bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dietary Education Tools for South Asians with Diabetes
Authors: Mian Sadia Iftekhar , Brauer Paula M.
Published: February 2009

Purpose: South Asian immigrants to Canada are at high risk for developing diabetes, and culturally relevant diet counselling tools are needed. We examined perceived needs and preferences for diet counselling resources based on the newly revised Canadian Diabetes Association meal planning guide.

Methods: Five focus groups of individuals fromdifferent regions of South Asia (n=53) discussed portion size estimating methods, cultural values and holidays, food group classifications, and common South Asian foods. A focus panel with dietitians (n=8) provided insight on current diabetes educationmethods and resources for teaching South Asian clients.

Results: The dietitian panelmembers reported a need for resources targeted at differing client skill levels. They also noted preferences for individual counselling, and common barriers to education including finances, access, South Asian diets, and cultural views on health. Community focus groups reported larger portions but fewer dailymeals in Canada. Ingredients and portions were notmeasured. Fasting was an important value, and sweets were a crucial component of holidays. Resources in South Asian languages, inclusion of pictures, and separate legumes, sweets, and snacks food groups were preferred.

Conclusions: Findings can be used when developing new counselling tools for the South Asian community.
Hospital Diagnosis of Malnutrition: A Call for Action
Authors: Bocock Mary Ann , Keller Heather H.
Published: February 2009

The Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) provides accurate health information needed to establish sound health care policies. The CIHI mandate is to develop and coordinate a uniform approach to health care information in Canada. The institute uses the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) system to record the most responsible diagnosis for each hospital admission. This investigation was conducted to determine if six ICD protein-calorie malnutrition (PCM) codes could be used for health care utilization analyses. Aggregate data (1996 to 2000) from the CIHI discharge abstract database were used. The data analyzed were the most responsible diagnoses data for the six PCM codes and a single summary statistic for all other “non-malnutrition” diagnoses for all long-term care facility residents aged 65 or older who were transferred to an acute care facility. In this population, fewer than five hospital admissions per year were assigned a PCM code. There were too few PCM cases to do trend analyses for morbidity or mortality. This study suggests a lack of recognition and documentation of PCM as a specific health condition in older adults. Lack of tracking of this diagnosis prevents documentation that could lead to policy changes to support older adults’ nutrition.
After Alice: Alice and the Dry Tail
Authors: Olkowski Dorothea
Published: February 2009

According to Gilles Deleuze, the underground world of Alice in Wonderland has been strongly associated with animality and embodiment. Thus the need for Alice's eventual climb to the surface and her discovery that everything linguistic happens at that border. Yet, strangely, in spite of the claim that Alice disavows false depth and returns to the surface, it seems that it is precisely in the depths that she finally wakes from her sleepy, stupified surface state and investigates the deep structures, the rules of logic. In this investigation, Alice questions many formal structures, such as causality, identity, reference and the rules of replacement. She discovers that Wonderland does not generate consequential conduct; in fact, it generates no conduct whatsoever! In other words, when it comes to consequences, Wonderland may not be all that wonderful. Yet, we do not live in Wonderland and therefore, our actions have consequences. The question this poses is, why organise language so as to escape causal relations and why choose the little girl as emblematic of this organisation?
Phallocentrism in Bergson: Life and Matter
Authors: Hill Rebecca
Published: February 2009

Henri Bergson's philosophy presents the relationship between life and matter in both dualistic and monistic terms. Life is duration, a rhythm of incalculable novelty that approaches pure creative activity. In stark contrast, matter is identified with the determinism of homogeneous space. After Time and Free Will, Bergson concedes some share of duration to matter. In this context, his dualism can be understood as a methodological step towards the articulation of a monistic metaphysics of duration. This article suggests that the distinction between life and matter is also motivated by an unconscious imperative to establish a sexed hierarchy. Bergson repeatedly presents life as seminal, while matter is figured in terms of passivity.
The effects of ageing and cognitive impairment on on‐line and off‐line motor learning
Authors: Yan Jin H. , Abernethy Bruce , Li Xiaojian
Published: February 2009

Skilled performance is a collective function of practice‐related experiences (online learning) and post‐practice memory consolidation during sleep (offline learning). This study examines the effects of ageing and cognitive impairment on the on‐ and offline learning of a point‐to‐point arm movement. In a 3‐day experiment, older adults (cognitively normal or impaired) and young adults (YAs) were randomly assigned to practice or no‐practice conditions. Changes in the dependent measures of movement time and timing error were analysed within and between conditions across days. The findings suggest that both age and cognitive function affect skill learning. YAs improved performance via both on‐ and offline learning whereas older adults with normal cognitive capacities appeared to learn the movement skill primarily in an online mode. Cognitive impairments were found to hinder both types of skill learning. Implications for motor skill acquisition and rehabilitation are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Textured Microstructure and Dielectric Properties Relationship of BaNd2Ti5O14 Thick Films Prepared by Electrophoretic Deposition
Authors: Fu Zhi , Vilarinho Paula M. , Wu Aiying , Kingon Angus I.
Published: February 2009

