bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One‐pot enzymatic route to tetraallyl ether functional oligoesters: Synthesis, UV curing, and characterization
Authors: Eriksson Magnus , Boyer Antoine , Sinigoi Loris , Johansson Mats , Malmström Eva , Hult Karl , Trey Stacy , Martinelle Mats
Published: October 2010

An enzymatic one‐pot route in bulk was used to synthesize tetraallyl ether (tAE) functional oligomers based on divinyl adipate, 1,4‐butanediol and trimethylolpropane diallyl ether. By using lipase B from Candida antarctica as catalyst and varying the stoichiometric ratio of monomers, it was possible to reach targeted molecular weights (from 1300 to 3300 g mol−1) of allyl‐ether functional polyesters. The enzyme catalyzed reaction reached completion (>98% conversion based on all monomers) within 24 h at 60 °C, under reduced pressure (72 mbar) resulting in ∼90% yield after filtration. The tAE‐functional oligoesters were photopolymerized, without any purification other than removal of the enzyme by filtration, with thiol functional monomers (dithiol, tetrathiol) in a 1:1 ratio thiol‐ene reaction. The photo‐initiator, 2,2‐dimethoxy‐2‐phenylacetophenone, was used to improve the rate of reaction under UV light. High conversions (96–99% within detection limits) were found for all thiol‐ene films as determined by FT‐Raman spectroscopy. The tAE‐functional oligoesters were characterized by NMR, MALDI, and SEC. The UV‐cured homopolymerized films and the thiol‐ene films properties were characterized utilizing DSC and DMTA. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
Controlled polymerization of methacrylates at ambient temperature using trithiocarbonate chain transfer agents via SET‐RAFT–cyclohexyl methacrylate: A model study
Authors: Haridharan N. , Ponnusamy K. , Dhamodharan R.
Published: October 2010

Controlled radical polymerization of cyclohexyl methacrylate (CHMA), at ambient temperature, using various chain transfer agents (CTAs) is successfully demonstrated via single electron transfer‐radical addition fragmentation chain transfer (SET‐RAFT). Well‐controlled polymerization with narrow molecular weight distribution (Mw/Mn) < 1.25 was achieved. The polymerization rate followed first‐order kinetics with respect to monomer conversion, and the molecular weight of the polymer increased linearly up to high conversion. A novel, fluorescein‐based initiator, a novel fluorescent CTA and two other CTAs comprising of butane thiol trithiocarbonate with cyano (CTA 1) and carboxylic acid (CTA 3) as the end group were synthesized and characterized. The polymerization is observed to be uncontrolled under SET and less controlled under atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) condition. CTA 2 and 3 produces better control in propagation compared with CTA 1, which may be attributed to the presence of R group that undergoes ready fragmentation to radicals, at ambient temperature. The poly(cyclohexyl methacrylate) [P(CHMA)] prepared through ATRP have higher fluorescence intensity compared with those from SET‐RAFT, which may be attributed to the quenching of fluorescence by the trithiocarbonate and the long hydrocarbon chain. It is observed that block copolymers P(CHMA‐b‐t‐BMA) produced from P(CHMA) macroinitiators synthesized via SET‐RAFT result in lower polydispersity index in comparison with those synthesized via ATRP. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2010
‘Good relations’ among neighbours and workmates? The everyday encounters of Accession 8 migrants and established communities in Urban England
Authors: Cook Joanne , Dwyer Peter , Waite Louise
Published: October 2010

Drawing on data generated in a recently completed qualitative study in a northern, English city, this paper explores the everyday social encounters of Accession 8 (A8) migrants who entered the UK following the expansion of the European Union in 2004. A number of options from permanent residence in another Member State on the one hand, to more fleeting circulatory and multiple short‐term moves on the other, now exist for these new European citizens. The relatively short‐term and temporary residence of some A8 migrants calls into question the focus of much UK government policy, which emphasises the need for migrants to integrate into diverse yet cohesive communities. Against this backdrop, the aim of this paper is two‐fold. First, it considers the somewhat different character of A8 migration (encompassing a spectrum from permanency to temporariness) and what this means for routine experiences of mixing between new migrants and established host communities. Second, the paper explores such interactions in terms of ‘everyday encounters’ in both neighbourhood and work spaces and asks whether such spatio‐temporal practices and experiences enhance or inhibit the building of ‘good relations’ in a multicultural city. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Explaining low international labour mobility: the role of networks, personality, and perceived labour market opportunities
Authors: van Dalen Hendrik P. , Henkens Kène
Published: October 2010

Why is international labour mobility so low in high‐income regions of the European Union? To shed light on this issue, we examine international labour migration intentions of the Dutch potential labour force. A key characteristic of intended (temporary) labour migration of the Dutch is that it occurs at a low level and is strongly age related. The low expected rate of migration is closely connected to (low) expectations about finding work abroad and the expectation that foreign work experience is not perceived to be of value to employers. In addition to these barriers to move abroad, it appears that the personality of potential migrants (nationalistic, risk averse) matters as well as the lack of social networks abroad. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The screened‐exchange approximation as alternative method for DFT calculations on graphene structures
Authors: Gillen Roland , Robertson John
Published: October 2010

