bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematic investigation of the oxidative polymerization of linseed oil catalyzed by Co(II), Mn(II), and Fe(II) complexes with chelating nitrogen ligands
Authors: Lima Gilvan Epifânio Silva , Nunes Everton Vinícius , Dantas Roberta Correia , Meneghetti Mario Roberto , Meneghetti Simoni Margareti Plentz
Published: July 2014

Several metal catalysts, i.e., cobalt(II) 2‐ethylhexanoate (1), manganese(II) 2‐ethylhexanoate (2) and iron(II) 2‐ethylhexanoate (3), and their complexes with the chelating nitrogen ligands, i.e., 1,10‐phenanthroline (a), 4‐methyl‐1,10′‐phenanthroline (b), and 5,6′‐dimethyl‐1,10′‐phenanthroline (c), were tested for the oxidative polymerization of linseed oil. The stoichiometries of the complexes were determined, and the isolated complexes were characterized by IR spectroscopy to confirm that complexation had occurred. The evolution of the viscosity was evaluated for 18 h, and the results were expressed as apparent kinetic constants calculated from ln(viscosity) versus time. The results indicate that the manganese and iron chelates exhibit higher catalytic efficiencies than their corresponding carboxylates and that their performances are comparable to that of the cobalt carboxylate.

Practical applications:The coordination of chelating nitrogen ligands to manganese and iron carboxylates improves their catalytic performance and is a promising strategy for substituting cobalt carboxylates in some applications in the coating industry.

Precursors and ligands used to obtain new complexes1a,1b,1c,2a,2b,2c,3a,3b, and3c, investigated in oxidative polymerization process.
Electrochemical and Photoelectrochemical Sensing of Dihydronicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide and Glucose Based on Noncovalently Functionalized Reduced Graphene Oxide‐Cadmium Sulfide Quantum Dots/Poly‐Nile Blue Nanocomposite
Authors: Jafari Fereydoon , Salimi Abdollah , Navaee Aso
Published: July 2014

Reduced graphene oxide‐CdS quantum dots (rGO‐CdS QDs) nanocomposite was synthesized with a one‐pot and facile solvothermal strategy and characterized with X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The nanocomposite modified with electropolymerized Nile blue (NB) had high electrocatalytic and photoelectrocatalytic activity toward NADH oxidation with lowering 700 mV of overvoltage compared to bare GCE. The linear response up to 200 µM was obtained for photoamperometric determination of NADH and the detection limit was 1 µM (S/N=3). Furthermore, with covalence immobilizing of glucose dehydrogenase onto the nanocomposite, the electrochemical and photoelectrochemical ability of the proposed system toward glucose biosensing was also investigated.
Shake table tests for the seismic fragility evaluation of hospital rooms
Authors: Cosenza E. , Di Sarno L. , Maddaloni G. , Magliulo G. , Petrone C. , Prota A.
Published: July 2014

Health care facilities may undergo severe and widespread damage that impairs the functionality of the system when it is stricken by an earthquake. Such detrimental response is emphasized either for the hospital buildings designed primarily for gravity loads or without employing base isolation/supplemental damping systems. Moreover, these buildings need to warrant operability especially in the aftermath of moderate‐to‐severe earthquake ground motions.

The provisions implemented in the new seismic codes allow obtaining adequate seismic performance for the hospital structural components; nevertheless, they do not provide definite yet reliable rules to design and protect the building contents. To date, very few experimental tests have been carried out on hospital buildings equipped with nonstructural components as well as building contents.

The present paper is aimed at establishing the limit states for a typical health care room and deriving empirical fragility curves by considering a systemic approach. Toward this aim, a full scale three‐dimensional model of an examination (out patients consultation) room is constructed and tested dynamically by using the shaking table facility of the University of Naples, Italy. The sample room contains a number of typical medical components, which are either directly connected to the panel boards of the perimeter walls or behave as simple freestanding elements. The outcomes of the comprehensive shaking table tests carried out on the examination room have been utilized to derive fragility curves based on a systemic approach. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of junction angle on three‐dimensional flow structure and bed morphology at confluent meander bends during different hydrological conditions
Authors: Riley James D. , Rhoads Bruce L. , Parsons Daniel R. , Johnson Kevin K.
Published: July 2014

Recent field and modeling investigations have examined the fluvial dynamics of confluent meander bends where a straight tributary channel enters a meandering river at the apex of a bend with a 90° junction angle. Past work on confluences with asymmetrical and symmetrical planforms has shown that the angle of tributary entry has a strong influence on mutual deflection of confluent flows and the spatial extent of confluence hydrodynamic and morphodynamic features. This paper examines three‐dimensional flow structure and bed morphology for incoming flows with high and low momentum‐flux ratios at two large, natural confluent meander bends that have different tributary entry angles. At the high‐angle (90°) confluent meander bend, mutual deflection of converging flows abruptly turns fluid from the lateral tributary into the downstream channel and flow in the main river is deflected away from the outer bank of the bend by a bar that extends downstream of the junction corner along the inner bank of the tributary. Two counter‐rotating helical cells inherited from upstream flow curvature flank the mixing interface, which overlies a central pool. A large influx of sediment to the confluence from a meander cutoff immediately upstream has produced substantial morphologic change during large, tributary‐dominant discharge events, resulting in displacement of the pool inward and substantial erosion of the point bar in the main channel. In contrast, flow deflection is less pronounced at the low‐angle (36°) confluent meander bend, where the converging flows are nearly parallel to one another upon entering the confluence. A large helical cell imparted from upstream flow curvature in the main river occupies most of the downstream channel for prevailing low momentum‐flux ratio conditions and a weak counter‐rotating cell forms during infrequent tributary‐dominant flow events. Bed morphology remains relatively stable and does not exhibit extensive scour that often occurs at confluences with concordant beds. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ecotoxicity of benzo[a]pyrene assessed by soil microbial indicators
Authors: Cheng Jinjin , Song Jing , Ding Changfeng , Li Xiaogang , Wang Xingxiang
Published: July 2014

