bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of Different Varieties of Chrysanthemum Flos in China
Authors: Chen Le , Liu Yin , Huang Xianju , Zhu Yunyun , Li Jinxin , Miao Yuhuan , Du Hongzhi , Liu Dahui
Published: June 2021

Chrysanthemum Flos is the prestigious traditional Chinese medicinal material and the popular health drink. This article comprehensively evaluated the chemical constituents, antioxidant activity, and hepatoprotective effects of 25 common chrysanthemum varieties in China. Firstly, we analyzed the chemical compositions of water extracts of chrysanthemum using UPLC/Q‐TOF‐MS, and identified 29 chemical components. The results displayed that chrysanthemum was rich in chemical constituents, but there were significant differences in the contents of four phenolic acids and five flavonoids among different varieties, and the coefficient of variation (CVs) ranged from 35.96 % to 114.62 %. Then, the antioxidant activities of different chrysanthemums were investigated, respectively via 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) (ABTS), and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays. The spectrum‐effect relationships between nine main components and antioxidant activities were investigated to identify the antioxidant constitutes in chrysanthemums. Meanwhile, H2O2‐induced hepatocyte injury testing showed wide variation in cultivar antioxidant capacity, with Tongchengju (TCJ) producing the best effect (90.32 %), followed by Chuju (CJ; 85.78 %). In addition, the hepatoprotective effects of 8 mainstream varieties were determined by the model of acute alcoholic liver injury. They protected liver from injury by affecting relevant liver function and antioxidant indexes. Huangshangongju (HSG) could decrease aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity by 39.27 % in liver tissue; Hangju‐Fubaiju (HJ‐FBJ), Jinsihuangju (JSH), and Chuju (CJ) significantly decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content of liver tissue, which reduced by more than 40 %; Jinsihuangju (JSH) of used for tea could double the content of glutathione (GSH) and had the similar effect on superoxide dismutase (SOD) as the positive group, showing significant antioxidant capacity. Therefore, this study confirmed that chrysanthemums are potential resources as antioxidants, functional foods, and medicinal materials. Importantly, it may provide a scientific support for further development and utilization of chrysanthemum, and screen excellent varieties for different demands.
Digital ischemia following radial arterial cannulation
Authors: Deasy Alison , O’Neill Tanya , Rawluk Daniel , Deasy Joseph
Published: June 2021

Indwelling arterial catheterization is frequently performed in acute and critical care settings. The procedure is generally considered safe. Radial arterial occlusion resulting in vessel thrombosis, ischemic neuropathy, and/or digital ischemia is uncommon yet carries significant morbidity. Early recognition and timely management is imperative.
Long‐term safety and effectiveness of berotralstat for hereditary angioedema: The open‐label APeX‐S study
Authors: Farkas Henriette , Stobiecki Marcin , Peter Jonny , Kinaciyan Tamar , Maurer Marcus , Aygören‐Pürsün Emel , Kiani‐Alikhan Sorena , Wu Adrian , Reshef Avner , Bygum Anette , Fain Olivier , Hagin David , Huissoon Aarnoud , Jeseňák Miloš , Lindsay Karen , Panovska Vesna Grivcheva , Steiner Urs C. , Zubrinich Celia , Best Jessica M. , Cornpropst Melanie , Dix Daniel , Dobo Sylvia M. , Iocca Heather A. , Desai Bhavisha , Murray Sharon C. , Nagy Eniko , Sheridan William P.
Published: June 2021

Background

Berotralstat (BCX7353) is an oral, once‐daily inhibitor of plasma kallikrein recently approved for prevention of angioedema attacks in adults and adolescents with hereditary angioedema (HAE). The objective of this report is to summarize results from an interim analysis of an ongoing long‐term safety study of berotralstat in patients with HAE.

Methods

APeX‐S is an ongoing, phase 2, open‐label study conducted in 22 countries (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03472040). Eligible patients with a clinical diagnosis of HAE due to C1 inhibitor deficiency (HAE‐C1‐INH) were centrally allocated to receive berotralstat 150 or 110 mg once daily. The primary objective was to determine long‐term safety and the secondary objective was to evaluate effectiveness.

Results

Enrolled patients (N = 227) received berotralstat 150 mg (n = 127) or 110 mg (n = 100) once daily. The median (range) duration of exposure was 342 (11–540) and 307 (14–429) days for the 150‐mg and 110‐mg groups, respectively. Treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs) occurred in 91% (n = 206) of patients. The most common TEAEs across treatment groups were upper respiratory tract infection (n = 91, 40%), abdominal pain (n = 57, 25%), headache (n = 40, 18%), and diarrhea (n = 31, 14%) and were mostly mild to moderate. Fifty percent (n = 113) of patients had at least one drug‐related adverse event (AE; 150 mg, n = 57 [45%]; 110 mg, n = 56 [56%]), and discontinuations due to AEs occurred in 19 (8%) patients (150 mg, n = 13 [10%]; 110 mg, n = 6 [6%]). Three (1.3%) patients experienced a drug‐related serious TEAE. Among patients who received berotralstat through 48 weeks (150 mg, n = 73; 110 mg, n = 30), median HAE attack rates were low in month 1 (150 mg, 1.0 attacks/month; 110 mg, 0.5 attacks/month) and remained low through 12 months (0 attacks/month in both dose groups). Mean HAE attack rates followed a similar trend, and no evidence for patient tolerance to berotralstat emerged. In both dose groups, angioedema quality of life scores showed clinically meaningful changes from baseline.

