bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous Formation of Particulate Nitrate under Ammonium-rich Regime during the high PM2.5 events in Nanjing, China
Authors: Lin Yu-Chi , Zhang Yan-Lin , Fan Mei-Yi , Bao Mengying
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Particulate nitrate (NO3−) not only influences regional climates but also contributes to the acidification of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In 2016 and 2017, four intensive on-line measurements of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 were conducted in Nanjing City to investigate the potential formation mechanisms of particulate nitrate. During the sampling periods, NO3− was the most predominant species, accounting for 35 % of the total water-soluble inorganic ions, followed by SO42− (33 %) and NH4+ (24 %). Significant enhancements of nitrate aerosols in terms of both absolute concentrations and relative abundances suggested that NO3− was a major contributing species to high-PM2.5 events (hourly PM2.5 ≥ 150 μg m−3). High NO3− concentrations mainly occurred under NH4+-rich conditions, implying that the formation of nitrate aerosols in Nanjing involved NH3. During the high-PM2.5 events, the nitrogen conversion ratios (Fn) were positively correlated with the aerosol liquid water content (ALWC, R = 0.75, p
Inferring microseismic source mechanisms and in situ stresses during triaxial deformation of a North-Sea-analogue sandstone
Authors: Griffiths Luke , Dautriat Jérémie , Vera Rodriguez Ismael , Iranpour Kamran , Sauvin Guillaume , Park Joonsang , Sarout Joel , Soldal Magnus , Grande Lars , Oye Volker , Dewhurst David N. , Haque Mondol Nazmul , Choi Jung Chan
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Monitoring microseismic activity provides a window through which to observe
reservoir deformation during hydrocarbon and geothermal energy production,
or CO2 injection and storage. Specifically, microseismic monitoring may
help constrain geomechanical models through an improved understanding of the
location and geometry of faults, and the stress conditions local to them.
Such techniques can be assessed in the laboratory, where fault geometries
and stress conditions are well constrained. We carried out a triaxial test
on a sample of Red Wildmoor sandstone, an analogue to a weak North Sea
reservoir sandstone. The sample was coupled with an array of
piezo-transducers, to measure ultrasonic wave velocities and monitor
acoustic emissions (AE) – sample-scale microseismic activity associated with
micro-cracking. We calculated the rate of AE, localised the AE events, and
inferred their moment tensor from P-wave first motion polarities and
amplitudes. We applied a biaxial decomposition to the resulting moment
tensors of the high signal-to-noise ratio events, to provide nodal planes,
slip vectors, and displacement vectors for each event. These attributes were
then used to infer local stress directions and their relative magnitudes.
Both the AE fracture mechanisms and the inferred stress conditions
correspond to the sample-scale fracturing and applied stresses. This
workflow, which considers fracture models relevant to the subsurface, can be
applied to large-scale geoengineering applications to obtain fracture
mechanisms and in-situ stresses from recorded microseismic data.
Plant functional traits determine latitudinal variations in soil microbial function: evidence from forests in China
Authors: Xu Zhiwei , Yu Guirui , Wang Qiufeng , Zhang Xinyu , Wang Ruili , Zhao Ning , He Nianpeng , Liu Ziping
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Plant functional traits have increasingly been studied as
determinants of ecosystem properties, especially for soil biogeochemical
processes. While the relationships between biological community structures
and ecological functions are a central issue in ecological theory, these
relationships remain poorly understood at the large scale. We selected nine
forests along the North–South Transect of Eastern China (NSTEC) to
determine how plant functional traits influence the latitudinal pattern of
soil microbial functions and how soil microbial communities and functions
are linked at the regional scale. We found that there was considerable
latitudinal variation in the profiles of different substrate use along the
NSTEC. Specifically, we found that the substrate use by microorganisms was
highest in the temperate forest soils (soil microbial substrate use
intensities of 10–12), followed by the subtropical forest soils (soil
microbial substrate use intensities of 7–10), and was least in the
coniferous forest soils (soil microbial substrate use intensities of 4–7).
The latitudinal variation in soil microbial function was more closely
related to plant functional traits (leaf dry matter content, leaf C
concentrations, and leaf N concentrations, P=0.002) than climate (mean
annual precipitation, P=0.022). The soil silt, leaf dry matter, and leaf C
and N contents were the main controls on the biogeographical patterns of
microbial substrate use in these forest soils. The soil microbial community
structures and functions were significantly correlated along the NSTEC. Soil
carbohydrate and polymer substrate use were mainly related to soil Gram-positive (G+) bacterial and actinomycic phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs), while the use of amine and miscellaneous
substrates were related to soil Gram-negative (G−) bacterial and fungal PLFAs. The
enzyme production varied with changes in the soil microbial communities. The
soil enzyme activities were positively correlated with the bacterial PLFAs
but were not correlated with the fungal PLFAs. The soil organic matter (SOM)
decomposition rates were significantly higher in the temperate forests than
in the subtropical and tropical forests, emphasizing the rapid degradability
of high-energy substrates such as soil microbial biomass carbon,
carbohydrates, and amino acids. The SOM decomposition rates were
significantly and negatively related to soil dissolved organic carbon
concentrations, carboxylic acids, polymers, and miscellaneous substrate use.
The relationships between soil PLFAs and microbial substrate use, enzyme
activities, and SOM decomposition rate show that as the soil microbial
community structure changes, soil biogeochemical processes also change.
Chemotaxonomic patterns of vegetation and soils along altitudinal transects of the Bale Mountains, Ethiopia, and implications for paleovegetation reconstructions – Part II: lignin-derived phenols and leaf-wax-derived n-alkanes
Authors: Lemma Bruk , Mekonnen Betelhem , Glaser Bruno , Zech Wolfgang , Nemomissa Sileshi , Bekele Tamrat , Bittner Lucas , Zech Michael
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Erica is a dominant vegetation type in many sub-afroalpine ecosystems, such as the Bale Mountains in Ethiopia. However, the past extent of Erica is not well known and climate versus anthropogenic influence on altitudinal shifts are difficult to assign unambiguously, especially during the Holocene. The main objective of the present study is to chemotaxonomically characterize the dominant plant species occurring in the Bale Mountains using lignin phenols and n-alkane biomarkers and to examine the potential of those biomarkers for reconstructing vegetation history. Fresh plant material, organic layer and mineral topsoil samples were collected along a northeastern and a southwestern altitudinal transect (4134–3870 and 4377–2550 m a.s.l., respectively). Lignin-derived vanillyl, syringyl and cinnamyl phenols were analyzed using the cupric oxide oxidation method. Leaf-wax-derived n-alkanes were extracted and purified using Soxhlet and aminopropyl columns. Individual lignin phenols and n-alkanes were separated by gas-chromatography and detected by mass spectrometry and flame ionization detection, respectively. We found that the relative contributions of vanillyl, syringyl and cinnamyl phenols allow us to chemotaxonomically distinguish contemporary plant species of the Bale Mountains. Erica in particular is characterized by relatively high cinnamyl contributions of >40 %. However, litter degradation strongly decreases the lignin phenol concentrations and completely changes the lignin phenol patterns. Relative cinnamyl contributions in soils under Erica were <40 %, while soils that developed under Poaceae (Festuca abyssinica) exhibited relative cinnamyl contributions of >40 %. Similarly, long-chain n-alkanes extracted from the leaf waxes allowed for differentiation between Erica versus Festuca abyssinica and Alchemilla, based on lower C31 ∕ C29 ratios in Erica. However, this characteristic plant pattern was also lost due to degradation in the respective O layers and Ah horizons. In conclusion, although in modern-day plant samples a chemotaxonomic differentiation is possible, soil degradation processes seem to render the proxies unusable for the reconstruction of the past extent of Erica on the Sanetti Plateau, Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. This finding is of high relevance beyond our case study.
