bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of the Plasma Spray Process on the Microstructure of Atmospheric Plasma Sprayed Yttria Stabilized ZrO2
Authors: Friis M. , Persson C. , Wigren J.
Published: July 2021

Plasma spraying is a very complex process, controlled by a large number of process parameters. The spray gun parameters control the plasma plume and thereby the velocity and temperature of the particles in the plasma. Some of the spray gun parameters are difficult or impossible to control, but variations of them give rise to fluctuations in the microstructure of the sprayed thermal barrier coating and thereby low reproducibility. By movement of the control from the spray gun to direct control of the particle properties in the plasma this problem will be avoided, and it should result in better process control, higher quality of the final coating and thus improved reproducibility. In this study, the influence of the plasma spray process on the coating microstructure was investigated. An orthogonal factorial designed experiment was performed, where eight process parameters were varied, resulting in 16 different coatings. The particle properties were observed in-situ with the optical measurement system DPV 2000. The microstructure of the coatings was studied using optical microscopy and the amount of different features, i.e. cracks and pores, was quantified. Multiple linear regression was used to find models describing the relation between the spray gun parameters and the particle properties, between the spray gun parameters and the microstructure, and between the particle properties and the microstructure. The results showed that the spray gun parameters well describe the variation in particle velocity and particle temperature. Further, it was found that particle velocity, particle temperature, spray angle, and substrate temperature are the most important parameters concerning influence on the coating microstructure. However, their influence on the different microstructure features varied. The study implies that focus can be set on one or two particle properties measured in the plasma, instead of the numerous spray gun parameters.
Tungsten Carbide-Cobalt Coatings for Industrial Applications
Authors: Dorfman M. , DeFalco J. , Karthikeyan J.
Published: July 2021

This paper compares the coating characteristics of two HVOF processes: air-cooled converging-nozzle Diamond Jet (DJ) spraying and Hybrid 2600 air/water-cooled converging/diverging technology. WC-Co coatings were deposited on steel substrates using different combinations of spray parameters, gas flow ratios, and cooling gas types. The coatings were then examined and tested to determine the extent to which microstructure, hardness, surface roughness, wear resistance, and deposition efficiency can be controlled. In addition to investigating process relationships, the paper also addresses the issues of practicality and cost.
Particle Behavior in a Powder-Laden HVOF Jet
Authors: Lugscheider E. , Herbst-Dederichs C. , Zhao L.
Published: July 2021

The paper deals with an analysis of particle behavior in a HVOF-jet as a function of process parameters. The experiments were carried out using a commercial HVOF gun with hydrogen as fuel gas. A commercial 316 L stainless steel powder was used for spray material. The experiments were conducted by using on-line particle diagnostics in order to simultaneously detect particle velocity, temperature and diameter. The results were correlated with caught spray powder and splats. The experiments released that among many parameters the oxygen/fuel gas ratio is the most important parameter. It was found, that fragmentation of partially melted particles in a supersonic jet is not a neglectable phenomenon. It may cause excessive oxidation inflight and therefore is to be avoided in the production of oxygen-poor coatings. Furthermore, it was found that velocity or temperature measurements of particles have to be interpreted very carefully in order to characterize the process. Without taking a possible change of the particle size due to inflight fragmentation into consideration either measurement value will lead to very limited information benefit.
Investigation of Splat/Substrate Contact During Molybdenum Thermal Spraying
Authors: Jiang X.Y. , Wan Y.P. , Wang X.Y. , Zhang H. , Goswami R. , Herman H. , Sampath S.
Published: July 2021

Molybdenum splats were produced at three plasma conditions on steel substrates preheated to three temperatures. Morphology of splats and corresponding craters formed on substrates were observed; dimensions of splats and craters were measured with an optical non-contact interferometer. It is found that substrate is significantly melted and deformed upon impact of the droplet, which leads to the formation of flower like splats and craters. On average, only about 36 to 53 % of the areas covered by splats were in good metallurgical/mechanical contact with substrate. Normalized crater volume increases with droplet size and the contact is improved for the high particle energy/high substrate temperature condition as compared with low particle energy/medium substrate energy condition. Splat morphology and crater formation is explained based on impinging jet heat transfer model.
Effects of Spraying Parameters on Phase Formation and Distribution in Plasma-Sprayed Hydroxyapatite Coatings
Authors: Sun L. , Berndt C.C. , Lima R.S. , Kucuk A. , Khor K.A.
Published: July 2021

Calcined spray-dried hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)(OH)6; i.e., HA) powders were atmospherically plasma sprayed (APS) using various process parameters. The resulting phases within the coating surface and the interface between the coating and the substrate were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) methods. This XRD revealed the presence of both amorphous (i.e., amorphous calcium phosphate: ACP) and crystalline phases. The crystalline phases included both HA and some impurity phases from the decomposition of HA, such as tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP and β-TCP), tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) and calcium oxide (CaO). The crystallinity of HA decreased with increasing spray power and stand-off distance (SOD). The percentage of all impurity phases increased with the spray power. The percentage of both TCP and TTCP decreased with the SOD while the CaO percentage increased. In addition, the percentage of ACP and CaO were higher in the interface than at the surface of the coating while the percentage of TCP and TTCP exhibited the opposite effect.
Development of Cordierite Coatings for Low Thermal Expansion Refractory Concretes
Authors: Weaver D.T. , Miller F.S. , Van Aken D.C. , Smith J.D.
Published: July 2021

