bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Detection of environmental Vibrio parahaemolyticus using a polyclonal antibody by flow cytometry
Authors: Manti Anita , Falcioni Tania , Campana Raffaella , Sisti Davide , Rocchi Marco , Medina Vicente , Dominici Sabrina , Papa Stefano , Baffone Wally
Published: January 2010

The aim of this study was to detect and quantify Vibrio parahaemolyticus using flow cytometry (FCM) in combination with a polyclonal antibody developed in our laboratory. Experiments were carried out using V. parahaemolyticus cells in pure and mixed bacteria culture suspensions in either artificial or natural seawater. Using FCM, V. parahaemolyticus cells labelled with the polyclonal antibody and a secondary fluorescein isothiocyanate‐conjugated antibody were detected and rapidly quantified at low cell densities (103 cells ml−1) in both the pure and mixed cultures. To determine the specificity of our antibody, its cross‐reactivity with other ATCC bacterial strains and some environmental Vibrio spp. and Gram‐positive isolates was also assessed. Significant immunoreactivity levels above background were obtained for V. harvey 64, V. parahaemolyticus 704 and V. alginolyticus 1407, although the intensities were significantly less than for V. parahaemolyticus Conero. The experiments carried out in natural seawater confirmed the antibody specificity towards V. parahaemolyticus Conero even if a lower proportion of labelled cells was observed. The application of FCM in combination with a primary polyclonal antibody appears to be a promising technique for the detection and quantification of V. parahaemolyticus cells in aquatic environments.
The Media You Own Versus the Media You Rent
Authors: Foley Nick , Cockerille James
Published: January 2010

Is your company getting the most out of the brand assets it owns (packaging, delivery vehicles, home page, stationery, retail buildings, and the like)? Or are you shoveling most of your advertising dollars into the media you rent (billboards, banner ads, radio, and so on)? Here's how to pinch that advertising penny till it screams.
Creating a Cultural Point of View: Design for International Brand Translation
Authors: Stafford Paula
Published: January 2010

With two new branded flagship establishments in Jakarta and Dubai, Britain's Harvey Nichols department store has leveraged local culture while remaining faithful to the playful style for which it is known. Photos document the result—a pair of exotic and extravagant shopping destinations.
Mapping the Customer's Experience Through Brand Design
Authors: D'Esopo Michael , Diaz Fabian
Published: January 2010

Designing a winning and consistent identity is, of course, not a simple matter of a logo and a customized typeface. Identity encompasses all the myriad touch‐points that customers have with the brand, and the only way to be sure the result is more than just the sum of its parts is to have a brand strategy that resonates with company management, as well as with the designers.
The Holistic Consumer Experience—Insights from DMI Members
Authors: Kames JoEllen , Arbeeny Audrey , Levy Rich , Lim Mel , Van Krieken Megan , Wyatt‐Brandenburg Peter
Published: January 2010

What are the elements of a great customer experience? What kinds of commitments and resources have to be invested to successfully integrate and engage customers across a broad spectrum of touch‐points? Which brand elements comprise a holistic customer experience? We asked some of our colleagues to offer their opinions.
Sharing Science Through Technology
Authors: Scotchmoor Judy
Published: January 2010

This article describes the development of the Web site for the University of California Museum of Paleontology (UCMP). The extensive Web site is the primary means by which most of the public have access to the museum since it does not have a building with exhibitions that is open to the public.

The UCMP Web site has grown from a relatively simple descriptive online tool to a multifaceted educational resource which encourages and facilitates dialog between scientists and the public. The Web site also provides curricular, professional development, and other programs for educators, and allows access to paleontology collections and information for a diverse online audience.
The Museum Maturity Framework: A Path to Purpose, Meaning, and Values
Authors: Humphery Philip S. , Yochim Jordan
Published: January 2010

Abstract  In this paper we synthesize elements of the modern philosophy and practice of organization management and leadership and illustrate their application to museums. The elements of our synthetic theory are a museum's inventory of processes (system of work), the role of its leader/director, and the social structures of the museum. These theoretical elements are placed in a conceptual context called the museum maturity framework, a five‐level developmental sequence in which are organized the paradigms and behaviors of a museum as it matures. The museum maturity framework can help the internal and external analysis and assessment of museums.
The Topical Museum of Natural History: A Walking Paper
Authors: Dillenburg Eugene W.
Published: January 2010

Abstract  As museums enter a new century, they are challenged to demonstrate their relevance to society. Increasingly, institutions have recognized that in order to thrive, they must ensure that mission‐related activities—exhibits and programs, collections and research—are meaningful to the public they rely on for support.

Numerous deeply‐ingrained habits of practice and of thought have prevented object‐based exhibits from responding effectively to visitor interests. For museums to be truly relevant to their audiences, this paper argues for a fundamental shift in how they think about and organize exhibits.

