bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Forest water use and water use efficiency at elevated CO2: a model‐data intercomparison at two contrasting temperate forest FACE sites
Authors: De Kauwe Martin G. , Medlyn Belinda E. , Zaehle Sönke , Walker Anthony P. , Dietze Michael C. , Hickler Thomas , Jain Atul K. , Luo Yiqi , Parton William J. , Prentice I. Colin , Smith Benjamin , Thornton Peter E. , Wang Shusen , Wang Ying‐Ping , Wårlind David , Weng Ensheng , Crous Kristine Y. , Ellsworth David S. , Hanson Paul J. , Seok Kim Hyun‐ , Warren Jeffrey M. , Oren Ram , Norby Richard J.
Published: February 2013

Predicted responses of transpiration to elevated atmospheric CO2 concentration (eCO2) are highly variable amongst process‐based models. To better understand and constrain this variability amongst models, we conducted an intercomparison of 11 ecosystem models applied to data from two forest free‐air CO2 enrichment (FACE) experiments at Duke University and Oak Ridge National Laboratory. We analysed model structures to identify the key underlying assumptions causing differences in model predictions of transpiration and canopy water use efficiency. We then compared the models against data to identify model assumptions that are incorrect or are large sources of uncertainty. We found that model‐to‐model and model‐to‐observations differences resulted from four key sets of assumptions, namely (i) the nature of the stomatal response to elevated CO2 (coupling between photosynthesis and stomata was supported by the data); (ii) the roles of the leaf and atmospheric boundary layer (models which assumed multiple conductance terms in series predicted more decoupled fluxes than observed at the broadleaf site); (iii) the treatment of canopy interception (large intermodel variability, 2–15%); and (iv) the impact of soil moisture stress (process uncertainty in how models limit carbon and water fluxes during moisture stress). Overall, model predictions of the CO2 effect on WUE were reasonable (intermodel μ = approximately 28% ± 10%) compared to the observations (μ = approximately 30% ± 13%) at the well‐coupled coniferous site (Duke), but poor (intermodel μ = approximately 24% ± 6%; observations μ = approximately 38% ± 7%) at the broadleaf site (Oak Ridge). The study yields a framework for analysing and interpreting model predictions of transpiration responses to eCO2, and highlights key improvements to these types of models.
Efficient TALEN construction and evaluation methods for human cell and animal applications
Authors: Sakuma Tetsushi , Hosoi Sayaka , Woltjen Knut , Suzuki Ken‐ichi , Kashiwagi Keiko , Wada Housei , Ochiai Hiroshi , Miyamoto Tatsuo , Kawai Narudo , Sasakura Yasunori , Matsuura Shinya , Okada Yasushi , Kawahara Atsuo , Hayashi Shigeo , Yamamoto Takashi
Published: February 2013

Transcription activator–like effector nucleases (TALENs) have recently arisen as effective tools for targeted genome engineering. Here, we report streamlined methods for the construction and evaluation of TALENs based on the ‘Golden Gate TALEN and TAL Effector Kit’ (Addgene). We diminished array vector requirements and increased assembly rates using six‐module concatemerization. We altered the architecture of the native TALEN protein to increase nuclease activity and replaced the final destination vector with a mammalian expression/in vitro transcription vector bearing both CMV and T7 promoters. Using our methods, the whole process, from initiating construction to completing evaluation directly in mammalian cells, requires only 1 week. Furthermore, TALENs constructed in this manner may be directly applied to transfection of cultured cells or mRNA synthesis for use in animals and embryos. In this article, we show genomic modification of HEK293T cells, human induced pluripotent stem cells, Drosophila melanogaster, Danio rerio and Xenopus laevis, using custom‐made TALENs constructed and evaluated with our protocol. Our methods are more time efficient compared with conventional yeast‐based evaluation methods and provide a more accessible and effective protocol for the application of TALENs in various model organisms.
Transcription‐induced chromatin association of RNA surveillance factors mediates facultative heterochromatin formation in fission yeast
Authors: Tashiro Sanki , Asano Tomohiro , Kanoh Junko , Ishikawa Fuyuki
Published: February 2013

Facultative heterochromatin is reversibly established and disrupted during differentiation, but its regulation remains mechanistically unclear. Here, we show that two meiotic gene loci in fission yeast, mei4 and ssm4, comprise facultative heterochromatin that is regulated in a developmental stage‐dependent manner. This heterochromatin coordinates expression levels by associating with a chromodomain protein Chp1 and an antisilencing factor Epe1. It has been recently shown that an RNA surveillance machinery for eliminating meiotic gene transcripts, which involves a cis‐element called the determinant of selective removal (DSR) and transacting factors, Mmi1 and Red1, also participates in heterochromatin formation at the meiotic genes, but the molecular mechanism underlying the process is largely unknown. By dissecting the mei4 gene, we identified a region that promotes DSR‐dependent methylation of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9). Integration of this mei4 region together with DSR into an unrelated gene results in ectopic H3K9 methylation. Moreover, our results suggest that transcription of these elements induces chromatin association of Mmi1, which, in turn, recruits Red1 interacting with Clr4/Suv39h H3K9 methyltransferase. Mmi1 remains associated in cells lacking Red1, suggesting that the recruitment of Red1 follows the chromatin association of Mmi1. Overall, we provide detailed insights into the facultative heterochromatin regulation in fission yeast.
Novel coagulation factor concentrates: Issues relating to their clinical implementation and pharmacokinetic assessment for optimal prophylaxis in haemophilia patients
Authors: Ljung R. , Auerswald G. , Benson G. , Jetter A. , Jiménez‐Yuste V. , Lambert T. , Morfini M. , Remor E. , Sørensen B. , Šalek S. Z.
Published: February 2013

