bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis, Epidemiology, and Management of Hypertension in Children
Authors: Rao Goutham
Published: July 2016

National guidelines for the diagnosis and management of hypertension in children have been available for nearly 40 years. Unfortunately, knowledge and recognition of the problem by clinicians remain poor. Prevalence estimates are highly variable because of differing standards, populations, and blood pressure (BP) measurement techniques. Estimates in the United States range from 0.3% to 4.5%. Risk factors for primary hypertension include overweight and obesity, male sex, older age, high sodium intake, and African American or Latino ancestry. Data relating hypertension in childhood to later cardiovascular events is currently lacking. It is known that BP in childhood is highly predictive of BP in adulthood. Compelling data about target organ damage is available, including the association of hypertension with left ventricular hypertrophy, carotid-intima media thickness, and microalbuminuria. Guidelines from both the United States and Europe include detailed recommendations for diagnosis and management. Diagnostic standards are based on clinic readings, ambulatory BP monitoring is useful in confirming diagnosis of hypertension and identifying white-coat hypertension, masked hypertension, and secondary hypertension, as well as monitoring response to therapy. Research priorities include the need for reliable prevalence estimates based on diverse populations and data about the long-term impact of childhood hypertension on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Priorities to improve clinical practice include more education among clinicians about diagnosis and management, clinical decision support to aid in diagnosis, and routine use of ambulatory BP monitoring to aid in diagnosis and to monitor response to treatment.
E-cigarettes, Cigarettes, and the Prevalence of Adolescent Tobacco Use
Authors: Barrington-Trimis Jessica L. , Urman Robert , Leventhal Adam M. , Gauderman W. James , Cruz Tess Boley , Gilreath Tamika D. , Howland Steve , Unger Jennifer B. , Berhane Kiros , Samet Jonathan M. , McConnell Rob
Published: July 2016

BACKGROUND:

Adolescent e-cigarette use has increased rapidly in recent years, but it is unclear whether e-cigarettes are merely substituting for cigarettes or whether e-cigarettes are being used by those who would not otherwise have smoked. To understand the role of e-cigarettes in overall tobacco product use, we examine prevalence rates from Southern California adolescents over 2 decades.

METHODS:

The Children’s Health Study is a longitudinal study of cohorts reaching 12th grade in 1995, 1998, 2001, 2004, and 2014. Cohorts were enrolled from entire classrooms in schools in selected communities and followed prospectively through completion of secondary school. Analyses used data from grades 11 and 12 of each cohort (N = 5490).

RESULTS:

Among 12th-grade students, the combined adjusted prevalence of current cigarette or e-cigarette use in 2014 was 13.7%. This was substantially greater than the 9.0% adjusted prevalence of current cigarette use in 2004, before e-cigarettes were available (P = .003) and only slightly less than the 14.7% adjusted prevalence of smoking in 2001 (P = .54). Similar patterns were observed for prevalence rates in 11th grade, for rates of ever use, and among both male and female adolescents and both Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White adolescents.

CONCLUSIONS:

Smoking prevalence among Southern California adolescents has declined over 2 decades, but the high prevalence of combined e-cigarette or cigarette use in 2014, compared with historical Southern California smoking prevalence, suggests that e-cigarettes are not merely substituting for cigarettes and indicates that e-cigarette use is occurring in adolescents who would not otherwise have used tobacco products.
Octreotide in a Critically Ill Extremely Preterm Infant With Perforated Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Authors: Martini Silvia , Aceti Arianna , Lima Mario , Maffi Michela , Faldella Giacomo , Corvaglia Luigi
Published: July 2016

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is the most severe gastrointestinal complication of prematurity. Surgery, either peritoneal drainage placement or laparotomy with resection of the intestinal necrotic tracts, is the definitive treatment of perforated NEC; however, when clinical conditions contraindicate surgical approaches, little is known about medical treatments adjuvant or alternative to surgery. Octreotide is a synthetic somatostatin analog that inhibits pancreatic secretion and leads to splanchnic vasoconstriction. In preterm neonates, it is mainly used off-label for chylothorax and congenital hyperinsulinism, whereas gastrointestinal indications are limited. We describe the case of a critically ill extremely low birth weight infant with perforated NEC, who had unsuccessfully undergone peritoneal drainage placement and laparotomy. Her unstable condition contraindicated a further laparotomy, thus off-label treatment with octreotide was attempted. No adverse events occurred. The infant’s condition gradually improved and progressive reduction of peritoneal outputs and successful resolution of pneumoperitoneum were achieved, with no relapse after octreotide discontinuation.
Tonar und differentia: Geschichte, Funktion, Deutungen
Authors: Papp Ágnes
Published: July 2016

