bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical ocular toxoplasmosis in neonatal kittens
Authors: Powell Cynthia C. , Lappin Michael R.
Published: March 2003

Objective

To describe ocular findings in kittens with congenital or early neonatal infection byToxoplasma gondiiand to determine if there are detectable differences in disease caused by three strains.

Animals studied

Six adult female cats and the offspring from seven litters.

Methods

Four kittens from uninfected specific pathogen‐free (SPF) queens and 21 kittens from SPF queens inoculated at various times late in gestation with Mozart, Maggie, or ME‐49 strain ofT. gondiiwere used. Ocular examinations were performed on queens prior to and after delivery, and on kittens weekly to bi‐weekly for up to 27 weeks. Whole blood for serology was collected from all kittens at 5½ to 8 weeks of age and again at 12 weeks of age or later.

Results

No kittens from noninfected queens developed ocular lesions or antibody toT. gondii. Three of the 24 kittens from infected queens died or were euthanized early in the study. Chorioretinitis was detected in 15 of 21 living kittens from infected queens. Two developed concurrent anterior uveitis that resolved within 1 week. Posterior segment lesions varied ophthalmoscopically between strains. Of 21 kittens fromT. gondii‐infected queens, six developed positive antibody titers toT. gondiiduring the study. All seropositive kittens were born to queens infected with Mozart strain ofT. gondii.

Conclusion

Results of this study suggest that ocular toxoplasmosis can occur without other evidence of clinical illness in kittens infectedin uteroor in the neonatal period, and thatT. gondiistrains may have varying degrees of ocular pathogenicity in cats.
Enrofloxacin‐associated retinal degeneration in cats
Authors: Gelatt Kirk N. , Van Der Woerdt Alexandra , Ketring Kerry L. , Andrew Stacy E. , Brooks Dennis E. , Biros Daniel J. , Denis Heidi M. , Cutler Timothy J.
Published: March 2003

Objective

The objective of this study was to evaluate the possible relationship between the administration of parenteral enrofloxacin and the onset of acute retinal degeneration in cats. The animals studied included 17 cats that received systemic enrofloxacin and developed retinal degeneration soon thereafter.

Procedures

In this retrospective clinical study, cats that received parenteral enrofloxacin and developed acute blindness were identified. Parameters recorded included breed, age, sex, enrofloxacin dosage (daily dose and number of days administered), medical condition for which the antibiotic had been prescribed, ophthalmic signs, examination results, and the visual outcome. Fundus photographs were obtained in seven cats, and electroretinography was performed in five cats. Histopathology was performed on two eyes from one cat (case 1) that received enrofloxacin 5 months previously and developed retinal degeneration.

Results

All cats were the domestic shorthair breed; seven were females (one neutered) and ten were males (seven castrated). Ages ranged from 3 to 16 years old (mean ± SD; 8.8 ± 4.6 years). The medical disorders for which enrofloxacin was administered ranged from lymphoma and pancreatitis to otitis and dermatitis, and eight cats had urinary diseases. The daily and total dosage of enrofloxacin and number of days of administration were also highly variable. Presenting clinical signs were most often mydriasis and acute blindness. All cats had diffuse retinal degeneration as evidenced by increased tapetal reflectivity and retinal vascular attenuation. Absence of recordable electroretinographic responses suggested diffuse and extensive outer retinal disease. Vision returned in a few cats, but the retinal degeneration persisted or even progressed. Histopathology of two eyes revealed primarily outer retinal degeneration, with diffuse loss of the outer nuclear and photoreceptor layers, and hypertrophy and proliferation of the retinal pigment epithelium.

Conclusion

Parenteral enrofloxacin is potentially retinotoxic in some cats, and may result in acute and diffuse retinal degeneration. Blindness often results, but some cats may regain vision. Practitioners should adhere closely to the manufacturer’s current enrofloxacin dosage recommendation (5 mg/kg q 24 h), and continue clinical observations for this drug toxicity in cats.
Phacoemulsification in a clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa)
Authors: Cooley Pennie L.
Published: March 2003

Phacoemulsification and prophylactic retinopexy were performed on a 3‐month‐old hand‐raised clouded leopard with a unilateral mature cataract. The same procedures were repeated 3 months later when a cataract developed in the fellow eye. Examination procedures, anesthetic protocols, and surgical techniques were similar to those utilized in domestic cats. The patient retains highly functional aphakic vision at the present age of 2.5 years. An inherited basis for the cataracts is proposed. Although the cub was hand raised, the cataracts were unlike nutritional cataracts reported previously in domestic cats and dogs. To the author’s knowledge this is the first report of cataract formation and phacoemulsification in a clouded leopard.
Normal structure and age‐related changes of the equine retina
Authors: Ehrenhofer Marion C. A. , Deeg Cornelia A. , Reese Sven , Liebich Hans‐Georg , Stangassinger Manfred , Kaspers Bernd
Published: March 2003

