bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diabetes and Vision
Authors: Klein Ronald , Saaddine Jinan B. , Klein Barbara E. K.
Published: January 2011

A primary function of the eye is to provide sharp vision for both near and distant activities. To achieve this, the ocular media of the eye (cornea, lens, vitreous gel) must be clear, and the structure and function of the retina and optic nerve must be undisturbed. Vision may be lost due to abnormalities in the structure and function of small retinal blood vessels (retinopathy). Progression of diabetic retinopathy may result in swelling of the central portion of the retina or of the macula (macular edema) and/or lead to the growth of new, fragile retinal blood vessels with bleeding into the vitreous gel in front of the retina (vitreous hemorrhage) and traction on the macula. Loss of vision from these advanced stages of diabetic retinopathy can be prevented with timely detection and treatment before bleeding or traction has occurred. This chapter reviews the epidemiology of visual loss associated with early and advanced stages of these ocular complications and discusses public health interventions.
Diabetes and Disability, Cognitive Decline, and Aging-Related Outcomes
Authors: Volpato Stefano , Maraldi Cinzia
Published: January 2011

The prevalence of diabetes mellitus rises steeply with age. As a result of the ongoing demographic transition and aging of the overall population, in Western countries older people account for more than one-third of the adult population with diabetes. In the past few years epidemiologic and clinical studies have consistently associated diabetes with numerous clinical outcomes that are typical of the oldest population, outcomes that are referred to as geriatric syndromes. These conditions, of which physical and cognitive impairment, falls, and depression are among the most common, are increasingly affecting the older diabetic population and already represent a looming sword of Damocles for patients and health care systems in term of quality of life and health care costs. This chapter summarizes the most compelling evidence for the relationship between diabetes and these emerging late-life complications and discusses potential avenues for secondary and tertiary prevention.
Diabetes and Mortality
Authors: Saydah Sharon H. , Eberhardt Mark S.
Published: January 2011

This chapter summarizes the changes in diabetes mortality for the entire population and among persons with diabetes. It examines sociodemographic differences in deaths from diabetes and the contribution of diabetes to other causes of death. Factors that are related to mortality, especially modifiable factors, are discussed. Measurement issues, such as factors associated with diabetes when diabetes is listed as the underlying rather than a related cause of death on death certificates, are also discussed.
Effectiveness of Interventions at the Health System, Provider, and Patient Levels to Improve the Quality of Diabetes Care
Authors: Kim Catherine , Choe Hae Mi , Kwok Yeong , Wyckoff Jennifer
Published: January 2011

The identification, treatment, and control of diabetes complications and the major risk factors for cardiovascular disease can reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes. This chapter reviews the results from different meta-analyses and reviews designed to address the effectiveness of different interventions. It describes interventions aimed at the health care system and health care providers, interventions aimed at individuals, and features of these interventions associated with their success. Finally, the chapter looks at implications for policy.
The Quality of Diabetes Care and the Prevention and Control of Diabetes in Developing Countries
Authors: Mohan Viswanathan , Pradeepa Rajendra
Published: January 2011

Developing countries have about 80% of the world's diabetic population. In India the prevalence rates for diabetes in urban areas now approach figures reported for the more affluent migrant Indians living abroad. The epidemic is now shifting to rural areas, where diabetes care is neither available, accessible, nor affordable. This chapter describes the present status of quality of diabetes care and how it can be measured in the context of developing countries. It assesses the prevention and control activities for diabetes and highlights some successful prevention strategies at the community level in India that can be used as a model for prevention of diabetes in other developing nations.
Diabetes Prevention and Control Programs in Developing Countries
Authors: Ramachandran Ambady , Snehalatha Chamukuttan
Published: January 2011

This chapter discusses diabetes prevention and control in developing countries. Diabetes is a major health care burden in both developed and developing countries. There is evidence from well-planned, randomized, controlled prevention programs that primary prevention of type 2 diabetes is possible in developing countries. Lifestyle modification and metformin have been shown to be highly effective in reducing incident diabetes in high-risk groups. With the help of the American Diabetes Association, the International Diabetes Federation, the World Health Organization, and similar organizations, national diabetes control programs have been initiated even in several developing nations.
Public Health Policy Decisions and Diabetes
Authors: Vinicor Frank
Published: January 2011

This chapter demonstrates the breadth and “power” of selected diabetes policies. It discusses ones that are relatively simple which could be directly implemented within a clinic without great difficulty. The chapter talks about policies of such potential impact that they could ultimately influence all people with diabetes in a large metropolitan area, in a country such as the United States, or even throughout the world. Policies of such potential impact are, not surprisingly, both challenging and controversial.
Introduction
Authors: Gregg Edward W. , Venkat Narayan K. M. , Williams Desmond , Cowie Catherine C.
Published: January 2011

