bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STUDIES ON SUCCTNYLATED and MALEYLATED ATP: CREATINE PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE
Authors: Grant‐Greene M. C. , Friedbf.rg F.
Published: August 2010

After treatment of ATP creatine transphosphoryla.se with maleic or succinic anhydride, the enzyme was purified using Sephadex G‐25 and the number of s‐lysine groups that reacted determined by utilization of radioactive maleic anhydride, U. V. spectroscopy, titration of succinic acid liberated upon hydrolysis, and by dinitrophenylation. Before exposure to hydroxylamine, about J 20 moles anhydride were bound per mole of protein; and after exposure, about 68 moles remained ligated.

Low speed sedimentation equilibrium experiments showed that maleylation induced formation of subunits of molecular weight half that of the original molecule.

After digestion of the maleylated protein with trypsin, the resulting peptides were separated on a Dowex column, followed by high voltage electrophoresis and paper chromatography. Twenty‐two spots were obtained, all of which were positive when sprayed with Sakaguchi reagent.
SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES ON THE CONFORMATION OF NATIVE and DENATURED GLYCININ
Authors: Catsimpoolas N. , Wang J. , Berg T.
Published: August 2010

Optical rotatory dispersion (ORD) studies and infrared spectra in deuterium oxide indicate that native glycinin exhibits mainly a β‐conformation structure. Ultraviolet difference spectra showed that urea ami guanidine hydrochloride at increasing concentrations cause progressive exposure of tyrosine and tryptophan residues. Ultraviolet difference spectroscopy was also used in following the course of acid‐induced denaturation of glycinin. It was observed that acid denaturation starts approximately at pH 3.50 reaching a maximum at pH 2.0. Data obtained by solvent perturbation of native glycinin using perturbants exhibiting mean diameters of 2.0, 4.4, and 7.2 A indicate that approximately 34 to 37 residues (45%of the total) are accessible to these perturbants whereas the accessibility of tryptophan residues is decreased with increasing mean diameters of the perturbant.
STUDIES ON THE CONFORMATION OF AMINO ACIDS
Authors: Balasubramanian R. , Lakshminarayanan A. V. , Sabesan M. N. , Tegoni G. , Venkatesan K. , Ramachandran G. N.
Published: August 2010

The paper deals with an analysis of the available crystal structure data related to proline compounds so as to obtain information about bond lengths, bond angles, and the conformation of the pyrrolidine ring. The interesting results are:

1. The atoms Cβ, Cα, N, and Cß are nearly coplanar, with the torsion angle 0 about the Cα ‐ N bond varying from about ‐15° to ‐15°. The Cγ atom is displaced from this plane, either up or down, so that the ring exists in one of the two puckered conformations, designated A and B. Conformation A is characterized by negative and may be termed Cγ‐exo when referred to the displacement of the carbonyl carbon C. Conformation B has positive xl and is Cγ‐endo; Cγ‐exo is slightly preferred over C‐endo, although both conformations occur simultaneously in some crystal structures with partial probabilities. In the other structures, the non‐occurring position for Cy is found to be disallowed by intermolecular contacts. The proline conformations observed correspond to the‘envelope’type of conformation of the cyclopentane ring. In peptides, the three bonds at N are nearly coplanar, and the torsion about N‐ Cα bond is nearly ‐ 60°.

2. The observed ranges of (x1, x2, x3, x4) are (0 to –30°, 15 to 50°, –15 to ‐ ‐30°, 5 to 25°) for conformation A and (20 to 350, ‐30 to ‐ 400, 20 to 35°, 5 to ‐20°) for conformation B; for θ and φ the ranges are ‐15° to ‐15°, ‐45 to ‐75°. The bond lengths and bond angles are not influenced by the conformation of the ring, unlike ribose.
STUDIES ON INHERITED ANTIGENIC VARIATION OF HUMAN SERUM β‐LIPOPROTEIN BY PASSIVE HEMAGGLUTINATION
Authors: Boman Helge , Solaas Marit H.
Published: August 2010

Complete concordance was found when 220 sera were blindly tested twice for the Ag(x) antigen, using a precipitating anti‐Ag(x) serum in passive hemagglutination inhibition and agar gel double diffusion. Thus, the passive hemagglutination inhibition technique is a reliable method for Ag(x) determination.
THE SOLID‐PHASE SYNTHESIS OF ALPHA‐MELANOTROPIN
Authors: Blake James , Li Choh Hao
Published: August 2010

The tridecapeptide amide, α‐melanotropin, has been synthesized by the solid‐phase method. The protected tridecapeptide was cleaved from a phenolic resin with ammonia, and the amide was reduced with sodium in liquid ammonia. Chromatographic purification gave the highly purified and fully active hormone.
HUMAN CERULOPLASMIN AS A POLYMORPHIC GLYCOPROTEIN
Authors: Rydén Lars
Published: August 2010

Reduced and cyanoethylated human ceruloplasmin form I was freed of sialic acid and digested by trypsin. A glycopeptide fraction isolated by gel filtration was separated into three carbohydrate‐containing fractions by ion exchange chromatography on Dowex I. Each of these was further separated by column electrophoresis to yield a unique glycopeptide. With a stoichiometry of two chains per mole, these peptides account reasonably well for all the carbohydrate in the molecule. In a corresponding preparation from ceruloplasmin form II with smaller carbohydrate content, two of the glycopeptides were, present in greatly reduced amounts.

