bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Retrieval Success is Accompanied by Enhanced Activation in Anterior Prefrontal Cortex During Recognition Memory: An Event-Related fMRI Study
Authors: McDermott Kathleen B. , Jones Todd C. , Petersen Steven E. , Lageman Sarah K. , Roediger Henry L.
Published: July 2002

Neural regions associated with retrieval success were identified using event-related fMRI procedures and randomly ordered trials on a recognition memory test. Differences between hits and correct rejections (CRs) occurred in multiple regions, including bilateral anterior and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, bilateral inferior parietal cortex, and right superior parietal cortex (all hits > CRs), and right occipital cortex (CRs > hits). The hit > CR pattern is not compromised by time-on-task explanations because response latencies for correctly rejected words exceeded those for hits. Converging evidence for the claim that the hit > CR pattern identified neural correlates of retrieval success was obtained by unconfounding item history and retrieval success. That is, we implemented a third condition in which nonstudied words were presented, yet retrieval success was hypothesized to facilitate CRs of these lures. Specifically, when confronted with a familiar, yet nonstudied word, (e.g., nosedive after studying nosebleed and skydive), subjects might adopt a strategy whereby they recall the studied word(s) that gave rise to the familiarity (nosebleed, skydive) and thereby reject the lure. This method of instantiating retrieval success under conditions in which the target word had not been studied offers converging evidence for the claim that anterior-prefrontal cortex (among other regions) demonstrates enhanced activation during retrieval success.
The Influence of Stimulus Deviance on Electrophysiologic and Behavioral Responses to Novel Events
Authors: Daffner Kirk R. , Scinto Leonard F.M. , Calvo Vivian , Faust Robert , Mesulam M. Marsel , West W. Caroline , Holcomb Phillip J.
Published: July 2002

This study investigated the role of stimulus deviance in determining electrophysiologic and behavioral responses to “novelty.” Stimulus deviance was defined in terms of differences either from the immediately preceding context or from long-term experience. Subjects participated in a visual event-related potential (ERP) experiment, in which they controlled the duration of stimulus viewing with a button press, which served as a measure of exploratory behavior. Each of the three experimental conditions included a frequent repetitive background stimulus and infrequent stimuli that deviated from the background stimulus. In one condition, both background and deviant stimuli were simple, easily recognizable geometric figures. In another condition, both background and deviant stimuli were unusual/unfamiliar figures, and in a third condition, the background stimulus was a highly unusual figure, and the deviant stimuli were simple, geometric shapes. Deviant stimuli elicited larger N2-P3 amplitudes and longer viewing durations than the repetitive background stimulus, even when the deviant stimuli were simple, familiar shapes and the background stimulus was a highly unusual figure. Compared to simple, familiar deviant stimuli, unusual deviant stimuli elicited larger N2-P3 amplitudes and longer viewing times. Within subjects, the deviant stimuli that evoked the largest N2-P3 responses also elicited the longest viewing durations. We conclude that deviance from both immediate context and long-term prior experience contribute to the response to novelty, with the combination generating the largest N2-P3 amplitude and the most sustained attention. The amplitude of the N2-P3 may reflect how much “uncertainty” is evoked by a novel visual stimulus and signal the need for further exploration and cognitive processing.
Brain Areas Involved in Perception of Biological Motion
Authors: Grossman E. , Donnelly M. , Price R. , Pickens D. , Morgan V. , Neighbor G. , Blake R.
Published: July 2002

These experiments use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to reveal neural activity uniquely associated with perception of biological motion. We isolated brain areas activated during the viewing of point-light figures, then compared those areas to regions known to be involved in coherent-motion perception and kinetic-boundary perception. Coherent motion activated a region matching previous reports of human MT/MST complex located on the temporo-parieto-occipital junction. Kinetic boundaries activated a region posterior and adjacent to human MT previously identified as the kinetic-occipital (KO) region or the lateral-occipital (LO) complex. The pattern of activation during viewing of biological motion was located within a small region on the ventral bank of the occipital extent of the superior-temporal sulcus (STS). This region is located lateral and anterior to human MT/MST, and anterior to KO. Among our observers, we localized this region more frequently in the right hemisphere than in the left. This was true regardless of whether the point-light figures were presented in the right or left hemifield. A small region in the medial cerebellum was also active when observers viewed biological-motion sequences. Consistent with earlier neuroimaging and single-unit studies, this pattern of results points to the existence of neural mechanisms specialized for analysis of the kinematics defining biological motion.
The Effects of Presentation Rate During Word and Pseudoword Reading: A Comparison of PET and fMRI
Authors: Mechelli Andrea , Friston Karl J. , Price Cathy J.
Published: July 2002

