bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IDN server proxy architecture for Internationalized Domain Name resolution and experiences with providing Web services
Authors: Lin Jeng-Wei , Ho Jan-Ming , Tseng Li-Ming , Lai Feipei
Published: May 2006

The composition of traditional domain names are restricted to ASCII letters, digits, and hyphens (abbreviated as LDH). This makes it difficult for many to use their native language to name and access their Internet hosts. The IETF IDN (Internationalized Domain Name) Working Group proposes a mechanism, IDNA (Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications), for internationalized access to multilingual domain names. The proposal uses a preparation process that converts a Unicode IDN into an ACE (ASCII Compatible Encoding) string that uses only LDH. Thus, applications can look up the ACE string by using the existing DNS infrastructure. However, some of the domain name strings embedded in multilingual content do not have any charset tag so they cannot appropriately be converted into ACE strings. We noticed that many Internet applications allow users to use non-ASCII domain names. We were motivated to design an architecture for IDN resolution as well as to minimize the cost of modifying legacy Internet applications. We specifically focus on designing an IDN server proxy, which is located on the domain name server side, to handle domain names in multiple encodings. In this article, we study several architecture design issues including detection of charset encoding, routing of non-ACE IDN lookup requests, and so on.With respect to these design issues, we present an IDN server proxy architecture which stores ACE IDNs in domain name servers. Note that traditional domain name servers can be used without modification. An IDN server proxy, called Octopus, is employed on the domain name server side. Octopus converts a non-ACE IDN string into ACE upon receiving an IDN lookup request from remote users or autonomous systems. The ACE string is then forwarded to backend domain name servers (where the traditional domain names and ACE IDNs are stored) for further processing. This allows Internet users to access IDNs without having to upgrade their software.Based on the design and implementation of Octopus, we deployed a CDN (Chinese domain name) trial in July 2002. In this article, we present the results of testing Octopus IDN lookup functions as well as our experiences in providing CDN Web services. Several types of errors can occur if applications are unable to handle IDNs adequately. For example, a Web browser may erroneously parse an IDN within a URL. Many legacy Web servers are unable to process the IDN of a virtual host. Web application servers may have trouble completing some actions such as redirecting Web pages to alternative Web pages. Our studies help service providers understand potential problems when non-ASCII domain names are used and the best common practice at this stage. As well, the experiences give some guidance for software developers to develop IDNA-compliant Internet applications.
The web of system performance
Authors: Whitworth Brian , Fjermestad Jerry , Mahinda Edward
Published: May 2006

Because information system performance is multidimensional, specialist theories of performance dimensions must be integrated into a model of system design.
Musings of an "old-school" programmer
Authors: Jenkins Stephen B.
Published: May 2006

A traditional style of software development can be just as productive as a more modern approach.
Online scheduling of splittable tasks
Authors: Epstein Leah , Stee Rob Van
Published: May 2006

We consider online scheduling of splittable tasks on parallel machines, where the goal is to minimize the last completion time (the makespan). In our model, each task can be split into a limited number of parts, that can then be scheduled independently and in parallel. We consider both the case where the machines are identical and the case where some subset of the machines have a (fixed) higher speed than the others. We design a class of algorithms that allows us to give tight bounds for a large class of cases where tasks may be split into relatively many parts. For identical machines, we also improve upon the natural greedy algorithm in other classes of cases.
Minimizing total completion time on uniform machines with deadline constraints
Authors: Gonzalez Teofilo F. , Leung Joseph Y.-T. , Pinedo Michael
Published: May 2006

Consider
n
independent jobs and
m
uniform machines in parallel. Each job has a processing requirement and a deadline. All jobs are available for processing at time
t
= 0. Job
j
must complete its processing before or at its deadline and preemptions are allowed. A set of jobs is said to be
feasible
if there exists a schedule that meets all the deadlines. We present a polynomial-time algorithm that given a feasible set of jobs, constructs a schedule that minimizes the total completion time Σ

C
j

. In the classical α | β | γ scheduling notation, this problem is referred to as
Qm
|
prmt
,

d¯
j

| Σ

C
j

. It is well known that a generalization of this problem with regard to its machine environment results in an NP-hard problem.
Profiling of parallel processing programs on shared memory multiprocessors using Simics
Authors: Faroughi Nikrouz
Published: May 2006

This paper presents an introduction to Simics' capabilities for source program instrumentation, shared memory multiprocessor system simulation, cache memory simulation, cache memory profiling, and cache memory profiler control through Python functions. The profiled data is also analyzed.
The Private Universe
Authors: O'Hanlon Charlene
Published: May 2006

As I type this, the debate rages on whether the BlackBerry service will cease to exist as we know it. As of press time, a judge had refused to issue an order of injunction against BlackBerry maker RIM in its ongoing patent infringement battle with NTP Inc., giving users at least another 30 days to feed their addiction.
A mobile agent approach to dynamic architecture-based software adaptation
Authors: Yang Qun , Yang Xianchun , Xu Manwu
Published: May 2006

