bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transforming growth factor-β prevents osteoblast apoptosis induced by skeletal unloading via PI3K/Akt, Bcl-2, and phospho-Bad signaling
Authors: Dufour Cécilie , Holy Xavier , Marie Pierre J.
Published: March 2008

Loss of mechanical loading induces rapid bone loss resulting from reduced osteoblastogenesis and decreased bone formation. The signaling mechanisms involved in this deleterious effect on skeletal metabolism remain poorly understood. We have previously shown that hindlimb suspension in rats increases osteoblast apoptosis associated with decreased phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling. In this study, we investigated whether transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2 may prevent the altered signaling and osteoblast apoptosis induced by skeletal unloading in vivo. Hindlimb suspension-induced decreased bone volume was associated with reduced α5β1-integrin protein levels and PI3K/Akt signaling in unloaded bone. Continuous administration of TGF-β2 using osmotic minipumps prevented the decreased α5β1-integrin expression and the reduced PI3K/Akt signaling in unloaded bone, resulting in the prevention of osteoblast apoptosis. We also show that TGF-β2 prevented the decreased Bcl-2 levels induced by unloading, which suggests that TGF-β2 targets Bcl-2 via PI3K/Akt to prevent osteoblast apoptosis in unloaded bone. Furthermore, we show that TGF-β2 prevented the decrease in phosphorylated Bad, the inactive form of the proapoptotic protein Bad, induced by unloading. These results identify a protective role for TGF-β2 in osteoblast apoptosis induced by mechanical unloading via the α5β1/PI3K/Akt signaling cascade and downstream Bcl-2 and phospho-Bad survival proteins. We thus propose a novel role for TGF-β2 in protection from unloading-induced apoptosis in vivo.
Cytapheresis in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Current Evidence and Perspectives
Authors: Danese Silvio , Angelucci Erika , Stefanelli Tommaso , Omodei Paolo , Luigiano Carmelo , Finazzi Silvia , Pagano Nico , Repici Alessandro , Vecchi Maurizio , Malesci Alberto
Published: March 2008

Ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease are inflammatory bowel diseases with a chronic relapsing course. Management of both conditions is far from being fully satisfactory. For this reason in the last decade a large number of biological therapies, targeting cytokines involved in intestinal inflammation, has been developed with various results in terms of efficacy, safety and costs. Activated granulocytes and monocytes represent the major sources of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the intestinal mucosa, playing a pivotal role in inducing and maintaining intestinal inflammation. Leukocytapheresis using an adsorptive carrier-based system (Adacolumn®) or a removal filter column (Cellsorba®) has been proposed as a feasible, safe and effective therapy for ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. The objective of this paper is to provide an overview on the current knowledge about mechanisms of action, available clinical data and the possible future perspectives for the use of Adacolumn and Cellsorba in the management of inflammatory bowel diseases.
The Plan's the Thing: Deconstructing Futurate Meanings
Authors: Copley Bridget
Published: March 2008

A futurate is a sentence with no obvious means of future reference, which conveys that a future-oriented eventuality is planned or scheduled. I argue that the component of planning found in the meaning of futurates should be derived from the more familiar modal concepts of abilities and desires. A futurate statement presupposes that some contextually salient entity d, the director, has the ability to bring it about that p, and asserts that d is committed to bringing it about that p.
English C Moves Downward as well as Upward: An Extension of Bošković and Lasnik's (2003) Approach
Authors: Kim Kwang-sup
Published: March 2008

Pesetsky (1991) proposes that there are two types of C, that and null C, and that the null C is an affix that must move up to the matrix V. This proposal is revived in the minimalist context by Bošković and Lasnik (2003). While assuming that the C-as-an-affix approach is on the right track, I suggest a drastic modification of previous versions of this approach: namely, that (a) there is just one type of C in the lexicon, affixal null C; (b) it can both hop down onto the embedded V and move up to the matrix V; and (c) that/for is inserted at PF as a last resort if affixation is structurally prohibited. This amounts to saying that the English tense and complementizer systems display the same paradigm: both T[+finite] and C[±finite] are affixes, and do and that/for are inserted as a last resort when syntactic affixation is impossible. This approach, especially the C-hopping approach, allows a uniform, principled account for the distribution of that and for, including that-trace effects, ameliorating effects of subject extraction, anti-that-trace effects, For-To Filter effects, and the distribution of that in relative clauses.
Boundary Layer, Cloud, and Drizzle Variability in the Southeast Pacific Stratocumulus Regime
Authors: Serpetzoglou Efthymios , Albrecht Bruce A. , Kollias Pavlos , Fairall Christopher W.
Published: March 2008

