bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Renal Function Is Associated With Peak Exercise Capacity in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Bjornstad Petter , Cree-Green Melanie , Baumgartner Amy , Maahs David M. , Cherney David Z. , Pyle Laura , Regensteiner Judith G. , Reusch Jane E. , Nadeau Kristen J.
Published: November 2014

OBJECTIVE

Diabetic nephropathy and cardiovascular disease are strongly related in adults with type 1 diabetes, yet little is known about this relationship in adolescents prior to the onset of detectable clinical disease. We hypothesized that cardiopulmonary fitness would be directly associated with albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) and inversely related to estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in adolescents with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Sixty-nine adolescents with type 1 diabetes and 13 nondiabetic control subjects of similar pubertal stage and BMI had insulin sensitivity (glucose infusion rate [GIR]), measured by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, and lean body mass, measured by DEXA. Cardiopulmonary fitness was measured by cycle ergometry to obtain peak volume of oxygen (VO2peak), and renal function was measured by eGFR using the Bouvet equation (measuring creatinine and cystatin C levels) and ACR.

RESULTS

Adolescents (15.5 ± 2.2 years of age) with type 1 diabetes (6.3 ± 3.8 years diabetes duration) had reduced VO2peak (31.5 ± 6.3 vs. 36.2 ± 7.9 mL/kg ⋅ min, P = 0.046) and VO2peak/lean kg (43.7 ± 7.0 vs. 51.0 ± 8.6 mL/lean kg ⋅ min, P = 0.007) compared with nondiabetic control subjects. eGFR was inversely associated with VO2peak and VO2peak/lean kg after adjusting for sex, Tanner stage, GIR, HbA1c level, systolic blood pressure, and LDL cholesterol level (β ± SE, VO2peak: −0.19 ± 0.07, P = 0.02; VO2peak/lean kg: −0.19 ± 0.09, P = 0.048). Moreover, participants in the highest tertile for eGFR had significantly lower sex- and Tanner-adjusted VO2peak and VO2peak/lean kg compared with participants in the lowest tertile.

CONCLUSIONS

Adolescents with type 1 diabetes had reduced exercise capacity, which was strongly associated with renal health, independent of insulin sensitivity. Future studies should examine the underlying interrelated pathophysiology in order to identify probable targets for treatment to reduce cardiovascular and renal complications.
Mild Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Long-Term Child Health
Authors: Landon Mark B. , Rice Madeline Murguia , Varner Michael W. , Casey Brian M. , Reddy Uma M. , Wapner Ronald J. , Rouse Dwight J. , Biggio Joseph R. , Thorp John M. , Chien Edward K. , Saade George , Peaceman Alan M. , Blackwell Sean C. , VanDorsten J. Peter
Published: November 2014

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate whether treatment of mild gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) confers sustained offspring health benefits, including a lower frequency of obesity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Follow-up study of children (ages 5–10) of women enrolled in a multicenter trial of treatment versus no treatment of mild GDM. Height, weight, blood pressure, waist circumference, fasting glucose, fasting insulin, triglycerides, and HDL cholesterol were measured.

RESULTS

Five hundred of 905 eligible offspring (55%) were enrolled. Maternal baseline characteristics were similar between the follow-up treated and untreated groups. The frequencies of BMI ≥95th (20.8% and 22.9%) and 85th (32.6% and 38.6%) percentiles were not significantly different in treated versus untreated offspring (P = 0.69 and P = 0.26). No associations were observed for BMI z score, log waist circumference, log triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, blood pressure, or log HOMA-estimated insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). The effect of treatment was different by sex for fasting glucose and log HOMA-IR (P for interaction = 0.002 and 0.02, respectively) but not by age-group (5–6 and 7–10 years) for any outcomes. Female offspring of treated women had significantly lower fasting glucose levels.

CONCLUSIONS

Although treatment for mild GDM has been associated with neonatal benefits, no reduction in childhood obesity or metabolic dysfunction in the offspring of treated women was found. However, only female offspring of women treated for mild GDM had lower fasting glucose.
Development and Validity of the Questionnaire of Patients' Experiences in Postacute Outpatient Physical Therapy Settings
Authors: Medina-Mirapeix Francesc , del Baño-Aledo María Elena , Martínez-Payá Jacinto Javier , Lillo-Navarro María Carmen , Escolar-Reina Pilar
Published: November 2014

Background

Patient feedback surveys are increasingly seen as a key component of health care quality monitoring and improvement.

Objective

The study objective was to describe the development and initial psychometric evaluation of a fixed-length questionnaire about the experiences of patients receiving physical therapist treatment in postacute outpatient settings.

Design

This was an instrument development study with validity and reliability testing.

Methods

A total of 465 participants attending 3 rehabilitation centers for musculoskeletal conditions completed the questionnaire. A cognitive pretest was applied to the draft version (n=94), and a revised version was evaluated for test-retest reliability (n=90). Analyses to evaluate variance and nonresponse rates for items, the factor structure of the questionnaire, and the metric properties of multi-item scales were conducted.

