bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new maximum body size record for the Berry Cave Salamander (Gyrinophilus gulolineatus) and genus Gyrinophilus (Caudata, Plethodontidae) with a comment on body size in plethodontid salamanders
Authors: Gladstone Nicholas S. , Carter Evin T. , Niemiller K. Denise Kendall , Hayter Lindsey E. , Niemiller Matthew L.
Published: November 2018

Lungless salamanders in the family Plethodontidae exhibit an impressive array of life history strategies and occur in a diversity of habitats, including caves. However, relationships between life history, habitat, and body size remain largely unresolved. During an ongoing study on the demography and life history of the paedomorphic, cave-obligate Berry Cave Salamander (Gyrinophilusgulolineatus, Brandon 1965), we discovered an exceptionally large individual from the type locality, Berry Cave, Roane County, Tennessee, USA. This salamander measured 145 mm in body length and represents not only the largest G.gulolineatus and Gyrinophilus ever reported, but also the largest plethodontid salamander in the United States. We discuss large body size in G.gulolineatus and compare body size in other large plethodontid salamanders in relation to life history and habitat.
Response of shallow subterranean freshwater amphipods to habitat drying
Authors: Gilbert Heather , Keany Jenna , Culver David C.
Published: November 2018

The ability of three amphipods that occupy shallow subterranean habitats in the lower Potomac Basin of the US (hypotelminorheic), which often dry out seasonally, to withstand desiccation by burrowing in clay was investigated. Both Crangonyxshoemakeri, a wetland species, and Stygobromustenuis, a subterranean species, burrowed in clay in the laboratory after surface water was removed. Gammarusminus, a spring species, did not. All three species exhibited behavioral changes as the habitat dried out.
Parasites in Loricariidae from Brazil: checklist and new records for fish from the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Borges William Felix , Oliveira Marcos Sidney Brito de , Santos Gracienhe Gomes , Tavares-Dias Marcos
Published: November 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate the parasites fauna of Ancistrus leucostictus, Hypostomus ventromaculatus, Ancistrus sp. and Hemiancistrus sp. from the Igarapé Fortaleza River (Amapá State, Brazil), besides making a checklist of the parasite species in Loricariidae from Brazil. A total of 53 fishes were collected from November 2013 to August 2014. In the hosts, a total of 1,559 parasites of seven taxa were collected: Unilatus unilatus, Trinigyrus mourei, undetermined metacercariae, Genarchella gernachella, Raphidascaris (Sprentascaris) sp., Gorythocephalus elongorchis and Proteocephalus sp. Ectoparasite species were frequent in the examined Loricariidae species, which also had larval stages of endoparasites. The hosts with the highest sampled number, H. ventromaculatus and Ancistrus sp., had the highest parasite species richness. Loricariidae species from Brazil are parasitized by species of Protozoa, Monogenea, Nematoda, Digenea, Acantocephala, Cestoda, Crustacea and Hirudinea, but monogeneans, digeneans and nematodes were the predominant taxa.
Saliência estrutural, distribucional e sociocognitiva
Authors: Freitag Raquel Meister Ko
Published: November 2018

Para identificar a que significados sociais uma variante está associada, na Sociolinguística, fenômenos de variação e mudança costumam ser estudados do ponto de vista da produção e do ponto de vista da percepção. Um artifício conceitual utilizado para articular as duas perspectivas de abordagem é a saliência. O objetivo deste texto é apresentar o conceito de saliência e qual é o seu efeito nos processos de variação linguística considerando a estrutura da língua e a cognição dos falantes: os efeitos da saliência na estrutura linguística se manifestam como saliência fônica, sintática e semântica; os efeitos na cognição dos falantes se manifestam na relação entre frequência de ocorrência de uma variável e seu grau de previsibilidade e prototipia em um contexto, e a percepção do falante. Entender a relação entre a saliência na estrutura da língua e na cognição dos falantes em processos de variação linguística permite identificar os gatilhos de preconceito social, já que variáveis salientes tendem a ser indexadas a perfis sociais no nível consciente.
CD155-Transducing Signaling through TIGIT Plays an Important Role in Transmission of Tolerant State and Suppression Capacity
Authors: Negishi Naoko , Sato Takehito , Yamashita-Kanemaru Yumi , Shibuya Kazuko , Uchida Koichiro , Kametani Yoshie , Yagita Hideo , Kitaura Jiro , Okumura Ko , Habu Sonoko
Published: November 2018

The precise mechanism of how the regulatory T cell population elicits and maintains tolerant state in activated T cells is poorly understood. To address this issue, we established an in vitro coculture system using mouse T cells and showed that tolerant state is serially passed from preinduced-tolerant T cells into new TCR-stimulated T cells across generations in a dendritic cell–independent manner. In this successive induction process of tolerant state, TIGIT was found to play an important role: TIGIT expression on induced-tolerant T cells was promoted in stimulated T cells cocultured with the tolerant cells. In addition, these stimulated T cells in the coculture also expressed high B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 accompanied by IL-2 suppression. Because CD155, a partner of TIGIT, is known to transduce signaling inside by trans-interaction with its ligands, these phenotypical changes in TCR-stimulated naive T cells were reproduced when naive T cells were double cross-linked by CD3 and CD155. These results indicate that TIGIT enhanced on tolerant T cells may function as a ligand of its paired receptor CD155 to transduce signaling into its expressing naive T cells to accelerate new TIGIT expressions as well as IL-2 suppression via B lymphocyte-induced maturation protein 1 enhancement. In consideration of these results, we propose a novel process in which tolerant state in T cell population is maintained by successive generation of new tolerant T cells from naive T cells as one of the regulating mechanisms in immune responses.
Experiences of school health nurses regarding the provision of the school health service delivery in the Tshwane district
Authors: Dibakwane Selebetswe T. , Peu Mmapheko D.
Published: November 2018

