bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Professional self-concept and job satisfaction among nurses in psychiatric
clinics
Authors: Küçük Yüceyurt N , Yılmaz Mualla
Published: June 2020

Background: Nurses’ professional self and job
satisfaction directly affect their professional
practices. For this reason, it is important to find out
about their perceptions of their professional self, the
factors that affect and are affected by the
professional self, and nurses’ job satisfaction.
Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the
relationship between the professional self-concept
and job satisfaction of nurses working in psychiatry
clinics.
Material and Methods: The universe of this
descriptive and correlational study was the
psychiatric nurses in Turkey and its sample
comprised of 103 nurses employed in the psychiatry
clinics and polyclinics of university hospitals
randomly selected from provinces representing the
seven geographical regions in Turkey. The data
collection tools used in the study were Information
Form, Professional Self Concept Scale and Nursing
Job Satisfaction Scale in Nurses.
Results: Psychiatric nurses have a high professional
self-concept and moderate job satisfaction. There is
a statistically significant positive correlation
between the professional self-concept and job
satisfaction of nurses.
Conclusion: Professional self-concepts and job
satisfaction of psychiatric nurses are affected by
demographic characteristics and these two variables
are related to each other.
Izocyjanian 3-izocyjanianometylo-3,5,5-trimetylocykloheksylu
Metoda oznaczania w powietrzu na stanowiskach pracy z zastosowaniem wysokosprawnej chromatografii cieczowej
Authors: Brzeźnicki Sławomir , Bonczarowska Marzena
Published: June 2020

Izocyjanian 3-izocyjanianometylo-3,5,5-trimetylocykloheksylu (diizocyjanian izoforonu, DIF) występuje w postaci bezbarwnej lub lekko żółtawej cieczy. Związek jest stosowany głównie do produkcji poliuretanu o dużej odporności chemicznej i mechanicznej, a także do produkcji: farb, lakierów, powłok tkanin oraz usztywnień ortopedycznych (tzw. lekki gips). Narażenie zawodowe na DIF może powodować silne podrażnienia: błon śluzowych górnych i dolnych dróg oddechowych, oczu, a także ataki astmy oskrzelowej lub objawy alergicznego podrażnienia skóry.
Celem pracy było opracowanie odpowiednio czułej metody oznaczania DIF w powietrzu na stanowiskach pracy w zakresie 1/10 ÷ 2 wartości najwyższego dopuszczalnego stężenia (NDS) zgodnie z wymaganiami normy europejskiej PN-EN 482.
Do badań wykorzystano chromatograf cieczowy Waters Alliance wyposażony w detektor spektrofluorymetryczny i kolumnę Ascentis Express RP-Amide o wymiarach 250 x 3 mm.
Metoda polega na: zatrzymaniu obecnego w powietrzu DIF na filtrze z włókna szklanego impregnowanego roztworem 1-(2-pyridylo)piperazyny (1,2-PP), ekstrakcji powstałej pochodnej za pomocą mieszaniny acetonitrylu (ACN) i dimetylu sulfotlenku (DMSO) oraz chromatograficznej analizie tak uzyskanego roztworu. Średnia (dla trzech stężeń) wartość współczynnika odzysku pochodnej DIF z filtrów wynosi 0,94. Zależność wskazań detektora spektrofluorymetrycznego od analizowanych stężeń DIF ma charakter liniowy (r = 0,9992) w zakresie stężeń 0,27 ÷ 5,33 µg/ml (0,004 ÷ 0,08 mg/m3 dla próbki powietrza o objętości 200 l). Granica wykrywalności i oznaczalności tej metody wynosi odpowiednio 0,000322 i 0,001072 µg/ml. Metoda spełnia wymagania zawarte w normie europejskiej PN EN 482 pod kątem czułości oznaczeń, precyzji i dokładności.
Metoda pozwala na selektywne oznaczanie izomerów DIF w obecności innych izocyjanianów.
Opracowana metoda oznaczania DIF w powietrzu na stanowiskach pracy została zapisana w postaci procedury analitycznej, którą zamieszczono w załączniku.
Zakres tematyczny artykułu obejmuje zagadnienia zdrowia oraz bezpieczeństwa i higieny środowiska pracy będące przedmiotem badań z zakresu nauk o zdrowiu oraz inżynierii środowiska.
Análise espaço-temporal de trajetórias tecnológicas rurais na Amazônia paraense
Authors: Lameira Wanja Janayna de Miranda , Almeida Arlete Silva de , Lisboa Leila Sheila Silva
Published: June 2020

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a cobertura e uso da terra para os anos de 2004, 2009, 2013 e 2018, com a perspectiva de identificar no espaço as mudanças de trajetórias tecnológicas rurais. Trata-se de um estudo experimental e interdisciplinar desenvolvido em células de 5x5 km² na faixa do arco do desmatamento. Os resultados indicam que a política da dendeicultura na região cumpre parcialmente as metas projetadas ao incorporar áreas de pastagens degradadas ao processo produtivo da dendeicultura, entretanto não impede a expansão do desmatamento, pois os remanescentes florestais continuam sendo suprimidos; observa-se também a mudança da trajetória tecnológica patronal T4 para a T5, com a homogeneização da paisagem para tais cultivos, principalmente a partir de 2009 na área de estudo. Tais informações podem auxiliar no planejamento territorial e na tomada de decisão para mitigar os descompassos do desenvolvimento agrário amazônico.
Análise intraurbana da vulnerabilidade socioambiental no município de Guarulhos no contexto das mudanças climáticas
Authors: Alves Humberto Prates da Fonseca , Rocha Heber Silveira
Published: June 2020

