bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE OUTPUTS OF OLD PEOPLE’S HOMES IN THE POST‐WAR PERIOD
Authors: Knapp Martin
Published: February 2008

It has proved useful in studies of the personal social services, and in other areas of social policy, to make a distinction between final and intermediate outputs. Final outputs measure changes in individual client well‐being compared with changes in well‐being in the absence of a caring intervention. In other words, final outputs measure the degree of success of a service or a care unit in meeting its client‐level policy objectives, where due consideration is paid to client states had care not been available. In contrast, intermediate outputs are operationally defined in terms of the care services themselves rather than the effects of these services on clients.
RUDOLF STEINER’S ANTHROPOSOPHY AND CURATIVE EDUCATION: THE POSSIBILITY OF AN ADEQUATE ETHNOGRAPHY
Authors: McKeganey N.
Published: February 2008

The author attempts to provide an ethnography of a set of medical ideas and of their relationship to a distinctive religious system and to raise some questions about the nature of ethnographic description.
SOCIOLOGY AS DISCIPLINE AND AS PROFESSION: A SOCIOLOGICAL SCRATCH FOR EVERY SOCIAL ITCH?
Authors: Bash Harry H.
Published: February 2008

The relationship between research pursued in sociology as an academic discipline and sociological research undertaken as a contribution toward social policy formation is a somewhat uneasy one in the USA. The author undertakes to examine the evolving relationship between the disciplinary and professional thrusts of the American sociological enterprise.
THE PROCESS OF WORKFORCE POLARISATION: OCCUPATION‐BASED WELFARE AND EMPLOYEE PARTICIPATION
Authors: Schuller Tom
Published: February 2008

This article ties together two aspects of employment relations which have significant implications for the phenomenon of polarisation: participation by employees in company decision making and the development of occupational welfare — more specifically occupational pension schemes as a prime example of such welfare. After briefly reviewing the relevance of each independently and generally, they will be considered conjointly, focusing on the company level and presenting evidence from recent empirical research on employee participation in the management of pension schemes.
GREECE AND ITS RELATIONS WITH THE WEST: A CASE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT
Authors: Dobratz Betty A.
Published: February 2008

Papandreou and the Pan‐Hellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) are committed to bring about change in Greek society, but they must decide how much change, and how quickly that can be accomplished without hindering the party's chances for electoral victory. Data drawn from two separate surveys covering, respectively, relevance of three types of issues (foreign policy, civil liberties and economic policy) on the voting of Greeks, and Greek attitudes towards EEC membership/unification of Western Europe, suggest that the leftist parties in Greece are supported in large part by those who do not favour strong ties with the West. The influence of the US inside Greece cannot be easily limited, and successful pursuit of an interdependent and multidimensional foreign policy, limiting Greece's dependence on the West (especially the USA) is not easy to achieve. Papandreou faces problems from the right, who do not favour his measures of change, and from the extreme left, who feel he is reneging on promises; he needs to maintain his electoral support while at the same time trying to limit international conflict.
A COMPLIANCE‐RESOURCE THEORY OF REGULATORY FAILURE: THE CASE OF O.S.H.A.
Authors: Newman Katherine S.
Published: February 2008

Neither capture theory, nor neo‐conservative theory and technical failure arguments adequately account for the behaviour of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OHSA) during the 1970s. A framework drawn from organisation theory suggests that regulatory failure is due to a crisis of compliance resources caused by a flawed legislative mandate. Lacking effective compliance mechanisms, regulatory agencies are forced into a bargaining posture rather than an enforcement stance towards industry. This leads to creation of de facto policy which diverges substantially from the original legislative mandate, and this is read as evidence for regulation failure.
EMPLOYMENT STATUS AND COMMITMENT AMONG PUBLIC HOUSE PERFORMERS
Authors: Mullen Ken
Published: February 2008

Although as an example of “moonlighting” public house entertainment can be categorised as part of the irregular economy, all these terms tend to lose their rigour when confronted with the complexity of empirical reality. The occupational status of public house entertainers differs greatly (for some, a second/part‐time occupation, for others, their only occupation), and shifts in status are common. An important benchmark in such careers is the point at which performers turn professional, but this status‐passage is usually informal and is influenced by the individual's evaluation of their day‐job, perception of professionals‘ lives, availability of opportunities, and commitment to entertaining. Twin job‐holding activity demonstrates a rich occupational complexity, and the balance between two jobs, in such performers’ lives, is liable to change, as are the reasons for participation.
APPLICANT RACE AND JOB PLACEMENT DECISIONS: A NATIONAL SURVEY EXPERIMENT
Authors: Henry Braddock Jomills , Crain Robert L. , McPartland James M. , Dawkins Russell L.
Published: February 2008