Exhibits need to become more topical and issue‐oriented, rather than generalized and systematic. Furthermore, a successful topical exhibit program needs to operate on two separate, yet integrated, levels:

long‐term exhibits providing context on broadly relevant, interdisciplinary themes

shorter‐term exhibits on specific, current issues embedded within the longterm exhibits, linking that broad content to visitors' lives

Beyond the crucial role of increasing the museum's relevance to its audience, such an exhibits program would have numerous ancillary benefits, including more evenly distributed costs, greater creativity, lessened job burnout, and new funding opportunities.

Though specifically addressing natural history museums, aspects of this paper should be relevant to museums of all kinds.
The Intergrated Museum: A Meaningful Role in Society?
Authors: Emery Alan R.
Published: January 2010

Abstract  This article describes a process initiated in 1983, at the Canadian Museum of Nature (CMN), which was based on the premise that a responsible natural history museum should assist society in shaping its collective future. The museum predicted that if it were able to help people understand themselves and their relationship to the natural world, the museum would again be seen as valuable to society, and thus would be supported in its efforts. The CMN therefore began to integrate its collections, scholarship, discovery, public programming, and public exhibits into broad, institution‐wide programs focused on the needs and interests of society. These programs enabled the museum to engage its visitors in “guided conversations” in which the museum provided the content, drawing on the research and communication strengths of the museum, while the audience, representing society, set the context. This guided conversation empowered the public to make informed decisions and to influence the museum and its work. CMN also designed exhibit formats that allowed the visiting public to contact industry and government decision‐makers with their opinions.

The article describes the museum's evolution through several stages of increasing internal and external integration, ultimately using a managerial matrix to form project teams, with discipline‐based professionals focused on the interests and needs of society. Drawing on audience participation, the CMN reset its programming and offered advice and counsel to government and industry. The museum also took the first steps to include the traditional knowledge of indigenous peoples as an additional source of wisdom about the natural world. Financial and other support grew rapidly, effectively demonstrating a successful programmatic feedback loop helping society to shape its future using the museum as an information source and communication tool.

The effort was terminated before the integration was completed, but nonetheless, CMN demonstrated that is possible to achieve a programmatic feedback loop that includes collections, science, exhibits, the general public and both government and industry decision‐makers.
Function Follows Form: How Mixed‐Used Spaces in Museums Build Community
Authors: Gurian Elaine Heumann
Published: January 2010

Abstract  This article examines three elements largely overlooked by the museum profession when thinking about community building—space, space mix, and unexpected use of space. It suggests that if museum planners were to pay overt attention to these, they could greatly enhance the community‐building role museums increasingly play. When considering museums and communities, writers in the museum field have focused on broadening audiences, public programs, collections and exhibitions. Physical spaces have been regarded as necessary armature but not as catalysts themselves.

There are many subtle, interrelated and essentially unexamined ingredients that allow museums to play an enhanced role in the building of community and our collective civic life. The article describes the characteristics of the Livable Cities Movement and New Urbanism and suggests ways in which museums could encourage these characteristics—and thereby consciously use their interior and exterior spaces to build community.
Management and Change: Who is Invited and Who Participates?
Authors: Springuel Myriam
Published: January 2010

Abstract  Loyalties are shifting from the organization to the profession, but professionals need organizations to exercise their talents. As independent professionals ply their skills at multiple museums, as volunteers require more responsibility, as lines of authority blur on staff teams, and as accountability evolves, accommodating these shifts will demand a different style of decision making. In the future, museums will need to include more people in the decision‐making conversation.
The Interpretation of Measuring Instruments in Museums
Authors: Hicks Robert D.
Published: January 2010

Abstract  Artifacts involving scientific or mathematical concepts, particularly measuring instruments, have received little study in museums. This article is a case study that analyzes the display and interpretation of navigational instruments and related astronomical instruments in history museums. Based on the study, the author offers observations and recommendations on how museums might better intellectually communicate to their visitors about scientific or mathematical instruments. This article suggests that the multidisciplinary perspective of historical archaeology provides a comprehensive, holistic context for exhibiting and interpreting measuring instruments.
Are They Watching? Visitors and Videos in Exhibitions
Authors: Serrell Beverly
Published: January 2010

Abstract  Data from the Women's Health summative evaluation video study prompted a comparison with similar data for other videos in exhibitions. Values for attraction power, holding time, and holding power were compiled in a database of 45 video titles. On average, 32 percent of the visitors are attracted to videos, and the average time spent watching is 137 seconds. An attraction power of more than 60 percent was exceptional. On average, people watched more than one‐third of the total length of videos, but less than one half. A holding power of more than .70 was exceptional. Once a video has attracted people's attention, it does not always hold it. Visitors are constantly tempted to move to another exhibit element, looking for what's next. One cannot assume that introductory videos will be watched thoroughly by the majority of visitors. This has implications for introductory videos that are expected to teach visitors concepts and vocabulary necessary to understand the rest of the exhibition or a main message that ties everything together. Using these data as a guideline, we can realistically gauge what levels of use are possible, and what levels of success, as measured by visitors' attention, can be anticipated.
Motivational Factors and the Visitor Experience: A Comparison of Three Sites
Authors: Packer Jan , Ballantyne Roy
Published: January 2010