O objetivo do artigo é fazer a identificação e análise espacial de situações de vulnerabilidade socioambiental em escala intraurbana no município de Guarulhos-SP, desenvolvendo uma operacionalização empírica do conceito de vulnerabilidade socioambiental, por meio da integração de indicadores sociodemográficos do Censo Demográfico 2010 com cartografias que representam áreas de risco ambiental. Os resultados revelam que determinadas áreas, espalhadas pelo território do município e onde vivem 119 mil pessoas, possuem alta vulnerabilidade socioambiental e apresentam condições socioeconômicas significativamente piores do que aquelas áreas com baixa e mesmo moderada vulnerabilidade. Portanto, os resultados do artigo podem fornecer subsídios para o planejamento de políticas públicas de mitigação das situações de vulnerabilidade socioambiental e de adaptação às mudanças climáticas, no município de Guarulhos, além de contribuir com o desenvolvimento de indicadores e metodologias para análise de situações de vulnerabilidade às mudanças climáticas, em áreas urbanas e metropolitanas do Brasil.
Autuação e descompasso: legislação, roça e manejo florestal em assentamento ambientalmente diferenciado em Anapu, Pará
Authors: Sousa Laís , Porro Roberto
Published: June 2020

O presente artigo examina contradições entre atividades realizadas por assentados em Projeto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável em Anapu, Pará, e o disposto na legislação ambiental. A análise de impedimentos causados, tanto na agricultura tradicional como numa iniciativa de manejo florestal comunitário, identifica que os instrumentos legais existentes não contemplam práticas de subsistência específicas adotadas pelos assentados, conflitando com direitos fundamentais dos mesmos, prejudicando o bem-estar e a consolidação do assentamento de suas famílias.
Congenital Infection and Congenital Cataract in Tanzania: A Case Control Study
Authors: Mndeme Furahini Godfrey , Derrick Tamsyn , Mmbaga Blandina Theophil , Msina Mchikirwa , Kim Min , MacLeod David , Mwende Judith , Nyaluke Paul , Vaitha Sonia , Burton Matthew , Gompels Ursula , Gilbert Clare , Bowman Richard
Published: June 2020

Background: Cataract is the commonest cause of childhood blindness in sub Saharan Africa (SSA). The significance of congenital rubella and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection in the etiology is not known. Objectives: We aimed to investigate prevalence of both viruses in cases of congenital cataract and controls. Methods: Lens tissue was collected (from cases), blood and saliva from cases and controls. Using ELISA, we tested blood samples for rubella and cytomegalovirus IgM. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was also used for detection of the viruses. Results: Cytomegalovirus was detected using qPCR in 72.9% saliva specimens of cases compared to 38.5% of controls (P = 0.0001). Cytomegalovirus IgM was also detected in 10.8% blood specimens of cases and only 1.5% control (P = 0.01). Rubella IgM was detected in 13.8% blood specimens of cases and only 3.1% controls (P = 0.01). In lens aspirates of cases, 12.7% were HCMV positive and 11.1% were rubella positive by qPCR. Cases had lower birth weights (mean = 2.8 kg) than controls (mean = 3.2 kg), independent of viral status (P = 0.004). Conclusions: Although most of the children in the study presented too late to be sure that infection was congenital, our study strongly suggests that HCMV and rubella infection appear important causes of congenital cataract in Tanzania hence virology testing of infantile cataract cases may be useful in assessing effectiveness of immunization programs as they are established throughout SSA.
Design of a Foiling Optimist
Authors: Andersson A. , Barreng A. , Bohnsack E. , Larsson L. , Lundin L. , Olander G. , Sahlberg R. , Werner E. , Finnsgard C. , Persson A. , Brown M. , McVeagh J
Published: June 2020

Because of the successful application of hydrofoils on the America's Cup catamarans in the past two campaigns the interest in foiling sailing craft has boosted. Foils have been fitted to a large number of yachts with great success, ranging from dinghies to ocean racers. An interesting question is whether one of the slowest racing boats in the world, the Optimist dinghy, can foil, and if so, at what minimum wind speed. The present paper presents a comprehensive design campaign to answer the two questions. The campaign includes a newly developed Velocity Prediction Program (VPP) for foiling/non-foiling conditions, a wind tunnel test of sail aerodynamics, a towing tank test of hull hydrodynamics and a large number of numerical predictions of foil characteristics. An optimum foil configuration is developed and towing tank tested with satisfactory results. The final proof of the concept is a successful on the water test with stable foiling at a speed of 12 knots.
Towards Unsteady Approach for Future Flutter Calculations
Authors: Mouton Luc , Leroyer Alban , Deng Gan Bo , Queutey Patrick , Soler Thibaut , Ward Britt
Published: June 2020

In prior work to define an improved hydrodynamic approach to flutter calculations, Centrale Nantes, Bureau Veritas Marine & Offshore and Farr Yacht design investigated the possibility of defining a linearized unsteady hydrodynamic model using a fluid response database coming from a series of 2D unsteady RANSE computations. The approach is compared to the Theodorsen theory. The linearized hydrodynamic model was used in a strip theory model for frequency domain flutter analysis. In this latest work, the IMOCA 2006 keel which has been used previously in frequential domain flutter calculation is also analyzed using an alternative and more accurate solution, featuring a fully coupled FSI modal approach with CFD.

