bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stochastic Model for High Temperature Oxidation of Cr–Ni Austenitic Steels Assisted by Spallation
Authors: Lekakh Simon N. , Neroslavsky Oleg , Li Mei , Godlevski Larry
Published: June 2022

Cr–Ni austenitic steels offer significant high temperature corrosion protection by forming a surface oxide layer. However, above critical service conditions (temperature, atmosphere, thermal cycling), oxidized surface can experience intensive degradation because of scale spallation, which could be detrimental to the in-service life. To predict the effect of scale spallation on oxidation kinetics, a simulation was implemented using a stochastic model. The model considers topological parameters and intensity of spallation which can occur, while delivering a true oxidation constant. The experimental procedure identified the amount of formed spalled scale and topology of spallation based on the use of element mapping of the surface. This information was used to determine a true kinetic constant for a corresponding spallation intensity in oxidized Cr–Ni austenitic steel. To illustrate the capability of the stochastic model, a parametric analysis was performed. The model verified how the spallation parameters could change the oxidation processes from parabolic growth of an adhered oxide layer without spallation to a mixed linear-parabolic, or with a constant thickness of residual scale at high spallation intensity. The spallation model will be used in a separate article to characterize high temperature surface degradation of several Cr–Ni austenitic steels during harsh oxidation environments.
Variation in abundance, diversity and composition of coral reef fishes with increasing depth at a submerged shoal in the northern Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Scott Molly E. , Tebbett Sterling B. , Whitman Kirsty L. , Thompson Cassandra A. , Mancini Frank B. , Heupel Michelle R. , Pratchett Morgan S.
Published: June 2022

Coral reef fishes often exhibit specific or restricted depth distributions, but the factors (biotic or abiotic) that influence patterns of depth use are largely unknown. Given inherent biological gradients with depth (i.e. light, nutrients, habitat, temperature), it is expected that fishes may exploit certain depths within their environment to seek out more favourable conditions. This study used baited remote underwater video (BRUV) systems to document variation in the taxonomic and functional (trophic and size) structure of a fish assemblage along a shallow to upper-mesophotic depth gradient (13–71 m) at a submerged, offshore shoal in the northern Great Barrier Reef. BRUVs were deployed during two separate time periods (February and August 2017), to separately examine patterns of depth use. Both the relative abundance and diversity of reef fishes declined with depth, and there were pronounced differences in the taxonomic and functional structure of the fish assemblage across the depth gradient. In shallow habitats (< 30 m), the fish assemblage was dominated by herbivores, detritivores, planktivores and sessile invertivores, whereas the fish assemblage in deeper habitats (> 30 m) was dominated by piscivores and mobile invertivores. Depth and habitat type were also strong predictors for important fisheries species such as coral trout (Plectropomus spp.), emperors (Lethrinus spp.) and trevallies (Carangid spp.). We found limited evidence of temporal changes in depth and habitat use by fishes (including fisheries target species), although recorded temperatures were 4 °C higher in February 2017 compared to August 2017.
Activated clotting time in inpatient diagnostic and interventional settings
Authors: Dalton Heidi , Martin Michael , Garcia-Filion Pamela , Shavelle David , Huang Pei-Hsiu , Clark Justin , Beinart Sean , Israel Andrew , Korpi-Steiner Nichole
Published: June 2022

Monitoring for the anticoagulant effect of unfractionated (UFH) at the point of care using activated clotting time in real time is vital where risk of thrombosis is high. Although monitoring UFH effect is a routine and important task, changing from one ACT instrument type or technology to another must be preceded by a clinical and statistical evaluation to determine the suitability and repeatability and establish normal and treatable ranges of this newer instrument. In this multi-center prospective evaluation we tested 1236 paired ACT+ samples, and 463 paired ACT-LR samples (1699 total) from enrolled study subjects. Clinical settings included CVOR cardiopulmonary bypass, at the beside in extracorporeal life support (ELS), the Cardiac Catheterization Lab (CCL) during diagnostic studies and percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI), interventional radiology procedures and EP interventions. This study found more consistent clinical performance from the GEM Hemochron 100 as compared to the current clinical model, the Hemochron Signature Elite. The bias of GEM Hemochron 100 for ACT+ and ACT-LR was greatest in the setting of the CVOR where ACT levels were high. ACT-LR measurements by the GEM Hemochron 100 were comparable to the SE when performed in settings of CCL, ECM, EP and ICU. Results obtained for both ACT-LR and ACT+ in all clinical settings in this study using the GEM Hemochron 100 are as accurate and more repeatable as those with the current clinically available Signature Elite.
Urbanisation and land-cover change affect functional, but not compositional turnover of bird communities
Authors: Petersen Tanja K. , Speed James D. M. , Grøtan Vidar , Frøyen Yngve K. , Austrheim Gunnar
Published: June 2022

