bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Setting up a Dental Free Clinic Component
Authors: Carniello Allan J.
Published: April 2010

Carniello describes how he went about setting up a dental component in a free clinic, including equipment needed, the physical space required, and how he managed to acquire supplies. The use of volunteers and the means of organizing a smooth and well functioning team are indicated. Specific dental problems that arose are presented, as well as treatment solutions. How a “straight” professional was influenced by the free clinic movement is described.
Free Clinics and the Law
Authors: Friedman Gordon S.
Published: April 2010

The importance of incorporation, the use of a board of trustees, and obtaining the proper tax exemption status are described from an attorney's vantage point, with the pro's and con's discussed and defined in layman's terms. The importance of appropriately dealing with runaways, the legal hassles to be avoided, as well as the use of the clergy, the judicial, and the police systems are outlined. Examples of documented statements are presented. The ramifications of prescribing birth control pills to minors, and the legal problems surrounding drug abuse treatment are clarified.
Staff Burn‐Out
Authors: Freudenberger Herbert J.
Published: April 2010

The concept of staff burn‐out is explored in terms of the physical signs and the behavioral indicators. There is a discussion of how the cognitive, the judgmental as well as the emotional factors are intruded upon once the process is in motion. Further material deals with who is prone to staff burn‐out and what dedication and commitment can imply from both a positive and negative point of view. A practical section deals with what preventive measures a clinic staff can take to avoid burn‐out among themselves, and if unluckily it has taken place then what measures may be taken to insure caring for that person, and the possibility of his return to the clinic at some future time.
The Sociology of Generations and Student Politics: A Comparison of the Functionalist and Generational Unit Models
Authors: Braungart Richard G.
Published: April 2010

An examination and comparison of two competing interpretations of generational conflict—the Eisenstadt‐Parsons functionalist model and the generational unit model of Mannheim—reveals that the generational unit model provides more theoretical and empirical opportunities for investigation that the functionalist model. While both interpretations share similar sequential characteristics, each predicts the emergence of youth politics employing different sets of independent and intervening variables. Both interpretations appear to be the result of current domestic and international conditions.
Generational Analysis: Description, Explanation, and Theory1
Authors: Buss Allan R.
Published: April 2010

An adequate strategy in generational analysis must concern itself with at least three general matters: obtaining adequate descriptive data, explaining such data, and relating explanation to a general theory of generational differences and social change. At the descriptive level, generational differences at a given point in time may be associated with age, cohort, and/or interactional effects. The explanation of age, cohort, and interactional effects necessitates introducing additional variables and considerations into the basic descriptive model. Finally, in order for research on generational differences and social change to be most useful, empirical studies should be couched within a theoretical perspective.
The Peace and Love Generation: Changing Attitudes toward Sex and Violence among College Youth
Authors: Starr Jerold M.
Published: April 2010

The period of the sixties marked the emergence of a distinctive generational ideology among a substantial segment of American youth. This “peace and love” ideology featured a high degree of age group consciousness and unique integration of life style and political concerns, the psychological foundation for which was laid by the increased differentiation of age roles and de‐differentiation of sex roles associated with advanced industrial development. The expansion of higher education, emergence of the multibillion dollar youth market, and growth of the mass media provided the means by which many such youth were able to achieve consciousness of their common interests and join active generation units with distinctive styles of expression. The war in Indochina constituted the traumatic episode which differentiated the various age groups in America and galvanized the middle class, college segment of the youth cohort into action.
The Emerging Political Consciousness of the Aged: A Generational Interpretation1
Authors: Ragan Pauline K. , Dowd James J.
Published: April 2010

Generational analyses have tended to focus on youth movements and ideologies, in keeping with the Mannheim emphasis on new generations. Age‐group political consciousness among the elderly may be an emergent feature of the current political scene; thus, it is useful to examine the generational aspects of a political movement among the elderly as well. This paper presents a model of the factors contributing to the development of socio‐political movements. It appears that an aged social movement will not develop unless age‐group political consciousness among the elderly is manifest. The prospects of the emergence of that political consciousness and a social movement of the aged are discussed, with attention to precursors of these political expressions in the current generation of older people.
Psychological Research and Population Policy: A Preview
Authors: Fawcett James T.
Published: April 2010

Population policies are broad in scope and may be defined in various ways. One approach is to view population policy as a means for resolving potential conflicts between the individual and society, with respect to demographic behaviors. Such a definition emphasizes the need for psychological research approaches in the design, implementation, and evaluation of population policies. Types of psychological research relevant to population policy are described and the research‐oriented articles in this volume are previewed.
Evolution and Parenting
Authors: Bardwick Judith M.
Published: April 2010

