bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultural Subordination Through Cultural Diversity
Authors: Brooks Roy L.
Published: January 2018

Cultural subordination is defined here as the suppression of important black values or folk ways—questions and concerns of keen importance to blacks—in the American mainstream culture. Like juridical subordination, cultural subordination is animated by post-Jim Crow norms that perform important rhetorical and regulatory functions in civil rights discourse—racial omission (traditionalism), racial integration (reformism), racial solidarity (limited separation), and social transformation (critical race theory). After defending the belief that blacks do have a distinct set of values that transcend class stratification, and after discussing the legitimacy of cultural diversity in American society, this chapter crafts four models of cultural diversity defined by these post-Jim Crow norms—cultural assimilation (traditionalism), biculturalism (reformism), cultural pluralism (limited separation), and transculturalism (critical race theory). It then proceeds to explain how most of these visions of cultural diversity subordinate legitimate black values. Deploying these models to purposefully enhance our racial democracy, which lies at the root of cultural diversity, can reduce (but not entirely eliminate) racial subordination in the American mainstream culture.
Fatherland and Mother City
Authors: Fredriksen Paula
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the Pauline idea of the Jewish god's adoption of pagans, noting that the relationship between peoples and god(s)—in this case, between pagan peoples and Israel's god—still depended upon the concept, the language, the structure, and the authority of the patriarchal Mediterranean family. Seen from this vantage of divine–human relationships, the cities of Roman antiquity can be viewed as family-based religious institutions. “Family”—blood-kinship—ran vertically, between heaven and earth, uniting peoples with their gods. And “family” also ran horizontally, binding the citizens together in one genos. Jews living in the cities of the western diaspora fit themselves into this civic webbing of divine–human relationships. The chapter considers the presence of Jews in antiquity in pagan places and the presence of pagans in Jewish places such as the temple and the synagogue in Jerusalem.
Prologue
Authors: Ashton Rosemary
Published: January 2018

This prologue describes events that occurred in the lives of Charles Dickens, Charles Darwin, and Benjamin Disraeli in the summer of 1858. The publication in November 1859 of Darwin's groundbreaking Origin of Species, had its catalyst in June 1858. That was when Darwin, fearing that he might lose precedence by continuing to delay publication of his painstaking researches, was galvanised into writing up his findings quickly and having them published in one readable volume. For Dickens, the summer of 1858 was one of horror. Aged forty-six and already the famous author of several successful novels, he lost his head and publicly advertised his separation from Catherine, his wife of twenty-two years, while disclaiming rumours of a relationship with either his sister-in-law or an actress aged nineteen. He acted impulsively and brutally, losing friends, dismissing his publishers, causing anguish to his wife and children. As for Disraeli, he became chancellor of the Exchequer in Lord Derby's reforming Tory government.
June 1858, Part I
Authors: Ashton Rosemary
Published: January 2018

This chapter details events that occurred in London in June 1858. In the early days of June, Charles Darwin was not yet ready to declare his findings beyond his close circle of scientific acquaintances. However, the death of 84-year-old Robert Brown on 10 June, keeper of botany at the British Museum and former president of the Linnaean Society, the oldest biological society in the world, made a difference to Darwin's publication plans which he could not have foreseen. Other topics covered by the chapter include the dissolution of Dickens's marriage; the public denouncement of Bulwer Lytton by his wife Rosina; and gossipy newspapers that closely followed the political and social events in the summer of 1858.
July–August 1858
Authors: Ashton Rosemary
Published: January 2018

This chapter details events that occurred in London between July and August 1858. These include the absurdly magnified rift in the Garrick Club caused by the callow Edmund Yates's casually malicious article on Thackeray. The main event in this saga occurred on 10 July, when the Garrick held a special meeting of its members to decide what to do about Yates. After much ado about not very much during the summer, the chief result was ‘the temporary estrangement of Mr Thackeray and Mr Dickens’. The remainder of the chapter describes Dickens's reading tour; the exploits of Dickens's minor character in A Tale of Two Cities, Mr Stryver; the continued press coverage of the Great Stink; and Disraeli's whitebait dinner.
The Aftermath of the Hot Summer
Authors: Ashton Rosemary
Published: January 2018

This chapter details events that occurred after the summer of 1858. Among these is the fallout from the petty quarrel between Thackeray and Yates at the Garrick Club. In the fall of 1858, it was announced in the press that Yates would bring a court case against the Garrick. On 17 November, the Morning Post obliged its readers by going over the whole affair, quoting from Yates' offending Town Talk article, from Thackeray's letter to Yates and the latter's reply, from both men's appeals to the committee of the Garrick, and from the committee's demand that Yates apologise to Thackeray. The remainder of the chapter covers Dickens's success and embarrassment, the end of the Robinson divorce case, and the publication of Darwin's Origin of the Species.
Epilogue
Authors: Ashton Rosemary
Published: January 2018

