bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantum effects on the maximum in density of water as described by the TIP4PQ/2005 model
Authors: Noya E. G. , Vega C. , Sesé L. M. , Ramírez R.
Published: October 2009

Path integral simulations have been performed to determine the temperature of the maximum in density of water of the rigid, nonpolarizable TIP4PQ/2005 model treating long range Coulombic forces with the reaction field method. A maximum in density is found at 280 K, just 3 K above the experimental value. In tritiated water the maximum occurs at a temperature about 12 K higher than in water, in reasonable agreement with the experimental result. Contrary to the usual assumption that the maximum in classical water is about 14 K above that in water, we found that for TIP4PQ/2005 this maximum is about 30 K above. For rigid water models the internal energy and the temperature of maximum density do not follow a linear behavior when plotted as a function of the inverse of the hydrogen mass. In addition, it is shown that, when used with Ewald sums, the TIP4PQ/2005 reproduces quite nicely not only the maximum in density of water, but also the liquid densities, the structure of liquid water and the vaporization enthalpy. It was shown in a previous work that it also reproduces reasonably well the density and relative stabilities of ices. Therefore the TIP4PQ/2005 model, while still simple, allows one to analyze the interplay between quantum effects related to atomic masses and intermolecular forces in water.
Effect of the cluster angular momentum J and the projectile orbital momentum L on capture probability and postcollision dynamics
Authors: Mella Massimo
Published: October 2009

In this work, collisions between rotating atomic clusters composed of Lennard-Jones (LJn) particles and an identical projectile have been investigated by means of trajectory simulations as a function of the cluster angular momentum J and internal energy E, and for different values of the projectile impact parameter b and relative velocity vp. As expected, the collision (Pc(b)) and capture [or sticking Ps(b)] probabilities are found to decay below unity for values of b larger than the average surface radius of the cluster, with dP/db being strongly dependent on vp. Both Pc(b) and Ps(b), however, appear to be largely insensitive to the modulus of the cluster angular momentum |J| and only weakly dependent on E for collisions involving target clusters with a lifetime τ>100 ps. The latter findings are interpreted as indicating the absence of strong changes in the structure of the target as a function of |J| and E. The comparison between the dissociation lifetime (τdyn) of the postcapture complexes (LJn+1∗) obtained continuing trajectories after monomer capture and the one computed from the fragmentation of statistically prepared clusters (τstat) supports the validity of a two-step capture-dissociation model; similarly, the comparison between the average amount of energy exchanged during trajectories (ΔEdyn) in the process LJn+LJ→LJn+1∗→LJn+LJ and the one predicted by statistical simulations (ΔEstat) suggests a fast statistical energy redistribution in the collisional complex even for very short τdyn (e.g., 40 ps). In the case of projectiles aimed at the edge of the cluster [(grazing collisions, Pc(b)<1]; however, the time elapsed between formal collision and dissociation, τcoll, is such that τcoll<τstat and the trajectories indicate the presence of ballistic dynamics and of a weak energy exchange (ΔEcoll<ΔEdyn, with ΔEcoll being the average energy exchanged during collisions). The relevance of these results to the study of gas phase nucleation and to the possibility of building a fully microcanonical framework for its description is discussed.
A kinetic-theory approach for computing chemical-reaction rates in upper-atmosphere hypersonic flows
Authors: Gallis Michael A. , Bond Ryan B. , Torczynski John R.
Published: October 2009

Recently proposed molecular-level chemistry models that predict equilibrium and nonequilibrium reaction rates using only kinetic theory and fundamental molecular properties (i.e., no macroscopic reaction-rate information) are investigated for chemical reactions occurring in upper-atmosphere hypersonic flows. The new models are in good agreement with the measured Arrhenius rates for near-equilibrium conditions and with both measured rates and other theoretical models for far-from-equilibrium conditions. Additionally, the new models are applied to representative combustion and ionization reactions and are in good agreement with available measurements and theoretical models. Thus, molecular-level chemistry modeling provides an accurate method for predicting equilibrium and nonequilibrium chemical-reaction rates in gases.
Spatial development of particle-laden turbulent pipe flow
Authors: Picano F. , Sardina G. , Casciola C. M.
Published: October 2009

The inhomogeneity of turbulence in wall bounded flows induces the phenomenology called turbophoresis whereby inertial particles of suitable mass accumulate at the solid wall. Particles injected near the axis of a fully turbulent pipe flow, after an initial spreading phase, undergo a segregation process which eventually leads to a pseudoequilibrium distribution sufficiently downstream. Wall densities up to thousand times the reference value can be easily achieved. The process is discussed here by analyzing the direct numerical simulation (DNS) data of a spatially developing particle laden pipe flow under the assumption of dilute suspension. Development phase and asymptotic state are addressed in quantitative terms. A Shannon-like entropy is introduced to quantify the level of spreading/segregation achieved by the particle distributions along the pipe. This allows to define on a physically sound basis the length of the developing region and to summarize in a single indicator the accumulation level as a function of the particle response time. By conditional statistics, it is unequivocally shown that particles approach the wall dragged by relatively fast yet comparatively rare events where highly accumulating particles follow the fluid in-rush toward the wall. On the contrary, the outward particle flux takes place in the form of much more frequent and gentle motions away from the wall. The analysis of DNS data and a simple argument highlight the role of the elongated clusters of particles at the wall as essential features responsible for the eventual asymptotic equilibrium.
Toward large scale vibrational configuration interaction calculations
Authors: Neff Michael , Rauhut Guntram
Published: October 2009