An ethological or evolutionary analysis of parenting behaviors supports the idea that primates, including man, have evolved psychological structures which are particularly adapted to respond to cues from young children. Similarly, infants are particularly sensitive to and respond selectively to behaviors from people. The data suggest that attachment to others is more characteristic of females than males in infancy and in adulthood. The implications derived from the evolutionary perspective are that people may have both an ability to parent and a need to parent. The adoption of a widespread antinatal policy advocating childlessness as a preferred life style might prove psychologically costly and detrimental to the well‐being of a people.
Zero Population Growth and the Family Life of Old People
Authors: Shanas Ethel , Hauser Philip M.
Published: April 2010

Discussing the place of the elderly in a technologically advanced society, the authors relate demographic change to social structure and social psychological changes. A series of model population profiles, including one which assumes zero population growth by 2028, are given. The present elderly population and its family characteristics are described, and the situation of the elderly under conditions of zero population growth is considered. It is felt that zero population growth would accelerate the role of government in providing housing, recreation, health care, and income maintenance for the elderly.
Family Size: Implicit Policies and Assumed Psychological Outcomes
Authors: Thompson Vaida D.
Published: April 2010

The recommended increase in the number of zero‐ and one‐child families proposed as one means of reducing average family size in the United States does not satisfactorily confront such issues as cultural proscriptions concerning the only child, nor offer evidence that the types of families that would result are those in which positive psychological characteristics are most likely to emerge. The literature surveyed suggests that a negative stereotype concerning the only child does persist, but that the psychological characteristics assumed for the only child have not been reliably demonstrated. Neither is there irrefutable evidence concerning psychological characteristics associated with other family sizes and ordinal positions. Family size recommendations should reflect a greater understanding of the opposition to the only child and should be paralleled by intensive research activity directed at developing a more comprehensive body of knowledge concerning the psychological outcomes for children, adults, and the society which might be anticipated.
Wanted and Unwanted Pregnancies: A Fertility Decision‐Making Model
Authors: Hass Paula H.
Published: April 2010

Criticisms are offered of the measures of family‐size desires and unwanted pregnancies most often employed in U.S. fertility surveys and KAP surveys. This paper offers a reconceptualization of attitudes toward pregnancy as a set of perceived advantages and disadvantages to childbearing and as a dynamic decision‐making process. A model is suggested which recognizes that attitudes toward pregnancy and fertility goals can differ in the preconception, pregnancy, and postnatal periods. It is hypothesized that within each stage, decision‐making on fertility goals and birth planning depends on the couple's perceived susceptibility to pregnancy, the perceived significant advantages and disadvantages to childbearing, the knowledge, availability, and acceptability of birth‐planning measures, and couple communication on these topics.
Modernity and Acceptance of Family Limitation in Four Developing Countries1
Authors: Miller Karen A. , Inkeles Alex
Published: April 2010

The relationship of societal modernization and birth rates is analyzed in terms of the relationships among individual level variables: modernizing experiences, overall psychological modernity, and acceptance of the Tightness of family limitation. Theoretical considerations and previous research in this area are discussed. The results of an empirical analysis of the effects of modernizing experiences and overall psychological modernity on acceptance of birth control are presented, using data from East Pakistan, India, Israel, and Nigeria. Although the variables used in our analysis explain only a moderate proportion of the variance in acceptance of birth control, the conclusion emerges that experiences with modern institutions are not associated with acceptance of birth control unless they are associated with generally modern attitudes, particularly belief in the value of science, technology, and medicine. Some policy implications are discussed.
Theories of Attitude Change and the “Beyond Family Planning” Debate: The Case for the Persuasion Approach in Population Policy
Authors: Crawford Thomas J.
Published: April 2010

Suggestions for population policy strategies have ranged from “do nothing” to “use inescapable force.” In practice, however, persuasion and positive incentives are the two strategies that are most widely employed in contemporary population planning programs. Other means for lowering the birth rate tend to be rejected by policymakers as ethically unacceptable, ineffective, or infeasible. In both social psychological theory and population policy practice there is a growing skepticism about the efficacy of communication and persuasion as means for producing behavior change. This paper challenges that estimate. Recent advances in attitude theory and measurement may provide a useful set of guidelines for family planning communication programs.
Population Control and the Psychology of Forced Compliance
Authors: Cooper Joel
Published: April 2010

