bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of selective tolerance to interleukin‐1β by human chondrocytes in vitro*
Authors: Lee Greta M. , Tioran Marianne E. , Jansen Marilyn , Graff Ronald D. , Kelley Scott S. , Lin Peiyuan
Published: October 2002

Interleukin‐1 induces release of NO and PGE2 and production of matrix degrading enzymes in chondrocytes. In osteoarthritis (OA), IL‐1 continually, or episodically, acts on chondrocytes in a paracrine and autocrine manner. Human chondrocytes in chondron pellet culture were treated chronically (up to 14 days) with IL‐1β. Chondrons from OA articular cartilage were cultured for 3 weeks before treatment with IL‐1β (0.05–10 ng/ml) for an additional 2 weeks. Spontaneous release of NO and IL‐1β declined over the pretreatment period. In response to IL‐1β (0.1 ng/ml), NO and PGE2 release was maximal on Day 2 or 3 and then declined to near basal level by Day 14. Synthesis was recovered by addition of 1 ng/ml IL‐1β on Day 11. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), detected by immunofluorescence, was elevated on Day 2 and declined through Day 14, which coordinated with the pattern of NO release. On the other hand, IL‐1β‐induced MMP‐13 synthesis was elevated on Day 3, declined on Day 5, and then increased again through Day 14. IL‐1β increased glucose consumption and lactate production throughout the treatment. IL‐1β stimulated proteoglycan degradation in the early days and inhibited proteoglycan synthesis through Day 14. Chondron pellet cultures from non‐OA cartilage released the same amount of NO but produced less PGE2 and MMP‐13 in response to IL‐1β than OA cultures. Like the OA, IL‐1β‐induced NO and PGE2 release decreased over time. In conclusion, with prolonged exposure to IL‐1β, human chondrocytes develop selective tolerance involving NO and PGE2 release but not MMP‐13 production, metabolic activity, or matrix metabolism. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structure–activity relationships of heparin‐mimicking compounds in induction of bFGF release from extracellular matrix and inhibition of smooth muscle cell proliferation and heparanase activity
Authors: Benezra Miriam , Ishai‐Michaeli Rivka , Ben‐Sasson Shmuel A. , Vlodavsky Israel
Published: October 2002

A series of nine synthetic polyaromatic compounds were synthesized by polymerization of aromatic ring monomers with formaldehyde, which yield substantially ordered backbones with different functional anionic groups (hydroxyl and carboxyl) on the phenol ring. These compounds were tested for their heparin‐mimicking activity: (1) inhibition of heparanase activity; (2) inhibition of SMC proliferation; and (3) release of bFGF from the ECM. We demonstrate that compounds that have two hydroxyl groups para and ortho to the carboxylic group and a carboxylic group at a distance of two carbons from the phenol ring inhibit heparanase activity and SMC proliferation, as well as induced an almost complete release of bFGF from ECM. Addition of a methyl group next to the carboxylic group led to a preferential inhibition of heparanase activity. Similar results were obtained with a compound that contains one hydroxyl group para to the carboxylic group and an ether group near the carboxylic group on the phenol ring. Preferential inhibition of SMC proliferation was best achieved when the position of the hydroxyl group is para and ortho to the carboxylic group and the carboxylic group is at a distance of one carbon from the phenol ring. On the other hand, for maximal release of bFGF from ECM, the position of the carboxylic group should be three carbons away from the phenol ring. These new heparin‐mimicking compounds may have a potential use in inhibition of tumor metastasis, arteriosclerosis, and inflammation. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel insulin/GIP co‐producing cell lines provide unexpected insights into Gut K‐cell function in vivo
Authors: Ramshur Erin B. , Rull Teena R. , Wice Burton M.
Published: October 2002

Enteroendocrine (EE) cells represent complex, rare, and diffusely‐distributed intestinal epithelial cells making them difficult to study in vivo. A specific sub‐population of EE cells called Gut K‐cells produces and secretes glucose‐dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), a hormone important for glucose homeostasis. The factors that regulate hormone production and secretion, as well as the timing of peptide release, are remarkably similar for K‐cells and islet β‐cells suggesting engineering insulin production by K‐cells is a potential gene therapeutic strategy to treat diabetes. K‐cell lines could be used to study the feasibility of this potential therapy and to understand Gut K‐cell physiology in general. Heterogeneous STC‐1 cells were transfected with a plasmid (pGIP/Neo) encoding neomycin phosphotransferase, driven by the GIP promoter‐only cells in which the GIP promoter was active survived genetic selection. Additional clones expressing pGIP/Neo plus a GIP promoter/insulin transgene were isolated—only doubly transfected cells produced preproinsulin mRNA. Bioactive insulin was stored and then released following stimulation with arginine, peptones, and bombesin—physiological GIP secretagogues. Like K‐cells in vivo, the GIP/insulin‐producing cells express the critical glucose sensing enzyme, glucokinase. However, glucose did not regulate insulin or GIP secretion or mRNA levels. Conversely, glyceraldehyde and methyl‐pyruvate were secretagogues, indicating cells depolarized in response to changes in intracellular metabolite levels. Potassium channel opening drugs and sulphonylureas had little effect on insulin secretion by K‐cells. The K‐cell lines also express relatively low levels of Kir 6.1, Kir 6.2, SUR1, and SUR2 suggesting secretion is independent of KATPchannels. These results provided unexpected insights into K‐cell physiology and our experimental strategy could be easily modified to isolate/characterize additional EE cell populations. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Response of the donor and recipient cells in mesenchymal cell transplantation to cartilage defect
Authors: Wakitani Shigeyuki , Yamamoto Tetsuya
Published: October 2002