Land-use and land-cover change strongly affect biodiversity patterns and are assumed to be growing threats in the future. Particularly increasing urbanisation may affect species turnover and functional composition of biological communities. This study aimed to assess the characteristics of land-cover change in a medium-sized urban municipality from 2011 to 2018, and the effects of urbanisation on avian species- and functional diversity. The study was performed in Trondheim (Norway), using local land-cover maps and GBIF bird species occurrence records. GLMMs were used to model species turnover as a function of urbanisation, and the probability of species appearance and disappearance based on urbanisation and species traits. The extent of bird species turnover within a municipality-wide 500 × 500m2grid was not predicted by a changes in developed area, but the probability of disappearance and appearance of bird species varied with urbanisation and bird functional traits. Species associated with urban- or open areas showed a decreasing probability of disappearing and an increasing probability of appearing with increasing amount of developed area within grid cells. Similarly, granivorous species showed a decreasing probability of disappearing. Species feeding above ground-level showed positive responses to changes in land-cover. The probability of both appearance and disappearance, thus species turnover, increased with increasing longevity. Most functional groups respond negatively to increasing urbanisation, indicating a potential impoverishment of local avifauna with future land-cover modifications. Considering planned future land-cover changes within the municipality, the local avian communities are in danger of homogenisation. The recommendations for local management are to minimise conversion of vulnerable habitats, such as wetlands and woodlands, in particular if these are converted to developed area.
Asset-Based, Sustainable Local Economic Development: Using Community Participation to Improve Quality of Life Across Rural, Small-Town, and Urban Communities
Authors: Kammer-Kerwick Matt , Takasaki Kara , Kellison J. Bruce , Sternberg Jeff
Published: June 2022

We analyze survey data from 5,487 residents of 85 Texas communities, including rural communities, small towns, medium-sized cities, and the five largest urban centers, to model the influence of the degree of urbanity and rurality of a community as well as residents’ social position, values, and their satisfaction with local assets. The paper’s central argument is that a wide range of factors impact how community members think about their needs and thus should be considered in any community development process. This human-centered approach looks at how community specific factors impact economic and quality-of-life development project preferences in support of adapting community development decision-making processes according to the context of each community. For the sake of parsimony, this paper presents results for three community development project concepts: (1) renovating some downtown buildings as mixed-use facilities with retail shops and apartments, (2) opening a community health center, and (3) deploying gigabit high-speed fiber broadband internet in the downtown area. Our findings specifically highlight areas where participatory processes can be introduced to guide further interactions between experts and community members to (1) identify groups in the community to bring into the process who may be most impacted by the choice of one intervention over another, and (2) target areas where further community discussion and deliberation is necessary around which community dialogues (round tables, town halls, workshops, etc.) could be facilitated.
Contraception and Healthcare Utilization by Reproductive-Age Women Who Use Drugs in Rural Communities: a Cross-Sectional Survey
Authors: Levander Ximena A. , Foot Canyon A. , Magnusson Sara L. , Cook Ryan R. , Ezell Jerel M. , Feinberg Judith , Go Vivian F. , Lancaster Kathryn E. , Salisbury-Afshar Elizabeth , Smith Gordon S. , Westergaard Ryan P. , Young April M. , Tsui Judith I. , Korthuis P. Todd
Published: June 2022

Background

Women who use drugs (WWUD) have low rates of contraceptive use and high rates of unintended pregnancy. Drug use is common among women in rural U.S. communities, with limited data on how they utilize reproductive, substance use disorder (SUD), and healthcare services.

Objective

We determined contraceptive use prevalence among WWUD in rural communities then compared estimates to women from similar rural areas. We investigated characteristics of those using contraceptives, and associations between contraceptive use and SUD treatment, healthcare utilization, and substance use.

Design

Rural Opioids Initiative (ROI) — cross-sectional survey using respondent-driven sampling (RDS) involving eight rural U.S. regions (January 2018–March 2020); National Survey on Family Growth (NSFG) — nationally-representative U.S. household reproductive health survey (2017–2019).

Participants

Women aged 18–49 with prior 30-day non-prescribed opioid and/or non-opioid injection drug use; fecundity determined by self-reported survey responses.

Main Measures

Unweighted and RDS-weighted prevalence estimates of medical/procedural contraceptive use; chi-squared tests and multi-level linear regressions to test associations.

Key Results

Of 855 women in the ROI, 36.8% (95% CI 33.7–40.1, unweighted) and 38.6% (95% CI 30.7–47.2, weighted) reported contraceptive use, compared to 66% of rural women in the NSFG sample. Among the ROI women, 27% had received prior 30-day SUD treatment via outpatient counseling or inpatient program and these women had increased odds of contraceptive use (aOR 1.50 [95% CI 1.08–2.06]). There was a positive association between contraception use and recent medications for opioid use disorder (aOR 1.34 [95% CI 0.95–1.88]) and prior 6-month primary care utilization (aOR 1.32 [95% CI 0.96–1.82]) that did not meet the threshold for statistical significance.

