bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High-speed, multi-zone ultrasonic inspection of bar and wire stocks with an in-line phased array inspection system
Authors:   Waygate Technologies (former GE Inspection Technologies), Würschig Thomas ,   Waygate Technologies (former GE Inspection Technologies), Albino Paulo ,   Waygate Technologies (former GE Inspection Technologies), Fey Peter ,   Waygate Technologies (former GE Inspection Technologies), Helfen Thomas ,   Waygate Technologies (former GE Inspection Technologies), Fuchs Günter ,   Waygate Technologies (former GE Inspection Technologies), Schmitz Stephan
Published: July 2023

Typical standards in aerospace applications require the ultrasonic testing (UT) of bar and wire stock with a highly reliable detection of small defects over a wide depth range in the material. Characteristic reference reflectors are flat bottom holes (FBH) with diameters smaller than 1 mm. Typically, such inspections are done with immersion tanks using a set of probes optimized for each depth. However, for industrial applications there are disadvantages such as slow scan speed, the time-consuming inlet and outlet process, complicated mechanics and significant costs of the specialized probes. This contribution demonstrates an in-line phased array inspection system with integrated multi-zone inspection, which is based on the Krautkrämer ROWA™ Ux machine. After a short description of the setup special focus is given on the implemented testing concept which is optimized with respect to a multi-zone inspection and includes a dedicated automated adjustment of the system. Furthermore, the powerful electronics allows a flexible setting of focus point, aperture size and filtering. This significantly reduces the need for special probes and by means of digital depth focusing (DDF) also the number of test shots. At the end, the flaw detectability in different depths is illustrated and achievable test speeds are presented. Moreover, external boundary conditions are discussed.
Temperature and geometry impact on defect detection and sizing
Authors:   Research Centre Rez, Veselá Jana ,   Research Centre Rez, Mareš Pavel ,   Research Centre Rez, Brom Jaroslav
Published: July 2023

Increasing requirements to minimize the frequency and duration of shutdowns of nuclear power plants have led to the need to address the implementation of ultrasonic testing of welded pipe connections at operating temperature. In practice, the pipes are made of carbon and stainless steel. Laboratory ultrasound tests were performed on two types of test pieces with different geometry and with homogeneous and heterogenous welds. The measurement was done within a temperature range of 50°C to 200°C in increment of 50°C. The aim of the performed measurements was to verify the detection of artificial defects created by electric discharge machining (EDM) in the root area of the weld on the carbon steel side by a selected test system and an impact of the change in focal laws (FLs) due to temperature on sizing. Together with this was evaluated the influence of elevated temperature on the determination of defect dimensions and impact of the test system, including ultrasonic, cooling, and handling subsystems for detection, sizing and using in the limited space of nuclear power plants. An inspection procedure and a safe workflow were created ss part of the testing. Both procedures were necessary for testing at elevated temperatures from the point of view of occupational safety and for carrying out individual test steps to maintain the repeatability of testing. The inspection procedure was subsequently qualified.
Simulation of wave propagation in austenitic stainless steel welds with solidification structure predicted by Cellular Automaton method
Authors:   Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Lin Shan ,   Akita University, Natsume Yukinobu ,   Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Nagai Masaki
Published: July 2023

Austenitic stainless steel is widely used in nuclear power plants (NPPs) and a variety of occurrences of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) near its weld have been reported among NPPs. Ultrasonic testing is a critical technique for the detection and depth sizing of SCCs. However, such welds' anisotropic and heterogeneous properties cause difficulties in ultrasonic testing when ultrasonic waves propagate through welds. Deeply understanding the characteristics of ultrasonic waves with wave propagation simulation is effective to improve the accuracy of ultrasonic testing. To this end, it is necessary to take crystal orientation and grain boundary into account simultaneously in the numerical model. In this study, a model was developed so that the Cellular Automaton (CA) method can simulate the solidification structure from multilayer and multipass welding process, then the solidification structure of a 7-layer and 7-pass weld of austenitic stainless steel was predicted based on welding conditions. Finally, the finite element method was used to compute wave propagation in austenitic stainless steel weld with the solidification structure predicted. Numerical results of wave propagation in austenitic stainless steel weld were compared to those obtained by experiment.
Use of periodic structures for mode transformation in cylindrical objects
Authors:   Changwon National University, I Boris ,   Changwon National University, Lee Jaesun
Published: July 2023

