bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
L'évolution du droit public en R.D.A. après le VIIIe Congrès du SED (parti socialiste unifié d'Allemagne)
Authors: Riege Gerhard
Published: November 2010

Depuis le début des années soixante-dix, une évolution sensible s'est dessinée dans le droit public de la R.D.A. Elle caractérise notamment les actes législatifs ayant trait à la compétence des organes d'Etat centraux et locaux mais aussi à la place du citoyen dans l'Etat socialiste allemand.

L'auteur analyse essentiellement les modifications apportées en 1974 à la Constitution de 1968 ainsi que certaines lois parallèles concernant le Conseil des ministres, la Chambre du Peuple, le Conseil d'Etat, etc. Il met également en valeur le problème des relations internationales de la R.D.A. d'une part avec l'U.R.S.S. (allié privilégié) et d'autre part avec la R.F.A. (relations d'égalité fondées sur les principes du droit international valant pour l'ensemble des Etats).
Les importations de capitaux et d'équipements et la croissance dans les pays socialistes
Authors: Laski Kazimierz
Published: November 2010

Capital and Equipment Imports and Growth' in Socialist Countries.

The paper deals with the economic rationale and possible consequences of the growing western indebtedness of the socialist countries.

In Section II a general framework of analysis is developed. In socialist countries the aggregate supply constitutes the limiting factor of economic expansion. Under this condition capital imports do accelerate growth. On the other hand, capital exports facilitate expansion of developed capitalist countries when inadequate aggregate demand is the limiting factor.

In Section III the influence of western technology and know-how upon the level and the rate of growth of labour productivity is analysed. It is derived from the process of saturating the capital stock with imported technology.

In Section IV two variants of growth are compared: without and with foreign credits. In phase A the indebtedness increases, in phase B the incurred debt is paid off. The variant with foreign credits assures a higher level of consumption during phase A and after phase B is over, while during phase B the outcome is indeterminate.

Section V deals with the difficulties which the strategy of capital imports must take account of. The first one is related to a limit to which a country can increase her indebtedness. Secondly there is the problem of transforming the imported technology into the capacity to export to the West. Thirdly, the employment situation of western countries can be negatively influenced by import surpluses during the phase of repayment of credits. It can thus happen that in the long run capital imports lead to further aggravation of the difficulties in the western trade of the socialist countries.
Commerce Est-Ouest : une estimation des possibilités et des gains
Authors: Brzeski A.
Published: November 2010

East-West Trade: An Estimate of Potential and Gains.

The trade potential of the Soviet Union and the six European Comecon countries is estimated for 1990. The projections are obtained by extrapolating an empirical relationship between export and import totals on one side, and gross national product and population (a proxy for scale) on the other. On the basis of thus projected trade figures plausible gains are assessed.
Les changements récents dans la structure industrielle et leur impact sur le potentiel d'exportation des pays du CAEM dans le commerce Est-Ouest
Authors: Fallenbuchl Zbigniew M.
Published: November 2010

Recent Changes in Industrial Structure and Their Impact on the Export Potential of CMEA Countries in East-West Trade.

The heavy import of foreign technology and capital during the first half of the 1970's was expected to contribute to the modernization and restructuring of the economies of the CMEA countries which would, in turn, increase overall productivity and expand their export potential. However, all those improvements were undertaken "from above" by the central planners in accordance with their understanding of the needs and possibilities, with distorded price and cost structures, without a significant increase in decentralization and improved flexibility of the production and foreign trade enterprises. Only in Hungary structural changes were, to a certain extent, allowed to result from microeconomic decisions.

Some information on the ability of the CMEA countries to expand their relative position in the world markets is provided by the study of their relative share of those markets for major commodity classes (SITC revised). For all commodity classes taken together there was a slight increase in the CMEA countries' share of the market of developed countries and a considerable decline in their share of the developing countries market. These changes indicated some shift of potential exports from the developing to the developed countries.

A somewhat more disaggregated analysis shows that the Soviet and East European countries were unable to maintain their position as suppliers of cereals, iron and steel and other metal products in both markets and that their expansion of the share in the developed countries market for crude fertilizers and minerals and non-ferrous metals was made at the expense of considerable declines in their share of the market of developing countries.

In all these cases it may perhaps be assumed that difficulties of increasing supply were present. However, the pattern of growth in the CMEA countries is not sensitive to the growth of demand in the market economies. Keeping in mind the high degree of aggregation and difficulties involved in comparing industrial structure with international trade data, there seems to be a certain weakness of the export potential of the CMEA countries in East-West trade resulting from their structural policies which do not seem to be geared to the requirements of the world trade. In the absence of a modification of these policies the CMEA countries may find it difficult to expand their shares in the world markets, to repay the debts and to continue technology transfer.
La politique soviétique d'importation de biens d'équipement : motivations générales et raisons spécifiques de l'appel aux pays occidentaux
Authors: Sokoloff G.
Published: November 2010

Au cours de la période post-stalinienne, l'industrialisation de l'U.R.S.S. s'est accompagnée d'un recours de plus en plus significatif aux fournisseurs occidentaux de biens d'équipement. Le problème examiné dans cet article est celui des raisons fondamentales de cette option soviétique. Les dirigeants de PU.R.S.S. ont-ils été principalement motivés

— par les effets directs et indirects de l'importation sur le potentiel militaire soviétique,

— par la volonté de mettre en harmonie la politique commerciale avec toute la politique étrangère de « coexistence pacifique »,

— par la nécessité de pallier les déficiences technologiques internes à l'aide de la technologie « incorporée » dans les matériels occidentaux,

— par des considérations économiques plus largement définies, où le recours à l'Ouest a été perçu comme un « accélérateur de développement » non exclusivement technologique ?

