bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Students’ beliefs about physical education and the impact of lesson frequency
Authors: Kougioumtzis K. , Patriksson G.
Published: January 2022

This study aims to highlight students’ beliefs about physical education (PE). The specific objectives are a) to describe students’ behavioural, normative, and control beliefs; b) to establish patterns between the three belief domains; and c) to analyse the impact of the PE lesson frequency on beliefs. A nationwide random stratified sample of 1,736 ninth-grade students in Sweden completed the study’s questionnaire, while the high response rate and the low internal dropout rate support the generalizability of the findings. The data analysis focused on three student groups based on lesson frequency of one, two, and three or more times weekly. On average, students’ answers indicated overwhelmingly positive beliefs. A second-order model with very close fit indexes showed similarities among the three groups. However, testing for the equivalence of the latent mean structures indicated a group non-invariant solution. The study demonstrates interrelation patterns among behavioural, normative, and control beliefs and significant associations between lesson frequency and beliefs.
“Rules of Law” and Lex Mercatoria Determination Under the Auspice of ICC Arbitration
Authors: Grodl Lukáš
Published: January 2022

The ICC arbitration, being one of the most common ones in international commercial arbitration, is also one of the most benevolent to the application of supranational substantive rules, including the lex mercatoria. While it has not always been the case, since 1998, the arbitrators may less focus on complex reasoning as to why the lex mercatoria might be applicable, and rather may fully concen-trate on the rightful adjudication of the dispute. This article presents a summary of changes in ICC arbit-ration stance on the applicability of lex mercatoria, as voiced by the permission to inter partes elect, or ex post determine, substantive “rules of law” rather than just a “law”. Connotations of ICC jurispru-dence towards applicable lex mercatoria and its relationship to state law is also discussed and evalu-ated.
(Un)Clean Hands in International Investment Arbitration: Some Cleaning Required?
Authors: Hron Igor
Published: January 2022

The aim of the paper is to examine the so-called doctrine of clean hands frequently utilized as a defence in Investor-State arbitration procedures under international investment agreements in cases, where the law of the host State has been violated. The paper thus provides a historical and comparative context of the doctrine at hand stemming from the common law tradition. Furthermore, it scrutinizes the status of the doctrine under contemporary international law by analysing the scholar views, as well as the jurisprudence of international bodies.
If P, Then P!
Authors: Mandelkern Matthew ,   Journal of Philosophy Inc.
Published: January 2022

The Identity principle says that conditionals with the form 'If p, then p' are logical truths. Identity is overwhelmingly plausible, and has rarely been explicitly challenged. But a wide range of conditionals nonetheless invalidate it. I explain the problem, and argue that the culprit is the principle known as Import-Export, which we must thus reject. I then explore how we can reject Import-Export in a way that still makes sense of the intuitions that support it, arguing that the differences between indicative and subjunctive conditionals play a key role in solving this puzzle.
Six new species of Amblypsilopus Bigot (Diptera: Dolichopodidae: Sciapodinae) and a key to species of the Afrotropical mainland
Authors: Grichanov Igor Ya.
Published: January 2022

Six new species of Amblypsilopus Bigot, 1888 from the Afrotropical region are described and illustrated: A. gabonensis sp. nov. from Gabon, A. martini sp. nov., A. mufindiensis sp. nov. and A. udzungwensis sp. nov. from Tanzania, A. milleri sp. nov. from South Africa, and A. spiniscapus sp. nov. from Ivory Coast. Amblypsilopus gabonensis sp. nov. and A. spiniscapus sp. nov. are remarkable in having a setose antennal scape. Amblypsilopus martini sp. nov. and A. mufindiensis sp. nov. are peculiar in bearing very long setae on the antennal pedicel, mesonotum and scutellum. Amblypsilopus milleri sp. nov. is considered a member of the South African A. fasciatus species group despite its unmodified wing venation. The new species differ also from other similar representatives of the genus in the morphology of the male cercus and the male secondary sexual characters on the legs. The male of A. bevisi (Curran, 1927) is described for the first time. The following species described from females are considered doubtful (nomina dubia): A. flavicollis (Becker, 1923), A. rectangularis (Parent, 1937), A. sudanensis (Parent, 1939) and A. tropicalis (Parent, 1933). Amblypsilopus subfascipennis (Curran, 1926) has a strongly sinuate wing vein dm-m and is transferred to Chrysosoma Guérin-Méneville, 1831 (comb. nov.). Chrysosoma ungulatum Parent, 1941 from Príncipe with an almost straight vein dm-m is transferred to Amblypsilopus (comb. nov.). Chrysosoma centrale Becker, 1923 from Tanzania also has a straight wing vein dm-m and modified fore tarsus, being very close in habitus to A. steelei Grichanov, 1996, and is also transferred to Amblypsilopus (comb. nov.). Chrysosoma asperum Parent, 1933 from South Africa has the same characters, is almost identical to South African A. bevisi and is also transferred here to Amblypsilopus (comb. nov.) and newly synonymized with A. bevisi (syn. nov.). Presently, 66 reliable species of Amblypsilopus are known from the Afrotropical region, including 37 from the Afrotropical mainland. A revised identification key to males of species of the Afrotropical mainland is provided. New records are given for some known species. The species diversity of the Afrotropical fauna and variability of morphological characters in the genus Amblypsilopus are briefly discussed.
Comparison of the clinical characteristics and outcomes of pediatric patients with and without diabetic ketoacidosis at the time of type 1 diabetes diagnosis
Authors: Seo Young-Jun , Kum Chang Dae , Rho Jung Gi , Shim Young Suk , Lee Hae Sang , Hwang Jin Soon
Published: January 2022