An alternative approach to tailor the temperature coefficient of permittivity (TCεr) of high Q dielectric BaO–Re2O3–TiO2 (Re: rare earth elements) thick films is presented. 10‐ to 80‐µm‐thick BaNd2Ti5O14 (BNT) films are fabricated by electrophoretic deposition on Pt foils under different processing conditions. Observed anisotropic grain growth is facilitated by constrained sintering. The increase of the sintering temperature increases markedly the aspect ratio of the grains, decreases the dielectric permittivity and TCεr changes from −114 to +12 ppm °C−1. By controlling the sintering temperature, near‐zero TCεr, high Q thick films can be fabricated with 45 < εr < 70. These findings are of technological relevance since they demonstrate that control of substrate constraint and sintering conditions can be used to control grain anisotropy and thus microwave properties of the BaO–Re2O3–TiO2. The thick films facilitate scaling to small device sizes for high frequency operation. Similar observations are expected in other microwave systems thus opening further technological opportunities.
Scaffold‐Mediated 2D Cellular Orientations for Construction of Three Dimensionally Engineered Tissues Composed of Oriented Cells and Extracellular Matrices
Authors: Yoshida Hiroaki , Matsusaki Michiya , Akashi Mitsuru
Published: February 2009

Various hydrogels, such as poly(γ‐glutamic acid) (γ‐PGA), gelatin (GT), alginic acid (Alg), and agarose (Aga), with 3D interconnected and oriented fibrous pores (OP gels) are prepared for 3D polymeric cellular scaffolds by using silica fiber cloth (SC) as template. After the preparation of these hydrogels with the SC templates, the latter are subsequently removed by washing with hydrofluoric acid solution. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) clearly shows OP structures in the hydrogels. These various types of OP gels are successfully prepared in this way, independently of the crosslinking mechanism, such as chemical (γ‐PGA or GT), coordinate‐bonded (Alg), or hydrogen‐bonded (Aga) crosslinks. SEM, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and histological evaluations clearly demonstrate that mouse L929 fibroblast cells adhere to and extend along these OP structures on/in γ‐PGA hydrogels during 3D cell culture. The L929 cells that adhere on/in the oriented hydrogel are viable and proliferative. Furthermore, 3D engineered tissues, composed of the oriented cells and extracellular matrices (ECM) produced by the cells, are constructed in vitro by subsequent decomposition of the hydrogel with cysteine after 14 days of cell culture. This novel technology to fabricate 3D‐engineered tissues, consisting of oriented cells and ECM, will be useful for tissue engineering.
Multifunctional Crosslinkable Iridium Complexes as Hole Transporting/Electron Blocking and Emitting Materials for Solution‐Processed Multilayer Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Ma Biwu , Kim Bumjoon J. , Poulsen Daniel A. , Pastine Stefan J. , Fréchet Jean M. J.
Published: February 2009

Here, a new series of crosslinkable heteroleptic iridium (III) complexes for use in solution processed phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) is reported. These iridium compounds have the general formula of (PPZ‐VB)2Ir(CˆN), where PPZ‐VB is phenylpyrazole (PPZ) vinyl benzyl (VB) ether; and the CˆN ligands represent a family of four different cyclometallating ligands including 1‐phenylpyrazolyl (PPZ) (1), 2‐(4,6‐difluorophenyl)pyridyl (DFPPY) (2), 2‐(p‐tolyl)pyridyl (TPY) (3), and 2‐phenylquinolyl (PQ) (4). With the incorporation of two crosslinkable VB ether groups, these compounds can be fully crosslinked after heating at 180 °C for 30 min. The crosslinked films exhibit excellent solvent resistance and film smoothness which enables fabrication of high‐performance multilayer OLEDs by sequential solution processing of multiple layers. Furthermore, the photophysical properties of these compounds can be easily controlled by simply changing the cyclometallating CˆN ligand in order to tune the triplet energy within the range of 3.0–2.2 eV. This diversity makes these materials not only suitable for use in hole transporting and electron blocking but also as emissive layers of several colors. Therefore, these compounds are applied as effective materials for all‐solution processed OLEDs with (PPZ‐VB)2IrPPZ (1) acting as hole transporting and electron blocking layer and host material, as well as three other compounds, (PPZ‐VB)2IrDFPPY (2), (PPZ‐VB)2IrTPY(3), and (PPZ‐VB)2IrPQ(4), used as crosslinkable phosphorescent emitters.
Polyaniline Entrapped in Silver: Structural Properties and Electrical Conductivity
Authors: Nesher Guy , Aylien Mali , Sandaki Guoday , Avnir David , Marom Gad
Published: February 2009

By employing the new methodology of entrapment of organic molecules within metals, we demonstrate the ability to modify the conductivity of a metal by suitable polymer entrapment. Specifically, polyaniline (PANI) in two molecular weights was entrapped in silver at different concentrations and a comprehensive comparison was preformed for a range of the composite properties, characterized by XRD, SEM, BET, TGA, and density measurements. Pressed films were utilized to measure the electrical conductivity of the composites in order to study the PANI‐silver interactions at the molecular level and to establish a correlation between the microscopic morphology and the film conduction. Such correlations have been identified, and are interpreted. This work extends the functional applications of the new metallic composites and offers insight on the polymer‐metal molecular level interactions.
Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Domino Reaction of 2‐(1‐Alkynyl)‐2‐alken‐1‐ones with Nucleophiles: Scope, Mechanism and Synthetic Application in the Synthesis of 3,4‐Fused Bicyclic Tetrasubstituted Furans
Authors: Xiao Yuanjing , Zhang Junliang
Published: February 2009