Prophylaxis is considered the optimal treatment regimen for patients with severe haemophilia, and may be especially important in the prevention of joint disease. Novel coagulation factor concentrates with prolonged half‐lives promise to improve patient treatment by enabling prophylaxis with less frequent dosing. With the call to individualize therapy in haemophilia, there is growing awareness of the need to use pharmacokinetic (PK) assessments to tailor prophylaxis. However, for new factor concentrates, it is not yet known which PK values will be most informative for optimizing prophylaxis. This topic was explored at the Eighth Zurich Haemophilia Forum. On the basis of our clinical experience and a discussion of the literature, we report key issues relating to the PK assessment of new coagulation factors and include suggestions on the implementation of PK data to optimize therapy. As both inter‐ and intra‐individual variability in factor half‐life have been reported, we suggest that frequent PK assessments should be conducted. However, to diminish the burden of more frequent sampling, sparser sampling strategies and the use of population modelling should be considered. Guidelines on how to assay new factor concentrates, and which PK parameters should be measured, are needed. Concerns were raised regarding the possibility of breakthrough bleeding, and current thinking on how to prevent breakthrough bleeding may no longer be appropriate. Finally, as treatment adherence may be more important to ensure that a therapeutic level of a new coagulation factor concentrate is maintained, behavioural techniques could be implemented to help to improve treatment adherence.
Cytokine profile and FVIII inhibitors development in haemophilia A
Authors: Oliveira C. A. , Velloso‐Rodrigues C. , Machado F. C. J. , Carvalho B. N. , Gentz S. H. L. , Martins‐Filho O. A. , Chaves D. G.
Published: February 2013

Haemophilia A is a hereditary bleeding disorder linked to the X chromosome characterized by a deficiency or defect in the coagulation factor VIII (FVIII). Individuals with this coagulopathy require constant infusions of FVIII to maintain their physical integrity and haemostasis. During treatment, some patients develop an immune response that produces antibodies to FVIII, also called inhibitors, affecting the pro‐coagulant activity of this protein. Despite the clinical relevance of FVIII inhibitors, the immune mechanisms that lead to their production are not known. This study investigated the immunological cytokine profile using plasma from HA patients which were either positive or negative for FVIII inhibitors and from healthy individuals. The results showed that healthy individuals and HA patients that do not develop FVIII inhibitors have a mixed immune response profile with high secretion of IFN‐γ, TNF‐α IL‐2 and IL‐5. In contrast, HA patients with FVIII inhibitors exhibited an anti‐inflammatory/regulatory immune response characterized by low levels of all measured cytokines except for IL‐4 and IL‐10. This profile may be related to the development and maintenance of the FVIII inhibitors. By comparing the cytokine profiles of the three different groups we have established a model explaining the immune activation resulting in the production of FVIII inhibitors in haemophilia A patients.
Transient elastography in hepatitis C virus‐infected patients with beta‐thalassemia for assessment of fibrosis
Authors: Poustchi Hossein , Eslami Masoomeh , Ostovaneh Mohammad Reza , Modabbernia Amirhossein , Saeedian Fatemeh Sima , Taslimi Shervin , George Jacob , Malekzadeh Reza , Zamani Farhad
Published: February 2013

Aim

We sought to evaluate the performance of transient elastography (TE) for the assessment of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients with beta‐thalassemia.

Methods

Seventy‐six CHC patients with beta‐thalassemia underwent TE, liver biopsy, T2‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the assessment of liver iron content (LIC) and laboratory evaluation. The accuracy of TE and its correlation with the other variables was assessed.

Results

TE values increased proportional to fibrosis stage (r = 0.404, P < 0.001), but was independent of T2‐weighted MRI‐LIC (r = 0.064, P = 0.581). In multivariate analysis, fibrosis stage was still associated with the log‐transformed TE score(standardized β = 0.42 for F4 stage of METAVIR, P = 0.001). No correlation was noted between LIC and TE score (standardized β = 0.064, P = 0.512). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for prediction of cirrhosis was 80% (95% confidence interval, 59–100%). A cut‐off TE score of 11 had a sensitivity of 78% and specificity of 88.1% for diagnosing cirrhosis. The best cut‐off values for “TE‐FIB‐4 cirrhosis score” comprising TE and FIB‐4 and “TE‐APRI cirrhosis score” combining TE with aspartate aminotransferase‐to‐platelet ratio index (APRI) both had 87.5% sensitivity and 91.04% specificity for the diagnosis of cirrhosis.