Periodic structure is very useful and powerful tool for the wave manipulation. Many researchers report about elastic guided wave focusing, filtering based on a bandgap, wave steering. wave transformation. However, for the wave transformation pays too less attention, but it's very promising feature of the periodic structure for the NDT field. Several works shows that Lamb wave can be transformed to the SH wave in a plate. Presented work focused on the transformation of the longitudinal wave to torsional wave in a pipe. To design a unit cell of the periodic structure for the wave transformation, parametric study was made by calculating eigenfrequencies using finite element method and Block-Floquet boundary condition. Analyzing the dispersion curve, frequency range was chosen where is only torsional wave is excist and has maximum width. Frequency analysis was performed to analyze the transmission. Results shows that torsional wave can be achieved in the output of the periodic structure in case of incident longitudinal wave. The amplitudes of the waves were compared to show the changes in transformed wave in respect with incident wave.
NDT for qualification of space hardware made by additive manufacturing
Authors:   Center for Advanced Aerospace Technologies (FADA-CATEC), Galleguillos Carlos ,   Center for Advanced Aerospace Technologies (FADA-CATEC), Periñán Antonio ,   Center for Advanced Aerospace Technologies (FADA-CATEC), González Sergio ,   Center for Advanced Aerospace Technologies (FADA-CATEC), Lasagni Fernando
Published: July 2023

X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT) has been established as the preferable NonDestructive Testing (NDT) method to detect inner defects in Metal Additive Manufactured (MAM) parts such as porosity, inclusions, lack of fusion, etc. Moreover, the usage of this manufacturing technology has grown in the aerospace sector due to the establishment of quality standards and the current maturity of the manufacturing systems, processing route and means of inspection. For instance, the European Cooperation for Space Standardization has developed a specific standard (coordinated by the European Space Agency – ESA) for AM quality assurance, processing, and requirements in space applications (ECSS-Q-ST-70-80C) indicating that CT inspections shall be carried out especially for critical structural and functional components. Similarly, large OEMs (Original Equipment Manufacturers) have developed their own standards considering CT as a mandatory NDT method in critical parts, but also other techniques such as Penetrant Testing (PT), Digital Radiography (DR) or visual inspection (VI) are also considered necessary to assure the quality of the components. This works presents diverse applications examples of different NDTs for hardware qualification: Titanium brackets for CHEOPS space missions; Aluminium helix antenna for PROBA3; Aluminium brackets for JUpiter ICy moons Explorer mission (JUICE), the last; or other aeronautic components like Aluminium fairings for the Clean Sky 2 IADP demonstrator, and structural Titanium flap fittings of the RACER helicopter. The aforementioned cases will be analysed not only from the execution of the inspection, but also from the application of different standards and requirements, specifically developed for AM or adapted to this novel manufacturing technology.
Visual color inspection with a hyperspectral camera: inline application for automotive parts production
Authors:   Introsys SA, Assunção Eduardo ,   Introsys SA, Guedes Magno ,   Introsys SA, Miranda Fábio
Published: July 2023

The development of cars is becoming increasingly focused on colour, which is a major challenge for both suppliers and manufacturers. Manufacturers must establish strict colour tolerances for each coloured component and specify both colour and appearance. On the other hand, suppliers must maintain colour accuracy in part production, regardless of the type of material used, to ensure acceptance of colour by automotive manufacturers. In the colour industry, colour difference formulas are used to make unbiased judgments about whether manufactured goods should be approved or disapproved. These objective judgments are based on instrumental colour measurements that must accurately predict subjective colour variations. Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has proven to provide helpful data for a variety of applications in numerous industries, including colour science. To measure and analyse colour differences between automotive parts, we proposed to use conventional colour science algorithms in conjunction with the Specim FX10 hyperspectral camera, which has a flexible infrastructure that can receive data from a Generic Interface for Cameras (GenICam) compatible with the Gigabyte Ethernet interface. The results showed that the use of hyperspectral imaging in production offers great potential for providing real-time colour information so that colour shifts can be detected early and costly errors in the production line can be avoided.
Reliable detection of stick welds at resistance spot welding
Authors:   Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Mathiszik Christian ,   Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Zschetzsche Jörg ,   Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Füssel Uwe
Published: July 2023

Resistance spot welding (RSW) of galvanized steel sheets brings a risk of faulty welds in the form of stick-welds. These differ from high-quality spot welds in the way that only the coatings are joined with a material bond, but the base materials are not fused together. Stick-welds can occur, among other things, in critical material combinations with greatly differing sheet thicknesses or with increased wear of the welding electrodes. Due to the significantly different material-specific strengths of zinc and steel, stick-welds do not meet the required weld strengths. Therefore, it is important to reliably prevent or detect the stick-welds. However, the established and most frequently used non-destructive (NDT) method for spot welds by manual ultrasonic testing reaches its limits in this respect, as the fused zinc layers are almost as sound-conductive as proper spot welds. A promising alternative is the method of passive magnetic flux density testing (pMFT) developed at the Technische Universität Dresden, Chair of Joining Technology and Assembly. With this NDT method, the spot welds are first magnetized and their residual flux density on the surface is measured. Due to the different magnetic properties of the used steel alloys and their zinc-coating, clear differences can be measured between correct and stick-welds. This paper shows the experimental design and the developed procedure for evaluating the spot welds on different galvanized steel sheet alloys. In addition, the high potential of integrating this NDT method into fully automated production lines is shown in order to bridge the gap between the highly automated RSW process and NDT, which can only be carried out manually up to now.
Bio Water Based Liquid Penetrants and Magnetics: a safer and cost-efficient solution for today
Authors:   NDT Italiana, Cevenini Michele
Published: July 2023