To facilitate the repair of articular cartilage defects, autologous mesenchymal cells from bone marrow or periosteum were transplanted in a rabbit model. Two weeks after the transplantation of the mesenchymal cells, the whole area of the original defect was occupied by cartilage. From the deep area of the reparative cartilage, which contacted with host bone, chondrocytes became hypertrophic and the invasion of bone with vasculature started, until the replacement reached the natural junction of the host cartilage and the subchondral bone about 4 weeks after transplantation. Twelve weeks after the transplantation, the repair cartilage in the defect became a little thinner than the adjacent normal cartilage, which became a little thinner 24 weeks after the transplantation (the longest observation period in the study). Large, full‐thickness defects of the weight‐bearing region of the articular cartilage were repaired with hyaline‐like cartilage after implantation of autologous mesenchymal cells. The repair process by mesenchymal cell transplantation was explained as follows: The donor transplanted cell differentiated into cartilage and the defects were completely filled with cartilage. Then, mesenchymal cells that entered the chondrogenic lineage rapidly progressed through this lineage to the hypertrophic state, which was then the target for erosion and vascular invasion. Although this vasculature and the newly formed bone were considered to be host‐derived, there was no evidence to that effect. To prove this, suitable experimental marking of these donor cells is needed. In the case of chondrocyte transplantation, the repair cartilage maintained its thickness to the full depth of the original defect; the tissue derived from the implanted chondrocytes was not invaded by vessels or replaced by subchondral bone. Microsc. Res. Tech. 58:14–18, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Odor discrimination by G protein‐coupled olfactory receptors
Authors: Touhara Kazushige
Published: October 2002

The vertebrate olfactory system possesses a remarkable capacity to recognize and discriminate a variety of odorants by sending the coding information from peripheral olfactory sensory neurons in the olfactory epithelium to the olfactory bulb of the brain. The recognition of odorants appear to be mediated by a G protein‐coupled receptor superfamily that consists of ∼1% of total genes in vertebrates. Since the first discovery of the olfactory receptor gene superfamily in the rat, similar chemosensory receptors have been found in various species across different phyla. The functions of these receptors, however, had been uncharacterized until the recently successful functional expression and ligand screening of some olfactory receptors in various cell expression systems. The functional cloning of odorant receptors from single olfactory neurons allowed for the identification of multiple receptors that recognized a particular odorant of interest. Reconstitution of the odorant responses demonstrated that odorant receptors recognized various structurally‐related odorant molecules with a specific molecular receptive range, and that odor discrimination is established based on a combinatorial receptor code model in which the identities of different odorants are encoded by a combination of odorant receptors. The receptor code for an odorant changes at different odorant concentrations, consistent with our experience that perceived quality of an odorant changes at different concentrations. The molecular bases of odor discrimination at the level of olfactory receptors appear to correlate well with the receptive field in the olfactory bulb where the input signal is further processed to create the specific odor maps. Microsc. Res. Tech. 58:135–141, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impulse conduction of olfactory receptor neuron axons
Authors: Phillips Shayne , Griff Edwin R.
Published: October 2002

Compound action potentials were recorded from rat olfactory receptor neuron axons at measured distances from the stimulation electrode along the lateral surface of the main olfactory bulb. Distances were plotted as a function of the latencies measured from stimulus onset to the prominent negative trough of the triphasic compound action potential. A straight line was fitted to these data to calculate impulse conduction velocity, 0.42 ± 0.01 m/s (n = 25). Two procedures were used to investigate whether those axons that project to caudal regions of the bulb had faster conduction velocities than axons projecting to rostral bulb. First, the stimulating electrode was moved to mid‐bulb and the recording electrode was placed on the caudal bulb. Alternatively, axons were stimulated antidromically at the caudal bulb. These two procedures stimulate those axons projecting to caudal bulb and bypass olfactory receptor neuron axons that synapse in the rostral bulb. The mean impulse conduction velocities from these caudal and antidromic recordings were 0.58 ± 0.19 m/s (n = 8) and 0.57 ± 0.19 m/s (n = 9), respectively. Though both of these means are higher than the impulse conduction velocity calculated for stimulation at the rostral bulb, the differences were not statistically significant. Microsc. Res. Tech. 58:161–167, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Grouping and representation of odorant receptors in domains of the olfactory bulb sensory map
Authors: Nagao Hiroshi , Yamaguchi Masahiro , Takahash Yuji , Mori Kensaku
Published: October 2002

