bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coxoplectoptera, a new fossil order of Palaeoptera (Arthropoda: Insecta), with comments on the phylogeny of the stem group of mayflies (Ephemeroptera)
Authors: Godunko Roman , Staniczek Arnold , Bechly Günter
Published: July 2011

Mickoleitia longimanus gen. et sp.n. is described from the Lower Cretaceous limestone of the Crato Formation in Brazil. It is attributed to a new family Mickoleitiidae and a new fossil insect order Coxoplectoptera within the palaeopterous Ephemerida, based on the presence of an elongated costal brace. This fossil insect exhibits a very peculiar combination of derived characters like specialized forelegs with strongly elongated, free coxae, single-clawed pretarsus, and distinctly skewed pterothorax as in dragonflies. On the other hand, several plesiomorphies are present that exclude this taxon from modern Ephemeroptera, namely large hind wings with widened anal area and numerous cross veins that separate the elongate costal brace from the costal margin. Fossil larvae described by Willmann as larval Cretereismatidae are herein attributed to Mickoleitiidae fam.n., based on the shared presence of broad hind wing buds with distinctly broadened anal area, wing bud venation similar to the adult holotype, and subchelate forelegs with elongate free coxae. These larvae are also highly autapomorphic in the structure of their abdominal gills and laterally flattened body with vertically oval section that is unique within Ephemerida. On the other hand they possess plesiomorphic lateral wing pads with pronounced articulation like Palaeozoic pterygote larvae, while wing pads in modern insects are always secondarily fused to the tergum. A similar fossil larva from the Jurassic of Transbaikals was earlier described as Mesogenesia petersae and classified within modern mayflies. It is herein attributed to Mickoleitiidae fam.n. Coxoplectoptera are recognized as putative sister group of modern Ephemeroptera based on the shared presence of only 7 pairs of abdominal gills, while Permoplectoptera still have retained 9 pairs of gills. The phylogenetic reclassification of the mayfly stem group by Willmann is critically discussed and modified.
The first Progonocimicidae (Insecta: Hemiptera: Coleorrhyncha) from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber
Authors: Ziadé Kamil , Szwedo Jacek , Azar Dany
Published: July 2011

Ilahulgabalus endaidus gen. sp.n. (Progonocimicidae: Cicadocorinae) the first representative of Coleorrhyncha from the Lower Cretaceous amber of Lebanon is described. The placement of the new taxon within Coleorrhyncha and the evolutionary history of the suborder are discussed.
Multiyear Observations of the Tropical Atlantic Atmosphere: Multidisciplinary Applications of the NOAA Aerosols and Ocean Science Expeditions
Authors: Nalli Nicholas R. , Joseph Everette , Morris Vernon R. , Barnet Christopher D. , Wolf Walter W. , Wolfe Daniel , Minnett Peter J. , Szczodrak Malgorzata , Izaguirre Miguel A. , Lumpkin Rick , Xie Hua , Smirnov Alexander , King Thomas S. , Wei Jennifer
Published: July 2011

This paper gives an overview of a unique set of ship-based atmospheric data acquired over the tropical Atlantic Ocean during boreal spring and summer as part of ongoing National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Aerosols and Ocean Science Expedition (AEROSE) field campaigns. Following the original 2004 campaign onboard the Ronald H. Brown, AEROSE has operated on a yearly basis since 2006 in collaboration with the NOAA Prediction and Research Moored Array in the Tropical Atlantic (PIRATA) Northeast Extension (PNE). In this work, attention is given to atmospheric soundings of ozone, temperature, water vapor, pressure, and wind obtained from ozonesondes and radiosondes launched to coincide with low earth orbit environmental satellite overpasses [MetOp and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) A-Train]. Data from the PNE/ AEROSE campaigns are unique in their range of marine meteorological phenomena germane to the satellite missions in question, including dust and smoke outflows from Africa, the Saharan air layer (SAL), and the distribution of tropical water vapor and tropical Atlantic ozone. The multiyear PNE/AEROSE sounding data are valuable as correlative data for prelaunch phase validation of the planned Joint Polar Satellite System (JPSS) and NOAA Geosynchronous Operational Environmental Satellite R series (GOES-R) systems, as well as numerous other science applications. A brief summary of these data, along with an overview of some important science highlights, including meteorological phenomena of general interest, is presented.
Environmental Influences on the Strength of Tropical Storm Debby (2006)
Authors: Sippel Jason A. , Braun Scott A. , Shie Chung-Lin
Published: July 2011

This study uses mesoscale ensemble forecasts to compare the magnitude of nonaerosol effects of the Saharan air layer (SAL) with other environmental influences on the intensity of Tropical Storm Debby. Debby was a weak Cape Verde storm that dissipated over the tropical North Atlantic a few days after forming in August 2006. The system has received considerable attention because of its vicinity to the SAL as it struggled to intensify, which has led to speculation that the SAL helped lead to the storm’s demise. Statistical correlation is used to better understand why some ensemble members strengthen the pre-Debby wave into a hurricane and others develop only a weak vortex.

