bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
36.1: Invited Paper: Comparison in the Performance of Passive and Active TFT Pixel Sensing Circuits Using PIN Photodiode as the Light Sensing Device
Authors: Tu Cheng-Che , Wu Sin-You , Tai Ya-Hsiang
Published: February 2021

The large area TFT image sensors using PIN photodiode as the light sensing device attract attention owing to their application in optical fingerprint sensors under displays. Different structures of the pixel sensing circuits are compared in the aspect of output signal, settling time, photo current collection, as well as variation of TFT. Even though the active pixel sensing circuits (APS) are expected to provide better performance intuitively, the passive pixel sensing circuits (PPS) can surpass APS for practical purpose.
37.3: Suppressing the Trap‐assisted Recombination for High Performance InP/ZnS Green Quantum‐dot Light‐emitting Diodes
Authors: Wu Zhenghui , Zhang Wenda , Liu Pai , Wang Kai , Sun Xiao Wei
Published: February 2021

The performance of InP/ZnS quantum dot light‐emitting diodes are seriously limited by the large amount of surface traps on InP/ZnS quantum dots and the efficient exciton quenching at the interface between quantum dots and ZnO transport layer. This work provided physical understanding on these problems and approaches to address them. As a result, high efficiency InP/ZnS quantum dot light‐emitting diodes were fabricated.
43.1: Invited Paper: AM MiniLED Local Dimming Backlight Achieving high Dynamic Contrast for 8K Displays
Authors: Hu Daobing , Xiao Juncheng , Xu Hongyuan , Fei Jiayang , Qiu Yongyuan , Liu Quansheng , Li Jia , Zhuang Jiaqing , Liu Chunming , Zhang Xin
Published: February 2021

High Dynamic Contrast as an very important element of high‐end TV market for display, has received extensive attention in the past years. Here, we proposed an AM MiniLED local dimming backlight technology for 75‐inch LCD 8K displays, witch consist of 5184 local dimming zones and can realize area dimming. Compared with the traditional LCD dsplays with a contrast ratio of about 5000 : 1, the 75‐inch 8K AM MiniLED LCD displays can achieve a high dynamic constrast ratio of 1,000,000 : 1 and over 1000nits brightness. This AM MiniLED backlight technology can individually control the switch of each zone, which can achieve HDR performance and comparable performance with the other technologys (Dual‐cells and OLEDs). By turning off the dark area directly, the dark state can achieve true black. In addition, the AM MiniLED local dimming Backlight technology clearly indicated that the the low energy consumption, low cost and long life time..
43.2: Invited Paper: High Mobility Oxide Complementary TFTs for System‐on‐Display and Three‐Dimensional Brain‐Mimicking IC
Authors: Chin Albert , Yen Te Jui , Chen You Da , Shih Cheng Wei , Gritsenko Vladimir
Published: February 2021

One technology bottleneck for system‐on‐panel (SoP) is the lacking of high‐performance p‐type thin‐film transistor (pTFT). Using high dielectric‐constant (high‐κ) gate materials with optimized processes, high hole and electron field‐effect mobility of 7.6 and 345 cm2/Vs were measured in pTFT and nTFT, respectively. These high mobility devices on SiO2 are the enabling technology for SoP and crucial for three‐dimensional brain‐mimicking integrated circuit (IC)‐ the technology trend for IC after reaching the quantum‐mechanical limit soon.
45.3: Combining steady‐state, frequency, and time domain data for a comprehensive analysis of multilayer TADF OLEDs
Authors: Jenatsch Sandra , Züfle Simon , Blülle Balthasar , Ruhstaller Beat
Published: February 2021

Typically, organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) are characterized only in steady‐state to determine and optimize their efficiency. Adding further electro‐optical measurement techniques in frequency and time domain helps to quantify charge carrier dynamics and provides deeper insight into the device physics. Combining experimental characterization with electro‐optical device simulation allows one to determine specific material parameters such as the charge carrier mobilities of the layers. Moreover, the obtained device model enables a better understanding of the limitations and degradation pathways of the specific OLED device.
51.4: Design of highly efficient white LED for the maximal CRI
Authors: Yoo Jae Soo
Published: February 2021

Phosphor‐converted white light emitting diodes (pc‐LEDs) are being used as a source of artificial lighting. One of the main goals of artificial lighting is to make objects/images look natural — as they look under the sunlight. The ability of a light source to accurately render the natural color of an object is gauged by the color rendering index (CRI) and a conventional pc‐LED has an average CRI—CRI Ra ~ 80 which is not suitable for artificial lighting. In order to fabricate the pc‐LEDs for artificial lighting applications, all the CRI points (R1 — R15) should be above 95. Herein a novel design strategy of an LED package (PKG) is implemented to achieve CRI points ≥ 95 through introducing two blue LEDs and a UV LED in combination with green and red phosphors. The silicone encapsulant, the ratio of the current through the LEDs, and the phosphor ratio were optimized for achieving high efficiency (~ 100 lm/W) as well as all the CRI points above 95. Our re‐designed LED PKG with an efficiency of around 100 lm/W would find applications in stadium lighting as well as for ultra‐high definition television production where high CRI points are required for the light source.
53.2: Invited Paper: Measurement and Analysis of Current Efficiency of Blue and Green Micro‐LED Arrays with Different LED Chip Sizes
Authors: Guo Enqing , Tian Wenya , Li Qing , Wang Yan , Wang Chenggong
Published: February 2021

Blue and green InGaN/GaNμLED arrays with different LED chip sizes were fabricated and tested in IVL system. As the chip size reduces, the current density at peak efficiency increases gradually for both blue and green samples. The current efficiency of the smaller μLED is lower than that of the bigger one.
54.3: Realization of Uniform OLED Pixels based on Multi‐nozzle by Inkjet printing
Authors: Cao Xianghong , Ye Yun , Liu Xin , Guo Tailiang , Tang Qian
Published: February 2021

