bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metabarcoding with MinION: Speeding up the detection of invasive aquatic species using environmental DNA and nanopore sequencing
Authors: Egeter Bastian , Veríssimo Joana , Lopes-Lima Manuel , chaves catia , Pinto Joana , Riccardi Nicoletta , Beja Pedro , Fonseca Nuno A.
Published: March 2021

Traditional detection of aquatic invasive species, via morphological identification is often time-consuming and can require a high level of taxonomic expertise, leading to delayed mitigation responses. Environmental DNA (eDNA) detection approaches of multiple species using Illumina-based sequencing technology have been used to overcome these hindrances, but sample processing is often lengthy. More recently, portable nanopore sequencing technology has become available, which has the potential to make molecular detection of invasive species more widely accessible and to substantially decrease sample turnaround times. However, nanopore-sequenced reads have a much higher error rate than those produced by Illumina platforms, which has so far hindered the adoption of this technology. We provide a detailed laboratory protocol and bioinformatic tools to increase the reliability of nanopore sequencing to detect invasive species, and we test its application using invasive bivalves. We sampled water from sites with pre-existing bivalve occurrence and abundance data, and contrasting bivalve communities, in Italy and Portugal. We extracted, amplified and sequenced eDNA with a turnaround of 3.5 days. The majority of processed reads were ≥ 99 % identical to reference sequences. There were no taxa detected other than those known to occur. The lack of detections of some species at some sites could be explained by their known low abundances. The approach is now being tested on other target taxa such as fish and other vertebrates.
Molecular assessment of native fish diversity in UNESCO heritage site, Tasik Raban, using DNA barcoding
Authors: Abdull Rahman Ramizah , Osman Nurul Fizatul Nabilah , Abu Bakar Adibah , Saidin Syazwan , Abdul Ghani Intan Faraha , Ahmad Amirrudin , Mohd Nor Siti Azizah
Published: March 2021

Freshwater species are the most threatened group to be assessed to date by the IUCN. Freshwater fish has enormous importance as animal protein supplies for human, and it is estimated that 6% of the world annual animal protein supplies come from freshwater fishes. Barcoding projects have been initiated all over the world and the field is constantly growing. In Malaysia however, the field has not been deeply investigated and not many barcoding projects have been undertaken especially for freshwater fishes. The aim of our study is to support the progress of DNA barcode project, especially for inland reservoirs like Tasik Raban, Perak. A Standard methodology using Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) marker was developed to ensure native fishes are barcoded taxonomically and molecularly and ready to be accessed through online databases. Such public references can help increase awareness on local fish diversity management. Information on taxonomy and molecular characterization can be used to plan further conservation programmed especially for depleted, unrecognized, and cryptic native species.
Strategy for Successful Integration of eDNA-based Methods in Aquatic Monitoring
Authors: Blancher Philippe , Lefrançois Estelle , Rimet Frederic , Bouchez Agnès
Published: March 2021

Recent developments in the use of environmental DNA are opening up new horizons for the assessment of the quality of aquatic environments. These rapid and cost-effective methods, in very swift progress, will potentially offer the opportunity to identify all the taxa present in an environmental sample (water or biota) by the use of complementary markers. The produced inventories can then be used for the assessment of biodiversity and ecological quality. However, the inclusion of these new DNA-based methods in monitoring practices is not straightforward and requires harmonised actions in the coming years at national and international levels.

In order to foresee and stimulate such a harmonised implementation, the European network DNAqua-Net (COST Action CA15219) brought together some of its members, experts of ECOSTAT and other environmental biomonitoring stakeholders from different European countries. Through workshops, bringing together 51 participants in 7 sub-groups in April 2020, an implementation roadmap was designed. The coordinated actions to be taken in the different countries, and the possible collaborations and steps to be taken at the EU level were identified.

This presentation will give an overview of all discussions (Lefrançois et al. 2020) reflecting the diversity of situations in Europe, as well as common views. We will highlight important actions required for a successful implementation of DNA-based biomonitoring of aquatic ecosystems to the horizon of 2030.
A large-scale ecological assessment of Swiss rivers using environmental DNA for the monitoring of macroinvertebrates
Authors: Brantschen Jeanine , Blackman Rosetta , Walser Jean-Claude , Altermatt Florian
Published: March 2021

