bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Laboratory and Industrial Data on the Monomer Conversion during the Polymerisation of Isoprene
Authors: Nasyrov I.Sh. , Faizova V.Yu. , Zhavoronkov D.A. , Zakharov V.P. , Zakharova E.M.
Published: September 2018

The results of a comparative analysis of the kinetic relationships governing the polymerisation of isoprene in the presence of titanium and neodymium catalysts, obtained under laboratory conditions and on industrial units of an operating high-tonnage synthetic rubber plant, are set out. It is shown that the conversion curve for the polymerisation of isoprene in the presence of a neodymium catalyst hardly depends on the conditions of monomer solution preparation (laboratory or industrial conditions). Under conditions of industrial production over a titanium catalyst, the monomer solution is polymerised at a lower rate by comparison with an isoprene solution prepared under laboratory conditions, which is possibly due to the presence of isoamylenes. The polymerisation of isoprene in a cascade of three polymerisation reactors in the presence of a neodymium catalyst is characterised by a lower rate by comparison with synthesis conducted by a batch method in laboratory dilatometers. The synthesis of polyisoprene in the presence of a titanium catalyst in a cascade of two high-volume polymerisation reactors proceeds at a greater rate by comparison with laboratory conditions. Comparison of the polymerisation rate in this case is qualitative in nature, as the polymerisation temperature under laboratory conditions amounted to 20°C, while under industrial conditions, with adiabatic heating up of the reaction mixture, the temperature increased from 0 to 52°C for the neodymium catalyst and from −5 to 55°C for the titanium catalyst.
Designing Load-Dependency of Static Friction of Elastomer Covered with Mesh Sheets
Authors: Ohzono T , Teraoka K
Published: September 2018

The static friction of compliant elastomers has proven important for industrial applications, including seals, and grips on tools and sports equipment. The design of load-dependent contact state may provide characteristic load-dependent frictional properties beyond that found on conventional rubber surfaces. Here we investigate the static friction, over a wide range of normal loads, between a fat glass surface and polyester meshes adhered on an elastomer surface. At low load the glass is supported only by the mesh members and the static friction is low. As normal load increases, the mesh members tend to dent into the elastomer and at the pore of the mesh the elastomer surface may make contact with the glass. The newly created contact with the elastomer makes the static friction increase with the higher friction coefficient. By tuning the structures, e.g., the aperture ratio, of meshes, we can extend the monotonic load-dependency of static friction of rubbers into the highly nonlinear range.
The Fractal Dimensions of Carbon-Black-Filled Polymers and Elastomers. Part 1. Materials and Methods of Investigation, and Morphology
Authors: Chalykh A.E. , Gerasimov V.K. , Gorshkova O.V. , Matveev V.V.
Published: September 2018

Methods for preparing specimens and for processing the results obtained are described. Carbon black of grades T1 and KhS-72, monodispersed polystyrene (molecular weight 200 kDa), polyethylene, polybutadiene rubber, polyisoprene rubber, styrene butadiene elastomer, and butyl rubber were investigated. Two methods were used to prepare filled specimens. In the first case (model systems), the filler and polymer were mixed via a 1–5% solution of polystyrene in toluene. The carbon black content in the suspensions was varied in the range 1–60 wt%. After mixing, the specimens were subjected to ultrasound treatment on a UZDM-2T disperser (44 kHz) for ~10 min. In the second case, sulphur vulcanisates were obtained by the standard procedure. The morphology was studied by transmission electron microscopy (EM-301 electron microscope, Japan) using thin films or etching in high-frequency oxygen discharge plasma on a vacuum reactor (Edwards, UK). A procedure for processing electron micrographs with the aim of obtaining information about local and global fractal dimensions of particle aggregates is described.
The Fractal Dimensions of Carbon-Black-Filled Polymers and Elastomers. Part 2. The Fractal Dimensions of Carbon-Black-Filled Systems
Authors: Chalykh A.E. , Gerasimov V.K. , Gorshkova O.V. , Matveev V.V.
Published: September 2018

Values of the fractal dimensions, characterising the internal structure and mechanisms of structure formation of dispersed systems, were obtained. The obtained dependences for individual clusters and images as a whole are linear in log–log coordinates. The slope of the dependences varies in the range 1.38–1.82. The obtained dependences can be divided into two groups: for systems with a low filler content (up to 10%) and for systems with a high filler content (over 15%), and accordingly with relatively low (up to 1.5) and high fractal dimensions and different (cluster–cluster and cluster–particle) mechanisms of formation of fractal structures. The influence of radiation dose (7–60 Mrad) on the structure and fractal dimensions of systems was investigated. Using the concept of fractal dimensions, the combined state of carbon black aggregates is described. It is shown that the fractal dimensions of dispersed systems filled with carbon black depend on their preparation and exposure to external effects.
High-impact Composites of Polypropylene and Nitrile Butadiene Rubber with Improved Compatibility of the Polymer Components, Obtained by Melt Reactive Compounding. Part 2: The Influence of the Composition and Concentration of the Polymer Compatibiliser on the Impact Strength of the Composites
Authors: Kazakov Yu.M. , Volkov A.M. , Ryzhikova I.G. , Vol'fson S.I.
Published: September 2018