Inkjet printing has been used as an additive manufacturing method to fabricate organic light emitting diode (OLED). By changing the type and proportion of the solvent of the inks and adjusting the printing parameters of the ink droplets, uniform ejection of multi‐nozzle is achieved and the volume deviation of the jet is controlled at about 5% when poly(3,4‐ethy lenedioxythiohene) : poly (styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS), as the hole injection layer materials, was dissolved in isopropanol and ethylene glycol (volume ratio 2: 1). Moreover, the OLED devices of monochrome pixel was fabricated based on the multi‐nozzle, and the turn‐on voltage is reduced to 3.1v along with the improvement of the brightness and efficiency of the device.
55.2: A Novel Sn Paste Free Approach for Manufacturing Mini‐LED Display
Authors: Yin Yongming , Gao Lu , Fan Jack , Zhang Lijun , Liu Minggang , Sun Yang , Chen Shu-jhih , Zhang Xin , Meng Hong
Published: February 2021

Mini/Micro LED are recognized as the fourth generation display technology due their superior performance. Backlights based on active‐matrix Mini‐LED (AM‐MLED) have been adopted in LCD modules and would soon be put into mass production. In this paper, a novel Sn paste free method was developed to manufacture Mini‐LED displays. This method is more simple and could successfully solve the short problem which is common for conventional approach. We believe this result would further extend the application of Mini‐LED in direct display area.
P‐1.1: Characterization of the Off‐State Current of an Elevated‐Metal Metal‐Oxide Thin‐Film Transistor
Authors: Wang Yuqi , Xia Zhihe , Wong Man
Published: February 2021

Without employing an unconventional thin‐film transistor (TFT) with excessively wide effective channel width and offset source/drain electrodes, an improved methodology and circuit are applied to measuring the off‐state current (Ioff) of elevated‐metal metal‐oxide (EMMO) TFTs built on indium‐gallium‐zinc oxide, with or without fluorination. Ioff of around mid‐10−18 A/μm has been obtained, with the value slightly lower for an EMMO TFT with a fluorinated channel.
P‐1.4: Timing Model and Maximum‐Aperture Pixel Design of an Active‐Matrix Display
Authors: Liu Xuchi , Xia Zhihe , Kwok Hoi-Sing , Wong Man
Published: February 2021

A timing model has been developed for an active‐matrix display, accounting for both the signal propagation delay and the pixel charging time. The Lagrange multiplier method is applied to maximize the aperture ratio of a pixel in such a display, while satisfying constraints imposed by the timing model.
P‐1.7: Novel Design of Boost Circuit in Pixel
Authors: Lin Baiquan , Xi Kerui , Su Ping , Ouyang Junting , Jia Zhenyu , Li Wei , Wang Linzhi , Cui Tingting , Wang Yi , Qin Feng
Published: February 2021

This paper presented a new design of boost circuit in pixel, which could meet the demand for high driving voltage in some special applications and avoid the increasing cost caused by using chips with high‐voltage output. The main circuit of pixel unit contained 3 TFTs and 3 capacitors. Compared with conventional TFT‐LCD, 2 new kinds of signals were added. 1 clock signal was shared by all pixels and 1 additional scanning signal was designed for each row. Through reasonable circuit parameters and timing design, the circuit scheme proposed in this paper could achieve effective boost. The simulation showed the pixel voltage was increased by 60%, compared with the voltage provided by the data line. In the actual sample verification, the voltage was increased by 50%. Therefore, the feasibility of circuit function was verified. Details of design, simulation and verification would be introduced in the text.
P‐1.8: High Performance ZnO Thin Film Transistors on Flexible Substrate with Process Temperature No More Than 100 °C
Authors: Dong Junchen , Li Qi , Han Dedong , Wang Yi , Zhang Xing
Published: February 2021

Herein, ZnO thin film transistors (TFTs) are fabricated on a flexible substrate with process temperature no more than 100 □. It is notable that the ZnO TFTs show preferable hysteresis and ouput characteristics with a field effect mobility (μFE) of 18 cm2V−1s−1 and an on‐to‐off curr ent ratio (Ion/Ioff) over 106. Our findings provide a novel route for fabrication of high‐performance flexible oxide TFTs.
P‐1.9: The Effect of Lateral Capacitance on Flat‐Panel Display with Gate Driver Circuits Integrated in Active Area
Authors: Xu Shangjun , Wang Mingxin , Wang Zhijun , Zhou Liufei , Shu Yang , Yuan Ling , Bian Cunjian , Fei Mi , Wang Lizhong , Wang Huaipei , Liu Deyu
Published: February 2021

A highly integrated display panel, in which gate driving circuit was totally integrated in active area, was designed and lit up. The issue of this panel, caused by lateral capacitance between clock signal line and source line, was studied systemically. The results provide reference for the development of higher integrated and more intelligent panel in the future.
P‐1.14: An a‐IGZO TFT AMOLED Pixel Circuit with Source Follower Structure to Alleviate Hysteresis Effect
Authors: Peng Zhichao , Liao Congwei , An Junjun , Yang Jiwen , Suyama Toru , Nakagawa Hirofumi , Zhang Shengdong
Published: February 2021