Variational regional inverse modeling of reactive species emissions with PYVAR-CHIMERE
Authors: Fortems-Cheiney Audrey , Pison Isabelle , Dufour Gaelle , Broquet Grégoire , Berchet Antoine , Potier Elise , Coman Adriana , Siour Guillaume , Costantino Lorenzo
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Up-to-date and accurate emission inventories for air pollutants are essential for understanding their role in the formation of tropospheric ozone and particulate matter at various temporal scales, for anticipating pollution peaks and for identifying the key drivers that could help mitigate their emissions. This paper describes the Bayesian variational inverse system PYVAR-CHIMERE, which is adapted to the inversion of reactive species. Complementarily with bottom-up inventories, this system aims at updating and improving the knowledge on the high spatio-temporal variability of emissions of air pollutants and their precursors. The system is designed to use any type of observations, such as satellite observations or surface stations. The potential of PYVAR-CHIMERE is illustrated with one-day inversions of CO and NO2 emissions in Europe, using the MOPITT and OMI satellite observations (for CO and for NO2, respectively).
Assessing inter-annual and seasonal patterns of DOC and DOM quality across a complex alpine watershed underlain by discontinuous permafrost in Yukon, Canada
Authors: Shatilla Nadine J. , Carey Sean K.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. High-latitude environments store approximately half of the global
organic carbon pool in peatlands, organic soils and permafrost, while large
Arctic rivers convey an estimated 18–50 Tg C a−1 to the Arctic Ocean.
Warming trends associated with climate change affect dissolved organic
carbon (DOC) export from terrestrial to riverine environments. However,
there is limited consensus as to whether exports will increase or decrease
due to complex interactions between climate, soils, vegetation, and
associated production, mobilization and transport processes. A large body of
research has focused on large river system DOC and dissolved organic matter (DOM) lability and observed
trends conserved across years, whereas investigation at smaller watershed
scales show that thermokarst and fire have a transient impact on
hydrologically mediated solute transport. This study, located in the Wolf
Creek Research Basin situated ∼20 km south of Whitehorse, YT,
Canada, utilizes a nested design to assess seasonal and annual patterns of
DOC and DOM composition across diverse landscape types (headwater, wetland and lake) and watershed scales. Peak DOC concentration and export occurred
during freshet, as is the case in most northern watersheds; however, peaks were lower than
a decade ago at the headwater site Granger Creek. DOM composition was most
variable during freshet with high A254 and SUVA254 and low FI and BIX. DOM
composition was relatively insensitive to flow variation during summer and
fall. The influence of increasing watershed scale and downstream mixing of
landscape contributions was an overall dampening of DOC concentrations and
optical indices with increasing groundwater contribution. Forecasted
vegetation shifts, enhanced permafrost and seasonal thaw, earlier snowmelt,
increased rainfall and other projected climate-driven changes will alter DOM
sources and transport pathways. The results from this study support a projected shift from
predominantly organic soils (high aromaticity and less fresh) to decomposing
vegetation (more fresh and lower aromaticity). These changes may also
facilitate flow and transport via deeper flow pathways and enhance
groundwater contributions to runoff.
An 18-year climatology of derechos in Germany
Authors: Gatzen Christoph P. , Fink Andreas H. , Schultz David M. , Pinto Joaquim G.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. Derechos are high-impact convective wind events that can cause fatalities and widespread losses. In this study, 40 derechos affecting Germany between 1997 and 2014 are analysed to estimate the derecho risk. Similar to the United States, Germany is affected by two derecho types. The first derecho type forms in south-westerly 500-hPa flow downstream of intense west-European troughs and accounts for 22 of the 40 derechos. These derechos are named warm-season type due to their peak occurrence in June and July. Warm-season type derechos frequently start over southwestern Germany in the afternoon and move either eastward along the Alpine forelands or north-eastward across southern central Germany. Only one warm-season derecho moved across the North Sea and one moved across the Baltic Sea in the 18-year period. Proximity soundings of German warm-season type derechos indicate strong deep-layer vertical wind shear with a median of 20 m s−1 0–6-km shear and mixed-layer Convective Available Potential Energy (mixed-layer CAPE) between 20 and 2600 J kg−1 with a median around 500 J kg−1. The second derecho type forms in north-westerly 500-hPa flow and accounts for 18 of the 40 derechos. These derechos form in strong north-westerly flow, frequently in association with mid-tropospheric PV intrusions. They are named cold-season type because they are associated with a secondary peak from December to February. Cold-season type derechos start over or close to the North Sea and primarily affect north and central Germany; their start time is not strongly related to the peak of diurnal heating. Proximity soundings indicate high-shear–low-CAPE environments with a median 0–6-km shear of 35 m s−1 and a median mixed-layer CAPE of 3 J kg−1. Environmental CAPE is zero in almost half of cold-season type proximity soundings. Fifteen warm-season type and nine cold-season type derechos had wind gusts reaching 33 m s−1 in at least at three locations. Although warm-season derechos are more frequent, the path length of cold-season type derechos is on average 1.4 times longer. Thus, these two types of German derechos are likely to have similar impacts.
Phase Synchronisation in the Kuroshio Current System
Authors: Klose Ann Kristin , van Westen René M. , Dijkstra Henk A.
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The Kuroshio Current System in the North Pacific displays path transitions on a decadal time scale. It is known that both internal variability involving barotropic and baroclinic instabilities and remote Rossby waves induced by North Pacific wind-stress anomalies are involved in these path transitions. However, the precise coupling of both processes and its consequences for the dominant decadal transition time scale are still under discussion. Here, we analyse the output of a multi-centennial long high-resolution global climate model simulation and study phase synchronisation between Pacific zonal wind-stress anomalies and Kuroshio Current System path variability. We apply the Hilbert transform technique to determine the phase and find epochs where such phase synchronisation appears. The physics of this synchronisation is shown to occur through the effect of the vertical motion of isopycnals, as induced by the propagating Rossby waves, on the instabilities of the Kuroshio Current System.
Strong changes in englacial temperatures despite insignificantchanges in ice thickness at Dôme du Goûter glacier (Mont-Blanc area)
Authors: Vincent Christian , Gilbert Adrien , Jourdain Bruno , Piard Luc , Ginot Patrick , Mikhalenko Vladimir , Possenti Philippe , Le Meur Emmanuel , Laarman Olivier , Six Delphine
Published: September 2019

