bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What are the ethical dilemmas in the decision‐making processes of nursing people given electroconvulsive therapy? A critical realist review of qualitative evidence
Authors: Sweetmore Victoria
Published: June 2021

Accessible Summary

What is known on the subject?

ECT is a treatment which has a long and complicated history. There is no consensus on its effectiveness and there is a great deal of polarized debate as to whether it should be used. MHNs are asked to work with people who are receiving ECT as part of their duties.

What the paper adds to existing knowledge?

The paper seeks to move beyond the polarized arguments and to consider how MHNs can work with people where ECT is being considered or administered as part of their treatment in a manner which satisfies their professional obligations.

Implications for practice

MHNs may need to broaden their understanding of ethics beyond the traditional biomedical ethics model of beneficence, non‐maleficence, justice and autonomy, as well as improving their understanding of social and political factors which may have an unseen effect of the use of ECT as a treatment in order to meet their professional obligations when working with people being administered ECT.

INTRODUCTION

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) has a complex and contentious place in psychiatric care. Mental health nurses (MHNs) are of obligated to be part of this practice despite ethical concerns.

Aim

To consider the ethical dilemmas and decision‐making processes facing MHNs involved in the administration of ECT.

Method

A critical realist review of the literature surrounding ethical considerations and ECT was undertaken using thematic analysis.

Findings

Four key themes emerged: the MHN as an advocate and conflict in their role, issues surrounding consent, questionable efficacy and unknown method of action, side effects, and legal issues and clinical guidelines.

Discussion

Using a critical realist framework for understanding, the decision‐making process and ethical considerations are viewed as part of the empirical and actual parts of reality, while the potential for other, unseen causal powers to be at play is acknowledged.

Implications for practice

MHNs need to ensure they have an adequate ethical underpinning to their practice to enable them to navigate contentious areas of practice such as ECT to practice effectively and preserve safety. This may require moving beyond the traditional biomedical model of ethics. Developing an appreciation of unseen causal factors is also an essential part of MHNs’ developing professional competency.
State of the Field: The Need for Self‐Report Measures of Health and Quality of Life for People With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Shogren Karrie A. , Bonardi Alexandra , Cobranchi Chelsea , Krahn Gloria , Murray Alexa , Robinson Ann , Havercamp Susan M. ,   The Nisonger RRTC on Health and Function
Published: June 2021

Background

Collecting self‐reported health and quality of life (QoL) outcomes is increasingly considered best practice, but people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) are often excluded from patient‐reported outcome measures.

Objective

This article provides a literature‐informed overview of the state of the field of self‐reporting of physical health and QoL in research with adults with IDD.

Approach

We first identified and synthesized definitions of key constructs related to the self‐reporting of health. Next, we summarize literature on existing and emerging practices focused on health and QoL assessment, discussing the frequent and sometimes overly broad use of proxy‐respondents in the IDD field. We then highlight emerging directions focused on cognitive accessibility and universal design. Finally, we provide conclusions and recommendations for the field.

Conclusions

Informed by the literature, we provide action steps to guide the field in considering how to incorporate self‐reporting of health outcomes by people with IDD in research, policy, and practice.
Challenges Marriage‐Hunting People Face: Competition and Excessive Analysis1
Authors: Nakamine Shin
Published: June 2021

In this paper, the reality of marriage hunting is examined through the narratives of marriage‐hunting people. The results show that marriage hunting is based on the premise of a “competitive situation” and that people seeking a marriage partner require “analyzing” in order to win in this situation. However, the results indicate that marriage hunting becomes unsuccessful because, ironically, analyzing prevents people from behaving freely. Furthermore, the causes of their failure are attributed to them, thus giving rise to more analyzing. These findings suggest that the key to the future of marriage hunting is to free oneself from being governed by rules. The paper closes with a discussion of the importance of viewing marriage hunting as a relational effect.
Understanding and investigating relationality in the capability approach
Authors: Owens John , Entwistle Vikki A. , Craven Luke K. , Conradie Ina
Published: June 2021

The capability approach (CA) is a framework for understanding, assessing, and promoting the quality of human lives and social justice. It focuses on capabilities – people's freedoms and opportunities to live in valuable ways. Although its proponents readily acknowledge that capabilities can depend on personal, social and environmental factors, little attention has been paid to the ontology of capabilities (what they are and how they are caused and constituted) and the inherent relationality of the approach is often not well followed through in research and practice. This, we suggest, leaves the CA vulnerable to misinterpretation and misappropriation. In this paper we draw on the complementary lenses of critical realism, hermeneutics and complexity theory to develop an explicitly relational ontology of capabilities that explains how capabilities, as potential for ways of being or forms of doing, are generated by both personal agency and material and social structures. We demonstrate how these lenses can illuminate the relational constitution of particular capabilities through reference to a composite case involving a man called Bert and his healthcare team. We outline how our relational ontology of capabilities can demand and support more theoretically coherent and socially just approaches to CA informed practice, research and policy.
Connecting polarized light and water turbidity with feeding rates in Octopus americanus paralarvae
Authors: Gavioli Ivan Luiz , de Ortiz Danielle Ortiz , Bersano José Guilherme Filho , Vidal Erica Alves Gonzalez
Published: June 2021

