bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Phonotactic Adaptation of English Loanwords in Arabic
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Al-Athwary Anwar A. H.
Published: July 2018

The phonological modifications made to English loanwords in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) have come as a response to cope with the phonetic and phonological constraints in MSA sound system. These adaptations of loanword pronunciation clearly reflect the areas and effects of phonetic and phonological interference between the two languages in contact. For this purpose, over than 300 of English words borrowed by MSA are analyzed. At the syllabic and prosodic level, mechanisms like cluster simplification, syllabic consonant conversion, gemination, etc. are found at work and by far systematic in MSA borrowings. Generally, it has been found that most of the regular adaptations at syllable level such as declusterization, syllabic consonant conversion, consonant lengthening and vocalic glide insertion, are motivated by linguistic constraints inherited in the phonological system of MSA rather than by extra-linguistic motivations
Schools as workplaces: Intersectional regimes of inequality
Authors: Quinn Johanna S. , Ferree Myra Marx
Published: July 2018

Joan Acker extended her 1990 brilliant and path-breaking article, “Gender, Jobs, Bodies,” to address the intersectional effects of gender, race and class as “inequality regimes” in her 2006 article of that name. This research picks up her challenge to see embodied workers holding jobs in organizations structured simultaneously and interactively by gender, race and class processes. Rather than studying a corporate regime in which the actors are managers, supervisors and workers, this study looks at the organizational interactions among teachers and paraprofessionals in one large, urban and unionized school district in the U.S. We look at skill, care and respect as three dimensions of interaction embedded in the occupational demands and specific job requirements of teachers and paraprofessionals, and some of the tensions this regime produces between the largely White teachers and the women of color who are the paraprofessionals. By highlighting the mostly invisible racialized work of supporting the moral worth of students and staff, we extend understandings of skill and care beyond a binary model.
Media Licensing, Convergence and Globalization
Authors: Horvitz Robert
Published: July 2018

Abstract:Published in EastBound, Vol. 1, March 13, 2006For nearly a century, governments have imposed detailed limits on theuse of radio - who can use what frequencies and waveforms, at whatpower levels, in which locations, for what purposes. Licensessummarize these controls for specific users or stations. State controlof radio use goes far beyond what is accepted for other media,(publishing, photography, Internet, speech, etc.). Most people thinkthis is necessary to control interference; others felt thatbroadcasting was too powerful a social influence to be leftunregulated.But recently, there has been explosive growth in short-range, personaluses of radio - Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, cordless phones, etc. The argumentsused to justify radio licensing seem inappropriate for such low-powerdevices. In fact, government regulation of purely personal, informalcommunications is unnecessarily intrusive and politically risky. Manycountries now allow some short-range wireless devices to be usedwithout a license in specific bands. In general, smarter radios go along way toward solving problems that once seemed to require rigidgovernment controls, giving rise to the open spectrum movement.At the same time, digitalisation and the widening use of TCP/IP makeit possible to transmit nearly any content through any channel. We useour mobile phones to take photographs, send text messages and watchvideoclips. Our cable television networks provide Internet access.Seeping out of their original contexts, dissimilar media traditionsnow mix and clash in interconnecting, hybrid networks. In thissituation, it is crucially important to the future of humancommunication which regulatory norms emerge as default choices anddominant models. Will it be broadcasting, telephony, publishing,Internet or ordinary speech that sets the tone for communicationspolicy in the age of ubiquitous networks? Which regulatory approach dowe WANT to set the tone?
Identifying Training Needs of In-Service EFL Teachers in Inclusive Schools in Egypt
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Ali Amira desouky Ibrahim
Published: July 2018

With the implementation of inclusion in public schools in Egypt, there are demands for improving the professional development programs provided to in-service teachers concerning inclusive education. To that end, this mixed methods study aimed to identify the needs and preferences of English as a Foreign Language teachers regarding working with special-need students. The study also sought to explore the relationship between participants’ profile and their needs. Two hundred eighteen in-service teachers at primary schools in Egypt were selected by cluster sampling method to participate in a need assessment questionnaire while eight were interviewed. Participants reported lack of training in inclusive education, large class size, negative attitudes, shortage of time, heavy workload, and unfamiliarity with necessary strategies as barriers to inclusion. In addition, participants prioritized their needs for identification of language disorders, teaching methods, individualized instruction through curriculum adaptation and Individualized Educational Plans, and controlling behavioral problems. There were significant differences in participants’ needs based on age, years of experience and qualifications. The teachers preferred face-to-face workshops, mentor-supported learning and project-based learning besides morning sessions in weekdays. Recommendations for professional development programs and future research were provided.
Categorical Analysis in Antitrust Jurisprudence
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

