bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Single- and Multiple-Dose Pharmacokinetics of an Oral Mixed Amphetamine Salts Extended-Release Formulation in Adults
Authors: Clausen Susan B. , Read Stephanie C. , Tulloch Simon J.
Published: April 2016

Objectives: Assess the bioavailability of mixed amphetamine salts extended-release (MAS XR) 30-mg capsules and the dose proportionality of pharmacokinetic measures for MAS XR 20,40, and 60 mg.

Methods: Study A, an open-label single-period study, and Study B, a randomized, open-label, three threeway crossover study, were conducted in healthy adults in a clinical research unit. In Study A, 20 subjects received a single MAS XR 30-mg capsule by mouth daily for 7 days. In Study B, 12 subjects received single oral doses of MAS XR 20,40, and 60 mg separated by 7-14-day washout periods.

Findings: Plasma dextroamphetamine (D-amphetamine) and levoamphetamine (L-amphetamine) concentrations were measured using a validated LC-MS/MS method. In Study A, a 3:1 ratio of D-amphetamine to L-amphetamine was observed for AUC0-∞and Cmax. Tmaxwas 4.2 and 4.3 hours for D-amphetamine to Lamphetamine, respectively. In Study B, for D- and Lamphetamine, statistically significant differences were observed for AUC0-t, AVC0-∞, and Cmaxbetween all doses; there was a linear relationship between pharmacokinetic variables and dose and Tmaxwas similar for each isomer (range: 4.5–5.3 hours) with all given MAS XR doses.

Conclusion: The extent of exposure as assessed by mean AUC0-24and Cmaxreflected the 3:1 ratio of D-amphetamine to L-amphetamine in MAS XR 30-mg capsules. The pharmacokinetic profiles of MAS XR 20, 40, and 60 mg are dose proportional for the isomers.
Long-term lithium treatment in the prevention of suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder patients
Authors: Tondo Leonardo , Baldessarini Ross J.
Published: April 2016

We reviewed available research findings, including meta-analyses on effects of lithium-treatment associated with rates of suicidal behavior in bipolar disorder or unipolar major depressive disorder patients, and for comparisons of lithium to mood-stabilizing anticonvulsants. Data from meta-analyses consistently indicate marked reductions of suicidal behavior and mortality during long-term treatment with lithium salts in bipolar disorder patients, and possibly also in unipolar, recurrent major depressive, perhaps even more effectively than with anticonvulsants proposed as mood-stabilizers. Suicidal risk is frequently associated with dysphoric-agitated symptoms, anger, aggression, and impulsivity-all of which may respond better to treatment with lithium or other mood-stabilizing medicines than to antidepressants. In these conditions, antidepressant treatment may not provide a beneficial effect on risk of suicidal thoughts and perhaps attempts, particularly in juveniles, whereas, lithium, perhaps even more than anticonvulsants, seems to be remarkably effective in the preventing suicidal behavior. The mechanism of action is not well defined and may be associated with either a prevention of mood recurrences or a more specific “antisuicidal” activity.

Declaration of Interest: Dr. Tondo has received research support from Janssen and Eli Lilly Corporations and has served as a consultant to Glaxo-SmithKline and Merck Corporations. Dr. Baldessarini has recently been a consultant or investigator-initiated research collaborator with: AstraZeneca, Auritec, Biotrofix, Janssen, JDS-Noven, Lilly, Luitpold, NeuroHealing, Novartis, Pfizer, and SK-BioPharmaceutical Corporations. Neither author is a member of pharmaceutical speakers’ bureaus, nor do they or any family member hold equity positions in biomedical or pharmaceutical corporations.
Visual word recognition in a second language: A test of the lexical entrenchment hypothesis with lexical decision times
Authors: BRYSBAERT MARC , LAGROU EVELYNE , STEVENS MICHAËL
Published: April 2016

The word frequency effect is stronger in second language (L2) processing than in first language (L1) processing. According to the lexical entrenchment hypothesis, this difference is not due to a qualitative difference in word processing between L1 and L2, but can be explained by differences in exposure to the target language: People with less exposure to a language show a steeper frequency curve for that language. Exposure differences can be measured with a vocabulary test. The present study tested whether the lexical entrenchment hypothesis provides an adequate explanation for differences in lexical decision times. To this end, we compared the performance of 56 Dutch–English bilinguals to that of 1011 English L1 speakers on 420 English six-letter words. In line with previous research, the differences in the word frequency effect between word processing in L1 and in L2 became vanishingly small once vocabulary size was entered as a predictor. Only in a diffusion model analysis did we find some evidence that the information build-up may be slower in L1 than in L2, independent of vocabulary size. We further report effects of cognates, age-of-acquisition, and neighborhood size that can also be explained in terms of differences in exposure.
How multiple sources of experience influence bilingual syntactic choice: Immediate and cumulative cross-language effects of structural priming, verb bias, and language dominance
Authors: KOOTSTRA GERRIT JAN , DOEDENS WILLEMIJN J.
Published: April 2016

We investigated trial-by-trial and cumulative cross-language effects of structural priming and verb bias on L1 and L2 dative syntactic choices (e.g., ‘boy-give-ball-to-girl’ [PO structure] vs. ‘boy-give-girl-ball’ [DO structure]). Dutch-dominant Dutch–English bilinguals listened to a prime sentence with a DO or PO structure in one language and then described a picture in the other language, using verbs that varied in their bias towards the PO or DO structure in Dutch and English. We found effects of cross-language structural priming and verb bias on syntactic choice, some of which were influenced by the participants’ language dominance. In addition, we found cumulative forms of structural priming, leading to cross-language priming effects between experimental blocks. We discuss these results in terms of models on the representation of lexical and syntactic information in bilinguals, and point out how the observed effects can be related to experience-based mechanisms of language use and contact-induced language change.
An updated review of worldwide levels of docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid in human breast milk by region
Authors: Fu Yuanqing , Liu Xin , Zhou Bing , Jiang Alice C , Chai Lingying
Published: April 2016

Objective

We aimed to evaluate the DHA and arachidonic acid (AA) levels in human breast milk worldwide by country, region and socio-economic status.

