bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
1D goes 2D: A Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless transition in superconducting arrays of 4‐Angstrom carbon nanotubes
Authors: Wang Zhe , Shi Wu , Xie Hang , Zhang Ting , Wang Ning , Tang Zikang , Zhang Xixiang , Lortz Rolf , Sheng Ping
Published: October 2010

We report superconducting resistive transition characteristics for array(s) of coupled 4‐Angstrom single wall carbon nanotubes embedded in aluminophosphate‐five zeolite. The transition was observed to initiate at 15 K with a slow resistance decrease switching to a sharp, order of magnitude drop between 7.5 and 6.0 K with strong (anisotropic) magnetic field dependence. Both the sharp resistance drop and its attendant nonlinear IV characteristics are consistent with the manifestations of a Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless transition that establishes quasi long range order in the plane transverse to the c‐axis of the nanotubes, leading to an inhomogeneous system comprising 3D superconducting regions connected by weak links. Global coherence is established at below 5 K with the appearance of a well‐defined supercurrent gap/low resistance region at 2 K.
Insight to the valence band electronic structure of metallicity selected single wall carbon nanotubes from a photoemission viewpoint
Authors: Ayala P. , De Blauwe K. , Miyata Y. , Shiozawa H. , Hoffmann P. , Kataura H. , Pichler T.
Published: October 2010

The progress on separation of single‐walled carbon nanotubes according to their metallic character has allowed to access the unique electronic and optical properties long ago predicted. Whether the inevitable interactions of nanotubes in a bundle or single doping defects are in scope, the energies of charge carriers and lattice vibrations are modified. Based on this, we have made use of photoemission spectroscopy effectively to identify modifications of the underlying basic correlation effects in the electronic structure. Subsequently, we have deepened into the study of the valence band of metallicity sorted samples and we have recorded, depending on the actual type of interaction within a film of bundles of purely metallic single wall carbon nanotube bundles, a compelling evidence for both a 1D Tomonaga–Luttinger power law scaling and a 3D Fermi liquid.
Classroom communities' adaptations of the practice of scientific argumentation
Authors: Berland Leema K. , Reiser Brian J.
Published: October 2010

Scientific argumentation is increasingly seen as a key inquiry practice for students in science classrooms. This is a complex practice that entails three overlapping, instructional goals: Participants articulate their understandings and work to persuade others of those understandings in order to make sense of the phenomenon under study (L. K. Berland & B. J. Reiser, 2009). This study examines the argumentative discussions that emerged in two middle school science classrooms to explore variation in how the goals of sensemaking and persuasion were taken up. Our analyses reveals that each classroom engaged with these two goals but that they did so quite differently. These differences suggest that the students in each class had overlapping but different interpretations of argumentation. In addition, comparing across the class' arguments suggests these two goals of scientific argumentation may be in tension with one another. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 95: 191–216, 2011
Ab‐initio Predictions of Interfacial Heat Flows during the High Speed Casting of Liquid Metals in Near Net Shape Casting Operations
Authors: Guthrie R.I.L. , Isac M. , Li D.
Published: September 2010

When metals are cast into solid shapes, the quality of the solid casting depends on many things, but heat flow management is a critical factor. It is relatively easy to predict heat flows through the liquid metal, and the solid mould, but heat flows through the interconnecting interface have been much more difficult to quantify. In the present work, following a review of our progress up to date on near net shape casting, the approach is to model this interfacial resistance from first principles. By conducting experiments in which liquid aluminum is cast at high speed (∼0.5 m/s), onto a copper substrate, fitted with extremely sensitive embedded thermocouples, heat fluxes from the first moments of metal contact, to final freezing of the strip, have been measured. Similarly, by using a 3D profilometer that is able to rapidly characterize and quantify the surface topography of a substrate, to ±1 µm, one can have the necessary data to mathematically model the transfer of heat from the overlaying metal, through the interfacial layer, into the copper substrate. The thermal model briefly described, makes the assumption of point contact between pyramidal peaks of the metal substrate and molten metal, with gas pockets trapped in the “valleys” of the substrate, through which heat must be transferred by conduction. Ab‐initio instantaneous heat fluxes predicted in this way proved to be in good agreement with those measured, provided adjustments were made for expansion of the “air gap”.
The Influence of Mould Powder Properties on Shell Formation in Continuous Casting of Steels
Authors: Däcker C.‐Å. , Sohlgren T.
Published: September 2010

For peritectic steel grades the shell formation is uneven resulting in quality problems such as surface cracks. Production of these steels calls for good control and knowledge of the critical factors for shell formation. By optimisation of process parameters, it is possible to enable production of crack sensitive slabs for heavy plate. This also gives a unique possibility to study the interaction between process parameters and shell formation. The paper presents the results from two large investigations with this ambition covering the total of 27 + 30 heats of 220 tons of steel at SSAB EMEA‐Oxelösund and concludes how surface cracks can be significantly decreased.
Hilar cholangioplasty using omentum for ductal defect in biliobiliary fistula
Authors: Ebata Tomoki , Takagi Kenji , Nagino Masato
Published: October 2010

Background/purpose

A non‐circumferential defect of the biliary system is occasionally faced at surgery for biliobiliary fistula. The condition represents an uncommon but important complication of gallstone disease. Although direct closure and patch repair using the gallbladder cuff are recommended as first‐line treatments, these procedures are sometimes technically difficult in the presence of severe inflammation. The authors, herein, present a novel procedure denoted as hilar cholangioplasty, which utilizes the pedicled omentum.