We have studied the impact strength of composites of structural designation containing polypropylene (PP) and 23 wt% nitrile butadiene rubber BNKS-18AMN, obtained by peroxide modification in the presence of polar vinyl monomers: maleic anhydride, its polyester with monoethylene glycol (MEG), and a complex of MEG with aromatic amine antioxidant Diaphene FP (DFP). The composites also contained compatibilisers based on PP or its blends with 10 wt% BNKS-18AMN, modified with analogous peroxide modifying systems. Measurements of impact strength were conducted at temperatures of + 23°C and −30°C; the concentration range of all tested compatibilisers in the composites was 3–20 wt%. The dependence of the impact strength on the content of compatibilisers at both temperatures has a complex extremal nature. It was established that, of all the tested composites, the highest level of impact strength and a relatively slow fall in its values are ensured by a compatibiliser containing complex coagent MEG + DFP. The obtained results may be explained by the increased volume and more homogeneous structure of the transition interphase layer formed under these compounding conditions owing to the specific and effective nature of interaction of the MEG molecules with functional groups of the nitrile butadiene rubber in the interphase region of these composites, promoted by the presence of the secondary aromatic amine complexly bound with the MEG.
A Rheometric Study of the Processes of Vulcanisation and Pore Formation of Elastomer foam Materials
Authors: Shuvaeva A.V. , Gordenko D.R. , Lyusova L.R. , Naumova Yu.A.
Published: September 2018

Kinetic curves describing the processes of vulcanisation and pore formation of foam rubbers based on nitrile butadiene rubbers were studied. The curves were obtained using a D-MDR 3000 rheometer (MonTech) equipped with MonControl analytical software, which makes it possible, simultaneously with the measurement of the torque and tg δ, to determine the pressure in the chamber. The rubber compounds were noted for different stearic acid contents. The results of quantitative interpretation of the kinetic curves of processes of vulcanisation and pore formation in elastomeric materials are presented. Mathematical models for approximation of the curves of vulcanisation and pore formation, distinguished by high goodness of ft, are proposed. The relationship between the parameters of the models and the vulcanisation characteristics and the parameters of pore formation is established. The influence of the stearic acid content on processes of formation of the porous structure of foam rubbers based on blends of nitrile butadiene rubbers containing 27–30 wt% acrylic acid nitrile and polyvinyl chloride is shown.
The Influence of the Molecular Weight of Polysulphone on the Adhesion of Epoxy/Polysulphone Binders to Fibres
Authors: Gorbatkina Yu.A. , Zhuravleva O.A. , Ivanova-Mumzhieva V.G. , Chebotarev V.P.
Published: September 2018

The concentration dependences of the adhesive strength, τ, of joints of 150 μm diameter steel wire and modified epoxy binder were investigated. The modifier used was PSK-1 polysulphone of different molecular weight, M. The concentration, C, of PSK-1 was varied from 5 to 20 wt%. It was shown that the form of the τ-C curves changes with change in M. At M = 5000 and 10 000, τ is not dependent on C; at M = 17 000 and 27 000, the τ-C relationship is described by a curve with a maximum. At M = 35 000 and 42 000, the adhesive strength decreases with increase in C. The factors affecting the measured value of τ in the case of epoxides modified with heat-resistant thermoplastics are considered.
New Electrically Heated and Bird-Strike-Resistant Polymer Glazing for Aircraft
Authors: Kablov E.N. , Semenova L.V. , Bogatov V.A. , Mekalina I.V. , Krynin A.G. , Aizatulina M.K.
Published: September 2018

The main stages in the development of a bird-strike-resistant heated curved organic laminate for aircraft glazing are described: the selection of the polymeric materials; the application of a heated coating to the polymeric material; the moulding of glazing elements; the application of leads to the conductive coating; autoclave pressing of the laminated polymer material.
The effect of humour usage on customer’s service experiences
Authors: Chiew Tung Moi , Mathies Christine , Patterson Paul
Published: September 2018

Cross-disciplinary research recognises humour as an effective communication tool for fostering engagement and positive interpersonal relationships, although inappropriate use can create negative outcomes. Drawing on positive psychology, this study aims to empirically examine the extent to which frontline employee’s (FLE’s) humour usage can influence customers’ service encounter evaluations. Findings from 252 retail service customers indicate that their sense of humour drives humour perceptions and facilitates positive encounter evaluations. In particular, FLEs’ other-directed humour, rather than self-directed humour, leads to more enjoyable interactions for customers. This effect is moderated by pre-encounter mood, in that customers react more positively to other-directed humour when they are in a bad mood. This study contributes empirical support for the importance of appropriate humour usage to the service encounter literature. From a managerial perspective, the outcomes highlight that service encounters benefit from other-directed humour.

