bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of Crosstalk between MAPK Pathway and Smad-Dependent TGF-β Signal Transduction
Authors: Liu Ji , Dai Wei , Hahn Juergen
Published: August 2014

Broad evidence exists for cross talk between the Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway and Smad-dependent TGF-β signal transduction. A variety of studies, oftentimes involving different cell types, have identified several potential mechanisms for the crosstalk. However, there is no clear consensus on the actual mechanism(s) responsible for the crosstalk. This work develops a model of the pathway, including several hypothesized crosstalk mechanisms, and discusses which of the potential mechanisms can appropriately describe observed behaviors. Simulation results show a good agreement of the findings with results reported in the literature.
Streaming Progressive TIN Densification Filter for Airborne LiDAR Point Clouds Using Multi-Core Architectures
Authors: Kang Xiaochen , Liu Jiping , Lin Xiangguo
Published: August 2014

As one of the key steps in the processing of airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data, filtering often consumes a huge amount of time and physical memory. Conventional sequential algorithms are often inefficient in filtering massive point clouds, due to their huge computational cost and Input/Output (I/O) bottlenecks. The progressive TIN (Triangulated Irregular Network) densification (PTD) filter is a commonly employed iterative method that mainly consists of the TIN generation and the judging functions. However, better quality from the progressive process comes at the cost of increasing computing time. Fortunately, it is possible to take advantage of state-of-the-art multi-core computing facilities to speed up this computationally intensive task. A streaming framework for filtering point clouds by encapsulating the PTD filter into independent computing units is proposed in this paper. Through overlapping multiple computing units and the I/O events, the efficiency of the proposed method is improved greatly. More importantly, this framework is adaptive to many filters. Experiments suggest that the proposed streaming PTD (SPTD) is able to improve the performance of massive point clouds processing and alleviate the I/O bottlenecks. The experiments also demonstrate that this SPTD allows the quick processing of massive point clouds with better adaptability. In a 12-core environment, the SPTD gains a speedup of 7.0 for filtering 249 million points.
Remote Geophysical Observatory in Antarctica with HF Data Transmission: A Review
Authors: Pijoan Joan , Altadill David , Torta Joan , Alsina-Pagès Rosa , Marsal Santiago , Badia David
Published: August 2014

The geophysical observatory in the Antarctic Spanish Station, Juan Carlos I (ASJI), on Livingston Island, has been monitoring the magnetic field in the Antarctic region for more than fifteen years. In 2004, a vertical incidence ionospheric sounder completed the observatory, which brings a significant added value in a region with low density of geophysical data. Although the ASJI is only operative during the austral summer, the geomagnetic station records the data throughout the year. A High Frequency (HF) transmission system was installed in 2004 in order to have the geomagnetic data available during the whole year. As the power supply is very limited when the station is not operative, we had to design a low-power HF transceiver with a very simple antenna, due to environmental aspects. Moreover, the flow of information was unidirectional, so the modulation had to be extremely robust since there is no retransmission in case of error. This led us to study the main parameters of the ionospheric channel and to design new modulations specially adapted to very low signal to noise scenarios with high levels of interference. In this paper, a review of the results of our remote geophysical observatory and associated transmission system in Antarctica during the last decade is presented.
eL-Chem Viewer: A Freeware Package for the Analysis of Electroanalytical Data and Their Post-Acquisition Processing
Authors: Hrbac Jan , Halouzka Vladimir , Trnkova Libuse , Vacek Jan
Published: August 2014

In electrochemical sensing, a number of voltammetric or amperometric curves are obtained which are subsequently processed, typically by evaluating peak currents and peak potentials or wave heights and half-wave potentials, frequently after background correction. Transformations of voltammetric data can help to extract specific information, e.g., the number of transferred electrons, and can reveal aspects of the studied electrochemical system, e.g., the contribution of adsorption phenomena. In this communication, we introduce a LabView-based software package, ‘eL-Chem Viewer’, which is for the analysis of voltammetric and amperometric data, and enables their post-acquisition processing using semiderivative, semiintegral, derivative, integral and elimination procedures. The software supports the single-click transfer of peak/wave current and potential data to spreadsheet software, a feature that greatly improves productivity when constructing calibration curves, trumpet plots and performing similar tasks. eL-Chem Viewer is freeware and can be downloaded from www.lchem.cz/elchemviewer.htm.
A Novel Diagnosis Method for a Hall Plates-Based Rotary Encoder with a Magnetic Concentrator
Authors: Meng Bumin , Wang Yaonan , Sun Wei , Yuan Xiaofang
Published: August 2014

In the last few years, rotary encoders based on two-dimensional complementary metal oxide semiconductors (CMOS) Hall plates with a magnetic concentrator have been developed to measure contactless absolute angle. There are various error factors influencing the measuring accuracy, which are difficult to locate after the assembly of encoder. In this paper, a model-based rapid diagnosis method is presented. Based on an analysis of the error mechanism, an error model is built to compare minimum residual angle error and to quantify the error factors. Additionally, a modified particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to reduce the calculated amount. The simulation and experimental results show that this diagnosis method is feasible to quantify the causes of the error and to reduce iteration significantly.
One-Dimensional Nanostructure Field-Effect Sensors for Gas Detection
Authors: Zhao Xiaoli , Cai Bin , Tang Qingxin , Tong Yanhong , Liu Yichun
Published: August 2014