Abstract. The response of very high elevation glaciated areas on Mont Blanc to climate change has been analyzed using observations and numerical modeling. Unlike the changes at low elevations, we observe very low glacier thickness changes, of about −2.6 m on the average since 1993. The slight changes in horizontal ice flow velocities and submergence velocities suggest a decrease of about 10 % in ice flux and surface mass balance. This is due to snow accumulation changes and is consistent with the precipitation decrease observed in meteorological data. Conversely, measurements performed in deep boreholes since 1994 reveal strong changes in englacial temperature reaching 1.5 °C at a depth of 50 m. We conclude that at such very high elevations, current changes in climate do not lead to visible changes in glacier thickness but cause invisible changes within the glacier in terms of englacial temperatures. Our analysis from numerical modeling shows that glacier near-surface temperature warming is enhanced by increasing melt-frequency at high elevations although the impact on surface mass balance is low. This results in a non-linear response of englacial temperature to currently rising air temperatures. In addition, borehole temperature inversion including a new dataset confirms previous findings of similar air temperature changes at high and low elevations in the Alps.
Characterizing SoTL Across Canada
Authors: Newton Genevieve , Miller-Young Janice , Sanago Monica
Published: September 2019

SoTL Canada recently conducted a survey to gain insight into the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL) activities of faculty and staff at institutions of higher education across Canada. Questions were guided by several principles, including: (a) identifying who is doing SoTL (such as personal, institutional, geographical and professional characteristics); (b) characterizing how SoTL is being conducted, supported, and disseminated (such as collaborations with peers and students, the number of active projects), and (c) differentiating the levels at which SoTL activities are occurring and funded. While we likely did not fully capture the work being done, our inquiry nonetheless provides important data related to the current nature and scope of SoTL in Canada. We noted that the people doing SoTL show a wide diversity of characteristics including appointments and disciplinary affiliations although a majority of respondents were female, and that collaborations with both colleagues and students were commonplace. SoTL continues to be conducted primarily at the classroom level, and approximately 65% of respondents have received funding, mostly from the institutional level. We also found an increased amount of activity compared to the last Canadian survey conducted in 2012, in particular by staff from Centres for Teaching and Learning. Survey participants reported discussing their SoTL findings with their colleagues more often than with their students. A number of areas of future research are identified.
Strict monotonicity and unique continuation of the biharmonic operator - doi: 10.5269/bspm.v30i2.14502
Authors: Tsouli Najib , Chakrone Omar , Rahmani Mostafa , Darhouche Omar
Published: September 2019

