bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimated Drinking Water Fluoride Exposure and Risk of Hip Fracture
Authors: Näsman P. , Ekstrand J. , Granath F. , Ekbom A. , Fored C.M.
Published: October 2013

The cariostatic benefit from water fluoridation is indisputable, but the knowledge of possible adverse effects on bone and fracture risk due to fluoride exposure is ambiguous. The association between long-term (chronic) drinking water fluoride exposure and hip fracture (ICD-7-9: ‘820’ and ICD-10: ‘S72.0-S72.2’) was assessed in Sweden using nationwide registers. All individuals born in Sweden between January 1, 1900 and December 31, 1919, alive and living in their municipality of birth at the time of start of follow-up, were eligible for this study. Information on the study population (n = 473,277) was linked among the Swedish National In-Patient Register (IPR), the Swedish Cause of Death Register, and the Register of Population and Population Changes. Estimated individual drinking water fluoride exposure was stratified into 4 categories: very low, < 0.3 mg/L; low, 0.3 to 0.69 mg/L; medium, 0.7 to 1.49 mg/L; and high, ≥ 1.5 mg/L. Overall, we found no association between chronic fluoride exposure and the occurrence of hip fracture. The risk estimates did not change in analyses restricted to only low-trauma osteoporotic hip fractures. Chronic fluoride exposure from drinking water does not seem to have any important effects on the risk of hip fracture, in the investigated exposure range.
Administrator Views on Providing Self-Determination Instruction in Elementary and Secondary Schools
Authors: Carter Erik W. , Lane Kathleen Lynne , Jenkins Abbie B. , Magill Lauren , Germer Kathryn , Greiner Steven M.
Published: October 2013

We report findings from a statewide study of 333 administrators focused on (a) the extent to which they prioritize each of seven self-determination skills, (b) whether and where staff at their schools are providing instruction on these seven skills, and (c) potential avenues for equipping educators to learn strategies for fostering self-determination. Administrators attributed considerable importance to providing instruction on all seven skills: choice making, decision making, goal setting and attainment, problem solving, self-advocacy and leadership skills, self-awareness and self-knowledge, and self-management and self-regulation. Although administrators reported educators at their school taught these skills with only moderate frequency, the range of classrooms and settings in which each skill was addressed was considerable. Overall, few differences in ratings of importance or frequency of instruction were found based on student disability status or school level.
A Comparative Study of the Job Tasks, Functions, and Knowledge Domains of Rehabilitation Professionals Providing Vocational Rehabilitation Services in Australia and Germany
Authors: Matthews Lynda R. , Buys Nicholas , Randall Christine , Marfels Britta , Niehaus Mathilde , Bauer Jana F.
Published: October 2013

Vocational rehabilitation services have been implemented in a number of countries to facilitate the return to work of sick and injured workers, yet little research has been undertaken to document competencies required to provide services globally. This study compared the job tasks, functions, and knowledge domains deemed important by Australian and German rehabilitation professionals working in vocational rehabilitation settings to identify common practice domains. An online survey comprising items from the Rehabilitation Skills Inventory–Amended and the International Survey of Disability Management was completed by 149 Australian and 217 German rehabilitation professionals. Items from each measure were submitted to factor analysis, using principal axis factoring as the extraction technique. Three common domains were identified: (a) vocational counseling, (b) workplace disability case management, and (c) workplace intervention and program management. Differences in skill and knowledge domains centered on the levels of specialization in vocational rehabilitation practices in each country. Ongoing transnational research is required to ensure that a “global curriculum” covers core competencies, while at the same time allowing for specialization at a local level.
Urban Poverty Traps: Neighbourhoods and Violent Victimisation and Offending in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Parks Michael J.
Published: October 2013

This project examines violent victimisation and offending in poor urban neighbourhoods in Nairobi, Kenya. Using data from the 2000 Nairobi Cross-sectional Slum Survey (NCSS), the study assesses neighbourhood characteristics utilising the foundation from US-based neighbourhood effect research. Results from multilevel models demonstrate that social disorganisation theory and neighbourhood effect research can work as a framework for studying neighbourhood-level processes and public safety in the rapidly urbanising region of sub-Saharan Africa. However, important exceptions exist. A robust and positive relationship between residential stability and violent victimisation by strangers was found. This relationship between residential stability and personal victimisation, in addition to a positive association between household-level residential stability and family violence, shows support for the negative effects associated with poverty traps in urban Africa. Neighbourhood characteristics matter for public safety in Nairobi, but frameworks for examining neighbourhood effects must consider the context of chronically poor neighbourhoods in urban Africa.
Fear of crime and affective ambiguities in the night-time economy
Authors: Brands Jelle , Schwanen Tim , van Aalst Irina
Published: October 2013

