bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Incidence of Mongolism in the General Population
Authors: Penrose L. S.
Published: August 2008

The generalized foetal dysplasia known as mongolism is one of the most frequent causes of severe mental defect. It accounts for something like 5 per cent. of all institutional cases in this country (Tredgold, 1929). The incidence of the condition in the general population is difficult to estimate with accuracy because of the high mortality it carries, but an exact knowledge of the frequency would be useful both for biological and for administrative reasons.
The Differential Leucocyte Count in Mongols
Authors: Shapiro Alexander
Published: August 2008

Turpin and Bernyer (1947), working on the influence of heredity on the Arneth count (Cooke and Ponder's (1927) modification), found that in mongols it was shifted to the left, i.e., that their polymorphonuclears had fewer lobes and were therefore more immature.
Porencephaly and Cerebral Abscess Simulating Internal Hydrocephalus
Authors: Kirman Brian H.
Published: August 2008

Courville (1945) remarks that: “It was almost a medical habit in England on the part of physicians with literary leanings in the first half of the nineteenth century to write an essay on ‘water on the brain’.” It was not, however, until the experimental work of Dandy (1917) was published that a dynamic and scientific approach to the problem became possible. To this day no generally effective and applicable method of treatment has been devised. This is possibly due in part to the tendency to lump together a variety of conditions of different aetiology and pathology under the one heading. To emphasize this point it is perhaps useful to publish the following case, which clinically seemed to be one of simple hydrocephalus, but post-mortem examination of which showed that the symptoms had quite a different origin.
Some Reflections on the Nature of Affective Disorders, Arising from the Results of Prefrontal Leucotomy
Authors: Partridge Maurice
Published: August 2008

For the use of the term “affective disorder” there is good literary warrant. Shakespeare, writing in the last decade of the sixteenth century, or just before it, uses the word thus:

“Necessity will make us all forsworn

Three thousand times within this three years' space;

For every man with his affects is born,

Not by might mastered, but by special grace” (92).
Educational Types of Mentally Defective Children
Authors: Hilliard L. T.
Published: August 2008

In 1872 Wm. Ireland, of Scotland, attempted a classification of mental deficiency based on pathological conditions. His twelve group's were: Genetous, Microcephalic, Hydrocephalic, Eclampsic, Epileptic, Paralytic, Traumatic, Inflammatory, Sclerotic, Syphilitic, Cretinous and Deprivative.
Differential Diagnosis of Some Emotional Disorders of Adolescence (With Special Reference to Early Schizophrenia)
Authors: Edelston H.
Published: August 2008

In my student days, after the first world war, teachers and text-books still used the term dementia praecox. It was looked upon as a disease sui generis, and descriptions were entirely in terms of clear-cut asylum cases with the usual classification into simple, hebephrenic, katatonic and paranoid. There was no psychopathology worth noting, and no anticipation of the immense gap waiting to be explored between “normality” and complete mental breakdown. In effect this meant that there was no half-way house in diagnosis: it was either dementia praecox or nothing. The revolutionary change in diagnostic approach began with Bleuler's highly original conception of the disorder as a progressive splitting of the psyche, indicated by the name schizophrenia which he gave to it, and which now holds the field. Added to this there are the researches of the psycho-analytical schools (the Jungians in particular) which have succeeded in opening up a huge and fascinating borderland on the fringe of normality, with a corresponding enlargement of our notions of schizophrenic disorders.
Body Size, Personality and Neurosis
Authors: Rees Linford
Published: August 2008

From time immemorial man has tended to classify his fellow beings into physical types associated with specific disease susceptibilities or characteristic mental or moral qualities. The ancient Hindus described three types of human physique likened to the elephant, the bull and the deer. Hippocrates formulated a dichotomy in build with a narrow type, the habitus phthisicus as one extreme and a broad type, the habitus apoplecticus, as the other.
The Concentration of Adenosinetriphosphate (ATP) Citrate and Calcium in Blood During Insulin Shock Therapy
Authors: Weil-Malherbe H.
Published: August 2008

Concentration changes of blood constituents other than glucose occurring during hypoglycaemia, and particularly during insulin shock therapy, have been studied by several authors (e.g., Harris, Blalock and Horwitz, 1938; Katzenelbogen et al., 1939) though not always with concordant results. One of the most constant features of insulin hypoglycaemia is a decrease in the level of inorganic phosphate during the phase of blood-sugar fall and a gradual return to normal after the blood-sugar curve has reached its lowest value. This fact which was described soon after the discovery of insulin (see Cori (1931) for a review of the older literature) is generally attributed to the increased phosphate esterification consequent upon the enhancement of glucose utilisation and is in harmony with the current concept that the function of insulin is primarily that of a promotor of glucose phosphorylation.
Electro-Narcosis in the Treatment of Schizophrenia
Authors: Monro A. B.
Published: August 2008

