bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pharmacological properties of faster‐acting insulin aspart vs insulin aspart in patients with type 1 diabetes receiving continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: A randomized, double‐blind, crossover trial
Authors: Heise Tim , Zijlstra Eric , Nosek Leszek , Rikte Tord , Haahr Hanne
Published: October 2016

Aim

To evaluate the pharmacological characteristics of faster‐acting insulin aspart (faster aspart) compared with insulin aspart (IAsp) during continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII).

Methods

In this randomized, double‐blind, crossover trial, 48 men and women aged 18 to 64 years with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) received faster aspart and IAsp as a 0.15 U/kg bolus dose via CSII, on top of a basal rate (0.02 U/kg/h), in a glucose clamp setting (target 5.5 mmol/L).

Results

After a CSII bolus dose, the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles for faster aspart were left‐shifted compared with those for IAsp. For faster aspart vs IAsp, the early glucose‐lowering effect (area under the curve for glucose infusion rate [GIR]0‐30min) was approximately 2‐fold higher (least squares means 24.9 vs 11.4 mg/kg; estimated ratio faster aspart/IAsp 2.18, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.33; 5.04]; P = .002), onset of glucose‐lowering effect (time to early 50% of maximum GIR) occurred 11.1 minutes earlier (41.1 vs 52.3 minutes; 95% CI faster aspart – IAsp [−15.4; −6.9]; P<.001), and offset of glucose‐lowering effect (time to late 50% of maximum GIR) occurred 24.0 minutes earlier (214.7 vs 238.7 minutes; 95% CI [−38.9; −9.1]; P=.002). Likewise, significantly greater early exposure and significantly earlier onset and offset of exposure were observed for faster aspart vs IAsp. Faster aspart and IAsp were both well tolerated.

Conclusions

In patients with T1DM using CSII, faster aspart better mimics the endogenous prandial insulin secretion and action than does IAsp. Faster aspart therefore has the potential to provide clinical benefits over current rapid‐acting insulins in the insulin pump setting.
The impact of China's imports on European Union industrial employment
Authors: Sertić Martina Basarac , Časni Anita Čeh , Vučković Valentina
Published: October 2016

As the EU's biggest supplier of imported goods and a second trading partner, China has become an increasingly important actor on the global economic scene. This paper reports new evidence through analyzing whether the EU labour market is affected by exposure to imports from China. Drawing on a panel dataset of 27 EU countries, over the 2003–2013 period, and using the pooled mean group estimator, the results show that imports from China have a negative effect on industrial employment. This result holds separately for the all analyzed categories: all products, manufactured products as well as for the sub‐groups.
The agricultural revolution and the conditions of the rural poor, southern Sweden, 1750–1860
Authors: Dribe Martin , Olsson Mats , Svensson Patrick
Published: October 2016

The social consequences of agrarian change have been widely debated. The traditional view of the lower classes becoming increasingly vulnerable due to the loss of access to resources has been met with the revisionist view that this change was counteracted by an increase in the volume and regularity of employment due to investments and new farming practices. This article address this issue by studying the agricultural revolution in southern Sweden using aggregate data at the parish level. New micro‐level data on actual harvest outcomes, supplemented by price data, make it possible to differentiate between the development of the local economy and exogenous price shocks. Our results indicate a clear mortality response to harvest fluctuations in general and to harvest failures in particular. The response differed greatly between farming regions, being strongest in the areas most dependent on grain production. The response also diminished during the agricultural revolution, indicating the increasing efficiency of the local economy. This indicates employment effects in line with the revisionist view. At the same time, vulnerability to fluctuations in prices of basic foodstuffs remained high until the second half of the nineteenth century and was also quite similar across farming regions.
Birds at the Winter Feeder do not Recognize an Artificially Coloured Predator
Authors: Veselý Petr , Buršíková Markéta , Fuchs Roman
Published: October 2016

It is supposed that coloration may affect the recognition of predators by prey species; nevertheless, the significance of the coloration and its particular components in the recognition process remains unknown. We presented dummies of the European sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus) with changed body coloration, but with all other typical features preserved (body size and shape, beak, eyes, legs), to great tits (Parus major) and blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus) visiting a winter feeder. A pigeon (Columba livia f. domestica) dummy was used as a harmless control. Neither tit species showed passive avoidance in the presence of a dummy with an artificial, violet‐white chequered coloration. They obviously did not consider such an object to be a predator despite the presence of the raptor beak, eyes and talons. Sparrowhawk dummies with the coloration completely changed (altered with those of a harmless European robin) or with the typical colour feature removed (barred pattern on the underparts) were considered to be as dangerous as the unmodified sparrowhawk. We discuss the possibility that the effect of salient raptor‐like features such as beak shape, eye coloration, and leg and talons shape overwhelmed the effect of body coloration in these cases. Birds visiting the feeder probably were able to generalize the vigilance towards the sparrowhawk to other realistically coloured dummies, but not to the non‐natural dummy.
Detection of intermolecular transferred NOEs in large protein complexes using asymmetric deuteration: HIV‐1 gp120 in complex with a CCR5 peptide
Authors: Srivastava Gautam , Moseri Adi , Kessler Naama , Akabayov Sabine R. , Arshava Boris , Naider Fred , Anglister Jacob
Published: October 2016