This introductory chapter starts with a brief discussion of the prevalence of diabetes and the existing evidence base for diabetes clinical and public health. An overview of the six sections in this book is then presented.
Empowering Settings and Voices for Social Change
Authors: Kelly James G.
Published: January 2011

This book combines a focus on understanding social settings as loci for empowering intervention with a focus on understanding and giving voice to citizens. The book illuminates advances in theory and method relevant to changing a broad spectrum of social settings (including programs, organizations, institutions, communities, and social policy) from a strengths-based perspective. Three cross-cutting concepts—a strengths-based approach to research and social action, empowerment, and narrative research methods—serve as integrating and foundational themes. Part I takes up issues of setting processes and outcomes of influence, research methods, and implications for setting and community change efforts and social policy. Part II examines how action scientists have sought to understand and amplify the voices of those individuals and communities who serve as the focus of their research and social change actions. Finally, the chapters in Part III seek to situate the rest of the volume's chapters in the context of decades of work on empowering settings, giving voice and social change.
Changing Social Settings: A Framework for Action
Authors: Seidman Edward , Tseng Vivian
Published: January 2011

This chapter offers a framework for action for improving social settings. It first offers a brief summary that explains how to understand the ways social settings function. It focuses on several underlying approaches for social intervention, their accompanying strategies and tactics, and how they are targeted at one or more features and/or processes of a social setting. The goal of each intervention strategy is to improve social settings and to foster the development and well-being of those within the setting. The chapter underscores the importance of amplifying the strengths and empowerment of the social setting to each strategy.
Empowering Community Settings: Theory, Research, and Action
Authors: Maton Kenneth I. , Brodsky Anne E.
Published: January 2011

This chapter provides a a modest attempt to build on Julian Rappaport's vision of a community psychology in which empowerment is the guiding motif to life. Drawing upon research on three different kinds of empowering settings, it delineates, in more detail, the setting-specific: mediators through which organizational characteristics empower setting members and the pathways through which community betterment and positive social change occur—member-radiating influence and external organizational activities.
Settings and Empowerment
Authors: Trickett Edison J.
Published: January 2011

This chapter provides commentary on Chapters 2–4. It raises probing questions about the varied conceptualizations of empowerment applied across chapters and across types of settings, the importance of attending to “ripple” effects of setting processes and activities at multiple levels of analysis, the ecological influence of the researcher-setting relationship, and the complex challenges of intervention.
The Neglected Role of Community Narratives in Culturally Anchored Prevention and Public Policy
Authors: Yoshikawa Hirokazu , Ramos Olazagasti Maria A.
Published: January 2011

This chapter outlines some of the ways in which a community narrative perspective can enrich culturally anchored work, using examples from three studies related to HIV prevention, welfare-to-work policies, and immigrants' use of public benefits. For each study, it describes recent data and discusses how the narrative perspective is reflected in the work, challenges it, and provides guidelines for future research and action.
Contravention and Convention
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: January 2011

This chapter considers various cases in which the principle of independence (introduced in Chapter 10) may be contravened. Perhaps one enters into a contract, or makes a promise, only if one believes one does, or is aware that one is doing so. Perhaps one is fashionable only if one believes one is. One can set up a ‘mystery draw’ or lottery in such a way that believing one is a winner is a necessary condition of actually being a winner. One is omniscient only if one believes one is. Some philosophers think that one acts immorally (or morally) only if one believes one does. Perhaps genuinely believing one is in pain is not only necessary but sufficient for being in pain. However, even if some of these cases in which one cannot have a property without believing one has it are unproblematic, the claim that believing you are free is a necessary constitutive condition of being free remains highly problematic.
Antinomy and Truth
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: January 2011

It seems that there is a fundamental sense in which we cannot be truly free or ultimately morally responsible agents. But does this matter? Certainly we want to be free, but do we really want to be truly or ultimately responsible for our actions? We are often entirely free in the ‘basic’ (and wholly compatibilist) Humean sense mentioned in Chapter 1. That is, we are very often entirely free in the sense of being able to do what we want or choose or decide to do. Is this not enough? Is this notall that really matters, in the way of freedom? What more could anyone possibly reasonably want? This chapter considers this question, asking, for example, whether our notions of love and gratitude require a stronger notion of freedom than is possible.
Law and Policy in the United States
Authors: Carlarne Cinnamon Piñon
Published: January 2011

