bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Property Crime and Women Drug Dealers in Australia
Authors: Denton Barbara , O'Malley Pat
Published: November 2015

Engagement in property crime by drug users is often regarded as driven by the need to support a habit and/or as merely an aside to involvement in the drug “industry.” This paper examines a group of successful women drug dealers in Melbourne—most of whom are also illicit drug users—and maps their involvement in property crime. It concludes that property offenses are tightly integrated with the women's drug businesses. Success in property offending is a characteristic of successful drug dealers, and stolen property and money plays a key part in the trade—providing a lucrative source of income, gifts, payments, and rewards. Property crime provides excitement and other, valued, intangible satisfactions, including status and self-esteem.
Ethnic Identity and Substance Use Among African American Women: The Mediating Influence of Gender Roles
Authors: Nguyen Anh , Belgrave Faye
Published: November 2015

Ethnic identity is protective against substance use and other problem behaviors; however, some studies have implicated ethnic identity as a contributor to substance use. We hypothesized that the relationship between ethnic identity and substance use would be fully mediated by gender role orientation. Participants included 562 African American women in the south-eastern region of the United States. Participants completed the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure (MEIM) and the Personal Attributes Questionnaire and reported past 30-day drug use. We employed structural equation modeling. The composite model displayed acceptable global fit. Ethnic identity predicted African American females’ identification with male gender roles. Identification with male gender roles was positively linked to perceptions of drug risk and past 30-day drug use. Perceptions of drug risk was negatively linked to past 30-day drug use. Identification with masculine gender roles as a significant drug risk factor suggests some implications for prevention programming.
Race/Ethnicity, Coping, and Drinking Outcomes
Authors: Richman Judith A. , Sohmer Dana , Rospenda Kathleen M. , Shannon Candice A.
Published: November 2015

Particular coping strategies involving behavioral and psychological responses to stressors are viewed as protective in relation to harmful effects of stressors, including problematic drinking. One framework for examining modes of coping has classified responses into those deemed either protective of or detrimental to health. This study examined racial/ethnic differences in the use of nine coping strategies and their relation to problematic drinking. Using two waves of data from a study of university employees, we examined the extent to which modes of coping varied by race/ethnicity, and whether the coping strategies were protective or predictive of problematic drinking. Two modes of coping considered “maladaptive” (denial, self-blame) were protective for African American and Hispanic respondents in comparison to White respondents, while two “adaptive” measures of coping (positive reframing, humor) were protective against drinking for African Americans compared to Whites. Implications for these findings as well as directions for future research are discussed.
Parental Monitoring, Alcohol, and Marijuana use Among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White Adolescents: Findings from the Arizona Youth Survey
Authors: Kopak Albert M. , Ayers Stephanie , Lopez Vera , Stevenson Phillip
Published: November 2015

Parental monitoring serves as a key element in the reduction of adolescent substance use, but little is known about how various monitoring practices relate to different levels of use. This study examined the association between two forms of parental monitoring (parental knowledge and parental supervision) and two substance use outcomes (alcohol and marijuana) for Hispanic and non-Hispanic White eighth graders using the Arizona Youth Survey (n = 11,703). Results demonstrated that parental supervision and parental knowledge protected against alcohol and marijuana use for both ethnic groups, but tests for ethnic differences indicated that parental supervision was more protective against high levels of marijuana use for White youth compared to Hispanic youth. Gender differences were also observed with girls benefitting more from both forms of monitoring compared to boys. However, these effects were dependent on the level of substance use involvement and the substance use outcome.
Boost your High: Cigarette Smoking to Enhance Alcohol and Drug Effects among Southeast Asian American Youth
Authors: Lipperman-Kreda Sharon , Lee Juliet P.
Published: November 2015

This study examined: 1) whether using cigarettes to enhance the effects of other drugs (here referred to as “boosting”) is a unique practice related to blunts (i.e., small cheap cigars hollowed out and filled with cannabis) or marijuana use only; 2) the prevalence of boosting among drug-using young people; and 3) the relationship between boosting and other drug-related risk behaviors. Data collected from 89 Southeast Asian American young people in Northern California. Seventy-two percent reported any lifetime boosting. Results of linear regression analyses show a positive relationship between frequency of boosting to enhance alcohol high and number of drinks per occasion. Boosting was also associated with use of blunts and with the number of blunts on a typical day. Boosting may be common among drug-using Southeast Asian youths and our findings indicate a need for further research on boosting as an aspect of cigarette uptake and maintenance among drug- and alcohol-involved youths.
Driving Records of Methadone Maintenance Patients in New York State
Authors: Babst Dean V. , Newman Sanda , Gordon Norman , Warner Allan
Published: November 2015

The driving records of methadone maintenance patients are examined for two main interrelated reasons: first, methadone maintenance is growing in use as a treatment modality for heroin addicts and acceptance of such patients into the mainstream of life is partially dependent upon the public's awareness of their ability to function normally and safely while medicated; and second, a key factor in employability, and hence, continuing rehabilitative improvement for many such patients, lies in obtaining a driver's license and automobile insurance.

