bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhancing magnetic anisotropy and stability of α″-Fe16N2 phase by Co and V co-substitution
Authors: Ochirkhuyag T. , Hong S. C. , Odkhuu D.
Published: January 2021

Employing first-principles density functional calculations, we investigate critical effects of V and Co co-substitution on the structural stability and intrinsic magnetic properties of α″-phase Fe16N2. We demonstrate that only 1 or 2 V substitutes per formula unit stabilize the α″ phase and enhance uniaxial magnetic anisotropy (Ku) up to 1.1 MJ m−3, which is nearly 2 times that of 0.6 MJ m−3 in α″-Fe16N2. It is further predicted that Ku can even reach up to 1.8 MJ m−3 in Fe12V2Co2N2 with good stability. These results provide an instructive guideline for simultaneous enhancement of the structural stability and energy product in 3d-only permanent magnets.
Phase transitions induced by concentration and thermodynamic magnetic fluctuations in chiral ferromagnets Fe1-xCoxSi
Authors: Povzner Alexander , Volkov Arkadij , Nogovitsyna Tatiana , Bessonov Sergey
Published: January 2021

Taking into account the results of LDA+U+SO-modeling of the electronic structure of Fe1-xCoxSi, temperature-prolonged magnetic phase transitions of the first order in strongly correlated alloys with a broken crystal structure of the B20 type are investigated. It is shown that such phase transitions are induced by concentration and thermodynamic fluctuations for compositions with 0.2<x<0.65 and are accompanied by a change in the sign of the mode-mode coupling parameter. In this case, an intermediate region appears between the long-range order phases and the paramagnetic phase, with the short-range spin order characterized by ferromagnetic and helicoidal spatial fluctuations. We have defined the intervals of external magnetic fields, at which skyrmion microstructures spatially limited by the crossover of helicoidal and ferromagnetic fluctuations appear in the considered region of the extended phase transition. The peculiarities of the temperature dependences of the magnetic susceptibility in an external magnetic field, characteristic of the appearance of skyrmions, are obtained.
Temperature dependence of the magnetic interactions taking place in monodisperse magnetite nanoparticles having different morphologies
Authors: Navarro Enrique , Luengo Yurena , Veintemillas Sabino , Morales Puerto , Palomares F. Javier , Urdiroz Unai , Cebollada Federico , González Jesús M.
Published: January 2021

We report on the temperature dependence of the interactions present in single crystal magnetite nanoparticles having octahedral and spherical morphologies. From our results we conclude that the inter-particle interactions are, at all temperatures and in both octahedral and spherical nanoparticles, demagnetizing in nature. These interactions are not describable in terms of a mean field but local and linked to the poles present at the surfaces of the particles and particles clusters. In both samples, the peak on the field dependence of the interactions has an associated maximum that decreases in magnitude with an increase of the measuring temperature. Also, that peak gets narrower when the temperature is increased. The high order multipolar moments of the octahedral nanoparticles, originated by the fact that their morphology includes the presence of edges an dihedra, is detectable in the larger field range in which the interactions are observable in these samples in comparison with that corresponding to the spherical nanoparticles, exhibiting close-to-dipolar moments.
Magnetic hysteresis of blocked ferrihydrite nanoparticles
Authors: Komogortsev S. V. , Balaev D. A. , Krasikov A. A. , Stolyar S. V. , Yaroslavtsev R. N. , Ladygina V. P. , Iskhakov R. S.
Published: January 2021

Using minor hysteresis loops in the Stoner–Wohlfarth model allows describing the experimental behavior of the coercive force of minor hysteresis loops in ferrihydrite nanoparticles with a change in the field amplitude. The description allows estimating the parameters of the distribution of the magnetic anisotropy field in nanoparticles. The best agreement of the anisotropy fields estimated by different approaches is achieved for the assumption of uniaxial anisotropy in ferrihydrite nanoparticles.
Peculiarities of the electro- and magnetoresistivity of WTe2 and MoTe2 single crystals before and after quenching
Authors: Domozhirova A. N. , Naumov S. V. , Podgornykh S. M. , Marchenkova E. B. , Chistyakov V. V. , Huang J. C. A. , Marchenkov V. V.
Published: January 2021

WTe2 and MoTe2 single crystals were grown, some of them were quenched, and the following properties were studied: electroresistivity in the temperature range from 1.8 to 300 K, magnetoresistivity at temperatures from 1.8 to 300 K in magnetic fields of up to 9 T. On the one hand, quenching leads to dramatic changes in the behaviour and value of the electroresistivity of MoTe2; the type of the electroresistivity changes from “semiconductor” to “metallic”, and the electroresistivity values of MoTe2 before and after quenching differ by 8 orders of magnitude (!) at low temperatures. On the other hand, quenching is shown not to lead to significant changes in the behaviour and value of the electroresistivity of WTe2. A relatively small increase in the electroresistivity of quenched WTe2 at low temperatures can be associated with the scattering of current carriers by structural defects. The magnetoresistivity of MoTe2 increases from 7 to 16% in a field of 9 T at a temperature of 12 K as a result of quenching. The magnetoresistivity of WTe2 is shown to reach ∼1700% in a field of 9 T at 2 K. The behaviour of the magnetoresistivity of non-quenched samples is typical for compensated conductors with a closed Fermi surface.
Leaf gas exchange and bean quality fluctuations over the whole canopy vertical profile of Arabic coffee cultivated under elevated CO2
Authors: Rakocevic Miroslava , Batista Eunice R. , Pazianotto Ricardo A. A. , Scholz Maria B. S. , Souza Guilherme A. R. , Campostrini Eliemar , Ramalho José C.
Published: January 2021

