bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivators and Older Employees' Attitudes towards Their Current Jobs
Authors: Valentine Sean , Valentine W. Robert , Dick James
Published: August 2011

It has been suggested that one of most dramatic changes in the workplace over the next decade will be the growing number of older employees. The task of managing, challenging, and motivating this aging work force is expected to be more complex due to varied needs and goals. An analysis of data from 3358 workers (45–59 yr. old) in a national longitudinal sample on attitudes indicated that jobs that provided intrinsic motivators or a combination of both intrinsic and extrinsic motivators were better received than those that offered only extrinsic motivators.
A Field Test Comparison of Hiking Stick Use on Heartrate and Rating of Perceived Exertion
Authors: Jacobson Bert H. , Wright Tate
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to compare heartrate carrying a load and rating of perceived exertion with and without hiking sticks while ascending and descending a slope. 11 novice, moderately fit volunteers, ages 18 to 21 years ( M = 19 3 yr.) completed two alternate 50-meter, uphill and downhill hikes on a 40° slope during randomly ordered trials with and without fitted hiking sticks and backpacks (15 kg). Paired t test comparisons for 4 trials indicated that mean heartrate was significantly lower only following the first ascent by those using hiking sticks than those without sucks. Rating of perceived exertion also was significantly lower ( p<.05) for those using hiking sticks. Perhaps heartrate may be lower at the onset of climbing using hiking sticks, but as the duration the hike is extended, heartrates become comparable, presumably due to the transfer of energy utilization from the legs to the upper body.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: CXIV. Hans Jürgen Eysenck, 1916–1997
Authors: Furnham Adrian
Published: August 2011

Brief comments on Hans Jürgen Eysenck as a person provide hints about the man and his productivity.
Increasing Attendance at Sport Training Sessions
Authors: Scott David , Goldwater Bram C.
Published: August 2011

A lottery incentive system was shown to be effective in increasing attendance at athletic training sessions. 20 players on one team were awarded a playing card for each training session attended, with a cash prize being presented at the end of the week to the player accumulating the best poker hand. Attendance was shown to increase during intervention and decrease when it was withdrawn.
The Author Recognition Test without Foils as a Predictor of Vocabulary and Cultural Literacy Test Scores
Authors: Krashen Stephen , Kim Haeyoung
Published: August 2011

Performance on a foil-free version of the Author Recognition Test was for 40 undergraduates and 5 graduate students a significant predictor of vocabulary knowledge and cultural literacy. Performance on foil-free versions of the Author and Magazine Recognition Tests were significant predictors of cultural literacy.
Perception of Physical Variables during Four Phases of the Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Jacobson B. H. , Lentz W.
Published: August 2011

Comparisons of perceptions during four menstrual phases were collected with 6 regularly menstruating athletes who responded to a semantic differentiation scale containing descriptive polar terms. Analysis indicated a significantly lower mean score on perceived strength and speed during the progestational phase and a lower mean for power during menstrual and progestational phases.
Effects of Age of Acquisition, Word Frequency, and Familiarity on Object Recognition and Naming in Dementia
Authors: Taylor Robert
Published: August 2011

116 patients with established dementia completed a short confrontation naming test. Naming latency correlated -.69 (Kendall τ, p<.001) with general frequency of the name of the object. Recognition failure correlated .53 with age of acquisition of the name and —.58 with familiarity of the object. These and other correlations are not in accord with recent findings from studies of normal people. More extensive studies of these relationships in dementia, where disorders of recognition and naming are common, would be informative.
Attributes Related to College Students' Attitudes
Authors: Folsom-Meek Sherry L. , Nearing Ruth J.
Published: August 2011

Attitudes of 2,624 college students toward working with children with disabilities were identified.
Effect of Active Rest by Oral Reading on a Mirror-Drawing Task
Authors: Sada Yoshitaka
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the effect of active rest on perceptual-motor learning. Two groups received different techniques for promoting recovery during an 8-min. rest period between practice on a mirror-drawing task. The two techniques were active rest by reading orally a book unrelated to the experiment and passive rest during which the group sat without moving the body or thinking about the experiment. Significantly fewer number of errors in the mirror drawing occurred for those subjects who used oral reading during rest. The possibility of raising arousal was discussed.
Cohesion Predicts Success in Junior Ice Hockey
Authors: Salminen Simo , Luhtanen Pekka
Published: August 2011

This study examined the relationship between cohesion measured by the Group Environment Questionnaire and success measured by winning percentage with over 200 junior ice hockey players. The cohesion explained 29% of the variance of the success. Scores on task cohesion were better predictors of success than social cohesion.
Stimulus Size and Eccentricity in Visually Induced Perception of Horizontally Translational Self-Motion
Authors: Nakamura Shinji , Shimojo Shinsuke
Published: August 2011

