bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CMAPS
Authors: Hsiung Pao-Ann
Published: July 2002

Currently, a lot of research is devoted to
system design
, and little work is done on
requirements analysis
. Besides going from specification to design, one of our main objectives is to show how an application problem can be transformed into specifications. Working from the hardware-software codesign perspective, a system is designed starting from an application problem itself, rather than the detailed behavioral specifications. Given an application problem specified as a directed acyclic graph of elementary problems, a hardware-software solution is derived such that the synthesized software, a parallel pseudoprogram, can be scheduled and executed on the synthesized software, a parallel pseudoprogram, can be scheduled and executed on the synthesized hardware, a set of system-level parallel computer specifications, with heuristically optimal performance. This is known as system-level cosynthesis of application-oriented general-purpose parallel systems for which a novel methodology called
Cosynthesis Methodology for Applicaton-Oriented Parallel Systems
(CMAPS), is presented. Since parallel programs and multiprocessor architectures are largely interdependent, CMAPS explores the relationship between hardware designs and software algorithms by interleaving the modeling phases and the synthesis phases of both hardware and software. High scalability in terms of problem complexity and easy upgradability to new technologies are achieved through modularization of the input problem specification, of the software algorithms, and of the hardware subsystem models. The work presented in this paper will be beneficial to designers of general-purpose parallel computer systems which must be oriented toward solving some user-specified problem such as the global controller of an industry automation process or a multiprocessor video server. Some application examples are given to illustrate various codesign phases of CMAPS and its feasibility.
Topological ordering of a list of randomly-numbered elements of a network
Authors: Lasser Daniel J.
Published: July 2002

A network of directed line segments free of circular elements is assumed. The lines are identified by their terminal nodes and the nodes are assumed to be numbered by a non-topological system. Given a list of these lines in numeric order, a simple technique can be used to create at high speed a list in topological order.
Laviathan studies
Authors: Rome Sydney C.
Published: July 2002

The Leviathan studies are investigations into how people operate in large social organizations. Examples of such groups are a large military command, a governmental agency like the U. S. Bureau of Internal Revenue, or an industrial combination like an international oil corporation.
An implementation of structured walk-throughs in teaching Cobol programming
Authors: Lemos Ronald S.
Published: July 2002

The effectiveness of structured walk-throughs in teaching introductory Cobol programming was empirically assessed with a sample of 215 undergraduate business administration majors. Cobol proficiency was measured by a final examination testing (a) knowledge of language rules, (b) ability to read and debug a program, and (c) the ability to write a program. Analysis of multiple covariance was used to statistically adjust test scores for age and conditional reasoning scores.

The findings provide empirical support for incorporating structured walk-throughs into the programming learning process to more effectively develop student proficiency in writing Cobol programs.
Perfect hashing functions
Authors: Sprugnoli Renzo
Published: July 2002

A refinement of hashing which allows retrieval of an item in a static table with a single probe is considered. Given a set I of identifiers, two methods are presented for building, in a mechanical way, perfect hashing functions, i.e. functions transforming the elements of I into unique addresses. The first method, the “quotient reduction” method, is shown to be complete in the sense that for every set I the smallest table in which the elements of I can be stored and from which they can be retrieved by using a perfect hashing function constructed by this method can be found. However, for nonuniformly distributed sets, this method can give rather sparse tables. The second method, the “remainder reduction” method, is not complete in the above sense, but it seems to give minimal (or almost minimal) tables for every kind of set. The two techniques are applicable directly to small sets. Some methods to extend these results to larger sets are also presented. A rough comparison with ordinary hashing is given which shows that this method can be used conveniently in several practical applications.
An interactive display for approximation by linear programming
Authors: Lafata P. , Rosen J. B.
Published: July 2002

An interactive program with a graphical display has been developed for the approximation of data by means of a linear combination of functions (including splines) selected by the user. The coffiecients of the approximation are determined by linear programming so as to minimize the error in either the
L
1
or
L
∞
norm. Auxiliary conditions such as monotonicity or convexity of the approximation can also be imposed. This interactive system is described and several examples of its use are given.
Multi-attribute retrieval with combined indexes
Authors: Lum V. Y.
Published: July 2002

In this paper a file organization scheme designed to replace the use of the popular secondary index filing scheme (or inverted files on secondary key fields) is described. Through the use of redundancy and storing keys (or access numbers of the records) that satisfy different combinations of secondary index values in “buckets,” it is possible to retrieve all keys satisfying any input query derived from a subset of fields by a single access to an index file, although each bucket may be used for many combinations of values and a combination of buckets may be required for a given query.

