bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Governance of professional accounting bodies: a comparative analysis
Authors: Andon Paul , Clune Conor
Published: March 2021

Purpose

This study examines the governance structures, practices and related public disclosures of the world's largest professional accounting bodies (PABs). Key aims are to advance the limited available knowledge and guidance on PAB governance and highlight avenues for further research and debate on how PABs can strengthen their governance arrangements.

Design/methodology/approach

Content analysis of extant governance arrangements for the subject PABs was conducted using a range of secondary data and guided by available international governance frameworks. The authors focused on identifying critical differences across the studied PABs. The governance recommendations and future research themes presented emerged from an analysis of relevant knowledge on governance practices from the academic literature and other sources.

Findings

The paper presents a detailed comparison of PAB governance arrangements across the themes of strategic disclosures, committee arrangements and member engagement. From this analysis, 20 recommendations are presented that seek to fortify the capacity of PABs to uphold their professional and public interest responsibilities.

Originality/value

This is the first paper to systemically examine the governance arrangements of the world's largest PABs. It thus adds to knowledge about the efficacy of extant arrangements in facilitating accountable and transparent self-regulation of PAB responsibilities. Crucial future research opportunities are also highlighted to provoke and guide long-neglected debate on PAB governance.
Organizing care during the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of accounting in German hospitals
Authors: Huber Christian , Gerhardt Nadine , Reilley Jacob T.
Published: March 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to provide insight into the roles of accounting in the management of the coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in five German hospitals.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors conducted three rounds of interviews, ethnographic observations of meetings and document analyses in five German hospitals between February and August 2020.

Findings

The authors found that actors repeatedly used a central set of indicators (the number of beds for COVID-19 patients) when adapting a healthcare infrastructure to the pandemic. Accounting figures allowed actors to problematize prior configurations, organize processes to make uncertainty plannable and virtualize changes to resume treating non-COVID-19 patients.

Practical implications

The authors offer suggestions about scenario planning and interorganizational learning which have implications for healthcare practitioners.

Originality/value

The authors contribute to the accounting in crisis literature by adding an organization-focused study. Adding nuance to key themes in the literature, they show how the organizations and the field level interact and how organizing locally preceded economizing. They also offer a nonbinary answer to the question of whether or not changes revert back to “normal” after a crisis event.
Examining the penetration of financial inclusion in the agricultural sector: evidence from small-scale farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria
Authors: Omeje Ambrose Nnaemeka , Mba Augustine Jideofor , Ugwu Michael Okike , Amuka Joseph , Agamah Perpetual Ngozi
Published: March 2021

Purpose

The study examined the penetration of financial inclusion in the agricultural sector, using small-scale farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria, as evidence.

Design/methodology/approach

The study utilized survey data generated from 425 questionnaires administered to small-scale farmers in both rural and urban locations in Enugu State. The study applied the adequacy gap, timeliness gap and penetration gap indices to measure the penetration of financial inclusion among the small-scale farmers in Enugu State.

Findings

It was found that different lending agencies, except for some cooperative societies, were unable to meet the credit needs of small-scale farmers in Enugu State as shown by the adequacy gap index. The timeliness gap index revealed the existence of time gap in the credit receipt of small-scale farmers given that agriculture is rain-fed in Enugu. The penetration gap index indicated that there is gap in the penetration of agricultural credit grants to small-scale farmers in Enugu State, showing a shallow penetration of financial inclusion in agricultural sector.

Research limitations/implications

The research is limited in scope as a result of data and the desire to study small-scale farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria.

Practical implications

The study recommended among others that government should encourage cooperatives more to meet credit needs of farmers in order to raise the level of financial inclusion penetration.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the only study that examines the penetration of financial inclusion among small-scale farmers in Enugu State, Nigeria. This study contributes to the growing literature on financial inclusion in the agricultural sector as there is dearth of literature in this study area.
Spin-in and spin-out for growth – On the acquisition and divestiture of high-tech firms
Authors: Öberg Christina
Published: March 2021

Purpose

This paper describes and discusses company spin-ins and spin-outs as a means to understand company growth in a dynamic context. The following question is asked: How can growth be understood in spin-ins and spin-outs of innovative firms? The paper suggests return on capabilities as a measure to understand growth in an open innovation context.

Design/methodology/approach

The empirical part of the paper consists of a single case study. Data was captured through interviews and secondary data sources.

Findings

The paper points to that resources alone do not explain strategic decisions by a company and how spin-ins and spin-outs result from the need for capabilities, changes in business foci and temporary solutions to deal with overcapacities or lack of alternatives.