This chapter first describes the pantomimes presented by London theatres on the events of 1858. Old Father Thames was the main character in several pantomimes, which brought verbal and visual ingenuity to the subject; many whose titles do not mention the state of the Thames aim at least a passing swipe at the top news item of the scorching summer. For instance, Harlequin and the Forty Thieves at the Queen's Theatre made much of the ‘odour of the river’ and the notion that its water is more poisonous than strychnine. But beyond the scope of topical theatrical entertainments lay more far-reaching events which had their origin in the hot summer of 1858. These included the matters consuming criminal and civil courts, especially those relating to the very first examples coming to court under the life-changing new law of divorce, and the cleanup of the Thames over the next decade.
Introduction: education policy and multicultural cities
Authors: Gulson Kalervo N. , Webb P. Taylor
Published: January 2018

The chapter provides readers with a brief background to the study, including an orientation to the theoretical and methodological approaches used in the research. The chapter outlines how the book is organized, including brief introductions to each of the six chapters that comprise the book. The chapter concludes by informing readers about the purpose of each subtext that accompanies each chapter, and the reasons for reflecting and problematizing each chapter.
The (micro)politics of racial neoliberalism
Authors: Pitton Viviana
Published: January 2018

This chapter maps the event of the alternative school policy of the Toronto School Board District understood as neoliberalism, and specifically racial neoliberalism. This analysis asserts how power and force operate within educational equity attempts and illustrates the necessary but insufficient attempts at educational equity that rely solely on moral and epistemological, including statistical, arguments. The chapter focuses on the material and ontological aspects of the policy environment affecting the event. The spatial and temporal analysis of this chapter underscores how objects and subjects easily interchange positions depending on the location of the analysis, including how (1) policy ‘activists’ simultaneously are policy ‘subjects’; (2) school mission statements are simultaneously efforts to develop a brand within quasi educational markets; (3) discourses of parental choice are conflated into contradictory discourses of educational entrepreneurialism and equity and, (4) moral statements against racism are erased through pressures to maintain the dominant policies and practices of colourblind (neoliberal) multiculturalism.
‘Up in the northwest corner of the city’: the city, race and locating the school
Authors: Gulson Kalervo N. , Webb P. Taylor
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the event of finding a location for the school, and examine the connections between the ways in which the city was (and is) racialized and undergoing urban change around gentrification and the rebranding of neighbourhoods. The question about ‘where to put the Black school in the White city’ would produce strong feelings across Toronto given its long and troubled histories with placements of non-White populations (and in relation to each other). The argument within is based upon the idea that the question of location affected the entire process of the becoming of the school rather than just at the ‘end’ of a rational and sequential process. That is, the question ‘haunted’ Trustees and community members prior to any governance and policy-development activities designed to produce the school.
Difference and recognition
Authors: Gulson Kalervo N. , Webb P. Taylor
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the shooting deaths of several young Black men from 1988-2007 and how these deaths produced a spectrum of affects for those working to develop the school. This affective spectrum would coalesce with other feelings of empowerment and safety produced by the governing and patterned sequences of neoliberalism and biopolitics. The shootings accelerated the becoming of the school, and specifically, how the school settled into an established array of dispositifs concerned with recognition, difference, and safety. The chapter maps the policy landscape that used and perpetuated these specific dispositifs, largely products of anti-racist literatures. The second half of the chapter maps how Toronto District School Board Trustees used - and were used by - these dispositifs. The chapter concludes with showing how Trustees altered anti-racist dispositifs in favour of the ascendent logics of economic and educational choice. Trustees were simultaneously constituted by the ensemble of anti-racist dispositifs but in ways that accommodated and reinforced the policy mechanisms of educational choice and neoliberal ideas of freedom, understood as unfettered access to (quasi) educational markets.
The impossibilities of representation
Authors: Gulson Kalervo N. , Webb P. Taylor
Published: January 2018

Abstract and Keywords to be supplied.
The empirical landscape of extended working lives
Authors: Street Debra
Published: January 2018