Anthropogenic activities are changing the state of ecosystems worldwide, affecting community composition and often resulting in loss of biodiversity. Riverine ecosystems are among the most impacted ecosystems. Recording their current state with regular biomonitoring is important to assess the future trajectory of biodiversity. However, traditional monitoring methods for ecological assessments are costly and time-intense. Here, we compare environmental DNA (eDNA) to traditional kick-net sampling in a standardized framework of surface water quality assessment. We use surveys of macroinvertebrate communities to assess biodiversity and the biological state of riverine systems. Both methods were employed to monitor aquatic macroinvertebrate indicator groups at 92 sites across major Swiss river catchments. The eDNA data were taxonomically assigned using a customised reference database. All zero-radius Operational Taxonomic Units (zOTUs) mapping to one of the 142 traditionally used indicator taxon levels were used for subsequent diversity analyses (n = 205). At the site level, eDNA detected less indicator taxa than the kick-net method and alpha diversity correlated only weakly between the methods. However, the methods showed a strong congruence in the overall community composition (gamma diversity), as the same indicator groups were commonly detected. In order to set the community composition in relation to the biotic index, the ecological states of the sampling sites were predicted by a random forest approach. Using all zOTUs mapping to macroinvertebrate indicator groups (n = 693) as predictive features, the random forest models successfully predicted the ecological status of the sampled sites. The majority of the predictions (71%) resulted in the same classification like the kick-net based scores. Thus, the sampling of eDNA enabled the detection of indicator communities and provided valuable classifications of the ecological state, when combined with machine learning. Overall, eDNA based sampling has the potential to complement traditional surveys of macroinvertebrate communities in routine large-scale assessments in a non-invasive and scalable approach.
Challenges in data analyses and data storage for metabarcoding
Authors: Fontaneto Diego , Franc Alain
Published: March 2021

The working group of the DNAquanet COST Action dealing with data analyses and data storage for the use of metabarcoding approaches in biodiversity assessment, namely Working Group 4, had two main goals. On the one hand the comparison of the available analytical pipelines, while keeping track of new advances in bioinformatics, and on the other hand to deal with potential issues in data storage and sharing in the era of big data. Such activities were carried out through discussions at meetings of the COST Action, organisations of workshops, online surveys, and meta-analyses.The main achievements of the first line of activity, comparing pipelines, will be summarised in the first of the talks of the session, dealing with differences in clustering algorithms to obtain clusters of sequences that are then used for subsequent analyses and inference. The other talks in the session will introduce different pipelines and approaches that are currently developed to improve the way biological monitoring can be performed.The main achievement of the second line of activity, on data storage and sharing, will be summarised in the first flash talk of the session, dealing with the current scenario and potential pitfalls related to sharing the raw data from massive sequencing.The other flash talks in the session will provide examples on the applications of different approaches to analyse biodiversity using DNA sequence data.We are confident that the pluralism in approaches and applications that will be presented in the session will provide supporting discussions and interactions for a convergence towards the optimisation of the pipelines and the best use of data from metabarcoding.
Metabarcoding to establish freshwater indicators of environmental degradation in the Indo-Burmese biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Vogler Alfried , Rahman Md. Mizanur , Burian Alfred , Creedy Thomas
Published: March 2021

Biodiversity hotspots of the world are increasingly exposed to anthropogenic pressures and resulting ecosystem breakdowns. However, biotic surveys for ecological status assessment are rarely conducted in poorly characterised, yet highly diverse ecosystems in the tropics and subtropics. Here, we addressed the challenge of developing a monitoring system for the highland streams of the Indo-Burmese biodiversity hotspot in Bangladesh, using a meta-barcoding approach to investigate the impacts of growing anthropogenic pressures on poorly studied invertebrate communities. Species richness and beta diversity in the region were correlated with anthropogenic stressors that varied greatly between sampling sites. A partial-network approach allowed us to identify potential indicator species for either a good or poor ecological status. Overall, our results document high species richness and pronounced responses to disturbance in these unexplored, but threatened habitats. In combination with classical taxonomy approaches, metabarcoding can therefore serve as a valuable tool to rapidly generate lacking baseline information facilitating the conservation of vulnerable ecosystems.
Macroinvertebrate community assessment and biomonitoring of European water bodies. Is a multimarker approach necessary?
Authors: Villaescusa Juan Antonio , Villena Mª José , González Raquel , Picazo Antonio , Rojo Verónica , Nieminem Marko , Classen Silke , Pujante Ana , Camacho Antonio
Published: March 2021

The present work, included in the European Project BIOWAT, aims to develop and validate the use of genomic tools or metabarcoding for its utilization as a routine method for river biomonitoring in different European Biogeographical regions. The project included sampling points in three biogeographic regions, Mediterranean (Spain), Continental (Germany) and Boreal (Finland). The current development of the study was designed using mock communities obtained from the three mentioned areas and different aspects were tested: DNA extraction methods, selection of informative region (16S vs COI), design and performance of primers, bioinformatic pipeline, etc…

Although the use of COI has become very popular, and its barcode database is more complete, the use of mitochondrial 16S as taxonomic marker can provide similar or even better results when accompanied by a rich local barcode database Elbrecht 2016. In this presentation, the results and conclusions obtained for the biomonitoring of nine rivers (3 for each of the biogeographic regions) using 16S as DNA marker and a local barcode database are shown. The results of ecological status assignment using 16S marker were promising, showing a good correlation between morphological determinations and metabarcoding data for most of the studied rivers. However, in some cases, the metabarcoding data showed a jump in the ecological status class (to better or worst status), highlighting the existence of some problems related with primers (for some taxonomic groups) or missing taxa in the barcode database that still need to be solved prior the utilization of this method on a routine basis.

Additionally, for the studied Mediterranean rivers, a complementary analysis using COI as marker was made, using the universal primers developed by Elbrecht and Leese 2017. In general, this marker showed better results in the identification for some taxa, whereas other included in the mock communities were not identified showing important problems that could be related with primers (sometimes not well covering characteristic taxa present in other biogeographic regions) or the lack of a complete COI macroinvertebrate barcode databases in the Iberian Peninsula for the case of Spain Múrria 2020.

