bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF (.+‐.)‐PYRENOPHORIN UTILIZING 1,3‐DIPOLAR CYCLOADDITION OF SILYL NITRONATE FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF 16‐MEMBERED RING
Authors: ASAOKA M. , MUKUTA T. , TAKEI H.
Published: April 2016

Methylvinylketon (I) reagiert mit Nitromethan (II) nach Reduktion zu einem Addukt (IIIa), das in den Acrylester (IIIb) umgewandelt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCYCLOADDITIONS TO 3‐PHENYL‐1,2‐BENZISOTHIAZOLE
Authors: SINDLER‐KULYK M. , NECKERS D. C.
Published: April 2016

Aus den 1,2‐Benzisothiazolen (I) erhält man mit den Acetylenen (II) die Addukte (III), die sich thermisch zu den bicyclischen Derivaten (IV) umlagern.
ChemInform Abstract: THERMAL REARRANGEMENT OF 2‐VINYLPIPERIDINE AND 6‐VINYL‐1,2,5,6‐TETRAHYDROPYRIDINE N‐OXIDES: FORMATION OF 1,2‐OXAZEPINE DERIVATIVES
Authors: TSUCHIYA T. , SASHIDA H.
Published: April 2016

Unter thermolytischen Bedingungen gehen die Piperidin‐N‐oxide (Ia) und (Ib) und die Tetrahydropiperidin‐N‐oxide (IVa) und (IVb) eine [l,2]‐sigmatrope Umlagerung zu den 1,2‐Oxazepinen (II), bzw. (V) und (VI) ein.
ChemInform Abstract: A FACILE SILYLATION OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS WITH HEXAMETHYLDISILOXANE
Authors: MATSUMOTO H. , HOSHINO Y. , NAKABAYASHI J. , NAKANO T. , NAGAI Y.
Published: April 2016

Die Carbonsäuren (I) lassen sich mit Hexamethyldisiloxan (II) in Gegenwart katalytischer Mengen von H2SO4 in hohen Ausbeuten zu den Trimethylsilylestern (III) umsetzen.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF DISUBSTITUTED ORGANOSILICON DERIVATIVES OF 2,4‐DICARBA‐CLOSO‐7‐HEPTABORANE (7‐CARBORANE)
Authors: ZHIGACH A. F. , PETRUNIN A. B. , BEKKER D. B.
Published: April 2016

Läßt man mindestens 2 Mol Butyl‐lithium (II) auf das Carboran‐7(1) einwirken, dann bildet sich die Di‐lithiumverbindung (III).
ChemInform Abstract: REAKTIONEN PHOSPHORHALTIGER TRI‐ UND TETRASULFIDE. UMSETZUNG VON BIS‐(DIALKOXYPHOSPHORYL‐ UND THIOPHOSPHORYL)‐TRI‐ UND TETRASULFIDEN MIT SEKUNDAEREN AMINEN
Authors: KHASKIN B. A. , TOMACHEVA N. A. , PROMONENKOV V. K.
Published: April 2016

Phosphorylierte Polysulfide (I) reagieren mit Aminen (II) zu den Sulfiden (III) sowie den Salzen (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF NEW ENOL PHOSPHATES AND PHOSPHONATES CONTAINING 2‐IODOVINYL GROUPS
Authors: MALINOWSKI R. , LEGOCKI J. , MIKOLAJCZYK M.
Published: April 2016

In einer Eintopfreaktion werden die durch 1:1‐molare Reaktion der P‐oxychloride (I) mit dem Dichlorphenacyliodid (II) in Gegenwart von Triethylamin gebildeten Enolate (III) ohne Isolierung mit entsprechenden Alkoholen/NEt3 behandelt und so die gewünschten Titelverbindungen (IV) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: PRINCIPLES OF THE FORMATION OF ADDITION PRODUCTS IN THE PHOSPHORYLATION OF VINYL ALKYL ETHERS BY PHOSPHORUS PENTACHLORIDE
Authors: RYBKINA V. V. , ROZINOV V. G. , GLUKHIKH V. I. , KALABINA A. V.
Published: April 2016

Die primären Reaktionsprodukte bei der Umsetzung von Vinyl‐alkylethern mit Phosphorpentachlorid sind ungesättigte phosphororganische Verbindungen wie das Derivat (II).
ChemInform Abstract: GRIGNARD REACTION OF 2‐PHENYL‐TETRAHYDROPYRROLO‐1,3,2‐OXAZAPHOSPHOLES, OBSERVATION OF THE STEREOSPECIFIC INVERSION OF CONFIGURATION
Authors: KOIZUMI T. , YANADA R. , TAKAGI H. , HIRAI H. , YOSHII E.
Published: April 2016

Methylmagnesiumiodid (II) reagiert mit dem bicyclischen Phosphonamid (I) zu (III).
ChemInform Abstract: PRODUCTS OF THE REACTION OF 2‐HYDROXY‐5‐TERT‐ALKYLTHIOPHENOLS WITH PHOSPHORUS TRICHLORIDE
Authors: MOVSUM‐ZADE M. , ALIEV SH. R. , MAMEDOV F. N.
Published: April 2016

Das Thiophenol (I) reagiert mit Phosphortrichlorid zunächst zu einem Gemisch der Zwischenstufen (II) und (III).
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOCHEMISTRY OF 1‐OXO‐1‐ALKOXY(HYDROXY)‐3,4‐DIMETHYL‐3,4‐DINITROPHOSPHOLANES
Authors: BERESTOVITSKAYA V. M. , EFREMOV L. A. , BERKOVA G. A. , PEREKALIN V. V. , ZAKHAROV V. I.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Einwirkung von Stickstoff‐tetroxid auf die Phospholene (I) entstehen die 3,4 Dinitrophospholanderivate (II).
ChemInform Abstract: NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION OF ALCOHOL AT PHOSPHORUS OF SPIRO ACYLOXYPHOSPHORANE: TRANSPHOSPHORANYLATION
Authors: KOBAYASHI S. , NARUKAWA Y. , HASHIMOTO T. , SAEGUSA T.
Published: April 2016

Die Spirophosphorane (I) lassen sich mit den Alkoholen (II) zu den Derivaten (III) umestern.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF 2‐ACETYL‐3‐METHOXY‐5‐METHYLDIAZAPHOSPHOLINE WITH PHENYLAZIDE
Authors: ARBUZOV B. A. , DIANOVA E. N.
Published: April 2016

