bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Haloacetyl reactive dyes‐synthesis and application to silk
Authors: Zhang Shufen , Li Jincheng , Yang Jinzong
Published: July 2010

A series of haloacetyl reactive dyes have been synthesised. The reactivity of haloacetyl groups and the dyeing properties of the dyes on silk fabric were studied. The results show that the bromoacetyl group is more reactive than the chloroacetyl group and molecules containing a bromoacetyl group would dye silk under relatively mild dyeing conditions. Both the exhaustion and fixation on silk fabric are increased if a second reactive group is present in the molecule
BS EN ISO 9000‐help or hindrance in a small textile company?
Authors: Wetton Mike
Published: July 2010

The British Standards Institution maintains that BS EN ISO 9000 is a positive contribution to better business. Mike Wetton stresses the importance of obtaining good advice in the standard's implementation.
Partial degumming of raw mulberry silkndasha novel approach in achieving quality and economics in dyeing
Authors: Prabhu J. , Sanne Sreesha , Somashekar T H
Published: July 2010

Optimum conditions for the partial degumming of silk yarn with soap and sulphuric acid (20%) are presented. The purpose of the study was to achieve an economical partial degumming process capable of yielding silk suitable for weaving of fabric with the required amount of stiffness. The colour strength of partially degummed silk was observed to improve, without affecting the wash fastness characteristics.
Homogeneous models for the chemical selectivity of reactive dyes on cotton‐development of procedures and choice of model
Authors: Bentley T William , Ratcliff Joanne , Renfrew A Hunter M , Taylor John A
Published: July 2010

Rates and products of reactions of a dichlorotriazine dye (CI Reactive Orange 4) with a range of alcohols (methanol, propan‐1‐ol, propan‐2‐ol, tetrahydropyran‐2‐methanol, ethane‐1,2‐diol, α‐and ß‐methylglucopyranosides, mannitol and sorbitol) have been investigated in dilute aqueous solution at pH 11.0 and 25.0d̀C by ion‐pair HPLC. The pseudo‐first‐order rate constants have been separated into contributions from the competing hydrolysis and alcoholysis reactions. Addition of alcohol increases the rates of both hydrolysis and alcoholysis reactions. Product selectivity increases from 74 for 0.132 mol/l propan‐1‐ol to 2400 for 0.132 mol/l mannitol and differs even for stereoisomers. It is concluded that, despite its simplicity, methanol is a suitable model alcohol for probing the major factors influencing the chemical selectivity of reactive dyes in homogeneous solutions
Hydrolysis of a disperse reactive dye for application to wool fibres
Authors: Gomes JINR , Soares GMB , Hrdina R. , Oliveira‐Campos AMF , Moura JCVP , Maia HLS
Published: July 2010

The synthesis of a reactive dye in the anhydride form is described, and its kinetics of hydrolysis investigated at various pH values. Two different hydrolysis products were identified. The experimental rate constants were determined by nonlinear approximation. It was found that the experimental rate constant depends on pH, with the maximum between pH 5 and 6. The best wool dyeing conditions were obtained by dyeing for 60 min at 100d̀C and pH 7.
A comparison of the colour differences computed using the CIE94, CMC(l:c) and BFD(l:c) formulae
Authors: Heggie D. , Wardman R H , Luo M R
Published: July 2010

The colour differences computed using three advanced formulae have been compared for numerical standard/sample pairs located at regular intervals throughout the colour space. A ratio method was used to compare the values obtained, so that the regions of the colour space where the greatest disagreements occur could be identified. The level of disagreement between the BFD and the CIE94 formulae was generally lower then that between the CMC and CIE94 formulae. In the latter case, the greatest level of disagreement covered a large part of the colour space, concentrated especially in the orange region. It is recommended that studies of the performance of these formulae in relation to visual assessments are made, for real standard/sample pairs located in this region.
The use of membranes for the recycling of water and chemicals from dyehouse effluents: an economic assessment
Authors: Diaper C. , Correia V M , Judd S J
Published: July 2010

The practical and economic feasibility of using membrance technology to recycle/reuse dyes and their associated proces waters and auxiliary chemicals from dyebath effluent in and textile plants is assessed. Factors affecting the practicality of recycling dyes include: the type of process used to dye the fabric, classes of the dye used, the effluent volume, the frequency with which the dye is used and the auxiliary chemicals added to the dyebath during the dyeing process. These considerations also apply to the suitability of recycling the process water associated with the dye. Other factors to consider include the water quality required for recycling and the stage of the process to which this water can be reintroduced. To assess the economics of dyebath effluent reuse, water company treatment and supply charges, and dye and chemical costs must be considered. Data from five textile dyehouses are presented.
The state of the art in textile biotechnology
Authors: Cegarra José
Published: July 2010

A summary of the main technical research and industrial applications of enzymes in textile chemistry processes developed over recent years is presented. Discussion is focused on cotton, wool and silk fibers. Different aspects to be considered, in the author's opinion, in the future development of these promising applications of biotechnology in the textile chemistry field are finally pointed out.
Chemical modification of tussah silk fabrics with ethyleneglycol diglycidyl ether by a pad‐batch method
Authors: Freddi Giuliano , Shiozaki Hideki , Allara Giulia , Goto Yoko , Yasui Hiroe , Tsukada Masuhiro
Published: July 2010

