bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DESENVOLVER A AMAZÔNIA? HISTÓRIA DA OCUPAÇÃO HUMANA DA AMAZÔNIA BRASILEIRA
Authors: M. Madaleno Isabel
Published: September 2024

O artigo descreve a história da ocupação humana da maior floresta do Planeta Terra, desde os primórdios da colonização portuguesa até à atualidade, questionando as opções desenvolvimentistas de sucessivos governos brasileiros, tomadas após a Segunda Grande Guerra, sob pretexto de que na ausência do estado brasileiro outras potências mundiais se apoderariam do espaço geoeconômico em apreço, tão rico em recursos naturais como longamente cobiçado. Desde a década de 1990 que o Brasil aderiu ao paradigma do desenvolvimento sustentado, buscando integrar fórmulas consensuais de proteção ambiental na legislação nacional. Mas os efeitos perversos da terceira globalização que promove a relocalização de bens, serviços e capital, inclusive humano, ao sabor das leis do mercado, levou ao plantio da soja na Amazônia, à expansão da fronteira agrícola pelas rodovias e gerou desflorestação sem precedentes. O artigo enfoca as consequências demográficas e ambientais dos ciclos de exploração e desenvolvimento da Amazônia, nos três períodos de globalização.
TRABALHO PRODUTIVO NO TURISMO E AS AVENTURAS LABORATIVAS DO “CORTÊS TRABALHADOR”
Authors: Meira Martoni Rodrigo
Published: September 2024

O estudo abarca o trabalho produtivo no turismo, as suas configurações e a inexistência de uma categoria profissional que tenha condições de questionar as formas de emprego no setor. Contemplando a dinâmica que gera e move o capital, a qual tem como elemento fundante a produção levada a cabo por grupos sociais em atividade de trabalho para a apropriação privada dos resultados, é realizada uma reflexão teórica acerca dos elementos constituintes desse processo e suas repercussões socioespaciais. Exemplificando o campo do turismo, e mais especificamente o segmento da hotelaria voltada ao lazer, com os chamados Resorts, demonstra-se que estes se constituem como modelos ideais de organização corporativa para se incrementar as taxas de mais-valia em sua forma absoluta. Sob a retórica da geração de empregos, tais empreendimentos são embasados e justificados pelo Estado por meio de políticas públicas de incentivos, como é emblemática a isenção de tributos. No entanto, a viabilidade econômica está fortemente ligada às vantagens que o empreendedor pode auferir por encontrar mão de obra barata e politicamente desorganizada, fatos que possibilitam a super-exploração do funcionário. Um caso concreto de trabalho produtivo no turismo é apresentado a partir de uma entrevista com um funcionário de um Resort pertencente a uma rede internacional em operação no litoral da Bahia. Com o exemplo pretende-se explicitar as estratégias organizativas para a geração de mais-valia, as quais se embasam no sequestro da subjetividade e na fusão do tempo de trabalho com o tempo liberado, bem como confirmar e reafirmar a pertinência, relevância e atualidade da reflexão teórica marxiana para se compreender as relações sociais de produção contemporâneas.
To the Solution of Loaded Differential Equations with Nonlocal Conditions
Authors:   Azerbaijan State Oil and Industry University, Abdullayev V.M. ,   Institute of Control Systems of Ministry of Science and Education of Republic of Azerbaijan,   Western Caspian University
Published: September 2024

We investigate a system of linear ordinary differential equations containing point and integral loadings with nonlocal boundary conditions. Boundary conditions include integral and point values of the unknown function. An essential feature of the problem is that the kernels of the integral terms in the differential equations depend only on the integration variable. It is shown that similar problems arise during feedback control of objects with both lumped and distributed parameters during point and integral measurements of the current state of the controllable object. The problem statement considered in the paper generalizes a lot of previously studied problems regarding loaded differential equations with nonlocal boundary conditions. By introducing auxiliary parameters, we obtain necessary conditions for the existence and uniqueness of a solution to the problem under consideration. To solve the problem numerically, we propose to use a representation of the solution to the original problem, which includes four matrix functions that are solutions to four auxiliary Cauchy problems. Using solutions to the auxiliary problems in boundary conditions, we obtain the values of the unknown function at the loading points. This is enough to get the desired solution. The paper describes the application of the method using the example of solving a test model problem.
Uniform Ultimate Boundedness of Lur’e Systems with Switchings and Delays
Authors:   Saint Petersburg University, Andriyanova N. R.
Published: September 2024

The paper investigates a hybrid system consisting of Lur’e subsystems with constant delays and time-dependent switching. It is assumed that nonlinearities from the right side of the systems have degrees less than unity. An analysis of such a property of the system as the uniform ultimate boundedness of all its solutions is conducted. The linear part of the system is supposed to be asymptotically stable. As is known, this means that there is a correspondent homogeneous Lyapunov function. Using this function, a common Lyapunov–Krasovskii functional is constructed which makes it possible to find sufficient conditions for the uniform ultimate boundedness with arbitrary choices of positive delays and switching laws. Moreover, delays can occur during switching, for example, when generating feedback. The derived conditions are found to be less conservative in the case of asynchronous switching compared to synchronous ones. The validity of the theoretical results is confirmed through numerical modeling.
An intermedial perspective for ekphrasis: How photographs contribute to writing about artists
Authors: Lunyova Tetyana
Published: September 2024