Individual glomeruli in the mammalian main olfactory bulb represent a single or at most a few types of odorant receptors. Thus the physical arrangement of glomeruli at the surface of the olfactory bulb can be viewed as a sensory map representing ∼1,000 types of odorant receptors. This review summarizes the recent advance of the knowledge regarding the spatial organization of the sensory map in the main olfactory bulb. Recent studies show that individual olfactory bulbs contain dual sensory maps, one in the lateral hemisphere and the other in the medial hemisphere of the bulb. The tracings of selective subsets of olfactory axons to their target glomeruli in the olfactory bulb show that glomeruli are parceled into large zones or bands. The spatial arrangement of these zones and bands are stereotypical and conserved across individual mice. Optical imaging studies show that glomeruli in the most rostrodosal zone, zone I, are further parceled into smaller functional domains, and suggest that odorant receptors having a common or similar molecular feature receptive site are grouped together and represented by glomeruli within the functional domain. The possible relation between the functional domain organization and the subjectively perceived odor quality (olfactory submodality) is reviewed. Microsc. Res. Tech. 58:168–175, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pentadactyl pattern of the avian wing autopodium and pyramid reduction hypothesis
Authors: KundráT Martin , Seichert Václav , Russell Anthony P. , Smetana Karel
Published: October 2002

We report herein that a pentadactyl developmental pattern is evident in early wing morphogenesis of Gallus (chicken) and Struthio (ostrich). Five avascular zones (spatially predestined locations of contiguous metacarpal and phalangeal aggregation) and four interdigital vascular spaces are established by the regression patterns of autopodial vasculature. Transient vestiges of the first and fifth metacarpals are confirmed histologically and histochemically. They lie within the preaxial‐most and postaxial‐most avascular zones, respectively. These observations reveal conservative patterning of the avian hand and corroborate a II‐III‐IV metacarpal interpretation, argue for II‐III‐IV identity of ossified digits in birds, and favour a simple reduction rather than a homeotic shift in terms of the phenotype expressed by Hox genes in the phylogeny of the avian manus. We suggest that gradual, bilateral reduction of phalanges and metacarpals, via apoptosis mediated by BMP, occurred during the evolution of birds (Pyramid Reduction Hypothesis). This is congruent with the establishment of a central wing axis that became co‐opted for coordinated movements. On the basis of evidence presented here, the direct avian ancestor is predicted to have been five‐fingered with dominant digits (+ metacarpals) as follow: II, III, IV. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 294:152–159, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neonatal rotavirus infection in Belém, Northern Brazil: Nosocomial transmission of a P[6] G2 strain
Authors: Linhares Alexandre C. , Mascarenhas Joana D'Arc P. , Gusmão Rosa Helena P. , Gabbay Yvone B. , Fialho Alexandre M. , Leite José Paulo G.
Published: October 2002

A total of 614 fecal specimens were obtained during a survey for rotavirus infection conducted between May 1996 and May 1998 among 437 newborns admitted to special care nurseries at a public hospital in the urban area of Belém, Brazil. Routine stool samples were taken weekly from all babies up to the age of 28 days. Overall, 51 (11.7%) of the neonates excreted rotaviruses while in hospital, of whom 42 (82.3%) developed asymptomatic nosocomial infection; nosocomial infection was also proved in five of the nine patients with diarrhea. Three distinct RNA profiles were detected, of which one short electropherotyping pattern was far more frequent (≃90% of the strains). Using monoclonal antibody‐based enzyme immunoassays, 32 (62.7%) of the rotavirus‐positive strains were classified as G2, and 1 (1.9%) as mixed G1 and G2. A G serotype could not be assigned to 18 (35.3%) of the isolates. A reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction was used for determining the VP4 type‐specificity of a subset of 28 rotavirus‐positive samples. Characterization of the VP7‐genotype specificity was also sought for 18 of these latter strains. Overall, P[6] and G2 genotypes were identified in 93% and 94% of tested samples respectively, with results being further confirmed by Southern hybridization. Although surveillance was conducted during a 25‐month period, 50 (98%) of 51 rotavirus isolates clustered between January and December 1997. The earliest [P6]G2 rotavirus infections were detected by late January 1997, involving two (13‐ and 14‐day‐old) babies admitted with acute diarrhea. Thereafter, strains bearing these genotype specificities were identified among five infants with hospital‐acquired gastroenteritis, followed by 16 others who were infected asymptomatically. This is the first report from Brazil describing nosocomial transmission of P[6]G2 rotavirus strains among neonates. J. Med. Virol. 67:418–426, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Molecular analysis of measles virus genome derived from SSPE and acute measles patients in Papua, New Guinea
Authors: Miki Kenji , Komase Katsuhiro , Mgone Charles S. , Kawanishi Ryuta , Iijima Masumi , Mgone Joyce M. , Asuo Peter G. , Alpers Michael P. , Takasu Toshiaki , Mizutani Tomohiko
Published: October 2002