Background: Irrespective of the provision of an integrated school health policy, the school health nurses continue to experience multiple challenges regarding the provisioning of school health service delivery.Aim: The aim of this paper was to explore and describe the experiences of school health nurses regarding school health service delivery in the Tshwane district.Setting: Schools in the Tshwane district in Pretoria were used in the study.Methods: A qualitative and descriptive phenomenological design was used to conduct the study. Purposive sampling techniques were used to select a sample from the population of school health nurses employed in the Tshwane district and conduct the enquiry because of their knowledge and experience of school health services. The researchers collected data by means of unstructured, one-on-one in-depth interviews. The Tesch data analysis method was used by the researcher and co-coder. The researcher identified categories, subcategories and themes and these were reduced into grouping topics that were related to one another.Results: Positive and negative experiences of school health nurses emerged. It was evident from the findings of the study that the factors affecting the quality of the integrated school health programme (ISHP) provided were interrelated. Most of these factors negatively affected service delivery.Conclusion: It was recommended that the partnership between the National Department of Health and National Department of Basic Education as the main role players should be sustained at all times to ensure the successful implementation of the ISHP.
A Generalization of a Theorem of Swan with Applications to Iwasawa Theory
Authors: Nickel Andreas
Published: November 2018

Let $p$ be a prime and let $G$ be a finite group. By a celebrated theorem of Swan, two finitely generated projective $\mathbb{Z}_{p}[G]$-modules $P$ and $P^{\prime }$ are isomorphic if and only if $\mathbb{Q}_{p}\otimes _{\mathbb{Z}_{p}}P$ and $\mathbb{Q}_{p}\otimes _{\mathbb{Z}_{p}}P^{\prime }$ are isomorphic as $\mathbb{Q}_{p}[G]$-modules. We prove an Iwasawa-theoretic analogue of this result and apply this to the Iwasawa theory of local and global fields. We thereby determine the structure of natural Iwasawa modules up to (pseudo-)isomorphism.
COOLING STARCH-THICKENED FOOD ITEMS WITH COLD TUBE AGITATION1
Authors: Longree Karla , Moragne Lenora , White James C.
Published: November 2018

This investigation was concerned with the cooling of 4-gal. batches of food by agitation using a rotating tube as agitator through which flowed refrigerated water. The aim was: (a) to gain information on the total cooling time of various white sauces; and (b) to observe changes in certain quality characteristics affected by this method of cooling such as, relative viscosity, density, whiteness reflectance, and acceptability for service. The variables were the level of flour in the sauces (4, 6, and 12 oz-/gal. milk), the level of fat in the sauces (4, 6, and 12 oz./gal. milk), and the rate of agitation of the cold tube (6, 12, and 18 rpm.)

In general, the rate of cooling increased as the rate of agitation increased. The twenty-four sauces cooled from 140°F. to 60°F. within 5 hours, and half of them within 3 hours. The high-fat sauces cooled more slowly. Changes in relative viscosity were small, and in all but two cases they did not affect the acceptability of the sauces for service.

It appears that efficient cooling can be obtained with the u-tube without obejctionable loss in culinary quality.

An analysis of variance and t test comparisons were carried out.
DETECTION OF A RANCID-LIKE FLAVOR IN MILK1
Authors: Nelson J. A. , Hedrick R. R. , Brence J. L.
Published: November 2018

Homogenized milk was inoculated with different amounts of rancid whole milk powder. The samples were scored by three milk judges to determine their “threshold value” for rancid flavor. The results revealed that the sensitivity to rancidity varied among judges. This indicated that consumers probably do not have like tolerances for rancidity and that milk graders should apply a chemical test in addition to taste to detect slight rancid off-flavor defects in a milk supply.
PRELIMINARY REPORT ON A BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDY OF SELECTED COMMERCIALLY PREPARED, WRAPPED SANDWICHES1
Authors: Adame J. L. , Post F. J. , Bliss A. H.
Published: November 2018

“Wet” and “dry” type sandwiches were examined bacteriologically and evidence has been found that growth of contaminating organisms took place in the “wet” or moist salad types. This growth is believed to be a reflection of the fact that the sandwiches are prepared 17–20 hours prior to sale and held for this time at ambient air temperature (23°–30°C in this area). It is felt that the salad type sandwiches present a potential food poisoning hazard.
SANITATION PROBLEMS IN THE NEW PRESSURIZED FOODS1
Authors: Wainess Harold
Published: November 2018

The amazing acceptance by the consumer of both the pressurized whipped cream container and non-food aerosols is finally leading to the development of many other pressurized foods.

Special public health precautions must be taken, including sanitary design of equipment, temperature controls, aseptic gassing, mechanical valve insertion, and sanitizing of valve and can.

