bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
156 Could a Cohort of Patients be Listed Directly from Video Clinic to Surgery with Assessment on Day of Surgery? The Implementation of Video Clinic in Surgical Patients During the COVID-19 Lockdown
Authors: Gendia A , Al-Ardah M , Jones R , Korambayil S , Clark J , Clarke M , Finlay I , Peyser P , Cota A
Published: October 2021

Aim

To report the feasibly and the safety of utilizing video Clinic during the 2020 pandemic in scheduling a cohort of patients to laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) without the need of face-to-face assessment.

Method

A retrospective audit from May to October 2020 was conducted on patients with symptomatic biliary colic disease and selected low risk demographics who were vetted and scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy through video clinic under one of the general surgeons (AC) in a large district hospital. All patients were given the option to have their face-to-face assessment on the day of surgery and if there would be any concerning signs, they would be postponed or investigated if required.

Results

33 patients agreed on the proposed option and were scheduled to LC based on virtual assessment, mean age of 42(±13) years old and 26(79%) were females. 16 (49%) patients had their surgery with average waiting time of 2.1(±1) months and mean BMI of 29.9(±7). 17 (51%) patients are pending future surgery dates. there was no cancellation based on surgery day assessment and or unexpected events intraoperatively.

Conclusions

As virtual clinics played a major role in providing healthcare services during the global pandemic, scheduling patients to surgery without face-to-face assessment was applicable and safe in selected demographics. This could have the potential of reducing waiting time, travelling costs and hospital visits. Moreover, communications with patients regarding the proposed same day assessment played a vital role in reaching a mutual agreement.
170 Social and Environmental Benefits of Virtual Fracture Clinics in Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery: Reduced Patient Travel Time, Patient Cost and Air Pollutant Emissions
Authors: Fort J , Hughes H , Khan U , Glynn A
Published: October 2021

Aim

Several papers have analysed the clinical benefits and safety of Virtual Fracture Clinics (VFCs). A significant increase in the use of Trauma and Orthopaedic (T&O) VFCs was seen during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to investigate the social impact of VFCs on the travel burden and travel costs of T&O patients, as well as the potential environmental benefits in relation to fuel consumption and travel-related pollutant emissions.

Method

All patients referred for T&O VFC review from March 2020 to June 2020 were retrospectively analysed. The travel burden and environmental impacts of hypothetical face-to-face consultations were compared with these VFC reviews. The primary outcomes measured were patient travel time saved, patient travel distance saved, patient cost savings and reduction in air-pollutant emissions.

Results

Over a four-month period, 1359 VFC consultations were conducted. The average travel distance saved by VFC review was 88.6 kilometres (range 3.3-615), with an average of 73 minutes (range 9-390) of travel-time saved. Patients consumed, on average, 8.2 litres (range 0.3-57.8) less fuel and saved an average of €11.02 (range 0.41-76.59). The average reduction in air-pollutant vehicle emissions, including carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, nitric oxides and volatile organic compounds was 20.3 kilograms (range 0.8-140.8), 517.3 grams (g) (range 19.3-3592.3), 38.1g (range 1.4-264.8) and 56.9g (range 2.1-395.2), respectively.

Conclusions

VFCs reduce patient travel distance, travel time and travel costs. In addition, VFCs confer significant environmental benefits through reduced fuel consumption and reduction of harmful environmental emissions.
183 Improving Wellbeing Among UK Doctors Redeployed During Thecovid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Faderani R , Monks M , Peprah D , Colori A , Allen L , Amphlett A , Edwards M
Published: October 2021

Background

In response to the COVID-19, the NHS has implemented significant workforce changes to manage the increased and changing demand on healthcare services. We aimed to investigate the impact of such changes on the wellbeing of redeployed doctors.

Method

We conducted a survey at three NHS trusts over 2 weeks during the peak of the pandemic, asking redeployed doctors to rate their morale, work–life balance, perceived support and safety, and to voice concerns.

Results

172 redeployed doctors responded to the survey. On exploring morale, 114 (66.3%) respondents felt confident in their new role, 113 (65.7%) felt satisfied or neutral with their new role and only 54 (31.4%) felt stressed at work. 114 (66.3%) doctors felt valued by their team and 136 (79%) felt valued by the general public. 111 (64.5%) had noticed an increase in the length of breaks and 153 (89%) felt that their rotas provided sufficient respite. 95 respondents (55.2%) did not feel confident in the Public Health personal protective equipment (PPE) guidance and similarly 94 (54.7%) did not feel safe while wearing PPE. The three most common concerns were training opportunities – 105 (61%), PPE – 99 (57.6%) and family health – 95 (55.2%).

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that, among the doctors surveyed, morale is higher than might be expected, with doctors feeling valued, confident, and well rested in their new role. Concerns about training opportunities/career progression, PPE and family safety need to be addressed to minimise the adverse effects on doctor’s wellbeing due to redeployment.
Germinal Center-Induced Immunity Is Correlated With Protection Against SARS-CoV-2 Reinfection But Not Lung Damage
Authors: Kim Green , Kim Dong Ho , Oh Hanseul , Bae Seongman , Kwon Jisoo , Kim Min-Jae , Lee Eunyoung , Hwang Eun-Ha , Jung Hoyin , Koo Bon-Sang , Baek Seung Ho , Kang Philyong , An You Jung , Park Jae-Hak , Park Jong-Hwan , Lyoo Kwang-Soo , Ryu Choong-Min , Kim Sung-Han , Hong Jung Joo
Published: October 2021