La méthode suivie consiste à induire les décisions prises de leurs effets, statistiquement observables, sur la structure de l'importation et sur le comportement parallèle de certaines grandeurs économiques internes. Elle permet d'établir que le principal bénéficiaire de l'importation a été l'investissement industriel civil, principalement dans les industries à fort pouvoir d'entraînement.

Le cas soviétique serait, somme toute assez banal, comparé à celui des pays en voie de développement ayant pratiqué une politique semblable. Par rapport à ce qu'on sait de l'originalité du système de décision soviétique, cette banalité est en soi un paradoxe. L'élucidation de ce dernier ne pourra être envisagée que dans le cadre d'un travail beaucoup plus vaste, dont l'article proposé ne constitue qu'une première approche.
Les raisons de développer la coopération économique Est-Ouest
Authors: Popkiewicz Józef
Published: November 2010

Some Reasons far Developing East-West Economic Cooperation.

Parallel to the trend of more flexible and increasingly standardized political relations between East and West, preoccupations of a social and economic nature are beginning to play a decisive role in economic cooperation between the two spheres, progressively overcoming political prejudices and existing obstacles.

The author attempts to make a tabulation of the economic and social motivations which determine East-West cooperation, because, in the final analysis, since they are aimed at precise economic advantages, they are the ones that further the normalization of international economic relations.

The more general goal of economic activity, including the exchange of goods, is the increase of labor productivity, which cannot be achieved either by the East or West in a condition of economic autarchy. Other structural or conjunctural objectives are linked with it: for the socialist countries, that of bringing to an end or reducing the deficit of the internal market, improving the quality of production, importing technology and managerial techniques, procuring credit, etc. For the capitalist countries there is: fuller utilization of idle production capacities, assuring the supply of energy and raw materials through long-term agreements and combating inflation by importing less expensive products, etc.

According to the author, economic cooperation can be expected to become increasingly important if not decisive in the near and distant future.
La politique du taux de change dans les pays membres de la Banque internationale de coopération économique
Authors: Kaser Michael
Published: November 2010

Cet article retrace l'histoire du monopole des transactions de change parallèle à celui du commerce extérieur, en U.R.S.S. depuis 1918 et examine l'adoption par les Soviétiques de la méthode du « Preisausgleich » qui a eu pour résultat l'instauration d'un taux de change pour chaque produit échangé. L'unification des taux de change sur une base directionnelle (membres du CAEM et autres partenaires) a commencé peu après la création de la BICE en 1964 et le degré actuel de multiplicité des taux est décrit en détails.
La convertibilité du rouble transférable
Authors: Fedorowicz Zdzislaw
Published: November 2010

Après la seconde guerre mondiale, les pays socialistes ont adopté le clearing bilatéral, seule méthode applicable aux échanges extérieurs d'un pays à économie planifiée. Us ont ensuite introduit le clearing multilatéral, plus propice à surmonter les obstacles au développement des pays du CAEM et où le rouble transférable devait jouer le rôle d'unité comptable. Mais il apparaît qu'il a de plus en plus tendance à devenir une véritable monnaie internationale, notamment du point de vue micro-économique, c'est-à-dire d'une entreprise du commerce extérieur. En revanche, sur le plan macro-économique, le rouble transférable est plutôt un moyen de comparaison du volume des livraisons réciproques.

L'auteur aborde ensuite le problème de la convertibilité du rouble transférable sous diverses formes : convertibilités externe et interne en monnaies convertibles et convertibilités externe et interne en monnaies nationales des pays du CAEM.

Il estime, en conclusion, que cette convertibilité serait possible à condition que de profonds changements interviennent dans les systèmes économiques des pays du CAEM, surtout en ce qui concerne leurs prix internes.
La convertibilité des monnaies du CAEM
Authors: Marczewski Jean
Published: November 2010

Quatre conditions sont nécessaires pour qu'une monnaie nationale soit convertible en d'autres monnaies convertibles :

1. la libre circulation de la monnaie en question à travers les frontières du pays émetteur ;

2. l'existence d'un large choix de marchandises non affectées à des acheteurs préalablement désignés ;

3. l'existence d'un taux de change fixe ou flottant, égalisant approximativement, à moyen terme, les échanges extérieurs du pays émetteur ;

4. l'existence d'un système de prix représentant au moins approximativement les raretés relatives des facteurs productifs par rapport à la demande intérieure et internationale.