Design

Descriptive review conducted on English publications reporting breast-milk DHA and AA levels.

Setting

We systematically searched and identified eligible literature in PubMed from January 1980 to July 2015. Data on breast-milk DHA and AA levels from women who had given birth to term infants were included.

Subjects

Seventy-eight studies from forty-one countries were included with 4163 breast-milk samples of 3746 individuals.

Results

Worldwide mean levels of DHA and AA in breast milk were 0·37 (sd0·11) % and 0·55 (sd0·14) % of total fatty acids, respectively. The breast-milk DHA levels from women with accessibility to marine foods were significantly higher than those from women without accessibility (0·35 (sd0·20) %v. 0·25 (sd0·14) %,P<0·05). Data from the Asian region showed the highest DHA concentration but much lower AA concentration in breast milk compared with all other regions, independent of accessibility to marine foods. Comparison was made among Canada, Poland and Japan – three typical countries (each with sample size of more than 100 women) from different regions but all with high income and similar accessibility to fish/marine foods.

Conclusions

The current review provides an update on worldwide variation in breast-milk DHA and AA levels and underlines the need for future population- or region-specific investigations.
Theory of Lattice Resolution in High-angle Annular Dark-field Images
Authors: Amali Adam , Rez Peter
Published: April 2016

Abstract: The theoretical interpretation of lattice resolution in high-angle annular dark-field images produced in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) has been a subject of controversy. A first-order perturbation theoretical analysis is presented here, which shows that the contrast in the image arises from large-angle multiphonon, incoherent scattering, which is atomic number dependent. The lattice resolution is a consequence of coherently filling the objective aperture, and dynamical elastic diffraction preceding the large-angle multiphonon scattering is not a necessary requirement. Elastic scattering to the higher order Laue zone (HOLZ) is also shown to be negligible, compared with the incoherent scattering. Calculations from application of the theory are also presented. They show that lattice images formed using the high-angle annular dark-field detector are sensitive to atomic number and are relatively insensitive to defocus. Although high-angle annular dark-field lattice imaging appears to be simple, scattering into the high-angle detector can only be approximately described by an incoherent imaging model.
The Impact of the European Union Current Crisis on Law, Policy and Society
Authors: Chirita Anca D
Published: April 2016

This chapter aims to understand the general nature of the current economic crisis from a socio-legal, economic, ideological and political perspective and to analyse the complexity of the multiple causes which have led to this crisis. The impact of the crisis on different areas of law is also considered, especially on banking, securities, contract, competition and corporate law. Furthermore, the article aims to criticise law in action and the management of the crisis through political decision-making (state intrusiveness), that is, the various responses and reactions to the crisis and the effectiveness of the measures implemented by policy-makers and enforcers. In particular, this article questions the constitutional legitimacy of the TBTF (Too-Big-to-Fail) theory as a predominant doctrine and criterion of state intervention in the economy. The chapter carries out a multi-layered analysis that covers aspects of economic, social, and political governance. It also draws insights from microeconomics—looking at how economic agents have affected individuals such as consumers—and from macroeconomics—looking at how state intervention in the economy has impacted upon taxpayers and considering the economic and social costs of the crisis. Finally, it approaches the crisis from the perspective of political economy by looking through the lenses of ideology and policy and by reflecting on the role of neoliberalism today.
The Area of Freedom, Security and Justice in the Light of the EU Accession to the ECHR—Is the Break-up Inevitable?
Authors: Kornezov Alexander
Published: April 2016

Even though the decision to accede to the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) is a fait accompli, the terms under which the accession should take place are still very much open to debate. The present chapter focuses specifically on the possible tensions which may arise in the aftermath of the EU’s accession to the ECHR in four of the core elements of the EU area of freedom, security and justice (AFSJ): recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, wrongful removal or retention of a child, the Common European Asylum System and the European Arrest Warrant. It then puts forward a number of solutions which could be included either in the accession agreement itself or in the post-accession case law of the ECtHR and which allow not only for the preservation of the coherence and integrity of the AFSJ but also for external judicial control on human rights matters in the AFSJ.
Two-year follow-up of a Chinese sample at clinical high risk for psychosis: timeline of symptoms, help-seeking and conversion
Authors: Zhang T. H. , Li H. J. , Woodberry K. A. , Xu L. H. , Tang Y. Y. , Guo Q. , Cui H. R. , Liu X. H. , Chow A. , Li C. B. , Jiang K. D. , Xiao Z. P. , Seidman L. J. , Wang J. J.
Published: April 2016

Background.

Chinese psychiatrists have gradually started to focus on those who are deemed to be at ‘clinical high-risk (CHR)’ for psychosis; however, it is still unknown how often those individuals identified as CHR from a different country background than previously studied would transition to psychosis. The objectives of this study are to examine baseline characteristics and the timing of symptom onset, help-seeking, or transition to psychosis over a 2-year period in China.

Method.