Weak protein–protein and protein–ligand interactions play important roles in biological recognition. In many cases, simplification of structural studies of large protein complexes is achieved by investigation of the interaction between the protein and a weakly binding segment of its protein ligand. Detection of pairwise interactions in such complexes is a major challenge for both X‐ray crystallography and nuclear magnetic resonance. We demonstrate that transferred nuclear Overhauser effect (TRNOE), in combination with asymmetric deuteration of a protein and a peptide ligand can be used to detect intermolecular interactions in large protein complexes with molecular weights up to ~ 100 kDa. Using this approach, we revealed interactions between tyrosine residues of a 27‐residue peptide (deuterated at Ile and Val residues) corresponding to the N‐terminal segment of the human C‐C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) chemokine receptor, and a 43 kDa construct of gp120 envelope protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (deuterated on all aromatics) complexed with a cluster of differentiation 4‐mimic miniprotein. The complex was present mostly as a dimer as determined by T2 relaxation measurements. The TRNOE crosspeaks in the ternary complex were assigned to the specific Tyr protons in the CCR5 peptide and to methyl protons, predominantly of isoleucine residues, and also of leucine and/or valine residues of gp120. The TRNOE/asymmetric deuteration method benefits from the sensitivity of the homonuclear NOESY experiment and does not suffer the sensitivity losses associated with isotope‐edited/isotope‐filtered approaches that rely on magnetization transfer between protons and heteronuclei that are bonded to them. The technique can be widely applied for studying large protein complexes that exhibit fast off‐rates.
The role of notch tip shape and radius on deformation mechanisms of 12Cr1MoV steel under impact loading. Part 1. Energy parameters of fracture
Authors: Panin S. V. , Maruschak P. O. , Vlasov I. V. , Moiseenko D. D. , Berto F. , Bishchak R. T. , Vinogradov A.
Published: October 2016

Impact loading curves and fracture energy of the notched 12Cr1MoV ductile steel specimens are analysed. The qualitative description and quantitative parameters are obtained for major stages of ductile and brittle fracture depending on the shape of the notch and the stress stiffness ahead. It was shown that a zone with enhanced plasticity forms in the vicinity of V‐, U‐ and I‐shaped notches at 20 °C testing temperature, giving rise to ductile fracture. The stress stiffness at the notch tip increased with testing temperature reduced to −40 °C. We demonstrated that the size of shear lips on a fracture surface is a quantitative characteristic of fracture. Using this approach, which is close by nature to non‐linear fracture mechanics, together with the quantitative description of fracture surfaces, a physical–mechanical scheme of the specimen fracture was suggested for the case of enhanced and localized (constrained) plasticity near the stress concentrator tip.
Sweetened ethanol drinking during social isolation: enhanced intake, resistance to genetic heterogeneity and the emergence of a distinctive drinking pattern in adolescent mice
Authors: Panksepp J. B. , Rodriguez E. D. , Ryabinin A. E.
Published: October 2016

With its ease of availability during adolescence, sweetened ethanol (‘alcopops’) is consumed within many contexts. We asked here whether genetically based differences in social motivation are associated with how the adolescent social environment impacts voluntary ethanol intake. Mice with previously described differences in sociability (BALB/cJ, C57BL/6J, FVB/NJ and MSM/MsJ strains) were weaned into isolation or same‐sex pairs (postnatal day, PD, 21), and then given continuous access to two fluids on PDs 34–45: one containing water and the other containing an ascending series of saccharin‐sweetened ethanol (3–6–10%). Prior to the introduction of ethanol (PDs 30–33), increased water and food intake was detected in some of the isolation‐reared groups, and controls indicated that isolated mice also consumed more ‘saccharin‐only’ solution. Voluntary drinking of ‘ethanol‐only’ was also higher in a subset of the isolated groups on PDs 46–49. However, sweetened ethanol intake was increased in all isolated strain × sex combinations irrespective of genotype. Surprisingly, blood ethanol concentration (BEC) was not different between these isolate and socially housed groups 4 h into the dark phase. Using lickometer‐based measures of intake in FVB mice, we identified that a predominance of increased drinking during isolation transpired outside of the typical circadian consumption peak, occurring ≈8.5 h into the dark phase, with an associated difference in BEC. These findings collectively indicate that isolate housing leads to increased consumption of rewarding substances in adolescent mice independent of their genotype, and that for ethanol this may be because of when individuals drink during the circadian cycle.
Deep hydrothermal fluid–rock interaction: the thermal springs of Da Qaidam, China
Authors: Stober I. , Zhong J. , Zhang L. , Bucher K.
Published: October 2016