The method which, in its degenerate case, becomes the conventional secondary index filing scheme works similarly but has the following advantages: (1) the elimination of multiple accesses in many cases; (2) the elimination of false drops; (3) the elimination of computer time to perform intersection of key sets each qualified for one secondary index field only; and (4) the avoidance of long strings of keys when an index field appearing in a query has very few possible values. Redundancy, in some cases, is the same as the secondary indexing method. In the general case, trade-off between the number of accesses for query and redundancy exists.
On the normalization requirement of divisor in divide-and-correct methods
Authors: Krishnamurthy E. V. , Nandi Salil K.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents an analysis on the normalization requirement of the divisor in a divide-and-correct method. This analysis is made subject to the condition that not more than one correction is required to obtain the true quotient character, from the trial estimate got from the division of a two-precision segment of every partial remainder by a suitably rounded single-precision divisor. (This segmented division is denoted here as a (2, 1) precision basic division.) It is found that the normalization requirement could be narrowed down to a smaller range of divisors, provided the magnitude of the character next to the leading character of the divisor is known. If, however, the normalization is to be eliminated one has to choose proper higher precision segments of operands for the basic division.

Also considered is the possibility of eliminating the normalization by an increase on the number of corrections on the quotient estimate got from a (2, 1) precision basic division. It is shown that such a scheme is economical only for small radices.
An inductive approach to language translation
Authors: Faulk Ramon D.
Published: July 2002

The possibility of natural language translation by means of fixed operations on example translation is considered. The conception of sentence translation which motivates the work is informally presented, and the measurement of physical similarity in pairs of strings is discussed, a nation which plays a central role in the proposed type of translator. Experimental evidence is presented in support of the premise upon which this conception is based.
Computer technology in communist China, 1956-1965
Authors: Audette Donald G.
Published: July 2002

Based on information from translations of Communist Chinese news items and periodical literature for the 1956 through 1965 period, computer technology in China is reviewed under the following headings: (1) initial planning, organization and educational aspects of computer technology and automation; 2) machine development progress: two major specific machines in 1958-59, with Soviet aid; a vacuum in 1960-64 due to the withdrawal of Soviet aid; then presumably all-Chinese-made machines from 1965 to the present; (3) computer applications; (4) the trend of automation: control of production processes rather than data processing; and (5) the “Yun Ch'ou Hsueh” (Science of Operation and Programming) campaign of 1958-60, during which an attempt was made to bring concepts such as linear programming to ordinary Chinese workers and peasants. Communist China is adjudged to have a marginal computer capability, with most of its machines probably being of a binary nature; however, a turning point may have been reached in mid-1965.
A card format for reference files in information processing
Authors: Grems Mandalay
Published: July 2002

This paper proposes a card format suitable for a variety of reference files in information processing. An 80-column IBM card is divided into two fields—reference material field (columns 1-67) and identification field (columns 68-80). The format for the reference material is flexible, while the format for the identification is rigid. The reference material includes basically an index, title, source, class, summary and cross reference for each entry. The identification includes basically codes for a matrix of descriptors, an entry number, and the kind, major interest, and source of the reference. The identification also provides a choice to identify material for personal as well as general files. Since this card format is sufficient to identify the material normally associated with reference files for books, articles, programming terms, hardware terms, equipment, machine systems, abbreviations, etc., it is suitable as a standard for card reference files in information processing.
Statistical programs at the University of North Carolina
Authors: Bush Norman
Published: July 2002

The Research Computation Center at the University of North Carolina has access to a UNIVAC 1105 general purpose digital computer for use in connection with data processing problems, theoretical studies, and computer research. With respect to data processing problems, three major statistical programs have been written:

General Contingency Table Analysis for Questionnaire Data

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

Multiple Regression and Correlation

Some of the concepts and ideas in these programs are new and may be of interest to other computation centers. Hence they are described below. The programs were written in the Remington Rand UNICODE language. Thus it would not be difficult to translate them into any other algebraic language, such as ALGOL, FORTRAN, or IT.
Computer-music interfaces: a survey
Authors: Pennycook Bruce W.
Published: July 2002

This paper is a study of the unique problems posed by the use of computers by composers and performers of music. The paper begins with a presentation of the basic concepts involved in the musical interaction with computer devices, followed by a detailed discussion of three musical tasks: music manuscript preparation, music language interfaces for composition, and real-time performance interaction. Fundamental design principles are exposed through an examination of several early computer music systems, especially the Structured Sound Synthesis Project. A survey of numerous systems, based on the following categories, is presented: compositions and synthesis languages, graphics score editing, performance instruments, digital audio processing tools, and computer-aided instruction in music systems. An extensive reference list is provided for further study in the field.
Web Search---Your Way
Authors: Glover Eric J. , Lawrence Steve , Gordon Michael D. , Birmingham William P. , Giles C. Lee
Published: July 2002

Improving Web searching with user preferences.
Practical programmer: software teams
Authors: Rettig Marc
Published: July 2002

I have often heard the phrase, “We see what we know.” As technicians, we concentrate on technical ways to manage complexity: abstraction, design techniques, high-level languages, and so on. That is what we know best. But when the tale is told of a project that failed, the blame is often laid not on technical difficulties, but on management and interpersonal problems.

In the last six months, I have seen firsthand how attention to the social organization of a software team can make a big difference in the success of a development project. I work in a “Research and Development” group. “Research” means that some aspects of the project are experimental—we do not know for sure what is going to work. “Development” means we are expected to produce high-quality software for real users. So while we want to encourage creative thought, we must pay heed to the lessons of commercial software developers in quality assurance, testing, documentation, and project control.