Germinal centers (GCs) elicit protective humoral immunity through a combination of antibody-secreting cells and memory B cells, following pathogen invasion or vaccination. However, the possibility of a GC response inducing protective immunity against reinfection following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection remains unknown. We found GC activity was consistent with seroconversion observed in recovered macaques and humans. Rechallenge with a different clade of virus resulted in significant reduction in replicating virus titers in respiratory tracts in macaques with high GC activity. However, diffuse alveolar damage and increased fibrotic tissue were observed in lungs of reinfected macaques. Our study highlights the importance of GCs developed during natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in managing viral loads in subsequent infections. However, their ability to alleviate lung damage remains to be determined. These results may improve understanding of SARS-CoV-2–induced immune responses, resulting in better coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis, treatment, and vaccine development.
PSII-5 Effect of progressive limit feeding in feedlot steers: A pilot study
Authors: Duncan Hattie , Murphy Michael , Hannon Bruce , Shike Daniel W , McCann Joshua C
Published: October 2021

The objective was to analyze the effect of progressive limit feeding on growth and performance during the finishing phase in feedlot steers. Thirty-nine steers (BW = 469 ± 31 kg) were divided into three blocks by weight. In each block, five steers were randomly assigned to a pen to be progressively limit fed (PLF), while the remaining eight steers were fed a common finishing diet ad libitum in a control (CON) pen. Progressive limit feeding refers to maintaining a previously growing animal at constant size by reducing the amount of feed offered by 3.29% daily for 14 consecutive days. Thus, on d 14, PLF steers were consuming 63% of original dry matter intake (DMI). All steers were fed ad libitum from d 15 until slaughter (d 106). Steers were fed a finishing diet, consisting primarily of dry-rolled corn, corn silage, and modified wet distillers grains. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4. Final BW was not affected (P = 0.82) by treatment; PLF and CON steers were 665 and 669 kg, respectively. Treatment did not affect overall ADG (P = 0.73); however, treatment did affect (P = 0.01) d 15–83 ADG as PLF steers gained 2.28 kg/d compared with 1.90 kg/d for CON steers. Overall DMI of PLF steers was 9% less (P = 0.02) than for CON steers (9.9 and 10.9 kg/d, respectively). Treatment did not affect (P = 0.10) DMI from d 15–106. Overall gain:feed (0.183 and 0.173 for PLF and CON steers, respectively) was not affected (P = 0.46) by treatment. Carcass characteristics were not affected (P ≥ 0.24) by treatment. A similar overall growth performance and reduced DMI for PLF steers suggests that progressive limit feeding may be a cost-effective approach to finishing feedlot steers.
PSII-10 Growth rates in piglets after the introduction of spot genetics
Authors: Kromer Rachel , Gambino Chris
Published: October 2021

Growth curve, ADG, and feed efficiency were measured for Spot pigs. Growth curves are essential for livestock producers to keep a record of growth and feed efficiency as benchmarks used for management goals and consistency. Growth and development data exists for breeds such as Yorkshires and Landraces. However, fewer data are available for pure Spot or introduced Spot genetics. Spots, or Spotted Swine, are a breed of pig with ancestry to the original Poland China. Four litters (n=44) from the same sire were tracked for weight, ADG, and feed conversion from farrowing through nursery. All pigs were housed in DVU’s Swine Science Center, an indoor, temperature, and ventilation-controlled facility. Weights were collected daily farrow to wean and then weekly thereafter. Pigs were introduced to a creep feed at approximately 10 days. Pigs were weaned at 21d (i.e., 3wks). The average weaning weights ranged from 5.0 to 8.3 kg, the ADG for each litter ranged from 0.17 to 0.32 kg. A pelleted 21% crude protein nursery ration was fed ad libitum. Pigs were kept in pens by their respective litter and weights were then collected on a weekly basis for a total of 56 days. The average weights ranged from 41 to 47.1 kg and the ADG ranged from 0.62 to 0.68 kg, and the F:G ratio ranged from 1.48 to 2.88. Statistics were compared using an ANOVA and T-test (Table 1). A p-value where P < 0.05 indicated significant differences in means. Pen 3, a smaller litter size, had significantly higher ADG and final weights. These findings can be compared to data for other breeds on a similar ration to determine if Spot genetics improve feed efficiency.
PSXV-25 Effects of multiple grass-fed and grain-fed beef systems on meat fatty acid composition
Authors: Klopatek Sarah C , Yang Xiang , Oltjen James W , Vahmani Payam
Published: October 2021

Retail sales of labeled fresh grass-fed beef in the U.S. have grown from $17 million in 2012 to $272 million in 2016. The objective of present study was to investigate the effect of four typical grass-fed and conventional beef systems raised in the western United States on beef fatty-acid composition. Treatments included: 1) steers stocked on pasture then finished in a feedyard (CON), 2) steers grass-fed for 20 months (GF20), 3) steers grass-fed for 20 months with a 45-day grain finish (GR45), and 4) steers grass-fed for 25 months (GF25). Fatty acids were analyzed with GC using a 100 m CPSil 88 capillary column. All statistical analyses were performed using a GLM procedure in R. Saturated fatty acid (SFA) concentrations were significantly different across treatments (P < 0.05) with GR45 having the lowest SFA of 43% and GF25 having the highest SFA at 46%. Cis-monounsaturated fatty acid (c-MUFA) particularly oleic acid, which is known as a heart healthy fatty acids, were highest for CON at 44% and lowest for GF20 at 37% (P < 0.05). Conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) were significantly lower for the grain-fed treatments (0.54 CON and 0.63 GR45; P < 0.05) compared to grass-fed treatments (0.93 GF20 and 0.86 GF25; P < 0.05). The grass-fed treatments were higher in n-3 PUFA (3.67 GF20 and 2.29 GF25) than CON (0.79; P < 0.05), however feeding grain for a short period of time did not decrease n-3 PUFA concentrations to the CON level (GF45 2.51; P < 0.05). In conclusion, our findings show that beef from grain-fed beef management systems is higher in c-MUFA, while grass-fed is significantly higher in bioactive fatty acids including CLA and branched chain fatty acids. Additional studies are needed to determine if fatty acid profiles between grass-fed and grain-fed beef would result in different health outcomes for the consumers.
PSXVI-12 Revolutionizing in vitro endometrial cell studies: A novel methodology to obtain bovine endometrial cells
Authors: Rocha Cecilia Constantino , da Silva Felipe Alves Correa Carvalho , Martins Thiago , Marrero Marcela , Driver John , Bromfield John , Hansen Thomas (Tod) R , Binelli Mario
Published: October 2021