We present results from calculations of the electronical band structures of graphene and zigzag graphene nanoribbons employing the sX‐LDA approximation to the electron–electron interaction. The sX‐LDA functional includes non‐local electron exchange and is thus expected to yield more accurate results than standard LDA or GGA functionals. We show that sX‐LDA can make up for the shortcomings of LDA in terms of the electronical band structure of graphene materials and can correctly describe the value of the Fermi velocity in graphene and improvements on the spin‐polarized ground state in zigzag nanoribbons and the resulting spin‐induced band gaps.
N‐type doping effect of single‐walled carbon nanotubes with aromatic amines
Authors: Koizhaiganova Raushan B. , Hwang Doo Hee , Lee Cheol Jin , Roth Siegmar , Dettlaff‐Weglikowska Urszula
Published: October 2010

We investigated the chemical doping of the single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) networks by a treatment with aromatic amines. Adsorption and intercalation of amine molecules in bundled SWCNTs leads to typical n‐type doping observed already for alkali metals. The electron donation to SWCNTs is demonstrated by the X‐ray‐induced photoelectron spectra (XPS), where the carbon C 1s peak observed at 284.4 eV for the sp2 carbon in pristine samples is shifted by up to 0.3 eV to higher binding energy upon chemical treatment. The development of a Breit‐Wigner‐Fano component on the lower energy side of the G− mode in the Raman spectrum as well as a shift of the G+ to lower frequency provide evidence for charge accumulation in the nanotube π system, and indication for the n‐type doping. The spectroscopic changes are accompanied by the modification of the electrical properties of the SWCNTs. A reduction of conductivity depends on the doping level and implies the decreasing concentration of the charge carriers in the naturally p‐doped tubes. Comparing the two selected n‐type dopants, the tetramethyl‐p‐phenylenediamine, shows more pronounced changes in the XPS and the Raman spectra than tetramethylpyrazine, indicating that the sp3 hybridization of nitrogen in the amine groups attached to phenyl ring is much more effective in interaction with the tube π system than the sp2 hybridization of nitrogen in the aromatic pyrazine ring.
Raman study of inhomogeneities in carbon nanotube distribution in CNT–PMMA composites
Authors: Mueller Andreas , Vigolo Brigitte , McRae Edward , Soldatov Alexander V.
Published: October 2010

This work is aimed at characterization of the carbon nanotube (CNT) distribution in polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)–CNT composites by high‐resolution Raman spectroscopy. In particular, we focus on study of the boundary regions between the CNT aggregates and the surrounding areas where the CNTs are well dispersed in the PMMA matrix. Different laser excitation energies (1.96 and 2.33 eV) were used to preferentially probe metallic and semiconducting SWCNTs, respectively. At both photon energies, spectral line scans across the boundary regions were performed revealing a substantial drop in intensity of G+ CNT Raman mode and an increase of the D/G+‐intensity ratio. The latter testifies to a preferential dispersion of functionalized CNTs in the PMMA matrix. Certain inhomogeneities were observed by Raman spectral imaging even in the areas with well‐dispersed CNTs.
The line shape analysis of electron spectroscopy spectra by the artificial intelligence methods for identification of C sp2/sp3 bonds
Authors: Lesiak Beata , Zemek Josef , Jiricek Petr , Stobinski Leszek , Jóźwik Adam
Published: October 2010

The functionalized by the oxidation reaction multiwall carbon nanotubes, denoted as ox‐MWCNTs, and temperature modified are studied using the X‐ray induced Auger electron spectroscopy (XAES) and elastic peak electron spectroscopy reflection electron energy loss (EPES REELS). The artificial intelligence methods, like (i) the principal components (PC) and (ii) the k‐nearest neighbors (kNN) rule are applied for analysis of spectra line shapes. These methods apply spectra (i) transformation (PC) and (ii) n‐dimensional representation as vector points (kNN) and deal with distances between vector points. The spectra of temperature modified ox‐MWCNTs are identified on the basis of respective spectra recorded from the so‐called reference set, i.e., the spectra from graphite (C sp2 hybridizations) and diamond (C sp3 hybridizations). The kNN rule is more efficient than the PC for identification of carbon materials containing various C sp2 content and can be applied for quantification. The kNN rule indicated majority of C sp2 in temperature treated ox‐MWCNTs. The accuracy of the kNN rule is discussed.
Low‐temperature growth of single‐wall carbon nanotubes inside nano test tubes
Authors: Shiozawa Hidetsugu , Silva S. Ravi P. , Liu Zheng , Suenaga Kazu , Kataura Hiromichi , Kramberger Christian , Pfeiffer Rudolf , Kuzmany Hans , Pichler Thomas
Published: October 2010