Investigations of the pathophysiology of ocular diseases require a detailed knowledge of the microanatomy of the eye. The available information is still inadequate for the equine retina despite the importance of eye diseases in equine medicine. Here we provide a comprehensive analysis of the histologic features of the horse eye as a reference for future studies. Thirty normal eyes of 15 healthy horses were examined immediately after slaughter. The retina of the horse differs considerably in the degree and quantity of neurons and glial elements as well as in vascular patterns compared to the retina of other domestic animals. Morphometric analysis revealed that the thickness of the retina varies between 80 µm at the ora serrata and 250 µm medial to the optic disc. Approximately 90% of the equine retina is comparatively thin (< 130 µm). This is a physiologic response to the distance that oxygen can diffuse in avascular retina. Ganglion cells form a single layer in all parts of the retina. The majority of ganglion cells are very large Nissl‐positive cells. Small Nissl‐negative ganglion cells are less abundant. A high ganglion cell density is found only in the central area. Vascularization is virtually absent from the retina with the exception of a narrow strip around the disc of the optic nerve, as revealed by lectin histochemistry. Light microscopy of the eyes of older horses repeatedly revealed cystoid degenerations in the retina adjacent to the pars plana of the ciliary body, as well as a destruction of the regular layering of the peripheral region of the retina.
Bilateral proliferative keratitis in a Domestic Long‐haired cat
Authors: Colitz Carmen M. H. , Davidson Michael G. , Gilger Brian C.
Published: March 2003

A 9‐year‐old, female spayed, Domestic Long‐haired cat was presented with bilateral, progressive, pink−white corneal opacities. The referring veterinarian had diagnosed feline herpesvirus‐1 (FHV‐1) keratitis though diagnostics for FHV‐1 had not been performed and treatment with antibiotics and antivirals did not improve the condition. Histopathology showed neutrophils, plasma cells and lymphocytes, but no eosinophils or mast cells. Routine diagnostics did not find an underlying cause, but Southern blot analysis for FHV‐1 was positive. The cat responded to topical corticosteroids and cyclosporine when used consistently.
Technical issues in electrodiagnostic recording
Authors: Komáromy András M. , Brooks Dennis E. , Dawson William W. , Källberg Maria E. , Ollivier Franck J. , Ofri Ron
Published: March 2003

Electroretinogram (ERG) and visual‐evoked potentials (VEPs) are used in veterinary ophthalmology to assess the functional integrity of the retina and the central visual pathway. The interpretation of altered electrophysiologic potentials in diseases can be of great diagnostic value, although it is important to be aware of technical factors and the limitations of these techniques which may result in over‐interpretation and misinterpretation of the recordings, such that they are similar to those found in disease‐related electrophysiologic changes. The recorded potentials represent the differences in voltage between the active and reference electrodes. The ground electrode serves as zero. A differential or instrumentation amplifier selectively amplifies signals of interest while rejecting noise. Differences between inputs are amplified, whereas common signals are rejected in a process called common mode rejection (CMR). In order for CMR to be most effective in reducing noise, the electrode impedances should be balanced. Filters are part of the differential amplifier as they remove unwanted noise of a certain frequency. The frequency bandwidth, or passband, is the range of frequencies between low‐ and high‐frequency filter settings that are not filtered out. Major sources of noise that cause interpretation artifacts are power lines, amplifier noise, physiologic activity, electrochemical electrode noise and circular grounds. Noise reduction is achieved with high amplifier input impedance, balanced electrode impedances, CMR, filters and signal averaging. Maintaining electrodes in good condition, achieving proper contact between electrode and animal, and keeping electrode leads short aid in achieving noise reduction.
Phylogeny of the radula‐less dorids (Mollusca, Nudibranchia), with the description of a new genus and a new family
Authors: Valdés Àngel , Gosliner Terrence M
Published: March 2003

This paper studies the phylogenetic relationships of the nudibranch dorids that lack a radula. Numerous specimens belonging to 29 different species, representing all genera of this group and other related taxa, were examined anatomically. Details of the foregut were examined with SEM. From this anatomical study a total of 62 characters were considered. These characters have been polarized using the genusBerthellaas the outgroup. Eight species of dorids with a radula and the genusArminahave been also included in the analysis for comparative purposes. The phylogeny obtained supports the hypothesis that the radula has been lost once in the Doridina and that the radula‐less dorids are a monophyletic group. Cryptobranchia is monophyletic when the radula‐less dorids are included. The new genusMandelia, introduced on the basis of a new species from South Africa, is the sister group of the rest of the radula‐less dorids, and is described as a new family, Mandeliidae. The radula‐less dorids (currently placed in a separate superfamily) actually constitute an internal branch of other cryptobranch dorids.Phyllidiahas no synapomorphies that distinguish if fromFryeria, which has one autoapomorphy, the ventral position of the anus. Therefore, both genera are regarded as synonyms. The evolution of several characters among the radula‐less dorids is discussed, and the present phylogeny is compared with prior studies.
Extant and fossil Equus (Mammalia, Perissodactyla) skulls: a morphometric definition of the subgenus Equus
Authors: Eisenmann Véra , Baylac Michel
Published: March 2003

