bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Total-body PET: a new paradigm for molecular imaging
Authors: Daube-Witherspoon Margaret E , Pantel Austin R , Pryma Daniel A , Karp Joel S
Published: August 2022

Total body (TB) positron emission tomography (PET) instruments have dramatically changed the paradigm of PET clinical and research studies due to their very high sensitivity and capability to image dynamic radiopharmaceutical distributions in the major organs of the body simultaneously. In this manuscript, we review the design of these systems and discuss general challenges and trade-offs to maximize the performance gains of current TB-PET systems. We then describe new concepts and technology that may impact future TB-PET systems. The manuscript summarizes what has been learned from the initial sites with TB-PET and explores potential research and clinical applications of TB-PET. The current generation of TB-PET systems range in axial field-of-view (AFOV) from 1 to 2 m and serve to illustrate the benefits and opportunities of a longer AFOV for various applications in PET. In only a few years of use these new TB-PET systems have shown that they will play an important role in expanding the field of molecular imaging and benefiting clinical practice.
Realismo jurídico para economistas
Authors: C. Stephenson Matthew
Published: August 2022

Os economistas fizeram grandes progressos na compreensão dos incentivos e do comportamento dos agentes que operam fora dos mercados econômicos tradicionais, incluindo eleitores, legisladores e burocratas. Os incentivos e o comportamento dos juízes, no entanto, permanecem em grande parte incertos. Os juízes atuam como executores neutros de decisões substantivas tomadas por terceiros? Os juízes são legisladores “comuns”, que dão sequência a quaisquer resultados favoráveis, sem qualquer consideração especial pela lei como tal? Estudos recentes começaram a explorar concepções com mais nuances de como o direito, as evidências e as preferências judiciais podem interagir para influenciar as decisões judiciais. Este trabalho desenvolve uma perspectiva de julgamento que pode ser entendida como a manifestação moderna do Realismo Jurídico Americano, um movimento jurisprudencial de advogados, juízes e professores de direito que floresceu no início do século XX. O objetivo deste ensaio é introduzir, de forma simplificada, o relato realista de decisões judiciais; contrastar esta visão com teorias alternativas sobre direito e julgamento; e esboçar como uma integração mais explícita dos insights conceituais dos Realistas sobre direito e comportamento judicial poderia enriquecer o trabalho econômico em rápida expansão neste campo.
Amodiaquine drug pressure selects nonsynonymous mutations in pantothenate kinase 1, diacylglycerol kinase, and phosphatidylinositol-4 kinase in Plasmodium berghei ANKA
Authors: Chepngetich Jean , Muriithi Brenda , Gachie Beatrice , Thiong'o Kevin , Jepkorir Mercy , Gathirwa Jeremiah , Kimani Francis , Mwitari Peter , Kiboi Daniel
Published: August 2022

Background: Lumefantrine (LM), piperaquine (PQ), and amodiaquine (AQ), the long-acting components of the artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), are a cornerstone of malaria treatment in Africa. Studies have shown that PQ, AQ, and LM resistance may arise independently of predicted modes of action. Protein kinases have emerged as mediators of drug action and efficacy in malaria parasites; however, the link between top druggable Plasmodium kinases with LM, PQ, and AQ resistance remains unclear. Using LM, PQ, or AQ-resistant Plasmodium berghei parasites, we have evaluated the association of choline kinase (CK), pantothenate kinase 1 (PANK1), diacylglycerol kinase (DAGK), and phosphatidylinositol-4 kinase (PI4Kβ), and calcium-dependent protein kinase 1 (CDPK1) with LM, PQ, and AQ resistance in Plasmodium berghei ANKA.

Methods: We used in silico bioinformatics tools to identify ligand-binding motifs, active sites, and sequence conservation across the different parasites. We then used PCR and sequencing analysis to probe for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within the predicted functional motifs in the CK, PANK1, DAGK, PI4Kβ, and CDPK1. Using qPCR analysis, we finally measured the mRNA amount of PANK1, DAGK, and PI4Kβ at trophozoites and schizonts stages.

Results: We reveal sequence conservation and unique ligand-binding motifs in the CK, PANK1, DAGK, PI4Kβ, and CDPK1 across malaria species. DAGK, PANK1, and PI4Kβ possessed nonsynonymous mutations; surprisingly, the mutations only occurred in the AQr parasites. PANK1 acquired Asn394His while DAGK contained K270R and K292R mutations. PI4Kβ had Asp366Asn, Ser1367Arg, Tyr1394Asn and Asp1423Asn. We show downregulation of PANK1, DAGK, and PI4Kβ in the trophozoites but upregulation at the schizonts stages in the AQr parasites.

Conclusions: The selective acquisition of the mutations and the differential gene expression in AQ-resistant parasites may signify proteins under AQ pressure. The role of the mutations in the resistant parasites and the impact on drug responses require further investigations in malaria parasites.
Informativeness of Management Accounting As a Business Management Tool
Authors: Vakhorina Marina
Published: August 2022

The purpose of the study is to generalize theoretical provisions and develop methodological aspects of the management accounting system as a factor in improving the effectiveness of financial indicators to maintain business at a stable level. The tasks and trends of the transition to a management accounting system that reveals the effectiveness of the importance of finance to the owner are determined. The research is based on the integration of the experience of specialists, revealing the practical significance of the management accounting transformation system in order to collect and analyze information for planning and making management decisions, as well as on the analysis of Russian and foreign publications. The article is devoted to the issue of using the information contained in management accounting as a tool for assessing business performance.