The effect of stimulus rate and its interaction with stimulus type on brain activity during reading was investigated using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This (i) enabled the segregation of brain regions showing differential responses, (ii) identified the optimum experimental design parameters for maximizing sensitivity, and (iii) allowed us to evaluate further the sources of discrepancy between positron emission tomography (PET) and fMRI signals. The effect of visual word rate has already been investigated in a previous PET study. However, rate effects can be very different in PET and fMRI, as seen in previous studies of auditory word processing. In this work, we attempt to replicate rate-sensitive activations observed with PET using fMRI. Our objective was to characterize the discrepancies in regionally specific rate-sensitive effects between the two imaging modalities. Subjects were presented with words and pseudowords at varying rates while performing a silent reading task. The analysis specifically identified regions showing (i) an effect of stimulus rate on brain activity during reading; (ii) modulation of this effect by word type; and (iii) increased activity during reading relative to rest, but with no dependence on stimulus rate. The results identified similar effects of rate for words and pseudowords (no interactions between rate and word type reached significance). Irrespective of word type, strong positive linear effects of rate (i.e., activity increasing with rate) were detected in visual areas, right superior temporal gyrus, and bilateral precentral gyrus. These findings replicate the results of the previous PET study, confirming that activation in regions associated with visual processing and response generation increases with the number of stimuli. Likewise, we detected rate-independent effects reported in the previous PET study in bilateral anterior middle temporal, inferior frontal, and superior parietal regions. These results differentiate the functionally specific responses in rate-dependent and rate-independent areas. However, for negative effects of rate, fMRI did not replicate the effects seen in PET, suggesting some form of hemodynamic “rectification.” The discussion focuses on differences between evoked rCBF and BOLD signals.
The Speed of Sight
Authors: Keysers C. , Xiao D.-K. , Földiák P. , Perrett D. I.
Published: July 2002

Macaque monkeys were presented with continuous rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) sequences of unrelated naturalistic images at rates of 14-222 msec/image, while neurons that responded selectively to complex patterns (e.g., faces) were recorded in temporal cortex. Stimulus selectivity was preserved for 65% of these neurons even at surprisingly fast presentation rates (14 msec/image or 72 images/sec). Five human subjects were asked to detect or remember images under equivalent conditions. Their performance in both tasks was above chance at all rates (14-111 msec/image). The performance of single neurons was comparable to that of humans and responded in a similar way to changes in presentation rate. The implications for the role of temporal cortex cells in perception are discussed.
Increased Brain Activity in Frontal and Parietal Cortex Underlies the Development of Visuospatial Working Memory Capacity during Childhood
Authors: Klingberg Torkel , Forssberg Hans , Westerberg Helena
Published: July 2002

The aim of this study was to identify changes in brain activity associated with the increase in working memory (WM) capacity that occurs during childhood and early adulthood. Functional MRI (fMRI) was used to measure brain activity in subjects between 9 and 18 years of age while they performed a visuospatial WM task and a baseline task. During performance of the WM task, the older children showed higher activation of cortex in the superior frontal and intraparietal cortex than the younger children did. A second analysis found that WM capacity was significantly correlated with brain activity in the same regions. These frontal and parietal areas are known to be involved in the control of attention and spatial WM. The development of the functionality in these areas may play an important role in cognitive development during childhood.
Contribution of Human Prefrontal Cortex to Delay Performance
Authors: Chao Linda L. , Knight Robert T.
Published: July 2002

Neurological patients with focal lesions in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and age-matched control subjects were tested on an auditory version of the delayed-match-to-sample task employing environmental sounds. Subjects had to indicate whether a cue (S1) and a subsequent target sound (S2) were identical. On some trials, S1 and S2 were separated by a silent period of 5 sec. On other trials, the 5-sec delay between S1 and S2 was filled with irrelevant tone pips that served as distractors. Behaviorally, frontal patients were impaired by the presence of distractors. Electrophysiologically, patients generated enhanced primary auditory cortex-evoked responses to the tone pips, supporting a failure in inhibitory control of sensory processing after prefrontal damage. Intrahemispheric reductions of neural activity generated in the auditory association cortex and additional intrahemispheric reductions of attention-related frontal activity were also observed in the prefrontal patients. Together, these findings suggest that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is crucial for gating distracting information as well as maintaining distributed intrahemispheric neural activity during auditory working memory.
A Model of Reaching Dynamics in Primary Motor Cortex
Authors: Moody Sohie Lee , Zipser David
Published: July 2002

Features of virtually all voluntary movements are represented in the primary motor cortex. The movements can be ongoing, imminent, delayed, or imagined. Our goal was to investigate the dynamics of movement representation in the motor cortex. To do this we trained a fully recurrent neural network to continually output the direction and magnitude of movements required to reach randomly changing targets. Model neurons developed preferred directions and other properties similar to real motor cortical neurons. The key finding is that when the target for a reaching movement changes location, the ensemble representation of the movement changes nearly monotonically, and the individual neurons comprising the representation exhibit strong, nonmonotonic transients. These transients serve as internal recurrent signals that force the ensemble representation to change more rapidly than if it were limited by the time constants of individual neurons. These transients, if they exist, could be observed in experiments that require only slight modifications of the standard paradigm used to investigate movement representation in the motor cortex.
Neural Systems as Nonlinear Filters
Authors: Maass Wolfgang , Sontag Eduardo D.
Published: July 2002

