bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Captures of Male European Pine Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) in Pheromone-Baited Traps in Kentucky
Authors: Rieske L. K. , Townsend L. , Anderbrant O. , Hedenström Erik , Högberg Hans-Erik
Published: September 2017

Using sticky traps baited with (2S, 3S, 7S)-3,7-dimethyl-2-pentadecyl acetate, we assessed the seasonal and diurnal flight activity of the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffrey), in Fayette, Madison, and Livingston counties in Kentucky. At each site, two replicates of individual sticky traps were baited and suspended about 1 m high and spaced at least 20 m apart. Trap catch was affected by site (P = 0.001). A total of 326 European pine sawfly males were captured at the Fayette Co. site during the period 18 September to 12 November, representing 7% of the season total. No males of this species were caught at the other sites. During peak flight activity (1 to 15 October), we monitored traps at 2.5-h intervals over 4 d to determine diurnal flight patterns. Flight activity began after 1100 h and ceased by 1830 h, and was significantly affected by time of day. European pine sawfly flight activity was greatest between 1330 and 1830 h. We captured over 5,200 male sawflies at all three sites, with peak activity occurring in May, July, September and October.
An Automated Apparatus for Conditioning Proboscis Extension in Honey Bees, Apis mellifera L.
Authors: Abramson Charles I. , Boyd B. J.
Published: September 2017

An apparatus is described for the study of classical conditioning of proboscis extension in harnessed honey bees, Apis mellifera L., that permits automatic programming of events and recording of data. The apparatus is easy to use, accommodates a wide range of stimuli and can be used to study both associative and nonassociative learning. The technique was evaluated in a series of experiments in which the performance of bees was compared under automated and traditional methods of conditioning. The results indicated that the automated apparatus can successfully be used to study Pavlovian conditioning, discrimination learning, and habituation. A unique finding was that the odor of honeycomb can serve as an unconditioned stimulus to support Pavlovian conditioning.
Recovery of D&C Red No. 28 from Potato Leaves1
Authors: Martin Phyllis A. W. , Schroder Robert F. W.
Published: September 2017

D&C Red No. 28 is a photoactive red dye that is insecticidal for a number of insect species. Unlike contact insecticides, D&C Red No. 28 must be consumed to be effective. Therefore, the red dye must adhere to leaves on which the insect feeds. During a field test of insecticidal activity of the red dye against the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decimlineata L.), we measured the recovery of the red dye from potato leaves treated at rates of 70, 210, and 350 g per ha. When the dye was applied alone, we were able to recover over 91% of the red dye at 6 h post treatment and over 30% at one day. At 2 days post treatment, the limit of detection was reached (5 ng D&C Red No. 28/cm2 leaf). In field studies, PEG 200 which improves dispersal, also improved adherence of red dye to leaves. In the laboratory, adjuvants such as PEG 200, Tween 80, and Gelva® also improved red dye adherence to leaves.
Potentiation by a Granulosis Virus of Gypchek, the Gypsy Moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Product
Authors: Webb R. E. , Shapiro M. , Thorpe K. W. , Peiffer R. A. , Fuester R. W. , Valenti M. A. , White G. B. , Podgwaite J. D.
Published: September 2017

Gypchek and a granulosis virus were applied in various combinations against several gypsy moth instars under field conditions, and a Blankophor BBH + Gypchek treatment was included as a comparison of virus enhancers. The residual effects of the treatments were determined over a 3-wk period. The addition of Helicoverpa armigera granulosis virus at a 1:100 dilution to Gypchek resulted in an approximate 10-fold increase in observed mortality, while the addition of Blankophor BBH at 1% resulted in an approximate 100-fold increase in observed mortality. The addition of Helicoverpa armigera granulosis virus at a 1:1000 dilution resulted in no consistent increase in recorded mortality, and the 1:100 granulosis virus dilution applied alone was inactive against gypsy moth. The residual activity of Gypchek was little enhanced by the addition of the granulosis virus at either dose.
Effects of Nootkatone and a Borate Compound on Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) and Its Symbiont Protozoa
Authors: Maistrello Lara , Henderson Gregg , Laine Roger A.
Published: September 2017

Wood treated with disodium octaborate tetrahydrate, with nootkatone, a natural extract isolated from vetiver oil, or with both nootkatone and disodium octaborate tetrahydrate was tested for effects on Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and its hindgut flagellates. Results demonstrated that after 7 d disodium octaborate tetrahydrate-treated wood induced high termite mortality and almost complete loss of flagellates, confirming the toxicity of borates to these termites. Wood treated with nootkatone alone or with the nootkatone-borate mix was consumed in significantly lower amounts than the control, and termite survival was comparable to results obtained for starved termites. A significant progressive reduction in the total number of protozoa was observed for all groups, including the controls. We conclude that nootkatone acts as a feeding deterrent, inducing starvation that results in almost a complete loss of Pseudotrichonympha grassii Koidzumi, the most important flagellate species for cellulose digestion in this termite.
Toxicity and Efficacy of Triazamate Against Turnip Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) on Cabbage
Authors: Liu Tong-Xian , Sparks Alton N. , Yue Bisong
Published: September 2017