Although the results here suggest that the SAL slowed intensification during the predepression to depression stages, it was not likely responsible for Debby’s dissipation. The most obvious SAL-related factor to affect long-term intensity in the ensembles is dry air above 2 km, which delays organization of the low-level vortex. Warm temperatures within the SAL and shear associated with the African easterly jet (AEJ) exhibit a weak, secondary relationship with forecast intensity variability. An important result here is that sensitivity to the dry environmental air depends considerably on cyclone strength, and it becomes insignificant once a tropical storm forms. Furthermore, Debby’s most rapid period of intensification coincided with its track over somewhat higher sea surface temperatures, and intensification ended when the storm moved over cooler waters. The results herein suggest that this factor might have affected the storm’s intensity more strongly than did any effect of the SAL. Even later, subsequent to the period examined by these ensembles, Debby dissipated under the influence of stronger vertical wind shear from an upper-level trough.

These results show that the relationship among the SAL, AEJ, and developing tropical cyclones is not as straightforward as has been hypothesized by some recent studies. Ultimately, the nuanced relationship between storm intensity and the SAL shows that much care needs to be taken before drawing conclusions about the effect of the SAL on any particular cyclone. The authors therefore advocate more rigorous future analysis through both idealized and ensemble studies to more fully quantify the effect of the SAL on tropical cyclones in general.
Observed and Modeled Twentieth-Century Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Selected Agro-Climate Indices in North America
Authors: Terando Adam , Easterling William E. , Keller Klaus , Easterling David R.
Published: July 2011

The authors examine recent changes in three agro-climate indices (frost days, thermal time, and heat stress index) in North America (centered around the continental United States) using observations from a historical climate network and an ensemble of 17 global climate models (GCMs) from the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC AR4). Agro-climate indices provide the basis for analyzing agricultural time series that are unbiased by long-term technological intervention. Observations from the last 60 years (1951–2010) confirm conclusions of previous studies showing continuing declines in the number of frost days and increases in thermal time. Increases in heat stress are largely confined to the western half of the continent. The authors do not observe accelerating agro-climate warming trends in the most recent decade of observations. The spatial variability of the temporal trends in GCMs is lower compared to the observed patterns, which still show some regional cooling trends. GCM skill, defined as the ability to reproduce observed patterns (i.e., correlation and error) and variability, is highest for frost days and lowest for heat stress patterns. Individual GCM skill is incorporated into two model weighting schemes to gauge their ability to reduce predictive uncertainty for agro-climate indices. The two weighted GCM ensembles do not substantially improve results compared to the unweighted ensemble mean. The lack of agreement between simulated and observed heat stress is relatively robust with respect to how the heuristic is defined and appears to reflect a weakness in the ability of this last generation of GCMs to reproduce this impact-relevant aspect of the climate system. However, it remains a question for future work as to whether the discrepancies between observed and simulated trends primarily reflect fundamental errors in model physics or an incomplete treatment of relevant regional climate forcings.
Forerunner
Authors: Sokol Jason
Published: July 2011

This article focuses on the political campaigns and career of Edward Brooke—the first black senator elected by popular vote and the only African American senator ever to win reelection. Brooke stands as the pioneer of a specific historical tradition: the history of black politicians who have won white votes. This article positions Brooke as the most important forerunner to Barack Obama. Indeed, he anticipated many of the racial and political currents that Obama has had to navigate. Yet this article aims to do more than situate Barack Obama’s ascent within the broader arc of American political history. It also explores Brooke’s campaigns and career in an effort to offer a new perspective on the history of racial politics in America’s northern states.
Populism and Late Liberalism
Authors: Comroff Jean
Published: July 2011

“Populism,” a key trope of our times, is sometimes a term of analysis and critique, but more often a label of disparagement and blame. While many activists claim to be “ of the people” or “ for the people,” most would think twice about dubbing themselves “populist” as such. Yet it is precisely the slipperiness of the term that makes it so productive in political rhetoric. Why the increasing appeal of the trope? Given its widespread, contentious deployment, can it retain any usefulness as a tool of analysis—even critical engagement? Drawing on a range of current examples, the author argues (1) that populism in some form is a necessary condition of all antiestablishment movements, progressive or conservative; (2) that it is in itself never enough to fuel sustained, politically constructive mobilization; and (3) that in all these respects, populism seems to be taking on particular, disquieting features in late modern times.
Religion as Race, Recognition as Democracy
Authors: Tamarkin Noah
Published: July 2011

Apartheid South Africa enacted physical, structural, and symbolic forms of violence on racially marked South Africans, and postapartheid South Africa has enacted ambitious—though also limited—laws, policies, and processes to address past injustices. In this article, the author traces the South African political histories of one self-defined group, the Lemba, to understand how the violence they collectively experienced when the apartheid state did not acknowledge their ethnic existence continues to shape their ideas of the promise of democracy to address all past injustices, including the injustice of nonrecognition. The Lemba are known internationally for their participation in DNA tests that indicated their Jewish ancestry. In media discourses, their racialization as black Jews has obscured their racialization as black South Africans: they are presented as seeking solely to become recognized as Jews. The author demonstrates that they have in fact sought recognition as a distinct African ethnic group from the South African state consistently since the 1950s. Lemba recognition efforts show that the violence of nonrecognition is a feature of South African multicultural democracy in addition to being part of the apartheid past. The author argues that the racialization of religion that positions the Lemba as genetic Jews simplifies and distorts their histories and politics of race in South Africa.
The Race toward Caraqueño Citizenship
Authors: Harrison-Conwill Giles
Published: July 2011