This study aimed to evaluate whether polarized light or water turbidity enhances Octopus americanus paralarvae daily feeding rates (FRs) when fed on natural prey (Acartia lilljeborgi copepods) and estimate their daily energy consumption. Paralarva individual FR was obtained using a density of 80 copepods L−1. The polarized light experiment had a control (regular light) and two polarized light treatments (electronic vectors at 90° and 45°) for newly‐hatched and 15‐day‐old paralarvae. The water turbidity experiment had a control (0.09 NTU [nephelometric turbidity unit]), and three other treatments (3.80, 19.44, and 45.82 NTU) obtained with different Isochrysis galbana densities for newly‐hatched and 8‐day‐old paralarvae. Five experimental units were used for each treatment and the experiments lasted 24 hr. No significant differences in the FRs were found for polarized light and water turbidity. The general FR was 3.9 ± 2.3, 7.7 ± 2.9, and 15.9 ± 6.5 copepods paralarva−1 day−1 for newly‐hatched, 8‐day‐old, and 15‐day‐old paralarvae, respectively. Water turbidity at the higher NTU might have impacted swimming performance of paralarvae, reducing their FRs. Our methodological errors for quantifying FRs of paralarvae were <3%, providing reliable results for understanding the daily feeding requirements of Octopus paralarvae under rearing conditions and their feeding ecology in the wild.
The experience of disgust by nursing and midwifery students: An interpretative phenomenological approach study
Authors: Hadjittofi Marilena , Gleeson Kate , Arber Anne
Published: June 2021

Although disgust is recognized as a common and prominent emotion in healthcare, little is known about how healthcare professionals understand, experience and conceptualize disgust. The aim of the study was to gain an in‐depth understanding of how nursing and midwifery students experience, understand and cope with disgust in their clinical work. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Six participants (all women: two nursing students, four midwifery students) from a university in the South of England were interviewed. Four superordinate themes with eight subthemes were identified. Overall, findings suggest that participants experience both moral and physical disgust; however, they find it difficult to talk about and use other terms to describe their experience. Findings are discussed through the lens of social identity theory, to understand the relevance of professional identity and how this might further maintain the disgust taboo. The strategies participants have developed in order to cope with disgust are explored and understood within the current healthcare climate. Future research should focus on ways of addressing the experience of disgust by healthcare professionals in order to improve the quality of care provided, especially in the climate of the COVID‐19 crisis.
A path toward concurrent biofortification and cadmium mitigation in plant‐based foods
Authors: Kailasam Sakthivel , Peiter Edgar
Published: June 2021

Millions of people are anemic due to inadequate consumption of foods rich in iron and zinc. Plant‐based foods provide most of our dietary nutrients but may also contain the toxic heavy metal cadmium (Cd). A low level of Cd silently enters the body through the diet. Once ingested, Cd may remain for decades. Hence, prolonged intake of Cd‐containing foods endangers human health. Research that leads towards micronutrient enrichment and mitigation of Cd in foods has therefore dual significance for human health. The breeding of Cd‐tolerant cultivars may enable them to grow on Cd‐polluted soils; however, they may not yield Cd‐free foods. Conversely, sequestration of Cd in roots can prevent its accumulation in grains, but this mechanism also retains nutrients, hence counteracting biofortification efforts. A specific restriction of the Cd absorption capacity of crops would prevent Cd entry into the plant system while maintaining micronutrient accumulation and may thus be a solution to the dilemma. After recapitulating existing strategies employed for the development of Cd‐tolerant and biofortified cultivars, this Viewpoint elaborates alternative approaches based on directed evolution and genome editing strategies for excluding Cd while enriching micronutrients in plant foods, which will concurrently help to eradicate malnutrition and prevent Cd intoxication.
Efficacy Analysis of Selection of Distal Reference Point for Tibial Coronal Plane Osteotomy during Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Literature Review
Authors: Men Jie , Liang Han‐guang , Wang Zhi‐wei , Sun Peng , Feng Wei
Published: June 2021

Total knee arthroplasty is an effective treatment for end‐stage knee osteoarthritis. The tibial platform osteotomy must take full account of the coronal plane, the sagittal plane, and the rotational alignment of the tibial prosthesis. During surgery, individual differences in the coronal alignment of the tibia need to be taken into account as poor alignment after surgery can lead to rapid wear of the tibial platform, reducing the longevity of the prosthesis and adversely affecting quality of life. Intraoperative tibial osteotomies are often performed using extramedullary alignment. When an extramedullary alignment approach is used, the proximal tibial osteotomy guide is usually placed in the medial third of the tibial tuberosity. There is no consensus on the most reliable anatomical landmarks or axes for achieving distal tibial coronary alignment. Anatomical points or reference axes that are highly reproducible and precise need to be identified. From available data it appears that most surgeons use the extensor hallucis longus tendon, the second metatarsal, and the anterior tibial cortex to determine the distal localization point. However, its accuracy has not been confirmed in clinical and radiographic data, and the alignment concept and preoperative planning for total knee arthroplasty has paid more attention to rotational alignment, but there are few studies on the coronal alignment of the tibia. This article reviews the recent use of the distal tibial coronal osteotomy reference point in total knee arthroplasty. However, due to there being only a small number of studies available, the evidence collected is insufficient to prove that a certain reference axis has obvious advantages and a combination of different reference points is needed to achieve the ideal lower extremity force line angle.
Epistemic Akrasia and Belief‐Credence Dualism
Authors: Jackson Elizabeth , Tan Peter
Published: June 2021

