bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Developing Coordinated Communities of Autonomous Gliders for Sampling Coastal Ecosystems
Authors: Schofield Oscar , Jones Clayton , Kohut Josh , Kremer Ulrich , Miles Travis , Saba Grace , Webb Doug , Glenn Scott
Published: June 2015

AbstractUnderwater autonomous gliders have transitioned from exotic experimental systems to becoming a standard platform capable of collecting data over a critical range of spatial and temporal scales in the ocean. The data are proving to be extremely valuable for addressing
a wide range of basic and applied research questions. This evolution has led to a growing international community of glider laboratories and offers the potential of increased opportunities to leverage efforts across this “young” growing community. To that end, we review the evolution
of the glider communities and share our opinions of opportunities and hurdles. These communities grew from distributed research and/or education groups. It is crucial as systems continue to evolve that there is an effort to “harmonize” data products while preserving the diversity
of approaches/science/experimentation. As the gliders have matured and new battery solutions provide additional energy, there is an increased focus on the integration of a wider range of sensors to be incorporated into gliders. Many of these new classes of sensors will be particularly effective
for characterizing biological processes in the coastal ocean. As biological sensors generally provide proxy estimates of a parameter, developing robust quality control and assurance procedures is critical. These new sensors will be more power intensive, thus requiring the development of planning
tools for increasing energy efficiency during missions. Given the significant growth in the highly distributed glider community, efforts are now focusing on the development mission planning tools to allow for efficient operation of glider fleets.
Vertical Water Column Survey in the Gulf of Mexico Using Autonomous Underwater Vehicle SOTAB-I
Authors: Choyekh Mahdi , Kato Naomi , Short Timothy , Ukita Masahiro , Yamaguchi Yasuaki , Senga Hidetaka , Yoshie Muneo , Tanaka Toshinari , Kobayashi Eiichi , Chiba Hajime
Published: June 2015

Abstract Oil spills caused by accidents from oil tankers and blowouts of oil and gas from offshore platforms cause tremendous damage to the environment as well as to marine and human life. To prevent oil and gas accidentally released from deep water from spreading and causing
further damage over time to the environment, early detection and monitoring systems can be deployed to the area where underwater releases of oil and gas first occurred. Monitoring systems can provide a rapid inspection of the area by detecting chemical substances and collecting oceanography
data necessary for enhancing the accuracy of simulation of behavior of oil and gas. An autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) called the Spilled Oil and Gas Tracking Autonomous Buoy system (SOTAB-I) is being developed to perform onsite measurements of oceanographic data as well as dissolved chemical
substances using underwater mass spectrometry. The scope of this paper is limited to the surveying abilities of SOTAB-I in shallow water, although it also has functions for surveying in deep water. The experiment results obtained during the early deployments of SOTAB-I in the shallow water
of the Gulf of Mexico in the United States are provided. Oceanographic data, such as the water column distribution of temperature, salinity, and density, as well as the dissolution of chemical substances were measured. In addition, a high-resolution water current profile was obtainable near
the seabed.  Nomenclature  ADCP  acoustic Doppler current profiler    AUV  autonomous underwater vehicle
  BTX  benzene-toluene-xylenes    CTD  conductivity-temperature-depth    DVL
 Doppler velocity logger    GPS  global positioning system    MIMS  membrane introduction mass spectrometry
   PID  proportional-integral-derivative    PSU  practical salinity units
RMSE  root mean square error    UMS  underwater mass spectrometer    USBL  ultra-short
base line    VOC  volatile organic compound    VRU  vertical reference unit   
Cytometers Set Sail With Sea-Going Mobile Robots
Authors: Lopez Peter , O'Reilly Thomas C. , Klimov Denis
Published: June 2015

Abstract The integration of cytometers with autonomous surface and underwater vehicles can facilitate a more thorough understanding of ocean plankton types and their spatiotemporal distribution. This paper reviews existing and emerging cytometers that could potentially be
integrated, with an eye toward constraints and capabilities. Vehicles have payload size and power constraints that must be considered when evaluating instrument designs for payload integration. The candidate cytometer capabilities, including dynamic range for particle-size detection, must
also be taken into account to accomplish mission goals.
Cutting Edge: Synchronization of IRF1, JunB, and C/EBPβ Activities during TLR3–TLR7 Cross-Talk Orchestrates Timely Cytokine Synergy in the Proinflammatory Response
Authors: Liu Qian , Zhu Yong , Yong Wai Khang , Sze Newman Siu Kwan , Tan Nguan Soon , Ding Jeak Ling
Published: June 2015