Conclusion

Regardless of LIC, TE alone or when combined with FIB‐4 or APRI, is a diagnostic tool with moderate to high accuracy to evaluate liver fibrosis in CHC patients with beta‐thalassemia. However, because splenectomy in a proportion of our subjects might have affected the platelet count, the scores utilizing APRI and FIB‐4 should be interpreted cautiously.
Silent information regulator 1 inhibition induces lipid metabolism disorders of hepatocytes and enhances hepatitis C virus replication
Authors: Sun Li‐Jie , Li Shu‐Chen , Zhao Yong‐Hua , Yu Jian‐Wu , Kang Peng , Yan Bing‐Zhu
Published: February 2013

Aim

Hepatic steatosis is an important histopathological feature of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Silent information regulator 1 (SIRT1) plays key role in regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism. We investigated the possible effect of HCV replication on lipid metabolism of hepatocytes and expression of SIRT1 using Huh‐7.5 cells harboring HCV replicon.

Methods

The level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), and the value of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)/NADH was detected. The level of triacylglycerol (TG), total cholesterol (TC) and fatty acid β‐oxidation rate was detected. The activity and expression levels of SIRT1 and expression of its downstream lipid‐metabolism genes were measured.

Results

In replicon cells, the level of ROS and MDA increased, SOD activity and the value of NAD+/NADH decreased, then the activity and expression level of mRNA and protein of SIRT1 reduced. Inhibition of SIRT1 decreased phosphorylation of forkhead box O1 (FoxO1), which not only upregulated SREBP‐1c, FAS, ACC, SREBP‐2, HMGR and HMGS genes and increased fatty acid synthesis; but also downregulated PPAR‐α and CPT1A genes and decreased fatty acid β‐oxidation. Interferon treatment restored aforementioned changes. SIRT1 activator improved lipid metabolism disorders by an increase in fatty acid β‐oxidation and a decrease in TG and TC synthesis and inhibited HCV replication.

Conclusion

HCV replication decreasing NAD+/NADH ratio may downregulate the activity and the expression of SIRT1, then change the expression profile of lipid metabolism‐related genes, thereby cause lipid metabolism disorders of hepatocytes and promote HCV replication. Treatment with SIRT1 activator ameliorates lipid metabolic disorders and inhibits HCV replication.
Hepatic failure in pregnancy successfully treated by online hemodiafiltration: Chronic hepatitis B virus infection without viral genome mutation
Authors: Arata Shinju , Nozaki Akito , Takizawa Kenichi , Kondo Masaaki , Morimoto Manabu , Numata Kazushi , Hayashi Sanae , Watanabe Tsunamasa , Tanaka Yasuhito , Tanaka Katsuaki
Published: February 2013

A 23‐year‐old nulliparous woman, a hepatitis B virus (HBV) carrier with stable liver functions, presented with exacerbation of viral replication (HBV DNA level >9.0 log copies/mL) in gestational week 26. During the subsequent follow up without antiviral therapy, she was hospitalized with progression to hepatic failure in gestational week 35. Following initiation of antiviral therapy with lamivudine, emergent cesarean delivery was conducted for fetal safety. Liver atrophy and persistent hepatic encephalopathy (stage 2) necessitated artificial liver support (ALS) involving online hemodiafiltration (HDF) and plasma exchange. She regained full consciousness after the sixth online HDF session. ALS was terminated after the seventh online HDF session. On day 33 of hospitalization, she was discharged home without sequelae. Genetic analysis of the HBV strain isolated from her serum showed that this strain had genotype C. Direct full‐length sequencing identified no known mutations associated with fulminant hepatitis B. HBV‐related hepatic failure observed in the present case might have been related to perinatal changes in the host immune response.
BioAggregate and iRoot BP Plus optimize the proliferation and mineralization ability of human dental pulp cells
Authors: Zhang S. , Yang X. , Fan M.
Published: February 2013

Aim

To investigate the cytotoxicity of BioAggregate and iRoot BP Plus root canal sealer (iRoot BP Plus) to human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) and their effect on proliferation and mineralization of hDPCs and to compare their performance with that of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA).

Methodology

Human dental pulp cells were seeded onto the prepared BioAggregate, iRoot BP Plus and MTA, respectively. Cell proliferation was assessed by CCK‐8 cell proliferation kit on days 1, 3, 5 and 7. ALP activity was measured to evaluate the cell differentiation potential on days 1, 3, 5 and 7. The expression of odontoblastic differentiation‐related genes (dentine phosphoprotein, dentine matrix protein‐1 and osteocalcin) was measured by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR). Statistical tests used were one‐way anova and post hoc Tukey's test.

Results

The proliferation of hDPCs in the MTA group was suppressed throughout the culture period, whereas the BioAggregate group and the iRoot BP Plus group first significantly increased cell numbers on day 1 (P < 0.01) and then decreased on day 3 to day 7. ALP activity was enhanced in all the three groups from day 3, whilst iRoot BP Plus showed significantly higher ALP activity than MTA (P < 0.01). qRT‐PCR indicated that both BioAggregate and iRoot BP Plus groups were associated with a higher upregulation of mineralization and odontoblastic differentiation‐associated gene expressions as compared to MTA group (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

BioAggregate and iRoot BP Plus were nontoxic and able to induce mineralization and odontoblastic differentiation‐associated gene expression in hDPCs.
Individual Differences in the Effectiveness of Error Management Training for Developing Negotiation Skills
Authors: Cullen Michael J. , Muros John P. , Rasch Rena , Sackett Paul R.
Published: February 2013