Results

Exploratory factor analyses yielded evidence for a 7-factor structure of the questionnaire, with 3 factors that may be conceptually viewed as professionals' attitudes and behavior (providing information and education, sensitivity to patients' changes, and emotional support) and 4 factors that conceptually reflect organizational environment (duration of attendance, interruptions during care delivery, waiting times, and patient safety). Item-scale correlations ranged from .70 to .93. The percentage of scaling success was 100% for all of the scales. Cronbach alpha coefficients ranged from .70 to .87. Intraclass correlation coefficients ranged from .57 to .80 (median=.68).

Limitations

Generalization to other patients is not known.

Conclusions

The questionnaire has test-retest reliability, and the scales have internal consistency and convergent and discriminant validity. All of the scales are distinct and unidimensional.
Treatment by specialist surgical neurooncologists improves survival times for patients with malignant glioma
Authors: Khan Ursalan A. , Bhavsar Amar , Asif Hasan , Karabatsou Konstantina , Leggate James R. S. , Sofat Ajit , Kamaly-Asl Ian D.
Published: November 2014

OBJECT

Surgeries for CNS tumors are frequently performed by general neurosurgeons and by those who specialize in surgical neurooncology. Subspecialization in neurosurgical practice has become common and may improve patient morbidity and mortality rates. However, the potential benefits for patients of having their surgeries performed by surgical neurooncologists remain unclear. Recently, a shift in patient care to those who practice predominantly surgical neurooncology has been promoted. Evidence for this practice is lacking and therefore requires fundamental investigation.

METHODS

The authors conducted a case-control study of neurooncology patients who underwent surgery for glioblastoma and anaplastic astrocytoma during 2006–2009. Outcomes were compared for patients whose surgery was performed by general neurosurgeons (generalists) or by specialist neurooncology neurosurgeons (specialists). An electronic record database and a picture archiving and communication system were used to collect data and assess the extent of tumor resection. Mortality rates and survival times were compared. Patient comorbidity and postoperative morbidity were assessed by using the Waterlow, patient handling, and falls risk assessment scores. Effects of case mix were adjusted for by using Cox regression and a hazards model.

RESULTS

Outcomes for 135 patients (65 treated by generalists and 70 by specialists) were analyzed. Survival times were longer for patients whose surgery was performed by specialists (p = 0.026) and after correction for case mix (p = 0.019). Extent of tumor resection was greater when performed by specialists (p = 0.005) and correlated with increased survival times (p = 0.004). There was a trend toward reduced surgical deaths when surgery was performed by specialists (2.8%) versus generalists (7%) (p = 0.102), and inpatient stays were significantly shorter when surgery was performed by specialists (p = 0.008).

CONCLUSIONS

The prognosis for glioblastoma multiforme remains dire, and improved treatments are urgently needed. This study provides evidence for a survival benefit when surgery is performed by specialist neurooncology neurosurgeons. The benefit might be attributable to increased tumor resection. Furthermore, specialist neurooncology surgical care may reduce the number of surgical patient deaths and length of inpatient stay. These findings support the recommendations for subspecialization within surgical neurooncology and advocate for care of these patients by specialists.
Attrition rates in neurosurgery residency: analysis of 1361 consecutive residents matched from 1990 to 1999
Authors: Lynch Gabrielle , Nieto Karina , Puthenveettil Saumya , Reyes Marleen , Jureller Michael , Huang Jason H. , Grady M. Sean , Harris Odette A. , Ganju Aruna , Germano Isabelle M. , Pilitsis Julie G. , Pannullo Susan C. , Benzil Deborah L. , Abosch Aviva , Fouke Sarah J. , Samadani Uzma
Published: November 2014

OBJECT

The objective of this study is to determine neurosurgery residency attrition rates by sex of matched applicant and by type and rank of medical school attended.

METHODS

The study follows a cohort of 1361 individuals who matched into a neurosurgery residency program through the SF Match Fellowship and Residency Matching Service from 1990 to 1999. The main outcome measure was achievement of board certification as documented in the American Board of Neurological Surgery Directory of Diplomats. A secondary outcome measure was documentation of practicing medicine as verified by the American Medical Association DoctorFinder and National Provider Identifier websites. Overall, 10.7% (n = 146) of these individuals were women. Twenty percent (n = 266) graduated from a top 10 medical school (24% of women [35/146] and 19% of men [232/1215], p = 0.19). Forty-five percent (n = 618) were graduates of a public medical school, 50% (n = 680) of a private medical school, and 5% (n = 63) of an international medical school. At the end of the study, 0.2% of subjects (n = 3) were deceased and 0.3% (n = 4) were lost to follow-up.