Tussah silk fabrics have been chemically modified by pad‐batch treatment with ethyleneglycol diglycidyl ether (EDGE). The maximum amount of weight gain attained was 5–6%. Epoxide adducts were formed with tyrosine and basic amino acid residues. The moisture regain of the fabric with 3% weight gain decreased slightly compared with that of the untreated sample. The crease recovery in the wet state improved significantly, while in dry state it remained unchanged. Mechanical and optical properties, and X‐ray crystallinity did not exhibit noticeable changes. The position of the major DSC endothermic transition at 358d̀C remained unchanged, regardless of the epoxide modification. Similar comments apply to the TMA contraction peak occurring at about 359d̀C. The storage and loss modulus curves of EDGE‐treated tussah silk fibres exhibited some changes, the most relevant consisting in a shift to higher temperature of the loss modulus peak.
An investigation into the reaction of bifunctional reactive dye at various pH levels
Authors: Uygur Ayse , Hall Michael
Published: July 2010

The bifunctional reactive dye Sumifix Supra Blue BRF, which has two different reactive groups (sulphatoethylsulphone and monochlorotriazine), was stored for 1 h at various pH before dyeing. Corresponding experiments were carried out with individual sulphatoethylsulphone and monochlorotriazine reactive dyes. The pH values of the solutions were set firstly by using free inorganic acid or base at 20d̀C and secondly by using various buffer solutions at 20d̀C and 60d̀C. The bifunctional dye always had relatively less unfixed dye than the corresponding monofunctional dyes at the various pH values examined. It is suggested that with this type of bifunctional reactive dyes on dyeing cellulose the sulphatoethylsulphone has the greater role to play in dye fixation.
New standards for the millennium
Authors: Hall Alan J
Published: July 2010

Last month Alan J Hall of BSI Standards brought us up to date with BS EN ISO 105; now he looks to the future
Representation of tautomeric colorants in the Colour Index
Authors: Hallas G. , Renfrew A H M
Published: July 2010

The representation of hydroxyazondashketohydrazone tautomers in the Colour Index is discussed.
An assessment of variables in wash fastness tests
Authors: Park James , Smith Peter J
Published: July 2010

The BS EN 20105:C06 (1993) test describes a range of conditions available to establish the performance of dyed textiles in domestic and commercial laundering. Using one of the conditions, the influence of fixed volume versus liquor ratio has been studied. From the data generated, a comparison has been made between visual and instrumental assessment techniques.
The Internet: is your bussiness ready for the millennium?
Authors: Westland Stephen , Meyer Georg
Published: July 2010

We are moving from an energy‐based industrial age to a knowledge‐based information age. In the information revolution, the businesses in the know will be the ones to survive and prosper. The Internet is becoming increasingly powerful as a tool for accessing, displaying and searching for information, and as such it demands serious attention.

So what are the basic features of the Internet and what does it have to offer to the coloration industry?
Dyeing behaviour of Japanese oak silk fibres treated with methacrylamide
Authors: Kawahara Y , Shioya M , Takaku A
Published: July 2010

Japanese oak silk fibres have been treated with methacrylamide, and the dyeing behaviour when using levelling acid and milling acid dyes has been investigated. Infra‐red spectroscopy indicated that a methacrylamide polymer skin was produced on the fibre surface at high levels of polymer add‐on. The methacrylamide polymer skin was dyed with the milling acid dye, although not dyed with the levelling acid type. The penetration of the levelling acid dye into the fibres was not interrupted by the polymer skin.
Comparison of instrumental methods for assessing colour fastness. Part 1 — Change in colour
Authors: Sato T , Takada N , Ueda M , Nakamura T , Luo M R
Published: July 2010

Different instrumental methods for assessing change in colour are described. A set of experimental results were used to test the performance of the various formulae and to illustrate the lack of agreement between them and visual results. Each method is based on a different colour‐difference formulae. The differences between the formulae are illustrated by plotting constant AE contours for each of the formulae for various colour centres. The areas of colour where the formulae differ most from each other have been identified. The differences between the methods in some areas were very large, up to a factor of five in terms of ΔE, or two full grades of fastness.
Isolating the cuticle layer of wool: a comparison of methods
Authors: Stewart K , Spedding P L , Otterburn M S , Lewis D M
Published: July 2010

Various separation methods for cuticle isolation from whole wool have been studied. A method involving agitation of wool fibres in formic acid proved to be successful, producing a high yield of cuticle cells relatively free from contaminating cortical cells. The cuticle cells so isolated were characterised by amino acid analysis and scanning electron microscopy.
Low–temperature dyeing of real silk fabrics with liquid sulphur dyes
Authors: Luo Jutao , Cao Jihong
Published: July 2010

The dyeing of silk fabric with liquid sulphur dyes has been investigated. The results show the dyeings with good exhaustion and colour fastness are theoretically possible. Under weakly alkaline, low–temperature dyeing conditions damage to silk fabric was slight.
Feasibility of a one–step process for desizing, scouring, bleaching and mercerisating cotton fabrics
Authors: Huang KS , Yen MS
Published: July 2010