Recently; one-dimensional (1D) nanostructure field-effect transistors (FETs) have attracted much attention because of their potential application in gas sensing. Micro/nanoscaled field-effect sensors combine the advantages of 1D nanostructures and the characteristic of field modulation. 1D nanostructures provide a large surface area-volume ratio; which is an outstanding advantage for gas sensors with high sensitivity and fast response. In addition; the nature of the single crystals is favorable for the studies of the response mechanism. On the other hand; one main merit of the field-effect sensors is to provide an extra gate electrode to realize the current modulation; so that the sensitivity can be dramatically enhanced by changing the conductivity when operating the sensors in the subthreshold regime. This article reviews the recent developments in the field of 1D nanostructure FET for gas detection. The sensor configuration; the performance as well as their sensing mechanism are evaluated.
Analytical and Numerical Investigations into Hemisphere-Shaped Electrostatic Sensors
Authors: Lin Jun , Chen Zhong-Sheng , Hu Zheng , Yang Yong-Min , Tang Xin
Published: August 2014

Electrostatic sensors have been widely used in many applications due to their advantages of low cost and robustness. Their spatial sensitivity and time-frequency characteristics are two important performance parameters. In this paper, an analytical model of the induced charge on a novel hemisphere-shaped electrostatic sensor was presented to investigate its accurate sensing characteristics. Firstly a Poisson model was built for electric fields produced by charged particles. Then the spatial sensitivity and time-frequency response functions were directly derived by the Green function. Finally, numerical calculations were done to validate the theoretical results. The results demonstrate that the hemisphere-shaped sensors have highly 3D-symmetrical spatial sensitivity expressed in terms of elementary function, and the spatial sensitivity is higher and less homogeneous near the hemispherical surface and vice versa. Additionally, the whole monitoring system, consisting of an electrostatic probe and a signal conditioner circuit, acts as a band-pass filter. The time-frequency characteristics depend strongly on the spatial position and velocity of the charged particle, the radius of the probe as well as the equivalent resistance and capacitance of the circuit.
Anion Binding Studies on Receptors Derived from the Indolo[2,3-a]carbazole Scaffold Having Different Binding Cavity Sizes
Authors: Sánchez Guzmán , Curiel David , Tárraga Alberto , Molina Pedro
Published: August 2014

The indolo[2,3-a]carbazole scaffold is a fused polyheteroaromatic system bearing two NH groups which suitably converge as hydrogen bond donor sites for the recognition of anions. A simple derivatisation of the indolocarbazole system at positions 1 and 10 with different functional groups, namely alcohols and amides, has contributed to modulate the anion binding selectivity and sensibility. A particularly good response has been obtained for the benzoate anion.
Tourism Management and Industrial Ecology: A Theoretical Review
Authors: Lucchetti Maria , Arcese Gabriella
Published: August 2014

Industrial Ecology (IE) is based on the relation between the natural ecosystem and economic ecosystem. The concept refers to the metaphorical relation between the natural and industrial ecosystems as a model for transforming unsustainable industrial systems. Several tools and strategies are particularly significant for the IE development. In other words, the primary purpose of industrial ecology is to assess and reduce the impact economic activities on the environment. Tourism, as an economic activity, resulting in a full range of environmental impacts, should be treated like any other industry. This paper propose uses a theoretical review focused on IE for to investigate what is the best way to implement industrial ecology in the tourism activities. It seemed interesting to search within the IE concept for a model for the tourism sector, one of the fields with the greatest environmental interaction and economic implications.
Quorum Sensing in Bacillus thuringiensis Is Required for Completion of a Full Infectious Cycle in the Insect
Authors: Slamti Leyla , Perchat Stéphane , Huillet Eugénie , Lereclus Didier
Published: August 2014

Bacterial cell-cell communication or quorum sensing (QS) is a biological process commonly described as allowing bacteria belonging to a same pherotype to coordinate gene expression to cell density. In Gram-positive bacteria, cell-cell communication mainly relies on cytoplasmic sensors regulated by secreted and re-imported signaling peptides. The Bacillus quorum sensors Rap, NprR, and PlcR were previously identified as the first members of a new protein family called RNPP. Except for the Rap proteins, these RNPP regulators are transcription factors that directly regulate gene expression. QS regulates important biological functions in bacteria of the Bacillus cereus group. PlcR was first characterized as the main regulator of virulence in B. thuringiensis and B. cereus. More recently, the PlcR-like regulator PlcRa was characterized for its role in cysteine metabolism and in resistance to oxidative stress. The NprR regulator controls the necrotrophic properties allowing the bacteria to survive in the infected host. The Rap proteins negatively affect sporulation via their interaction with a phosphorelay protein involved in the activation of Spo0A, the master regulator of this differentiation pathway. In this review we aim at providing a complete picture of the QS systems that are sequentially activated during the lifecycle of B. cereus and B. thuringiensis in an insect model of infection.
Sub-Emetic Toxicity of Bacillus cereus Toxin Cereulide on Cultured Human Enterocyte-Like Caco-2 Cells
Authors: Rajkovic Andreja , Grootaert Charlotte , Butorac Ana , Cucu Tatiana , De Meulenaer Bruno , Van Camp John , Bracke Marc , Uyttendaele Mieke , Bačun-Družina Višnja , Cindrić Mario
Published: August 2014

