bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Europeanism, internationalism or something else? Proposal for a cross-lingustic and cross-cultural research project on widespread idioms in Europe and beyond
Authors: Piirainen Elisabeth
Published: March 2017

Terms like Europeanism or internationalism are used rather carelessly in phraseology research, and they are often applied to idioms accidentally observed to have similar lexical and semantic structures in a few languages. The central question as to what idioms actually constitute the so-called “phraseological uniformity of Europe” has never been studied systematically. The present paper describes my ﬁrst steps of a research project aimed at creating an inventory of factually existing widespread idioms. The total set of idioms is subdivided into smaller groups on the basis of their cultural foundations, thus becoming comparable across a great variety of languages. Questionnaires sent to a large number of idiom research experts are producing ﬁ rst results: numerous idioms are spread across at least several dozens of languages. The problem remains that idioms are currently accessible for only a small portion of the approx. 140 European languages.
"Unstabile" feste Wortverbindungen: Zur Dynamik des phraseologischen Sprachbestandes
Authors: Ptashnyk Stefaniya
Published: March 2017

This article deals with the relationship between stability and variability within phraseology. The investigation focuses on phraseological modiﬁcations as occasional units, created for certain texts or communicative situations. They unfold their potential particularly on the level of text constitution as well as pragmatics. At the same time, modiﬁcations are also considered as an important means of phraseological derivation: Frequently occurring (common) modiﬁ cations may become usual and lexicalized in the language system. The investigation on the basis of newspaper examples has shown that such modiﬁcation mechanisms as development of the phraseological ﬁgure, substitution and reduction produce derivatives with an intensiﬁed afﬁnity for usualization.
DANFRAS-symposium på Københavns Universitet 2004: "Fraseologi i Danmark. En status"
Authors: Katlev Jan
Published: March 2017

No abstract.
A comunicação entre os profissionais de pediatria e a criança hospitalizada
Authors: Armelin Cláudia Batagin , Wallau Rodrigo Ambros , Sarti Cynthia Andersen , Pereira Sonia Regina
Published: March 2017

O estudo trata das dificuldades de comunicação entre profissionais de saúde e pacientes pediátricos em situação de hospitalização. Considerando que uma comunicação efetiva implica o reconhecimento mútuo, buscamos o ponto de vista tanto dos pacientes e seus familiares quanto dos profissionais, para entender como se dá a comunicação entre um e outro e como se estabelecem as relações entre ambos. Dado o problema da pesquisa, a metodologia é qualitativa e o método, o estudo de caso. O trabalho de campo foi desenvolvido em um hospital público universitário na cidade de São Paulo. Foram selecionadas para estudo duas crianças em idade escolar e que permanecessem internadas por um período maior do que uma semana. Foi feito um acompanhamento sistemático de cada uma das crianças, por meio da técnica de observação, e foram entrevistados seus acompanhantes e os profissionais envolvidos em seu cuidado e tratamento, englobando parte significativa do universo de comunicação interpessoal da criança hospitalizada. Verificamos que a comunicação se estabelece preferencialmente entre o profissional e o acompanhante, em função da criança, mas nem sempre com a participação desta, deixando a criança em um plano secundário no campo das relações.
Capacitação de professores para a promoção e educação em saúde na escola: relato de uma experiência
Authors: Iervolino Solange A. , Pelicioni Maria Cecília F.
Published: March 2017

Este trabalho, desenvolvido por trinta meses em Vargem Grande Paulista-SP, objetivou capacitar professores do Ensino Infantil e Fundamental para desenvolverem o processo de Educação em Saúde, junto a seus alunos. Utilizou-se um questionário com perguntas abertas e fechadas e a técnica de grupo focal, sendo os resultados analisados quali-quantitativamente. Iniciou-se com um diagnóstico situacional, originando os seguintes "temas geradores": Escola Promotora da Saúde, Observação do Escolar, Prevenção de Acidentes, entre outros. Esses possibilitaram a discussão de saúde de forma integral e o estabelecimento da relação desta com o meio ambiente. A segunda etapa se constituiu na avaliação do processo. Como resultados, a capacitação realizada, calcada na idéia de saúde como sinônimo de qualidade de vida, proporcionou aos professores a possibilidade de revisar seus conceitos sobre saúde e educação em saúde, seu papel como agente promotor da saúde e da prevenção de doenças. Verificou-se também que se tornaram capacitados para desenvolver os temas trabalhados de forma transversal.
Conhecimento de mães primíparas sobre desenvolvimento infantil: um estudo em Itajaí, SC
Authors: Silva Anna K. , Vieira Mauro L. , Moura Maria L. Seidl de , Ribas Jr. Rodolfo C.
Published: March 2017

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar conhecimentos que mães primíparas têm ao longo de primeiro ano de vida de seu filho sobre o processo de desenvolvimento infantil. Participaram da pesquisa 109 mães primíparas, maiores de 18 anos, com filho ou filha de até um ano de vida e que viviam na cidade de Itajaí (SC). Para sua realização foi utilizado o KIDI (Knowledge of Infant Development Inventory) e para identificar o nível socioeconômico dos pais foi utilizada a Escala de Avaliação de Status Socioeconômico de Hollingshead. Através de análise estatística, foi verificado que fatores sócio-demográficos, tais como: escolaridade e ocupação da mãe estão correlacionados significativamente com seu conhecimento sobre cuidados parentais. Foi constatado que o maior conhecimento das mães é sobre cuidados parentais (crenças, estratégias e comportamentos dos pais). Conclui-se que o status socioeconômico é um fator importante na determinação do conhecimento da mãe sobre sua criança.
Responsividade materna: uma investigação em contexto urbano brasileiro
Authors: Ribas Adriana F. Paes , Moura Maria Lucia Seidl de
Published: March 2017