We call attention to certain cases of epistemic akrasia, arguing that they support belief‐credence dualism. Belief‐credence dualism is the view that belief and credence are irreducible, equally fundamental attitudes. Consider the case of an agent who believes p, has low credence in p, and thus believes that they shouldn’t believe p. We argue that dualists, as opposed to belief‐firsters (who say credence reduces to belief) and credence‐firsters (who say belief reduces to credence) can best explain features of akratic cases, including the observation that akratic beliefs seem to be held despite possessing a defeater for those beliefs, and that, in akratic cases, one can simultaneously believe and have low confidence in the very same proposition.
Transcriptome analysis reveals the inhibitory nature of high nitrate during adventitious roots formation in the apple rootstock
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyun , Tahir Muhammad Mobeen , Li Shaohuan , Mao Jiangping , Nawaz Muhammad Azher , Liu Yu , Li Ke , Xing Libo , Niu Jianxin , Zhang Dong
Published: June 2021

In the process of vegetative propagation of apple rootstocks, the development of adventitious roots (ARs) has crucial importance. Nitrate is an essential nutrient necessary for plant growth; however, the inhibitory effect of high nitrate on ARs formation has not been explored. The physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying ARs inhibition were examined in this study. Stem cuttings of B9 apple rootstock were cultured on two nitrate treatments (T1 = 18.7 mM L−1 and T2 = 37.5 mM L−1), where T2 was identified as ARs inhibiting treatment. Morphological and anatomical observations advocating that high availability of nitrate inhibited AR formation by delaying the ARs initiation and emergence stages, where the root number was 287%, and the length was 604.6% lower than the T1 cuttings. Moreover, the contents of endogenous hormones were also elevated in response to T2 at most of the time points, which may cause a hormonal imbalance within the plant body and drive toward ARs inhibition. Furthermore, 3686 genes were differentially expressed by high‐throughput sequencing. Out of these, 1797 genes were upregulated, and 1889 genes were downregulated. Approximately 238 genes related to nitrate, hormones, root development, and cell‐cycle induction pathways were selected according to their potential to be involved in ARs regulation. This is the first study providing information regarding the inhibitory effect of high nitrate on ARs formation in apple rootstock.
How Rural is Rural Populism? On the Spatial Understanding of Rurality for Analyses of Right‐wing Populist Election Success in Germany*
Authors: Deppisch Larissa , Osigus Torsten , Klärner Andreas
Published: June 2021

In this article, the authors take up the thesis of the narrative that the support for right‐wing populist election successes is located in rural areas. For the case of the German right‐wing populist party Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) the authors propose a complex definition of rurality, and perform a quantitative small‐scale analysis of the national election results in Germany in 2017. They examine the potential connection between a high share of votes for the AfD and the rurality of a municipality. The results show that in eastern Germany, the fairly rural municipalities have comparatively high AfD vote shares, whereas in western Germany, the fairly rural and the non‐rural municipalities have similar AfD vote shares. Therefore, it appears that the thesis that rural areas are the source of the support of right‐wing populism applies to some, but not to all rural areas of Germany.
Live virus vaccination of pediatric solid organ transplant candidates within 1 month prior to transplantation: A multicenter experience
Authors: Rosenthal Ayelet , Madigan Theresa , Chen Sharon F. , Gans Hayley , Nadimpalli Sruti
Published: June 2021

Background

Solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients are at increased risk of vaccine‐preventable illness due to the high degree of immunosuppression required following transplantation. The current recommendation is to vaccinate with live attenuated vaccines, including Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) and Varicella (VAR) vaccines, at least 4 weeks prior to transplant. However, data to support the time interval between vaccine and transplant are limited.

Methods

We conduct a literature review of the natural history of the viruses and length of viremia following live‐attenuated viral vaccines, and we describe a series of 5 cases from 2 pediatric transplant centers in which live attenuated viral vaccines were administered within 21 days prior to SOT.

Results

None of the 5 children who received MMR or VAR 8‐21 days prior to liver (2) and heart (3) transplant suffered from vaccine‐related viral illness after transplant, even in the presence of significant immunosuppression with T‐cell‐depleting agents.

Conclusion

These cases support that shorter intervals of live vaccine administration prior to transplant may be safe, allowing the vaccination of a larger cohort of SOT candidates. Increasing pretransplant vaccinations is crucial since, in most cases, live viral vaccines are contraindicated posttransplantation, and the most effective vaccine approaches utilize prime‐boost strategies, priming before and boosting after transplant.
Regional variation in nitric oxide‐dependent cutaneous vasodilatation during local heating in young adults
Authors: McGarr Gregory W. , King Kelli E. , Saci Samah , Leduc Daphnee , Akerman Ashley P. , Fujii Naoto , Kenny Glen P.
Published: June 2021

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Are regional differences in nitric oxide (NO)‐dependent cutaneous vasodilatation during local skin heating present in young adults?