The consumer is convenience-package-minded, but the industry must not neglect to continuously follow basic public health requirements for these new products.
FARM BULK TANK SEDIMENT TESTING1
Authors: Kihlstrum E. E. , Delhey R. W.
Published: November 2018

Studies were made on 1281 farm bulk tanks, selected at random in 29 states, to determine the amount of sediment in bulk farm milk. The studies showed excessive sediment; 10.7% of the bulk farm tanks had a sediment test grade of No. 4 (2.5 mg. or over); and 17.5% were grade No. 3 (1.0 to 2.4 mgs). As sediment testing of farm bulk milk is not practiced as a standard procedure, it is apparent that producers have become careless in controlling those factors which are important in keeping extraneous matter in milk to a minimum. Milk in a farm bulk tank can be tested for sediment regularly and with ease by the use of a one pint tester with agitated samples delivered to the milk plant laboratory by the hauler. Sediment tests graded No. 3 or No. 4 can be followed up by the fieldman. Tests can be made at the farm in the presence of the producer (using a bulk tank tester, now commercially available), and action may be taken if indicated.
A PLATE LOOP METHOD FOR DETERMINING VIABLE COUNTS OF RAW MILK1
Authors: Thompson D. I. , Donnelly C. B. , Black L. A.
Published: November 2018

A plate loop count method for determining viable counts of raw milk has been described. The technique uses a 0.001 ml calibrated loop attached to a continuous volume syringe for rinsing the sample into a standard petridish prior to pouring with agar. Results with this method compare closely with the standard plate count performed simultaneously on the same sample.
LABORATORY ASPECTS OF STAPHYLOCOCCAL FOOD POISONING FROM COLBY CHEESE
Authors: Allen Virginia D. , Stovall W. D.
Published: November 2018

Outbreaks of food poisoning in Wisconsin in 1958 were traced to Colby-type cheese, as were the outbreaks of greater magnitude in Indiana and Michigan. Laboratory examinations were made on a total of eighty seven samples from cheese, milk from producer farms and from swabs from factory equipment. Seventy-eight cultures of staphylococci were isolated. Seventy-two of these were coagulase positive, and forty-five of the coagulase positive cultures had phage patterns.
THE CONTROL OF ANTIBIOTICS IN MILK THROUGH A SOUND TEST PROGRAM1
Authors: Kosikowski Frank V.
Published: November 2018

The application of a steady field test program along with proper fieldman supervision markedly reduced the antibiotic incidence in milk at one large New York State fluid milk and cream dairy firm. Using the simple Cornell field antibiotic test kit much of the time, approximately 10,000 milks were tested over a four-month period on about 4,000 farms. The incidence in milk from producer can farms dropped from 6.5 per cent to 0.45 per cent during this period. On producer bulk tank farms the rate of incidence dropped from 5.1 per cent to between 0 and 0.5 per cent. As a result of this significant drop, no over-the-road tanker of milk destined for metropolitan areas contained antibiotics within the sensitivity limits of the tests employed.

Control of the antibiotic contamination of milk apparently is only as effective as the testing program. Because cows are constantly being treated with antibiotics the incidence of these drugs in milk will be a reflection of the constancy of testing.
ACTIVITIES OF THE U. S. PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE RELATING TO THE INTERSTATE MILK SHIPPER CERTIFICATION PROGRAM – 1959–19601
Authors: Faulkner John D. , Schlafman Irving H.
Published: November 2018

During the past two years, the Public Health Service has been able to discharge the responsibilities delegated to it by the National Conference on Interstate Milk Shipments in a manner more cosely conforming to the procedures set forth in the basic Conference agreements. A number of elements of our program have been strengthened including performance of the check-rating function, and the initiation of several research projects and special studies designed to improve the methodology, sanitation standards and evaluation techniques adopted by the Conference. In 1960, special action, in concert with the Executive Board of the Conference, was taken to realistically aproach and deal with the problem of antibiotic residues in milk shipped interstate from certified shippers. In addition, through an expanded program of seminars and training courses, efforts have been made to bring about a higher degree of uniformity in attitude and performance on the part of participating State agencies. Attention has been called to a number of other problems, which are recommended for Conference consideration.
THE MICROBIOLOGY OF SOME SELF-SERVICE, PACKAGED, LUNCHEON MEATS2
Authors: Miller W. A.
Published: November 2018

Microbiological examinations were made on 181 packages of sliced luncheon meats which were collected over a period of 21 months. Packages were obtained from 3 stores. Samples from 26 packages developed defects (sour, yeasty or musty, and sliminess) after storage for 3 to 7 days at 3° to 7.5° C; most of these originated from only one of the three stores.

Microbial counts on several spoiled samples, especially pickle loaf and macaroni-cheese loaf exceeded 2 billion/sq. inch.
EFFECT OF PIPELINE MILKING AND BULK HANDLING ON THE ACID DEGREE OF RAW MILK1
Authors: Brown D. C. , Thomas W. R.
Published: November 2018

Composite samples of milk taken at several stages in the milk-pipeline and bulk handling system were tested for acid degree. It was apparent that a large part of the rancidity induced by the system studied had its origin in the plastic milk hose between the milking unit and the pipeline. This influence was compounded when a milk-metering device was placed in the line, possibly as a result of the additional length of milk hose required by its installation. The data further show that handling after the pipeline operation has no influence in the development of the rancid flavor beyond that already initiated in the pipeline itself or spontaneously present in the milk.
SANITATION IN THE SPACE AGE1
Authors: Greene V. W.
Published: November 2018