The three glycopeptides were obtained in a pure state from sialic acid‐containing ceruloplasmin form I by gel filtration, ion exchange chromatography, and column electrophoresis. Two different kinds of oligosaccharide chains were found attached to the purified peptides. The first contained 6 hexose, 5 glucosamine, 2 sialic acid, and 0.5 fucose residues; the other about 9 hexose, 8 glucosamine, 4 sialic acid, and 0.5 fucose residues. According to the composition of the protein, the larger chain accounts only for a small part of the carbohydrate content.

On the basis of the results, it is proposed that human ceruloplasmin has six carbohydrate chains, three on each of two identical or nearly identical halves of the molecule. The carbohydrate chains are found in two different degrees of completion. Form II of the protein lacks 2–3 of these chains, having two particular sites partly unsubstituted.
ISOLATION OF A FROG HEMOGLOBIN (Rana esculenta)
Authors: Chauvet Jean‐Pierre , Acher Roger
Published: August 2010

Hemoglobin from adult frogs (Rana esculenta) was purified by fractionated precipitation with ammonium sulfate and chromatography on carboxymethyl‐Sephadex C 50. The chromatography resolved hemoglobin into two components, Hemoglobins I and II, which have apparently similar amino acid compositions but different electro‐phoretic mobilities.

Reduced globin prepared from Hemoglobin II was separated into a and p polypeptide chains by counter‐current distribution. The purity of each chain was estimated by starch gel electrophoresis. The amino acid compositions of α and β chains were determined.

The N‐terminal sequences were established by using the dinitrofluorohenzene andphe‐nylisothiocyanate techniques as well as peptic hydrolysis; the C‐terminal sequences were determined with carboxypeptidases A and B, hydrazinolysis, and tryptic hydrolysis.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SOME FRAGMENTS OBTAINED AFTER PEPTIC DIGESTION OF BOVINE SERUM ALBUMIN
Authors: Braam W. G. M. , Harmsen B. J. M. , Walters J. A. L. I. , van Os G. A. J.
Published: August 2010

Bovine serum albumin was hydrolysed by pepsin at pH 3.7. Ten well‐defined fragments were found, as was shown by electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gels at pH 3.0 in the presence of 6 M urea. Three of the fragments could be isolated by precipitation with trichloroacetic acid followed by ion exchange chromatography. The procedure is suited to obtain large quantities in a simple and reproducible way.

The fragments were identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, terminal amino acid determination, and amino acid analysis. The largest of the three fragments appeared to be composed of the two other fragments and is probably placed C‐terminal in albumin. Some other properties of the largest fragment were also determined, e.g., the α‐helix content and the number of titratable residues.
STUDIES ON BACTERIAL PROTEASES
Authors: Yoshimoto Tadashi , Fukumoto Juichiro , Tsimut Daisuke
Published: August 2010

An alkaline protease (pep tidy I peptide hydrolase, EC class 3.4.4) of Bacillus natto strain Ns was purified by column chromatographies on Duolite A‐2 anion exchange resin, CM‐cellulose, and DEAE Sephadex A‐50, and crystallized from aqueous solution. The enzyme was most active at pH values between 10.3 and 10.8 toward casein substrate and completely inactivated by incubation with DFP. Ultracentrifugal analyses indicated that the molecular weight and S20,w were 27,000 and 2.8, respectively. The enzyme consisted of a single polypeptide chain with alanine as the amino terminus and was composed of 271. residues of amino acids, the composition of which was quite similar to that of subtilisin Carlsberg (EC class 3.4.4. 16). The alkaline protease of B. natto Ns strain was clearly distinguished electrophoretically from subtilisin BPN’and subtilisin Amylosacchariticus but not from subtilisin Carlsberg. The fact that most strains of Bacillus natto so far investigated by us have also produced this type of protease suggests that Bacillus natto mainly secretes the alkaline protease belonging to the group of subtilisin type Carlsberg.
INTERNAL SYMMETRIES OF THE HISTONE F 2b MOLECULE AND SEVERAL OTHER POLYPEPTIDE SEQUENCES
Authors: Bauer Klausdieter
Published: August 2010

A thorough analysis of the histone F 2b sequence for internal homologies revealed the occurrence of internal symmetries of this molecule distributed among 6 different regions, 2 of which are homologous to histone IV (F 2al).

A preliminary search for intramolecular symmetries in other proteins showed patterns of this type in 8 more cases, including kallidin I, ACTH, glucagon, insulin A‐chain, ribonuclease, phospholipase A, cytochrome b3, and the coat protein from the f 2 phage. The findings on immunoglobulins and ferredoxin, reported in the literature, add these two proteins to the same list. The general importance of the mechanism responsible, which leads to the development of base symmetries in animal, plant, and viral proteins, is discussed in detail.