The ecotoxicity of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) to soil microorganisms was evaluated using the following microbial indicators: soil microbial biomass, respiration, nitrification, and Shannon index. Two soil types, udic ferrosols and aquic cambisols, were amended with 0 mg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, or 1000 mg/kg BaP; incubated at 25 °C; and tested on days 28, 60, and 180. The Shannon index was extremely insensitive to BaP. Microbial biomass and respiration could not be classified as sensitive indicators because of their relatively high 10% effect concentration (EC10) values. Nitrification was the most sensitive indicator in both soils and could be the preferred microbial indicator for testing the ecotoxicity of BaP. Higher toxicity of BaP was exhibited in udic ferrosols than in aquic cambisols, and the ecotoxicity of BaP decreased with incubation time. Extending the 28-d incubation time, which is suggested in the International Organization for Standardization and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development guidelines, to 60 d was recommended for future microbial toxicity tests of BaP. On day 28, the EC10 values for microbial biomass, respiration, and nitrification were 71 mg/kg, 43 mg/kg, and 3.4 mg/kg in aquic cambisols and 51 mg/kg, 22 mg/kg, and 1.3 mg/kg in udic ferrosols, respectively. On day 60, these values were 106 mg/kg, 59 mg/kg, and 19 mg/kg in aquic cambisols and 77 mg/kg, 40 mg/kg, and 6.9 mg/kg in udic ferrosols. These values could be used in combination to derive ecotoxicological soil screening levels of BaP. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014; 33:1930–1936. © 2014 SETAC
Application of B‐splines and curved geometries to boundaries in SPH
Authors: Barker Daniel J. , Brito‐Parada Pablo , Neethling Stephen J.
Published: July 2014

Smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) has been increasing in popularity rapidly in recent years and is being used for an ever wider range of applications. Central to almost all of these application is the inclusion of accurate wall boundaries. We present here a discussion of boundaries in SPH, in particular, focusing on reflected ghost‐particle boundaries. We show how one can include curved shapes as geometrical objects and more generally as parametric non‐uniform rational B‐spline (NURBS) curves. By properly considering the reflection operation, we derive a correction factor that demonstrably improves the accuracy of the SPH solution and present examples to confirm this. NURBS are standard for representing both 2D curves and 3D surfaces. We detail how they can be practically included in an SPH implementation, including how to calculate various required quantities and reflect particles in the NURBS object. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of Gloves on User Performance and Comfort in the Semiconductor Industry
Authors: Dababneh Awwad J. , Schwab Paul A.
Published: July 2014

The potential impact of using single and double gloves on workers’ performance and comfort in the semiconductor industry was assessed in an experimental investigation. Four gloves configurations were included in the study: bare hands without gloves, single vinyl gloves, latex rubber gloves over vinyl gloves, and tripolymer gloves over vinyl gloves. Also, each gloves condition was examined under wet and dry configurations. Three basic tests were devised: 1) carrying out a test task, 2) using a testing rig to assess subjects’ abilities to exert pull‐down forces while using a power grip, and (3) using a pinch grip. The test rig included end effects that are identical in dimensions made of polypropylene, stainless steel, and Teflon. Sixteen male and 7 female workers participated in the study. Results indicated that, in comparison to using dry and bare hands, using double gloves increased the level of effort exerted, reduced comfort, and reduced the sense of security during the test task (p < .05). Also, it was concluded that wearing gloves may reduce workers’ capacity to perform material‐handling tasks. The ability to exert pull‐down forces using both power and pinch grips was reduced but by different degrees, depending on the gloves configurations and the material comprising the end effects. Other than the differences in reference to dry bare hands, differences between glove‐using study conditions were statistically insignificant.
The potential role of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of panic disorder
Authors: Wang Hee Ryung , Woo Young Sup , Bahk Won‐Myong
Published: July 2014

Objective

Many studies have investigated the efficacy and tolerability of alternative pharmacotherapy for panic disorder. This study aims to provide a comprehensive review of the existing literature regarding the efficacy and tolerability of atypical antipsychotics for panic disorder.

Methods

We searched for relevant published articles using Medline, the Cochrane database, and EMBASE on 19 June 2013. Prospective studies that examined the efficacy and tolerability of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of primary panic disorder or comorbid panic disorder (or symptoms) in other psychiatric disorders were included in this review.

Results

Seven prospective studies were included in this review. Among these, four were open‐label studies for refractory panic disorder. Two of the seven included studies were randomized controlled trials among patients with panic symptoms comorbid with bipolar disorder. The remaining study was a randomized controlled trial for panic disorder or panic attack comorbid with major depression. Except one negative risperidone study, the reviewed studies showed the favorable efficacy results of atypical antipsychotics.