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivos: 1) investigar a responsividade materna em uma amostra brasileira; 2) analisar a responsividade materna para vocalizações com e sem estresse de bebês; 3) analisar a relação entre responsividade materna, escolaridade da mãe e nível socioeconômico da família. Participaram da pesquisa 30 díades mãe-bebê de 5 meses, que foram filmadas em suas residências por 60 minutos. Para análise da responsividade foram utilizados os programas SDIS e GSEQ. Entre outros aspectos, verificou-se que as mães respondem de modo contingente às vocalizações com estresse dos bebês com atividades de cuidado (Yule Q = 0,71; p
Caracterização do uso da técnica do copo em UTI neonatal de um hospital público
Authors: Gutierrez Liza , Delgado Susana E. , Costa Arlenio P. da
Published: March 2017

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a técnica do copo, na UTI Neonatal de um Hospital Público de Porto Alegre/RS; descrever o perfil dos bebês assim alimentados; veificar a adequação da administração da técnica e o conhecimento e a aceitação do método pela mãe. A coleta de dados foi realizada nos prontuários e por meio de uma observação da alimentação por copo e de entrevistas estruturadas realizadas com as mães. A amostra foi de 28 bebês internados na UTI Neonatal do hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, que tinham prescrição de copo, e suas mães. Os resultados mostraram que a maioria dos bebês alimentados por copo estavam sendo amamentados simultaneamente. Verificou-se que a administração da técnica estava parcialmente correta. As mães não receberam informação acerca do uso do copo. Concluiu-se que, de maneira geral, a utilização da técnica do copo como método alternativo de alimentação, para a maioria desses bebês, ocorreu de forma adequada, proporcionando uma opção na tentativa de estabelecer a amamentação ou evitar o desmame precoce.
O brincar de crianças escolares na brinquedoteca
Authors: Macarini Samira M. , Vieira Mauro L.
Published: March 2017

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo caracterizar o ato de brincar de crianças escolares em uma brinquedoteca; identificando os diferentes brinquedos mais utilizados entre meninos e meninas na brincadeira. Foram realizadas 517 observações diretas de eventos de brincadeira livre, utilizando-se um protocolo de observação. Os resultados confirmaram a existência de segregação e estereotipia no brincar infantil, mostrando que meninos tendem a brincar entre si e meninas também. Foi evidenciado que a composição do grupo, de acordo com o sexo das crianças, determina o tipo de brinquedo utilizado na atividade lúdica. Com relação aos grupos de meninos, foi verificada preferência pelos jogos sociais, brinquedos que reproduzem o mundo técnico - miniaturas, carrinhos, helicópteros - e fantasias. Nos grupos de meninas, constatou-se predominância por brinquedos responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento afetivo - bonecas, bebês, roupinhas - jogos sociais e fantasias. Nos grupos mistos verificou-se uma predominância da utilização dos jogos sociais, das fantasias e dos brinquedos que reproduzem o mundo técnico. A variedade de brincadeiras verificada pode ser remetida ao grande acervo de brinquedos e possibilidades de criações propiciadas pelos diferentes espaços lúdicos da brinquedoteca.
A história do corpo: os principais eixos da pesquisa em história da saúde (França, 1970-2000)
Authors: Goubert Jean-Pierre
Published: March 2017

Este artigo descreve como, tendo emergido nos últimos trinta anos, a pesquisa em História da Saúde na França foi marcada por quatro grandes direções de pesquisa: história dos profissionais da saúde, história das doenças, história dos hospitais, história das mentalidades. Apresenta o estado da arte em cada uma dessas direções durante estas décadas. Finaliza apontando para a dificuldade em seu reconhecimento como especialidade separada devido à abrangência de seu tema: o corpo.
Perfil motor de crianças e adolescentes com deficiência mental moderada
Authors: Mansur Samira Schultz , Marcon Adair José
Published: March 2017

O controle motor de deficientes mentais é alterado pela insuficiência de informações entre os comandos aferente e eferente. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o perfil motor de crianças portadoras de deficiência mental de grau moderado. O grupo de estudo foi constituído por 20 crianças, ambos os sexos, entre 7 e 15 anos, alunos das APAEs dos municípios de Biguaçu e Palhoça/SC, em 2005. Para a coleta de dados foi utilizada a Escala de Desenvolvimento Motor "EDM". O tratamento estatístico foi realizado com o programa Epi Info 6.0. A todas as habilidades motoras avaliadas foi atribuído nível "muito inferior". O quociente da motricidade fina obteve o menor déficit, sendo que ao quociente da organização temporal atribuiu-se o maior déficit. Tais resultados mostraram a estreita relação entre o potencial cognitivo e a conduta motora de deficientes mentais de grau moderado. Os déficits funcionais observados entre deficientes mentais podem ser conseqüentes à inadequação de suas habilidades psicomotoras, interferindo no desenvolvimento cognitivo, afetivo e social.
"Uma escola diferente": estudo psicossocial de jovens e seu contexto escolar
Authors: Maheirie Kátia , Gomes Marcela De Andrade , Rovaris Luiza Manoela Boell , Brittes Tahiana Pereira , Leme Bianca Louise
Published: March 2017

