bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mass Religious Ritual and Intergroup Tolerance
Authors: Alexseev Mikhail , Zhemukhov Sufian
Published: July 2017

Under what conditions does in-group pride facilitate out-group tolerance? What are the causal linkages between intergroup tolerance and socialization in religious rituals? This book examines how Muslims from Russia's North Caucuses returned from the Hajj pilgrimage to Mecca both more devout as Muslims and more tolerant of out-groups. Drawing on prominent theories of identity and social capital, the authors resolve seeming contradictions between the two literatures by showing the effects of religious rituals that highlight within-group diversity at the same time that they affirm the group's common identity. This theory is then applied to explain why social integration of Muslim immigrants has been more successful in the USA than in Europe and how the largest Hispanic association in the US defied the clash of civilizations theory by promoting immigrants' integration into America's social mainstream. The book offers insights into Islam's role in society and politics and the interrelationships between religious faith, immigration and ethnic identity, and tolerance that will be relevant to both scholars and practitioners.
Regulatory Crisis
Authors: Hutter Bridget , Lloyd-Bostock Sally
Published: July 2017

Using a new concept - 'regulatory crisis' - this book examines how major crises may or may not affect regulation. The authors provide a detailed analysis of selected well-known disasters, tracing multiple interwoven sources of influence and competing narratives shaping crises and their impact. Their findings challenge currently influential ideas about 'regulatory failure', 'risk society' and the process of learning from disasters. They argue that interpretations of and responses to disasters and crises are fluid, socially constructed, and open to multiple influences. Official sense-making can be too readily taken at face value. Failure to manage risks may not be central or even necessary for a regulatory crisis to emerge from a disaster; and the impacts for the regulator can take on a life detached from the precipitating disaster or crisis.
Benjamin’s gravity current into an ambient fluid with an open surface
Authors: Ungarish Marius
Published: July 2017

We present the solution of the idealized steady-state gravity current of height $h$ and density $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{1}$ that propagates into an ambient motionless fluid of height $H$ and density $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{2}$ with an upper surface open to the atmosphere (open channel) at high Reynolds number. The current propagates with speed $U$ and causes a depth decrease $\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}$ of the top surface. This is a significant extension of Benjamin’s (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 31, 1968, pp. 209–248) seminal solution for a fixed-top channel ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}=0$). In the present case, the determination of $\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}$ is part of the problem. The dimensionless parameters of the problem are $a=h/H$ and $r=\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{2}/\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{1}$. We show that a control-volume analysis determines $\tilde{\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}/H$ and $\mathit{Fr}=U/(g^{\prime }h)^{1/2}$ as functions of $a$ and $r$, where $g^{\prime }=(r^{-1}-1)g$ is the reduced gravity. The system satisfies balance of volume and momentum (explicitly), and vorticity (implicitly). We develop two branches (models) of solution for the control-volume balances. The first assumes that the outflow velocity $u_{2}$ is $z$-independent, accompanied by a similarly homogeneous headloss; this model is exactly the counterpart of Benjamin’s solution ($z$ is the vertical coordinate). The second model assumes that $u_{2}$ increases from $0$ in a layer of finite thickness $\unicode[STIX]{x1D702}$ (say) above the $z=h$ interface, and the headloss occurs in this layer only (a vortex wake). The $\mathit{Fr},\tilde{\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}}$ results of these models are in excellent agreement, and this increases the confidence concerning the physical relevance of the analysis. (The solution is obtained numerically.) The predicted flows are in general dissipative, and thus physically energetically valid only for $a\leqslant a_{max}(r)\approx 0.5r$, where non-negative dissipation appears. In this range of validity, the open-surface $\mathit{Fr}(a,r)$ is smaller than Benjamin’s $\mathit{Fr}_{b}(a)$, but the reduction is not dramatic, typically a few per cent. The current with thickness $h=a_{max}H$ is energy conserving. For given $r$, the energy conserving $a_{max}(r)$ provides the maximum height depression $\tilde{\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}}_{max}(r)\approx 0.45r^{1/4}(1-r)$. The largest possible depression is $\tilde{\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}}_{max}\approx 0.25$ at $r\approx 0.20$, and this corresponds to the minimum of $\mathit{Fr}(a,r)/\mathit{Fr}_{b}(a)$ which is approximately 0.75. For $r<0.68$, the propagation is subcritical; for $r>0.68$, the subcritical flow condition reduces the applicability slightly to $a\leqslant a_{\mathit{crit}}\approx 0.345$. For a Boussinesq system with $r\approx 1$, we obtain $\tilde{\unicode[STIX]{x1D712}}\ll 1$, and the present $\mathit{Fr}$, dissipation and $a_{\mathit{crit}}$ results differ only slightly from Benjamin’s classical predictions, as expected.
Teaching Children With Down Syndrome in the Early Years of School
Authors: McFadden Amanda , Tangen Donna , Spooner-Lane Rebecca , Mergler Amanda
Published: July 2017

We explored 3 general classroom teachers’ experiences of including a child with Down syndrome in their early years classrooms. Located at 3 different Australian school settings, 1 teacher was the head of a Preparatory class, 1 was a Year 3 teacher, and the third was a teacher of a split Preparatory/Year 1 class. Interview data were drawn from a larger study, in which data were gathered over a 5-month period through class observations and teacher interviews. The findings indicate that although there were highly inclusive experiences identified in the school sites, the school context played an important role in the inclusion of the child. Teachers indicated that receiving targeted information about Down syndrome and collaborative support from parents, teaching colleagues, and their wider school enabled them to work more inclusively with their student with Down syndrome in their classroom.
Inspiring Creativity in Teams: Perspectives of Transactive Memory Systems
Authors: Huang Chi-Cheng , Hsieh Pin-Nan
Published: July 2017