Net of controls for educational credentials, recommendations, age, high school quality, employment sector, firm size and region, white personnel officers tend to assign black male high school graduates to lower paying positions than those assigned to white male high school graduates in the USA. Similar patterns are observed for while female college graduates. The effect of job candidates' race on employers' job placement decisions is examined, using data gathered by the randomised vignette technique. These patterns of apparent bias in job placement are found to be offset to some degree in firms with affirmative action policies. The findings are discussed in the context of Thurow's (1975) theory of statistical discrimination. Further research is needed to investigate potential discrimination in job selection and to examine characteristics of firms and personnel officers with the greatest propensity to discriminate.
CONSCIOUSNESS AND REALITY: THE CHICANO MOVEMENT AND CHICANO/ANGLO MUTUAL STEREOTYPY
Authors: Gary Dworkin Anthony
Published: February 2008

Fishman (1956) has suggested that since stereotypes serve group relations functions, changes in stereotypy should follow changes in target groups, subject groups, or in the relationships between subjects and targets. To investigate this we examine the stereotypes and self‐images of Chicanos and Anglos, drawn from three time periods around the social ferment of the 1960s and the development of the Chicano movement: 1963, 1967–8 and 1971. We expect that the images both Anglos and Chicanos have of Chicanos will improve, while the images both have of Anglos will deteriorate. Several measures of stereotypy indicate such a change. In the earliest sample, Chicanos are perceived negatively, and Anglos are perceived positively, by members of both groups. By the last period Anglos are perceived less favourably and Chicanos are perceived more favourably. While the actual images of the two groups vary, the overall valance of the images converges toward a theoretical “neutral” point. We discuss whether this convergence will be maintained.
WORKING MOTHERS: THE IMPACT OF OCCUPATIONAL STATUS ON THE FAMILY/WORK NEXUS
Authors: Burris Beverly H.
Published: February 2008

Both work institutions and the family, capitalism and patriarchy must change if work and family are to be capable of integration by both men and women. Obviously needed changes are: greater work scheduling flexibility, more available part‐time work for men and women, more available and affordable child care, more generous maternity and paternity leave. In order for work to be truly compatible with parenting it needs to be less alienated, and parenting needs to be less individualistically structured and isolating. Both realms need to be more creative, egalitarian and social. With the majority of wives and mothers working outside the home the previous “myth of separated worlds” has become increasingly untenable, as women are asked to reconcile work and family. The literature is examined, emphasising its limitations in its failure to disaggregate working mothers according to occupation and its one‐sided focus on the impact of work relationships on family life. Sociological theories about family and work are examined. The nature of the family work nexus for non‐professional and professional women is explored. The professional/non‐professional comparison is analysed as well as the changing family/work nexus and its impact on men and women.
DIRECT WORKERS EXPRESSION IN FRANCE A VOICE IN MANAGEMENT?
Authors: Borzeix Anni , Linhart Daniele , Segrestin Denis
Published: February 2008

Since the left came to power in 1981, French labour legislation has been redrafted. The Auroux Laws revised two‐thirds of the Labour Code and so broadly extended the rights of workers and their representatives within companies. The right of direct expression has had effects that vary as a function of situations within each work environment. Variables include: the economic branch or sector, the level and nature of employee qualifications, the size and legal status of the firm, the history of production units and their personnel. The potential in terms of managerial practices and the problems of “direct management” are discussed in the light of how the formation of direct expression groups has affected the ways in which operations are run within companies and how this innovation satisfies the contradictory interests from which it has sprung.
GENDER SEGREGATION AND THE DUAL ECONOMY: A STUDY OF BLUE‐COLLAR OCCUPATIONS IN U.S. MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES
Authors: Wharton Amy S.
Published: February 2008

Gender divisions are embedded in and essential to the structure of capitalist production. While most men and women in the United States both now work for wages, they rarely work together. Gender segregation has been identified as one of the major issues of the earnings gap between men and women. An explanation of the forces responsible for this has been difficult to achieve. Most theories fail to consider the contribution of demand‐side factors to gender segregation. Neo‐Marxist analysis of labour market segmentation and theories of the dual economy have provided new frameworks for investigating these structural or demand‐side features of industrial organisation. The pattern of blue‐collar segregation in US manufacturing industries is examined drawing on these theories. Employment data from the US census is used to identify how the levels of blue‐collar segregation in manufacturing industries are influenced by the industry's location within the core or peripheral sector of the US economy. Many of segregation's proposed remedies stress the role of supply‐side factors. These strategies focus attention almost exclusively on male and female workers and ignore the structure of the workplace. Strategies that ignore the dualistic nature of the US economy offer only partial solutions and may be counter‐productive. If forced to eliminate or reduce segmentation, employers may simply restructure their labour processes in a way that undermines rather than contributes to gender inequality. It is apparent that the pursuit of gender equality in the workplace is intrinsically related to and dependent on the broader efforts of workers to achieve greater control over production, both at the workplace and in the economy as a whole.
THE NEW INTERNATIONAL DIVISION OF LABOUR IN THE TEXTILE AND GARMENT INDUSTRY: HOW FAR DOES THE ‘BABBAGE PRINCIPLE’ EXPLAIN IT?
Authors: Elson Diane
Published: February 2008