Multiple pathogen-associated molecular pattern–induced TLR pathway cross-talk provokes proinflammatory cytokine synergy in macrophages, which is important for pathogen resistance and immune homeostasis. However, the detailed mechanisms are unclear. In this article, we demonstrate viral RNA analog–induced transcription synergy of Il6 and Il12b via IFN regulatory factor (IRF)1 (TLR3–TIR domain–containing adaptor inducing IFN-β [TRIF] responsive), C/EBPβ (TLR7-MyD88 responsive), and JunB (all responsive). Coactivation of the TLR3 and TLR7 pathways synchronizes the interaction of IRF1, JunB, and C/EBPβ with the Il6 and Il12b promoters, facilitating maximal gene expression. MyD88 pathway activation suppresses TRIF-induced IRF1 in a delayed manner, controlling the magnitude and timing of cytokine expression. Our findings provide novel mechanisms of cooperation of different TLR pathways to achieve optimal immune responses, with the potential for immunomodulatory strategies.
Increased CD226 Expression on CD8+ T Cells Is Associated with Upregulated Cytokine Production and Endothelial Cell Injury in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis
Authors: Ayano Masahiro , Tsukamoto Hiroshi , Kohno Kentaro , Ueda Naoyasu , Tanaka Atsushi , Mitoma Hiroki , Akahoshi Mitsuteru , Arinobu Yojiro , Niiro Hiroaki , Horiuchi Takahiko , Akashi Koichi
Published: June 2015

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by vascular damage and fibrosis of the skin and internal organs. Because activated and oligoclonally expanded CD8+ T cells can be detected in peripheral blood and lungs of SSc patients, effector memory CD8+ T cells may play a critical role for organ involvement in SSc; however, the pathogenic functions of effector memory CD8+ T cells remain incompletely understood. In this study, we performed DNA microarray analysis of the sort-purified effector memory CD8+ T cells from SSc patients and healthy controls, and showed that the expression of genes related to immune response and cell adhesion, including CD226 (also known as DNAX accessory molecule-1 [DNAM-1]), was significantly altered. Moreover, detailed analysis of CD226 revealed that CD226highCD8+ T cells were increased in SSc patients (mean, 50.7%) compared with healthy controls (32.9%) and were appreciably associated with the severity of skin sclerosis and interstitial lung disease. Furthermore, CD226+CD8+ T cells produced higher amount of various cytokines than CD226− ones, and CD226highCD8+ T cells from SSc patients showed upregulated IL-13 production and positive correlation with the cytotoxic capacity of CD8+ T cells against HUVECs. Finally, the neutralization of CD226 in CD8+ T cells impaired costimulation, cytokine productions, and cytolysis against HUVECs. These findings indicate that upregulated CD226 expression on CD8+ T cells reflects disease severity and is involved in SSc pathogenesis via the production of various cytokines, including profibrotic IL-13 and endothelial cell injury, and that CD226 may be a useful target in the treatment of SSc.
KIR3DS1-Specific D0 Domain Polymorphisms Disrupt KIR3DL1 Surface Expression and HLA Binding
Authors: Mulrooney Tiernan J. , Zhang Aaron C. , Goldgur Yehuda , Boudreau Jeanette E. , Hsu Katharine C.
Published: June 2015

KIR3DL1 is a polymorphic inhibitory receptor that modulates NK cell activity through interacting with HLA-A and HLA-B alleles that carry the Bw4 epitope. Amino acid polymorphisms throughout KIR3DL1 impact receptor surface expression and affinity for HLA. KIR3DL1/S1 encodes inhibitory and activating alleles, but despite high homology with KIR3DL1, the activating receptor KIR3DS1 does not bind the same ligand. Allele KIR3DL1*009 resulted from a gene recombination event between the inhibitory receptor allele KIR3DL1*001 and the activating receptor allele KIR3DS1*013. This study analyzed the functional impact of KIR3DS1-specific polymorphisms on KIR3DL1*009 surface expression, binding to HLA, and functional capacity. Flow-cytometric analysis of primary human NK cells as well as transfected HEK293T cells shows that KIR3DL1*009 is expressed at a significantly lower surface density compared with KIR3DL1*001. Using recombinant proteins of KIR3DL1*001, KIR3DL1*009, and KIR3DS1*013 to analyze binding to HLA, we found that although KIR3DL1*009 displayed some evidence of binding to HLA compared with KIR3DS1*013, the binding was minimal compared with KIR3DL1*001 and KIR3DL1*005. Mutagenesis of polymorphic sites revealed that the surface phenotype and reduced binding of KIR3DL1*009 are caused by the combined amino acid polymorphisms at positions 58 and 92 within the D0 extracellular domain. Resulting from these effects, KIR3DL1*009+ NK cells exhibited significantly less inhibition by HLA-Bw4+ target cells compared with KIR3DL1*001+ NK cells. The data from this study contribute novel insight into how KIR3DS1-specific polymorphisms in the extracellular region impact KIR3DL1 surface expression, ligand binding, and inhibitory function.
Amelanotic Melanoma Presenting with Plasmacytoid Morphology and BRAF V600 Mutation
Authors: Kocovski Linda , Bane Anita , Tang Shangguo , Salama Samih , Alowami Salem
Published: June 2015

Plasmacytoid melanoma is an unusual variant of malignant melanoma. The plasmacytoid morphology can be found in a variety of other malignancies including carcinomas, plasma cell neoplasms, lymphoproliferative disorders, and sarcomas. The authors report a rare case of plasmacytoid amelanotic malignant melanoma in a 78-year-old man presenting with an enlarging palpable, erythematous mass on his left posterior shoulder. A fine needle aspirate showed atypical findings with single amelanotic cells with high nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, mono- and multi-nucleation with prominent nucleoli and intranuclear inclusions. Review of the excision and immunohistochemical analysis revealed the malignant plasmacytoid cells stained with vimentin, S-100, HMB-45, and other staining patterns consistent with melanoma. Initial evaluation was negative for other sites of disease. However, 4 months later, the patient was noted to have metastatic disease to his lungs and liver. Given that the tumor was noted to be BRAF V600R mutated, the patient was started on single agent dabrafenib. The plasmacytoid morphology can be found in a variety of malignancies. Melanoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any malignancy presenting with plasmacytoid features.
Trabecular Variant of Juvenile Aggressive Ossifying Fibroma
Authors: Rahman Tabishur , Hashmi Ghulam Sarwar , Ansari Hena
Published: June 2015