Our results show that both markers have the potential to produce a good identification of benthic macroinvertebrates, showing an acceptable correlation between morphology and metabarcoding approaches. However, none of them is able to amplify all of the present groups, so the parallel use of both markers (mitochondrial 16S and COI) in a multimarker approach could solve some of the problems, giving a more complete profile of the macroinvertebrate community. This approach has already been proposed and can lead the future of macroinvertebrate community assessment Ficetola 2020, Martins 2020.
eDNA reveals estuarine benthic community response to nutrient enrichment – evidence from an in-situ experiment
Authors: Clark Dana , Pilditch Conrad , Ellis Joanne , Borja Angel , Atalah Javier , Pearman John , Zaiko Anastasija
Published: March 2021

Nutrient loading is a major threat to estuaries and coastal environments worldwide, therefore, it is critical that we have good monitoring tools to detect early signs of degradation in these ecologically important and vulnerable ecosystems. We carried out a seven-month manipulative experiment in two estuaries to assess the effects of nutrient loading on benthic communities. Environmental DNA metabarcoding was used to examine the response of eukaryotic (18S rRNA), diatom (rbcL), and bacterial (16S rRNA) communities to two levels of nutrient enrichment (150 and 600 g N m-2). Multivariate analyses demonstrated consistent changes in eukaryotic, diatom, and bacterial communities in response to enrichment, despite differing environmental conditions between sites (Fig. 1). These patterns aligned with changes in macrofaunal communities identified using traditional morphological techniques, confirming concordance between disturbance indicators detected by eDNA and current monitoring approaches. Clear shifts in eukaryotic and bacterial indicator taxa were seen in response to nutrient loading while changes in diatom communities were more subtle. Community changes were discernable between nutrient levels, suggesting that estuary health assessment tools could be developed to detect early signs of degradation. Existing eDNA-based biotic indices (microgAMBI and mtMBI) were able to detect these community shifts, suggesting transferability of these indices to other regions and systems. This work represents a first step towards the development of molecular-based estuary monitoring tools, which could provide a more holistic and sensitive approach to ecosystem health assessment with faster turn-around times and lower costs.
Quantitative eDNA estimates show a strong correlation with Northern Pike biomass in a controlled environment
Authors: Karlsson Erik , Sundblad Göran , Ogonowski Martin , Sundin Josefin , Svensson Ofir , Vasemägi Anti
Published: March 2021

Northern pike, Esox Lucius, is one of the most important species for recreational fisheries in Sweden and as a top-predator; it holds an important role in the food web. Despite its ecological and socioeconomic significance, pike is largely neglected in current monitoring programs because it is seldom caught by conventional monitoring methods. As a result, there is not sufficient data for management authorities to employ biologically justified management strategies. To be able to further understand pike ecology and monitor populations, new monitoring methods are needed. Recent developments in environmental DNA (eDNA) has shown the potential to produce (semi-)quantitative estimates of fish biomass. However, the amount of eDNA in water may vary depending on temperature, fish size, age and density, and it is therefore important to first evaluate the effect of biotic and abiotic factors on eDNA biomass relationships. Here, we evaluated the relationship between eDNA concentration and individual biomass of pike by keeping adult fish of varying size (0.75 – 3.41 kg, n = 11) individually in outdoor mesocosms (~7000 L) filled with water from the adjacent Lake Mälaren. Samples were collected by filtering water through a combination of cellulose nitrate and glass microfiber filter membranes. After a comparison of different extraction methods, the eDNA was extracted using Chelex 100 resin, a low-cost and fast method. Samples were subsequently diluted in 1:8 to alleviate problems from inhibition. A TaqMan assay targeting Cytochrome Oxidase I developed by Olsen et al.(Olsen et al., 2016, 2015) was used to quantify pike eDNA. The results show a strong positive relationship between pike biomass and pike eDNA indicating that the latter represents a promising tool for estimating pike biomass in natural waters.

References:

Olsen, J.B., Lewis, C.J., Massengill, R.L., Dunker, K.J., Wenburg, J.K., 2016. Erratum to: An evaluation of target specificity and sensitivity of three qPCR assay for detecting environmental DNA from Northern Pike (Esox lucius). Conservation Genetics Resources 8.

Olsen, J.B., Lewis, C.J., Massengill, R.L., Dunker, K.J., Wenburg, J.K., 2015. An evaluation of target specificity and sensitivity of three qPCR assays for detecting environmental DNA from Northern Pike (Esox lucius). Conservation Genetics Resources 7.
101 lakes - lentic fish community monitoring using eDNA metabarcoding
Authors: Hänfling Bernd , Willby Nigel , Lawson-Handley Lori , Sellers Graham
Published: March 2021

We have recently developed and deployed methods for environmental DNA (eDNA) based monitoring of lake fish communities in the UK. This approach combines eDNA with modern High-Throughput-Sequencing technology, so-called eDNA metabarcoding. This non-invasive method has proven to be more effective at detecting elusive species than established invasive surveying techniques such as electro fishing or fyke netting and can provide meaningful semi-quantitative abundance estimates. The UK Environment Agencies have funded the collection of an eDNA meta-barcoding data set of vertebrates from 101 UK lakes covering a broad spectrum of environmental conditions Fig. 1. This dataset is based on analysing 20 water samples per lake and has successfully been used to develop a WFD compatible water quality assessment tool. In its current form this tool is suitable for reporting the status of fish in water bodies where eutrophication is the dominant pressure.

