bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arabidopsis flippase ALA3 is required for adjustment of early subcellular trafficking in plant response to osmotic stress
Authors: Pukyšová Vendula , Sans Sánchez Adrià , Rudolf Jiří , Nodzyński Tomasz , Zwiewka Marta
Published: June 2023

To compensate for their sessile lifestyle, plants developed several responses to exogenous changes. One of the previously investigated and not yet fully understood adaptations occurs at the level of early subcellular trafficking, which needs to be rapidly adjusted to maintain cellular homeostasis and membrane integrity under osmotic stress conditions. To form a vesicle, the membrane needs to be deformed, which is ensured by multiple factors, including the activity of specific membrane proteins, such as flippases from the family of P4-ATPases. The membrane pumps actively translocate phospholipids from the exoplasmic/luminal to the cytoplasmic membrane leaflet to generate curvature, which might be coupled with recruitment of proteins involved in vesicle formation at specific sites of the donor membrane. We show that lack of the AMINOPHOSPHOLIPID ATPASE3 (ALA3) flippase activity caused defects at the plasma membrane and trans-Golgi network, resulting in altered endocytosis and secretion, processes relying on vesicle formation and movement. The mentioned cellular defects were translated into decreased intracellular trafficking flexibility failing to adjust the root growth on osmotic stress-eliciting media. In conclusion, we show that ALA3 cooperates with ARF-GEF BIG5/BEN1 and ARF1A1C/BEX1 in a similar regulatory pathway to vesicle formation, and together they are important for plant adaptation to osmotic stress.
CYSTEINE-RICH RECEPTOR-LIKE PROTEIN KINASES: their evolution, structure, and roles in stress response and development
Authors: Zeiner Adam , Colina Francisco J , Citterico Matteo , Wrzaczek Michael
Published: June 2023

Plant-specific receptor-like protein kinases (RLKs) are central components for sensing the extracellular microenvironment. CYSTEINE-RICH RLKs (CRKs) are members of one of the biggest RLK subgroups. Their physiological and molecular roles have only begun to be elucidated, but recent studies highlight the diverse types of proteins interacting with CRKs, as well as the localization of CRKs and their lateral organization within the plasma membrane. Originally the DOMAIN OF UNKNOWN FUNCTION 26 (DUF26)-containing extracellular region of the CRKs was proposed to act as a redox sensor, but the potential activating post-translational modification or ligands perceived remain elusive. Here, we summarize recent progress in the analysis of CRK evolution, molecular function, and role in plant development, abiotic stress responses, plant immunity, and symbiosis. The currently available information on CRKs and related proteins suggests that the CRKs are central regulators of plant signaling pathways. However, more research using classical methods and interdisciplinary approaches in various plant model species, as well as structural analyses, will not only enhance our understanding of the molecular function of CRKs, but also elucidate the contribution of other cellular components in CRK-mediated signaling pathways.
Stellar clustering and the kinematics of stars around Collinder 121 using Gaia DR3
Authors: Fleming Graham D , Kirk Jason M , Ward-Thompson Derek
Published: June 2023

We study the region around Collinder 121 (Cr 121) using newly available 6D data from the Gaia DR3 catalogue. Situated in the third quadrant, near the Galactic plane, Collinder 121 lies in the region of Canis Major centred around (l, b) ≈(236°, −10°). Previous studies have suggested that the stellar associations in this region comprise an OB association (CMa OB2) lying at about 740 pc with a more distant open cluster (Cr 121) at approximately 1170 pc. Despite these studies, the precise nature of Collinder 121 remains uncertain. This study investigates the region bounded by the box (l, b) = (225°–245°, 0.00° to −20.00°) to a depth of 700 pc from 500 to 1200 pc which fully encompasses the region discussed in the literature. Using Gaia DR3 data, we do not find associations at the distances given in the literature. Instead, using the hdbscan machine learning algorithm, we find a major association of OB stars centred around 803 pc. Within this association we find four smaller subgroups that may be indicative of a larger association and which are located at a mean distance of 827 pc. Proper motion studies find coherence between these four subgroups and show a distinctive east-to-west increase in the size of the velocity vectors which supports contemporary studies that show similar trends in OB populations in Cygnus and within the Carina spiral Arm. Therefore, we hypothesize that Cr 121 and CMa OB2 are the same cluster, consistent with the 1977 study by Hoogerwerf.
Properties and observables of massive galaxies in self-interacting dark matter cosmologies
Authors: Mastromarino Claudio , Despali Giulia , Moscardini Lauro , Robertson Andrew , Meneghetti Massimo , Maturi Matteo
Published: June 2023

We use hydrodynamic cosmological simulations to test the differences between cold and self-interacting dark matter models (CDM and SIDM) in the mass range of massive galaxies (1012 < M200/M⊙ h−1 < 1013.5). We consider two SIDM models: one with constant cross-section $\sigma /m_{\chi } = 1\, \mathrm{cm^2 \, g^{-1}}$ and one where the cross-section is velocity-dependent. Despite a weak trend in mass, we find that with the inclusion of baryons the differences between SIDM and CDM density profiles observed in the dark-matter-only case are almost erased. We also search for signatures of SIDM in the distribution of strong lensing Einstein radii and find that the distributions derived from CDM and SIDM hydro runs are both comparable to observational samples of strong lenses. We find that, looking at the total matter distribution, the interplay between self-interactions and baryons can greatly reduce the expected differences between CDM and SIDM models at this mass scale, making the discrimination between these DM models challenging. However, looking at the dark matter/baryonic fractions in the inner region of the haloes we show that the deviations of SIDM from CDM can still be found considering these components separately. These results highlight that one of the most promising paths to discriminate between CDM and SIDM is to focus on techniques able to distinguish between the dark matter and baryonic components in galaxies and clusters.
Prospects of additional contribution at optical-NIR band of EBL in the light of VHE spectra
Authors: Mankuzhiyil Nijil , Persic Massimo , Franceschini Alberto
Published: June 2023

