bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cost-effectiveness analysis protocol of the Smart Triage program: A point-of-care digital triage platform for pediatric sepsis in Eastern Uganda
Authors: Li Edmond C. K. , Grays Sela , Tagoola Abner , Komugisha Clare , Nabweteme Annette Mary , Ansermino J. Mark , Mitton Craig , Kissoon Niranjan , Khowaja Asif R.
Published: November 2021

Background

Sepsis is a clinical syndrome characterized by organ dysfunction due to presumed or proven infection. Severe cases can have case fatality ratio 25% or higher in low-middle income countries, but early diagnosis and timely treatment have a proven benefit. The Smart Triage program in Jinja Regional Referral Hospital in Uganda will provide expedited sepsis treatment in children through a data-driven electronic patient triage system. To complement the ongoing Smart Triage interventional trial, we propose methods for a concurrent cost-effectiveness analysis of the Smart Triage platform.

Methods

We will use a decision-analytic model taking a societal perspective, combining government and out-of-pocket costs, as patients bear a sizeable portion of healthcare costs in Uganda due to the lack of universal health coverage. Previously published secondary data will be used to link healthcare utilization with costs and intermediate outcomes with mortality. We will model uncertainty via probabilistic sensitivity analysis and present findings at various willingness-to-pay thresholds using a cost-effectiveness acceptability curve.

Discussion

Our proposed analysis represents a first step in evaluating the cost-effectiveness of an innovative digital triage platform designed to improve clinical outcomes in pediatric sepsis through expediting care in low-resource settings. Our use of a decision analytic model to link secondary costing data, incorporate post-discharge healthcare utilization, and model clinical endpoints is also novel in the pediatric sepsis triage literature for low-middle income countries. Our analysis, together with subsequent analyses modelling budget impact and scale up, will inform future modifications to the Smart Triage platform, as well as motivate scale-up to the district and national levels.

Trial registration

Trial registration of parent clinical trial: NCT04304235, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04304235. Registered 11 March 2020.
Interaction effect of coping self-efficacy and received support in daily life of hematopoietic cell transplant patient-caregiver dyads
Authors: Kroemeke Aleksandra , Sobczyk-Kruszelnicka Małgorzata
Published: November 2021

Objectives

According to the social cognitive theory, social support and self-efficacy may interact with each other i.e. compete or account jointly for better adaptation. This study examined the nature of the interaction between coping self-efficacy and received social support in daily lives of patient-caregiver dyads after cancer treatment. We tested whether the effect of daily fluctuations in coping self-efficacy and received support on daily affect was synergistic (positive jointed effect), compensatory (positive competing effect), or interference (negative competing effect).

Design

A dyadic daily-diary study conducted for 28 days after hospital discharge following hematopoietic cell transplantation.

Methods

Coping self-efficacy, received support, and positive and negative affect were measured in 200 patient-caregiver dyads. The analysis was based on the actor-partner interdependence moderation model using multilevel structural equation modeling.

Results

Statistically significant effect of interaction between daily coping self-efficacy and received support on negative affect was found, although only in the caregivers. In that group, higher daily received support compensated for lower daily coping self-efficacy but had a negative effect when coping self-efficacy was significantly higher than typical. Also, direct beneficial effects of higher daily coping self-efficacy and received support on caregiver positive affect were found. In the patients, higher daily coping self-efficacy was directly associated with better daily affect.

Conclusions

Diverse effects of daily coping self-efficacy and received social support were found—the interference effect in the caregivers and the main effect of coping self-efficacy in the patients. Higher daily coping self-efficacy and optimal received social support may provide resilience against affect disturbance after cancer treatment.
Poster on SSS-Sms Communication Protocol Design
Authors: Appiah Frank
Published: November 2021

This is to show a complete communication architecture and software architecture of SSS-SMS communication protocol design and conference presentation details.
Conservation-Restoration of a Botanical Museum Fluid Collection: Practice and Research
Authors: Dangeon M. , Cornet E. , Brambilla L.
Published: November 2021

The collection of the Botanical Museum of the University of Zürich is an academic collection assembled from 1891 to the end of the 20th century (1992 for the last inventoried item). Preserved plants come from all over the world (40 countries) and include all categories of existing Plantae (algae, lichens, fungi, higher plants, bacteriae). The fluid collection, largely neglected since 1976, shows significant degradation. The main problem is loss of preservative fluid due to leakage of the jars and aging of the seals. Another issue is the discoloration of the specimen fluids. These issues led to a research project titled FLUIDIS, which aimed to explore different preservative solutions and their impact on the discoloration of plant specimens. Conservation-restoration work was carried out on the jars of the “Professor Ernst Collection.” Topping up of was necessary for the entire collection. Restoration was performed after opening the containers and identifying the fluid. The specimens were consolidated, repaired, and mounted when necessary, then gradually put back into alcoholic solutions and finally sealed. An overall intervention protocol was established for the treatment of the entire botanical fluid collection. Its application, however, requires a careful study of each specimen.
Adsorption of Oils Pollutants by Using Nano Materials
Authors: AL-ogaidi Ahmed Jassim Muklive , Razzak Aliaa A. , Mohammed Mais Abdul Hakim
Published: November 2021