From nano‐test tube chemistry we determine details of low temperature growth of carbon nanotubes. Single‐walled carbon nanotubes of various diameters are grown at different temperatures from a Pt organometallic precursor encapsulated inside template single‐walled tubes. At the low temperature limits where the reactions are slower and milder, the inner‐tube diameters are optimally determined by the outer‐tube diameter. The growth temperature is determined for a given tube chirality and is found to be dependent on the diameter. It is lower for thinner tubes and can be as low as 600 °C for the (7.3) tube. In situ nano‐test tube chemistry within a state‐of‐the‐art microscope provides an idealistic nano‐clean room experiment, which allows monitoring of a snapshot in the catalytic growth of a single‐walled tube out of a Pt nanocrystal.
Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry from discrete nanoliter‐sized sample volumes
Authors: Ek Patrik , Stjernström Mårten , Emmer Åsa , Roeraade Johan
Published: October 2010

We describe a method for nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry (nESI‐MS) of very small sample volumes. Nanoliter‐sized sample droplets were taken up by suction into a nanoelectrospray needle from a silicon microchip prior to ESI. To avoid a rapid evaporation of the small sample volumes, all manipulation steps were performed under a cover of fluorocarbon liquid. Sample volumes down to 1.5 nL were successfully analyzed, and an absolute limit of detection of 105 attomole of insulin (chain B, oxidized) was obtained. The open access to the sample droplets on the silicon chip provides the possibility to add reagents to the sample droplets and perform chemical reactions under an extended period of time. This was demonstrated in an example where we performed a tryptic digestion of cytochrome C in a nanoliter‐sized sample volume for 2.5 h, followed by monitoring the outcome of the reaction with nESI‐MS. The technology was also utilized for tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) sequencing analysis of a 2 nL solution of angiotensin I. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moving from Principles to Practice: Recommended Policy Changes to Promote Family‐Centered Care
Authors: Kilmer Ryan P. , Cook James R. , Palamaro Munsell Eylin
Published: October 2010

This paper emphasizes the value of family‐centered care. Discussion highlights family‐centered philosophies (e.g., Systems of Care [SOCs]) and practice models (i.e., wraparound) and identifies discrepancies between conceptualizations and actual practice. Data from multiple sources detail issues in fidelity to family‐centered values and needs and risks experienced by siblings of children with severe emotional disturbance and their caregivers. This discussion provides a springboard for policy recommendations to strengthen family support programming and enhance family‐centered care, from modifying funding streams such that systems extend their reach beyond children with full‐blown, diagnosable problems (those meeting standards of “medical necessity), to supporting prevention and early intervention initiatives that address families as targets for intervention. Recommendations include ensuring that communities with SOC funding address the needs of families; broadening Medicaid rules and definitions; expanding the range of reimbursable activities and services; and increasing funding for evaluating family‐centered care models and family support programming.
“In Sickness and in Health”? Disclosures of Genetic Risks in Dating
Authors: Klitzman Robert L. , Sweeney Meghan M.
Published: October 2010

Individuals who have, or are at risk for, various genetic disorders face many challenges concerning disclosures of genetic information in dating situations. We conducted a qualitative interview study of 64 individuals confronting Huntington's disease, breast cancer, or Alpha‐1 antitrypsin deficiency, examining what issues these individuals encountered, and how they viewed and addressed these—including issues of understandings, privacy, and disclosures of genetic information to various groups (e.g., family members). Incidental to the primary research questions addressed, participants also often described a series of dilemmas in dating situations that they and/or family members, friends, and fellow patients faced of whether to date, and if so, whether, what, how, why, and when to disclose their genetic risk or illness. At times, these individuals feared and experienced rejection, and hence delayed, avoided, or opposed disclosure, or disclosed indirectly or inadvertently. These data are reported in this paper and highlight the importance of patients, their loved ones, genetic counselors, and other health care providers being aware of these issues, and appreciating the complex factors involved, which can affect patients’ coping and social support. This paper, the first to explore several key aspects of disclosures of genetic information in dating, thus suggests needs for public and professional education, and future research in this area.
Formative pre-Hispanic agricultural soils in northwest Argentina
Authors: Sampietro Vattuone María Marta , Roldán Jimena , Neder Liliana , Maldonado Mario Gabriel , Vattuone Marta Amelia
Published: October 2010

Our study area is from an early agricultural archaeological site named “El Tolar” (1st to 9th century AD), located in Tafí Valley (Tucumán, northwest Argentina). The objective was to identify geochemical signatures generated by the sustained agrarian use of soils. Chemical and pedological studies were made in different archaeological contexts. Physical and chemical features, such as bulk density, pH, organic and inorganic phosphorus, and available copper, manganese and iron, were taken into account. The results suggested that a buried paleosol identified was contemporary with the occupation of the site. It also showed characteristics clearly related to pre-Hispanic agrarian production. The concentrations of organic phosphorus and iron in agricultural soils probably reflect the use of fertilizers. The application of geoscience techniques allowed us to obtain important information on their behaviour and socio-economic development. This paper constitutes the first pedogeochemical approach to the study of Argentinean pre-Hispanic agricultural soils.
Revolutionary Mothers: Women in the North Korean Revolution, 1945–1950
Authors: Kim Suzy
Published: October 2010

Women today are struggling with all their passion and all their strength day and night for the creation of a new history of a democratic country. Today in the streets, men, women, the old, the young, everyone stops to listen to the women.