Hot water flows from springs along the border fault system at the SW rim of the Qilian Mountains near the city of Da Qaidam (Qinghai Province, Western China). The outflow temperature is close to 72°C, and the clear water contains about 1.4 g l−1 total dissolved solids. The water contains predominantly Na and Cl, and significant and equal amounts of hydrogen carbonate and sulfate. The water originates from a fractured granite reservoir at about 5 km depth, suggested by the estimated Qtz and Na–K equilibrium temperatures of 130–150°C. The solutes are derived from the interaction of the deep ground water with the solids of the fractured granite. However, the high Cl/Br mass ratio of about 550 in the deep water and the composition of surface runoff suggest the presence of an additional evaporite component introduced by surface infiltration. The source of this surface component is probably eolian deposits of halite, gypsum, and borate minerals from the salt flats and deserts of the Qaidam Basin on the slopes of the Qilian Mountains. The deep hydrothermal flow system is topography driven, and the upwelling water is focused and channeled to the damage zone of the Qilian border fault.
Long‐term liver‐related morbidity and mortality related to chronic hepatitis C virus infection in Swedish patients with inherited bleeding disorders
Authors: Holmström M. , Nangarhari A. , Öhman J. , Duberg A.‐S. , Majeed A. , Aleman S.
Published: October 2016

Introduction

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is common in patients with inherited bleeding disorders treated with clotting factor concentrates prior to the introduction of viral inactivation of these products. The long‐term consequences of hepatitis C infection in Swedish patients are not fully understood.

Aim

To examine the impact of HCV infection on liver‐related morbidity and mortality in Swedish patients with inherited bleeding disorders.

Methods

We retrospectively collected data on 183 patients with inherited bleeding disorders infected with HCV who attended the Coagulation Unit at Karolinska University Hospital, Sweden. Data regarding end‐stage liver disease (ESLD), defined as presence of ascites, encephalopathy, variceal bleeding, hepatocellular carcinoma or liver‐related death, were collected from the patient records and the national registers.

Results

The median follow‐up time was 35.9 years (IQR 29.0–41.2). A total of 41% had achieved sustained virological response (SVR) after treatment. In total, 14.2% developed ESLD at the median age of 52.6 years (IQR 46.5–64.7). Nineteen (35.8%) of all deaths were due to liver‐related causes. Co‐infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), older age at time of infection and severe form of bleeding disorder was associated with higher risk of developing ESLD, while SVR was a strong protective factor.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that liver‐related morbidity and mortality was significant in patients with bleeding disorders and HCV infection in Sweden. Patients with HCV‐infection should be candidates for treatment with the new highly effective antiviral drugs, since SVR proved to be a strong protective factor.
Obstetric bleeding among women with inherited bleeding disorders: a retrospective study
Authors: Hawke L. , Grabell J. , Sim W. , Thibeault L. , Muir E. , Hopman W. , Smith G. , James P.
Published: October 2016

Introduction

Women with inherited bleeding disorders are at increased risk for bleeding complications during pregnancy and the postpartum period, particularly postpartum haemorrhage (PPH).

Aim

This retrospective study evaluates pregnancy management through the Inherited Bleeding Disorders Clinic of Southeastern Ontario, the clinical factors associated with pregnancy‐related abnormal bleeding and assesses tranexamic acid use in the postpartum treatment of bleeding disorder patients.

Methods

A chart review of 62 pregnancies, from 33 women, evaluated patient characteristics (age, haemostatic factor levels) and delivery conditions (mode of delivery, postpartum treatment) in relation to abnormal postpartum bleeding.

Results

This cohort revealed increased risk of immediate PPH with increased age at delivery (mean age: 30.1 years with PPH, 26.5 years without PPH, P < 0.013), and birth by vaginal delivery (P < 0.042). Low von Willebrand factor (VWF) antigen or factor VIII (FVIII) in the third trimester was not associated with an increased risk of PPH; however, low VWF:RCo was associated with increased immediate PPH despite treatment with continuous factor infusion (P < 0.042). Women treated with tranexamic acid postpartum had less severe bleeding in the 6‐week postpartum (P < 0.049) with no thrombotic complications.

Conclusions

This study contributes to the growing body of work aimed at optimizing management of bleeding disorder patients through pregnancy and the postpartum period, showing patients are at a higher risk of PPH as they age. Risk factors such as low third trimester VWF:RCo have been identified. Treatment with tranexamic acid in the postpartum period is associated with a reduced incidence of abnormal postpartum bleeding.
The Longitudinal Course of Pain and Analgesic Therapy Following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Cohort Study
Authors: Morad Athir H. , Tamargo Rafael J. , Gottschalk Allan
Published: October 2016

Objective

The purpose of this study was to determine the duration, intensity, location, and usual treatment of pain throughout hospitalization following subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Background

Headache following subarachnoid hemorrhage can be sudden and severe. Little is known about the longitudinal course of headache or its analgesic therapy following the initial diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Methods

A prospectively maintained database of 564 patients diagnosed with cerebral aneurysms collected from 10/2009 to 2/2013 was searched for conscious patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Available electronic records were queried for pain scores (0‐10/10), location, and analgesic consumption.

