bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HY5: a key regulator for light‐mediated nutrient uptake and utilization by plants
Authors: Mankotia Samriti , Jakhar Pooja , Satbhai Santosh B.
Published: January 2024

ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5), a bZIP‐type transcription factor, is a master regulator of light‐mediated responses. ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 binds to the promoter of c. 3000 genes, thereby regulating various physiological and biological processes, including photomorphogenesis, flavonoid biosynthesis, root development, response to abiotic stress and nutrient homeostasis. In recent decades, it has become clear that light signaling plays a crucial role in promoting nutrient uptake and assimilation. Recent studies have revealed the molecular mechanisms underlying such encouraging effects and the crucial function of the transcription factor HY5, whose activity is regulated by many photoreceptors. The discovery that HY5 directly activates the expression of genes involved in nutrient uptake and utilization, including several nitrogen, iron, sulphur, phosphorus and copper uptake and assimilation‐related genes, enhances our understanding of how light signaling regulates uptake and utilisation of multiple nutrients in plants. Here, we review recent advances in the role of HY5 in light‐dependent nutrient uptake and utilization.
Skeletal and dental effects of function‐generating bite appliance compared to rapid palatal expander and untreated controls
Authors: Tepedino Michele , Montaruli Graziano , Esposito Rosa , Akhilanand Chaurasia , Lorusso Mauro , Laurenziello Michele , Ciavarella Domenico
Published: January 2024

Introduction

Maxillary expansion is a fundamental interceptive orthodontic treatment, which can be achieved through either a rapid expansion protocol or functional devices. However, no data exist about the efficacy of functional devices in achieving skeletal expansion. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of the rapid palatal expander (RPE) and the function‐generating bite type M (FGB‐M) on the transversal dimension of the maxilla, and on the maxillary and mandibular dental arch width.

Methods

One hundred eighty‐one skeletal Class I patients, aged between 6 and 12 years and with a cervical vertebral maturation stage II or III, with maxillary transversal deficiency were retrospectively enrolled; among these 55 were treated with FGB‐M, 73 were treated with RPE and 51 were untreated subjects retrieved from historical databases. The pre‐treatment (T0) and post‐treatment (T1) frontal cephalograms were retrieved, and the maxillary and mandibular widths, and the distance between upper and lower first molars were measured. T1–T0 interval was of 17.3 months (RPE), 24.6 months (FGB‐M) and 18.2 months (controls).

Results

The statistical analysis showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the RPE and FGB‐M groups regarding skeletal and dental expansion, while the untreated control group differed significantly from the other two groups.

Conclusion

The comparison between patients treated with RPE and FGB‐M showed that there were no statistically significant differences between the RPE and FGB‐M groups regarding the amount of skeletal expansion and dental arch width, suggesting that both appliances can be used to achieve similar results.
Reflecting the human lip in vitro: Cleft lip skin and mucosa keratinocytes keep their identities
Authors: Rihs Silvia , Parisi Ludovica , Lauener Anic , Mansour Farah , Schnyder Isabelle , Dekany Gabriela M. , La Scala Giorgio C. , Katsaros Christos , Degen Martin
Published: January 2024

Objectives

Cell models have shown great promise as tools for research, potentially providing intriguing alternatives to animal models. However, the original tissue characteristics must be maintained in culture, a fact that is often assumed, but seldom assessed. We aimed to follow the retention of the original tissue identities of cleft lip‐derived skin and mucosa keratinocytes in vitro.

Methods

Cleft lip‐derived keratinocytes were isolated from discarded tissue along the cleft margins during cheiloplasty. Cell identities were assessed by immunohistochemistry and quantitative real‐time PCR for tissue‐specific markers and compared with native lip tissue. Moreover, keratinocytes were regularly analyzed for the retention of the original tissue characteristics by the aforementioned methods as well as by differentiation assays.

Results

The various anatomical zones of the human lip could be distinguished using a panel of differentiation and functional‐based markers. Using these markers, retention of the original tissue identities could be followed and confirmed in the corresponding primary keratinocytes in culture.

Conclusions

Our findings promote patient‐derived cells retaining their original identities as astonishing and clinically relevant in vitro tools. Such cells allow a better molecular understanding of various lip‐associated pathologies as well as their modeling in vitro, including but not restricted to orofacial clefts.
Kinetics of neutrophil extracellular traps and cytokines in oral mucositis and Candida infection
Authors: de Arruda José Alcides Almeida , Oliveira Sicília Rezende , Heimlich Fernanda Vieira , de Amorim‐Santos Bárbara Maria , Schneider Ayda Henriques , de Sena Ana Carolina Velasco Pondé , Rodrigues Karla Emília de Sá , Macari Soraia , Souza Daniele Glória , Travassos Denise Vieira , Abreu Lucas Guimarães , Silva Tarcília Aparecida , Mesquita Ricardo Alves
Published: January 2024

Objective

This study investigated the concentrations of neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) and salivary cytokines (IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐8/CXCL8, TNF, and TGF‐β1) in patients undergoing chemotherapy and their associations with oral mucositis (OM) and Candida infection.

Materials and Methods

This prospective longitudinal study performed at a Brazilian service included 60 adults diagnosed with hematolymphoid diseases. Saliva samples were collected on days D0, D3, D10, and D15. Cytokines were analyzed by ELISA and NET formation by identification of the myeloperoxidase‐DNA complex. Oral Candida spp. was cultured.

