bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth and maturity of belugas (Delphinapterus leucas) in Cumberland Sound, Canada, and in captivity: evidence for two growth layer groups (GLGs) per year in teeth
Authors: Brodie P. , Ramirez K. , Haulena M.
Published: February 2023

The beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) is one of the few cetaceans to adapt, year-round, to an Arctic environment, one of the most challenging marine habitats, incorporating shallow estuaries, high turbidity, shifting pack-ice and extreme tidal ranges. Adaptation is attributed in part, to year-round herd integrity and synchrony, occupying a sequence of restricted seasonal habitats and calving sites, which are reflected in tooth laminae. Field research, 1966–1969, led to the conclusion that females are sexually mature at 5.75 years and males at 8.75 years, gestation is 15–16 months, reproductive cycle 3 years, with a lifespan of 30–35 years. Newborn and the first four year-classes are recognisable by length, body colour and morphology. The two-year nursing period results in rapid growth, coincident with a training period to acquire social, feeding, and crucial under-ice navigational skills. Belugas in Cumberland Sound had been reduced through exploitation, thus it is unlikely that present numbers are food limited, reflecting maximum rate of increase. We examine growth indices for captive belugas, either captured as calves, or first and second generations born in captivity, to compare known-age animals. Onset of sexual maturity in males and females is similar to findings for Cumberland Sound, which was based on two growth layer groups per year in the teeth, or GLG/2. We analyse studies where previous oral doses of tetracycline, as well as bomb radiocarbon 14C from 1958 were used to argue for single annual GLGs or GLG/1. Dedicated field studies, using appropriate dosage of intramuscular tetracycline, provide evidence for GLG/2. The 14C study appears to have been compromised by preparation technique and burdens sampled in the 1990s may have been of maternal origin, transferred during foetal growth and nursing, or from recent fallout to 1980. Fundamental to the issue of growth-at-age: arguments for GLG/1 are based on back-calculation from adults of unknown age, while GLG/2 is based on projection from newborn to known-age young and adults. Direct observations and cross-referenced parameters do not substantiate GLG/1, which requires halving the growth rate, thus doubling the age of sexual and physical maturity as well as lifespan, resulting in a 40% reduction of the intrinsic rate of natural increase, substantially lower than the present rate of recovery observed.
Soviet catches of whales in the North Pacific: revised totals
Authors: Ivashenko Y. V. , Clapham P. J. , Brownell Jr. R. L.
Published: February 2023

The USSR conducted a global campaign of illegal whaling beginning in 1948. Catch records for Soviet pelagic operations in the Southern Hemisphere (and the northern Indian Ocean) have been largely corrected, but major gaps have remained for the North Pacific. Here, using newly discovered whaling industry reports, corrected figures for Soviet catches in this ocean are provided. During the period 1948–79, a minimum of 190,183 whales were killed by the USSR in the North Pacific (195,783 if one includes an estimate for sperm whales taken in years for which there are no true data); of these, only 169,638 were reported to the IWC, a difference of 20,568 whales (26,168 including the sperm whale estimate). Figures were falsified for 8 of 12 hunted species, with some catches over-reported to camouflage takes of illegal species. Revised catch totals (caught vs. reported) are as follows: blue whale – 1,621 vs. 858; fin whale – 14,167 vs. 15,445; humpback whale – 7,334 vs. 4,680; sperm whale – 153,686 vs. 132,505; sei whale – 7,698 vs. 11,363; North Pacific right whale – 681 vs. 11; bowhead whale – 145 vs. 0; gray whale – 172 vs. 24. Bryde’s, minke, killer and Baird’s beaked whale catches were reported correctly. Of all the hunted species, sperm and North Pacific right whales were the most heavily impacted. Major falsifications for sperm whales involved figures for both total catch and sex ratio.
Inter-oceanic movement of an adult female humpback whale between Pacific and Atlantic breeding grounds off South America
Authors: Stevick Peter T. , Allen Judith M. , Engel Marcia H. , Felix Fernando , Haase Ben , Neves Mariana C.
Published: February 2023

We report the first documented movement of an individual humpback whale between the eastern South Pacific stock off Ecuador and the western South Atlantic stock off Brazil. This constitutes the first record of a humpback whale in both the Atlantic and Pacific breeding grounds off South America, and one of a small number of inter-oceanic movements documented to date. It is possible that, even at quite low levels, this movement of individuals between breeding grounds contributes to the current high level of mtDNA diversity in these once-depleted Southern Hemisphere populations. When first sighted, the whale was accompanied by a young calf, and is therefore identified as an adult female. This movement to a different and distant breeding ground is the first reported by a reproductively mature female, and shows that extreme long-distance travellers among humpback whales are not restricted to young males.
Breeding habitat of poorly studied humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in Boa Vista, Cape Verde
Authors: Ryan Conor , Craig Darren , Lopez-Suarez Pedro , Vazquez Perez Jose , O'Connor Ian , Berrow Simon D.
Published: February 2023