This study investigated whether the effectiveness of an error management approach to training negotiation knowledge and skill depended on individual differences in conscientiousness, extraversion, and openness to experience. Participants were randomly assigned to two training programs that incorporated key elements of an error management and behavioral modeling approach to training, and were trained in the complex interpersonal skill of negotiation. At the end of training, declarative knowledge acquisition, procedural knowledge acquisition, declarative knowledge retention, and transfer performance were assessed at different points in time. Results suggested that the effectiveness of the error management training program was dependent on individual levels of conscientiousness and extraversion. For several learning outcomes, the performance of highly conscientious and extraverted individuals was superior in the error management condition, while the performance of less conscientious and introverted individuals was superior in the behavioral modeling condition. The implications of these findings, and suggestions for future research, are discussed.
A Statistical Correction to 20 years of Banding
Authors: Gasperson Sean M. , Bowler Mark C. , Wuensch Karl L. , Bowler Jennifer L.
Published: February 2013

Statistically based banding is often considered a viable method for minimizing adverse impact in test‐based employment decisions. By utilizing the standard error of the difference (SED), scores are equated based on the assumption that there is substantial unreliability in any single observed score. However, based on the derivations of Dudek, the formula commonly used to calculate the standard error of measurement (SEM) – a component that is typically used to calculate the SED – is incorrect. Specifically, utilizing the SEM when calculating the SED produces a band of observed scores around a true score, not a band of true scores around an observed score as would be appropriate for banding. This study compares the differences between banding‐based selection decisions when the appropriate SED formula – which utilizes the standard error of estimate – is and is not applied. Overall, results suggest that utilizing the appropriate formula for calculating the SED produces substantial variations in employment decisions. The potential legal and ethical implications of these discrepancies are discussed.
Development and Validation of a Situational Judgment Test of Emotional Intelligence
Authors: Sharma Sudeep , Gangopadhyay Mugdha , Austin Elizabeth , Mandal Manas K.
Published: February 2013

The present study describes the development and validation of a situational judgment test (SJT) of emotional intelligence (EI). Initially, 80 situations and three response alternatives for each situation were created based on the available theoretical models. Principal component factor analysis with direct oblimin rotation of data (N = 213) yielded a three‐factor structure with 46 items. These factors were (1) utilizing own emotion, (2) sensing other's emotion, and (3) understanding emotional context. Additional studies showed that the measure had good internal consistency and test‐retest reliability. None of the three factors strongly correlated with the Big Five factors of personality (NEO Five‐Factor Inventory, thus establishing its identity as a construct distinct from personality. Findings of confirmatory factor analysis on secondary data reconfirm the three‐factor model for a 46‐item SJT of EI. The second study also found no correlation among these three factors, intelligence scores measured using Raven's Matrices, and trait EI score measured using the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire. The third study was conducted in order to determine the relationship of SJT of EI with academic achievement and life satisfaction. All three factors of SJT‐based EI measure were significantly associated with academic achievement and life satisfaction.
Conscientiousness, Its Facets, and the Prediction of Job Performance Ratings: Evidence against the narrow measures
Authors: Salgado Jesús F. , Moscoso Silvia , Berges Alfredo
Published: February 2013

This study empirically tested the predictions of the three basic perspectives on the bandwidth debate about the relationship between personality and job performance, regarding the validity of conscientiousness and its facets. The sample consisted of 226 police officers. Conscientiousness and three facets (order, industriousness, and self‐control) were correlated with three performance criteria (overall job performance, task performance, and orderliness). A Schmid–Leiman transformation made it possible to residualize the variance of the facets and to isolate their unique contribution to the prediction of performance measures. The results showed that conscientiousness predicted the three criteria (true validities of.25,.28 and.37, respectively) and that the facets neither predicted job performance nor showed incremental validity over conscientiousness. Finally, the implications of the findings for theory and practice are commented on, and future research is suggested.
Applicant Desirability Influences Reactions to Discovered Résumé Embellishments
Authors: Kuhn Kristine M. , Johnson Timothy R. , Miller Douglas
Published: February 2013

This study investigates responses to a discovered résumé embellishment as a function of initial impressions of the applicant. In Study 1, managers and recruiters rated the extent to which a discrepancy uncovered by a background check would lower their opinion of an applicant, using a between‐subjects design crossing the applicant's apparent desirability and type of embellishment. In Study 2, business students completed a simulated hiring task in which they first evaluated applicants based on their résumés, then read background reports, and subsequently made a final evaluation. Results indicate interactive effects of an applicant's apparent desirability, type of deception revealed, and response dimension. The discovery of a minor embellishment has little effect on evaluations of favored applicants, but negatively impacts less desirable applicants.
Cystoscopic injection of N‐butyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate followed by fibrin glue for the treatment of persistent or massive vesicourethral anastomotic urine leak after radical prostatectomy
Authors: Lim Ju Hyun , You Dalsan , Jeong In Gab , Park Hyung Keun , Ahn Hanjong , Kim Choung‐Soo
Published: February 2013

Objectives

Vesicourethral anastomotic urine leak is a common postoperative complication of radical prostatectomy. Herein we describe a novel method for the treatment of this complication.