RESULTS

The total residency completion rate was 86.0% (n = 1171) overall, with 76.0% (n = 111/146) of women and 87.2% (n = 1059/1215) of men completing residency. Board certification was obtained by 79.4% (n = 1081) of all individuals matching into residency between 1990 and 1999. Overall, 63.0% (92/146) of women and 81.3% (989/1215) of men were board certified. Women were found to be significantly more at risk (p < 0.005) of not completing residency or becoming board certified than men. Public medical school alumni had significantly higher board certification rates than private and international alumni (82.2% for public [508/618]; 77.1% for private [524/680]; 77.8% for international [49/63]; p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in attrition for graduates of top 10–ranked institutions versus other institutions. There was no difference in number of years to achieve neurosurgical board certification for men versus women.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, neurosurgery training attrition rates are low. Women have had greater attrition than men during and after neurosurgery residency training. International and private medical school alumni had higher attrition than public medical school alumni.
Comparative effectiveness of antibiotic-impregnated shunt catheters in the treatment of adult and pediatric hydrocephalus: analysis of 12,589 consecutive cases from 287 US hospital systems
Authors: Parker Scott L. , McGirt Matthew J. , Murphy Jeffrey A. , Megerian J. Thomas , Stout Michael , Engelhart Luella
Published: November 2014

OBJECT

The real-world effectiveness of antibiotic-impregnated shunt catheters to reduce the incidence of shunt infections is still debated. The literature to date consists mostly of small, single-institution studies. The aim of this study was to assess the incidence of infection for antibiotic-impregnated catheters (AICs) versus standard shunt catheters in a large nationwide administrative database.

METHODS

The authors retrospectively reviewed hospital discharge and billing records from the Premier Perspective Database from April 2003 to July 2009 to identify all adult and pediatric patients undergoing de novo ventricular shunt placement. The primary end point was the incidence of shunt infection within 1 year of implantation. Multivariate logistical regression was performed to determine factors associated with increased incidence of infection.

RESULTS

A total of 10,819 adult (AIC, 963; standard catheter, 9856) and 1770 pediatric (AIC, 229; standard catheter, 1541) patients underwent ventricular shunt placement in 287 US hospitals. Overall, the incidence of infection was 3.5% in adults (n = 380) and 6.6% in pediatric patients (n = 116). AICs were associated with significant reduction in infection for both adult (2.2% vs 3.6%, p = 0.02) and pediatric (2.6% vs 7.1%, p < 0.01) patients. AIC use was associated with reduced infection regardless of hospital size, annual shunt volume, hospital location, or patient risk factors and remained associated with a reduced infection in multivariate analysis for both adult (p = 0.02) and pediatric (p = 0.02) patients.

CONCLUSIONS

The use of antibiotic-impregnated shunt catheters was associated with a reduction in shunt infections for both adult and pediatric patients. This provides further support that AICs may represent a reliable means of reducing shunt infections for both adult and pediatric patients.
Distal spinal cord stimulation in infants with myelomeningoceles: preliminary study
Authors: Albright A. Leland
Published: November 2014

OBJECT

The purpose of this study of infants with myelomeningoceles was to evaluate the effect of stimulation of the distal spinal cord, proximal to the neural placode, on functioning lower-extremity muscles distal to the placode.

METHODS

In 13 infants with lumbosacral myelomeningoceles, the lateral spinal cord was stimulated, with a monopolar probe, between its exit from the spinal canal and the neural placode. Responses of functional muscles in the lower extremities were monitored with a neural integrity monitor.

RESULTS

Stimulation of the lateral spinal cord resulted in no contraction of lower-extremity muscles in 7 of 13 infants in whom no nerves exited the cord between the spinal canal and the neural placode. In those with exiting nerves in that location, stimulation of the cord resulted in the contraction of functional muscles. Distal cordectomies at the junction between the spinal cord and the neural placode, distal to any nerve roots exiting from the cord, resulted in no loss of movement.

CONCLUSIONS

Monopolar stimulation of the lateral spinal cord does not seem to cause contraction of functional lower-extremity muscles unless nerve roots to the lower extremities exit the cord distal to the spinal canal but before its junction with the neural placode. Muscle contraction in cases in which nerve roots exit the spinal cord between the canal and the placode may be caused by the spread of current from the monopolar stimulator.
Lateral retroperitoneal transpsoas interbody fusion in a patient with achondroplastic dwarfism
Authors: Staub Blake N. , Holman Paul J.
Published: November 2014

The authors present the first reported use of the lateral retroperitoneal transpsoas approach for interbody arthrodesis in a patient with achondroplastic dwarfism. The inherent anatomical abnormalities of the spine present in achondroplastic dwarfism predispose these patients to an increased incidence of spinal deformity as well as neurogenic claudication and potential radicular symptoms. The risks associated with prolonged general anesthesia and intolerance of significant blood loss in these patients makes them ideal candidates for minimally invasive spinal surgery. The patient in this case was a 51-year-old man with achondroplastic dwarfism who had a history of progressive claudication and radicular pain despite previous extensive lumbar laminectomies. The lateral retroperitoneal transpsoas approach was used for placement of interbody cages at L1/2, L2/3, L3/4, and L4/5, followed by posterior decompression and pedicle screw instrumentation. The patient tolerated the procedure well with no complications. Postoperatively his claudicatory and radicular symptoms resolved and a CT scan revealed solid arthrodesis with no periimplant lucencies.
Biosensors for the Detection of Antibiotics in Poultry Industry—A Review
Authors: Mungroo Nawfal , Neethirajan Suresh
Published: November 2014

