bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taxonomy and Systematics of Some Species Groups of Saldula Van Duzee, with a Discussion of Riparian‐Terrestrial Shifts in the Saldidae (Heteroptera)
Authors: Lindskog Per
Published: May 2008

Saldula lindbergi sp.n. is described from Cyprus, with additional material from Anatolia (Turkey), and is assigned to the Saltatoria‐group with S. melanoscela (Fieber) as the closest relative. S. burmanica sp.n. is described from Kambaiti, N. E. Burma, and is close to S. orthochila (Fieber) (Orthochila‐gmup). The Orthochila‐group is discussed on the basis of S. orthochila, S. burmanica, S. nobilis (Horváth), and S. boucheriillei (Provancher) (non Sahla boucheriillei auct.). and details of male genital structures, pterygo‐polymorphism, and habitat and zonal‐geographic distribution are given. The inclusion of the Orthochila‐group in the subgenus Macrosaldula, as proposed by Dethier in 1974. is rejected. The group is taking a somewhat divergent position in the genus and in some respects (e.g. secondary absence of the larval organ) it is approaching Salda Fabr. s.l. (Saldini). The radiative trends towards more terrestrial, dry‐land habitats seen in the Orthochila‐group are compared with similar trends in other taxa of the family. The serial affinities between most of the terrestrial habitats occupied by the Saldidae and riparian zones are emphasized. It is concluded that shifts towards more terrestrial habitats and habits are confined to some more advanced and derived–specialized lineages of the family, being an ecological feature mainly associated with a few boreal and mountainous taxa, which primarily inhabit drier, epilittoral stream‐bank zones.
Ultrastructure of the Epithelium and the Sensory Receptors in the Body Wall, the Proboscis and the Pharynx of Gyratrix hermaphroditus (Turbellaria, Rhabdocoela)
Authors: Reuter Maria
Published: May 2008

The epidermis of Gyratrix hermaphroditus can be described as semi‐syn‐cytial. Its ultrastructure is characterized by microvilli and cilia with two strong rootlets perpendicular to each other. The apical part of the epithelium contains mitochondria and vacuoles. The basal synthesizing layer is provided with cell boundaries, at least between the type II penetrating receptors in the anterior and posterior end of the worm. Four different types of sensory receptors are described. The type I receptor has a protruding cilium‐bearing process and is found all over the body. The type II receptor is found in the anterior and posterior end and has a retracted process with a kinocilium surrounded by eight stereocilia. The type III receptor bears a balloon‐shaped modified cilium and is located at the anterior end. The type IV receptor has a short cilium with an unstable ciliary membrane and occurs in the proboscis epithelium as well as in the pharynx epithelium. Phylogenetical aspects of the semi‐syncytial epithelium and functional aspects of the sensory receptors are discussed.
The Systematics ofTimulla oculata(Fabricius) (Hymenoptera, Mutillidae)
Authors: O'Toole Christopher
Published: May 2008

Timulla oculata(Fabr.) is redescribed and ten nominal species of OrientalTimullaare placed in synonymy with it. Fourteen subspecies, including two new ones(T. oculata rosemariaesubsp.n. andT. oculata timorensissubsp.n.), are recognised and keys to the subspecies are given. Geographic variation and the application of the polytypic species concept are discussed. The structure of the male genitalia ofTimullais related to dispersal strategies. The distribution and subspeciation ofT. oculatais discussed in relation to the geological history of South East Asia and the Malay Archipelago.
Natural Plant Chemicals Acting as Oviposition Deterrents on Cabbage Butterflies (Pieris btassicae (L.), P. rapae (L.) and P. napi (L.))
Authors: Lundgren Lennart
Published: May 2008

In several growers' reports Solatium lycopersicum, Sambucus nigra. Thymus vulgaris, Salvia officinalis, Artemisia absinthium, A. abrotanum, and Allium cepa are said to decrease the oviposition of Pieris brassicae, P. rapae and P. napi. In the present study the butterflies were fed with honey automats and reared throughout the year in artificial light in an insec‐tarium. In a dual‐choice chamber with a slow throughflow of air two equally sized cabbage leaves were placed on opposite sides. Significantly fewer eggs were layed on the cabbage leaf on which extracts of the mentioned plants had been applied. Ten butterflies were used in each experiment. The chemoreceptors and the chemicals involved are not identified but the inhibitory substances are surely secondary plant substances. Acceptance or rejection of secondary plant metabolics determines the complicated food relationships between plants and insects. The use of secondary plant substances for ecological control of insect pests is proposed.
Littoral Oligochaeta (Annelida) from Eyjafjörôur, North Coast of Iceland
Authors: Erséus Christer
Published: May 2008

Erséus, C. (Department of Zoology, University of Göteborg, S‐400 33 Göteborg, Sweden). Littoral Oligochaeta (Annelida) from Eyjafjörôur, north coast of Iceland. Zool. Scr. 5 (1):5–11, 1976.—A total of 15 species of marine, littoral, oligochaetes are reported from northern Iceland, two of which are new to science (Tubifex litoralis sp.n. (Tubificidae), and Lumbricillus macrothecatus sp.n. (Enchytraeidae)), while Paranais litoralis (Naididae), T. costatus, Peloscolex benedeni (both Tubificidae), and L. pumillio (Enchytraeidae) are new to the Icelandic fauna. Taxo‐nomic and biological notes are given for some of the species.
A Taxonomic Survey of the Genus Toledonia Dall, 1902 (Opisthobranchia, Diaphanidae)
Authors: Marcus Eveline du Bois‐Reymond
Published: May 2008

