bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Petaloidy and petal identity MADS‐box genes in the balsaminoid genera Impatiens and Marcgravia
Authors: Geuten Koen , Becker Annette , Kaufmann Kerstin , Caris Pieter , Janssens Steven , Viaene Tom , Theißen Günter , Smets Erik
Published: September 2008

Impatiens and Marcgravia have striking morphological innovations associated with the flowers. One of the sepals in Impatiens is spurred and petaloid, while in Marcgravia the petals are fused into a cap and nectary cups are associated with the inflorescence. Balsaminaceae (Impatiens) and Marcgraviaceae have surprisingly been shown to be closely related, since both belong to the balsaminoid clade of Ericales (basal asterids). However, several thorough morphological studies thus far have not revealed shared derived characters (synapomorphies) that support a close relationship between these families. In the balsaminoid clade, transitions from entirely green flowers to flowers with heterotopic petaloid organs can be observed. The primary role of class B genes in core eudicots is to specify the identity of petal and stamen floral organs. E‐class genes, of which SEP3 is a representative, have been identified as redundant mediators that confer transcriptional activation potential on protein complexes that specify organ identity. Given the conserved function of organ‐identity MADS‐box genes in model plants, but the rapid molecular evolution in angiosperms, it remains controversial whether these genes have been involved in shaping floral diversity. We have identified a SEP3‐like gene and a total of five class B genes from Impatiens hawkeri and Marcgravia umbellata and report their quantitative expression in the floral organs. In Impatiens, two AP3/DEF‐like genes were identified with strongly divergent C‐terminal domains, one truncated and one unusually long. Both genes show a gradual decrease in expression towards the outer perianth organs, but no GLO‐like gene expression is observed in the petaloid sepal. Remarkably, SEP3‐like gene expression in the Impatiens perianth is absent from the green sepals but present in the petaloid sepal and in the petals. Dimeric protein interactions of the cloned Impatiens genes were studied in yeast and by using gel retardation. In Marcgravia, strong overlapping class B gene expression is limited to the stamens, but a SEP3‐like gene is strongly expressed in the Marcgravia nectary, indicating that both Impatiens and Marcgravia show heterotopic expression of a SEP3‐like gene. We discuss several candidate mechanisms for heterotopic petaloidy involving modified gene expression and protein interaction of SEP3‐like and class B genes.
A role for a flavin‐containing mono‐oxygenase in resistance against microbial pathogens in Arabidopsis
Authors: Koch Martina , Vorwerk Sonja , Masur Clarissa , Sharifi‐Sirchi Gholamreza , Olivieri Nicoletta , Schlaich Nikolaus L.
Published: September 2008

Using activation tagging in the Arabidopsis Col‐0 rps2‐101C background, we identified a mutant (FMO1‐3D) that showed virtually no symptoms after inoculation with virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 bacteria. The dominant, gain‐of‐function phenotype of the FMO1‐3D mutant is due to over‐expression of a class 3 flavin‐containing mono‐oxygenase (FMO). We recapitulated the FMO1‐3D mutant phenotype in independent transgenic Col‐0 lines over‐expressing the FMO1 cDNA under the control of the 35S CaMV promoter. The increased basal resistance observed in the FMO1‐3D mutant was also effective against the taxonomically unrelated downy mildew‐causing pathogen Hyaloperonospora parasitica. By investigating the progeny from crosses of the FMO1‐3D mutant with the NahG transgenic line, we showed that the enhanced basal resistance phenotype was dependent on the accumulation of salicylic acid. FMO1‐3D plants showed wild‐type resistant reactions after inoculation with avirulent bacteria, indicating that the R‐gene‐mediated defence physiology was not compromised by FMO1 over‐expression. Transcripts of the class 3 FMO1 gene accumulated within 6 h after inoculation of wild‐type Col‐0 plants with avirulent Pst + avrRpt2 cells. Moreover, a T‐DNA insertion into the FMO1 gene resulted in enhanced susceptibility to virulent Pseudomonas and Hyaloperonospora parasitica, suggesting that expression of the FMO1 gene is a hitherto undescribed component of the plant's resistance repertoire. We discuss the possibility that the FMO may participate in the detoxification of virulence factors produced by pathogens.
A multicenter survey of childhood asthma in Turkey – II: Utilization of asthma drugs, control levels and their determinants
Authors: Soyer O. U. , Beyhun N. E. , Demir E. , Yıldırım S. , Bingöl Boz A. , Altınel N. , Cevit O. , Karakaş T. , Anlar Y. , Söğüt A. , Altıntaş D. , Canıtez Y. , Büyükdereli Z. , Sekerel B. E.
Published: September 2008