Legal doctrines vary in the extent to which they apply either detailed,categorical rules or broad, open-ended standards that allow forcase-specific adjudication. Antitrust law is generally thought of asinhabiting the standards end of this spectrum. In fact, however, despitethe generality of the enabling statutes antitrust law is rife withcategorical distinctions.In Part I, we explore not only the well-known distinction between conductthat is per se illegal and conduct judged under the rule of reason, butalso a number of categorical distinctions the courts draw, either to helpdelineate the scope of the per se rule or to create distinctions within thescope of the rule of reason itself. By and large these rules don't comefrom the antitrust statutes. They are created by courts, who are in effectconverting case-specific standards en masse into categorical rules.In Part II, we identify a number of problems with these distinctions. Oneproblem is administrative: courts spend a great deal of time trying toparse conduct in order to put it on one side or another of the lines theyhave created. Indeed, in many cases courts spend more time oncategorization than they do on actual economic analysis of the case itself.Second, judicial antitrust categories are subject to manipulation. Partiesgo to great lengths to fit into a box that will give them more favorabletreatment, sometimes by legal argument, sometimes by restructuring atransaction, and sometimes by concealing or misrepresenting the facts ofthat transaction. Third, a number of the categories the courts have createdmake no sense, whether because they have lost their meaning over time,because their boundaries have eroded, because they actually tell us verylittle of relevance to the competitive effects of the transaction, orbecause they are simply dumb. The net result is a mess. Categories havebecome conclusions, displacing the fact-specific economic analysis in whichantitrust law is supposed to be engaging.In Part III, we argue that there is a better way. We evaluate the costs andbenefits of the judicial creation of categories, and contend that thecomplex of antitrust boxes the courts have created today does more harmthan good. We don't mean to suggest there is no value to categories, andthat everything must be thrown into a pure cost-benefit analysis. Somerules (the per se rule against price fixing, for instance) make sense.Rather, the important thing is to make sure that the categories we use haveempirical support, and that they are communicating valuable information tocourts about the competitive effects of a general practice. We think thecourts have gone too far in the creation of rules in a variety of cases.Finally, we suggest that courts make more use than they do of certain tools- the doctrine of direct economic effect and empirical evidence - aspowerful filters for distinguishing good from bad antitrust claims.
Correlation between Anxiety and Willingness to Communicate in the Indonesian EFL Context
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Manipuspika Yana Shanti
Published: July 2018

This present study probes the relationship between English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students’ language anxiety and their willingness to communicate. The research questions are threefold: a) What are the types of anxiety experienced by the students, b) What is the anxiety level of them, and c) What is the correlation between foreign language anxiety (FLA) and the willingness to communicate (WTC) of the students. Quantitative descriptive approach was employed and the data were collected from 98 participants in an English Department by making use of the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) and Likert-type WTC Scale. Pearson Correlation test was run to provide answers of the research questions. The results of this study indicated a strong positive correlation between learners’ foreign language classroom anxiety and their willingness to communicate. Fear of negative evaluation, test anxiety, and communication apprehension were the students’ types of anxiety. In addition, students had high level of anxiety, which in turn, made them difficult in dealing with language learning process and tend to have low desire to speak. Therefore, this study tries to highlight whether anxiety is a significant barrier to WTC, to determine the types and level of FLA, as well as to provide suggestions to help minimize the anxiety.
Les roys de Engeltere: An illustrated genealogy for King Edward I
Authors: Dunning Andrew Nelson Judd
Published: July 2018

'Les roys de Engeltere' (London, British Library, Cotton MS Vitellius A. xiii/1), sometimes called 'Effigies regum Angliae', is a series of images of English kings from Edward the Confessor to Edward I; its text, here edited and translated, furnishes a genealogy of the royal line. This work is an example of direct reception of the Anglo-Latin and Anglo-Norman tradition of prose chronicles, using particularly the work widely known as 'Le livere de reis de Brittanie'. This source shows that most of the ambiguities present in 'Les roys' have been inherited by this manuscript, and cannot be used alone to determine its audience or history.
The Persistent and Exceptional Intensity of American Religion: A Response to Recent Research
Authors: Schnabel Landon , Bock Sean
Published: July 2018

Recent research argues that the United States is secularizing, that this religious change is consistent with the secularization thesis, and that American religion is not exceptional. But we show that rather than religion fading into irrelevance as the secularization thesis would suggest, intense religion—strong affiliation, very frequent practice, literalism, and evangelicalism—is persistent and, in fact, only moderate religion is on the decline in the United States. We also show that in comparable countries intense religion is on the decline or already at very low levels. Therefore, the intensity of American religion is actually becoming more exceptional over time. We conclude that intense religion in the United States is persistent and exceptional in ways that do not fit the secularization thesis.
Ethics, Technology and the Challenges of Documenting History in Real Time
Authors: Farb Sharon E. , Jamshidi Ali , Besser Howard , Grappone Todd
Published: July 2018