In this work, we proposed a voltage‐programmed AMOLED pixel circuit using amorphous InGaZnO thin‐film transistors (a‐IGZO TFTs). For every display frame, thanks to the capacitive coupling method, the gate‐source voltage of the driving transistor is programmed through a zero to a positive value process, i.e. a unipolar sweeping direction is maintained for the driving transistor, to suppress the electrical hysteresis effects. In addition, the threshold voltage variation of the driving transistor can also be compensated through a source follower structure. Simulation results indicate that the relative current error is less than 30% for threshold voltage variations of ± 0.4 V.
P‐2.4: The Study of periodic streaks caused by the difference width of black matrix
Authors: Ding Tengfei , Wei Zhan , Xue Hailin , Chen Xi , Zhan Hongming , Wang Shijun , Feng Bo , Wang Yang
Published: February 2021

Due to the difference width of black matrix (BM) in the longitudinal direction, the screen has periodic vertical lines in observation at the place 20 cm from display. The V‐line to the human eyes was visible, but it cannot be captured by the instrument, like the microscope and camera. The phenomenon of periodic V‐lines disappeared, when reduce the difference of the BM width. From the experiment, we found that just notice different trend of that tested from the experiment and calculated by Barten CSF is the same, but numerical value is mismatch. After the normalization processing Barten CSF model, We could calculate that the screen brightness difference whose BM unmodified can be human recognition, while the screen brightness difference whose BM modified to the human eyes is invisible.
P‐3.2: Design of waveguide system using one dimension slant grating and two dimension grating
Authors: Guo Xiaoming , Huang Hao , Song Qiang , Ma Guobin , Xu Hengshen , HU Yueqiang , Duan HuiGao
Published: February 2021

In recent years, augmented reality(AR) technology has gained much attention due to its disruptive and revolutionary nature. Thanks to the advanced nano‐imprint lithographic technique, diffractive waveguide based display becomes research hotspot. There are three main types of diffractive waveguide including one dimension grating, two dimension grating, and volume holography. In this paper, we proposed that one dimension slant grating is used as in‐coupling grating, and two dimension grating is used as outcoupling grating, so the ratio of out‐coupling grating area could be larger. We analyze the diffractive orders of out‐coupling grating in K domain. In waveguide, uniformity of field of view and moving eyebox (MEB) is critical to image quality. In this work, a multi‐objective particle swarm algorithm is conducted to optimize slant grating for better uniformity of MEB and field of view(FOV). In addition, We also proposed a symmetrical and radiate partitions of out‐coupling grating for better uniformity of MEB. The waveguide design was verified using VirtualLab Fusion In the last, polarization state of the waveguide system are analyzed.
P‐4.3: A Timekeeping Compensation Algorithm for OLED Luminance Attenuation
Authors: Ouyang Junting , Yang Yang , Lyu Bojia , Peng DZ , Kong Xiangzi , Lin Baiquan , Yang Kang
Published: February 2021

As we know, OLED has a short lifetime compared with LCD, due to its material characteristic[1], which leads to a fact that improved performance of lifetime in OLED display , especially vehicle OLED products is one of the most important factors in display market development of OLED. In this paper, a novel algorithm for luminance attenuation in OLED was proposed, using the method of statistical regularity.
P‐4.8: Researching on Color Shift of Wide View Angle at Dark State
Authors: Huang Jianhua , Qu Yingying , Sun Zhihua , Liao Yanping , Lee Seungmin , Shao Xibin
Published: February 2021

With the development of large‐scale displays, higher requirements are put forward for large view angle. Color shift of wide view at dark state is an important part of evaluating the quality of large size LCD panels. In this paper, the effects of the following four aspects are studied: liquid crystal orientation pretilt angle, liquid crystal alignment deviation angle, deviation angle of polarizer attached, polarizer's retardation. In this paper, the improvement measures are proposed.
P‐4.10: Simulation Algorithm of Industrial Defects based on Generative Adversarial Network
Authors: Wang Anni , Zhang Shengsen , Chen Chunxu , Zheng Zengqiang
Published: February 2021

Due to the application of deep learning method, defect detection in the industrial field is no longer limited to the traditional machine vision algorithm. However, the dependency of deep learning on samples and the lack of defect samples during industrial detection process are urgent problems that need to be solved. Based on Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) network, this paper proposes a defect sample simulation generation algorithm for industrial defect. Based on the characteristics of industrial defects, this paper first extracts the samples, intercepts the specific defects according to the location, and then uses the StyleGAN network training to generate the model. Then, based on the corresponding model of location information, new samples are generated. Finally, according to the generated samples and location information, we provide a typical image fusion method to generate the final samples. Through the simulation experiment of panel defects, the algorithm proposed in this paper can achieve the generation and fusion of defects, and form a new sample data set for use.
P‐5.1: A Smart Timing Controller Adaptive to Any Panel with Any Interface
Authors: Feng Bob , Yuan Michael , Li Xinglong
Published: February 2021

This paper presents an innovative smart TCON design using Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices. Instead of facing a massive challenge to deal with a large number of ASICs or ASSPs, a single FPGA is chosen based upon a resolution and refresh rate determined performance need. Leveraging its expanding logic programmability and performance, vendor and panel specific color volume conversion can be achieved with high efficiency. With its IO programmability, various video interfaces can be accommodated. The FPGA TCON is very adaptable to different panels and vendors.
P‐5.3: Research on Driving Method of Oxide TFT Liquid Crystal Panel Based on TED Scheme
Authors: Li Jie , Yang Wei , Liu Xuan , Yao Jiajun
Published: February 2021

A 13.3“FHD 60Hz Oxide TFT‐LCD with MUX3 have been developed using TED Scheme. Since the high mobility of oxide TFT,2 MUX schemes and 3 MUX driving method has been analyzed in TED Scheme. Display performance and Cost and Power consumption benefit from new MUX Driving Method with compensation. Due to material saving design in ted, the assembly material can be changed from PCB to only FPC. And the Screen‐to‐Body Ratio of Notebook can achieve from 70% up to 92% with TED IC by MUX3 design.
P‐5.6: 5um Micro‐LED Display Adopting Mass Transfer Technology and Characteristics of GaN Micro‐LED on it
Authors: Wang MingXin , Gao Wei , Wang Zhijun , Zhou Liufei , Wu Jun , Huang Hongtao , Xu Shangjun , Zhu Jinghui , Zhu Chongpei
Published: February 2021

