bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical profile and nursing diagnosis of patients at risk of pressure ulcers
Authors: Lucena Amália de Fátima , Santos Cássia Teixeira dos , Pereira Ana Gabriela da Silva , Almeida Miriam de Abreu , Dias Vera Lucia Mendes , Friedrich Melina Adriana
Published: June 2011

This cross-sectional study characterizes patients at risk of Pressure Ulcers (PUs) and identifies their corresponding Nursing Diagnoses (NDs). The sample consisted of 219 hospitalizations of adult patients at risk for developing a PU established through the Braden Scale. Data concerning the results of the application of the Braden Scale were retrospectively collected from the patients’ medical files and statistically analyzed. Most patients were elderly women hospitalized for an average of nine days, affected by cancer, cerebrovascular, lung, cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. The most frequent NDs were Risk for infection, Self-care deficit syndrome, Bathing/hygiene self-care deficit, Impaired physical mobility, Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirements, Ineffective breathing pattern, Impaired tissue integrity, Acute pain, Impaired urinary elimination, Impaired skin integrity, and Risk for impaired skin integrity. We conclude that most NDs are common in clinical nursing practice.
Nurses and the collective care practices within the family health strategy: salud de la familia
Authors: Fortuna Cinira Magali , Matumoto Silvia , Pereira Maria José Bistafa , Mishima Silvana Martins , Kawata Lauren Suemi , Camargo-Borges Celiane
Published: June 2011

This qualitative study identifies and analyzes the practices of nurses regarding collective care interventions in the context of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) and its knowledge development. Semi-structured interviews were held with nurses working in the FHS and thematic analysis was used to analyze data. The theoretical framework was based on the theories of institutional analysis and work processes. The results are arranged into two main themes: Conceptions that support collective care practices and Practices of nurses in collective care. The conclusion is that nurses actively participate both in proposing, coordinating, performing and monitoring these collective actions, though they are still predominantly guided by the traditional approach to health in general and specifically to health education.
El buen gobierno de los servicios de salud de producción pública: ideas para avanzar
Authors: Freire José Manuel , Repullo Jose Ramon
Published: June 2011

El buen desempeño de servicios de salud de producción pública tiene importancia vital, más allá del sector salud. Se aborda su buen gobierno y gestión a partir del marco conceptual de los valores e ideas del buen gobierno y de la experiencia de países más ejemplares, como referente práctico de buen desempeño. Se parte de la gran complejidad de los servicios públicos de salud, por su carácter público y su naturaleza profesional, y se identifican siete nudos gordianos de los servicios públicos de salud en España e Iberoamérica. Del concepto de buen gobierno se toma su carácter de referente ético y normativo y su potencial para renovar y dinamizar el gobierno de lo público. Del análisis comparado de los servicios de salud de producción pública se extraen ocho características que contribuyen a su buen desempeño. Se concluye con una reflexión sobre la importancia de compensar la posible hostilidad corporativa y gremial a un impulso reformista del statu-quo con alianzas que refuercen la confianza pública y el contrato social entre profesionales y ciudadanos en torno a los valores de los sistemas públicos de salud.
Sistema de salud en Colombia: 20 años de logros y problemas
Authors: Calderón Carlos Alberto Agudelo , Botero Jaime Cardona , Bolaños Jesús Ortega , Martínez Rocio Robledo
Published: June 2011

Se presenta un balance de algunos procesos claves y resultados del Sistema General de Seguridad Social en Salud (SGSSS) en Colombia. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de literatura publicada en revistas indexadas con valoración de la calidad de la evidencia, y literatura no publicada en revistas. Los recursos financieros del sistema de salud, se han incrementado de manera sostenida, mientras el gasto en salud se ha situado alrededor del 8% del PIB. La cobertura, medida por la afiliación a los regímenes contributivo y subsidiado, se encuentra alrededor del 92% de la población total. El Plan Obligatorio de Salud, que define las prestaciones a las cuales se tiene acceso, se ha mantenido con un carácter amplio y ha sido rebasado por mecanismos de reclamo jurídico (tutelas), generándose déficits financieros. El sistema de salud ha contribuido al mejoramiento del ingreso de los más pobres, pero persisten las inequidades que provienen de la ausencia de cobertura universal, de las diferencias en los planes de salud y en el gasto del sistema según ingresos de la población. El avance del SGSSS es positivo pero no ha logrado alcanzar la universalidad y se ha estancado en acceso a los servicios y equidad.
Reforma da Saúde Familiar em Portugal: avaliação da implantação
Authors: Rocha Paulo de Medeiros , Sá Armando Brito de
Published: June 2011

