bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formation and structure of a monsoon revival depression over the Bay of Bengal during a 'break' monsoon period
Authors: KOTESWARAM P , RAO CPOORNACHANDRA , KRISHNAMURTHY M
Published: May 2022

Formation and structure of a monsoon revival depression (MRD) over the Bay of Bengal during the monsoon 'break' of August 1977 are studied with the aid of six hourly rawinsonde ascents made by a polygon of four oceanographic research vessels of the USSR participating in the joint Indo-USSR Monsoon '77 expedition. It is found that a mid-tropospheric cyclone (MTC) initially developed over the East Central Bay (ECB) under the influence of an upper easterly wave (UEW) moving westwards across the Arakan coast of Burma and descended to the surface as MRD after the MTC had moved northwestwards for more than 24 hour. The MTC formed at the west-east interface (WEF) between the monsoon westerlies and the upper easterlies and developed upwards and downwards under the influence of the upper vorticity advection in the UEW. It was oscillatory, reaching its maximum vertical extent upto 200 mb (as a narrow core) just before it descended to the sea level. The MTC in the mid-troposphere was located to the southwest of the MRD in the lower troposphere and was warm cored while the MRD was cold cored. It is postulated that all monsoon depressions have similar origins and structures.

The structure of a break monsoon cell in the vertical and the mechanism of the formation of the MRD by superposition of the MTC and UEW are postulated schematically. It is pointed out that monsoon revival after a break takes place not by northward movement of a fresh oceanic intertropical zone of convergence (OITC) from the south Bay but by the return of the continental OITC from Burma to the north Bay under the influence of a UEW.
Desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forsk) infestation in relation to meteorology and sunspot cycles in India during 1945-1980
Authors: DUDEY RC , MASKE SJ , GHOSH R , KULKARNI SS
Published: May 2022

To know the role of meteorological systems of synoptic scale in outbreaks of desert locust (Schistocerca gregaria Forsk) at various phases of its life cycle in western India, data on locust situation and synoptic disturbances during period from 1945 to 1980 were analysed.

The analysis of the fortnightly data of the infestation of egg layings, hoppers, scattered adults and swarms for seven stations shows that the chronological orders of these activities follow the spatial progress of the normal monsoon onset with pre-monsoon rains. However, the highest swarm activity was found in the first fortnight of August.

Simple linear correlation technique was used to know the degree of association of various meteorological disturbances with locust activity at different stages for a station with good record of data set. The egg-laying activity was parallel with rainfall and slight decrease in rainfall between peaks did not affect the activity- Hopper emergence peaks were seen generally after a month of rainfall. Scattered adults activity showed no good association with rainfall. The swarms intensity was highest during first fortnight of August and September. The main meteorological systems causing rainfall were western disturbances, depressions over Arabian Sea and a few depressions developed over land.

It was also found that a negative correlation exists between swarm infestation and sunspot number.
Water requirements of crops in north coastal Andhra
Authors: SUBRAMANIAM AR , NARASIMHARAJU PA
Published: May 2022

Knowing the area under each crop and their water requirements, it is possible to plan the water resources for storage and distribution from the reservoirs, ponds, lakes etc. Since most  of the north coastal Andhra regional rain fed area, it is essential to estimate the water requirement of the crop either to change the cropping pattern or to schedule the irrigation facilities. For this study, Blaney and  Criddle1950) method has been adopted since this method IS suggested for area where available climatic data consists of air temperature data alone. Three representative stations, Kalingapatnam, Visakhapatnam and Anakapalleh have been taken and estimated the normal water requirements for the principal crops grown in the region.
Looping tropical cyclones over Indian seas
Authors: JAYANTHI N , SENSARMA AK
Published: May 2022

A climatological study of the looping tropical cyclone over Indian seas is made and characteristic features are presented in this paper.
Absorption of short-wave radiation in the atmosphere over India in winter
Authors: AGNIHOTRI CL , SINGH MS
Published: May 2022

Considering the importance of radiation studies for the World Climate Programme (WCP) of WMO, a climatic study of warming/cooling of the atmospheric column by solar and terrestrial radiations over India in different seasons has been undertaken. In this paper the absorption in the atmosphere of direct short-wave radiation from the sun and diffuse short-wave radiation from the earth in the month of January (over India) is presented. It shows that only about 25 percent of the incident direct solar radiation, viz., solar constant (Approx. 1360 W/ m2), is absorbed in the atmosphere (345 W/m2) and up to 500mb absorption is just about 1 percent of the amount at the top of the atmosphere. Between 500 and 850mb the absorption is about 26 per cent of it, but between 850mb and the surface it is 34 per cent. Thus, the lowest - half of the atmosphere (below 500mb) absorbs almost 60 per cent of the absorbed part of total short-wave radiation in the atmosphere and of this the major portion is absorbed in the lowest 1500 metres.
Rainfall in the upper Yamuna catchment in relation to moisture transport over Delhi
Authors: GHOSH SK , DUGGAL YM , ROY NB , MEHRA HC
Published: May 2022

An interrelation between the moisture transport over Delhi with the average depth. of rainfall over the upper Yamuna catchment is presented. A correspondence is seen to exist between the increase in moisture transport over Delhi and the corresponding increase in the average depth of rainfall. For an average depth of rainfall of 5cm or more the relation is found to be true in more than 80 per cent cases.
Hydrometeorological study of Karanja project in Karnataka State for estimating design storm
Authors: RAMANAMURTHY KV , RAKHECHA PR , KULKARNI AK , MANDAL BN
Published: May 2022