More than 1,500 patients admitted to the methadone maintenance program initiated by Drs. Dole and Nyswander were matched against the 11 million records in the New York State Department of Motor Vehicles files. The search, on an exact match basis, produced 448 patients with driving records. A sample of New York City regular male drivers in the same period (182 cases) was also drawn for comparison purposes.

When a comparison was made within specific age groups, it was learned that the accident and conviction rates were about the same for methadone maintenance clients as for a sample of New York City male drivers within the same period. In addition, the clients' accident and conviction records were no more serious than the sample of regular drivers. The findings from this study are consistent with those from other related studies, which are discussed. This suggests that methadone maintenance clients should at least be given serious consideration in their efforts to obtain a driver's license or automobile insurance as they strive to support themselves.
Differences in “Flashbacks” Unrelated to Specific Drugs
Authors: Pierce David M.
Published: November 2015

Flashbacks occur differently in different people and as the result of use of marijuana and other drugs as well as LSD. Flashbacks may correspond in detail or only grossly to original experience and may be pleasurable or threatening and frightening. Client may present as reexperiencing frightening experience, anxious about inability to control the phenomenon, or as fearful he is “going crazy” due to interpretation of the reaction as a sign of mental deterioration. Case reports characterize these differences. Treatment is discussed briefly.
The Supposed Drug Information and Attitude Gap between Teachers and Students
Authors: Fejer Dianne , Smart Reginald G.
Published: November 2015

A survey of knowledge, attitudes towards drugs and towards other social issues was conducted among 362 elementary and high school teachers in an Ontario School Board District. Teachers scores on these scales were compared to those of high school students. Most elementary and high school teachers did not hold strong negative or positive attitudes towards legalization of marihuana. High school teachers did appear more in favour of legalization than elementary school teachers or students. High school students were more permissive towards drug use in general than both teacher groups. High school teachers knew the most about drugs. Scores on these scales were interrelated such that teachers favouring legalization of marihuana knew most about drugs and were more permissive towards other social issues such as abortion, homosexuality and the penal system. The authors conclude that in the past too much may have been made of a generation gap concerning drug use between high school teachers and students.
A S A P and the Courts: Learning from Experience the Problems of System Interface
Authors: Scrimgeour Gary J.
Published: November 2015

Judges unwilling to apply only punitive sanctions against drinking drivers can gain insight into the problems and benefits of court-based treatment systems from the experience of the federally funded Alcohol Safety Action Projects located in 35 states. Because of the ASAPs' inexperience with the courts, they encountered many difficulties at first, and many judges were cautious or antagonistic. Within a year, however, greater experience and mutual need brought about closer cooperation. Two major systems for referring drinking drivers have now emerged, each with adaptations to local needs. The first is based on individual judicial attention to each case. The second shifts the caseload by various methods from judges to prosecutors and/or pre-sentence and probation personnel. The main factors determining a court system's choice are judicial attitudes, statutes, licensing penalties, and conflicts between various elements of the court system and the legal profession. An ASAP-like agency is useful in providing the courts with information, education, motivation, and management assistance (problem-solving and evaluation).
Consumption Level and Cultural Drinking Patterns as Determinants of Alcohol Problems
Authors: Mäkelä Klaus
Published: November 2015

Sociologists, particularly in the United States, have devoted little attention to the impact of centrally directed alcohol policies on drinking problems. Sociocultural studies of religious and ethnic differences In drinking behavior appear to suggest that the liberalization of alcohol policies would favor the growth of moderate drinking patterns at the expense of excessive drinking. However, this “substitution hypothesis” receives less support in Scandinavian research on alcohol policy than does an alternative “addition hypothesis.” When policy controls on alcohol are relaxed, increases in moderate consumption occur in addition to and not at the expense of relatively stable patterns of heavy drinking.
Normative Perspectives on Alcohol Use and Problems
Authors: Room Robin
Published: November 2015

Social drinking problems can be viewed as deviations from behavior norms which are “noticed” and defined as alcohol-related. Drinking norms can enforce heavy drinking as well as restrain It. Many drinking norms are directed at behavior during or after drinking rather than at the amount of drinking. U.S. drinking norms are highly differentiated by social situation and social category of the drinker. But there is no common situation in which it is “OK to be high.” Nevertheless, heavy drinking is not rare In the U.S. We may speak of a loose social world of heavy drinking whose norms are at odds with general norms. This world coexists with the culture by an implicit policy of enclaving. Besides Individual deviant acts, drinking problems can result from transitional problems between drinking and nondrinking situations; from boundary problems where the enclaving breaks down; and from conflicts over norms. In “dryer” locales, the heavy drinking world becomes an outlawed “contraculture” and social problems with drinking change character and may increase, although consumption and physiological problems decrease. A normative analysis points to the role of social reaction as well as Individual behavior In defining social problems with drinking.
Some Aspects of the “Tough” New York State Drug Law
Authors: Winick Charles
Published: November 2015