Juvenile aggressive ossifying fibroma (JAOF) is an uncommon benign lesion which is distinctly aggressive in behavior with high tendency for recurrence. It appears in early age and in 79% of patients is diagnosed before 15. It has two histological variants: psammomatoid and trabecular, with the latter being less common with a stronger tendency to recur. In this article, we present a case of trabecular JAOF, in which treatment could not be given despite the availability of all requisites for surgery and good financial status, due to parental indifference and negligence.
In situ stress orientations and magnitudes in the Liard Basin of Western Canada
Authors: Bell J S
Published: June 2015

Part 1 of this report presents the conclusions reached from identifying and recording the orientations of borehole breakouts recorded on 4-arm dipmeter logs from 47 wells in the Liard Basin of western Canada. Two borehole imagery logs were also examined and they
provided orientation data for breakouts and drilling-induced fractures. Twenty-seven of the forty-seven wells exhibited 2 breakout populations. In the majority of wells, the major breakout populations exhibited mean azimuths that cluster between NW-SE and NNW-SSE. These orientations are interpreted
to reflect the direction of SHmin, the smaller horizontal principal stress. A few wells exhibited significant breakout populations that were at high angles to this regional trend. It is suspected that, in these cases, nearby fault zones may have deflected the stress trajectories. A table of results
has been prepared and all the supporting data are recorded in the Appendix. Figures showing breakout population axes, stress trajectories, and areas where fault zones may be deflecting stresses are included in the text. All the data presented in the report are available in digital format.
Part 2 of this report describes gathering and processing subsurface pressure data from the records of wells drilled in the Liard Basin in northwestern Canada. Part 2 of the Liard Basin Study is concerned with establishing principal stress magnitudes at as many locations as possible across the basin
and mapping how these parameters vary laterally at strategic horizons. Information from laboratory tests and field observations in numerous oil and gas fields worldwide indicate that oil and gas reservoir permeability is inversely related to rock stress. The less a rock body is compressed, the
greater will be its permeability, all other factors being equal. That is the operational justification for this investigation, but it is also anticipated that the findings will contribute to an improved understanding of the tectonic evolution of that part of the Canadian landmass occupied by the
Liard Basin.
All the data analyzed here are in the public domain and come from well logs, drilling histories and well history reports. These sources of information provided data that was used to estimate the magnitudes of the vertical stress (SV) and the smaller horizontal stress (SHmin). The interpretation of
vertical stress variation across the Liard Basin employed density logs from 64 wells. Analysis of these logs allowed a lateral variation in vertical stress magnitude (SV) to be mapped at various depths. The smaller horizontal stress (SHmin) was mapped using leak-off test pressure and fracture
breakdown pressures. The larger horizontal stress (SHmax) was determined via numerical simulation of breakout failure, as well as being calculated algebraically. Horizontal and vertical effective stresses were calculated and mapped and their relationship to seismic activity was speculated
upon.
Dataset of geochemical data from iron oxide alkali-altered mineralising systems of the Great Bear magmatic zone, Northwest Territories
Authors: Corriveau L , Lauzière K , Montreuil J -F , Potter E
G , Hanes R , Prémont S
Published: June 2015

The Great Bear magmatic zone is a Paleoproterozoic calc-alkaline to shoshonitic volcano-plutonic belt in the Northwest Territories of Canada. The region hosts regional-scale iron oxide and alkali-alteration mineral systems with polymetallic iron oxide copper-gold
(IOCG) deposits and prospects as well as iron oxide±apatite, skarn and albitite-hosted uranium mineralisation. In the course of phase-three Targeted Geoscience Mapping program and phase-one Geo-mapping for Energy and Minerals program as well as in 1973 for the Bear Province lithogeochemical
survey project, a total of 1720 samples were collected across these iron oxide alkali alteration systems between 2005 and 2012 and their chemical composition analysed by complementary methods. In this Open File, we report over 3500 lithogeochemical analyses (including analyses from distinct
laboratories, duplicates and standards). In these samples, metals above the NORMIN cut-off grades for mineral showings include base, precious, strategic and specialised metals including rare-earth elements as well as uranium and thorium. The format chosen for the data set is tailored for geographic
information systems (GIS); all samples are georeferenced and as such the data set locates all the anomalous metal concentrations encountered during the aforementioned projects. Metadata is being provided on the sampling protocols, the analytical methods, and the quality control results. This
complete data set of analyses is also being published to serve as an electronic supplement to current and future scientific publications associated with these projects as well as a support for a subsequent open file where the best results per elements will be compiled. As such, this dataset provides
the documentation for the commonalities observed in the chemical fingerprints of each hydrothermal alteration facies across the varied systems and anchor the refined lithogeochemical exploration methods developed for IOCG and affiliated deposits. In addition, the dataset can be used as baseline
knowledge for the natural geological environment of the belt that guides the natural metal distribution in glacial sediments, soils, water and biomass.
Mafic intrusive rocks from the Bird River intrusive suite, Bird River greenstone belt, southeast Manitoba
Authors: Bécu V , Houlé M G , McNicoll V J , Yang E M , Gilbert H P
Published: June 2015