Cereulide (CER) intoxication occurs at relatively high doses of 8 µg/kg body weight. Recent research demonstrated a wide prevalence of low concentrations of CER in rice and pasta dishes. However, the impact of exposure to low doses of CER has not been studied before. In this research, we investigated the effect of low concentrations of CER on the behavior of intestinal cells using the Caco-2 cell line. The MTT (mitochondrial 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and the SRB (sulforhodamine B) reactions were used to measure the mitochondrial activity and cellular protein content, respectively. Both assays showed that differentiated Caco-2 cells were sensitive to low concentrations of CER (in a MTT reaction of 1 ng/mL after three days of treatment; in an SRB reaction of 0.125 ng/mL after three days of treatment). Cell counts revealed that cells were released from the differentiated monolayer at 0.5 ng/mL of CER. Additionally, 0.5 and 2 ng/mL of CER increased the lactate presence in the cell culture medium. Proteomic data showed that CER at a concentration of 1 ng/mL led to a significant decrease in energy managing and H2O2 detoxification proteins and to an increase in cell death markers. This is amongst the first reports to describe the influence of sub-emetic concentrations of CER on a differentiated intestinal monolayer model showing that low doses may induce an altered enterocyte metabolism and membrane integrity.
Water Isotopes as Environmental Tracers for Conceptual Understanding of Groundwater Flow: An Application for Fractured Aquifer Systems in the “Scansano-Magliano in Toscana” Area (Southern Tuscany, Italy)
Authors: Doveri Marco , Mussi Mario
Published: August 2014

The “Scansano-Magliano in Toscana” area is characterized by a morpho-structure chiefly made-up by sandstone and shelly-calcareous lithologies. Generally, these complexes host minor aquifers in Tuscany, since they have medium to medium-low permeability. In the area under examination, a sandstone outcrop develops with continuity along the ridge of the structure for several kilometers and above a shelly substratum. Consequently, this hydrostructural context suggested the possibility that a significant groundwater body was hosted in the sandstones. In order to verify this assumption, an isotopic study was carried out taking into account several wells and springs sited on the sandstone outcrop and its surrounding area; the samples collected over a period of two years were analyzed to obtain δ18O‰, δ2H‰ and 3H. A study of the hydrostructural and morphological condition was also performed, and minor springs were selected. The analyses of this spring-water resulted in the characterization of the isotopic features of the infiltration water in the studied area, which represents a fundamental base of work for the interpretation of the data of groundwater points which drain long flow paths. By means of this approach, the groundwater framework was defined and the presence of a significant and continuous groundwater body within the sandstone complex was verified. A preliminary conceptual hydrogeological model was also proposed.
Routes and mechanisms of extracellular vesicle uptake
Authors: Mulcahy Laura Ann , Pink Ryan Charles , Carter David Raul Francisco
Published: August 2014

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small vesicles released by donor cells that can be taken up by recipient cells. Despite their discovery decades ago, it has only recently become apparent that EVs play an important role in cell‐to‐cell communication. EVs can carry a range of nucleic acids and proteins which can have a significant impact on the phenotype of the recipient. For this phenotypic effect to occur, EVs need to fuse with target cell membranes, either directly with the plasma membrane or with the endosomal membrane after endocytic uptake. EVs are of therapeutic interest because they are deregulated in diseases such as cancer and they could be harnessed to deliver drugs to target cells. It is therefore important to understand the molecular mechanisms by which EVs are taken up into cells. This comprehensive review summarizes current knowledge of EV uptake mechanisms. Cells appear to take up EVs by a variety of endocytic pathways, including clathrin‐dependent endocytosis, and clathrin‐independent pathways such as caveolin‐mediated uptake, macropinocytosis, phagocytosis, and lipid raft–mediated internalization. Indeed, it seems likely that a heterogeneous population of EVs may gain entry into a cell via more than one route. The uptake mechanism used by a given EV may depend on proteins and glycoproteins found on the surface of both the vesicle and the target cell. Further research is needed to understand the precise rules that underpin EV entry into cells.
Locally injected autologous platelet-rich plasma enhanced tissue perfusion and improved survival of long subdermal plexus skin flaps in dogs
Authors: Papazoglou L. G. , Loukopoulos P. , Kazakos G. , Chantes A. , Giannakas N. , Savvas I. , Psalla D. , Kritsepi-Konstantinou M. , Dionyssiou D. , Karayannopoulou M.
Published: August 2014

Objectives: Distal flap necrosis remains a major complication in subdermal plexus (random) skin flaps. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been shown to improve the survival of ischemic random skin flaps in rats. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of locally injected autologous PRP on the survival of long (5:1 length-to-width ratio) subdermal plexus skin flaps in dogs.