Leaves in different positions respond differently to dynamic ﬂuctuations in light availability, temperature and to multiple environmental stresses. The current hypothesis states that elevated atmospheric CO2 (e[CO2]) can compensate for the negative effects of water scarcity regarding leaf gas exchanges and coffee bean quality traits over the canopy vertical profile, in interactions with light and temperature microclimate during the two final stages of berry development. Responses of Coffea arabica L. were observed in the 5th year of a free air CO2 enrichment experiment (FACE) under water-limited rainfed conditions. The light dependent leaf photosynthesis curves (A/PAR) were modelled for leaves sampled from vertical profile divided into four 50-cm thick layers. e[CO2] significantly increased gross photosynthesis (AmaxGross), the apparent quantum yield efficiency, light compensation point, light saturation point (LSP) and dark respiration rate (Rd). As a specific stage response, considering berry ripening, all parameters calculated from A/PAR were insensitive to leaf position over the vertical profile. Lack of a progressive increase in AmaxGross and LSP was observed over the whole canopy profile in both stages, especially in the two lowest layers, indicating leaf plasticity to light. Negative correlation of Rd to leaf temperature (TL) was observed under e[CO2] in both stages. Under e[CO2], stomatal conductance was also negatively correlated with TL, reducing leaf transpiration and Rd even with increasing TL. This indicated coffee leaf acclimation to elevated temperatures under e[CO2] and water restriction. The e[CO2] attenuation occurred under water restriction, especially in A and water use efficiency, in both stages, with the exception of the lowest two layers. Under e[CO2], coffee produced berries in moderate- and high light level layers, with homogeneous distribution among them, contrasted to the heterogeneous distribution under actual CO2. e[CO2] led to increased caffeine content in the highest layer, with reduction of chlorogenic acid and lipids under moderate light and to raised levels of sugar in the shaded low layer. The ability of coffee to respond to e[CO2] under limited soil water was expressed through the integrated individual leaf capacities to use the available light and water, resulting in final plant investments in new reproductive structures in moderate and high light level layers.
Urban landscape attributes affect occupancy patterns of the San Joaquin kit fox during an epizootic
Authors: Deatherage Nicole A. , Cypher Brian L. , Murdoch James , Westall Tory L. , Kelly Erica C. , Germano David J.
Published: January 2021

The federally endangered and California state threatened San Joaquin kit fox (Vulpes macrotis mutica) persists in relatively high density in the urban environment of Bakersfield, California, USA. Coyotes (Canis latrans), red foxes (V. vulpes), and gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) are natural competitors of San Joaquin kit foxes, and their presence in Bakersfield potentially impacts kit foxes. We used annual camera survey data in 111 randomly selected 1-km2 grid cells to investigate the influence of landscape attributes and the presence of canid competitors on San Joaquin kit fox occupancy from 2015 to 2019 in Bakersfield. Of 59 candidate models, our results indicated that occupancy patterns of urban kit foxes were driven primarily by a selection for campuses (e.g. schools, churches, and medical centres), followed by an avoidance of paved roads. Presence of other canids was associated with kit fox presence during surveys but did not have a discernable effect on occupancy, possibly due to a relatively low number of detections. Kit fox occupancy was estimated to have declined by 40% in Bakersfield over the 5-year study, likely due to sarcoptic mange (canis variety skin mite, Sarcoptes scabiei) disease as evidenced by a 37–49% extinction probability as a result of mange. Despite mange, the San Joaquin kit fox population in Bakersfield is one of the largest remaining populations. Awareness of the selection for campuses and avoidance of paved roads by San Joaquin kit foxes can help to develop effective land management and mitigation policy for kit foxes affected by urban development.
Ecological correlates of species’ roles in highly invaded seed dispersal networks
Authors: Vizentin-Bugoni Jeferson , Sperry Jinelle H. , Kelley J. Patrick , Gleditsch Jason M. , Foster Jeffrey T. , Drake Donald R. , Hruska Amy M. , Wilcox Rebecca C. , Case Samuel B. , Tarwater Corey E.
Published: January 2021