Conclusions

Although the majority of the evidence regarding the efficacy of atypical antipsychotics in the treatment of panic disorder comes from small, open‐label studies, this review suggests the potential role of atypical antipsychotics in treating panic disorder. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Patterns of circulating tumor cells identified by CEP8, CK and CD45 in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Zhang Yujuan , Wang Fei , Ning Ning , Chen Qian , Yang Zhuo , Guo Ye , Xu Danfei , Zhang Donghong , Zhan Ting , Cui Wei
Published: July 2014

To improve the identification for CTCs with weak or negative CK and diploid CTCs in pancreatic cancer, we combined immune‐staining of CK, CD45, DAPI and fluorescence in situ hybridization with the centromere of chromosome 8 (CEP8) probe method. CTCs in 3.75 mL of blood were depleted for CD45 positive cells with anti‐CD45 antibodies and identified by combining CK, CD45, DAPI and CEP8 in 61 cases including 22 pancreatic cancers, 3 borderline pancreatic solid pseudopapillary tumors, 6 pancreatic benign tumors, and 30 healthy individuals. We found that enriched cells could be classified into 5 patterns: CK+CD45‐DAPI+CEP8=2 (2 hybridization signals), CK+CD45‐DAPI+CEP8>2 (>2 hybridization signals), CK‐CD45‐DAPI+CEP8>2, CK‐CD45‐DAPI+CEP8=2, and CK+/‐CD45+DAPI+CEP8=2 or >2. Among 22 pancreatic cancers, CK+CD45‐DAPI+CEP8=2 and CK+CD45‐DAPI+CEP8>2 patterns were identified in two cases, and CK‐CD45‐ DAPI+CEP8>2 pattern was identified in 16 cases. CK‐CD45‐DAPI+CEP8=2 and CK+/‐CD45+DAPI+CEP8=2 or >2 patterns were detected in pancreatic cancers, other pancreatic diseases and healthy individuals. Among the five patterns, CK+CD45‐DAPI+CEP8=2, CK+CD45‐DAPI+CEP8>2 and CK‐CD45‐DAPI+CEP8>2 were considered as CTCs, while CK‐CD45‐DAPI+CEP8=2 and CK+/‐CD45+DAPI+CEP8=2 or >2 were considered as indeterminate cells. When the cutoff value was set as 2 cells/3.75 mL based on ROC curve, the sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of pancreatic cancer was 68.18 and 94.87%, respectively. Dynamically monitoring CTCs changes prior to and after surgery in pancreatic patients revealed that CTCs count decreased in 3 days after surgery, but increased in 10 days after surgery in most patients. During our one and a half year follow‐up, CTCs positive patients showed metastasis and worse survival rate.
Selenium status is associated with colorectal cancer risk in the European prospective investigation of cancer and nutrition cohort
Authors: Hughes David J. , Fedirko Veronika , Jenab Mazda , Schomburg Lutz , Méplan Catherine , Freisling Heinz , Bueno‐de‐Mesquita H.B(as) , Hybsier Sandra , Becker Niels‐Peter , Czuban Magdalena , Tjønneland Anne , Outzen Malene , Boutron‐Ruault Marie‐Christine , Racine Antoine , Bastide Nadia , Kühn Tilman , Kaaks Rudolf , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Trichopoulou Antonia , Lagiou Pagona , Panico Salvatore , Peeters Petra H , Weiderpass Elisabete , Skeie Guri , Dagrun Engeset , Chirlaque Maria‐Dolores , Sánchez Maria‐Jose , Ardanaz Eva , Ljuslinder Ingrid , Wennberg Maria , Bradbury Kathryn E , Vineis Paolo , Naccarati Alessio , Palli Domenico , Boeing Heiner , Overvad Kim , Dorronsoro Miren , Jakszyn Paula , Cross Amanda J. , Quirós Jose Ramón , Stepien Magdalena , Kong So Yeon , Duarte‐Salles Talita , Riboli Elio , Hesketh John E.
Published: July 2014

Suboptimal intakes of the micronutrient selenium (Se) are found in many parts of Europe. Low Se status may contribute to colorectal cancer (CRC) development. We assessed Se status by measuring serum levels of Se and Selenoprotein P (SePP) and examined the association with CRC risk in a nested case–control design (966 CRC cases; 966 matched controls) within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Se was measured by total reflection X‐ray fluorescence and SePP by immunoluminometric sandwich assay. Multivariable incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using conditional logistic regression. Respective mean Se and SePP levels were 84.0 μg/L and 4.3 mg/L in cases and 85.6 μg/L and 4.4 mg/L in controls. Higher Se concentrations were associated with a non‐significant lower CRC risk (IRR = 0.92, 95% CI: 0.82–1.03 per 25 μg/L increase). However, sub‐group analyses by sex showed a statistically significant association for women (ptrend = 0.032; per 25 μg/L Se increase, IRR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.70–0.97) but not for men. Higher SePP concentrations were inversely associated with CRC risk (ptrend = 0.009; per 0.806 mg/L increase, IRR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.82–0.98) with the association more apparent in women (ptrend = 0.004; IRR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.72–0.94 per 0.806 mg/L increase) than men (ptrend = 0.485; IRR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.86–1.12 per 0.806 mg/L increase). The findings indicate that Se status is suboptimal in many Europeans and suggest an inverse association between CRC risk and higher serum Se status, which is more evident in women.
Characterization of genomic imbalances in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma by detailed SNP‐chip analysis
Authors: Scholtysik René , Kreuz Markus , Hummel Michael , Rosolowski Maciej , Szczepanowski Monika , Klapper Wolfram , Loeffler Markus , Trümper Lorenz , Siebert Reiner , Küppers Ralf ,   for the “Molecular Mechanisms in Malignant Lymphomas” Network Project of the Deutsche Krebshilfe
Published: July 2014