Conclusion

WWUD in rural areas reported low contraceptive use; those who recently received SUD treatment had greater odds of contraceptive use. Improvements are needed in expanding reproductive and preventive health within SUD treatment and primary care services in rural communities.
High LACE index scores are associated with disproportionate excess deaths in hospital amongst patients with COVID-19
Authors: Fluck David , Fry Christopher Henry , Robin Jonathan , Han Thang Sieu
Published: June 2022

Risk factors for COVID-19-related outcomes have been variably reported. We used the standardised LACE index to examine admissions and in-hospital mortality associated with COVID-19. Data were collected in the pre-pandemic period (01-04-2019 to 29-02-2020) from 10,173 patients (47.7% men: mean age ± standard deviation = 68.3 years ± 20.0) and in the pandemic period (01-03-2019 to 31-03-2021) from 12,434 patients. With the latter, 10,982 were without COVID-19 (47.4% men: mean age = 68.3 years ± 19.6) and 1452 with COVID-19 (58.5% men: mean age = 67.0 years ± 18.4). Admissions and mortality were compared between pre-pandemic and pandemic patients, according to LACE index. Admission rates rose disproportionately with higher LACE indices amongst the COVID-19 group. Mortality rates amongst the pre-pandemic, pandemic non-COVID-19 and COVID-19 groups with LACE index scores < 4 were 0.7%, 0.5%, 0%; for scores 4–9 were 5.0%, 3.7%, 8.9%; and for scores ≥ 10 were: 24.2%, 20.4%, 43.4%, respectively. The area under the curve receiver operating characteristic for predicting mortality by LACE index was 76% for COVID-19 and 77% for all non-COVID-19 patients. The risk of age and sex-adjusted mortality did not differ from the pre-pandemic group for COVID-19 patients with LACE index scores < 4. However, risk increased drastically for scores from 4 to 9: odds ratio = 3.74 (95% confidence interval = 2.63–5.32), and for scores ≥ 10: odds ratio = 4.02 (95% confidence interval = 3.38–4.77). In conclusion, patients with LACE index scores ≥ 4 have disproportionally greater risk of COVID-19 hospital admissions and deaths, in support of previous studies in patients without COVID-19. However, of importance, our data also emphasise their increased risk in patients with COVID-19. Because the LACE index has a good predictive power of mortality, it should be considered for routine use to identify high-risk COVID-19 patients.
Dynamic postural control and physical stress: an approach to determining injury risk in real sporting conditions
Authors: Heil Jessica , Büsch Dirk
Published: June 2022

Dynamic postural control is one of the essential factors in situations where non-contact injuries mainly occur, i.e., landing, cutting, or stopping. Therefore, testing of dynamic postural control should be implemented in injury risk assessment. Moreover, non-contact injuries mainly occur under loaded conditions when the athlete is physically stressed. Therefore, risk factors and mechanisms of these injuries should also be regarded under loading conditions and not only when the athlete is recovered. Current studies examining the influence of physical load on risk factors, such as dynamic postural control, often use cycling protocols to stress the participants. Nevertheless, most types of sports require running as a central element and the induced internal load after cycling might not be the same after running. Therefore, the current study aimed to examine the influence of a running and a cycling protocol on dynamic postural control and to determine the potential injury risk under representative conditions. In total, 128 sport students (64 males and 64 females, age: 23.64 ± 2.44, height: 176.54 ± 8.96 cm, weight: 68.85 ± 10.98 kg) participated in the study. They were tested with the Y Balance Test before and after one loading protocol. A total of 64 participants completed a protocol on a cycle ergometer and the other 64 on a treadmill. A mixed ANOVA showed significant interactions of time and load type. Dynamic postural control was reduced immediately after cycling but did not change after running. These findings indicate a load type dependence of dynamic postural control that must be considered while assessing an athlete’s potential injury risk and they support the need for more representative designs.
Examining and improving inclusive practice in institutional academic integrity policies, procedures, teaching and support
Authors: Davis Mary
Published: June 2022

This research aimed to analyse inclusive practice in academic integrity in the teaching, support, policies and procedures involved at one UK HE institution. Data was collected through two sets of stakeholder interviews: three students from disadvantaged groups who had experienced academic conduct investigations; eleven staff with key roles in academic integrity (teaching, student support, library, investigations, senior management, Student Union). A third set of data comprised four institutional academic integrity documents which were analysed in terms of meeting Universal Design for Learning principles for inclusion. The four main findings emerging from the study are: academic conduct processes create high levels of anxiety among students, particularly related to perceived judgement; students experience difficulty understanding academic integrity documents which lack consistency and do not meet inclusive criteria; students from certain backgrounds including widening participation, students with a disability and international non-native speakers need more institutional support in order to follow academic conduct processes and assimilate expected practice; there is a willingness among staff to try to develop more inclusive practice. The research findings led to a revised, more inclusive and educative institutional academic conduct procedure. The implication for practice is that attention is urgently needed to improve inclusive approaches to academic integrity.
Assessment of simplified momentum equations for free surface flows through rigid porous media
Authors: Düsterhöft-Wriggers Wibke , Larese Antonia , Oñate Eugenio , Rung Thomas
Published: June 2022