Results

Forty‐six adults with subarachnoid hemorrhage met eligibility criteria for inclusion. Mean [CI 95] daily pain was 3.8 [3.2, 4.4] and maximal daily pain was 5.8 [5.1, 6.6]. Eighty‐nine percent of patients reported severe pain of 7‐10/10, and 63% of patients reported 10/10 pain at some point during hospitalization. While mean [CI 95] pain declined over the course of hospital stay at a rate of 0.06 [0.04, 0.07] units/day (P < .001), mean [CI 95] maximal daily pain changed at a rate of −0.03 [−0.06, 0.01] units/day, which is not significantly different than zero (P = .15). Pain was located primarily in the head in 76% of subjects but pain in the back, neck, limbs, and eyes was also reported. All patients received oral acetaminophen with increasing daily doses. All but three patients, received opioids, most commonly intravenous fentanyl and oral oxycodone. The mean [95 CI] intravenous morphine equivalent dose of opioids consumed was 15.7 [10.3, 21.1] mg/day and changed at a rate of −0.11 [−0.37, 0.15] mg/day which is not significantly different than zero (P = .40).

Conclusion

Despite steady consumption of analgesics, the pain reported by conscious patients while recovering from subarachnoid hemorrhage in the hospital is often severe and persists throughout hospitalization.
What factors influence successful recruitment of siblings of individuals with first episode psychosis to e‐health interventions? A qualitative study
Authors: Sin Jacqueline , Henderson Claire , Spain Debbie , Gamble Catherine , Norman Ian
Published: October 2016

Background

Recruitment to clinical research studies can prove complex. This is particularly true of mental health research, given factors such as confidentiality, capacity and consent, or when attempting to recruit family members as opposed to service users themselves.

Aim

This study investigated the challenges experienced and strategies employed in the recruitment of siblings of people with first episode psychosis using Early Intervention in Psychosis Services (EIPS) in England.

Methods

As part of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) of an e‐health intervention for siblings, we conducted a process evaluation study whereby semistructured interview was undertaken with clinical and research staff involved in recruitment of siblings. Data were analysed thematically.

Results

Twelve participants from six EIPS were interviewed. Data analysis revealed seven key themes: (i) limited comprehensive family data available; (ii) data governance and consent issues; (iii) organizational factors; (iv) convoluted recruitment methods; (v) concerns about service users' opinions; (vi) fluidity in siblings' needs and expectations; and (vii) strategies to enhance recruitment.

Conclusions

Recruitment challenges identified in this study concerned administrative, organizational, process and attitudinal issues. These are similar to other studies recruiting mental health service users as well as family members. Failure to recruit to target implies that studies are underpowered to detect potential statistically or clinically meaningful changes. Future studies should establish how best to enhance family inclusiveness in clinical practice and research.
Content analysis of public opinion on sexual expression and dementia: Implications for nursing home policy development
Authors: Syme Maggie L. , Yelland Erin , Cornelison Laci , Poey Judith L. , Krajicek Ryan , Doll Gayle
Published: October 2016

Purpose

We examined public opinion of sexual expression and dementia to inform nursing home policy and practice.

Design and Methods

A content analysis was conducted on public comments (N=1194) posted in response to a New York Times article about a highly publicized legal case involving a husband engaging in sexual acts with his wife who had dementia, living in a nursing home. Researchers utilized constant comparative analysis to code the comments; reliability analysis showed moderately strong agreement at the subcategory level. Data were also coded to indicate whether the commenter thought the couple should or should not have been allowed to be sexual.

Results

One primary theme was identified: conditions necessary for someone to be sexual. Six categories were identified within this theme, with the public commentary considering factors such as marital relationships, intimacy needs and several sexual consent‐related issues as key conditions necessary to be sexual in a nursing home setting. Overall, the majority of commenters were in support of sexual expression for an individual with dementia in the described situation.

Discussion

This study revealed sexual expression among individuals with dementia is a contentious issue with strong public opinions about how this should be managed in a nursing home setting. These opinions should be considered as policy related to sexual expression in nursing homes is developed.
THE EURASIAN ORIGINS OF EMPTY TIME AND SPACE: MODERNITY AS TEMPORALITY RECONSIDERED
Authors: REDDY WILLIAM M.
Published: October 2016

Understood as a form of temporality, modernity is seen as consisting of empty time and space. However, careful examination of the origins of modern notions of empty time and space suggest they arose from background assumptions in wide use across Eurasia in the early modern period, and also that they arose prior to, and independent of, the emergence of the modern nation‐state. Here, various Eurasian versions of astronomy and philology are examined to show that they relied on such background assumptions and could therefore be readily translated and shared across the boundaries separating quite different cosmologies.
BONDSMEN AND SLAVES: SERVILE HISTORIES IN HEGEL AND NIETZSCHE
Authors: DENZ JACOB
Published: October 2016