Aucune de ces quatre conditions n'est actuellement satisfaite dans les pays du CAEM, à l'exception partielle de la Hongrie.
Les taux de change et les parités de pouvoir d'achat dans les pays du CAEM
Authors: Wiles Peter
Published: November 2010

Le taux de change commercial n'a pas besoin d'être lié à la parité de pouvoir d'achat de gros mais le taux non commercial doit être proche de la parité au détail. Mais le système antérieur de taux ne présente aucun taux croisé non proportionnel alors que c'est le cas du système adopté par la suite. Harrod/Keynes ont négligé les parités de pouvoir d'achat, leur approche n'ayant cependant rien de commun avec le mode de décision de type soviétique concernant le commerce international.

Il ne faut pas confondre le rapport monnaie intérieure/monnaie devise avec les critères de décision du commerce. Les taux du marché noir sont quasiment sans lien avec une parité quelconque de pouvoir d'achat. Les chiffres concernant le tourisme n'ont aucune signification si on ne tient pas compte des estimations du marché noir.

Toutes ces pratiques sous-optimales ont d'énormes macro-avantages. Le calcul officiel du Preisausgleich est très rationnel.

Les taux de participation au commerce international, quand ils sont exprimés en coût interne des facteurs, montrent que les pays communistes ne sont pas autarciques selon les normes capitalistes.
La politique du taux de change en Hongrie, 1972-1976
Authors: Portes Richard
Published: November 2010

Exchange Rate Policy hi Hungary, 1972-1976.

This paper argues that additional revaluation of the forint in 1973-74, over and above that which was actually implemented, could have helped to stabilise the domestic price level. This policy would also have reduced the need for intervention in the form of the grossly excessive and specific export taxes and import subsidies actually used, without significantly worsening the balance of trade deficit. The exchange rate in Hungary's version of a "modified centrally planned economy" during this period was not a suitable policy instrument for seeking balance of trade equilibrium, because the relevant elasticities were small, and the balance of trade was fundamentally a function of macroeconomic policy, i.e. of the relation between domestic output and absorption (in particular, investment). The appropriate role for the exchange rate was therefore to help maintain domestic price stability in the face of world inflation.
Les prix et le commerce Est-Ouest
Authors: Csikos-Nagy Béla
Published: November 2010

Cet article analyse la problématique du commerce Est-Ouest du point de vue des prix, mode d'approche qui permet d'entrevoir des éléments détaillés que les analyses plus globales n'élucident généralement pas. La première partie est consacrée à un examen des éléments du problème des prix communs à tous les pays du CAEM tandis que la seconde s'interroge plus spécifiquement sur la Hongrie.
Surgical treatment of a cerebral brain abscess in a cat
Authors: Beukers M. , Theyse L. F. H. , Wouters E. G. H.
Published: November 2010

A nine-year-old male castrated European Shorthair cat was presented with a six-day history of progressive depression and ataxic gait. Neurological examination revealed depression, absent menace in the left eye, absent pupillary light reflex in the right eye, anisocoria, circling to the right, and delayed proprioception in all limbs. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a space-occupying right temporal lobe lesion adjacent to a small defect in the temporal bone suggestive of a meningo-encephalitis with concurrent abscess formation. The site was surgically approached by a rostrotentorial craniectomy. A cerebral abscess was found and debrided. Histopathological examination of the removed tissue demonstrated a subacute to chronic purulent encephalitis with extensive necrosis of brain tissue. Neurological symptoms resolved completely within two weeks and full recovery was observed four weeks after surgery.
Treatment of type 2 and 4 olecranon fractures with locking compression plate osteosynthesis in horses: A prospective study (2002–2008)
Authors: Kummer M. , Auer J. , Hagen R. , Fuerst A. , Jackson M.
Published: November 2010

This prospective study describes a series of 18 olecranon fractures in 16 horses that were treated with locking compression plates (LCP). Twelve of the 18 fractures were simple (type 2), whereas six were comminuted (type 4). Six fractures were open and 12 were closed. Each horse underwent LCP osteosynthesis consisting of open reduction and application of one or two LCP. Complete fracture healing was achieved in 13 horses. Three horses had to be euthanatized: two because of severe infection and one because of a comminuted radial fracture 11 days after fixation of the olecranon fracture. Complications encountered after discharge of the horses from the Equine Hospital at the Vetsuisse Faculty (University of Zurich) included implant infection (n = 2) and lameness (n = 3), which were successfully treated with implant removal. Despite being easier to use, LCP osteosynthesis resulted in a clinical outcome similar to DCP osteosynthesis.
Evaluation of intra-articular and subcutaneous administration of meloxicam for postoperative analgesia following stifle surgery in dogs
Authors: Hosgood G. , Rowe E. , Lemke K. A. , Moak P.
Published: November 2010

The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of meloxicam when given by intra-articular (IA) and subcutaneous (SC) routes of administration for postoperative analgesia versus a placebo for dogs undergoing stifle surgery. Twenty-five dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture (CCLR) were randomly assigned to one of three treatment groups, each with nine dogs, before surgical repair of twenty-seven stifles using a modified lateral retinacular imbrication technique. Group 1 dogs received IA administration of meloxicam and SC placebo. Group 2 dogs received IA placebo and SC meloxicam. Group 3 dogs received IA and SC administration of placebo. Dogs were assessed for pain by blinded observers using a visual analog scale (VAS), a numerical pain scoring system (NPS), and measurement of pain threshold using an algometer applied to the affected stifle. Assessments were made prior to pre-medication, postoperatively at the time of extubation, and at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 16, 20, and 24 hours following extubation. The results did not identify any significant effect of treatment between groups on the VAS data, algometer readings, or NPS data. Significantly increased VAS scores and decreased algometer readings were noted from preoperative to postoperative times. No differences were noted in early postoperative pain between dogs treated with IA meloxicam, SC meloxicam, or placebo.