JEL Classification: M31
“We Will Handle It Ourselves”: The Micropolitics of Resistance in Low-Wage Care Work
Authors: Crocker Jillian
Published: September 2018

This article examines the micropolitics of resistance among low-wage care workers in a gendered organization. Focusing on the dynamics of workers’ daily efforts to endure organizational structure, I illustrate not only the ways in which certified nursing assistants (CNAs) perform routine resistance but also the significance of gendered group norms for rule-breaking. Drawing on 10 months of observations and 30 interviews in a nursing home, findings illustrate two factors fundamentally linked to the gendered character of the work as particularly salient for peer support of others’ rule-breaking: perceptions of resident safety and the expectation of coworker reciprocity. The article considers both the implications of these practices for daily work experience and the extent to which our understanding of routine resistance is complicated by the possibility that the same features of work that form the backbone of workplace inequality are those that shape resistance and worker solidarity.
Effect of seawater ageing on interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon fiber/epoxy composites containing carbon nanofillers
Authors: Alejandro Rodríguez-González Julio , Rubio-González Carlos , de Jesús Ku-Herrera José , Ramos-Galicia Lourdes , Velasco-Santos Carlos
Published: September 2018

This work reports the influence of seawater ageing on the mode I and mode II interlaminar fracture toughness ([Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]) of prepreg-based unidirectional carbon fiber/epoxy laminates containing carbon nanofillers. Double cantilever beam and end notched flexure specimens were fabricated from composite laminates containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes and/or reduced graphene oxide at their middle plane interface. Experimental results showed that the addition of carbon nanofillers moderately increased the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] propagation of composite laminates before and after their immersion in seawater with respect to the reference laminate under dry condition. For double cantilever beam and end notched flexure specimens aged in seawater, it was observed that [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] increased by 57% and 13% for specimens with multiwalled carbon nanotube/reduced graphene oxide hybrid combination, 39% and 4% for specimens with multiwalled carbon nanotubes and 53% and 8% for specimens with reduced graphene oxide respectively, as a consequence of the plasticization effect of seawater immersion on the matrix. Fracture surface examination by scanning electron microscopy revealed interlaminar failure associated to mode I and mode II delamination and toughening mechanisms produced by the multiwalled carbon nanotubes and reduced graphene oxide at delaminated regions of composite laminates.
Leveraging Data to Strengthen Campus Sexual Assault Policies
Authors: Klein L.B. , Graham Laurie M. , Treves-Kagan Sarah , Deck Premela G. , DeLong Stephanie M. , Martin Sandra L.
Published: September 2018

The U.S. Department of Education recently announced that existing legislation and guidance on campus sexual assault (CSA) policies had created a “failed system” in institutions of higher education. This announcement raises the question of how CSA legislation and guidance should be evaluated and applied in practice. We believe researchers are well situated to not only leverage data and empirically evaluate the success (or failure) of CSA federal and university policies but also to facilitate development of improved, more effective CSA policy. This commentary first chronicles the pivotal role of federal policy and guidance in driving the collection of CSA data and increasing research efforts in this domain. Second, we present recommendations for increased collaboration among researchers, practitioners, and policy makers aimed at measuring the effectiveness of current CSA policies and promoting data-driven policy. These recommendations focus on (a) establishing a CSA data repository, (b) analyzing existing CSA data to gain knowledge and identify opportunities for improved data collection, and (c) translating and disseminating CSA research to help bridge gaps between research, practice, and policy.
Appropriateness of Beta-Lactam Allergy Record Updates After an Allergy Service Consult
Authors: Shaw Bryan G. , Masic Inela , Gorgi Nancy , Kalfayan Niree , Gilbert Elise M. , Barr Viktorija O. , Ison Michael G. , McLaughlin Milena M.
Published: September 2018

Background:

Many patients with a self-reported penicillin allergy go on to tolerate beta-lactam antibiotics. Allergy specialists may be consulted to determine the nature and extent of the allergy. However, electronic allergy records must be appropriately updated such that recommendations are carried forward.

Objective:

To determine the percentage of patients who have their electronic allergy record updated after an allergy service consult (ASC).

Methods:

This was a retrospective study of patients with at least 1 documented beta-lactam allergy and had an ASC during (inpatient) or prior to (outpatient) hospital admission at Northwestern Memorial Hospital and Prentice Women’s Hospital in Chicago, Illinois.

Results:

Within the study period, a total of 26 526 patients were identified as having a documented antibiotic allergy, with 21 657 patients (81.6% of patients with allergies) having a listed beta-lactam allergy. Of these patients, 1689 (7.8%) patients were identified as having an ASC during or prior to admission, with 598 patients meeting inclusion criteria. Changes in the allergy record were recommended by the ASC for 62% (n = 371) of patients; however, the allergy record was updated after the ASC in 74.9% (n = 278) of patients.