New technologies including mobile phones and use of social media software have made available a plethora of new sources for news and information that both complement and contrast with traditional news sources. This content is relevant to research libraries and archives around the world. Yet most of it does not get deposited into library and archival collections in traditional ways. Libraries and archives need to be innovative and proactive about seeking it out from numerous participants and scraping it off social network sites in real time to insure authenticity and reliability. At UCLA and NYU we have been collecting both digital and physical materials from the front lines of conflict and war-ravaged areas of the world. We've partnered with political activists to develop unique assemblages of ephemera collected on the front lines of social media revolutions. This paper will present two case studies that illustrate the challenges and opportunities for collaboration and community engagement and utilizing new technologies including social media to capture and preserve history in real time.
A Unified Psychological and Anthropological Model of Religion
Authors: Goldman Daniel S
Published: July 2018

There are many psychological and anthropological models of religion. However, in many cases, the models produced in psychological research are not compatible with those from anthropological research, and in some cases, these models contradict core anthropological concepts. This paper identifies apparent cognitive signatures of religious belief, and integrates them with Ninian Smart's seven dimensions of religion in order to construct a unified model of religion. This model defines religion as an integrated system of beliefs of a specific kind, and cultural elements considered to be common among the world's religions.
Google Books Rejected: Taking the Orphans to the Digital Public Library of Alexandria
Authors: Frosio Giancarlo
Published: July 2018

The idea of the Library of Alexandria has powerfully expanded over the centuries, embodying the dream of universal wisdom and knowledge centralized in one single place. Digitization projects, such as the Google books project, are reviving the hope that this dream may come true. Moreover, the ubiquity of the networked environment promises to open access to this über-library to everybody with an internet connection. Today the entire collection of human knowledge may be only one click away. Whether the dream of the Library of Alexandria may be achieved by the Google books project is highly debated. Recently, a court decision concluded that perhaps that dream is not within Google’s reach at the moment. In this paper I will review the Google books project as both an opportunity to discuss the orphan works problem and to examine the copyright strictures impinging on digitization projects. In looking at the Google books litigation, I will investigate the sustainability of Google’s fair use defense before delving into the description of the Google books settlement. I will then discuss the recent opinion from the Court of the Southern District of New York rejecting the settlement in its present form. I will argue that the Google books settlement is an additional move towards propertization and privatization of culture, though admittedly furthering public interest as well. This time, privatization involves memory institutions. In warning against this privatization, I will argue that we need a global effort towards the creation of a World Digital Public Library.
MPs’ Principals and the Substantive Representation of Disadvantaged Immigrant Groups
Authors: Geese Lucas , Schwemmer Carsten
Published: July 2018

This paper provides an alternative understanding of the substantive representation of immigrant-origin citizens than previous work in the "politics of presence" tradition. Instead of assuming members of parliaments' (MPs) intrinsic motivations to be underlying immigrants' substantive representation, we highlight extrinsic motives. Drawing on principal-agent theory, we conceptualise MPs as delegates who follow the instructions of their main principals, constituents and party bodies. On this basis, we study the link between institutional variables and substantive representation. Based on an analysis of more than 20,000 parliamentary questions for written answer tabled in the 17th German Bundestag (2009-13), we find that immigrants' substantive representation hinges strongly on the demands of MPs' principals. However, our empirical analysis suggests that electoral rules do not influence the relationships between MPs and their principals, while candidate selection methods as well as powerful parliamentary party group leaderships do.
Beyond Preemption: The Federal Law and Policy of Intellectual Property Licensing
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

Proposed Uniform Commercial Code article 2B, which will govern transactionsin information, will remake the law of intellectual property licensing in aradical way. But federal and state intellectual property policies imposesignificant limits on the ability of states to change these rules bycontract law. One such limit is preemption, but preemption is unlikely toprovide sufficient protection for the established rules of intellectualproperty law. Three other sets of doctrines will limit the ability ofparties to set their terms by contract, even in the UCC 2B world. The firstdoctrine is copyright misuse, which has been applied against restrictivelicensing provisions. The second set of doctrines provides that a number oflicensing rules are decided as questions of federal, not state, law. Thethird doctrines are state public policies that cannot be overriden bycontract. Taken together, these doctrines create a patchwork federal policyof intellectual property law that UCC 2B cannot alter.
Publication as Preservation: A Remote Maya Site in the Early 20th Century
Authors: Yates Donna
Published: July 2018