Este estudo se caracteriza por reflexões tecidas a partir de uma prática psicossocial em um contexto escolar de Florianópolis. A escola Sarapiquá foi constituída por um grupo de pais que buscavam uma escola alternativa aos modelos tradicionais existentes na capital de Santa Catarina no início da década de 80. Inicialmente, o trabalho pedagógico voltou-se para o ensino infantil e há cinco anos inaugurou o ensino fundamental II (5ª a 8ª série). Desde então, vem buscando estratégias para aprimorar a proposta político-pedagógica, e suas respectivas práticas, para um melhor atendimento das novas demandas emergidas a partir da inserção do público jovem neste contexto. Neste processo, os profissionais da escola vêm enfrentando desafios, incertezas e reflexões. Ao mesmo tempo em que novos projetos e idéias são elaborados, busca-se também conservar as marcas alternativas, marcando um movimento de permanências e transformações, na identidade do projeto político-pedagógico. Pretende-se investigar quais os sentidos que os jovens da 7ª série atribuem a este espaço, buscando analisar a relação psicossocial entre os sujeitos e o contexto escolar. Ao refletir sobre as formas de subjetivação e objetivação destes jovens em relação ao local onde estudam, pode-se propiciar mediações entre os interesses e motivações dos estudantes e da coordenadoria, participando na construção de sujeitos críticos e de práticas educacionais mais satisfatórias para ambas as partes, sem comprometer a identidade alternativa da escola.
Uma perda, tantas perdas...
Authors: Mileo Maria Cristina Barbetta
Published: March 2017

O presente artigo busca compreender e desvendar o sofrimento psíquico de uma mulher portadora de câncer de mama, que se dispôs a empreender um processo analítico. O referencial teórico utilizado é o da psicanálise, método que visa à investigação dos processos inconscientes que se desvendam por meio das associações livres, da transferência e da análise das resistências. É sobre essas bases que este trabalho se organiza. A obra de Piera Aulagnier, psicanalista freudiana, é utilizada como pano de fundo para a compreensão e a discussão teórica dos casos clínicos. É fundamental o conceito estabelecido por Aulagnier, segundo o qual um Eu construtor de uma historia libidinal busca encontrar causas para compreender os mundos externo e interno e o sofrimento desencadeado por estes. Portanto, a noção de que cabe ao Eu continuar a investir em si mesmo, na relação com o outro e no mundo externo para se preservar vivo, mesmo com todas as adversidades, permeia este trabalho.
Characteristics of Selected Anthropometric Foot Indicators in Physically Active Students
Authors: Bac Aneta , Bogacz Gabriela , Ogrodzka-Ciechanowicz Katarzyna , Kulis Aleksandra , Szaporów Tomasz , Woźniacka Renata , Radlińska Natalia
Published: March 2017

Background:

The aim of this study was to determine the type of medial longitudinal arch (MLA) in students of Krakow universities, investigate the relationship between physical activity and the shaping of the feet, and examine the relationship between hallux valgus angle and the type of footwear chosen most often.

Methods:

The study group consisted of 120 students, of which 56 respondents were students of the University School of Physical Education in Krakow, whereas the remaining 64 respondents were students of the Pedagogical University of Krakow. To evaluate the MLA, a podoscope was used, which allowed us to determine the length and width of the foot, and calculation of the Clarke angle, heel angle γ, and the angle of hallux valgus. All students were also subjected to a measurement of body weight and height.

Results:

There was a statistically significant relationship between physical activity and the Clarke angle in the group of women studying at the University School of Physical Education. There was no correlation between the hallux valgus angle and the type of footwear chosen most often in the research groups.

Conclusions:

The most frequently diagnosed type of longitudinal and transverse arch foot in the research group was normal MLA. There was no relationship between physical activity and transverse arch foot in any of the research groups.
Características de la estructura molecular de las proteínas E del virus Zika y E1 del virus de la rubeola. Posibles implicaciones en el neurotropismo y en las alteraciones del sistema nervioso
Authors: Gómez Luis Alberto , Montoya Gladis , Rivera Hernán Mauricio , Hernández Juan Carlos
Published: March 2017

