bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Favelas and Other Self‐Built Neighborhoods
Authors: Penglase R. Ben
Published: September 2018

The term “favelas,” which originated in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, refers to an underserved and unofficial urban neighborhood. Favelas are often characterized by exclusion from a formal urban infrastructure, social marginalization, unofficial landownership, and a distinctive self‐built architectural form. Since the 1980s, favelas have been associated with drug dealing and are often subjected to violent and arbitrary policing.
Sex Reassignment
Authors: Besnier Niko
Published: September 2018

Sex reassignment is the surgical or chemical modification of the body's secondary sexual characteristics, primarily to respond to the needs of transgender people. It can focus on the sexual organs or other gender‐ and sex‐marked features of the body. The availability and form of sex reassignment varies across different national contexts, being dependent on different medical traditions and legal systems, as well as on different funding regimes for medical care.
Storage
Authors: Widlok Thomas
Published: September 2018

Storage covers a wide variety of technological solutions to the problem of how to keep food and other resources available for use. The human ability to store has been a key factor in environmental adaptation and also in the evolution of cultural diversification and complexity. Storage is practiced universally, and it plays an important role in the transition from simple hunting and gathering to complex foraging and agriculture. Storage enables accumulation, inequality, and the concentration of power. Competitive spending and feasting are ways of solving problems of redistribution but they are also driving forces in the transformation of social relations.
Embeddedness
Authors: Beckert Jens
Published: September 2018

Embeddedness is a core concept in economic anthropology. Associated primarily with the work of Karl Polanyi, it refers to the interconnections between economic functions in society and other social spheres. The economy is not a separate realm but is connected with social institutions. Only in what Polanyi calls “market society” is this connection absent.
Gender and Material Culture
Authors: Hermkens Anna‐Karina
Published: September 2018

Despite the fact that both gender and material culture have been crucial to the articulation of anthropological debates and theory, their relationship has received relatively little anthropological attention. Only in the 1990s did there arise a renewed interest in material culture informed by theoretical concerns with issues such as gender. Before this period, scholars mainly focused on non‐Western “art” made by men, with women's creative products often being classified as “craft.” Since then, most material culture studies that are informed by gender have focused on the gendered ways that objects are produced, used, exchanged, collected, displayed in museums, and/or commodified in particular cultural and historical contexts. Few anthropological studies engage with material culture from the perspective of a theoretical concern with gender.
Malanggan
Authors: Küchler Susanne
Published: September 2018

Malangganis the generic name for motivic compositions that are carved from wood, woven from vines, molded from clay, or danced and sung into rhythmic patterns. Compositions are gifted to mark the loan or sale of land in New Ireland, Papua New Guinea. Nowadays, artifacts once used in ritual are often sold to collectors.
Landscape
Authors: Johnson Leslie Main
Published: September 2018

In anthropology, landscape has several distinct meanings. It refers to an area of lands and waters associated with human groups which can vary in scale and also to the ecological setting of a group, the understanding held by a group of its environment, or a metaphoric extension of spatial relationships to other realms, such as virtual space, knowledge production, or political fields. “Scapes” as a concept in contemporary ethnography clearly derives from this metaphoric origin. Geography, resource management, and ethnobiology are related fields that also contribute to studies of human relationships with landscape. “Cultural landscape” is an important concept in heritage conservation.
T
hurnwald,
R
ichard (1869–1954)
Authors: Spittler Gerd
Published: September 2018

Richard Thurnwald wrote the first systematic textbook of comparative economic anthropology in English and had great influence in this field. The embeddedness of the economy in society was basic to his approach. He paid particular attention to work, ecological and technical conditions, and ethnic and social stratification. For Thurnwald, social change, of which contemporary colonialism was a particular form, was inherent in every society and at every stage of the economy. In his methodology, Thurnwald applied a comparative approach covering a great variety of primitive and archaic societies.
Transhumance
Authors: Galaty John G.
Published: September 2018

Transhumance is a form of pastoralism that involves the cyclical movement of herders and their domestic animals between seasonal pastures, thus the term “trans” (across) “humus” (land). Transhumance is distinguished from nomadism, which implies continuous, short‐range movements, or seminomadism, which involves occasional and relatively unpredictable or opportunistic movements of herds and households as they seek fresh pastures.
Detention
Authors: Kobelinsky Carolina , Makaremi Chowra
Published: September 2018

State detention is an institutionalized and centralized form of social control born within Western modernity. It is both a political and a social process that occurs in various institutions, which categorize the population they target and produce an understanding of social problems: delinquency, mental illness, migration control, terrorism. Anthropologists have looked at how these institutions think and at the texture of life inside them. Depending on the researcher's access to and position in the field, empirical investigations focus on agents and technologies of power or on detainees' experiences and social worlds. These investigations all question the sense and social functions of detention. Since the 1980s, detention has expanded worldwide in size, power, and complexity. New technologies of surveillance and practices of detention, such as immigration detention, have emerged. This evolution raises questions on criminalization and detention as a strategy of governance and a differential management of social, racial, and economic exclusion.
Subsistence
Authors: Sillitoe Paul
Published: September 2018

