bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE PARATHYROIDS:—TETANIA PARATHYREOPRIVA: ITS NATURE, CAUSE, AND RELATIONS TO IDIOPATHIC TETANY. PART I.: INTRODUCTION, GENERAL METHODS, AND SYMPTOMS
Authors: Paton D. NoËl , Findlay Leonard
Published: December 2014

1. Idiopathic tetany and the various theories as regards its etiology are considered.

2. The previous work upon experimental tetany is dealt with in the three periods— (a) before the recognition of the possible significance of the parathyroid; (b) while the distinction between the thyroids and parathyroids was still doubtful; (c) after the direct implication of the parathyroids in the production of the symptoms had been established.

The evidence that the condition is a true tetania parathyreopriva is considered to be conclusive.

3. The method of removing the parathyroids is considered, and the impossibility of getting rid of the internal parathyroids with certainty by any operation but complete thyroparathyroidectomy is indicated. The existence of supplementary parathyroid tissue in about 50 per cent. of cats and in probably about 5 per cent. of dogs is shown to explain the absence of symptoms in some cases of thyroparathyroidectomy.

4. The symptoms of tetania parathyreopriva are considered under the following heads:— I. Their protean character. V. Tremors and fibrillar tremblings. II. Depression. VI. Jerkings. III. Emaciation. VII. Convulsions. IV. Spasticity. VIII. Disturbances of balance.

5. Some of the factors modifying the character and onset of the symptoms are briefly considered:— (a) The nature of the food. (c) Rickets. (b) Age. (d) Pregnancy and lactation.
THE PARATHYROIDS:—TETANIA PARATHYREOPRIVA: ITS NATURE, CAUSE, AND RELATIONS TO IDIOPATHIC TETANY. PART V.: GUANIDIN AND METHYL‐GUANIDIN IN THE BLOOD AND URINE IN TETANIA PARATHYREOPRIVA AND IN THE URINE IN IDIOPATHIC TETANY
Authors: Burns David , Sharpe J. S.
Published: December 2014

The results may be summarised in the following table.

Guanidin (and the methyl‐guanidins expressed as guanidin) in mg. per 1000 c.c.— A. Blood. Normal (average of 5) Dogs. Parathyroidectomy (average of 8). 1·0 8·7 B. Urine. Dogs. 0·25 (average of 6) 1·1 (average of 6) Children. Idiopathic tetany. (Average of 5 individuals—8 analyses.) (Average of 3 cases—13 analyses.) 0·12 Active tetany . 0·58 Latent tetany . 0·38 Recovery from tetany 0·12.
STUDIES ON THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS:—II.: THE RELATIONS OF THE PITUITARY BODY WITH THE THYROID AND PARATHYROID AND CERTAIN OTHER ENDOCRINE ORGANS IN THE RAT
Authors: Kojima Masaharu
Published: December 2014

The effects of thyroidectomy—which was only partial, since it was desired to leave the parathyroids in situ—have been to cause changes in the pituitary consisting in the accumulation of colloid between the cells of the pars anterior, such as has been described by previous investigators, and an especial development of oxyphil cells, as well as the appearance of many swollen—possibly degenerating—cells, some of which are seen to surround clear vesicles. In the case described there was a cyst‐like expansion of the intraglandular cleft in the pars anterior, but whether the result of the thyroidectomy or not, cannot be stated. The pars intermedia was thickened, and contained many vesicles, surrounded by cells, and occupied by masses of hyaline substance. These vesicles extend here and there into the pars nervosa.

The chief effect of partial parathyroidectomy was to produce an œdematous condition of all parts of the pituitary. Oxyphil cells appeared more abundantly than usual in the pars anterior, but there were no such striking changes in the gland as are caused by thyroidectomy.
STUDIES ON THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS:—IV.: THE EFFECTS IN THE DOG UPON THE REMAINDER OF THE THYROID AND PARATHYROID OF PARTIAL REMOVAL OF THOSE ORGANS
Authors: Kojima Masaharu
Published: December 2014

The remaining portion of thyroid after partial thyroidectomy undergoes proliferation of its epithelial cells and the vesicles show marked polymorphism. There is little or no change in the parathyroid.

Partial parathyroidectomy causes no apparent changes in the remaining parathyroid tissue nor in the thyroid.
STUDIES ON THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS:—V.: EFFECTS UPON METABOLISM OF CASTRATION, OF THYROIDECTOMY, OF PARATHYROIDECTOMY, AND OF THYROID AND PARATHYROID FEEDING
Authors: Kojima Masaharu
Published: December 2014

1. Thyroidectomy in rats produces a diminution both of nitrogen and of calcium output.

2. After parathyroidectomy in rats there seems to be an increase of calcium in the urine, and less is retained in the body, but nitrogenous metabolism shows no definite change.

3. Thyroid feeding produces a decrease in body‐weight and a diminution of nitrogen and gaseous metabolism in all the animals, whether normal, thyroidectomised, or parathyroidectomised.

4. Castration is attended in male rats by diminution of CO2 output.
THE HISTOLOGY OF TADPOLES FED WITH THYROID
Authors: Lim R. K. S.
Published: December 2014

1. The effect of thyroid is to “accelerate” the ageing of tadpoles, whereby the number of mitoses and development is increased. All organs thus appear more “adult” in character. Metamorphosis is induced and hastened.

2. The alimentary tract is the first to be affected by thyroid treatment, the large and thin‐walled larval type of intestine being replaced by a small thick‐walled type. Masses of pigment are accumulated in the mucosa, and may be seen breaking through the epithelium.