The waters surrounding Cape Verde comprise one of two known breeding grounds for humpback whales in the North Atlantic. The population remains very small and has apparently failed to recover since the cessation of whaling there. During the breeding seasons of 2011 and 2012, sighting surveys were carried out for humpback whales off Boa Vista, the easternmost island of the Cape Verde Island archipelago. The distribution and relative abundance of humpback whales and mother-calf pairs was investigated by plotting effort-corrected sightings using a 2km2 grid-square. The study area, a 206km2 region from the coastline up to 8km offshore, covered the western half of Boa Vista where whales have previously been regularly recorded. Following 1,954km of search effort, 117 sightings of humpback whales were made. An encounter rate of 0.11 whales per km was recorded for both years. It is hoped that these data may assist in implementing conservation measures to protect humpback whales and the habitat of Baia Sal Rei, which appears to be the single most important bay for winter breeding, calving and nursing humpback whales in the eastern North Atlantic.
Lack of nuclear differentiation suggests reproductive connectivity between the ‘southern feeding group’ and the larger population of eastern North Pacific gray whales, despite previous detection of mitochondrial differences
Authors: D'Intino Anna M. , Darling James D. , R. Jorge Urban , Frasier Timothy R.
Published: February 2023

During winter, eastern North Pacific gray whales migrate south to calving grounds in the lagoons of Baja California, and in spring they migrate north to their summer feeding grounds in the Chukchi and Beaufort Seas. Although the majority of the population makes this migration, a small subset of the population known as the ‘southern feeding group’ ends their northward migration early, spending summers feeding in waters ranging from northern California to southern Alaska. Previous analyses based on photo-ID and mtDNA data indicate that this seasonal substructuring results from maternally-directed site fidelity to different feeding grounds, and that this site fidelity and feeding ground preference is passed from mothers to their offspring. It is currently assumed, but not known, that the individuals of the southern feeding group mate with the rest of the population, and therefore that the eastern North Pacific gray whale represents one interbreeding population. Testing this assumption and understanding how these whales are related to the rest of the population, is key to making appropriate management decisions, which are particularly relevant given the recent increase in potential removals, or threats in the area such as the proposed resumption of aboriginal whaling, and increased oil pipeline development and subsequent vessel traffic. This paper analyses 15 nuclear microsatellite loci in 59 individuals from the southern feeding group and 40 individuals from the calving lagoons (representative of the larger population) to test the hypothesis that the eastern North Pacific gray whale represents one interbreeding population. No indication of population substructuring was found based on these nuclear loci, suggesting that all sampled whales do indeed represent one interbreeding population. Combined, these data from mitochondrial and nuclear markers therefore suggest one interbreeding population that is seasonally subdivided based on maternally-directed site fidelity to different feeding areas.
Seasonal movements and ecological markers as evidence for migration of common minke whales photo-identified in the eastern North Pacific
Authors: Towers Jared R. , McMillan Christie J. , Malleson Mark , Hildering Jackie , Ford John K. B. , Ellis Graeme M.
Published: February 2023

In the eastern North Pacific Ocean, common minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) are widespread but encountered relatively infrequently. It is generally believed that they make annual migrations between higher latitudes in the summer and lower latitudes in the winter; however, in some temperate coastal regions where common minke whales have been sighted year-round they have been referred to as resident. To determine movement patterns of common minke whales found in coastal waters of British Columbia and Washington we examined photo-identification data that were collected opportunistically from 2005–12. These data were from four non-overlapping areas between 48°N and 53°N. Despite year-round search efforts, common minke whales were only encountered between April and October. Most of the 44 unique individuals identified in 405 encounters displayed fidelity to areas both within and among years. Five of these whales made relatively large-scale intra-annual movements between areas on six occasions. They were documented to move up to 424km in a northerly direction in spring and up to 398km in a southerly direction in autumn. The seasonal patterns of these movements provide new insights into the foraging ranges and migrations of the individuals. Ecological markers provide evidence that the common minke whales photographed undertake annual long distance migrations. Scars believed to be from cookiecutter shark (Isistius brasiliensis) bites were observed on 43 individuals and the majority of whales documented with good quality images each year had acquired new scars since the previous year. Furthermore, the commensal barnacle Xenobalanus globicipitis was observed on three individuals. Since these sharks and barnacles are from relatively warm waters, it can be inferred that they interacted with the common minke whales at lower latitudes. These findings may have important implications for the definition and management of common minke whale stocks and/or populations in the eastern North Pacific.
The Relationship between Inflation, Exchange Rate, Money Supply and Economic Growth in The Gambia
Authors: Jawo Amadou , Jebou Mohammed , Bayo Lamin Fatou
Published: February 2023

Instability in the movement of prices is a major concern in all countries. The rise in foreign exchange and prices of goods and services are among the key factors that causes fluctuation in the economic growth of a country. Thus, this paper adopted the ARDL model to examine whether real effective exchange rate, economic growth and money supply causes Inflation in the Gambia for the period 1985 to 2021. The finding reveals that all our variables causes inflation positively and negatively in the long run and short run respectively at a significant level of 1% except real effective exchange rate and money supply which is significant at 5% level in the long run. The recursive cumulative sum shows that the relationship was stable and the square recursive cumulative sum reveals instability in the relationship of our dependent and independent variables which could be as a result of exogenous shock in output and increase amount of public debts. The study recommends the Gambian government to be caution in taking increase amount of public debts and also the central bank of the Gambia to move from monetary targeting to inflation targeting so as to maintain economic growth and price stability. However, the central bank of the Gambia should assess the entire economy before implementing the policy.
Indonesia's Foreign Policy in Marine Defense Strategy in The Indo-Pacific
Authors: Fany Anggun Abadi Fany , Surwandono Surwandono , Cipto Bambang
Published: February 2023