Team psychological safety — a non-threatening and safe climate — allows team members to express and share each other's opinions freely, and this sharing may produce more useful perspectives to induce team creativity. In a psychologically safe climate, transactive memory systems (TMSs) may be constructed for describing the specialised division of cognitive labour for solving information problems and thereby enabling team members to quickly gain and use knowledge across domains. As a consequence, further ideas may be generated within teams, increasing team creativity. Our research model is assessed using data from a sample of 110 team members from 40 research and development (R&D) teams in a leading technology company in Taiwan and analysed using the partial least squares method. The results of this study reveal that: (1) team psychological safety did not directly affect team creativity, (2) team psychological safety affects TMSs, (3) TMSs affect team creativity, and (4) TMSs fully mediate the relationship between team psychological safety and team creativity. This study also discusses the implications for team creativity.
Increased serum ferritin levels are independently associated with carotid atherosclerosis in women
Authors: Xu Haiyan , Song Yanqi , Xu Jing , Gu Yeqing , Zhang Qing , Liu Li , Meng Ge , Wu Hongmei , Xia Yang , Bao Xue , Shi Hongbin , Su Qian , Fang Liyun , Yu Fei , Yang Huijun , Sun Shaomei , Wang Xing , Zhou Ming , Jia Qiyu , Wang Guolin , Song Kun , Wu Yuntang , Sun Zhong , Niu Kaijun
Published: July 2017

Previous studies have supported the theory that there is a positive association between ferritin and carotid atherosclerosis in Western people. Diet plays an important role in determining serum ferritin concentration. Asian dietary patterns are different from Western dietary patterns, implying that there may be a difference in the association of ferritin with carotid atherosclerosis between Asian and Western people. However, few studies focus on the association between ferritin and carotid atherosclerosis among Asians. The aim of this study was to investigate how serum ferritin levels are associated with carotid atherosclerosis in an Asian adult population. A cross-sectional assessment was performed in 8302 adults in Tianjin, China. Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and plaques were assessed using ultrasonography, and serum ferritin was measured using the protein chip-chemiluminescence method. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between quartiles of serum ferritin concentration and carotid atherosclerosis. In the present study, the overall prevalence of IMT and carotid plaques in participants is 29·2 and 22·7 %, respectively. In women, after adjustments for potentially confounding factors, the OR of IMT and carotid plaques by increasing serum ferritin quartiles were 1·00, 1·39 (95 % CI 0·98–1·99), 1·39 (95 % CI 0·99–1·97), 1·81 (95 % CI 1·30–2·55) (Pfor trend<0·001) and 1·00, 1·24 (95 % CI 0·89–1·73), 1·18 (95 % CI 0·85–1·65), 1·59 (95 % CI 1·15–2·20) (Pfor trend<0·01), respectively. However, no association was found between serum ferritin and carotid atherosclerosis in men. The study demonstrated that increased serum ferritin levels are independently associated with IMT and carotid plaques in Asian women but not in Asian men.
Supplementation with Lactobacillus paracasei or Pediococcus pentosaceus does not prevent diarrhoea in neonatal pigs infected with Escherichia coli F18
Authors: Andersen Anders D. , Cilieborg Malene S. , Lauridsen Charlotte , Mørkbak Anne Louise , Sangild Per Torp
Published: July 2017

Infectious diarrhoea is a worldwide problem in newborns. Optimal bacterial colonisation may enhance gut maturation and protect against pathogenic bacteria after birth. We hypothesised that lactic acid bacteria (LAB) administration prevents pathogen-induced diarrhoea in formula-fed newborns. Newborn caesarean-delivered, colostrum-deprived term piglets on parenteral nutrition for the first 15 h, were used as models for sensitive newborn infants. A commercially available probiotic strain, Lactobacillus paracasei F19 (LAP, 2·6×108 colony-forming units (CFU)/kg per d) and a novel LAB isolate, Pediococcus pentosaceus (PEP, 1·3×1010 CFU/kg per d), were administered for 5 d with or without inoculation of the porcine pathogen, Escherichia coli F18 (F18, 1010 CFU/d). This resulted in six treatment groups: Controls (n 9), LAP (n 10), PEP (n 10), F18 (n 10), F18–LAP (n 10) and F18–PEP (n 10). The pathogen challenge increased diarrhoea and density of F18 in the intestinal mucosa (P<0·05). LAB supplementation further increased the diarrhoea score, relative to F18 alone (P<0·01). Intestinal structure and permeability were similar among groups, whereas brush border enzymes were affected in variable intestinal regions with decreased activities in most cases after F18 and LAB inoculation. Bacterial density in colon mucosa increased after F18 inoculation (P<0·05) but was unaffected by LAB supplementation. In colon contents, acetic and butyric acids were increased by PEP (P<0·05). The LAB used in this study failed to reduce E. coli-induced diarrhoea in sensitive newborn pigs. In vulnerable newborns there may be a delicate balance among bacterial composition and load, diet and the host. Caution may be required when administering LAB to compromised newborns suffering from enteric infections.
Transferrin saturation concentrations associated with telomeric ageing: a population-based study
Authors: Shin Chol , Baik Inkyung
Published: July 2017