The presence of CHR was determined with the Structured Interview for Prodromal Syndromes (SIPS) at the participants' first visit to the mental health services. A total of 86 (of 117) CHR participants completed the clinical follow-up of at least 2 years (73.5%). Conversion was determined using the criteria of presence of psychotic symptoms (in SIPS). Analyses examined baseline demographic and clinical predictors of psychosis and trajectory of symptoms over time. Survival analysis (Kaplan–Meier) methods along with Log-rank tests were performed to illustrate the relationship of baseline data to either conversion or non-conversion over time. Cox regression was performed to identify baseline predictors of conversion by the 2-year follow-up.

Results.

In total 25 (29.1%) of 86 completers transitioned to a psychotic disorder over the course of follow-up. Among the CHR sample, the mean time between attenuated symptom onset and professional help-seeking was about 4 months on average, and converters developed fully psychotic symptoms about 12 months after symptom onset. Compared with those CHR participants whose risk syndromes remitted over the course of the study, converters had significantly longer delays (p = 0.029) for their first visit to a professional in search of help. At baseline assessment, the conversion subgroup was younger, had poorer functioning, higher total SIPS positive symptom scores, longer duration of untreated prodromal symptoms, and were more often given psychosis-related diagnoses and subsequently prescribed antipsychotics in the clinic.

Conclusions.

Chinese CHR identified primarily by a novel clinical screening approach had a 2-year transition rate comparable with those of specialised help-seeking samples world-wide. Early clinical intervention with this functionally deteriorating clinical population who are suffering from attenuated psychotic symptoms, is a next step in applying the CHR construct in China.
Explaining Social Discrimination: Racism in Brazil and Xenophobia in Spain
Authors: Camino Leoncio , Álvaro José Luis , Torres Ana Raquel R. , Garrido Alicia , Morais Thiago , Barbosa Juliana
Published: April 2016

The present study investigates the arguments used by university students in order to explain social differences between social minorities and majorities. In Brazil, the issues investigated refer to White and Black people. In Spain, the reference is to native Spaniards and Moroccan immigrants. The participants were 144 Brazilians and 93 Spaniards, who answered a questionnaire composed of socio-demographic variables and one open question about the causes of social inequalities between Black and White people in Brazil and between autochthonous Spaniards and Moroccan Immigrants. A model is proposed to integrate the four discursive classes found using ALCESTE software. In Brazil, the strongest argument is based on the historical roots of the exploitation of Black people. In Spain, cultural differences are the main explanation for social inequalities.
Representation Equals Presentation?
Authors: Schwan Stephan , Bauer Daniela , Kampschulte Lorenz , Hampp Constanze
Published: April 2016

Abstract. In two experiments, the notion was tested that real objects receive more attention and are better remembered than respective photographs of objects. Both objects and photographs were presented behind glass in display showcases in a museum and, hence, were largely equivalent in terms of providing visual information. The results of Experiment 1 indicated that participants pay more attention to real objects than to respective photographs. In addition, Experiment 2 indicated that participants retrieve more memory details about an object if they have seen it as a real object in comparison with a respective photograph. This study provides the first evidence that observers take the different ontological status of photographs and real objects into account, processing the former less elaborately than the latter. More specifically, the present findings are compatible with an early-stage model, which assumes that attribution of authenticity is done heuristically at an early stage, thereby influencing the amount and depth of subsequent stages of information processing, including inspection time and cognitive elaboration.
Considering Atmospheric Electricity in Climate Models
Authors: Wheeling Kate
Published: April 2016

Researchers create a new model of the electric currents circulating throughout the atmosphere that will improve the accuracy of global climate models.
Inhibition of cathepsin B by caspase-3 inhibitors blocks programmed cell death in Arabidopsis
Authors: Ge Y , Cai Y-M , Bonneau L , Rotari V , Danon A , McKenzie E A , McLellan H , Mach L , Gallois P
Published: April 2016

Programmed cell death (PCD) is used by plants for development and survival to biotic and abiotic stresses. The role of caspases in PCD is well established in animal cells. Over the past 15 years, the importance of caspase-3-like enzymatic activity for plant PCD completion has been widely documented despite the absence of caspase orthologues. In particular, caspase-3 inhibitors blocked nearly all plant PCD tested. Here, we affinity-purified a plant caspase-3-like activity using a biotin-labelled caspase-3 inhibitor and identified Arabidopsis thaliana cathepsin B3 (AtCathB3) by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Consistent with this, recombinant AtCathB3 was found to have caspase-3-like activity and to be inhibited by caspase-3 inhibitors. AtCathepsin B triple-mutant lines showed reduced caspase-3-like enzymatic activity and reduced labelling with activity-based caspase-3 probes. Importantly, AtCathepsin B triple mutants showed a strong reduction in the PCD induced by ultraviolet (UV), oxidative stress (H2O2, methyl viologen) or endoplasmic reticulum stress. Our observations contribute to explain why caspase-3 inhibitors inhibit plant PCD and provide new tools to further plant PCD research. The fact that cathepsin B does regulate PCD in both animal and plant cells suggests that this protease may be part of an ancestral PCD pathway pre-existing the plant/animal divergence that needs further characterisation.
Long-distance electron transfer by cable bacteria in aquifer sediments
Authors: Müller Hubert , Bosch Julian , Griebler Christian , Damgaard Lars Riis , Nielsen Lars Peter , Lueders Tillmann , Meckenstock Rainer U
Published: April 2016