Marcus, Eveline du Bois‐Reymond (Caixa Postal 6994, 01000 Sao Paulo, Brazil). A toxonomic survey of the genus Toledonia (Opisthobranchia, Diaphanidae). Zool. Scr. 5 (1): 25–33, 1976.—Nineteen species certainly or probably belonging to the genus Toledonia Dall have been listed and discussed with regard to their anatomy, taxonomy and zoogeography. A complete specimen of Aceton bullatus (Gould, 1847) was studied. On the basis of the radula and the retractile penis the species was transferred to the diaphanid genus Toledonia Dall. Own studies were also carried out on material of T. limnaeoides (Odhner, 1914).
Palaeohistological Notes 3. The interpretation of pleromin (pleromic hard tissue) in the dermal skeleton of psammosteid heterostracans1
Authors: Ørvig Tor
Published: May 2008

Ørvig, T. (Section of Palaeozoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, S‐104 05 Stockholm, Sweden).Palaeohistological notes. 3. The interpretation of pleromin (pleromic hard tissue) in the dermal skeleton of psammosteid heterostracans.Zool. Scr. 5 (1): 35—47, 1976.—The formation and histological nature of ingrowing pleromin in the dermal skeleton of Devonian psammosteids are discussed. It is found that this pleromin is not a “secondary dentine” as previously maintained. Its initial formation took place before, and was therefore not dependent on, beginning abrasion on the external surface of the dermal plates. By properties such as hypermineralization and continuous growth it is distinguishable from dentine as normally developed in teeth and odontodes. In its development and structure the hard tissue in question shows marked resemblances to the pleromin in the tooth plates of the ptyctodontidCtenurella.Phyletically, the formation of ingrowing pleromin in the psammosteids is here interpreted as the product of fusion of successive odontode generations which came to form underneath each other instead of in the opposite direction. From this point of view, the development of compact pleromo‐aspidin in the psammosteids may parallel the emergence of complex tooth plates, arising by the fusion of teeth of consecutive generations, in fishes like ptyctodontids, holocephalans and dipnoans.— Remarks are also made here on a structural peculiarity in the aspidin ofPsammosteus.
Systematic Studies on Limnic Macrostomum Species (Turbellaria, Macrostomida) from East Africa
Authors: Young Johnstone O.
Published: May 2008

Young, J. O. (Department of Zoology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K.). Systematic studies on limnic Macrostomum species (Turbellaria, Macrostomida) from East Africa. Zool. Scr. 5 (2): 49–60, 1976. — Descriptions of nine new species of Macrostomum from Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda are given: M. coxi sp.n. from Lake Naivasha, two dams and one pond in Kenya; M. baringoense sp.n. from Lake Baringo; M. reynoldsoni sp.n. from the River Mwena and a canal near Mombasa; M. nairobiense sp.n. from a dam at Nairobi; M. christi‐nae sp.n. from the River Kitenkela/Athi, Kenya and Lake Amani, Tanzania; M. thingithuense sp.n. from the River Thingithu, Mt. Kenya; M. amaniense sp.n. from Lake Amani, Tanzania; M, georgeense sp.n. from Lake George, Uganda; and M. sinyaense sp.n. from six streams/ rivers, two dams and five pools in Kenya. Their similarities to known species are discussed.

Recorded for the first time from E. Africa are M. orthostylum (M. Braun, 1885) from two rivers near Mombasa, M. rosiratum (Papi, 1951) from a dam near Nairobi, and M. tuba (Graff, 1882) from four rivers, four dams and two ponds in Kenya and, tentatively, Lake Edward.
Complementary Description of the Morphology ofLineus longissimus(Gunnerus, 1770) with Some Remarks on the Cutis Layer in Heteronemertines
Authors: Cantell Carl‐Erik
Published: May 2008

Cantell, C.‐E. (Zoological Institute, University of Uppsala, S‐751 22 Uppsala, Sweden.)Complementary description of the morphology ofLineus longissimus (Gunnerus, 1770) with some remarks on the cutis layer in heteronemertines.Zool. Scr. 5 (3–4): 117–120, 1976.—The morphology ofLineus longissimusfrom the Plymouth and Bergen areas has been described and compared with an earlier report by Friedrich in 1935 onHeterolineus longissimusfrom the Baltic. There are some important differences between the specimens from Plymouth and Bergen and those from the Baltic, namely the occurrence of crossovers in the proboscis and a layer of connective tissue in the interior part of the cutis. The literature on heteronemertines shows that a cutis, consisting of a gland layer and inside this a connective tissue layer, occurs not only in the generaBaseodiscusandLineusbut also in the genusCerebratulus.
Taxonomic Status and Geographic Variation of the Marine Enchytraeid Genus Grania Southern (Oligochaeta)1
Authors: Erséus Christer , Lasserre Pierre
Published: May 2008

Erséus, C. (Department of Zoology, University of Göteborg, S‐400 33 Göteborg, Sweden) and Lasserre, P. Taxonomic status and geographic variation of the marine enchytracid genus Grania Southern (Oligochaeta). Zool. Scr. 5 (3–4): 121–132, 1976.—New material from Europe, Bermuda and the eastern coast of North America allow more realistic determination of the generic characteristics of the marine enchytraeid genus Grania. This re‐evaluation of Grania necessitates the consideration of Hemigrania as a junior synonym, because of the now established absence of peptonephridia in Grania. Full enumeration of known localities shows the genus Grania to have a broad, disjunct distribution, low species number, and morphological conservatism. G. postclitellochaeta (Knöllner) and G. macrochaeta (Pierantoni) are considered as polytypic species, containing respectively two (including G. postclitellochaeta longiducta subsp.n.) and three (including G. macrochaeta bermudensis subsp.n.) subspecies. G. maricola Southern, G. roscoffensis Lasserre, G. vario‐chaeia sp.n. and G. monospermatheca sp.n. are considered as monotypic species.
Adaptation, Speciation and Time
Authors: Fryer Geoffrey
Published: May 2008