The objective of this paper is to present a study on the contribution of the superficial methods (Liquid Penetrants and Magnetic Testing (MT) liquids) in the NDT industry to the European Union and International targets of achieving climate neutrality. Bio water based liquid penetrants and MT liquids are available since some years in the NDT industry and are already widely used by medium and large companies worldwide, but their use has been limited in the past due to: higher costs, lower sustainability awareness, practical application process. (Please see previous contributions here: https://www.ndt.it/uk/documents.asp for technical papers presented on water-based liquid penetrants and MT liquids). Recently, the combination of higher oil and solvents prices internationally and an increased environmental consciousness by most Companies worldwide have turned the situation, so nowadays more and more Companies use safer Bio water-based products in their everyday work to achieve better operator and environment safety and lower overall costs. This paper will present effectively the advantages for the operator, the environment, and the Companies’ global costs of using Bio water based liquid penetrants and MT liquids in their NDT quality control process, through: a) A review of the updated applicable International Standards; b) An analysis of the safety and costs advantages of using Bio water based liquid penetrants and MT liquids compared to VOCs-containing alternatives; c) Real Companies case studies in the NDT industry; d) Examples of indications using Bio water based penetrants and MT liquids on metal pieces and on artificial defects as described in the International Standards.
Unsupervised deep learning for defect detection on CT parts using simulated data
Authors:   Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits (IIS), Florian Virginia ,   Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits (IIS), Kretzer Christian ,   Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits (IIS), Kasperl Stefan ,   Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits (IIS), Schielein Richard ,   RWTH Aachen University, Montavon Benjamin ,   RWTH Aachen University, Schmitt Robert H.
Published: July 2023

Computed tomography (CT) is a prominent technology for nondestructive quality control and is already used in industry for defect detection. However, as quality control is shifting towards a full in-line inspection, automatic CT analysis is required to meet the tight production time. Nonetheless, in settings where a high amount of data is produced, a robust fully automatic defect detection is essential In the past years, deep learning (DL) has been extensively used to perform vision tasks in an automatic way, and given its promising results, has been successfully applied in CT settings. Most of the recent work is based on supervised DL often adapted from results in the medical field. Supervised DL, although extremely powerful, has the drawbacks of requiring a high amount of labeled data done by experts and is biased to the specific dataset used. Therefore, an unsupervised DL model is presented. A two stages network formed by an auto-encoder and an autoregressive model, originally implemented for image generation, is adapted for volume segmentation. The network is trained on the specific task of defect segmentation of cast aluminum parts. CAD models of such parts are gathered, and corresponding simulated CT scans are acquired. Results show that the architecture, although originally implemented for data generation, can be adapted for CT volume segmentation.
Hybrid system development and application research for refrigerant leak inspection
Authors:   Changwon National University, Choi Yeongil ,   Changwon National University, Song Hyunsoo ,   Changwon National University, Park Junpil ,   Changwon National University, Lee Jaesun
Published: July 2023

Recently, record-breaking heatwaves due to global warming and abnormal weather have

occurred in the summer, and sales and usage of air conditioners are rapidly increasing.

Air conditioners are widely used all over the world and are recently expanding to

centralized management system air conditioners. There are many customers requesting

repairs due to leaking air conditioner refrigerant. However, the problem of refrigerant

leakage is difficult to repair because it is difficult to quickly and accurately determine

whether there is leakage on site. Air conditioner refrigerant leakage occurs in various

parts such as outdoor units, indoor units, and connecting pipes, and there are cases of

leakage due to minute defects, making it difficult to clearly determine whether there is

leakage. Research was conducted to develop a hybrid system so that immediate judgment

on these issues could be made in the field. A refrigerant leak diagnosis method was

studied based on an acoustic emission sensor, and a refrigerant leak diagnosis procedure

and hybrid diagnosis system were developed to detect refrigerant leak signals for each air

conditioner component in consideration of the characteristics of the UV gas detector and

each inspection method. It is expected that field diagnosis of air conditioning systems can

be effectively applied using the procedure and diagnosis system developed through this

study
Can Martensitic Phase Transformation Measured by Magnetic Methods be an Indicator of Fatigue Damage in Austenitic Steel at Elevated Temperature and Thermo-Mechanical Loading?
Authors:   Saarland University, Lyamkin Viktor ,   Saarland University, Boller Christian
Published: July 2023

