bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treatment and Prevention of Chikungunya Fever: Current Status and Prospective
Authors: Debesai Oqbazgi Merhawi
Published: August 2021

Chikungunya fever is a vector borne tropical disease that was first described in an outbreak in Tanzania. The disease is caused by Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an alpha virus belonging to the family Togaviridae and which is transmitted from one person to another via the bite of mosquitoes. Active disease is characterized by high grade fever, pain and joint symptoms. Although debilitating at times, the disease seldom progresses to result in a serious outcome like death. There are no specific treatments for Chikungunya virus at the moment. Clinical case management is highly dependent on providing palliative care which in turn is expected to alleviate symptoms and accelerate recovery from the infection. An important element in the control of outbreaks of CHIKV infection is prevention. Preventive strategies involve initiatives like vector control, immunizations and extra care to patients with the infection. There have been several tens of researches focusing on the introduction of newer drugs and vaccines against Chikungunya. That being said, so far, no single agent has completed the entire drug or vaccine development process. Chikungunya fever is a neglected tropical disease. Although it has no specific treatment till date, the number of vaccine and drug candidates under study provides promising insights on the prospects on chikungunya treatment.
Can Polyphenols be Used as Anti-Inflammatory Agents against Covid-19 (SARS-CoV-2)-Induced Inflammation?
Authors: Gelen Volkan , Kükürt Abdulsamed , Şengül Emin , Faruk Başer Ömer , Karapehlivan Mahmut
Published: August 2021

Covid-19 is the causative agent of a beta coronavirus that causes severe inflammatory pneumonia, so excessive inflammation is considered a risk factor for the disease. In Covid-19 disease, an inflammatory response develops in the body. It has been reported as a result of various studies that this response causes damage to various organs and tissues, especially the lungs. According to reports, cytokine storms are largely responsible for death in such patients. Some of the consequences of severe inflammation and cytokine storms include acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute lung injury, and multiple organ dysfunction syndromes. Many studies are showing that there may be various agents to prevent or treat these effects of Covid-19 disease. Some of these agents are phenolic compounds. Phenolic compounds are the most abundant substances in vegetables and fruits. Inflammasomes, their function. It has been stated that phenolic compounds inhibit inflammation by inhibiting cytosolic multiprotein complexes that assemble in response to cytosolic pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) to form active forms of IL-1β and IL-18. It suggested that Apigenin, Resveratrol, Morin, and Silymarin an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-viral, and anti-microbial compound could be a potential therapeutic agent for severe inflammation from Covid-19.
Specific Bacterial Immunotherapy in Treating Chronic Osteomyelitis
Authors: Da Rin de Lorenzo Ferdinando
Published: August 2021

The immunological experience is treating osteomyelitis chronic forms at the Istituto Putti in Cortina starts in 1963 by introducing immunotherapy, applied by the progressive administration in growing doses of a staphylococci pool, that had been collected from some patients with bone infections by the same germ and then inactivated in an aqueous solution suspension. This therapy is coadjutant of antibiotics, surgical and hyperbaric therapy and not substitutive of these. This study ascertained indeed a reduction of the phagocytic activity as a whole, and especially the opsonisation activity It has been thought therefore that in immunotherapy more factors are involved; their principal property is to reduce the allergising effect and therefore to desensitise vs. the germ proteins and to increase the phagocytic activity. This condition, neither whose entity nor its lasting may be defined, does not appear to be unlimited. Obviously this desensitisation can be obtained also by the right antibiotic choice that, as already said mainly in acute forms, may develop their bactericidal properties and sterilise the focus. In the chronic forms it is possible to provoke this mechanism by carrying out a surgical toilette that restores the vascularization and stimulation conditions needed for a correct antibiotic action. Checks upon immuno-stimulation treatment termination clearly showed corresponding results between laboratory deficit corrected and clinical conditions bettering. The casuistry is based on 50 patients with hematogenic osteomyelitis, all under the age of 16, age at which the growth plate is still active, and 117 post-traumatic septic non-union, where this term was adopted for cases that showed a lack of non-solidification at 6 months after trauma. We have expressly made a distinction between hematogenic and post-traumatic forms, since the relationships between bacterial counts vs. host response do differ.
Outcome Measures in OBPP
Authors: Gupta Shivani , Srinivasan Nivetha , Mahajan Jasmine , Song Amy , Chu Alice , McGrath Aleksandra
Published: August 2021

Traditional outcome measurement scales, such as the Medical Research Council (MRC) score, the Active Movement Scale (AMS), and Mallet score, are used by surgeons to assess outcomes in patients with obstetric brachial plexus palsy (OBPP). The measurement scales used to evaluate patients fall under the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) domains of Body Function, Body Structure, Activity, Participation, and Environment and are used to assess function and disability of patients. Currently used outcome measures scales for OBPP are also contrasted with those used for another perinatal condition affecting the upper limb, cerebral palsy (CP).
Assessment and Management of Hypoperfusion in Sepsis and Septic Shock
Authors: Al Aseri Zohair
Published: August 2021