The pathogenesis of diffuse large B‐cell lymphomas (DLBCL) is only partly understood. We analyzed 148 DLBCL by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)‐chips to characterize genomic imbalances. Seventy‐nine cases were of the germinal center B‐cell like (GCB) type of DLBCL, 49 of the activated B‐cell like (ABC) subtype and 20 were unclassified DLBCL. Twenty‐four regions of recurrent genomic gains and 38 regions of recurrent genomic losses were identified over the whole cohort, with a median of 25 imbalances per case for ABC‐DLBCL and 19 per case for GCB‐DLBCL. Several recurrent copy number changes showed differential frequencies in the GCB‐ and ABC‐DLBCL subgroups, including gains of HDAC7A predominantly in GCB‐DLBCL (38% of cases) and losses of BACH2 and CASP8AP2 predominantly in ABC‐DLBCL (35%), hinting at disparate pathogenetic mechanisms in these entities. Correlating gene expression and copy number revealed a strong gene dosage effect in all tumors, with 34% of probesets showing a concordant expression change in affected regions. Two new potential tumor suppressor genes emerging from the analysis, CASP3 and IL5RA, were sequenced in ten and 16 candidate cases, respectively. However, no mutations were found, pointing to a potential haploinsufficiency effect of these genes, considering their reduced expression in cases with deletions. Our study thus describes differences and similarities in the landscape of genomic aberrations in the DLBCL subgroups in a large collection of cases, confirming already known targets, but also discovering novel copy number changes with possible pathogenetic relevance.
Valence state parameters of all transition metal atoms in metalloproteins—development of ABEEMσπ fluctuating charge force field
Authors: Yang Zhong‐Zhi , Wang Jian‐Jiang , Zhao Dong‐Xia
Published: July 2014

To promote accuracy of the atom‐bond electronegativity equalization method (ABEEMσπ) fluctuating charge polarizable force fields, and extend it to include all transition metal atoms, a new parameter, the reference charge is set up in the expression of the total energy potential function. We select over 700 model molecules most of which model metalloprotein molecules that come from Protein Data Bank. We set reference charges for different apparent valence states of transition metals and calibrate the parameters of reference charges, valence state electronegativities, and valence state hardnesses for ABEEMσπ through linear regression and least square method. These parameters can be used to calculate charge distributions of metalloproteins containing transition metal atoms (Sc‐Zn, Y‐Cd, and Lu‐Hg). Compared the results of ABEEMσπ charge distributions with those obtained byab initiomethod, the quite good linear correlations of the two kinds of charge distributions are shown. The reason why the STO‐3G basis set in Mulliken population analysis for the parameter calibration is specially explained in detail. Furthermore, ABEEMσπ method can also quickly and quite accurately calculate dipole moments of molecules. Molecular dynamics optimizations of five metalloproteins as the examples show that their structures obtained by ABEEMσπ fluctuating charge polarizable force field are very close to the structures optimized by theab initioMP2/6–311G method. This means that the ABEEMσπ/MM can now be applied to molecular dynamics simulations of systems that contain metalloproteins with good accuracy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Canine body composition quantification using 3 tesla fat–water MRI
Authors: Gifford Aliya , Kullberg Joel , Berglund Johan , Malmberg Filip , Coate Katie C. , Williams Phillip E. , Cherrington Alan D. , Avison Malcolm J. , Welch E. Brian
Published: July 2014

Purpose

To test the hypothesis that a whole‐body fat–water MRI (FWMRI) protocol acquired at 3 Tesla combined with semi‐automated image analysis techniques enables precise volume and mass quantification of adipose, lean, and bone tissue depots that agree with static scale mass and scale mass changes in the context of a longitudinal study of large‐breed dogs placed on an obesogenic high‐fat, high‐fructose diet.

Materials and Methods

Six healthy adult male dogs were scanned twice, at weeks 0 (baseline) and 4, of the dietary regiment. FWMRI‐derived volumes of adipose tissue (total, visceral, and subcutaneous), lean tissue, and cortical bone were quantified using a semi‐automated approach. Volumes were converted to masses using published tissue densities.

Results

FWMRI‐derived total mass corresponds with scale mass with a concordance correlation coefficient of 0.931 (95% confidence interval = [0.813, 0.975]), and slope and intercept values of 1.12 and −2.23 kg, respectively. Visceral, subcutaneous and total adipose tissue masses increased significantly from weeks 0 to 4, while neither cortical bone nor lean tissue masses changed significantly. This is evidenced by a mean percent change of 70.2% for visceral, 67.0% for subcutaneous, and 67.1% for total adipose tissue.