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Described herein is the development of a palladium(II)‐catalyzed two‐ or three‐component reaction of 2‐(1‐alkynyl)‐2‐alken‐1‐ones with nucleophiles and allylic chlorides. Various types of nucleophiles such as O‐, N‐, C‐based nucleophiles and olefin‐tethered O‐, N‐, C‐based nucleophiles were investigated. The scope, mechanism and application of this Pd(II)‐catalyzed domino reaction were studied. In these transformations, the palladium catalyst exhibits a dual role, serving simultaneously as a Lewis acid and a transition metal. Two possible reaction pathways (cross‐coupling reaction vs. Heck reaction) from the same intermediate furanylpalladium species were observed. The reaction pathway is dependent on the property of the nucleophile and the length of the tethered chain as well. When olefin‐tethered O‐based nucleophiles were used, only the cross‐coupling reaction pathway was observed, in contrast, both reaction pathways were observed when olefin‐tethered C‐based nucleophiles were employed. The product ratio is dependent on the length of the tethered chain. Furthermore, ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) of corresponding furans with CC bonds provides an easy method for the preparation of functionalized oxygen‐heterocycles – 3,4‐fused bicyclic furans. It is also noteworthy that allylic chloride can be as an oxidant besides its well known function as an alkylating reagent.
Increasing the Scope of Palladium‐Catalyzed Cyanations of Aryl Chlorides
Authors: Schareina Thomas , Jackstell Ralf , Schulz Thomas , Zapf Alexander , Cotté Alain , Gotta Matthias , Beller Matthias
Published: February 2009

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An improved protocol for the palladium‐catalyzed cyanation of electron‐rich aryl chlorides with potassium ferrocyanide {K4[Fe(CN)6]} is presented. Compared to previous procedures the substrate scope is significantly broadened.
The global pattern of gene identity variation reveals a history of long‐range migrations, bottlenecks, and local mate exchange: Implications for biological race
Authors: Hunley Keith L. , Healy Meghan E. , Long Jeffrey C.
Published: February 2009

Several recent studies have argued that human genetic variation conforms to a model of isolation by distance, whereas others see a predominant role for long‐range migrations and bottlenecks. It is unclear whether either of these views fully describes the global pattern of human genetic variation. In this article, we use a coalescent‐based simulation approach to compare the pattern of neutral genetic variation predicted by these views to the observed pattern estimated from neutral autosomal microsatellites assayed in 1,032 individuals from 53 globally‐distributed populations. We find that neither view predicts every aspect of the observed pattern of variation on its own, but that a combination of the two does. Specifically, we demonstrate that the observed pattern of global gene identity variation is consistent with a history of serial population fissions, bottlenecks and long‐range migrations associated with the peopling of major geographic regions, and gene flow between local populations. This history has produced a nested pattern of genetic structure that is inconsistent with the existence of independently evolving biological races. We consider the implications of our findings for methods that apportion variation into within‐ and between‐group components and for medical genetics. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biohistorical approaches to “race” in the United States: Biological distances among African Americans, European Americans, and their ancestors
Authors: Edgar Heather J.H.
Published: February 2009

Folk taxonomies of race are the categorizations used by people in their everyday judgments concerning the persons around them. As cultural traditions, folk taxonomies may shape gene flow so that it is unequal among groups sharing geography. The history of the United States is one of disparate people being brought together from around the globe, and provides a natural experiment for exploring the relationship between culture and gene flow. The biohistories of African Americans and European Americans were compared to examine whether population histories are shaped by culture when geography and language are shared. Dental morphological data were used to indicate phenotypic similarity, allowing diachronic change through United States history to be considered. Samples represented contemporary and historic African Americans and European Americans and their West African and European ancestral populations (N = 1445). Modified Mahalanobis' D2 and Mean Measure of Divergence statistics examined how biological distances change through time among the samples. Results suggest the social acceptance for mating between descendents of Western Europeans and Eastern and Southern European migrants to the United States produced relatively rapid gene flow between the groups. Although African Americans have been in the United States much longer than most Eastern and Southern Europeans, social barriers have been historically stronger between them and European Americans. These results indicate that gene flow is in part shaped by cultural factors such as folk taxonomies of race, and have implications for understanding contemporary human variation, relationships among prehistoric populations, and forensic anthropology. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic heterogeneity in regional populations of Quebec—Parental lineages in the Gaspe Peninsula
Authors: Moreau Claudia , Vézina Hélène , Yotova Vania , Hamon Robert , de Knijff Peter , Sinnett Daniel , Labuda Damian
Published: February 2009

Stable colonization of the Gaspe Peninsula by Europeans started in the middle of the 18th century at the time of the British conquest of New France. The earliest settlers were Acadians, escaping British deportation policies, followed by Loyalists from the US, who preferred to remain under British rule after the Declaration of Independence. In the 19th century, the developing fishing industry attracted French Canadians from the St. Lawrence Valley and newcomers from Europe including Channel Islanders from Jersey and Guernsey. We analyzed parental lineages of the self‐declared descendants of these four groups of settlers by mtDNA D‐loop sequencing and Y‐chromosome genotyping and compared them with French, British, and Irish samples. Their representation in terms of haplotype frequency classes reveals different signatures of founder effects, such as a loss of rare haplotypes, modification of intermediate frequency haplotypes, reduction in genetic diversity (seen in Acadians), but also enrichment by admixture. Parental lineages correlate with group identity. Descendants of early settlers, Acadians and Loyalists, preserved their identity more than those of French Canadian and Channel Islander “latecomers.” Although overall genetic diversity among Gaspesians is comparable with their European source populations, FST analysis indicated their greater differentiation. Distinct settlement history, a limited number of founders and relative genetic isolation contributed to the regionalization of the Quebec gene pool that appears less homogenous than usually anticipated. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Total Synthesis of (−)‐Amphidinolide K
Authors: Ko Haye Min , Lee Chung Whan , Kwon Hyung Kyoo , Chung Hea Seung , Choi Soo Young , Chung Young Keun , Lee Eun
Published: February 2009

