bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Continuing Debate Over U.S. Arms Sales: Strategic Needs and the Quest for Arms Limitations
Authors: KEMP GEOFFREY
Published: March 2007

Arms transfers between sovereign states have become a key and controversial ingredient of international relations. Many historians would argue that American military supplies were instrumental in winning the three critical wars of this century: World War I, World War II, and the Cold War. Critics have advocated increased limits on arms sales on the grounds that they are a cause of war and have led to disastrous, entangling confrontations, including the Vietnam war. The end of the Cold War has witnessed a return to nationalism, not a new world order based on internationalism. The economic pressures to export arms are growing while demand is increasing in the new conflict regions. But many would-be purchasers of advanced arms cannot afford the high costs of modern weaponry. Most regional conflicts today, however, do not use the high-tech wizardry displayed during Desert Storm but rather rely on the traditional instruments of twentieth-century slaughter: small arms, mines, mortars, and artillery.
Peru's Sendero Luminoso: The Shining Path Beckons
Authors: MANWARING MAX G.
Published: March 2007

A security threat confronts the West from the world's gray areas—regions where control is shifting to half-political, half-criminal transnational powers, such as Peru's Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path). Sendero Luminoso's vision, organization, and action program provide a new Marxist-Leninist-Maoist model for reforming political actors operating in other gray areas. Until the Sendero Luminoso insurgency is seriously addressed at the strategic level, the causes and consequences of such insurgency will continue to threaten Peru and perhaps other parts of the hemisphere and the world.
Service Workers: Human Resources or Labor Costs?
Authors: GUTEK BARBARA A.
Published: March 2007

In this article, I describe the work performed by service providers, defined broadly, and the changes in this work engendered by an increasing reliance on encounters as a form of service delivery. This delivery mechanism facilitates the view of service providers as labor costs to be managed and reduced rather than human resources to be nurtured and developed. The provision of services by encounters may be a prelude both to the substitution of machine providers for humans and to large-scale unemployment.
Dislocation Policies in the USA: What Should We Be Doing?
Authors: KOPPEL ROSS , HOFFMAN ALICE
Published: March 2007

This article examines whether retraining helps dislocated or displaced workers find new jobs or receive comparable pay. Dislocated or displaced workers are experienced workers who are dismissed due to work-site closings or significant downsizings. The authors compare dislocated workers who received retraining to dislocated workers who did not receive retraining. They find that retraining fails to improve the probability that workers will get new jobs, get full-time jobs, get higher pay, receive decent benefits, experience acceptable working conditions, have reasonable commute times, or get new jobs with a future, that is, with reasonable security in continued employment.
Political Communications Infrastructure
Authors: NEUMAN W. RUSSELL
Published: March 2007

Major American corporate and political forces are currently battling for control of a new digital communications network that marks the convergence of what were until recently separate industries of publishing, broadcasting, telecommunications, and computers. So far the debate over the National Information Infrastructure has been dominated by questions of who gains and who loses economically. This article attempts to redirect attention to the issue of political communication—how technical developments in mass and interpersonal communications may influence how citizens learn about the political world around them, how political support is mobilized for issues and candidates, and how citizens signal preferences to their representatives.
How Americans Get Political Information: Print Versus Broadcast News
Authors: CHAFFEE STEVEN , FRANK STACEY
Published: March 2007

This article examines the extent to which major sources of political information affect citizen learning. Recent empirical comparisons of mass media channels show, contrary to earlier research, that television news is informative for American voters, albeit in ways different from newspapers. Television news provides more information about candidates; newspapers, more about parties. Both are sources of issue information. Print media are consulted more often than television by people who are actively seeking information. Television reaches groups that tend to lack political information, such as young people, immigrants, and less interested citizens. Newspaper coverage does more to close knowledge gaps between socioeconomic strata. Newsmagazines and radio are receding as political knowledge sources, relative to television and newspapers.
Urban Housing in an Era of Global Capital
Authors: BARTELT DAVID W.
Published: March 2007

U.S. cities have become increasingly bound into a global system in the decades since World War II. Of primary importance for urban housing are the implications of this system for the flow of residential capital, and the effects of a global labor market on U.S. wages and incomes. Globalization has overlaid issues of liquidity and new forms of financial investment on an already difficult housing situation for older manufacturing cities. Using Philadelphia as an example, issues of abandonment, affordability, and homelessness are discussed as they reflect the effects of a global urban system. The conclusion seeks to reorient discussions of local housing policy in this global context.
Conflict Resolution Strategies in the Transition to Market Economy
Authors: KRUMOV KRUM , ILIEVA SNEJANA , KARABELIOVA SONYA , ALEXIEVA LYUDMILA
Published: March 2007