A sample of 225 skulls belonging to all extant species of Equus and of 33 fossil skulls of ages comprised between 3.4 Ma and 0.7 Ma was studied by multivariate analyses of size, shape, and form on four axial lengths. A simple bivariate discrimination using the overall palatal length and the cranial length allows an almost complete discrimination between modern (extant and young) equids (subgenus Equus) and old plesippine and stenonine forms. The modern pattern, possibly related to a bigger brain case, seems to appear less than 1.5 Ma ago in fossil species that can already be recognized as closely related to the extant Grevy's zebras, plains zebras, and horses. This does not support separate branchings of Equus species from a common plesippine stem.
A data based parsimony method of cophylogenetic analysis
Authors: Johnson Kevin P. , Drown Devin M. , Clayton Dale H.
Published: March 2003

Phylogenies of closely interacting groups, such as hosts and parasites, are seldom completely congruent. Incongruence can arise from biologically meaningful differences in the histories of the two groups, or can be generated by artifactual differences that are merely the result of incorrect phylogenies with weakly supported nodes. We present a method that distinguishes between these sources of incongruence and identifies lineages that are responsible for significant differences between phylogenies. We use the logic of conditional combination in that we first test for statistically significant incongruence using the partition homogeneity test. Then we remove all possible combinations of taxa until a non‐significant result of this test is achieved. Finally, we construct a ‘combined evidence’ phylogeny and then reposition the incongruent taxa. This method produces trees for final comparison using reconciliation methods, but it includes only as many incongruence events as can be statistically justified from the data sets. We apply this method to a host–parasite (gopher–louse) data set and identify many fewer incongruence events than do topology based analyses alone. Our method is broadly applicable to comparisons of phylogenies of interacting taxa, such as hosts and parasites, or mutualists. The method should also be useful for other problems involving comparisons of phylogenies, such as multiple gene trees or cladistic biogeography.
Bezzimyia— a genus of native New World Rhinophoridae (Insecta, Diptera)
Authors: Pape Thomas , Arnaud Paul H.
Published: March 2003

The New World genus Bezzimyia Townsend, 1919 is revised and the following 15 new species are described: B. barbarista sp. n., B. bisecta sp. n., B. bulbosa sp. n., B. floridensis sp. n., B. hansoni sp. n., B. jamaica sp. n., B. lapidicina sp. n., B. orestes sp. n., B. pittieri sp. n., B. platina sp. n., B. ramicornis sp. n., B. setifax sp. n., B. sternothrix sp. n., B. thompsonorum sp. n. and B. yepezi sp. n. The oviposition, egg and first instar larva are described for Bezzimyia yepezi from Venezuela. It is argued that Bezzimyia is a member of the family Rhinophoridae, which was previously considered to be represented in the New World only through two immigrant Palaearctic species.
Host‐selective toxins as agents of cell death in plant–fungus interactions
Authors: Markham Jonathan E. , Hille Jacques
Published: March 2003

Host‐selective toxins are known determinants of compatibility in plant–fungus interactions and provide a powerful model for understanding the specificity of these associations. The identification of genes required for toxin biosynthesis has shown that the genes are unique to the toxin producing species and are clustered in complex loci. These loci may have been acquired by horizontal gene transfer. Many, if not all, host‐selective toxins act by disrupting biochemical processes and in several cases the resulting cell death has the characteristics of programmed cell death. This ability to make dead tissue from living has enabled these facultative saprophytic fungi to become plant pathogens.
Colletotrichum: tales of forcible entry, stealth, transient confinement and breakout
Authors: Latunde‐Dada Akinwunmi O.
Published: March 2003

Taxonomy: Imperfect, anamorphic fungus (subdivision Deuteromycotina, form‐class Deuteromycetes, form‐subclass Coelomycetidae, form‐order Melanconiales, form‐family Melanconiaceae) with 39 ‘accepted’ species [Sutton, B.C. (1992) The genus Glomerella and its anamorph Colletotrichum. In: Colletotrichum: Biology, Pathology and Control (Bailey, J.A. and Leger, M.J., eds). Wallingford, UK: CAB International, pp. 1–26.] which continue to be revised and clarified by molecular taxonomic techniques. Species complexes and subspecific groups have been proposed.

Host range: Species of Colletotrichum attack a large number of important tropical and sub‐tropical crop species and cause economically significant diseases of cereals, grain legumes, vegetables, forage legumes, fruit crops and perennial crops. Tropical and sub‐tropical fruit production is significantly affected by postharvest anthracnose.

Disease symptoms: Symptoms of the attack are commonly known as anthracnose and comprise dark, sunken, lenticular necrotic lesions containing the acervuli of the pathogen.

Key attractions: A model fungus for research on host specificity, mycoherbicides, appressorial melanization, appressorial function, quiescent infection, fungal lifestyles, intracellular hemibiotrophy and the determinants of the switch from biotrophy to necrotrophy among others.

