bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Altered Expression of Tyrosine Hydroxylase in the Locus Coeruleus Noradrenergic System in Citalopram Neonatally Exposed Rats and Monoamine Oxidase A Knock Out Mice
Authors: Zhang Junlin , Darling Ryan D. , Paul Ian A. , Simpson Kimberly L. , Chen Kevin , Shih Jean C. , Lin Rick C.S.
Published: September 2011

In rodents, noradrenergic (NE) locus coeruleus (LC) neurons are well known to express tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunoreactivity. However, due to its very low enzyme activity, NE cortical fibers do not typically express TH immunoreactivity, thus dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase (DBH) immunoreactivity is commonly utilized as a marker for NE cortical fibers. In this study, we performed double and/or triple immunofluorescent staining using antibodies against TH, DBH, and/or norepinephrine transporter (NET) to investigate the altered NE TH expression of cortical fibers in citalopram (CTM)‐exposed rats and monoamine oxidase (MAO) A knock out (KO) mice. We have noted the following novel findings: (1) neonatal exposure to the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) CTM enhanced NE TH immunoreactive fibers throughout the entire neocortex, and a few of them appeared to be hypertrophic; (2) slightly enhanced NE cortical TH immunoreactive fibers were also noted in MAO A KO mice, and many of them revealed varicosities compared with the rather smooth NE cortical TH immunoreactive fibers in wild‐type (WT) mice; (3) LC dendrites of MAO A KO mice exhibited beaded morphology compared with the smooth LC dendrites in WT mice. Our findings suggest that both genetic and environmental factors during early development may play a critical role in the regulation and proper function of NE TH expression in the neocortex. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Jaw Adductor Muscles across Lepidosaurs: A Reappraisal
Authors: Daza Juan Diego , Diogo Rui , Johnston Peter , Abdala Virginia
Published: September 2011

The exact homologies of tetrapod jaw muscles remain unresolved, and this provides a barrier for phylogenetic analysis and tracing character evolution. Here, lepidosaur jaw muscles are surveyed using direct examination of species from 23 families and published descriptions of species from 10 families. A revised nomenclature is applied according to proposed homologies with Latimeria. Among lepidosaurs, variation was found in many aspects of jaw muscle anatomy. The superficial layers mm. levator and retractor anguli oris (LAO and RAO) are present in Sphenodon but not all squamates. The external jaw adductor muscles universally present in lepidosaurs are homologous with the main adductor muscle, A2, of Latimeria and include four layers: superficialis (A2‐SUP), medialis (A2‐M), profundus (A2‐PRO), and posterior (A2‐PVM). The A2‐SUP appears divided in Agamidae, Gekkota, Xantusiidae, and Varanidae. The A2‐M is layered lateromedial in lizards but anteroposterior in snakes. The names pseudotemporalis (PS) and pterygomandibularis (PTM) are recommended for subdivisions of the internal adductors of reptiles and amphibians, because the homology of this muscle with the A3′ and A3 ″ of Latimeria remains inconclusive. The intramandibularis of lepidosaurs and Latimeria (A‐ω) are homologous. The distribution of six jaw muscle characters was found to plot more parsimoniously on phylogenies based on morphological rather than and molecular data. Character mapping indicates that Squamata presents reduction in the divisions of the A2‐M, Scincoidea presents reduction or loss of LAO, and two apomorphic features are found for the Gekkota. Anat Rec, 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Power Doppler ultrasound, but not low‐field magnetic resonance imaging, predicts relapse and radiographic disease progression in rheumatoid arthritis patients with low levels of disease activity
Authors: Foltz Violaine , Gandjbakhch Frédérique , Etchepare Fabien , Rosenberg Carole , Tanguy Marie Laure , Rozenberg Sylvie , Bourgeois Pierre , Fautrel Bruno
Published: September 2011

Objective

Subclinical inflammation and radiographic progression have been described in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients whose disease is in remission or is showing a low level of activity. The aim of this study was to compare the ability of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to predict relapse and radiographic progression in these patients.

Methods

Patients with RA of short or intermediate duration that was either in remission or exhibiting low levels of activity according to the Disease Activity Score (DAS) were included in the study. Over a period of 1 year, patients underwent clinical and biologic assessments every 3 months and radiographic assessments at baseline and 12 months. Radiographs were graded according to the modified Sharp/van der Heijde score (SHS). At baseline, patients underwent ultrasonography and MRI, which were graded using binary and semiquantitative scoring systems. Relapse was defined as a DAS of ≥2.4, and radiographic progression was defined as an increase in the SHS of ≥1. We tested the association of values by multivariate logistic regression.

Results

A total of 85 RA patients with a mean disease duration of 35.3 months were studied. RA was in remission in 47 of these patients, and 38 had low levels of disease activity. At 1 year, 26 of the 85 patients (30.6%) showed disease relapse, and 9 of the 85 patients (10.6%) showed radiographic progression. The baseline PD synovitis count (i.e., the number of joints at baseline for which the power Doppler [PD] signal indicated synovitis) predicted relapse (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 6.3; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 2.0–20.3), and the baseline PD synovitis grade predicted disease progression (adjusted OR 1.4 [95% CI 1.1–1.9]). MRI was not predictive of outcomes.