A detailed hydro meteorological study of the catchments unto the Karanja dam site has been made to estimate the design storm depths of different return periods and the probable maximum rainfall likely to be experienced by the catchments using rainfall data of the period 1891-1984. It has been found that the catchments experienced maximum rainfall of 193,258 and 312mm during 1,2 and 3 days period respectively during the last 94 years of record. Severe rainstorms of September 1908 and July 1965 that occurred in a homogeneous region around the catchments were transposed to estimate probable maximum rain depths (PMP). The PMP for 1,2 and3 days durations were found to be 338, 406 and 424 mm respectively, which are about 1 .4 to 1 .8 times the Corresponding maximum rain depths experienced by the catchments. These design estimates will be useful for the re-assessment of the spillway capacity of the existing dam across the Karanja river at Halhalli.
Rainfall over central parts of India during the break monsoon conditions
Authors: HALDAR GC , SUD AM , MARATHE SD
Published: May 2022

In the central parts of India, there are occasions when fairly widespread to widespread rains with isolated heavy falls occur although the lower tropospheric flow pattern exhibits break in monsoon. The present study brings out the presence of significant synoptic features at 700 and 500mb levels that could be associated with such rainfall activity. The thermal patterns eating during such periods have also been studied.
A study of sodar observed shear echo structures in relation to wind velocity and other turbulence parameters
Authors: SINGAL SP , GERA BS , PAHWA DR , AGGARWAL SK
Published: May 2022

The various types of sodar structures observed on land during nocturnal stable conditions have been studied in relation to the changes in meteorological parameters of surface wind speed, frictional velocity and Richardson’s number. The data for the period May 1977 to April 1982 have been used for these studies. It has been found that surface winds contribute to the tall spiky surface based layer structures while the behavior of the frictional velocity and Richardson's number give information about the formation and break up of the eddies in the stable layers of height upto 100m and more respectively.
A suitable scheme of dynamic initialization for a multi-level primitive equations model in tropics
Authors: MOHANTY UC , FALIWAL RK , TYAGI A , MADAN SC , SARIN VB
Published: May 2022

A number of numerical experiments are carried out to find a suitable dynamic initialization scheme for tropics. The experiments are carried out with a multi-level primitive equations model with sigma as the vertical coordinate. The performance of different initialization schemes are evaluated from the initialized 12 and 24 hours forecast fields. It is found that all the different types of dynamic initialization yield almost, similar results. However, on the basis of the overall performance and computational economy considerations, the Okamura scheme is preferred.
Verification of model predicted precipitation over India during the summer monsoon of 1997
Authors: BASU B. K.
Published: May 2022

For the monsoon season of 1997 the precipitation observation from 1333 rain gauge stations are used to form spatial averages for 135 grid points of the NCMRWF forecast model covering the whole of India. These spatial averages are compared with the model forecasts of precipitation by computing the mean error, mean absolute error, root mean square error and correlation coefficient. The skill of forecast is also computed by discretizing the precipitation amounts in  to standard categories.

 

                The seasonal accumulated precipitation and its spatial distribution are well reproduced in the model predictions up to 4-days in advance. The mean error in prediction shows spread of precipitation across the Western Ghat hills as the barrier effect is under estimated in the model due to poor horizontal resolution. The correlation coefficient shows good in-phase relationship between the predicted and observed precipitation especially over areas of very large seasonal precipitation. Over a small area this coefficient has values higher than 0.6. The model has skill for categories of precipitation with class mark up to 1.0 inch and prediction lead-time up to 2 day.

 

 In 1997 no low frequency south to north propagating mode is present in the observed box average precipitation.
Development of monsoon breaks due to heat source over northwest India
Authors: BHIDE U. V. , PURANIK P. V. , MUJUMDAR V. R. , KULKARNI A. A. , KRIPALANI R. H.
Published: May 2022

A synoptic climatological analysis of pentad rainfall anomalies for 52 blocks over India for southwest monsoon season for the years 1901 to 1980 has been carried out to identify events of anomalous heavy rainfall over the western part of the monsoon trough area and study the change in rainfall distribution over central parts of the country in subsequent three pentads. This analysis is based on the results of a diagnostic study by Bhide et al. (1997) which showed that the events of development of diabatic heat sources due to convective heavy rainfall over the western part of the monsoon trough area were followed by the occurrence of a weak or break phase during monsoon 1979.