Population-level factors associated with demographic ageing and policies intended to encourage older workers to extend working lives in Australia, Germany, Ireland, Portugal, Sweden, UK and US are documented in this chapter. Data are from international sources (mainly the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the CIA Factbook, to ensure comparability) derived from government agencies in the seven countries covered in this volume. Presenting population-level data for each country gives readers a starting point for considering how each nation compares to the others analysed in the later country chapters. Data related to demographic ageing, including patterns in longevity, proportion of national populations aged 65+, and country-specific dependency ratios are presented first. These set the stage for understanding the potential gendered implications of demands for older workers to postpone retirement and extend their working lives. Additional comparative data provided in this chapter include nation-specific patterns of women's and men's labour force participation, gender pay and gender pension gaps, typical retirement ages, and a summary of older worker's recent experiences in the labour market. Patterns of unpaid care work, time use, and full-time versus part-time employment are also compared to provide a foundation against which readers can assess the prospects for older workers in general, and the particular disadvantages faced by older women in particular, when governments demand that individuals postpone retirement and work longer.
Gender perspectives on extended working life policies
Authors: Léime Áine Ní , Loretto Wendy
Published: January 2018

This chapter documents international policy developments and provides a gender critique of retirement, employment and pension policies in Australia, Ireland, Germany, Portugal, Sweden, the UK, and the US. It assesses the degree to which the individual country's extended working life policies have adopted the agenda (increasing pension age and introducing flexible working) set out by the OECD and the EU. Policies include raising state pension age, changes in the duration of pension contribution requirements, the move from defined benefits to defined contribution pensions, policies on caring for vulnerable members of the population, policies enabling flexible working and anti-age discrimination measures.
An expanded framework is used to assess the degree to which gender and other intersecting issues such as health, caring, class, type of occupation and/or membership of minority communities have (or have not) been taken into account in designing and implementing policies extending working life.
The Australian empirical landscape of extended working lives: a gender perspective
Authors: Brooke Elizabeth
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyses the empirical landscape of older women's working lives, which is shaped by connected structural disadvantages constituted by neoliberal institutions. It initially explains the recent Australian political discourse of 'intergenerational equity', which rationalises the government's policy of prolonging working lives until the revised pension age of 70 in 2035. Yet older women are cumulatively disadvantaged within a 'de-accumulation trajectory' over the life course by a trinity of pillars: comparatively lower wages then men, institutional arrangements of pensions and government supported superannuation. The data analysis shows that gender wage gaps cascaded to increased pension dependency and superannuation gender gaps. Globalisation supported gendered industry career trajectories, with the highest gender wage gaps found in male-dominated professional and financial sector industries, while older women were concentrated in low-waged service industries. Finally, women's lower participation within unemployment programs further limited their economic participation, undermining government policy directions of extending working lives.
Ageing and older workers in Portugal: a gender-sensitive approach
Authors: Casaca Sara Falcão , Perista Heloísa
Published: January 2018

Adopting a gender-sensitive approach, the chapter is designed to provide a diagnosis of the ageing process in Portugal and discuss the main implication of policies aimed at retaining older workers in the labour market. It also seeks to observe the impact of labour and pension reforms, as well as of the extensive cuts in welfare provisions on their working and living conditions. Some of the key topics address the gendered patterns over the life course associated with employment, unpaid care work, vulnerability to income poverty and material deprivation. It is argued that comprehensive national strategy has never been fully developed in terms of measures to implement an extended working life.
Sweden: an extended working life policy that overlooks gender considerations
Authors: Krekula Clary , Engström Lars-Gunnar , Alvinius Aida
Published: January 2018

The Swedish government policy on extended working life has since its introduction in the mid-1990s aimed to lower the costs of the public pension system and to reduce the financial burden for workers. By focusing on an idealised category of those who are "willing and able to work longer", the policy has neglected the obstacles faced by those with physically demanding jobs or with a big responsibility to care for a close relative. This mainly affects women and upholds a neoliberal view of older people. By only problematizing gender perspective on the challenges to gender equality in working life, a narrow understanding of gender equality is created which deviates from other national gender equality policies. The policy debate thereby contributes also to excluding older women and men from the Swedish gender equality project. Despite the argument that an extended working life is needed to ensure the value of pensions, this does not apply to those who are unable to continue working - they are instead expected to rely on the social security scheme.
Home and belonging
Authors: Sutherland Claire
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the feelings of home and nostalgia that permeate nationalist atmospheres, using scholarship that transcends static associations of home with homeland. It considers some examples of current political discourse around the nation and migration, particularly in the UK, and explores how the underlying assumptions might be challenged and ultimately transcended by focusing on alternative conceptions of home and belonging
Initiation and development of new romantic relationships
Authors: Bildtgård Torbjörn , Öberg Peter
Published: January 2018