Makrolidzauber: Die Enin‐Kreuzmetathesereaktion eines Alkinylboronats mit einem Alken und die radikalische Cyclisierung eines Homopropargyl‐β‐alkoxyacrylats sind Schlüsselschritte bei der Totalsynthese des cytotoxischen Makrolids (−)‐Amphidinolid K (siehe Schema).

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A Reevaluation of the Ambident Reactivity of the Guanine Moiety Towards Hydroxyl Radicals
Authors: Chatgilialoglu Chryssostomos , D'Angelantonio Mila , Guerra Maurizio , Kaloudis Panagiotis , Mulazzani Quinto G.
Published: February 2009

Radikal unterschiedlich: Entgegen früheren Vorschlägen ist die Hauptreaktion des HO.‐Radikals mit Guanosin oder 2′‐Desoxyguanosin die H‐Abspaltung von der NH2‐Gruppe unter Bildung eines Guanylradikals. Dieses Radikal, dessen Merkmal eine breite Bande im sichtbaren Bereich (um 610 nm) ist, geht eine Tautomerisierung zum stabilsten Isomer ein.

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Von ionischen Flüssigkeiten zu supramolekularen Polymeren
Authors: Craig Stephen L.
Published: February 2009

Erfolgreich vernetzt: Multivalente ionische Wechselwirkungen in ionischen Flüssigkeiten aus niedermolekularen Verbindungen führen durch Bildung eines supramolekularen ionischen Netzwerks zu polymerähnlichen funktionellen Materialien (siehe Bild). So weist das aus einem Bis(tetraalkylphosphonium)‐Dikation und einem Porphyrintetracarboxylat gebildete ionische Material bei 25 °C eine Viskosität von 106 Pa s auf.

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The Imidazopyridine Derivative JK184 Reveals Dual Roles for Microtubules in Hedgehog Signaling
Authors: Cupido Tommaso , Rack Paul G. , Firestone Ari J. , Hyman Joel M. , Han Kyuho , Sinha Surajit , Ocasio Cory A. , Chen James K.
Published: February 2009

Doppelfunktion: Die Titelverbindung, ein bereits identifizierter wirksamer Hemmstoff des Hedgehog‐Signalwegs, der embryonischen Zellen notwendige Informationen für die Entwicklung liefert, moduliert die Genexpression von Hedgehog‐Targets, indem sie Mikrotubuli depolymerisiert. Auf diesem Weg wurde eine doppelte Steuerungsfunktion des Zytoskeletts nachgewiesen (siehe Bild).

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Catalytic Asymmetric Cycloaddition of Ketenes and Nitroso Compounds: Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Dochnahl Maximilian , Fu Gregory C.
Published: February 2009

Eine gute Wahl des chiralen Katalysators und der Ausgangsverbindungen ermöglicht den Aufbau von 1,2‐Oxazetidin‐3‐onen durch hoch regio‐ und enantioselektive Cycloadditionen von Ketenen mit Nitrosoverbindungen. Die Produkte sind für sich schon potenziell bioaktive Substanzen und können überdies in weitere wichtige Verbindungsklassen überführt werden, z. B. in α‐Hydroxycarbonsäure‐Derivate.

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Synthesis of Goethite by Separation of the Nucleation and Growth Processes of Ferrihydrite Nanoparticles Using Microfluidics
Authors: Abou‐Hassan Ali , Sandre Olivier , Neveu Sophie , Cabuil Valérie
Published: February 2009

Eine mikrofluidische Synthese von Nanopartikeln nutzt getrennte Keimbildungs‐ und Wachstumsphasen in zwei Mikroreaktoren, die bei unterschiedlichen Temperaturen und Flussbedingungen arbeiten (siehe Bild). Ferrihydrit‐Nanopartikel werden im ersten Mikroreaktor abgeschieden und in einem Mikroströmungsrohr unter kontinuierlichem Fluss gealtert, wodurch Goethit‐Nanopartikel resultieren. TMAOH=Tetramethylammoniumhydroxid.

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Total Synthesis of (−)‐FR182877 through Tandem IMDA–IMHDA Reactions and Stereoselective Transition‐Metal‐Mediated Transformations
Authors: Tanaka Natsumi , Suzuki Takahiro , Matsumura Takehiko , Hosoya Yosuke , Nakada Masahisa
Published: February 2009

Gut geplant: Eine Totalsynthese der zytotoxischen Verbindung (−)‐FR182877 beruht auf einer Tandem‐Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion zur Bildung der Ringe A–D (siehe Schema), einer palladiumvermittelten 7‐exo‐trig‐Reaktion und einer iridiumvermittelten Isomerisierung mit anschließender Epimerisierung und stereoselektiver Reduktion.