The biodegradation of organic pollutants in aquifers is often restricted to the fringes of contaminant plumes where steep countergradients of electron donors and acceptors are separated by limited dispersive mixing. However, long-distance electron transfer (LDET) by filamentous ‘cable bacteria’ has recently been discovered in marine sediments to couple spatially separated redox half reactions over centimeter scales. Here we provide primary evidence that such sulfur-oxidizing cable bacteria can also be found at oxic–anoxic interfaces in aquifer sediments, where they provide a means for the direct recycling of sulfate by electron transfer over 1–2-cm distance. Sediments were taken from a hydrocarbon-contaminated aquifer, amended with iron sulfide and saturated with water, leaving the sediment surface exposed to air. Steep geochemical gradients developed in the upper 3 cm, showing a spatial separation of oxygen and sulfide by 9 mm together with a pH profile characteristic for sulfur oxidation by LDET. Bacterial filaments, which were highly abundant in the suboxic zone, were identified by sequencing of 16S rRNA genes and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) as cable bacteria belonging to the Desulfobulbaceae. The detection of similar Desulfobulbaceae at the oxic–anoxic interface of fresh sediment cores taken at a contaminated aquifer suggests that LDET may indeed be active at the capillary fringe in situ.
Genomic insights into members of the candidate phylum Hyd24-12 common in mesophilic anaerobic digesters
Authors: Kirkegaard Rasmus Hansen , Dueholm Morten Simonsen , McIlroy Simon Jon , Nierychlo Marta , Karst Søren Michael , Albertsen Mads , Nielsen Per Halkjær
Published: April 2016

Members of the candidate phylum Hyd24-12 are globally distributed, but no genomic information or knowledge about their morphology, physiology or ecology is available. In this study, members of the Hyd24-12 lineage were shown to be present and abundant in full-scale mesophilic anaerobic digesters at Danish wastewater treatment facilities. In some samples, a member of the Hyd24-12 lineage was one of the most abundant genus-level bacterial taxa, accounting for up to 8% of the bacterial biomass. Three closely related and near-complete genomes were retrieved using metagenome sequencing of full-scale anaerobic digesters. Genome annotation and metabolic reconstruction showed that they are Gram-negative bacteria likely involved in acidogenesis, producing acetate and hydrogen from fermentation of sugars, and may play a role in the cycling of sulphur in the digesters. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed single rod-shaped cells dispersed within the flocs. The genomic information forms a foundation for a more detailed understanding of their role in anaerobic digestion and provides the first insight into a hitherto undescribed branch in the tree of life.
Is chloroplastic class IIA aldolase a marine enzyme?
Authors: Miyasaka Hitoshi , Ogata Takeru , Tanaka Satoshi , Ohama Takeshi , Kano Sanae , Kazuhiro Fujiwara , Hayashi Shuhei , Yamamoto Shinjiro , Takahashi Hiro , Matsuura Hideyuki , Hirata Kazumasa
Published: April 2016

Expressed sequence tag analyses revealed that two marine Chlorophyceae green algae, Chlamydomonas sp. W80 and Chlamydomonas sp. HS5, contain genes coding for chloroplastic class IIA aldolase (fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate aldolase: FBA). These genes show robust monophyly with those of the marine Prasinophyceae algae genera Micromonas, Ostreococcus and Bathycoccus, indicating that the acquisition of this gene through horizontal gene transfer by an ancestor of the green algal lineage occurred prior to the divergence of the core chlorophytes (Chlorophyceae and Trebouxiophyceae) and the prasinophytes. The absence of this gene in some freshwater chlorophytes, such as Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Volvox carteri, Chlorella vulgaris, Chlorella variabilis and Coccomyxa subellipsoidea, can therefore be explained by the loss of this gene somewhere in the evolutionary process. Our survey on the distribution of this gene in genomic and transcriptome databases suggests that this gene occurs almost exclusively in marine algae, with a few exceptions, and as such, we propose that chloroplastic class IIA FBA is a marine environment-adapted enzyme. This hypothesis was also experimentally tested using Chlamydomonas W80, for which we found that the transcript levels of this gene to be significantly lower under low-salt (that is, simulated terrestrial) conditions. Expression analyses of transcriptome data for two algae, Prymnesium parvum and Emiliania huxleyi, taken from the Sequence Read Archive database also indicated that the expression of this gene under terrestrial conditions (low NaCl and low sulfate) is significantly downregulated. Thus, these experimental and transcriptome data provide support for our hypothesis.
Strongly enhanced light trapping in a two-dimensional silicon nanowire random fractal array
Authors: Fazio Barbara , Artoni Pietro , Antonia Iatì Maria , D'Andrea Cristiano , Lo Faro Maria Josè , Del Sorbo Salvatore , Pirotta Stefano , Giuseppe Gucciardi Pietro , Musumeci Paolo , Salvatore Vasi Cirino , Saija Rosalba , Galli Matteo , Priolo Francesco , Irrera Alessia
Published: April 2016

We report on the unconventional optical properties exhibited by a two-dimensional array of thin Si nanowires arranged in a random fractal geometry and fabricated using an inexpensive, fast and maskless process compatible with Si technology. The structure allows for a high light-trapping efficiency across the entire visible range, attaining total reflectance values as low as 0.1% when the wavelength in the medium matches the length scale of maximum heterogeneity in the system. We show that the random fractal structure of our nanowire array is responsible for a strong in-plane multiple scattering, which is related to the material refractive index fluctuations and leads to a greatly enhanced Raman scattering and a bright photoluminescence. These strong emissions are correlated on all length scales according to the refractive index fluctuations. The relevance and the perspectives of the reported results are discussed as promising for Si-based photovoltaic and photonic applications.
Targeted delivery of microRNA-126 to vascular endothelial cells via REDV peptide modified PEG-trimethyl chitosan
Authors: Zhou Fang , Jia Xiaoling , Yang Qingmao , Yang Yang , Zhao Yunhui , Fan Yubo , Yuan Xiaoyan
Published: April 2016