Phenylazid (II) lagert sich in Ether bei Zimmertemperatur an das Diazaphospholen (I) unter Stickstoffabspaltung an.
ChemInform Abstract: THE FORMATION OF 1,2‐DISELENOL‐5‐ONE AND 5,6‐DIHYDRO‐4H‐1,3‐SELENAZIN‐4‐ONE DERIVATIVES FROM DIPHENYLCYCLOPROPENONE
Authors: TAKAHASHI M. , WATANABE S. , KASAI T.
Published: April 2016

Cyclopropenon (I) reagiert mit Natriumhydrogenselenid in, ethanolischer Lösung zum Diselenolon (II), das mit Hydrazin zum Pyrazolon (III) umgesetzt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: PHASE‐TRANSFER FREE‐RADICAL REACTIONS: THE CROWN ETHER/POTASSIUM PEROXYDISULFATE INITIATOR SYSTEM
Authors: RASMUSSEN J. K. , SMITH H. K. II
Published: April 2016

Aufgrund der Komplexierung zwischen K‐Ionen und Kronenethern kann durch Reaktion von K,S2O8 mit Kronenethern.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF SUBSTITUTED THOROCENES
Authors: LEVANDA C. , STREITWIESER A. JUN.
Published: April 2016

Durch Reaktion substituierter Cyclooctatetraen‐Dianionen mit ThCl4 in THF oder Dimethoxyethan wurden die luftempfindlichen, diamagnetischen Titelverbindungen (Ib) und (Ic) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTRON‐TRANSFER, HALOGEN‐METAL EXCHANGE, AND DIRECT PROCESSES IN FORMAL NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTIONS ON ALKYL HALIDES BY TRIMETHYLTINSODIUM
Authors: SMITH G. F. , KUIVILA H. G. , SIMON R. , SULTAN L.
Published: April 2016

Formal als nucleophile Substitutionen anzusehende Reaktionen von NaSnMe3 mit Alkylhalogeniden wurden mit Hilfe einfacher Abfangtechniken in THF bei 0 °Cuntersucht, um zwischen den verschiedenen möglichen im Titel aufgeführten Reaktions‐Arten zu unterscheiden.
ChemInform Abstract: BROMINATION OF TRIS(1,1,1‐TRIFLUORO‐2,4‐PENTANEDIONO)CHROMIUM(III)
Authors: CARDWELL T. J. , LORMAN T. H.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelreaktion gelingt bei Verwendung von Brom im Überschuß in Chloroform bei Raum‐ temperatur.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF A HYDROXYLAMIDO(N,O) LIGAND TO A SIDE‐ON COORDINATED OXIMATO LIGAND. PREPARATION OF (MO(NO)(ONC(CH3)2)(NCS)4)2‐
Authors: MUELLER A. + , MOHAN N. , SARKA S. , ELTZNER W.
Published: April 2016

Na‐molybdat reagiert mit KSCN und NHZOH °HCl in Wasser bei 80°C in einer Stunde zu einem Nitrosyl‐ hydroxylamidotetraisothiocyanatomolybdat, das als Tetraphenylphosphoniumsalz isoliert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: MOLYBDENUM COMPLEXES. 1. ACCEPTOR BEHAVIOR AND RELATED PROPERTIES OF MO(VI)O2(TRIDENTATE) SYSTEMS
Authors: RAJAN O. A. , CHAKRAVORTY A.
Published: April 2016

Mo(VI)‐Komplexe des Typs (I) ohne einzähnigen Axialliganden Lwurden durch Reaktion der Schiffschen Basen mit Dioxo‐bis‐[acetylacetonato]‐molybdän oder Ammoniumheptamolybda?VI) bzw. durch Umsetzung von Dioxo‐bis‐[salicylaldehydato]‐molybdän mit o‐Aminophenol oder ‐thiophenol bzw. 2‐Aminoethanol dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF METAL‐METAL MULTIPLE BONDS. 7. ADDITION OF THE HALOGENS CHLORINE, BROMINE AND IODINE AND DIISOPROPYL PEROXIDE TO HEXAISOPROPOXYDIMOLYBDENUM (MM). DINUCLEAR OXIDATIVE‐ADDITION REACTIONS ACCOMPANIED BY METAL‐METAL BOND‐ORDER CHANGES FROM 3 TO 2 TO 1
Authors: CHISHOLM M. H. , KIRKPATRICK C. C. , HUFFMAN J. C.
Published: April 2016

Die Titelverbindung (II) reagiert mit Diisopropylperoxidm Kohlenwasserstofflösungen unter Lichtausschluß zu dem Octaisopropoxydimolybdän (I) mit zweifacher Mo=Mo‐Bindung.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISTRY OF THE MOLYBDENUM‐MOLYBDENUM TRIPLE BOND IN THE (η5‐C5H5)2MO2(CO)(C12H20) METALLACYCLE
Authors: SLATER S. , MUETTERTIES E. L.
Published: April 2016

Die thermische Reaktion des Zweikernkomplexes (I) (MoEMo) mit Hexin‐(3) (II) führt zu dem Komplex (III), der eine MoEMo‐Dreifachbindung enthält.
ChemInform Abstract: COMPLEX HALIDES OF THE TRANSITION METALS. 28. ONE‐ELECTRON OXIDATIONS OF QUADRUPLY BONDED MOLYBDENUM DIMERS
Authors: ZIETLOW T. C. , KLENDWORTH D. D. , NIMRY T. , SALMON D. J. , WALTON R. A.
Published: April 2016

Das elektrochemische Verhalten der Mo‐Komplexe (I) wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOMETALLIC NITROSYL CHEMISTRY. 15. NEW CYCLOPENTADIENYLNITROSYL COMPLEXES S OF MANGANESE
Authors: HAMES B. W. , KOLTHAMMER B. W. S. , LEGZDINS P.
Published: April 2016

Die thermisch instabilen Komplexe (I) unterliegen bei Einwirkung von Zn‐Amalgam einer Kopplungsreaktion vom Wurtz‐Typ unter Bildung der bereits bekannten Dimeren (II).
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDIES OF MANGANESE(II) COMPLEXES CONTAINING PENTADENTATE LIGANDS WITH O2N3, O3N2, AND O2SN2 DONOR SETS
Authors: COLEMAN W. M. , BOGGESS R. K. , HUGHES J. W. , TAYLOR L. T.
Published: April 2016

Die Mn(II)‐Komplexe (I) werden durch die in‐situ‐Reaktion von Mn(II)‐acetat in Ethanol unter Stickstoff mit den aus entsprechenden Aldehyden und Diaminen gebildeten und deprotonierten Liganden synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOGENERATION OF VERY ACTIVE HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSTS USING LASER LIGHT EXCITATION OF IRON CARBONYL PRECURSORS
Authors: MITCHENER J. C. , WRIGHTON M. S.
Published: April 2016