Fryer, G. (Windermere Laboratory, Ambleside, Westmorland LA22 OLP, U.K.) Adaptation, speciation and time. Zool. Scr. 5 (3–4): 171–172, 1976.—While evolution is usually a gradual process, large morphological changes cannot be excluded as possible agents as is shown by specific examples. Speciation and adaptation are usually synchronous processes but there are cases where speciation may have preceded adaptive changes. Widely divergent rates of evolutionary change are evident in different groups and adults and larvae may evolve at different rates. Adaptive radiation of larvae of basically similar adults can be considerable, as shown by mutelid bivalves. A case where new information on larval forms has had profound taxonomic and zoogeographical implications is mentioned. Brundin's view that the scope given to chance is probably less than generally believed is supported.
Structures and Functions, Their General Significance for Phylogenetic Reconstruction in Recent and Fossil Taxa
Authors: Schlee Dieter
Published: May 2008

Schlee, D. (Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Stuttgart, Zweigstelle Ludwigsburg, D‐714 Ludwigsburg, GFR.) Structures and functions, their general significance for phylogenetic reconstruction in recent and fossil taxa. Zool. Scr. 5 (3–4): 181–184, 1976.—The significance of and the interconnection between structure, function, evolutionary change and direction, as well as taxonomic and systematic value are demonstrated for the Hennig‐type systematics. The importance of sophisticated preparatory techniques is stressed. Some examples of very effective but not widely used techniques for the investigation of recent and fossil materials are given. The role of fossils in the Hennig‐type phylogenetic classification is discussed.
Fine neue Art der Gattung Retronectes (Turbeliaria, Catenulida) aus dem Küstengrundwasser der IMordseeinsel Sylt
Authors: Faubel Anno
Published: May 2008

Faubel, A. (Zoologisches Institut und Museum der Universität, D‐2000 Hamburg 13, GFR). Eine neue Art der Gattung Retronectes (Turbeliaria, Catenulida) aus dem Küstengrundwasser der Nordseeinsel Sylt. Zool. Scr. 5 (5): 217–220, 1976. —Retronectes sterreri sp.n. (Catenulida) is described from the eulittoral beach in front of the, Litoralstation in List/ Sylt. The discovery of another marine Retronectes species is reported, which shows affinity to Retronectes thalia Sterrer & Rieger, 1974.

Vom eulitoralen Strandabschnitt östlich der alten Litoralstation List/Sylt wird aus der Ordnung Catenulida die neue Species Retronectes sterreri sp.n. beschrieben. Der Fund einer weiteren marinen Form aus dem Wattbereich wird angegeben, die nach dem Leben sehr große Ähnlichkeit mit Retronectes thalia Sterrer & Rieger, 1974 zeigt.
Note on the Osteology of the Lower Jaw in Albula vulpes (L.) (Pisces, Teleostei)
Authors: Nybelin Orvar
Published: May 2008

Nybelin, O. (Natural History Museum, S‐400 30 Göteborg, Sweden). Note on the osteology of the lower jaw in Albula vulpes (L.) (Pisces, Teleostei). Zool. Scr. 5 (5): 235–237, 1976.—The osteology of the lower jaw in Albula vulpes (L.) is described. The most interesting feature is a bony “bridge” on the lateral surface of the angular not mentioned in other descriptions of this species. It seems not associated with any of the jaw muscles and its significance is obscure.
Redescription of the Marine Nematode Pandolaimus latilaimus (Allgén, 1929), Its Synonyms and Relationships to the Oncholaimidae
Authors: Jensen Preben
Published: May 2008

Jensen, P. (Marine Biological Laboratory, University of Copenhagen, DK‐3000 Helsingor, Denmark). Redescription of the marine nematode Pandolaimus latilaimus (Allgén, 1929), its synonyms and relationships to the Oncholaimidae. Zool. Scr. 5 (6): 257–263, 1976.—A redescription of Pandolaimus latilaimus (Allgén, 1929) from the North Sea (Belgian Coast and German Bight) and the Øresund (Denmark) is given. Pandolaimus Allgén, 1929 is synonymized with Allgenia Strand, 1934, Filipjeviella Allgén, 1935 and Metapelagonema Sergeeva, 1972. Pandolaimus latilaimus is considered synonymous with Allgenia kornoeensis (Allgén, 1929) and Filipjeviella liscosa Allgén, 1935. Pandolaimus is transferred from Lin‐homoeidae (Monhysterida) to Anoplostomatidae (Enoplida). The genus is most closely related to Anophstoma Bütschli, 1874 (cephalic sense organs 6 — 6 — 4, buccal cavity consisting of three plates, oesophageal glands opening behind the buccal cavity and caudal glands in front of the anus) and gives further evidence that the Anoplostomatidae have a position outside the Oncholaimoidea among the more basic Tripyloidea. —Thalassogenus Andrassy, 1973 described as member of Pelagonema‐tidae from freshwater, does not belong to Oncholaimoidea.
The Mode of Gregarine Infection in Zygoptera (Odonata)
Authors: Åbro Arnold
Published: May 2008

Åbro, A. (Institute of Anatomy, University of Bergen, N‐5000 Bergen, Norway). The mode of gregarine infection in Zygoptera (Odonata). Zool. Scr. 5 (6): 265–275, 1976.—The eugregarine Hoplorhynchus oligacanthus (Sieb.) is an intestinal parasite in imagines of the zygopterans Pyrrho‐soma nymphula (Sulz.) and Enallagma cyathigerum (Charp.). Gameto‐cysts, resulting from the union of a presumed male and a female gregarine gamont, leave the host with the faeces which drop to the woodland floor. Gametogony, zygote formation, and subsequent sporogony take place within the extrahost gametocysts. Infective sporozoites become enclosed in oocysts furnished with a highly resistent shell. When fully formed, the oocysts are released by simple rupture of the gametocyst envelopes. The oocysts, which probably disperse in the habitat by means of rain‐water, appear to enter a cryptobiotic state. Enzymic tests implied that liberation of sporozoites occurred more readily if oocysts were submitted to repeated freezing and thawing. Zygopterans consume lots of small insects; about three‐quarters of zygopteran food was found to consist of Chironomidae and Ceratopogonidae. Examination of various small insects available as prey for zygopterans revealed imagines of medium‐sized Chironomidae and Ceratopogonidae as vectors of Hoplorhynchus oocysts, which were found suspended on their tarsal bristles. An infective oocyst appears to contain 8 sporozoites. When introduced into a host, each of the sporozoites released from the oocyst will eventually develop into a gamont. Only one in a hundred chironomids and ceratopogonids was found to carry oocysts; none the less, this is considered sufficient to cause a high infection of the entire zygopteran populations. The occasional large number of non‐infective oocysts without sporozoites indicates that sporogony and formation of an oocyst capsule are independent events.
Cyclostomatous Bryozoa from the Coastal Waters of East Africa
Authors: Brood Krister
Published: May 2008