In many applications, free surface flow through rigid porous media has to be modeled. Examples refer to coastal engineering applications as well as geotechnical or biomedical applications. Albeit the frequent applications, slight inconsistencies in the formulation of the governing equations can be found in the literature. The main goal of this paper is to identify these differences and provide a quantitative assessment of different approaches. Following a review of the different formulations, simulation results obtained from three alternative formulations are compared with experimental and numerical data. Results obtained by 2D and 3D test cases indicate that the predictive differences returned by the different formulations remain small for most applications, in particular for small porous Reynolds number ReP < 5000. Thus it seems justified to select a simplified formulation that supports an efficient algorithm and coding structure in a computational fluid dynamics environment. An estimated accuracy depending on the porous Reynolds number or the mean grain diameter is given for the simplified formulation.
Office hours and caesarean section: systematic review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Hoxha Ilir , Lama Arber , Bunjaku Genta , Grezda Krenare , Agahi Riaz , Beqiri Petrit , Goodman David C.
Published: June 2022

Background

Unnecessary caesarean births may be affected by physician factors, such as preferences, incentives and convenience. Delivery during office hours can be a valuable proxy for measuring such effects.

Objective

To determine the effect of office hours on the decision for caesarean delivery by assessing the odds of caesarean during office hours compared to out-of-office hours.

Search strategy

We searched CINAHL, ClinicalTrials.gov, The Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science from the beginning of records through August 2021.

Data collection and analysis

Search results were screened by three researchers. First, we selected studies that reported odds ratios of caesareans, or data allowing their calculation, for office and out-of-office hours. We extracted data on the study population, study design, data sources, setting, type of caesarean section, statistical analysis, and outcome measures. For groups reporting the same outcome, we performed a standard inverse-variance random-effects meta-analysis, which enabled us to calculate the overall odds ratios for each group. For groups reporting varying outcomes, we performed descriptive analysis.

Main results

Meta-analysis of weekday vs weekend for any caesarean section showed higher odds of caesarean during weekdays in adjusted analysis 1.40 (95%CI 1.13, 1.72 from 1,952,691 births). A similar effect was observed in the weekday vs Sunday comparison (1.39, 95%CI 1.10, 1.75, 150,932 births). A lower effect was observed for emergency CS, with a slight increase in adjusted analysis (1.06, 95%CI 0.90, 1.26, 2,622,772 births) and a slightly higher increase in unadjusted analysis (1.15, 95%CI 1.03, 1.29, 12,591,485 births). Similar trends were observed in subgroup analyses and descriptive synthesis of studies examining other office hours outcomes.

Conclusions

Delivery during office hours is associated with higher odds for overall caesarean sections and little to no effect for emergency caesarean. Non-clinical factors associated with office hours may influence the decision to deliver by caesarean section. Further detailed investigation of the “office hours effect” in delivery care is necessary and could lead to improvements in care systems.

Funding

The authors received no direct funding for this study.
A Holist Balance Scale
Authors: TUCKER CHRIS
Published: June 2022

Scale-based models of weighing reasons face challenges concerning the context sensitivity of weight, the aggregation of weight, and the methodology for determining what the weights of reasons are. I resolve these challenges.
Free Will Skeptics Can Have Their Basic Desert and Eat It Too
Authors: VICENS LEIGH
Published: June 2022

In this essay, I argue that if we assume with free will skeptics that people lack moral responsibility, or at least a central form of it, we may still maintain that people are ‘basically’ deserving of certain treatment in response to their behavior. I characterize basic-desert justifications for treatment negatively, as justifications that do not depend on consequentialist, contractualist, or relational considerations. Appealing to attributionist accounts of responsibility as well as the symbolic value of protest, I identify protest as a response that may be basically deserved even in the absence of free will, on the grounds that it is a fitting response to the intrinsic features of agents and their actions. The position defended is not a standard form of semi-compatibilism as it allows that some responses to behavior—such as punishment—that would be basically deserved were people free are not basically deserved in the absence of free will.
Early Ethiopian Cinema, 1964–1994
Authors: Kassahun Eyerusaleam , Thomas Steven W.
Published: June 2022

The first generation of Ethiopian filmmakers produced significant fictional and documentary films inside Ethiopia from the 1960s to 1990s, but access to these films has been limited. Drawing on interviews with filmmakers, Kassahun and Thomas analyze this early production in its cultural context and compare it with Haile Gerima’s internationally celebrated Harvest: 3000 Years (1975), produced in the United States, to complicate the meta-narrative of Ethiopia’s film history. In the context of debates by intellectuals about art and politics, early Ethiopian filmmakers participated in an internationally conscious Ethiopian modernism across the political revolutions of 1974 and 1991.
Bayesian comparison of stochastic models of dispersion
Authors: Brolly Martin T. , Maddison James R. , Teckentrup Aretha L. , Vanneste Jacques
Published: June 2022