The implementation of a state-specific configuration-selective vibrational configuration interaction (cs-VCI) approach based on a polynomial representation of the potential energy surface is presented. Advantages over grid-based algorithms are discussed. A combination of a configuration selection criterion, the simultaneous exclusion of irrelevant configurations, and an internal contraction scheme allow to handle large variational spaces. A modified version of the iterative Jacobi–Davidson diagonalization has been used to determine relevant internal eigenpairs of the cs-VCI matrices in the selected space. Benchmark calculations are provided for systems with up to 2×107 configurations and three-mode couplings in the expansion of the potential.
Hot dust evinces a violent planetary collision around a nearby star
Authors: Day Charles
Published: October 2009

The dust’s IR spectrum bears the signatures of crustal material that has been melted, vaporized, and blasted into space.
Superhydrophobic surfaces reduce drag
Authors: Wilson Mark
Published: October 2009

Microscopic features on a wall can have an enormous influence on macroscopic flows along it.
US government agencies work to minimize damage due to helium-3 shortfall
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: October 2009

Stiff new competition from security applications for a limited supply of helium-3 threatens research in low-temperature physics, neutron scattering, and medicine, for example.
Teaching and learning astronomy in the 21st century
Authors: Prather Edward E. , Rudolph Alexander L. , Brissenden Gina
Published: October 2009

A national study of teaching and learning in courses that introduce astronomy to nonscience majors shows that interactive learning strategies can significantly improve student understanding of core concepts in astrophysics.
Orai1 internalization and STIM1 clustering inhibition modulate SOCE inactivation during meiosis
Authors: Yu Fang , Sun Lu , Machaca Khaled
Published: October 2009

Store-operated Ca
2+
entry (SOCE) is a ubiquitous Ca
2+
influx pathway activated in response to depletion of intracellular Ca
2+
stores. SOCE is a primary modulator of intracellular Ca
2+
dynamics, which specify cellular responses. Interestingly, SOCE inactivates during M phase but the mechanisms involved remain unclear. SOCE is mediated by clustering of the ER Ca
2+
sensor STIM1 in response to Ca
2+
store depletion, leading to gating of the plasma membrane SOCE channel Orai1. Here we show that SOCE inactivation in meiosis is the result of internalization of Orai1 into an intracellular vesicular compartment and to the inability of STIM1 to cluster in response to store depletion. At rest, Orai1 continuously recycles between the cell membrane and an endosomal compartment. We further show that STIM1–STIM1 interactions are inhibited during meiosis, which appears to mediate the inability of STIM1 to form puncta following store depletion. In contrast, STIM1–Orai1 interactions remain functional during meiosis. Combined, the removal of Orai1 from the cell membrane and STIM1 clustering inhibition effectively uncouple store depletion from SOCE activation in meiosis. Although STIM1 is phosphorylated during meiosis, phosphomimetic and alanine substitution mutations do not modulate STIM1 clustering, arguing that phosphorylation does not mediate STIM1 clustering inhibition during meiosis.
Toggle involving
cis
-interfering noncoding RNAs controls variegated gene expression in yeast
Authors: Bumgarner Stacie L. , Dowell Robin D. , Grisafi Paula , Gifford David K. , Fink Gerald R.
Published: October 2009

The identification of specific functional roles for the numerous long noncoding (nc)RNAs found in eukaryotic transcriptomes is currently a matter of intense study amid speculation that these ncRNAs have key regulatory roles. We have identified a pair of
cis
-interfering ncRNAs in yeast that contribute to the control of variegated gene expression at the
FLO11
locus by implementing a regulatory circuit that toggles between two stable states. These capped, polyadenylated ncRNAs are transcribed across the large intergenic region upstream of the
FLO11
ORF. As with mammalian long intervening (li)ncRNAs, these yeast ncRNAs (
ICR1
and
PWR1
) are themselves regulated by transcription factors (Sfl1 and Flo8) and chromatin remodelers (Rpd3L) that are key elements in phenotypic transitions in yeast. The mechanism that we describe explains the unanticipated role of a histone deacetylase complex in activating gene expression, because Rpd3L mutants force the ncRNA circuit into a state that silences the expression of the adjacent variegating gene.
Past tense marking in Singapore English verbs
Authors: Gut Ulrike
Published: October 2009