Methods

Intervention for a prolonged or massive anastomotic urine leak was required in 10 out of 1828 patients (0.5%) submitted to radical prostatectomy between 2007 and 2011. N‐butyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl) followed by fibrin glue (Greenplast) were injected under local anesthesia into vesicourethral anastomotic gaps under fluoroscopic guidance using a 20‐Fr rigid cystoscope. Cystograms were taken in all patients to confirm complete urine leak resolution before the removal of the urethral catheter.

Results

Cystoscopic injection of Histoacryl followed by fibrin glue was technically successful and well tolerated in all patients. The mean time from radical prostatectomy to glue injection was 16.0 days (range 12–27 days). Urethral catheterization was required for an average of 7.7 days after cystoscopic injection of fibrin glue (range 3–13 days). These measures ultimately enabled complete resolution of the urine leak in all cases. At a mean follow up of 23.3 months, all 10 patients were fully continent. The mean time to recovery of urinary continence was 20.4 weeks (range 3.9–60.0 weeks).

Conclusions

Cystoscopic injection of N‐butyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate followed by fibrin glue into the anastomotic gap is both a feasible and effective solution in patients with a persistent or massive vesicourethral anastomotic urine leak after radical prostatectomy.
Therapeutic options for intractable hematuria in advanced bladder cancer
Authors: Abt Dominik , Bywater Mirjam , Engeler Daniel Stephan , Schmid Hans‐Peter
Published: February 2013

Intractable hematuria is a common and severe complication in patients with inoperable bladder carcinoma. The aim was to provide an overview of therapeutic options for such cases, and analyze their effectiveness and risk profile, so a systematic literature search of peer‐reviewed papers published up toSeptember 2012 was carried out. Various options are available to treat hematuria in patients with inoperable bladder cancer; these include orally administered epsilon‐aminocaproic acid, intravesical formalin, alum or prostaglandin irrigation, hydrostatic pressure, urinary diversion, radiotherapy, embolization and intraarterial mitoxantrone perfusion. These treatment options are associated with different prospects of success, risks and side‐effects. Well‐designed and large studies comparing options are completely lacking. Despite various treatment options, management of intractable hematuria in patients with inoperable bladder cancer remains a challenge, and most of the reported methods should be seen as experimental. Interventional radiology and alum instillation seem to be suitable alternative options for patients who, after critical consideration, cannot be treated by irrigation, transurethral resection or palliative cystectomy.
The characterization of the Phlebotomus papatasi transcriptome
Authors: Abrudan J. , Ramalho‐Ortigão M. , O'Neil S. , Stayback G. , Wadsworth M. , Bernard M. , Shoue D. , Emrich S. , Lawyer P. , Kamhawi S. , Rowton E. D. , Lehane M. J. , Bates P. A. , Valenzeula J. G. , Tomlinson C. , Appelbaum E. , Moeller D. , Thiesing B. , Dillon R. , Clifton S. , Lobo N. F. , Wilson R. K. , Collins F. H. , McDowell M. A.
Published: February 2013

As important vectors of human disease, phlebotomine sand flies are of global significance to human health, transmitting several emerging and re‐emerging infectious diseases. The most devastating of the sand fly transmitted infections are the leishmaniases, causing significant mortality and morbidity in both the Old and New World. Here we present the first global transcriptome analysis of the Old World vector of cutaneous leishmaniasis, Phlebotomus papatasi (Scopoli) and compare this transcriptome to that of the New World vector of visceral leishmaniasis, Lutzomyia longipalpis. A normalized cDNA library was constructed using pooled mRNA from Phlebotomus papatasi larvae, pupae, adult males and females fed sugar, blood, or blood infected with Leishmania major. A total of 47 615 generated sequences was cleaned and assembled into 17 120 unique transcripts. Of the assembled sequences, 50% (8837 sequences) were classified using Gene Ontology (GO) terms. This collection of transcripts is comprehensive, as demonstrated by the high number of different GO categories. An in‐depth analysis revealed 245 sequences with putative homology to proteins involved in blood and sugar digestion, immune response and peritrophic matrix formation. Twelve of the novel genes, including one trypsin, two peptidoglycan recognition proteins (PGRP) and nine chymotrypsins, have a higher expression level during larval stages. Two novel chymotrypsins and one novel PGRP are abundantly expressed upon blood feeding. This study will greatly improve the available genomic resources for P. papatasi and will provide essential information for annotation of the full genome.
Using decomposition to improve greedy solutions of the optimal diversity management problem
Authors: Agra Agostinho , Cerdeira Jorge Orestes , Requejo Cristina
Published: February 2013

The optimal diversity management problem is a special case of the p‐median problem, which arises in the production of wire harness for the automotive industry. Instances are typically very large and graphs consist of several nonconnected components. The greedy algorithm is normally applied to handle these large instances, producing solutions that are considered quite good. We design an approach that uses decomposition combined with a genetic algorithm and simulated annealing algorithm to improve greedy solutions of the optimal diversity management problem. We report computational results that render this approach as capable of improving greedy solutions on real instances from a company manufacturing wire harness for automobiles.
Attachment Style and Treatment Completion among Psychiatric Inpatients with Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Fowler James Christopher , Groat Michael , Ulanday Mike
Published: February 2013

Background and Objectives

A strong dose–response relationship exists for psychosocial treatments for co‐morbid substance abuse disorders; yet rates of attrition are exceedingly high for those seeking treatment in residential and hospital settings. This study examined patient characteristics, including attachment style as predictors of completing 42 contiguous days of inpatient dual‐diagnosis treatment among patients with substance use disorders.