Stochastic models of varying complexity have been proposed to describe the dispersion of particles in turbulent flows, from simple Brownian motion to complex temporally and spatially correlated models. A method is needed to compare competing models, accounting for the difficulty in estimating the additional parameters that more complex models typically introduce. We employ a data-driven method, Bayesian model comparison, which assigns probabilities to competing models based on their ability to explain observed data. We focus on the comparison between the Brownian and Langevin dynamics for particles in two-dimensional isotropic turbulence, with data that consist of sequences of particle positions obtained from simulated Lagrangian trajectories. We show that, while on sufficiently large time scales the models are indistinguishable, there is a range of time scales on which the Langevin model outperforms the Brownian model. While our set-up is highly idealised, the methodology developed is applicable to more complex flows and models of particle dynamics.
Linearised Reynolds-averaged predictions of secondary currents in turbulent channels with topographic heterogeneity
Authors: Zampino G. , Lasagna D. , Ganapathisubramani B.
Published: June 2022

A rapid predictive tool based on the linearised Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations is proposed in this work to investigate secondary currents generated by streamwise-independent surface topography modulations in turbulent channel flow. The tool is derived by coupling the Reynolds-averaged momentum equation to the Spalart–Allmaras transport equation for the turbulent eddy viscosity, using a nonlinear constitutive relation for the Reynolds stresses to capture correctly secondary motions. Linearised equations, describing the steady flow response to arbitrary surface modulations, are derived by assuming that surface modulations are shallow. Since the equations are linear, the superposition principle holds and the flow response induced by an arbitrary modulation can be obtained by combining appropriately the elementary responses obtained over sinusoidal modulations at multiple spanwise length scales. The tool permits a rapid exploration of large parameter spaces characterising structured surface topographies previously examined in the literature. Here, channels with sinusoidal walls and with longitudinal rectangular ridges are considered. For sinusoidal walls, a large response is observed at two spanwise wavelengths scaling in inner and outer units respectively, mirroring the amplification mechanisms in turbulent shear flows observed from transient growth analysis. For longitudinal rectangular ridges, the model suggests that the analysis of the response and the interpretation of the topology of secondary structures is facilitated when the ridge width and the gap between ridges are used instead of other combinations proposed in the literature.
Pressure modes of the oscillating sessile drop
Authors: Ding D. , Bostwick J.B.
Published: June 2022

Drop-on-demand printing applications involve a drop connected to a fluid reservoir between which volume can be exchanged, a situation that can be idealized as a sessile drop with prescribed volume flux across the drop/reservoir boundary. Here we compute the frequency spectrum for these pressure disturbances, as it depends upon the static contact-angle

$\alpha$

(CA) and an empirical constant

$\chi$

relating the reservoir pressure to volume exchanged, for either (i) pinned or (ii) free contact-lines. Mode shapes are characterized by the mode number pair

$[k,\ell ]$

with property

$k+\ell =\mathbb {Z}^{+}_{odd}$

that can be associated with the symmetry properties of the Rayleigh drop modes for the free sphere. We report instabilities to the axisymmetric

$[1,0]$

and non-axisymmetric rocking

$[2,1]$

modes that are related to centre-of-mass motions, and show how the spectral degeneracy of the Rayleigh drop modes breaks with the model parameters.
THISBE'S NOVEL: WRITING ROMANCE IN HELIODORUS’AETHIOPICA
Authors: Olsen Sarah
Published: June 2022

Lauren Groff'sFates and Furiesthoroughly unravels its own ‘marriage plot’. Narrating the romance of the golden Lancelot (‘Lotto’) and the mysterious Mathilde from each protagonist's perspective in turn, Groff's novel exposes countless cracks in the decades-long relationship between a pair of twenty-first-century college sweethearts. The second half of the novel is particularly haunted by a sadomasochistic and dubiously consensual relationship between Mathilde and a wealthy older man upon whom she has become financially dependent, a subplot that includes vivid and erotic descriptions of sexual humiliation and subjugation. Groff is certainly not the only modern author to explicitly and self-consciously interrogate the terms of the romantic novel as such: Jeffrey Eugenides’The Marriage Plotannounces its generic play in its title.
Anti-Standing Army Ideology, Identity, and Ideas of Union within the British Isles, 1689–1714
Authors: McGrath Charles Ivar
Published: June 2022

Traditionally, anti-standing army ideology in the 1690s and 1700s has been viewed primarily through an English prism. As a result of the unique contribution of Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun, the place of Scotland has also been examined in this regard, particularly in relation to the ‘paper war’ of 1697–9. However, Ireland also loomed larger than has previously been acknowledged within the associated debates. This was evident both in the arguments advanced and in the writers who advanced them. Several individuals with close connections to Ireland – both Anglo-Irish and English Protestants – figured prominently among the anti-standing army writers, including Robert Molesworth, John Trenchard, Sir Francis Brewster, and Henry Maxwell. That they did so requires explanation, given that the army in Ireland offered the minority Protestant ruling elite the greatest security against a Catholic Jacobite rebellion. The involvement of these men in anti-standing army debates also highlights their engagement in an Irish Protestant context with the idea of a Gothic constitution and the extent to which their writings contributed to the post-Glorious Revolution whig canon. Yet the debates also highlight the limitations of such ideology when faced with the question of Irish identity and confessional allegiance, the constitutional relationship with England, and the presence of a standing army in Ireland. One proposed solution to such limitations was political Union.
DETERMINING THE APPROPRIATE FORUM BY THE APPLICABLE LAW
Authors: Garnett Richard
Published: June 2022