Methods: A 2x10 cm subdermal plexus skin flap was created bilaterally on the abdominal wall of six Beagle dogs. One randomly selected side received 2.5 ml of fresh autologous PRP injected evenly between sutures underneath the flap, whereas the other side was left untreated (control). Skin flap survival was evaluated macroscopically, histologically and by laser-Doppler flowmetry measurements of tissue perfusion.

Results: Flap percentage survival on day 10 (96.3% versus 74.5%; p = 0.046) and tissue perfusion (p <0.036) were significantly higher in PRP-treated flaps compared with controls. Histologically, there was less oedema in PRP-treated flaps compared to controls (p = 0.01), whereas collagen production and angiogenesis did not differ significantly between the two groups.

Clinical significance: The use of locally injected autologous PRP increases tissue perfusion and improves the survival of long subdermal plexus skin flaps in dogs.
Topology assisted self-organization of colloidal nanoparticles: application to 2D large-scale nanomastering
Authors: Kadiri Hind , Kostcheev Serguei , Turover Daniel , Salas-Montiel Rafael , Nomenyo Komla , Gokarna Anisha , Lerondel Gilles
Published: August 2014

Our aim was to elaborate a novel method for fully controllable large-scale nanopatterning. We investigated the influence of the surface topology, i.e., a pre-pattern of hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) posts, on the self-organization of polystyrene beads (PS) dispersed over a large surface. Depending on the post size and spacing, long-range ordering of self-organized polystyrene beads is observed wherein guide posts were used leading to single crystal structure. Topology assisted self-organization has proved to be one of the solutions to obtain large-scale ordering. Besides post size and spacing, the colloidal concentration and the nature of solvent were found to have a significant effect on the self-organization of the PS beads. Scanning electron microscope and associated Fourier transform analysis were used to characterize the morphology of the ordered surfaces. Finally, the production of silicon molds is demonstrated by using the beads as a template for dry etching.
Theoretical study of the adsorption of benzene on coinage metals
Authors: Reckien Werner , Eggers Melanie , Bredow Thomas
Published: August 2014

The adsorption of benzene on the M(111), M(100) and M(110) surfaces of the coinage metals copper (M = Cu), silver (M = Ag) and gold (M = Au) is studied on the basis of density functional theory (DFT) calculations with an empirical dispersion correction (D3). Variants of the Perdew–Burke–Ernzerhof functionals (PBE, RPBE and RevPBE) in combination with different versions of the dispersion correction (D3 and D3(BJ)) are compared. PBE-D3, PBE-D3(BJ) and RPBE-D3 give similar results which exhibit a good agreement with experimental data. RevPBE-D3 and RevPBE-D3(BJ) tend to overestimate adsorption energies. The inclusion of three-center terms (PBE-D3(ABC)) leads to a slightly better agreement with the experiment in most cases. Vertical adsorbate–substrate distances are calculated and compared to previous theoretical results. The observed trends for the surfaces and metals are consistent with the calculated adsorption energies.
Understanding Culture, Motivation, and Ethnic Consumer Behavior
Authors: Koo Fung Kuen , Le Huong
Published: August 2014

Understanding ethnic consumer behaviors through a case study of good practice and their innovative marketing strategies to ethnic consumers is important. Surprisingly, little has been done to discuss which practices and strategies may work best when marketing to ethnic consumers. This chapter presents a case study of the Immigration Museum (Melbourne, Australia) and how the organization uses strategies to promote their products and programs to ethnic consumers. The case study and in-depth interviews are the methods used. In this chapter, the authors argue that a combination of Alferder's and Schwartz's theoretical frameworks help museum marketers understand behaviors of ethnic groups, thereby using appropriate marketing strategies in encouraging their consumption. This chapter extends current marketing literature on consumers' motivation, drive, and needs, and non-profit marketing, and validates selected motivational theories. It also provides practical implications for marketers of non-profit organizations.
Louis Vuitton
Authors: Ahuja Vandana
Published: August 2014

Louis Vuitton is a potent symbol of modern style and creates innovative, elegant, and practical modern luxury items. While maintaining a superior positioning as a luxury item with a sophisticated brand value, the company also wants to attract other segments of potential consumers by leveraging its attributes of elegance, brand personality, desirability, luxurious image, stylishness, value for money, high quality, and being an everlasting product. For this purpose, the company is effectively using the digital media space to shape consumer perceptions, leverage consumer engagement, and promote its heritage. This chapter explores Louis Vuitton's e-retail site, its online application, and the quark publishing platform which is effectively used in the digital domain.
Quantifying groundwater dependence of a sub-polar lake cluster in Finland using an isotope mass balance approach
Authors: Isokangas E. , Rozanski K. , Rossi P. M. , Ronkanen A.-K. , Kløve B.
Published: August 2014