In the global interaction with the Indo-Pacific order which is dominated by dynamic contestation issues, the Indo-Pacific system stipulates that Indonesia created the Indo-Pacific concept to advance the habit of inclusivity for dialogue with regional settlements to create peace through building blocks in the region. The author formulates the formulation of the problem in the form of: the development of Indonesia's foreign policy in the strategy of inter-state resilience in the Indo-Pacific region. The purpose of this article is to discuss the Indo-Pacific Integration Project as Indonesia's foreign policy sustainability strategy and provide recommendations for implementation at various levels, including strategic, bilateral and practical levels. The author uses Barry Buzan's national security system and foreign policy theory, namely neo-realism, with the concept of national interest and foreign policy analysis. The role of the military is limited to the capabilities of defense institutions, threat assessment and security interactions. The writer analyzed the data qualitatively using descriptive method with secondary data. The writing analysis in this journal emphasizes the centralization of the Indonesian state as an important actor in influencing conceptions in the Indo-Pacific region. Indonesia's strategy is in the context of the Security Community, the formation of norms and identity in ASEAN is actually a modality that further strengthens values, identity and norms in ASEAN. Indonesia's idea is for ASEAN to have a more inclusive, open and respecting international law, namely the ASEAN Indo-Pacific Outlook (AOIP)
A Literature Review: Cross-Sector Collaboration Arrangements to Deliver Public Services and Goods
Authors: Qaedi Aqsa  , Nugroho Bernardus Yuliarto
Published: February 2023

Cross-sector collaboration is a growing topic in the discourse of new public governance. This topic is the importance of public managers collaborating with other actors outside the government, such as the private sector and non-profit organizations, in producing and delivering public goods and services. This journal uses a qualitative approach with a literature review method from books and journals that explains the concepts and approaches of cross-sector collaboration. The results of this study show a continuum of cross-sector collaboration approaches. Public managers can choose the approaches such as Government Provision, Contracting-out, Public Private Partnership (PPP), Network, and Independent Public Services Provider (IPSP). Each approach has its character, from the provision, financing, production process, relationship with society, and trust between actors.
Korean Wave and NCT Dream Brand Ambassador and its Influence on Interest in Buying Products on Twitter Followers @lemonilo
Authors: Putri Elvina Maharani , Harmadi Ashur , Ohorella Noviawan Rasyid , Sari Diana
Published: February 2023

This study aims to analyze the influence of the Korean wave and the NCT Dream brand ambassador from the South Korean boy group on buying interest in Mie Lemonilo products. Intense competition makes a brand must be selective in promoting its products in order to compete in a healthy manner. Therefore, trending marketing activities are carried out by companies in this digital era, namely taking advantage of the current Korean wave trend and the popularity of celebrities by using brand ambassadors. This study uses the A-T-R theory (Awareness-Trial & Reinforcement) with the analytical tool used is the quantitative method by distributing questionnaires. The data used in this research is primary data using a questionnaire with a sample of 100 people from followers of the official Twitter account @lemonilo, totaling 33,120 followers (7 April 2022). The results of the study partially show that the coefficient value of the Korean wave variable (X1) has a positive value of 0.606 and the NCT Dream variable as a brand ambassador (X2) has a positive value of 0.324 on interest in buying Lemonilo Noodles (Y). Simultaneously, there is an influence between the independent variables Korean Wave and Brand Ambassador on the dependent variable Purchase Interest of 47.4%, which means that there is the influence of Korean Wave and NCT Dream as Brand Ambassadors on Purchase Interest for Lemonilo Noodle products.
Theoretical backgrounds of learning at different levels of difficulty in learning and teaching
Authors: Gaxhiqi Behxhet
Published: February 2023

Firstly, in the determination of this paper, it is very important to note that so far nothing has been done in this regard, as it is known that a large number of different factors have been influenced. By defining this paper we will explore and illuminate the factors but also the stagnation that directly affects learning and teaching.Also, this paper will analyze the possibilities for implementing and applying an advanced learning format that directly affects this content learnable lessons comprehension by students, in our schools.We will continue to recognize those factors that are effective and have impacted on this area of learning.Students with such problems have a variety of difficulties, focusing on attention, having difficulties in performing tasks and passing quickly from one activity to another etc.These learners also show other behaviors such as: they are often confused, forget things, do not care, do not repeat, develop excessive conversations, or move often in the classroom etc.In addition paper also has analyzed the theoretical and practical aspect of students in learning and teaching.
The behaviour of a retaining wall under seismic excitation
Authors: Boudina Tounsia , Bounouni Sofiane , Rouabeh Aicha , Allout Naas
Published: February 2023

In this research, the different methods to calculate the earth pressures on a retaining wall were exposed, for different loading conditions, namely static and dynamic. The dynamic response of a retaining wall under seismic loading was also studied. The simulation is done using the finite element code PLAXIS. The response is expressed in terms of acceleration and displacement. When using numerical models to study this type of problem, two different entities can be identified. The first one corresponds to the materials and the consideration of their behavior. The second part corresponds to the type of loading imposed, i.e. the input signal.
Analytical study of the transport problem in the city of Constantine (North-East of Algeria)
Authors: Medjitna Wafa
Published: February 2023