Conclusion

For RA patients whose disease is in remission or who have low levels of disease activity, PD signals on ultrasonography could predict relapse or radiographic progression and identify those whose disease is adequately controlled, which is especially helpful when considering treatment tapering or interruption.
Disruption of vascular homeostasis in patients with Kawasaki disease: Involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietins
Authors: Breunis Willemijn B. , Davila Sonia , Shimizu Chisato , Oharaseki Toshiaki , Takahashi Kei , van Houdt Michel , Khor Chiea Chuen , Wright Victoria J. , Levin Michael , Burns Jane C. , Burgner David , Hibberd Martin L. , Kuijpers Taco W. ,   International Kawasaki Disease Genetics Consortium
Published: September 2011

Objective

In Kawasaki disease (KD), a pediatric vasculitis of medium‐sized arteries, the coronary arteries are most commonly affected. Angiopoietins and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) play an important role in maintaining vascular homeostasis. Recently, we identified ANGPT1 and VEGFA as susceptibility loci for KD. This study was undertaken to fine‐map these associations and to gain further insight into their role in this vasculitis of unknown etiology to further the search for improved diagnostic and therapeutic options.

Methods

A total of 292 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in VEGF and ANGPT and their receptors were genotyped in 574 families, including 462 trios. For replication, 123 cases and 171 controls were genotyped.

Results

A significant association with KD susceptibility was observed with 5 SNPs in the ANGPT1 gene (most significantly associated SNP +265037 C>T; Pcombined = 2.3 × 10−7) and 2 SNPs in VEGFA (most significantly associated SNP rs3025039; Pcombined = 2.5 × 10−4). Both ANGPT1 +265037 C>T and VEGFA rs3025039 are located in 3′ regulatory regions at putative transcription factor binding sites. We observed significantly down‐regulated transcript levels of angiopoietin 1 (Ang‐1) in patients with acute KD compared to patients with convalescent KD. In patients with acute KD, high serum protein levels of VEGF and Ang‐2 were observed compared to patients with convalescent KD and to both controls with and controls without fever. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated VEGF and angiopoietin expression in the coronary artery wall in autopsy tissue.

Conclusion

Our data support the hypothesis that dysregulation of VEGF and angiopoietins contributes to the disruption of vascular homeostasis in KD.
Safety and efficacy of ocrelizumab in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and an inadequate response to methotrexate: Results of a forty‐eight–week randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, parallel‐group phase III trial
Authors: Rigby W. , Tony H.‐P. , Oelke K. , Combe B. , Laster A. , von Muhlen C. A. , Fisheleva E. , Martin C. , Travers H. , Dummer W.
Published: September 2011

Objective

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of treatment with ocrelizumab plus methotrexate (MTX) in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and an inadequate response to MTX.

Methods

STAGE was a phase III randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group international study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of ocrelizumab compared with placebo in patients with active RA continuing MTX treatment. Patients receiving stable doses of MTX were randomized to receive 2 infusions of placebo (n = 320), ocrelizumab 200 mg (n = 343), or ocrelizumab 500 mg (n = 343) on days 1 and 15 as well as weeks 24 and 26. Coprimary end points were the proportion of patients with an American College of Rheumatology 20% improvement criteria (ACR20) response at weeks 24 and 48. Secondary end points included the change from baseline in the modified Sharp/van der Heijde score (SHS) and the ACR50/70 responses.

Results

The ACR20 response rates were 35.7% in the placebo group, 56.9% in the ocrelizumab 200 mg group, and 54.5% in the ocrelizumab 500 mg group at 24 weeks, and 27.6%, 58.3%, and 62.1%, respectively, at 48 weeks (P < 0.0001 versus placebo for each dose at both time points). At week 48, both of the ocrelizumab doses improved the ACR50 and ACR70 response rates 3‐fold as compared with placebo and showed a statistically significant (P < 0.0001) reduction in joint damage progression relative to placebo (mean change in SHS reduced by 85% and 100% for the 200‐mg and 500‐mg doses, respectively). Rates of serious infection were comparable in the placebo (3.48 per 100 patient‐years) and ocrelizumab 200 mg (3.54 per 100 patient‐years) groups but were elevated in the ocrelizumab 500 mg group (8.66 per 100 patient‐years).

Conclusion

With both ocrelizumab doses, the primary end point was met, and the signs and symptoms of RA were significantly improved at weeks 24 and 48. Ocrelizumab also significantly inhibited the progression of joint damage. A higher rate of serious infections was observed with 500 mg of ocrelizumab as compared with ocrelizumab 200 mg or placebo.
Gene–gene interaction of BLK, TNFSF4, TRAF1, TNFAIP3, and REL in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Zhou Xu‐jie , Lu Xiao‐lan , Nath Swapan K. , Lv Ji‐cheng , Zhu Sai‐nan , Yang Hai‐zhen , Qin Lian‐xiang , Zhao Ming‐hui , Su Yin ,   International Consortium on the Genetics of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, Shen Nan , Li Zhan‐guo , Zhang Hong
Published: September 2011

Objective

Although the number of convincingly established genetic associations with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has increased sharply over the last few years, refinement of these associations is required, and their potential roles in gene–gene interactions need to be further investigated. Recent genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) in SLE have produced renewed interest in B cell/T cell responses and the NF‐κB signaling pathway. The aim of this study was to search for possible gene–gene interactions based on identified single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), in using an approach based on the role of signaling pathways.

Methods

The SNPs in BLK, TNFSF4, TRAF1, TNFAIP3, and REL were replicated in order to evaluate genetic associations with SLE. TaqMan genotyping was conducted in 804 Chinese patients with SLE and 722 matched control subjects. A multiple logistic regression model was used to estimate the multiplicative interaction effect of the SNPs, and additive interactions were analyzed by 2 × 2 factorial designs. Data from a previously published GWAS conducted by the International Consortium on the Genetics of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus were derived for comparison and validation.

Results

Single‐marker analysis validated the association of BLK rs2736340 (P = 4.25 × 10−6) as well as TNFSF4 rs2205960 (P = 2.82 × 10−5) and TNFAIP3 rs5029939 (P = 1.92 × 10−3) with SLE susceptibility in Chinese. Multiplicative interaction analysis indicated that BLK had an interactive effect with TNFSF4 in Chinese patients with SLE (P = 6.57 × 10−4). Additive interaction analysis revealed interactions between TRAF1 and TNFAIP3 in both Chinese (P = 2.18 × 10−3) and Caucasians (P = 2.86 × 10−4). In addition, multiple tendencies toward interactions were observed, and an additive effect was observed as the number of risk genotypes increased.