The concepts of jurisdiction and applicable law have been traditionally regarded as separate inquiries in private international law: a court only considers the applicable law once it has decided to adjudicate a matter. While such an approach still generally applies in civil law jurisdictions, in common law countries the concepts are increasingly intertwined. This article examines the relationship between jurisdiction and applicable law in two key areas: applications to stay proceedings on the ground offorum non conveniensand to enforce foreign exclusive jurisdiction agreements. While courts generally apply the principle that jurisdiction and applicable law should coincide where possible, there are circumstances where a court may retain jurisdiction despite a foreign governing law or may ‘trust’ a foreign tribunal to apply the law of the forum. This article seeks to establish a framework by which courts may assess the role of the applicable law in forum determinations.
The Ways that Parted in the Library: The Gospels according to Matthew and according to the Hebrews in Late Ancient Heresiology
Authors: COOGAN JEREMIAH
Published: June 2022

This article traces how early Christian thinkers (including Irenaeus, Eusebius, Epiphanius and Jerome) conceptualised ‘Jewishness’ in bibliographic terms. The material that early Christian sources associate with the Gospel according to the Hebrews exhibits a substantial textual relationship with the Gospel according to Matthew. The distinction emerges within a fourth- and fifth-century heresiological project of bibliographic categorisation that seeks to differentiate Jewish and Christian books and readers. Bibliography is a way of distinguishing reading communities and thereby advances the late ancient rhetorical project often known as the parting of the ways between Judaism and Christianity.
Dysphagia incidence in intensive care unit patients with coronavirus disease 2019: retrospective analysis following systematic dysphagia screening
Authors: Zuercher P , Lang B , Moser M , Messmer A S , Waskowski J , Schefold J C
Published: June 2022

Objective

Post-extubation dysphagia in critically ill patients is known to affect about 18 per cent of mixed medical-surgical intensive care unit patients. This study investigated the incidence of post-extubation dysphagia in adult intensive care unit patients with coronavirus disease 2019.

Method

This study was a retrospective analysis of consecutive intensive care unit patients prospectively screened for dysphagia. Systematic screening of all extubated intensive care unit patients at our tertiary centre was performed using the Bernese intensive care unit dysphagia algorithm. The primary outcome measure was the incidence of post-extubation dysphagia.

Results

A total of 231 critically ill adult coronavirus disease 2019 positive patients were included, and 81 patients remained in the final analysis after exclusion criteria were applied (e.g. patients transferred). Dysphagia screening positivity was 25 of 81 (30.9 per cent), with 28.2 per cent (22 of 78) having confirmed dysphagia by specialist examination within 24 hours (n = 3 lost to follow up).

Conclusion

In this observational study, it was observed that the incidence of dysphagia in adult critically ill coronavirus disease 2019 patients was about 31 per cent (i.e. increased when compared with a historical pre-pandemic non-coronavirus disease 2019 intensive care unit cohort).
Neural correlates of referential/persecutory delusions in schizophrenia: examination using fMRI and a virtual reality underground travel paradigm
Authors: Fuentes-Claramonte Paola , Salgado-Pineda Pilar , Argila-Plaza Isabel , García-León María Ángeles , Ramiro Núria , Soler-Vidal Joan , Albacete Auria , Delgado Nicolas , Tavares Paulo , Torres María Llanos , Guerrero-Pedraza Amalia , Portillo Francisco , Boix Ester , Munuera Josep , Arévalo Antonio , Sarró Salvador , Salvador Raymond , McKenna Peter J. , Pomarol-Clotet Edith
Published: June 2022

Background

The brain functional correlates of delusions have been relatively little studied. However, a virtual reality paradigm simulating travel on the London Underground has been found to evoke referential ideation in both healthy subjects and patients with schizophrenia, making brain activations in response to such experiences potentially identifiable.

Method

Ninety patients with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder and 28 healthy controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while they viewed virtual reality versions of full and empty Barcelona Metro carriages.

Results

Compared to the empty condition, viewing the full carriage was associated with activations in the visual cortex, the cuneus and precuneus/posterior cingulate cortex, the inferior parietal cortex, the angular gyrus and parts of the middle and superior temporal cortex including the temporoparietal junction bilaterally. There were no significant differences in activation between groups. Nor were there activations associated with referentiality or presence of delusions generally in the patient group. However, patients with persecutory delusions showed a cluster of reduced activation compared to those without delusions in a region in the right temporal/occipital cortex.