The phenomenon of phase transformation from paramagnetic γ austenite to ferromagnetic α' martensite in metastable austenitic stainless steels under fatigue loading is well investigated, especially at ambient temperature. Generally, it can be said that at ambient temperature, the amount of martensite is proportional to the accumulated plastic strain and, therefore, can be an early indicator of fatigue damage. The problem arises at elevated temperatures when the thermal energy can severely or even completely inhibit the phase transformation. In this case, the amount of α'-martensite can no longer be a good indicator of fatigue damage. The question is, where is the limit the deformation-induced martensite can still be used as a fatigue damage indicator? To answer this question, several fatigue tests have been performed on AISI 347 (X6CrNiNb18-10), a metastable austenitic stainless steel often used in the piping of European nuclear powerplants. Tests included isothermal fatigue tests as well as thermo-mechanical fatigue (TMF) loading in the range of 25 to 320 °C. Deformation-induced martensite was measured in situ by means of a uniaxial magnetic balance, from which the rate of phase transformation was obtained. Fatigue specimens were then cut to investigate the distribution of martensite in the gauge length by means of magnetic force imaging. The results showed that isothermal fatigue loading results in a steady decrease in phase transformation rate with temperature. Initial martensite nucleation was observed to be different at elevated temperatures and occurred only at the surface, where sufficient shear deformation was present. TMF tests showed higher than isothermal rates of phase transformation. Peak temperatures above 300 °C were nevertheless enough to severely reduce the formation of α' martensite, even when cooled back to ambient temperature in the other half of the TMF cycle.
An integrated education programme for NDT professionals
Authors:   British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing,BINDT, Gilbert David
Published: July 2023

Some years ago, the British Institute of Non-Destructive Testing (BINDT) began work on a programme to integrate vocational qualification – for example certification that results from our highly successful PCN scheme – within the broader context of education and professional development. The aim was to create a programme that: • results in academic qualifications and engineering registration • improves the status of certificate holders • provides pathways for career development, including entry opportunities for school-leavers; and also • includes educational material - or links to access educational material. It is certainly the case in the UK that NDT has traditionally suffered from the fact that the subject of NDT is not very well known in its own right – even within the professional engineering community. It is not a mainstream discipline like physics or mechanical or electrical engineering. Certification is a vocational qualification and is not regarded in the same class as a degree – and of course there are fundamental differences, for example a degree is for life, whereas a certificate is usually temporary and has an expiry date. Very often there is no structured career development for NDT technicians… and no entry route for school leavers. In addition, it is a common challenge that there are insufficient new people coming into NDT. The overall result is a series of curricula, including degree courses and apprenticeship schemes, that provide an integrated education programme for NDT professionals.
Industry 4.0 and NDE – AutosonicTM mini + Auto: Automatic system for periodical inspection and test of seamless aluminum-alloy gas cylinders (ISO 18119)
Authors:   Swiss Safety Center AG, Scaccabarozzi Luca ,   Swiss Safety Center AG, von Trzebiatowski Oliver ,   Swiss Safety Center AG, Induti Marco
Published: July 2023

The Non Destructive Evaluation (NDE) is a fundamental process when high safety standards for the tested component are required. The evaluation may imply a combination of methods to achieve the highest Probability of Detection (POD) resulting in several data available which must be properly collected, processed, and stored for future reviews and for traceability reasons. All these requirements imply a sophisticated digital infrastructure and the usage of the most advanced Information Technology (IT) solutions to achieve computation speed, safe data processing and accessibility of the information. The Industry4.0 revolution is the result of the combination of digital technology to industrial processes for rethinking the performances in terms of automation, integration, crosslinking, availability and sharing of information. These principles can be applied in the NDE process as several products on the market are tested and monitored during the whole lifetime. The tracking of data, the secure data validation, and the need to avoid misuses and manipulations are new additional requirements for the NDE 4.0. Block chain technology, mainly known for crypto applications, is a promising technology for storing digital identity and test records offering traceability, safety and availability of the data. The present paper wants to present the Swiss Safety Center AG approach for a specific application case (retesting of gas cylinders according to ISO18119) where the guidelines and trends of NDE 4.0 have been successfully integrated in a fully automatic system, first in class for this application. The paper wants also to provides some insights about future trends and potential developments which may not be limited to this specific case but can be applied for other similar applications, e.g. in railways, manufacturing industry, automotive, aerospace and more in general in the NDE applications.
Synchronism system for generating ultrasonic images of complex geometry pieces using industrial robots
Authors:   Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Navarro Rodrigo Martín ,   Tecnitest Ingenieros, León Iñaki Gauna ,   Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Secanellas Sofía Aparicio ,   Tecnitest Ingenieros, Pascual Montserrat Acebes ,   Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Parrilla Montserrat ,   Tecnitest Ingenieros, Jiménez Héctor de Matías ,   Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Ibañez Alberto ,   Tecnitest Ingenieros, de Pablos Alberto Álvarez ,   Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Martínez Óscar ,   Tecnitest Ingenieros, de Molina Rafael Delgado ,   Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), González Hernández Margarita ,   Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Velayos José Javier Anaya
Published: July 2023