Oil and gas pollutants are among the most important and serious problems facing the world in general and the oil and gas sectors in particular. Always all legislation, international, professional and environmental organizations have been working hard to find legislation and concentrations allowed to reduce the impact and spread of these pollutants. Due to the seriousness and impact of these pollutants, great efforts are being taken to reduce these pollutants. Nano technology have been emerged as a viable option to reduced the effects of pollution facing the oil and gas industry. Porphyrin nano graphene were used for the removal of petroleum and gas pollutants through utilized adsorption process. Variety of several parameter has been done to explain the mechanism of adsorption of petroleum and gas pollutants by using porphyrin nano graphene.
Alpha Emitter Concentration in Blood of Iraqi Museum Workers
Authors: Hameed Doaa M. , Ahmed Rasha S. , Shamran Haidar A.
Published: November 2021

The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk of alpha emitter’s concentrations and measure it in human blood. The current study was done in the central laboratory and archaeologist employees of the Iraqi museum; likewise, the study also involved employees in State board of antiquities and heritage and Abd al-karim qasim museum that are located in Baghdad, Iraq. CR-39 Detector was used to measure alpha emitters track density. 60 participants Blood samples were collected in total (30 people in workers and 30 people in controls that were collected from general population). The maximum obtained values of alpha track density were (213.16±7.58 tracks/ mm2) and minimum obtained values (32.61±3.70 tracks/ mm2) in workers group with average of (81.36±3.78 No. of tracks/mm2) and the maximum obtained values of alpha track density were (219.37±6.75 tracks/ mm2) and minimum obtained values (3.02±0.37 tracks/ mm2) in control group with average of (28.45± 2.10 tracks/mm2). The result showed higher alpha emitter concentration in workers compared to the control group. Based on these results, high alpha concentrations to museum workers and archaeologists may have increased risk to DNA damage and cancer compared to non-occupational workers.
Mind, Body, and Race in Jessie Redmon Fauset’s Plum Bun
Authors: Mikić Marijana
Published: November 2021

Working at the intersection of cognitive and critical race narratology, the essay examines the relationship between the embodied mind and the social construction of race in Jessie Redmon Fauset’s Plum Bun: A Novel Without a Moral (1928/2011). The essay argues that Fauset’s African American passing novel rejects the notion of a solely ‘inward turn’, which is commonly associated with modernist literature, in favor of a more dynamic understanding of embodied cognition that acknowledges the shaping force of race and racialization. Using a seemingly traditional omniscient narrator, Fauset not only draws attention to the failure of U. S. American racial hierarchies, but she also lays bare how race impacts both individual consciousness and social cognition.1
Iconographies of ‘Childness’ and the Contemporary British Novel: Book Covers, Discourses, and Cultural Models
Authors: Schneider Ralf
Published: November 2021

A sizeable segment of the contemporary British fiction market for adult readers consists of novels that focus on children and childhood. In accordance with interdisciplinary Childhood Studies, such texts can be understood as contributions to the social construction of children and childhood, or ‘childness’. Such constructions appear to be in particular demand in this phase of late modernity, when childhood is conceptualized as an antidote to the many uncertainties contemporary post-industrial societies are faced with. While on the level of societies, public constructions of childhood are best understood in terms of a Foucauldian notion of discourse, discourses are not what individual readers and book-buyers actually have in their minds when choosing a title. Rather, this article argues that the cover illustrations of these novels both activate and reinforce cultural models of ‘childness’ that readers have stored as schemata shared with their cultural community. On the basis of this alignment of discourse theory with a concept from cognitive anthropology, the article demonstrates that book covers play a role in maintaining particular conceptions of ‘childness’, and in feeding them back into the minds of the readers. Furthermore, the relevance of the book as a material artefact is once again acknowledged.1
Evaluation of yield and quality properties of Elaeagnus mollis oil produced by ultrasound-assisted solvent enzymatic extraction
Authors: Lu Xiao-rui , Wu Dan , Wang Yong , Li Dong , Wang Li-jun
Published: November 2021

To improve the extraction efficiency and quality, ultrasound-assisted solvent enzymatic extraction (UASEE) method was applied to extract oil from Elaeagnus mollis Diels. The soxhlet extraction (SE) and cold pressing (CP) were carried out to be compared with UASEE. The optimal UASEE conditions were liquid–solid ratio of 11.6 mL/g, enzyme amount of 1.1%, and ultrasound power of 583 W, which gave by Plackett–Burman and Box–Behnken design. Under optimum conditions, the oil yield of 43.35 ± 0.26% was reached, which was similar to that of SE (43.02 ± 0.77%). The oil obtained by UASEE is more desirable than that of SE, but similar with CP, especially on unsaturated fatty acids content and total tocopherol content. Overall, UASEE is a potential alternative to traditional methods for the efficient extraction of E. mollis oil for its higher oil yield and better quality.
Artificial intelligence, big data, and blockchain in food safety
Authors: Zhou Qinqin , Zhang Hao , Wang Suya
Published: November 2021