This study is concerned with the occasional lack of verbal past tense marking in Singapore English, which has been described both as evidence for morphological change and as a phonological consequence of final plosive deletion. Based on a corpus of spoken educated Singapore English, it is investigated whether the lack of past tense marking in verbs in a past tense context is due primarily to morphological or phonological factors and whether word frequency influences the rate of past tense marking. The results are interpreted as evidence for a phonological basis of most unmarked verb forms in Singapore English and suggest a shift in the function of the present tense. They further imply that past tense marking in Singapore English varies with sociolinguistic factors.
To break down the wall
Authors: Schely-Newman Esther
Published: October 2009

Narrating self-experiences inherently involves tension between real time and remembered time, between narrative event and narrated events. Narrators employ various strategies of footing and voicing to position their current “self” vis-à-vis their former selves and their audience. These characteristics are particularly pertinent in the case of significant life changes, such as learning to read and write for the first time as an adult. This paper treats personal narratives of an Israeli immigrant woman elicited during a meeting with a former literacy teacher. The encounter, forty years later, provides an opportunity for both to reestablish their relative identities and reframe their shared history. Analyzing the events — and narratives thereof — within their sociocultural contexts, reveal a delicate balance between gratitude and agency in the construction of a literate identity. These transformational narratives draw upon the Israeli hegemonic narrative of assimilation and modernization as well as the Mizrahi counternarrative of integration, creating a unique version of the consequences of (il)literacy.
The moral consequences of studying the vulnerable
Authors: Fisher Ericka
Published: October 2009

Qualitative researchers studying children through the use of narratives face a particular set of ethical challenges as they relate to the need to report issues of abuse and neglect. These challenges are compounded by the lack of a court mandate to report abuse, for without such a mandate researchers are left to decide whether a case merits reporting and, if so, whether they are the ones responsible to do so. While researchers may be reluctant to support a mandate, citing issues of confidentiality, lack of training, harm to research outcomes, and social and political ramifications, it is argued herein that they have a moral imperative to report. Thus, to remain a silent bystander to suspected abuse ultimately results in complicity to the injustice. More generally, it is also argued that the role of the dispassionate researcher, committed to his or her data alone, must be suspended in order to protect vulnerable populations.
Memoirs
Authors: Young Elizabeth
Published: October 2009

Four published memoirs refute culturally dominant ideas about severe mental illness as personal weakness, as something shameful, and as a condition that necessarily leads to isolation and disenfranchisement. The narrative structure and content of the memoirs reveal that people’s experience differs from the hegemonic discourse: while narrating symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and acceptance of the illness, all four authors present themselves as accomplished, self-possessed, and socially integrated. Their memoirs, and the act of narrating their experiences with mental illness, challenge the established cultural discourse of mental illness as limitation. The narratives help change that discourse and our social attitudes toward people with mental illness.
Lycopene prevents sugar-induced morphological changes and modulates antioxidant status of human lens epithelial cells
Authors: Mohanty Ipseeta , Joshi Sujata , Trivedi Deepa , Srivastava Sushma , Gupta S. K.
Published: October 2009

Cataract is a multifactorial disease. Osmotic stress, together with weakened antioxidant defence mechanisms, is attributed to the changes observed in human diabetic cataract. Epidemiological studies provide evidence that nutritional antioxidants slow down the progression of cataract. The usefulness of lycopene, a dietary carotenoid, in the pathogenesis of human cataracts has not been studied so far. Since the epithelium is the metabolic unit of the lens, the effect of lycopene on galactose-induced morphological changes and antioxidant status of human lens epithelial cells (HLEC) in culture was evaluated in the present study. HLEC of fresh cadaver eyes obtained from an eye bank were cultured in medium supplemented with fetal calf serum (200 ml/l). On confluency, the cells were subcultured in medium containing either 30 m-d-galactose or 30 mM-d-galactose + lycopene (5, 10 or 20 μM) for 72 h. The cells were observed under the phase-contrast microscope and transmssion electron microscope for any morphological changes and then harvested for the estimation of various biochemical variables. Malondialdeyde, glutathione and antioxidant enzymes were significantly altered in the control as compared with the normal cultures. Vacuolization was also observed in the presence of galactose. Addition of lycopene confers significant protection against these changes in HLEC.
Effect of reduced dietary protein intake on hepatic and plasma essential fatty acid concentrations in the adult female rat: effect of pregnancy and consequences for accumulation of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids in fetal liver and brain
Authors: Burdge Graham C. , Dunn Rebecca L. , Wootton Stephen A. , Jackson Alan A.
Published: October 2009