Diagnosis of organ hypoperfusion in patient with sepsis is not always straightforward which makes septic shock definition, diagnosis, and early treatment are major challenges that emergency physicians and intensivist must deal with in their daily practice. Normal blood pressure does not always mean good organ perfusion, which means patient might develop septic shock, yet they are not hypotensive. There are several indices that could be used in combination to diagnose and manage hypoperfusion in patients with septic shock. Fluid resuscitation and vasopressor administration along with infection sources control are the cornerstones in septic shock management. This chapter will cover indices that can be used to diagnose hypoperfusion, type and amount of fluid and vasopressor that can be used in resuscitating septic shock patients.
Management of Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne Incognita Dreaded Invading in Pointed Gourd (Trichosanthes dioica Roxb.) Crop Prone to Eastern U.P of India
Authors: Anwar Ali , Mohammad Mughal Najeeb , Shahnaz Efath , Banday Saba , Bashir Taibah , Nisa Qadrul , Jeelani Gulam
Published: August 2021

Pointed gourd belongs to cucurbitaceae family and is extensively cultivated in eastern Uttar Pradesh (10000 Hectares), Bihar (14000 hectares), West Bengal, Assam, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Gujrat. Its plants are perennial in nature and can survive for several years even if left uncared. This crop occupies large area of land in India. The system of cultivation varies from region to region such as trained on pandals or ardours especially during the rainy season in southern and western India. However, it is most susceptible to root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, the population level or density of root-knot nematodes were found in the range of 15–100 per cent of the root and soil samples. This nematode induces severe damage to pointed gourd on coarse-textured sandy soils, particularly during droughts stress. Crop failure is noticed at earlier stage of vines. In view of fact it is necessary to evolve the integrated strategies for management of root-knot nematode in this viny crop.
Challenges to Airway Management in Space
Authors: Reddy Preethi
Published: August 2021

Human interest in space exploration is boundless. We are driven to investigate the unknown and push the limits of our understanding of our universe. Given that space flights are for extended periods of time —in the hazardous environments of space and the growth of the space tourism industry is credibly anticipated; the incidence of medical and surgical events is bound to increase during space travel. Airway management becomes an essential skill in such situations. Microgravity, shortage of medical personnel, inability of the crew to return to earth expeditiously or access real time assistance from earth are some of the reasons that warrant training and preparation of the crew, towards this end. The purpose of this chapter would be to explore the challenges and the various recourses available for airway management during space travel.
Inclusion of Home-Centred Women
Authors: Bordunos Aleksandra , Kosheleva Sofia , Zyryanova Anna
Published: August 2021

Firms are highly interested in better inclusion of women with childcare commitments, especially for leadership positions, as reward for higher work groups’ gender diversity is valuable. Gender diversity became topical issue in corporate social responsibility of companies. However, many firms report that gender diversity is stalled, due to conflicting stereotypes about social roles of employees. Hakim’s influential preference theory suggests explanations of how women choose between productive and reproductive work. According to it, there are three types of employed women: home-centred, work-centred and adaptive workers, who combine both. Three options for preference assume three alternative frames of reference. Inclusion-related initiatives aim to reshape such frames by addressing employees’ identity work through readjusting managerially inspired discourses. Current research narrows the focus to the most vulnerable of them – home-centred women. We referred to responses of 721 mothers with previous working experience, from the biggest cities in Russia to find answers to the following questions: what affects home-centred women in their decision to return to the same employer after the maternity leave and what causes them to quit. We enriched empirical analysis with a theoretical review of initiatives helping to readjust corresponding stereotypes.
Use of Aromatic Seeds as Feed Additives to Improve the Production of Anatolian Water Buffaloes
Authors: Değirmencioğlu Taşkın
Published: August 2021

Buffaloes have a strong population of rumen microorganisms that can utilize different feeds. Other features that make this animal unique are its compatibility with nature, its ability to withstand difficulties, and the nutrient richness of animal products. Today, the emergence of residues such as animal origin diseases, pesticides and antibiotics in animal food products has led organic products to be preferred more by consumers. Due to the increase in consumption demand of natural products, the share of buffalo products in the world market is gradually increasing. Focusing on the use of natural additives in buffalo feeding is important for the diversity of healthy products. Examples of natural additives are cumin and fenugreek seeds. In addition to being natural products, these seeds are reported to have versatile functions in the animal body. The purpose of this chapter is to show how to use aromatic seeds as feed additives in the feeding of Anatolian water buffaloes. The chapter also includes various articles on the use of aromatic seeds in buffalo rations in international fields. This review focuses on the current research relating to the use of aromatic seeds as feed additives to improve the production of Anatolian water buffaloes. Based on the scientific results presented in this chapter, authors drew the following main conclusions: (1) The use of aromatic seeds as feed additives of Anatolian water buffaloes feeding enabled in enhancing milk production, without changing the taste and chemical composition of the milk. (2) Milk production can be improved up to 0.67 kg and 0.85 kg day-1 by adding 50 g Fenugreek seeds and 30 g Cumin seeds to the ration of buffaloes in the early lactation period. (3) The use of aromatic seeds in the feeding of water buffaloes has been proven therefore, their use in the buffalo sector should be encouraged.
Clay Hybrid Membranes in Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Choudhury Tanushree
Published: August 2021