A very high annual incidence of 56 per million population below the age of 20 years for subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) has been reported from Papua New Guinea (PNG). In a more recent study, we have confirmed this unusual high incidence for Eastern Highlands Province (EHP) of PNG. In the study, it was observed that the vaccination rate among SSPE patients registered at Goroka Base General Hospital (GBGH) in EHP was higher than that of other infants in the province in recent years. To identify the measles virus (MV) responsible for SSPE in EHP, sequence analysis of hypervariable region of the N gene was performed from 13 MV genomes: 2 amplified from clinical specimens of SSPE patients and 11 from acute measles patients. In 2 cases among the 11 with acute measles, nucleotide sequence of the entire H gene derived from isolated viruses was determined. Both nucleotide sequence and phylogenetic tree analyses showed that the amplified MV cDNAs were closely related to one another and belonged to the D3 genotype though they were different from any previously reported MV sequences. No genome sequences of vaccine strains were detected. These findings suggest that the MV strains prevailing in the highlands of PNG belong to genotype D3 of the MV and this wild‐type MV rather than the vaccine strains was likely to be responsible for SSPE in these patients. J. Med. Virol. 68:105–112, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transient CD4/CD8 ratio inversion and aberrant immune activation during dengue virus infection
Authors: Liu Ching‐Chuan , Huang Kao‐Jean , Lin Yee‐Shin , Yeh Trai‐Ming , Liu Hsiao‐Sheng , Lei Huan‐Yao
Published: October 2002

The immune status after dengue virus infection was studied in dengue patients from an outbreak of serotype 3 dengue virus infection in the southern part of Taiwan during November and December 1998. Consecutive blood samples from 29 dengue patients, of whom 21 had dengue fever and 8 had dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome, were collected, and the immunophenotypes of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells were determined by flow cytometry. The early activation marker CD69 appeared on lymphocytes and monocytes at day 4 after the onset of fever, and declined afterward. However, a transient reverse in the CD4/CD8 ratio occurred at days 6–10 after the onset of fever. The CD4/CD8 ratio inversion was manifested in 10 of 29 dengue patients and was encountered more frequently in dengue hemorrhagic fever/dengue shock syndrome than in dengue fever patients. Analysis of the clinical blood cell count of these 10 cases showed that increase of immature neutrophils developed at fever days 5–6, CD4dim or CD8dim monocytosis at days 6–7, and atypical lymphocytosis at days 8–10 after the onset of fever. Serum IL‐6 was found at either day 7 or day 9–11. The PHA‐stimulated T‐cell response was depressed as well. These changes in immune parameters indicate aberrant immune activation during dengue virus infection and might be involved in the pathogenesis of dengue virus infection. J. Med. Virol. 68: 241–252, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Attenuated plasticity in neurons and astrocytes in the mouse model of Sanfilippo syndrome type B
Authors: Li Hong Hua , Zhao Hui‐Zhi , Neufeld Elizabeth F. , Cai Yan , Gómez‐Pinilla Fernando
Published: October 2002

Sanfilippo syndrome type B (MPS III B) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by profound mental retardation and early death. It is caused by deficiency of a lysosomal enzyme involved in heparan sulfate (HS) degradation. Because HS accumulation can be a major feature of this disease, we have examined crucial molecular systems associated with HS function. Using a knockout mouse with disruption of the gene responsible for HS degradation, we evaluated the effects of possible HS accumulation on neuroplasticity that are within the spectrum of action of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptor (FGFR). We found that levels of mRNA for the FGFR‐1 were attenuated in the mutant mice by the age of 6 months, whereas the mRNAs for FGF‐1 and FGF‐2 were reduced or unchanged in the brain regions tested. Neurogenesis, in which FGF‐2 is involved, was inhibited in the MPS III B mouse brain at both young and adult ages. We also examined the expression of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) gene and GFAP‐positive cell density in both normal and injured conditions to study the functional response of astrocytes to insult. We found that, although the mutation alone caused drastic induction of reactive astrocytes, acute injury to the mutant brains failed to induce additional reactive astrocytes. Our results showed important alterations in the expression of several genes involved in the maintenance of neuroplasticity in the MPS III B. This in turn may result in reduction of neuronal health and brain function. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transgenic expression of the protein‐L‐isoaspartyl methyltransferase (PIMT) gene in the brain rescues mice from the fatal epilepsy of PIMT deficiency
Authors: Shimizu Takahiko , Ikegami Takashi , Ogawara Midori , Suzuki Yo‐ichi , Takahashi Mayumi , Morio Hidenori , Shirasawa Takuji
Published: October 2002

Protein‐L‐isoaspartyl methyltransfearase (PIMT) plays a physiological role in the repair of damaged proteins containing isoaspartyl residues. In previous studies, we showed that PIMT‐deficient mice developed a fatal epileptic seizure associated with the accumulation of damaged proteins in the brain. The mutant mice also showed a neurodegenerative pathology in hippocampi and impaired spatial memory. Still undefined, however, is how the accumulation of isoaspartates leads to the death of PIMT‐deficient mice. In the present study, we generated PIMT transgenic (Tg) mice to investigate whether the exogenous expression of PIMT could improve the symptoms associated with PIMT deficiency. Rescue experiments showed that Tg expression of PIMT driven by a prion promoter effectively cured the PIMT‐deficient mice. Biochemically, a higher expression level of transgene led to the effective repair of damaged proteins in vivo. Although a lower level of expression caused an accumulation of damaged proteins in a partially rescued line, the mice survived. Interestingly, synapsin I, which was extensively modified posttranslationally in PIMT‐deficient mice, was specifically repaired in a partially rescued, but symptom‐improved, Tg line. Our results suggest that an overall accumulation of damaged proteins does not necessarily lead to a fatal epileptic seizure, whereas certain modifications, such as changes in synapsin I, may play a pivotal pathological role in epilepsy. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Employee's turnover intentions and job destination choices
Authors: Kirschenbaum Alan , Weisberg Jacob
Published: October 2002