One of the most typical characteristics of post-totalitarian societies is the expansion of conflict. In the transition from totalitarianism to democracy, conflict accompanies the changes in all social spheres: politics, economics, culture, personality, and so on. The most dramatic and difficult conflicts to overcome are the economic ones. The conflicts in the economic sphere always emerge, develop, and die away within a given organization. It is precisely the structure and characteristics of the organization that determine the dynamics and the development of the conflict, and it is again the organization that determines the resolution and disappearance of the conflict. The goal of our empirical study was to trace the dynamics of the conflicts within changing Bulgarian organizations, as well as to reveal their peculiarities depending on the gender, age, and position of the subjects in the organizational hierarchy. In addition, our task was to find out the ways in which the five basic strategies for conflict resolution are applied in developing organizations. The general conclusions of our study outline the ways for successfully coping with conflicts and effectively managing organizations in the transition from a centralized to a market economy.
Israeli National Security, 1973-96
Authors: INBAR EFRAIM
Published: March 2007

This article focuses on the main Israeli decision makers, reviews their perceptions of the changing strategic environment, and analyzes the dilemmas and policies with respect to Israel's main national security components. A review of the period shows much continuity: (1) the pattern of decision making remained highly centralized; (2) many of the Israeli leaders were socialized in the defense establishment; (3) Yitzhak Rabin was the towering figure for most of the period; (4) the main elements of Israeli strategic thinking (deterence, early warning, decisive victory, and self-reliance) remained constant; (5) Israel did not succumb to the temptation to adopt an open nuclear strategy; (6) the Israeli level of threat perception became lower primarily because of the emergence of a more benign international environment. We see in the 1990s a slight departure from past premises and policies, although all in all, it can be said that Israel has not fundamentally changed its security doctrine during the period reviewed here.
The Good, the Bad, and the Foreign: The Use of Dialect in Children's Animated Television
Authors: DOBROW JULIA R. , GIDNEY CALVIN L.
Published: March 2007

This article presents an analysis of visual and behavioral representation of character and dialect in children's animated television programming. Trained coders analyzed a sample of a dozen cartoons, including those aired on cable, network, and the Public Broadcasting Service. Cartoons were coded for a variety of personality and visual characteristics as well as for dialect and foreign accents. Results indicated that children's animated programming continues to underrepresent people of color and women. Linguistically, gender and ethnicity were marked by use of dialect stereotypes. Notably, villains consistently used non-American accents.
The Symbol and the Stone: Jerusalem at the Millennium
Authors: FRIEDLAND ROGER , HECHT RICHARD
Published: March 2007

This article explores the relationship between sacrality and sovereignty, between symbolic and material realities in Jerusalem's politics from the Six Day War of 1967 to the present and as Jerusalem moves toward the millennium. It begins with the Israeli efforts to separate the city's sacred places from political solutions and how this affects religious traditions and their communities in the city. It takes up the growing symbolic importance of Jerusalem for American evangelical Christians, then how the city functions as a ritual theater for Israeli and Palestinian politics, and, finally, how the city is doubly cleaved: between communities at the level of politics and within each community around the relationship between the political order and the religious order, especially since the signing of the Oslo accords and the defeat in 1993 of Jerusalem's longtime liberal mayor, Teddy Kollek, and his replacement by center-right Likud mayor Ehud Olmert.
The Foreign Areas Studies Division
Authors: Vreeland Herbert H.
Published: March 2007

The procedures and products of four research teams of the Foreign Areas Studies Division of American University are summarized. They have produced a number of social-political-economic studies on various countries for use by the Dept. of Defense, some of which have been made available for the general public.
Joint Planning for Civil Defense and Recreation
Authors: Nalbandian Myron K.
Published: March 2007

There is a logical but neglected relation between the materiel and personnel requirements of civil defense and recreation. The psychological dynamic of compounding the two programs would be great: recreation might take the curse of "apathy" from CD. CD might take the curse of "frivolity" from recreation.
"Systemic Adjustment": Economic Development Plus
Authors: Hirsch Abraham M.
Published: March 2007

Economic development in less-developed areas is only one facet of a complex pat tern of change that requires continued adjustment among the political, social, and economic sectors of life. The author suggests that the term systemic adjustment best represents the process. He is senior research associate with the Foreign Areas Studies Division of The American University.
Social Research in Soviet Bloc Countries
Authors: Wilder emilia
Published: March 2007

Dr. Wilder is a research analyst specializing in Eastern Europe for the United States Information Agency. Some interesting developments are occurring in Poland, but the general average is low. That there is a trend of any sort towards empirical research is in itself significant.
Some Academic "Rackets" in the Social Sciences
Authors: Roucek Joseph S.
Published: March 2007