Most of NF membranes which are developed recently are composite membranes, whose support layer is covered with an active layer. Among different ceramic support materials that are currently used as support layer, α-alumina supports are integral part of the membrane which is made of artificial materials like alumina and thus adds to the high price of the membrane. This draws our attention in making low cost support material of natural clay which aims to be an excellent membrane support as it possesses high mechanical strength, high permeability, narrow pore size distribution and low manufacturing cost. Titania as active layer for ceramic membrane is preferred over Al2O3 membranes. One of the problems encountered when photocatalysts are immobilized on support is the detachment of the micro particles from the support for high flow rates of liquid effluent. This can be overcome by using Montmorillonite clay as support material as it is a great binder.
Enhancing Self-Regulation and Metacognition in Online Learning
Authors: Carolina Torres Escobar Adriana
Published: August 2021

Nowadays, online education is in the limelight. During the COVID-19 pandemic, K-12 students endured an abrupt transition from everyday learning in classrooms to online education. In the process, the concept that learning only occurs if students are physically present in a classroom has changed drastically. As the spaces and interactions are different, teachers need formal training, flexibility, and willingness to provide efficient online education that adjusts to the new and fluctuating realities. Simultaneously, students need to enhance self-regulation and metacognition and be the leaders of their education process and results. It is pivotal that teachers keep in mind that close relationships with students and families and personalized support are critically important to fostering ties, developing knowledge, and preventing school dropout. Consequently, curricula must respond to students’ singularities, socioeconomic conditions, contexts, resources, and interests. This chapter advocates that teachers should support students to work on the development of self-regulation, metacognition, collaborative technology-mediated tasks, and problem-solving in online environments. These are tools that help students to be autonomous, engage with their learning process, learn, create knowledge, decide accurately, improve their creativity, and increase intrinsic motivation skills.
Blockchain and AI Meet in the Metaverse
Authors: Jeon Hyun-joo , Youn Ho-chang , Ko Sang-mi , Kim Tae-heon
Published: August 2021

With new technologies related to the development of computers, graphics, and hardware, the virtual world has become a reality. As COVID-19 spreads around the world, the demand for virtual reality increases, and the industry represented by the Metaverse is developing. In the Metaverse, a virtual world that transcends reality, artificial intelligence and blockchain technology are being combined. This chapter explains how artificial intelligence and blockchain can affect the Metaverse.
Diagnostic Applications for RNA-Seq Technology and Transcriptome Analyses in Human Diseases Caused by RNA Viruses
Authors: Vlasova-St. Louis Irina , Gorzalski Andrew , Pandori Mark
Published: August 2021

Human diseases caused by single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses, are among the deadliest of the 21st Century. In particular, there are two notable standouts: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Detection of these disease-causing viral transcripts, by next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), represents the most immediate opportunity for advances in diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive applicability in infectious diseases (e.g., AIDS and COVID-19). Moreover, RNA-Seq technologies add significant value to public health studies by first, providing real-time surveillance of known viral strains, and second, by the augmentation of epidemiological databases, construction of annotations and classifications of novel sequence variants. This chapter intends to recapitulate the current knowledge of HIV and SARS-CoV-2 transcriptome architecture, pathogenicity, and some features of the host immune response. Additionally, it provides an overview of recent advances in diagnostic sequencing methodologies and discusses the future challenges and prospects on the utilization of RNA-Seq technologies.
An Engineering Education of Holism: Einstein’s Imperative
Authors: Vanasupa Linda , Barabino Gilda
Published: August 2021

In the aftermath of World War II, Einstein urged scientists to develop a substantively new thinking, lest we suffer a technology-enabled self-destruction. In this chapter, we will unfold the emerging scientific findings that serve as vectors, pointing to the same conclusion: the educational foundation that has brought about Industry 5.0 is causal to brain development that not only undermines our ability to address our emerging complex societal challenges, but biases us toward inhumane logic. We will outline a science of holism, the profoundly new thinking urged by Einstein. This science is rooted in nature’s ontology of dynamic complexity. An engineering education reflecting this new thinking will be described along with the novel developmental capacities afforded by it. The chapter will end by considering questions that need to be resolved to manifest such a radical shift in engineering education.
Influence of Skin-Contact Treatment on Aroma Profile of MalvasiaAromaticaWines in D.O. “Vinos de Madrid”
Authors: Crespo Julia , Romero Valeria , García Margarita , Arroyo Teresa , M. Cabellos Juan
Published: August 2021

