bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unification of Strong-Weak Interactions and Possible Unified Scheme of Four-Interactions
Authors: Chang Yi-Fang
Published: November 2020

First, various known unified theories of interactions in particle physics are reviewed. Next, strong and weak interactions are all short-range, which should more be unified. Except different action ranges their main character is: strong interactions are attraction each other, and weak interactions are mutual repulsion and derive decay. We propose a possible method on their unification, whose coupling constants are negative and positive, respectively. Further, we propose a figure on the unification of the four basic interactions in three-dimensional space, and search some possible tests and predictions, for example, strong-weak interactions transform each other, some waves may be produced. Finally, based on the simplest unified gauge group GL(6,C) of four-interactions, a possible form of Lagrangian is researched. Some relations and equations of different interactions are discussed.
Systemic modelling of soil water thermodynamics under natural conditions of air temperature and pressure
Authors: Braudeau Erik
Published: November 2020

Following the recent theorization of the systemic approach of natural organizations such as soils, we give in this article the systemic definition of three fundamental variables of thermodynamics: temperature as the internal energy of molecules constituting a fluid phase “ ; entropy ( ), as the ratio of two organization variables of the phase that are: the occupational volume of molecules and their own volume in the phase of volume ; and the internal molecular chemical potential as the ratio of the temperature of a molecule to its mass . This allowed the following conceptual advances that could not be done using the two principles of thermodynamics: i) establishing the definitional equations of the 3 equivalent forms of the Gibbs free energy of the system, ii) establishing that the general equilibrium criterion of the system is the internal molecular potential rather than the temperature , iii) removing the confusion between internal and external pressures of the system that did not allow to distinguish the two types of energy of a molecule: internal and external , then iv) correcting accordingly the differential equations of thermodynamic potentials as well as the Gibbs-Duhem equation. Application to the soil water air system is given followed by some comments about this new vision of thermodynamic equilibrium modeling
Użyteczność stosowania pojęcia „rodzina normalna” – z perspektywy pomocy psychologiczno-pedagogicznej
Authors: Gulczyńska Anna
Published: November 2020

The article gives an insight into the meaning of the term “normal family” and the potential implications of its use. The modernist and the postmodernist approaches presented are supposed to contribute to a reflection on the current usefulness of this term, i.e. to what extent it describes the family and work with it. The use of the terms: norm and normal is mistaken for objectivism and neutrality. It is therefore worth considering in the context of narration about the family terms such as: healthy, functional, successful, adapting, and when using the term norm or standard, to add criteria of its description. The article first presents selected definitions of norms, then the approaches to the normal family, and the resultant conclusions. Further on the article indicates the results of preliminary analyses of statements made by students, showing their ways of defining the notion of a “normal family”. Subsequently a summary is made from the perspective of both modernism and postmodernism.
Przez Ty człowiek staje się Ja. Coaching i filozofia dialogu – konstruktywne spotkanie
Authors: Teusz Grażyna
Published: November 2020

The article discusses selected aspects of the philosophy of dialog, and then makes relations between them and the theory and practice of coaching. The platform which significantly bridges the two approaches is the perspective of encounter and the dialogical relation, which come into play in the interpersonal I and You relation (coach – client) and the resultant experience, conditions and consequences. Empathy is one of the possible efficient tools of dialog. It is a criterion for a genuine encounter that is one of the assumptions of the philosophy dialog.
Bariery i przykłady wsparcia w procesie edukacji w środowisku osób z wadami słuchu
Authors: Iwanicka Beata
Published: November 2020

The article presents the problems of deaf and hard of hearing people in education. This topic is widely analyzed. The text describes the difficulties experienced by students at school, at various stages of learning, and the barriers experienced by deaf and hard of hearing students at higher education levels. In general, the hearing deficit entails various communication complications. The person with hearing impairment has a limited opportunity to have different experiences and what is most important in the text – hearing loss or deafness often makes it impossible to gain an optimal education. There are different methods of educating people from the non-hearing environment, depending on the degree of hearing impairment. Hearing impaired student often has difficulty understanding Polish, as it is not always their first language (their first language may be the Polish sign language). Hearing impaired students sometimes don’t understand academic texts because they have weaker poorer vocabulary due to their communication dysfunction. Another issue is the social isolation of many people with hearing impairments which often have a dilemma which environment to integrate with – with hearing or hearing impaired? Teaching staff approaches such people in different ways. Stereotypes do not help in educational progress (for example, the assumption that such students communicate only in sign language). It is important to be aware of the types of hearing loss and the different types of hearing (each hearing impaired hears differently and needs an individual approach). Finally, the article discusses the issue of education of people with hearing impairment from the category of “space”. Through “space” you can understand here the environment (school space, classes and associated architectural-acoustic barriers) as well as the language of the Deaf. The sign language is specifically designed for living space (some of the signatures must be shown in the specified movement and direction, depending on the intention of the sender).
Słowiańszczyzna w podręcznikach. Studium socjologiczne nad możliwością budowania alternatywnych narracji historycznych o początkach państwa polskiego
Authors: Kasperek Andrzej
Published: November 2020

