bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The More Things Change the More They Stay the Same? A Response to the Audit Commission’s Report on Statutory Assessment and Statements of SEN
Authors: Florian Lani
Published: May 2003

This article provides a response to some of the issues raised by Anne Pinney’s summary, published in the September issue of BJSE, of the Audit Commission’s report on statutory assessment and Statements of Special Educational Needs. In developing her critique, Lani Florian, lecturer in special and inclusive education at the University of Cambridge Faculty of Education and Editor of the Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs, asks a series of important and challenging questions. Can the broad notion of ‘special educational needs’ complement ideas about ‘areas of need’ or ‘categories of handicap’ and enable young people with severe, complex or long–term disabilities to have their needs met? Is SEN funding fairly distributed, among pupils with special educational needs in particular and across the education system in general? Should the relationship between the processes of formative and statutory assessment and Statements of Special Educational Needs be reconceptualised? Can the protection offered by the Statement be maintained in association with the development of good inclusive practices? And if there is to be a move away from provision designed to address children’s individual difficulties, what forms of thinking, procedure and practice will enable staff to develop new ways of meeting the needs of all learners? I hope that the questions raised by this article will stimulate other commentators to contribute to the debate about our responses to special educational needs in the pages of BJSE
Focus on Practice: Accelerating the Progress of Failing Readers: An Evaluation of the Enable–Plus Programme Pilot Study
Authors: Bowen Phil , Yeomans Jane
Published: May 2003

Supporting pupils who experience difficulties with reading is a perennial concern. In this article, Phil Bowen and Jane Yeomans discuss the Enable–Plus programme, implemented in the two primary schools in Sandwell during 2000 and 2001. The authors set this initiative in the context of the National Literacy Strategy, the Additional Literacy Strategy and the revised SEN Code of Practice. The results are encouraging. Many pupils make significant progress. The programme enables other pupils, with needs that require further targeted intervention, to be identified and effectively supported. The scheme is now being expanded into further schools.

Phil Bowen is an area team and teacher manager and Jane Yeomans is an educational psychologist. They both work for Sandwell Inclusion Support, a multi–professional SEN support service. Both authors have considerable experience of working in the mainstream and special education sectors and have particular interests in reading support and the effects of reading failure on curriculum access.
Focus of Practice: Music Education for Pupils with Severe or Profound and Multiple Difficulties — Current Provision and Future Need
Authors: Ockelford Adam , Welch Graham , Zimmermann Sally
Published: May 2003

There is a general agreement about the important role that music can play in the education and daily lives of children with severe or profound and multiple learning difficulties. But what are the distinctions and relationships between music education, music therapy and music as a vehicle for other forms of learning, occupation, development or engagement? To what extent are professionals in schools aware of these issues and prepared to explore them from an informed perspective? In this article, Dr Adam Ockelford, Deputy Director of Education and Employment for the Royal National Institute of the Blind (RNIB), Sally Zimmermann, Music Education and Employment Advisor (RNIB); and Professor Graham Welch, Chair of Music Education and Head of the School of Arts and Humanities, Institute of Education, University of London, present and expand on the key findings from their recent research project, ‘PROMISE’, which examined the Provision of Music in Special Education and specifically in schools for pupils with severe or profound and multiple difficulties. The authors conclude their paper with an acknowledgement that a great deal of significant work takes place in these contexts at present but that further research, leading to the provision of new resources for curriculum and staff development, is crucial to the realisation of music’s full potential in the lives of pupils with severe and profound and multiple learning difficulties.
Focus on Practice: The Western Primary School ‘Quiet Room’ Project
Authors: King Angus , Chantler Zara
Published: May 2003

There has been a great deal of interest recently in the development of more ‘nurturing’ environments in mainstream primary schools. This interest has been reflected in a series of articles published in the pages of this journal. In this paper, Angus King, headteacher of Western Primary School, a performance management consultant, a threshold assessor and a teacher trainer, with Zara Chantler, Key Stage 1 leader and SENCo at Western, describe the Western ‘Quiet Room’ project, set up in 1999 as a response to the needs of pupils experiencing social, emotional and behavioural problems. The Quiet Room was designed to provide a nurturing environment in a dedicated space away from the classroom. In this way, argue King and Chantler, a child’s emotional needs can be explored, on a one–to–one basis where appropriate, in a safe and supportive setting. The results to date are positive and there is real potential for the scheme to be extended.
Focus on Practice: A Model for Assessing Learning Outcomes for Australian Students in Special Schools
Authors: Dowrick Margaret K.
Published: May 2003