Methods

An 80‐year‐old man was referred to our hospital because of cholangitis. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography demonstrated a large gallstone astride the common hepatic duct with upstream biliary dilation, indicating biliobiliary fistula. Upon laparotomy, a 2 × 3 cm ductal defect was found just under the hepatic bifurcation, after removal of the gallstones and the gallbladder. The surrounding tissue, as well as the bile duct, was extensively inflamed with dense fibrosis, such that first‐line repair methods could not be performed. As an alternative method, the pedicled omentum was used for cholangioplasty.

Results

Postoperative cholangioscopy showed a yellow polypoid mass without constriction. Histologically, ordinary biliary epithelium overlaid the surface of the grafted omentum. The patient has remained well at 3‐year follow‐up.

Conclusion

The present method is simple and could be a promising option when standard repair methods cannot be applied.
Racial Identity Production Dynamics and Persisting Wealth Differentials: Integrating Neo-Institutionalist Perspectives into Stratification Economics
Authors: Stewart James
Published: September 2010

This study advances the analysis of factors contributing to the persistence of the black-white racial wealth gap using insights from Institutional Economics and Stratification Economics. The analysis challenges discourses trumpeting the emergence of a post-racial society in which previous barriers to attaining equal economic outcomes have been eliminated. It is argued that the post-racial rhetoric conveys inaccurate information to agents regarding the expected returns from investments in both capital assets and racial identity. Sub-optimal decisions by Black agents result, in part, from failure to take advantage of cultural knowledge about more advantageous investment strategies tied to indigenous cultural traditions.
A Direct Route to Full Employment
Authors: Darity William A.
Published: September 2010

This article proposes the formation of a National Investment Employment Corps to provide a job guarantee for all citizens and to perform the work necessary to maintain and expand the nation's physical and human infrastructure. The permanent establishment of the National Investment Employment Corps coupled with the federal job guarantee not only would address the employment needs created by the current economic crisis but would yield enduring benefits to national well being. Moreover, it would provide a direct mechanism for producing continuous full employment in the US economy.
Narrative Dispossession: Tibet and the Gendered Logics of Historical Possibility
Authors: McGranahan Carole
Published: October 2010

To possess something is an unpredictable combination of the following: to have, to own, to know, or to control. Land, stories, resources, equanimity, and loyalty are all examples of materially incommensurate things a person might possess. Even without material wealth, for example, one might be said to be in possession of a wicked sense of humor or a good memory or despite all else, one's own life story. Possessing one's own life story, however, is not a given. Thinking of one's life as a story, as something that can be narrated, involves social processes and conventions operative well beyond individual processes of reflection or experience. Narrating one's life, then, is to situate oneself and to be situated in dialogue with society.1As such, whether one's narrative is consensual with or contradictory to social norms, such narration signals possession of shared structures of possibility, including normative understandings of history, memory, knowledge, and truth. To narrate one's life is not just an issue of how, but also a matter ofif.
On Lagrangian and vortex-surface fields for flows with Taylor–Green and Kida–Pelz initial conditions
Authors: YANG YUE , PULLIN D. I.
Published: October 2010

For a strictly inviscid barotropic flow with conservative body forces, the Helmholtz vorticity theorem shows that material or Lagrangian surfaces which are vortex surfaces at time t = 0 remain so for t > 0. In this study, a systematic methodology is developed for constructing smooth scalar fields φ(x, y, z, t = 0) for Taylor–Green and Kida–Pelz velocity fields, which, at t = 0, satisfy ω·∇φ = 0. We refer to such fields as vortex-surface fields. Then, for some constant C, iso-surfaces φ = C define vortex surfaces. It is shown that, given the vorticity, our definition of a vortex-surface field admits non-uniqueness, and this is presently resolved numerically using an optimization approach. Additionally, relations between vortex-surface fields and the classical Clebsch representation are discussed for flows with zero helicity. Equations describing the evolution of vortex-surface fields are then obtained for both inviscid and viscous incompressible flows. Both uniqueness and the distinction separating the evolution of vortex-surface fields and Lagrangian fields are discussed. By tracking φ as a Lagrangian field in slightly viscous flows, we show that the well-defined evolution of Lagrangian surfaces that are initially vortex surfaces can be a good approximation to vortex surfaces at later times prior to vortex reconnection. In the evolution of such Lagrangian fields, we observe that initially blob-like vortex surfaces are progressively stretched to sheet-like shapes so that neighbouring portions approach each other, with subsequent rolling up of structures near the interface, which reveals more information on dynamics than the iso-surfaces of vorticity magnitude. The non-local geometry in the evolution is quantified by two differential geometry properties. Rolled-up local shapes are found in the Lagrangian structures that were initially vortex surfaces close to the time of vortex reconnection. It is hypothesized that this is related to the formation of the very high vorticity regions.
Submandibular gland ectopia associated with atrophy of floor of mouth muscles
Authors: Hansmann A , Lingam R K
Published: September 2010

Objective:

We describe a rare case of an ectopic submandibular gland associated with atrophy of the ipsilateral floor of the mouth muscles.

Method:

Case report and review of the world literature regarding ectopic submandibular glands.