Cultured primary endometrial cells are used extensively to study uterine function in cattle. However, most protocols harvest endometrial cells from slaughtered animals at estimated stages of the estrous cycle. The goal of this study was to establish and validate an in vivo, minimally invasive, and estrous cycle stage-specific method to obtain endometrial cells for culture. In Experiment 1, the uterine body of Bos indicus-influenced cows was sampled using a cytology brush (cytobrush) 4 days post estrus (D4; n = 13). Brushes were transported in medium (DMEM/F12, 3% Penicillin/Streptomycin and 2% of Fungizone) to the laboratory at ambient temperature. Cells were cultured in medium containing 10% FBS at 5% of CO2 (38°C). Confluent cells (~7 days of culture) were sub-cultured for two subsequent passages. Pools (n = 4) of cells from 2–3 animals, were frozen, thawed, and re-plated (passage 3). The relative transcript abundance of PPIA, ACTB, KRT18, VIM, OXTR, PGR, ESR1 and IFNAR1 were analyzed by qPCR and compared among fresh cells and cells from each passage. Abundance of KRT18 and VIM transcripts was similar across passages, while PGR, ESR1, OXTR and IFNAR1 transcripts decreased by 90, 96, 84, and 82 %; respectively in cultured compared to fresh cells (P < 0.05). In Experiment 2, passage 3 cells were cultured for 24 hours with 0 or 1ng/mL of recombinant bovine interferon-tau (rbIFNT; n = 3 replicates/treatment). The relative expression of a classical interferon stimulated gene, ISG15, was evaluated by qPCR. Expression of ISG15 was 6-fold greater (P < 0.05) in the rbIFNT treated cells compared to controls. In conclusion, the culture of endometrial cells collected by cytobrush is feasible, generates a monolayer enriched in epithelial cells and may be used as a model for physiological studies involving IFNT signaling. Further experiments to ascertain the physiological relevance of this model are underway.
PSXVI-13 Study of migration of antigen-presenting cells in the tissue of the lactating mammary gland under the influence of staphylococcal vaccine
Authors: Pogodaeva Polina , Karpenko Larisa Y , Vasileva Svetlana V , Vasilev Roman M , Dushenina Olga , Panova Nataliya , Ponamarev Vladimir
Published: October 2021

Dairy cow mastitis is widespread in various countries. Data from researchers around the world show that Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common causative agents of mastitis. One of the methods of preventing staphylococcal infection is the introduction of a staphylococcal vaccine containing a complex of thermostable antigens extracted from microbial cells of S. aureus. In connection with the great urgency of this problem, we set the task to study the effect of staphylococcal vaccine on the migration of macrophage cells in the tissue of the lactating mammary gland. For the experiment, two groups of pregnant mice were formed, 15 individuals in each. Animals from the experimental group were injected subcutaneously with staphylococcal vaccine at a dosage of 0.2 ml, once 5 days before delivery. The selection of pathological material was carried out in three stages at the beginning of the first second and third weeks of lactation. Each time, 5 mice were selected from each group in accordance with the bioethics standards. From the material obtained, histosections were made with hematoxylin-eosin staining.In histosections, cells of the macrophage range were identified and counted in one hundred fields of view. We took into account cells that were defined by morphology as tissue macrophages, as well as dendritic cells. In the experimental group on the first, second and third weeks of lactation, the average number of macrophages was 69.6±2.07; 78.2±2.38 and 50.8±2.38 cells, in the control group at the same time - 38.3±2.51; 47.3±1.52 and 23.3±1.52 cells, respectively. The results obtained show an effective migration of antigen-presenting cells in the breast tissue, which is confirmed by higher rates in the experimental group by 1.7–2.2 times at all periods of the study (P < 0.05). The highest concentration of macrophages was found in vaccinated mice in the second week of lactation.
PSV-B-26 Performance of sunflower protein meal and dried yeast as secondary protein sources in feline diets
Authors: Brewer Lauren , Panasevich Matthew , Frantz Nolan , Daristotle Leighann
Published: October 2021

The objectives of this study were to assess graded inclusions of sunflower protein meal (SPM; crude protein: 54%, crude fat: 11%, crude fiber: 4%) and dried yeast (DY; crude protein: 50%, crude fat: 3%, crude fiber: 2%) on nutrient digestibility, stool quality, and palatability in adult cats. Both SPM and DY were included at 5% and 10% in replacement of pea protein in a high-protein, chicken-based feline diet to maintain equal macronutrient concentrations across all test diets (formulated to 41% crude protein, 18% crude fat, 3% crude fiber). The study was approved and followed by the facility’s Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee. A standard 2-bowl palatability test over a 2-day period was executed with adult cats (n = 30 each) to determine intake ratios between test diets (5% and 10% SPM or 5% and 10% DY), and test diets vs. control. Total tract nutrient digestibility was evaluated (n = 8 per diet) with 5 days of diet acclimation followed by 5 days of total fecal collection. Stool quality was evaluated on a 1–5 scale, where 1 = hard/formed and 5 = non-formed/diarrhea. All data were analyzed by ANOVA (SAS v9.4) and T-tests post-hoc (Minitab 18). Palatability and stool quality were similar (P > 0.05) between all diets. Protein digestibility was lower for DY-containing diets, compared with control (5% DY at P = 0.0083 and 10% DY at P = 0.0336), but not significantly different for SPM diets (P > 0.05). However, average protein digestibility was >88% across all diets. The alternative protein sources tested showed merit for inclusion to diversify ingredient sources while maintaining palatability in cat diets.
PSV-B-17 Additional dietary choline increases serum metabolites as determined by direct infusion mass spectrometry in post-gonadectomy kittens
Authors: Godfrey Hannah , Rankovic Alexandra , Grant Caitlin E , Shoveller Anna-Kate , Abood Sarah , Bakovic Marica , Verbrugghe Adronie
Published: October 2021