Stoichiometric cordierite (2MgO-2Al2O3-5SiO2) with additions of titania have been investigated for use as coatings on low thermal expansion refractory concretes. These concretes have coefficients of thermal expansion on the order of 2 ppm/°C. Titania additions of up to 8 mole percent were investigated and the effect of titania in the crystallization of cordierite was examined. Cordierite coatings were air plasma sprayed and both glass and crystalline coatings were produced. The crystalline structure of the coating was found to be dependent upon the preheat temperature of the substrate. Preheats greater than 700 °C produced a mixture of a quartz solid solution and indialite whereas glass coatings were produced at preheats less than 700 °C. Coefficients of thermal expansion for the cordierite materials were dependent upon titania addition and generally increased with addition of titania. In the glass state, the thermal expansion was modestly increased (4.6 to 4.9 ppm/°C) with titania additions, but the quartz and indialite forms of the cordierite increased from 1.2 to 4.7 ppm/°C as the titania addition increased from 0 to 8 mole percent.
Comparison of Wear and Friction Characteristics of HVOF Sprayed WC-Co Coating and Carbon Steel
Authors: Kollia-Rafailidi V. , Neville A.
Published: July 2021

The focus of this paper is to determine the friction and wear characteristics between conventional metal-metal contacts and cermet-metal contacts. A WC-Co based cermet, applied by the High Velocity Oxy-Fuel (HVOF) process on a carbon steel substrate has been investigated in contact with cast iron pins. That has been compared with conventional carbon steel/cast iron couples. A mineral oil and a mineral oil containing the additive zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate (ZDDP) were used as the lubricants. The formation of a wear film has been shown to vary on the metal and cermet surface. The friction and wear response and the wear film nature are discussed.
Vacuum Plasma Spraying of Pre-reacted MoSi2 and SiC-Reinforced MoSi2 Produced by a New Kind of Powder Processing
Authors: Wielage B. , Steinhäuser S. , Reisel G. , Morgenthal I. , Scholl R.
Published: July 2021

Molybdenum silicides have the potential as protective coatings for high-temperature applications because of their high melting point and their high-temperature oxidation resistance. Reinforcing MoSi2 with SiC shows an improvement of its low toughness at room temperature and low creep resistance at temperatures above the brittle-ductile transition temperature of approximately 700-1000 °C. A new kind of powder processing was used to produce MoSi2 and MoSi2-SiC as a feedstock for thermal spraying. Mixtures of the elemental powders, molybdenum and silicon, were prepared by milling and subsequent heat treatment to get highly dispersed, pre-reacted powders. As high-energy milling equipment, a planetary ball mill was used to prepare the powders. In the case of reinforcement, SiC was mixed to the pre-reacted MoSi2 at the end of the milling process, that means before heat treatment. On these as-milled powders, X-ray diffraction characterization (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe micro analysis (EPMA) and determination of the oxygen level were carried out. Vacuum plasma spraying has been used to deposit the powders onto a carbon steel substrate. Evaluated coating characteristics were the microstructure (SEM), phases (XRD), EPMA, oxygen content, microhardness and surface roughness. Tests at high temperatures will be considered in future work.
Plasma Spheroidized Alumina/Zircon Mixtures
Authors: Li Y. , Khor K.A.
Published: July 2021

The plasma-spray process is specified by the associated processing parameters, where these influence the properties of the resultant deposits. This article describes the preparation and processing of composite powders for use in thermal spraying by mixing high purity zircon and alumina powders. The spheroidized powder were obtained by high energy ball milling and rapid solidification from the molten state during plasma spraying. The article discusses the processes involved in spray drying and plasma spheroidization, describing thermal analysis and mullitization kinetics in the spheroidized alumina/zircon mixtures.
Powder Spheroidization Using Induction Plasma Technology
Authors: Dignard N.M. , Boulos M.I.
Published: July 2021

An experimental study of the spheroidization efficiency of induction plasma processes was completed. The main objective being to obtain models which could be subsequently used for the prediction of the spheroidization efficiency for various powders and plasma operating conditions. Silica, alumina, chromium oxide and zirconia powders were treated during the experimentation. For the plasma treatment of the powders the installation used had a maximum available power of 50 kW with an operating frequency of 3 MHz. Operating conditions were varied such to minimize side reactions and the evaporation of powders. The resulting powders did show the presence of cavities and a slight change in the mean diameters. The maximum energy efficiency based semi-empirical model did predict the spheroidization efficiency of the particles beyond a defined critical point known as the maximum energy efficiency point. For the model, the maximum energy efficiency is distinct for the individual powders but remain within a defined range which is reflected in the small variations in the Z constant.
Post-Processing of Cold-Spray Deposits of Copper and Iron
Authors: McCune R.C. , Cooper R.P. , Popoola O.O.
Published: July 2021