The chapter studies the initiation and development of new late-life romantic relationships by asking what the central issues are that need to be negotiated and resolved in order for a relationship to develop. Using four case studies, the chapter follows the successive development of late-life relationships through the negotiation of three central relationship questions: whether to initiate and continue a relationship or not; whether to move in together or not; and whether to get married or not. It is shown that the question of marriage is normally raised only in a later stage of a relationship’s development – if ever.
A new partner as a resource for social support
Authors: Bildtgård Torbjörn , Öberg Peter
Published: January 2018

This chapter investigates the gains of repartnering in old age. What can a new intimate relationship offer the individual who repartners in later life and are these rewards different in later life than earlier in life? The chapter starts with a brief presentation of two theoretical perspectives that have been used to understand the reasons for late-life repartnering: rational choice theory and functionalism. It continues by detailing different kinds of social support that a new relationship can offer the individual – companionate, emotional and practical support.
Sex in an ideology of love
Authors: Bildtgård Torbjörn , Öberg Peter
Published: January 2018

Until recently the sex life of older people was more or less invisible in family and gerontological research. This chapter contributes to breaking this silence by focusing on the role and meaning of sex in intimate relationships in later life. Based on biographical case studies, the chapter investigates how sexual norms have changed over the life course of contemporary cohorts of older people and how they have experienced this change. The chapter considers sexual intimacy as part of new intimate relationships established late in life and questions the persistent assumption that older people who date are primarily looking for companionate relationships. It is shown that older people’s ideas about sex are deeply embedded in an ideology of love, where sex tends to be viewed as a natural part of a loving relationship, while sex outside of a loving relationship – also in a loveless marriage – is frowned on.
Theorising and resisting ‘political racelessness’ in Europe
Authors: Bassel Leah , Emejulu Akwugo
Published: January 2018

In this chapter we examine the construction of political racelessness (Goldberg 2006) in Europe and how it is reproduced and legitimised in ways that violently erase and exclude minority women and their interests from the European polity. We begin this chapter with a discussion of why political racelessness is a central feature of postcolonial amnesia in Europe. We move on to discuss how political racelessness is achieved and defended in Europe through the cultivation of ‘white ignorance’ and ‘white innocence’ (Mills 2007; Wekker 2016). We then turn to examine how the white European left—despite a long tradition of anti-racist and anti-fascist resistance—perpetuates political racelessness at the expense of minority groups and minority women in particular. We conclude with a discussion about how we might theorise minority women’s activism in a context of white ignorance in Europe.
Conclusion: warning signs
Authors: Bassel Leah , Emejulu Akwugo
Published: January 2018

In this chapter we sound a further alarm as the European racial contract becomes more explicitly hateful and gains mainstream legitimacy and acceptability, with profound implications for minority women. We consider the ‘burkini ban’ and mass surveillance of Muslim citizens in France, the spike of racism in post-Brexit referendum Britain, the hollow promise of resurgent Scottish nationalism, and the ‘refugee crisis’ in Europe. We argue that against this backdrop, minority women are once again pathologically present but politically absent. What politics of survival lies on the horizon? Rather than prescribing the way forward we insist on political attentiveness to the struggles unfolding in new, creative and subversive ways led by minority women at some times and in some places on their own terms.
Monsieur le Capital and Madame la Terre on the brink
Authors: Ciancanelli Penelope , Fasenfest David
Published: January 2018

Marx and Polanyi each proposed that land, labour and capital are central aspects of capitalist development. For Marx they were the foundation of a free-trade ideology that obscured labour’s central importance to capital accumulation. Polanyi rejected production as the nexus of exploitation, and instead emphasized the free trader’s ideology of self-regulating. This chapter examines these competing claims and considers their implications the place of SSEs in today’s global political economy, exploring the extent to which they have the emancipatory potential to mitigate the consequences of capitalist development.
The role of universities in the sustainable evolution of solidarity economies
Authors: Alves Luiz Roberto , Bernardes Marco Aurelio , Neto Victor Gil , Matarazzo-Neuberger Waverli Maia
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines how a university can offer mindset-changing experiences to benefit local communities and students; arouse awareness to the way we work, do business and relate to each other and to our environment; and maximise the involvement of individuals and groups in solidarity economy movements. A three year action research programme developed by Methodist University of Sao Paulo in Montanhao, a poor Sao Bernardo do Campo neighbourhood offered supported the development of projects, programmes and management tools, supported the development of a repertoire of community-focused social technologies, and highlighted cultural and local knowledge. The programmes offered a real contribution to the empowerment of communities and the development of the quality of life at a local level, especially adapting business plan methodologies towards the goal of developing the solidarity economy, spreading income more fairly, and increasing the groups’ self-esteem, while developing students’ skills. It also focused skills available in an academic environment on contributing to local development demands, creating a new values platform based in collective development, associational skills, and environmental and local awareness, especially for local women who represented 70% of all solidarity economy movement participants.
The Danish low carbon transition and the prospects for the democratic economy
Authors: Cumbers Andrew
Published: January 2018