Histones F 2b and F 2al (IV), and several clupeines were, moreover, demonstrated to share a common ancestor sequence, which developed by both serial and symmetrical duplication to form part of present‐day basic nuclear proteins.
AMINO ACID COMPOSITIONS OF THE SOLUBLE TRYPTIC PEPTIDES AND CHYMOTRYPTIC PEPTIDES FROM THE α POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN OF All COMPONENT OF CHICKEN HEMOGLOBIN
Authors: Matsuda Genji , Takei Hiroshi , Wu Ku Chayu , Shiozawa Tsuneo
Published: August 2010

All component prepared from adult chicken hemoglobin was separated into α and β polypeptide chains by column chromatography. Of the two chains, the a polypeptide chain was digested with trypsin. The soluble tryptic peptides thus obtained were isolated and purified by column chromatography and paper chromatography.

On the other hand, the a polypeptic chain in AH component was digested with chymotrypsin. The chymotryptic peptides thus obtained were isolated and purified by column chromatography and paper chromatography the same way as in the case of tryptic peptides. The amino acid compositions of these tryptic and chymotryptic peptides were analyzed.
LINE WIDTHS OF PROTON MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTRA OF PROTEINS IN SOLUTION
Authors: Bradbury J. H. , Chapman B. E. , King N. L. R.
Published: August 2010

The total line width at half height (Δvt) of proton magnetic resonances of proteins can be written as the sum of various terms, of which the most important is that due to the dipole‐dipole interaction of adjacent protons (Δ vdd) The contribution of Δ vdd to Δvt is calculated by an equation which includes the correlation time Tc and the inter‐proton distance b. It is thus possible to explain the experimentally observed absence of C‐2 histidine resonances in a‐chymotrypsin and in some other native proteins and also the absence of S‐CH3 methionine resonances in all the native proteins examined except for a‐lactalbumin. On the other hand, if Δvdd and either Tc or b are known, it should be possible to calculate the inter‐proton distance b or the correlation time Tc respectively.
Survival after transfusion in the Netherlands
Authors: Borkent‐Raven B. A. , Janssen M. P. , van der Poel C. L. , Schaasberg W. P. , Bonsel G. J. , van Hout B. A.
Published: August 2010

Background  Cost‐effectiveness analyses of blood safety interventions require estimates of the life expectancy after blood product transfusion. These are best derived from survival after blood transfusion, per age group and blood component type.

Study design and methods  In the PROTON (PROfiles of TransfusiON recipients) study transfusion recipient data was collected from a hospital sample covering 28% of the total blood use between 1996 and 2006 in the Netherlands. The dataset includes date of transfusion, blood component type transfused and recipient identification details. PROTON data were individually matched to mortality data of the Netherlands. Survival after first transfusion and after any transfusion was calculated, per blood component type and age group. PROTON mortality rates were compared to mortality rates in the general population. The results were used to estimate survival beyond the study period and to estimate life expectancy after transfusion.

Results  Of all 2 405 012 blood product transfusions in the PROTON dataset, 92% was matched to the national Dutch Municipal Population Register, which registers all deaths. After 1 year, survival after any transfusion was 65·4%, 70·4% and 53·9% for RBC, FFP and PLT respectively. After 5 years, this was 46·6%, 58·8% and 39·3% for RBC, FFP and PLT, respectively. Ten years after transfusion, mortality rates of recipients are still elevated in comparison with the general population.

Conclusion  Mortality rates of transfusion recipients are higher than those of the general population, but the increase diminishes over time. The mortality rates found for the Netherlands are lower than those found in comparable studies for other countries.
The Effects of Relaxed and Reversed Selection by Predators on the Antipredator Behavior of the Threespine Stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus
Authors: Messler Alexis , Wund Matthew A. , Baker John A. , Foster Susan A.
Published: August 2010

Isolation from predators can lead to the reduction or loss of ancestral behavioral defenses in prey, but does not always do so. Predators introduced to populations that have experienced relaxed selection from some ancestral predators can favor the evolution of antipredator behavior that has been lost. We examined these possibilities by eliciting antipredator behavior in three populations of threespine stickleback fish, Gasterosteus aculeatus: an oceanic population thought to resemble the ancestral form, and two populations historically (up to 20 000 yr) devoid of piscine predators (relaxed selection), one of which has been stocked with salmonids for nearly 25 yr (reversed selection). We used three kinds of predator models: a sculpin (ambush predator), a rainbow trout (chasing predator), and an overhead silhouette of an arctic tern. Stickleback reacted differently to the three models, indicating that they distinguished among them. Individuals from all populations responded similarly to the tern model. The ancestral population showed the weakest response to the sculpin model despite being the only population that encounters these predators naturally. Stickleback from the trout‐free population displayed slightly reduced responses to the trout model, and recovery times like those in the ancestral population providing only weak evidence for loss of the ancestral antipredator repertoire. Fish from the reverse‐selected population exhibited fascinating, elevated responses to both the trout and sculpin models relative to the other two populations. These findings offer initial evidence of (1) a partial alteration of the ancestral behavioral repertoire during a long period of relaxed selection from piscine predators, and (2) rapid acquisition of extreme responses to piscine predators under reverse selection.
Display of an Inedible Prop as a Signal of Aggression? Adaptive Significance of Leaf‐Display by the Turquoise‐Browed Motmot, Eumomota superciliosa
Authors: Murphy Troy G.
Published: August 2010