As described in the literature, the results present a large impact of the unsteadiness on the phase and module for both lift and moment with a fairly good match compared to Theodorsen theory. The implementation of the results on a frequency domain flutter analysis tool reduces the critical speed for the studied model. Thus the results are closer to the 3D modal CFD approach which gave an lower critical speed.
A Comparative Study of Program FloSim Results Against SYRF Wide Light Project Data
Authors: Maskew Brian , DeBord Frank
Published: June 2020

In November, 2015, the Sailing Yacht Research Foundation (SYRF) published the tank test data from their "Wide Light Yacht Project" for the hydrodynamics of a modern, high performance, semi-planing yacht. This comprehensive data set, comprising canoe body with and without appendages in upright, heeled and yawed conditions, provides an important validation base for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) codes. The SYRF report includes a number of comparative results from commercial CFD codes. In this paper, we present results computed using an advanced Boundary Element Method (BEM), FloSim, these calculations being compared against the test matrix of "Wide Light" measured data and also STAR-CCM+ RANS calculated results. Computer model preparation is discussed and FloSim and RANS case execution times and computer requirements are compared. FloSim is an unsteady, time-stepping BEM with a non-linear vortex wake rollup procedure and a coupled integral boundary layer method for viscous effects. The free surface wave development is treated with a non-linear procedure that includes a breaking-wave model to deal with excess wave energy issues. The program was developed specifically to bridge the gap between basic potential flow panel methods and RANS codes, with the objective of providing accurate, practical solutions on a laptop computer within a reasonable turnaround time and cost. In essence, the results presented in this paper demonstrate the development objectives have been achieved. The comparisons of FloSim's essentially "low-order" results against test data and STARCCM+ RANS calculations, provide a measure of tradeoff between calculation accuracy versus cost and turnaround time for a case.
Eye gaze patterns reflect how young fraction learners approach numerical comparisons
Authors: Miller Singley Alison T. , Crawford Jeffrey Lynn , Bunge Silvia A.
Published: June 2020

Learning fractions is notoriously difficult, yet critically important to mathematical and general academic achievement. Eye-tracking studies are beginning to characterize the strategies that adults use when comparing fractions, but we know relatively little about the strategies used by children. We used eye-tracking to analyze how novice children and mathematically-proficient adults approached a well-studied fraction comparison paradigm. Specifically, eye-tracking can provide insights into the nature of differences: whether they are quantitative—reflecting differences in efficiency—or qualitative—reflecting a fundamentally different approach. We found that children who had acquired the basic fraction rules made more eye movements than did either adults or less proficient children, suggesting a thorough but inefficient problem solving approach. Additionally, correct responses were associated with normative gaze patterns, regardless of age or proficiency levels. However, children paid more attention to irrelevant numerical relationships on conditions that were conceptually difficult. An exploratory analysis points to the possibility that children on the verge of making a conceptual leap attend to the relevant relationships even when they respond incorrectly. These findings indicate the potential of eye-tracking methodology to better characterize the behavior associated with different levels of fraction proficiency, as well as to provide insights for educators regarding how to best support novices at different levels of conceptual development.
The complexity of mental integer addition
Authors: Buijsman Stefan , Pantsar Markus
Published: June 2020

An important paradigm in modeling the complexity of mathematical tasks relies on computational complexity theory, in which complexity is measured through the resources (time, space) taken by a Turing machine to carry out the task. These complexity measures, however, are asymptotic and as such potentially a problematic fit when descriptively modeling mathematical tasks that involve small inputs. In this paper, we argue that empirical data on human arithmetical cognition implies that a more fine-grained complexity measure is needed to accurately study mental arithmetic tasks. We propose a computational model of mental integer addition that is sensitive to the relevant aspects of human arithmetical ability. We show that this model necessitates a two-part complexity measure, since the addition tasks consists of two qualitatively different stages: retrieval of addition facts and the (de)composition of multidigit numbers. Finally, we argue that the two-part complexity measure can be developed into a single response-time measure with the help of empirical study of the two stages.
The relationship between children’s approximate number certainty and symbolic mathematics
Authors: Baer Carolyn , Odic Darko
Published: June 2020

Why do some children excel in mathematics while others struggle? A large body of work has shown positive correlations between children’s Approximate Number System (ANS) and school-taught symbolic mathematical skills, but the mechanism explaining this link remains unknown. One potential mediator of this relationship might be children’s numerical metacognition: children’s ability to evaluate how sure or unsure they are in understanding and manipulating numbers. While previous work has shown that children’s math abilities are uniquely predicted by symbolic numerical metacognition, we focus on the extent to which children’s non-symbolic/ANS numerical metacognition, in particular sensitivity to certainty, might be predictive of math ability, and might mediate the relationship between the ANS and symbolic math. A total of 72 children aged 4–6 years completed measures of ANS precision, ANS metacognition sensitivity, and the Test of Early Mathematical Ability (TEMA-3). Our results replicate many established findings in the literature, including the correlation between ANS precision and the TEMA-3, particularly on the Informal subtype questions. However, we did not find that ANS metacognition sensitivity was related to TEMA-3 performance, nor that it mediated the relationship between the ANS and the TEMA-3. These findings suggest either that metacognitive calibration may play a larger role than metacognitive sensitivity, or that metacognitive differences in the non-symbolic number perception do not robustly contribute to symbolic math performance.
Natural number bias in arithmetic operations with missing numbers – A reaction time study
Authors: Christou Konstantinos P. , Pollack Courtney , Van Hoof Jo , Van Dooren Wim
Published: June 2020