In the late 1800s interest in the Ancient Maya underwent the complicated transition from speculative musings to what modern scholars consider to be systematic archaeological inquiry. During this transformation, Maya archaeology was largely colonized, in a sense, by the American academic empire. Excavation was undertaken to further a structured concept of science and to solidify the idea of archaeology as an institutionalized discipline. The results of archaeological fieldwork on remote sites were not easily independently verified due to the constraints of the forbidding landscape and the vastness of this largely untapped resource. The known character of a particular scholar was considered to be a sufficient recommendation as to the quality of his textual archaeological record. This dependence on text resulted in a number of factual mistakes that have been repeated in publications and museum displays up to the present day. During this period in the development of the discipline, I assert that archaeological publication, not site stabilisation, was regarded as a sufficient means by which a remote site could be effectively ‘preserved’.As a case study I will discuss early 20th century excavations within an early Classic Maya mortuary structure at the site of Holmul, Guatemala. In this extreme case, a report supposedly started by Raymond Edwin Merwin, the only archaeologist who had worked at this remote Maya city, was ‘completed’ after his untimely death by another scholar, George C. Vaillant, who had never visited the site. Due to the perceived notability of Merwin’s role in driving Maya archaeology into the realm of systematic science, Vaillant felt that the information he published was reliable and, indeed, required as the location of Holmul would effectively prevent archaeological work from being conducted there for nearly a century.
非科学的知識の広がりと専門家の責任: 高校副教材「妊娠のしやすさ」グラフをめぐり可視化されたこと
Authors: Tanaka Sigeto
Published: July 2018

2015年8月、日本全国の高校に配布された保健科目用副教材『健康な生活を送るために』の問題と、その背後にある専門家による非科学的データ利用の問題について論じる。
‘I think it’s more of a worthwhile job I’ve got now.’ A qualitative study of women’s changing work orientations over the life course
Authors: Platts Loretta G. , Day Jack K. , Gross Dinah , Madero-Cabib Ignacio , von Ow Anna
Published: July 2018

This paper contributes to a body of work which examines how women’s work orientations and evaluations of their paid work change over the life course. We analysed interview transcripts for a sub-sample of 110 women drawn from the National Child Development Study (1958 British birth cohort). The paper focuses on retrospective evaluations of the working lives of women who entered the labour market with an instrumental work orientation from the vantage point of mid-late life. Our findings indicate that some women found more intrinsically satisfying paid work later in their working lives, in some cases after gaining additional qualifications. Women also identified barriers to attempting shifts in work orientations. The results show the dynamism of women’s labour market trajectories in late mid-life and highlight the interest of studying women’s changing work orientations throughout the life course.
Safe Spaces: Gay-Straight Alliances in High School
Authors: Fetner Tina , Elafros Athena , Bortolin Sandra , Drechsler Coralee
Published: July 2018

In activists' circles as in sociology, the concept "safe space" has beenapplied to all sorts of programs, organizations, and practices. However,few studies have specified clearly what safe spaces are and how theysupport the people who occupy them. In this paper, we examine one sociallocation typically understood to be a safe space: gay-straight alliancegroups in high schools. Using qualitative interviews with young adults inthe United States and Canada who have participated in gay-straightalliances, we examine the experiences of safe spaces in these groups. Weunpack this complex concept to consider some of the dimensions along whichsafe spaces might vary. Participants identified several types of safespace, and from their observations we derive three inter-related dimensionsof safe space: social context, membership and activity.
English As a Medium of Instruction and the Endangerment of Arabic literacy: The Case of the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Al-Issa Ahmad
Published: July 2018

Due to the rapid spread of globalization and the attendant ‘global English,’ the need for English is often accepted without much thought being given to native languages. Indeed, this is the current situation in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), with English encroaching into all areas of society, and especially forcefully into the education sector, where English as a medium of instruction (EMI) is on the rise. At the same time, Arabic literacy, the ability to read and write in the language, is declining among UAE youth. Using a mixed-methods design, a study was conducted to gain insights into the use of Arabic by Emirati university students. The study examines how Emirati youth use their native language (i.e., Arabic) in their daily lives, their perception of their own reading and writing skills in Arabic vis-à-vis in English language, and the extent to which they can demonstrate their literacy skills in Arabic. Clear evidence emerged showing that while Arabic as a dialect continues to be spoken and used on a daily basis, Arabic literacy is unquestionably losing ground. This paper concludes with a call for a language policy in the UAE that will give Arabic its due in schools and wider society.
Book Review: Kropotkin and the Anarchist Intellectual Tradition by Jim Mac Laughlin
Authors: Genovese Taylor R.
Published: July 2018

In Kropotkin and the Anarchist Intellectual Tradition, Jim Mac Laughlin revisits the work of influential anarchist philosopher Peter Kropotkin, tracing both his life and the broader historical development of anarchist thought. Particularly praising the book's discussion of 'scientific anarchism' and its relevance for an anarchist political geography, Taylor R. Genovese welcomes this study as an excellent contribution to the current 'anarchist Renaissance' and recommends it to those looking to be inspired to revolutionary praxis.LSE Review of Books.
Review of "The Changs Next Door to the Diazes: Remapping Race in Suburban California" (W Cheng)
Authors: Wang Sean H.
Published: July 2018

Wang, SH. 2014. Review of "The Changs Next Door to the Diazes: Remapping Race in Suburban California" (W Cheng). Journal of Cultural Geography, 31(3), 350-353.
The Proliferation of Men: Markets, Property, and Seizure in Jordan
Authors: Hughes Geoffrey Fitzgibbon
Published: July 2018