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A Reduced SNARE Model for Membrane Fusion
Authors: Robson Marsden Hana , Elbers Nina A. , Bomans Paul H. H. , Sommerdijk Nico A. J. M. , Kros Alexander
Published: February 2009

Let's get together: A minimal model system was developed to mimic the SNARE‐protein‐mediated fusion of biological membranes (see picture). Fusion between two populations of liposomes is controlled by a pair of complementary lipidated oligopeptides that form noncovalent coiled‐coil complexes and thereby force the membranes into close proximity to promote fusion. The model system displays the key characteristics of in vivo fusion events.

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Biomineralization Nanolithography: Combination of Bottom‐Up and Top‐Down Fabrication To Grow Arrays of Monodisperse Gold Nanoparticles Along Peptide Lines
Authors: Nuraje Nurxat , Mohammed Samia , Yang Linglu , Matsui Hiroshi
Published: February 2009

From top to bottom: Peptide lines were formed in trenches in the self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) on an Au substrate. Combination of the top‐down (peptide nanolithography) and the bottom‐up fabrications (biomineralization) yielded arrays of monodisperse Au nanoparticles assembled on the peptide lines (see picture). The number of nanoparticles on the lines was simply determined by the width of the peptide pattern.

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Dynamic Crystals: Visually Detected Mechanochemical Changes in the Luminescence of Gold and Other Transition‐Metal Complexes
Authors: Balch Alan L.
Published: February 2009

Back to the grindstone: Certain crystalline complexes of gold, platinum, and vanadium undergo dramatic changes in their luminescence or their color upon grinding. The picture shows the transformation of colorless crystals of [(F5C6Au)2(μ‐1,4‐CN2C6H4)] powder from a blue‐emitting form (λmax=415 nm) to a yellow/green‐emitting form (λmax=533 nm) on grinding with a pestle. The process is reversible.

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Catalytic Asymmetric Cycloaddition of Ketenes and Nitroso Compounds: Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐Hydroxycarboxylic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Dochnahl Maximilian , Fu Gregory C.
Published: February 2009

The appropriate choice of chiral catalyst and starting materials leads to the synthesis of 1,2‐oxazetidin‐3‐ones by cycloadditions of ketenes with nitroso compounds with very good regioselectivity and enantioselectivity. In addition to serving as potentially bioactive target molecules, the products can be transformed into other important classes of compounds, such as α‐hydroxycarboxylic acid derivatives.

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Total Synthesis of (−)‐FR182877 through Tandem IMDA–IMHDA Reactions and Stereoselective Transition‐Metal‐Mediated Transformations
Authors: Tanaka Natsumi , Suzuki Takahiro , Matsumura Takehiko , Hosoya Yosuke , Nakada Masahisa
Published: February 2009

Intelligent design: The total synthesis of the cytotoxic (−)‐FR182877 relies on 1) tandem Diels–Alder reactions to close rings A–D (see scheme), 2) a palladium‐mediated 7‐exo‐trig reaction, and 3) an iridium‐mediated isomerization followed by epimerization and stereoselective reduction.

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Effect of functionalized SWCNTs on microstructure of PP‐g‐MA/OMMT/f‐SWCNTs nanocomposite
Authors: Gao Yao , Wang Yong , Shi Jing , Zhu Shibu , Bao Yanling , Bai Hongwei , Li Yanli
Published: February 2009

The aim of this work was to study the effect of functionalized single‐walled carbon nanotubes (f‐SWCNTs) on the microstructure of PP‐g‐MA/organic modified montmorillonite (OMMT)/f‐SWCNTs ternary nanocomposite. Pristine SWCNTs were chemically modified by maleic anhydride to improve the interaction between PP‐g‐MA and nanotubes. The dispersion states of OMMT in the different nanocomposites were investigated by wide angle X‐ray diffraction. The morphologies of the nanocomposites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy. Crystallization behaviors of nanocomposites were studied through differential scanning calorimetry and polarizing optical microscopy. Different than the PP‐g‐MA/OMMT binary nanocomposite, in which the OMMT is mainly in an exfoliated state, the ternary PP‐g‐MA/OMMT/f‐SWCNTs nanocomposite exhibits mostly intercalated OMMT. Furthermore, in the ternary nanocomposite, the crystallization of polymer is mainly induced by f‐SWCNTs rather than by OMMT. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Kinetic studies on the dilatometric‐free radical copolymerization of new modified laser dye monomer with methyl methacrylate and characterization of the obtained copolymer
Authors: Sayyah S. M. , Rehahn M. , Elwahy A. H. M. , Abou‐Kana M. T. H.
Published: February 2009

The synthesis of the new modified laser dye from fluorescein ester (II) and acryloyl chloride was performed. The structure of the new monomer 2‐(6‐acryloyloxy‐3‐oxo‐3H‐xanthene‐9‐yl)‐benzoic acid ethyl ester [AOXBE] was confirmed by 1HNMR, IR, 13CNMR, mass spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Free radical copolymerization of AOXBE with methyl methacrylate (MMA) was discussed using dilatometric technique. The effect of different solvents on the rate of copolymerization reaction was carried out. The rate equation was found to be Rp = [Initiator]0.5473 [Monomer]1.5. It was also noticed that the increase of AOXBE concentration in the monomer feed has an inhibition effect on the rate of copolymerization. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Preparation and adsorption properties of chelating resins from thiosemicarbazide and formaldehyde
Authors: Zhang Liping , Ni Caihua , Zhu Changping , Jiang Xiang , Liu Yuping , Huang Bo
Published: February 2009