Methods

Baseline characteristics were assessed in 187 consecutively admitted patients with research diagnosis of substance use disorders. Hierarchical logistic regression analysis was used to examine predictors of treatment retention.

Results

Results indicated a two‐variable model consisting of total number of co‐occurring Axis I and II disorders, and pre‐occupied attachment style, accounting for 17% of the variance. Attachment status predicted retention above and beyond psychiatric co‐morbid disorders, demonstrating incremental predictive validity. Moderator analyses failed to detect an interaction.

Conclusions and Scientific Significance

Among inpatients with substance abuse disorders, anxious‐preoccupied attachment style predicted treatment retention, reflecting the importance of interpersonal components of treatment relationships in completing treatment. This study adds to a growing body of evidence linking attachment style with treatment adherence. Further research is needed to examine possible mechanisms associated with this relationship. (Am J Addict 2013;22:14‐17)
Assessing Youth Participation in AA‐Related Helping: Validity of the Service to Others in Sobriety (SOS) Questionnaire in an Adolescent Sample
Authors: Pagano Maria E. , Kelly John F. , Scur Michael D. , Ionescu Rebecca A. , Stout Robert L. , Post Stephen G.
Published: February 2013

Background and Objectives

The positive outcomes derived from participation in Alcoholics Anonymous‐related helping (AAH) found among adults has spurred study of AAH among minors with addiction. AAH includes acts of good citizenship in AA, formal service positions, public outreach, and transmitting personal experience to another fellow sufferer. Addiction research with adolescents is hindered by few validated assessments of 12‐step activity among minors. This study provides psychometric findings of the “Service to Others in Sobriety (SOS)” questionnaire as completed by youths.

Methods

Multi‐informant data was collected prospectively from youth self‐reports, clinician‐rated assessments, biomarkers, and medical chart records for youths (N = 195) after residential treatment.

Results

Few youths (7%) did not participate in any AAH during treatment. Results indicated the SOS as a unidimensional scale with adequate psychometric properties, including inter‐informant reliability (r = .5), internal consistency (alpha = .90), and convergent validity (rs = −.3 to .3). Programmatic AAH activities distinguished abstinent youths in a random half‐sample, and replicated on the other half‐sample. The SOS cut‐point of 40 indicated high AAH participation.

Conclusions and Significance

The SOS appears to be a valid measure of AAH, suggesting clinical utility for enhancing treatment and identifying service opportunities salient to sobriety. (Am J Addict 2013;22:60‐66)
Associations between Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptom Domains and DSM‐IV Lifetime Substance Dependence
Authors: Ameringer Katherine J. , Leventhal Adam M.
Published: February 2013

Background and Objectives

Most studies of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the substance dependence literature have assessed ADHD as a single, categorical entity. This approach limits characterization across the spectrum of ADHD symptomatology and may mask differences across the two core domains of ADHD symptoms—hyperactive‐impulsive (HI) and inattention (IN). Further, it is unclear whether relations of HI and IN symptoms to substance dependence extend across drug classes and to the general population.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study investigated associations of lifetime ADHD HI and IN symptom levels to individual classes of lifetime substance dependence (alcohol, nicotine, depressants, opioids, stimulants, cannabis, hallucinogens, polysubstance) in a population‐based sample of 34,653 American adults.

Results

HI and IN were associated with the majority of dependence diagnoses in a linear pattern, such that each additional symptom was associated with a proportional increase in odds of dependence. After adjusting for the overlap between symptom domains, both HI and IN uniquely associated with alcohol, nicotine, and polysubstance dependence, but only HI uniquely associated with dependence on illicit substances.

Conclusions and Scientific Significance

These findings suggest that individuals in the general population with elevated levels of ADHD (particularly HI) symptoms are at risk for various forms of substance dependence and could benefit from preventive interventions. (Am J Addict 2012;XX:000–000) (Am J Addict 2013;22:23‐32)
Biomass Production, Nutritional and Mineral Content of Desiccation‐Sensitive and Desiccation‐Tolerant Species of Sporobolus under Multiple Irrigation Regimes
Authors: Yobi A. , Schlauch K. A. , Perryman B. , Oliver M. J. , Cushman J. C.
Published: February 2013

The development of low‐water‐input forages would be useful for improving the water‐use efficiency of livestock production in semi‐arid and arid regions. The desiccation‐tolerant (DT) species Sporobolus stapfianus Gandoger and two desiccation‐sensitive (DS) species, Sporobolus pyramidalis and Sporobolus fimbriatus (Trin.) Nees. (Poaceae), were evaluated for aerial biomass production and seed productivity under three different irrigation regimes. Sporobolus stapfianus displayed the least biomass production, whereas S. pyramidalis and S. fimbriatus produced up to 3.8‐ and 11.2‐fold greater dry biomass, respectively, at the highest irrigation rate of 12 334 l (0.01 acre‐feet). Sporobolus fimbriatus and to a lesser extent S. pyramidalis showed significant increases in biomass production in response to increased irrigation rates, whereas S. stapfianus did not. Sporobolus pyramidalis and S. fimbriatus exhibited 3.2‐ and 6.0‐fold greater seed production, respectively, in response to increased irrigation rates, whereas S. stapfianus showed only a 1.4‐fold increase. All Sporobolus species possessed forage quality traits (e.g. crude protein, fibre content) comparable to those of timothy, a forage grass grown widely in the Great Basin in the western United States. Micronutrient content exceeded the minimum requirements of beef cattle, without surpassing tolerable limits, with the exception of zinc, which appeared low in all three Sporobolus species. The low water requirements displayed by these species, combined with their acceptable forage qualities, indicate that these grasses have the potential to serve farmers and ranchers in semi‐arid and arid regions of the western United States where irrigation resources are limited.
The Influence of the Precursor on the Formation of Bi2O3 Polymorphs in CSD‐Derived Thin Films
Authors: Veber Asja , Kunej Špela , Suvorov Danilo
Published: February 2013