The incorporation of an inedible object (prop) into a behavioral display is rare among birds. Only four avian taxa have been reported to display with a prop, and in all studied species, prop use has been found to play a role in mate acquisition. However, little is known about the context and adaptive significance of prop use by the motmots. Both male and female motmots perform a leaf‐display, whereby a leaf is held horizontally in the tip of the bill for an extended period. I collected observational data on leaf‐display by the turquoise‐browed motmots (Eumomota superciliosa) to investigate the potential role of this display as a mate‐choice or agonistic signal. Observations of 61 leaf‐displays by 27 individuals indicate that males and females are similarly likely to perform the leaf‐display, that the leaf‐display is performed throughout the long‐breeding season, and that the display is performed by both paired and unpaired birds. These observations suggest that the leaf‐display does not play a role in mate‐attraction. However, the leaf‐display was often performed in association with a chase or fight with a same‐sex individual, and the display was sometimes performed in conjunction with an agonistic display at nest sites, suggesting that the leaf‐display may function in both sexes as a signal of aggressive intent or as a signal of status.
Contextual Flexibility: Reassessing the Effects of Prey Size and Status on Prey Restraint Behaviour of Macrostomate Snakes
Authors: Mehta Rita S. , Burghardt Gordon M.
Published: August 2010

Contextual flexibility in prey restraint behaviour has been documented in advanced snakes (Colubroidea), but the degree of flexibility for earlier snake lineages has been largely unstudied. We document the prey restraint behaviour of five snake species belonging to three early macrostomate lineages: Loxocemidae, Erycinae and Boidae. Species from these lineages were chosen for this study because they utilize similar prey resources but exhibit different ecological habits that may have important consequences on prey restraint behaviour. Snakes (n = 27) were studied in a systematic experimental design assessing the effects of mouse size (small and large) and status (live and dead) across a total of 216 feeding trials. Loxocemus and Erycine snakes were highly flexible in their prey restraint behaviour patterns and these varied across prey category. Individuals of Boa constrictor exhibited very little contextual flexibility in feeding behaviour, confirming earlier reports. Flexibility in prey restraint behaviour corresponded with loop application pattern, whether the snake bent laterally or ventrally when forming a loop around prey. Our study is the first to show that early macrostomate snakes exhibit flexible prey restraint behaviours. Thus, our results suggest that flexibility in predatory behaviour may be more widespread across snake taxa than previously thought and we offer hypotheses for the observed interspecific differences in snake feeding behaviour.
Pigeon Homing: The Navigational Map Developed in Adulthood is Based on Olfactory Information
Authors: Ioalè Paolo , Savini Maria , Gagliardo Anna
Published: August 2010

Homing pigeons raised in a shielded aviary and kept confined until the day of the test releases are not able to navigate even if, once adult, the screens are removed and the birds are exposed to natural winds for a sufficiently long period for map learning. However, pigeons raised in the same condition but, once adult, allowed to perform spontaneous flights around the loft are able to develop navigational abilities which, however, never reach the level of controls. In the present study, we show that the navigational map learned by the adult birds, which had the possibility to perform spontaneous flights, is based on olfactory information.
Effect of Tomato Spotted Wilt Tospovirus (TSWV) Infection on the Fruits of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) Plants of Cultivars Carrying the SW‐5 gene
Authors: Aramburu J. , Rodriguez M. , Ariño J.
Published: August 2010

Peculiar necrotic ring spots on tomato fruits from TSWV‐resistant plants containing SW‐5 gene that occur in field conditions are caused by feeding of viruliferous thrips as shown by transmission assays conducted in controlled conditions. The ring spots are caused by a progressive TSWV infection probably due to insufficient hypersensitive response as a consequence of the presence of the SW‐5 gene. These diseased fruits appeared 5 weeks later than typical symptoms of TSWV infection on leaves of susceptible plants in a comparative study performed in an early‐transplanted tomato field. The percentage of susceptible tomato hybrids infected by TSWV was approximately 14%, whereas only 4% of symptom‐free plants of TSWV‐resistant hybrids showed some diseased fruits. Only 11% of the fruits of these plants were infected. These results could change depending on the feeding behaviour and the proportion of viruliferous thrips in the thrips population during the early stages of fruit development. Changes in management practices in tomato crops conducted to reduce their populations at this time of the season could decrease the number of unmarketable fruits. The presence of TSWV‐resistant plants showing a systemic infection in open commercial tomato fields with higher proportions than expected is discussed.
Influence of Copper Ion Concentration and Electrical Conductivity of the Nutrient Solution on Phytophthora cinnamomi in Ivy grown in Ebb‐and‐Flow Systems
Authors: Toppe B. , Thinggaard K.
Published: August 2010