The main problems that accompany owners who do not keep management records are disclosed and analyzed. The obtained results are accompanied by elements of scientific novelty and practical significance.
Toward Efficient Ensemble Learning with Structure Constraints: Convergent Algorithms and Applications
Authors: Lin Shao-Bo , Tang Shaojie , Wang Yao , Wang Di
Published: August 2022

Ensemble learning methods, such as boosting, focus on producing a strong classifier based on numerous weak classifiers. In this paper, we develop a novel ensemble learning method called rescaled boosting with truncation (ReBooT) for binary classification by combining well-known rescaling and regularization ideas in boosting. Theoretically, we present some sufficient conditions for the convergence of ReBooT, derive an almost optimal numerical convergence rate, and deduce fast-learning rates in the framework of statistical learning theory. Experimentally, we conduct both toy simulations and four real-world data runs to show the power of ReBooT. Our results show that, compared with the existing boosting algorithms, ReBooT possesses better learning performance and interpretability in terms of solid theoretical guarantees, perfect structure constraints, and good prediction performance.

History: Accepted by Ram Ramesh, Area Editor for Data Science & Machine Learning

Funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grants 11971374, 61772374, and 61876133].

Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/ijoc.2022.1224 .
Brand Crisis and Customer Relationship Management on Social Media: Evidence from a Natural Experiment from the Airline Industry
Authors: Al Balawi Ramah , Hu Yuheng , Qiu Liangfei
Published: August 2022

The rise of social media platforms has created new opportunities for successful customer relationship management (CRM) activities. Compared with traditional CRM, social media–based CRM enables brands to easily and directly communicate with their customers, which can strengthen customer relationships. The public nature of social media offers an innovative way for brands to engage and manage their customer relationships, increasing brand awareness and enabling easy access to prospective customers. However, public customer engagement on social media does not come without risk. For example, negative word of mouth on social media stemming from poor customer engagement or a brand response can disseminate and reach a large audience. Despite the popularity of social media platforms as customer relationship channels, it is still unclear how a brand crisis can change a brand’s social CRM efforts. Leveraging a natural experiment setting, we investigate the impact of the United Airlines crisis on three dimensions of social CRM efforts: informativeness, timeliness, and attentiveness. Contrary to traditional CRM efforts and recommendations, we find that the brand crisis increases informativeness efforts but reduces timeliness and attentiveness efforts.
Pediatrik Akut Böbrek Hasarında Fraksiyone Üre Ekskresyonu
Authors: AKSOY Özlem Yüksel , AYDIN Zehra , İNÖZÜ Mihriban , AVCI Begüm , ÇAYCI Fatma Şemsa , BAYRAKÇI Umut Selda
Published: August 2022

Amaç: Fraksiyone sodyum ekskresyonu (FeNa) ile fraksiyone üre ekskresyonu (FeU) akut böbrek hasarında prerenal ve renal hasarı ayırt etmek için kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, FeNa ve FeU değerlerinin prerenal ve renal azotemi grupları ile pRIFLE kriterlerine göre akut böbek hasarı evrelerini ayırdetmedeki gücünü kıyaslamayı amaçladık.
Gereç ve Yöntemler: Akut böbrek hasarı tanısı sırasındaki FeU ve FeNa değerlerini hesaplamak amacıyla spot idrar üre, kreatinin ve sodyum ekskresyonları ile serum üre, kreatinin ve sodyum değerleri elde olunan 55 pediatrik akut böbrek hasarı hastasının laboratuvar ve klinik verileri retrospektif olarak değerlendirildi. Hastalar klinik ve laboratuvar bilgiler ışığında prerenal ve renal hasar grupları olarak ikiye ayrıldı. Prerenal ve renal hasarı ayırt etmede FeNa ve FeU testlerinin sensitivite ve spesifisiteleri hesaplandı. Farklı RIFLE evreleri olan hastalar arasında FeNa ve FeU yüzdeleri kıyaslandı.
Bulgular: Elli beş pediatrik akut böbrek hasarı hastasının 31’i erkek, 24’ü kızdı. Tanı anında ortalama yaş 71.1±83.5 ay (min-max: 1-216)’di. Hastaları FeU değerlerine göre FeU<%35 ve FeU ≥35% olarak iki gruba ayırdığımızda prerenal ve renal gruplardaki hasta sayıları arasındaki fark anlamlıydı (p=0.039). Prerenal ve renal hasar ayırımını belirlemede FeU testinin sensitivitesi %50, spesifisitesi %77.1 olarak hesaplandı. FeNa ve FeU birlikte kullanıldığında (FeNa >%1 ve FeU >%35) spesifisite %81’e yükseldi (p=0.020). FeU ortalaması akut böbrek hasarı evreleri arasında anlamlı olarak farklıydı (p=0.022) ve Risk evresiyle kıyaslandığında Injury ve Failure evrelerinde daha yüksekti.
Sonuç: Fraksiyone üre ekskresyonu, pediatrik akut böbrek hasarı olan çocukların değerlendirilmesinde FeNa kadar önemlidir. Prerenal ve renal hasarı ayırt etmede ve akut böbrek hasarı evrelerine göre böbrek hasarının şiddetinin belirlenmesinde FeU değerinin elde edilmesini öneriyoruz.
Spectrally simplified approach for leveraging legacy geostationary
oceanic observations
Authors: Houskeeper Henry F. , Hooker Stanford B. , Cavanaugh Kyle C.
Published: August 2022