Food safety plays an essential role in our daily lives, and it becomes serious with the development of worldwide trade. To tackle the food safety issues, many advanced technologies have been developed to monitor the process of the food industry (FI) to ensure food safety, including the process of food production, processing, transporting, storage, and retailing. These technologies are often referred to as artificial intelligence (AI), big data, and blockchain, which have been widely applied in many research areas. In this review, we introduce these technologies and their applications in the food safety domain. Firstly, basic concepts of these technologies are presented. Then, applications for food safety from a data perspective based on these technologies are analyzed. Finally, future challenges of the applications of AI, big data, and blockchain are discussed.
Process Influences in the Combined Compacting and Back-Injection Process to Produce Back-Injected Self-Reinforced Composites (SRCs) – Analysis via Multiple Regression Modelling
Authors: Jakob F. , Pollmeier J. , Heim H.-P.
Published: November 2021

A new process to produce back-injected self-reinforced composites (SRCs) is presented. In contrast to other investigations on back-injection of SRCs, a process is presented which allows compacting and back injection of SRCs in one step where the SRCs are partly consolidated only via melt pressure inside the cavity. The mechanical properties of SRCs depend to a large extent on the process parameters of temperature and pressure during manufacture. These parameters are not yet known for back-injected areas. Sensors inside of the cavity measure the influences on the temperature and pressure conditions in the cavity. Initial studies on adhesion were carried out and analysed. For this purpose, shear tests of the back-injected component were carried out and a maximum shear strength of 5.81 MPa was determined for the materials used here. The investigations also show a dependence on the Distance from the Gate (DG) and the Mass temperature (TM). First microscopic examinations show good bonding between the SRC and the injection molded part, with no voids or air pockets in the boundary layer. It can also be seen that successful consolidation takes place in the area of the back injection.
Does Premature Deindustrialization Matter? The Role of Manufacturing versus Services in Development
Authors: Nayyar Gaurav , Cruz Marcio , Zhu Linghui
Published: November 2021

“Premature deindustrialization” typically reflects the fact that the services sector has grown faster than manufacturing at lower levels of per capita income compared to the past. This paper, based on cross-country data, shows that the rising share of services is largely not driven by a statistical artifact whereby what was earlier subsumed in manufacturing value added is now accounted for as service sector contributions. Yet, this matters less for development opportunities because features of manufacturing that were thought of as uniquely special for productivity growth are also shared by some services. And the growth of these high-productivity services is not closely linked to a manufacturing base as it draws on both intermediate demand from other sectors as well as final demand from home and abroad. The prospect of services-led development in lower-income countries however, is limited by the fact that a given service subsector is unlikely to provide opportunities for productivity growth and job creation for unskilled labor simultaneously.
Squeezing Italian dictionaries in search of citrus juice and fruit
Authors: Corino Elisa , Marello Carla
Published: November 2021

Southern Mediterranean regions significantly differ from the northern countries not only for their climate, but also and foremost for the influence that the latter has on the landscape and the products that are related to it. Dictionaries should relate the lexical variation used to describe the variety of landscapes and their characteristics, thus reflecting the peculiarities of a given territory.

This paper deals with the variety of citrus fruits that can be found in the Italian landscapes, with particular attention to the lexicographic treatment that they receive in both monolingual and bilingual dictionaries, where a precise meaning is not always registered and the treatment of the superordinate agrume (pl. agrumi) is controversial: its taxonomic status seems not to be recognized and fully exploited in dictionary articles.
OED and EDD: comparison of the printed and online versions
Authors: Markus Manfred
Published: November 2021

This paper revisits the issue of the opaque interrelationship between the English Dialect Dictionary (EDD) and the Oxford English Dictionary (OED). While work on OED3, the online version, has been in progress since 2000, the EDD was digitised in three phases between 2006 and 2019. EDD 3.0, with its sophisticated interface, was launched in April 2019. This paper ventures to question the OED’s policy of providing or omitting source evidence for some of its data. After a survey of the unequal aims and structures of the two dictionaries from their beginnings down to the end of OED2 (1989), the focus of the paper is on their relationship with regard to the two online versions, first as described by recent OED editors, and then by examining the interfaces. A quantitative analysis of the lexical variants attributed to Worcestershire in the two dictionaries is used as a test case to show that OED3 has borrowed more data from EDD (Online) than the OED entries attest and the ranking-list of sources misleadingly suggests. The paper critically analyses the OED’s practice of providing source evidence only for quotations, but generally not for (dialectal) variants.
Crystal structure of tetrabutylammonium sulfanilate – 1-(diaminomethylene)thiourea (1/2)
Authors: Xu Duanjie , Wang Baiyan , Zhu Xin
Published: November 2021

C26H54N10O3S3, monoclinic, Pc (no. 7), a = 8.5247(5) Å, b = 10.6658(5) Å, c = 21.2970(10) Å, β = 109.472(2)°, V = 1825.63(16) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt(F) = 0.0366, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0866, T = 298 K.
Crystal structure of 1,1′-(methane-1,1-diyl)bis(3-methyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium) bis(hexafluoridophosphate), C9H14F12N4P2
Authors: Huang-Xian Zhang , Kun Yuan , Qi-Long Du , Xu-Liang Nie , Wan-Ming Xiong
Published: November 2021