This article examines the relationships between race, class, and citizenship in Venezuela’s burgeoning grassroots democracy as the nation’s 2012 presidential election approaches. Although the Venezuelan political arena is frequently overshadowed by policies and the personality of President Hugo Chávez, recently developing techniques of governance permit increased local autonomy. This and an associated push to integrate marginalized populations into social and political life have played a significant role in the production of community, public space, and localized conceptions of citizenship. While emergent Caraqueño democratic forms commonly idealize equality and collaborative governance, disjunctures among the city’s communities are social, geographic, and political. This article highlights the varying modes of political belonging greatly engendered by race and class in Caracas. These experiences of citizenship, in turn, have resulted in increased participation and access to power for some as they deny inclusion to others. This study of modes of citizenship focuses on the citizen and the public sphere, emerging modes of governance and the developing Venezuelan state, and dissidence within the democratic process.
The Racialization of Islam in American Law
Authors: Gotanda Neil
Published: July 2011

After 9/11, the “Muslim terrorist” trope altered the American understanding of Islam. This article argues that the Muslim terrorist in our popular culture should not be seen as new but within an established tradition of racializing Asian Americans. The article employs three dimensions of racialization: raced body, racial category, and ascribed subordination. The raced body is the “brown” body of immigrants and descendants of immigrants from North Africa, the Middle East, and Central and Southern Asia. “Muslim” as a racial category has acquired meaning beyond religion and now also describes a racial category: those whose ancestry traces to countries where Islam is significant. Linked to that category are the stereotypes of “terrorist,” “spy,” or “saboteur”—understandings within the tradition of characterizing Asian Americans as permanent, unassimilable foreigners. Inscribing the linked racial category and ascribed subordination of permanent foreignness upon the “brown” raced body is the racialization of Muslims into Muslim terrorists.
Chadors, Feminists, Terror
Authors: Chan-Malik Sylvia
Published: July 2011

On March 8, 1979, Iranian women took to the streets of Tehran for International Women’s Day. This article examines American media representations of the weeklong protests and explores how the event occasioned the emergence of a distinctly American—and deeply racialized—“discourse of the veil,” in which “Islam” was rendered a national catchphrase for terror and the figure of the “Poor Muslim Woman” entered U.S. cultural discourse as a symbol of a new world order. Through analysis of U.S. media coverage, this piece tracks how discourses of second-wave feminism, a post–civil rights rhetoric of racial and cultural pluralism, and late–Cold War logics of secularism and liberal democracy intersected to create a racial-orientalist discourse of the veil, which would subsequently be deployed to justify U.S. military aggression in the Middle East while perpetuating state violence against women, immigrants, and people of color throughout the 1980s and into the post-9/11 era.
Initiation and Duration of Breastfeeding in an Aboriginal Community in South Western Sydney
Authors: Craig Pippa L. , Knight Jennifer , Comino Elizabeth , Webster Vana , Pulver Lisa Jackson , Harris Elizabeth
Published: July 2011

The Gudaga Study is a prospective, longitudinal birth cohort study of Australian urban Aboriginal children. Mothers of Aboriginal infants were recruited using a survey of all mothers admitted to the maternity ward of an outer urban hospital in Sydney. These data established initiation rates among Gudaga infants and those of non-Aboriginal infants born locally (64.7% and 75.2%, respectively) and factors associated with breastfeeding. Older (relative risk, 1.24; confidence interval, 1.01-1.44), more educated (relative risk, 1.30; confidence interval, 1.11-1.48) mothers who intended to breastfeed (relative risk, 2.22; confidence interval, 2.12-2.3) were more likely to breastfeed. Smokers (relative risk, 0.72) and mothers of Aboriginal infants (relative risk, 0.78) were less likely to initiate breastfeeding. Breastfeeding rates for Gudaga infants dropped rapidly, with 26.3% breastfeeding at 2 months. Local health services providers can benefit from such information as they target relevant prenatal, perinatal, and postnatal services for Aboriginal mothers and their infants.
Overcoming Barriers to Investigating Mother–Infant Interactions in the First Two Hours of Life
Authors: Powers Nancy G. , Parham Douglas F. , Goldberg Lynette R.
Published: July 2011