Our all-wise project leader decided we also needed to pay heed to the lessons of sociology. In particular, we began to apply the ideas found in Larry Constantine's work on the organization of software teams. Our efforts have resulted in a team that is productive, flexible, and comfortable. I thought these qualities are unusual enough to merit a column on the subject.
FIRST RESULTS FROM HIPPARCOS
Authors: Kovalevsky J.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  After recalling the principle of the Hipparcos mission and of the data reduction, the main statistical features of the final Hipparcos and Tycho catalogues are presented. The results, characterized by accuracies in annual proper motions and parallaxes of the order of one milliarcsecond have been already widely used for astrophysical investigations described in this review. In the field of galactic kinematics, new results were obtained in the analysis of the motions of nearby stars, the evolution of OB associations, and the modeling of the Gould Belt. An important result is that, on average, stars are farther apart than previously thought. Among the consequences is a reconciliation between the ages of the Universe and globular clusters. In particular, the evolutionary sequences of metal-poor stars need to be reassessed. The HR diagram is now extended to the giant horizontal branch and A stars in the main sequence. The Hyades are seen for the first time in three dimensions, allowing a detailed description of their dynamics. Some unexplained inconsistencies between the HR diagrams of open clusters were found. Other results in galactic dynamics, open clusters, variable stars, unseen companions of stars, and the post-Newtonian parameters γ are also presented.
DYNAMICS OF ANGULAR MOMENTUM IN THE EARTH'S CORE
Authors: Bloxham Jeremy
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  We examine the dynamics of the angular momentum balance of the Earth's core. Not only is this balance of great importance to theories of the geodynamo process that is responsible for the generation of the Earth's magnetic field, but recent work has shown that angular momentum variations in the core have broad geophysical implications, ranging from studies of the travel times of seismic waves through the inner core to attempts to account for a possible phase discrepancy between atmospheric and oceanic angular momentum. In this review, we present a simple account of the underlying dynamics and review the relevant observations and their interpretation.
ETHICS ANDINTERNATIONALBUSINESS
Authors: Mitchell John V.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  The activities of oil and other energy companies are increasingly being challenged by nongovernmental organizations and media to justify their behavior in ethical terms. Activities that visibly damage the environment have long been challenged by advocacy groups. In recent years public interest has broadened into calls to respect “sustainability,” human rights, and other ethical imperatives. This article attempts to set these developments in the context of international promotion of the idea of a global “civil society.” Ethical codes reach, by persuasion, beyond coercive legal obligations. They have the character and role of “repeated games.” Codes of behavior for business are rooted in national and cultural values, which may conflict at the international level. However, many governments following the lead of the United States are often developing sanctions to promote ethical behavior by businesses, to redress the failure of markets to manage common access to resources and to protect aspects of the natural world for its own sake. Examples are efforts to uphold human rights, fight against corruption, and promote sustainability of resources. Business leaders and the nongovernment organizations that advocate international values on these subjects have the opportunity to contribute to the development of global civil society by working together to establish persuasive codes that do not require slow and difficult international intervention by government.
REPETITIVE MOTION INJURIES
Authors: Higgs, M.D Philip E. , Mackinnon, M.D Susan E.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Repetitive motion injuries have presented clinicians with a significant challenge over the past two and a half decades. Acceptable treatment of inflammatory disorders is well established, but compressive neuropathies and nonspecific complaints of numbness, tingling, and discomfort in the upper extremity present vexing dilemmas. Current research and experience point to multilevel problems, including posturally induced muscular imbalance. Although surgical solutions to these problems are sometimes indicated, conservative approaches successfully treat many individuals and have narrowed the scope and indications for surgical intervention. These approaches include ergonomic changes at the workstation, postural changes, and muscle stretching and strengthening to correct imbalance.
GENOMIC IMPRINTING: Nature and Clinical Relevance
Authors: Hall, MD J. G.
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Molecular genetic techniques allow investigators to trace chromosomes and genes from parent to child and, in a single individual, from tissue to tissue. These techniques have uncovered a new type of gene control in which the allele from one parent is expressed and the allele from the other parent is not. This differential expression is called genomic imprinting. It may lead to phenotypic differences when inheritance is from the mother versus the father. Genomic imprinting has been observed in a number of disorders having to do with growth, behavior, and abnormal cell growth. It is important to be aware that such a phenomenon exists and to consider it when making diagnoses and determining therapy.
The Fine Art of Creating Life
Authors: Youngs Amy M.
Published: July 2002

The longstanding artistic tradition of creating lifelike artworks evolves as technology grows from paint and chisels to computers and DNA manipulation. Artists are now able to create digital works that engage in the processes of life and biological works that exist as art and actual life. The author examines the differing ways in which artificial life and biological artworks smear the boundaries between what is considered natural and unnatural, human and nature, and explores the role biological art might play in relocating humanity within the complex ecological systems of life, rather than above or below it.
Blueprints: Sound Recordings of Experimental Drawings
Authors: Universal Vargas-Suarez , Wilcox Scott , Haynes Kingsley Eliot
Published: July 2002