Anthropology customarily divides subsistence regimes into three categories: foragers, pastoralists, and cultivators. A closer look shows that many communities depend on two or all three subsistence strategies, with one dominating food supply. Subsistence regimes feature autarkic productive units that are central to egalitarian political relations. While such communities are often independent, they invariably feature some trade for certain things. Organized to meet the needs of producers and their dependents, these regimes lack the growth dynamic of the capitalist order and consequently tend to use natural resources sustainably.
K
arve,
I
rawati (1905–70)
Authors: Sundar Nandini
Published: September 2018

This entry highlights the contributions of India's first woman anthropologist, Irawati Karve, to the study of kinship and caste from a sociological and anthropometric perspective, as well as the range of her work, which included both literary essays and socioeconomic surveys.
Legal Expertise
Authors: Bennett Tom
Published: September 2018

The expertise of anthropologists is most evident in courts, where they provide opinion evidence on the institutions of other cultures. In this regard, they have recently been active in supporting claims to aboriginal rights as well as in relation to asylum and other immigration cases. Anthropology has made a less apparent but equally important contribution to formulating legal policy, legislation, and jurisprudential theory.
Millennialism
Authors: Wessinger Catherine
Published: September 2018

Millennialism—belief in an imminent transition to a collective salvation either on earth or in heaven or both, and accomplished by a divine or superhuman agent or by humans working according to a divine or superhuman plan—manifests in distinctive patterns that are not mutually exclusive and that may be found in various traditions, including cultures that have not been influenced by Christianity and the Christian Bible. Millennial expressions are also found in secular movements that reject belief in supernatural beings. Common millennial patterns include catastrophic millennialism (apocalypticism), progressive millennialism, nativist millennialism, and avertive apocalypticism. There is a range of millennial activities: waiting for divine intervention; attempting to elicit divine intervention by spiritual practices; living in communities separate from wider society; responding peacefully or violently when attacked; and carrying out revolution to destroy the old order to create a new order expressive of the anticipated collective salvation.
W
arman,
A
rturo (1937–2003)
Authors: Rabiela Teresa Rojas , Nocetti María Antonieta Gallart
Published: September 2018

Arturo Warman, a well‐known academic and public administrator, made a significant contribution to the development of anthropology, to the social sciences in general, with his critical studies and debates on the peasantry and on indigenous peoples, and to public policy in both fields. A university professor, tireless researcher, and promoter of popular culture, ethnographic film, and music, Warman was also an international consultant, a creator and director of academic institutions, a member of commissions and committees, a press contributor, and a top‐level public administrator. He also promoted two important constitutional reforms.
Elementary Forms of Religious Life, The /
L
es Formes Élémentaires
de la vie
Religieuse
Authors: James Wendy
Published: September 2018

A brief account is given of the importance to anthropology of Durkheim's book of 1912, first translated into English in 1915 but recently (1995) given a fresh and updated translation. It was the first of the early classics in the social sciences to treat the details of ethnography seriously and to bring them in line with a broad theoretical approach to religion in society. The main regional focus is Australia.
Saints and Sainthood
Authors: Bandak Andreas
Published: September 2018

Saints are central to personal devotion, as intercessors and mediators between humanity and God, and as models for emulation. Relationships with and images of saints and holy figures are by no means fixed but have developed, mirrored, and challenged different times and cultures. Sainthood is a precarious social process that entails both the saintly figure and an audience, and the process that establishes the claim to sainthood depends on mutual implications, negotiations, contestations, and collaborations. For followers the saint—living or dead—inhabits a space where they are allowed identification with him or her even if they never aspire to become a saint themselves. In this sense sainthood is a matter of social relationships, relationships that are perennially in the making.
F
ortes,
M
eyer (1906–83)
Authors: Drucker‐Brown Susan
Published: September 2018

Meyer Fortes was a leading member of the pioneering generation of scholars who established the discipline of social anthropology in Britain and is probably best known for his study of kinship systems. However, his concern with kinship in the context of diverse patterns of political and religious organization as well as his interest in the psychological aspects of explicitly social behavior give his work a much wider relevance. Fortes's later work often deals with identity, selfhood, and religious belief.
Soft Law
Authors: Sandvik Kristin Bergtora
Published: September 2018

A nonexhaustive inventory of soft law items includes instruments such as declarations, recommendations, codes of conduct, action plans, expert opinions, and handbooks. Soft law is produced by state actors, international organizations, civil society organizations, multinationals, trade associations, and legal experts. While doctrinal legal scholarship gives significant focus to the question of whether soft law is really law, there is also recognition that soft law produces empirical and legal consequences. Anthropological scholarship has engaged with soft law in the context of legal pluralism and global law. While the ethnographic study of soft law focus on how soft law norms are produced, distributed, enforced, and received within and across social fields, a disciplinary perception of soft law as inherently progressive has resulted in insufficient attention to how soft law may help create privatized legal orders, weaken accountability, or create inequality or oppression.
Weaving Sensing Fibers into Electrochemical Fabric for Real‐Time Health Monitoring
Authors: Wang Lie , Wang Liyuan , Zhang Ye , Pan Jian , Li Shangyu , Sun Xuemei , Zhang Bo , Peng Huisheng
Published: September 2018