Spurred on by massive influxes of Palestinian refugees in previous de- cades, the 1970s and 1980s were marked by acute struggles over land and housing in Jordan. This article places those struggles within the context of a historical look at property in Jordan spanning from the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire to more recent waves of refugees from Syria and Iraq. Drawing on recent research in the social studies of finance and feminist substantivist critiques of “the economy,” I argue for more attention to the role of violence and war in the formation of markets and property regimes. Moving between a World Bank squatter settlement standardization pro- gram and interviews with contemporary planners, speculators, homeown- ers, and construction workers, I argue that the sublimation of violent con- testation over property has required subtle but important transformations in gender norms that privilege new strategies of accumulation. Yet many of my interlocutors insist that this novel “proliferation of wealth” remains sub- ordinate to the role of large agnatic kin groups in the communal defense of land (“the proliferation of men”). Ongoing struggles between financiers, agnatic kin groups, and the Jordanian state illustrate the ways in which seizure is key to the work of market formation.
Women’s Employment and Fertility: A Welfare Regime Paradox
Authors: Landivar Liana Christin , Butts Carter T.
Published: July 2018

In this article we methodologically assess the paradox posited by other researchers of fertility: namely, why fertility is so much lower in the familialistic countries of Southern and Eastern Europe. We examine the relationship between individual attributes, aggregate female labor force participation, child care enrollment, family leave, and individual fertility in twenty developed countries using a hierarchical Bayesian model. Our results indicate that women's full-time employment and country-level employment rates decrease expected fertility in contrast to recent research which shows a reversal in the negative association between total fertility rates and female labor force participation during the 1980s. However, the positive association between child care enrollment and fertility indicates that child care services might mitigate some of the decline in fertility, possibly by reducing labor force exit among women with young children.
Using Online Practice Spaces to Investigate Challenges in Enacting Principles of Equitable Computer Science Teaching
Authors: Robinson Kevin , Jahanian Keyarash , Reich Justin
Published: July 2018

Equity is a core component of many computer science teacher preparation programs. One promising approach is addressing unconscious bias in teachers, which may impact teacher expectations and interactions with students. Since early intervention literature indicates that asking individuals to suppress biases is counterproductive, our work uses online interactive casestudies as practice spaces to focus on teaching decisions that may be impacted by unconscious bias. Our initial findings indicate that when embedded within teacher preparation programs, practice spaces produce rich learning opportunities, and our analysis yields insights into how beliefs or biases may interfere with principles of equity like disrupting preparatory privilege.
The Privacy Pragmatic as Privacy Vulnerable
Authors: Urban Jennifer
Published: July 2018

*Abstract: *Alan Westin’s well-known and often-used privacy segmentation fails to describe privacy markets or consumer choices accurately. The segmentation divides survey respondents into “privacy fundamentalists,” “privacy pragmatists,” and the “privacy unconcerned.” It describes the average consumer as a “privacy pragmatist” who influences market offerings by weighing the costs and benefits of services and making choices consistent with his or her privacy preferences. Yet, Westin’s segmentation methods cannot establish that users are pragmatic in theory or in practice. Textual analysis reveals that the segmentation fails theoretically. Original survey data suggests that, in practice, most consumers are not aware of privacy rules and practices, and make decisions in the marketplace with a flawed, yet optimistic, perception of protections. Instead of acting as “privacy pragmatists,” consumers experience a marketplace myopia that causes them to believe that they need not engage in privacy analysis of products and services.Westin’s work has been used to justify a regulatory system where the burden of taking action to protect privacy rests on the very individuals who think it is already protected strongly by law. Our findings begin to suggest reasons behind both the growth of some information-intensive marketplace activities and some prominent examples of consumer backlash.Based on knowledge-testing and attitudinal survey work, we suggest that Westin’s approach actually segments two recognizable privacy groups: the “privacy resilient” and the “privacy vulnerable.” We then trace the contours of a more usable segmentation and consider whether privacy segmentations contribute usefully to political discourse on privacy.Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2514381
Wealth, Slave Ownership, and Fighting for the Confederacy: An Empirical Study of the American Civil War
Authors: Hall Andrew B. , Huff Connor , Kuriwaki Shiro
Published: July 2018

How did personal wealth and slaveownership affect the likelihood southerners fought for the Confederate Army in the American Civil War? On the one hand, wealthy southerners had incentives to free-ride on poorer southerners and avoid fighting; on the other hand, wealthy southerners were disproportionately slaveowners, and thus had more at stake in the outcome of the war. We assemble a dataset on roughly 3.9 million free citizens in the Confederacy, and show that slaveowners were more likely to fight than non-slaveowners. We then exploit a randomized land lottery held in 1832 in Georgia. Households of lottery winners owned more slaves in 1850 and were more likely to have sons who fought in the Confederate Army. We conclude that slaveownership, in contrast to some other kinds of wealth, compelled southerners to fight despite free-rider incentives because it raised their stakes in the war’s outcome.
Grounding Trademark Law Through Trademark Use
Authors: Lemley Mark
Published: July 2018