While intra-articular non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug administration has shown efficacy in joint surgery for people, we did not find any evidence to support its use in dogs undergoing repair of CCLR.
Minimally invasive video-assisted cervical ventral slot in dogs
Authors: Manassero M. , Blot S. , Thibaud J. L. , Viateau V. , Leperlier D.
Published: November 2010

Objectives: To investigate the feasibility of a minimally invasive video-assisted (MIVA) cervical ventral slot (VS) in dogs without the use of fluoroscopy, and to report our initial clinical experiences in dogs.

Methods: Two surgical approaches to an inter-vertebral disk space (IVDS) were performed in eight intact canine cadavers to determine the feasibility of MIVA-VS using the Destandau Endospine™ Device
a
(DED) without fluoroscopic guidance. In a subsequent clinical study, 10 client-owned dogs admitted for a Hansen type 1 disk extrusion underwent a MIVA-VS. Recorded data in both studies included: incision lengths, correct targeting of the IVDS, technical problems encountered during the procedure, and potential damage to major anatomical structures. In the 10 clinical cases, duration of the procedure and clinical outcome at five and 12 days, and after a minimum of three months were also recorded.

Results: Correct exposure of the targeted IVDS was achieved in all cases. There was no major iatrogenic damage. Mean skin incision length was 39 mm and mean surgery time was 52 minutes. The technique provided increased illumination and magnification of the surgical field. Recovery was uneventful in all cases.

Clincial relevance: The present study provided evidence that MIVA-VS using the DED was feasible and a relatively fast and safe procedure for the treatment of cervical disk herniation. Advantages of the technique seemed to include shorter incisions, less dissection and improved visibility.
Evaluation of in vitro serial antibiotic elution from meropenem-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate beads after ethylene oxide gas and autoclave sterilization
Authors: Langston C. , Givaruangsawat S. , McLaughlin R. , Báez L. A.
Published: November 2010

Objectives: To determine the elution properties of meropenem and to compare the elutions of meropenem-impregnated polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) beads without sterilization (P-M-C) to those sterilized with steam (P-M-A) and ethylene oxide gas (P-M-EO).

Methods: A commercial bead mould was used to produce four groups of beads: one group without antibiotic (negative control), and three groups of meropenem-impregnated beads: P-M-C, P-M-A, and P-M-EO. The beads were placed in a phosphate buffered solution and eluent samples were collected. Concentrations of the antibiotic in eluent samples from the two sterilized groups and the control beads were determined using a microbiological assay at 1, 3, 6 and 12 hours and at 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 22, 26, and 30 days.

Results: The microbiological assay resulted in no zone of inhibition at all time periods for the P-M-A samples and the samples of PMMA without antimicrobial. The meropenem concentration on the eluent remained above 4 mcg/ml for 15 days in the P-M-C group and until day 18 for P-M-EO group. There was no statistical difference in AUC0-∞ (p <0.318), however significance did occur for MRT (p <0.005) when comparing P-M-C and P-M-EO with the later being higher.

Discussion: The meropenem incorporated in the PMMA beads eluted effectively and gradually decreased after the 24 hour peak, but remained above the concentration level of 4 mcg/ml for 15 days in the P-M-C group and until day 18 for P-M-EO group. Ethylene oxide does not adversely affect meropenem’s elution from PMMA beads.
Review and outlook: from single nanoparticles to self-assembled monolayers and granular GMR sensors
Authors: Weddemann Alexander , Ennen Inga , Regtmeier Anna , Albon Camelia , Wolff Annalena , Eckstädt Katrin , Mill Nadine , Peter Michael K-H , Mattay Jochen , Plattner Carolin , Sewald Norbert , Hütten Andreas
Published: November 2010

This paper highlights recent advances in synthesis, self-assembly and sensing applications of monodisperse magnetic Co and Co-alloyed nanoparticles. A brief introduction to solution phase synthesis techniques as well as the magnetic properties and aspects of the self-assembly process of nanoparticles will be given with the emphasis placed on selected applications, before recent developments of particles in sensor devices are outlined. Here, the paper focuses on the fabrication of granular magnetoresistive sensors by the employment of particles themselves as sensing layers. The role of interparticle interactions is discussed.
Sensing surface PEGylation with microcantilevers
Authors: Backmann Natalija , Kappeler Natascha , Braun Thomas , Huber François , Lang Hans-Peter , Gerber Christoph , Lim Roderick Y H
Published: November 2010