Conclusion:

ASC recommendations to delabel a patient as beta-lactam allergic must result in updating the allergy record in order to optimize future treatment. Given the low proportion of allergy-labeled patients tested, programs outside formal ASCs should be considered.
Age, Perceptions of Mattering, and Allostatic Load
Authors: Taylor John , McFarland Michael J. , Carr Dawn C.
Published: September 2018

Objectives: Engagement in close personal ties has been shown to reduce risk for morbidity and mortality. In this study, we assess the extent to which one dimension of social relationships, mattering to others, conditions the positive relationship between age and allostatic load (AL). We do so to test the assumption that age-related declines in health are less prominent among those with high levels of mattering. Method: Poisson regression models were estimated using data from the Nashville Stress and Health Study (NSAHS). The NSAHS is a community-based study of 1,026 African American and White study participants, aged 22 to 69 years, residing in Davidson County, Tennessee. Results: Analyses revealed that mattering conditioned or modified the relationship between age and AL. Specifically, we found that AL increases with age and this increase was significantly greater among those with moderate or low perceptions of mattering to others. Discussion: This study confirms that perceptions of mattering to one’s significant others are inversely related to physical health problems. This is so because mattering captures the positive and protective aspects of these relationships.
Dual Burdens of Care: “Sandwiched Couples” in East Asia
Authors: Tan Poh Lin
Published: September 2018

Objective: To estimate proportions of married couples aged 30 to 59 years who face simultaneous demands from elderly parents and children in China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan, and the effects on couples’ life and marital satisfaction. Method: Using data from the 2006 East Asian Social Survey, proportions of sandwiched couples were estimated using three definitions: co-residence, co-residence or nearby residence, and co-residence or frequent provision of financial/physical assistance. Logistic regression models were used to assess the effects on life and marital satisfaction. Results: Three-generational co-residence is more common in Taiwan and Japan (24.3% and 21.4%), whereas co-residence or provision for both generations is higher in Taiwan and Korea (53.7% and 44.5%). The strain of being sandwiched is associated with lower life and marital satisfaction only among women. Discussion: Intergenerational transfers of care play a major role in elderly support in East Asia but take a toll on the well-being of married women.
Design and development of submerged arc welding fluxes using TiO2-SiO2-CaO and SiO2-CaO-Al2O3 flux system
Authors: Sharma Lochan , Chhibber Rahul
Published: September 2018

Submerged arc welding is widely used in pipeline manufacturing due to higher efficiency as compared to the other welding processes. In present study, TiO2-SiO2-CaO and SiO2-CaO-Al2O3–based submerged arc welding fluxes were developed for joining of linepipe steel. Twenty-one fluxes were formulated based on mixture design methodology. Fluxes were analysed using X-ray florescence (XRF), thermogravimetric, differential-scanning calorimetry, Hot-disc and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The structural behaviour of rutile basic fluxes were analysed using Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Thermo-gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were performed from 25 ℃ to 900 ℃ in order to determine the thermal stability and change in enthalpy of fluxes. Thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat of each flux were evaluated by hot disc technique. The density and grain fineness number for flux particles was evaluated at room temperature. Multi objective optimisation was performed to derive the optimised flux formulations. Individual effect of all the mixture constituents is rarely observed on the physicochemical properties of fluxes as compared to the binary and ternary mixture effects. The binary compositions significantly affect the density. TiO2-CaO is the most effective binary mixture which has increasing effect on density while all remaining binary mixture constituents have decreasing effect. The weight loss of fluxes observed during thermogravimetric analysis is affected by binary and ternary mixture constituents. Both binary and ternary flux mixtures affect change in enthalpy observed during differential scanning calorimetry. SiO2.Al2O3 is the only most effective binary mixture constituent of flux having increasing effect on thermal conductivity. Binary mixture constituents TiO2.CaF2, SiO2.Al2O3 and CaO.Al2O3 are the most effective and having synergistic effect on thermal diffusivity.
Biomechanical behavior of modular acetabular cups made of poly-ether-ether-ketone: A finite element study
Authors: Vogel Danny , Schulze Christian , Dempwolf Henry , Kluess Daniel , Bader Rainer
Published: September 2018

After total hip arthroplasty, stress-shielding is a potential risk factor for aseptic loosening of acetabular cups made of metals. This might be avoided by the use of acetabular cups made of implant materials with lower stiffness. The purpose of this numerical study was to determine whether a modular acetabular cup with a shell made of poly-ether-ether-ketone or poly-ether-ether-ketone reinforced with carbon fibers might be an alternative to conventional metallic shells. Therefore, the press-fit implantation of modular cups with shells made of different materials (Ti6Al4V, poly-ether-ether-ketone, and poly-ether-ether-ketone reinforced with carbon fibers) and varying liner materials (ceramics and ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene) into an artificial bone cavity was simulated using finite element analysis. The shell material had a major impact on the radial shell deformation determined at the rim of the shell, ranging from 17.9 µm for titanium over 92.2 µm for poly-ether-ether-ketone reinforced with carbon fibers up to 475.9 µm for poly-ether-ether-ketone. Larger radial liner deformations (up to 618.4 µm) occurred in combination with the shells made of poly-ether-ether-ketone compared to titanium and poly-ether-ether-ketone reinforced with carbon fibers. Hence, it can be stated that conventional poly-ether-ether-ketone is not a suitable shell material for modular acetabular cups. However, the radial shell deformation can be reduced if the poly-ether-ether-ketone reinforced with carbon fiber material is used, while deformation of ceramic liners is similar to the deformation in combination with titanium shells.
Self-Affirmation Effects Are Produced by School Context, Student Engagement With the Intervention, and Time: Lessons From a District-Wide Implementation
Authors: Borman Geoffrey D. , Grigg Jeffrey , Rozek Christopher S. , Hanselman Paul , Dewey Nathaniel A.
Published: September 2018