The international division of employment in the clothing and textile industry has been changing in the last 20 years. Such employment has declined in developed market economies but increased in developing countries and centrally planned economies. It is a widely held view that this is a result of the internationalisation of the Babbage principle. This theory and other forces that may be operating are discussed and illustrated with a case study of the UK textile multinational, Tootal. The case of Tootal suggests a need for a more multidimensional analysis than is produced by relying on the Babbage principle. The company's contribution to the new international division of labour has been to shift its emphasis much more towards its circuits of money capital and commodity capital and to internationalise these circuits. Tootal is a better example of the international centralisation of capital through financial and marketing lines than of the international fragmentation of products.
MATCHING THE MULTINATIONALS: OBSTACLES TO INTERNATIONAL TRADE UNIONISM
Authors: Haworth Nigel , Ramsay Harvie
Published: February 2008

Unions are the potential but secure democratic counterforce to capital. The creation of “objective conditions” for international co‐operation has preceded but must result in “subjective conditions”. This theme survives little challenged as a central tenet of the official labour movement in country after country. The pervasive complacency in other circles concerning the prospects for industrial democracy to be achieved through the internationalisation of the evolutionary, pluralistic collective bargaining model, particularly at a time when that model seems unable to cope with born again free market philosophies even at a national level.
MANAGEMENT AND LABOUR IN TRANSITION: THE CASE OF ZIMBABWE
Authors: Hollway Wendy
Published: February 2008

The way in which management and related personnel practices contribute to the organisation and control of the labour process during a period of political change intended to move towards socialism is examined. Rhodesia's colonial history and the position of foreign and multinational corporations in the economy have been determining the changes taking place in employing organisations. Workplace democracy and black advancement are two examples of government policy that are used to understand this process. The state is mediating between the contradictory requirements of Zimbabwean workers and peasants on the one hand and foreign and multinational profits on the other. Along with a generalised policy of black advancement, emphasis on workplace democracy forms the central platform in this mediation. The role of some alternative knowledge in the potential for developing managerial forms not specifically based on Western capitalist assumptions concerning time, economy and rationality is discussed. The take‐up of knowledge and practices is not governed by neutral criteria of what works, but by the power of dominant knowledge, allied to other sources of power, to produce practice. Where Western research and practice has taken cultural differences into account at all, it has never questioned the superiority of its models to describe and prescribe its own practices.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PROGRAMMES FOR ALCOHOLISM IN THE U.S. AND AUSTRALIA: DILEMMAS IN TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
Authors: Blum Terry C. , Roman Paul M.
Published: February 2008

Since the early 1970s work‐based interventions to deal with the emotional problems of workers arising from the workplace have emerged from the practitioner community. “Employee Assistance Programmes” (EAPs) have developed principally in the US and other English‐speaking cultures. A descriptive analysis of the emergence of EAPs in the US and the attempt by Australians to transfer this technology to Australia, the structure of that effort and apparent reasons for its eventual stagnation is presented. It points to the relative importance of government agencies, programme development specialists and treatment delivery agencies in programme adoption and implementation. It is evident that employers are working to demonstrate interest in employee health in terms of its impact on productivity and performance and its effects on the costs of health care. These developments are not limited to the USA. As a multinational phenomenon, employer involvement has an open‐ended potential for subtle forms of social control.
SAFETY, PRODUCTIVITY AND THE SOCIAL RELATIONS IN PRODUCTION: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF WORKER COOPERATIVES
Authors: Grunberg Leon
Published: February 2008

The idea that worker co‐operatives offer the possibility of increasing productivity without sacrificing workers' safety and health is investigated. Ten worker co‐operatives and four conventional capitalist firms in the Pacific Northwest plywood industry are studied. Co‐operatives have worse productivity and safety records than conventional firms. Lower productivity is due to the unexpected behaviour that emerges in co‐operatives relying heavily on hired labour. Higher levels of accidents are due to different reporting practices arising from different social relations in production. Co‐operatives tend to over‐report their accidents whereas conventional firms under‐report accidents.
CALHOUN, KINSHIP AND COMMUNITY
Authors: Whipp Richard
Published: February 2008

The work of Craig Calhoun is examined as a perspective on the operation of community structures. Three facets are considered: Calhoun's model of the pre‐industrial community resting on linked multiple social relationships; parallel studies; comparisons across time and between regional or national settings. The conventional view is that national societal differences have been paramount in differentiating the long‐term profiles (e.g. economic growth) of nation states. Here the continuing importance of localised patterns of economic and social activity is emphasised.
ACCESS TO AUSTRALIAN HIGHER EDUCATION
Authors: Jones F.L.
Published: February 2008