The paper explains the medieval notions of tonary and differentia in theory and practice. Both notions played a prominent role in defining the book type tonary as well as the function of melodic cadences called differentiae. The tonary is important for the examination of early plainchant repertory and for the interpretation of medieval mode theory (Octoéchos). The differentia has already been discussed by Peter Wagner as the most exciting element of antiphonal psalmody. Recent comparative studies of theoretical as well as practical sources of tonaries are highly promising.
Balther of Säckingen, bishop of Speyer, composer of chants for St Fridolin ca. 970
Authors: Hiley David
Published: July 2016

Balther of Säckingen was a remarkable scholar, writer and composer, who was born about 930, made bishop of Speyer in 970, and died in 986 or 987. Educated at the famous monastery in St. Gallen, he went as a wandering student in search of learning as far as North Spain. He had a special veneration for St Fridolin, founder of a convent in Säckingen. On his travels Balther found a copy of a Life of St Fridolin, memorized it, wrote it down on his return home, composed chants to be sung on the feast day of the saint, and sent both the Life (vita) and the chants (historia) to one of his former teachers at St. Gallen for approval. Balther says he composed them “per musicam artem”, “according to the art of music”. This paper tells how Balther’s chants came to be composed and compares them with others in order to understand what was considered to be “musical art” around 970.
Musical insertions in Ms 29 of the National and University Library in Ljubljana (Slovenia)
Authors: Snoj Jurij
Published: July 2016

In Ms 29 of the National and University Library in Ljubljana (Slovenia) — an early 13th-century copy of Dialogorum libri IV by Gregory the Great — there are two musical insertions: the sequence Celi solem imitantes and the hymn Jam lucis orto sidere. Written in Hungarian notation they were inserted onto blank pages in the completed manuscript in the span of time from the late 13th to the mid-14th century. Ms 29 bears a marginal inscription referring to Augustinus Cazottus (Kažotić), Bishop of Zagreb in the early 14th century. It was obviously in his possession. Presumably, the sequence and the hymn were inserted into Ms 29 somewhere in the Diocese of Zagreb, by someone skilled in Hungarian notation.
Fragmente des Budaer Antiphonars im St. Adalbert-Verein Trnava und im Archiv des Slowakischen Nationalmuseums
Authors: Veselovská Eva
Published: July 2016

The study examines recently found fragments of the Buda Antiphonal. The codex, containing Office chants representing the Esztergom liturgical tradition, was notated at the end of the 15th century with Messine-Hungarian mixed notation. 21 folios, originating from its beginning and preserved at the National Széchényi Library (Budapest), were identified by László Dobszay in 1978. Fragments of the same antiphonal surfaced recently in two collections from Slovakia: 7 folios, with summer and autumn historiae as well as antiphons for Sundays in ordinary time, in the archives of the Saint Adalbert Association (Trnava) and a single truncated folio, with responsories for Christmas Matins, in the music collection of the Slovak National Museum.
Where host plant goes, galls go too: new records of the Neotropical galling Cecidomyiidae (Diptera) associated with Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess. (Calophyllaceae)
Authors: Arriola Ígor Abba , Melo Júnior João Carlos Ferreira de , Mouga Denise Monique Dubet da Silva , Isaias Rosy Mary Dos Santos , Costa Elaine Cotrim
Published: July 2016

Calophyllum brasiliense, a Neotropical species, hosts seven galling Cecidomyiidae reported only for Brazil. Our hypothesis is the distribution of the galling insects associated with C. brasiliense is similar to that of the host plant. We checked gall occurrence by field sampling and by searching data in literature and herbaria. Current results indicate that the occurrence of galling Cecidomyiidae associated with C. brasiliense extends to 13 Brazilian states, as well as to 11 countries of Neotropical America.
Factorial Analysis of Mass Media Influence on Academic Sports Development
Authors: Benar Noshin , Emami Mina , Eftekhari Ozra , Yeganeh Far Nastaran , Khan Mohammadi Ali Mohammad
Published: July 2016

Purpose: Main objective of this research was factorial analysis of mass media influence on academic sports development. Material: Methodology of the research was descriptive- correlation. Population of the research was composed of all referees, coaches and athletes participating in students' sports Olympiad of Iran Payam e Noor Universities in year 2014. Statistical sample of research was chosen randomly and consisted of 176 persons. Data gathering tool was a researcher made questionnaire; its superficial and content validity was approved by academic professors and media experts; also the stability of research tool was reported to be at an acceptable level. SPSS 23 software was used to analyze research data and also AMOS 24 software was used to analyze structure validity. Results: Findings showed there is a significant difference between current situation and desirable situation in all research dimensions. Also, factorial analysis of all research variables showed improvement of coaches' technical performance (0.86), improvement of referees' technical performance (0.85), and promotion of academic sport managers' awareness (0.83) respectively are mostly influenced by mass media. Conclusion: It should be kept in mind that academic sports development is one of the factors of the entire country sports development. Hence, it is crucial to attend to different dimensions of student sport's aspects such as human, financial, planning and etc., especially in championship area to be able to further macro objectives of country's sports development. Considering current conditions, mass media should have a new perspective on academic sports in order to be able to attend to their responsibilities to further the excellence of country's sports.
OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY RISK ASSESSMENT - TWO METHODS, DIFFERENT RESULTS
Authors: Pop Cristiana Lucretia
Published: July 2016