 

An event of positive pentad rainfall anomaly (SA) for a test area TA on the western part of the monsoon trough is considered as a basic synoptic event. SA is categorised into five classes C1 to C5 having ranges between –1 and 9. The change in rainfall anomalies for subsequent three pentads is studied. The pattern of rainfall anomalies for class C5, having the largest values of SA indicates development of a break phase over India and confirms the earlier observation for monsoon 1979. The development of a weak phase is indicated for class C4.
A synoptic study of active and weak southwest monsoon over Andhra Pradesh
Authors: BHADRAM C. V. V.
Published: May 2022

An attempt has been made in this study to identify the synoptic systems that cause active or vigorous monsoon conditions over the three meteorological sub-divisions of Andhra Pradesh using the data for the years 1986 to 2000.  Despite significant decrease in the frequency of  formation of monsoon depressions in recent years, monsoon performance is noticed to be very good.  Monsoon lows and upper air cyclonic-circulations (cycirs) found to be the chief synoptic systems which activate the monsoon over the state.  Typical cases of these synoptic situations are discussed.
Evaluation of thermodynamics of the atmosphere in relation to pre-monsoon convective activity over north India
Authors: ROY SOMA SEN , ROY BHOWMIK S. K.
Published: May 2022

This paper explores the relationship between the vertical structure of the atmosphere and variation of deep (precipitating) convection over north India during pre-monsoon months using data for the year 2001. From the model analysis field, CAPE and other thermodynamic parameters for Kolkata, as representative of east India and Delhi, as representative of northwest India, are computed. The vertical vorticity profiles for these two stations have also been calculated. The study reveals that both for Kolkata and Delhi CAPE is poorly correlated with the rainfall amount. However, the encouraging result is that it has reasonably good skill score (bias and threat scores) to explain occurrence or non-occurrence of convective activity on the subsequent day. Time evolution of vertical structure of atmosphere indicates that nature of convective activities over Kolkata changes as the season advances. The rainfall becomes more dependent on lower tropospheric vorticity and moisture conditions become conducive for deeper convection and taller convective clouds to form with the advance of the season due to a significant increase in the lower tropospheric vorticity.  This strengthening of the dynamic support to convective rainfall may be because of the pre-monsoon synoptic pattern becoming more pronounced with the progress of the season. Over Delhi, rainfall dependence on moisture is more at the beginning of the season. As for Kolkata, in this case also character of convection changes as season progresses, with increasing dependence of rainfall on lower tropospheric vorticity field. However, dynamic support is not an important initiator of convection over Delhi. The study also suggests that, the day to day drying of the atmosphere in the lower levels over Kolkata is due to subsidence of upper layer dry air while over Delhi, horizontal advection is mainly responsible for the change in moisture content of the atmosphere.
Teleconnections of Indian summer monsoon with global surface air temperature anomalies
Authors: PAI D. S.
Published: May 2022

Evolution of prominent teleconnection patterns in the monthly global gridded surface air temperature anomalies associated with the interannual variability of Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) were examined using data for the period 1901-98. Useful precursory signals for the subsequent ISMR were also identified.  Teleconnection patterns showed significant signals from various geographical areas all over the globe. In the land, the temperature distribution over the Eurasian region, which is significantly influenced by the Northern Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) showed the most significant teleconnection with the ISMR.  In the oceanic region, teleconnection signals were observed from most of the tropical ocean basins.
Influence of Eurasian snow depth anomaly on the Indian summer monsoon circulation
Authors: DASH S. K. , SINGH G. P. , SHEKHAR M. S. , VERNEKAR A. D.
Published: May 2022

The Historical Soviet Daily Snow Depth (HSDSD) version II data set has been used to examine the empirical relationship between the winter/spring snow depth anomaly over three different regions of Eurasia and Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR). HSDSD data show that the difference in snow depth between two extreme years is most prominent over western Eurasia in the month of April and the inverse relationship between the spring snow depth anomaly and the following ISMR is very robust with correlation coefficient of –0.43 at 5% significant level. Examination of seasonal mean circulation pattern using NCEP/NCAR reanalysed data shows that low level atmospheric temperature difference between two extreme years of high and low western Eurasia snow depth in April can be as large as 10°C which gives rise to anomalous cyclonic circulation over the Caspian Sea and this may be responsible for affecting the monsoon circulation over India. Results also show that there is a complete phase reversal in the dipole structure of the upper tropospheric velocity potential anomaly from the deficient to excess ISMR irrespective of occurrence of different phases of ENSO events or high/low Eurasian snow. However, during opposite phases of ENSO, the divergence center has east-west shift as compared to the high Eurasian snow when the divergence center shifts to the southeast over Australia.
Periodicities in the frequency of Indian monsoonal cyclonic disturbances and storms
Authors: KANE R. P.
Published: May 2022

When subjected to a spectral analysis, the series of the frequency of monsoon depressions and storms formed over the north Indian Ocean area (5° N - 35° N, 50° E - 100° E, Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea taken together) for 1890-1999 indicated (a) a highly significant periodicity at T = ~40 years, and barely significant periodicities at T = 2-3 (QBO), 3.7, 4.6, 8.8, and 21.8 years for cyclonic disturbances, and (b) a highly significant periodicity at           T = ~37 years, and significant periodicities at T = 2-3 (QBO), 11.4, and 15.4 years for cyclonic storms.
Persistence, intensification and recession of meteorological drought over India during 1987
Authors: PRASAD RAJENDRA , SINGH HARI , LAL B.
Published: May 2022

The persistence, intensification and recession of districtwise meteorological drought over India during 1987 have been studied using cumulative weekly rainfall deficiencies (%) from the normal during the southwest monsoon season (June-September) for 355 districts of India.  These  features have been analysed in northeast, North and Peninsular India during three distinct  phases  of  southwest  monsoon,  viz., progress ( 9 weeks),  active ( 6 weeks) and retreat phase ( 3 weeks). 