Results:

The reported patient had an ectopic submandibular gland associated with atrophy of the ipsilateral anterior digastric and mylohyoid muscles. This implies maldevelopment of these muscles in the floor of the mouth and arrest of the normal migration of the submandibular gland. The condition was diagnosed using magnetic resonance imaging and conventional submandibular gland sialography.

Conclusion:

Submandibular gland ectopia in the floor of the mouth is a rare phenomenon. The described case represents the first report of an ectopic submandibular gland associated with atrophy of the ipsilateral floor of the mouth muscles. Radiologists and clinicians should familiarise themselves with this entity and its imaging findings, in order to prevent unnecessary biopsy of this benign condition.
Speech perception in individuals with auditory dys-synchrony
Authors: Kumar U A , Jayaram M
Published: October 2010

Objective:

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of lengthening the transition duration of selected speech segments upon the perception of those segments in individuals with auditory dys-synchrony.

Methods:

Thirty individuals with auditory dys-synchrony participated in the study, along with 30 age-matched normal hearing listeners. Eight consonant–vowel syllables were used as auditory stimuli. Two experiments were conducted. Experiment one measured the ‘just noticeable difference’ time: the smallest prolongation of the speech sound transition duration which was noticeable by the subject. In experiment two, speech sounds were modified by lengthening the transition duration by multiples of the just noticeable difference time, and subjects' speech identification scores for the modified speech sounds were assessed.

Results:

Subjects with auditory dys-synchrony demonstrated poor processing of temporal auditory information. Lengthening of speech sound transition duration improved these subjects' perception of both the placement and voicing features of the speech syllables used.

Conclusion:

These results suggest that innovative speech processing strategies which enhance temporal cues may benefit individuals with auditory dys-synchrony.
Fixation of nasal bone grafts with interosseous wire: our technique
Authors: Sathe N , Gaikwad N , Wadkar G , Thakare S
Published: October 2010

Background:

The use of interosseous wire to fix bone grafts is well known. Herein, we describe a technique for fixation of an iliac crest bone graft for nasal augmentation, using a stainless steel wire.

Method:

A hole in the cancellous part of the graft guides the wire exactly into a groove in the cortical part, preventing slippage and ensuring rigid fixation. The wire is then threaded through a hollow spinal needle passed underneath the skin envelope; this avoids a dorsal incision and thus minimises scarring, reduces the risk of graft exposure and improves the aesthetic result.

Results:

This technique has two distinct advantages: prevention of wire slippage and avoidance of a dorsal nasal incision.

Conclusion:

The described method uses an interosseous wire for rigid bone graft fixation, without a dorsal incision. This prevents wire slippage; it also achieves a good cosmetic result by improving the nasal contour via a cantilever effect which raises the nasal tip.
Population genetics in the homothallic lichen-forming ascomyceteXanthoria parietina
Authors: ITTEN Beatriz , HONEGGER Rosmarie
Published: October 2010

The genetic diversity within and among populations ofXanthoria parietinawas studied at the subspecific level with a fingerprinting technique (RAPD-PCR) applied to sterile cultured multispore isolates, each being derived from a single apothecium. Populations from coastal, rural and urban sites from NW, SW and central France and from NE Switzerland were investigated. Between 1 and 8 microsites of a few decimetres square, each comprising 13 to 27 thalli ofX. parietina, were analysed per population. A total of 132 isolates from epiphytic and 3 isolates from epilithic specimens were investigated. Phenotypic variation was recorded among some of the thalli in the field and among sterile cultured isolates in the laboratory. A high diversity of genotypes was observed, even among thalli growing side by side in phenotypically homogenous populations. An average of 73·5 % polymorphism was found in all samples. As shown with Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCO), most of the genetic variation (90%) resided within, not among, populations. AsX. parietinahad previously been shown with molecular and fingerprinting techniques to be homothallic, the potential genetic background of this diversity is discussed. Intense genotype rather than gene (allele) flow seems to be an important element inX. parietinapopulations.
Buellia rhizocarpica, a new corticolous species from Mexico
Authors: ETAYO Javier , GIRALT Mireia , ELIX John A.
Published: October 2010

Buellia rhizocarpica is described from Mexico. This corticolous species is characterized by a yellowish, granulose thallus, the presence of rhizocarpic acid and an unknown pulvinic acid derivative, apothecia containing large amounts of micromera-green together with yellow crystals which react K+ pinkish and by the presence of very small, Buellia-type ascospores. It grows in a well-preserved Pinus hartwegii forest at c. 4000 m altitude at the base of the volcano Popocatepetl.
Caloplaca phlogina, a lichen with two facies; an example of infraspecific variability resulting in the description of a redundant species
Authors: VONDRÁK Jan , ŠOUN Jaroslav , SØGAARD Majbrit Zeuthen , SØCHTING Ulrik , ARUP Ulf
Published: October 2010

Caloplaca phlogina is shown here to have two kinds of soralia, yellow soralia with anthraquinones versus whitish or white-green soralia lacking pigments. Both kinds are present, growing side by side, in some localities in Scandinavia, but yellow soralia appear to be more common. In contrast, the populations from halophilous shrubs on the Black Sea coast have predominantly white soralia, and they were described as a separate species, C. scythica. A single collection from Chile also has white soralia. Molecular data and phenotype examinations convinced us that Scandinavian and Black Sea populations are conspecific. We consider the North European, phenotypically variable population as a source for the Black Sea population which is ecologically and phenotypically more uniform.
Parmeliella borbonica, a new lichen species from Réunion
Authors: JØRGENSEN Per M. , SCHUMM Felix
Published: October 2010