Increasingly, software are required to be ready to adapt itself to the changing environment caused by a wide range of maintenance, evolution and operation problems. Furthermore, in large complex distributed systems and continuous running systems, the traditional approaches to bringing about change require that the system be taken offline temporarily, which is often undesirable due to requirements for high availability. To address this new kind of capability, dynamic software adaptation, which refers to software changes in both structure and behavior without bring it down, is proposed.In this paper, we explore an architecture-based mobile agent approach to dynamic software adaptation. Our goal is to automate the software adaptation on the fly on the basis of explicating and reasoning about architectural knowledge about the running system. For that, we introduce the dynamic software architecture, which means the architecture itself can also be introspected and altered at runtime, to guide and control the adaptation. We use the architectural reflection to observe and control the system architecture, while use the architectural style to ensure the consistency and correctness of the architecture reconfiguration. To handle the adaptation of the running system, mobile agents, which is well suited for complex management issues, is employed. Mobile agents carry self-contained mobile code and act upon running components.The usage of meta-architecture and the mobile agents not only forms an adaptation feedback loop onto the running system, it also separates the concerns among the architectural model, the target system and the facilities use for adaptation. It will simplify the developing, deploying and maintaining of the system, while pose a good basis for enabling the reuse of the adaptation facilities.
ACM SIGCOMM test of time paper award
Authors: Partridge Craig
Published: May 2006

The ACM SIGCOMM Test of Time Award recognizes a paper published 10 to 12 years in the past in Computer Communications Review or any SIGCOMM sponsored or co-sponsored conference that is deemed to be an outstanding paper whose contents are still a vibrant and useful contribution today.The award is given annually and consists of a custom glass award and reprinting the paper in Computer Communication Review.The paper will be chosen by an award committee appointed by the SIGCOMM Award Committee Chair.We are now taking nominations and suggestions for the 2006 Test of Time Paper award for papers published between 1994 and 1996. Send your nominations and suggestions to Craig Partridge (craig@bbn.com) by June 1st.To assist in the process, a list of eligible papers has been put online at the SIGCOMM website at http://www.acm.org/sigs/sigcomm/tot/
Effects of overexpression of IL-10, IL-12, TGF-β and IL-4 on allergen induced change in bronchial responsiveness
Authors: Fu Chi-Ling , Ye Yi-Ling , Lee Yueh-Lun , Chiang Bor-Luen
Published: May 2006

Background

An increasing prevalence of allergic diseases, such as atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and bronchial asthma, has been noted worldwide. Allergic asthma strongly correlates with airway inflammation caused by the unregulated production of cytokines secreted by allergen-specific type-2 T helper (Th2) cells. This study aims to explore the therapeutic effect of the airway gene transfer of IL-12, IL-10 and TGF-β on airway inflammation in a mouse model of allergic asthma.

Methods

BALB/c mice were sensitized to ovalbumin (OVA) by intraperitoneal injections with OVA and challenged by nebulized OVA. Different cytokine gene plasmids or non-coding vector plasmids were instilled daily into the trachea up to one day before the inhalatory OVA challenge phase.

Results

Intratracheal administration of IL-10, IL-12 or TGF-β can efficiently inhibit antigen-induced airway hyper-responsiveness and is able to largely significantly lower the number of eosinophils and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of ovalbumin (OVA) sensitized and challenged mice during the effector phase. Furthermore, the effect of IL-10 plasmids is more remarkable than any other cytokine gene plasmid. On the other hand, local administration of IL-4 gene plasmids before antigen challenge can induce severe airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR) and airway eosinophilia.

Conclusion

Our data demonstrated that anti- inflammatory cytokines, particularly IL-10, have the therapeutic potential for the alleviation of airway inflammation in murine model of asthma.
Use of an integrated clinical trial database to evaluate the effect of timing of drotrecogin alfa (activated) treatment in severe sepsis
Authors: Vincent Jean-Louis , O'Brien James , Wheeler Arthur , Wittebole Xavier , Garg Rekha , Trzaskoma Benjamin L , Sundin David P
Published: May 2006

Introduction

Several studies have indicated that early identification and treatment of patients with severe sepsis using standard supportive care improves outcomes. Earlier treatment with drotrecogin alfa (activated) (DrotAA) may also improve outcomes in severe sepsis. Using a recently constructed integrated severe sepsis database, our objectives in this study were to describe the influence of baseline clinical characteristics on timing of DrotAA treatment in patients with severe sepsis, to evaluate the efficacy of DrotAA with respect to timing of administration, and to examine the association between early intervention with DrotAA and patient outcomes, using adjustments for imbalances.

Methods

The database comprises data from 4,459 patients with severe sepsis (DrotAA, n = 3,228; placebo, n = 1,231) included in five clinical trials conducted in tertiary care institutions in 28 countries. Placebo data came only from randomized trials, whereas data for the DrotAA group came from randomized (PROWESS) and open-label/observational (ENHANCE) trials.

Results

Increased time-to-treatment with DrotAA was significantly associated with more organ dysfunction, greater need of mechanical ventilation, vasopressor use, or recent surgery. Earlier treatment was associated with higher baseline Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) scores. Adjusted and unadjusted survival analyses suggested that compared with placebo, DrotAA treatment provided a potential survival benefit, regardless of time to treatment. Survival curves of DrotAA patients treated early compared with those treated late began to separate at 14 days. By 28 days, patients treated earlier had higher survival than those treated later (76.4% versus 73.5%, p = 0.03). Sepsis-induced multiorgan dysfunction was the most common cause of death followed by refractory shock and respiratory failure. Modeling of the treatment effect, as a function of time to treatment, suggested increased benefit with earlier treatment.