The problem of urban transport is considered to be one of the major concerns facing cities today; this situation is due to several factors, notably the lack of harmony and compatibility between spatial expansion, population growth and the development of road infrastructure in these cities, which are growing at a rate that exceeds that of the road network. The effects are multiple, congestion and traffic jams, pollution, economic and social impacts. Constantine, the third metropolis of Algeria and capital of the eastern region of the country, represents an ideal case to study the subject; given its physical and human geographical specificities, as well as the different interventions in terms of land use planning during the post-independence period. What we are going to approach through the present paper
Culture, history, and Bakpia Pathok processing method as a gastronomic tourist attraction in Yogyakarta
Authors: Mulyantari Enny , Hasnah Vivin Afanin , Nugroho Setyo Prasiyono
Published: February 2023

The aims of this study are to determine the culture, history, and method of "Bakpia Pathok 25" making process and analyze its gastronomy tourism potential as a culinary tourist attraction in Malioboro, Yogyakarta. This research applied a qualitative method. The study population in this research is limited to Bakpia Pathok 25 which is only located in Kampung Pathuk for its well-known reputation in Yogyakarta, providing direct testers to tourists and allowing researchers to observe Bakpia making process directly. Purposive sampling was used as the data collection technique, with eleven informants consisting of gastronomy experts, historians, owners or managers, and employees of Bakpia Pathok 25, tourists, and the local communities. The sampling technique used for this research was the interview, observation, and documentation. SWOT Analysis is used as the data analysis to get an overview of internal and external factors influencing Bakpia Pathok 25 as a gastronomic tourism potential and culinary tourist attraction. The study results show that the history of Bakpia Pathok 25 is a typical Chinese food called "Tou Luk Pia" which is then interpreted as green bean pia cake. The Chinese then brought this food to Indonesia in the 1948s. The manufacturing method implemented in Bakpia Pathok 25 processing uses the Dry Food Processing Technique, namely the Baking method. The culture of "Bakpia Pathok 25 Bakpia is a form of food acculturation in the culinary field between the Indonesian and the Chinese people. By producing bakpia, merti bakpia procession is held as a form of gratitude from Pathuk people for abundant sustenance.
Analisis Logam Cd, Cr, Cu dan Pb Pada Air Sumur di Sekitar Kampus Universitas Duta Bangsa Surakarta Menggunakan Metode Spektrofotometri Serapan Atom (AAS)
Authors: Handes Tika , Permatasari Desy Ayu Irma , Mahardika Muladi Putra
Published: February 2023

Air merupakan salah satu kebutuhan primer manusia. Air sumur salah satu dari sumber mata air yang digunakan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sehari-hari seperti minum, memasak, mencuci dan lain sebagainya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah ada kandungan logam Cd, Cr, Cu dan Pb serta konsentrasi logam tersebut pada air sumur di sekitar kampus Universitas Duta Bangsa Surakarta. Penelitian ini merupakan deskriptif eksperimen yang dilakukan dengan cara mengidentifikasi secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Identifikasi kuantitatif menggunakan alat spektofotometri serapan atom (AAS). Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada jarak 3 titik yaitu jarak 100 meter (sampel A), jarak 200 meter (sampel B), dan jarak 500 meter (sampel C).Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kandungan logam pada air sumur A kadar logam Cd sebesar 0,0007 mg/L, logam Cr 0,0001 mg/L, logam Cu 0,003 mg/L dan logam Pb 0,051 mg/L. Pada air sumur B kadar logam Cd sebesar 0,0001 mg/L, logam Cr 0,0026 mg/L, logam Cu 0,001 mg/L. dan logam Pb 0,008 mg/L. Pada air sumur C kadar logam Cd sebesar < 0,00002 mg/L, logam Cr 0,0025 mg/L, logam Cu <0,00029 mg/L dan logam Pb 0,009 mg/L. Berdasarkan permenkes Nomor 32 tahun 2017 tentang standar baku mutu kesehatan lingkungan dan persyaratan kesehatan air maka kadar logam-logam tersebut masih dalam batas persyaratan sehingga air sumur di sekitar kampus Universitas Duta Bangsa Surakarta layak dikonsumsi dan digunakan untuk keperluan sehari-hari.

 

Kata kunci : Air Sumur, Logam Cd, Logam Cr, Logam Cu, Logam Pb
Anthelmintic Test of Combination of Carrot Peels (Daucus carota L.) and Pineapple Peels (Ananas comusus) Juice Against Silkworms (Tubifex sp)
Authors: Febryarti Yossy , Hariningsih Yetti , Hermawatiningsih Oktaviarika Dewi
Published: February 2023