Wearable sensing technologies have received considerable interests due to the promising use for real‐time monitoring of health conditions. The sensing part is typically made into a thin film that guarantees high flexibility with different sensing materials as functional units at different locations. However, a thin‐film sensor easily breaks during use because it cannot adapt to the soft or irregular body surfaces, and, moreover, it is not breathable or comfortable for the wearable application. Herein, a new and general strategy of making electrochemical fabric from sensing fiber units is reported. These units efficiently detect a variety of physiological signals such as glucose, Na+, K+, Ca2+, and pH. The electrochemical fabric is highly flexible and maintains structural integrity and detection ability under repeated deformations, including bending and twisting. They demonstrate the capacity to monitor health conditions of human body in real time with high efficacy.
Adaptive Polymersome and Micelle Morphologies in Anticancer Nanomedicine: From Design Rationale to Fabrication and Proof‐of‐Concept Studies
Authors: Pijpers Imke A. B. , Abdelmohsen Loai K. E. A. , Xia Yifeng , Cao Shoupeng , Williams David S. , Meng Fenghua , van Hest Jan C. M. , Zhong Zhiyuan
Published: September 2018

Intrigued and inspired by the intricacy of natural architectures which display various morphologies, researchers seek to develop artificial counterparts in order to replicate, and thereby harness, their function for diverse applications. In particular, well‐defined nanoparticles with various morphologies are of great interest for biomedical research. The impact of morphologically discrete nanoparticles upon the development of nanomedicine is significant, gaining increasing attention for its potential to provide a new avenue for the development of future therapeutic technologies. This progress report discusses adaptive morphologies based on block copolymers as platforms for therapeutic and smart drug delivery applications, including design rationale and controlling the morphology of polymeric nanoparticles. The proof‐of‐concept studies on influence of shapes of nanoparticles on their anticancer effects in vitro and in vivo are addressed.
Functional MRI on executive functioning in aging and dementia: A scoping review of cognitive tasks
Authors: McDonald Andrew P. , D'Arcy Ryan C. N. , Song Xiaowei
Published: September 2018

Cognitive decline with aging and dementia is especially poignant with regard to the executive functioning that is necessary for activities of daily independent living. The relationship between age‐related neurodegeneration in the prefrontal cortex and executive functioning has been uniquely investigated using task‐phase functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to detect brain activity in response to stimuli; however, a comprehensive list of task designs that have been implemented to task‐phase fMRI is absent in the literature. The purpose of this review was to recognize what methods have been used to study executive functions with aging and dementia in fMRI tasks, and to describe and categorize them. The following cognitive subdomains were emphasized: cognitive flexibility, planning and decision‐making, working memory, cognitive control/inhibition, semantic processing, attention and concentration, emotional functioning, and multitasking. Over 30 different task‐phase fMRI designs were found to have been implemented in the literature, all adopted from standard neuropsychological assessments. Cognitive set‐shifting and decision‐making tasks were particularly well studied in regard to age‐related neurodegeneration, while emotional functioning and multitasking designs were found to be the least utilized. Summarizing the information on which tasks have shown the greatest usability will assist in the future design and implementation of effective fMRI experiments targeting executive functioning.
Cardiopulmonary fitness assessment on maximal and submaximal exercise testing in patients with Fabry disease
Authors: Powell Adam W. , Jefferies John L. , Hopkin Robert J. , Mays Wayne A. , Goa Zhiqian , Chin Clifford
Published: September 2018

The cardiopulmonary exercise test (CPET) is a valuable tool to assess a patient's aerobic fitness and cardiac function, including the response to stress. There have been few studies using CPET to evaluate cardiopulmonary exercise capacity in patients with Fabry disease. We performed a retrospective chart review of patients with Fabry disease from 2001 to 2016, compared to age, gender, and size‐matched normal controls. A total of 18 patients were evaluated using the Bruce protocol (treadmill) and 11 patients were evaluated with the ramp protocol (cycle ergometer). The Fabry group demonstrated significantly lower heart rate at peak exercise (151.2 ± 22.5 vs. 178.6 ± 16.2, p < .05), max indexed VO2 (23.7 ± 7 vs. 33.9 ± 8.4, p < .05), and peak index oxygen pulse (12.1 ± 3 vs. 15.2 ± 4.2, p < .05). When the groups were further separated into treadmill or cycle ergometry testing only, there remained statistically significant differences in peak indexed oxygen pulse, heart rate at peak exercise, and max indexed VO2. There was a statistically significant difference between the Fabry patients evaluated by treadmill testing for systolic blood pressure at peak exercise that was not seen in the cycle ergometry group. Additionally, when looking at the patients who had concurrent cardiac MRI (cMRI) with their CPET, there was a positive correlation with max indexed VO2 and right ventricular end‐diastolic volume (r = .55, p = .007) and end‐systolic volume (r = .59, p = .007). Patients with Fabry disease have impaired cardiopulmonary exercise capacity as measured by CPET. Additionally, in patients with Fabry disease there is a positive correlation with functional capacity and right ventricular volumes on cMRI.
Pain and sleep quality in children with non‐vascular Ehlers–Danlos syndromes
Authors: Muriello Michael , Clemens Julia L. , Mu Weiyi , Tran Phuong T. , Rowe Peter C. , Smith Christy H. , Francomano Clair , Bodurtha Joann , Kline Antonie D.
Published: September 2018