Purpose: the purpose of this study was to verify if there is any significant difference between body fat assessment by calculating body mass index and by using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Materials: subsequently we determined the ratio between body fat and muscular mass percentage in a sample of 156 university girl students. Results: BMI and muscle mass percentage seem to have similar variance and trends, while body fat exceeded in numbers and percents the highest levels of BMI. While by calculating BMI the found number of overweight and obese subjects was 23 from the total of 156, (14 %); by measuring body fat percentage that number increased to 67 (43%) of girl students in the sample. The t test showed significant difference between BMI values and the body fat percentage for the study sample: t (155) = 2.37, p-0.01. Conclusions: this study supports the idea that BMI results may be insufficient for correct assessment of overweight and obesity risk. Body composition adds useful information about health and fitness. A few concluding recommendations, regarding beneficial effects of exercise, have been made aiming to provide students of all body parameters with meaningful, relevant and positive physical education and health knowledge.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BIORHYTHM (PHYSICAL CYCLE) AND SPORTS PERFORMANCE IN WOMEN'S BASKETBALL
Authors: Shafiee Shahram , Rahim Ramezaninezhad , Hakime Afrouzeh , Vahid Rabbani
Published: July 2016

Purpose: Despite many researches that have been done in the field of biorhythm and due to lack of single view among scholars, as well as importance of forecasting of athletes’ performance to improve their results, the purpose of this study is to determine relationship between biorhythm (physical cycle) and sports performance of Iranian Super League women basketball players. Material: This is a descriptive-correlational study. Statistical population was women basketball players in 1394-95 women's Super League and the statistical sample included all of the players of the teams, qualified as semi-finalists (44 players). The tool, used in this research, was athletes’ performance questionnaire (Charbonneau, 2001) containing five questions by a Likert scale from 1 (poor) to 5 (excellent) points. Biorhythm software and descriptive tests and also inferential statistical test including Chi-Square, independent T-test and one way ANOVA at significance level of in SPSS software were used for analyzing the collected data. Results: results showed that there was no significant relationship between physical energy and performance of athletes (p = 0.85). Also the results of one way ANOVA test showed that there was no significant difference between performance of athletes at three levels (positive, negative and critical) and physical cycle (p = 0.96). The value of Chi-Square was equal to 2.63 that showed there was no significant relationship between different levels of physical cycle and the results (win or lose) of match (p = 0.026). Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that physical performance did not depend on 23-day cycle, stated in the Biorhythm theory, and there was no evidence proving existence of these cycles. It can be concluded that there is no justifying reason to use the Biorhythm software in hard exercises.
EXPRESS METHOD OF ESTIMATION OF THE POTENTIAL TERRITORIAL RISK IN CASE OF ACCIDENTS ON TRANSPORT
Authors: Biliaiev M. M. , Muntian L. Ya.
Published: July 2016

Purpose. The present research is aimed to the development of a method to assess the potential territorial risk in accidents on the railways, which takes into account the specificity of the chemically hazardous substances emission in emergency situations during their transportation. Methodology. The basis of the proposed method is numerical modeling of the transfer process is chemically dangerous substances in the atmosphere. The basis of the numerical model is the equation of convective-diffusion transfer of chemically hazardous substances. This equation takes into account the dispersion in atmosphere of dangerous substances due to wind and atmospheric diffusion. For the numerical integration of the equations of transfer of chemically hazardous substances in the atmosphere is applied an implicit finite-difference scheme of splitting. Based on the constructed numerical model was developed method for the assessment of potential territorial risk and generated code in algorithmic language Fortran. The developed method of spatio-temporal risk assessment takes into account: the territorial probable weather situations; emission mode of chemically hazardous substances; emission power; the movement of the source of emission. A computational experiment to assess the level of air pollution above the village Sinelnikovo during the emergency leak of ammonia was conducted. Findings. The proposed method allows calculating quicklythe potential risk of the leakage of chemically hazardous substances on the basis of the calculation of the level of pollution in different meteosituation. The method allows determining the size of the zone of toxic casualties and assessing the level of risk of accidents in railway transport. Using the developed numerical model evaluated the assessment of risk of casualties in the residential area of the village Sinelnikovo. Originality. The scientists established the method for the assessment of potential territorial risk, based on the numerical modeling of air pollution. The calculation of potential risk to residential areas of the village Sinelnikovo was executed. Practical value. The developed method of assessing risk potential can be used not only for solving problems of this class to objects of railway transport but also for other chemically dangerous objects. By using the developed method was evaluated potential risk to the village Sinelnikovo in the event of accidental emission of ammonia.
CFD SIMULATION OF AIR ION REGIME IN WORK AREAS AT CONDITION OF ARTIFICIAL AIR IONIZATION
Authors: Biliaiev M. M. , Tsygankova S. G.
Published: July 2016