———Nam Hyǒn-sǒ, “Women of a New Country,” January 1947

In Korea from ancient times, the master of the home was thought to refer to the husband … we now realize that the master of the home must be the woman, that is, the wife or mother.

———Chang Chǒng-suk, “The New Home and Housewife,” October 1947

All social revolutions in modern history, from the Russian Revolution of 1917 to the Cuban one of 1959, have attempted to address the status of women as a critical element of social change.1North Korea was no different. With Japan's defeat in World War II, Korea was liberated from its thirty-five-year colonial rule, and as in many postcolonial nations after the war, revolution was in the air.2When the Cold War came early to the peninsula, Korea took two divergent paths. Divided at the 38th parallel into separate occupation zones, with the United States in the south and the USSR in the north, social reforms were carried out swiftly in the north, aided and abetted by the Soviets, while in the south, the American occupiers saw most Korean political movements as too radical and suppressed them. In what follows, I focus on the formative years of early North Korean history, the five-year period between the end of Japanese colonial rule in 1945 and the start of the Korean War in 1950. I show how North Korea from the outset attempted to meld the old and the new through the figure of the revolutionary mother as a uniquely feminine revolutionary subjectivity. This sets the North Korean case apart from other historical examples of social revolutions and their handling of “the woman question.”
Considerations on bubble fragmentation models
Authors: MARTÍNEZ-BAZÁN C. , RODRÍGUEZ-RODRÍGUEZ J. , DEANE G. B. , MONTAÑES J. L. , LASHERAS J. C.
Published: October 2010

In this paper we describe the restrictions that the probability density function (p.d.f.) of the size of particles resulting from the rupture of a drop or bubble must satisfy. Using conservation of volume, we show that when a particle of diameter, D0, breaks into exactly two fragments of sizes D and D2 = (D30−D3)1/3 respectively, the resulting p.d.f., f(D; D0), must satisfy a symmetry relation given by D22f(D; D0) = D2f(D2; D0), which does not depend on the nature of the underlying fragmentation process. In general, for an arbitrary number of resulting particles, m(D0), we determine that the daughter p.d.f. should satisfy the conservation of volume condition given by m(D0) ∫0D0 (D/D0)3f(D; D0) dD = 1. A detailed analysis of some contemporary fragmentation models shows that they may not exhibit the required conservation of volume condition if they are not adequately formulated. Furthermore, we also analyse several models proposed in the literature for the breakup frequency of drops or bubbles based on different principles, g(ϵ, D0). Although, most of the models are formulated in terms of the particle size D0 and the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy, ϵ, and apparently provide different results, we show here that they are nearly identical when expressed in dimensionless form in terms of the Weber number, g*(Wet) = g(ϵ, D0) D2/30 ϵ−1/3, with Wet ~ ρ ϵ2/3D05/3/σ, where ρ is the density of the continuous phase and σ the surface tension.
Non-voice-related throat symptoms: comparative analysis of laryngopharyngeal reflux and globus pharyngeus scales
Authors: Cathcart R A , Steen N , Natesh B G , Ali K H , Wilson J A
Published: October 2010

Background:

This study calculated the comparability of two throat symptom assessment scales devised to evaluate either laryngopharyngeal reflux or globus.

Setting:

United Kingdom hospital out-patient departments.

Method:

A total of 334 subjects, with and without throat symptoms, completed the Reflux Symptom Index and/or the Glasgow and Edinburgh Throat Scale. The following were calculated for the resultant data: Cronbach's α coefficient, principal component analysis, Kaiser normalisation, varimax and oblimin rotation, and eigenvalues.

Results:

Analysis of data from the Reflux Symptom Index and the Glasgow and Edinburgh Throat Scale revealed clearly similar symptom domains regarding (1) coughing and blockage, and (2) globus or postnasal drip or throat-clearing, as did combined analysis of their amalgamated items. Both instruments had good overall internal consistency (α = 0.75 and 0.81, respectively). The ‘heartburn or reflux’ item in the Reflux Symptom Index mapped poorly to each underlying factor.

Discussion:

The most commonly used laryngopharyngeal reflux and globus assessment questionnaires appear to detect very similar symptom clusters. The management of throat disorders may previously have been over-reliant on the presenting pattern of throat symptoms. Our findings indicate a need to revisit the traditional clinical classification of throat symptoms.
A first modern contribution to Caloplaca biodiversity in South Korea: two new species and some new country records
Authors: JOSHI Yogesh , WANG Xin Yu , YAMAMOTO Yoshikazu , KOH Young Jin , HUR Jae-Seoun
Published: October 2010

Eleven species are recognized of which C. bogilana and C. subflavorubescens are described here as new to science while nine species (C. cinnabarina, C. decipiens, C. ferruginea, C. inconspecta, C. pellodella, C. scopularis, C. stantonii, C. squamosa and C. subsoluta) are reported for the first time for South Korea. Both new species are peculiar due to their secondary chemistry; anthraquinones along with atranorin, gyrophoric acid and lecanoric acid in C. bogilana, and gyrophoric acid together with anthraquinones in C. subflavorubescens.
Determination of usnic and perlatolic acids and identification of olivetoric acids in Northern reindeer lichen (Cladonia stellaris) extracts
Authors: SMEDS Annika I. , KYTÖVIITA Minna-Maarit
Published: October 2010