The objective of this study was to explore the factors contributing to quality of life in pediatric patients with non‐vascular Ehlers–Danlos syndromes (EDS). Data were analyzed on 41 children with a diagnosis of non‐vascular EDS from the de‐identified data available from the National Institute on Aging (NIA) study of heritable disorders of connective tissue. Children under age 19 years were seen as part of a long‐term evaluation project from 2003 to 2013 on a larger natural history of patients with heritable disorders of connective tissue. Data collected included medical history, physical examination findings, diagnostic study results, and responses on validated questionnaires. We reviewed a sub‐cohort of children with a diagnosis of non‐vascular EDS and explored pain severity and interference via the Brief Pain Inventory, and sleep quality via the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Pain severity had a strong correlation with pain interference, and both were similar to other disorders that include chronic pain reported in the literature. Sleep quality did not correlate with pain severity or interference, but all patients had poor sleep quality in comparison to historical controls. We conclude that pain and sleep are significant issues in the pediatric non‐vascular EDS population, and future research may be directed toward these issues.
Recent Advances in the Creation of Asymmetric Carbon Centre(s) by Generation of Carbon‐Heteroatom Bond(s) Using Metal‐Pybox Complexes
Authors: Rohit K. R. , Ujwaldev Sankuviruthiyil M. , Saranya Salim , Anilkumar Gopinathan
Published: September 2018

Asymmetric synthesis is pivotal in modern‐day organic synthesis in which metal‐catalyzed protocols with compatible ligands play a key role. Many metal‐chiral ligand combinations have been extensively reported in which “pybox” as the chiral ligand has occupied an indisputable place owing to its widespread use. This review focuses on the reactions of various metal‐pybox combinations for the creation of asymmetric carbon centres by carbon‐heteroatom bond manipulations. For brevity and simplicity, these reactions are classified based on the metal used and the literature from 2006–2018 is covered.
Cleaning protocol of archaeological dental calculus: A methodological proposal for vegetable microremains analysis
Authors: Tavarone Aldana , de los Milagros Colobig María , Passeggi Esteban , Fabra Mariana
Published: September 2018

Objectives

One of the major drawbacks involves the contamination produced during the sampling of dental calculus samples due to their manipulation with non‐sterilized latex gloves containing maize starch. These gloves have been commonly used for the sampling, cleaning and conservation of archaeological materials. The objective of the present work is to propose a protocol for the cleaning of dental calculus samples that have been contaminated, allowing the removal of such material from the calculus surface. The application of this protocol guarantees the exogenous elements elimination without causing the loss of the archaeological material, since as it is a nondestructive and/or invasive cleaning method, it remains contained within the dental calculus which protects and guarantees its preservation.

Materials and methods

Fifty‐seven fragments of dental calculus were recovered from several archaeological sites in the province of Córdoba, Argentina, dated by AMS between 4058 and 387 14C years BP. A sample comprising 22 fragments larger than 2 mm, which represent 38.59% of the total, were subjected to four cleaning stages through distilled and centrifugal water. As a control test, 10 fragments of human dental tartar were taken, known to have not been previously handled with powdered latex gloves.

Results and discussion

The results show significant differences between the four cleaning stages, representing an important reduction of modern starch grains adhered to the surface of archaeological samples of human dental calculus.
Effects of double‐dose intranasal corticosteroid for allergic rhinitis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Khattiyawittayakun Likhit , Seresirikachorn Kachorn , Chitsuthipakorn Wirach , Kanjanawasee Dichapong , Snidvongs Kornkiat
Published: September 2018

Background

When a standard dose of intranasal corticosteroid (INCS) fails to control symptoms of allergic rhinitis (AR), a double dose of INCS is optional. This systematic review aimed to assess the effects of double‐dose INCS.

Methods

Literature searches were performed using MEDLINE and EMBASE. Randomized controlled trials that studied the effects of double‐dose INCS vs standard‐dose INCS for treating patients with AR were included. Data from the included studies were extracted and collected for meta‐analyses. The outcomes were nasal symptoms, ocular symptoms, and adverse events.

Results

Twelve studies (4166 patients) met the inclusion criteria. There were 5 pediatric studies (1868 patients), 5 adult studies (1414 patients), and 2 studies with mixed populations (884 patients). The meta‐analysis results in adult patients favored the effects of double‐dose INCS on: total nasal symptom score (standardized mean difference [SMD] −0.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], −0.41 to −0.08; 4 studies; 568 patients) and total ocular symptom score (SMD −0.27; 95% CI, −0.52 to −0.03; 1 study; 259 patients). The meta‐analysis results in pediatric patients did not show the difference between groups on total nasal symptom score (SMD −0.16; 95% CI, −0.40 to 0.07; 3 studies; 801 patients). The meta‐analysis of ocular symptom score in pediatric patients had insufficient data. There were no differences between groups on adverse events.