The history of Australian education is outlined. Then the pattern of present access to higher education of persons of different social classes is examined by analysis of data from the National Social Science Survey 1984–5. Trends identified include a worsening of the labour market for school leavers, deferring entry to higher education, an increasing population of mature students, and a decrease in the price of non‐government education.
POSITIVE INDUCEMENTS IN MIDDLE EAST PEACE EFFORTS, 1949–1979
Authors: Kriesberg Louis , Klein Ross A.
Published: February 2008

The focus of this article is on non‐coercive means (i.e. reward and persuasion) for pursuing international conflicts. The article uses case studies of six Middle East peace efforts to analyse the conditions which affect the utilisation and contribution of non‐coercive means. It looks at the factors that account for the limited use of non‐coercive means by adversaries in trying to induce the enemy to yield what was desired and at factors affecting the success of those efforts that are made.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE WORLD SYSTEM ON WAR IN THE THIRD WORLD
Authors: Kick Edward , Kiefer David
Published: February 2008

The authors suggest that there has been a militarisation of the Third World since the Second World War. This militarisation and consequent hostilities are a representation of the power structure of the present world system. While there may be a reduction in the direct hostilities between the superpowers this is made up for and played out in regional conflicts between Third World nations. Such conflicts are provisioned by military supplies from the west.
GENDER DIFFERENCES IN THE EFFECT OF FAMILY STATUS ON UNDEREMPLOYMENT
Authors: Mutchler Jan E.
Published: February 2008

Family status is often regarded as an important factor determining female labor force participation as well as outcomes of that participation such as wages and occupational standing. Indeed, employment status can be expected to have implications for the work patterns of both men and women, through timing or scheduling conflicts, and other constraints related to the roles of parent and spouse. In this article the relationship between underemployment and family status is examined in a multivariate framework. Underemployment is measured here as a combination of unemployment, involuntary part‐time work, overeducation, and low wages, using data from the 1972 and 1982 March Current Population Survey. The findings suggest that family status is important for both men and women, although the most salient role for men is that of spouse, while for women the parental role has the strongest effect. Both men and women experience negative work outcomes related to single parenthood.
ESTIMATING LABOR ABSORPTION WITH PUBLISHED DATA
Authors: Sullivan Teresa A.
Published: February 2008

Large population cohorts will need to be productively absorbed into the work force in coming years in order to provide for their old age. Appropriate data and techniques for measuring labour absorption have been scarce. This article suggests two techniques for analysing the data recommended with first priority for censuses by the United Nations. Censuses are used because virtually every country conducts a census while few can afford labour force surveys. Use of the techniques is illustrated for four countries
THE UNRAVELLING OF THE NONPROFIT SERVICE SECTOR IN THE U.S.
Authors: Estes Carroll L. , Bergthold Linda A.
Published: February 2008

In the mid 1980s, amidst a massive restructuring of U.S. capital and a retrenchment of the welfare state, little attention has been paid to the ill‐defined “nonprofit” or “voluntary” service sector in the American economy. The Filer Commission on Private Philanthropy and Public Needs characterised it in 1975 in the following way:
CATALAN ELITES AND LANGUAGE NORMALISATION
Authors: Laitin David D.
Published: February 2008

The issue of linguistic autonomy is a central one on the agenda of Catalan politics within the Spanish state. In the transition from Francoism, virtually all political groups in Catalonia supported a statute of autonomy (1982) which declares that “Catalan is the official language of Catalonia, as is Castillian, the official language of the entire Spanish State.”
SOME NOTES TOWARDS A REALISTIC REALISM: THE PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF REALIST PHILOSOPHIES OF SCIENCE FOR SOCIAL RESEARCH METHODS
Authors: Burrows Roger J.
Published: February 2008

This note is written in the spirit of Becker's dictum that “methodology is too important to be left to methodologists” (Becker, 1970: 3). The methodology I wish to examine is the influential realist approach to social science, which has recently been held up as a panacea for many sociological ills. As an approach with its own specificity it has developed since the mid‐1970s, making important and influential contributions to a wide range of concerns, suggesting that it is more than just another in the series of intellectual fads by which many sociologists have been seduced (Outhwaite, 1987). However, realism, like many other intellectual projects which attempt to operate at the interface of theory and practice, has been subject to the constraints of current institutional arrangements.
A CRITIQUE AND REINTERPRETATION OF GORDON'S IQ — COMMENSURABILITY PROPERTY
Authors: Bailey J. Michael
Published: February 2008

In an earlier issue of this journal (Vol.7, 1987, pp. 30–96) Gordon presented a model based on IQ which, he claimed, explains black‐white differences in rates of juvenile delinquency. The explanations involved the demonstration that prevelance rates of juvenile delinquency satisfys a property which Gordon termed “commensurability” with IQ (IQ‐commensurability). Furthermore, he argued that similar models based on SES or education are unsatisfactory because these variables fail the test of commensurability with respect to delinquency rates. Largely on the basis of these analyses, he concluded that the black‐white difference in IQ is much more credible than the difference in either education or SES as an important cause of race differences in delinquency. The purpose here is to show that the property of IQ‐commensurability is largely irrelevant to any reasonable explanation of the race difference in delinquency rates. Furthermore, IQ‐commensurability can be partially explained by an existing model which is highly plausible, has demonstrated construct validity, and can be viewed as a logical extension of Gordon's own model.
SOCIAL ADMINISTRATION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO THE SOCIOLOGY OF WELFARE
Authors: Offer John
Published: February 2008