When reasoning about numbers, students are susceptible to a natural number bias (NNB): When reasoning about non-natural numbers they use properties of natural numbers that do not apply. The present study examined the NNB when students are asked to evaluate the validity of algebraic equations involving multiplication and division, with an unknown, a given operand, and a given result; numbers were either small or large natural numbers, or decimal numbers (e.g., 3 × _ = 12, 6 × _ = 498, 6.1 × _ = 17.2). Equations varied on number congruency (unknown operands were either natural or rational numbers), and operation congruency (operations were either consistent – e.g., a product is larger than its operand – or inconsistent with natural number arithmetic). In a response-time paradigm, 77 adults viewed equations and determined whether a number could be found that would make the equation true. The results showed that the NNB affects evaluations in two main ways: a) the tendency to think that missing numbers are natural numbers; and b) the tendency to associate each operation with specific size of result, i.e., that multiplication makes bigger and division makes smaller. The effect was larger for items with small numbers, which is likely because these number combinations appear in the multiplication table, which is automatized through primary education. This suggests that students may count on the strategy of direct fact retrieval from memory when possible. Overall the findings suggest that the NNB led to decreased student performance on problems requiring rational number reasoning.
Producción musical y mercado discográfico: homogeneización entre adolescentes y reto para la educación
Authors: Faure Carvallo Adrien , Gustems Carnicer Josep , Navarro Calafell Mercè
Published: June 2020

Las músicas populares urbanas están entre los géneros musicales preferidos por los adolescentes. A pesar del carácter motivacional que tienen, están aún poco presentes en los currículos de Educación Secundaria y, además, suelen ser tratadas de la misma manera que otros estilos musicales. Los modos de producción y de acceso a los géneros musicales populares-urbanos están muy condicionados por los procesos de producción musical y sus manipulaciones sonoras de carácter tecnológico promovidas desde la industria discográfica. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo conocer el grado de manipulación sonora presente en la música de masas para adolescentes y cómo esta influye en cierta homogeneización cultural a través de la construcción social de su identidad. Para ello, se han efectuado entrevistas a cinco productores musicales que han permitido conocer los métodos que tiene la industria discográfica para establecer perfiles homogéneos en los adolescentes a partir de sus prácticas musicales compartidas. A la luz de estos resultados, se plantean posibles buenas prácticas en el contexto de la educación musical en Secundaria que garanticen la consecución de sus objetivos educativos y mejoren nuestro modelo educativo.
МЕМОАРСКЕ РЕФЛЕКСИЈЕ У РОМАНУ ТОПЛЕ ПЕДЕСЕТЕ ПАВЛА УГРИНОВА
Authors: Мићић Весна Б.
Published: June 2020

У раду се указује да приповједни текст Топлих педесетихПавла Угринова због доминације грађе мемоарског карактерапревазилази жанровске конвенције романа. У складу са књижев-ноисторијским приступом теми, најприје се говори о кључнимчињеницама које се односе на друштвено-историјски контекстприповједног текста Топлих педесетих. Потом се издвајају и ана-лизирају најрелевантнији елементи аутобиографског и доку-ментарно-есејистичког карактера. На примјерима из текста уо-чава се да су ти елементи инкорпорирани у роман Топле педе-сете у облику реминисценција и рефлексија главног јунака(приповједача) о сасвим конкретним друштвеним појавама,личностима, институцијама и умјетничким дјелима. Такође сеуказује да су те реминисценције већином уско повезане са лич-ним искуством аутора и везане за једно раздобље његовог жи-вота и умјетничког рада, што несумњиво свједочи о мемоарскомкарактеру приповједног текста. На основу свега изводи се за-кључак да овај Угриновљев роман представља вриједно лите-рарно свједочанство о једном специфичном развојном току срп-ске културе и умјетности у оквирима бивше Југославије. Тај пе-риод обухвата педесете године 20. вијека, а отпочео је изпотребе за отварањем српске културе ка западноевропским ути-цајима и ослобађањем умјетности од свих врста политичко-иде-олошких стега.
ЈЕЗИЧКО ТКАЊЕ ПОЛИТИКЕ СТРАХА: КОГНИТИВИСТИЧКО- КРИТИЧКА СТУДИЈА СТРАНАЧКИХ САОПШТЕЊА
Authors: Јефтић Љерка В.
Published: June 2020