Many surveys worldwide have consistently demonstrated a low level of asthma control and under‐utilization of preventive asthma drugs. However, these studies have been frequently criticized for using population‐based samples, which include many patients with no or irregular follow‐ups. Our aim, in this study, was to define the extent of asthma drug utilization, control levels, and their determinants among children with asthma attending to pediatric asthma centers in Turkey. Asthmatic children (age range: 6–18 yr) with at least 1‐yr follow‐up seen at 12 asthma outpatient clinics during a 1‐month period with scheduled or unscheduled visits were included and were surveyed with a questionnaire‐guided interview. Files from the previous year were evaluated retrospectively to document control levels and their determinants. From 618 children allocated, most were mild asthmatics (85.6%). Almost 30% and 15% of children reported current use of emergency service and hospitalization, respectively; and 51.4% and 53.1% of children with persistent and intermittent disease, respectively, were on daily preventive therapy, including inhaled corticosteroids. Disease severity [odds ratio: 12.6 (95% confidence intervals: 5.3–29.8)], hospitalization within the last year [3.4 (1.4–8.2)], no use of inhaled steroids [2.9 (1.1– 7.3)], and female gender [2.3 (1.1–5.4)] were major predictors of poor asthma control as defined by their physicians. In this national pediatric asthma study, we found a low level of disease control and discrepancies between preventive drug usage and disease severity, which shows that the expectations of guidelines have not been met even in facilitated centers, thus indicating the need to revise the severity‐based approach of asthma guidelines. Efforts to implement the control‐based approach of new guidelines (Global Initiative for Asthma 2006) would be worthwhile.
Gender differences in the association of overweight and asthma morbidity among urban adolescents with asthma
Authors: Joseph C. L. M. , Havstad S. L. , Ownby D. R. , Zoratti E. , Peterson E. L. , Stringer S. , Johnson C. C.
Published: September 2008

Asthma and obesity disproportionately affect US African‐American youth. Among youth with asthma, obesity has been associated with poor control. The impact of gender on this association is unclear. We examined these relationships in a sample of urban, African‐American adolescents with asthma. Questionnaires were used to identify high school students with asthma, and to examine the association of body mass index (BMI) to asthma morbidity, by gender. Of 5967 students completing questionnaires, 599 (10%) met criteria for asthma and 507 had data sufficient for inclusion in further analyses (46% male, mean age = 15.1 yr). Univariately, BMI > 85th percentile was significantly related only to reported emergency department visits (ED) and school days missed for any reason, Odds Ratio (95%Confidence Interval) = 1.7(1.1–2.7), p = 0.01 and 1.8(1.1–3.0), p = 0.01, respectively. A significant gender‐BMI interaction (p < 0.05) was observed in multivariate models for ED visits, hospitalizations and school days missed for asthma. In gender‐specific models, adjusted Risk Ratios for BMI > 85th and ED visits, hospitalizations, and school days missed because of asthma were 1.7(0.9–3.2), 6.6(3.1–14.6) and 3.6(1.8–7.2) in males. These associations were not observed in females. Gender modifies the association between BMI and asthma‐related morbidity among adolescents with asthma. Results have implications for clinical management as well as future research.
Intravenous immunoglobulin as rescue therapy for BK virus nephropathy
Authors: Sharma Ajay P. , Moussa Madeleine , Casier Shelley , Rehman Faisal , Filler Guido , Grimmer Joanne
Published: September 2008