Questions of the form ‘what is “x”?’ raise their heads from time to time, and are often very important. Whether the question is ‘what is virtue?’ or ‘what is sociology?’ the search is on for something fundamental. At least one philosopher seems to have handled that most awkward of ‘what is “x”?’ questions ‘what is philosophy?’ with both humour and wisdom: ‘The story is told that the preferred response of G.E. Moore was to gesture towards his bookshelves: “It is what all these are about”’ (reported in Flew, 1979, p.vii). Indeed, the form in which the answers come to many of these questions has been of direct concern to philosophers from Plato to Wittgenstein, including Moore himself.
THE ENGINEERING DIMENSION
Authors: Kelly Michael P. , Glover Ian A.
Published: February 2008

The earliest human societies relied for their subsistence on the hunting of animals and the gathering of food. The small bands of people who lived together pursuing these activities appear to have been the prototype of all human organisation. Hunting and gathering was the predominant type of social organisation until perhaps 12,000 years ago. Tools and weapons were not made of metal till around 4,000 B.C., the plough was not in use until about a thousand years later, and iron tools and weapons were not used until around 1,000 B.C. (Lenski and Lenski, 1978). The history of the human race has been intextricably bound up with that of engineering when this is very broadly defined as the making of tools and other contrivances as aids and adjuncts to life. From the Stone, Bronze and Iron Ages at one end of human experience to the Steam, Jet, Atomic and Computer Ages at the other, technical‐engineering achievements have defined and delimited whatever is possible for human beings. Thus throughout the long historical transition from a predominantly agricultural to a predominantly industrial society engineers, or rather anyone whose principal activity was making and tinkering with three‐ dimensional artefacts, played a crucial role.
THE CHALLENGE OF PARTICIPATORY RESEARCH AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR FUNDING AGENCIES
Authors: Maclure Richard
Published: February 2008

In an age of growing skepticism about the development industry and about the appropriateness of the predominant paradigms of modernisation and immutable technology transfer, many scholars and practitioners are now attempting to re‐define approaches to development (e.g. Taylor, 1979; Galtung et al., 1980; Chambers, 1986; World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987). Out of this general effort to re‐consider the ways in which social and economic development should be conducted has emerged the notion of participation. In conceptual terms it is now widely agreed that development plans and policies must not only account for the perceptions and opinions of local populations, but that community groups should participate in the underlying processes of consultation and decision‐making. What is much less understood, however, are the mechanisms by which participation is operationalised and institutionalised, and the stresses as well as the advantages which accrue from participatory practices. This is particularly the case in the realm of scientific inquiry where participatory research (PR),(1) has emerged as part of the search to render science more germane to the needs and opinions of local people.
UNDERSTANDING STATE POLICIES IN AGRICULTURE
Authors: Koc Mustafa
Published: February 2008

State policies have played a significant role in shaping the structure of agrarian economy in both advanced and under‐developed capitalist societies.(1) The influence of the state over the rural sector is not simply confined to its agricultural policies but covers a large array of policies and actions that may have direct as well as indirect effects on the rural population. This paper deals with the factors that influence agricultural policies of the state in the specific case of state policies towards Oriental tobacco production in Turkey.
THE UNDERDEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTING IN SOCIAL WORK PRACTICE
Authors: Phillips David
Published: February 2008

The main focus of this paper is upon the use of computers and other elements of Information Technology (IT) in the daily practice of social work, specifically in relation to the impact which it has upon the service user and the social workers and upon the outcome of service delivery. But it is also necessary to stray into other territories; notably management uses of computing in social work agencies, and to the more abstract area of the relationship between service‐users, social work and society.
COMPUTERIZED DECISION TECHNOLOGY IN SOCIAL SERVICE: DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM IMPROVES DECISION PRACTICE IN YOUTH PROBATION SERVICE
Authors: Shapira Monica
Published: February 2008

This presentation describes the successful application of computerized information technology, known as a Decision Support System (DSS), to making decisions regarding dispositions by Youth Probation Officers in the Jerusalem Probation Service. It concentrates on the specific characteristics of DSS that make it especially applicable for improving clinical decisions, and on the strategies involved in designing, developing and installing the system so that it suits the working routine of the Probation Service. The description of how the DSS works in our case is followed by an analysis of results, i.e., of the consequences of the system's installation in terms of changes in performance of the decision task by professionals and the changes that this causes on the organizational level. Finally, we shall attempt to use our experience to derive some general guidelines for designing and implementing similar decision aids in other human service organizations.
THE HIDDEN SELECTION OF THE OCCUPATIONAL APPEAL: THE PARADIGM OF NURSES
Authors: Krau Edgar , Ziv Liora
Published: February 2008