Employee's job destination choices, as part of the turnover process, reflect options for internal organizational or external labor market moves. A sample of 477 employees in 15 firms was used to decipher how bio‐demographic, job, plant, and labor market characteristics are related to five alternative job destinations. Multivariate logistic regression and odds–ratio analyses compared the five models confirming that different sets of variables influence each of the destination choices. Coworkers' intentions have a major significant impact on all destination options. The findings have implications for present turnover models, career paths, and promotion progression in the firm. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Male and female in organizational behavior
Authors: Sandelands Lloyd E.
Published: October 2002

The human division of male and female sexes has profound unacknowledged consequences for behavior in organizations. Sex is not simply an individual difference (like eye color), but is an essential part played in life with others. This essay finds sex to be the main organizing principle of human life. Bringing this fact to light, the essay shows how we can begin to understand many perplexing problems of reconciling men and women in organizations today. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Leadership self‐efficacy and managers' motivation for leading change
Authors: Paglis Laura L. , Green Stephen G.
Published: October 2002

This study develops and tests a leadership model that focuses on managers' motivation for attempting the leadership of change. The construct of leadership self‐efficacy (LSE) is defined, and a measure comprising three dimensions (direction‐setting, gaining followers' commitment, and overcoming obstacles to change) is developed. Based on Bandura's (1986) social cognitive theory, the primary hypothesis is that high LSE managers will be seen by direct reports as engaging in more leadership attempts. Relationships are also proposed between LSE and several factors that are expected to influence this confidence judgment. Managers' organizational commitment and crisis perceptions are modelled as potential moderators of the relationship between LSE and leadership attempts.

The model was tested through surveys distributed to managers (n = 150) and their direct reports (n = 415) in a real estate management company and an industrial chemicals firm. Positive relationships (p < 0.05) were found between the first two dimensions of LSE and managers' leadership attempts. An interaction effect involving organizational commitment was discovered for the LSE/overcoming obstacles dimension (p < 0.05). Several positive relationships were found between LSE dimensions and proposed antecedents, including self‐esteem (p < 0.05), subordinates' performance abilities (p < 0.05), and managers' job autonomy (p < 0.05). Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transnational teams in the electronic age: are team identity and high performance at risk?
Authors: Shapiro Debra L. , Furst Stacie A. , Spreitzer Gretchen M. , Von Glinow Mary Ann
Published: October 2002

The literature on effort‐withholding behaviors (e.g., loafing, shirking, free‐riding) in groups has generally focused on co‐located and single‐country settings. Drawing from a variety of literatures, we offer a causal model that shows why effort‐withholding behaviors may be particularly at risk in transnational teams (TNTs). We theorize that three characteristics of TNTs (cultural value diversity, reliance on electronic communications, and the lack of onsite monitoring) will reduce the salience of transnational team identity which, in turn, will increase members' propensity to withhold performance‐effort. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Paid time off as a vehicle for self‐definition and sensemaking
Authors: Ford Lucy R. , Locke Karen
Published: October 2002

Qualitative data collected in a small manufacturing company following implementation of a new paid time‐off policy (PTO), demonstrates how organizational members use self‐conceptions in sensemaking about that policy. In turn, how they understand the policy results in application and enactment that is inconsistent with the intentions of the management team. Informed by the symbolic interactionist school of thought, we provide a micro‐level examination of the introduction of the policy, an examination of the processes by which these definitions of self and others are drawn upon and advanced, and an explication of the micro‐level processes by which the policy is implemented and responded to in ways other than those intended by its designers and promoters. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Where is the line between benign and invasive? An examination of psychological barriers to the acceptance of awareness monitoring systems
Authors: Zweig David , Webster Jane
Published: October 2002

As employees find themselves in geographically separated teams, the loss of face‐to‐face interaction has led to the development of new monitoring technologies that provide availability information for enhancing collaboration. Drawing on diverse literatures in electronic performance monitoring, computer supported cooperative work, privacy, and fairness, a comprehensive theoretical model of monitoring acceptance was developed to examine the effects of being monitored for availability. In the first study, over 600 employees from a large number of organizations responded to one of a variety of monitoring system characteristics. Although the model found strong support overall, results suggest that technical solutions, such as manipulating the characteristics of the awareness system, are not sufficient to ensure fairness and privacy. A second, focus group study, adds support for the theoretical model and provides an explanation for these quantitative results concerning system characteristics. Specifically, the qualitative evidence suggests that these systems can invade employees' psychological barriers ‐ and thus manipulating the technology will only have small effects on fairness and privacy because the technology has already crossed the line from benign to invasive. The paper concludes by presenting theoretical and practical implications for the consideration of psychological boundaries in the design and use of ubiquitous monitoring and communication technologies. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of environmental magnetic measurements to validate the vertical extent of ice masses at the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Walden John , Ballantyne Colin K.
Published: October 2002