What is the main finding and its importance?

NO‐dependent cutaneous vasodilatation varied across the body. The abdomen demonstrated larger NO contributions, while the chest demonstrated smaller NO contributions, compared to other regions. This exploratory work is an important first step in characterizing regional heterogeneity of cutaneous microvascular control across the torso and limbs. Equally, it serves to generate hypotheses for future studies examining regional cutaneous microvascular control in ageing and disease.

Regional variations in cutaneous vasodilatation during local skin heating exist across the body. While nitric oxide (NO) is a well‐known modulator of this response, the extent of regional differences in NO‐dependent cutaneous vasodilatation during local skin heating remains uncertain. In 16 habitually active young adults (8 females; 25 ± 5 years), cutaneous vascular conductance, normalized to maximum vasodilatation (% CVCmax), was assessed at the upper chest, abdomen, dorsal forearm, thigh and lateral calf during local skin heating. Across all regions, local skin temperatures were simultaneously increased from 33 to 42°C (1°C per 10 s), and held until a stable heating plateau was achieved (∼40 min). Next, with local skin temperature maintained at 42°C, 20 mM of NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME) was continuously infused at each site until a stable l‐NAME plateau was achieved (∼40 min). The difference between heating and l‐NAME plateaus was identified as the NO contribution for each region. There was no evidence for region‐specific responses at baseline (P = 0.561), the heating plateau (P = 0.351) or l‐NAME plateau (P = 0.082), but there was for the NO contribution (P = 0.048). Overall, point estimates for between‐region differences in the NO contribution varied across the body from 0 to 19% CVCmax. The greatest effects were observed for the abdomen, wherein the NO contribution was consistently greater than for the other regions (range: 9–19% CVCmax). The chest was consistently lower than the other regions (range: 7–19% CVCmax). The smallest effects were observed between limb regions (range: 0–2% CVCmax). These findings advance our understanding of the mechanisms influencing regional variations in the cutaneous vasodilator response to local skin heating in young adults.
Difference between calibration and practical force proving instruments
Authors: Osman Seif M. , Mahmoud Gouda M. , Binown Abdulelah A. , Alghamdi Hamad
Published: June 2021

This is an experimental work on seventy load cells which aims to highlight the difference between results out of force, proving instruments calibration according to ISO 376:2011 and its practical use. It spots on the difference between the relative error of repeatability and reproducibility and their contributions on load cells classifications, uncertainty estimation and calibration time. Results show that there is no significant effect for relative error of repeatability on load cell classification, ignoring the relative repeatability error in estimating the relative expanded uncertainty lead to decrease with values between 1 ppm and 270 ppm in the range from 20 % to 50 % of load cell capacity and by values between 1 ppm and 183 ppm in the range from 50 % to 100 % of the load cell capacity. It is concluded that performing measurements to calculate the relative error of repeatability is not effective in the normal calibration process for the examined seventy load cells, further measurements over subsequent years are recommended to ensure results reproducibility aiming to generalize the conclusion and recommend measurements for the relative repeatability error for load cell conformity assessment after manufacturing.
Detailed Evaluation of Automotive Turbocharged Diesel Engine During Typical Transient Working Condition Based on Thermodynamic Analysis
Authors: Liu Changcheng , Liu Zhongchang , Tian Jing , Yang Zeyu , Wang Penghui
Published: June 2021

In this study, the impacts of transient time, intake air temperature, coolant temperature, and piecewise transient strategies on energy and exergy terms during typical transient process of automotive diesel engine were researched based on experiment and numerical means. The results show that first, distortion of energy and exergy is relatively significant during shorter transient time. Fuel incomplete combustion is the root of energy and exergy distortion during transient process. Second, low intake air temperature is helpful to restrain work distortion and enhance efficiency during transient process, and comprehensive effects of local equivalence ratio (ER) and local in-cylinder temperature make in-cylinder exergy destruction (IED) little change at different intake air temperature. Third, enhancing the heat insulation characteristics of heat transfer boundary during transient process can effectively improve efficiency, while weaken the distortion degree of work. Tiny differences of local ER and local in-cylinder temperature at different coolant temperature result in the little change of IED during transient process. Fourth, the influences of different piecewise transient elements on efficiency are from strong to weak: first stage transient time > stagnation time > second stage transient time. Longer first-stage transient time and stagnation time are helpful to reduce energy and exergy distortion degree. Finally, there are some similarities on IED production mechanism between transient and steady-state process, moreover, the adjustment routes of boundary parameters to realize high efficiency during transient process: longer transient time coupling stagnation time, lower intake air temperature, and higher coolant temperature.
Investigation of Pump Failure-Induced Waterhammer Waves: A Case Study
Authors: Triki Ali , Essaidi Badreddine
Published: June 2021