DNA is not homogeneously distributed in lentic environments and hence the detection of species relies on the collection of an adequate number of samples from a water body to capture the eDNA signal. Previous analyses on a subset of lakes have indicated that the number of samples used for the 101 lake fish data set is more than sufficient to reliably estimate species richness of lakes, but it is unclear how exactly reduced sampling effort affects other biodiversity estimates and inferences made about water quality. As the number of samples determines the cost of monitoring programmes it is essential that the sampling effort is optimised for a specific monitoring objective. The objective of this study was to explore the effect a reduced sampling effort would have on various biological inferences using algorithmic and statistical resampling techniques. with a much lower number of samples. For example, almost 90% of lakes achieved a sample coverage of 95% with only 10 samples. However, rare species are more often missed with fewer samples, with implications for monitoring programs of invasive or endangered species. Estimates of community composition and the ecological quality ratio (EQR) responded slowly to decreasing sampling effort. For example, subsets of 10 samples were in most cases much more closely related to each other than to sample sets from other lakes and showed very similar Ecological Quality Ratios. These results are able to inform the design of eDNA sampling strategies, so that these can be optimised to achieve specific monitoring goals.
Development of species-specific Cichla species eDNA primers for alien invasive species (AIS) monitoring in Malaysia
Authors: Nurul Fizatul Nabilah O. , Ramizah A. R. , Adibah A. B. , Syazwan S. , Intan Faraha A.G. , Amirrudin A. , Siti Azizah M. N.
Published: March 2021

Peacock bass or the cichlids are known locally as top predator fishes which are invasive in Malaysia freshwater system. Detection probabilities for these fishes are typically low, especially using conventional capture-survey method due to the fish’s behaviour of hiding beneath the water’s surface. Hence, the environmental DNA (eDNA) monitoring is a relatively new approach that can be used to assess the distribution of these invasive fishes. Here, we report the strategy to develop small fragment (280- 400 bp) specific-specific primers for three selected invasive Cichla species namely, C. ocellaris, C. monoculus, and C. kelberi based on mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences. Current research showed that the developed species-specific primers from cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene has high resolution at species level. Species-specific amplification tests also proved the specificity of the developed primers, securing the high- level species identification potential which may help in controlling the spread of alien invasive fish species.
Application of environmental DNA for monitoring and management of aquatic biological invasions: Emerging trends and advancements towards best practice
Authors: Chen Emily
Published: March 2021

Introduction

Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS) are a growing concern for global biodiversity as humans continue to accelerate the transport of non-indigenous species beyond their natural range. These species may possess traits that allow them to thrive in new environmental conditions such as non-selective feeding and high reproductive output, causing ecological harm through competition with native species for limited local resources. Consequently, environmental DNA (eDNA) has come to the forefront of AIS management in recent years as a promising method to detect or monitor invasive species using rapid and non-invasive sampling to complement traditional surveying. As eDNA’s potential is explored and beginning to be adopted for a variety of applications around the world, it is increasingly important to synthesize the trends in field and laboratory protocols from different working groups to establish guidelines that will allow greater comparability between studies and improve experimental design.

Methodology and Results

This meta-analytic study collated and reviewed information from previously published eDNA studies that targeted AIS in freshwater and marine environments to recognize current patterns in sampling techniques, laboratory protocols, and potential geographic or taxonomic biases. A total of 492 records from 192 full-text articles were used in the analysis, composed of 408 species-specific and 84 metabarcoding records. With regards to sampling procedures, many studies were not explicit enough for true replicability, lacking critical information such as the volume of filtered water and details of storage conditions. There was no observable trend for eDNA extraction methods in either species-specific or metabarcoding approaches, with choice of extraction method being mostly arbitrary among laboratories as well as influenced by the recent emergence of dedicated commercial kits .

Discussion

This analysis revealed a wide variety of choices for collecting and processing eDNA samples, so it is recommended that there should be some sort of standardized workflow diagram or decision tree for every stage of the experimental design in order for researchers to determine what approaches best meet their research objectives. There is also a clear need for improving metadata reporting guidelines; although the relevance of some criteria depends on the goals and limitations of specific projects, there should be a standardized minimum set of parameters to be reported for each eDNA study, from environmental variables to decontamination practices to PCR conditions. This will increase consistency and transparency through all stages of eDNA research, which is key to collectively improving methodologies and moving forward in this field.
Neuropsychologie du bégaiement
Authors: Noël Marie-Pascale
Published: March 2021