Significance

Species invasions and introductions are reshaping ecosystems around the world. In such novel ecological scenarios, it remains unclear whether crucial ecosystem functions played by lost native species may be partially or fully replaced by introduced species. We show that introduced plants and seed dispersers may take over interaction networks, playing key roles and governing network structure, with potential implications for its dynamics. The roles species play in novel networks are, however, defined by similar mechanisms that shape native-dominated communities. This indicates that the impacts of introduced species on invaded ecosystems can be anticipated based on ecological characteristics. Our results provide valuable recommendations for ecosystem management and restoration of increasingly degraded biological communities worldwide.
Hydrogen sulfide is neuroprotective in Alzheimer’s disease by sulfhydrating GSK3β and inhibiting Tau hyperphosphorylation
Authors: Giovinazzo Daniel , Bursac Biljana , Sbodio Juan I. , Nalluru Sumedha , Vignane Thibaut , Snowman Adele M. , Albacarys Lauren M. , Sedlak Thomas W. , Torregrossa Roberta , Whiteman Matthew , Filipovic Milos R. , Snyder Solomon H. , Paul Bindu D.
Published: January 2021

Significance

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia in the elderly. Although dysregulated hydrogen sulfide (H
2
S) metabolism has been reported in AD, and H
2
S donors are beneficial, molecular mechanisms underlying neuroprotective effects of H
2
S are largely unknown. We now show that H
2
S confers neuroprotection by sulfhydrating GSK3β to inhibit its activity, thereby preventing hyperphosphorylation of Tau, a key pathogenic event in AD. Administering H
2
S donors improves motor and cognitive functions in a mouse model of AD.
Identity, ideology and threatening communication
Authors: Etaywe Awni , Zappavigna Michele
Published: January 2021

Linguistic analysis of the interpersonal patterning of threatening communication is a means of uncovering the attitudes, ideological orientation, and hostile intentions of perpetrators of violence in terrorist discourse (Gales 2010,2011). Corpus analysis focused on attitudinal meaning also offers a diagnostic for characterizing the personal and relational identities (Bednarek 2010) manifest in such texts. This paper explores discursive patterns of authorial identity in terrorist communication in a set of post-9/11 terrorist public statements made by former al-Qaeda leader, Osama bin Laden. It draws on the Appraisal framework (Martin and White 2005), a model of evaluative language developed within Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), to investigate the interpersonal component in this dataset. Specifically, patterns ofattitudeprovide evidence of relational and actional attitude, and personal and relational identities. Negativejudgementwas found to characterize the encoded attitude in terms of (i) construing aggression and conflicting moral values (e.g.,social sanctionunderpinning a perceived personal duty) and (ii) enacting the author’s aggressive and aloof identity, and violent actional attitude.
Mapping different L1 dialects to L2 words
Authors: Shea Christine
Published: January 2021

We ask how dialect experience affects the perception of modified L2 words by speakers of different L1 dialects. Colombian
Spanish speakers from Barranquilla (s-aspirating dialect) and Bogota (non-s-aspirating dialect) carried out cross-dialect phonological
priming experiments in Spanish and L2 English. For Spanish, primes and targets were counterbalanced across dialect features. For English,
half the primes and targets exhibited the /s/-aspiration of the Barranquilla dialect. Results showed an interaction between trial type and group
for the s-aspirated forms. The Barranquilla group showed a significant priming effect in Spanish and also for the nonword /s/-aspirated
forms in English. Further analysis revealed that the priming effect for English /s/-aspirated forms was attenuated in Barranquilla listeners
with greater English proficiency. These results show that second language listeners transfer abstract native language dialect knowledge to
L2 input even when this knowledge is not directly part of the L2 input, providing evidence for the transfer of abstract, socially-indexed
knowledge to the processing of L2.
Autonomous Cobweb Cleaner
Authors: John Dhanaseely A , Arun Kumar S , Karmegan C
Published: January 2021

Cleaning is an advancement of inhale dust on the surface of any object or wall. Nowadays dust cleaning is a tedious task in many of the industry especially for the food processing Industries which are the milk, oil, soft drinks, chocolate etc., while cleaning the ceiling there may be a possibility of dust falling into the products which may cause the serious issue in the quality control. If it is not observed during quality test and reached to the consumer it also affects the marketing of that product. Hence the cleaning process in food processing industry is important. When the workers are employed for the cleaning process, it leads to difficulties such as health issues to the workers and time consuming job. During manual cleaning process the food processing have to be stopped to avoid the dust falling on the product. Being a repetitive process it affects the production. To overcome all the drawbacks an automated cobweb cleaner is designed. In this paper, design and implementation of automated cobweb cleaner is presented.
Deep Learning based Intelligent E-mail Autoresponder
Authors: Lakshmi Priya B. , Jayalakshmy S. , Saraswathi D. , Kumar V. , Dinesh E.
Published: January 2021

Handling huge volume of emails is a very challenging task in the customer support applications and an automated email responding system will be of great help. In this paper, an intelligent email autoresponder system is developed which either attempts to respond to the incoming emails from various category of customers or generate token for service request to address the issue manually by an expert member. First, based on the content the system has to predict whether the mail belong to the category of auto responding or to invoke a service request. This classification of email is carried out using long short term (LSTM) and bi-directional LSTM networks (Bi-LSTM) networks and the classification performance is analyzed. The results presented in this work show that the Bi-LSTM classifier outperforms LSTM network.
IOT Based Remote Monitoring for HT Motors in Thermal Power Plant
Authors: Balaji B. , Abinaya B. , Gobika K. , Kavitha K.
Published: January 2021