In this study the desizing, scouring, bleaching and slack mercerising of cotton fabric by a one–step process at different sodium hydroxide concentrations, impregnation temperatures and curing times were examined. The results indicate that when the fabrics are mercerised at lower temperature, the strength retention and colour strength are enhanced. When the sodium hydroxide concentration is increased, these properties also increase. When cotton fabrics are mercerised for 3 min at 40C and cured for 30 s at 120C, their physical properties are similar to those obtained using a conventional two–step approach.
Internet information for the textiles industry
Authors: Szeto Y S , Taylor G
Published: July 2010

This paper introduces the Voluntary Registration Scheme (VRS) for harmless dyestuffs, an initiative of the Hong Kong government, in response to the introduction of the German regulation stipulating a ban on the production import, and sale of consumer goods containing azo colorants produced from certain amines (4th Amendment Regulation to the Consumer Products Regulations). In presenting reasons for the use of Internet as an effective means of overcoming import restrictions and remaining up–to–date on all issues of importance to the environment, the paper further suggests evaluation and corrective maintenance of the database for optimal utility. Though the VRS is of local origin, the international usefulness of such a service is also highlighted.
Fixation characteristics of carboxylated dyes on polyamide fibres
Authors: Bello Kasali A , Ajayi J O
Published: July 2010

Reactions of dyes, some of which contain a carboxylic acid group, on polyamide have been investigated using nine different dyes of differing chemical structures. Fixation characteristics and dye–fibre bond stability to alkaline washing were also studied. Light fastness and ability to cover barre effects on nylon were investigated. Studies were also made on the effect of carbodiimide on fixation and dye–fibre bond stability of these dyes on nylon fibres.
Electrochemical reduction processes in indigo dyeing
Authors: Bechtold T. , Burtscher E. , Kühnel G. , Bobleter O.
Published: July 2010

The application of indirect electrolysis as a reduction technique in indigo dyeing is described. Various reversible redox systems were tested to determine whether they are suitable for indigo dyeing. The results of the dyeing trials confirm that the process engineering involved can be applied to the production of denim. The new process offers environmental benefits and offers the prospects of improved process stability, because the reduction state in the dyebath can be readily monitored by measuring reduction potential.
Fixation of a direct dye on cotton using a cellulose thiocarbonate/ammonium persulphate system
Authors: Abdel‐Hafiz S A
Published: July 2010

A cotton fabric was treated with thiocarbonate by reaction with carbon disulphide in the presence of sodium hydroxide. This thiocarbonate‐treated cellulose, as well as alkali‐treated and untreated cellulose, was dyed with a direct dye in the presence of ammonium persulphate under a variety of conditions. The colour strength and extent of fixation of the dyed fabric was estimated. The thiocarbonate‐treated cellulose exhibited high colour strength and better dye fixation than either the alkali‐treated or untreated cellulose. This was explained in terms of the involvement of the thiocarbonate groups together with ammonium persulphate in the formation of covalent bonds between cellulose and dye by a free‐radical mechanism. The mechanisms of bonding between cellulose and direct dye are suggested.
The effect of cellulase treatment in textile washing processes
Authors: Cavaco‐Paulo Artur , Cortez João , Almeida Luis
Published: July 2010

An attempt has been made to understand the interaction between cellulase hydrolysis and mechanical agitation by separating them into two sequential steps. Cotton fabrics were treated with cellulase mixtures of different compositions, and then washed in a process involving a high level of mechanical agitation. The cellulosic material removed during washing had different amounts of reducing ends depending on the cellulase composition used in the initial treatment. The fibre surface did not change significantly after cellulase treatment, but after washing the surface properties were completely different depending on whether the fabric had been previously treated with an endoglucanase– or a cellobiohydrolase–rich preparation. When denim fabrics were subjected to similar processing, it was verified that an increase in colour loss occurred in enzyme–treated fabrics, and that there was an interaction between different cellulase activities and backstaining.
Easy‐care finishing of silk fabrics with a novel multifunctional epoxide. Part 1
Authors: Cheng Hu , Kai Sun
Published: July 2010

A new easy‐care finishing method for silk fabrics with a multifunctional epoxide has been investigated. A two‐bath/two‐stage treatment improved the wet crease recovery angle from 200 to 280°. The most effective catalyst was found to be sodium carbonate. The breaking strength of the finished silk increased, while the stiffness and moisture regain changed slightly. Finished silk fabrics had good laundering durability: after 20 cycles of home laundering, and wet resiliency retained 95% of the initial value. Handle and lustre were virtually identicial to those of untreated control samples.
Aftertreatment of 1:2 metal complex acid dyes on conventional and microtibre nylon 6. 6 with a commercial syntan/cation system
Authors: Blackburn R S , Burkinshaw S M
Published: July 2010

Dyeings (2% owf) were produced on conventional and microfibre nylon 6. 6 fabrics using unsulphonated, monosulphonated and disulphonated 1:2 metal complex acid dyes. When subjected to the ISO 105:C06/C2 wash test, the wash fastness behaviour of the dyeings was related to the degree of sulphonation of the dyes. Aftertreatment of the dyeings using a commercial syntan improved the wash fastness of the dyeings whereas the sequential application of a cationic compound to the syntanned dyeings caused a further improvement in wash fastness.
Application of phthalimide‐based alkali‐clearable azo disperse dyes on polyester and polyester/cotton blends
Authors: Kohand J S , Kim J P
Published: July 2010