У раду је анализирана реализација уобичајених стратегијаупотребе језика у политичком дискурсу – референцијалне, стра-тегије предикације и легитимизације – као микростратегија ко-јима се реализује макростратегија (когнитивне и емотивне)присиле, у оквиру критичке анализе дискурса са инкорпорира-ним, релевантним, налазима еволуционе психологије, на кор-пусу саопштења за јавност Српске напредне странке. Резултатианализе свједоче о нормализацији дискриминације политичкогпротивника, чему доприносе референцијалне стратегије изази-вањем когнитивних ефеката репродуковањем дихотомије у ког-нитивном представљању властите и вањске групе (политичкипротивник, као вањска група, представља опасност и пријетњупо властиту групу), као и стратегије предикације у постизањуемотивних ефеката репродуковањем когнитивних асоцијацијаизмеђу вањске групе и сигнала којима се конотира пријетња. Ле-гитимитет наведеном когнитивном уобличавању политичкогпротивника прибавља се лингвистичким средствима евиденци-јалности и епистемичке модалности, доминантно у обликуепистемичке амплификације.
ПОСТМОДЕРНЕ ГЕОПОЛИТИЧКЕ ПРОЈЕКЦИЈЕ И БЛИСКОИСТОЧНЕ МИГРАЦИЈЕ
Authors: Ђукић Немања С. , Живковић Предраг Р.
Published: June 2020

Чланак који слиједи представља увод у разумијевање гео-политике постмодерне. Суштину геополитике постмодернепредставља биополитичка регулација голог живота (bare life). Упрвом дијелу чланка одређујемо појам биополитике и биосуве-ренитета. За разлику од класичне политике, која представљаспособност националне државе да као основни субјект међуна-родних односа контролише територију, биополитика као пос-тмодерна форма политике усмјерена је на неформалну регула-цију становништва. У другом дијелу чланка, биополитичкусуштину геополитике постмодерне показујемо на примјеру гео-политичког пројектовања блискоисточних миграција. У трећемдијелу чланка анализирамо однос основних геополитичких суб-јеката западне цивилизације и објашњавамо основну геополи-тичку матрицу односа САД – ЕУ. У четвртом дијелу чланка да-јемо завршни преглед постмодерне геополитичке ситуације.
ПОГЛЕД НА ЖИВОТ И ДЈЕЛО ЕМИЛИ БРОНТЕ ИЗ ПЕРСПЕКТИВЕ 21. ВИЈЕКА
Authors: Куртеш Огњен М.
Published: June 2020

Претходне, 2018. године, свјетло дана угледала је монографијаEmily Brontë Reapprised, A View from the Twenty-First Century, која у првиплан ставља биографске елементе који би могли утицати на нову и дру-гачију перцепцију живота и дјела Емили Бронте из перспективе чита-лачке публике и књижевне критике 21. вијека. Ауторка монографије дрКлер Окалаган (Dr Claire O’Callaghan), предавач je на Катедри за енгле-ски језик Факултета за умјетност на Универзитету Лоубороу(Loughborough University), а у примарном фокусу њеног истраживањајесте викторијанска и нео-викторијанска књижевност и култура, с посе-бним нагласком на родне студије.
Releasing Affects or the Release from Affects. The Case of Freud and Spinoza
Authors: Wróbel Szymon
Published: June 2020

In this paper, the author is questioning the very concept of “indifferenceof thinking”. The author also asks: in what sense thinkingleads to “overall indifference”? What, indeed, is indifference? Carefullyreading the philosophical texts on affects, mainly Spinoza, Freud,Bergson and Deleuze, the author argues, that indifference is not akind of non-affection, beside-affection, post-affection, but rather, itis a trace of affect – just as cinders are remnants of fire. Indifferenceis not abnegation either, which is a kind of statement that we couldnot care less. On the contrary, it is in indifference where we find aprofound commitment to bringing back the things of this world totheir natural position.
Sustainable development of the city of Sabratha in Libya – strategy and possibilities
Authors: Alharary Aboub Mohamed
Published: June 2020

This paper explores the possibilities of sustainable development ofSabratha in Libya. It starts from the basic views on the sustainabledevelopment of the society, and then there are some opinions aboutthe sustainable development of cities. The second part of the paperanalyses the situation in the city of Sabratha after civil war in Libyain 2011. The final part of the paper suggests the principles, goals andelements on which the future strategy for the sustainable developmentof the city of Sabratha will be based.
Održivi razvoj grada Sabrata u Libiji - mogućnosti i strategija
Authors: Alharary Aboub Mohamed
Published: June 2020

Ovaj rad istražuje mogućnosti održivog razvoja grada Sabrata u Libiji.U radu se polazi od osnovnih stavova o održivom razvoju društva,zatim se iznose neki stavovi o održivom razvoju gradova. Drugideo rada analizira stanje u gradu Sabrati posle građanskog rada uLibiji 2011. godine. U završnom delu rada predlažu se principi, ciljevii elementi na kojima bi počivala buduća strategija održivog razvojagrada Sabrata.
Being vulnerable
Authors: Hunt Jasper Elan
Published: June 2020

Early-career researchers feel discouraged from exposing vulnerability even during a global crisis.
Identifying multiscale spatio-temporal patterns in human mobility using manifold learning
Authors: Watson James R. , Gelbaum Zach , Titus Mathew , Zoch Grant , Wrathall David
Published: June 2020