The 1973 New York State drug law, the toughest in the nation, was passed over heavy opposition at a time when heroin abuse was already declining steadily. During the law's first year of operation, a declining pattern of drug arrests continued, more cases came to trial and went to prison, but robbery and burglary complaints increased. No significant changes were found in the activities of sellers, “unknown” regular users, and student users. Bribes to police did not increase and neither did the number of people seeking treatment. Both the extravagant expectations and fears about the law's effects seem to have been unjustified. Although large scale pushers have not been significantly deterred, the 32 million dollars needed to Implement the law's first year represented a substantial share of the total state drug budget. Continued monitoring of the law's effects will be needed in order to assess its social costs and benefits.
The other Side of the Coin: Another Physician Views Drug Advertising
Authors: Halberstam Michael
Published: November 2015

Dr. Halberstam's views are in direct contradiction to those stated in the previous article, emphasizing the absence of consensus, even among physicians, concerning the proper role of drug promotion. He points out that few physicians are influenced by ads appearing in medical journals and defends the medical profession against charges of over-prescribing on the basis that no standards exist for what is “over” or what is “under” and suggests that many patients may be under-medicated.
Who Refers Alcoholics to Vocational Rehabilitation?
Authors: Walls Richard T. , Tseng M.S. , Zarin Harold N.
Published: November 2015

The purpose of the present investigation was to explore possible relations between location and identification of alcoholic clients and his/her progress toward vocational rehabilitation. Data for 33,196 “alcoholic” referrals were examined. Analyses indicated that alcoholic referrals from chronic hospitals or sanatoriums, mental hospitals, other public and private health organizations, and physicians generally have a higher than average acceptance rate for Vocational Rehabilitation services as well as greater than average prospects for rehabilitation. In contrast, referrals from public welfare, social security disability determination units, state employment service, and general hospitals are poorer than average prospects for acceptance and rehabilitation.
Understanding Honored: Court Dispositions of Early, Drug Free Discharges from California Civil Addict Program
Authors: Beckett Gerald E. , Thomas Evelyn
Published: November 2015

Compulsory civil commitment programs typically provide narcotic addicts the understanding that they will be given an early discharge and have their criminal charges dismissed as rewards for successful program participation. These understandings can be viable incentives for the addicts to cooperate in their own rehabilitation only if they are honored. California's Civil Addict Program had returned 2,647 cases to court for such a discharge, but the courts' response had not been determined. This study found that California's courts seem to be honoring the understanding. Of the persons returned to court during one three-month period, criminal charges were dismissed for 93%, who would therefore suffer no loss of civil rights. Decisions seemed to be made on factors directly related to narcotics addiction rather than on prior criminal history.
A Holistic Model for Drug Treatment Evaluation
Authors: Treffert Darold A. , Sack Michael , Krueger Ann C. , Florek Michael
Published: November 2015

Increasingly, and appropriately, drug dependency is being viewed as a problem with people rather than simply a problem with chemicals (Treffert, 1971). Comprehensive, multi-dimensional, “different strokes for different folks” approaches have largely replaced single entity, uni-dimensional programs (Glasscote, et al., 1972). As evident and as commendable as that movement and direction is in the treatment area, evaluation efforts are still locked into the use of a single, uni-dimensional, and solitary measure—the presence or absence of drug use or abuse following discharge. If it makes sense to look beyond drugs in treatment, then it makes sense as well to look beyond the return to drug use or abuse as the sole measure of effectiveness of drug programs.

This paper describes a holistic, multi-dimensional, evaluation approach to measuring effectiveness of drug treatment programs which does not ignore, but does not focus entirely upon, the return to drug use or abuse as the sole measure of effectiveness. This evaluation tool has been in use for twelve (12) months in the Tellurian Community, a 38 bed residential treatment program for the seriously dependent drug abuser.
Patterns of Drug Use: An Epidemiologic Overview
Authors: Warheit George J. , Arey Sandra A. , Swanson Edith
Published: November 2015

This paper presents data on the prevelance of drug use among 1633 randomly selected respondents living in the southeastern United States. The general use of a wide variety of drugs including vitamins, birth control pills, and medications prescribed for specific physical illnesses are reported with a specific focus on the prevalence and frequency of alcohol and psychotropic drug usage. The analysis presents the findings controlled for race, sex, age, and socioeconomic factors.