During pregnancy, the accumulation of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) in fetal tissues places a substantial demand upon maternal lipid metabolism. As lipid metabolism is intimately linked to aspects of protein metabolism, a reduced protein intake in pregnancy may impair activities of enzymes and transport proteins responsible for supplying LCPUFA to the fetus, thereby compromising fetal development. We have investigated the effect of reduced protein intake on LCPUFA status in the non-pregnant rat and in the pregnant rat, and in fetus at day 20 of gestation. Female rats (n5 per group) were either mated and fed the control diet (180 g protein/kg) or low-protein diet (90 g protein/kg, LPD) diet throughout pregnancy, or fed the control diet or LPD for 20 d (non-pregnant animals). The fatty acid compositions of maternal liver and plasma, and fetal liver and brain were determined by GC. Feeding the LPD did not lead to any gross changes either in adult or fetal growth, or in total lipid concentrations in adult rat liver. However, the LPD was associated specifically with lower liver (42·6 %) and plasma (19·4 %) phosphatidylcholine (PC), and plasma triacylglycerol (28·6 %) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) concentrations in pregnant rats and reduced fetal brain PC- (26·1 %) and phosphatidylethanolamine- (25·6 %) DHA concentrations. Together, these results show that variations in maternal dietary protein consumption alter DHA status in pregnancy and modify DHA accumulation into the fetal brain. The present results suggest that lower maternal protein intakes reduce delivery of DHA from the mother to the fetus, which may impair development and function of the fetal brain.
The effect of wild blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium) consumption on postprandial serum antioxidant status in human subjects
Authors: Kay Colin D. , Holub Bruce J.
Published: October 2009

The aim of the present study was to determine whether the consumption of wild blueberries (Vaccinium angustifolium), a concentrated source of non-nutritive antioxidant phytochemicals, would enhance postprandial serum antioxidant status in healthy human subjects. A single-blinded crossover study was performed in a group of eight middle-aged male subjects (38–54 years). Subjects consumed a high-fat meal and a control supplement followed 1 week later by the same high-fat meal supplemented with 100·0 g freeze-dried wild blueberry powder. Upon brachial vein catheterization, fasting and postprandial serum samples were taken sequentially and analysed for lipids and glucose and for serum antioxidant status. Serum antioxidant status was determined using the oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay and the total antioxidant status (TAS) assay. The wild-blueberry treatment was associated with a significant treatment effect as determined by the ORAC assay (water-soluble fraction ORACperchloric acid (PCA),P=0·04). Significant increases in serum antioxidant status above the controls were observed at 1 h (ORACPCA(8·5 % greater),P=0·02; TAS (4·5 % greater),P=0·05), and 4 h (ORACtotal(15·0 % greater),P=0·009; ORACacetone(16·0 % greater),P=0·007) post-consumption of the high-fat meal. In conclusion, the consumption of wild blueberries, a food source with highin vitroantioxidant properties, is associated with a diet-induced increase inex vivoserum antioxidant status. It has been suggested that increasing the antioxidant status of serum may result in the reduced risk of many chronic degenerative diseases.
Labels Used by Young People to Describe Mental Disorders: Factors Associated with Their Development
Authors: Wright Annemarie , Jorm Anthony F.
Published: October 2009

Objective: The aim of the present study was to describe the most common terms used to label mental disorders and examine how label use develops with age, and the factors that may mediate any of these developmental changes.

Method: A national telephone survey was conducted with 2802 Australian young people aged 12–25 years and 1528 co-resident parents. Label use was assessed in response to one of three randomly assigned vignettes describing symptoms of depression, psychosis and social phobia.

Results: Depression was correctly labelled twice as frequently as psychosis, whereas social phobia was rarely correctly labelled and most commonly labelled using lay terms. Use of accurate labels increased with age and female subjects were more likely to use them. For all vignettes, likelihood of using an accurate label was associated with exposure to mental health community awareness campaigns and accuracy of label used by a parent. Exposure to a family member or friend who had experienced the disorder and sought help was associated with accurate labelling of the depression and psychosis vignettes only. Male gender was more frequently associated with inaccurate label use.

Conclusions: Accuracy of labelling by young people varies greatly between disorders. More predictors were found for use of accurate labels compared to almost all other non-diagnostic labels. An understanding of the landscape of labelling of mental disorders and factors that mediate their development can be harnessed to improve the effectiveness of community education initiatives. This in turn has the potential to improve labelling of mental disorders by young people and increase appropriate help-seeking during this crucial onset period.
Pubertal Process and Green-Sickness in Renaissance Drama: A Form Fruste of Anorexia Nervosa?
Authors: Potter Ursula , Bartrop Roger , Touyz Stephen
Published: October 2009

Objective: The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationship between puberty and the onset of green-sickness in early modern popular culture with findings on puberty and the onset of anorexia nervosa.

Method: Four plays from the late 16th and early 17th centuries dealing with 14–15-year-old girls were analysed for information on puberty and for precipitating factors for the onset of green-sickness. These were then contrasted with the literature on anorexia nervosa where puberty has been proposed as a potential risk factor for the development of the disorder.

Results: These four plays endorse a common understanding in early modern popular culture that puberty presents a major developmental challenge for young women. Four common precipitating factors for the development of green-sickness were identified: socio-economic status; age at onset; nutrition and sexual development. These have a striking resemblance to our current understanding of the development of anorexia nervosa in adolescence.