This is not the first time, and we hope not the last, that Professor Roucek, a prolific sociologist from the University of Bridgeport, drags the skeletons from academic closets and dusts them off.
Urban Studies as a Field of Research
Authors: Gutman Robert
Published: March 2007

Urban Studies research faces a variety of intellectual problems. There are no clear goals for urban research, a fact which is closely related to the lack of common goals in metropolitan regions. Urban research programs must simultaneously incorporate goal considerations and a metropolitan framework.
Crime in Political Perspective
Authors: Quinney Richard
Published: March 2007

The author is a member of the Department of Sociology at the Uni versity of Kentucky. He writes, in this article, of the cultural forces which determine those behaviors defined by society as criminal.
Systematized Lexicography or "Ethnoscience"
Authors: Werner Oswald
Published: March 2007

The principle of keyword- in -context indexing can be applied to material other than bibliographic references, as shown in this attempt to build a dictionary of Navaho medical terms using a special alphabet for the computer. Dr. Oswald Werner is Assistant Professor in the Departments of An thropology and Linguistics at Northwestern University
Birs
Authors: Vinsonhaler John F.
Published: March 2007

In contrast to most information retrieval programs, which are usually written in machine language or for some special- purpose compiler, BIRS is written entirely in FORTRAN IV and should be readily adapted to many university computing installations. John Vinsonhaler is Acting Director of the Computer Institute for Social Science Research, Michigan State University.
Model-Building in the New Economic History
Authors: McClelland Peter D.
Published: March 2007

Of all varieties of history the economic is the most fundamental. Not the most important: foundations exist to carry better things. How a man lives with his family, his tribe or his fellow-citizens; the songs he sings; what he feels and thinks when he looks at the sunset; the prayers he raises—all these are more important than the nature of his tools, his trick of swapping things with his neighbours, the way he holds and tills his fields, his inventions and their consequences, his money-when he has learnt to use it-his savings and what he does with them [Clapham, 1957: introduction].
Notes on the Organization of an Exoteric University
Authors: Churchman C.W.
Published: March 2007

West Churchman's distinction between the esoteric university and the exoteric university draws attention to the particular way in which we are used to thinking about higher education, and provokes us to consider the centrality of participation as a social value and the role of education in enabling it.
The Psychological Study of Crowding
Authors: Loo Chalsa
Published: March 2007

For every phenomenon there exists origins and developments. In this paper the psychological study of crowding is discussed in terms of its origins and some of its conceptual developments.
Characteristics of the Creative Person
Authors: MONTGOMERY DIANE , BULL KAY S. , BALOCHE LYNDA
Published: March 2007

Faculty members in colleges and universities offer creativity courses in a variety of fields of study with the goal of infusing greater creativity into their respective professions. Each teacher strives toward this goal with instructional actions defined by a point of view or personal perspective. To what extent is the perspective of those teaching creativity classes influenced by the literature describing what is needed to be creative? The purpose of this study was twofold: First, it was an attempt to identify the relevant characteristics of a creative person and, second, to use this list of characteristics as a point of reference for a comparison between the perceptions of college faculty (N = 101) and the number of citations related to each characteristic identified. The list of potential characteristics was generated from a content analysis of 67 college course syllabi and used to develop the instrument to collect the reactions of a group of professors identified as teachers of creativity in an American college or university. The list of characteristics served as search descriptors to conduct several database searches yielding a citation count for each characteristic. Results indicate an overall Spearman rho correlation of .520, which will account for about 25% of the variance. Rank order of important characteristics of creative persons are imagination, openness to experience, inquisitiveness or curiosity, intuition, idea finding, tolerance for ambiguitym independence, innovation, insight, and others. Implications for the conditions of differences are discussed in terms of an indicative history, current academic themes, and a potential research agenda.
Private Lives, Public Officials
Authors: PAYNE J. GREGORY , MERCURI KEVIN
Published: March 2007

Answering inquiries about his personal life during the 1988 campaign, media-appointed front-runner Gary W. Hart invited the press to “put a tail on me” to prove his innocence in any moral wrongdoing while away from his wife, Lee. The subsequent stakeout and discovery at his Washington, DC townhouse introduced the issue of marital infidelity to the contemporary American electorate. Thus a new dimension was added to the intense media scrutiny that candidates must endure to retain front-runner status. In 1992, Bill Clinton's front-runner standing was threatened by allegations of marital infidelity involving a disgruntled former government worker. Just as his polling figures began their drop, a shift in the political climate seemed to occur as attitudes changed via the media. This study considered each candidate's ascension to front-runner status and his subsequent fall by applying principles found in the Payne et al. confirmation paradigm. A content analysis of national and local newspapers, including examination of text volume and tone, was conducted to determine stages in each campaign's history.
Fighting the Culture War
Authors: SOBNOSKY MATTHEW J.
Published: March 2007