Questions contine to be raised about the relevance of educational outcomes for young people with learning difficulties. Margaret Dowrick, lecturer in special education at the University of Western Sydney, suggests that there is ongoing concern that education services fail to prepare students with severe or profound and multiple learning difficulties ‘for the demands of adult life’. In this article, Margaret Dowrick describes a project that brought together professionals, parents and students in order to generate consensus about the skills that young people with learning difficulties need to gain before leaving school. The results of these consultations were fed back to schools in order to support the process of curricular review. Although this paper is written from an Australian perspective, the author makes telling links with the situation in North America and the United Kingdom and raises issues that will be of interest to specialist educators everywhere.
Research Section: Personal Constructs and Attribution for Academic Success and Failure in Dyslexia
Authors: Humphrey Neil , Mullins Patricia M.
Published: May 2003

Neil Humphrey published a previous article, on self–esteem and dyslexia, in BJSE. This paper, jointly authored by Dr Humphrey, recently appointed as a lecturer in the psychology of education in the Faculty of Education at the University of Manchester, and Dr Patricia M. Mullins, senior lecturer in special educational needs at Liverpool John Moores University and the supervisor of Neil Humphrey’s PhD thesis, explores the relationships between dyslexia and the ways in which pupils perceive themselves as learners. Making extensive links with other relevant research, the authors conclude by suggesting that ‘the problems that children with dyslexia encounter have negative consequences for their self–development’. Humphrey and Mullins also propose that, while further research is needed, we already know enough about how to make schools more ‘dyslexia friendly’ to begin to tackle these difficulties at an early stage in children’s education.
Observation in Teaching: Toward a Practice of Objectivity
Authors: Bulterman-Bos Jacquelien , Terwel Jan , Verloop Nico , Wardekker Wim
Published: June 2003

Because most informal classroom assessment is based on the observation of students by teachers, the purpose of the present study is to construct a view of this assessment that is consistent with the practitioners’ perspective. To find out how teachers frame observation, we analyzed stories of 25 Dutch teachers about teaching diverse learners and focused on what they said about the observation of students. Most attempts to improve observation have recommended the separation of subject and object in an effort to eliminate teachers’ personal frameworks. The present study, however, shows that observation is embedded in the action of teaching. Thus, the realities of the classroom do not allow teachers to separate themselves from what they are observing. An alternative view of objectivity is presented. This transactional view shows that the quality of teachers’ personal frameworks is important and should not be eliminated: The supposition of being neutral and detached hampers the teaching of diverse learners. To prevent self-fulfilling prophecies from influencing student achievement in a negative way, pedagogical craftsmanship is essential. Starting from this view, the reliability and the validity of observation for classroom assessment are reframed in a nonstatistical way. According to this view, social practice plays an important role in deciding whether observation deserves a quality warrant. Apart from an alternative view of concepts such as objectivity, a practice of objectivity requires new ways of constructing theories and mentoring teachers to sharpen their perceptive faculty.
Teaching for Transformative Experiences in Science: An Investigation of the Effectiveness of Two Instructional Elements
Authors: Pugh Kevin J.
Published: June 2003

This small-scale, exploratory study examines the effectiveness of two teaching elements (the artistic crafting of content and the modeling and scaffolding of perception and value) at fostering transformative experiences. The construct of a transformative experience was derived from Dewey's work and is defined as an expansion of perception and value resulting from active use of a concept. The elements were used in teaching a unit on adaptation and evolution in a high school zoology class. Student outcomes were compared with those of students in a roughly equivalent (as determined by a preintervention survey) class in which the same unit was taught using a case-based model of instruction. Results indicate that a significantly greater percentage of students in the experimental class (52.9%) than students in the control class (22.7%) engaged in some degree of transformative experience. Further, it was found that students from both classes who engaged in at least some form of transformative experience scored significantly higher than other students on a follow-up assessment of understanding but not on a postintervention assessment of understanding.
Rewriting Race and Gender High School Lessons: Second-Generation Dominicans in New York City
Authors: LÓPez Nancy
Published: June 2003

At high school graduation ceremonies across the country, a curious gender gap has emerged—more women graduate than men, particularly in Latino and Black communities. This trend begs several questions: How do formal and informal institutional practices within high schools “race” and “gender” students? How do racializ(ing) and gender(ing) processes intersect in the classroom setting? How can principals, school administrators, and teachers work toward dismantling race, gender, and class oppression in their schools? Drawing on 5 months of participant observation in a New York City public high school that is 90% Latino, mostly second-generation Dominicans, I found that both formal and informal institutional practices within schools, “race” and “gender” students in ways that significantly affect their outlooks on education. Young men are viewed as threatening and potential problem students, whereas young women are treated in a more sympathetic fashion. If our goal is to improve the education attainment of all students, we must become aware of the invisible race(ing) and gender(ing) that takes place in the classroom, as well as in the everyday institutional practices of schools.
Ravitch and Reform: Should Left Back be Left Back?
Authors: Goetz William W.
Published: June 2003