It was found that 53.3% of the sample were taking some kind of drug at the time of interview. Of the total sample, 26.6% were taking non-prescription drugs, 28.8% were using drugs prescribed for some specific somatic illness, 10.6% were taking drugs usually classified as psychotropic, and 14.0% reported taking drugs which could not be positively identified (and therefore were labelled undifferentiated). Many of these persons were multiple users. Also, approximately two-thirds of the sample indicated they had drunk alcohol at some time in their lives with 15.3% reporting frequently drinking.

The highest rates of general drug use were found among females of both races, the elderly, and the poor. White females were the most likely to have used a psychotrope at some time in their lives although these medications were more likely to be taken episodically by this group than by blacks, the elderly and the poor, who tended to be frequent users once the drug was prescribed. The most frequent alcohol users were among white, male, middle-aged, and upper socio-economic groups.

When the authors compared their results with those of a number of other researchers, they found general agreement in most areas, although some variations were evident.
The Professional and the Human Services Worker: Some Solutions to the Problems They Face in Working Together
Authors: Freudenberger Herbert J.
Published: November 2015

During the past ten or so years, a new group of people-helpers has emerged. These are the human services workers, and they have made a considerable impact on the drug and alcohol abuse scenes, on clinics, universities, hospitals and schools. They are the paraprofessionals and they come into existence as a result of an increasing lack of available professional helpers. In spite of the great need, most professionals showed a minimum interest in and concern for the addict, the alcoholic, the mental patient, the compulsive gambler, the compulsive obese person, the run-away, and other individuals in need of help. The coming into existence of lay helpers has answered this need, but it has also provided the two groups many mutual challenges. These challenges are of paramount importance and must be met on both sides.
Long-Term Effects of Peer Group Confrontation Therapy Used with Polydrug Abusers
Authors: Stephenson Norman L. , Boudewyns Patrick A. , Lessing Rudolph A.
Published: November 2015

Outcome and process data are reported on 98 male veteran polydrug abusers (non-heroin addicts) treated with peer group confrontation therapy in an inpatient therapeutic community setting. One year follow-up data are reported on 79% of the sample. A number of demographic and other descriptive variables were found to be predictive of therapeutic outcome; psychological tests did not predict outcome.
Where Have All the Flower Children Gone? A Five-Year follow-up of a Natural Group of Drug Users
Authors: Ramos Manuel , Gould Leroy C.
Published: November 2015

Using the senior author's unique access, the fate of 95 predominantly street-oriented, non-patient, noncriminal, “natural,” heavy drug users (“freaks”) from the late sixties is documented. It was found that in five short years social networks had disintegrated, 80% of the “freaks” had assumed “normal” drug using behavior, 70% abandoned deviance as a way of life, and 60% escaped the ill consequences of detection by “the law.” “Street days” variables were analyzed with those from the follow-up period to determine why some went straight and others drifted towards other forms of deviance. Present way of life was more easily understood as a manifestation of their present situation than as vestigial characteristics of their deviant past. “Reform” occurred not necessarily because of the ever increasing efforts to “stop the drug problem,” but rather because of subtler, more natural processes.
Drug Abuse and Alcoholism Issues and Recommendations
Authors: Blum Richard H.
Published: November 2015

The following document is both a critique of current American policy toward drug abuse and alcoholism and more important, a statement of recommended national policy for the future. It was prepared by Dr. Richard H. Blum on behalf of the Study Groups on Drug Abuse and Alcoholism of the Advisory Council of Elected Officials of the Democratic National Committee. The paper was twice reviewed by members of the Study Group, whose names and affiliations are attached. The Advisory Council of Elected Officials was intended to be a policy recommending body for the Democratic Party and is the successor to the Policy Council of the Democratic National Committee. In February, 1976, the paper was presented to the Democratic Platform Committee as an official recommendation of the Study Group. In July, 1976, a condensed version of the paper was inserted in the Congressional Record by Congressman Scheuer of New York (122 Cong. Rec. Daily Ed., p.p. H 7973–7980, July 29, 1976) during the floor debate preceding creation of the House Select Committee on Narcotics Abuse and Control, with the recommendation that the paper contained issues and directions worthy of the Select Committee's attention. The paper was subsequently revised for incorporation into the Fall, 1976 theme issue of the Journal of Drug Issues entitled, “Drug Issues: Reprospective and Prospective, Part I.” The editors believe that the article is particularly relevant to the current theme. Its recommendations remain well worth consideration by policy makers seeking more rational and effective measures to confront drug use and alcoholism.
Informal Social Controls and Their Influence on Substance Use
Authors: Maloff Deborah , Becker Howard S. , Fonaroff Arlene , Rodin Judith
Published: November 2015