This study analyzes the effect of the pipe material type on the transient flow behavior in a pumping system due to an accidental pump shutdown. The material types addressed in this study include steel and high- or low-density polyethylene (HDPE) or (LDPE), involving elastic and plastic rheological pipe-wall behavior. The numerical solution is developed based on the method of characteristics used for the discretization of the extended one-dimensional pressurized-pipe flow model, incorporating the Kelvin-Voigt and Vitkovsky rules. Experimental data from the literature were used to validate the numerical solver. The proposed numerical algorithm is then used to investigate the transient pressure-wave behavior induced by the power failure to a pumping station composed of an inline connection using different pipe material types. The findings show the severity of such a scenario, in terms of the magnitudes of induced up-surge and down-surge pressure waves. Furthermore, this research demonstrates that plastic pipe-wall materials allow for substantial attenuation of surge magnitude in conjunction with the expansion of the period of pressure-wave oscillations. The observed attenuation and expansion effects are also found to be highly dependent on the plastic material type. In this respect, the findings indicate that the (LDPE-steel) piping system's specific layout allows for the best tradeoff between the two last effects.
Ultrasonic assessment of osseointegration phenomena at the bone-implant interface using convolutional neural network
Authors: Kwak Yunsang , Nguyen Vu-Hieu , Hériveaux Yoann , Belanger Pierre , Park Junhong , Haïat Guillaume
Published: June 2021

Although endosseous implants are widely used in the clinic, failures still occur and their clinical performance depends on the quality of osseointegration phenomena at the bone-implant interface (BII), which are given by bone ingrowth around the BII. The difficulties in ensuring clinical reliability come from the complex nature of this interphase related to the implant surface roughness and the presence of a soft tissue layer (non-mineralized bone tissue) at the BII. The aim of the present study is to develop a method to assess the soft tissue thickness at the BII based on the analysis of its ultrasonic response using a simulation based-convolution neural network (CNN). A large-annotated dataset was constructed using a two-dimensional finite element model in the frequency domain considering a sinusoidal description of the BII. The proposed network was trained by the synthesized ultrasound responses and was validated by a separate dataset from the training process. The linear correlation between actual and estimated soft tissue thickness shows excellent R2 values equal to 99.52% and 99.65% and a narrow limit of agreement corresponding to [ –2.56, 4.32 μm] and [ –15.75, 30.35 μm] of microscopic and macroscopic roughness, respectively, supporting the reliability of the proposed assessment of osseointegration phenomena.
Younger and older adults show non-linear, stimulus-dependent performance during early stages of auditory training for non-native English
Authors: Bieber Rebecca E. , Tinnemore Anna R. , Yeni-Komshian Grace , Gordon-Salant Sandra
Published: June 2021

Older adults often report difficulty understanding speech produced by non-native talkers. These listeners can achieve rapid adaptation to non-native speech, but few studies have assessed auditory training protocols to improve non-native speech recognition in older adults. In this study, a word-level training paradigm was employed, targeting improved recognition of Spanish-accented English. Younger and older adults were trained on Spanish-accented monosyllabic word pairs containing four phonemic contrasts (initial s/z, initial f/v, final b/p, final d/t) produced in English by multiple male native Spanish speakers. Listeners completed pre-testing, training, and post-testing over two sessions. Statistical methods, such as growth curve modeling and generalized additive mixed models, were employed to describe the patterns of rapid adaptation and how they varied between listener groups and phonemic contrasts. While the training protocol failed to elicit post-test improvements for recognition of Spanish-accented speech, examination of listeners' performance during the pre-testing period showed patterns of rapid adaptation that differed, depending on the nature of the phonemes to be learned and the listener group. Normal-hearing younger and older adults showed a faster rate of adaptation for non-native stimuli that were more nativelike in their productions, while older adults with hearing impairment did not realize this benefit.
Mode separation with one hydrophone in shallow water: A sparse Bayesian learning approach based on phase speed
Authors: Niu Haiqiang , Gerstoft Peter , Zhang Renhe , Li Zhenglin , Gong Zaixiao , Wang Haibin
Published: June 2021

An approach of broadband mode separation in shallow water is proposed using phase speed extracted from one hydrophone and solved with sparse Bayesian learning (SBL). The approximate modal dispersion relation, connecting the horizontal wavenumbers (phase velocities) for multiple frequencies, is used to build the dictionary matrix for SBL. Given a multi-frequency pressure vector on one hydrophone, SBL estimates a set of sparse coefficients for a large number of atoms in the dictionary. With the estimated coefficients and corresponding atoms, the separated normal modes are retrieved. The presented method can be used for impulsive or known-form signals in a shallow-water environment while no bottom information is required. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach is adapted to the environment where both the reflected and refracted modes coexist, whereas the performance of the time warping transformation degrades significantly in this scenario.
ATM-phosphorylated SPOP contributes to 53BP1 exclusion from chromatin during DNA replication
Authors: Wang Dejie , Ma Jian , Botuyan Maria Victoria , Cui Gaofeng , Yan Yuqian , Ding Donglin , Zhou Yingke , Krueger Eugene W. , Pei Jiang , Wu Xiaosheng , Wang Liguo , Pei Huadong , McNiven Mark A. , Ye Dingwei , Mer Georges , Huang Haojie
Published: June 2021