Conclusion

Using an integrated database of five severe sepsis trials and appropriate statistical adjustments to reduce sources of potential bias, earlier treatment with DrotAA seemed to be associated with a lower risk-adjusted mortality than later treatment. These data suggest that earlier treatment with DrotAA may provide most benefit for appropriate patients.
[1,1′-Bi-2-naphthalenediolato(2−)-O,O′]oxotitanium. An Efficient Chiral Catalyst for the Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of Silyl Enol Ethers with Aldehydes
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Inubushi Atsuro , Suda Shinji , Hara Ryuichiro , Kobayashi Shu
Published: May 2006

In the presence of a catalytic amount of [(R)-1,1′-bi-2-naphthalenediolato(2−)-O,O′]oxotitanium, silyl enol ethers of thioesters react with aldehydes to afford the corresponding aldol adducts in high yields with good to high ees.
Facile Synthesis of Optically Active anti-α,β-Dihydroxy Ester Derivatives
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Uchiro Hiromi , Shiina Isamu , Kobayashi Shu
Published: May 2006

Anti-α,β-dihydroxy thioesters are prepared with excellent enantioselectivities by the asymmetric aldol reaction between both achiral aldehydes and silyl enol ethers derived from α-benzyloxy thioesters in the presence of a chiral promoter consisted of chiral diamine coordinated tin(II) triflate and dibutyltindiacetate.
Langmuir-Blodgett Films of Polymers Modified with Perfluoroalkyl Groups by Covalent and Ionic Bonds
Authors: Tamura Masanori , Sekiya Akira , Song Bong-Keun
Published: May 2006

Long chain perfluoroalkyl groups were introduced to polyallylamine by both amide and ionic bonds, and Langmuir–Blodgett films of these polymers were successfully prepared even if the modification ratio of perfluoroalkyl groups was much higher than polymer LB films modified with perfluoroalkyl groups by covalent bonds. Characterization of the LB films indicated that these LB films showed better water-repellency than ion complex type LB films.
Lewis Acid-Mediated Reaction of 2,2-Dialkoxycyclopropanecarboxylic Esters with Ketene Silyl Acetals. Synthesis of Cyclopentenones
Authors: Saigo Kazuhiko , Shimada Shigeru , Shibasaki Toshifumi , Hasegawa Masaki
Published: May 2006

A novel [3+2] type reaction of 2,2-dialkoxycyclopropanecarboxylic esters with ketene silyl acetals, mediated by titanium(IV) chloride, afforded 3-alkoxy-2- (or -3-) cyclopentenone derivatives.
Reversible Control of Charge Transfer Interaction in the Langmuir–Blodgett Film of an Amphiphilic Cyclodextrin
Authors: Niino Hiroyuki , Miyasaka Hiroo , Ouchi Akihiko , Kawabata Yasujiro , Yabe Akira , Nakahara Hiroo , Fukuda Kiyoshige , Miyasaka Tomohiro , Tagaki Waichiro
Published: May 2006

Charge transfer (CT) interaction between a naphthoquinone derivative and an amphiphilic amino-γ-cyclodextrin was regulated in host-guest Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) film upon the irradiation of UV light. The CT absorption band of the complex was reduced by the exposure to UV light, and it gradually reappeared in dark at room temperature.
Hydrochlorination of Acryloylureas Using Titanium Tetrachloride and 2-Propanol
Authors: Kishikawa Keiki , Yamamoto Makoto , Kohmoto Shigeo , Yamada Kazutoshi
Published: May 2006

Hydrochlorination of acryloylureas was attempted using titanium tetrachloride and 2-propanol to give chloroacylureas with high yield and stereoselectivity.
“Cone”–“Partial Cone” Isomerism in Tetramethoxy-p-t-butylcalix[4]arene. Novel Solvent Effects and Metal Template Effects
Authors: Shinkai Seiji , Iwamoto Koji , Araki Koji , Matsuda Tsutomu
Published: May 2006

The solvent effects on the “cone”–“partial cone” equilibrium in tetramethoxy-p-t-butylcalix[4]arene were studied for the first time. It was found that the concentration of the “cone” isomer is increased with increasing solvent polarity. The shift in the equilibrium was accounted for by the differece in the dipole moment between “cone” and “partial cone” isomers.
Total Synthesis of Lettucenin A, a Guaianolid Phytoalexin from Lactuca sativa var. capitata
Authors: Monde Kenji , Takasugi Mitsuo , Katsui Nobukatsu , Masamune Tadashi
Published: May 2006

Lettucenin A, a novel composite phytoalexin with 2H-cyclohepta[b]furan-2-one ring system was synthesized from an indanone. The unique ring system was constructed by reductive ring expansion of a dibromomethylcyclohexadienone.
Biosynthetic Formation of Cyclic Bromo-ethers Initiated by Lactoperoxidase
Authors: Fukuzawa Akio , Aye Mya , Nakamura Masao , Tamura Mamoru , Murai Akio
Published: May 2006

The first biosynthetic in vitro evidence for marine natural bromo-ethers by using lactoperoxidase is reported.
Ring Expansion Reaction of 1,3-Dithiolanes and 1,3-Oxathiolanes Using Tellurium Tetrachloride
Authors: Tani Hiroyuki , Inamasu Tokuo , Tamura Rui , Suzuki Hitomi
Published: May 2006

On treatment with tellurium tetrachloride in dichloromethane at room temperature, 1,3-dithiolanes and 1,3-oxathiolanes undergo smooth ring expansion to give dihydro-1,4-dithiin and dihydro-1,4-oxathiin derivatives respectively in good to moderate yields.
Photocatalytic Asymmetric Reduction of 3-Methyl-2-oxobutanoic Acid with Chiral Rh(I) Complexes and Powdery Semiconductors
Authors: Wang Hanhein , Sakata Tadayoshi , Azuma Masashi , Ohta Tetsuo , Takaya Hidemasa
Published: May 2006

Photocatalytic asymmetric reduction of 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoic acid giving 2-hydroxy-3-methylbutanoic acid has been carried out in up to 60% ee in aqueous methanol with chiral BINAP–Rh(I) complexes and semiconductor photocatalysts, TiO2 or CdS.
Complexation between Monosaccharide and Potassium Ion in Gas Phase. A Correlation between Relative FABMS Peak-Intensities and Gas Phase Stabilities of the Cluster Ions
Authors: Sawada Masami , Ouyang Li , Takai Yoshio , Yamada Hitoshi , Hanafusa Terukiyo , Kinoshita Takeshi , Mochizuki Tomoko
Published: May 2006