Experimental data show that biological synapses behave quite differently from the symbolic synapses in all common artificial neural network models. Biological synapses are dynamic; their “weight” changes on a short timescale by several hundred percent in dependence of the past input to the synapse. In this article we address the question how this inherent synaptic dynamics (which should not be confused with long term learning) affects the computational power of a neural network. In particular, we analyze computations on temporal and spatiotemporal patterns, and we give a complete mathematical characterization of all filters that can be approximated by feedforward neural networks with dynamic synapses. It turns out that even with just a single hidden layer, such networks can approximate a very rich class of nonlinear filters: all filters that can be characterized by Volterra series. This result is robust with regard to various changes in the model for synaptic dynamics. Our characterization result provides for all nonlinear filters that are approximable by Volterra series a new complexity hierarchy related to the cost of implementing such filters in neural systems.
Gradient-Based Optimization of Hyperparameters
Authors: Bengio Yoshua
Published: July 2002

Many machine learning algorithms can be formulated as the minimization of a training criterion that involves a hyperparameter. This hyperparameter is usually chosen by trial and error with a model selection criterion. In this article we present a methodology to optimize several hyper-parameters, based on the computation of the gradient of a model selection criterion with respect to the hyperparameters. In the case of a quadratic training criterion, the gradient of the selection criterion with respect to the hyperparameters is efficiently computed by backpropagating through a Cholesky decomposition. In the more general case, we show that the implicit function theorem can be used to derive a formula for the hyper-parameter gradient involving second derivatives of the training criterion.
A New On-Line Learning Model
Authors: Mendelson Shahar
Published: July 2002

We introduce a new supervised learning model that is a nonhomogeneous Markov process and investigate its properties. We are interested in conditions that ensure that the process converges to a “correct state,” which means that the system agrees with the teacher on every “question.” We prove a sufficient condition for almost sure convergence to a correct state and give several applications to the convergence theorem. In particular, we prove several convergence results for well-known learning rules in neural networks.
Bayesian Analysis of Mixtures of Factor Analyzers
Authors: Utsugi Akio , Kumagai Toru
Published: July 2002

For Bayesian inference on the mixture of factor analyzers, natural conjugate priors on the parameters are introduced, and then a Gibbs sampler that generates parameter samples following the posterior is constructed. In addition, a deterministic estimation algorithm is derived by taking modes instead of samples from the conditional posteriors used in the Gibbs sampler. This is regarded as a maximum a posteriori estimation algorithm with hyperparameter search. The behaviors of the Gibbs sampler and the deterministic algorithm are compared on a simulation experiment.
MOSAIC Model for Sensorimotor Learning and Control
Authors: Haruno Masahiko , Wolpert Daniel M. , Kawato Mitsuo
Published: July 2002

Humans demonstrate a remarkable ability to generate accurate and appropriate motor behavior under many different and often uncertain environmental conditions. We previously proposed a new modular architecture, the modular selection and identification for control (MOSAIC) model, for motor learning and control based on multiple pairs of forward (predictor) and inverse (controller) models. The architecture simultaneously learns the multiple inverse models necessary for control as well as how to select the set of inverse models appropriate for a given environment. It combines both feedforward and feedback sensorimotor information so that the controllers can be selected both prior to movement and subsequently during movement. This article extends and evaluates the MOSAIC architecture in the following respects. The learning in the architecture was implemented by both the original gradient-descent method and the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm. Unlike gradient descent, the newly derived EM algorithm is robust to the initial starting conditions and learning parameters. Second, simulations of an object manipulation task prove that the architecture can learn to manipulate multiple objects and switch between them appropriately. Moreover, after learning, the model shows generalization to novel objects whose dynamics lie within the polyhedra of already learned dynamics. Finally, when each of the dynamics is associated with a particular object shape, the model is able to select the appropriate controller before movement execution. When presented with a novel shape-dynamic pairing, inappropriate activation of modules is observed followed by on-line correction.
Products of Gaussians and Probabilistic Minor Component Analysis
Authors: Williams C. K. I. , Agakov F. V.
Published: July 2002

Recently, Hinton introduced the products of experts architecture for density estimation, where individual expert probabilities are multiplied and renormalized. We consider products of gaussian “pancakes” equally elongated in all directions except one and prove that the maximum likelihood solution for the model gives rise to a minor component analysis solution. We also discuss the covariance structure of sums and products of gaussian pancakes or one-factor probabilistic principal component analysis models.
Combined Learning and Use for a Mixture Model Equivalent to the RBF Classifier
Authors: Miller David J. , Uyar Hasan S.
Published: July 2002