Originality/value

The paper contributes to research by discussing contemporary issues in strategy and innovation and relating them to the resource-based view and the growth of the firm. Spin-outs, and acquisitions and divestitures as interlinked events have rarely been focused on in the literature, while they remain frequent phenomena in practice.
Competitive framing, emotion and heterogeneity: framing effects on Twitter in the case of an alt-right rally
Authors: Borah Porismita
Published: March 2021

Purpose

The current study has three main purposes: (1) replicate results from prior framing effects studies on social media. To do so, the study examines the influence of news frames (free speech vs. public order) on participants' attitudes toward an alt-right rally (2) expand prior research by examining the emotional reaction of participants to these frames and (3) probe the moderating effects of face-to-face heterogenous talk and heterogenous social media feeds.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing from theoretical concepts such as competitive framing, emotions and heterogeneity, the study uses a randomized online experiment. The study examines a conversation in a Twitter thread that includes both free speech and public order frames in the comments to the thread. The total number of participants was 275.

Findings

The results show that free speech versus public order frame did not impact attitudes of the participants toward the alt-right rally. Findings also show the significant main effects of free speech and public order frames and the interaction of exposure to heterogeneity on emotional reactions of outrage and anger toward the alt-right rally. These findings suggest that framing research needs to take social media features into consideration for a complete picture of framing effects on social media.

Originality/value

Using a classic framing effects experiment, the study includes variables relevant to social media discussions on Twitter and examined the moderating effects of heterogeneity on emotional reactions. In addition, one of the important methodological contributions of the current study are the framing manipulations for an externally valid experimental design.
Introducing ficto-feminism: a non-fiction, fictitious conversation with Hallie Flanagan, director of the Federal Theatre Project (1935–1939)
Authors: Williams Kristin S.
Published: March 2021

Purpose

Ficto-feminism is offered here as a creative method for feminist historical inquiry in management and organizational studies (MOSs).

Design/methodology/approach

This paper introduces a new method called ficto-feminism. Using feminist polemics as a starting point, ficto-feminism fuses aspects of collective biography with the emic potential of autoethnography and rhizomatic capacity of fictocriticism to advance not only a new account of history in subject but also in style of writing.

Findings

The aim of ficto-feminism is to create a plausible, powerful and persuasive account of an overlooked female figure which not only challenges convention but also surfaces her lost lessons and accomplishments to benefit today's development of theory and practice.

Research limitations/implications

The paper reviews the methodological components of ficto-feminism and speaks to the merit of writing differently and incorporating fictional techniques.

Originality/value

To illustrate the method in action, the paper features a non-fiction, fictitious conversation with Hallie Flanagan (1890–1969) and investigates her role as national director of the Federal Theatre Project (FTP) (1935–1939). The FTP was part of the most elaborate relief programs ever conceived as part of the New Deal (a series of public works projects and financial reforms enacted in the 1930s in the USA).
Shiftwork, mental health and performance among Indian nurses: the role of social support
Authors: Din Saif Ud , Baba Vishwanath V.
Published: March 2021

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of mental health on the job performance among nurses, how shiftwork affects the impact and how social support alters it.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were collected through a questionnaire survey from 683 Indian nurses working in multiple hospitals in two major cities in Northern India. Descriptive statistics, correlations and hierarchical regressions were employed to investigate the links between job stress, emotional exhaustion and job performance along with the simultaneous moderating effects of shiftwork and social support on this relationship.

Findings

Both job stress and emotional exhaustion were negatively related to job performance. However, three-way interaction analysis revealed that social support moderated the above relationships differently between shift workers and day workers. Social support significantly altered the pattern of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables among day workers but had no impact in mitigating the relationship among shift workers.

Research limitations/implications

The findings endorsed the usefulness of the stress theory, burnout theory, the conservation of resources model and the social support resource theory in modeling the phenomenon and explaining the behavior of day workers but not that of shift workers.

Practical implications

It paved the way for evidence-based practices in health-care management.

Originality/value

This study extends theoretical predictions to India and demonstrates their global portability. It focuses on shiftwork and social support as simultaneous moderators, and through a unique three-way analysis, documents complex interaction patterns that have hitherto been unrecorded. It also brings scholarly attention to the nursing population in India whose organizational behavior is poorly documented in the empirical literature.
Telomeres and a repeat‐rich chromosome encode effector gene clusters in plant pathogenic Colletotrichum fungi
Authors: Gan Pamela , Hiroyama Ryoko , Tsushima Ayako , Masuda Sachiko , Shibata Arisa , Ueno Akiko , Kumakura Naoyoshi , Narusaka Mari , Hoat Trinh Xuan , Narusaka Yoshihiro , Takano Yoshitaka , Shirasu Ken
Published: March 2021

Members of the Colletotrichum gloeosporioides species complex are causal agents of anthracnose in many commercially important plants. Closely related strains have different levels of pathogenicity on hosts despite their close phylogenetic relationship. To gain insight into the genetics underlying these differences, we generated and annotated whole‐genome assemblies of multiple isolates of C. fructicola (Cf) and C. siamense (Cs), as well as three previously unsequenced species, C. aenigma (Ca), C. tropicale and C. viniferum with different pathogenicity on strawberry. Based on comparative genomics, we identified accessory regions with a high degree of conservation in strawberry‐pathogenic Cf, Cs and Ca strains. These regions encode homologs of pathogenicity‐related genes known as effectors, organized in syntenic gene clusters, with copy number variations in different strains of Cf, Cs and Ca. Analysis of highly contiguous assemblies of Cf, Cs and Ca revealed the association of related accessory effector gene clusters with telomeres and repeat‐rich chromosomes and provided evidence of exchange between these two genomic compartments. In addition, expression analysis indicated that orthologues in syntenic gene clusters showed a tendency for correlated gene expression during infection. These data provide insight into mechanisms by which Colletotrichum genomes evolve, acquire and organize effectors.
Mars' surface is not universally biocidal
Authors: Hallsworth John E.
Published: March 2021