Conclusion

FWMRI can precisely quantify and map body composition with respect to adipose, lean, and bone tissue depots. The described approach provides a valuable tool to examine the role of distinct tissue depots in an established animal model of human metabolic disease. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2014;39:485–491. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Detoxification of oxidative stress in glioma stem cells: Mechanism, clinical relevance, and therapeutic development
Authors: Kim Sung‐Hak , Kwon Chang‐Hyuk , Nakano Ichiro
Published: July 2014

Neural oncogenesis is currently incurable and invariably lethal. The development of innovative treatments for this devastating cancer will require a deeper molecular understanding of how cancer cells survive, proliferate, and escape from current therapies. In high‐grade gliomas (HGGs), glioma stem cells (GSCs) may causally contribute to tumor initiation and propagation, therapeutic resistance, and subsequent recurrence of tumors. Within a tumor mass, GSCs are enriched in a hypoxic niche in which the oxidative stress levels are substantially elevated. Paradoxically, however, recent studies suggest that GSCs appear to generate less reactive oxygen species (ROS), a chemical component responsible for elevation of oxidative stress levels. To date, molecular mechanisms for how GSCs reduce oxidative stress to allow preferential survival in hypoxic areas in tumors remains elusive. This review article summarizes recent studies on the role of ROS‐reducing enzymes, including peroxiredoxin 4, in detoxifying oxidative stress preferentially for GSCs in HGGs. In addition, the therapeutic potential of some of the recently identified antioxidant chemotherapeutic agents and avenues for future research in this area are discussed. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sea ice climatology in the Canadian Western Arctic: thermodynamic versus dynamic controls
Authors: Candlish L. M. , Iacozza J. , Lukovich J. V. , Horton B. , Barber D. G.
Published: July 2014

Based on the regions in the western Canadian Arctic as outlined by the Canadian Ice Service, the normals and trends from 1981 to 2010 were analysed for the monthly surface air temperature, monthly wind speed and direction. For the month of September, the temperatures from 1981 to 2010, for all of the defined regions, increased by 2–4 °C. The monthly concentrations of sea ice and multiyear ice were analysed for normals and trends from 1981 to 2010. Although the whole Arctic has seen a large reduction in the minimum sea ice extent, in the defined region of study during September, only the Beaufort Sea region shows a statistically significant decrease in sea ice concentrations. Correlations between the climatological state variables and sea ice were investigated in this study to determine relative thermodynamic and dynamic contributions to a decline in sea ice extent in the Western Arctic. As expected, the regions of interest all showed a statistically significant correlation between the surface air temperatures and the total sea ice concentrations. However, neither the wind speed nor the direction had a strong correlation on the sea ice concentration trends. This study showed that in the regions investigated, thermodynamic forcing of sea ice is the dominant driver when compared with dynamic forcing, which is a secondary driver in the western Canadian Arctic.
Dipole‐like backscatter stimulated Raman scattering for in vivo imaging
Authors: Frankel Robert D.
Published: July 2014

Stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) scanning microscopy has the potential to enable label‐free in vivo imaging for research and clinical medicine. Volume SRS from focus occurs in the forward scattered direction. Therefore, multiple scattering events are required to direct the light out of the tissue, reducing imaging depth and resolution. Here, a method called Stokes interference SRS (SISRS) is introduced that operates by the addition to the standard pump and stimulated emission probe beams a third beam called the donut beam. The donut is close in wavelength to the probe beam and, after passage through a π phase plate, forms an annular beam in the focal plane with bright nodes above and below focus. The donut beats with the probe beam, and when they destructively interfere with each other, the microscope's 3‐D stimulated emission focal spot is reduced to subwavelength dimensions. A subwavelength focal volume emits a dipole pattern of SRS with forward and backscatter lobes, enabling high‐resolution single‐backscatter imaging from deep within tissues. The reduction of the focal volume also increases the resolution of the scanning image creating imaging beyond the diffraction limit. SISRS imaging may provide in vivo label‐free Raman images comparable with that achieved in stained in vitro tissues in all planes of section. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aggregate Recovery in Reclaimed Coal Mine Soils of SW Virginia
Authors: Wick Abbey F. , Daniels W. Lee , Nash Whitney L. , Burger James A.
Published: July 2014

Sustainability of mined‐land reclamation is of growing importance, with over 600,000 ha of the Appalachian coal region disturbed since 1977. Long‐term evaluation of soil under various reclamation strategies is also important. Aggregation and organic matter (OM) influence both soil structure and function and can be of use in evaluating reclaimed systems. The objective of this study was to examine these two parameters in a long‐term experiment (27 years) where various types (control‐CON, topsoil‐TS, sawdust‐SD and biosolids‐BS) and rates of soil amendments (biosolids: BS‐22, BS‐56, BS‐112 and BS‐224 Mg ha−1) have been applied. Macroaggregates (>250 µm) comprised >95% of total aggregation across all treatments, indicating the importance of this size class for soil development. Macroaggregate carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools contributed more to stabilization of OM in these soils than microaggregate pools. All BS treatments contained higher concentrations of aggregate C (96·8–127 g C kg−1 aggregate) and N (6·80–8·22 g N kg−1 aggregate) relative to CON; however, mass of C and N did not vary among application rates. Though few differences were expressed in C and N pool sizes among treatments, there was some indication that amendments impact reclaimed sites early in soil development (~ < 10 years), while vegetation may exert more dominance in subsequent years. It is important to select appropriate management strategies to favor not only the establishment of desirable vegetation but also preservation of soil macroaggregate structure to improve long‐term nutrient supply, physical soil properties and potential C‐sequestration in reclaimed soils. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bundle Building in the Arts: An Experimental Investigation
Authors: Darveau Jessica , d'Astous Alain
Published: July 2014