We show that the decision function of a radial basis function (RBF) classifier is equivalent in form to the Bayes-optimal discriminant associated with a special kind of mixture-based statistical model. The relevant mixture model is a type of mixture-of-experts model for which class labels, like continuous-valued features, are assumed to have been generated randomly, conditional on the mixture component of origin. The new interpretation shows that RBF classifiers effectively assume a probability model, which, moreover, is easily determined given the designed RBF. This interpretation also suggests a statistical learning objective as an alternative to standard methods for designing the RBF-equivalent models. The statistical objective is especially useful for incorporating unlabeled data to enhance learning. Finally, it is observed that any new data to classify are simply additional unlabeled data. Thus, we suggest a combined learning and use paradigm, to be invoked whenever there are new data to classify.
Probabilistic Interpretation of Population Codes
Authors: Zemel Richard S. , Dayan Peter , Pouget Alexandre
Published: July 2002

We present a general encoding-decoding framework for interpreting the activity of a population of units. A standard population code interpretation method, the Poisson model, starts from a description as to how a single value of an underlying quantity can generate the activities of each unit in the population. In casting it in the encoding-decoding framework, we find that this model is too restrictive to describe fully the activities of units in population codes in higher processing areas, such as the medial temporal area. Under a more powerful model, the population activity can convey information not only about a single value of some quantity but also about its whole distribution, including its variance, and perhaps even the certainty the system has in the actual presence in the world of the entity generating this quantity. We propose a novel method for forming such probabilistic interpretations of population codes and compare it to the existing method.
Independent Factor Analysis
Authors: Attias H.
Published: July 2002

We introduce the independent factor analysis (IFA) method for recovering independent hidden sources from their observed mixtures. IFA generalizes and unifies ordinary factor analysis (FA), principal component analysis (PCA), and independent component analysis (ICA), and can handle not only square noiseless mixing but also the general case where the number of mixtures differs from the number of sources and the data are noisy. IFA is a two-step procedure. In the first step, the source densities, mixing matrix, and noise covariance are estimated from the observed data by maximum likelihood. For this purpose we present an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm, which performs unsupervised learning of an associated probabilistic model of the mixing situation. Each source in our model is described by a mixture of gaussians; thus, all the probabilistic calculations can be performed analytically. In the second step, the sources are reconstructed from the observed data by an optimal nonlinear estimator. A variational approximation of this algorithm is derived for cases with a large number of sources, where the exact algorithm becomes intractable. Our IFA algorithm reduces to the one for ordinary FA when the sources become gaussian, and to an EM algorithm for PCA in the zero-noise limit. We derive an additional EM algorithm specifically for noiseless IFA. This algorithm is shown to be superior to ICA since it can learn arbitrary source densities from the data. Beyond blind separation, IFA can be used for modeling multidimensional data by a highly constrained mixture of gaussians and as a tool for nonlinear signal encoding.
Boosted Mixture of Experts: An Ensemble Learning Scheme
Authors: Avnimelech Ran , Intrator Nathan
Published: July 2002

We present a new supervised learning procedure for ensemble machines, in which outputs of predictors, trained on different distributions, are combined by a dynamic classifier combination model. This procedure may be viewed as either a version of mixture of experts (Jacobs, Jordan, Nowlan, & Hinton, 1991), applied to classification, or a variant of the boosting algorithm (Schapire, 1990). As a variant of the mixture of experts, it can be made appropriate for general classification and regression problems by initializing the partition of the data set to different experts in a boostlike manner. If viewed as a variant of the boosting algorithm, its main gain is the use of a dynamic combination model for the outputs of the networks. Results are demonstrated on a synthetic example and a digit recognition task from the NIST database and compared with classical ensemble approaches.
Effect of a Pneumatically Driven Haptic Interface on the Perceptional Capabilities of Human Operators
Authors: Hurmuzlu Yildirim , Ephanov Anton , Stoianovici Dan
Published: July 2002

This paper describes experimental studies conducted using a pneumatically driven haptic interface (PHI) system. The PHI is a unilateral exoskeletal device that tracks the motion of the shoulder and elbow. The study was carried out to evaluate the impact of an exoskeletal haptic interface on human perceptional capabilities. A population of twenty subjects participated in a set of experiments that were tailored to assess force sensation, shape perception, and effect of force feedback in task performance. Using Weber fractions, we contrasted the outcome of our force sensation experiments against results reported by psychophysical researchers. The results indicated that the perception of weight (or force magnitude) through the haptic interface was significantly affected for relatively low reference force levels (4.44 N, Weber frac tion 5 0.5). The effect progressively diminished as the force level was increased, and almost matched the natural human capabilities for a reference force level of 18 N (Weber fraction 5 0.06). The haptic shape identification experiments showed that the subjects were able to identify various shapes using the PHI system (1 5 0.3 m reference length, with Weber fraction 5 0.38). This identification, however, was adversely affected by the lack of tactile sensation in the haptic device. The outcome of the force-feedback experiments demonstrated mixed results, an observation that was consistent with experimental studies of other researchers. While force feedback did not affect the time needed to complete the task, the subjects’ performance was significantly improved when the experiments involved controlling the thickness of a curve drawn on a pressure-sensitive tablet.
Sewing Worlds Together With SEAMs: A Mechanism to Construct Complex Virtual Environments
Authors: Schmalstieg Dieter , Schaufler Gernot
Published: July 2002