Antibiotic resistance is emerging as a potential threat in the next decades. This is a global phenomenon whereby globalization is acting as a catalyst. Presently, the most common techniques used for the detection of antibiotics are biosensors, ELISA and liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry. Each of these techniques has its benefits as well as drawbacks. This review aims to evaluate different biosensing techniques and their working principles in order to accurately, quickly and practically detect antibiotics in chicken muscle and blood serum. The review is divided into three main sections, namely: a biosensors overview, a section on biosensor recognition and a section on biosensor transducing elements. The first segment provides a detailed overview on the different techniques available and their respective advantages and disadvantages. The second section consists of an evaluation of several analyte systems and their mechanisms. The last section of this review studies the working principles of biosensing transducing elements, focusing mainly on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technology and its applications in industries.
System Integration of the Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbine: The Design of Turbine Blades with an Axial-Flux Permanent Magnet Generator
Authors: Bai Chi-Jeng , Wang Wei-Cheng , Chen Po-Wei , Chong Wen-Tong
Published: November 2014

In designing a horizontal-axis wind turbine (HAWT) blade, system integration between the blade design and the performance test of the generator is important. This study shows the aerodynamic design of a HAWT blade operating with an axial-flux permanent magnet (AFPM) generator. An experimental platform was built to measure the performance curves of the AFPM generator for the purpose of designing the turbine blade. An in-house simulation code was developed based on the blade element momentum (BEM) theory and was used to lay out the geometric shape of the turbine blade, including the pitch angle and chord length at each section. This simulation code was combined with the two-dimensional (2D) airfoil data for predicting the aerodynamic performance of the designed blades. In addition, wind tunnel experiments were performed to verify the simulation results for the various operating conditions. By varying the rotational speeds at four wind speeds, the experimental and simulation results for the mechanical torques and powers presented good agreement. The mechanical power of the system, which maximizes at the best operating region, provided significant information for designing the HAWT blade.
Analyzing the Performance of a Dual Loop Organic Rankine Cycle System for Waste Heat Recovery of a Heavy-Duty Compressed Natural Gas Engine
Authors: Yao Baofeng , Yang Fubin , Zhang Hongguang , Wang Enhua , Yang Kai
Published: November 2014

A dual loop organic Rankine cycle (DORC) system is designed to recover waste heat from a heavy-duty compressed natural gas engine (CNGE), and the performance of the DORC–CNGE combined system is simulated and discussed. The DORC system includes high-temperature (HT) and low-temperature (LT) cycles. The HT cycle recovers energy from the exhaust gas emitted by the engine, whereas the LT cycle recovers energy from intake air, engine coolant, and the HT cycle working fluid in the preheater. The mathematical model of the system is established based on the first and second laws of thermodynamics. The characteristics of waste heat energy from the CNGE are calculated according to engine test data under various operating conditions. Moreover, the performance of the DORC–CNGE combined system is simulated and analyzed using R245fa as the working fluid. Results show that the maximum net power output and the maximum thermal efficiency of the DORC system are 29.37 kW and 10.81%, respectively, under the rated power output condition of the engine. Compared with the original CNG engine, the maximum power output increase ratio and the maximum brake specific fuel consumption improvement ratio are 33.73% and 25%, respectively, in the DORC–CNGE combined system.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Transactivation Is Required for Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Activation by Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors in HaCaT Keratinocytes
Authors: Ockenga Wymke , Kühne Sina , Bocksberger Simone , Banning Antje , Tikkanen Ritva
Published: November 2014

Non-neuronal acetylcholine plays a substantial role in the human skin by influencing adhesion, migration, proliferation and differentiation of keratinocytes. These processes are regulated by the Mitogen-Activated Protein (MAP) kinase cascade. Here we show that in HaCaT keratinocytes all five muscarinic receptor subtypes are expressed, but M1 and M3 are the subtypes involved in mitogenic signaling. Stimulation with the cholinergic agonist carbachol leads to activation of the MAP kinase extracellular signal regulated kinase, together with the protein kinase Akt. The activation is fully dependent on the transactivation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), which even appears to be the sole pathway for the muscarinic receptors to facilitate MAP kinase activation in HaCaT cells. The transactivation pathway involves a triple-membrane-passing process, based on activation of matrix metalloproteases, and extracellular ligand release; whereas phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Src family kinases or protein kinase C do not appear to be involved in MAP kinase activation. Furthermore, phosphorylation, ubiquitination and endocytosis of the EGF receptor after cholinergic transactivation are different from that induced by a direct stimulation with EGF, suggesting that ligands other than EGF itself mediate the cholinergic transactivation.
Food Addiction and Its Impact on Weight-Based Stigma and the Treatment of Obese Individuals in the U.S. and Australia
Authors: Lee Natalia , Hall Wayne , Lucke Jayne , Forlini Cynthia , Carter Adrian
Published: November 2014