SPOP mutation disables 53BP1 ubiquitination and exclusion from DNA double-strand break sites and causes genome instability.
Two mechanisms of chromosome fragility at replication-termination sites in bacteria
Authors: Mei Qian , Fitzgerald Devon M. , Liu Jingjing , Xia Jun , Pribis John P. , Zhai Yin , Nehring Ralf B. , Paiano Jacob , Li Heyuan , Nussenzweig Andre , Hastings P.J. , Rosenberg Susan M.
Published: June 2021

Caught in the act, DNA reaction intermediates in bacterial genomes may illuminate disease-driving regions in human chromosomes.
Ultrastrong photon-to-magnon coupling in multilayered heterostructures involving superconducting coherence via ferromagnetic layers
Authors: Golovchanskiy Igor A. , Abramov Nikolay N. , Stolyarov Vasily S. , Weides Martin , Ryazanov Valery V. , Golubov Alexander A. , Ustinov Alexey V. , Kupriyanov Mikhail Yu.
Published: June 2021

The ultrastrong photon-to-magnon coupling is reached with an on-chip hybrid system using superconducting phenomena.
p53 loss activates prometastatic secretory vesicle biogenesis in the Golgi
Authors: Tan Xiaochao , Banerjee Priyam , Shi Lei , Xiao Guan-Yu , Rodriguez B. Leticia , Grzeskowiak Caitlin L. , Liu Xin , Yu Jiang , Gibbons Don L. , Russell William K. , Creighton Chad J. , Kurie Jonathan M.
Published: June 2021

A secretory process activated by p53 loss prevents cancer cell anoikis and drives immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment.
Rapid coordination of effective learning by the human hippocampus
Authors: Kragel James E. , Schuele Stephan , VanHaerents Stephen , Rosenow Joshua M. , Voss Joel L.
Published: June 2021

Direct human brain recordings reveal how memory rapidly directs vision to support learning.
Transformation between elastic dipoles, quadrupoles, octupoles, and hexadecapoles driven by surfactant self-assembly in nematic emulsion
Authors: Senyuk Bohdan , Mozaffari Ali , Crust Kevin , Zhang Rui , de Pablo Juan J. , Smalyukh Ivan I.
Published: June 2021

Self-assembly of surfactant molecules drives changes of liquid crystal molecular alignment around droplets in nematic emulsions.
Activation mechanism of
Drosophila
cryptochrome through an allosteric switch
Authors: Wang Yingjie , Veglia Gianluigi , Zhong Dongping , Gao Jiali
Published: June 2021

Photoexcitation of FAD triggers ion-pair breakage and allosteric conformational change, leading to cryptochrome activation.
Heterozygous
OAS1
gain-of-function variants cause an autoinflammatory immunodeficiency
Authors: Magg Thomas , Okano Tsubasa , Koenig Lars M. , Boehmer Daniel F.R. , Schwartz Samantha L. , Inoue Kento , Heimall Jennifer , Licciardi Francesco , Ley-Zaporozhan Julia , Ferdman Ronald M. , Caballero-Oteyza Andrés , Park Esther N. , Calderon Brenda M. , Dey Debayan , Kanegane Hirokazu , Cho Kazutoshi , Montin Davide , Reiter Karl , Griese Matthias , Albert Michael H. , Rohlfs Meino , Gray Paul , Walz Christoph , Conn Graeme L. , Sullivan Kathleen E. , Klein Christoph , Morio Tomohiro , Hauck Fabian
Published: June 2021

OAS1-GOF/RNase L–mediated RNA cleavage caused an interferon-induced hyperinflammatory monocyte and B cell immunodeficiency.
Pure sediment-derived granites in a subduction zone
Authors: Xu Jian , Xia Xiao-Ping , Wang Qiang , Spencer Christopher J. , Lai Chun-Kit , Ma Jin-Long , Zhang Le , Cui Ze-Xian , Zhang Wan-Feng , Zhang Yan-Qiang
Published: June 2021

The Earth is unique in the Solar System due to significant volumes of granite in the lithosphere. However, the origins of granites are still highly debated, especially sediment-derived granites, which are often treated as a geochemical end-member of the continental crust. In the Yunnan region of South China, we identify the occurrence of pure sediment-derived granite in a subduction system. The suite of strongly peraluminous granite reported herein is interpreted to represent pure metasedimentary melts based on their whole-rock elemental and Sr-Nd-B and zircon Hf-O isotopic compositions. These Late Permian–Early Triassic (ca. 254–248 Ma) granites are characterized by radiogenically enriched Sr, Nd, and Hf isotopic signatures. They show δ11B and δ18O signatures akin to those of continental shales. Geochemical modeling indicates no contributions from the mantle that can be detected. Considering the regional tectonic evolution, these granites are suggested to be formed in a subduction zone by decompression melting of rapidly exhumed back-arc sediments. We posit that decompression melting was triggered by widespread extension and thinning of the crust prompted by rollback of the subducting oceanic crust. These granites thus provide evidence that granite formation in subduction zones does not necessarily contribute to crustal growth. These subduction-related pure sediment-derived granites have different elemental ratios and contents (e.g., Al2O3/TiO2 and Yb) from the Himalayan leucogranites. Considering their source compositions (e.g., pelitic rocks), which are similar to those of the Himalayan leucogranites, these differences are likely due to their higher formation temperature and lower pressure despite a great similarity in isotopic compositions. Identification of pure sediment-derived, strongly peraluminous granites (SPGs) in subduction systems provides an important geodynamic mechanism for crustal anatexis, which can both geochemically and tectonically complement their collisional counterparts identified in the Himalayas.
Supplemental Material: Contamination of the Bushveld Complex (South Africa) magmas by basinal brines: Stable isotopes in phlogopite from the UG2 chromitite
Authors: Zhou Haoyang , al. et
Published: June 2021