Museums, art galleries, botanical gardens, national parks, science centers, zoos, aquaria and historic sites are important public learning institutions. The free‐choice learning offered in these settings is closely linked to visitors' intrinsic motivation, making it important to understand the motivational factors that impact on visitors' experiences. This paper presents data from a questionnaire administered to visitors at three sites: a museum, an art gallery, and an aquarium. Similarities and differences among the sites are reported in relation to visitors' expectations, perceptions of learning opportunities, engagement in motivated learning behaviors, and perceptions of the learning experience. The importance of learning to museum visitors and the unique opportunities and challenges of the museum in relation to other educational leisure settings are discussed. The authors argue that the study of motivational factors might contribute to the development of a common theoretical foundation for interpretation in museums and other informal learning settings.
Park and Museum Interpretation: Helping Visitors Find Meaning
Authors: Gross Michael P. , Zimmerman Ron
Published: January 2010

Interpretation is defined as an activity that “facilitates an intellectual and emotional connection between the interests of the visitor and the meanings of the resource.” The concept of helping visitors connect to meanings is a constant theme in the development of philosophies and practices in interpretation over the last century. Parks and museums have long shared in the effort to put this concept into practice. This article documents this history and the implications for contemporary interpretation.
A Period of Transition: The Wallace Nutting Collection and the Wadsworth Atheneum, 1925–1934
Authors: Bowman Trina Evarts
Published: January 2010

In December 1924, the Wallace Nutting Collection of Early American Furniture and Household Implements came to the Wadsworth Atheneum for exhibition. One of the nation's finest assemblies of seventeenth‐ and eighteenth‐century furnishings, it instantly provided the Atheneum with the objects necessary for a new series of Americana galleries. This article analyzes the initial installation of the collection and its place in museum history. The installation, which struck a balance between pure aesthetic display and historical reconstruction, reinforced the idealized notions of the Colonial Revival. The article concludes with a discussion of the dismantling of the original installation in the mid‐1930s and the Atheneum's transition from the period‐room format to “masterworks” galleries.
Museums and Civility
Authors: Fraser John
Published: January 2010

We can offer unique value to humanity by building on the importance of animals in our cultural history, the primordial affection people have for landscapes, and the imminence of the biodiversity crisis. Our mission requires that we find a concept of nature in which the sharp divisions between humans and nature are removed.—Steven E. Sanderson, president and CEO, Wildlife Conservation Society.
Evaluating Visitor Conservation Research at the Monterey Bay Aquarium
Authors: Yalowitz Steven S.
Published: January 2010

Abstract  In 1997 the Monterey Bay Aquarium refined its mission to one concise statement: The mission of the Monterey Bay Aquarium is to inspire conservation of the oceans. This has led to increased conservation content in exhibitions and more evaluation studies focused on visitors' conservation knowledge, understanding, attitudes and behavior. This article reviews conservation‐related findings from the aquarium's exhibition evaluation efforts over the last 14 years, summarizing the major themes that emerge from this body of work. Findings suggest that visitors to the Monterey Bay Aquarium are interested in and receptive to conservation content and learn new conservation information from exhibitions. Visitors' interest is most influenced by their personal involvement with conservation issues and previous visitation to the aquarium. After leaving the aquarium, there is evidence that visitors retain specific conservation information and maintain levels of concern about conservation topics for weeks, and even months, after their visit. Additionally, some visitors use the Seafood Watch pocket guide to choose sustainable seafood months after visiting the aquarium.
The Via Media of American Museum Practice: Henry Watson Kent and the Metropolitan Museum of Art
Authors: Duncan Sally Anne
Published: January 2010

Speculation about the character and purposes of American art museums has occasioned intense debate since their inception—never more so than today. Whether to be elitist or populist, object‐based or audience‐based forms the crux of many heated arguments. This article asserts that, in the midst of competing philosophies, the successful American art museum has in reality grown from an amalgam of ideas that form a via media or middle path, far more inclusive and pragmatic than is usually noted. This comprehensive philosophy is most effectively demonstrated in the work of Henry Watson Kent at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York during the first decades of the twentieth century. The work of Kent and his colleagues at the Metropolitan Museum is here examined as a paradigm for the via media museum practice that speaks to the aspirations of America's current art museum leadership.
Prescriptions for Art Museums in the Decade Ahead
Authors: Anderson Maxwell L.
Published: January 2010

Abstract  The landscape of art museums has been altered since the AAM's 1992 publication Excellence and Equity. Rather than following a path towards community service or an educational mandate, the field has been led astray by a corporate mindset. The author identifies the primary challenges facing art museums in rebalancing their mission, and suggests a series of remedies to the unrealistic economic model that threatens to exclude education as museums' primary mandate.
Science Centers at 40: Middle‐aged Maturity or Mid‐life Crisis?
Authors: Semper Rob
Published: January 2010