This is a review essay of Diane Ravitch's recent work, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms (Simon & Schuster, 2000). I note in the introduction the impact that educational historians can have on policy making by establishing the historical context for contemporary debate. Relying on my experience in the schools during the reform eras of the century and accompanying sources, I call attention to the tendentiousness of Left Back, the limitations of its documentation, the neglect of important reform movements, and its troubling accusation that there is an elitist attitude in public education that has historically been detrimental to the underprivileged. I argue that public education, including its reformist and experimental elements, have provided unique opportunities for upwardly mobile segments of society without making the humanities the only focus of the school curriculum. I conclude that Left Back is wittingly or unwittingly a part of the contemporary culture wars in which public education is an important battleground. It, therefore, deserves an in-depth analysis and commentary.
New shapes to shift: war, parks and the hunting person in modern West Africa
Authors: Leach Melissa
Published: May 2003

The deployment of Mande hunters’ brotherhoods in environmental defence around Guinea’s national parks, and in civil defence in Sierra Leone’s war, represent two cases where international and fragmented state interests are interlocking transformatively with ‘traditional’ organizations in modern West Africa. Emphasizing the embeddedness of hunting in ideas and practices linking social and ecological processes, this article explores how the construction and representation of gender and authority domains are negotiated in articulation with larger political‐economic processes in these two cases. Important parallels and interconnections include the ambiguous basis of hunters’ identity, distinctiveness, and sociality in the region; the reproduction of both hierarchies and ambiguities in gender relations; potent linkages between environmental protection and conflict, and the ways apparently technocratic or peace‐building initiatives can serve to fuel oppositional politics and the creation of armed ethnic regionalisms.
Signs of truth: enchantment, modernity and the dreams of peasant women
Authors: Gilsenan Michael
Published: May 2003

This lecture is in three sections. The first discusses the role of classificatory practices distinguishing magic from religion in social life and in narratives of modernity. Concepts of enchantment have been reintroduced into theories of modernity as the Weberian notion of ‘ridding the world of magic’ has been questioned. The second part sketches some of the characteristic tensions in the Qur’an concerning the signs of truth in the Islamic community. The final section reflects on modern Egyptian denunciations and defences of the dreams of peasant women, dreams that are claimed as direct experiential proofs of the sacred. These dreams command visits to the shrines that are centres for mass ritual, social, and economic activity and whose powers are resistant to regulation by worldly authorities. Such dreams, and the denunciations of them by those self‐perceived as religiously orthodox and modern, are part of continuing contests over state and patriarchal authority, citizenship, and exchange with the divine.
A free gift makes no friends
Authors: Laidlaw James
Published: May 2003

The giving of alms to Shvetambar Jain renouncers is a specific institutionalized elaboration of the idea of a free gift, an idea which all the major world religions have their own ways of instantiating, and which in north Indian languages is expressed by the word dan. This example illustrates the inherently paradoxical nature of the idea of a gift, and why it is a mistake to define the gift as necessarily reciprocal and non‐alienated. Like the pure commodity, the pure gift is characterized by the fact that it does not create personal connections and obligations between the parties. This understanding of the gift, which is implicit in Mauss, enables us to resolve the apparent paradox in the ethnography of dan, that although it is a free gift it is often harmful to its recipients.
Respect for outsiders? respect for the law? the moral evaluation of high scale issues by US immigration officers
Authors: Heyman Josiah McC
Published: May 2003

High‐scale morality is the study of moral ideas and sentiments deployed in relations that encompass multiple, geographically or socially distant populaces. The envisioning of distant people, their attributed moral personhood, the evaluation of their perceived behaviour, and the rectification of wrongs through the use of powerful organizations are key topics in high‐scale morality. High‐scale morality differs from existing anthropological approaches that emphasize local ethnography or contrastive moral ideas; it addresses the moralization of issues like world hunger, the drug trade, or international migration. The officers of the US Immigration and Naturalization Service understand and evaluate legal and illegal immigrants, as well as directly enacting moral rectification for the US polity. As they resolve moral dilemmas on their job, they utilize pervasive models for moral thought and action in capitalist, individualist, stratified, and bureaucratized societies. The article finishes by considering directions in which anthropology can contribute to understanding the moral dimension of global issues.
Death, identity and the body in neolithic Britain
Authors: Thomas Julian
Published: May 2003

Generations of prehistorians have offered a series of interpretations of a change in mortuary practice which took place during the Neolithic period in Britain (4000‐2500 BC). The decline of communal tombs and the introduction of single grave burial has been understood in terms of population movement, increasing social hierarchy, ideological change, or a shift from ancestor rituals to funerals. This article considers the treatment of the human body in death, and offers an interpretation which stresses changing relationships between the living and the dead.
The holistic person; or, the ideology of egalitarianism
Authors: Riches David
Published: May 2003