This paper examines the relationships that emerge in the process of meaning-making in the anthology Writers on artists (Minton, 2001) between photographic portraits of the artists and other images and verbal textual components. The findings demonstrate that as indexes, the photographs of the artists testify to the artists’ real existence; as icons, these photographs contribute to the representation of the artists’ uniqueness. Through these two roles, the artists’ photographic portraits ensure the status of the ekphrasis in the essays as “actual ekphrasis” (in Hollander’s terms). In interaction with the biographical notes, the photographs of the artists highlight their uniqueness. As elements in the multimodal complexes “artist’s photo & artist’s bio”, the artists’ photographs enter into the relationships of similarity and contrast with the writers’ photographs in the multimodal complexes “writer’s photo & writer’s bio”, which are instrumental in creating symbolic dialogic space for the discussion of the works of the visual arts in the essays. Those photographs that are photographs of the artists’ painted or drawn portraits rather than people themselves establish strong semantic links with descriptive ekphrasis. Some of the objects captured in the artists’ photographs can contribute to descriptive ekphrasis. Those photographic portraits that offer psychological characterization of the artists work in synchrony with interpretative ekphrasis. The photographs that can symbolically evoke schemata of knowledge which have high relevance for ekphrastic interpretations and metaekphrastic discussions strongly support meanings generated in the essays. The photographs that are likely to be interpreted symbolically contribute most significantly to the meaning-making in the essays.
Trends in the 30-day minimum winter runoff of rivers flowing out of lake Sevan
Authors: Margaryan Varduhi , Reshetchenko Svitlana , Vardanyan Vahram , Frunzikyan Hovakim
Published: September 2024

Formulation of the problem. Studies of trends in the minimum 30-day winter runoff of rivers flowing out of the lake. Sevan has acquired great practical importance and significant interest from the point of view of calculating the ecological flow, due to the increased use of water resources for various types of economic activities, in particular, in connection with the development of the economy, hydropower, irrigation, population growth and improving living standards. Calculations of the minimum runoff are especially relevant in relation to solving the problems of water supply to settlements, industrial and agricultural enterprises, as well as assessment of irrigation norms of agricultural plots.

The aim of the work. Analysis and assessment of trends in the minimum 30-day winter runoff of rivers flowing out of the lake Sevan.

Methods. The following methods were used in the work: mathematical-statistical, correlation, cartographic, extrapolation, interpolation, spatial analysis, analogy.

Results. During the research, the characteristics of the winter minimum 30-day water consumption for the entire observation period were calculated for hydrological posts on the rivers of the lake Sevan basin, which have a number of observations for 40 years or more. Supply curves are constructed, the values of the winter minimum 30-day runoff are estimated, with security of 90, 95 and 99.5% for 12 sites. The values of the flow rates, its coefficients of variation (Cv) and asymmetry (Cs) are determined. The analysis of the temporal distribution of the studied hydrological characteristics was carried out, the coefficients of the linear trend of the minimum 30-day winter runoff were determined. Close correlations have been obtained between the values of the average monthly minimum water consumption and the minimum 30-day winter water consumption. These dependencies can be used to predict the minimum 30-day winter water consumption of the rivers of the territory under consideration. It is established that for the rivers of the lake Sevan basin is characterized by synchronicity of fluctuations in annual and winter runoff. It was revealed that most of the rivers flowing into the lake Sevan (by more than 58% of posts), there is an increase in the amount of winter runoff, i.e. a positive trend in its change. Based on the results obtained, a distribution map of the linear trend coefficients of the minimum 30-day winter runoff in m3/sec / 10 years with an observation period from december to march was constructed.
Leveraging social media and advanced technologies for enhanced recruitment strategies in the corporate sector
Authors: Magambo Akinyi Consolata , Rose Muringi Wachira
Published: September 2024

Technological advancements have undoubtedly increased the expectations of job seekers today; their effects have eased and complicated the talent acquisition process for recruiters. Social media platforms were first meant to communicate with people, but they eventually took on a more professional appearance. Currently, the digital economy makes a significant contribution to increased competitiveness, particularly since a digital transformation entails transitioning to new technology models in which digital marketing plays an important role in growth and user loyalty strategies. The use of social media by recruiters opens up a plethora of opportunities for job searchers and serves as an extra source of information for both recruiters and candidates. The main objective of this research paper is to address the significance and capabilities of social media in recruitment, elucidating the several social media tools most commonly used in recruitment and several digital channels recruiters use in screening applicants.
Spinal Rosai-Dorfman Disease with Isolated Severe Neuropathic Pain: A Case Report
Authors: El Tarras Omar , Abdessamad Hilal , Mina Jonathan , Farhat Hussein , Serhal Wassim , Husni Rola , Moghnieh Rima , Mokhbat Jacques E.
Published: September 2024