This paper analyzes the influence of informal controls that operate in social groups on consumption of alcohol, tobacco, other drugs, and food. A literature review provides evidence of five major informal controls—cultural recipes that describe what substances should be used in what amounts to achieve what effects; learning to use through association with others who teach people what, when, why, how, where and with whom to use; sumptuary rules specifying eligibility requirements for use; sanctions that reinforce the learning of substance use conventions and norms; and everyday social relations that make it expedient for people to use in some ways and inconvenient to use in others. The potency of informal controls has some implications for formal policies intended to regulate consumption of substances.
Psychopathology in Drug Dependent Individuals: A Clinical Review
Authors: McKenna Gerald J.
Published: November 2015

There has long been an effort to develop a single unifying theory to explain the phenomenon of drug dependence. Some of these efforts have focused on psychoanalytic theory, various aspects of ego functioning, socio-economic factors, and physiological effects of drugs. Most investigators, however, have focused on character pathology in addicts and have considered addiction as representing one form of character disorder. There has been a lack of emphasis on various psychiatric conditions which could predispose and accompany drug dependence. This author considers drug dependence as a multi-etiological phenomenon. This paper explores various psychiatric problems identified in drug dependent individuals and how they interact with the drug dependence. The use of psychotropic agents in the treatment of drug dependent persons is also explored.
Drug Emergencies in Crowds: An Analysis of “Rock Medicine”, 1973–1977
Authors: Newmeyer John , Johnson Gregory
Published: November 2015

The rock concert is the environment for one of the most popular and spectacular “rituals of controlled drug use.” For some persons, however, such public drug use elicits “bad trips”. This paper outlines the nature of adverse reactions recorded by the Rock Medicine Section of the Haight-Ashbury Free Medical Clinic at San Francisco area rock concerts between 1973 and 1977. A careful analysis of these reactions reflects the drug-taking patterns of the larger youth culture. The analysis also delineates the peculiar nature of “crowd dysphoria” in the rock concert environment. The paper identifies a trend away from LSD and toward “downers” after 1973, which foreshadowed the dominance of alcohol among the 1977 adverse-reaction victims.
Properties of Norms as Predictors of Alcohol Use among Mennonites
Authors: Currie Raymond , Linden Rick , Driedger Leo
Published: November 2015

In spite of the traditionally important role that the concept of “norms” has played in sociology, there is little agreement on how it should be defined or measured. This paper uses the framework suggested by Gibbs (1965, 1972, 1978) who proposes that we focus on normative properties whose presence or absence is a matter of degree. The set of normative properties analyzed in this paper relate to collective evaluations about alcohol use among Mennonites in Canada. Variation in degree of group agreement, evaluative intensity, saliency of the issue, permissible variation in situations and actors are measured. Regression procedures are used to test the relationship between these normative properties about alcohol use and self-reported alcohol consumption in five independently selected samples of Mennonites. Since the groups vary in their evaluation of alcohol use, the usefulness of the normative properties as predictors of behavior can be tested. While the percent of the variance explained is high and quite consistent across the groups, the relative importance of the normative properties within and between the groups varies substantially.
The Use of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements by Athletes
Authors: Haymes Emily M.
Published: November 2015

The uses of vitamin and mineral supplements by athletes and their effects are examined. Deficiencies of thiamin, vitamin C, sodium and iron affect performance especially in endurance activities. Vitamin supplements do not improve performance when the diet is adequate. Megavitamin doses of. niacin may decrease performance in endurance events. Athletes who train for many hours each day during hot weather may have a greater requirement for sodium, potassium, magnesium, arid iron. Some of the fat soluble vitamins and trace minerals are toxic when taken in large quantities. Vitamin and mineral supplements containing these substances should be used with caution.
Changes in the Use of Drugs, Tobacco, and Alcohol among Norwegian Youth from 1968 – 1979
Authors: Irgens-Jensen Olav , Rud Mons George
Published: November 2015

In order to provide information on the way in which use of drugs - and of alcohol and tobacco -among young people changes over a period of time, the Norwegian National Institute for Alcohol Research has each spring, since 1968, conducted a survey of the youth of Oslo to determine their use of these drugs. The results are of significance not only from a scientific point of view but also from the point of view of practical policy-making. For instance, since 1974 there does not seem to have been any increase in alcohol consumption among the youth of Oslo, a fact which may reflect the measures which were introduced at that time in order to curb alcohol consumption among young people in Norway.
A Review of 127 Drug Abuse Prevention Program Evaluations
Authors: Schaps Eric , DiBartolo Russell , Moskowitz Joel , Palley Carol S. , Churgin Shoshanna
Published: November 2015

This review examines outcome evaluations of 127 primary drug abuse prevention programs issued between 1968 and 1977. Included were studies which measured program effects on drug use, intentions to use drugs, and/or attitudes toward drug use. The studies were gathered through an extended search, and they may represent the largest collection of prevention program outcome evaluations currently available.