I carried out 2,443 treatments by electro-narcosis on 152 patients, between 29 January, 1948, and 19 February, 1949, without fatality, and without any adverse personality change attributable to the treatment. Of these patients 105 were schizophrenics, whose treatment was completed before 29 January, 1949. This series alone is considered in detail here, but the experience gained from the treatment of the remaining patients is taken into account, especially in relation to difficulties and dangers.
The Somatic Manifestations of Schizophrenia
Authors: Shattock F. Mackenzie
Published: August 2008

There is still no agreement on the aetiology of schizophrenia, or general acceptance of its definition as a “functional psychosis.” There is agreement only on the complexity of the problem presented by an illness which involves every aspect of the personality, and is precipitated by a multiplicity of internal and external causes. This complexity suggests that an approach from many angles, clinical, genetic, sociological, statistical, or even a more remote biological or physiological approach may yield some information of value.
Abilities of Male Mental Hospital Patients
Authors: Halstead H.
Published: August 2008

Before the the last war psychological tests were not much used in mental hospitals, as there were few tests suitable for adults and, for that matter, hardly any trained clinical psychologists in the country. The “Binet” test or some modification of it was most commonly used, but it is unsatisfactory for adults, and now redundant. The war produced a considerable number of reliable adult tests, standardized on large samples of service men and women, and, although the effective age-range was restricted by service requirements, the tests are a great improvement on pre-war material, and a welcome addition to the clinical psychologist's stock-in-trade.
A Case of Schizosis with Dual Personality
Authors: Davis David
Published: August 2008

Multiple personality in its true form is a comparatively rare occurrence. Taylor and Martin (19) in a recent survey place the estimate at about 150 cases. In their definition, however, they exclude many cases which seem “too hypnotic, narrowly hysterical, evidently organic, psychotic, likely faked, or insufficiently described to be called multiple personality.” The following case, although it might fall into the “narrowly hysterical” category, appears to be of sufficient interest to justify publication.
Some Studies of the Amino-Acids in Body Fluids in Patients with Various Forms of Mental Disease, by Paper Partition Chromatography
Authors: Pond M. H.
Published: August 2008

The metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds, and in particular amino-acids, in mental patients, has aroused interest in recent years for the following reasons.
Evaluation of Electric Convulsion Therapy As Compared with Conservative Methods of Treatment in Depressive States
Authors: Karagulla Shafica
Published: August 2008

Electric convulsion therapy has been generally accepted as a valuable method of treatment in depressive states. Assessment of the results of this form of treatment has generally been based on a small series of cases, and percentage rates of recovery and relapse have usually been computed on one hospitalization. No report has so far been published of a complete follow-up of patients throughout their frequent hospitalizations and remissions. Nevertheless, it is only on such a long-term basis that treatment of depressive states can be accurately evaluated. It was with this ideal in mind that the present study was undertaken. The clinical cases on which it is based are those of 923 patients treated in the Royal Edinburgh Hospital for Mental and Nervous Disorders between the years 1930-48.
Aspects of Thematic Apperception Testing: Paranoid Schizophrenia
Authors: Valentine Max , Robin Ashley A.
Published: August 2008

This paper embodies an attempt to study paranoid conditions by the use of psychological tests of the “projection” type—here, the Thematic Apperception test (TAT) and the Ink-blot test of Rorschach. In giving a standardized projection test to a homogeneous group there is some hope that factors specific to the group may emerge. When the group has a common “mental disease” or psychiatric syndrome, it is possible that the results may throw light on the nature of its psychological processes—and hence, ultimately, on the nature of the disease.
The Wechsler Test in Clinical Practice
Authors: Kaldegg A.
Published: August 2008

In adult intelligence testing the Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Test is increasingly used and is gradually taking the place of the Terman-Merrill. Not only is its verbal part better adapted to adult life, but it has the added advantage of being at once a verbal and a performance test. A comparison of a subject's achievements in the two parts of the test often shows where his strength and weakness lie, and so sometimes affords a clue to difficulties which he may experience in his work or otherwise without being aware of their cause.
The Significance of Various Aspects in Drawings by Educationally Subnormal Children
Authors: Günzburg H. C.
Published: August 2008

During the past few years interpretations of drawings for the assessment of intellectual and emotional aspects of personality have been used frequently. Various scales have been designed on the basis of a correlation between the elaboration and complexity of a drawing on one side, and the intellectual capacity, as measured by orthodox intelligence tests, on the other side. The best known of these scales is Goodenough's “Draw-a-Man” test (13), which has been used extensively.
Discussion on Indications for Shock Therapy
Authors: Sargant William
Published: August 2008

To-day I want to confine most of my remarks on the indications for shock therapy to problems concerned with the proper selection and handling of patients for E.C.T. I intend to make only passing reference to insulin.
Ether: An Estimation of its use in the Treatment of the Psychoneuroses
Authors: Gilmour David
Published: August 2008