Denmark’s successful shift from fossil fuel dependency to being a world leader in renewable energies has rightly gained international plaudits. Rather less is known about the role of the state and the growth of cooperative and often innovative forms of public ownership in facilitating this process. This flies in the face of dominant neoliberal practices of governance and highlights the potential and even essential role that forms of economic democracy can play in developing an alternative pathway towards low carbon transition. The chapter reflects on both the opportunities but also the tensions involved in development such alternatives.
The social and solidarity economy in Argentina and the UK: convergence from opposite directions
Authors: Cato Molly Scott , Raffaelli Paola
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the commonalities and differences in the history of the development of the social and solidarity economy in the UK and Argentina. It examines how the need for social security and welfare, unmet by political agency, was resolved through mutual organisation in both societies. It contrasts the absorption of welfare provision into the state in the UK with experiences in Argentina where it became part of an independent social and solidarity economy (SSE) with significant legislative underpinning and political support, particularly from the Peronist Party. In the final stage of comparison, the unpicking of the welfare state in the UK has led to an increased need for voluntary welfare provision, now branded as the Big Society. Moreover, in Argentina also an attempt to encourage co-operative entrepreneurism took place. As well as providing an account of the social function of the SSE, the chapter explores how the need to make a rapid transition to sustainability works alongside the need for social justice to suggest a reciprocal relationship between the development of the SSE in these two societies in the global North and South.
Hunger and charitable emergency food provision in the UK and beyond
Authors: Lambie-Mumford Hannah
Published: January 2018

Chapter 2 discusses in more detail the rise of food charity in the United Kingdom. It provides international, historical and policy context to this rise as well as an exploration of current knowledge relating to household food insecurity in the UK.
Food charity and the changing welfare state
Authors: Lambie-Mumford Hannah
Published: January 2018

Chapter 7 looks at the role of the state and examines the changing nature of the UK welfare state and the impact these changes are having on the need for and shape of emergency food provision. The chapter argues that social security and on-going reforms to it are impacting on need for emergency food in two key ways: through changes to the levels of entitlement; and problematic administrative processes. Furthermore, the consequences of welfare reforms are impacting on the nature of these systems. As the level of need is driven up, projects are re-considering their operations, contemplating logistics and means of protecting projects’ access to food. At a local level, particular reforms appear to be embedding local welfare systems which increasingly incorporate local food projects.The question of the state as duty bearer is discussed. By right to food standards the welfare state can be considered a vital aspect to both fulfilling and protecting people’s right; but the state’s role is much broader, encompassing action in relation to labour markets, commercial food markets and other spheres where it could exercise influence to respect and protect people’s human right.
The changing contexts for international social work education
Authors: Askeland Gurid Aga , Payne Malcolm
Published: January 2018

This chapter identifies three phases of internationalization in social work education. It documents foundation dates of social work courses in a representative range of countries. The foundation phase from the 1920s to 1945 brought together early social work schools in a committee under the leadership of Alice Salomon, the German feminist and social worker. From 1945 to 2000, the establishment phase achieved the adoption of social work education virtually universally, with Katherine Kendall playing an important executive role promoting coordination through the International Association of Schools of Social Work. The end of the Cold War in the 1990s led to the consolidation of the policy and social development work in these earlier phases into an issues-based phase when the Association sought to develop influence on global policy issues of social justice, social conflict and social development. Debates about the nature of international or global social work are explored.
John Maxwell, 2002
Authors: Askeland Gurid Aga , Payne Malcolm
Published: January 2018

This chapter contains a brief biography and transcript of an interview with John Maxwell, a leader in Caribbean social work education who was awarded the Katherine Kendall Award of the International Association of Schools of Social Work in 2002, for his contribution to international social work education. For 35 years, he led social work education at the University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, in Jamaica, following an early career in youthwork and community development. Seeking to improve the academic and professional standing of social work, he was involved in significant curriculum development, concerned to shift it from a clinical to a community focus and established practice education firmly with good agency supervision. Lack of indigenous literature led him to play a role in the creation of the Caribbean Journal of Social Work. International links expanded the horizons of social work in the Caribbean.
Sven Hessle, 2006
Authors: Askeland Gurid Aga , Payne Malcolm
Published: January 2018