The relationship of the psychology of forced compliance to changing fertility behavior is examined. For many persons, fertility control is a behavior inconsistent with private attitudes. It is assumed that changes of both attitudes and behaviors are necessary for effective and lasting changes in the rate of population growth; therefore, suggestions are offered for effecting behavioral changes that will have the consequence of effecting attitude change. Counterattitudinal behavior can produce changes in attitudes provided that (a) the behavior is induced but not forced, (b) incentives offered for the behavior are just minimally sufficient to elicit the behavior, and (c) the behavior leads to consequences that were previously unwanted. Some of the dangers of forced compliance techniques are also discussed.
Human Nature, Psychological Technology, and the Control of Population Growth
Authors: Back Kurt W.
Published: April 2010

The contributions to this issue demonstrate that the most developed area in psychology relevant to population control is the implementation of the use of birth control methods. The larger issues of policy, such as the questions of coercion versus voluntarism or the limits of human adaptability, are selectively neglected in current research. Looking at population problems in a large historical perspective will help the psychologist to provide scientific knowledge for population policy.
Outcomes of Laboratory Training for Police Officers
Authors: Pfister Gordon
Published: April 2010

A study was conducted with 48 officers participating in an intensive 6‐day communication orientation workshop and 26 other officers as a control group. The Edwards Personality Inventory was administered pre and post to both groups, and questionnaire responses obtained before and after the program from residents who had nonadversive (no arrest, no citation) contact with officers in both groups. The experimental officers were reported by residents after training as significantly more warm and sincere, behaving more as coworkers, and leaving the citizens feeling generally satisfied with the contact. Controls were reported as communicating little understanding, as treating the citizen more like a case than as an individual, and generally leaving the citizen feeling frustrated. The experimental officers described themselves as significantly more self‐understanding as well as more critical of others.
Nothing but the Facts—And some Observations on Norms and Values: The History of a Consultation with a Metropolitan Police Division
Authors: Reddy W. Brendan , Lansky Leonard M.
Published: April 2010

The paper describes a case study of an initial intervention in a large municipal police division. A community group/police confrontation led to the development of an 80‐hour community relations training program for 39 police recruits. The program, designed and conducted by a biracial staff, followed an experience‐based learning format in sharp contrast to the quasi‐military traditional learning format of the police division. Focus is placed on the value and norm conflicts between change agent and the power structure of the urban police system.
The Police of the Twenty‐third Precinct and the East Harlem Community
Authors: Gross Solomon
Published: April 2010

This paper recounts an intergroup situation in New York City between October of 1966 and November of 1967 and describes the efforts made in a ghetto community to develop some appreciation between the minority inhabitants and the police. The underlying pathologies of group internalization and isolation were attacked on a day‐to‐day basis in an effort to dissolve some of the tensions and bitternesses. The premise was the belief that a police force cannot operate effectively without the wholehearted support and cooperation of the community.
Police Homicide in a Democracy
Authors: Kobler Arthur L.
Published: April 2010

Although many more people are killed by police than kill police, many of the former instances do not appear justified. Laws limiting the use of deadly force sometimes permit its use against anyone fleeing police custody. Although police regulations are more limiting than the law, there is little indication that departmental rules are enforced stringently. Prosecutors also appear to be extremely reluctant to prosecute police who have killed citizens. In short, the system appears to function to protect police officers who have killed citizens.
Figures (and Perhaps some Facts) on Police Killing of Civilians in the United States, 1965–1969
Authors: Kobler Arthur L.
Published: April 2010

Official reports for a 20‐year period show that the police killed about five civilians for every officer killed. A study of newspaper reports from 1965–1969 shows that about half of the police and of their victims were young male minorities in urban areas. About a third of the civilians killed were committing misdemeanors when stopped; they tended to have weapons and to use them. The police who killed civilians tended to be on duty, in uniform, and reported that they killed the civilians to defend themselves or to prevent escape.
Social Psychology and Crime Control
Authors: Lewit David
Published: April 2010

Considering the limitations of individual, interpersonal, and other partial approaches, open‐system theory of organizational psychology is proposed as a framework for effective crime control. Social psychological principles of diversity, cohesiveness, power base, voluntarism, option communication, and modular leadership are presented as functional essentials within the open‐system framework. Innovations in evaluation and action research, utilizing public participation and permitting deviation from ideal experimental control, are outlined. Three‐way bargaining is seen as a means of achieving constructive social accomodation among potentially criminal groups and others, utilizing coalitions to extend perception and induce cooperation while reducing administrator conflicts.
Civil Liberties and the American Public
Authors: Erskine Hazel , Siegel Richard L.
Published: April 2010