The effects of the size and eccentricity of the visual stimulus upon visually induced perception of self-motion (vection) were examined with various sizes of central and peripheral visual stimulation. Analysis indicated the strength of vection increased linearly with the size of the area in which the moving pattern was presented, but there was no difference in vection strength between central and peripheral stimuli when stimulus sizes were the same. Thus, the effect of stimulus size is homogeneous across eccentricities in the visual field.
Attitudes about Suicide in Zambian and Nigerian Students
Authors: Lester David , Akande Adebowale
Published: August 2011

215 Zambian Lozi-speaking students viewed suicide as more normal and acceptable than did 203 Nigerian Yoruban students, also as more serious, and more often as having clear motives.
Dual Associations between Hand Preference and Visual Asymmetry in Perception of Faces
Authors: Ida Yukihide
Published: August 2011

A hand preference questionnaire and a face-matching task were administered to 83 female college students. Although the first and the second factor scores of hand preference correlated with a leftward perceptual bias on the face-matching task, the first factor correlated positively and the second negatively. Consistently, all of hand-preference items loading on the first factor correlated positively, and most items loading on the second factor negatively. Further, the bias for right-hand use of each hand-preference item correlated with the leftward perceptual bias. Hand preference may have independent dual associations with perceptual asymmetries, and factors of hand preference and bias for the right hand use may distinguish between the associations.
Handedness and Stress-Related Health Problems
Authors: Hicks Robert A. , Hyler Bryan
Published: August 2011

Responses of groups of 163 right-, 22 mixed-, and 20 left-handed university students to the seven symptom subscales of a 48-item Stress-related Health Problems Scale were used to test the hypothesis that left-handedness is associated with an increased risk of stress-related health problems. Since only one of the 21 possible statistical tests computed barely reached statistical significance, there is no meaningful relationship between handedness and stress-related health problems.
A Submaximal Treadmill Test for Developing Target Ratings of Perceived Exertion for Outpatient Cardiac Rehabilitation
Authors: Dunbar Christopher C. , Glickman-Weiss Ellen L. , Bursztyn Diego A. , Kurtich Michael , Quiroz Antonio , Conley Patricia
Published: August 2011

For patient populations whose heart rates cannot be used to regulate exercise intensity, the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Scale is the preferred way to prescribe exercise intensity. Individual perceptual variations are best quantified by measuring perceptual intensity during maximal exercise testing; however, many situations require a submaximal protocol. Here, a submaximal treadmill procedure for establishing individualized target Ratings of Perceived Exertion is described. Target ratings of exertion were developed for outpatient cardiac rehabilitation patients using the new method and compared to target Ratings of Perceived Exertion obtained using standard techniques. A total of 144 target ratings at intensities ranging from 50% to 85% VO2max were compared. Over-all, the average difference between the two methods was 0.27 units and was not significant at any intensity. Therefore, the Treadmill Slope Method appears to be a valid submaximal test for generating target Ratings of Perceived Exertion for outpatient cardiac rehabilitation patients.
Perceptual Differences in Fetal Alcohol Effect Boys Performing a Modeling Task
Authors: Meyer Martha J.
Published: August 2011

Perceptual differences were examined for four boys identified with fetal alcohol effect (FAE) and labeled learning disabled for educational purposes. Without a model, all FAE boys built asymmetrical building block designs with no stacking of blocks. When the boys were shown a short videotape of a peer building a simple symmetrical structure with one-layer stacking of blocks, none of the FAE boys successfully imitated. They continued to place blocks randomly on the floor surface with no stacking or layering This limited study suggests modeling perceptual tasks may not be an effective teaching strategy for children identified with fetal alcohol effect and such children may not be able to learn new skills using demonstration or modeling.
Prevalence of Auditory, Olfactory, and Gustatory Experiences in Home Dreams
Authors: Zadra Antonio L. , Nielsen Tore A. , Donderi D. C.
Published: August 2011

Although numerous studies have investigated the content of laboratory and home dream reports, surprisingly Little is known about the prevalence of various sensory modes in dreams. 49 men and 115 women completed a battery of questionnaires and kept a home dream diary for two to three consecutive weeks. Retrospective responses to the questionnaire indicate that approximately 33% of men and 40% of women recalled having experienced sensations of smell or taste in their dreams. A total of 3372 dream reports were collected and scored for unambiguous references to auditory, olfactory, and gustatory experiences. Auditory experiences were reported in approximately 53% of all dream reports. Olfactory and gustatory sensations occurred in approximately 1% of all dream reports. A significantly greater percentage of women than men reported one or more dreams containing references to olfactory sensations. The results lend support to previous studies which have shown that a variety of sensory experiences, although relatively rare, can occur in dreams.
Factors Related to Magnitude Estimation Scaling of Complex Auditory Stimuli: Aging
Authors: Fucci Donald , Mc Coll Doug , Petrosino Linda
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of aging on magnitude estimation scaling of the loudness of complex auditory stimuli in the form of rock music. The subjects were 10 young adults ( M age=19.3 yr.), and 10 older individuals ( M age = 54.2 yr.). The older individuals' mean numerical responses suggested that they perceived the rock music stimuli as louder for all nine suprathreshold intensities tested. The older group of subjects may have perceived the suprathreshold stimulus intensities as being louder because of physical and affective changes that naturally occur in central auditory processing during the aging process.
Body-Image Perceptions across Sex and Age Groups
Authors: Cullasi Salvatore , Rohrer Jennifer M. , Bahm Christine
Published: August 2011