This chapter contains a brief biography and transcript of an interview with Sven Hessle, a leader in Swedish social work education, who was awarded the Katherine Kendall Award of the International Association of Schools of Social Work in 2006, for his contribution to international social work education. Trained as a psychologist, after early experience as director of a therapeutic community for drug users, he worked with vulnerable multi-problem families. He later moved into research and teaching about child welfare practice in Sweden and internationally. He led a variety of projects to reconstruct social work in the former Yugoslavia, involving UNICEF and the Swedish International Development Agency, later becoming involved in other international projects in Asia. He argues for seeing a social aspect to many world problems and fears trends towards academization will diminish the value of the practical aspects of social work education.
Lynne Healy, 2014
Authors: Askeland Gurid Aga , Payne Malcolm
Published: January 2018

This chapter contains a brief biography and transcript of an interview with Lynne Healy, a leader in American social work education, who was awarded the Katherine Kendall Award of the International Association of Schools of Social Work in 2014, for her contribution to international social work education. Her writings and teaching on international social work, emphasising human rights, are significant. Experience included child welfare, work for the social work professional association and the Council on Social Work Education. Later international work includes work with the United Nations with policy advocacy and the Global social development Agenda. Professional licensing requirements for social workers in the USA emphasise mental health clinical practice, with poor support for wider concerns such as international work in the USA. Academization, with a declining emphasis on professional teaching and activities in academic social work is also unfortunate. Much of her work on human rights focuses particularly on gender issues. In the future, she would like to see social work retrieve a balance between preparing social workers, knowledge development and professional and community activity.
Explaining migration and displacement
Authors: Mayo Marjorie
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores different definitions and theoretical approaches to the study of migration and displacement. This includes discussion of official definitions of who counts as a ‘refugee’. Having explored different approaches, including different approaches to understanding women’s migration, the chapter focuses on the notions of diasporas, transnational communities and cultures as these develop over space and time.
Responses to being displaced by violence
Authors: Mayo Marjorie
Published: January 2018

Starting from the surge of refugees from Syria from 2015, this chapter focuses upon those displaced by violence more generally. From experiences of displacement in Northern Ireland in the relatively recent past, and experiences elsewhere, the chapter focuses upon community responses to new arrivals as well as upon responses within and between newcomer communities themselves. The first story comes from Montreal, Canada, focussing upon the memories of Jewish refugees, following the Second World War. The chapter concludes with stories of support- and mutual support – within migrant and refugee communities, including Somali communities in Britain today.
Community responses to displacement as a result of (re)development
Authors: Mayo Marjorie
Published: January 2018

This chapter focuses upon community responses to dispossession and displacement as a result of (re)development. Having summarised varying definitions and approaches the chapter moves on to explore case studies from different international contexts. There have been powerful illustrations of community resistance to displacement as a result of the Narmada big dam project in India, for example, as well as illustrations of alternative approaches in other Indian contexts. Brazil has provided its own examples of community based alternatives, including those developed by displaced peoples, the Landless People’s Movement. And there have been illustrations of community based resistance to displacement/ social cleansing as a result of urban redevelopment processes in contemporary Britain.
Critically theorising young adult marginality: historical and contemporary perspectives
Authors: Blackman Shane , Rogers Ruth
Published: January 2018

Blackman and Rogers critically examines the use of popular images within the media whereby government have adopted punitive sanctions towards young adults in Britain.
They develop a theoretical analysis of advanced youth marginality through the work of Loic Wacquant and John Westergaard related to anomie.
They address the bio-political similarities between the work of Thomas Malthus and Charles Murray on the poor youth defined as ‘redundant population.’
The chapter develops a theory of Advanced Youth Marginality and applies Agamben (2005) theory of the state of exception as a metaphor of youth austerity in the form of bio-political control by governmental and media organisations.
Pramface girls? Early motherhood, marginalisation and the management of stigma
Authors: Kehily Mary Jane
Published: January 2018

Mary Jane Kehily considers the phenomenon of young motherhood in the UK through policy and popular discourse.
She looks at how women make the transition to motherhood in new times, to argues that early motherhood occupies a distinctive place within the context of late modern social change, marked by changing gender relations and women’s increased participation in the workforce.
At a time when most women are delaying the birth of their first child, differences between women may be polarised and compounded by the experience of becoming a mother.
She explores the way social differences between women may be played out in the cultural sphere of representations and practices of consumption.
She argues that the stigmatised figure of early motherhood, configured colloquially as the marginal ‘pramface girl’ can be understood within the context of the local – community, family, biography and intergenerational perspectives.
The marginalisation of care:young care leavers’ experiences of professional relationships
Authors: Davidson Emma , Whittaker Lisa
Published: January 2018