There are limited data on the association between Fe overload and leucocyte telomere length (LTL), known as a useful biomarker of the replicative ageing of cells. The aim of the study was to evaluate associations between Fe-status biomarkers and LTL. A cross-sectional study included 1174 men and women aged 50–79 years who provided blood samples for assays of Fe-status biomarkers including ferritin, transferrin saturation (TSAT), total Fe-binding capacity (TIBC) and relative LTL. They were free of hepatitis, potential infection or Fe deficiency. In multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for potential confounding variables, log-transformed LTL was positively associated with TIBC (adjusted coefficient estimate for its highest quartile: 0·17 (se 0·03), P<0·001) and inversely associated with TSAT (adjusted coefficient estimate for its third and fourth quartiles: −0·09 (se 0·03), P<0·01). These associations were consistent after additional adjustment for serum concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, alanine transaminase and aspartate transaminase. In particular, participants with not only abnormally high concentrations (>45 %) but also with high-normal concentrations (35–45 %) of TSAT had shorter LTL compared with those with low-normal concentrations (<30 %) (P<0·05). We also observed that less-active or obese persons with high TSAT concentrations had shorter LTL than others. Our findings that cellular ageing is influenced not only by Fe overload but also by high-normal concentrations of TSAT support the hypothesis regarding the detrimental effects of labile Fe, which has a potent pro-oxidant activity in the body.
A Lagrangian study of plankton trophodynamics over a diel cycle in a eutrophic estuary under upwelling influence
Authors: Leles Suzana G. , Moser Gleyci A. O. , Valentin Jean L. , Figueiredo Gisela M.
Published: July 2017

A Lagrangian study was conducted in a eutrophic estuary (Guanabara Bay, Brazil) to investigatein situplankton trophodynamics under the influence of the cold, nutrient-rich South Atlantic Coastal Water in a short-term temporal variability (scale of hours). We tested the hypothesis that the base of the plankton food web is composed of small cells and that microzooplankton is the main consumer of this assemblage. Samples of pico-, nano- and microplankton, as well as copepods, were collected during spring, when the entry of upwelling water in the Bay is commonly observed, and near the surface every 3 h during the 1-day sampling period. Potential predation of dinoflagellates, ciliates, copepod nauplii, copepodites and adult copepods was estimated based on predator-prey size relationships. The main trophic links in the Guanabara Bay food web for the period analysed were nanophytoplankton-copepods, nanophytoplankton-ciliates, and autotrophic dinoflagellates-heterotrophic dinoflagellates. According to microphytoplankton availability, adult copepods could not satisfy their food requirement, and nanophytoplankton represented an important supplementary food source. In fact, diel variations of nano- and microplankton biomass were opposite to that of copepods suggesting predation control by the latter on the former. The trophodynamics of Guanabara Bay, under the influence of upwelling water, resulted in marked differences from other eutrophic estuaries around the world.
SQUARED COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION OF TAYLOR'S LAW FOR RANDOM ABSOLUTE DIFFERENCES
Authors: Brown Mark , Cohen Joel E.
Published: July 2017

In a family, parameterized by θ, of non-negative random variables with finite, positive second moment, Taylor's law (TL) asserts that the population variance is proportional to a power of the population mean as θ varies: σ2 (θ) = a[μ(θ)]b, a > 0. TL, sometimes called fluctuation scaling, holds widely in science, probability theory, and stochastic processes. Here we report diverse examples of TL with b = 2 (equivalent to a constant coefficient of variation) arising from a difference of random variables in normed vector spaces of dimension 1 and larger. In these examples, we compute a exactly using, in some cases, a simple, new technique. These examples may prove useful in future models that involve differences of random variables, including models of the spatial distribution and migration of human populations.
Differences in phonetic-to-lexical perceptual mapping of L1 and L2 regional accents
Authors: LARRAZA SAIOA , BEST CATHERINE T.
Published: July 2017

This study investigates how second language (L2) listeners match an unexpected accented form to their stored form of a word. The phonetic-to-lexical mapping for L2 as compared to L1 regional varieties was examined with early and late Italian-L2 speakers who were all L1-Australian English speakers. AXB discrimination and lexical decision tasks were conducted in both languages, using unfamiliar regional accents that minimize (near-merge) consonant contrasts maintained in their own L1-L2 accents. Results reveal that in the L2, early bilinguals’ recognition of accented variants depended on their discrimination capacity. Late bilinguals, for whom the accented variants were not represented in their L2 lexicon, instead mapped standard and accented exemplars to the same lexical representations (i.e., dual mapping: Samuel & Larraza, 2015). By comparison, both groups showed the same broad accommodation to L1 accented variants. Results suggest qualitatively different yet similarly effective phonetic-to-lexical mapping strategies both for L2 versus L1 regional accents.
Maternal pregnancy C-reactive protein predicts offspring birth size and body composition in metropolitan Cebu, Philippines
Authors: Kuzawa C. W. , Fried R. L. , Borja J. B. , McDade T. W.
Published: July 2017