Cultural issues played a central role in the 1992 presidential campaign, especially at the Republican National Convention. This article explores the potential divisiveness of conservative positions on issues such as abortion and gay rights for the Republican party and suggests that social issues will continue to be source of conflict among competing factions within the party.
The Two Bell Curves
Authors: POOLE DEBRA ANN
Published: March 2007

Critiques of The Bell Curve, compared to subsequent rebuttals by Murray, suggest that two books are being discussed: the one that Herrnstein and Murray claim to have written and the one that most readers believe we have read. Extensive debate about what is actually printed in The Bell Curve can be traced to the authors' use of a disclaimer/ignore disclaimer strategy. Unfortunately, illogical juxtapositions of disclaimers and conclusions often demand specialized knowledge to detect, such as familiarity with the heritability coefficient. This essay begins by illustrating the disclaimer/ignore disclaimer strategy with selected quotes from Chapter 13 (“Ethnic Differences in Cognitive Ability”). A primer of heritability follows to familiarize readers with the technical limitations of that concept. Finally, Herrnstein and Murray's disclaimers about heritability are contrasted with their conclusions based upon that concept.
Dying Well
Authors: KEARL MICHAEL C.
Published: March 2007

I have observed, as a matter of fact, that it is only people who exceed the age of ninety who attain euthanasia—who die, that is to say, of no disease, apoplexy or convulsion, and pass away without agony of any sort; nay, who sometimes even show no pallor, but expire generally in sitting attitude, and often after a meal—or, I may say, simply cease to live rather than die. To come to one's end before the age of ninety, means to die of disease, in other words, prematurely.

—Zygmunt Bauman (1992, p. 19, fn 6)
Mass Media and Fear of Crime
Authors: HEATH LINDA , GILBERT KEVIN
Published: March 2007

Charges that the mass media create unwarranted levels of fear of crime are almost as old as the media themselves. Researchers entered the fray in large numbers in the 1960s, documenting the effects of television, newspapers, and movies on perceptions of crime and fear of criminal victimization. Recent developments in mass media, such as the rise in popularity of crime reenactment television programs, the access to more violence via cable, VCR, and satellite dish, and the interactive nature of electronic games, raise even greater concern about the fear-generating potential of these media. In addition, the real-world increase in the occurrence of stranger crimes and mass attacks could make the media image even more potent, because of the prevalence of random or random-appearing crimes reported by the media. This article provides an overview of the research on the mass media and its effects on perceptions of crime danger, personal fear of crime, and reactions to crime risk. In addition, we examine the modifiers of the relationships between media and fear.
The Police and Public Opinion in Britain
Authors: SKOGAN WESLEY G.
Published: March 2007

This article examines opinion about the police in Britain. Surveys of opinion about the police have become integral to the assessment of agency performance there. Central government policy calls for the development of a “customer orientation” among police forces, and national and local surveys could play a significant role in monitoring this shift toward greater police accountability to the public. Surveys in Britain have documented dramatic shifts in public satisfaction with policing and detailed data on specific sources of discontent about their performance. They have also examined popular assessments of what the police should be focusing their attention on, as a guide to setting police priorities. This article reviews these trends and the implications of the findings for policing.
Recidivism, Proportionalism, and Individualized Punishment
Authors: FINKEL NORMAN J. , MALONEY STEPHEN T. , VALBUENA MONIQUE Z. , GROSCUP JENNIFER
Published: March 2007

Politicians, armed with opinion polls for support, rush to enact crime bills where sentences grow steeper, where higher minimum sentences are made mandatory, and where the death sentence is applied in more cases. Despite apparent support from suspect polls, the empirical question remains: Does community sentiment favor “steeper-firmer-deadlier” punishments that are disproportionate to the act and invariate to the actors, or does sentiment favor individualized and proportionate punishment? In experiments dealing with recidivist, accessory felony-murder, and perpetrator-by-means cases—where the law asks for excessive or invariate punishment—subjects favor proportional and individualized punishment and judge defendants based on perceived culpability.
The Issue of Character in the Presidential Contest of 1996
Authors: GOLDEN JAMES L.
Published: March 2007

This study begins by pointing out the role of character in discourse as seen by theorists in the Classical, British/Continental, and Contemporary periods. It then develops two primary arguments. The first suggests that the negative image that has been generated pertaining to President Clinton's private and public ethics over the past 4 years has prompted Republican leaders in general and Senator Dole in particular to introduce forcefully into the campaign a series of claims describing what they believe to be fatal flaws in the president's character. Since this strategy has not worked, the second argument advanced in this article asserts that American citizens are responding to another interpretation of character—that expressed by a group of political scientists and historians. Character, as pointed out by these scholars, is reflected in a president's choices, sense of history, caring attitude, communication ability, and sense of optimism concerning the present and future.
Lifestyle Expenditures in Contemporary America
Authors: SOBEL MICHAEL E.
Published: March 2007