Conclusion

Double‐dose INCS showed better improvement in nasal and ocular symptoms in adult patients with AR when compared to the standard dose. These beneficial effects were not seen in the pediatric population. Adverse events between groups were not different.
Multivalent Crown Ether Receptors Enable Allosteric Regulation of Anion Exchange in an Fe4L6 Tetrahedron
Authors: von Krbek Larissa K. S. , Roberts Derrick A. , Pilgrim Ben S. , Schalley Christoph A. , Nitschke Jonathan R.
Published: September 2018

We report a strategy for regulating the rate of internally bound anion exchange within an Fe4L6 metal–organic tetrahedron through external coordination of tripodal tris(alkylammonium) cations. The cage features three flexible 18‐crown‐6 receptors at each of its FeII vertices, facilitating strong tritopic interactions with tris(ammonium) cations to “cap” the vertices of the tetrahedron. This capping mechanism restricts the flexibility of the cage framework, thereby reducing the rate of anion exchange within its central cavity by 20‐fold. Thus, we demonstrate the first use of an externally bound multivalent effector to allosterically control internal guest binding in a molecular cage.
Gold‐Catalyzed Double Cycloisomerization of 1‐Ene‐4,10‐diynyl Esters to Bicyclo[6.3.0]undeca‐2,4,9‐trienyl Esters
Authors: Mathiew Mitch , Tan Javey Khiapeng , Chan Philip Wai Hong
Published: September 2018

A synthetic method to prepare bicyclo[6.3.0]undeca‐2,4,9,trienyl esters efficiently from gold(I)‐catalyzed Rautenstrauch rearrangement/1,5‐hydride shift/8‐endo‐dig cyclization of 1‐ene‐4,10‐diynyl esters is described. The suggested double cycloisomerization mechanism delineates the first example of an unactivated all‐carbon tethered 1,7‐enyne, either preformed or formed in situ, which undergoes an 8‐endo‐dig cyclization pathway to give a cyclooctane motif. It also offers an extremely rare synthetic method in organic chemistry that can sequentially assemble both ring components of the bicyclic motif from an acyclic precursor in one step.
Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using oak leaf extract and their application for electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Hemmati Saba , Baghayeri Mehdi , Kazemi Sanaz , Veisi Hojat
Published: September 2018

A green method is proposed for synthesizing silver nanoparticles using oak leaf extract as a reductant, capper and stabilizing agent. The characterization of biosynthesized Ag@oak leaf extract (Ag@OLE) was performed using scanning electron microscopy–energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis, X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and UV–visible spectroscopy. The Ag@OLE nanocomposite was applied for immobilizing haemoglobin (Hb) on the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and its application as a hydrogen peroxide biosensor of was studied. Electrochemical properties of the biosensor were studied using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Direct electrical communication between the redox centre of Hb and GCE was created via conducting network of Hb–Ag@OLE.
Thermoviscosifying polymers based on polyether prepared from inverse emulsion polymerization
Authors: Wang Mengmeng , Sun Gang , Han Peihui , Su Xin , Feng Yujun
Published: September 2018

Thermoviscosifying polymers are attractive for enhancing oil recovery owing to their exceptional thickening power as temperature increases. However, the polymers reported to date show inadequacies including obligatory high polymer concentration to get the thermothickening ability because of their low molecular weight (MW), and inconvenient post‐treatment due to the high viscosity after manufacturing. To overcome these drawbacks, inverse emulsion polymerization was used here for preparing polyether‐based thermoviscosifying polymers (TVP‐Ps) by grafting acrylic monomers onto triblock copolymers PEO–PPO–PEO. It was found the MW of final products could reach 8 million Daltons, making them thermoviscosifying at 0.2 wt %. The viscosity of polymerized inverse emulsions was as low as 175 mPa·s, leading to direct dispersing. The TVP‐Ps containing Pluronic F127, F108, F68 all exhibited significant thermothickening behaviors in both aqueous solutions and brines, and the critical thermoassociative temperature could be tuned by changing the nature or amount of Pluronics. After aging at 45 °C for 60 days with equal initial viscosity, TVP‐Ps shows 21% higher viscosity retention than the reference polymer without Pluronic, PAMA, and preliminary core flooding test demonstrated TVP‐Ps can get 2.1% higher incremental oil recovery than PAMA. This work paves a new avenue for scaled‐up preparation and potential use of TVP‐Ps. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 134, 46696
Making the Ethical Transition in South Africa: Acquiring Human Bodies for Training in Anatomy
Authors: Kramer Beverley , Hutchinson Erin F. , Brits Desiré M. , Billings Brendon K.
Published: September 2018