In this paper, we present a Micro‐LED panel research results. We have developed Micro‐LED devices with a minimum of 5um. The photoelectric performance of Micro‐LED devices far exceeds that of OLED and other existing display components. Many characteristic changes occur after miniaturization of devices, which cannot be explained by traditional classical models.
P‐6.2: A Defect Defense Approach of Integrated Database Based on Over‐Etched Defect
Authors: Yang Cheng Yu , Zhou Xingdong
Published: February 2021

The aluminum line overetched defect might be called as undercut PR Hole, etc by different manufacturers. The defect of this case study mainly shows a hole found on the aluminum line after stripper process but there is no any tracable symptom before the ending of dry etch process. That is, it seems no means to prevent or to found the root cause.

A defect defense approach via cleanroom air quality database based integrated with TFT manufacturing processes air sampling characteristics of manufacturing chemicals cleanroom circulation and air flow pattern is proposed to demostrate how to figure out the root cause of aluminum line overetched defect, which found after stripper.

Via the aid of proposed approach, the analysis shows the defect arises from the cross contamination between photo PVD and stripper process and the cross contamination comes from manufacturing layout cleanroom circulation and air flow pattern.
P‐8.4: Holographic Color Display by Controlling the Spectral Components in A Continuous White Light Source
Authors: Fan ShaoHua , Song Zhe , Wang ShiHao , Chen AoBei , Fan YueJie , Yang Xin
Published: February 2021

Holographic color display is realized with white light as illumination by controlling the spectral components in frequency domain. Spectral components control method using the parameters of existing high resolution spatial light modulator (SLM) is demonstrated. An optical system including a white light source, an achromatic collimating lens, a high resolution spatial light modulator, a 4f optical filtering system and an achromatic lens as eyepiece is designed and developed for holographic color display. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is proved by experiments.
P‐12.2: Inkjet‐printed Quantum‐dots Photopolymers for Full‐color Micro‐LED Displays
Authors: Lin Yonghong , Chang Yu-Wei , Hyun Byung-Ryool , Sher Chin-Wei , Kuo Hao-Chung , Liu Zhaojun
Published: February 2021

Quantum dots (QDs)‐based color‐conversion micro‐LED displays require simple and cost‐effective technology to remove blue excitation light. We demonstrate a simple process to remove the residual blue light from the color conversion layer by using QDs inkjet printing. It is found that the printed QDs films with the thickness of a few μm can effectively remove the blue excitation light as well as working as the color‐conversion layer.
P‐12.6: Investigation of Volumetric Three‐Dimensional Display Technologies
Authors: Yan Gewei , Li Jiayi , Zhao Chenxi , Lu Zengxiang , Liu Zhaojun
Published: February 2021

The three‐dimensional display is an important future land for the display industry. To reach a three‐dimensional display, several methods have been improved. For volumetric three‐dimensional display, due to a physical three‐dimensional display volume, the three‐dimensional image can provide an all‐around viewing without wearing any equipment. This article reviews several volumetric display methods using solid‐state volumetric display technology, free‐space volumetric technology, swept volume display technology combined with light field display technology. We discuss the benefits of using various display mediums and structure for a good performance in different situations.
P‐12.7: Application of Micro‐LED in Visible Light Communication
Authors: Zhao Chenxi , Li Weizeng , Yan Gewei , Liu Zhaojun
Published: February 2021

This article reviews a few modulations commonly used in visible light communication with their recent development, explain why applying micro‐LED will benefit the speed, accuracy, secrecy, and how it will expand the application scenarios of visible light communication.
P‐13.5: The impact of Gate Loading on Image Quality for large & middle size AM‐OLED display devices
Authors: Guobo Yang , Haijun Qiu , Weiyun Huang , Yuqing Yang , Yue Long , Yao, Huang , Xiping Li , Yuanyou Qiu , Kaipeng Sun , Zhuolin Jiang , Chao Zeng
Published: February 2021

This paper is aimed to study the effect on large and middle size AMOLED display device by gate loading. We discovered the reason for color shift Mura at low grey level through a series of DOE and simulation, and present several efficient solutions. Also we provide the formula of luminance and chromatic coordinate to estimate the Mura level, that can be generalized.
P‐13.11: A 5.5 inch AMOLED Mirror Display
Authors: Chen Deng-Yun , Tian Xue-Yang , Qu Cai-Yu , Zhu Jian-Chao , Liu Ming-Li , Feng Ke , Yu Yang , Zhao Meng , Zhang Hui-Juan , Li liang-jian , Liu Zheng , Kao Shanchen , Wang Dawei
Published: February 2021

AMOLED mirror display, with a mirror integrated on the AMOLED panel, was fabricated for the first time. The metal mirror structure, aluminum layer as an example, was developed on the top of encapsulation layer using lithography technology. High quality of mirror effect was represented on a 5.5 AMOLED panel without degradation of display characteristics.
P‐15.2: Embedded, Alkanethiolate‐Capped Silver Nanowires for High‐Performance, Chemically Stable Flexible Transparent Electrodes
Authors: Liu Gui-Shi , Luo Yunhan , Yang Bo-Ru
Published: February 2021