 

A prolonged dry spell emerged over a vast region of northwest India up to mid August due to the absence of major weather systems, leading to intense drought conditions.   Mixed mode persistence prevailed throughout monsoon season over 65 districts. Unimode persistence of severe intensity occurred in 209 districts over different parts of India.  Intensification of drought was more prominent in north India affecting 67% districts.  Recession of drought occurred in 40% and more districts in northeast and Peninsular India respectively.
Weather based operational plant protection of leaf spot disease of groundnut
Authors: CHATTOPADHYAY N. , SAMUI R. P. , WADEKAR S. N.
Published: May 2022

Sensitivity of weather to the incidences of the leaf spot disease on groundnut was studied.  Using data collected by PPQ & S during regular survey in different parts of the country it was observed that the disease occurred more frequently in Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat and Maharashtra both in kharif and rabi seasons from 1988-1998.  Weather systems causing drop in temperature associated with  rainfall and overcast condition leading to increase in relative humidity favoured incidence of the disease particularly when the crop was in pod formation to maturity stages. Decrease in maximum temperature £30° C and increase in  morning and afternoon relative humidity        ³ 80% and 60% respectively under cloudy condition (2 - 8 okta) associated with  rainfall were found to be congenial for the development  of the disease in moderate to severe intensities. This weather based information along with field observations on incidence of this disease could be used to forewarn the incidence of the leaf spot disease on groundnut for taking plant protection measures at appropriate time through Agromet Advisory Service.
Impact of total solar eclipse on spectral radiance characteristics of various objects and comparison of different vegetation indices
Authors: KASHYAPI A. , SHAHA S. K. , GULHANE P. M.
Published: May 2022

The division of Agricultural Meteorology, Pune of I.M.D. conducted a study of anomalous radiation environment during the last total solar eclipse period at Principal Evapotranspiration Observatory (PET) Canning, W.B. The spectral radiance characteristics from various objects viz. bare soil, G.T.R. calibration plate   (coated uniformly with BaSO4), rice crop at late vegetative stage and rice crop at panicle (flowering) stage were measured from 23-25 October 1995 to in blue (0.45-0.52m), green (0.52-0.59m), red (0.62-0.68m) and in the portion of near infrared (0.77-0.86m) wavelengths, by use of multi-band ground truth radiometer (G.T.R.) and different vegetation indices were computed.  The minimum values of spectral radiance were observed from all the four objects between 0830 to 0930 hrs IST on the eclipse day.  The proportion of drop was the maximum in the portion of near infrared (NIR) band during the eclipse period for both the rice crops.  The rice crop at late vegetative stage showed sharp drop in both RVI (ratio vegetation index) and NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) values between  0830 to 0930 hrs IST, while the other rice crop at panicle (flowering) stage showed sharp fall (in both the values) at 0830 hr IST.  Both the RVI and NDVI values for the bare soil showed fluctuations on the eclipse day between 0730 to 1000 hrs IST.  The MGVI (modified green vegetation index) values indicated that on the eclipse day during the period of total eclipse, quantity of radiation reflected by different objects dropped in all the four bands.
Updated operational models for long-range forecasts of Indian summer monsoon rainfall
Authors: THAPLIYAL V. , RAJEEVAN M.
Published: May 2022

Based on operational 16 parameter models, the India Meteorological Department, since 1989, has been issuing the long-range forecasts for monsoon rainfall (June-September) for the country as a whole. Qualitative forecasts of category of monsoon  (deficient, normal and excess) proved accurate on all the 11 years  (1989-99). However, the errors in the quantitative forecasts, particularly from 1996-99 were more than the model error of ± 4 %. Therefore the operational 16-parameter models (parametric and power regression) were updated by replacing four predictors whose relationship with monsoon rainfall has weakened in recent years. The new predictors introduced into the models are Arabian Sea SST, South Indian Ocean SST, Europe Pressure Gradient and Darwin Pressure Tendency. The model constants were recalculated with the data for the period 1971-95. The performance of the updated model was found to be far better especially during the recent years. The absolute mean error of the forecasts from the updated model for the period 1991-99 was 3.2 % as against 7.0 % of the operational forecasts.  As these updated models showed promise, they were introduced in 2000 for issuing the operational long-range forecasts of Indian summer monsoon rainfall.
On the estimation of global and diffuse solar radiation over Egypt
Authors: ROBAA S.  M.
Published: May 2022

Measurements of global, H, diffuse, D, solar radiation on a horizontal surface and sunshine duration, n, at nine meteorological stations have been used to examine the validity of some methods of the estimate global and diffuse solar radiation. In order to improve the obtained results, for prediction purposes, the investigated area of Egypt has been divided into five regions represented by the nine selected stations (in cold and hot seasons). An appropriate regional parameter, K, of an empirical relation of Barbaro et al. has been determined for each region. The agreement between measurement and estimated values is remarkable. The maximum possible error of estimated values does not exceed 9.6%. It is seen that the modified formula gives precise estimations for global solar radiation at any Egyptian locality. Relation between the diffuse fraction, D/H, and the relative duration of sunshine, n/N, are also determined for each region. Good agreement between the measured and estimated values applying the obtained relations has been found. Therefore, the relations are recommended for use at any location in Egypt. A comparative study for the global and diffuse solar radiation over different sites in Egypt has been made.
Application of GMS-5 data in estimation of rainfall distribution
Authors: ISLAM MD. NAZRUL , ISLAM A. K. M. SAIFUL , UYEDA HIROSHI
Published: May 2022