It is argued that food addiction explanations of obesity may reduce the significant stigma levelled at obese and overweight individuals. We surveyed 479 adults to determine the prevalence of food addiction in the U.S. (n = 215) and, for the first time, in Australia (n = 264) using the Yale Food Addiction Scale (YFAS). We also assessed the level of weight-based stigma in this population. The prevalence of food addiction in our Australian sample was 11%, similar to U.S. participants and consistent with previous studies. Those who met criteria for diagnosis had a larger mean BMI (33.8 kg/m2) than those who did not (26.5 kg/m2). Overall, the level of stigma towards others was low and differed significantly based on BMI, predominately among normal weight and obese participants (p = 0.0036). Obese individuals scored higher on certain measures of stigma, possibly reflecting individual experiences of stigma rather than negative attitudes towards other obese individuals (p = 0.0091). Despite significant support for a “food addiction” explanation of obesity, participants still valued personal responsibility in overcoming obesity and did not support coercive approaches to treat their “addiction”.
RNA-Seq-Based Transcriptome Analysis of Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus in Response to Water Activity
Authors: Zhang Feng , Guo Zhenni , Zhong Hong , Wang Sen , Yang Weiqiang , Liu Yongfeng , Wang Shihua
Published: November 2014

Aspergillus flavus is one of the most important producers of carcinogenic aflatoxins in crops, and the effect of water activity (aw) on growth and aflatoxin production of A. flavus has been previously studied. Here we found the strains under 0.93 aw exhibited decreased conidiation and aflatoxin biosynthesis compared to that under 0.99 aw. When RNA-Seq was used to delineate gene expression profile under different water activities, 23,320 non-redundant unigenes, with an average length of 1297 bp, were yielded. By database comparisons, 19,838 unigenes were matched well (e-value < 10−5) with known gene sequences, and another 6767 novel unigenes were obtained by comparison to the current genome annotation of A. flavus. Based on the RPKM equation, 5362 differentially expressed unigenes (with |log2Ratio| ≥ 1) were identified between 0.99 aw and 0.93 aw treatments, including 3156 up-regulated and 2206 down-regulated unigenes, suggesting that A. flavus underwent an extensive transcriptome response during water activity variation. Furthermore, we found that the expression of 16 aflatoxin producing-related genes decreased obviously when water activity decreased, and the expression of 11 development-related genes increased after 0.99 aw treatment. Our data corroborate a model where water activity affects aflatoxin biosynthesis through increasing the expression of aflatoxin producing-related genes and regulating development-related genes.
HIV Eradication: Combinatorial Approaches to Activate Latent Viruses
Authors: De Crignis Elisa , Mahmoudi Tokameh
Published: November 2014

The concept of eradication of the Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) from infected patients has gained much attention in the last few years. While combination Anti-Retroviral Therapy (c-ART) has been extremely effective in suppressing viral replication, it is not curative. This is due to the presence of a reservoir of latent HIV infected cells, which persist in the presence of c-ART. Recently, pharmaceutical approaches have focused on the development of molecules able to induce HIV-1 replication from latently infected cells in order to render them susceptible to viral cytopathic effects and host immune responses. Alternative pathways and transcription complexes function to regulate the activity of the HIV promoter and might serve as molecular targets for compounds to activate latent HIV. A combined therapy coupling various depressors and activators will likely be the most effective in promoting HIV replication while avoiding pleiotropic effects at the cellular level. Moreover, in light of differences among HIV subtypes and variability in integration sites, the combination of multiple agents targeting multiple pathways will increase likelihood of therapeutic effectiveness and prevent mutational escape. This review provides an overview of the mechanisms that can be targeted to induce HIV activation focusing on potential combinatorial approaches.
Electrical contacts to individual SWCNTs: A review
Authors: Liu Wei , Hierold Christofer , Haluska Miroslav
Published: November 2014

Owing to their superior electrical characteristics, nanometer dimensions and definable lengths, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are considered as one of the most promising materials for various types of nanodevices. Additionally, they can be used as either passive or active elements. To be integrated into circuitry or devices, they are typically connected with metal leads to provide electrical contacts. The properties and quality of these electrical contacts are important for the function and performance of SWCNT-based devices. Since carbon nanotubes are quasi-one-dimensional structures, contacts to them are different from those for bulk semiconductors. Additionally, some techniques used in Si-based technology are not compatible with SWCNT-based device fabrication, such as the contact area cleaning technique. In this review, an overview of the investigations of metal–SWCNT contacts is presented, including the principle of charge carrier injection through the metal–SWCNT contacts and experimental achievements. The methods for characterizing the electrical contacts are discussed as well. The parameters which influence the contact properties are summarized, mainly focusing on the contact geometry, metal type and the cleanliness of the SWCNT surface affected by the fabrication processes. Moreover, the challenges for widespread application of CNFETs are additionally discussed.
Entretien avec Wim Delvoye
Authors: Joye-Bruno Catherine
Published: November 2014

L’artiste belge Wim Delvoye reçoit la revue Psychanalyse dans son studio à Gand. Au cours de cette rencontre, il déplie la genèse de son œuvre majeure, Cloaca , expose les principes qui sont à la base de sa démarche artistique et nous éclaire sur les processus mêmes de la création.
Un pionnier de la psychiatrie de l'enfant : Marcel Manheimer (1870-1936) ou Marcel Gommès, auteur du premier Précis de psychiatrie infantile
Authors: Tiberghien Denis
Published: November 2014