Relative FABMS peak-intensities of the cluster ions between a set of permethylated aldopyranoses and potassium ion provide a lose relation with relative FABMS/MS area-intensities of the corresponding cluster ions between a set of methyl aldopyranosides and potassium ion.
Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Diastereoselective Acetalization of Hydroxyalkenes
Authors: Hosokawa Takahiro , Nakajima Fumio , Iwasa Shooji , Murahashi Shun-Ichi
Published: May 2006

Pd(II)-Catalyzed cyclization of methyl (2S,3S)-2-allyl-3-hydoxybutyrate with methanol gives (2R,4S,5S)-2,5-dimethyl-2-methoxy-4-methoxycarbonyltetrahydrofuran in 88% de. The cyclization of (2R,3S)-2-allyl-1,3-butanediol gives homochiral bicyclic acetal 3 (R1 = Me).
catena-μ-(1,9-Diaminononane)cadmium(II) Array in the Crystal Structure of catena-[Bis-catena-μ-(1,9-diaminononane)cadmium(II) cis-Di-μ-cyano-dicyanonickelate(II)]-(2,4-Xylidine) (1/2) Different from That in the 2,3-Isomer Analog
Authors: Hashimoto Masato , Iwamoto Toschitake
Published: May 2006

In a novel three-dimensional host framework of the title inclusion compound the ambidentate 1,9-diaminononane (danon) makes a two-dimensional catena-μ-network with Cd atoms in contrast with the catena-bis-μ-danon double-1D chain structure in the 2,3-xylidine analog. The 3D framework of the metal-complex host is accomplished by catena-μ-dicyano linkage of –NCNi(CN)2CN– between adjacent networks.
Thermal Stability of Metal Stearate LB Films Studied by Infrared Reflection–Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Hasegawa Takeshi , Kamata Toshihide , Umemura Junzo , Takenaka Tohru
Published: May 2006

Infrared reflection-absorption spectra of LB films of Cd, Ca, Ba, and Al stearates were measured at elevated temperatures, and thermal stability of the films was semiquantitatively examined. The conformational disorder suddenly increased at 110 °C for Cd salt, at 125 °C for Ca salt, and above 150 °C for Ba and Al salts. The spectral changes for the LB films subjected to cyclic thermal treatments were also studied.
A New Naturally Occurring Racemic Compound from the Marine Red Alga Laurencia obtusa (Hudson) Lamouroux
Authors: Takeda Satoshi , Iimura Yasuhiro , Tanaka Kazunori , Kurosawa Etsuro , Suzuki Teruaki
Published: May 2006

A new sesquiterpene alcohol has been isolated as a racemate from the title alga. The absolute structure of each enantiomer resolved by means of HPLC using chiral supports, was determined by the correlation with the synthetic intermediate, whose absolute structure was established by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
Organoborane-Catalyzed Hydroalumination of Terminal Allenes
Authors: Nagahara Shigeru , Maruoka Keiji , Doi Yoshiharu , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: May 2006

Organoborane-catalyzed hydroalumination of terminal allenes with dichloroaluminum hydride gives rise to the corresponding allylaluminum compounds under mild conditions with high regioselectivity.
Regenerative Removal of Ammonia in the Atmosphere with Active Carbon Fibers
Authors: Mochida Isao , Kawano Sizuo , Fujitsu Hiroshi
Published: May 2006

Active carbon fibers (ACF) further activated with sulfuric acid adsorbed ammonia at room temperature up to 2–3% by weight before its break-through in repeated runs after the regeneration at 185 °C. The adsorption capacity of ACF was correlated to the amount of carbon dioxide evolved at a temperature range of 200–400 °C.
A Convenient Apparatus for the Study of the Electric Pulse Generation in the Liquid Membrane System. Critical Behaviour of the Voltage Generation
Authors: Miyamura Kazuo , Morooka Hitoshi , Hirai Kazuhiro , Gohshi Yohichi
Published: May 2006

A new experimental set-up consisting of a hollow glass tube inserted into the organic phase of an aqueous-organic-aqueous system in a beaker exhibited reproducible electric pulses. Changes in the electric pulses are brought about by changing the separation distance between the two aqueous phases as well as the concentration of CTAB and the picric acid.
A Regiospecific Ene Reaction between γ-Alkylated Allyltrimethylsilanes and TCNE
Authors: Imazu Sachiko , Shimizu Nobujiro , Tsuno Yuho
Published: May 2006

TCNE undergoes a regiospecific ene reaction with γ-alkyl (Et, Bu, i-Pr, and c-C6H11) substituted allyltrimethylsilanes via an addition to the allylic β-carbon and a hydrogen abstraction from the γ-alkyl group.
3-Acetoxy-2-dimethylphosphonoacrylates. New Dienophiles and Their Use for the Synthesis of Carbocyclic C-Nucleoside Precursors by the Aid of RRA Reaction
Authors: Katagiri Nobuya , Yamamoto Mitsuo , Kaneko Chikara
Published: May 2006

New dienophiles, 3-acetoxy-2-dimethylphosphonoacrylates, have been prepared and their Diels-Alder reactions with cyclopentadiene investigated. The [4 + 2] adducts thus formed were converted to carbocyclic C-nucleoside precursors by means of reductive retrograde aldol (RRA) reaction.
A Hydrogen Permeation through Metal-oxide Heterojunction
Authors: Shirai Hiroo , Sakaguchi Hiroki , Adachi Gin-ya
Published: May 2006