Results

OM occurred in 43.3% of patients and oral candidiasis in 20%. However, 66% of individuals had positive cultures for C. albicans. Higher concentrations of IL‐6, IL‐8/CXCL8, and TNF and lower concentrations of TGF‐β1 were observed in patients with OM. C. albicans infection contributed to the increase in IL‐8/CXCL8, TGF‐β1, and TNF. Individuals with OM or with oral candidiasis had significant reductions in NET formation. In contrast, individuals with C. albicans and with concomitant C. albicans and OM exhibited higher NET formation.

Conclusion

The kinetics of cytokine levels and NET formation in chemotherapy‐induced OM appears to be altered by Candida infection, even in the absence of clinical signs of oral candidiasis.
Red light instruments for myopia exceed safety limits
Authors: Ostrin Lisa A. , Schill Alexander W.
Published: January 2024

Purpose

Low‐level red light (LLRL) therapy has recently emerged as a myopia treatment in children, with several studies reporting significant reduction in axial elongation and myopia progression. The goal of this study was to characterise the output and determine the thermal and photochemical maximum permissible exposure (MPE) of LLRL devices for myopia control.

Methods

Two LLRL devices, a Sky‐n1201a and a Future Vision, were examined. Optical power measurements were made using an integrating sphere radiometer through a 7‐mm diameter aperture, in accordance with ANSI Z136.1‐2014, sections 3.2.3–3.2.4. Retinal spot sizes of the devices were obtained using a model eye and high‐resolution beam profiler. Corneal irradiance, retinal irradiance and MPE were calculated for an eye positioned at the oculars of each device.

Results

Both devices were confirmed to be Class 1 laser products. Findings showed that the Sky‐n1201a delivers laser light as a point source with a 654‐nm wavelength, 0.2 mW power (Ø 7 mm aperture, 10‐cm distance), 1.17 mW/cm2corneal irradiance and 7.2 W/cm2retinal irradiance (Ø 2 mm pupil). The MPE for photochemical damage is 0.55–7.0 s for 2–7 mm pupils and for thermal damage is 0.41–10 s for 4.25–7 mm pupils. Future Vision delivers the laser as an extended source subtending 0.75 × 0.325°. It has a 652‐nm wavelength, 0.06 mW power (Ø 7 mm aperture, 10 cm distance), 0.624 mW/cm2corneal irradiance and 0.08 W/cm2retinal irradiance (Ø 2 mm pupil). MPE for photochemical damage is 50–625 s for 2–7 mm pupils.

Discussion

For both of the LLRL devices evaluated here, 3 min of continuous viewing approached or surpassed the MPE, putting the retina at risk of photochemical and thermal damage. Clinicians should be cautious with the use of LLRL therapy for myopia in children until safety standards can be confirmed.
Combining PSII photochemistry and hydraulics improves predictions of photosynthesis and water use from mild to lethal drought
Authors: Kim Dohyoung , Guadagno Carmela R. , Ewers Brent E. , Mackay D. Scott
Published: January 2024

Rising temperatures and increases in drought negatively impact the efficiency and sustainability of both agricultural and forest ecosystems. Although hydraulic limitations on photosynthesis have been extensively studied, a solid understanding of the links between whole plant hydraulics and photosynthetic processes at the cellular level under changing environmental conditions is still missing, hampering our predictive power for plant mortality. Here, we examined plant hydraulic traits and CO2 assimilation rate under progressive water limitation by implementing Photosystem II (PSII) dynamics with a whole plant process model (TREES). The photosynthetic responses to plant water status were parameterized based on measurements of chlorophyll a fluorescence, gas exchange and water potential for Brassica rapa (R500) grown in a greenhouse under fully watered to lethal drought conditions. The updated model significantly improved predictions of photosynthesis, stomatal conductance and leaf water potential. TREES with PSII knowledge predicted a larger hydraulic safety margin and a decrease in percent loss of conductivity. TREES predicted a slower decrease in leaf water potential, which agreed with measurements. Our results highlight the pressing need for incorporating PSII drought photochemistry into current process models to capture cross‐scale plant water dynamics from cell to whole plant level.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of the foxtail millet transcriptome during grain filling
Authors: Wang Tao , Wang Suying , Tong Yan , Wei Yangyang , Li Pengtao , Hu Nan , Liu Yuling , Zhao Zilin , Zhao Yongqing , Chen Hongqi , Zhang Baohong , Peng Renhai
Published: January 2024

Flag leaf, stem, and grain are all important for endosperm development (grain filling) in cereal crops. However, joint analysis of these three tissues during grain filling is limited. Hence, we employed RNA‐seq to compare the transcription dynamics in flag leaf, stem, and grain at different stages during grain filling. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between different tissues and stages were identified. The number of DEGs was increased from stage 2 to stage 4 in leaf and grain, while the number of DEGs was decreased in the stem. Through WGCNA analysis, genes associated with photosynthesis were specifically changed in flag leaves during grain filling. Lignin and branched chain amino acid synthesis‐related genes were specifically expressed in stem and grain, respectively. The phytohormone signal transduction and sucrose‐starch conversion pathway in stem and grain together promoted the offloading of assimilates from stem to grain and the assimilate accumulation in grain. These results provide new insights for further investigations on molecular regulatory mechanisms among different tissues of grain filling, and also provide a new idea for improvement of yield and quality in cereal crops.
Climate integration into sectoral policies: The case of the Brazilian biofuel policy RenovaBio
Authors: Breviglieri Gustavo Velloso , Yamahaki Camila
Published: January 2024