The extragalactic background light (EBL) that spans the ultraviolet-infrared (UV-IR) band originates from direct and dust-reprocessed starlight integrated over the history of the Universe. EBL measurements are very challenging due to foreground emission like the zodiacal light and interplanetary dust emission. Indeed, some optical/NIR (near infrared) direct measurements overpredict EBL models based on galaxy counts. On the other hand, there is some debate on possible additional components of the optical-NIR photon density, e.g. population-III stars, axion-photon decay, direct collapse of black holes, intrahalo light, etc. Owing to the absorption of very high energy (VHE) gamma-rays by interaction with EBL photons, we study the prospects of accommodating an additional population of EBL sources in the optical-NIR band on top of the standard galaxy-count–based component. To this aim we use 105 VHE spectra of 37 blazars with known redshifts, 0.03 < z < 0.94. We correct the observed spectra for absorption by our model EBL. By requiring the intrinsic spectra to be non-concave and with a VHE spectral index >1.5, we estimate, at different wavelengths, upper limits to the additional low-energy photon fields that would contribute to the absorption of gamma-rays. Considering these limits, we suggest that there is room for photons from Pop III stars and axion-like particle annihilation. However, these additional hypothetical photon fields are bound to fall significantly below direct published EBL measurements by several instruments, and therefore, our limits are either in tension or even inconsistent with such measurements.
The imprint of galaxy mergers on satellite planes in a cosmological context
Authors: Kanehisa Kosuke Jamie , Pawlowski Marcel S , Müller Oliver
Published: June 2023

Flattened and kinematically correlated planes of dwarf satellite galaxies have been observed in the Local Volume. The slinging out of satellites during host galaxy mergers has been suggested as a formation mechanism for these peculiar structures. We statistically examined the impact of major mergers on present-time satellite systems for the first time in a full cosmological context using the IllustrisTNG suite of hydrodynamic simulations. Mergers with mass ratios above 1/3 generally have a negligible or adverse impact on the phase-space correlation of observationally motivated satellites. Even high angular momentum mergers are inefficient at slinging satellites outward due to the extended nature of simulated satellite distributions. Furthermore, any potential merger imprint is partially washed out by post-merger accretion of satellites, while satellites bound to the merging haloes since the merger’s beginning are disrupted and stripped of mass – minimizing the merger’s influence on the present-time distribution of the most massive satellites after $2{\!-\!}5\, \mathrm{Gyr}$. Constraining our sample to satellites bound to their host throughout the full duration of their system’s last merger, we recover no particular improvement in their phase-space correlation. Instead, such participant satellites experience a contraction of their radial distribution during and after the merger, resulting in smaller absolute plane heights (but comparable axial ratios). Overall, major mergers do not appear to form correlated planes in a statistical sample. Mergers that efficiently transfer their angular momentum to satellite distributions can marginally enhance their phase-space correlation, but cannot form highly flattened and orbitally coherent configurations as observed in our local Universe.
Hidden cooling flows in clusters of galaxies – III. Accretion on to the central black hole
Authors: Fabian A C , Sanders J S , Ferland G J , McNamara B R , Pinto C , Walker S A
Published: June 2023

Recently, we have uncovered hidden cooling flows (HCFs) in the X-ray spectra of the central brightest galaxies of 11 clusters, 1 group, and 2 elliptical galaxies. Here, we report such flows in a further 15 objects, consisting of 8 clusters, 3 groups, 3 ellipticals, and 1 Red Nugget. The mass cooling rates are about $1\hbox{$\hbox{$\rm \, {\rm M}_{\odot }$}{\rm \, yr}^{-1}\, $}$ in the ellipticals, 2 to $20\hbox{$\hbox{$\rm \, {\rm M}_{\odot }$}{\rm \, yr}^{-1}\, $}$ in the groups, and 20 to $100\hbox{$\hbox{$\rm \, {\rm M}_{\odot }$}{\rm \, yr}^{-1}\, $}$ in regular clusters. The Red Nugget, MRK 1216, has an HCF of $10\hbox{$\hbox{$\rm \, {\rm M}_{\odot }$}{\rm \, yr}^{-1}\, $}$. We review the fate of the cooled gas and investigate how some of it might accrete on to the central black hole. The gas is likely to be very cold and to have fragmented into low-mass stars and smaller objects before being swallowed whole, with little luminous output. If such a scenario is correct and operates at a few $\hbox{$\hbox{$\rm \, {\rm M}_{\odot }$}{\rm \, yr}^{-1}\, $}$ then such objects may host the fastest growing black holes in the low-redshift Universe. We briefly discuss the relevance of HCF to the growth of early galaxies and black holes.
Generation of high circular polarization of interstellar Lyman α radiation triggering biological homochirality
Authors: Fukushima Hajime , Yajima Hidenobu , Umemura Masayuki
Published: June 2023