Conclusion

The results of this study provide evidence of the possible gene–gene interactions of BLK, TNFSF4, TRAF1, TNFAIP3, and REL in SLE, which may represent a synergic effect of T cells and B cells through the NF‐κB pathway in determining immunologic aberration.
Proinflammatory Th17 cells are expanded and induced by dendritic cells in spondylarthritis‐prone HLA–B27–transgenic rats
Authors: Glatigny Simon , Fert Ingrid , Blaton Marie A. , Lories Rik J. , Araujo Luiza M. , Chiocchia Gilles , Breban Maxime
Published: September 2011

Objective

HLA–B27/human β2‐microglobulin–transgenic (B27‐transgenic) rats, a model of spondylarthritis (SpA), develop spontaneous colitis and arthritis under conventional conditions. CD4+ T cells are pivotal in the development of inflammation in B27‐transgenic rats. This study was undertaken to characterize the phenotype of CD4+ T cells in this model and to determine whether dendritic cells (DCs) induce proinflammatory T cells.

Methods

The phenotype of CD4+ T cells from rat lymph nodes (LNs) draining the sites of inflammation was analyzed by flow cytometry. Immunostaining was used to detect interleukin‐17 (IL‐17)–producing cells in the rat joints. DCs from B27‐transgenic or control rats (transgenic for HLA–B7 or nontransgenic) were cocultured with control CD4+ T cells and stimulated with anti–T cell receptor α/β.

Results

IL‐17A– and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)–producing CD4+ T cells were expanded in mesenteric and popliteal LNs from B27‐transgenic rats. The accumulation of Th17 cells correlated with disease development, in contrast to Th1 or Treg cells. IL‐17–positive mononuclear cells were detected in the arthritic joints of B27‐transgenic rats but not in the joints of control rats. Finally, in vitro cocultures demonstrated that Th17 cells were preferentially induced and expanded by DCs from B27‐transgenic rats, by a process that may involve defective engagement of costimulatory molecules.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that expanded CD4+ T cells in B27‐transgenic rats exhibit a proinflammatory Th17 phenotype characterized by IL‐17A and TNFα production. Furthermore, this population is preferentially induced by DCs from B27‐transgenic rats. These data point toward an induction of Th17 cells as a possible pathogenic mechanism in this model of SpA. However, their pathogenic role still needs to be shown.
Structural changes of the brain in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Wartolowska Karolina , Hough Morgan G. , Jenkinson Mark , Andersson Jesper , Wordsworth B. Paul , Tracey Irene
Published: September 2011

Objective

To investigate whether structural changes are present in the cortical and subcortical gray matter of the brains of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods

We used two surface‐based style morphometry analysis programs and a voxel‐based style analysis program to compare high‐resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging data obtained for 31 RA patients and 25 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy control subjects.

Results

We observed an increase in gray matter content in the basal ganglia of RA patients, mainly in the nucleus accumbens and caudate nucleus. There were no differences in the cortical gray matter. Moreover, patients had a smaller intracranial volume.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that RA is associated with changes in the subcortical gray matter rather than with cortical gray matter atrophy. Since the basal ganglia play an important role in motor control as well as in pain processing and in modulating behavior in response to aversive stimuli, we suggest that these changes may result from altered motor control or prolonged pain processing. The differences in brain volume may reflect either generalized atrophy or differences in brain development.
Antroquinonol differentially modulates T cell activity and reduces interleukin‐18 production, but enhances Nrf2 activation, in murine accelerated severe lupus nephritis
Authors: Tsai Pei‐Yi , Ka Shuk‐Man , Chang Jia‐Ming , Lai Jenn‐Haung , Dai Ming‐Shen , Jheng Huei‐Lin , Kuo Mao‐Tien , Chen Peini , Chen Ann
Published: September 2011

Objective

Accelerated severe lupus nephritis (ASLN), with an acute onset of severe clinical manifestations and histopathologic renal lesions, may represent transformation of mild LN to a severe form of glomerulonephritis. Abnormal activation of T and B cells and/or oxidative stress may play a major role in the pathogenesis of ASLN. This study tested the hypothesis that antroquinonol, a purified compound and major effective component of Antrodia camphorata with antiinflammatory and antioxidant activities, might prevent the transformation of mild LN into higher‐grade (severe) nephritis in a murine lupus model.

Methods

Experimental ASLN was induced in (NZB × NZW)F1 mice by twice weekly intraperitoneal injections of Salmonella‐type lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Starting 2 days after the first dose of LPS, mice were treated daily with antroquinonol, administered by gavage, for different durations up to 5 weeks.

Results

Antroquinonol administration significantly ameliorated the proteinuria, hematuria, impairment of renal function, and development of severe renal lesions, especially cellular crescent formation, neutrophil infiltration, fibrinoid necrosis, and T cell proliferation in the glomerulus, as well as periglomerular interstitial inflammation. Mechanistic analyses revealed that antroquinonol 1) inhibited T cell activation/proliferation, but enhanced Treg cell suppression and reduced renal production of interleukin‐18 (IL‐18); 2) inhibited production of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide, but increased activation of Nrf2 in the kidney; and 3) suppressed renal inflammation via blocking of NF‐κB activation.