As a result of the unexpected delays experienced in a study designed to investigate mother–infant interactions and infant cry patterns in the first 2 hours following delivery, the study was assessed to identify the barriers that the investigators had encountered in its planning and conduct. These barriers can be categorized as issues with (1) institutional review board approval, (2) participant recruitment and retention, (3) requirements for study personnel, (4) instrumentation, (5) potential observer and participant bias, and (6) budgeting. Each barrier is detailed, along with suggested solutions. It is hoped that that these experiences will be of value to other researchers, particularly those working in non–research-intensive institutions, as they gather data to contribute to the understanding of mother–infant interactions in the immediate postpartum period.
The hierarchy of values in Jewish bioethics
Authors: Greenberger Chaya
Published: July 2011

This article describes how ethical issues in health are approached and resolved within the framework of Jewish bioethics. Its main purpose is to explore the range of sources and methodologies used to determine the appropriate hierarchy of values for various ethical scenarios. Its major thrust is to illustrate how a divinely based but humanly negotiated ethical code stands firm upon ‘red flag’ principles, while at the same time, allowing for ‘shades of gray’ flexibility informed by given contexts. It provides significant insights and practical tools that can be instrumental in decision making for nurses and other health providers of all faiths. The following ethical domains are addressed: respect for patient autonomy, truth-telling and allocation of resources.
Price Discovery between Sovereign Credit Default Swaps and Bond Yield Spreads of Emerging Markets
Authors: Li Nan , Huang Alex YiHou
Published: July 2011

Given the vast growth in credit default swap (CDS) market over the last few years, a dramatic improvement is projected in pricing discovery of sovereign CDS as well as its interaction with the underlying bond markets. In this article, a recent comprehensive sample of 20 sovereign CDS spreads, along with their underlying bonds, is examined for the pricing equilibrium for emerging markets. On the basis of the tests of vector error correction model and Granger causality, and by comparing with prior studies, this article finds that sovereign CDS market has served as more significant tool in measuring sovereign credit risk than before.
Global Market Conditions and Systemic Risk
Authors: González-Hermosillo Brenda , Hesse Heiko
Published: July 2011

This article examines several key global market conditions, such as a proxy for market uncertainty and measures of interbank funding stress, to assess financial volatility and the likelihood of crisis. Using Markov regime-switching techniques, it shows that the Lehman Brothers failure was a watershed event in the crisis, although signs of heightened systemic risk could be detected as early as February 2007. In addition, we analyse the role of global market conditions to help determine when governments should begin to exit their extraordinary public support measures.
Effects of Exercise on Depression During Pregnancy and Postpartum: A Review
Authors: Lewis Beth A. , Kennedy Betsy F.
Published: July 2011

Approximately 13% of pregnant women and 10% to 15% of postpartum women report depression. Research indicates that exercise is efficacious for treating depression among adults in general; however, less is known regarding the efficacy of exercise for treating depression during pregnancy and the postpartum phase. In this article, the authors review the available studies examining the effect of exercise on mood and depressive symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum. The authors identified 4 studies examining the effect of exercise on mood during pregnancy and 9 studies examining exercise and depression in the postpartum phase. A majority of these studies indicated that exercise may be beneficial for improving mood; however, the studies had significant limitations, including lack of randomization, small sample sizes, and lack of control for contact time. Additional research is needed to better understand the effect of exercise on depression during pregnancy and the postpartum phase. Taken together, because of the potential benefits of exercise on mood during pregnancy and postpartum and the general health benefits of exercise, health care providers should encourage their healthy pregnant and postpartum patients to exercise. The authors provide practical suggestions for depression screening and exercise counseling for pregnant and postpartum women.
Hexagonal Six-point Traction Technique for Optimum Surgical Exposure of the Subaortic Region
Authors: Edwin Frank , Kinsley Robin H.
Published: July 2011

Surgery of the subaortic region is challenging because of spatial limitations. We present our technique of enhanced exposure of this region that allows for a smooth, expeditious, and safe repair of such lesions as subaortic stenosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, subaortic ventricular septal defects, and related pathologies. Using a hexagonal 6-point traction technique, approximately 84% of the cross-sectional area of the aortic root is made available to the surgeon for a transaortic subaortic resection keeping the use of retractors to a minimum. The technique ensures protection of the aortic valve leaflets and the enhanced exposure may contribute to improved surgical outcomes.
An Alternative Technique for Cannulation of the Left Superior Caval Vein by Dislocating the Heart Into the Right Thoracic Cavity
Authors: Chowdhury Ujjwal K. , Rao Keerthi , Kumawat Mukesh , Gharde Parag
Published: July 2011

We describe a technique of direct cannulation of the left superior vena cava in patients undergoing intracardiac repair of tetralogy of Fallot and univentricular type of repairs. The technique consists of dislocation of the heart into the right pleural cavity, thus allowing easy performance of left superior vena cava cannulation and pulmonary arterioplasty.
Anesthetic and Cardiopulmonary Bypass Considerations for Cardiac Surgery in Unique Pediatric Patient Populations: Sickle Cell Disease and Cold Agglutinin Disease
Authors: Daaboul Dima G. , Yuki Koichi , Wesley Mark C. , DiNardo James A.
Published: July 2011