Seeking to derive lessons for future policy processes on how climate change concerns can be integrated into sectoral policies to expedite policy approval, we applied the Multiple Streams Framework to analyze the forces and dynamics at work in the policy process of Brazil's National Biofuel Policy (known as RenovaBio). Based on an analysis of 123 newspaper articles citing “RenovaBio” and eleven semistructured interviews with stakeholders from the fuel sector, the research findings suggest that attaching RenovaBio to the country's climate commitments helped to secure policy approval and decrease public opposition to it. On the other hand, having multiple objectives without a clear priority made policy direction more diffuse and vulnerable to criticisms. We also found that the existence of multiple policy entrepreneurs, in the different stages of the political process and with complementary skills, helped to speed the legislative process.
Impact of public information campaign on citizen behaviors: Vignette experimental study on recycling program in South Korea
Authors: Kim Eunyi , Moon M. Jae , Park Sun‐Young
Published: January 2024

This study uses a vignette‐based survey experiment for recycling programs in Korea to examine how different messages of a public information campaign as a policy instrument affect the attitudes and behaviors of citizens. It tests hypotheses based on construal‐level theory, which suggests that people tend to be more affected by abstract messages under distant psychological conditions and by concrete messages under proximal psychological conditions. In contrast to the conventional assumption of construal‐level theory, this study shows that people appear to be more affected by concrete and specific messages (mundane instructions for “how and what to recycle”) than by abstract messages (a noble vision and goal for “why to recycle”) under both distant and proximal conditions.
How much information regarding gingival enlargement can we get from TikTok and YouTube?
Authors: Bengi Vahdi Umut , Saraç Atagün Özlem , Ceylan Şen Seval , Özcan Erkan , Paksoy Tuğçe , Güler Özlem Şebnem
Published: January 2024

Aims

This study aimed to evaluate and compare the reliability and quality of the information about gingival enlargements on YouTube and TikTok.

Methods

Two popular video sites, YouTube and TikTok, were searched for gingival enlargement and gingival hyperplasia. The reliability and quality of the first 300 videos for each search term, which is 1200 videos in total, were evaluated by social media video content evaluation tools: Global Quality Score (GQS) for quality and modified DISCERN for reliability.

Results

Health professionals uploaded 68.6% of the videos on YouTube and 54.5% on TikTok. It was observed that 50% of TikTok videos and 65.9% of YouTube videos were educational. In terms of quality, 2.7% of the videos on YouTube are of excellent quality, while in TikTok there are no videos of perfect quality. TikTok videos had considerably more views, likes, viewing rates, and interaction index scores than YouTube videos (P < 0.01).

Conclusions

The videos and pieces of information on YouTube are more reliable and accurate in terms of gingival enlargement when compared to TikTok. Nevertheless, it was discovered that videos on both platforms were of poor reliability and quality in general.
Relations between discrimination, rejection sensitivity, negative affect, and decrements inproblem‐solvingability following social rejection: An experimental investigation
Authors: López Roberto , Esposito‐Smythers Christianne , Defayette Annamarie B. , Harris Katherine M. , Seibel Lauren , Whitmyre Emma D.
Published: January 2024

Introduction

While negative affect and problem‐solving deficits have been consistently linked to suicidal thoughts and behaviors, the latter are often conceptualized and studied as time‐ and/or context‐invariant. Though requiring additional empirical support, theory suggests that discrimination may strengthen the relation between rejection sensitivity and increases in negative affect as well as declines in problem‐solving abilities following rejection. The aim of the current study was to test this claim using a social rejection paradigm (i.e., Cyberball) with young adults experiencing past‐month suicidal ideation.

Methods

The sample consisted of 50 participants. Lifetime discrimination and rejection sensitivity were assessed prior to Cyberball. Negative affect and problem‐solving abilities were assessed pre‐ and post‐Cyberball. SPSS and the PROCESS macro were used to test relations among variables of interest.

Results

Rejection sensitivity predicted greater problem‐solving decrements, but not negative affect, following rejection among individuals who had experienced higher (vs. lower) levels of lifetime discrimination.

Conclusion

Addressing rejection sensitivity and sources of discrimination within the context of treatment may reduce the impact of social rejection on problem‐solving abilities among young adults at risk for suicide.
Incidence of valganciclovir‐related leukopenia and neutropenia in solid organ transplant recipients at high risk of cytomegalovirus disease
Authors: Belga Sara , Hernandez Cristina , Kabbani Dima , Cervera Carlos
Published: January 2024

Background

Valganciclovir (VGCV) prophylaxis is associated with an increased risk of hematologic side effects. We analyzed the impact of VGCV prophylaxis on leukopenia and neutropenia rates and explored risk factors for its occurrence.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study of adult cytomegalovirus (CMV)‐seronegative solid organ transplantation (SOT) recipients of either CMV‐seropositive (CMV D+/R‐) or CMV‐seronegative (CMV D‐/R‐) donors between July 2005 and March 2019. CMV D+/R‐ SOT recipients received 3–12 months of VGCV prophylaxis whereas CMV D‐/R‐ SOT recipients received no VGCV prophylaxis. Competing risk regression was used to calculate risk factors for significant neutropenia (neutrophil count < 1000/μL).