Conclusion

Antroquinonol may have therapeutic potential for the early treatment of ASLN via its differential regulation of T cell function and lowering of IL‐18 production, but also via the promotion of Nrf2 activation.
Overexpression of T‐bet gene regulates murine autoimmune arthritis
Authors: Kondo Yuya , Iizuka Mana , Wakamatsu Ei , Yao Zhaojin , Tahara Masahiro , Tsuboi Hiroto , Sugihara Makoto , Hayashi Taichi , Yoh Keigyou , Takahashi Satoru , Matsumoto Isao , Sumida Takayuki
Published: September 2011

Objective

To clarify the role of T‐bet in the pathogenesis of collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA).

Methods

T‐bet–transgenic (Tg) mice under the control of the CD2 promoter were generated. CIA was induced in T‐bet–Tg mice and wild‐type C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Levels of type II collagen (CII)–reactive T‐bet and retinoic acid receptor–related orphan nuclear receptor γt (RORγt) messenger RNA expression were analyzed by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Criss‐cross experiments using CD4+ T cells from B6 and T‐bet–Tg mice, as well as CD11c+ splenic dendritic cells (DCs) from B6 and T‐bet–Tg mice with CII were performed, and interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) and interferon‐γ (IFNγ) in the supernatants were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. CD4+ T cells from B6, T‐bet–Tg, or T‐bet–Tg/IFNγ−/− mice were cultured for Th17 cell differentiation, then the proportions of cells producing IFNγ and IL‐17 were analyzed by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting.

Results

Unlike the B6 mice, the T‐bet–Tg mice did not develop CIA. T‐bet–Tg mice showed overexpression of Tbx21 and down‐regulation of Rorc in CII‐reactive T cells. Criss‐cross experiments with CD4+ T cells and splenic DCs showed a significant reduction in IL‐17 production by CII‐reactive CD4+ T cells in T‐bet–Tg mice, even upon coculture with DCs from B6 mice, indicating dysfunction of IL‐17–producing CD4+ T cells. Inhibition of Th17 cell differentiation under an in vitro condition favoring Th17 cell differentiation was observed in both T‐bet–Tg mice and T‐bet–Tg/IFNγ−/− mice.

Conclusion

Overexpression of T‐bet in T cells suppressed the development of autoimmune arthritis. The regulatory mechanism of arthritis might involve dysfunction of CII‐reactive Th17 cell differentiation by overexpression of T‐bet via IFNγ‐independent pathways.
Cyclic loading increases friction and changes cartilage surface integrity in lubricin‐mutant mouse knees
Authors: Drewniak Elizabeth I. , Jay Gregory D. , Fleming Braden C. , Zhang Ling , Warman Matthew L. , Crisco Joseph J.
Published: September 2011

Objective

To investigate the effects of lubricin gene dosage and cyclic loading on whole joint coefficient of friction and articular cartilage surface integrity in mouse knee joints.

Methods

Joints from mice with 2 (Prg4+/+), 1 (Prg4+/−), or no (Prg4−/−) functioning lubricin alleles were subjected to 26 hours of cyclic loading using a custom‐built pendulum. Coefficient of friction values were measured at multiple time points. Contralateral control joints were left unloaded. Following testing, joints were examined for histologic evidence of damage and cell viability.

Results

At baseline, the coefficient of friction values in Prg4−/− mice were significantly higher than those in Prg4+/+ and Prg4+/− mice (P < 0.001). Cyclic loading continuously increased the coefficient of friction in Prg4−/− mouse joints. In contrast, Prg4+/− and Prg4+/+ mouse joints had no coefficient of friction increases during the first 4 hours of loading. After 26 hours of loading, joints from all genotypes had increased coefficient of friction values compared to baseline and unloaded controls. Significantly greater increases occurred in Prg4−/− and Prg4+/− mouse joints compared to Prg4+/+ mouse joints. The coefficient of friction values were not significantly associated with histologic evidence of damage or loss of cell viability.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that mice lacking lubricin have increased baseline coefficient of friction values and are not protected against further increases caused by loading. Prg4+/− mice are indistinguishable from Prg4+/+ mice at baseline, but have significantly greater coefficient of friction values following 26 hours of loading. Lubricin dosage affects joint properties during loading, and may have clinical implications in patients for whom injury or illness alters lubricin abundance.
The COM‐Poisson model for count data: a survey of methods and applications
Authors: Sellers Kimberly F. , Borle Sharad , Shmueli Galit
Published: September 2011

The Poisson distribution is a popular distribution for modeling count data, yet it is constrained by its equidispersion assumption, making it less than ideal for modeling real data that often exhibit over‐dispersion or under‐dispersion. The COM‐Poisson distribution is a two‐parameter generalization of the Poisson distribution that allows for a wide range of over‐dispersion and under‐dispersion. It not only generalizes the Poisson distribution but also contains the Bernoulli and geometric distributions as special cases. This distribution's flexibility and special properties have prompted a fast growth of methodological and applied research in various fields. This paper surveys the different COM‐Poisson models that have been published thus far and their applications in areas including marketing, transportation, and biology, among others. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Bayesian approach to vectorization of object boundaries from digital images and to geometrical uncertainty assessment
Authors: Finazzi Francesco
Published: September 2011

A new Bayesian approach is presented for extracting 2D object boundaries with measures of uncertainty. The boundaries are described by minimal closed sequences of segments and arcs, called mixed polygons. The sequence is minimal in the sense that it is able to describe all the geometrical properties of the boundary without being redundant. Based on geometrical measures evaluated on the object boundary model, a prior distribution is introduced in order to favor a mixed polygon with good geometrical properties, avoiding short sides, collinearity between segments, and so on. The estimation process is based on a two‐stage procedure that combines reversible‐jump MCMC (RJMCMC) and classic MCMC methods. The RJMCMC method is viewed as a model selection technique, and it is used to estimate the correct number of sides of the mixed polygon. The MCMC algorithm provides a sample of mixed polygons through which to evaluate the mixed polygon that best approximates the object boundary and its geometrical uncertainty. A convergence criterion for the RJMCMC method is provided. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving fatty acid production in escherichia coli through the overexpression of malonyl coA‐Acyl carrier protein transacylase
Authors: Zhang Xiujun , Agrawal Arpita , San Ka‐Yiu
Published: September 2011