La discipline clinique de la psychiatrie infanto-juvénile a été créée au xix e siècle à une période où se manifestait un intérêt croissant pour la connaissance des phénomènes psychologiques et de son développement chez l’enfant. Marcel Manheimer (1870-1936) nous est familier par son ouvrage : Les troubles mentaux de l’enfance. Un «  Précis de psychiatrie infantile  », influencé par la psychiatrie allemande, où l’on trouve la première classification des troubles psychiques de l’enfant dépassant le simple cadre de l’idiotie, de l’imbécillité et de l’arriération accordant une place importante à l’hérédité mais prenant en considération l’environnement dans l’apparition des troubles mentaux. Entré au lycée Condorcet en 1881 et sorti en 1889 avec ses deux baccalauréats, il y croisera Marcel Proust (1871-1922). Externe des hôpitaux de Paris (1892) puis successivement interne des Asiles de la Seine (1894), médecin d’un dispensaire de bienfaisances (1898), chef de clinique des maladies mentales à Sainte-Anne (1899), médecin des hôpitaux et médecin adjoint à la Préfecture de la Seine (1900), médecin inspecteur des écoles (1910) il sera professeur du cours normal ménager de la Ville de Paris en 1923. Manheimer a tracé son parcours du temps où l’axe fort de la politique républicaine était l’hygiénisme. Dès 1901, il ouvrira le dispensaire d’hygiène mental Théophile Roussel à Paris dans le 18 e arrondissement. L’assistance psychiatrique, l’hygiène mental, scolaire et social ont été de ses préoccupations. Intéressé à la clinique de l’écriture, il définira la graphopathologie. Moins connu que les Bourneville, Jules Voisin, Sollier, Roubinovich, Dupré, il décédait quelques mois avant l’ouverture du premier congrès de psychiatrie de l’enfant (1937) qui s’est tenu à Paris sous les auspices de Georges Heuyer. Marcel Manheimer qui, à partir de 1918 se dénommait officiellement sous le patronyme Marcel Gommès, fait parti de ces pionniers de la psychiatrie infantile.
La production de connaissances en temps de crise sanitaire
Authors: Forster Paul , Charnoz Olivier
Published: November 2014

Passant en revue les efforts pour contrôler la grippe aviaire en Indonésie entre 2005 et 2010, le présent article examine pourquoi la réponse financée et mise au point par la communauté internationale s’est, à l’origine, essentiellement focalisée sur les petits élevages de volaille de basse-cour, excluant ou exonérant ainsi un secteur industriel important et peu réglementé de la responsabilité d’endiguer la propagation et la persistance du phénomène. Un certain nombre d’a priori pesant sur les agences nationales et internationales est identifié qui a contribué à fausser la production des connaissances et a conduit à se concentrer sur les petits éleveurs plutôt que sur toutes les parties prenantes concernées. Ceci inclut l’admission trop rapide de la « biosécurité » comme inhérente à la production industrielle de volaille, le parti pris de politiques de développement axées sur les plus pauvres, l’absence de volonté de coordination des secteurs public et privé, et une définition de la santé basée plutôt sur la santé de l’homme que sur la santé animale. Ces a priori ont été renforcés par les modalités et les incitations organisationnelles propres des donateurs et des organisations chargées de la mise en œuvre. Pour traiter plus efficacement les urgences sanitaires mondiales, les procédures de gouvernance sanitaire globale et nationale doivent mieux prendre en compte la manière dont les connaissances sont produites et utilisées en temps de crise.
Dynamiques de formation internationale et production d’élites académiques au Mexique
Authors: Gérard Étienne
Published: November 2014

Au Mexique, 10 % de l’ensemble des enseignants-chercheurs sont membres du système national des chercheurs (SNI), un système particulièrement sélectif et méritocratique. L’article montre que l’internationalisation des formations structure depuis des décennies le champ scientifique et d’enseignement supérieur mexicain. Cependant les champs disciplinaires (áreas) sont inégalement marqués tant en termes de structuration que de savoirs par la mobilité pour étude vers les pôles étrangers de formation. Sur le marché international de la formation, certains pôles de formation paraissent dominants ou, au contraire, secondaires. Le corps des chercheurs du SNI est également hiérarchisé en fonction de ces pôles de formation : les études à l’étranger représentent un critère de distinction et un facteur de progression plus rapide dans la carrière scientifique. L’article émet enfin l’hypothèse d’une réduction progressive des hiérarchies, non seulement entre pôles dans l’espace international de formation, mais également entre chercheurs selon le pays d’obtention de leur doctorat. En définitive, on assisterait à un processus de différenciation moindre des membres du SNI selon leurs trajectoires de formation et à un processus conjoint de recomposition des élites scientifiques mexicaines.
Compter les virus, observer les oiseaux
Authors: Keck Frédéric
Published: November 2014

On compare ici l’usage des bases de données par des virologues et des observateurs d’oiseaux dans le contexte de la mobilisation contre la grippe aviaire à Hong Kong. Échappant au cadre étatique de centralisation du savoir, ces groupes ont participé à la constitution d’une « sentinelle », qui rend visibles les mutations des virus de grippe dans le réservoir animal. On étudie en particulier la tension entre les données codées et les images dans la communication de ce savoir, pour montrer que la base de données opère un décalage dans la production de savoir.
La prescription du travail en gestion de projet
Authors: Bensoussan Mathieu
Published: November 2014