Shorvon and Sargant (1947) have given a full account of the history and development of the use of ether in relation to excitatory abreaction. They have shown how valuable its use can be to rid patients of emotional tension which has occurred as a result of some particular battle experience, such as being blown up, buried alive, torpedoed, etc. They propound various theories as to the mechanism of excitatory abreaction, and they give a full description of the technique they employed, illustrated by examples from the numerous cases with which they dealt.
A Case of Aspirin Poisoning
Authors: Robin Ashley A.
Published: August 2008

From time to time accounts have appeared of recoveries and of deaths following the ingestion of large doses of aspirin. A further case is here reported.
An Account of E.C.T. Given to a Patient with a Tantalum Plate in His Skull
Authors: Osmond Humphry
Published: August 2008

This case has been recorded because it seems to be the first in which E.C.T. has been given to a patient with a skull defect repaired by means of a large metal plate. It is also of interest because there was some doubt about the diagnosis, although this was resolved by the response to treatment.
Intelligence and Modern Social Trends
Authors: Lewis E. O.
Published: August 2008

Mental deficiency and its synonym “oligophrenia” are terms interpreted very differently in various countries; this has made it almost impossible to compare the statistical data of these countries. The concept the lay person in this country has of mental defect applies with few exceptions to individuals with intelligence quotients below 60 per cent., i.e., idiots, imbecile and obvious simpletons. When a person with this conception of mental defect—and we must admit that it corresponds fairly closely to the legal interpretation of the Mental Deficiency Acts in this country—is told that mental deficiency is a major social problem, the statement is received with some measure of incredulity. There is some justification for this incredulity. The statement is ambiguous and is based upon some rather muddled thinking. If we accept this legal and administrative interpretation of mental defect only about 1 per cent. of the population can be said to be mentally defective. Probably no other 1 per cent. of the population has such a high proportion of decent, docile and law-abiding citizens. If so, what meaning can we give to the statement that mental deficiency is a major social problem ?
The Surgical Uncertainties of Prefrontal Topectomy and Leucotomy (Observations on 100 Cases)
Authors: Beau J. Le
Published: August 2008

Three is no branch of neuro-surgery in which the assessment of results is more difficult than in psycho-surgery. The main sources of uncertainty are:

(a)

Mental impairment or improvement cannot yet be measured as precisely as neurological disorders, such as visual field or motor defects.

(b)

Spontaneous recovery and the influence of the incidental psychotherapy and drugs involved in any form of surgical attention cannot be evaluated with certainty in many cases.

(c)

Most of the cytoarchitectural fields of the frontal cortex cannot yet be defined during life by any physiological test or anatomical measurement.

(d)

Finally, from a technical point of view the surgeon is liable to produce many incidental lesions which cannot be ascertained during the patient's life.
A Comparative Study of the Drawings Made by Various Clinical Groups
Authors: Martin A. W. , Weir A. J.
Published: August 2008

In the nineteenth century considerable attention was devoted to the art products of psychotics. The approach to these interesting phenomena was, however, unsystematized and of little value to psychopathology. Prinzhorn (1922) described the collection of psychotic art at Heidelberg. His monograph on the subject is a classic, but it has been pointed out by Elkisch (1945) that his analysis was not carried far enough to produce significant diagnostic criteria. In five recent articles Anastasi and Foley (1940, 1941) have made a comprehensive survey of work done on the whole field of the artistic behaviour of abnormal people. They have pointed out the inadequacies of research in this sphere: the lack of control groups of normal people, the generalizations made from a few selected data, and the constant danger of reciprocal projection.
An Account of the Szondi Test
Authors: Kaldegg A.
Published: August 2008

More than two years have elapsed since the Szondi test material became available on the home market, but it seems that the widespread use of the test has been considerably delayed by the lack of a translation of Dr. Szondi's books (1, 2). Susan Deri's Introduction to the Szondi Test (3), which appeared last year, may, however, have enabled some who felt attracted by the test to acquaint themselves with it. The purpose of Deri's book is to give some guidance for the clinical handling of the test and for its interpretation. For the rationale she refers to Szondi's own books.
Sub-Acute Sclerosing Leuco-Encephalitis: A Clinical and Pathological Report of Two Cases
Authors: Corsellis J. A. N.
Published: August 2008

The first object of this paper is to describe the clinical and pathological features of two cases of sub-acute sclerosing leuco-encephalitis (first distinguished by van Bogaert in 1945). A second object is to compare these features with those of the Dawson inclusion type of sub-acute encephalitis (Dawson, 1933, 1934; Brain, Greenfield and Russell, 1943, 1948; Greenfield, 1950; Malamud, Haymaker and Pinkerton, 1950), and the final object is to emphasize the importance of mental change, when associated with motor symptoms, in the diagnosis of both these forms of encephalitis.
Glutamic Acid and its Salts inPetit MalEpilepsy
Authors: Pond D. A. , Pond M. H.
Published: August 2008

The following experiments on glutamic acid were carried out in view of the conflicting reports of Price, Waelsch and Putnam (1943), Waelsch and Price (1944), and Goodman et al. (1948) on its effect in epilepsy. A number of preliminary experiments were made which suggested that there was an apparent difference between the effects of glutamic acid and sodium glutamate. Such a difference does not appear to have been considered by most other investigators. It was decided therefore to try to determine whether a possible reason for the difference was the effect of the sodium ion on water balance, since this is known to be related to the tendency to seizures (McQuarrie et al., 1932, Swinyard et al., 1946, and Weinland, 1949). For comparison potassium glutamate was given in a way to be described below. The experiments will be reported under the following headings:

1.