Abstract  Science centers are maturing in an era in which learning has become acutely individualized, self‐empowered, and selective. The science center movement is now faced with a new educational environment that it can either embrace or ignore. What does it mean to be an institution in this deinstitutionalized world?
Media in the Museum: A Personal History
Authors: Thomas Selma
Published: January 2010

Abstract  In the past 50 years, museums have adapted various media for use in museum exhibitions. In the past 15 years, both the formats and the applications have changed dramatically, altering the relationships between museums and visitors, and between visitors and collections. Taking on the challenge of the newest media allows museums to experiment and to reinvigorate their interpretive programs.
Reading Weil: A Premature Appreciation
Authors: Linett Peter
Published: January 2010

Abstract  Reviewing the published legacy of museum scholar Stephen E. Weil, this paper analyzes the development of Weil's thought and appraises his contributions to museum discourse. It traces two shifts in Weil's published writings: first, the broadening of his interests from the legal field and the art world to the situation and purposes of museums generally; second, the liberalization of Weil's museological politics, which gradually altered his early view of the (art) museum as a private, sacrosanct realm and led to his later calls for museums to act as community servants. The paper also examines Weil's rhetorical strategies, with particular attention to the hypotheticals and analogies for which he was well known, and offers a provisional evaluation of the extent of his influence on museum debate and practice.
Negotiating Personal and Cultural Significance: A Theoretical Framework for Art Museum Education
Authors: Hubard Olga M.
Published: January 2010

This article presents a theoretical framework for those who facilitate engagements with works of art. The aim is to help facilitators negotiate potential differences between the original meaning(s) of an artwork and the fresh interpretations spectators articulate. The author applies Umberto Eco's ideas about literary texts to instances of interpretation in the visual arts. Eco suggests that the implications of unexpected readings change in different situations. Therefore, the facilitators' challenge is in discovering how to handle each individual encounter. To this end, facilitators may wish to ponder: What meaning does the new interpretation conflict with? And what is the distance between the cultural conventions of spectators and the conventions that framed the creation of the work? Real world examples are used to shed light on these questions and their significance.
Making a Difference in the Lives of Youth: Mapping Success with the “Six Cs”
Authors: Luke Jessica J. , Stein Jill , Kessler Cheryl , Dierking Lynn D.
Published: January 2010

Many museums offer specialized programs for young people during out‐of‐school time, yet the consequences of such programs are not well documented. This article explores the potential utility of borrowing a conceptual framework from the youth development literature as a tool for assessment. The authors map findings from three studies of museum youth programs onto the youth development framework as an exercise in understanding the extent to which this model may be useful in developing museum youth programs. Results from this preliminary analysis demonstrate that the framework could serve as a viable tool for program design, and could offer a clear, grounded framework with common language for articulating program impacts often known intuitively and/or anecdotally but not formalized.
Bob Jones's Fundamentalist University Museum and Gallery
Authors: Carrier David
Published: January 2010

You may enjoy and learn something from the depiction of a religious legend, but you find salvation only in Jesus Christ, Who was made to be sin for us that we might be made the righteousness of God in Him.—text panel, Bob Jones University Museum and Gallery.
Modeling Ethical Thinking: Toward New Interpretive Practices in the Art Museum
Authors: Meszaros Cheryl
Published: January 2010

Abstract  One of the key challenges for the art museum today is how to make the discourses and interpretive repertoires that constitute art both visible and available to the public. Rising to this challenge requires a shift in the way the museum both imagines and carries out its interpretive responsibilities. This essay argues that such a shift is taking shape around the question of how to model ethical thinking in the art museum. Ethical thinking helps people (both museum visitors and staff) to make links between thinking and action: between beliefs (morals) and actions (ethics).
Interpretation and the Role of the Viewer in Museums of Modern and Contemporary Art
Authors: Carter‐Birken Pamela
Published: January 2010

Abstract  What does the term “interpretation” mean when it's encountered in museums of modern and contemporary art — and is something missing? Studies conducted by the Phillips Collection in Washington, D.C., the Walker Art Center in Minneapolis, and the University of Leicester in England reveal that visitors want more information about art. In this article, interviews with the directors of the Phillips and the Walker (as well as other museum professionals and academics) examine interpretative practices today and suggest plans for tomorrow. When preparing future interpretive materials, the author advocates that museums expose visitors to the idea that they make their own meaning when viewing art.
Measuring Infinity: José de Rivera's Smithsonian Sculpture on the National Mall
Authors: Shayt David
Published: January 2010