The Mars surface/near‐surface is often considered to be biocidal. Here, diverse lines of evidence are presented indicating that some terrestrial microbes can survive the in‐situ conditions albeit in an inactive state. For the purposes of planetary protection, it is important to consider what we mean by a planetary ‘surface’; this term has qualitatively distinct definitions fordifferent scientific disciplines, and can also have different meanings from a humanviewpoint versus that of a microbial cell. Most microbial cells spores or other cells deposited on Mars, even those that initially fall on the outward‐facing part of the absolute surface, will fall within pores of the regolith or become covered by its dust. They are, therefore, protected from ultra‐violet radiation. Desiccating conditions and low temperatures (−40 to −70°C) can act to preserve rather than kill all microbes, potentially maintaining cellular viability – especially for certain extremophiles – over geological timescales. Whereas salts are ubiquitous on Mars, many terrestrial microbes are highly tolerant to NaCl and other salts, and these substances (including potentially inhibitory chaotropes such as MgCl2 and perchlorates) cannot access cells in the absence of a liquid milieu. Whereas the Mars regolith is nutrient‐deplete and conditions may be acidic in places, oligotrophic conditions per se are not biocidal and many terrestrial microbes can thrive in acidic conditions (some acidophiles can proliferate at or below pH 0). The low temperatures of Mars' surface are not conducive to metabolic activity, but the biophysical sophistication and robust stress biology of many terrestrial microbes, and the protection afforded by Martian conditions, are likely to ensure the long‐term viability of some extremophilic microbes if transported to Mars.
The Changing of the Praetorian Guard? The Size, Structure and Composition of the Labour Party's National Executive Committee and the Enduring Importance of Labour's Trade Unions
Authors: Massey Christopher
Published: March 2021

This article investigates the history of the Labour Party's National Executive Committee. It argues that the party's trade unions, outside a brief period of left‐wing NEC control between 1972 and 1981, formed a Praetorian Guard at the Executive around the party leader from Labour's foundation until 1997, and have continued to serve in an enlarged Praetorian Guard since then. From 1900–97, the unions maintained effective control of over half of the NEC's seats. Although widespread changes to the Executive in 1997 shifted the unions into a minority on the Committee, they continued to guard the leader. However, following the election of Jeremy Corbyn in 2015, factional disputes led to a breakdown of the Praetorian Guard during heated battles for control of the NEC. Since this period, it is argued, Labour leaders have built new guards in which the unions continue to serve, but which also include soldiers from across the labour movement.
Of Crises, Constitutionalism and Irresponsible Advisers
Authors: Mclean Iain , Peterson Scot
Published: March 2021

Permanent private secretaries to the monarch are not elected, nor are they chosen on civil service criteria. They also have no formal legal training, despite the fact that their advice can be vital during constitutional crises. We test Ivor Jennings's claim that private secretaries serve as ‘irresponsible advisers’ to the Crown, who may have influence in political disputes, and whether that influence may serve political interests. Four case studies include the Home Rule crisis, 1910–14; Edward VIII's abdication; the election of 1950; and the dismissal of Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam in 1975.
Women’s empowerment and their experience to food security in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Wei Wei , Sarker Tanwne , Roy Rana , Sarkar Apurbo , Ghulam Rabbany Md.
Published: March 2021

Global discourses have advocated women's empowerment as a means to reduce their own's food insecurity, which is also key development challenges in Bangladesh. However, little empirical research has conducted on this issue, especially in the rural area of Bangladesh. Therefore, the present study was conducted to examine the relationship of six domains of women's empowerment with their food security in rural Bangladesh using a partial least square structural equation modelling approach. Our empirical analysis indicates that women's accesses to their legal and familial rights and decision‐making roles in households increase their bargaining power over the utilization of resources and to choices of food which significantly and negatively decrease their food insecurity. Moreover, information and communication technologies and infrastructure facilities also negatively and significantly associated with women's food insecurity. However, women's leadership has a negative but not significant effect on their food insecurity, as low self‐esteem rural women feel no ease in publicly addressing their inequalities. By understanding family composition from women's perceptions, the results from our research can assist policymakers to develop more suitable strategies to enhance the empowerment status of rural women and reduce their food insecurity.
How is it between us? Relational ethics and transcendence
Authors: Zigon Jarrett
Published: March 2021