Layers of high-purity copper and iron produced by cold gas-dynamic spraying have been thermally processed to induce recrystallization and grain growth. In the case of copper deposits, the as-sprayed structure could be "pinned" by arrays of Cu2O particles present on the surfaces of the feedstock powder, however copper powders of higher purity and sphericity yielded sprayed structures which could be annealed to induce recrystallization and grain growth. The higher purity copper compacts exhibited a morphological change in fracture from a brittle, intraparticle mode in the as-deposited condition, to a ductile, "cup-and-cone" morphology in the annealed condition. For compacts produced from water atomized iron, annealing at sub-critical temperatures produced recrystallization and grain growth as found with copper, and thermal processing in the austenitic region resulted in altogether new and coarser grain structures upon cooling. Ease of thermal processing of cold-sprayed materials may offer additional processing routes for engineered surfaces and functional devices produced in this manner.
Vacuum Plasma Spray Deposition of Spherical Plasma Atomized Ti-6AI-4V
Authors: Brzezinski T.A. , Grenier S. , Smagorinski M.E. , Kim G.E.
Published: July 2021

The growing need for new materials and material combinations with superior properties for severe service applications has led to the development of near net-shape forming techniques for certain materials, such as superalloys, refractory metals (Ta, W, and Mo) and highly reactive metals (Ti and its alloys). Vacuum plasma spray (VPS) was used to produce dense Ti-6Al-4V deposits for mechanical properties evaluation. Spherical Ti-6Al-4V powder, produced by Plasma Atomization (PA), a novel patented powder fabrication technique, was used as the starting powder. Plasma atomized Ti-6Al-4V powder characteristics include: high purity, tight particle size range, highly spherical with no attached satellites, and excellent flowability. The resulting as-sprayed Ti-6Al-4V deposits were dense and low in oxygen content. Thermal treatment was conducted after spraying in order to improve the structure and the properties of the spray formed material. The mechanical properties of the material, including tensile strength, elongation and hardness, in both the as-sprayed and the heat treated conditions were compared. The mechanical properties of these preliminary VPS Ti-6Al-4V specimens indicate that the combination of high purity starting powder and controlled environment deposition can be used to produce dense spray formed Ti-6Al-4V structures with properties comparable to those of cast or sintered powder metallurgy parts.
High Velocity Wire Flame Spraying (HVWFS) of Molybdenum
Authors: Bach Fr.-W. , Copitzky T. , Babiak Z. , Duda T.
Published: July 2021

Wire flame sprayed molybdenum is a wide used procedure for manufacturing of wear resistance coatings. The properties of thermal sprayed coatings depend mainly on the kinetic and thermal energy of sprayed particles, i.e., a higher particle velocity causes an increase of coating quality. The now available high velocity spray system from Praxair which is used within this work is capable to realise the aim of high particle velocities. The coating properties presented in this work are analysed in comparison to conventional wire and powder plasma spray processes. HVWFS molybdenum coatings show lower porosity, higher adhesion and cohesion and better wear properties. To explain the results, particle size distribution, oxygen/carbon content and structure are analysed. Hardening mechanisms of coatings and their adhesion/cohesion properties are discussed based on light microscopy, SEM, XRD and TEM investigations.
High Velocity Arc Spray–Superior Surface Anti-Corrosion Technology
Authors: Binshi X. , Shican L. , Shining M.A. , Zhenxue Z.
Published: July 2021

This paper discusses the principles of high velocity arc spraying (HVAS) and its use in surface engineering. It also reviews applications in marine environments and power plant boiler pipes, where HVAS coatings provide corrosion protection.
Painting of Arc Sprayed Zinc Coatings with Water-Based Paints
Authors: Lahtinen R.T. , Jokinen P.J.T.
Published: July 2021

Hot dip galvanized zinc coatings on steel structures are known to have superior atmospheric corrosion resistance properties compared to painted structures. However, the zinc coating can not be applied by this method on large steel structures. The protection of large steel structures against atmospheric corrosion is traditionally done by painting. The environmental pressure to eliminate solvent based paints has forced the painting contractors to move towards water based paints or completely rethink the coating process. One solution to this problem is to use arc sprayed zinc as the "primer" and water based paints as a sealer and a top coat. The research and field tests conducted and supervised by VTT has produced promising results that are described in the paper. The possibility to apply water based paints directly over the arc sprayed zinc is discussed and results of field and laboratory tests are given. The economic aspects of both water based and traditional paint systems over the arc sprayed zinc are discussed in the paper.
Effect of Aluminum Phosphate Sealing Treatment on Properties of Thick Thermal Barrier Coatings
Authors: Ahmaniemi S. , Rajamäki E. , Vuoristo P. , Mäntylä T.
Published: July 2021

Partially stabilized zirconia (8Y2O3-ZrO2) coatings were studied as thick thermal barrier coatings (TTBCs) for diesel engine applications. To improve the hot corrosion resistance of TTBCs the 1 mm thick yttria stabilized zirconia coating was densified with aluminum phosphate based sealant. Combined with better hot corrosion resistance other benefits obtained with sealing treatment are improved adhesion as well as increased mechanical properties of the ceramic layer. Three aluminum phosphate based sealants were investigated with varying viscosity level. Different sealant viscosities were used to optimize the level of sealant penetration into the coating. Sealant penetration and the violence of the reaction were determined by XRD, SEM/EDS and optical microscopy. The hardness profile from bond coat to the surface of the top layer was determined. Coating microstructure and phase structure were characterized by optical microscopy and by X-ray diffraction. Microhardness and porosity were determined. Residual stress states were measured by X-ray based stress analyzer. Bond strength of the coatings was determined with tensile test equipment. To simulate the diesel engine combustion conditions, hot corrosion tests were performed for the sealed TTBCs. Hot corrosion resistance of the coating was tested in isothermal exposure of 60Na2SO4 - 40V2O5 melt for 48 hours at 600 °C.
Case Studies in Wear Resistance Using HVOF, PTAW, and Spray Fusion Surfacing
Authors: Hart K.W.D. , Harper D.H. , Gill M.J.
Published: July 2021