When, where and how people move is a fundamental part of how human societies organize around every-day needs as well as how people adapt to risks, such as economic scarcity or instability, and natural disasters. Our ability to characterize and predict the diversity of human mobility patterns has been greatly expanded by the availability of Call Detail Records (CDR) from mobile phone cellular networks. The size and richness of these datasets is at the same time a blessing and a curse: while there is great opportunity to extract useful information from these datasets, it remains a challenge to do so in a meaningful way. In particular, human mobility is multiscale, meaning a diversity of patterns of mobility occur simultaneously, which vary according to timing, magnitude and spatial extent. To identify and characterize the main spatio-temporal scales and patterns of human mobility we examined CDR data from the Orange mobile network in Senegal using a new form of spectral graph wavelets, an approach from manifold learning. This unsupervised analysis reduces the dimensionality of the data to reveal seasonal changes in human mobility, as well as mobility patterns associated with large-scale but short-term religious events. The novel insight into human mobility patterns afforded by manifold learning methods like spectral graph wavelets have clear applications for urban planning, infrastructure design as well as hazard risk management, especially as climate change alters the biophysical landscape on which people work and live, leading to new patterns of human migration around the world.
Physiological and anatomical differentiation of two sympatric weed populations
Authors: Neuffer Barbara , Schorsch Michael , Hameister Steffen , Knuesting Johannes , Selinski Jennifer , Scheibe Renate
Published: June 2020

In the vineyards of Rhineland-Palatinate (Germany), two different types of Shepherd’s Purse (Capsella bursa-pastoris) coexist: (1) the common type called ‘wild type’, and (2) the decandric type called Capsella apetala or ‘Spe’ with four stamens in place of the four petals. In this study, we compare the anatomical and physiological characters of rosette leaves of the respective types. Progeny of individual plants was cultivated in growth chambers under low- and high-light conditions. Under low-light conditions, the stomata densities of the adaxial and abaxial epidermis did not differ between the two types. When grown under high-light conditions, wild type and Spe, both exhibited increased stomata densities compared to low-light conditions, but Spe to a lesser extent than the wild type. The maximal photosynthetic capacity of Spe was lower in both, low-light and high-light conditions compared to wild-type plants. Under all CO2 concentrations, Spe seemed to be less productive. The less effective CO2 assimilation of the Spe mutant C. apetala was accompanied by later flowering. This fact prolonged the vegetative phase of Spe by about two weeks and was sufficient for the maintenance of both populations stably over years.
The Prevalence of Candida albicans and Trichomonas vaginalis among First Year Female Students of a Tertiary Institution in Southeastern Nigeria
Authors: Udoh Usanga Victor , Erem Kalu Michael , Ama Ibiam Gideon , Kiran Eze Ibe , Onyema Azi Simon , Nwofoke Ukwah Boniface
Published: June 2020

Aim: To determining the prevalence  of Candida  albicans  and  Trichomonas  vaginalis  infections  among  first  year female  students  of  Ebonyi  State  University,  Abakaliki, a tertiary institution in Southeastern Nigeria.

Study Design: A cross sectional exposed case study.

Place and Duration of Study: Ultramodern Diagnostic Laboratory and Research Center, Department of Medical Laboratory Science, between June and November, 2019.

Methodology: The study involved 350 randomly selected students who consented to the study. Urine and high vagina swab (HVS) samples were carefully and aseptically collected using sterile universal containers and sterile cotton swabs respectively and analysed within 30 minutes of collection. Analytical methods including plate culturing, Gram  staining,  wet  mount  preparation  and  germ  tube  tests  were  used  to  diagnose  these  infections.

Results: The overall results showed a Candida albicans and Trichomonas vaginalis prevalence of 11.1% and 6.0% respectively, while 2.0% were co-infected. The subjects within the age group 21-25 years had the highest prevalence of C.albicans and T. vaginalis, 14.5% and 8.5% respectively, while subjects between the ages of 26-30 years had the least prevalence;5.5% and 0% respectively. However, a weak association was observed between C. albicans infection and age difference of the subjects (P = .11), while a strong association was observed between age difference of subjects and T. vaginalis infection (P = .04).

Conclusion: The study confirms the prevalence of these infections among the students of Ebonyi State University. There is need for provision of proper counseling on sexual behavior and genital hygiene as well as public health education for creation of awareness and sensitization for students through regular seminars is recommended.
An Update on Pharmacotherapy of Dyslipidemia for Adults
Authors: Ahmed Sheikh Salahuddin
Published: June 2020

Dyslipidemia is an important cause of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) worldwide that leads to increased risk of morbidity and mortality; treating dyslipidemia to goal reduces the risks. This article reviews the pharmacological therapy of dyslipidemia which is often required in addition to life style intervention to achieve target lipid levels. Currently, there are seven types of approved lipid modifying drugs which are effective in treating dyslipidemia when used singly or in combination. Statins are considered as first line drug and have been used extensively in the primary and secondary prevention of ASCVD. Ezetimibe is used as a first line add-on drug for patients already on a statin who have not reached their low density lipoprotein (LDL-C) goals; however, ezetimibe can be used as initial drug in statin intolerant patients. Bile acid sequestrants are a useful alternative to statins or ezetimibe in pregnant women or patients with liver disease. They also lower blood glucose and are useful in diabetes mellitus (DM). The PCSK9 inhibitors are powerful lipid modifying drugs, are expensive, need injection for delivery, and are used when statin in maximum doses with other drugs cannot lower the LDL-C level to targets in patients with very high CV risk. Fibrates have recently shown to slow the progression of microvascular diseases and are found beneficial for DM with hypertriglyceridemia and microvascular complications. Currently, niacin use is markedly decreased due to development of more effective alternative drugs for managing dyslipidemia and because of the adverse effects related to niacin use. Recent trials reveal that, ω-3 fatty acids, when added in pharmacological doses to statin therapy (after controlling LDL-C), are effective in reducing CV events in patients having moderate hypertriglyceridemia with high or very high CV risks.
Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine could be an Available Weapons to Treat COVID-19 Associated Pneumonia
Authors: Ahmed Nehad J.
Published: June 2020

Aims: This study aims to review the efficacy of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated pneumonia.