Die Photolyse von Fe(CO)5 oder Fe3(CO)12 liefert einen sehr aktiven Katalysator für die Alken‐Isomerisierung und Hydrosilylierung.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND DECARBONYLATION OF FLUOROCARBON‐BIS(ACYL)TETRACARBONYLIRON COMPLEXES
Authors: HENSLEY D. W. , WURSTER W. L. , STEWART R. P. JUN.
Published: April 2016

Die nicht‐chelatisierten Bis‐acyl‐Komplexe (III) werden in guten Ausb. aus der Reaktion der Anhydride (II) mit dem Komplex (I) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: AN UNUSUAL CYCLOBUTANONE RING CLEAVAGE IN TRICARBONYL((η‐2,3,4,5)‐9,9‐DIPHENYLBICYCLO(5.2.0)NONA‐2,4‐DIEN‐8‐ONE)IRON
Authors: GOLDSCHMIDT Z. , ANTEBI S.
Published: April 2016

Der Eisen‐Komplex (I) isomerisiert sowohl basen‐ als auch säurekatalysiert unter Öffnung des Cyclobutanon‐Ringes zu dem Keton (II); Reaktionswege hierfür werden vorgeschlagen.
ChemInform Abstract: INTRAMOLECULAR CARBINOLAMINE AND IMINE FORMATION WITH COBALT(III)‐AMINE COMPLEXES. SYNTHESIS, STRUCTURE, AND REACTIVITY
Authors: GAINSFORD A. R. , PIZER R. S. , SARGESON A. M. , WHIMP P. O.
Published: April 2016

Der DMSO‐Co(III)‐Komplex (I) bildet mit d,l‐Aminopropanol‐(2) (IIa) den Aminopropanol‐Komplex (IIIa) und dessen O‐Analoges in äquimolaren Mengen.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF TRIBENZO(21)ANEN6: A METAL TEMPLATE SYNTHESIS
Authors: GRANT G. J. , ROYER D. J.
Published: April 2016

Aus Na‐tris‐ (carbonato)cobalt(III), Bis‐[(o‐amino‐phenyl)‐amino]propan und o‐Diamino‐benzol wird in wäßriger Lösung der Komplex (I) hergestellt, der mit dem Ditosylat (II) in einer zweistufigen Reaktion (je 48 h) in den Komplex (III) übergeht.
ChemInform Abstract: ISOMERS OF COBALT(III) COMPLEXES CONTAINING QUADRIDENTATE LIGANDS WITH A SIX‐MEMBERED CHELATE RING. OPTICALLY ACTIVE 2,3,2‐TET DERIVATIVES
Authors: AJIOKA M. , YANO S. , SABURI M. , YOSHIKAWA S.
Published: April 2016

Aus der Reaktion von Co‐chlorid mit den Liganden (Ia) und (Ib) wurden von den möglichen Isomeren die Komplexe (II) und (III) bzw. (IV)‐(VI) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: KINETICS AND MECHANISM OF IODINATION OF PARA‐SUBSTITUTED BENZYLBIS(DIMETHYLGLYOXIMATO)(PYRIDINE)COBALT(III). HIGH REACTIVITY OF THE BASE‐OFF FORM
Authors: OKAMOTO T. , GOTO M. , OKA S.
Published: April 2016

Die spektrophotometrische Untersuchung der Reaktion der Titelkomplexe (Benzylsubstituenten: ‐H, ‐O‐Me, ‐Me, ‐Cl, ‐NO,) mit I, in Benzol bei 40°C zeigt, daß nach der geschwindigkeitsbestimmenden Dissoziation von Pyridin (Geschwindigkeitskonstanten und thermodynamische Parameter der Dissoziation sind angegeben der basenfreie fünffach‐koordinierte Komplex schnell mit Iod reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTROCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF COORDINATIVELY UNSATURATED PLATINACYCLOBUTANES
Authors: KLINGLER R. J. , HUFFMAN J. C. , KOCHI J. K.
Published: April 2016

Der Platin(IV)‐Komplex (I) wird elektrochemisch zu dem Platinacyclobutan (II) reduziert, dessen nahezu planare Struktur röntgenographisch nachgewiesen wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS OF METALLIC COMPLEXES OF β,β′,β′′‐TRIAMINOTRIETHYLAMINE. 14. BASE HYDROLYSIS, CHLORIDE ANATION, AND SYNTHESIS OF SOME RHODIUM(III) COMPLEXES OF β,β′,β′′‐TRIAMINOTRIETHYLAMINE: EVIDENCE FOR CHEMICALLY NONEQUIVALENT COORDINATION SITES IN THE (RH(TREN)XY)N+ CATION
Authors: SALIBY M. J. , KAPLAN E. B. , SHERIDAN P. S. , MADAN S. K.
Published: April 2016

Die Kinetik der Hydrolyse von [RhC12(tren)] und von α‐ und β‐[RhC1(OH)(tren) 1" in alkalischer Lösung, die der sauren Hydrolyse von β‐[RhCl(tren)(OH,)] 2 und die der zweistufigen Chlorid‐Anation von [Rh(tren)(OH2)2] 3+ in saurer Lösung wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF CYTOSINE AND 5‐METHYLCYTOSINE WITH OSMIUM(VIII) REAGENTS: SYNTHESES AND DEAMINATION TO URACIL AND THYMINE DERIVATIVES
Authors: CHANG C.‐H. , FORD H. , BEHRMAN E. J.
Published: April 2016

Cytosin (Ia) und 5‐Methylcytosin (Ib) reagieren ebenso wie Cytidin (Ic) mit Os‐tetraoxid in Gegenwart von 2,2′‐Bipyridyl oder N,N,N′,N′‐Tetramethylethylendiamin unter Addition an die 5,6;‐ Doppelbindung zu den Oxo‐Os(VI)‐Estern (II).
ChemInform Abstract: TEN‐VERTEX CLOSO‐ AND HYPER‐CLOSO‐PHOSPHINOMETALLOCARBORANE COMPLEXES DERIVED FROM SODIUM DODECAHYDRO‐1,3‐DICARBA‐ARACHNO‐NONABORATE(1‐)
Authors: JUNG C. W. , BAKER R. T. , HAWTHORNE M. F.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion des Titelborats (I) mit den Komplexen (II) bzw. (III) in Ether bei Raumtemp. führt zu den im festen Zustand luftstabilen, isostrukturellen 18‐Elektronen‐closo‐Komplexen (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: RING STRAIN IN BIS(TRIETHYLPHOSPHINE)‐3,3‐DIMETHYLPLATINACYCLOBUTANE IS SMALL
Authors: MOORE S. S. , DICOSIMO R. , SOWINSKI A. F. , WHITESIDES G. M.
Published: April 2016