The acute E.E.G. and clinical effects of intravenous sodium glutamate.

2.

The short term (one week) E.E.G. and clinical effects of glutamic acid, its sodium and potassium salts and a placebo.

3.

Longer term clinical effects in out-patients.

4.

Biochemical studies of the blood and urine levels of glutamic acid by paper chromatography of 7 epileptic patients and 5 non-epileptic control subjects, including salt and water balance studies of patients and controls.
Maternal Age in Familial Mongolism
Authors: Penrose L. S.
Published: August 2008

In recent years several writers have attempted to bring the known aetiological effect of maternal age in mongolism into direct relationship with its causation. Brousseau (1928) sifted the available data very carefully, but failed to come to any conclusion as to how maternal age could exert its effect. Benda (1947) considers that advanced age is only a subsidiary factor making maternal illness or endocrine disorder more significant, and a similar view seems to be held by Ingalls (1947). The conclusion is drawn by Geyer (1939) that mongolism is due to an abnormal ovum; if so, the older the mother, presumably the more likely are ova to be abnormal. Conversely, Engler (1949) believes that the foetal dysplasia is caused by faulty embedding of a normal ovum in uterine mucosa which has deteriorated in consequence of age, infection or surgical interference. Jenkins (1933) lays stress on the analogy with certain phenomena seen in animal genetics, for Wright (1926) had shown that the manifestation of hereditary Polydactyly in guinea-pigs was influenced by the age of the dam: young mothers produced more polydactylous offspring than older ones. A similar effect has been found by Holt (1947) in polydactylous mice. There is no experimental evidence as to the nature of the mechanism involved, but it may be supposed to be physical or chemical. The search for a process akin to antigenic incompatibility has also been suggested (Penrose, 1946), immunity developing with greater ease in maturer than in younger maternal tissues. It is not necessary to look for a specifically pathological process, however, since the maternal-foetal reaction might be analogous to that in the aetiology of fraternal twins, which especially occurs at late maternal ages, which centre around 38 years.
An Experimental Approach to Diagnostic Psychological Testing
Authors: Shapiro M. B.
Published: August 2008

The symposium of the 1950 General Meeting of the British Psychological Society on the use of tests in clinical psychology showed that there was considerable difference of opinion on the way in which tests could and should be used in diagnostic work. As testing is one of the main activities of psychologists working in the clinical held, it is of some importance that this discussion be continued in written form. In this way misunderstanding can be clarified and opinions fully expressed.
The Pathogenesis of Somatic Disease in Mental Defectives
Authors: Crome L.
Published: August 2008

The problems of the interdependence and unity of the brain and body have been put on a scientific basis by Pavlov and his successors. Bykov (1947) has, for example, been able to demonstrate that the cortex plays a leading part in the regulation of somatic processes, such as secretion of urine, blood pressure, peristalsis and metabolism. It is therefore reasonable to argue that lesions of the central nervous system will be reflected in the pathogenesis and course of morbid processes in the body. It does not follow, however, that this influence will necessarily be in the direction of greater lability, more rapid pathogenesis or more extensive destruction. The outstanding feature of the central nervous system is its plasticity and power of compensation. It is therefore possible and probable that those parts of the nervous system which remain intact will take over and compensate for the function of the lost ones. Emotion may, for example, lead to polyuria, but it does not follow that urinary secretion will be impaired in a leucotomized patient. The brain may well play an important part in the infective processes of a normal person, but the defence against infection in a microcephalic idiot may remain perfectly adequate, and may even be more effective than in a normal person, provided that the mechanism of the immunity and phagocytosis had been more fully mobilized in the course of his previous life.
Post-Operative Syndromes in Selective Prefrontal Surgery
Authors: Le Beau J.
Published: August 2008

The prefrontal region lies in front of the motor and premotor areas of the frontal lobe. In Brodmann's terminology this corresponds to areas 8, 9, 10, 45 and 46 on the convexity; 11, 47 and 13 on the orbital surface; 24, 32 and 12 on the mesial surface. When speaking of selective prefrontal surgery, we mean topectomy or cortical undercutting or partial leucotomy of one or several of these areas.
Pellagra and the Nutritional Neuropathies: A Neuropathological Review
Authors: Leigh Denis
Published: August 2008