Os cuidados de saúde primários de Portugal estão em processo de reforma, sendo as Unidades de Saúde Familiar (USF) uma das principais marcas desse processo. Este estudo teve como objectivo avaliar o processo de implantação das USF a partir de 2006. Utilizou-se metodologia de análise de implantação na mesma área de atenção primária em saúde de um estudo anterior no Brasil. Na análise foram empregadas as dimensões do cuidado integral, da organização dos cuidados e político-institucional. Evidenciaram-se como avanços principais a acessibilidade, trabalho em equipe, qualidade (técnico-científica) dos cuidados, inovações nas práticas de gestão, na sustentabilidade (condições de trabalho) e infraestrutura. Principais desafios: integração com especialidades hospitalares, indefinições político-institucionais, sistemas informatizados, integração nos centros de saúde e organização do processo de trabalho. Estes dados poderão vir a informar os decisores de gestão sobre correções a efetuar no processo de reforma.
Atención Primaria en Salud en Paraguay: panorámica y perspectiva
Authors: Dullak Roberto , Rodriguez-Riveros María Isabel , Bursztyn Ivani , Cabral-Bejarano Maria Stella , Ruoti Monica , Paredes Maria Elsa , Wildberger Carmen , Molinas Faustina
Published: June 2011

En este artículo se presentan una visión panorámica de la Atención Primaria en Salud (APS) en Paraguay, parte de un estudio multicéntrico para identificar las posibilidades de la APS como reordenador del sistema. Adopta el concepto de APS abarcadora y lleva en consideración la segmentación del sistema, conformado por: el sector público del Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social, el Seguro Social (Instituto de Previsión Social), el sector privado sin fines de lucro, privado con fines de lucro y mixto. Analiza cinco dimensiones: rectoría, financiamiento, recursos, integración/continuidad, intersectorialidad/participación, por medio de la revisión de literatura, documentos oficiales, y entrevistas con actores claves (expertos, gestores, profesionales y sociedad civil). Visualiza avances en el marco jurídico sanitario desde los años 1990, orientado a la gratuidad en todos los grupos de edad, concretizada en 2008. El gasto público en salud está entre los más bajos de América Latina. La APS se desarrolla en diferentes programas verticales, con escasa coordinación y articulación, pero un cambio reciente en la política prioriza la instalación progresiva de equipos de Salud Familiar. En conclusión, la APS puede contribuir para aumentar la salud, equidad y participación.
A realidade da saúde bucal do idoso no Sudeste brasileiro
Authors: Simões Ana Carolina de Assis , Carvalho Denise Maciel
Published: June 2011

Este trabalho teve como objetivos descrever as alterações manifestadas nas estruturas bucais decorrentes do envelhecimento e verificar, através da produção científica nacional, com ênfase na Região Sudeste, os problemas bucais prevalentes nos idosos. Foi realizada uma revisão de literatura abordando a temática envelhecimento no contexto da odontologia. Os resultados apontaram que a população idosa é o segmento populacional que mais cresce. Os problemas bucais prevalentes nessa faixa etária são as cáries radiculares e a doença periodontal, que contribuem para a grande maioria das extrações dentárias. Na Região Sudeste do Brasil, o uso de prótese é baixo quando comparado à alta taxa de edentulismo e ao percentual de idosos parcialmente dentados; o valor do índice CPOD é alto e os idosos apresentam uma percepção positiva sobre seus dentes, apesar de os problemas bucais terem impacto negativo nas suas vidas. Conclui-se que a incorporação do cirurgião-dentista na equipe de saúde das instituições e a sistematização das práticas de higiene bucal são necessidades reais, além da necessidade de um trabalho continuado de orientação para o cuidado da saúde bucal do idoso. É também fundamental a ampliação do estudo nessa área, visando qualificar a atenção e o tratamento odontológico para esses indivíduos.
Possíveis relações entre o contexto histórico e a recepção do behaviorismo radical
Authors: Cruz Robson Nascimento da
Published: June 2011

O artigo discute a recepção do behaviorismo radical, em especial, na década de 70, e busca relacionar a polêmica em torno de algumas noções skinnerianas acerca da liberdade e da dignidade divulgadas no livro Para Além da Liberdade e Dignidade. Essa discussão foi orientada por três conjuntos de questões: a) a incompatibilidade entre alguns aspectos históricos e a definição behaviorista radical de liberdade e dignidade; b) os problemas em identificar o behaviorismo radical como uma abordagem solidária com os pressupostos de uma ideologia liberalista; c) a linguagem utilizada por Skinner como fonte de problemas. Por fim, são discutidos as limitações e os problemas envolvidos em tentativas de esclarecimentos de possíveis mal-entendidos acerca do behaviorismo radical. Ao mesmo tempo, demonstra-se que a recepção do behaviorismo radical é perpassada por aspectos além daqueles relacionados à validade interna do sistema explicativo skinneriano, e que discordâncias acerca dessa abordagem nem sempre podem ser explicadas como desconhecimento e equívocos sobre a mesma.
O Psicólogo no CRAS: uma cartografia dos territórios subjetivos
Authors: Andrade Laura Freire de , Romagnolis Roberta Carvalho
Published: June 2011