Conclusions

In this analysis, both berotralstat doses, 150  and 110 mg once daily, were generally well tolerated. Effectiveness results support the durability and robustness of berotralstat as prophylactic therapy in patients with HAE.

Trial registration

The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03472040).
RTOG‐0129 risk groups are reproducible in a prospective multicenter heterogeneously treated cohort
Authors: Fakhry Carole , Tewari Sakshi R. , Zhang Lisa , Windon Melina J. , Bigelow Elaine O. , Drake Virginia E. , Rooper Lisa M. , Troy Tanya , Ha Patrick , Miles Brett A. , Mydlarz Wojciech K. , Eisele David W. , D’Souza Gypsyamber
Published: June 2021

Background

Recursive partitioning analysis (RPA) from the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG)‐0129 has identified a low‐risk group of patients with oropharynx cancer (OPC) who might benefit from therapeutic de‐intensification. These risk groups have not yet been reproduced in an independent cohort treated heterogeneously. Therefore, the objective of this analysis was to validate the RPA risk groups and examine the prognostic impact of novel factors.

Methods

Patients with OPC were enrolled in a prospective study at 3 academic medical centers from 2013 to 2018. Medical record abstraction was used to ascertain clinical variables including staging and survival according to the 7th edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Cancer Staging Manual. Human papillomavirus–positive tumor status was determined by p16 immunohistochemistry and/or HPV RNA in situ hybridization. Kaplan‐Meier and log‐rank methods were used to compare survival. Cox proportional hazards were used to generate univariate and multivariable hazard ratios (HRs).

Results

Median follow‐up time was 3.2 years. The low‐, intermediate‐, and high‐risk groups had significant differences in 2‐year overall survival (OS, 99.1%; 95% CI, 94.4%‐99.9% vs OS, 93.0%; 95% CI, 74.7%‐98.2% vs OS, 80.0%; 95% CI, 40.9%‐94.6%; Poverall = .0001) and 2‐year progression‐free survival (PFS, 97.5%; 95% CI, 92.4%‐99.2% vs PFS, 89.3%; 95% CI, 70.3%‐96.4% vs PFS, 80.0%; 95% CI, 40.9%‐94.6%; Poverall < .002). After adjustment for age, sex, and level of educational attainment, OS and PFS were significantly lower for the intermediate‐ (OS adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 5.0; 95% CI, 1.0‐23.0; PFS aHR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.0‐11.5), and high‐ (OS aHR, 7.3; 95% CI, 1.4‐39; PFS aHR, 5.0; 95% CI, 1.2‐21.6) risk groups compared with the low‐risk group. Lower education was also independently significantly associated with worse OS (aHR, 8.9; 95% CI, 1.8‐44.3) and PFS (aHR, 3.1; 95% CI, 1.0‐9.6).

Conclusions

In patients with OPC, the RTOG‐0129 RPA model is associated with OS and PFS in a heterogeneously treated cohort.
Clinical evaluation of a novel radiofrequency‐based toothbrush for teeth whitening and reduction of teeth stains: A pilot study
Authors: Shehadeh Shadi , Levi Liora , Shamir Dror
Published: June 2021

Objectives

To evaluate the effect of a novel radiofrequency (RF)‐utilizing toothbrush on reduction of stains and improvement of teeth shade.

Materials and Methods

This was an open label, prospective study, including six clinical visits that were conducted over a period of 8 weeks. Subjects performed twice daily brushing using a novel RF‐utilizing toothbrush, used manually with no mechanical vibration. Teeth shade and stains were assessed using Vita Easyshade advanced 4.0 device and a visual assessment of standardized digital photographs, before, and following 4 and 8 weeks of treatment.

Results

Twelve subjects completed the study with fully evaluable data. A notable shade improvement (whitening) was observed between the visits according to the average scores of teeth whitening index per subject. Statistical analysis conducted by the unstructured mix model confirmed a significant reduction in the average score of whitening index between baseline and visit 5 (p < 0.001) as well as between baseline and visit 6 (p < 0.001). No significant difference was found between the average teeth shade in visit 5 as compared to visit 6 (p = 0.918). No significant difference was found in teeth shade between females and males; however, subjects age was significantly correlated with teeth shade (p < 0.001). Digital photographs indicated a notable reduction in visible dark stains. The toothbrush was well tolerated and no device‐related adverse events were reported during the study.