Using a multiple-indicator multiple-cause model, Sobel uses the 1972-73 National Survey of Consumer Expenditures to isolate four patterns of spending on leisure activities and to identify the social and demographic characteristics of people exhibiting each pattern.
Unobtrusive Indicators of Cultural Change
Authors: FELSON MARCUS
Published: March 2007

Gleaning information from diverse available data sets, Felson suggests ways in which numerous different sorts of time-series data sets can be used to identify cultural change and continuity. The proposed indicators include musical instruments, several types of clothing, sporting goods, drugs, garbage, telephones, and magazines.
Negotiating Power
Authors: FISHER ROGER
Published: March 2007

In this article the debilitating effects of negative commitments, especially threats made at an early stage of negotiation, are explored. Mistaken views of the sources of negotiating power are analyzed and six sources of negotiating power are presented. Would-be negotiators are offered a checklist of things they can do in advance of any particular negotiation to enhance their negotiating power.
Preston, Post, and the Principle of Public Responsibility
Authors: Oberman William D.
Published: March 2007

This essay treats Private Management and Public Policy not only as one of the key building blocks of theory in the business and society field, but as a work of theoretical social science in the structural-functional tradition. As a work in the "s-f" tradition, it shares the weaknesses inherent in that mode of theorizing and introduces some of its own in the attempt to translate structural-functionalism into terms relevant for management. These problems are discussed in the context of detailed analysis of the work's theoretical structure.
Beyond Resources
Authors: Buchholtz Ann K. , Amason Allen C. , Rutherford Matthew A.
Published: March 2007

Prior studies have advanced our knowledge of the individual determinants of corporate philanthropy; however, little empirical research has been conducted on how these determinants combine to influence giving. In this study, the authors develop and test an integrated model of the relationship between firm resources and corporate philanthropy as mediated by managerial discretion and managerial values. In addition, the authors offer organizational slack as an alternative measure of organizational resources. As predicted, the results show that firm resources have a positive effect on corporate philanthropy. This effect is fully mediated by managerial discretion and partially mediated by managerial values.
Internationalization and Financial Federalism
Authors: DEEG RICHARD , LÜTZ SUSANNE
Published: March 2007

In this article, the authors examine some effects of economic internationalization on state structures, especially in regard to the distribution of power and authority within federalist systems. Using an institutional rational choice model, they analyze changes in financial regulation and market structures in Germany and the United States. The focus is on the financial realm because of its high degree of internationalization and because, in both countries, financial markets and regulation have historically exhibited federalist traits. The findings indicate that internationalization has led to significant convergence in financial market structures and regulation across the two countries and that in each case this convergence has been accompanied by centralization of financial regulatory authority. Although both the German type of cooperative federalism and the U.S. model of competitive federalism proved to be vulnerable to the growing international pressures, the two countries took different paths of change that reflected differences in domestic institutions. Thus, the authors conclude that convergence is, and will likely remain, of a limited nature.
Welfare-state Retrenchment in Denmark and the Netherlands, 1982-1998
Authors: GREEN-PEDERSEN CHRISTOFFER
Published: March 2007

The literature on welfare-state retrenchment generally argues that economics and institutions matter for the retrenchment scale in different countries. This article argues that politics, in the sense of party competition and consensus, also matter. A study of retrenchment in Denmark and the Netherlands from 1982 to 1998 shows a greater extent of retrenchment has been implemented in the Netherlands. This occurred because the Dutch system of party competition with a pivotal center party, the Christian Democratic Appeal, produced party consensus about welfare-state retrenchment. The Dutch labor party had to accept retrenchment to regain government power, and Dutch governments were able to use this consensus to frame retrenchment as an economic necessity. In Denmark, vehement opposition from the Social Democrats made retrenchment a contested issue during the right-wing governments from 1982 to 1993. Following the Social Democrats' return to power in 1993, a party consensus emerged, leading to retrenchment measures.
Changing Values in Advanced Industrial Societies
Authors: FLANAGAN SCOTT C.
Published: March 2007