Results

A total of 430 CMV‐seronegative SOT recipients (median age of 52.1 years, 76.5% males) were included, of which 203 (47.2%) were CMV D+/R‐ and 227 (52.8%) CMV D‐/R‐. The unadjusted incidence rate ratio of significant neutropenia attributable to VGCV exposure in the first year post‐transplant was 13.50 (95% confidence interval 7.36–27.11). Acute rejection occurred more frequently in neutropenic patients at 32.5% compared to 19.1% in those without neutropenia (p= .033). On multivariate analysis, VGCV prophylaxis for 1–90 days and 91–180 days versus no VGCV were the strongest risk factors for significant neutropenia with a sub‐distribution hazard ratio of 39.6 (95% CI, 8.57–182.6) and 13.2 (95% CI, 5.46–32.0), respectively.

Conclusions

VGCV prophylaxis is limited by high rates of neutropenia. Future prospective studies are needed to assess alternative CMV prophylactic strategies in SOT recipients.

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Representing the World in Language and Thought
Authors: Malt Barbara C.
Published: January 2024

Internal representations guide our navigation of the world, while language allows us to share some of what is encoded internally with others. I have been interested in the content of thought, the nature of word meanings and what they reveal about thought, and how thoughts are expressed in words. My work has combined evidence from laboratory experimentation with observation of word use in natural settings, including from people who speak different languages. Some of the ideas guiding the work are these: understanding entities in the world non‐linguistically engages different representations and processes than talking about them; patterns of word use in a language reflect cultural and linguistic history, not only conceptual representations of current speakers; linguistic and non‐linguistic knowledge is therefore at least partially independent, and so language and thought will not always closely parallel one another; the beliefs people express about their concepts and word meanings may not accurately reflect the implicit knowledge they draw on in interacting with and talking about the world; and only by carefully observing actual word use can we understand how word meanings come about and how linguistic knowledge is used to select words for communication.
Deficiency of both classical and alternative end‐joining pathways leads to a synergistic defect in double‐strand break repair but not to an increase in homology‐dependent gene targeting in Arabidopsis
Authors: Merker Laura , Feller Laura , Dorn Annika , Puchta Holger
Published: January 2024

In eukaryotes, double‐strand breaks (DSBs) are either repaired by homologous recombination (HR) or non‐homologous end‐joining (NHEJ). In somatic plant cells, HR is very inefficient. Therefore, the vast majority of DSBs are repaired by two different pathways of NHEJ. The classical (cNHEJ) pathway depends on the heterodimer KU70/KU80, while polymerase theta (POLQ) is central to the alternative (aNHEJ) pathway. Surprisingly, Arabidopsis plants are viable, even when both pathways are impaired. However, they exhibit severe growth retardation and reduced fertility. Analysis of mitotic anaphases indicates that the double mutant is characterized by a dramatic increase in chromosome fragmentation due to defective DSB repair. In contrast to the single mutants, the double mutant was found to be highly sensitive to the DSB‐inducing genotoxin bleomycin. Thus, both pathways can complement for each other efficiently in DSB repair. We speculated that in the absence of both NHEJ pathways, HR might be enhanced. This would be especially attractive for gene targeting (GT) in which predefined changes are introduced using a homologous template. Unexpectedly, the polq single mutant as well as the double mutant showed significantly lower GT frequencies in comparison to wildtype plants. Accordingly, we were able to show that elimination of both NHEJ pathways does not pose an attractive approach for Agrobacterium‐mediated GT. However, our results clearly indicate that a loss of cNHEJ leads to an increase in GT frequency, which is especially drastic and attractive for practical applications, in which the in planta GT strategy is used.
Boundedness of the p-primary torsion of the Brauer group of an abelian variety
Authors: D'Addezio Marco
Published: January 2024

We prove that the $p^\infty$-torsion of the transcendental Brauer group of an abelian variety over a finitely generated field of characteristic $p>0$ is bounded. This answers a (variant of a) question asked by Skorobogatov and Zarhin for abelian varieties. To do this, we prove a ‘flat Tate conjecture’ for divisors. We also study other geometric Galois-invariant $p^\infty$-torsion classes of the Brauer group which are not in the transcendental Brauer group. These classes, in contrast with our main theorem, can be infinitely $p$-divisible. We explain how the existence of these $p$-divisible towers is naturally related to the failure of surjectivity of specialisation morphisms of Néron–Severi groups in characteristic $p$.
On the Bezrukavnikov–Kaledin quantization of symplectic varieties in characteristic p
Authors: Bogdanova Ekaterina , Vologodsky Vadim
Published: January 2024

We prove that after inverting the Planck constant $h$, the Bezrukavnikov–Kaledin quantization $(X, {\mathcal {O}}_h)$ of symplectic variety $X$ in characteristic $p$ with $H^2(X, {\mathcal {O}}_X) =0$ is Morita equivalent to a certain central reduction of the algebra of differential operators on $X$.
Postnatal growth restriction alters myocardial mitochondrial energetics in mice
Authors: Visker Joseph R. , Leszczynski Eric C. , Wellette‐Hunsucker Austin G. , McPeek Ashley C. , Quinn Melissa A. , Kim Seong Hyun , Bazil Jason N. , Ferguson David P.
Published: January 2024