Pathogenic zoosporic fungi cause diseases in many greenhouse crop species. Manipulation of the copper ion concentration and the electrical conductivity in the recirculating nutrient solution was used as a means of reducing Phytophthora‐incited root rot in plants. Foliage pot plants of Hedera helix were grown on ebb‐and‐flow benches with separate systems for recirculation of the nutrient solution. Four nutrient solutions with two copper ion concentrations (0.07 and 0.28 p.p.m) and two levels of electrical conductivity (1.5 and 2.2 mS/cm) were used in two experiments. FeSO4 was added as an iron source in all treatments. Inoculation with Phytophthora cinnamomi zoospores was carried out via the nutrient solution and with final concentrations of 5, 15, 50, or 125 zoospores/ml in the tanks. Changes in copper ion concentration from 0.07 to 0.28 p.p.m. significantly reduced disease incidence at all inoculum levels. In plots inoculated with 5 zoospores/ml, the mean percentages of wilted plants 28 days after inoculation were reduced from 92 to 8%. There was a tendency towards a more suppressive effect of increased copper at electrical conductivity 1.5 mS/cm compared with 2.2 mS/cm. The results suggest that elevated copper ion concentration in the nutrient solution could be an important component of a disease management strategy in ivy production. However, methods for control and maintenance of the copper ion concentration in the nutrient solution should be further elaborated.
Remission of the Free‐branching Pattern of Euphorbia pulcherrima by Tetracycline Treatment
Authors: Bradel B. G. , Preil W. , Jeske H.
Published: August 2010

Antibiotic‐mediated suppression of the free‐branching (FB) pattern of commercially available poinsettia cv.‘Angelika’ (Euphorbia pulcherrima) supports recent results that the causative agent responsible for branching is a phytoplasma. Scions of phytoplasma containing FB plants were treated with tetracycline at 100–1000 parts per million (p.p.m.). The plants grew monopodially and phytoplasmas were not detected for several weeks after grafting onto restricted‐branching (RB) poinsettia. After prolonged growth without antibiotic treatment, phytoplasmas reappeared in most plants which became FB again and one plant escaped from phytoplasma infection. In some poinsettia plants, the FB morphotype developed before phytoplasmas were detected by polymerase chain reaction. For the cultivar ‘Angelika’ the same poinsettia branch‐inducing (PoiBI) phytoplasma (X‐disease group; subgroup H) was detected by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of 16S rDNA as previously found in the United States (Lee et al., Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48, 1153–1169, 1998).
Effects of Brown Streak Virus Disease on Yield and Quality of Cassava in Tanzania
Authors: Hillocks R. J. , Raya M. D. , Mtunda K. , Kiozia H.
Published: August 2010

Brown streak virus disease is the most important biotic constraint to cassava production in the coastal areas of southern Tanzania. Symptoms include foliar chlorosis and sometimes stem lesions. The disease also affects the tuberous roots which develop a yellow/brown, dry, corky necrosis within the starch‐bearing tissues, sometimes accompanied by pitting and distortion, that is visible externally. The foliar symptoms of the disease often do not greatly affect plant growth, although the most sensitive cultivars may be stunted and defoliated. The main impact of the disease on the crop is by causing root necrosis. Field experiments were conducted at two sites in Tanzania to determine the effect of the disease on yield and quality of the roots. Cassava brown streak disease (CBSD) decreased root weight and patches of root necrosis made roots unmarketable, although the unaffected parts might still have been suitable for home consumption. The disease therefore has two effects, one on total root yield and one on root quality, which affects marketability. The field trials showed that CBSD can decrease root weight in the most sensitive cultivars by up to 70%. The length of time between the appearance of foliar symptoms and the development of root necrosis is a varietal characteristic. In the most susceptible cultivars, root necrosis may appear within 6 months of planting cuttings derived from symptomatic mother plants. A local cultivar known as cv. Nachinyaya exhibited a form of tolerance to CBSD in which foliar symptoms appeared but the development of root necrosis was delayed allowing the full yield potential to be realized.
Calcium‐dependent Protein Kinases are Involved in Potato Signal Transduction in Response to Elicitors from the Oomycete Phytophthora infestans
Authors: Blanco F. A. , Zanetti M. E. , Daleo G. R.
Published: August 2010

Plant response to pathogens involves an intricate network of signal transduction pathways. Here, potato cell cultures were used to study signal transduction in response to elicitors from Phytophthora infestans. Pretreatment of cells with Ser/Thr protein kinase inhibitors, EGTA, calmodulin antagonists or a channel blocker abolished the induction of two enzymes involved in defence responses, phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase (PAL) and peroxidase. Phosphatase inhibitors caused an increase of these activities in the absence of elicitors. Hyphal cell wall components (HWC) from an incompatible race (HWC 0) produced a rapid and transient increment of histone phosphorylation, whereas induction by HWC from a compatible race (HWC C) was less pronounced and more sustained. As activities were calcium‐dependent, a fraction enriched in calcium‐dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) was obtained by DEAE chromatography. Fractions from HWC 0‐ and HWC C‐treated cells presented higher kinase activity than that from untreated cells. Moreover, total activity was higher in the incompatible than in the compatible interaction. Activity was calcium‐dependent, partially inhibited by calmodulin antagonists and able to phosphorylate syntide‐2, a specific substrate of CDPKs. An in‐gel kinase assay showed the presence of a band of approximately 50 kDa whose activity was higher in HWC 0‐ than in HWC C‐treated cells and was not detected in control extracts. This report presents evidences of the differential activation of CDPKs in response to elicitors from different races of P. infestans, revealing that these protein kinases participate in the defence response to oomycete.
Transmigrated intrauterine device discovered 17 years after its insertion
Authors: Bartalena T , Pascali E , Rinaldi MF , Marasco R , Bassi F , Alboni C , Gavelli G
Published: August 2010