L’article analyse le contenu et l’élaboration de la prescription en matière de gestion de projet dans deux filiales d’un groupe industriel. Il montre comment chacune « s’approprie » les compétences individuelles de ses chefs de projet, puis s’en sert pour prescrire leur travail. Mais l’article montre aussi que ce « transfert » de leurs compétences (vers l’organisation) améliore leur aptitude à gérer des projets et que le partage de leurs bonnes pratiques avec leurs collègues, en renforçant leur réputation, peut leur permettre d’obtenir de l’avancement dans leurs carrières.
Séparer et intégrer
Authors: Compagnone Claude , Petit Sandrine
Published: November 2014

Le but de cet article est de montrer comment les conseillers de Chambres d’agriculture sont confrontés dans leur activité à des temporalités hétérogènes et comment ils essaient de les agencer en s’appuyant sur des connaissances ou apprentissages spécifiques. Des temporalités organisationnelles, faites de périodes historiques et de différents modes d’intervention auprès des agriculteurs, se distinguent de temporalités opérationnelles. Ces dernières correspondent aux situations où le conseiller compose avec les temporalités auxquelles l’agriculteur doit faire face (la saison, le pluriannuel et l’urgence). Il apprend à négocier en situation le bon moment de son intervention et la bonne portée temporelle de son conseil. Mais, en tant qu’agent jouissant d’une forte autonomie, il est aussi confronté individuellement à la gestion de son temps de travail. Cette gestion, bien qu’outillée partiellement par l’organisation à travers l’inscription des temps de travail et les moments de réflexion collective sur la conduite des activités, reste largement personnelle. Pour faire face à la diversité des tâches et à la rareté du temps, le conseiller doit apprendre à tenir ensemble ou à séparer des présents multiples ainsi que la temporalité du travail et celle du hors travail. Cette tâche qui n’est pas prise en charge par l’organisation reste largement invisible.
Temporal heterogeneity and work activity
Authors: Datchary Caroline , Gaglio Gérald
Published: November 2014

In productive organizations, times, their measurement and their representations, form a cognitive framework fraught with issues, for individuals and for work collectives. The present article therefore looks at the knowledge of times, their equipping with technologies that help shape them, their polychronicity, heterogeneity and incompatibilities. Time management involves questions of production, circulation and crystallization of knowledge. Thinking about time involves singular relationships to the world and movement. This raises the question of how to study temporal heterogeneity in organizations.
Pratiques d’ingénierie
Authors: Vinck Dominique
Published: November 2014

L’article rappelle les principales contributions qui relèvent de l’étude sociale de l’ingénierie (engineering studies), dont il rend compte du façonnage historique des pratiques et des savoirs. Il dresse ensuite l’état de l’art de nos connaissances portant sur la production et la mobilisation de savoirs formels et informels en ingénierie : les savoirs reçus en formation ; la pensée calculatoire, modélisatrice et formalisatrice ; les types de savoirs, dont leur nature sociotechnique ; les savoirs de coordination, de prescription, de communication ; leur constitution sociopolitique et les enjeux de l’innovation.
Engineering practices
Authors: Vinck Dominique
Published: November 2014

The article highlights the main contributions of the social studies of engineering, and reports on the historical shaping of its practices and knowledge. It then reviews the state of the art of our knowledge on the production and mobilization of formal and informal knowledge in engineering: knowledge received in training; computational, modelling and formalizing thinking; types of knowledge, including their socio-technical nature; knowledge of coordination, prescription and communication; their socio-political constitution and the challenges of innovation.
Observation des pratiques d’ingénierie en Asie du Sud
Authors: Trevelyan James
Published: November 2014

L’article compare les pratiques d’ingénierie dans le premier monde aux difficultés rencontrées par les ingénieurs dans le tiers monde, dans les rues des mégapoles asiatiques. Il postule que l’ingénierie peut être considérée comme un levier qui amplifie l’effet des investissements économiques. L’ingénierie étant conçue comme l’application de principes scientifiques et mathématiques, l’hypothèse implicite est qu’un investissement donné en ingénierie devrait produire les mêmes avantages partout où elle est mise en œuvre. Observant les pratiques d’ingénierie en Asie du Sud et en Australie, l’auteur montre que cette hypothèse est discutable. L’hétérogénéité sociale des pratiques d’ingénierie et l’économie politique (l’enchevêtrement des réseaux de l’ingénierie avec les structures sociales et politiques), dont fait partie l’ingénierie, influencent les performances des investissements en ingénierie, provoquant de grandes différences en termes de service rendu. L’article passe brièvement en revue l’observation des pratiques d’ingénierie en comparant trois types de situation : les services publics d’approvisionnement en eau, la construction métallique et les télécommunications. Les performances dans les deux premiers secteurs semblent moindres en Asie du Sud qu’en Australie. Cependant, le succès inattendu de l’ingénierie en télécommunications donne une lueur d’espoir et soulève des questions concernant les différences de pratiques d’ingénierie d’une situation à l’autre. L’article affirme que nous devrions mieux comprendre les pratiques d’ingénierie et l’influence des facteurs sociaux, économiques et politiques, rarement mentionnés que ce soit dans la formation ou dans les discours managériaux. Il conclut que les enjeux liés aux pratiques d’ingénierie fournissent une partie au moins de l’explication de la pauvreté qui perdure.
Verrouillage professionnel
Authors: Chilvers Andrew , Bell Sarah
Published: November 2014