This chapter provides an overview of how the US political system functions, focusing on the role of federalism in shaping policy-making. It reviews the history of environmental policymaking in the US and explores how climate change policymaking reveals a significant shift in the role and relationship between sub-federal and federal governmental entities in environmental law and policymaking. It seeks to provide an inclusive review of US federal climate change policies, beginning with the White House climate change strategy promoted by President Bush before exploring more recent efforts to overhaul the federal approach to climate change. It also endeavours to shed led light on how shifting federal climate change strategies influence domestic engagement in global climate change politics.
Litigation, Regulation, and International Law as Law and Policy Drivers in the United States
Authors: Carlarne Cinnamon Piñon
Published: January 2011

This chapter examines how public and private actors are using litigation, regulation, and international law to influence federal climate policy. It begins by reviewing past and present climate change litigation in the US to suggest the role of litigation in shaping federal climate policy. It then explores the varied ways in which domestic and foreign citizens are attempting to use existing domestic legal and regulatory regimes and international legal mechanisms to compel the US federal government to limit domestic greenhouse gas emissions. The chapter concludes by examining how domestic and international efforts to use litigation and regulation coupled with on-going sub-federal legal and political initiatives influence climate policy in the US.
Musa Pedestris
Authors: Morgan Llewelyn
Published: January 2011

The wealth of metrical forms adopted by classical poetry is one of its characteristic features. Yet metre features only sporadically in contemporary criticism of ancient poetry. This book makes the case that metre was central to the Roman experience of literature, and should be restored to a central position also in interpretation of that poetry. By the time Roman poets came to write hexameters, choliambics, and sapphics, these metres could all claim rich histories, and consequently brought a wealth of associations in their own right to the poems they carried. Powerful effects can be achieved by manipulation of the established characters of their metrical media: by giving the metre of classical Latin poetry its proper weight, critics can restore to that poetry a critical, neglected dimension. In four main chapters on representative metres or metre groups, this book considers how Roman poets exploited the connotations of metrical form: the ‘Catullan’ associations of the Flavian hendecasyllable; the logic that produced the ‘pure’ iambic trimeter; the sapphic stanza between Catullus, Horace, and Statius; and the various strategies attempted by poets to subvert the superlative status of the benchmark metre, the dactylic hexameter. Also considered are sotadeans, priapeans, saturnians, elegiacs, and Horace's epodic structures. Connections between poetic practice and the academic study of metre in antiquity are highlighted, and attention is also given both to Greek perceptions of the metres they bequeathed to Rome, and to the effect on Roman versification of the perception that these forms were irreducibly Greek.
The Hendecasyllable
Authors: Morgan Llewelyn
Published: January 2011

This chapter investigates the ethos embodied by the hendecasyllable, a favourite metre of the Flavian authors Statius and Martial. Starting from one of Statius' most ambitious hendecasyllabic poems, Silvae 4.3 on the Via Domitiana, it shows that the hendecasyllable was perceived to embody the character of its most celebrated exponent, Catullus, and that the account of the Via Domitiana comes vividly to life when the Catullan quality imparted by the metre is allowed to assert itself. Other aspects of the metre are then considered, especially the polar relationship operative between it and the dactylic hexameter, and its particular aptness for poetic accounts of diminutive topics. Suggestions are made about the character of the metre as it had been encountered by Catullus. These insights are then fed back into a concluding analysis of the metrical dimension of another arresting deployment of hendecasyllables by Statius, the celebration-cum-lament on Lucan's birthday at Silvae 2.7.
Iambics
Authors: Morgan Llewelyn
Published: January 2011

This chapter tackles the class of iambic metres, represented in non-dramatic Latin verse by the iambic trimeter, ‘limping’ iambic and the epodic systems used by Horace in the Epodes. After a consideration of the continuing prominence of the choliambic or ‘limping’ iambic, the discussion turns to the peculiarly Roman development represented by the ‘pure’ iambic trimeter, which offers a salient illustration of the interpenetration of academic theory and poetic practice in Roman metrical usage. The argument focuses on the parody of Catullus 4 attributed to Virgil, Catalepton 10, but there is also close analysis of Horace's theoretical commentary on iambics and later contributions from the Latin metricians. After a rehearsal of recent work on Horace's meaningful deployment of metres in the Epodes, the chapter concludes by reading Epode 16, a combination of hexameters and pure trimeters, in the light of the understanding gained into pure iambics earlier in the chapter.
A History of Cant and Slang Dictionaries
Authors: Coleman Julie
Published: January 2011