Cationic complexes self-assembled from REDV peptide-modified PEG-trimethyl chitosan (TMC-g-PEG-REDV) polyplexes show efficient targeted delivery of miRNA-126 to vascular endothelial cells (VECs).
A new solution for removing metal-based catalyst residues from a biodegradable polymer
Authors: Bahramian B. , Ma Y. , Rohanizadeh R. , Chrzanowski W. , Dehghani F.
Published: April 2016

We developed a new green approach in which CO2 laden water was used for the extraction of a metal-based catalyst from a commercial polymer, poly(propylene carbonate).
Resonant Raman scattering from silicon nanoparticles enhanced by magnetic response
Authors: Dmitriev Pavel A. , Baranov Denis G. , Milichko Valentin A. , Makarov Sergey V. , Mukhin Ivan S. , Samusev Anton K. , Krasnok Alexander E. , Belov Pavel A. , Kivshar Yuri S.
Published: April 2016

Enhancement of optical response with high-index dielectric nanoparticles is attributed to the excitation of their Mie-type magnetic and electric resonances.
Influence of morphology on the performance of ZnO-based dye-sensitized solar cells
Authors: Lizama-Tzec F. I. , García-Rodríguez R. , Rodríguez-Gattorno G. , Canto-Aguilar E. J. , Vega-Poot A. G. , Heredia-Cervera B. E. , Villanueva-Cab J. , Morales-Flores N. , Pal U. , Oskam G.
Published: April 2016

The relation between the morphological and textural properties and the performance of ZnO-based dye-sensitized solar cells is explored using ZnO materials prepared by a sonochemical method as a function of pH.
Nanocrystals of CuCr2S4−xSex chalcospinels with tunable magnetic properties
Authors: Ramasamy Karthik , Sims Hunter , Keshavarz Sahar , Naghibolashrafi Nariman , Gupta Arunava
Published: April 2016

Nanocrystals of magnetic chalcospinels CuCr2S4−xSex (0 ≤ x ≤ 4) have been synthesized over the entire composition range and their magnetic properties investigated. Electronic structure calculations predict metallic characteristics in the bulk and “half-metallic” at reduced dimensions.
Electrochemical aptamer-based biosensors as potential tools for clinical diagnostics
Authors: Jarczewska Marta , Górski Łukasz , Malinowska Elżbieta
Published: April 2016

A schematic representation of the aptamer–antibody sandwich assay.
Human metabolic responses to microgravity simulated in a 45-day 6° head-down tilt bed rest (HDBR) experiment
Authors: Chen Pu , Yu Yanbo , Tan Chen , Liu Hongju , Wu Feng , Li Hongyi , Huang Jianying , Dong Haisheng , Wan Yumin , Chen Xiaoping , Chen Bin
Published: April 2016

Metabolomics approaches could achieve accurate and comprehensive analysis in human space exploration.
Correlation between Cu ion migration behaviour and deNOx activity in Cu-SSZ-13 for the standard NH3-SCR reaction
Authors: Beale A. M. , Lezcano-Gonzalez I. , Slawinksi W. A. , Wragg D. S.
Published: April 2016

Here we present the results of a synchrotron-based in situ, time-resolved PXRD study during activation of two Cu-SSZ-13 catalysts under O2/He and one during standard NH3-SCR reaction conditions to obtain insight into the migration behaviour of Cu ions.
Microfluidic generation of encapsulated droplet interface bilayer networks (multisomes) and their use as cell-like reactors
Authors: Elani Yuval , Solvas Xavier C. I. , Edel Joshua B. , Law Robert V. , Ces Oscar
Published: April 2016

Using a microfluidic device to incorporate bilayer networks inside droplets, we generate compartmentalised cell-like microreactors based on lipid membranes.
Direct oxidative lactonization of alkenoic acids mediated solely by NaIO4: beyond a simple oxidant
Authors: Kang Yan-Biao , Chen Xian-Min , Yao Chuan-Zhi , Ning Xiao-Shan
Published: April 2016

Triflic acid-catalyzed direct oxidative lactonization of alkenoic acids mediated solely by NaIO4without halogen salts is described.
Investigation of magnetic and electronic properties of transition metal doped Sc2CT2(T = O, OH or F) using a first principles study
Authors: Yang Jianhui , Luo Xuepiao , Zhang Shaozheng , Chen Liang
Published: April 2016

Cr- and Mn-doped Sc2CT2(T = OH, O, or F) systems are magnetic, which are promising two-dimensional materials in spin electronics applications.
Solid-state NMR and DFT predictions of differences in COOH hydrogen bonding in odd and even numbered n-alkyl fatty acids
Authors: Powell Jacob , Kalakewich Keyton , Uribe-Romo Fernando J. , Harper James K.
Published: April 2016

n-Alkyl fatty acids with an even or odd number of carbons are predicted to differ in COOH hydrogen bonding in the solid state.
Proton coupled electron transfer from the excited state of a ruthenium(ii) pyridylimidazole complex
Authors: Pannwitz Andrea , Wenger Oliver S.
Published: April 2016

Transfer of one electron and one proton from [Ru(bpy)2pyimH]2+ to monoquat (MQ+) upon photoexcitation, corresponding to net transfer of a hydrogen atom.
Ag-catalyzed C–H/C–C bond functionalization
Authors: Zheng Qing-Zhong , Jiao Ning
Published: April 2016

In this review, we focus on the developments of Ag-catalyzed C–H/C–C bond functionalization and the corresponding mechanism.
Barium borohydride chlorides: synthesis, crystal structures and thermal properties
Authors: Grube Elisabeth , Olesen Cathrine H. , Ravnsbæk Dorthe B. , Jensen Torben R.
Published: April 2016