Ronald Inglehart has demonstrated the important political and behavioral implications of value change in advanced industrial societies. In an effort to enhance our understanding of this politically relevant “silent revolution,” an alternate theory of value change is presented, contrasting Inglehart's “needs theory” approach with a “functional constraints” theoretic construct. It is then argued that both kinds of value change are taking place, the first a change in the priorities attached to economic as opposed to noneconomic, value issues as measured by a materialism-nonmaterialism scale, and the second a change in basic social value preferences as measured by an authoritarian-libertarian scale. It is further argued that Inglehart's acquisitive-postbourgeois value scale combines both of these value priority and value preference dimensions. Relying primarily on Japanese data, it is demonstrated that these two subdimensions have sharply contrasting properties in both their causal origins and behavioral properties and hence are preferably kept distinct. Finally it is shown that the alternate theory and measurement of value change presented here overcome several problems in the Inglehart approach.
Ethnicity and Integration
Authors: MORRISON MINION KC
Published: March 2007

Traditional, diverse communities in Africa have largely been viewed as impediments to the integration of the new and broader post-1960 political arrangements. This view has been sustained by the supposed particularistic tendency of these usually ethnic-based entities. Nevertheless, reevaluations of older communities within the new states increasingly show the former to be a legitimate vehicle for political participation. By focusing on the political kingdom of Ashanti in contemporary Ghana, this analysis illustrates the resilience and adaptability of ethnic phenomena to modern political requirements. These phenomena often provide bases for continuity, broad participation, and stability in the modern political setting. At the same time, the prominence of functional adaptability on the part of ethnic groups has direct and often positive implications for political integration in contemporary Ghana.
Macroeconomic Performance and Government Popularity in New Zealand
Authors: URSPRUNG HEINRICH W.
Published: March 2007

This article empirically investigates the effects of macroeconomic variables on the popularity of the New Zealand government by testing various popularity functions for the period 1970-1981. The results unambiguously show that the existence of this important politico-economic relationship cannot be doubted. In particular, the empirical results suggest that New Zealand voters are (1) forward-looking rather than backward-looking, (2) capable of comparing the actual macroeconomic condition with some notion of a variable “normal” performance, and (3) well aware of the openness of their economy.
Postmaterialism and Value Convergence
Authors: CALISTA DONALD J.
Published: March 2007

This study focuses on two central issues regarding the postmaterial value transformation among Japanese youth: whether convergence with Western patterns is occurring and whether a crossover between collectivist and individualist values is taking place. To widen the perspective of the latter hypothesis, the research design compares Japanese projections of their own values with their perceptions of Americans. The Rokeach Value Survey is used in 1972 and 1976. While postmaterial expectations are generally fulfilled in both projections, neither convergence nor crossover fare well. Instead, certain belongingness values emerge as affirmations of both quality of life and egalitarian priorities; rather than leading to a special case, the Japanese evidence indicates there is a more dynamic relationship between cultural continutiy and postmaterial value change than has been previously recognized.
Vanguards and Rearguards in Environmental Politics
Authors: PIERCE JOHN C. , TSURUTANI TAKETSUGU , LOVRICH NICHOLAS P. , ABE TAKEMATSU
Published: March 2007

Findings from a study of environmentalists in Shizuoka Prefecture and Spokane County, Washington, suggest that there are two basic types of environmental activists in Japan. In contrast to their U.S. counterparts, most Japanese environmentalists can be characterized as less concerned about environmental preservation, natural resource scarcities, and the dangers of rampant science and technology. However, the most active and knowledgeable among them are very much like the vanguard environmentalists found in the United States. The ability of Japanese environmentalist leaders to mobilize rank-and-file members is explained in terms of the victim compensation (versus preservation of nature) orientation of Japanese environmentalism and environmental law, plus the localistic character of Japanese politics.
Stabilization Crises and the Breakdown of Military Authoritarianism in Latin America
Authors: RICHARDS GORDON
Published: March 2007

Over the last five years, military authoritarian regimes broke down consistently throughout Latin America. The return to democratic government has had less to do with the internal political situation in these countries than with the economic crises faced by the military regimes. The military regimes collapsed primarily because of the external debt crisis that emerged in the early 1980s. There were two characteristic patterns in the macroeconomic policy of the military authoritarian systems. According to one pattern, the regimes attempted to maintain growth rates through reflation, which led to chronic trade deficits that had to be covered through continuous reserve inflows. Alternatively, particularly in the Southern Cone, the regimes attempted disinflation through the heterodox strategy of underdevaluation of exchange rates. Although this slowed inflation, this was achieved only at the cost of serious balance of payments disequilibrium and a decrease in external competitiveness, which limited the ability to service foreign debt. The net result was that at the time of the global recession of the early 1980, the regimes were forced to apply restrictive policies that were associated with substantial output losses. The domestic recessions in turn largely destroyed the military's claims to political legitimacy.
The Failure of the Radical Left in Switzerland
Authors: BOHN DAVID E.
Published: March 2007