What has been undertaken in this study is the problem of narrations, alternative to the predominant historical discourse, about the beginning of Polish statehood. The considerations on the existence of such narrations are situated in the perspective “dominant culture – counterculture”. Some references are made to the research concerning the presentation in history course books and curricula of two events in the history of Poland: the christening of Mieszko I and the so called pagan reaction. What is suggested here is enriching the research conclusions with the issues of Romantic “revelation” and introducing Slavism into the 19th century culture as well as viewing the early state of the Piast dynasty in the Ciril-Methodius tradition. The author formulates the thesis that in the analysed coursebooks and curricula the narration about the early Polish statehood is subordinated to the evolutionaryrevolutionary model of interpreting history.
O edukacji w zakresie praw zwierząt. Teoria Toma Regana
Authors: Probucka Dorota
Published: November 2020

The article concerns a new educational theory based on the idea of animal rights. It was presented and developed by the American ethicist Tom Regan, which drifted its axiological base and was the initiator of socio-educational movement called Animal Rights Movement, to which joined other ethicists, educators, layers, veterinarians, and even theologians. The article contains analysis of Tom Regan's views on the issue of moral status of non-human beings, and consists of two parts. The first part concerns the criticism of ethical theories based on the idea of direct and indirect moral duties to animals. In the second part are discussed the main concepts and principles of a new way of thinking such as: inherent value, a subject of a life criterion, the respect principle and its derivatives.
From Being Sedentary to Being Active: Shifting Patterns of Idleness Among Children
Authors: Hirsh Alon
Published: November 2020

Physical activity is defined as body movement produced by muscle action that increases energy expenditure. The lifestyle of hominids/humans included physical activity. The way of life associated with hunting, gathering, and agriculture. During the Hellenic Age (336-30 B.C.), Sports were considered “physical training for health”, and agonal (competitive) gymnastics were highly regarded. For Romans, some body movements served the purpose as preparation for war and the military. Our young people live in a social and physical environment that makes it easy to be sedentary. The benefits of physical activity for children, though seemingly obvious. Physical activity can reduce anxiety, feelings of stress. A reduction in sedentary behavior can be achieved with minimal financial or time requirements. Positive experiences with physical activity at a young age help lay the basis for being regularly active throughout early and later adulthood. Recommended physical activity guidelines differ according to age group. Performance of a wide variety of physical activities is important for refining already learned motor skills. Sport participation, appropriately directed, could be involved in the development of character, work discipline, teamwork, fair play, and other socially approved characteristics.
The Concept of Authority in Pedagogical Thinking
Authors: Lorenzová Jitka
Published: November 2020

The article aims to illustrate how pedagogical authority has changed against the backdrop of the developments in our concept of the relationship between children and adults. It maps out selected concepts of authority in pedagogy (the platonic, democratic and patriarchal models), follows the transformations of the parent-child relationship in a psychohistorical context, and outlines the distinctions between authority and authoritarianism. Further arguments relate to the necessity of partnership in the model of pedagogical authority and demonstrate the shift from the disciplinary to the personalizing code of education, in conjunction with Bernstein's concept of invisible pedagogy. The text also deals with the contradictions and paradoxes that characterize contemporary childhood and complicate any clear-cut notion of pedagogical authority. The conclusion is that the current ambivalence surrounding pedagogical authority requires a renewal of the debate about educational ideals, especially the humanizing goal of education in post-industrial society.
Paulina Romanowicz, Zabawa w średniowiecznym mieście. Studium archeologiczne z miast południowego Bałtyku, Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Szczecin 2016, ss. 354
Authors: Wojewoda Anna
Published: November 2020

Recenzja Paulina Romanowicz, Zabawa w średniowiecznym mieście. Studium archeologiczne z miast południowego Bałtyku, Instytut Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk, Szczecin 2016, ss. 354
Report on the 30th Young Pedagogues Summer School “Education Research Traps”, Katowice – Wisła, 12 - 16 September 2016
Authors: Michalak-Dawidziuk Joanna
Published: November 2020

Report on the 30th Young Pedagogues Summer School “Education Research Traps”, Katowice – Wisła, 12 - 16 September 2016
„Wokół dwujęzyczności…” sprawozdanie ze spotkań z Panią Agnieszką Steur zorganizowanych na Wydziale Studiów Edukacyjnych Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu 15 - 17 listopada 2016 roku
Authors: Schmidt Anna
Published: November 2020

„Wokół dwujęzyczności…” sprawozdanie ze spotkań z Panią Agnieszką Steur zorganizowanych na Wydziale Studiów Edukacyjnych Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu 15 - 17 listopada 2016 roku
Ekspertyza dokumentu „Skills Development and Employability in Europe: The New Skills Agenda”
Authors: Przyszczypkowski Kazimierz , Cytlak Izabela , Jarmużek Joanna , Pawłowski Roman , Szafran Joanna
Published: November 2020