It is now well recognized that many of the syndromes previously described as pellagra, such as nutritional retrobulbar neuropathy, the ataxic, and burning feet syndromes, may occur as isolated manifestations of nutritional deficiency. The term “pellagra,” as it is often used, is no more than a generic title embracing a wide variety of nutritional disorders. The clinical status of the individual deficiency syndromes has been elucidated of late years in America (Spies et al., 1939; Harris, 1941), and with particular regard to the neurological disorders, in groups of prisoners of war in the Far East (Denny Brown, 1947) and Middle East (Spillane, 1947). The majority of the pathological studies of pellagra were completed in the era before advancing biochemical knowledge provided the impetus to further these clinical studies, and this is reflected in the great diversity of neuropathological changes described as “pellagrous.” The extensive literature contains many excellent studies of cases dying from malnutrition, and it now seems possible to attempt a correlation between the pathological findings and the more recently described individual syndromes. A review, therefore, of the neuropathological changes encountered in “pellagra” might be not untimely.
The Effects of Ethyl Alcohol and Acetaldehyde on Maze Behaviour and Motor Co-Ordination in Rats
Authors: Carpenter R. K. , MacLeod L. D.
Published: August 2008

The study of moderate degrees of alcoholic intoxication in such an animal as the rat demands methods of assessment of the state of the animals, which is a requirement not easy to provide. So far as the more complex integrated activity of the central nervous system is concerned, the use of a suitable maze affords some information of an objective kind. The book by Warden and others (1935) gives much information about construction and operation of mazes. Methods of recording based on projection by a lens (Yerkes and Kellog 1914; Watson, 1914) and the use of electrical contacts (Tolman and Jeffress 1925; Heron, 1933) have been described for rat mazes, while Miles (1928) has suggested the use of blotting-paper in conjunction with an ink writer to show relative speeds within a maze.
A Note on the A-B Ridge Count and Intelligence
Authors: Fang T. C.
Published: August 2008

The a-b ridge count, called the a-b count for short, is the number of epidermal ridges crossing or touching a fine straight line drawn joining the triradii a and b on the palm. The triradial point or the radiant when the former is absent is not included in the count. It was pointed out in a previous work (Fang, 1949) that on the assumption that the university students are more intelligent than the general population there is a consistent increase of the mean a-b count with intelligence. The results of the present study seem to agree with this finding.
Immediate Effects of Leucotomy on Cerebral Functions and their Significance
Authors: Klein R.
Published: August 2008

The subject of this investigation is the study of the immediate mental changes after standard leucotomy up to a time when the more acute manifestations of the brain operation have subsided and a stage of stabilization has been reached. Altogether twenty cases were examined, most of them schizophrenics. The observation time was between eight weeks and twelve months. The patients were examined in the first eight to ten days every day, and later at longer intervals according to their stabilization. In about half of the cases a detailed assessment of the patient's personality and intellectual faculties with a battery of tests was made before the operation. An assessment was also made of the patients' special abilities and knowledge, their general outlook and interests that had not been covered by the routine testing. The aim of the investigations was first to obtain a detailed picture of the acute condition following the operation, generally referred to as a confusional state, and to follow up the reorganization of these defects. Our next objective was to find out what significance these initial changes, or particular components of them, might have on the final result of the operation.
A Comparison of the Psychological Effects of Different Types of Operations on the Frontal Lobes
Authors: Petrie Asenath
Published: August 2008

Three years ago at the last International Congress of Psychology I reported on a preliminary investigation of personality changes after the usual standard prefrontal leucotomy. This investigation was carrried out on 20 neurotic patients before and three months after the operation performed by Mr. McKissock (McKissock, 1943). An extensive group of objective personality tests were chosen to define the factors of “Neuroticism” and “Introversion” as described by Eysenck (1947), which to all intents and purposes are equivalent to Cattell's (1950) factors C and F. In addition, the following intelligence tests were used: the Wechsler Scale, Porteus Mazes, and the proverbs from the Stanford Binet. The changes found provided us with some evidence in support of the hypothesis with which the investigation had been planned. This was that as a result of this type of incision in the frontal lobe there was a decrease in “Neuroticism,” a decrease in “Introversion” and a decrease in certain aspects of intelligence (Petrie, 1949a).

Since then a further 50 patients have been examined before and after operations on the frontal lobes, bringing the total to 70. Most of these were severe neurotics attending the psychiatric department of Dr. Desmond Curran at St. George's Hospital, London. Only those changes will be referred to as an alteration in personality where the probability is less than one in twenty that they could have occurred by chance.
Eye Manifestations in Maladjusted Children
Authors: Wellisch E.
Published: August 2008

The study of eye disorders in maladjusted children plays an interesting and important role in the investigation of psychosomatic problems of child psychiatry. Eye diseases in maladjusted children are frequently caused or aggravated by psychogenic factors. They are also sometimes connected with neurological disorders.
The Treatment of Mental Defectives with Glutamic Acid
Authors: Foale Martha
Published: August 2008

Because of the professional and lay interest in the potential value of glutamic acid in the treatment of mental deficiency the present study has been conducted.