The classic concepts of environmental sanitation have become an integral part of our way of life in this age. The advent of the space age requires an expansion of these concepts. We are faced today with phenomenal advances in transportation and communication. Are our sanitary surveillance techniques and regulations, basically geared for parochial communities, adequate to maintain the public health in a world served by supersonic carriers? Is our knowledge and training sufficient to meet the demands for ultraclean environments imposed by advances in medicine and industrial technology? We must be ready to consider such new problems as cleaning and disinfecting the hardware and materials being developed for space travel and exploration. We must gain a perspective of the environmental health problems of people confined in sealed capsules for long time periods. We must start thinking about the control of exotic and as yet undiscovered disease agents from other planets, the control of microbial dissemination from our world to others, the logistics of interplanetary quarantine. In addition to all of this, we must continue to provide the inhabitants of this world with a safe, clean and healthy environment.
PUBLIC HEALTH PROGRAMS – ARE THEY REALLY NECESSARY
Authors: Bradley C. L.
Published: November 2018

The need for adequate public health services by a community is a basic one. Such programs as home and school nursing, water and sewer facilities, milk and food sanitation, vector control and refuse disposal have markedly contributed toward disease prevention. The sanitarian must not forget to emphasize that there is a valid economic justification for complete public health services. This fact is often overlooked. The public health worker has a very real job of selling to do in order to bring about general acceptance of the philosophy that “sanitation is a way of life.”
FUTURE IMPERFECT1
Authors: Rosenblum Marcus
Published: November 2018

A look into the future of sanitation sees an increasingly higher level of responsibility and professional achievement. In particular, with respect to food, the need for further research, advanced training, and appropriate preventive measures is underlined by the increasing complexity and articulation of the system of food protection, processing, and distribution. The complexity and articulation of urbanized society even requires that the sanitarian assume some of the stature of a statesman or political scientist. While professional alliances are important in this prospect, essentially the drive of dedicated individuals is what will carry the profession and society to new levels of achievement. An important instrument in this drive is the body of professional literature which is both the possession and product of those who serve public health.
THE LAND-GRANT SYSTEM AND THE MILK SANITATION PROGRAM1
Authors: Nielsen V. H.
Published: November 2018

The Centennial of the Land-Grant college system is fittingly observed by the International Association of Milk and Food Sanitarians as it will be by many other professional and scientific groups. Much of the initiative to establish systematic and uniform procedures in the examination of milk products and many contributions to the scientific basis for a sound milk sanitation program came from workers in Land-Grant universities. Through their academic and extension teaching, the Land-Grant universities created a force of industry workers, milk sanitarians and dairy farmers who together elaborated and enforced the high standards of milk sanitation which give consumers of milk and dairy products in the United States protection unequalled in the world and which is an essential requirement for the success of our milk industry.
THE EFFECT ON BACTERIAL COUNTS OF THE GRADUAL WARMING OF MILK SAMPLES
Authors: Courtney J. L.
Published: November 2018

Samples of retail pasteurized milk were allowed to stand at room temperature for 4 hr during which the temperature of the samples increased 33 F to an average maximum of 81 F. Coliform and standard plate counts were made during this period. Only 2 samples out of 16 showed extensive coliform growth. Increases in standard plate counts were surprisingly small.
CLEANING INTERIOR SURFACES OF MILKING ROOMS1
Authors: Burkhardt Martin E. , Erbach Donald C. , Witzel S. A. , Calbert H. E.
Published: November 2018

The main objective of this work was to determine a management practice that would maintain a visibly clean wall surface in the milking room in the most practical manner. Walls could be kept clean by (a) wetting the surface at the beginning of the milking operation, (b) keeping the surface moist during the milking operations, and (c) immediate wash down of any manure or soil deposited on the surface. Satisfactory results can be attained at normal farm water system temperatures and pressures.
GUIDING PRINCIPLES THAT FORMULATE PUBLIC RELATIONS THEORY1
Authors: Grover Malcolm P.
Published: November 2018

Public relations theory is the foundation for relations practices which management uses to accrue maximum benefits to all functions of the organization. Through a knowledgeable study of all facts concerning a given situation, a plan can be developed to achieve the end result of good relations. The problem of relations with the many publics in the everyday workings of a sanitarian or sanitation organization cannot be met or dismissed by a press release or speech.

To develop a sound public relations program, the principles of theory must be considered. This paper has discussed three major principles. These are (a) consideration of fundamental matters, (b) organization involvement in decisions, and (c) evaluating the public interest. If these points are balanced with the actions of an organization, as a philosophy of management, the results will bring about the most favorable relations possible.
STUDIES ON DISC ASSAY METHODS FOR DETECTION OF ANTIBIOTICS IN MILK
Authors: Marth E. H. , Alexander F. J. , Hussong R. V.
Published: November 2018

Studies on disc-assay procedures for detection of milk-borne antibiotics indicated that the “quick” test could regularly detect 0.05 unit penicillin per ml of milk if: (a) petri plates were poured with 5 ml of Penassay agar seeded with at least one but not more than 10 million spores of Bacillus subtilis per ml and (b) an incubation of 3 to 4 hr at 98 F. was used. Storage of poured plates (with Penassay agar) at 40 F. for 72 hr or use of plastic instead of glass petri plates did not reduce sensitivity of the test. A procedure found suitable for detection, in milk, of relatively low levels of antibiotics other than penicillin is based on: (a) use, per petri dish, of 5 ml. Penassay agar seeded with 100,000 to 1,000,000 spores of B. subtilis per ml and (b) an incubation at 72 F. for 16 to 18 hr.
TECHNIQUES FOR EVALUATING VECTOR CONTROL MEASURES
Authors: Savage Eldon P.
Published: November 2018