The new species Parmeliella borbonica is described. It belongs in a small group of species, which, unlike all other Parmeliella species except those of the Parmeliella mariana group, have thalline squamulose margins of the apothecia, and are thus superficially reminiscent of Pannaria. The group is mainly Indo-pacific. A key to the species is given. Parmeliella borbonica appears to be an addition to the many remarkable endemic members of the Pannariaceae found in Réunion which has retained old Gondwana elements, as its lowland forests have not been destroyed as much as those in the neighbouring region. The very rare Coccocarpia imbricascens Nyl. was found as new to the island, and the rare endemic Pannaria multifida P. M. Jørg close to its type locality.
Semi-classical limit for Schrödinger equations with magnetic field and Hartree-type nonlinearities
Authors: Cingolani Silvia , Secchi Simone , Squassina Marco
Published: October 2010

The semi-classical regime of standing wave solutions of a Schrödinger equation in the presence of non-constant electric and magnetic potentials is studied in the case of non-local nonlinearities of Hartree type. It is shown that there exists a family of solutions having multiple concentration regions which are located around the minimum points of the electric potential.
Monotone convergence theorems for semi-bounded operators and forms with applications
Authors: Behrndt Jussi , Hassi Seppo , de Snoo Henk , Wietsma Rudi
Published: October 2010

Let Hn be a monotone sequence of non-negative self-adjoint operators or relations in a Hilbert space. Then there exists a self-adjoint relation H∞ such that Hn converges to H∞ in the strong resolvent sense. This result and related limit results are explored in detail and new simple proofs are presented. The corresponding statements for monotone sequences of semi-bounded closed forms are established as immediate consequences. Applications and examples, illustrating the general results, include sequences of multiplication operators, Sturm–Liouville operators with increasing potentials, forms associated with Kreĭn–Feller differential operators, singular perturbations of non-negative self-adjoint operators and the characterization of the Friedrichs and Kreĭn–von Neumann extensions of a non-negative operator or relation.
A Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook approximation to scalar conservation laws with discontinuous flux
Authors: Berthelin F. , Vovelle J.
Published: October 2010

We study the Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook (BGK) approximation to first-order scalar conservation laws with a flux which is discontinuous in the space variable. We show that the Cauchy problem for the BGK approximation is well posed and that, as the relaxation parameter tends to 0, it converges to the (entropy) solution of the limit problem.
Auslander's condition and tilting theory
Authors: Wei Jiaqun
Published: October 2010

AC rings (rings satisfying Auslander's condition) have recently been studied by Christensen and Holm, among others. We will employ tilting theory to study Auslander's condition. In particular, we prove that the class of AC Artin algebras is closed under tilting equivalences.
The snowball effect: Friendship moderates escalations in depressed affect among avoidant and excluded children
Authors: Bukowski William M. , Laursen Brett , Hoza Betsy
Published: October 2010

A three-wave longitudinal study conducted with preadolescent boys and girls (N= 231 at Time 1 [T1]) was used to assess the hypotheses that aspects of social withdrawal would be predictors of a “snowball” cascade of depressed affect, and that friendship experiences would moderate these effects. Consistent with these hypotheses, multilevel modeling showed that measures of avoidance and exclusion at T1 were associated with concurrent levels of depressed affect and were antecedent to escalating trajectories of depressed affect over time. These accelerating growth curves fit a snowball cascade model. The analyses also showed the protective effects of friendship. Specifically, the snowball effect was limited to avoidant and excluded children who were friendless. Depressed affect did not increase among avoidant and excluded children who were friended.
Developmental cascade effects of the New Beginnings Program on adolescent adaptation outcomes
Authors: McClain Darya Bonds , Wolchik Sharlene A. , Winslow Emily , Tein Jenn-Yun , Sandler Irwin N. , Millsap Roger E.
Published: October 2010

Using data from a 6-year longitudinal follow-up sample of 240 youth who participated in a randomized experimental trial of a preventive intervention for divorced families with children ages 9–12, the current study tested alternative cascading pathways by which the intervention decreased symptoms of internalizing disorders, symptoms of externalizing disorders, substance use, and risky sexual behavior and increased self-esteem and academic performance in mid- to late adolescence (15–19 years old). It was hypothesized that the impact of the program on adolescent adaptation outcomes would be explained by progressive associations between program-induced changes in parenting and youth adaptation outcomes. The results supported a cascading model of program effects in which the program was related to increased mother–child relationship quality that was related to subsequent decreases in child internalizing problems, which then was related to subsequent increases in self-esteem and decreases in symptoms of internalizing disorders in adolescence. The results were also consistent with a model in which the program increased maternal effective discipline that was related to decreased child externalizing problems, which was related to subsequent decreases in symptoms of externalizing disorders, less substance use, and better academic performance in adolescence. There were no significant differences in the model based on level of baseline risk or adolescent gender. These results provide support for a cascading pathways model of child and adolescent development.
Developmental processes in peer problems of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in The Multimodal Treatment Study of Children With ADHD: Developmental cascades and vicious cycles
Authors: Murray-Close Dianna , Hoza Betsy , Hinshaw Stephen P. , Arnold L. Eugene , Swanson James , Jensen Peter S. , Hechtman Lily , Wells Karen
Published: October 2010