Extensive laboratory testing and field usage have shown that innovative surfacing techniques have produced cost effective maintenance systems and are providing long-term benefits. Self-fusing (sometimes known as self-fluxing) alloys containing tungsten carbide (WC), applied by PTAW, HVOF and SF (Spray Fusion) brazing processes are investigated. The process used and the effect of process parameters on the wear resistance of these coatings is evaluated. The test results show that the same self-fusing alloy applied by SF compared to PTAW have proven superior in severe erosive and abrasive applications. The case histories presented will cover a variety of applications including the use of HVOF versus hard chrome plating and the improvement in wear resistance of SF applied self-fused coatings versus PTAW. These comparisons are useful in providing new, higher performance solutions, in helping to overcome today's tougher surfacing and environmental requirements
Atmospheric Plasma Spraying of Run-in Coatings for Twin-Screw Compressors
Authors: Bach Fr.-W. , Duda T. , Unterberg W. , Josefiak L.A.
Published: July 2021

This paper examines the potential of thermal spray coatings for manufacturing and repairing twin-screw rotors. The coatings evaluated were produced by atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). Tests show that 7% yttria stabilized zirconia (ZrO27Y2O3) coatings provide sufficient run-in characteristics and corrosion resistance. The coatings, along with a NiCrAl bond coat, were applied to various substrate materials.
Acoustic Emission Techniques for the Nondestructive Evaluation of TBCs Under Thermal Cycling Conditions
Authors: Robin P. , Gitzhofer F. , Boulos M.I.
Published: July 2021

A thermal cycling test was designed in order to predict thermal barrier coatings (TBC) life of combustion chambers. The thermal cycle is produced by two 2kW halogen lamps highly focused on the TBC. A 25X100 mm TBC is plasma sprayed centered onto a substrate 25X300 mm. The thermal cycling can be done either under argon atmosphere or air in order to be able to discriminate the oxidation induced acoustic emissions from the expansion mismatch. Two transducers located at each end of the substrate monitor the acoustic signals emitted by crack initiation and/or propagation. The advantage of using two transducers is that with a time of flight approach cracking phenomena can be located along the TBC. This process allows the study of welded substrates coated with TBC, TBC coated around holes and to check for the presence of cracks by using metallography preparation. The challenge of the test is to use the early cycles emission signatures in order to predict the long term durability of the TBC.
Photothermal Radiometry of Thermal Spray Coatings: Thermophysical Properties and Disbonding Effects Characterization
Authors: Mandelis A. , Garcia J.A. , Farahbarhsh B.
Published: July 2021

Laser infrared photothermal radiometry (PTR) can be used to determine the thermophysical properties (thermal diffusivity and conductivity) and interfacial defects (i.e. disbonding) of various thermal sprayed coatings on carbon steel substrates. PTR experimental results are compared with a one-dimensional photothermal model that can take into account roughness affects and interfacial defects by considering a roughness equivalent-layer and an equivalent-thermal resistance, respectively. The foregoing thermophysical parameters of the thermal sprayed coatings are obtained when a multi-parameter optimization algorithm is used to fit the PTR experimental results. The potential of the PTR technique for in-situ monitoring of the coating process and the characterization of the thermal sprayed coatings will be discussed in this paper.
What Role Do Industrial Gases Play in the Quality of Thermal Spraying
Authors: Kroemmer W. , Heinrich P.
Published: July 2021

The high technical level of thermal spraying is based on four segments: available know-how, equipment and installations, spray materials, and industrial gases. This article discusses the application of industrial gases used in thermal spraying. It describes the processes involved in the production, provision, and storage of industrial gases as well as their properties. In addition, the article also discusses the influence of quality on the individual fuel gases used in thermal spraying.
РОЛЬ РОМАНИСТИКИ ПЬЕТРО КЬЯРИ В СТАНОВЛЕНИИ ИТАЛЬЯНСКОГО ЛИТЕРАТУРНОГО РОКОКО
Authors: Danchenko Maria
Published: July 2021

This article explores a cultural significance of novel “La Filosofessa Italiana” written in 1753 Pietro Chiari and regarded the first Italian novel of early modern period. The objective of this research is to elucidate a formation of a new literary genre in Italian literature in XVIII century. In the following piece of research, the most outstanding European novels of XVIII century are examined in comparison with Pietro Chiari’s novel. In the following work we analyze the influence that exercised P. Marivaux, S. Richardson, F. Prévost and D. Default’s novels on the genesis of a new genre of Italian literary Rococo. In this article we investigate the details of the plot of “La Filosofessa Italiana” and explore the mental focus that was exposed by the first writer of Italian Rococo in this novel.
UKRAINIAN DANCE CULTURE IN GEOGRAPHICAL AND ETHNOLOGICAL CONCERN ETHNOCHOREOGRAPHIC FRONTS
Authors: Martyniv Olha Oleksiivna
Published: July 2021