Important new survey findings show the American public's restrictive approach to the First Amendment rights of people who express deviant views to be moderating over the last two decades. This mellowing is backed up by parallel findings of major liberalizing of the consensus in other areas, notably equality and sexual freedom. Liberalization has been limited in such areas as criminal justice and separation of church and state. Post‐McCarthy and post‐Watergate developments are credited, along with educational progress, with much of the advance. Reduced value consensus and a growing sense of self‐interest in civil liberties seem to have contributed to the trends in support of civil liberties.
Independence, Conformity, and Civil Liberties: Some Implications from Social Psychological Research
Authors: Hollander Edwin P.
Published: April 2010

A free society requires independent initiatives as well as regularities of conduct, otherwise it will stagnate. Authentic independence reflects critical judgment in responding to social demands rather than merely rejecting them. A climate of free expression is essential to independence and the perpetuation of civil liberties. Although social psychology has tended to emphasize processes of conformity, as much attention is needed to factors facilitating independence. Six impediments to independence are: risks of dissapproval, lack of perceived alternatives, fear of disrupting the proceeding, absence of shared communication, inability to feel responsibility, and sense of impotence. To overcome these impediments socialization oriented to the critical evaluation of alternatives is necessary, including practice in making judgments and greater rewards for independent initiatives.
Support for Civil Liberties among a Cohort of High School Graduates and College Students
Authors: Montero Darrel
Published: April 2010

This study examines one facet of political attitudes, support for those civil liberties guaranteed in the Bill of Rights, employing a modified version of the Selvin‐Hagstrom Libertarian Index, administered by mail questionnaire to an entire high school senior class four years after graduation. The varied educational backgrounds, combined with the original relative homogeneity of the sample, allow for a refined analysis of the impact of selected demographic variables (e.g., sex, marital status, religious affiliation, political party identification, and education). The results replicate the well established finding that education is positively and highly related to support of civil liberties. In addition, sex and religion are found to exert an impact upon support for civil liberties. Findings are discussed in reference to the role of higher education in democratic societies.
The Moral Psychology of Watergate
Authors: Candee Dan
Published: April 2010

As evidenced in their Senate testimony and other public statements nearly all members of the Nixon team seem to have reasoned at stages 3 and 4 as measured by Kohlberg's sequence of moral development. Indeed, many of the acts of the Watergate participants were “right” or at least “permissible” when viewed from the perspective of these stages. Survey responses of 370 persons not involved in Watergate demonstrate that those who reasoned at stages 3 and 4 agreed with the decisions of the participants more often than did their stage 5 counterparts. This was true regardless of their having supported either Nixon or McGovern. It is concluded that Watergate resulted, in part, because the situational pressures to “win at all costs” were particularly appealing to the stage 3 and 4 persons who comprised the leadership of the Nixon administration.
The Justice Motive in Social Behavior: Introduction
Authors: Lerner Melvin J.
Published: April 2010

The articles in this issue enable one to examine the assumptions social observers have employed to understand the role which “justice” plays in human endeavors. Justice is seen by some as a by‐product of the individual's attempt to maximize his outcomes and an ideological support for the exercise of power. Others consider that justice, in its various forms, is an expression of the various functional requirements of society. Finally, there are those who find that the commitment to justice is a natural expression of the human potential. All the contributors must deal directly, or indirectly, with two compelling observations. Justice is one of the most sacred and pervasive themes in social behavior. And yet, it can take dramatically different forms even within the same society.
Who Believes in a Just World?
Authors: Rubin Zick , Peplau Letitia Anne
Published: April 2010

Research with the Just World Scale has indicated that many people believe that the world is a place where good people are rewarded and bad people are punished. Believers in a just world have been found to be more likely than nonbelievers to admire fortunate people and to derogate victims, thus permitting the believers to maintain the perception that people in fact get what they deserve. Other studies have shed light on the antecedents, correlates, and social consequences of the belief in a just world. Everyone may have a version of the just world belief in early childhood (Piaget's “immanent justice”), but some people outgrow the belief quickly and some apparently never do. Believers in a just world have been found to be more religious, more authoritarian, and more oriented toward the internal control of reinforcements than nonbelievers. They are also more likely to admire political leaders and existing social institutions, and to have negative attitudes toward underprivileged groups. Suggestions for modifying the belief in a just world are offered, focusing on the socialization techniques employed by parents, teachers, religious institutions, and the mass media.
Equity, Equality, and Need: What Determines Which Value Will Be Used as the Basis of Distributive Justice?
Authors: Deutsch Morton
Published: April 2010

The concept of justice is discussed, and the thesis is advanced that “equity” is only one of the many values which may underlie a given system of justice. Hypotheses about the conditions which determine which values will be employed as the basis of distributive justice in a group are proposed, with discussion centered about the values of “equity,” “equality,” and “need” and the conditions which lead a group to emphasize one rather than another value.
The Origins and Development of Concepts of Justice
Authors: Berg Nancy Eisenberg , Mussen Paul
Published: April 2010