Introducción. El virus Zika (ZIKV) es un flavivirus con envoltura, que se transmite a los seres humanos principalmente por el vector Aedes aegypti y se ha asociado con alto neurotropismo y efectos neuropáticos como el síndrome de Guillain-Barré en el adulto, microcefalia fetal y posnatal, así como un síndrome de infección congénita similar al producido por el virus de la rubeola (RV).Objetivo. Comparar las estructuras moleculares de las proteínas de envoltura E, del virus Zika (E-ZIKV) y E1, del virus de la rubeola (E1-RV) y plantear posibles implicaciones en el neurotropismo y en las alteraciones del sistema nervioso asociadas con ZIKV.Materiales y métodos. En el análisis de las estructuras moleculares de E-ZIKV (PDB: 5iZ7) y E1-RV (PDB: 4ADG) incluyó como uno de los principales criterios de comparación y alineación, la asignación y definición de elementos de la estructura secundaria, con más del 70% de identidad. Se utilizaron los programas, Vector NTI Advance® DSSP, POSA y herramientas de gestión de datos integradas (AlignX®).Resultados. La organización estructural de la proteína E-ZIKV (PDB: 5iZ7) y fue similar a E1-RV (PDB: 4ADG) (70%-80% de identidad) y se correspondió con la estructura definida para las glicoproteínas de fusión de membrana de clase II de los virus con envoltura. E-ZIKV y E1-RV exhibieron elementos estructurales de fusión altamente conservados en la región distal del dominio II, asociados con los receptores celulares de entrada del virus de la rubeola Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein (MOG) y con los receptores celulares Axl de ZIKV y otros flavivirus.Conclusión. La comparación de las proteínas E-ZIKV y E1-RV es un paso necesario hacia la definición de otros determinantes moleculares del neurotropismo y la patogénesis del ZIKV, para generar estrategias de diagnóstico, prevención y tratamiento de las complicaciones neurológicas inducidas por el ZIKV.
Profile of lithium carbonate use in patients with bipolar disorder in Colombia
Authors: Machado-Duque Manuel Enrique , Alzate-Carvajal Catalina , Zapata Kevin David , Machado-Alba Jorge Enrique
Published: March 2017

Introducción. El litio es el medicamento de elección para el tratamiento del trastorno afectivo bipolar (TAB).Objetivo. Determinar el perfil de uso y reacciones adversas del litio, en pacientes con TAB en Colombia.Materiales y métodos. Estudio observacional de cohorte retrospectiva entre 1 enero y 31 diciembre 2013, se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de TAB tratados con carbonato de litio en 25 ciudades colombianas, evaluando variables socio-demográficas, dosis del litio, comedicación, interacciones medicamentosas y reacciones adversas. Se hizo un análisis multivariado mediante.Resultados. Se hallaron 331 pacientes con edad promedio de 44,5±13,9 años, 59,2% fueron mujeres, la dosis promedio de litio: 898 ± 294 mg/día, el 22% tenían dosis inferiores a recomendadas; en promedio lo han recibido 38,0±39,5 meses (rango: 12-159 meses); solo al 13,5% les realizaron litemia. El 71,3% recibían terapia coadyuvante para TAB con otros medicamentos, especialmente clozapina (16,6%) y ácido valproico (16,6%). Las principales comorbilidades fueron hipotiroidismo (18,1%) e hipertensión arterial (12,7%). Se encontraron 390 interacciones medicamentosas potencialmente toxicas; se reportaron reacciones adversas en 1,2% de casos. Se halló asociación estadísticamente significativa con menor riesgo de recibir terapia combinada al ser tratado en las ciudades de Bogotá (OR:0,4, p=0,025), Cartagena (OR:0,3, p=0,015) e Ibagué (OR:0,3, p=0,025).Conclusiones. El litio se está utilizando en general a dosis e intervalos recomendados, pero un porcentaje significativo recibe dosis inferiores a las recomendadas y no fue posible contrastar el efecto con sus mediciones séricas. Se debe mejorar el reporte de reacciones adversas y medición de litemias en los pacientes con TAB en Colombia.
Racemose neurocysticercosis - neuroimaging guide the diagnosis
Authors: Zapata Carlos Hugo , Vargas Sergio Alberto , Uribe Carlos Santiago
Published: March 2017

La neurocisticercosis es la primera causa de parasitosis del sistema nervioso central y de epilepsia adquirida en países en vía de desarrollo. Las manifestaciones clínicas de la neurocisticercosis, especialmente la variante racemosa, son pleomórficas e inespecíficas, características que dificultan el diagnóstico y lo convierten en un desafío para el clínico. El objetivo de este informe es describir dos casos de neurocisticercosis racemosa, en los cuales las neuroimágenes guiaron al diagnóstico definitivo. El primer caso se trató de una paciente con cefalea persistente y signos neurológicos focales, requirió múltiples ayudas paraclínicas que llevaron al diagnóstico definitivo de neurocisticercosis racemosa con vasculitis cerebral secundaria, a pesar del tratamiento médico y quirúrgico la paciente falleció después de múltiples complicaciones. El segundo caso se trató de una paciente con antecedente de neurocisticerosis, que consultó por vómito crónico incoercible, requirió  múltiples ayudas paraclínicas que llevaron al diagnóstico de vómito de origen central secundario a neurocisticercosis racemosa y atrapamiento del cuarto ventrículo, después del tratamiento médico y quirúrgico la paciente presentó leve mejoría. En estos dos casos se evidencia como la adecuada interpretación de las neuroimágenes es fundamental para llegar al diagnóstico de la neurocisticercosis racemosa.
Does the corticosteroid’s treatment during the pre and postnatal period affect the neurodevelopmental outcome of premature newborns?
Authors: Lardón Marita , Uberos José , Narbona Eduardo
Published: March 2017