Toxicity of triazamate (Aphistar®, Rohm & Haas, Philadelphia, PA) to a laboratory and a field population of the turnip aphid, Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach), was studied on cabbage in the laboratory, and the efficacy of triazamate against the aphid was tested in the field in comparison to lambda-cyhalothrin (Warrior®, Zeneca, Wilmington, DE) and imidacloprid (Provado®, Bayer, Kansas City, MO) in 1999 and 2000. Results from the laboratory bioassays indicated that field populations of L. erysimi apterous adults and nymphs were significantly less susceptible to triazamate than the laboratory population. The LC50 values for adults, early and late instars of the field population were 6.7-, 2.7-, and 1.4-fold greater than the corresponding stages of the laboratory population, respectively. Similarly, the LC90 values for adults, early and late instars of the field population were 6.4-, 2.6-, and 1.7-fold greater than the corresponding stages of the laboratory population, respectively. Results from field trials in 1999 and 2000 showed that triazamate and lambda-cyhalothrin reduced the aphid population faster than imidacloprid after the first application. Triazamate was as effective as lambda-cyhalothrin with low aphid population levels on the plants throughout the season except the last 2 wks in the 1999 trial. In the 2000 trial, an extremely high aphid population was found on untreated plants, whereas two applications of triazamate, as well as lambda-cyhalothrin and imidacloprid, kept aphid population levels suppressed for the entire season.
Semiochemical Interactions between Scolytus ventralis LeConte and Pityokteines elegans (Swaine) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Macías-Sámano Jorge E. , Borden John H.
Published: September 2017

Two experiments evaluated the effect of baiting uninfested grand fir logs and trees undergoing initial attack by Scolytus ventralis LeConte with Pityokteines elegans (Swaine) pheromone, on the subsequent attack by both species. Two more experiments assessed the effect of synthetic bark oil, exo-brevicomin, and P. elegans pheromone on the response by each species to multiple-funnel traps baited with attractants for the other species. The pheromone of P. elegans on unattacked logs did not have an inhibitory effect on the attack by S. ventralis. However, trees attacked by S. ventralis that were baited with P. elegans pheromone just after attack, yielded significantly fewer S. ventralis progeny than the unbaited controls. Neither synthetic bark oil nor exo-brevicomin caused a significant change in the catch of P. elegans in traps baited with its pheromone, but the predator Thanasimus undatulus Say was caught in traps baited with (±)-ipsenol, (±)-ipsdienol and synthetic bark oil, and another predator, Enoclerus sphegeus F., was caught in traps baited with exo-brevicomin alone or in combination with ipsenol and ipsdienol. The results do not support the hypothesis that interference competition based on semiochemical communication occurs between the two species.
Detecting Subtle Effects of Diet Preservatives on European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Authors: Andow D. A. , Stodola T. J.
Published: September 2017

A wheat germ-casien-agar diet for rearing European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner, contains five preservatives, sorbic acid (0.055% w/w), para-hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester (methyl paraben, 0.144% w/w), propionic acid (0.488% w/w), aureomycin (0.292% w/w), and phosphoric acid (0.084% w/w). We conducted studies to determine if the first four of these preservatives can be reduced. In the first experiment we eliminated simultaneously propionic acid and aureomycin and either retained all sorbic acid and methyl paraben or reduced them by 50% or eliminated them as well. The diet with full sorbic acid and methyl paraben and no propionic acid and aureomycin performed similar to the unchanged control. All other diets resulted in microbial contamination that reduced survival of larvae. In the second experiment, we compared 5 diets, the full complement of sorbic acid and methyl paraben with elimination or 50% reduction of both propionic acid and aureomycin, elimination of aureomycin and 50% reduction in propionic acid. The last diet had no aureomycin or propionic acid and 50% reduction in methyl paraben. Some of the replicate dishes with diets without any propionic acid or aureomycin had microbial contamination that reduced survival of larvae. Larval survival was similar for the remaining diets. The diet without aureomycin and 50% reduction in propionic acid produced large larvae that were about half as variable in size as those from the control diet, suggesting that a reduction in these preservatives would increase moth uniformity. No differences in development rate were observed among the diets.
Population Ecology of Cavernicoles Associated with Carrion in Caves of Georgia, USA
Authors: Reeves Will K. , McCreadie John W.
Published: September 2017

The abundance of troglophilic Megaselia spp. (Diptera: Phoridae), trogloxenic Calliphora vicina Robineau-Desvoidy (Diptera: Calliphoridae), and troglobitic Ptomaphagus whiteselli Barr (Coleoptera: Leiodidae) on carrion was studied in two caves in Georgia, USA. Phorid and leiodid abundance were statistically independent of location in the caves and of time the carrion was available for colonization in a cave. Calliphorid abundance was linked to location in the cave and duration the carrion remained in the cave. The colonization patterns on carrion by cavernicoles differed between permanent and transient cave-dwelling species. Variation could be due to the different reproductive strategies of each species.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Antennal Sense Organs in Prosapia bicincta (Say) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae)
Authors: Liang Ai-Ping
Published: September 2017

The external morphology of the sensilla on the antennae of the adult spittlebug, Prosapia bicincta (Say) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae), is described for the first time, using scanning electron microscope observations. The sensilla include one peg-like basiconic sensillum (about 65.05 to 65.90 μ in length and 13.33 to 14.08 μ in width at base), 18 to 23 porous coeloconic sensilla (mostly 7.38 to 8.94 μ in diam), one campaniform sensillum and a cluster of trichoid sensilla (about 45 to 55 (μ long). The first two types of sensilla are located on the expanded flagellar base, while the latter two sensilla are on the pedicel.
Parasitism Rates in European Corn Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) Larvae Collected from Six Maize Hybrids
Authors: Clark Thomas L. , Witkowski John F. , Foster John E.
Published: September 2017