This article is a critical analysis of the "Skills Development and Employability in Europe: The New Skills Agenda" document. The purpose of the discussion is to analyze the 10 problem areas identified and formulated in the document, paying particular attention to the perception and implementation of these issues from the perspective of European countries. The recommendations presented for each of the issues may provide important guidance for developing a vision of vocational education targeting the labor market of the European Union.
Rytualne i nierytualne oblicze „fali” w szkole
Authors: Jaskulska Sylwia
Published: November 2020

In the paper I ask whether the similarities between the institutional hazing and tribal rites of initiation, pointed to by authors who describe this phenomenon, make it possible to talk about a ritual character of the brutal phenomenon of how freshmen are treated by older students, and if they do, then how can it translate into potential preventive measures. I discuss this issue based on the example of hazing at school. Having chosen the distinctive features of the rites of passage as my point of reference, I refer to school hazing as a pseudo-rite and I recommend taking into account its ritual character and the non-ritual objectives it completes in the preventive and repair measures at school.
Edukacja wielokulturowa szansą na integrowanie uchodźców ze społecznością lokalną
Authors: Nazaruk Stanisława , Klim-Klimaszewska Anna
Published: November 2020

Currently we are witnessing migration, which for different reasons exhibits a growth tendency. It does not just concern big cities, but also smaller towns, where we can encounter people with different cultural backgrounds, religion, dialect, and values. Multicultural education comes out to meet the expectations of the minorities and its main purpose is to create a platform for dialog and communication, as well as the composition of educational programs and multicultural upbringing. The article explains the situation of refugees, with emphasis on the education and upbringing of children. It provided examples of multicultural education implemented in a small elementary school from a County of Bielsk.
J. S. Beck’s Theory of theOriginal Representingas an Interpretation of Kant
Authors: Filieri Luigi
Published: November 2020

This paper explores Beck’s theory oforiginal representingin order to discuss both its historical and theoretical relevance and its implications concerning Kant’s views on the capacity to judge. My first concern will be to highlight the main points of Beck’s Kant interpretation and to show at which points he misunderstands Kant. My analysis also contains a positive aspect, for I adopt Beck’s claim that there is only one possible standpoint from which critical philosophy ought to be judged. Unlike Beck, I shall argue that this standpoint is that of Judgment’s normativity. I will consider the normative structure of Judgment from three perspectives: the proto-synthetic import of sensibility; the normative character of the pure concepts of the understanding; the lawfulness of the principles of the understanding. My basic idea is that only a normative account of Judgment can prove how and why all experience depends on the possibility of synthetic a priori judgments. On Kant’s account, the capacity to judge applies transcendental rules to establish the laws which make our experience and knowledge both possible and legitimate. Every single object is an object of experience only insofar as it conforms to the normative structure of Judgment. For Kant, to constitute an object means to apply the rules which make something possible as an object of experience and cognition.
Incremento de las concentraciones de procalcitonina en pacientes intoxicados por paracetamol
Authors: García de Guadiana-Romualdo Luis , Rodríguez Rojas Carlos , Ramos Arenas Verónica , Cárdenas Gámez Rubén , López Abellán María Dolores , González Morales Mercedes
Published: November 2020

Objetivos

La intoxicación por paracetamol es una de las causas no infecciosas asociada al incremento de la concentración de procalcitonina. Presentamos dos casos de pacientes ingresados por intoxicación por paracetamol en el que los datos analíticos revelaron un aumento significativo de procalcitonina sin datos clínicos, radiológicos y/o microbiológicos de infección. El mecanismo que explicaría este incremento no ha sido aclarado.

Caso clínico

Se presentan dos casos correspondientes a dos pacientes atendidos en el Servicio de Urgencias por intoxicación por paracetamol requiriendo ambos el ingreso en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI). Ambos mostraron un incremento de procalcitonina en las primeras horas de ingreso, sin evidencia clínica y/o microbiológica de infección que justificase dicho incremento. De forma llamativa, sólo el paciente 1 presentó disfunción hepática, con alteración de las concentraciones de alanino aminotransferasa (ALT), aspartato aminotransferasa (AST), bilirrubina y bilirrubina esterificada, hallazgos no observados en la paciente 2.

Conclusiones

los pacientes presentados en este caso clínico mostraron un aumento de procalcitonina asociado a la intoxicación por paracetamol, pero sólo uno de ellos mostró signos de disfunción hepática. Ello sugiere que en la intoxicación por este fármaco la secreción del biomarcador no estaría solamente ligado al daño sobre el hepatocito, sino que otros mecanismos en los que estarían implicados otros órganos y tejidos contribuirían al aumento de procalcitonina. En cualquier caso, y aunque el mecanismo no ha sido perfectamente aclarado, es importante conocer esta limitación para el uso de procalcitonina como marcador de infección en pacientes intoxicados por paracetamol.
Manufacturing of volume holographic cell arrays for usage with uncollimated LEDs in automotive applications
Authors: Giehl Markus , Hiller Lukas T. , Neumann Cornelius
Published: November 2020