Phthalimide‐based alkali‐clearable azo disperse dyes were synthesised and applied to polyester and polyester/cotton blends. These dyes have an alkali‐clearable property that enables alkaline treatment to be substituted for conventional reduction clearing. Therefore, by using these dyes, it is possible to avoid generating dyehouse effluents with high BOD values and carcinogenic aromatic amines that may, in some cases, be liberated by reduction clearing. In addition, polyester/cotton blends can be dyed by a one‐bath, two‐step dyeing method, as alkali clearability enables the disperse and reactive dyes to be used in the same bath. The dyeing behaviour and fastness properties of these dyes have been investigated. In particular, the cross‐staining of cotton was studied to estimate the suitability of the dyes synthesised for dyeing polyester/cotton blends.
Dyeing behaviour and fine structure differences in acrylic fibres relaxed under different conditions
Authors: Maillo J , Puente P , Gacén J , Correas A
Published: July 2010

Fine structure differences in an acrylic fibre relaxed under different conditions have been studied in terms of dyeing behaviour. From information on the dyeing kinetics obtained at different temperatures, it was deduced that diffusion coefficient increases with degree of relaxation, while activation energy remains almost constant. Glass transition temperature tended not to vary as a function of degree of relaxation, although the temperatures measured under wet conditions or during dyeing tended to decrease slightly for substrates that were highly relaxed.
Dyeing of polypropylene/wool blend in a single bath
Authors: Akrman Jin , Přikryl Josef , Burgert Ladislav
Published: July 2010

A basic imidised styrene‐maleic anhydride copolymer has been synthesised and used as an additive for production of a dyeable polypropylene fibre. Polypropylene staple fibres were intimately blended with wool in 50/50 ratio. The dyeability has been tested with the use of acid, metallised and reactive dyes. Sodium benzoate proved to be a suitable auxiliary agent for solid dyeing of the fibre blend. The light fastness represents a limiting factor in the choice of suitable dyes.
Fuchs Syndrome Associated with Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Stevens–Johnson Syndrome without Skin Lesions)
Authors: MEYER SAUTEUR PATRICK MICHAEL , GANSSER‐KÄLIN URSULA , LAUTENSCHLAGER STEPHAN , GOETSCHEL PHILIPPE
Published: July 2010

Abstract:  Stevens–Johnson syndrome is a severe mucocutaneous disease following drugs or infections. We present a 7‐year‐old boy with mucous membrane lesions (stomatitis, conjunctivitis, and urethritis) but without skin lesions. The diagnosis of acute Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection strongly suggests a concomitant Fuchs syndrome.
The Relationship Between the Emergent Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Quality Measure and Inpatient Myocardial Infarction Mortality
Authors: Khare Rahul K. , Mark Courtney D. , Kang Raymond , Adams James G. , Feinglass Joseph
Published: July 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:793–800 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Background:  In the setting of acute ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), reperfusion therapy with emergent primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) significantly reduces mortality. It is unknown whether a hospital’s performance on the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) quality metric for time from patient arrival to angioplasty is associated with its overall hospital acute myocardial infarction (AMI) mortality rate.

Objectives:  The objective of this study was to evaluate if hospitals with higher performance on the time‐to‐PCI quality measure are more likely to achieve lower mortality for patients admitted for any type of AMI.

Methods:  Using merged 2006 data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), the American Hospital Association (AHA) annual survey, and CMS Hospital Compare quality indicator data, we examined 69,101 admissions with an International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD‐9)‐coded principal diagnosis of AMI in the 116 hospitals that reported more than 24 emergent primary PCI admissions in that year. Hospitals were categorized into quartiles according to percentage of admissions in 2006 that achieved the primary PCI timeliness threshold (time‐to‐PCI quality measure). Using a random effects logistic regression model of inpatient mortality, we examined the significance of the hospital time‐to‐PCI quality measure after adjustment for other hospital and individual patient sociodemographic and clinical characteristics.

Results:  The unadjusted inpatient AMI mortality rate at the 27 top quartile hospitals was 4.3%, compared to 5.1% at the 32 bottom quartile (worst performing) hospitals. The risk‐adjusted odds ratio (OR) of inpatient death was 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.72 to 0.95), or 17% lower odds of inpatient death, among patients admitted to hospitals in the top quartile for the time‐to‐PCI quality measure compared to the case if the hospitals were in the bottom 25th percentile.

Conclusions:  Hospitals with the highest and second highest quartiles of time‐to‐PCI quality measure had a significantly lower overall AMI mortality rate than the lowest quartile hospitals. Despite the fact that a minority of all patients with AMI get an emergent primary PCI, hospitals that perform this more efficiently also had a significantly lower mortality rate for all their patients admitted with AMI. The time‐to‐PCI quality measure in 2006 was a potentially important proxy measure for overall AMI quality of care.
Racial and Sex Differences in Emergency Department Triage Assessment and Test Ordering for Chest Pain, 1997–2006
Authors: López Lenny , Wilper Andrew P. , Cervantes Marina C. , Betancourt Joseph R. , Green Alexander R.
Published: July 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:801–808 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  This study assessed whether sociodemographic differences exist in triage assignment and whether these differences affect initial diagnostic testing in the emergency department (ED) for patients presenting with chest pain.