The southeast Pacific stratocumulus regime is an important component of the earth’s climate system because of its substantial impact on albedo. Observational studies of this cloud regime have been limited, but during the past 5 yr, a series of cruises with research vessels equipped with in situ and remote sensing systems have provided unprecedented observations of boundary layer cloud and drizzle structures. These cruises started with the East Pacific Investigation of Climate (EPIC) 2001 field experiment, followed by cruises in a similar area in 2003 and 2004 [Pan-American Climate Studies (PACS) Stratus cruises]. The sampling from these three cruises provides a sufficient dataset to study the variability occurring over this region. This study compares observations from the 2004 cruise with those obtained during the previous two cruises. Observations from the ship provide information about boundary layer structure, fractional cloudiness, cloud depth, and drizzle characteristics. This study indicates more strongly decoupled boundary layers during the 2004 cruise than the well-mixed conditions that dominated the cloud and boundary layer structures during the EPIC cruise, and the highly variable conditions—sharp transitions from a solid stratus deck to broken-cloud and clear-sky periods—encountered during PACS Stratus 2003. Diurnal forcing and synoptic conditions are considered to be factors affecting these variations. A statistical evaluation of the macrophysical boundary layer, cloud, and drizzle properties is performed using the 5–6-day periods for which the research vessels remained stationed at the location of 20°S, 85°W during each cruise.
Comparison between Singular Vectors and Breeding Vectors as Initial Perturbations for the ECMWF Ensemble Prediction System
Authors: Magnusson Linus , Leutbecher Martin , Källén Erland
Published: March 2008

In this paper a study aimed at comparing the perturbation methodologies based on the singular vector ensemble prediction system (SV-EPS) and the breeding vector ensemble prediction system (BV-EPS) in the same model environment is presented. A simple breeding system (simple BV-EPS) as well as one with regional rescaling dependent on an estimate of the analysis error variance (masked BV-EPS) were used. The ECMWF Integrated Forecast System has been used and the three experiments are compared for 46 forecast cases between 1 December 2005 and 15 January 2006. By studying the distribution of the perturbation energy it was possible to see large differences between the experiments initially, but after 48 h the distributions have converged. Using probabilistic scores, these results show that SV-EPS has a somewhat better performance for the Northern Hemisphere compared to BV-EPS. For the Southern Hemisphere masked BV-EPS and SV-EPS yield almost equal results. For the tropics the masked breeding ensemble shows the best performance during the first 6 days. One reason for this is the current setup of the singular vector ensemble at ECMWF yielding in general very low initial perturbation amplitudes in the tropics.
Toward a Fully Lagrangian Atmospheric Modeling System
Authors: Alam Jahrul M. , Lin John C.
Published: March 2008

An improved treatment of advection is essential for atmospheric transport and chemistry models. Eulerian treatments are generally plagued with instabilities, unrealistic negative constituent values, diffusion, and dispersion errors. A higher-order Eulerian model improves one error at significant cost but magnifies another error. The cost of semi-Lagrangian models is too high for many applications. Furthermore, traditional trajectory “Lagrangian” models do not solve both the dynamical and tracer equations simultaneously in the Lagrangian frame. A fully Lagrangian numerical model is, therefore, presented for calculating atmospheric flows. The model employs a Lagrangian mesh of particles to approximate the nonlinear advection processes for all dependent variables simultaneously. Verification results for simulating sea-breeze circulations in a dry atmosphere are presented. Comparison with Defant’s analytical solution for the sea-breeze system enabled quantitative assessment of the model’s convergence and stability. An average of 20 particles in each cell of an 11 × 20 staggered grid system are required to predict the two-dimensional sea-breeze circulation, which accounts for a total of about 4400 particles in the Lagrangian mesh. Comparison with Eulerian and semi-Lagrangian models shows that the proposed fully Lagrangian model is more accurate for the sea-breeze circulation problem. Furthermore, the Lagrangian model is about 20 times as fast as the semi-Lagrangian model and about 2 times as fast as the Eulerian model. These results point toward the value of constructing an atmospheric model based on the fully Lagrangian approach.
A Technique to Determine the Radius of Maximum Wind of a Tropical Cyclone
Authors: Lajoie France , Walsh Kevin
Published: March 2008

A simple technique is developed that enables the radius of maximum wind of a tropical cyclone to be estimated from satellite cloud data. It is based on the characteristic cloud and wind structure of the eyewall of a tropical cyclone, after the method developed by Jorgensen more than two decades ago. The radius of maximum wind is shown to be partly dependent on the radius of the eye and partly on the distance from the center to the top of the most developed cumulonimbus nearest to the cyclone center. The technique proposed here involves the analysis of high-resolution IR and microwave satellite imagery to determine these two parameters. To test the technique, the derived radius of maximum wind was compared with high-resolution wind analyses compiled by the U.S. National Hurricane Center and the Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory. The mean difference between the calculated radius of maximum wind and that determined from observations is 2.8 km. Of the 45 cases considered, the difference in 50% of the cases was ≤2 km, for 33% it was between 3 and 4 km, and for 17% it was ≥5 km, with only two large differences of 8.7 and 10 km.
Jenner
Authors: Macrae James
Published: March 2008

The Jenner Trust

This nonprofit Trust, organized by phy sicians in Bristol, England, has set up a small museum and is restoring the buildings associated with Edward Jenner. The so-called "Temple of Vaccinia" is the summerhouse in his garden which he built as a form of surgery to vaccinate the poor.

Representatives of various scholarly bodies are members of the trust, including Professor John Enders of Harvard University. The Chairman is Professor C. Bruce Perry, of Bristol, and Dr. J. Macrae, author of this biographical note, is the Honorary Trea surer.