The hydrogen permeability of dual-layered films of Cu and various oxides was investigated by using the colouring phenomenon of amorphous WO3 and was found to depend on the difference in work function between Cu and oxides used.
A New Preparative Method of Buta-1,3-diene and Hexa-1,5-dien-3-yne by Reduction of Butatriene and Hexapentaene, Respectively, with Zn–ZnCl2-H2O
Authors: Kishigami Satoshi , Tanaka Koichi , Toda Fumio
Published: May 2006

The Zn–ZnCl2–H2O reagent was found to be effective for the reduction of aryl group substituted butatrienes and hexapentaenes to buta-1,3-dienes and hexa-1,5-dien-3-ynes, respectively.
Synthesis and Optical Resolution of a Chiral Calix[4]arene Asymmetrically-Substituted on the Lower Rim
Authors: Iwamoto Koji , Yanagi Akihiro , Arimura Takashi , Matsuda Tsutomu , Shinkai Seiji
Published: May 2006

A cone-shaped, asymmetrically-substituted calix[4]arene has been synthesized by a stepwise O-alkylation method and optically-resolved by an HPLC method. This is the first example for successful optical resolution of a calix[4]arene with ring-originating chirality.
Ruthenium Hydride Complex with 1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene (dppf). Characterization and Molecular Structure of [RuH3(dppf)2]PF6
Authors: Saburi Masahiko , Aoyagi Ko , Kodama Teruyuki , Takahashi Tamotsu , Uchida Yasuzo , Kozawa Kozo , Uchida Tokiko
Published: May 2006

The ruthenium trihydride complex [RuH3(dppf)2]PF6 (dppf = 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) was prepared by contacting [RuH(dppf)2]PF6 with H2 gas, and its molecular structure was determined by the X-ray crystallography. The four phosphorus atoms were found to adopt a distorted tetrahedral arrangement around the Ru atom. The 1H and 31P NMR characteristics suggested that the above dppf complex is regarded as a Ru(IV) trihydride complex in the range 243–303 K.
Diastereofacial Selection in Titanium Tetrachloride-Promoted Aldol Reactions with the Silyl Ketene Acetal of Methyl (R)-3-Hydroxybutanoate
Authors: Shirai Fumiyuki , Gu Jin-Hua , Nakai Takeshi
Published: May 2006

The title reaction is shown to exhibit a high level of “anti” diastereofacial selection, in contrast to the “syn” selection observed for the reaction with the dilithium enolate of the chiral ester. Mechanistic grounds for the “anti” stereoselection are discussed.
Diastereoselective Ene Reaction of 3-Formyl-Δ2-isoxazolines
Authors: Kamimura Akio , Yamamoto Akinori
Published: May 2006

The ene reaction of 3-formyl-Δ2-isoxazolines proceeds smoothly in the presence of appropriate Lewis acid. An efficient 1,3-asymmetric induction takes place to give syn- and anti-homoallyl alcohols in a stereoselective way.
Reversible Doping and Undoping Behavior of Poly(2,5-thienylene) Studied by X-Ray Diffractiometry
Authors: Yamamoto Takakazu , Morita Atsushi , Kanbara Takaki
Published: May 2006

Extensive doping of poly(2,5-thienylene) (PTh) with iodine gives rise to a new crystal form with d value of 1.00, 0.49, 0.32, and 0.25 nm. Undoping of the iodine-doped PTh with N2H4 leads to recovery of original crystal structure of PTh, showing that rearrangement of PTh molecules after the undoping is very smooth.
β- and β″-Gallate, Gallium Analogues of β- and β″-Alumina, as Catalysts for High Temperature Combustion of Methane
Authors: Michiue Yuichi , Fujiki Yoshinori , Tominaga Hiroo
Published: May 2006

β- and β″-Gallate, gallium analogues of β- and β″-alumina, were tested for their catalytic activity for methane combustion. In spite of small surface areas, K- and Rb-β″-gallate gave promising results.
A Convenient Synthesis of α,ω-Difunctionalized Linear Dimethylsiloxanes with Definite Chain Lengths
Authors: Yoshino Koji , Kawamata Akira , Uchida Hiroaki , Kabe Yoshio
Published: May 2006

α,ω-Difunctionalized linear dimethylsiloxanes with definite chain lengths are conveniently prepared by the inorganic-solid-catalyzed ring cleavage of cyclodimethylsiloxanes with dimethylchlorosilane and water under very mild conditions.
Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of cis-3,4-Disubstituted γ-Lactams by the Reaction of Ethyl 2,2-Dialkoxyeyclopropanecarboxylates with N-Tosyl Aldimines
Authors: Saigo Kazuhiko , Shimada Shigeru , Hasegawa Masaki
Published: May 2006

In the presence of titanium(IV) chloride, ethyl 2,2-dialkoxycyclopropanecarboxylates reacted with imines to give γ-lactams. Especially, when N-tosyl aldimines were employed, cis-3,4-disubstituted γ-lactams were obtained in good yields with high diastereoselectivity.
A Novel Selenium-Containing Heterocycle. Lewis Acid-Assisted Reaction of Selenoamides with Aldehydes Leading to 6H-1,3,5-Oxaselenazines
Authors: Sekiguchi Masahito , Ogawa Akiya , Fujiwara Shin-Ichi , Ryu Ilhyong , Kambe Nobuaki , Sonoda Noboru
Published: May 2006