Physiological disturbances induced by cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) and hypothermia during cardiac surgery are particularly pronounced in certain unique patient populations, such as patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) and cold agglutinin disease. Red blood cells containing hemoglobin S (HbS) are at increased risk of sickling under conditions encountered during cardiac surgery, leading to SCD-related complications such as vaso-occlusive events. While a target level of HbS has not been determined for patients with SCD undergoing CPB, a safe practice includes increasing the Hb level to 10 g/dL and reducing the proportion of HbS to approximately 30%. This can be accomplished through simple or exchange transfusion prior to surgery or via the modification of the CPB circuit prime. There is no clear consensus on the formulation or the delivery temperature of the cardioplegia solution necessary to prevent sickling and microvascular occlusion. The presence of cold agglutinins is another entity requiring extra vigilance for the conduct of CPB, where hypothermia can lead to activation of cold agglutinins inducing massive hemagglutination, hemolysis, microvascular thrombosis, and possibly intracoronary thrombosis. Determination of thermal amplitude is important to provide a safe reference range of temperature during surgery. High-volume plasmapheresis may be warranted to reduce cold agglutinin titers. Both warm blood cardioplegia and cold crystalloid cardioplegia above the thermal amplitude have been utilized with success.
Use of Intra-Aortic Balloon Counterpulsation in an Adult Patient With Left Ventricular Failure following Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot: A Case Report
Authors: Chowdhury Ujjwal K. , Kothari Shyam S. , Rao Keerthi , Gharde Parag
Published: July 2011

We report the case of a 26-year-old male patient who developed primary left ventricular failure with subsequent biventricular failure early following intracardiac repair of tetralogy of Fallot. The failing biventricular circulation was successfully supported using intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. Aortic counterpulsation facilitates recovery of biventricular function and appears to be a reasonable alternative in select instances of systemic ventricular failure following repair of tetralogy of Fallot.
Blood Utilization in Neonates and Infants Undergoing Cardiac Surgery Requiring Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Wesley Mark C. , Yuki Koichi , Daaboul Dima G. , DiNardo James A.
Published: July 2011

Neonates and infants undergoing cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass are exposed to multiple blood products from different donors. The volume of the bypass circuit is often as large as the patient’s total blood volume and asanguineous bypass primes are unusual. As a result, blood products are required for the cardiopulmonary bypass prime and are often used to treat the postbypass dilutional coagulopathy. We review clot formation and strength, cardiopulmonary bypass prime considerations, assessment of postbypass coagulopathy, component therapy use, ultrafiltration techniques, and use of antifibrinolytic medications. A combined approach including techniques to minimize the prime volume, utilization of ultrafiltration, administration of antifibrinolytics during surgery, and the proper treatment of the dilutional coagulopathy can limit the transfusion requirements.
Sepsis in the Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Wheeler Derek S. , Jeffries Howard E. , Zimmerman Jerry J. , Wong Hector R. , Carcillo Joseph A.
Published: July 2011

The survival rate for children with congenital heart disease (CHD) has increased significantly coincident with improved techniques in cardiothoracic surgery, cardiopulmonary bypass and myocardial protection, and perioperative care. Cardiopulmonary bypass, likely in combination with ischemia—reperfusion injury, hypothermia, and surgical trauma, elicits a complex, systemic inflammatory response that is characterized by activation of the complement cascade, release of endotoxin, activation of leukocytes and the vascular endothelium, and release of proinflammatory cytokines. This complex inflammatory state causes a transient immunosuppressed state, which may increase the risk of hospital-acquired infection in these children. Postoperative sepsis occurs in nearly 3% of children undergoing cardiac surgery and has been associated with longer length of stay and mortality risks in the pediatric cardiac intensive care unit. Herein, we review the epidemiology, pathobiology, and management of sepsis in the pediatric cardiac intensive care unit.
Large Tortuous Patent Ductus Arteriosus With Proximal Left Pulmonary Artery Hypoplasia
Authors: Lohchab Shamsher Singh , Laller Kuldeep
Published: July 2011

A 3-year-old male child was diagnosed with patent ductus arteriosus. The evaluation of this patient by computed tomography (CT) angiography revealed a big tortuous patent ductus arteriosus and proximal left pulmonary artery stenosis. Successful elective surgical repair was undertaken.
Surgical Repair of a Cause of Sudden Death
Authors: Sarioglu Tayyar , Yalcinbas Yusuf Kenan , Erek Ersin , Salihoglu Ece , Turkekul Yasemin , Buyukasik Hakan , Sarioglu Ayse
Published: July 2011

Left coronary artery originating from the right coronary sinus is one of the most frequent causes of sudden death in young people. We present a reconstructive surgical technique for left coronary artery and main pulmonary artery in a case with anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the right coronary sinus. A 15-year-old boy underwent unroofing of the left main coronary artery and patch arterioplasty with autologous pericardium after transection of the main pulmonary artery. The pulmonary artery was reconstructed with autologous pericardium and a piece of dacron patch in order to prevent coronary artery compression. This surgical approach resulted in successful clinical outcome.
Pulmonary Artery Aneurysmal Dilatation in Adult Patients With Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Martínez-Quintana Efrén , Rodríguez-González Fayna , Nieto-Lago Vicente
Published: July 2011