The next‐generation of optoelectronic devices requires transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs) that have well optoelectronic properties and flexibility, together with corrosion resistance and compatibility with large‐scale manufacturing. Here, embedded silver nanowires (AgNWs) with alkanethiolate self‐assembled monolayers (SAM) toward high‐performance TCE are designed via a roll‐to‐roll (R2R) compatible transferring process. A modified polyethylene glycol terephthalate (PET) coated with AgNWs was selectively decorated to lower polar surface energy, followed by roller‐compressing, so that the AgNWs were totally transferred and embedded into the outer surface of an epoxy resin. The exposed surfaces of the embedded AgNWs were further capped with monolayers of methyl terminated alkyl chain via the strong Ag‐S bonds, which does not degrade the conductivity, but offers a remarkable oxidation and corrosion resistance. Besides the chemical stability, the composite film also exhibits superior optoelectronic properties, ultra‐smooth surface, strong adhesion, and excellent mechanical flexibility. With these merits, an all‐in‐one flexible touch panel (TP) enabling multi‐touch was demonstrated by using the AgNWs composite film.
Second language motivational self system of sixth graders in Turkey: A correlational study
Authors: Arslan Tuğba , Çiftçi Hatime
Published: February 2021

Investigating the foreign and second language (L2) motivational self system (L2MSS) of Turkish sixth graders, this study reports relationships among three components (ideal L2 self, ought‐to L2 self, and L2 learning experience) of the L2MSS and the variables of school type (public and private), gender, and intended effort. Data were collected from 170 students in two public and two private secondary schools in northwestern Turkey through a questionnaire. The results of correlation analysis indicate a strong positive correlation between ideal L2 self and L2 learning experience, and the variables of school type and gender did not make a difference. Intended effort was found to have a strong positive correlation with these L2MSS components. The results of multiple regression analysis provide further evidence for especially intended effort as a significant predictor of L2MSS, whereas the school type and gender did not contribute to the system. The major implications of the study and future research possibilities are discussed.
The measurable angular distribution of $$ {\Lambda}_b^0\to {\Lambda}_c^{+}\left(\to {\Lambda}^0{\pi}^{+}\right){\tau}^{-}\left(\to {\pi}^{-}{v}_{\tau}\right){\overline{v}}_{\tau } $$ decay
Authors: Hu Quan-Yi , Li Xin-Qiang , Yang Ya-Dong , Zheng Dong-Hui
Published: February 2021

Abstract

In $$ {\Lambda}_b^0\to {\Lambda}_c^{+}\left(\to {\Lambda}^0{\pi}^{+}\right){\tau}^{-}{\overline{v}}_{\tau } $$

Λ
b
0

→

Λ
c
+

→

Λ
0

π
+

τ
−

v
¯

τ

decay, the solid angle of the final-state particle τ− cannot be determined precisely since the decay products of the τ− include an undetected ντ. Therefore, the angular distribution of this decay cannot be measured. In this work, we construct a measurable angular distribution by considering the subsequent decay τ−→ π−ντ. The full cascade decay is $$ {\Lambda}_b^0\to {\Lambda}_c^{+}\left(\to {\Lambda}^0{\pi}^{+}\right){\tau}^{-}\left(\to {\pi}^{-}{v}_{\tau}\right){\overline{v}}_{\tau } $$

Λ
b
0

→

Λ
c
+

→

Λ
0

π
+

τ
−

→

π
−

v
τ

v
¯

τ

. The three-momenta of the final-state particles Λ0, π+, and π− can be measured. Considering all Lorentz structures of the new physics (NP) effective operators and an unpolarized initial Λb state, the five-fold differential angular distribution can be expressed in terms of ten angular observables $$ {\mathcal{K}}_i\left({q}^2,{E}_{\pi}\right) $$

K
i

q
2

E
π

. By integrating over some of the five kinematic parameters, we define a number of observables, such as the Λc spin polarization $$ {P}_{\Lambda_c}\left({q}^2\right) $$

P

Λ
c

q
2

and the forward-backward asymmetry of π− meson AFB(q2), both of which can be represented by the angular observables $$ {\hat{\mathcal{K}}}_i\left({q}^2\right) $$

K
̂

i

q
2

. We provide numerical results for the entire set of the angular observables $$ {\hat{\mathcal{K}}}_i\left({q}^2\right) $$

K
̂

i

q
2

and $$ {\hat{\mathcal{K}}}_i $$

K
̂

i

both within the Standard Model and in some NP scenarios, which are a variety of best-fit solutions in seven different NP hypotheses. We find that the NP which can resolve the anomalies in $$ \overline{B}\to {D}^{\left(\ast \right)}{\tau}^{-}{\overline{v}}_{\tau } $$

B
¯

→

D

∗

τ
−

v
¯

τ

decays has obvious effects on the angular observables $$ {\hat{\mathcal{K}}}_i\left({q}^2\right) $$

K
̂

i

q
2

, except $$ {\hat{\mathcal{K}}}_{1 ss}\left({q}^2\right) $$

K
̂

1
ss

q
2

and $$ {\hat{\mathcal{K}}}_{1 cc}\left({q}^2\right) $$

K
̂

1
cc

q
2

.
Symmetries of the 2HDM: an invariant formulation and consequences
Authors: Ferreira P. M. , Grzadkowski B. , Ogreid O. M. , Osland P.
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Symmetries of the Two-Higgs-Doublet Model (2HDM) potential that can be extended to the whole Lagrangian, i.e. the CP-symmetries CP1, CP2, CP3 and the Higgs-family symmetries Z2, U(1) and SO(3) are discussed. Sufficient and necessary conditions in terms of constraints on masses and physical couplings for the potential to respect each of these symmetries are found. Each symmetry can be realized through several alternative cases, each case being a set of relations among physical parameters. We will show that some of those relations are invariant under the renormalization group, but others are not. The cases corresponding to each symmetry group are illustrated by analyzing the interplay between the potential and the vacuum expectation values.
In silico comparison of pharmacokinetic properties of three extended half-life factor IX concentrates
Authors: Preijers Tim , Bukkems Laura , van Spengler Max , Leebeek Frank , Cnossen Marjon , Mathôt Ron
Published: February 2021

Purpose

Pharmacokinetic (PK) differences between the extended half-life (EHL) factor IX (FIX) concentrates for hemophilia B exist, which may influence hemostatic efficacy of replacement therapy in patients. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the PK properties of three EHL-FIX concentrates and compare them to a standard half-life (SHL) recombinant FIX (rFIX) concentrate.