Produktenausb.
ChemInform Abstract: A SYNTHESIS OF β‐BISABOLENE BY THE MANGANESE(III) ACETATE REACTION
Authors: FUKAMIYA N. , OKI M. , OKANO M. , ARATANI T.
Published: April 2016

Die Reaktion von Limonen (I) mit Mn(III)‐acetat (II) liefert neben dem Lacton (III) die Carbonsäure (IV), die sich mit LiAlH4 zum Alkohol (V) reduzieren läßt. Die Oxidation von (V) mit Dimethylsulfoxid (VI)/Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid (VII) /Trifluoressigsäure 3 (VIII) führt zum Aldehyd (IX), der nach Wittig mit dem Phosphoniurnsalz (X) das β‐Bisabolen (XI) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: OXIDATIVE CYCLIZATION AND FRAGMENTATION OF STEROIDAL ALCOHOLS INDUCED BY CERIC AMMONIUM NITRATE
Authors: BALASUBRAMANIAN V. , ROBINSON C. H.
Published: April 2016

Mit Cerammoniumnitrat (CAN) erhält man aus den Steroidalkoholen (I) die Folgeprodukte (II) und (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF A METHIONINE‐5‐ENKEPHALIN RETRO ANALOG
Authors: SHVACHKIN YU. P. , SHISHKINA A. A. , SMIRNOVA A. P.
Published: April 2016

Das Pentapeptid (II), das isomer zum Methionin‐5‐encephalin (I) ist, wird hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: TRIMETHYLSILYL BROMIDE AS A MILD, STEREOSELECTIVE ANOMERIC BROMINATING AGENT
Authors: GILLARD J. W. , ISRAEL M.
Published: April 2016

Bei der Behandlung mit Trimethylsilylbromid (II) erhält man aus der Acetoxy‐furanose (I) die anomeren Bromide (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ADDITION OF NITRENES TO CYCLIC VINYLETHERS. APPLICATIONS TO THE SYNTHESES OF AMINO SUGARS
Authors: KOZLOWSKA‐GRAMSZ E. , DESCOTES G.
Published: April 2016

Aus den ungesättigten Ethem (I) erhält man mit Azidokohlensäureester (II) über Nitrene als Zwischenstufen die isomeren Addukte (III) und (IV), die mit Alkoholen zu den verschiedenen Stereoisomeren der Aminozucker (V) gespalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: STEROSPECIFIC AND STEREOSELECTIVE REACTIONS. IV. A ONE‐STEP PREPARATION OF 2,3‐ANHYDRO‐4,6‐O‐BENZYLIDENE‐α‐D‐ALLOPYRANOSIDE AND ‐GULOPYRANOSIDE
Authors: MITSUNOBU O. , KUDO T. , NISHIDA M. , TSUDA N.
Published: April 2016

Das Methyldideoxyglucopyranosid (I) reagiert mit Azodicarbonsäureester (II) und Triphenylphosphan (III) zum Anhydroallopyranosid (IV) und Spuren des Anhydromannopyranosids (V).
ChemInform Abstract: PROSTAGLANDIN SYNTHESIS FROM A FULVENE WITH THE Ω‐SIDE CHAIN EQUIVALENT
Authors: SAKAI K. , KOBORI T. , FUJISAWA T.
Published: April 2016

Der Ketoester (I) wird zu (IIa) ketalisiert und dann über das Carbinol (IIb) in den Aldehyd (IIc) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: FIRST SYNTHESIS OF AN EPIMER OF (.+‐.)‐PENTENOMYCIN I
Authors: SHONO T. , MATSUMURA Y. , YAMANE S. , SUZUKI M.
Published: April 2016

Das durch anodische Oxidation des Butoxycarbonylfurfurylacetats (I) in Methanol leicht zugängliche Dihydrodimethoxyfuran (II) wird am sauren Ionenaustauscher unter Hydrolyse zum AcetoxyJ d hydroxycyclopentenoncarbonsäureester (III) umgelagert.
ChemInform Abstract: TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF ANTITUMOR AGENT AT‐125, (αS,5S)‐α‐AMINO‐3‐CHLORO‐4,5‐DIHYDRO‐5‐ISOXAZOLEACETIC ACID
Authors: BALDWIN J. E. , KRUSE L. I. , CHA J.‐K.
Published: April 2016

Der Antimetabolit AT‐125 (VI) aus Streptomyce zeigt eine Antitumorwirksamkeit bei der Maus.
ChemInform Abstract: CORROSION TRAILS, PASSING SCENERY, AND DISTANT VIEWS
Authors: UHLIG H. H.
Published: April 2016

Review: Vortrag anläßlich des 21. Corrosion science‐Symposiums (Oxford University, September 1980) zu den Glanzlichtem der Korrosionsforschung am MIT aus den letzten 30 Jahren.
n‐Channel Organic Transistors Processed from Halogen‐Free Solvents: Solvent Effect on Thin‐Film Morphology and Charge Transport
Authors: Gao Simin , Hu Yonghui , Duan Zhiming , Gao Xike
Published: April 2016

Non‐chlorinated solvents are highly preferable for organic electronic processing due to their environmentally friendly characteristics. Four different halogen‐free solvents, tetrafuran, toluene, meta‐xylene and 1,2,4‐trimethylbenzene, were selected to fabricate n‐channel organic thin film transistors (OTFTs) based on 3‐hexylundecyl substituted naphthalene diimides fused with (1,3‐dithiol‐2‐ylidene)malononitrile groups (NDI3HU‐DTYM2). The OTFTs based on NDI3HU‐DTYM2 showed electron mobility of up to 1.37 cm2·V−1·s−1 under ambient condition. This is among the highest device performance for n‐channel OTFTs processed from halogen‐free solvents. The different thin‐film morphologies, from featureless low crystalline morphology to well‐aligned nanofibres, have a great effect on the device performance. These results might shed some light on solvent selection and the resulting solution process for organic electronic devices.
Combinations of Surfactant Flushing and Bioremediation for Removing Fuel Hydrocarbons from Contaminated Soils
Authors: Yan Guangxu , Ma Wenfeng , Chen Chunmao , Wang Qinghong , Guo Shaohui , Ma Jie
Published: April 2016