Holograms have found their use as optical elements in a variety of applications. Yet using them with incoherent and divergent lightsources like LEDs proves difficult, as their characteristics need to be simulated by lasers during manufacturing to get a correct reconstruction of the desired light distribution. We present a new setup to allow for a high flexibility during the manufacturing process, which is able to produce volume holographic cell arrays (VCAs) that can be illuminated directly with uncollimated LEDs. Results are presented for the case of reflection holograms.
Unmoved Movers, Celestial Spheres, and Cosmoi: Aristotle’s Diremption of the Divine
Authors: White Michael J.
Published: November 2020

In Meta. Λ 8, Aristotle argues that the heaven (οὐρανός)–and, thus, the cosmos – is numerically unique on the grounds that its first unmoved mover is numerically unique. The latter is numerically unique because it is ‘essence’ (τὸ δὲ τί ἦν εἶναι) and does not have matter. “But whatever is many in number has matter.” I refer to this inference as Aristotle’s metaphysical argument for the uniqueness of the cosmos. A problem arises: (A) If the subsidiary unmoved movers of the planetary spheres are, like the prime unmoved mover, immaterial substances and belong to the same species of unmoved mover (qua “thinkers thinking themselves”), it seems that they could not be numerically distinct from that first unmoved mover – while Aristotle maintains that they are, in fact, numerically distinct. That is, as immaterial substance(s), it/they could not be individuated by matter. However, (B) if they do, as souls or soul-like forms, inform matter (namely, that of the celestial spheres which they move), it seems that there is no reason why the first unmoved mover, which moves the sphere of fixed stars or outermost, celestial sphere, should not similarly inform the matter of that celestial sphere. In the latter case, Aristotle’s argument for the uniqueness of the heaven and cosmos would be vitiated. The first unmoved mover would be the form of the outermost celestial sphere; and there would evidently be no metaphysical reason why that form could not be materially instantiated by other outermost celestial spheres, each enclosing its own cosmos distinct from our own. I argue that neither of the two salient options for resolving this problem with Aristotle’s metaphysical argument for the uniqueness of the cosmos is satisfactory. The result, so I maintain, is Aristotle’s diremption of divinity into two essentially unrelated aspects: divinity as autonomous, ‘hermetic’ cognition and divinity as ultimate cause(s) of cosmic motion and change.
The impedance analysis of small intestine fusion by pulse source
Authors: Wang Yifan , Liu Kefu , Xiang Xiaowei , Zhu Caihui , Wang Hao
Published: November 2020

The radiofrequency-induced intestine fusion has been widely studied as an alternative for traditional suture in surgery, but fusion quality cannot be evaluated directly. Impedance measurement can evaluate fusion quality, but the relation between impedance and the fusion quality needs optimization for best results. The present study reports the optimum resistance of small intestine fusion. As the feedback signal, resistance was considered the indicator of the fusion completion for the device design of intestine fusion and an in-depth study of microstructure change. A self-design pulse source was used for the small intestine fusion with adjustable voltage, duty ratio, frequency and output time. A frequency of 440 kHz was set, whereas voltage, output time and compression pressure (CP) of the small intestine were independent variables. Different conditions of voltage, CP and time were investigated for achieving the highest burst pressure (BP) measured with a pressure gauge and a peristaltic pump. Each parameter of the equivalent circuit model was calculated by an experimental waveform. Hematoxylin–eosin staining of fusion samples was used for assessing the quality of fusion. The real-time current was measured and recorded during the fusion for the calculation of capacitance and resistance. The highest BP of 38.9 mmHg was achieved with a CP of 900 kPa, a voltage of 50 V and a time of 5 s. Finally, an optimum extracellular resistance range of 61.0–86.2 Ω was found as the optimum resistance for the end of fusion, thus indicating automatic fusion with the best fusion quality.
Eigenfunction concentration via geodesic beams
Authors: Canzani Yaiza , Galkowski Jeffrey
Published: November 2020

We develop new techniques for studying concentration of Laplace eigenfunctions

ϕ
λ

{\phi_{\lambda}}

as their frequency, λ, grows. The method consists of controlling

ϕ
λ

⁢

(
x
)

{\phi_{\lambda}(x)}

by decomposing

ϕ
λ

{\phi_{\lambda}}

into a superposition of geodesic beams that run through the point x. Each beam is localized in phase-space on a tube centered around a geodesic whose radius shrinks slightly slower than

λ

-

1
2

{\lambda^{-\frac{1}{2}}}

. We control

ϕ
λ

⁢

(
x
)

{\phi_{\lambda}(x)}

by the

L
2

{L^{2}}

-mass of

ϕ
λ

{\phi_{\lambda}}

on each geodesic tube and derive a purely dynamical statement through which

ϕ
λ

⁢

(
x
)

{\phi_{\lambda}(x)}

can be studied. In particular, we obtain estimates on

ϕ
λ

⁢

(
x
)

{\phi_{\lambda}(x)}

by decomposing the set of geodesic tubes into those that are non-self-looping for time T and those that are. This approach allows for quantitative improvements, in terms of T, on the available bounds for