The homochirality of biological molecules on Earth is a long-standing mystery regarding the origin of life. Circularly polarized ultraviolet (UV) light could induce the enantiomeric excess of biological molecules in the interstellar medium, leading to the homochirality on Earth. By performing 3D radiation transfer simulations with multiple scattering processes in interstellar dusty slabs, we study the generation of the circular polarization (CP) of UV light at Lyα ($\lambda = 0.1216~{\rm \mu m}$) as well as at near-infrared (NIR, $\lambda = 2.14~{\rm \mu m}$) wavelengths. Our simulations show that the distributions of CP exhibit a symmetric quadrupole pattern, regardless of wavelength and viewing angle. The CP degree of scattered light from a dusty slab composed of aligned grains is ∼15 per cent for Lyα and ∼3 per cent at NIR wavelengths in the case of oblate grains with an Mathis-Rumpl-Nordsieck size distribution. We find that the CP degree of Lyα is well correlated with that in the NIR regardless of viewing angle, whilst being a factor of ∼5 higher. Thus, a high CP of Lyα is expected at sites where NIR CP is detected. We suggest that such circularly polarized Lyα may initiate the enantiomeric excess of biological molecules in space.
Probing the hot circumgalactic medium of external galaxies in X-ray absorption II: a luminous spiral galaxy at z ≈ 0.225
Authors: Mathur Smita , Das Sanskriti , Gupta Anjali , Krongold Yair
Published: June 2023

The circumgalactic medium (CGM) is the most massive baryonic component of a spiral galaxy, shock heated to about 106 K for an $\rm L^{\star }$ galaxy. The CGM of the Milky Way has been well-characterized through X-ray absorption line spectroscopy. However, the paucity of bright background sources makes it challenging to probe the CGM of external galaxies. Previously, using broad O vi absorption as a signpost, we successfully detected the CGM of one galaxy in X-rays. Here we report on the detection of the O vii K α absorption line at the redshift of a spiral galaxy at z ≈ 0.225, using 1.2 Ms of Chandra observations. This is a robust detection, clearly showing the presence of the hot gas. The mass in the hot phase is at least an order of magnitude larger than that in the cooler phases detected in the UV. The presence of hot gas 116 h−1 kpc from the centre of this galaxy provides credence to the existence of the extended CGM of the Milky Way. There has been a report of the detection of O vii absorption from the warm-hot intergalactic medium in this sightline, using stacking analysis on older data set. We argue that the absorption line is from the CGM of the z ≈ 0.225 galaxy instead.
On the nature of the planet-powered transient event ZTF SLRN-2020
Authors: Soker Noam
Published: June 2023

The Red Nova ZTF SLRN-2020 is the third transient event with properties that are compatible with the merger of a planet with a main-sequence (or close to) star on a dynamical time-scale. While the two first transient events occurred in young stellar objects, ZTF SLRN-2020 occurred in an old system. None the less, I show that the three star–planet intermediate luminosity optical transients (ILOTs, also termed Red Novae) occupy the same area in the energy–time diagram of ILOTs. Based on models for ILOTs that are power by stellar binary interaction, I suggest that the planet in ZTF SLRN-2020 launched jets at about its escape speed before it was engulfed by the star. Interestingly, the escape speed from the planet is similar to the orbital speed of the planet. This leads to an outflow with a very low terminal velocity, much below the escape velocity from the star, and in concentration around ≈45° to the equatorial plane. As well, the planet might have lost back some of the accreted mass just before engulfment, forming an accretion disc around the star. This disc might have launched jets during the main outburst of the event. The jets form a bipolar expanding nebula.
Analysis of Genome-Wide Mutational Dependence in Naturally Evolving Mycobacterium tuberculosis Populations
Authors: Green Anna G , Vargas Roger , Marin Maximillian G , Freschi Luca , Xie Jiaqi , Farhat Maha R
Published: June 2023

Pathogenic microorganisms are in a perpetual struggle for survival in changing host environments, where host pressures necessitate changes in pathogen virulence, antibiotic resistance, or transmissibility. The genetic basis of phenotypic adaptation by pathogens is difficult to study in vivo. In this work, we develop a phylogenetic method to detect genetic dependencies that promote pathogen adaptation using 31,428 in vivo sampled Mycobacterium tuberculosis genomes, a globally prevalent bacterial pathogen with increasing levels of antibiotic resistance. We find that dependencies between mutations are enriched in antigenic and antibiotic resistance functions and discover 23 mutations that potentiate the development of antibiotic resistance. Between 11% and 92% of resistant strains harbor a dependent mutation acquired after a resistance-conferring variant. We demonstrate the pervasiveness of genetic dependency in adaptation of naturally evolving populations and the utility of the proposed computational approach.
Independent Recruitment of Different Types of Phospholipases A2 to the Venoms of Caenophidian Snakes: The Rise of PLA2-IIE within Pseudoboini (Dipsadidae)
Authors: Bayona-Serrano Juan David , Grazziotin Felipe Gobi , Salazar-Valenzuela David , Valente Richard H , Nachtigall Pedro Gabriel , Colombini Monica , Moura-da-Silva Ana , Junqueira-de-Azevedo Inacio Loiola Meirelles
Published: June 2023