This paper explains about IOT Based remote monitoring for HT motor. HT motor were normally used widely in the industrial field in which it works on 3.3kv,6.6kv and in11kv. If any fault occurs, that causes HT motor to be failure. Which it leads to an shut down of generating station or in industrial field and there will be an chance of occurrence of heavy loss. To avoid such a failure, an continuous monitor had to be done. The main motto of this paper is to continuous monitoring of various parameters of motor like speed, vibration, temperature, current and voltage of HT motor and controls it by using an IOT.
Estimating Tissue from Backbone Using Radiograph by SVM and OTSU Method
Authors: Preethi N. , Vinodhini C.M , Nivethaa D
Published: January 2021

The sedate destruction that occurs in joint tissue gives rise to RA disease, which is evident in a radiograph. The swelling caused by this disease leads to further vandalism in the rest of the chunk. For MS (Multiple Sclerosis) patients the spinal cord is routinely influenced information from Magnetic Resonance imaging comes up with a computation of recognition forecasting and to keep track of the disease. The initial action of the processing technique is to carve up the image into sections. The OTSU thresholding technique enrolled for scraping and segmenting the bone image by computerized set of rules. Raising an unerring model for prognosticating the ability of present and future contortion are the important constituents of scheduling a treatment. Here we propose an ANFIS technique for a superior categorization of the feed image. Experimental results bespeak the potency for the discernment of the lesion in the tissues at the prompt.
Secure Violent Detection in Android Application with Trust Analysis in Google Play
Authors: Saravanan D. , Feroskhan J. , Parthiban R. , Usharani S.
Published: January 2021

The Android application is turning into a doable two conversations optional to the ordinary infrastructural model for current cell supporter contraptions furnished with short-extend correspondence applied sciences for instance, The Bluetooth, NFC and Wi-Fi Direct. Proximity brutality is a class of viciousness that manhandles the tricky contacts and dispensed nature of use and games for multiplication. Characterization of violence is a high-quality choice to test coordinating in recognizing violence, specifically when managing with polymorphic or obfuscated violence. It watches out for the lead of Violent multiplication and controls it, similarly choose factors of violent inciting in adaptable frameworks and assessments of the violent in the device which result is dissected with the help of the Bayesian model. Violent detection based on four different layers by applying slicing mechanism on the android application. The nearness of Violent in an application will be accounted for and consequently, stayed away from by further clients of the equivalent app. Network inoculation is the best methods to control violent engendering in a complex network. A Gaming application can be dissected by distinguishing of graphical violence and sound-based violence to recognizing a gaming applications. Afterwards we encourage two expansions to appear to be ahead, intolerant isolating to address the endeavour of “harmful centre points sharing fake evidence. “Real cell organize follows are used to demand the sufficiency of the proposed procedure”.
Network Lifetime Enhancement in Wireless Sensor Networks Using Energy Aware Clustering with Fuzzy System
Authors: Senthil Kumaran R. , Suganya P.
Published: January 2021

The lifetime of the network states that the failure time of the initial network nodes or if the building blocks of WSN modules in the network runs out of power. The successive exchange of messages leads to power loss and burdening of sensor nodes. It reduces the network lifetime. This paper presents the energy aware clustering algorithm along with fuzzy to contemplate the residual energy. In cluster based wireless sensor networks, the cluster head gathers all kind of information from each node and has the responsibility of passing of the collected data to the various destination nodes. It diminishes the message overhead, delay, increasing packet delivery ratio and enhancing the lifetime of network.
Bibliometric analysis of the study on exposure evaluation to aerosol nano or ultrafine particles in the breathing zone
Authors: Handika R A , Hata M , Furuuchi M
Published: January 2021

To map the advancement of exposure evaluation research for particles less than 100 nm in the breathing zone, we developed a bibliometric analysis using VosViewer 1.6.15 by collecting relevant publications from Scopus on August 10th, 2020. Of 769 relevant documents, 90.64 % (n = 697) came from the journal and used English as the language that started to be published in 1985. The results showed that research themes have grown on the three clusters related to inhaled nanoparticles exposure measurement, responses and effects, and their primary existence in consumer products. Moreover, depth analyses by visualizing maps of the top active countries, authors, and top-cited documents on the citation, co-citation, or co-occurrence have revealed several essential pieces of information on this research area. Our findings suggest that the greater depth on appropriate devices for exposure measurements, particularly in nano-sized, which matches with the metrics were needed. Through these efforts, the capabilities of analyses can improve for future inhaled nanoparticles exposure assessments.
Analysis of river water quality and pollution control strategies in the upper Citarum River
Authors: Ramadhiani A F , Suharyanto
Published: January 2021