New selenium-containing heterocyclic compounds, 6H-1,3,5-oxaselenazines, have been synthesized stereoselectively by the reaction of selenoamides with aldehydes in the presence of boron trifluoride etherate complex.
Aggregate Morphologies Formed from a Thickener, 4,4′-Bis-(3-decylureido)-diphenylmethane, of Urea Grease
Authors: Hasegawa Masaru , Hayashi Yukinobu , Arai Yoshifumi , Hashizume Genzo , Okamura Seiji , Iwamatsu Hiroki , Yamamoto Tadahiro
Published: May 2006

The aggregate morphologies formed from 4,4′-bis(3-decylureido)-diphenylmethane in a mineral oil at 180 °C were investigated by electron microscopy. The formed aggregates consisted of fiber with the tube-like shape which had not been observed in lubricating grease, and helices.
Anti-Cram Selective Reaction of α-Sulfenyl Acetals with Silylated Carbon Nucleophiles
Authors: Saigo Kazuhiko , Kudo Kazuaki , Hashimoto Yukihiko , Kimoto Hiroki , Hasegawa Masaki
Published: May 2006

α-Sulfenyl acetals reacted smoothly with silylated carbon nucleophiles such as silyl enol ether, ketene silyl acetal, and allylsilane in the presence of a catalytic amount of Lewis acid mainly to give anti-Cram adducts with high diastereoselectivity by the asymmetric induction of the α-sulfur atom of the acetals.
Evaluation of Host–Guest Interaction of Cyclodextrins with DL-Alanine β-Naphthylamide by 1H NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Yamashoji Yuko , Tanaka Minoru , Shono Toshiyuki
Published: May 2006

The host-guest interaction of cyclodextrins (CDs) with L-alanine β-naphthylamide hydrobromide (L-AN) and DL-AN hydrochloride (DL-AN) was studied by 1H NMR. The inclusion complex formation of the guests with β- and γ-CDs in aqueous solution was confirmed by remarkable changes in their chemical shifts. In the case of α-CD, such remarkable changes were not induced, indicating weak or no interaction between the host and the guests.
Structural Investigation on Crystallization of ZSM-5-Type Ferrisilicate
Authors: Okabe Kiyomi , Matsubayashi Nobuyuki , Shimada Hiromichi , Hagiwara Hiroyuki , Nishijima Akio
Published: May 2006

Hydrothermal synthesis of ferrisilicate of ZSM-5 structurewas followed by FT-IR, XRD, XPS, XRF, TG, and EXAFS. It was found that the micro-structure around Fe formed before instantaneous crystallization of the bulk.
2005 Transportation Science and Logistics Society Dissertation Prize Competition
Authors: Hall Randolph
Published: May 2006

The Transportation Science and Logistics (TSL) Society Dissertation Prize Competition is the oldest and most prestigious competition for doctoral dissertations in the field. The 2005 TSL dissertation prize committee consisted of Professor Donald Hearn (University of Florida), Professor Ben Heydecker (University College, London), Professor Mark Hickman (University of Arizona), Professor Andrew Philpott (University of Auckland), and Professor Randolph Hall (University of Southern California).

Eligibility was limited to doctoral dissertations completed between June 1, 2004, and May 31, 2005, in the general area of transportation science and logistics. To be considered, a dissertation must be nominated by the author’s thesis supervisor. This year we received 15 nominations from 14 universities, representing such diverse areas as vehicle routing, traffic modeling, supply chain management, traveler behavior, and vehicle control. Dissertations were submitted from seven countries. This year’s pool of dissertations was exceptional in depth and creativity, and it was not easy for the committee to select a first place winner and an honorable mention. I would like to extend my sincere thanks to the authors, thesis supervisors, and prize committee for making this a truly significant contest, honoring transportation’s most outstanding new researchers. Awards were announced at the TSL meeting at the 2005 INFORMS Meeting in San Francisco.

It is important to remember that submissions to the TSL dissertation prize committee are distinguished by the fact that they were nominated for the award. Each dissertation makes a unique and valuable contribution to transportation science and logistics, and all entrants and their advisors deserve warmest congratulations.

Abstracts for the 15 dissertations follow; awardees are listed first and finalists’ abstracts follow in alphabetical order by author.

First place: Luigi Moccia, Università della Calabria, Italy. Advisors: Manlio Gaudioso, Gilbert Laporte, and Jean-François Cordeau. Title: “New Optimization Models and Algorithms for the Management of Maritime Container Terminals.”

Honorable Mention: Song Gao, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Advisor: Moshe Ben-Akiva. Title: “Optimal Adaptive Routing and Traffic Assignment in Stochastic Time-Dependent Networks.”
The policy impact of population health surveys: an illustration of the measurement challenges using the NSW Health Survey
Authors: Anderson Rob
Published: May 2006

English

In Australia and elsewhere, much funding is invested in population health surveys and the epidemiological monitoring of populations. Yet there is little research about the impact of such surveys on health policy. This article examines the challenges faced in assessing the benefits of health surveys. It draws on an evaluation of the New South Wales (NSW) Health Survey Program. Although it is possible to specify a wide range of potential impacts, the many different uses and levels of benefit of health survey data are difficult to quantify. Simpler surveys of whether and how data are used by policy makers may be the only realistic option.
Measurement of serum monoclonal components: comparison between densitometry and capillary zone electrophoresis
Authors: Mussap Michele , Pietrogrande Francesco , Ponchia Silvia , Stefani Piero Maria , Sartori Roberto , Plebani Mario
Published: May 2006