3. Thyroid‐induced metamorphosis results in rapid absorption of the tail, the caudal muscles being disintegrated partly by phagocytes and partly by autolysis. The phagocytes loaded with muscle‐débris simulate eosinophil leucocytes. They wander into the circulation and are, eventually extruded through the intestinal mucosa.

4. The effect of thyroid on blood corpuscles is chiefly that of increasing the numbers undergoing mitosis; the red cells frequently exhibit irregularly shaped nuclei, perhaps a further indication of rapid division.

5. The “fine‐pigment” granules throughout the body are regarded as excretion products. They are well developed in thyroid‐fed tadpoles, and appear to be peculiar to the metabolism of young tadpoles.

The effects of thyroid feeding may be summarised in general terms as normal processes which have been hastened and exaggerated by excess of thyroid hormone.

This study was commenced in 1917 by Sir Edward Sharpey Schafer, to whom the author is grateful for being permitted to continue it, and for help and advice during its progress. Acknowledgment is due to Messrs C. Siung and A. Dower for their assistance in the preparation of some of the microscopic specimens. A short note has already been published in the Proceedings of the Physiological Society (12, b).

The expenses of the research have been assisted by grants from the Earl of Moray Fund of the University of Edinburgh and from the Carnegie Trust.
A SURVEY OF SOME ELEMENTS OF CARDIAC EXCITABILITY
Authors: Burridge W.
Published: December 2014

1. Reversible changes of cardiac excitability are of two modes.

(a) Changes which come and go concomitantly with the substance producing them.

(b) Changes showing a variable rate of development, always hysteresis of subsidence and sometimes overswing. The two changes are quantitatively as well as qualitatively distinct.

2. The second mode of change has been suggested as causally connected with changes of aggregation in the colloids concerned in excitation Evidence is given of interchangeability in the external mode of expression of this change. A given amount of this change can appear as augmentation of contraction or as quickening or tonus according to circumstances.

3. The same substance can produce both modes of change and to opposite ends. When such is the case the manifest action of the substance exhibits a variety of phases. One extreme of such double action is mimicry of inhibition and the inhibitory rebound.

4. The inhibitory rebound is shown to be an excitable state of the heart of the second mode of change.

5. It is shown that a cardiac state favouring hyperactivity can be developed and exist in the heart without any external manifestation of its presence, provided there is a concomitant interference with the functions of calcium.

6. The evidence is given that there is an interference with the functions of calcium during inhibition and that this interference belongs to the first mode of change.
THE EFFECT OF HISTAMINE, GASTRIN AND SECRETIN ON THE GASTRO‐DUODENAL SECRETIONS IN ANIMALS
Authors: Lim R. K. S. , Schlapp W.
Published: December 2014

(1) Histamine has no direct action on the pancreas. The pancreatic secretion which normally accompanies its injection is due to the escape of gastric acid into the duodenum.

(2) Histamine has no direct effect on the biliary secretion, its influence being mainly secondary to the gastric response.

The expenses of this work have been defrayed by grants from the Carnegie Trust and the Earl of Moray Fund for the promotion of research in the University of Edinburgh.
NOTE ON THE APPEARANCES OF MAMMALIAN ERYTHROCYTES UNDER DARK‐GROUND ILLUMINATION
Authors: Millar W. G.
Published: December 2014

1. No signs of internal structure can be seen in the human erythrocyte, even under the best conditions of dark‐ground illumination, using an objective of numerical aperture 1·32.

2. There are two forms of crenation, due, apparently, to different causes.

3. Cells after the Goughian change show an irregular granularity of the surface.

4. Cells immediately before hæmolysis assume a spherical form.

5. The remains of cells hæmolysed by saponin show the wrinkled appearance of collapsed bladders.

The expenses of this research, which was carried out during the tenure of a Carnegie Research Scholarship, were defrayed by a grant from the Earl of Moray Fund.
THE ACTIVE PRINCIPLES OF THE POSTERIOR LOBE OF THE PITUITARY BODY
Authors: Schlapp Walter
Published: December 2014

1. When depressor‐free extracts of the posterior lobe of the pituitary body are boiled with dilute hydrochloric acid, the oxytocic, pressor, and melanophore responses evoked by them are destroyed slowly and simultaneously.

2. By treating depressor‐free extracts with N‐butyl alcohol, it is possible to separate a fraction into which the greater part of the oxytocic activity has passed.

3. By producing precipitates of lead sulphide in extracts by the passage of sulphuretted hydrogen gas through suitable concentrations of lead acetate all the active principles are to some extent adsorbed. But the quantity of pressor and melanophore substance adsorbed exceeds that of oxytocic adsorbed by a significant amount.

4. With regard to the oxytocic response on the one hand and the pressor and melanophore on the other, the results show that these activities must be attributed to distinct substances.

5. The experiments provide no positive evidence that the pressor and melanophore responses are due to distinct substances.

The expenses incurred in carrying out this work have in part been defrayed by a grant from the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland.
THE MOVEMENTS AND REACTION TO DRUGS OF STRIPS OF THE GASTRIC MUSCULATURE OF THE CAT AND DOG
Authors: Brown G. L. , M'Swiney B. A.
Published: December 2014

A study has been made of the movements of surviving strips from the different regions of the gastric musculature of the cat and dog. The action of pilocarpine, adrenaline, and atropine on the rhythmic movements and “tonus” of the strips has been investigated.

Each region has a characteristic type of contraction which resembles closely the movements described in the intact stomach.