Esta pesquisa tem como objeto de estudo as relações subjetivas que emergem entre os psicólogos do CRAS de uma cidade do interior de Minas Gerais e entre os demais profissionais e a comunidade. O objetivo é identificar os pontos de represamento e os de invenção produzidos nessas relações, norteados pela filosofia da diferença e pelo método cartográfico. Foram realizadas entrevistas semi-estruturadas com a equipe e os usuários do CRAS, além da observação participante e do envolvimento da pesquisadora. As relações de poder, as diferenças e as conexões entre as categorias profissionais, os impasses e os desafios para a Psicologia nessa recente unidade pública tornaram-se os territórios explorados ao longo da pesquisa. Os efeitos analisados no trabalho mostram os movimentos ora de intercessão entre a equipe e os usuários, ora de especificidades de cada saber, experimentados tanto pelos profissionais quanto pela comunidade assistida. Além disso, concluímos que tanto o enrijecimento da visão de família nuclear como modelo para as intervenções como os atravessamentos de políticos e profissionais de outras organizações nas atividades cotidianas do CRAS muitas vezes inviabilizam o trabalho proposto. Por fim, percebemos a necessidade de intervenções psicológicas para além da psicologização e do modelo tradicional desse fazer.
Construção e validação de uma escala de transferência de treinamento
Authors: Zerbini Thaís , Abbad Gardênia
Published: June 2011

O artigo objetiva descrever o processo de construção e validação de um instrumento de transferência de treinamento. A coleta de dados foi realizada ao final do curso-alvo por meio de questionário digitalizado. Os itens do instrumento estão associados a uma escala que mede a frequência com que os participantes utilizaram os comportamentos descritos nos objetivos instrucionais após o término do curso em seu ambiente de trabalho. Foram realizadas análises de componentes principais, fatoriais e de consistência interna. A estrutura unifatorial obtida apresentou 24 itens (α=0,96). A estrutura bidimensional obtida é composta pelos fatores planejamento estratégico do negócio (17 itens, α=0,94) e planejamento financeiro do negócio (7 itens, α=0,95). Os resultados indicam que a escala é estatisticamente válida e confiável.
Intervenção grupal em pacientes com obesidade e seus familiares: relato de experiência
Authors: Bayer Aline Attene de Almeida , Vasco Camila Carrascoza , Lopes Sandra Ribeiro de Almeida , Teixeira Cristina Jeldes Carrascosa
Published: June 2011

A modalidade de atendimento em grupo no hospital é uma forma de trabalho que permite interação e troca entre os participantes, caracterizando-se como espaço de acolhimento às angústias frente a um quadro clínico. A experiência relatada consistiu na realização simultânea de dois grupos, um de pacientes entre 8-15 anos, com quadro de obesidade e sobrepeso, e outro de pais/responsáveis. O objetivo geral foi proporcionar espaço para abordar aspectos emocionais e comportamentais associados ao quadro clínico e estabelecer relações com as dificuldades na adesão ao tratamento. Realizaram-se sete encontros semanais, com atividades que propiciaram reflexão sobre questões como: autoestima, ansiedade, limites e dificuldades na manutenção das dietas e das atividades físicas regulares. A proposta possibilitou compartilhar vivências, debater atitudes, abordar insatisfações e desconfortos e perceber a necessidade de se responsabilizarem pelo tratamento através da mudança de determinados comportamentos. A opção por grupos paralelos permitiu notar mudanças nas relações entre pais/responsáveis e pacientes que contribuíram para melhor resposta ao tratamento. Tal experiência ilustrou a importância de considerar os aspectos emocionais envolvidos na obesidade, favorecendo uma visão mais abrangente do paciente.
A Multiresolution Analysis of the Relationship Between Spatial Distribution of Reservoir Parameters and Time Distribution of Well-Test Data
Authors: Awotunde Abeeb A. , Horne Roland N.
Published: June 2011

With recent advances in permanent downhole technology, well-test analysts now have to deal with enormous amounts of data. Using these data requires the development of efficient algorithms that are able to extract the relevant information from the data at minimal cost. We present a multiresolution wavelet approach to estimate the spatial distribution of reservoir parameters, by performing the nonlinear least-squares regression in the wavelet domains of both time and space. Wavelet transforms have the ability to reveal important events in time signals or spatial images. Thus, we transformed both the model space and the time-series pressure data into spatial wavelet and time wavelet domains, respectively, and used a thresholding to select a subset of wavelet coefficients from each of the transformed domains. These subsets were used subsequently in nonlinear regression to estimate the appropriate description of reservoir parameters. The appropriate subset is not only smaller; the problem is also reduced to the consideration of only the important components of the measured data and only the part of the reservoir description that depends on them.

As a test of the approach, we first applied the model to well-test problems involving 1D (radially composite) reservoir systems. The inverse problem was solved to estimate the distributed permeability values by performing the nonlinear least-squares regression in the wavelet domains (time and space).