Conclusions

The novel RF‐utilizing toothbrush produced significant benefits relating to teeth whitening and stains reduction, following one and 8 weeks of brushing.
Partition functions of atomic and diatomic species in high‐temperature atmospheric plasmas
Authors: Liang Rihui , Liu Yanming , Li Fangyan
Published: June 2021

Accurate atomic and diatomic partition functions are required to determine the level populations for the calculations of radiative properties in thermodynamic equilibrium and nonequilibrium plasmas produced by various atmospheric re‐entries. In this work, a reliable partition functions database was rebuilt for some atomic and diatomic species from 100 K to 50000 K. The atomic partition functions were obtained by a four‐level model, while the diatomic partition functions were predicted based upon a more rigorous approach for the computation of the energy levels. Compared with previous publications, the number of diatomic electronic states considered in our work is as large as possible. Estimates are made for the contributions of each electronic state of the diatomic molecule to the partition function. Moreover, the effect of the number of electronic states on the partition function was also evaluated. Finally, we calculated the specific heat based upon the obtained partition functions. All the results were validated by the available data in recent references and the relative errors were systematically analysed.
Deans offer advice to deans, Part II
Authors: Hodges Dawn Z.
Published: June 2021

Last month, I brought you advice from two Deans of Arts & Sciences from the Technical College System of Georgia. This month, I'm happy to bring you advice from Denise A. Spangler, Dean of the Mary Frances Early College of Education at the University of Georgia. I asked her a series of questions about her experience as a Dean, to which she offered these replies and suggestions, which I hope will be helpful.
Develop entrepreneurship, intrapreneurship in adult students for economic success
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: June 2021

The COVID‐19 pandemic has disrupted the economy and entrepreneurship as we know it. For higher education institutions, this might mean that there's an opportunity for your institution to better serve the needs of your community by focusing on helping students build the competencies that will lead to long‐term community development and small business success.
Detection of pharmaceuticals in “dirty sprite” using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry
Authors: Rosenberger Wolfgang , Teske Jörg , Klintschar Michael , Dziadosz Marek
Published: June 2021

Dirty Sprite, also known as “lean” or “purple drank”, is a preparation associated with the presence of codeine and promethazine. These drinks, predominantly used by young people, are mixtures of, for example, soft drinks, prescription medicines, and prescription cough syrups. The use of these illicit preparations started in Texas in the 1960s and become popularized in the 1990s. However, the misuse of these cocktails has become more common in other countries to date, for example, in Thailand. Given the illicit nature of these preparations and the lack of information available on the composition of these products, there is a need to identify and quantify the drugs that may be present. Three samples of Dirty Sprite were analyzed using GC–MS after liquid/liquid‐extraction under acidic and basic conditions. Since the acidic extraction did not show the detection of relevant substances, samples were alkalized to pH ≥ 9, followed by extraction with 1‐chlorobutane. GC–MS screening revealed the identification of codeine, dihydrocodeine, promethazine and impurities of cocaine. A selected ion monitoring method was developed for the quantification of these compounds using lemonade as a calibration matrix. Quantitative analysis showed concentrations of 130‐mg/L codeine, 75‐mg/L promethazine, and 3.4‐mg/L cocaine in sample 1; 74‐mg/L promethazine and 91‐mg/L dihydrocodeine in sample 2; and 130‐mg/L codeine combined with 68‐mg/L promethazine in sample 3. The results also illustrate that the consumption of drugs detected in Dirty Sprite samples could lead to health risks given that these prescription medicines are consumed outside the medical environment.
Classical‐Fenton and Photo‐Fenton oxidation of wastewater arising from cosmetic automobile care products
Authors: Cüce Hüseyin , Aydın Temel Fulya
Published: June 2021

The goal of the study is to investigate Classical‐Fenton and Photo‐Fenton oxidation from Fenton‐based advanced oxidation processes for wastewater treatment arising from cosmetic automobile care products. The main factors that affected Fenton processes (pH, H2O2 doses, Fe2+ doses, and H2O2/Fe2+ ratios) were examined to optimize the operating conditions in batch reactors. The optimal pH values for both systems were found as 3. The optimum experimental conditions were determined as 300 mg/L of Fe2+ dosage, 1050 mg/L of H2O2 dosage and 600/300 of H2O2/Fe2+ ratios for Classical‐Fenton; 300 mg/L of Fe2+ dosage, 900 mg/L of H2O2 dosage, and 600/300 of H2O2/Fe2+ rates for Photo‐Fenton process. In all these cases, COD removals were obtained as 75% in Classical‐Fenton process and around 85% in Photo‐Fenton process. The kinetic model results indicated that the experimental data was represented well by Behnajady–Modirshahla–Ghanbery model (R2 = 0.99) for both Fenton processes. Finally, it is concluded that Classical‐Fenton and Photo‐Fenton processes were effective for COD removal from cosmetic wastewater. Photo‐Fenton process as an oxidative removal process was exhibited more promising results due to rapid degradation, higher removal performance, fewer reagents usage, simple handling, and protecting of process effectiveness.
Dynamic calibration and seismic validation of numerical models of URM buildings through permanent monitoring data
Authors: Cattari Serena , Degli Abbati Stefania , Alfano Sara , Brunelli Andrea , Lorenzoni Filippo , da Porto Francesca
Published: June 2021