Self-affirmation shows promise for reducing racial academic-achievement gaps; recently, however, mixed results have raised questions about the circumstances under which the self-affirmation intervention produces lasting benefits at scale. In this follow-up to the first district-wide scale-up of a self-affirmation intervention, we examined whether initial academic benefits in middle school carried over into high school, we tested for differential impacts moderated by school context, and we assessed the causal effects of student engagement with the self-affirming writing prompted by the intervention. Longitudinal results indicate that self-affirmation reduces the growth of the racial achievement gap by 50% across the high school transition ( N = 920). Additionally, impacts are greatest within school contexts that cued stronger identity threats for racial minority students, and student engagement is causally associated with benefits. Our results imply the potential for powerful, lasting academic impacts from self-affirmation interventions if implemented broadly; however, these effects will depend on both contextual and individual factors.
The Muknal cave near Tulum, Mexico: An early-Holocene funeral site on the Yucatán peninsula
Authors: Stinnesbeck Sarah R , Stinnesbeck Wolfgang , Terrazas Mata Alejandro , Avilés Olguín Jerónimo , Benavente Sanvicente Martha , Zell Patrick , Frey Eberhard , Lindauer Susanne , Rojas Sandoval Carmen , Velázquez Morlet Adriana , Acevez Nuñez Eugenio , González González Arturo
Published: September 2018

Here, we report on an incomplete human skeleton, soot patches related to anthropogenic fireplaces, and cut marks on the mandible of an extinct peccary, from the submerged Muknal cave southwest of Tulum on the Mexican Yucatán peninsula. The human individual, here named ‘Muknal Grandfather’, was identified as a male based on cranial parameters. The age at the time of death was estimated to be between 40 and 45 years. We propose that the human bones have been brought to the cave during the latest Pleistocene or early Holocene, but not later than 8600 14C yr BP (ca. 9600 cal BP), as a secondary burial of a partial skeleton. The peccary mandible was placed close to the burial site, possibly as part of the same ritual. The Muknal cave therefore served as a place for funeral rituals.
Introduction to the Special Issue on the Problem of Punishment: Renewing Critique
Authors: Carvalho Henrique , Chamberlen Anastasia , Duff Antony
Published: September 2018

This introduction presents a collection of papers by Alan Norrie, Craig Reeves, Susanne Karstedt, Tiffany Bergin, Michael Koch, Mary Bosworth, Anastasia Chamberlen, Henrique Carvalho and Anita Dockley. It briefly discusses the origins of this collaborative research project, and outlines the theme, aims and format of the special issue, which calls for an interdisciplinary, theoretically informed and conceptually and practically critical examination of punishment today. It then provides a summary of the approach and argument of each of the contributions to the issue and offers a few reflections on ways forward.
African Business Groups: How Does Group Affiliation Improve SMEs’ Export Intensity?
Authors: Tajeddin Mahdi , Carney Michael
Published: September 2018

Can small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) overcome market imperfections to get the resources needed for exporting? We hypothesize that in many emerging economies, domestically owned SMEs address the hurdle of imperfect markets by creating private governance systems in the form of long-term business relationships in business groups (BGs). Our data are collected from the World Bank’s Enterprise Survey and comprises 8,885 SMEs in 33 SSA countries. We find that the export intensity of BG-affiliated SMEs is superior to independent firms, and that financial, human, and technological resources mediate the intensity of the BG affiliation–export relationship.
Diagnosis of feline pancreatitis with SNAP fPL and Spec fPL
Authors: Schnauß Fanny , Hanisch Franziska , Burgener Iwan Anton
Published: September 2018

Objectives

Pancreatitis is a frequent disease in cats for which the ante-mortem diagnosis remains challenging. Feline pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (fPLI) has been reported to have a high sensitivity for the diagnosis of pancreatitis. The aim of this study was to compare the rapid in-house test SNAP fPL with the standard test Spec fPL and to evaluate the use of SNAP fPL to diagnose pancreatitis in an emergency setting.

Methods

fPLI of 111 cats with a clinical suspicion of pancreatitis was measured with both SNAP fPL and Spec fPL. Furthermore, clinical signs, haematological and biochemical changes, and abdominal ultrasound findings were recorded.

Results

Seventy-eight of 111 cats (70.3%) were tested below the cut-off level for pancreatitis with SNAP, as well as Spec fPL, whereas 21/111 (18.9%) were tested with values above the cut-off level with both tests. In 12/111 (10.8%) cats the results were discordant. The comparison of both tests revealed an agreement of 78/80 (97.5%) when Spec fPL was ⩽3.5 μg/l (negative) and 18/20 (90%) when Spec fPL was ⩾5.4 μg/l (positive). The most common clinical signs in cats with suspected pancreatitis (n = 21) were lethargy (95.2%), reduced appetite and vomiting (90.5% each), dehydration (81.0%), diarrhoea (57.1%), abdominal pain and weight loss (47.6% each). Hyperglycaemia and hyperbilirubinaemia (85.7% each), increased aspartate transaminase (76.2%) and alanine transaminase (47.6%), leucocytosis (61.9%), lymphopenia (57.1%), decreased sodium and chloride (57.1% each), and increased urea (52.4%) were the most common abnormalities in blood work.