Recent readings of what is commonly known as the dialectic of master and slave have tended to focus either philosophically on concepts such as desire, reflection, and recognition or historically on the specific nature of the economic relation it evokes. In this paper I challenge that division of proper objects, arguing that Hegel's dialectic and its reception raises the question how the nature of servitude (whether that of a bondsman or that of a slave) structures not only the emergence of historical agency but also the relationship between history and philosophy. The importance of reflection in Hegel's treatment of the dialectic of lord and bondsman is both clearly stated and structural. Alexandre Kojève's reading of this dialectic makes explicit that human history originates in it, but, unlike Hegel, Kojève does not emphasize the product of the slave's labor. Judith Butler's reading of the dialectic in Hegel and Kojève locates the difference between Hegel's bondsman and Kojève's slave within the structure of servitude itself as a Foucauldian opposition between “body” and “life.” In On the Use and Abuse of History for Life, Friedrich Nietzsche differentiates between two varieties of servile work on the basis not of what is produced but instead to whom service is rendered, announcing what turns out to be a problematic familiar from both the Old and New Testaments: the impossibility of service to two masters. In a typically perspectival turn, Nietzsche shows that servitude is a condition of possibility not only of human history but also of its academic study. Self‐conscious historians must thus take into account not only the dependence of their object of study upon relations of servitude but also their own place within such relations.
WRITING THE HISTORY OF SPINOZISM
Authors: Matysik Tracie
Published: October 2016

In this essay I reflect on Knox Peden's Spinoza contra Phenomenology, a history of French rationalist Spinozism in the mid‐twentieth century. The book marks an important intervention in modern French and European intellectual history, depicting the importance of Baruch Spinoza's thought in the negotiation of and resistance to the phenomenology that captivated much of twentieth‐century French intellectual life. With philosophical and historical sophistication, Peden tells the story of several relatively overlooked thinkers while also providing substantially new contexts and interpretations of the well‐known Louis Althusser and Gilles Deleuze. While accounting for Peden's major accomplishment, my aim is also to situate his work among a number of recent works in the history of Spinozism in order to reflect on the specific methodological questions that pertain to the widely varying appropriations of Spinoza's thought since the seventeenth century. In particular, I reflect on Peden's claim that Spinoza's thought cannot provide an actionable politics, a claim that runs counter to nearly two centuries of leftist forms of Spinozism. I offer a short account of some of the ways that theorists have mobilized Spinoza's thought for political purposes, redefining “action” itself in Spinozist terms. I then conclude by reflecting on the dimensions of Spinoza's thought (and recent interpretations of it) that make it possible for such significantly different claims about its political potential to be credible.
HISTORY, ANTHROPOLOGY, COLONIALISM, AND THE STUDY OF INDIA
Authors: Fuller C. J.
Published: October 2016

Autobiography of an Archive is a collection of essays by Nicholas B. Dirks written since 1991, preceded by an autobiographical introduction. This review article discusses the collection in relation to Dirks's overall scholarship and the wider intellectual field in which history, anthropology, and colonialism intersect in the study of India. Dirks has written three books: The Hollow Crown (1987), an “ethnohistory” of a “little kingdom” in south India; Castes of Mind (2001), about colonialism, anthropology, and caste in India; and The Scandal of Empire (2006), which discusses the foundations of British imperial sovereignty. In The Hollow Crown and other writings, Dirks significantly contributed to the debate about the “rapprochement” between anthropology and history, which was prominent in the 1980s. But in the 1990s, Dirks thought, the rapprochement ground to a halt; the relationship between anthropology and colonialism then came to the fore, and Castes of Mind, as well as some of these essays, were influential critical studies of colonial anthropology. In recent essays, Dirks has examined the “politics of knowledge” and the postwar development of South Asian area studies in the United States. This article argues that although the relationship between anthropology and history is now rarely debated, historical anthropology has continued to develop since the 1980s. Moreover, anthropologists in general now recognize that history matters, and that colonialism crucially shaped modern society and culture in India, and other former colonial territories. Many of Dirks's conclusions about, for example, Indian kingdoms and caste in colonial discourse, have been criticized by other scholars. Nonetheless, anthropological writing, especially on India, is no longer unhistorical, as it once often was, and Dirks's scholarship has played a valuable part in bringing about this change.
An assessment of the relationship between the World Health Organization HIV drug resistance early warning indicators and HIV drug resistance acquisition
Authors: St‐Jean M , Harrigan PR , Sereda P , Montaner JSG , Lima VD
Published: October 2016

Objectives

The World Health Organization (WHO)'s HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) early warning indicators (EWIs) measure antiretroviral therapy (ART)‐site factors associated with HIVDR prevention, without HIVDR laboratory testing. We assessed the relationship between EWIs and HIVDR acquisition using data from British Columbia, Canada.

Methods

Eligible patients were ART‐naïve, were ≥ 19 years old, had initiated ART between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2012, had ≥ 15 months of follow‐up, and were without transmitted HIVDR. Patients were followed for acquired HIVDR until 31 March 2014, the last contact date, or death. We built logistic regression models to assess the associations and predictive ability of individual indicators and of the EWI Score (the number of indicators for which a patient did not meet the criteria) on HIVDR acquisition (to any class of HIVDR, lamivudine (3TC)/emtricitabine (FTC), nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) or protease inhibitors (PIs)]).