The gestational milieu is an important influence on fetal development and long-term disease risk. Here we assess relationships between maternal pregnancy inflammation, indicated by C-reactive protein (CRP), and offspring anthropometric outcomes measured soon after birth. Data come from female participants (n=327, age 24.4–30.2 years) in a longitudinal study located in Metropolitan Cebu, Philippines. Between 2009 and 2014, pregnancy interviews (n=429) were conducted during which questionnaire and anthropometric data were obtained along with dried blood spot cards for CRP measurement. Offspring body weight, length, head circumference and five skinfold thickness measures were obtained soon after birth. Maternal pregnancy CRP was borderline (−1.11±0.64 days/log-mg/l; P<0.1) inversely related to gestational age at delivery, but did not increase the likelihood of preterm delivery. After adjusting for maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index, height, pregnancy adiposity, age, parity and other covariates, CRP was significantly, inversely related to offspring body weight (−0.047±0.017 kg/log-mg/l), length (−0.259±0.092 cm/log-mg/l) and sum of skinfolds (−0.520±0.190 mm/log-mg/l) (all P<0.05), and borderline inversely related to offspring head circumference (−0.102±0.068 cm/log-mg/l; P<0.1). Notably, relationships were continuous across the full CRP range, and not limited to unusually high levels of inflammation. These findings point to an important role of maternal non-specific immune activation as a predictor of offspring birth outcomes. In light of evidence that early life microbial, nutritional and stress experiences influence adult inflammatory regulation, these findings point to inflammation as a potential pathway for the intergenerational transmission of maternal experience to offspring health.
Implementierung der Gefährdungsbeurteilung psychischer Belastung am Arbeitsplatz
Authors: Stefani Maria , Noeker Meinolf
Published: July 2017

Zusammenfassung. Mit Blick auf den Wandel der Arbeitswelt und die veränderten Arbeitsanforderungen wurde 2013 das Arbeitsschutzgesetz erweitert. Demzufolge sind Arbeitgeber verpflichtet, (auch) eine Gefährdungsbeurteilung zur psychischen Belastung durchzuführen. Das verfolgte Ziel ist eine frühzeitige Erkennung von psychischen Gesundheitsgefährdungen am Arbeitsplatz, um diesen präventiv entgegenzuwirken. Der folgende Erfahrungsbericht nimmt Bezug auf die Implementierung dieser arbeitsschutzrechtlichen Maßnahme in den Einrichtungen des LWL-PsychiatrieVerbundes und den LWL-Maßregelvollzugskliniken und präsentiert das Vorgehen bei der praktischen Umsetzung. Damit stehen nicht fachliche Erläuterungen, sondern die Organisation der Umsetzung im Mittelpunkt.
Pflegegestütztes Case Management in der Psychiatrischen Klinik – praktisch konkret
Authors: Schnieders Georg , Fähland Martin , Duldhardt Sandra
Published: July 2017

Zusammenfassung. Fallführung eines depressiven Patienten im vollstationären Setting einer spezialisierten klinischen Station
„Ich erfasse immer die ganze Geschichte“
Authors: Hahn Sabine
Published: July 2017

Zusammenfassung. Dr. Joanne DeSanto Iennaco (PhD) ist Associate Professor der Pflege und der Psychiatrie an der Yale University School of Nursing. Sie ist Psychiatric Mental Health Pacticioner mit Bachelor Abschluss (PMHNP-BC), Psychiatric Mental Health Clinical Nurse Specialist mit Bachelor Abschluss (PMHCNS-BC) und Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN). Als APRN arbeitet sie noch einen Tag pro Woche im Connecticut Medical Health Center in New Haven in einem Ambulatorium, das niederschwellig Behandlung und Pflege anbietet. Sie ist seit 1983 in der psychiatrischen Pflege tätig.
Wie viele Pflegende braucht es auf einer psychiatrischen Station?
Authors: Schulz Michael
Published: July 2017

Zusammenfassung. Der psychiatrischen Pflege kommen in psychiatrischen Krankenhäusern wichtige Aufgaben zu. So sollte der Aufenthalt für den Patienten nicht nur sicher und angenehm sein. Es wird auch erwartet, dass Interventionen durchgeführt werden (möglichst evidenzbasiert). Aufgaben im multiprofessionellen Team sollten übernommen werden und, falls erforderlich, sollten auch wichtige Bezugspersonen (Angehörige) in die Behandlung mit einbezogen werden. Durchgeführte Informationen und Angaben zum Krankheits- und Pflegeverlauf müssen dann noch entsprechend dokumentiert werden.
Bindungsrepräsentationen Studierender der Kindheitspädagogik zu Beginn des Studiums
Authors: Hédervári-Heller Éva , Martins Antunes Filipe
Published: July 2017

Zusammenfassung. Der quantitative Ausbau frühkindlicher Tagesbetreuung in Deutschland und die Implementierung von Bildungsprogrammen für den Elementarbereich gehen einher mit einer kontinuierlichen Anhebung der Betreuungsqualität und einem Mehrbedarf an hochqualifizierten pädagogischen Fachkräften. Kindheitspädagogische Studiengänge, die seit 2004 bundesweit entwickelt wurden, leisten diese Aufgabe. Neben dem Erwerb von Wissen und Handlungskompetenzen während des Studiums kommt der Fähigkeit zur Selbstreflexion als eine grundlegende personale Kompetenz der Studierenden eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Hauptziel der Pilotstudie war die Erhebung des Bindungsstatus von Studierenden zu Anfang und zum Ende ihres Studiums mit dem Adult Attachment Projective (AAP) ( George, West & Pettem, 1997 ). Darüber hinaus sollte überprüft werden, ob eine intensive Beschäftigung mit dem eigenen Bindungsstatus (Selbstreflexion) zur Veränderung der inneren Bindungsorganisation beiträgt (Längsschnittuntersuchung mit zwei Messzeitpunkten). In diesem Beitrag werden Ergebnisse aus der ersten Datenerhebung (erste Querschnittserhebung) zu Bindungsrepräsentationen von Studierenden an zwei Fachhochschulen mit Kindheitspädagogischen Studiengängen zu Beginn des Studiums vorgestellt (n = 59). Die Daten weisen insgesamt auf einen hohen Anteil an unsicher-organisiertem (46 %) und unbewältigtem (41 %) Bindungsstatus bei Studierenden der Kindheitspädagogik hin. Es bleibt die Frage zu beantworten, wie der hohe Anteil an unsicheren Bindungsrepräsentationen in dieser Pilotstudie zu erklären ist.
Standardisierte Erfassung von Einstellungen zur Mehrsprachigkeit in Kindertageseinrichtungen
Authors: Kratzmann Jens , Jahreiß Samuel , Frank Maren , Ertanir Beyhan , Sachse Steffi
Published: July 2017