Although there are continuities with earlier slang lexicography, particularly in the work of Eric Partridge, the period covered by this volume sees a number of marked social and lexicographical changes. The post-war cultural dominance of the United States is evident throughout, as is the influence of African‐American music and language. Slang dictionaries also document attempts by Britain and its colonies to (re)define their sense of national identity. Musical and cultural trends each produced their own characteristic slang, which was manipulated by commercial interests to target the youth market. Homosexual slang was documented first as a diagnostic tool for psychiatrists, but later became an expression of gay pride. Attempts to associate homosexuality with communism label gay rights as a significant threat to the structure of society. Drugs were another threat that became dominant in this period, and the punitive response saw a rapidly increasing prison population. Dictionaries of crime during this period tend to concentrate on the language used inside prisons rather than by criminals at large. But slang is not just for left-wingers. British dictionaries of rhyming slang and dictionaries of Australian slang both express anxieties about immigration through their attempts to construct a working‐class national identity. Right-wing pressure groups in the United States produced dictionaries of slang to reveal the threat represented by homosexuality and rock music. The biggest backlash is found in the numerous dictionaries of CB radio, which allowed blue‐collar white southerners to reconstruct themselves as freedom‐fighting urban cowboys.
Dictionaries of British Slang
Authors: Julie Coleman
Published: January 2011

Putting aside Partridge's Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English, rhyming slang dominates the production of British slang glossaries during this period. The dictionaries are often nostalgic accounts of simpler times, and use humour to express anxieties about issues such as immigration and women's liberation. Links between rhyming slang and the entertainment industries are clear in several of the glossaries produced.
Glossaries of School and College Slang
Authors: Julie Coleman
Published: January 2011

British school glossaries of this period largely look back to the heyday of the public school. It is a largely moribund tradition. American college slang lexicography, however, becomes a productive area for research, exploring new methodologies and new theoretical approaches. These glossaries document changes in society taking place throughout the period.
Glossaries of Sexuality
Authors: Julie Coleman
Published: January 2011

The earliest glossaries of gay slang were produced by psychiatrists trying to improve communication with their patients or to develop a diagnostic tool. Later glossaries offer keys to the secret world of homosexuality and defy convention in celebrating gay love. Demonized by Cold War associations with communism, users of gay slang are also depicted as agents of the anti-Christ by right-wing Christian fundamentalists.
Dictionaries of New Technologies: Citizens' Band Radio and Computers
Authors: Julie Coleman
Published: January 2011

A short-lived craze for CB radio in the United States spawned a plethora of poor quality dictionaries whose appeal is not explained by their contents. CB radio allowed white blue-collar males, beleaguered by the liberation of women, gay men, and African-Americans, to redefine themselves as urban cowboys and rebels. CB radio also presented an early version of the virtual community in which individuals can role-play with like-minded strangers. The earliest dictionary of computer slang is also included in this chapter.
Implementation of the renormalization group
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi , Ortiz Gerardo
Published: January 2011

Actual computations of fixed points and eigenvalues usually involve approximations, often crude ones, except for a very limited number of simple cases such as the one-dimensional Ising model of the previous chapter. In real- and momentum-space renormalization group theory, there are no general prescriptions to systematically improve the degree of the approximation with a modest amount of effort. There are established methods to systematically improve precision, but they usually need a large amount of numerical calculations. The scope of the present chapter is modest as we limit ourselves to basic examples, including the epsilon expansion about the Gaussian fixed-point of the Landau-Ginzburg-Wilson model. Finally, the last section illustrates the extension of the renormalization group framework to study quantum phase transitions.
Conformal field theory
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi , Ortiz Gerardo
Published: January 2011

The present chapter is an introductory account of the basic concepts and important consequences of conformal symmetry, i.e. the invariance under local scale transformations, in field theories characterizing critical behaviour. The goal is to catalogue universality classes as a list of possible values of critical exponents and to find restrictions on the functional forms of correlation functions, which satisfy conformal Ward identities. From a mathematics standpoint, conformal symmetry applies to continuum theories, and therefore its obvious application to critical phenomena is formulated in the language of field theory. The energy-momentum tensor plays a fundamental role in defining the conformal generators that satisfy the Virasoro algebra, and any conformal field theory is characterized by the central charge a number that is important to classify critical field theories. One of the most remarkable applications of conformal field theory is found in the analysis of finite-size effects.
Random systems
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi , Ortiz Gerardo
Published: January 2011

Real materials always contain randomness or disorder that cannot be expressed by idealized simple model systems. The present chapter studies the effects of randomness on phase transitions and critical phenomena. Although randomness may seem to obscure singular behaviour such as divergence of physical quantities at the critical temperature, it is established that well-defined phase transitions exist as long as randomness is not too strong, but the critical behaviour may get modified with respect to the pure sample. After the introduction of basic concepts and methods such as self-averaging and replica method, it is elucidated what type of phase transitions exist in the random-field Ising model and the SK model of spin glasses. Also explained are the percolation transitions using the fractal structure and the Potts model.
Language Change and Linguistic Theory, Volume II
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: January 2011