L
∞

{L^{\infty}}

-norms,

L
p

{L^{p}}

-norms, pointwise Weyl laws, and averages over submanifolds.
Fracture characteristics from outcrops and its meaning to gas accumulation in the Jiyuan Basin, Henan Province, China
Authors: Sun Changyan , Su Xianbo , Yang Heng , Li Feng
Published: November 2020

The target Oil-Shale Member (TOSM) in the Upper Triassic Tanzhuang Formation in the Jiyuan Basin is about 140 m thick and its burial depth is generally between 3,000 and 7,000 m. This paper presents a study of fractures in outcrop analogs for the TOSM based on outcrop observations and experimental measurements. The role of fractures in gas accumulation in the Jiyuan Basin was also analyzed. Also, a workflow used in building discrete fracture models based on the outcrop observed data is described. Results show that the average total organic carbon content and vitrinite reflectance of the oil shale are 4.13 and 1.33%, respectively, with the organic matter type dominated by sapropel-humics (II1), indicating high potential for shale gas generation. Fracture characteristics showing mostly vertical or intersect the bedding at high angles, and partially unfilled. The fracture lengths and widths range from a few centimeters to several hundred meters, and 0.05 to 0.5 cm, respectively, and the average linear fracture density is 6.3 m. In addition, the average brittle-mineral content of the oil shale is 53.7%, indicating that the oil shale in the TOSM has strong fracability. The hydrocarbon generation occurred twice in the TOSM. The primary reservoir formed by the first hydrocarbon generation was destroyed by fractures and tectonic uplift, and partial hydrocarbon migrated to the Paleogene along the second-phase fractures to form a secondary reservoir. The gas formed by the second hydrocarbon generation was mainly migrated into the fracture network of the TOSM.
Removal of Congo red and malachite green from aqueous solution using heterogeneous Ag/ZnCo-ZIF catalyst in the presence of hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Dang Giao H. , Le Thu T.A. , Ta Anh K. , Ho Tan N.T. , Pham Toan V. , Doan Thien V.H. , Luong Thanh H.V.
Published: November 2020

The bimetallic Zn/Co zeolitic imidazole frameworks (ZnCo-ZIFs) were successfully synthesized by a simple solvothermal method at room temperature. Silver elements were afterward doped onto the bimetallic frameworks to form Ag/ZnCo-ZIFs via a facile impregnation method in acetone solvent. The as-synthesized material was used as a heterogeneous catalyst for the removal reaction of Congo red (CR) and malachite green (MG) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Effects of catalyst dosage, H2O2 concentration, initial concentration of the contaminants, reaction temperature, and reaction time were conducted in this work. The results showed that more than 94% and 98% removal of CR and MG were, respectively, achieved within 45 and 30 min. The presence of Ag also enhanced the removal efficiency of CR and MG. The main mechanism of removal reaction of the organic contaminants could be oxidation via hydroxyl radicals. Moreover, the catalytic activity of the material remained over 90% after four recycling cycles. Due to the efficient reactivity as well as high stability, Ag/ZnCo-ZIFs can be a potential heterogeneous catalyst to remove hazardous dyes from aqueous solution.
Effects of melatonin supplementation on oxidative stress: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Ghorbaninejad Parivash , Sheikhhossein Fatemeh , Djafari Farhang , Tijani Aliyu Jibril , Mohammadpour Saba , Shab-Bidar Sakineh
Published: November 2020

Objectives

Previous studies showed that melatonin supplementation may suppress oxidative stress, however, the results have not been consistent. So, we conducted this meta-analysis to assess the precise relationship between melatonin supplementation and oxidative stress.

Methods

PubMed and Scopus were searched for randomized controlled trials that investigated the effect of melatonin supplementation on oxidative stress up to March 2020. Heterogeneity was assessed by Cochran’s Q test and I-square (I
2) statistic. Data were pooled using the random effect model and standardized mean difference (SMD) was considered as the summary effect size. Also, standard methods were used for assessment of sensitivity analysis and publication bias.

Results

We included 15 related articles and our findings indicated that melatonin supplementation significantly increased total antioxidant capacity (TAC) level (SMD: 1.03, 95% CI: 0.24, 1.81, p=0.011) and reduced protein carbonyl (PCO) (SMD: −1.78, 95% CI: −2.97, −0.58, p=0.004) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels (SMD: −0.94, 95% CI: −1.48, −0.40, p=0.001). Additionally, there was considerable effect on TAC level by using ≥20 mg/d melatonin and in people under 35 years old. MDA level also decreased using dosage of below 20 mg/d and in people ≥35 years old.