Conclusion: Green-sickness shares certain similarities with anorexia nervosa. It is a post menarcheal condition arising out of the body's ripeness for reproduction at around the age of 14. Affluence and improved nutrition were recognized as contributory factors. The development of both green-sickness and anorexia nervosa appear to share a common theme in the context of puberty.
The Case for Case Histories
Authors: Frost Mary
Published: October 2009

Objectives: The aim of this paper is to provide background to the ‘case history’ requirement of the RANZCP examinations, and assist trainees preparing these histories.

Conclusion: The case histories provide the only opportunity in psychiatric training for assessment of the capacity to write professionally and to prepare a sophisticated formulation, important aspects of any medico-legal report. Recent public debate regarding declining standards of literacy highlights public concerns about written communication. Retaining the case histories demonstrates that the College's commitment to ensuring high standards of written communication remains a cornerstone of the practice of psychiatry in Australasia. The histories provide a vital learning ground for trainees in preparing themselves to be competent psychiatrists. In order to improve trainees’ preparation in submitting case histories, examiners’ advice is provided.
Amygdaloid Neurosurgery for Aggressive Behaviour, Sydney, 1967–1977: Societal, Scientific, Ethical and Other Factors
Authors: White Richard , Williams Sid
Published: October 2009

Objectives: In 1967, despite escalating international hostility towards psychosurgery, a program of amygdaloid neurosurgery for the reduction of aggressive and self-harming behaviour commenced in Sydney. In this paper, the second of two articles on the Amygdaloid Neurosurgery Project (ANP), we analyse the relative contributions of seven nominated societal, ethical and other factors to the genesis and demise of the ANP, and consider implications of the history of the ANP for the future of neurosurgery for psychiatric disorders (NPD) in New South Wales (NSW) and elsewhere.

Conclusions: Leadership and the availability of resources were crucial factors in the genesis of the project. Its scientific foundations were doubtful in 1967, and remain so in 2009. Ethical issues became the focus of hostile media and Government attention in 1977 and precipitated the project's demise. Lessons derived from an historical analysis of the ANP should assist the medical profession develop appropriate approaches to recent advances in NPD, including deep brain stimulation, new ablative procedures and stem cell implantation.
Variations in selective and nonselective prediction error with the negative dimension of schizotypy
Authors: Haselgrove Mark , Evans Lisa H.
Published: October 2009

Two human associative-learning experiments investigated the relationship between the negative dimension of schizotypy and selective and nonselective prediction-error learning. Experiment 1 demonstrates that individuals low, but not high, on the introvertive anhedonia dimension of schizotypy demonstrate Kamin blocking, which has been taken to reflect the operation of selective learning (Rescorla & Wagner, 1972). In complement, Experiment 2 demonstrates that individuals high, but not low, on the same dimension demonstrate asymmetrical learning about the components of a compound stimulus that differ in their associative history, which has been suggested to reflect the operation of nonselective learning (Rescorla, 2000). The implications of this double dissociation for understanding the nature of the cognitive deficit in schizophrenia and for theories of learning are considered.
Response-specifying cue for action interferes with perception of feature-sharing stimuli
Authors: Nishimura Akio , Yokosawa Kazuhiko
Published: October 2009

Perceiving a visual stimulus is more difficult when a to-be-executed action is compatible with that stimulus, which is known as blindness to response-compatible stimuli. The present study explored how the factors constituting the action event (i.e., response-specifying cue, response intention, and response feature) affect the occurrence of this blindness effect. The response-specifying cue varied along the horizontal and vertical dimensions, while the response buttons were arranged diagonally. Participants responded based on one dimension randomly determined in a trial-by-trial manner. The response intention varied along a single dimension, whereas the response location and the response-specifying cue varied within both vertical and horizontal dimensions simultaneously. Moreover, the compatibility between the visual stimulus and the response location and the compatibility between that stimulus and the response-specifying cue was separately determined. The blindness effect emerged exclusively based on the feature correspondence between the response-specifying cue of the action task and the visual target of the perceptual task. The size of this stimulus–stimulus (S–S) blindness effect did not differ significantly across conditions, showing no effect of response intention and response location. This finding emphasizes the effect of stimulus factors, rather than response factors, of the action event as a source of the blindness to response-compatible stimuli.
Diamond spheres for inertial confinement fusion
Authors: Biener J. , Ho D.D. , Wild C. , Woerner E. , Biener M.M. , El-dasher B.S. , Hicks D.G. , Eggert J.H. , Celliers P.M. , Collins G.W. , Teslich N.E. , Kozioziemski B.J. , Haan S.W. , Hamza A.V.
Published: October 2009