C9H14F12N4P2, monoclinic, P21/m (no. 11), a = 5.8968(9) Å, b = 11.5554(18) Å, c = 12.994(2) Å, β = 94.577(2)°, V = 882.6(2) Å3, Z = 2, R

gt
(F) = 0.0676, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.2020, T = 296(2) K.
Comparison of total nutrient recovery in aquaponics and conventional aquaculture systems
Authors: Amin Muhamad , Agustono Agustono , Prayugo Prayugo , Ali Muhamad , Hum Nurul N. Mohd Firdaus
Published: November 2021

Introduction

More eco-friendly aquaculture technology is required to reduce environmental pollution which has become a major issue in aquaculture industries in the last few decades. Aquaponics system is a culture technology to solve this waste issue. Thus, this study aimed at comparing growth performances, feed utilization efficiency, and nutrient recovery in aquaponics and conventional aquaculture system.

Materials and methods

Twenty-four juveniles of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) weighing 1.12 ± 0.1 g were cultured in either aquaponics systems or conventional aquaculture systems for 30 days. Each system had three culture systems as replicates. The fish were fed the same amount with a commercial pellet three times a day.

Results

The result showed that the Nile tilapia reared in the aquaponics system had a significantly higher specific growth rate than that of fish reared in the conventional system, 7.5 and 6.3% BW/day, respectively. Similarly, the feed utilization efficiency of fish reared in the aquaponics was also significantly better than that of fish in the conventional system. Furthermore, the total biomass harvested from the aquaponics system was nearly eight times higher than the total biomass harvested from the conventional system.

Conclusion

Growth, feed utilization efficiency, and total nutrient recovery in terms of biomass were higher in the aquaponics system. These results suggest that aquaponics is not only an eco-friendly aquaculture system, but also could produce more biomass than a conventional aquaculture system, and therefore, could be scaled up in a commercial scale.
Spanisch in Afrika/Afrika in Spanien. Sprachliche Charakteristika von Spanischsprecherinnen und Spanischsprechern aus Äquatorialguinea in Madrid
Authors: Schlumpf Sandra
Published: November 2021

In this paper, from the perspective of the migration context in Madrid, we look at the only officially Hispanophone country in Africa: Equatorial Guinea. After a detailed introduction to Equatorial Guinea’s history and languages, we offer an overview of the Equatoguinean migration to Spain and its current situation. In the main part of the article, we discuss three linguistic characteristics of Spanish spoken by people of Equatoguinean origin. In order to do so, we use a corpus of 24 sociolinguistic life-story interviews, conducted in Madrid in 2017 and 2018. The selected features represent different linguistic levels: syntax (variable use of prepositions in the constructionir‘to go’ + prepositionaoren+ destination), semantics (use of the verbsoír‘to hear’ andescuchar‘to listen’), and pragmatics (discursive use oftío/tía‘[literally:] uncle/aunt’). To gain a better understanding, we consider the sociolinguistic context of Equatorial Guinea and compare our results with other contact varieties of Spanish. Altogether, this study offers an insight into the Equatoguinean diaspora in Madrid and at the same time makes a contribution to the modern description of Equatoguinean Spanish.
“Kosovo, My Land”? Slovenians, Albanians, and the Limits of Yugoslav Social Cohesion
Authors: Ramšak Jure
Published: November 2021

The author examines the Kosovo crisis in the context of the pluralisation and democratisation of Slovenian society in the 1980s and early 1990s. This issue became a catalyst not only for the repositioning of structures of party leadership in relation to Belgrade, but also with respect to general public debates. By charting individual stages of the critical decade of 1981–1991, the author presents Slovenian perceptions of Kosovo’s political, economic, and social issues, first through the works of neo-Marxist critics and later through the activism of a group of left-liberal intellectuals, which included the provision of legal support and a high-profile social action related to the violations of Kosovar Albanian human rights. The author discusses the constraints encountered by this brief attempt to establish a pan-Yugoslav civil society initiative. At the same time, he shows how the complexities of the Kosovo crisis were used to coalesce the Slovenian nation into flight from Yugoslavia.
Kosovo 1989: The (Ab)use of the Kosovo Myth in Media and Popular Culture
Authors: Vučetić Radina
Published: November 2021

The author explores the creation of public opinion in Serbia in the late 1980s and the (ab)use of the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo on 28 June 1989. As a result of Serbian president Slobodan Milošević’s carefully planned propaganda, a negative image of Albanians as well as a positive perception of Serbian nationalism were enforced. The media and popular culture played a particularly important role in reviving the Kosovo Myth, together with the leading Serbian (academic) institutions and influential intellectuals. Thirty-some years after 1989, the Kosovo Myth is presented in the media in a largely unchanged manner, while for Serbia the Kosovo problem remains unsolved.
Vortices in a strongly coupled collisional quantum plasma embedded in an external magnetic field
Authors: Dasgupta Chitrita , Maitra Sarit
Published: November 2021