Abstract  Large works of public sculpture outside our museum doors reveal aspects of a museum's self‐image. They beckon, reassure, or confront visitors with new ideas about what might lurk inside. Whether off‐the‐shelf or commissions by well‐known sculptors, these pieces matter. They are the noses on our museum faces. In this essay, one museum curator reflects on the layered meanings of his museum's entry art — meanings that, he argues, have the potential to evolve over time.
The Culture of Empowerment: Driving and Sustaining Change at Conner Prairie
Authors: Seig Mary Theresa , Bubp Ken
Published: January 2010

Abstract  In this paper, we offer a case study of how Conner Prairie Museum recognized its institutional need for change and employed principles of staff empowerment that allowed the museum to adapt to the needs and interests of guests. The result has been a dramatic improvement in visitor satisfaction and learning. To achieve this transformation, Conner Prairie intentionally altered the organizational culture in large and small ways: by reorganizing staff assignments, restructuring staff assessment, and realigning communication between management and front‐line staff in order to empower front‐line staff. This story is not unique to Conner Prairie, but the details illuminate the vital role of empowerment in the process of cultural change.
Visitor Meaning‐Making at Grand Canyon's Tusayan Museum and Ruin
Authors: Benton Gregory M.
Published: January 2010

Abstract  Meaning‐making describes a process by which visitors transform museum experiences into new knowledge and memories. Meaning‐making is influenced by visitors' leisure motivations, prior knowledge, socio‐cultural context brought to the experience, personally‐guided interpretation, and events since the visit. In this study, visitors' long‐term recollections included contextual references to how and why they remembered what they experienced. Forty visitors were interviewed by telephone six months after attending a Native American interpretive program at Grand Canyon National Park's Tusayan Museum. Two patterns associated with a constructivist view of meaning‐making were discerned: a) visitors' integration of indoor and outdoor exhibits and b) visitors' comparisons of modern family and community with a more ancient culture. The presence of contextual indicators within visitor recall suggests that new knowledge may be constructed from factors carried forth from the meaning‐making process. Evidence within the data suggests that exhibits made more relevant to visitors' socio‐cultural identity may enhance on‐site experiences.
Searching the Museum Studies Journal Literature
Authors: East John W.
Published: January 2010

Abstract  This article surveys the coverage of major museological journals in three standard databases. It evaluates the quality and timeliness of the indexing in those databases. It concludes that bibliographic control of the journal literature in museum studies is inadequate and argues that this is a hindrance to the development of the profession.
What I Do: Notes from the Frontiers of Academic Curating in Biology
Authors: Winker Kevin
Published: January 2010

Abstract  In an era in which genomes are being sequenced and support for traditional biological collections is diminishing, it's a dynamic time to be an academic curator in biology. Pressures arise from factors such as bureaucracy, from the need to document productivity in terms that largely neglect collections, from the seeming discord between taxonomic orientation and hypothesis testing, reliance on soft money, teaching and research, and the need to build collections. Some of us prefer to continue building collections nonetheless. These factors combine to produce unprecedented levels of stress on academic curators. However, these seas can be navigated, and doing so brings both traditional and nontraditional rewards. This article presents a personal working study in navigating this increasingly complex career choice.
Accessing and Incorporating Visitors' Entrance Narratives in Guided Museum Tours
Authors: Tsybulskaya Dina , Camhi Jeff
Published: January 2010

Abstract  Museum visitors arrive at an exhibit or tour with their own individual experiences, memories and knowledge related to the subject — in a phrase, their “entrance narrative.” We tested what happens to participants in guided tours when the guide first accesses — by two different methods — the entrance narratives of their visitors, and then makes specific connections from these entrance narratives to the content of the tour. The subject of the tour was a guided tree walk at Hebrew University's open‐campus museum. Behavioral measures and questionnaires both indicated that accessing and incorporating participants' entrance narratives profoundly enhanced their experience. The enhancement was somewhat greater among visitors from the general public than among groups of university students. We suggest that guides could use the simple methods described here, in a wide variety of tour types, to enhance visitor experiences.
Learning From Kids: Connecting the Exhibition Process to the Audience
Authors: McRainey D. Lynn , Russick John
Published: January 2010

Abstract  When the Chicago History Museum re‐opened its doors on September 30, 2006 after a 21‐month‐long renovation, the debut included a new interactive history gallery for families. The exhibition, Sensing Chicago, was designed primarily to appeal to and communicate effectively with eight‐ and nine‐year‐old children. Since this was a new target audience for the museum's exhibition program, the team followed a course for this project that departed from the museum's typical exhibition development. The process was informed by audience research that has broadened our understanding of how a collections‐based history museum that traditionally caters to adult audiences can create meaningful and memorable experiences for children. This article focuses on one aspect of the research, a three‐month concept‐testing phase conducted by in‐house staff, which provided the team with useful information that, in turn, impacted the development and design of the gallery.
Spectacular Design in Museum Exhibitions
Authors: Counts Charity M.
Published: January 2010