Traditionally, the process of choosing a vocation has been presented as the matching of a person's interests and aptitudes with occupational requirements. Maintaining the individual's role as an agent in the process of “self‐selection into an occupation” (Krech, Crutchfield and Ballachey, 1962), one ought to give attention not only to the push‐ but also to the pull‐ factors, i.e. to the occupational appeal which embodies the occupation's motivational “valence” (to use the term coined for a social context by Lewin, Dembo, Festinger and Sears, 1944).
THE HOUSING OF THE URBAN MIDDLE CLASSES IN BRAZIL
Authors: Shidlo Gil
Published: February 2008

Recent literature on housing studies (Batley, 1977; Bolaffi, 1983) fail to explain why the post‐1964 authoritarian regime in Brazil allocated a vast proportion of federal expenditure on housing to the urban middle classes concentrated in the South East region of Brazil. Since the creation of the National Housing Bank in 1964 state involvement in housing provision has been enormous. Housing has been one of the areas of general personal consumption in which successive governments for the past twenty years have been keenly concerned. Several million dwellings have been financed by the Federal Housing System since 1964. Currently there are a variety of programmes requiring direct public expenditure, including the provision of state and municipal housing, payments to trade union housing associations and state financed mortgages.
CHINA'S URBANISATION UNDER COMMUNIST RULE, 1949–1982
Authors: Jo Huth Mary
Published: February 2008

China has had a long and varied urban history dating back more than 2000 years. Throughout the imperial period (221 BC‐1911 AD), the Chinese dynasties established administrative centres throughout their empire and domestic trade flourished, especially in China's major river basins. As a result, cities of different sizes were exceptionally evenly distributed across the country and most of its citizens were influenced by some kind of urban centre. In fact, even before the mid‐nineteenth century, China had the largest number of city dwellers in the world. But China's bureaucratically‐controlled and evenly‐distributed urban configuration began to change after Britain's conquest of China in the Opium War of 1842 (Whyte and Parish, 1984). Once China's treaty ports like Shanghai, Nanking, Tientsin, and Wuhan were opened to foreign trade by the British, they started to grow disproportionately as thousands of people migrated to these cities, concentrating the country's urban population in the central and coastal areas. Soon, problems like unemployment, crime, prostitution, and drug addiction reached epidemic proportions in China's rapidly expanding cities. Consequently, when the Communists took control of China's government in 1949, they were determined to decentralise the country's urban population, to restrict urban growth, and to purge big cities of the social pathologies which had plagued them since initial contact with the West one hundred years earlier. It is, therefore, interesting to analyse each of the three major periods of China's urbanisation under Communist rule up to 1982, the year of the most recent national population census — that is, 1949 to 1960, 1961 to 1976, and 1977 to 1982 — and to discuss the most salient demographic developments during each of these periods.
TRADITIONAL INDIAN CONCEPT OF TIME AND ITS ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES
Authors: Saha Arunoday
Published: February 2008

All human activities involve a dimension of time. Usually, the accomplishment of a stated task within lesser duration, other parameters remaining unchanged, entails superior performance. The factor of time is particularly important in economic endeavours. Thus, in manufacturing situations, functions such as forecasting, goal‐setting, planning, scheduling, evaluation and control become significant. The efficiency with which these tasks are accomplished, to an extent, determines the performance of the firm. Similarly, the time taken to complete a commercial project acquires importance. If an undertaking is unduly delayed, goods and services produced by it frequently turn out to be less economical because of cost escalations.
Area and Health in Cities: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Mullen Kenneth
Published: February 2008

In this paper I will analyse the nature of the relationship between area and health in cities. Although it has long been known that mortality and morbidity are unevenly distributed within urban environments (Stamp, 1964; Learmonth, 1988) it remains problematic as to how these differences should be explained. In the present paper I will present detailed information on the spatial distibution of mortality, morbidity, and health services in cities and consider the explanations which have been put forward to account for them. Research which has considered this topic covers various fields; medical geography, medical ecology, epidemiology, and sociology, and has utilised numerous methodological approaches, from straightforward mapping techniques to complex multi‐variate analysis. Research has also been carried out across the world. However, because differences in the political and social organisation of cities can have an effect on health, and these structural differences vary from country to country, I have restricted the current review to work carried out in the cities of the developed world as studies are more comparable.
UNEMPLOYMENT AND MINORITY IMMIGRANTS IN CANADA
Authors: Daenzer Patricia
Published: February 2008

