bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ANCIENT MESOAMERICAN ‘COPAL’ RESINS: PRELIMINARY RESULTS*
Authors: STACEY R. J. , CARTWRIGHT C. R. , McEWAN C.
Published: April 2006

So‐called ‘copal’ resins from nine Aztec/Mixtec turquoise mosaics have been subject to analysis by gas chromatography – mass spectrometry to examine their higher terpenoid composition with a view to botanical identification. Botanical specimens and modern commercial ‘copal’ resins were analysed for reference. A range of botanical sources for the resins was identified, including pine, Protium and possibly Bursera. The data reinforce the ambiguity in the use of the term ‘copal’ and demonstrate the need for further work on characterization of ancient Bursera resins.
Architectural Design Education: Designing a Library, Public Communication and Information Center in the Manufacturing Zone of Central Eskis, Ehir Turkey, a Case Study
Authors: Caglar Nur , Uludag Zeynep
Published: April 2006

It is a fact that architectural design education has become the focus of an extremely complicated set of issues and conscientious debates. Therefore, to extend and challenge educational understanding in architecture it becomes crucial to exchange pedagogical practices. In this article, a specific theoretical approach and teaching methodology, which supports the necessity of contextual study in the architectural design studio, is presented. The article presents an overview of the design studio process by illustrating the case study “Library and Public Communication and Information Center Design in the Manufacturing Zone of Central Eskis,ehir” in Turkey.
Spousal Effect and Timing of Retirement
Authors: Väre Minna
Published: April 2006

The retirement decisions of individuals are strongly influenced by spousal retirement, financial incentives and institutional constraints such as access to early retirement benefits. In the European Union (EU), farm retirement is encouraged by early retirement provisions for farmers. As exit from farming determines the characteristics of structural change in agriculture, it is important to find out how spousal retirement and economic incentives affect the timing and type of retirement decisions among elderly farmers. This paper analyses the timing of early retirement decisions of farming couples using duration analysis and different exit channels. The empirical analysis is based on Finnish farm‐level panel data for the period 1993–1998. The results suggest that an expected pension particularly advances farm transfers. Farming couples are found to co‐ordinate their early retirement decisions. However, farmers are not found to co‐ordinate their early retirement according to spousal retirement under other pension schemes.
State Dependence at Internet Portals
Authors: Goldfarb Avi
Published: April 2006

This study offers evidence of the existence of switching costs on the Internet. It uses more flexible methods than previously possible to separate switching costs from serially correlated unobservables at Internet portals. The data contain nearly 1,000 observations per household, allowing for household‐specific regressions that control for all household‐specific heterogeneity. The results show that households exhibit switching costs. The loyalty generated by these costs drives a large fraction of portal visits and generates considerable revenues; however, these revenues are not large enough to justify the losses incurred by Internet portals in the 1990s while building market share. The results also suggest that random coefficients models overestimate true state dependence.
License Auctions and Market Structure
Authors: Hoppe Heidrun C. , Jehiel Philippe , Moldovanu Benny
Published: April 2006

We analyze the interplay between license auctions and market structure in a model with several incumbents and several potential entrants. The focus is on the competitiveness induced by the number of auctioned licenses. Under plausible conditions, we show that auctioning more licenses need not result in a more competitive final outcome, contrary to what common sense suggests. This is due to the nature of competition among incumbents, which sometimes exhibits free‐riding. We illustrate some results with examples drawn from the recent European license‐auctions for third generation (3G) mobile telephony.
Trade Liberalization and Industrial Restructuring: The Role of Cross‐Border Mergers and Acquisitions
Authors: Bertrand Olivier , Zitouna Habib
Published: April 2006

This paper analyzes industry adjustments to trade liberalization. It introduces cross‐border mergers and acquisitions (M&A) as an alternative mode of industrial restructuring to firms' exit. In a two‐country Cournot model, we examine the responses of domestic and foreign firms endowed with different technologies for different stages of trade openness. It is found that the less efficient firm loses market shares in its home market at the beginning of trade liberalization. Only for a more advanced level of liberalization, does it take advantage of a larger access to foreign demand. Trade liberalization may therefore harm its profits too strongly, forcing it to leave the market. However, although its incentives decrease with trade liberalization, the high‐technology firm may be willing to take it over for low organizational and technological costs of firms' integration. In addition, it may buy it out even if the less efficient firm manages to stay. Then, trade liberalization affects M&A incentives depending on the technological gap. For low and high (medium) gap, there is an inverted U‐ (W‐) shaped relation between trade costs and incentives to merge. Moreover, although technology transfer is assumed to be complete, M&A may lead to a reduction in consumers' welfare. Firms may capture some pro‐competitive gains from economic openness. Lastly, an empirical analysis based on a data set of OECD members' multinationals gives some support to these theoretical predictions.
How Big Is a Policy Network? An Assessment Utilizing Data From Canadian Royal Commissions 1970–2000
Authors: Howlett Michael , Maragna Anthony
Published: April 2006