Polymers are often used to modify surface properties to control interfacial processes. Their sensitivity to solvent conditions and ability to undergo conformational transitions makes polymers attractive in tailoring surface properties with specific functionalities leading to applications in diverse areas ranging from tribology to colloidal stability and medicine. A key example is polyethylene glycol (PEG), which is widely used as a protein-resistant coating given its low toxicity and biocompatibility. We report here a microcantilever-based sensor for the in situ characterization of PEG monolayer formation on Au using the “grafting to” approach. Moreover, we demonstrate how microcantilevers can be used to monitor conformational changes in the grafted PEG layer in different solvent conditions. This is supported by atomic force microscope (AFM) images and force–distance curve measurements of the microcantilever chip surface, which show that the grafted PEG undergoes a reversible collapse when switching between good and poor solvent conditions, respectively.
Enhanced visible light photocatalysis through fast crystallization of zinc oxide nanorods
Authors: Baruah Sunandan , Mahmood Mohammad Abbas , Myint Myo Tay Zar , Bora Tanujjal , Dutta Joydeep
Published: November 2010

Hydrothermally grown ZnO nanorods have inherent crystalline defects primarily due to oxygen vacancies that enhance optical absorption in the visible spectrum, opening up possibilities for visible light photocatalysis. Comparison of photocatalytic activity of ZnO nanorods and nanoparticle films on a test contaminant methylene blue with visible light irradiation at 72 kilolux (klx) showed that ZnO nanorods are 12–24% more active than ZnO nanoparticulate films. This can be directly attributed to the increased effective surface area for adsorption of target contaminant molecules. Defects, in the form of interstitials and vacancies, were intentionally created by faster growth of the nanorods by microwave activation. Visible light photocatalytic activity was observed to improve by ≈8% attributed to the availability of more electron deficient sites on the nanorod surfaces. Engineered defect creation in nanostructured photocatalysts could be an attractive solution for visible light photocatalysis.
Uniform excitations in magnetic nanoparticles
Authors: Mørup Steen , Frandsen Cathrine , Hansen Mikkel Fougt
Published: November 2010

We present a short review of the magnetic excitations in nanoparticles below the superparamagnetic blocking temperature. In this temperature regime, the magnetic dynamics in nanoparticles is dominated by uniform excitations, and this leads to a linear temperature dependence of the magnetization and the magnetic hyperfine field, in contrast to the BlochT3/2law in bulk materials. The temperature dependence of the average magnetization is conveniently studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy. The energy of the uniform excitations of magnetic nanoparticles can be studied by inelastic neutron scattering.
Flash laser annealing for controlling size and shape of magnetic alloy nanoparticles
Authors: Alloyeau Damien , Ricolleau Christian , Langlois Cyril , Le Bouar Yann , Loiseau Annick
Published: November 2010

We propose an original route to prepare magnetic alloy nanoparticles with uniform size and shape by using nanosecond annealing under pulsed laser irradiation. As demonstrated here on CoPt nanoparticles, flash laser annealing gives an unprecedented opportunity to control the size and the shape of bimetallic nanoparticles without changing their composition. The mechanisms involved in the complete reshaping of the nanoparticle thin films are discussed and it is also shown that order-disorder phase transformations occur under laser irradiation. This technique is then very interesting for magnetic alloy nanoparticles studies and applications because it opens up a new way to fabricate size-controlled spherical nanoparticles with narrow size dispersion.
On the reticular construction concept of covalent organic frameworks
Authors: Lukose Binit , Kuc Agnieszka , Frenzel Johannes , Heine Thomas
Published: November 2010

The concept of reticular chemistry is investigated to explore the applicability of the formation of Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) from their defined individual building blocks. Thus, we have designed, optimized and investigated a set of reported and hypothetical 2D COFs using Density Functional Theory (DFT) and the related Density Functional based tight-binding (DFTB) method. Linear, trigonal and hexagonal building blocks have been selected for designing hexagonal COF layers. High-symmetry AA and AB stackings are considered, as well as low-symmetry serrated and inclined stackings of the layers. The latter ones are only slightly modified compared to the high-symmetry forms, but show higher energetic stability. Experimental XRD patterns found in literature also support stackings with highest formation energies. All stacking forms vary in their interlayer separations and band gaps; however, their electronic densities of states (DOS) are similar and not significantly different from that of a monolayer. The band gaps are found to be in the range of 1.7–4.0 eV. COFs built of building blocks with a greater number of aromatic rings have smaller band gaps.
Aerosol assisted fabrication of two dimensional ZnO island arrays and honeycomb patterns with identical lattice structures
Authors: Numata Mitsuhiro , Koide Yoshihiro
Published: November 2010

Two dimensional island arrays and honeycomb patterns consisting of ZnO nanocrystal clusters were fabricated on predefined TiO2 seed patterns prepared by vacuum free, aerosol assisted wet-chemical synthesis. The TiO2 seed patterns were prepared by applying an aerosol of a water soluble titanium complex on hexagonally close-packed polystyrene bead arrays for different lengths of time. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that a dot array grows into a honeycomb shape as increasing amounts of the precursor were deposited. ZnO nucleation on substrates with a dot array and honeycomb patterns resulted in the formation of two discrete patterns with contrasting fill fractions of the materials.
ANALYSIS OF THE NUMERICAL MODELLING OF TURBULENCE IN THE CONICAL REVERSE-FLOW CYCLONE
Authors: Jakštonienė Inga , Vaitiekūnas Petras
Published: November 2010