Results obtained were compared with those obtained from the conventional nonlinear-regression approach, using all the pressure-time data and the full set of spatial reservoir parameters. The time/space wavelet approach proved to be efficient. By reducing the dimensions of the model and data spaces, the approach eliminates redundancy in the reservoir description and in the data set. Significantly, the approach reveals the true number of reservoir parameters that can be appropriately estimated from a given data set and also reveals which components of the full data set are active in constraining the reservoir model. Thus, the approach provides a good means to integrate different data properly while avoiding the inclusion of irrelevant data during nonlinear regression.
Laboratory Measurements and Numerical Modeling of Streaming Potential for Downhole Monitoring in Intelligent Wells
Authors: Jackson M.D.. D. , Vinogradov J.. , Saunders J.H.. H. , Jaafar M.Z.. Z.
Published: June 2011

Downhole monitoring of streaming potential, using electrodes mounted on the outside of insulated casing, is a promising new technology for monitoring water encroachment toward an intelligent well. However, there are still significant uncertainties associated with the interpretation of the measurements, particularly concerning the streaming potential coupling coefficient. This is a key petrophysical property that dictates the magnitude of the streaming potential for a given fluid potential. We present the first measured values of streaming potential coupling coefficient in sandstones saturated with natural and artificial brines relevant to oilfield conditions at higher-than-seawater salinity. We find that the coupling coefficient in quartz-rich sandstones is independent of sample type and brine composition as long as surface electrical conductivity is small. The coupling coefficient is small in magnitude, but still measurable, even when the brine salinity approaches the saturated concentration limit. Consistent results are obtained from two independent experimental setups, using specially designed electrodes and paired pumping experiments to eliminate spurious electrical potentials. We apply the new experimental data in a numerical model to predict the streaming potential signal that would be measured at a well during production. The results suggest that measured signals should be resolvable above background noise in most hydrocarbon reservoirs. Furthermore, water encroaching on a well could be monitored while it is several tens to hundreds of meters away. This contrasts with most other downhole monitoring techniques, which sample only the region immediately adjacent to the wellbore. Our results raise the novel prospect of an oil field in which the wells can detect the approach of water and can respond appropriately.
Managing Circulation Losses in a Harsh Drilling Environment: Conventional Solution vs. CHCD Through a Risk Assessment
Authors: Masi S.. , Molaschi C.. , Zausa F.. , Michelez J..
Published: June 2011

Conventional drilling techniques used in harsh drilling environments are sometimes impractical or uneconomical. This was experienced while drilling through the reservoir section being investigated. This section is characterized by high pressure and formation fluids estimated to contain 18–20% H2S and 4–6% CO2. The presence of extensive karst/fractures along with severe circulation losses prevents successful drilling using the conventional circulation technique. For this scenario, the pressurized-mud-cap closed-hole circulation-drilling (CHCD) technique was applied, and it proved to be the most effective method to drill through the Lower Carboniferous carbonate.

In conventional drilling through such lost circulation zones, the typical method is to isolate the thief formation [lost circulation-materials (LCMs) pills, gunks, and cement plugs] to maintain an overbalanced condition. These methods have their disadvantages: uncertain results, time and cost increase, and damages on well productivity. Furthermore, it may be a long, ineffective process because of multiple leakoff zones or massively fractured zones.

Where unsustainable losses occur and conventional circulation is no longer possible, the CHCD technique may be used to allow the continuation of drilling. This technique is not underbalanced drilling. The annulus is closed, and no returns are circulated to the surface.

The CHCD is not a simple or an inexpensive system. It is used only when other systems for controlling losses have proved to be ineffective. Large quantities of water and mud are required as well as additional equipment and specialized personnel. An accurate evaluation of several factors has to be performed. Drilling hazards are the major issue because the primary barrier to well influx is jeopardized, but also rig time, material availability, and consumption have to be considered.

The aforementioned uncertainties can be addressed through risk evaluations by comparing two drilling scenarios of a typical development well where one uses CHCD technology and the other uses conventional drilling techniques.

This paper will discuss the operational details of conducting CHCD as well as the risk-management approach, which involves the identification, evaluation, and mapping of all risks involved in each scenario (qualitative risk assessment). A probabilistic model is, therefore, developed to combine all the risks identified and to address their consequences within operational time (quantitative risk assessment).
Evaluation of Alternative Initial Responses to Kicks Taken During Managed-Pressure Drilling
Authors: Davoudi Majid , Smith John Rogers , Patel Bhavin M. , Chirinos José E.
Published: June 2011

An industry-supported research project has completed its evaluation of alternative initial responses to kicks taken during the constant-bottomhole-pressure (CBHP) method of managed-pressure-drilling (MPD) operations. The evaluation is the first phase of a study that is intended to provide a basis for comprehensive, reliable well-control procedures for MPD operations. The evaluation was based primarily on computer simulations of multiple alternative initial responses to several causes and severities of kicks in different well geometries. Three responses were concluded to have general application: increasing casing pressure until flow out equals flow in, shutting the well in, and using an adaptation of an MPD pump-shutdown schedule to detect and shut in low- rate kicks.