This article analyses fear of crime in the night-time economy as an event that emerges from, and unfolds as part of, the on-going encounters with human and non-human elements in particular places. A conceptual approach to understanding fear of crime is elaborated that highlights the role of ambiguity, meaning that a particular element does not have stable, well-determined effects on fear of crime, and the importance of thinking of fear as the folding of immediate futures and the past into the experienced present. Drawing on empirical research with university students in Utrecht, the Netherlands, the article explores how lighting, policing and the presence of ‘undesired others’ affect fear. Multiple forms of ambiguity are shown to exist, suggesting that interventions in the built environment and zero-tolerance policing tactics are unlikely to reduce fear of crime in the night-time economy as much as past research, influential policy and media discourses have suggested.
Trajectories of School Connectedness Across the Middle School Years
Authors: Loukas Alexandra , Cance Jessica Duncan , Batanova Milena
Published: October 2013

Students become increasingly disconnected from their schools across the middle school years, but little is known about the factors contributing to changes in school connectedness. This study examined the time-invariant and time-varying roles of depressive symptoms and externalizing problems in trajectories of student-perceived school connectedness across the middle school years. Three yearly waves of data were collected from 296 students beginning in the sixth grade. Hierarchical linear modeling results indicated that school connectedness declined across time. Initial levels of adjustment problems at school entry were concurrently associated with lower levels of connectedness. Initial levels of externalizing problems did not account for rate of decline, but elevated levels of externalizing problems across the middle school years were associated with lower concurrent levels of connectedness. Surprisingly, initial levels of depressive symptoms predicted a slower rate of decline in connectedness for boys. Findings highlight the detrimental associations between adjustment problems and school connectedness.
John Gatu and the moratorium on missionaries
Authors: Reese Robert
Published: October 2013

In 1971, John Gatu, General Secretary of the Presbyterian Church of East Africa, issued a famous moratorium on foreign missionaries and funds. The immediate reaction was strong and provoked a debate about mission that continues to this day. This article investigates Gatu’s motivation for such abrupt and controversial action and makes a case for considering the moratorium to be a milestone in mission history, marking the symbolic end of the colonial mission paradigm and the start of the postcolonial mission era.
George Washington’s Precedents
Authors: Cook Scott A. , Klay William Earle
Published: October 2013

As the founding president of a new republic, which he called an “experiment” in government, George Washington was keenly aware of the importance of “precedents” in shaping “institutions.” Following the recommendation of Herbert Simon (1947) who believed that administrative theory should be based on identifying decision premises, this study identifies premises, stated as propositions, which guided Washington in what he called his “public administration” for a new nation. These propositions comprise a coherent theoretical framework, based on Enlightenment thinking and values, for studying and practicing public administration.
Playing Violent Video Games Increases Intergroup Bias
Authors: Greitemeyer Tobias
Published: October 2013

Previous research has shown how, why, and for whom violent video game play is related to aggression and aggression-related variables. In contrast, less is known about whether some individuals are more likely than others to be the target of increased aggression after violent video game play. The present research examined the idea that the effects of violent video game play are stronger when the target is a member of an outgroup rather than an ingroup. In fact, a correlational study revealed that violent video game exposure was positively related to ethnocentrism. This relation remained significant when controlling for trait aggression. Providing causal evidence, an experimental study showed that playing a violent video game increased aggressive behavior, and that this effect was more pronounced when the target was an outgroup rather than an ingroup member. Possible mediating mechanisms are discussed.
The Translational Research Impact Scale
Authors: Dembe Allard E. , Lynch Michele S. , Gugiu P. Cristian , Jackson Rebecca D.
Published: October 2013

Increasing emphasis is being placed on measuring return on research investment and determining the true impacts of biomedical research for medical practice and population health. This article describes initial progress on development of a new standardized tool for identifying and measuring impacts across research sites. The Translational Research Impact Scale (TRIS) is intended to provide a systematic approach to assessing impact levels using a set of 72 impact indicators organized into three broad research impact domains and nine subdomains. A validation process was conducted with input from a panel of 31 experts in translational research, who met to define and standardize the measurement of research impacts using the TRIS. Testing was performed to estimate the reliability of the experts’ ratings. The reliability was found to be high (ranging from .75 to .94) in all of the domains and most of the subdomains. A weighting process was performed assigning item weights to the individual indicators, so that composite scores can be derived.
Hierarchical graph maps for visualization of collaborative recommender systems
Authors: Hernando Antonio , Moya Ricardo , Ortega Fernando , Bobadilla Jesús
Published: October 2013