Methods

Activity-time profiles of PEGylated FIX (N9-GP), FIX linked with human albumin (rIX-FP), FIX coupled to human IgG1 Fc-domain (rFIXFc), and SHL rFIX were simulated for 10,000 patients during steady-state dosing of 40 IU/kg once weekly (EHL-FIX) and biweekly (rFIX) using published concentrate specific population PK models.

Results

Half-lives were respectively 80, 104, and 82 h for N9-GP, rIX-FP, and rFIXFc versus 22 h for rFIX. Between the EHL concentrates, exposure was different with area under the curve (AUC) values of 78.5, 49.6, and 12.1 IU/h/mL and time above FIX target values of 0.10 IU/mL of 168, 168, and 36 h for N9-GP, rIX-FP, and rFIXFc, respectively. N9-GP produced the highest median in vivo recovery value (1.70 IU/dL per IU/kg) compared with 1.18, 1.00, and 1.05 IU/dL per IU/kg for rIX-FP, rFIXFc, and rFIX, respectively.

Conclusions

When comparing EHL products, not only half-life but also exposure must be considered. In addition, variation in extravascular distribution of the FIX concentrates must be taken into account. This study provides insight into the different PK properties of these concentrates and may aid in determination of dosing regimens of EHL-FIX concentrates in real-life.
Individualisierte Therapieplanung mithilfe des Gewichtsmappings bei Anorexia nervosa
Authors: Peters Kathrin , Rauh Elisabeth
Published: February 2021

Die Anorexia nervosa ist eine seltene, schwerwiegende Erkrankung, deren Therapie bislang oft nur mäßig wirksam ist. Stagnierende Verläufe oder ein erhebliches Auf und Ab in der Gewichtsentwicklung zwischen stationären Behandlungen und dem häuslichen Transfer sind verbreitet und können stationäre Aufnahmen bzw. Wiederaufnahmen notwendig machen. Im Folgenden werden daher Techniken des Gewichtsmappings vorgestellt, die eine individualisierte Therapieplanung ermöglichen. Hierzu zählt zum einen die retrospektive Analyse des Lifecharts, in der die Gewichtsentwicklung über die Lebenspanne aufgezeigt wird und die damit Schweregrad der Essstörung, Krankheitsdauer und -verlauf sowie transdiagnostisch relevante Prozesse veranschaulichen kann. Zum anderen gehört dazu die prospektive Technik des Gewichtsmappings, die in einem standardisierten Vorgehen die individuell relevanten Gewichtsmarker erfasst und visualisiert. Diese diagnostischen Informationen können eine personalisierte Therapieplanung unterstützen, die sowohl den Zeitverlauf als auch den Schwierigkeitsgrad des Bewältigungsprozesses antizipiert. Mithilfe der Techniken des Gewichtsmanagements kann die Expositionsbehandlung zielgerichtet therapeutisch angeleitet und begleitet werden. Dabei werden die Arbeit mit Intervallmodulen und ihre Rolle für eine bewältigungsorientierte Expositionsbehandlung diskutiert.
A deep learning algorithm using CT images to screen for Corona virus disease (COVID-19)
Authors: Wang Shuai , Kang Bo , Ma Jinlu , Zeng Xianjun , Xiao Mingming , Guo Jia , Cai Mengjiao , Yang Jingyi , Li Yaodong , Meng Xiangfei , Xu Bo
Published: February 2021

Objective

The outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2) has caused more than 26 million cases of Corona virus disease (COVID-19) in the world so far. To control the spread of the disease, screening large numbers of suspected cases for appropriate quarantine and treatment are a priority. Pathogenic laboratory testing is typically the gold standard, but it bears the burden of significant false negativity, adding to the urgent need of alternative diagnostic methods to combat the disease. Based on COVID-19 radiographic changes in CT images, this study hypothesized that artificial intelligence methods might be able to extract specific graphical features of COVID-19 and provide a clinical diagnosis ahead of the pathogenic test, thus saving critical time for disease control.

Methods

We collected 1065 CT images of pathogen-confirmed COVID-19 cases along with those previously diagnosed with typical viral pneumonia. We modified the inception transfer-learning model to establish the algorithm, followed by internal and external validation.

Results

The internal validation achieved a total accuracy of 89.5% with a specificity of 0.88 and sensitivity of 0.87. The external testing dataset showed a total accuracy of 79.3% with a specificity of 0.83 and sensitivity of 0.67. In addition, in 54 COVID-19 images, the first two nucleic acid test results were negative, and 46 were predicted as COVID-19 positive by the algorithm, with an accuracy of 85.2%.

Conclusion

These results demonstrate the proof-of-principle for using artificial intelligence to extract radiological features for timely and accurate COVID-19 diagnosis.

Key Points

• The study evaluated the diagnostic performance of a deep learning algorithm using CT images to screen for COVID-19 during the influenza season.

• As a screening method, our model achieved a relatively high sensitivity on internal and external CT image datasets.