This work examines the synthesis and characterization of crack‐free, β‐Bi2O3 thin films prepared on Pt/TiO2/SiO2/Si or corundum substrates using the sol‐gel method. We observed that the Bi‐based precursor has a pronounced influence on the β‐Bi2O3 phase formation. Well‐crystallized, single β‐Bi2O3 thin films were obtained from Bi‐2ethylhexanoate at a temperature of 400°C. In contrast, thin films deposited from Bi‐nitrate and Bi‐acetate resulted in non‐single Bi2O3 phase formation. TEOS was used for the stabilization of the β‐Bi2O3 phase. The phase composition of the thin films was characterized by means of X‐ray diffraction (XRD), whereas the morphology and thickness of the thin films were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The β‐Bi2O3 films' dielectric properties were characterized utilizing microwave‐frequency measurement techniques: (1) the split‐post dielectric resonator method (15 GHz) and (2) the planar capacitor configuration (1–5 GHz). The dielectric constant and dielectric loss measured at 15 GHz were 257 and 7.5 × 10−3, respectively.
Structural and ultrastructural evidence for telocytes in prostate stroma
Authors: Corradi Lara S. , Jesus Mariana M. , Fochi Ricardo A. , Vilamaior Patricia S. L. , Justulin‐ Luis A. , Góes Rejane M. , Felisbino Sérgio L. , Taboga Sebastião R.
Published: February 2013

The prostate comprises a glandular epithelium embedded within a fibromuscular stroma. The stroma is a complex arrangement of cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) components in addition to growth factors, regulatory molecules, remodelling enzymes, blood vessels, nerves and immune cells. The principal sources of ECM components are fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells (SMC), which synthesize the structural and regulatory components of the ECM. Telocytes (TCs) were recently described as a novel stromal cell type that exhibited characteristic features. The aim of this study was to confirm the presence of TCs in prostate stromal tissue of gerbils, as the stromal compartment of this gland is a dynamic microenvironment. We used transmission electron microscopy (TEM), light microscopy and immunohistochemistry methods to provide morphological evidence for the presence of TCs. Cells that resembled TCs were observed in gerbil prostatic stroma. These cells had small cellular bodies with very thin and extremely long cellular processes. They were found primarily in the subepithelial area and also at the periphery of SMC layers. TCs also exhibited moniliform processes, caveolae and nuclei surrounded by small amounts of cytoplasm. Close contacts between TC podomers were evident, particularly in the adjacent epithelial compartment. This morphological evidence supported the presence of TCs in the gerbil prostatic stroma, which we report for the first time.
Gonadotrophin‐Releasing Hormone Release into the Hypophyseal Portal Blood of the Ewe Mirrors Both Pulsatile and Continuous Intravenous Infusion of Kisspeptin: An Insight into Kisspeptin's Mechanism of Action
Authors: Caraty A. , Lomet D. , Sébert M. E. , Guillaume D. , Beltramo M. , Evans N. P.
Published: February 2013

Recent studies have demonstrated that kisspeptin (Kp) administration, given as a slow constant infusion of Kp10 (the shortest endogenous form of the Kp molecules which carries biological activity), is able to stimulate gonadotrophin secretion and induce ovulation in anoestrus acyclic ewes. Detailed analysis of peripheral luteinising hormone (LH) concentrations, obtained at 10‐min intervals, suggested that this Kp10 treatment induced the continuous release of gonadotrophins. Whether this apparent constant secretion of LH resulted from a continuous elevation of GnRH or discrete high‐frequency pulses could not be determined. In the present study, we monitored the patterns of gonadotrophin‐releasing homrone (GnRH) secreted into hypophyseal portal blood (HPB) and LH in the peripheral circulation when Kp10 was administered either as discrete pulses or by means of a continuous infusion. Samples of HPB and peripheral blood were obtained at 2 and 10‐min intervals, respectively, over a 6‐h period, from anoestrous acyclic ewes that received an i.v. bolus injection of Kp10 at 1 h and an infusion of Kp10 between hours 2 and 6. GnRH release following Kp10 administration appeared to be dose‐dependent, with larger responses being seen to the 20 μg bolus and 20 μg/h infusion than to the 10 μg bolus and 10 μg/h infusion, with the latter being marginally effective in inducing LH release. Bolus injections of Kp10 (either 20 or 10 μg) induced a sharp GnRH pulse in HPB and a discrete LH pulse in peripheral blood. By contrast, constant infusion of Kp10 (either 20 or 10 μg/h for 4 h) induced a sustained increase in baseline GnRH secretion with no convincing evidence of strictly episodic release. Values remained continuously elevated in HPB. No sign of pituitary desensitisation was observed at either concentration. Finally, i.v. injection of a large bolus (500 μg) of Kp10 produced immediate pharmacological concentrations of Kp10 in the peripheral circulation but were not associated with detectable levels of the peptide in the cerebrospinal fluid. In summary, our results demonstrate that the mode of Kp10 administration (pulsatile versus continuous) is important in shaping the pattern of GnRH secretion and suggests that this regulatory effect is most likely exerted at the level of the terminals of GnRH neurones. Moreover our data also suggest that Kp is involved in, rather than having a permissive role in, the control of endogenous GnRH pulsatility.
The importance of nutrition, diet and lifestyle advice for cancer survivors – the role of nursing staff and interprofessional workers
Authors: Murphy Jane L , Girot Elizabeth A
Published: February 2013