The debate over trademark use has become a hot-button issue in intellectualproperty (IP) law. In Confusion over Use: Contextualism in Trademark Law,Graeme Dinwoodie and Mark Janis characterize it as a dispute over whetherto limit trademark holder rights in a new and unanticipated way. Yet thereis another - in our view more historically accurate - way to frame thetrademark use debate: the question is whether courts should, absentspecific statutory authorization, allow trademark holders to assert a newand unprecedented form of trademark infringement claim. The pop-up andkeyword cases involve attempts to impose third-party liability under theguise of direct infringement suits. Dinwoodie and Janis's thorough accountnotwithstanding, it remains the fact that, before the recent spate ofInternet-related cases, no court had ever recognized a trademark claim ofthe sort that trademark holders are now asserting. Trademark infringementsuits have always involved allegations of infringement by parties who usemarks in connection with the promotion of their own goods and services. Thequestion raised by the trademark use cases, as we view it, is whethercourts should countenance a radical departure from that traditional modelwithout specific instruction from Congress. We think they should not.In this paper, we explain the origins of trademark use doctrine intraditional limits on the scope of the trademark right and in thedistinction between direct and contributory infringement. We also explainwhy we cannot simply rely on the likelihood of consumer confusion test tosolve the problems the trademark use doctrine addresses, and we examine thedifficult problem of defining the scope of the trademark use doctrine.
Waste collection in rural communities: challenges under EU regulations. A Case study of Neamt County, Romania
Authors: MIHAI Florin Constantin
Published: July 2018

The paper aims to examine the changes in the rural waste management sector at regional scale since the Romania adhesion to the EU in 2007. Traditional waste management based on the mixed waste collection and waste disposal often on improper sites prevailed in municipal waste management options of transitional economies across the globe. The lack of formal waste collection services in rural areas has encouraged the open dumping or backyard burning. The paper analyses the improvements and challenges of local authorities in order to fulfill the new EU requirements in this sector supported by data analysis at local administrative unit levels and field observations. Geographical analysis is compulsory in order to reveal the local disparities. The paper performs an assessment of waste collection issues across 78 rural municipalities within Neamt County. This sector is emerging in rural areas of Eastern Europe, but is far from an efficient municipal waste management system based on the waste hierarchy concept.
Heterogeneity in Crowding-Out: When Are Charitable Donations Responsive To Government Support?
Authors: de Wit Arjen , Bekkers Rene
Published: July 2018

De Wit, A., Bekkers, R., & Broese Van Groenou, M. (2017). Heterogeneity in Crowding-out: When Are Charitable Donations Responsive To Government Support? European Sociological Review, 33(1), 59-71.
Pirates Versus Mercenaries: Purely Private Transnational Violence at the Margins of International Law
Authors: Halliburton Ansel
Published: July 2018

Examines international law's application to maritime piracy and private military companies
Training Aspiring Entrepreneurs to Pitch Experienced Investors: Evidence from a Field Experiment in the United States
Authors: Clingingsmith David , Shane Scott
Published: July 2018

Accredited investors finance more than 75,000 U.S. start-ups annually. We explain how training aspiring entrepreneurs to pitch their new business ideas to these investors affects their odds of continued funding discussions. We model accredited investors’ decision to continue investigation as a real option whose value is a function of their experience and the information contained in the entrepreneurs’ pitches. We derive four hypotheses from the model, which we test through a field experiment that randomly assigns pitch training at four elevator pitch competitions. The data support all four hypotheses, and are inconsistent with alternative explanations.
Why Pirates (Still) Won't Behave: Regulating P2P in the Decade after Napster
Authors: Bridy Annemarie
Published: July 2018

Since the birth of Napster in 1999, corporate copyright owners have attempted to "govern" file sharing aggressively at three discrete points of intervention: the content level, the network level, and the user level. Their efforts have met with resistance at each of these points, however, because they have failed to appreciate the insight articulated by Michel Foucault that governing people, in the broad sense, is not only a matter of making them behave; it's also a matter of making them want to behave. This article surveys a decade's worth of anti-piracy regulation and examines the ways in which the entertainment industry's recourse to coercion at every point of intervention has functioned to undermine rather than advance the anti-piracy cause.Annemarie BridyProfessor|University of Idaho College of Law|PO Box 83720-0051|Boise, ID 83720|Ph. 208.364.4583Affiliate Scholar|Stanford Center for Internet and SocietyAffiliate Fellow|Yale Information Society ProjectSSRN|HeinOnline|LinkedIn|Twitter
Valuing subjectivity in journalism: Bias, emotions, and self-interest as tools in arts reporting
Authors: Chong Phillipa
Published: July 2018