The paper describes the numerical modelling of the swirling fluid flow in the Stairmand cyclone (conical reverse-flow – CRF) with tangential inlet (equipment for separating solid particles from the gaseous fluid flow). A review of experimental and theoretical papers is conducted introducing three-dimen­sional differential equations for transfer processes. The numerical modelling of the Stairmand cyclone the height of which is 0.75 m, diameter – 0.17 m, the height of a cylindrical part – 0.290 m, a conical part – 0,39 m and an inlet area is 0,085×0,032 m is presented. When governing three-dimensional fluid flow, transfer equations Navje-Stokes and Reynolds are solved using the finite volume method in a body-fitted co-ordinate system using standard k– e and RNG k– e model of turbulence. Modelling is realised for inlet velocity 4.64, 9.0 and 14.8 m/s (flow rate was 0.0112, 0.0245 and 0.0388 m3/s). The results obtained from the numerical tests have demonstrated that the RNG k– e model of turbulence yields a reasonably good prediction for highly swirling flows in cyclones: the presented numerical results (tangential and radial velocity profiles) are compared with numerical and experimental data obtained by other authors. The mean relative error of ± 7,5% is found.
STUDIES AND ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STORMWATER RUNOFF PURIFICATION EQUIPMENT IN VILNIUS
Authors: Jaruševičiūtė Egidija , Mažeikienė Aušra , Valentukevičienė Marina
Published: November 2010

In order to protect the natural environment from pollution, pollutant reduction in the stormwater runoff of urban areas is a particularly relevant factor. Uneven surface water flow and changes in pollutant concentration complicate conventional matching techniques and processes as well as prolong the duration of time which requires a comprehensive study in this area. Therefore, experiments on inflow stormwater turbidity and impurity with suspended solids and petroleum products were carried out according to the prepared sample collecting methodology. The study evaluated the effectiveness of cleaning a stormwater treatment plant along the settlement chamber in the chosen points. The settling time of impurities found in stormwater was analyzed under the presence of ideal conditions in the laboratory. The conducted experiments established dependence between suspended solids and turbidity. Stormwater pollution by SS was reduced only to 21–35% after heavy rain or a snow melting period in treatment plants.
THE DYNAMICS OF GROWING HERBACEOUS PLANTS IN THE SOIL CONTAMINATED WITH SODIUM FORMIATE
Authors: Kazlauskienė Agnė
Published: November 2010

Salts are most frequently used for road maintenance in cold seasons in Lithuania. In case the use of salts is mandatory, the proposal is to apply as small amounts as possible following the norms of use. Using alternative de-icing salts and agents, such as formiates is recommended. Formiates can be applied with the aim to reduce road sliperness and as a preventive measure of de-icing road paving. These substances are efficient, environment-friendly and have no corrosive effect. The article presents physicochemical and toxicological characteristics of the above introduced materials.
POSSIBILITIES OF USING STONE WOOL WASTE IN COMPOSTING
Authors: Kukenienė Žydrūnė , Vaišis Vaidotas
Published: November 2010

The aim of research is to check the possibility of composting stone wool waste using sewage sludge. The problem is huge amounts of dumped waste (sewage sludge, production waste in the stone wool) without any treatment. There is no practice to compost production waste in the stone wool in Lithuania. Stone wool waste can be one of bulk materials in the process of sewage sludge composting and can improve the quality of the prepared compost. Production waste in the stone wool contains phenol and formaldehyde that are very hazardous pollutants, and therefore it is important to follow its concentration during the composting process. The paper analyses the degradation of formaldehyde concentration. Adding stone wool waste made no degradation in the composting process. The most remarkable reduction in formaldehyde concentration is observed during the first half of the composting period. The average composting duration is two months which is a sufficient period for formaldehyde degradation.
CLEANING THE SOIL FROM ZINC USING RED CLOVERS “ARIMAIČIAI”
Authors: Mikalajūnė Audronė , Jasulaitytė Giedrė
Published: November 2010

Zinc as a nutrition element is required to plants in small quantities to maintain normal functions of metabolism mechanisms. Our work analyses the efficiency of red clovers “Arimaičiai” for cleaning zinc from the soil contaminated with zinc under laboratory conditions. Seeds were sown in three differently polluted soils: clean soil, once contaminated with zinc and periodically contaminated with zinc soil. Zinc concentration in one time contaminated soil was 45 mg/kg. After 6 months of phytoremediation, the remained zinc concentration in the soil was 3 times lower comparing with the initial concentration. It was also determined that under such conditions, the uptake of red clovers made approximately 65% of zinc. Permanent soil contamination with zinc increased concentration before phytoremediation up to 80 mg/kg. After 6 months of phytoremediation, zinc concentration was determined to be 1.9 times lower. Otherwise, the soil was permanently contaminated with larger zinc quantities and after application of which reached 300 mg/kg. In this case, following half a year of phytoremediation, zinc concentration in the soil was 1.7 times lower comparing with the initial concentration after contamination. It was determined that the uptake of red clovers made approximately 17% of zinc.
THE ANALYSIS OF NEEDS FOR HEATING AND COOLING ENERGY IN THE ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDING WITH BIG GLAZING FACADES
Authors: Pikelytė Vilūnė , Paulauskaitė Sabina
Published: November 2010