The subsystem approach to policy studies is now well established in theory. Despite many applications to empirical cases, however, many elements of the operationalization of this approach have remained problematic, prompting some critics to reject it as “unscientific.” Although the approach has been defended as “more than a metaphor,” it is certainly apparent that additional work is required to address fundamental aspects of the model and ensure that its application to specific cases is done in such a way as to meet basic methodological prerequisites of consistency and replication. This article builds on earlier work by one of the authors attempting to address some of these concerns. Specifically, it addresses issues surrounding the methods through which subsystem membership can be identified and attempts some preliminary conclusions with respect to the estimation of average subsystem size in contemporary advanced liberal democracies.
The Rise and Fall of Power Line EMFs: The Anatomy of a Magnetic Controversy
Authors: Palfreman Jon
Published: April 2006

The suggestion that power line electromagnetic fields (EMFs) cause diseases like cancer has generated dozens of popular articles and television news segments, hundreds of scientific studies, and numerous consensus reports; it has attracted the attention of epidemiologists, biologists, physicists, policymakers and lawyers. This article will examine the evolution of this controversy through a detailed analysis of the arguments that have been used for and against the hypothesis that power line EMFs have adverse health effects. This article argues that the power line EMF issue provides a classic case study for exploring the challenges citizens, scientists, and policymakers face in sorting out a complex science‐based controversy. This story not only brings together many different perspectives and—from popular notions of cancer clusters to complex epidemiological arguments, from to state‐of‐the‐art animal studies to policy instruments such as the precautionary principle—but also reveals the manner in which a heated controversy can be effectively resolved over time.
Judicious Incentives: International Public Policy Responses to the Globalization of Environmental Management
Authors: Raines Susan Summers
Published: April 2006

Public policymakers and regulators worldwide are grappling with the desire to improve environmental quality through appropriate regulation of business, while also streamlining government. Concurrently, environmentally conscience consumers are calling for improved environmental performance by industry. As a result of these pressures, regulators and lawmakers worldwide are attempting to craft effective policies that create adequate incentives for environmental protection on the part of firms, in the face of decreasing budgets and an increased demand for the use of market‐based incentives. To aid decision makers as they struggle with these concerns, this study provides a detailed case examination of the dilemmas and responses of national‐level regulators as they try to develop appropriate responses to the rise of international and “voluntary” management regimes. To accomplish these goals, this article compares the public policy responses of governments around the world to one such voluntary international environmental regime: ISO 14001. ISO 14001 is a form of industry self‐regulation in response to market forces calling for harmonization in environmental management and as a result of consumer and trade‐partner demands. This study examines the relationships between regulators and the regulated in order to understand if ISO 14001 certified firms are receiving regulatory relief or other forms of public policy/regulatory benefits as a result of their certification. It will also examine the impact that government incentives (or their absence) are having on the certification decisions of firms around the world. This information helps us to begin to understand how the trends toward smaller government and voluntary environmental regimes are affecting one another.
Impacts of China's Rural Land Policy and Administration on Rural Economy and Grain Production
Authors: Zhang Hongye , Li Xiaofeng , Shao Xiaomei
Published: April 2006

The distinctive changes in China's rural land policy and administration have exerted significant impacts on China's rural socioeconomic development and grain production, either positively or negatively. This article reviews the changes of China's rural land policy and administration in the recent 5 decades. After the land reform accomplished in 1952 and the people's commune system implemented during 1952–1978, China adopted a house responsibility system, which was proven to be effective for increasing grain output and peasants’ income. Yet, it preserved the urban–rural dichotomous economy, formed in the people's commune era, which placed agriculture in a secondary position. The low efficiency in agricultural production and the small‐scale household management, under the current rural land policy and administration, stimulated the transfers of agricultural laborers to the nonagricultural sectors and cultivated land to urban land. Grain production and cultivated land protection in China are conducted most times under the political mandates rather than the economic guidance. Although the previous rural land policies and the strict residence registration helped China to avoid problems prevailing in prime cities of other developing countries, compulsorily asking peasants to grow more grain and to stay in their native land resulted in outstanding social injustice, vulnerable grain production systems, and poverty in rural areas. There are also outstanding conflicts among the interests of central government, local governments, collectives, and peasant households. More flexible rural land policies and more strict cultivated land administrations could be solutions for improving the profitability of grain production and protecting the rapidly declining cultivated land. Compensations for the low profitability in grain production are also needed to encourage an increase in grain output and rural economy.
Stratum corneum in psoriasis vulgaris. A transmission and scanning electron microscopic study
Authors: Brody Isser , Mishima Yutaka , Matsunaka Masahiro
Published: April 2006

This is a transmission and scanning electron microscopic study of stratum cerneum in psoriasis vulgaris.

In transmission electron microscopy numerous granules and vacuoles are observed. They display the same variations in size and shape and the same arrangement and distribution in the cytoplasm. They are also observed in the intercellular space. Both single and confluent granules and vacuoles occur. The granules contain either a rather opaque homogeneous or heterogeneous substance. Usually the vacuoles appear to be electron‐optically empty, but many vacuoles containing substances similar to those in the granules are also found. The cell surfaces may be smooth, or they may show areas with numerous single excavations and excavations in rows, areas with distinct cytoplasmic protrusions and areas with a more regularly wavy shape.

In scanning electron microscopy the cell surfaces may be predominantly smooth; they may display pores and areas with villi. Well‐developed and low villi occur.