The process of converting GMS-WEFAX imagery into binary data to calculate surface and cyclonic rain in and around Bangladesh was presented in this study. Satellite rainfall was calculated from GMS-5 data for the months of June-July 1996 using GMS Precipitation Index (GPI) and Convective Stratiform Technique (CST). The rainfall calculated by GPI and CST was calibrated with that of calculated by rain gauge. On an average for June-July 1996, daily rainfall calculated by rain gauge, CST and GPI was 14 mm, 14.5 mm and 27.5 mm respectively. The regression equation was obtained for both GPI and CST analyses to calculate surface rain from satellite data. The CST method was found better than the GPI method in calculating surface rain. Then cyclonic rain was obtained using CST method on the event of a Cyclone occurred 27-30 October 1999 over the Bay of Bengal.
Structure of the convective boundary layer - A method to delineate the sub layers
Authors: MORWAL SAVITA  B.
Published: May 2022

The paper introduces a different method to delineate the different sub layers in the Convective Boundary Layer over the north Indian Oceanic regions during the summer monsoon season. The all available data set (only aerological observations) from the MONSOON-77 experiment during the June-August 1977 over the Arabian Sea (Phase IA and IB), Equatorial Indian Ocean (Phase II) and Bay of Bengal (Phase III) regions have been considered to demonstrate the usefulness of the above method.

 

The vertical structure of the Convective Boundary Layer revealed the four layered structure viz. surface layer, sub cloud layer, cloud layer and capping stable layer. These layers could be separated from each other by utilizing the averaged vertical profiles of saturation pressure deficit (P*, hPa) and mixing parameter (b, dimensionless). The CBL top is marked by the minimum value of P*.  The study revealed that, in general, the extent of surface and sub cloud layer over the north Indian Oceanic regions is up to 1000 hPa and 950 hPa respectively.  Also, it is observed that the cloud layer depth varies during the phases IA, IB, II and III.  The investigations revealed that  the depth of the CBL is up to 650 hPa during  all the three phases over the ships.
Penerapan Strategi Pembelajaran Kontekstual Teaching and Learning untuk Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Siswa Kelas VIII SMP Swasta Gajah Mada Medan pada Mata Pelajaran IPA Tahun Ajaran 2021/2022
Authors: Lubis Serepina , Siahaan Mian , Manullang Dapot Tua , Pakpahan Dentry
Published: May 2022

Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui penerapan strategi pembelajaran kontekstual teaching and learning untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas VIII SMP Swasta Gajah Mada Medan pada mata pelajaran IPS tahun ajaran 2021/2022.Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di SMP Swasta Gajah Mada Medan sampel penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VIII yang berjumlah 42 siswa. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) dengan pendekatan kualitatif yang telah dilakukan dalam dua siklus. Tehnik pengumpulan data yaitu tes hasil belajar siswa, dokumentasi dan lembar observasi aktivitas belajar siswa untuk melihat aktivitas belajar siswa selama kegiatan pembelajaran berlangsung, dari data hasil observasi terhadap aktivitas belajar siswa menunjukkan adanya peningkatan aktivitas belajar siswa dari siklus I ke siklus II, pada siklus I diperoleh kategori sangat tinggi tidak ada (0%), kategori tinggi 12 orang (28,57%), kategori cukup 24 orang (57,14%), dan siswa yang aktivitas belajarnya rendah ada 6 orang (14,28%). Sedangkan pada siklus II di peroleh kategori aktivitas belajar siswa sangat tinggi ada 2 orang atau (4,76%), kategori tinggi 36 orang (85,17%), kategori cukup 4 orang atau (9,52%) dan aktivitas belajar siswa rendah tidak ada (0%). Selanjutnya adalah dari data nilai hasil belajar siswa pada siklus I di peroleh 22 orang atau (52,38%) yang tuntas dengan mencapai nilai rata-rata 69,17% dan siklus II meningkat menjadi 36 orang atau (85,71%) yang tuntas dengan nilai rata-rata mencapai 80,71%.Dapat dismpulkan bahwa dengan menerapkan strategi pembelajaran kontekstual teaching and learning dapat meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas VIII SMP Swasta Gajah Mada Medan Pada Mata Pelajaran IPS Tahun Ajaran 2021/2022.
Pengembangan Modul Praktikum Bahan Bangunan Berbasis Problem Based Learning
Authors: Pakpahan Nurmi Frida Dorintan Bertua
Published: May 2022

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji kelayakan modul Praktikum Bahan Bangunan Berbasis Problem Based Instruction (PBI.) Kegiatan awal dilakukan dengan mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis karakteristik materi pembelajaran serta konsep pengajaran PBI sebagai proses konseptual dan sistematik yang digunakan acuan untuk merancang modul. Kegiatan berikutnya merupakan proses empiris untuk menguji kelayakan modul ditinjau oleh ahli dan kelayakan ditinjau dari kompetensi mahasiswa (ranah sikap, pengetahuan dan keterampilan). Metode penelitian yang dilakukan pada: (1) proses konseptual dan sistematik menggunakan Forum Group Discussion (FGD) melakukan diskusi kelompok dari tim dosen rumpun; Analisis karakteristik materi serta konsep pengajaran sebagai acuan untuk merancang modul yang dimulai dari menetapkan tujuan belajar, merancang kegiatan belajar mengajar berbasis PBI, merancang materi dan evaluasi terhadap kompetensi mahasiswa meliputi ranah sikap, pengetahuan dan keterampilan; (2)  proses empiris dilakukan validasi terhadap kelayakan modul ditinjau oleh para ahli; (3) Proses empiris pada penelitian berikutnya adalah mengevaluasi kompetensi mahasiswa menggunakan modul Praktikum Bahan Bangunan Berbasis PBI dalam kegiatan belajarnya.
Agroclimatic assessment of watersheds for crop planning and water harvesting
Authors: A.V.R. KESAVA RAO  , S.P. WANI  , PIARA SINGH  , G.G.S.N. RAO  , L. S. RATHORE  , T. K. SREEDEVI
Published: May 2022