Utilization of the Citarum River varies greatly from household needs, agriculture, livestock to the industrial sector. However, these activities caused pollution along the Citarum River. This research’s main objective is to evaluate the quality of surface water in the upstream Citarum River based on Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001 and its pollution control recommendations. The observed river study area was 80 km long. River water quality is measured and observed at 8 sampling points. Analysis of water quality was carried out using the Pollution Index (IP) method. Meanwhile, the formulation of the pollution control strategy used SWOT analysis. Based on field measurements for parameters BOD, COD, and DO in the upstream segment of the Citarum River have exceeded the quality standard for class II Regulation No. 82 of 2001 in almost all sampling locations. Meanwhile, the IP value results at all sampling locations were in the range of 1.23-5.8 or in mild to moderate polluted status. Recommendations given to control water pollution are increasing monitoring of wastewater disposal into rivers, carrying out an inventory and identifying water pollution sources, and determining the carrying capacity of pollution loads.
A spatial study of rubber plant health using sentinel 2-A imagery in Cibungur Plantation, Sukabumi, West Java
Authors: Putri T R , Supriatna S
Published: January 2021

Rubber plants are one of the plantation commodities which occupy an important position as a source of non-oil and gas foreign exchange for Indonesia. Rubber production is currently experiencing a decline due to reduced productivity in rubber plantations. Rubber plantation problems related to land resources require effective and efficient technological input to determine the health of rubber plants so that they can increase rubber production. Remote sensing technology is one input that can be used as a decision maker to decide problems spatially and quickly, accurately, and dynamically. This study aims to determine the health condition of rubber plants in Cibungur Plantation, Sukabumi, West Java by using high-resolution satellite imagery, namely Sentinel 2-A images processed using the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) method in monitoring the spatial health of rubber plants. The results of this study indicate that the level of distribution of NDVI values in Cibungur Plantation is quite high and rubber plants with very good health conditions have the largest area of 5,365.98 hectares. The NDVI method and Sentinel 2-A image processing used in this study can be used to determine the health of rubber plants in Cibungur Plantation.
Application of nano-silicon foliar fertilizer to double dry season soybean productivity of Central Lombok rainfed lowland
Authors: Hadiawati L , Suriadi A
Published: January 2021

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr) is the rotation crop that dominantly grown after rice during dry season in most lowland paddy field of Eastern Indonesia. This on-farm experiment aimed to improve dry season soybean production by spraying liquid fertilizer containing silicon. Burangrang soybean variety grown from August to October 2018 at Tenandon of Penujak Village, Praya Barat sub-district of Central Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara Province. Five treatments were arranged on randomized block design with five replications on 100 m2 plot size. The treatments were application of silicon-based liquid fertilizer named T1 (O**n or ON), T2 (Bio**x or BX), T3 (BioS****a or BS), T4 (BioU**n or BU) that compare to T0 (control) which was without any foliar spray. Land preparation, planting, irrigation, and harvest were guided using integrated soybean management handbook. Yield and yield component data was collected at harvest. The result showed that application of liquid fertilizer was significantly increase total dry matter weight, including percentage dry matter accumulation on leaf, pods weight, and percentage of filled pods. Soybean productivity was improved about 102.06% (T3), 95.88% (T4), 61.86% (T1), dan 47.42% (T2) when compared to T0 at 0.9 t/ha.
Bridging the age gap in breast cancer: cluster randomized trial of two decision support interventions for older women with operable breast cancer on quality of life, survival, decision quality, and treatment choices
Authors: Wyld L , Reed M W R , Collins K , Burton M , Lifford K , Edwards A , Ward S , Holmes G , Morgan J , Bradburn M , Walters S J , Ring A , Robinson T G , Martin C , Chater T , Pemberton K , Shrestha A , Nettleship A , Murray C , Brown M , Richards P , Cheung K L , Todd A , Harder H , Brain K , Audisio R A , Wright J , Simcock R , Armitage F , Bursnall M , Green T , Revell D , Gath J , Horgan K , Holcombe C , Winter M , Naik J , Parmeshwar R , Gosney M , Hatton M , Thompson A M
Published: January 2021

Background

Rates of surgery and adjuvant therapy for breast cancer vary widely between breast units. This may contribute to differences in survival. This cluster RCT evaluated the impact of decision support interventions (DESIs) for older women with breast cancer, to ascertain whether DESIs influenced quality of life, survival, decision quality, and treatment choice.

Methods

A multicentre cluster RCT compared the use of two DESIs against usual care in treatment decision-making in older women (aged at least ≥70 years) with breast cancer. Each DESI comprised an online algorithm, booklet, and brief decision aid to inform choices between surgery plus adjuvant endocrine therapy versus primary endocrine therapy, and adjuvant chemotherapy versus no chemotherapy. The primary outcome was quality of life. Secondary outcomes included decision quality measures, survival, and treatment choice.