Vortex motion of a cylindrical quantum plasma containing degenerate inertialess electrons and strongly correlated, non-degenerate inertial ions is studied. The electron exchange–correlation and ion–neutral collisional effects are taken into consideration, along with vertical external magnetic field and radial electric field. Considering generalized viscoelastic momentum equation for strongly coupled ions in quasi-crystalline state, variation of different rotational characteristics along radial distance are discussed numerically. Existence of shear rotation is observed near both the core and the periphery of the vortex, which is found to be modified by ion–ion correlation, quantum effects of the degenerate electrons, the ion–neutral collision, as well as by the magnetic field. It is noticed that electron exchange–correlation potential and quantum diffraction play major roles in modifying the rotational characteristics. Vorticity and the rate of increment of enstrophy with respect to radial distance, diminish to zero towards the periphery of the vortex. Also, it is noted that the ion–neutral collision may be responsible for reducing the increment of enstrophy.
A new diphenylheptanoid from the rhizomes of Curcuma zedoaria
Authors: Van Do Truong Nhat , Nguyen Hai Xuan , Le Tho Huu , Dang Phu Hoang , Nguyen Mai Thanh , Thi Nguyen Mai Thanh , Nguyen Nhan Trung
Published: November 2021

A phytochemical investigation of the rhizomes of Curcuma zedoaria was carried out, leading to the isolation of a new diphenylheptanoid, zedoaroxane A (1), together with four known compounds (2–5). Their structures were elucidated based on NMR spectroscopic data. All isolated compounds possessed α-glucosidase inhibitory activity, with the IC50 values ranging from 35.2 to 89.0 µM, more potent than that of the positive control acarbose (IC50, 214.5 µM).
Masters and apprentices at the Chapel of Hatshepsut: towards an archaeology of ancient Egyptian reliefs
Authors: Stupko-Lubczynska Anastasiia
Published: November 2021

Ancient art is typically studied in terms of its aesthetic or historical value. This article presents an alternative approach, examining ancient Egyptian wall reliefs from achaîne opératoireperspective. The reliefs assessed here adorn the walls of the Chapel of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahari in Thebes. The analysis reveals, for the first time, the sequence of the artists’ work, from the initial preparation of the wall surface to the master sculptor's final touches. This enables a reconstruction of the ergonomic organisation of the work, distinguishing the contributions of individual hands and revealing often intangible phenomena, such as master-apprentice interactions. A similar approach may be useful when examining carved reliefs in other parts of the world.
Estimating the Impact of Credit Risk Determinants in two Southeast European Countries: A Non-Linear Structural VAR Approach.
Authors: Karoglou Michail , Mouratidis Konstantinos , Vogiazas Sofoklis
Published: November 2021

We study the impact of credit risk determinants on the Romanian and Bulgarian banking systems using a structural Markov Regime-Switching vector autoregressive (MRS-SVAR) analysis. To capture changes in the domestic macroeconomic conditions as well as the spillover effects from the Greek crisis we account for endogenous breaks in the mean and/or volatility dynamics. Our empirical results suggest that an increase of interest rate also increases the Romanian and Bulgarian credit risk in the short-run while in the medium and long-run it reduces it. We also find evidence of spillover effects from the Greek crisis on both the Romanian and Bulgarian banking system, which interestingly, are imminent in the low volatility regime.
Exploratory Study of Comparison Income and Individual Debt Using British Household Panel Survey
Authors: Ejebu Ourega-Zoe
Published: November 2021

The famous saying “keeping up with the Joneses” is a generational behaviour that is still deeply interwoven in the behavioural fabric of our modern-day society. This paper aims to address and contribute to the existing literature by investigating the determinants of individual non-mortgage debt, focusing on the role of comparison income. It also seeks to overcome certain empirical shortcomings by applying Tobit, fixed effects, and Tobit fixed effects regression models to a UK dataset. The study is motivated by previous research, which suggested the aspiration of borrowers is influential in the debt-decision process. Previous studies did not use empirical methods or UK data, however. Comparison income (the measure of the borrowers’ aspiration) is derived from the Mincer earnings equation. Tobit regression is applied in the cross-section analysis and is pertinent considering the censored nature of the dependent variable. In the panel analysis, fixed effects and Tobit fixed effects are used to control for unobserved attributes of sampled individuals that may affect demand for debt. Comparison income and non-mortgage debt as well as other economic and demographic variables are positively and significantly associated. The relationship between comparison income and non-mortgage debt suggests the latter may be incurred for status-maintenance purposes.
The Canadian University Selectivity Premium
Authors: Milla Joniada
Published: November 2021

This paper surveys the recent empirical literature on wage premium to university selectivity, and provides new evidence to this literature on a country such as Canada that has a distinct higher education system from those already analyzed. I estimate the wage premium to university selectivity using Canadian data and two popular methods to correct for non-random selection in universities of different quality: matching methods and instrumental variables (IV). I estimate a wage premium of 7% using the matching estimator, and a premium of 14.8% using the IV estimator for alumni of selective Canadian universities 4--6 years after graduation. My findings are in line with the literature on countries with a moderately differentiated higher education system that has low variation in tuition fees and is well supported by public funds.
The Transfer Problem Surfaces in Sub-Saharan Africa: Net Foreign Assets, Financial Liberalization and Real Exchange Rates
Authors: Ibhagui Oyakhilome
Published: November 2021