This book investigates a large range of changes and their motivations in all parts of the grammar and lexicon. The core argument is that, in the absence of a Grand Unification Theory in linguistics, a unified account of change is impossible without ignoring the bulk of natural language changes. Changes occur in successive formal grammars. Differences among successive I-languages constitute a change in the E‐language, but this work rejects the customary high premium on acquisition to the near exclusion of the role of adults and adolescents in the incrementation of change. Many innovations arise from competition in contact accommodation, but contact is only a catalyst. Features determine parametric variation and structures provide evidence (cues) for features. Since changes are typically not macroscalar, this work adopts a (micro)cue theory of parametric variation. The traditional view required a categorical (off/on) value setting. Through multiple binary cuts and different microcues, the new view permits a language to have, for instance, V2 in some structures but not others. With the reduction of UG (Universal Grammar) to a universal inventory of formal features, the once extravagant role of UG has been largely replaced by principles of efficient computation to explain crosslinguistically frequent changes. Additionally, neurolinguists have concluded that some constraints have evolved over time into a multilevel representation in the nervous system. Taking this and structure-building features into account, this work argues that some changes are grounded in synchronic cognitive constraints, a large number in principles of computation, many in extralinguistic factors, some in processing and functional motivations, and some just accidents of history.
Word‐Order Typology: Core Data
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: January 2011

Core Data. As groundwork for the theoretical discussion, this taxonomic chapter presents the main linearization patterns and the properties of the three most frequent language types: SOV, SVO, VSO. Preferences for complement and relative clause types issue from processing complexity. Adjectives tend to follow nouns crosslinguistically. Genitives, determiners, and numerals are positionally variable. One kind of cross‐category harmony affects the position of functional heads with respect to LPs (lexical phrases). Another affects the linearization within FPs (functional phrases) and LPs. In English, the order of genitives before nouns and Deg(ree) before AP (so good) is predicted by the parametrization of functional heads before LPs.
Word Order in Theory and Change
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: January 2011

This chapter begins with hypotheses about linearization and proceeds to examples of word‐order change. The theoretical portion focuses on the main formal theories, the most interesting of which involves feature‐driven parameters of movement in combination with the Linear Correspondence Axiom as an interface default. The main typological change treated is Germanic, which shifted from V‐final by gradual loss of object‐fronting cues. Changes in the genitive are also discussed. The phrasal genitive developed in contact with Danes in northeast England. Finally, numerous changes from V‐final to non‐V‐final are reviewed and contrasted with the rarity of changes to a head‐final language.
Grammaticalization
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: January 2011

The fundamental insight is grammation, a change from lexical to grammatical content via reanalysis of a lexical item to be merged in a functional projection. Feature change and preference principles provide the necessary motivation. Reduction processes are separate from grammation. In non‐mora‐timed languages they often accompany grammation because of the increased frequency of the construction which prompts acceleration and facilitates reduction processes. The alleged universal cline is irrelevant because many languages exhibit changes from free or clitic (adjoined to words or phrases rather than to roots or stems) to bound or from bound (affix) to clitic or free. Series of changes occur but are motivated by feature changes. Grammation changes discussed in formal terms in this chapter include English gonna, the Romance future, and English like.
Phrase Structure and Verb Classes
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: January 2011

This chapter introduces the theoretical points and verb classes presupposed in other chapters. It can be ignored by those familiar with generative theory. Lexical and functional structure are discussed, along with movement and the roles of νP. The problem of Cause and Voice is addressed in connection with the derivation of the ergative (causative : anticausative) alternation. Tests for the unergative vs unaccusative contrast are introduced and distinguished from structures like passive, middle, and impersonal. Formal derivations are offered for the ergative alternation and for passive and middle structures.
2 Tribalism Constitutionalized: The Tribal Governance of Membership in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States
Authors: Kirsty Gover
Published: January 2011

This chapter takes an explicitly comparative approach to tribal constitutionalism by examining the mechanisms used by tribes to regulate membership, and explaining important regional variations evident in the findings. North American and Australasian tribal approaches to membership governance differ substantively in three areas of membership governance: the governance of descent (including the use of blood quantum rules), multiple membership, and disenrollment. The chapter reports on the methodology used to collect tribal documents and construct the datasets. It explains the variation in the publicity rules applied to tribes that determine the accessibility of their governing documents. It then explains the differences and commonalities evident in the study by reference to the type and divisibility of the resources held by tribes in each state, the content of public law on indigeneity, and the law and policy governing the recognition of tribes.
‘We have no king but Christ’
Authors: Wood Philip
Published: January 2011