Abstract. A stable isotope study of 67 kettle lakes and ponds situated on an esker aquifer (90 km2) in northern Finland was carried out in the summer of 2013 to determine the role of groundwater inflow in groundwater-dependent lakes. Distinct seasonal fluctuations in the δ18O and δ2H values of lakes are the result of seasonal ice cover prohibiting evaporation during the winter. An isotope mass balance approach was used to calculate the inflow-to-evaporation ratios (ITOT/E) of all 67 lakes during the summer of 2013 when the isotopic compositions of the lakes were approaching a steady-state. The normalised relative humidity needed in this approach came from assuming a terminal lake situation for one of the lakes showing the highest isotope enrichment. Since evaporation rates were derived independently of any mass balance considerations, it was possible to determine the total inflow (ITOT) and mean turnover time (MTT) of the lakes. Furthermore, the groundwater seepage rates of those lakes revealing no visible surface inflow were calculated. Here, a quantitative measure was introduced for the dependence of a lake on groundwater (G index) that is defined as the percentage contribution of groundwater inflow to the total inflow of water to the given lake. The G index values of the lakes studied ranged from 27.8–95.0%, revealing large differences in groundwater dependency among the lakes. This study shows the effectiveness of applying an isotope mass balance approach to quantify the groundwater reliance of lakes situated in a relatively small area with similar climatic conditions.
AUTOMATIC DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF RETINAL VASCULAR LANDMARKS
Authors: Hamad Hadi , Tegolo Domenico , Valenti Cesare
Published: August 2014

The main contribution of this paper is introducing a method to distinguish between different landmarks of the retina: bifurcations and crossings. The methodology may help in differentiating between arteries and veins and is useful in identifying diseases and other special pathologies, too. The method does not need any special skills, thus it can be assimilated to an automatic way for pinpointing landmarks; moreover it gives good responses for very small vessels. A skeletonized representation, taken out from the segmented binary image (obtained through a preprocessing step), is used to identify pixels with three or more neighbors. Then, the junction points are classified into bifurcations or crossovers depending on their geometrical and topological properties such as width, direction and connectivity of the surrounding segments. The proposed approach is applied to the public-domain DRIVE and STARE datasets and compared with the state-of-the-art methods using proper validation parameters. The method was successful in identifying the majority of the landmarks; the average correctly identified bifurcations in both DRIVE and STARE datasets for the recall and precision values are: 95.4% and 87.1% respectively; also for the crossovers, the recall and precision values are: 87.6% and 90.5% respectively; thus outperforming other studies.
Media representations and children’s discourses on online risks: Findings from qualitative research in nine European countries
Authors: Mascheroni Giovanna , Jorge Ana , Farrugia Lorleen
Published: August 2014

Prior research has pointed to cross-national variations in media attention for online risks, which are then mirrored in parental concerns regarding the internet. However, little is known so far about how the discursive environment around opportunities and risks of the internet for children shapes the very context in which children’s own perceptions are developed and their online experiences are situated. The aim of this contribution is threefold: (1) to understand how and to what extent children’s perceptions of online risks incorporate media representations, parental worries and discourses circulating among peers; (2) to identify any age- or gender-specific patterns in the appropriation and conversion of media, parents’ and peers’ discourses; and (3) to identify whether there are cross-cultural variations in risk perceptions.
Is it Friday yet? Mothers talking about sex online
Authors: Pedersen Sarah
Published: August 2014

Inspired by the media furore over ‘penis beaker gate’ (October 2013), this article investigates the discussion of sex on the UK parenting website Mumsnet. It asks why there was such shock at finding mothers discussing sexual matters online, what types of discussion related to sex can actually be found on Mumsnet and why women use Mumsnet to discuss these matters. It suggests that the Internet in general offers a new place for women to discuss and discover their sexuality and that Mumsnet in particular offers an interactive and anonymous forum for women whose needs in this area are not met by the mainstream media. On Mumsnet women seek advice and support from others in similar situations, attempt to establish ‘norms’ relating to sexual behaviour, and supplement information given by health professionals.
A developmental perspective regarding the behaviour of adolescents, young adults, and adults on social network sites
Authors: Steijn Wouter M. P.
Published: August 2014

Young people are often seen as a generation that shares too much, too openly online. This paper provides support for taking a developmental perspective to understand individuals behaviour’ on social network sites in the forms of sharing information and the type of contacts. Adolescents, young adults, and adults’ use of social network sites was investigated and compared to developmental expectations based on the needs for relationship development and identity development. Data were gathered by means of an online survey among 1008 respondents in the age range of 12 to 83-year-old. The results showed that adolescents have most contacts and were most likely to add unknown contacts, while young adults disclosed most information and adjusted privacy settings most often. These results match expectations based on adolescents’ and young adults’ greater need for relationship and identity development compared to adults. Implications of these findings in relation to future regulations of online behaviour are discussed.
Cyberbullying and self-esteem in Australian adults
Authors: Brack Kerryn , Caltabiano Nerina
Published: August 2014