We present the case of an intraperitoneal IUD incidentally noted on lumbar spine X‐rays and confirmed by CT. This was secondary to asymptomatic uterine perforation occurred at the time of insertion 17 years before.
Patent urachus in a neonate: Findings at micturating cystourethregram
Authors: Depree PJ , Wong CKF
Published: August 2010

A term female infant with an antenatal diagnosis of a urachal anomaly presented at 5 days of age for elective surgical repair of the anomaly. She had been passing urine via the umbilicus since birth. No other abnormalities had been detected on clinical examination. Preoperative micturating cystourethregram (MCUG) was performed, and during catheterization of the bladder per urethra, the catheter tip passed into the bladder and out of the umbilicus, thus confirming the diagnosis of a patent urachus.
Primary epiploic appendagitis: the role of computed tomography in diagnosis
Authors: Gurses B , Ekci B , Akansel S , Kabakci N , Kucuk S , Kovanlikaya I
Published: August 2010

Primary epiploic appendagitis is a rare entity that occurs due to torsion and inflammation of the epiploic appendages. Clinically, this entity may be mistaken for acute abdomen with resultant unnecessary surgery. In contrast to acute surgical abdomen, epiploic appendagitis usually does not require surgical treatment; most of the patients resolve with conservative management. Diagnosis can be achieved with imaging modalities of which computed tomography is the gold standard procedure. Herein, a patient who presented with acute abdomen like clinical picture, with the computed tomography demonstration of primary epiploic appendagitis, is presented.
Pseudomesotheliomatous adenocarcinoma of the lung with synchronous gastric and esophageal cancer
Authors: Kaira K , Sunaga N , Yanagitani N , Hisada T , Ishizuka T , Mori M
Published: August 2010

Pseudomesotheliomatous adenocarcinoma is an uncommon variant of peripheral lung cancer. This condition mimics a malignant mesothelioma in terms of its clinical presentation and its gross and microscopic appearance. An immunohistochemical investigation is important when it is difficult to determine whether diffuse carcinomatous involvement of the pleura is secondary to metastasis, lung cancer, or mesothelioma. We herein report a very rare case of concomitant pseudomesotheliomatous adenocarcinoma, gastric cancer and esophageal cancer.
Imaging features of endolymphatic sac tumours: case report with review of literature
Authors: Kang M , Khandelwal N , Singh P , Choudhary S , Mukherjee KK
Published: August 2010

Papillary endolymphatic sac tumours (ELSTs) are rare lesions of the temporal bone often confused with other more common entities. However, the radiologic differentiation is important for both surgical planning and also to alert the pathologist as regards the true origin. We present a case of a large ELST with some specific radiological findings.
Ureteral obstruction caused by mucocele of the appendix: MDCT findings
Authors: Lee J , Lim HK , Lee SJ
Published: August 2010

Mucocele of the appendix is characterized by distension of the appendiceal lumen due to abnormal accumulation of mucoid substance. Among the known complications of appendiceal mucocele, it is known to be unusual for the appendiceal mucocele to be a cause of ureteral obstruction. Only a few reports have been published in the English literature. We describe a case of right hydronephroureterosis secondary to appendiceal mucocele diagnosed with multidetector‐row CT.
Endometriosis of the inguinal region: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings
Authors: Low RS , Jones AO , Houang M , Newland L , Morey AL , Chan‐Ling T
Published: August 2010

A case of endometrioma of the right inguinal canal region, diagnosed preoperatively, is presented. The diagnosis was made on the basis of cyclical symptoms relating to menstrual periods, in combination with demonstration of blood products within an enhancing focal lesion in the inguinal region with magnetic resonance imaging. The case presented here is unique, as it is the first case, to our knowledge, of an endometriotic lesion in the inguinal canal to demonstrate the characteristic ‘shading sign’ at magnetic resonance imaging.
Duodenal date seed bezoar: a very unusual cause of partial gastric outlet obstruction
Authors: Singh SK , Marupaka SK
Published: August 2010

Bezoars are concretions of undigested or partially digested foreign material in the gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract of humans or animals. Originally described from Persia, they have been known to mankind for centuries. Bezoars are an uncommon cause of benign mechanical gastric outlet obstruction. A variety of materials have been found to form bezoars, such as hair, undigested food, persimmons, milk products, medicines, etc. Development of bezoars is usually associated with predisposing risk factors. We describe a very unusual case of duodenal date seed bezoar causing partial gastric outlet obstruction in a person with no known risk factors. To the best of our knowledge, duodenal bezoars formed by date seeds have not been reported previously in the English literature.
Erdheim–Chester disease: A rare cause of acute renal failure
Authors: O’Rourke R , Wong DC , Fleming S , Walker D
Published: August 2010