Snake venoms harbor a wide and diverse array of enzymatic and nonenzymatic toxic components, allowing them to exert myriad effects on their prey. However, they appear to trend toward a few optimal compositional scaffolds, dominated by four major toxin classes: SVMPs, SVSPs, 3FTxs, and PLA2s. Nevertheless, the latter appears to be restricted to vipers and elapids, as it has never been reported as a major venom component in rear-fanged species. Here, by investigating the original transcriptomes from 19 species distributed in eight genera from the Pseudoboini tribe (Dipsadidae: Xenodontinae) and screening among seven additional tribes of Dipsadidae and three additional families of advanced snakes, we discovered that a novel type of venom PLA2, resembling a PLA2-IIE, has been recruited to the venom of some species of the Pseudoboini tribe, where it is a major component. Proteomic and functional analyses of these venoms further indicate that these PLA2s play a relevant role in the venoms from this tribe. Moreover, we reconstructed the phylogeny of PLA2s across different snake groups and show that different types of these toxins have been recruited in at least five independent events in caenophidian snakes. Additionally, we present the first compositional profiling of Pseudoboini venoms. Our results demonstrate how relevant phenotypic traits are convergently recruited by different means and from homologous and nonhomologous genes in phylogenetically and ecologically divergent snake groups, possibly optimizing venom composition to overcome diverse adaptative landscapes.
Long-term effect of COVID-19 infection on kidney function among COVID-19 patients followed in post-COVID-19 recovery clinics in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Atiquzzaman Mohammad , Thompson Jordyn R , Shao Selena , Djurdjev Ognjenka , Bevilacqua Micheli , Wong Michelle M Y , Levin Adeera , Birks Peter C
Published: June 2023

Background

We investigated the effect of Post–Acute COVID Syndrome or “long-COVID” on kidney function among patients followed in post-COVID recovery clinics (PCRC) in British Columbia, Canada.

Methods

Long-COVID patients referred to PCRC between July 2020 to April 2022, aged ≥18 years who had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) value recorded at 3 months from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis (index) date were included. Those requiring renal replacement therapy prior to index date were excluded. Primary outcome was change in eGFR and urine albumin–creatinine ratio (UACR) after COVID-19 infection. The proportion of patients in each of the six eGFR categories (<30, 30–44, 45–59, 60–89, 90–120 and >120 mL/min/1.73 m2) and three UACR categories (<3, 3–30 and >30 mg/mmol) in all of the study time points were calculated. Linear mixed model was used to investigate change in eGFR over time.

Results

The study sample included 2212 long-COVID patients. Median age was 56 years, 51% were male. Half (∼47%–50%) of the study sample had normal eGFR (≥90 mL/min/1.73 m2) from COVID-19 diagnosis to 12 months post-COVID and <5% of patients had an eGFR <30 mL/min/1.73 m2. There was an estimated 2.96 mL/min/1.73 m2 decrease in eGFR within 1 year after COVID-19 infection that was equivalent to 3.39% reduction from the baseline. Decline in eGFR was highest in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 (6.72%) followed by diabetic patients (6.15%). More than 40% of patients were at risk of CKD.

Conclusions

People with long-COVID experienced a substantial decline in eGFR within 1 year from the infection date. The prevalence of proteinuria appeared to be high. Close monitoring of kidney function is prudent among patients with persistent COVID-19 symptoms.
Indoxyl sulfate inhibits muscle cell differentiation via Myf6/MRF4 and MYH2 downregulation
Authors: Bataille Stanislas , McKay Nathalie , Koppe Laetitia , Beau Alice , Benoit Bérengère , Bartoli Marc , Da Silva Nathalie , Poitevin Stéphane , Aniort Julien , Chermiti Rania , Burtey Stéphane , Dou Laetitia
Published: June 2023

Background

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a significant decrease in muscle strength and mass, possibly related to muscle cell damage by uremic toxins. Here, we studied in vitro and in vivo the effect of indoxyl sulfate (IS), an indolic uremic toxin, on myoblast proliferation, differentiation and expression of myogenic regulatory factors (MRF)—myoblast determination protein 1 (MyoD1), myogenin (Myog), Myogenic Factor 5 (Myf5) and myogenic regulatory factor 4 (Myf6/MRF4)—and expression of myosin heavy chain, Myh2.

Methods

C2C12 myoblasts were cultured in vitro and differentiated in myotubes for 7 days in the presence of IS at a uremic concentration of 200 µM. Myocytes morphology and differentiation was analyzed after hematoxylin-eosin staining. MRF genes’ expression was studied using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in myocytes and 5/6th nephrectomized mice muscle. Myf6/MRF4 protein expression was studied using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; MYH2 protein expression was studied using western blotting. The role of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AHR)—the cell receptor of IS—was studied by adding an AHR inhibitor into the cell culture milieu.

Results

In the presence of IS, the myotubes obtained were narrower and had fewer nuclei than control myotubes. The presence of IS during differentiation did not modify the gene expression of the MRFs Myf5, MyoD1 and Myog, but induced a decrease in expression of Myf6/MRF4 and MYH2 at the mRNA and the protein level. AHR inhibition by CH223191 did not reverse the decrease in Myf6/MRF4 mRNA expression induced by IS, which rules out the implication of the ARH genomic pathway. In 5/6th nephrectomized mice, the Myf6/MRF4 gene was down-regulated in striated muscles.