While dissection remains the method of choice for teaching human anatomy, ethical requirements for obtaining cadavers has made the process of acquiring human bodies more strenuous for institutions. In Africa and at the School of Anatomical Sciences in South Africa, dependence on unclaimed bodies has been prevalent. The aim of the present study was to determine whether more rigorous application of ethical consent has altered the provenance of the cadavers in the School of Anatomical Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand. The numbers of bequeathed/donated/unclaimed cadavers received over the period 2013–2017, as well as their sex and population affinity were analyzed. The majority (96.8%) of the cadavers dissected over the period were from bequests/donations. Marginally more females than males were available. In addition, the population affinity of the cadavers had changed from a majority of South African African (unclaimed) bodies to a majority of South African White (bequest/donated) bodies. The study shows that even with ethical constraints it is possible to transition from the use of mainly unclaimed bodies to the acquisition of bequeathed/donor bodies. However, there may be challenges in relation to anatomical collections in the School as few of the bequest/donated cadavers remain in the School to be added to the collections. These changes also affect the demographics of the Schools' collections.
The effect of imide substituents on the optical properties of perylene diimide derivatives
Authors: Kong Fan , Lin Mengqi , Qiu Teng
Published: September 2018

As one of the most important organic semiconductors, perylene diimide derivatives (PDIs) have been widely applied in optoelectronics. Two kinds of soluble PDIs with different imide substituents have been synthesized and their optical properties have been investigated. The photoluminescence (PL) intensity of the PDI with amino phenyl imide substituents (NH2‐PDI) is much lower than that of the PDI with octyl imide substituents (O‐PDI). It can be found that the Stokes shift of O‐PDI is positive, whereas, the Stokes shift of NH2‐PDI is negative. The emission intensity of the 0–0 electron transition relative to that of the 1–0 electron transition (I0–0/I1–0) in the PL spectrum of O‐PDI is decreased, but the value of I0–0/I1–0 in the PL spectra of NH2‐PDI is increased as the dielectric constant of the solvent increases. The large overlap between the absorption and PL spectra plays an important role to result in the low PL intensity of NH2‐PDI. The PL decay data show that a non‐radiative process, photoinduced electron transfer, also contributes to the low PL intensity of NH2‐PDI. The results can help researchers to understand the effect of the imide substituents on the optical properties of PDIs.
Silico analysis of a novel mutation c.550delT in a Chinese patient with maple syrup urine disease
Authors: Li Wenjie , Meng Xianze , Wang Weiqing , Lv Jinfeng , Sun Yingmei , Lv Yanan , Wang Caijuan , Wang Hongqin , Wang Mei , Song Dongpo
Published: September 2018

Key Clinical Message

Twelve days after birth, the child was admitted to hospital because of “poor response, lethargy, and poor appetite for 6 days” and developed into coma immediately. The ventilator is required. The urine had significant maple syrup odor. After different diagnosis, she was diagnosed with classical maple syrup urine disease.
Flocculant Screening Method at Lab Scale for Application in Disc Stack Centrifuges with Hermetic Design
Authors: Merkel Tobias , Blättler Oliver , Königsson Staffan
Published: September 2018

Chemicals produced using biotechnological methods like fermentation processes are obtained as complex diluted aqueous mixture, which still contains the production organism. Centrifugation is a commonly used technology for biomass separation. By flocculation, the settling velocity of microorganisms can be increased. Here, a laboratory flocculant screening method tailored for the separation of flocculated biomass in a fully hermetic disc stack centrifuge is described. The specific requirements of this process, namely, floc formation, floc stability, sliding behavior in the disc stack, and flowability of the sludge, were transferred to lab scale and validated in pilot tests. The qualitative results of the laboratory screening were in agreement with the processes at industrial scale.
Oxygen Reduction Reaction on Silver Catalysts in Alkaline Media: a Minireview
Authors: Erikson Heiki , Sarapuu Ave , Tammeveski Kaido
Published: September 2018

The development of efficient platinum‐free catalysts for electrocatalytic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is one of the main challenges in the fuel cell research. Silver‐based materials are highly active towards ORR in alkaline conditions and recent achievements in improving the performance of anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs) have provoked many scientists to study these catalysts. This minireview is focused on the ORR performance of monometallic Ag catalysts and Ag‐based composites, the electrochemical oxygen reduction behaviour of Ag‐containing alloys is outside the scope of this review. The effect of the morphology of Ag nanostructures on catalysts’ ORR activity and pathway is discussed and the role of the support material is described. The performance of AEMFCs using Ag‐based cathode catalysts is also reviewed.
Na2Ti3O7/C Nanofibers for High‐Rate and Ultralong‐Life Anodes in Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Nie Su , Liu Li , Li Min , Liu Junfang , Xia Jing , Zhang Yue , Wang Xianyou
Published: September 2018

Na2Ti3O7/C nanofibers are successfully synthesized through an electrospinning process followed by hydrothermal treatment. The unique structure of these one‐dimensional nanofibers with two‐dimensional nanosheets on the surface is presumed to significantly shorten the diffusion routes for both electrons and ions. Meanwhile, the carbon matrix with a certain degree of graphitization can dramatically improve the overall conductivity. As a result, the Na2Ti3O7/C nanofiber electrode reveals an impressive electrochemical capability as the anode material of sodium‐ion batteries. It demonstrates a reversible capacity of 110 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles at a rate of 1 C. Moreover, with almost no capacity degradation, the discharge capacity of the Na2Ti3O7/C nanofiber electrode remains at 58 mA h g−1 after 1500 cycles at the high rate of 50 C. This superior electrochemical performance places the Na2Ti3O7/C nanofibers as an anode material with great promise for sodium‐ion batteries that could be applied in large‐scale energy storage.
Meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials on atrial fibrillation ablation in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Authors: Smer Aiman , Salih Mohsin , Darrat Yousef H. , Saadi Abdulghani , Guddeti Raviteja , Mahfood Haddad Toufik , Kabach Amjad , Ayan Mohamed , Saurav Alok , Abuissa Hussam , Elayi Claude S.
Published: September 2018

Background

The role of catheter ablation (CA) is increasingly recognized as a reasonable therapeutic option in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF).