Purpose. The paper supposes creation of a CFD model for calculating the air ion regime in the premises and in work areas at artificial ionization of the air by the ionizer installation indoors with considering the most important physical factors that influence the formation of ions concentration field. Methodology. The proposed CFD model for calculation of the air ion regime in work areas at artificial ionization of the air by installing ionizer indoors is based on the application of aerodynamics, electrostatics and mass transfer equations. The mass transfer equation takes into account the interaction of different polarities of ions with each other and with the dust particles. The calculation of air flow rate in the room is realized on the basis of the potential flow model by using the Laplace equation for the stream function. Poisson equation for the electric potential is used for calculation of the charged particles drift in an electric field. At the simulation to take into account: 1) influence of the working area geometric characteristics; 2) location of the ventilation holes; 3) placement of furniture and equipment; 4) ventilation regime in the room; 5) presence of obstacles on the ions dispersion process; 6) specific location of dust particles emission and ions of different polarity, and their interaction in the room and in the working zones. Findings. The developed CFD model allows determining the concentration of negative ions in the room and in the area of the human respiratory organs. The distribution of the negative ions concentration is presented in the form of concentration field isolines. Originality. The 2D CFD model for calculating the air ion regime in working areas, providing the ability to determine the ions concentration in a given place in the room was created. The proposed model is developed taking into account: placement of furniture and equipment in the room; geometric characteristics of the room; location of dust emissions sources and ions of different polarity; physical processes affecting the formation of ions concentration field. Practical value. The obtained 2D CFD model for calculating the air ions regime in working areas allow to calculate the concentration of ions at the location of the respiratory organs, taking into account the basic physical factors determining the formation of ions concentration fields. It will allow rationally arranged the ionizers in the working premises to create the comfortable working conditions for staff.
DIRECTIONS OF EXTREME TOURISM IN UKRAINE
Authors: Martseniuk L. V.
Published: July 2016

Purpose. In the world market of tourist services the extreme tourism is very popular, as it does not require the significant financial costs and enables year on year to increase the offers of holiday packages, associated with active travel. Ukraine has significant potential for the development of extreme kinds of rest, but it is not developed enough. Forms of extreme tourism are unknown for domestic tourists, and therefore, they formed a negative attitude. The aim of the article is the analysis of extreme resort potential of Ukraine and promotion of the development of extreme tourism destinations in the travel market. Theoretical and methodological basis of research is the system analysis of the problems of ensuring the competitiveness of the tourism industry, theoretical principles of economic science in the field of the effectiveness of extreme tourism and management of tourist flows. Methodology. The author offers the directions of tourist flows control, which differ from the current expansion of services to tourists in Ukraine. The development of extreme tourism with the help of co-operation of railways and sport federations was proposed. Findings. During the research the author proved that the implementation of the tasks will be promote: 1) increase in budget revenues at all levels of the inner extreme tourism; 2) raise the image of Ukraine and Ukrainian Railways; 3) increase the share of tourism and resorts in the gross domestic product to the level of developed countries; 4) bringing the number of employees in tourism and resorts to the level of developed countries; 5) the creation of an effective system of monitoring the quality of tourist services; 6) the creation of an attractive investment climate for attracting the investment in the broad development of tourism, engineering and transport and municipal infrastructure; 7) improvement the safety of tourists, ensure the effective protection of their rights and legitimate interests and preservation of the property. Originality. The author shows the theoretical generalization and new solution of a scientific problem. It manifests itself in the development of theoretical and methodological approaches to the development of extreme tourism. Practical value. Rational use of measures proposed by the author of directional control of tourist flows will significantly increase the country's revenues from domestic tourism.
ENERGY SAVING MODES DEFINITION OF TRAINS HANDLING
Authors: Kyslyi D. M.
Published: July 2016