The microbial biosynthesis of free fatty acid, which can be used as precursors for the production of fuels or chemicals from renewable carbon sources, has attracted significant attention in recent years. Free fatty acids can be produced by introducing an acyl‐carrier protein (ACP) thioesterase (TE) gene into Escherichia coli. The first committed step of fatty acid biosynthesis is the conversion of acetyl‐CoA to malonyl‐CoA by an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)‐dependent acetyl‐CoA carboxylase followed by the conversion of malonyl‐CoA to malonyl‐ACP through the enzyme malonyl CoA‐acyl carrier protein transacylase (MCT; FabD). The E. coli fabD gene encoding MCT has been cloned and studied. However, the effect of FabD overexpression in a fatty acid overproducing strain has not been examined. In this study, we examined the effect of FabD overexpression in a fatty acid overproducing strain carrying an acyl‐ACP TE. Specifically, the effect of overexpressing a fabD gene from four different organisms on fatty acid production was compared. The strains carrying a fabD gene from E. coli, Streptomyces avermitilis MA‐4680, or Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) improved the free fatty acid production; these three strains produced more free fatty acids, about 11% more, than the control strain. The strain carrying a fabD gene from Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824, however, produced similar quantities of free fatty acids as the control strain. In addition, the three FabD overexpressed strains also have higher fatty acid/glucose yields. The results suggested that FabD overexpression can be used to improve free fatty acid production by increasing the malonyl‐ACP availability. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
Biotin‐assisted folding of streptavidin on the yeast surface
Authors: Hong Lim Kok , Hwang Inseong , Park Sheldon
Published: September 2011

Yeast surface display allows heterologously expressed proteins to be targeted to the exterior of the cell wall and thus has a potential as a biotechnology platform. In this study, we report the successful display of functional streptavidin on the yeast surface. Streptavidin binds the small molecule biotin with high affinity (Kd ∼10−14
M) and is used widely in applications that require stable noncovalent interaction, including immobilization of biotinylated compounds on a solid surface. As such, engineering functional streptavidin on the yeast surface may find novel uses in future biotechnology applications. Although the molecule does not require any post‐translational modification, streptavidin is difficult to fold in bacteria. We show that Saccharomyces cerevisiae can fold the protein correctly if induced at 20°C. Contrary to a previous report, coexpression of anchored and soluble streptavidin subunits is not necessary, as expressing the anchored subunit alone is sufficient to form a functional complex. For unstable monomer mutants, however, addition of free biotin during protein induction is necessary to display a functional molecule, suggesting that biotin helps the monomer fold. To show that surface displayed streptavidin can be used to immobilize other biomolecules, we used it to capture biotinylated antibody, which is then used to immunoprecipitate a protein target. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
Expression of biologically active human clotting factor IX in Drosophila S2 cells: γ‐carboxylation of a human vitamin K‐dependent protein by the insect enzyme
Authors: Vatandoost Jafar , Zomorodipour Alireza , Sadeghizadeh Majid , Aliyari Roghayeh , Bos Mettine H. A. , Ataei Fariba
Published: September 2011

The Drosophila γ‐glutamyl carboxylase (dγC) has substrate recognition properties similar to that of the vertebrate γ–carboxylase (γC), and its carboxylated product yield, in vitro, was shown to be more than that obtained with the human enzyme. However, whether the Drosophila enzyme is able to γ‐carboxylate the human vitamin K‐dependent (VKD) proteins, such as the human coagulation factor IX (hFIX), as synthesized in cultured Drosophila cells was not known. To examine this possibility, the Drosophila Schnider (S2) cell line was transfected with a metallothionein promoter‐regulated hFIX‐expressing plasmid. After induction with copper ion, expression efficiency of the active hFIX was analyzed by performing enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assey (ELISA) and coagulation test on the culture supernatant of the transfected S2 cells during 72 h of postinduction. In comparison with Chinese hamster ovary cell line, S2 cells showed higher (∼12‐fold) expression level of the hFIX. The γ‐carboxylation of the Drosophila‐derived hFIX was confirmed by evaluation of the expressed protein, after being precipitated with barium citrate. The biological activity of the S2 cell‐derived hFIX indicated the capability of S2 cells to fulfill the required γ‐carboxylation of the expressed hFIX. Coexpression of the human γ–glutamyl carboxylases (hγC) was also shown to improve both expression and γ‐carboxylation of the hFIX. This is the first in vivo data to describe the ability of the dγC to recognize the human‐based propeptide as substrate, which is an essential step for production of biologically active γ‐carboxylated VKD proteins. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2012
A Study of White‐Spirit Vapor Combustion on Pt/Al2O3 Catalyst
Authors: Mihaela Manta C. , Bozga G. , Bercaru G. , Sorin Bildea C.
Published: September 2011

The objective of the work is to investigate the catalytic combustion of white spirit solvent vapors at low concentration in air, typical for depollution applications, on a commercial catalyst, Pt/γ‐Al2O3 (0.5 wt‐% Pt). To study the influence of the main variables on the process kinetics, experiments were performed under various operating conditions (temperature domain: 150–350 °C; flow rates: 125–250 mL min–1; white spirit concentrations: 220–260 ppmv). The stoichiometry and kinetics of the vapor combustion was described globally by using a pseudo‐compound, representing the average molecular weight and the carbon/hydrogen ratio of the mixture. Experimental data were reasonably well correlated by a first order rate expression with respect to the apparent concentration of the lumping pseudo‐component.
ChemInform Abstract: Large‐Scale Synthesis of Uniform Silver Orthophosphate Colloidal Nanocrystals Exhibiting High Visible Light Photocatalytic Activity.
Authors: Dinh Cao‐Thang , Nguyen Thanh‐Dinh , Kleitz Freddy , Do Trong‐On
Published: September 2011