Les chiffres concernant la comorbidité entre problèmes de bégaiement et Troubles Déficitaires de l’Attention avec/sans Hyperactivité (TDAH) varient très fortement dans la littérature et aucune conclusion claire ne semble émerger. Dans ce chapitre, nous aborderons la question du lien entre ces deux troubles en considérant également la mesure dans laquelle les faiblesses cognitives caractéristiques du TDAH se retrouvent ou non dans le bégaiement. En particulier, nous examinerons la présence d’un éventuel déficit d’attention ou d’inhibition chez les personnes qui bégaient. Nous évoquerons également la possibilité d’une interaction entre la prise de psychostimulants typiquement prescrits aux personnes porteuses d’un TDAH et le bégaiement.
Neuropsychologie du bégaiement
Authors: Estienne Françoise
Published: March 2021

Nombreuses sont les modalités thérapeutiques destinées à pallier un bégaiement. Chaque piste prise séparément n’a de sens que si elle s’insère dans un système de valeurs qui considère le bégaiement comme une anomalie du geste de la parole à intégrer dans la problématique des trois axes Pensée-Action-Émotion des thérapies cognitivo-émotionnelles. Nous nous interrogeons également sur la notion d’efficacité d’une thérapie.
Accès à l'énergie en Europe
Authors: Le Roux Dominique
Published: March 2021

Résumé La transformation du secteur de l’énergie électrique et gazière en Europe sous l’effet des directives européennes a occasionné en France une série de changements considérables : c’est l’ensemble du modèle français développé sur le long terme et soutenu par la puissance publique, de même que sa conception du service public, qui ont été alors remis en cause. La France est passée en quelques années d’un monopole intégré et d’un système de planification à un modèle dominé par la stratégie commerciale et concurrentielle à l’échelle européenne et mondiale.
Une French touch dans l'analyse des politiques publiques ?
Authors: Surel Yves , Boussaguet Laurie
Published: March 2021

Résumé Ce chapitre défend l’idée qu’il n’existe pas de tradition « typiquement » française de l’analyse des politiques publiques, malgré ce qui a parfois été affirmé après la publication de L’État en action par Bruno Jobert et Pierre Muller en 1987. En déroulant chronologiquement les principales étapes de la sous-discipline en France, ce chapitre propose de montrer comment les approches cognitives et normatives, souvent abusivement considérées comme dominantes, constituent un aspect d’une évolution plus large, nourrie par les controverses et les échanges entretenus au sein de la communauté académique française comme dans le cadre plus général de la policy analysis.
Une French touch dans l'analyse des politiques publiques ?
Authors: Muller Pierre
Published: March 2021

Résumé À partir d’une conception des politiques publiques comme dispositifs d’autoréflexivité, ce chapitre propose une réflexion sur la fonction de mise en ordre des sociétés par l’État. Il met en évidence l’enchaînement de quatre cycles d’action publique correspondant au changement de configuration globale définissant le rôle et la place des politiques publiques dans le fonctionnement des sociétés : le cycle libéral-industriel, le cycle de l’État providence, le cycle de l’État-entreprise et le cycle de la gouvernance durable.
Manifeste pour une géographie environnementale
Authors: Blot Frédérique
Published: March 2021

Résumé La « géographie du pouvoir » est née du constat que la géographie française peine toujours à appréhender la question environnementale en assumant pleinement sa dimension politique intrinsèque. Ce constat est une proposition de positionnement pour la géographie de l’environnement : celui d’une géographie qui s’intéresse à la dimension politique des savoirs écologiques. Dans le programme PSYCHEAU, nous avons interrogé la manière dont la production de connaissances biophysiques nouvelles sur les médicaments psychotropes modifie, d’une part, les relations des individus aux médicaments et aux écosystèmes aquatiques, d’autre part, les relations entre acteurs en interactions. L’enjeu pour le géographe est d’éclairer la manière dont les productions de connaissances scientifiques sont mobilisées pour valider ou mettre en question des relations de pouvoir entre humains et non-humains. Cela consiste à mettre en oeuvre une approche relationnelle dans toute sa complexité, en analysant lesdites relations et les processus de production, d’appropriation et de traduction des connaissances construites.
Identités et politique
Authors: Riaux Gilles
Published: March 2021

Résumé En Iran, la question ethnique a principalement été abordée sous l’angle de la propension d’un groupe ethnique à s’opposer au pouvoir central en fonction de son degré d’intégration dans la société. À rebours de cette approche, la cause azerbaïdjanaise est pensée comme une entreprise de transformation du système de hiérarchisation ethnique, une entreprise lancée par des intellectuels issus des classes moyennes éduquées, qui mènent un travail de redéfinition et de valorisation de la turcité. La révolution islamique sert de révélateur de leur action en créant les conditions nécessaires à l’émergence d’un mouvement de revendications ethniques.
Identités et politique
Authors: Moliner Christine
Published: March 2021

Résumé L’auteure étudie l’importation des conflits en diaspora à partir du cas des communautés du sous-continent indien en Grande-Bretagne. Plusieurs variables influent sur les relations intercommunautaires dans ce contexte migratoire, notamment la politique britannique d’intégration des populations immigrées. En particulier, le discours sur la cohésion communautaire ( community cohesion ), dominant depuis 2005, exacerbe les conflits entre communautés, notamment ceux sur le partage des ressources locales. Un des éléments décisifs dans cette évolution est la politique publique suivie après 2001 vis-à-vis des musulmans britanniques. En favorisant ces derniers (c’est du moins ce que pensent les autres minorités), l’État a alimenté le sentiment d’injustice ressenti par les autres minorités, les sikhs en particulier.
Identités et politique
Authors: Bellon Luc
Published: March 2021