The power of “postural adaptation” is most clearly shown in the fundic region, and decreases progressively to the pylorus. This function is demonstrated by the changes produced by drugs in the baseline from which rhythmic contractions take origin.

The motor power of the stomach varies inversely with the possession of this capability of postural adaptation: thus, from the pyloric region, which exhibits the most powerful contractions, postural changes cannot be elicited.

Pilocarpine imitates only the motor action of the vagus, causing a change of the base‐line in the fundic region with no augmentation of contractions; and in the pyloric region, augmentation of rhythmic movements without alteration of the base‐line.

Adrenaline imitates the inhibitory effects of splanchnic stimulation in all regions of the stomach except the cardia, in which it causes contraction. It produces in all other regions of the stomach a cessation of rhythmic movements, which in the fundus is associated with relaxation: strips from intermediate parts relax slightly, while in the vicinity of the pylorus the length of the muscle fibre is unaltered.

Atropine antagonises the action of pilocarpine and produces effects similar to those observed after adrenaline.

The cardiac and pyloric sphincters are not alike in their response to drugs. In the cardia pilocarpine and adrenaline cause a rise of the lever from the base‐line, while atropine has little effect. The cardia appears to exhibit “tonus” changes, to the exclusion of rhythmic movements. The pyloric sphincter resembles in all respects the adjacent musculature of the pyloric antrum, addition of drugs causing alteration of the rhythmic movements without changing the constancy of the base‐line.

The sling of Forssell combines both the property of postural adaptation and considerable motor power, drugs causing alterations in the length of the muscle fibre in addition to changes in the amplitude of rhythmic movements.

The expenses of the investigation have been defrayed by a grant from the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society.
THE SPINDLE‐CELLS IN RELATION TO COAGULATION OF FROG'S BLOOD
Authors: Tait John , Green F.
Published: December 2014

1. The thrombocytes of frog's blood, which alter so quickly on contact with glass or other water‐wettable surfaces, undergo no deformation and cytolysis as long as the blood is kept on solid paraffin.

2. While the erythrocytes and the leucocytes of frog's blood can by means of the centrifuge be separated from the plasma, the thrombocytes, which have a density identical with that of the plasma, cannot be thus removed. A specimen of plasma obtained by simple use of the centrifuge clots on coming in contact with glass.

3. From the centrifuged plasma of the frog the thrombocytes can be removed by passage through a charcoal filter. Plasma thus freed of thrombocytes readily clots on addition of tissue extract (thrombokinase), but will not spontaneously clot on contact with glass. In this respect it resembles hydrocele fluid, which is platelet‐free.

4. Spontaneous coagulation of centrifuged frog's plasma is due wholly to disintegration of the contained thrombocytes. This disintegration in its turn is due to contact with a special kind of surface. As a result of the cell disintegration thrombin is liberated.

5. Bird's blood, or centrifuged bird's plasma, has less tendency to undergo spontaneous coagulation on contact with glass. In this respect bird's blood differs both from amphibian and from mammalian blood.

6. Tissue extract or thrombokinase prepared from the frog's ventricle is all but impotent to induce coagulation of cell‐free plasma. In this regard the tissue of the ventricle differs markedly from the connective tissue, liver, muscle, etc., of the frog.

7. Contact cytolysis of frog's thrombocytes is due to a purely physical cause, and does not depend upon absorption by the cells of any soluble material derived from the effective water‐wettable surface. The better an adequate surface of insoluble material is chemically purified and freed of grease, the more rapidly does it induce cytolysis of the thrombocytes.

8. Thrombokinase or tissue extract plays no part in the production of thrombin during simple spontaneous coagulation of the blood. In this regard the theory of
Morawitz as to the precursor of fibrin‐ferment requires amendment.

9. The word “prothrombin” (or “thrombogen”) might well be replaced by the phrase “unruptured thrombocytes,” for it would seem to be these that constitute prothrombin.

10. In any representation of the chain of phenomena involved in spontaneous blood coagulation place must be given to an indispensable physical process, as a result of which the thrombocytes are induced to yield thrombin.

The expenses of this research were defrayed in part by a grant from the James Cooper Fund of M'Gill University for Research in Experimental Medicine.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—III. THE EFFECT OF THYROIDECTOMY
Authors: Ponder Eric , Flint K. Newstead
Published: December 2014

Removal of the thyroid gland in adult rabbits does not influence the Arneth count.

This investigation, as well as that recorded in (1), was carried out under a grant from the Medical Research Council.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE REFLEX ACTIVITY OF A MUSCLE OF THE FORE‐LIMB (M. SUPRASPINATUS)
Authors: Denny‐Brown D. E. , Liddell E. G.T.
Published: December 2014

The reflex activity of M. supraspinatus, a muscle of the fore‐limb, has been examined in decerebrated cats, and points of similarity and dissimilarity with the extensor of the knee have been noted.

Points of similarity are:

1. In the response to stimulation of a nerve of the contralateral arm the phenomenon of “recruitment” of neurone units is apparent.

2. In thalamic and intercollicular decerebrate preparations the muscle responds to stretching of its tendon by a sustained “stretch reflex.”

Points of dissimilarity are:

3. In some preparations neither the crossed extensor reflex nor the stretch reflex are markedly susceptible to inhibitory stimuli, but may show, when the stimuli are not strong, an augmented contraction within 60 σ.