In this article, I engage the recent debate on transcendence/the transcendental within the anthropology of ethics with the claim that ‘How is it between us?’ is the most fundamental of all ethical questions. In doing so, I contrast relational ethics with ordinary ethics to show that ethics begins with a demand that emerges from a situation within which one finds oneself with others; a demand that pulls one out of oneself to respond in a modality of concern and care for the between where we dwell together. This attuned response is both an ethical and a political one; a response that opens possibilities for being‐together‐otherwise. Such possibilities, I argue throughout, can only begin with a relational ethics. I illustrate this with an ethnographic example from harm reduction practice and anti‐drug war political activity in both New York City and Vancouver, Canada.
Transcriptomic comparison of cypermethrin‐susceptible and ‐tolerant Asian longhorned ticks (Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann)
Authors: Moon KyungHwan , Kim Woo Jin , Lee JaeSeok , Kim Donghun , Choi Kwang Shik , Lee Si Hyeock , Kim Young Ho
Published: March 2021

The Asian longhorned tick (Haemaphysalis longicornis Neumann), native to northeast Asian regions, was recently confirmed to have invaded the USA. Although H. longicornis is a medically and economically important pest because it transmits various diseases to humans and livestock, its susceptibility to pesticides has not yet been fully investigated. Moreover, minimal genetic data on H. longicornis that could assist in its control are currently available. Therefore, in this study, to investigate the physiological response of H. longicornis to cypermethrin, a field population of H. longicornis was treated with various concentrations of cypermethrin (100–500 ppm), and the transcriptomes of a cypermethrin‐susceptible group (knock‐down at 200 ppm) and cypermethrin‐tolerant group (surviving at 500 ppm) were compared. In our analysis of the genes that were differentially expressed between the two groups of ticks, several genes involved in detoxification metabolism were upregulated in the cypermethrin‐tolerant group. Expression of genes encoding CYP450, GST, and ABC transporters were substantially higher in cypermethrin‐tolerant ticks than in the cypermethrin‐susceptible group. Given that CYP450, GST, and ABC transporters contribute to Phase I, II, and III of the detoxification metabolism process, respectively, our results suggest that H. longicornis responds physiologically to cypermethrin by altering the expression of various genes involved in detoxification metabolism, which in turn increases its tolerance to the cypermethrin.
Narcolepsy and psychosis: A systematic review
Authors: Hanin Cyril , Arnulf Isabelle , Maranci Jean‐Baptiste , Lecendreux Michel , Levinson Douglas F. , Cohen David , Laurent‐Levinson Claudine
Published: March 2021

Objective

Narcolepsy is a rare sleep disorder in which psychotic‐like symptoms can present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. We aimed to review the association between, and medical management of, narcolepsy and psychosis in children and adults.

Methods

We reviewed the full text of 100 papers from 187 identified by a PubMed search on narcolepsy plus any of these keywords: psychosis, schizophrenia, delusion, side effects, safety, and bipolar disorder.

Results

Three relevant groups are described. (i) In typical narcolepsy, psychotic‐like symptoms include predominantly visual hallucinations at the sleep‐wake transition (experienced as “not real”) and dissociation because of intrusion of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep phenomena into wakefulness. (ii) Atypical patients (“the psychotic form of narcolepsy”) experience more severe and vivid, apparently REM‐related hallucinations or dream/reality confusions, which patients may rationalize in a delusion‐like way. (iii) Some patients have a comorbid schizophrenia spectrum disorder with psychotic symptoms unrelated to sleep. Psychostimulants used to treat narcolepsy may trigger psychotic symptoms in all three groups. We analyzed 58 published cases from groups 2 and 3 (n = 17 and 41). Features that were reported significantly more frequently in atypical patients include visual and multimodal hallucinations, sexual and mystical delusions, and false memories. Dual diagnosis patients had more disorganized symptoms and earlier onset of narcolepsy.

Conclusion

Epidemiological studies tentatively suggest a possible association between narcolepsy and schizophrenia only for very early‐onset cases, which could be related to the partially overlapping neurodevelopmental changes observed in these disorders. We propose a clinical algorithm for the management of cases with psychotic‐like or psychotic features.
Comparative efficacy of medical treatments for vernal keratoconjunctivitis in children and young adults: a systematic review with network meta‐analyses
Authors: Rasmussen Marie Louise Roed , Schou Marianne Guldager , Bach‐Holm Daniella , Heegaard Steffen , Jørgensen Christel Asserina Bjerregaard , Kessel Line , Wiencke Anne Katrine , Subhi Yousif
Published: March 2021

Purpose

To systematically review the literature on the treatment of vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) in children and young adults and conduct comparative efficacy analysis on clinical signs and symptoms using network meta‐analyses.

Methods

We systematically searched the databases PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central and Web of Science on 21 October 2019 for randomized controlled trials (RCT). Studies considered had patients with VKC < 20 years of age randomized into either intervention (any medical intervention) or comparator (active treatment, placebo treatment or non‐treatment control), where pre‐defined outcomes (data from ≥2 weeks and as close as possible to 2 months) of symptoms (itching, tearing, photophobia and foreign body sensation) and signs (hyperaemia, punctate keratitis, Horner‐Trantas dots and macropapillae) were reported. Risk of bias within studies was evaluated using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Comparisons were made using network meta‐analyses.