As part of the review process, detailed summaries of all studies were prepared. Each study was described along 70 programming and research dimensions. The descriptive data were subjected to various cross-tabular and correlational analyses.

This article describes characteristics of the prevention programs, program settings and target populations, research methods, and the evaluation reports themselves. Trends over time in programming and research practices are also identified.

The most important findings concern program effectiveness. Overall, the 127 programs produced only minor effects on drug use behaviors and attitudes. However, in a substudy of the ten best-researched, highest-intensity service programs, effectiveness was judged to be more substantial. The best of the available evaluations are tentatively encouraging about the efficacy of “new generation” prevention programs.

The review concludes with recommendations for prevention policy making, program planning, and program evaluation.
The Combined Treatment of Drug and Alcohol Abusers: An Overview
Authors: Cole Steven G. , Cole Elizabeth A. , Lehman Wayne , Jones Alvin
Published: November 2015

The literature on the combined treatment of alcohol and drug abusers was reviewed with a primary orientation toward the effect of psychological variables on treatment effectiveness. Clients, treatment staffs, and treatment strategies were considered. It was concluded that the literature on combined treatment indicates that further research on the differential effectiveness of combined versus separate treatment is unnecessary. Instead, future research should focus on examining how combined treatment can be improved, in what settings is it most appropriate, and for whom is it most effective.
Substance Abuse, Nonconformity, and the Inability to Assign Problem Responsibility
Authors: Weisheit Ralph A. , Hopkins Ronald H. , Kearney Kathleen A. , Mauss Armand L.
Published: November 2015

A trend in contemporary alcohol and drug education is to include the teaching of decision-making skills, one aspect of which is the ability to assign responsibility for problems. If successful, such programs may lead to a reduction in the incidence of alcohol and drug related problems as well as of deviance more generally. This study examines three fundamental assumptions upon which these programs are based. These are: (1) a sizeable proportion of the adolescent population experiences difficulties in correctly assigning problem responsibility, (2) the ability to assign problem responsibility is related to nonconformity, and (3) the type of alcohol and drug education program currently in popular use is appropriate for teaching the ability to assign problem responsibility. It was found that a number of our subjects did have difficulty assigning problem responsibility and that such difficulties were at least moderately associated with nonconformity. There was no evidence, however, that a currently popular strategy for teaching these skills within the context of alcohol and drug education programs is meeting with much success.
Nobody's Clients: Females, Alcohol and Skid Row
Authors: Moore Harvey A. , Yegidis Bonnie
Published: November 2015

This paper explores several aspects of the problem of females found in skid row areas. It is apparent that this group forms a potential target population that has identifiable, unmet needs. However, the character, of female participation on skid row, possible relationships to alcohol or other substance abuse problems provide several possible choices for focusing services.

Fifty-five years ago, Nels Anderson wrote, “Tramping is a man's game … Women do wander from city to city, but convention forbids them to ride the roads and move about as men do” (1923; p. 137). While conventions may have changed, our understanding of the female tramp remains rooted in an earlier era. Women on skid row have gone scientifically unnoticed because of faulty theory and faulty data. We are prisoners of a stereotype that directs our attention to the male parts of this subculture.
Incarcerated Female Felons and Substance Abuse
Authors: Weitzel Susan L. , Blount William R.
Published: November 2015

A proportional random sample by offense and race was selected from a woman's prison in the South (n-176; 38% of the total inmate population). Seven substance use pattern categories were created solely on the basis of intensity and duration of self reported drug intake, ranging from little or no use to polysubstance intake on a daily basis. These were applied to data generated from a 19 page structured interview. Results indicated that the heaviest substance users were younger, nonviolent career criminals who acted alone. While they were more likely to have committed the instant offense for drug related reasons, such motivation occurred only 40% of the time. Heavy users were also more likely to have planned some aspect of the offense, others being more spontaneous.
Drug Addiction and Criminality: A Model for Predicting the Incidence of Crime among a Treatment Population
Authors: Rosenthal Barry J. , Nakkash Kareem
Published: November 2015

Although is has been posited that there is a causal relationship between drug abuse and crime, the determinative parameters of this phenomenon have not been adequately explored. Previous studies have failed to yield consistent results explaining the effects of drug abuse and subsequent treatment upon criminal behavior in terms of the direction and magnitude of the assumed relationship.

Based on widely accepted methods for predicting the incidence of drug abuse among a treatment population (Hunt, 1976; Nakkash, 1977), the present study utilized this incidence technique to: (1) predict the expected incidence of crime among a drug abusing treatment population; (2) determine the impact of treatment upon the identified criminal activities; and (3) develop a probability model for determining the expected level of both drug abuse and crime subsequent to the treatment experience.

The methodology modified the Incidence Model to include the variables of year of first criminal involvement, and number of crime-free and drug-free days before, during, and after treatment.