The article discusses the influence of big glazing facades on the needs for heating and cooling energy. Three ways of modelling the needs for energy were chosen. The influence of the orientation of the glazing facade and different heat – optical features of glazing on energy needs was established. The paper analyzed the influence of the measures of passive energy saving on the needs for heating and cooling. A comparison of calculation results applying two methods suggesting the needs for cooling energy was made and energy costs of actual and normal heating were examined.
THE INFLUENCE OF AEROSOL CONCENTRATION ON CHANGES IN THE VOLUMETRIC ACTIVITIES OF INDOOR RADON SHORT-TERM DECAY PRODUCTS
Authors: Politova Diana , Jasaitis Dainius
Published: November 2010

The article describes the influence of aerosol concentration on changes in the volumetric activities of indoor radon short-term decay products. The concentration of aerosol in the air, equilibrium factors and unattached fraction were measured under normal living conditions when the concentration of aerosol increases, i.e. burning a candle or frankincense in accommodations, smoke-filled accommodations, a steamy kitchen etc. It has been established that when the concentration of aerosol in the air rises, the number of free atoms of radon short-term decay products attached to aerosol particles also increases, and therefore higher volumetric activity of alpha particles is fixed. A tight positive connection of the correlation between equilibrium factor (F) and aerosol particle concentration in the air of accommodations as well as a negative correlation between unattached fraction and an equilibrium factor have been determined.
MULTI-CRITERIA ANALYSIS OF ENERGY SUPPLY FOR PASVALYS TOWN
Authors: Siniak Natalija , Rogoža Artur
Published: November 2010

The article examines the current heating system in Pasvalys. To improve the efficiency of the system, three alternatives are investigated. The paper presents the calculations of the need for annual heat demand in the town. Based on the available information and data about the systems and their elements, life cycle analysis and multi-criteria analysis were made displaying the obtained results in the article. Currently, environmental protection is closely related to the energy field, and therefore the system is analyzed in respect of energy and ecological aspects, including an economic point of view.
THE ANALYSIS OF BALANCING WATER COOLING SYSTEMS AND MAKING MANAGEMENT DECISIONS REGARDING OFFICE BUILDINGS
Authors: Timofejevas Andrius , Čiuprinskas Kęstutis
Published: November 2010

The paper analyses a cooling system installed using 268 fan coils and having an area of 7900 m2 in a public building situated in Vilnius city. A comparison between a constant flow system having three way valves, a variable flow system having manually balanced valves and a variable flow system having automatically balanced control valves is made. The analysis has been performed to find out initial investments, installation costs and operating costs during 10 year period. Calculation has showed advantages of the variable flow. The overall cost of the system having manually balanced and two way control valves is 20% lower than that of the constant flow system. The overall cost of the system having automatically balanced control valves is 37% lower than that of the constant flow system. The marked differences may increase in case of growth in electricity price.
ENERGY EFFICIENCY IN EU UNIVERSITIES – RESULTS OF THE 1ST LEVEL AUDIT
Authors: Valančius Kęstutis , Mikučionienė Rūta
Published: November 2010

The paper presents the main ideas of the project considering the programme “Intelligent Energy – Europe (IEE) / Use Efficiency: Universities and Students for Energy Efficiency”. The article focuses on project goals, outputs, results and work programme. The methods of energy performance analysis and consumption benchmarks are described. Operational Rating method for 1st level analysis is preferred as the most reasonable. The principles of critical buildings, including some examples are identified. The obtained results of the 1st level audit of 9 EU universities are given.
Aportación de la gestión de calidad a Bibliotecas y Servicios de Documentación
Authors: Garcia-Morales Huidobro E.
Published: November 2010

Las Bibliotecas y Servicios de Documentación deben mirar hacia adelante y adaptarse a los cambios que se producen en su entorno. Se plantean las aportaciones de la filosofía de la Gestión de la Calidad en la adecuación de nuestros servicios a las necesidades de los clientes y en la mejora de los procesos de trabajo y control internos.
Lo que usted siempre quiso saber sobre América Latina y no supo dónde buscar. La necesidad de crear directorios especializados de bases de datos
Authors: Sorli A. , Rodríguez Yunta L.
Published: November 2010

Se plantea la necesidad de crear directorios especializados de bases de datos. Se muestra la experiencia de una base de datos de bases de datos con información sobre América Latina en colaboración con REDIAL.
Suministro de documentos: costes y precios
Authors: Vázquez Valero M.
Published: November 2010

Se examinan los costes directos e indirectos generados en el suministro de documentos primarios, tanto en el caso de reproducción como de préstamo, así como las posibles opciones que se pueden establecer para la financiación de dichos costes, indicando las ventajas e inconvenientes de cada una de ellas. Después de exponer la normativa legal vigente sobre el cobro de servicios públicos, se recoge en una tabla la gama de valores máximos y mínimos en la que oscilan las tarifas aplicadas por unas 500 bibliotecas españolas. Los datos aportados destacan la necesidad de coordinación entre esas bibliotecas, a fin de homogeneizar tanto las tarifas como las modalidades de pago y petición.
Cooperación europea e intervención comunitaria: panorámica del Programa Bibliotecas
Authors: Altuna Esteibar B.
Published: November 2010