Abstract  Intrigued by the crowd‐pleasing effects of “the spectacle,” some museums and exhibition designers have begun to enlist the principles used by theaters, theme parks, and public attractions in order to turn museum venues into awe‐inspiring experiences — thereby elevating this inclination into a principle we call Spectacular Design. This article summarizes the results of a year‐long study that compared and contrasted two categories of spectacle: museum and non‐museum. The concept of spectacle is here examined, and a formula is identified, so we can see the commonalities present in Spectacular Design both in public attractions and in museum exhibitions. The hope is to redefine the model for the museum field.
Creating a Program to Deepen Family Inquiry at Interactive Science Exhibits
Authors: Allen Sue , Gutwill Joshua P.
Published: January 2010

Abstract  A common goal of science museums is to support the public in science inquiry by engaging groups of visitors with interactive exhibits. This article summarizes the efforts of a team of researchers and practitioners to extend and deepen such inquiry by explicitly coaching families in the skills of scientific inquiry at interactive exhibits. The first phase of the project, reported here, involved designing a “best case” program that worked for small groups of casual visitors under ideal circumstances, facilitated by an experienced educator in a quiet laboratory near the public floor. The final program, called Inquiry Games, taught visitors to sandwich their spontaneous physical experimentation between two additional phases: asking a question to drive their investigation at the beginning; and interpreting the results of their investigation at the end. Provisional evaluation data suggest that the Inquiry Games improved visitors' inquiry behavior in several ways and was rated as very enjoyable by them. Encouraged by these indicators, we suggest ways in which this program might be implemented on the open museum floor.
Books
Authors: Flinner Kate
Published: January 2010

Museum Careers: A Practical Guide for Students and Novices N. Elizabeth Schlatter.
Fred Wilson, PTSD, and Me: Reflections on the History Wars
Authors: Yellis Ken
Published: January 2010

Abstract  Our relationships with our audiences have proved parlous. But if history is destined to be contested, where should museums be in that contest and how do we get there? Fred Wilson's Mining the Museum has turned out to be a path not taken; Enola Gay was a cautionary tale. But we should have these fights in museums, where the national narrative is blocked out and staged, because of how museums teach us, opening hidden windows on cloaked realities. Museums can start by becoming clearer about what they think they are doing when they make an exhibition. Exhibitions can have a profound effect on visitors at many levels but it doesn't happen very often. Is that because visitors seek another kind of experience from what we typically offer?
Experimental Measurements of Temperature Distribution in Three Dimensional Stacked Package
Authors: Desai Anand , Geer James , Sammakia Bahgat
Published: January 2010

This paper presents the results of an experimental study of steady state heat conduction in a three dimensional stack package. The temperatures are measured at different interfaces within the stacked package. Delphi devices are used in the experiment which enables controlled power input and surface temperature of the devices. The experiment is carried out for three different boundary conditions on the package. The power input in varied to study its effects. A numerical model is created to compare to the experimental results. The results are also compared with the analytical solution presented in Desai et al [5] and Geer et al [6]. The results indicate that the experimental, numerical and analytical solutions follow the same trend. The agreement between the experimental and numerical results improves when the lateral losses are taken into account.
Thermal Fluid Flow Transport Phenomena in a Channel Containing Slot-Perforated Flat Plates
Authors: Torii Shuichi , Yang Wen Jei
Published: January 2010

A numerical study is performed to investigate unsteady, two-dimensional, incompressible laminar flow over both sides of a slot-perforated flat surface in a pulsating channel flow. Enhances is placed on the effects of the pulsating Strouhal number, the Reynolds number Re, the blockage factor, i.e., the ratio of plate thickness, d, to channel width, W, on the heat transfer performance and the velocity and thermal fields. It is found from the study that: (i) when the fluid stream is pulsated, the alternating change in the fluid flow disturbs the thermal boundary layer formed along the plate and induces mixing of the upper and lower streams of the plate downstream from the slot, resulting in an amplification of heat-transfer performance; (ii) heat transfer performance at the rear plate is induced with Re; (iii) by contrast, heat transfer performance is attenuated with an increase in the blockage factor, whose effect becomes larger in the lower region of the Reynolds number; and (iv) heat transfer performance is intensified with an increase in fSr, whose effect becomes minor in the lower region of the Reynolds number.
Experimental Investigation on Thermal Performance of Heat Sink With Two Pairs of Embedded Heat Pipes
Authors: Huang Hsiang-Sheng , Wang Jung-Chang , Chen Sih-Li
Published: January 2010