Conclusion

In conclusion, IS inhibits Myf6/MRF4 and MYH2 expression during differentiation of muscle cells, which could lead to a defect in myotube structure. Through these new mechanisms, IS could participate in muscle atrophy observed in CKD.
Pathways toward wearable and high-performance sensors based on hydrogels: toughening networks and conductive networks
Authors: Zhu Junbo , Tao Jingchen , Yan Wei , Song Weixing
Published: June 2023

Wearable hydrogel sensors provide a user-friendly option for wearable electronics and align well with the existing manufacturing strategy for connecting and communicating with large numbers of Internet of Things devices. This is attributed to their components and structures, which exhibit exceptional adaptability, scalability, bio-compatibility, and self-healing properties, reminiscent of human skin. This review focuses on the recent research on principal structural elements of wearable hydrogels: toughening networks and conductive networks, highlighting the strategies for enhancing mechanical and electrical properties. Wearable hydrogel sensors are categorized for an extensive exploration of their composition, mechanism, and design approach. This review provides a comprehensive understanding of wearable hydrogels and offers guidance for the design of components and structures in order to develop high-performance wearable hydrogel sensors.
Organic, Earth-Friendly Tobacco With a Charcoal Filter and Smooth Taste: A Randomized Experiment Testing Effects of Natural American Spirit’s “Sky” Cigarette Advertising on Consumer Perceptions
Authors: Gratale Stefanie K , Pearson Jennifer L , Mercincavage Melissa , Wackowski Olivia A
Published: June 2023

Introduction

The Natural American Spirit (NAS) brand has a history of marketing tactics that may convey reduced harm. While no longer allowed to use “additive-free” or natural descriptors (except in the brand name), it continues promoting potentially misleading attributes. This study examined perceptions of NAS’s newer “Sky” style, promoted as organic tobacco with a charcoal filter.

Aims and Methods

In an online experiment, we randomized 1927 adult past 30-day tobacco or nicotine product users to one of six conditions showing Sky ads with different descriptors: (1) charcoal filter, (2) charcoal + organic, (3) charcoal + earth-friendly, (4) charcoal + smooth taste, (5) charcoal + all other descriptors, and (6) no-descriptor control (Sky ads without target descriptors). Product perceptions were compared by condition. Participants also reported perceived benefits of charcoal filters.

Results

Overall, 28% of participants indicated Sky is less harmful and 38% believed it exposes users to fewer chemicals. Participants in the “charcoal + organic,” “charcoal + earth-friendly,” and the all-descriptor conditions had higher odds of believing Sky reduces chemical exposure (respectively, 43%, 40%, and 42%), relative to the no-descriptor control. Fewer control participants endorsed beliefs that Sky has a “better filter” and is “more environmentally friendly”. Many believed cigarettes with charcoal filters could confer benefits relative to other cigarettes, such as reducing chemical exposure, or being cleaner, purer or safer (though research on relative safety of charcoal filters in cigarettes is inconclusive).

Conclusions

Sky marketing may promote misperceptions about product safety and composition, and ads using both charcoal and organic text may particularly reinforce them.

Implications

This study examined the impact of new cigarette advertising promoting the use of charcoal filters and organic tobacco along with other suggestive claims (“environmentally friendly,” “smooth taste”) on tobacco users’ perceptions of the advertised product—NAS Sky cigarettes. Our study provides new data about positive consumer perceptions of charcoal-filtered cigarettes, and results suggest that combinations of these marketing terms evoke perceptions about reduced harm and reduced exposure to harmful chemicals that may be misleading to the public. Our findings underscore a need for additional regulatory action regarding tobacco marketing that makes use of natural-themed marketing.
Endurance Exercise Training Attenuates the Waterpipe Smoke Inhaling-Induced Learning and Memory Impairment in Rats: Role of Neurotrophic Factors and Apoptotic System
Authors: Taghipour Mohsen , Joukar Siyavash , Sadat Alavi Samaneh , Mohammadi Fatemeh , Asadi-Shekari Majid , Alibolandi Zahra
Published: June 2023

Introduction

The increasing prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) and its detrimental effects on memory function have been reported. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of moderate-intensity endurance exercise on the detrimental effects of WTS on learning and spatial memory in rats.

Aims and Methods

Animals were divided into the Control group (CTL), the exercise group (Ex) which trained for 8 weeks, the WTS group (Wp) exposed to smoke inhalation (30 minutes per day, 5 days each week, and for 8 weeks), and the group that did exercise training and received waterpipe smoke together (Ex + Wp). Thereafter, learning and spatial memory were assessed by the Morris water maze test and hippocampal molecular measurements were done.

Results

Waterpipe smoke significantly impaired learning and spatial memory, decreased expression of neurotrophic factors IGF-1 and BDNF (p < .01 and p < .05 vs. CTL group, respectively), increased BAX to BCL-2 ratio (p < .001 vs. CTL group) in hippocampal tissue, and increased the percent of damaged neurons in the hippocampal CA1 area (p < .05 vs. CTL group). Combination of exercise training with WTS prevented learning and spatial memory disturbances and recovered expression of neurotrophic factors IGF-1 (p < .05 vs. Wp group), decreased BAX to BCL-2 ratio (p < .001 vs. Wp group), and reduced percentage of damaged neurons (p < .05 vs. Wp group).

Conclusions

Findings suggest that moderate-intensity endurance exercise training can ameliorate learning and memory impairment caused by waterpipe smoke in rats. This effect partly results from increasing the expression of neurotrophic factors BDNF and IGF-1 and correcting pro/anti-apoptotic proteins balance in the hippocampal tissue.