This paper introduces the Spatially Extended Anchoring Mechanism (SEAM) as a 3-D user-interface metaphor to connect virtual worlds and manage scalability in distributed virtual environments. SEAMs provide a visual and navigable connection between worlds to manage both the complexity of rendering and network communication typically occurring in such environments. In the context of augmented reality, SEAMs can be applied as a 3-D window interface. A rendering algorithm is described which performs well on the graphics accelerators of standard personal computers.
Evolution of Self-Reproducing Programs in a Core Propelled by Parallel Protein Execution
Authors: Suzuki Hideaki
Published: July 2002

An evolutionary core memory system named SeMar is revised so that the entire action of the core might proceed by parallel execution of Proteins. The Proteins created by the transcription of DNA units work as operators and accomplish the corresponding instructions written in DNA units. In the experiment, it is shown that after inoculation of a man-made self-reproducing creature into the core, its offspring evolve through mutational modifications and the efficiency of the replication rate of DNA increases by the polyploidization of DNA sequences.
Definition and Application of a Five-Parameter Characterization of One-Dimensional Cellular Automata Rule Space
Authors: Oliveira Gina M. B. , Oliveira Pedro P. B. de , Omar Nizam
Published: July 2002

Cellular automata (CA) are important as prototypical, spatially extended, discrete dynamical systems. Because the problem of forecasting dynamic behavior of CA is undecidable, various parameter-based approximations have been developed to address the problem. Out of the analysis of the most important parameters available to this end we proposed some guidelines that should be followed when defining a parameter of that kind. Based upon the guidelines, new parameters were proposed and a set of five parameters was selected; two of them were drawn from the literature and three are new ones, defined here. This article presents all of them and makes their qualities evident. Then, two results are described, related to the use of the parameter set in the Elementary Rule Space: a phase transition diagram, and some general heuristics for forecasting the dynamics of one-dimensional CA. Finally, as an example of the application of the selected parameters in high cardinality spaces, results are presented from experiments involving the evolution of radius-3 CA in the Density Classification Task, and radius-2 CA in the Synchronization Task.
Fifty Years of Research on Self-Replication: An Overview
Authors: Sipper Moshe
Published: July 2002

The study of artificial self-replicating structures or machines has been taking place now for almost half a century. My goal in this article is to present an overview of research carried out in the domain of self-replication over the past 50 years, starting from von Neumann's work in the late 1940s and continuing to the most recent research efforts. I shall concentrate on computational models, that is, ones that have been studied from a computer science point of view, be it theoretical or experimental. The systems are divided into four major classes, according to the model on which they are based: cellular automata, computer programs, strings (or strands), or an altogether different approach. With the advent of new materials, such as synthetic molecules and nanomachines, it is quite possible that we shall see this somewhat theoretical domain of study producing practical, real-world applications.
Environmental Supply‐Chain Management in the Computer Industry:A Transaction Cost Economics Perspective
Authors: Rosen Christine Meisner , Bercovitz Janet , Beckman Sara
Published: July 2002

Our article uses the theory of transaction cost economics as a conceptual basis for examining the contracting mechanisms by which firms in the computer industry structure programs to encourage their suppliers to improve their environmental management systems and/or the environmental quality of their products. We explore the economic transactions hazards associated with asking suppliers to invest in the specialized technologies required to improve environmental performance of products and management practices and the relational contracting mechanisms computer industry firms are using to protect themselves against these hazards. We also describe the importance the managers we interviewed attributed to various transactions hazards and their perceptions of how well their firms were coping with them. We conclude by discussing questions for future research. By using TCE to frame our analysis of how computer manufacturers are structuring their relationships with their suppliers in the environmental area, we hope to show how social science theory can be used to enrich and increase the practicality of the work done by engineers and others in the mainstream areas of the industrial ecology field.
Analyzing, Mapping, and Managing Environmental Impacts along Supply Chains
Authors: Faruk Adam C. , Lamming Richard C. , Cousins Paul D. , Bowen Frances E.
Published: July 2002

This article reports on research toward a pragmatic and credible means for analyzing, mapping, and managing environmental impacts along supply chains. The results of this research include a management tool called “ecological supply chain analysis” (EcoSCAn) that is presented here for the first time. Its structure bears a passing resemblance to that used in some streamlined life‐cycle assessments, but its operation and purpose are quite different. The EcoSCAn tool frames a comparative environmental analysis of products capable of performing broadly equivalent functions. The analysis occurs over complete extended supply chains and within defined supply chain stages at a product level and, to some extent, at a site level. The results are mapped with data confidence indicators. A range of tactical and, where data quality is sufficient, strategic supply chain actions are prompted. Actions to mitigate environmental stress are possible in the absence of good quality data across entire product life cycles, although the extent to which management actions are limited is made plain.
Environmentally Conscious Product Design: A Collaborative Internet‐based Modeling Approach
Authors: Borland Nick , Wallace David
Published: July 2002