Hypothesis

We aimed to compare CA to medical therapy in AF patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).

Methods

We searched the literature for randomized clinical trials comparing CA to medical therapy in this population.

Results

Six trials with a total of 775 patients were included. AF was persistent in 95% of patients with a mean duration of 18.5 ± 23 months prior enrollment. The mean age was 62.2 ± 7.8 years, mostly males (83%) with mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of 31.2 ± 6.7%. Compared to medical therapy, CA has significantly improved LVEF by 5.9% (Mean difference [MD] 5.93, confidence interval [CI] 3.59‐8.27, P < 0.00001, I2 = 87%), quality of life, (MD −9.01, CI −15.56, −2.45, P = 0.007, I2 = 47%), and functional capacity (MD 25.82, CI 5.46‐46.18, P = 0.01, I2 = 90%). CA has less HF hospital readmissions (odds ratio [OR] 0.5, CI 0.32‐0.78, P = 0.002, I2 = 0%) and death from any cause (OR 0.46, CI 0.29‐0.73, P = 0.0009, I2 = 0%). Freedom from AF during follow‐up was higher in patients who had CA (OR 24.2, CI 6.94‐84.41, P < 0.00001, I2 = 81%.

Conclusion

CA was superior to medical therapy in patients with AF and HFrEF in terms of symptoms, hemodynamic response, and clinical outcomes by reducing AF burden. However, these findings are applicable to the very specific patients enrolled in these trials.
Electrode Edge Effects and the Failure Mechanism of Lithium‐Metal Batteries
Authors: Lee Hongkyung , Chen Shuru , Ren Xiaodi , Martinez Abraham , Shutthanandan Vaithiyalingam , Vijayakumar Murugesan , Han Kee Sung , Li Qiuyan , Liu Jun , Xu Wu , Zhang Ji‐Guang
Published: September 2018

The very high specific capacity of Li metal makes it an ideal anode for high‐energy batteries. However, Li dendrite growth and the formation of isolated (or “dead”) Li during repeated Li plating/stripping processes leads to a low coulombic efficiency (CE). In this work, we discovered, for the first time, that electrode edge effects play an important role in the failure of Li‐metal batteries. The dead Li formed on the edge of Cu substrate was systematically investigated through SEM, energy‐dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and 2D X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). To minimize the Li loss at the edge of the Cu exposed to pressure‐free space, a modified Li∥Cu cell configuration with a Cu electrode smaller than Li metal is preferred. It was clearly demonstrated that using an electrode configuration with a minimal open space or pressure‐free space across electrodes can reduce accumulation of dead Li during cycling and increase Li CE. This phenomenon was also verified in Li‐metal batteries (Li∥LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2) and should be considered in the design of practical Li‐metal batteries.
The importance of green spaces to public health: a multi‐continental analysis
Authors: Amano Tatsuya , Butt Isabel , Peh Kelvin S.‐H.
Published: September 2018

As green spaces are a common feature of liveable cities, a detailed understanding of the benefits provided by these areas is essential. Although green spaces are regarded as a major contribution to the human well‐being in urbanized areas, current research has largely focused on the cities in developed countries and their global importance in terms of public health benefits remains unclear. In this study, we performed a multiple linear regression using 34 cities in different regions across the globe to investigate the relationship between green spaces and public health. Our analysis suggested that for richer cities, green spaces were associated with better public health; whereas a greater area of green spaces was associated with reduced public health in the poorest cities. In contrast to previous studies, which typically found positive relationships between green spaces and health benefits, we demonstrate that health benefits of green spaces could be context dependent.
Incubation temperature and parental identity determine sex in the Australian agamid lizard Ctenophorus pictus
Authors: Hansson Alexander , Olsson Mats
Published: September 2018

Sex determination in Australian agamid lizards shows a complex framework of different mechanisms, varying even among closely related taxa. It is clear that discrete classification of these species as either having genetic (GSD) or environmental sex determination (ESD) does not agree with empirical data. Although many species in this group show temperature‐dependent sex determination (TSD), recent evidence suggests additional genetic or epigenetic effects. A proposed model explaining the adaptive significance and evolution of TSD in short‐lived agamids predicts that selection will favor temperature‐biased sex ratios in species with intense male‐male competition. Here, we use experimental incubation at (near) constant temperatures to test whether the sex of Australian painted dragons (Ctenophorus pictus) is influenced by temperature, building on previous research yet to have reached an agreement regarding the role of temperature in this species. In this study, incubation temperature and parental identity affected hatchling sex suggesting that environment and genetics may work in concert to determine sex in this species. Although our results are consistent with TSD, our data cannot rule out a temperature‐by‐sex effect on egg or hatchling mortality. However, our findings together with the observed differences of sex determination systems in closely related species within this genus may provide novel opportunities to address fundamental questions in the evolution of sex determination systems.
Out of sight of wind turbines—Reindeer response to wind farms in operation
Authors: Skarin Anna , Sandström Per , Alam Moudud
Published: September 2018