Background: Aneurysmal dilatation of the main pulmonary artery and its peripheral branches are rare lesions that account for less than 1% of all thoracic aneurysms and have a number of possible pathogenetic causes such as congenital heart disease (CHD), pulmonary artery hypertension, vasculitis, mycotic aneurysm, neoplasm, iatrogenic causes, trauma-related events, or connective tissue abnormalities. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of the demographic data and the results of clinical examinations, laboratory tests, echocardiography, and angiography of patients managed at the Adult Congenital Heart Disease Unit of the Complejo Hospitalario Universitario Insular—Materno Infantil, between January 2004 and May 2010. Results: A total of 352 adult patients with CHD were studied. Of these, 8 (2.3%) patients had pulmonary artery aneurysmal dilatation (PAAD): 4 with low pressure of the pulmonary artery and 4 with pulmonary hypertension. Only 1 patient showed PAAD-related symptoms. Patients with CHD having PAAD had significantly higher prevalence of pulmonary artery hypertension and higher levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) than those without PAAD (incidence: 4 patients [50%] vs 18 patients [5.2%], P < .000; CRP in mg/dL: 0.52 [0.4; 1.2] vs 0.2 [0.0; 1.6], P = .016). No significant differences were found in cholesterol levels (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein [LDL], high-density lipoprotein [HDL], or triglycerides) between CHD patients with or without PAAD. Conclusion: In patients with CHD, PAAD is a rare finding. The PAAD size, etiology, symptoms, and association with pulmonary hypertension should guide decisions on whether conservative or surgical treatment should be applied.
Transposition of the Great Arteries In Situs Inversus Totalis
Authors: Lachhab Fadoua , Ajaja Reda , Fikri Ibtissam , Amellal Mina , Otmani Yasser , Amri Rachida , Haddour L. , Khiari Hind , Alaoui Younes , Chajai Younes , Cheikhaoui Younes
Published: July 2011

A rare case of a newborn with situs inversus totalis associated with simple transposition of the great arteries is reported. A successful anatomical surgical repair was accomplished on day 10 of life, consisting of an arterial switch operation with reimplantation of the coronary arteries.
One-Stage Surgical Repair for Berry Syndrome With Preoperative Diagnosis by 3-Dimensional CT
Authors: Morito Haruna , Masuzawa Akihiro , Kobayashi Jyotaro , Takeuchi Koh
Published: July 2011

Berry syndrome is a rare congenital combination of an aortopulmonary window, an aortic origin of the right pulmonary artery, an interrupted aortic arch with a patent ductus arteriosus, and an intact ventricular septum. We report a successful one-stage surgical correction of Berry syndrome. Also, we demonstrate the importance of prompt clinical recognition with echocardiography and 3-dimensional reconstruction of computed tomography (3D-CT) and timely operation for the management of this rare cardiac anomaly.
Acute Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy for the Failing Left, Right, or Single Ventricle After Repaired Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Cohen Mitchell , Saul J. Philip , Batra Anjan S. , Friedman Richard , Janoušek Jan
Published: July 2011

Use of cardiac resynchronization in children and young adults with congenital heart disease has been described in a variety of anecdotal cases and pooled institutional summaries which report mid-term results. This manuscript addresses use of cardiac resynchronization and/or multisite pacing in children in the acute postoperative period with a failing right, left, or single ventricle.
Risky Business: Human Factors in Critical Care
Authors: Laussen Peter C. , Allan Catherine K. , Larovere Joan M.
Published: July 2011

Remarkable achievements have occurred in pediatric cardiac critical care over the past two decades. The specialty has become well defined and extremely resource intense. A great deal of focus has been centered on optimizing patient outcomes, particularly mortality and early morbidity, and this has been achieved through a focused and multidisciplinary approach to management. Delivering high-quality and safe care is our goal, and during the Risky Business symposium and simulation sessions at the Eighth International Conference of the Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Society in Miami, December 2010, human factors, systems analysis, team training, and lessons learned from malpractice claims were presented.
Cardiac Intensive Care of the Adult With Congenital Heart Disease: Basic Principles in the Management of Common Problems
Authors: Perry James , Lanzberg Michael , Franklin Wayne , Webb Gary , Chang Anthony C.
Published: July 2011

Although there has been an intense interest in the care of the adult with congenital heart disease (ACHD), these guidelines are usually not focused on the concepts of immediate postoperative care. The 2 most common perioperative complications are heart failure and atrial dysrhythmias. The broad etiological categories for ACHD and heart failure include primary pump failure (systolic dysfunction) and hypertrophy (diastolic dysfunction) of the right, left, or single ventricle. Some conditions with a pressure-loaded systemic right ventricle as well as patients with a functionally single ventricle may be particularly prone to develop heart failure; in others, right heart failure may occur in patients with Ebstein anomaly or with tetralogy of Fallot after corrective repair but with varying degrees of pulmonary insufficiency, and left heart failure can be a result of mitral or aortic insufficiency. The management of postoperative atrial tachycardia in the ACHD patient actually begins prior to surgery. Assessment of arrhythmia history, complete determination of risk, inducibility and arrhythmia substrate, preoperative planning of pacing sites, and optimal pacing strategies all assist to bring about optimal postoperative outcomes. Ideal perioperative care of the ACHD involves a multidisciplinary team of pediatric and adult cardiologists, pediatric and adult intensivists, cardiac surgeons, and nursing staff along with a myriad of adult subspecialists such as pulmonology, nephrology, endocrinology, and others including psychiatry.
Prematurity and Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Costello John M. , McQuillen Patrick S. , Claud Erika C. , Steinhorn Robin H.
Published: July 2011