Conclusions and relevance

Clinical signs, as well as routine blood-work changes, were non-specific and thus proved to be insufficient to diagnose pancreatitis. The combination of SNAP fPL and subsequent Spec fPL, if indicated, provided the opportunity to rule out or to diagnose pancreatitis with a higher certainty than previously known test methods. This study proved SNAP fPL to be a valuable tool to exclude or include pancreatitis in an emergency setting.
Are paediatric stabbings in London related to socioeconomic status?
Authors: Lam Christine , Aylwin Christopher , Khan Mansoor
Published: September 2018

Introduction

Paediatric stabbings are on the increase across the United Kingdom, especially in large urban centres. Many London trauma centres are reporting a significant annual rise in the cases of penetrating trauma. Studies have shown victims with a lower socioeconomic status have an increased risk of paediatric penetrating trauma. This study aims to determine whether high depravity of an area increases the risk of paediatric stabbings in West London. We hypothesise that more deprived areas are likely to have a higher incidence of paediatric stabbings.

Methods

A retrospective review of data from the emergency department at a major trauma centre in West London was conducted using patient <18 years with a stabbing injury between March 2015 and July 2017. Gender, age, incident postcode and home postcode were collected. Socioeconomic status was measured using the 2015 English index of multiple deprivation. Incident postcode and home postcode were matched to an index of multiple deprivation decile, with 1 being the most deprived. Data were analysed using SPSS© Statistics 24.

Results

One hundred seventy-four cases were included; 97.7% of the cases were male and the mean age was 16 years. The location of the stabbings had a median index of multiple deprivation score of 3 (interquartile range = 3) with 61% of the cases occurring in areas with an index of multiple deprivation decile of 3 or less. Index of multiple deprivation decile from incident location and frequency of stabbing were strongly negatively associated (r = −0.85, p = 0.002). The victim’s home location had a median index of multiple deprivation score of 3 (interquartile range = 3) and 59.3% of victims living in areas with an index of multiple deprivation decile of less than 3. Again, they were strongly negatively associated (r = −0.85, p = 0.002).

Conclusion

The location of paediatric stabbings is associated with areas of high depravity and with victims from a more deprived background. To prevent paediatric stabbings, a multifactorial approach is required to increase the socioeconomic status of these areas.
Lateral control of an autonomous vehicle using integrated backstepping and sliding mode controller
Authors: Norouzi Armin , Masoumi Milad , Barari Ali , Farrokhpour Sani Saina
Published: September 2018

In this paper, a novel Lyapunov-based robust controller by using meta-heuristic optimization algorithm has been proposed for lateral control of an autonomous vehicle. In the first step, double lane change path has been designed using a fifth-degree polynomial (quantic) function and dynamic constraints. A lane changing path planning method has been used to design the double lane change manoeuvre. In the next step, position and orientation errors have been extracted based on the two-degree-of-freedom vehicle bicycle model. A combination of sliding mode and backstepping controllers has been used to control the steering in this paper. Overall stability of the combined controller has been analytically proved by defining a Lyapunov function and based on Lyapunov stability theorem. The proposed controller includes some constant parameters which have effects on controller performance; therefore, particle swarm optimization algorithm has been used for finding optimum values of these parameters. The comparing result of the proposed controller with backstepping controller illustrated the better performance of the proposed controller, especially in the low road frictions. Simulation of designed controllers has been conducted by linking CarSim software with Matlab/Simulink which provides a nonlinear full vehicle model. The simulation was performed for manoeuvres with different durations and road frictions. The proposed controller has outperformed the backstepping controller, especially in low frictions.
Migrant parents talking back – Stigmatised identities and doing being ordinary
Authors: Turtiainen Kati , Hiitola Johanna
Published: September 2018

This article explores how migrant parents resist racist and stigmatising stereotypes about their parenthood. The analysis examines the parents’ ways of ‘talking back’ to racialised categories and category predicates, which position migrant parents as unfit. Family relationships are crucial to decisions of when, where and with whom to move as well as how to live in the new country. The ways in which parents are met in family services, such as maternity healthcare, daycare and schools, influence their sense of belonging. Nonetheless, parents also use their agency to negotiate their identities by talking back to negative categorisations of them as unfit parents. The data of the study consist of individual and group interviews with migrant parents in five different cities in Finland. Altogether, 24 parents took part in interviews. The method of the study is membership categorisation analysis, which focuses on cultural structures that are produced and maintained in everyday life. As a result of the analysis, two ways of talking back were identified: first, migrant parents disengage from the negative category predicates, which assume them as abusive towards their children. Second, the parents stress their normalcy by addressing that their life situations, gendered family roles and parenting goals are similar in all families. We also found that migrant parents are often perceived as a unified group in dominant cultural discourses and even welfare services, and this perception can result in structural racism.
Thirty-Day Outcomes Following Surgical Decompression of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Authors: Maqbool Talha , Novak Christine B. , Jackson Timothy , Baltzer Heather L.
Published: September 2018