We examined the developmental processes involved in peer problems among children (Mage = 10.41 years) previously diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at study entry (N= 536) and a comparison group (N= 284). Participants were followed over a 6-year period ranging from middle childhood to adolescence. At four assessment periods, measures of aggression, social skills, positive illusory biases (in the social and behavioral domains), and peer rejection were assessed. Results indicated that children from the ADHD group exhibited difficulties in each of these areas at the first assessment. Moreover, there were vicious cycles among problems over time. For example, peer rejection was related to impaired social skills, which in turn predicted later peer rejection. Problems also tended to spill over into other areas, which in turn compromised functioning in additional areas across development, leading to cascading effects over time. The findings held even when controlling for age and were similar for males and females, the ADHD and comparison groups, and among ADHD treatment groups. The results suggest that the peer problems among children with and without ADHD may reflect similar processes; however, children with ADHD exhibit greater difficulties negotiating important developmental tasks. Implications for interventions are discussed.
Influence of parental depressive symptoms on adopted toddler behaviors: An emerging developmental cascade of genetic and environmental effects
Authors: Pemberton Caroline K. , Neiderhiser Jenae M. , Leve Leslie D. , Natsuaki Misaki N. , Shaw Daniel S. , Reiss David , Ge Xiaojia
Published: October 2010

This study examined the developmental cascade of both genetic and environmental influences on toddlers' behavior problems through the longitudinal and multigenerational assessment of psychosocial risk. We used data from the Early Growth and Development Study, a prospective adoption study, to test the intergenerational transmission of risk through the assessment of adoptive mother, adoptive father, and biological parent depressive symptoms on toddler behavior problems. Given that depression is often chronic, we control for across-time continuity and find that in addition to associations between adoptive mother depressive symptoms and toddler externalizing problems, adoptive father depressive symptoms when the child is 9 months of age were associated with toddler problems and associated with maternal depressive symptoms. Findings also indicated that a genetic effect may indirectly influence toddler problems through prenatal pregnancy risk. These findings help to describe how multiple generations are linked through genetic (biological parent), timing (developmental age of the child), and contextual (marital partner) pathways.
Developmental cascades: Linking adolescent substance use, affiliation with substance use promoting peers, and academic achievement to adult substance use disorders
Authors: Haller Moira , Handley Elizabeth , Chassin Laurie , Bountress Kaitlin
Published: October 2010

Using a high-risk community sample (N = 405), the current study examined developmental cascades among substance use, affiliation with substance use promoting peers, and academic achievement over an 18-year period and tested whether these pathways mediated the influence of parental alcoholism on adult alcohol and drug use disorders. Results showed that the influence of parental alcoholism on adult drug disorders was mediated by developmental cascades across all three domains, whereas the influence of parental alcoholism on adult alcohol disorders was mediated through affiliation with substance use promoting peers and persistence in binge drinking. Adolescent drug use had more implications for adult outcomes than did adolescent alcohol use, which was less likely to spill over into other domains of functioning. Findings indicated that adolescent risk factors had indirect rather than unique effects on adult substance use disorders, suggesting that adolescent risk is not immutable and is largely mediated by later influences.
Laryngeal assimilation in Buchan Scots
Authors: YOUSSEF ISLAM
Published: October 2010

Buchan Scots exhibits a unique phonological process in which mid vowels undergo raising that is triggered by both voiced consonants and stressed high vowels. The fact that the triggers of assimilation do not fall neatly into a single natural class under most feature theories makes it an interesting challenge to straightforward analysis. Given the phonological patterns and a variety of phonetic facts about Buchan, I propose a [Lowered Larynx] feature to explain both vowel height and consonant voicing in this language. I present an autosegmental analysis of the segment inventory and phonological patterns in the framework of the Parallel Structures Model of feature geometry (Morén 2003, 2006, 2007). This analysis provides a unified and minimal account of the assimilation facts and supports the claim that phonological activity is dependent on the structure of the contrast system of a given language (Dresher, Piggot & Rice 1994). Furthermore, the representational analysis fits neatly into a constraint-based model and contributes to the growing body of literature claiming that representations are important even to optimality-theoretic analyses.
Verbo-nominal constructions of necessity withþearfn. andneedn.: competition and grammaticalization from OE to eModE
Authors: LOUREIRO-PORTO LUCÍA
Published: October 2010