The construction of reliable numerical models is a key aspect within the seismic assessment of existing unreinforced masonry buildings. However, it is also a complex process due to the many uncertainties involved that can affect the structural response. In situ tests allow for the acquisition of data at a local scale. Nonetheless, supplementary information representing the global response is necessary to overcome other uncertainties (i.e., wall‐to‐wall connections or floor stiffness). To this end, data from ambient vibration tests (AVT) are useful to support seismic assessments. In fact, they allow for the identification of dynamic structural properties, which are useful in refining the calibration of numerical models. In addition, they address solutions for the aforementioned uncertainties. In this context, the paper presents how to efficiently exploit AVT data by using the case study of the former Courthouse of Fabriano (Ancona, Marche). This structure has been monitored since 2010 by the Italian Department of Civil Protection with a network of 28 seismic accelerometers. As a result, the equivalent frame (EF) model was calibrated in the linear field thanks to the dynamic identification provided under operational conditions. Subsequently, nonlinear dynamic analyses were performed using the recordings acquired during the Central Italy earthquake in 2016/2017. Even if the building experienced only a slight nonlinear behaviour, this comparison between the simulated and actual seismic response made it possible to validate the EF model, especially with reference to the capability in reproducing the amplification phenomena, which is extremely important for the assessment of structural and non‐structural components.
Burning material behaviour in hypoxic environments: An experimental study examining a representative storage arrangement of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyethylene bubble wrap, and cardboard layers as a composite system
Authors: Bray Robert John , Barton John , Madsen Dan , van Hees Patrick
Published: June 2021

Cone calorimeter and controlled atmosphere cone calorimeter experiments were conducted on various samples. The intent of the tests was to examine the behavior of uniform and composite samples in a range of thicknesses, irradiances, and oxygen concentrations. Single, uniform layers of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) were compared to a composite mix, comprising of ABS with a surface layer of cardboard and a secondary layer of polyethylene bubble wrap (intended to represent a potential storage arrangement). The horizontal samples have been tested at irradiances of 25 and 50 kW/m2 and oxygen concentrations of 20.95%, 17%, and 15% to examine a range of significant variables. Results for the uniform arrangement indicated various correlations, previously observed in the works of others, such as the relationships typically described between applied heat flux, ignitability, heat release rate and the effect of the introduction of hypoxic conditions. However, results were shown to change significantly when samples were arranged to feature composite layers. A hypothesized cause of the behavioral change, namely the soot and char residual introduced from the incomplete combustion of the cardboard layer, highlights further important variables that require consideration in material testing under hypoxic conditions. Such variables, namely specific material behaviors and sample orientation, must be sufficiently captured in the design methodologies of systems reliant upon the introduction of hypoxic conditions. It is concluded that sufficiently capturing a wider range of variables in burning materials under hypoxic conditions will introduce further design resilience and help optimize fire protection/prevention methods.
Risk‐based area of review estimation in overpressured reservoirs to support injection well storage facility permit requirements for CO2storage projects
Authors: Burton‐Kelly Matthew E. , Azzolina Nicholas A. , Connors Kevin C. , Peck Wesley D. , Nakles David V. , Jiang Tao
Published: June 2021

This paper presents a workflow for delineating a risk‐based area of review (AOR) to support a US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Class VI permit for a carbon dioxide (CO2) storage project. The approach combines semianalytical solutions for estimating formation fluid leakage through a hypothetical leaky wellbore with the results of physics‐based numerical reservoir simulations. The workflow is demonstrated using a case study for a hypothetical 180,000‐metric‐ton‐per‐year storage project located in the Plains CO2Reduction (PCOR) Partnership region, which includes all or part of 10 states in the United States and four Canadian provinces. Under the scenario where the leaky wellbore is open to a saline aquifer (thief zone) between the overlying seal (cap rock) and the underground sources of drinking water (USDW), the risk‐based AOR is no larger than the areal extent of the CO2plume in the storage reservoir because the pressure buildup in the storage reservoir beyond the CO2plume is insufficient to drive formation fluids up a hypothetical leaky wellbore into the USDW. However, even under the conservative assumption that the leaky wellbore is not open to a thief zone, the incremental leakage beyond the areal extent of the CO2plume is less than 400 m3over 20 years. The approach outlined in this paper is designed to be protective of USDWs and comply with the Safe Drinking Water Act requirements and provisions for the EPA Class VI Underground Injection Control (UIC) Program (Class VI Rule) and North Dakota Administrative Code Chapter 43‐05‐01. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Opioid use patterns in patients with head and neck cancer receiving radiation therapy: Single‐institution retrospective analysis characterizing patients who did not require opioid therapy
Authors: Rich Benjamin J. , Schumacher Leif‐Erik D. , Sargi Zoukaa B. , Masforroll Melissa , Kwon Deukwoo , Zhao Wei , Rueda‐Lara Maria A. , Freedman Laura M. , Elsayyad Nagy , Samuels Stuart E. , Abramowitz Matthew C. , Samuels Michael A.
Published: June 2021

Background

We had previously analyzed the variables that determine the rates of opioid use at 1‐year postradiotherapy in patients with head and neck cancer. Here we analyze the variables associated with opioid abstinence during and in the 12 months after radiotherapy at our institution.

Methods

We identified a cohort of patients with head and neck cancer who received radiotherapy as part of curative treatment at our institution. Logistic regression analyses were performed to determine socioeconomic and clinical factors associated with opioid abstinence.

Results

The cohort included 376 patients. On multivariable analysis, patients from an upper‐income class (p = 0.004), black race (p = 0.004), older (p = 0.008), with dependent children (p < 0.001) or receiving surgery (p = 0.002) were more likely to abstain from opioids, while patients using analgesic mouthwash (p = 0.009) or higher pain scale (p = 0.002) were less likely.