Useful websites:
http://www.uark.edu/depts/plant/, http://www.sorghumanthracnose.org/, http://www.iacr.bbscr.ac.uk/ppi/staff/roc_rc.html
Genes expressed during early stages of rice infection with the rice blast fungusMagnaporthe grisea
Authors: Rauyaree Payungsak , Choi Woobong , Fang Eric , Blackmon Barbara , Dean Ralph A.
Published: March 2003

summary

A system‐wide approach was adopted to further elucidate mechanisms regulating disease outcome between rice and the fungal pathogenMagnaporthe grisea. First, a cDNA library was constructed fromM. griseainfected rice at 48 h post‐inoculation. The 5′ end‐sequencing of 619 randomly selected clones revealed 359 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) that had not previously been described. A total of 124 from 260 ESTs with high and moderate similarity scores, based on BlastX, were organized into categories according to their putative function. The largest category of sequences (21%) contained stress or defence response genes. Eleven per cent of identified ESTs were redundant. In a second approach, differential hybridization analysis of the cDNA library using high‐density filters resulted in the identification of novel genes and previously characterizedM. griseagenes, including several that had previously been implicated in the infection process. A survey of up‐regulated cDNA clones revealed clone 29003, which corresponded to the rice peroxidase POX22.3. This gene is known to be expressed in rice upon infection withXanthomonas oryzaepv.oryzae, the bacterial blight pathogen. Importantly, this approach demonstrates the utility of gene discovery, through ESTs, for revealing novel genes in addition to those previously characterized as being potentially implicated in host–pathogen interactions.
Building an intercultural nursing terminology bank for the phenomenon, Violence, of the International Classification of Nursing Practice®: a methodological perspective
Authors: Coler M. S.
Published: March 2003

The aim of this article was to present the methodology and results of an investigation into the intercultural evolution of the nursing phenomenon – Violence – from the identification phase to the summative evaluation phase, in order to contribute to the evolution of the International Classification of Nursing Practice (ICNP®). The organizing construct was concept analysis of a nursing phenomenon. The identification of a universal problem in psychiatric‐mental health nursing by a team of 10 international leaders in the speciality led from the phase of concept analysis to development of a postgraduate educational module. The results of the original analysis of the concept and findings from clinical and evaluation data resulted in further analysis and consequent synthesis of the concept. Results will be disseminated to the International Council of Nursing (ICN) for the International Classification of Nursing Practice (ICNP®) to further the evolution of the phenomenon from a focus on the individual to that of the aggregate (social violence). The methodology pointed to a lack of transfer in the phenomenon from a focus on the individual to that of aggregates in the ICNP®. There was also a paucity of intercultural components. The phenomena of Abuse and Aggression appear to have been used synonymously with Violence, without an explanation. The data, and the methods used for its collection and submission, will enhance the ICNP®.
New nurse graduates' understanding of competence
Authors: Ramritu P. L. , Barnard A.
Published: March 2003

This article describes the findings of a phenomenographic research approach used to understand the experiences of competence of new nurse graduates. The aim of phenomenography is to describe the qualitatively different ways in which people understand a phenomenon. Six new graduates, who had been employed in two paediatric metropolitan hospitals in Australia, participated in the research. The graduates were interviewed and asked to describe and draw their understanding of competence. The interviews were audio‐taped and transcribed verbatim. Interview transcripts were analysed according to accepted phenomenographic methods of analysis. The graduates described eight conceptions of competence: competence as safe practice; competence as limited independence; competence as utilization of resources; competence as management of time and workload; competence as ethical practice; competence as performance of clinical skills; competence as knowledge; and competence as evolving. The final outcome of identification of conceptions led to the development of an outcome space (a diagrammatic representation of the logical relations between conceptions). The outcome space depicted a three‐level hierarchical relationship between the eight conceptions of competence experienced within a global framework of safety. The findings contribute to nursing knowledge by describing the meaning of competence from the perspective of the new nurse graduate. The need for support and assistance by employers of new graduates is confirmed from the findings. New nurse graduate experiences of competence provide suggestions for improving undergraduate education programmes as well as clarification of entry‐level competency standards.
The experience of collaboration: a comparison of health visiting in Scotland and Norway
Authors: Ellefsen B.
Published: March 2003

This investigation compared health visiting in Scotland and Norway by focusing on collaboration in health visiting. The data are based upon in‐depth interviews with a non‐probability sample, with voluntary participation of nine health visitors from Scotland and 12 health visitors from Norway. The results showed that there were more similarities than differences between the Scottish and Norwegian health visitors’ experience of collaboration in their work. Both groups had a complex role‐set and experienced dependency on role partners. Collaborative strain was experienced through lack of recognition and system deficiencies. Tensions in collaboration evolved from the definition and question of responsibility in grey areas, jurisdictional threats and conflicts. Within these areas the degree and importance of collaboration differed. The Scottish health visitors were more dependent on client referrals to them and their referrals to other agencies, whereas the Norwegians health visitors experienced an asymmetrical relationship, as they were more dependent on the capacity of the agency to accept the referrals. Lack of recognition seemed to be a stronger experience in Norway than in Scotland. All of this had a marked influence on the performance of the health visitors. Further research should address the question of collaboration in health visiting work and to what degree it influences the quality of health visiting and consequences for clients, the community and health visiting service.
In Vitro and In Vivo Determinations of Sun Protection Factors of Sunscreen Lotions with Octylmethoxycinnamate
Authors: Santos E.P. , Freitas Z.M. , Souza K.R. , Garcia S. , Vergnanini A.
Published: March 2003