Results

We identified 39 studies with data on 2046 individuals. Twenty‐three studies were eligible for quantitative analyses. None were systemic therapy. Temporal trend analysis showed that an initial focus on topical mast cell stabilizers turned to a focus on calcineurin inhibitors and a more diverse variety of pharmacological strategies. Studies varied in population, treatment duration and quality. The quantitative analysis revealed that efficacy of different therapies differed substantially across important clinical signs and symptoms, but there was a general trend of superior efficacy when using topical corticosteroids with stronger efficacy of the more potent corticosteroids.

Conclusion

We provide an overview of RCTs comparing the efficacy of treatments for VKC in children and young adults, which we find differs across symptoms and signs. Overall, we saw a general trend of superior efficacy with topical corticosteroids. However, our findings highlight the need for better studies, consensus on core outcomes and potential for individualized therapy.
Highly sensitive adolescents: The relationship between weekly life events and weekly socioemotional well‐being
Authors: Iimura Shuhei
Published: March 2021

Recent research into Person × Environment interaction has supported the view that sensitivity to environmental influences is a susceptibility factor rather than a vulnerability factor. Given this perspective, this study examined the role of the adolescent’s sensory‐processing sensitivity in the context of weekly life events and weekly socioemotional well‐being. In the study, 114 adolescents repeatedly self‐reported their sensitivity, recent life events, and recent socioemotional well‐being in four surveys at one‐week intervals. The results suggested the shape of Sensitivity × Life Events interaction significantly varied from week to week, which is consistent with the vantage sensitivity and diathesis–stress framework. In specific weeks, adolescents with high sensitivity are more likely to benefit from positive events than those with low sensitivity. These sensitive adolescents can be described as developmentally susceptibility rather than vulnerability.
Patient perspectives on recall period and response options in patient‐reported outcome measures for chronic rhinosinusitis symptomatology: A pilot study
Authors: Gengler Isabelle , Kavoosi Tazheh A. , McCann Adam C. , Trope Michal , Lindsey Brentley A. , Speth Marlene M. , Sassler Alfred M. , Seiden Allen M. , Phillips Katie M. , Sedaghat Ahmad R.
Published: March 2021

Objective

Patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) for assessment of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) employ a variety of recall periods and response scales for reporting CRS symptom burden. CRS patient perspective is unknown with respect to recall periods and response scales in PROMs.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Setting

Tertiary rhinology clinic.

Participants

Sixty three adults with CRS.

Main outcome measures

Participants were asked to choose which CRS symptom recall period—1 day, 2 weeks, 1 month or greater than 1 month—was most reflective of their current disease state and best to base treatment recommendations (including surgery) upon. Participants were also asked to report which of six response scales (one visual analogue scale [VAS] and five Likert scales ranging from four to eight items) were easiest to use and understand, and most preferred.

Results

A majority of participants felt the current state of their CRS symptoms was best reflected by a recall period of 2 weeks to 1 month; however, patients preferred that recommendations about treatments, including endoscopic sinus surgery, be determined by symptoms experienced over at least a one‐month period. Participants generally found the VAS and seven‐item Likert scale to be the easiest to use and understand, and their most preferred scales. No patient characteristics associated with preferences for recall periods or response scales.

Conclusion

Future PROMs for CRS symptoms should consider assessment of symptoms over a one‐month time frame and use either a VAS or seven‐item Likert response scale to optimally balance reflection of current disease state, need for intervention and patient preference.
Reactions to the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force guidelines for the management of adolescent obesity: A multi‐informant qualitative approach
Authors: Darling Katherine E. , Warnick Jennifer , Hadley Wendy , Guthrie Kate , Jelalian Elissa
Published: March 2021

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) has set forth recommendations for clinicians to screen youth (6‐18 years) for obesity. Those identified should be referred to comprehensive weight management programs consisting of at least 26 contact hours and focus on multiple targets of behaviour (ie, diet, physical activity, behaviour change). However, these recommendations are primarily based upon outcomes from randomized controlled trials and the feasibility of meeting these guidelines for adolescents in a clinical setting is unknown. The present study employed a multi‐informant qualitative approach with adolescents, parents, and physicians, to identify and understand multiple perspectives on the feasibility and acceptability of implementing the USPSTF guidelines. In‐depth interviews with seven adolescents, seven parents, and four physicians were analysed. Generally, participants viewed the guidelines positively but identified changes that may be necessary to increase the feasibility of adolescents engaging in programs that meet these guidelines. Participants also noted the importance of flexibility within programs, indicating that it would be difficult for many adolescents to participate in a program that was not tailored to their needs and resources. Future research should focus on adapting clinical weight management programs to meet both USPSTF guidelines and the needs of adolescents and their families.
A “holistic” sonographic view on congenital heart disease: How automatic reconstruction using fetal intelligent navigation echocardiography eases unveiling of abnormal cardiac anatomy part II—Left heart anomalies
Authors: Weichert Jan , Weichert Alexander
Published: March 2021