Conclusion

Socioeconomic and treatment characteristics are associated with opioid abstinence during and following radiation treatment in patients with head and neck cancer.
Preliminary clinical assessment of a task‐shifting device for subcutaneous contraceptive implants
Authors: Bell Carrie , Mohedas Ibrahim , Soyars Caroline , Sienko Kathleen H.
Published: June 2021

Synopsis

Results from a small clinical trial suggest that contraceptive implants can be placed at a consistent, appropriate depth using a mechanical device assisted approach.
Examining Readers’ Critical Literature Circle Discussions ofLooking for Alaska
Authors: Chisholm James S. , Cook Mike P.
Published: June 2021

Promising approaches to transforming English language arts classrooms into dialogic, democratic, and critical spaces for literature discussions involve the selection of compelling young adult literature (YAL) and the use of student‐centered discussion strategies (e.g., literature circles). Scholars have demonstrated, however, the shortcomings of YAL and literature circles for interrogating sociopolitical content in literary texts and society. Drawing on a framework for critical literature circle roles, the authors examined how 23 undergraduate readers leveraged these roles to engage in critical conversations as they discussed John Green’s YA novel,Looking for Alaska. A qualitative, inductive analysis of discussion transcripts revealed how participants interrogated the text and society, especially in relation to gender stereotypes, and identified but also enacted stereotypes about culture and youth. Implications call for explicit support for readers in trying on critical literature circle roles and engaging in dialogic interactions that promote critical consciousness with YAL.
Does neonatal manipulation on continuous or alternate days change maternal behavior?
Authors: Rêgo Débora da Silva Bandeira , Pires Jaime Moreira , Foresti Maira Licia , Mello Luiz , Leslie Ana Teresa Figueiredo Stochero
Published: June 2021

Maternal separation and neonatal manipulation of pups produce changes in maternal behavior after the dam–pup reunion. Here, we examined whether continuous versus alternating days of neonatal manipulation during the first 8 postnatal days produces differential changes in maternal and non‐maternal behaviors in rats. We found that both maternal separation protocols increased anogenital licking after dam–pup reunion, reflecting increased maternal care of pups.
The changing characteristics of patients with chronic hepatitis C prescribed direct acting antiviral medicines in general practice since listing of the medicines on the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme
Authors: Busingye Doreen , Chidwick Kendal , Simpson Vanessa , Dartnell Jonathan , J Dore Gregory , Balcomb Anne , Blogg Suzanne
Published: June 2021

Background and Aim

The primary objective of this study was to determine whether the characteristics of patients prescribed direct acting antiviral (DAA) medicines have changed since initial listing of the medicines on the Australian Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS).

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted using data from MedicineInsight, an Australian database of general practice electronic health records, from March 2016 to August 2018. We compared sociodemographic, comorbidity, and clinical characteristics of patients aged at least 18 years who were prescribed at least one DAA in the first 4 months of PBS listing in 2016 with those prescribed at least one DAA in 2018.

Results

There were 2251 eligible adult patients prescribed a DAA during the study period, 62% were men and 59% were aged 50 years and older. Patients prescribed DAA medicines initially were older (aged ≥50 years: 67.9% vs 49.3%; P < 0.001), and more likely to have liver cirrhosis (14.2% vs 8.4%; P = 0.01) and an aminotransferase to platelet ratio index (APRI) score >1 (20.4% vs 8.9%; P < 0.001) than those prescribed DAA medicines in 2018. A greater proportion of patients in regional/remote (46.5% vs 35.6%; P < 0.001) and socioeconomically disadvantaged areas (44.4% vs 34.5%; P = 0.003) accessed treatment in 2018 compared with 2016.

Conclusions

Despite evidence of decreasing uptake of DAA medicines across Australia, this study indicates broadened uptake among younger age groups and those residing in regional/remote and socioeconomically disadvantaged areas since 2016. While uptake of DAA medicines in some population subgroups appears to have improved, continuous efforts to improve uptake across the Australian population are essential.
Leadership and Self‐Help Initiatives: The Case of Water Supply Services in Morogoro, Tanzania
Authors: Umeodum Henry C. , Magayane Flavianus T. , Nonga Hezron E.
Published: June 2021

In a bid to improve water supply Tanzania changed its water policy in 2002. It is now almost two decades and water problems have remained a prominent issue. Community leadership is required to ensure increased access to safe water by enhancing effective community engagement in operation and management of water resources. The current study investigated the roles of community leadership in water supply through self‐help initiatives in the Morogoro region. A total of 365 household heads were randomly selected for a survey. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis. Results show that there is a significant positive relationship (r = 0.562 atp < .001) between community leadership and self‐help initiatives. Good leadership practices promote self‐help actions in water supply services. However, lack of accountability in the management of community water funds as well as leaders’ inability to lead by self‐help actions are examples of leadership ineffectiveness that currently hampers community self‐help initiatives. As such, addressing the current water problems in rural Tanzanian communities in a sustainable manner requires investments in programs that empower community leadership, and in some situations, alongside the development of water infrastructure.
Monitoring residue levels and dietary risk assessment of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin for Chinese consumption of Chinese kale
Authors: Li Kai‐long , Chen Wu‐ying , Zhang Min , Luo Xiang‐wen , Liu Yong , Zhang De‐yong , Chen Ang
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUND

Thiamethoxam is widely used to control pests in Chinese kale, popularly consumed leafy vegetables. The potential risk to the environment and human health has aroused much public concern. Therefore, it is important to investigate the degradation behavior, residue distribution and dietary risk assessment of thiamethoxam in Chinese kale.