Synopsis

The aim of this work was to evaluate the correlation between in vitro and in vivo determinations of sun protection factors (SPF) of sunscreen lotions containing the synthetic sunscreen octyl methoxycinnamate. Three sunscreen lotions containing either 2, 4.5 or 7.5% octyl methoxycinnamate were prepared. The in vitro SPFs of these sunscreen lotions were determined according to the spectrophotometric method of Mansur et al. The in vivo SPF values were determined according to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) method. The results indicate that there was a good correlation between the in vitro and in vivo determinations for the sunscreen lotions examined.
Resveratrol: an original mechanism on tyrosinase inhibition
Authors: Bernard  , Berthon
Published: March 2003

Synopsis

This paper forms part of studies searching for new bioactive ingredients for cosmetics, for example, in the whitening agent field. The aim of our work was to present resveratrol as an original substrate for tyrosinase with very promising cosmetic perspectives. This study was based on several spectrophotometric analyses with minor adaptations. These analyses suggested that resveratrol is biotransformed by tyrosinase into an oxydated form, becoming a powerful inhibitor of tyrosinase. Furthermore, we show that resveratrol can be used as an additive compound in whitening cosmetics, particularly with a Morus alba extract. These results may help in understanding tyrosinase active site structure and mechanism.

Résumé

Cet article fait partie d’un vaste projet de recherche de biomolécules actives originales à visée cosmétique. Les agents dépigmentants en sont un exemple. Dans ce cadre, nous présentons le resvératrol comme substrat original de la tyrosinase avec des applications cosmétiques intéressantes. Cette étude est basée sur diverses expériences spectrophotométriques. Les analyses montrent d’une part que le resvératrol agit comme substrat de la tyrosinase. D’autre part, le produit biotransformé semble inhiber l’activité tyrosinase. Une application directe consiste à combiner le resvératrol avec d’autres agents dépigmentants de façon à atteindre un effet synergique entre les deux actifs.
Quantitative two‐dimensional analysis of facial wrinkles of Japanese women at various ages
Authors: Tsukahara K. , Takema Y. , Fujimura T. , Moriwaki S. , Hattori M.
Published: March 2003

Synopsis

To evaluate individual differences in the recognition of facial wrinkles, we asked 40 Japanese female observers to identify wrinkles using transparent sheets over frontal facial photos of four females aged 20, 39, 55 or 75 years. We then measured the number and length of those wrinkles by image analysis. Wrinkles identified by those 40 observers showed aged‐related increases in the standard deviation (SD) values for number and length but age‐related decreases in the coefficient of variation (CV)%. Therefore, to clarify factors affecting the degree of wrinkle detection, wrinkles were identified by two groups of age‐matched male and female observers, by two groups that differed by age, and by two other groups, one of which who felt that there was an improvement in their wrinkles after application of an antiwrinkle agent and another group who did not feel that there was any improvement after the same treatment. Improvement was observed by replica image analysis in all groups. The degree of wrinkles identified was not affected by the age or by the sex of the observer group. However, the group who felt that there was an improvement in their wrinkles after treatment with the antiwrinkle agent identified a significantly higher number of wrinkles than did the group who did not feel that there was an improvement.

These results suggest marked individual differences in the recognition of wrinkles. Fine wrinkles in relatively young subjects are difficult to detect, but moderate to marked wrinkles in middle‐aged and in aged subjects can easily be detected. Concerning the cause of individual differences in the extent of wrinkle detection, observers who identified a large number of wrinkles tended to recognize not only pronounced wrinkles but also recognized fine wrinkles as ‘wrinkles’. This seems to have also affected their feelings about the success of treatment with the antiwrinkle agent.
2‐Acetylindan‐1,3‐dione and its Cu2+ and Zn2+ complexes as promising sunscreen agents
Authors: Ahmedova A. , Mantareva V. , Enchev V. , Mitewa M.
Published: March 2003

Synopsis

In continuation of a previous spectroscopic and quantum chemical study on 2‐acetylindan‐1,3‐dione (2AID), the spectral properties and photostability of 2AID and its Cu2+ and Zn2+ complexes in different solvents are reported. Comparison is made with the photostability of two commercially available sunscreens: benzophenone‐3 and octylmethoxycinnamate. 2AID exhibits a higher photostability, high molar absorption coefficient (42 000 m−1 cm−1) at λmax and broad‐spectrum UV‐protection properties.

The hypothesis that the strong intramolecular H‐bonding is responsible for the higher photostability was confirmed by studying the photodegradation upon irradiation with UV light of 2AID in hydrogen bond‐breaking solvent, DMSO. The data obtained show that 2AID undergoes rapid degradation in this solvent.