A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the contaminant removal efficiency of four soil flushing approaches (water flushing, surfactant flushing (Tween‐80), bioremediation + water flushing, and bioremediation + surfactant flushing) in remediating diesel‐contaminated soil. Two types of soil (sandy loam and silt loam) were studied. Bioremediation was conducted by the combination of bioaugmentation (adding a diesel‐degrading microbial mixture) and biostimulation (adding nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients). Sandy loam, with lower organic carbon content and higher permeability, had higher total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) removal efficiency than silt loam for all four flushing treatments. Compared to water flushing, surfactant flushing significantly enhanced the TPH removal efficiency for both sandy loam and silt loams. In contrast, bioremediation alone (without combining with surfactant flushing) failed to enhance the TPH removal efficiency for sandy loam and silt loam. The likely reason was that migration and delivery of the inoculated TPH‐degrading microorganisms was constrained by the soil porous matrix, preventing the microorganisms from spreading over the entire contaminated area. Surfactants can enhance bioremediation efficiency by facilitating the migration of degrading microorganisms and increasing contaminant bioavailability. A combination of surfactant flushing and bioremediation had the highest TPH removal efficiency (77.1% for sandy loam and 46.9% for silt loam) among the four flushing treatments. Overall, combining surfactant flushing with bioremediation appears to be a promising remediation strategy for sites contaminated by fuel hydrocarbons.
The nexin link and B‐tubule glutamylation maintain the alignment of outer doublets in the ciliary axoneme
Authors: Alford Lea M. , Stoddard Daniel , Li Jennifer H. , Hunter Emily L. , Tritschler Douglas , Bower Raqual , Nicastro Daniela , Porter Mary E. , Sale Winfield S.
Published: April 2016

We developed quantitative assays to test the hypothesis that the N‐DRC is required for integrity of the ciliary axoneme. We examined reactivated motility of demembranated drc cells, commonly termed “reactivated cell models.” ATP‐induced reactivation of wild‐type cells resulted in the forward swimming of ∼90% of cell models. ATP‐induced reactivation failed in a subset of drc cell models, despite forward motility in live drc cells. Dark‐field light microscopic observations of drc cell models revealed various degrees of axonemal splaying. In contrast, >98% of axonemes from wild‐type reactivated cell models remained intact. The sup‐pf4 and drc3 mutants, unlike other drc mutants, retain most of the N‐DRC linker that interconnects outer doublet microtubules. Reactivated sup‐pf4 and drc3 cell models displayed nearly wild‐type levels of forward motility. Thus, the N‐DRC linker is required for axonemal integrity. We also examined reactivated motility and axoneme integrity in mutants defective in tubulin polyglutamylation. ATP‐induced reactivation resulted in forward swimming of >75% of tpg cell models. Analysis of double mutants defective in tubulin polyglutamylation and different regions of the N‐DRC indicate B‐tubule polyglutamylation and the distal lobe of the linker region are both important for axonemal integrity and normal N‐DRC function. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Superior Electrocatalytic Activity of a Robust Carbon‐Felt Electrode with Oxygen‐Rich Phosphate Groups for All‐Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
Authors: Kim Ki Jae , Lee Heon Seong , Kim Jeonghun , Park Min‐Sik , Kim Jung Ho , Kim Young‐Jun , Skyllas‐Kazacos Maria
Published: April 2016

A newly prepared type of carbon felt with oxygen‐rich phosphate groups is proposed as a promising electrode with good stability for all‐vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). Through direct surface modification with ammonium hexafluorophosphate (NH4PF6), phosphorus can be successfully incorporated onto the surface of the carbon felt by forming phosphate functional groups with −OH chemical moieties that exhibit good hydrophilicity. The electrochemical reactivity of the carbon felt toward the redox reactions of VO2+/VO2+ (in the catholyte) and V3+/V2+ (in the anolyte) can be effectively improved owing to the superior catalytic effects of the oxygen‐rich phosphate groups. Furthermore, undesirable hydrogen evolution can be suppressed by minimizing the overpotential for the V3+/V2+ redox reaction in the anolyte of the VRFB. Cell‐cycling tests with the catalyzed electrodes show improved energy efficiencies of 88.2 and 87.2 % in the 1st and 20th cycles compared with 83.0 and 81.1 %, respectively, for the pristine electrodes at a constant current density of 32 mA cm−2. These improvements are mainly attributed to the faster charge transfer allowed by the integration of the oxygen‐rich phosphate groups on the carbon‐felt electrode.
Reconsidering the Hypothetical Adolescent in Evaluating and Teaching Young Adult Literature
Authors: Sulzer Mark A. , Thein Amanda Haertling
Published: April 2016

Courses on teaching young adult literature (YAL) often encourage preservice English language arts teachers to consider their future students as they evaluate texts for classroom use. In this study, Sulzer and Thein analyzed preservice teachers' responses to familiar questions used to frame discussions ofYAL—questions that ask them to read on behalf of a hypothetical adolescent reader. Findings suggest that evaluatingYALthis way may naturalize myths about who adolescents are, what they care about, and what they are capable of. Understanding and addressing these myths may be beneficial to all who are involved in selecting literature for adolescents.
Cuticle and subsurface ornamentation of intact plant leaf epidermis under confocal and superresolution microscopy
Authors: Urban Michael A. , Barclay Richard S. , Sivaguru Mayandi , Punyasena Surangi W.
Published: April 2016

Plant cuticle micromorphology is an invaluable tool in modern ecology and paleoecology. It has expanded our knowledge of systematic relationships among diverse plant groups and can be used to identify fossil plants. Furthermore, fossil plant leaf micromorphology is used for reconstructing past environments, most notably for estimating atmospheric CO2concentration. Here we outline a new protocol for imaging plant cuticle for archival and paleoecological applications. Traditionally, both modern reference and fossil samples undergo maceration with subsequent imaging via environmental SEM, widefield fluorescence, or light microscopy. In this paper, we demonstrate the capabilities of alternative preparation and imaging methods using confocal and superresolution microscopy with intact leaf samples. This method produces detailed three‐dimensional images of surficial and subsurface structures of the intact leaf. Multiple layers are captured simultaneously, which previously required independent maceration and microtome steps. We compared clearing agents (chloral hydrate, KOH, and Visikol); mounting media (Eukitt and Hoyer's); fluorescent stains (periodic acid Schiff, propidium iodide); and confocal vs. superresolution microscopes. We conclude that Eukitt is the best medium for long‐term preservation and imaging. Because of nontoxicity and ease of procurement, Visikol made for the best clearing agent. Staining improves contrast and under most circumstances PAS provided the clearest images. Supperresolution produced higher clarity images than traditional confocal, but the information gained was minimal. This new protocol provides the botanical and paleobotanical community an alternative to traditional techniques. Our proposed workflow has the net benefit of being more efficient than traditional methods, which only capture the surface of the plant epidermis.Microsc. Res. Tech. 81:129–140, 2018. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anoikis‐resistant cholangiocarcinoma cells display aggressive characteristics and increase STAT3 activation
Authors: Huyen Nguyen Thi Bich , Prachayasittikul Virapong , Chan‐On Waraporn
Published: April 2016

Background

Anoikis is a specialized cell apoptosis triggered by loss of cell adhesion. Acquisition of anoikis resistance is a key cancer hallmark that has been associated with metastasis of human malignancies. Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a highly metastatic cancer of the bile duct, in which mechanisms underlying its resistance to anoikis has not been well elucidated.