RESULTS

A sensitive analytical method for determination of thiamethoxam and its metabolite clothianidin residue in Chinese kale was established and validated through a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) technique with ultra‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC–MS/MS). The recoveries were 85.4–101.2% for thiamethoxam and 79.5–108.1% for clothianidin, with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of 0.9–10.2% and 1.8–6.0%, respectively. For the dissipation kinetics, the data showed that thiamethoxam in Chinese kale was degraded with the half‐lives of 4.1 to 4.5 days. In the terminal residue experiments, the residues of thiamethoxam were 0.017–0.357 mg kg−1 after application 2–3 times with a preharvest interval (PHI) of 7 days under the designed dosages. The chronic and acute dietary exposure assessment risk quotient (RQ) values of thiamethoxam in Chinese kale for different Chinese consumers were 0.08–0.19% and 0.05–0.12%, respectively, and those of clothianidin were 0.01–0.04% and 0.02–0.04%, respectively, all of the RQ values were lower than 100%.

CONCLUSION

Thiamethoxam in Chinese kale was rapidly degraded following first‐order kinetics models. The dietary risk of thiamethoxam and clothianidin through Chinese kale was negligible to consumers. The results from this study are important reference for Chinese governments to developing criteria for the safe and rational use of thiamethoxam, setting maximum residue levels (MRLs), monitoring the quality safety of agricultural products and protecting consumer health. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Direct Imprinting of Laser Field on Halide Perovskite Single Crystal for Advanced Photonic Applications
Authors: Zhizhchenko A. Y. , Cherepakhin A. B. , Masharin M. A. , Pushkarev A. P. , Kulinich S. A. , Porfirev A. P. , Kuchmizhak A. A. , Makarov S. V.
Published: June 2021

Single crystal halide perovskites with microscale dimensions are an emerging class of objects for various advanced photonic and optoelectronic applications. Particularly, defect tolerance and broadband tunability of luminescence make them one of the most prospective candidates to develop microlasers for visible range. However, their post‐processing by standard nanolithography methods face a number of problems related to worsening of their properties, thus making gentle laser processing one of best solutions for perovskite patterning. Here, it is shown that femtosecond laser irradiation of single‐crystal halide perovskite CsPbBr3 allows for its precise and ultraclean ablation fully controlled at subwavelength scale by the intensity and polarization distribution of the complex laser field applied. Indeed, the extremely low thermal conductivity (over 300 times lower than that of silicon) and ultrafast thermalization rate makes it possible to reduce heat‐affected zone and avoid melting layer contribution, while the high refractive index (larger than 2) provides high spatial resolution in case of irradiation of pre‐patterned focusing perovskite nanostructures. These features allow for direct imprinting of the incident laser field at wavelength λ = 515 nm, creating micro‐lens and various light‐emitting metasurfaces with deeply subwavelength spatial resolution (down to λ/7).
FIVE LEADERSHIP SKILLS FOR THE FUTURE
Authors: Ibarra Herminia
Published: June 2021

Noting the need for what Harvard Kennedy School professor Ronald Heifetz calls “adaptive challenges” to areas such as environmental issues, and systemic racism, the author has “found that five critical leadership skills are vital for creating an environment in which learning things the organization does not know how to do is valued over executing flawlessly on what it knows already.” The five skills, in the author's words, are cross‐cutting, collaborating, coaching, culture shaping, and connecting. Within cross‐cutting, she notes that Google “found that its higher performing employees tended to build larger, more productive networks by using intentional strategies like deliberately eating lunch with different people in order to do so.” In collaborating, she writes of the importance of psychological safety. In coaching, she explains the crucial nature of “using questions to spark insights in the other person and a choice to give support and guidance rather than instructions.” In culture shaping, she writes about how Microsoft eliminated its quarterly business reviews, “in favor of a more learning oriented session in which coaching could take place.” And in connecting, she employs the example of two different leaders, New Zealand prime minister Jacinda Ardern and Kaiser Permanente chief executive officer Greg A. Adams.
A High Strength but Fast Fracture‐Self‐Healing Thermoplastic Elastomer
Authors: Zhang Yu , Yu Yongjia , Zhao Xiaojuan , Yang Xin , Yu Ran , Zhang Ying , Huang Wei
Published: June 2021