Background: Anthelmintics is a treatment used as an anti-worm that can eradicate worms in the human and animal bodies, one of which is against silk worms (Tubifex sp). One of the plants that may be used as anthelmintics is carrot skin (Daucus carota L.) and pineapple skin (Ananas comusus). Carrot peel contains flavonoids, quercetin, and tannins as anthelmintics and pineapple peel contains flavonoids, bromealin enzymes and tannins, so researchers are interested in making a combination of carrot peel juice and pineapple peel juice as an anthelmintic against silk worms (Tubifex sp). Objective: This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the combination of carrot peel and pineapple peel juice in eradicating silk worms (Tubifex sp). Methods: The method used is the squeeze method, specific specific standardization, lethal time test, paralysis time test. , the anthelmintic activity test of the combination of carrot peel juice and pineapple peel extract with concentrations of F1 25%: 75%, F2 50%: 50%, F3 75%: 25% using positive control Albendazole 0.06% w/v. The research data were analyzed using the Oneway Anova test. Results: The results of this study showed that the combination of carrot peel extract 75%: pineapple peel 25% had the best anthelmintic effectiveness against the lethal time. The anthelmintic effectiveness test obtained from the combination of carrot juice 25%: pineapple juice 75% showed the best results during paralysis time. The lethal time test of the combination of carrot peel and pineapple juice obtained an average time of death in F1 of 15.32 minutes. In F2, the average time of death was 18.155 minutes, while in F3 it was 20.37 minutes and the Oneway Anova result was p=0.000 (p<0.05). The paralysis time test for the combination of carrot peel and pineapple juice was found to have an average paralysis time of 13.625 minutes in F1. In F2, the average paralysis time was 13,733 minutes, while in F3 18,712 minutes and the Oneway Anova result was p=0,000 (p<0,05). Conclusion: The best combination of juice for the time of death is F1 with a concentration of 25% carrot juice: 75% pineapple juice, while the best combination for paralysis time is F1 with a 25% carrot juice concentration: 75% pineapple juice.                                                                         
Keywords : Carrot Peels (Daucus carota L.), Pineapple Peels (Ananas comosus), Anthelmintics, Tubifex sp
Analisis Profil Fisika Kimia dan Farmakokinetik Senyawa Pentagamavunon-1 Secara Komputasi
Authors: Kholifah Eva , Endah E
Published: February 2023

Pentagamavunon-1 (PGV-1) is a curcumin analog which is known to inhibit the growth of cancer cells, bacteria and inhibit free radicals as an antioxidant agent. The purpose of this study was analyzed the pharmacokinetic profile and physicochemical properties of PGV-1 computationally. The predicted parameters were Lipinski rule of five, bioavailability, Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) ​​absorption, GI absorption, P-gp substrate, and prediction of metabolic enzymes involved in drug ADME processes. The results of this study indicate that the compound PGV-1 complies with the Lipinski rule of five with the characteristics of a molecular weight of 348.43 g/mol, hydrogen donor 2, hydrogen acceptor 3, Log P 4.71 and molar refractory 40-130. PGV-1 could absorb through the GI and can pass the blood brain barrier passively without P-gp protein. Several enzymes involved in the metabolism of PGV-1 are CYP2C19, CYP2C9, CYP 3A4. Thus, our finding suggest that PGV-1 can be developed as a drug target compound for active oral drugs.
PENETAPAN KADAR FLAVONOID TOTAL, FENOLIK TOTAL, DAN ALKALOID TOTAL DALAM EKSTRAK ETANOL HERBA AKAR WANGI (Vetiveria zizanoides L.)
Authors: Rawar Ellsya Angeline , Atmaja Sarah Puspita , Kurniawati Aloysia Yossy
Published: February 2023

Akar wangi (Vetiveria zizanoides L.) adalah herba yang telah diteliti berpotensi untuk mencegah erosi, fitoremediasi, dan insektisida. Namun, golongan senyawa kimia yang dikandung oleh akar wangi belum ditetapkan secara kuantitatif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menetapkan kadar flavonoid total, fenolik total, dan alkaloid total dalam ekstrak etanol herba akar wangi (Vetiveria zizanoides L.). Ekstrak etanol herba akar wangi dibuat dengan cara mengeringkan herba, menyerbukkan herba, dan merendam serbuk selama 24 jam dengan etanol 96%. Setelah direndam selama 24 jam, ekstrak tersebut diuapkan dengan rotary evaporator hingga terbentuk ekstrak kental. Penetapan kadar flavonoid total, fenolik total, dan alkaloid total dalam ekstrak kental tersebut dengan metode spektofotometri UV-Vis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kandungan flavonoid total, fenolik total, dan alkaloid total dalam ekstrak etanol herba akar wangi adalah 1,86%, 3,3%, dan 0,41%.
EMPOWERMENT OF IGBO WOMEN WITH REFERENCE TO BUCHI EMECHETA’S FICTION
Authors: R. SHILOH JEYA JEEVAN
Published: February 2023

Women all over the World are oppressed by the patriarchy centred cultural norms. Especially the miseries of black women are worse than that of all other women. As the feminists have failed to address the woes of the black women, womanists like Alice Walker supported for the liberation of the black women. Buchi Emecheta, as a black womanist writer highlights the blues and woes of the Nigerian women and also shows them the ways to prevail over their predicament.
Cost of Mass Drug Administration for Filariasis Elimination in the province of Sorsogon, Philippines
Authors: Amarillo Maria Lourdes E. , Belizario Jr Vicente Y. , Panelo Carlo Irwin A. , Sison Stephanie Anne M. , De Leon Winifreda U. , Ramirez Bernadette L. , Adrid Leah P.
Published: February 2023

Objective. Elimination efforts for lymphatic filariasis are underway in the Philippines using mass drug administration (MDA) of diethylcarbamazine and albendazole as one of the main strategies. This cost analysis was done to determine the MDA implementation cost and provide useful information to the control programme on how to best utilize limited resources.

Methods. This cost analysis study was conducted in the province of Sorsogon, Philippines in 2004. The study was done from a program perspective. Cost data for 2003 was obtained retrospectively viakey informant interviews and records review using a standardized guide from a multi-country cost analysis study of filariasis elimination programs. Cost figures were classified as either economic or financial costs and expressed in real terms using 2002 as base year. Sensitivity analysis was likewise performed.