This paper presents a synchronism system that has been designed to facilitate the generation of ultrasonic images of pieces with complex geometry through the use of industrial robots. Modern robotic manipulators and, more specifically, industrial robotic arms integrated with server computers, sensors and actuators have revolutionized the way automated non-destructive testing is performed. Currently there are commercial industrial robots that have the precision, speed and repetitiveness in their movements that make them suitable for use in numerous non-destructive testing inspections whose designs are carried out by small and medium sized specialized companies. Automatic ultrasonic inspection of complex parts remains one of the most difficult challenges according to the specific and increasingly exigent demands of the markets. The closed configuration of these complex robotic arms makes it difficult to maintain adequate synchronism between the movement of the robot and the acquisition of the data, making it difficult to generate ultrasonic images consistent with the geometry of the part. This is a serious problem in the inspection of aerospace components where high quality is necessary to assess the condition of the inspected component. In this paper, we present an autonomous independent external system that provides control signals to synchronize the ultrasound system with the robot trajectories without needing to access its position in real time. A methodology to obtain the timing pattern for a given part inspected with a given robotic system will also be presented here.
An Acoustic Emission IoT Device for Wind Turbine Rotor Blade Condition Monitoring
Authors:   MISTRAS Products & Systems, Godinez-Azcuaga Valery ,   MISTRAS Products & Systems, Ley Obdulia ,   MISTRAS Products & Systems, Lowenhar Ed ,   MISTRAS Products & Systems, Newlin Brett ,   MISTRAS Products & Systems, Fustos Richard ,   MISTRAS Products & Systems, Banakewicz Peter ,   Mistras Group Hellas, Kattis Spilios ,   MISTRAS Products & Systems, Nuñez Arturo
Published: July 2023

This paper discusses the development and implementation of a wind turbine rotor blade condition monitoring system based on the acoustic emission non-destructive method. The condition monitoring system’s core is an acoustic emission IoT device capable of detecting active damage on the blades using micro-electro-mechanical acoustic sensors. The signals detected by the sensors are pre-processed in the IoT device and transmitted, via a Wi-Fi access point in the wind turbine nacelle, or via cellular network, to a datadriven application residing in the cloud. The data processing is completed in the cloud, where the information extracted is used to calculate proprietary quantities that are displayed and tracked. These proprietary quantities are related to the structural health of the wind turbine rotor blades and are used to rank the blades in a wind farm according to their condition. This ranking helps the wind farm site operator to prioritize inspection and plan maintenance. This condition monitoring system based on the acoustic emission IoT device has been implemented in several wind farms across North America and Europe.
NDT Integrity Engineering - The feasible curriculum
Authors:   Academia NDT International, Trampus Peter ,   Academia NDT International, Krstelj Vjera ,   Bay Zoltán Nonprofit Ltd. for Applied Research, Toth Laszlo
Published: July 2023

NDT related high education is among the highest priorities of the Academia NDT International. Having recognized that NDT competence is increasingly essential to respond to technological development in ensuring long term integrity of structures and of ageing assets, a new profession – NDT integrity engineer and a new university discipline – was introduced. NDT integrity engineering is a profession to develop non-destructive testing and evaluation involving materials science, fracture mechanics, and other sciences that would guarantee and enhance the safety and reliability of engineering structures. Based on the needed competences of NDT integrity engineers the overall basis is the clear understanding of NDT: what can be expected, what are its possibilities and limitations, and how can it serve the structural integrity related decisions in responding to technology driven world, economic, social, and environmental challenges. The paper details the essence and the experiences of the pilot NDT integrity engineering courses completed in Hungary in 2020 and in 2022.
Computed tomography investigations of 3D aluminum-GMT hybrid profiles manufactured by compression molding
Authors:   University of Applied Sciences Bielefeld, Ellouz Manel ,   University of Applied Sciences Bielefeld, Martens Timotheus ,   Paderborn University, Stallmeister Tim ,   University of Applied Sciences Bielefeld, Kordisch Thomas ,   Paderborn University, Troester Thomas
Published: July 2023

The main work issue is to optimize the manufacturing of hybrid profiles bearing loads defined by the automotive application, based on the monitoring of the production quality using computed tomography (CT). This offers an efficient, accurate and non-destructive inspection of the products in terms of time and costs in order to prove the production quality. The investigated parts consisted of glass mat reinforced thermoplastic (GMT) 3D structures covered by aluminum straps (AA5754) with different thicknesses. They were manufactured at varied process temperatures by compression molding. The profiles quality was evaluated by CT, where the designed and actual dimensions were compared and the porosity and the fiber distribution inside the profiles were examined. In a next step, quasi-static three point bending tests were carried out on the produced profiles in order to evaluate the impact of the production effects on the mechanical behavior. First CT results showed an inhomogeneous distribution of the fibers in the matrix especially for the profiles fabricated at lower tool temperature. Pores were also found in the areas with low concentration of fibers. After bending, the cracks tended to propagate along the fiber orientation. Consequently, the main failure mechanisms consisted in inter fiber fracture and delamination of the aluminum strap.
Non-destructive testing of fiber-reinforced composites by terahertz method
Authors:   Military Institute of Armament Technology, Hlosta Pawel ,   Military Institute of Armament Technology, Strag Martyna ,   Military Institute of Armament Technology, Swiderski Waldemar
Published: July 2023