Introduction: Rosia-Dorfman disease is a rare histiocytic disorder that presents as generalized lymphadenopathy. Rarely, patients experience atypical extra-nodal manifestations which can mimic other diseases.  Case Presentation: We report a challenging diagnosis of Rosai-Dorfman disease in a 52-year-old female presenting with isolated symptomatic neuropathic pain. After excluding common diseases, a challenging diagnosis was made based on imaging, CSF studies and clinical progression that showed thoracic spine involvement and emperipolesis confirming RDD diagnosis and with a great clinical response to corticosteroids.
Discussion: Clinical, laboratory and radiologic manifestations of the disease can vary a lot depending on the areas involved and patient progression. This can lead to challenges in establishing the diagnosis and deciding on treatment. Then unusual, first reported manifestations in our patient made the diagnosis exceptionally challenging, highlighting the importance of this report.
Conclusion: This disease can have an atypical presentation that should be detected early to avoid any delay in diagnosis or treatment. Unusual cases must be reported to aid in such a difficult diagnosis in future similar cases.
Effect of meteoro logica l conditions on the oi l content of sunf lower in the conditions of the Lower Volga region
Authors:   Timirâzevskaâ selʹskohozâjstvennaâ akademiâ, Barnashova E.K.
Published: September 2024

The aim of the work was to study the effect of precipitation and temperature during the vegetative season on the oil content of the studied sunflower cultivars. The article examines the dynamics of changes in the oil content of the sunflower cultivars selected by the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution “Federal Center of Agriculture Research of the South-East Region” for 2010–2019. It was revealed that the most favorable conditions for oil accumulation were observed in 2013, 2017 and 2019. The cultivar Stepnoy 82 showed the most constant high oil content (49.45%) compared to other cultivars during the 9-year research period. The method of twoactor analysis of variance determined the share of the effect on the oil content of cultivar factors (A) – 14.7%, year conditions (B) – 66.59% and their interaction (AB) – 12.9%. An average correlation between the amount of precipitation and the oil content in the germination-budding period (June – first half of July) was observed in the cultivars Stepnoy 81, Stepnoy 82, Saratovsky 86 and Saratovsky 82. During flowering (second half of July) there was an average correlation (r = 0.31–0.65) between these indicators in most of the cultivars studied; during seed filling (August) there was a weak negative correlation in all cultivars. During the period of physiological seed maturity (September), the cultivars Saratovsky 21, Stepnoy 82, Saratovsky 85 and Saratovsky 86 showed an average correlation between the amount of precipitation and the oil content. There was a negative correlation between the temperature regime and the oil content of the seeds of the cultivars studied throughout the vegetative season. The greatest contribution of precipitation to the oil formation process was observed in July in the cultivars Skorospely 87 (41%) and Saratovsky 20 (42%), and the greatest contribution of temperature was observed in July and August in the cultivar Slastena (71 and 48% respectively). There was a slight variation in the oil content between cultivars over the years, ranging from 4.7% in Skorospely 87 to 6.55% in Slastena.
CAUSATIVE VERB ALTERNATION IN CHRISTIAN URMI NEO-ARAMAIC
Authors:   HSE University, Shvedova Elena E. ,   Institute for Linguistic Studies
Published: September 2024

The article is devoted to causative verb alternation in Christian Urmi Neo-Aramaic. I have analyzed the formal types of 31 causal/noncausal verb pairs developed by M. Haspelmath (1993). Field data were collected during the fieldtrip to the village of Urmiya, Krasnodar Krai, Russia. I show that Haspelmath’s ordering of verb meanings according to the likelihood of spontaneous occurrence is valid for Urmi Neo-Aramaic. Events that are most likely to arise spontaneously, such as ‘boil’ or ‘dry’, are encoded by non-derived verbs in Christian Urmi, and their causative counterparts (‘boil’, ‘dry’) are morphologically marked. Labile verbs are used in Christian Urmi to denote situations that usually require an external agent, such as ‘break’ or ‘split’. The latter have replaced the anticausative encoding, which was preserved in Classical Syriac. Both Urmi Neo-Aramaic and Classical Syriac show predominance of the causative type of marking, so this type is diachronically stable. Urmi labile verbs can be divided into two groups: some were already labile in Syriac while the lability of others is an innovative Neo-Aramaic feature.
Traditional socio-cultural practices and early pregnancies in Togo: Between social norms and violation of adolescent rights
Authors: Gbetoglo Dodji Kodjo , Noussoukpoe Selom Komlan
Published: September 2024

This article shows how certain traditional socio-cultural practices that influence the root causes of teenage pregnancy violate the rights of adolescents. The data came from the action-research entitled "Multisectoral and transformative approaches to rites and initiations for adolescent sexual and reproductive health rights", conducted by the Togolese Association for Family Welfare (ATBEF) in May 2022. The option is made for a qualitative approach. The information collected was recorded on dictaphones and then transcribed from the local languages of collection into French. Content analysis was used to write the research report. The results reveal that these practices, which are still prevalent in the localities of the study, and which exert pressure on adolescent girls, are also products of violations of many girls' rights.
Positive masculinity programmes and attitudes towards nonconforming gender identities among young males in urban Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, and Rwanda
Authors: Okpara Kelechi , Ngomenzey Christian , Odii Aloysius , Atama Chiemezie , Emina Jacques , Busgacalia Ilaria , Rutayisire Fidèle , Ugwu Chidi , Onyishi Ike Ernest , Izugbara Chimaraoke
Published: September 2024