The problem of zoning of Ukrainian folk dance culture and its autochthonous and influential elements, which are especially active in the border areas with other ethnic groups and peoples, namely - ethnochoreographic fronts, in areas where the most intense processes of interaction and interpenetration of multinational dance segments. In the course of the research it was revealed that frontal zones can concern not only exclusively border areas (main meso-feature), but also function in much more localized territories of even one ethnic region (micro-feature), as well as cover large geographical areas or totally spread throughout territory of the country (macro-feature). An important factor is the intensity of the spread and assimilation of non-national or non-ethnic dance cultures, which can be measured in a few cases or be mass.
AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISE INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Anna KULIK
Published: July 2021

The article summarizes the state and prospects of innovative development of agri­cultural entrepreneurship. The influence of new economic realities caused by systemic reforms in the economy on the innovative development of agrarian entrepreneurship in Ukraine for the formation of promising areas of its development is studied. It is established that the current state of the agricultural sector is due to the global impact of technological modernization, which is not always appropriate and does not meet the real needs and capabilities of agricultural producers. The necessity of developing a strategy of innovative development of the industry and on the basis of historical experience and the latest achi­evements of the stages of its implementation is proved.
TRANSACTION COSTS OF A BUSINESS ENTITY: ACCOUNTING AND ANALYTICAL SUPPORT
Authors: Vasyl MUKOVIZ
Published: July 2021

Background. Each entity in the course of business has transaction costs (TC) that directly or indirectly affect financial and economic position of an entity. The volume of TC is constantly growing, so we should take them into account in making management decisions, to ensure their monitoring, separate accounting and to record in the books of the entity. Analysis of recent research and publications has shown that there is a large num­ber of scientific achievements of foreign and domestic scientists, but significant number of issues connected with the importance of reflecting information on transaction costs in accounting and reporting remains unresolved and therefore requires further research. The aim of the article is to identify the features of the disclosure of transaction costs in accounting of the entity, which are related to the formal principles and standards of its management and the operation of informal institutions that influence management decisions. Materials and methods. Methods of induction and deduction, analysis and synthesis, associations and analogies, empirical were used in the research. The works and the appro­aches of domestic and foreign authors were studied, systematized, detailed and specified. Results. Transaction costs are increasing and are defined by the researchers and experts as the important element that restrains economic growth in the realities of eco­nomic development in Ukraine. According to the formal rules, the object of accounting is only those transaction costs that are the result of business operations of the entity, recorded in the primary documents and the implementation of which does not contradict national laws. The evidence from practice shows that the methodology of accounting cost provides information about a significant amount of transaction costs that can be identified and measured by the accounting method elements. However, the costs grouping by financial statement items without taking into account the impact of the transactional component does not provide full disclosure in the financial statements of information summarized in the accounting. Conclusion. Transaction costs, as a category of neo-institutionalism, should be con­sidered through the tasks set by the relevant social institutions. Formal tools for the formation of information about the objects of accounting under the conditions of today can be the accounting policy of the business entity and the professional accountant’s judgment. The provision of information systems and Internet technologies leads to the auto­matic reduction of TC.
FEATHER GRASS (STIPA) OF KAZAKHSTAN - THEIR ROLE IN THE STRUCTURE OF VEGETATION
Authors: Mirzadinov R. , Zainudin M. , Akylbekova B.
Published: July 2021

There are 35 species of feather grass (Stipa), 8 of which are endemous. Nutrition and chemical composition were investigated for 14 Stipa; It was established that 327 plant associations are found with the participation of 12 species of Stipa as dominants and subdominants: S. capillata; S. caucasica; S. hohenackeriana; S. ioannis = S. pennata; S. korshinskyi; S. kirghisorum; S. lessingiana; S. orientalis; S. rubens; S. richteriana; S. sareptana; S. szowitsiana; Chromosome numbers have been identified for 9 out of 35 species
ABOUT THE CAPACITY OF THE RECEIVING HOPPER OF THE QUARRY CRUSHING PLANT
Authors: Zharikov I.
Published: July 2021

The results of the analysis of the application of the methods of the theory of queuing for calculating the capacity of the receiving hopper of an open-pit crushing plant used in combination with a combined automobile-conveyor transport are presented. An analytical expression is given for calculating the capacity of the bunker, taking into account the minimum possible duration of the interval between unloading dump trucks into the bunker. The capacity of the receiving hopper of the crushing plant with a capacity of 4300 t / h was determined when working with dump trucks with a carrying capacity of up to 180 tons.
ARTISTIC IMAGERY AS PHENOMENON CREATION ANALITICAL MEANS IN DIFFERENT KINDS OF ARTS
Authors: Chernitskaia L.
Published: July 2021

The article treats artistic imagery from the point of view of its ability to analyse phenomenon of creation. The author states that not only scientific categories can analyse it but artistic image also can do it none the worse, and discover such aspects in the essence of phenomenon of creation that science did not consider yet. It is proved by analyses of XIX-XX century works of worldwide authors in different spheres of artistic creation: literature in prose and poem forms (Pushkin, Joyce, Sarraute, Tsvetaeva); dramaturgy (Tchechov, Bekket, Ionesco); cinema ( Fellini, Tarkovsky); painting (Picasso).The author finds links between their images using such analytical methods as structural, semiotics and comparison ones, and author’s method of metatextual invariability. It makes possible to find fundamental structural elements as invariants of analysed artistic systems. Each of them develops in his own way invariants’ semantics concerning creation phenomenology notably that of artist’s seeking his individual language as expression of his reality subjective viewing. What kind of phenomena happen then in the artist’s soul can discover only artistic imagery means; scientific categories are powerless of doing it.. The author points out at the whole set of symbols which are used as phenomenon creation analytical means in artistic discourse.
POSTINDASTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL AREAS
Authors: Samoilenko Ye.
Published: July 2021