Weight dissatisfaction, body dissatisfaction, and body-image distortion measures were used with 98 fifth and eighth graders and 57 undergraduate students. Measures included the Piers-Harris Self-concept Scale and the Kids Eating Disorder Survey for the young children, the Interpersonal Behavior Survey, and a seven-item mistaken beliefs scale for the college sample. Body dissatisfaction and Body-image distortion were assessed with a figure-drawing procedure. Significant differences in both weight dissatisfaction and body dissatisfaction were found between males and females in the eighth grade and undergraduate groups. There were no significant sex-differences in body-image distortion in the fifth or eighth grades, but significant differences in body-image distortion between men and women were found in the college sample. The direction of body-image distortion for both the 20 men and the 37 women was consistent with their ideal weight. In the college sample, there was a significant correlation between body-image dissatisfaction and self-confidence for the women but not for the men.
Autonomic Nervous System Balance and Introversion
Authors: Lester David , Berry Diane
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 61 undergraduates, a measure of parasympathetic predominance in the autonomic system was associated with introversion as predicted by Lester (1974).
Comparisons of Psychomotor Performance between the Upper and Lower Extremities in Three Age Groups
Authors: Li Yuhua , Mc Colgin Chas , Van Oteghen Sharon L.
Published: August 2011

Decreasing speed of foot movement is a serious perceptual-motor impairment for older individuals such as in walking and driving. The present study examined the relationship between age and psychomotor performance for upper vs lower extremities. A visual stimulus was used to measure the speed of finger and foot movement responses, i.e., choice reaction time and total response time. 32 healthy persons, ranging in age from 9 to 75 years, were divided into three groups: ages 9–10, ages 20–30, and age 60 and above. A 3 (age group) x 2 (test: finger vs foot) two-way analysis of variance on converted Z scores indicated a significant effect on age group and an interaction between test and age group. While the elderly group showed poorest over-all performance, their lower extremity response was identified to be relatively slower than their upper-extremity response.
College Students' Perceptions of Occupational Attributes Based on Formality of Business Attire
Authors: Kwon Yoon-Hee , Johnson-Hillery Julie
Published: August 2011

The objectives of the study were to (a) identify the dimensions of occupational attributes associated with three levels of formality of business attire worn by male and female workers, (b) examine the differences of the perceived occupational attributes associated with formality of business attire, and (c) assess differences between business and nonbusiness students' perceived occupational attributes of the aforementioned business attire. Statistical analyses of data from 230 women and 88 men showed that there were two dimensions of occupational attributes related to business attire, sociable and powerful appearance. Scores on perceived occupational attributes for formal attire of both men and women were consistently higher than those of semiformal or informal attire. Scores on the perceived occupational attributes of business students were consistently lower than those of nonbusiness students, implying business students' higher expectation of formality of appearance in a business setting. The over-all results indicate that formal business attire gave more positive ratings for all the occupational attributes.
Two Women with Multiple Disabilities Sharing An Acoustic Orientation System and Traveling Together to Indoor Destinations
Authors: Lancioni G. E. , Mantini M.
Published: August 2011

This study assessed whether two women with total blindness and profound intellectual disability could share an acoustic orientation system and travel together simultaneously to common indoor destinations to perform occupational and vocational activities. The orientation system provided acoustic cues which indicated the direction to the destinations. Analysis of data indicated that the women were successful in sharing the system and could reach the destinations independently.
Characteristics Related to Centrality of Spiritual Self-Identity
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M.
Published: August 2011

In 1994, Pedersen developed a model of centrality of self-identity consisting of four self-identity factors. These factors, found to vary in centrality from person to person, were Spiritual, Personal/Social, Family, and Identifications. The implications of the centrality of Spiritual identity were investigated. It was hypothesized that the centrality of Spiritual identity would differ according to differences in Physical Health, Self-esteem, Neuroticism, and Extraversion. The Who Am I? measure of centrality of self-identity, a semantic differential measure of self-esteem, and the Maudsley Personality Inventory were administered to 134 participants. Groups who scored higher on Physical Health and on Self-esteem and lower on Neuroticism had more central Spiritual self-identity scores. Differences involving Extraversion were not significant.
Self-Reported Exercise Frequency and Personality: A Population-Based Study in Japan
Authors: Arai Yumiko , Hisamichi Shigeru
Published: August 2011