This study aimed to investigate changes in serum metabolites using direct infusion mass spectrometry (Di-MS) after 12 weeks with or without additional choline in growing, post-gonadectomy kittens. The present study was approved by the University of Guelph Animal Care Committee (AUP#4118). Intact, male kittens (3-months old; n = 15) were fed a base-diet to growth requirements (3310mg choline/kg DM) over an 11-week acclimation. Kittens were gonadectomized (week 1) and assigned to base-diet (n = 7) or base-diet with 300mg/kgBW0.75 additional choline (n = 8) and fed to mimic ad libitum food intake (3 meals totaling thrice daily requirements) for 12-weeks. Fasted serum samples were obtained and analyzed for 130 metabolites via Di-MS (week 0 and 12). The proc GLIMMIX procedure (SAS) was used to analyze differences between groups as a repeated measure. Additional choline resulted in higher serum concentrations of one-carbon metabolites such as methionine, serine, betaine, and sarcosine (P < 0.05). As expected, serum concentrations of phosphatidylcholines increased with additional choline, as did serum concentrations of lysophosphatidylcholines and sphingomyelins, compared to no additional choline (P < 0.05). There was minimal impact on acyl carnitines with a decrease in medium length acyl carnitines (P < 0.05). Additionally, there was an increase in serum concentrations of spermine, trans hydroxyproline, methionine sulfoxide, proline, and indole acetic acid, and a decrease in serum trimethylamine N-Oxide compared to control (P < 0.05). Effects of growth stage or gonadectomy may have resulted in increased serum amino acid concentrations such as asparagine, glutamine, glutamic acid, histidine, lysine, methionine, threonine, and tyrosine in both groups (P < 0.05). These results may indicate benefits for providing additional choline to post-gonadectomy kittens on one-carbon metabolism and fatty acid oxidation which could promote healthy weight and body condition. However, more research is warranted to further understand choline’s role in energy balance and its potential in prevention and treatment of feline obesity.
PSIII-23 Maternal metabolizable protein level and rumen-protected methionine impacts on beef steer progeny gene expression in muscle and liver
Authors: Acton Kortney , Mandell Ira B , Huber Lee-Anne , Steele Michael A , Wood Katharine M
Published: October 2021

This experiment evaluated how maternal metabolizable protein level and rumen-protected methionine supplementation during late gestation impacts expression of genes associated with fetal programming in beef steer offspring. In a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement, 138 Angus crossbred cows were randomly assigned one of three metabolizable protein (MP) treatments (fed to meet 90, 100, or 110% of MP requirements), with(without) 9 g/d of rumen-protected methionine (MET; Smartamine®M, Adisseo Inc.). The isocaloric diets were fed for the last 8 weeks of gestation. Steer progeny (n = 51) were assigned to one of seven pens by weight and received a common corn-based grower diet (58% corn silage, 26% alfalfa haylage, 15% soybean meal) for 47 days, followed by a finisher diet (78% high moisture corn, 12% alfalfa haylage, 8% soybean meal) for 115 ±31.5 days until slaughter. At slaughter, samples of Sternomandibularis muscle and liver were collected and snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen for RNA isolation and analysis of gene expression for growth, myogenic, and adipogenic genes. Data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX in SAS, with maternal MP level and MET supplementation as fixed effects, and pen as a random effect. Exceeding maternal MP requirements increased expression of myogenic regulatory factor, myogenin (MYOG; 90% MP: 0.72, 100% MP: 0.94, and 110% MP: 1.00; SEM = 0.083, respectively; P = 0.02) in muscle from steer progeny at slaughter. Methionine supplementation decreased expression of pyruvate kinase (PKM; MET: 0.81, No MET: 1.16; SEM = 0.092; P = 0.02) in muscle, which is associated with lean tissue growth. Maternal nutritional treatment did not influence hepatic gene expression (P ≥ 0.06). These data suggest that maternal nutrition may impact progeny muscle development, while maintaining metabolic function of the liver.
PSXI-13 Effects of pasture grazing on growth performance and blood composition of Hanwoo steer during the growing stage
Authors: Jung Jeongsung , Yang Seung Hak , Lee Baehun , Choi Ki Choon
Published: October 2021

This study investigated the effect of pasture grazing on growth performance and blood characteristics in nine-month-old Hanwoo (native Korean cattle) steers. Thirty one steers were randomly assigned to three groups: (CON) Italian ryegrass and concentrate (1.6% BW) until 14 month of age, (G1) pasture grazing 101 days without concentrate, (G2) pasture grazing 101 days and concentrate (1.6% BW). Initial BW of CON, G1 and G2 were 255 kg, 238 kg and 254kg respectively. Average daily gains were higher in CON (1.02 kg) and G2 (0.92 kg) than G1 (0.62 kg) (p >0.05). Final weight and total weight gain were higher in the feeding concentrate (1.6% BW) groups (Con and G2) compared to the G1. Blood characteristics, such as such as total cholesterol (T-CHO), triglycerides (TG) and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) were investigated to test the effects on health and energy metabolism. T-CHO, an index of fat metabolism and liver function, was lower in Con (119.75 md/dL) and G2 (107.13md/dL) than G1 (87.79 mg/dL). TG was higher in Con (21.63 IU/L) than G1(15.14 IU/L) (P< 0.08). NEFA was higher in G2 (384 uEq/L) than other groups (Con 138 uEq/L and G1 225 uEq/L). These results show that concentrates supplementation during grazing period is needed to increase BW of Hanwoo steer in the growing state.
PSXI-15 Evaluation of low-lignin alfalfa ‘Hi-Gest® 360’ on the Canadian prairies: productivity, nutrient profile, and rumen degradation kinetics
Authors: Damiran Daalkhaijav , Biligetu Bill , Pearce Leah , Lardner Herbert
Published: October 2021