Results. The total economic cost and cost per person treated with MDA were estimated at US$223,549.55 (Php12,116,385.48) and US$0.40, respectively. The financial costs were less than half ofthe economic costs. The main cost driver was drug distribution. The highest economic and financial costs were incurred at the national (54.5%) and municipal (74.4%) levels, respectively. High variation in costs of MDA activities was observed.

Conclusion. This cost analysis provides reasonable estimates which may be used to assist government and other stakeholders in program planning and resource generation for filariasis elimination programs in endemic areas.
Evaluation of the Master of Science in Epidemiology (Clinical Epidemiology) Curriculum
Authors: Sana Erlyn A. , Atienza Melflor A. , Mojica Jose Alvin P. , Abarquez Lupe F. , Fajutagana Nemuel S.
Published: February 2023

Objectives. To evaluate the relevance, usefulness, applicability, responsiveness, acceptability, efficiency, overall impact and sustainability of the Master of Science in Epidemiology-Clinical Epidemiology (MSE-CE) curriculum.

Methods. The context, input, process and product evaluation (CIPP) design was used. Of 106 alumni and students, 100 were contacted and 80 participated in a survey. Key informant interviews, directobservation and focus group discussions with faculty members, present and past administrators, selected alumni and students, and review of data were done. The results were analyzed usingdescriptive statistics and content analysis.

Results. Context evaluation revealed that MSE-CE responded to the need to train physicians to use research evidence in clinical decision-making. Despite some reservations among other UP colleges, the program pushed through due to support from local and international sponsors. Alumni and students appreciated the effectiveness of their teachers and complementing instructional resources. The range of work by its graduates, the networks established, and the expansion of the Department of ClinicalEpidemiology (DCE, the UP department offering the MSE-CE program) prove that the MSE-CE is a sustainable post-graduate program.

Conclusion. The MSE-CE institutionalized clinical epidemiology as a distinct discipline among medical colleges in the Philippines.
Formative Research to Develop and Test Messages to Educate Mothers on Zinc Supplementation in Childhood Diarrhea
Authors: Acuin Cecilia S. , Vargas Alberta S. , Cordero Cynthia P.
Published: February 2023

Background. Zinc is now recommended as part of childhood diarrhea case management but there are concerns regarding treatment duration and perceptions of its use when given with ORT.Objectives. This study developed and tested messages on zinc supplementation for childhood diarrhea.Methods. Messages were based on 1) a review of literature and product advertisements, 2) drugstore seller interviews, and 3) focus group discussions (FGDs) among 10 mothers with children six to 59 months old. Subsequent FGDs with 15 mothers consulting at a government hospital helped determine message clarity, comprehension and appeal. A behavioral trial, involving nine mothers whose children had diarrhea, tested recall of and adherence to the messages.Results. The trial tested three messages—Zinc: 1) strengthens resistance; 2) is a vitamin for the gut; 3) increases the appetite of a child with diarrhea. Seven of nine mothers were able to follow instructions on zinc administration, and demonstrated recall and understanding of these messages. Mothers understood that zinc helps the child with diarrhea, improves appetite, reduces symptoms and hastens recovery, but had concerns regarding the side effects (vomiting), co-morbidities (fever, cough) andconsequences of overdose. Standardized counseling cards addressed these concerns. Respondents preferred a simple logo labeled “zinc” with zinc administration instructions on the packaging. Zinc supplementation did not affect ORT use.

Conclusion and Recommendations. Messages sufficiently addressed mothers’ concerns on zinc use during childhood diarrhea, with those on zinc improving “resistance” and as a “vitamin for the gut” having the best recall. Results can contribute to zinc’s introduction and promotion in the public sector.
Measuring Satisfaction with Nursing Care of Patients Admitted in the Medical Wards of the Philippine General Hospital
Authors: Villarruz-Sulit Maria Vanessa C. , Dans Antonio L. , Javelosa Mark Anthony U.
Published: February 2023

Objective. The main aim of this study was to determine patient satisfaction with nursing care (PSNC) in the medical wards of the UP-Philippine General Hospital (UP-PGH) using a valid and reliable locally developed UP-PGH PSNC questionnaire.

Methods. The survey utilized a cross-sectional study design and was conducted in the medical wards of the UP-PGH in 2006. A total of 237 patients were included in the survey.Results. Over a third or 34.3% (95% CI 28%, 40%) and 35% (95% CI 26%, 44%) were highly satisfied with their experience regarding the nurses’ caring attitude and the nurses’ skill/competence respectively. Fewer respondents were highly satisfied with the nurses as information providers, with only 17.2% (95% CI 12%, 22%) saying they were highly satisfied. A little over half or 57.8% (95% CI 52%, 64%) were highly satisfied in the overall evaluation of care.Conclusion. The patients were satisfied with the nursing care provided in two dimensions: The nurse as a caring person and the nurse as a skilled and competent healthcare provider, although only about a third indicated that they were highly satisfied. Nevertheless, 57.8% were highly satisfied in the overallevaluation of care, but these patients may have considered other hospital services and cost. Other factors that might affect patient satisfaction need to be explored and the use of other evaluation tools to augment these findings is recommended.
Validation of the Pictorial Pediatric Symptom Checklist – Filipino Version for the Psychosocial Screening of Children in a Low-income Urban Community
Authors: Canceko-Llego Cindy D. , Castillo-Carandang Nina T. , Reyes Alexis L.
Published: February 2023