The use
of multispectral geostationary
satellites to study aquatic ecosystems improves the temporal frequency
of observations and mitigates cloud obstruction, but no operational
capability presently exists for the coastal and inland waters of the
United States. The Advanced Baseline Imager (ABI) on the current
iteration of the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites,
termed the

R

Series (GOES-R), however, provides
sub-hourly imagery and the opportunity to overcome this deficit and to
leverage a large repository of existing GOES-R aquatic observations.
The fulfillment of this opportunity is assessed herein using a
spectrally simplified, two-channel aquatic algorithm consistent with
ABI wave bands to estimate the diffuse attenuation coefficient for
photosynthetically available radiation,

K
d

(

P
A
R

)

. First, an in
situ ABI dataset was synthesized using a globally
representative dataset of above- and in-water radiometric data
products. Values of

K
d

(

P
A
R

)

were estimated by fitting the ratio
of the shortest and longest visible wave bands from the in situ ABI dataset to coincident, in situ

K
d

(

P
A
R

)

data products. The algorithm was
evaluated based on an iterative cross-validation analysis in which 80%
of the dataset was randomly partitioned for fitting and the remaining
20% was used for validation. The iteration producing the median
coefficient of determination (

R
2

) value (0.88) resulted in a root mean
square difference of

0.319

m

−
1

, or 8.5% of the range in the
validation dataset. Second, coincident mid-day images of central and
southern California from ABI and from the Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer (MODIS) were compared using Google Earth Engine
(GEE). GEE default ABI reflectance values were adjusted based on a
near infrared signal. Matchups between the ABI and MODIS imagery
indicated similar spatial variability (

R
2

=
0.60

) between ABI adjusted blue-to-red
reflectance ratio values and MODIS default diffuse attenuation
coefficient for spectral downward irradiance at 490 nm,

K
d

(
490
)

, values. This work demonstrates that
if an operational capability to provide ABI aquatic data products was
realized, the spectral configuration of ABI would potentially support
a sub-hourly, visible aquatic data product that is applicable to
water-mass tracing and physical oceanography research.
Synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles and graphene oxide for the development of optical fiber biosensors
Authors: Uniyal Shikha , Choudhary Kuldeep , Sachdev Surbhi , Kumar Santosh
Published: August 2022

Optical fiber technology, in association with the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance (SPR), has opened a new gateway for quick, easier, and accurate sensing of various chemical, biochemical, and biological parameters. Continuous efforts can be seen in the direction of increasing the sensitivity of the optical fiber biosensors; thus, many hybrid nanostructured optical fiber biosensors composing different nanomaterials, nanomaterial combinations, and different 2D materials have been proposed in the past few decades. This paper discusses the synthesis, characterization, and applications of nanoparticles to the most favorable noble metal for SPR biosensing, i.e., gold. The gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were prepared by the Turkevich method, and the optical property of AuNPs was characterized using the UV-visible spectrophotometer and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) technique. In addition, the synthesis, characterization, and application of the oxide form the most explored 2D material, i.e., graphene, are also presented in this paper. The graphene oxide was synthesized using an easier and economical method, i.e., a modified Hummer’s method, and an evaluation of the characteristics has been done by a UV-visible spectrophotometer and TEM results.
Optimization of the nonlinear crystal length for high-power single-frequency intracavity frequency-doubling lasers
Authors: Guo Yongrui , Su Jing , Lu Huadong
Published: August 2022

We report a method of optimizing the nonlinear crystal length of the intracavity frequency-doubling laser, which is achieved by maximizing the output power of the frequency-doubling laser in the case of ensuring the single longitudinal mode (SLM) operation of the laser. The optimal length of the nonlinear crystal for an SLM oscillation of the intracavity frequency-doubling laser is firstly theoretically predicted by comparing the losses introduced by the nonlinear crystal with different lengths with that of ensuring the SLM operation of the laser. Then three nonlinear

L
i
B

3

O

5

(LBO) crystals with the length of 18, 20, and 22 mm are adopted to be the frequency-doubling components in the experiment. By recording the output power and monitoring the longitudinal mode structure of the laser, it is found that the nonlinear LBO crystal with the length of 20 mm is the best candidate, since the output power is higher than that of the LBO crystal with the length of 18 mm, and the SLM operation of the laser is readily achieved compared to that of the LBO crystal with the length of 22 mm. The experimental results well agree with the theoretical predictions. The current method can pave a good way to attain a single-frequency continuous-wave intracavity frequency-doubling laser.
Corneal imaging with blue-light optical coherence microscopy
Authors: Khan Shanjida , Neuhaus Kai , Thaware Omkar , Ni Shuibin , Ju Myeong Jin , Redd Travis , Huang David , Jian Yifan
Published: August 2022