Results

A total of 46 breast units were randomized (21 intervention, 25 usual care), recruiting 1339 women (670 intervention, 669 usual care). There was no significant difference in global quality of life at 6 months after the baseline assessment on intention-to-treat analysis (difference –0.20, 95 per cent confidence interval (C.I.) –2.69 to 2.29; P = 0.900). In women offered a choice of primary endocrine therapy versus surgery plus endocrine therapy, knowledge about treatments was greater in the intervention arm (94 versus 74 per cent; P = 0.003). Treatment choice was altered, with a primary endocrine therapy rate among women with oestrogen receptor-positive disease of 21.0 per cent in the intervention versus 15.4 per cent in usual-care sites (difference 5.5 (95 per cent C.I. 1.1 to 10.0) per cent; P = 0.029). The chemotherapy rate was 10.3 per cent at intervention versus 14.8 per cent at usual-care sites (difference –4.5 (C.I. –8.0 to 0) per cent; P = 0.013). Survival was similar in both arms.

Conclusion

The use of DESIs in older women increases knowledge of breast cancer treatment options, facilitates shared decision-making, and alters treatment selection.

Trial registration numbers: EudraCT 2015-004220-61 (https://eudract.ema.europa.eu/), ISRCTN46099296 (http://www.controlled-trials.com).
Case report of a COVID-19-associated myocardial infarction with no obstructive coronary arteries: the mystery of the phantom embolus or local endothelitis
Authors: Burkert Francesco Robert , Niederreiter Lukas , Dichtl Wolfgang , Mayr Agnes , Virgolini Irene , Klauser Andrea , Weiss Günter , Bellmann-Weiler Rosa
Published: January 2021

Background

Since the first documented outbreak of a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome inducing Coronavirus in China at the end of 2019 the virus has spread to all continents, leading the WHO to declare a pandemic in March 2020. While this virus primarily targets the alveoli in the lungs, multiple authors have described an increased rate of thrombo-embolic events in affected patients. We present this case of a myocardial infarction with no obstructive coronary atherosclerosis in an otherwise healthy 48-year-old patient.

Case summary

A 48-year-old female, presenting with chest pain radiating to her left shoulder with no cardiovascular risk factors other than genetic predisposition, was screened for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and tested positive. Although computed tomography angiography excluded obstructive coronary heart disease, cardiac magnetic resonance imaging showed an acute myocardial infarction with no obstructive coronary arteries of the inferior wall. The patient was treated with dual anti-platelet therapy, an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor and a statin, and assigned to a cardiac rehabilitation program.

Conclusion

We report a serious thrombo-embolic event during an oligosymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection in a healthy, young patient. While these two diseases may have occurred simultaneously, by chance, it is possible that the pro-thrombotic effects of the SARS-CoV-2 infection facilitated the infarction. This case further demonstrates the significant cardiovascular morbidity potentially caused by SARS-CoV-2.
Biopsychosocial Risk Profiles Among African American and Non-Hispanic White Adults: Findings From The Health and Retirement Study
Authors: Lincoln Karen D , Nguyen Ann W
Published: January 2021

Background

Compared to Whites, African Americans have elevated risk for earlier onset fatal and nonfatal chronic conditions and accelerated aging. Despite these persistent race disparities, the causes remain poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to define a biopsychosocial risk typology that might explain accelerated aging in African Americans.

Methods

Analyses were based on the African American and White subsample of the Health and Retirement Study (N = 8269). Latent class analysis was used to identify risk types. Chronic health conditions, salivary telomere length (STL), emotional support from family, negative interaction with family, early life adversities, and discrimination were used as class indicators. Latent class multinomial logistic regression was used to identify racial and demographic differences in risk type membership.

Results

Three distinct risk types were identified: high risk, health risk, and psychosocial risk. African Americans were more likely than Whites to be assigned to the high-risk type characterized by chronic health conditions, shorter STL, strained social relationships and high psychosocial stress. African Americans were less likely than Whites to be assigned to the health risk type characterized by chronic health conditions, shorter STL, optimal social relationships, and low psychosocial stress.

Conclusions

The biopsychosocial risk typology accounted for population heterogeneity, identified high-risk profiles, and modifiable factors within risk types that can inform current clinical interventions. The risk types also revealed different patterns of risk and resilience factors and shed light on the interplay between telomere length, stress exposure, chronic disease, and accelerated aging in African Americans.
Rad18 mediates specific mutational signatures and shapes the genomic landscape of carcinogen-induced tumorsin vivo
Authors: Lou Jitong , Yang Yang , Gu Qisheng , Price Brandon A , Qiu Yuheng , Fedoriw Yuri , Desai Siddhi , Mose Lisle E , Chen Brian , Tateishi Satoshi , Parker Joel S , Vaziri Cyrus , Wu Di
Published: January 2021