From the section of Lennox Castle Institution, which is devoted to the training and treatment of Male Juvenile Mental Defective Delinquents, 30 patients were chosen. Half of these were treated with glutamic acid and half used as controls.

The analysis is based upon comparison between experimental and control group rather than between paired individuals. As may be seen from the table, the two groups are very similar. There is no significant difference in the age, intellectual capacity, social background or environment.
The Latah Reaction: Its Pathodynamics and Nosological Position
Authors: Yap P. M.
Published: August 2008

Few mental diseases have attracted the attention of medical men working in outlandish parts of the world more than Latah. This is due, not only to its intrinsic interest, showing as it regularly does the unusual symptoms of echolalia, echopraxia, and automatic obedience, but also to its remarkable geographical distribution. This illness was described by travellers to the Malay Archipelago in the latter part of the nineteenth century, but very similar reactions were later found to exist in other lands, known to the native peoples by other names. The term “Latah,” however, is the best known, and as the common features between these various reactions became apparent, it has been used as an inclusive name for them all. It is to-day employed with much the same connotation in the French, Dutch, Italian, and English literature, but the discussion of its nature betrays inadequate understanding, attempts at its nosological classification remain unsatisfactory, and speculations as to its aetology continue to be somewhat fanciful.
Electrical Termination of Hypoglycaemic Coma
Authors: Montagu J. D.
Published: August 2008

Prolonged cerebral electrostimulation of subconvulsive intensity has been employed as an experimental procedure at this hospital during the past year, and the indications for this technique in the treatment of mental disorders are being investigated. Preliminary tests in conjunction with Dr. H. Weil-Malherbe showed that electrostimulation, when applied to normoglycaemic patients under pentothal anaesthesia, caused a pronounced increase in the concentration of adrenaline-like substances in the blood during the passage of the current. The same current was therefore applied to a series of patients in hypoglycaemic coma to determine whether the effects obtained after injection of glutamic acid—and considered by Weil-Malherbe (1949) to be adrenergic in origin—could also be obtained after electrostimulation. The results of these investigations are presented in this report. The stimulating current employed for this purpose was of the “square wave” (interrupted galvanic) type, which was first applied as a cerebral stimulus by Leduc (1902) in his pioneer demonstration of electrical anaesthesia and sleep. More recently Liberson (1945) has investigated this type of current in relation to E.C.T., subsequently utilizing it in his Brief Stimulus Technique (Liberson, 1947, 1948). This latter technique is also under investigation here at the present time, the same stimulator being used for both convulsive and sub-convulsive therapies; the results obtained with the Brief Stimulus convulsive therapy will be presented in a later report.
Observations on the Short-Acting Relaxant Ro/3/0386
Authors: Taylor R. B.
Published: August 2008

The present investigation covers a series of 110 treatments with electroplexy in which RO/3/0386 has been used as an ultra short-acting relaxant. This is a heteropoly-methylene-bis-trimethylammonium diiodide, Me3N + (CH2)4. S. S. (CH2)4N + Me3. 2I in aqueous solution which, being related to the decamethonium compounds, acts by depolarizing the motor end plate, and results in similar clinical effects to those produced by succinylcholine as described recently by Richards and Youngman (1952), Mayrhofer (1952), Bourne Collier and Somers (1952), and others.
Psychosomatic Aspects of the Premenstrual Tension Syndrome
Authors: Rees Linford
Published: August 2008

The term “premenstrual tension” was applied by Frank (1931) to a syndrome developing during the second half of the menstrual cycle and clearing up soon after the onset of the menses.
Personality and Visual Perception: a Review
Authors: Granger G. W.
Published: August 2008

It has become increasingly apparent in recent years that perception may afford a valuable approach to the study of personality. In this growing awareness several converging trends may be distinguished, which have their origin in different branches of study.
Occupational Psychiatry: An Historical Survey and Some Recent Researches
Authors: Markowe Morris
Published: August 2008

The relations between Psychiatry and Occupation are considerable and complex. This is the case whether we consider psychiatry as limited (Curran, 1952) and thus approach the problem through the individual patient and his work, past, present and future, or less limited and thus concerned with industry and group adjustment. In reality both approaches deal with essentially the same basic problem which is the biological adaptation of man to his occupation, or to earning a living. Such work phases form an integral part of man's very existence, whether he works to live, or lives to work. Interest in the maintenance of health through prevention of occupational hazards has developed rapidly in this century, stimulated by war stresses, defence programmes and economic cataclysms. The struggle for our industrial survival has focused more than our interest, as psychiatrists; but extravagant offers of industrial consultancy, of trying to teach where little knowledge is yet available are patently dangerous. Industry, like society, has often been led to expect too much, and too soon, from our as yet embryonic facts, experiments and principles in this field.
Episodic Rage, Theta Rhythm, and Obsessions
Authors: Jarvie Hugh F.
Published: August 2008