4. On occasion, the recruitment curve may be preceded by a brief abrupt contraction resembling a reaction d‐emblee.

5. Even quite strong ipsilateral stimuli may fail to produce marked inhibition. When effective, however, the latent period of inhibition is notably brief (25 σ), as in the hind‐limb. There is clearly evident an exaggerated excitatory tendency in the ipsilateral nerves of the fore‐limb which hinders the inhibitory aspect of the same nerves, giving a nett result of either excitation or inhibition. It has been possible to differentiate the exciting and the inhibitory components by inducing a small heemorrhage which usually favours inhibition.

6. Section of the spinal cord in the thoraco‐lumbar region increases to a large degree the postural contraction of M. supraspinatus to a degree which, as measured by the decreased length of the muscle, often amounts to 3–7 per cent.
CHANGES IN ORGANS OF THYROIDECTOMISED SHEEP AND GOATS
Authors: Goldberg S. A.
Published: December 2014

Certain changes are described in the organs of thyroidectomised sheep and goats, namely, paleness of skeletal muscles, dilatation of heart with calcification of the aorta and pulmonary artery, nephritic lesions, persistence of the epiphyseal cartilages, myxœdema, and hypertrophy of the adrenals.

There seems to be an inter‐relation between the thyroids and the adrenals of sheep.

The changes in the osseous, muscular, and cardiovascular systems are due to an arrest of development resulting from removal of the thyroids.

This research was aided by a grant from the Hekscher Foundation of Cornell University.
THE BLOOD‐SUGAR OF NORMAL HUMAN SUBJECTS AFTER THE INTRAVENOUS INJECTION OF INSULIN
Authors: Bodansky Aaron , Simpson Sutherland
Published: December 2014

1. The rate of development of hypoglycemia in adult men, after intravenous injections of 2 units of insulin, is constant, after a possible but in any case very brief latent period.

2. The minimum sugar values are reached at a definite time, which is indicated at about 18 minutes after the injection.

3. Recovery from hypoglycemia, with the doses employed, begins immediately after the minimum sugar value has been reached. It is rapid at first, although slower than the rate of fall of the blood‐sugar. After about 30 or 40 minutes it frequently slows down. It is complete in lean subjects within about 75 minutes or sooner.

4. In overweight subjects the rate of recovery seems slower than in lean subjects, suggesting the effect of —type differences“(adipose tendency among them) on the reaction to insulin.

5. As the weight of the subject increases, the dose remaining constant, the decrease of the blood‐sugar from the initial levels becomes less, as would be expected, but the other features of the curves do not seem to be affected, except when the subjects are overweight.

The authors are under obligation to the volunteers in this series of tests for their generous co‐operation.

The insulin used in these tests was obtained through the courtesy of the Eli Lilly Company. The dosage is stated in terms of their product.
POLYNEURITIS IN FOWLS: ITS PERIPHERAL NERVOUS LESIONS AS COMPARED WITH WALLERIAN DEGENERATION
Authors: Culley Paul G.
Published: December 2014

1. The degeneration of peripheral nerve fibres in polyneuritis is not identical with Wallerian degeneration.

2. Symptoms of polyneuritis gallinarum were observed to correspond in time and rate of onset with changes in the neuraxon, being independent of the condition of the myelin sheath.

To the memory of Dr
Sutherland Simpson is due a word of appreciation. Not only did he suggest the present investigation, but through instruction in his “clinics of physiology,” as we may term them—his never boresome lectures—it has been the privilege of the writer, along with many others, to be inspired to the desire to help chart the hitherto unknown regions of life.
EXPERIMENTS WITH ACIDS
Authors: Burridge W.
Published: December 2014

1. The hydrogen ion exerts two independent actions on excitability:

(a) A depression mediated through disorganisation of calcium function.

(b) An augmentation mediated through changes of colloid aggregation.

2. The two changes differ especially in their rates of subsidence after production, and, by taking advantage of this, rebounds to augmented activity are shown after acids.

3. Changes of pH between pH8 and pH7 gave only depression, the augmenting action of an acid being something developed beyond pH7.

4. The physiological action of lactic and butyric acids cannot be wholly accounted for in terms of their pH concentration. This is especially true when these acids are in great dilution. They then exert stimulating actions none of which can be accounted for as a hydrogenion effect.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE INTERNAL SECRETIONS OF THE OVARY ON THE CALCIUM BLOOD LEVEL AND ON CALCIUM METABOLISM
Authors: Mirvish Louis , Bosman Louis Pierre
Published: December 2014

1. An ovarian extract has been prepared, which, when administered to animals, produces a fall in blood calcium.

2. The active principle has been found to be present in extracts of liquor folliculi, residual ovary, and corpus luteum. It is also present in placenta.

3. The fall in blood calcium amounts in typical cases to 30–35 percent. of the normal value. The blood calcium cannot generally be reduced any lower than this by increasing or repeating the dose.

4. The maximum fall in blood calcium is usually produced in about twenty‐four hours, and it returns to normal in forty‐eight hours.

5. The action of the hormone on the blood calcium is the same in both sexes.

6. The extract is active when administered subcutaneously or intraperitoneally. It is also active on oral administration when the dose is considerably increased.

7. Injection of the extract as an emulsion in distilled water is inactive. It is active when dissolved in olive‐oil or weak sodium bicarbonate solution.