The parasitoid complex and level of parasitism of European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner), larvae in six maize, Zea mays L., hybrids was determined in Nebraska during 1995 and 1996. Three parasitoids, Eriborus terebrans (Gravenhorst), Macrocentrus grandii Goidanich, and Lixophaga sp., were reared from field-collected European corn borer larvae. Larvae collected from Hoegemeyer 2626 exhibited the highest percentage parasitism for the 1995 first generation in Lancaster (37.2%) and Dixon (28.6%) counties. No significant differences were identified for the 1995 second generation at both sites because of reduced sample size and high larval mortality caused by naturally-occurring entomopathogens. During 1996, there were several significant differences in percentage parasitism of larvae collected from the hybrids. Larvae collected from Northrup King N7070 exhibited the highest first-generation parasitism (23.8%), while larvae collected from Hoegemeyer 1125W exhibited the highest second-generation parasitism (46.0%) in Dixon Co. In Lancaster Co., parasitism of first-generation larvae collected from Hoegemeyer 1125W (10.3%) was only significantly greater than parasitism of larvae collected from Hoegemeyer 2626 (1.1%). Results indicate that European corn borer larval parasitism is significantly affected by the maize hybrid planted in the field; however, differences may vary among years and generations as environmental factors affect the maize phenology.
Alfalfa Weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Phenology with its Host Crop and Parasitoids in Virginia
Authors: Kuhar Thomas P. , Youngman Roger R. , Laub Curtis A.
Published: September 2017

Alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal), phenology is influenced by winter climate. In 1997 we initiated a 2-yr study of alfalfa weevil phenology with respect to its host crop and parasitoids in three geographically distinct locations of Virginia: the central Piedmont, Shenandoah Valley, and southwestern region. Alfalfa weevil populations from nine fields were sampled regularly from November until first harvest in each season. Eggs laid in December and January resulted in alfalfa weevil larval infestations in March and April at all locations. Because of warmer winter temperatures, eggs developed faster in the Piedmont compared with the higher elevations, and resulted in larval populations attacking alfalfa earlier in the season, when the crop was at an earlier growth stage. The adult parasitoid, Microctonus aethiopoides Loan, was synchronized poorly with alfalfa weevil populations in Virginia. At all locations studied, adult emergence of first generation M. aethiopoides occurred in April and early May, when few overwintering alfalfa weevil adults were present in fields. Emergence of the second generation of the parasitoid occurred in late May to June after many of the fields had been harvested. The larval parasitoid, Bathyplectes anurus (Thomson), was well synchronized with its host in Virginia. The activity period of the parasitoid overlapped the peak occurrence of alfalfa weevil larvae at all locations.
Genetic Variation in Aphthona nigriscutis Foudras (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Populations Introduced into the United States to Biologically Control Leafy Spurge
Authors: Brinkman Mark A. , Jenkins Tracie M. , Granholm Nels H. , Clay Sharon A.
Published: September 2017

Cellulose acetate electrophoresis was used to examine the levels and distribution of genetic diversity in Aphthona nigriscutis Foudras populations 5 to 9 yrs following their introduction to sites in North and South Dakota for the purpose of biologically controlling leafy spurge, Euphorbia esula L. Gene expression patterns of two enzymes, phosphoglucomutase (PGM) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH), were analyzed to determine the genetic variation and distance among and between populations in North America and Hungary where the species is indigenous. Dakota populations were variable and more similar to each other genetically than they were to the Hungarian population. North American populations were also genetically differentiated from each other as well as the Hungarian population according to geography and environment. Gene flow probably did not account for this genetic variability because natural dispersal of A. nigriscutis was limited and large distances existed between A. nigriscutis sites. Novel mutations nurtured by natural selection would, however, enhance the species' adaptability to geographic regions of the Dakotas as it served to distant populations genetically.
Planting Date Effects on Heliothine Larval Numbers, Fruit Damage, and Yield of Transgenic B.t. Cotton in North Carolina
Authors: Agi A. L. , Burd A. , Bradley J. R. , Van Duyn J. W.
Published: September 2017

The susceptibility of Bollgard® cotton and non-B.t. cotton to bollworm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie), was examined under contrasting crop management strategies in northeastern North Carolina in 1995, 1996, and 1998. Specifically, planting date effects were observed in Edgecombe Co. in 1995 and 1996, in Martin Co. in 1996, and in Washington Co. in 1998. The bollworm was the only lepidopterous pest which occurred at damaging levels in these tests. Although no significant differences were detected in mean percent egg deposition, mean percent larval infestation, and mean percent damaged fruit between early-planted and late-planted plots in 1995 and 1996, yields were higher in early-planted cotton than in late-planted cotton. In 1998 mean percent damaged fruit was higher in early-planted cotton than in late-planted cotton, but early-planted cotton had significantly higher yields than late-planted cotton. Early planting may be an effective management strategy for Bollgard® cotton in northeastern North Carolina.
Improvement of the Residual Activity of a Cucurbitacin-based Adult Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Insecticide
Authors: Pingel R. L. , Behle R. W. , McGuire M. R. , Shasha B. S.
Published: September 2017