The study was conducted at Saskatoon, SK, Canada in the Dark Brown soil zone (52°07′N,106°38′W), to compare low-lignin Hi-Gest®360 alfalfa (Hi-Gest; Medicago sativa L.) to a conventional alfalfa (AC Grazeland) under two cutting regimes. Each cultivar was seeded in 2017 as both a monoculture and binary mixture (binary; Hi-Gest+HB and Grazeland+HB) with AC Success hybrid bromegrass (HB). Plot size was 1.2m×6m with 4 rows. Three years (2018–2020) result suggested that the first cut DMY was 1695±241 and 2151±276 kg/ha for the Hi-Gest and Grazeland, respectively. Hi-Gest had greater (P < 0.05) TDN (68.4 vs. 66.6%, DM basis), NEm (1.7 vs. 1.6 Mcal/kg), IVNDFD48: (42.9 vs. 37.8%), but lower second cut DMY (1288 vs. 1560 kg/ha), ADF (26.3 vs. 28.7%), NDF (34.7 vs. 36.6%), compared to AC Grazeland. Under two cutting, Hi-Gest was numerically lower in total DMY (2983 vs. 3712 kg/ha; P = 0.114) relative to Grazeland. In first cut forage, Hi-Gest also was numerically lower in ADL (5.9 vs. 6.5%; P = 0.57) relative to AC Grazeland. Hi-Gest was similar (P = 0.15) with AC Grazeland in effectively degradable dry matter (EDDM; 622 g/kg DM), effectively degradable CP (EDCP; 689 g/kg CP). Hi-Gest alfalfa had greater (P = 0.05) effectively degradable neutral detergent fiber (EDNDF; 19% more; 340 vs. 285 g/kg NDF) relative to AC Grazeland alfalfa. In binary system, Hi-Gest+HB had (P = 0.02) greater EDCP (12% more; 526 vs. 468 g/kg CP), and numerically greater EDNDF (4.4% more; 259 vs. 248 g/kg NDF; P = 0.10) but had similar EDDM (409 g/kg DM) relative to Grazeland+HB mixture. Each percentage unit increase in alfalfa ADL concentration decreased EDNDF by 2.3 percentage units (EDNDF, % NDF = 46.0–2.93×ADL, % DM, r2=0.26, P < 0.01). Although Hi-Gest yielded less (~25% less) than AC Grazeland, Hi-Gest had greater nutritive value compared to AC Grazeland; differed little for yield and quality in binary mixture, suggesting Hi-Gest can be a viable alternative legume for western Canadian prairies.
PSII-B-25 Age-related changes in growth hormone-insulin like growth factor 1 axis-regulating factors and metabolic hormones in Korean cattle steer
Authors: Lee Jinoh , Beak Seok-Hyeon , Kim Do Hyun , Lee Jae Sung , Cho In Gu , Baik Myunggi
Published: October 2021

Meat yield is important for beef industry for maximum profits. Enhancing muscle growth by promoting hypertrophy of muscle fiber is required for increasing meat yield. Growth hormone (GH)-insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF1) axis and metabolic hormones have a central role for regulating hypertrophy of muscle fiber. We investigated age-related changes in GH-IGF1 axis-regulating factors and metabolic hormones in beef cattle. Ten Korean cattle steers were used. The longissimus thoracis (LT) samples were biopsied between the 11th and 12th rib at 12, 18, and 24 months of age. Steers were slaughtered at 34 month of age and the LT samples were collected. The LT samples were used for histological observation of muscle fiber size and detection of mRNA levels by real-time PCR analysis. Blood was collected at 12, 18, 24, and 34 months of age and used for hormone analyses. The mean muscle fiber size increased (P < 0.01) from 12 to 24 months, and remained unchanged at 34 months. Plasma GH concentrations were unchanged with age, whereas circulating IGF-1 concentrations decreased (P < 0.001) with age. Testosterone and insulin concentrations increased from 12 to 24 months and remained unchanged at 34 months. Leptin concentrations were unchanged from 12 to 24 months and increased at 34 months. The mRNA levels of growth hormone receptor (GHR) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a/b (STAT5a/b) decreased (P < 0.01) from 12 to 24 months, whereas mRNA levels of IGF-1 gene increased (P < 0.001) with age. Results indicate that the increased muscle fiber size in LT from 12 to 24 months are characterized with increasing concentrations of circulating testosterone and insulin. Age-dependent changes in muscle fiber hypertrophy were also related with changes in GHR, STAT5a/b, IGF-1 mRNA levels in the LT.
PSII-B-26 Comparison of Suffolk and Texel sired lamb growth and satellite cell proliferation in the early postnatal period
Authors: Greene Maslyn A , Duckett Susan K
Published: October 2021