8. The result of ovariotomy in rabbits is the production of wide fluctuations in the blood calcium level.

9. The action of the ovarian hormone on the blood calcium is suggested as a means for standardisation.

10. It is suggested that the mode of action of the ovarian hormone is by influencing other endocrine glands.

We desire to express our thanks to the Research Grant Board of this University for meeting portion of the expense involved in these researches; and also to Professors W. A.
Jolly and E. S.
Edie for their interest in the work.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—IX. THE RELATION BETWEEN DIAPEDESIS AND NUCLEAR CONFIGURATION
Authors: Ponder Eric
Published: December 2014

Taken together, these various experiments lead us to the conclusion that, so far as diapedesis and phagocytosis in vitro are concerned, the cells of the various Arneth classes are indistinguishable, for the increase in nuclear lobulation which occurs with increasing age of the cell does not apparently enable the cell to pass more readily from the vessels and lymph spaces into infected cavities, nor render it more active as a phagocyte. This matter is of some importance in the consideration of the significance of the deflected count in infected states; whatever other effect the abnormally high percentage of young cells may have, it cannot have any appreciable effect on the removal of the infecting agent by phagocytosis.

This research was carried out under a grant from the Government Grants Committee of the Royal Society.
THE INFLUENCE OF RESPIRATORY MOVEMENTS ON THE CUTANEOUS CIRCULATION
Authors: Collier R. J. , Densham H. B. A. R. , Wells H. M.
Published: December 2014

The systolic blood‐pressure is maintained nearly constant in man during forced respiration by means of a compensatory cutaneous vaso‐constriction.

Evidence is put forward that this compensatory factor is absent in artificially over‐ventilated chloralosed cats, and that its absence is not due to a fixation of the skin‐vessels.

The main cause of the cutaneous vaso‐constriction during and after over‐ventilation in man is the cumulative effect of the active, forced respiratory movements. The absence of this factor accounts for the failure of artificially over‐ventilated chloralosed cats to compensate.

Our thanks are due to Professor
M'Dowall for much kind assistance.
EXPERIMENTAL PRODUCTION OF GRADED MUSCULAR CONTRACTIONS OF NATURAL FORM IN THE DIAPHRAGM AND IN SKELETAL MUSCLE
Authors: Briscoe Grace
Published: December 2014

1. Graded muscular contractions of natural form can be obtained by a new method of electrical stimulation described.

2. Applied to the cut end of one phrenic, the resultant contraction and relaxation of the paralysed half of the diaphragm can be varied so as to reproduce almost exactly the natural movements of the sound half of the muscle.

3. This variation in contraction and relaxation is obtained by imparting to the secondary coil of an induction apparatus varying degrees of to‐and‐fro movement differing in rhythm, in extent of movement, and in rates of approach and withdrawal.

4. In natural respiration the diaphragm is always in a state of postural contraction during the expiratory pause. The appropriate degree of postural tonus can be maintained in experimental muscle by allowing minimal currents to pass into the nerve between the phasic contractions.

5. The pattern of stimuli (a periodic variation of amplitude imposed upon a basic frequency of interruption at a fast rate) sent into the nerve during imitation of normal respiration resembles the pattern of action‐currents picked up from the phrenic during natural respiration, and also resembles the action‐currents of muscles in voluntary contraction.

6. The method can be applied to the skeletal nerve‐muscle preparation, and graded contractions of any form can be obtained from it. It is suggested that the type of stimulation employed is an example of “asynchronous multi‐fibre summation.”

I am grateful to Miss W.
Leyshon, Ph. D., for the assistance and advice she has given me on the physical side of this work. I have also to acknowledge much assistance on the experimental side from Mr
William Lofts.

My thanks are due to Professor
Cullis and to the Council of the School for a grant from the Waller Memorial Research Fund, and for the hospitality of their laboratories.
THE INFLUENCE OF THYROID PREPARATIONS UPON THE CARDIAC AND VASCULAR NERVES
Authors: Dryerre Henry
Published: December 2014

(a) Injection of thyroid extract produces a fall in the blood‐pressure in cats and dogs (but not in rabbits). This may or may not be accompanied by an alteration (slowing) in the heart‐rate.

(b) The injection of thyroid extract has no constant specific effect upon the response to subsequent stimulation of the cardiac fibres of the vagus in the cat, dog, or rabbit, although variable effects are obtained in individual animals, some of the same species.

(c) Injections of extract of liver or of tonsil, like those of thyroid, may or may not be followed by effects upon the cardiac nerves.

(d) Similar phenomena also occur after the injection of Locke solution.

(e) Thyroxine has no distinct effect, demonstrable in an “acute” experiment upon the cardiac nerves, or on the vasomotor system.

(f) The strength of the stimulus necessary to be applied to the cervical vagus to obtain equivalent inhibition of the heart varies widely in normal animals, which have not previously received injections of animal extracts.

The expenses of this investigation have been in part borne by grants from the Earl of Moray Endowment Fund for the promotion of research in the University of Edinburgh.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—XII. THE EFFECT OF THE INJECTION OF THYROID EXTRACT ON THE POLYNUCLEAR COUNT IN A PERENNIBRANCHIATE AMPHIBIAN (NECTURUS MACULOSUS)
Authors: Charipper Harry A.
Published: December 2014

1. A method is described for obtaining blood directly from the branchial circulation of perennibranchiate Amphibia.

2. Determinations of the average normal polynuclear count are made in Necturus maculosus. This count is similar to that found in man and in the rabbit.

3. Injections of extract of thyroid substance into the peritoneal cavity cause a deflection of the polynuclear count to the left. An increase in the number of cells of Class I. occurs and reaches a maximum which varies directly with the dosage.

4. Thyroid will stimulate granulocytopoietic centres located in places other than the bone marrow.
RELATION OF THE LIVER TO ASPHYXIAL HYPER‐GLYCZEMIA IN FISHES
Authors: Simpson W. W.
Published: December 2014

1. The normal blood‐sugar of the ling cod, when conditions are standardized, is quite constant and of the same order of magnitude as that of other Teleosts, (1), (2).