This paper proposes a computer‐based method for providing product designers with real‐time environmental impact assessment. In this concurrent modeling approach, environmental experts build life‐cycle models, define their interfaces, and publish them as distributed objects on the Internet. Traditional designers integrating these objects into their design models have access to the impact assessment methods provided by the environmental expert. In this paradigm, the focus shifts from providing techniques that let non‐expert designers perform life‐cycle impact assessments to tools that facilitate timely communication and information transfer between designers and appropriate environmental experts. Establishing real‐time communication between the product design models and the environmental life‐cycle models is the primary focus of this paper. Methods for establishing and maintaining the interaction between life‐cycle and product design models are described. A beverage container design example illustrates how this collaborative approach can use environmental and traditional design goals to determine effective tradeoffs between design alternatives.
APPROPRIATING THE PAST: TWENTIETH-CENTURY RECONSTRUCTION OF PRE-MODERN ISLAMIC THOUGHT
Authors: Dallal Ahmad
Published: July 2002

This essay examines the writings of the famous twentieth-century salafī, Rashīd Ridā, in which he discussed and reconstructed the views of Shawkānī, one of the leading thinkers of the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-centuries, on the subject of legal analogy (qiyās). Shawkānī had opposed the introduction of new laws through qiyās on the grounds that it arrogates to humans a right to legislate which is reserved to God. Ridā, however, mistakenly implied that Shawkānī had advocated a separation between 'ibādāt and mu'āmalāt, allowing the use of qiyās in the latter case. I argue that Ridā's reconstruction of Shawkānī was driven by his desire to find Islamic models that corresponded to the European institutions of the nation state: in an age in which the powers of the nation state were increasing dramatically, a jurisdiction that covered "all aspects of life" would have seemed more appropriate to Ridā than a legal code which does not purport to exhaust all aspects of this life.
SEVEN SUGGESTIONS IN CATULLUS
Authors:   Trappes-Lomax
Published: July 2002

XI, 11-12; read

Gallias et horribiles Britannos / ultima rerum

. XXX, 4; read

caelicolas latent

. LXIII, 54; delete. LXXXII, 3; read

eripere id noli

. LXXXIV, 5-6; delete. XCI, 3; read

constantemque putarem

. CXVI, 7; read

nos contra ista iniecta tua evitabimus tela

.

Incidental textual comment and/or suggestion is made with reference to Germanicus 333 and 457-8, and to Ovid

Trist

III, 4, 27.
ÉCOUTE ISRAËL (DEUT. VI 4)
Authors: Bord Lucien-Jean , Hamidović David
Published: July 2002

L'affirmation monothéiste de Dt. vi 4 est-elle aussi évidente que l'habitude d'un texte lu et relu peut le laisser paraître? Le verset pose quelques problèmes: le sens du mot unique, l'élision simple ou double de l'auxiliaire être, la signification exacte de la formule yhwh notre Dieu et le but visé par les créateurs de la formule. A partir de quatre possibilités de lecture du Shema, nous dégageons, en prenant en compte chaque mot, toute la richesse de ce qui constitue une très forte interpellation d'Israël, devant être comprise dans un contexte de procès d'Alliance, et une réponse quant à l'unicité divine.
DEMOCRACY, COSMOLOGY, AND THE GREAT WORK OF THOMAS BERRY
Authors: Bede Scharper Stephen
Published: July 2002

In this review essay, Thomas Berry's The Great Work is contextualized within Berry's overarching cosmological project. Special attention is paid to Berry's critique of economic corporations, as well as his interpretation of globalization and his assessment of an alleged decline of the nation state, claims that run counter to certain contemporary social scientific research offering more complex depictions of such phenomena. The critique of democracy in Berry's work, and its potential implications, is also critically addressed.
VANISHING HORIZONS: VIRGINIA WOOLF AND THE NEO-ROMANTIC LANDSCAPE IN BETWEEN THE ACTS AND 'ANON'
Authors: Morgan Clare
Published: July 2002

Much current scholarship has concentrated on Virginia Woolf as political writer. Such scholarship argues, on the one hand, that Woolf has little truck with nationalism, and, on the other, that she endorses the value of an inclusive community. This essay explores, through a concentration on her treatment of landscape, how Woolf's vision of art and of England comes to be grounded in the inter-war zeitgeist of Neo Romanticism, a grounding that significantly alters our perception of the role both nation and community play in her work.
Zafimaniry: An Understanding of What Is Passed on from Parents to Children: A Cross-Cultural Investigation
Authors: Bloch Maurice , Solomon Gregg , Carey Susan
Published: July 2002