Postnatal growth restriction (PGR) can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) potentially due to impairments in oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos) within cardiomyocyte mitochondria. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if PGR impairs cardiac metabolism, specifically OxPhos. FVB (Friend Virus B‐type) mice were fed a normal‐protein (NP: 20% protein), or low‐protein (LP: 8% protein) isocaloric diet 2 weeks before mating. LP dams produce ∼20% less milk, and pups nursed by LP dams experience reduced growth into adulthood as compared to pups nursed by NP dams. At birth (PN1), pups born to dams fed the NP diet were transferred to LP dams (PGR group) or a different NP dam (control group: CON). At weaning (PN21), all mice were fed the NP diet. At PN22 and PN80, mitochondria were isolated for respirometry (oxygen consumption rate, ) and fluorimetry (reactive oxygen species emission, ) analysis measured as baseline respiration (LEAK) and with saturating ADP (OxPhos). Western blotting at PN22 and PN80 determined protein abundance of uncoupling protein 3, peroxiredoxin‐6, voltage‐dependent anion channel and adenine nucleotide translocator 1 to provide further insight into mitochondrial function. ANOVAs with the main effects of diet, sex and age with α‐level of 0.05 was set a priori. Overall, PGR (7.8 ± 1.1) had significant (P = 0.01) reductions in respiratory control in complex I when compared to CON (8.9 ± 1.0). In general, our results show that PGR led to higher electron leakage in the form of free radical production and reactive oxygen species emission. No significant diet effects were found in protein abundance. The observed reduced respiratory control and increased ROS emission in PGR mice may increase risk for CVD in mice.
Identifying peristaltic pacemaker cells in the upper urinary tract
Authors: Grainger Nathan
Published: January 2024

Urine expulsion from the upper urinary tract is a necessary process that eliminates waste, promotes renal filtration and prevents nephron damage. To facilitate the movement of urine boluses throughout the upper urinary tract, smooth muscle cells that line the renal pelvis contract in a coordinated effort to form peristaltic waves. Resident pacemaker cells in the renal pelvis are critical to this process and spontaneously evoke transient depolarizations that initiate each peristaltic wave and establish rhythmic contractions. Renal pacemakers have been termed atypical smooth muscle cells due to their low expression of smooth muscle myosin and poor organization of myofilaments compared to typical (or contractile) smooth muscle cells that perform peristalsis. Recent findings discovered that pacemaker cells also express the tyrosine kinase receptor PDGFRα, enabling their identification and purification amongst other renal pelvis cell types. Improved identification methods have determined that the calcium‐activated chloride channel, ANO1, is expressed by pacemaker cells and may contribute to spontaneous depolarization. A greater understanding of pacemaker and peristaltic mechanisms is warranted since aberrant contractile function may underlie diseases such as hydronephrosis, a deleterious condition that can cause significant and irreversible nephron injury.

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Turning Region Heat Transfer in Five, Stationary and Rotating, Multipass Channels With Various Aspect Ratios
Authors: Chen I-Lun , Wright Lesley M. , Han Je-Chin
Published: January 2024

This work summarizes studies that experimentally investigated the effect of rotation on heat transfer in the 180 deg tip and hub turns of cooling channels with various aspect ratios (ARs). The studied AR ranges from 1:4 to 4:1, which is the typical range within turbine blades. In addition to the smooth surface case (baseline case), the cases with 45 deg angled ribs and turning vanes are also included in this work. For several designs, the effect of channel orientation with respect to the angle of rotation is also investigated. This work covers a wide range of Reynolds and buoyancy numbers. The rib turbulators are found to have higher heat transfer enhancement and larger disturbance on the flow impingement on the tip and hub walls in channels with a wider aspect ratio. The rotational effect is reduced by the presence of ribs and turning vanes, and it is also reduced in the blade-shaped channels with the angled rotation feature. The tip wall heat transfer is increased by rotation due to the pumping effect from the centrifugal force; however, the hub wall heat transfer is reduced. The effect of rotation is most prominent in the first pass of the channels and is gradually mitigated in the following pass after the turns. This work provides stationary and rotational heat transfer coefficients in the tip and hub turning regions in blades, and heat transfer correlations for a variety of cooling channel designs are generated, which is of benefit to the gas turbine community.
Beatriz Moncó: Maestra de la antropología, intelectual, feminista y amiga
Authors:   Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Cortés Maisonave Almudena
Published: January 2024

El 3 de diciembre de 2023, nos dejó Beatriz Moncó Rebollo, Catedrática de Antropología Social de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, maestra, compañera y amiga. Beatriz Moncó fue una pionera en España en estudiar la relación entre la antropología y la historia y entre la antropología y el género en una época de consolidación de la antropología española. (...)
Beatriz
Authors:   AIBR, Collado Sánchez María Elena
Published: January 2024