Over the past decade and more, Western practices bearing on social life have been marked by a turn against Cartesian dualism. In particular, sociological analysts, political activists, and many ordinary Westerners have come increasingly to advocate an appreciation of the person in terms of the mind‐body construed as inextricably one. To account for this, comparative material from Inuit hunter‐gatherers and the Western New Age movement is brought to bear. Using this material, the holistic person is interpreted as a discourse about individual moral frailty, ideologically pertinent in societies where egalitarianism of outcome is the dominant cultural ethos. This analysis is related to Giddens’s account of ‘late modernity’, specifically as this is informed by ‘life politics’.
‘Knowing where you’ve come from’: Ruptures and continuities of time and kinship in narratives of adoption reunions
Authors: Carsten Janet
Published: May 2003

This article, based on research in Scotland, discusses reunions between adults who have been adopted in infancy, and their birth kin. Although the distinction between ‘biological’ and ‘social’ kinship, which is central to the anthropological analysis of kinship, is clearly relevant to experiences of reunions, as it is to adoption more generally, this analytic focus is disrupted by issues of temporality, biographical completion, and memory, which both motivate and are raised by reunions. Narratives about adoption reunions can be used to illuminate the connections between these different themes. I explore the implications of these both for experiences of kinship in the West more generally and for the anthropological analysis of kinship.
Fear and loathing on the kharisiri trail: Alterity and identity in the Andes
Authors: Canessa Andrew
Published: May 2003

The well‐documented figure of the Andean kharisiri (alternatively ñakaq, pishtaco) who steals the fat of Indians and sells it to bishops or hospitals has generally been understood in terms of the fear Indians have of outsiders and anxiety about modernity. As such there are similarities with the wider phenomena of organ‐stealers around the world. This article, however, examines the cultural specificities of kharisiri beliefs and outlines important differences from these more generalized phenomena. Kharisiris steal fat, and by understanding the role of fat in Andean culture we understand better not only the phenomenon of the kharisiri, but also how he comes so horrifyingly to represent the ‘racialized’ outsider. Moreover, such an analysis also illuminates how the distinction between Indian and non‐Indian is understood emically and thus introduces a way of understanding difference that goes beyond analyses based on the categories of ethnicity, race, or class; that is, difference as a boundary between alterity and identity.
Efficient Equilibria in the Voluntary Contributions Mechanism with Private Information
Authors: Laussel Didier , Palfrey Thomas R.
Published: June 2003

We characterize generally the Bayesian Nash equilibria of a voluntary contributions public goods game for two consumers with private information.The two consumers simultaneously make voluntary contributions to the public good, and the contributions are refunded if the total falls short of the cost of the public good. Several families of equilibria (step‐function, regular and semi‐regular) are studied. Necessary and sufficient conditions for regular and semi‐regular equilibrium allocations to be interim incentive efficient are derived. In the uniform distribution case we prove (i) the existence of an open set of incentive efficient regular equilibria when the cost of production is large enough and (ii) the existence of an open set of incentive efficient semi‐regular equilibria when the cost of production is low enough. Step‐function equilibra are proved to be interim incentive inefficient.
Public Good Contributions Between Communities
Authors: Lim Chin
Published: June 2003

The four fundamental determinants of voluntary contributions to public goods aretaste, community size, wealth, andwealth distribution. This paper argues that for policy purposes it is important to discriminate between the four hypotheses. To do this, it is necessary to consider the comparative static effects of the above determinants not only ontotal contribution, but also onper capita contributionand theparticipation rate. Furthermore, just as members of a smaller community would contribute more than their identical counterparts in a larger community, we show that members of a community that has more poor members would also contribute more than their identical counterparts in a community that has more rich members.
Regulated Firms with Transboundary Pollution: Does International Competition Improve Efficiency?
Authors: Péchoux Isabelle , Pouyet Jérôme
Published: June 2003

We consider a model of strategic trade and environmental policies with transboundary pollution. A regulated monopoly produces in each country and emits pollution.

Under complete information, opening borders leads to a reallocation of the production from the large country to the small one. Total production increases, leading to an increase in the total level of pollution. The creation of a common market sometimes leads to a deterioration of total welfare.