Implementing programmes on sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) in sub-Saharan Africa often involves promoting inclusive sexual identity/orientation. However, whether and how the programmes are changing gender norms in the target populations have not been established. This study was designed to determine whether participation in Positive Masculinity (PM) programmes can change attitudes associated with prevailing gender norms. We explored attitudes towards nonconforming sexual identity/orientation among young males in selected informal settlements in Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Nigeria and Rwanda. The key variables we tested included “country of participation” and other socio-demographics such as “education”, “marital status” and “prior residential location” (rural or urban). We found no significant association between participation in PM programmes with attitudes towards nonconforming sexual identities/orientations across our target populations irrespective of educational qualification, marital status, and previous location of residence. By contrast, religious teachings showed up in the qualitative responses as a significant factor influencing young people’s resistance to PM programmes’ advocating for inclusive sexuality. Additionally, negative masculinity attributes had significant negative association with attitudes towards nonconforming sexual identity, while respondents with violent tendencies showed significant positive attitudes. We conclude that current PM interventions do not significantly contribute to positive attitudes towards inclusive sexuality in DRC, Nigeria, and Rwanda.
Gender differences in adolescents’ perceptions of condom use in Ebonyi State, Southeast Nigeria
Authors: Agu Chibuike , Agu Ifunanya , Mbachu Chinyere , Agu Ozioma , Molen God’stime , Onwujekwe Obinna
Published: September 2024

This paper assessed gender differences and perceptions towards condom use among in-school adolescents in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. This was a cross-sectional study undertaken in six local government areas in Ebonyi State, Nigeria. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and summarised using frequencies and proportions. Chi-square test and binary logistic regression were used in the analysis. The level of statistical significance was a p-value of <0.05. Findings showed that a significantly higher proportion of male respondents (58.8%) had a good perception of condom use when compared to female respondents (45.8%). Gender, level of schooling, and working for pay had significant associations with good perceptions of condom use, while the significant predictors in the logistic regression model were gender, level of schooling, and working for pay. Interventions that promote the sexual and reproductive health and rights of adolescents and those that empower women with relevant skills by addressing unequal gender power relations in relationships should be prioritized.
जनजातियों पर वैश्वीकरण के प्रभाव का समाजशास्त्रीय अध्ययन
Authors: कुमार नवीन , सिंह सन्तोष कुमार
Published: September 2024

यह शोध पत्र भारत की जनजातियों पर वैश्वीकरण के सामाजिक प्रभावों का समाजशास्त्रीय अध्ययन प्रस्तुत करता है। वैश्वीकरण ने जहां आर्थिक विकास और आधुनिक सुविधाओं तक पहुँच को सुलभ बनाया है, वहीं इसके परिणामस्वरूप जनजातीय पहचान और पारंपरिक प्रथाओं के संरक्षण में महत्वपूर्ण चुनौतियाँ उत्पन्न हुई हैं। इस अध्ययन में गुणात्मक और मात्रात्मक विश्लेषण के संयोजन से जनजातीय आजीविका, प्रवासन पैटर्न, शिक्षा, और स्वास्थ्य देखभाल में आए परिवर्तनों का विश्लेषण किया गया है। निष्कर्षों से यह स्पष्ट होता है कि वैश्वीकरण के लाभों और जनजातीय धरोहर के ह्रास के बीच एक जटिल संबंध है, जिससे यह आवश्यक हो जाता है कि विकास की ऐसी नीतियाँ बनाई जाएँ जो इन समुदायों की सांस्कृतिक और सामाजिक पहचान को संरक्षित रखते हुए उन्हें वैश्विक अर्थव्यवस्था में शामिल कर सकें। इस शोध पत्र में ऐसे नीति सुझाव दिए गए हैं जो जनजातियों को वैश्वीकरण के लाभों का हिस्सा बनाते हुए उनके सांस्कृतिक ताने-बाने को संरक्षित रखने में सहायक हो सकते हैं।
Nonlinear Fractio Al Partial Differential Equations: A new Analytical Technique for Solving
Authors: Rane Madhavi Manoj , Agnihotri Rishikant
Published: September 2024

In many branches of science and engineering, nonlinear fractional partial differential equations (FPDEs) have shown to be effective instruments for simulating complicated processes. The intrinsic complexity of these equations and the nonlocal nature of fractional derivatives pose challenges to traditional techniques of solving them. In order to overcome these difficulties, this paper presents a brand-new analytical method that offers a practical and quick way to solve nonlinear FPDEs. The suggested approach combines [briefly outline the fundamental techniques, such as the Adomian decomposition and Laplace transform] to get precise results with little computing overhead. The technique's effectiveness and adaptability are shown by a number of examples, which also highlight its potential for broad use in fields including biological systems, fluid dynamics, and financial modelling.
ENHANCING MEDICAL IMAGE SECURITY THROUGH RGB AND YUV COLOR BASED ADVANCED TRIPLE WATERMARKING TECHNIQUES
Authors: Verma Saurabh , Bhatele Mukta , Waoo Akhilesh A.
Published: September 2024