Emma Davidson and Lisa Whittaker, see young people as becoming the ‘new poor’ as they struggle to cope with increasingly precarious transitions into in (ter)dependent living.
Care leavers across the UK continue to experience marginalisation and have poorer outcomes from educational performance and employment through to health and housing.
They focus on the hardship of marginality within a specific group of young people, as care leavers who are vulnerable to service cuts associated with austerity in the UK.
There approach is to develop narratives concerned with the importance of long-term, personal relationships whilst in care which emphasises the importance of establishing long term personal relationships whilst in care.
On the margins: the last place to rebel? Understanding young people's resistance to social conformity
Authors: McKay Jane , Atherton Frances
Published: January 2018

Jane McKay and Frances Atherton examine young people’s social play in terms of how space is negotiated where potential conflict is tempered to maintain the freedom, which boundary spaces may offer.
They focus on the role of resistance at places of intersection, where the desire to define a new liberty, or a free space can involve opposition, resistance and transgression.
They consider adult interruption, especially from the Police where young people are framed by wider social and political contexts that set the boundaries, rules, and possibilities of their lives.
They demonstrate how marginalisation occurs in the micro-interactions of the mundane, and relate their findings to the wider competing discourses of risk and marginality.
‘Binge’ drinking devils and moral marginality: young people’s calculated hedonism in the Canterbury night-time economy
Authors: McPherson Robert
Published: January 2018

Robert McPherson presents data from an ethnographic study focused upon young people within the Canterbury night-time economy.
He gained access and subsequent immersion into groups of different groups of marginalised young people’s leisure practices.
He critically examines the media construction as of ‘binge’ alcohol consumption, and how negative media representations produced what he describes as a discriminatory moral marginality impacting on young people in the UK.
His data suggest that young people intentionally manage their levels of intoxication to counter moral marginality, which incorporate aspects of risk, agency and resistance.
The new ‘spectral army’: biography and youth poverty on Teesside’s deprived estates
Authors: Ruddy Anthony
Published: January 2018

Anthony Ruddy examines the experiences of young people growing up in contexts of multiple deprivation and material hardship in a small, deindustrialised town in North East England.
Using ethnographic and biographical subjective narratives from young people he focuses on the interplay between youth poverty and material inequality, resistance and the ordinary lives of young people from marginalized communities.
This is a study on significant financial hardship and deep poverty intersects with structural economic and social degeneration, discrimination and individual victimization.
He offers direct emotional insight into the lives of young adults who on a day-to-day basis experience different forms of marginalisation as part of their struggle of transition to adulthood.
Emergent Research and Practice Trends in Contextually Addressing the Complexity of Women’s Use of Force
Authors: Larance Lisa Y. , Miller Susan L.
Published: January 2018

This chapter provides an overview of the research on and community-based programmatic responses to battered women’s use of force in their intimate heterosexual relationships. The chapter highlights emerging issues in this area with the goal of developing a more fully informed response to the complexity introduced by criminalizing women’s responses to violence and abuse in their intimate relationships.
Research on Restorative Justice in Cases of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Ptacek James
Published: January 2018

This chapter reviews the evaluation research on restorative justice (RJ) in cases of intimate partner violence (IPV). The chapter examines evidence regarding how well RJ ensures the safety and immediate needs of IPV survivors, the extent to which survivors feel a sense of justice as a result of these practices, the ability of RJ practices to hold offenders accountable and to prevent further offending. The chapter describes the three most common forms of RJ and discusses evaluations of these practices, subsequently reviewing the research literature focusing specifically on RJ and IPV. The chapter also discusses some recent developments in RJ and other alternative approaches to crimes of sexual assault and severe violence.
Innovative Programs to Economically Empower Women and Prevent Intimate Partner Violence Revictimization
Authors: Renzetti Claire M. , Follingstad Diane R. , Fleet Diane
Published: January 2018

This chapter discusses several economic empowerment programs that were specifically designed for women who have experienced various forms of trauma and abuse, or that have been adapted for use with this population. The chapter offers examples of especially innovative program and highlights a therapeutic horticulture program located at a battered women’s shelter. The chapter also reviews the available empirical evidence regarding the outcomes of these programs and implications for prevention of revictimization.
Maternal imprisonment: a family sentence
Authors: Booth Natalie
Published: January 2018