This article examines the meanings and norms surrounding subjectivity across traditional and new forms of cultural journalism. While the ideal of objectivity is key to American journalism and its development as a profession, recent scholarship and new media developments have challenged the dominance of objectivity as a professional norm. This article begins with the understanding that subjectivity is an intractable part of knowing (and reporting on) the world around us to build our understanding of different modes of subjectivity and how these animate journalistic practices. Taking arts reporting, specifically reviewing, as a case study, the analysis draws on interviews with 40 book reviewers who write for major American newspapers, including The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, The Washington Post, and prominent blogs. Findings reveal how emotions, bias, and self-interest are salient – sometimes as vice and sometimes as virtue – across the workflow of critics writing for traditional print outlets and book blogs and that these differences can be conceptualized as different epistemic styles.
'It Can't Be a Lie': The Wire as Breaching Experiment
Authors: Page Joshua
Published: July 2018

This is the final pre-publication chapter that Joe Soss and I published in *ThePolitics of *The Wire*: Everything is Connected *(2015).
The Impact of Class Size on Teaching and Learning English as a Foreign Language: The Case of the Department of English at Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University
Authors: Journal Arab World English , Aoumeur Hayat
Published: July 2018

This paper is devoted to the study of the impact of class size on teaching and learning English as a foreign language. The investigation was conducted at the department of English at Abdelhamid Ibn Badis University. The department has witnessed a huge increase in the enrolment figure in the past decade which resulted into an increase in class sizes. This has created problems for staff and students alike. Despite the steps taken by the administrators to reduce the number of students, the problem of class crowding still persists. The department of English, alone, has an enrolment of almost 3000 students, it is a huge number indeed if we take into consideration the availability of facilities and resources. The aim of this study is to explore the organizational and pedagogical difficulties that are frequently encountered by the teachers dealing with large classes and the effects on student learning. Additionally, this paper proposes some suggestions on how to deal with class overcrowding. As part of our research, we have given questionnaires to 200 students and 40 teachers. The findings of the survey clearly demonstrate that large class sizes have an adverse impact on the quality of teaching and learning.
Cosmopolitanism and Global Politics
Authors: Martell Luke
Published: July 2018

On cosmopolitan approaches to global politics
A commentary on the importance of controlling for medication use within trials on the effects of exercise on depression and anxiety
Authors: Bernard Paquito , Marion Carayol
Published: July 2018

Antidepressant and anxiolytics drugs may confound our understanding of the effects of exercise on anxiety and depression which may occur through biological pathways (some may act synergistically while others may be antagonistic), behavioural pathways (with indications of poorer exercise adherence for drug users), and indirect pathways (driven by deteriorated health status affecting the exercise capabilities of medication users). Therefore, the use of antidepressant or anxiolytic medications needs to be carefully considered in future studies assessing the effects of exercise on anxiety or depression.
Development of an Educational Program for Non-Professional Soccer Coaches in Charge of Community-Based Soccer in Men with Prostate Cancer: a Qualitative Study
Authors: Bjerre Eik J. , Leth Mette , Hammer Nanna M. , Midtgaard Julie
Published: July 2018

Background: While clinical trials have demonstrated the benefits of structured exercise for prostate cancer survivors, few attempts have been made to investigate and implement sustainable community-based exercise programs supporting adoption of long-term physical activity behavior. Against this background, the aims of this study was to explore the perspectives of experts and stakeholders on the development of a training course and intervention manual used to support the delivery of community-based soccer training in men with prostate cancer (the FC Prostate Community [FCPC] trial).Methods: A two-step qualitative design including triangulation of methods, data sources, and researchers. Step 1 comprised key informant interviews with clinical and scientific experts (n = 4). Step 2 included stakeholder focus group interviews with nurses (n = 5), non-professional soccer coaches and club representatives (n = 5), and prostate cancer survivors (n = 7).Results: Four themes emerged from the analysis of the key informant interviews: The Coach’s Qualifications, Structure of the Training, Prevention of Injuries, and A Non-Patient Environment, which informed development of the training course and intervention manual. The stakeholders added the importance of clarifying the Responsibility of the Coach, the value of Positive Competition, and Social Inclusion of the prostate cancer survivors in the club. Based on these results, we present the final templates for the training course and intervention manual.Conclusions: No general set of rules or safety measures to promote or optimize the delivery of community-based exercise in cancer survivors is recommended. However, the general principles related to the necessary clarification of the coach’s responsibility in relation to the prevention and management of injuries and participant adherence through a non-patient environment may be transferable to the training and education of other groups of lay persons in charge of delivering exercise interventions to other clinical subpopulations in a non-hospital setting.
Similar acute physiological responses from effort and duration matched leg press and recumbent cycling tasks
Authors: Steele James , Butler Andrew , Comerford Zoe , Dyer Jason , Lloyd Nathan , Ward Joshua , Fisher James , Gentil Paulo , Scott Christopher , Ozaki Hayao
Published: July 2018