Volume ultrasound has been shown to provide valid complementary information on fetal anatomy. Four‐dimensional assessment (4D) of the fetal cardiovascular system using spatial–temporal image correlation (STIC) allows for detailed examination of a highly complex organ from the early second trimester onward. There is compelling evidence that this technique harbors quite a number of diagnostic opportunities, but manual navigation through STIC volume datasets is highly operator dependent. In fact, STIC is not incorporated yet into daily practice. Application of the novel fetal intelligent navigation echocardiography (FINE) considerably simplifies fetal cardiac volumetric examinations. This automatic technique applied on cardiac volume datasets reportedly has both high sensitivity and specificity for the detection of congenital heart defects (CHDs). Part I reviewed current data regarding detection rates of CHDs and illustrated the additional value of an automatic approach in delineating cardiac anatomy exemplified by congenital lesions of the right heart. In part II of this pictorial essay, we focused on left heart anomalies and aimed to tabulate recent findings on the quantification of normal and abnormal cardiac anatomy.
Separating EEG correlates of stress: Cognitive effort, time pressure, and social‐evaluative threat
Authors: Ehrhardt Nina M. , Fietz Julia , Kopf‐Beck Johannes , Kappelmann Nils , Brem Anna‐Katharine
Published: March 2021

The prefrontal cortex is a key player in stress response regulation. Electroencephalographic (EEG) responses, such as a decrease in frontal alpha and an increase in frontal beta power, have been proposed to reflect stress‐related brain activity. However, the stress response is likely composed of different parts such as cognitive effort, time pressure, and social‐evaluative threat, which have not been distinguished in previous studies. This distinction, however, is crucial if we aim to establish reliable tools for early detection of stress‐related conditions and monitoring of stress responses throughout treatment. This randomized cross‐over study (N = 38) aimed to disentangle EEG correlates of stress. With linear mixed models accounting for missing values in some conditions, we found a decrease in frontal alpha and increase in beta power when performing the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT; cognitive effort; n = 32) compared to resting state (n = 33). No change in EEG power was found when the PASAT was performed under time pressure (n = 29) or when adding social‐evaluative threat (video camera; n = 29). These findings suggest that frontal EEG power can discriminate stress from resting state but not more fine‐grained differences of the stress response.
The right to the “possibility of acquiring rights”: Cosmopolitan right and migration in Fichte's doctrine of right
Authors: Picardi Roberta
Published: March 2021

This essay aims to bring to light the distinctive features of Fichte's construal of cosmopolitan right in the Foundations of Natural Right—in comparison to Kant's—in the light of the current philosophical debate on migration and global justice. The paper is articulated in three steps. First, it analyzes the addressees and content of Fichte's cosmopolitan right by emphasizing its limited scope: by focusing on those individuals who do not come “from any state,” Fichte's discussion of cosmopolitan right foreruns Arendt's philosophical theorization of statelessness and the “right to have rights.” Second, it considers Fichte's justification of cosmopolitan right—and its compatibility with his justification of private property rights—by stressing its ontological anchoring in the notions of “absolute will,” “personhood,” and “original right.” Finally, the essay considers the systematic position of cosmopolitan right with regard to the “right of nations” and the “right of a state” in Fichte's doctrine of right by giving special attention to the range of reasons that, according to Fichte, can legitimate the rejection of a stranger.
Epilepsy in children with Congenital Zika Syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Maia César Quadros , Lima William Gustavo , Nizer Waleska Stephanie da Cruz , Ferreira Jaqueline Maria Siqueira
Published: March 2021

Objectives

To estimate the overall frequency of epilepsy in children with congenital Zika syndrome (CZS) and describe the profile of seizures and the response rate to anti‐epileptic treatment in this group of patients.

Methods

A systematic review and meta‐analysis were conducted following the Cochrane Handbook and preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta‐analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, SciELO, and LILACS were searched until June 23, 2020. Observational studies that evaluated the frequency of epilepsy in children diagnosed with CZS according to international criteria were included in the study.

Results

Fourteen studies evaluating 903 patients diagnosed with CZS were pooled in a meta‐analysis. All studies were conducted in Brazil, with reports published between 2016 and 2020, and included children diagnosed with CSZ from 0 to 40 months of age. The overall rate of epilepsy in children diagnosed with CZS was estimated at 60% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.51‐0.68). The studies included in this review show that the frequency of epilepsy in patients with CSZ varies with age, with higher rates in older children. Epileptic spasms was the primary type of seizure observed in this group, followed by focal and generalized crisis. The response rate to anti‐epileptic drugs was considerably low, ranging from 20% of seizure control in the first year and 30% in the second year.