Background: Surgical thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) management involves decompression of the neurovascular structures by releasing the anterior and/or middle scalene muscles, resection of the first and/or cervical ribs, or a combination. Various surgical approaches (transaxillary, supraclavicular, infraclavicular, and transthoracic) have been used with varying rates of complications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate early postoperative outcomes following surgical decompression for TOS. We hypothesized that first and/or cervical rib resection would be associated with increased 30-day complications and health care utilization. Methods: The American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was reviewed for all TOS cases of brachial plexus surgical decompression in the region of the thoracic inlet from 2005 to 2013. Results: There were 225 patients (68% females; mean age: 36.4 years ± 12.1; 26% body mass index [BMI] ⩾ 30). There were 205 (91%) patients who underwent first and/or cervical rib resection (±scalenectomy), and 20 (9%) underwent rib-sparing scalenectomy. Compared with rib-sparing scalenectomy, rib resection was associated with longer operative time and hospital stays ( P < .001). In the 30 days postoperatively, 8 patients developed complications (rib-scalenectomy, n = 7). Only patients with rib resection returned to the operating room (n = 10) or were readmitted (n = 9). Conclusions: Early postoperative complications are infrequent after TOS decompression. Rib resection is associated with longer surgical times and hospital stays. Future studies are needed to assess the association between early and long-term outcomes, surgical procedure, and health care utilization to determine the cost-effectiveness of the various surgical interventions for TOS.
Depression after stroke: The role of the GP
Authors: Poppleton Aaron , Watkins Caroline , Chauhan Umesh , Lightbody Liz
Published: September 2018

Around a third of people will experience depression after having a stroke. Depression after stroke is associated with reduced quality of life, poorer medication compliance, and greater morbidity and mortality. It has historically been underdiagnosed and undertreated, despite recommendations that all individuals who have had a stroke be screened for mental health problems. The following article describes what is known about depression after stroke, drawing on National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidelines. Steps to overcome challenges in assessment within general practice are presented, in addition to ways of achieving an effective biopsychosocial management strategy that promotes recovery, community engagement and effective carer support.
Epidemiology of Upper Extremity Soccer Injuries Among High School– and College-Aged Players in the United States: An Analysis of the 1999-2016 NEISS Database
Authors: Durand Wesley M. , Goodman Avi D. , Giglio Patricia , Etzel Christine , Owens Brett D.
Published: September 2018

Background:

Although lower extremity injuries are more common than upper extremity injuries in high school– and college-aged soccer players, upper extremity injuries may be equally severe. The epidemiology of upper extremity injuries is poorly characterized in this population.

Hypothesis:

Upper extremity injuries are an important contributor to soccer-related morbidity among high school– and college-aged players.

Study Design:

Descriptive epidemiology study.

Level of Evidence:

Level 3.

Methods:

The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) is a nationally representative sample of 100 hospital emergency departments (EDs). Each record contains demographic and injury information. Records from 1999 to 2016 were analyzed, including patients between the ages of 14 and 23 years with a soccer-related injury sustained at school or during an athletic event.

Results:

A total of 1,299,008 high school– or college-aged patients presented to the ED for a soccer-related injury from 1999 to 2016, of which 20.4% were in the upper extremity. Patients were predominantly male (58.0%) and high school–aged (81.4%). Males constituted a greater proportion of upper extremity injuries when compared with other injury locations (63.5% male for upper extremity). Upper extremity injuries were more likely to be fractures (43.7% vs 13.9%) and dislocations (7.1% vs 3.4%) and less likely to be strains/sprains (27.8% vs 56.6%). Males suffered more shoulder dislocations (81.8% males among patients with shoulder dislocation vs 57.8% among those with other injuries), finger dislocations (72.0% vs 58.0%), upper arm fractures (74.9% vs 57.6%), and forearm fractures (68.3% vs 57.3%).

Conclusion:

Upper extremity injuries are frequent in high school– and college-aged soccer players presenting to the ED. Efforts to reduce soccer-related injuries should include strategies targeting the upper extremity, perhaps reducing the incidence of high-energy falls.

Clinical Relevance:

Efforts to reduce soccer-related injuries should include strategies targeting upper extremity injuries, particularly among males and college-aged players.
Coronary artery calcium and carotid artery intima-media thickness for the prediction of stroke and benefit from statins
Authors: Osawa Kazuhiro , Trejo Maria Esther Perez , Nakanishi Rine , McClelland Robyn L , Blaha Michael J , Blankstein Ron , McEvoy John W , Ceponiene Indre , Stein James H , Sacco Ralph L , Polak Joseph F , Budoff Matthew J
Published: September 2018

Background

Current guidelines suggest treatment for many individuals who may never develop a stroke. We hypothesized that a combination of coronary artery calcification (CAC) and carotid artery intima-media thickness (C IMT) data could better individualize risk assessment for ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack events.

Methods

A total of 4720 individuals from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis were evaluated for ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack. Cox proportional hazards models for time to incident ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack were used to examine CAC and CIMT as ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack predictors in addition to traditional risk factors. We calculated the 10-year number needed to treat by applying the benefit observed in ASCOT-LLA to the observed event rates within CAC and CIMT strata.