• The model was used to distinguish between COVID-19 and other typical viral pneumonia, both of which have quite similar radiologic characteristics.
Sleep duration and problem behaviour in 8-year-old children in the Childhood Obesity Project
Authors: Guerlich Kathrin , Gruszfeld Dariusz , Czech-Kowalska Justyna , Ferré Natàlia , Closa-Monasterolo Ricardo , Martin Françoise , Poncelet Pascale , Verduci Elvira , Koletzko Berthold , Grote Veit
Published: February 2021

There is growing evidence that insufficient sleep has negative effects on the mental health of children. The aim of this study is to examine the associations between device-measured sleep duration and internalizing and externalizing problems in 8-year-old children. The study is a secondary analysis of data from the Childhood Obesity Project conducted in five European countries. Nocturnal sleep duration was measured with the SenseWear™ Armband 2. Parents rated their child’s internalizing and externalizing problems on the Child Behaviour Checklist. Behaviour scores were dichotomized at the 90th percentile based on sex- and country-specific z-scores. Logistic regression models were applied to test the associations between sleep duration and behaviour. Data were available for 406 8-year-old children. The average sleep duration was 9.25 h per night (SD: 0.67) with 1464 nights measured in total. The sleep duration recommendation of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine for school-aged children (9–12 h) was met by 66.7% of children. One hour of additional sleep per night significantly reduced the risk of having internalizing problems (adjusted OR = 0.51; 95% CI 0.29–0.91). Children who adhered to the sleep duration recommendation had a lower risk for internalizing problems (adjusted OR = 0.45; 95% CI 0.21–0.99). Sleep duration and externalizing problems showed no significant association. Longer sleep duration was associated with a reduced risk of having internalizing problems but not externalizing problems. Results highlight that it is important to ensure adequate sleep duration throughout primary-school years for the optimal emotional health of children. Trial registration number: NCT00338689. Registered: June 19, 2006.
Inanspruchnahme von Notaufnahmen durch sog. Mehrfachnutzer/-innen: Ergebnisse einer prospektiven Studie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Migrationsstatus
Authors: David Matthias , Richter Rolf , Naghavi Baharan , Borde Theda , Razum Oliver , Somasundaram Rajan , Stein Hendrike , Sehouli Jalid
Published: February 2021

Fragestellung

Welche prädiktiven Faktoren lassen sich für die Gruppe der sog. Mehrfachnutzer (MFN; 4 und mehr Inanspruchnahmen einer Notaufnahme [NA] in den letzten 12 Monaten) finden? Sind Personen mit Migrationshintergrund häufiger in die Gruppe der MFN einzuordnen?

Methodik

Konsekutive Patienten, die von Juli 2017 bis Juli 2018 drei Klinik-NA in Berlin aufsuchten. Mittels Fragebogen Erfassung von Erkrankungen, Gründen für den NA-Besuch und sozioökonomischen Faktoren. Die Unterschiede zwischen Migranten (1. Generation), ihren Nachkommen (2. Generation) und Nichtmigranten wurden mithilfe der logistischen Regression bewertet.

Ergebnisse

2339 Patienten konnten in die Auswertung einbezogen werden (Rücklaufrate 56 %), davon hatten 901 einen Migrationshintergrund. Bei jungen Frauen (<30 Jahre), chronisch Kranken, Schwangeren, Patientinnen und Patienten mit starken Beschwerden und Personen mit (selbsteingeschätzter) mittlerer und schlechter „Gesundheitsqualität“ sowie solchen ohne ärztliche Zuweisung war die Chance für eine Mehrfachnutzung der NA größer.

Schlussfolgerung

MFN belasten das ohnehin zunehmende Patientenvolumen von NA. Sie stellen jedoch eine heterogene Patientengruppe dar, unter der Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund nicht häufiger vertreten sind. Weitere Untersuchungen sind erforderlich, um die Faktoren, die zu einer häufigen Inanspruchnahme führen, besser zu verstehen und wirksame Strategien zu entwickeln, um den komplexen Gesundheitsbedürfnissen von MFN gerecht zu werden.
Surgical management of choroid plexus papilloma of the cerebellopontine and cerebellomedullary angle: classification and strategy
Authors: Adib S. D. , Hempel J. M. , Kandilaris K. , Grimm F. , Zamora R. Evangelista , Tatagiba M.
Published: February 2021

Choroid plexus papillomas (CPPs) are primary neuroectodermal neoplasms that usually arise in the fourth ventricle in adults. In this study, we present 12 patients with CPP arising from the cerebellopontine angle (CPP-CPA) and/or of the cerebellomedullary angle (CPP-CMA) that were treated in our department. Patients who underwent surgery for the treatment for CPP-CPA/CMA from January 2004 to March 2020 were identified by a computer search of their files from the Department of Neurosurgery, Tübingen. CPPs were classified according to their location into type 1 (tumor portion only in the CPA,), type 2 (tumor portions only in the CMA), and type 3 (tumor portions both in the CPA and CMA). Patients were evaluated for initial symptoms, previous therapies in other hospitals, extent of tumor resection, recurrence rate, and complications by reviewing patient documents. Of approximately 1500 CPA lesions, which were surgically treated in our department in the last 16 years, 12 patients (mean age 42 ± 19 years) were found to have CPP-CPA/CMA. Five were male, and seven were female patients. Gross total resection was achieved in nine cases, and a subtotal resection was attained in three cases. Tumor recurrence in the same location after the first surgery in our hospital was observed in 2 patients after 15 and 40 months of follow-up, and in another patient, distant metastases (C3/4 and L3 levels) were observed. Surgical removal of CPP is the treatment of choice, but additional therapeutic options may be necessary in case of remnant tumor portions, recurrence, or malignant transformation.
The Diagnosis of Autism: From Kanner to DSM-III to DSM-5 and Beyond
Authors: Rosen Nicole E. , Lord Catherine , Volkmar Fred R.
Published: February 2021