Quantitative measurement of serum monoclonal protein (M-protein) is one of the most important tools for monitoring disease activity in monoclonal gammopathies. The aims of this study were to evaluate serum M-protein quantification by capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and to compare results with those obtained by densitometric scanning of high-resolution agarose gel electrophoresis (HRE-AGE). The evaluation was carried out on 82 samples from patients with various monoclonal gammopathies. All the suspected M-proteins were confirmed and characterised by immunofixation on agarose gel (IFE). CZE was performed on a Paragon CZE™ 2000 system (Beckman Coulter). Passing-Bablok regression was: y (CZE)=1.27×(HRE-AGE)–5.21g/L. The correlation coefficient was 0.92. Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated a mean difference of −1.83g/L (95% CI −0.76 to −2.90) with clear evidence of a concentration-related bias. Densitometry gave higher values at low M-spikes (<20g/L), whereas CZE gave higher values at large M-spikes (>20g/L). The concentration-related bias was found to be independent of the immunoglobulin isotype. In conclusion, to compare previous results obtained by M-protein densitometric scanning with those obtained by direct measurement of CZE peaks, the calculation of a univocal transforming factor appears to be unreliable.
Why Dance Students Pursue Dance: Studies of Dance Students from 1953 to 1993
Authors: Alter Judith B.
Published: May 2006

Those of us who have made a lifetime commitment to professional careers in dance have come to know the intrinsic rewards and difficulties of this field. Do dance students perceive these same factors, and if so, how are they influenced by them? This article considers these questions through a review of studies of dance students from 1953 to 1993. The research first presented in 1988, “An Interpretive Study of Meaning in Dance: Voices of Young Women Dance Students,” by Sue Stinson, Donald Blumenfeld-Jones and Jan Van Dyke, was the stimulus for this new dance student study and review of recent literature. In the Stinson, et.al. (1990) study the dance students' attitudes toward their future in dance were fairly pessimistic (1). In spite of their deep love of dance and their identity as dancers they felt powerless in a highly competitive field, thought they would never be good enough to be professional, battled constantly with bodies they considered inadequate, and regarded teaching as an activity only for failed performers. This article places Stinson's work in the context of previous studies of dance students' attitudes in a comparative overview of research conducted from 1953 to 1993. This paper also presents the results of a recent study of dance students conducted in nine colleges and universities in southern California.
Vegetation mapping with the aid of low‐altitude aerial photography
Authors: Kamada Mahito , Okabe Takeshi
Published: May 2006

Abstract. A technique for fine‐scale vegetation mapping with the aid of low‐altitude aerial photography was developed. The procedure is as follows: 1. The site is divided into a lattice pattern ‐ in case the site is too large to fit into a single photograph with satisfactory resolution. The coordinates of every lattice point are surveyed to be used as control points for geometric correction. A photograph of each block of the lattice is taken using a remote‐controlled camera system lifted by a captive helium balloon. 2. The vegetation is classified on the basis of a phytosociological survey. 3. The shapes and locations of vegetation patches appearing in the photographs are entered into a computer, using a digitizer. A geometric correction is carried out through coordinate transformation referring to the coordinates of the control points and subsequently a draft vegetation map is produced. Finally, discrepancies are corrected and the map is coloured to produce the final version of the vegetation map.

This technique was applied to vegetation mapping at a bar, 500 m wide and 2 km long, in the river Yoshino in Shikoku, Japan. A fine‐scale vegetation map was obtained and used to analyse the influence of plants on geomorphic processes and community‐specific hydrogeomorphic conditions on the bar.
The Hunting Behavior and Success of Forster's Tern
Authors: Salt George W. , Willard Daniel E.
Published: May 2006

An observational field study was made on predation by Forster's Tern. The major question asked was whether a seasonal change in hunting success occurred. Models proposed by Watt and by Holling and Griffiths predict a decline in the number of captures by individual predators as their density increases. Laboratory studies on protozoa have shown such declines in rate of predation, but in these organisms the decline is offset by an increase in efficiency. In the terns, the effectiveness of their attacks as measured by the percentage of captures increased seasonally from spring to winter. However, the overall hunting success in weight units of fish per unit hunting time declined steadily over the same period. The causes of this were possibly changes in their prey population and changes in the density and composition of the tern population. The increased attack efficiency was insufficient to counteract an overall decline in hunting success. A secondary objective of the study was to determine the relationship of handling time to size of fish. It was found that handling time increased proportionally as the length of the fish squared and was a satisfactory index of prey size.
Lizard Species Density in the Kalahari Desert
Authors: Pianka Eric R.
Published: May 2006

From 12 to 18 species of desert lizards occur in ecologic sympatry on 10 study areas in the Kalahari desert of southern Africa. The number of species of diurnal lizards is similar to the number in the North American deserts, while the nocturnal component of the saurofauna is more comparable to that occurring in the Australian deserts. The between—habitat component of species density is similar in the American and the Kalahari deserts, but is markedly greater in the Australian desert. A variety of climatic and vegetational statistics are examined for the 10 areas, and correlations with lizard species density are discussed.
Variation in Marginal Populations of Clarkia
Authors: Vasek Frank C.
Published: May 2006

Greenhouse—grown progenies from three Clarkia populations were compared with regard to ten morphological and two developmental traits. The "Caliente" population, an undescribed species from a low elevation grassland habitat, has the shortest development time to the first open flower, the narrowest leaves and bracts, the shortest leaf blades and petioles, the smallest flowers. In the latter, self pollination occurs upon opening. A low—land population of Clarkia unguiculata, from a grassland habitat adjacent to the "Caliente" locality, and a mountain population of C. unguiculata from a woodland habitat at a higher elevation both have broader leaves and bracts, larger flowers which are protandrous and outcrossing, and longer development times to the first open flower than does "Caliente". As compared with the lowland population of C. unguiculata, the mountain population has a shorter time between the opening of a flower and its pollination, shorter leaf blades, longer petioles, and a longer development time to the first open flower. The particular traits of each population are discussed in terms of possible adaptive significance relative to their habitats.
Relationship of Carbohydrate Trend and Morphological Development of Little Bluestem Tillers
Authors: Smith A. E. , Leinweber C. L.
Published: May 2006