This book examines the effects of Christianization upon regional identity and political thought in the eastern Mediterranean in the fifth and sixth centuries. Itfocuses on the centrifugal effects of foundation myths, especially within the Syriac‐speaking world. These myths produced a sense of cultural independence, peculiar to Syria and Mesopotamia, and this in turn provided the basis for a more radical challenge to the Roman emperor, during the turbulent Christological controversies of the sixth century. The book begins by examining how bishops and emperors could use Christianity to manage and control local religious behaviour, before turning to the rich evidence from the city of Edessa, and its Syriac legends of early kings and missionaries, to investigate how the connection between religion and cultural independence worked within the Christian Roman empire. At a time when Jews in the Roman world were increasingly differentiated by religion and custom, this book investigates how far Edessenes and other Syriac‐speakers were consciously members of a distinctive group. The argument continues by discussing the transformation of this cultural legacy in the sixth century, when the hagiographies of bishops such as John of Ephesus began to invoke local belief and culture in Mesopotamia as an ancient orthodoxy, that made Edessa or Mesopotamia a chosen land, preserving true belief at a time when the rest of the empire had gone astray. For these authors, the emperor's ruler was conditional on his obedience to Christ, the true ruler of all.
1 Classification in a Christian Empire
Authors: Wood Philip
Published: January 2011

This chapter examines fifth‐century ecclesiastical historians as evidence for the Christianisation of Roman politicatl ideas. These historians used heresiology as an extension of classical ethnography. For them, heretics, like barbarians, were irrational and divided. These ideas changed the rules for inclusion and exclusion in the empire: now that being orthodox was equated to being Roman; ‘provincial peoples’ could claim civilised virtues, such as self‐control, that had formerly been the preserve ofan educated elite.
2 Controlling the Barbarians. The First Syrian Hagiographic Collection
Authors: Wood Philip
Published: January 2011

This chapter discusses the hagiography of Theodoret of Cyrrhus as a specific example of the observation of self‐control amongst barbarian peoples and the ‘improvement’ of the provinces of the Roman world. Theodoret observes the self‐control of Syrian holy men, in spite of their barbaric behaviour, and follows earlier apologists in emphasising Christianity's barbarian origins and the unimportance of Greek. Theodoret engaged with a world where charismatic saints of the previouscentury had inspired contemporary ascetic behaviour. His hagiography is an attemptto appropriate and control the reputations of these holy men and to present himself as the perceptive guide to the dangerous frontier of Syriac‐speakers, able to exclude the heretical and praise the holy.
4 Edessa and Beyond: The Reception of the Doctrina Addai in the Fifth and Sixth Centuries
Authors: Wood Philip
Published: January 2011

This chapter provides close readings of three major pieces of Syriac writing. These are examined from the perspective ofthe relationship between Syriac‐speakers and the Roman state, especially with regard to their distinctive forms of Christianity, their religion and their ethnic self‐awareness. The key text here is the Doctrina Addai, a story ofapostolic foundation in Edessa that links the city both to Rome and Jerusalem, and to the Sasanian world to the east. In it, legends about the Christian heritage of first‐century Edessa are used to assert the city's cultural independence in the fifth. The second half of the chapter looks at how these ideas were projected eastwards, and the central position that Edessa and her history held in the historical awareness of other Syriac speakers and their self‐identification as a Suryoyo people.
6 Creating Boundaries in the Miaphysite Movement
Authors: Wood Philip
Published: January 2011

This chapter establishes the wider context of the Miaphysite movement in the sixth century and examines how this interacted with earlier ideas of Suryoyo cultural independence, focussing on the works ofJohn of Ephesus. The chapter examines the emergence of distinct religio‐ethnic communities within the eastern Roman‐Empire, with their own distinct forms of political thought. Against a background of persecution and dispersal, John's writings sought to preserve the unity of a divided movement by recording the ascetic heroes of a previous generation. His hagiography has an unashamedly provincial focus, in which he establishes Mesopotamia as an orthodox land, whose pious history and ascetic customs give authority to the Miaphysite beliefs of its inhabitants, where holy men took on the role of the emperor in defending the people from barbarians and the Jews.
7 A Miaphysite Commonwealth
Authors: Wood Philip
Published: January 2011

This final chapter investigates how the kind of political and historical ideas employed among Syriac‐speaking Miaphysites in Mesopotamia were exported elsewhere in the Roman world, focl1sing on the border zones of Rome's conflict with Persia, on Yemen (Himyar) and the lands controlled by the Ghassanid Arab federation (centred in modern‐day northern Jordan). The persecuted missionary church of Miaphysites exported a distinctive paradigm ofhistory, by which new Christian territories such as Himyar could repeat the defining moments of Christian nationhood, the experience of martyrdom and the overthrow of the Jews. Moreover, while this struggle was part of a wider struggle against the Jews, it did not tie Himyar into the political orbit of the Roman lfmpire. It is this evolution of a self‐sufficient political thought in the communities of the late Roman and post‐Roman east that is one of the most important achievements of Miaphysitism in the Syriac‐speaking world.
Urban Health
Authors: Whitman Steven , Shah Ami , Benjamins Maureen
Published: January 2011