The ecologically important lichen Cladonia stellaris forms thick carpets in boreal forest floors. In addition to affecting temperature and water conditions in the soil underneath, the secondary metabolites formed by the lichen layer are of ecological interest. In this paper, we investigated the distribution of lichen acids in C. stellaris collected at different latitudes in Finland and developed methods to quantify the two optical enantiomers of usnic acid separately. The lichen extracts were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV and mass spectrometric (MS) detection and by gas chromatography with flame ionization (GC-FID) and MS detection. Usnic acid and perlatolic acid were quantified using GC-FID. The concentration of usnic acid in the top 20 mm of the lichen thallus ranged from 0·48–3·08% of dry weight, and that of perlatolic acid from 0·08–0·54%. The enantiomeric composition of usnic acid was determined using a chiral HPLC column coupled to an electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometer. (−)-Usnic acid was found to be the predominating enantiomer in all extracts; the proportion of (+)-usnic acid ranged from 0·4%–10·0%. Olivetoric acid methyl ester, diphenylmethanol, and 5-pentylresorcinol were identified, and several other olivetoric acid-type compounds were tentatively identified in the extracts.
Additions to thePlacopsismycobiota (Trapeliaceae, Ascomycota) of southern South America, with notes on new records (includingAspiciliopsis macrophthalma), and a revised regional key to the species
Authors: GALLOWAY David J.
Published: October 2010

Aspiciliopsis macrophthalma, Placopsis fusciduloides, P. gelidioidesandP. tararuanaare reported for the first time from southern South America. New records for 13 species ofPlacopsisin southern South America are reported, and a revised key to 22 species ofPlacopsisandA. macrophthalmain the region is given.
Stable standing waves for the two-dimensional Klein–Gordon–Schrödinger system
Authors: Kikuchi Hiroaki
Published: October 2010

We study the orbital stability of standing waves for the Klein–Gordon–Schrödinger system in two spatial dimensions. It is proved that the standing wave is stable if the frequency is sufficiently small. To prove this, we obtain the uniqueness of ground state and investigate the spectrum of the appropriate linearized operator by using the perturbation method developed by Genoud and Stuart and Lin and Wei. Then we apply to our system the general theory of Grillakis, Shatah and Strauss.
One good thing leads to another: Cascades of positive youth development among American adolescents
Authors: Lewin-Bizan Selva , Bowers Edmond P. , Lerner Richard M.
Published: October 2010

Developmental cascades are links across the life span among heterotypic (qualitatively distinct) variables associated with one or more levels of organization within the ecology of human development. Using data from the longitudinal, 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development (PYD), we illustrate a developmental systems theory predicated model of cascades in the relations between individuals and contexts that promote positive development among adolescents. Consistent with expectations about the bases of PYD and the role in such development on person and context, ecological resources associated with parenting are linked to individual self-regulatory behaviors that in turn impact PYD, which is then associated with youth community contributions. We discuss the limitations and future directions of this research and the implications of developmental cascades for applications to policies and programs.
Intergenerational transmission of depression: A launch and grow model of change across adolescence
Authors: Garber Judy , Cole David A.
Published: October 2010

The present study tested a “launch-and-grow” type of cascade model in which an earlier risk factor (e.g., exposure to maternal depression by age 12) was hypothesized to predict several risk processes during development (e.g., stress, family relationships, self-worth [SW]), which then set the course for the growth of children's depressive symptoms over time. Participants were 240 mothers and children (mean age = 11.87 years, SD = 0.57) who were evaluated annually across 6 years. The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM diagnoses was used to assess mothers' psychiatric history; 185 mothers had had a mood disorder and 55 mothers were lifetime free of psychiatric diagnoses. At each assessment, mothers completed measures of their current level of depressive symptoms and stressful life events; adolescents completed measures about their perceptions of the family environment and their SW; and clinicians rated adolescents' level of depressive symptoms based on separate interviews with the adolescent and mother. Latent growth curve analyses revealed that history of maternal depression significantly predicted the intercepts of the growth trajectories of adolescents' depressive symptoms, mothers' current depressive symptoms, stressful life events, family environment, and adolescents' SW. The intercepts of each of these variables then predicted the trajectory (i.e., slope) of the growth of adolescents' depressive symptoms across the 6 years of the study. These results were consistent with the hypothesized model of maternal depression launching a set of risk factors, which in turn predict the growth of depressive symptoms during adolescence. Implications for interventions aimed at preventing depression in at-risk youth are discussed.
Changes in genetic and environmental influences on the development of nicotine dependence and major depressive disorder from middle adolescence to early adulthood
Authors: Tully Erin C. , Iacono William G. , McGue Matt
Published: October 2010