A series of novel barium-based borohydrides, structurally resembling various BaCl2 and BaBr2 polymorphs, were prepared by mechanochemistry.
On-chip analysis, indexing and screening for chemical producing bacteria in a microfluidic static droplet array
Authors: Jang Sungho , Lee Byungjin , Jeong Heon-Ho , Jin Si Hyung , Jang Sungyeon , Kim Seong Gyeong , Jung Gyoo Yeol , Lee Chang-Soo
Published: April 2016

We present a screening platform that couples a microfluidic static droplet array (SDA) and an artificial riboswitch to analyze intracellular metabolite concentration from single microbial cells.
On the utility of coupling polarised light microscopy to a solubility assay in drug discovery
Authors: MacFaul P. A. , Ratcliffe A. J. , Támara M. , Vernon S.
Published: April 2016

Knowledge of the physical form at the end of the assay allows the solubility results to be put into context.
Lithographically-generated 3D lamella layers and their structural color
Authors: Zhang Sichao , Chen Yifang , Lu Bingrui , Liu Jianpeng , Shao Jinhai , Xu Chen
Published: April 2016

Direct proof of the structural blue/green color via lithographically-replicated PMMA/air multilayers, analogous to those in real Morpho butterfly wings.
Synthesis of polysarcosine from air and moisture stable N-phenoxycarbonyl-N-methylglycine assisted by tertiary amine base
Authors: Doriti Afroditi , Brosnan Sarah M. , Weidner Steffen M. , Schlaad Helmut
Published: April 2016

Well-defined polysarcosines are synthesized from a stable urethane derivative ofN-methylglycine, avoiding the direct use of NCA.
Aggregation-induced emission: the origin of lignin fluorescence
Authors: Xue Yuyuan , Qiu Xueqing , Wu Ying , Qian Yong , Zhou Mingsong , Deng Yonghong , Li Yuan
Published: April 2016

Aggregation-induced emission plays a role in the origin of lignin fluorescence owing to the agglomeration of carbonyl groups and restriction of intramolecular rotation.
Mesoporous TiO2 encapsulating a visible-light responsive upconversion agent for enhanced sonocatalytic degradation of bisphenol-A
Authors: Qiu Pengpeng , Thokchom Binota , Choi Jongbok , Cui Mingcan , Kim Hong-Dae , Han Zhengchang , Kim Dukmin , Khim Jeehyeong
Published: April 2016

Mesoporous TiO2 was coupled with an upconversion agent via a straightforward method and demonstrated as an efficient sonocatalyst for the degradation of bisphenol-A.
Structure of solid lipid nanoparticles produced by a microwave-assisted microemulsion technique
Authors: Shah Rohan M. , Bryant Gary , Taylor Matthew , Eldridge Daniel S. , Palombo Enzo A. , Harding Ian H.
Published: April 2016

The current study investigates the structure of solid lipid nanoparticles, prepared using a recently reported microwave-assisted microemulsion technique, by multi-angle static and dynamic light scattering and small angle X-ray scattering techniques.
Cu(i)-catalyzed double C–H amination: synthesis of 2-iodo-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines
Authors: Dheer Divya , Reddy K. Ranjith , Rath Santosh K. , Sangwan P. L. , Das Parthasarthi , Shankar Ravi
Published: April 2016

An iodine/CuI mediated double oxidative C–H amination reaction has been developed for the synthesis of 2-iodo-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines, which can serve as active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) of marketed drugs like saripidem and nicopidem.
Poly(ethylene) glycols and mechanochemistry for the preparation of bioactive 3,5-disubstituted hydantoins
Authors: Konnert L. , Dimassi M. , Gonnet L. , Lamaty F. , Martinez J. , Colacino E.
Published: April 2016

Mechanochemistry was effective for the preparation of 3,5-disubstituted hydantoins from α-amino methyl esters, using either 1,1′-carbonyldiimidazole (CDI) or alkyl isocyanates.
Active methylenes in the synthesis of a pyrrole motif: an imperative structural unit of pharmaceuticals, natural products and optoelectronic materials
Authors: Khajuria Rajni , Dham Sumita , Kapoor Kamal K.
Published: April 2016

Pyrrole is one of the most important azaheterocycles, due to its wide range of applications in pharmaceuticals and optoelectronic materials, coupled with its utility as an intermediate in natural products.
New microsecond intramolecular reactions of human telomeric DNA in solution
Authors: Pérez-Arnáiz Cristina , Busto Natalia , Leal José M. , García Begoña
Published: April 2016

G-quadruplex equilibrium (type-1)-G-triplexes observed in the microsecond timescale in human telomeric DNA at pH 7.5, 0.15 M KCl. Other long-lived intermediates should not be ruled out. Similar behavior is observed in the presence of 0.15 M NaCl.
Tuned depositing Ag clusters on ZrO2 nanocrystals from silver mirror reaction of silver–dodecylamine complexes
Authors: Wang Xin , Zhao Zhe , Ou Dingrong , Tu Baofeng , Cui Daan , Wei Xuming , Cheng Mojie
Published: April 2016

A series of Ag/ZrO2 nanocomposites have been synthesized from silver mirror reaction in toluene and show excellent catalytic performance for reduction of 4-NP.
Well-wrapped reduced graphene oxide nanosheets on Nb3O7(OH) nanostructures as good electron collectors and transporters for efficient photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B and phenol
Authors: Lee Seunghee , Amaranatha Reddy D. , Kim Tae Kyu
Published: April 2016