The origins and development of concepts of justice are examined from three theoretical points of view—learning theory, psychoanalysis, and cognitive developmental theory. Cognitive developmental theory and research, particularly the work of Piaget and Kohlberg, has contributed most to our understanding of children's ideas of justice and how these change and mature. Empirical data supporting the hypothesis that concepts of justice develop through a fixed and invariant sequence of stages is reviewed together with hypotheses and studies related to the process of transition from one stage to the next. Knowledge about the course of development needs to be supplemented, through systematic research, with information about aspects of the socialization process as antecedents of mature concepts of justice and of behavior consistent with these concepts.
The American Combat Soldier in Vietnam
Authors: Moskos Charles C.
Published: April 2010

A sociological assessment of the attitudes and behavior of American combat soldiers over the course of the war in Vietnam suggests that primary‐group interpretations of combat behavior must be modified, that combat groups were characterized by instrumental relationships and affected by latent ideological factors, and that the 12‐month rotation cycle was the dominating feature of the Vietnam combat experience. Troop demoralization was accentuated by diverse sources of conflict, e.g., rank, generation, drug use, and race strife. The analysis concludes with a discussion of troop reprisals (“fraggings”) against superiors and the paradoxes of the antiwar movement within the military.
Medical and Psychiatric Treatment Policy and Practice in Vietnam
Authors: Del Jones Franklin , Johnson Arnold W.
Published: April 2010

Initially contributing to the lowest incidence ever of United States combat psychiatric casualties (12/1000 per year), the preventive and treatment policies of immediacy, expectancy, simplicity, and centrality were established early in the Vietnam conflict. These policies are described, as well as a chronological view of the types of psychiatric problems encountered and a brief consideration of the “disorders of loneliness” (alcohol, drug abuse, venereal diseases). Combat versus support troop casualties are contrasted, especially in terms of the changing role of United States troops with the Vietnamization policy and withdrawal. The drug abuse epidemic revealed the inadequacy of traditional approaches and the need for developing new approaches, especially primary preventive methods.
Vietnam Veterans: A Study Exploring Adjustment Patterns and Attitudes
Authors: Strayer Richard , Ellenhorn Lewis
Published: April 2010

The veterans interviewed in this study indicate that the adjustment processes that they face upon return to civilian life are unusually difficult and complex. Severe depression, hostility, and guilt characterize many of them. The veteran's perception of the extent and intensity of his combat involvement as well as his participation in atrocities is closely related to his overall adjustment to civilian life. Intraception versus authoritarianism on the part of these veterans tends to differentiate between those who withdraw and are apathetic upon return and those who find employment or schooling and are in favor of the war effort. Race is also a discriminating factor, with black and Mexican‐American veterans being far more often unemployed, opposed to the war, and perceiving themselves as less able to control their own personal world.
Residuals of War: Families of Prisoners of War and Servicemen Missing in Action
Authors: McCubbin Hamilton I. , Hunter Edna J. , Dahl Barbara B.
Published: April 2010

For a study of adjustment problems experienced by families of servicemen missing in action (MIA) or prisoners of war (PW), a total of 215 army, navy, and marine corps families were interviewed approximately one year prior to the release of the prisoners. Through personal, in‐depth interviews, data were collected on demographic factors, as well as psychological, social, and medical factors conceivably related to family and individual adjustment. Results indicated that the normal patterns of coping with father/husband absence were disturbed by the unprecedented and indeterminate length of his absence, and that much of the social acceptance, stability, and continuity which are taken for granted in the intact family was lacking or severely taxed in the PW/MIA family. Health care services to these families are discussed.
Vietnam Veteran Rap Groups and Themes of Postwar Life
Authors: Egendorf Arthur
Published: April 2010

From late 1970 through late 1974 New York City veterans held rap sessions which over 200 attended. Assisted by volunteer therapists the groups met weekly and offered a unique opportunity to explore the meaning of the veteran experience in a therapeutic context. Therapists reported becoming more involved emotionally in these than in groups they actually lead. While much of the work covered standard therapeutic issues, all of it was colored by the special nature of the military experience during the Indochina war and the prominence of the historical dimension in the traumas suffered by veterans.
The Dialectics of Resistance: An Analysis of the GI Movement
Authors: Hayes James R.
Published: April 2010