In this paper, we will show that the strict monotonicity of the eigenvalues of the biharmonic operator holds if and only if some unique continuation property is satisfied by the corresponding eigenfunctions.
An Investigation of Challenges Teachers Face in Teaching Speaking Skill in Large Classes’ Context: Secondary School EFL Teachers in Focus
Authors: Andualem Desta Minwuyelet
Published: September 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the challenges of teaching speaking skill in a large EFL classrooms. The study was conducted to find out the challenges EFL teachers face while teaching speaking skills in a large classrooms, analyze how the factors affect teaching speaking skill in large classes and see what strategies teachers employ to promote speaking skills in the context of large classrooms. Descriptive method was employed to establish the existence of phenomena by explicitly describing them. Six grade nine EFL teachers and 100 grade nine students were involved in the study. The data were collected by using three tools: questionnaires, classroom observation and interviews. Both quantitative and qualitative data analysis methods were employed to analyze the data. The study showed that there are a number of challenges that contribute not to practice teaching speaking skill in large English language classrooms. According to the findings, although English language teachers have positive attitude towards teaching speaking skill, there are a number of problems that challenge them to practice it. The major challenges were classroom atmospheres which are not convenient for pair and group works, the nature of chairs and desks which are not moveable, the students lack of adequate motivation and courage to speak, the failure of classroom teachers to be committed and use their effort in the teaching learning process, the wide coverage of the contents in the students text book, failures of teachers and students to use different strategies in order to make speaking classroom convenient and effective are some of them. Finally, it was recommended that all concerned bodies, including parents are the most responsible to overcome the challenges and create a conducive atmosphere to conduct speaking classes.
Estándares de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos en materia de imputados y condenados privados de libertad
Authors: Castro Morales Alvaro Esteban
Published: September 2019

Este artículo realiza un análisis sobre los estándares jurisprudenciales de la Corte Interamericana en materia de imputados y condenados privados de libertad. Se describe el rol de la Corte en cuanto mecanismo de protección de derechos de los privados de libertad; el contexto político criminal y realidad de las prisiones latinoamericanas; los derechos que comúnmente han sido violados en las prisiones y lugares de detención; y finalmente las lineas jurisprudenciales más relevantes sobre el ten en cuestión.
El derecho de participación de niños, niñas y adolescentes desde el derecho internacional de los derechos humanos, y su aproximación al proyecto de ley de identidad de género en Chile
Authors: Francesconi Lavinia
Published: September 2019

El texto del presente artículo pretende hacer un breve recopilación de los principales estándares internacionales de derechos humanos relativos al derecho a la participación de niños, niñas y adolescentes (NNA). Se analizan someramente los principales referentes normativos en el sistema universal de protección de los derechos humanos y en el sistema interamericano de derechos humanos en esta materia. El artículo termina finalmente realizando algunas reflexiones sobre el nuevo Proyecto de Ley sobre identidad de género que desde 2013 se discute en el Parlamento de la República de Chile, y que actualmente ha despertado la atención de la opinión pública, a la luz de dicho estándares, a fin de aportar a esta discusión la perspectiva del Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos. Indudablemente, la participación es solamente uno de los numerosos derechos que se ven involucrados en este debate, pero el estudio de este derecho desde la rama del Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos procura otorgar otra mirada a favor de la inclusión de NNA en el proyecto mencionado.
A 40 años de la creación de la Corte IDH, los los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales traspasaron sus puertas y llegaron ¿para quedarse?
Authors: Ronconi Liliana
Published: September 2019

El propósito de este trabajo es reconstruir la línea argumentativa utilizada por la Corte Interamericana El propósito de este trabajo es reconstruir la línea argumentativa utilizada por la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos hasta la resolución del caso Poblete Vilches y otros con Chile, en el cual por primera vez se declara la violación del artículo 26 de la Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos en lo que se refiere a la prestación de medidas de carácter básico (contenido mínimo), en tanto el Estado chileno no garantizó el derecho a la salud. Sostengo que esta decisión de la Corte IDH representa un gran avance en el reconocimiento de la justiciabilidad de los derechos económicos, sociales y culturales en el contexto latinoamericano, en tanto exista violación del contenido mínimo del derecho que afecte a un grupo especialmente vulnerado (adultos mayores).
La Justicia Ambiental en la Evaluación de Desempeño Ambiental: Chile 2016 de la OCDE
Authors: Costa Cordella Ezio
Published: September 2019