It is found that Cu2+ and Zn2+−2AID complexes show higher photostability in DMSO than 2AID itself.
Oral fish cartilage polysaccharides in the treatment of photoageing: biophysical findings
Authors: Distante F. , Scalise F. , Rona C. , Bonfigli A. , Fluhr J. W. , Berardesca E.
Published: March 2003

Synopsis

The topically applied cosmetic products can be helpful in improving the aged skin condition. The present study shows how oral fish‐cartilage food supplementation can be helpful in improving the treatment of ageing skin. A total of 30 healthy women with signs of skin ageing were studied. Fifteen of the women were treated with a food supplement based on polysaccharides derived from the fish cartilage and a natural mix of antioxidants for 2 months and the other 15 with a placebo. Clinical evaluation and biophysical parameters related to skin function and wrinkle severity, such as silicone replica, skin thickness, mechanical properties, skin colour and capacitance, were measured. The results showed statistically significant changes in the active‐treated group in comparison to the placebo. In particular, dermal thickness (treatment: from 1.13 to 1.23 mm; P < 0.001), skin wrinkling (treatment: from 9.5 to 3.5 Ra; P< 0.002), skin colour (treatment: brighter and less pigmented; P < 0.02) and viscoelasticity (treatment: from 0.70 to 0.97%; P < 0.02) showed considerable improvement. Most of these parameters are related to changes occurring within the dermal matrix, which is improved after the treatment, whereas most of the topically applied cosmetic products have a short‐term effect on superficial structures. A combination treatment (oral and topical) can be more effective in reducing the signs of skin‐ageing.
A synthetic hexapeptide (Argireline) with antiwrinkle activity
Authors: Blanes‐Mira C. , Clemente J. , Jodas G. , Gil A. , Fernández‐Ballester G. , Ponsati B. , Gutierrez L. , Pérez‐Payá E. , Ferrer‐Montiel A.
Published: March 2003

Synopsis

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) represent a revolution in cosmetic science because of their remarkable and long‐lasting antiwrinkle activity. However, their high neurotoxicity seriously limits their use. Thus, there is a need to design and validate non‐toxic molecules that mimic the action of BoNTs. The hexapeptide Ac‐EEMQRR‐NH2 (coined Argireline) was identified as a result of a rational design programme. Noteworthy, skin topography analysis of an oil/water (O/W) emulsion containing 10% of the hexapeptide on healthy women volunteers reduced wrinkle depth up to 30% upon 30 days treatment. Analysis of the mechanism of action showed that Argireline significantly inhibited neurotransmitter release with a potency similar to that of BoNT A, although as expected, it displayed much lower efficacy than the neurotoxin. Inhibition of neurotransmitter release was due to the interference of the hexapeptide with the formation and/or stability of the protein complex that is required to drive Ca2+‐dependent exocytosis, namely the vesicular fusion (known as SNARE) complex. Notably, this peptide did not exhibit in vivo oral toxicity nor primary irritation at high doses. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that Argireline is a non‐toxic, antiwrinkle peptide that emulates the action of currently used BoNTs. Therefore, this hexapetide represents a biosafe alternative to BoNTs in cosmetics.
The biology of human starvation: some new insights
Authors: Henry C. J. K.
Published: March 2003

Summary Body mass index (BMI) has been extensively used to define and classify obesity. This paper proposes the use of BMI to also define the limits of human survival to starvation. Females appear to be able to withstand starvation to much lower values of BMI compared to males. This may be partly due to the the greater amount of adipose tissue in women and the preferential use of fat rather than lean tissue as fuel during starvation. These gender‐specific fuel mobilisation patterns during starvation may provide evolutionary advantages to the females.
FLAIR‐FLOW 4: Synthesis Report on Food Allergy for Health Professionals
Authors: Robinson Frankie
Published: March 2003

In the March 2002 issue of Nutrition Bulletin we published the first FLAIR‐FLOW 4 synthesis report on dietary fat and cardiovascular disease, written for health professionals. Synthesis reports provide a focused summary of a topic, and include current EU‐funded research and other references. The second of the series of 6 synthesis reports for health professionals focuses on food allergy.
Obesity and immune function relationships
Authors: Martí A. , Marcos A. , Martínez J. A.
Published: March 2003

The immunological processes involved in the collaborative defence of organisms are affected by nutritional status. Thus, a positive chronic imbalance between energy intake and expenditure leads to situations of obesity, which may influence unspecific and specific immune responses mediated by humoral and cell mediated mechanisms. Furthermore, several lines of evidence have supported a link between adipose tissue and immunocompetent cells. This interaction is illustrated in obesity, where excess adiposity and impaired immune function have been described in both humans and genetically obese rodents. However, limited and often controversial information exist comparing immunity in obese and non‐obese subjects as well as about the cellular and molecular mechanisms implicated. In general terms, clinical and epidemiological data support the evidence that the incidence and severity of specific types of infectious illnesses are higher in obese persons as compared to lean individuals together with the occurrence of poor antibody responses to antigens in overweight subjects. Leptin might play a key role in linking nutritional status with T‐cell function. The complexities and heterogeneity of the host defences concerning the immune response in different nutritional circumstances affecting the energy balance require an integral study of the immunocompetent cells, their subsets and products as well as specific and unspecific inducer/regulator systems. In this context, more research is needed to clarify the clinical implications of the alterations induced by obesity on the immune function.
Obesity in the elderly – a future matter of concern?
Authors: Rössner S.
Published: March 2003