Results

All explored EWIs were associated with at least one class of HIVDR, with the exception of ‘ART prescribing practices’. We observed a dose–response relationship between acquiring HIVDR to any antiretroviral class and an increasing EWI score in our predictive logistic regression model. The area under the curve was 0.848 (excellent discrimination). The adjusted odds ratios for acquiring any class of HIVDR for an EWI score of 1, 2 and ≥ 3 versus 0 were 2.30 [95% confidence Interval (CI) 1.21–4.38], 3.35 (95% CI: 1.86–6.03) and 7.26 (95% CI: 4.18–12.61), respectively.

Conclusions

Several EWIs were associated with and predictive of HIVDR, supporting the WHO EWIs as a component of the HIVDR prevention method in settings where HIVDR testing is not routinely or widely available.
Flyway population delineation in Taiga Bean Geese Anser fabalis fabalis revealed by multi‐element feather stable isotope analysis
Authors: Fox Anthony D. , Hobson Keith A. , de Jong Adriaan , Kardynal Kevin J. , Koehler Geoff , Heinicke Thomas
Published: October 2016

Fundamental to effective management of migratory waterbird populations is an understanding of their flyway delineation. Taiga Bean Geese Anser fabalis fabalis wintering in NW Denmark, Scotland and England are considered to originate from northern and central Sweden, southern and central Norway (‘Western flyway’), those wintering in southern Sweden, NE and southern Denmark are considered to originate from northern Fennoscandia and western Russia (‘Central flyway’), and those wintering in eastern Germany and Poland (which show far less favourable conservation status) are thought to come from western Siberia (‘Eastern 1 flyway’), although evidence to demonstrate this has largely been lacking. Evidence for different natal and moult origins of Taiga Bean Geese was investigated using stable isotope analyses of feathers of four elements (δ2H, δ13C, δ15N and δ34S). There were significant differences in isotopic composition of feathers from Swedish (Central) and German (Eastern 1) wintering populations and those moulting in Sweden in late summer (Western), which validated the three proposed major management flyway units above. The strong continental gradient in the stable hydrogen isotope ratios in precipitation (δ2Hp) across the region was used to assign wintering birds geospatially to natal and moulting origin, indicating separate natal and moulting areas for German (n = 37, from western Siberia) and Swedish (n = 20, Fennoscandia and more western Russia) wintering birds. These results confirm the largely discrete nature of these three flyways and contribute significantly to our ability to deliver effective targeted and appropriate research, monitoring and management actions throughout the ranges of these flyways.
Efficiency and apical extrusion of debris: a comparative ex vivo study of four retreatment techniques in severely curved root canals
Authors: Kaşıkçı Bilgi İ. , Köseler İ. , Güneri P. , Hülsmann M. , Çalışkan M. K.
Published: October 2016

Aim

To compare the amount of apically extruded debris and of remaining filling material during the removal of root canal filling material using three rotary NiTi retreatment instruments or Hedström files.

Methodology

Ninety‐six severely curved human molars of both jaws were selected. The root canals were prepared to size X2 (tip size 25, .06 taper) using the ProTaper Next system (Dentsply Sirona, Ballaigues, Switzerland), filled with gutta‐percha and AH Plus sealer (Dentsply De Trey, Konstanz, Germany) and then randomly divided into four experimental groups (n = 24 each) with two subgroups of maxillary and mandibular teeth each. An experimental model was used as a phantom head to simulate the upper and lower jaws. The root filling materials were removed with one of the following files using a crown‐down preparation technique: I. Hedström files (H‐files) (VDW, Munich, Germany), II. R‐Endo (Micro‐Mega, Besançon, France), III. Reciproc (VDW) and IV. ProTaper Universal Retreatment system (PTU‐R) (Dentsply Maillefer). Apically extruded material was collected in vials, which were weighed with a microbalance (10−5 g) before and after the retreatment. The area of residual filling material in the coronal, middle and apical root level was assessed using digital analysis. These data were analysed statistically using ANOVA and the Kruskal–Wallis test.

Results

Reciproc was associated with significantly less extruded debris than the H‐files (P = 0.009). No significant differences were detected amongst the four retreatment techniques concerning residual filling material (P = 0.082). The amount of extruded debris and areas of remaining filling material were not correlated (P = 0.901). Location of teeth in the maxilla or mandible had no impact on the amount of extruded debris within each instrument group (P = 0.609). However, when teeth were evaluated in general irrespective of the instruments, significantly more debris was extruded in the mandibular location (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

All retreatment systems were associated with apical extrusion of debris, but H‐files extruded significantly more material than Reciproc. Remnants of filling material were observed in all samples with no significant differences between the four techniques.
Lipid‐lowering mechanism of egg yolk in normal rats
Authors: Park Byung‐Sung , Park Sang‐O
Published: October 2016