Cyberbullying research is currently focused on identifying personal factors which increase the risk of an individual being involved in the behaviour. Recent findings indicate that within the web of cyberbullying culture a large group of individuals are both cyberbullies and victims. This group of cyberbully/victims has been shown to differ from pure cyberbullies or victims on various factors during adolescence; particularly self-esteem. However, little research to date has investigated cyberbullying behaviour in adults. The current study examined the prevalence of cyberbully typologies and their relationship with self-esteem within a convenience sample of 164 Australian young adults (72% being females; 17-25 years). Results found that the largest group identified were cyberbully/victims (62%), followed by individuals not involved (17%), cyberbullies (11%) and cybervictims (10%) respectively. The ratio of males and females in each of the four cyberbully typologies was similar. Contrary to previous research, all four cyberbully typologies reported similar levels of self-esteem. These findings suggest that research should examine cyberbullying behaviour across all age groups to determine if this is related to different factors in adolescence compared to adulthood. Limitations and future recommendations are discussed.
Palette of Problems
Authors: Amidon Joel , Roscoe Matt
Published: July 2014

A monthly set of problems is aimed at a variety of ability levels.
Tasks to Develop Language for Ratio Relationships
Authors: Rathouz Margaret , Cengiz Nesrin , Krebs Angela , Rubenstein Rheta N.
Published: July 2014

Tasks that have been developed to build a foundation for ratio meanings and language not only provide valuable information about student thinking but also support proportional reasoning.
Audiovisual en línea en la universidad española: bibliotecas y servicios especializados (una panorámica)
Authors: Yepes Alfonso López
Published: August 2014

Situación que presenta la información audiovisual en línea en el ámbito de las bibliotecas y servicios audiovisuales universitarios españoles, con ejemplos de aplicaciones y desarrollos concretos. Se destaca la presencia del audiovisual fundamentalmente en blogs, canales IPTV, portales bibliotecarios propios y en actuaciones concretas como “La Universidad Responde”, a cargo de los servicios audiovisuales de las universidades españolas, que supone sin duda un marco de referencia y de difusión informativa muy destacado también para el ámbito bibliotecario; así como en redes sociales, mencionándose una propuesta de modelo de red social de biblioteca universitaria. Se remite a la participación de bibliotecas y servicios en proyectos colaborativos de investigación y desarrollo social, presencia ya efectiva en el marco del proyecto “Red iberoamericana de patrimonio sonoro y audiovisual”, que apuesta  por la construcción social del conocimiento audiovisual basado en la interacción entre distintos grupos multidisciplinarios de profesionales con diferentes comunidades de usuarios e instituciones.A situation presenting audiovisual information online in the field of libraries and audiovisual university spanish services, with examples of applications and specific developments. The presence of the audiovisual in blogs and IPTV channels librarians and specific actions as The University Respond, in charge of the audiovisual services of the spanish universities, a very important reference and information dissemination for the field librarian and in social networks, mentioning a model of social network of University Library. Participation of libraries and services in collaborative research and social development projects in the Ibero-American network of sound and audiovisual heritage project, for the social construction of the audiovisual knowledge based on the interaction between various multidisciplinary groups of professionals with different communities of users and institutions.
Antarctic icebergs: A significant natural ocean sound source in the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Matsumoto Haru , Bohnenstiehl DelWayne R. , Tournadre Jean , Dziak Robert P. , Haxel Joseph H. , Lau T.‐K. A. , Fowler Matt , Salo Sigrid A.
Published: July 2014

In late 2007, two massive icebergs, C19a and B15a, drifted into open water and slowly disintegrated in the southernmost Pacific Ocean. Archived acoustic records show that the high‐intensity underwater sounds accompanying this breakup increased ocean noise levels at mid‐to‐equatorial latitudes over a period of ∼1.5 years. More typically, seasonal variations in ocean noise, which are characterized by austral summer‐highs and winter‐lows, appear to be modulated by the annual cycle of Antarctic iceberg drift and subsequent disintegration. This seasonal pattern is observed in all three Oceans of the Southern Hemisphere. The life cycle of Antarctic icebergs affects not only marine ecosystem but also the sound environment in far‐reaching areas and must be accounted for in any effort to isolate anthropogenic or climate‐induced noise contributions to the ocean soundscape.
Quantified energy dissipation rates in the terrestrial bow shock: 1. Analysis techniques and methodology
Authors: Wilson L. B. , Sibeck D. G. , Breneman A. W. , Contel O. Le , Cully C. , Turner D. L. , Angelopoulos V. , Malaspina D. M.
Published: July 2014

We present a detailed outline and discussion of the analysis techniques used to compare the relevance of different energy dissipation mechanisms at collisionless shock waves. We show that the low‐frequency, quasi‐static fields contribute less to ohmic energy dissipation, (−j·E), than their high‐frequency counterparts. In fact, we found that high‐frequency, large‐amplitude (>100 mV/m and/or >1 nT) waves are ubiquitous in the transition region of collisionless shocks. We quantitatively show that their fields, through wave‐particle interactions, cause enough energy dissipation to regulate the global structure of collisionless shocks. The purpose of this paper, part one of two, is to outline and describe in detail the background, analysis techniques, and theoretical motivation for our new results presented in the companion paper. The companion paper presents the results of our quantitative energy dissipation rate estimates and discusses the implications. Together, the two manuscripts present the first study quantifying the contribution that high‐frequency waves provide, through wave‐particle interactions, to the total energy dissipation budget of collisionless shock waves.
Quantified energy dissipation rates in the terrestrial bow shock: 2. Waves and dissipation
Authors: Wilson L. B. , Sibeck D. G. , Breneman A. W. , Contel O. Le , Cully C. , Turner D. L. , Angelopoulos V. , Malaspina D. M.
Published: July 2014