This study presents new field, petrographic, and geochemical observations for the Coppermine Bay and Euclid Lake intrusions of the Bird River greenstone belt, allowing for comparison with the Mayville and other Bird River sill intrusions in southeast Manitoba.
The mafic-dominated Coppermine Bay intrusion, located in the westernmost part of the southern arm of the Bird River greenstone belt, is texturally and petrographically similar to the mafic part of the mafic-ultramafic Euclid Lake intrusion, located 34 km to the northeast, at the northeast margin of
the belts northern arm. The mafic components of the Coppermine Bay and Euclid Lake intrusions possess textural, compositional, and geochemical similarities with the Mayville and with mafic parts of other Bird River sill intrusions. Combined with geochemical and geochronological investigations, a
petrogenetic linkage of these mafic-ultramafic intrusions is proposed through a widespread Neaoarchean Bird River magmatic event at ca. 2743 Ma, referred to as the Bird River intrusive suite. TiO2 and Zr contents, as well as rare earth elements profiles and plagioclase chemistry, may be useful
geochemical tools to successfully discriminate and identify potentially fertile intrusions beyond traditionally
explored sectors in the Bird River greenstone belt.
Hybridized ultramafic rocks in the Black Label hybrid zone of the Black Thor intrusive complex, McFaulds Lake greenstone belt, Ontario
Authors: Spath C S , Lesher C M , Houlé M G
Published: June 2015