Analysis of soil samples from above and below trimlines representing the upper limit of glacial erosion at the Last Glacial Maximum demonstrates that soils with prolonged weathering histories above such trimlines yield significantly different mineral magnetic signatures from soils below trimlines. The nature of the contrast is conditioned by lithology. Basalt soils above the trimline yield significantly higher values of concentration‐dependent magnetic parameters (χ, χarm, IRM3T, soft IRM and hard IRM) than those below the trimline, due probably to transformation of non‐magnetic iron‐bearing minerals into magnetic forms. Conversely, for sandstone soils most magnetic parameters yield significantly lower values for above‐trimline samples, probably reflecting loss of ferrimagnetic minerals by dissolution and oxidation to aniferrimagnetic forms. These significant contrasts represent a new approach to validating high‐level weathering limits as periglacial trimlines cut at the Last Glacial Maximum. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oligopeptide patterns produced from Theobroma cacao L of various genetic origins
Authors: Amin I , Jinap S , Jamilah B , Harikrisna K , Biehl B
Published: October 2002

Acetone dry powder (AcDP) was prepared for six cocoa genotypes, namely Forastero (Amelonado type), Criollo, Trinitario, SCA 12, UIT1 and PBC 140. Hydrophobic oligopeptides were produced when autolysis of AcDP was carried out at pH 3.5. Comparative HPLC analysis showed that autolysis of AcDP from various genotypes revealed a similar pattern of oligopeptides. Most of the hydrophobic oligopeptides were not generated during autolysis of AcDP in the presence of protease inhibitor (Pepstatin A), indicating that the generation of these oligopeptides was due to the action of cocoa cotyledon aspartic endoprotease. This finding implies that the splitting action of aspartic endoprotease on vicilin (7S)‐class globulin (VCG) from various genotypes was the same. The information from the study provides additional evidence that there are no obvious differences in VCG composition between various genotypes.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of composition and structure of oil‐in‐water emulsions on retention of aroma compounds
Authors: van Ruth Saskia M , Vries Geja de , Geary Mike , Giannouli Persephoni
Published: October 2002

The influence of the composition and structure of oil‐in‐water emulsions on aroma retention was examined for 20 volatile compounds. Compositional and structural parameters included the fraction of emulsifier phase, the fraction of lipid phase and the particle size distribution of the dispersed lipid phase in the emulsion. Air/liquid partition coefficients of dimethyl sulphide, 1‐propanol, diacetyl, 2‐butanone, ethyl acetate, 1‐butanol, 2‐pentanol, propyl acetate, 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol, ethyl butyrate, hexanal, butyl acetate, 1‐hexanol, 2‐heptanone, heptanal, α‐pinene, 2‐octanone, octanal, 2‐nonanol and 2‐decanone were determined by static headspace gas chromatography. The hydrophobicity of the compounds determined the influence of the compositional and structural parameters of the emulsions on air/liquid partitioning. Increase of the emulsifier fraction increased the retention of mainly hydrophilic aroma compounds and decreased the retention of hydrophobic compounds. Higher lipid levels led to increased retention of hydrophobic compounds and release of hydrophilic compounds. Emulsions with larger particles showed increased aroma retention, which was independent of the lipid fraction and the polarity of the aroma compounds. The data demonstrated a profound effect of both composition and structure of oil‐in‐water emulsions on the air/liquid partitioning of the 20 aroma compounds under equilibrium conditions.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of natural antioxidants on heat‐induced, copper(II)‐catalysed, oxidative degradation of quercetin and rutin (quercetin 3‐O‐rutinoside) in aqueous model systems
Authors: Makris Dimitris P , Rossiter John T
Published: October 2002

The citrate/Cu2+‐catalysed degradation of quercetin and rutin (1.0 mM) was studied in an aqueous model system, pH 8.0, at 97 °C, with respect to the addition of natural, water‐soluble antioxidants, including ascorbic acid (ASA), catechin (CT) and cysteine (CY). Quercetin decomposition was found to be inhibited to a significant extent by the addition of ASA and CY at millimolar ratios of 1:1 and 1:2, but CT gave significantly lower inhibition (P < 0.05) compared with both ASA and CY. In rutin solutions, significant inhibition (P < 0.05) was achieved only with the addition of CT and CY at a millimolar ratio of 1:2. The addition of both ASA and CY to solutions of either flavonol also inhibited browning (A420) development, but CT provoked significant increases.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
The content of chlorogenic acids in tropical fruits
Authors: Pontes Priscila V , Moreira Ricardo F A , Trugo Luiz C , Maria Carlos A B De
Published: October 2002