We present the first quantified measure of the energy dissipation rates, due to wave‐particle interactions, in the transition region of the Earth's collisionless bow shock using data from the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms spacecraft. Our results show that wave‐particle interactions can regulate the global structure and dominate the energy dissipation of collisionless shocks. In every bow shock crossing examined, we observed both low‐frequency (<10 Hz) and high‐frequency (10 Hz) electromagnetic waves throughout the entire transition region and into the magnetosheath. The low‐frequency waves were consistent with magnetosonic‐whistler waves. The high‐frequency waves were combinations of ion‐acoustic waves, electron cyclotron drift instability driven waves, electrostatic solitary waves, and whistler mode waves. The high‐frequency waves had the following: (1) peak amplitudes exceeding δB∼ 10 nT and δE∼ 300 mV/m, though more typical values were δB∼ 0.1–1.0 nT and δE∼ 10–50 mV/m; (2) Poynting fluxes in excess of 2000 μW m−2 (typical values were ∼1–10 μW m−2); (3) resistivities > 9000 Ω m; and (4) associated energy dissipation rates >10 μW m−3. The dissipation rates due to wave‐particle interactions exceeded rates necessary to explain the increase in entropy across the shock ramps for ∼90% of the wave burst durations. For ∼22% of these times, the wave‐particle interactions needed to only be ≤ 0.1% efficient to balance the nonlinear wave steepening that produced the shock waves. These results show that wave‐particle interactions have the capacity to regulate the global structure and dominate the energy dissipation of collisionless shocks.
Monitoring the occurrence of seasonal low‐oxygen events off the Changjiang Estuary through integration of remote sensing, buoy observations, and modeling
Authors: Chen Jianyu , Ni Xiaobo , Liu Mingliang , Chen Jianfang , Mao Zhihua , Jin Haiyan , Pan Delu
Published: July 2014

Bottom water hypoxia occurs frequently during the summer off the Changjiang Estuary. To estimate its spatial extent and investigate how climatic variations and extreme events may affect its occurrence, we developed a regional statistical model that combines satellite and buoy observations via empirical and statistical relationships. The estimated results were validated using cruise data off the Changjiang Estuary and its adjacent areas. First, we quantified the linkage between the observed dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations in the bottom water and the chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) concentrations at the surface. With the help of the model, the bottom layer DO concentrations in the region lacking in situ measurements were estimated using the observations near the buoys and the satellite‐derived Chl‐a concentrations. Comparisons between the modeled results and surveys conducted between 2006 and 2011 indicate that the error of the estimated extent of low‐oxygen bottom water was less than 26% and that the bias in the estimated minimum DO concentration was less than 0.5 mg L−1. Both buoy observations and modeled results indicate that the strength of water stratification and the amount of labile organic matter added to the bottom water are the two main factors that control the occurrence and the magnitude of seasonal low‐oxygen events off the Changjiang Estuary.
Synthesis of Fused Isoquinolinone and Iminoisoindolinone Derivatives via a Copper‐Catalyzed Regioselective Switching Process
Authors: Kavala Veerababurao , Wang Cheng‐Chuan , Wang Yu‐Hsuan , Kuo Chun‐Wei , Janreddy Donala , Huang Wen‐Chang , Kuo Ting‐Shen , He Chiu Hui , Chen Mei‐Ling , Yao Ching‐Fa
Published: July 2014

Copper‐catalyzed base switching procedures for the synthesis of various fused isoquinolinone derivatives and iminoisoindolinone derivatives from the same starting materials have been developed. In these reaction sequences it is found that benzyl cyanide acts as a nucleophile in the presence of strong bases while it acts as a cyanide donor in the presence of weak bases. A wide substrate scope, good functional group tolerance, and handy reaction conditions are the important features of these protocols. Futhermore, using these protocols a wide variety of imidazolone‐fused isoquinolinone derivatives, pyrimidinone‐fused isoquinolinone derivatives, a diazapinone‐fused isoquinolinone derivative and iminoisoindolinone derivatives were accessed in excellent to moderate yields.

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Catalytic Stereospecific Substitution of Enantioenriched Allylic Alcohols with Sodium Sulfinates
Authors: Ma Xian‐Tao , Dai Rui‐Han , Zhang Juan , Gu Yonghong , Tian Shi‐Kai
Published: July 2014

An unprecedented stereospecific substitution reaction of enantioenriched allylic alcohols with sodium sulfinates has been developed for the asymmetric synthesis of allylic sulfones with excellent ee. A range of highly enantioenriched allylic alcohols smoothly underwent palladium diacetate/racemic 2,2′‐bis(diphenylphosphino)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl‐catalyzed substitution with sodium sulfinates to give structurally diverse α‐chiral allylic sulfones in moderate to excellent yields with complete retention of configuration. This study paves the way for the direct stereospecific substitution of enantioenriched allylic alcohols with sulfur nucleophiles.