In this note the artist and his collaborators describe the process behind Blueprints, an ongoing body of work composed of abstract blue ballpoint pen ink drawings on found plotter paper, accompanied by a digitally manipulated, ambient-style soundtrack. The soundtrack is created from the sounds of the ballpoint pen's strokes marking the surface of the plotter paper. The artist also reflects on his concerns regarding the practice and meaning of blending the two mediums within his own conceptual processes.
Strengthening PF
Authors: Ndayiragije Juvénal
Published: July 2002

One standard assumption of the Minimalist Program is that formal, (grammatical) features are the only features that trigger the “dislocation” property of CHL. On the basis of two syntactically related properties of Fóngbé nonfinite clauses-object shift and verb doubling-I argue that pure phonological features can be overtly attracted. Three consequences follow: (a) the operation Attract F cannot be reduced to, Agree, (b) the concept of strength is inescapable, and (c) some of the effects of strength are PF-driven properties, hence not true imperfections.
Bootstrapping Morphological Analyzers by Combining Human Elicitation and Machine Learning
Authors: Ofazer Kemal , Nirenburg Sergei , McShane Marjorie
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a semiautomatic technique for developing broad-coverage finite-state morphological analyzers for use in natural language processing applications. It consists of three components—elicitation of linguistic information from humans, a machine learning bootstrapping scheme, and a testing environment. The three components are applied iteratively until a threshold of output quality is attained. The initial application of this technique is for the morphology of low-density languages in the context of the Expedition project at NMSU Computing Research Laboratory. This elicit-build-test technique compiles lexical and inØectional information elicited from a human into a finite-state transducer lexicon and combines this with a sequence of morphographemic rewrite rules that is induced using transformation-based learning from the elicited examples. The resulting morphological analyzer is then tested against a test set, and any corrections are fed back into the learning procedure, which then builds an improved analyzer.
From Knowing What to Knowing Where: Modeling Object-Based Attention with Feedback Disinhibition of Activation
Authors: van der Velde Frank , de Kamps Marc
Published: July 2002

We propose a neural model of visual object-based attention in which the identity of an object is used to select its location in an array of objects. The model is based on neural activity observed in visual search tasks performed by monkeys. In the model, the identity of the object (target) is selected in the higher areas of the ventral stream by means of a cue. Feedback activation from these higher areas carries information about the identity of the target to the (lower) retinotopic areas of the ventral stream. In these areas, the feedback activation interacts with feedforward activation produced by the object array. The interaction occurs in local microcircuits, and results in a selective activation on locations in the retinotopic areas of the visual stream that correspond to the location of the target in the object array. The selective activation consists of a form of gain control, produced by disinhibition. Transmitted to the dorsal stream, this activation directs spatial attention to the location of the target. In this way, an action directed at the target can be generated.
Exponential or Polynomial Learning Curves? Case-Based Studies
Authors: Gu Hanzhong , Takahashi Haruhisa
Published: July 2002

Learning curves exhibit a diversity of behaviors such as phase transition. However, the understanding of learning curves is still extremely limited, and existing theories can give the impression that without empirical studies (e.g., cross validation), one can probably do nothing more than qualitative interpretations. In this note, we propose a theory of learning curves based on the idea of reducing learning problems to hypothesis-testing ones. This theory provides a simple approach that is potentially useful for predicting and interpreting (a diversity of) learning curve behaviors qualitatively and quantitatively, and it applies to finite training sample size and finite learning machine and for learning situations not necessarily within the Bayesian framework. We illustrate the results by examining some exponential learning curve behaviors observed in Cohn and Tesauro (1992)'s experiment.
An Accurate Measure of the Instantaneous Discharge Probability, with Application to Unitary Joint-Event Analysis
Authors: Pauluis Quentin , Baker Stuart N.
Published: July 2002

We present an estimate for the instantaneous discharge probability of a neurone, based on single-trial spike-train analysis. By detecting points where the neurone abruptly changes its firing rate and treating them specially, the method is able to achieve smooth estimates yet avoid the blurring of significant changes. This estimate of instantaneous discharge probability is then applied to the method of unitary event analysis. We show that the unitary event analysis as originally conceived is highly sensitive to firing-rate nonstationarities and covariations, but that it can be considerably improved if calculations of statistical significance use an instantaneous discharge probability instead of a firing-rate estimate based on averaging across multiple trials.
Identification Criteria and Lower Bounds for Perceptron-Like Learning Rules
Authors: Schmitt Michael
Published: July 2002