Purpose: We investigated the possible effects of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at the initial diagnosis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) on the clinical outcomes of pediatric patients.Methods: Medical records of children and adolescents with newly diagnosed T1DM seen in the Ajou University Hospital from January 2008 to August 2020 were reviewed and analyzed.Results: Among 129 diagnosed T1DM patients, 40.3% presented with DKA. Although demographic and basic characteristics did not differ between DKA and non-DKA patients, DKA patients needed a significantly higher insulin dosage than non-DKA patients for 2 years after diagnosis. However, control of glycated hemoglobin was not different between the DKA and non-DKA groups during the observation period. In the biochemical analysis, C-peptide, insulin-like growth factor-1, and insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, free T4, and T3 values were lower, but thyroid-stimulating hormone, initial serum glucose, uric acid, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol values were higher in DKA patients than non-DKA patients at the diagnosis of T1DM; however, these differences were temporarily present and disappeared with insulin treatment. Other clinical outcomes, such as height, thyroid function, and urine microalbumin level, did not vary significantly between the DKA and non-DKA groups during 5 years of follow-up.Conclusion: DKA at initial presentation reflects the severity of disease progression, and the deleterious effects of DKA seem to impact insulin secretion. Although no difference in long-term prognosis was found, early detection of T1DM should help to reduce DKA-related islet damage and the socioeconomic burden of T1DM.
Kort over Charlotte Amalie havn og by, St. Thomas, o. 1684-1688
Authors: Christensen Rasmus
Published: January 2022

-
Arbejdsløs i en (corona)krisetid: et opgør med selvansvaret?
Authors: Pultz Sabina , Hansen Magnus Paulsen
Published: January 2022

I artiklen undersøger vi, hvordan corona-krisen på forskellig vis omformer arbejdsløshedsoplevelsen i en dansk kontekst med et særligt fokus på selvansvaret. Selvansvaret eller ansvarliggørelsen kobles til aktivlinjens indtog i dansk beskæftigelsespolitik og konstruktionen af den aktive jobsøger. På baggrund af et mixed methods design bestående af 44 semi-strukturerede interview med arbejdsløse borgere indsamlet under coronakrisen (april-dec 2020) samt survey data (ca. 500 respondenter) udforsker vi selvansvaret hos arbejdsløse danskere under corona. Vi sammenholder survey data med tilsvarende data (ca. 350 respondenter) indsamlet inden krisen (2014-15). Vi konkluderer, at selvansvaret omkalfatres på paradoksal vis: samtidig med at selvansvarliggørelsen nedtones som følge af den øgede anerkendelse af strukturelle faktorer såsom pandemien og suspenderingen af beskæftigelsesindsatsens regler og krav, øgedes selvansvaret for mange i form af større ejerskab og motivation i jobsøgningen. Undersøgelsen peger også på, at forskydningen ikke nødvendigvis gælder i samme grad for alle ledige, men at særligt de coronaledige fritages for selvansvarliggørelsen og betragtes i et mere værdigt lys.
Enhedsgymnasium eller parallelt ungdomsuddannelsessystem?
Authors: Juul Ida
Published: January 2022

Denne artikel analyserer den historiske udvikling af erhvervsuddannelsessystemerne i henholdsvis Danmark og Sverige i et forsøg på at forklare, hvorfor Danmark og Sverige valgte hver sin erhvervsuddannelsesmodel. Når de svenske og danske erhvervsuddannelser er interessante at sammenligne, er det bl.a. fordi de repræsenterer henholdsvis en skolebaseret og en oplæringsbaseret model samtidig med, at de to lande på en række andre områder ligner hinanden. Denne kombination af ligheder og forskelle repræsenterer en god mulighed for at blive klogere på de historiske betingelser og dynamikker, som ligger indlejret i de to idealtypiske modeller. Hensigten med komparationen er ikke at diskutere fordele og ulemper ved de to landes erhvervsuddannelsessystemer, men tværtimod at vise, at hvad, der anses for den ideelle model, varierer afhængig af periodespecifikke forhold, erhvervs- og uddannelsespolitiske målsætninger, samt samspillet mellem stat og arbejdsmarkedets parter i de respektive perioder. Artiklen anlægger et historisk institutionelt perspektiv på udviklingen.
Etnometodologisk konversations analyse som en tilgang til at studere arbejdslivspraksisser
Authors: Johannesen Henrik Ladegaard
Published: January 2022

Denne artikel præsenterer etnometodologisk konversationsanalyse (EMCA) som en tilgang til at studere arbejdslivspraksisser i realtid. Den tager udgangspunkt i den aktuelle diskussion af, hvordan et praksisteoretisk perspektiv kan informere arbejdslivsforskningen, men fokuserer på de metodologiske implikationer af dette perspektiv. Den introducerer de grundlæggende principper i EMCA, og den diskuterer de praktiske konsekvenser for produktionen og bearbejdningen af empirisk materiale. Den eksemplificerer de analytiske principper i EMCA med udgangspunkt i en analyse af organiseringen af arbejdstid i fleksibelt vidensarbejde, og den diskuterer de mulige begrænsninger ved EMCA som en tilgang til at studere arbejdslivspraksisser med udgangspunkt i en diskussion af kontekstbegrebet.
A omissão em números: como o Supremo Tribunal Federal decide acerca da figura do garante em crimes ambientais em uma análise a partir da utilização do R Studio
Authors: Dos Santos Ives Nahama Gomes , Dionísio de Andrade Mariana
Published: January 2022