The evolution of verbs expressing necessity in the history of English, such as*þurfanandneed, has been studied in detail, especially their semantic competition and their grammaticalization (see Molencki 2002, 2005; Taeymans 2006; Loureiro-Porto 2009). However, analogous verbo-nominal expressions involving the morphologically related nounsþearfandneedand the verbsbeandhavehave received little attention, despite their relevance as semantic competitors of the verbs and their subsequent fossilization in high-frequency expressions such asif need beandhad need. The current article fills this gap by studying the development of verbo-nominal expressions withþearfandneedfrom Old to early Modern English, and asks: (i) whether the verbs and the verbo-nominal expressions undergo similar processes of grammaticalization, and (ii) whether there is any connection between the evolution of the verbal and the verbo-nominal sets. Analysis of these verbo-nominal constructions in a 4.1 million-word corpus (including theHelsinki Corpusand fragments of theDictionary of Old English Corpus, theCorpus of Middle English Prose and Verse, theLampeter Corpusand theCorpus of Early English Correspondence Sampler) shows that, firstly, both idiomaticization and grammaticalization are relevant in the development of verbo-nominal constructions; secondly, their evolution is key to the understanding of the development of the necessity verbs*þurfanandneed; and finally, the competition between constructions withþearfandneedcalls into question the well-known hypothesis that phonological confusion withdurrancaused the disappearance of*þurfanin the ME period (see Visser 1963–73: 1423, §1343).
The relationship between children’s home food environment and dietary patterns in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Vereecken Carine , Haerens Leen , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse , Maes Lea
Published: September 2010

Objective

To identify the correlates of the home food environment (parents’ intake, availability and food-related parenting practices) at the age of 10 years with dietary patterns during childhood and in adolescence.

Setting

Primary-school children of fifty-nine Flemish elementary schools completed a questionnaire at school in 2002. Four years later they completed a questionnaire by e-mail or mail at home. Their parents completed a questionnaire on food-related parenting practices at baseline.

Design

Longitudinal study.

Subjects

The analyses included 609 matched questionnaires.

Statistics

Multi-level regression analyses were used to identify baseline parenting practices (pressure, reward, negotiation, catering on demand, permissiveness, verbal praise, avoiding negative modelling, availability of healthy/unhealthy food items and mothers’ fruit and vegetable (F&V) and excess scores) associated with children’s dietary patterns (F&V and excess scores).

Results

Mother’s F&V score was a significant positive independent predictor for children’s F&V score at baseline and follow-up, whereas availability of unhealthy foods was significantly negatively associated with both scores. Negotiation was positively associated with children’s follow-up score of F&V, while permissiveness was positively associated with children’s follow-up excess score. Availability of unhealthy foods and mother’s excess score were positively related to children’s excess score at baseline and follow-up.

Conclusions

Parental intake and restricting the availability of unhealthy foods not only appeared to have a consistent impact on children’s and adolescents’ diets, but also negotiating and less permissive food-related parenting practices may improve adolescents’ diets.
Direct and indirect association between environmental factors and fruit intake, mediation by psychosocial factors: the Pro Children study
Authors: Wind Marianne , te Velde Saskia J , Brug Johannes , Sandvik Camilla , Klepp Knut-Inge
Published: September 2010

Objectives

To explore direct associations between home and school availability of fruit and fruit intake, and the mediating role of attitude towards fruit, liking, perceived barriers and self-efficacy.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Primary schools in nine European countries.

Subjects

Within the Pro Children study, data were collected on perceived home and school availability of fruit, psychosocial factors related to fruit intake and its frequency among 13 305 11-year-old schoolchildren.

Results

Significant overall associations were found between child-reported home availability of fruit and fruit intake in all countries and in the total sample. School availability of fruit was associated with fruit intake in the pooled sample and in country-specific analyses in Sweden and the Netherlands. Liking (13·2–49·4 %) and self-efficacy (14·0–25·1 %) were the strongest mediators in the home availability–fruit intake relationship, but there was also a direct association between home availability and fruit intake, except in Spain and the Netherlands. Mediating pathways of the school availability–fruit intake relationship could only be assessed for Norway, Sweden and the total sample. Attitude was a significant mediator in Norway (80·4 %) and in Sweden (25·3 %), while in the total sample also liking (38·7 %) and self-efficacy (23·0 %) were identified as significant mediators.

Conclusions

The association between home availability of fruit and fruit intake is at least partly mediated by personal factors such as liking and self-efficacy indicates that fruit intake is not a complete automatic or unconscious behaviour.
TEM Characterization of As-Deposited and Annealed Ni/Al Multilayer Thin Film
Authors: Simões S. , Viana F. , Ramos A.S. , Vieira M.T. , Vieira M.F.
Published: October 2010

Reactive multilayer thin films that undergo highly exothermic reactions are attractive choices for applications in ignition, propulsion, and joining systems. Ni/Al reactive multilayer thin films were deposited by dc magnetron sputtering with a period of 14 nm. The microstructure of the as-deposited and heat-treated Ni/Al multilayers was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) in plan view and in cross section. The cross-section samples for TEM and STEM were prepared by focused ion beam lift-out technique. TEM analysis indicates that the as-deposited samples were composed of Ni and Al. High-resolution TEM images reveal the presence of NiAl in small localized regions. Microstructural characterization shows that heat treating at 450 and 700°C transforms the Ni/Al multilayered structure into equiaxed NiAl fine grains.
Die Übertragung des Belgischen Nursing Minimum Data Set II (B-NMDS II) auf bundesdeutsche Krankenhäuser. Ergebnisse der ersten Untersuchungsphase zum Übersetzungs- und Adaptionsprozess des Instruments
Authors: Eberl Inge , Bartholomeyczik Sabine
Published: October 2010