Conclusions

The present study showed a promising effect of melatonin administration for reducing MDA, PCO, and increasing TAC levels. However, further studies especially with more attention to PCO level assessment are needed to confirm the findings of the present study in larger samples on different populations.
Challenges of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in Iraq: biochemical network and methodologies. A brief review
Authors: Persike Daniele Suzete , Al-Kass Suad Yousif
Published: November 2020

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a multifaceted syndrome due to its complex pathophysiology. Signals of illness include alterations in genes, proteins, cells, tissues, and organism-level physiological modifications. Specificity of sensitivity to PTSD suggests that response to trauma depend on gender and type of adverse event being experienced. Individuals diagnosed with PTSD represent a heterogeneous group, as evidenced by differences in symptoms, course, and response to treatment. It is clear that the biochemical mechanisms involved in PTSD need to be elucidated to identify specific biomarkers. A brief review of the recent literature in Pubmed was made to explore the major biochemical mechanisms involved in PTSD and the methodologies applied in the assessment of the disease. PTSD shows pre-exposure vulnerability factors in addition to trauma-induced alterations. The disease was found to be associated with dysfunctions of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) and hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis. Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity play a role in PTSD by releasing norepinephrine and epinephrine. Cortisol release from the adrenal cortex amplifies the SNS response. Cortisol levels in PTSD patients, especially women, are later reduced by a negative feedback mechanism which contributes to neuroendocrine alterations and promotes structural changes in the brain leading to PTSD. Gender differences in normal HPA responsiveness may be due to an increased vulnerability in women to PTSD. Serotonin and dopamine levels were found to be abnormal in the presence of PTSD. Mechanisms such as the induction of neuroinflammation and alterations of mitochondrial energy processing were also associated with PTSD.
The investigation on the middle period dephosphorization in 70t converter
Authors: Nanyang Deng , Haijun Wang , Haitao Ling , Jianjun Wang
Published: November 2020

An experimental test is carried out on the 70t converter in Masteel to study the law of middle period dephosphorization in the smelting period. It is found that the dephosphorization rate is slow in the early and middle period of smelting and the content of the final P in steel cannot reach the standard due to the low oxidation of slag. The content of the final P in steel can be controlled within 0.02% by adding ore to the molten bath in the middle period and raising the lance position. The experimental test shows that the dephosphorization can still be achieved by a large margin if appropriate slag conditions are maintained in the middle period when the C and O reactions are strong. By theoretical calculation, it is concluded that the slag content should be controlled between 15 and 23%, and the basicity of slag should be between 2.5 and 2.8 in the middle period of production. Through the observation of experimental slag by SEM, it is found that the limiting factor of dephosphorization in the middle period under the test conditions is that the dephosphorization speed is too slow due to the low oxidation, rather than the solidification of phosphorus.
Fusion of ground penetrating radar and laser scanning for infrastructure mapping
Authors: Merkle Dominik , Frey Carsten , Reiterer Alexander
Published: November 2020

Mobile mapping vehicles, equipped with cameras, laser scanners (in this paper referred to as light detection and ranging, LiDAR), and positioning systems are limited to acquiring surface data. However, in this paper, a method to fuse both LiDAR and 3D ground penetrating radar (GPR) data into consistent georeferenced point clouds is presented, allowing imaging both the surface and subsurface. Objects such as pipes, cables, and wall structures are made visible as point clouds by thresholding the GPR signal’s Hilbert envelope. The results are verified with existing utility maps. Varying soil conditions, clutter, and noise complicate a fully automatized approach. Topographic correction of the GPR data, by using the LiDAR data, ensures a consistent ground height. Moreover, this work shows that the LiDAR point cloud, as a reference, increases the interpretability of GPR data and allows measuring distances between above ground and subsurface structures.
“Pravda for Playboy”: David Edgar’s The Shape of the Table and the Eastern European Roundtables
Authors: McAuliffe Pádraig
Published: November 2020

David Edgar’s The Shape of the Table (1990) is a near-contemporaneous dramatization of the process of regime concession and opposition conquest of power that characterised the negotiated transitions in Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany. It is interesting in and of itself as an example of how one of the UK’s most notable socialist playwrights saw the varying elements of accommodation and confrontation in roundtable dialogues around 1989. However, it has further interest because in adopting an agent-centred, voluntaristic, and bargained conception of transition, Edgar reflected and anticipated the initial scholarly response to these processes. Similarly, Edgar anticipated problems of democratic disillusionment, economic liberalisation, and ethnonationalism as post-Communist Eastern Europe undertook the unprecedentedly complicated triple-track transition in economy and society as well as politics.
Inverting the variable fractional order in a variable-order space-fractional diffusion equation with variable diffusivity: analysis and simulation
Authors: Zheng Xiangcheng , Li Yiqun , Cheng Jin , Wang Hong
Published: November 2020

Variable-order space-fractional diffusion equations provide very competitive modeling capabilities of challenging phenomena, including anomalously superdiffusive transport of solutes in heterogeneous porous media, long-range spatial interactions and other applications, as well as eliminating the nonphysical boundary layers of the solutions to their constant-order analogues.
In this paper, we prove the uniqueness of determining the variable fractional order of the homogeneous Dirichlet boundary-value problem of the one-sided linear variable-order space-fractional diffusion equation with some observed values of the unknown solutions near the boundary of the spatial domain.
We base on the analysis to develop a spectral-Galerkin Levenberg–Marquardt method and a finite difference Levenberg–Marquardt method to numerically invert the variable order.
We carry out numerical experiments to investigate the numerical performance of these methods.
Simultaneous identification and reconstruction of the space-dependent reaction coefficient and source term
Authors: Cao Kai , Lesnic Daniel
Published: November 2020