Within the arts and culture sector, bundling is a commonly used strategy that consists in marketing a combination of products in a single package. Drawing from current examples in the arts and culture industry, the study presented in this article examines how different bundling strategies affect consumer decisions and perceptions. An experiment was conducted among a sample of 200 adult consumers where the complementarity of bundle items (complementary vs. noncomplementary) and mode of selection of bundle items (additive vs. subtractive) were jointly manipulated by means of a self‐administered questionnaire. Consistent with previous research, the results showed that consumers who construct an arts and culture bundle in a subtractive fashion end up with a greater number of items and a more expensive bundle. However, the impact of mode of selection on the bundle's perceived value was shown to depend on the complementarity of the items. These findings suggest that the recommendation of avoiding bundling noncomplementary products usually put forward in the bundling literature must be evaluated through a consideration of the type of strategy that is used to build the bundle.
Effects of Arousal, Dominance, and Their Interaction on Pleasure in a Cultural Environment
Authors: Miniero Giulia , Rurale Andrea , Addis Michela
Published: July 2014

Being typically hedonic, arts and culture by definition provide pleasurable experiences that are consumed for their own sake. If pleasure acts as the key emotion in these experiences, at the same time other emotions might be elicited by the rich and holistic environment and the interaction that takes place between the cultural product and the consumer. By adopting the common theoretical framework of the PAD model (Mehrabian & Russell, ), but innovating in the structural links among the three main affective dimensions—pleasure, arousal, and dominance (PAD)—this study empirically tests whether arousal, dominance, and their interaction generate pleasure. Findings show that arousal and dominance affect pleasure positively and significantly, whereas their interaction affects it negatively. Pleasure leads to a direct and positive effect on satisfaction that mediates a positive effect on behavioral intention.
Construction and characterization of stable, constitutively expressed, chromosomal green and red fluorescent transcriptional fusions in the select agents, Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, Burkholderia mallei, and Burkholderia pseudomallei
Authors: Su Shengchang , Bangar Hansraj , Saldanha Roland , Pemberton Adin , Aronow Bruce , Dean Gary E. , Lamkin Thomas J. , Hassett Daniel J.
Published: July 2014

Here, we constructed stable, chromosomal, constitutively expressed, green and red fluorescent protein (GFP and RFP) as reporters in the select agents, Bacillus anthracis, Yersinia pestis, Burkholderia mallei, and Burkholderia pseudomallei. Using bioinformatic approaches and other experimental analyses, we identified P0253 and P1 as potent promoters that drive the optimal expression of fluorescent reporters in single copy in B. anthracis and Burkholderia spp. as well as their surrogate strains, respectively. In comparison, Y. pestis and its surrogate strain need two chromosomal copies of cysZK promoter (P2cysZK) for optimal fluorescence. The P0253‐, P2cysZK‐, and P1‐driven GFP and RFP fusions were first cloned into the vectors pRP1028, pUC18R6KT‐mini‐Tn7T‐Km, pmini‐Tn7‐gat, or their derivatives. The resultant constructs were delivered into the respective surrogates and subsequently into the select agent strains. The chromosomal GFP‐ and RFP‐tagged strains exhibited bright fluorescence at an exposure time of less than 200 msec and displayed the same virulence traits as their wild‐type parental strains. The utility of the tagged strains was proven by the macrophage infection assays and lactate dehydrogenase release analysis. Such strains will be extremely useful in high‐throughput screens for novel compounds that could either kill these organisms, or interfere with critical virulence processes in these important bioweapon agents and during infection of alveolar macrophages.
IMPROVING EARLY‐GRADE LITERACY IN EAST AFRICA: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE FROM KENYA AND UGANDA
Authors: Lucas Adrienne M. , McEwan Patrick J. , Ngware Moses , Oketch Moses
Published: July 2014

Primary school enrollments have increased rapidly in sub‐Saharan Africa, spurring concerns about low levels of learning. We analyze field experiments in Kenya and Uganda that assessed whether the Reading to Learn intervention, implemented by the Aga Khan Foundation in both countries, improved early‐grade literacy as measured by common assessments. We find that Ugandan literacy (in Lango) increased by 0.2 standard deviations. We find a smaller effect (0.08) on a Swahili literacy test in Kenya. We find no evidence that differential effects are explained by baseline differences across countries in student test scores, classroom attributes, or implementation fidelity. A plausible explanation that cannot be directly tested is differential effective exposure to the literacy treatment in the tested languages. Students in Kenya were tested in Swahili, which is not necessarily the main language of instruction in primary schools, despite official policy.
A pro‐tumourigenic loop at the human prostate tumour interface orchestrated by oestrogen,CXCL12and mast cell recruitment
Authors: Ellem Stuart J , Taylor Renea A , Furic Luc , Larsson Ola , Frydenberg Mark , Pook David , Pedersen John , Cawsey Bree , Trotta Andrew , Need Eleanor , Buchanan Grant , Risbridger Gail P
Published: July 2014