This study of relationships between personality and exercise frequency was based on 22,448 residents (40 to 64 years old) in Miyagi, Japan. They completed the self-administered questionnaires on their exercise frequency and the Japanese version of the short form Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised. Higher scores on Extraversion were positively related to exercising and higher scores on Neuroticism and Psychoticism were positively related to “not exercising” in a general population for both sexes. These observed relationships were consistent even when an analysis of covariance was conducted with controlling for possible confounding factors of age, marital status, and education.
The Author and Magazine Recognition Tests as Predictors of Literacy Development in Korean
Authors: Kim Haeyoung , Krashen Stephen
Published: August 2011

Scores on Korean versions of Stanovich's Author and Magazine Recognition Test were significant and independent predictors of performance on a test of recognition of Chinese characters for 103 Korean high school girls.
Comparison of Heart-Rate Intensity and Duration between Sport Games and Traditional Cardiovascular Activities
Authors: Hannon James C. , Pellett Tracy L.
Published: August 2011

The present purpose was to ascertain whether participants who engaged in sport games (indoor soccer and basketball) could experience the same cardiovascular benefits as when they participated in traditional cardiovascular fitness activities (step aerobics and running). The results showed they did.
Cues Facilitate Detection of Motion in Dynamic Random-Dot Patterns
Authors: Laarni J. J.
Published: August 2011

In 1981 Ball and Sekuler showed that a briefly flashed line which primed the subject to the direction of target motion improved the detection of a target. Our aim was to study whether a pointing arrow and random-dot patterns that move in one of four possible directions can prime detection of motion for higher-contrast stimuli. When the motion of a target was primed and the cue validity was 100%, the target's position was more easily detected. Improvement was significant when the direction indicated by the cue and a target's direction were either the same or opposite relative to each other. When the subjects ( n = 5 each experiment) did not know the direction of the target before the presentation of the stimulus field, no improvement was found. A discussion of attention to the cue is presented.
A Reversed Turing Test of Human Random Number Generation
Authors: Montare Alberto
Published: August 2011

Based upon distinctions between true randomness, probabilistic randomness, and stochastic randomness, a reversed Turing Test was performed to compare human-generated to computer-generated random numbers. Tests of three hypotheses showed that humans more often fail to behave randomly when assessed by a “probabilistic interrogator” (based on distribution-free nonparametric tests) than by a “stochastic interrogator” (based on parametric testing), that computer-generated numbers displayed both probabilistic and stochastic randomness, and that human failure to pass the reversed Turing Test may be attributed to a nonrandom response pattern embedded in the group data corresponding to the highly automatized human counting skill. In addition to supporting the ubiquitous observation that humans do not behave randomly, these findings suggest that humans, unlike computers, may spontaneously interpose relative amounts of order that preclude successful random generation requiring relative amounts of disorder.
Contextual Interference Effects on the Acquisition and Retention of Fundamental Motor Skills
Authors: Wegman Eitan
Published: August 2011

This study was designed to examine the effect of three practice models (repetitions, random, and combined) on the acquisition and retention of fundamental motor skills. 54 girls in Grade 4 were randomly assigned to the three different practice groups who practiced three skills of ball rolling, racket striking, and ball kicking. All subjects received pretests, posttests, and a 3-wk. retention test. Performance was significantly improved during practice in the three groups for the three skills. The repetitions group performed better than the other two groups at the end of practice. The contextual interference effect in retention was only shown for the racket-striking skill, in which the random group was significantly better than the repetitions and the combined groups. An attempt was made to attribute that specific result to the special characteristics of the striking skill in this study as an open skill with which subjects had a previous experience.
The Work Addiction Risk Test: Development of a Tentative Measure of Workaholism
Authors: Robinson Bryan E.
Published: August 2011

The development and analyses of the psychometric characteristics of a tentative self-report measure of work addiction are reported. A total of 363 college students completed a battery of tests including the Work Addiction Risk Test. Internal consistency of the scores was .88. Also, these scores were compared with those on the Type A Self-rating Scale and the Jenkins Activity Survey, which give self-reports of Type A behavior and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. That scores on the work addiction risk test were reliable and showed concurrent validity supported psychometric utility for research and clinical practice.
Order of Scale Administration and Concurrent Validity of the Anxiety Rating Scale
Authors: Cox Richard H. , Robb Marshall , Russell William D.
Published: August 2011

The Anxiety Rating Scale-2 and the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 were administered to 100 male university intramural volleyball players 15 min. before a match began. For 50 participants, the above order of presentation was used; for the other 50 the order was reversed. Correlations for cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence between the two inventories were .47, .63, and .67, respectively, for scores from Order 1 and .56, .75, and .84 for Order 2.
Dimensions of the Recruiter's Role in the Employment Process
Authors: Greller Martin M.
Published: August 2011