According to Dr. Macrae "The museum has now been visited by perhaps 5,000 peo ple ; Jenner's vinery has been repaired, and Phipps' cottage and the Temple of Vaccinia have been tidied up and put in good order. The activities of the Trust are very much associated with the Norman castle of Berke ley. The present occupant, Major John Berkeley, has given the Trust a great deal of help, and he is now an active member. A small charge is made to visitors to the mu seum. We are glad to receive any donations.
A Psychiatric Study of a Pediatric Intensive Therapy Unit
Authors: May Jack G.
Published: March 2008

A pediatric intensive therapy unit (ITU) was studied psychiatrically for six months. The emotional responses of children in an ITU are posi tive; they react with much less fear, regression, anger, depression and inappropriate behavior than expected. Parents are uniform in their enthusiasm and praise for the excellence of care, the unlimited visiting and the emotional support given by the staff. The nurses are the key to the positive functioning of ITU, with good quality of care the most important emotional supportive factor. A psychiatric consultant helps the staff maintain proficiency by helping them deal with intrastaff and patient conflicts when these arise. Pediatric ITU is a superior means of delivering physical and emotional care to very sick children.
Nevus Flammeus of the Nape, Glabella and Eyelids
Authors: Tan K.L.
Published: March 2008

Study of 2,901 clinically normal newborn infants showed the incidence of nevi of the nape and glabella and eyelids to be 266 per 1,000, whereas that of nuchal nevus alone was 234 per 1,000. Four familial patients were found, an incidence of 1.3 per 1,000. These nevae were not in creased significantly among 75 "abnormal" newborn infants studied.
What is the Best Age to Discontinue the Low Phenylalanine Diet in Phenylketonuria ?
Authors: Johnson Charles F.
Published: March 2008

Followup of two groups of children with phenylketonuria who had been treated with low phenylalanine diets revealed no significant deterioration in their intellectual ability after the diets were stopped. Visual-perceptual problems were dis covered which may have interfered with school performance; this suggests a need for followup through the school years.
The Child at Risk for Learning Disorder
Authors: Denhoff Eric , Hainsworth Peter K. , Hainsworth Marian L.
Published: March 2008

In a prospective study, observable neurologic signs during the first year of life have been found to be related significantly to seven year neuro logic and psychologic measures which are associated with learning disabilities. Scored ratings of multiple outcome items are being found to be better for identifying these psychoneurologically inefficient chil dren than are isolated measures which reflect stress, such as prema turity or the Apgar rating. From the Collaborative Study schedules a neurologic "at risk" index is being developed. This promises to be help ful for identifying babies who are likely to have a later learning difficulty.
Congenital Blepharoptosis
Authors: Leone Charles R.
Published: March 2008

Congenital blepharoptosis can vary from a slight cosmetic de fect to a complete covering of the pupil by the eyelid. The sexes are equally affected and 25 per cent of the patients are bilateral. An ophthalmologic examination is indicated in every case to rule out strabismus or amblyopia. For moderate to severe cases the correction is surgical, preferably after the age of three.
Virus Isolates from Children with Febrile Convulsions in Nigeria
Authors: Familusi J.B. , Moore D.L. , Fomufod A.K. , Causey O.R.
Published: March 2008

Careful clinical and laboratory observations of 105 Nigerian children who reacted to acute infections with febrile convulsions confirm some well accepted generalizations and suggest several new approaches to study which have applicability to children in every country. Nine teen of the 105 patients yielded evidence of a pathogenic virus.
HOW Long Is a Lifetime?
Authors: Samuels L.D.
Published: March 2008

A diversity of radioisotope methods for estimating red cell sur vival have been available for almost two decades. Details of a standardized procedure, specially adapted for pediatricians from the report of an International Committee for Standardization in Hematology, are here described, together with comments. Platelet survival studies, much more recently developed, represent an important clinical test which should be available at every chil dren's hospital. A procedure for platelet survival studies is outlined.
The Ins and Outs of Pediatric Nuclear Medicine
Authors: Samuels L.D.
Published: March 2008

A Review of nuclear medical procedures, which are in accepted usage and which apply to studies of the functions of absorption, uptake and excretion.
The Adolescent Addict
Authors: Kramer Janet Phillips
Published: March 2008

Forty-seven patients who were physically addicted to opiates completed extensive questionnaires. Among the observations was that the typical heroin addict starts with glue sniffing and taking cough medicines in early adolescence; later takes amphetamines, barbiturates, and mari juana; and finally uses heroin. Younger addicts use a greater variety of drugs than older ones, and start out on glue far more frequently.
Iron Deficiency Anemia of Infancy
Authors: Cantwell Ronald J.
Published: March 2008

In Hawkes Bay, New Zealand, the parenteral administration of 200 to 250 mg of elemental iron* to Maori neonates was completely successful in preventing iron deficiency anemia of late infancy, whereas control cases generally developed moderate to severe iron deficiency anemia. The presence of anemia in control cases appears to be related more to postnatal dietary intake of iron than to such antenatal factors as maternal parity and the presence or absence of adequate maternal iron antenatally. A dramatic reduction in hospitalizations for infec tions was noted in the treated group as compared with controls.
High Hematocrits in Newborns with Down's Syndrome
Authors: Lappalainen J. , Kouvalainen K.
Published: March 2008