This paper presents new links among net foreign assets (NFA), financial liberalization, and the real exchange rates in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), utilizing a testable theoretical model inspired by Lane and Milesi-Ferreti (2004) and newly constructed data sets for real exchange rates, net foreign assets, and financial liberalization. First, we check for the existence of a transfer problem – the hypothesis that increases in NFA strengthen the real exchange rates. Second, we examine how real exchange rates have reacted to financial liberalization in SSA. Finally, we explore whether financial liberalization dampens the effects of a transfer problem. Empirical analysis, using cross-country data, confirms the existence of a transfer problem that decreases with increases in trade openness in SSA. We also find that, overall, countries with financial liberalization have more depreciated real exchange rates and that financial liberalization dampens the transfer problem so that the semi-elasticity of NFA becomes negative, implying that financially liberalized SSA countries that experience an increase in net external liabilities would eventually require an appreciated, rather than depreciated, real exchange rate. The results are robust to various model specifications and estimation techniques, inclusion of other determinants of real exchange rates and consideration of endogeneity.
TEN YEARS OF THE REVIEW OF ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Konieczny Jerzy (Jurek)
Published: November 2021

This issue marks the tenth anniversary of the founding of the Review of Economic Analysis.
Spend Less, Get More? Explaining Health Spending and Outcome Differences Between Canada and Italy
Authors: Di Matteo Livio , Barbiero Thomas
Published: November 2021

Canada spends more than Italy on health per capita and as a share of GDP and has a higher per capita GDP.  Yet, life expectancy and infant mortality in Italy are better and have improved more over time.  The implication is that the Italian health care system provides better value for money.  We examine whether Italy does get better health outcomes at lower costs. Using regression analysis, we find that health spending is determined by similar drivers in both Canada and Italy.  We also find that more social spending and health spending in either country do not satisfactorily explain the differences in health outcomes, suggesting the importance of broader socio-economic determinants like income and life-style choices.  We conclude that while the levels of per capita health spending in Canada are higher than Italy, this partly reflects historical inertia in Canadian health spending partially attributable to the higher costs of health professionals relative to Italy.
Knowledge and Export Modes: Which Export Strategy Boosts Firms Knowledge Acquisition?
Authors: Di Cintio Marco
Published: November 2021

The aim of our research is to investigate whether the choice to export directly versus indirect export plays a role in the level of knowledge acquired by exporting firms. To the best of our knowledge, there is no empirical evidence in this stream of literature and our original contribution consists in considering the outcomes of learning-by-exporting in presence of export intermediaries. Thus, we study whether different export strategies may generate different unobservable productivity premia. In particular, we focused on 25 emerging Countries, and through a machine learning method, we evaluate how the level of knowledge acquired by firms would change if those who chose a specific strategy had instead chosen another one. Our results show that (1) the learning by exporting hypothesis is still valid when firms export indirectly; (2) direct exporters acquire more knowledge than indirect exporters; (3) under the same export strategy, Chinese exporters (direct and indirect) outperform other Asian exporters.
How do income inequality and fiscal consolidation impact on banking crises? A post-Keynesian view
Authors: Peña Guillermo
Published: November 2021

This is the first paper in estimating a population-averaged panel logit probability model to test the importance of the interaction between deficit in the public budgeting and income inequality in banking crises, for 36 developed countries from 1961-2011. New empirical evidence is shown on whether rising inequality is linked with financial crises, corroborating theoretical expectations of post-Keynesian authors. Policy measures are provided and tested empirically: whilst in general terms higher levels of income inequality could be associated with financial crises; countries with high levels of income inequality could reduce the likelihood of a crisis better in a context of fiscal consolidation. One reason could be that governments could use this public surplus for reducing income inequality, which helps to reduce defaults and banking crises.  These results could be useful for academics, and policy-makers.
Macro-Financial Parameters Influencing Bitcoin Prices: Evidence from Symmetric and Asymmetric ARDL Models
Authors: Palamalai Srinivasan , Maity Bipasha , Kumar Krishna
Published: November 2021

Bitcoins are evolving as a modern class of investment assets and it is crucial for investors to manage their investment risk. This paper examines the impact of macroeconomic-financial indicators on Bitcoin price using symmetric and asymmetric version of autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models with structural breaks. The asymmetric long-run association ascertained between Bitcoin prices and the macroeconomic-financial indicators is evident. Our empirical results indicate that the Bitcoin cannot be used to hedge against the inflation, Federal funds rate, stock markets and commodity markets. We further find that Bitcoin can be regarded as a hedging device for the oil prices. Our findings have significant implications for market participants who consider including alternate investment assets in their portfolios.
S. James Press and Bayesian Analysis
Authors: Zellner Arnold
Published: November 2021