Suffolk ewes (n = 26) were blocked by body condition and weight, and randomly divided into two breeding groups (n = 13/group). One group was bred to a Texel ram and the other to a Suffolk ram. Ewes were confirmed pregnant by ultrasound and went to term. Male lambs (n = 4/sire/time) were harvested on d 2, 14, and 203 of age for muscle characterization and satellite cell isolation. From d 2 to 14, body weight increased (P < 0.01) by 80%, weight of the longissimus increased by 160%, and longissimus muscle area increased by 100%. Between d 14 and 203 lamb weight and weight of the longissimus increased by 350%, while longissimus area only increased by 100%. Sire breed did not alter lamb weight or weight of the longissimus (P > 0.10). Longissimus muscle area tended (P < 0.10) to be increased for Texel sired lambs when compared to Suffolk sired lambs. The total number of satellite cells isolated were not different by sire breed but did differ by animal age (P < 0.01). Satellite cell populations per gram of tissue increased between d 2 and 14 and decreased from d 14 to 203. Due to the large changes in growth from d2 to 14, satellite cell proliferation was examined at d 2 of age. Satellite cell proliferation capacity was altered by sire breed at d 2 of age potentially contributing to the increased longissimus muscle area. Advancing animal age and development alters satellite cell population numbers and potentially supports a high capacity for growth.
PSII-B-28 Investigation of the presence of bacterial microbiota in 12-week-old bovine fetuses
Authors: Amat Samat , Holman Devin B , Schmidt Kaycie , McCarthy kacie L L , Dorsam Sheri T T , Ward Alison K K , Borowicz Pawel P P , Reynolds Lawrence P P , Caton Joel , Sedivec Kevin K K , Dahlen Carl R
Published: October 2021

A recent study reported the existence of a diverse microbiota in 5-to-7-month-old calf fetuses, suggesting that colonization of the bovine gut with so-called “pioneer” microbiota may begin during mid-gestation. In the present study, we investigated the microbiota in bovine fetuses at early gestation. Amniotic and allantoic fluids, and intestinal and placental (cotyledon) tissue samples harvested from fetuses (n = 33) on day 83 of gestation were processed for the assessment of fetal microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The sequencing results revealed that a diverse and complex microbial community was present in allantoic and amniotic fluids, and fetal intestine and placenta on day 83 of gestation in beef cattle. Microbial community structure was significantly different between allantoic and amniotic fluid, and intestinal and placental microbiota (0.047 ≥ R2 ≥ 0.019, P ≤ 0.031). Allantoic fluid had a greater (P < 0.05) microbial richness (number of OTUs) (122 ± 10) compared to amniotic fluid (84 ± 6), intestine (63 ± 7) and placenta (66 ± 6). Microbial diversity (Shannon index) was similar for the intestinal and placental samples, and both were less diverse compared to the fetal fluid microbiota (P < 0.05). At the phylum level, 39 different archaeal and bacterial phyla were detected across all fetal samples, with Proteobacteria (55%), Firmicutes (16.2%), Actinobacteria (13.6%) and Bacteroidetes (5%) predominating. Among the 20 most relatively abundant bacterial genera, Acidovorax, Acinetobacter, Brucella, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Exiguobacterium and Stenotrophomonas differed by fetal sample type (P < 0.05). A total of 55 taxa were shared among the four different microbial communities. qPCR of bacteria in the intestine and placenta samples as well as scanning electron microscopy imaging of fetal fluids provided additional evidence for the presence of a microbiota in these samples. Overall, the results of this study indicate that colonization with pioneer microbiota may occur during early gestation in bovine fetuses.
PSVIII-26 Utilizing Megasphaera elsdenii probiotic to improve the performance of crossbred Holstein x Angus calves
Authors: Mazon Gustavo , Costa Joao H C
Published: October 2021

This study evaluated the effect of an oral probiotic bolus (Megasphaera elsdenii NCIMB 41125; Lactipro Advance®, MS Biotec, Wamego, KS) on the performance of crossbred Holstein x Angus calves. Thirty-one calves (45.3 ± 7.1 kg; 8.2 ± 2.0 d old) were enrolled in a 76-day randomized block trial in two blocks. This study was conducted at the University of Kentucky Large Animal Unit between August 2020 and April 2021. Calves were assigned to one of three probiotic treatments: no probiotic (ME0), single dose of probiotic on day 15 (ME15), or probiotic administration on day 15 and 39 (ME15 + 39). Calves were individually housed and had ad libitum access to water and a pelletized calf starter (18% CP, 2.5% fat). Calves were fed 7 L/d of milk replacer (Cows Match Warm Front, Land O Lakes, MN; 1L, 150 g/L) divided into two equal meals until day 41. On day 42, milk allowance was reduced in half and then weaned on day 56. Grain orts were weighed daily and grain intake was calculated for each calf. Individual body weights were measured weekly. A mixed linear model determined the effect of treatment on total grain dry matter intake (total DMI), total weight gain (TWG), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Manual stepwise backward elimination retained predictors with a P-value < 0.30 of the factors block, treatment, age and weight at enrollment, and if treated with antibiotics. Calves receiving the M. elsdenii bolus had greater TWG (ME0=53.57±5.83, ME15=72.52±6.71, ME15 + 39=77.51±5.00 kg; P = 0.01), greater ADG (ME0=0.73±0.08, ME15=0.99±0.09, ME15 + 39=1.05±0.07 kg/d; P = 0.01), and tended to have greater total DMI (ME0=72.24±10.49, ME15=95.20±12.07, ME15 + 39=105.36±9.01 kg; P = 0.06) throughout the study. FCR did not differ between treatments (ME0=0.79±0.04, ME15=0.78±0.04, ME15 + 39=0.76±0.03 kg; P = 0.84). Overall, strategic pre-weaning intervention of a M. elsdenii bolus improved the performance of crossbred Holstein x Angus calves.
PSVII-16 Effects of different forms of Cu on in vitro ruminal fermentation and digestibility of a lactation diet
Authors: Boyer Angela R , Jiang Yun , Blakeney Alon , Nuzback Dennis , Humphrey Brooke , Garcia Miriam
Published: October 2021