This paper delves into the exploration and evaluation of diverse triple watermarking embedding techniques specifically tailored for medical imaging. In the healthcare sector, where the confidentiality and integrity of medical images are paramount, implementing robust security measures without compromising image quality is crucial. The study focuses on triple watermarking methods that incorporate three layers of security, aiming to enhance the protection of sensitive medical data while optimizing image compression to facilitate efficient storage and transmission. By conducting comparative analyses and performance evaluations, the paper highlights the effectiveness, resilience against tampering, and compression efficiency of these techniques in medical imaging applications. The outcomes show significant advancements in securing medical images, providing a benchmark for future research and development in medical data protection.
CHALLENGES AND ROLE OF MODERN EDUCATION SYSTEMS AND BENEFITS FOR SOCIETY, NATION BUILDING, AND IMPORTANCE
Authors: Mansoor Ali S. Rasheed , N.R Sangeetha , Sukumar Biju , Saha Sohom , Chatterji Devyani
Published: September 2024

The modern education system plays a pivotal role in shaping the future of societies and nations. As the world rapidly evolves with technological advancements and globalization, education systems must adapt to meet the changing needs of individuals and communities. This paper explores the challenges faced by contemporary education systems, including issues related to accessibility, quality, and inclusivity. It also examines the crucial role that education plays in nation-building, fostering social cohesion, and driving economic development. Furthermore, the paper highlights the benefits of a well-structured education system, not only for individual empowerment but also for the broader societal and national progress. By addressing the challenges and maximizing the potential of education, societies can ensure sustainable development and a prosperous future for all.
OPTIMIZATION OF TISSUE CULTURE FOR MOMORDICA DIOICA TO ENHANCE MEDICINAL APPLICATIONS
Authors: Dwivedi Priya , Waoo Ashwini A
Published: September 2024

Momordica dioica, a traditional medicinal plant of the Cucurbitaceae family, is sought after for its various medicinal properties including antibacterial, anti-tumorogenic, analgesic, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic activities. Plant tissue culture allows micropropagation and regeneration. Standard culture protocol established for Momordica dioica includes Root, leaf, fruit, and apical meristem explants on MS basal medium with BAP-2,4D. This plant has diverse biological activity, good cytotoxicity on cancerous cells, and versatile uses in health, medicine, and food due to its numerous beneficial properties. Further work is in progress to evaluate the chemical constituents present in this plant.
Ch. 2. Insults and Humiliations in Fifth-Century Historiography and Comedy
Authors: Lateiner Donald
Published: September 2024

Herodotos, Thoukydides, and Xenophon, in that descending order, include anecdotal descriptions of systematic humiliation through verbal and nonverbal digs and insults. Examples include Hippokleides’ symposiastic behaviour at Agariste’s wedding competition, Peisistratid insult to the sexual purity of Harmodios’ sister, Athenian mockery of a Spartan POW held in Athens after capture on Sphakteria, and Theramenes’ witty toast of his executioner Kritias (τὸ παιγνιῶδες). Aristophanes and other Attic Old Comedy poets traditionally and pervasively present characters who deride politicians, pretentious poets and other public figures. They animalise, infantilise, and feminise targets with political, social, and especially sexual insults. Aristophanes mocked objectionable (to him) habits, views, and actions of prominent individuals and groups throughout the Peloponnesian War. He demeaned their patriotism and justifications for war with (pseudo-) historical reasoning in Akharnians (425) and elsewhere (Peace, Frogs). This paper explores the genres’ mutual derivation and overlapping depictions of incidents from the pushful and derisory poetics of Attic (and Lakonic) manhood.
Published in Emily Baragwanath and Edith Foster, ed., Clio and Thalia. Attic Comedy and Historiography (HISTOS Supplement 6), p. 31-66.
6. A Slavic Excursus and a Little More: Procopius in Czech and Slovak Historiography and Archaeology
Authors: Hurbanič Martin , Zervan Vratislav
Published: September 2024

Published in Geoffrey Greatrex, ed., Work on Procopius outside the English-speaking World (HISTOS Supplement 9).
17. Procopian Studies in the Chinese-Speaking World
Authors: Chiang Shih-Cong (Kyle) Fan
Published: September 2024

This article deals with the study of Procopius of Caesarea in Chinese-speaking academia. The results of research on this late antique historian and his era, as well as the Chinese translation of his works, are included for discussion regarding their achievements and shortcomings. The article argues that, apart from Procopius’ works, a variety of topics of the Empire under the reign of Justinian have drawn the attention of academics. It concludes that, despite much research having been conducted recently, the study of this sixth-century historian is still in the primitive stage at the other end of Eurasia.
Published in Geoffrey Greatrex, ed., Work on Procopius outside the English-speaking World (HISTOS Supplement 9).
East is East and West is West - Or Are They? National Stereotypes in Herodotus
Authors: Pelling Christopher
Published: September 2024

This paper started life on 23 February, 1995, given as one of an informal Oxford series on 'boundaries'. The purpose of the seminar was to stimulate discussion, and to give researchers an outline of developments in fields with which they might be unfamiliar. Those purposes suit Histos too, and so the paper is given here in its raw, unfootnoted, oral state, with only a few local pleasantries suppressed.
The Little Grey Horse - Henry V's Speech at Agincourt and the Battle Exhortation in Ancient Historiography
Authors: Hansen Mogens Herman
Published: September 2024