Les ingénieurs seraient aujourd’hui plus que jamais contraints de traiter de problématiques sociétales. Pour autant, comme le montre cette étude de cas ethnographique portant sur un projet d’ingénierie des structures, les arrangements professionnels propres au domaine de la construction réduisent la marge de manœuvre des ingénieurs lorsqu’ils tentent de mettre en pratique certains de leurs objectifs normatifs. En effet, les réseaux sociotechniques auxquels ils prennent part tendent à les pousser vers les marges et les persuadent de s’adapter à des demandes pourtant incompatibles avec leurs préceptes normatifs. La persistance de cette mise à l’écart des ingénieurs au sein du processus de conception suggère ainsi un « verrouillage professionnel » qui pourrait bien être aussi envahissant et immuable que le « verrouillage technologique » souvent considéré comme l’obstacle le plus important à l’instauration d’écologies sociotechniques plus soutenables.
L’apprentissage technologique dans les pays émergents
Authors: Arvanitis Rigas , Villavicencio Daniel , Wei Zhao
Published: November 2014

L’article propose une réflexion théorique fondée sur des travaux empiriques menés en Amérique latine et en Chine visant à identifier et caractériser l’apprentissage technologique des entreprises. Nous rappelons les différentes conceptions de l’apprentissage dans la littérature sur les entreprises et le travail et présentons une définition de l’apprentissage technologique. Abandonnant les perspectives fondées sur une caractérisation basée sur l’entreprise dans son ensemble, notre interprétation se démarque des travaux précédents en ce qu’elle propose de fixer la focale sur l’identification des activités technologiques à la fois internes et externes ainsi que sur les connaissances qualifiées de « techniques » qui les accompagnent, plutôt que sur la gestion ou les décisions économiques qui les concernent. Fonder ce point de vue permet un réexamen des questions concernant la mondialisation et l’irruption d’entreprises innovantes dans les pays émergents.
Pre-hospital care among victims of road traffic accident in a rural area of Tamil Nadu: A cross-sectional descriptive study
Authors: Shrivastava Saurabh R. , Pandian Pradeep , Shrivastava Prateek S.
Published: November 2014

Background: The World Health Organization has estimated that globally almost 1.24 million people die annually on the world’s roads. The aim of the study was to assess the attributes of pre-hospital care in road traffic accidents (RTAs) victim brought to the health care establishment and to evaluate the pre-hospital trauma care provided in the rural areas of Kancheepuram district of Tamil Nadu. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study of 3 months duration (June 2014 to August 2014) was conducted in the Shri Sathya Sai Medical College and Research Institute, Kancheepuram. The method of sampling was universal sampling and all RTA victims satisfying the inclusion criteria were included in the study. During the entire study duration, total 200 RTA victims were included. A pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire was used to elicit the desired information after the victims of RTAs are stabilized. Ethical clearance was obtained from the Institutional Ethics Committee prior to the start of the study. Written informed consent was obtained from the study participants (patient/guardian of children) before obtaining any information from them. Data entry and statistical analysis were done using SPSS version 18. Frequency distributions and percentages were computed for all the variables. Results: Majority of the RTA victims 158 (79%) were from the age-group of 15-45 years. Most of the accidents were reported in night time [77 (38.5%)], on week-ends [113 (56.5%)], and involved two-wheelers [153 (76.5%)]. Almost 66 (33%) of the victims were not aware of the existence of emergency ambulance services. Also, only 15 (7.5%) victims were brought to the hospital in the emergency ambulance, of which only 3 victims were accompanied by a doctor. Conclusion: To conclude, the study indicates that a significant proportion of people were unaware about the emergency trauma ambulance services and the existing pre-hospital care services lack in multiple dimensions in a rural area of South India.
Abstract Thinking about Negative Events in Dysphoric Students Leads to Negative Generalization
Authors: Van Lier Jens , Vervliet Bram , Vanbrabant Koen , Lenaert Bert , Raes Filip
Published: November 2014

The severity of many psychological disorders is associated with an increasing amount of different stimuli or situations that elicit a maladaptive response. This is known as the process of (over)-generalization and is often characteristic of individuals with emotional disorders. Recently, abstract repetitive thought has been proposed to be a transdiagnostic marker in several disorders (e.g., worry in anxiety; rumination in depression). The present study examined the impact of an abstract thinking style (compared to a more concrete thinking style) as a mechanism that contributes to generalization. Students (N = 83) were trained in either an abstract or concrete thinking mode and then completed a learning phase and finally a generalization test phase. High dysphoric students showed more negative generalization in the abstract condition compared to the concrete condition. For low dysphoric participants, the two thinking styles did not result in a difference in generalization. Implications for the transdiagnostic value of an abstract processing style in depression and anxiety are discussed.