Perceptron-like learning rules are known to require exponentially many correction steps in order to identify boolean threshold functions exactly. We introduce criteria that are weaker than exact identification and investigate whether learning becomes significantly faster if exact identification is replaced by one of these criteria: probably approximately correct (PAC) identification, order identification, and sign identification. PAC identification is based on the learning paradigm introduced by Valiant (1984) and is known to be easier than exact identification. Order identification uses the fact that each threshold function induces an ordering relation on the input variables that can be represented by weights of linear size. Sign identification is based on a property of threshold functions known as unateness and requires only weights of constant size. We show that Perceptron-like learning rules cannot satisfy these criteria when the number of correction steps is to be bounded by a polynomial. We also present an exponential lower bound for order identification with the learning rules introduced by Littlestone (1988). Our results show that efficiency imposes severe restrictions on what can be learned with local learning rules.
The Extended Virtual Table: An Optical Extension for Table-Like Projection Systems
Authors: Bimber Oliver , Encarnação L. Miguel , Branco Pedro
Published: July 2002

A prototype of an optical extension for table-like rear-projection systems is described. A large, half-silvered mirror beam splitter is used as the optical combiner to unify a virtual and a real workbench. The virtual workbench has been enabled to display computer graphics beyond its projection boundaries and to combine virtual environments with the adjacent real world. A variety of techniques are described and referred to that allow indirect interaction with virtual objects through the mirror. Furthermore, the optical distortion that is caused by the half-silvered mirror combiner is analyzed, and techniques are presented to compensate for this distortion.
De Gaulle Between Grain and Grandeur: The Political Economy of French EC Policy, 1958–1970 (Part 2)
Authors: Moravcsik Andrew
Published: July 2002

The concluding segment of this two-part article explores two key episodes in French foreign policy under President Charles de Gaulle: (1) France's veto of British membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), and (2) de Gaulle's decisions to provoke and then resolve the “empty chair” crisis of 1965–1966. These two cases, like the two examined in Part 1 of this article, demonstrate the fundamental importance of economic considerations in de Gaulle's policy toward the EEC. De Gaulle was a democratic politician first and a geopolitical visionary second. His experience tells us a great deal about the limits imposed by modern democratic politics on any leader who might hope to make statecraft serve an idiosyncratic political vision. The article concludes with an analysis of possible counterarguments and a discussion of the proper use of historical evidence.
RESPONDING TO EZRA: THE PRIESTS AND THE FOREIGN WIVES
Authors: Douglas Mary
Published: July 2002

Here it is argued that by placing the redaction of Leviticus and Numbers firmly in the period in which they are supposed to have been edited, that is in the context of the Second Temple community, some problems of interpretation can be resolved. From the admittedly dubious memoirs of Ezra and Nehemiah three elements seem to be reliable: there was at that point a strong zenophobia on the part of the repatriates, a problem about intermarriage between the repatriates from Babylon and the local population, and conflict on both these issues between the priestly editors and government circles. To these issues there was a conflict about the uses of the doctrine of defilement. Ezra uses the doctrine to justify refusal of intermarriage, and claims it to be part of the law of Moses. In fact, this is the normal use of concepts of impurity the world round, but it is not condoned in the priestly teachings on impurity. The unique levitical doctrine would have been elaborated in response to these grave political problems. The priestly writings on defilement focus on protecting the tabernacle from various polluting conditions which every living being necessarily incurs. The human body is symbolically assimilated to the altar, and the sum of the laws of impurity provide a microcosm of God's creation. With this, biblical impurity is universalized in such a way as to prevent it being used as a social or political weapon.
BETWEEN IDENTITY AND REDISTRIBUTION: SANHURI, GENEALOGY AND THE WILL TO ISLAMISE
Authors: Shalakany Amr
Published: July 2002

Is Sanhuri's Egyptian civil code Islamic? I examine here the distributive aspects of this identity question and argue that the code's Islamicity rests on a genealogical study of its drafter's "will to Islamise." From his doctoral theses onwards, Sanhuri's intellectual genealogy is one of discursive and existential division between two different projects, namely, the identity project of modernising Islamic law and the redistributive project of engineering modern law to promote social justice. In the Egyptian civil code, Sanhuri meant to bring together those two projects under a single normative order. To this end, he resorted to the Franco-American concept of the "social"—a hodgepodge of socialist doctrine and sociological jurisprudence. Although initially promoting the code as "Islamic," he eventually reneged on this claim as the "social" was displaced by revolutionary turns in Nasser's Egypt.
THE CASE OF A DULGADIR-MAMLUK IQTĀ': A RE-ASSESSMENT OF THE DULGADIR PRINCIPALITY AND ITS POSITION WITHIN THE OTTOMAN-MAMLUK RIVALRY
Authors: Venzke Margaret
Published: July 2002