An extremely high capillary hematocrit is a characteristic of newborn infants with Down's syndrome. These infants with extremely high hematocrits also had lower whole blood pro- thrombin values, probably reflecting the smaller proportion of plasma in the blood samples tested. Nevertheless, because vitamin K given to newborns with extremely high hematocrits may aggravate the risk of thrombosis, the authors advise not giving it to such infants who have no signs of hemorrhages.
Urinary Tract Abnormalities in the Nephrotic Syndrome
Authors: Demaria William J.A. , Krueger Ronald P. , Anderson E. Everett
Published: March 2008

Seven children of 21 consecutive admissions referred for management of the nephrotic syndrome were found to have congenital anomalies of the genitourinary tract. No cause and effect relationship between these struc tural anomalies and the origin or course of the nephrotic syndrome could be established, but further study of this possibility is firmly indicated.
Promising Results from a Cognitive Stimulation Program in Infancy
Authors: Gutelius Margaret F. , Kirsch Arthur D. , Macdonald Sally , Brooks Marion R. , McErlean Toby , Newcomb Carol
Published: March 2008

The favorable results of the minimal stimulation program here described have important implications for all who provide health services for un derprivileged preschool children. The authors indicate that this project is the first which coordinates compensatory infant education with com plete health care, with the prime educator being a public health nurse.
Scoliosis—Current Concepts
Authors: Shifrin Louis Z.
Published: March 2008

Not until the beginning of this century has helplessness and frustration given way to success and optimism in dealing with scoliosis. This difficult problem is a disease of childhood that can plague the adult for the remainder of his life, but can be eliminated by early recognition and safe effective treatment.
"Natural Committee for Life"
Authors: Van Leeuwen Gerry
Published: March 2008

The thoughts here expressed evolved out of a series of three Child Care Conferences held in the University of Nebraska Pediatrics De partment. Those present had individually and in small groups strug gled with the ethical and moral problems which are associated with the artificial prolongation of life, and these struggles are still with us. We believe these collective thoughts are worth sharing with others.
Staphylococcal Osteomyelitis in Children
Authors: Walker Stuart H.
Published: March 2008

Cephaloridine intramuscularly and cephalexin orally were given sequen tially at dosages of 100 mg or 200 mg/kg/day for 28 days to 56 days in the treatment of 14 children with acute staphylococcal osteomyelitis. All patients recovered completely. No adverse effects were detected at either dosage schedule. The average duration of hospitalization was 13 days.
A Field Trial of Combined Measles- Mumps-Rubella Vaccine
Authors: Borgono J. Manuel , Greiber Rosa , Solari Giovanna , Concha Fresia , Carrillo Blanca , Hilleman Maurice R.
Published: March 2008

This report presents confirming evidence for the immunizing value of a trivalent combined measles-mumps-rubella vaccine (M-M-R), based on studies with 188 children in Chile. All of the children de veloped antibody against measles virus and 96 per cent developed antibodies against mumps and rubella. No clinical reaction occurred other than that expected to follow measles vaccine given alone.
Compliance with Instructions in the Evaluation of Therapeutic Efficacy
Authors: Wilson John T.
Published: March 2008

This survey of patient compliance with drug administration reveals that approximately 25 per cent of those seen in the clinic or in hospitals will not be taking drugs as directed. Compliance failures seem to be directly related to the number of drugs taken daily. Few other etiologic factors have been identified. It is difficult for physicians to ascertain which patients have defected from a therapeutic program, yet these defections may lead to false impressions of drug failure. Assessment of compliance can be aided by chemical testing of urine and blood for presence of drug or markers such as riboflavin. Pill counting and patient interviews are not necessarily sensitive indices of compliance. Although not much data are available on the reasons behind compliance failure, intervention which involves supervision and monitoring of patients has increased adherence to a drug regimen. Some of the measures for strengthening compliance are too expensive to be widely applicable, especially in patients with a chronic disease such as epilepsy. Studies using multifactorial analysis of psychologic, social, environmental, and other parameters are needed to develop technics to ensure better compliance in most patients requiring pharmacologic agents.
Incontinentia Pigmenti
Authors: Gurevitch Arnold W. , Farrell William , Horlick Shirley , Hirose Frank , Reisner Ronald M.
Published: March 2008

An infant with IP, here presented, typifies the early course of this syn drome. Diagnosis can and should be made in the first stage by a combina tion of the clinical appearance and the characteristic histology. The physician must be aware of the frequent associated manifestations, so that he may deal as effectively as possible with them. He should inform and reassure the parents as to the future self-limited course of all of the cutaneous lesions. Genetic counseling is another important responsibility.
The Decline of the Sweat Test
Authors: Gibson Lewis E.
Published: March 2008

Eleven false positive and eight false negative sweat test results were found in a survey of 254 chest clinic patients thought to have cystic fibrosis. A larger and earlier study had given essentially no false results. Comments are made concerning the physiology of sweating, the pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis, and the application of Faraday's Law. Failure to appreciate these principles has led to inappropriate and dubious modifications of the sweat test pro cedure. A strong plea is made for the careful performance of a basically sound procedure which has such profound genetic and prognostic implications.
Delayed Hypersensitivity and Cell-Mediated Immunity: A Survey of Current Insights into These Responses of the Body to Antigens
Authors: Maddison SHIRLEY E.
Published: March 2008