Under asymmetric information, the international competition generated by the common market decreases the informational rents of the firms, thereby reinforcing the potential gain to open markets to international competition.
Investment in Human Capital in Team Members Who Are Involved in Collective Decision Making
Authors: Ben‐Yashar Ruth , Paroush Jacob
Published: June 2003

This paper studies an investment policy which improves the ability of team members to decide correctly. We specify sufficient conditions on the learning function such that the best policy of investment in human capital is to invest first in the least competent person. Despite the fact that team members who are endowed with more human capital contribute more to the probability that the whole team would decide correctly, the liberal policy is still optimal under these conditions. Moreover, within the dichotomous model of collective decision‐making, we show that these conditions are not so stringent.
“Naked” Baptism in the Early Church: The Rhetoric and the Reality
Authors: Guy Laurie
Published: May 2003

Baptism was understood as a radical life‐changing act in the early church. Its radical nature was reflected by it being administered to candidates, male and female, who were apparently naked. The issue of nakedness must, however, be re‐examined in view of the fact that baptism was normally administered by male clergy and Judeo‐Christian modesty would not likely allow a religious practice where female nakedness was exposed to male gaze. This makes it unlikely that male clergy did in fact baptize naked women. The article notes that the term gymnos, used for nakedness, had a much wider usage than its English equivalent and might simply point to divestiture of outer garments only. Certain patristic texts support this perspective by apparently indicating relative nakedness only in baptism. Nevertheless, the language of “nakedness” was used to underscore the radical death‐and‐birth nature of the baptismal rite.
The Reformation of the Eyes: Apparitions and Optics in Sixteenth‐ and Seventeenth‐Century Europe
Authors: Clark Stuart
Published: May 2003

Apparitions were the subject of fierce theological and philosophical debate in the period after the Reformation. But these controversies also raised issues fundamental to the nature and organization of human vision. They crossed and recrossed the boundaries between religion and the science and psychology of optics. Apparitions, after all, are things that appear, and spectres are things that are seen. Before they could mean anything to anyone they had to be correctly identified as phenomena. Their religious role, whether Protestant or Catholic, presupposed a perceptual judgement — essentially visual in character — about just what they were. During the early modern period this judgement — this visual identification — became vastly more complex and contentious than ever before, certainly much more so than in the case of medieval ghosts. The sceptics, natural magicians, and atheists turned apparitions into optical tricks played by nature or human artifice; the religious controversialists and demonologists thought that demons might also be responsible. This essay argues that the debate that ensued, irrespective of the confessional allegiances of the protagonists, was the occasion for some of the most sustained and sophisticated of the early modern arguments about truth and illusion in the visual world.
Using What's at Hand: English Catholic Reinterpretations of the Rosary, 1559–1642
Authors: McClain Lisa
Published: May 2003

This article investigates changes in rosary worship in England after Elizabeth I's insistence on Protestant conformity in 1559. It addresses how Catholics, faced with Protestant restrictions on traditional forms of worship, might have re‐conceptualized religious rituals, symbols, and objects to satisfy their devotional needs. The rosary — understood as both a material object and a set of prayers — was (and is) the Catholic Church's most popular Marian devotion. Examining the prayers attached to the rosary offers insight into how English Catholics — often lacking access to priests and sacraments — understood their appeals to Mary, now portrayed as a strong, warrior‐like advocate for believers’ souls. Since material objects such as rosaries have long played an integral part in Catholic religious culture, examining the evolving roles of such objects opens a window through which to view the new experiences in piety available within European Catholicism, in general, and within English Catholicism, in particular, during the Reformation era.
A Death in the Family: Bishop Archibald Campbell Tait, the Rights of Parents, and Anglican Sisterhoods in the Diocese of London
Authors: Kollar Rene
Published: May 2003

Anglican sisterhoods gained popularity in nineteenth‐century England because of the numerous opportunities they offered to women, but some bishops feared that these sisterhoods might become Roman Catholic in letter and spirit. Episcopal control might counteract this tendency. As Bishop of London from 1856 to 1868, Archibald Tait acknowledged the value of Anglican sisterhoods, but he also recognized the necessity for ecclesiastical supervision over these convents. Bishop Tait, as the episcopal Visitor of several London convents, insisted upon parental permission before a woman entered a sisterhood. Tait's belief in the importance of the family emanated in part from the tragic deaths of five daughters in 1856. By demanding the consent of the parents before a daughter entered a religious community, Tait wanted to preserve the unity of the family and to save the parents from the same anguish he had experienced through the loss of his children.
“A Dogged Inch‐by‐Inch Affair”: The Church of the Nazarene in Australia 1945–1958
Authors: O'Brien Glen
Published: May 2003