Implications

The popularity of WTS especially among youth is increasing. We assessed the effect of hookah smoke with/without exercise on learning and memory. Hookah smoke leads to CA1-neural injury and impairs learning and memory in rats. A combination of exercise training with hookah smoke attenuates these complications. This positive effect of exercise is partially mediated by the balancing of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and also the BAX to BCL-2 ratio, a significant predictor of cell susceptibility to apoptosis. Extrapolation of these positive findings to humans needs complementary studies.
Aggression across the Lifespan
Authors: Farrell Ann , Vaillancourt Tracy
Published: June 2023

Aggression is behavior with the intent to cause harm to others who are motivated to avoid that harm. It is part of the human condition—evident for most early in life, and for some, persistent across the lifespan. Aggression can take a variety of forms, from the subtlety of shunning to the extremity of violence. Aggression creates physical and mental health problems in targets and is associated with impairment and competence in perpetrators, depending on the form it takes. Aggression also causes problems at the collective level. It can destroy families, communities, religions, and nations. There is a large body of research documenting the etiology, developmental course, and consequences of aggression, with particular focus on understanding key factors, mechanisms, and functions of various forms of aggression. This research highlights that aggression is ubiquitous, transcends culture, and represents a notable barrier to society. However, with quality evidence-based interventions, aggression can be effectively reduced.
Transcription factor NnMYB5 controls petal color by regulating GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE2 in Nelumbo nucifera
Authors: Liu Juan , Wang Yuxin , Deng Xianbao , Zhang Minghua , Sun Heng , Gao Lei , Song Heyun , Xin Jia , Ming Ray , Yang Dong , Yang Mei
Published: June 2023

Lotus (Nelumbo spp.) is an important aquatic ornamental genus in the family Nelumbonaceae comprising only 2 species: Nelumbo lutea with yellow flowers and Nelumbo nucifera with red or white flowers. The petal color variations between these 2 species have previously been associated with the potential activities of FLAVONOL SYNTHASE (FLS) and MYB5. However, the underlying genetic mechanisms of flower color divergence within the N. nucifera species remain unclear. Here, quantitative trait locus mapping led to the identification of MYB5, a candidate gene controlling petal color in N. nucifera. Genotyping of 213 natural lotus accessions revealed an 80 kb presence/absence variant (PAV) of the NnMYB5 gene that is associated with petal color variation. Transcriptome analysis, dual-luciferase, and yeast 1-hybrid assays showed that NnMYB5 could directly activate the anthocyanin transporter gene GLUTATHIONE S-TRANSFERASE2 (NnGST2). Heterologous expression of NnGST2 in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and its overexpression in lotus petals induced anthocyanin accumulation. Deletion of the 80 kb PAV within NnMYB5 inactivated NnGST2 expression and blocked anthocyanin accumulation in white N. nucifera petals. In contrast, the anthocyanin deficiency of N. lutea occurred due to pseudogenized NlMYB5 alleles. Our results establish a regulatory link between NnMYB5 and NnGST2 in petal anthocyanin accumulation and demonstrate the independent mechanisms controlling flower coloration in Nelumbo.
Neuroimaging modalities in the detection of Alzheimer's disease-associated biomarkers
Authors: Dang Chun , Wang Yanchao , Li Qian , Lu Yaoheng
Published: June 2023

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia. Neuropathological changes in AD patients occur up to 10–20 years before the emergence of clinical symptoms. Specific diagnosis and appropriate intervention strategies are crucial during the phase of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD. The detection of biomarkers has emerged as a promising tool for tracking the efficacy of potential therapies, making an early disease diagnosis, and prejudging treatment prognosis. Specifically, multiple neuroimaging modalities, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography, optical imaging, and single photon emission-computed tomography, have provided a few potential biomarkers for clinical application. The MRI modalities described in this review include structural MRI, functional MRI, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and arterial spin labelling. These techniques allow the detection of presymptomatic diagnostic biomarkers in the brains of cognitively normal elderly people and might also be used to monitor AD disease progression after the onset of clinical symptoms. This review highlights potential biomarkers, merits, and demerits of different neuroimaging modalities and their clinical value in MCI and AD patients. Further studies are necessary to explore more biomarkers and overcome the limitations of multiple neuroimaging modalities for inclusion in diagnostic criteria for AD.
Helping children and adolescents who lost a caregiver during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Browne-Bradwisch Sarah A. , Smith Erin Murphy , Wilson-Mooney Catherine
Published: June 2023

Between March 2020 and June of 2021, 140,000 children under 18 in the US lost a caregiver. Due to this sudden loss, their lives have been drastically impacted. This article presents interventions for this population's unique and stressful emotional trauma.
Alcohol withdrawal syndrome
Authors: Pullen Richard L.
Published: June 2023

Approximately 50% of people with alcohol use disorder experience alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) after abruptly decreasing or abstaining from alcohol consumption. This article presents the pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and management of patients with AWS.
Reduced Plasma BDNF Levels in Normal Tension Glaucoma Compared to Open Angle Glaucoma
Authors: Sato Kota , Takada Naoko , Fujioka Amane , Himori Noriko , Yokoyama Yu , Tsuda Satoru , Omodaka Kazuko , Kirihara Tomoko , Ishikawa Makoto , Kunikata Hiroshi , Nakazawa Toru
Published: June 2023

Précis:

The study suggests that a low level of systemic BDNF may contribute to the pathogenesis of glaucoma in an IOP-independent manner.