El presente artículo avanza sobre una categorización de los conceptos de Justicia Ambiental que permita una mejor comprensión del mismo, para dar una lectura, desde dichos conceptos, de la Evaluación de Desempeño Ambiental de Chile (2016) realizada por la OCDE. El trabajo pretende, por una parte, hacer más concretas las pretensiones de la Justicia Ambiental, mostrando cómo desde una visión desarrollista de política pública es posible de todas maneras empujarla. Por otra parte, la integración del concepto de Justicia Ambiental a las recomendaciones de la OCDE, pretende dotarlas de un mayor sentido y consistencia. Por último, el tratamiento que se le da a dichas recomendaciones supone desnudar situaciones de injusticia ambiental en la configuración social y normativa actual de nuestro país.
El nudo gordiano de lo contencioso-administrativo ambiental
Authors: Jara Daniela , Núñez Álvaro
Published: September 2019

El artículo describe la reclamación del artículo 17 Nº 8 de la Ley Nº 20.600, revisando las principales problemáticas que ha enfrentado en su tramitación judi-cial, para luego analizar las sentencias de reclamación en materia de invalidación, detenién-dose en aquellas que han acogido las acciones intentadas. Así, se revisa lo resuelto por los tribunales ambientales y el plazo en que se dictó la sentencia, analizando si dichos proce-dimientos aseguraron el acceso judicial efectivo en materia ambiental. Asimismo, se estu-dia la posibilidad de que la acción de protección ambiental se erija como una vía de impug-nación más eficiente, frente a los problemas identificados respecto de la acción de reclama-ción. Para ello se revisan fallos del año 2017 que modifican la jurisprudencia de la Corte Suprema, de deferencia hacia la judicatura especializada. Por último, se presenta una solu-ción a las problemáticas identificadas, a través de la aplicación del principio pro actione, conforme al cual los tribunales ambientales debiesen preferir la solución sustantiva y defi-nitiva de las controversias que llegan a su conocimiento, resolviendo el fondo de la solici-tud de invalidación, dejando solo para casos excepcionales la devolución del conocimiento a la administración.
El Programa de Cumplimiento
Authors: Plumer Bodin Marie Claude , Espinoza Galdámes Ariel , Muhr Altamirano Benjamin
Published: September 2019

En el presente artículo se describe la aplicación que ha tenido el Programa de Cumplimiento en la práctica sancionatoria de la Superintendencia del Medio Ambiente. Las cifras expuestas dan cuenta que este instrumento ha tenido una aplicación extensa.

Se observa también que, mediante sus decisiones, la Superintendencia y los tribunales de justicia, han avanzado en precisar de mejor manera su regulación. Se aborda en forma

especial cómo la regulación y la práctica de la tramitación de los programas de Cumplimiento considera espacios para que terceros interesados puedan contribuir en la determinación de su contenido y alcance. Finalmente, teniendo en cuenta el desarrollo reciente del

instrumento y los espacios que se abren para que los terceros interesados se involucren en su tramitación, se exponen los motivos por los cuales se considera que el Programa de Cumplimiento, si es correctamente encausado, puede constituir un mecanismo especialmente idóneo para la solución de conflictos ambientales.
Aplicación de principios ambientales en el control jurisdiccional del actuar de la Administración
Authors: Irarrázabal Sánchez Ricardo , Luengo Troncoso Sebastián
Published: September 2019

El presente artículo efectúa un análisis de la actividad jurisdiccional de los Tribunales Ambientales respecto de la aplicación o adjudicación del derecho que ejercen éstos a la luz de los principios jurídicos ambientales, específicamente en el control de la actividad de la Administración del Estado. De esta manera se estudian ciertas problemáticas contemporáneas de la aplicación de principios, ofreciendo algunas propuestas en el control jurisdiccional de la Administración, sobre la base de la revisión de la jurisprudencia de los Tribunales Ambientales.
La desnaturalización del rol del Análisis General del Impacto Económico y Social en la generación de Normas de Calidad Ambiental
Authors: Currie Ríos Robert , Pérez González Gonzalo
Published: September 2019

La elaboración de las normas de calidad ambiental, ya sean primarias o secundarias, se lleva a cabo mediante un procedimiento que tiene dentro de sus requisitos la elaboración de un análisis técnico y económico. En este contexto, se confeccionan los Análisis Generales de Impacto Económico y Social (AGIES). Las metodologías de confección de los AGIES varían según el tipo de norma de que se trate, sin embargo, la nueva tendencia jurisprudencial obliga y restringe al órgano regulador a utilizar un análisis económico basado en criterios de costo-beneficio, que resulta incompatible con las circunstancias específicas de estas normas y sus objetos de protección. Este trabajo tiene por objeto estudiar el rol de los AGIES en el proceso de generación de normas de calidad ambiental, así como la relevancia de las tendencias jurisprudenciales sobre la materia. Particularmente, se analizan los conflictos interpretativos de esta nueva postura jurisprudencial, así como sus consecuencias en lo que respecta a la justicia ambiental. Finalmente, se reflexiona sobre el impacto de la restricción impuesta en el actuar de la Administración y se esbozan posibles alternativas de análisis económicos que se ajusten a los objetivos y naturaleza de los instrumentos de regulación de calidad ambiental.
Gobernanza forestal en Colombia y Ecuador
Authors: Barragán Terán Daniel , Muñoz Ávila Lina
Published: September 2019