Herein, a new type of healable thermoplastic poly(urethane‐urea) (PUU) elastomer with a unique dual dynamic network structure consisting of multi‐strength hydrogen bonds and aromatic disulfide bonds, is designed and synthesized. The resultant PUU elastomer exhibits high tensile strength (41 MPa), great toughness (104 MJ m−3), and excellent self‐healing capability (completely severes, heals at 60 ℃ for just 1 h, and recovers more than 80% of the original tensile strength). Although the PUU possesses high‐density hydrogen bonds, it is completely homogeneous without micro‐phase separation. The unique dual dynamic network structure alleviates the adverse effects of strong molecular interactions on self‐healing process, simultaneously endowing the polymer with outstanding mechanical properties and excellent self‐healing capability at mild temperature. In addition, the underlying mechanism between performance and structure is revealed. The PUU has potential applications in soft robots and wearable electronics.
A Novel Photoinduced Ligation Approach for Cross‐Linking Polymerization, Polymer Chain‐End Functionalization, and Surface Modification Using Benzoyl Azides
Authors: Kocaarslan Azra , Yılmaz Gorkem , Topcu Gokhan , Demirel Levent , Yagcı Yusuf
Published: June 2021

Various ligation processes have recently become a powerful tool in synthetic polymer chemistry. Herein, the use of a new photochemical ligation process as a versatile approach for the cross‐linking polymerization, functionalization of polymer chain ends, and surface modification of various materials such as silica and graphene oxide, is demonstrated. The process is based on the formation of urethane linkages by the reaction of photochemically in situ generated isocyanates from benzoyl azides with hydroxyl moieties in the presence of organobase, bicyclo[2.2.2]‐1,4‐diazaoctane (DABCO) under ambient conditions. The intermediates and obtained materials are characterized by NMR, FTIR, TGA, and TEM analyses. It is believed that this simple and efficient ligation process will expand future applications to fabricate complex macromolecular structures, biomaterials, and gels.
Higher dimensional Hermite–Hadamard inequality for semiconvex functions of rate (k1, k2, … , kn) on the coordinates and optimal mass transportation
Authors: Chen Ping , Cheung Wing‐Sum
Published: June 2021

In this paper, we give a new higher dimensional Hermite–Hadamard inequality for a function
, which is semiconvex of rate (k1, k2, … , kn) on the coordinates. This generalizes some existing results on Hermite–Hadamard inequalities of S. S. Dragomir. In addition, we explain the Hermite–Hadamard inequality from the point of view of optimal mass transportation with cost function
, where
is semiconvex of rate (k1, k2, … , kn) on the coordinates and
,
. Furthermore, by using the higher dimensional Hermite–Hadamard inequality, we compare the transport cost in different transport models on the sphere
, relating our main result with transport models, which are related to the majorization, and as an interesting by‐product, we also reproof the Pólya–Szegö inequality.
Identical approximation operator and regularization method for the Cauchy problem of 2‐D heat conduction equation
Authors: He Shangqin , Feng Xiufang
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this work is to create an identical approximate regularization method for solving a Cauchy problem of two‐dimensional heat conduction equation. The problem is severely ill‐posed. The convergence rates are obtained under a priori regularization parameter choice rule. Numerical results are presented for two examples with smooth and continuous but not smooth boundaries and compared the identical approximate regularization solutions which are displayed in text. The numerical results show that our method is effective, accurate, and stable to solve the ill‐posed Cauchy problems.
Best practice for osteological sexing in forensics and bioarchaeology: The utility of combining metric and morphological traits from different anatomical regions
Authors: Navitainuck Denise U. , Vach Werner , Alt Kurt W. , Schibler Jörg
Published: June 2021

This paper aims to systematically investigate the value of combining traits from different anatomical regions in osteological sexing by contrasting the utility of single traits and established scores with those of ensembles of traits from single or multiple anatomical regions, allowing metric and morphological traits to be combined. The utility was defined as the fraction of the population for whom we could reach a posterior probability above 95% of being male or female. A total of 675 adult individuals from the sixth to eighth century AD cemetery of Mannheim Bösfeld, Germany, were assessed, and 27 postcranial metric traits and 41 morphological traits from the pelvis, mandible, and cranium were used. In addition, 13 metric and 3 morphological scores were considered. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was used to construct rules and cross validation to determine accuracy and utility. These parameters were determined for single traits and scores, trait groups defined by anatomical regions and/or previously considered in the literature, and ensembles of traits defined by selecting several promising traits from different anatomical regions. Accuracy of single traits ranged from 0.76 to 0.94, with scores even reaching 0.97, but utility remained around 0.2–0.4 for metric traits and up to 0.6 for morphological traits. Only scores and ensembles combining traits from different anatomical regions reached a utility above 0.7; that is, sex could be estimated in more than 70% of the individuals with a posterior probability above 95%. When selecting a limited number of traits for systematic sexing in a human skeletal series, it is advisable to select traits from different anatomical regions to obtain a reasonably reliable result in as many individuals as possible. Large scale investigations covering all relevant anatomical regions and involving a wide range of populations are required for more precise recommendations.
Transient hyperphosphatasemia: Possible association with pediatric acute respiratory infection
Authors: Sakurai Yoshihiko , Higashiguchi Takafumi
Published: June 2021

Importance

Acute respiratory infections are quite prevalent in children. Transient hyperphosphatasemia (TH) is defined as the transient elevation of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) level, which occurs mainly in infants and children without liver or bone disorders. Although no apparent cause has been identified, a possible association of respiratory infections with TH has been reported in the literature.

Objective

In this study, we aimed to investigate the association between TH and respiratory infectious diseases.