Methods: 
A
nationally representative ED data sample for all adults (≥18 years) was obtained from the National Hospital Ambulatory Health Care Survey of EDs for 1997–2006. Weighted logistic regression was used to examine the associations between race and presenting symptom, triage assignment, and test ordering, adjusting for patient and hospital characteristics.

Results:  Over 10 years, an estimated 78 million visits to the ED presented with a complaint of chest pain. Of those presenting with chest pain, African Americans (odds ratio [OR] = 0.70; 99% confidence interval [CI] = 0.53 to 0.92), Hispanics (OR = 0.74; 99% CI = 0.51to 0.99), Medicaid patients (OR = 0.72; 99% CI = 0.54 to 0.94), and uninsured patients (OR = 0.65; 99% CI = 0.51 to 0.84) were less likely to be triaged emergently. African Americans (OR = 0.86; 99% CI = 0.70 to 0.99), Medicaid patients (OR = 0.70; 99% CI = 0.55 to 0.88), and uninsured patients (OR = 0.70; 99% CI = 0.55 to 0.89) were less likely to have an electrocardiogram (ECG) ordered. African Americans (OR = 0.69; 99% CI = 0.49 to 0.97), Medicaid patients (OR = 0.67; 99% CI = 0.47 to 0.95), and uninsured patients (OR = 0.66; 99% CI = 0.44 to 0.96) were less likely to have cardiac enzymes ordered. Similarly, African Americans and Hispanics were less likely to have a cardiac monitor and pulse oximetry ordered, and Medicaid and uninsured patients were less likely to have a cardiac monitor ordered.

Conclusions:  Persistent racial, sex, and insurance differences in triage categorization and basic cardiac testing exist. Eliminating triage disparities may affect “downstream” clinical care and help eliminate observed disparities in cardiac outcomes.
Integrating Project ASSERT: A Screening, Intervention, and Referral to Treatment Program for Unhealthy Alcohol and Drug Use Into an Urban Emergency Department
Authors: D’Onofrio Gail , Degutis Linda C.
Published: July 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:903–911 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  The objective was to evaluate the effects of Project Alcohol and Substance Abuse Services Education and Referral to Treatment (ASSERT), an emergency department (ED)‐based screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment program for unhealthy alcohol and other drug use.

Methods:  Health promotion advocates (HPAs) screened ED patients for alcohol and/or drug problems 7 days a week using questions embedded in a general health questionnaire. Patients with unhealthy drinking and/or drug use received a brief negotiation interview (BNI), with the goal of reducing alcohol/drug use and/or accepting a referral to a specialized treatment facility (STF), depending on severity of use. Patients referred to an STF were followed up at 1 month by phone or contact with the STF to determine referral completion and enrollment into the treatment program.

Results:  Over a 5‐year period (December 1999 through December 2004), 22,534 adult ED patients were screened. A total of 10,246 (45.5%) reported alcohol consumption in the past 30 days, of whom 5,533 (54%) exceeded the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) guidelines for low‐risk drinking. Use of at least one illicit drug was reported by 3,530 patients (15.7%). Over one‐fourth of screened patients received BNIs (6,266, or 27.8%). Of these, 3,968 (63%) were referred to an STF. Eighty‐three percent of patients were followed at 1 month, and 2,159 (65%) had enrolled in a program. Patients who received a direct admission to an STF were 30 times more likely to enroll than those who were indirectly referred (odds ratio = 30.71; 95% confidence interval = 18.48 to 51.04). After 3 years, funding for Project ASSERT was fully incorporated into the ED budget.

Conclusions:  Project ASSERT has been successfully integrated into an urban ED. A direct, facilitated referral for patients with alcohol and other drug problems results in a high rate of enrollment in treatment programs.
Summer microhabitat use by adult and young‐of‐year snail darters (Percina tanasi) in two rivers
Authors: Ashton M. J. , Layzer J. B.
Published: July 2010

Ashton MJ, Layzer JB. Summer microhabitat use by adult and young‐of‐year snail darters (Percina tanasi) in two rivers. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 2010: 19: 609–617. © Published 2010. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Abstract –  We characterised microhabitat availability and use by adult and young‐of‐year (YOY) snail darters (Percina tanasiEtnier 1976) while snorkelling in the French Broad and Hiwassee rivers, TN, USA. Both age groups of snail darters disproportionately used most microhabitat variables compared to their availability. Snail darters primarily occupied moderately deep, swift water over gravel substrates with little macrophyte coverage and no silt. Univariate comparisons indicated that adult and YOY darters occupied different habitat, but there was no marked differences between principal components analysis plots of multivariate microhabitat use within a river. Although the availability of microhabitat variables differed between the French Broad and Hiwassee rivers, univariate means and multivariate plots illustrated that the habitats used were generally similar by age groups of snail darters between rivers. Because our observations of habitat availability and use were constrained to low flow periods and depths <1 m, the transferability of our results to higher flow periods may be limited. However, the similarity in habitat use between rivers suggests that our results can be applied to low‐normal flow conditions in other streams.
Foraging responses of predators to novel toxic prey: effects of predator learning and relative prey abundance
Authors: Nelson David W. M. , Crossland Michael R. , Shine Richard
Published: July 2010