A simple shut-in was concluded to be the most generally applicable response because it stops formation flow without requiring any special equipment. However, it also causes an increased risk of exceeding the formation fracture pressure for most situations vs. a response that maintains continuous circulation. Increasing casing pressure while maintaining a constant pump rate until flow out equals flow in was concluded to be the most applicable response that avoids the disadvantages of shutting in the well. However, it requires accurate metering of return flow as a basis for determining whether formation flow has stopped. The adaptation of an MPD pump-shutdown schedule can be used to determine whether questionable kick indications are caused by a kick more conclusively than the other responses. It ends with the well being shut in. A fourth response, increasing the pump rate, also has important but very limited application. The selection of which response is the most practical is shown to depend on well conditions and the equipment being used. Potential advantages of and constraints on the use of these responses are also explained.
Analytical Formulas for In-Situ Combustion
Authors: Mailybaev A.A.. A. , Bruining J.. , Marchesin D..
Published: June 2011

There is a renewed interest in using combustion to recover medium- or high-viscosity oil. Despite numerous experimental, numerical, and analytical studies, the mechanisms for incomplete fuel combustion or oxygen consumption are not fully understood. Incomplete oxygen consumption may lead to low-temperature oxidation reactions downstream. This paper shows that these features emerge in a relatively simple 1D model, where air is injected in a porous medium filled with inert gas, water, and an oil mixture consisting of precoke, medium oil, and light oil. Precoke is a component that is dissolved in the oil but has essentially the same composition as coke. At high temperatures, precoke is converted to coke, which participates in high-temperature oxidation. At high temperatures, medium-oil components are cracked, releasing gaseous oil. Light-oil components and water are vaporized. The model possesses an analytical solution, which was obtained by a concept introduced by Zeldovich et al. (1985). This concept, which underlies most analytical approaches such as the reaction-sheet approximation and large-activation-energy asymptotics, entails that reaction can occur only in a very small temperature range because of the highly nonlinear nature of the Arrhenius factor. For a temperature below this range, the reaction rate is too slow, and for temperatures above this range, the reaction rate is so fast that either the fuel or oxygen concentrations become zero. The model results, in the absence of external heat losses, show that there are two combustion regimes in which coke or oxygen is partially consumed. In one regime, the reaction zone moves in front of the heat wave; whereas, in the other regime, the order of the waves is reversed. There are also two combustion regimes in which the coke and oxygen are completely consumed. Also, here the reaction zone can move in front of or at the back of the heat wave. Each combustion regime is described by a sequence of waves; we derive formulas for parameters in these waves. We analyze our formulas for typical in-situ-combustion data and compare the results with numerical simulation. The main conclusion is that mainly two key parameters (i.e., the injected oxygen mole fraction and the fuel concentration) determine the combustion-front structure and when either incomplete oxygen consumption or incomplete fuel consumption occurs in the high-temperature oxidation zone.
Extended Analysis for Initiation of Local, Lateral Displacements in Heated Submarine Pipelines
Authors: Paslay Paul R , Beckmann M.M. M
Published: June 2011

Earlier solutions for this pipeline lateral-buckling problem are reviewed. A new, straightforward solution procedure is presented with illustrative problems and design curves. The new procedure can be implemented easily with a simple digital computer program. The solution gives a theoretical upper bound for the axial load that can be developed through heating. This upper bound can be helpful in the early stages of pipeline design.
Improving Patient Return to General Practice after Specialist Assessment
Authors: Foley Fiona , Selzer Rob , McGartland Michael
Published: June 2011

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a two-pronged, letter intervention strategy to improve the follow-up after referral (FAR) rate to general practitioners of patients referred for a psychiatric assessment.

Methods: The FAR rate of patients referred to the Inner South East Primary Mental Health Team (PMHT) between June 2007and June 2008 was examined via telephone call, before and after the implementation of a process sending letters to patients and practice managers advising them to make an appointment to discuss recommendations resulting from the psychiatric assessment.

Results: A statistically significant improvement (χ2 (1, n = 44) = 5.81, p = 0.016) in FAR rate was observed for patients post-intervention, with 11/25 (44%) pre-intervention patients not returning to their referring general practitioner within 1 month of assessment, compared to 2/19 (10.5%) patients post-intervention.

Conclusions: The implementation of two simple and inexpensive measures resulted in a fourfold improvement in the return rate of patients to their referring general practitioner post-psychiatric assessment.
Service Use in Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry: Guidelines for Baseline Staffing
Authors: Holmes Alex , Handrinos Dennis , Theologus Edward , Salzberg Mike
Published: June 2011

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine how referrals and clinical activity in consultation-liaison psychiatry (C-L) vary according to unit type and size, length of stay and psychiatric diagnosis, and to use these data to inform recommendations for the minimum levels of staffing required to conduct consultations in a general hospital.

Method: Data were collected across three urban teaching hospitals over a 5-year period. The data included hospital admission data, referrals, psychiatric diagnosis, clinical contact time, clinical equivalent full time (EFT) and a measure of ‘busyness’.

Results: Mean clinical staffing was 0.84 EFT per 100 beds. Services received a mean of 2.4 referrals per 100 hospital admissions. On average, each referral generated 3.9 contacts and a total contact time of 2.6 hours. The contact time was greater in patients with multiple psychiatric diagnoses as compared with a single or no diagnosis.