The field of delayed hypersensitivity continues to grow in complexity. One expects that increasing understanding of cell-mediated responses in clinical immunology will lead to greater advances in this field. This review explains and summarizes the pertinent newer concepts of clinical promise.
The Complications of Acute Asthma in Children: What They are and how to Find Them
Authors: Kravis LILLIAN P.
Published: March 2008

The complications of acute asthma in childhood include atelectasis with or without pneumonia, mucoid impaction of the bronchi, subcutaneous emphysema and pneumomediastinum, spontaneous pneumothorax, bronchiectasis, and allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. The incidence, pathogenesis, clinical attributes, roentgenographic manifestations, and therapy of these complications have been described briefly and illustrative case histories and roentgenograms taken from the records of the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia have been set forth. The clinician's reliance upon the radiologist for precise diagnosis in these cases becomes apparent as each complication is examined separately, underscoring the desirability of obtaining a chest film routinely when severe acute asthma presents a problem in management.
The Current Status of AEA (Averaged Electroencephalic Audiometry) with Children
Authors: Weber Bruce A.
Published: March 2008

Averaged electroencephalic audiometry (AEA) can provide useful information about the hearing of children who cannot be adequately tested by behavioral technics. The procedure has major limitations, however, and the referring physician should be acquainted with these limitations to avoid unrealistic expectations.
Oculoauriculovertebral Dysplasia (Goldenhar's Syndrome)
Authors: Lamba P. A. , Ramamurthy S.
Published: March 2008

Goldenhar's syndrome or oculoauriculovertebral dysplasia is characterized by the triad of epibulbar dermoids and lipodermoids, abnormalities of the external ears (auricular appendages), and vertebral anomalies. This syndrome seems to be produced through faulty differentiation during embryonic life, rather than being a genetic abnormality.
Intrauterine Cardiac Failure with Hydrops Fetalis
Authors: Leake Rosemary D. , Strimling Bruce , Emmanouilides George C.
Published: March 2008

A hitherto undescribed association of hydrops fetalis with hypoplastic left heart syndrome in a twin is reported. The possible pathogenetic mechanism involved is discussed, along with the differential diagnosis and approach to treatment.
Lead Poisoning from Colored Printing Inks
Authors: Hankin Lester , Heichel Gary H. , Botsford Richard A.
Published: March 2008

Lead contained in colored pages of magazines may endanger children with pica. The lead in magazines ranged from 8 ppm for black and white pages to 3,600 ppm (0.36%) for colored pages.
Psychiatric Consultation in a Medical Setting for Adolescents
Authors: Seligman Roslyn , Rauh Joseph L.
Published: March 2008

The authors describe and summarize a two-year experience with psy chiatric consultation for emotionally disturbed adolescents whose primary care was provided by an adolescent clinic or inpatient unit within the Cincinnati General Hospital. Many adolescents with psychiatric problems can be effectively managed by nonpsychiatric physicians and other health professionals if adequate psychiatric consultation is available.
Eyelash Pulling: A Rare Symptom of Anxiety
Authors: Stephenson P.S.
Published: March 2008

Eyelash pulling, a rare symptom, is described in a multiply placed foster child whose anxieties about death and separation were aroused by two specific events.
Diplococcus Pneumoniae Osteomyelitis in an Infant with Sickle Cell Anemia
Authors: Seeler Ruth Andrea , Reddi Cattamanchi U. , Kittams David
Published: March 2008

Osteomyelitis caused by type 14 Diplococcus pneumoniae developed in a 14-month-old boy with sickle cell anemia. An occasional polymor phonuclear leukocyte containing diplococci was found in the peripheral blood smear. The pres ence of Howell-Jolly bodies in the patient's erythrocytes suggested splenic hypofunction. It thus appears that some patients with sickle cell anemia and hyposplenism are capable of phago cytosis of pneumococci.
Improving Utilization of an Adolescent Clinic
Authors: Anyan Walter R.
Published: March 2008

With a conventional intake procedure and with a modification which included asking par ents of prospective patients of an adolescent clinic to complete a history form prior to the patient's first visit, patients whose previous source of medical care was nonspecafic used significantly less care than those patients accus tomed to obtaining care from a specific source. Rearrangement of the intake process to include a preliminary interview with parents was as sociated with elimination of this difference. Furthermore, the data generated by the prelimi nary history form filled out at home did not prove to be clinically helpful. It would seem wise, therefore, to offer the assistance of an interview to parents of those adolescents whose medical care during the preceding five years was obtained from multiple sources or none at all.
The Detection of Klinefelter's Syndrome at Birth
Authors: Harris Jerome S. , Heller Richard H.
Published: March 2008