A survey of 92 professional recruiters indicated that their professional contributions could be described by a consultative-transactional factor.
Strategic Aspects of Reaction Time in World-Class Sprinters
Authors: Collet C.
Published: August 2011

Simple reaction time (RT) is defined as the time duration following the initiation of a stimulus and the resultant first observable response. For sprinters, RT to a start should be especially important, as this may determine the outcome of the race. The aim of this study was to investigate whether sprinters (from 100 to 400 m) try to anticipate the starter's shot within the false start limit (100 msec. after the shot). Subjects were male sprinters who have reached the final of a sprint event in World Championships or Olympic Games. Analysis indicated that RT to the starting shot plays a role in the eight finalists' strategy throughout an event (requiring a total of four sprints). Four characteristics of the strategic aspects of RT were found: (i) Increased mean RT from short dashes to longer sprints (from 60 m indoor, to 100 m, 200 m, and 400 m); (ii) RT values increase as a function of race length, i.e., the RT of the first sprinter in a 4 × 100-m relay is no different from that of a 400-m sprinter; conversely, RT of the first relay sprinter in a 4 × 400-m, i.e., a 1600-m race, is significantly different from RT in a 400-m race; (iii) RT decreases from the heats to the final for the eight finalists; (iv) Decreased RT is not observable in less experienced sprinters through the qualifying rounds (junior 18- or 19-yr.-old sprinters, taking part in their own World Championships). RT must be considered a skill dependent upon experience and learning and is associated with race length. The shorter the race, the more important the RT is for the final performance (both time and place), so sprinters try to decrease RT in the shorter dashes (60 m and 100 m). In the longer sprint races (4 × 400-m relay) they are content to respond to the shot. Intermediate distance races elicit intermediate values of RT. Such behavior could be explained by the importance of RT throughout the factors which influence sprint performance and by reference to allocation of concentration resources and expenditure.
Considering Olfactory Stimulation for Adults with Age-Related Dementia
Authors: Vance David
Published: August 2011

Behavioral interventions and activities for adults with age-related dementias sometimes use olfactory stimulation; however, limitations to the usefulness of such stimulation are suggested by both neurological studies which show a large amount of degeneration in the cells of the olfactory bulb and studies of perception which indicate that adults with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias perform poorly on tests of smell identification and detection. Current approaches to using olfactory stimulation as a component of interventions for adults with age-related dementia may need to be either abandoned or reassessed.
Skipping and Hopping of Undergraduates: Recollections of When and Why
Authors: Burton Allen W. , Garcia Luis , Garcia Clersida
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to compare the reasons why young adults skip and hop and when they last skipped and hopped. Retrospective data collected from 664 undergraduate students showed that the most common explanation for skipping was related to affect (54%), but the most common explanations for hopping were more functional. No significant differences appeared in the time frames of the participants' last remembered bout of skipping or hopping, although significantly more failed to remember the last time they hopped than the last time they skipped.
The Problem of Dream Length in Analysis of Content
Authors: Schredl Michael
Published: August 2011

The present study investigated the linear as well as nonlinear relationships between scores on selected dream content scales and dream length. Analysis indicated that biases due to control solely for the linear components are almost negligible.
Individual Differences in Textural Segregation
Authors: Irwin-Chase Holly , Burns Barbara
Published: August 2011

Dimensional interactions of width and orientation stimuli in early visual processing were assessed in a texture-segregation paradigm. The basis for detecting a discrepant quadrant in 6 × 6 arrays of objects was varied in accordance with Garner's Control, Correlated, and Orthogonal conditions. Individual differences as measured by Witkin's Group Embedded Figures Task differentiated performance patterns on the texture-segregation task. Individuals with high scores on the Embedded Figures Test, termed Field-independent, exhibited redundancy gains in the Correlated condition and no interference in the Orthogonal condition whereas those scoring low, termed Field-dependent, demonstrated no redundancy gains and no interference effects. Results support recent findings that individual differences in field dependence-independence are associated with differences in low-level visual mechanisms and suggest that individual differences in attentional flexibility exist in early visual processing.
Relation of Repetition Effect and Response Programming in a Speeded Choice Task
Authors: Ito Masanobu
Published: August 2011

The present study tested the hypothesis that the repetition effect occurs during response programming. The choice reaction-time to initiate the second of two responses was examined when two consecutive responses were the same or different in their kinematics and force characteristics and repeated for two different stimuli. 12 subjects were required to react and produce the sequence of same or different force by squeezing a handle as quickly and accurately as possible after the first (auditory) and the second (visual) reaction signals. The response-stimulus interval was set at 500 msec. The choice reaction-time to initiate the second response was significantly shorter for the same-force condition than for the different-force and control conditions. This result indicates that the repetition effect originates in a speedup in response programming rather than response selection or perceptual identification. This finding was discussed in terms of bypassing a response-programming stage.
Test-Retest Reliability of the General Ability Measure for Adults
Authors: Lassiter Kerry S. , Matthews T. Darin
Published: August 2011