Despite dramatic economic transformation in the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, radical working-class politics has never become an institutionalized part of Swiss political life as it has among its neighbors France, Italy and Germany. Nor did class conflict produce in Switzerland a deeply fragmented and compartmentalized society such as is found in other small European Democracies. It is argued that decentralized social, economic and political institutions; moderate and continuous rates of economic development; cross-cutting cleavages and overlapping group affiliations; small size, and to a lesser extent political neutrality contributed to Switzerland's relatively calm “class struggle.” It is further noted that these explanations seem to fit the Swiss case best when enveloped in Lipset and Rokkan's developmental thesis of European cleavage development, in which it is argued that nineteenth and twentieth century political institutions are more able to mediate class conflict successfully when not burdened by the residue of the unresolved political conflicts of earlier periods in the development of the modern political state. In sum, by the time working-class politics reached high tide in Switzerland, most nation building issues had been resolved, and effective democratic processes had been firmly put in place.
Acts of International Terrorism
Authors: MILLER REUBEN
Published: March 2007

This article examines a particular form of low-level conflict known as international terrorism. The failure in the international arena to cope and curb this form of political violence forced governments to seek out and design various avenues of response. The focus then is on confrontational terrorism that includes instances of hostage takings, kidnappings, and skyjackings. The common denominator to these incidents is the specific and tangible demands that terrorists attempt to extract from the targeted states. On the other hand, the study explores the various policies and approaches adopted by governments in their efforts to thwart acts of international terrorism. Thus, the analysis will be couched in the form of cost and benefit calculations. The data for the analysis is the hostage file included in the ITERATE II data base compiled by Edward Mickolus. The findings of the article point out that governments tend to adopt hardline policies for dealing with terrorists holding hostages. However, we have to distinguish between declared policies and practices. The majority of governments prefer to practice those harsh policies rather than declare them publicly and to apply a “deterrence by denial” approach. Governments are increasingly willing to use force to resolve terrorist incidents and some have adopted harsh authoritarian measures, especially in Latin America. Targeted states have diverted resources to combat terrorism, and have developed an array of counter-measures.
Causal Inference and Comparative Methods
Authors: DeFELICE E. GENE
Published: March 2007

Various ways are considered to infer causality from a relatively small number of cases that can be selected but not manipulated. The development of the “comparable-cases strategy” is examined first, together with the claim that it constitutes the comparative method. Mill's “method of agreement” is then presented as an alternative method of comparison, a method that not only can and has been used quite effectively with survey research in comparative politics, but one that is completely free from the methodological short-comings attributed to it. Cases, in short, may be selected for their similarity or their contrast. But because both of these qualitative methods of comparison (even when used jointly) are considerably less powerful than the “method of concomitant variation,” a third strategy is proffered to comparativists. It is a strategy employed extensively by Durkheim, but apparently lost sight of in attempts to reduce it—as well as the method of agreement—to a single comparative method based upon comparable cases.
In Pursuit of Postbourgeois Man
Authors: BAKVIS HERMAN , NEVITTE NEIL
Published: March 2007

This article uses an alternative test of Inglehart's postmaterialism hypothesis, drawing on volunteered responses to open-ended election survey questions, instead of structured responses to the standard forced-choice scale, and on responses to quality of life survey questions concerning personal as well as public goals. Data from three Canadian national election studies (1974, 1979, and 1980) yield little support for Inglehart's generational explanation for postmaterialism. They do, however, reveal an unanticipated asymmetry between indicators of materialism and postmaterialsim and the possibility of life cycle effects. Analysis of Quality of Life data (1977) provides some indication of linkage between public values and private needs and at the same time compelling evidence of the multidimensionality of postmaterialism. It is suggested that personal goals relating to self-actualization and economic security are subject to life cycle effects, while public postmaterial goals can be accounted for more readily by generational factors. The data also point to a significant and unexpected interaction between two value domains, suggesting that postbourgeois man may not be as liberal and democratic as generally supposed.
Sovereignty
Authors: KRASNER STEPHEN D.
Published: March 2007

Contemporary social science analysis is dominated by utilitarian or functional approaches in which institutional structures are assumed to adapt in an optimal fashion to changing environmental conditions, and the preferences and capabilities of individual actors are ontologically posited. In contrast, an institutional perspective insists that past choices constrain present options; that the preferences and capabilities of individual actors are conditioned by institutional structures; and that historical trajectories are path dependent. Institutional structures persist even if circumstances change. In a world of nuclear weapons and economic interdependence, any adequate analysis of the nature of sovereignty operationalized with regard to transborder controls and extraterritoriality must be informed by an institutional perspective.
Social Identity and Mass Politics in Spain
Authors: McDONOUGH PETER , BARNES SAMUEL H. , LÓPEZ PINA ANTONIO
Published: March 2007