Nb3O7(OH) nanorod-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites with superior photocatalytic efficiency for degradation of organic dyes have been synthesized and characterized.
Single step hydrothermal synthesis of beyerite, CaBi2O2(CO3)2 for the fabrication of UV-visible light photocatalyst BiOI/CaBi2O2(CO3)2
Authors: Malik Vidhu , Pokhriyal Meenakshi , Uma S.
Published: April 2016

Uniform rectangular plates of the mineral, beyerite (CaBi2O2(CO3)2) belonging to the “sillen” family have been successfully synthesized and is used in fabricating the composite photocatalyst BiOI/CaBi2O2(CO3)2.
Confined molecular motion across liquid/liquid interfaces in a triphasic reaction towards free-standing conductive polymer tube arrays
Authors: Ji Tuo , Cao Wei , Chen Long , Mu Liwen , Wang Huaiyuan , Gong Xiong , Lu Xiaohua , Zhu Jiahua
Published: April 2016

Freestanding conductive polymer tube arrays can be synthesized by synergistically integrating diffusion and reaction control at separate liquid/liquid interfaces without using substrates or templates.
The electronic, optical, and thermodynamic properties of borophene from first-principles calculations
Authors: Peng Bo , Zhang Hao , Shao Hezhu , Xu Yuanfeng , Zhang Rongjun , Zhu Heyuan
Published: April 2016

Borophene shows highly anisotropic metallic behaviour (a) due to anisotropic structure (b). The optical properties of borophene are orientation-dependent (c). This provides opportunities for applications in display technologies, photovoltaics and flexible electronics.
UVB exposure enhanced the dermal penetration of zinc oxide nanoparticles and induced inflammatory responses through oxidative stress mediated by MAPKs and NF-κB signaling in SKH-1 hairless mouse skin
Authors: Pal Anu , Alam Shamshad , Chauhan Lalit K. S. , Saxena Prem N. , Kumar Mahadeo , Ansari Ghazi N. , Singh Dhirendra , Ansari Kausar M.
Published: April 2016

UVB exposure enhances the internalization of ZnO-NPs and caused changes in surface morphology of SKH-1 mouse skin.
Collagen structure: new tricks from a very old dog
Authors: Bella Jordi
Published: April 2016

The main features of the triple helical structure of collagen were deduced in the mid-1950s from fibre X-ray diffraction of tendons. Yet, the resulting models only could offer an average description of the molecular conformation. A critical advance came about 20 years later with the chemical synthesis of sufficiently long and homogeneous peptides with collagen-like sequences. The availability of these collagen model peptides resulted in a large number of biochemical, crystallographic and NMR studies that have revolutionized our understanding of collagen structure. High-resolution crystal structures from collagen model peptides have provided a wealth of data on collagen conformational variability, interaction with water, collagen stability or the effects of interruptions. Furthermore, a large increase in the number of structures of collagen model peptides in complex with domains from receptors or collagen-binding proteins has shed light on the mechanisms of collagen recognition. In recent years, collagen biochemistry has escaped the boundaries of natural collagen sequences. Detailed knowledge of collagen structure has opened the field for protein engineers who have used chemical biology approaches to produce hyperstable collagens with unnatural residues, rationally designed collagen heterotrimers, self-assembling collagen peptides, etc. This review summarizes our current understanding of the structure of the collagen triple helical domain (COL×3) and gives an overview of some of the new developments in collagen molecular engineering aiming to produce novel collagen-based materials with superior properties.
Molecular and cellular basis for the unique functioning of Nrf1, an indispensable transcription factor for maintaining cell homoeostasis and organ integrity
Authors: Zhang Yiguo , Xiang Yuancai
Published: April 2016

The consensus cis-regulatory AP-1 (activator protein-1)-like AREs (antioxidant-response elements) and/or EpREs (electrophile-response elements) allow for differential recruitment of Nrf1 [NF-E2 (nuclear factor-erythroid 2)-related factor 1], Nrf2 and Nrf3, together with each of their heterodimeric partners (e.g. sMaf, c-Jun, JunD or c-Fos), to regulate different sets of cognate genes. Among them, NF-E2 p45 and Nrf3 are subject to tissue-specific expression in haemopoietic and placental cell lineages respectively. By contrast, Nrf1 and Nrf2 are two important transcription factors expressed ubiquitously in various vertebrate tissues and hence may elicit putative combinational or competitive functions. Nevertheless, they have de facto distinct biological activities because knockout of their genes in mice leads to distinguishable phenotypes. Of note, Nrf2 is dispensable during development and growth, albeit it is accepted as a master regulator of antioxidant, detoxification and cytoprotective genes against cellular stress. Relative to the water-soluble Nrf2, less attention has hitherto been drawn to the membrane-bound Nrf1, even though it has been shown to be indispensable for embryonic development and organ integrity. The biological discrepancy between Nrf1 and Nrf2 is determined by differences in both their primary structures and topovectorial subcellular locations, in which they are subjected to distinct post-translational processing so as to mediate differential expression of ARE-driven cytoprotective genes. In the present review, we focus on the molecular and cellular basis for Nrf1 and its isoforms, which together exert its essential functions for maintaining cellular homoeostasis, normal organ development and growth during life processes. Conversely, dysfunction of Nrf1 results in spontaneous development of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, hepatoma, diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases in animal models.
Sentence Repetition Accuracy in Adults With Developmental Language Impairment: Interactions of Participant Capacities and Sentence Structures
Authors: Poll Gerard H. , Miller Carol A. , van Hell Janet G.
Published: April 2016

Purpose

We asked whether sentence repetition accuracy could be explained by interactions of participant processing limitations with the structures of the sentences. We also tested a prediction of the procedural deficit hypothesis (Ullman & Pierpont, 2005) that adjuncts are more difficult than arguments for individuals with developmental language impairment (DLI).