Cuando comencé a preparar este panegírico, tomé conciencia de que sólo en contadas ocasiones a lo largo de mi vida había tenido que escribir algo que me iba a resultar tan fácil y a la vez tan difícil. Fácil, porque los recuerdos son muchos y buenos y afloran a cada momento, y difícil, simplemente porque no era el tiempo de escribirlo. Cuando supe de su muerte sentí una suerte de enfado, irracional quizá, pero Beatriz era muy joven, se fue muy pronto y de forma abrupta, y eso es siempre difícil de procesar. (...)
Beatriz Moncó, sinóloga de lo real
Authors:   Universidad de Granada, González Alcantud José Antonio
Published: January 2024

Conocí a Beatriz Moncó en el círculo que Carmelo Lisón Tolosana, nuestro común maestro, alimentaba en Madrid y otros lugares de la geografía peninsular. Más allá de la vida departamental, sobrepasándola sobradamente, el maestro Lisón mantuvo a lo largo de su vida varios focos de confluencia entre antropólogos, a cuyo lenguaje incorporaba con naturalidad la Historia. Sea donde fuera, ya que no recuerdo la circunstancia concreta, en uno de estos encuentros, quizás en la Casa de Velázquez, conocí a Beatriz Moncó Rebollo. Estos espacios de sociabilidad permitían el contacto entre investigadores en un clima de fraternidad y reconocimiento muy ajeno a las lógicas departamentales, desde antiguo plenas de tensiones e intereses creados. (...)
Vapor-phase zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 growth on fibrous polymer substrates
Authors: Nye Rachel A. , Carroll Nicholas M. , Morgan Sarah E. , Parsons Gregory N.
Published: January 2024

The use of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in practical applications is often hindered by synthesis related challenges. Conventional solution-based approaches rely on hazardous solvents and often form powders that are difficult to integrate into practical devices. On the other hand, vapor-phase approaches generally result in MOF films on silicon substrates that make it difficult to characterize the MOF surface area, which is an important quality indicator. We address these challenges by introducing a solvent-free synthesis method to form MOF–fiber composites, which can be more easily integrated into devices. Additionally, these vapor-phase-formed MOF–fiber composites are compatible with Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area analysis to characterize MOF quality. Atomic layer deposition is used to form a ZnO film on polypropylene, polyester, and nylon fibrous substrates, which is subsequently converted to zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) using 2-methylimidazole vapor. We describe the effects of the ZnO film thickness and MOF conversion conditions on MOF crystallinity and surface area. We report a ZIF-8 surface area of ∼1300 m2/gMOF, which is comparable to reported surface areas of ∼1250–1600 m2/gMOF from conventional synthesis techniques, demonstrating good quality of the solvent-free MOF–fiber composites. We expect these results to extend vapor-phase MOF formation to new, practical substrates for advanced sensing and catalytic applications.
Statistically distributed nano-scratch testing of AlFeMnNb, AlFeMnNi, and TiN/Si3N4 thin films on silicon
Authors: Beake Ben D. , Vishnyakov Vladimir M. , Goodes Stephen R. , Rahmati Azadeh Taher
Published: January 2024

For studying the damage tolerance of thin films, a novel randomly distributed nano-scratch test method was introduced and demonstrated as a promising characterization method. It is capable of more closely simulating the damage progression in abrasion, where material removal can be influenced by the interaction between damage produced by previous scratches in close proximity. In addition to studying how localized failure events affect subsequent damage progression, it is possible to monitor the evolution of the film degradation cycle-by-cycle using the mean depth and friction over the scratch. Randomly distributed nano-scratch tests were performed on the high entropy alloy AlFeMnNb, AlFeMnNi, and nanocomposite (nc-) TiN/Si3N4 thin films on silicon. Brittle fracture and film removal with extensive chipping of the Si substrate were observed over the entire scratched region on AlFeMnNi and nc-TiN/Si3N4 in distributed scratch tests at applied loads that were only ∼0.2–0.3 of the load needed to produce the chipping in ramped load nano-scratch tests due to film and substrate fatigue. In contrast, the softer AlFeMnNb deformed predominantly by ductile ploughing with significantly improved damage tolerance and crack resistance in the distributed scratch tests. The new method can be used to evaluate the performance of thin films in applications where they can be exposed to abrasive/sliding wear. It can provide a more direct measure of abrasion resistance than assuming high resistance to abrasive wear from coating hardness. In the thin film systems studied, higher hardness was associated with greater fracture and delamination in the distributed scratch tests.
Photoemission study of plutonium oxycarbide
Authors: Roussel Paul
Published: January 2024

Surface films of plutonium oxycarbide have shown oxidation retardation properties. The plutonium oxycarbide film analyzed in this study has a stoichiometry of PuC0.5O0.3 and is homogenous within the depth probed by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The electronic structure of this plutonium oxycarbide surface film has been investigated using core level x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and valence band ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. The conduction band has been probed with inverse photoemission spectroscopy. The core level Pu 4f7/2 spectrum consists of two components occurring from the poor and well-screened final states. The valence band spectra display peaks attributable to occupied ligand states and both localized and itinerant Pu 5f electron behavior.
Improving acoustic wave propagation models in highly attenuating porous materials
Authors: Bouchendouka A. , Fellah Z. E. A. , Nguyen C. T. , Ogam E. , Perrot C. , Duval A. , Depollier C.
Published: January 2024