To meet the expanding land use required for wind energy development, a better understanding of the effects on terrestrial animals’ responses to such development is required. Using GPS‐data from 50 freely ranging female reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) in the Malå reindeer herding community, Sweden, we determined reindeer calving sites and estimated reindeer habitat selection using resource selection functions (RSF). RSFs were estimated at both second‐ (selection of home range) and third‐order (selection within home range) scale in relation to environmental variables, wind farm (WF) development phase (before construction, construction, and operation), distance to the WFs and at the second‐order scale whether the wind turbines were in or out of sight of the reindeer. We found that the distance between reindeer calving site and WFs increased during the operation phase, compared to before construction. At both scales of selection, we found a significant decrease in habitat selection of areas in proximity of the WFs, in the same comparison. The results also revealed a shift in home range selection away from habitats where wind turbines became visible toward habitats where the wind turbines were obscured by topography (increase in use by 79% at 5 km). We interpret the reindeer shift in home range selection as an effect of the wind turbines per se. Using topography and land cover information together with the positions of wind turbines could therefore help identify sensitive habitats for reindeer and improve the planning and placement of WFs. In addition, we found that operation phase of these WFs had a stronger adverse impact on reindeer habitat selection than the construction phase. Thus, the continuous running of the wind turbines making a sound both day and night seemed to have disturbed the reindeer more than the sudden sounds and increased human activity during construction work.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of pain neuroscience education for chronic low back pain: Short‐and long‐term outcomes of pain and disability
Authors: Wood Lianne , Hendrick Paul A.
Published: September 2018

Background and Objective

Pain neuroscience education (PNE) has shown promising ability in previous reviews to improve pain and disability in chronic low back pain (CLBP). This review aimed to evaluate randomized controlled trials comparing the effectiveness of PNE on pain and disability in CLBP.

Databases and Data Treatment

A systematic search was performed using the databases of EBSCO, Medline, Cochrane and Web of Science. Meta‐analysis was performed using the RevMan 5.1 software to pool outcomes using the random effects model, weighted mean differences (WMD), standard deviation, 95% confidence intervals and sample size. GRADEpro software was utilized to calculate overall strength of evidence.

Results

A total of 6,767 papers were found, eight were included (n = 615). Meta‐analysis for short‐term pain (n = 428) demonstrated a WMD of 0.73 (95%CI −0.14, 1.61) on a ten‐point scale of PNE against no PNE (GRADE analysis low evidence). When PNE alongside physiotherapy interventions were grouped for pain (n = 212), a WMD of 1.32 was demonstrated (95% CI 1.08, 1.56, p < 0.00001; GRADE analysis moderate evidence). Short‐term disability (RMDQ) meta‐analysis demonstrated a WMD of 0.42 (95%CI 0.28, 0.56; p < 0.00001; n = 362; GRADE analysis moderate evidence); whereas the addition of PNE to physiotherapy interventions demonstrated a WMD of 3.94 (95% CI 3.37, 4.52; p < 0.00001; GRADE analysis moderate evidence.

Conclusion

This review presents moderate evidence that the addition of PNE to usual physiotherapy intervention in patients with CLBP improves disability in the short term. However, this meta‐analysis failed to show evidence of long‐term improvement on pain or disability when adding PNE to usual physiotherapy.

Significance

This review demonstrates moderate level evidence that the use of pain neuroscience education alongside physiotherapy interventions probably improves disability and pain in the short term in chronic low back pain. These results provide greater support for the addition of pain neuroscience education in routine physiotherapy practice in chronic low back pain.
Stereotype threat may not impact women's inhibitory control or mathematical performance: Providing support for the null hypothesis
Authors: Pennington Charlotte R. , Litchfield Damien , McLatchie Neil , Heim Derek
Published: September 2018

Underpinned by the findings of Jamieson and Harkins (2007; Experiment 3), the current study pits the mere effort motivational account of stereotype threat against a working memory interference account. In Experiment 1, females were primed with a negative self‐ or group stereotype pertaining to their visuospatial ability and completed an anti‐saccade eye‐tracking task. In Experiment 2 they were primed with a negative or positive group stereotype and completed an anti‐saccade and mental arithmetic task. Findings indicate that stereotype threat did not significantly impair women's inhibitory control (Experiments 1 and 2) or mathematical performance (Experiment 2), with Bayesian analyses providing support for the null hypothesis. These findings are discussed in relation to potential moderating factors of stereotype threat, such as task difficulty and stereotype endorsement, as well as the possibility that effect sizes reported in the stereotype threat literature are inflated due to publication bias.