Se revisa la acción comunitaria en el área de bibliotecas a partir de 1984. Se analiza específicamente el programa BIBLIOTECAS dentro del Programa Marco europeo de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico y el impacto en la cultura de cooperación bibliotecaria, tanto en el entorno europeo como en el español. Se describen los proyectos con participación española en las tres convocatorias.
El mercado de trabajo de los documentalistas en España: análisis de una muestras de ofertas de empleo, 1984-1994
Authors: Montes López Evelio
Published: November 2010

Se analiza una muestra de 98 ofertas de trabajo para documentalistas, bibliotecarios, archiveros y gestores de información, publicadas en dos diarios españoles de ámbito nacional entre 1984 y 1994. Más de la mitad de los puestos se dirigen a documentalistas, y corresponden a entidades del sector privado. En la mayoría de los casos se exige titulación académica de grado superior, así como algún tipo de formación complementaria en documentación, biblioteconomía o archivística. Entre los requisitos más específicos se valora, sobre todo, la experiencia en procesos y sistemas automatizados. Las funciones asignadas a la mayoría de los puestos son de carácter técnico.
Migración de sistemas automatizados: política y gestión del cambio en bibliotecas
Authors: Ballester Josefina , Keefer Alice
Published: November 2010

Las bibliotecas, para poder sobrevivir, han de adaptarse a las demandas de los usuarios, de una manera más flexible, sensible y eficaz. Los nuevos desarrollos tecnológicos ayudan a la biblioteca a adecuarse a sus nuevas necesidades, y es por ello por lo que más frecuentemente se produce el cambio de un sistema automatizado a otro. La implementación de un segundo sistema es un proceso más complejo, debido a las nuevas prestaciones que se incorporan y al tener que migrar los datos ya existentes en el primer sistema. En este artículo se analiza el por qué, el cómo y el cuándo del cambio de sistema, así como las líneas de actuación previas que se han de seguir antes de iniciar el cambio: objetivos, análisis de necesidades, definición de especificaciones técnicas y evaluación. Una vez elegido el producto, se inicia la gestión del cambio que involucra tanto a la dirección para que lo controle, como al personal que actúa como agente del cambio. Por último, se analiza el papel tan importante que juega, en el éxito del nuevo sistema, la participación del personal, su formación y los canales de comunicación que se establezcan en la biblioteca.
Errores ortográficos en el ingreso en bases de datos
Authors: Spinak Ernesto
Published: November 2010

Se estudian los problemas de la corrección ortográfica en el ingreso de registros en bases de datos en idioma español. Se evalúan los pros y contras de cuatro métodos de control: doble entrada, hápax legómena, trigramas y uso de diccionarios, con vistas a determinar cuáles de estos procedimientos ofrecen mejor relación de costo/resultado. El trabajo está enfocado a los procesos de ingreso por digitación, y no se analizan los errores ortográficos de los ingresos por lectura óptica.
La responsabilidad de los profesionales de la documentación en la prestación de servicios de información
Authors: Fernández-Molina J. Carlos
Published: November 2010

La información se ha convertido en un recurso imprescindible para el desarrollo de todo tipo de actividades, por lo que su ausencia, falsedad, parcialidad o mala calidad puede ocasionar graves daños al que depende de ella. En consecuencia, los profesionales de la documentación, como especialistas en su suministro, pueden tener que responder legalmente si como resultado de la prestación de sus servicios se causan perjuicios a su usuario o cliente. Mediante el análisis de las principales normas españolas y del proyecto de directiva europea sobre la materia, este artículo intenta presentar y discutir los problemas básicos de la responsabilidad, examinando sus implicaciones para los profesionales de la documentación.
La actividad grupal con los usuarios: una vía para resolver el desbalance entre la producción y el consumo de información
Authors: González Suárez Enrique
Published: November 2010

Se plantea que la actividad grupal del sistema informativo bibliotecario con sus usuarios finales, materializada en las reuniones informativas como método de interpretación y comunicación, propicia un mayor balance entre la producción y el consumo de información.
De D' Alembert al CD-ROM: las enciclopedias electrónicas o la aparición de un nuevo paradigma
Authors: Cordón García José Antonio
Published: November 2010

Desde la aparición de la Encyclopédie de Diderot y D'Alembert en la segunda mitad del siglo XVIlI, las enciclopedias habían experimentado cambios, pero sin alterar sustancialmente el modelo enciclopédico establecido por aquéllos. La aparición de los soportes de almacenamiento masivo de la información y de sofisticados sistemas de recuperación como los hipertextos ha modificado considerablemente las posibilidades informativas de estas obras, posibilitando la aparición de un nuevo modelo en el que la interactividad es su principal característica. Ahora bien, con ser importantes las mejoras que las nuevas tecnologías multimedia e hipermedia introducen, es preciso contemplarlas críticamente valorando su utilidad, pero también sus deficiencias en determinados contextos. Aunque los sectores editoriales tradicionales muestran todavía reticencias ante esta anunciada irrupción, la acelerada dinámica del fenómeno multimedia les obligará a inminentes reconversiones, como ha puesto de manifiesto la Dirección General XIII de la Unión Europea.