Prostate cancer is hormone‐dependent and regulated by androgens as well as oestrogens. The tumour microenvironment also provides regulatory control, but the balance and interplay between androgens and oestrogens at the human prostate tumour interface is unknown. This study reveals a central and dominant role for oestrogen in the microenvironment, fuelling a pro‐tumourigenic loop of inflammatory cytokines involving recruitment of mast cells by carcinoma‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs). Mast cell numbers were increased in humanPCaclinical specimens, specifically within the peritumoural stroma. Human mast cells were also shown to expressERαandERβ, with oestradiol directly stimulating mast cell proliferation and migration as well as altered cytokine/chemokine expression. There was a significant shift in the oestrogen:androgen balance inCAFsversus normal prostatic fibroblasts (NPFs), with a profound increase toER:ARexpression. Androgen signalling is also reduced inCAFs, whileERαandERβtranscriptional activity is not, allowing oestrogen to dictate hormone action in the tumour microenvironment. Gene microarray analyses identifiedCXCL12as a major oestrogen‐driven target gene inCAFs, andCAFsrecruit mast cells viaCXCL12in aCXCR4‐dependent manner. Collectively, these data reveal multicellular oestrogen action in the tumour microenvironment and show dominant oestrogen, rather than androgen, signalling at the prostatic tumour interface. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A genetically engineered mouse model developing rapid progressive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Yamaguchi Takashi , Ikehara Sanae , Nakanishi Hayao , Ikehara Yuzuru
Published: July 2014

The premalignant lesions of pancreatic cancer, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN), have a high frequency of mutations in Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue (KRAS), and genetic alterations in the retinoblastoma (Rb)–E2 factor (E2F) and transformed 3T3 cell double minute 2 (MDM2)–p53 pathways accelerate development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The viral oncoprotein SV40 large T antigen (TAg) can inhibit the effects of the Rb family of molecules and of p53 on these pathways, and targeted expression of TAg in mouse pancreas is associated with the development of endocrine or acinar cell tumours. In this study, to determine whether the viral oncoprotein promotes pancreatic duct carcinogenesis initiated by oncogenic KRAS, we generated mice expressing temperature‐sensitive SV40 large T antigen (tsTAg) on pancreatic epithelial cells in the presence or absence of KrasG12D. Mice with pancreas‐specific tsTAg expression developed acinar cell dysplasia by 22 weeks without PanIN formation, while mice expressing both tsTAg and KrasG12D developed highly aggressive adenocarcinoma with a ductal cell phenotype within a short period, and died within 3 weeks. The tumours resembled human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) at the histological level, and oncogenic Kras and tsTAg synergistically activated E2f and Sre transcription in established PDAC cell lines. These results suggest that tsTAg synergistically promotes KrasG12D‐associated PDAC formation, and our study identifies a new mouse model of PDAC that may allow a better understanding of the mechanism of carcinogenesis in pancreatic carcinoma, which shows a catastrophic clinical course. Copyright © 2014 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Arctic warming in ERA‐Interim and other analyses
Authors: Simmons Adrian J. , Poli Paul
Published: July 2014

Near‐surface and lower‐tropospheric warming of the Arctic over the past 35 years is examined for several datasets. The new estimate for the near surface reported by Cowtan and Way in 2014 agrees reasonably well with the ERA‐Interim reanalysis for this region. Both provide global averages with a little more warming over recent years than indicated by the widely used HadCRUT4 dataset, which has sparse coverage of the high Arctic. ERA‐Interim is more sensitive than the Cowtan and Way estimate to the state of the underlying Arctic Ocean.

Observational coverage of the Arctic varies considerably over the period. Surface air‐temperature data of identified types are generally fitted well by ERA‐Interim, especially data from ice stations, which appear of excellent quality. ERA‐Interim nevertheless has a warm wintertime bias over sea‐ice. Mean fits vary in magnitude as coverage varies, but their overall changes are much smaller than analysed temperature changes. This is also largely the case for fits to data for the free troposphere. Much of the information on trends and low‐frequency variability provided by ERA‐Interim comes from its background forecast, which carries forward information assimilated from a rich variety of earlier observations, rather than from its analysis of surface air‐temperature observations.

ERA‐Interim agrees quite well with the new JRA‐55 reanalysis, and with the MERRA reanalysis until recent years when MERRA exhibits weaker surface warming. Temperatures vary coherently between the surface and middle troposphere, with largest amplitude at the surface except in summer, when air temperatures are constrained by sea‐ice and open‐sea temperatures that differ little from 0°C. Much of the recent near‐surface warming of the Arctic is associated with reduced cold‐season sea‐ice cover, with low temperatures over ice replaced by much higher ones over open sea. This occurs primarily in a relatively well‐observed region around the northernmost islands of Europe and western Asia.
Flux‐profile relation with roughness sublayer correction
Authors: Arnqvist J. , Bergström H.
Published: July 2014