Purpose. Traction calculations with the definition of energy-efficient trajectories provide search for rational energy consumption depending on the time course of the train. When selecting energy-efficient trajectory of the train and the development of regime charts conducting trains must take into account variables such as: the profile of the site, weight train, locomotive series, etc. When increasing the speed of the growth it occurs the resistance movement, which is proportional to the square of the speed, which leads to higher costs of fuel and energy resources. In contrast, the reduction of costs due to the decrease in speed leads to an increase in travel time of the train, which should be consistent with the timetable and other technical and economic parameters, depending on the speed. The article describes one way to reduce the cost of energy for traction. The aim of the article is to reduce energy consumption by identifying energy-saving control modes. It occurs with the locomotive optimization function of control actions on the running time of the train and the flow of energy in the management of the train from the end of the acceleration to go to the coasts. Methodology. The technique of choice of energy saving path of the train and power control and electric locomotives with electric transmission provides the calculation of multiple paths with variable input data and parameters of the composition of the train situation. The methodology takes into account the uniform mathematical methods of search and parametric optimization. For uniformity of motion needed to slow down the accelerating forces are balanced. Findings. On the basis of calculations of multiple advanced algorithms determine the trajectories of energy-saving trains, built multiparametric locomotive power control function, which can reduce energy consumption by 11 to 13% depending on the weight of the train and the train situation. Originality. The author obtained the energy-saving function of traction control of locomotive for the corresponding uniform velocity, which depends on the weight of the train and bias. Practical value. In contrast to existing development of rational management of trains, this function requires much less computing time with a high accuracy of calculations. It allows using the algorithms in the onboard control systems, locomotive and energy savings.
STUDY OF CAR TRAFFIC FLOW STRUCTURE ON ARRIVAL AND DEPARTURE AT THE MARSHALLING YARD X
Authors: Nesterenko G. I. , Muzykin M. I. , Horobets V. L. , Muzykina S. I.
Published: July 2016

Purpose. The paper is aimed to analyse the existing car traffic organization at the marshalling yard aimed to reduce downtime of cars. Methodology. The methods of mathematical statistics allowed building the histogram of car traffic flow distribution at the marshalling yard and assessment of their parameters. The key quantitative and qualitative indicators of the station operation were analyzed. In order to analyze the effect of rehandling volume on the rehandled transit car downtime elements at the station we plotted the dependence graph of the car downtime elements on the rehandling volume. The curve variation on the graph clearly shows the effect of rehandling volume on two downtime elements: during formation and in expectation of operations. Findings. The question of reducing the average downtime of all car categories at the station should be solved by reducing unproductive downtime was proved. The correct determination of the average time spent by a rehandled transit car at the station is essential, especially in the conditions of new system of economic incentives. But still there is no separate methodology for determining the car downtime, which would allow to objectively consider the equipment and operation technology and exclude the possibility for subjective decisions. Originality. One of the main kinds of unproductive downtime during the carriage of goods by rail is a downtime on the marshalling yards in expectation of technological operations because of the system congestion. Reduction of this indicator is possible due to rational use of the marshalling yard capacity provided the rational distribution and car – and train flows between the major marshalling yards of Ukrzaliznytsia. Practical value. The analysis of changes in downtime elements, depending on the rehandling volume allows not only to identify the car downtime reduction methods, but also to make a correct assessment of station staff work, as well as to adjust the rate of idle wagons.
CONSTRUCTIVE MODEL OF DATA STRUCTURES ADAPTATION IN RAM: PART I. PROGRAM TEXT CONSTRUCTING
Authors: Shynkarenko V. I. , Zabula H. V.
Published: July 2016

Purpose. Rapidly growing volumes of information systems data being manipulated significantly reduce the temporary algorithms effeciency of their processing . Effective data layout in RAM is one of the directions of solving this problem. It is necessary to develop the model to solve problems of efficient automated data layout in RAM. Methodology. For processes simulation of data structures (DS) adaptation in RAM, the methodology of mathematical and algorithmic constructivism was applied. This approach involves the development of constructive and productive structures (CPS) with transformations of specialization, interpretation, specification and implementation. CPS development provides definition of expandable vector, signature of relations, transactions and constructive axioms. The most complex and essential part of the set of axioms is generated substitution rules that determine the output process of respective structures. Findings. CPS system was developed by the authors, consisting of the logical structure constructor of data, converters of logical structure in to a software interface and implementation in a programming language, constructors of scenarios and adaptation processes. The result of the adaptation process constructor is software text generations of the class library that implements the specified logical data structure with appropriate processing operations and its compilation in binary code. Originality. Structural model of development processes and data structures adaptation to different software and hardware environments was first proposed. It adapts date layout in the RAM and data processing algorithms. Application of constructivism in simulation allowed within a single approach and applied tools linking the data models and algorithms of their processing with performance criteria. Formation methodology of CPS system, mechanisms, and links between complementary CPS were improved. Modification of the constructor and converters allows changing and exploring the process of adaptation. Practical value. The developed model allows automating the data layout in RAM, which in turn increases the time efficiency of programs with significant processing of large and very large volumes of data.
MODELING OF DEVELOPMENT VERTICAL DEFORMATION OF RAILWAY TRACK
Authors: Kurhan D. M.
Published: July 2016