Brood, K. (Section of Palaeozoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, S‐10405 Stockholm, Sweden). Cyclostomatous Bryozoa from the coastal waters of East Africa. Zool. Scr. 5 (6): 277–300, 1976.—The living fauna of Cyclostomatous Bryozoa off the East African coast has been investigated from a number of dredgings ranging from 50 to 700 m depth and from collections made by free diving. Thirty‐four species have been found, of which the following thirteen are new: Crisia zanzibarensis sp.n., C. transversata sp.n., C. bifurcata sp.n., Harmelino‐pora plana sp.n., Stomatopora papillosa sp.n., S. rugosa sp.n., Serpenti‐pora africana sp.n., Idmonea murogensis sp.n., Idmidronea biporata sp.n., Pseudonevianopora pembaensis sp.n., Filisparsa gracilis sp.n., Pustulopora danziensis sp.n., Hemipusluhpora harmeri sp.n. and Crisina parvula sp.n. Three new genera are described: Harmelinopora gen.n., which is characterized by tubuliporid wall structure, encrusting growth, short zooecia, and shelf like hemisepta; Pseudonevianopora gen.n., which has a tubuliporid wall structure, “nevianoporid” arrangement of autozooecia, and several hemisepta within the peristome: and Hemipustulopora gen.n., which has tubuliporid wall structure, erect cylindrical stems with budding from the centre, zooecia opening on one side only and a large gonozooecium. — Three major species associations can be detected. One group characterizes shallow water and reefs and is dominated by Dis‐porella sibogae Borg, Lichenopora noeae‐zelandiae (Busk), Pustulopora danziensis, Idmonea murogensis and Harmelinopora plana. A second is best developed between 80 and 120 m on the North Kenya Banks and is dominated by Crisia elongala Milne‐Edwards, C. zanzibarensis, Nevianopora pulcherrima (Kirkpatrick), Pustulopora delicatula Busk and Crisina radians (Lamarck). The third is found in deeper water and is dominated by Idmidronea biporata, Crisina parvula, Pseudonevianopora pembaensis and Filisparsa gracilis. The Cyclostomatous fauna is basically similar to that of the Indonesia and Philippines but differs from the Eastern Pacific.
Zwei neue interstitielle Arten der Acoela (Turbellaria) von Norwegen
Authors: FAUBEL ANNO
Published: May 2008

Praeconvoluta schmidti sp.n. and Pseudmecynostomum boreale sp.n. are described. Both species are found in eulittoral habitats of the Tromsø‐sound (northern Norway). They represent typical species of the mesopsammal.
Growth Studies and Ageing Methods for Adult Triturus vulgaris L. and T. cristatus Laurenti (Urodela, Salamandridae)
Authors: HAGSTRÖM TORKEL
Published: May 2008

Growth of adult newts in southwestern Sweden has been studied from 1969 to 1972 in two ways: (1) The age of alcohol‐preserved specimens has been determined by counting dark zones, which are thought to indicate hibernations, on transverse sections of bones (femur or humerus); and average body length and head width of the different age classes have been recorded and compared; (2) Free‐living individuals have been identified by their ventral pattern, and body length and head width in different years have been recorded for each specimen. There was generally a small annual increase in body length and in head width, although the individual variation was large because some do not grow at all. Differences in growth were found between years, between populations and between sexes. It is concluded from these results that size should not be used for estimating the age of adult newts.
The Social Behaviour of Wild and Domestic Rattus norvegicus in Dyadic Encounters
Authors: ALLEN HJU M.
Published: May 2008

The social behavour of trapped wild rats, laboratory‐bred descendants of wild rats, and agouti laboratory rats, all Rattus norvegicus, was compared in encounters between pairs of adult males. Pairs of rats of the same type shared a large cage divided by a partition, which was removed at the beginning of each 20 minute observation period. Ten defined categories of behaviour were recorded. The Wild rats Attacked and Threatened and Ran Away more often than the other groups, while the Agoutis were generally more active, especially in investigatory behaviour, and maintained their initial levels of activity in the second encounter. The third group was intermediate in most respects. These findings are related to differences in genotype and environment.
Allometric Growth in Four Species of Digenetic Trematodes of Marine Fishes from Belize
Authors: FISCHTHAL JACOB H.
Published: May 2008

Four species of digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from Belize are studied for allometric growth: Multitestis rotundus Sparks, 1954 (Lepocreadiidae), Stenopera equilata Manter, 1933 (Opecoelidae), Leurodera decora Linton, 1910 (Hemiuridae), Prosorhynchus pacificus Manter, 1940 (Bucephalidae). These are compared with six other species for which allometric growth is known. Positive growth is exhibited in all species only by the hindbody, whereas the forebody, suckers, and pharynx are negative in all. The body width, post‐testicular body, and gonads are positive in some species and negative in others. At times the body proportion or organ is growing at about the same rate as the body length.
Reproductive System of the Type Specimens of Urogonimus macrostomus (Rudolphi, 1803) Monticelli, 1888 (Digenea)
Authors: BAKKE TOR A.
Published: May 2008