The data used for this study was taken from two related sources: (1) the 1977 Client Oriented Data Acquisition Process (CODAP); and (2) the results from an Incidence, Prevalence and Cost-benefit Study conducted by Richard Katon Associates.
Bridging Consensus and Conflict Theory in Drug Use Research: A “Unified” Theoretic Perspective
Authors: Heckathorn Douglas D. , Lucas Wayne L.
Published: November 2015

The literature on drinking and drug use exhibits considerable fragmentation due to many researchers' practice of concentrating exclusively upon the use of a single substance, thus producing separate literatures specific to different drugs. Fragmentation of the literature has been further compounded by the use of distinct and incompatible theoretic perspectives which guide research efforts, and by the lack of attention to theoretic issues. A new theoretical perspective, a “unified perspective,” is presented here and proposed as a common theoretical framework for researchers working in any substantive area of drug use. This perspective seeks to bridge conflict and consensus theory, and proposes a resolution of problems arising from several limitations and biases associated with these theoretical positions. An empirical application of the unified perspective is offered in support of its applicability and usefulness to drug use research.
Constraint, Automony, and State Policy: Notes toward a Theory of Controls on Consciousness Alteration
Authors: Reinarman Craig
Published: November 2015

Because there is no necessary relationship between the presence of drug problems and the enactment of drug controls, and because there is a relationship between controls and subsequent problems, policy patterns are a phenomena deserving study in their own right. The emergence of a political perspective which attempts this is reviewed and some of its theoretical difficulties noted. A framework is then sketched which employs theories of the capitalist state. The paper suggests that patterns in drug control policies cannot be understood apart from the general contradictory contraints within which the state must work, nor apart from the autonomy required to do so.
Natural Recovery from Addiction: Some Social-Psychological Processes of Untreated Recovery
Authors: Waldorf Dan
Published: November 2015

This is a report of an exploratory in-depth study of the social-psychological processes of untreated recovery. Data for the study comes from focused interviews with a sample of 201 ex-addicts (half untreated, half treated) located by means of the snowball referral method. Findings indicate that personal motivations to stop using opiates usually arise out of the lifestyle, police activities and environment of illicit opiate use—out of the “changes” addicts experience trying to maintain expensive habits. Individuals respond differently to such changes. Some sink into profound despair and act when they are forced to. Others weigh the consequence of future opiate use and make rational decisions to change, while still others just drift into something else because their commitment to opiate use and the lifestyle was only tenuous. Once addicts decide to quit, they must leave the scene, break all ties with opiate users and create new interests, new social networks, new social identities. Some persons do this by their own efforts while others use existing institutions. Six patterns of recovery were discerned and it was concluded that the “maturing out” concept is not sufficient to describe all the different variations. In addition to maturation, we found that some addicts become converts to religious, social or communal causes, some retire (give up the drug but maintain the lifestyle). Others use opiates in certain situations and change when the situation changes and some move on to other drugs (usually alcohol).
Availability of Outlets and Consumption of Alcoholic Beverages
Authors: Macdonald Scott , Whitehead Paul C.
Published: November 2015

A literature review was conducted on the relationship between the frequency of outlets for alcoholic beverages and consumption. The studies that are most sound methodologically, as well as the majority of other studies, suggest that an increase in the frequency of off-premise outlets is accompanied by an increase of consumption. The impact of on-premise outlets on consumption, however, has generally not shown to be a good predictor of rates of consumption. Suggestions are offered as to why other authors have not arrived at similar conclusions.
‘Alcoholism in America’ Revisited
Authors: Trice Harrison M.
Published: November 2015

Reconsideration of a 1966 theory about the interplay between predisposed personalities and drinking groups in the genesis of alcoholism is presented. Observations about both sets of variables have been sustained and reinforced during the intervening years, and a new conceptualization of the nature of drinking groups is offered. The emergent perspective fits closely with differential association theory, and is then applied to job-based alcoholism programs to demonstrate the applicability of the perspective in the reversal of alcoholic behavior.
Substance Abuse among American Indian Youth: A Continuing Crisis
Authors: Weibel-Orlando Joan
Published: November 2015

The endemic quality of alcohol abuse among American Indians is well documented. In the last decade, a growing body of research has also documented disproportionately high rates of alcohol as well as inhalant and drug use among American Indian youth. This article reviews the literature, to date, which specifically addresses this social and health problem.

Beer drinking predominates and is disproportionately higher among American Indian youth than among Whites or any other ethnic minority youth group. Indian youths also use inhalants and marijuana at disproportionately higher rates. Their use of other types of street drugs, however, parallels the national norm.