This longitudinal study used a representative community sample of same-sex twins (485 monozygotic pairs, 271 dizygotic pairs) to study longitudinal changes in genetic and environmental influences on nicotine dependence (NicD) symptoms and major depressive disorder (MDD) symptoms and the longitudinal relationships between NicD and MDD symptoms at three relatively discrete ages spanning middle adolescence to early adulthood (ages 15, 18, and 21). Clinical interviews were used to assess NicD and MDD symptoms lifetime at age 15 and during the previous 3 years at the two subsequent assessments. Biometric models revealed similar patterns of findings for NicD and MDD. Heritability increased with age, particularly between ages 15 and 18. Shared environmental influences were small, and the proportion of variance attributed to shared environmental influences decreased with age. Nonshared environmental influences were moderate to large in magnitude and were entirely age specific. Both NicD and MDD symptoms showed considerable stability from age 15 to 21, and at each age those with one disorder showed elevated rates of the other. However, a cross-lagged model revealed no longitudinal predictive relationships between MDD symptoms and NicD symptoms after accounting for stability of symptoms within disorders. In summary, the transition between middle and late adolescence is a critical period for developmental shifts in the magnitudes of genetic and environmental influences on both MDD and NicD symptoms. Despite similarities in the development of genetic and environmental influences for the two phenotypes, the association between NicD and MDD reflects concurrent covariation rather than one phenotype being an antecedent influence on the subsequent development of the other.
Continuity and cascade in offspring of bipolar parents: A longitudinal study of externalizing, internalizing, and thought problems
Authors: Klimes-Dougan Bonnie , Long Jeffrey D. , Lee Chih-Yuan Steven , Ronsaville Donna S. , Gold Philip W. , Martinez Pedro E.
Published: October 2010

There is growing evidence that many offspring of bipolar parents will develop moderate to severe forms of psychopathology during childhood and adolescence. The purpose of this study was to apply growth curve models to evaluate developmental progression with regard to continuity and cascades representative within the context of a family risk study of bipolar disorder (BD). Repeated assessments of externalizing, internalizing, and thought problems, spanning more than a decade, were examined in a total of 94 offspring of parents with BD (O-BD), major depressive disorder (O-UNI), or no significant psychiatric or medical problems (O-WELL). Continuity was defined by the growth curve of the O-WELL group who exhibited low levels of problems from early childhood through late adolescence. Discontinuity, as evidenced by greater complexity of growth curves relative to the O-WELL group, was exhibited in the at- risk offspring groups for internalizing problems. Different patterns of developmental cascades were supported for the at-risk group with O-UNI showing a robust cascade from self-regulatory deficits (externalizing problems) to internalizing problems. There was also support for a cascade from self-regulatory deficits to thought problems across the entire group (with some support that this pattern was accounted for primarily by O-BD). This study not only serves to advance our understanding of the risks associated with a family history of BD, but also provides a novel approach to examining developmental cascades.
A source, a cascade, a schizoid: A heuristic proposal from The Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders
Authors: Lenzenweger Mark F.
Published: October 2010

It is argued that personality pathology represents the final emergent product of a complex interaction of underlying neurobehavioral systems as well as environment inputs. A number of factors may be involved in the developmental pathway and a cascading of effects is plausible, although a unifying cascade for all personality disorders is not likely. The present study suggests a possible cascade relevant to one personality disorder: schizoid personality disorder in emerging adulthood. In brief, it is hypothesized that the absence of a relationship characterized by a rich degree of psychological proximal process in early childhood, which is associated with nurturance and the facilitation of more complex development, predicts impairment in the actualization of the affiliation system (i.e., that system that facilitates interpersonal connectedness and social bonds in human beings and is under substantial genetic influence), and this impairment in the affiliation system predicts the appearance of schizoid personality disorder symptoms in emerging adulthood (late teens/early 20s), which persists over time into emerging adulthood. The impairment in the affiliation system is argued to proceed through childhood sociality as reflected in temperament on through adult personality as reflected in communal positive emotion. Furthermore, it is also hypothesized that the relationship between proximal processes and the affiliation system maintains irrespective of other childhood temperament factors that might adversely impact early parent/caregiver and child relations. The data for a preliminary illustration of this possible cascade are drawn from The Longitudinal Study of Personality Disorders, which is a prospective, multiwave study of personality disorders, personality, and temperament in a large sample of adults drawn from a nonclinical population.
The functions ofweorðanand its loss in the past tense in Old and Middle English
Authors: PETRÉ PETER
Published: October 2010

In this article, I relate the loss ofweorðanin the past tense to the loss of an Old English grammatical subsystem that encouraged the expression of narrative by bounded sentence constructions. This type of construction represents a situation as reaching its goal or endpoint, and serves to mark progress in a narrative (e.g.then he walked over to the other side). Instead of this system, from Middle English onwards a mixed system emerges with differently structured bounded sentence constructions as well as, increasingly, unbounded sentence constructions – which structure events as open-ended, usually by means of a progressive form (e.g.he was walking). I show howweorðanin Old English was strongly associated with the Old English system of bounded sentence constructions – an association with boundedness is not surprising given its meaning of ‘(sudden) transition into another state’. In the thirteenth century this rigid Old English system started to break down, as primarily evidenced by the disappearance of the time adverbialþaand the loss of verb-second.Wearð, being strongly associated with the old way of structuring narrative, decreased too and eventually disappeared.
MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS OF GREATER COMPETITION IN THE SERVICE SECTOR: THE CASE OF ITALY
Authors: Forni L. , Gerali A. , Pisani M.
Published: October 2010