This article provides an experimental method to study the thermal performance of a heat sink with two pairs (outer and inner pair) of embedded heat pipes. The proposed method can determine the heat transfer rate of the heat pipes under various heating power of the heat source. A comprehensive thermal resistance network of the heat sink is also developed. The network estimates the thermal resistances of the heat sink by applying the thermal performance test result. The results show that the outer and inner pairs of heat pipes carries 21% and 27% of the total heat transfer rate respectively, while 52% of the heating power is dissipated from the base plate to the fins. The dominated thermal resistance of the heat sink is the base to heat pipes resistance which is strongly affected by the thermal performance of the heat pipes. The total thermal resistance of the heat sink shows the lowest value, 0.23°C/W, while the total heat transfer rate of the heat sink is 140W and the heat transfer rate of the outer and inner pairs of heat pipes is 30W and 38 W, respectively.
Application of Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Micro-Tomography to Nondestructive Evaluation of Thermal Fatigue Damage in Flip Chip Interconnects
Authors: Tsuritani Hiroyuki , Sayama Toshihiko , Okamoto Yoshiyuki , Takayanagi Takeshi , Uesugi Kentaro , Mori Takso
Published: January 2010

A synchrotron radiation X-ray micro-tomography system called SP-μCT with a spatial resolution of about 1μm has been developed in SPring-8, the largest synchrotron radiation facility in Japan. In this work, SP-μCT was applied to the nondestructive evaluation of microstructure evolution; that is phase growth, and micro-crack propagation appearing as thermal fatigue damage in solder micro-bumps of flip chip interconnects. The observed specimens have a flip chip structure joined by Sn-37wt%Pb eutectic solder bumps 100μm in diameter. A thermal cycle test was carried out, and the specimens were picked up at any number of cycles. The solder bumps were observed by using SP-μCT at the beamlines BL47XU and BL20XU in SPring-8. An X-ray energy of 29.0 keV was selected to obtain absorption images with a high contrast between the Sn-rich and the Pb-rich phases. Additionally, a refraction-contrast imaging technique was applied to visualize fatigue cracks in the solder bumps. The obtained CT (Computed Tomography) images clearly show the process of phase growth and crack propagation due to the thermal cyclic loading of the same solder bump; such information has not been obtained at all by industrially-used X-ray CT systems. In the initial state, the Pb-rich phase was dispersed with characteristic shape, which appears in reflow soldering process. Remarkable phase growth was also observed clearly as the thermal cycle test proceeded. When the loading reached 300 cycles, fatigue cracks appeared in the corners of the interfaces between the solder bump and the Cu pad. The CT images enabled us to evaluate the lifetime of the bumps to the initiation of fatigue cracks by estimating the increase in a phase growth parameter, which corresponds to the accumulation of fatigue damage in the solder joints. The results showed that the estimated lifetime strongly agreed with the average value, which was determined by SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) destructive observations. As the thermal cycle proceeded, the cracks propagated gradually to the inner region of the solder bump. From the CT images, the average propagation rate was calculated, and the mean of the total fatigue lifetime was estimated to be less than 1800 cycles. These results show the possibility that nondestructive testing by a synchrotron radiation X-ray micro CT system is useful for evaluating the thermal fatigue lifetime in micro-joints.
Numerical and Experimental Analysis for Air Circulation and Cooling Performance in a Cell Cabinet
Authors: Zhang Jiahui , Waggel Jason , Weber Dave , Pollice Tony
Published: January 2010

In liquid-cooled large drives, controlling air temperature and maintaining air circulation is very important to the lifetime and functions of electrical and electronic components in power cell cabinet. In application, air/water heat exchangers and associated fans are employed to cool the air and force it through the cells. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis is performed to predict the air circulation in cell cabinet. The results are applied in air baffle arrangement to obtain an ideal air flow distribution. A fundamental analysis is conducted for heat exchanger and its thermal performance defined. It is found that the air supply temperature from heat exchanger is almost independent of air flow rate and altitude within application range. A thermal model is developed to simulate air temperatures into and out of cell cabinet heat exchanger for evaluating its cooling capacity. Flow and heat-run tests are performed for a cell cabinet. The testing results prove that the simulation models are accurate, and the developed air-cooling system can satisfy cooling requirement. A parametric study is complemented with the simulation models to guide cooling management regarding variations in operational and environmental conditions.
Thermal Performance of Natural Graphite Heat Spreaders With Embedded Thermal Vias
Authors: Smalc Martin , Skandakumaran Prathib , Norley Julian
Published: January 2010

Natural graphite heat spreaders are in use in electronic cooling applications where heat flux density is low. Natural graphite is an anisotropic material, with a high thermal conductivity in the plane of the spreader combined with a much lower thermal conductivity through its thickness. This low through-thickness thermal conductivity poses a problem when attempting to cool heat sources with relatively high heat flux densities. This problem can be overcome by embedding a thermal via in the graphite material. This via is made from an isotropic material with a thermal conductivity significantly higher than the through-thickness graphite conductivity. This paper examines the thermal performance of a natural graphite heat spreader with an embedded thermal via. The work is primarily experimental although numerical models were used to guide the experiments. The thermal performance of these spreaders is compared to that of spreaders made from conventional isotropic materials. The effect of accelerated aging tests on the performance of these graphite spreaders is reviewed. Finally, two applications are examined; first cooling an ASIC module and second, cooling an FB-DIMM memory card.
Compact Thermal and System Modeling of Chip-Scale Pyroelectric Infrared Imager
Authors: Smith Brian , Amon Cristina
Published: January 2010