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo responder ao seguinte questionamento: de que maneira é tratado ogarante penal nos julgados do STF sobre responsabilidade por omissão em casos de crimes ambientais? Para tanto, é necessário atender a três objetivos específicos: estabelecer o lugar da responsabilidade por omissão em crimes ambientais no âmbito do processo penal, expor o conceito de garante e verificar se há critérios para sua identificação e discussão prática, por meio da aplicação da Metodologia de Análise de Decisões (MAD). A abordagem é qualitativa, com base em revisão de literatura e aplicação da Metodologia de Análise de Decisões, auxiliada por análise estatística com o software Iramuteq, do studio R. A unidade de análise é o Supremo Tribunal Federal, e a periodização entre 1998 e 2021. Conclui-se que inexistem discussões sobre quem poderia ser o garante ou, detentor da culpabilidade nos crimes omissivos ambientais, não existindo critérios objetivos para a sua caracterização. Como consequência é possível que decisões judiciais fundadas em culpabilidade sejam incompatíveis com a literatura penal e ineficientes para a proteção ao meio ambiente.
Editorial
Authors: Hachem Daniel Wunder , Folloni André
Published: January 2022

.
Sumário Bilingue
Authors: Table of Contents Bilingual
Published: January 2022

.
Monitoring and evaluation of public policies in Brazil: conceptual approach and trajectory of legal and institutional development
Authors: Bonifácio Robert , Motta Fabricio Macedo
Published: January 2022

This paper investigates the area of monitoring and evaluation of public policies from a conceptual approach and an interpretation of its institutional development in Brazil. Therefore, we build critical analyzes from the legal and sociopolitical perspectives. Specifically, we define and discuss the political functions of monitoring and evaluation, discuss the emergence and constitution of evaluation systems in Latin America and Brazil, and reflect on the importance of evaluation in the Brazilian legal system, as well as on recent advances in Legislative Power. As main conclusions, we understand that the political use of public policy evaluation works assumes a reallocation function, that there have been institutional advances in the area, but that there are still limitations in relation to the scope of evaluative works.
Microempresas e empresas de pequeno porte sob o enfoque da análise econômica do direito e da função social do Estado
Authors: Guasque Barbara
Published: January 2022

As microempresas e empresas de pequeno porte correspondem a 99% do número de estabelecimentos empresariais no Brasil, e são responsáveis por 52% de todos os empregos formais no país. Diante da posição protagonista deste setor empresarial na geração de empregos, renda e para o desenvolvimento econômico nacional, este artigo tem por objetivo analisar as microempresas e empresas de pequeno porte sob duplo enfoque: da Análise Econômica do Direito e da Função Social do Estado. Por meio desta dupla perspectiva torna possível aferir a imprescindibilidade de uma atuação assertiva do Estado, mediante efetivas políticas públicas de auxílio e incentivo a este segmento empresarial. Trata-se de um imperativo de sobrevivência econômica e condição fundamental para garantia do pleno emprego e do desenvolvimento econômico do país. E mais, constitui um comando constitucional de caráter conformador e impositivo, que justifica a reivindicação pela realização de políticas públicas por parte do Estado, indo ao encontro da sua função social prevista constitucionalmente. Para tanto, utilizou-se, no desenvolvimento da presente pesquisa, o método indutivo, operacionalizado pelas técnicas da pesquisa bibliográfica, com a utilização de indicadores econômicos, além dos estudos econômicos e também marcos normativos.
Disease consequences of higher adiposity uncoupled from its adverse metabolic effects using Mendelian randomisation
Authors: Martin Susan , Tyrrell Jessica , Thomas E Louise , Bown Matthew J , Wood Andrew R , Beaumont Robin N , Tsoi Lam C , Stuart Philip E , Elder James T , Law Philip , Houlston Richard , Kabrhel Christopher , Papadimitriou Nikos , Gunter Marc J , Bull Caroline J , Bell Joshua A , Vincent Emma E , Sattar Naveed , Dunlop Malcolm G , Tomlinson Ian PM , Lindström Sara ,   INVENT consortium, Bell Jimmy D , Frayling Timothy M , Yaghootkar Hanieh
Published: January 2022

Background:

Some individuals living with obesity may be relatively metabolically healthy, whilst others suffer from multiple conditions that may be linked to adverse metabolic effects or other factors. The extent to which the adverse metabolic component of obesity contributes to disease compared to the non-metabolic components is often uncertain. We aimed to use Mendelian randomisation (MR) and specific genetic variants to separately test the causal roles of higher adiposity with and without its adverse metabolic effects on diseases.

Methods:

We selected 37 chronic diseases associated with obesity and genetic variants associated with different aspects of excess weight. These genetic variants included those associated with metabolically ‘favourable adiposity’ (FA) and ‘unfavourable adiposity’ (UFA) that are both associated with higher adiposity but with opposite effects on metabolic risk. We used these variants and two sample MR to test the effects on the chronic diseases.