Areawide management of the corn rootworm, Diabrotica spp., focuses on managing adult beetles to decrease egg deposition. The primary management tool for this approach is a commercial bait composed of a feeding stimulant (cucurbitacin), inert ingredients, and a small quantity of insecticide. Cucurbitacin-based baits have had poor residual insecticidal activity that decreases efficacy and economic practicality. These studies were designed to extend the residual activity of 2 commercial bait formulations, Slam Prader® and Slam SD® (MicroFlo Co., Lakeland, FL), by adding materials as a tank-mixed adjuvant or as a part of the formulation to prevent wash-off by rain. Initial assays with Slam Prader identified low pH gluten and sodium lignate to have the greatest potential to provide rainfastness with a trend for less residual activity with higher concentrations (>2% of spray volume) of adjuvant. An additional assay demonstrated that low pH gluten was effective for resisting wash-off by natural rain when added to the Slam SD as a formulation ingredient. Large-plot experiments conducted over 2 yrs in growers' fields in northwestern Illinois failed to show a statistically significant advantage of gluten and lignin additives. For both years, all bait treatments provided adequate management of the adult corn rootworm for 3 wks after application. Based on sticky trap counts, insecticide treated plots maintained beetle populations below the economic threshold of 5 corn rootworms/trap/day and significantly below the corn rootworm density in the untreated plots.
Ephestia kuehniella Zeller as a Factitious Host for Telenomus remus Nixon: Host Acceptance and Suitability
Authors: Martínez-Martínez Laura , Bernal Julio S.
Published: September 2017

Telenomus remus Nixon is an egg parasitoid used against fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith), in various countries of the Americas. The feasibility of rearing T. remus at lower cost and greater efficiency on a novel host, Ephestia kuehniella Zeller, was addressed in a two-part study. The first part of the study compared acceptance of eggs of E. kuehniella, fall armyworm, and E. kuehniella with a kairomone from the accessory gland of fall armyworm females. Acceptance was assessed as residence time on eggs and parasitism rates. Females of T. remus spent more time and showed higher parasitism rates on eggs of fall armyworm followed by those of E. kuehniella with kairomone, and E. kuehniella. The second part of the study compared the suitability of eggs of fall armyworm versus eggs of E. kuehniella for development of T. remus. Suitability was assessed by comparing various fitness components between parasitoids reared on fall armyworm and E. kuehniella. Compared to T. remus reared on eggs of fall armyworm, those reared on eggs of E. kuehniella had longer egg to adult developmental times, shorter longevities, and reduced egg loads and adult sizes. In contrast, significant differences were not evident in levels of fluctuating asymmetry (lengths of hind tibiae and distances between apices of stigmata and hamular folds of forewings) between T. remus reared on eggs of fall armyworm or E. kuehniella. Longevity was not significantly correlated with adult size, or the correlation was poor, whereas egg load and adult size were significantly correlated in females reared both on fall armyworm and E. kuehniella.
A New Species of Aclerda from Georgia (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Aclerdidae)
Authors: Hodges Greg S. , Howell James O.
Published: September 2017

The adult female and first instar of Aclerda smithii, n. sp., are described and illustrated from specimens collected from Sporobolus sp. in Tattnall Co., GA. The new species is most closely aligned with Aclerda obscura (Parrot) but can be differentiated by differences in the antennae and in body shape. A revised key is provided to distinguish it from closely related species.
Baseline Susceptibility of Tobacco Hornworms (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) to Acephate, Methomyl and Spinosad in Georgia
Authors: Herzog Gary A. , McPherson Robert M. , Jones David C. , Ottens Russell J.
Published: September 2017

The tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.), is a serious defoliating pest of flue-cured tobacco in Georgia. Isolated producer reports of increased difficulty in controlling this pest with standard insecticides have created concern. Therefore, a topical application technique was used to determine the dosage-mortality responses of M. sexta to three commonly-used insecticides for Georgia tobacco: acephate, methomyl and spinosad. Larvae, 4 to 5 days old (second instar) and weighing 20 to 40 mg, were collected from tobacco plants. Serial concentrations of selected insecticides were applied topically to the larvae. The larvae were subsequently examined for mortality up to 72 h after exposure. Hornworm larvae were highly susceptible to spinosad, with LD50's of 0.059, 0.002, and 0.0004 μg/larva at 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Susceptibility to methomyl was intermediate, ranging from 0.123 to 0.176 μg/larva at 72 h, and acephate was the least toxic, with an LD50 of approximately 1.0 μg/larva. The LD50 values for methomyl and acephate remained constant from 24 to 72 h exposure. Location of the hornworm population within the state (south-central, eastern, and southeastern) did not appear to influence the overall susceptibility of the larvae. Baseline data are now established for the three commonly used insecticides for hornworm control, and can be used to document insecticide resistance if it occurs.
Effect of Planting Date, Variety and Degree of Ear Maturation on the Colonization of Field Corn by Maize Weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Brown Steve L. , Lee R. Dewey
Published: September 2017