A novel chelating resin was synthesized in just one step under mild synthetic conditions. The synthesis was carried out through the copolymerization of thiosemicarbazide and formaldehyde in an aqueous solution. The adsorption properties for some noble metal ions were investigated. The results showed that the resin had high adsorption selectivity for Au(III) and Ag(I). The adsorption capacities for the two metal ions reached up to 7.3 and 11.8 mmol/g, respectively. The adsorption rate for the two metal ions in a dilute solution was 99.9%. The adsorption fit first‐order kinetics, and an isothermal adsorption study indicated that it corresponded to Langmuir monomolecular layer adsorption. The change in the bonding energy during the chelating process was investigated with X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The study revealed that nitrogen and sulfur atoms of the resins were electron donors and metal ions were electron acceptors in the process. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Controlled chain branching free radical polymerization manipulate with trithiocarbonates
Authors: Wang Xiao Long , Chen Zhi , Ran Rong
Published: February 2009

Soluble, branched (methyl) methacrylate copolymers have been prepared via facile, one‐step, batch solution free radical polymerizations taken to high conversion. Methyl methacrylate (MMA) or methacrylate has been copolymerized with the branching comonomer (BCM) using a trithiocarbonate (TTC) to inhibit gelation. The BCMs employed were tripropylene glycol diacrylate (TPGDA) and trihydroxymethylpropyl triacrylate (TMPTA). Soluble branched copolymers containing unreacted double bonds have been produced and characterized by 1H‐NMR spectroscopy. These two brancher monomers have been shown to produce regularly branched material with the small molar mass distributions in the presence of TTC. The results of DSC and Mark–Houwink constant α analyses support the production of the branched architectures. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Novel fluorescence method for cure monitoring of hydrosilation‐curable silicones
Authors: Hotta Yasuhiro , Komatsu Koichi , Wang Francis W.
Published: February 2009

This study aimed to evaluate a reactive fluorescent probe, 9,10‐bis‐(phenylethynyl) anthracene (BPEA), for cure monitoring of hydrosilation‐curable silicones. The hydrosilation‐curable silicones consisted of a vinyl‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane prepolymer, a methylhydrosiloxane‐dimethylsiloxane copolymer, and an inhibitor, 1,3‐divinyltetramethyldisiloxane. The hydrosilation reaction was catalyzed with the solution of a platinum catalyst in the prepolymer. The catalyst solution also contained a trace amount of the reactive fluorescent probe. Three hydrosilation‐curable silicones, with the prepolymer of varying molar mass, were investigated. Each of the hydrosilation‐curable silicones was mixed with the catalyst solution at the mass ratio of 1 : 1 to initiate the cure. During the cure of each mixture at 22°C, the elastic modulus of the mixture and the fluorescence spectrum of the probe at the excitation wavelength of 360 nm were measured. Initially, the elastic modulus changed slowly, but then increased rapidly as a result of the increase in molar mass. The elastic modulus leveled off and reached a plateau value at the setting time. The ratio of the fluorescence intensities at 422 and 466 nm increased steadily, and then leveled off and reached a plateau value at the setting time, in agreement with the setting time determined from the change in elastic modulus. The reactive fluorescent probe, BPEA, can therefore be used for nondestructive fluorescence monitoring of hydrosilation‐curable silicones. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Properties of high modulus PEEK yarns for aerospace applications
Authors: Shekar R. Indu , Kotresh T. M. , Rao P. M. Damodhara , Kumar Kamal
Published: February 2009

A study has been carried out on the influence of extrusion and drawing related process parameters with an object of obtaining high modulus poly ether ether ketone yarns that can be tailor made to meet critical requirements of aerospace applications. The influence of the interaction between rheological properties, spinning process variables, and drawing conditions has been given special attention to engineer a yarn that exhibit excellent structure property relationships. The wide angle X‐ray diffraction results suggest that drawing carried out above glass transition temperature (Tg) influences the structure that include unit cell parameters, density, and mechanical properties. The degree of orientation characterized in terms of sonic velocity measured as high as 3 km/s with sonic modulus of 105 gpd. With progressive increase in draw temperature, crystallinity was found to increase, and useful properties were observed at an optimum draw temperature of 200°C (may be region of maximum crystallization rate) primarily attributed to the maximum crystallization temperature and the heat setting effect. Thermal studies (TGA) indicate that these materials can be used in high temperature applications (up to 250°C) for long time exposure and 500°C for short term exposure. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Optical resolution of (R,S)‐2‐phenyl‐1‐propanol through enantioselective ethycellulose membranes
Authors: Yang Meng , Zhao Min , Xie Sheng‐Ming , Yuan Li‐Ming
Published: February 2009

Enantioselective membrane was prepared using ethyl cellulose (EC) as membrane material. The flux and permselective properties of membrane using aqueous solution of (R,S)‐2‐phenyl‐1‐propanol as feed solution was studied. The employed membrane process was a pressure driven process. All kinds of important conditions including preparation and operation of membranes were investigated in this experimentation. When the membrane was prepared with 18 wt % EC, 20 wt % N,N‐dimethylformamide in casting solution, 13 min evaporation time and 0°C temperature of water bath for the gelation of the membrane, and the operating pressure and feed solution of (R,S)‐2‐phenyl‐1‐propanol were 0.2 MPa and 1.5 mg/mL, respectively, over 90% of enantiomeric excess (e.e.) and 44.2 (mg/m2 h) of flux were obtained. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Polymeric coatings for protection of historic monuments: Opportunities and challenges
Authors: Sadat‐Shojai Mehdi , Ershad‐Langroudi Amir
Published: February 2009