Results:

MR identified two sets of diseases. First, 11 conditions where the metabolic effect of higher adiposity is the likely primary cause of the disease. Here, MR with the FA and UFA genetics showed opposing effects on risk of disease: coronary artery disease, peripheral artery disease, hypertension, stroke, type 2 diabetes, polycystic ovary syndrome, heart failure, atrial fibrillation, chronic kidney disease, renal cancer, and gout. Second, 9 conditions where the non-metabolic effects of excess weight (e.g. mechanical effect) are likely a cause. Here, MR with the FA genetics, despite leading to lower metabolic risk, and MR with the UFA genetics, both indicated higher disease risk: osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, gallstones, adult-onset asthma, psoriasis, deep vein thrombosis, and venous thromboembolism.

Conclusions:

Our results assist in understanding the consequences of higher adiposity uncoupled from its adverse metabolic effects, including the risks to individuals with high body mass index who may be relatively metabolically healthy.

Funding:

Diabetes UK, UK Medical Research Council, World Cancer Research Fund, National Cancer Institute.
Eviction notice served on Toxoplasma
Authors: Sánchez-Arcila Juan C , Jensen Kirk DC
Published: January 2022

The gene RARRES3 uses an unexpected strategy to eliminate the parasite Toxoplasma gondii from human cells.
Lean requirements traceability automation enabled by model-driven engineering
Authors: Escalona María-José , Koch Nora , Garcia-Borgoñon Laura
Published: January 2022

Background

The benefits of requirements traceability, such as improvements in software product and process quality, early testing, and software maintenance, are widely described in the literature. Requirements traceability is a critical, widely accepted practice. However, very often it is not applied for fear of the additional costs associated with manual efforts or the use of additional tools.

Methods

This article presents a “low-cost” mechanism for automating requirements traceability based on the model-driven paradigm and formalized by a metamodel for the creation and monitoring of traces and an integration process for traceability management. This approach can also be useful for information fusion in industry insofar that it facilitates data traceability.

Results

This article extends an existing model-driven development methodology to incorporate traceability as part of its development tool. The tool has been used successfully by several companies in real software development projects, helping developers to manage ongoing changes in functional requirements. One of those projects is cited as an example in the paper. The authors’ current work leads them to conclude that a model-driven engineering approach, traditionally used only for the automatic generation of code in a software development process, can also be used to successfully automate and integrate traceability management without additional costs. The systematic evaluation of traceability management in industrial projects constitutes a promising area for future work.
Determining the factors affecting customer satisfaction using an extraction-based feature selection approach
Authors: Wu Weishen , Riantama Dalianus
Published: January 2022

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) causes tremendous damages to the world, including threats to human’s health and daily activities. Most industries have been affected by this pandemic, particularly the tourism industry. The online travel agencies (OTAs) have suffered from the global tourism market crisis by air travel lockdown in many countries. How online travel agencies can survive at stake and prepare for the post-COVID-19 future has emerged as an urgent issue. This study aims to examine the critical factors of customers’ satisfaction to OTAs during the COVID-19 pandemic. A text mining method for feature selection, namely LASSO, was used to deal with online customer reviews and to extract factors that shape customers’ satisfaction to OTAs. Results showed that refunds, promptness, easiness and assurance were ranked as the most competitive factors of customers’ satisfaction, followed by bad reviews & cheap and excellent service & comparison. New factors to customers’ satisfaction were revealed during the global tourism recession. Findings provide OTAs guidelines to reset services priorities during the pandemic crisis.
Generative adversarial network based adaptive data augmentation for handwritten Arabic text recognition
Authors: Eltay Mohamed , Zidouri Abdelmalek , Ahmad Irfan , Elarian Yousef
Published: January 2022

Training deep learning based handwritten text recognition systems needs a lot of data in terms of text images and their corresponding annotations. One way to deal with this issue is to use data augmentation techniques to increase the amount of training data. Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) based data augmentation techniques are popular in literature especially in tasks related to images. However, specific challenges need to be addressed in order to effectively use GANs for data augmentation in the domain of text recognition. Text data is inherently imbalanced in terms of frequency of different characters appearing in training samples and the training data as a whole. GANs trained on the imbalanced dataset leads to augmented data that does not represent the minority characters well. In this paper, we present an adaptive data augmentation technique using GANs that deals with the issue of class imbalance arising in text recognition problems. We show, using experimental evaluations on two publicly available datasets for handwritten Arabic text recognition, that the GANs trained using the presented technique is effective in dealing with class imbalanced problem by generating augmented data that is balanced in terms of character frequencies. The resulting text recognition systems trained on the balanced augmented data improves the text recognition accuracy as compared to the systems trained using standard techniques.
The relationship between endorsing reporting guidelines or trial registration and the impact factor or total citations in surgical journals
Authors: Zhou Jing , Li Jianqiang , Zhang Jingao , Geng Bo , Chen Yao , Zhou Xiaobin
Published: January 2022

Background

A journal’s impact factor (IF) and total citations are often used as indicators of its publication quality. Furthermore, journals that require authors to abide by reporting guidelines or conduct trial registration generally have a higher quality of reporting. In this study, we sought to explore the potential associations between the enforcement of reporting guidelines or trial registration and a surgical journal’s IF or total citations in order to find new approaches and ideas to improve journal publication quality.