Zusammenfassung. Dieser Beitrag befasst sich mit der standardisierten Erfassung von Einstellungen pädagogischer Fachkräfte in Kindertageseinrichtungen zur Mehrsprachigkeit der Kinder. Ein von Reich (2008a) entwickeltes vierdimensionales Instrument wird durch eine konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse mit kategorialen Merkmalen geprüft. Datengrundlage ist eine Stichprobe von 119 Fachkräften in 19 Kindertageseinrichtungen mit einem Anteil mehrsprachiger Kinder von mindestens 50 %. Da das Modell keine zufriedenstellenden Gütewerte erreicht, wird auf Grundlage explorativer Faktorenanalyse und inhaltlicher Überlegungen eine dreidimensionale Neustrukturierung des Instruments vorgeschlagen. Eine konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse der Neustrukturierung liefert zufrieden stellende Modellgütewerte.
Cities Partner to Prepare for Natural Hazards and Climate Change
Authors: Hurwitz Margaret , Mandarino Felipe , Kirschbaum Dalia
Published: July 2017

NASA-Rio-UCCRN Workshop on Sea Level Rise, Urban Heat Islands, and Water Quality; New York, 14–16 November 2016
Testing Models of Near-Space Electrical Currents
Authors: Crane Leah
Published: July 2017

Modeling Earth’s near-space environment and its electrical currents is challenging. A new study compares how four different models stack up against observations.
USGS Library Cuts Would Harm Research, Education, Say Scientists
Authors: Cartier Kimberly
Published: July 2017

Possible budget drop would halt access by researchers, educators, and the public to nondigitized collections and services of U.S. Geological Survey librarians, according to the agency.
A critical role of Gas6/Axl signal in allergic airway responses during RSV vaccine‐enhanced disease
Authors: Shibata Takehiko , Ato Manabu
Published: July 2017

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common virus that causes lower respiratory infections across a wide range of ages. A licensed RSV vaccine is not available because vaccination with formalin‐inactivated RSV (FI‐RSV) and the subsequent RSV infection cause not only insufficient induction of neutralizing antibodies but also severe allergic airway responses, termed FI‐RSV vaccine‐enhanced disease (FI‐RSV VED). However, the underlying mechanism has not been identified, although a Th2‐biased immune response is known to be a hallmark of this disease. Our previous studies have shown that growth arrest‐specific 6 (Gas6)/Axl signaling leads to Th2‐biased immune responses during fungus‐induced allergic airway inflammation. Here, we show that Gas6/Axl signaling also leads to FI‐RSV VED and partially identify the mechanism in mice. Inhibiting Gas6/Axl signaling using Gas6‐deficient mice, neutralizing antibodies, and a specific inhibitor of Axl attenuated allergic airway hyperresponsiveness, including airway inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, and Th2 cytokine production, in addition to increasing interferon‐γ levels and the production of RSV‐neutralizing IgG2a in FI‐RSV VED. Gas6 was produced in lymph nodes during immunization with FI‐RSV. Lymph node cells derived from immunized mice produced high levels of Gas6 and Th2 cytokines, but not IFN‐γ, after restimulation with RSV. Finally, we found that dendritic cells stimulated with RSV‐glycoprotein (G protein) produced Gas6 and that Axl signaling suppressed DC maturation and the induction of IL‐12 production by the toll‐like receptor 4 agonist RSV‐fusion protein. Taken together, these results indicate that RSV‐G protein‐induced Gas6/Axl signaling causes allergic airway responses during FI‐RSV VED.
Erratum: Regulation of infection efficiency in a globally abundant marine Bacteriodetes virus
Authors: Howard-Varona Cristina , Roux Simon , Dore Hugo , Solonenko Natalie E , Holmfeldt Karin , Markillie Lye M , Orr Galya , Sullivan Matthew B
Published: July 2017

Correction to: The ISME Journal (2017) 11, 284–295; doi:10.1038/ismej.2016.81 In the title of the article, ‘Bacteriodetes’ is misspelled. The proper spelling is ‘Bacteroidetes’.
Silk micrococoons for protein stabilisation and molecular encapsulation
Authors: Shimanovich Ulyana , Ruggeri Francesco S. , De Genst Erwin , Adamcik Jozef , Barros Teresa P. , Porter David , Müller Thomas , Mezzenga Raffaele , Dobson Christopher M. , Vollrath Fritz , Holland Chris , Knowles Tuomas P. J.
Published: July 2017