The effects of prefermentative cold skin-contact technique using Malvasia aromatica were studied as a first step to adapt to the climate change related effects in order to intensify the aroma potential of white wines of the D.O. “Vinos de Madrid” keeping the organoleptic characteristics of the region. Major volatile compounds were extracted by liquid–liquid extraction and quantified by GC-FID. Minor volatile compounds were determined by HS-SPME/GC–MS. Sensory analysis were also carried out to describe and quantify attributes of the wines. A total of 37 components were identified and quantified. Volatile components showed mixed behavior depending on the skin-contact time. Skin-contact for longer helps to enhance the floral character provided by some compounds contained in the skin, especially linalool and 2-phenyl etanol and were impact odorants of Malvasia aromatica wine based on odor activity values (OAVs).
Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience of Medical Students Worldwide during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Abdullah Sarkar Mohammad , Ozair Ahmad
Published: August 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic significantly impacted medical education worldwide. While healthcare professionals labored to ensure proper care for COVID-19 patients, medical students suffered from high rates of anxiety, uncertainty, burnout, and depressive symptoms. Whilst students in the pre-clinical phase of education faced disruption of didactic lectures and laboratory training, senior medical students faced uncertainty regarding their clinical rotations and internships, which are vital for practical exposure to healthcare. Several studies across the world demonstrated that clinical learning was significantly affected, with students in many countries completely cut off from in-person rotations. The disruption of the clinical curriculum coupled with a sense of failure to contribute at a time of significant need often led to despair. Reforms proposed and/or implemented by governments, medical advisory boards, medical schools, and other administrative bodies were felt to be insufficient by the medical student fraternity at large. Consequently, these students continue to face high rates of anxiety, depression, and a general sense of cynicism. In this student-authored perspective, we highlight the challenges faced by and the psychological impact on medical students directly or indirectly from the pandemic.
Titanium Dioxide as Energy Storage Material: A Review on Recent Advancement
Authors: Parangi Tarun , Kumar Mishra Manish
Published: August 2021

With the increased attention on sustainable energy, a novel interest has been generated towards construction of energy storage materials and energy conversion devices at minimum environmental impact. Apart from the various potential applications of titanium dioxide (TiO2), a variety of TiO2 nanostructure (nanoparticles, nanorods, nanoneedles, nanowires, and nanotubes) are being studied as a promising materials in durable active battery materials. The specific features such as high safety, low cost, thermal and chemical stability, and moderate capacity of TiO2 nanomaterial made itself as a most interesting candidate for fulfilling the current demand and understanding the related challenges towards the preparation of effective energy storage system. Many more synthetic approaches have been adapted to design different nanostructures for improving the electronic conductivity of TiO2 by combining with other materials such as carbonaceous materials, conducting polymers, metal oxides etc. The combination can be done through incorporating and doping methods to synthesize TiO2-based anodic materials having more open channels and active sites for lithium and/or sodium ion transportation. The present chapter contained a broad literature and discussion on the synthetic approaches for TiO2-based anodic materials for enhancing the lithium ion batteries (LIBs) and sodium ion batteries (SIBs) performance. Based on lithium storage mechanism and role of anodic material, we could conclude on future exploitation development of titania and titania based materials as energy storage materials.
Four-Dimensional Flow Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Applications in Cardiology
Authors: Geeraert Patrick , Kim Hansuk , Ihsan Ali Safia , Hudani Ashifa , Aliabadi Shirin , Ghosh Srabanti Monisha , Jamalidinan Hourieh , Garcia Julio
Published: August 2021

Blood flow through the heart and great vessels moves in three dimensions (3D) throughout time. However, the assessment of its 3D nature has been limited in the human body. Recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allow for the comprehensive visualization and quantification of in-vivo flow dynamics using four-dimensional (4D) flow MRI. In addition, this technique provides the opportunity to obtain advanced hemodynamic biomarkers such as vorticity, helicity, wall shear stress (WSS), pressure gradients, viscous energy loss (EL), and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE). This chapter will introduce 4D flow MRI which is currently used for blood flow visualization and advanced quantification of cardiac hemodynamic biomarkers. We will discuss its advantages relative to other in-vivo flow imaging techniques and describe its potential clinical applications in cardiology.
Enhancement of Heat Transfer Using Taylor Vortices in Thermal Processing for Food Process Intensification
Authors: Masuda Hayato
Published: August 2021