A 3-yr study evaluated the effect of planting date, variety and degree of ear maturation on maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Motchulsky), colonization of corn in the field. Within each plot, paper bags were used to prevent oviposition during one of three consecutive 2-wk periods beginning at the 3/4-milk-line stage. Adult emergence from bagged ears was compared to that from unbagged ears. Maize weevil adults emerged from 15.6% of all ears tested. Numbers of adults emerging from infested ears ranged from 1 to 135 with a mean (±SE) of 11.9 ± 18.5. A greater percentage of Mycogen 7559 ears were infested than those of Pioneer 3167 or Pioneer 3146, and the infested Mycogen 7559 ears also supported the emergence of a greater number of adults. A significant planting date effect was found each year of the study, but the nature of that effect was not consistent. A significant planting date-by-year interaction may have been due to weather affecting the date maize weevils were available for colonization, or more likely, to interference from earlier planted corn near our plots that attracted the first overwintering weevils. Oviposition resulting in successful emergence was found to occur during all 3 of the 2 wk exclusion periods with the last period having the greatest impact on the percentage of infested ears and the second period having the greatest impact on the number of emerging weevils per 500 g of kernels.
Impact of Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Management Practices on Suppression of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus and Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae) Control in Flue-Cured Tobacco
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Jones David C. , Bertrand Paul F. , Csinos Alex S.
Published: September 2017

Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) has become a major economic problem for tobacco growers in Georgia. Several species of thrips have been reported as vectors of TSWV. Three of these species, commonly observed on tobacco in Georgia, include Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), F. occidentalis (Pergande), and F. bispinosa (Morgan). This study examined the effectiveness of several thrips management practices on controlling thrips populations and suppressing the incidence of TSWV. Replicated field plots were used to evaluate aldicarb, acephate, imidacloprid, acibenzolar-S-methyl, spinosad, thiamethoxan alone and in combination, applied as pre-plant incorporated, tray drench, transplant water or foliar treatments. The insecticides imidacloprid (Admire® 2F or Provado® 1.6F) and thiamethoxan (Platinum 2® SC), applied in the transplant water or as a tray drench, were effective in reducing the early-season thrips populations and reducing the seasonal cumulative incidence of TSWV. These two products also were effective in reducing the seasonal mean population of tobacco aphids, Myzus nicotianae. The plant activator, acibenzolar-S-methyl (Actigard®), was effective in suppressing TSWV symptoms, but had no effect on thrips and minor impact on aphid population densities. The combination of acibenzolar-S-methyl with either imidacloprid or thiamethoxan provided better suppression of TSWV than any of the products alone. Acephate in the transplant water plus four early-season foliar sprays also was effective in reducing thrips numbers and TSWV incidence. Aldicarb and spinosad were not effective for thrips control or TSWV suppression. Acephate and aldicarb were effective in reducing aphid populations, but spinosad was not. Frankliniella fusca was the predominate thrips species at all test sites, ranging from 90 to 98% of the thrips complex. From 1.9 to 4.6% of the thrips collected were confirmed vectors of TSWV, based on ELISA test results. Imidacloprid, thiamethoxan, acibenzolar-S-methyl, and acephate provide thrips management options that can reduce the tobacco production losses associated with TSWV.
Aphid Resistance and Leaf Surface Chemistry of Sugar Ester Producing Tobaccos1
Authors: Johnson A. W. , Sisson V. A. , Snook M. E. , Fortnum B. A. , Jackson D. M.
Published: September 2017

Sugar ester producing tobacco lines were evaluated for aphid resistance and other surface chemicals. The cembrenoid and labdenoid diterpenes, α- and β-4,8,13-duvatrien-1-ols, α- and β-4,8,13-duvatriene-1,3-diols, (12Z)-labda-12,14-diene-8α-ol (cis-abienol), (13E)-labda-13-ene-8α,15-diol (labdenediol), docosanol, and sugar esters were quantified using high pressure liquid chromatography and compared with aphid infestation ratings. Regression analysis of aphid [Myzus persicae (Sulzer)] infestation rating and leaf surface chemistry was statistically significant and showed that surface chemicals were important in explaining the observed variation in the aphid infestation ratings. A significant negative correlation was found between aphid ratings and sugar ester levels among the 62 entries evaluated (r = −0.2758, P = 0.0301). α and β monols (α- and β-4,8,13-duvatrien-1-ols) were also significantly correlated with aphid infestations in this study (r = −0.2743, P = 0.0310 and r = −0.2797, P= 0.0109, respectively). None of the other surface chemicals were statistically correlated with aphid resistance. Although high sugar ester levels were correlated with aphid resistance, not all tobacco entries with high levels of sugar esters, such as Tl 1568 were resistant. This would suggest that there may be different types of sugar esters present in these tobaccos, and total sugar ester levels alone could not be used to predict aphid resistance. Also, some tobacco lines, like Tl 1674 and Tl 59 with lower sugar ester levels, were resistant in this study because of high monol levels. The ten tobacco entries with the highest levels of sugar esters in this study were Tl 698, Tl 675, Tl 704, Tl 998, Tl 193, JA 389, Tl 722R, Tl 1092, Tl 711, and Tl 1007. All of these lines exhibited high levels of aphid resistance, but some also had low-to-moderate levels of monols that may have elevated the aphid resistance level. A number of these tobaccos could be used for production of natural sugar ester biorationals or used in a breeding program for development of aphid resistant cultivars.
Influence of Temperature on Development of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid (Homoptera: Adelgidae) Progrediens
Authors: Salom Scott M. , Sharov Alexei A. , Mays Warren T. , Gray David R.
Published: September 2017