The test stability for the General Ability Measure for Adults was examined for up to a 48-day interval ( M = 35 days, SD = 5) for a sample of 52 college students, ages 19 to 51 years. The means for the Intelligence Quotient were 107 ( SD = 11) and 115 ( SD = 11), with a test-retest Pearson correlation of .62. Stability estimates for the measure's subtests were .30 for Matching, .33 for Analogies, .54 for Sequences, and .40 for Construction. Reliability coefficients were lower than expected for Matching, Analogies, and Sequences subtests and much lower than those reported in the test manual. The mean scores increased significantly on retest. Over-all, this study supported the limited temporal stability of the General Ability Measure for Adults.
Men's and Women's Self-Reported Ratings of Feeling Observed
Authors: Iizuka Yuichi
Published: August 2011

Undergraduates (291 men and 435 women) filled out questionnaires including scales on feeling observed. The women gazed relatively more when women of the same and younger ages were targets. When with someone of an older age, women gave higher ratings of being observed than men in both same-sex and opposite-sex situations.
Standing Distance in Climbability of Stairs
Authors: Maraj Brian K. V. , Domingue Jeremy A.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this experiment was to make a preliminary examination of the distance one needs to stand from a stair to successfully climb up without using arms for support. Using an adjustable stair structure to create different heights of risers, a group of 10 tall and of 10 short participants made perceptual judgments and physical attempts at heights that represented 83% and 93% of each group's mean leg length. Choice of maximum and minimum distance from the stair was measured for each participant. Analysis showed that perceptual judgments and physical capabilities were highly correlated (tall: Pearson r = .92); short: Pearson r = .93). Moreover, the ability to climb the two heights depended on the standing distance from the stair. The findings suggest that standing distance may be a consideration in stair climbing and that stair height alone may not be sufficient to specify climbability.
New Methodological Advice for Research in Subliminal Psychodynamic Activation
Authors: Birgegard Andreas , Sohlberg Staffan
Published: August 2011

Recent integration among approaches to perception without awareness has brought the usefulness of Subliminal Psychodynamic Activation into renewed focus. Several authors have discussed the possible detrimental impact on interpretation when control phrases are used that for some participants may be less than affectively neutral (e.g., Fudin, 1986; Greenberg, 1997). In this continuing commentary, we argue that the neutrality of a substantive stimulus is an insoluble issue, and instead the suitability of controls for a given study should be emphasized. Also, we discuss the apparent confusion between experimental psychodynamics and efforts to answer Greenwald's 1992 “two-word challenge.”
Use of Nonverbal Measures of Intelligence in Identification of Culturally Diverse Gifted Students in Rural Areas
Authors: Stephens Kristen , Kiger Leslie , Karnes Frances A. , Whorton James E.
Published: August 2011

To identify culturally diverse, potentially gifted students in rural areas the Culture-Fair Intelligence Test, the Raven Standard Progressive Matrices, and the Naglieri Nonverb Abilities Test were administered to 189 students enrolled in Grades 3 through 8 at a rural elementary school. Scores from these three tests are reported, and their usefulness in the identification of gifted children is discussed.
Experimental Comparison of Brightness Judgments Obtained by Rating and Bisection Methods
Authors: Tommasi Marco
Published: August 2011

The consistency of psychophysical scales obtained by different measurement procedures is an important topic for research. Two experiments tested whether the scales obtained by the rating and bisection methods were consistent. 40 university students bisected intervals on the brightness continuum and subsequently rated the brightnesses determined by such bisections, or they first rated brightnesses and then bisected brightness intervals. Analysis shows the scales obtained by these methods were mutually consistent when a large number of response categories (the integers from 0 to 100) were used for ratings. When a small number of response categories (the integers from 0 to 6) were used, the methods were consistent only when ratings were produced after the bisections. This suggests that bisections may have increased the consistency of the rating scale by generating an internal representation of equally spaced sensory magnitudes subsequently used for ratings.
Field Dependence-Independence of Basketball Referees
Authors: Tabernero Belen , Márquez Sara
Published: August 2011

This study examined the field dependence-independence of basketball referees. A total of 205 subjects (nonathletes, athletes active in individual or team sports, and referees) completed the Group Embedded Figures Test. Analysis indicated no significant differences among referees due to age, group, or number of years officiating. Statistically significant lower scores were obtained by team-sport players and referees than by nonathletes. Mean scores of team-sport players and referees did not differ significantly.
Role of Geons in Object Recognition across Ages
Authors: Koch Christopher , Abbey Lisa
Published: August 2011