Colombia y Ecuador son ricos en recursos naturales y particularmente cuentan con grandes áreas cubiertas de bosques. Gran parte de estos territorios sirve de hábitat de comunidades campesinas y étnicas, prestan múltiples servicios ecosistémicos y juegan un papel determinante en la lucha contra el cambio climático. Dicha riqueza se contrasta con altas cifras de deforestación y degradación de los suelos, generadas por factores como la tala ilegal, la expansión de la frontera agrícola y ganadera, la minería, entre otros.

Muchas comunidades rurales basan sus economías en la comercialización de productos de flora y fauna silvestre, maderables y no maderables. Lograr el balance entre la conservación y el aprovechamiento sostenible de los recursos forestales es un reto de enormes magnitudes ambos países. El presente artículo plantea que la garantía de acceso a la información, a la participación pública y a la justicia ambiental en asuntos forestales, fortalece la gobernanza de los bosques y genera beneficios económicos, sociales y ambientales, para el Estado, el sector privado y las comunidades. Incorporar a los diferentes actores de la cadena forestal en la gestión y administración de los bosques contribuirá a reducir el número de conflictos ambientales de este sector en Colombia y Ecuador.
Compensación por impactos en biodiversidad y recursos naturales
Authors: Leyton Patricio , Salamanca Carola
Published: September 2019

El presente artículo analiza los avances regulatorios en materia de compensación de biodiversidad y recursos naturales. Para ello, se realiza una revisión de diversas normas en que es posible advertir este tipo de compensación, para luego detenerse en detalle en el Sistema de Evaluación de Impacto Ambiental (SEIA), instrumento de gestión ambiental establecida en la Ley N° 19.300 sobre Bases Generales del Medio Ambiente. El SEIA hace obligatorio para los titulares de proyectos hacerse cargo de los impactos que éstos generan mediante la adopción de medidas de mitigación, reparación y/o compensación. De este modo, las medidas de compensación se encuentran reguladas en el Reglamento del SEIA, si bien en términos bastante genéricos. Es por ello que el Servicio de Evaluación Ambiental (SEA) elaboró la Guía para la Compensación de Biodiversidad en el SEIA. Considerando los criterios que se establecen en el Reglamento y la mencionada Guía, en este trabajo se realiza una revisión de casos prácticos del SEIA, dando cuenta de cómo se han ido aplicando aquellos. Finalmente, se hace un reflexión sobre si estos mecanismos de compensación parecen suficiente para asegurar el resguardo de nuestra biodiversidad y recursos naturales, y hacia donde debiéramos avanzar.
Mecanismos de participación ciudadana en relación con los instrumentos internacionales de Cambio Climático
Authors: Espinoza Galdames Ariel
Published: September 2019

No existen mecanismos formales que garanticen la participación de la ciudadanía en relación a la negociación, ratificación, derogación o implementación de los tratados internacionales en materia de cambio climático. Esto resulta paradójico si se considera que la democracia ambiental se identifica como una condición necesaria para lograr los objetivos de mitigación y adaptación al cambio climático. A partir de ello se hace imprescindible cambiar la visión, respecto de la necesidad y función de la participación ciudadana, y junto a ello, establecer mecanismos formales para garantizar la participación ciudadana, y de esta forma, evitar un posible ejercicio arbitrario de las facultades del ejecutivo en relación a los acuerdos internacionales ambientales, o peor aún, la falta de servicio del Estado en estas materias.
Aplicación de principios de democracia ambiental en la Ley N° 20.920, marco para la gestión de residuos, la Responsabilidad Extendida del Productor y fomento al reciclaje
Authors: Raglianti Borbolla Gianfranco
Published: September 2019

La democracia ambiental constituye una manifestación de la justicia am-biental, entendida ésta en un sentido amplio. Entre sus expresiones se encuentran la partici-pación ciudadana, un adecuado acceso a la información y un acceso efectivo a procedi-mientos judiciales y administrativos. Por su parte, la Ley Nº 20.920, marco para la gestión de residuos, la responsabilidad extendida del productor y fomento al reciclaje, viene a re-formar y sistematizar el tratamiento de residuos en Chile; especialmente a través de la res-ponsabilidad extendida del productor, un instrumento de gestión ambiental, de extendida aplicación en otros países, que convierte a los productores en responsables (operativa o financieramente) de la gestión de los residuos post-consumo, buscando la internalización de sus costos. Por consiguiente, no se trata solo de una nueva ley, sino que es una política pú-blica compleja, que introduce sustantivas alteraciones económicas, regulando un mercado. Este trabajo pretende revisar de qué manera las disposiciones e instrumentos contenidos en la Ley Nº 20.920 plasman distintos principios de democracia ambiental, tomando como marco de referencia el compromiso adoptado por Chile en virtud del Principio 10 de la De-claración de Río sobre Medio Ambiente y Desarrollo, del año 1992.
Regulación de actividades en áreas protegidas
Authors: Püschel Hoeneisen Lorna
Published: September 2019