Erdheim–Chester disease (ECD) is a rare systemic histiocytic infiltrative disease of unknown aetiology. In radiology it is characterized by symmetrical sclerotic bone lesions predominantly affecting the diaphyses and metaphyses of long bones. Perivascular fibrosis has been reported in the literature as being a feature of this disease and we report one such case that presented with an encased aorta and renal arteries leading to acute renal failure. The diagnosis of ECD was delayed until a biopsy of the retroperitoneal infiltrate was performed. Further imaging with fluorine 18 deoxyglucose positron emission tomography, bone scintigraphy, plain films of the long bones and CT of the chest, abdomen and pelvis were performed to assess the extent of the patient’s systemic disease involvement. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case of ECD presenting with acute renal failure secondary to bilateral occlusion of the renal arteries.
Magnetic resonance imaging of pregnancy in suspected uterine anomaly
Authors: Pui MH
Published: August 2010

Uterine malformation is associated with higher rate of obstetrical complication. Ultrasound cannot reliably delineate the uterine abnormality, especially in obese women. These two case reports illustrate the value of MRI in depicting the uterine and fetal anatomy, thus assisting the appropriate management of these patients.
Tracheal bronchus misdiagnosed as tuberculosis
Authors: Saad Nivene , Wigeson Merle , Stapleton Troy
Published: August 2010

We present an uncommon case of a congenital tracheal bronchus, diagnosed on a CT scan of the chest, which was performed on a patient with long‐ standing right upper lobe reticulonodular lung changes, assumed to be due to tuberculosis.
Portal vein thrombosis with unusual hepatic enhancement pattern: Diagnosis using 64‐slice multidetector computed tomography and 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Salanitri J
Published: August 2010

Portal vein thrombosis is a potentially life‐threatening condition with occasionally uncertain clinical symptoms and signs. Consequently, the diagnosis may be first made by the radiologist using cross‐sectional imaging modalities. A case of extensive portal venous system thrombosis extending into the superior mesenteric vein associated with an unusual pattern of central hepatic enhancement imaged by both 64‐slice multidetector CT and 3 Tesla MRI is presented with a discussion of the imaging features of both modalities.
Invasive sinus aspergillosis with perineural spread in an immunocompetent patient
Authors: Subramanian S , Kandpal H , Sharma R , Pushkar N , Sen S , Gamanagatti S , Vashist S
Published: August 2010

Invasive aspergillosis of paranasal sinuses is usually seen in immunocompromised patients and is associated with a very high mortality rate. The disease is distinctly uncommon in immunocompetent patients. A rare case of invasive aspergillosis of paranasal sinus and orbit with intracranial extradural extension via perineural spread along the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve in an immunocompetent patient is presented.
Solid pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas with portal vein compression presenting as portal hypertension
Authors: Kandpal H , Sharma R , Das CJ , Sahni P , Das AK , Neyaz Z
Published: August 2010

Solid pseudopapillary tumour (SPT) of the pancreas is a rare neoplasm, which occurs predominantly in young females and is usually amenable to cure by surgical resection. Imaging plays an important role in its diagnosis. We present the sonographic, CT and MRI features of SPT in a young female whose chief complaint was recurrent haematemesis secondary to portal venous compression.
THE ECONOMIC ROOTS OF THE AMERICAN “ZIGZAG”: KNIVES, FORKS, AND BRITISH MERCANTILISM
Authors: LYBBERT TRAVIS J.
Published: August 2010

Relative prices that prevail at critical times can shape culture in precise ways. Building on the work of the renowned archeologist James Deetz, this essay argues that the difference between Europeans’ and Americans’ use of knives and forks at the dinner table is an artifact of British mercantilism, which inflated the price of tableware in the American colonies and preserved the table fork as a colonial luxury long after it was an ordinary utensil in England. Pressures of conformity at the table have locked in these manners, which persist as an enduring effect of the British Navigation Acts. (JEL A10, D02, F13, N00)
Cracks and the Crisis of Abstract Labour
Authors: Holloway John
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  In this article I suggest that the key to understanding autonomies is the revolt of one form of activity against another. I relate this revolt to Marx's concept of the dual character of labour, and suggest that the rise of autonomist politics should be understood as an expression of the crisis of abstract labour.
The Oaxaca Commune and Mexico's Coming Insurrection
Authors: Esteva Gustavo
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Was the “Oaxaca Commune” an ephemeral insurrection, an explosion of popular rage, without enduring consequences? Was it a specific expression of autonomous movements, an experiment anticipating the direction some of them are taking? Or was it an isolated, singular episode of people's struggles? As yet we do not have enough of an historical perspective to fully appreciate the nature and impact of the events of 2006 in Oaxaca that attracted the world's attention. But it is worth exploring them and discussing a tentative hypothesis about their nature and meaning for autonomous movements in Mexico and beyond, when the gap between means and ends is closed and the shape of the struggle is also the shape of the society the struggle attempts to create. These provisional notes can thus be seen as an introduction to a research agenda.
On Open Space: Explorations Towards a Vocabulary of a More Open Politics
Authors: Sen Jai
Published: August 2010

Abstract:  Drawing on my work in and on architecture, urban planning, and socio‐political movement including the World Social Forum (WSF), I attempt to critically engage with the increasingly widely used concept of open space as a mode of social and political organising. Arguing that open space, horizontality, autonomous action, and networking are now emerging as general tendencies in the organisation of social relations, and that the WSF is a major historical experiment in this idea, I try to open up the concept to a more critical understanding in relation to the times we live in. In particular, I argue that the practice of open space in the WSF makes manifest three key movement principles: self‐organisation, autonomy, and emergence. By exploring its characteristics and contradictions, I also argue that open space cannot be provided and only exists if people make it open, and that in this sense it is related to, but different from, the commons.
Random effects mixture models for clustering electrical load series
Authors: Coke Geoffrey , Tsao Min
Published: August 2010