In this paper it is suggested that the excavations along the cell surfaces are the result of an excretion of single and confluent granules and vacuoles into the intercellular space. and that the excavations may correspond to the pores and the distinct eytoplasmic protrusions to the well‐developed villi.
Ultrastructure of Follicular Mucinosis
Authors: Ishibashi Akira , Chujo Tomotaka
Published: April 2006

Electron microscopic study of follicular mucinosis revealed, in the affected hair follicles, disappearance of cell organelles, granular agglutination of the cytoplasmic matrices and the nuclear chromatin usually connected with tonofilaments. Myelin figures and onion‐like aggregations of low‐electron‐density lamellar structures were found in the areas of severe cytoplasmic degeneration. Findings suggesting a release of mucin by a degeneration or a degradation process were not detected, although granular substances and collagen fibrils apparently coated with an amorphous material were observed.
Enzymes of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Human Epidermal Tumors
Authors: De Bersaques J.
Published: April 2006

The activities of five enzymes were determined by fluorometric micromethods in epidermal tumors (basal and squamous cell epithelioma, verruca sebrrhoica and keratoacanthoma) and compared to the activities in the adjoining, apparently normal epidermis. Most activities were higher in the tumoral tissues.
Enzymes of Carbohydrate Metabolism in Human Epidermal Tumors 4. Enzymes of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
Authors: De Bersaques J.
Published: April 2006

The activities of six enzymes were determined by fluorometric micromethods in epidermal tumors (basal and squamous cell epithelioma, verruca seborrhoeica and keratoacanthoma) and compared to the activities in the adjoining, apparently normal epidermis. Specific changes related to malignancy were not obvious.
Nevus Lipomatosus Cutaneus Superficialis (Hoffmann‐Zurhelle)
Authors: Mehregan Amir H. , Tavafoghi Vida , Ghandchi Amir
Published: April 2006

We are reporting seven cases with nevus lipomatosus cutaneus superficialis. A review of the literature indicates that this is a relatively rare type of connective tissue nevus with little more than 50 cases recorded. Localization of the cutaneous nodular lesions over the upper thigh and buttock and histologic findings of fat lobules within the substance of the nevoid malformation differentiate these lesions from other varieties of the connective tissue nevi.
The Psoriasiform Eruption Induced by Practolol
Authors: Cochran Rebecca E. I. , Thomson John , Fleming K. , McQueen A.
Published: April 2006

Three patients who developed a psoriasiform skin eruption following oral practolol administration are described with particular attention to the cutaneous histological changes. Although the clinical picture resembled psoriasis, the histological one did not, resembling rather that seen in a drug eruption. The possibility of an early lymphoma could not be excluded on purely histological grounds.
Localized Chronic Pemphigoid
Authors: Weedon David , Robertson Ivan
Published: April 2006

A case of localized chronic pemphigoid with positive basement membrane zone immuno‐fluorescence is reported. The initial biopsy showed dermal papillary microabscesses resembling dermatitis herpetiformis although a subsequent biopsy revealed a subepidermal bulla.
Tubular Apocrine Adenoma
Authors: Umbert Pablo , Winkelmann R. K.
Published: April 2006

Two cases of tubular apocrine adenoma were studied by light, histochemical, and electron microscopic methods. This benign apocrine hamartoma must be considered in the classification of appendage tumors, particularly those associated with organoid epithelial nevus, and may be confused with metastatic adenocarcinoma. The tumor is characterized by dermal and subcutaneous lobular masses of tubular structures. Connection to the epidermis by one or more ductlike structures is observed. The tubules contain typical apocrine epithelial cells, some with hyaline or clear cell differentiation. The tumor cells have apocrine differentiation by histochemistry and ultrastructure. The localization to the scalp and the nodular, lobulated appearance and the apocrine structures indicate that this tumor is similar to nevus syringocystadenoma papilliferum and must be differentiated from it.
Granular Cell Myoblastoma
Authors: CHRESTIAN M. A. , GAMBARELLI D. , HASSOUN J. , GOLA R. , TOGA M. , BONERANDI J. J.
Published: April 2006

Electron microscopic observations in three cases of granular cell myoblastoma revealed that this tumor is made up of two types of cells. 1) Granular cells grouped into nests, surrounded by a basement membrane, and displaying characteristic inclusions. Numerous processes were observed close to these cells, showing filamentous and microtubular components lying parallel to their axes. 2) Satellite fibroblasts which included angulated bodies. The relationship between these two types of cells is discussed.
Clear and Dark Basal Keratinocytes in Human Epidermis
Authors: KLEIN‐SZANTO A. J. P.
Published: April 2006

Standardized techniques of stereologic cytology were applied to normal human epidermis, in order to comparatively describe the suprabasal and the dark and clear basal keratinocytes. The results, expressed mainly in surface and volume densities of epidermal components, showed that some important stereologic parameters of dark basal keratinocyte constituents exhibited values which could be interpreted as intermediate between those of the clear basal keratinocytes and those of the suprabasal keratinocytes. Although the degenerative nature of dark cells cannot be ruled out, the stereologic characterization of their cell architecture also could indicate that dark basal cells are already differentiating keratinocytes still remaining in the basal layer.
Multiple Fibrofolliculomas (Birt‐Hogg‐Dubé) Associated with a Large Connective Tissue Nevus
Authors: WEINTRAUB ROSALYN , PINKUS HERMANN
Published: April 2006