Little attention has been given by social scientists to the attempt by a minority of military personnel to create an antiwar, antimilitary protest movement in the Vietnam‐era military. The purpose of this article is to briefly describe and analyze the GI movement. Particular attention is focused on: (a) some of the factors that were instrumental in the genesis and development of the GI movement, and (b) the military's response to internal resistance. The article concludes with an assessment of the movement and a discussion of some of the reasons why the GI movement was less than successful in mobilizing resistance on a large scale.
The Postwar War
Authors: Lifton Robert Jay
Published: April 2010

Contending expressions of survival are examined in terms of their implications for the American post‐Vietnam experience. The author draws on his work with rap groups of antiwar veterans to describe the struggles of these men with their personal and the country's socio‐political survivor's mission. He contrasts the responses and strategies of the antiwar enlisted personnel to those of the POW returnees (mainly military elite), considers that most of the American people find themselves somewhere in the middle of these two polar response groups, and speculates on the insight that possible survivor formulations may provide about war in general.
There Ought to Be a Law: But Why?
Authors: Chein Isidor
Published: April 2010

In an examination of the role of law in regulating human behavior it is argued that punishment does not work as a deterrent to crime because the nature of our society and its values makes it impossible to satisfy the conditions necessary for it to work. The theory of quarantine as a means to reduce the amount of crime is also found wanting, in statistical as well as moral respects. It is posited that the essential role of law is to make norms of conduct explicit so that they can become self‐regulatory subsystems within autonomous members of the social group. In this framework a new set of criteria for the evaluation of law and its implementation is derived and examined.
Marital Instability: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Norton Arthur J. , Glick Paul C.
Published: April 2010

This paper presents an overview of trends in marriage and divorce behavior among the adult population in the United States from the early twentieth century to the present time, focusing on the increasing incidence of marital dissolution through divorce. The discussion includes analyses of the probable causative impact of several types of changes on the stability of marriage: socioeconomic variables generally associated with divorce; overall social acceptability of divorce as reflected by lessened negative economic and social sanctions; and the roles of women in modern American society. The final section is devoted to a brief summation and offers related hypotheses regarding the future of marital stability in this country.
A Social Psychological Perspective on Marital Dissolution
Authors: Levinger George
Published: April 2010

The marriage relationship is considered as a special case of pair relationships in general, and its cohesiveness is interpreted according to concepts drawn from Lewinian field theory. The hypothetical constructs of “attraction” and “barrier” forces, as well as contrasting “alternative attractions,” are used to organize the research literature on the determinants of marital stability and dissolution.
Marital Dissolution and Public Assistance Payments: Variations among American States
Authors: Moles Oliver C.
Published: April 2010

Public assistance and decennial census data from all 50 states and the District of Columbia are used to examine whether welfare payments provide an incentive for mothers with minor children to separate from their husbands. There is little support for the hypothesis in 1960, but in 1970 states with higher payments also had higher ratios of separated to married mothers in all race by region subpopulations. An analysis of 1960–1970 changes in payments and separation ratios produced similar support. Several possible explanations and the relation to other studies which arrived at different results are discussed.
Marital Disruption and the Lives of Children
Authors: Bane Mary Jo
Published: April 2010

This article uses survey data on marital history and divorce statistics to estimate the proportion of children affected by marital disruption. Over the century, about 25–30% of all children experienced a marital disruption; in the next few decades, perhaps 40% of all children will be affected. These large numbers raise questions about how best to meet the special needs of the affected children. A review of the literature suggests that opposition to divorce reform “for the sake of the children” cannot be justified, and an examination of the economic problems of single‐parent families leads to proposals for income support.
Divorce: Chance of a New Lifetime
Authors: Brown Carol A. , Feldberg Roslyn , Fox Elizabeth M. , Kohen Janet
Published: April 2010

This article examines, from a feminist perspective, the costs and the benefits accruing to divorced mothers and suggests that for many women divorce may be the “chance of a new lifetime.” Case materials from interviews with divorced mothers are cited and implications for social policy are discussed. Development of services and lobbying groups for divorced women within existing women's centers are advocated, as well as the establishment of specialized “divorce centers,” to serve women both during the acute crises of separation and on a continuing basis.
The Emotional Impact of Marital Separation
Authors: Weiss Robert S.
Published: April 2010

The disruption of marriage regularly produces emotional distress, almost irrespective of the quality of the marriage or of desire for its dissolution. The distress is similar to that described as occurring in children who have lost attachment figures and suggests that similar feelings are present in the separating adults. It also suggests that, although other components of love fade in troubled marriages, attachment persists. Separated individuals, however, not only want to rejoin their spouses but also to express anger with them. They may manage the resulting ambivalence by partial suppression, by compartmentalization, or by alternating expression of positive and negative feelings.
Patterns of Support for George Wallace: Implications for Racial Change
Authors: Ross J. Michael , Vanneman Reeve D. , Pettigrew Thomas F.
Published: April 2010