A total of 2,176 newborn boy babies were screened for the prospect of having Klinefelter's syndrome by comparing phenotypic sex and nuclear sex. A discrepancy between the phenotypic sex and the nuclear sex, suggestive of the presence of the aneuploid karyotype as sociated with Klinefelter's syndrome, was found in seven babies, and confirmed by chromosome analysis. Despite the essentially normal physical examination typically reported at birth in babies with Klinefelter's syndrome, phenotypic hints of the presence of the disease in the form of undescended or unusually hard or soft testes were noted in three of the seven infants. Genetic counseling of both the families and the pediatri cians was only moderately well received, because of the seeming normality of the babies. Pediatri cians should be aware that Klinefelter's syndrome can be recognized at birth, and that genetic counseling and long-term follow up are advisable.
Continuous Nasogastric Infusion Feedings of Infants of Low Birth Weight
Authors: Landwirth Julius
Published: March 2008

This preliminary experience with a small group of babies showed that continuous nasogastric infusion of milk can represent a safe and effective means of sustaining growth in infants of very low birth weight.
Prepubescent Gonococcal Vulvovaginitis
Authors: Tunnessen Walter W. , Jastremski Michael
Published: March 2008

Investigation of a five-year-old girl with gonor rheal vulvovaginitis revealed four other cases in the household. This illustrates the importance of investigation of all family members in such cases.
Clinical Review : Acute Renal Failure in Children: Principles of Management
Authors: Chan James C. M.
Published: March 2008

Acute renal failure is a complicated disturb ance, which taxes the clinical skills of the physi cian. This paper reviews the metabolic derange ments, the principles of treatment, the conse quences, and the advances recently made in our understanding of the pathophysiology and man agement of acute renal failure.
The Mauriac Syndrome
Authors: Najjar Samir , Marwan Abu Ayash
Published: March 2008

A ten-year-old girl, treated for diabetes mellitus with single daily doses of short acting insulin preparations for three years, presented with short stature, truncal obesity, round facies, and hepato megaly : the Mauriac syndrome. She had elevated levels of plasma cortisol suggesting hyperadreno corticism secondary to the poor diabetic control. The urinary excretion of 17 hydroxycorticoids and 17 ketosteroids were normal, however. The hypothalamic-hypophyseal-adrenal cortex axis was functionally normal. She had a normal growth hormone response to the administration of arginine monochloride. On adequate control of the diabetes mellitus, all the manifestations disappeared.
Agranulocytosis in a 12-Year-Old Girl Treated with Procainamide
Authors: Gunay Unsal , Honig George R.
Published: March 2008

A 12-year old girl developed transitory agranulocytosis 13 days after treat ment with procainamide for arrythmia was begun. The white cell count and differential returned rapidly to normal with complete clinical recovery after procainamide was discontinued. Agranulocytosis, a rare and serious complica tion of procainamide therapy, has a high mortality rate. Patients re ceiving this drug should be observed closely and followed with frequent blood counts.
Survival of Children with Severe Chronic Uremia
Authors: Chan James C. M.
Published: March 2008

Observations suggest that for conventionally managed uremic children, the median progression from an initial serum creatinine level of 5 mg per 100 ml to the need for dialysis or transplantation is 36 months.
Neonatal Septicemia After Circumcision
Authors: Kirkpatrick Barry V. , Eitzman Donald V.
Published: March 2008

Two premature infants developed septicemia after an elective circumcision employing a plastic bell apparatus. The causative organisms were Proteus and Staphylococcus aureus , respectively. Both patients responded to proper systemic antibiotic therapy. Physicians are cautioned against circumcising newborn infants who are ill or otherwise at risk.
Psychologic Implications of Scrotal Sac and Testes for the Male Child
Authors: Bell Anita I.
Published: March 2008

The uncontrollable retractability of the testes during cold, fear, anger, sexual arousal, and defecation is the basis for castration anxiety and fear of object loss including body parts. The scrotum is associated with the anal area, which is considered "dirty," leading to the concept that sex is "dirty." Because of the fear that a testicle can fall off, boys tend to achieve bowel training later and with more difficulty than girls. Hor monal changes in prepuberty and puberty, which cause increased size and sensitivity, also increase the masturbatory urge. Feeling guilty about masturbation, a boy may think that he has damaged his sac and testes when he perceives that the left testicle hangs lower than the right, a normal state. In cases of cryptorchidism, both sterility and homosexual problems play an im portant role: physically, if bilateral, sterility and feminizing of the male ensue; psychologically, he develops a depression about his procreative inability and fears homosexual attack. Such attacks are more likely to happen to the cryptor chid boy.

The pediatrician is urged to regularly examine the boy in various positions, particu larly before age six. We must caution the pediatrician that his tendency to make a cursory examination may be caused by fears of being accused of making homosexual overtures.
Neonatal Sepsis
Authors: Alojipan Leticia C. , Andrews Billy F.
Published: March 2008

Information from 50 infants with neonatal septicemia from the Louisville General Hospital during an eight-year period (1964-1972) is presented. Twenty-five infants had gram-positive and the other 25 had gram-negative organisms. E. coli (13 cases), Staphylococcus (10 cases), and hemolytic Streptococcus non-Group A (7 cases) were the most common causative microorganisms. Only one of the 25 infants with gram-positive sepsis died; three with gram-negative sepsis died. Listeria monocytogenes was demonstrated in three infants; all had meningitis with no mortality. Early diagnosis, prompt intensive antibacterial therapy, and a high index of suspicion are most helpful for reducing the morbidity and mortal ity.
Medical Services at Outdoor Music Festivals
Authors: Osler David C. , Shapiro Frederic , Shapiro Stuart
Published: March 2008

