Long Term Health Consequences of COVID-19 in Hospitalized Patients from North India: A follow up study of upto 12 months
Authors: Budhiraja Sandeep , Aggarwal Mona , Wig Rebecca , Tyagi Akansha , Mishra RS , Mahajan Monica , Kirtani Jay , Tickoo Rommel , Bali Supriya , Dewan Arun , Aggarwal Ritesh , Saxena Prashant , Singh Namrita , Kumar Ashok , Chugh I. M. , Aneja Pankaj , Dhall Sanjay , Boobna Vandana , Arora Vineet , Jha Sujeet , Indrayan Abhaya 
Published: June 2021

Background

Long-COVID syndrome is now a real and pressing public health concern. We cannot reliably predict who will recover quickly or suffer with mild debilitating long COVID-19 symptoms or battle life-threatening complications. In order to address some of these questions, we studied the presence of symptoms and various correlates in COVID-19 patients who were discharged from hospital, 3 months and up to 12 months after acute COVID-19 illness.

Methods

This is an observational follow-up study of RT-PCR confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted at 3 hospitals in north India between April – August 2020. Patients were interviewed telephonically using a questionnaire regarding the post-COVID symptoms. The first tele-calling was done in the month of September 2020, which corresponded to 4-16 weeks after disease onset. All those who reported presence of long COVID symptoms, were followed-up with a second call, in the month of March 2021, corresponding to around 9-12 months after the onset of disease.

Results

Of 990 patients who responded to the first call, 615 (62.2%) had mild illness, 227 (22.9%) had moderate and 148 (15.0%) had severe COVID-19 illness at the time of admission. Nearly 40% (399) of these 990 patients reported at least one symptom at that time. Of these 399 long-COVID patients, 311 (almost 78%) responded to the second follow-up. Nearly 8% reported ongoing symptomatic COVID, lasting 1-3 months and 32% patients having post-COVID phase with symptoms lasting 3-12 months. Nearly 11% patients continued to have at least one symptom even at the time of the second interview (9-12 months after the disease onset). Overall, we observed Long-COVID in almost 40% of our study group. Incidence of the symptoms in both the follow-ups remained almost same across age-groups, gender, severity of illness at admission and presence of comorbidity, with no significant association with any of them. Most common symptoms experienced in long COVID phase in our cohort were fatigue, myalgia, neuro-psychiatric symptoms like depression, anxiety, “brain fog” and sleep disorder, and breathlessness. Fatigue was found to be significantly more often reported in the elderly population and in those patients who had a severe COVID-19 illness at the time of admission. Persistence of breathlessness was also reported significantly more often in those who had severe disease at the onset. The overall median duration of long COVID symptoms was 16.9 weeks with inter-quartile range of 12.4 to 35.6 weeks. The duration of symptom resolution was not associated with age, gender or comorbidity but was significantly associated with severity of illness at the time of admission (P=0.006).

Conclusions

Long-COVID is now being recognized as a new disease entity, which includes a constellation of symptoms. Long-COVID was in almost 40% of our study group with no correlation to age, gender, comorbidities or to the disease severity. The duration of symptom resolution was significantly associated with severity of illness at the time of admission (P = 0.006). In our study, all patients reported minor symptoms such as fatigue, myalgia, neuro-psychiatric symptoms like depression, anxiety, “brain fog” and sleep disorder and persistence of breathlessness. Severe organ damage was not reported by our subjects. This might be the longest post-COVID follow-up study on a sample of nearly 1000 cases from India.