Methods

We collected the results of biochemical investigations, including ALP level, for a period of 5 years in our hospital. We then examined the patients with transiently elevated ALP levels of > 2000 U/L.

Results

During the observation period, 1501 blood samples were collected from 1097 patients. Marked elevation of serum ALP level was observed in 12 patients. All patients with hyperphosphatasemia, except for one with Fanconi syndrome attributable to the underlying Wilson’s disease, were aged < 5 years and were diagnosed with TH. Ten of these 11 patients with TH had acute respiratory infections. Marked ALP elevation was not found in any patients with non‐inflammatory diseases. ALP isoenzyme profiles showed a characteristic pattern in all six patients in whom the ALP isoenzyme test was conducted.

Interpretation

Our results suggest an association between respiratory infections and TH. The consideration of TH in patients with acute respiratory infections may lead to earlier and accurate diagnosis of this condition, thereby avoiding unnecessary medical interventions.
Atypical hematological manifestation of celiac disease: A case report of aplastic anemia in a 2‐year‐old child and review of the literature
Authors: von Graffenried Thea , Rizzi Mattia , Russo Michel , Nydegger Andreas , Kayemba‐Kay’s Simon
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Celiac disease typically presents with symptoms of malabsorption, but extraintestinal manifestations are increasingly reported. Aplastic anemia as the mode of celiac disease presentation is extremely rare in children.

Case presentation

We report a 2‐year‐old boy who presented with loose stools, loss of appetite, and bicytopenia with severe aregenerative normocytic anemia. Investigations, including bone marrow aspirate and biopsy, revealed aplastic anemia. Screening for malabsorption showed increased plasma concentrations of anti‐transglutaminase and anti‐gliadin antibodies. A duodenal biopsy confirmed the histologic features of celiac disease. The child received a packed red cell transfusion and was started on a gluten‐free diet, with a very good prognosis and normalization of both his blood and histological parameters. To the best of our knowledge, our report is the sixth pediatric case in the literature.

Conclusion

Screening for celiac disease should be performed in children with unexplained hematological abnormalities such as aplastic anemia with or without gastrointestinal symptoms.
Editor's Letter
Authors: Snyder Mick Connie
Published: June 2021

This letter from the editor provides a brief summary of the articles contained in this issue and invites readers to respond and submit their own articles.
Too many or not enough? A methodology for evaluating fire and gas detector layouts at LNG facilities
Authors: Hendrickson Bryant , Gavelli Filippo , Piekarz Jake
Published: June 2021

NFPA 59A Standard for the Production, Storage, and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) requires facilities to have the equipment necessary for the detection and control of fires, leaks and spills of hazardous materials, yet provides no requirements or guidance on the location of the detectors. Literature available in the public domain outlines key factors to consider in developing layouts for flame and gas detectors, but a methodology to use this information in evaluating a hazard detector layout is not clearly defined; instead, generic and non‐quantifiable terminology such as “quick and reliable” is often used. As a result, there is no consistent approach to developing flame and gas detector layouts for land‐based LNG facilities and there is no systematic method for regulators to evaluate these designs. The ability to quantify hazard detector performance and define performance targets are of particular interest to the Department of Transportation (DOT) Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA), which regulates numerous LNG facilities in the United States. Blue Engineering and Consulting is working on a DOT‐PHMSA sponsored project to develop a risk‐based approach and criteria for hazard detector layouts at LNG facilities. This project builds upon performance‐based design principles outlined in NFPA 72 National Fire Alarm and Signaling Code and the International Society of Automation (ISA) technical report 84.00.07 Guidance on the Evaluation of Fire, Combustible Gas, and Toxic Gas System Effectiveness. The methodology divides the LNG facility into Detection Areas based on the hazards present and the plant layout, identifies the appropriate hazard scenarios to evaluate the detector layout, establishes performance targets for each Detection Area, and quantifies hazard detector coverage. This paper will describe and demonstrate the proposed methodology. It should be noted that, while performance targets must be chosen for the purposes of the demonstrative included in this paper, these targets should not be interpreted as requirements of DOT‐PHMSA nor as acceptable to them.
The meander‐type fish pass: An alternative to the conventional vertical slot pass
Authors: Helbig Ulf , Mende Matthias , Dönni Werner , Rathke Klaas
Published: June 2021

The meander‐type fish pass is a slotted fishway characterised by the exclusive use of rounded and smooth components. Due to the specific geometry and arrangement of the basins, which differ considerably from the conventional vertical slot pass, there are significantly different hydraulic conditions. The water flow is guided along the basin walls by means of a dominant main current while the water body is much calmer towards the centre of the basin, where very low flow velocities are found. A detailed assessment of the functionality is currently impossible due to the small number of surveys of fish passage hitherto carried out. However, considerable potential is indicated by the high passage rates at some sites and the lack of selectivity with regard to species and small fish, together with the design advantages and the adaptation possibilities after construction work is completed. In this study, we offer some recommendations for dimensioning to enable this potential to be exploited. These are oriented around recommendations for conventional vertical slot passes regarding basin size, flow depth and slot width. Due to the great potential of the meander‐type fish pass, it is desirable to construct still more individual pilot passes to implement comprehensive surveys of fish passage on a sound methodological basis.