The performance of pyroelectric infrared detectors is directly related to the ability of the sensor material to retain infrared energy (heat) incident from the source and to react fast to changing heat loads. This leads to a complicated, three dimensional, transient thermal models when many detectors are assembled into an infrared focal plane array (IRFPA) for thermal imaging. Adjacent pixels and the underlying substrate conduct heat away from the sensor material and add thermal mass to the system. This paper describes efforts and drawbacks in deriving a system model to capture thermal phenomena in a candidate IRFPA. Of particular interest is the tradeoff between cumbersome finite element models (long solve time, complicated meshes) and a reduced-size RC network circuit model that is simple to solve and integrate with the electrical design but may not capture the full thermal behavior of the system adequately. The thermal models are cast in terms of the operating principles of pyroelectric devices to describe a full electrical-thermal system model that adapts existing literature in the field to the specific system described in this work.
Evaluation of Threshold Current Density of Electromigration Damage in Angled Bamboo Lines
Authors: Sasagawa Kazuhiko , Fukushi Shota
Published: January 2010

As silicon integrated circuits (ICs) continue to scale down, several reliability issues have emerged. Electromigration — the transportation of metallic atoms by the electron wind — has been recognized as one of the key damage mechanisms in metallic interconnects. It is known that there is the threshold current density of the electromigration damage in the via-connected line. The evaluation of the threshold current density is one of the great interests from the viewpoint of IC reliability. In this study, metal lines with two-dimensional shape, i.e. angled metal lines are treated. The evaluation method of the threshold current density is applied to the metal line. The method is based on the numerical simulation of the building-up process of the atomic density distribution in the bamboo line by using the governing parameter for electromigration damage. Comparing the evaluated results of the angled line with that of straight-shaped line, the effects of corner position and line length on threshold current density of electromigration damage are discussed.
CAM System Based on Constant Drill Hole Temperature for Drilling in Printed Wiring Board
Authors: Hirogaki Toshiki , Aoyama Eiichi , Ogawa Keiji , Sumida Seita
Published: January 2010

Recently, printed wiring boards (PWBs) employed in electronic devices have been miniaturized, lightened, and made multifunctional. Therefore, a new technology is required to improve the mounting density of PWBs. In the present report, we study high-quality, high-speed drilling of through-holes in PWBs. Particularly, we investigate the tool path for drilling grid-pattern holes. We estimate the drill temperature and PWB temperature while drilling the PWBs. On the basis of the results, we propose a tool path decision method that considers heat damage on the PWBs for a drilling CAM system.
Performance Measurement of Liquid-Cooled Cold Plates for Humanoid Robot Cooling
Authors: Karng Sarng Woo , Lee Suk Won , Hwang Kyudae , Kim Seo Young
Published: January 2010

In this study, we compare thermal performance between one metallic cold plate and three different types of non-metallic cold plates for humanoid robot cooling. The four types of cold plates have the same dimension of 20×20 mm2 base area with 7 mm high. A metallic cold plate is made of copper. Three non-metallic PC (polycarbonate) cold plates, which are designed to reduce the overall weight of robot cooling system, are composed of a polycarbonate cover with three different base shapes. All cold plates are mounted on a 20×20 mm2 copper heating block with two cartridge heaters of 30 W/cm2. The overall heat transfer coefficients per unit mass and thermal resistances are obtained for the liquid-cooled cold plates. It is interesting to note that the PC cold plate with an aluminum base plate with 18 channels shows the best heat transfer performance per unit mass. Most polycarbonate cold plates display fairly comparable thermal performance with more reduced weight compared to a conventional copper cold plate.
Development of a Nondestructive Inspection Method for Detecting Open Failures of Micro Bump Interconnections in Three Dimensionally Stacked LSI Chips
Authors: Sato Yuki , Miura Hideo
Published: January 2010

We have proposed a new nondestructive evaluation method for detecting delamination between a chip and metallic bumps by measuring local surface deformation of the chip. The magnitude of the local surface deformation was analyzed using a three-dimensional finite element analysis. The local deformation of a silicon chip between adjoining two bumps is a strong function of the magnitude of the mismatch of the thermal expansion coefficient between bump material and underfill material. The amplitude of the local deformation due to the delamination of metallic bumps exceeds 200 nm easily, and it sometimes reaches 600 nm when the underfill material was assumed to be epoxy resin. To confirm that such estimated local deformation of a chip thinner than 100 μm appears in actual stacked structures, we applied a confocal scanning blue laser microscope to measure the local deformation. The measured local deformation was about 200 nm when the thickness of a chip was 100 μm, as was predicted by a finite element analysis. Therefore, it is concluded that a nondestructive inspection method for detecting open failures of bump interconnections in three-dimensional stacked structure has been established.