The present study examined the effects of exercise utilising traditional resistance training (leg press) or ‘cardio’ exercise (recumbent cycle ergometry) modalities upon acute physiological responses. Nine healthy males underwent a within session randomised crossover design where they completed both the leg press and recumbent cycle ergometer conditions. Conditions were approximately matched for effort and duration (leg press: 4 x 12RM, recumbent cycle ergometer: 4 x 60 second sprints). Measurements included VO2, respiratory exchange ratio (RER), blood lactate, energy expenditure, muscle swelling, and electromyography. Perceived effort was similar between conditions and thus both were well matched with respect to effort. There were no significant effects by ‘condition’ in any of the physiological responses examined (all p > 0.05). The present study shows that, when both effort and duration are matched, resistance training and ‘cardio’ exercise produce largely similar physiological responses.
Empathic and Self-Regulatory Processes Governing Doping Behavior
Authors: Boardley Ian , Smith Alan L. , Mills John Paul , Grix Jonathan , Wynne Ceri
Published: July 2018

Evidence associating doping behavior with Moral Disengagement (MD) has accumulated over recent years. However, to date, research examining links between MD and doping has not considered key theoretically-grounded influences and outcomes of MD. As such, there is a need for quantitative research in relevant populations that purposefully examines the explanatory pathways through which MD is thought to operate. Towards this end, the current study examined a conceptually-grounded model of doping behavior that incorporated empathy, doping self-regulatory efficacy (SRE), doping MD, anticipated guilt and self-reported doping/doping susceptibility. Participants were specifically recruited to represent four key physical-activity contexts and consisted of team- (n = 195) and individual- (n = 169) sport athletes and hardcore- (n = 125) and corporate- (n = 121) gym exercisers representing both genders (nmale = 371; nfemale = 239); self-reported lifetime prevalence of doping across the sample was 13.6%. Each participant completed questionnaires assessing the aforementioned variables. Structural equation modelling indicated strong support for all study hypotheses. Specifically, we established: (a) empathy and doping SRE negatively predicted reported doping; (b) the predictive effects of empathy and doping SRE on reported doping were mediated by doping MD and anticipated guilt; (c) doping MD positively predicted reported doping; (d) the predictive effects of doping MD on reported doping were partially mediated by anticipated guilt. Substituting self-reported doping for doping susceptibility, multisample analyses then demonstrated these predictive effects were largely invariant between males and females and across the four physical-activity contexts represented. These findings extend current knowledge on a number of levels, and in doing so aid our understanding of key psychosocial processes that may govern doping behavior across key physical-activity contexts.
Examining the influence of skin tone on playing position in the Premier and English Football Leagues
Authors: Mills John Paul , Markham Tom , Ing Charles , Guppy Fergus Michael
Published: July 2018

Within the present manuscript we explore the role of skin tone on playing position within English football’s top four professional leagues. Player data (N = 4,515) was collected across five seasons (2010-2015). Results indicate that in general, darker skin toned players are more likely to operate within peripheral rather than central positions. Using both one and two-way ANOVAs, results suggest significant differences between skin tone and individual playing positions. Between league differences were, however, non-significant. Although darker skin toned players are still more likely to occupy peripheral positions, the situation is more nuanced than first thought. Instead of segregating players by central versus peripheral roles, it appears that darker skin toned players occupy positions associated with athleticism. In contrast, lighter skin toned players appear to fulfill roles requiring organization and communication skills.
Response to: Cruickshank and Collins (2017) ‘Response to Mills and Boardley “Advancing leadership in sport: time to ‘actually’ take off the blinkers?”’
Authors: Mills John Paul , Boardley Ian
Published: July 2018

Second response to Cruickshank and Collins' (2016) paper 'Advancing Leadership in Sport: Time to Take the Blinkers Off".
PERANAN PRAMUSAJI DALAM MENINGKATKAN KEPUASAN TAMU DI SAFFRON RESTORAN FOUR POINTS BY SHERATON HOTEL BANDUNG
Authors: Faturohman Topan
Published: July 2018

Tugas pramusaji adalah melayani tamu dan memenuhi semua kebutuhan tamu. Untuk melayani dan memenuhi semua kebutuhan tamu, seorang pramusaji diharuskan mengikuti Standar Operasional Prosedur kerja yang baik disertai rasa memiliki dan rasa betapa pentingnya menggunakan prosedur kerja yang tepat sesuai dengan ketetapan yang telah ditetapkan akan menjadikan seorang pramusaji bersikap profesional dalam bidangnya
Civil Military Relations in Egypt 2011-2013
Authors: Ismail Amr
Published: July 2018

Civil Military Relations in Egypt 2011-2013