The ca. 2.7 Ga Black Thor intrusive complex (BTIC) is an ultramafic to mafic, layered intrusion composed primarily of dunite, peridotite, pyroxenite, and chromitite overlain by lesser gabbroic rocks and rare anorthosite. After emplacement but before complete
crystallization, a late websterite intrusion (LWI) reactivated the feeder conduit and transected the basal part of the BTIC, including the Black Label chromitite zone (BLCZ). All rocks have been metamorphosed to lower greenschist facies, but igneous minerals are preserved in some parts (particularly
in the LWI) and relict igneous textures are well preserved in most parts. Logging of selected parts of 39 drill cores shows that semi-concordant intrusion of LWI magma and incorporation of inclusions produced a 1 to 10 m thick marginal zone of heterogeneous, interfingering brecciation defined as the
Black Label hybrid zone (BLHZ). The BLHZ contains variably sized (1-50 cm) dunite/lherzolite/ chromitite inclusions with subangular to amoeboidal geometries, sharp to diffuse contacts, and locally significant amounts of patchy disseminated to patchy net-textured Fe-Ni-Cu-(PGE) sulphide
mineralization. The core of the LWI is typically an inclusion-free, medium-grained, orthopyroxene-rich adcumulate with accessory chromite or olivine; however, inclusion-rich intervals of the LWI contain more olivine and chromite produced by disaggregation and partial assimilation of BTIC ultramafic
rocks. There are two types of hybrid groundmass: one containing xenocrystic olivine and one containing xenocrystic chromite and olivine in varying proportions. Geochemical signatures of the hybrid rocks reflect the partial assimilation and brecciation of chromitite/lherzolite/dunite sequences.
Similar Th-U-Nb-Ta-light rare earth element LREE patterns suggest that the LWI is related to the BTIC, presumably representing a more fractionated magma from deeper in the system. Further characterization of the hybrid rocks and inclusion variability is in progress and will help to establish the
range and variability of processes within the BTIC, and their influence on the genesis of associated Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulphide mineralization in the BLHZ.
Estimates of non-traditional secondary organic aerosols from aircraft SVOC and IVOC emissions using CMAQ
Authors: Woody M. C. , West J. J. , Jathar S. H. , Robinson A. L. , Arunachalam S.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Utilizing an aircraft-specific parameterization based on smog chamber data in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model with the volatility basis set (VBS), we estimated contributions of non-traditional secondary organic aerosols (NTSOA) for aircraft emissions during landing and takeoff (LTO) activities at the Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport. NTSOA, formed from the oxidation of semi-volatile and intermediate volatility organic compounds (S/IVOCs), is a heretofore unaccounted component of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in most air quality models. We expanded a prerelease version of CMAQ with VBS implemented for the Carbon Bond 2005 (CB05) chemical mechanism to use the Statewide Air Pollution Research Center 2007 (SAPRC-07) chemical mechanism and added species representing aircraft S/IVOCs and corresponding NTSOA oxidation products. Results indicated that the maximum monthly average NTSOA contributions occurred at the airport and ranged from 2.4 ng m−3 (34 % from idle and 66 % from non-idle aircraft activities) in January to 9.1 ng m−3 (33 and 67 %) in July. This represents 1.7 % (of 140 ng m−3) in January and 7.4 % in July (of 122 ng m−3) of aircraft-attributable PM2.5 compared to 41.0–42.0 % from elemental carbon and 42.8–58.0 % from inorganic aerosols. As a percentage of PM2.5, impacts were higher downwind of the airport, where NTSOA averaged 4.6–17.9 % of aircraft-attributable PM2.5 and, considering alternative aging schemes, was as high as 24.0 % – thus indicating the increased contribution of aircraft-attributable SOA as a component of PM2.5. However, NTSOA contributions were generally low compared to smog chamber results, particularly at idle, due to the considerably lower ambient organic aerosol concentrations in CMAQ compared to those in the smog chamber experiments.
Organic peroxide and OH formation in aerosol and cloud water: laboratory evidence for this aqueous chemistry
Authors: Lim Y. B. , Turpin B. J.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Aqueous chemistry in atmospheric waters (e.g., cloud droplets or wet aerosols) is well accepted as an atmospheric pathway to produce secondary organic aerosol (SOAaq). Water-soluble organic compounds with small carbon numbers (C2-C3) are precursors for SOAaq and products include organic acids, organic sulfates, and high molecular weight compounds/oligomers. Fenton reactions and the uptake of gas-phase OH radicals are considered to be the major oxidant sources for aqueous organic chemistry. However, the sources and availability of oxidants in atmospheric waters are not well understood. The degree to which OH is produced in the aqueous phase affects the balance of radical and non-radical aqueous chemistry, the properties of the resulting aerosol, and likely its atmospheric behavior. This paper demonstrates organic peroxide formation during aqueous photooxidation of methylglyoxal using ultra high resolution Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS). Organic peroxides are known to form through gas-phase oxidation of volatile organic compounds. They contribute secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation directly by forming peroxyhemiacetals, and epoxides, and indirectly by enhancing gas-phase oxidation through OH recycling. We provide simulation results of organic peroxide/peroxyhemiacetal formation in clouds and wet aerosols and discuss organic peroxides as a source of condensed-phase OH radicals and as a contributor to aqueous SOA.
Reactive uptake of ammonia to secondary organic aerosols: kinetics of organonitrogen formation
Authors: Liu Y. , Liggio J. , Staebler R. , Li S.-M.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. As a class of brown carbon, organonitrogen compounds originating from the heterogeneous uptake of NH3 by secondary organic aerosol (SOA) have received significant attention recently. In the current work, particulate organonitrogen formation during the ozonolysis of α-pinene and the OH oxidation of m-xylene in the presence of ammonia (34–125 ppb) is studied in a smog chamber equipped with a High Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer and a Quantum Cascade Laser instrument. A large diversity of nitrogen containing organic (NOC) fragments was observed which were consistent with the reaction of ammonia with carbonyl containing SOA. The uptake coefficients of NH3 to SOA leading to organonitrogen compounds are reported for the first time and were in the range of ∼ 10-3–10-2, decreasing significantly to < 10-5 after 6 h of reaction. At the end of experiments (∼ 6 h) the NOC mass contributed 8.9 ± 1.7 and 31.5 ± 4.4 wt% to the total α–pinene and m-xylene derived SOA, and 4–15 wt% of the total nitrogen in the system. Uptake coefficients were also found to be positively correlated with particle acidity and negatively correlated with NH3 concentration, indicating that heterogeneous reactions were responsible for the observed NOC mass, possibly limited by liquid phase diffusion. Under these conditions, the data also indicate that the formation of NOC can compete kinetically with inorganic acid neutralization. The formation of NOC in this study suggests that a significant portion of the ambient particle associated N may be derived from NH3 heterogeneous reactions with SOA. NOC from such a mechanism may be an important and unaccounted for source of PM associated nitrogen, and a mechanism for medium or long-range transport and dry/wet deposition of atmospheric nitrogen.
The charging of neutral dimethylamine and dimethylamine–sulfuric acid clusters using protonated acetone
Authors: Ruusuvuori K. , Hietala P. , Kupiainen-Määttä O. , Jokinen T. , Junninen H. , Sipilä M. , Kurtén T. , Vehkamäki H.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Sulfuric acid is generally considered one of the most important substances taking part in atmospheric particle formation. However, in typical atmospheric conditions in the lower troposphere, sulfuric acid and water alone are unable to form particles. It has been suggested that strong bases may stabilize sulfuric acid clusters so that particle formation may occur. More to the point, amines – strong organic bases – have become the subject of interest as possible cause for such stabilization. To probe whether amines play a role in atmospheric nucleation, we need to be able to measure accurately the gas-phase amine vapour concentration. Such measurements often include charging the neutral molecules and molecular clusters in the sample. Since amines are bases, the charging process should introduce a positive charge. This can be achieved by, for example, using chemical ionization with a positively charged reagent with a suitable proton affinity. In our study, we have used quantum chemical methods combined with a cluster dynamics code to study the use of acetone as a reagent ion in chemical ionization and compared the results with measurements performed with a chemical ionization atmospheric pressure interface time-of-flight mass spectrometer (CI-APi-TOF). The computational results indicate that protonated acetone is an effective reagent in chemical ionization. However, in the experiments the reagent ions were not depleted at the predicted dimethylamine concentrations, indicating that either the modelling scheme or the experimental results – or both – contain unidentified sources of error.