El presente trabajo tiene por objeto reflexionar sobre la regulación de actividades productivas en áreas protegidas. Luego de una introducción sobre la materia, se presenta la legislación de tres países que son referente en conservación de la biodiversidad, para luego examinar la regulación vigente en Chile. En base a lo anterior, se plantean algunas opciones regulatorias y se efectúan recomendaciones sobre cómo abordar legalmente la regulación de actividades en áreas protegidas.
Política Antártica Nacional chilena 2017
Authors: Chile Estado de
Published: September 2019

Fija los objetivos del Estado de Chile para su quehacer antártico, actualizando la versión del año 2000.
Las consecuencias actuales de la privación ilícita de obras de arte en tiempos del nazismo y la inmunidad del Estado: el caso Cassirer
Authors: Torrecuadrada García-Lozano Soledad
Published: September 2019

Hay consecuencias del Holocausto que aún no se han resuelto. Buena muestra de ello son las reclamaciones de devolución de los bienes que fueron incautados por los nazis, especialmente obras de arte, que llegan hasta nuestros días. La inexistencia de órganos internacionales competentes para resolver aquellas junto con la carencia de normas internacionales aplicables a los supuestos acaecidos antes de su entrada en vigor nos ubican en un escenario de soluciones heterogéneas, debido a la dispersión en lo que se refiere a las normas nacionales existentes al efecto. Por otra parte, los tribunales estadounidenses, que han tenido que resolver múltiples demandas en este sentido, han aplicado sistemáticamente la excepción de expropiación, que presenta dificultades en lo que a su compatibilidad con las normas internacionales (en la actualidad de naturaleza consuetudinaria) existentes sobre las inmunidades de los Estados y de sus bienes, así como sobre la jurisprudencia de la Corte Internacional de Justicia existente en este punto.
"The Development of World Trade Organization Law" de Gregory Messenger
Authors: Tijmes Jaime
Published: September 2019

Recensión del libro “The Development of World Trade Organization Law” de Gregory Messenger, Oxford University Press, 2016.
El crecimiento del reconocimiento local en la protección de la biodiversidad a través de otras medidas eficaces de conservación basadas en áreas
Authors: Sellheim Nikolas
Published: September 2019

At the 10th Conference of the Parties (CoP) of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 2010. the so-called Aichi Biodiversity Targets were adopted. In Target 11, states are to use protected areas and ‘other effective area-based conservation measures’ (OECMs) to achieve quantitative goals of biodiversity protection. However, only at CoP14 in 2018 a definition of OECMs was put in place. This paper presents how despite the absence of a definition countries and organisations have made use of OECMs in their endeavours to protect biodiversity. Focusing particularly on Arctic countries, it is shown that OECMs constitute an important tool for indigenous and local recognition and how the discourse within the CBD has made increasing reference to indigenous and local communities. It is furthermore discussed how OECMs, despite challenges of application, can contribute to a redefinition of ‘conservation’ and to the reaching of biodiversity targets 2020 and beyond.
Regulación chilena para las actividades turísticas en la Antártica
Authors: Flores Barros Carolina
Published: September 2019

Mientras las cifras del turismo antártico aumentan y las actividades que la componen se diversifican, los riesgos para el medioambiente antártico son cada vez mayores. Ante ello, el Sistema del Tratado Antártico ha establecido un marco regulatorio, a través de la Evaluación del Impacto sobre el Medio Ambiente. El presente artículo describe la regulación de esta materia en el Sistema del Tratado Antártico y cómo Chile la ha implementado a nivel político y jurídico.
Economic and social aspects in the analysis of public policies related to brazilian labor market and its performance in the application of capability approach
Authors: Barby Pavani Gustavo , Villatore Marco Antônio César , Bonner Cochran III Augustus
Published: September 2019

Given the cyclical nature of economic crises, this paper aims to demonstrate the importance of employment as a means of promoting the expansion of individual capabilities. It analyzes the Brazilian labor market and its characteristics, eliciting the relevance of addressing the quality of work, especially about its precarity, focusing in reducing inequalities and social exclusion. The paper also outlines about public policies applied by the Brazilian government and points out some alternatives for the country’s labor market based on the expansion of personal freedoms.
Multiculturalismo e trabalho: a proteção do direito de liberdade religiosa de grupos minoritários no Brasil
Authors: Moreira Gomes Ana Virginia , Sienkievicz Machado André Luiz
Published: September 2019