The National Ignition Facility (NIF) will allow scientists to prove the feasibility of inertial confinement fusion (ICF). The success of ICF experiments at NIF will critically depend on the availability of robust targets. Guided by computer simulations, we generated a new target design that takes advantage of the extreme atomic density of synthetic diamond, and developed a process that allows us to produce large quantities of these ultrahigh precision diamond targets via a low-cost batch process. Computer simulations were used to assess the performance and the robustness of these diamond targets. The results demonstrate that diamond has the potential to outperform other target materials in terms of energy efficiency and implosion stability, thus making successful ignition more likely.
Full-f gyrokinetic particle simulation of centrally heated global ITG turbulence from magnetic axis to edge pedestal top in a realistic tokamak geometry
Authors: Ku S. , Chang C.S. , Diamond P.H.
Published: October 2009

Global electrostatic ITG turbulence physics, together with background dynamics, has been simulated in a realistic tokamak core geometry using XGC1, a full-function 5D gyrokinetic particle code. An adiabatic electron model has been used. Some verification exercises of XGC1 have been presented. The simulation volume extends from the magnetic axis to the pedestal top inside the magnetic separatrix. Central heating is applied, and a number, momentum and energy conserving linearized Monte Carlo Coulomb collision is used. In the turbulent region, the ion temperature gradient profile self-organizes globally around R/L

T
= (Rd logT/dr = major radius on the magnetic axis/temperature gradient length) ≃6.5–7, which is somewhat above the conventional nonlinear criticality of ≃6. The self-organized ion temperature gradient profile is approximately stiff against variation of heat source magnitude. Results indicate that the relaxation to a self-organized state proceeds in two phases, namely, a transient phase of excessively bursty transport followed by a 1/f avalanching phase. The bursty types of behaviour are allowed by the quasi-periodic collapse of local E × B shearing barriers.
Plasma performance and scaling laws in the RFX-mod reversed-field pinch experiment
Authors: Innocente P. , Alfier A. , Canton A. , Pasqualotto R.
Published: October 2009

The large range of plasma currents (I
p = 0.2–1.6 MA) and feedback-controlled magnetic boundary conditions of the RFX-mod experiment make it well suited to performing scaling studies. The assessment of such scaling, in particular those on temperature and energy confinement, is crucial both for improving the operating reversed-field pinch (RFP) devices and for validating the RFP configuration as a candidate for the future fusion reactors. For such a purpose scaling laws for magnetic fluctuations, temperature and energy confinement have been evaluated in stationary operation. RFX-mod scaling laws have been compared with those obtained from other RFP devices and numerical simulations. The role of the magnetic boundary has been analysed, comparing discharges performed with different active control schemes of the edge radial magnetic field.
The influence of displacement damage on deuterium retention in tungsten exposed to plasma
Authors: Wampler W.R. , Doerner R.P.
Published: October 2009

Trapping of tritium at lattice damage from fusion neutron irradiation is expected to increase the tritium inventory in tungsten components in ITER. The magnitude of this increase depends on the concentration of traps that are produced, and on the depth to which the increased tritium retention extends into the material. Experiments to address these issues are described, in which displacement damage by ion irradiation was used as a surrogate for neutron damage. Irradiated samples were exposed to high flux deuterium plasma to simulate divertor conditions. The resulting deuterium content was measured by nuclear reaction analysis. Measurements were done at various damage levels up to those expected from the end-of-life neutron fluence in ITER. These experiments determine the number of traps produced by displacement damage and the rate at which they are filled during exposure to plasma. The role of defect annealing was explored through plasma exposures at various temperatures. In addition to trapping at damage, near-surface retention from internal precipitation was observed at lower temperatures. Addition of 5% helium to the deuterium plasma greatly reduced D retention by precipitation by localizing it closer to the surface. Results from these experiments indicate that the contribution to tritium inventory in ITER from trapping at neutron damage should be small.
A Genomic Screen for Yeast Mutants Defective in Selective Mitochondria Autophagy
Authors: Kanki Tomotake , Wang Ke , Baba Misuzu , Bartholomew Clinton R. , Lynch-Day Melinda A. , Du Zhou , Geng Jiefei , Mao Kai , Yang Zhifen , Yen Wei-Lien , Klionsky Daniel J.
Published: October 2009

Mitophagy is the process of selective mitochondrial degradation via autophagy, which has an important role in mitochondrial quality control. Very little is known, however, about the molecular mechanism of mitophagy. A genome-wide yeast mutant screen for mitophagy-defective strains identified 32 mutants with a block in mitophagy, in addition to the known autophagy-related (ATG) gene mutants. We further characterized one of these mutants, ylr356wΔ that corresponds to a gene whose function has not been identified. YLR356W is a mitophagy-specific gene that was not required for other types of selective autophagy or macroautophagy. The deletion of YLR356W partially inhibited mitophagy during starvation, whereas there was an almost complete inhibition at post-log phase. Accordingly, we have named this gene ATG33. The new mutants identified in this analysis will provide a useful foundation for researchers interested in the study of mitochondrial homeostasis and quality control.
L'Anecdote proustienne: outil d'inscription de l'histoire
Authors: Guez Stéphanie
Published: October 2009