Detailed methodology, and supplemental figures and tables.
Supplemental Material: Early Neoproterozoic (870–820 Ma) amalgamation of the Tarim craton (northwestern China) and the final assembly of Rodinia
Authors: Zhao Pan , al. et
Published: June 2021

Supplemental text, Figures S1 and S2, and Tables S1–S3.
Supplemental Material: Precession-driven climate cycles and time scale prior to the Hirnantian glacial maximum
Authors: Sinnesael Matthias , al. et
Published: June 2021

Time-series analyses scripts and data.
Supplemental Material: Earthquake doublet revealed by multiple pulses in lacustrine seismo-turbidites
Authors: Wils Katleen , al. et
Published: June 2021

Detailed information on the studied sediment cores and methods.
Family integrated care: very preterm neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 months
Authors: Synnes Anne R , Petrie Julie , Grunau Ruth E , Church Paige , Kelly Edmond , Moddemann Diane , Ye Xiang , Lee Shoo K , O'Brien Karel ,   Canadian Neonatal Network Investigators
Published: June 2021

Objective

To examine whether the family integrated care (FICare) programme, a multifaceted approach which enables parents to be engaged as primary caregivers in the neonatal intensive care unit, impacts infant neurodevelopment and growth at 18 months’ corrected age.

Design/Methods

Prospective cohort study of infants born <29 weeks’ gestational age (GA) who participated in the FICare cluster randomised control trial (cRCT) and were assessed in the Canadian Neonatal Follow-Up Network (CNFUN). The primary outcome measure, Cognitive or Language composite score <85 on the Bayley-III, was compared between FICare exposed and routine care children using logistic regression, adjusted for potential confounders and employing generalised estimation equations to account for clustering of infants within sites.

Results

Of 756 infants <29 weeks’ GA in the FICare cRCT, 505 were enrolled in CNFUN and 455 were assessed (238 FICare, 217 control). Compared with controls, FICare infants had significantly higher incidence of intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) (19.5% vs 11.7%, p=0.024) and higher proportion of employed mothers (76.6% vs 73.6%, p=0.043). There was no significant difference in the odds of the primary outcome (adjusted OR: 0.92 (0.59 to 1.42) FiCare vs Control) on multivariable analyses adjusted for GA, IVH and maternal employment. However, Bayley-III Motor scores (adjusted difference in mean (95% CI) 3.87 (1.22 to 6.53) and body mass index 0.67 (0.36 to 0.99) were higher in the FICare group.

Conclusions

Very preterm infants exposed to FICare had no significant difference in incidence of cognitive or language delay but had better motor development.

Trial registration number

Participants in this cohort study were previously enrolled in a registered trial: NCT01852695
Caregiver burden versus intensity of anxiety and depression symptoms in parents of children with cerebral palsy as well as factors potentially differentiating the level of burden: a cross-sectional study (Poland)
Authors: Gugała Barbara
Published: June 2021

Objectives

To assess the relationship between caregiver burden and severity of symptoms of anxiety/depression in parents of children with cerebral palsy (CP), and to identify factors differentiating the level of caregiver burden.

Setting

Regional rehabilitation centres in South-Eastern Poland.

Participants

The study involved 190 parents of children with CP, that is, 138 women and 52 men.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Caregiver burden was assessed using Caregiver Burden Scale (CBS), while the intensity of anxiety and depression symptoms was measured using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Potential predictors were examined using Gross Motor Function Classification System for Cerebral Palsy (GMFCS), Barthel Index (BI) as well as a questionnaire focusing on the characteristics of the child, the parent and the family. The analyses applied Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient as well as multiple regression analysis.

Results

All the CBS measures are significantly correlated to HADS-A (anxiety) and HADS-D (depression). Intensity of anxiety is most visibly linked to CBS measures of disappointment and environment (p<0.0001), while severity of depression is related to emotional involvement and general strain (p<0.0001). The factors differentiating caregiver burden measure in the subscales of general strain (p<0.0001) and social isolation (p<0.0001) include the child’s age and BI, and the parent’s health status; in the subscale of disappointment (p<0.0001)—the child’s age, BI, GMFCS, as well as the parent’s age and health status; in the subscale of emotional involvement (p=0.0007)—BI, and the parent’s health status; in the subscale of environment (p=0.0002)—the child’s age and BI.