The Church of the Nazarene began work in Australia in 1945 at the instigation of a handful of disaffected Australian evangelicals, marginalized from more orthodox believers in their holiness radicalism. They were often looked upon as holy rollers and sinless perfectionists, purveyors of a brand of religion thought to be populist, coarse, and theologically suspect. In America in the 1940s, the holiness movement churches had moved much further toward the traditional mainstream than was the case in Australia. The early Australian Nazarenes saw a decline in the religious fervour of other evangelical bodies, and saw themselves as raised up to champion a return to the apostolic fire of early Methodism. They were, perhaps naively, unaware of the lowering of religious tension in their own mother church. Differences between the ecclesiastical culture of Australian and American Christianity were to prove internal challenges to be added to the challenge of external opposition.
REGULATING CARS AND BUSES IN CITIES: THE CASE OF PEDESTRIANISATION IN OXFORD
Authors: Parkhurst Graham
Published: May 2003

Debates about whether traffic regulations that limit car use will enhance or hinder a particular urban economy are complex and often emotive. The present article considers evidence from the implementation of a radical traffic restraint and pedestrianisation scheme in Oxford in 1999. The most important achievement was a 17% reduction in car trips to the centre, which did not affect overall visitor numbers. The local economy did though experience a period of difficult trading around the time of implementation.
PUBLIC CHOICE AND URBAN ECONOMICS: THE UNNOTICED LINK BETWEEN LIQUOR LICENSING AND URBAN SPRAWL
Authors: Siebert W. Stanley
Published: May 2003

The paper's hypothesis is that strict liquor licensing laws, as in Britain and the US, which ban street cafés (ostensibly to protect children) effectively transfer property rights in the streets to the commuting car users. Road pricing, either explicit or implicit via congested streets, loses its constituency. The result is road widening, neglect of city amenities and consequent urban sprawl. In line with the hypothesis, we find that continental European countries permitting street cafés and restaurants have less urban sprawl. They also attract more tourists, and their citizens are less obese. Therefore, the forthcoming Licensing Act, by (hopefully) assisting street cafés, marks an important step forward for British cities.
THE NEW LICENSING BILL: OVER‐REGULATING THE BRITISH PUB?
Authors: Neame Stuart
Published: May 2003

A rash of new youth‐oriented pubs over‐concentrated in city centres has led to drunken youths menacing our city streets, and to the decline of Britain's traditional pubs, the cornerstones of local communities. Far from addressing these problems, the Licensing Bill now before Parliament proposes much greater regulation which will increase costs, reduce pubs’ ability to adapt, ban unlicensed live music and discriminate still further against community pubs.
EDUCATION AND MODERNITY
Authors: O'Keeffe Dennis
Published: May 2003

Modernity is the combination of capitalism and democracy. Its economic core is based on property rights, which mobilise the organisation of resources. It also requires mass education to select intellectual talent for a complex division of labour. Western education paradoxically lacks developed property rights and a class of owners who seek profits through the satisfaction of consumer (educational) demand. Most of the intellectual ills in our society reflect this absence of modernity in our educational arrangements.
INTERNATIONAL GOVERNANCE OF THE INTERNET: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
Authors: Brady Gordon L.
Published: May 2003

Economists have long recognised that government may serve as a vehicle to create and maintain monopoly power and hence generate economic rents for a favoured few. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) has a government‐provided monopoly of the allocation of top‐level domains (TLDs) on the A‐root server and so generates economic rents. The A‐root server is the only computer network that links registered TLDs to the Internet. This paper uses insights of the economics of regulation and rent seeking to explain how existing technology may bypass ICANN and thus restore a competitive market in domain names.
SINGLE SKY AND FREE MARKET
Authors: Brooker Peter
Published: May 2003

A description is given of the new ‘Single Sky’ for European Air Traffic Control provision. Its practical consequences in terms of free markets are then explored. The Single Sky can be judged as representing the best consensus available ‐ the product of political decisions rather than economic analyses. Will the Single Sky offer sufficient incentive for providers to rationalise and co‐operate? Indeed, will providers want to take up such challenges?
Protective or counter-productive? labour market institutions and the effect of immigration on EU natives
Authors: Angrist Joshua D. , Kugler Adriana D.
Published: June 2003

Reduced labour market flexibility may protect some native workers from immigrant competition but can increase negative effects on equilibrium employment. This motivates an analysis of immigration effects interacted with institutions. OLS estimates for European countries show small, mostly negative immigration effects while an IV strategy based on immigrants from former Yugoslavia generates larger though mostly insignificant negative estimates. Specifications allowing interactions between immigration and measures of labour and product market rigidity are consistent with the view that reduced flexibility increases negative immigration effects. The estimates typically imply more native job losses in countries with restrictive institutions, especially restricted product markets.
Feature space theory in data mining: transformations between extensions and intensions in knowledge representation
Authors: Li Hong Xing , Xu Li Da , Wang Jia Yin , Mo Zhi Wen
Published: June 2003