This article is a continuation of M. H. Hansen, 'The Battle Exhortation in Ancient Historiography,' Historia 42 (1993) 161-180, hereafter referred to as Hansen, and at the same time a reply to W.K. Pritchett, 'The General's Exhortation in Greek Warfare,' in Essays in Greek History (Amsterdam 1994) 27-109, hereafter referred to as Pritchett. In my reply I argue (a) that Pritchett's (repeated) view of how King Henry V addressed his army at Agincourt is (still) unconvincing, and (b) that Pritchett misrepresents my view of battle exhortations while, in his own treatment of the genre, he endorses what is one of the main points of my article, viz., that apophthegms and short addresses to individual men and small contingents shouted to the soldiers as the general passed along the lines were later written up in rhetorical form as if the general had been standing in front of his army and addressed his men with a genuine speech. The article is concluded with a typology of battle exhortations to be developed in future studies.
Structuring Roman History: the Roman Year and the Roman Consular Tradition
Authors: Rich John
Published: September 2024

This article is concerned with the shaping of the annual narrative in historical writers working in the Roman annalistic tradition and contests the view that Livy and his predecessors conformed to a standard pattern from which Tacitus departed. It is true that Livy in Books 21-45 employs a regular internal–external–internal pattern based on the consuls’ movements between Rome and their provinces, with copious details on routine matters in the opening and closing domestic sections. However, Livy manipulates this framework freely for his own purposes, especially when incorporating Polybian material. Moreover, the pattern is characteristic only of his account of the Middle Republic: the annual narratives of Books do not conform to it, and Livy probably abandoned it when dealing with events from the Social War on. It seems likely that the annual narratives of most of Livy’s predecessors were varied and informal, like those of Livy Books 1-10, and this is corroborated by fragments of Claudius Quadrigarius and Sallust’s Histories. Livy probably derived his mid-republican pattern from Valerius Antias: it will have been an innovatory feature of his work, based on documentary research, especially in the archives of the senate. Assessment of Tacitus’ handling of his annual narratives should take account of the wide range of models available to him within the annalistic tradition.

Note: This paper was first published in Histos 1 (1997), and republished in a revised and abridged form in J. D. Chaplin and C. S. Kraus (eds), Oxford Readings in Classical Studies: Livy (Oxford, 2009), 118-47. The present version reproduces the original paper in full, but incorporates the 2009 revisions and a few further changes.
Vologaeses as Mirror
Authors: Clark Anna J.
Published: September 2024

This paper explores how, like other 'barbarian' leaders in Roman historiography who have received more extensive scholarly interest, the Parthian king Vologaeses is presented in Ann. 15.1–2 and 15.15 as, amongst other things, a kind of mirror for the Julio-Claudian emperors who are the principal foci of the Annals. The images Vologaeses offers are refractions rather than specular reflections. The ways in which he is depicted and the claims put into his mouth encourage the reader to think of earlier leaders, Roman and non-Roman, and, variously, of all the Roman emperors treated by Tacitus in his Annals, and thus to reflect further on crucial general Tacitean themes: the nature of the principate and of Rome itself under different individuals and one family; the differences between past and present; and decision-making and its agency in imperial Rome. The opening chapters of Annals 15 have often been thought of as somehow anomalous in their position: one suggestion is offered as to why, on the contrary, they might be considered to have been carefully placed.
Ronald Syme and Ovid's Road Not Taken
Authors: Pitcher Luke V.
Published: September 2024

This essay seeks to explore Ovid’s usefulness to Syme, and the narrative strategies of History in Ovid. In doing so, it investigates the structure of the monograph, and finds it more coherent than some have supposed. Likewise, I argue that it shows Syme aware of his readership’s familiarity with his own habit of electing spiritual precursors amongst the authors of antiquity—and exploiting that habit to make points about the texture of history in the last decade of Augustus’ reign.
How the West Was Won and Where It Got Us: Compressing History in Silius' Punica
Authors: Hulls Jean-Michel
Published: September 2024

In an intellectual climate where Silius is read with increasing interest, this paper explores the Punica as a historical text. In particular, I examine how Silius includes incidents from outside the time of the Second Punic War within his historio-epic narrative of that period. Careful examination is made of one particular episode, the duel between Italian and Carthaginian brothers at the battle of Ticinus, to see how this reflects upon Rome’s earliest history, especially the duel between the Horatii and Curiatii and Rome’s conquest of Alba. Silius is revealed as an author who can compress history, giving his Punic war narrative a universal relevance, a feature appreciated by his contemporary Martial.
New Evidence for the Dating of Cleitarchus (POxy LXXI.4808)?
Authors: Prandi Luisa
Published: September 2024

The recently published POxy LXXI. 4808, an evaluation of Alexander and Diadoch historians, says that Cleitarchus was the tutor of Ptolemy IV (Philopator), a notice that, if true, would significantly affect the ‘high’ dating of Cleitarchus by which he is assigned to the end of the 4th/beginning of the 3rd century BC. The present article re-assesses the evidence for the high dating of Cleitarchus, concluding that it remains likeliest, and that the new papyrus’ date is incorrect and ought not to affect the communis opinio.
Authoritative Forgeries: Late Republican History Re-told in pseudo-Sallust
Authors: Santangelo Federico
Published: September 2024