Effects of CO2-driven ocean acidification on early life stages of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma)
Authors: Mu J. , Jin F. , Wang J. , Zheng N. , Cong Y.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The potential effects of high CO2 and associated ocean acidification (OA) in marine fishes and other non-calcified organisms are less well understood. In this study, we investigated the responses of early life stages (ELS) of marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) exposed to a series of experimental manipulation of CO2 levels. Results showed that CO2-driven seawater acidification (pH 7.6 and pH 7.2) had no detectable effect on hatching time, hatching rate, or heart rate of embryos. However, the deformity rate of larvae in the pH 7.2 treatment was significantly higher than that in the control treatment. There is no significant difference between the left and right otolith areas in each treatment. However, the average otolith area of larvae in the pH 7.6 treatment was significantly smaller than that in the control. Such alterations in the developmental abnormalities and otolith size of marine medaka larvae due to elevated-CO2 levels suggests that this species will be increasingly challenged by future OA. Further studies of the impacts of OA on marine fish to assess whether or not the environmental influence in one generation can affect the later life history and the phenotype of subsequent generations are needed.
Micro-topographic variation in soil respiration and its controlling factors vary with plant phenophases in a desert-shrub ecosystem
Authors: Wang B. , Zha T. S. , Jia X. , Gong J. N. , Wu B. , Bourque C. P. A. , Zhang Y. Q. , Qin S. G. , Chen G. P. , Peltola H.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Soil respiration (Rs) and its biophysical controls were measured over a fixed sand dune in a desert-shrub ecosystem in northwest China in 2012 to explore the mechanisms controlling the spatial heterogeneity in Rs and to understand the plant effects on the spatial variation in Rs in different phenophases. The measurements were carried out on four slope orientations (i.e., windward, leeward, north- and south-face) and three height positions on each slope (i.e., lower, upper, and top) across the phenophases of the dominant shrub species (Artemisia ordosica). Coefficient of variation (i.e., standard deviation/mean) of Rs across the 11 microsites over our measurement period was 23.5 %. Soil respiration was highest on the leeward slope, but lowest on the windward slope. Over the measurement period, plant-related factors, rather than micro-hydrometeorological factors, affected the topographic variation in Rs. During the flowering-bearing phase, root biomass affected Rs most, explaining 72 % of the total variation. During the leaf coloration-defoliation phase, soil nitrogen content affected Rs the most, explaining 56 % of the total variation. Our findings highlight that spatial pattern in Rs was dependent on plant distribution over a desert sand dune, and plant-related factors largely regulated topographic variation in Rs, and such regulations varied with plant phenology.
Palaeo sea-level and ice-sheet databases: problems, strategies and perspectives
Authors: Düsterhus A. , Rovere A. , Carlson A. E. , Barlow N. L. M. , Bradwell T. , Dutton A. , Gehrels R. , Hibbert F. D. , Hijma M. P. , Horton B. P. , Klemann V. , Kopp R. E. , Sivan D. , Tarasov L. , Törnqvist T. E.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Sea-level and ice-sheet databases are essential tools for evaluating palaeoclimatic changes. However, database creation poses considerable challenges and problems related to the composition and needs of scientific communities creating raw data, the compiliation of the database, and finally using it. There are also issues with data standardisation and database infrastructure, which should make the database easy to understand and use with different layers of complexity. Other challenges are correctly assigning credit to original authors, and creation of databases that are centralised and maintained in long-term digital archives. Here, we build on the experience of the PALeo constraints on SEA level rise (PALSEA) community by outlining strategies for designing a self-consistent and standardised database of changes in sea level and ice sheets, identifying key points that need attention when undertaking the task of database creation.
Confirming anthropogenic influences on the major organic and inorganic constituents of rainwater in an urban area
Authors: Chon K. , Kim Y. , Bae D. H. , Cho J.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The chemical composition and organic compounds of rainwater were investigated from June to December 2012 at Gwangju in Korea. The volume weighted mean of pH ranged from 3.83 to 8.90 with an average of 5.78. 50 % of rainwater samples had pH values below 5.6. The volume-weighted mean concentration (VWMC) of major ions followed the order: Cl− > SO42− > NH4+ > Na+ > NO3− > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+. The VWMC of trace metals decreased in the order as follows Zn > Al > Fe > Mn > Pb > Cu > Ni > Cd > Cr. The VWMCs of major ions and trace metals were higher in winter than in summer. The high enrichment factors indicate that Zn, Pb, Cu, and Cd originated predominantly from anthropogenic sources. Factor analysis (principal component analysis) indicates the influence of anthropogenic pollutants, sea salt, and crustal materials on the chemical compositions of rainwater. Benzoic acids, 1H-Isoindole-1,3(2H)-dione, phthalic anhydride, benzene, acetic acids, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acids, benzonitrile, acetaldehyde, and acetamide were the most prominent pyrolysis fragments for rainwater organic compounds identified by pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). The results indicate that anthropogenic sources are the most important factors affecting the organic composition of rainwater in urban area.
Tectonic and climatic controls on the Chuquibamba landslide (western Andes, southern Peru)
Authors: Margirier A. , Audin L. , Carcaillet J. , Schwartz S. , Benavente C.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. The contribution of landslides to the Quaternary evolution of relief is poorly documented in arid contexts. In southern Peru and northern Chile, several massive landslides disrupt the arid western Andean front. The Chuquibamba landslide, located in southern Peru, belongs to this set of large landslides. In this area, the Incapuquio fault system captures the intermittent drainage network and localizes rotational landslides. Seismic activity is significant in this region with recurrent Mw 9 subduction earthquakes; however, none of the latest seismic events have triggered a major landslide. New terrestrial cosmogenic dating of the Chuquibamba landslide provides evidence that the last major gravitational mobilization of these rotational landslide deposits occurred at ~ 102 ka, during the Ouki wet climatic event identified on the Altiplano between 120 and 98 ka. Our results suggest that wet events in the arid and fractured context of the Andean forearc induced these giant debris flows. Finally, our study highlights the role of tectonics and climate on (i) the localization of large Andean landslides in the Western Cordillera and on (ii) the long-term mass transfer to the trench along the arid Andean front.
Multi-objective entropy evolutionary algorithm for marine oil spill detection using cosmo-skymed satellite data
Authors: Marghany M.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Oil spill pollution has a substantial role in damaging the marine ecosystem. Oil spill that floats on top of water, as well as decreasing the fauna populations, affects the food chain in the ecosystem. In fact, oil spill is reducing the sunlight penetrates the water, limiting the photosynthesis of marine plants and phytoplankton. Moreover, marine mammals for instance, disclosed to oil spills their insulating capacities are reduced, and so making them more vulnerable to temperature variations and much less buoyant in the seawater. This study has demonstrated a design tool for oil spill detection in SAR satellite data using optimization of Entropy based Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm (E-MMGA) which based on Pareto optimal solutions. The study also shows that optimization entropy based Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm provides an accurate pattern of oil slick in SAR data. This shown by 85 % for oil spill, 10 % look-alike and 5 % for sea roughness using the receiver-operational characteristics (ROC) curve. The E-MMGA also shows excellent performance in SAR data. In conclusion, E-MMGA can be used as optimization for entropy to perform an automatic detection of oil spill in SAR satellite data.
Aging, Relatedness, and Social Abandonment in Highland Peru
Authors: Leinaweaver Jessaca B.
Published: June 2015