Little research has been conducted regarding the developmental implications of Biederman's 1987 Recognition by Components theory. The present study compared objects fragmented according to this theory, i.e., vertices were left intact and midsegments were deleted, with objects that were randomly fragmented. A total of 169 students from three age groups (first grade, fourth grade, and college) participated. Approximately half of the participants viewed pictures with intact vertices and half viewed the randomly fragmented pictures. Analysis showed that participants recognized more pictures across groups; however, there were no significant differences between the two sets of pictures. This finding suggests that vertices are important but are not necessary for object recognition. The role of midsegments in object recognition is also discussed.
Judo—The Gentle Way: A Replication of Studies on Martial Arts and Aggression
Authors: Lamarre Brian W. , Nosanchuk T. A.
Published: August 2011

There have been numerous studies of the effects of traditional martial arts training on aggressiveness, most reporting a decline in aggressiveness with training. The majority of these studies have examined students of karate or taekwondo, disciplines emphasizing strikes and blocks. In contrast, this cross-sectional study examined the effects of traditional judo training on aggressiveness by looking at 51 judo students Furthermore, we incorporate into our analysis two variables generally associated with aggression, age and sex, to control for their effects. Aggressiveness declined as expected across training and ages, but surprisingly sex had no effect in this setting.
Perceptions of Trust, Upward Influence Tactics, and Performance Ratings
Authors: Thacker Rebecca A.
Published: August 2011

This study examined the intervening role that a perceptual variable, supervisor's perceptions of trust in a subordinate, plays in mediating the direct relationship between influence tactics and performance ratings. Employing a sample of 105 supervisors, the data showed that the effect of the cognitive marking from the subordinate's use of influence tactics is direct and significant on performance ratings for two influence tactics, assertiveness and higher authority. For 3 influence tactics, ingratiation, reasoning, and exchange, perceptions of trust mediated that relationship. Also, the direct effect of perceptions of trust on performance ratings was significant regardless of the influence tactic employed by the subordinate.
An Exploratory Investigation of the Relationship between Sport Fans' Motivation and Race
Authors: Wann Daniel L. , Bilyeu Jaye K. , Brennan Kathleen , Osborn Holli , Gambouras Adam F.
Published: August 2011

The current investigation was designed to examine racial differences in sport fans' motivation. 65 Euro-Americans and 32 African Americans were asked to complete the Sport Fan Motivation Scale to assess eight different motives of eustress or positive arousal, self-esteem, escape as diversion, entertainment, economics as gambling, aesthetic value, group affiliation, and family needs. The results revealed that Euro-Americans reported higher motivation than African Americans. Further, men and women of the two racial groups differed in their motivational patterns. Discussion centers on the need for research on racial differences in fans' motivation and the possibility that certain motives may be applicable to only a subset of races.
Relationships between Anxiety and Achievement at Three Stages of Learning a Foreign Language
Authors: Onwuegbuzie Anthony J. , Bailey Phillip , Daley Christine E.
Published: August 2011

Anxiety in foreign language courses has been conceptualized as occurring at each of three stages of input, processing, and output. Specifically, input anxiety refers to the learner's apprehension when receiving information in the foreign language; processing anxiety refers to the apprehension experienced by learners when learning and thinking in the foreign language; and output anxiety refers to the apprehension experienced when speaking or writing in the foreign language. The present purpose was to investigate the relationship between achievement and anxiety at each of these three stages of learning a foreign language. Participants were 224 college students from a variety of disciplinary backgrounds, enrolled in Spanish, French, or German classes. Small but significant negative associations were found between achievement in the foreign language and scores on the Input Scale, the Processing Scale, and the Output Scale. These indicate educators should consider more than just the output stage of learning in foreign language classes.
Variation in National Suicide Rates over Time
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 30 nations, those with higher proportion of the population under the age of 15 had national suicide rates showing greater variation over the period 1960–1990.
Pattern Formation in Polyrhythmic Tapping at a Self-Paced Tempo
Authors: Tajima Makoto , Choshi Koji
Published: August 2011

The present study examined the pattern formation in complex bimanual coordination at a self-paced tempo. 10 subjects performed two motor tasks in a self-paced situation, a single-rhythmic tapping with the preferred hand and a 3:2 polyrhythmic tapping with the right hand taking the faster beat. To clarify the process of polyrhythmic pattern formation, the transition routes of frequency ratios were analyzed. Analysis showed that a 3:2 pattern was formed by transition repeatedly shifting among 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 patterns. Consequently, transitions were induced from a simple dissipative structure to a more complex dissipative structure. This process could be represented as a shift from lower- to higher-order ratios in the Farey tree. Furthermore, close relationships were indicated between personal tempo in the polyrhythmic tapping with the faster hand and in the single-rhythmic tapping.
Are Children with down Syndrome Less Careful in Performing a Tray-Carrying Task Than Children with other Types of Mental Retardation?
Authors: Kokubun Mitsuru
Published: August 2011