This article presents an improved and extended modeling approach for acoustic wave propagation in rigid porous materials, focusing on examples, such as plastic foams used for noise reduction in automotive applications. We demonstrate that the classical model (Johnson-Champoux-Allard) in the asymptotic high-frequency limit, widely employed in the literature, fails to accurately reconstruct the transmitted acoustic signal through high absorbent porous materials characterized by significant wave attenuation. The study focuses on the airborne ultrasonic frequency range (30–200 kHz). To address this limitation, we introduce new non-acoustic parameters Σ and V for viscous effects, and Σ′ and V′ for thermal effects, with surface and volumetric dimensions, respectively, allowing for the reconstruction of the transmitted signal and accurate modeling of the pronounced acoustic attenuation within the material. These parameters are incorporated into the expansion on skin depths of the dynamic tortuosity α(ω) and thermal tortuosity α′ (ω) response functions, which describe the inertial-viscous and thermal interactions between the fluid and the solid, respectively. This novel modeling approach enables a more comprehensive study of high attenuating porous media, which are crucial for effective noise reduction. Additionally, it opens up new possibilities for characterization beyond the capabilities of current models.
Tunable underwater sound absorption characteristics of 0–3 piezoelectric anechoic coating
Authors: Jia Xinyu , Jin Guoyong , Wang Xueren , Ye Tiangui , Chen Yukun
Published: January 2024

Piezoelectric composite materials (PCMs) with shunt damping circuits are used widely in hydroacoustics because of the flexible adjustability of their parameters. PCMs offer good underwater sound absorption, but shortcomings remain, such as poor low-frequency sound absorption, narrow bandwidth, and a single dissipation mechanism. In this paper, the tunable underwater sound absorption of a 0–3 PCM combined with a cavity structure and shunt circuit (PCMC) is studied systematically. First, the equivalent material parameters of 0–3 PCM are derived based on the Yamada model, and then a theoretical electroacoustic model is established for solving the absorption coefficient and is mutually verified with the numerical simulation method. On this basis, the tunable absorption characteristics of the structure are analyzed. The results show that coupling the energy dissipation mechanism of 0–3 PCM with the acoustic mechanism of the cavity structure not only achieves strong absorption at lower frequencies but also enriches the absorption mode in the mid-high frequencies by connecting the shunt circuits. Moreover, the influence of piezoelectric control variables and acoustic cavity morphology characteristics on structural sound absorption performance is further explored. Finally, the acoustic performance of PCMC is improved further via shape optimization and parameter optimization.
Deep learning based prediction of urban air mobility noise propagation in urban environment
Authors: Kim Younghoon , Lee Soogab
Published: January 2024

A deep learning based method is proposed to predict the urban air mobility (UAM) noise propagation in the urban environment. This method aims to efficiently estimate the noise impact of UAM flights on the complex urban area. The noise hemisphere was created via the comprehensive multirotor noise assessment framework to determine the noise level of UAM. The noise propagation to a randomly generated three-dimensional (3D) urban area was then calculated using the ray tracing method, including atmospheric attenuation and multiple reflections. 45 000 two-dimensional noise maps were used to train and evaluate the modified convolutional neural network. The results demonstrated high accuracy, with a root mean square error of only 2.56 dB compared to the ray tracing method, while reducing computation time by more than 1800 times. This model was applied to analyze the noise impact of various UAM flight conditions and landing scenarios at a vertiport. This deep learning approach is a fast method with adequate accuracy for predicting UAM noise impact in 3D urban environments. Also, it can inform the development of noise based strategies for UAM operations.
Microstructure-based modeling to characterize low pore density open-cell foams and its experimental validation
Authors: Sachan Swati , Ramamoorthy Sripriya
Published: January 2024

Microlattices with large pore sizes are involved in many multifunctional applications, so it is essential to understand their acoustic properties. However, for these low pore density microlattice foams, the classical homogenization or “equivalent fluid” methods fail abruptly. This paper proposes and discusses a microstructure-based direct fluid model (DFM) that would help to predict the acoustic performance of low pore density periodic open-cell foams with spherical pores. The DFM is simulated directly, including the microscale geometric features inherent in the unit cell. A comparative study is performed for designed three-dimensional (3D) body-centered-cubic (BCC) porous foams having pores per inch (PPI) ranging from 1 to 12 over the frequency range of 500–4100 Hz with equivalent fluid models and experiments. The study shows the extent of deviation in homogenization-based methods from the experiment for PPI < 5. On the other hand, the acoustic performance parameters predicted with the DFM agree well with experiments on 3D-printed samples fabricated by additive manufacturing of varying PPI starting from 1. This study shows that the DFM is a valid method to predict the acoustics of low PPI microlattices. Furthermore, the gradual transition from dissipative to the reactive regime with a decrease in PPI is also brought out.
Space-qualifying silicon photonic modulators and circuits
Authors: Mao Dun , Chang Lorry , Lee Hwaseob , Yu Anthony W. , Maruca Bennett A. , Ullah Kaleem , Matthaeus William H. , Krainak Michael A. , Dong Po , Gu Tingyi
Published: January 2024