There are three generations of hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, that develop on the secondary host Tsuga spp. Two of these generations, the progrediens and sexupara, are present concurrently in the spring. Sistens are present from early summer until the following spring. Constant temperature studies were conducted to quantify the influence of temperature on hemlock woolly adelgid progrediens development and to develop a degree-day model. Progrediens development in the field also was sampled to test the accuracy of the model. Hemlock woolly adelgid progrediens developed at temperatures ranging from 4 to 22°C. Duration of first-instar progrediens was less dependent on temperature than in the other nymphal stages and may have been a result of the difficulty in determining the median point of settled first-instar nymphs and the inability to distinguish progrediens from sexuparae at this stage. Duration of development from second stadium to adult was highly dependent on temperature. Using this range of progrediens stages, it was determined that the low temperature threshold was 3.9°C and requires 222 degree-days to reach the adult stage. The number of degree-days needed to complete development in the field ranged from 110 to 123% of degree-days required to complete development in the laboratory.
A New Species of the Subgenus Coecobrya (Collembola: Entomobryidae) from China
Authors: Wang Fang , Chen Jian-Xiu , Christiansen Kenneth
Published: September 2017

A new Chinese species of Collembola, Sinella (Coecobrya) liui, is described. It is closely related to S. (C.) tibetensis and huangi, but different in the chaetotaxy of the abdomen.
Plant Population, Planting Date and Cotton Variety Impact on Early Squaring and Development of a Trap Crop for Pink Bollworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Pierce J. Breen , Ellington J. Joseph , Kirk C. Ellers , Carrillo T.
Published: September 2017

Bt cotton is used to control pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders), in much of the southwestern U.S. Where growers choose non-Bt varieties, early fruiting (squaring) Bt cotton might be used as a trap crop for pink bollworm control. Field tests were conducted in 1997 and 1998 to determine if early planting, varietal selection, and very low planting rates could increase early squaring. Cotton planted 4 April produced 6 mm squares approximately 11 days earlier than cotton planted 7 May. Low plant populations (4.3, 2.5 plants/m) did not result in more early squares, compared to recommended populations with 7.5 plants/m. Very dense populations with 18.4 vs. 9.4 plants/m produced more early squares/m despite fewer squares/plant. However, yield was reduced with planting rates above 7.5 plants/m. Some varieties produced more early-season squares than others, but differences were not always consistent. Paymaster 1215 produced significantly more early squares compared to two other short-season varieties (Deltapine 20B and Deltapine 50B) and the standard Acala 1517-95 in 1997, but not more than Acala 1517-95 in 1998. A mid-season variety (Paymaster 1560) produced the highest number of early squares in a comparison of ten Bt varieties in 1998. A non-Bt very short-season variety, Xpress, produced the earliest squares in 1997, more than 11 days earlier than Paymaster 1215 (a short-season variety), indicating that earlier squaring varieties of Bt cotton could be developed. These results indicate that early planting will provide the earliest squares but that variety and planting rate should be considered in developing a trap crop for pink bollworm control. Planting rate should be at least 7.5 plants/m but if yield is not a consideration could be as high as 18 plants/m.
The Effect of Simulated Solar Radiation on Western Corn Rootworm (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Adults Fed D & C Red # 28, a Photoactive Xanthene Dye1
Authors: Schroder Robert F. W. , Athanas Michael M. , Camp Mary J.
Published: September 2017

Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, adults were fed a bitter Hawkesbury watermelon juice bait containing varying concentrations (0.00075–0.1%) of D & C Red # 28, a photoactive xanthene dye. Using a tabletop sunlight exposure system, the insects were irradiated at light intensities of 250–500 W/m2. At 500 W/m2 and 30 min exposure, a median lethal concentration (LC50) was obtained at a dye concentration of 0.00364%. At a dye concentration of 0.75%, the median lethal time (LT50) ranged from 24 min at 250 W/m2, to 15 min at 500 W/m2.
Emergence of the Nut Curculio, Conotrachelus hicoriae (Schoof), at Two Pecan Orchards in Louisiana
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Austin John
Published: September 2017

A study was initiated in commercial pecan orchards located near Monroe and Natchitoches, LA, to determine the emergence pattern of the adult nut curculio, Conotrachelus hicoriae Schoof, from hibernation. The duration of emergence was found to be approximately 75 d, with initial emergence beginning as early as 18 May. No statistically significant differences were observed in the number of adults trapped between trees and sites; however, statistically significant differences in the number of adults trapped from year-to-year were observed. The wire cone traps proved to be effective in capturing the adults emerging from the soil.
Topical Toxicity of Pesticides Used in Virginia Vineyards to the Predatory Mite, Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman)
Authors: Metzger Jessica A. , Pfeiffer Douglas G.
Published: September 2017