This paper deals with three pseudo-Sallustian texts (the two suasoriae to Caesar and the invective against Cicero) and with the pseudo-Ciceronian invective against Sallust. After a brief outline of the reasons that strongly militate against their authenticity, the discussion focuses on the role that authority (or lack thereof) plays in these works. Although their literary and historical context remains largely unclear, the suasoriae and the inuectiuae provide original standpoints on the main political, social, and intellectual issues of the late Republic. They also offer worthy opportunities to reflect on the place of Sallust and Cicero in late Republican culture and on their reception in the imperial period.
Ctesias and his Eunuchs: a Challenge for Modern Historians
Authors: Lenfant Dominique
Published: September 2024

The prominence of eunuchs in Ctesias’ account of Persia has given rise in the last decades to a paradoxical combination of skepticism about their historicity and realistic interpretation questioning whether they were in fact castrated. The present paper brings to light the difficulties of the assessment of them as historical figures. It first takes into account the fact that we know Ctesias’ eunuchs only through fragments, that is, through the filter of later authors who refer to him while possibly having a personal relationship to eunuchs in their own society. It then describes the distinctive features of Ctesias’ eunuchs within Greek literature on Persia and presents the main interpretative trends on them. It examines possible touchstones and shows how difficult it is to cross-check Ctesias’ account of eunuchs with Near Eastern evidence. It assesses the foundations of current prevailing positions and shows that a hypothesis has become a—questionable—dogma on two sorts of historical referents for Ctesias’ εὐνοῦχοι. Lastly, it questions the pertinence of ‘orientalism’ as a label for the representation of eunuchs in Ctesias’ account and even highlights its shortcomings. All in all, this issue is, in fact, a perfect illustration of the methodological problems that modern historians often have to face when they try to study ancient Persia through the accounts of Greek historians.
Citation and the Dynamics of Tradition in Livy's AUC
Authors: Lushkov Ayelet Haimson
Published: September 2024

This paper explores the function of citation practices as literary devices in Livy’s AUC, and defines the specific dynamics of historical citation against the broader categories of intertextuality and allusion. Building on now familiar work on intertextuality in Roman poetry and especially meta-poetic reference, it argues that Livy uses citation not only to acknowledge his sources but also to place his history within a literary and cultural tradition, as well as to construct and negotiate his own authority within that tradition.
A Likely Story: Rhetoric and the Determination of Truth in Polybius' Histories
Authors: Farrington Scott
Published: September 2024

I argue that Polybius demands that a central duty of the historian should be to employ rhetoric to determine which sources are credible, define the course of past events, and convince the reader that the resulting historical narrative is true. Polybius asserts that the historian must 'teach and persuade', so I examine the use of this collocation in other prose authors and rhetorical treatises. I also examine the ways in which Polybius behaves both as a dikast, who must judge the quality of competing narratives, and as an orator who must convince his audience to accept his determinations; and I consider certain rhetorical strategies employed by Polybius to these ends. I conclude that Polybius openly applied rhetoric to historical narrative with the expectation that it would make the narrative both more accurate and more credible.
Ch. 3. Pindar’s Pythian 4: Interpreting History in Song
Authors: Agócs Peter
Published: September 2024

This chapter comprises a narratological analysis of Pindar’s longest victory-ode, Pythian 4, composed to celebrate a chariot victory at Delphi of Arcesilas IV, the Battiad king of Cyrene. Through a close reading of the ode as a colonisation story, and through comparison with the traditions set out by Herodotus in his Libyan logos, it examines Pindar’s handling of oral and poetic tradition, and the connection between poetic form and political/social ideology.
Published in C. Constantakopoulou and M. Fragoulaki, ed., Shaping Memory in Ancient Greece (HISTOS Supplement 11), p. 87-154.
Pausanias and Hadrian, Mantineia and Bithynion
Authors: Roy James
Published: September 2024

Building on the work of Pretzler, this article seeks to refine and strengthen the view that the version of Mantinean history given by Pausanias is derived from the Mantinean elite of his day, and was accepted and reinforced by Hadrian when he founded a cult of Antinoos at Mantinea. But it also introduces the new argument that the tradition making the Mantineans the ancestors of Bithynion, birthplace of Antinoos, was created by Hadrian himself.
Ch. 6. Remembering, Forgetting, and Rewriting the Past: Athenian Inscriptions and Collective Memory
Authors: Low Polly
Published: September 2024

This chapter explores the ways in which the Athenians responded to inscriptions after their creation, and in particular their approaches to the emendation, destruction, and recreation of inscribed public texts. It argues that these approaches reveal an ongoing interaction between individual initiative and collective authority in the treatment of inscribed monuments; and it suggests that this interaction, in turn, offers an important insight into the role played by inscribed texts in the shaping and reshaping of Athenian collective memory.
Published in C. Constantakopoulou and M. Fragoulaki, ed., Shaping Memory in Ancient Greece (HISTOS Supplement 11), p. 235-68.
Ch. 7. An Inconvenient Past in Hellenistic Athens: The Case of Phaidros of Sphettos
Authors: Shear Julia
Published: September 2024