Methods

HuCCT1 and Huh28 were utilized as in vitro models to examine biological characteristics of anoikis resistant‐CCA cells. Expression and activation of signaling molecules were determined by western blotting.

Results

We demonstrated that a significant proportion of CCA cells including HuCCT1 and Huh28 resisted anoikis induced by anchorage‐independent condition. Notably, anoikis‐resistant CCA cells, especially HuCCT1, substantially increased invasive potential and became resistant to gemcitabine, which is the standard chemotherapeutic agent for CCA. Mechanistically, the anoikis‐resistant HuCCT1 cells markedly increased activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and concomitantly upregulated anti‐apoptotic proteins, Mcl‐1 and Bcl‐2. Inhibition of STAT3 by AG 490 significantly induced HuCCT1 cells to undergo anoikis.

Conclusions

Taken together, our findings uncover the aggressive properties of CCA cells that overcome anoikis, and reveal the involvement of STAT3 signaling pathway in anoikis resistance in CCA. Targeting STAT3 may restore anoikis and prevent metastasis of the disease.
Novel Organotellurium Heterocycles Derived From Bis(2‐Aminophenyl) Ditelluride
Authors: Sanford Gabrielle , Walker Kaitlynn E. , Fronczek Frank R. , Junk Thomas
Published: April 2016

Novel methods for the preparation of organotellurium heterocycles derived from bis(2‐aminophenyl) ditelluride were developed. Thus, highly nucleophilic 2‐aminobenzenetellurol generated by reduction in situ reacted smoothly with malonitrile to 2‐cyanomethylbenzo‐1,3‐tellurazole, while its treatment with carbon disulfide and subsequent methylation generated 2‐methylmercaptobenzo‐1,3‐tellurazole. Amidation to (2‐haloacetamidophenyl) ditellurides, followed by reduction under carefully controlled conditions, furnished previously inaccessible 2H‐1,4‐benzotellurazin‐3(4H)‐ones in yields ranging from 47‐62%.
Expression of α‐glucosidase during morphological differentiation in the basidiomycetous fungus Pholiota microspora
Authors: Zhu Gang , Hayashi Mirai , Shimomura Norihiro , Yamaguchi Takeshi , Aimi Tadanori
Published: April 2016

The α‐glucosidase gene from Pholiota microspora, designated PnGcs, was amplified and characterized. The open reading frame region of PnGcs, from ATG to the stop codon, is 2937 bp and encodes a protein of 979 amino acids with a signal peptide of 20 amino acids at the N‐terminus. The predicted amino acid sequence of PnGcs indicated that it is a glycoside hydrolase family 31 protein. Quantitative reverse transcription PCR was used to investigate PnGcs expression in mycelia cultured in minimal medium containing various carbon sources, as well as in tissue during different stages of development of fruiting bodies. When P. microspora was grown in minimal medium supplemented with different carbon sources, PnGcs expression was highest when induced by maltose. During cultivation on sawdust medium, PnGcs expression increased dramatically at the fruiting body formation stage compared with the mycelial growth stage, which implied that PnGcs is closely associated with fruiting body development.
A virulent phage JHP against Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed infectivity against multiple genera
Authors: Khawaja Komal Ameer , Rauf Mahd , Abbas Zaigham , Rehman Shafiq ur
Published: April 2016

The resistance to antibiotics in clinically important bacteria is one of the major global health concerns. Phage therapy could be one reliable alternative therapeutic strategy to combat these superbugs. In this study, we assessed host range of a novel bacteriophage, JHP, and characterized for its potential use in phage therapy. The bacteriophage demonstrated infectivity over a broad range of genera including multidrug resistant clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, members of family Enterobacteracae, and other important human pathogens. The antibacterial activity was highest at pH 7, and at temperature of 37 °C. The phage lytic activity gradually decreased till 60 °C and showed no activity when temperature was further raised. The bacteriophage could safely be stored at 4 °C or −20 °C. The latent period of the bacteriophage was 25 min and showed a burst size of 433 virions per cell. The size of JHP genome was approximately 30 kb. Family, Siphoviridae was assigned to JHP based on its icosahedral head with non‐contractile tail. The diameter of JHP head and tail length was found 115 and 152 nm, respectively. To sum up, the broad spectrum Siphoviridae phage JHP is an ingenious candidate for phage therapy.
Young People's Creative and Performing Arts Participation and Arts Self‐concept: A Longitudinal Study of Reciprocal Effects
Authors: Mansour Marianne , Martin Andrew J. , Anderson Michael , Gibson Robyn , Liem Gregory A.D. , Sudmalis David
Published: April 2016

This longitudinal study examines the relationship between young people's creative and performing arts participation (e.g., in dance, drama, film, music, visual arts) and their arts self‐concept. Drawing on the positive youth development (PYD) framework and the reciprocal effects model (REM) of self‐concept, a cross‐lagged panel design is implemented to explore the connections between arts self‐concept and each of school (e.g., school‐based arts instruction), home (e.g., parent–child arts interaction), and community (e.g., out‐of‐school arts instruction) creative and performing arts participation. The study drew on an Australian sample of 643 elementary and high school students from 15 schools. Analyses showed that beyond the effects of socio‐demographics and prior achievement, there are longitudinal associations (including reciprocal effects) between numerous forms of creative and performing arts participation and arts self‐concept. Implications are discussed.
An Exploration of Some Antecedents and Consequences of Creative Self‐Efficacy among College Students
Authors: Puente‐Diaz Rogelio , Cavazos‐Arroyo Judith
Published: April 2016