2. In the few cases in which fish died under operation no hyperglycæmia developed during the twenty minutes that it occupied, thus confirming previous observations in showing that a delay occurs between asphyxiation and the onset of the hyperglycæmia, (1), (2), (3).

3. Asphyxia, following complete heparectomy in fish, does not cause hyperglycæmia.

4. Under control operation, “mock heparectomy,” asphyxia causes the development of the usual high blood‐sugar.

5. These results show that the presence of the liver is essential to the development of asphyxial hyperglycæmia, and they contradict the view that “masked carbohydrates” present in normal blood are a source of the excess of blood‐sugar after asphyxia.
EXPERIMENTS WITH ADRENALINE
Authors: Burridge W. , Seth D. N.
Published: December 2014

1. Experiments have been performed with adrenaline at dilutions between one part in one billion, 10−12, and one part in ten thousand, 10−4.

2. At all dilutions the drug is found to be an augmentor.

3. At low dilutions, 10−4 to 10−6, the drug exerts also a different and independent depressing action.

4. A physiological method for estimating the rate of disappearance.

(oxidation) of adrenaline in Ringer's solution is given.

5. A particular dilution of adrenaline, one part in ten millions, is shown

(a) to revive an exhausted heart,

(á) to make an exhausted heart worse,

(b) to accelerate,

(b) not to accelerate,

(c) to produce tone,

(ć) not to produce tone, according to the experimental conditions.

6. Hearts do not accelerate with adrenaline unless ventricular conditions make acceleration necessary, extra effort being met primarily by a lengthened stroke of the ventricular pump; acceleration coming in when a lengthened stroke no longer suffices. This result seems likely and reasonable, but it implies that the ventricle can influence the pacemaker's rate.

7. Local antidromic impulses are normal factors in cardiac coordination.
THE ARNETH COUNT IN NORMAL AND IN THYROIDECTOMISED SHEEP
Authors: Simpson Ethel D.
Published: December 2014

In the sheep the Arneth count shows a limited distribution of polymorphs among the various classes. The large majority of cells lie in Class I., fewer in Classes II. and III., while Classes IV. and V. are practically unrepresented.

Two or three weeks after thyroidectomy in the young lamb there is a deflection of the Arneth count to the right, so that relatively fewer cells of Class I. appear in the circulation, and more of Classes II., III., and IV. This deflection is temporary, disappearing after a period of three or four weeks, when the proportions of cells in the Arneth classes again become normal.

The writer wishes to acknowledge her indebtedness to
Dr
John Tait for much helpful criticism.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—XIII. THE DEVIATION OF THE COUNT BY VARIOUS AUTACOIDS AND ANIMAL EXTRACTS
Authors: Kennedy Walter P. , Thompson W. A. R.
Published: December 2014

A left‐handed deviation of the Arneth count in rabbits is produced by various gonad extracts as well as by pituitrin, adrenalin, and insulin.

The expenses of this research were defrayed by a grant from the Moray Fund.
THE INFLUENCE OF BICARBONATE AND PHOSPHATE ON THE MOVEMENTS OF SURVIVING INTESTINE
Authors: M'Callum J. W. , Magee H. E.
Published: December 2014

The effects of change in the bicarbonate and phosphate content of Tyrode's fluid at 38° on the pendular movements of surviving segments of ileum from rabbits which had fasted for fifteen hours are recorded. The pH of the fluid was kept constant, or its effects controlled.

Sodium bicarbonate, independently of its alkalinity or its buffering action, beneficially affects the whole contractile process, its regularising action being the most outstanding. The results are immediate and reversible. In its absence the effect of Ca is fundamentally altered; but those of K and Mg are unchanged.

The immediate effects of phosphate proved to be variable, but at pH 7.4 and above they were, on the whole, of a regularising nature, and independent of its pH or buffering effects. Concentrations of phosphate above or below 0.005 per cent. NaH2PO4 had, after numerous changes over several hours, a harmful effect. The actions of Ca, K, or Mg are unaltered by the absence of phosphate.

The opinion is expressed that the actions of bicarbonate and phosphate are attributable to the anions HCO'3 and HPO'4 respectively.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—XV. THE EFFECT OF TISSUE INJURY
Authors: Danzer M.
Published: December 2014

1. Extracts of various organs and tissues, when injected into rabbits, deflect the polynuclear count. The deflection is due to the contained proteins.

2. The destruction and absorption of tissues in vivo is followed by a similar deflection. It is possible that this fact accounts for the deflection of the polynuclear count after injury to various tissues. It is also suggested that the continual and normal breakdown of tissue in the body is sufficient to provide a stimulus for the continual and normal output of polymorphs by the marrow.
REGULATION OF RESPIRATION. —THE EFFECT UPON SALIVARY SECRETION OF THE INTRAVENOUS ADMINISTRATION OF SODIUM BICARBONATE, SODIUM CARBONATE, SODIUM HYDROXIDE, SODIUM CHLORIDE, AND SODIUM SULPHATE
Authors: Eddy Nathan B.
Published: December 2014

In the dog salivary secretion, elicited by continuous administration of pilocarpine, is decreased by intravenous injection of sodium bicarbonate, of sodium carbonate, or of sodium hydroxide. The decrease in secretion produced by sodium bicarbonate is greater the larger the dose, and is obtained in like degree whether the bicarbonate is injected in isotonic or in hypertonic solution. The effect of sodium carbonate upon secretion is greater than that of sodium bicarbonate, and the effect of sodium hydroxide greater than that of either of the other two substances.