Conclusions

Performance of the metro task is associated with a widespread pattern of activations, which does not distinguish schizophrenic patients and controls, or show an association with referentiality or delusions in general. However, the finding of a cluster of reduced activation close to the right temporoparietal junction in patients with persecutory delusions specifically is of potential interest, as this region is believed to play a role in social cognition.
Materials use in language classrooms: A research agenda
Authors: Guerrettaz Anne Marie , Mathieu Corinne S. , Lee Siwon , Berwick Adon
Published: June 2022

How language learners and teachers actually usepedagogical materialsin classrooms is a ‘groundbreaking’ subject of applied linguistics inquiry (Tarone, 2014, p. 653), referred to in this research agenda article asmaterials use. We begin with a theoretically-oriented overview of language education scholarship on pedagogical materials (henceforthmaterials). Then, we focus on seven qualitative research tasks across three thematic areas, namelymaterials useand: (A) language pedagogy, (B) classroom interaction, and (C) language diversity, culture, and power. The first section on pedagogy outlines research tasks on: (1) the roles of materials in classrooms, (2) the influences of materials on practicing educators’ expertise, and (3) how language teacher education programmes address materials use. The second section on classroom interaction proposes inquiry into: (4) polysemiotic patterns of materials-in-interaction, and (5) the expected and unexpected outcomes of materials regarding students’ target language use. The third section focuses on: (6) teachers’ and learners’ responses to diverse linguistic varieties and cultures represented in materials, and (7) instructional materials used in language policy and planning endeavours. Throughout this article we reference interdisciplinary connections to curriculum studies, cultural studies, sociology, and materials scholarship in general education. The seven research tasks are critical next steps for understandingmaterials use– a vast new field that promises to advance language education practice and theory.
“Bread and butter” or “butter and bread”? Nonnatives’ processing of novel lexical patterns in context
Authors: Sonbul Suhad , El-Dakhs Dina Abdel Salam , Conklin Kathy , Carrol Gareth
Published: June 2022

Little is known about how nonnative speakers process novel language patterns in the input they encounter. The present study examines whether nonnatives develop a sensitivity to novel binomials and their ordering preference from context. Thirty-nine nonnative speakers of English (L1 Arabic) read three short stories seeded with existing binomials (black and white) and novel ones (bags and coats) while their eye movements were monitored. The existing binomials appeared once in their forward (conventional) form and once in their reversed form. The novel binomials appeared in their experimentally defined forward form in different frequency conditions (two vs. four encounters) and once in the reversed form. Results showed no advantage for existing binomials over their reversed forms. For the novel binomials, the nonnative speakers read subsequent encounters significantly faster than initial ones for both frequency conditions. More importantly, the final reversed form also led to faster reading, suggesting that L2 speakers process the reversed form of a novel binomial as another encounter, ignoring the established order.
‘¡No quiero!’ Staging Alfonso Reyes's Ifigenia cruel in Francoist Spain (1958)
Authors: MONRÓS-GASPAR LAURA
Published: June 2022

Alfonso Reyes's Ifigenia cruel has long been recognized as a personal hymn of liberation, which adapts Euripides’ Iphigenia in Tauris to the convulsed Mexican shore of the early twentieth century. The dramatic poem Ifigenia cruel by Alfonso Reyes was first performed in Mexico in 1934. The next documented performance, by the company Teatro de Ensayo Escena and directed by Aitor Goiricelaya, took place at the Instituto de Cultura Hispánica in April 1958 − during Franco's regime. The purpose of this article is to put the 1958 production on the map of performances of Reyes's dramatic poem, and thus to fulfil a research niche regarding the scholarly work on this poem, which has traditionally focused on its historical context and literary legacy. Drawing on the Spanish political history of the period, the article reveals a performance history of Ifigenia cruel, which is essential for its reception.
Long-term cryopreservation and frozen embryo transfer do not impact clinical and neonatal outcomes: a retrospective cohort study of slow-frozen early-cleavage human embryos
Authors: Shi Biwei , Cui Long , Ye Xiaoqun , Ye Yinghui
Published: June 2022

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the cryopreservation duration (up to 160 months) on the clinical and neonatal outcomes of slow-frozen early-cleavage human embryos. Clinical data collected between February 2013 and August 2017 were included in this retrospective study. Cases were classified into five groups by the duration of cryopreservation: Group 1, 6–12 months; Group 2, 13–36 months; Group 3, 37–60 months; Group 4, 61–84 months; and Group 5, >84 months. The embryo survival rate, implantation rate, clinical pregnancy rate, live-birth rate, newborn sex ratio, singleton gestational age, singleton birth weight and malformation rate were compared between the groups. The cryopreservation duration did not significantly affect the rates of clinical pregnancy (P = 0.119) and live birth (P = 0.354), the newborn sex ratio (P = 0.614) or the singleton gestational age (P = 0.212) and birthweight (P = 0.212). Although decreases in the embryo survival and implantation rates were observed in groups 4 and 5 compared with those in groups 1–3, these differences were not statistically significant (P = 0.329, P = 0.279, respectively). Long-term cryopreservation does not appear to adversely affect the clinical and neonatal outcomes of slow-frozen early-cleavage human embryos.
Fontan failure: phenotypes, evaluation, management, and future directions
Authors: Chowdhury Ujjwal Kumar , George Niwin , Sankhyan Lakshmi Kumari , Pradeep Doniparthi , Chittimuri Chaitanya , Chauhan Abhinavsingh , Pandey Niraj Nirmal , Goja Shikha
Published: June 2022

Objectives:

Management of “failing” and “failed” Fontan circulation, particularly the indications, timing, and type of re-intervention, currently remains nebulous. Factors contributing to pathogenesis and mortality following Fontan procedure differ between children and adults.