Spätestens die Einführung der G-DRGs in Deutschland hat gezeigt, dass in den Akutkliniken ein valides und reliables Instrument benötigt wird, das vergleichbare Daten zum Pflegeaufwand, den Kosten, dem Personalbedarf und der erbrachten Qualität liefern kann. Die Daten sollen von der Pflegepraxis bis hin zur nationalen Gesundheitsberichterstattung verwendbar sein und damit fundierte Aussagen für verschiedenste Akteure im Gesundheitswesen bieten. Das NMDS scheint internationalen Publikationen zufolge ein Instrument zu sein, das die geforderten komplexen Daten liefern kann. Seit 2006 wird eine Forschungsarbeit zur Übertragung des B-NMDS II auf bundesdeutsche Krankenhäuser durchgeführt. Die Forschungsarbeit gliedert sich in zwei Untersuchungsphasen. Die erste Phase umfasst den Übersetzungs- und Adaptionsprozess des B-NMDS II. In der zweiten Phase erfolgten die Datenerhebung in den Kliniken und die Datenanalyse. In diesem Artikel wird vorrangig das methodische Vorgehen der ersten Untersuchungsphase vorgestellt. Der Übersetzungs- und Adaptionsprozess des B-NMDS II erfolgt in einem mehrstufigen Vorgehen.
Whistleblowing: Ein schwieriges Konzept aus Sicht der Pflegenden
Authors: Habermann Monika , Cramer Henning , Pielage Friedhelm , Stagge Maya
Published: October 2010

Zur Fehlervermeidung und erfolgreichen Einführung von Fehlermanagementsystemen im Gesundheitswesen und in der Pflege sind Erkenntnisse notwendig, die sich auf Teilaspekte der Fehlerwahrnehmung durch Pflegende, etwa den Umgang mit und das Melden von Fehlern, beziehen. «Whistleblowing» stellt eine Form der Berichterstattung über Fehler und Missstände dar, bei der unmittelbare Arbeitszusammenhänge verlassen werden und Personen, Institutionen oder Medien – vor allem auch außerhalb der betroffenen Organisation – Ansprechpartner werden. In halbstrukturierten Interviews mit 18 Pflegenden aus stationären Pflegeeinrichtungen wurde u. a. die Frage gestellt, ob gegebenenfalls eine derartige Berichterstattung vorstellbar wäre bzw. schon praktiziert wurde. Das Spektrum der Einschätzungen bewegte sich zwischen einer mehrheitlich deutlichen Missbilligung eines solchen Verhaltens und einer aufgrund persönlicher Risiken meist nur zögernd eingebrachten Zustimmung. Zentrale Themen waren Loyalitäten gegenüber der Organisation, dem Arbeitsteam und den Kolleginnen, Verpflichtungen gegenüber den Patientinnen/Bewohnerinnen und die Abwägung persönlicher Risiken. Die Ergebnisse der vorgestellten Studie decken sich mit Ergebnissen anderer Studien zum Thema, wie in der Diskussion dargestellt wird. Es gilt, die Übernahme profes­sioneller Verantwortung zu stärken sowie organisationale Wege für Fehlermeldungen zu finden und beispielsweise im Sinne von Best-Practice-Beispielen zur Diskussion zu stellen. Whistleblowing sollte verstanden werden als eine Handlung, in der sich «Patient Advocacy» ausdrückt.
Wo die Liebe wohnt
Authors: Strack Fritz
Published: September 2010

Zusammenfassung. Trotz der großen Popularität der bildgebenden Verfahren in den Neurowissenschaften stellen sich einige kritische Fragen, welche die Logik und die Methodologie der Hirnforschung betreffen. Darüber hinaus gibt es Zweifel am Erkenntnisgewinn, den die Psychologie aus der lokationsorientierten Hirnforschung ziehen kann und es entsteht die Gefahr, dass zentrale Fragestellungen der Psychologie der hirnanatomischen Perspektive untergeordnet werden.
Biologische Psychologie ist mehr als Neuropsychologie
Authors: Pawlik Kurt
Published: September 2010

Zusammenfassung. In historischem Rückblick wird die These entwickelt, dass Psychologie vom Gegenstand her selbst Lebenswissenschaft ist, auch wenn dieser Einordnung theoretisch und methodisch nicht vollends entsprochen wurde. Dass (nicht nur menschliches) Verhalten auch kulturbedingt ist, steht dazu nicht im Widerspruch, als Kultur in Entwicklung und Weitergabe selbst Ergebnis von Verhalten ist. Biologische Psychologie ist dabei mehr als Neuropsychologie und ermöglicht (bzw. verlangt) auch evolutionspsychologische Theoriebildung und eine ökopsychologische Einbettung psychologischer Empirie.
Mediennutzung als Bewältigungsstrategie von Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Eschenbeck Heike , Kohlmann Carl-Walter , Meier Stefanie
Published: September 2010

Zusammenfassung. In dem Beitrag wird über die Erweiterung des Fragebogens zur Erhebung von Stress und Stressbewältigung im Kindes- und Jugendalter (SSKJ 3-8; Lohaus, Eschenbeck, Kohlmann & Klein-Heßling, 2006 ) um die Bewältigungsskala Mediennutzung berichtet. An einer Schülerstichprobe (N = 1086, 50% Mädchen, Klassenstufen 2–8) wurden die fünf Skalen zur Erhebung des Bewältigungsverhaltens (Suche nach sozialer Unterstützung, problemorientierte Bewältigung, vermeidende Bewältigung, konstruktiv-palliative Emotionsregulation und destruktiv-ärgerbezogene Emotionsregulation) sowie zusätzlich Mediennutzung als Bewältigungsstrategie erfasst. Mithilfe von Hauptkomponentenanalysen und konfirmatorischen Faktorenanalysen konnte die sechsfaktorielle Skalenstruktur bestätigt werden. Korrelationen mit den Variablen Alter, Medienkonsum und Stresssymptomatik liefern Hinweise auf die Validität der neuen Subskala Mediennutzung.
Sporttherapie zur Optimierung multimodaler Gruppentherapie bei kindlichem Übergewicht
Authors: Lehrke Sonja , Laessle Reinhold G.
Published: September 2010