The Dulgadir, one of the most successful of the Anatolian Turcoman dynasties, had a long and rocky relationship with the Mamluks, their titular suzerain. Through focus on an iqtā' (military holding) in the northern Syrian heartland that the Mamluks awarded the Dulgadir leadership - the award itself betokening the strength of the Dulgadir and the potential threat that the Mamluks sought to appease - the article goes on to examine the dynamics of the Dulgadir-Mamluk relationship and the part that the Dulgadir played within the Mamluk-Ottoman rivalry, demonstrating that the Dulgadir were wily, worthy, and capable opponents of both the Mamluks and the Ottomans, and that the Mamluks and Ottomans used similar tactics in dealing with the Dulgadir. In returning to an in-depth examination of this DulgadirMamluk iqtā', the article establishes the territorial extent of Dulgadir power and the tribal character of the frontier that separated Dulgadir territory from the Mamluk domain proper, concluding that Mamluk control of the northern Syrian heartland, on the eve of the Ottoman conquest, was already severely weakened as a result of tribal encroachment. The Ottomans, within a few years of the conquest, struck a blow against the Dulgadir in their decision to abolish this iqtā' in northern Syria. Even earlier, however, they had abolished the iqtā's of the Mamluks themselves in what had become the Ottoman Sanjag of Aleppo, but they continue to maintain, until mid-century, at least some of the old Mamluk iqtā' granted to tribesmen, until mid-century, at least some of the old Mamluk iqtā's granted to tribesmen, thus the ultimate demise of the Mamluk iqtā in this area.
TESTS OF PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN REED WARBLER DEFENCES AGAINST CUCKOO PARASITISM
Authors: Lindholm Anna
Published: July 2002

As there is geographic and temporal variation in the rate at which reed warblers Acrocephalus scirpaceus are parasitised by the cuckoo Cuculus canorus , phenotypic plasticity of defences against parasitism could be advantageous. Three experiments were conducted using three populations of reed warblers, parasitised by cuckoos to varying degrees, to test if reed warbler defences against parasitism are plastic. In an unparasitised and a rarely parasitised population, attempts to simulate the presence of cuckoos at the nest or in the habitat failed to stimulate an increase in rates of egg rejection. However, three lines of evidence supported the view that both unparasitised and parasitised populations were similarly able to discriminate odd eggs but that there is phenotypic plasticity in the decision to reject those eggs. First, reed warblers at all populations pecked model eggs, thereby indicating recognition of the model egg as a foreign egg, but varied in their tendency to reject them. Second, reed warblers at two populations, one unparasitised and the other frequently parasitised, rejected brown painted reed warbler eggs at the same rate, suggesting that there are no differences between populations in the ability to reject some types of eggs. Finally, rates of rejection decreased seasonally only at the frequently parasitised population. These results suggest that phenotypic plasticity can explain population differences in rates of egg rejection, but do not rule out the possibility that genetic differences also contribute to differences between populations.
DATA FOR FREE: HOW TO ESTIMATE THE ASSOCIATION OF NON-FOCAL SUBJECTS USING A FOCAL WINDOW
Authors: Sambrook Thomas , Taylor Mark
Published: July 2002

We present a 'focal window' procedure for estimating associations between non - focal animals, based on focal data. The estimate is based on the time that two non - focal animals spend simultaneously proximal to a third, focal animal, relative to the time that would be expected given their independent attraction to this animal. Simulations showed that the error of the estimate was low when at least one of the three associations in the triad was high.
WHY DOES THE LESSER GREY SHRIKE (LANIUS MINOR) SELDOM STORE FOOD? DETERMINANTS OF IMPALING IN AN UNCOMMON STORING SPECIES
Authors: Valera Francisco , Krištín Anton , Hoi Herbert
Published: July 2002

Hoarding behaviour in birds is well known, but some aspects, like variation in hoarding among closely related species, have received little attention. To explain this variation would help understand the evolution of hoarding and ecological aspects related to prey storing. Shrike species are ideal for this purpose, because hoarding is widespread in them but apparently varies too. Here we analyse impaling in one of these species, the lesser grey shrike, and try to unravel experimentally factors triggering and constraining such behaviour. Field data show that the lesser grey shrike seldom stores food under natural conditions. Longterm food surplus of valuable prey did not stimulate food storing. Hoarding was induced experimentally by offering birds a transient, spatially clumped food surplus. Repeated exposure of birds to experimental food surplus significantly increased the impaling rate. This suggests that low caching rates may be partly caused by lack of experience. Foraging successfully competed with hoarding, which was more frequent after satiation. Males also preferred to feed the female rather than to store food. We conclude that lesser grey shrikes hoard when the immediate food needs are satisfied as a result of a transient high prey availability, which probably occurs seldom in nature. This variable and a likely limitation on suitable places for impaling may result in few stimuli for shrikes to cache, and may thus constrain the birds' learning process. This may also result in the lesser grey shrike's low hoarding propensity compared to other shrike species.
CHEMICAL SIGNALS IN MALE HOUSE MICE URINE: PROTEIN-BOUND MOLECULES MODULATE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN SEXES
Authors: Mucignat-Caretta Carla , Caretta Antonio
Published: July 2002