Evidence to support the argument that George Wallace's popularity is a product of rising antiblack sentiment is examined with a focus on the evaluation of Wallace by northern whites across a number of national surveys. Demographic characteristics of supporters are examined and the link between racial attitudes and pro‐Wallace tendencies is explored. It is concluded that the role of racial prejudice in Wallace's northern support has been exaggerated, that the Wallace phenomenon is a symptom not a cause of structural changes in the political system, and that party leaders are overreacting to myths about the extent of Wallace's influence.
Tokenism, Reverse Discrimination, and Egalitarianism in Interracial Behavior
Authors: Dutton Donald G.
Published: April 2010

Research is reviewed which demonstrates the existence of reverse discrimination (majority group members treating other majority group members worse than they treat members of a minority group) and tokenism (a decrease in subsequent compliance to large interracial requests following prior compliance to smaller requests). While both phenomena can be demonstrated experimentally, within‐subject evidence also exists for egalitarianism (equal treatment to both majority and minority group members). It appears that, when subjects are provided a means of monitoring their own behavior toward majority and minority group members, egalitarianism results. In the absence of an opportunity for monitoring, reverse discrimination occurs.
Convergence and Divergence in Political Orientations between Blacks and Whites: 1960–1973
Authors: Schwartz Sandra Kenyon , Schwartz David C.
Published: April 2010

Trends in the political orientations of blacks and whites from 1960 to 1973 are examined to determine if racial positions have increasingly diverged as the Kerner Commission warned they might. The evidence suggests a mixed pattern. Continuing but not diverging large‐scale differences in political goals are found. Black political mobilization is seen to be increasing, as well as black/white differences in partisan and electorial behaviors. Widely different evaluations of black political movements are maintained. Political distrust is found to be both widespread and growing, especially among blacks.
Television Violence and Viewer Aggression: A Reexamination of the Evidence
Authors: Kaplan Robert M. , Singer Robert D.
Published: April 2010

Studies of the effects of fantasy violent content in television on aggressive behavior are reviewed and used to assess three positions: (a) an activation view that watching televised fantasy violence causes aggressive behavior, (b) a catharsis view that aggression in some groups may be decreased following the observation of such violence, and (c) a null view that such violence on television has not been demonstrated to have significant effects on aggressive behavior. Studies are discussed with regard to their representativeness in sampling and design. In contrast to earlier reviews which have advocated the activation position, the evidence is here interpreted as supporting the null view.
The Role of Fantasy in the Response to Television
Authors: Feshbach Seymour
Published: April 2010

It is deemed critical to an understanding of the influence of the media, TV in particular, that we examine the functions of behaviors classed as fantasy activities. A major dimension of importance to such understanding is the extent to which fantasy is construed as a reality experience. Results of an experimental test with children in a controlled viewing situation support the hypothesis that a reality set may stimulate an aggressive behavior response, while a fantasy set reduces it over that of a no‐TV control group. Factor analysis of field study data reveals systematic differences in subjects' preferences for particular classes of aggressive programs, reinforcing the view that the issues in this area are multifaceted and multivariate. Five mechanisms by which a fantasy experience can produce a diminution in aggression are discussed, and it is suggested that analysis and study of these factors is a necessary next step.
Homosociality and Female Depression
Authors: Bernard Jessie
Published: April 2010

The disproportionately large number of women compared to men among those identified as victims of depression presents both a serious social problem and a challenge to our understanding of social processes and issues. Role‐related explanations for this peculiar sex ratio do not adequately account for its incidence, its prevalence, or its persistence over time. The variable, “relational deficit,” as particularly having to do with the different ways that men and women relate to their own sex (homosociality), is proposed as a potentially clarifying concept in this context. It is suggested that the female way of being social — whatever its basis — since it involves bonding and affiliative attachment renders women more vulnerable to social deprivation and hence vulnerable to depression. Alleviation of the discriminating practices which undercut the self‐esteem and confidence of women and thus contribute to the helplessness which engenders depression is urged, as are self‐initiated behaviors among women to change especially the negative view of woman's world and to rehabilitate female homosociality.
Agonistic Behavior: Function and Dysfunction in Social Conflict
Authors: Scott J. P.
Published: April 2010

This paper outlines the basic principles arising from a polysystemic theory of agonistic behavior in nonhuman animals and the practical implications of these principles to the problem of the control of undesirable and injurious forms of human violence. A major conclusion is that one of the most effective methods of establishing and maintaining habits of constructive and peaceful behavior is employment in useful and rewarding occupations.
Attributional Conflict
Authors: Horai Joann
Published: April 2010