Corneal imaging is important for the diagnostic and therapeutic
evaluation of many eye diseases. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is
extensively used in ocular imaging due to its non-invasive and
high-resolution volumetric imaging characteristics. Optical coherence
microscopy (OCM) is a technical variation of OCT that can image the
cornea with cellular resolution. Here, we demonstrate a blue-light OCM
as a low-cost and easily reproducible system to visualize corneal
cellular structures such as epithelial cells, endothelial cells,
keratocytes, and collagen bundles within stromal lamellae. Our
blue-light OCM system achieved an axial resolution of 12 µm in
tissue over a 1.2 mm imaging depth, and a lateral resolution of 1.6
µm over a field of view of 750
µm × 750 µm.
Compression of hyperspectral images based on Tucker decomposition and CP decomposition
Authors: Yang Lei , Zhou Jinsong , Jing Juanjuan , Wei Lidong , Li Yacan , He Xiaoying , Feng Lei , Nie Boyang
Published: August 2022

Hyperspectral imagers are developing towards high resolution, high detection sensitivity, broad spectra, and wide coverage, which means that hyperspectral data are getting more and more substantial. This brings a great challenge to data storage and real-time transmission of hyperspectral data. A compression method based on Tucker decomposition and CANDECOMP/PARAFAC decomposition (TD-CP) is proposed. The hyperspectral data are treated as a third-order tensor. First, TD is performed on the hyperspectral data to obtain a core tensor and three factor matrices, and then CP decomposition is performed on the core tensor. Compared with principal component analysis (PCA)

+

JPEG2000, TD, and CP, TD-CP can retain spatial information and spectral information better at the same time, and running time is shorter.
CVD-MET: an image difference metric designed for analysis of color vision deficiency aids
Authors: Muñoz-Postigo J. , Valero E. M. , Martínez-Domingo M. A. , Gomez-Robledo L. , Huertas R. , Hernández-Andrés J.
Published: August 2022

Color vision deficiency (CVD) has gained in relevance in the last decade, with a surge of proposals for aid systems that aim to improve the color discrimination capabilities of CVD subjects. This paper focuses on the proposal of a new metric called CVD-MET, that can evaluate the efficiency and naturalness of these systems through a set of images using a simulation of the subject’s vision. In the simulation, the effect of chromatic adaptation is introduced via CIECAM02, which is relevant for the evaluation of passive aids (color filters). To demonstrate the potential of the CVD-MET, an evaluation of a representative set of passive and active aids is carried out both with conventional image quality metrics and with CVD-MET. The results suggest that the active aids (recoloration algorithms) are in general more efficient and produce more natural images, although the changes that are introduced do not shift the CVD’s perception of the scene towards the normal observer’s perception.
Spin angular momentum and nonreciprocity of ghost surface polariton in antiferromagnets
Authors: Zhang Yuqi , Wang Xiangguang , Hao Shaopeng , Song Haoyuan , Wang Xuan-Zhang
Published: August 2022

We investigated the spin angular momentum (SAM) and nonreciprocity of ghost surface polariton (GSP) at the surface of an antiferromagnet (AF) in the normal geometry, where the AF easy axis and external field (H0) both are normal to the AF surface. We found that the dispersion equation is invariant when the inversions of wavevector and external magnetic field, k→−k and H0→−H0, are taken. However, its polarization and SAM are nonreciprocal. The SAM is vertical to the propagation direction of GSP, and consists of two components. We analytically found that the in-plane component is locked to H0, or it is changed in sign due to the inversion of H0. The out-plane one is locked to k since it is changed in sign as the inversion of k is taken. Either component contains an electric part and a magnetic part. Above the AF surface, the two electric parts form the left-handed triplet with the wavevector k, but the two magnetic parts form the right-handed triplet with k. In the AF, the chirality of the SAM changes with the distance from the surface. The SAM is very large on or near the surface and it may be very interesting for the manipulation of micron and nano particles on the AF surface. These are obviously different from the relevant features of conventional surface polaritons. The SAM also is field-tunable.
Phase-diversity wavefront sensing enhanced by a Fourier-based neural network
Authors: Zhou Zhisheng , Zhang Jingang , Fu Qiang , Nie Yunfeng
Published: August 2022

Phase diversity wavefront sensing (PDWS) has been a successful approach to quantifying wavefront aberrations with only a few intensity measurements and nonlinear optimization. However, the inherent non-convexity of the inverse problem may lead to stagnation at a local minimum far from the true solution. Proper initialization of the nonlinear optimization is important to avoid local minima and improve wavefront retrieval accuracy. In this paper, we propose an effective neural network based on low-frequency coefficients in the Fourier domain to determine a better estimate of the unknown aberrations. By virtue of the proposed network, only a small amount of simulation data suffice for a robust training, two orders of magnitude less than those in existing work. Experimental results show that, when compared with some existing methods, our method achieves the highest accuracy while drastically reducing the training time to 1.4 min. The minimum, maximum, and mean values of the root mean square (RMS) residual errors for 800 aberrations are 0.017λ, 0.056λ, and 0.039λ, respectively, and 95% of the RMS residual errors are less than 0.05λ.
Photonic bandgap engineering in hybrid one-dimensional photonic crystals containing all-dielectric elliptical metamaterials
Authors: Wu Feng , Liu Tingting , Chen Mingyuan , Xiao Shuyuan
Published: August 2022