Les longs passages explicatifs que Proust consacrait à l'actualité dans
Jean Santeuil
disparaissent de
La Recherche
 … au profit d'anecdotes. L'entier matériau historiographique est anecdotisé tant par les personnages que par le romancier, et cette anecdotisation semble avoir pour tâche, à tout le moins pour résultat, d'évacuer l'Histoire du roman. Une étude suivie des fonctions de l'anecdote prouve toutefois que le micro-récit assume simultanément deux fonctions distinctes, voire contraires. Pour les personnages, il y va d'une stratégie d'escamotage, pour le romancier d'une technique d'inscription de l'Histoire. Grâce à l'anecdote, un élément pourtant réputé secondaire, Proust indexe son récit au discours social de l'époque.
Point-of-Care Testing for Pandemic Influenza and Biothreats
Authors: Louie Richard F. , Kitano Tyler , Brock T. Keith , Derlet Robert , Kost Gerald J.
Published: October 2009

New and reemerging infectious diseases, such as pandemic viruses and resistant bacteria, pose a serious threat in the 21st century. Some of these agents represent global security threats. This review provides an overview of diagnostic challenges presented by pandemic influenza and biothreat agents. The article summarizes recent pandemics and disease outbreaks, point-of-care influenza diagnostic tests, biothreat agents, biothreat instrument systems, and technologies in development. It highlights how medical innovation and health care initiatives can help prepare health care professionals and public health personnel to handle future crises. Based on gap analysis for current point-of-care testing deficiencies, it concludes with policy recommendations that will enhance preparedness. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2009;3(Suppl 2):S193–S202)
Whisker isotopic signature depicts migration patterns and multi-year intra- and inter-individual foraging strategies in fur seals
Authors: Cherel Y. , Kernaléguen L. , Richard P. , Guinet C.
Published: October 2009

The movement and dietary history of individuals can be studied using stable isotope records in archival keratinous tissues. Here, we present a chronology of temporally fine-scale data on the trophic niche of otariid seals by measuring the isotopic signature of serially sampled whiskers. Whiskers of male Antarctic fur seals breeding at the Crozet Islands showed synchronous and regular oscillations in both their δ
13
C and δ
15
N values that are likely to represent their annual migrations over the long term (mean 4.8 years). At the population level, male Antarctic fur seals showed substantial variation in both δ
13
C and δ
15
N values, occupying nearly all the ‘isotopic space’ created by the diversity of potential oceanic habitats (from high Antarctica to the subtropics) and prey (from Antarctic krill to subantarctic and subtropical mesopelagic fishes). At the individual level, whisker isotopic signatures depict a large diversity of foraging strategies. Some seals remained in either subantarctic or Antarctic waters, while the migratory cycle of most animals encompassed a wide latitudinal gradient where they fed on different prey. The isotopic signature of whiskers, therefore, revealed new multi-year foraging strategies of male Antarctic fur seals and is a powerful tool for investigating the ecological niche during cryptic stages of mammals' life.
Experience influences aggressive behaviour in the Argentine ant
Authors: Van Wilgenburg Ellen , Clémencet Johanna , Tsutsui Neil D.
Published: October 2009

All animals interact with conspecifics during their life, and nearly all also display some form of aggression. An enduring challenge, however, is to understand how the experiences of an individual animal influence its later behaviours. Several studies have shown that prior winning experience increases the probability of initiating fights in later encounters. Using behavioural assays in the laboratory, we provide evidence that, in Argentine ants (
Linepithema humile
), the mere exposure to an opponent, without the encounter escalating to a fight, also increases the probability that it will display aggression in later encounters. Argentine ant workers differ in their propensity to attack non-colonymates, with some ants repeatedly aggressive and others consistently more docile. Although 78 per cent of the workers were consistent in their behaviour from one encounter to the next, workers that did change their behaviour after an encounter with a non-colonymate more often changed from non-aggressive to aggressive, rather than the reverse. Surprisingly, a single encounter with a non-colonymate increased a worker's propensity to fight in encounters up to a week later. An encounter with a non-colonymate also increased the probability that a worker would attack ants from a colony that it had not previously encountered. Thus, these interactions lowered the overall aggression threshold, rather than stimulating a specific aggressive response to a particular foreign colony. Finally, our data suggest that aggression towards non-colonymates increases with age.
Variation in habitat suitability does not always relate to variation in species' plant functional traits
Authors: Thuiller Wilfried , Albert Cécile H. , Dubuis Anne , Randin Christophe , Guisan Antoine
Published: October 2009

Habitat suitability models, which relate species occurrences to environmental variables, are assumed to predict suitable conditions for a given species. If these models are reliable, they should relate to change in plant growth and function. In this paper, we ask the question whether habitat suitability models are able to predict variation in plant functional traits, often assumed to be a good surrogate for a species' overall health and vigour. Using a thorough sampling design, we show a tight link between variation in plant functional traits and habitat suitability for some species, but not for others. Our contrasting results pave the way towards a better understanding of how species cope with varying habitat conditions and demonstrate that habitat suitability models can provide meaningful descriptions of the functional niche in some cases, but not in others.
Symbiosis-dependent gene expression in coral–dinoflagellate association: cloning and characterization of a P-type H+-ATPase gene
Authors: Bertucci Anthony , Tambutté Éric , Tambutté Sylvie , Allemand Denis , Zoccola Didier
Published: October 2009