Those planning provision of medical services should consider the type of music, the antici pated size of the crowd, the locale, the available local resources, the length of the festival, the numbers and types of patients to be treated, and especially the potential criminal and civil liabil ity.
The Magnesium Load Test: II. Correlation of Clinical and Laboratory Data in Neonates
Authors: Byrne Paul A. , Caddell Joan L.
Published: March 2008

Parenteral magnesium load tests were con ducted on 91 infants less than one month of age, most of whom had marked hyperirritability and symptoms compatible with the diagnosis of electrolyte imbalance with relative or absolute magnesium deficiency. Most of the patients studied had a 40-hour test, with an eight-hour preload and a 32-hour postload collection of urine. Of 43 premature infants studied, only three retained less than 40 per cent of the load: one was untreated, one had low retention of a second load following a course of therapy, and the mother of the third had received magnesium within 24 hours of delivery. Of 48 full-term infants studied, ten retained less than 40 per cent of the load. These were asymptomatic or had minor problems. Irritability was common in both high and low retention groups. Ten per cent of the low retention group and 50 per cent of the high retention group manifested two or more of the nonspecific signs compatible with the diagnosis of magnesium deficiency; the difference was significant (P <0.025). Eleven premature and six full-term infants with very high initial retention received five or six in tramuscular injections of magnesium, after which the magnesium retention was about 30 per cent lower than the initial value. For most patients, repletion therapy was given orally. Although low plasma magnesium values related to high magnesium retention, correlation on an individual basis was poor. The plasma cal cium levels of three patients with combined hypomagnesmia and hypocalcemia failed to re spond to calcium therapy and remained low until the plasma magnesium value was cor rected. Magnesium appeared to be specific therapy for symptomatic infants found to be deficient. More males than females had sufficient symptoms to warrant study.
The Characteristics and Management of Child Abuse in the U.S. Army-Europe
Authors: Wichlacz Casimer R. , Randall Dolores H. , Nelson James H. , Kempe C. Henry
Published: March 2008

A 12-month epidemiologic study of child abuse and neglect within a population of 100,000 military personnel and family members in a geographic area of 5,400 square miles in Ger many showed a significantly high rate of child abuse, including a high rate for deaths (9%).
Bacteremia in Pediatric Patients Following Dental Manipulations
Authors: Faigel Harris C. , Gaskill William F.
Published: March 2008

A recent study has claimed that children who do not have gingivitis do not have bacteremia following dental manipulations and that these children do not require antibiotic prophylaxis. Postoperative blood cultures from 53 children and adolescents with and without gingivitis drawn within ten minutes of elevation of the gums, extraction of teeth, and extensive gin givectomies were sterile in all cases. The collec tion and laboratory methods and media were carefully evaluated and found satisfactory. However, the time interval between the dental procedure and the collection of the blood is believed to have been too short for reliable results and that the abandonment of the anti biotic prophylaxis in children is unwarranted.
Bronchiolitis Obliterans
Authors: Azizirad Hassan , Polgar George , Borns Patricia F. , Chatten Jane
Published: March 2008

A case of severe, probably viral pneumonitis in a three-year-old child is presented, which resulted in complete atelectasis of the left lung, and in diffuse changes of bronchiolitis and bronchitis obliterans. The case represents a variant of bronchiolitis obliterans.
Recognizing the Precursors of Failure in School
Authors: Fidone George S.
Published: March 2008

Most of the children who fail in school come from educationally high-risk groups which are identifiable in the preschool years. Early recog nition allows for constructive planning and in some cases the interposition of specific therapy (Table 1). All physicians should be aware of the relationships between these high-risk categories and future educational failure. The physician needs to accept responsibility for properly en suring that the child will experience a whole some, enriching experience in the school years. If the above measures were applied widely, a substantial reduction in the incidence of school failure among American children would be real ized.
Can the Growth of a Neuroblastoma Be Influenced by a Child's Nutritional State?
Authors: English Woodruff J. , Suskind Robert , Damrongsak Damri , Kulapongs Panja , Olson Robert E.
Published: March 2008

A 17-month-old Thai female with neuroblastoma presented with an abdominal mass and the classical findings of kwashiorkor. Cancomitant with effective repair of the child's protein deficit, the mass enlarged dramatically and metastases were noted. This is the first known report of such an occurrence.
A Field Trial with a Live Measles-Mumps- Rubella Vaccine
Authors: Walters Vernon W. , Miller Stephen A. , Jackson Joseph E. , Kenny Michael T.
Published: March 2008

Three lots of Lirutrin (measles-mumps-rubella live, attenuated virus vaccine) were evaluated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study involving 273 children. The vaccine consisted of a combination of Schwarz strain measles, Jeryl Lynn strain mumps, and Cendehill strain rubella vaccine viruses. The frequency of positive clinical findings was essentially the same in susceptible vaccinees, immune vaccinees, and placebo recipi ents ; indicating that the observed symptoms were not caused by the vaccine. Antibody assay of paired serum samples revealed that measles, mumps, and rubella seroconversion rates in triple susceptible vaccinees were excellent, ranging from 96 to 98 per cent with all three lots com bined. Results of this study show that Lirutrin trivalent vaccine is well tolerated and highly effective.
Strengthening the Contribution of Voluntary Social Agencies To Meeting Human Needs
Authors: Burbank Edmund G.
Published: March 2008