Significant advances in technology and therapy have led to dramatic improvements in the survival of preterm babies over the last 2 decades. Similarly, improvements in surgical and cardiac intensive care techniques have increased the feasibility of supporting even very small babies to the point of surgical repair, leading some to adopt an approach of early and complete surgical repair in preterm infants, with the aim of minimizing potential preoperative morbidity associated with extended medical management or surgical palliation. 1 , 2 However, multiple diagnostic and therapeutic challenges complicate the care of premature infants. Major errors in echocardiography are more common in neonates weighing less than 2.5 kg, 3 and the ideal timing and type of surgical intervention in premature infants remains unknown. These problems are compounded by the need for critical care practices that optimize management of immature cardiopulmonary, gastrointestinal, and neurological systems. This review will summarize some of the recent advances in neonatal and perinatal medicine, which have the potential to contribute to improved management of preterm infants with critical cardiac disease.
Generational Differences in Serious Physical Violence Among Hispanic Adolescents
Authors: Reingle Jennifer M. , Jennings Wesley G. , Maldonado-Molina Mildred M.
Published: July 2011

Objective: The purpose of this study is (a) to evaluate the predictors of serious physical violence among Hispanics using a longitudinal, nationally representative sample of adolescents, and (b) to evaluate the effects of multiple levels of influence (generational differences, individual-level characteristics, and contextual variables) on serious violence during adolescence. Method: Data were derived from 4,786 Hispanic adolescents surveyed for the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Survey logistic regression procedures were used to examine the independent effect of generation, including multilevel risk and protective factors, on serious physical violence. Results: 3rd generation U.S.-born adolescents were 75% more likely to be violent 1 year later ( OR = 1.75; p < .05), independent of various risk and protective factors contextual effects (parental involvement, parental alcohol use, neighborhood safety), demographics (age, gender), individual-level risk and protective factors (alcohol use, marijuana use), and baseline violence. Conclusions: Generational differences exist in serious physical violence, and 3rd generation and beyond adolescents are at greater risk of violent behavior. Violence prevention strategies should focus on the retention of family bonds and cultural values of the host country in prevention programming, and generational status should be taken into account to reduce participation in violence among Hispanic youth.
Logics and Limits in Ethical Outsourcing and Offshoring in the Global Financial Services Industry
Authors: Park Kathleen Marshall , Hollinshead Graham
Published: July 2011

The offshore outsourcing of financial and other services has generated considerable political heat in Western countries over the past decade. In this paper we subject the realities of offshoring to observation at company level by unpacking the strategies underlying the offshoring decision and related ethical considerations, in respect of a US-based flagship finncial services firm renowned as exemplary in international business process engineering and corporate social responsibility. Through interviews with senior executives in the case organization, and with leading management consultants in the field, we build a picture of the potentially contradictory strategic logics which have characterized the approach to offshore outsourcing in the company over more than a decade.
Sources of Competitiveness of Offshore IT Service Providers in India: Towards a Conceptual Framework
Authors: Chadee Doren , Raman Revti , Michailova Snejina
Published: July 2011

Rapid growth in the offshoring of information technology services by advanced industrialized countries to less developed countries in recent years has been accompanied by a voluminous amount of research on the subject. However, most research to date has tended to focus on the clients while research on offshore service providers (OSPs), particularly from developing countries, remains scant. This paper adds to the literature on offshoring of information technology services by investigating the sources of competitiveness of OSPs in India. Drawing from the experience of a selection of India's top 20 OSPs, the paper develops a conceptual model which posits that OSPs in India draw their competitiveness from having well-developed internal resources and capabilities such as human resource orientation, knowledge management and relational capital, together with clear growth strategies, while operating in an environment where the government plays a catalytic role in stimulating business growth.
Review and Positions: A Practitioner Perspective on ‘Smarter Sourcing’ in a Post-Crisis Environment
Authors: Gupta Suresh
Published: July 2011

The recent financial crisis has resulted in massive disruptions in the world economic environment. The western economies have yet to recover from the deep recessionary trends unleashed by the crisis. Financial institutions in North America and Europe have had to write-off billions in bad debts. The author argues that in order to survive similar ebbs and flows in the economic environment in the future, the financial institutions must transform their operating models. The new operating models should be built around the notions of improved agility and flexibility. Componentization and global sourcing are among the key enablers of such a model.
Encapsulation of Polythiophene by Glycopolymer for Water-soluble Nanowire
Authors: Fukuda Tomohiro , Inoue Yusuke , Koga Tadanori , Matsuoka Mami , Miura Yoshiko
Published: July 2011