This paper explores the labour‐market status and experience of racial minorities in Canada, and examines and criticises labour‐market policy which ignores the employment and socio‐economic disadvantage of this group. The main argument of this discussion is that racial minorities as a whole encounter racial discrimination in the Canadian labour market, and new racial minority immigrants face compounded obstacles. This is due to the lack of adequate policy initiatives to combat the racism they experience in the attempt to find suitable employment, and to labour‐market policies which exclude services to immigrants. Examples of such obstacles are evident in the Canadian Job Strategy to be discussed below.
ZEN AND JAPANESE ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE
Authors: Sana Arunoday
Published: February 2008

The essence of Japanese culture is said to lie in the group rather than in the individual. According to the viewpoint favoured in most writings on Japanese society and culture, the Japanese are a group‐oriented people; they like to work in groups and have always worked in association with one another, and social pressures on the individual to conform happen to be irresistible. The nail that sticks out, as the popular saying goes, gets hammered down.
PUBLIC POLICY AND POLITICAL INTERPRETATIONS OF SOCIOECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: Menahem Gila
Published: February 2008

This article addresses the question of the determinants of public policy at the local level. It is particularly concerned with local political leaders' interpretations of given socioeconomic environments, and the bearing these have on public policy formation.
THE HOBSBAWM‐WIENER CONUNDRUM: ECONOMICS, HISTORY AND SOCIOLOGY IN THE STUDY OF BRITISH DECLINE
Authors: Glover Ian A.
Published: February 2008

Economics and economic history, general history and sociology have all usefully informed debates about the decline of the British economy relative to those of other nations, and useful contributions have also been made by political scientists, psychologists, students of industrial relations and of management and organisational behaviour. However, the most fundamental contributions have generally come from the three major disciplines of economics (with economic history), general history and sociology. Unfortunately habits and traditions peculiar to these disciplines have sometimes been unhelpful to processes of approaching comprehensive understanding. Further, interdisciplinary discussions and controversies have sometimes produced a certain amount of ‘noise’, even on some occasions where agreement on substantive points has been considerable.
MARXIST THEORIES OF ALIENATION AND REIFICATION: THE RESPONSE TO CAPITALISM, STATE SOCIALISM AND THE ADVENT OF POSTMODERNITY
Authors: Schweitzer David
Published: February 2008

Marx's formulation of the alienation problematic is grounded in a strategic set of underlying assumptions concerning the human condition. On the one hand, people are seen as the creators of their material and mental world through their labour activity. They are endowed with natural human qualities, creative powers and historically existing potentialities that are essential to human growth. People are, in essence, free, creative, productive beings of praxis in conscious control of their activities and the world they have created. But the material and mental products of human labour (e.g. commodities, ideas, social institutions) assume an autonomous life of their own. They come to rule over people as dehumanizing objects and powers, as alien and hostile forces operating independently above and against the common will of their own creators. People no longer experience themselves as active human agents in conscious control of their life circumstances. Their own productive activities, human creations, social relationships and nature at large remain alien and beyond their grasp. The realization of natural human capacities and potentialities for a genuinely human life in an alienating world of domination and oppression is consequently thwarted, repressed or denied. Alienation is construed as a universal social phenomenon that pervades all spheres of human life in the existing world.
STRUCTURE‐BLINDNESS: A NON‐IDEOLOGICAL COMPONENT OF FALSE CONSCIOUSNESS
Authors: Levy René
Published: February 2008

Mainstream sociology tends to consider mental processes and their underlying structures, including the perception of society, mainly to be a result of socialization, which is generally conceptualized in terms of the more or less intentional, interpersonal transmission of cultural elements. In contrast and rightly so, marxist theory has always insisted on praxis as an essential feature of consciousness formation. The concept of alienation, when it is not entirely subjectivized (as it is in the Seeman tradition), is usually derived directly from basic structural conditions of capitalism, especially from the coerced division of labor (Wallimann 1981). Conceived to be a constant of the entire system, it is of little use to explain within‐system variations of current images of society and of one's place within it.
ALIENATION AMONG ASIAN AND LATINO IMMIGRANTS IN THE LOS ANGELES GARMENT INDUSTRY: THE NEED FOR NEW FORMS OF CLASS STRUGGLE IN THE LATE TWENTIETH CENTURY
Authors: Bonacich Edna
Published: February 2008

According to Marx, capitalism leads to the alienation of people from their work, from the product of their work, and from other people (Oilman, 1976:133–4). These characteristics of capitalism were obvious for all to see in the late nineteenth century, as capital and labor were increasingly polarized. But in the late twentieth century, class relations have become considerably more complicated. The emergence and growth of various forms of “middle class” (Walker, 1979; Wright, 1985) make the issue of who is exploiting whom, of who benefits from the alienation of workers, unclear. In turn, the confusion in class relations has an effect on the ability to wage class struggle, as the “enemy” of the working class is difficult to define, let alone target.
Whistleblowing: An Issue of Social Policy
Authors: Vinten Gerald
Published: February 2008