Multiple follicular tumors of the type recently described by Birt and colleagues as fibrofolliculomas were observed in the dorsal skin of a white man in association with a large connective tissue nevus. No signs of systemic disease or phakomatosis were present. This type of lesion represents benign neoplasia of the fibrous root sheath of the hair follicle in association with proliferations of the infundibular portion of the outer epithelial root sheath. Its existence supports the view that the mesodermal portions of the pilar apparatus can become neoplastic, and also provides another example of the close interactions existing between the ectodermal and mesodermal components of the hair follicle.
Angiofibromas in Tuberous Sclerosis: A Lightand Electron Microscopic Study
Authors: JAG BHAWAN , EDELSTEIN LEE
Published: April 2006

Angiofibromas from two patients with tuberous sclerosis were studied by light and electron microscopy. Light microscopy revealed that these tumor‐like nodules (which in the past have been called adenoma sebaceum) were made up of dilated capillaries, venules and arterioles embedded in connective tissue. At the ultrastructural level the arterioles embedded in connective tissue. At the ultrastructural level the endothelium of these vessels showed large numbers of microvilli on their luminal surface. The stroma contained many banded structures (so‐called fibrous long spacing collagen). Myofibroblasts recently described in juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibromas were not found in these angiofibromas of tuberous sclerosis.
The Behavior of Reticulin Fibers in and around Melanomas
Authors: LEVIATAN A. , STEIGLEDER G. K.
Published: April 2006

A previous study confirmed the correlation between the vertical diameter of malignant melanomas and prognosis. In 72 of these tumors we examined the pattern and number of reticulin fibers (RF) around and within the melanomas. An increase in vertical diameter was accompanied by an increase of RF within the tumor and a decrease of RF on its edges. The differences were not sufficiently significant to allow firm prognosis.
Necrobiosis Lipoidica Diabeticorum
Authors: SAHL WILLIAM J.
Published: April 2006

Necrobiosis lipoidica is a skin disorder with an interesting predisposition for areas of trauma such as the anterior shins. In this report a patient with diabetes mellitus and generalized neerobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum with localization in surgical scars is described. A brief review of other skin disorders occurring in scars is also included.
Immunofluorescence Studies in Granuloma Eosinophilicum Faciale
Authors: NIEBOER C. , KALSBEEK G.L.
Published: April 2006

Direct immunofluorescence investigations were performed on skin biopsies from five patients with granuloma eosinophilicum faciale (GEF; facial granuloma). An extensive and brilliant granular picture was observed along the basement membrane (BM) of the epidermis and the hair follicles, in the walls of the vessels, in the cellular infiltrates and on the connective tissue fibers. These granules were positively stained by antisera directed against IgG, complement (C3/4) and, although less consistently, against IgA and IgM. IgE was found in one case along the BM, but anti‐ IgD was negative. Concomitantly heavy fibrillar deposits of fibrin were present in the walls of the vessels and in the cellular infiltrates, together with granular depositions along the BM. The analysis of the complement factors showed that Clq, C4, C3, C3c, C3d and C5 were present in the same pattern as C3/4. These results indicate that GEF can be considered as a chronic form of leukoclastic vasculitis mediated by an Arthus‐like mechanism, maintained by an unidentified, persistent antigen or by locally produced Ig aggregates.
Condyloma Acuminatum of the Nipple
Authors: WOOD COLIN
Published: April 2006

A case report of condyloma acuminatum of the nipple with electron microscopic demonstration of intranuclear Papovavirus‐like particles, in a patient with Darier's disease, is presented.
Inflammatory Seborrheic Keratoses with Mononuclear Cell Infiltration
Authors: BERMAN ALEXANDER , WINKELMANN R. K.
Published: April 2006

Inflammation in inflammatory seborrheic keratoses was found to be composed of mononuclear cells, particularly lymphocytes. Accumulations of mononuclear cells in the papillary and subpapillary dermis frequently showed no tendency to infiltrate the epithelium. However, dramatic interaction of the seborrheic keratosis and the inflammatory process also was common. The lymphocytic exocytosis into the epithelium followed two basic patterns: eczematous, characterized by intercellular and intracellular edema, microvesicle formation, and epithelial necrosis; and lichenoid, in which a bandlike infiltrate attacked the dermoepidermal junction and hyaline bodies occurred in the infiltrated epithelium and in the dermis. Epithelial changes consisted of necrosis of epithelial cells and related parakeratosis; squamous eddies were occasionally found. Inflammatory cell infiltration in seborrheic keratoses possibly represents a process other than irritation, and we propose that mononuclear cell infiltration in seborrheic keratoses may be related to an involutionary process.
Biopsies of the Janeway Lesion of Infective Endocarditis
Authors: KERR ANDREW , TAN JAMES S.
Published: April 2006

Janeway lesions in three patients with infective endocarditis caused by Staphylococcus aureus were biopsied. Two, taken before therapy, showed evidence of suppuration and microabscesses. The other lesion which developed while the patient was on appropriate therapy, showed minimal inflammatory reaction.
Solitary Actinic Porokeratosis
Authors: THOMSEN ROBERT J. , CEILLEY ROGER I. , ZUEHLKE RICHARD L.
Published: April 2006