Learning to avoid toxic prey items may aid native predators to survive the invasion of highly toxic species, such as cane toads Bufo marinus in tropical Australia. If the predators’ initial aversion is generalized, native prey that resemble the toxic invader may receive a benefit through accidental mimicry. What ecological factors influence the acquisition of learned avoidance (and hence, the impact of invasion on both predators and native prey)? We conducted laboratory experiments to evaluate how the relative abundance of toad tadpoles compared to palatable native tadpoles (Litoria caerulea and L. rubella) affected the ability of native aquatic predators to discriminate between these two prey types. Both fish (northern trout gudgeon, Mogurnda mogurnda) and frogs (Dahl's aquatic frog, Litoria dahlii) learned to discriminate between toads and frogs within an eight‐day period. Higher abundance of toad tadpoles relative to frog tadpoles enhanced rates of predator learning, and thus reduced predation on toads and increased predation on native tadpoles. In the field, spatial and temporal variation in the relative abundance of cane toads compared to native frogs may influence the rates at which these novel toxic items are deleted from predator diets, and the duration of predator protection afforded to natives that resemble the invader.
Variability patterns differ between standing stock and process rates
Authors: Rocha Marcia R. , Vasseur David A. , Hayn Michael , Holschneider Matthias , Gaedke Ursula
Published: July 2010

Standing stocks are typically easier to measure than process rates such as production. Hence, stocks are often used as indicators of ecosystem functions although the latter are generally more strongly related to rates than to stocks. The regulation of stocks and rates and thus their variability over time may differ, as stocks constitute the net result of production and losses. Based on long‐term high frequency measurements in a large, deep lake we explore the variability patterns in primary and bacterial production and relate them to those of the corresponding standing stocks, i.e. chlorophyll concentration, phytoplankton and bacterial biomass. We employ different methods (coefficient of variation, spline fitting and spectral analysis) which complement each other for assessing the variability present in the plankton data, at different temporal scales. In phytoplankton, we found that the overall variability of primary production is dominated by fluctuations at low frequencies, such as the annual, whereas in stocks and chlorophyll in particular, higher frequencies contribute substantially to the overall variance. This suggests that using standing stocks instead of rate measures leads to an under‐ or overestimation of food shortage for consumers during distinct periods of the year. The range of annual variation in bacterial production is 8 times greater than biomass, showing that the variability of bacterial activity (e.g. oxygen consumption, remineralisation) would be underestimated if biomass is used. The P/B ratios were variable and although clear trends are present in both bacteria and phytoplankton, no systematic relationship between stock and rate measures were found for the two groups. Hence, standing stock and process rate measures exhibit different variability patterns and care is needed when interpreting the mechanisms and implications of the variability encountered.
Herbivory and plant tolerance: experimental tests of alternative hypotheses involving non‐substitutable resources
Authors: Bagchi Sumanta , Ritchie Mark E.
Published: July 2010

A mechanistic understanding of the highly variable effects of herbivores on plant production in different ecosystems remains a major challenge. To explain these patterns, the compensatory continuum hypothesis (CCH) predicts plants to compensate for defoliation when resources are abundant, whereas the growth rate hypothesis (GRH) makes the opposite claim of high herbivory tolerance under resource‐poor conditions. The limiting resource model (LRM) tries to reconcile this dichotomy by incorporating the indirect effects of herbivores on plant resources and predicts that the potential for plant compensation is dependent upon whether, and how, herbivory influences limiting resources. Although extensively evaluated in laboratory monocultures, it remains uncertain whether these models can also explain the response of heterogeneous and multi‐species natural plant communities to defoliation. Here we investigate community‐wide plant response to defoliation and report data from a field experiment in the arid and primarily water‐limited Trans‐Himalayan grazing ecosystem in northern India involving clipping, irrigation and nutrient‐feedback with herbivore dung. Without nutrient‐feedback, plants compensated for defoliation in absence of irrigation but failed to compensate under irrigation. Whereas, in the presence of nutrient‐feedback plants compensated for defoliation when irrigated. This divergent pattern is not consistent with the CCH and GRH, and is only partially explained by the LRM. Instead, these pluralistic results are consistent with the hypothesis that herbivory may alter the relative strengths of water and nutrient limitation since irrigation increased root:shoot ratio in absence of fertilization in unclipped plots, but not in the corresponding clipped plots. So, herbivory appears to increase relative strength of nutrient‐limitation for plants that otherwise seem to be primarily water‐limited. Extending the LRM framework to include herbivore‐mediated transitions between water and nutrient‐limitation may clarify the underlying mechanisms that modulate herbivory‐tolerance under different environmental conditions.
Effect of Thyroxine, Reserpine and Serotonin on Allyl Alcohol Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats*
Authors: Srinivasan S. , Srinivasan U. , Balwani J. H.
Published: July 2010