The 1980s opened a discussion of the varying nature of health in different segments of the United States. Falling under the rubric of ‘health disparities’, a great deal of research has been published demonstrating the substantial differences in health status within a population. The causes of health disparities are varied and not always clear but most researchers agree that disparities are a reflection of social and economic inequities and political injustice. One of the obstacles to addressing disparities is the lack of meaningful health data especially for vulnerable populations, which is often nonexistent despite being a critical factor for informing health programs and policies at the local level. This book provides a model for combating health disparities by describing how local health information was gathered, with the community engaged at every step of the process, creating movement toward evidence-based sustainable change. This book describes how a landmark health survey in Chicago generated dramatic data that are allowing investigators throughout the city to move from data to action and from observation to intervention.
The Chicago Asian Community Surveys: Methodology and Key Findings
Authors: Magee Matthew J. , Guo Lucy , Shah Ami M. , Liu Hong
Published: January 2011

Inspired by the Sinai's Improving Community Health Survey (Sinai Survey), the Asian Health Coalition of Illinois (AHCI) and its community partners began implementing a similar local assessment of health in three Asian populations in Chicago. They conducted health surveys in the Chinese, Cambodian, and Vietnamese communities; together these are called the Chicago Asian Community Health Surveys (Asian Surveys). This chapter discusses the background, methods, and key findings to highlight the processes, achievements, and impact of the Asian Survey project.
Comparing the Health Status of Ten Chicago Communities
Authors: Shah Ami M.
Published: January 2011

Survey data were gathered from ten local communities in Chicago from 2002 to 2008. Each survey captured the health status of diverse racial and ethnic populations living in different geographic areas of the city. This chapter has three goals. First, it briefly compares and contrasts the methods and approaches employed to conduct these community health surveys in Chicago. Second, it examines five key results for the diverse communities surveyed. Third, the chapter illustrates the value of the community survey data and comments on its implications for broader policies and programs in striving toward equitable health for all racial and ethnic groups within an urban setting.
Working Together to Live Tobacco-Free
Authors: West Joseph F. , Gamboa Charlene J.
Published: January 2011

North Lawndale in the city of Chicago is a community that is predominantly Black, poor, and dilapidated. Smoking is a pervasive public health issue for North Lawndale compounded by the deeply rooted issues of race and class. This chapter begins with an introduction to the data on smoking prevalence for North Lawndale gathered from a comprehensive community survey. It then discusses a community-based intervention illustrating all of the features of its multi-faceted design. The intervention features a collaboration that started with a few community partners and the state public health department and grew into substantial partnerships with local community groups, schools, churches, and outreach organizations — all focused on eliminating tobacco use in North Lawndale. Finally, the chapter discusses some key outcomes and lessons learned from the intervention.
Fighting Childhood Obesity in a Jewish Community
Authors: Benjamins Maureen R.
Published: January 2011

Inspired by the power of having specific health data for one's own community, leaders of the Jewish community in Chicago undertook the steps necessary to conduct a similar survey within the most densely populated Jewish neighbourhoods. This unique survey, the Jewish Community Health Survey of West Rogers Park and Peterson Park identified many health issues within the community. Of these, childhood obesity was selected by community members as the most important problem to address because it was found to affect a large percentage of children and because it foreshadowed serious health consequences for the future. This chapter presents additional details about childhood obesity in this community, including age and gender differences and possible determinants. It then describes the rates among children in Jewish day schools in Chicago. This intervention, the Jewish Day School Wellness Initiative, has produced substantial changes within the schools and students of the Associated Talmud Torah school system over a four-year intervention period.
The Future Holds Promise
Authors: Whitman Steven , Shah Ami M. , Benjamins Maureen R.
Published: January 2011

This concluding chapter provides some additional dimensions to the story that chapters in this book have tried to convey. Topics discussed include the goal of the Sinai Model, meeting the need for local health data elsewhere, and community-based interventions.
The Last Pagans of Rome
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: January 2011