S. James Press’s many contributions to statistical research, lecturing, mentoring students, the statistics profession, etc. are summarized. Then some new developments in Bayesian analysis are described and remarks on the future of Bayesian analysis are presented.
On the Relevance of the Bayesian Approach to Statistics
Authors: Robert Christian P.
Published: November 2021

In this essay, I argue about the relevance and the ultimate unity of the Bayesian approach in a neutral and agnostic manner. My main theme is that Bayesian data analysis is an effective tool for handling complex models, as proven by the increasing proportion of Bayesian studies in the applied sciences. I thus disregard the philosophical debates on the meaning of probability and on the random nature of parameters as things of the past that ultimately do a disservice to the approach and are irrelevant to most bystanders.
Weak* Axiom of Independence and the Non-Expected Utility Theory
Authors: Biswas Tapan
Published: November 2021

The axiomatic foundation of the expected utility theory (which states that given a set of uncertain prospects individuals pick up the prospect which yields the highest expected utility) was first laid down by Von Neumann and Morgenstern (1947). This axiom has come under severe criticisms in recent years. A large number of experiments have shown that in making decisions involving uncertain prospects people frequently violate the independence axiom. In this paper we shall consider the problem of choice under uncertainty from a wider point of view and we shall examine the nature of the restriction imposed by the axiom of independence. We shall use the mean-variance utility function to prove our point. Then we shall consider a weak version of the independence axiom namely the weak* axiom of independence. This is the point of departure from the expected utility theory to the realm of the non-expected utility theory. The weak* axiom allows aversion to pure uncertainty and, in the context of the mean-variance utility theory, it is compatible with utility being an increasing function of expected returns at all levels.
Efficiency and Consistency in Group Decisions
Authors: Biswas Tapan
Published: November 2021

The paper introduces a concept of “efficiency set" in the context of group decisions and analyses its properties. If the set contains a single element, then the Borda rule finds it. Otherwise, the group needs a value function to choose from the efficient alternatives. Two value functions, with considerations for the number of participants who are badly affected by the choice, have been discussed. It turns out that the consistency axiom of group choice imposes a constraint, on the form of the value function, with questionable normative significance.
Where Has The Currency Gone? And Why? The Underground Economy And Personal Income Tax Evasion In The U.S., 1970-2008
Authors: Cebula Richard J.
Published: November 2021

Unaccounted for currency in the U.S. is argued to reflect the presence of widespread income tax evasion. This empirical study seeks to identify determinants of the underground economy in the U.S. in the form of federal personal income tax evasion over the period 1970-2008. In this study, we use the most recent data available on personal income tax evasion, data that are derived from the General Currency Ratio Model and measured in the form of the ratio of unreported AGI (adjusted gross income) to reported AGI. Other studies of federal income tax evasion for the U.S. are dated and do not use data this current. It is found that personal income tax evasion was an increasing function of the maximum marginal federal personal income tax rate, the percentage of federal personal income tax returns characterized by itemized deductions, and unpopular military engagements, in this case, the War in Iraq, and a decreasing function of the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (during its first two years of being implemented), the ratio of the tax free interest rate yield on high grade municipals to the interest rate yield on ten year Treasury notes (as a measure of the incentive effect of a better return to tax avoidance, which is legal), and higher audit rates of filed federal income tax returns (as a measure of risk from tax evasion) by IRS personnel.
Some conditions of convergence of interpolative Lagrange processes on $A_R$ and $\mathbb{C}^{\infty}$ classes
Authors: Davydov O.V.
Published: November 2021

Let $X = \{ -1 \leqslant x_{0n} < \ldots < x_{nn} \leqslant 1;\; n=0,1,2,\ldots \}$ be a matrix of nodes; $L_n(X, f)$ be the interpolative Lagrange process; $\lambda_n(X)$ be the Lebesgue constant; $A_R$ be the class of functions that are regular in ellipse with the sum of semiaxes being equal to $R > 1$. Let$$R_0(X) = \inf \bigl\{ R > 1\colon \forall f \in A_R \lim\limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} \| f - L_n(X, f) \| = 0 \bigr\}$$Theorem 1. Let the nodes of the matrix $X$ satisfy the condition $| \theta_{in} - \theta_{i-1,n}| \geqslant \frac{\varepsilon \pi}{n}$, $i = \overline{1, n}$, where $\theta_{in} = \arccos x_{in}$, $n = 1, 2, \ldots$, $0 < \varepsilon \leqslant 1$. Then the following inequality holds:$$\bigl( \lim\limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} \sqrt[n]{\lambda_n(X)} \bigr)^{\varepsilon} \leqslant R_0(X) \leqslant \lim\limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} \sqrt[n]{\lambda_n(X)}$$Analogous results take place for the classes $A_R$ of all regular and infinitely differentiable on $\mathbb{C}^{\infty}$ functions.
The best approximation of classes $W^r H^{\omega}$ by algebraic polynomials in $L_1$ space
Authors: Kogan A.M.
Published: November 2021

We consider asymptotic behavior of the best approximation of classes $W^r H^{\omega}$ by algebraic polynomials in $L_1$ space.
Tensões, disputas e conflitos étnicos no Norte do Brasil
Authors: Pinheiro Luis Balkar Sá Peixoto
Published: November 2021