Calculation of momentum flux using Monin–Obukhov similarity theory over forested areas is well known to underestimate the flux. Several suggestions of corrections to the standard flux‐profile expression have been proposed in order to increase the magnitude of turbulent flux. The aim of this article is to find a simple, analytical representation for the characteristics of the flow within the canopy layer and the surface layer, including the roughness sublayer. A new form of the roughness sublayer correction is proposed, based on the desire to connect the shape of the roughness sublayer correction to forest characteristics. The new flux‐profile relation can be used to find the flux or the wind profile whenever simple and fast estimations are needed, as for mesoscale modelling, scalar transport models, or sound propagation models.
Entrepreneurial orientation‐as‐experimentation and firm performance: The enabling role of absorptive capacity
Authors: Patel Pankaj C. , Kohtamäki Marko , Parida Vinit , Wincent Joakim
Published: July 2014

According to the perspective of entrepreneurial orientation‐as‐experimentation, entrepreneurial orientation (EO) increases variability in innovation outcomes. Although increased variability in the innovation portfolio could increase performance, it could also lead to a decline in performance. We propose that absorptive capacity plays a role in both increasing and managing variations in innovation outcomes. Potential absorptive capacity enhances the effects of EO on variability in innovation outcomes, whereas realized absorptive capacity helps transform and exploit variability in innovation outcomes to enhance firm performance. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multifunctional Electroactive Heteroatom‐Doped Carbon Aerogels
Authors: You Bo , Yin Peiqun , An Linna
Published: July 2014

The design and synthesis of highly active, durable, and cheap nanomaterials for various renewable energy storage and conversion applications is extremely desirable but remains challenging. Here, a green and efficient strategy to produce CoOx nanoparticles and surface N‐co‐doped carbon aerogels (Co‐N‐CAs) is reported by multicomponent surface self‐assembly of commercially melamine sponge (CMS). In the methodology, the CMS simultaneously function as green N precursor for surface N doping and 3D support. The resulting Co‐N‐CAs exhibit 3D hierarchical, interconnected macro‐ and bimodal meso‐porosity (6.3 nm and <4 nm), high surface area (1383 m2 g−1), and highly dispersed, semi‐exposured CoOx nanoparticles (diameter of 12.5 nm). The surface doping of N, semi‐exposured configuration of CoOx nanoparticles and the penetrated complementary pores (<4 nm) in the carbon walls provide highly accessibility between electroactive components and electrolytes to improve reactivity. With their tailored architecture, the Co‐N‐CAs show superior electrocatalytic oxygen reduction (ORR) activities comparable to the commercially Pt/C catalysts, high specific capacitance (433 F g−1), excellent lithium storage (938 mAh g−1), and outstanding durability, making them very promising for advanced energy conversion and storage. In addition, the presented strategy can be extended to fabricate other metal oxide‐ and N‐ co‐doped carbon aerogels for diverse energy‐related applications.
Extension of tabulated design parameters for rectangular columns exposed to fire taking into account second‐order effects and various fire models
Authors: Wang Lijie , Caspeele Robby , Van Coile Ruben , Taerwe Luc
Published: July 2014

Fire, as one of the most severe load conditions, has an important impact on concrete structures. Not only does a fire affect the material strength, it affects structural stiffness and stability as well. A concrete column, compared with other structural members, in most cases has to cope with both vertical forces and bending moments transferred by slabs and beams. Consequently, it is essential to find a reliable and practical way of establishing interaction curves for the overall structural behaviour of concrete columns subjected to fire. In this paper, a cross‐sectional calculation method based on the material models of Eurocode 2 is explained and adopted in order to calculate interaction curves for a typical rectangular column exposed to the ISO 834 standard fire. Subsequently, an iterative approach is introduced to develop interaction curves taking into account second‐order effects in the case of all the four faces of a column exposed to fire. The maximum permissible slenderness ratios for columns in different fire durations are obtained and compared with Eurocode 2 provisions. Finally, this method is used to calculate the maximum permissible slenderness ratios for columns exposed to hydrocarbon and natural fires.
Boron Cluster Anions [BnHn]2– (n = 10, 12) in Reactions of Iron(II) and Iron(III) Complexation with 2, 2′‐Bipyridyl and 1, 10‐Phenanthroline
Authors: Avdeeva Varvara V. , Vologzhanina Anna V. , Goeva Lyudmila V. , Malinina Elena A. , Kuznetsov Nikolay T.
Published: July 2014

Complexation of FeII and FeIII with azaheterocyclic ligands L (L = phen or bipy) were studied in the presence and in the absence of boron cluster anions [BnHn]2– (n = 10, 12). The reactions were carried out in air at room temperature in organic solvents and/or water. In all the solvents used, well known [FeL3]An (An = 2Cl– or SO42–) ferrous complexes were formed from FeII salts. Composition of ferric complexes with L ligands depends on the nature of solvent: either dinuclear oxo‐iron(III) chlorides [L2ClFeIII–O–FeIIIL2Cl]Cl2 or ferric ferrates(III) [FeIIIL2Cl2][FeIIICl4], or [FeIIIL2Cl2][FeIIICl4L] were isolated from FeIII salts. Introduction of the closo‐borate anions to a Fe3+(or Fe2+)/L/solv. mixture stabilizes ferrous cationic complexes [FeL3]2+ in all the solvents used: only ferrous [FeL3][BnHn] (n = 10, 12) complexes were isolated from all the reaction mixtures in the presence of boron cluster anions.