The reproductive system of the type specimens of Distoma macrostomum and D. ringens Rudolphi, 1819, has been reinvestigated. The shape and position of the cirrus, cirrus pouch, metraterm, “vesicula seminalis”, gonads, vitellaria and uterus arrangements are given. This shows that the arrangement of the reproductive system in D. macrostomum (syn. D. ringens) differs from that of the members of the genera Leucochloridium Carus, 1835 (sensu Kagan 1952) and Neoleucochloridium Kagan, 1951. It confirms as correct to place D. macrostomum as a separate genus, Urogonimus Monticelli, 1888.
Scanning Electron Microscopic Studies on Four Species of the Genus Syphacia (Nematoda, Oxyuridae)
Authors: WIGER RICHARD , BARUŠ VLASTIMIL , TENORA FRANTIŠEK
Published: May 2008

The ultrastructure of the head end and surface structure of the cuticle of Syphacia petrusewiczi, S. nigeriana, S. frederici and S. stroma was studied. These species may be easily separated on the basis of the differences in their morphology: S. frederici possesses longitudinal septa on the body surface, a row of denticles on each of the three main teeth, and cervical alae; S. nigeriana has longitudinal septa and denticles but lack cervical alae; S. petrusewiczi has longitudinal septa and cervical alae but lacks denticles; S. stroma lacks these three characters.
Microstructure and Growth of the Dermal Skeleton in Fossil Actinopterygian Fishes: Birgeria and Scanilepis
Authors: ØRVIG TOR
Published: May 2008

The dermal bones of Birgeria and Scanilepis contain numerous odontodes of consecutive generations, each consisting of dentine and a single ganoin layer; superimposition of series of ganoin layers, generally encountered in the scales of the palaeonisciforms. does not occur in any of these bones. In Birgeria, some odontodes near to the dentition resemble jaw‐teeth proper in possessing an apical portion of acrodin; furthermore, nothing indicates the existence here of nerve‐sac groups like those of sturgeons. The histology of the dermal skeleton in Scanilepis does not support the assumption that this form is more closely related to Polypterus than other palaeonisciforms. Remarks are given on the structure of acrodin and ganoin as revealed by SEM study.
The Reproductive System of Gastrotrichs. III. Genital organs of Thaumastodermatinae subfam. n. and Diplodasyinae subfam. n. with discussion of reproduction in Macrodasyida1
Authors: RUPPERT EDWARD E.
Published: May 2008

A comparative structural and ultrastructural investigation is made of genital organs of selected, genera of Thaumastodermatidae and their constructions are defined. Two new subfamilies are designated within the family based on reproductive features and other characteristics. The occurrence of bounding epithelia about the gonads, ova and central body region is noted. Paramyosin type muscles are noted for Platydasys. General and specific features of spermatogenesis, oogenesis and fertilization are defined and discussed. The evolution of accessory reproductive organs in Macrodasyida is discussed.
Growth of the Shell‐field in Mytilus (Bivalvia)1
Authors: KNIPRATH ERNST
Published: May 2008

The statistical distribution of labelled nuclei in the shell‐field of Mytilus galloprovincialis after introduction of 3H‐thymidine shows that there is no growth center in the shell producing epithelium in bivalves, as in gastropods. In contrast the shell‐field grows by mitotic cell division which occurs in all zones. Thus it is evident that the individual cells of the shell‐field always remain in the same region. As in gastropods various permanently differentiated zones must be held responsible for the secretion of the different shell layers.
Note on the Bryozoan Pustulopora pustulosa (Goldfuss)
Authors: BROOD KRISTER
Published: May 2008

Topotype material of Pustulopora pustulosa (Goldfuss), the type species of Pustulopora Blainville, is investigated and its structure described. It has a distinctive budding pattern in which autozooecia are formed from an axial bundle of zooecia. The gonozooecium is of ‘Mecynoecia’‐ shape.
Tiefsee‐Aktinien der Familie Actinoscyphiidae aus dem IMordatlantik (Actiniaria, Mesomyaria)
Authors: RIEMANN‐ZÜRNECK KARIN
Published: May 2008

Actinoscyphia saginata (Verrill, 1882; type species) and Actinoscyphia aurelia (Stephenson, 1918) are redescribed with special reference to characters of diagnostic significance in order to differentiate the two species both inhabiting the 2000 m slope region of the North Atlantic. In situ photograph of A. aurelia off the North West African coast shows it to display a novel life form type in expanding its bi‐lobed tentacular disc like a Venus‐fly‐trap and standing on the muddy sediment with a small, non‐adhesive base penetrating just below the surface of the sediment. The peculiar nematocyst equipment found in both species makes it necessary to rehabilitate the family Actinoscyphiidae Stephenson, 1920. The systematic position of the family is discussed and eventually the Actinoscyphiidae is considered as sister group (sensu Hennig) of the Hormathiidae. Because of the loss of acontia in the Actinoscyphiidae, this taxon is considered to be the more advanced one. Chondrodactis japonica Wassilieff, 1908, is found to belong to the genus Actinoscyphia.
On the Fine Structure of Valvognathia pogonostoma gen. et sp.n. (Gnathostomulida, Onychognathiidae) with Special Reference to the Jaw Apparatus
Authors: KRISTENSEN REINHARDT MØBJERG , NØRREVANG ARNE
Published: May 2008

Valvognathia pogonostoma gen. et sp.n. is described as belonging to the family Onychognathiidae Sterrer, 1972. An integrated picture of the jaw apparatus is presented, based on interference phase contrast (Nomarski) and electron microscopy. The teeth are shown to be continuous with lamellae, apophyses, fibulae, and even jugum. These structures are all extracellular secretions covering the apical surfaces of the jaw apparatus epithelium. They constitute a single, interconnected, “cuticular” structure. Spiral‐ciliary‐organs and rhabditoid organelles are described in the epidermis.
Anatomical Features of Modellnaia siamensis (Mollusca, Bivalvia, Unionidae)
Authors: HEARD WILLIAM H. , HANNING GARY W.
Published: May 2008