The association of an abnormal electroencephalogram with obsessive-compulsive states has been investigated by Pacellaet al.(1944), who found in these states a higher incidence of “convulsive-type” patterns, consisting of occasional or frequent runs of serial 2–4 c/s potentials of high amplitude than in a random control group. In most of the cases this type of activity was only noted after a period of hyperventilation not exceeding two minutes.
The Nature of Autohypnosis in the Light of Clinical Experience
Authors: Gould Jonathan
Published: August 2008

In December 1950, Salter's valuable bookWhat is Hypnosis?(1) was published in England, and some months earlier Strauss (2) had pointed out the wide implications for medicine of Salter's observations, were they confirmed, and indicated the more resistant nature of psychogenic pain, compared with organic pain, to amelioration by hypnotic suggestion. The present article reviews three very different cases in which, at some stage in treatment, an autohypnotic approach to pain was used, and a further case in which autohypnosis, as a means of relief of pain, had been discovered accidentally by the patient. An attempt is made to relate the results and information obtained from these cases to Salter's work and views on hypnosis.
Dance-Mime: a Contribution to Treatment in Psychiatry
Authors: Bainbridge Grace , Duddington A. E. , Collingdon M. , Gardner C. E.
Published: August 2008

In the course of treatment by psychotherapy progress is often hampered by the patient coming to rationalize his reaction to problems; while he attains an intellectual insight, he fails to respond at emotional levels sufficiently to enable him to gain relief from tension or to alter existing patterns of behaviour.
The Physiological Basis of the Carbon Dioxide Therapy of Psychoneuroses
Authors: Gellhorn E.
Published: August 2008

The present investigation belongs to a series of studies (1) in which an attempt has been made to contribute to an understanding of the mechanisms underlying those forms of therapy of mental diseases which directly involve physiological mechanisms.† In the previous work an experimental analysis was performed in order to determine the common factor involved in the various forms of so-called shock therapy. It was found that all forms of this therapy produced in the experimental animal an increased reactivity of the centres of the sympathetic system to direct (2) and reflex stimulation (3). Chronic experiments (4) also showed that these alterations in autonomic reactivity persisted for a long period of time if the “therapy” (e.g., electroshock) was applied repeatedly as it is commonly done in the human patient. Special experiments revealed that increased sympathetic reactivity can be demonstrated in the hypothalamus (5).
Psychosomatic Aspects of Vagotomy
Authors: Rees Linford
Published: August 2008

There is now considerable clinical and experimental evidence that the autonomic nervous system may play an important role in the pathogenesis of gastric and duodenal ulceration. Cushing (1932) reported the development of gastric ulcers after intracranial operations, and concluded from animal experiments that parasympathetic overactivity produced changes in the gastric mucosa conducive to ulcer formation. Experimental lesions in the hypothalamus were found to give rise to gastric ulcers by Watts and Fulton (1935) and Hoff and Shehan (1935). Davey, Kaada and Fulton (1950) found that increased gastric secretion resulted from stimulation of areas of the frontal cortex in monkeys and dogs. Furthermore, clinical reports have shown that lesions in the cerebral cortex, diencephalon and midbrain have been found to be associated with gastric ulcers (Bochus, 1949).
Excitatory Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Merry Julius
Published: August 2008

Because of the widespread incidence of neurosis and the comparative lack of psychiatrists, much thought and activity is being directed into the treatment of a number of patients simultaneously. Apart from economy in time, group therapy has virtues of its own and would have a place in treatment even if there were a sufficiency of trained psychiatric staff.
A Comparison of Terman Merrill Scale Test Responses Among Large Samples of Normal, Maladjusted and Backward Children
Authors: Dunsdon M. I.
Published: August 2008

There is a considerable body of literature concerning the diagnostic value of differences in pattern and scatter found in response to intelligence tests.
The use of Fingerpaintings in the Clinical Evaluation of Psychotic Conditions: a Quantitative and Qualitative Approach
Authors: Lehmann H. E. , Risquez F. A.
Published: August 2008

Paintings and drawings of emotionally and mentally disturbed persons have been the subject of many psychological and psychiatric investigations. The psychological evaluation of graphic art can probably be considered as the oldest “projective” technique. Paintings and drawings have been systematically studied by psychologists and psychiatrists from three different aspects: 1, As indicators of the developmental stage reached in perceptual, motor and intellectual functions (Goodenough, 1926; Graewe, 1932; Bender, 1938; Gesell and Ames, 1946).
Suxethonium Bromide in E.C.T.
Authors: Fisher H. , Bannister A. K.
Published: August 2008