In this paper we assess the effects of increasing competition in the service sector in one country of the euro area. We focus on Italy, which, based on cross-country comparisons, stands out as the country with the highest markups in nonmanufacturing industries among the OECD countries. We propose a two-region (Italy and the rest of the euro area) dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model where we introduce nontradable goods as a proxy for services and we allow for monopolistic competition in labor, manufacturing, and services markets. We then use the model to simulate the macroeconomic and spillover effects of increasing the degree of competition in the Italian services sector. According to the results, reducing the markups in services to the levels prevailing in the rest of the euro area induces in the long run an increase in Italian GDP equal to 11% and an increase in welfare (measured in terms of steady state consumption equivalents) of about 3.5%. Half of the GDP increase would be realized in the first three years. The spillover effects to the rest of the euro area are limited: consumption, investment, and GDP increases are relatively small.
THE WELFARE GAINS OF TRADE INTEGRATION IN THE EUROPEAN MONETARY UNION
Authors: Auray Stéphane , Eyquem Aurélien , Poutineau Jean-Christophe
Published: October 2010

This paper evaluates the welfare gains arising from deeper trade integration in the European Monetary Union. To do this, the European Monetary Union is represented in a realistic way by an intertemporal general equilibrium model with incomplete financial markets, sticky prices, and home bias in production. The model is estimated and not rejected by the data. Two main results emerge: (i) an increase in vertical trade (occuring at the early stage of the production process) implies welfare gains whereas (ii) an increase in horizontal trade (occuring at the late stage of the production process) implies welfare losses.
AGGREGATE AND DISTRIBUTIONAL EFFECTS OF TAX POLICY WITH INTERDEPENDENT PREFERENCES: THE ROLE OF “CATCHING UP WITH THE JONESES”
Authors: Koyuncu Murat , Turnovsky Stephen J.
Published: October 2010

This paper analyzes the aggregate growth and distributional effects of tax policy using an endogenous growth model with heterogeneous agents having “catching up with the Joneses” (CUJ) types of preferences. We characterize the aggregate equilibrium of this economy, as well as its distributional properties, and show that the consumption externality present with CUJ preferences produces greater income inequality than is obtained with conventional time-separable preferences. The consumption externality substantially alters the effects of tax policy, mostly quantitatively, but in some cases qualitatively as well. Extensive numerical simulations are conducted and used to compare the consequences of different modes of taxation, highlighting the tradeoffs involved.
Gene therapy for β-thalassaemia: the continuing challenge
Authors: Yannaki Evangelia , Emery David W. , Stamatoyannopoulos George
Published: October 2010

The β-thalassaemias are inherited anaemias that form the most common class of monogenic disorders in the world. Treatment options are limited, with allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation offering the only hope for lifelong cure. However, this option is not available for many patients as a result of either the lack of compatible donors or the increased risk of transplant-related mortality in subjects with organ damage resulting from accumulated iron. The paucity of alternative treatments for patients that fall into either of these categories has led to the development of a revolutionary treatment strategy based on gene therapy. This approach involves replacing allogeneic stem cell transplantation with the transfer of normal globin genes into patient-derived, autologous haematopoietic stem cells. This highly attractive strategy offers several advantages, including bypassing the need for allogeneic donors and the immunosuppression required to achieve engraftment of the transplanted cells and to eliminate the risk of donor-related graft-versus-host disease. This review discusses the many advances that have been made towards this endeavour as well as the hurdles that must still be overcome before gene therapy for β-thalassaemia, as well as many other gene therapy applications, can be widely applied in the clinic.
On the origin and evolution of life in the Galaxy
Authors: McCabe Michael , Lucas Holly
Published: October 2010

A simple stochastic model for evolution, based upon the need to pass a sequence ofncritical steps is applied to both terrestrial and extraterrestrial origins of life. In the former case, the time at which humans have emerged during the habitable period of Earth suggests a value ofn=4. Progressively adding earlier evolutionary transitions gives an optimum fit whenn=5, implying either that their initial transitions are not critical or that habitability began around 6 Ga ago. The origin of life on Mars or elsewhere within the Solar System is excluded by the latter case and the simple anthropic argument is that extraterrestrial life is scarce in the Universe because it does not have time to evolve. Alternatively, the timescale can be extended if the migration of basic progenotic material to Earth is possible. If extra transitions are included in the model to allow for Earth migration, then the start of habitability needs to be even earlier than 6 Ga ago. Our present understanding of Galactic habitability and dynamics does not exclude this possibility. We conclude that Galactic punctuated equilibrium, proposed as a way round the anthropic problem, is not the only way of making life more common in the Galaxy.
Large‐scale laboratory observations of wave breaking turbulence over an evolving beach
Authors: Yoon Hyun‐Doug , Cox Daniel T.
Published: October 2010