Desenvolvida pelo método de descrição crítico-explicativa próprio da Ciência do Direito, a pesquisa decorre da identificação da necessidade de ordenação sistemática de critérios jurídicos para a solução de conflitos decorrentes do encontro de elementos de diversidade religiosa no ambiente de trabalho, assumindo como hipótese a existência de sistema normativo de proteção dos grupos religiosos minoritários. Para a solução do problema, o propósito geral da investigação consiste em analisar, em uma sociedade multicultural como a brasileira, o âmbito de proteção do direito fundamental de liberdade de religião dos grupos minoritários no campo das relações de trabalho. De modo mais específico, examinam-se os elementos relacionados ao exercício desse direito fundamental na ambiência do trabalho, sobretudo diante de situações de tensão. Para isso, o artigo discute o alcance da proteção do direito fundamental de liberdade religiosa dos grupos minoritários no âmbito das relações contratuais de trabalho, utilizando como paradigma teórico o círculo de interação dialógica e reflexiva entre democracia, multiculturalismo e trabalho no contexto do Estado Democrático de Direito brasileiro. O estudo se inicia ao traçar o panorama da expansão dos grupos religiosos minoritários no Brasil. A análise parte para examinar criticamente o marco de regulação da proteção do direito de liberdade religiosa dos grupos minoritários e do combate a práticas de discriminação relacionadas ao trabalho. Por fim, o estudo descreve os conflitos mais comuns no processo dinâmico de interseção entre religião e trabalho, desenvolvendo critérios jurídicos para a solução desses conflitos.
La mediación procesal de conflictos colectivos en la justicia del trabajo brasileña
Authors: Marion Spengler Fabiana , Dutra Da Costa Márcio
Published: September 2019

El objetivo de este trabajo es discutir el desarrollo de la mediación procesal como método de tratamiento de conflictos colectivos en la justicia del trabajo brasileña. El método de abordaje utilizado es el deductivo, y el método de procedimiento adoptado es el monográfico. Para el tratamiento de tales conflictos, se concluye que la mediación procesal es un método altamente recomendable, pues busca restablecer la capacidad de diálogo entre las partes. Sin embargo, es menester que los magistrados y servidores que estén dispuestos a oficiar como mediadores obedezcan rigurosamente a los principios y reglas contenidos en el Código de Ética de Conciliadores y Mediadores Judiciales, bajo pena de desvirtuar la finalidad del instituto.
Avatares del derecho moderno. Hacia un nuevo concepto de norma
Authors: Billiard Bravo Danilo
Published: September 2019

Cuando la reivindicación y/o recuperación de los derechos sociales aparece como el eje más pregnante de un debate político enmarcado en las tensiones y consecuencias derivadas del derrotero neoliberal, se hace preciso interrogar el paradigma jurídico –dispositivo orientado a la separación entre nomos y bíos y, en efecto, a la subordinación de la vida al derecho– desde la problematización del concepto de norma que la modernidad ha suministrado, con el propósito de desafiar sus límites epistémicos para habilitar un punto de intersección donde vida y derecho se imbriquen a partir de lo que Spinoza denominara como “inmanencia recíproca”, contribuyendo de esta forma al pensamiento de una biopolítica afirmativa.
La dimensión teatral en Gilles Deleuze
Authors: Videla Zavala Fabián
Published: September 2019

Se propone desarrollar el vínculo entre el teatro y el pensamiento de Gilles Deleuze, al interior del programa metafísico presente en Diferencia y repetición. Para ello, primero, se esbozará el vínculo entre la inversión del platonismo y la potencia del simulacro teatral en el pensamiento deleuziano. Segundo, se demostrará que éste último se enuncia desde una ruptura con aquella tradición filosófica marcada por una primera lectura representacional del teatro. Finalmente, dicha ruptura se inscribirá en el interés de Deleuze por una comprensión inventiva de las formas de expresión filosóficas, destinada a reformular los límites y tentativas del pensar.
Plundering Carlow Castle: First Look at a Unique Mesoarchean-Hosted Cu-Co-Au Deposit
Authors: Fox David C.M. , Spinks Samuel C. , Pearce Mark A. , Barham Milo , Le Vaillant Margaux , Thorne Robert L. , Aspandiar Mehrooz , Verrall Mike
Published: September 2019

Economically significant and geologically complex veined Cu-Co-Au mineralization was recently discovered at Carlow Castle in the Pilbara region of northwestern Western Australia. The inferred resource estimate for Carlow Castle as of March 2019 is 7.7 million tonnes (Mt) at 1.06 g/t Au, 0.51% Cu, and 0.08% Co, making it one of Australia’s most significant known Cu-Co-Au deposits. Here we provide the first account and scientific analysis of Carlow Castle. This analysis suggests that it is a hydrothermal Cu-Co-Au deposit, with mineralization hosted in sulfide-rich quartz-carbonate veins. The ore is hosted in veins that occur within a pervasively chloritized shear zone through the regionally significant Regal thrust. At Carlow Castle the shear zone associated with this thrust occurs within the Ruth Well Formation, an Archean mafic volcano-sedimentary sequence. Within the mineralized veins the dominant ore minerals are pyrite (FeS2), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), chalcocite (Cu2S), cobaltite (CoAsS), and electrum (Au,Ag). The genesis of the Carlow Castle deposit is still under investigation; however, the origin of the Cu-Co-Au mineralization is most likely related to the migration of metalliferous fluids along the Regal thrust. Based on Carlow Castle’s stratigraphic position within the Pilbara craton and the craton’s relative stability since the Archean, an Archean age of mineralization is most likely. The distinct Cu-Co-Au enrichment at Carlow Castle makes it unique among Archean ore deposits generally, as the majority of Cu-Co deposits are of maximum Proterozoic age. Therefore, understanding the genesis of the Carlow Castle deposit has important implications for understanding the unique processes through which Cu-Co-Au mineralization outside of basin-hosted ore deposits may be formed, particularly in Archean terranes.