Uniform colloidal Ag3PO4 nanocrystals are synthesized by reaction of AgNO3 with H3PO4 and oleylamine in toluene/EtOH at room temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Synthesis of [C6H16N2] [In2Se3(Se2)]: A New One‐Dimensional Indium Selenide.
Authors: Ewing Sarah J. , Powell Anthony V. , Vaqueiro Paz
Published: September 2011

The new title compound (III) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/c with Z = 4 (single crystal XRD).
ChemInform Abstract: Ba3Y2B6O15, a Novel Cubic Borate.
Authors: Zhao Sangen , Yao Jiyong , Zhang Guochun , Fu Peizhen , Wu Yicheng
Published: September 2011

The title compound is prepared by solid state reaction of a stoichiometric mixture of BaCO3, Y2O3, and H3BO3 (773 K for 24 h and 1123 K for 72 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Material Design and High‐Pressure Synthesis of Novel A‐Site‐Ordered Perovskites AMn3Al4O12 (A: Y, Yb, and Dy) with Square‐Planar‐Coordinated Mn3+.
Authors: Saito Takashi , Tohyama Takenori , Woodward Patrick M. , Shimakawa Yuichi
Published: September 2011

The title compounds are prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric mixtures of Ln2O3 (Ln: Y, Dy, Yb), Al2O3, and Mn2O3 (gold capsule, 900 °C, 9 GPa, 1 h).
ChemInform Abstract: Enzymatic Kinetic Resolution of Organochalcogenides in Supercritial CO2.
Authors: Gariani Rogerio A. , Luengo Fernando A. G. , Vale Luiz A. S. , Bazito Reinaldo C. , Comasseto Joao V.
Published: September 2011

The process is optimized through a set of experiments (21 runs) using a Doehlert experimental design resulting in maximal e.e.
ChemInform Abstract: PtCl2‐Catalyzed Cyclization of o‐Diethynylbenzene Derivatives Triggered by Intramolecular Nucleophilic Attack.
Authors: Miki Koji , Kuge Hiroyuki , Umeda Rui , Sonoda Motohiro , Tobe Yoshito
Published: September 2011

Pt‐catalyzed cyclization of o‐dialkynylbenzene derivatives bearing a hydroxyethyl group [cf.
ChemInform Abstract: SBA‐15‐Pr—SO3H as Nanoreactor Catalyzed Oxidation of Sulfides into Sulfoxides.
Authors: Bahrami Kiumars , Khodaei Mohammad M. , Fattahpour Peyman
Published: September 2011

Mesoporous propylsulfonic acid‐functionalized SBA‐15 channels serve as effective nanoreactors for the hydrogen peroxide oxidation of aromatic and aliphatic sulfides to sulfoxides, e.g. (II) and (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Simple Methodology for the Preparation of Amino Alcohols from Amino Acid Esters Using NaBH4‐Methanol in THF.
Authors: Goncalves R. S. B. , Pinheiro A. C. , da Silva E. T. , da Costa J. C. S. , Kaiser C. R. , de Souza M. V. N.
Published: September 2011

The presented procedure is simple, inexpensive, and proceeds without any racemization.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid and Efficient Chemoselective and Multiple Sulfations of Phenols Using Sulfuryl Imidazolium Salts.
Authors: Taylor Scott D. , Desoky Ahmed
Published: September 2011

Phenolic OH groups can be selectively protected in the presence of aliphatic ones using sulfuryl imidazolium salts (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Lithium Hydroxide Catalyzed Michael Addition — An Easy Handling and Non‐Toxic Protocol.
Authors: Sukanya Kumari , Deka Dibakar Chandra
Published: September 2011

Optimum reaction conditions (catalyst, temperature, solvent) are examined for the Michael addition of dimethyl malonate to α,β‐unsaturated ketones.
ChemInform Abstract: Diethylamine Functionalized Polyethylene Glycol as a Novel and Efficient Catalyst for Knoevenagel Condensation.
Authors: Ye Wen , Jiang Hong , Yang Xian‐Cao
Published: September 2011

The basic PEG catalyst enables the Knoevenagel condensation of malononitrile (II) and cyanoacetate (IV) with various aromatic aldehydes (I) under solvent‐free conditions at room temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Deprotection Chemistry Mediated by ZrOCl2·8H2O: An Efficient, Mild, and Green Method for the Conversion of Oximes to Carbonyl Compounds in Aqueous Acetone.
Authors: Saikia Lakhinath , Das Subrata , Thakur Ashim Jyoti
Published: September 2011

Zirconium oxychloride octahydrate is less‐toxic, moisture‐stable, inexpensive and eco‐friendly mediator for the conversion of oximes to carbonyl compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Synthetic Routes of 3‐Methoxypropanal from Glycerol.
Authors: Chen Jin , Du Xiaohua
Published: September 2011

The method is considered as a new approach to basic chemicals from renewable resources.
ChemInform Abstract: Highly Efficient Bifunctional Organocatalysts for the Asymmetric Michael Addition of Ketones to Nitroolefins.
Authors: Yu Chuanming , Qiu Jun , Zheng Fei , Zhong Weihui
Published: September 2011

A novel proline derived chiral bis‐amine catalyst is designed and successfully applied to the title process.
ChemInform Abstract: Neighbouring Formyl Group Assisted Oxidation of o‐Alkynylarenecarbaldehydes by an Iodine/Water System.
Authors: Sakthivel Karuppusamy , Srinivasan Kannupal
Published: September 2011