Knowledge representation is one of the important topics in data mining research. In this paper, based on the feature space theory in data mining, the transformation between extensions and intensions of concepts is discussed in detail. First, inner projections of fuzzy relations, as a basic mathematical tool, are defined, and properties of inner projections are discussed. Then inner transformation of fuzzy relations, inverse inner transformations, and related properties are introduced. The concept structure is shown by feature spaces. Lastly, transformations between extensions and intensions are discussed.
Automating application software generation
Authors: Lu Ruqian , Jin Zhi
Published: June 2003

Many approaches have been proposed to enhance software productivity and reliability. These approaches typically fall into three categories: the engineering approach, the formal approach and the knowledge‐based approach. But the optimal gain in software productivity cannot be obtained if one relies on only one of these approaches. This paper describes the work in knowledge‐based software engineering conducted by the authors for the past 10 years. The final goal of the research is to develop a paradigm for software engineering which integrates the three approaches mentioned above. A knowledge‐based tool which can support the whole process of software development is provided in this paper.
A programmable agent for knowledge discovery on the Web
Authors: Shan Feng , Jun Min , Chao Tang , Xu Li Da
Published: June 2003

With the tremendous amount of information that is becoming available on the Web, the ability to develop information agents quickly has become a crucial problem. In this paper, a programmable agent is presented for Internet application to retrieve and extract information from the Web with user's guidance. The agent consists of a retrieval script to identify Web sources, an extraction script based on the document object model for the extraction process and a data translator to export the extracted information into knowledge‐based frame structures. A GUI tool called Script Writer supports the generation of extraction script visually.
Solving a class of facility location problems using genetic algorithms
Authors: Chaudhry Sohail S. , He Shiwei , Chaudhry Peggy E.
Published: June 2003

Locating p facilities to serve a number of customers is a problem in many areas of business. The problem is to determine p facility locations such that the weighted average distance traveled from all the demand points to their nearest facility sites is minimized. A variant of the p‐median problem is one in which a maximum distance constraint is imposed between the demand point and its nearest facility location, also known as the p‐median problem with maximum distance constraint. In this paper, we apply a fairly new methodology known as genetic algorithms to solve a relatively large sized constrained version of the p‐median problem. We present our computational experience on the use of genetic algorithms for solving the constrained version of the p‐median problem using two different data sets. Our comparative experimental experience shows that this solution procedure performs quite well compared with the results obtained from existing techniques.
Scenario‐based knowledge representation in case‐based reasoning systems
Authors: Sun Bo , Da Xu Li , Pei Xuemin , Li Huaizu
Published: June 2003

A scenario‐based representation model for cases in the domain of managerial decision‐making is proposed. The scenarios in narrative texts are converted to scenario units of knowledge organization. The elements and structure of the scenario unit are defined. The scenario units can be linked together or coupled with others. Compared with traditional case representation methods based on database tables or frames, the proposed model is able to represent knowledge in the domain of managerial decision‐making at a much deeper level and provide much more support for case‐based systems employed in business decision‐making.
Path Dependence, Corporate Governance and Complementarity
Authors: Schmidt Reinhard H. , Spindler Gerald
Published: May 2003

The concept of path dependence can be used to challenge the widespread view that the corporate governance systems of the major advanced economies are likely to converge towards the economically best system at a rapid pace. This paper argues that it is important for the discussion of path dependence and corporate governance to distinguish clearly between two arguments that can explain path dependence: one based on the role of adjustment costs, and the other using concepts borrowed from evolutionary biology. Making this distinction is important because the two concepts of path dependence have different implications for the issue of rapid convergence to the best corporate governance system. The authors introduce the concept of complementarity as a reason for path dependence and demonstrate that national corporate governance systems are usefully regarded as – possibly consistent – systems of complementary elements. The dynamic properties of systems composed of complementary elements are such that a rapid convergence towards a universally best corporate governance systems is not likely to happen. More importantly, though, there is even the possibility of a convergence towards a common system that is economically inferior. Especially in the case of European integration, ‘inefficient convergence’ of corporate governance systems is a real possibility.
Financial Globalization: Unequal Blessings
Authors: De La Torre Augusto , Yeyati Eduardo Levy , Schmukler Sergio L.
Published: May 2003

This paper presents a framework to analyse financial globalization. It argues that financial globalization needs to take into account the relation between money (particularly in its role as store of value), asset and factor price flexibility, and contractual and regulatory institutions. Countries that have the ‘blessed trinity’ (international currency, flexible exchange rate regime, and sound contractual and regulatory environment) can integrate successfully into the (imperfect) world financial markets. Developing countries, though, normally display the ‘unblessed trinity’ (weak currency, fear of floating, and weak institutional framework). The paper defines and discusses two alternative avenues (a ‘dollar trinity’ and a ‘peso trinity’) for developing countries to safely embrace international financial integration while the blessed trinity remains beyond reach.
Lessons from the Russian Meltdown: The Economics of Soft Legal Constraints
Authors: Perotti Enrico
Published: May 2003