In this paper we provide a method that allows the visualization of similarity relationships present between items of collaborative filtering recommender systems, as well as the relative importance of each of these. The objective is to offer visual representations of the recommender system’s set of items and of their relationships; these graphs show us where the most representative information can be found and which items are rated in a more similar way by the recommender system’s community of users. The visual representations achieved take the shape of phylogenetic trees, displaying the numerical similarity and the reliability between each pair of items considered to be similar. As a case study we provide the results obtained using the public database Movielens 1M, which contains 3900 movies.
New Sites/Sights: Exploring the White Spaces of Organization
Authors: O’Doherty Damian , De Cock Christian , Rehn Alf , Lee Ashcraft Karen
Published: October 2013

Contemporary organization is increasingly understood as contingent and improvisational - and immersed in complex and shadowy realities where customary assumptions about the space and time of organization no longer hold. This Special Issue invites organization studies into an ambivalent space of sites/sights in organization, the double-play of this modest conceptual proposal necessary in order to open up the complex folding of the epistemological and the ontological in organization today. In this introduction we seek to establish and position a distinctive approach to what we claim to be ‘white spaces’ in organization. We show that any adequate treatment of these white spaces compels a significant breaching of the disciplinary norms of organization studies. Our argument derives from a consideration of a range of recently emerging concepts and analyses in the study of organization, all of which are suggestive of crisis and of emerging (anti-)forms of organization. This edition of Organization Studies publishes six papers and three originally commissioned book reviews that help advance this emerging problematic in organization, and which in their various ways extend our understanding of possible organizing futures.
Fashioning an Industry: Socio-cognitive Processes in the Construction of Worth of a New Industry
Authors: Khaire Mukti
Published: October 2013

This study of the high-end fashion industry in India examines the process of construction of the worth of a new industry. Analyses of data from multiple sources revealed that framing by early entrepreneurs and the socio-cognitive processes that resulted from the transactions of field-constituents with the new industry constructed the worth of the industry. These socio-cognitive processes—curation and certification, commentary and critique, co-presentation, comparison and commensuration—enabled broader audiences to make sense of the industry and comprehend its worth. The findings form the basis of a general model of the social construction of worth through a process of distributed sanctification, contributing to the growing literature on social construction of value.
Crossing Borders, Crossing Boundaries
Authors: Morgan Charlie V.
Published: October 2013

How do gender attitudes affect second-generation Asian Americans’ decisions to enter into interethnic heterosexual partnerings? A grounded theory approach was applied to 88 in-depth interviews, which represent a subsample of the respondents from Wave III of the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study. I find that second-generation Asian women seek relationships across ethnic and racial lines as a way to resist patriarchal and gendered attitudes that they perceive are held by men from their own co-ethnic group and often stereotype Asian American men in the process. Cohabitation was also an important aspect of interethnic partnering: Whereas men cohabitated across ethnic and racial lines but typically married co-ethnics (in a process I term imagining the future), women were more likely to resist co-ethnic relationships and crossed ethnic and racial boundaries regardless of the type of relationship.
The Global Christian Forum, A Narrative History: ‘Limuru, Manado and Onwards’
Authors: Jones Sarah Rowland
Published: October 2013

The Global Christian Forum’s international gathering in Limuru, Kenya, in 2007, affirmed the value of this initiative for promoting relationships between Christian traditions with little if any mutual encounter. With this fresh mandate, the Forum organized further regional meetings and extended its methodology into other contexts. Following a second global gathering at Manado, Indonesia, in 2011, it continues to develop its activities. Though its minimal structures and staffing bring challenges, it still aims to deliver what has been described as ‘the best value-for-money ecumenism in the world,’ acting in the service of, and in collaboration with, churches and ecclesial bodies.
The Spirituality at the Heart of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal Movement
Authors: Moran Michelle
Published: October 2013

This article focuses on the spirituality at the heart of the Catholic Charismatic Renewal. The emergence of this ‘renewal movement’ is set within the wider historical context of the Roman Catholic Church in the 20th century. This is also linking in with the current of grace which birthed the worldwide Pentecostal movement. The nature of the Charismatic Renewal is unique as it is not a single unified worldwide movement. It is rather a stream of grace destined to rejuvenate every part of the Church’s life.
Bearing Witness to Christ and to Each Other in the Power of the Holy Spirit: Orthodox Perspectives
Authors: George KM
Published: October 2013

In the wider ecumenical movement, bearing witness to each other in true friendship is a creative gesture inspired by the Holy Spirit. It cuts across religious and denominational divides. The friendship between Gandhi and CF Andrews is invoked as an example of East and West bearing witness to each other. In ancient Asian religious context, mutual witnessing is extended to all sentient beings. From the Orthodox tradition three themes are highlighted as contributing to the Spirit-movement for mutual witness and healing of divisions, namely, Theosis or divinization, the Perfecting work of the Holy Spirit and the Eighth Day. Humanity and the whole creation are involved in the process of divinization. Our mutual relationship is defined by this journey together. The Holy Spirit is continually renewing the creation which is pneumatodynamic, or energized by the Spirit from the beginning to the eschaton. Human beings as leaders and priests of creation are to respond to and cooperate in the perfecting work of the Spirit. The more we rely on the power of the Holy Spirit, the more united and reconciled in Christ we become
Changes and Trends in World Christianity
Authors: Kim Sang-Bok David
Published: October 2013