Naturally spun silks generate fibres with unique properties, including strength, elasticity and biocompatibility. Here we describe a microfluidics-based strategy to spin liquid native silk, obtained directly from the silk gland of Bombyx mori silkworms, into micron-scale capsules with controllable geometry and variable levels of intermolecular β-sheet content in their protein shells. We demonstrate that such micrococoons can store internally the otherwise highly unstable liquid native silk for several months and without apparent effect on its functionality. We further demonstrate that these native silk micrococoons enable the effective encapsulation, storage and release of other aggregation-prone proteins, such as functional antibodies. These results show that native silk micrococoons are capable of preserving the full activity of sensitive cargo proteins that can aggregate and lose function under conditions of bulk storage, and thus represent an attractive class of materials for the storage and release of active biomolecules.
Nanopore long-read RNAseq reveals widespread transcriptional variation among the surface receptors of individual B cells
Authors: Byrne Ashley , Beaudin Anna E. , Olsen Hugh E. , Jain Miten , Cole Charles , Palmer Theron , DuBois Rebecca M. , Forsberg E. Camilla , Akeson Mark , Vollmers Christopher
Published: July 2017

Understanding gene regulation and function requires a genome-wide method capable of capturing both gene expression levels and isoform diversity at the single-cell level. Short-read RNAseq is limited in its ability to resolve complex isoforms because it fails to sequence full-length cDNA copies of RNA molecules. Here, we investigate whether RNAseq using the long-read single-molecule Oxford Nanopore MinION sequencer is able to identify and quantify complex isoforms without sacrificing accurate gene expression quantification. After benchmarking our approach, we analyse individual murine B1a cells using a custom multiplexing strategy. We identify thousands of unannotated transcription start and end sites, as well as hundreds of alternative splicing events in these B1a cells. We also identify hundreds of genes expressed across B1a cells that display multiple complex isoforms, including several B cell-specific surface receptors. Our results show that we can identify and quantify complex isoforms at the single cell level.
A shape-shifting redox foldase contributes to Proteus mirabilis copper resistance
Authors: Furlong Emily J. , Lo Alvin W. , Kurth Fabian , Premkumar Lakshmanane , Totsika Makrina , Achard Maud E. S. , Halili Maria A. , Heras Begoña , Whitten Andrew E. , Choudhury Hassanul G. , Schembri Mark A. , Martin Jennifer L.
Published: July 2017

Copper resistance is a key virulence trait of the uropathogen Proteus mirabilis. Here we show that P. mirabilis ScsC (PmScsC) contributes to this defence mechanism by enabling swarming in the presence of copper. We also demonstrate that PmScsC is a thioredoxin-like disulfide isomerase but, unlike other characterized proteins in this family, it is trimeric. PmScsC trimerization and its active site cysteine are required for wild-type swarming activity in the presence of copper. Moreover, PmScsC exhibits unprecedented motion as a consequence of a shape-shifting motif linking the catalytic and trimerization domains. The linker accesses strand, loop and helical conformations enabling the sampling of an enormous folding landscape by the catalytic domains. Mutation of the shape-shifting motif abolishes disulfide isomerase activity, as does removal of the trimerization domain, showing that both features are essential to foldase function. More broadly, the shape-shifter peptide has the potential for ‘plug and play’ application in protein engineering.
Accumulating the hydride state in the catalytic cycle of [FeFe]-hydrogenases
Authors: Winkler Martin , Senger Moritz , Duan Jifu , Esselborn Julian , Wittkamp Florian , Hofmann Eckhard , Apfel Ulf-Peter , Stripp Sven Timo , Happe Thomas
Published: July 2017

H2 turnover at the [FeFe]-hydrogenase cofactor (H-cluster) is assumed to follow a reversible heterolytic mechanism, first yielding a proton and a hydrido-species which again is double-oxidized to release another proton. Three of the four presumed catalytic intermediates (Hox, Hred/Hred and Hsred) were characterized, using various spectroscopic techniques. However, in catalytically active enzyme, the state containing the hydrido-species, which is eponymous for the proposed heterolytic mechanism, has yet only been speculated about. We use different strategies to trap and spectroscopically characterize this transient hydride state (Hhyd) for three wild-type [FeFe]-hydrogenases. Applying a novel set-up for real-time attenuated total-reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, we monitor compositional changes in the state-specific infrared signatures of [FeFe]-hydrogenases, varying buffer pH and gas composition. We selectively enrich the equilibrium concentration of Hhyd, applying Le Chatelier’s principle by simultaneously increasing substrate and product concentrations (H2/H+). Site-directed manipulation, targeting either the proton-transfer pathway or the adt ligand, significantly enhances Hhyd accumulation independent of pH.
Validation of the XDP–MDSP rating scale for the evaluation of patients with X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism
Authors: Pasco Paul Matthew D. , Jamora Roland Dominic G. , Rosales Raymond L. , Diesta Cid Czarina E. , Ng Arlene R. , Teleg Rosalia A. , Go Criscely L. , Lee Lillian , Fernandez Hubert H.
Published: July 2017

X-linked dystonia-parkinsonism(XDP) is a neurodegenerative disorder endemic to the Philippines. A rating scale was developed by the authors under the guidance of the Movement Disorder Society of the Philippines (MDSP) to assess XDP severity and progression, functional impact, and response to treatment in future clinical trials. Our main objective was to validate our new scale, the XDP–MDSP scale. The initial validation process included pragmatic testing to XDP patients followed by a modified Delphi procedure with an international advisory panel of dystonia, parkinsonism and scale development experts. Pearson correlation was used to assess construct validity of our new scale versus the assess construct validity of our new scale versus standard dystonia, parkinsonism, non-motor and functional scales; and also to assess divergent validity against behavioral and cognitive scales. The 37-item XDP–MDSP scale has five parts: I-dystonia, II-parkinsonism, III-non-motor features, IV-ADL, and V-global impression. After initial validation, the scale was administered to 204 XDP patients. Inter-domain correlation for the first four parts was acceptable. The correlation between these domains and the global rating was slightly lower. Correlations between Parts I, II, III, and IV versus standard dystonia, parkinsonism, non-motor and functional scales were acceptable with values ranging from 0.323 to 0.428. For divergent validity, a significant correlation was seen with behavioral scales. No significant correlation was noted with the cognitive scale. The proposed XDP–MDSP scale is internally valid but the global rating subscale may need to be modified or eliminated. While there is convergent validity, divergent validation was successful only on cognitive and not behavioral scales. The frequent co-occurrence of anxiety and depression, and its effect on the motor and functional state, may explain this finding.
Identification of the ESKAPE pathogens by mass spectrometric analysis of microbial membrane glycolipids
Authors: Leung Lisa M. , Fondrie William E. , Doi Yohei , Johnson J. Kristie , Strickland Dudley K. , Ernst Robert K. , Goodlett David R.
Published: July 2017