An 83‐year‐old man experienced abrupt onset of a solitary lesion of porokeratosis on his bald, actinically damaged scalp. The features in this case are unusual and represent another point in the broad spectrum of lesions characterized by the cornoid lamella of porokeratosis.
Immunotherapy of Melanoma
Authors: NATHANSON LARRY
Published: April 2006

Malignant melanoma is a disease characterized by clinical evidence of host defense, possibly immunologically mediated. It is a disease which tends to be refractory to both radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Immunotherapy has been used in three phases of the disease. 1. Intralesional immunotherapy with a nonspecific immune adjuvant in patients with local intradermal or soft tissue recurrence. This treatment produces approximately 15% regression of both injected and uninjected lesions, and about 60% regression of injected lesions only. Both clinical and laboratory evidence suggests that this regression is immunologically mediated. 2. Patients with surgical removal of all clinically demonstrable tumor, either primary disease alone or regional node recurrence, active nonspecific, and specific, immunotherapy has been used in an adjuvant setting. There is considerable controversy about the benefits accruing to such immunotherapy, but most large scale prospective and randomized studies have suggested that if benefit does result it is modest in degree and probably cannot be measured in terms of increase in cure rate. 3. Immunotherapy has also been used as a nonspecific active adjuvant to single drug or polychemotherapy in patients with disseminated melanoma. Whereas complete response rate may be slightly increased by this maneuver there is no convincing evidence that immunotherapy markedly increases the total objective response rate to polychemotherapy, and survival is only marginally superior when immunotherapy is added to chemotherapy in this setting. Further studies need to be done with active specific immunotherapy with tumor cell membrane extracts; as an adjuvant in patients with minimal body burden of tumor cells; and to study the inaction between chemotherapy and immunotherapy in this disease. Furthermore, studies of chemically defined fractions of either bacterial cell wall or tumor cell extracts must be evaluated both in terms of their ability to augment cell mediated immune responses in the melanoma patient, and also in terms of their ability to induce objective benefit for the patient. The possible use of immunotherapy in patients with primary melanoma has been briefly explored but needs further study. Possible additive effects with radiotherapy and immunotherapy should also be looked at in this disease utilizing high dose fractions and other new forms of radiotherapeutic technique.
Ultrastructural Observation of Rickettsia ‐ like Bodies in Erythema Cronicum Migrans
Authors: SANDBANK MIRIAM , FEUERMAN ELEASAR J.
Published: April 2006

Electron microscopic examination of skin biopsies taken from the lesions in two cases of erythema chronicum migrans revealed Rickettsia‐like bodies free in the cytoplasm or within phagolysosomes in macrophages. There was also phagocytosis of cellular debris and collagen, and elastic fibers within macrophages.
Syringometaplasia: Mucinous and Squamous Variants
Authors: KING DONALD T. , BARR RONALD J.
Published: April 2006

The eccrine sweat ducts are normally lined by cuboidal epithelial cells which may rarely undergo metaplasia, i.e. syringometaplasia. Two lesions were observed in which eccrine sweat ducts displayed the mucinous and squamous variants of syringometaplasia. The first lesion clinically and histologically appeared to be a plantar wart. Microscopically, it consisted of a central invagination surrounded by marked epidermal acanthosis and hyperkeratosis. The invagination was lined by keratinocytes admixed with mucin‐filled goblet cells. The mucin was positive by the Alcian blue (pH 2.5) and mucicarmine stains. Numerous eccrine sweat ducts led into the invagination and were focally lined by the mucin‐laden cells. Recognition of mucinous syringometaplasia is important since it may be confused with primary or metastatic adenocarcinoma of the skin. The second lesion occurred on the outer ear and was clinically believed to be chondrodermatitis nodularis helicis. Microscopically, there were many islands of atypical squamous cells within the papillary and reticular dermis. These epithelial islands represented squamous syringometaplasia since many contained central lumina with eosinophilic cuticles and blended with normal ductal structures. It is important not to confuse this metaplastic change with invasive squamous cell carcinoma. Squamous syringometaplasia may be analogous to necrotizing sialometaplasia, a recently described phenomenon which occurs in minor salivary glands.
Ultraviolet Light in Familial Benign Chronic Pemphigus
Authors: SUHONEN RAIMO , NIEMI KIRSTI‐MARIA
Published: April 2006

Ultraviolet light (UV) tests with high irradiation doses from a dysprosium lamp were performed on the normal appearing skin of seven patients with benign familial chronic pemphigus (FBCP). The skin of the patients showed a more severe vulnerability when compared with the reactivity of the skin of four healthy control persons. In each case the damaged skin of the patients had, in addition to the destructive features, the diagnostic histological acantholysis of FBCP. There was great variation in individual responses to the provocative irradiation and thus the test cannot be considered practical for accurate diagnostic purposes.
Disrupted Desmosomes in Induced Lesions of Familial Benign Chronic Pemphigus
Authors: DE DOBBELEER GILBERT , ACHTEN GEORGES
Published: April 2006