Methods

We examined surgical journals from the 2018 Journal Citation Report’s Expanded Scientific Citation Index to quantify the use of reporting guidelines or study registration. We reviewed the “instructions for authors” from each journal and used multivariable linear regression analysis to determine which guidelines were associated with the journal IF and total citations. The dependent variable was the logarithm base 10 of the IF in 2018 or the logarithm base 10 of total citations in 2018 (the results were presented as geometric means, specifically the ratio of the “endorsed group” results to “not endorsed group” results). The independent variable was one of the requirements (endorsed and not endorsed). Models adjust for the publication region, language, start year, publisher and journal size (only used to adjust total citations).

Results

We included 188 surgical journals in our study. The results of multivariable linear regression analysis showed that journal IF was associated (P < 0.01) with the following requirements: randomized controlled trial (RCT) registration (geometric means ratio (GR) = 1.422, 95% CI [1.197–1.694]), Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT) statement (1.318, [1.104–1.578]), Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement (1.390, [1.148–1.683]), Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) statement (1.556, [1.262–1.919]), Standards for Reporting Diagnostic Accuracy (STARD) statement (1.585, [1.216–2.070]), and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) statement (2.113, [1.422–3.133]). We found associations between the endorsement of RCT registration (GR = 1.652, 95% CI [1.268–2.153]), CONSORT (1.570, [1.199–2.061]), PRISMA (1.698, [1.271–2.270]), STROBE (2.023, [1.476–2.773]), STARD (2.173, [1.452–3.243]), and MOOSE statements (2.249, [1.219–4.150]) and the number of total citations.

Conclusion

The presence of reporting guidelines and trial registration was associated with higher IF or more total citations in surgical journals. If more surgical journals incorporate these policies into their submission requirements, this may improve publication quality, thus increasing their IF and total citations.
Progressive Systemic Sclerosis and its Dental Implications: A Case Report
Authors: Udaybhai Gor Vani , Erraguntala Harshitha , Maithreai M Swarna , Reddy G Navya , Sadula Kiran Kumar
Published: January 2022

Scleroderma is a complex autoimmune rheumatic disease characterised by the widespread fibrosis of skin and visceral organs, dysregulation of immune system and vasculopathy. The aetiology of this disease remains unknown till now. It is known to exist in two forms namely localised and generalised/progressive. It is known to affect females more commonly than males, and also shows a wide range of oral and paraoral manifestations including xerostomia, periodontal disease, restricted mouth opening, burning mouth syndrome, dysphagia, gastroesophageal reflux. Here, authors presents a case of 76-year-old female patient presented with the chief complaint of dry mouth, restricted mouth opening, burning sensation in mouth and reduced taste perception for the past seven years. On the basis of gastrointestinal disorder, Raynaud’s phenomenon, fish mouth appearance and various other extraoral and intraoral features a diagnosis of Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (PSS) was made. The present case also emphasised upon the crucial role of a general dentist in diagnosing such rare systemic diseases. This disease is known to carry a significant burden in the form of pain and disability which potentially limits the proper functioning of major internal organs and results in various life limiting complications. Thus, early diagnosis with appropriate investigations followed by specialist and multidisciplinary approach to treatment, is the key for the successful management of disease.
Barefoot Running: Myths and Realities of Barefoot and Shod Mechanics towards Implicating Running Related Injuries
Authors: Azeem Zafar , Rathod Priyanshu , Palekar Tushar J
Published: January 2022

Modern footwear has changed in its role over the years from providing protection to controlling foot motion and stabilisation. However, Running Related Injuries (RRIs) continue to increase despite technological innovations in fabrication and design. As we evolve in our understanding of barefoot running, examining this pattern of running is worth giving attention to. Barefoot running changes the foot strike pattern to forefoot strike with reduction in stride length and impact loading. Also, barefoot form of running provides a greater proprioceptive challenge to plantar surface of the foot and increased energy conservation at the arches. The advent of new footwear trend in form of minimalist shoe is slowly gaining attention but it is presumptive to appreciate its benefits over barefoot running. The purpose of this review was to study the evidence regarding differences between shod and barefoot mechanics and how different footwear affords mechanical changes between them. Future directions on barefoot running mechanics and its progression are also suggested.
Strengthening the Monitoring and Surveillance System for Bovine Tuberculosis in Post Mortem Material from Slaughtered Cattle in Eswatini: A Review
Authors: Dlamini B. N. , Mudyanavana C. , Mdluli S. , Imbaytarwo-Chikosi V. E. , Ntshalintshali K. S. , Masarirambi M. T.
Published: January 2022

The main objective of this review study was to examine the validity of test results generated by using the Ziehl-Neelsen smear microscopy as the sole diagnostic tool for the monitoring and surveillance of bovine tuberculosis in cattle slaughtered in Eswatini.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of available laboratory data of beef carcass condemnations for a study period from 2014 to 2018 was carried out. Literature was reviewed to find out potential sample preparation and concentration methods to improve the sensitivity of current Z-N smear microscopy.

Results: The limited literature reviewed in this study has briefly highlighted (i) the limitations of using the Z-N direct smear microscopy as a screening and confirmatory laboratory test for bovine tuberculosis suspected carcasses, (ii) that the Z-N smear microscopy method may be inadequate for identifying and differentiating other acid fast bacilli co-existing in a M. bovis infection, (iii) that concentration of lymph node aspirate samples may improve the sensitivity of acid fast bacilli smear microscopy, (iv) that strategic deployment of ancillary laboratory tests, such as the Rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) and the Polymerase chain reaction test (PCR) alongside the Z-N smear microscopy may achieve an adequate level of diagnostic test performance.