This essay focuses on Athens after the Chremonidean War and asks how at that time the Athenians remembered the revolution from Demetrios Poliorketes in 286 BCE. As the honours for Phaidros of Sphettos show, the past could not simply be ignored. Since Phaidros’ earlier actions were not consistent with the dominant narrative of the revolution, the past had to be reconfigured to make it suitable for the city’s current circumstances, as I argue. Despite the initial success marked by the passing of the honours, this rewriting was inherently unstable. How the monument might be interpreted in the middle of the third century was very different from how it would be understood in 200 BCE.
Published in C. Constantakopoulou and M. Fragoulaki, ed., Shaping Memory in Ancient Greece (HISTOS Supplement 11), p. 269-301.
Chronological Tables for Caesar’s Wars (58–45 BCE)
Authors: Ramsey John T. , Raaflaub Kurt A.
Published: September 2024

This chronological outline of Julius Caesar's campaigns in Gaul and during the civil wars is the first of its kind in coverage and depth. Never before have the years 58-50 BCE been parsed in such detail. For an account of how the dates in that period were determined, the reader is referred to Histos 11 (2017) 1-74. The tables covering the years 49-45 expand and refine previously published outlines of this sort, virtually all of which rely to some extent on Colonel Eugène Stoffel's 'Tableau de Dates', first published in vol. 2 of his Histoire de Jules César: Guerre Civile (Paris, 1887) 421-38. A fresh analysis, taking advantage of subsequent scholarship and using modern digital maps based on a GIS interface, has made it possible to refine data and arrive at a more securely grounded reconstruction of Caesar's movements and the sequence of events in his wars and campaigns. This improved presentation of chronology gives us a better understanding of the course of history in those years by synchronizing events in the field with political developments in Rome and happenings elsewhere in the Roman empire.
5. The Athenian Portrayal of the Displacement and Flight of Plataean War Refugees in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries bce: Citizenship, Integration, Ethnic Identity
Authors: Marsh-Hunn Mark
Published: September 2024

Published in Rachel Bruzzone, ed., Polemos and his Children (HISTOS Supplement 12), p. 87-118.
Have Vultures Left the Battlefield? Scavengers and War in Greek Historiography
Authors: Kostuch Lucyna
Published: September 2024

There is much talk in the Iliad of dead warriors abandoned to vultures, and information about vultures tormenting armies can be found in ancient works from various literary genres. Surprisingly, however, when we look at the battle depictions of Greek historians, we do not find vultures portrayed as lurking on the battlefield. The question that arises is why the Greek historians did not adopt this significant element of the Homeric depiction of war. This article will attempt to explain, from various different perspectives, the absence in Greek historiography of vultures and other ferocious beasts in the Homeric role.
Reading Diachronically: A New Reading of Book 36 of Cassius Dio’s Roman History
Authors: Lindholmer Mads Ortving
Published: September 2024

The recent revision of Cassius Dio (e.g. Lange and Madsen (2016b)) has underlined the complexity of his work and the independent interpretations therein, but Book 36 has been studied almost exclusively with a focus on the lex Gabinia (Coudry (2016)). In this article, I propose a new approach: to explore Book 36 diachronically from beginning to end and through this to demonstrate Dio’s skilful structuring of his narrative with the purpose of presenting political competition as the central destructive factor of the Late Republic. Dio presents this competition as an institutional problem, rather than a moral one, and his explanation of the decline of the Republic is thereby distinctive.
Herodotus, Cambyses, and the Crossword Puzzle
Authors: Brock Roger
Published: September 2024

Herodotus depicts a world full of puzzles including, but not limited to, oracles and dreams, which require solution: this calls for a range of interpretative strategies and for a constant sceptical mental alertness. Often, understanding is reached in a moment of insight, something to which Herodotus seems peculiarly attentive among writers of history, and it is suggested that, like the perception of parallels and patterns in past events, this reflects some fundamental cognitive processes.
Plutarch’s Themistocles: The Serpent of Hellas
Authors: Finn Jennifer
Published: September 2024

In Plutarch’s
Alessandro e Clito (Suda μ 720 + οι 178 Adler)
Authors: Favuzzi Andrea
Published: September 2024

This paper deals with an anonymous quotation in the Suda-Lexicon (μ 720 Adler) concerning the murder of Cleitus by Alexander the Great. The quotation, which at first sight seems sound, in fact conceals a textual corruption. After reviewing the different constructions of the verb διελαύνω and focusing on a detail of the story that is handed down only by Curtius Rufus, the paper proposes a textual emendation which makes better sense of the whole context. This context also includes another anonymous quotation (οι 178), which is evidently a continuation of the first one. The combination of the two quotations provides a single fragment which can be confidently be attributed to Aelian—one of the direct sources of the Suda-Lexicon—on the basis both of linguistic criteria and of content.
Ch. 4. Caesar’s Talkative Centurions: Anecdotal Speech, Soldierly Fides, and Contemporary History
Authors: Spielberg Lydia
Published: September 2024

Caesar purports to quote brief utterances by his centurions at dramatic moments in the commentarii, who provide testimony ‘from the ranks’. These speakers demonstrate Caesar’s bond with his men and offer readers in Rome interpretations of contested events that might be indecorous for Caesar to make in his own voice, but which have persuasive power from notionally independent and unrhetorical soldiers. For non-contemporary readers these specifics were inapposite or irrelevant, however, and later writers such as Appian and Plutarch give Caesarian centurions only stock declarations of loyalty.
Published in Andrew G. Scott,, ed., Studies in Contemporary Historiography (HISTOS Supplement 15), p. 65-106.