Two studies examined the role of task‐, self‐, and other‐approach achievement goals, trait curiosity, and enjoyment as antecedents of creative self‐efficacy and the influence of creative self‐efficacy on grade point average and perceived performance/effort exerted among college business students from Mexico. To test our research hypotheses, we used Structural Equation Modeling treating the variables as latent. Results from study 1 showed that task/self‐approach goal was a significant antecedent of creative self‐efficacy and enjoyment a marginally significant antecedent. Results from study 2 showed a positive, significant influence of trait curiosity on creative self‐efficacy. Similarly, creative self‐efficacy had a positive, direct influence on perceived performance/effort exerted and an indirect influence on students' grade point average. The implications of our results were discussed.
Characterization of synovial fluid cytokine profiles in chronic meniscal tear of the knee
Authors: Bigoni Marco , Turati Marco , Sacerdote Paola , Gaddi Diego , Piatti Massimiliano , Castelnuovo Alberto , Franchi Silvia , Gandolla Marta , Pedrocchi Alessandra , Omeljaniuk Robert J. , Bresciani Elena , Locatelli Vittorio , Torsello Antonio
Published: April 2016

Concentrations of pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines in synovial fluid samples collected from patients with chronic meniscal tears were investigated. An acute inflammatory response is generally reported 24–48 h after knee injury, but the largest body of data available in literature concerns anterior cruciate ligament injury and very little information is available about the balance of soluble factors in the synovial fluid of knees with chronic meniscal tears. Sixty‐nine patients (46 males and 23 females) with meniscal tear that occurred more than 3 months earlier were enrolled. According to cartilage integrity assessment by arthroscopic examination, patients were assigned to one of the following groups: (i) no chondral damage (n = 18); (ii) chondral damage graded from I to II (n = 15); and (iii) chondral damage graded from III to IV (n = 37). In all groups, levels of IL‐10 and inflammatory cytokines IL‐6, TNF‐α, and IL‐8 where greater compared with those reported in the intact population; by contrast, levels of IL‐1ra and IL‐1β were significantly lower. Interestingly, IL‐6 levels were higher in female than male patients. Cytokine levels did not correlate with degree of chondral damage. IL‐6 and IL‐1ra levels positively correlated with IL‐1β, and negatively correlated with TNF‐α. Interestingly, levels of IL‐1β and TNF‐α were inversely correlated. Our data demonstrate increased levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐6, IL‐8, and TNF‐α) in the chronic phase of meniscal trauma. This pro‐inflammatory state is maintained in the joint from the time of initial injury to several months later and could be a key factor in hampering cartilage regeneration. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:340–346, 2017.
Determining the drivers of long‐term aridity variability: a southern African case study
Authors: Chevalier Manuel , Chase Brian M.
Published: April 2016

This paper highlights the importance of differentiating between precipitation amount and moisture availability (‘humidity’/‘aridity’) when considering proxy records of climate change. While the terms are sometimes used interchangeably, moisture availability is determined by both (i) precipitation amount and (ii) temperature, through its influence on potential evapotranspiration. As many palaeoenvironmental proxies reflect changes in this water balance rather than purely precipitation amount, it is important to distinguish between the potential relative influences of precipitation and temperature if those records are to be interpreted in terms of climate mechanisms and/or compared with model outputs. As a case study, we explore how precipitation and temperature have determined moisture availability in South Africa's summer rainfall zone over the last 45 000 years. Using quantitative reconstructions of mean annual temperature, summer rainfall amount and an aridity index, our analysis reveals strong spatiotemporal variability in the relative influences of precipitation and temperature on aridity. Temperature is shown to have exerted a considerable and even dominant influence on moisture availability, resulting in elevated humidity during the last glacial period, despite significant reductions in precipitation amount.
Facies analysis of the Middle and Late Quaternary sediment infill of the northern Weihe Basin, Central China
Authors: Rits Daniël S. , Prins Maarten A. , Troelstra Simon R. , van Balen Ronald T. , Zheng Yan , Beets Christiaan J. , Wang Bin , Li Xiaoqiang , Zhou Jie , Zheng Hongbo
Published: April 2016

A detailed study of the uppermost 221 m of drill core LYH‐1 – located in the northern part of the Weihe Basin – reveals considerable environmental variety over the past 1 Myr. Studied parameters include lithofacies, sedimentological properties and micropalaeontological content of selected core‐samples. Present‐day environments in the research area have been used as analogues for past conditions. The palaeoenvironments documented in the sedimentary record are interpreted as shallow lakes, fluvial settings, soils and aeolian environments. The temporal variation of the environments indicates a rapid alternation between climate‐driven wet and dry phases, suggesting that these fluctuations are related to changes in monsoon intensity. However, on a larger temporal scale, the sedimentation and accumulation of water is also affected by local tectonics. End‐member modelling shows that the siliciclastic grain‐size distributions can be ascribed to the mixing of six distinct end‐members. Most of the sediments in core LYH‐1 have similar characteristics to the loess deposits from the Central Loess Plateau. However, the much higher sedimentation rates and sedimentary structures suggest that these sediments consist for a large part of fluvially reworked loess. A broad subdivision of the core into three main intervals can be made, tentatively dated by magnetostratigraphy. From 162 to 221 m (690–1000 ka), brackish wetland conditions with a regular influence from fluvial and/or distal alluvial fan systems prevailed. The interval 90–162 m (330–690 ka) shows more terrestrial settings with occasional hypersaline lakes. From 0 to 90 m (0–330 ka), the environment was a shallow wetland, albeit with a relatively low diversity of aquatic and terrestrial microfossils compared to the lower interval.
Tonsillectomy in adults with obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Holmlund Thorbjörn , Franklin Karl A. , Levring Jäghagen Eva , Lindkvist Marie , Larsson Torbjörn , Sahlin Carin , Berggren Diana
Published: April 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

To study whether tonsillectomy is effective on obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in adults with large tonsils.

Study Design

A multicenter prospective interventional study.

Methods

The study comprised 28 patients with OSA, an apnea–hypopnea index of > 10, large tonsils (Friedman tonsil size 3 and 4), and age 18 to 59 years. They were derived from 41 consecutive males and females with large tonsils referred for a suspicion of sleep apnea to the ear, nose, and throat departments in Umeå, Skellefteå, and Sunderbyn in northern Sweden. The primary outcome was the apnea–hypopnea index, measured with polygraphic sleep apnea recordings 6 months after surgery. Secondary outcomes included daytime sleepiness, as measured with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, and swallowing function, using video‐fluoroscopy.

Results

The apnea–hypopnea index was reduced from a mean of 40 units per hour (95% confidence interval [CI] 28–51) to seven units per hour (95% CI 3–11), P < 0.001, at the 6‐month follow‐up after surgery. The apnea–hypopnea index was reduced in all patients and 18 (64%) were cured. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale was reduced from a mean of 11 (95% CI 8–13) to 6.0 (95% CI 4–7), P < 0.001. A swallowing dysfunction was found in seven of eight investigated patients before surgery. Of those, swallowing function improved in five patients after surgery, whereas no one deteriorated.