The centre of world Christianity has shifted to the southern hemisphere largely due to the growth of the Evangelical/Pentecostal/Charismatic churches in Africa, Latin America and Asia. Christian unity is understood more in terms of spiritual unity in Christ than as organizational unity. The Lausanne Congress held in 2010 is a good example of this. Christian unity is to be recognized and celebrated. The primary mission of the Church is to fulfill the Great Commission of our Lord Jesus. As far as Christian unity is concerned, the Global Christian Forum provides the best platform, where all traditions and global church organizations can comfortably come together based on the simplest yet the most essential confession of Christian faith.
Entrepreneurial motivations of women: Evidence from the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Tlaiss Hayfaa A
Published: October 2013

This article explores the entrepreneurial motivations of women entrepreneurs in the United Arab Emirates. It analyses the impact of macro social forces and cultural values on the motivation for entrepreneurship and explores how post-materialism, legitimation and dissatisfaction theories may explain these motives. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with local women entrepreneurs and analyzed using an interpretive approach. The results illustrate how Emirati women entrepreneurs navigate the patriarchy of their society, socio-economic realities, and structural and attitudinal organisational barriers to construct and negotiate their entrepreneurial motivations. The findings also illustrate how the entrepreneurial motivations of Emirati women unfold in a complex interplay between pull and push motivational factors within the Arab patriarchal and Islamic contexts, thus lending credence to the post-materialism, legitimation, and dissatisfaction theories, which collectively help explain the entrepreneurial motives of women in this context.
Digital loyalty card ‘big data’ and small business marketing: Formal versus informal or complementary?
Authors: Donnelly Christina , Simmons Geoff , Armstrong Gillian , Fearne Andrew
Published: October 2013

This article proposes that a complementary relationship exists between the formalised nature of digital loyalty card data, and the informal nature of small business market orientation. A longitudinal, case-based research approach analysed this relationship in small firms given access to Tesco Clubcard data. The findings reveal a new-found structure and precision in small firm marketing planning from data exposure; this complemented rather than conflicted with an intuitive feel for markets. In addition, small firm owners were encouraged to include employees in marketing planning.
Expected Value of Sample Information for Multi-Arm Cluster Randomized Trials with Binary Outcomes
Authors: Welton Nicky J. , Madan Jason J. , Caldwell Deborah M. , Peters Tim J. , Ades Anthony E.
Published: October 2013

Expected value of sample information (EVSI) measures the anticipated net benefit gained from conducting new research with a specific design to add to the evidence on which reimbursement decisions are made. Cluster randomized trials raise specific issues for EVSI calculations because 1) a hierarchical model is necessary to account for between-cluster variability when incorporating new evidence and 2) heterogeneity between clusters needs to be carefully characterized in the cost-effectiveness analysis model. Multi-arm trials provide parameter estimates that are correlated, which needs to be accounted for in EVSI calculations. Furthermore, EVSI is computationally intensive when the net benefit function is nonlinear, due to the need for an inner-simulation step. We develop a method for the computation of EVSI that avoids the inner simulation step for cluster randomized multi-arm trials with a binary outcome, where the net benefit function is linear in the probability of an event but nonlinear in the log-odds ratio parameters. We motivate and illustrate the method with an example of a cluster randomized 2 × 2 factorial trial for interventions to increase attendance at breast screening in the UK, using a previously reported cost-effectiveness model. We highlight assumptions made in our approach, extensions to individually randomized trials and inclusion of covariates, and areas for further developments. We discuss computation time, the research-design space, and the ethical implications of an EVSI approach. We suggest that EVSI is a practical and appropriate tool for the design of cluster randomized trials.
Feminist With Benefits
Authors: Fitz Caroline C. , Zucker Alyssa N.
Published: October 2013

Perceived sexism has been linked to poorer sexual health among women. However, research has yet to examine whether protective factors, specifically liberal feminist beliefs (i.e., support for women’s empowerment and equity), moderate the relation between perceived sexism and precursors to risky sexual behavior. The present studies tested this possibility. In Study 1, 161 female undergraduates reported their liberal feminist beliefs, perceived sexism, and sexual self-efficacy. For women with weaker feminist beliefs, perceived sexism was related to lower sexual self-efficacy. For women with stronger feminist beliefs, perceived sexism was uncorrelated with sexual self-efficacy. In Study 2, 85 women with weaker or stronger liberal feminist beliefs were exposed to either hostile or benevolent sexism and subsequently reported their expectations to initiate condom use during sex. Participants with strong feminist beliefs reported greater anticipated condom use than those with weak feminist beliefs, but only in the hostile sexism condition; in the benevolent sexism condition, women with strong feminist beliefs reported condom use intentions that were similar to those reported by women with weak feminist beliefs. Results suggest women’s attitudes and social environment work together to shape sexual well-being and that liberal feminist beliefs may be a powerful tool women can employ to combat hostile, but not benevolent, sexism.
Political Mediation and American Old-Age Security Exceptionalism
Authors: McCarthy Michael A.
Published: October 2013