In most studies mean body weight increases with age up to about age 60 and then levels off, but information about the association between body weight and mortality at higher ages is sparse, since most studies published are cross‐sectional, thus introducing a bias in selectivity. Some studies actually suggest a protective effect of overweight in the oldest age groups. Indices of visceral obesity may be better indicators of risk than body mass index (BMI) in these age groups. Not only actual weight, but also weight development over the last decades may predict outcome. Most clinical trials exclude older patients and little is known about benefits of diets or drugs inducing weight loss in these age groups. More information is available suggesting multiple benefits of physical activity. Mechanical complications of obesity, such as osteoarthritis and static respiratory complications seem to improve with weight loss even at higher ages. For health economic reasons it will become important to address treatment strategies in the elderly in the future, since they will constitute a large segment of the population. Recent studies suggest that bariatric surgery, previously considered contraindicated in obese patients above age 60 can be safely performed even in patients above age 70 and with the same benefits as for younger subjects.
Gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease in obesity: pathophysiological and therapeutic considerations
Authors: Barak N. , Ehrenpreis E. D. , Harrison J. R. , Sitrin M. D>
Published: March 2003

Gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is common in obese patients. Apart from the physical discomfort and the economic burden, GERD may increase morbidity and mortality through its association with oesophageal carcinoma. The pathophysiology of GERD differs between obese and lean subjects. First, obese subjects are more sensitive to the presence of acid in the oesophagus. Second, hiatal hernia, capable of promoting GERD by several mechanisms, is more prevalent among the obese. Third, obese subjects have increased intra‐abdominal pressure that displaces the lower oesophageal sphincter and increases the gastro‐oesophageal gradient. Finally, vagal abnormalities associated with obesity may cause a higher output of bile and pancreatic enzymes, which makes the refluxate more toxic to the oesophageal mucosa. The altered body composition associated with obesity affects the pharmacokinetics of drugs. There are no data regarding the efficacy of any of the drugs used for GERD treatment. The dosages of cimetidine and ranitidine should be calculated according to the patient’s ideal body weight, not their actual weight. Of the operative procedures used for weight loss, Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass was found to be most effective for GERD, while gastric banding was associated with a high prevalence of reflux. This review outlines the pathophysiology and the treatment of GERD in obesity with emphasis on the therapeutic considerations in this population of patients.
Hereditary hemochromatosis: progress and perspectives
Authors: Camaschella Clara , De Gobbi Marco , Roetto Antonella
Published: March 2003

Hereditary hemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive disorder of iron metabolism which leads to iron overload and organ failure. Clinical symptoms develop in mid‐life and are prevalent in males. If the disease is diagnosed before the onset of cirrhosis, treatment by phlebotomy normalizes life expectancy. To demonstrate the increased iron stores, liver biopsy has been the gold standard for diagnosis. The discovery of the HFE gene and of a prevalent mutation has had a great impact on the early detection of the disorder. Molecular diagnosis is now feasible for patients using noninvasive tests. Because the molecular defect identifies only the propensity to absorb excess iron, in the presymptomatic state molecular diagnosis must be combined with other tests to demonstrate iron overload. A minority of patients with hemochromatosis have wild‐type HFE. Two distinct disorders have been recognized among these patients. Young individuals with a severe iron loading may have juvenile hemochromatosis, a disorder linked to chromosome 1q. A subset of patients with adult presentation has a type of hemochromatosis linked to chromosome 7q, characterized by inactivation of transferrin receptor 2. These new findings may have an impact on diagnosis and are of relevance for a novel view of iron metabolism.
Purification and Functional Assay of Pluripotent Hematopoietic Stem Cells
Authors: Peschle Cesare , Botta Rosanne , Müller Robert , Valtieri Mauro , Ziegler Benedikt L.
Published: March 2003

Hematolymphopoietic stem cells (HSC) have the capacity for extensive self‐renewal and pluripotent myelolymphoid differentiation. Recent studies have emphasized the heterogeneity of human HSC subsets in terms of proliferative and self‐renewal capacity. In the NOD‐SCID (nonobese diabetic–severe combined immunodeficient) mouse xenograft assay, most CD34+38− stem cell clones proliferate at early times, but then disappear, whereas only few clones persist: possibly, the latter ones consist of long‐term engrafting CD34+38− HSC expressing the KDR receptor (i.e. the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor II). In this regard, isolation of the small KDR+ subset from the CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors (and possibly from the CD34−lin− population) may provide a novel and effective approach for the purification of long‐term proliferating HSC. More importantly, KDR+ HSC isolation will pave the way to cellular/molecular characterization and improved functional manipulation of HSC/HSC subsets, as well as to innovative approaches for HSC clinical utilization, specifically transplantation, transfusion medicine and gene therapy.
AUTOSOMAL RECESSIVE DEFICIENCIESOF COAGULATION FACTORS
Authors: Peyvandi F. , Asselta R. , Mannucci P.M.
Published: March 2003