Report summarizing preliminary ethnographic research on aging in Highland Peru.
Respecting the Aging Self: Communication in the Nursing Home
Authors: Tinney Jean
Published: June 2015

This article draws on findings of an ethnographic nursing home study that explores the role of communication in maintaining residents’ sense of self. These findings suggest that the nursing home can be a site for recovery for the aging self, despite loss and bereavement and the negative effects on self-esteem of pain, illness and loss of function. However, where care privileges the body over social and emotional needs, residents have inadequate opportunities for communication essential to make sense of being old and in care. The key to sustaining the aging self is empathetic communication that recognizes the individuality and value of each older person, no matter how reduced by present illness or incapacity, and at the same time respects residents’ rights of choice and personal control. Harried staff, often well-intentioned but unsupported by management, carry an unfair burden. Frequently called upon to do more with less, they find themselves faced with the competing pressures of work routines and residents’ emotional needs. In trying to balance these competing needs and provide opportunities for residents to exert personal control over their lives, they must protect both the residents and themselves from the results of “wrong” choices.
An Anthropological Approach to an Occupational Intervention: The Exercise and Dementia Project
Authors: Perkinson Margaret A.
Published: June 2015

None
An Anthropological Perspective on "Occupation": A Study of Older Adults' Motivations for Learning and Using Computer Technology
Authors: Harrod Molly
Published: June 2015

None
New perspectives on old ideas: Viewing the anthro-OS/OT nexus in aging studies as a landscape for conceptual innovation
Authors: Aldrich Rebecca M , Cutchin Malcolm P. , Marshall Victor W
Published: June 2015

None
Spectral-Domain Optical Coherence Tomography and Fundus Autofluorescence Features in a Case of Typical Retinocytoma
Authors: Malhotra Pawan Puneet , Bhushan Bipul , Mitra Ashish , Sen Alok
Published: June 2015

Purpose

To report spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) and fundus autofluorescence (FAF) features observed in a case of typical retinocytoma.

Methods

Case report.

Results

A 17-year-old girl on routine ophthalmologic evaluation for headache had an elevated translucent lesion with peripheral pigmentation and adjacent chorioretinal atrophy close to the disc in the nasal retinal quadrant of the left eye. The lesion was confirmed to be retinocytoma on fluorescein angiography. Optical coherence tomography revealed a hyperreflective layer akin to preserved nerve fiber layer overlying the lesion in most of the scans. Symmetrical hyporeflective spaces in the underlying choroid and at places sudden disruption of choroid was also observed in the area of choroidal atrophy. Fundus autofluorescence revealed areas of hyperfluorescence, isofluorescence, and hypofluorescence in the different regions of the lesion. These features on FAF were consistent with posttreatment regressed retinoblastoma. Scleral hyperreflectivity on OCT as well as unmasked hyperfluorescence on FAF was observed in areas of chorioretinal atrophy.