Monitoring devices for determining population characteristics of the fly, roach, miscellaneous insect pests, and rodents are described along with ecologic factors. Entomologic surveillance of fly populations is accomplished by use of the fly grill, fly trap, and visual observations. These all require periodic evaluations to determine population changes. Cockroach evaluations are made by direct count and observations, coupled with nocturnal inspection of premises timed to coincide with peak roach activity. Other insect populations are monitored for presence or absence by checking sites such as windows for flying insects, and examining floors, pallets, and walls for insects that have emerged. Sacked grains and cereal infestations are checked for insect presence by examining the exteriors of the bags and the stitched ends. Presence or absence of rodents is usually determined by searches for rodent signs. However, total rodent populations can be estimated. Most sanitarians consider the presence of a single fly, rat, or other pest in a milk or food establishment objectional. Until this goal of complete exclusion of insects and rodents is reached, food and milk sanitarians should give serious thought to developing improved monitoring tools based on insect and rodent ecology.
THE MICROBIOLOGY OF SELF-SERVICE, PREPACKAGED, FRESH PORK SAUSAGE1
Authors: Miller W. A.
Published: November 2018

Ten different brands of self-service, prepackaged shipped-in fresh pork sausage (227 packages) were purchased during 22 months from 4 large volume stores. Bacterial counts at purchase ranged from 10,000 to 180 million per g. Samples taken from packages and stored at 3 to 7.5 C. for 3 to 7 days showed a wide range of bacterial populations, varying from fewer than 100,000 to more than 2 billion per g. Microbacteria and lactobacilli dominated the flora in the majority of packages of wrapped-roll sausages; conversely, Pseudomonas-Achromobacter types dominated in most of the skinless link type sausages.
BACTERIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF FILLETING PROCESSES IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Authors: Tretsven Wayne I.
Published: November 2018

Pughing of various species of bottom fish was quantitatively evaluated with regard to the incidence of pugh marks, the percentage weight loss in trimming away pugh-damaged area, the rate of spoilage of pugh-damaged areas, the predisposition toward discoloration of these areas, and the bacterial effects of pughing before and after iced storage.
EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PROGRAMS1
Authors: Hilbert Morton S.
Published: November 2018

“Consciously or subconsciously evaluation is an inseparable part of human life and one of the characteristics that distinguishes the behavior of the cerebrating homosapiens from the insect-guided, reflex-conditioned behavior of the lower forms of animal life. Objective, critical, self-evaluation is said to be a hallmark of the emotionally mature adult.

Evaluation is not new in public health. It predates Lemuel Shattuck's report and probably also predates Biblical references to public health. One cannot plan or administer public health programs properly without evaluating them. Although evaluation is not new, methods and tools of measurement change as do attitudes toward and emphasis on evaluation. Thus it is timely in an age when we can measure the energy released by synthetic nuclear fission to renew our efforts at measuring the accomplishments of our public health programs.”

–Editorial: Am. J. Public Health, 45:1480. 1955.
COMPARISON BETWEEN STANDARD METHODS PROCEDURE AND A SURFACE PLATE METHOD FOR ESTIMATING PSYCHROPHILIC BACTERIA IN MILK1
Authors: Punch J. D. , Olson J. C.
Published: November 2018

Psychrophilic population levels were determined by Standard Methods procedure (1) and a surface plate method. Thirty-one samples of raw milk, 47 samples of commercial pasteurized milk, and 94 samples of milk containing pure cultures of selected psychrophiles were used in the comparisons. A statistical evaluation of the results indicated counts obtained by the surface plate method after incubation of the plates for five days at 6C were equivalent to counts obtained by the standard procedure after incubation for 7–8 days at 6C. Colonies on the surface plates were larger, more uniform in size, and consequently easier to count than those on poured plates. Also, enhanced pigmentation and more characteristic colonial morphology was observed with surface plates. Approximately 80% of the pinpoint colonies appearing on the poured plates after 8 days and on the surface plates after 7 days of incubation at 6C were Gram-positive cocci indicating the emergence of colonies of organisms not considered to be psychrophilic species important to the shelf life of milk.
SANITARY STUDIES ON MALTED MILK SHAKES1
Authors: Foltz V. D. , Mickelsen Ross
Published: November 2018

One hundred samples of vanilla flavored malted milk shakes were analyzed for the incidence of staphylococci and coliform organisms. Eighty-one samples contained coliform organisms and ten samples contained coagulase positive phage typable strains of staphylococci. A discussion of bacterial sanitary standards for products such as “malts” and “shakes” is presented.
COMPARATIVE DESTRUCTION OF LACTIC STREPTOCOCCUS BACTERIOPHAGES ON VARIOUS SURFACES BY GERMICIDAL AEROSOLS1,2
Authors: Sing E. L. , Elliker P. R. , Sandine W. E.
Published: November 2018

A comparison was made of destruction by various germicidal aerosols of lactic streptococcus bacteriophages on a number of different types of representative building surfaces and stainless steel. With the exception of the stainless steel the surfaces were coated either with enamel or epoxy resin. Surfaces were contaminated by fogging with a phage suspension in a test chamber. After 15 min, germicide was fogged into the chamber and phage recovered from surfaces by scrubbing with inactivator solution.