Conclusions

There is a positive linear relationship between the caregiver burden measures and severity of anxiety and depression. Effort should be made to relieve caregiver burden in parents of children with CP.
Development and validation of the OUTCoV score to predict the risk of hospitalisation among patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection in ambulatory settings: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Jacquerioz Frederique , Baggio Stéphanie , Gayet-Ageron Angele , Chappuis François , Getaz Laurent , Guessous Idris , Kaiser Laurent , Vernaz Nathalie , Yerly Sabine , Salamun Julien , Spechbach Herve
Published: June 2021

Objectives

To develop and validate a rule-out prediction model for the risk of hospitalisation among patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the ambulatory setting to derive a simple score to determine outpatient follow-up.

Design

Prospective cohort study.

Setting

Swiss university hospital.

Participants

1459 individuals with a positive result for SARS-CoV-2 infection between 2 March and 23 April 2020.

Methods

We applied the rule of 10 events per variable to construct our multivariable model and included a maximum of eight covariates. We assessed the model performance in terms of discrimination and calibration and performed internal validation to estimate the statistical optimism of the final model. The final prediction model included age, fever, dyspnoea, hypertension and chronic respiratory disease. To develop the OUTCoV score, we assigned points for each predictor that were proportional to the coefficients of the regression equation. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios were estimated, including positive and negative predictive values in different thresholds.

Main outcome measure

The primary outcome was COVID-19-related hospitalisation.

Results

The OUTCoV score ranged from 0 to 7.5 points. The two threshold parameters with optimal rule-out and rule-in characteristics for the risk of hospitalisation were 3 and 5.5, respectively. Outpatients with a score <3 (997/1459; 68.3%) had no follow-up as at low risk of hospitalisation (1.8%; 95% CI 1.1 to 2.8). For a score ≥5.5 (20/1459; 1.4%), the hospitalisation risk was higher (30%; 95% CI 11.9 to 54.3).

Conclusions

The OUTCoV score allows to rule out two-thirds of outpatients with SARS-CoV-2 infection presenting a low hospitalisation risk and to identify those at high risk that require careful follow-up to assess the need for hospitalisation. The model provides a simple decision-making tool for an effective allocation of resources to maintain quality care for outpatient populations.
Understanding the beliefs and attitudes towards mental health problems held by Muslim communities and acceptability of cognitive behavioural therapy as a treatment: systematic review and thematic synthesis protocol
Authors: Alharbi Hind , Farrand Paul , Laidlaw Ken
Published: June 2021

Introduction

Many barriers prevent Muslims’ accessing mental health services, the aim of this systematic review is to gain an understanding regarding these barriers and consider how they vary across different Muslim communities resident in different countries.

Methods and analysis

Systematic review of PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase and Index Islamicus databases for studies published in English in addition to the Saudi Digital Library for studies published in Arabic. The review will include quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods studies published in peer-review journals since 1980. Methodological quality and risk of bias of included papers will be critically appraised independently according to the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Thematic synthesis will be used to extract outcome and analyse data from studies included in the review.

Ethics and dissemination

There are considered to be no ethical issues. Findings will be disseminated in both English and Arabic to clinicians and researchers via journal publication and conference presentation(s).

Trial registration number

CRD42020192854.
Validity of self-reported diagnoses of gynaecological and breast cancers in a prospective cohort study: the Japan Nurses’ Health Study
Authors: Takamatsu Kiyoshi , Ideno Yuki , Kikuchi Mami , Yasui Toshiyuki , Maruoka Naho , Nagai Kazue , Hayashi Kunihiko
Published: June 2021

Objectives

To validate the self-reported diagnoses of gynaecological and breast cancers in a nationwide prospective cohort study of nursing professionals: the Japan Nurses’ Health Study (JNHS).

Design and setting

Retrospective analysis of the JNHS.

Participants and measures

Data were reviewed for 15 717 subjects. The mean age at baseline was 41.6±8.3 years (median: 41), and the mean follow-up period was 10.5±3.8 years (median: 12). Participants are regularly mailed a follow-up questionnaire once every 2 years. Respondents who self-reported a positive cancer diagnosis were sent an additional confirmation questionnaire and contacted the diagnosing facility to confirm the diagnosis based on medical records. A review panel of experts verified the disease status. Regular follow-up, confirmation questionnaires and expert review were validated for their positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV).

Results

New incidences were verified in 37, 47, 26 and 300 cervical, endometrial, ovarian and breast cancer cases, respectively. The estimated incidence rates were 22.0, 25.4, 13.8 and 160.4 per 100 000 person-years. These were comparable with those of national data from regional cancer registries in Japan. For regular follow-up, the corresponding PPVs for cervical, endometrial, ovarian and breast cancer were 16.9%, 54.2%, 45.1% and 81.4%, and the NPVs were 100%, 99.9%, 99.9% and 99.9%, respectively. Adding the confirmation questionnaire improved the PPVs to 31.5%, 88.9%, 76.7% and 99.9%; the NPVs were uniformly 99.9%. Expert review yielded PPVs and NPVs that were all ~100%.

Conclusions

Gynaecological cancer cannot be accurately assessed by self-reporting alone. Additionally, the external validity of cancer incidence in this cohort was confirmed.