Conclusion

Tonsillectomy may be effective treatment for adult patients with OSA and large tonsils. Tonsillectomy may be suggested for adults with OSA and large tonsils.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 126:2859–2862, 2016
Laryngeal ultrasound and vocal fold movement in the pediatric cardiovascular intensive care unit
Authors: Ongkasuwan Julina , Ocampo Elena , Tran Brandon
Published: April 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

Vocal fold motion impairment (VFMI) is a known sequela of cardiovascular surgery. The gold standard for the evaluation of vocal fold movement is flexible nasolaryngoscopy (FNL). Although safe, FNL does cause measurable physiologic changes. Noxious stimuli in cardiovascular intensive care unit (CVICU) neonates may cause imbalance between the pulmonary and systemic circulations and potentially circulatory collapse. The goals of this project were to determine the accuracy of laryngeal ultrasound (LUS) compared to FNL to identify VFMI in CVICU neonates and compare their physiologic impact.

Study Type

Case control.

Design

Prospective case‐control study.

Methods

Forty‐six consecutive infants from the CVICU were recruited, 23 with VFMI and 23 without based on FNL findings. They then underwent LUS, which was subsequently reviewed by two pediatric radiologists blinded to the FNL results. Physiologic parameters were recorded before and after the procedures. Data analysis was performed with Cohen's kappa and Wilcoxon signed‐rank test.

Results

Agreement between LUS and FNL was substantial (κ = 0.78). Laryngeal ultrasound had a sensitivity of 0.84 and specificity of 0.95 for identifying VFMI. In terms of physiologic impact, LUS caused statistically significantly less change in diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.01), pulse (P = 0.001), and O2 saturation (P = 0.004) compared to FNL. Arytenoid rotation could be seen clearly, and the vocal fold–arytenoid angle in abduction was most predictive of symmetry and movement (P = 0.17). However, it was difficult to determine vocal fold closure patterns with LUS.

Conclusion

Laryngeal ultrasound is a comparable to FNL for evaluating vocal fold mobility with less physiologic impact.

Level of Evidence

3b. Laryngoscope, 127:167–172, 2017
Manual laryngeal reposturing as a primary approach for mutational falsetto
Authors: Roy Nelson , Peterson Elizabeth A. , Pierce Jenny L. , Smith Marshall E. , Houtz Daniel R.
Published: April 2016

Objectives/Hypothesis

Mutational falsetto is a functional voice disorder characterized by failure of the male high‐pitched preadolescent voice to transition to the lower pitch of adolescence and adulthood. Few objective outcomes data exist regarding the effectiveness of voice therapy for this poorly understood disorder. This study examined the immediate effects of a single therapy session using manual laryngeal reposturing as a primary approach in the management of mutational falsetto.

Study Design

Retrospective case series, pre‐/posttreatment.

Methods

Manual circumlaryngeal techniques, including digital laryngeal reposturing maneuvers, were used as the primary approach to treat 12 consecutive males with mutational falsetto (mean age 17.5 yrs., range 14–25 years). Pre‐ and posttreatment audiorecordings of connected speech and sustained vowel samples were submitted to auditory‐perceptual and acoustic analysis to assess the effects of a single voice therapy session. Acoustic estimates of severity in both connected speech and sustained vowel productions were computed using the Cepstral Spectral Index of Dysphonia (CSID), a multivariate dysphonia summary tool that incorporates cepstral and spectral measures.

Results

Pre‐ and posttreatment comparisons confirmed a significant change in the direction of normal vocal function within a single treatment session for both listener‐ and CSID‐based estimates of dysphonia severity.

Conclusion

Behavioral therapy using manual laryngeal reposturing by an experienced voice clinician is an effective and efficient primary approach for mutational falsetto.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 127:645–650, 2017
Warm‐season Grazing Benefits Species Diversity Conservation and Topsoil Nutrient Sequestration in Alpine Meadow
Authors: Gao‐Lin Wu , Dong Wang , Yu Liu , Lu‐Ming Ding , Zhen‐Heng Liu
Published: April 2016

Seasonal grazing is one way of the moderate grazing regimes, but little information is available on compared study of seasonal grazing in alpine meadow. We studied the aboveground and belowground properties among warm‐seasonal grazing meadows and cold‐seasonal grazing meadows on the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Results showed that the warm‐seasonal grazing increased forb functional group proportion, plant density and evenness index but decreased root biomass, plant height and graminoid functional group proportions. Grazing seasons affected variation in soil bulk density, soil water content, pH and soil nutrient content, and the variations caused the various of soil carbon and nitrogen density. The highest values of soil carbon and nitrogen contents and densities in the warm‐season grazing meadow occurred at the top 10‐cm soil, while the highest values in the cold‐season grazing meadow occurred at the depth of 30‐ to 50‐cm soil. Our results indicated that the warm‐season grazing is suitable for the species diversity conservation and the nutrient sequestration at the topsoil. However, the cold‐season grazing is suitable for the nutrient sequestration at the deep soil. This study implied that the warm‐season and cold‐season grazing might be exchanged regularly to practice continuous carbon and nitrogen sequestration. Periodic cold‐season and warm‐season grazing would be the suitable grazing regime to keep alpine meadow sustainability. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low Molecular Weight PEI‐Based Vectors via Acid‐Labile Ortho Ester Linkage for Improved Gene Delivery
Authors: Zhang Lei , Yu Min , Wang Jun , Tang Rupei , Yan Guoqing , Yao Weijing , Wang Xin
Published: April 2016

A series of novel pH‐sensitive gene delivery vectors (POEI 1, 2, and 3) are synthesized through Michael addition from low molecular weight PEI (LMW PEI) via acid‐labile ortho ester linkage with terminal acrylates (OEAc) by various feed molar ratios. The obtained POEI 1 and POEI 2 can efficiently condense plasmid DNA into nanoparticles with size range of 200–300 nm and zeta‐potentials of about +15 mV while protecting DNA from enzymatic digestion compared with POEI 3. Significantly, ortho ester groups of POEI main‐chains can make an instantaneous degradation‐response to acidic endosomal pH (≈5.0), resulting in accelerated disruption of polyplexes and intracellular DNA release. MTT assay reveals that all POEIs exhibit much lower cytotoxicity in different cells than branched PEI (25 KDa). As expected, POEI 1 and POEI 2 perform improved gene transfection in vitro, suggesting that such polycations might be promising gene vectors based on overcoming toxicity‐efficiency contradiction.

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