We report the molecular cloning of a H+-ATPase in the symbiotic dinoflagellate,Symbiodiniumsp. previously suggested by pharmacological studies to be involved in carbon-concentrating mechanism used by zooxanthellae when they are in symbiosis with corals. This gene encodes a protein of 975 amino acids with a calculated mass of about 105 kDa. The structure of the protein shows a typical P-type H+-ATPase structure (type IIIa plasma membrane H+-ATPases) and phylogenetic analyses show that this new proton pump groups with diatoms in the Chromoalveolates group. ThisSymbiodiniumH+-ATPase is specifically expressed when zooxanthellae are engaged in a symbiotic relationship with the coral partner but not in free-living dinoflagellates. This proton pump, therefore, could be involved in the acidification of the perisymbiotic space leading to bicarbonate dehydration by carbonic anhydrase activity in order to supply inorganic carbon for photosynthesis as suggested by earlier studies. To our knowledge, this work provides the first example of a symbiosis-dependent gene in zooxanthellae and confirms the importance of H+-ATPase in coral–dinoflagellate symbiosis.
The costs of hemispheric specialization in a fish
Authors: Dadda Marco , Zandonà Eugenia , Agrillo Christian , Bisazza Angelo
Published: October 2009

Laboratory and field studies have documented better cognitive performance associated with marked hemispheric specialization in organisms as diverse as chimpanzees, domestic chicks and topminnows. While providing an evolutionary explanation for the emergence of cerebral lateralization, this evidence represents a paradox because a large proportion of non-lateralized (NL) individuals is commonly observed in animal populations. Hemispheric specialization often determines large left–right differences in perceiving and responding to stimuli. Using topminnows selected for a high or low degree of lateralization, we tested the hypothesis that individuals with greater functional asymmetry pay a higher performance cost in situations requiring matching information from the two eyes. When trained to use the middle door in a row of a nine, NL fish correctly chose the central door in most cases, while lateralized fish showed systematic leftward or rightward biases. When choosing between two shoals, each seen with a different eye, NL fish chose the high-quality shoal significantly more often than the lateralized fish, whose performance was affected by eye preference for analysing social stimuli. These findings suggest the existence of a trade-off between computational advantages of hemispheric specialization and the ecological cost of making suboptimal decisions whenever relevant information is located on both sides of the body.
Polymorphic social organization in an ant
Authors: Gill Richard J. , Arce Andres , Keller Laurent , Hammond Robert L.
Published: October 2009

Identifying species exhibiting variation in social organization is an important step towards explaining the genetic and environmental factors underlying social evolution. In most studied populations of the antLeptothorax acervorum, reproduction is shared among queens in multiple queen colonies (polygyny). By contrast, reports from other populations, but based on weaker evidence, suggest a single queen may monopolize all reproduction in multiple queen colonies (functional monogyny). Here we identify a marked polymorphism in social organization in this species, by conclusively showing that functional monogyny is exhibited in a Spanish population, showing that the social organization is stable and not purely a consequence of daughter queens overwintering, that daughter queen re-adoption is frequent and queen turnover is low. Importantly, we show that polygynous and functionally monogynous populations are not genetically distinct from one another based on mtDNA and nDNA. This suggests a recent evolutionary divergence between social phenotypes. Finally, when functionally monogynous and polygynous colonies were kept under identical laboratory conditions, social organization did not change, suggesting a genetic basis for the polymorphism. We discuss the implications of these findings to the study of reproductive skew.
Network cohesion, group size and neocortex size in female-bonded Old World primates
Authors: Lehmann Julia , Dunbar R. I. M.
Published: October 2009

Most primates are intensely social and spend a large amount of time servicing social relationships. In this study, we use social network analysis to examine the relationship between primate group size, total brain size, neocortex ratio and several social network metrics concerned with network cohesion. Using female grooming networks from a number of Old World monkey species, we found that neocortex size was a better predictor of network characteristics than endocranial volumes. We further found that when we controlled for group size, neocortex ratio was negatively correlated with network density, connectivity, relative clan size and proportional clan membership, while there was no effect of neocortex ratio on change in connectivity following the removal of the most central female in the network. Thus, in species with larger neocortex ratios, females generally live in more fragmented networks, belong to smaller grooming clans and are members of relatively fewer clans despite living in a closely bonded group. However, even though groups are more fragmented to begin with among species with larger neocortices, the removal of the most central individual does cause groups to fall apart, suggesting that social complexity may ultimately involve the management of highly fragmented social groups while at the same time maintaining overall social cohesion. These results emphasize a need for more detailed brain data on a wider sample of primate species.