This work investigates the content of feruloylquinic (FQA), caffeoylquinic (CQA) and dicaffeoylquinic (diCQA) acids in the peel, pulp and seed of 22 tropical fruits from Brazil. 3‐CQA, 4,5‐diCQA and 4‐ and 5‐FQA were not detected in any of the fruits analysed. Relatively small amounts of 4‐CQA (4.0–48.7 mg kg−1) were found in the peel and/or pulp of seven of the fruits; only the peel of Artocarpus heterophyllus was significantly (p < 0.05) richer in this acid (1000 mg kg−1). The distribution of 3,4‐ and 3,5‐diCQA in different parts of the fruits was relatively poor, only reaching levels of up to 16.4 mg kg−1. The peel of A heterophyllus also showed the highest amount of 5‐CQA (13 000 mg kg−1), while the seed of most fruits generally contained a lower amount of this acid than the peel or pulp. On the basis of the 5‐CQA content found in the pulp, 15 of the fruits were classified as follows: very low concentration (4.4–15.8 mg kg−1), low concentration (28.9–66.4 mg kg−1), medium concentration (132 mg kg−1), high concentration (473–474 mg kg−1) or very high concentration (1730 mg kg−1); however, no 5‐CQA was detected in the pulp of the other seven fruits. Thus 5‐CQA was the major chlorogenic acid present in most of the tropical fruits studied and was generally accompanied by small amounts of 4‐CQA and 3,4‐ and 3,5‐diCQA.

© 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Neurotoxic effects of differential doses of lead on rat brain followed by recovery
Authors: Nehru Bimla , Sidhu Pardeep
Published: October 2002

Long‐term exposure to lead has been shown to produce behavioral disturbances in human and animal models. These disturbances are shown to be associated with alterations in cholinergic and dopaminergic neurotransmission in the CNS. The present experiment was designed to study the effect of lead exposure on neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine and the activity of acetycholinesterase along with alterations seen in memory and locomotor functions. Lead was administrated orally at doses of 10, 50, and 200 mg/kg for a period of 12 weeks, and a dose of 50 mg/kg was also given for a period of 8 weeks on alternate days; data were collected at the end of exposure and also after recovery of 8 weeks. The most significant change noticed was the decrease in activity of the acetylcholinesterase, which did not improve following withdrawal of lead exposure. The alterations seen in various neurotransmitters remain unchanged at the end of recovery of 8 weeks. Lead exposure affected the locomotor and cognitive functions; however, following the recovery period, a significant improvement was seen in locomotor as well as cognitive behavior. The short‐term memory remained unchanged following both lead exposure and after recovery. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 15:131–140, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of 1‐amino‐2‐methylindoline by Raschig process: Kinetics of the oxidation of 1‐amino‐2‐methylindoline by chloramine
Authors: Elkhatib M. , Duriche C. , Peyrot L. , Metz R. , Delalu H.
Published: October 2002

The synthesis of 1‐amino‐2‐methylindoline by the Raschig process was undertaken in aqueous solution. The principal side reaction that occurs in the medium is the oxidation of 1‐amino‐2‐methylindoline formed by chloramine. To increase the yield of 1‐amino‐2‐methylindoline, its oxidation by chloramine was studied by GC and HPLC at various concentrations of reactants and for a pH interval ranging between 9.9 and 13.5. The reaction is bimolecular and exhibits a specific acid catalysis. In alkaline medium, 1‐amino‐2‐methylindole is the principal product. The enthalpy and entropy of activation were determined at pH 12.89. In unbuffered solution, the interaction was autocatalyzed by the ammonium ions formed, which indicates a competitive oxidation of neutral and ionic forms of 1‐amino‐2‐methylindoline by chloramine. A mathematical treatment based on one implicit equation allows a quantitative interpretation of all the phenomena observed over the above pH interval. It takes both acid–base dissociation equilibrium and alkaline hydrolysis of chloramine into account. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 515–523, 2002
Role of phenoxy radicals in PCDD/F formation
Authors: Sidhu Sukh , Edwards Phil
Published: October 2002

In this work, the role of phenoxy radicals in polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) formation was investigated by studying the slow oxidation of 2‐chlorophenol (2‐CP) and 2‐chloroanisole (2‐CA) at a gas‐phase concentration of 4 ppm (∼2.1 × 104 μg/m3) over a temperature range of 400–800°C. Residence times were maintained at 2.0 ± 0.10 s. PCDD/F reaction products were dibenzofuran, dibenzo‐p‐dioxin, 4‐chlorodibenzofuran, 1‐chlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin, 4,6‐dichlorodibenzofuran, and 1,6‐dichlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (1,6‐DCDD). Major products observed in these experiments were 2,6‐dichlorophenol, 3‐phenyl‐2‐propenal, 1‐indanone, 1,3‐isobenzofurandione, and 3‐phenyl‐2‐propenoyl chloride. The 2‐CP and 2‐CA experiments, along with the variable concentration 2‐CA experiments, showed that the concentration of radicals present in the oxidation system has a significant effect on the PCDD/F product distribution and ultimately the PCDD/PCDF ratio. Also, the observation of dichlorinated phenoxy phenol and dichlorinated dihydroxybiphenyl, the proposed intermediate species in the radical–radical mechanism, suggests that radical–radical mechanism dominates gas‐phase PCDD/F formation. This information will be helpful in constructing a detailed kinetic mechanism of PCDD/F formation/destruction in combustor postcombustion zone. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 531–541, 2002
Selective photothermolysis of the sebaceous glands for acne treatment
Authors: Lloyd Jenifer R. , Mirkov Mirko
Published: October 2002

Background and Objectives

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of a long pulse diode laser (Cynosure, Inc.) to target and destroy enlarged sebaceous glands that are preloaded with Indocyanine green (ICG) chromophore.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

This study was designed in three phases. First, preliminary studies were performed to determine the ability of ICG to penetrate into enlarged sebaceous glands. Once penetration of the sebaceous gland was confirmed, the second phase was to determine the necessary parameters for the diode laser to effectively target the ICG loaded glands. This was done using laser–tissue interaction analysis. The final phase was done with patients that had active acne on their back to determine if selective destruction of the sebaceous glands could be achieved and also to assess the safety and efficacy of this novel treatment for acne.