Iodine‐mediated oxidation of o‐alkynylarenecarbaldehydes (I) and (III) provides an efficient access towards a variety of tricarbonyl compounds (II) and (IV), resp., in good yields.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient FeCl3‐Promoted O‐Alkyl Cleavage of Esters to Carboxylic Acids.
Authors: Lian Xiaoyan , Fu Shaomin , Ma Tongmei , Li Shunbin , Zeng Wei
Published: September 2011

Various ester substrates can be cleaved with success, whereby the ethyl esters are the most efficient ones.
ChemInform Abstract: Cobalt‐Catalyzed Coupling of Alkyl Grignard Reagent with Benzamide and 2‐Phenylpyridine Derivatives Through Directed C—H Bond Activation under Air.
Authors: Chen Quan , Ilies Laurean , Yoshikai Naohiko , Nakamura Eiichi
Published: September 2011

Various aromatic carboxamides and ortho‐phenylpyridine derivatives are ortho‐alkylated with Grignard reagents using air as a sole oxidant.
ChemInform Abstract: Functionalization of Mesoporous Carbon with Superbasic MgO Nanoparticles for the Efficient Synthesis of Sulfinamides.
Authors: Chakravarti Rajashree , Mano Ajayan , Iwai Hideo , Aldeyab Salem S. , Kumar R. Pradeep , Kantam M. Lakshmi , Vinu Ajayan
Published: September 2011

Newly synthesized basic MgO‐functionalized mesoporous carbon with a large pore volume, a high surface area, and large pore diameter shows high activity in the selective synthesis of sulfinamides from arylsulfonyl chlorides.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereoselective Preparation of a Key Intermediate Toward the Synthesis of Nelfinavir.
Authors: Raghavan Sadagopan , Kumar Ch. Naveen
Published: September 2011

A stereoselective synthesis of title compound (VII) is given.
ChemInform Abstract: trans‐4‐Hydroxy‐L‐proline: A Novel Starting Material for N‐Alkylpyrroles Synthesis.
Authors: Kumar A. Vijay , Rao K. Rama
Published: September 2011

The reaction of aldehydes (I) with title compound (II) is studied for the first time, resulting in the formation of N‐alkyl‐pyrroles (III) in good to high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective One‐Pot Synthesis of 3,3′‐Diindolylethylene Derivatives and Study of Their Cytotoxic Activity.
Authors: Mandal Madhumita , Kumar Deepak , Roy Rajneeta , Sen Rupashree , Das Padma , Chatterjee Mitali , Jaisankar Parasuraman
Published: September 2011

Friedel—Crafts‐type acylation of 2‐arylindoles (I) yields regioselectively title compounds (III) together with the expected 3‐acetyl indoles (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Aromatic C—N Bond Formation: Convenient Synthesis of N‐Amino‐3‐nitrile‐indoles via FeBr3‐Mediated Intramolecular Cyclization.
Authors: Zheng Zisheng , Tang Lina , Fan Yanfeng , Qi Xiuxiang , Du Yunfei , Zhang‐Negregrie Daisy
Published: September 2011

The title compounds are of biological interest.
ChemInform Abstract: Sequential Coupling/Desilylation—Coupling/Cyclization in a Single Pot under Pd/C—Cu Catalysis: Synthesis of 2‐(Hetero)aryl Indoles.
Authors: Rao R. Mohan , Upendar Reddy C. H. , Alinakhi Alinakhi , Mulakayala Naveen , Alvala Mallika , Arunasree M. K. , Poondra Rajamohan R. , Iqbal Javed , Pal Manojit
Published: September 2011

A new, simple, and efficient method to prepare 2‐(hetero)aryl indoles is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Regiospecific Methylation of New Benzimidazolyl β‐Ketosulfones and β‐Hydroxysulfones.
Authors: Kumar N. D. Mahesh , Dubey P. K.
Published: September 2011

A series of benzimidazolyl β‐ketosulfones and β‐hydroxysulfones of type (IV) and (V) are prepared.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of 3‐Alkyl‐5‐methyloxazolidine‐2,4‐diones (V) and N‐Lactoyl‐N,N′‐dialkylureas (VII)
Authors: Saliu Franceso , Galliani Guido , Orlandi Marco , Rindone Bruno , Tolppa Eeva‐Liisa , Suarez‐Bertoa Ricardo
Published: September 2011

starting from propylene carbonate (I)
ChemInform Abstract: Migratory Decarboxylative Coupling of Coumarins: Synthetic and Mechanistic Aspects.
Authors: Jana Ranjan , Partridge James J. , Tunge Jon A.
Published: September 2011

The allylation of coumarins with unusual regioselectivity is investigated and a simple method for γ‐allylation of coumarins based on this finding is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 4‐Hydroxycoumarin Heteroarylhybrids as Potential Antimicrobial Agents.
Authors: Siddiqui Zeba N. , Musthafa Mohammed T. N. , Ahmad Anis , Khan Asad U.
Published: September 2011

The title compounds are obtained in the reaction of coumarin (I) with various heteroaldehydes.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Spiroisoquinolines Based on Photocycloaddition of Isoquinoline‐1,3,4‐trione with Oxazoles.
Authors: Huang Chengmei , Yu Haitao , Miao Zhengrui , Zhou Jie , Wang Shuai , Fun Hoong‐Kun , Xu Jianhua , Zhang Yan
Published: September 2011

Irradiation of isoquinoline‐1,3,4‐trione with the oxazoles (II) results in regio‐ and stereoselective formation of spiroisoquinolineoxetanes.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Rapid Multicomponent Domino Reaction for the Formation of Functionalized Benzo[h]pyrazolo[3,4‐b]quinolines.
Authors: Jiang Bo , Zhang Ge , Ma Ning , Shi Feng , Tu Shu‐Jiang , Kaur Parminder , Li Guigen
Published: September 2011