The conservation and protection of historic monuments or culturally significant structures have recently attracted much attention from material scientists. This review is given of the various aspects of the monuments protection such as the main reasons of damaging and spoiling of the historical monuments, the factor of contact angle as one of the essential parameters in the selection of polymeric coatings, and some of usual types of polymeric materials used for monument protection. There has been growing interest in developing novel materials for using in protective fields. Nowadays, the polymeric coatings, especially those with high hydrophobicity, are widely used to decrease or even stop further deterioration of historical monument. This review presents some of the most well‐known polymers used as protective materials such as acrylics, alkoxysilanes, fluorinated polymers, and hybrid organic–inorganic coatings. Furthermore, hybrid organic–inorganic coatings as a new class of materials are increasingly interesting materials because of their extraordinary properties deriving from the combination of the different building blocks and it is attempted to focus on this materials. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Synthesis of silica hybrid nanoparticles modified with photofunctional polymers and construction of colloidal crystals
Authors: Ishizu Koji , Tokuno Yoko , Lee Dong Hoon , Uchida Satoshi , Ozawa Masaaki
Published: February 2009

Photofunctional polymer as silane coupling agent (PFD) was prepared by free radical copolymerization of 4‐vinylbenzyl N,N‐diethyldithiocarbamate (VBDC) and methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the presence of (3‐mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPMS) as chain transfer agent. Next, silane (SiO2; the average diameter Dn = 192 nm) nanoparticles was surface‐modified with PFD and 3‐(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (γ‐MPS) by covalent bond formed between silanol groups and silane coupling agents. The PFD and γ‐MPS functionalizations changed the silica surface into hydrophobic nature and provided grafting initiation sites and methacrylate terminal groups respectively. We performed the construction of hybrid nanocomposites by using these modified SiO2 nanoparticles. It was found from electron microscopy observations that SiO2 particles were packed into repeating cubic arrangements in a poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) matrix such as colloidal crystals. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Pulpal Regeneration Following Allogenic Tooth Transplantation into Mouse Maxilla
Authors: Unno Hideki , Suzuki Hironobu , Nakakura‐Ohshima Kuniko , Jung Han‐Sung , Ohshima Hayato
Published: February 2009

Autogenic tooth transplantation is now a common procedure in dentistry for replacing a missing tooth. However, there are many difficulties in clinical application of allogenic tooth transplantation because of immunological rejection. This study aims to clarify pulpal regeneration following allogenic tooth transplantation into the mouse maxilla by immunohistochemistry for 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) and nestin, and by the histochemistry for tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP). The upper right first molar (M1) of 2‐week‐old mice was extracted and allografted in the original socket in both the littermate and non‐littermate after the extraction of M1. Tooth transplantation weakened the nestin‐positive reactions in the pulp tissue that had shown immunoreactivity for nestin before operation. On postoperative Days 5–7, tertiary dentin formation commenced next to the preexisting dentin where nestin‐positive odontoblast‐like cells were arranged in all cases of the littermate group until Day 14, except for one case showing immunological rejection in the pulp chamber. In the non‐littermate group, bone‐like tissue formation occurred in the pulp chamber in addition to tertiary dentin formation until Day 14. The rate of tertiary dentin was 38%, and the rate of the mixed form of dentin and bone‐like tissue formation was 23% (the remainder was immunological rejection). Interestingly, the periodontal tissue recovered even in the case of immunological rejection in which the pulp chamber was replaced by sparse connective tissue. These results suggest that the selection of littermate or non‐littermate is decisive for the survival of odontoblast‐lineage cells and that the immunological rejection does not influence the periodontal regeneration. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Landmark‐Based Analysis of the Morphological Relationship Between Endocranial Shape and Traces of the Middle Meningeal Vessels
Authors: Bruner Emiliano , Mantini Simone , Ripani Maurizio
Published: February 2009

The morphogenesis and evolution of the cranium are the result of structural interactions among its components, leading to covariance between traits. Soft and hard tissues exert a reciprocal physical and physiological influence, leading to the final phenotype in terms of both ontogeny and evolution. The middle meningeal vessels, interfacing the brain and the braincase, provide an opportunity to study this network, even in extinct human species. Between and within‐species variations of the vascular patterns may be mechanically influenced by the cranial morphology (structural hypothesis) or else by actual physiological responses and adaptations, mostly related to oxygen supply and/or thermoregulation (functional hypothesis). In this analysis, we tested the relationship between neurocranial shape and the general morphology of the traces of the middle meningeal vessels in a modern human population, by using landmark‐based geometrical models. Although there are some neurocranial differences between groups with different vascular patterns, they are very small or not statistically significant. Only the depth of the imprints may be more influenced by the endocranial morphology. Even if the neurocranial differences among extinct hominids are definitely larger than those within the modern species, the present analysis suggests that it is unlikely that the differences in vascular patterns among the human species are related only to the effects of different neurocranial geometry. This is rather relevant when the marked development of the meningeal network in Homo sapiens is taken into account, compared with the patterns described for nonmodern human species. Anat Rec, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mitochondrial complementation preventing respiratory dysfunction caused by mutant mtDNA
Authors: Sato Akitsugu , Nakada Kazuto , Hayashi Jun‐Ichi
Published: February 2009