Slide dip bioassays were conducted to determine the direct toxicity of insecticides, acaricides, fungicides, and herbicides commonly used in vineyards in Virginia to Neoseiulus fallacis (Garman) (Acari: Phytoseiidae), a predatory mite under consideration as a biological control agent for spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae). Among the insecticides and acaricides tested in the laboratory, carbaryl, azinphos-methyl, phosmet, cyhexatin, and pyridaben caused significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher mortality than the control treatment. None of the fungicides tested were toxic to the predator, but three herbicides caused high mortality. Glufosinate caused 100% mortality after 24 h, and both oxyfluorfen and paraquat had adverse effects on N. fallacis. The use of materials that were found to be toxic to the predator may not be compatible with releases of N. fallacis into Virginia vineyards. However, incorporating materials that appear to have no direct toxicity to the predator into an integrated pet management program could improve the survival rate of released N. fallacis while still protecting this high value crop from other pests.
Factors Influencing Mating and Oviposition of Black Soldier Flies (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) in a Colony
Authors: Tomberlin Jeffery K. , Sheppard D. Craig
Published: September 2017

Most information on the black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.), is limited to its use as a biological control and waste management agent. Little is known about its mating and oviposition activities. Latency from emergence to mating and oviposition for colony-reared black soldier flies placed in a 1.5 × 1.5 × 3 m nylon cage located in a greenhouse was determined. Sixty-nine percent of mating occurred 2 d after eclosion and 70% of oviposition 4 d after eclosion. Time of day and light intensity significantly correlated with mating (r2 = 0.49; P < 0.0001), while time of day, temperature, and humidity significantly correlated with oviposition (r2 = 0.58; P < 0.0001). Latency after emergence significantly correlated with mating (r2 = 0.99; P < 0.0001) and oviposition (r2 = 0.99; P < 0.0001). A second experiment was conducted to examine oviposition preference of the black soldier fly. Adults were allowed to oviposit in Gainesville house fly, Musca domestica L., larval media with and without 5-d-old black soldier fly larvae. Based on sign non-parametric Mests, numbers of egg clutches deposited in each treatment were not significantly different.
An Attempt to Change Habitat Preference of a Parasitoid, Cotesia sesamiae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), Through Artificial Selection
Authors: Rutledge Claire E. , Wiedenmann Robert N.
Published: September 2017

Insect parasitoids are under strong selective pressure to utilize available hosts, which could cause a parasitoid used as a biological control agent to extend its host range. We artificially selected for a change in habitat preference of the braconid parasitoid Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron), to test the potential for host range expansion. Cotesia sesamiae parasitizes stemborers of maize and sorghum and has potential as a biological control agent of many stemborers. We tested selection for increased attraction to sorghum (a favored plant) and to cabbage (a non-favored plant) through experiments carried out over 4 generations. No change in attraction to either plant was observed, suggesting that this parasitoid may not easily expand its host range through a change in habitat preference.
Terpene-lnduced Morphological Changes to Exoskeleton of Formosan Subterranean Termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae): Toxic Effects of cis-nerol
Authors: Zhu Betty C. R. , Henderson Gregg , Fei Huixin , Ying Xiao , Laine Roger A.
Published: September 2017

The terpenoid, cis-nerol was found to be highly toxic to the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Morphological abnormalities were observed in the exoskeleton including the spiracles and trichoid sensilla using scanning electron microscopy after exposure of termites to cis-nerol for 2 h. Proteins were found in a water-soluble fraction collected from the whole termite body exposed to cis-nerol for 60 min. It appears that terpenoids cause damage to cell membranes resulting in a significant loss of proteins.
Similarity of Chinese Pseudosinella hui sp. nov. (Collembola: Entomobryidae) to European and North American Species
Authors: Wang Fang , Chen Jian-xiu , Christiansen Kenneth
Published: September 2017

A new collembolan species, Pseudosinella hui, is described from a cave in Guilin, Guangxi, China. The species is most similar to a group of four European and one Nearctic species characterized by a ciliate labial M1 macrochaeta and lack of seta a on the second abdominal segment. They share a number of features including presence of eyes and lack of thoracic macrochaetae.
Leaf Dip Bioassay to Determine Susceptibility of Tobacco Hornworm (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) to Acephate, Methomyl and Spinosad
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Seagraves Michael P. , Ottens Russell J. , Bundy C. Scott
Published: September 2017

The tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta (L.), is an annual economic pest of flue-cured tobacco in Georgia and throughout the southeastern U.S. Recent concerns about controlling hornworms with standard insecticides have been reported by producers and the Cooperative Extension Service. Therefore, a tobacco leaf dip assay was developed to determine the dosage-mortality responses of tobacco hornworms to three standard tobacco insecticides: acephate, methomyl, and spinosad. Larvae, 4 to 5 days old (second instar) and weighing 20 to 40 mg, were reared from eggs collected on field-grown tobacco. Serial concentrations of selected insecticides were prepared in 3.8-L containers, and untreated tobacco leaves were immersed in the solution for 5 s, then air dried. Larvae were placed directly on the treated foliage and examined for mortality after 24, 48 and 72 h of exposure. Hornworm larvae were highly susceptible to foliage dipped in spinosad, with LC50's of 4.3 × 10−4 at 24 h, 1.0 × 10−6 at 48 h, and 5.7 × 10−7 at 72 h (ml/ml). Hornworms were moderately susceptible to both methomyl and acephate, with 72 h LC50's of 1.0 × 10−4 (ml/ml) and 1.2 × 10−4 (mg/ml), respectively. Although the LC50's for spinosad continued to drop from 24 to 72 h, the LC50's for methomyl and acephate remained relatively constant from 24 to 72 h. Hornworm larval feeding was disrupted within 1 h of exposure to the higher concentrations of spinosad and methomyl, with cessation of feeding accompanied by larvae moving off the treated foliage. Feeding disruption on acephate foliage was not as evident during the initial 4 h of exposure. Baseline results from leaf dip assays are now established for three commonly used tobacco hornworm controls and can be used to document insecticide resistance.
Efficacy of Antifungal Agents to Control Aspergillus niger Contamination in an Artificial Diet for Lygus hesperus Knight (Heteroptera: Miridae)
Authors: Alverson Janet
Published: September 2017