Benzo[h]isoxazolo[5,4‐b]quinolines are also available.
ChemInform Abstract: Modular “Click” Sensors for Zinc and Their Application in vivo.
Authors: Jobe Kajally , Brennan Caroline H. , Motevalli Majid , Goldup Stephen M. , Watkinson Michael
Published: September 2011

A novel cyclen‐based sensor (IV) is synthesized using a “click” approach which shows excellent selectivity for Zn2+ among other biologically relevant metals.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring‐Closing Metathesis of Sulfoximine‐Substituted N‐Tethered Trienes: Modular Asymmetric Synthesis of Medium‐Ring Nitrogen Heterocycles.
Authors: Mahajan Vishal , Gais Hans‐Joachim
Published: September 2011

Sulfoximine‐substituted N‐tethered trienes, synthesized from the corresponding homoallylic amines, undergo ruthenium‐catalyzed ring‐closing reaction to give the desired heterocycles with high diastereoselectivity.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactivities of Dihydrosilanes Tethered with Two Thioether Moieties.
Authors: Takeda Nobuhiro , Nakamura Tetsu , Imamura Ayako , Unno Masafumi
Published: September 2011

The reactions of the compound (IIb) with methanol, benzaldehyde, and carboxylic acids are tested, but no conversion is observed because of a very weak activation of the Si‐H bonds.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of α‐Amino Phosphonates in Water by Kabachnik—Fields Reaction Using Magnesium Dodecyl Sulfate.
Authors: Ando Kaori , Egami Tomoe
Published: September 2011

The three‐component synthesis of the title compounds (IV), (VII), and (XI) by using an easily available catalyst is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Effects of Heterole Spacers on the Structural, Optical, and Electrochemical Properties of 2,5‐Bis(1,5‐diphenylphosphol‐2‐yl)heteroles.
Authors: Matano Yoshihiro , Saito Arihiro , Fujita Masato , Imahori Hiroshi
Published: September 2011

A convenient method for the synthesis of the title compounds (III), (IV), (VII), and (IX) is established.
ChemInform Abstract: Stereocomplementary Syntheses of 1,ω‐Distannylated E,Z‐Isomeric Conjugated Trienes, Tetraenes, and Pentaenes.
Authors: Burghart Jochen , Sorg Achim , Brueckner Reinhard
Published: September 2011

The synthesis is achieved by stereocontrolled C=C bond formation.
ChemInform Abstract: Electrostriction in Electrolyte Solutions
Authors: Marcus Yizhak
Published: September 2011

Review: 176 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Morita—Baylis—Hillman Reaction and Its Aza Analogue
Authors: Masson G. , Zhu J.
Published: September 2011

Review: 174 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reduction of Carbonyl Groups: Transfer Hydrogenation, Hydrosilylation, Catalytic Hydroboration, and Reduction with Borohydrides, Aluminum Hydrides, or Boranes
Authors: Zaidlewicz M. , Pakulski M. M.
Published: September 2011

Review: 473 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Reduction of Carbonyl Groups: Hydrogenation
Authors: Arai N. , Ohkuma T.
Published: September 2011

Review: 164 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Salt‐type Organic Acids: A Class of Green Acidic Catalysts in Organic Transformations
Authors: Wang Bo , Zhou Shuai , Sun Yongchang , Xu Feng , Sun Runcang
Published: September 2011

Review: 211 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Pyrimidine: The Molecule of Diverse Biological and Medicinal Importance
Authors: Mishra Raghav , Tomar Isha
Published: September 2011

Review: 70 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Construction of Cyclic Enones via Gold‐Catalyzed Oxygen Transfer Reactions
Authors: Liu Leping , Xu Bo , Hammond Gerald B.
Published: September 2011

Review: 53 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Synthesis Without Stoichiometric Reagents: A Guiding Principle for Reaction Development
Authors: Bode Jeffrey W.
Published: September 2011

Review: 66 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: trans Fatty Acids in Food and Their Influence on Human Health
Authors: Filip Sebastjan , Fink Rok , Hribar Janez , Vidrih Rajko
Published: September 2011

Review: 67 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Ball Milling in Organic Synthesis: Solutions and Challenges
Authors: Stolle Achim , Szuppa Tony , Leonhardt Silke E. S. , Ondruschka Bernd
Published: September 2011

Review: 75 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Transition‐Metal Catalyzed Oxidative Cross‐Coupling Reactions to Form C—C Bonds Involving Organometallic Reagents as Nucleophiles
Authors: Shi Wei , Liu Chao , Lei Aiwen
Published: September 2011

Review: 99 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyclohexane‐1,3‐dione Oxime Ether Grass‐Specific Herbicides and the Discovery of Butroxydim
Authors: Watson Keith G.
Published: September 2011

Review: 24 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalysis and C—H Activation Meet Radical‐ and Electron‐Transfer Reactions
Authors: Studer Armido , Curran Dennis P.
Published: September 2011

Review: 49 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Polymers for Green C—C Couplings
Authors: Albeniz Ana C. , Carrera Nora
Published: September 2011

Review: ca. 150 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Challenges to the Synthesis of Structurally Unique Cyclic Skeletons and Application to Biologically Intriguing Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Tadano Kin‐ichi
Published: September 2011

Review: ca. 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on Transition Metal Catalyzed Addition Reaction of Oxyen‐, Nitrogen‐, and Carbon‐Nucleophiles onto Olefins
Authors: Oe Yohei , Higashi Shoko , Ohta Tetsuo
Published: September 2011

Review: ca. 40 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Cyanobacteria: An Emerging Source for Drug Discovery
Authors: Singh Rahul Kunwar , Tiwari Shree Prakash , Rai Ashwani K. , Mohapatra Tribhuban M.
Published: September 2011

Review: 84 refs.