Deficiencies of coagulation factors that cause a bleeding disorder, other than factor VIII and factor IX, are inherited as autosomal recessive traits and are generally rare, with prevalence in the general population varying between 1 in 500 000 and 1 in 2 000 000. In the last few years, the number of patients with recessively transmitted coagulation deficiencies has increased in European countries with a high rate of immigration of Islamic populations where consanguineous marriages are frequent. As a consequence of the relative rarity of these deficiencies, the type and severity of bleeding symptoms, the underlying molecular defects and the actual management of bleeding episodes are not as well established as for hemophilia A and B. This article reviews these disorders, in terms of clinical manifestations and characterization of the molecular defects. The general principles of management are also discussed.
Disseminated infection due to Encephalitozoon cuniculi in a patient with AIDS: case report and review
Authors: Fournier S , Liguory O , Sarfati C , David‐Ouaknine F , Derouin F , Decazes Jm , Molina Jm
Published: March 2003

Objective and methods

Infections due to microsporidia are increasingly recognized as opportunistic infections in patients with AIDS. We describe here a case of disseminated infection due to Encephalitozoon cuniculi and review the literature on this microsporidial infection.

Results

All 12 patients reported in the literature had AIDS and nine presented with disseminated infection involving the kidneys, sinuses, lungs, brain and conjunctiva. Asymptomatic infection was seen in three patients. Microsporidia were detected by light microscopy examination of urine samples in all the cases. Species identification was performed by various genotypic methods or transmission electron microscopy. Eight of 12 patients who received albendazole therapy experienced clinical improvement with documented clearance of spores in five of these eight patients. Two patients relapsed.

Conclusions

E. cuniculi infection should be considered in severely immunocompromised HIV‐infected patients with multi‐organ involvement and fever, especially when renal failure is present. Microsporidial spores are usually seen in urine samples and in the involved organ. Albendazole therapy seems to be effective.
Cutaneous primary paracoccidioidomycosis
Authors: Bustínduy M García , Guimerá Fj , Arévalo P , Castro C , Sáez M , Alom S Dorta , Noda A , Diaz‐Flores L , Montelongo R García
Published: March 2003

Paracoccidioidomycosis is a common fungal infection in Latin America. Few cases have been described in non‐endemic countries and their diagnosis without the correct suspicion, bearing in mind that the latency period might be up to 60 years, may not be easy.

We report the case of a 59‐year‐old man who worked as a taxi driver for 25 years in Venezuela. Cutaneous paracoccidioidomycosis was diagnosed one year after he returned to Spain. No internal signs or symptoms of the disease were found and cell‐mediated immunity showed no depression.

Our case suggested us to consider direct cutaneous infection, although respiratory tract is believed to be the most frequent portal of entry for this infection.
Second intention healing after Mohs micrographic surgery
Authors: Moreno‐Arias Ga , Izento‐Menezes Cm , Carrasco Ma , Camps‐Fresneda A
Published: March 2003

Background Although second intention healing has been used for many years in Mohs micrographic surgery, it has lost popularity. This is due to the long process and functional alteration of important anatomical units if certain wound healing factors are not carefully taken into consideration.

Objective To review indications, contraindications, complications, advantages, disadvantages, as well as basic concepts of the wound healing process, wound care and antibiotic prophylaxis in the management of open wounds after Mohs surgery.

Methods A short but comprehensive review of studies published in the literature dealing with second intention healing as a reconstruction alternative option in certain situations.

Conclusions Second intention healing is a simple and cost‐effective method for reconstruction after Mohs micrographic surgery in well‐defined cases. It allows adequate tumoral control with good to excellent functional and cosmetic results.
The depression, anxiety, life satisfaction and affective expression levels in psoriasis patients
Authors: Devrimci‐Ozguven Halise , Kundakci Nihal , Kumbasar Hakan , Boyvat Ayse
Published: March 2003

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of stressful life events on the onset and exacerbation of psoriasis, depression, anxiety, life satisfaction and affective expression levels in psoriasis patients and psychological risk factors related to psoriasis.

Method

Fifty psoriasis patients were examined dermatologically and psychiatrically and then administered the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Spielberger State‐Trait Anxiety Scale (STAI I–II), Life Satisfaction Scale (LSS), Courtauld Emotional Control Scale (CECS) and Body Image Satisfaction Scale (BIS). Symptom severity was measured by the Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI).

Results

Thirty‐four patients declared that they had had a psychologically stressful life event in the last 3 months prior to the beginning of the illness. The mean PASI score was 1.75 ± 1.65; BDI score 13.58 ± 6.11; STAI‐I score 39.54 ± 9.18, STAI‐II score 46.58 ± 8.05; LSS score 9.18 ± 4.39; CECS score 51.64 ± 9.75; BIS score 93.74 ± 16.67.

Conclusion

Psoriasis patients reported significantly higher degrees of depression and more body cathexis problems than controls. In addition, the risk for developing psoriasis increased significantly in patients with moderate and severe depression. We also found a relationship between symptom severity and low affective expression and high BDI scores in this study. These findings suggest that the relationship between psoriasis and psychological problems can be reciprocal and requires further investigation.