The ingestion of egg has been reported to lower blood cholesterol, but the mechanism is unclear. Here, the biochemical metabolic mechanism by which the oral administration of egg yolk affects blood lipid reduction was investigated using normal rats. Blood triglycerides and total cholesterol were lower and high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol was higher in an egg yolk‐given group compared to other groups, while low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol was increased in the pork belly oil‐given group. HMG‐CoA reductase activity was higher in the pork belly oil‐given group, compared to an egg yolk‐given group, a weekly alternating administration of pork belly oil and egg yolk‐given group, and the saline‐given normal control group. However, faecal excretions of total sterol, neutral sterol and acid sterol in an egg yolk‐given group were higher compared to the pork belly oil‐given group, a weekly alternating administration of pork belly oil and egg yolk‐given group, and a normal control group. The results suggested that ingestion of egg decreased blood lipids.
The influence of ultrasonic modification on arabinoxylans properties obtained from wheat bran
Authors: Li Li , Ma Sen , Fan Ling , Zhang Chi , Pu Xiaoqing , Zheng Xueling , Wang Xiaoxi
Published: October 2016

This work is concerned with modification of wheat bran arabinoxylans by ultrasound irradiation. The average molecular weights of arabinoxylans ranging from 580 000 to 800 000 kDa were yielded by regulating ultrasonic powder (120–480 W) and treat time (15–45 min). The phenolic compounds increased after ultrasound treatment, and arabinose‐to‐xylose ratios ranged between 0.55 and 0.67. FTIR spectroscopy revealed that the major chemical composition of arabinoxylans was unchanged. The maximum storage modulus decreased with the extension of ultrasonic treatment time. The antioxidant capacity test showed that the EC50 values decreased and the values from the ferric reducing antioxidant power decreased after ultrasound treatment. The results suggested that ultrasound is an effective method for the modification of arabinoxylans.
Legal gambling availability and youth gambling behaviour: A qualitative longitudinal study
Authors: Kristiansen Søren , Trabjerg Camilla Maria
Published: October 2016

In many countries, gambling has gained status as a socially accepted form of entertainment. Studies of how and to what extent young people are influenced by changes in gambling availability are relatively inconclusive, and knowledge of why youth gambling behaviours increase or decrease under changing conditions is sparse. This study addressed this situation by examining qualitatively how young people experience and respond to changes in gambling opportunities. The research presented in the article is part of a large longitudinal study of gambling behaviours among Danish adolescents. Data were collected over a period of 3 years with three waves of interviews with a 10‐ to12‐month frequency. A number of issues were identified and these were integrated into four overarching analytical themes: legislation, conditions of entry, proximity and technological innovations. Implications for further research and policy are considered.
Digitally enabled disaster response: the emergence of social media as boundary objects in a flooding disaster
Authors: Tim Yenni , Pan Shan L. , Ractham Peter , Kaewkitipong Laddawan
Published: October 2016

In recent times, social media has been increasingly playing a critical role in response actions following natural catastrophes. From facilitating the recruitment of volunteers during an earthquake to supporting emotional recovery after a hurricane, social media has demonstrated its power in serving as an effective disaster response platform. Based on a case study of Thailand flooding in 2011 – one of the worst flooding disasters in more than 50 years that left the country severely impaired – this paper provides an in‐depth understanding on the emergent roles of social media in disaster response. Employing the perspective of boundary object, we shed light on how different boundary spanning competences of social media emerged in practice to facilitate cross‐boundary response actions during a disaster, with an aim to promote further research in this area. We conclude this paper with guidelines for response agencies and impacted communities to deploy social media for future disaster response.
Combined Effects of Boron Carbide, Silicon, and MWCNTs in Alumina‐Carbon Refractories on Their Microstructural Evolution
Authors: Liao Ning , Li Yawei , Jin Shengli , Xu Yibiao , Sang Shaobai , Deng Zhaojun
Published: October 2016

The phase and microstructure evolutions of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in B4C‐ and Si‐containing Al2O3–C specimens under elevated temperatures were investigated by means of X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the incorporation of B4C decreases the partial pressure of SiO(g) in Al2O3–C specimens due to the oxidation of B4C prior to Si at lower temperature, which prevents the transformation of MWCNTs at 1000°C and suspends the transformation under higher temperature. B2O3 vapor resulting from oxidation of B4C powder reacts with C sources to generate nanoscaled B4C droplets, which facilitate the catalytic formation of new MWCNTs and nano onion‐like carbon. In addition, B‐doped MWCNTs and BN tubes with the coexistence of B2O3, MWCNTs, and N2 are obtained under evaluated temperatures.
Sintering Stress of Nonlinear Viscous Materials
Authors: Giuntini Diletta , Olevsky Eugene A.
Published: October 2016