Significance

Children with CZS presented a high cumulative incidence of epilepsy episodes with increased severity and a low response to anti‐epileptic therapy, which is associated with the extensive damage caused by the Zika virus on the cortical structures of patients.
Epilepsy surgery: Late seizure recurrence after initial complete seizure freedom
Authors: Petrik Stephan , San Antonio‐Arce Victoria , Steinhoff Bernhard J. , Syrbe Steffen , Bast Thomas , Scheiwe Christian , Brandt Armin , Beck Juergen , Schulze‐Bonhage Andreas
Published: March 2021

Objective

This study was undertaken to improve understanding of late relapse following epilepsy surgery in pharmacoresistant epilepsy.

Methods

Retrospective comparison was made of 99 of 1278 patients undergoing surgery during 1999–2015 with seizure relapses after at least 2 years of complete seizure freedom with matched controls experiencing continued long‐term seizure freedom. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed.

Results

With a mean follow‐up of 9.7 years, mean time to seizure relapse was 56.6 months. In multivariate analysis, incomplete resection based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), bilateral lesions on preoperative MRI, and epilepsy onset in the first year of life carried a significantly higher risk of late relapse. In patients with late relapse, additional functional imaging with positron emission tomography had been performed significantly more often. Although the differences were not significant in multivariate analysis, doses of antiepileptic drugs were higher in the relapse group preoperatively and in the first 24 months and complete withdrawal was more frequent in the control group (68% vs. 51%). Regarding seizure frequency, most patients had mild seizure relapse (single relapse seizure or <1/month).

Significance

In our predominantly lesional cohort, complete resection of the MRI lesion is the most important factor to maintain long‐term seizure freedom. Two patterns of recurrence were identified: (1) incomplete resected lesions with seizure generation in proximity to the initial resection and (2) epileptogenic networks not detected preoperatively or evolving in the postoperative interval and manifesting with new clinical and diagnostic features.
Successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation in an adult horse following cardiovascular collapse on recovery from general anaesthesia in the Trendelenburg position
Authors: Duggan M. , Schofield W. , Vermedal H.
Published: March 2021

Equine anaesthesia is associated with a high risk of perioperative morbidity and mortality, particularly in the recovery period. Cardiovascular collapse and cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) have been reported to account for one‐third of anaesthesia‐related perioperative deaths in the horse. This case report describes the successful cardiopulmonary resuscitation of a healthy adult Thoroughbred mare that developed cardiovascular collapse and subsequent CPA following positioning in the recovery box after general anaesthesia in the Trendelenburg position. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) was instigated and included thoracic compressions, intermittent positive pressure ventilation and adrenaline administered via the intravenous and intra‐tracheal routes. Return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) was detected 5 min and 50 s after the start of CPR. A stable stance was achieved approximately 100 min after ROSC. The mare was discharged from the hospital 3 days later with no known complications. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first case report documenting CPA following general anaesthesia in the Trendelenburg position in a horse, with subsequent successful CPR. The precise cause of the CPA is unknown but a number of plausible hypothesis are discussed including hypoventilation and a Bezold‐Jarisch reflex.
Controlled mechanical ventilation in equine anaesthesia: Physiological background and basic considerations (Part 1)
Authors: Moreno‐Martinez F. , Mosing M. , Senior M.
Published: March 2021

Controlled mechanical ventilation (CMV) is routinely used in equine anaesthesia, with many different options available to mechanically deliver breaths. The complexity of respiratory pathophysiology in anaesthetised horses and the wide range of devices available is described in this scoping review. The first part of the review outlines basic equine respiratory physiology and pathophysiology during anaesthesia to illustrate what makes horses prone to inefficient gas exchange and ventilation when they are recumbent. The difference between spontaneous ventilation and CMV is reviewed and basic considerations of CMV are explored in more detail.
The largely unexplored biology of small proteins in pro‐ and eukaryotes
Authors: Steinberg Ruth , Koch Hans‐Georg
Published: March 2021

The large abundance of small open reading frames (smORFs) in prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes and the plethora of smORF‐encoded small proteins became only apparent with the constant advancements in bioinformatic, genomic, proteomic, and biochemical tools. Small proteins are typically defined as proteins of < 50 amino acids in prokaryotes and of less than 100 amino acids in eukaryotes, and their importance for cell physiology and cellular adaptation is only beginning to emerge. In contrast to antimicrobial peptides, which are secreted by prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells for combatting pathogens and competitors, small proteins act within the producing cell mainly by stabilizing protein assemblies and by modifying the activity of larger proteins. Production of small proteins is frequently linked to stress conditions or environmental changes, and therefore, cells seem to use small proteins as intracellular modifiers for adjusting cell metabolism to different intra‐ and extracellular cues. However, the size of small proteins imposes a major challenge for the cellular machinery required for protein folding and intracellular trafficking and recent data indicate that small proteins can engage distinct trafficking pathways. In the current review, we describe the diversity of small proteins in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, highlight distinct and common features, and illustrate how they are handled by the protein trafficking machineries in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Finally, we also discuss future topics of research on this fascinating but largely unexplored group of proteins.
Effect of a medium cut‐off dialyzer on protein‐bound uremic toxins and mineral metabolism markers in patients on hemodialysis
Authors: Tiong Mark K. , Krishnasamy Rathika , Smith Edward R. , Hutchison Colin A. , Ryan Elizabeth G. , Pascoe Elaine M. , Hawley Carmel M. , Hewitson Tim D. , Jardine Meg J. , Roberts Matthew A. , Cho Yeoungjee , Wong Muh Geot , Heath Anne , Nelson Craig L. , Sen Shaundeep , Mount Peter F. , Vergara Liza A. , Paul‐Brent Peta‐Anne , Johnson David W. , Toussaint Nigel D.
Published: March 2021