Rationale. The timely identification of children with psychosocial problems is very important in facilitating early intervention. Detection of these children in the community setting requires thedevelopment of an easy-to-use screening tool that can be used by community health workers.Objective. To develop a valid and reliable screening tool that can be easily used by community health workers for the detection of psychosocial problems in Filipino children. Specifically, 1) To develop a Filipino version of the Pictorial Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PPSC) for use by community health workers; and 2) To culturally validate the PPSC-Filipino version in a low-income urban community.Methods. This study consisted of three phases: Phase 1 (Exploratory Study) consisted of focus group discussions and key informant interviews for content validation. Phase 2 (Questionnaire Development) involved refinement of the Filipino translation of the PPSC. In Phase 3 (Actual Survey), the PPSC was administered by health workers to 127 primary caregivers of children aged 4 to 7 years residing in a low-income community in Pandacan, Manila. Data gathered were subjected to reliability testing andfactor analysis for construct validation. Chi-square analyses were done to determine the association of sociodemographic factors to overall PPSC results.Results. Construct and content validity were confirmed. The Filipino PPSC showed high internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha 0.89). Factor analysis resulted in three new domains: 1) Attention &Externalizing Problems, 2) Internalizing Problems, and 3) School & Learning Problems. Among the 127 children screened, 24 (18.9%) were positive for psychosocial problems. Externalizing behaviors (fighting, rule-breaking, teasing) dominated among those who screened positive. The child’s age and number of siblings were the factors significantly associated with the overall PPSC results.Conclusions. The Pictorial Pediatric Symptom Checklist-Filipino Version is a valid and reliable tool in screening for psychosocial problems in children aged 4 to 7 years old residing in a lowincome urban community. Administration by community health workers is feasible and its use in the community setting is particularly relevant since many cases of psychosocial disorders remain undetected.
STANOVNIŠTVO ŽUPE RASNO (1872. – 1882.): POČETAK DEMOGRAFSKE TRANZICIJE U ZAPADNOJ HERCEGOVINI
Authors: Cigić Mirko
Published: February 2023

Vrlo visoka prosječna godišnja stopa prirodnoga prirasta od 22,79 ‰ uz
visoki natalitet (32,72 ‰) pokazuje da se od 1872. do 1882. godine u Župi
Rasno počinju očitovati prvi simptomi demografske tranzicije. Porast
stanovništva, produljenje životnoga vijeka i smanjena smrtnost, osobito
dojenčadi i djece do četiri godine starosti, učinci su tranzicijskih procesa. U Župi je uočena visoka smrtnost fertilnoga kontingenta. Najviše je
brakova sklopljeno u vrijeme jesenskoga i zimskoga maksimuma. Ritam
začeća vezan je za proljeća i ljeto, odnosno poljodjelske radove i boravak na otvorenome, dok je ritam rađanja najviše vezan za zimsko i proljetno doba. Zahvaljujući crkvenomu učiteljstvu i uredno poštovanim
crkvenim preporukama o predbračnoj čistoći, nije zabilježeno nijedno
izvanbračno dijete.
Ključne riječi: natalitet; demografska tranzicija; fertilni kontigent; životni vijek; Župa Rasno
GRADNJA STAMBENO-POSLOVNE ZGRADE NAPRETKOVE ZADRUGE U ZAGREBU
Authors: Matić Zdravko
Published: February 2023

Autor je na temelju neobjavljena arhivskog gradiva i recentne literature
istražio kako je započela, tekla i završila gradnja Napretkova Zakladnog
doma – popularna Napretkova nebodera na spajanju Gajeve i Bogovićeve ulice u Zagrebu, čiji je cijeli projekt financirala Središnja uprava
Napredak iz Sarajeva. Arhitektonski projekt s troškovnikom izradio je
ugledni zagrebački arhitekt Stjepan Planić, a odobrili su ga Gradsko vijeće Grada Zagreba i njegov potpredsjednik Teodor Kaufman 16. prosinca
1936. godine. Gradnja nebodera započela je početkom kolovoza 1936.
godine, a završila u listopadu 1937. godine. Dozvolu za uporabu sedmerokatnice s tavanskim stanovima u Bogovićevoj ulici br. 1, podignutu na
osnovi građevinske dozvole broj 162. 909-XVI-1936. od 5. kolovoza 1936.
godine, odobrilo je Gradsko poglavarstvo 30. prosinca 1937. godine.
Ključne riječi: gradnja; stambeno-poslovna zgrada; Napredak; Zadruga;
Zagreb; Sarajevo
Advance Herbal Technology
Authors: Mali R. S.  , Sanjay K. Bais
Published: February 2023