Intravenously administered sodium bicarbonate prevents almost completely the augmenting effect upon salivary secretion of a ten minute period of re‐breathing, though carbon dioxide accumulated in the re‐breathing tank to the same extent as in a similar period of re‐breathing without sodium bicarbonate administration.

Each of the three alkaline agents increases submaxillary blood‐volume flow as a rule.

Sodium chloride or sodium sulphate intravenously administered in isotonic solution increases submaxillary secretion and blood‐volume flow. Both agents administered in hypertonic solution decrease salivary secretion but increase more markedly submaxillary blood‐volume flow. The effect upon secretion of isotonic and hypertonic solutions of sodium chloride and sodium sulphate appears to be due to the increase in blood‐flow and to their influence upon the fluid available to the gland cells by withdrawal of water from the tissues.

The described effects of the alkaline substances and neutral salts were obtained with the chorda tympani cut, and were not affected by cutting also the vago‐sympathetic.

It is suggested that the effects upon salivary secretion of intravenous injection of sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, and sodium hydroxide are due mainly to changes in acid base equilibrium, in which the hydrogen‐ion concentration of the interior of the cell may be a major factor.

A comparison of the effects of carbon dioxide, of sodium bicarbonate, and of sodium carbonate on pulmonary ventilation, mean blood‐pressure, and salivary secretion is made.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE RETINAL RESPONSES OF XENOPUS LÆVIS
Authors: Jolly W. A. , Hogben Lancelot
Published: December 2014

1. When eyes of the same size, subjected to the same treatment, are tested, the retinal action current of Xenopus is of much smaller magnitude than that of Rana.

2. The several deflections of the action current run a slower course in Xenopus than in Ranas.

3. The recovery process which is essential to the manifestation of the C component is of much more protracted duration in Xenopus as compared with Rana.

4. There are reasons for believing that the eye of Xenopus is relatively more sensitive to radiation of long wave‐length as compared with that of Rana.

5. Qualitative differences are found in the response of the light‐adapted Xenopus eye on illumination by light of different wave‐length. Negative variation is more pronounced with violet light, and the darkening reaction consists of a positive deflection. The positive component is more pronounced with white light, and the darkening reaction consists of a negative deflection.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF SEX DIFFERENCES IN CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM CONTENT OF SERUM
Authors: Charles Enid
Published: December 2014

1. No significant sex differences were observed in the calcium and magnesium content of the serum of the rabbit and the dogfish.

2. In the case of Xenopus and the domestic fowl, females were found to have a significantly higher content of both calcium and magnesium than males.

3. In the crawfish a significantly higher serum magnesium content was found in females.

4. The serum magnesium content of the female dogfish showed great variability.

This investigation was undertaken at the suggestion of Professor
Lancelot Hogben, to whose encouragement and advice acknowledgment is made.
PREGNANCY CHANGES IN THE RABBIT'S UTERUS AND THEIR RELATION TO ENDOCRINE ACTIVITY
Authors: Robson J. M. , Illingworth R. E.
Published: December 2014

The statement of
Knaus, that the injection of an extract of the corpus luteum into mature non‐pregnant rabbits inhibits the in vitro reaction of the uterus to pituitrin, has been confirmed. Both the oxytocie and pressor fraction of the posterior lobe are inhibited.

Small doses of alpha (œstrin, in oily solution) do not interfere with the progestational or inhibitory reactions of the corpus luteum hormone; large doses of alpha (more than 3000 mouse units) prevent the progestational reaction, but the pituitrin reaction is still inhibited.

Inhibition of the pituitrin reaction was obtained in several cases with an extract of the human placenta. No proliferation was obtained. The corpus luteum extract was partitioned between petroleum ether and 50 per cent. alcohol. The petroleum ether fraction caused proliferation, but little or no inhibition. The 50 per cent. alcohol fraction, which formed a colloidal solution in water, caused some proliferation and complete inhibition.

Saponification destroyed both the proliferative and inhibitory actions of the corpus luteum extract.

It is suggested that the proliferative and inhibitory actions of the corpus luteum extract may be due to different factors.

We wish to express our gratitude to Dr. B. P.
Wiesner for valuable help and advice in the course of this work.
THE EFFECT OF DESTRUCTION OF THE SPERMATOGENIC TISSUE BY X‐RAYS UPON CERTAIN SECONDARY GONADIC CHARACTERS OF THE COCK
Authors: Mirskaia L. , Crew F. A. E.
Published: December 2014

The male characters of the head‐furnishings, voice, and behaviour, as far as fighting is concerned, are not dependent for their maintenance upon the endocrine activity of the spermatogenic tissue of the testis, for when this is obliterated by means of X‐rays, these characters remain unaffected.

We wish to acknowledge the help that Dr A. W.
Green‐wood has given to us in the course of this study. His particular knowledge of the fowl has often stood between us and rash assumption.
EXPERIMENTAL ISCHÆMIA: SENSORY PHENOMENA, FIBRILLARY TWITCHINGS, AND EFFECTS ON PULSE, RESPIRATION, AND BLOOD‐PRESSURE
Authors: Reid Charles
Published: December 2014

1. An account is given of the phenomena observed in limbs with ischæmia of about fifteen to thirty‐five minutes' duration, and also in the post‐ischæmic period.

2. Ischæmia per se is not associated with any notable sensory phenomena beyond a feeling of numbness, provided the limb is kept warm and the occluding pressure is not more than about 30 mm. Hg above the systolic pressure.