Factors such as peer group encouragement, laissez-faire child-rearing practices, conflicts between cultural ideals and behavioral realities, parental and community attitudes about drug use, and the concomitant adult drug use models all contribute to a cultural matrix which either exacerbates or retards drug use.
Disadvantages of Eclecticism in the Treatment of Alcoholism: The “Problem” of Recidivism
Authors: Stall Ron
Published: November 2015

Recidivism had become a source of conflict at a social setting detoxification facility and had been defined by the staff as a major treatment problem. Data from admissions lists, interviews with staff and clients, and participant observation would indicate that recidivism was not a major treatment problem. It is suggested that the attempt by staff members to resolve contradictions derived from two rival etiological theories of alcoholism as embodied within the facility's detoxification regimen was responsible for the identification of recidivism as a major treatment problem. Treatment implications are discussed.
Social Knowledge and Experiences with Legal Highs
Authors: Montagne Michael
Published: November 2015

Legal high products appear to have increased recently in terms of variety and use. However, such substances are ever present in society and the current cycle of popularity may be due to recent increases in social knowledge concerning these products. Examples of contemporary legal highs are presented and discussed in the context of social knowledge about their use and potential effects which preceed or accompany them. An experiment involving a novel legal high (Zoom®) is also described. Though the only pharmacological entity present in this product is caffeine, social knowledge represented it as being more similar to cocaine and amphetamines in the effects it would produce. The results showed that the nature and meaning of the legal high experience was, for many users, very similar to these stimulant drugs.
A Social Psychological Perspective on Addiction: Themes and Disharmonies
Authors: Saleebey Dennis
Published: November 2015

It is the thesis of this paper that there is a palpable, perhaps even useful, social psychological theory of addiction now emerging. The basic themes of the evolving theory are reviewed and contrasted with the current “disease” model. However, there are difficulties to be encountered with such a social psychological perspective and some of these are discussed as well.
Alcohol and the Republic
Authors: Beauchamp Dan E.
Published: November 2015

The mistake of Prohibition was not repealed with the coming of the alcoholism movement and the concept of alcoholism. Both Prohibition and the disease concept are based on the view that society and the community are little more than the individuals who make them up, either the sum of individual virtues or individual capacities and abilities. Both theories accept an optimistic view of the possibilities for changing individuals, either through moral reform or through science. Both reject a permanent role for government in limiting (rather then eliminating) alcohol problems. The public health perspective does not seek to fundamentally alter human nature, and relies on legislation and regulation, as well as education, to limit consumption generally in order to control the scope of alcohol problems. Public health measures are justified by a theory of democracy that stresses the need for limits to individual and group desires and interests in order to promote the common good.
Progressivism and Drink: The Social and Photographic Investigations of John James McCook
Authors: Courtwright David T. , Miller Shelby
Published: November 2015

John James McCook was a clergyman-turned-reformer who wrote and lectured extensively on alcohol, poverty, and kindred social problems during 1890–1924. He sought to show, statistically, photographically, and anecdotally, that alcohol generated massive social costs, and was therefore a fit object for strict regulation—but not necessarily prohibition. McCook thought drunkenness reprehensible, although he occasionally borrowed concepts and terminology from the inebriety movement, which held that alcoholism was a manifestation of mental disease.

This article describes McCook's investigations, his developing thought on alcohol and alcoholism, and his views on alcohol policy, and relates them to the larger intellectual currents of Progressivism, as well as his individual circumstances. A representative thinker in a transitional age, McCook mirrors the many and often contradictory ideas Americans have entertained about alcohol during the last hundred years.
Addiction Careers: Etiology, Treatment, and 12-Year Follow-up Outcomes
Authors: Simpson D. Dwayne , Joe George W. , Lehman Wayne E. K. , Sells S. B.
Published: November 2015

Follow-up interviews were conducted with 405 black and white male opioid addicts 12 years after admission to drug abuse treatments in the Drug Abuse Reporting Program. Outcomes over time in this longitudinal data system showed that the behavioral improvements observed throughout the first 6-year posttreatment follow-up period (compared with pretreatment baselines) tended to stabilize between Years 6 and 12. About one-fourth of the sample still used opioid drugs daily in Year 12. Demographic and background measures generally failed to predict Year 12 outcomes, although Year 6 outcomes were related to those in Year 12. Reasons for starting, continuing, and terminating opioid addiction were also examined, as well as the importance of treatment during addiction careers.
The Realities of Drug Enforcement
Authors: Wardlaw Grant
Published: November 2015

This paper presents a critical evaluation of various drug enforcement strategies (such as supply reduction overseas, dramatic increases in customs and domestic law enforcement resources, forfeiture of proceeds of drug trafficking, harsher penalties, and targetting high-level drug distributors) and demonstrates the limitations and advantages of these approaches. Based on this analysis, it is argued that attempts to control illegal drug use by law enforcement strategies must necessarily fail. Some comments are offered about the proper place of law enforcement in a drug control policy.