Fiber-reinforced composites are materials that are increasingly replacing metals in many construction solutions. Damage to the composite structure may occur both as a result of technological errors in the production phase and during operation as material fatigue or as a result of an impact by a foreign body. The specificity of defects that occur in fiberreinforced composites results in the development of non-destructive testing methods that enable the detection of these defects. One of these methods is the use of terahertz radiation. Terahertz radiation penetrates well through non-metallic materials. It can therefore be used for non-destructive testing, especially of composites reinforced with glass and aramid fibers. The terahertz band has been known for many years, but interest in the use of terahertz radiation in non-destructive testing has only recently emerged. This is due, among others, to the availability of sources of terahertz radiation of appropriate power enabling these tests. The radiation source is an important element of nondestructive testing with active methods that are most often used in this type of testing. In non-destructive testing, the terahertz radiation range from 100 GHz to 300 GHz is most often used. In this paper we present the results obtained using the transmission terahertz method.
Automated analysis of Baffle Bolts
Authors:   Tecnatom S.A., de la Morena Javier ,   Tecnatom S.A., Sillero Amador
Published: July 2023

The Baffle bolts (BB) are components of the lower internals of the vessel of Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) nuclear power plants. They are subjected to ultrasonic testing (UT) inspection as part of the Long-Term Operation (LTO) of the PWR plants worldwide. Unlike other areas undergo inspection, usually there are more than one thousand bolts in a typical PWR reactor. The goal of the paper is to present how the Artificial Intelligence (AI) can be integrated into the inspection of the baffle bolts described in the introduction of the present document. The scope of the project was limited to the analysis of the signals acquired during the inspection to discriminate between healthy BB and those showing signals that need to be evaluated by an expert. Some different independent algorithms are used by the automated analysis system, which counts with a support decision system to achieve the most robust result possible. First inspection of its kind was carried out in winter 2021 with promising results, being scheduled the next one in Fall 2022. The expectation is to get the system qualified according to the criteria stablished by the normative. AI can be applied to UT inspections being the major limitation the amount of data, in a dual sense: train the data needed for the algorithms and obtain a confident improvement of the productivity. A key point of the project has been to create working teams of professionals that bring together knowledge in UT and AI.
Investigation of Kissing Bonds in Adhesive Joints
Authors:   University of Stuttgart, Kornely Mike ,   University of Stuttgart, Ehrler Julian ,   Technische Universität Braunschweig (TU), Philipp Jens ,   Technische Universität Braunschweig (TU), Stammen Elisabeth ,   Technische Universität Braunschweig (TU), Dilger Klaus ,   University of Stuttgart, Kreutzbruck Marc
Published: July 2023

Kissing bonds are critical defects in adhesively bonded parts. These defects result in a weak bonding in the interface region between the adherent and the adhesive. Unlike delaminations, kissing bonds induce a delicate change in contact properties. Thus, conventional non-destructive testing methods are not able to detect kissing bonds reliably. In this work various non-destructive testing techniques on kissing bonds were investigated. The manufactured kissing bond containing specimens were investigated with different non-destructive testing methods such as conventional ultrasound, aircoupled ultrasound, x-ray and shearography. Unfortunately, those non-destructive testing methods weren’t able to detect the kissing bonds dependably. On the contrary, the application of nonlinear ultrasound demonstrated the most reliable results in detecting kissing bonds. With this testing setup, the specimens were excited with a piezo shaker in a continuous wave mode and the vibration on the surface of the specimen was detected by laser Doppler vibrometry. After fast Fourier transform (FFT), a dramatic increase in the higher harmonic amplitudes were detected in an area with lower bonding force. The low adhesive forces lead to a higher nonlinearity of the kissing bond area, what results in substantial rise of the higher harmonic amplitudes. The measurements on the kissing bonds with their reduced adhesive force show a substantial rise of higher harmonic amplitudes, which makes it a suitable method for the detection of kissing bonds.
Reduction of rejects by combining data from the casting process and automatic X-ray inspection
Authors:   Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits (IIS), Stocker Thomas ,   Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits (IIS), Sukowski Frank ,   Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits (IIS), Mehringer Julius ,   Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits (IIS), Frechen Henning ,   Ronal AG, Schäfer Felix ,   Ronal AG, Freier Dennis
Published: July 2023

Automatic inspection of castings with X-rays (radiographic and computed tomography)

is widespread for parts that are relevant for safety or have high quality requirements.