Conclusion: In order to provide a minimum level of service for consultations to the expected range of serious and immediate psychiatric disorders present in the general hospital, a C-L service requires about 1.0 clinical EFT per 100 beds. For services to be able to address more complex elements of illness behaviour, provide education, conduct research, contribute to comprehensive care in specialist areas and undertake other liaison activities, greater and more multi-disciplinary EFT is required.
Benchmarking Adult Mental Health Organizations
Authors: Coombs Tim , Geyer Tania , Pirkis Jane
Published: June 2011

Objective: This paper describes the adult mental health forums that were conducted as part of the National Mental Health Benchmarking Project (NMHBP).

Method: Eight adult mental health forums were attended by staff from eight adult mental health services from around the country. The forums provided an avenue for these participants to document their organizations’ performances against previously agreed key performance indicators (KPIs), and to compare this performance with that of their peers. The forums also encouraged discussion about appropriate targets.

Results: Forum participants found that the inter-organizational range for many of the KPIs was substantial, and they used this to inform practice change within their own organizations. They also found that they could set “alert targets” and “good practice targets” for some KPIs but not others. The discussion that ensued informed participants’ understanding of factors that were within the control of their organizations that could be modified to improve service quality.

Conclusions: Benchmarking in adult mental health services is not only possible but also likely to be extremely worthwhile as an exercise in improving service quality. For benchmarking to realize its potential, it requires strong national and local leadership, and a spirit of openness on the part of participating organizations.
A Facile Method for the Synthesis of 2-(3-aryl-2-cyanopropenoyl)-1-methylpyrrole catalysed by KF/Al2O3 with microwave irradiation
Authors: Feng Guo-Liang , Zhang Hong-Li , Geng Li-Jun , Zhang Yu-Mei
Published: June 2011

Knoevenagel reaction of 2-cyanoacetylpyrrole with aromatic aldehydes afforded 2-(3-aryl-2-cyanopropenoyl)-1-methylpyrrole in 81–94% yields in ethanol catalysed by KF/Al2O3 under microwave irradiation. This method has the advantages of simplicity, good yields and low costs.
Dependence of ultrasonic pulse propagation velocity on free water content in concrete structure under tropical climate conditions
Authors: Rodríguez Fadragas C. , Rodríguez González M.
Published: June 2011

One of the fundamental applications of the ultrasonic pulse velocity method (UPV) to the study of concrete consists in the estimation of the mechanical properties. The precision on the estimation of theses properties may be dependent on the incidence of several factors, one of them is the free water content absorbed by the sample of concrete under working conditions. In this paper it is shown that the modeling of the dependence between the ultrasonic pulse velocity and the content of free water in the hardened concrete requires the non linear approach. We propose two models, one of them being a non linear mathematical model fitting the experimental data points, and the other of them being a simple physical model structured by considering the concrete material as composed as heterogeneous medium. Besides, it is discussed under which condition the linear approach for modelling proposed by other authors can be used.
Local simplicity, topology, and sets of finite perimeter
Authors: Caraballo David G.
Published: June 2011

We introduce a useful and relatively easy to check condition, local simplicity, which provides significantly more structure to sets of finite perimeter, while not being too restrictive. Local simplicity holds for minimizers in a wide variety of variational problems in materials science, biology, image processing, oncology, and other fields. We prove several regularity and structural properties of locally simple sets and their boundaries, including a vital decomposition theorem that in our setting strengthens the conclusion of theorems of H. Federer and L. Ambrosio, V. Caselles, S. Masnou, and J.-M. Morel. We establish strong connections between topology and sets of finite perimeter, so that ordinary notions of openness, closedness, and connectedness may be readily used in the finite perimeter setting.We apply these results to an image reconstruction procedure from image processing, _L_1 TV-minimization. The density ratio bounds computed to establish local simplicity are themselves of practical importance, as they provide concrete, easy to compute criteria to check simulations against.
The effective energy in the Allen–Cahn model with deformation
Authors: Šilhavý M.
Published: June 2011

The sharp interface limit of a diffuse interface theory of phase transitions is considered in static situations. The diffuse interface model is of the Allen–Cahn type with deformation, with a parameter

\varepsilon

measuring the width of the interface. Equilibrium states of a given elongation and a given interface width are considered and the asymptotics for

\varepsilon\to0

of the equilibrium energy is determined. The interface energy is defined as the excess energy over the corresponding two phase state with a sharp interface without the interface energy. It is shown that to within the term of order

{\rm o}(\varepsilon)

the interface energy is equal to

\sigma\varepsilon

where the coefficient

\sigma

is given by a new formula that involves the mechanical contribution to the total energy. Also the corresponding equilibrium states are determined and shown to converge to a sharp interface state for

\varepsilon\to0.
Asymptotic behaviour of a nonlinear parabolic equation with gradient absorption and critical exponent
Authors: Iagar Razvan Gabriel , Laurençot Philippe , Vázquez Juan Luis
Published: June 2011

We study the large-time behaviour of solutions of the evolution equation involving nonlinear diffusion and gradient absorption,

\partial_t u -\Delta_p u + \vert \nabla u \vert^q=0.