The role of urinary chemosignals in sexual interactions was investigated in pairs of adult mice. Based on previous findings, volatile molecules bound by the Major Urinary Proteins (MUPs) from adult male urine were thought to be sufficient to carry information about the sex of the emitter, and thus sufficient to modify the behaviour of conspecifics. In the first experiment, virgin and stud adult males were exposed to receptive females painted or not with MUPs-borne molecules. Both virgin and stud males showed an increased latency to the first anogenital sniff and a reduced number of sniffings towards MUPs-treated females. This suggests that adult mice are repelled by MUPs-borne volatile molecules, even in the presence of female stimuli conveyed by receptive mates. In the second experiment only stud males were tested, with ovariectomized or estrogen-primed females. These latter were either untreated, painted with MUPs-borne molecules or MUPs without volatile ligands. Ovariectomized females and those treated with MUPs without ligands received less sniffs than the other two groups. Estrogen-primed females were mounted more times, with a shorter latency. Ovariectomized females and females treated with MUPs-borne ligands were attacked earlier by males. The presence of chemical cues from male urine is thus sufficient to modify the behaviour of stud males towards receptive females. In particular, MUPs-borne volatiles are sufficient to act as male cues and to induce aggression towards receptive females. It can be speculated that in nature adult male mice rely on olfactory cues like MUPs-borne odorants to firstly identify a male conspecific and possibly use similar chemical cues from their own urine to signal their presence.
Symbols, Serfdom, and Peasant Factions: A Response to Hermann Rebel
Authors: Luebke David M.
Published: July 2002

The main fault that Hermann Rebel finds with the practitioners of “symbolic actionism” is a tendency to naturalize systems of power and cultural domination and to treat subaltern groups as if they were unable to examine their position in them critically. This tendency in turn causes symbolic actionists to misrecognize self-interested maneuvers within existing systems of domination as counterhegemonic symbolic manipulations. The overall effect of symbolic-actionist analysis, therefore, is to “downplay the degradation and terror experienced by victims of exploitation and persecution.” Rebel's view of such relationships could hardly differ more. As he sees it, hegemonic forces were so disruptive that to speak of peasant societies as culturally autonomous and of peasants as historical “agents” is at best self-deceiving.
Parasibirskite, a new mineral from Fuka, Okayama Prefecture, Japan
Authors: Kusachi I. , Takechi Y. , Henmi C. , Kobayashi S.
Published: July 2002

Parasibirskite, with the ideal formula Ca2B2O5·H2O, is a new mineral species found at Fuka, Okayama Prefecture, Japan. It is a polymorph of sibirskite, CaHBO3, and occurs as subparallel aggregates of tabular crystals up to 40 × 20 × 3 µm in size. Associated minerals are takedaite, olshanskyite, sibirskite, frolovite and calcite. The mineral is white, and has a weak pearly luster. Optically, the mineral is biaxial positive, α 1.556(2), β 1.593(2), γ 1.663(2) (λ 589 nm). The Vickers microhardness of aggregates is 121 kg mm−2. The mineral is monoclinic with space group of P21/m, a 6.722(4), b 5.437(2), c 3.555(2) Å, β 93.00(5)°, V 129.8(2), Å3. The strongest lines in the X-ray powder pattern [d in Å (I)(hkl)] are 2.237(100)(300), 6.73(70)(100), 2.975(60)(011), 3.354(30)(200), 2.855(20)(210) and 1.776(20) (002). Wet chemical analysis, electron-microprobe analysis and ICP emission spectrometry give the values CaO 56.06 %, B2O3 34.10 %, H2O 9.97 % and total 100.13%. The empirical formula calculated on the basis of O = 6 is Ca1.985B1.945O4.901·1.099H2O, for Z = 1, Dcalc 2.54 and Dmeas 2.50(1) g cm−3. Parasibirskite is formed by hydrothermal alteration of takedaite.
Fever-range hyperthermia dynamically regulates lymphocyte delivery to high endothelial venules
Authors: Evans Sharon S. , Wang Wan-Chao , Bain Mark D. , Burd Randy , Ostberg Julie R. , Repasky Elizabeth A.
Published: July 2002

Fever is associated with increased survival during acute infection, although its mechanism of action is largely unknown. This study found evidence of an unexpectedly integrated mechanism by which fever-range temperatures stimulate lymphocyte homing to secondary lymphoid tissues by increasing L-selectin and α4β7 integrin–dependent adhesive interactions between circulating lymphocytes and specialized high endothelial venules (HEV). Exposure of splenic lymphocytes in vivo to fever-like whole-body hyperthermia (WBH; 39.8 ± 0.2°C for 6 hours) stimulated both L-selectin and α4β7 integrin–dependent adhesion of lymphocytes to HEV under shear conditions in lymph nodes and Peyer patches. The adhesiveness of HEV ligands for L-selectin and α4β7 integrin (ie, peripheral lymph node addressin and mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1) also increased during WBH or febrile responses associated with lipopolysaccharide-induced or turpentine-induced inflammation. Similar increases in HEV adhesion occurred during hyperthermia treatment of lymph node and Peyer patch organ cultures in vitro, indicating that the local lymphoid tissue microenvironment is sufficient for the hyperthermia response. In contrast, WBH did not augment adhesion in squamous endothelium of nonlymphoid tissues. Analysis of homing of α4β7hi L-selectinlo murine TK1 cells and L-selectinhi α4β7 integrin-negative 300.19/L-selectin transfectant cells showed that fever-range temperatures caused a 3- to 4-fold increase in L-selectin and α4β7 integrin–dependent trafficking to secondary lymphoid tissues. Thus, enhanced lymphocyte delivery to HEV by febrile temperatures through bimodal regulation of lymphocyte and endothelial adhesion provides a novel mechanism to promote immune surveillance.
Long-term induction of immune tolerance after blockade of CD40-CD40L interaction in a mouse model of hemophilia A
Authors: Rossi Gabriela , Sarkar Jolly , Scandella Dorothea
Published: July 2002