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Sodium Alginate Fibers Containing Nanosilver
Authors: Pabjańczyk‐Wlazło Ewelina , Szparaga Grzegorz , Król Paulina , Skrzetuska Ewa , Wojtasik Krystian , Sieradzka Magdalena , Boguń Maciej , Rabiej Stanisław
Published: July 2014

This article concerns the process of obtaining fibers made of sodium alginate containing nanosilver. The general objective was to select the proper forming parameters in order to obtain possibly high rates of tensile properties. The specific objective of this investigation was to determine the effect of basic forming parameters on the macroscopic structure, as well as the determination of the tensile, sorption, and resistivity properties of the obtained fibers. The porous structure and morphology studies were carried out by X‐ray diffraction WAXS. Cross‐sectional and surface analysis was carried out by SEM (scanning electron microscope) and AFM method (atomic force microscopy). SEM (Scanning electron microscope) + EDS (energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy) analysis was applied to assess the uniformity of distribution of nanoadditives on the fibers’ surface, and FTIR spectroscopy was applied to confirm the chemical structure of fibers. Within the framework of this article, the impact of specific nanoadditives on the properties of the obtained fibers was also examined.
New brain infarcts on magnetic resonance imaging after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: Lesion patterns, mechanism, and predictors
Authors: Nah Hyun‐Wook , Lee Jae‐Won , Chung Cheol‐Hyun , Choo Suk‐Jung , Kwon Sun U. , Kim Jong S. , Warach Steven , Kang Dong‐Wha
Published: July 2014

Objective

New brain infarcts after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) are markedly more frequent than clinically evident stroke and have been proposed as a surrogate marker of postprocedural stroke. We sought to investigate the lesion patterns, mechanisms, and predictors of new brain infarction after CABG surgery.

Methods

This was a prospective pre‐ and postoperative brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study in consecutive patients who underwent isolated CABG. Preoperative MRI included diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) and magnetic resonance angiography. DWI was repeated on postoperative day 3. Clinical variables, intraoperative findings, and laboratory findings were compared between patients with and without new brain infarcts on DWI.

Results

Of a total of 127 included patients, 35 (27.6%) showed new brain infarcts on DWI. Most lesions were clinically silent, located in the cortical territory (80%), small (<1.5cm) in diameter (89%), and not related to the underlying cerebral arterial abnormality (80%). Old age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03–1.15), use of cardiopulmonary bypass (OR = 3.12, 95% CI = 1.13–8.57), a moderate to severe aortic plaque (OR = 21.17, 95% CI = 2.01–222.58), and high levels of high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.08–1.70) were independent predictors of new brain infarction.

Interpretation

Post‐CABG new brain infarcts are mostly silent and cortically located. Old age, aortic arch atherosclerosis, use of cardiopulmonary bypass, and systemic inflammatory response may contribute to the pathogenesis of post‐CABG new brain infarcts. Ann Neurol 2014;76:347–355
Logic Gating by Macrocycle Displacement Using a Double‐Stranded DNA [3]Rotaxane Shuttle
Authors: Lohmann Finn , Weigandt Johannes , Valero Julián , Famulok Michael
Published: July 2014

Molecular interlocked systems with mechanically trapped components can serve as versatile building blocks for dynamic nanostructures. Here we report the synthesis of unprecedented double‐stranded (ds) DNA [2]‐ and [3]rotaxanes with two distinct stations for the hybridization of the macrocycles on the axle. In the [3]rotaxane, the release and migration of the “shuttle ring” mobilizes a second macrocycle in a highly controlled fashion. Different oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) employed as inputs induce structural changes in the system that can be detected as diverse logically gated output signals. We also designed nonsymmetrical [2]rotaxanes which allow unambiguous localization of the position of the macrocycle by use of atomic force microscopy (AFM). Either light irradiation or the use of fuel ODNs can drive the threaded macrocycle to the desired station in these shuttle systems. The DNA nanostructures introduced here constitute promising prototypes for logically gated cargo delivery and release shuttles.
3D Printed High‐Throughput Hydrothermal Reactionware for Discovery, Optimization, and Scale‐Up
Authors: Kitson Philip J. , Marshall Ross J. , Long Deliang , Forgan Ross S. , Cronin Leroy
Published: July 2014

3D printing techniques allow the laboratory‐scale design and production of reactionware tailored to specific experimental requirements. To increase the range and versatility of reactionware devices, sealed, monolithic reactors suitable for use in hydrothermal synthesis have been digitally designed and realized. The fabrication process allows the introduction of reaction mixtures directly into the reactors during the production, and also enables the manufacture of devices of varying scales and geometries unavailable in traditional equipment. The utility of these devices is shown by the use of 3D printed, high‐throughput array reactors to discover two new coordination polymers, optimize the synthesis of one of these, and scale‐up its synthesis using larger reactors produced on the same 3D printer. Reactors were also used to produce phase‐pure samples of coordination polymers MIL‐96 and HKUST‐1, in yields comparable to synthesis in traditional apparatus.