Agroclimatic analysis of two nucleus-watersheds viz., Malleboinpally (Alfisols) in Jadcherla mandal of Mahabubnagar district and Nandavaram (Vertisols) in Banaganapalle mandal of Kurnool district, Andhra Pradesh (India) was carried out using agromet data for the period 1971-2006. Water balance analysis indicated moderate water surplus at Malleboinpally (179 mm) and at Nandavaram it is low at 40 mm. Both watersheds have similar water deficits of 1050-1100 mm per year. Runoff analyses indicated that about 0.3 to 0.5 million m3 water is available for storage during normal years at the watershed area of 500 ha. In the wet years, Malleboinpally has a potential of about 1.25 million m3. Nandavaram has the lowest potential even in wet years. Though both the locations have Semi-Arid type of climate, there is a tendency for the climate to temporarily shift towards drier side. Malleboinpally has the most stable climate (Semi-Arid) climate. In contrast, Nandavaram showed higher tendency towards arid type of climate. Nandavaram provides greater opportunity for double cropping as the LGP here ranges from 120 to 195 days. Malleboinpally has LGP ranging from 100 to 160 days and provides greater potential for sole cropping during rainy season and intercropping with short to medium-duration crops. Early and mid-season droughts occur at Nandavaram and this watershed would require crop / varieties tolerant to early or mid- season droughts depending upon the location. Malleboinpally has greater potential for water harvesting and offers opportunity for supplemental irrigation. These results help in arriving at efficient and sustainable management of natural resources and thereby sustaining rural livelihoods at watershed level.
Study of crop condition and assessment of agricultural drought in rabi season using IRS – AWiFS images
Authors: C. S. MURTHY  , M.V.R. SESHA SAI  , V. BHANUJA KUMARI  , V. S. PRAKASH  , P. S. ROY
Published: May 2022

Although kharif season crops are more vulnerable to agricultural droughts due to uncertainty in monsoon rains, crops of rabi season grown under residual soil moisture and rainfed minor irrigation tanks are equally vulnerable to drought hazard. The present study was undertaken in Bagalkot district of north interior Karnataka to assess the extent of crop area affected by agricultural drought during rabi 2005-06, using Advanced Wide Field Sensor (AWiFS) images of Indian Remote Sensing Satellite, Resourcesat-1. Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) images which represent density, health and vigour of crops were generated from satellite images and analyzed in association with cropping pattern, crop calendar, rainfall pattern and soil depth. The area affected by agricultural drought was delineated in each taluk. The study indicated the feasibility for detailed assessment of agricultural drought during rabi season on near real-time basis using the indigenously available AWiFS images.
Modeling of evaporation using M5 model tree algorithm
Authors: S. DESWAL
Published: May 2022

This paper investigates the prediction of pan evaporation using M5 Model Tree technique, evaluated for its applicability for predicting evaporation from meteorological data. Different combinations of input data were considered and the resulting values of evaporation were analysed and compared with those of existing techniques. The results suggest that the M5 Model could be successfully employed in estimating the evaporation from the available meteorological data set, within a scatter of ±15%, using the combination of air temperature, wind speed, sunshine hours and relative humidity) using M5 Model Tree algorithm. This study suggests the usefulness of M5 Model Tree technique with all the meteorological parameters considered together in predicting the pan evaporation from reservoirs.
Evaluation of climgen model to generate weather parameters under different climatic situations in Punjab
Authors: S.K. BAL  , B. U. CHOUDHURY  , ANIL SOOD  , S.K. JALOTA  , H. SINGH
Published: May 2022

In the present study, ClimGen (weather generator) generated data was compared to the observed  weather data of Ballowal, Ludhiana and Bathinda weather stations representing different type of climatic situations in Punjab. Several years of daily data of solar radiation, maximum and minimum temperature, morning and evening relative humidity, rainfall and wind speed were used as input and five years data were used for validation purpose. Evaluation was done on the basis of coefficient of determination (R2), Residual Mean Square Error (RMSE), General Standard Deviation (GSD) and Wilmott’s index (d) of agreement between generated and observed data. The ClimGen generated data for maximum and minimum temperature showed good performance (GSD d” 0.10 and d e” 0.95) and the data generated for morning relative humidity was acceptable (GSD > 0.10 but d” 0.20 and d < 0.95 but e” 0.90) while evening relative humidity and wind speed were poor except for Ludhiana station. However, the generated rainfall data was poor for all the stations and hence, cannot be accepted. Overall, results indicated ClimGen a good performer as a weather generator for certain parameters.
Forecasting monthly wind speed for Udaipur region
Authors: S. R. BHAKAR  , R. V. SINGH
Published: May 2022