Purpose. State of railway track must meet the conditions of safety, comfort and smooth ride. The presence of irregularities deteriorates the dynamics of interaction of track and rolling stock, causes speed limiting, creates the possibility of movement safety violation. This brings up the question concerning the study of the factors leading to the possibility of track irregularities and the process of their development. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the processes of emergence and development of irregularities in the area of unequal vertical elasticity of railway track using mathematical modelling. Methodology. Railroad under the trains works as the system of elastic bodies, so the emergence and development of irregularities can be represented as the transition from elastic to permanent strain. Irregularity development will affect the dynamics of interaction between track and rolling stock not only at the wheel location directly in the area of irregularity, but also at a certain distance beyond. Therefore, to study the development of irregularities, including those along the track, it is necessary to model the process of wheel load movement along the area. The adopted model consists of a wheel set moving on  inertia-free beam and resting on individual supports. It is described by Lagrange differential equations. The work introduced the hypothesis that the level of permanent strain is distributed in proportion to the dynamic deflection derivative. Findings. Location of vertical longwise irregularity does not necessarily reproduce the location of the problem area. While in operation the vertical irregularity extends not only in depth but also along the track, herewith the increase in length is accompanied by the displacement of local maxima and the emergence of new ones. This leads to the development of so-called «pits» when approaching unequal-elastic areas. Originality. The work provides further development of tasks for track and rolling stock interaction modelling, in particular aimed to take into account the unequal elasticity areas and their influence on the formation of the track irregularities. The paper proposes new approaches to modelling the transition from elastic to permanent strain that allows predicting the development of track irregularity sizes depending on the area characteristics. Practical value. The results obtained by the author can be used to determine the schedule for track equal elasticity renovation works, as well as to analyse the measures aimed at the prevention of irregularities in areas with variable elasticity of railway track.
THE INFLUENCE OF CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF HIGH-CHROMIUM CAST IRONS ON THE MACHINABILITY
Authors: Netrebko V. V.
Published: July 2016

Purpose. This research is aimed to obtain the regression dependence of the machinability on the chemical composition of pig iron (C, Cr, Mn and Ni) in cast state. Methodology. The method of active experiment planning was used to build a mathematical model. Cast irons of composition 1.09…3.91 % С; 11.43…25.57 % Cr; 0.6…5.4 % Mn; 0.19…3.01 % Ni were studied. Cutting tools with plates 10х10 mm out of ВК8 according to State Standard 19051-80 were used for turning. Cutting modes: cutting depth – 0.8 mm, longitudinal feed – 0.15 mm/rot., spindle’s rotation frequency during turning – 200…360 rot./min. Lubricating and cooling liquids were not applied. Evaluation of iron workability was produced by determining the linear tool flank wear per unit length of the cutting path. Findings. Mathematically probabilistic equation of the regression dependence of the cutting tool’s wear on the C, Cr, Mn and Ni content in the machined cast iron were obtained. It was established that with the increase of Cr content in the cast iron to 14.8 % the cutting tool’s wear decreased as a result of formation of carbide eutectic which destroyed the doped ledeburite continuous frame. Further increase of chromium content promoted appearing of chromic carbides with high microhardness which considerably increased the tool’s wear. The conducted research shown that the minimum cutting tool’s wear 0,18 mkm/m was observed during the machining of cast iron containing: 1.09 % C, 14.8 % Cr, 2.3 % Mn and 1.2 % Ni; and the maximum wear is 48,96 mkm/m – when the content was: 3.91 % C, 11.43 % Cr, 5.4 % Mn and 0.19 % Ni. The tool’s wear reached 47.61 mkm/m during the treatment of cast iron containing 3.91 % C, 25.57 % Cr, 5.4 % Mn and 0.19 % Ni. Originality. Mathematically probabilistic model of the dependence of the cutting tool’s wear on the C, Cr, Mn and Ni content in the machined cast iron has been elaborated by the author. Practical value. The model allows optimizing the compositions of wear-resistant cast irons for castings which require the significant mechanical machining. Cast irons compositions were recommended for different exploitation conditions.
STATE AND PROBLEMS OF DEVELOPMENT OF INSURANCE MARKET OF UKRAINE
Authors: Martseniuk L. V. , Chornovil O. V. , Belaya K. V. , Udovychenko A. O. , Sharma Anoop Kumar
Published: July 2016