Abstract:  BKVN has emerged as an important cause of pediatric renal allograft nephropathy, with significant graft dysfunction in majority of the cases. Reduced immunosuppression and cidofovir therapy are the most commonly used therapeutic options for the treatment of BKVN in these patients. Recently, a preliminary study in adult renal allograft recipients with BKVN showed a therapeutic response to a combined approach of immunosuppression reduction and IVIg administration. A therapeutic benefit of IVIg without another concomitant treatment intervention has not been evaluated. We report stabilization of renal functions, histological resolution of BKVN and significant reduction in BK viremia in pediatric renal transplant with the use of IVIg, after an inadequate response to immunosuppression reduction and cidofovir therapy. In addition, we review the current literature on the use of cidofovir in pediatric renal transplant patients with BKVN and the potential of IVIg use in this condition.
Intrathecal chemoprophylaxis after HSCT in children
Authors: Rubin Johanna , Frost Britt‐Marie , Arvidson Johan , Wide Katarina , Gustafsson‐Jernberg Åsa , Gustafsson Britt
Published: September 2008

Abstract:  At present, the literature on the efficacy and risks of i.t. chemotherapy to children after HSCT is scarce. Current practices to reduce the risk of leukemic relapse in the CNS after HSCT differ between centers of transplantation. We compared 74 patients (56 ALL/18 AML), who received i.t. therapy post‐HSCT with 46 patients (36 ALL/10 AML) who did not receive post‐HSCT i.t. therapy. The patients were transplanted at the University Children’s Hospital, Uppsala or the Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, two Swedish transplantation units with different routines concerning i.t. therapy after HSCT. The primary end‐point was the number of isolated CNS relapses. Secondary end‐points were other types of relapse, death, and neurological complications. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of CNS relapses between the groups (p > 0.05). I.t. therapy did not reduce the overall incidence of isolated CNS relapse or mortality. Our study did not demonstrate a protective effect of i.t. therapy indicating that post‐HSCT i.t. therapy may only be of limited use in the treatment of acute childhood leukemia. We conclude that with the risks present, i.t. therapy should be carefully evaluated, and only considered in high‐risk cases.
Rituximab for post‐transplant recurrences of FSGS
Authors: Bayrakci Umut Selda , Baskin Esra , Sakalli Hale , Karakayali Hamdi , Haberal Mehmet
Published: September 2008

Abstract:  A 14‐yr‐old boy whose primary kidney disease was FSGS developed severe recurrence of proteinuria immediately after a second living‐related kidney transplant. Despite pre‐ and post‐operative PP and immunosuppressive treatment consisting of steroids, CycA, daclizumab, and MMF, daily protein excretion and serum creatinine increased. We therefore administered rituximab on the fourth day of transplantation. He received four weekly doses of rituximab (375 mg/m2/dose), which resulted in a rapid clearing of circulating CD19‐positive B cells, and remission of proteinuria was achieved six wk after the first rituximab treatment. Graft function was excellent six months after transplantation with proteinuria of 8 mg/m2/h. We conclude that rituximab may be an effective treatment for post‐transplant recurrence of FSGS.
Clinical and genetic heterogeneity in Omenn syndrome and severe combined immune deficiency
Authors: Gruber Tanja A. , Shah Ami J. , Hernandez Michelle , Crooks Gay M. , Abdel‐Azim Hisham , Gupta Sudhir , McKnight Sean , White Drew , Kapoor Neena , Kohn Donald B.
Published: September 2008