Social identities based on class, religion, and region underpin political cleavages in Spain. This article examines the salience of divisions based on these identities and estimates changes in the conflict-potential of the cleavages over time. The political consequences as well as the origins of the dimensions of conflict are analyzed. While some of the social identities remain fairly strong—religion, for example, more evidently than class—the direct effects of the cleavages on both within-and extra-system politics at the mass level appear to have weakened. Data are drawn from the third in a series of national surveys conducted in 1978, 1980, and 1984.
The State and Foreign Investment
Authors: HUANG CHI
Published: March 2007

The influence of a host state on direct foreign investment attracts the attention of scholars much less than do the constraints of the latter on the former. This study addresses the impact of state regulatory policies on the roles of inward foreign investment in Taiwan and Singapore's manufacturing sector. The similarities between the two small Asian open economies are first discussed. The different roles played by the foreign investors in their economies are then compared. A review of the literature in orthodox theories and radical points of view reveals several possible explanatory variables for such differences. Through the logic of the “most similar systems” design, or method of difference, some seemingly plausible factors are ruled out, due to their similarities in the two chosen entities. It is found that some pull factors (such as geographic location, colonial legacy, external political environment, and indigenous industrial capacity) and conversion factors (such as state policies toward foreign investment) may be responsible for the differences between the two islands. A more detailed analysis is then given to the conversion factors in general and the state regulatory policies toward foreign capital in particular. Finally, some general hypotheses about the conversion factors in the host state-foreign capital relationship applicable to most industrializing countries are suggested for further testing in future studies.
Economics, Votes, Protests
Authors: LEWIS-BECK MICHAEL S. , LOCKERBIE BRAD
Published: March 2007

In Western European studies, general investigations of mass political participation are an established tradition. However, these efforts have not drawn from the vigorous current of research on economics and politics. Specifically for Western Europe, there exists no systematic work on economic conditions and political participation (conventional or unconventional). Here we integrate these economic arguments into general explanations of both participation modes. First voting turnout is examined, then protest activity, both as measured in recent survey data from Britain, France, Germany, and Italy. The findings uncover support for a general model of political participation within these nations, as well as pointing to provocative between-nation differences. The economic results are especially stimulating. Pocketbook effects are absent, but collective evaluations of economic performance make an impact, and do so in intriguing ways. First, it is prospective, not retrospective, evaluations that count. Second, they operate asymmetrically, with the prospect of good times heightening turnout, and the prospect of bad times heightening protest. Such findings suggest noteworthy revisions regarding the theory of economics and participation.
Business Associations in Latin America
Authors: BECKER DAVID G.
Published: March 2007

As the study of Third World politics and development moves away from structuralism and toward the empirical study of social subjects, there is a need for a new theoretical framework to aggregate and interpret such studies. This article employs a postimperialist class-analytical framework and insights drawn from “discourse theory” to examine FEDECAMARAS, the “peak organization” of the Venezuelan business sector. In its examination of FEDECAMARAS's ideologically driven but also self-interested confrontation with the state over the association's demand for a retreat from statism-dirigism, the article demonstrates the utility of conceiving such activity as the action of a bourgeois social movement. Because the social movement under discussion aims at a democratizing transformation of the Venezuelan political order, it is progressive regardless of the motivations of its protagonist. Although additional research is required for verification, it appears that the ability of the Venezuelan bourgeoisie to mount such a movement is (as postimperialism anticipates) an outgrowth of its association with international capital.
Orientations toward Conventional and Unconventional Participation among West German Youth
Authors: WATTS MEREDITH W.
Published: March 2007

The transmission-reproduction perspective emphasizes the learning of political orientation through hierarchical (usually institutional and conventional) processes. A voluntaristic perspective calls attention to the individual's ability to choose reference groups and modes of participation (often unconventional and noninstitutional) and has the empirical advantage in focusing on pluralistic influences in politicization. This analysis employs a large combined data base on West German youth ( n = 2,500-3,000) that allows logit analysis of the internal differentiation by age, sex, and education in their orientations toward such pluralistic reference groups and political tactics. There are differences among young males and females that appear to be both developmental (related to age and sex) and situational (related to education). Younger, less educated males (15-17 years of age) are the most conservative of all age or sex groups. Older male youth show a stronger orientation toward conventional electoral participation than do females (who remain more unconventional), though by their 20s the males lag behind the females, whose progressive (left-liberal) advantage is less than for their younger counterparts. Overall young males show signs of a trend from conservatism to actionism to conventionalism, while females show a consistent progressive and unconventional advantage in all age groups. A concluding section reflects on the possible meaning of these findings for contemporary political styles among German youth.