Purpose. The insurance market of Ukraine is still interesting for foreign investors. However, there is a range of negative factors. They are: 1) the old regulatory framework, public access and transparency of the insurance market for population; 2) low profitability of certain types of insurance; 3) low competitiveness of the insurance companies in comparison with commercial banks in attraction drive of free funds of legal entities and individuals; 4) insufficient state regulation and control does not allow the insurance market to develop effectively. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to analyze and identify the causes that hinder the development of insurance business in Ukraine, as well as to determine the directions of insurance market development. Methodology. To achieve this purpose the article determines the total number of insurance companies, composes the gross payment rating of the largest of them, presents the dynamics of net insurance premiums for basic insurance. This analysis allows you to identify problematic issues and activities of the insurance market. Findings. The analysis of the article revealed a number of factors that prevent successful development of insurance in Ukraine. The authors suggest priority areas for improving the situation in the insurance market. It was found that the main tasks of the development of insurance are: 1) legal framework reform; 2) improving competitiveness, investment attractiveness of the insurance companies; 3) development of modern infrastructure of the insurance market; 4) expanding the range of services and their compliance with international standards; 5) personnel development; 6) improvement of insurance activity licensing; 7) building of culture and public trust. At the same time the increase in the population solvency, economic and political stability in the country will contribute to the stabilization and intensive development of the insurance market. Originality. The article firstly developed a scientific approach to the determination of the system of factors, which the modern insurance market should correspond to. Рractical value. The solution of the presented problems with the help of the measures proposed by the authors will help the insurance market to develop successfully. And this, in its turn, will contribute to the stabilization of the national economy, because the insurance market is its integral segment.
ABOUT COMPLEX OPERATIONS IN NON-POSITIONAL RESIDUE NUMBER SYSTEM
Authors: Polissky Yu. D.
Published: July 2016

Purpose. The purpose of this work is the theoretical substantiation of methods for increased efficiency of execution of difficult, so-called not modular, operations in non-positional residue number system for which it is necessary to know operand digits for all grade levels. Methodology. To achieve the target the numbers are presented in odd module system, while the result of the operation is determined on the basis of establishing the operand parity. The parity is determined by finding the sum modulo for the values of the number positional characteristics for all of its modules. Algorithm of position characteristics includes two types of iteration. The first iteration is to move from this number to a smaller number, in which the remains of one or more modules are equal to zero. This is achieved by subtracting out of all the residues the value of one of them. The second iteration is to move from this number to a smaller number due to exclusion of modules, which residues are zero, by dividing this number by the product of these modules. Iterations are performed until the residues of one, some or all of the modules equal to zero and other modules are excluded. The proposed method is distinguished by its simplicity and allows you to obtain the result of the operation quickly. Findings. There are obtained rather simple solutions of not modular operations for definition of outputs beyond the range of the result of adding or subtracting pairs of numbers, comparing pairs of numbers, determining the number belonging to the specific half of the range, defining parity of numbers presented in non-positional residue number system. Originality. The work offered the new effective approaches to solve the non-modular operations of the non-positional residue number system. It seems appropriate to consider these approaches as research areas to enhance the effectiveness of the modular calculation. Practical value. The above solutions have high performance and can be effective in developing modular computing structures.
CONSTRUCTIVE MODEL OF ADAPTATION OF DATA STRUCTURES IN RAM. PART II. CONSTRUCTORS OF SCENARIOS AND ADAPTATION PROCESSES
Authors: Shynkarenko V. I. , Zabula H. V.
Published: July 2016

Purpose.The second part of the paper completes presentation of constructive and the productive structures (CPS), modeling adaptation of data structures in memory (RAM). The purpose of the second part in the research is to develop a model of process of adaptation data in a RAM functioning in different hardware and software environments and scenarios of data processing. Methodology. The methodology of mathematical and algorithmic constructionism was applied. In this part of the paper, changes were developed the constructors of scenarios and adaptation processes based on a generalized CPS through its transformational conversions. Constructors are interpreted, specialized CPS. Were highlighted the terminal alphabets of the constructor scenarios in the form of data processing algorithms and the constructor of adaptation – in the form of algorithmic components of the adaptation process. The methodology involves the development of substitution rules that determine the output process of the relevant structures. Findings. In the second part of the paper, system is represented by CPS modeling adaptation data placement in the RAM, namely, constructors of scenarios and of adaptation processes. The result of the implementation of constructor of scenarios is a set of data processing operations in the form of text in the language of programming C#, constructor of the adaptation processes – a process of adaptation, and the result the process of adaptation – the adapted binary code of processing data structures. Originality. For the first time proposed the constructive model of data processing – the scenario that takes into account the order and number of calls to the various elements of data structures and adaptation of data structures to the different hardware and software environments. At the same the placement of data in RAM and processing algorithms are adapted. Constructionism application in modeling allows to link data models and algorithms for their processing with the performance criteria in the framework of unified approach and applied means. The developed models allow us to study the process of adaptation and control it. Practical value. The developed model and methods allow automatically changing the data placement in the RAM and their algorithmic connection depending on the operational requirements, the design features of the hardware and software operating environment.
ABOUT WAVEFORM OF BRAKING CYLINDER FILLING IN FREIGHT CARS
Authors: Ursuliak L. V. , Vaiciunas G. , Romaniuk Ya. M. , Petrenko V. , Stepchenkova K. S.
Published: July 2016