The topic of whistleblowing is achieving prominence as a question of social policy. Some influential voices are suggesting that far from whistleblowing — informing on organisations —, being socially undesirable, it may in certain circumstances be an activity deserving high praise. Inevitably it entails huge risks to the activist, and these risks need to be personally and carefully considered. John Banham, Director General of the Confederation of British Industry, wrote in support of the Social Audit report on the subject (Winfield 1990), and a committee established by the Speaker of the House of Commons has suggested the possibility of honouring whistleblowers in the British Honours system for their good corporate citizenship. There have also been landmark reports in America, Australia and Canada (Leahy 1978, Electoral and Administrative Review Commission 1990, Ontario Law Reform Commission 1986).
SUPERMEN, WOMEN AND PENSIONERS THE POLITICS OF SUPERANNUATION REFORM
Authors: Mann Kirk
Published: February 2008

At a time when the future of the British state pension is being debated events in Australia provide an interesting example of an alternative approach. This article examines the introduction in Australia of the 1992 Superannuation Guarantee Charge Bills (SGC). The article considers the key debates which accompanied the SGC along with the role of the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU), the poverty lobby and employer organisations in the reform process. The Australian model can not simply be transposed to the UK but the politics of reform in this case illustrate the issues of equity, exclusion and social division that are likely to arise.
Lay Characteristics and Religious Attitudes in the Church in Wales
Authors: Harris C.C. , Startup Richard
Published: February 2008

In 1920 that part of the Church of England located in Wales was disestablished and became an autonomous and self‐governing Province of the Anglican communion. It owes its name “The Church in Wales” to two main considerations: it could not be called the Church of Wales because the argument for disestablishment was that the Welsh people were predominantly nonconformist; it could not be called the Church of England in Wales since its members were not expatriate English but Welsh, its bishops having been responsible for the translation of the Bible into Welsh and its services in rural areas being conducted in Welsh (Davies, 1970; Walker, 1976; Price, 1990; Davies, 1991).
THE ROLE OF THE STATE IN FAMILY LIFE: STATES' AFDC PAYMENTS AND DIVORCE RATES IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Zimmerman Shirley L.
Published: February 2008

An earlier examination of the relationship between states' per capita expenditures for public welfare and their divorce rates found no relationship between the two for observations prior to 1985. However in 1985, the two were related, states' public welfare expenditures being inversely predictive of their divorce rates: the less states' spent for public welfare, the higher their divorce rates, and conversely, the more they spent, the lower their divorce rates. Translated, this meant that family life was less stable in states that did less to support family life and more stable in states that did more to support family life. This finding is important because of the wide‐spread belief that government social programs undermine family life and foster family break‐up.
THE IMPACT OF FAMILY STATUS ON INCOME SECURITY AND HEALTH CARE IN OLD AGE: A COMPARISON OF WESTERN NATIONS
Authors: Harrington Meyer Madonna , Street Debra , Quadagno Jill
Published: February 2008

Welfare states are sets of rules and policies that redistribute resources across social classes and across generations. In nearly all western nations, social spending on the aged has surpassed spending on all other age groups combined. In 1992 alone, spending in the U.S. on Social Security topped $250 billion and on Medicare $130 billion.
“PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY” — A DOMINANT THEME IN BRITISH CHILD AND FAMILY POLICY FOR THE 1990s
Authors: Fox Harding Lorraine
Published: February 2008

This paper will consider the notion of “parental responsibility” in British policy in relation to two major pieces of legislation, the Children Act 1989 and the Child Support Act 1991. These have considerable impact on the shape of policy in relation to families with children in the 1990s. These two Acts originate in different processes and address different areas of the family‐ state interaction — in the case of the Children Act, public and private law concerning who should care for children in case of dispute or problems; in the case of the Child Support Act, the question of how children should be financially maintained. But both embody a notion of greater parental responsibilities (as opposed to rights) which cannot be lightly surrendered or neglected. The differences and similarities between these two Acts will be examined, and the underlying theme of Conservative “family policy”, and its long‐term intentions and implications, will be addressed.
THE CHARITY: PIVOTAL SOCIAL POLICY ROLE
Authors: Vinten Gerald
Published: February 2008

Sometimes an issue can remain dormant for a long period of time before receiving governmental and legislative attention. Debate on corporate governance has coincided with a number of measures impacting on the charitable sector which, taken together, have the effect of bringing about improvements in the overall corporate governance climate for the charity, and re‐inforcing the centrality of the charity as an important instrument of social policy. The aim of this article is to explore this battery of measures, their historical context, and the varying fortunes of the charitable sector in its social policy role.
EXPERT INTEREST GROUPS AND THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION: PROFESSIONAL INFLUENCE ON EC LEGISLATION
Authors: Neale Pauline
Published: February 2008

This article is primarily concerned with professionals, their institutions and their relations with the Commission of the European Communities (CEC), from a British point of view. It will be argued that professionals in Europe are not simply affected by European Union (EU) legislation, they help formulate it and they administer it to an extent bounded by the Commission.