Attributional conflict is identified as arising from disparate attributions by two or more parties concerning the cause of events. It is proposed that such conflict is primarily managed through the exercise of verbal strategies which attempt to lessen blame and/or increase praise by shifting responsibility assignment. A taxonomy of these verbal strategies, which include association, requests, accounts, excuses, rationales, and justifications, is provided. Some conditions under which particular verbal strategies are likely to be used, and some factors that might affect their successfulness are suggested.
Aggression and the Use of Coercive Power
Authors: Tedeschi James T. , Gaes Gerald G. , Rivera Alba N.
Published: April 2010

That body of social psychological literature typically subsumed under the concept of aggression is reinterpreted as a compendium of different processes and functional relationships including equity, reciprocity, and self‐defense. An evaluation of this literature leads to the conclusion that social psychological researchers have concentrated their efforts in studying retaliatory behaviors whereas “aggression” commonly refers to harm doing initiated by some transgressor. A reconceptualization based on the concept of coercive power leads to a clearer understanding of harm‐doing actions and allows researchers to classify and distinguish initiated harm‐doing actions from those that are retaliatory. Having made this distinction, a set of propositions related to the initiation of harm doing isspelled out, and the implications for the social control of such behavior are considered.
Evolving Intergroup Techniques for Conflict Resolution: An Israeli‐Palestinian Pilot Workshop
Authors: Cohen Stephen P. , Kelman Herbert C. , Miller Frederick D. , Smith Bruce L.
Published: April 2010

The problem‐solving workshop is an approach to international conflict resolution based on intervention at the intergroup level and designed to provide inputs into policy processes. The pilot workshop described there included Israeli and Palestinian participants, meeting with a team of social scientists who served as a third party. Some of the features of the workshop included use of separate preworkshop sessions with each party to focus on internal group processes; induction of communication marked by an analytic, problem approach to the conflict to replace the legalistic, conflict‐expressive approach that generally characterizes communication among conflicting parties; process observations from an intergroup (rather than interpersonal) perspective, linking ongoing interactions to the dynamics of the intergroup conflict; and emphasis on symbolic issues and questions of national identity. Among the issues discussed are definition of the parties to the conflict, characteristics of participants, the context for communication, relationships between intragroup and intergroup processes, nature of the third party and types of interventions, and the relationship of changes manifested in the workshop to changes transferred outside of that setting.
Privacy and Secrecy: A Conceptual Comparison
Authors: Warren Carol , Laslett Barbara
Published: April 2010

Privacy and secrecy both involve boundaries and the denial of access to others; however, they differ in the moral content of the behavior which is concealed. Privacy is consensual where secrecy is not; that is, there is a “right to privacy” but no equivalent “right to secrecy.” Those stigmatized or disadvantaged social groups who have little or no access to privacy utilize secrecy to conceal their behavior. The private family and the secret homosexual world are examples of groups which utilize privacy and secrecy, respectively.
Privacy Regulation: Culturally Universal or Culturally Specific?
Authors: Altman Irwin
Published: April 2010

This article examines privacy as a generic process that occurs in all cultures but that also differs among cultures in terms of the behavioral mechanisms used to regulate desired levels of privacy. Ethnographic data are examined from a variety of cultures, particularly from societies with apparently maximum and minimum privacy, and from analyses of various social relationships, such as parents and children, in‐laws, husbands and wives. It is concluded that privacy is a universal process that involves culturally unique regulatory mechanisms.
Privacy in the Courts: Law and Social Reality
Authors: Levin Hannah A. , Askin Frank
Published: April 2010

A rational system of justice requires consistent scientific input. As part of a project to understand how social science knowledge can be incorporated into the legal process, decisions of the United States Supreme Court were examined in cases whose determinations rested on assumptions about the psychological dimensions of privacy. It was found that the Court and lawyers failed to appropriately define privacy and utilize social science theory and data. Suggestions to remedy the gap between law and social science are discussed.
Individual Privacy and Personnel Psychology: The Need for a Broader Perspective
Authors: Schein Virginia E.
Published: April 2010

This article examines the status of personnel psychology with regard to its concern with issues of individual privacy and reviews legislative activities in the privacy area relevant to the profession. It is argued that both personnel psychologists and the legislative sector have taken a narrow view of privacy, one that ignores the broader aspects of employee and applicant attitudes toward selection and assessment procedures and the impact of these procedures on individual privacy. Within this broader perspective, some research and practice needs are considered, as well as factors mitigating attention to these issues by the personnel psychologist.