Résumé Le recours systématique et intensif à la violence par des nationalistes baloutches dans les rues de Quetta, au Pakistan, est un phénomène nouveau depuis 2000. Dans quelle mesure cette violence est-elle le signe d’une transformation du mode de combat des partisans de la lutte armée ? L’auteur éclaire en particulier les rapports sociaux auxquelles cette violence participe, notamment la façon dont elle est perçue par des habitants de la ville. L’hypothèse principale est qu’en dehors des motivations politiques évidentes et reconnues à l’origine de ces actes, l’installation de la violence dans la durée est aussi l’occasion d’influer ou de remettre en question les rapports sociaux au sein de la ville.
Le règne des entourages
Authors: Anceau Éric
Published: March 2021

Résumé La période de la Deuxième République et du Second Empire (1848-1870) est caractérisée par la variété des formes de gouvernement et, corrélativement, des exécutifs et de leurs entourages. Dans un premier temps, ce chapitre donne la morphologie structurale et l’anatomie fonctionnelle de ces derniers. Il propose ensuite un tableau d’ensemble des membres de ces entourages, avant de s’arrêter sur quelques parcours individuels emblématiques. Pour finir, il confirme les intuitions de Tocqueville, antérieures de quelques années seulement, sur ces lieux stratégiques de rencontre entre politique et administration, en montrant l’affirmation, la normalisation et la professionnalisation des cabinets de l’exécutif dans la France du second XIX e  siècle.
Le règne des entourages
Authors: Pourcher Yves
Published: March 2021

Résumé L’observation ethnographique au long cours d’une campagne électorale en région Languedoc-Roussillon conduit l’auteur à entrer dans le cabinet d’un président de conseil régional. Il assiste à la naissance d’une nouvelle collectivité locale, note les tensions entre les divers cercles d’entourages et suit la quête incessante de représentation et d’incarnation d’un chef d’exécutif.
Politiques publiques 3
Authors: Belot Céline
Published: March 2021

Résumé Plus qu’aucun autre président français, Nicolas Sarkozy a montré une grande appétence pour les sondages et autres instruments d’expression de l’opinion publique. Dans ses discours, il en appelle régulièrement au « tribunal » de l’opinion publique. Doit-on y voir l’avènement d’une démocratie d’opinion ? D’un mode de gouvernement par les sondages ? Ce chapitre se propose d’appréhender le rapport du président à l’opinion publique en s’interrogeant à la fois sur le rôle de l’Élysée dans la production, l’analyse et la diffusion des enquêtes, sur la place de l’opinion publique dans la rhétorique présidentielle et sur l’influence de l’opinion publique dans la prise de décision politique sous le mandat de Nicolas Sarkozy. Il montre en quoi l’opinion publique constitue une opportunité pour le président, mais également une contrainte.
Politiques publiques 3
Authors: Le Lidec Patrick
Published: March 2021

Résumé Ce chapitre présente la réforme des collectivités territoriales entreprise sous la présidence de Nicolas Sarkozy, en analyse quelques effets et met en évidence les contributions réelles ou revendiquées par le président aux actions entreprises. La première partie présente la réforme de l’intercommunalité décidée dans le cadre de la loi du 16 décembre 2010, et met en évidence la très forte continuité qui prévaut dans ce domaine. La seconde partie analyse le « conseiller territorial » comme une mesure de rationalisation institutionnelle ambiguë : censée préparer la fusion des conseils régionaux et généraux, elle s’inscrit aussi dans des visées de restructuration/bipolarisation du système partisan. La troisième partie rappelle les considérations d’attractivité fiscale à l’origine de la suppression de la taxe professionnelle et souligne ses conséquences négatives pour l’autonomie des collectivités. Enfin, la conclusion revient sur la hiérarchie des priorités présidentielles.
L’étonnement, ressource pour l’apprentissage au travail et en formation
Authors: Thievenaz Joris
Published: March 2021

Les situations d’étonnement constituent des séquences potentiellement décisives de l’activité dans lesquelles l’acteur est appelé à s’interroger et à remettre en question ce qu’il tient habituellement pour acquis ou prévisible. Cette contribution se propose d’étudier comment « repérer l’étonnement » représente une méthode opératoire pour identifier les moments de genèse de l’activité réflexive du sujet en situation de travail. Elle se donne également pour intention d’analyser dans quelle mesure « susciter l’étonnement » constitue un moyen pédagogique à disposition du formateur pour provoquer une prise de conscience chez l’apprenant. L’étonnement est ainsi analysé comme une ressource pour l’apprentissage en situation de travail et de formation.
Comprendre le travail social et ses métiers comme des espaces d’hybridations
Authors: Lyet Philippe
Published: March 2021