Conclusion: In order to strengthen the surveillance and monitoring of bovine tuberculosis in the country, it is necessary to consider techniques for the concentration of bovine tuberculosis suspect lymph node samples, to use Rapid diagnostic test Kits in parallel to the Z-N direct smear microscopy.
Original Research Article Paper for Screen Printing Applications – A Paper Development Study
Authors: Dölle Klaus
Published: January 2022

Screen printing originated in China during the Song dynasty (960-1279 CE) and is used today in commercial and artistic applications. The presented research project describes the development of a screen-printing product for studio art applications. The improvement of the paper properties from laboratory and small 12-inch laboratory paper machine art paper development, followed by a semi commercial production at a speed of 128 ft/min on a 48-inch semi commercial paper machine for the final art paper, showed an improvement throughout the development process for mechanical and optical paper properties. The finished art paper product exceeded the expectations by the artist using the art paper in the studio. The produced art paper with a basis weight of 63 g/m² and a thickness of 94 µm is produced from a mixture of 70% northern bleached hardwood Kraft pulp and 30% northern bleached softwood Kraft pulp. The ISO brightness and opacity of the art paper bluish gray colour was at 35.6% and 100%, The ISO color value was for the L*, a*, b* Hunter color scale 65.8%, 0.9, and 1-0.7 respectively. As a parameter for attachment of water-based inks, surface roughness was for the top side 1703 ml/min and bottom side (wire side) 1336 ml/min. The Cobb number indicating water penetration of the art paper is 28.9 g/m².Bending stiffness in machine direction and cross machine direction resulted in 22 mN and 12 mN respectively. The tensile index was measured at 52.9 N·m/g for the machine direction and 31.6 N·m/g for de cross-machine direction.
Role of Glucose 6 Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) in Diabetic Cataract
Authors: Bhatti Muhammad Ishaque , Memon Ali Raza , Laghari Muhammad Jamil , Memon Rizwan Ahmed , Laghari Sindhu , Memon Fazeela Rizwan , Shams Salman
Published: January 2022

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus and its complications are spreading with increased rate in Asian population especially in Pakistan. Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to different micro vascular complications. Cataract is one of the complications of diabetes which may lead to lens degenerative changes and visual impairment. G6PD plays a vital role in preventive measurements from cataract development in normal population.

Objectives: This Study was designed to estimate G6PD levels in diabetic without ocular manifestations & diabetic cataract population.

Methodology: This cross sectional comparative study was done at the Department of Biochemistry LUMHS Jamshoro in collaboration with the Diabetic clinic, Institute of Ophthalmology & Diagnostic Research Laboratory LUMHS Jamshoro. 100 diagnosed subjects of diabetes were selected by Non-Probability type of sample technique with consent of subjects and they were divided in to two groups Group A as control 50 diabetic subjects with out ocular manifestation while Group B as case study group contain 50 subjects of diabetes with cataract. The fasting blood glucose level was estimated by Hexokinase Method while G6PD level was measured by kit method on SD Biosensor while HbA1c(% ) was estimated by TTAB methodology. The data was statistically analyzed by SPSS 21.

Results: The mean level of G6PD in Group A was 15.63±2.45 u/Hb while in group B it was 9.01±3.11 u/G HB. This result finally concluded that there was significantly (<0.05) decline of G6PD diabetic cataract as compared with diabetic without cataract.

Conclusion: This study concluded that there was significant decline in G6PD level in diabetic cataract. It is also concluded that the estimation of G6PD level in diabetic population will be beneficial to take early preventive measurements against diabetic vascular complications.
Physiotherapy Intervention in Post Hysterectomy Patient with Urinary Incontinence: A Case Report
Authors: Ingale Gunjan , Patil Shubhangi , Thorat Rupali
Published: January 2022

The uterus and cervix are removed during a total abdominal hysterectomy. The majority of hysterectomies are performed to address fibroids, endometriosis, adenomyosis, pelvic organ prolapse, and malignancy. The second most common procedure on the female genital system is hysterectomy. Patients who have this treatment are at risk for problems that can be avoided with preventative interventions such as physiotherapy. A 48 year old who had undergone total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral salphingo opherectomy was referred for physiotherapy. Patient complained of pain in lower abdomen and difficulty in bed mobility and constant dripping of urine. Apart from medicinal intervention, physiotherapy was given for six days a week along with pain management activities, respiratory exercises, home exercise program and ergonomic advice for 4 weeks. A comprehensive rehabilitation plan including home exercise regimen can help in early recovery and restoration of daily activities rapidly and improve the quality of life of the patient.
Patient’s Satisfaction about Dental Services during Pandemic COVID-19 at Riyadh Elm University: A Questionnaire Study
Authors: Abu-Raisi Sarah , Al-Baqami Atheer , Al-Ruwaili Razan , Al-Qahtani Sarah , Al-Julayfi Lama , Al-Ghanoom Bushra
Published: January 2022

Background: Health-care organizations all throughout the world are concerned about quality. Patients' satisfaction has been studied at a number of dental clinics throughout the globe. Patient satisfaction is an important factor in assessing the relationship between the quality of health-care services delivered and the patients' confidence. During the COVID-19 epidemic, the study's goal was to find out how satisfied patients were with the quality of dental treatment, as well as the preventative measures and precautions offered at Riyadh Elm University's dentistry clinics.