Rapid diagnostics that enable identification of infectious agents improve patient outcomes, antimicrobial stewardship, and length of hospital stay. Current methods for pathogen detection in the clinical laboratory include biological culture, nucleic acid amplification, ribosomal protein characterization, and genome sequencing. Pathogen identification from single colonies by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) analysis of high abundance proteins is gaining popularity in clinical laboratories. Here, we present a novel and complementary approach that utilizes essential microbial glycolipids as chemical fingerprints for identification of individual bacterial species. Gram-positive and negative bacterial glycolipids were extracted using a single optimized protocol. Extracts of the clinically significant ESKAPE pathogens: Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Enterobacter spp. were analyzed by MALDI-TOF-MS in negative ion mode to obtain glycolipid mass spectra. A library of glycolipid mass spectra from 50 microbial entries was developed that allowed bacterial speciation of the ESKAPE pathogens, as well as identification of pathogens directly from blood bottles without culture on solid medium and determination of antimicrobial peptide resistance. These results demonstrate that bacterial glycolipid mass spectra represent chemical barcodes that identify pathogens, potentially providing a useful alternative to existing diagnostics.
Transcriptomes and expression profiling of deep-sea corals from the Red Sea provide insight into the biology of azooxanthellate corals
Authors: Yum Lauren K. , Baumgarten Sebastian , Röthig Till , Roder Cornelia , Roik Anna , Michell Craig , Voolstra Christian R.
Published: July 2017

Despite the importance of deep-sea corals, our current understanding of their ecology and evolution is limited due to difficulties in sampling and studying deep-sea environments. Moreover, a recent re-evaluation of habitat limitations has been suggested after characterization of deep-sea corals in the Red Sea, where they live at temperatures of above 20 °C at low oxygen concentrations. To gain further insight into the biology of deep-sea corals, we produced reference transcriptomes and studied gene expression of three deep-sea coral species from the Red Sea, i.e.Dendrophylliasp.,Eguchipsammia fistula, andRhizotrochus typus. Our analyses suggest that deep-sea coral employ mitochondrial hypometabolism and anaerobic glycolysis to manage low oxygen conditions present in the Red Sea. Notably, we found expression of genes related to surface cilia motion that presumably enhance small particle transport rates in the oligotrophic deep-sea environment. This is the first study to characterize transcriptomes andin situgene expression for deep-sea corals. Our work offers several mechanisms by which deep-sea corals might cope with the distinct environmental conditions present in the Red Sea As such, our data provide direction for future research and further insight to organismal response of deep-sea coral to environmental change and ocean warming.
Multiplication rate variation in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Murray Lee , Stewart Lindsay B. , Tarr Sarah J. , Ahouidi Ambroise D. , Diakite Mahamadou , Amambua-Ngwa Alfred , Conway David J.
Published: July 2017

It is important to understand intrinsic variation in asexual blood stage multiplication rates of the most virulent human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Here, multiplication rates of long-term laboratory adapted parasite clones and new clinical isolates were measured, using a newly standardised assay of growth from low starting density in replicate parallel cultures with erythrocytes from multiple different donors, across multiple cycles. Multiplication rates of long-term established clones were between 7.6 and 10.5 fold per 48 hours, with clone Dd2 having a higher rate than others (clones 3D7, HB3 and D10). Parasite clone-specific growth was then analysed in co-culture assays with all possible heterologous pairwise combinations. This showed that co-culture of different parasites did not affect their replication rates, indicating that there were no suppressive interactions operating between parasites. Multiplication rates of eleven new clinical isolates were measured after a few weeks of culture, and showed a spectrum of replication rates between 2.3 and 6.0 fold per 48 hours, the entire range being lower than for the long-term laboratory adapted clones. Multiplication rate estimates remained stable over time for several isolates tested repeatedly up to three months after culture initiation, indicating considerable persistence of this important trait variation.
Analysis of somatic mutations across the kinome reveals loss-of-function mutations in multiple cancer types
Authors: Kumar Runjun D. , Bose Ron
Published: July 2017

In this study we use somatic cancer mutations to identify important functional residues within sets of related genes. We focus on protein kinases, a superfamily of phosphotransferases that share homologous sequences and structural motifs and have many connections to cancer. We develop several statistical tests for identifying Significantly Mutated Positions (SMPs), which are positions in an alignment with mutations that show signs of selection. We apply our methods to 21,917 mutations that map to the alignment of human kinases and identify 23 SMPs. SMPs occur throughout the alignment, with many in the important A-loop region, and others spread between the N and C lobes of the kinase domain. Since mutations are pooled across the superfamily, these positions may be important to many protein kinases. We select eleven mutations from these positions for functional validation. All eleven mutations cause a reduction or loss of function in the affected kinase. The tested mutations are from four genes, including two tumor suppressors (TGFBR1 and CHEK2) and two oncogenes (KDR and ERBB2). They also represent multiple cancer types, and include both recurrent and non-recurrent events. Many of these mutations warrant further investigation as potential cancer drivers.
Inflammatory potential of diet and risk of cardiovascular disease or mortality: A meta-analysis
Authors: Zhong Xiaoming , Guo Lin , Zhang Lei , Li Yanming , He Ruili , Cheng Guanchang
Published: July 2017