Chlorine compounds as represented by dichloroisocyanuric acid (DCCA) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) were markedly superior to quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) and phosphoric acid wetting agent (PAWA). Porosity of surface greatly influenced rate of phage inactivation. Aerosols appeared to be most effective on surfaces in the horizontal as compared to the vertical position. Complete inactivation of phage was not realized with either QAC or PAWA at all concentrations tested. However, fogging levels of 2000 ppm DCCA and NaOCl attained 100% of destruction of bacteriophage on horizontal building surfaces and 500 to 1000 ppm accomplished this on stainless steel.
RELATIONSHIP OF FEULGEN-DNA IN MILK AND OF MILK QUALITY TEST (MQT) TO THE NUMBER OF MILK SOMATIC CELLS1
Authors: Paape M. J. , Hafs H. D. , Tucker H. A.
Published: November 2018

The relationships of Feulgen-DNA determinations and Milk Quality Test (MQT) score with the concentration of milk cells were determined from 75 milk samples. The correlation of the number of each cell type with Feulgen-DNA score was consistently higher than with MQT score, but the highest correlation of 0.876 between Feulgen-DNA scores and total cell numbers accounted for 77% of the total variation. Plotting the observed values revealed a linear relationship when both variables were transformed to logarithms. The correlaion of the logarithms of the coded Feulgen-DNA scores with the logarithms of total cell numbers was 0.909. The coefficient of variation for Feulgen-DNA scores was 7%, much less than the 32% for the microscopic estimations of cell concentration. These data indicated that Feulgen-DNA scores may be at least as accurate in estimating milk cell numbers as microscopic estimations.
ANALYSIS OF ANIMAL FOOD PRODUCTS FOR CHLORINATED INSECTICIDE RESIDUES.
Authors: Stemp A. R. , Langlois B. E. , Liska B. J.
Published: November 2018

The use of ECGC along with proper sample clean-up provides an accurate analytical method for the detection and measurement of trace amounts of chlorinated insecticide residues. Levels of 0.01 ppm of several insecticides may be determined, providing a degree of accuracy comparable to other analytical procedures, if the following precautions are observed: (a) a representative sample is available; (b) the linearity of the instrument is determined for each compound; (c) all reagents are redistilled; (d) only high purity nitrogen is used as the carrier gas; (e) the chromatographic clean-up column is not overloaded with fat; (f) proper elution techniques are followed; (g) the best column packing is used for the insecticides being analyzed; (h) an all glass system is used including a borosilicate glass injector tube and a borosilicate glass column; (i) careful control of temperature and rate of gas flow is performed; and (j) analytical instrument is carefully calibrated with standard insecticide solutions at specified times.
EVOLUTIONARY CHANGES IN THE CORNELL PHOSPHATASE TEST
Authors: Kosikowski Frank V.
Published: November 2018

The Cornell phosphatase test, with its single buffer for milk and all dairy products, has been adopted successfully and widely in the past 15 years. Recent changes in national and state regulations raising temperatures to high levels for acceptable pasteurization, and direct experience gained on the behavior of chemical reagents in phosphatase testing have suggested evolutionary revisions in the Cornell test, leading to greater simplicity without upsetting its demonstrated past high sensitivity and reproducibility. Changes include estabishing one hour as the incubation time for the standard test, simplifying color standard preparation, substituting CQC for BQC, reducing time of color development to 5 min, emphasizing butyl alcohol extraction and selecting a lower level phenol value for defining underpasteurization.

The revised Cornell standard 1-hr phosphatase test detects 0.1% raw milk addition to pasteurized milk and a drop of between one and two degrees in HTST milk pasteurization processes. It does the above with less reagents and in a shorter time than formerly.
APPLICATION OF THE WISCONSIN MASTITIS TEST UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS1
Authors: Postle D. S. , Smith A. R.
Published: November 2018

The Wisconsin Mastitis Test was subjected to a trial in five Wisconsin Department of Agriculture Brucellosis Ring Test Laboratories. The test was conducted by 15 laboratory technicians and was evaluated on two bases, namely (a) reproducibility and (b) correlation of the test results of the technicians with a standard. The reproducibility for the results of each technician and each laboratory was expressed as a coefficient of variability (average pooled C.V. 8.46%) and the correlation was expressed as correlation coefficients (average 0.96). The results of the field trial indicate that the Wisconsin mastitis test can perform as well under field conditions as in a research laboratory.
EFFECT OF PIPETTE TYPE AND SAMPLE SIZE ON PLATE COUNT RESULTS
Authors: Marth E. H. , Proctor J. F. , Hussong R. V.
Published: November 2018