Debates over America’s heavy reliance on employer-provided private pensions have understated the profound role organized labor played after World War II. Archival evidence from prominent unions and business associations suggests that the shift in organized labor’s strategy after the New Deal toward electoral activity helps explain critical interventions by Northern Democrats into the system of private pensioning in the postwar period that laid the foundation for America’s old-age security system. Such a strategy was insufficient, however, to expand Social Security. This article offers a political mediation account of electoral activity as a source of labor influence on social policy that draws on political institutionalist and class power theories.
Workplace Compliance With the Law: The Case of the Family and Medical Leave Act
Authors: Armenia Amy , Gerstel Naomi , Wing Coady
Published: October 2013

Using the 2008 National Study of Employers to analyze employers’ compliance with the Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA), we show that prior studies have overestimated compliance due to the treatment of missing values and incomplete definitions of the FMLA. Using partial identification methods, we estimate that FMLA compliance among firms with 50 or more employees in the private sector is at least 54.3% and at most 76.8%. We also look at organizational characteristics that predict compliance, noncompliance, and nonresponse. This analysis suggests that firms with missing data are more similar to noncompliant than compliant firms and that nonresponse may indicate organizational defiance of policy.
Measurement Quality of the Chinese Early Childhood Program Rating Scale
Authors: Chen Dezhi , Hu Bi Ying , Fan Xitao , Li Kejian
Published: October 2013

Adapted from the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale–Revised, the Chinese Early Childhood Program Rating Scale (CECPRS) is a culturally comparable measure for assessing the quality of early childhood education and care programs in the Chinese cultural/social contexts. In this study, 176 kindergarten classrooms were rated with CECPRS on eight dimensions of program quality. Multivariate generalizability theory (MG-theory) was applied to evaluate the reliability of CECPRS ratings. Empirical findings indicate that CECPRS ratings showed excellent reliability, both on the subscales and for the composite. Based on the findings of the D-study for different measurement protocol scenarios, for achieving a good balance between reliability and cost/efficiency, we recommend using two independent raters for each kindergarten classroom. Furthermore, the application of MG-theory in this context broke new ground in the assessment of child care program quality, as the MG-theory provides research and practical possibilities not readily available under the traditional reliability methods.
Taking the cue: The response to US human rights sanctions against third parties
Authors: Peterson Timothy M.
Published: October 2013

Although scholars have suggested that sanctions could have an international symbolic effect in which they inform third parties of sender preferences and resolve, studies have not examined whether and when sanctions against one state lead other states to change similar proscribed behavior. In this paper, I examine whether abusive regimes change their respect for physical integrity rights when they witness US human rights sanctions against third parties. Synthesizing contributions from the literatures on sanction effectiveness, reputation and human rights promotion, I develop a new theory asserting that human rights sanctions can motivate leaders in non-sanctioned states to improve their human rights practices proactively—or at least to prevent worsened abuse—when they perceive themselves as sufficiently similar to the sanction target. I find support for my expectations in stratified Cox proportional hazards models using data spanning 1976–2000.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome in Children
Authors: Potulska-Chromik Anna , Lipowska Marta , Gaweł Małgorzata , Ryniewicz Barbara , Maj Edyta , Kostera-Pruszczyk Anna
Published: October 2013

Carpal tunnel syndrome rarely occurs in children. We retrospectively analyzed clinical data of 11 patients aged 5-17 diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome at a single pediatric neuromuscular center. Nerve conduction studies were performed according to the American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine recommendations. Additional imaging tests of the wrist were performed in 10 patients. In our group of 11 children, carpal tunnel syndrome was idiopathic in only 1 case. In the remaining subjects, it was secondary to congenital bone anomaly (6), hypothyroidism (2), or myopathic contractures (1). In 1 case, metabolic workup revealed an underlying mucopolysaccharidosis. Our results confirm that idiopathic carpal tunnel syndrome is rare in children. Hand clumsiness and thenar hypoplasia rather than sensory complaints are the presenting symptoms. Whenever carpal tunnel syndrome is diagnosed in a child, a thorough differential diagnosis should be made because of the secondary nature of this disease in most pediatric patients.
Effect of anti-TGF-β2 surface modification of polydimethylsiloxane on lens epithelial cell markers of posterior capsule opacification
Authors: Amoozgar Bahram , Fitzpatrick Scott D , Sheardown Heather
Published: October 2013