Results

Median follow-up was 13.1 years. Compared with individuals with no CAC and with CIMT ≤ 75th percentile, stroke/transient ischemic attack risk increased progressively with each CAC category (0, 1–100, >100) among individuals with CIMT > 75th percentile. Among participants eligible for statin therapy based on the 2013 atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) guidelines (ASCVD risk of >5%), 739/2906 (25%) had no CAC and CIMT ≤ 75th percentile and an observed ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack rate of 2.49 per 1000 person-years. The predicted 10-year number needed to treat was 292 for no CAC and CIMT ≤ 75th percentile and 57 for CAC > 100 and CIMT > 75th percentile.

Conclusion

The combination of CIMT and CAC could serve to further refine risk calculation for ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack prevention and may prioritize those in most need of statin therapy to reduce ischemic stroke/transient ischemic attack risk.
We Want Black Students, Just Not You: How White Admissions Counselors Screen Black Prospective Students
Authors: Thornhill Ted
Published: September 2018

Most historically and predominantly white institutions (HPWIs) now desire some number of black students on their campuses. However, recent theoretical scholarship suggests that HPWIs’ desire for and willingness to embrace black students is predicated on their racial palatability. The theory of intraracial discrimination stipulates that white gatekeepers are increasingly inclined to screen blacks to “weed out” those they perceive as too concerned with race and racism. In this study, the author assessed whether there was evidence of intraracial discrimination within the HPWI admissions regime. The data were derived through an audit of 517 white admissions counselors, employed at the same number of institutions, who received inquiry e-mails from fictitious black high school students who presented as more or less racially salient. The findings reveal that white admissions counselors are more responsive to black students who present as deracialized and racially apolitical than they are to those who evince a commitment to antiracism and racial justice. These findings provide convincing support for the theory of intraracial discrimination within the HPWI admissions regime. The author concludes with a brief discussion of the implications of these findings.
Utilization Outcomes of a Pilot Primary Care Team Redesign
Authors: Landrey Alison R. , Harder Valerie S. , Sandoval Marie B. , King John G. , Ziegelman David S. , MacLean Charles D.
Published: September 2018

Objectives:

To evaluate the effect of a team-based primary care redesign on primary care, emergency department (ED) and urgent care (UC) utilization, and new patient access to primary care.

Study Design:

A retrospective pre–post difference-in-differences analysis of utilization outcomes for patients on a redesigned primary care team compared to a standard primary care group.

Methods:

Within a patient-centered medical home, a pilot team was developed comprising 2 colocated “teamlets” of 1 physician, 1 nurse practitioner (NP), 1 registered nurse (RN), and 2 licensed practical nurses (LPNs). The redesigned team utilized physician–NP comanagement, expanded roles for RNs and LPNs, and dedicated provider time for telephone and e-mail medicine. We compared changes in number of office, ED, and UC visits during the implementation year for patients on the redesigned team compared to patients receiving the standard of care in the same clinic. Proportion of new patient visits was also compared between the pilot and the control groups.

Results:

There were no differences between the redesign group and control group in per-patient mean change in office visits (Δ = −0.04 visits vs Δ = −0.07; P = .98), ED visits (Δ = 0.00 vs Δ = 0.01; P = .25), or UC visits (Δ = 0.00 vs Δ = 0.05; P = .08). Proportion of new patient visits was higher in the pilot group during the intervention year compared to the control group (6.6% vs 3.9%; P < .0001).

Conclusions:

The redesign did not significantly impact ED, UC, or primary care utilization within 1 year of follow-up. It did improve access for new patients.
Higher Education, Bigger Networks? Differences by Family Socioeconomic Background and Network Measures
Authors: Andersson Matthew A.
Published: September 2018

Income or health returns linked to obtaining a college degree often are greatest for individuals who come from socioeconomically disadvantaged families. Although this importantly suggests that college lessens many forms of inequality linked to parental socioeconomic status, empirical knowledge about adult network inequality remains limited. Drawing on the 1972–2014 General Social Survey, the author finds that higher education associates on average with a greater number of nonkin and community ties. However, college gains in nonkin networks and capital exist mostly among those coming from disadvantaged families, suggesting that college may substitute or compensate for otherwise limited networks. In contrast, differences in frequency of socializing by higher education are not conditioned by parental background. As a whole, the present findings suggest that college attendance may lessen life-course network inequality within the general population.
A phase 2 study of ruxolitinib in combination with azacitidine in patients with myelofibrosis
Authors: Masarova Lucia , Verstovsek Srdan , Hidalgo-Lopez Juliana E. , Pemmaraju Naveen , Bose Prithviraj , Estrov Zeev , Jabbour Elias J. , Ravandi-Kashani Farhad , Takahashi Koichi , Cortes Jorge E. , Ning Jing , Ohanian Maro , Alvarado Yesid , Zhou Lingsha , Pierce Sherry , Gergis Romany , Patel Keyur P. , Luthra Rajyalakshmi , Kadia Tapan M. , DiNardo Courtney D. , Borthakur Gautam , Bhalla Kapil , Garcia-Manero Guillermo , Bueso-Ramos Carlos E. , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Daver Naval
Published: September 2018

Key Points

The combination of RUX and AZA was safe with encouraging spleen response rates at 24 weeks and any time on study. RUX and AZA demonstrated marked improvements in bone marrow fibrosis at 24 months when compared with RUX alone.