Raw and pasteurized milk samples were plated by seven analysts using 0.1- and 1.0-ml quantities (of appropriate dilutions) dispensed by 0.1-ml glass, 1.1-ml plastic and 1.1- and 2.2-ml glass pipettes. Incubation was at 32 C for 48 hr. Data were subjected to an analysis of variance and the standard deviation as a ratio was calculated. The procedures were compared from two points of view, first to determine if biases existed between the different methods and second if the techniques differed in their random error. No appreciable differences were found between types of pipettes when pasteurized milk was plated. The quantity used, however, was important. Use of a 0.1-ml sample size was associated with more variable results which averaged 10% higher than when a 1.0-ml quantity was plated. Statistical analysis of test results obtained with pasteurized milk suggests: (a) when 0.1-ml samples were used least variation was encountered with the 0.1-ml glass pipette and most variation with the 1.1-ml glass pipette, and (b) when 1.0-ml samples were used very little difference appeared between pipettes although the 1.1-ml plastic pipette tended toward less variation. When raw milk contained large numbers of bacteria, the plastic pipette tended to give higher results than glass pipettes when the 1.0-ml quantity was used; however, these differences with raw milk were not found to be statistically significant. Standard deviations as a ratio revealed: (a) greatest variation with the 2.2-ml glass pipette and least with a 0.1-ml glass or 1.1-ml plastic pipette when a 0.1-ml quantity was used, and (b) greatest variation with a 1.1-ml plastic pipette and least with a 2.2-ml glass pipette when a 1.0-ml sample size was used.
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE AS A BACTERICIDE FOR STAPHYLOCOCCI IN CHEESE MILK1,2
Authors: Walker G. C. , Harmon L. G.
Published: November 2018

Raw whole milk containing native and added strains of coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus was heated to 120 or 130 F and 0.05% H2O2 was added to determine the bactericidal efficiency of the treatment. Trials were conducted in the laboratory using 250-ml quantities of milk, and in the pilot plant using 215-lb batches of milk which were made into Cheddar cheese. Hydrogen peroxide was a beneficial adjunct to the heating process in the milk heated to 120 F, but in the milk heated to 130 F the destruction of staphylococci and other miscellaneous organisms normally present in milk was not enhanced by the addition of H2O2. When the milk was heated at the lower temperature the populations of staphylococci were much higher in the milk, curd and whey during manufacture, and in the cheese during ripening. Cheddar cheese made from milk to which H2O2 had been added contained an average of 40.75% moisture and had a weak body, while cheese made in the same manner from similarly heated milk without H2O2 contained an average of 35.71% moisture and had a normal body.
A SURVEY OF DAIRY CATTLE HOUSING IN INDIANA1,2
Authors: Albright J. L. , Young J. O. , Moeller N. J. , Cavanaugh Verne
Published: November 2018

In three testing periods from January 1 to April 20, 1964 the milk, physical appearance of the cows and the bedded area in the free stall housing were cleaner than the other two basic systems of housing. Bedding requirements in free stall housing were reduced approximately 74 and 56% below those of loose housing and stanchion barns, respectively. Health disorders were reduced in free stall housing.
KEEPING QUALITY OF MARKET MILK OBTAINED AT RETAIL OUTLETS AND AT PROCESSING PLANTS1
Authors: Randolph H. E. , Freeman T. R. , Peterson R. W.
Published: November 2018

A study was made of the keeping quality of market milk obtained from retail outlets and processing plants in Lexington, Ky., during 1963. Included were a total of 144 samples from retail outlets processed by 9 commercial plants and 92 samples obtained at 5 commercial processing plants.

Approximately 7, 16, 31, 58 and 74% of the retail outlet samples did not have a satisfactory flavor score after storage for 0 (date purchased), 4, 7, 10 and 14 days, respectively, at 40–42 F. The average keeping quality was 7.7 days from the date of purchase. The samples ranged from 0 to 14 days old when purchased, the average being 3.9 days. Approximately 2, 8, 52, and 83% of the samples obtained at the processing plants did not have a satisfactory flavor score after storage for 0 (date obtained), 3, 5, and 7 days, respectively, at 50 F. The majority of the samples possessed “psychrophilic” type defects at the time the flavor quality was judged unacceptable.

Initial standard plate, coliform, and psychrophilic counts were generally low. Standard plate counts (SPC) on the samples after storage were rather high.

Highly significant correlations were observed in samples obtained at retail outlets between the following individual factors: Initial SPC and age; initial SPC and SPC after storage; initial SPC and keeping quality; SPC after storage and age; SPC after storage and keeping quality; and age at purchase and keeping quality. The multiple correlation between keeping quality and age, initial SPC, and SPC after storage was 0.64. Highly significant differences were observed between plants with respect to age of samples when purchased, SPC after storage, and keeping quality.

There was a highly significant correlation between the keeping quality of the samples obtained from processing plants and the Moseley count. No significant correlations between keeping quality and SPC and psychrophilic counts were detectable. The multiple correlation between keeping quality and SPC, psychrophilic count, and Moseley count was 0.30. Highly significant differences were observed between plants with respect to keeping quality.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE BACTERIAL QUALITY OF INSTANT NONFAT DRY MILK IN CONSUMER PACKAGES1
Authors: Mull L. E. , Smith K. L.
Published: November 2018

Samples of instant nonfat dry milk in consumer-size packages were collected over a period of 12 months for bacteriological analysis. Highest average bacterial count was obtained at 30 C. The average bacterial count of all 72 samples was 1900 per g. Counts ranged from 18,000 to less than 300 per g. Statistical analysis of the data indicated that higher total counts might have been obtained using a plate incubation temperature below 30 C. Of 1350 isolates obtained from the samples, 13.5% were gram-positive cocci. The remainder of the organisms were gram-positive rods. There was a tendency for samples having higher bacterial counts to have a higher proportion of cocci.
BACTERIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF FILLETING PROCESSES IN THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST
Authors: Tretsven Wayne I.
Published: November 2018