Aims:

To evaluate differences in systemic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels between primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) patients and normal tension glaucoma (NTG) patients.

Methods:

This study collected blood samples from 260 NTG patients, 220 age-matched POAG patients, and 120 age-matched cataract patients (as controls). BDNF levels were measured with an antibody-conjugated bead assay system (Luminex).

Results:

We found that plasma BDNF levels in the NTG group were significantly lower than in the POAG and cataract control groups. There was no significant difference between the POAG and cataract groups.

Conclusion:

This result suggests that a low level of systemic BDNF may contribute to the pathogenesis of glaucoma in an IOP-independent manner.
What is the Optimal Frequency of Visual Field Testing to Detect Rapid Progression Among Hypertensive Eyes?
Authors: Melchior Bruna , De Moraes C. Gustavo , Paula Jayter S. , Cioffi George A. , Gordon Mae O. , Kass Michael A. , Liebmann Jeffrey M.
Published: June 2023

Précis:

We evaluated 16,351 visual field (VF) tests from Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS) database and showed that more frequent testing resulted in a shorter time to detect glaucoma progression, with the best trade-off being the 6-month intervals for high-risk and 12 months for low-risk patients.

Purpose:

To investigate the effect of different testing intervals on time to detect visual field progression in eyes with ocular hypertension.

Methods:

A total of 16,351 reliable 30-2 VF tests from 1575 eyes of the OHTS-1 observation arm with a mean (95% CI) follow-up of 4.8 (4.7–4.8) years were analyzed. Computer simulations (n = 10,000 eyes) based on mean deviation values and the residuals of risk groups (according to their baseline 5 y risk of developing primary open angle glaucoma: low, medium, and high risk) were performed to estimate time to detect progression with testing intervals of 4, 6, 12, and 24 months using linear regression. The time to detect VF progression (P < 5%) at 80% power was calculated based on the mean deviation slope of −0.42 dB/year. We assessed the time to detect a −3 dB loss as an estimate of clinically meaningful perimetric loss.

Results:

At 80% power, based on the progression of −0.42 dB/year, the best trade-off to detect significant rates of VF change to clinically meaningful perimetric loss in high, medium, and low-risk patients was 6, 6, and 12-month intervals, respectively.

Conclusion:

Given the importance of not missing the conversion to glaucoma, the frequency of testing used in OHTS (6 mo) was optimal for the detection of progression in high-risk patients. Low-risk patients could potentially be tested every 12 months to optimize resource utilization.
A Single Question on Maternal HIV Status Can Improve Identification of Children Living With HIV in South Africa
Authors: Dunlop Jackie L. , Tait Carol L. , Njuguna Christine , Frost Kimberly M. , Ndou Rendani , McIntyre James A. , Struthers Helen E. , Rees Kate
Published: June 2023

Introduction:

Screening tools to improve identification of children living with HIV (CLHIV) have been validated and used in various settings. The aim of our study was to optimize a screening tool for Primary Healthcare Clinics (PHCs) in South Africa (SA).

Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted at PHCs in Johannesburg and Mopani Districts, between June 2021 and June 2022. Children 5–14 years of age with HIV negative or unknown status accompanied by their mothers, or appropriate caregivers, were enrolled. Demographic data, responses to the screening tool questions, and HIV test results were captured. Logistic regression modeling was used to optimize an existing 10-item screening tool, and sensitivity, specificity, and number needed to test (NNT) used to choose the final tool.

Results:

We enrolled 14,147 children in the study, with 62 children testing HIV positive (HIV positivity of 0.4%). The 10-item tool with a single positive response had a sensitivity of 91.9% and specificity of 43.3%. An optimal combination of 5-items with two positive responses had the lowest NNT of 72, 82.3% sensitivity and 74.2% specificity. Maternal HIV status alone, HIV positive or unknown, had a 95.2% sensitivity, 65.0% specificity and NNT of 84. The 1-item tool only would have missed 5% of CLHIV (N = 3) compared with the 5-item tool that missed 18% (n = 11).

Conclusions:

A 1-item screening tool asking about maternal HIV status can improve efficiency of testing of children in primary healthcare facilities in SA and improve identification of CLHIV who are not on treatment.
Corneal crosslinking with riboflavin using sunlight
Authors: Torres-Netto Emilio A. , Abdshahzadeh Hormoz , Lu Nan-Ji , Kling Sabine , Abrishamchi Reyhaneh , Hillen Mark , Hafezi Nikki L. , Koppen Carina , Hafezi Farhad
Published: June 2023

Purpose:

To assess whether sunlight might be used to induce a biomechanical stiffening effect in riboflavin-soaked corneas similar to the effect observed in corneal crosslinking (CXL) using riboflavin and UV-A light.

Setting:

Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.

Design:

Experimental study.

Methods:

52 porcine eyes were assayed. The concentration of riboflavin in the corneal stroma was estimated using UV-A transmission in a preliminary experiment. Then, the duration of sunlight exposure to achieve a fluence of 7.2/cm2 was calculated. Finally, de-epithelialized corneas were divided equally into 3 groups and soaked with riboflavin 0.1% (control group and Group 1) or 0.5% (Group 2). Eyes from Groups 1 and 2 were then exposed to sunlight. The elastic modulus was calculated as an indicator of stiffness.