For purposes such as rate setting and long‐term capacity planning, electrical utility companies are interested in dividing their customers into homogeneous groups or clusters in terms of the customers’ electricity demand profiles. Such demand profiles are typically represented byload series, long time series of daily or even hourly rates of energy consumption of individual customers. The high dimension and time series nature inherent in the load series render existing methods of clustering analysis ineffective. To handle the high dimension and to take advantage of the time‐series nature of load series, we introduce a class of mixture models for time series, the random effects mixture models, which are particularly useful for clustering the load series. The random effects mixture models are based on a hierarchical model for individual components. They employ highly flexible antedependence models to effectively capture the time‐series characteristics of the covariance of the load series. We present details on the construction of such mixture models and discuss a special Expectation‐maximization (EM) algorithm for their computation. We also apply these models to cluster the data set which had motivated this research, a set of 923 load series from BC Hydro, a crown utility company in British Columbia, Canada.
Health and Safety in the Medieval Monasteries of Britain
Authors: KERR JULIE
Published: August 2010

The arduous nature of monastic life could impact on the monks’ physical and mental well‐being, causing minor injuries but also fatalities. Back problems might develop from ringing the heavy monastery bells, digestive disorders could result from years of fasting, and those holding important offices invariably suffered from stress and strain. There has been significant discussion of healthcare in the monastery – of disease and illness, the treatment of the sick, the infirmary, and the role of professional practitioners within the monastery. Less consideration has been given to the various hazards that might affect the monks on a daily basis, from the obstacles that caused them to trip and tumble to the injuries and fatalities that could result from natural disasters, outbreaks of fire and faulty repair work. This article seeks to explore more fully the perils and pitfalls that the religious community might face, but includes a brief discussion of the general impact of monastic observance on the monks’ well‐being, and the spiritual and physical recourse they sought to prevent mishaps and to treat casualties. Analysis centres on the monastic houses of Britain in the high middle ages, but refers to later and continental examples for comparative purposes and where they are likely to be indicative of conditions in Britain in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
THE EVOLUTION OF DOMINANCE: A THEORY WHOSE TIME HAS PASSED?
Authors: MAYO OLIVER , BÜRGER REINHARD
Published: August 2010

The evolution of dominance by the selection of modifiers of the phenotypes of deleterious mutations was proposed as a hypothesis by R. A. Fisher in 1928. It has been strongly criticized ever since, is regarded by many as having been made irrelevant by metabolic control theory, and most recently has been claimed to have been‘falsified’by H. A. Orr. Is it indeed not only obsolete but wrong? Its history is reviewed and its present status evaluated. We conclude (1) that it has a role as the explanation of the dominance found in many cases of selection through visual predation and (2) that the selection mechanism long claimed to be ineffective (the increase in frequency of a single modifier) will be effective under certain special conditions that may be different from those Fisher proposed.
VARIATION IN MATE CHOICE AND MATING PREFERENCES: A REVIEW OF CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES
Authors: JENNIONS MICHAEL D. , PETRIE MARION
Published: August 2010

The aim of this review is to consider variation in mating p among females. We define mating p as the sensory and behavioural properties that influence the propensity of individuals to mate with certain phenotypes. Two properties of mating p can be distinguished: (i) ‘preference functions’–the order with which an individual ranks prospective mates and (2)‘choosiness’ ‐the effort an individual is prepared to invest in mate assessment. Patterns of mate choices can be altered by changing the costs of choosiness without altering the preference function. We discuss why it is important to study variation in female mating behaviour and identify five main areas of interest: Variation in mating p and costs of choosiness could (i) influence the rate and direction of evolution by sexual selection, (2) provide information about the evolutionary history of female p, (3) help explain inter‐specific differences in the evolution of secondary sexual characteristics, (4) provide information about the level of benefits gained from mate choice, (5) provide information about the underlying mechanisms of mate choice. Variation in mate choice could be due to variability in preference functions, degree of choosiness, or both, and may arise due to genetic differences, developmental trajectories or proximate environmental factors. We review the evidence for genetic variation from genetic studies of heritability and also from data on the repeatability of mate‐choice decisions (which can provide information about the upper limits to heritability). There can be problems in interpreting patterns of mate choice in terms of variation in mating p and we illustrate two main points. First, some factors can lead to mate choice patterns that mimic heritable variation in p and secondly other factors may obscure heritable p. These factors are divided into three overlapping classes, environmental, social and the effect of the female phenotype. The environmental factors discussed include predation risk and the costs of sampling; the social factors discussed include the effect of male–male interactions as well as female competition. We review the literature which presents data on how females sample males and discuss the number of cues females use. We conclude that sexual‐selection studies have paid far less attention to variation among females than to variation among males, and that there is still much to learn about how females choose males and why different females make different choices. We suggest a number of possible lines for future research.