Metamaterials with negative permittivities or/and permeabilities greatly enrich photonic bandgap (PBG) engineering in one-dimensional (1-D) photonic crystals (PhCs). Nevertheless, their inevitable optical losses strongly destroy the crucial prohibition characteristic of PBGs, which makes such engineered PBGs not utilizable in some relevant physical processes and optical/optoelectronic devices. Herein, we bridge a link between 1-D PhCs and all-dielectric loss-free metamaterials and propose a hybrid 1-D PhC containing all-dielectric elliptical metamaterials to engineer angle-dependence of PBGs. Associating the Bragg scattering theory with the iso-frequency curve analysis, an analytical model is established to precisely describe the angle-dependence of PBG. Based on the analytical model, two types of special PBGs, i.e., angle-insensitive and angle-sensitive PBGs, are designed. By further introducing defects into the designed 1-D PhCs, angle-dependence of defect modes can also be flexibly controlled. Our protocol opens a viable route to precisely engineering PBGs and promotes the development of PBG-based physics and applications.
Model-based end-to-end learning for a self-homodyne coherent system
Authors: Huan Zhengyan , Huang Yetian , Lei Yi , Huang Hanzi , Chen Haoshuo , Chen Bin
Published: August 2022

We investigate the statistical properties of the inherent intensity fluctuation in a low-cost and low-complexity self-homodyne coherent system employing an amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) source. The noise distribution model of the considered system is established, which is shown to be highly consistent with the experimental results for a 10 GBd 256-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) signal transmission over a 10 m duplex fiber. With the help of the proposed noise model, we then design advanced mappers and demappers. The optimized system alleviates the need for ASE bandwidth and is evaluated by applying forward error correction codes. Furthermore, we demonstrate an information rate increase of 6.67% with respect to 64-QAM.
Ultra-low loss SiN edge coupler interfacing with a single-mode fiber
Authors: Liang Yuxin , Li Zhihui , Fan Shijia , Feng Jing , Liu Dapeng , Liao Haijun , Yang Zhonghua , Feng Junbo , Cui Naidi
Published: August 2022

In this work, an ultra-low loss silicon nitride (SiN) edge coupler was designed and fabricated to interface with a single-mode fiber (SMF). Unlike other works that focus on the core structure, this work focuses on the cladding structure. First, it is demonstrated that the cladding structure ultimately determines the size and shape of the mode when the taper tip width is small enough. Then, the thickness of the up-cladding is optimized to provide enough space for mode expansion in the vertical direction. Air trenches are added to confine the mode laterally. In addition, the refractive index (RI) of the up-cladding layer is slightly increased to prevent light from leaking into the Si substrate. This edge coupler is then fabricated on the SiN platform at Chongqing United Microelectronics Center. For the TE mode at 1630 nm, a coupling loss of 0.67 dB/facet was obtained. At 1550 nm, 0.85 dB/facet and 1.09 dB/facet were measured for the TE and TM modes, respectively, which means that the polarization-dependent loss is 0.24 dB. Although the design method and the structure are based on a pure SiN platform, they are applicable to a silicon-on-insulator platform as well.
Role of in-plane shift in reconstructing the photonic spin Hall effect
Authors: Sheng Lijuan , Zhou Xinxing , Chen Yu , Zhang Hong , Zhang Zhiyou
Published: August 2022

The photonic spin Hall effect (SHE) manifests itself as in-plane and transverse spin-dependent shifts of left- and right-handed circularly polarized (LCP, RCP) components and originates from the spin–orbit interaction (SOI) of light, where extrinsic orbital angular momentum (EOAM) can induce these shifts. However, previous studies mainly focus on the SOI corresponding to transverse shifts and generally consider the paraxial approximation case. In this Letter, we reconstruct a more general theory of the photonic SHE in the non-paraxial case and reveal that the induction of an in-plane shift mainly relies on the EOAM of the y direction, supplemented by the EOAM of the x and z directions under the laboratory coordinate system. In addition, the EOAM in the x and z directions completely determine the transverse shift. Moreover, the angular momentum conversion between the LCP and RCP components results in the angular momentum of the LCP (RCP) component of the incident Gaussian beam not being equal to the sum of the angular momentum of the LCP (RCP) component of the reflected and transmitted light. These findings explore the influence of in-plane shifts on the SOI of light and provide an in-depth understanding of the photonic SHE.
Incoherent computer-generated holography: publisher’s note
Authors: Suda Ryutaro , Naruse Makoto , Horisaki Ryoichi
Published: August 2022

This publisher’s note contains a correction to Opt. Lett.
47, 3844 (2022)10.1364/OL.464454.
How growers make decisions impacts plant disease control
Authors: Murray-Watson Rachel E. , Hamelin Frédéric M. , Cunniffe Nik J.
Published: August 2022