Introducción. Los glucocorticoides, ampliamente utilizados en el periodo perinatal, pueden asociarse con efectos adversos en el neurodesarrollo.Objetivo. Analizar los resultados en el neurodesarrollo de una cohorte de recién nacidos de muy bajo peso tratados con corticosteroides antenatales y postnatales.Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio de cohortes prospectivo en el que se incluyeron los recién nacidos de muy bajo peso que ingresaron en la unidad de cuidado intensivo neonatal de un hospital de tercer nivel entre 2008 y 2013. Se comparó el neurodesarrollo entre los que no recibieron corticoterapia prenatal (CTpre) y aquellos que recibieron pauta completa (2 dosis de betametasona de 12 mg) e incompleta (una dosis). También se compararon los resultados de neurodesarrollo entre los recién nacidos que no recibieron corticoterapia postnatal y aquellos que sí la recibieron (dexametasona sistémica a partir de la primera semana de vida). Se evaluó la función motora, neurosensorial, cognitiva y los trastornos de conducta durante los dos primeros años de vida.Resultados. Se analizaron 225 recién nacidos de muy bajo peso. El 83,6% recibió CTpre (el 24% pauta incompleta y el 59,6% completa). Durante el periodo postnatal solamente el 13,3% recibió dexametasona sistémica. El seguimiento neurológico se llevó a cabo en 194 neonatos. El análisis de regresión logística no detectó que la CTpre y postnatal se asocien con más trastornos neurológicos, no existiendo diferencias significativas entre los que reciben pauta completa e incompleta de CTpre.Conclusión. Los resultados de este estudio no pudieron demostrar que la corticoterapia perinatal se asocie con peores resultados en el neurodesarrollo en recién nacidos de muy bajo peso.
Human head orientation and eye visibility as indicators of attention for goats (Capra hircus)
Authors: Nawroth Christian , McElligott Alan G.
Published: March 2017

Animals domesticated for working closely with humans (e.g. dogs) have been shown to be remarkable in adjusting their behaviour to human attentional stance. However, there is little evidence for this form of information perception in species domesticated for production rather than companionship. We tested domestic ungulates (goats) for their ability to differentiate attentional states of humans. In the first experiment, we investigated the effect of body and head orientation of one human experimenter on approach behaviour by goats. Test subjects (N = 24) significantly changed their behaviour when the experimenter turned its back to the subjects, but did not take into account head orientation alone. In the second experiment, goats (N = 24) could choose to approach one of two experimenters, while only one was paying attention to them. Goats preferred to approach humans that oriented their body and head towards the subject, whereas head orientation alone had no effect on choice behaviour. In the third experiment, goats (N = 32) were transferred to a separate test arena and were rewarded for approaching two experimenters providing a food reward during training trials. In subsequent probe test trials, goats had to choose between the two experimenters differing in their attentional states. Like in Experiments 1 and 2, goats did not show a preference for the attentive person when the inattentive person turned her head away from the subject. In this last experiment, goats preferred to approach the attentive person compared to a person who closed their eyes or covered the whole face with a blind. However, goats showed no preference when one person covered only the eyes. Our results show that animals bred for production rather than companionship show differences in their approach and choice behaviour depending on human attentive state. However, our results contrast with previous findings regarding the use of the head orientation to attribute attention and show the importance of cross-validating results.
The theoretical foundation of 3‐D Alfvén resonances: Time‐dependent solutions
Authors: Elsden T. , Wright A. N.
Published: March 2017

We present results from a 3‐D numerical simulation which investigates the coupling of fast and Alfvén magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves in a nonuniform dipole equilibrium. This represents the time‐dependent extension of the normal mode (
) analysis of Wright and Elsden (2016) and provides a theoretical basis for understanding 3‐D Alfvén resonances. Wright and Elsden (2016) show that these are fundamentally different to resonances in 1‐D and 2‐D. We demonstrate the temporal behavior of the Alfvén resonance, which is formed within the “Resonant Zone”; a channel of the domain where a family of solutions exists such that the natural Alfvén frequency matches the fast‐mode frequency. At early times, phase mixing leads to the production of prominent ridges in the energy density, whose shape is determined by the Alfvén speed profile and the chosen background magnetic field geometry. These off resonant ridges decay in time, leaving only a main 3‐D resonant sheet in the steady state. We show that the width of the 3‐D resonance in time and in space can be accurately estimated by adapting previous analytical estimates from 1‐D theory. We further provide an analytical estimate for the resonance amplitude in 3‐D, based upon extending 2‐D theory.
Deep seismic structure of the northeastern South China Sea: Origin of a high‐velocity layer in the lower crust
Authors: Wan Kuiyuan , Xia Shaohong , Cao Jinghe , Sun Jinlong , Xu Huilong
Published: March 2017