Al Fraser's 90th birthday and retirement from active service with The Pennsylvania Prison Society occur during the 180th year of this fine voluntary social agency. Al is, therefore, half as old as the Society which in so many vital ways bears the imprint of his remarkable personality. Due as much to him as to anybody else, the Prison Society is a conspic uous example of a social agency providing effective professional services under voluntary auspices in the public interest. In himself and in his agency during the 1930's and 1940's, while he served as Executive Sec retary, Al achieved a rare and viable balance between the volunteer and the professional in agency organization and operations. At the same time, he worked unremittingly to bring about a true partnership between the agency itself, as a private non-profit organization, and the public cor rectional services in City and State.
"Joe"
Authors: Nagel William G.
Published: March 2008

Upon being asked to contribute a short piece for this fesischriff for Al Fraser, the question I found myself asking was, "What could I write that might catch the flavor of that good man whom we honor today?" I think that his values are these. He loves people. He believes in people and in their capacity to change. He holds that relationship is the fulcrum on which lives turn. I hope this true story catches the flavor of those values—values which have so enriched the lives of many of his "boys"—including me.
Points of No Return: Some Situational Aspects of Violence
Authors: Shoham Shlomo
Published: March 2008

A drunken husband. beating his wife in their kitchen, gave her a butcher knife and dared her to use it on him. She claim ed that if he would strike her once more she would use the knife, whereupon he slapped her in the face and she fatally stabbed him.
The Role of the Judiciary in Improving The Administration of Criminal Justice
Authors: Bruce Baldwin F.
Published: March 2008

[During an age such as ours, in which the criminal justice sys tem is under attack on many fronts, the public is accustomed to being bombarded by hastily formed opinions from a pro liferation of self-styled experts. In the sharp competition for public attention, it is frequently the case that sober reflection and studied opinion receive less than their proper share of exposure. Over the past several years much attention has been directed to the role of the judiciary in the administration of criminal justice. Considering the continuing interest in this topic, the editors of the Prison Journal feel that the proceed ings of the Fifth Judicial Institute constitute a unique and valuable document. By publishing proceedings of this confer ence, it is hoped that the insights developed by the participants of that Institute will gain proper exposure and may serve as a fruitful source of continuing dialogue. Editors]
Characterizing Polyester Fabrics Treated in Electrical Discharges of Radio-Frequency Plasma
Authors: Negulescu Ioan I. , Despa Simona , Chen Jonathan , Collier Billie J. , Despa Mircea , Denes Agnes , Sarmadi Majid , Denes Frank S.
Published: March 2008

Polyester (PET) swatches are treated with an electrical discharge plasma of a reactive atmosphere (tetrachlorosilane) to graft chlorosilane groups, subsequently hydrolyzed to very hydrophilic hydroxysilane groups. The Kawabata evaluation system for fabrics (KES-FB), high resolution microscopy, and surface tension measurements are used to investigate the physical properties of the fabrics before and after plasma exposure. The results show that the surface parameters are considerably modified by the treatment.
Durable Press Finishing of Cotton Fabrics by Polycarboxylic Acids After Graft Copolymerization with Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate
Authors: Weilin Xu  , Shyr Tien-Wei
Published: March 2008

The effects of cotton fabric grafting with hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and treatment with polycarboxylic acids (BTCA and CA) are studied. FTIR analysis confirms the successful graft copolymerization of HEMA onto cotton fabrics. Moisture regain decreases as the graft add-on increases, but the mechanical properties and wrinkle recovery angle (WRA) do not show great changes. After introducing many more hydroxyl groups from the HEMA into the cotton cellulose, BTCA shows much better effects on DP treatment. The WRA of the grafted fabrics can be improved to 148° from 116° of the control fabric treated by BTCA but without pretreatment by graft copolymerization. However, this good result is not observed with the CA treatment. All samples with and without pretreatment by graft copolymerization show the same strength loss after DP treatment.
Compensation for Hydrolysis in the Reuse of Reactive Dyes
Authors: Scheyer Lois E. , Rai Vinod , Chiweshe Annacleta
Published: March 2008

In conventional exhaust processes for applying reactive dyes, the alkali accelerates dye hydrolysis, restricting subsequent reuse. Step-up and chemical build-up can complicate accurate color duplication with reused dyes as well. A two-bath method of first applying the dye from a salt and dye bath followed by treatment in a separate alkali bath eliminates the possibility of alkali-induced hydrolysis, step-up, and chemical build-up effects. In this study, four reactive dyes differing in reactive group and dyeing temperatures are applied to cotton poplin fabric from original and reused dyebaths by one- and two-bath application methods, and the percent fixation of adsorbed dyes and the K/S values are determined. Dye hydrolysis and step-up and wash-off effects that occur in the one-bath method interfere with reuse. These complications are eliminated when the reactive dyes are reused by the two-bath method.