Posterior capsule opacification is the most common complication of cataract surgery. Lens epithelial cells remaining in the capsular bag following surgery can undergo epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and migrate from the anterior to the posterior capsule, leading to fibrosis, capsular wrinkling, and ultimately vision loss. Transforming growth factor-beta 2 has been shown to play a major role in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Covalent tethering of anti-transforming growth factor-beta 2 to the surface of the intraocular lens material may inhibit epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and the subsequent events, thus leading to a reduction in posterior capsule opacification. In this work, the antibody was tethered to the surface of polydimethylsiloxane as a model lens material via a poly(ethylene) glycol spacer. Surface characterization using a variety of methods demonstrated successful modification. The surface density of the anti-transforming growth factor-beta 2 was approximately 0.5 µg/cm2. The presence of transforming growth factor-beta 2 in cell culture medium stimulated production of extracellular matrix components such as collagen, fibronectin, laminin, and the fibrotic marker α-smooth muscle actin, by HLE-B3 cells. These effects were decreased but not completely eradicated by the presence of the anti-transforming growth factor-beta 2 antibody on the polydimethylsiloxane surface. These results suggest that surface modification with appropriate antifibrotic molecules has the potential to modulate cellular changes following cataract surgery and lead to a reduction in posterior capsule opacification.
Predictors of Treatment Completion in a Sample of Youth Who Have Experienced Physical or Sexual Trauma
Authors: Murphy Robert A. , Sink Holli E. , Ake George S. , Carmody Karen Appleyard , Amaya-Jackson Lisa M. , Briggs Ernestine C.
Published: October 2013

Despite significant advances in knowledge and availability of evidence-based models for child traumatic stress, many children simply do not complete treatment. There remain notable gaps in the services research literature about treatment completion among youth, particularly those who have experienced trauma and related sequelae. This study investigated the linkages among child physical and sexual trauma, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptomatology, and treatment completion utilizing a clinical sample drawn from a large database from community treatment centers across the United States specializing in childhood trauma. Results from regression analyses indicated that neither the experience of sexual nor physical trauma directly predicted successful treatment completion. The links between sexual trauma and treatment completion, however, were mediated by PTSD avoidance symptoms. Children and youth experiencing sexual trauma reported higher levels of avoidance symptoms that were, in turn, significantly associated with a lower likelihood of completing trauma-focused mental health treatment. Practice implications are discussed and include strategies for clinicians to intervene during pivotal points of treatment to improve rates of service utilization and treatment completion.
Local-Area Age Structure and Population Composition
Authors: Vogelsang Eric M. , Raymo James M.
Published: October 2013

Objective: This study examines relationships between local-area age structure and health at older ages. Method: We estimate random intercept models for two disability measures using four waves of data from a national panel study of 3,580 Japanese older adults. Results: Elderly living in relatively older areas reported more difficulties with activities of daily living compared with those living in an “average” age structure. Controlling for individual characteristics and time did little to change this relationship; while a similar relationship between older age structure and functional limitations emerged. Discussion: Residents of relatively older areas tended to have lower socioeconomic status, but this “disadvantage” was offset by their higher rates of employment and marriage. These compositional differences highlight the role of local-area age structure in identifying and understanding elderly health variation between places.
Longitudinal Differences in Cognitive Functioning Among Older Adults With and Without Heart Failure
Authors: Alwerdt Jessie , Edwards Jerri D. , Athilingam Ponrathi , O’Connor Melissa L. , Valdés Elise G.
Published: October 2013

Objective: Secondary data analyses were conducted to examine cognitive function and longitudinal cognitive decline among older adults with and without heart failure (HF). Method: Data from the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly study were used to compare baseline ( N = 2,790) and longitudinal ( n = 692) changes in memory, reasoning, and speed of processing performance among participants ( M age = 73.61, SD = 5.89) who self-reported HF at baseline, developed HF over time, or never reported HF. Results: At baseline, there were differences in memory and speed of processing with participants who never reported HF performing better than those who reported developing HF over time, and those who reported HF at baseline performing the worst ( ps < .05). Longitudinally, participants with self-reported HF at baseline showed declines in reasoning over time. Discussion: The results indicate that cognitive difficulties in memory and speed may occur prior to a HF diagnosis, while those with HF may experience steeper declines in reasoning as measured by word series test.
Nonprofit Governance and Accountability
Authors: Coule Tracey M.
Published: October 2013