We present a 2‐D seismic tomographic image of the crustal structure along the OBS2012 profile, which delineates the Moho morphology and magmatic features of the northeastern South China Sea margin. The image was created by forward modeling (RayInvr) and traveltime tomographic inversion (Tomo2D). Overall, the continental crust thins seaward from ~27 km to ~21 km within the continental shelf across the Zhu I Depression and Dongsha Rise, with slight local thickening beneath the Dongsha Rise accompanying the increase in the Moho depth. The Dongsha Rise is also characterized by ~4–7 km thick high‐velocity layer (HVL) (~7.0–7.6 km/s) in the lower crust and exhibits a relatively high velocity (~5.5–6.4 km/s) in the upper crust with a velocity gradient lower than those of the Zhu I Depression and Tainan Basin. Across the continental slope and continent‐ocean transition (COT), which contain the Tainan Basin, the crust sharply thins from 20 km to 10 km seaward and a ~2–3 km thick HVL is imaged in the lower crust. We observed that volcanoes are located only within the COT, but none exist in the continental shelf; the Dongsha Rise exhibits a high magnetic anomaly zone and different geochemical characteristics from the COT. Based on those observations, we conclude that the HVL underlying the COT is probably extension related resulting from the decompression melting in the Cenozoic, whereas the HVL beneath the Dongsha Rise is probably arc related and associated with the subduction of the paleo‐Pacific plate. These findings are inconsistent with those of some previous studies.
Factor Analysis, Dynamic
Authors: Bolla Marianna
Published: March 2017

We review small‐ and medium‐sized standard and dynamic factor analysis and include recent asymptotic results on high‐dimensional dynamic factor models. The latter allow the construction of consistent estimators in the factor model, which are based on principal component analysis techniques either in the time or in the frequency domain. The point is that when both the number of time series and the number of observations (time instances) tend to infinity, the error terms become negligible and the spectral gap in the spectral density decides the number of hidden factors. Although mainly developed within Time Series Econometrics, high‐dimensional factor models are quite appealing for applications to environmental data sets and for expanding (both in time and in the number of observables) networks. Eventually, in the small word of real‐life data (in the presence of sudden economic changes and crises, macroeconomic time series span sometimes for 10–20 years only), a parametric model with an easily implementable algorithm and a numerical example is presented.
Micromaps
Authors: Symanzik Jürgen , Carr Daniel B. , McManus Michael G. , Weber Marc H.
Published: March 2017

Micromap visualizations are an important tool for the geovisualization of areal data that are based on a series of small maps, the micromaps. The three major variations of micromap visualization designs are linked micromap (LM) plots, conditioned micromaps, and comparative micromaps. The most widely used are LM plots. These are based on several panel columns that consist of multiple small maps, that is, the micromaps, name identifiers of the area units, plotting symbols, and one or more statistical data columns. LM plots overcome some of the limitations of choropleth maps that are frequently used for the display of areal data, but that are usually limited to only one statistical variable at a time and that do not work well for visualizing small areas. Micromaps were originally created for the United States, but have seen extended use for countries in Europe (France and Germany), Asia (Korea and China), and South America (Brazil and Argentina) as well as for different nonadministrative boundaries, such as watersheds and ecoregions. Micromaps have been used for all kinds of areal data, such as environmental, agricultural, and medical, to name only a few.
Media Evaluation
Authors: Cappella Joseph N. , Kim Minji
Published: March 2017

Understanding the effect of messages that appear in the mediated environment in terms of their effectiveness is challenging. Serious, careful evaluation is very expensive in time and in financial and human resources. Efficient procedures for evaluating the effectiveness of messages for the purposes of persuasion would be a useful tool for those designing public health campaigns, political and social issue campaigns, and certainly for researchers seeking to evaluate various types of message effects as they undertake theory testing. The purpose of this entry is to suggest an efficient, reliable, and valid protocol to assess message effectiveness that involves quantitative methods (1) using multiple messages, (2) recruiting evaluators from the target population, (3) using valid and reliable measures for evaluation, (4) exposing an evaluator to multiple messages, and (5) ensuring enough (2) evaluations per message for stability.
Political Agenda‐Building
Authors: Seethaler Josef
Published: March 2017

The term
political agenda‐building
refers to two major concepts: the source–media relationship and (in a broader sense) the interchange between civil society, the public, news media, and policymakers. The first concept focuses on the processes of communication by which political actors endeavor to secure media coverage for “their” issues. This approach is referred to as the fourth phase of agenda‐setting research. The second concept aims at studying the impact of strategies of issue expansion by various stakeholders in the agenda of institutional actors, such as parliaments or governments. Here the overall question is how issues get on the policy agenda while others fail. The first concept is anchored in theories of political economy; the second deals with political participation as a necessary prerequisite for the stability of a democratic system. Both kinds of agenda‐building processes are expected to be influenced by online media, and particularly social networks.
Spiral of Silence: Origins, Process, and Dynamics
Authors: Salmon Charles T.
Published: March 2017

This article discusses the spiral of silence theory and its implications for the study of media effects. The central premise of the theory is that most individuals live in fear of social isolation and monitor the opinion environment to determine which opinions are held by a majority and which are held by a minority in any given social system. Mass media provide important social cues about this opinion distribution. Media effects occur in the form of influencing perceptions of what is majority opinion, and willingness to express an opinion in public. The theory concludes that, over time, opinions that are perceived as being held by the majority are likely to become dominant and effectively silence minority opinion.
News Values: Audience Effects
Authors: Gehrau Volker
Published: March 2017