Reducing the form factor while retaining the radiation hardness and performance matrix is the goal of avionics. While a compromise between a transistor’s size and its radiation hardness has reached consensus in microelectronics, the size-performance balance for their optical counterparts has not been quested but eventually will limit the spaceborne photonic instruments’ capacity to weight ratio. Here, we performed space experiments of photonic integrated circuits (PICs), revealing the critical roles of energetic charged particles. The year-long cosmic radiation exposure does not change carrier mobility but reduces free carrier lifetime, resulting in unchanged electro-optic modulation efficiency and well-expanded optoelectronic bandwidth. The diversity and statistics of the tested PIC modulator indicate the minimal requirement of shielding for PIC transmitters with small footprint modulators and complexed routing waveguides toward lightweight space terminals for terabits communications and intersatellite ranging.
Low-voltage electrohydraulic actuators for untethered robotics
Authors: Gravert Stephan-Daniel , Varini Elia , Kazemipour Amirhossein , Michelis Mike Y. , Buchner Thomas , Hinchet Ronan , Katzschmann Robert K.
Published: January 2024

Rigid robots can be precise but struggle in environments where compliance, robustness to disturbances, or energy efficiency is crucial. This has led researchers to develop biomimetic robots incorporating soft artificial muscles. Electrohydraulic actuators are promising artificial muscles that perform comparably to mammalian muscles in speed and power density. However, their operation requires several thousand volts. The high voltage leads to bulky and inefficient driving electronics. Here, we present hydraulically amplified low-voltage electrostatic (HALVE) actuators that match mammalian skeletal muscles in average power density (50.5 watts per kilogram) and peak strain rate (971% per second) at a 4.9 times lower driving voltage (1100 volts) compared to the state of the art. HALVE actuators are safe to touch, are waterproof, and exhibit self-clearing properties. We characterize, model, and validate key performance metrics of our actuator. Last, we demonstrate the utility of HALVE actuators on a robotic gripper and a soft robotic swimmer.
Active learning of the thermodynamics-dynamics trade-off in protein condensates
Authors: An Yaxin , Webb Michael A. , Jacobs William M.
Published: January 2024

Phase-separated biomolecular condensates exhibit a wide range of dynamic properties, which depend on the sequences of the constituent proteins and RNAs. However, it is unclear to what extent condensate dynamics can be tuned without also changing the thermodynamic properties that govern phase separation. Using coarse-grained simulations of intrinsically disordered proteins, we show that the dynamics and thermodynamics of homopolymer condensates are strongly correlated, with increased condensate stability being coincident with low mobilities and high viscosities. We then apply an “active learning” strategy to identify heteropolymer sequences that break this correlation. This data-driven approach and accompanying analysis reveal how heterogeneous amino acid compositions and nonuniform sequence patterning map to a range of independently tunable dynamic and thermodynamic properties of biomolecular condensates. Our results highlight key molecular determinants governing the physical properties of biomolecular condensates and establish design rules for the development of stimuli-responsive biomaterials.
Pain-free oral delivery of biologic drugs using intestinal peristalsis–actuated microneedle robots
Authors: Gao Xize , Li Jiacong , Li Jing , Zhang Mingjun , Xu Jing
Published: January 2024

Biologic drugs hold immense promise for medical treatments, but their oral delivery remains a daunting challenge due to the harsh digestive environment and restricted gastrointestinal absorption. Here, inspired by the porcupinefish’s ability to inflate itself and deploy its spines for defense, we proposed an intestinal microneedle robot designed to absorb intestinal fluids for rapid inflation and inject drug-loaded microneedles into the insensate intestinal wall for drug delivery. Upon reaching the equilibrium volume, the microneedle robot leverages rhythmic peristaltic contraction for mucosa penetration. The robot’s barbed microneedles can then detach from its body during peristaltic relaxation and retain in the mucosa for drug releasing. Extensive in vivo experiments involving 14 minipigs confirmed the effectiveness of the intestinal peristalsis for microrobot actuation and demonstrated comparable insulin delivery efficacy to subcutaneous injection. The ingestible peristalsis-actuated microneedle robots may transform the oral administration of biologic drugs that primary relies on parenteral injection currently.
Allochroic cluster light-emitting diodes based on unique μ
3
-tetraphosphine Cu
3
X
3
crowns with tunable excited states
Authors: Ma Yuanxin , Ma Jiaxue , Wang Puyuan , Niu Jixiu , Zhang Jing , Duan Chunbo , Chen Shuo , Han Chunmiao , Xu Hui
Published: January 2024

Multicomponent excited states endow copper iodide clusters with allochroic properties under diverse stimuli. However, crystal states are required, and cluster stimulus sensitivity hampers electroluminochromism. We developed PhQPCu
3
X
3
(X = Cl, Br, and I) with the first μ
3
-bridging tetraphosphine ligand, whose Cu
3
X
3
crowns were exposed to external stimulus. The increased proportion of Cu
3
X
3
results in equal contributions of cluster- and ligand-centered components to excited states, the former of which is highly sensitive to grind, vapor, and, especially, electric stimuli, due to semi-exposed Cu
3
X
3
. Through vacuum evaporation and vapor fumigation of cluster-based emissive layers, the diodes' electroluminescence colors changed from yellow to white. Joule heat during device operation induced further color variation to orange, corresponding to Commission Internationale de l’Eclairage coordinates of PhQPCu
3
I
3
changed from (0.44 ± 0.1, 0.34 ± 0.1) to (0.57 ± 0.1, 0.42 ± 0.1). These results demonstrate the superiority of luminescent clusters in accurate excited-state modulation, holding promise for wide applications.