We are witnessing a transition from the traditional to novel processing technologies in the food industry to address the issues regarding energy, environment, food, and water resources. This chapter first introduces the concept of food process intensification based on vortex technologies to all food engineers/researchers. Thereafter, the novel processing methods for starch gelatinization/hydrolysis and heat sterilization based on Taylor–Couette flow are reviewed. In fluid mechanics communities, the Taylor–Couette flow is well-known as a flow between coaxial cylinders with the inner cylinder rotating. Recently, this unique flow has been applied in food processing. In starch processing, enhanced heat transfer through Taylor vortex flow significantly improves gelatinization. In addition, effective and moderate mixing leads to an increase in the reducing sugar yield. In sterilization processing, the enhanced heat transfer also intensifies the thermal destruction of Clostridium botulinum. However, a moderate heat transfer should be ensured because excessive heat transfer also induces thermal destruction of the nutritional components. The Taylor–Couette flow is only an example considered here. There are various flows that intensify the heat/mass transfer and mixing in food processing. It is expected that this chapter will stimulate the development of food processing based on fluid technologies, toward food process intensification.
Performance Analysis and Modeling of Microplastic Separation through Hydro Cyclones
Authors: Borgia Fabio
Published: August 2021

The filtering hydro cyclone is a solid–liquid separation device, generally conical in shape. The hydro cyclone allows the separation of microplastics from water, to facilitate micro-recycling. To test the capabilities of a hydro cyclone at separating microplastics from water, Rietema’s standard sizes, mathematical and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling were used. The results show that, even dough the mathematical model in unreliable when considering parameters out-side standard operation conditions, hydro cyclone microplastic separation can be achieved at 98% efficiency. Particles reach the outlet on average in 1.5 s for a flow velocity of 2 m/s, and denser microplastics end up in the underflow.
Raman Features of Linear-Carbon-Chain and Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Composites
Authors: Saito Yahachi , Asaka Koji
Published: August 2021

Structural and electronic properties of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) containing linear carbon chains (LCCs), which were produced by arc-discharge between carbon electrodes in an atmospheric pressure, have been studied by Raman spectroscopy as well as electron microscopy. Spectral features of Raman scattering from the LCC/MWCNT composites were reviewed with emphasis on the spectra obtained with a low energy photon (1.58 eV, 785 nm) excitation, which have not been described in detail so far. Characteristic frequencies of LCC stretching modes with the 785 nm laser excitation are observed at around 1740, 1759, and 1789 cm−1. In a low frequency region, radial breathing modes (RBMs) of the innermost tube within MWCNTs are observed at specific frequencies of 293, 341, 402, and 510 cm−1; the highest RBM frequency is tentatively assigned to a tube with the chiral index (4,3), whose diameter is expected to 0.50 nm. LCC bands observed with various excitation wavelengths from 488 to 785 nm show that the band consists of several peaks, and the relative intensities of constituent peaks change with the excitation wavelengths due to the resonance effect; the higher the excitation photon energy is, the higher the intensity of high-frequency LCC modes.
Short Root Anomaly in a Hispanic Population: Risk for Orthodontic Root Resorption
Authors: Emerick Tara , Grace Viana Maria , A. Evans Carla
Published: August 2021

While the presentation of Short Root Anomaly (SRA) in Hispanic patients has been described previously, it is not known if this population is predisposed to increased orthodontic root resorption. This study evaluates the response of pre-existing short roots in Hispanic SRA patients to orthodontic treatment. Selected maxillary and mandibular teeth of 40 Hispanic SRA patients (19 male, 21 female) and 40 age and gender matched Caucasian patients (19 male, 21 female) with normal root length were evaluated for root resorption following comprehensive orthodontic treatment. The age range of the subjects was between 10 and 19 years. Relative root length was calculated before and after orthodontic treatment from digital panoramic radiographs. Overall, statistically significant root resorption occurred in the control group, but orthodontic root resorption was not significant in the Hispanic group (p > 0.05). When genders were separated, Hispanic females did experience a mild degree of root resorption in the upper incisors while resorption in Hispanic males was not significant. Caucasian females experienced greater root resorption than Caucasian males. Hispanic SRA patients may be safely treated with comprehensive orthodontics and could be at no more risk of root resorption than Caucasian patients with normal initial root length.
Prolonged Jaundice in Newborn
Authors: Aygün Erhan , Yilmaz Semerci Seda
Published: August 2021

Prolonged jaundice is defined as a serum bilirubin level higher than 85 μmol/L (5 mg/dl), which persists at postnatal 14 days in term infants and 21 days following the birth in preterm infants. It affects 2–15% of all newborns and 40% of breastfed infants. Although underlying cause can not be found in the majority of prolonged jaundice cases, this may also be the first sign of a serious causative pathology. Tests performed to determine the underlying cause and failure to determine the etiology cause anxiety for both families and physicians. The most important point is to determine whether prolonged jaundice is of a benign cause or is due to a substantial disease. For this reason, health care providers should not take unnecessary tests in normal infants, but should also recognize infants with a causative pathology. Neonatal jaundice still maintains its importance in neonatal clinical practice, since early diagnosis and treatment is feasible.
Les émotions présidentielles sous la Ve République : normes de sang-froid et régulation des émotions collectives
Authors: Le Bart Christian
Published: August 2021