An occlusive dressing was applied to the unaffected skin of the back of a patient with familial benign chronic pemphigus (FBCP). Small lesions of FBCP appeared after 48 h, and the ultrastructure of successive biopsies was studied. It was concluded that: (a) the initial phenomenon in FBCP is the result of an insufficiency of cellular adhesion. This confirms several previous reports. (b) desmosomes are separated in two halves, invaginated in vacuoles and later deeply included in the cell. The particular fate of these disrupted desmosomes has already been observed after the action of several enzymes on the epidermis and in Darier's disease.
Spontaneous Regression in Basal Cell Carcinomas
Authors: CURSON CATHERINE , WEEDON DAVID
Published: April 2006

Evidence of previous spontaneous regression was found in 6% of 400 randomly selected basal cell carcinomas. A further 14% showed small foci of active regression usually less than 1 high power field in area and characterized by a lymphocytic infiltrate of tumor nests associated with many apoptotic tumor cells. Spontaneous regression of basal cell carcinomas has been paid scant attention in the past.
Acid Nonspecific Esterase in Human Langerhans Cells
Authors: STERRY WOLFRAM , STEIGLEDER GERD KLAUS
Published: April 2006

Epidermal dendritic cells showing a diffuse activity of acid nonspecific esterase were observed in three cases of mycosis fungoides stage 1. As these cells by their appearance and localization resemble Langerhans cells, and dermal histiocytes and macrophages react in the same manner, this is another enzyme cytochemical suggestion of a relationship between Langerhans cells and the monocyte‐macrophage‐system.
Divided Nevus Spilus and Divided Form of Spotted Grouped Pigmented Nevus
Authors: SATO SYOZO , KATO HIDEYUKI , HIDANO AKIRA
Published: April 2006

Two cases of divided nevus spilus and a case of divided form of spotted grouped pigmented nevus are reported. In this group, flat melanotic macules around the eyes were located on the opposite parts of the upper and lower eyelids. The macules were divided by the palpebral fissure when the lids were open, and the two halves of the lesions formed a unit when the lids were closed. Case presentation as such may be intriguing in the clarification of the developmental relation between aberrantly differentiated melanin synthesizing cells and normal melanocytes.
A Quantitative Study of Melanocytes in Becker's Nevus
Authors: REED TATE PATRICIA , HODGE STEVEN J. , OWEN LAFAYETTE G.
Published: April 2006

A case of Becker's nevus is presented. Dopa‐oxidase stains performed on involved and on non‐involved nearby skin revealed a substantial increase in the number of melanocytes in the nevus.
Supernumerary Nipple. A Histologic Study
Authors: Mehregan Amir H.
Published: April 2006

Supernumerary nipple (SNN) is a developmental abnormality that occurs most commonly over the anterior aspect of the trunk in the pathway of the embryonic milk lines. This report describes a histologic study of 48 eases with 51 SNN found among 360,000 consecutive skin biopsy specimens received in a dermatopathology laboratory. Histologically, the supernumerary nipple shows all the components observed in the nipple area, including epidermal thickening, pilosebaceous structures, smooth muscles and mammary glands. A brief review of the literature is also made concerning the incidence and other characteristics of this lesion.
Carcinosarcoma of the Skin
Authors: Quay Steven C. , Harrist Terence J. , Mihm Martin C.
Published: April 2006

A carcinosarcoma of the skin in a 74–year‐old man is reported. The epithelial clement consisted of a highly anaplastic basal cell carcinoma with focal keratinization. The mesenchymal component included elements of fibrosarcoma, chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, and synovial sarcoma. This is, to our knowledge, the second reported case of carcinosarcoma arising in the skin.
Scanning electron microscopic evidence of bacterial overgrowth in intertrigo
Authors: Burkhart Craig G. , Mulholland Mary Beth , Burnham Jeffrey C.
Published: April 2006

A scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study of intertrigo is presented. Marked changes of the keratinocyte surface characteristics and in the number and distribution of bacteria in the various stages of intertrigo are reported. Bacterial overgrowth was significant. This study confirms the value of SEM in the study of the skin surface and in cutaneous microbiology.
Rudimentary polydactyly (cultaneous neuroma) case report with ultrastructural study
Authors: Suzuki H. , Matsuoka S.
Published: April 2006

A case of rudimentary polydactyly (cutaneous neuroma) on the ulnar aspect of the left fifth finger of a 38‐year‐old male was examined and the skin was studied by light and electron microscopy. In addition to a proliferation of nerve fibers and encapsulated corpuscles, normal Merkel cells were often present in the basal portion of the epidermis. It is suggested that proliferation of various neural components is the essential feature of the affected skin.
Multiple inflammatory acanthomas around a colostomy
Authors: Hjorth Niels , Sjølin Knud‐erik
Published: April 2006

An eruption of nodular tumors around a colostomy could easily give rise to suspicion of metastases. In the case reported here the lesions could be ascribed to the use of fluorinated steroids.
Pigmented hidroacanthoma simplex with porocarcinoma
Authors: Zina A. M. , Bundino S. , Pippone M. G.
Published: April 2006

A case of pigmented hidroacanthoma simplex showing malignant transformation into porocarcinoma is reported. Although no intracellular duet formation could be observed as in benign tumors, ultrastructurally the tumor cells showed characteristics similar to those of eccrine poroma. Many melanocytes were seen dispersed within the tumoral nests. The melanocyte‐keratinocyte relationship was found similar to that occurring in melanoacanthoma. Porocarcinoma cells showed ultra‐structural features similar to those of benign cells.
Lichen planus and chronic graft‐versus‐host reaction.In situidentification of immunocompetent cell phenotypes
Authors: Gomes M. A. , Schmitt D. S. , Souteyrand P. , Ohrt C. , Brochier J. , Thivolet J.
Published: April 2006

The purpose of the present study was lo examine the phenotype of the cutaneous immunocompetent cells in lichen planus and chronic graft versus host (GVH) reaction infiltrates, by the use of monoclonal antibodies directed against T cell populations and Langerhans cells.