Materials and Methods: During the COVID-19 epidemic, a pre-validated questionnaire was issued to patients visiting Riyadh Elm University clinics. The research took place from March to September 2020. The questionnaire included questions about consultation provision, gratification with the receptionist's performance, satisfaction with your treating healthcare professional, treatment expenses, satisfaction with the level of housekeeping prevention strategies and preemptive provided, and eventually an overall assessment of the clinic's services.

Results: During the COVID-19 pandemic, 1313 questions were gathered from the Riyadh Elm University dentistry clinic's electronic system. During the pandemic COVID-19, (92%) of the participants agreed that getting an appointment at the dental clinics was straightforward, (88.9%) were satisfied with treatments received at Riyadh Elm University's Dental Clinic during the COVID-19 epidemic, and (66 percent) with treatment costs. During the pandemic COVID-19, the vast majority of participants (91 percent) were satisfied with their treatment provider, and the vast majority of participants were satisfied with the services offered by Riyadh Elm University's dentistry clinic.

Conclusions: Riyadh Elm University's dentistry clinics were successful in achieving participant satisfaction with services, staff, treatment, and fees during the COVID-19 outbreak.
Genes regulated by DNA methylation are involved in distinct phenotypes during melanoma progression and are prognostic factors for patients
Authors: Papaiz Debora D’Angelo , Rius Flávia Eichemberger , Ayub Ana Luísa Pedroso , Origassa Clarice S. , Gujar Hemant , Pessoa Diogo de Oliveira , Reis Eduardo Moraes , Nsengimana Jérémie , Newton‐Bishop Julia , Mason Christopher E. , Weisenberger Daniel J. , Liang Gangning , Jasiulionis Miriam Galvonas
Published: January 2022

In addition to mutations, epigenetic alterations are important contributors to malignant transformation and tumor progression. The aim of this work was to identify epigenetic events in which promoter or gene body DNA methylation induces gene expression changes that drive melanocyte malignant transformation and metastasis. We previously developed a linear mouse model of melanoma progression consisting of spontaneously immortalized melanocytes, premalignant melanocytes, a nonmetastatic tumorigenic, and a metastatic cell line. Here, through the integrative analysis of methylome and transcriptome data, we identified the relationship between promoter and/or gene body DNA methylation alterations and gene expression in early, intermediate, and late stages of melanoma progression. We identified adenylate cyclase type 3 (Adcy3) and inositol polyphosphate 4‐phosphatase type II (Inpp4b), which affect tumor growth and metastatic potential, respectively. Importantly, the gene expression and DNA methylation profiles found in this murine model of melanoma progression were correlated with available clinical data from large population‐based primary melanoma cohorts, revealing potential prognostic markers.
Diverging Expressions of Anharmonicity in Halide Perovskites
Authors: Cohen Adi , Brenner Thomas M. , Klarbring Johan , Sharma Rituraj , Fabini Douglas H. , Korobko Roman , Nayak Pabitra K. , Hellman Olle , Yaffe Omer
Published: January 2022

Lead‐based halide perovskite crystals are shown to have strongly anharmonic structural dynamics. This behavior is important because it may be the origin of their exceptional photovoltaic properties. The double perovskite, Cs2AgBiBr6, has been recently studied as a lead‐free alternative for optoelectronic applications. However, it does not exhibit the excellent photovoltaic activity of the lead‐based halide perovskites. Therefore, to explore the correlation between the anharmonic structural dynamics and optoelectronic properties in lead‐based halide perovskites, the structural dynamics of Cs2AgBiBr6are investigated and are compared to its lead‐based analog, CsPbBr3. Using temperature‐dependent Raman measurements, it is found that both materials are indeed strongly anharmonic. Nonetheless, the expression of their anharmonic behavior is markedly different. Cs2AgBiBr6has well‐defined normal modes throughout the measured temperature range, while CsPbBr3exhibits a complete breakdown of the normal‐mode picture above 200 K. It is suggested that the breakdown of the normal‐mode picture implies that the average crystal structure may not be a proper starting point to understand the electronic properties of the crystal. In addition to our main findings, an unreported phase of Cs2AgBiBr6is also discovered below ≈37 K.
Zero‐Bias Power‐Detector Circuits based on MoS2 Field‐Effect Transistors on Wafer‐Scale Flexible Substrates
Authors: Reato Eros , Palacios Paula , Uzlu Burkay , Saeed Mohamed , Grundmann Annika , Wang Zhenyu , Schneider Daniel S. , Wang Zhenxing , Heuken Michael , Kalisch Holger , Vescan Andrei , Radenovic Alexandra , Kis Andras , Neumaier Daniel , Negra Renato , Lemme Max C.
Published: January 2022

The design, fabrication, and characterization of wafer‐scale, zero‐bias power detectors based on 2D MoS2 field‐effect transistors (FETs) are demonstrated. The MoS2 FETs are fabricated using a wafer‐scale process on 8 μm‐thick polyimide film, which, in principle, serves as a flexible substrate. The performances of two chemical vapor deposition MoS2 sheets, grown with different processes and showing different thicknesses, are analyzed and compared from the single device fabrication and characterization steps to the circuit level. The power‐detector prototypes exploit the nonlinearity of the transistors above the cut‐off frequency of the devices. The proposed detectors are designed employing a transistor model based on measurement results. The fabricated circuits operate in the Ku‐band between 12 and 18 GHz, with a demonstrated voltage responsivity of 45 V W−1 at 18 GHz in the case of monolayer MoS2 and 104 V W−1 at 16 GHz in the case of multilayer MoS2, both achieved without applied DC bias. They are the best‐performing power detectors fabricated on flexible substrate reported to date. The measured dynamic range exceeds 30 dB, outperforming other semiconductor technologies like silicon complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor circuits and GaAs Schottky diodes.
Enabling Fast Na+ Transfer Kinetics in the Whole‐Voltage‐Region of Hard‐Carbon Anodes for Ultrahigh‐Rate Sodium Storage
Authors: Yin Xiuping , Lu Zhixiu , Wang Jing , Feng Xiaochen , Roy Swagata , Liu Xiangsi , Yang Yong , Zhao Yufeng , Zhang Jiujun
Published: January 2022