Rats, treated with allyl alcohol (AA), 0.8 %, w/v, 4 ml/kg, orally (group B) and examined 24 hrs later showed an increase in the levels of serum bromsulfphthalein (BSP) (3 ×) and glutamic‐pyruvic transaminase (GPT) (5 ×) and periportal hepatic necrosis, as compared with the control (group A). Treatment with thyroxine sodium (T4), 1.6 mg/kg given orally daily for 6 days (group C) raised the rectal temperature by about 2°. Reserpine, 5 mg/kg intraperitoneally (group D) or serotonin, 5 mg/kg intraperitoneally (group E) lowered the rectal temperature by 1–2° within 1 hr. Groups C, D and E had normal hepatic function and morphology. When group B was treated with T4as mentioned above (group F), the increase in BSP and GPT levels (both 8 ×) and the degree of necrosis were more marked. When group B was pretreated with reserpine (group G) or serotonin (group H) 1 hr before AA, the increase in serum BSP (about 1.5 × and 2.5 × respectively) and GPT (about 3.5 × and 4 × respectively) and the degree of necrosis were less pronounced. When group F was also treated with reserpine (group I) the rise in body temperature was reduced from about 2° to about 1° while the serum BSP and GPT levels and the degree of necrosis were brought to near group B levels. When group F was also treated with serotonin (group J) however there was no reduction in body temperature, the serum BSP and GPT levels, or the degree of necrosis. These findings point to a possible direct relationship between body temperature and the hepatotoxic effect of AA.
Pharmacological and Biochemical Studies on 2‐Amino‐4‐phenylsulphonylbenzenesulphonamide (NSD 3004): A New Sulphonamide with Anticonvulsant and Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitory Properties
Authors: Lassen J. Buus , Christensen J. A. , Lund J. , Squires R. F.
Published: July 2010

In experiments on mice it has been shown that 2‐amino‐4‐phenylsulphonylbenzenesulphonamide (NSD 3004) has a protective effect against maximal electroshock seizures comparable to the effect of phenobarbital and diphenylhydantoin. This effect was correlated to blood and plasma concentration. NSD 3004 had no central depressant effect but in high doses it exibited a weak diuretic action. Usingin vitroandin vivotechniques the substance was found to inhibit carbonic anhydrase. The carbonic anhydrase inhibitors acetazolamide and sulthiame had a weaker anticonvulsant and a stronger diuretic effect as compared to NSD 3004.
Responses of the Rabbit and Cat Urinary Bladdersin Situto Drugs and to Nerve Stimulation
Authors: Sjöstrand Sven Erik , Sjögren Christer , Schmiterlöw Carl G.
Published: July 2010

The response to atropine, hexamethonium, nicotine, emepronium bromide and some adrenergic compounds has been studied on the urinary bladder of the rabbit and the cat. It was shown that atropine caused a very small or no reduction in the response to electrically stimulated parasympathetic nerves in the urinary bladder of the rabbit. In the cat a dose dependent blockade was obtained after atropine administration. The stimulating response was abolished by hexamethonium or nicotine, suggesting that there are nicotinic receptors in the parasympathetic pathway. It is possible that the parasympathetic nerves running to the rabbit urinary bladder end in such nicotinic receptors on the effector cells in the detrusor muscle. Emepronium bromide, a potent anticholinergic compound, used clinically as a urological drug, was found to block the stimulatory response, which was interpreted as an effect on parasympathetic nicotinic receptors. Experiments with isoprenaline, adrenaline and noradrenaline showed that there are adrenergic α‐ and β‐receptors in the urinary bladder of the rabbit.
In Vitro Effect of Anti‐Inflammatory Agents on Phagocytosis and Bacterial Killing by Human Neutrophilic Leukocytes
Authors: Ruutu Tapanl , Kosunen Timo U.
Published: July 2010

The phagocytosis of killedStaphylococcus epidermidisby neutrophilic leukocytes was inhibitedin vitroby indomethacin in a concentration of 3 × 10‐4M, and by hydrocortisone, phenylbutazone, and paracetamol in a concentration of 10‐3M. Phagocytosis was slightly stimulated by 10‐7M phenylbutazone. Acetylsalicylic acid, mefenamic acid, and phenacetin had no effect. The bactericidal activity of leukocytes against liveStaphylococcus epidermidiswas reduced by 10‐4M phenacetin, 5 × 10‐4M mefenamic acid, and 10‐3M phenylbutazone and indomethacin, whereas concentrations of 10‐5M and above of paracetamol enhanced bacterial killing by leukocytes. Hydrocortisone and acetylsalicylic acid were ineffective. It is probable that concentrations of anti‐inflammatory agents sufficient to affect phagocytosis and bacterial killing by neutrophils are as a rule not attained in the organism during treatment, although inhibition may occur locally, for example in inflamed tissue, as a consequence of a low pH, which potentiates the effect of acid anti‐inflammatory drugs. This inhibition may be a factor in the mechanism of action of anti‐inflammatory compounds.
Effects of Various Antihypertensive Guanidine Derivatives on the Adult Rat Superior Cervical Ganglion: Histology, Ultrastructure, and Cholinesterase Histochemistry
Authors: Juul Per
Published: July 2010