Although conchologically an etheriid mussel, M. siamensis from northeastern Thailand is, according to anatomical and larval features, an unionid. Its unique character states among the Unionidae are: relatively distant spacing of septa in all four demibranchs in both, males and females, absence of a foot in adults, and generation of subelliptical glochidial larvae. This species is seemingly a phylogenetic relic.
Two New Species of the Little‐known Genus Bacescuella Hrabě (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae) from the North Atlantic1
Authors: ERSÉUS CHRISTER
Published: May 2008

Bacescuella arctica sp.n. andfi. parvithecata sp.n. are described, from northern Scandinavia and Bermuda respectively. The definition of Bacescuella Hrabě, 1973, which belongs to the subfamily Phallodrilinae, is modified; and the morphology of the new species and B. pontica Hrabě, 1973, is discussed. All species possess uniform tubular male ducts ending in large penes. Prostate glands are present at ental ends of atria as well as at bases of penes. Vas deferens is absent in B. pontica, very short in B. parvithecata. The reproduction of Bacescuella involves external spermatophores.
SEM Studies on Arthropod Exoskeletons 2. Horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus (L.) in comparison with extinct eurypterids and recent scorpions1
Authors: MUTVEI HARRY
Published: May 2008

The exoskeleton of Limulus polyphemus (L.) (Xiphosura, Merostomata) is described on the basis of scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies. Three principal layers are distinguished: “epicuticle”, exocuticle, and endocuticle. The exocuticle is composed of horizontal lamellae interconnected by vertical curved lamellae (“parabolic arcs”). Its structure is essentially as that in the exoskeletons of other arthropod groups. The endocuticle consists of vertical lamellae which seem to be homologous to the vertical curved lamellae in the exocuticle. Prior to the molting, most of the endocuticle is dissolved by the animal. Detailed descriptions are given on the structure of the horizontal and vertical lamellae, and on the course of the pore canals. A vertically lamellar, thick endocuticular layer also occurs in the extinct eurypterids. In recent scorpions, a typical development of the vertically lamellar structure is only found in the chela of the pedipalps and in the leg joints. The main part of the exoskeleton has a horizontally lamellar structure, but the horizontal lamellae are often widely spaced—thus the vertical lamellae dominate. The functional significance of the vertically lamellar structure is discussed.
Psychrodromus gen.n. (Crustacea, Ostracoda), with Redescription of the Cypridid Genera Prionocypris and llyodromus
Authors: DANIELOPOL DAN L. , McKENZIE KEN G.
Published: May 2008

The diagnoses of the genera Prionocypris and llyodromus are revised and two representative species, P. serrata and I. varrovillius, redescribed. Psychrodromus gen.n. is created for some species hitherto assigned either to Prionocypris or llyodromus. Detailed redescriptions of Ps. olivaceus (type species), Ps. robertsoni as well as information on Ps. fontinalis, Ps. turcicus and “Ilyodromus” estonicus are presented in order to establish the morphologic particularities of the new genus, which is Palearctic in its present distribution. Numerous morphologic structures, mostly hitherto ignored, proved to be useful in our systematic studies. The existence of several independent phylogenetic lines, in taxa once grouped loosely together, is established.
Die Vaskularisation der Kiemen von Myxine glutinosa L. (Cyclostomata)
Authors: POHLA HANNES , LAMETSCHWANDTNER ALOIS , ADAM HANS
Published: May 2008

The angioarchitecture of the gills in Myxine glutinosa L. was studied by scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts (methylmethacrylate). It was found that the afferent branchial artery may be connected to the sinus peribranchialis by a papilla. The sinus is connected to delicate vessels and sinuses, which are interposed between meridionally arranged radial arteries. These delicate vascular formations continue into the interior of the gill and form a plexus on both poles of the gill folds. Light and scanning electron microscopical studies on the vascular endothelium of the afferent vessels of the gill lamellae reveal rounded endothelial cells, which are characterized by a high content of granula, by long cellular processes and by bridge‐formations towards neighbouring cells. Supporting columns within the vascular system of the lamellae were found to be set up by several spirally arranged cells. SEM observations reveal goblet cells and numerous superficial epithelial cells with various numbers of microvilli and microridges forming the epithelial surface of the gill folds.
A Contribution to Structural Analysis of the Head of Craniate Animals1 The orbit and its contents in 20‐22‐mm embryos of the North American actinopterygian Amia calva L., with particular reference to the evolutionary significance of an aberrant, nonocular, orbital muscle innervated by the oculomotor nerve and notes on the metameric character of the head in craniates
Authors: BJERRING HANS C.
Published: May 2008

An attempt has been made to reconcile a hitherto unknown, nonocular, orbital muscle in the embryology of the North American actinopterygian fish, Amia calva L. with the basic morphological theme which pervades the cephalic division of craniate animals. It is concluded, among other things, that this somatic muscle innervated by the oculomotor nerve represents the basicranial muscle of the second, or premandibular, metamere and that it is homologous with the eye stalk in elasmobranchs as well as with the basiorbital in embryonic lampreys.