While the spread of plant disease depends strongly on biological factors driving transmission, it also has a human dimension. Disease control depends on decisions made by individual growers, who are in turn influenced by a broad range of factors. Despite this, human behaviour has rarely been included in plant epidemic models. Considering Cassava Brown Streak Disease, we model how the perceived increase in profit due to disease management influences participation in clean seed systems (CSS). Our models are rooted in game theory, with growers making strategic decisions based on the expected profitability of different control strategies. We find that both the information used by growers to assess profitability and the perception of economic and epidemiological parameters influence long-term participation in the CSS. Over-estimation of infection risk leads to lower participation in the CSS, as growers perceive that paying for the CSS will be futile. Additionally, even though good disease management can be achieved through the implementation of CSS, and a scenario where all controllers use the CSS is achievable when growers base their decision on the average of their entire strategy, CBSD is rarely eliminated from the system. These results are robust to stochastic and spatial effects. Our work highlights the importance of including human behaviour in plant disease models, but also the significance of how that behaviour is included.
Mitochondrial mRNA localization is governed by translation kinetics and spatial transport
Authors: Arceo Ximena G. , Koslover Elena F. , Zid Brian M. , Brown Aidan I.
Published: August 2022

For many nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes, mRNA localizes to the mitochondrial surface co-translationally, aided by the association of a mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS) on the nascent peptide with the mitochondrial import complex. For a subset of these co-translationally localized mRNAs, their localization is dependent on the metabolic state of the cell, while others are constitutively localized. To explore the differences between these two mRNA types we developed a stochastic, quantitative model for MTS-mediated mRNA localization to mitochondria in yeast cells. This model includes translation, applying gene-specific kinetics derived from experimental data; and diffusion in the cytosol. Even though both mRNA types are co-translationally localized we found that the steady state number, or density, of ribosomes along an mRNA was insufficient to differentiate the two mRNA types. Instead, conditionally-localized mRNAs have faster translation kinetics which modulate localization in combination with changes to diffusive search kinetics across metabolic states. Our model also suggests that the MTS requires a maturation time to become competent to bind mitochondria. Our work indicates that yeast cells can regulate mRNA localization to mitochondria by controlling mitochondrial volume fraction (influencing diffusive search times) and gene translation kinetics (adjusting mRNA binding competence) without the need for mRNA-specific binding proteins. These results shed light on both global and gene-specific mechanisms that enable cells to alter mRNA localization in response to changing metabolic conditions.
Inferring tumor-specific cancer dependencies through integrating ex vivo drug response assays and drug-protein profiling
Authors: Batzilla Alina , Lu Junyan , Kivioja Jarno , Putzker Kerstin , Lewis Joe , Zenz Thorsten , Huber Wolfgang
Published: August 2022

The development of cancer therapies may be improved by the discovery of tumor-specific molecular dependencies. The requisite tools include genetic and chemical perturbations, each with its strengths and limitations. Chemical perturbations can be readily applied to primary cancer samples at large scale, but mechanistic understanding of hits and further pharmaceutical development is often complicated by the fact that a chemical compound has affinities to multiple proteins. To computationally infer specific molecular dependencies of individual cancers from their ex vivo drug sensitivity profiles, we developed a mathematical model that deconvolutes these data using measurements of protein-drug affinity profiles. Through integrating a drug-kinase profiling dataset and several drug response datasets, our method, DepInfeR, correctly identified known protein kinase dependencies, including the EGFR dependence of HER2+ breast cancer cell lines, the FLT3 dependence of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with FLT3-ITD mutations and the differential dependencies on the B-cell receptor pathway in the two major subtypes of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Furthermore, our method uncovered new subgroup-specific dependencies, including a previously unreported dependence of high-risk CLL on Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHEK1). The method also produced a detailed map of the kinase dependencies in a heterogeneous set of 117 CLL samples. The ability to deconvolute polypharmacological phenotypes into underlying causal molecular dependencies should increase the utility of high-throughput drug response assays for functional precision oncology.
Assessment of Apple Watch Series 6 pulse oximetry and electrocardiograms in a pediatric population
Authors: Littell Lauren , Roelle Lisa , Dalal Aarti , Van Hare George F. , Orr William B. , Miller Nathan , Avari Silva Jennifer N.
Published: August 2022

Background

Recent technologic advances have resulted in increased development and utilization of direct-to-consumer cardiac wearable devices with various functionality. This study aimed to assess Apple Watch Series 6 (AW6) pulse oximetry and electrocardiography (ECG) in a cohort of pediatric patients.

Methods

This single-center, prospective study enrolled pediatric patients ≥ 3kg and having an ECG and/or pulse oximetry (SpO2) as part of their planned evaluation. Exclusion criteria: 1) non-English speaking patients and 2) patients in state custody. Simultaneous tracings were obtained for SpO2 and ECG with concurrent standard pulse oximeter and 12-lead ECG. AW6 automated rhythm interpretations were compared to physician over-read and categorized as accurate, accurate with missed findings, inconclusive (automated interpretation: “inconclusive”), or inaccurate.

Results

A total of 84 patients were enrolled over a 5-week period. 68 patients (81%) were placed into the SpO2 and ECG arm, with 16 patients (19%) placed into the SpO2 only arm. Pulse oximetry data was successfully collected in 71/84 (85%) patients and ECG data in 61/68 (90%). ΔSpO2 between modalities was 2.0±2.6% (r = 0.76). ΔRR was 43±44msec (r = 0.96), ΔPR 19±23msec (r = 0.79), ΔQRS 12±13msec (r = 0.78), and ΔQT 20±19msec (r = 0.9). The AW6 automated rhythm analysis yielded a 75% specificity and found: 1) 40/61 (65.6%) “accurate”, 2) 6/61 (9.8%) “accurate with missed findings”, 3) 14/61 (23%) “inconclusive”, and 4) 1/61 (1.6%) incorrect.