We consider the problem posed for

x\in \mathbb R^N

and

t>0

with nonnegative and compactly supported initial data. We take the exponent

p>2

which corresponds to slow

p

-Laplacian diffusion. The main feature of the paper is that the exponent

q

takes the critical value

q=p-1

which leads to interesting asymptotics. This is due to the fact that in this case both the Hamilton-Jacobi term

|\nabla u|^q

and the diffusive term

\Delta_p u

have a similar size for large times. The study performed in this paper shows that a delicate asymptotic equilibrium happens, so that the large-time behaviour of the solutions is described by a rescaled version of a suitable self-similar solution of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation

|\nabla W|^{p-1}=W

, with logarithmic time corrections. The asymptotic rescaled profile is a kind of sandpile with a cusp on top, and it is independent of the space dimension.
A Corpus‐Based Study of the Linguistic Features and Processes Which Influence the Way Collocations Are Formed: Some Implications for the Learning of Collocations
Authors: WALKER CRAYTON PHILLIP
Published: June 2011

In this article I examine the collocational behaviour of groups of semantically related verbs (e.g.,head, run, manage) and nouns (e.g.,issue, factor, aspect) from the domain of business English. The results of this corpus‐based study show that much of the collocational behaviour exhibited by these lexical items can be explained by examining some of the linguistic features and processes which influence the way collocations are formed. These include the semantics of the individual items themselves, the use of metaphor, semantic prosody, and the tendency for many of the selected items to be part of larger phraseological units. I show that it is possible to explain many of these collocations by considering the linguistic features and processes which have influenced the way they have been formed. My contention is that, if the learner is encouraged to look for an explanation, it makes the process of learning collocations more memorable.
Estimating Guessing Effects on the Vocabulary Levels Test for Differing Degrees of Word Knowledge
Authors: STEWART JEFFREY , WHITE DAVID A.
Published: June 2011

TESOL Quarterly invites readers to submit short reports and updates on their work. These summaries may address any areas of interest to Quarterly readers.
The Struggle to Develop a “Research Culture” in a Developing Country
Authors: MOORE STEPHEN
Published: June 2011

The TESOL Quarterly invites commentary on current trends or practices in the TESOL profession. It also welcomes responses to rebuttals to any articles or remarks published here in The Forum or elsewhere in the Quarterly.
The Academic Word List 10 Years On: Research and Teaching Implications
Authors: COXHEAD AVERIL
Published: June 2011