Examples in the automotive sector are aluminum wheels, chassis parts and new parts

within the electric power train. Those parts are automatically inspected, which means

that both the image acquisition and the evaluation of the images is done fully

automatically. Today, in most industrial implementations, the generated data with a size

up to several gigabytes per part is summarized to a simple good or bad decision,

according to specification. All other data is dismissed, although this information can be

valuable to optimize production processes and thus minimize rejects.

This contribution gives an overview about the results of the project Cast Control, which

is a collaboration of Fraunhofer Development Center for X-ray Technology EZRT,

Fraunhofer Center for Applied Research on Supply Chain Services SCS and industry

partner RONAL GROUP. RONAL GROUP is a major aluminum wheel manufacturer,

mainly for the OEM market. Within the project we combined serial production data

from the low pressure die casting process from a foundry of the RONAL GROUP with

the data generated in the automatic X-ray inspection. After collecting a large base of

sample data, we were able train a neural network for the prediction of error metrics

obtained by X-ray inspection. We apply a combination of layer-wise relevance

propagation and dimensionality reduction to find correlations between data of the

casting machines (process and sensor) and the characteristics of anomalies detected

during X-ray inspection.

With this information, it is possible to adjust the casting process in an early stage – even

before rejects are produced. This enables the foundry to reduce their rejects rate, which

saves costs and energy and results in a better competitivenessin a better competitiveness.
Assessment of residual stresses in railway rails using ultrasonic and Barkhausen noise techniques
Authors:   Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Hwang Young-In ,   Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Lee Hyosung ,   Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Kim Yongtak ,   Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Jang Jaewon ,   Korea University of Science and Technology, Kim Yong-Il ,   Korea University of Science and Technology, Kim Ki-Bok
Published: July 2023

Residual stress, a factor affecting the fatigue and fracture characteristics of rails, is formed during the processes of fabrication and heat treatment, and is also generated by shrinkage/tension due to the temperature differences and vertical loads on wheels due to the weight of vehicles. Moreover, damage to rails tends to accelerate due to residual stress caused by the continuous increase in the number of passes and the high speed of passing vehicles. Because this can have a direct effect on safety accidents on railroad rails, having a technique to evaluate and analyse the residual stresses in rails accurately is very important. In this paper, firstly, residual stresses applied in rails were evaluated using longitudinal critically refracted (LCR) wave. Non-destructive stress measurement using ultrasonic techniques is based on calculation of the acoustoelastic coefficient obtained from the relationship between material stress and LCR wave velocity. This is because LCR waves exhibit a relatively large change in flight time in relation to a change in stress compared to other ultrasonic modes. Barkhausen noise technique is also very suitable for measuring residual stresses on railway rails, which are ferromagnetic materials. Tensile and compression tests were performed with the specimens extracted from the inspection object, and the difference between the ultrasonic speed and the magnetization amplitude according to the applied stress was measured. Then, the feasibility of calculating the internal stresses in railway rails using the reference data obtained from the extracted specimens was determined, and the reliability of each method was verified. Furthermore, based on these results, the difference in the results for the loads asymmetrically applied according to the wheel shape was analysed by measuring for each part of new and used rails.
Senam Sebagai Upaya Penurunan Tekanan Darah pada Masyarakat Desa Sungai Raya RT/RW 001/004 Kelurahan Sembulang Kecamatan Galang
Authors: Rumaya Cindy
Published: July 2023

Hipertensi merupakan salah satu penyakit yang tidak menular dan menjadi salah satu masalah kesehatan yang serius baik di Indonesia maupun di Dunia. Seorang yang mengalami hipertensi atau tekanan darah tinggi bila angka sistol mencapai ≥ 140 mmHg dan diastole ≥ 90 mmHg. Hipertensi dapat dicegah dan dikontrol nilainya apabila penderita menjalankan terapi farmakologis maupun nonfarmakologis. Salah satu terapi farmakologis dengan meminum obat penurun tekanan darah dan terapi nonfarmakologisnya dapat melakukan aktivitas fisik. Pengabdian masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk memberikan informasi dan melakukan aktivitas nonfarmakologis untuk penderita hipertensi melalui senam hipertensi sebagai salah satu upaya untuk mengatasi masalah hipertensi pada orang dewasa. Proses pengabdian masyarakat ini dilakukan dengan memberikan informasi mengenai kesehatan yang berkaitan dengan tekanan darah lalu dilanjutkan dengan melakukan senam dengan diiringi musik. Hasil yang dicapai menunjukan bahwa orang yang mengalami hipertensi setelah dilakukan penyuluhan kesehatan mengenai hipertensi dan senam hipertensi, menambah wawasan baik dari pengetahuan, sikap maupun keterampilan. Kesimpulan bahwa penyuluhan kesehatan mengenai hipertensi dapat mengembangkan pengetahuan masyarakat di desa Sungai Raya RT/RW 001/004 Kelurahan Sembulang Kecamatan Galang dan aktivitas senam yang dilakukan secara rutin dapat mencegah terjadinya peningkatan tekanan darah.
Peningkatan Self-Care Melalui Edukasi Pada Penderita Diabetes Melitus Di Desa Sungai Raya Kelurahan Sembulang Kecamatan Galang RT 011/RW 004 Kota Batam
Authors: Novita Yasinta
Published: July 2023