Aims and objectives

To examine current guidelines and the evidence base to illustrate the importance of nutrition, diet and lifestyle advice to support people who have survived cancer and help them integrate back into normal life, improve their quality of life and potentially improve their chance of long‐term survival.

Background

Cancer survivors need to know about nutrition and other lifestyle behaviour changes to help them recover and potentially reduce the risk of the same cancer recurring or a new cancer developing. From this perspective, frontline registered nurses are in a prime position to support cancer survivors who are in their care.

Design

Discursive paper.

Methods

On the basis of the international research evidence and a critical analysis of recent policy and practice literature, themes emerged, which illustrate the importance of nutrition, diet and lifestyle advice for cancer survivors. This paper discusses the need for more focused education and greater interprofessional working for quality care delivery.

Conclusion

New professional guidance for emerging frontline nurses indicates they should be able to provide appropriate and more consistent advice on nutritional issues, physical activity and weight management, although more research is needed to understand the right mode of nutrition training. Additionally, interprofessional working needs improving as well as encouraging cancer survivors to respond.

Relevance to clinical practice

High‐quality nutrition education and training is required for nurses working across both the acute and primary care sectors. They require this to effectively monitor and advise patients and to know when, where and from whom they can access more specialist help. Interprofessional collaborative working across multi‐centre settings (National Health Service and non‐National Health Service) is key to provide the best effective care and support for cancer survivors.
Performance of infrared ear and forehead thermometers: a comparative study in 205 febrile and afebrile children
Authors: Hamilton Patricia A , Marcos Lorenzo S , Secic Michelle
Published: February 2013

Aims and objectives

This study compared readings from two professional‐grade, commercially available infrared (IR) thermometers, the ThermoScan® PRO 4000 prewarmed tip ear thermometer and the Temporal Scanner™ TAT‐5000 temporal artery thermometer.

Background

The repeatability and precision of readings from IR thermometers for professional use were questioned in the past, but in recent years, these types of thermometers have been technologically improved, so their ability to replicate standard temperature readings reliably should be re‐examined.

Design

Febrile and afebrile children were recruited from the emergency department, overflow treatment areas and the paediatric intensive care unit of a large hospital in Argentina. Each child had a randomised sequence of seven temperature readings, including three from the ear, three from the forehead or behind the ear and one reference oral or rectal reading.

Methods

Temperature readings were taken with the ThermoScan PRO 4000, the Temporal Scanner TAT‐5000 and the monitor mode of SureTemp® Plus, a widely used professional‐grade contact thermometer, for reference.

Results

Of 205 children, 46% were febrile, per reference thermometer readings. While mean ThermoScan PRO 4000 febrile measurements did not differ significantly from reference, mean Temporal Scanner TAT‐5000 febrile measurements were significantly lower (by a mean of 0·42 °C) than the reference. Overall bias of the ThermoScan PRO 4000 was significantly lower than that of the Temporal Scanner TAT‐5000; repeatability was 1·5 times higher, and overall false‐negative rate was about a third that of Temporal Scanner TAT‐5000, when compared to the reference.

Conclusions

This study indicates that the ThermoScan PRO 4000 provides measurements closer to those of a professional‐grade contact thermometer when compared to the Temporal Scanner TAT‐5000.

Relevance to clinical practice

The odds of misclassifying a febrile child as non‐febrile were about threefold higher with the Temporal Scanner TAT‐5000 temporal artery thermometer than with the ThermoScan® PRO 4000 ear thermometer.
The Seller's Perspective on Determinants of Acquisition Likelihood: Insights from China's Beer Industry
Authors: Zeng Yuping , Douglas Thomas J. , Wu Changqi
Published: February 2013

This study investigates acquisition antecedents during China's transition from a planned to a market‐based economic system. Because of contextual realities such as a lack of freely tradable targets for buyers, the seller's willingness to sell is critical for acquisition occurrence in transition economies. We therefore take the seller's perspective and examine factors underlying firms' willingness to sell. We posit that selling is a decision based on the evaluation of a firm's prospects determined by its embeddedness within the planned system, organizational changes it undertook during the transition, and its ability to adjust its strategy according to the evolving strengths of the planning and marketing institutions. Data from the Chinese beer industry from 1995 to 2004 show that acquisition likelihood is high for firms founded as SOEs, low for firms having attracted more private investment or undertaken multiple changes, and has a U‐shaped relationship with firms' relative investment in marketing resources.