Conclusion

The AW6 can accurately measure oxygen saturation when compared to hospital pulse oximeters in pediatric patients and provide good quality single lead ECGs that allow for accurate measurement of RR, PR, QRS, and QT intervals with manual interpretation. The AW6-automated rhythm interpretation algorithm has limitations for smaller pediatric patients and patients with abnormal ECGs.
Exploring the challenges in the management of childhood pneumonia-qualitative findings from health care providers from two high prevalence states in India
Authors: Mohanraj Rani , Kumar Shuba , Agarwal Monica , Dhingra Bhavna , Suresh Saradha
Published: August 2022

India ranks among the top five countries in the world in child deaths due to pneumonia. Apart from poor public awareness, inadequate health infrastructure and treatment services have compromised effective management. This qualitative study guided by components of the Andersen-Newman’s health care utilization framework explored contextual and community challenges faced by health care providers (HCPs) in the delivery of care services for children with pneumonia in select districts of Uttar Pradesh (UP) and Madhya Pradesh (MP). Semi structured interviews (SSIs) and focus groups discussions (FGDs) were carried out with a purposive sample of HCPs selected from three districts in each state. The HCPs included doctors and community health workers (CHWs). All SSIs and FGDs were audio- recorded, with consent, transcribed verbatim, entered into NVivo and analysed using thematic analysis. A total of 15 SSIs were conducted with doctors and eight FGDs were carried out with CHWs. Two themes that best explained the data were:, 1. Health systems: barriers faced in delivery of care services and 2. Evaluated Need: perceptions on community awareness and practices. According to the HCPs inadequacies in government health infrastructure both manpower and equipment, and skill deficits of paramedical staff and CHWs contributed to poor quality of care services for management of childhood pneumonia. This combined with inadequate understanding of pneumonia in the community, dependence on unqualified care providers and distrust of government hospitals acted as barriers to seeking appropriate medical care. Additionally, poor compliance with exclusive breast feeding practices, nutrition and hygiene had contributed to the high prevalence of the disease in these states. Strengthening public health facilities, instilling trust and confidence in people about the availability and the quality of these services and enhancing health literacy around childhood pneumonia would be critical towards protecting children from this disease.
Proteomic changes in various organs of Haemaphysalis longicornis under long-term starvation
Authors: Wang Ningmei , Wang Han , Ji Aimeng , Li Ning , Chang Guomin , Liu Jingze , Agwunobi Desmond O. , Wang Hui
Published: August 2022

Haemaphysalis longicornis (Neumann), a tick of public health and veterinary importance, spend the major part of their life cycle off-host, especially the adult host-seeking period. Thus, they have to contend with prolonged starvation. Here, we investigated the underlying molecular mechanism of tick starvation endurance in the salivary glands, midguts, ovaries, and Malpighian tubules of starved H. longicornis ticks using the data-independent acquisition quantitative proteomic approach to study the proteome changes. Essential synthases such as glutamate synthase, citrate synthase, and ATP synthase were up-regulated probably due to increased proteolysis and amino acid catabolism during starvation. The up-regulation of succinate dehydrogenase, ATP synthase, cytochrome c oxidase, and ADP/ATP translocase closely fits with an increased oxidative phosphorylation function during starvation. The differential expression of superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, thioredoxin, and peroxiredoxin indicated fasting-induced oxidative stress. The up-regulation of heat shock proteins could imply the activation of a protective mechanism that checks excessive protein breakdown during starvation stress. The results of this study could provide useful information about the vulnerabilities of ticks that could aid in tick control efforts.
SilicoDArT and SNP markers for genetic diversity and population structure analysis of Trema orientalis; a fodder species
Authors: Nantongo Judith Ssali , Odoi Juventine Boaz , Agaba Hillary , Gwali Samson
Published: August 2022

Establishing the genetic diversity and population structure of a species can guide the selection of appropriate conservation and sustainable utilization strategies. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) approaches are increasingly being used to generate multi-locus data for genetic structure determination. This study presents the genetic structure of a fodder species -Trema orientalisbased on two genome-wide high-throughput diversity array technology (DArT) markers; silicoDArT and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Genotyping of 119 individuals generated 40,650 silicoDArT and 4767 SNP markers. Both marker types had a high average scoring reproducibility (>99%). Genetic relationships explored by principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) showed that the first principal coordinate axis explained most of the variation in both the SilicoDArT (34.2%) and SNP (89.6%) marker data. The average polymorphic information content did not highly differ between silicoDArT (0.22) and SNPs (0.17) suggesting minimal differences in informativeness in the two groups of markers. The, mean observed (Ho) and expected (He) heterozygosity were low and differed between the silicoDArT and SNPs respectively, estimated at Ho= 0.08 and He= 0.05 for silicoDArT and Ho= 0.23 and He= 0.19 for SNPs. The population ofT.orientaliswas moderately differentiated (FST  =  0.20–0.53) and formed 2 distinct clusters based on maximum likelihood and principal coordinates analysis. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that clusters contributed more to the variation (46.3–60.8%) than individuals (32.9–31.2%). Overall, the results suggest a high relatedness of the individuals sampled and a threatened genetic potential ofT.orientalisin the wild. Therefore, genetic management activities such as ex-situ germplasm management are required for the sustainability of the species. Ex-situ conservation efforts should involve core collection of individuals from different populations to capture efficient diversity. This study demonstrates the importance of silicoDArT and SNP makers in population structure and genetic diversity analysis ofTrema orientalis, useful for future genome wide studies in the species.
Sociodemographic variation in prescriptions dispensed in early pregnancy in Northern Ireland 2010–2016
Authors: Given Joanne , Casson Karen , Dolk Helen , Loane Maria
Published: August 2022

Aim

To establish the prevalence of prescriptions dispensed in early pregnancy by maternal age and area deprivation, for women who gave birth in Northern Ireland (NI) 2011–2016.