Abstract:  OS has been described as a clinical phenotype in infants characterized by SCID, diffuse erythroderma, and other distinct features. The pathogenesis is secondary to autologous, auto‐reactive T cells produced as rare escapees from the SCID blockade. Mutations in either the RAG1 or RAG2 gene that lead to partial recombinase activity are responsible for many of the patients with these clinical features. We report on two patients, one with an atypical phenotype of OS (absence of rash but presence of other typical features) who harbored a previously undescribed mutation in RAG1, and a second who had many of the classic features of OS but was found to have a mutation in the common gamma chain (γc) cytokine receptor gene. These cases highlight the clinical and genetic heterogeneity of OS.
Arterial anastomosis in a pediatric patient receiving a right extended split liver transplant: A case report
Authors: Verzaro Roberto , Spada Marco , Cintorino Davide , Di Francesco Fabrizio , Riva Silvia , Caruso Settimo , Gridelli Bruno
Published: September 2008

Abstract:  We report a case of a pediatric patient who received a right‐extended liver transplant. The size of the recipient hepatic artery did not match with the donor right hepatic arterial stump. Moreover, recipient arterial anatomy made the direct anastomosis difficult or at increased risk for complications. The recipient’s splenic artery was then mobilized, divided and anastomosed to the donor’s right hepatic artery. The spleen was preserved and revascularization through collaterals is demonstrated by Angio CT Scan. Doppler US of the transplanted liver demonstrated good flow through the liver and the patient was discharged with perfect liver function. Splenic artery is perfectly suited for hepatic artery anastomosis. The use of splenic artery is favored in particular situations as in the case of a pediatric recipient receiving a right‐extended liver graft with small caliber artery.
Challenges in the diagnosis and management of Nocardia infections in lung transplant recipients
Authors: Poonyagariyagorn H.K. , Gershman A. , Avery R. , Minai O. , Blazey H. , Asamoto K. , Alster J. , Murthy S. , Mehta A. , Pettersson G. , Mason D.P. , Budev M.
Published: September 2008

Background. Nocardia infection occurs in 2.1–3.5% of lung transplant recipients, and may involve cavitary nodular pulmonary lesions, soft tissue infection, or other sites of dissemination. Nocardiosis can pose challenging clinical problems in the areas of diagnosis and treatment. Diagnostic delays may occur, and adverse reactions to therapy are common. This study reviews clinical and epidemiological aspects of nocardiosis in lung transplant recipients, with special attention to pitfalls in management. Clinicians should be alert for these possibilities in order to institute prompt therapy and to achieve successful outcomes.

Methods. A retrospective cohort study was conducted of 577 lung transplant recipients from January 1991 to May 2007. Demographics, reason for transplant, recent rejection, time from transplantation, site of infection, hypogammaglobulinemia, and/or neutropenia shortly before onset, Pneumocystis jiroveci prophylaxis, Nocardia species, radiographic findings, extrapulmonary lesions, nature and duration of treatment, adverse reactions, and outcomes were recorded.

Result. Nocardia infection occurred in 1.9% (11/577). Mean onset was 14.3 months after transplant (range 1.5–39 months). N. asteroides was isolated in 55% (6/11). Emphysema was the most common reason for transplant (7/11, 64%). Six patients were receiving trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (TMP‐SMX) prophylaxis at the time of diagnosis. Three patients had immune globulin G levels <400 mg/dL and 2 were neutropenic in the 3 months preceding diagnosis. Diagnosis was made by bronchoalveolar lavage (55%), skin abscess culture (18%), open lung biopsy (9%), pleural fluid (9%), and sputum culture (9%). Definitive diagnosis required a median of 9 days and a mean of 13.6 days (range 3–35 days) from the time of diagnostic sampling. Soft tissue lesions occurred in 3 and central nervous system involvement in 1 patient. Adverse reactions to therapy occurred in 9/10 (90%) of patients for whom information was available. Nocardia‐related mortality occurred in 2/11 patients (18%).