Drawing on comparative case studies, this article critiques the positioning of accountability as a benign and straightforward governance function. From a critical management studies perspective, I offer a conceptualization of the relationship between governance and accountability in which issues of power, beliefs about the nature of organizing, and social relations are integral features. The article clarifies how principal-agent governance assumptions, based on a central logic of unitarism, can drive narrow compliance-based interpretations of accountability. Such an approach appears at odds with the values embedded in the social missions of many nonprofits insofar as they prioritize small sections of powerful stakeholders over sustained periods of time. Conversely, a pluralist logic appears to create space for broad accountability to multiple stakeholders. Here, expressive, values-based accountability is seen as a source of legitimacy and can produce complex relationships, which challenge the instrumental orientation to social relations that principal-agent theories assume.
A new method for determining limit strains of materials that show post-uniform elongation behavior
Authors: Turkoz Mevlut , Halkaci Huseyin S , Yigit Osman , Dilmec Murat , Ozturk Fahrettin
Published: October 2013

In this study, a new method is proposed to determine limit strains at the onset of localized necking for ductile materials that show post-uniform elongations. The new method is first applied for AA 5754-O using the ISO 12004-2 forming limit diagram determination standard. The method is also applied for ductile materials of 7114 steel, 304 stainless steel, and CuZn37 brass and finally for AA 2024-T4 having brittle fracture behavior. The results indicate that the new proposed method is quite successful, easy, and accurate for ductile materials that show post-uniform elongations.
Monitoring sand particle concentration in two-phase flow using acoustic emission
Authors: El-Alej ME , Mba D , Yan T
Published: October 2013

This technical note presents an experimental investigation using acoustic emission technology to monitor sand transportation in two-phase flow. The investigation consisted of a preliminary experiment where a single sand particle was dropped onto metal plates to provide a basis for monitoring particle impingement on metal pipes in two-phase or three-phase flow systems. Further investigations were undertaken on two-phase (air–sand) flow in a horizontal pipe where the superficial gas velocity ( VSG) was varied. The objective of this research programme was to explore the possibility of employing acoustic emission as a non-invasive technology for monitoring sand particle concentration levels in multi-phase flow conditions. The experimental findings clearly show that a correlation exists between acoustic emission energy levels, sand concentration and superficial gas velocity.
Unsteady mixed convection flow of a nanofluid near orthogonal stagnation point on a vertical permeable surface
Authors: Tamim Hossein , Dinarvand Saeed , Hosseini Reza , Khalili Sadegh , Pop Ioan
Published: October 2013

The unsteady mixed convection stagnation-point flow of a nanofluid toward a vertical surface is investigated numerically. The external velocity impinges normal to the vertical surface, the surface temperature, and the surface volume fraction of nanoparticles are assumed to vary linearly with the distance from the stagnation point. The model used for the nanofluid incorporates the effects of Brownian motion and thermophoresis. A similarity solution is presented, which depends on the Prandtl number Pr, Lewis number Le, Brownian motion number Nb, and thermophoresis number Nt. The governing system of equations is first transformed into a dimensionless form, and then the resulting equations are solved numerically by using a fourth-order Runge–Kutta scheme coupled with a conventional shooting procedure. The features of the flow, heat, and mass transfer characteristics for different values of the governing parameters are analyzed and discussed. Both assisting and opposing flows are considered. The quantitative comparison of skin friction and heat transfer rates with the published results for special cases is shown.
Magnetohydrodynamic stagnation point flow toward stretching/shrinking permeable plate in porous medium filled with a nanofluid
Authors: Khalili Sadegh , Dinarvand Saeed , Hosseini Reza , Saber Majid , Pop Ioan
Published: October 2013

In this article, the magnetohydrodynamic stagnation point flow and heat transfer of an incompressible viscous nanofluid over a shrinking/stretching permeable sheet is investigated theoretically and analytically. The ambient fluid velocity, stretching/shrinking velocity of sheet and the wall temperature are assumed to vary linearly with the distance from the stagnation point. The similarity solution is used to reduce the governing system of partial differential equations to a set of highly non-linear ordinary differential equations which are then solved analytically using a very efficient technique, namely homotopy analysis method. Expressions for velocity and temperature fields are developed in series form and graphical results are presented to investigate the influence of various pertinent parameters. Here, three different types of nanoparticles, namely copper [Formula: see text], alumina [Formula: see text] and titania [Formula: see text] with water as the base fluid are considered. It is observed that, for all three nanoparticles, the magnitude of the skin friction coefficient and local Nusselt number increases with the nanoparticle volume fraction Φ. The highest values of the skin friction coefficient and the local Nusselt number were obtained for the [Formula: see text] nanoparticles compared to [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text].
The Stability of Intelligence From Age 11 to Age 90 Years
Authors: Deary Ian J. , Pattie Alison , Starr John M.
Published: October 2013