Le président de la République doit-il montrer ses émotions ? Cet article vise à établir qu’une norme de sang-froid s’est construite au fil de l’histoire politique et s’est imposée sous la Ve République pour trois raisons : le sang-froid participe de la rationalisation du pouvoir d’État, il distingue ceux qui occupent des positions élevées, il procure une position de force dans les discussions. Néanmoins, s’il ne peut succomber aux émotions, le chef d’État ne doit pas pour autant ignorer celles-ci : il en orchestre la régulation, imposant par son discours des émotions collectives exemplaires, par exemple, à la suite d’attentats ou de décès de personnalités populaires. En comparant le rapport aux émotions du général de Gaulle à celui de ses derniers successeurs, en particulier Nicolas Sarkozy et Emmanuel Macron, on peut faire l’hypothèse d’un relâchement de la norme de sang-froid et d’une banalisation de l’expressivité des figures au sommet de l’État.
Le travail émotionnel à l’épreuve du travail social : les accompagnements de sortie du travail du sexe à Genève
Authors: Csupor Isabelle , Aubry Roxane , Mercolli Mauro
Published: August 2021

Cet article présente une démarche exploratoire de recherche participative qui décrit et analyse le travail émotionnel des travailleuses sociales à l’oeuvre dans leurs interactions avec des (ex)travailleuses du sexe dans une association genevoise lors des accompagnements psychosociaux de parcours de sortie du travail du sexe. L’article montre comment le travail émotionnel des travailleuses sociales, sous-tendu par un projet féministe d’émancipation, se déploie dans des espaces et des temporalités spécifiques. Puis, il montre comment ce travail émotionnel permet l’émergence d’une conscience critique, d’une part, et la mise en route d’un processus d’empowerment des femmes accompagnées.
Théoriser un sentiment de minorisation
Authors: Melançon Jérôme , Moore Sean E.
Published: August 2021

Le but de cet article est de fournir une première théorie quant à l’existence d’un sentiment de minorisation qui ferait partie de l’expérience des groupes minoritaires et aiderait à comprendre leurs revendications et leur comportement politiques. Il vise aussi à développer cette théorie au contact de la réalité des francophones du Canada en situation minoritaire, qui se définissent eux-mêmes par cette situation plutôt que géographiquement (comme hors Québec). Nous procédons d’abord à partir d’une lecture croisée de l’oeuvre philosophique de Deleuze et Guattari et de celle de Tocqueville, afin de préciser le sens du concept de minorité en relation au pouvoir et hors de la référence à la démographie, puis d’esquisser les contours des sentiments de minorisation et d’égalité. Nous passons ensuite aux travaux contemporains en psychologie sociale portant sur les émotions collectives et les relations intergroupes pour valider et préciser davantage les résultats de cette lecture. Enfin, nous nous tournons vers l’événement du « jeudi noir » de l’Ontario français, quand le gouvernement provincial mit fin à deux institutions assurant les services aux Franco-Ontarien·ne·s, pour examiner la réaction de la population francophone à travers le prisme du sentiment de minorisation. Il ressort de cette étude et de cette catégorisation de sentiments politiques liés à la relation à la norme sociale qu’un sentiment de minorisation peut émerger dans un contexte où un groupe se sent égal ou supérieur aux autres et s’attend à pouvoir participer à la définition de la norme pour la société plus large.
An analytic modeling strategy for memristor cell applicable to large-scale memristive networks
Authors: Hu Wei , Liao Jian-Bin , Du Yong-Qian ,   College of Physics and Information Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350116, China,   Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Ship and Ocean Engineering, Marine Engineering College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China,   Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518057, China,   School of Electronics and Information, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
Published: August 2021

Memristive networks are large-scale non-linear circuits based on memristor cells, playing a crucial role in developing the emerging researches such as next-generation artificial intelligence, bioelectronics, and high-performance memory. The performance of memristive networks is greatly affected by the memristor model describing physical and electrical characteristics of a memristor cell. However, existing models are mainly non-analytic and, accordingly, may have convergence issues in their applications in memristive networks’ analyses. Therefore, aiming at improving convergence of memristive networks, we propose an analytic modeling strategy for memristor based on homotopy analysis method (HAM). In this strategy, the HAM is used to obtain an analytic memristor model through solving the state equations of memristors in original physical model. Specifically, the HAM is used to solve the analytic approximate solution of the core parameter of memristor—state variable, from the state equations, in the form of analytic homotopy series. Then the analytic approximate model of memristor is obtained by using the solved state variables. The characteristics of the proposed strategy are as follows. 1) Its solution has a closed-form expression, i.e. an explicit function, 2) its approximation error is optimized, thereby realizing the convergence optimization. Moreover, according to the characteristics of memristive networks, we introduce an analysis criterion for memristor model applicable to memristive networks. Through the long-time evolution experiments of a memristor cell and a benchmark memristive matrix network with different inputs, and the comparisons with the traditional non-analytic (numeric) method, we verify the analyticity and convergence superiority of the modeling strategy. Besides, based on this strategy and the comparison experiments, we reveal that one of the underlying reasons for non-convergence in the large-scale memristive network simulation possesses the non-analyticity of the used memristor model. The strategy can be further used for analyzing the performances of a memristor cell and memristive networks in long-time. It also has potential applications in emerging technologies.
Characterization of the ABC methionine transporter from Neisseria meningitidis reveals that lipidated MetQ is required for interaction
Authors: Sharaf Naima G , Shahgholi Mona , Kim Esther , Lai Jeffrey Y , VanderVelde David G , Lee Allen T , Rees Douglas C
Published: August 2021