Abstract:A series of postganglionic neurone blocking agents was administered intraperitoneally in large doses for 2‐3 weeks to adult male rats, and the effects on the superior cervical ganglion were investigated.Histologicallyguanethidine and guanacline induced pronounced changes consisting of chromatolysis of the nerve cells accompanied by an infiltration of small cells. A varying number of ganglion cells completely degenerated. Guanidine, N‐(β‐guanidinoethyl)‐hexahydrobenzo‐[d]‐azocine (Ph 881/7), guanoxan, debrisoquin, bethanidine, brety‐lium, and reserpine did not change the histological picture.Ultrastructural changesof the nerve cells consisting mainly of mitochondrial swelling with partial loss of mitochondrial crests were observed to a major extent following guanethidine and guanacline (with the latter drug furthermore, numerous lipofuscin pigment granules appearing in the cytoplasm), and to a minor extent following bretylium, debrisoquin, bethanidine, and guanoxan. Guanidine, Ph 881/7, and reserpine did not produce any changes.Histochemically demonstrated cholinesteraseswere diminished following guanethidine and guanacline, mainly from the cytoplasm of the nerve cells. The other guanidinium compounds did not produce changes in the cholinesterases. No structure‐activity relationship was established concerning the ganglionic effects of the drugs. The changes are considered to be cytotoxic effects of the compounds, and the differences in response are assumed to be due to different potency and different extents of accumulation in the sympathetic ganglion nerve cells.
Biliary Excretion of Ampicillin, Azidocillin and Benzylpenicillin in the Rat
Authors: Ryrfeldt Å. , Bodin N. O. , Hansson E.
Published: July 2010

Abstract:The biliary excretion of intravenously administered35S‐ampicillin,35S‐azidocillin and35S‐benzyIpenicillin was studied in rats with ligated renal pedicles. The total excretion of radioactivity was of the same magnitude for the three penicillins (65‐72 % of the given doses) but the amounts of biologically active penicillin varied. Of the injected dose 44 % of biologically active ampicillin was excreted into the bile while the corresponding values for benzylpenicillin and azidocillin were 19% and 13%, respectively. Chromatographic studies indicated that as well as the unchanged drug, penicilloic acids of the corresponding penicillins were present in the bile. Incubation studies with rat liver slices showed that ampicillin was more stable to degradation than benzylpenicillin and azidocillin. It is suggested that the high hydrophobic character of the side chain of penicillins (high protein binding) may predispose to extensive biotransformation and lower amounts of unchanged penicillin in the bile.
Absence of Degeneration of Adrenergic Neurones after Prolonged Treatment of Newborn Rats with Debrisoquin
Authors: Lorez Hans‐Peter , Kettler Rolf
Published: July 2010

Abstract:Newborn rats were treated for 30 days with the adrenergic neurone‐blocking drug debrisoquin sulphate. The doses used (50, 75 and 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally on days 1 to 5, 6 to 19 and 20 to 30, respectively) caused a high mortality rate during the first 10 days and a retardation of normal body weight development. A decrease in the formaldehyde‐induced catecholamine fluorescence of the terminal adrenergic axons in the irides was observed 24 hours after termination of the treatment. This was reversible within 3 days. Histological, fluorescence histochemical and morphometric studies, and determinations of the activities of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine‐β‐hydroxylase performed 4 days after termination of the treatment did not reveal any changes in the classical long adrenergic neurones and in the adrenergic neurones innervating the vas deferens. In this respect, debrisoquin differs from certain other adrenergic neurone blocking drugs such as guanethidine, guanacline and bretylium, which all have been reported to damage sympathetic neurones. Hence the present results obtained with developing symphathetic neurones, which are more sensitive than mature neurones to various toxic influences, support the conclusion reached after experiments with adult rats (Haeusleret al.1974), namely that induction of degeneration of adrenergic neurones is not a hazard common to all adrenergic neurone‐blocking drugs.
Pharmacodynamics of a New Selective Beta2‐adrenergic Bronchodilator 3‐(4‐methoxybenzylamino)‐4‐hydroxy‐α‐ (tert. butylaminomethyl)‐benzyl‐alcohol, HCl (QH25)
Authors: Larsen Jens‐Jørgen , Hermansen Keld
Published: July 2010

AbstractThe bronchodilator effect of QH25 (3‐(4‐methoxybenzylamino)‐4‐hydroxy‐α‐(tert. butylaminomethyl)benzylalcohol, HCl) a new beta2‐adrenergic bronchodilator has been investigated in conscious guinea pigs and in anaesthetized guinea pigs and cats and compared to that of salbutamol and isoprenaline. In anaesthetized guinea pigs QH25 and isoprenaline were equipotent after intravenous administration, whereas salbutamol was four times less active. The same difference between QH25 and salbutamol was observed after intraduodenal administration. After oral administration in conscious guinea pigs QH25 was eight and five times more potent than salbutamol and isoprenaline respectively, whereas no difference was observed when the agents were administered as aerosols. The bronchodilator action of QH25 was approximately three times that of salbutamol in egg‐albumine sensitized guinea pigs after oral administration. In anaesthetized cats the bronchodilator potency of QH25 was three times that of salbutamol and the same or slightly higher than that of isoprenaline. A half‐life of 4 hours for the bronchodilator action in guinea pigs was determined for both QH25 and salbutamol after oral administration. The effect of QH25 and salbutamol on cardiovascular parameters i. e. chrono‐ and inotropic action and blood pressure decreasing effect in guinea pigs, cats and dogs was essentially the same whereas isoprenaline was from 5 to 30 times more potent. The potential tremorogenic action of QH25 estimated on the cat soleus muscle was eight times less than that of isoprenaline and the same or slightly less than that of salbutamol. From the experimental data it is concluded that QH25 has the same potency as isoprenaline as a bronchodilator agent but is more potent than salbutamol. Taking into account that isoprenaline is considerably more active on cardiovascular parameters and on the cat soleus muscle than QH25 which has the same or less effect than salbutamol on these parameters the data suggest that QH25 is a more selective bronchodilator agent than both isoprenaline and salbutamol.