Vistore® mineral products are hydroxychloride minerals that feature high metal content and improved bioavailability. This study was conducted to compare different sources of copper (Cu) on in vitro rumen fermentation parameters. Three ruminally-cannulated Jersey heifers were adapted to a lactation diet for two weeks before being used as donors. Three sources of Cu at 4 ppm: No supplemental Cu (CON), CuSO4, Vistore Cu, and another Cy hydroxychloride product (Vistore-competitor). The concentration of Cu in this study was selected from a titration study (0 to 8 ppm CuSO4) to identify the minimum concentration of CuSO4 affecting rumen fermentation. The lactation diet (TMR) was dried and ground to 1mm and used as the substrate. Rumen fluid was collected two hours after feeding. Substrate (0.5 g) was inoculated with 100 mL of a 3:1 McDougall’s buffer: ruminal fluid mixture at 39ºC for 24 h. Each treatment was run in triplicate and in three runs. Data were analyzed with R 4.0. The model included fixed effect of treatment and random effect of run. CuSO4 tended to increase lag time (0.78 vs -0.57 h, P = 0.06), reduced (P < 0.05) DMD (52.4 vs. 56.1%), cellulose digestibility (4.9% vs. 41.9%), isobutyrate molar % (0.58 vs. 0.78%) and NH3-N concentration (5.46 vs. 6.91 mg/dL). Vistore and Vistore-competitor maintained the fermentation and digestibility compared to CON. In general, Vistore Cu and Vistore-competitor maintained ruminal fermentation and digestibility parameters while negative effects of CuSO4 were observed. These results indicate different Cu mineral sources may affect the rumen differently.
PSXIII-7 Effects of different organic pastures on dairy heifer rumen fluid characteristics
Authors: Briggs Reganne K , Hadfield Jacob , Rose Marcus , Stott Rusty , Waldron Blair , Young Allen Y , Isom Clay , Rood Kerry , Thornton Kara J
Published: October 2021

This study investigates the effects that different forages in a rotational grazing system have on pH and VFA proportions of rumen fluid in organically raised dairy heifers. In 2018, 81 yearling Jersey heifers were assigned to one of nine treatments, including a conventional dry lot control (TMR) or one of eight pasture treatments. Pasture treatments included: tall fescue (TF), meadow bromegrass (MB), orchard grass (OG), perennial ryegrass (PR) and each individual grass interseeded with birdsfoot trefoil (BFT). Every 35-d, over a 105-d period, rumen fluid was collected using an oral stomach tube. Immediately following collection, pH was measured and recorded. Rumen fluid collected for VFA analysis was stabilized with acid and placed on wet ice and eventually frozen at -80° C until further analysis. Repeated measures analyses were performed using PROC MIXED in SAS (version 9.4) to determine how treatment affected each measurement over the total 105-day period. Time had a significant effect (P < 0.001) on pH ofrumen fluid over the 105-d growth period. Additionally, treatment had a significant effect (P < 0.001) on pH of rumen over the 105-d growth period. Animals that consumed the TMR diet had decreased rumen pH compared to other treatments. The proportions of acetate, propionate, isobutyrate, butyrate, isovalerate, and valerate were all significantly affected (P < 0.001) by time over the 105-d growth period. Treatment had an effect (P < 0.05) on the proportions ofpropionate and butyrate and had a tendency (P = 0.06) to affect the proportion of isovalerate. In general, animals on the TF pastures had decreased (P < 0.05) proportions of these VFAs in the rumen fluid. The proportions of acetate, isobutyrate, and valerate were not affected (P < 0.05) by treatment. These data provide insight into how different forages in organic pastures affect rumen characteristics of growing Jersey heifers.
PSXIV-9 Predicting dry matter intake in beef cattle with water intake and other variables
Authors: Wilson Matthew E , Shaffer Kevin , Plum Shane , Garossino Kevin , Lansink Nicky , Hubbart Jason , Hatton Joseph , Kim Jaewoo
Published: October 2021

Technology that facilitates estimation of individual animal intake rates in group-housed settings will result in improvements in animal production and management efficiency. Estimating intake in pasture settings may benefit from models that use other variables as proxies. Relationships among dry matter intake (DMI), animal performance variables, and environmental variables to model DMI were investigated. 202 animals were studied in a drylot setting (153 bulls for 85 days and 55 steers for 55 days) using VYTELLE SENSETM In-Pen-Weighing and Feed-Intake nodes. A machine learning model was calibrated using: DMI, sex, age, full body weight, ADG, water intake, water visit frequency and duration. DMI was positively related to full body weight (r = 0.39, P < 0.001), water intake (r=0.23, P < 0.001), and ADG (r=0.18, P < 0.001). In addition, DMI had significant but weak correlations with water visit frequency (r=0.031, P < 0.001). DMI exhibited weak negative relationships with maximum air temperature (r=-0.094, P < 0.001) maximum relative humidity (r=-0.056, P < 0.001), net radiation (r=-0.040, P < 0.001), and precipitation (r=-0.022, P < 0.001). Weak positive relationships were observed between DMI and maximum wind speed (r=0.031, P < 0.001) and direction (r=-0.022, P < 0.001). The model was validated with resultant average RMSE of 1.06 kg for daily predicted DMI compared to measured daily DMI. In addition, when daily predicted DMI was averaged for each animal, the accuracy of model results improved with RMSE of 0.11 kg. Study results demonstrate that inclusion of water intake and animal performance variables improves predictive accuracy of DMI. Validating and refining the model used to predict DMI in drylots will facilitate future extrapolation to larger group field settings. Vytelle and its logo are trademarks of Vytelle, LLC.
PSXIV-3 Mesquite wood as a grass replacement in silage production
Authors: Fair William , Owsley Walter F , Smith William B
Published: October 2021

Mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Torr.) is considered an invasive browse species in most of the American Southwest. Over the past several decades, mesquite has spread rapidly in Texas, leading to destruction of native grasslands. In addition to trying to manage its encroachment on grazinglands, producers have been known to use mesquite wood in times of drought as a feed source for livestock, specifically in cow/calf production. This also represents a potential sustainable solution to dealing with debris from brush control measures. Thus, our objective was to evaluate the inclusion of chipped mesquite wood as a partial grass replacement in silage production. This experiment used a factorial treatment structure of silage inoculant (yes, no), grass replacement (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%), and length of incubation (28, 56, 82 d). Bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. cv. Coastal] was used as the grass base in the silage mixtures. Samples were incubated in a convection incubator at 29.4°C for their respective incubation lengths. Following incubation, each sample was assayed for NDF, ADF, ADL, CP, and IVTD, as well as a silage acid profile. There was no effect of inoculation, grass replacement, or incubation time (P ≥ 0.13) on CP (μ = 10%), nor was there an effect of inoculation or grass replacement (P ≥ 0.67) on NDF (μ = 70%). Both ADF and ADL increased (P < 0.05) with increasing inclusion of mesquite wood. In vitro true digestibility decreased (P < 0.05) with increasing inclusion of mesquite wood (50% from grass silage; 40% from mesquite silage). Results are interpreted to mean that mesquite wood may be used as a grass replacement in silage production at low inclusion levels.
PSXVI-27 Using tannin to mitigate tall fescue toxicosis
Authors: Grote Ally J , Morgan Allison , Coffey Ken , Nieman Christine , Philipp Dirk , Kegley Beth B
Published: October 2021

Fescue toxicosis has a negative impact on livestock production. Tannins could bind to tall fescue toxins rendering them ineffective. The objective was to improve health and well-being of sheep offered tall fescue infected with the endophytic fungus (Neotyphodium coenophialum) by binding toxins in the rumen with condensed tannins. Non-pregnant, non-lactating ewes (n=20; 57±1.3 kg initial BW) were housed in individual 1×1.5-m pens with grate flooring and were offered ad libitum access to either non-toxic novel-endophyte infected tall fescue haylage (NE), or toxic endophyte infected tall fescue haylage with no condensed tannin (E0), or condensed tannin at 10 (E10), or 30 g/kg haylage DM (E30). Additionally, ewes received 4 g/kg BW liquid molasses, which served as the carrier for the condensed tannins in the E10 and E30 treatments. The study consisted of 2, 21-d periods with a 30-d wash out between periods. In each period, a 14-d adaption was followed by 7 d of total fecal and urine collection. Temperature was maintained at 27 to 29 °C. Dry matter and OM intake (g/kg BW; DMI and OMI, respectively) were not affected (P ≥ 0.15) by treatment, but DM and OM digestibility were greater (P < 0.05) from NE vs E30. Digestibility of NDF was greater (P < 0.05) from NE vs E0, E10, and E30. Digestible DMI was greater (P < 0.05) from NE and E0 vs E30, and digestible OMI was greater (P < 0.05) from NE vs E30. Apparent N absorbed (g/kg N intake) was greater (P < 0.05) by lambs offered E0 and E10 compared with E30. Nitrogen retained (g/kg N intake and N absorbed) did not differ (P≥0.29). Therefore, overall impacts of ensiled toxic fescue on lambs were inconsistent and the impact of adding condensed tannins at 30 g/kg DM was negative on most of the DM and OM digestibility measurements.
PSXII-25 Effects of level and source of dietary forage on performance of lactating Alpine goats
Authors: Lourencon Raquel V , Ribeiro Luana , Puchala Ryszard , Wang Wei , Gipson Terry A , Goetsch Arthur L
Published: October 2021

Thirty-two primiparous and 32 multiparous Alpine goats consumed diets varying in level and source of forage to determine influences on lactation performance. Diets were 40, 50, 60, and 70% forage (40F, 50F, 60F, and 70F, respectively), with forage in 60F and 70F being coarsely ground grass hay (primarily orchardgrass) and that in 40F and 50F cottonseed hulls, alfalfa pellets, and wheat hay. Initial body weight was 56.1±1.22 and 58.3±1.33 kg for primiparous and multiparous goats, respectively. Diets were 15.7–16.1% crude protein, 40.5, 45.9, 57.1, and 59.6% neutral detergent fiber (NDF), 6.1, 7.4, 4.6, and 5.0% acid detergent lignin, 10.0, 15.8, 50.1, and 55.5% particle retention on a 19-mm sieve, and 28.1, 32.4, 41.9, and 43.2% physically effective NDF for 40F, 50F, 60F, and 70F, respectively. The experiment started at 14 days-in-milk and lasted 16 wk. Average daily gain was similar (P > 0.05) among treatments (-23, -33, -28, and -28 g; SEM=1.11), but dry matter intake [(DMI) 2.71, 2.75, 1.96, and 1.95 kg/d, SEM=0.133] and milk yield (2.82, 2.71, 2.23, and 2.10 kg/d; SEM=0.157) were lower (P < 0.05) for the 2 diets highest in forage. Treatments affected (P < 0.05) milk fat (3.16, 3.37, 2.93, and 2.97%; SEM=0.120) and protein concentrations (2.62, 2.69, 2.58, and 2.52% for 40F, 50F, 60F, and 70F, respectively; SEM=0.042). Milk energy yield was greater (P < 0.05) for the 2 diets highest in concentrate (7.51, 7.45, 5.68, and 5.34 MJ/d; SEM=0.471), although relative to DMI yield was not affected (P > 0.05) by diet (2.94, 2.95, 2.76, and 2.74 MJ/kg for 40F, 50F, 60F, and 70F, respectively (SEM=0.164) and was greater (P < 0.05) for multiparous vs. primiparous goats (2.64 and 3.05 MJ/kg; SEM=0.116). In conclusion, lactational performance of Alpine goats in early to mid-lactation will be constrained with diets high in forage of moderate quality and large particle size.