Lately peoples are getting attracted towards herbal medicines due to many benefits. Herbal formulations have achieved extensive acceptability as medicinal agents for several diseases. Although, most of these applications are unnatural, it is however a known truth that over 80% of the world population depends on herbal medicines and product for healthful living. This is a development in the use of herbal product has again given height to various forms of misuse and impurity of the products leading to consumers’ and manufacturers’ dissatisfaction and in some instances fatal effects. The development of original analytical methods which can reliably profile the phytochemical arrangement, including quantitative analyses of marker/bioactive compounds and other major components, is a major challenged to scientists. Standardization is an important step for the organization of a consistent biological activity, a consistent chemical profile, or just a quality confirmation program for exposition and manufacturing of herbal drugs. In current review essay various convectional techniques as well as newer advances are described. Recent advancements includes DNA fingerprinting, metabolomics method, differintial vibration polarography, chemometric, X-ray diffraction…etc. are practical. Capillary electrophoresis and chromatographic methods contributions towards standardization of herbal drugs is also documented.
Question Answering System Approaches: A Review
Authors: Mandar Suryavanshi
Published: February 2023

Data is increasing in volume day by day, this data can be processed and classified into various categories. Users all over the internet ask tons of questions to which they want precise answers. The Question Answering system is the best solution in such scenarios. Traditional approach mainly focuses on providing the documents which include the keywords related to the query asked by the users. While the question answering approach provides a better alternative by further refining the results, it not only returns the related documents but also retrieves the most relevant answer from the available corpus of data. Converting the questions asked by the users into an appropriate query string, classifying the question, retrieving the documents and extracting the valid answer are the main steps involved in this system.
Cadáver exquisito en acción. Una experiencia artística colaborativa, intermedia y a distancia
Authors: Torrecilla Patiño Elia , Sánchez Arenas Bibiana de la Soledad , Vila Moscardó David
Published: February 2023

En este artículo se muestra como objeto de estudio una experiencia colaborativa y experimental que, mediante una metodología de investigación-acción participativa, toma la estrategia surrealista de “cadáver exquisito” para ser aplicada al arte de acción.
Esta estrategia ha permitido explorar diversas vías creativas grupales en nuestro entorno más inmediato, que es donde accionamos a través de nuestros cuerpos. Practicamos lo local teniendo muy presente lo global, especialmente por el contexto social complejo como el atravesado por la pandemia de la Covid-19 en el que se desarrolla esta experiencia, marcando de una manera notable todo el proceso, siendo fundamental el empleo de la tecnología.
La aportación principal es la utilización de una metodología cualitativa de investigación-acción participativa (IAP), a través de la cual se ha podido observar cómo la tecnología y el trabajo colaborativo, han propiciado unos resultados híbridos que encuentran influencias no solo en el movimiento surrealista fundador de la estrategia, sino también en grupos como Oulipo o Fluxus.
Para concluir, veremos cómo la multiplicidad de enfoques que se producen sobre un mismo tema, desemboca en una intermedialidad que nos lleva a considerar las diversas mutaciones de disciplinas como parte de la creación colectiva.
El visual tipográfico como recurso de diseño en la infografía periodística
Authors: Pilay Lourdes , García León Ariana , Cabrera Balbuena Iria
Published: February 2023

El presente artículo analiza la tipografía como un recurso útil para diseñar información en una infografía periodística. Partimos del análisis de cuatro casos de infografías periodísticas con contenido sociopolítico. Reflexionamos sobre el papel del diseño en estas composiciones, donde evaluamos cómo la tipografía transformada en imagen -que denominaremos visual tipográfico- funciona en el diseñode infografías periodísticas. Presentamos, a su vez, cómo la utilización estratégica de fuentes y estilos tipográficos privilegian el contenido y permiten desarrollar resultados eficientes en una composición infográfica, en ocasiones, sin necesidad de utilizar gráficos. De este modo, el proceso de diseño otorga al texto informativo y a la comunicación un valor más funcional que estético ya que planifica, organiza y selecciona la tipografía, transformando la letra en imagen. Los resultados expuestos ponen de manifiesto, una alternativa de lectura de datos basada en el diseño con elementos tipográficos.
Estudio comparativo de la incidencia de la música en la obra de León Tolstói (1867-1904)
Authors: Ballesteros Álvarez Sara
Published: February 2023

León Tolstói (1828-1910) fue uno de los escritores realistas clave de la historia de Rusia, y plasmó los aspectos varios que componían la vida del país desde diferentes perspectivas. Además de sus principales temáticas como la sociabilidad, la política y los conflictos bélicos, también utilizó el arte como herramienta para la expresión y contextualización de los acontecimientos históricos. No obstante, a pesar de su presencia recurrente a lo largo de toda su obra, la música en Tolstói apenas ha sido tratada como objeto concreto de estudio hasta el momento. Para dejar constancia de la importancia simbólica que le otorgaba Tolstói y de su influencia en la comprensión total de sus obras, este trabajo tomará el relevo de "La música en el libro Ana Karenina" (Ballesteros 2021) con el fin de analizar comparativamente todas las menciones a la música presentes en la mayor parte de su obra.
El componente cristiano en las películas Disney
Authors: Monleón Oliva Vicente
Published: February 2023

La cultura visual del cine de animación, especialmente Disney, genera un gran impacto en el público infantil que la consume, quien reproduce en la realidad los patrones sociales que se difunden de dicho material ficticio. Por ello, surge la necesidad de estudiar cualitativamente los discursos, mensajes y posicionamientos religiosos que adopta. Tras el análisis de una colección representativa de 60 películas se concluye con el predominio del dogma cristiano y la ocultación/infravaloración del resto de religiones. De esta manera se considera a Disney como una productora de animación que dificulta el progreso y la inclusión de la diversidad religiosa en la normatividad cristiana.