The use of muscle relaxants in E.C.T. constitutes an important advance in psychiatric practice. The merits of the method are not only due to the beneficial effects of the relaxant itself; the anaesthetic, that is invariably administered at the same time, plays an essential part in the procedure. Every phase of the treatment is greatly improved. Anxiety, which so often develops during unmodified E.C.T., is greatly reduced if not abolished altogether. There is no cry or other noise that might disturb other patients awaiting treatment; the convulsion is attenuated to a reaction that may be varied at will from a mild modified convulsion to a mere flicker of facial muscles or complete absence of muscular activity. Cyanosis is absent and the colour remains good throughout, and—perhaps most important of all from the therapeutic point of view—there is no restlessness or confusion after the treatment, the patient sleeping quietly after the treatment until he wakes up without any unpleasant sensations or memories.
“Brevidil M” As a Muscle Relaxant in Electro-Shock Treatment
Authors: Danik J. J.
Published: August 2008

As modification of electro-shock is becoming a routine procedure in every patient undergoing this therapy, it is necessary to find a muscle relaxant, or as it has been commonly called a “curarizing agent,” which will be ideal for this purpose. Ideal should mean no toxicity, rapid onset, short duration and rapid termination of neuro-muscular blocking action.
A Small Experiment in the use of Acetylcholine in the Treatment of Neurosis
Authors: Maclay David T.
Published: August 2008

The purpose of this experiment has been, in the first place, to bring about improvement in certain patients who were responding insufficiently or not at all to psychotherapy, by the use of this drug for which claims have been made that it is of value in the therapy of some anxiety states, such as those characterized by tension; and in the second place to gain by experience an understanding of how much we are justified in expecting from its use. Within the limited series of eleven patients so far treated, results have been sufficiently encouraging to make us wish to continue.
Shock wave-induced extremely high temporal and spatial oscillating pressure peaks
Authors: Ben-Dor G , Elperin T , Vasilev E I
Published: August 2008

Recent studies dealing with supersonic/hypersonic flows over various geometrical configurations, which resemble two-dimensional and axisymmetric supersonic/hypersonic intakes, reveal that there are situations in which spatial and temporal oscillating pressure fields are established in steady flows. Similar oscillations were found by Olejniczak et al. ( J. Fluid Mech. 1997, 352, 1—25) who studied the flow over a two-dimensional double wedge resembling the nose of supersonic/hypersonic vehicles. It was found in these, studies that oscillating pressure fields could reach extremely high pressure peaks. Pressure peaks that were two to three orders of magnitude larger than the ambient pressure were obtained in some of these studies. The major results of these studies are presented in this technical note. It is hypothesized that oscillating pressure fields with extremely high pressure peaks could cause severe structural damage to the surfaces of supersonic/hypersonic intakes and vehicles over which they are developed.
Flow control effectiveness of jets, strakes, and flares at hypersonic speeds
Authors: Kontis K
Published: August 2008

In the present article, the effects of three important flow control techniques, i.e. control by strakes, jets, and flares, on the aerodynamic characteristics and performance of a number of body configurations at high speeds are reviewed. The results are based on previous studies conducted by the author in a hypersonic gun tunnel at a Mach number of 8.2 and a Re∞/ m=9 200 000. Air was used as the working gas. The tests employed schlieren photography to study the overall flow field. Quantitative studies have been made by pressure measurements. The forces were measured with a three-component balance equipped with semiconductor strain gauges. The surface flow was studied using the oil-dot technique.
An adaptive moving mesh method with application to non-stationary hypersonic flows in the atmosphere
Authors: Utyuzhnikov S V , Rudenko D V
Published: August 2008

A numerical algorithm based on a shock-capturing scheme on adaptive moving meshes is described. Three-dimensional dynamical adaptive meshes are generated as the result of solving a variational problem. The governing equations are solved in a moving coordinate system therefore the method does not require any interpolation of the solution from one mesh onto another one. The developed algorithm can efficiently be used for the simulation of non-stationary supersonic flows in the atmosphere. As an example, it is applied to the study of the Tunguska meteorite hypersonic impact. For the first time this problem is modelled from the entrance moment up to the interaction with the Earth atmosphere in a three-dimensional formulation. A reasonable correspondence with the data of the observations is obtained. The implementation of the developed numerical algorithm reduces the computational time by the factor of four.
Numerical simulation of detonation processes in a variable cross-section chamber
Authors: Fan H Y , Lu F K
Published: August 2008

The detonation processes occurring in a combustion chamber with variable cross-sections are numerically simulated for a hydrogen—air reacting flow. The chamber consists of a large diameter tube and two small identical tubes connected on each side through frustums. The channel is closed at the left end and opened at the right. A two-dimensional, time accurate, finite-volume-based method is used to perform the computations. A five-species, two-step global reaction mechanism is used. Two detonation cases are simulated, corresponding to initiation from the closed, left end and the opened, right end. The study showed that area change gave rise to complex wave phenomena. The area change and wave reflections yielded extreme parameters.