This entry outlines the relations between news values and audience effects. News values are conceptualized as characteristics of events—for instance,
negativism
or
personalization
—that determine whether these events become news and guide aspects of audience reactions. First, it is noted that the news values
continuity
(issue establishment) and
controversy
influence selective exposure. Second, it is noted that the news values
unexpectedness
and
controversy
support cognitive processing in conjunction with
personification
and
damage
. In addition, the news value
continuity
facilitates social adoption, whereas
negativism
hinders social adoption. Finally, it is established that news values affect the audience in ways that are mediated by their impact on news coverage through classic media effects such as news diffusion, agenda‐setting, and media malaise.
Key Events: Media and Audience Effects
Authors: Elmelund‐Præstekær Christian , Hopmann David Nicolas
Published: March 2017

Extraordinary events spur news waves, media hypes, and media storms. This entry discusses how previous research has definedkey eventsand what kinds of key events previous research has considered. Next, various effects of key events are reviewed: They are found to have a substantial impact both on media content and, subsequently, on news audiences. Following key events, journalists focus more on the issue domain of the key event, be it immigration, natural disasters, or terrorist attacks. Also, key events are able to affect citizens' attitudes toward related issues as well as their behavior and even psychological well‐being. These effects tend to be fairly short lived. On rare occasions, key events lead to profound and long‐lasting changes in news coverage. Finally, two promising avenues for future research on the effects of key events are identified.
Excitation Transfer Theory
Authors: Cummins R. Glenn
Published: March 2017

Excitation transfer theory posits that the physiological dimension of one's emotional response to an initial stimulus or event persists or lingers beyond the immediate exposure to that stimulus. In turn, this residual arousal works in an additive fashion with stimulation from a subsequent event to intensify the emotional response to that subsequent event. The theory has been employed to explain how residual excitation can elevate responses in interpersonal contexts (e.g., increased aggression, attraction) as well as in a variety of mediated contexts (e.g., enhanced enjoyment of drama and sports, advertising, music appreciation).
Flow Theory
Authors: Sherry John L.
Published: March 2017

As more media research has shifted from the negative effects paradigm to a focus on enjoyment and positive outcomes, media flow theory has emerged as a popular line of research. Media flow theory explains the mechanism by which media provides its users with a collection of enjoyable experiences, reward, control, diversion, and escape. This entry maps out the historical roots of flow theory, the current description of flow experiences, three theorized mechanisms used in media research, and challenges for future media research on flow.
Communication Mediation Model
Authors: Lee Nam‐Jin
Published: March 2017

Communication mediation models theorize the process of communication mediation in which news consumption and political discussion shape and direct social structural influences on civic and political engagement. These models theorize communication as a key set of processes that intervene between the private “lifeworld” in which individuals are embedded and their behavior as public citizens. Drawing on the O‐S‐O‐R model from cognitive social psychology, the early mediation formulation recognized that media effects are not simple, direct effects but involve complicated interactions between audience predispositions, the media messages, and intervening audience orientations. This early model has been extended to incorporate various psychological, social, and cultural factors that influence communication mediation and to describe more complete pathways to civic life. Research on communication mediation has demonstrated that communication mediation is an empirically robust and theoretically guided mechanism of communication effects.
Distinction: Role of Media
Authors: Park David W.
Published: March 2017

Pierre Bourdieu was no theorist of media effects per se. However, his ideas can help us to understand how media processes result in specific tendencies in media production, symbolic consecration, and social differentiation.
Network Society: Networks, Media, and Effects
Authors: Siapera Eugenia
Published: March 2017

This entry is concerned with Castells's theory of the network society. It outlines the main tenets of the theory and identifies its main intersections with media theories. These are a reconciliation of the transmission and ritual views of communication; an endorsement of McLuhan's view of the media as structuring society; a political economy of the media industry; the creative audience; and frames as producing cognitive effects. Ultimately the theory accepts media effects at two levels: the broader structural level, which organizes society; and the local cognitive level, which determines people's attitudes and behaviors. However, these are mediated by several factors such as policies, industry reactions, cultural values, and the personal trajectories of individuals. Moreover, media effects can be produced by those on the opposite side of corporate media. While Castells's contribution to media theory is undoubtedly significant, its value lies more in synthesizing existing perspectives than in its novelty.
Domestication and the Media
Authors: Haddon Leslie
Published: March 2017

Domestication theory provides a framework for understanding the way in which information and communication technologies (ICTs) find a role in people's lives. This entry offers an account of its origins, a broad assessment of its central features, and an indication of how it has diversified in the hands of different researchers. Two key areas are discussed, where writers have identified how domestication analysis could be developed further: how domestication theory is shaped by wider social discourse; and what influence cultural specificities have on it.
Visual Framing
Authors: Geise Stephanie
Published: March 2017

Visuals have always been an integral part of media communication, but framing has been predominantly examined in textual contexts. Narrowing down the visual gap in framing theory and research during the last decade, scholarship has put considerable efforts into adapting visual theories and methodologies to “framing analysis” and into refining them, and a remarkable number of studies has been published since then. As a mode‐specific variation of the broader framing concept, visual framing has meanwhile gained status as one of the lifelines for visual research and is seen as increasingly important in framing research in general. Beyond outlining central definitions and ideas of the visual framing concept and its theoretical groundings and beyond understanding it as a multilevel concept, an overview of current research foci is provided, and central challenges—especially that of broadening the concept from visual to multimodal framing—are discussed.
Visual Communication Effects: Moving Images
Authors: Uhrig Meike
Published: March 2017