An analytical model for the sintering stress of materials characterized by a nonlinear viscous behavior during densification is proposed. The growing applications in the field of nanosized powders processing (in particular, consolidation of high surface area components used in supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries, gas absorbers) have renewed the interest in this fundamental parameter of sintering science, because of the sintering stress’ characteristic inverse proportionality with respect to the powder particles radius. This increase in the magnitude of the sintering stress is also responsible for power‐law creep being the mechanism that underlies densification even without the application of any additional external load, and therefore for a nonlinear viscous behavior of the solid material. The analytical treatment of problems involving nonlinear viscous materials has traditionally involved complex self‐consistent methods and approximations, unless the local case of an isolated pore embedded in a fully dense skeleton was considered. The paper proposes a simple first‐order iterative method that allows the derivation of both bulk modulus and sintering stress of a material containing an arbitrary amount of pores, as functions of porosity and of the material's nonlinearity parameter, namely strain rate sensitivity. An expression for densification kinetics is also obtained and compared with experimental data.
A Visible Light Photocatalyst of Carbonate‐Like Species Doped TiO2
Authors: Yu Linhui , Lin Yangming , Huang Jing , Lin Sen , Li Danzhen
Published: October 2016

Carbon‐doped TiO2 nanomaterials have been successfully synthesized via an effective two‐step procedure involving hydrothermal method and followed by a low‐temperature calcination treatment process, through which a controllable amount of carbonate‐like species could be incorporated into TiO2. First‐principles calculations suggest the TiO2 doped with carbon in form of carbonate‐like species can effectively extend the adsorption of the material from ultraviolet region to visible light. And it is experimentally found that carbon‐doped TiO2 nanomaterials exhibit much higher photocatalytic activity than reference P25 and TiO2−xNx catalysts toward the liquid‐phase degradation of organic pollutants under visible light (420 nm < λ < 800 nm) irradiation. The presence of synergic effect between carbonate‐like doping and anatase TiO2 is believed to play an essential role in affecting the photocatalytic reactivity, and the response to the visible light is ascribed to the narrowed band gap energy controlled by carbon doping. Moreover, the roles of active species in the photocatalytic process are compared using different types of active species scavengers. Meanwhile, the degradation mechanism of the photocatalysis is proposed. It is hoped that our work could provide valuable information on the design of carbonate‐like doped semiconductor with more excellent properties and set the foundation for the further industrial application.
Using pedagogical approaches to influence evidence‐based practice integration – processes and recommendations: findings from a grounded theory study
Authors: Malik Gulzar , McKenna Lisa , Griffiths Debra
Published: October 2016

Aims

The study aimed to explore the processes undertaken by nurse academics when integrating evidence‐based practice (EBP) into their teaching and learning practices. This article focuses on pedagogical approaches employed by academics to influence evidence‐based practice integration into undergraduate programs across Australian universities.

Background

Nursing academics are challenged to incorporate a variety of teaching and learning strategies to teach evidence‐based practice and determine their effectiveness. However, literature suggests that there are limited studies available focusing on pedagogical approaches in evidence‐based practice education.

Design

A constructivist grounded theory methodology, informed by Charmaz was used for this study.

Methods

Data were collected during 2014 from 23 nurse academics across Australian universities through semi‐structured interviews. Additionally, nine were observed during teaching of undergraduate students. Twenty subject outlines were also analysed following Charmaz's approach of data analysis.

Findings

‘Influencing EBP integration’ describes the pedagogical approaches employed by academics to incorporate EBP knowledge and skills into undergraduate curricula. With the use of various teaching and learning strategies, academics attempted to contextualize EBP by engaging students with activities aiming to link evidence to practice and with the EBP process. Although, some strategies appeared to be engaging, others were traditional and seemed to be disengaging for students due to the challenges experienced by participants that impeded the use of the most effective teaching methods.

Conclusion

Study findings offer valuable insights into the teaching practices and identify some key challenges that require the adoption of appropriate strategies to ensure future nurses are well prepared in the paradigm of evidence‐based practice.
Life history patterns, individual heterogeneity, and density dependence in breeding common goldeneyes of the northern boreal forest
Authors: Lawson Abigail J. , Sedinger James S. , Taylor Eric J.
Published: October 2016

Life history patterns and their associated tradeoffs influence population dynamics, as they determine how individuals allocate resources among competing demographic traits. Here we examined life history strategies in common goldeneyes Bucephala clangula (hereafter goldeneye), a cavity‐nesting sea duck, in the northern boreal forest of interior Alaska, USA. We used multistate capture–mark–recapture models to estimate adult survival, breeding probability, first‐year survival, and recruitment probability using a long‐term nest box study (1997–2010). We detected annual variation in adult survival, which varied from 0.74 ± 0.12 (SE) to 0.93 ± 0.06. In contrast, breeding probability remained relatively high and invariant (0.84 ± 0.11) and was positively related to individual nest success the year prior. Nonbreeding individuals in one year were more likely to remain a nonbreeder, than attempt to breed the following year. First‐year survival decreased with smaller residual duckling mass and larger brood sizes. Probability of recruitment into the breeding population conditioned on survival was constant during the study (0.96 ± 0.06), and did not vary among ages 2–5 yr‐old. Overall, goldeneyes exhibited high, but somewhat variable, adult survival, and high breeding and recruitment probabilities, which is consistent with observed patterns in bet‐hedging species that breed annually in high quality breeding environments, but whose reproductive output is often influenced by stochastic events. Demographic estimates from this study are among the first for goldeneyes within Alaska. Life history patterns are known to vary geographically, therefore, we recommend further examination of life history patterns within the distribution of goldeneyes.