A factor VIII–deficient knockout mouse was used as a model for severe hemophilia A to characterize the immune response to recombinant human factor VIII (fVIII) and to study new approaches for induction of immune tolerance to fVIII. Mice initially received periodic injections of fVIII in doses similar to those used for the treatment of human hemophilia A. To induce immune tolerance, a hamster monoclonal antibody specific for murine CD40 ligand (CD40L or CD154) was injected with fVIII. Control mice received fVIII alone or fVIII and hamster immunoglobulin G. After treatment, humoral and cellular immune responses were evaluated. Ninety-five percent of anti-CD40L–treated mice had lower titers of anti-fVIII antibody (less than 1 μg/mL) compared with fVIII-injected control mice (mean, 18 μg/mL). To determine whether anti-CD40L treatment induces long-term immune tolerance, mice were rechallenged 3 times with fVIII alone. At 150 days after treatment, 12 of 22 anti-CD40L–treated mice remained tolerant to fVIII (anti-fVIII antibody titers less than 1 μg/mL). However, tolerant mice immunized with tetanus toxoid (TT) developed high anti-TT antibody, demonstrating that tolerance is fVIII specific. T cells from tolerant mice showed impaired proliferative responses after stimulation with fVIII in vitro and lack of production of the cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, interferon γ, and IL-10. These results demonstrate that long-term immune tolerance to fVIII was effectively induced after early blockade of CD40-CD40L interaction. In addition, the lack of tolerance in this model was associated with the expression of a Th2 phenotype.
Direct intracellular measurement of deoxygenated hemoglobin S solubility
Authors: Fabry Mary E. , Desrosiers Laurephile , Suzuka Sandra M.
Published: July 2002

The solubility of deoxygenated hemoglobin S (HbS), which is the concentration of fully deoxygenated HbS in equilibrium with polymer (CSAT), is a factor that determines in vivo polymer formation. However, measurement of CSAT is usually performed under conditions that are far from physiological. In solution studies of HbS by Benesch et al, it was demonstrated that p50, the point at which hemoglobin is half-saturated with oxygen, is proportional to the amount of polymer formed and that it may be used to measure CSAT. This method has been extended to measure CSAT in intact red cells by varying extracellular osmolarity, which, in turn, varies intracellular hemoglobin concentration. This method measures intracellular CSAT under physiological conditions with intact red cell contents and can be applied to human and transgenic mouse red cells. The principle is demonstrated by measuring p50 as a function of extracellular osmolarity for AA, SS, and AS red cells.
The natural history of chronic hepatitis C in a cohort of HIV-negative Italian patients with hereditary bleeding disorders
Authors: Franchini Massimo , Rossetti Gina , Tagliaferri Annarita , Capra Franco , de Maria Elena , Pattacini Corrado , Lippi Giuseppe , Lo Cascio Giuliana , de Gironcoli Marzia , Gandini Giorgio
Published: July 2002

This study looked at 102 anti–hepatitis C virus (HCV)–positive, hepatitis B virus (HBV)–negative, and HIV-negative patients (median age, 45.1 years; range, 15-71) affected by hereditary bleeding disorders who have been infected with HCV for 15 to 34 years (median, 25.1). All these patients were infected before the mid 1980s because of non–virally inactivated pooled blood products. Fourteen patients (13.7%) were HCV-RNA negative with no signs of liver disease and were considered to have cleared the virus. Eighty-eight patients (86.3%) were HCV-RNA positive. The HCV genotype distribution was 1a in 20.5%, 1b in 36.4%, 2 in 17.0%, 3 in 15.9%, 4 in 3.4%, and mixed in 6.8% of cases. Twenty-four patients (23.5%) had serum cryoglobulins, symptomatic in 4 cases, and associated with liver disease and with genotype 1. Among the 88 HCV-RNA–positive patients, 15 (17.0%) had normal alanine aminotransferase levels and abdominal ultrasound, 61 (69.3%) had nonprogressive chronic hepatitis, and 12 (13.7%) had severe liver disease (6 [6.9%] liver cirrhosis, 4 [4.5%] hepatic decompensation, and 2 [2.3%] hepatocellular carcinoma) after a follow-up period of 25 years. There were 3 (3.4%) liver-related deaths. HCV genotype 1, patient's age at evaluation, duration of infection, and severity of congenital bleeding disorder were associated with more advanced liver disease. The results confirm the slow progression of HCV infection in HIV-negative hemophiliacs.