On 17 August 1998, Russia abandoned its exchange rate regime, defaulted on its domestic public debt and declared a moratorium on all private foreign liabilities, which was equivalent to an outright default. The depth and speed of the Russian meltdown shocked the international markets, and precipitated a period of serious financial instability. Important lessons on issues of bank supervision and international stability can be learned by understanding the roots of such a crisis. The visible reason of the crisis was an unsustainable fiscal deficit coupled with massive capital flight, but what were their underlying causes? We argue that the structure of individual incentives in a context of capture of state decisions by special interests, compounded by a rouble overvaluation driven by exceptional international support, helps to explain the build–up of non–payment, theft and capital flight that led to the crisis. We offer an explicit model of rational collective non–compliance, cash stripping and rational collective non–payment which led to the fiscal and banking crisis and, ultimately, to a complete meltdown. In our view, the banking sector was already insolvent prior to the crisis, and contributed directly and indirectly to it. We conclude with a radical policy proposal for a stable banking system for Russia, appropriate for its current capacity for legal and supervisory enforcement. It is based on a segmented, narrow banking sector, concentration in commercial banking and a cautious extension of deposit insurance.
Guilt and Shame in Chinese Culture: A Cross‐cultural Framework from the Perspective of Morality and Identity
Authors: Bedford Olwen , Hwang Kwang‐Kuo
Published: May 2003

Olwen Bedford and Kwang‐Kuo Hwang, Guilt and Shame in Chinese Culture: A Cross‐cultural Framework from the Perspective of Morality and Identity, pp. 127–144.

This article formulates a cross‐cultural framework for understanding guilt and shame based on a conceptualization of identity and morality in Western and Confucian cultures. First, identity is examined in each culture, and then the relation between identity and morality illuminated. The role of guilt and shame in upholding the boundaries of identity and enforcing the constraints of morality is then discussed from the perspective of each culture. The developed framework is then applied the emotions of guilt and shame in Chinese culture drawing on previous field research. Implications for future research are discussed.
Psychoanalytic Sociology and the Interpretation of Emotion
Authors: Clarke Simon
Published: May 2003

Simon Clarke, Psychoanalytic Sociology and the Interpretation of Emotion, pp. 145–163.

In this paper I explore the sociological study of emotion, contrasting constructionist and psychoanalytic accounts of envy as an emotion. I seek not to contra each vis‐à‐vis the other but to establish some kind of synthesis in a psychoanalytic sociology of emotion. I argue that although the constructionist approach to emotion gives us valuable insights into the social and moral dimensions of human encounters, it is unable to address the level of emotional intensity found for example in murderous rage against ethnic groups, or the emotional and often self destructive elements of terrorism. Psychoanalytic ideas do engage with these dynamics, and as such, a theory that synthesises both the social construction of reality and the psychodynamics of social life is necessary if we are to engage with these destructive emotions.
Realism, Regularity and Social Explanation
Authors: Kemp Stephen , Holmwood John
Published: May 2003

Stephen Kemp and John Holmwood, Realism, Regularity and Social Explanation, pp. 165–187.

This article explores the difficulties raised for social scientific investigation by the absence of experiment, critically reviewing realist responses to the problem such as those offered by Bhaskar, Collier and Sayer. It suggests that realist arguments for a shift from prediction to explanation, the use of abstraction, and reliance upon interpretive forms of investigation fail to demonstrate that these approaches compensate for the lack of experimental control. Instead, it is argued that the search for regularities, when suitably conceived, provides the best alternative to experiment for the social sciences.
Depth Accessibility Difficulties: An Alternative Conceptualisation of Autism Spectrum Conditions
Authors: Lawson John
Published: May 2003

John Lawson, Depth Accessibility Difficulties: An Alternative Conceptualisation of Autism Spectrum Conditions, pp. 189–202.

Autism and Asperger syndrome are psychiatric conditions diagnosed primarily on the basis of deficits and problems in social behaviour; interaction and communication. At present the explanation of these behavioural features is dominated by three cognitive models. However, it is a characteristic of each of these models that they only explain a sub‐set of the overall features.

The aim of this paper is to suggest an alternative conceptual theory of autism and Asperger syndrome that unites the current three models. Thus, the aim is to situate the existing models as special cases of the one being proposed here. This alternative conceptualisation draws heavily on distinctions and ideas present in the philosophy of science, most especially in the area of critical realism. Central to the theory is the idea that the core “problem” in autism and Asperger syndrome concerns ontological depth. More specifically, that people with these conditions find it difficult to cope with phenomena characterised by depth (underlying needs, motives beliefs etc.), open systems (rapidly changing, multiple causes) and high internal relationality (converging or changing roles and demands).