A water-soluble polythiophene (PT) was prepared by the self-assembling complex with a glycopolymer. The glycopolymer of poly(N-p-vinylbenzyl-d-lactonamide) (PVLA) formed self-assembling cylindrical structure based on the amphiphilicity even after the complexation with PT. We confirmed the improved optical functionality of PT due to the longer conjugated π-orbital. It suggested that PT behaved like molecular nanowire with the self-assembled structure in the hydrophobic core of PVLA. PVLA–PT also showed specific biorecognition against corresponding lectin. These results suggested that the bioactive nanowire formation of PT with the glycopolymer was developed.
Formation Constants of Eu(III)–Carboxylates Determined by Ion-selective Liquid Membrane Electrode
Authors: Sasaki Takayuki , Yoshida Hatsumi , Kitatsuji Yoshihiro , Takagi Ikuji , Moriyama Hirotake
Published: July 2011

A trivalent metal ion-selective electrode (ISE) consisting of bis(diphenylphosphoryl)methane as an ionophore was developed for the determination of formation constants with organic ligands. The ISE prepared exhibited Nernstian response to the concentration of Eu3+ in the test solutions. Even in the presence of carboxylic acids such as malonic acid in samples, the obtained potential values were found to be stable and reproducible during the measurement time. The present formation constants of Eu with carboxylates were in good agreement with the reported values.
Carbazole Dyes with Alkyl-functionalized Thiophenes for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells: Relation between Alkyl Chain Length and Photovoltaic Performance
Authors: Uemura Yu , Mori Shogo , Hara Kohjiro , Koumura Nagatoshi
Published: July 2011

Carbazole dyes with different lengths of alkyl group on oligothiophene were newly synthesized to study the influence of the chain length on photovoltaic performance of dye-sensitized solar cells. It was found that the amount of adsorbed dyes increased with the decrease of the alkyl chain length, while the charge recombination rate was comparable between the dyes with n-propyl and n-hexyl chains but prompt with dodecyl chains.
Carbonaceous structural changes of wood induced by microwave irradiation
Authors: Saito Yukie , Sato Masatoshi
Published: July 2011

The objective of this study was to investigate the carbonization induced by microwave treatment (MWT) of spruce (Picea sp.) wood, which was treated in a domestic microwave oven at 2.45 GHz. Structural changes were observed by elemental analysis, thermal analysis, and by IR and Raman spectroscopy. The degradation of the samples was completed within 3 min. The carbonization was comparable to that caused by heat treatment at ca. 420°C. In the MWT samples, a graphitic layer was not detected, which behaves as a sensitizer for MW irradiation and sometime elevates the temperature drastically. This study shows that MWT leads to a carbonaceous material, and that the carbonization levels off with the loss of heat-inducing functional groups, such as O-H, CO-OH, C=O, upon MW irradiation. MWT is better suited as a kind of controlled and short pretreatment method before carbonization. Its suitability for porous absorbents should be investigated.
“Frank and unconscious humor and narrative structure in Anne Brontë's The Tenant of Wildfell Hall”
Authors: Birden Lorene M.
Published: July 2011

This study presents two aspects of the novel in question, its humor and its structure. It shows that both have been misunderstood and misinterpreted, and begins by reminding us that the author herself was long misunderstood because of early critical misreadings and presuppositions. It then continues to demonstrate that the two aspects studied are in fact interrelated; the so-called flawed structure, actually a framing structure, is in fact a firm form that is carefully underpinned by the instances of humor. It proceeds by presenting and dispelling the basic myths about the author and the novel, then presents the structure and the reasons for misconceptions of it before proceeding to map the humor using Attardo's system of humor rhythm mapping. Chlopicki's character frames also contribute to a demonstration of parallel characterization which contradicts another, minor myth, that of the unsuitability of the hero for the heroine. The study as a whole attacks the ideas of humorlessness in Brontë fiction, the inferiority of Anne's work and the feebleness of the structure of The Tenant of Wildfell Hall.
Carnivalesque politics: A Bakhtinian case study of contemporary Arab political humor
Authors: Badarneh Muhammad A.
Published: July 2011

This paper is a case study of contemporary Arab political jokes in the light of Bakhtinian theory of carnival and the carnivalesque. According to this analysis, these political jokes represent a variety of texts whose topics revert around “glorifying”, mocking, parodying, scatologizing, and ultimately betraying the ruler. These types of political jokes reflect a textual representation of the life cycle of the oppressive ruler, which begins with comic “crowning” and glorification and ends in “decrowning” and comic death. Within this cycle, political jokes represent a kind of hidden dialogue between the oppressed and their marginalized discourse, and the regime and its dominant autocratic discourse. These jokes are disturbing to the regime, leading perhaps to punishment, but they do not necessarily either undermine or actually support the regime. Like carnival, the telling of these jokes in a repressive context merely builds a second world outside the oppressive world of the regime and offers an alternative framework to the regime's policies.