Children (aged 7 to 16 years) and adults from a remote Zafimaniry village in eastern Madagascar were probed for their intuitive understanding of the biological inheritance of bodily features. They were told a story about a baby adopted at birth, and were asked whether, when grown, he would be more likely to resemble his birth parents or his adoptive parents in bodily traits, beliefs, preferences, temperaments, and skills. In spite of the fact that the Zafimaniry, like other Southeast Asian and Malagasy peoples, profess explicit beliefs concerning the fixation of individuals' properties that are at variance with Western folkbiology, Zafimaniry adults responded as do American adults on the task. Zafimaniry children, however, did not repond as did the adults, nor did they respond as did the majority of American children. Rather, they responded in the manner most consistent with what would be predicted, for children as well as for adults, from the ethnographic literature. That is, they tended to judge that an adopted boy would resemble his adoptive rather than his birth parents on virtually all traits, including bodily traits. The implications of these findings for current debates within cognitive science and anthropology are discussed.
Reproductive cycle of the sand lizard (Lacerta agilis) in its southwestern range
Authors: Llorente G.A. , Carretero M.A. , Amat
Published: July 2002

The reproductive cycle of Lacerta agilis was studied in the Pyrenees at the southwestern boundary of the species range. The activity period is short (about 4.5 months). Males attain sexual maturity at smaller sizes than females and show mixed type spermatogenesis and spring spermiogenesis. Vitellogenesis in females is rapid (45 days for the whole population) with a long period of oviductal retention. Clutches are laid at the beginning of summer. During the reproductive period males mobilise reserves during the mating activities. Females deplete more fat reserves but later in the season than males and they are at their lowest after egg production. In both sexes, energy resources are mobilised from the fat bodies and also from the liver and the proximal part of the tail. Clutch size increases with female size but also depends on other factors. The short activity period does not appear to affect the reproductive cycle of this species. The gonad cycles and clutch traits do not show substantial differences from other European populations, perhaps with the exception of slight variation in the timing of reproductive events and, to a lesser extent, clutch frequency. This evidence strongly suggests that the limited southwestern range of Lacerta agilis is not due to environmental constraints but to very recent colonization.
Diversity and distribution of frogs in an Amazonian savanna in Brazil
Authors: Albernaz Ana L.K. , Neckel-Oliveira Selvino , Magnusson William , Lima Albertina
Published: July 2002

We studied the distribution of anurans in savanna, regrowth and mature forest at the mouth of the Tapajós river in Brazilian Amazonia. We sampled 31 sites on the right bank of the Tapajós river and on the shores of lakes nearby, and recorded all acoustic and visual observations of frogs. We found 18 anuran species: Leptodactylidae (8), Hylidae (7), Bufonidae (2) and Pseudidae (1). The distribution of species indicated that some species are generalists and others are restricted to certain habitats. The species at Alter do Chão are a subset of those found in forested sites in Amazonia. Lakes and forested areas had the greatest anuran diversity, but are also the areas most disturbed by tourist development and agriculture. Reduction of anuran diversity in the area could be minimized by concentrating development along the main beaches of the Tapajós river.
DOES BRANTS' WHISTLING RAT (PAROTOMYS BRANTSII) USE AN URGENCY-BASED ALARM SYSTEM IN REACTION TO AERIAL AND TERRESTRIAL PREDATORS?
Authors: Le Roux Aliza , Jackson Tim , Cherry Michael
Published: July 2002

It is predicted that differences in mammalian alarm call systems may be explained relative to the complexity of their habitat, with species inhabiting three-dimensional habitats classifying predator types (externally referential), and those living in two-dimensional environments indicating the level of risk (urgency-based). We tested this prediction in a two-dimensional environment for a small African rodent, Brants' whistling rat, Parotomys brantsii. Colony members were presented with predator models of a raptor and puff adder, as well as a human observer, to investigate their alarm call repertoire. Alarm calls consisted of simple, singlenote vocalizations, often repeated in non-rhythmic bouts. Virtually no variation was detected in the structure of alarm whistles between the calls elicited by the two model predators and humans, indicating that P. brantsii did not identify different predator types by means of vocalizations. However, note duration was dependent on the reaction of the caller: when the caller bolted towards safety, the whistle was significantly shorter than when it remained stationary. A snake and far-off human elicited relatively long-duration calls and the caller would remain above ground, signifying a low-risk situation. High-risk encounters with a nearby raptor or human provoked short calls before the whistling rat bolted underground. We conclude that P. brantsii's alarm call repertoire represents a graded 'urgency-based' system, indicating perceived threat level rather than predator type. Our study supports the prediction that mammalian alarm call systems in two-dimensional environments primarily provide information indicating the level of risk and not predator type.
THE STUDY OF INTERSEXUAL SELECTION USING QUANTITATIVE GENETICS
Authors: Bakker Theo C.M.
Published: July 2002