Morphological stages of development for little bluestem (Andropogon scoparius) appeared to follow a sequential pattern. Each stage molded into the succeeding stage with no sharp change over time. The development of little bluestem tillers destined to flower was divided into five stages: (1) tiller formation, (2) spring vegetative, (3) culm elongation, (4) flowering and maturation, and (5) fall vegetative. Leaf—sucrose concentration and root—starch concentration were the best physiological indicators of changes in morphological stages of development. Trends of ethanol—extractable carbohydrate concentrations from foliage material correspond closely to available photosynthetic area. The major storage carbohydrate in little bluestem was starch. Storage carbohydrates were utilized during formation of fall and spring tillers and during culm elongation.
Growth and Flowering of Danthonia Sericea Populations
Authors: Rotsettis James , Quinn James A. , Fairbrothers David E.
Published: May 2006

Seasonal growth and flowering in relation to environmental stimuli were studies in 20 populations of Danthonia sericea Nutt. ranging from New Jersey to Georgia. Flowering in the natural habitat was correlated (r = 0.988) with latitude, but New Jersey transplant and greenhouse tests indicated that populations of this species can be separated into three groups on the basis of their habitats and flowering response mechanism. Populations with glabrous sheaths from bogs or wet areas net to rivers of ponds in New Jersey required only adequate air and soil temperatures for growth and subsequent flowering. In these wet habitats substrate temperature apparently serves as the environmental stimulus to which the plants respond. For the populations with pubescent sheaths occurring at openings or fringes of upland pine—oak forest on well drained, sandy soils and for the glabrous populations occurring along stream borders and drainage areas adjacent to granite outcrops in Georgia, an additional requirement for specific photoperiods apparently exists.
A Compensating Method for Measuring Carbon Dioxide Exchange, Transpiration, and Diffusive Resistance of Plants under Controlled Environmental Conditions
Authors: Bazzaz F. A. , Boyer J. S.
Published: May 2006

A semi—closed compensating system is described for measuring CO2 exchange and transpiration simultaneously under controlled environmental conditions. The compensating feature permits conditions in the assimilation chamber to be kept uniform and within narrow limits. Temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide concentration, wind speed, and light intensity may be varied within the system. Since transpiration and photosynthesis can be measured simultaneously, diffusive resistances to carbon dioxide and water transport may also be calculated from the data. The performance of the apparatus was checked with Ambrosia trifida L. Net photosynthesis occurred at a rate of 32 mg hr—1 dm—2 of leaf area and 30°C under saturating light intensities, and transpiration took place at 5.3 gm hr—1 dm—2 under the same conditions. Both processes were sensitive to CO2 concentrations from 100 to 400 ppm and the temperatures between 15° and 30°C. Respiration was relatively insensitive to temperature below 20°C. Although the response time of the instrument was only a few seconds, net photosynthesis and dark respiration did not reach steady rates until 45—60 min after the lights were turned on or off. Diffusive resistance to CO2 transport were 0.08, 0.8, and 5.2 sec cm—1 for the boundary layer of the leaf, internal gas phase of the leaf, and the mesophyll cells, respectively. Diffuse resistances to water transport were 0.05 and 0.5 sec cm—1 for the boundary layer and internal gas phase of the leaf, respectively.
An Ordination of Phytoplankton Populations in Ponds of Varying Salinity and Temperature
Authors: Levandowsky M.
Published: May 2006

Phytoplankton populations and hydrographic variables in two transient beach ponds and nearby Long Island Sound, New York, were observed from June 1967 through November 1968. Various indices of sample similarity are discussed, and a measure of taxa content similarity having certain desirable features was calculated for all pairs among 70 samples. This set of relations was used to construct a three—dimensional ordination. Two of the resulting principal axes are seen to be related to salinity and temperature. In these projections, no separate clusters of points are seen that would suggest that the taxa observed belong to well—defined, mutually exclusive communities with respect to salinity or temperature.
Annual Cycles of Soil Moisture and Temperature as Related to Grass Development in the Steppe of Eastern Washington
Authors: Daubenmire R.
Published: May 2006

The annual cycle of soil moisture use and recharge was followed in eight climax steppe communities by making gravimetric analyses to a depth of 1 m. Soil temperatures were measured at depths of 50 to 100 cm. The data were related to the phenologies of the dominant grasses. Differences in soil moisture and temperature seem to contribute more toward explaining the distributions of these steppe communities than do chemical content of the soils of their profile characters.
The Locomotor Activity of Juvenile Herring (Clupea Harengus Harengus L.) in Response to Changes in Illumination
Authors: Stickney Alden P.
Published: May 2006

The locomotor activity of juvenile herring (Clupea harengus harengus L.) was recorded in experimental tanks under natural lighting conditions and at various levels of controlled illumination. This species exhibits a diel periodicity in activity that is strongly governed by daily changes in illumination. Peaks of activity were observed after sunrise and before sunset; depression of activity occurred during the night and at midday. Residual periodicity occurred for a limited time in continuous light or darkness; but without the continued influence of an external light—dark cycle, this rhythm disappeared withing 2 days. Maximum locomotor activity took place at an illumination of about 100 meter—candles, a level close to the natural illumination at the water surface at sunset. Since illumination decreases with depth, the times of peak locomotor activity observed in the tanks are probably earlier in the morning and later in the evening than would prevail in the natural habitat of juvenile herring at depths of 10—20 meters.