Wave breaking turbulence over an evolving beach was observed in a large‐scale laboratory flume, as part of the CROss‐Shore Sediment Transport EXperiment (CROSSTEX). The data set included comprehensive measurements of water surface elevation, fluid velocity, and morphology for irregular waves under erosive and accretive wave conditions. For the both conditions, the beach reached a quasi‐equilibrium state, defined as when the bar shape was stable. Wave breaking characteristics, such as wave heights, average rate of energy dissipation by bores, and surf similarity parameter, were investigated in response to morphodynamics of the bar. Turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) was estimated using the method by Shaw and Trowbridge (2001). As the beach evolved, a less amount of TKE was observed at the trough for the erosive case, while more TKE was observed at the trough for the accretive case. It was also found that the temporal variation of the time‐averaged TKE were closely associated with the average rate of energy dissipation by bores. Comparing with the bar trough, the vertical distribution of nondimensionalized time‐averaged TKE and turbulence dissipation rate at the bar crest showed a large increase near the bottom, probably due to a strong cross‐shore RMS velocity. Finally, in the quasi‐equilibrium state, time‐averaged TKE, and turbulence dissipation rate at the bar trough were smaller than those inside the surf zone. Inside the surf zone, significant turbulence intensities were observed due to a second breaking on a shallow water depth.
Modulation of short wind waves by long waves
Authors: Donelan Mark A. , Haus Brian K. , Plant William J. , Troianowski Olivier
Published: October 2010

A laboratory experiment is reported in which paddle‐generated waves a few meters long and with initial slopes interact with centimetric wind‐generated waves. The short waves are modified by the orbital velocity gradients of the long waves and by the modulation of the airflow over the long waves. Both of these effects produce a modulation of the short‐wave energy density on the phase of the long waves. The Wavelet Directional Method is used to track the varying energy density of the short waves with long‐wave phase. Two sets of trials are run at six wind speeds for five different long waves for a total of 60 trials. The sensitivity of the mean short‐wave energy density to wind speed, long‐wave slope, and long‐wave period is explored in terms of a balance between wind input and dissipation source terms in the evolution of a spectrum of water waves. The magnitude and phase of the modulation of the short‐wave energy reveals the relative effects of straining by orbital velocities and modulation of wind input. We show that these effects are very similar to those measured on the ocean.
On the propagation and decay of North Brazil Current rings
Authors: Jochumsen Kerstin , Rhein Monika , Hüttl‐Kabus Sabine , Böning Claus W.
Published: October 2010

Near the western boundary of the tropical North Atlantic, where the North Brazil Current (NBC) retroflects into the North Equatorial Countercurrent, large anticyclonic rings are shed. After separating from the retroflection region, the so‐called NBC rings travel northwestward along the Brazilian coast, until they reach the island chain of the Lesser Antilles and disintegrate. These rings contribute substantially to the upper limb return flow of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation by carrying South Atlantic Water into the northern subtropical gyre. Their relevance for the northward transport of South Atlantic Water depends on the frequency of their generation as well as on their horizontal and vertical structure. The ring shedding and propagation and the complex interaction of the rings with the Lesser Antilles are investigated in the Family of Linked Atlantic Model Experiments (FLAME) model. The ring properties simulated in FLAME reach the upper limit of the observed rings in diameter and agree with recent observations on seasonal variability, which indicates a maximum shedding during the first half of the year. When the rings reach the shallow topography of the Lesser Antilles, they are trapped by the island triangle of St. Lucia, Barbados and Tobago and interact with the island chain. The model provides a resolution that is capable of resolving the complex topographic conditions at the islands and illuminates various possible fates for the water contained in the rings. It also reproduces laboratory experiments that indicate that both cyclones and anticyclones are formed after a ring passes through a topographic gap. Trajectories of artificial floats, which were inserted into the modeled velocity field, are used to investigate the pathways of the ring cores and their fate after they encounter the Lesser Antilles. The majority of the floats entered the Caribbean, while the northward Atlantic pathway was found to be of minor importance. No prominent pathway was found east of Barbados, where a ring could avoid the interaction with the islands and migrate toward the northern Lesser Antilles undisturbed.
Using the International Monitoring System infrasound network to study gravity waves
Authors: Marty J. , Ponceau D. , Dalaudier F.
Published: October 2010

The infrasound network of the International Monitoring System (IMS) has been designed for the detection of atmospheric pressure fluctuations produced in the [0.02 Hz–4 Hz] frequency range. However, the majority of the measuring chains used in this network also record pressure fluctuations at lower frequencies. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the accuracy of IMS pressure measurements in the gravity wave band, whose period usually ranges from a few minutes to 24 hours. Application examples such as the monitoring of worldwide gravity wave time‐spectra and the characterization of surface pressure fluctuations produced by atmospheric tides are presented. This study opens the way to the analysis of gravity waves using IMS data, which constitute a unique and accurate set of pressure measurements.