In this review, I stress the importance of incorporating Quantitative Genetics (QG) in the study of sexual selection through female mate choice. A short overview of QG principles and methods of estimating genetic variance and covariance is given. The state of knowledge is summarized as to two QG assumptions (genetic variance in female mating preferences and male sexual traits) and one QG prediction (genetic covariance between preferences and preferred traits) of models of sexual selection. A review is given of studies of repeatability of mating preferences because of recent accumulation of data. The general conclusion is that sexual traits and mating preferences show large genetic variation and are genetically correlated. The extensive genetic variation asks for an explanation that goes beyond the ususal explanations of the maintenance of genetic variation in fitness traits. Two models that explain the high genetic variance in sexual traits are treated in detail: modifier selection and condition dependence. There are many unexplored areas of QG research that could stimulate further research in sexual selection like the study of genetic covariance between mating preferences and good genes, of genetic variances and covariances of multiple male traits and multiple females preferences, of genetic variance in condition, and of condition dependence of mating preferences.
RELATIVE GROWTH OF THE DOMINANT HERMIT CRABS (DECAPODA, ANOMURA) OF DETRITIC BOTTOMS FROM SOUTHERN SPAIN
Authors: Manjon-Cabeza  , Raso J. E. Garcia
Published: July 2002

The relative growth of the dominant hermit crabs (Decapoda, Anomura), i.e., Diogenes pugilator, Anapagurus alboranensis, A. hyndmanni, Pagurus forbesii, and Paguristes eremita, of littoral detritic bottoms (15-24 m deep) from southern Spain (Barbate Bay, near the Straits of Gibraltar) has been studied. Both the increase in cheliped length and in carapace shield length of these species do not show discontinuities during development. Males of Anapagurus alboranensis, Pagurus forbesii, and Diogenes pugilator have isometric growth of cheliped length, but males of Paguristes eremita and Anapagurus hyndmanni present a positively allometric relative growth. Among the females, only Anapagurus hyndmanni shows a clearly negative allometry. The results indicate that increase in cheliped length tends to be isometric relative to cheliped width, at least in the majority of the species at issue here. However, this relationship is negative in the case of both sexes of Diogenes pugilator, just as well as in the male Anapagurus hyndmanni. The present data on relative growth are discussed in relation to earlier studies, especially so those on Diogenes pugilator, which are compared in some detail. In all, the results indicate that there exists no consistent pattern of relative growth of the cheliped within families or genera of hermit crabs. Etude de la croissance relative des pagurides (Decapoda, Anomura) dominants sur les fonds detritiques littoraux (profondeur 15-24 metres) du sud de l'Espagne (Baie de Barbate, pres du detroit de Gibraltar). Il s'agit de Diogenes pugilator, Anapagurus alboranensis, A. hyndmanni, Pagurus forbesii, et Paguristes eremita. Chez ces especes, la croissance de la longueur du chelipede et de celle de l'ecusson ne montre pas de discontinuites pendant le developpement. Les males de Diogenes pugilator, Anapagurus alboranensis et Pagurus forbesii ont une croissance isometrique du chelipede, mais ceux d'Anapagurus hyndmanni et de Paguristes eremita presentent une allometrie relative positive. Chez les femelles, seul Anapagurus hyndmanni montre une allometrie nettement negative. Les resultats indiquent que la longueur du chelipede tend a etre isometrique par rapport a sa largeur, au moins chez la majorite des especes en question. Cependant la relation est negative dans les deux sexes chez Diogenes pugilator, comme chez le male d'Anapagurus hyndmanni. Les presentes donnees sont discutees en relation avec les etudes precedentes, en particulier avec celles sur Diogenes pugilator, qui font l'objet d'une comparaison quelque peu detaillee. Dans l'ensemble, les resultats indiquent qu'il n'existe pas de modele uniforme de croissance relative du chelipede dans les familles ou genres de pagurides.
Population dynamics of Paratylenchus nanus in soil under pasture: 1. Aggregation and abiotic factors
Authors: Watson Richard , Bell Nigel
Published: July 2002

Paratylenchus nanus populations were assessed by seasonal and monthly sampling of grazed pasture on silt loam soil in Waikato, New Zealand. The data were used to investigate P.nanus aggregation and relationships with abiotic factors, including soil temperature, rainfall, soil moisture and soil nutrients. P.nanus was more abundant at 10-20 than 0-10 cm soil depth and populations were greatest in summer. Aggregation declined from spring through to winter. P.nanus populations were positively correlated with soil temperature and negatively with soil moisture (seasonally) and rainfall (monthly). Monthly P. nanus abundance was also positively correlated with a combination of accumulated temperature and rainfall. On single occasions, soil phosphorus and nitrogen were significantly negatively correlated with P.nanus populations, and it is suggested that these associations were mediated through host plant abundance.