The inverse problem of simultaneously determining, i.e., identifying and reconstructing, the space-dependent reaction coefficient and source term component from time-integral temperature measurements is investigated. This corresponds to thermal applications in which the heat is generated from a source depending linearly on the temperature, but with unknown space-dependent coefficients. For the resulting nonlinear inverse problem, we first prove the existence of solution based on the Schauder fixed point theorem. Then, under certain additional conditions, the solution is also proved to be unique. For the numerical reconstruction of solution, the problem is reformulated as a least-squares minimisation whose Fréchet gradients with respect to the two unknowns are derived in terms of the solution of an adjoint problem. The conjugate gradient method (CGM) to calculate the numerical solution is developed, and its convergence is proved from the Lipschitz continuity of these gradients. Three numerical examples for one- and two-dimensional inverse problems are illustrated to reveal the accuracy and stability of the solutions applying the CGM regularised by the discrepancy principle when noisy data are inverted.
The role of visuospatial abilities in memorizing animations among soccer players
Authors: Ben Mahfoudh Hatem , Zoudji Bachir
Published: November 2020

Objectives

The use of dynamic media such as animations for educational purposes in the sport field keeps growing. However, not adapting these information-enriched supports to learners’ perquisites can diminish their learning efficiency. In this paper, we studied the effect of visuospatial abilities (VSA) on the memorization of a dynamic tactical scene among soccer players.

Methods

Participants (N=48) performed a multitask VSA test (control test) to distinguish people with “high” and “low” VSA. Then, they were required to memorize and reproduce a dynamic sequence (main test).

Results

Results indicate a learning enhancer effect of VSA. Players with high VSA were more efficient in memorizing the sequence than those with low VSA.

Conclusion

Results suggest considering VSA in order to optimize learning from dynamic presentations even if participants belong to the same group. In addition, VSA training for athletes is recommended in order to enhance their learning of dynamic visual content.
Non-linear companding scheme for peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction in generalized frequency division multiplexing
Authors: Tiwari Shiv Om , Paulus Rajeev
Published: November 2020

Due to the evolution of mobile phone technology which enables the use of Internet, the demand for data rates has increased tremendously. Therefore, current 4G-LTE (long-term evolution) technology needs to be replaced in near future. Hence, currently possible solutions for 5G technology are heavily investigated. Generalized frequency division multiplexing (GFDM) is one such technique which is based on multi-carrier filters and uses time-frequency structure to optimize delay and out-of-band emission (OOB). Still GFDM is very much similar to orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with much improved spectral and peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) performance. This paper presents a detailed description of GFDM technique, along-with its comparison to OFDM method. This paper further investigates the non-linear companding scheme which can be used to further reduce PAPR. Simulation results are presented to obtain (Power Spectral Density) PSD and PAPR performance.
Papillary thyroid carcinoma in children with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis – a review of the literature between 2000 and 2020
Authors: Sur Maria Lucia , Gaga Remus , Lazăr Călin , Lazea Cecilia , Aldea Cornel , Sur Daniel
Published: November 2020

Objectives

Thyroid cancer is the most common pediatric endocrine neoplasm representing 3% of all malignancies in children. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) is also a common disorder in the pediatric age range. Patients with HT frequently develop enlarged thyroid with nodules. We aimed to provide a literature review on the frequency of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) in patients with HT.

Content

A literature search of the PubMed database between 2000 and 2020 was performed, using the relevant keywords “papillary thyroid carcinoma,” “Hashimoto’s thyroiditis” and “children”. We followed the PRISMA statement guidelines during the preparation of this review. Six studies (n=2,065 patients with HT) were retained for the final analysis. The follow-up of the patients with HT was from 2 to 10 years. PTC was diagnosed in 0.67–7.87% of the HT patients included in these studies. In patients with HT and nodules, the percentage of PTC varied between 5.13 and 35%. The overall occurrence of PTC in patients with HT was 3.07%.

Summary and Outlook

The number of patients developing thyroid nodules in relation to HT was increased. The development of PTC in children with HT appeared to be higher than in the normal population.
Shifting the Burden of Proof on Causation: The One Who Creates Uncertainty Should Bear Its Burden
Authors: Peters Sara M.
Published: November 2020