The E3 ubiquitin ligase Rad18 promotes a damage-tolerant and error-prone mode of DNA replication termed trans-lesion synthesis that is pathologically activated in cancer. However, the impact of vertebrate Rad18 on cancer genomes is not known. To determine how Rad18 affects mutagenesis in vivo, we have developed and implemented a novel computational pipeline to analyze genomes of carcinogen (7, 12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, DMBA)-induced skin tumors from Rad18+/+ and Rad18−/− mice. We show that Rad18 mediates specific mutational signatures characterized by high levels of A(T)>T(A) single nucleotide variations (SNVs). In Rad18−/- tumors, an alternative mutation pattern arises, which is characterized by increased numbers of deletions >4 bp. Comparison with annotated human mutational signatures shows that COSMIC signature 22 predominates in Rad18+/+ tumors whereas Rad18−/− tumors are characterized by increased contribution of COSMIC signature 3 (a hallmark of BRCA-mutant tumors). Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas shows that RAD18 expression is strongly associated with high SNV burdens, suggesting RAD18 also promotes mutagenesis in human cancers. Taken together, our results show Rad18 promotes mutagenesis in vivo, modulates DNA repair pathway choice in neoplastic cells, and mediates specific mutational signatures that are present in human tumors.
Disparate patterns of movements and visits to points of interest located in urban hotspots across US metropolitan cities during COVID-19
Authors: Li Qingchun , Bessell Liam , Xiao Xin , Fan Chao , Gao Xinyu , Mostafavi Ali
Published: January 2021

We examined the effect of social distancing on changes in visits to urban hotspot points of interest. In a pandemic situation, urban hotspots could be potential superspreader areas as visits to urban hotspots can increase the risk of contact and transmission of a disease among a population. We mapped census-block-group to point-of-interest (POI) movement networks in 16 cities in the United States. We adopted a modified coarse-grain approach to examine patterns of visits to POIs among hotspots and non-hotspots from January to May 2020. Also, we conducted chi-square tests to identify POIs with significant flux-in changes during the analysis period. The results showed disparate patterns across cities in terms of reduction in hotspot POI visitors. Sixteen cities were divided into two categories using a time series clustering method. In one category, which includes the cities of San Francisco, Seattle and Chicago, we observed a considerable decrease in hotspot POI visitors, while in another category, including the cities of Austin, Houston and San Diego, the visitors to hotspots did not greatly decrease. While all the cities exhibited overall decreased visitors to POIs, one category maintained the proportion of visitors to hotspot POIs. The proportion of visitors to some POIs (e.g. restaurants) remained stable during the social distancing period, while some POIs had an increased proportion of visitors (e.g. grocery stores). We also identified POIs with significant flux-in changes, indicating that related businesses were greatly affected by social distancing. The study was limited to 16 metropolitan cities in the United States. The proposed methodology could be applied to digital trace data in other cities and countries to study the patterns of movements to POIs during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Continuous decisions
Authors: Yoo Seng Bum Michael , Hayden Benjamin Yost , Pearson John M.
Published: January 2021

Humans and other animals evolved to make decisions that extend over time with continuous and ever-changing options. Nonetheless, the academic study of decision-making is mostly limited to the simple case of choice between two options. Here, we advocate that the study of choice should expand to includecontinuous decisions. Continuous decisions, by our definition, involve a continuum of possible responses and take place over an extended period of time during which the response is continuously subject to modification. In most continuous decisions, the range of options can fluctuate and is affected by recent responses, making consideration of reciprocal feedback between choices and the environment essential. The study of continuous decisions raises new questions, such as how abstract processes of valuation and comparison are co-implemented with action planning and execution, how we simulate the large number of possible futures our choices lead to, and how our brains employ hierarchical structure to make choices more efficiently. While microeconomic theory has proven invaluable for discrete decisions, we propose that engineering control theory may serve as a better foundation for continuous ones. And while the concept of value has proven foundational for discrete decisions, goal states and policies may prove more useful for continuous ones.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Existence and prevalence of economic behaviours among non-human primates’.
The description–experience gap: a challenge for the neuroeconomics of decision-making under uncertainty
Authors: Garcia Basile , Cerrotti Fabien , Palminteri Stefano
Published: January 2021

The experimental investigation of decision-making in humans relies on two distinct types of paradigms, involving either description- or experience-based choices. In description-based paradigms, decision variables (i.e. payoffs and probabilities) are explicitly communicated by means of symbols. In experience-based paradigms decision variables are learnt from trial-by-trial feedback. In the decision-making literature, ‘description–experience gap’ refers to the fact that different biases are observed in the two experimental paradigms. Remarkably, well-documented biases of description-based choices, such as under-weighting of rare events and loss aversion, do not apply to experience-based decisions. Here, we argue that the description–experience gap represents a major challenge, not only to current decision theories, but also to the neuroeconomics research framework, which relies heavily on the translation of neurophysiological findings between human and non-human primate research. In fact, most non-human primate neurophysiological research relies on behavioural designs that share features of both description- and experience-based choices. As a consequence, it is unclear whether the neural mechanisms built from non-human primate electrophysiology should be linked to description-based or experience-based decision-making processes. The picture is further complicated by additional methodological gaps between human and non-human primate neuroscience research. After analysing these methodological challenges, we conclude proposing new lines of research to address them.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Existence and prevalence of economic behaviours among non-human primates’.
Neurons in primate prefrontal cortex signal valuable social information during natural viewing
Authors: Adams Geoffrey K. , Ong Wei Song , Pearson John M. , Watson Karli K. , Platt Michael L.
Published: January 2021