L’exercice des métiers du travail social participe de la pluralisation du monde. Conduite par des individus pluriels dans des institutions ou des dispositifs caractérisés par leur hétérogénéité interne, la pratique de ces métiers est caractéristique de la société hybride et incertaine contemporaine et fait du travail social un espace d’action pluriréférencé. Elle consiste pour ses acteurs à transiger entre des logiques d’action diverses mais toutes légitimes et à les hybrider. Ces derniers construisent une professionnalité subtile, entre hétéronomie et autonomie, faite d’épreuves et de doutes comme conditions de l’exercice professionnel. Comprendre ces métiers impose des dispositifs conjoints ou la réflexivité des acteurs du travail social est mise en perspective par leur collaboration avec des chercheurs.
L’analyse de l’activité en situation professionnelle comme ressource dans la formation au CFA
Authors: Lecefel Pierre
Published: March 2021

Le présent article est le fruit d’une réflexion portée sur le développement de l’intelligence au travail et en formation professionnelle. Il s’intéresse au premier chef au système de l’apprentissage en France et plus particulièrement à l’utilisation du retour d’expérience comme moyen d’intégration et de développement des connaissances et des compétences des apprentis. Autrement dit à l’utilisation du vécu subjectif en situation de travail comme ressource dans la formation dispensée au centre de formation d’apprentis (CFA). Cet article souligne comment la didactique professionnelle permet de repenser les enjeux des apprentissages au travail et le rôle de l’analyse de l’activité dans le développement de l’expérience des travailleurs. Il s’agit ainsi de contribuer à l’amélioration de la formation des apprentis en prenant comme point de départ la question du développement de leurs compétences au travers d’une meilleure articulation entre la formation et le monde professionnel. C’est également une invitation à l’expérimentation de dispositifs qui améliorent la qualité des formations professionnelles. La réflexion ici engagée répond à des questions vives pour les CFA, les entreprises accueillant les apprentis, les décideurs éducationnels et plus largement les sciences de l’éducation et leur influence sociale.
De la crise médiatique à la vulnérabilité de l’institution éducative ? L’exemple de l’affaire des foulards islamiques de 1989
Authors: Ferhat Ismail
Published: March 2021

La médiatisation et la gestion publique de l’islam ont connu une forte poussée depuis l’affaire de Creil en 1989. Celle-ci a entraîné un fort intérêt de la presse, de la radio et de la télévision, qui a déstabilisé l’action des administrations, tant localement que nationalement. Cet article, liant approche quantitative et dépouillement d’archives (pour certaines inédites), étudie la manière dont cette première crise médiatique sur l’islam a pesé sur les pouvoirs publics.
Le prosélytisme mémoriel australien dans la Somme et le nouveau Centre Sir John Monash
Authors: Fathi Romain
Published: March 2021

Cet article est une étude de l’évolution de la mémoire d’État australienne de la Grande Guerre au prisme de son projet commémoratif le plus ambitieux du centenaire du conflit : le Centre John Monash à Villers-Bretonneux, dans la Somme. Il propose d’historiciser les origines de ce nouveau centre d’interprétation, d’en offrir une courte visite et d’analyser les points saillants de la politique commémorative australienne de ces vingt dernières années. Ce faisant, cet article met en lumière que l’inauguration du Centre Sir John Monash est l’aboutissement d’un processus de mise en avant de l’Australie à l’extérieur de ses frontières pour stimuler en leur sein la fierté nationale, un processus orchestré à dessein par les autorités du pays depuis 1998.
L’« album d’Auschwitz », entre objet et source d’histoire
Authors: Bruttmann Tal , Kreutzmüller Christoph , Hördler Stefan
Published: March 2021

Depuis six décennies, les photographies provenant de l’« album d’Auschwitz » occupent une place centrale dans les représentations d’Auschwitz, de son fonctionnement et de la Solution finale dans son ensemble. Pourtant, les questions concernant cette source documentaire, devenue iconique, ne manquent pas. De cet ensemble on ignore tout : pour quelles raisons a-t-il été réalisé, par qui et pour qui ? Que donnent à voir ces 197 photographies prises au printemps 1944 lors de la déportation des juifs de Hongrie ? Comment ces clichés peuvent-ils être analysés comme sources sur les opérations à Birkenau ?
The Muscle Bed-A Crucial Factor for Fracture Healing: A Physiological Concept
Authors: Stein Haim , Perren Stephen M , Cordey Jacques , Kenwright John , Mosheiff Rami , Francis Martin J O
Published: March 2021

The results of studies performed on rabbit, rat, and sheep tibiae indicate a possible contribution of viable muscle bed to the biology of callus formation, and thus, fracture healing.
Experimental Assessment of Strength Parameters of River Sand for Sandcrete Block Production
Authors: Ogunbayo Babatunde , Aigbavboa Clinton , Akinradewo Opeoluwa
Published: March 2021