The ability of four antifungal agents to suppress growth of Aspergillus niger (USDA, ARS Robert T. Gast Rearing Laboratory, Mississippi State, MS isolate) in an artificial diet for Lygus hesperus Knight (Heteroptera: Miridae) was tested by inoculating a standard number of conidial spores into artificial diet with different antifungal agents added and determining the amount of ensuing microbial growth. The effects on biological fitness of L. hesperus also were measured. Measured characteristics of biological fitness included total number of surviving adults, mean biomass (dry weight) accumulated per cage over the total treatment period, egg production, time to adult emergence, and time to the beginning of egg laying. Benzoic acid, high concentrations of formalin, and a high concentration of sorbic acid suppressed the growth of A. niger. Propionic acid and low concentrations of sorbic acid and formalin were less effective at suppressing A. niger growth. Biological fitness was negatively affected in insects reared on diets containing high levels of A. niger growth and in diets with high concentrations of formalin. This study demonstrates how the antifungals that are added to the artificial diet of L. hesperus to control contamination by A. niger must be chosen carefully with consideration not only of their effectiveness at controlling contamination, but also to the tolerance level of the insect to the chemical compound.
Virulence and in vitro Characteristics of Pathogenic Fungi Isolated from Soil by Baiting with Coptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Sun Jianzhong , Fuxa James R. , Henderson Gregg
Published: September 2017

Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) was used as “bait” to isolate pathogenic fungi from soil. Ninety soil samples were collected from woodlands and pastures in the vicinities of Baton Rouge, New Orleans, and Lake Charles, LA, from which six Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin and nine Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin isolates were obtained. Numbers of fungal isolates from the three sampling locations did not differ, but more isolates were found in woodlands than in pastures. Median lethal doses (LD50s) of these fungal species to C. formosanus were interspersed, indicating that fungal isolates rather than species had the greatest effect on virulence. Among nine Louisiana and two USDA isolates of B. bassiana, LD50s ranged from 4.95 × 103 to 4.96 × 105 conidia/termite, a difference of 100×. LD50s of six Louisiana and four USDA isolates of M. anisopliae ranged from 7.89 × 103 to 1.22 × 105 conidia/termite. Survival time also was used to compare virulence; M. anisopliae infections caused significantly shorter host survival times than B. bassiana. In vitro growth characteristics were significantly correlated with virulence against termites, suggesting that the characteristics of a fungus growing on agar might contribute to estimating the fungal virulence in vivo.
Wireworm (Coleoptera: Elateridae) Effects on Sugarcane Emergence after Short-Duration Flood Applied at Planting
Authors: Glaz Barry , Cherry Ron
Published: September 2017

The purpose of this study was to analyze sugarcane, interspecific hybrids of Saccharum spp., emergence under severe wireworm, Melanotus communis Gyllenhal, pressure after floods of 7, 14, and 21 d applied at planting, as well as following a conventional application of an organophosphate insecticide at planting without flooding. In three experiments, wireworms were applied at the rate of 13 larvae per m of row in plastic containers filled with Pahokee muck soil. In the first experiment, sugarcane bud emergence percentages under the flood treatments were lower than under the insecticide treatment, probably due to lower than normal air and soil temperatures. Emergence percentages in the 14- and 21-d flood treatments and the insecticide treatment were similar in the final two experiments, except that the 14-d flood resulted in greater emergence than the insecticide treatment in the second experiment. Reductions in plant weight were associated with some flood treatments. Previous work reported that wireworms damaged growing plants in containers, but damage was primarily limited to reduced emergence in field studies. This study identified short-term flooding in sugarcane as a potential measure to control wireworm damage with environmental and economic benefits. Temperature-response and field studies are needed to verify results.
North-South Variation in the Response of the Pine Engraver (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) to Lanierone and Ipsdienol in Eastern North America
Authors: Miller D. R. , Raffa K. F. , Dalusky M. J. , Berisford C. W.
Published: September 2017

Lindgren multiple-funnel traps were used to evaluate the response of the pine engraver, Ips pini (Say), to the pheromones lanierone and ipsdienol, in Wisconsin and in southern Appalachia (western North Carolina and northern Georgia). As in Wisconsin, the attraction of I. pini to ipsdienol-baited traps in southern Appalachia was strongly synergised by lanierone. In Wisconsin, I. pini demonstrated a strong dose-response to both lanierone and ipsdienol, preferring traps releasing lanierone and ipsdienol at the highest rates. Ips pini in northern Georgia exhibited dose response to ipsdienol, preferring traps with lures releasing ipsdienol at the highest rate, but little in the way of a dose response to lanierone across the range of release rates tested. In Georgia, the sympatric species I. avulsus preferred traps with lures releasing ipsdienol and lanierone at the highest rates.