Conclusions

We report novel findings of superficial hyperreflective layer presumed to be preserved nerve fiber layer in a case of typical retinocytoma as well as FAF features consistent with regressed retinoblastoma.
Pelvic Reference Selection in Patients with Unilateral Crowe Type IV DDH for Measuring Leg Length Inequality
Authors: Zhang Yanbo , Chang Fei , Wang Chenyu , Yang Modi , Wang Jincheng
Published: June 2015

We identified the presence of deformities in the affected pelvis of unilateral Crowe type IV DDH patients, and if present, whether the teardrop and ischial lines were parallel with the sacral base line. We also verified whether the sacral base line provided a better pelvic landmark than the teardrop line for determining leg length inequality (LLI). After leveling the pelvis by using a block to lift the short leg, standard anterior-posterior full-length radiography was performed on 10 patients and 10 healthy volunteers as controls. The ratio of pelvic heights on each side of the pelvis, the angles formed by the sacral base line and the other 2 lines between 2 groups were measured. LLI were measured by sacral base line and teardrop line respectively. The ratio between the pelvic heights was lower in the patient group than in the control group (0.95 versus 0.99). The angles between the teardrop and ischial lines and the sacral base line in the patient group were both greater than in the control group (6.08° versus 0.92° and 7.13° versus 0.97°). LLI measured from the sacral base line was larger than from the teardrop line in the patient group (5.55 cm versus 4.36 cm). There was pelvic asymmetry and the sacral base line was not parallel with the other 2 lines in unilateral Crowe type IV DDH. The leveled sacral base line was perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the body, and may be a better choice for accurate LLI measurement in this situation.
Effect of Angular Deformities of the Proximal Femur on Impingement-Free Hip Range of Motion in a Three-Dimensional Rigid Body Model
Authors: Vallon Faustine , Reymond Amélie , Fürnstahl Philipp , Zingg Patrick O. , Kamath Atul F. , Snedeker Jess , Dora Claudio
Published: June 2015

Introduction

Abnormalities in hip morphology can reduce range of motion (ROM) through femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). Structural issues, such as asphericity of the head-neck junction and regional or global acetabular over-coverage, have been extensively discussed in the literature. The effect of varying femoral neck-shaft angle or torsion on native hip range of motion, however, has been poorly studied. Our hypothesis was that varying neck-shaft angles or femoral torsion affect the impingement-free ROM of the hip and can be treated by femoral osteochondroplasty or acetabular rim resection.

Material and methods

A computer-aided design tool and a 3-D model of the hip were used to simulate incremental deformation of the proximal femur. Neck-shaft angles ranging from 90-160°, and femoral torsions ranging from -15-50°, were created. Femoroacetabular impingement was defined as bone-to-bone contact within physiological hip ROM, as described in the literature.

Results and conclusion

With decreasing neck-shaft angles (≤110°) or femoral torsion (≤10°), impingement occurred at the anterosuperior rim area. With increasing neck-shaft angles (≥135°) and femoral torsion (≥25°) posteroinferior or ischiofemoral impingement occurred. Acetabular rim trimming could compensate for neck-shaft angles ≥90° and femoral torsion ≥-5°, without creating acetabular dysplasia. Femoral impingement zones in low neck-shaft and low femoral torsion angles were found to be distal to the head-neck junction at the mid-cervical region. The cross-sectional area at this neck region was the smallest, and thus osteochondroplasty at this location may prove potentially dangerous.
Do Hip Prosthesis Related Infection Codes in Administrative Discharge Registers Correctly Classify Periprosthetic Hip Joint Infection?
Authors: Lange Jeppe , Pedersen Alma B. , Troelsen Anders , Søballe Kjeld
Published: June 2015

Purpose

Administrative discharge registers could be a valuable and easily accessible single-sources for research data on periprosthetic hip joint infection. The aim of this study was to estimate the positive predictive value of the International Classification of Disease 10th revision (ICD-10) periprosthetic hip joint infection diagnosis code in the Danish National Patient Register.

Methods

Patients were identified with an ICD-10 discharge diagnosis code of T84.5 (“Infection and inflammatory reaction due to internal joint prosthesis”) in association with hip-joint associated surgical procedure codes in The Danish National Patient Register. Medical records of the identified patients (n = 283) were verified for the existence of a periprosthetic hip joint infection. Positive predictive values with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated.

Results

A T84.5 diagnosis code irrespective of the associated surgical procedure code had a positive predictive value of 85% (95% CI: 80-89). Stratified to T84.5 in combination with an infection-specific surgical procedure code the positive predictive value increased to 86% (95% CI: 80-91), and in combination with a noninfection-specific surgical procedure code decreased to 82% (95% CI: 72-89).

Conclusions

Misclassification must be expected and taken into consideration when using administrative discharge registers for epidemiological research on periprosthetic hip joint infection. We believe that the periprosthetic hip joint infection diagnosis code can be of use in future single-source register based studies, but preferably should be used in combination with alternate data sources to ensure higher validity.
One-Stage Exchange for Prosthetic Joint Infection of the Hip
Authors: Zahar Akos , Webb Jason , Gehrke Thorsten , Kendoff Daniel
Published: June 2015

Exchange arthroplasty remains the gold standard of treatment of established prosthetic joint infection. This can be achieved using a one or two stage approach. The ENDO-Klinik, in Hamburg, has pioneered the one-stage technique since 1970 utilising antibiotic loaded acrylic cement (ALAC). This editorial discusses the relevant literature and describes the indications and surgical technique employed by the ENDO-Klinik Hamburg.