Wrongdoing does not only produce the harm that is the subject of a tort suit. It also necessarily produces uncertainty regarding what would have occurred without the wrongdoing. As a result, in proving causation, plaintiffs must overcome an information deficit that is not of their own making. From case to case, there is variation in the degree of uncertainty about causation, and in the extent to which that uncertainty is fairly attributable to the underlying tort. However, the degree of uncertainty tends to be high in cases where defendants failed to take reasonable precautions, since the plaintiff must construct, almost out of thin air, the counterfactual impact of the untaken precautions. Likewise, where underlying torts involve concealment or the failure to gather or seek information, the directly generate uncertainty. In such cases, where a defendant’s conduct substantially or directly generates uncertainty regarding causation, the burden of proof should be modified so that the uncertainty does not inure to the benefit of the wrongdoer. The impact of burden shifting in such scenarios would not be radical, costly, or harmful to the aims of justice. Causation, properly understood, is intended to be a minimum threshold requirement, wholly distinct from the negligence and scope-of-liability analyses. Relieving a plaintiff from the burden of proving causation would not relieve the plaintiff from proving negligence and proving that the negligence foreseeably gave rise to a risk of the harm that befell the plaintiff. The current allocation of the burden of proof on causation produces results that are intuitively and strikingly unjust. Courts should be more ready to shift the burden of proof to the wrongdoer.
Weak solutions and optimal controls of stochastic fractional reaction-diffusion systems
Authors: Fu Yongqiang , Yan Lixu
Published: November 2020

The aim of this paper is to investigate a class of nonlinear stochastic reaction-diffusion systems involving fractional Laplacian in a bounded domain. First, the existence and uniqueness of weak solutions are proved by using Galërkin’s method. Second, the existence of optimal controls for the corresponding stochastic optimal control problem is obtained. Finally, several examples are provided to demonstrate the theoretical results.
Clinical characterization of chromosome 5q21.1–21.3 microduplication: A case report
Authors: Chen Shuang , Yu Yang , Zhang Han , Li Leilei , Jiang Yuting , Liu Ruizhi , Zhang Hongguo
Published: November 2020

Chromosomal microdeletions and microduplications likely represent the main genetic etiologies for children with developmental delay or intellectual disability. Through prenatal chromosomal microarray analysis, some microdeletions or microduplications can be detected before birth to avoid unnecessary abortions or birth defects. Although some microdeletions or microduplications of chromosome 5 have been reported, numerous microduplications remain undescribed. We describe herein a case of a 30-year-old woman carrying a fetus with a chromosome 5q21.1–q21.3 microduplication. Because noninvasive prenatal testing indicated a fetal chromosome 5 abnormality, the patient underwent amniocentesis at 22 weeks 4 days of gestation. Karyotyping and chromosomal microarray analysis were performed on amniotic fluid cells. Fetal behavioral and structural abnormalities were assessed by color and pulsed Doppler ultrasound. Clinical characteristics of the newborn were assessed during the follow-up. The left lateral ventricle appeared widened on ultrasound, but the infant appeared normal at birth. The 5q21.1–q21.3 microduplication in the fetus was inherited from his mother. There are seven genes in this duplication region, but their main functions are unclear. According to this case report, microduplication in this region could represent a benign mutation. Clinicians should pay attention to the breakpoints and the genes involved when counseling patients with microdeletions and microduplications.
Leidendes Leder und klagende Münze: Die Sinne der kleinen Dinge in Hans Sachs’ ‚Die ellend klagent roßhaut‘ (1557) und ‚Von dem verlornen redenten gülden‘ (1553)
Authors: Bildhauer Bettina
Published: November 2020

This article examines two short narratives by Hans Sachs, ‘Of the Lost Talking Gulden’ (1553) and ‘The Poor Complaining Horse Hide’ (1557), as early ‘it-narratives’ that feature material things as their narrators, focalisers and protagonists: a gulden coin, and a horse hide that is then made into a shoe respectively. The small size of these things and their interaction with humans here works not to make them accessible for human handling, but allows them to provide a macro- and a micro-perspective on human society as an alternative to the normal anthropocentric view of sensory perceptions.
Redefining Forro as a marker of identity: Language contact as a driving force for language maintenance among Santomeans in Portugal
Authors: Bouchard Marie-Eve
Published: November 2020

In São Tomé and Príncipe, the language shift toward Portuguese is resulting in the endangerment of the native creoles of the island. These languages have been considered of low value in Santomean society since the mid-twentieth century. But when Santomeans are members of a diaspora, their perceptions of these languages, especially Forro, change in terms of value and identity-marking. It is possible to observe such changes among the Santomeans who learn Forro when they are abroad, who use it as an in-group code, and start to value it more. In this article, I address the role of language contact in the maintenance and expansion of Forro. I investigate the mechanisms of language maintenance by focusing on the shifts in community members’ attitudes and beliefs regarding their languages, as a result of contact. The changing attitudes and beliefs have led to a redefinition of the role of Forro in the speech community. This qualitative study is based on semistructured interviews conducted on São Tomé Island and in Portugal. Findings suggest that the change in value attributed to Forro by Santomeans as a result of contact contribute to the valorization of the language.
Preparation and crystal structure of a cationic olefin polymerization precatalyst: (1,7-bis(2,6–dichlorophenyl)-1,7-di-aza-4-oxo-heptan-1,4,7-triyl)dimethyl zirconium(IV), C18H20Cl4N2OZr
Authors: Bonitatibus Peter J. , Reiss Guido J.
Published: November 2020

C18H20Cl4N2OZr, monoclinic, Pnma (no. 62), a = 12.457(3) Å, b = 22.806(8) Å, c = 7.398(2) Å, V = 2101.7(11) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0291, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.0685, T = 110 K.