Methods:

Since organ systems in individual patients are affected differently, we searched the extant literature for a “failing” and “failed” Fontan reviewing the clinical phenotypes, diagnostic modalities, pharmacological, non-pharmacological, and surgical techniques employed, and their outcomes.

Results:

A total of 410 investigations were synthesised. Although proper candidate selection, thoughtful technical modifications, timely deployment of mechanical support devices, tissue-engineered conduits, and Fontan takedown have decreased the peri-operative mortality from 9 to 15% and 1 to 3% per cent in recent series, pernicious changes in organ function are causing long-term patient attrition. In the setting of a failed Fontan circulation, literature documents three surgical options: Fontan revision, Fontan conversion, or cardiac transplantation. The reported morbidity of 25% and mortality of 8–10% among Fontan conversion continue to improve in select institutions. While operative mortality following cardiac transplantation for Fontan failure is 30% higher than for other CHDs, there is no difference in long-term survival with actuarial 10-year survival of around 54%. Mechanical circulatory assistance, stem cells, and tissue-engineered Fontan conduit for destination therapy or as a bridge to transplantation are in infancy for failing Fontan circulation.

Conclusions:

An individualised management strategy according to clinical phenotypes may delay the organ damage in patients with a failing Fontan circulation. At present, cardiac transplantation remains the last stage of palliation with gradually improving outcomes.
The Repercussions of George Rochberg's Rubble Rhetoric
Authors: WLODARSKI AMY LYNN
Published: June 2022

During the Second World War, the American composer George Rochberg served as an infantryman with the US Army in Europe. There, he witnessed first hand the aftermath caused by massive firebombing of the French countryside by both Allied and Axis bombers, an image that would remain with him for the remainder of his life. In his post-war writings, the rubbled city of Saint-Lô soon became a metaphor for the precarious state of Western culture, which he believed had suffered a grave injury. This article considers how Rochberg reconstructed his wartime sketches – short miniatures composed during the European campaign – into material for his Sixth Symphony (1986). I argue that Rochberg clearly conceived of musical reconstruction as a means by which to symbolically confront the modernist forces he believed accountable for the decline of Western culture that he increasingly perceived towards the end of his life. The article ends with a cautionary epilogue to this time-worn narrative of rubble, reconstruction, and redemption that challenges Rochberg's false sense of moral superiority and the motivations of ‘rubble narratives’ more generally.
Rubbled Cities – Sounds and Silence: A Travelogue
Authors: HACOHEN RUTH
Published: June 2022

A travelogue of an Israeli musicologist, descendant of German Jewish émigrés, her real and imaginary sonic journey roams between ruins and rubble in Germany and Israel/Palestine. She takes ruins as iconic, allegoric, and reverberating; partially resisting the ravages of time, enshrining sounds and memory. She deems rubble as formless, plain, and voiceless, devoid of identity, transient, and forgetful. The destruction of Jerusalem in 70 ce by the Romans is her starting point, and the currently occupied East Jerusalem by Israeli armed forces is where she ends. The imaginary soundscapes she unfolds resonates forlorn heavenly voices, Nazi youth's ditties, Israeli pop songs, operatic voices, and redemptive and subversive German and Israeli oratorios.
Carbonate Parameter Estimation and Its Application in Revealing Temporal and Spatial Variation in the South and Mid‐Atlantic Bight, USA
Authors: Li Xinyu , Xu Yuan‐Yuan , Kirchman David L. , Cai Wei‐Jun
Published: June 2022

To overcome the limitations due to sporadic carbonate parameter data, this study developed and evaluated empirical multiple linear regression (MLR) models for dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), pH in total scale (pHT), and aragonite carbonate saturation state (ΩAr) using hydrographic data (temperature, salinity, and oxygen) measured during 2007–2018 in the South Atlantic Bight (SAB) and Mid‐Atlantic Bight (MAB) along the U.S. East Coast. We first reviewed the assumptions and routines of MLR models and then generated MLR models for each cruise for all three carbonate parameters in each region and assessed model performance. Models derived from measured spectrophotometric pH have smaller uncertainties than pHT models based on pH calculated from total alkalinity (TA) and DIC. The regional differences of carbonate parameters between MAB and SAB are reflected in the coefficients of the empirical models. The MLR model temporal consistency indicates that the effect of the atmospheric CO2 increase on seawater carbonate parameters cannot be unequivocally resolved for the period of this study in the regions. Therefore, we combined different cruises to build composite models for each region. The composite models can capture the key features in the SAB and MAB. To further assess the model applicability, we applied our models to Biogeochemical‐Argo data to reconstruct carbonate parameters. The algorithm in this study helps to reconstruct seawater carbonate chemistry using proxy data of high spatial and temporal resolution, which will enhance our understanding of physical and biological processes on carbon cycle and the long‐term anthropogenic carbon inputs in coastal oceans.