3. Serial contractions of ischæmic muscle set up continuous severe pain localised over the belly of the muscle. Static contraction of ischæmic muscle is also accompanied by pain of similar distribution, but of less extent and severity. The pain disappears almost immediately after re‐establishment of the circulation, and is probably due to the effects of metabolites.

4. The effects on blood‐pressure of simple ischæmia and of ischæmia associated with serial and static muscular contractions are dealt with.

5. Within one to two minutes following the re‐entry of blood into a limb after ischæmias lasting fifteen to thirty‐five minutes, an intense “pins and needles” sensation with hyperæsthesia develops; this rapidly reaches a maximum, and passes off in about ten minutes. Fibrillary twitchings are almost simultaneously evident (particularly in the small muscles of the hand), which cease shortly before the complete cessation of the sensory phenomena. These sensory and motor phenomena are phases in the recovery of nerve‐endings and of muscle fibres respectively.

6. A relationship of the fibrillary twitchings to diminution in muscle calcium is indicated by observations on the muscles of the post‐ischæmic limbs of animals and on that of the blood calcium.

7. Metabolites from the ischæmic limb pass into the blood and increase the depth of respiration and slow the pulse‐rate.

I have pleasure in acknowledging my indebtedness to Professor J. A.
MacWilliam for much kindly help and criticism.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—XIX. THE ORGAN DISTRIBUTION OF THE NEUTROPHILIC POLYMORPHS WITH REFERENCE TO THEIR PASSAGE THROUGH MUCOUS MEMBRANES
Authors: Climenko David Robert
Published: December 2014

1. The theory of the Arneth count is discussed.

2. Arneth counts of the peripheral circulation are given, and corroborate the work of
Yeagfer and
Haterius.

3. Comparative counts of the blood for various peripheral and splanchnic areas are given. These show a high degree of consistency.

4. Counts from the bone marrow show a marked left‐handed deflection.

5. Counts from mucosal smears show a marked right‐handed deflection.

A portion of the expenses for this research was defrayed by a grant from the Earl of Moray Fund.
THE GONADOTROPIC HORMONES (ρ‐FACTORS).—II. SELECTIVE FILTRATION EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Marshall P. G.
Published: December 2014

Ultrafiltration experiments have shown that the molecular weight of the ρ‐factor molecules may be of the order of 800–900, and that the size of the particles approximates to 0 3µ.
SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN CATS
Authors: Armitage E. , M‐Dowall R. J. S. , Mathur S. N.
Published: December 2014

It is shown that the blood‐pressure in cats is higher in spring than in winter to an extent which is mathematically significant.

Evidence is given which suggests that this increased pressure is due to an increased activity of the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—XX. A STUDY OF THE BLOOD CELLS OF PSEUDEMYS ELEGANS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Charipper Harry A. , Davis Daniel
Published: December 2014

1. A polynuclear count cannot be made in Pseudemys elegans, since multilobed cells are absent.

2. By considering eosinophils with spherical granules as young cells and eosinophils with ellipsoidal or rod‐like granules as older cells, a differential eosinophil count, comparable to the polynuclear count, can be made.

3. The eosinophil of Pseudemys elegans reacts to hæmatopoietic stimuli in much the same way as does the neutrophil of the mammal.

4. Injections of thyroxine and nucleic acid in Pseudemys elegans increase the total white cell population by stimulating the granulo‐cytopoietic centres, causing an increase in the number of young eosinophils. This effect is analogous to a left‐handed deflection in the polynuclear count of amphibians, birds, and mammals.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE DUCTLESS GLANDS, THE SERUM CALCIUM, AND EGG‐LAYING IN THE FOWL
Authors: Macowan Marion M.
Published: December 2014

In the yearly life‐cycle of the fowl the serum calcium approximates the mammalian level during the growth period. As the first ovum develops in the ovary the calcium rises rapidly, reaching a maximum level with an average of from 10–30 grm. The calcium then falls relatively slightly for egg weight above 30 grm. until the egg is laid, when these changes begin again. Associated with these there are distinct histological alterations in the parathyroids. Parathormone raises the blood calcium of hens in the growth period, but has no effect during moulting, or on the blood calcium of cocks.

A supply of Ca in the diet sufficient only for maintenance does not permit of egg‐laying.

The yearly cycle does not affect the structure of the pituitary, thymus, or adrenals. Seasonal variations in the size, structure and iodine content of the thyroid were confirmed.

I wish to express my acknowledgements to Dr ORR, who suggested the investigation, to Professor MACLEOD and Dr MAGEE for assistance and criticism, and to Professor SHENNAN for the photograph.
STUDIES ON THE ARNETH COUNT.—XXI. THE EFFECT OF THE PARENTERAL INTRODUCTION OF CERTAIN COLLOIDAL METALS ON THE COUNT
Authors: Climenko David Robert
Published: December 2014

1. The action of colloidal preparations of the following metals upon the Arneth count is described: iron, cobalt, tin, copper, strontium, and nickel.

2. It was found that in general small doses produce no significant deflection, but marked left‐handed shifts are produced with two to eight times the minimum dose.

3. The effect produced by the various metals bears no definite relationship to the toxicity of the metals.

4. It is tentatively suggested that the effect is a non‐specific one due to a deviation of the normal concentrations of the inorganic constituents of the blood serum.

A portion of the expenses of this research, which was carried out during the tenure of a Carnegie Research Scholarship, was met by a grant from the Earl of Moray Fund.