Sandcrete block is a vital building material used in the construction of building structures. The sandcrete blocks are produced by different manufacturers using river sand obtained from different locations as aggregate material without recourse to the minimum quality standard for the blocks produced. The study assessed the strength parameters of river sand used as an aggregate material in block production to determine its quality and suitability in relation to the strength of block produced. Three (3) block manufacturing sites in Nigeria were visited and 27 (twenty-seven) blocks of size 450 mm x 225 mm x 225 mm were selected randomly from the sites. The properties of the river sand was analyzed through sieve analyses, bulk density, silt content and water absorption while the compressive strength of the blocks was also tested. The result of sieve analysis of the river sand used in block production for this study all satisfied the particle size requirements of BS EN 933-1:1997 for general construction work including block production. The result of the study also shows that blocks produced with the river sand after 28days have an average compressive strength of 1.23 N/mm2 (SW), 1.54 N/mm2 (SE) and 1.95N/mm2 (NE). The study, therefore, concluded and recommended that regulatory and professional bodies in partnership with relevant associations should organize seminars for producers of sandcrete blocks on the best practices involved in producing quality sandcrete blocks.
Determining Optimum Carbon Nanotubes Content for Asphalt Mixture in Road Pavements
Authors: Le Van Bach , Le Van Phuc
Published: March 2021

Although small amount of binder in asphalt concrete mixture may commonly range from 3.5 to 5.5% of total mixture as per many international specifications, it has a significant impact on the total cost of pavement construction. Therefore, this paper investigated the effects of five carbon nanotubes contents of 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25% by asphalt weight as an additive material for binder on performance characteristics of asphalt mixtures. Performance properties of CNTs modified asphalt mixtures were investigated through the Marshall stability (MS) test, indirect tensile (IDT) test, static modulus (SM) test, wheel tracking (WT) test. The results indicated that asphalt mixtures with CNT modified binder can improve both the rutting performance, IDT strength and marshall stability of tested asphalt mixtures significantly at higher percentages of carbon nanotubes. However, the issue that should be considered is the construction cost of asphalt pavement. Based on the asphalt pavement structural analysis and construction cost, it can be concluded that an optimum CNT content of 0.1% by asphalt weight may be used as additive for asphalt binder in asphalt mixtures.
Effects of Silica Fume Addition on Properties of Fresh Mortar
Authors: Takigawa Mizuki , Koyama Hiromitsu , Uno Yoshiki , Date Shigeyuki
Published: March 2021

In recent years, concrete structures have tended to be taller and larger than before. With that trend, concrete as a material has diversified, and various kinds have been developed to meet differing quality requirements. In particular, the need for high-strength concrete is increasing. In general, high-strength concrete has a low water-binder ratio, so its workability is inferior to general concrete. Including admixtures such as silica fume is one way to remedy this problem. Previous studies have discussed the quality and hardening characteristics achievable using silica fume. Nevertheless, expected increasing demand for high-strength concrete dictates the need to understand not only its properties when fresh, but also to have an accurate picture of its vibration compaction properties on construction sites. In this study, the effect of adding silica fume on the workability of mortar was investigated by evaluating its fresh properties, plastic viscosity, and vibration propagation characteristics. Changes to mortar’s fresh properties due to pressure were also investigated to clarify its behavior in pumping environments. The study confirmed that the addition of silica fume decreases plastic viscosity and increases vibration propagation characteristics, and that increased plastic viscosity due to pressurization can be reduced.
Assessment of Recycled Toilet Bowl Wastes as Pozzolanic Materials: Material Characterization and Performance of Mortar Mixtures
Authors: Aitbayeva Akbota , Shon Chang Seon , Zhang Di Chuan , Kim Jong Ryeol
Published: March 2021

The growing demand for finding alternative applications for ceramic products wastes develops their usage as construction materials. The main objective of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility of recycled toilet bowl (RTB) wastes as pozzolanic materials in mortar mixture. The properties of RTB material were examined in terms of chemical composition, particle size distribution (PSD), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, compressive strength, pozzolanic reactivity, sulfate resistance, and alkali-silica reaction according to ASTM C 618 and C 311 test specifications. The results demonstrated that the use of RTB materials as pozzolanic materials positively affects compressive strength development and durability by fully corresponding to all criteria of the ASTM C 618 guideline. Furthermore, chemical composition, PSD, and XRD test results had equivalent values to ASTM class F fly ash analysis.
Synthesis of Ti3C2 Mxene through In Situ HF and Direct HF Etching Procedures as Electrolyte Fillers in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell
Authors: Adibah Nurulain A. , Zaine S.N. Azella , Shukur Muhammad Fadhlullah  Abd
Published: March 2021

MXene is the new family of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, carbonitrides and nitrides discovered in 2011. The unique properties of 2D MXene such as excellent mechanical properties, hydrophilic surfaces and metallic conductivity made it interesting for application in electrodes of rechargeable batteries, supercapacitors, photocatalysts, catalysts, transparent conducting films, and flexible high-strength composites. The MXene can be synthesized through a selective etching process by using either in-situ HF (hydrofluoric acid) or direct HF methods. This study reports on the effect of the in-situ HF and direct HF etching procedures on the morphology of the synthesis Ti2C3 MXene using titanium aluminum carbide (Ti2AlC3) as precursor. The morphology and elements presence were evaluated by using variable pressure field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and energy dispersion X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy analyses, respectively. The analysis shows that the MXene synthesized through the direct HF method was successfully delaminated compared to the in-situ HF procedures.