Un essai est tenté pour expliquer la présence d'un muscle orbitaire non‐oculaire jusqu'alors inconnu. dans l'embryologie du poisson Actinoptérygien nord‐américain Amia calva L., à la lumière du thème morphologique fondamental qui régit la division céphalique des animaux Craniotes. II en est conclus, entre autre, que ce muscle somatiqué innerve par le nerf oculomoteur commun représente la muscle basicranien du second métamère, ou métamère prémandibulaire, et qu'il est l'homologue du pédoncule oculaire des Elasmobranches ainsi que du basiorbitaire de l'embryon des Lamproies.
Drepanilla limophila gen.n., sp.n. (Turbellaria, Dalyellioida) aus dem H2S‐Horizont des marinen Sandlückensystems
Authors: EHLERS ULRICH
Published: May 2008

Drepanilla limophila gen.n., sp.n., a representative of the family Provorticidae, lives in association with the sulfide system on intertidal sand flats of the island of Sylt (North Sea). The anatomy of the species is described and its taxonomy discussed.
Revision of the Genus Peloscolex (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae) 2. Scrutiny of the species
Authors: HOLMQUIST CHARLOTTE
Published: May 2008

Anatomical‐histological examinations have made it possible to place with certainty 21 species of the “Peloscolex” complex, including Embolocephalus alaskensis sp.n., E. confusus sp.n. and Baikalodrilus digitatus sp.n., into the eight genera established in the first part of this revision. Owing to deficient and unsatisfactory material and to obscurity as regards related tubificid genera, the placing of ten of the studied species must continue to be regarded as uncertain, and that of four more species could only be suggested. Of the species not studied, most descriptions give no details of the important genital organs, or only inadequate ones. These species are undistinguishable. Only in a few cases has a suggestion been possible.
Transmissions‐ und rasterelektronen‐mikroskopische Untersuchung an den Sinnesknospen der Tentakeln von Myxine glutinosa L. (Cyclostomata)
Authors: GEORGIEVA VENETA , PATZNER ROBERT A. , ADAM HANS
Published: May 2008

Sensory buds of different sizes have been found in the epidermis from the barbels of Myxine glutinosa. The electron microscopic investigations reveal their composition as one type of receptor cells and two types of supporting cells. The receptor cells have apical stereocilia with filamentous internal structure and there are microvilli on the supporting cells. The cytoplasma of the receptor cells contain fibrils and fibril bundles. The sensory buds are innervated by a nerve plexus below the basal lamina with nerve endings between the basal cells, which lie below the sensory buds. A comparison with sensory buds in some other vertebrates is drawn.
Revision of Comesomatidae (Nematoda)
Authors: JENSEN PREBEN
Published: May 2008

The gross and fine morphology of the family Comesomatidae is reviewed and the systematic position of its members revised. Significant differentiating characters of the Comesomatidae within the Chromadorida are: a copulatory apparatus provided with apophyses, a female reproductive system with outstretched ovaries, the presence of marginal tubes within the oesophagus, and a non‐sclerotized and enlarged tail tip. For classification within the family the following three main characters are used: the structure of the buccal cavity, the structure of the copulatory apparatus, and the arrangement of the cephalic sense organs. Structure of the Sabatieria type is considered basic. The genera are rearranged in three subfamilies as follows: Sabatieriinae (Cervonema, Laimelia, Pierrickia, Sabatieria (syn. Actarjania), Scholpaniella), Dorylaimopsinae (Dorylaimopsis (syn. Mesonchium), Hopperia, Metasabatieria, Paramesonchium, Vasostoma), Comesomatinae (Comesoma, Metacomesoma, Paracomesoma.) Six species of Comesomatidae are described from the øresund, Denmark: Cervonema macramphis sp.n.; Laimelia filipjevi nom. nov. (syn. Sabatieria longicaudata Filipjev, 1922); Sabatieria hilarula De Man, 1922; S. ornata (Ditlevsen, 1918); S. punctata (Kreis, 1924); Dorylaimopsis punctata Ditlevsen, 1918. Representatives of these species constitute more than 40% of the total number of nematodes in the region.
Setal Structure, Functions and Interrelationships in Spirorbidae (Polychaeta, Sedentaria)
Authors: KNIGHT‐JONES PHYLLIS , FORDY MICHAEL R.
Published: May 2008

Typical thoracic setae are composed of longitudinally arranged cylinders ending as teeth at the oblique distal surface. Most thoracic ‘blades' are rounded in cross section and show bilateral asymmetry. Some have teeth in oblique rows (“cross striations”) on the side adjoining the tube wall. Sickle setae found posteriorly on the thorax have distal portions like abdominal setae. These are flat, each composed mainly of a palisade of spatulate units. On one side cylindrical elements may also be present, in patterns which are characteristic of some taxa. Uncini are made of rows (sometimes single) of shorter cylindrical elements with hooked ends pointing anteriorly. Anterior thoracic hooks are usually blunt, but pointed in the genus Janua. The collar setae assist withdrawal into the tube, the abdominal setae help with emergence, whilst other thoracic setae act as distance pieces, pushing the body to anchor the thoracic uncini against the opposite wall. The other uncini are brought into use by the prehensile abdomen. The flaccid ends of the sickle setae are readily lost in some taxa and their development or loss may reflect unimportant variations in strength of the adjacent abdominal field. Fin and blade setae are not very different from simple setae and the natural grouping of the genera into subfamilies shows that changes from one form of collar seta to another have occurred independently several times.
Taxonomic Revision of the Marine Genera Bathydrilus Cook and Macroseta Erséus (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae), with Descriptions of Six New Species and Subspecies
Authors: ERSéUS CHRISTER
Published: May 2008

Macroseta Erséus, 1975 is considered a junior synonym to Bathydrilus Cook, 1970 after examination of the type material of B. asymmetricus Cook, 1970. Bathydrilus is defined mainly by its organization of the male duct: vas deferens entering ectal half of atrium, one prostate gland attached to ectal part of atrium, near entrance of vas deferens, another prostate attached to apical, ental end of atrium. B. atlanticus sp.n., B. hadalis sp.n., B. meridianus sp.n., B. graciliatriatus sp.n. and B. longus sp.n. are described from specimens collected from various parts of the world; most of the species are deep‐sea forms. Phallodrilus rohdei Jamieson, 1977 and Phallodrilus adriaticus Hrabe', 1971 are transferred to Bathydrilus, and a Caribbean/Bermudian form is described as B. adriaticus trisetosus subsp.n. The taxonomy and morphology of the different species, including B. rarisetis (Erséus, 1975) comb.n., are discussed. Bathydrilus is included in the sub‐family Phallodrilinae. It appears closely related to Phallodrilus Pierantoni, 1902, from which it is distinguished principally by differences in the relative positions of the vasa deferentia, the atria and the prostate glands.
Achaeta neotropica Cernosvitov and A. iridescens sp.n. (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) from Serra do Mar, Sāo Paulo, Brazil
Authors: CHRISTOFFERSEN MARTIN L.
Published: May 2008