Bacterial counts of the incoming fish, of the fillets produced from them, and of the surfaces of the processing equipment used were determined in 11 filleting plants in Oregon and Washington. The range in counts was wide. Counts among incoming fish in summer and winter and among fish of different quality, however, did not differ significantly. Washing the fish reduced the counts about 60%. During filleting, flushing the boards on which the filleting was done reduced the contamination on the boards by 85% and reduced the contamination of the fillets by 90%. Because the bacterial load on the fillets is due primarily to contamination, comparing the count on the incoming fish with that on the fillets produced from them was found to be a good index of sanitation during processing.
EVALUATION OF STATE CENTRAL MILK LABORATORIES BY STATISTICAL ANALYSES OF STANDARD PLATE COUNTS
Authors: Donnelly C. B. , Peeler J. T. , Black L. A.
Published: November 2018

Donnelly, C. B. (Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, Ohio), James T. Peeler, and Luther A. Black. Evaluation of state central milk laboratories by statistical analyses of standard plate counts.—Standard plate counts reported by analysts in 54 state central laboratories for “normal” milk samples sent out in 1961, 1962, and 1963 revealed that an incubation temperature of 32 C produced more colonies than 35 C, and that the overall variance, s2, of counts for any sample should not greatly exceed 0.012. Based on this variance, s2 = 0.012, 80% of the analysts should agree within 1.3 standard deviations of the logarithmic mean of 75% of the normal samples. A method for detecting outliers and judging the performance of individual analysts is described.
EFFECTS OF LEUCOCYTE DEGENERATION ON MASTITIS SCREENING TESTS1
Authors: Singh B. , Marshall R. T.
Published: November 2018

Direct microscopic leucocyte counts (DMLC) and morphological studies indicated that leucocytes disintegrate and lysis progresses rapidly from day 1 to day 2 in milk samples during storage. The average DMLC/ml decreased 34% during the first two days of storage. The reactivity of the samples to the California Mastitis Test decreased with sample age. These combined observations suggest that deoxyribonuclease (DNA), once free of the intact leucocyte, becomes less reactive or non-reactive to the test reagents. Milk samples which produced more than 20% O2 gave highly reproducible results when tested by the catalase method. Those which produced less than 20% gave erratic results.
FACTORS RELATED TO THE ESTIMATION OF CATALASE ACTIVITY IN MILK1
Authors: Willits R. E. , Babel F. J.
Published: November 2018

A definite relationship between the somatic cell count of milk and catalase activity was observed when the oxygen liberated was measured accurately with a Warburg apparatus. The somatic cell count could be predicted from the equation: log Y = 2.79 + (1.35 log X), where Y = the somatic cell count in thousands, and X = the microliters of oxygen evolved from 0.5 ml of 1% hydrogen peroxide per milliliter of milk in 40 min at 30 C. The correlation coefficient for this regression is 0.90, and is highly significant.

Catalase activity of milk was maximal over the pH range of 5.64 to 10.74 and at 18 C. Activity was close to the maximum at 15 and 22 C and only slightly less at 10 and 25 C. Milk which contained 590 catalase-producing Staphylococcus aureus organisms per milliliter liberated very little oxygen; such numbers would not influence conclusions from the catalase test.
CORRELATION BETWEEN STANDARD PLATE COUNT AND FOUR DIRECT MICROSCOPIC COUNT PROCEDURES FOR MILK
Authors: Dabbah Roger , Moats W. A.
Published: November 2018

The standard plate count (SPC-32 C) and the direct microscopic count (DMC) of samples of commercially pasteurized milk inoculated with pure cultures of actively growing (18–24 hr growth) bacteria commonly found in milk were compared. Four staining procedures for DMC were used: (a) Levowitz-Weber's methylene blue stain; (b) a modified Levowitz-Weber stain incorporating basic fuchsin; (c) alcoholic-acetic acid fixation followed by periodic acid-bisulfite treatment and staining with pH4 toluidine blue; and (d) alcoholic-acetic acid fixation and staining with pH4 toluidine blue. Counting was standardized by the use of a geometrical pattern. Correlations between SPC and each DMC procedure, or among the DMC procedures were little influenced by the number of microscopic fields counted, their location on the smear or the definition of “clumping” used. Correlations were influenced by the type of bacterial culture inoculated in milk and by the staining procedure. Precision of DMC was shown to be independent from the staining procedure, but varied directly with the number of cells per field and inversely with the square root of the number of fields counted.
SUITABILITY OF LOW TEMPERATURE VACUUM PAN EVAPORATOR CONDENSATE FOR PLANT USES
Authors: Stock Daniel A.
Published: November 2018

A preliminary study to investigate the possibility of utilizing condensates and tailwater from the low temperature vacuum pan evaporation of skim milk for evaporating plant uses was made. The results indicated that the utilization of these condensates and tailwaters for various plant purposes is possible and should provide a readily available, safe and sanitary water source if adequate steps such as quality monitoring and treatment are taken to insure that the highest quality of water is retained and used. The use of tailwater as a heat exchange medium on a single pass basis should require only quality control monitoring. However, condensate or tailwater which is to be used for other purposes should be aerated and may need additional treatment to prevent the development of tastes, odors, growths, corrosion, and scale formation.