Method

Forty-four young adults participated, 21 with DLI. The sentence repetition task varied sentence length and the use of arguments and adjuncts. We also administered measures of working memory and processing speed. Our regression models focused on these interactions: group and argument status; processing speed, length, and argument status; and working memory capacity, length, and argument status.

Results

Language ability group was a significant predictor of sentence repetition accuracy but did not interact with argument status. Processing speed interacted with sentence length and argument status. Working memory capacity and its separate interactions with argument status and sentence length predicted sentence repetition accuracy.

Conclusions

Many adults with DLI may have difficulty with adjuncts as a result of their working memory limitations rather than their language ability. Cognitive limitations common to individuals with DLI are revealed more by particular sentence structures, suggesting ways to construct more diagnostically accurate sentence repetition tasks.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14963784
Stärken und Schwächen der ICD-10 bei der Depressionsdiagnostik aus Sicht von HausärztInnen
Authors: Kammerer K. , Falk K. , Döpfmer S. , Heintze C.
Published: April 2016

Zielsetzung: HausärztInnen sind für die Versorgung depressiv erkrankter Menschen häufig wichtige AnsprechpartnerInnen. Einige Studien geben Hinweise auf eine Unterdiagnostizierung dieser PatientInnengruppe in der hausärztlichen Praxis. Umstritten ist, welche Bedeutung die ICD-10 für die Diagnostik hat. Die BMBF-geförderte Studie „PSYTIA – Psychotherapie im Alter“ beschäftigt sich u. a. mit der Versorgung älterer Menschen mit Depression in der Hausarztpraxis. Der vorliegende Beitrag präsentiert Ergebnisse zur hausärztlichen Sicht auf Stärken und Schwächen der ICD-10 bei der Depressionsdiagnostik.

Methodik: 402 hausärztliche LehrärztInnen wurden mit einem Fragebogen zur Versorgung älterer Menschen (60+) mit depressiver Erkrankung befragt. Der Rücklauf betrug 23,6%. In 2 offenen Fragen wurde die hausärztliche Sicht auf Stärken und Schwächen der ICD-10 in Hinblick auf die Depressionsdiagnostik erfragt. Die Antworten wurden induktiv entwickelten übergreifenden Kategorien zugeordnet.

Ergebnisse: Ca. drei Viertel der Teilnehmenden beantworteten die beiden Fragen. Während ein knappes Fünftel keine Meinung zur Tauglichkeit der ICD-10 als Diagnoseinstrument im Hinblick auf Depression hat oder keine äußern möchte, gaben 41% der Teilnehmenden Schwächen und ein Drittel der Befragten Stärken der ICD an. Diese beziehen sich überwiegend auf Differenziertheit des Instrumentes und Handhabbarkeit im Praxisalltag.

Schlussfolgerungen: Die Ergebnisse der Befragung zeigen, dass bei der Anwendung der ICD-10 in der hausärztlichen Praxis ein ganzheitliches, hermeneutisches Fallverständnis der HausärztInnen sowie die Notwendigkeit einer effizienten Praxisführung und Abrechnung aufeinander treffen und zu der ausgesprochen heterogenen und ambivalenten Einschätzung der Tauglichkeit der ICD-10 für die hausärztliche Diagnostik depressiver Erkrankungen führen.
Allgemeinmedizin in einer universitären Notaufnahme – Konzept, Umsetzung und Evaluation
Authors: Schleef T. , Schneider N. , Tecklenburg A. , Junius-Walker U. , Krause O.
Published: April 2016

Hintergrund: Die Notaufnahmen der Krankenhäuser sehen sich mit steigenden Patientenzahlen konfrontiert. Während die stationären Aufnahmequoten weitgehend konstant geblieben sind, betreffen die Zuwächse insbesondere den Anteil ambulanter Fälle. Die Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH) hat auf diese Entwicklung reagiert, indem angestellte Allgemeinärzte zusätzlich zu den anderen Fachdisziplinen in der Zentralen Notaufnahme (ZNA) eingesetzt werden. Erste Ergebnisse der Begleitevaluation liegen vor.

Methode: Im Jahr 2014 wurden alle Patientenkontakte der Allgemeinärzte in der ZNA über die Routinedaten des Krankenhausinformationssystems und einem eigens entwickeltem Dokumentationsbogen ausgewertet. Der Bogen umfasste unter anderem Fragen zur Besuchsart, vorgenommene Untersuchungen und zum Verbleib des Patienten.

Ergebnisse: 2014 wurden in der ZNA der MHH 1 646 Patienten von Allgemeinärzten versorgt, es entfielen 76% auf Selbstzuweisungen und 23% auf eingewiesene Patienten. Als Behandlungsgründe dominierten Rückenschmerzen, gefolgt von Gastroenteritis und arterieller Hypertonie. Technische Untersuchungen und Konsile waren selten erforderlich. 81% der Patienten konnten ambulant verbleiben und erhielten meistens eine Empfehlung für eine haus- und/oder fachärztliche Weiterbehandlung. Mehrfachbesucher waren mit 58 Patienten kaum vorhanden.

Schlussfolgerung: Die Versorgung ambulanter Patienten in der ZNA durch Allgemeinmediziner stellt ein vielversprechendes Konzept dar, um das steigende Patientenaufkommen zu bewältigen. Weitere Untersuchungen, z. B. zur Diagnosesicherheit und Patientenzufriedenheit, sind erforderlich.