The TESOL Quarterly publishes brief commentaries on aspects of English language teaching.
Free tropospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) and ozone at Mount Bachelor: potential causes of variability and timescale for trend detection
Authors: Fischer E. V. , Jaffe D. A. , Weatherhead E. C.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. We report on the first multi-year springtime measurements of PAN in the free troposphere over the US Pacific Northwest. The measurements were made at the summit of Mount Bachelor (43.979° N, 121.687° W; 2.7 km a.s.l.) by gas chromatography with electron capture detector during spring 2008, 2009 and 2010. This dataset provides an observational estimate of the month-to-month and springtime interannual variability of PAN mixing ratios in this region. Springtime seasonal mean (1 April–20 May) PAN mixing ratios at Mount Bachelor varied from 100 pptv to 152 pptv. The standard deviation of the three seasonal means was 28 pptv, 21 % of the springtime mean. We summarize the interannual variability in three factors expected to drive PAN variability: biomass burning, transport efficiency over the central and eastern Pacific, and transport temperature. Zhang et al. (2008) used the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model to show that rising Asian NOx emissions from 2000 to 2006 resulted in a relatively larger positive trend in PAN than O3 over western North America. However the model results only considered monotonic changes in Asian emissions, whereas other factors, such as biomass burning, isoprene emissions or climate change can induce greater variability in the atmospheric concentrations and thus extend the time needed for trend detection. We combined the observed variability in PAN and O3 at Mount Bachelor with a range of possible future trends in these species to determine the observational requirements to detect such trends. Though the relative increase in PAN is expected to be larger than that of O3, PAN is more variable. If PAN mixing ratios are currently increasing at a rate of 4 % per year due to rising Asian emissions, we would detect a trend with 13 years of measurements at a site like Mount Bachelor. If the corresponding trend in O3 is 1 % per year, the trends in O3 and PAN would be detected on approximately the same timescale.
Explicit modeling of organic chemistry and secondary organic aerosol partitioning for Mexico City and its outflow plume
Authors: Lee-Taylor J. , Madronich S. , Aumont B. , Camredon M. , Hodzic A. , Tyndall G. S. , Apel E. , Zaveri R. A.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. The evolution of organic aerosols (OA) in Mexico City and its outflow is investigated with the nearly explicit gas phase photochemistry model GECKO-A (Generator of Explicit Chemistry and Kinetics of Organics in the Atmosphere), wherein precursor hydrocarbons are oxidized to numerous intermediate species for which vapor pressures are computed and used to determine gas/particle partitioning in a chemical box model. Precursor emissions included observed C3–10 alkanes, alkenes, and light aromatics, as well as larger n-alkanes (up to C25) not directly observed but estimated by scaling to particulate emissions according to their volatility. Conditions were selected for comparison with observations made in March 2006 (MILAGRO). The model successfully reproduces the magnitude and diurnal shape for both primary (POA) and secondary (SOA) organic aerosols, with POA peaking in the early morning at 15–20 μg m−3, and SOA peaking at 10–15 μg m−3 during mid-day. The majority (≥75 %) of the model SOA stems from the large n-alkanes, with the remainder mostly from the light aromatics. Simulated OA elemental composition reproduces observed H/C and O/C ratios reasonably well, although modeled ratios develop more slowly than observations suggest. SOA chemical composition is initially dominated by δ-hydroxy ketones and nitrates from the large alkanes, with contributions from peroxy acyl nitrates and, at later times when NOx is lower, organic hydroperoxides. The simulated plume-integrated OA mass continues to increase for several days downwind despite dilution-induced particle evaporation, since oxidation chemistry leading to SOA formation remains strong. In this model, the plume SOA burden several days downwind exceeds that leaving the city by a factor of >3. These results suggest significant regional radiative impacts of SOA.
Origin and fate of the secondary nitrite maximum in the Arabian Sea
Authors: Lam P. , Jensen M. M. , Kock A. , Lettmann K. A. , Plancherel Y. , Lavik G. , Bange H. W. , Kuypers M. M. M.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. The Arabian Sea harbours one of the three major oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) in the world's oceans, and it alone is estimated to account for ~10–20 % of global oceanic nitrogen (N) loss. While actual rate measurements have been few, the consistently high accumulation of nitrite (NO2−) coinciding with suboxic conditions in the central-northeastern part of the Arabian Sea has led to the general belief that this is the region where active N-loss takes place. Most subsequent field studies on N-loss have thus been drawn almost exclusively to the central-NE. However, a recent study measured only low to undetectable N-loss activities in this region, compared to orders of magnitude higher rates measured towards the Omani Shelf where little NO2− accumulated (Jensen et al., 2011). In this paper, we further explore this discrepancy by comparing the NO2−-producing and consuming processes, and examining the relationship between the overall NO2− balance and active N-loss in the Arabian Sea. Based on a combination of 15N-incubation experiments, functional gene expression analyses, nutrient profiling and flux modeling, our results showed that NO2− accumulated in the central-NE Arabian Sea due to a net production via primarily active nitrate (NO3−) reduction and to a certain extent ammonia oxidation. Meanwhile, NO2− consumption via anammox, denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate/nitrite reduction to ammonium (NH4+) were hardly detectable in this region, though some loss to NO2− oxidation was predicted from modeled NO3− changes. No significant correlation was found between NO2− and N-loss rates (p>0.05). This discrepancy between NO2− accumulation and lack of active N-loss in the central-NE Arabian Sea is best explained by the deficiency of labile organic matter that is directly needed for further NO2− reduction to N2O, N2 and NH4+, and indirectly for the remineralized NH4+ required by anammox. Altogether, our data do not support the long-held view that NO2− accumulation is a direct activity indicator of N-loss in the Arabian Sea or other OMZs. Instead, NO2− accumulation more likely corresponds to long-term integrated N-loss that has passed the prime of high and/or consistent in situ activities.
Quantifying the thermodynamic entropy budget of the land surface: is this useful?
Authors: Brunsell N. A. , Schymanski S. J. , Kleidon A.
Published: June 2011

Abstract. As a system is moved away from a state of thermodynamic equilibrium, spatial and temporal heterogeneity is induced. A possible methodology to assess these impacts is to examine the thermodynamic entropy budget and assess the role of entropy production and transfer between the surface and the atmosphere. Here, we adopted this thermodynamic framework to examine the implications of changing vegetation fractional cover on land surface energy exchange processes using the NOAH land surface model and eddy covariance observations. Simulations that varied the relative fraction of vegetation were used to calculate the resultant entropy budget as a function of fraction of vegetation. Results showed that increasing vegetation fraction increases entropy production by the land surface while decreasing the overall entropy budget (the rate of change in entropy at the surface). This is accomplished largely via simultaneous increase in the entropy production associated with the absorption of solar radiation and a decline in the Bowen ratio (ratio of sensible to latent heat flux), which leads to increasing the entropy export associated with the latent heat flux during the daylight hours and dominated by entropy transfer associated with sensible heat and soil heat fluxes during the nighttime hours. Eddy covariance observations also show that the entropy production has a consistent sensitivity to land cover, while the overall entropy budget appears most related to the net radiation at the surface, however with a large variance. This implies that quantifying the thermodynamic entropy budget and entropy production is a useful metric for assessing biosphere-atmosphere-hydrosphere system interactions.