The mitochondrial theory of aging is the idea that age‐associated mitochondrial dysfunction is caused by accumulation of somatic mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). However, mitochondria are considered to be a dynamic organelle that repeats fusion and fission. Through fusion and fission, there is an extensive and continuous exchange of mtDNA and its products between mitochondria. This mitochondrial complementation prevents individuals from expression of respiratory dysfunction caused by pathogenic mutant mtDNAs. Thus, the presence of mitochondrial complementation does not support the mitochondrial theory of aging. Moreover, the presence of mitochondrial complementation enables gene therapy for mitochondrial diseases using nuclear transplantation of zygotes. © 2009 International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.
Role of peptide–peptide interactions in stabilizing peptide‐wrapped single‐walled carbon nanotubes: A molecular dynamics study
Authors: Chiu Chi‐cheng , Dieckmann Gregg R. , Nielsen Steven O.
Published: February 2009

Single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) have unique properties and are projected to have a major impact in nanoscale electronics, materials science, and nanomedicine. Yet, these potential applications are hindered by the need for sample purification to separate SWNTs from each other and from metallic catalyst and amorphous carbon present in as‐synthesized samples. Common purification strategies involve dispersing SWNTs as individual tubes in aqueous solution. Towards this end, a designed helical peptide was shown to be excellent at dispersing SWNTs. However, the molecular details of the peptide‐SWNT and peptide‐peptide interactions await elucidation. Here we explore these molecular interactions using fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of peptide‐wrapped SWNTs. We characterize the interactions by measuring the aromatic residue‐to‐SWNT surface distance, the peptide amphiphilicity, the peptide‐SWNT crossing angle, the peptide‐SWNT contact area, the peptide helix axis‐to‐axis distance, and the inter‐peptide hydrogen bonding. We find that the peptides collectively tilt with respect to the SWNT long axis, are α‐helical, and form interpeptide hydrogen bonds through their lysine and glutamate residues, which helps to stabilize the multipeptide/SWNT complex. All hydrophobic residues interact with the SWNT and are sequestered from water. The picture that emerges from this study gives insight into subsequent peptide design. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 92: 156–163, 2009.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
A preliminary study of human paraoxonase and PON 1 L/M55–PON 1 Q/R 192 polymorphisms in Turkish patients with coronary artery disease
Authors: Kaman Dilara , İlhan Necip , Metin Kerem , Akbulut Mehmet , Üstündağ Bilal
Published: February 2009

Paraoxonase 1 (PON 1) is a high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)‐associated enzyme with antioxidant function protecting low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) from oxidation. PON 1 has two amino acid polymorphisms in coding region; L/M 55 and Q/R 192. These polymorphisms modulate paraoxonase activity of the enzyme. PON 1 activity decreases in coronary artery disease (CAD). In the present study, distribution of PON 1 L/M 55 and Q/R 192 polymorphisms and the effect of these polymorphisms on the activities of PON 1, and on the severity of CAD in 277 CAD (+) patient and 92 CAD (−) subjects were examined. PON 1 L/M 55 and Q/R 192 genotypes were determined by PCR, RFLP and agarose gel electrophoresis techniques. Genotype distributions and allele frequencies for PON 1 Q/R 192 polymorphism were not significantly different between controls and CAD (+) patient group (p > 0.05), but in genotype and allele distribution of PON 1 L/M55 polymorphism, there was significantly difference among groups (p < 0.05). Genotype distributions for both polymorphisms were not significantly different between subgroups of single‐vessel disease (SVD), double‐vessel disease (DVD) and triple‐vessel disease (TVD). Serum PON 1 activity was lower in CAD (+) group than in controls and this was also statistically significant (p < 0.001). In both groups, the highest PON activities were detected in LL and RR genotypes. In summary, our results suggest that there is an association between the PON 1 L/M 55 polymorphism of paraoxonase and CAD in Turkish patients but not with PON 1 Q/R 192 polymorphism. However, it is hard to correlate these polymorphisms and severity of CAD. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regulation of inflammation in the adipose tissue in cancer cachexia: effect of exercise
Authors: Lira Fábio S. , Rosa José C. , Zanchi Nelo E. , Yamashita Alex S. , Lopes Renato D. , Lopes Antonio C. , Batista Miguel L. , Seelaender Marília
Published: February 2009

The paraneoplastic syndrome of cachexia is considered a degenerative chronic inflammatory disease, being deeply related to the increase of pro‐inflammatory factors, especially tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α). It is known that the adipose tissue is affected by cachexia and contributing with the secretion of pro‐inflammatory factors which reach the adjacent tissues and the circulation. The effect of pro‐inflammatory factors is balanced by the effect of anti‐inflammatory factors, such as interleukin 10 (IL‐10). The IL‐10/TNF‐α ratio has been recently postulated as a marker for the assessment of the degree of inflammation, which correlates with disease‐associated morbidity and mortality. In order to counteract inflammation in chronic disease, our group has currently adopted chronic endurance exercise in models of cancer cachexia and chronic heart failure. Since it is clear that white adipose tissue is strongly implicated in the secretion of both pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory factors in disease, we chose to address its contribution to cachexia‐related inflammation and the effect of endurance training on the capacity of cytokine expression and secretion by this tissue. Our results show an enhancement of IL‐10 adipose tissue content, and increased IL‐10/TNF‐α ratio induced by endurance training. The mechanisms are discussed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.