, future research directions, and the challenges facing the research area.