As a foundation for studies of human cognitive aging, it is important to know the stability of individual differences in cognitive ability across the life course. Few studies of cognitive ability have tested the same individuals in youth and old age. We examined the stability and concurrent and predictive validity of individual differences in the same intelligence test administered to the same individuals (the Lothian Birth Cohort of 1921, N = 106) at ages 11 and 90 years. The correlation of Moray House Test scores between age 11 and age 90 was .54 (.67 when corrected for range restriction). This is a valuable foundation for estimating the extent to which cognitive-ability differences in very old age are accounted for by the lifelong stable trait and by the causes of cognitive change across the life course. Moray House Test scores showed strong concurrent and predictive validity with “gold standard” cognitive tests at ages 11 and 90.
Explanation and causal reasoning: A contribution to the interpretation of competing explanatory claims
Authors: Wide Sverre , Boman Ulla Wide
Published: October 2013

The aim of this study is to attain a better understanding of the relationship between competing or complementary scientific explanatory claims. First, six different ways of approaching explanatory claims are briefly described and found, in part, to be unsatisfactory. It is argued that they should be supplemented by an analysis of underlying and sometimes partly unacknowledged causal presuppositions. This approach could be termed a causal analytical investigation, and in order to demonstrate its potential, it is applied to a concrete example: research into dental anxiety. The analysis shows that seemingly competing or complementary explanatory claims here neither compete with nor complement each other; instead, the analysis demonstrates that they explain different things. We then broaden the picture by discussing the relationship between aetiology and treatment. Finally we argue in favour of the general applicability of the approach and its relevance to science in general and to science-based practice.
Noncomfort Medication Use in Acute Care Inpatients Comanaged by Palliative Care Specialists Near the End of Life
Authors: Ma Grace , Downar James
Published: October 2013

Background/Objective:

To examine comfort medication (CM) and noncomfort (NC) medication use in inpatients comanaged by palliative care (PC) near the end of life.

Methods:

Chart review of inpatients comanaged by the PC service at 2 academic hospitals. Medications were categorized as CM and NC medication according to the published guidelines.

Results:

Seventy patients met inclusion criteria. In the final week of life, inpatients were receiving a mean of 6 CM (40 doses) and 7 NC medications (41 doses). Four new NC medications were started per patient, but only 3 were discontinued. The NC medications were most frequently discontinued on the day of PC consult, but 14% were stopped on the day of death/PC unit transfer.

Conclusion:

Inpatients comanaged by PC continue to receive NC medications as they near the end of life.
Size effects on parameters of cohesive zone model in mode I fracture of limestone
Authors: Khoramishad H , Akbardoost J , Ayatollahi MR
Published: October 2013

A method was proposed to determine the cohesive zone model parameters by taking the size effects into account. It has been shown in the past that among the cohesive zone model parameters, the fracture energy in rocks can be considerably dependent on the specimen size. To incorporate the size effects in the fracture energy of rocks, the Bazant’s size effect law was modified based on the concept of the fracture process zone. For this purpose, the fracture process zone length was considered as a function of the specimen size. The proposed approach was employed for determining the cohesive zone model parameters of limestone. Then, the load–displacement curves predicted by the proposed model were compared with the experimental results reported for limestone. It was found that the proposed approach was able to predict the variation of the fracture energy with respect to the specimen size successfully.
Red Cell Distribution Width Identifies Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis in Patients With Headache
Authors: Demir Recep , Saritemur Murat , Ozel Lutfi , Ozdemir Gokhan , Emet Mucahit , Ulvi Hızır
Published: October 2013

Background:

Diagnosing cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) in patients referring to emergency service or neurology outpatient unit with complaints of headache is a challenging task. Magnetic resonance (MR) venography is the gold standard, but there are limitations regarding its use.

Aim:

To evaluate the validity of red cell distribution width (RDW) in CVST diagnosis in patients presenting with headache.

Methods:

A total of 138 patients comprising 37 patients with CVST and 101 control primer headache cases were included in this retrospective cross-sectional study. Control group consists of hospitalized patients with primary headache. Venous blood hemoglobin (Hb), platelet, mean corpuscular volume (MCV), RDW, fibrinogen, and vitamin B12 levels of the patients were recorded at the first referral. Diagnosis of CVST was established by MR venography.

Results:

The RDW ratio of patients with a diagnosis of CVST was significantly higher than that in patients with primary headache (15.3 ± 1.4 vs 13.3 ± 0.5; P <.0001). Fibrinogen and vitamin B12 levels were not significantly different between the 2 groups. In a total of 11 patients, there was more than 1 thrombosis. In 21 of the patients with CVST, gene mutation was detected. There was no significant difference between the patients with and without mutations regarding RDW values. Diagnostic validity of RDW was found to be excellent in differentiating patients with CVST and primary headache (area under the curve = 0.996; 95% CI: 0.990-1.000). Optimum RDW cutoff value was determined as 14.1% (sensitivity: 91.9%, specificity: 99%, positive predictive value: 92.8, negative predictive value: 0.082).

Conclusion:

We suppose that among patients presenting with the complaint of headache, RDW value may lead to diagnose CVST.