To investigate whether children with Down syndrome are less careful in performing motor tasks than children with other types of mental retardation, a tray-carrying task was devised in which subjects carried a tray bearing a glass filled with water which they tried not to spill. This task was given to children with Down syndrome (6 boys and 4 girls, n = 10) and those with other types of mental retardation (9 boys and 9 girls, n = 18; most of them diagnosed as undifferentiated). Mean chronological ages in the groups were 15.4 yr. for the Down group, and 16.3 yr. for the Mental retardation group. Mental ages were the same in both groups: 4.8 yr. The performance of children with Down syndrome was not significantly different from that of other children as measured by the amount of water spilled. Children with Down syndrome required more time and took more steps than the other children, although the time taken for each step was the same in both groups. The strategy of children with Down syndrome appeared to be to make each unit of movement smaller to carry out the given motor task.
Geophysical Variables and Behavior: LXXXVI. Geomagnetic Activity as a Partial Parturitional Trigger—Are Male Babies More Affected Than Female Babies?
Authors: Persinger M. A. , Hodge Kari-Anne
Published: August 2011

The birth dates of 163 men and 245 women who were born between the years 1958 and 1969 were extracted from our data base for first-year university students. Daily aa values, measures of the amplitude of global geomagnetic activity, were obtained for the birthdays and for each of the seven days before and after the birthdays. Analyses of variance indicated no significant differences in the magnitudes of the geomagnetic activity during these 15 days; however, men were born when the geomagnetic activity was significantly higher than when the women were born. The effect, which was equivalent to a correlation coefficient of about .20, was largest for the day of birth and for the two or three days before birth. The means of the aa values for the day of birth and the day before birth for the men were about 7 nanoTesla higher than the values for the women.
Relationship between Identification with the Role of Sport Fan and Trait Aggression
Authors: Wann Daniel L. , Fahl Christine L. , Erdmann Jeremy B. , Littleton Joe D.
Published: August 2011

The current research was designed to test the hypothesis that there is no significant relationship between people's identification of themselves as sport fans and trait aggression. 70 participants were asked to complete the Sport Fandom Questionnaire to assess their fandom and the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory to assess their trait aggression. As expected, no significant relationship between fandom and aggression was found.
Sex, Complexity, and Preferences for Residential Facades
Authors: Stamps Arthur E.
Published: August 2011

Analysis of variance was used to find out how much variance in preference for residential facades could be attributed to places or people. In accordance with previous findings based on other stimuli, places accounted for more preference variance than did people (16% vs 0%). More focused results were obtained for the subjective factor of sex and the objective design features of number of turns in a silhouette and the percentage of a facade covered by small visual elements. Preferences across sex correlated at .98, indicating that this demographic distinction had a very small effect. The objective factor of visual complexity had a multiple correlation of .90 with preference, indicating a strong effect. These results indicate that design features were much more effective than subjective factors in predicting preferences for environments. Moreover, this finding was reproducible over different samples of people and places.
Autoregressive Moving Average Modeling for Finger Tapping with an External Stimulus
Authors: Hasan Mohammed A. , Thaut Michael H.
Published: August 2011

We report the Autoregressive Moving Average (ARMA) structures of interresponse interval and interstimulus interval in rhythmic finger tapping and how tapping schemes arise from these structures. The interstimulus interval is chosen to be a metronome cue slightly perturbed from its periodic mode by a zero-mean sine-wave modulated sequence These metronome sequences were chosen to follow an exact Autoregressive model of the third order and are generated using metronome interval durations of 400. 500, and 600 msec. At each frequency, four different perturbation rates were presented to seven subjects: 1, 3, 5, and 7% of the base interval. Synchronization error, i.e., tap-to-beat phase deviations, induced by these ASMA models are stable and thus were bounded. This framework is useful in characterizing the relationship between motor control variables, interresponse interval, synchronization error, and interstimulus interval. Also, several known models can be easily derived and analyzed in this setting.
Personality and Performance on a Frustrating Cognitive Task
Authors: Cooper Colin , Taylor Richard
Published: August 2011

Eysenck's biological model of personality suggests that extravertive persons will not persevere when solving boring, frustrating problems. This hypothesis was tested using a difficult jigsaw task. Quitting behaviour was strongly associated with scores on Extraversion.
Differences in Lightness in Achromatic Transparency
Authors: Masin Sergio C. , Tommasi Masco
Published: August 2011

It is presently unresolved whether lightnesses or differences in lightness are appropriate independent variables for models of perceived achromatic transparency. This experiment shows that differences in lightness rather than lightnesses affected the rated transparency and that local changes in differences in lightness altered the rated transparency locally. These results indicate that models of the perceived degree of transparency should be separately formulated for the different parts of a transparent surface and for the whole transparent surface. Two new models of the combined effects of lightness differences on the perceived transparency are proposed.