Purpose. As part of the scientific paper it is necessary to study the waveform impact of the braking cylinders filling on longitudinal train dynamics at different modes of braking. At this one should estimate the level of maximum longitudinal forces and braking distance size in freight cars of various lengths. Methodology. In this paper we attempt to approximate the actual diagram of braking cylinders filling with rational functions of varying degrees. In selection of coefficients in the required functions the highest values of the longitudinal forces and braking distances were used as controlled parameters. They were compared with similar values obtained as a result of experimental rides. The level of longitudinal forces and braking distances amount were evaluated by means of mathematical modeling of train longitudinal vibrations, caused by different braking modes. Findings. At mathematical modeling was assumed that the train consists of 60 uniform four-axle gondola cars, weight of 80 tons, equipped with air dispenser No. 483 included in the median operation, composite braking blocks, and one locomotive VL-8. Train before braking has been pre-stretched. Various types of pneumatic braking (emergency, full service and adjusting braking) of the freight train on the horizontal section of the track were simulated. As the calculation results were obtained values of the longitudinal forces, braking distances amounts and reduction time in speed at various braking modes. Originality. Waveform impact of the braking cylinders filling on the longitudinal forces level and braking distances amount in freight trains were investigated. Also the longitudinal loading of freight trains at various pneumatic braking was investigated. Practical value. Obtained results can be used to assess the level of largest longitudinal forces and braking distances in the freight trains of different lengths by mathematical modeling of different braking modes.
FDG-PET/CT and MRI for Evaluation of Pathologic Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Patients With Breast Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies
Authors: Sheikhbahaei Sara , Trahan Tyler J. , Xiao Jennifer , Taghipour Mehdi , Mena Esther , Connolly Roisin M. , Subramaniam Rathan M.
Published: July 2016

Introduction.

This study compared the diagnostic test accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with that of 18F-fluoro-2-glucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT) imaging in assessment of response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in breast cancer.

Methods.

A systematic search was performed in PubMed and EMBASE (last updated in June 2015). Studies investigating the performance of MRI and FDG-PET or FDG-PET/CT imaging during or after completion of NAC in patients with histologically proven breast cancer were eligible for inclusion. We considered only studies reporting a direct comparison between these imaging modalities to establish precise summary estimates in the same setting of patients. Pathologic response was considered as the reference standard. Two authors independently screened and selected studies that met the inclusion criteria and extracted the data.

Results.

A total of 10 studies were included. The pooled estimates of sensitivity and specificity across all included studies were 0.71 and 0.77 for FDG-PET/CT (n = 535) and 0.88 and 0.55 for MRI (n = 492), respectively. Studies were subgrouped according to the time of therapy assessment. In the intra-NAC setting, FDG-PET/CT imaging outperformed MRI with fairly similar pooled sensitivity (0.91 vs. 0.89) and higher specificity (0.69 vs. 0.42). However, MRI appeared to have higher diagnostic accuracy than FDG-PET/CT imaging when performed after the completion of NAC, with significantly higher sensitivity (0.88 vs. 0.57).

Conclusion.

Analysis of the available studies of patients with breast cancer indicates that the timing of imaging for NAC-response assessment exerts a major influence on the estimates of diagnostic accuracy. FDG-PET/CT imaging outperformed MRI in intra-NAC assessment, whereas the overall performance of MRI was higher after completion of NAC, before surgery.
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Using Loss of Heterozygosity to Manage Premalignant Oral Dysplasia in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Cromwell Ian , Regier Dean A. , Peacock Stuart J. , Poh Catherine F.
Published: July 2016

Background.

Management of low-grade oral dysplasias (LGDs) is complicated, as only a small percentage of lesions will progress to invasive disease. The current standard of care requires patients to undergo regular monitoring of their lesions, with intervention occurring as a response to meaningful clinical changes. Recent improvements in molecular technologies and understanding of the biology of LGDs may allow clinicians to manage lesions based on their genome-guided risk.

Methods.

We used a decision-analytic Markov model to estimate the cost-effectiveness of risk-stratified care using a genomic assay. In the experimental arm, patients with LGDs were managed according to their risk profile using the assay, with low- and intermediate-risk patients given longer screening intervals and high-risk patients immediately treated with surgery. Patients in the comparator arm had standard care (biannual follow-up appointments at an oral cancer clinic). Incremental costs and outcomes in life-years gained (LYG) and quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) were calculated based on the results in each arm.

Results.

The mean cost of assay-guided management was $8,123 (95% confidence interval [CI] $2,973 to $23,062 in 2013 Canadian dollars) less than the cost of standard care. This difference was driven largely by reductions in resource use among people who did not develop cancer. Mean incremental effectiveness was 0.18 LYG (95% CI 0.08 to 0.39) or 0.64 QALY (95% CI 0.46 to 0.89). Sensitivity analysis suggests that these findings are robust to both expected and extreme variation in all parameter values.

Conclusion.

Use of the assay-guided management strategy costs less and is more effective than standard management of LGDs.