NmMetQ is a substrate-binding protein (SBP) from Neisseria meningitidis that has been identified as a surface-exposed candidate antigen for meningococcal vaccines. However, this location for NmMetQ challenges the prevailing view that SBPs in Gram-negative bacteria are localized to the periplasmic space to promote interaction with their cognate ABC transporter embedded in the bacterial inner membrane. To elucidate the roles of NmMetQ, we characterized NmMetQ with and without its cognate ABC transporter (NmMetNI). Here, we show that NmMetQ is a lipoprotein (lipo-NmMetQ) that binds multiple methionine analogs and stimulates the ATPase activity of NmMetNI. Using single-particle electron cryo-microscopy, we determined the structures of NmMetNI in the presence and absence of lipo-NmMetQ. Based on our data, we propose that NmMetQ tethers to membranes via a lipid anchor and has dual function and localization, playing a role in NmMetNI-mediated transport at the inner membrane and moonlighting on the bacterial surface.
An essential, kinetoplastid-specific GDP-Fuc: β-D-Gal α-1,2-fucosyltransferase is located in the mitochondrion of Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Bandini Giulia , Damerow Sebastian , Sempaio Guther Maria Lucia , Guo Hongjie , Mehlert Angela , Paredes Franco Jose Carlos , Beverley Stephen , Ferguson Michael AJ
Published: August 2021

Fucose is a common component of eukaryotic cell-surface glycoconjugates, generally added by Golgi-resident fucosyltransferases. Whereas fucosylated glycoconjugates are rare in kinetoplastids, the biosynthesis of the nucleotide sugar GDP-Fuc has been shown to be essential in Trypanosoma brucei. Here we show that the single identifiable T. brucei fucosyltransferase (TbFUT1) is a GDP-Fuc: β-D-galactose α-1,2-fucosyltransferase with an apparent preference for a Galβ1,3GlcNAcβ1-O-R acceptor motif. Conditional null mutants of TbFUT1 demonstrated that it is essential for both the mammalian-infective bloodstream form and the insect vector-dwelling procyclic form. Unexpectedly, TbFUT1 was localized in the mitochondrion of T. brucei and found to be required for mitochondrial function in bloodstream form trypanosomes. Finally, the TbFUT1 gene was able to complement a Leishmania major mutant lacking the homologous fucosyltransferase gene (Guo et al., 2021). Together these results suggest that kinetoplastids possess an unusual, conserved and essential mitochondrial fucosyltransferase activity that may have therapeutic potential across trypanosomatids.
The whole-genome and expression profile analysis of WRKY and RGAs in Dactylis glomerata showed that DG6C02319.1 and DgWRKYs may cooperate in the immunity against rust
Authors: Ren Juncai , Hu Jialing , Zhang Ailing , Ren Shuping , Jing Tingting , Wang Xiaoshan , Sun Min , Huang Linkai , Zeng Bing
Published: August 2021

Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) is one of the top four perennial forages worldwide and, despite its large economic advantages, often threatened by various environmental stresses. WRKY transcription factors (TFs) can regulate a variety of plant processes, widely participate in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, and are one of the largest gene families in plants. WRKYs can usually bind W-box elements specifically. In this study, we identified a total of 93 DgWRKY genes and 281 RGAs, including 65, 169 and 47 nucleotide-binding site-leucine-rich repeats (NBS-LRRs), leucine-rich repeats receptor-like protein kinases (LRR-RLKs), and leucine-rich repeats receptor-like proteins (LRR-RLPs), respectively. Through analyzing the expression of DgWRKY genes in orchardgrass under different environmental stresses, it was found that many DgWRKY genes were differentially expressed under heat, drought, submergence, and rust stress. In particular, it was found that the greatest number of genes were differentially expressed under rust infection. Consistently, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis of all genes showed that 78 DgWRKY TFs were identified in the plant–pathogen interaction pathway, with 59 of them differentially expressed. Through cis-acting element prediction, 154 RGAs were found to contain W-box elements. Among them, DG6C02319.1 (a member of the LRR-RLK family) was identified as likely to interact with 14 DGWRKYs. Moreover, their expression levels in susceptible plants after rust inoculation were first up-regulated and then down-regulated, while those in the resistant plants were always up-regulated. In general, DgWRKYs responded to both biotic stress and abiotic stress. DgWRKYs and RGAs may synergistically respond to the response of orchardgrass to rust. This study provides meaningful insight into the molecular mechanisms of WRKY proteins in orchardgrass.
Assessing Vitamin E and Glutathione Peroxidase Levels in Salivary Samples of Children with and without Dental Caries
Authors: Karthika Gadamsetti , Avula Sai Sankar Jogendra , Sridevi E , Pranitha K , Sankar Kundeti Siva , Nayak Prasunpriya
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Multiple factors influence the initiation and progression of caries. Recent research has revealed that free radicals can be a prime cause of several inflammatory oral pathologies, including dental caries by direct or indirect influence on the salivary constituents like disease mediated free radicals and antioxidants. Aim: The aim of the present study was comparative evaluation of Vitamin E and Glutathione Peroxidase levels with the prevalence of dental caries in a group of school-going children. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional clinical study was conducted in Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, SIBAR Institute of Dental sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India from November 2016 to November 2018. Hundred children aged between 6-12 years were selected and divided into two groups i.e., caries active group (n=50) and caries-free group (n=50). Children having at least five decayed teeth were considered as caries active and children with DMFT/deft score 0 were considered as caries-free group. A 2 mL of unstimulated saliva was collected from all the subjects and the levels of Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) and Vitamin E were evaluated by spectrophotometric assay. Obtained imbibing values were subjected to statistical analysis using unpaired t-test and SPSS Version 21.0 software. The p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Of the 100 participants 52 were males and 48 were females. The mean age of the study participants was 10.21±1.4 years. Significant reduction in GPx (p<0.001**) and Vitamin E (p<0.05*) were noticed in caries active group when compared to the caries free group. Conclusion: GPx and Vitamin E levels showed an inverse relationship with the presence of dental caries. Thus these antioxidant levels can be used as biomarkers to assess the oral as well as general health. Caries activity can also be measured by these salivary factors which might be helpful in preventive dentistry.
Anaesthetic Management of Non Traumatic Diaphragmatic Hernia as a Co-existing Disease: Combined Spinal Epidural to Rescue
Authors: Gahlot Divya , Saxena Kirti Nath , Wadhwa Bharti
Published: August 2021

Diaphragmatic hernia is a congenital or acquired defect in diaphragm, resulting in herniation of abdominal viscera into thoracic cavity. Acquired diaphragmatic hernia are seen mostly in patients with blunt or penetrating abdominal injuries. Nontraumatic acquired diaphragmatic hernias have been reported in literature but are extremely rare. Anaesthetic management of a patient presenting with nontraumatic diaphragmatic hernia as a co-existing disease offer unique challenges and considerations. This report was about the successful anaesthetic management of a 66-years-old male. He had Osteoarthritis (OA) of left knee with long standing massive right diaphragmatic hernia as a co-existing disease. He was scheduled for left Total Knee Replacement (TKR). Combined Spinal Epidural (CSE) with low dose Subarachnoid Block (SAB) was the anaesthetic technique of choice. Femoral sciatic block is an alternate technique of anaesthesia for such patients.
Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl for Postoperative Analgesia in Patients Undergoing Abdominal Surgery: Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Sachan Prashant , Singh Prem Raj , Verma Sateesh , Kushwaha Brij Bihari
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Pain control is an important factor for postoperative recovery. Many drugs have been studied for effectiveness of postoperative analgesia. Fentanyl is a conventional drug and dexmedetomidine is one of the emerging drugs used for analgesia and postoperative pain control. Aim: To compare the effect of fentanyl and dexmedetomidine on pain control and haemodynamic stability. Materials and Methods: A randomised controlled trial was conducted on 60 patients (30 each group) undergoing for abdominal surgery, between January 2019 to January 2020. Group A received fentanyl loading dose 2 μg/kg I.V. followed by 0.5 μg/kg/hr infusion and group B received dexmedetomidine loading 1 μg/kg over 10 minutes followed by maintenance 0.5 μg/kg/hr infusion. Infusion was continued up to four hours during surgery and till eight hours of postoperative in both groups. Haemodynamic parameters {Heart Rate (HR), Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)} were recorded after start of study drug infusion, after intubation, then every 15 minutes till 1 hour, then every 30 minutes till end of surgery and after extubation. In postoperative period, HR and MAP were recorded at interval of one hour till eight hours after extubation and postoperative analgesia was assessed by Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) at interval of one hour till eight hours. Present study used descriptive statistical analysis for data analysis. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare data between two groups. Chi-square test was used to find the significance of difference on categorical scale between two groups. Results: This study showed that group-B had significantly less VAS score most of time in recovery period as compared to group-A (1.97±0.18 vs 2.10±0.31 at eight hours postoperative). HR, MAP was found significantly less all the time during surgery and most of the time postoperatively in group-B (p-value <0.05). Conclusion: Intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine can be better for controlling postoperative pain and perioperative haemodynamic stability as compared to infusion of fentanyl in patients undergoing abdominal surgeries.