Inconsistent findings have reported on the inflammatory potential of diet and cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality risk. The aim of this meta-analysis was to investigate the association between the inflammatory potential of diet as estimated by the dietary inflammatory index (DII) score and CVD or mortality risk in the general population. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in PubMed and Embase databases through February 2017. All prospective observational studies assessing the association of inflammatory potential of diet as estimated by the DII score with CVD and all-cause, cancer-related, cardiovascular mortality risk were included. Nine prospective studies enrolling 134,067 subjects were identified. Meta-analyses showed that individuals with the highest category of DII (maximal pro-inflammatory) was associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (hazard risk [HR] 1.22; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.06–1.41), cardiovascular mortality (RR 1.24; 95% CI 1.01–1.51), cancer-related mortality (RR 1.28; 95% CI 1.04–1.58), and CVD (RR 1.32; 95% CI 1.09–1.60) than the lowest DII score. More pro-inflammatory diets, as estimated by the higher DII score are independently associated with an increased risk of all-cause, cardiovascular, cancer-related mortality, and CVD in the general population, highlighting low inflammatory potential diet may reduce mortality and CVD risk.
Assessing Screening Guidelines for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors using Routinely Collected Data
Authors: Pannu Jaspreet , Poole Sarah , Shah Neil , Shah Nigam H.
Published: July 2017

This study investigates if laboratory data can be used to assess whether physician-retesting patterns are in line with established guidelines, and if these guidelines identify deteriorating patients in a timely manner. A total of 7594 patients with high cholesterol were studied, along with 2764 patients with diabetes. More than 90% of borderline high cholesterol patients are retested within the 3 year recommended period, however less than 75% of pre-diabetic patients have repeated tests within the suggested 1-year time frame. Patients with borderline high cholesterol typically progress to full high cholesterol in 2–3 years, and pre-diabetic patients progress to full diabetes in 1–2 years. Data from routinely ordered laboratory tests can be used to monitor adherence to clinical guidelines. These data may also be useful in the design of adaptive testing strategies that reduce unnecessary testing, while ensuring that patient deterioration is identified in a timely manner. Established guidelines for testing of total serum cholesterol for hypercholesterolemia are appropriate and are well-adhered to, whereas guidelines for glycated hemoglobin A1c testing for type 2 diabetes mellitus could be improved to bring them in line with current practice and avoid unnecessary testing.
Loss of ERα partially reverses the effects of maternal high-fat diet on energy homeostasis in female mice
Authors: Roepke Troy A. , Yasrebi Ali , Villalobos Alejandra , Krumm Elizabeth A. , Yang Jennifer A. , Mamounis Kyle J.
Published: July 2017

Maternal high-fat diet (HFD) alters hypothalamic developmental programming and disrupts offspring energy homeostasis in rodents. 17β-estradiol (E2) also influences hypothalamic programming through estrogen receptor (ER) α. Therefore, we hypothesized that females lacking ERα would be more susceptible to maternal HFD. To address this question, heterozygous ERα knockout (WT/KO) dams were fed a control breeder chow diet (25% fat) or a semi-purified HFD (45% fat) 4 weeks prior to mating with WT/KO males or heterozygous males with an ERα DNA-binding domain mutation knocked in (WT/KI) to produce WT, ERα KO, or ERα KIKO females lacking ERE-dependent ERα signaling. Maternal HFD increased body weight in WT and KIKO, in part, due to increased adiposity and daytime carbohydrate utilization in WT and KIKO, while increasing nighttime fat utilization in KO. Maternal HFD also increased plasma leptin, IL-6, and MCP-1 in WT and increased arcuate expression ofKiss1andEsr1(ERα) and liver expression ofG6pcandPepckin WT and KIKO. Contrary to our hypothesis, these data suggest that loss of ERα signaling blocks the influence of maternal HFD on energy homeostasis, inflammation, and hypothalamic and liver gene expression and that restoration of ERE-independent ERα signaling partially reestablishes susceptibility to maternal HFD.
Network-Centric Interventions to Contain the Syphilis Epidemic in San Francisco
Authors: Juher David , Saldaña Joan , Kohn Robert , Bernstein Kyle , Scoglio Caterina
Published: July 2017

The number of reported early syphilis cases in San Francisco has increased steadily since 2005. It is not yet clear what factors are responsible for such an increase. A recent analysis of the sexual contact network of men who have sex with men with syphilis in San Francisco has discovered a large connected component, members of which have a significantly higher chance of syphilis and HIV compared to non-member individuals. This study investigates whether it is possible to exploit the existence of the largest connected component to design new notification strategies that can potentially contribute to reducing the number of cases. We develop a model capable of incorporating multiple types of notification strategies and compare the corresponding incidence of syphilis. Through extensive simulations, we show that notifying the community of the infection state of few central nodes appears to be the most effective approach, balancing the cost of notification and the reduction of syphilis incidence. Additionally, among the different measures of centrality, the eigenvector centrality reveals to be the best to reduce the incidence in the long term as long as the number of missing links (non-disclosed contacts) is not very large.