Moving image
is the name of a class that includes a broad variety of media (e.g., film, television, games) and genres (e.g., documentary or fiction, real life or animation). Research into the effects of moving images covers a variety of disciplines, from the humanities to the social and natural sciences—media and communication studies, psychology, medicine, philosophy, and literary studies among them. Studies focus on the aesthetics of the moving image, its impact on recipients (e.g., in the form of emotions, attitudes, opinions, values, beliefs, knowledge, and behaviors), and its potential for application, particularly in the areas of research, education, healthcare, and media production.
Media Representation: Politics
Authors: Boomgaarden Hajo G.
Published: March 2017

Representations of politics in mass media are a central source of citizens' experiences with and perceptions of politics. This entry discusses key aspects that have evolved in the literature on mediated representations of politics and their possible influences on the public. Focusing specifically on mass media coverage of political actors, it considers attributes such as news bias, personalization, or negativity. Subsequently important generic frame categories are discussed, such as strategy or conflict framing of political processes. Finally the entry turns to the phenomenon of entertainization of politics in the media. It concludes with a discussion of the importance of standardizing content‐analytical measurement and considers the possible consequences of media fragmentation for studies of mediated representations of politics.
Fandom and Fan Fiction
Authors: Reijnders Stijn , Waysdorf Abby , Zwaan Koos , Duits Linda
Published: March 2017

This entry presents an overview of the development and current state of fan studies, exploring the “reverse image” of media effects. The field of fan studies offers the ultimate rebuttal of the traditional media effects model by stressing the independence, agency, and power of media consumers vis‐à‐vis media producers. After providing a short historiography of the discipline, this entry dives deeper into three themes that have been central to discussions within fan studies since its early beginnings: fan fiction, fan communities, and places of fandom.
Prosumption
Authors: Gajjala Radhika , Dillon Jeanette M. , Anarbaeva Samara
Published: March 2017

One of the key tenets of cultural and critical approaches to media audiences is that such audiences are active users and interpreters of content. Digital and online technologies have enabled audiences to transform their interpretative activity into actual media practice: Users have become producers, as the term
prosumer
suggests. This entry examines “do‐it‐yourself” videos and podcasts as a form of prosumption. It shows how a discourse that defines prosumption as a particular kind of audience activity, one that testifies to the absence of media “effects,” successfully obscures how more fundamental social inequalities are evolving here, especially with respect to the fact that prosumers provide free labor.
Media Habits
Authors: Larose Robert
Published: March 2017

Habits account for a great deal of media consumption behavior and challenge prevailing theories of media attendance and media effects. Recent developments in the neuropsychology and social psychology of habits and debates about Internet addiction and other problematic forms of media consumption call attention to automatic, nonconscious processes and the role of self‐regulation in understanding attendance to the media and their effects on behavior, culture, and society.
Mobility
Authors: Frith Jordan
Published: March 2017

Mobility refers to movement of different types, including physical and virtual mobility. It has received increased attention in the social sciences, especially with the development of the “new mobilities paradigm.” This entry discusses the importance of mobility for media studies through an examination of the relevant literature in mobile media studies. The entry also discusses the tenets of the new mobilities paradigm and concludes with a section on methodological approaches to studying the relationship between media and mobility.
Public Opinion
Authors: Lamp Erich
Published: March 2017

In its oldest and original meaning, the termpublic opinionrefers to a force of social control. It confronts the individual as well as the governing body, causing social integration. Whereas thephenomenonpublic opinion has pan‐cultural validity, itselementsare bound to a given space and time. The features of public opinion as social control and the human beings's social nature as its driving force need to be differentiated despite their general validity for all cultures. There are intercultural differences between individualist and collectivist societies, with their corresponding independent or interdependent self‐constructs of individuals.
Rhizocola
Authors: Matsumoto Atsuko , Takahashi Yōko
Published: March 2017

Rhi.zo'co.la. Gr. n.
rhiza
, a root: L. suffix ‐
cola
, a dweller, inhabitant; N.L. masc. n.
Rhizocola
, a root inhabitant.

Actinobacteria / Actinobacteria / Micromonosporales / Micromonosporaceae / Rhizocola

Aerobic, Gram‐stain positive, and mesophilic actinomycetes. Cells are nonmotile. Vegetative mycelia are branched and not fragmented. Sporangia are not observed. Aerial mycelium is produced, and long spore chains develop on short sporophores on the substrate mycelia. Cell wall contains 3,4‐dihydroxyl‐2,6‐diaminopimelic acid (dihydroxyldiaminopimelic acid) as a diamino acid, along with alanine, glycine, and hydroxylglutamic acid. Galactose and xylose are detected as diagnostic whole‐cell sugars. The acyl type of the peptidoglycan is glycolyl. Phosphatidylethanolamine and unidentified phospholipids are detected (Phospholipid type II). Mycolic acids are not detected. Predominant menaquinones are MK‐9 (H
4
) and MK‐9 (H
6
).

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 67 (HPLC).

Type species
:
Rhizocola hellebori
Matsumoto, Kawaguchi, Nakashima, Iwatsuki, Ōmura and Takahashi 2014, 2710
VP
.