Diabetes merupakan suatu gangguan kesehatan yang berupa kumpulan gejala yang disebabkan oleh meningkatnya kadar gula (glukosa) dalam darah akibat dari kekurangan ataupun resistensi insulin. Penyakit tidak menular ini berhubungan dengan pola hidup yang tidak sehat, antara lain merokok, konsumsi minuman berakohol, aktivitas fisik yang kurang. Masalah tersebut berhubungan akibat kurang nya self-care yang kurangt baik. Self-care adalah perilaku yang dilakukan oleh'seseorang dengan ataupun beresiko DM agar bisa atau berhasil dalam mengelola dirinya sendiri. Kegiatan ini meliputi pemberian edukasi guna meningkatkan self-care dalam mengontrol tekanan gula darah disertai dengan pemeriksaan gula darah.
Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Inkuiri Terbimbing Berbantuan Mind Mapping pada Mata Pelajaran Fisika SMK Kelas X
Authors: Sunni M. Abdurrahman , Islami Anggun Variasi
Published: July 2023

This study aims to determine the effect of the mind mapping-assisted guided inquiry learning model on physics learning outcomes in class X students of SMK Al Amin Kilang. This type of research is a quasi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group design. The population of this study was all students of class X SMK Al Amin Kilang, and the samples selected were class X TKJ A as the experimental class and class X TKJ B as the control class. The sample was selected using cluster random sampling techniques. Data collection was carried out through the results of students' physics learning on magnetism material. Data analysis techniques were carried out using a two-party t test. From the analysis of the two-party t-test data, it was obtained that t count > t table at a significant level of 5%, namely t count = 2.341 > t table = 2.000. From the results of the study, it was found that the average value of the experimental class using the guided inquiry model assisted by mind mapping was higher when compared to the control class using the conventional learning model (lecture). These results indicate that the use of the mind mapping-assisted guided inquiry learning model has a positive effect on the physics learning outcomes of class X students at SMK Al Amin Kilang in the 2022-2023 Academic year.
A. Sativum in the Prevention of Schistosomiasis in Sokoto, Nigeria: Evaluation of Phytochemical Contents, Acute Toxicity, and Effect on Some Kidney Function Parameters in Rats
Authors: Abdulkarim Yalli Abu , Yabo Asiya Gidado , Dikko Malami , Sarkingobir Yusuf , Usman Mudassiru
Published: July 2023

Schistosomiasis is an infectious disease of public health importance in the African countries. Due to poor prevention, poverty, and poor settings; areas like Sokoto, Nigeria are battling with the disease. Consequently, people are compelled to use preventive measures locally. There is recorded use of A. sativum for the prevention of schistosomiasis without enough scientifically supported information in that regards. Therefore, this work evaluated phytochemicals, acute toxicity, and subchronic toxicity (effects on some kidney indices). Standard methods and reagents of analytical grade were utilized. The work reveals the presence of some phytochemicals, no acute toxicity (at 4000 mg/kg body weight), as well as no major change in the urea, uric acid, and creatinine levels. 1.111 mg/dl to 1.118 mg/dl creatinine, 1.011 mg/dl to 1.025 mg/dl urea, and 1.120 mg/dl to 1.140 mg/dl uric acid were determined in control and highest dose (4000 mg/kg body weight) (p<0.05). This indicates that, the plant is likely to elicit little effects on the experimental animals. Much work is important to evaluate sufficiently the safety of the A. sativum in prevention of Schistosomiasis in the Sokoto, Nigeria.
Pentingnya Penerapan Literasi Digital dalam Meningkatkan Kreativitas Peserta Didik di Sekolah Dasar
Authors: Haya Aqilla Fadia , Kurniawati Kurniawati , Hardiyanti Nadila , Saputri Irma Armelia
Published: July 2023

The emergence of digital literacy today is due to the development of information and communication technology which is not only printed, but already in digital form. Digital literacy is a form of skill that refers not only to the abillty to use technology, information and communication tools, but also social skills, learning skills, attitudes, critical thinking, creativity and inspiration such as digital skills. Digital literacy can help someone think critically, solve problems and communicate fluently. In addition, digital literacy can provide opportunities to work with people. Digital literacy encourages students to be creative or participate in learning activities freely, creatively and innovatively.