Eusebius' Ecclesiastical History (402/3 CE) gives a vivid account of the confrontation between the Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius and the Western usurper Eugenius. To many, the defeat of Eugenius and his pagan followers along the Frigidus River in 394 was the last gasp of a vigorous pagan revolt in the late 4th century, one spearheaded by the Roman aristocracy. This elaborate campaign to derail Christianity, as the story goes, consisted of identifiable pagan literary circles, pagan patronage of the classics, and pagan propaganda in art and literature. Recently, however, scholars have shown this picture to be wanting in accuracy and nuance. This book replaces this view with a detailed portrait of pagan society during the pivotal 4th and early 5th centuries. The subject of the book is the duration, nature, and consequences of the survival of the last pagans. It is widely believed that pagan aristocrats remained in the majority till at least the 380s, and continued to be a powerful force well into the 5th century. On this basis the main focus of much modern scholarship has been on their supposed stubborn resistance to Christianity. Rather surprisingly, these aristocrats have been transformed from the arrogant, philistine land-grabbers most of them were into fearless champions of senatorial privilege, literature lovers, and aficionados of classical (especially Greek) culture. The dismantling of this romantic myth is one of the main goals of this book. If a pagan aristocracy did not mount a defiant political and cultural rearguard action, what did they do? If elite culture at this time was not starkly divided between pagan and Christian, what did it look like? By sifting through the abundant textual evidence the book concludes that the many activities and artifacts previously identified as hallmarks of a pagan revival were in fact just as important to the life of cultivated Christians. Far from being a subversive pagan activity designed to rally pagans, the promotion of classical literature, learning, and art—and its acceptance by many elite Christians—may actually have helped the last reluctant pagans to finally abandon the old cults and adopt Christianity.
The Frigidus
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: January 2011

This chapter examines accounts of the Frigidus campaign. In his continuation of Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History, written in 402/3, Rufinus of Aquileia gives a vivid account of the confrontation between Theodosius and Eugenius by the river Frigidus. Rufinus's account proved influential, among contemporaries and successors, as well as among modern historians. Most modern critics have also taken Christian representations of the Frigidus more or less literally as historical narratives that describe the defeat of a dangerous pagan uprising, reflecting a perspective unique to the special circumstances of Eugenius's rebellion.
The Livian Revival
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: January 2011

The most famous of all Latin subscriptions are those that, in various forms and combinations, close each of the first nine books of Livy in a number of manuscripts. This chapter considers two incomplete Symmachan attempts to produce a corrected Livy. No one has ever attempted to distinguish the copy made for Valerianus from the copy attested by the subscriptions. Yet at the same time no one has drawn the full consequences of identifying them. The chapter concludes that there are no grounds for distinguishing between an “edition” prepared for Valerianus in 401 and a mere copy sent to Protadius in 396. The only difference between Valerianus's Livy and Protadius's Livy is that Valerianus had asked for more—all 142 books as against a mere 6. Naturally, it took correspondingly longer to correct, 164 whence the delays for which Symmachus apologized. But neither was anything more than a copy made from Symmachus's personal exemplar and duly corrected against that exemplar.
Conclusion
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: January 2011

This chapter summarizes the discussions in the book and presents some concluding thoughts. The question of when paganism really, finally, ended depends on a series of further questions, of definition, interpretation, and context. Above all, it depends on constantly changing perceptions of paganism. We should not confuse the end of paganism with the victory of Christianity, nor should we assume that it was active pagan opposition that kept certain pagan practices alive.
Introduction
Authors: Lim Timothy H. , Collins John J.
Published: January 2011

The Dead Sea Scrolls were found near the site of Qumran, at the northern end of the Dead Sea, beginning in 1947. Despite the much-publicized delays in the publication and editing of the scrolls, practically all of them had been made public by the time of the fiftieth anniversary of the discovery. This book seeks to probe the main disputed issues in the study of the scrolls. For indeed, many issues remain in dispute, despite the apparently impressive syntheses at the turn of the millennium. There has been lively debate over the archaeology and history of the site, the nature and identity of the sect, and its relation to the broader world of Second Temple Judaism and to later Jewish and Christian tradition. The book aims to reflect on diverse opinions and viewpoints, highlight the points of disagreement, and point to promising directions for future research.
The Qumran Cemetery Reassessed
Authors: Hachlili Rachel
Published: January 2011

The proximity of the cemeteries to Khirbet Qumran is strong evidence that they belong together and that the Qumran cemetery was a central burial place for the inhabitants who lived there. The graves in these cemeteries reveal a well-organized, carefully dug, and thoughtfully arranged system; the burials are usually solitary, one individual interred in each tomb, and are evidently not family tombs. The Qumran graves are shaft tombs and almost all of the excavated tombs contained individual burials. The form of the graves and the burial customs, as well as the proximity to the site, should be considered as essential factors concerning the identification of the Qumran community in the Second Temple period. The finds at the cemetery reinforce the thesis that the Qumran community was a specific religious group, a separate Jewish sect, who fashioned their own divergent practices as well as practising some typical Jewish customs.