Stochastic modelling for mean monthly wind speed of Udaipur (Rajasthan) was done using 26 years (1978–2003) data. The performed statistical tests indicated that the series of the monthly wind speed data is trend free. The periodic component can be represented by third harmonic expression. The stochastic components of the mean monthly wind speed follow fourth order Markov model. The correlation coefficient between generated and measured mean monthly wind speed series was 0.9995 and found to be highly significant 1 per cent level. The standard error (5.57 mm) is quite low. The regression equation is very near to 1:1 line. Therefore, developed model can be used for future prediction of monthly wind speed at Udaipur.
Stochastic modelling of relative humidity at Banswara
Authors: S. R. BHAKAR  , RAJ VIR SINGH  , NEERAJ CHHAJED  , ANIL KUMAR BANSAL
Published: May 2022

Study was conducted to develop stochastic model for monthly minimum and maximum relative humidity using 12 years (1992-2003) data of Banswara. The performed statistical test indicates that the series of monthly minimum and maximum relative humidity data are trend free. Their periodic components  can be presented satisfactorily by the second harmonics. The stochastic components of both monthly minimum and maximum relative humidity follow second order Markov model. Validation of generated was made with measured series. A high correlation coefficient of 0.9980 and 0.9976 for mean monthly minimum and maximum relative humidity respectively was observed. The correlation was tested by ttest and found to be highly significant at 1 per cent level. The standard error is quite low. The regression equation was very close to 1:1 line. Therefore, the developed model could be used for future prediction of mean monthly minimum and maximum relative humidity, at Banswara.
Probability analysis of rainfall for Udhagamandalam
Authors: D. C. SAHOO  , M. MADHU  , R. MOHANRAJ
Published: May 2022

Daily rainfall data of 43 years (1960-2002) of Udhagamandalam were used for annual, seasonal and monthly analysis at different probability levels to obtain the rainfall distribution pattern. At 80 per cent probability level, the rainfall available in the first (May to August) and second (September to November) season are more than the water requirement of the crops which are grown in this region. In the third season (December to April) the rainfall availability is not enough to support any crop without irrigation. Annual maximum daily rainfall was estimated at different return period which will be useful for design of any water harvesting and soil conservation structures. The annual one day maximum rainfall at 50 and 100 years return period was found to be 238.8 and 293.6 mm, respectively. The depthduration-frequency relationship was developed for duration of 1 to 6 days maximum rainfall for differentfrequency.
A simple weather based forewarning model for white rust in Brassica
Authors: GOPAL KUMAR  , N.V.K. CHAKRAVARTY
Published: May 2022

Field experiments were carried out with two Brassica varieties Pusa Jaikisan and Bio-169-96 (a genotype at the final stages of release) at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute farm during two rabi seasons of 2004-05 and 2005-06. The two varieties were sown on 15th and 30th October. Observations on incidence and spread of white rust were recorded to develop a suitable forewarning model. Incidentally, the 30th October sown plants were found to be infested more by white rust to the tune of 30 and 35 per cent in Bio-169-96 and Pusa Jaikisan respectively, as compared to about 16 and 17 per cent in the 15th October sown plants. A thumb rule was developed to forewarn the incidence of white rust and model equations were developed using hourly weather data of the past to assess the disease severity quantitatively.
Variability of climatic elements at Jorhat
Authors: R. L. DEKA  , K. K. NATH
Published: May 2022

Major climatic elements of Jorhat, Assam for the period 1991-2000 have been compared with those of normal values. The total rainfall was lower than their normal values in all months except in February, September and October with significant decrease in the month of April. Pre-monsoon and monsoon rainfall decreased by 18.8 and 3.3 per cent, respectively. Monthly minimum temperature increased in all months with significant increase during June to September and in November. Monthly maximum temperature increased during April, July and from September to December but decreased during the remaining six months. The monthly temperature range was reduced. Seasonal minimum and seasonal average temperature also increased but seasonal maximum temperature slightly decreasedexcept during post-monsoon season. Morning vapour pressure increased from May to September and decreased during the other months. Evening vapour pressure increased throughout the year. The increase in vapour content indicates intensification of Green House effect. Monthly evaporation also decreased significantly throughout the year. Decrease in bright sunshine hours was observed during January to June and August to October.
UV-B radiation in the tropical monsoon climates
Authors: G.S.L.H.V. PRASADA RAO  , C. S. GOPAKUMAR  , K. N. KRISHNAKUMAR
Published: May 2022

The UV-B radiation was of the order of more than one MED/hr between 10.30 a.m. and 2.30 p.m., reaching to its maximum of more than two and two-and-a-half MED/hour for about two to three hours during the peak noon hours. It crossed even more than 3MED/hr on 12.9.2002. It was high in the year 2002 when compared to that of 2003, 2004 and till June, 2005. Interestingly, the intensity of UV-B radiation was high (29.8%) in the range of more than 2MED/hr during September. Again, it was more so in the year 2002. Whether high UV values in 2002 could be due to all India drought? All the UV phenomena could be attributed to low level of ozone in addition to meteorological factors. Hence, it is suggested that protective measures round-the-year against the sun rays between 10.30 a.m. to 2.30 p.m. may be adapted to avoid the high intensity of UV-B radiation under the tropical monsoon climate since it has harmful effects on living organisms over the Earth’s surface.
Productivity and radiation use efficiency of tea grown under different shade trees in the plain land of West Bengal
Authors: ASIS MUKHERJEE  , ASIS MUKHERJEE  , S. SARKAR
Published: May 2022