Efficient electrode materials, that combine high power and high energy, are the crucial requisites of sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), which have unwrapped new possibilities in the areas of grid‐scale energy storage. Hard carbons (HCs) are considered as the leading candidate anode materials for SIBs, however, the primary challenge of slow charge‐transfer kinetics at the low potential region (<0.1 V) remains unresolved till date, and the underlying structure–performance correlation is under debate. Herein, ultrafast sodium storage in the whole‐voltage‐region (0.01–2 V), with the Na+ diffusion coefficient enhanced by 2 orders of magnitude (≈10–7 cm2 s–1) through rationally deploying the physical parameters of HCs using a ZnO‐assisted bulk etching strategy is reported. It is unveiled that the Na+ adsorption energy (Ea) and diffusion barrier (Eb) are in a positive and negative linear relationship with the carbon p‐band center, respectively, and balance of Ea and Eb is critical in enhancing the charge‐storage kinetics. The charge‐storage mechanism in HCs is evidenced through comprehensive in(ex) situ techniques. The as prepared HCs microspheres deliver a record high rate performance of 107 mAh g–1 @ 50 A g–1 and unprecedented electrochemical performance at extremely low temperature (426 mAh g–1 @ −40 °C).
Emission‐Color‐Tunable Pb−Sn Alloyed Single Crystals with High Luminescent Efficiency and Stability
Authors: Liao Jin‐Feng , Zhang Zhipeng , Wei Jun‐Hua , Zhang Zhi‐Zhong , Wang Bingzhe , Zhou Lei , Xing Guichuan , Tang Zikang , Kuang Dai‐Bin
Published: January 2022

Although multiple emissive materials are of great research interest due to their great potential in a variety of applications, it is still challenging to prepare highly luminescent color‐tunable phosphors. Herein, the authors report a series of Pb−Sn alloyed single crystals, (C10NH22)2Pb1−xSnxBr4 (x = 0 to 1), that are equipped with two independent self‐trapped excitons (STEs) emitters. Multicolor luminescent output from blue to red and white light can be obtained by tailoring the composition, excitation wavelength, temperature, or time gating. More importantly, the synergistic effect between PbBr42− and SnBr42− enables (C10NH22)2Pb1−xSnxBr4 to have an extremely high luminescent efficiency up to near unity and remarkably extends stability in ambient air, significantly outperforming the monometallic (C10NH22)2PbBr4 and (C10NH22)2SnBr4. As an encouraging result of the richly endowed emission property and robust stability, (C10NH22)2Pb1−xSnxBr4 is further employed in multifunctional applications including the luminescent radiometric thermometer, white light emitter, and high‐security anti‐counterfeit materials.
Electrochemical‐Induced Hydroxysulfonylation of α‐CF3 Alkenes to Access Tertiary β‐Hydroxysulfones
Authors: Luo Xu , Wang Shengchun , Lei Aiwen
Published: January 2022

An electrochemical hydroxysulfonylation of α‐CF3 alkenes was accomplished in this work. By using easily available sodium sulfinates as the sulfonylating agents, a series of valuable α‐trifluoromethyl tertiary alcohols were synthesized under mild and environmentally friendly electrolysis conditions in moderate to good yields. The preliminary mechanistic investigation indicates that this difunctional reaction involves a radical process via a sulfonyl radical. Gram‐scale synthesis shows the significant potential application of this protocol.

magnified image
A Novel Theoretical Model Development and Simulation of Melt‐Electrospinning Using Kane's and Udwadia–Kalaba Methods
Authors: Wubneh Abiy , Ayranci Cagri , Kim Chun‐IL
Published: January 2022

A novel analytical model development and simulation of melt‐electrospinning process is presented. Unconstrained equations of motion for the description of a discretized melt‐electrospun fiber are formulated using Kane's method. The motions of the spinneret and the collector plate are also incorporated into the kinematics formulation to simulate direct writing and three‐dimensional printing scenarios. Constraints describing viscoelastic joints in the system and the phenomenon of the melt‐electrospun fiber adhering to the collector plate are implemented using the Udwadia Kalaba method. Rotational viscoelastic elements are introduced to mimic the dampening of the whipping motion observed in the unstable region. A novel algorithm is devised to continuously run the simulation with no limit on the total duration and phase transitions. System responses such as fiber diameter, collection size, fiber elongations, and jet speeds are monitored for changes in control parameters including applied voltage, collector distance, and flowrate. The results demonstrate close agreement with experimental observations in the literature. The jet starts relatively straight on the onset of its trajectory and develops subtle whipping motion as it advances toward the collector plate. Reduction in the amplitude of the whipping motion is observed once the free end of the fiber adhered to the collector plate.