A chegada de um número significativos de  imigrantes portugueses à capital amazonense e sua atuação no período compreendido pela expansão e decadência da economia de exportação da borracha é tomada como mote para a compreensão das disputas e dos conflitos étnicos que se materializaram na formação do proletariado amazonense entre os anos de 1890 e 1930. Em que pese a insistência de lideranças operárias no sentido da reafirmação do internacionalismo da classe operária, as relações entre trabalhadores portugueses e brasileiros em Manaus foi tensa durante todo o período e muitas vezes assumiu preocupante radicalidade, lembrando, inclusive, os movimentos “fora galegos”, que ocorreram em diversas regiões do Brasil na segunda metade do século XIX. Não sem razão o uso de expressões e adjetivos depreciativos lançados aos portugueses – “galegos”, “pés de chumbo”, etc. – se manteve como prática comum na cidade, e se mostrou bastante amplificado entre os trabalhadores, principalmente no momento de derrocada econômica, transformando as tensões étnicas numa das mais sensíveis questões a dificultar a formação de uma classe operária consciente de seus papel e coesa em suas dimensões de organização, mobilização e luta.
Os camisas-verdes em Minas Gerais:
Authors: Pereira Gonçalves Leandro Pereira , Pimenta Éverton Fernando
Published: November 2021

O integralismo brasileiro pode ser considerado o maior movimento de expressão fascista latino-americano. No Brasil, através das bandeiras integralistas, alcançou uma expansão significativa em praticamente todos os estados. Em Minas Gerais, esteve ativamente presente em diversas cidades, promovendo um discurso autoritário e conservador em uma sociedade vista como insegura. Com tal cenário em vista, recorrendo à documentação produzida pelo Departamento de Ordem Política e Social de Minas Gerais (DOPS-MG) e pela imprensa integralista, o propósito deste artigo é analisar a atuação integralista na tradicional cidade mineira de São João del-Rei, destacando duas referências centrais: o cancelamento do Congresso Universitário Integralista e a introjecção da política integralista na sociedade sanjoanense, que marcou personalidades políticas como o então vereador, Tancredo de Almeida Neves.
Onde está ela?
Authors: Pereira Avelino Romero
Published: November 2021

O estudo parte da análise de duas polcas publicadas como suplementos musicais da revista A Estação (Rio de Janeiro, 1879-1904), uma por um compositor de renome e outra anônima, base para se especular sobre a possível autoria feminina por trás do anonimato. A música como objeto e como tema é contextualizada na própria revista, em diálogo com artigos e narrativas e com a linguagem visual da mesma. Partindo-se do conceito de imagéité proposto por Jacques Rancière, discute-se a articulação entre o visível e o legível, ao que se soma o audível, tendo em conta as 29 composições ali publicadas. Em seguida aborda-se o tema das visibilidades femininas, entendidas a partir das representações de figuras de mulheres nas capas de algumas das partituras e da exposição pública das compositoras de sete músicas. Discute-se também a invisibilização posterior dessas mulheres, tomando-se por base a crítica feminista à musicologia tradicional, que hiperdimensiona o repertório “sério” em detrimento das danças de salão.
Effectiveness of goalball athletes throwing in the Chilean National League
Authors: Campos Campos Kevin Isaías , Castelli Correia de Campos Luis Felipe , Pereira Morato Marcio , Tosim Alessandro , Fernández Muñoz Mónica , Alarcón Segura Karina , Luarte Rocha Cristian
Published: November 2021

Goalball is a collective Paralympic sport with oppositional characteristics but without invasion by the athletes that, despite requiring great physical condition in offensive and defensive actions, is also identified as a tactical sport, where the administration of technique in the various game situations determines success in competition. The objective of the study was to analyze the effectiveness of the attack of the Chilean National Goalball League, according to type of shot and trajectory. Four Goalball matches of the final phase of a national tournament were filmed. For this, a digital camera was used behind an arch located in height. The matches were analyzed following the diagrams proposed by Morato et al. (2016) and Morato (2012). The front throw (FRO) was used the most (88.9%) with an effectiveness rate of 6.2%. Longer trajectories were made in short diagonals (SD) and parallel (PA) (31.3% and 23.2%, respectively). The FRO throw was directed in SD (34.5%) and PA (22.4%), while on the other hand, the spinning throws (SP) were directed preferably in PA (30.4%) and SD (29.1%). The FRO throw was more effective in PA (10.6%), whereas the SP throw was more effective in the middle diagonal (MD) (12.5%). The lateral positions execute throws, preferably FRO, but in defense the central positions are protagonists. Throws are most effective when they are directed in PA and SD.
TRENDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF RISK MANAGEMENT
Authors: Biolcheva P.
Published: November 2021

Awareness of the need for effective risk management is gaining ground, both among business organizations and in scientific publications in the field. The prospects for development in risk management must be tailored to the growing and transformative needs of Industry 4.0. The paper focuses on different directions, priorities of the Federation of European Riskmanagement Associations (Ferma). The main subject of research is placed on risk management through artificial intelligence. Both the risks of its introduction and the benefits of it have been identified.