The article proves that a systematic approach to the urban organization of coastal areas includes complex environmental and recreational tasks. The study examines in detail the need to create a comprehensive strategy for the restoration of the coastal zone. The complex of measures is substantiated, among which the activation of water protection functions of coastal areas, rehabilitation of disturbed territories, use of recreational and town-planning potential of coastal territories for formation of recreational base along water area, development of integrated system of management of processes of coastal zones and integration of ecosystems.

The work separately highlights the possibility of creating a recreational cluster that will ensure the continuity of the natural framework, given the multi-vector formation of the urban environment. It is established, that the connection of the recreational cluster with the suburban green strip and water area will create a pedestrian recreational corridor in the city and beyond, as well as contribute to the greening of the city and influence the modeling of ecological infrastructure.
TECHNOLOGICAL METHODS USED IN THE PRODUCTION OF THE DOSAGE FORM "NAIL LACQUER"
Authors: Аbdulaeva D. , Cholponbaeva A. , Gulieva U. , Alekseev K.
Published: July 2021

Therapy of nail disease is determined by the type of disease. We do not even think about how vulnerable and susceptible to various diseases our nails are. A number of diseases involve the use of local medicines. One of the dosage forms intended for topical use are medicinal lacquers.

This article is devoted to the consideration and evaluation of the functional characteristics of excipients in the technology of medicinal lacquers.
THE REAL DIRECTION OF THE CURRENT IN THE ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT.
Authors: Mukhiti I.
Published: July 2021

The accepted direction of the current in the electrical circuit does not correspond to theory and practice.  The examples show the direction of the current in an electrical circuit according to the data of today's science.  The current in the electrical circuit is directed from the negative pole to the positive pole of the current source.
Precedensy dotyczące kontroli decyzji wydanych na podstawie art. 6 Dyrektywy Rady 92/43/EWG z dnia 21 maja 1992 r. w sprawie ochrony siedlisk przyrodniczych oraz dzikiej fauny i flory a funkcjonowanie formy ochrony przyrody sieć Natura 2000 po Brexitcie
Authors: Czech Ewa Katarzyna , Sitnik Hubert
Published: July 2021

Brexit wywołał zmianę w obszarze stosunków prawnych funkcjonujących w Wielkiej Brytanii. Następstwa tego stanu rzeczy odnoszą się również do funkcjonowania form ochrony przyrody, w tym sieci Natura 2000. Jednocześnie sytuacja prawna, wynikająca z przepisów prawa unijnego i funkcjonowania precedensów w zakresie kontroli decyzji wydanych na podstawie art. 6 Dyrektywy siedliskowej, powoduje konieczność szerszego odniesienia się do roli precedensów w systemie prawnym Wielkiej Brytanii, w tym do tych dotyczących kontroli decyzji wydanych na podstawie art. 6 Dyrektywy siedliskowej. Już analizy przeprowadzone w tym przedmiocie umożliwią zidentyfikowanie kwestii spornych wynikających z istniejącego ukształtowania precedensów w tym zakresie. Pozwoli to także na sfomułowanie wniosków dotyczycących funkcjonowania formy ochrony Natura 2000 po Brexitcie, tj. próby określenia potencjalnych zmian w ukształtowaniu tej instytucji prawnej. Uzasadnienia czego trzeba poszukiwać chociażby w tym, że brak precyzyjnego określenia standardów kontroli sądowej decyzji administracyjnych umożliwia organom administracji taką swobodę w ich działaniach, która nie powinna być akceptowana z uwagi na brzmienie przepisów obowiązującego prawa, w tym unijnego. W związku z tym pomimo faktu, że przepisy zmieniają się jedynie w niewielkim stopniu, Brexit może wpłynąć negatywnie na poziom ochrony przyrody w Wielkiej Brytanii.
Pełnomocnik małoletniego pokrzywdzonego w postępowaniu karnym - postulaty de lege ferenda.
Authors: Flis-Świeczkowska Marta Małgorzata
Published: July 2021

The article is a kind of a response to the press conferences organised by the Ministry of Justice on the 21st February 2021 announcing, that Ministry of Justice had prepared complementary project of 21 changes in the legislation, make the law more child-friendly. The study contains numerous de lege ferenda demands concerning changes in the rules regulating the issue of representing a child in a criminal proceeding. The author proposes for example, simplification and harmonisation of issues of representation of minor victims, and thereby resignation from the participation of the guardian ad litem in the criminal proceeding, while introducing an instutution of mandatory attorney.
Zmiany w polityce karnej na przykładzie przestępstw narkotykowych. Za co karać użytkowników narkotyków?
Authors: Nowak Aleksandra
Published: July 2021