Zusammenfassung. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde die Effektivität einer spezifischen Sportkomponente zur Therapie von Übergewicht im Kindes- und Jugendalter überprüft. Eine multimodale Gruppentherapie plus Sport wurde hierfür mit einer multimodalen Gruppentherapie plus Freizeitaktivitäten verglichen. Die Interventionsdauer war in beiden Interventionsbedingungen drei Monate. An der Untersuchung nahmen 64 Mädchen im Alter von 9–15 Jahren teil. Neben anthropometrischen Basisdaten (BMI, relativer BMI, Körperfettanteil, Ruheumsatz) wurden Daten zum Essverhalten sowie psychosoziale Variablen vor und nach der Therapie sowie 15 Monate nach Therapieende erfasst. Von insgesamt 33 Mädchen wurden zusätzlich drei Monate vor Therapiebeginn Wartegruppendaten erhoben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sowohl mit dem Sport- als auch mit dem Freizeitprogramm Verbesserungen hinsichtlich der untersuchten Kriteriumsvariablen erzielt werden konnten. Differenzielle Therapieeffekte im Sinne einer Überlegenheit des Standardprogramms plus Sport konnten statistisch nicht nachgewiesen werden. Implikationen für die weitere Forschung werden diskutiert.
Extraversion and Altered State of Awareness Predict Alcohol Cue-Reactivity
Authors: Kambouropoulos Nicolas , Rock Adam
Published: September 2010

Studies have shown that regular drinkers respond to alcohol-related stimuli with increases in urge to drink and changes in affect. Evidence indicates that there is individual variability in responses to alcohol-related cues. The current study aimed to examine (1) the role of extraversion in understanding variability in responses to alcohol cues and (2) whether cue-elicited altered states of awareness are related to urge to drink and affective responses. Forty-one participants were exposed first to a neutral and then to an alcohol cue; urge and affective responses were then measured. Extraversion was a significant positive predictor of urge to drink, while altered state of awareness was a significant positive predictor of urge to drink and positive affect. Interestingly, altered state of awareness significantly improved prediction of both urge to drink and positive affect after controlling for levels of extraversion. These findings suggest that changes in states of awareness following presentation of alcohol cues may facilitate the observed increases in urge to drink and positive affect.
Magnetic cloud boundary layer of 9 November 2004 and its associated space weather effects
Authors: Zuo P. B. , Wei F. S. , Feng X. S. , Xu X. J. , Song W. B.
Published: October 2010

On 9 November 2004, the WIND spacecraft detected a magnetic cloud boundary layer (MCBL) during the interval from 19:07 UT to 20:30 UT. Within the MCBL, there is intense southward magnetic field and the dynamic pressure is rather high, which makes it much geoeffective. Twenty‐three minutes later, the MCBL arrived on the magnetopause. An intense geomagnetic storm main phase was driven by the sustaining strong southward magnetic field within the MCBL. During the passage of the MCBL, a typical magnetospheric substorm was triggered. The substorm onset was synthetically identified by the aurora breakup, magnetic dipolarization, dispersionless particle injection, Pi2 pulsation, and the polar bay onset. The substorm triggering is related to the special magnetic and plasma structure within the MCBL. The MCBL accompanying adjacent sheath region formed a dynamic pressure enhancement region, which strongly compressed the magnetosphere and even pushed the magnetopause into the geosynchronous orbit so that two dayside spacecraft GOES‐10 and GOES‐12 were directly exposed in the magnetosheath for a long interval during the passage of the MCBL. In terms of Shue et al. (1998) model, the closest subsolar standoff distance even reached 5.1 RE during the passage of the MCBL. It can be inferred that the strong dynamic pressure and the strong discontinuities within the MCBL determine the intense compression effect. In addition, a very intense geomagnetically induced current (GIC) event was directly caused by the MCBL. Similar to this case, majority of MCBLs are dynamic pressure enhancement regions, and there are strong southward magnetic field and several strong discontinuities inside these regions, which can potentially drive large‐scale magnetospheric activities. In this paper, we take a case study to discuss the magnetospheric activities and the space weather effects caused by MCBLs.
Growth of the Langmuir cavity eigenmodes in the solar wind
Authors: Hess S. L. G. , Malaspina D. M. , Ergun R. E.
Published: October 2010

The Langmuir waves in the solar wind are known to be at the origin of many types of solar radio emissions, in particular solar type II and type III radio bursts. In situ observations have shown that the largest amplitude Langmuir waves often appear as localized wave packets. Several models have been proposed to explain this localization of the waves, such as kinetic localization, nonlinear wave‐wave processes, or eigenmode formation. The latter theory states that the wave packets are eigenmodes of density cavities generated by background turbulence. In the present paper we investigate the wave growth of the localized Langmuir eigenmodes.