Our results in lichen planus suggest an immunological reaction similar to the delayed hypersensitivity reaction, including all the immunocompetent cell sub‐populations, with a first stage of antigenic information by Langerhans cells (OKT6 +, BL6 +, HLA‐DR+) and helper cells, and a second stage mediated by suppressor/cytotoxic cells.

The results from the study of GVH reaction also suggest an effect mediated by suppressor/cytotoxic cells (OKT3+, OKT4−, OK.T8+, HLA‐DR+).

Our results favour the existence of a lymphocytotoxic process in lichen planus and chronic GVH reaction.
Penicillamine induced elastosis perforans serpiginosa: an ultrastructural study of two cases
Authors: Reymond J. L. , Stoebner P. , Zambelli P. , Beani J. C. , Amblard P.
Published: April 2006

An electron microscopic study of two cases of Penicillamine‐induced EPS has revealed in addition to the “lumpy‐bumpy” aspect of the elastic fiber, morphologic changes in collagen fibers.
Flow cytometry of keratinocytes
Authors: Clausen O. P. F.
Published: April 2006

A prerequisite for using flow cytometry (FCM) is the availability of isolated single cells. Procedures for separation and isolation of keratinocytes from animals and man are available, and the resulting single cell suspensions have been subjected to FCM measurements. The major advantage of the method is the accuracy and speed with which a variety of cellular constituents can be quantified. FCM of keratinocytes has, hitherto, been mainly confined to measurements of nuclear DNA for estimation of cell‐cycle distributions and for ploidy studies.

In mouse epidermis, cell‐cycle distributions were estimated from sequentially obtained DNA histograms and evaluated with other cell kinetic measurements, resulting in new information about epidermal cell‐cycle progression, not achievable by any of the methods alone. The best way, therefore, to increase our knowledge of keratinocyte proliferation, is the combined use of DNA FCM and other cell kinetic methods.

DNA FCM has also been applied to healthy and diseased human epidermis, and may add valuable information to the classification of skin disease in selected cases. It is believed that further progress in the characterization of keratinocyte growth and development will depend on parameters other than DNA alone.
T‐cell infiltrate in Lichen Planus. Demonstration of activated lymphocytes using monoclonal antibodies
Authors: De Panfilis G. , Manaka G. , Sansoni P. , Allegua F.
Published: April 2006

Double layer immunocytochemical procedures were performed on fresh frozen serial sections of lichen planus (LP), using three monoclonal antibodies: OKT3 (T‐cells) and two anti Ia‐like antigens, monoclonal antibodies. Lymphocytes in dermal LP infiltrates were OKT3 positive and Ia‐like positive; lymphocytes in the paracortical area of human normal lymph‐node were OKT3 positive and Ia‐like negative. Unstimulated peripheral blood‐OKT3 positive, E‐rosette forming cells of normal donors were Ia‐like negative, while the same T‐cells, when mitogen‐stimulated, became Ia‐like positive. Therefore, in dermal infiltrates of LP, T‐lymphocytes are Ia‐like positive cells, representing an antigen‐stimulated T‐cell population. The in situ presence of activated T‐lymphocytes seems to support the hypothesis of an immunological nature of LP.
Presence of fibroblast‐type intermediate filaments (vimentin) and absence of neurofilaments in pigmented nevi and malignant melanomas
Authors: Miettinen M. , Lehto V.‐P. , Virtanen I.
Published: April 2006

The cytoskeletal intermediate filaments of pigmented nevi and malignant melanomas (nine cases of each) were evaluated using monospecific antibodies against intermediate filament proteins and immunofluorescence microscopy. Both pigmented nevi and cutaneous malignant melanomas showed only vimentin‐type intermediate filaments, hut not keratin, neurofilaments, desmin or glial fibrillary acidic protein. Thus, nevi and melanomas do not show neural characteristics in the cytoskeletal intermediate filament pattern although they appear lo show other neural markers. Vimentin – content in melanomas versus keratin – content in carcinomas may he used as a differential diagnostic feature.
Annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma
Authors: Schwarz Th. , Lindlbauer R. , Gschnait F.
Published: April 2006

Annular elastolytic giant cell granuloma (AEGCG) is a clinical and histological entity, which has been described previously in various different terms. Knowledge of AEGCG is of importance, since its misdiagnosis may lead to improper therapy; e.g. longterm tuberculostatic or corticosteroid treatment. In (he present paper two patients with typical AEGCG arc described and the clinical and histological differential diagnosis is discussed in detail.
Cutis laxa, congenital form with pulmonary emphysema: an ultrastructural study
Authors: Ledoux‐Corbusier M.
Published: April 2006