Tea is grown under shade trees at higher elevation to attain better quality and higher productivity of the leaf. Hence, a field study was carried out to study the influence the shade trees on productivity and radiation use efficiency of the tea, when grown under plain at the Krishi Ban (Tea garden) of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Gayespur, West Bengal (Latitude 220 58/ N, Longitude 880 31/ E, altitude 9.75 m amsl). Different shade trees namely Acacia auriculiformis, Albizia lebbeck, Dalbergia sissoo, Glyricidia sepium, Casuarina equisetifolia, Gmelina arborea and Eucalyptus hybrid were taken for screening. Observation on yield and components of Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR) were taken at four periods. Each period began from one day after a plucking date and continued to the next plucking date. In total there were four periods as: Period I (7.9.01-3.10.01), Period II (4.10.01-13.11.01), Period III (14.11.01-22.2.02) and Period IV (23.2.02-19.3.02). Irrespective of periods, maximum productivity level (398.1 Kg ha-1) of tea was attained under Dalbergia sissoo and it was minimum (271.7 Kg ha-1) under Glyricidia sepium. Irrespective of periods the highest level (0. 438 g MJ-1) of radiation use efficiency (RUE) was attained under Gmelina arborea. Tea grown under Glyricidia sepium and Casuarina equisetifolia resulted lowest RUE value.
Microclimatic profiles in soybean- pearl millet intercropping systems
Authors: MOHAMMAD SHAMIM  , RAJ SINGH  , DIWAN SINGH
Published: May 2022

A field experiment was conducted during kharif season of 2003-2004 at research farm of department of Agril Meteorology, CCS HAU, Hisar located at 29º102 N lat75º462 E. long and 215.2 m above the MSL The experiment comprising eight treatments was laid out in a RBD with three replications. The crop was sown as rain fed in the last week of June. The temperature and relative humidity profiles were measured at four phenophases using Assmann’s psychrometer. Air temperature profiles in all treatments were inverse throughout the day in comparison to the bare field. Relative humidity was higher in the crop canopy than above crop canopy in all the treatments but after harvest of pearl millet, the slope was less than that in the earlier growth phase. Leaf area index, dry biomass accumulation, test weight, yield and harvest index were reported for all the treatments.
Length of crop growing season and budgeting of soil moisture for intercropping strategies in cotton*
Authors: P. RAGHU RAMI REDDY  , SHAIK MOHAMMAD
Published: May 2022

An estimation of rainfall curve through P/PET revealed that the crop growing season ranged from 22 to 44 standard week at Warangal. (Andhra Pradesh, India). Dependable rainfall at 75% probability prevailed from 24 to 38 standard week. The budgeting of water showed that there was no deficit of soil moisture until 37 standard week during two years study. Long duration crop of cotton intercropped with early maturing cowpea, greengram or blackgram significantly enhanced seed cotton equivalent yield over sole cotton. The rainfall in the later period was short of actual evapotranspiration. Therefore intercrops of longer duration viz., sesamum maturing in 75 days, soybean in 91 days and groundnut in 105 days were highly competitive and did not increase the seed cotton yield equivalents over the sole crop.
Influence of weather parameters on the population dynamics of sesbania thrips (Caliothrips indicus Bagnall) in groundnut in Saurashtra region
Authors: V. NANDAGOPAL  , T. V. PRASAD  , M. V. GEDIA  , A. D. MAKWANA
Published: May 2022

Caliothrips indicus Bagnall commonly known as sesbania thrips is one of the serious pests of groundnut in Saurashtra region causing extensive losses. Regression analysis of populations of Caliothrips indicus for five consecutive years (1994-1998) at Junagadh in Saurashtra region of Gujarat were used to develop forecasting model in relation to weather parameters. Using regression equation the predicted values of occurrence of thrips were calculated from 1999 to 2002. There was minimum deviation between the actual and predicted values of thrips population during certain months, indicating the feasibility of predicting the population occurrence using the prevailing weather factors.
A modified approach for determination of onset and withdrawal of monsoon
Authors: A. K. KOTHARI  , VIRENDRA KUMAR  , P. M. JAIN  , R.C. PUROHIT
Published: May 2022

Onset of monsoon is an important rainfall characteristic for drought management and crop planning. Morris and Zandstra method for onset was compared with observed values for a period of 20 years, which revealed a mismatch in the Bhilwara region in 40 per cent of years. The criteria for rainfall accumulation for both onset and withdrawal was modified in such a way that the determined and observed onset of monsoon showed a significant match. For early and late onset of monsoon and intermittent low/nil rainfall weeks. Withdrawals were adjusted and length of growing period for Bhilwara region was determined.
Frequency analysis of water deficit for crop planning in Gujarat
Authors: B. S. DEORA  , R. V. SINGH
Published: May 2022

The frequency analysis of extreme weekly water deficit in different Agro-climatic Zones of Gujarat using the three most common distributions have been computed. ÷2 test for goodness of fit of the observed data to the theoretical distribution was also performed. The distribution that gave the lowest chi-square value has been selected as the best for that location and the predicted maximum weekly water deficit values have been reported.