This chapter critiques the ways in which penal arrangements remain prisoner-centric and fail to acknowledge a women's maternal status and familial responsibilities. Viewing these women in isolation from their maternal status fails to recognise how they are embedded in social and familial networks, relationships, and responsibilities, and generally perform a primary caregiving role to their dependent children. Not only does this have implications for female prisoners as they attempt to remain connected to motherhood, but it also has a substantial effect on the large number of innocent children and family members left behind during maternal imprisonment. Prisoners' children have been called the ‘hidden victims of imprisonment’ and the ‘orphans of justice’ because they, and their family members, are continually disregarded within the political and policy sphere, academic studies, and society more generally.
Benefit tourism and EU migrant citizens: real-world experiences
Authors: Ehata Rebecca , Seeleib-Kaiser Martin
Published: January 2018

This chapter examines the ‘real-world experiences’ with the British welfare system of EU migrants from a number of older and newer EU member states. According to the ‘welfare magnet theory’, generous welfare states are said to be negatively affected by immigration, as migrants may be attracted by high welfare benefits or services. Contrary to popular discourse in the UK, EU citizens who move to the UK do not have an unconditional right to claim social benefits or services. Rather, their rights largely depend upon their status as an economically active ‘worker’, self-employed person, or as an unemployed worker with retained worker status. EU citizens who are economically inactive have very few social rights outside the member state of origin. Thus, it is not surprising that a large majority of the predominantly young EU migrant citizens who come to Britain do so to work, and are employed in a range of economic sectors.
Jumping the queue? How a focus on health tourism as benefit fraud misses much of the medical tourism story
Authors: Horsfall Daniel , Pagan Ricardo
Published: January 2018

This chapter analyses ‘health tourism’ as a specific form of alleged benefit fraud. Medical tourism takes place when individuals opt to travel overseas with the primary intention of receiving medical treatment. As such, it can be thought of as a type of patient or ‘consumer’ mobility in which individuals travel outside their country of residence for the consumption of health care services. More recently, media coverage of medical tourism has adopted the narrative of benefit fraud or exploitation, with tourists either purposely or unwittingly accessing care they are not entitled to or not paying for that which they are required to pay. This issue has proven particularly incendiary, prompting formal responses from the government. In the lead up to and aftermath of the UK's EU referendum, the issue played a central role in wider discussions around migration and the free movement of individuals across Europe.
Right concept, wrong country
Authors: Babones Salvatore
Published: January 2018

For most of its history, China was at the center of an East Asian interstate system, the Chinese tianxia. The Chinese word for China, Zhongguo, even means "central state" (or "middle kingdom"). By contrast, the modern interstate system is usually understood as an anarchic system of competing states. In reality, the 21st century interstate system is a central state system like the Ming Dynasty Chinese tianxia, but centered on the United States, not on China. The American-centered system began to form much earlier than is usually understood, and was clearly described by many intellectuals in the aftermath of World War One. It is now in its prime, not its decline. Like the historical Chinese tianxia, the current American Tianxia is strongly hierarchical, but unlike the Chinese tianxia, it is not relational. This calls into question the key conceit of Westphalian sovereignty, the sovereign equality of states. But it is also responsible for the relatively peaceful conduct of international relations under the American Tianxia.
Introduction
Authors: Daguerre Anne
Published: January 2018

The introductory chapter sets out the broad political context that helps explain the Obama partial success in terms of antipoverty policies. It points out to major contradictions in the American political tradition: a deep-seated suspicion of government intervention combined with a strong attachment for entitlement programs, the paradox of a presidential institution portrayed as one of the most powerful in the world but that faces considerable constraints in terms of enacting domestic reforms. The introduction enumerates the structural constraints – constitutional and institutional - that limit the president’s capacities for action. In essence, the legitimacy of the federal government intervention has always been a contested terrain. This has resulted in variable-speed federalism, with a strong pattern of state diversity, especially in relation to welfare.
Navigating the political backlash
Authors: Daguerre Anne
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores how Obama progressive policies prompted a strong political and ideological backlash. It explains how the Tea Party accentuated partisan polarization, a trend that characterizes American politics since the end of the 1970s. Tea Party ideology had three major elements: a hatred of Barack Obama, a visceral rejection of redistributive and pro-poor social policies, and a focus on the need to cut federal government intervention to the bare minimum. As states legislatures shifted to the right, House Republican proposals on welfare and food stamps had strong moralizing and criminalizing undertones. Legislative proposals were inspired by socially regressive state experiments such as mandatory drug testing for welfare applicants or requiring that cash assistance cards should be banned in strip clubs or casinos.