Celem artykułu jest przeprowadzenie analizy zmian w polityce karnej na przykładzie przestępstw narkotykowych, a w szczególności przestępstwa posiadania narkotyków. Antynarkotykowa polityka karna oparta na surowych karach za posiadanie nawet nieznacznych ilości narkotyków nie przynosi pożądanych skutków. Kolejne zmiany wprowadzane do ustawy o przeciwdziałaniu narkomanii nie rozwiązały problemu. Co więcej, obowiązujące przepisy budzą wątpliwości co do ich zgodności z zasadami konstytucyjnymi. Wiele państw na świecie od kilku lat zmienia swoją politykę karną w zakresie zwalczania przestępczości narkotykowej np. zachowując kryminalizację podaży i popytu narkotyków, depenalizują czynności o charakterze konsumenckim. Dwadzieścia jeden lat doświadczeń z restrykcyjną antynarkotykową polityką kryminalną dowodzi, że należy rozważyć jej zmianę w Polsce w kierunku modelu profilaktycznego i terapeutycznego.
Namowa lub pomoc w samobójstwie – aspekty prawnokarne, porównawcze i kryminalistyczne
Authors: Gawliński Andrzej , Zero Daniel
Published: July 2021

Each year in Poland there are over 5,000 deaths as a result of suicide. Even more suicide attempts have been reported. Although suicide is not subject to criminal sanction, it is penalized to cause a person to take his own life through abetting or aiding (Article 151 of the Penal Code), physical or mental abuse (Article 207 § 3; Article 352 § 3) and stalking or impersonation (Article 190a § 3). From the point of view of investigative practice, detecting these cases and collecting evidence is problematic. The aim of the article is a criminal law analysis of the crime under Art. 151 of the Penal Code along with a reference to similar provisions in selected countries and discussion of forensic aspects. In Poland the number of instituted proceedings and established crimes, as well as convictions under Art. 151 of the Penal Code concerning the total number of suicides, is small. Due to detection and evidence problems, it is difficult to estimate the actual scale of the crime under Art. 151 of the Penal Code. Due to the significant and very dynamic development of the network, a possible amendment to Art. 151 of the Penal Code, covering new forms of persuasion or assistance in suicide – via the Internet.
Odpowiedzialność karna pracodawców i organizatorów w zakresie wychowania, edukacji, wypoczynku, leczenia oraz opieki nad małoletnimi w związku z nieuzyskaniem informacji o popełnionych przestępstwach seksualnych przez osoby zatrudniane oraz podejmujące ta
Authors: Krajewski Radosław
Published: July 2021

Pracodawcy i organizatorzy w zakresie wychowania, edukacji, wypoczynku, leczenia oraz opieki nad małoletnimi mają obowiązek uzyskiwania informacji o popełnionych przestępstwach seksualnych przez osoby zatrudniane oraz podejmujące takie aktywności wobec nich. Jego niedopełnienie skutkuje odpowiedzialnością karną za wykroczenie. Celem niniejszego artykułu jest kompleksowe jej przedstawienie, w tym zwrócenie uwagi na szczegóły jej dotyczące. Jest bowiem tak, że krąg podmiotów zobowiązanych w przedmiotowym zakresie jest szeroki, co nie jest wprost wyrażone w przepisach, a i wiele kwestii z tym związanych budzi pewne wątpliwości, które niniejsze opracowanie stara się wyjaśniać.
Comparative Analysis of US Presidents' Barak Obama and Donald Trump Foreign Policies
Authors: Fayaz Sadia , Khan Nasrullah
Published: July 2021

The policies formed by US leadership play a vital role in establishing US hegemony all over the world. The foreign policy of a state made according to the national interest. A rational decision of a leader plays a vital role in the effectiveness of the foreign policy. The challenges faced by Barack Obama in 2008 were somehow different from the challenges faced by Trump in 2016. The comparative analysis of both foreign policies would make it easy to determine the right and wrong decision taken by both leaders. The changing circumstances of the world would be identified through this research paper. The world is moving towards multipolarity, and somehow the decisions taken by Trump after his incumbent of office had the worst impact on US foreign policy because Trump was trying to isolate the US from world affairs, including trade and security.
Research & Development Practices Across Pakistan: An Evaluation Study on Affiliated Institutions
Authors: Babar Allah Wasaya , Shakir Muhammad , Manzoor Afaf
Published: July 2021

Higher education plays a vital role in developing the knowledge economy and producing skilled workers to empower human resources for the country. Like many other developing countries, Pakistan is struggling hard to improve the quality of higher education for sustainable development and participation in global progress. Since the last decade, Higher Education Commission Pakistan is committed to upgrading the quality of education, and for this purpose, HEC has designed Minimum Quality Standards (MQS) to assure quality for affiliated institutions. The main objective of the study was to evaluate R&D practices in affiliated institutions of Pakistan. The study was descriptive in nature, and a questionnaire based on Minimum Quality Standards was used to collect data from faculty members (n-168) of 28 affiliated institutions by using multistage sampling. The results indicated that affiliated colleges of two provinces, Punjab and Khyber Pohutukawa, were better in research and development practices than the institutions of Sindh and Baluchistan.
Osteosarcoma of the skull base presenting as a petrocavernous pseudoaneurysm and masquerading as an intracranial abscess: illustrative case
Authors: Washington Nyomi R. , Kiley John L. , Bakken Hans , Morton Ryan
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND

Telangiectatic osteosarcoma (TOS) is a rare and aggressive high-grade malignant neoplasm composed of blood-filled or empty cystic spaces resembling aneurysmal bone cysts. Uncommonly, TOSs can occur in the skull base.