Methodology: This review includes searching Google scholar for publications about the use of hydroxychloroquinein the treatment of COVID-19 using the words of (Covid-19) AND hydroxychloroquine.

Results: Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have proven effective in treating coronavirus in China in vitro, but till now only few clinical trials are available and these trials were conducted on a small sample size of the patients. The efficacy of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine is mainly due to its effect on angiotensin-converting enzyme II (ACE2).

Conclusion: The use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine could be very promising but more trials are needed that include larger sample size and more data are required about the comparison between chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine with other antivirals.
A Review of Recent Phytomedicinal Investigations and the Need for DNA Barcoding of Endemic Plants of Northern Cyprus
Authors: Yavuz Dudu Özkum , Modu Mustapha Bulama-
Published: June 2020

Aims: To review the phytomedicinal researches on endemic plants of Northern Cyprus and to assess the plants of their DNA barcoding status.

Study Design: A review.

Methodology: This work reviewed available and accessible original articles in EBSCO, Ovid MEDLINE®, PubMed®, ScienceDirectTM, Scopus® and Web of ScienceTM databases on phytomedicinal investigations and BOLD System, MMDBD version 1.5 and GenBank® on DNA barcodes of the endemic plants of Northern Cyprus until May, 2020. Using keywords searches related to phytochemistry, biological activity and DNA barcoding, DNA Sequences and the data obtain evaluated and the information that does not meet the inclusion criteria were excluded. We believe that this information would tentatively help researchers to ethically explore these plants for their Medicinal and Aromatic potentials.

Results: Only 6 of the 20 endemic plants of Northern Cyprus were phytopharmaceutically investigated, while DNA sequences of 5 were found to be deposited in the publicly accessible databases accounting for 30% and 25% of the total plants respectively.

Conclusion: Endemism is related to uniqueness in features including the phytomedicinal features, thus Northern Cyprus endemic plants hold ample of such. However the results of this review showed that only few were harnessed for their medicinal properties and hence the need for their pharmacological properties and comprehensive barcoding for proper authentication, detection of adulteration, and quality control.
Pulp
Authors: van Heiningen Adriaan
Published: June 2020

Global virgin pulp production in 2017 was 196 million tonnes. Combined with recycled fibers, the global paper and paperboard production was 413 million tonnes with packaging paper being dominant. The two major chemical processes, kraft and sulfite, cook wood chips at high temperature and pressure to liberate fibers after about 90% of the lignin is dissolved to allow the release of pulp fibers without mechanical force. The mass yield of chemical pulp is 45–55% because most hemicelluloses and some cellulose are also dissolved. Kraft pulp represented 83% of a total chemical pulp production of 123 million tonnes in 2018. Mechanical pulp fibers are obtained by pure mechanical action such as grinding and refining and are called groundwood pulp (GWP) and thermomechanical pulp (TMP), respectively. However, because of its global dominance, this article focuses on kraft chemical pulp. The wood anatomy and chemical composition and fiber dimensions and properties of different species are described. The ultrastructure of pulp fibers and cell walls is interpreted in terms of their relevance for lignin removal during pulping and the structural properties of the final chemical pulp, respectively. Flow sheets for the production of softwood and hardwood bleached kraft and sulfite pulps are presented. Different unit operations of chemical pulping and the governing physical and chemical phenomena are described. The article reviews the mechanisms and kinetics of delignification and carbohydrate degradation and retention that occur inside the wood chips during impregnation with and subsequent pulping in cooking liquor. Oxygen delignification and pulp bleaching conclude this article.
African Union
Authors: Kamwangamalu Nkonko M.
Published: June 2020

This entry reviews the language policy statements that the African continent has made, through its institutions such as the African Union, to promote Africa's indigenous languages in the educational system. This is done against the background of the ideologies that have informed language policies in Africa from the colonial era to the present, especially the ideology of development on the one hand, and the ideology of decolonization on the other. It argues that Africa's language policy statements remain symbolic at best, and that their only merit lies in the fact that they have helped to keep the debate on language policy in Africa alive. It argues further that language policy makers need to do more than merely make policy statements if Africa's indigenous languages are to break through and become free from the shackles of neocolonialism and former colonial languages. The entry concludes with suggestions as to how the breakthrough can be achieved, drawing on previous work on the role of African languages vis‐à‐vis former colonial languages in the educational system.
Audiovisual Translation
Authors: Chiaro Delia
Published: June 2020

Audiovisual translation (AVT) refers to the transfer from one language to another of the verbal components contained in audiovisual works and products. Because audiovisual materials are meant to be seen and heard simultaneously, their translation is different from translating print. Written works are primarily meant to be read whereas audiovisual works are typically watched and listened to. Audiovisual products are often but not always created with the support of technological apparatus, and their translations are also created and accessed through one or more electronic devices. The main modalities for screen translation of fictional products are dubbing and subtitling. The aim of dubbing is to make the translated dialogue appear as though it is being uttered by the actors. Subtitles are an abbreviated written translation of what can be heard on screen.