Results

Fluorescence microscopy of biopsy samples show evidence of ICG penetration into the sebaceous glands. Histological examination of biopsy samples from the treated areas finds selective necrosis of the sebaceous glands. Preliminary clinical results demonstrate a decrease in acne noted in the treatment area at 3, 6, and 10 months follow‐up.

Conclusions

ICG and diode laser treatment is a new approach for the treatment of acne based on experimentally observed selective photothermolysis of the sebaceous glands. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:115–120, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acne treatment with a 1,450 nm wavelength laser and cryogen spray cooling
Authors: Paithankar Dilip Y. , Ross E. Victor , Saleh Bilal A. , Blair Mark A. , Graham Bradley S.
Published: October 2002

Background and Objectives

A laser with a wavelength in the mid‐IR range targeting the depth in skin where sebaceous glands are located in combination with cryogen spray cooling was evaluated for treatment of acne. In this non‐ablative treatment, the laser energy heats the dermal volume encompassing sebaceous glands whereas the cold cryogen spray preserves the epidermis from thermal damage.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Monte Carlo simulations and heat transfer calculations were performed to optimize the heating and cooling parameters. A variety of heating and cooling parameters were tested in an in vivo rabbit ear study to evaluate the histological effect of the device on sebaceous glands and skin. Similar experiments were performed on ex vivo human skin. A clinical study for the treatment of acne on backs of human males was also conducted.

Results

Monte Carlo simulations and heat transfer calculations resulted in a thermal damage profile that showed epidermal preservation and peak damage in the upper dermis where sebaceous glands are located. Ex vivo human skin histology confirmed the damage profile qualitatively. In vivo rabbit ear histology studies indicated short‐term thermal alteration of sebaceous glands with epidermal preservation. In the human clinical study on the back, a statistically significant reduction in lesion count on the treated side compared to the control side was seen (p < 0.001). Side effects were transient and few.

Conclusions

The studies reported here demonstrate the feasibility of treating acne using a photothermal approach with a mid‐IR laser and cryogen cooling. Lasers Surg. Med. 31:106–114, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Similarity of drug names: Comparison of objective and subjective measures
Authors: Lambert Bruce L. , Donderi Don , Senders John W.
Published: October 2002

Previous research has shown that objective measures of orthographic (i.e., spelling) similarity can predict the probability of drug‐name confusion, but it is not clear how these objective measures relate to subjective judgments of similarity. This study examined the association between one objective measure of orthographic similarity, the Dice coefficient on trigrams, and one subjective measure, based on the Proscale multidimensional scaling system. Twenty‐seven participants, divided into three groups, performed a similarity grouping task on one of three sets of 70 drug names drawn at random from a larger set of similar and dissimilar name pairs. Subjective groupings were converted to dissimilarity scores with the use of the Proscale multidimensional scaling program. The association between subjective and objective measures was assessed by correlation and regression analyses. Correlations between subjective and objective measures were −0.70, −0.48, and −0.53 for the three groups, respectively (p < .001). Regression models with trigram similarity as the main predictor accounted for between 22 and 48% of the variance in subjective dissimilarity scores. It is concluded that objective measures of orthographic similarity between drug names are valid but incomplete measures of subjective similarity. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Evaluation of sleep and driving performance in six patients with Parkinson's disease reporting sudden onset of sleep under dopaminergic medication: A pilot study
Authors: Möller J. Carsten , Stiasny Karin , Hargutt Volker , Cassel Werner , Tietze Heiko , Peter J. Hermann , Krüger H.‐Peter , Oertel Wolfgang H.
Published: October 2002

Six patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) reporting unusually fast or sudden onset of sleep under the addition of dopamine agonists to a previous levodopa‐containing therapy were examined using a sleep–wake diary, the Epworth sleepiness scale (ESS), polysomnography, multiple sleep latency tests (MSLT), a standardized vigilance test, and driving simulation. In all patients, ESS scores were increased and polysomnography showed disruption of the sleep pattern, a tendency towards poor sleep efficiency, and reduced proportions of slow‐ wave and rapid eye movement sleep. Pathological results in the MSLT or the vigilance test were obtained in five cases. For evaluation of driving performance, the standard deviation from the mean lane position during driving simulation was calculated. Three of five patients had clearly increased mean SDLP values. With respect to the measurement of daytime sleepiness (ESS, MSLT, vigilance test, and driving simulation), each patient had pathological results in at least two of these examinations. However, only a limited transfer of the routine vigilance assessment to driving performance was possible. In summary, this pilot study indicates that unusually fast or sudden onset of sleep in PD patients is a phenomenon of daytime sleepiness. © 2002 Movement Disorder Society.