Information about social partners is innately valuable to primates. Decisions about which sources of information to consume are highly naturalistic but also complex and place unusually strong demands on the brain's decision network. In particular, both the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) play key roles in decision making and social behaviour, suggesting a likely role in social information-seeking as well. To test this idea, we developed a ‘channel surfing' task in which monkeys were shown a series of 5 s video clips of conspecifics engaged in natural behaviours at a field site. Videos were annotated frame-by-frame using an ethogram of species-typical behaviours, an important source of social information. Between each clip, monkeys were presented with a choice between targets that determined which clip would be seen next. Monkeys' gaze during playback indicated differential engagement depending on what behaviours were presented. Neurons in both OFC and LPFC responded to choice targets and to video, and discriminated a subset of the behaviours in the ethogram during video viewing. These findings suggest that both OFC and LPFC are engaged in processing social information that is used to guide dynamic information-seeking decisions.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Existence and prevalence of economic behaviours among non-human primates’.
The adaptive value of probability distortion and risk-seeking in macaques’ decision-making
Authors: Nioche A. , Rougier N. P. , Deffains M. , Bourgeois-Gironde S. , Ballesta S. , Boraud T.
Published: January 2021

In humans, the attitude toward risk is not neutral and is dissimilar between bets involving gains and bets involving losses. The existence and prevalence of these decision features in non-human primates are unclear. In addition, only a few studies have tried to simulate the evolution of agents based on their attitude toward risk. Therefore, we still ignore to what extent Prospect theory’s claims are evolutionarily rooted. To shed light on this issue, we collected data from nine macaques that performed bets involving gains or losses. We confirmed that their overall behaviour is coherent with Prospect theory’s claims. In parallel, we used a genetic algorithm to simulate the evolution of a population of agents across several generations. We showed that the algorithm selects progressively agents that exhibit risk-seeking, and has an inverted S-shape distorted perception of probability. We compared these two results and found that monkeys’ attitude toward risk is only congruent with the simulation when they are facing losses. This result is consistent with the idea that gambling in the loss domain is analogous to deciding in a context of life-threatening challenges where a certain level of risk-seeking behaviour and probability distortion may be adaptive.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Existence and prevalence of economic behaviours among non-human primates’.
What behaviour in economic games tells us about the evolution of non-human species' economic decision-making behaviour
Authors: Brosnan Sarah F.
Published: January 2021

In the past decade, there has been a surge of interest in using games derived from experimental economics to test decision-making behaviour across species. In most cases, researchers are using the games as a tool, for instance, to understand what factors influence decision-making, how decision-making differs across species or contexts, or to ask broader questions about species’ propensities to cooperate or compete. These games have been quite successful in this regard. To what degree, however, do these games tap into species' economic decision-making? For the purpose of understanding the evolution of economic systems in humans, this is the key question. To study this, we can break economic decision-making down into smaller components, each of which is a potential step in the evolution of human economic behaviour. We can then use data from economic games, which are simplified, highly structured models of decision-making and therefore ideal for the comparative approach, to directly compare these components across species and contexts, as well as in relation to more naturalistic behaviours, to better understand the evolution of economic behaviour and the social and ecological contexts that influenced it. The comparative approach has successfully informed us about the evolution of other complex traits, such as language and morality, and should help us more deeply understand why and how human economic systems evolved.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Existence and prevalence of economic behaviours among non-human primates’.
Are capuchin monkeys (
Sapajus
spp.) sensitive to lost opportunities? The role of opportunity costs in intertemporal choice
Authors: Addessi Elsa , Tierno Valeria , Focaroli Valentina , Rossi Federica , Gastaldi Serena , De Petrillo Francesca , Paglieri Fabio , Stevens Jeffrey R.
Published: January 2021

Principles of economics predict that the costs associated with obtaining rewards can influence choice. When individuals face choices between a smaller, immediate option and a larger, later option, they often experience opportunity costs associated with waiting for delayed rewards because they must forego the opportunity to make other choices. We evaluated how reducing opportunity costs affects delay tolerance in capuchin monkeys. After choosing the larger option, in the
High cost
condition, subjects had to wait for the delay to expire, whereas in the
Low cost different
and
Low cost same
conditions, they could perform a new choice during the delay. To control for the effect of intake rate on choices, the
Low cost same
condition had the same intake rate ratio as the
High cost
condition. We found that capuchins attended both to intake rates and to opportunity costs. They chose the larger option more often in the
Low cost different
and
Low cost same
conditions than in the
High cost
condition, and more often in the
Low cost different
condition than in the
Low cost same
condition. Understanding how non-human primates represent and use costs in making decisions not only helps to develop theoretical frameworks to explain their choices but also addresses similarities with and differences from human decision-making. These outcomes provide insights into the origins of human economic behaviour.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Existence and prevalence of economic behaviours among non-human primates’.