Fansubbing, considered a forerunner of crowdsourced translation, arose in response to the dissatisfaction of fans with what they considered inadequate dubbing and subtitling of TV series. Fans took on the translation job themselves. Audiovisual translation plays an important role in making audiovisual materials accessible to all.
Functional Approaches to Translation
Authors: Nord Christiane
Published: June 2020

Translation studies is still quite a young discipline. It started as a branch of applied linguistics in the 1960s, partly pushed by a growing interest in machine translation, partly under the influence of Bible translation. The need for a theoretical groundwork for translator and interpreter training, which became particularly pressing in Germany and other European countries during the 1970s, triggered several profession‐oriented tendencies in translation research, among them the investigation of the translation process by thinking‐aloud protocols (TAPs) and functionalist approaches, to name but two.
Mobile‐Assisted Language Learning
Authors: Kukulska‐Hulme Agnes
Published: June 2020

Mobile‐assisted language learning (MALL) is the use of smartphones and other mobile technologies in language learning, especially in situations where portability and situated learning offer specific advantages. A key attraction of mobile learning is the ubiquity of mobile phones. Typical applications can support learners in reading, listening, speaking, and writing in the target language, either individually or in collaboration with one another. Increasingly, MALL applications relate language learning to a person's physical context when mobile, primarily to provide access to location‐specific language material or to enable learners to capture aspects of language use in situ and share it with others. Mobile learning can be formal or informal, and mobile devices may form a bridge connecting in‐class and out‐of‐class learning. When learning takes place outside the classroom, it is often beyond the reach and control of the teacher. This can be perceived as a threat, but it is also an opportunity to revitalize and rethink current approaches to teaching and learning. Mobile learning appeals to a wide range of people for a variety of reasons. It may exclude some learners but it is often a mechanism for inclusion. It is likely that the next generation of mobile learning will be more ubiquitous, which means that there will be smart systems everywhere for digital learning. Mobile learning is proving its potential to address authentic learner needs at the point at which they arise, and to deliver more flexible models of language learning.
Multimodal Interaction Analysis
Authors: Norris Sigrid
Published: June 2020

Multimodal interaction analysis is a holistic methodological framework that allows the analyst to integrate the verbal with the nonverbal, and to integrate these with material objects and the environment as they are being used by individuals acting and interacting in the world. In short, multimodal interaction analysis allows a researcher to study real people interacting with others, with technology, and with the environment. The point of view taken in multimodal interaction analysis is that all actions in fact are interactions and that all of these (inter)actions are linked to people (referred to as “social actors” in multimodal interaction analysis)—no matter whether you are investigating the real or the virtual world, someone buying ice cream, or using a software program. Multimodal interaction analysis is carried out through a series of analytical phases and steps. Researchers utilize multimodal transcription conventions and analytical tools, which are theoretically founded, allowing for replicability of analyses and reliability of findings. Multimodal interaction analysis allows the integration of all communicative modes, where communicative modes are defined as systems of mediated actions. In this view, all modes of communication together build one system of communication, which comes about through actions and interactions that people produce. This coherent framework and process of analysis can be taught and learned and is proving useful for research examining what people do, how they communicate, and how they interact.
Qualitative Sociolinguistics Research
Authors: Langman Juliet , Sayer Peter
Published: June 2020

Qualitative sociolinguistics research (QSR) is an approach that focuses on the ways in which people in communities use language to accomplish things in the world, and how they represent themselves to the world. QSR, in contrast to quantitative research, seeks to examine and explain the richness of language use in particular contexts with an overall aim of understanding the relationships between language and the social world. As such, qualitative sociolinguistics research employs a range of data‐collection and analytic tools and approaches. Given the increasing complexity and interconnectedness of today's world, QSR places central importance on understanding how differences in language both reflect and help to create differences in, on the one hand, how individuals and groups use language, and, on the other, how they are evaluated or judged as a result of their language use by others. While QSR describes a particular research orientation, researchers in this area employ several related research methods, in particular ethnographic methods and discourse analytic approaches.
Life, Meaning of
Authors: Landau Iddo
Published: June 2020

The entry starts by presenting some characterizations of meaningful lives and the history of the use of the term and then goes on to focus on the central debates in the field. The most important of these debates is between those who think that life is necessarily meaningless and those who think that, at least for many people, life is or could be meaningful. Another important distinction is between perfectionist and non‐perfectionist positions: perfectionists hold that meaningful lives have to show some perfection or excellence while non‐perfectionists hold that lives that show sufficient but non‐perfect or non‐excellent value can also be seen as meaningful. A third important axis of discussion is that between theists and atheists. The former often hold that life is meaningful, but only thanks to the existence of God and afterlife. Atheists hold that life can be meaningful even if there is no God and afterlife – moreover, that many religious claims jeopardize life's meaningfulness. A further important distinction in the research is between subjectivists, objectivists, and hybridists. Subjectivists hold that one's belief about the meaningfulness of one's life determines its meaningfulness (to oneself). Objectivists believe that there are some objective criteria of meaningfulness, and lives that do not fall within these criteria are not meaningful. Objectivists do not hold that any subjectivist conditions have to be met for a life to be meaningful. Hybridists hold that both subjective and objective conditions have to be met for a life to be meaningful.