A case of a congenital, autosomal recessive form of generalized cutis laxa with pulmonary emphysema was histologically and ultrastructurally investigated. The cutaneous abnormalities observed seem to result mainly from a developmental defect of the elastic network which is absent in the papillary dermis and blocked at an early state of its formation in the upper and mid‐reticular dermis. The union between the two elastic fibre components appears to be defective; the vectorial synthesis is non‐existant and the classic fibres remain in the state of dystrophic elastic units. Evidence is given to suggest that cutis laxa, presenting several described structural patterns, should be considered as a syndrome.
Oral leukoplakia and other white lesions of the oral mucosa related to dermatological disorders
Authors: Bánóaczy J.
Published: April 2006

“White lesions” of the oral mucosa often present problems of differential diagnosis, which are of primary importance when assessing precancerous changes in the mouth. The precancerous character of oral leukoplakia is well established, and the “high‐risk” type: erosive‐dysplastic leukoplakia of greater malignant potential, has been thoroughly investigated. Because of their possible association with oral carcinoma, some clinical types of oral lichen planus, namely, the atrophic erosive forms, indicate caution in their treatment and supervision. Epithelial dysplasia is often associated with candidiasis and discoid lupus erythematosus, but neither these, nor such other white lesions as white sponge naevus or morsicatio buccarum, are considered to be preneoplastic. All these white lesions may be clearly identified, differentiated, and circumscribed as clinico‐pathological disease‐entities, by clinical, histopathological and ultrastructural methods, thus facilitating early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of possible malignancy.
β‐2‐microglobulin in benign and malignant adnexal skin tumors and metastasizing basocellular carcinomas
Authors: Kallioinen M. , Dammert K.
Published: April 2006

Immunostaining for β‐2‐microglobulin (β‐2m) was performed on various benign and malignant adnexal skin tumors and 3 cases of metastasizing basocellular carcinomas. All the tumors and their metastases, with the exception of 2 basocellular carcinomas gave evidence of β‐2m. Most tumors contained both stained and unstained cells. The stained cells showed differentiation, the unstained ones appeared to be undifferentiated and basal‐like in character. The staining of cutaneous tumors for β‐2m may offer a tool for investigating tumor differentiation, but seems not to be of much value in distinguishing malignant from benign lesions.
Actinic granuloma. An ultrastructural study of two cases
Authors: Moreno A. , Salvatela N. , Guix M. , de Moragas J. M.
Published: April 2006

Ultrastructural findings in 2 eases of actinic granuloma are presented. The changes observed at the periphery of the lesion and in the elastic fibers, with early stage of damage, were similar to those described in actinic elastosis. Later, an histiocytic reaction which was apparently directed against damaged elastic fillers was observed. The ultrastructure confirms the light‐microscopic findings, but does not clarify the etiology of the lesion or its relation to granuloma annulare
B‐cell markers in malignant B‐cell lymphoma with scleroderma‐like manifestation
Authors: Van Joost Th. , Stolz E. , Blog F. B. , Van Kwast Th. H. , Vuzevskr V. D. , Van Dondgen J. M.
Published: April 2006

A case is described of malignant B‐cell lymphoma with scleroderma‐like manifestation. Using different monoclonals as B‐cell markers the tumor appeared to he positive for surface immunoglobulins (Smlg) and for B2‐antigen, but negative for intraeytoplasmic immunoglobulin (Clg), BA2‐ and FMC7‐antigens. Therefore, the tumor could be determined as a highly differentiated Sm‐positive early B‐cell type of B‐cell lymphoma. In this clinically rare manifestation of cutaneous B‐cell lymphoma aspects of the cell morphology and of cellular mediated immunity are briefly discussed.
Direct and indirect immunofluorescent findings in dermatomyositis
Authors: Chen Z. , Maize J. C. , Silver R. M. , Dobson R.L. , Maricq H. R. , Ainsworth S. K.
Published: April 2006

Three skin biopsies (proximal nailfold, extensor forearm and buttock) and serum samples were studied by direct and indirect immunofluorescence, immunodiffusion and radioimmunoassay techniques in 6 patients with dermatomyositis. A variety of seroligic and immunopathologic abnormalities was observed in the patients. Three of ft patients had antinuclear antibodies (ANA) of a speckled pattern mixed with a peculiar dot pattern. Epidermal intercellular deposits of immunoglobulins were seen in the nailfold biopsies of 2 patients; one of them also had IgG deposits in the cytoplasm of epidermal cells. Forearm and buttock biopsies were negative.
The origin of the adnexal tumors of the skin: a viewpoint
Authors: Mehregan A. H.
Published: April 2006

Histogenesis of adnexal tumors of the skin has not been the subject of an independent study or a publication since the theory of pluripotentiality of epithelial matrix cells was introduced and applied to the origin of adnexal tumors some 25 years ago. In this period, a number of new tumor entities have been described. Histologic studies as well as enzyme histochemistry, electron microscopy and, lately, the results of the application of monoclonal antibodies have provided a wealth of new information. In this article a review of the histogenesis of adnexal tumors is made and, based on clinical and histologic data provided, an alternative view for origin of adnexal tumors of the skin is proposed.