OBSERVATIONS

The authors present a case of a TOS that presented as a petrocavernous carotid pseudoaneurysm and then masqueraded as an intracranial abscess. The prognosis for TOSs with intracranial involvement is typically unfavorable and inversely related to the degree of intracranial involvement.

LESSONS

Skull-based malignancies should be part of the differential diagnosis for a rapidly progressing lesion. Recovery of polymicrobial organisms during endoscopic sinus surgery should prompt reconsideration of the differential diagnosis. Postinflammatory changes from endovascular coiling have been described and can confound imaging and clinical findings.
Occipitocervical fusion of traumatic atlanto-occipital dissociation in a patient with autofused cervical facet joints: illustrative case
Authors: Sarmiento J. Manuel , Chang Daniel , Nisson Peyton L. , Chan Julie L. , Perry Tiffany G.
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND

Patients who survive traumatic atlanto-occipital dissociation (AOD) may present with normal neurological examinations and near-normal-appearing diagnostic images, such as cervical radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans.

OBSERVATIONS

The authors described a neurologically intact 64-year-old female patient with a degenerative autofusion of her right C4–5 facet joints who presented to their center after a motor vehicle collision. Prevertebral soft tissue swelling and craniocervical subarachnoid hemorrhage prompted awareness and consideration for traumatic AOD. An abnormal occipital condyle–C1 interval (4.67 mm) on CT and craniocervical junction ligamentous injury on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed the diagnosis of AOD. Her autofused right C4–5 facet joints were incorporated into the occipitocervical fusion construct.

LESSONS

Traumatic AOD can be easily overlooked in patients with a normal neurological examination and no associated upper cervical spine fractures. A high index of suspicion is needed when evaluating CT scans because normal values for craniocervical parameters are significantly different from the accepted ranges of normal on radiographs in the adult population. MRI of the cervical spine is helpful to evaluate for atlanto-occipital ligamentous injury and confirm the diagnosis. Occipitocervical fusion construct may need to be extended to incorporate spinal levels with degenerative autofusion to prevent adjacent level degeneration.
Tuberculosis among Patients Admitted to the Department of Medicine of a Tertiary Care Center in Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Thapa Suman , Bista Anupam , Subedi Prashant , Adhikari Aaradhana , Pokharel Sunil
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Tuberculosis has high burden in developing countries like Nepal. This study aims to determine the prevalence of tuberculosis among patients admitted in the department of medicine of a tertiary hospital.
Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study of all the patients admitted to the tertiary care hospital from 1st January 2017 to 31st December 2019 was done. Ethical approval was obtained from Institutional Review Committee (Ref: drs2006181387). Convenience sampling method was used. A descriptive analysis of demographic, clinical and laboratory profile of patients was made using Microsoft Excel version 2016. Point estimate at 95% Confidence Interval was calculated along with frequency and proportion for binary data.
Results: Among 6829 patients admitted to the department of medicine, 209 (3.06%) (2.65-3.47 at 95% CI) patients were diagnosed with tuberculosis. Among them, 147 (70.33%) were males and the mean age was 49.77 years. Pulmonary and extra-pulmonary tuberculosis were present in 153 (73.20%) and 56 (26.79%) patients, respectively. Bacteriological confirmation was limited to 107 (70%) of pulmonary tuberculosis and 3 (5%) of extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Fever was the commonest presentation in 166 (79.42%) followed by cough in 164 (78.46%), anorexia in 108 (51.67%), weight loss 104 (49.76%), and others.
Conclusions: The study showed that the prevalence of tuberculosis among admitted patients was higher than national prevalence.
Study of Febrile Seizure among Hospitalized Children of a Tertiary Centre of Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Pokhrel Ram Prasad , Bhurtel Radha , Malla Kalpana Karmacharya , Shah Love Kumar
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Febrile seizure is the commonest cause of seizure in children and appears mostly between 6-60 months of life. The objective of this study is to find out the prevalence of febrile seizure among hospitalized children of a tertiary centre of Nepal.
Methods: This is a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in a teaching hospital of central Nepal, from 2014 January to 2019 December. After obtaining ethical clearance from Institutional Review Committee (Reference number: 2019-038), clinical and demographic data was retrieved from patient record retrospectively and reviewed for completeness and accuracy; those fulfilling the definition of febrile seizure were enrolled in the study. Convenience sampling technique was used. The data was analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences Version 25. Point estimate is done at 95% Confidence Interval and frequency and proportion was calculated.
Results: Out of 4890 cases admitted during the study period, 214 (4.37%) (3.80%-4.94% at 95% Confidence Interval) children were diagnosed with febrile seizure. One hundred thirty one (62%) children had a simple febrile seizure. In majority of the cases, seizure lasted for less than 5 minutes; however, 10 (4.6%) of them presented with febrile status epilepticus, 111 (52%) children had generalised tonic seizure and upper respiratory tract infection was the commonest cause of fever.
Conclusions: Prevalence of febrile seizure is significant among hospitalized children and simple febrile seizure is the commonest type. A substantial number of children present in febrile status epilepticus, even though the duration of febrile seizure is brief in most of the cases.