Introduction

Hemodialysis (HD) with medium cut‐off (MCO) dialyzers may expand molecular clearance, predominantly larger middle molecules (molecular weight 25–60 kDa). However, the impact of MCO dialyzers on long‐term clearance of various other components of the uremic milieu is unknown. The tRial Evaluating Mid cut‐Off Value membrane clearance of Albumin and Light chains in HemoDialysis patients (REMOVAL‐HD) provided an opportunity to assess the effect of MCO dialyzers on protein‐bound uremic toxins and novel markers of mineral metabolism.

Methods

This exploratory sub‐study of REMOVAL‐HD evaluated changes in protein‐bound solutes (total and free indoxyl sulfate [IS] and p‐cresyl sulfate [PCS]) and mineral metabolism markers (intact fibroblast growth factor‐23 [iFGF23], fetuin‐A and endogenous calciprotein particles [CPP‐1 and CPP‐2]). Mid‐week, pre‐HD serum samples were collected at baseline and after 12 and 24 weeks of MCO use in stable adult patients. Change from baseline to Week 12 and 24 was estimated using linear mixed effects models.

Findings

Eighty‐nine participants were studied (mean age 67 ± 15 years, 38% female, 51% diabetic, median urine output 200 ml/24 h). Serum iFGF23 was reduced at Week 12 compared to baseline (−26.8% [95%CI −39.7, −11.1], p = 0.001), which was sustained at Week 24 (−21.7% [95%CI ‐35.7, −4.5], p = 0.012). There was no significant change in serum IS, PCS, fetuin‐A, CPP‐1, or CPP‐2.

Discussion

The use of a MCO dialyzer over 24 weeks was associated with a sustained reduction in FGF23, while other measured components of the uremic milieu were not significantly altered. Further studies are required to determine whether FGF23 reduction is associated with improved patient outcomes.
Estimating Sampling Errors in Consumer Price Indices
Authors: Smith Paul A.
Published: March 2021

Several different approaches have been proposed for the calculation of sampling errors in consumer price indices (CPIs), but only one is in regular use providing published estimates. The history of the development of sampling error estimation for CPIs is reviewed, and the development in the USA (where most research has taken place) is summarised. The proposed approaches for sampling error estimation are set out, with their properties and their different conceptualisations of the sampling error. The frameworks for the measurement of errors more widely in the CPI are also reviewed, and the evidence for the importance of the sampling error among the other error sources is presented. Some opportunities and directions for further work are provided.
Seeded Stage III glass dissolution behavior of a statistically designed glass matrix
Authors: Crum Jarrod V. , Reiser Joelle T. , Parruzot Benjamin P. , Neeway James J. , Bonnett Jeff F. , Kerisit Sebastien N. , Cooley Scott K. , Ryan Joseph V. , Smith Gary L. , Asmussen R. Matthew
Published: March 2021

The dissolution rate of some glasses accelerates after prolonged time spent at a slow, residual dissolution rate. This phenomenon is referred to as Stage III behavior. The acceleration in glass dissolution rate linked to Stage III behavior is significant and may be the most impactful behavior to long‐term performance of glass in a repository. This work is aimed at understanding the effect of glass composition on Stage III behavior to add a level of technical defensibility to glass disposal. To this end, a set of 24 glass compositions were statistically designed, where eight glass components (SiO2, B2O3, Al2O3, CaO, Na2O, SnO2, ZrO2, and Others) have been independently varied in order to study the individual effects of each glass component. These glasses have been subjected to static dissolution tests at 90°C in deionized water and then seeded with zeolite Na‐P2 28 days into the testing to induce Stage III behavior. The response of the glasses to the zeolite seeds fell into four primary types: (1) no response to seeds; (2) an immediate linear sustained acceleration in the rate; (3) an immediate linear acceleration in the rate followed by a decrease; and (4) a progressive acceleration in the rate that is concurrent with the addition of the seeds. The main glass components observed to influence these behaviors were CaO, Al2O3, B2O3, and ZrO2, where (1) CaO influenced which glasses showed a Stage III response to seeds (high CaO: types 2, 3, and 4) or did not respond to seeds (low CaO: type 1), (2) Al2O3 and B2O3 influenced which glasses showed a sustainable Stage III response (high Al2O3: types 2 and 4) versus transitory response (low Al2O3 and high B2O3: type 3), and (3) ZrO2 concentration influenced whether glasses showed a linear (high ZrO2: type 2) versus progressive (low ZrO2: type 4) response to seeds.