Results:

Riboflavin concentration in Group B was higher by a factor of 2.8 than Group A. According to live illuminance measurements and stromal riboflavin concentration, the sunlight exposure duration varied between 16 minutes and 45 minutes. Groups 1 and 2 had higher elastic modulus than controls (P < .0001) but did not differ between them (P = .194). The stiffening effect was 84% and 55%, respectively.

Conclusions:

Sunlight exposure of ex vivo corneas soaked in both riboflavin 0.1% and 0.5% resulted in increased corneal stiffness. Specifically, riboflavin 0.1% with longer UV-A exposure showed a trend for a greater stiffening effect, which might open new alleys for the use of oral riboflavin and fractioned sunlight exposure as less invasive CXL techniques.
Tongue Flap for Closure of Complex Oronasal Fistula
Authors: Meneses Argalle Julian D. , Espinosa Orozco Ana M. , Prada Madrid José Rolando
Published: June 2023

Complex oronasal fistula is one of the most frequent secondary complications of cleft palate correction and is considered a reconstructive challenge. Tongue flaps are one of the procedures for the treatment of complex fistulas associated or not with multiple previous procedures, offering a high success rate, few complications, and problems during its development. This study evaluates the efficacy in terms of functionality, esthetic, donor area morbidity and clarifies surgical technique steps. Descriptive cohort study was performed between August 2011 to August 2021 where an anteriorly based dorsal tongue flap was performed in 30 patients with complex palatal fistulas, evaluating outcomes in terms of technique reproducibility and flap viability, correction of oronasal regurgitation, speech, donor site morbidity, complications, and esthetics. The senior author has used this technique with consistent clinical outcomes to improve complex oronasal fistula with minimal complications, with a good success rate in terms of correction of the palatal defect with imperceptible alteration of the lingual donor area. In addition, establishes a specific definition of persistence and recurrence of oronasal fistula. The tongue flap is considered the gold standard in complex oronasal fistula reconstructions with satisfactory outcomes, and it offers an adequate amount of vascularized tissue achieving fistula closure without functional or esthetic impairment of the donor area and is a highly reproducible technique.
Comparison of Pediatric Nutrition Screening Tool (PNST) With the Pediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score (PYMS) in Hospitalized Turkish Children
Authors: Caferoglu Zeynep , Kaya Nese , Konyaligil Nurefsan , Kurtbeyoglu Emine , Cavdar Meliha , Firat Selma , Toklu Hilal , Kardas Fatih
Published: June 2023

This study aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of Pediatric Nutrition Screening Tool (PNST) and Pediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score (PYMS) in Turkish pediatric inpatients. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 996 inpatients aged 1 to 16 years. The prevalence of malnutrition was 31.8%. The PNST identified 28.7% (original cutoffs) and 62.6% (adjusted cutoffs) of patients as at risk, whereas PYMS categorized 44.3% as at high risk of malnutrition. The sensitivity of PNST with original cutoffs (52.1%) was lower than that of PYMS (85.2%) and PNST with adjusted cutoffs (83.3%), especially for acute malnutrition (67.6% vs 95.3% and 94.6%, respectively). Considering the importance of early identification and treatment of malnutrition, PYMS and PNST with adjusted cutoffs may be useful as a screening tool in this population.
Probiotics in the Management of Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea in Children
Authors: Fadin Larissa , Vieira Karolinny Cristiny de Oliveira , Toledo Ana Clara Campagnolo Gonçalves , da Silva Anne Kastelianne França , Pereira Valéria Cataneli , Winkelstroter Lizziane Kretli
Published: June 2023

This review aimed to evaluate probiotic use to prevent antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children. A total of 1564 studies of randomized clinical trials published in English were found using PubMed, Cochrane, and Virtual Health Library (MEDLINE/LILACS). A meta-analysis included 4 trials in subgroup Lactobacillus rhamnosus (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.17-0.49; P < .00001), 2 trials in subgroup L reuteri (95% CI: 0.51-1.77; P = .87), and 5 groups in subgroup association of species of probiotics (95% CI: 0.21-1.71; P = .33). The findings suggest that L rhamnosus alone may be useful in preventing antibiotic-associated diarrhea in children.
Interaction between gut microbiota metabolites and dietary components in lipid metabolism and metabolic diseases
Authors: Basnet Til Bahadur , GC Srijana , Basnet Rajesh , Fatima Sadia , Safdar Mahpara , Sehar Bismillah , Alsubaie Ali Saad R. , Zeb Falak
Published: June 2023

Gut microbiota composition has caused perplexity in developing precision therapy to cure metabolic disorders. However, recent research has focused on using daily diet and natural bioactive compounds to correct gut microbiota dysbiosis and regulate host metabolism. Complex interactions between the gut microbiota and dietary compounds disrupt or integrate the gut barrier and lipid metabolism. In this review, we investigate the role of diet and bioactive natural compounds in gut microbiota dysbiosis and also the modulation of lipid metabolism by their metabolites. Recent studies have revealed that diet, natural compounds and phytochemicals impact significantly on lipid metabolism in animals and humans. These findings suggest that dietary components or natural bioactive compounds have a significant impact on microbial dysbiosis linked to metabolic diseases. The interaction between dietary components or natural bioactive compounds and gut microbiota metabolites can regulate lipid metabolism. Additionally, natural products can shape the gut microbiota and improve barrier integrity by interacting with gut metabolites and their precursors, even in unfavourable conditions, potentially contributing to the alignment of host physiology.