Study design

Population-based linked cohort study.

Methods

The NI Maternity System (NIMATS) database was used to identify all births to resident mothers in NI between 2011 and 2016. Prescriptions dispensed between the last menstrual period (LMP) and the first antenatal care visit (mean 10.7 weeks) (2010–2016) were extracted from the Enhanced Prescribing Database (EPD) which records all prescriptions dispensed by pharmacists in NI. EPD data were linked to NIMATS using the mother’s Health and Care Number. Maternal deprivation based on the NI Multiple Deprivation Measure 2017 was linked using the mother’s postcode.

Results

The cohort included 139,687 pregnancies resulting in live or stillbirths to 106,206 women. A medication was dispensed in 63.5% of pregnancies, and in 48.7% of pregnancies excluding supplements (vitamins, iron, and folic acid). Folic acid was the most commonly dispensed medication (33.1%). Excluding supplements, the mean number of medications was 1.1, with 4.2% having ≥5 medications. The most common non-supplement medications were antibiotics (13.1%), antiemetics (8.7%), analgesics (6.9%), hormonal medications (6.9%) and antidepressants (6.1%). Younger women (<20 years) had more antibiotics while older women (40+ years) had more antidepressants, cardiovascular, antihypertensives, anticoagulant medications and thyroxine. The proportion of women living in the most deprived areas with prescriptions for antidepressants, sedatives, tranquilisers, analgesics, and anti-epileptic medications was double the proportion of women with these medications in the least deprived areas.

Conclusion

Half of all pregnant women in NI were dispensed a non-supplement medication between LMP and the first antenatal care visit. Younger and older mothers and those living in the most deprived areas were more likely to have medications dispensed. More antidepressants were dispensed in areas of social deprivation.
Plant families exhibit unique geographic trends in C4 richness and cover in Australia
Authors: Munroe Samantha E. M. , McInerney Francesca A. , Guerin Greg R. , Andrae Jake W. , Welti Nina , Caddy-Retalic Stefan , Atkins Rachel , Sparrow Ben
Published: August 2022

Numerous studies have analysed the relationship between C4plant cover and climate. However, few have examined how different C4taxa vary in their response to climate, or how environmental factors alter C4:C3abundance. Here we investigate (a) how proportional C4plant cover and richness (relative to C3) responds to changes in climate and local environmental factors, and (b) if this response is consistent among families. Proportional cover and richness of C4species were determined at 541 one-hectare plots across Australia for 14 families. C4cover and richness of the most common and abundant families were regressed against climate and local parameters. C4richness and cover in the monocot families Poaceae and Cyperaceae increased with latitude and were strongly positively correlated with January temperatures, however C4Cyperaceae occupied a more restricted temperature range. Seasonal rainfall, soil pH, soil texture, and tree cover modified proportional C4cover in both families. Eudicot families displayed considerable variation in C4distribution patterns. Proportional C4Euphorbiaceae richness and cover were negatively correlated with increased moisture availability (i.e. high rainfall and low aridity), indicating they were more common in dry environments. Proportional C4Chenopodiaceae richness and cover were weakly correlated with climate and local environmental factors, including soil texture. However, the explanatory power of C4Chenopodiaceae models were poor, suggesting none of the factors considered in this study strongly influenced Chenopodiaceae distribution. Proportional C4richness and cover in Aizoaceae, Amaranthaceae, and Portulacaceae increased with latitude, suggesting C4cover and richness in these families increased with temperature and summer rainfall, but sample size was insufficient for regression analysis. Results demonstrate the unique relationships between different C4taxa and climate, and the significant modifying effects of environmental factors on C4distribution. Our work also revealed C4families will not exhibit similar responses to local perturbations or climate.
What is the best proxy for political knowledge in surveys?
Authors: Rapeli Lauri
Published: August 2022

Online surveys are becoming the dominant form for survey data collection. This presents a problem for the measurement of political knowledge, because, according to recent scholarship, unsupervised measurement of political knowledge in web-based surveys suffers from respondent dishonesty. This study examines the validity of five possible survey proxies for political knowledge: self-assessed sophistication, political interest, internal political efficacy, accuracy of party placements on a left-right dimension and political participation. The analysis draws on a 2020 survey data (n = 1,097) and partial replications with identical measures from a 2008 survey data (n = 1,021) from Finland. Through several tests, the five proxies are assessed in terms of convergent validity, criterion validity and predictive validity. Across all tests, political interest performs best on all dimensions of validity and demonstrates largely identical relationships with political knowledge. Although the survey measurement of political interest and political knowledge may partly tap into slightly different constructs, the analysis supports the conclusion that political interest is the most suitable survey proxy for political knowledge from among the five proxy candidates included in the analysis.