New material of Achaeta species was collected from a small portion of the tropical rain forest region of Brazil's east coast. For A. neotropica Cernosvitov, wider ranges of variation of several morphological characters are described and four varieties are recognized. Achaeta iridescens sp.n. differs from other species of the genus by the presence of intestinal pouches in segment VII. Both species are peculiar to Achaeta in that they have compact glandular masses surrounding the male pores and a more posterior origin of the dorsal vessel; they share with a few European and most non‐European species the tendency to show a complete regression of some morphological characters, namely the setal follicles, oesophageal appendages and dorsal connection of the third pair of septal glands.
Spinihornera, a New Bryozoan Genus
Authors: BROOD KRISTER
Published: May 2008

Spinihornera is proposed as a new genus for the species “Hornera” spinigera Kirkpatrick, 1888, and is referred to the family Horneridae Smitt. This genus is characterized by its double walled, hornerid structure, and by having the autozooecial apertures arranged in lateral lines, pinnate branches and apertural spines.
Variation in Scolex Morphology within and between Some Species of the Genus Proteocephalus Weinland (Cestoda, Proteocephala) with References to Strobilar Morphology
Authors: ANDERSEN KARIN I.
Published: May 2008

The scolex morphology of some Proteocephalus species from fish caught in fresh and brackish waters in Norway, as revealed by scanning and transmission electron microscopy and light microscopy, is described. The size and form of the fifth apical sucker proved to be a very pure character for identification. In spite of this, however, the scoleces of different species revealed specific characters which together with strobilar characters should be well suited for species discrimination and identification.
A Taxonomic Study of European and East African Species of the Genera Pelecopsis and Trichopterna (Araneae, Linyphiidae), with Descriptions of a New Genus and Two New Species of Pelecopsis from Kenya
Authors: HOLM åKE
Published: May 2008

On the basis of the results of an analysis primarily of the morphology of the male palps and palpal organs the delimitation of the erigonine genera Pelecopsis Simon and Trichopterna Kulczyński and the phylogenetic relationships between European and East African species of these genera are discussed. For the East African species Pelecopsis convexa (Holm), and P. bacelarae (di Caporiacco), together with two undescribed species from Nigeria, the new genus Locketia is established. Pelecopsis humiliceps sp.n. and P. albifrons sp.n., both from Kenya, are described and P. tenera (Holm, 1962), preocc. P. tenera (Schenkel, 1927), is replaced by P. tenuipalpis nom.n. Viewpoints are presented on evolutionary trends and phylogeny of European and East African Pelecopsis species.
Some Digenetic Trematodes of Marine Fishes from Israel's Mediterranean Coast and Their Zoogeography, Especially Those from Red Sea Immigrant Fishes
Authors: FISCHTHAL JACOB H.
Published: May 2008

A total of 500 fishes (59 species) from Israel's Mediterranean coastal waters were examined for digenetic trematodes and 201 (40.2%) harbored at least one species. One new genus (Propar‐vipyrum) and 11 new species are described: Bacciger israelensis (Fellodistomidae) from Sarpa salpa and Boops boops; Ancylocoelium israelense and Chrisomon israelensis (both Monor‐chiidae) from Atule djeddaba; Diphtherostomum israelense (Zoogonidae) from Diplodus sargus, D. vulgaris and Saurida undosquamis; Proparvipyrum israelense (Zoogonidae) from Mullus surmuletus; Acanthocolpoides israelensis (Lepocreadiidae) from Sardinella maderen‐sis; Neolepidapedon israelense (Lepocreadiidae) from Mullus surmuletus; Podocotyle jaffen‐sis (Opecoelidae) from Denlex filosus; Podocotyle (Pedunculotrema) israelensis frqm Pomadasys incisus and Pelates quadrilineatus; Lecithochirium haifense (Hemiuridae) from Atule djeddaba; Lecithochirium israelense from Trachinus araneus and Scyris alexandrina. 36 previously known species were identified, and all represent new geographical distribution records. Some Red Sea immigrant fishes brought trematodes with them to the Mediterranean and some acquired Atlanto‐Mediterranean species.
Sex Identification in the Mink (Mustela vison Schreber) by Metrical Measurements of the Skull
Authors: WIIG øYSTEIN , LIE ROLF W.
Published: May 2008

The dental length and length of the first molar in the upper jaw of mink are characteristics used to estimate a discriminant function for sex identification of Norwegian populations. Reliability of the method is theoretically 93.2%.
Three Trematodes Including Two New Species from Fishes of the Karachi Coast
Authors: BILQEES FATIMA MUJIB
Published: May 2008

Three trematodes are described from three different species of Karachi coast fishes. Complexo‐bursa magna sp.n., from Lates calcarifer, is characterized by its large body size, unlotxjd rounded ovary, large operculate eggs, and numerous vitelline follicles extending from the preacetabular region to the posterior end of the body. Monorchis heterorchis sp.n., from the fish Muraenesox cinereus, is also characterized by its relatively large body, median transversely elongated testes of variable shapes, ovary consisting of four distinct follicles and relatively large operculate eggs. Waretrema piscicola Srivastava, 1937 is reported here from the Karachi coast 17 years after its last report from the Philippines, in the same host (Scato‐phaugs argus) but from a new locality.