In this paper we review the impact of DSM-III and its successors on the field of autism—both in terms of clinical work and research. We summarize the events leading up to the inclusion of autism as a “new” official diagnostic category in DSM-III, the subsequent revisions of the DSM, and the impact of the official recognition of autism on research. We discuss the uses of categorical vs. dimensional approaches and the continuing tensions around broad vs. narrow views of autism. We also note some areas of current controversy and directions for the future.
4D Chern–Simons theory and affine Gaudin models
Authors: Vicedo Benoît
Published: February 2021

We relate two formalisms recently proposed for describing classical integrable field theories. The first (Costello and Yamazaki in Gauge Theory and Integrability, III, 2019) is based on the action of four-dimensional Chern–Simons theory introduced and studied by Costello, Witten and Yamazaki. The second (Costello and Yamazaki, in Gauge Theory and Integrability, III, 2017) makes use of classical generalised Gaudin models associated with untwisted affine Kac–Moody algebras.
Robust regression with compositional covariates including cellwise outliers
Authors: Štefelová Nikola , Alfons Andreas , Palarea-Albaladejo Javier , Filzmoser Peter , Hron Karel
Published: February 2021

We propose a robust procedure to estimate a linear regression model with compositional and real-valued explanatory variables. The proposed procedure is designed to be robust against individual outlying cells in the data matrix (cellwise outliers), as well as entire outlying observations (rowwise outliers). Cellwise outliers are first filtered and then imputed by robust estimates. Afterwards, rowwise robust compositional regression is performed to obtain model coefficient estimates. Simulations show that the procedure generally outperforms a traditional rowwise-only robust regression method (MM-estimator). Moreover, our procedure yields better or comparable results to recently proposed cellwise robust regression methods (shooting S-estimator, 3-step regression) while it is preferable for interpretation through the use of appropriate coordinate systems for compositional data. An application to bio-environmental data reveals that the proposed procedure—compared to other regression methods—leads to conclusions that are best aligned with established scientific knowledge.
Inequality in late colonial Indonesia: new evidence on regional differences
Authors: de Zwart Pim
Published: February 2021

This paper adds to a growing literature that charts and explains inequality levels in pre-industrial societies. On the basis of a wide variety of primary documents, the degree of inequality is estimated for 32 different residencies, the largest administrative units and comparable to present-day provinces, of late colonial Indonesia. Four different measures of inequality (the Gini, Theil, Inequality Extraction Rate and Top Income Rate) are employed that show consistent results. Variation in inequality levels across late colonial Indonesia is very large, and some residencies have much higher levels of inequality (with, for example, Ginis above 60) than others (with Ginis below 30). This suggests that even within a single colony, levels of inequality may vary substantially and this puts some doubts on the representativeness of using a single number to capture the level of inequality in a large economy. In order to explain the variation across residencies and over time, this paper investigates the role of exports and plantations, so frequently mentioned in the literature. It is shown that both explain a part of the variation in levels of inequality across colonial Indonesia, but that only the rise of plantations can explain changes in inequality levels over time. This points to the importance of the institutional context in which global export trade takes place for the rise of inequality.
QANOVA: quantile-based permutation methods for general factorial designs
Authors: Ditzhaus Marc , Fried Roland , Pauly Markus
Published: February 2021

Population means and standard deviations are the most common estimands to quantify effects in factorial layouts. In fact, most statistical procedures in such designs are built toward inferring means or contrasts thereof. For more robust analyses, we consider the population median, the interquartile range (IQR) and more general quantile combinations as estimands in which we formulate null hypotheses and calculate compatible confidence regions. Based upon simultaneous multivariate central limit theorems and corresponding resampling results, we derive asymptotically correct procedures in general, potentially heteroscedastic, factorial designs with univariate endpoints. Special cases cover robust tests for the population median or the IQR in arbitrary crossed one-, two- and higher-way layouts with potentially heteroscedastic error distributions. In extensive simulations, we analyze their small sample properties and also conduct an illustrating data analysis comparing children’s height and weight from different countries.
Neurodevelopmental Trajectories and Psychiatric Morbidity: Lessons Learned From the 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome
Authors: Fiksinski Ania M. , Schneider Maude , Zinkstok Janneke , Baribeau Danielle , Chawner Samuel J. R. A. , Vorstman Jacob A. S.
Published: February 2021

Purpose of Review

The 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) is associated with a broad spectrum of neurodevelopmental phenotypes and is the strongest known single genetic risk factor for schizophrenia. Compared to other rare structural pathogenic genetic variants, 22q11DS is relatively common and one of the most extensively studied. This review provides a state-of-the-art overview of current insights regarding associated neurodevelopmental phenotypes and potential implications for 22q11DS and beyond.

Recent Findings

We will first discuss recent findings with respect to neurodevelopmental phenotypic expression associated with 22q11DS, including psychotic disorders, intellectual functioning, autism spectrum disorders, as well as their interactions. Second, we will address considerations that are important in interpreting these data and propose potential implications for both the clinical care for and the empirical study of individuals with 22q11DS. Third, we will highlight variable penetrance and pleiotropy with respect to neurodevelopmental phenotypes in 22q11DS. We will discuss how these phenomena are consistently observed in the context of virtually all rare pathogenic variants and that they pose substantial challenges from both a clinical and a research perspective.

We outline how 22q11DS could be viewed as a genetic model for studying neurodevelopmental phenotypes. In addition, we propose that 22q11DS research can help elucidate mechanisms underlying variable expression and pleiotropy of neurodevelopmental phenotypes, insights that are likely relevant for 22q11DS and beyond, including for individuals with other rare pathogenic genetic variants and for individuals with idiopathic neurodevelopmental conditions.