Conclusions. Nocardiosis occurred in 1.9% of lung transplant recipients and was associated with a mean of nearly 2 weeks to diagnosis and frequent adverse effects on therapy. TMP‐SMX prophylaxis on a thrice weekly basis did not prevent all episodes of nocardiosis. Despite utilization of protocol bronchoscopies with cultures for Nocardia, this organism remains a source of clinical complexity in the lung transplant population.
Host ecology and life‐history traits associated with blood parasite species richness in birds
Authors: ARRIERO E. , MØLLER A. P.
Published: September 2008

Identifying host traits associated with the number of different parasite species or strains harboured by a particular host species can have important implications for understanding the impact of parasitism on hosts. We investigated associations between host ecology and life history, and parasite richness and prevalence of the four major avian blood parasite genera. We used an extensive data on blood parasite infections and host ecology in 263 bird species from the Western Palearctic, combining species‐specific data with a comparative approach to control for similarity in phenotype among host species due to the effects of common phylogenetic descent. Adult survival rate negatively correlated with the number of parasite species infecting a host species when controlling for similarity due to common descent and body mass. In addition, the prevalence ofHaemoproteus,PlasmodiumandLeucocytozoonwas higher in species harbouring a richer parasite assemblage. These results suggest that the impact on host fitness caused by avian haematozoa may be underestimated in natural populations if the exacerbated virulence associated with exposure to multiple parasites is not taken into account.
Nest and Egg Recognition by Salamanders in the Genus Desmognathus: A Comprehensive Re‐Examination
Authors: Forester Don C. , Cameron Melissa , Forester James D.
Published: September 2008

We conducted a comparative investigation of nest relocation and egg recognition by four species of streamside salamanders indigenous to eastern North America: Seepage Salamander (Desmognathus aeneus), Santeetlah Salamander (Desmognathus santeetlah), Ocoee Salamander (Desmognathus ocoee), and Northern Dusky Salamander (Desmognathus fuscus). Females of all four species were able to relocate their nest sites following displacement of 1 m. Upon return to a nest site following natural displacement, females must be able to recognize their eggs and, in some instances, choose between their own clutch and the unattended clutch of a conspecific. In two‐choice behavioral tests, female salamanders of all four species moved randomly within the test chamber in the absence of eggs, but preferred their own eggs to a filter paper blank. One species, D. fuscus, exhibited a similar attraction to conspecific eggs suggesting that the presence of eggs, regardless of their origin, may stimulate maternal care in physiologically primed females. We found that egg discrimination is not as infallible as previously reported. All four species spent more time with their own eggs than they did with the eggs of a conspecific female; however, this trend was significant for D. ocoee only. Interspecific variation in egg discrimination is attributed to differential selection associated with the life history of individual species.
Free‐Ranging Red Deer Hinds Show Greater Attentiveness to Roars with Formant Frequencies Typical of Young Males
Authors: Charlton Benjamin D. , McComb Karen , Reby David
Published: September 2008

Acoustic cues present in the reproductive calls of many animal species potentially encode important information about the caller. Here, we test the response of a free‐ranging population of peri‐oestrus red deer hinds to variation in a specific acoustic cue to body size in the male roar, the formant frequencies. Our results revealed: (1) that hinds showed greater overall attention (judged by longer looking responses and lower response latencies) to roars simulating males of sub‐adult body size than to those simulating a large adult male and (2) that hinds without dependent offspring had greater looking responses to male roars and lower response latencies than hinds with dependent offspring to roars simulating sub‐adult males. These findings indicate that free‐ranging red deer hinds may use formants as acoustic cues to gauge the body size and maturity of males in their natural environment, possibly to facilitate earlier detection and avoidance of young stags that are known to harass them.
Effects of an Immune Challenge on Multiple Components of Song Display in Barn SwallowsHirundo rustica: Implications for Sexual Selection
Authors: Dreiss A. N. , Navarro C. , De Lope F. , Møller A. P.
Published: September 2008

Bird song is believed to honestly reveal male quality including the ability of singers to face parasitism. In a natural population of barn swallowsHirundo rustica, we experimentally imposed a cost on song production by an immune challenge. We therefore vaccinated a group of reproducing males with an antigen (Newcastle disease virus), and injected phosphate‐buffered saline to a control group. Immune challenge significantly reduced one song feature, rattle duration. This decrease was related to male quality, as measured by tail length, because males with short tails reduced the duration of their rattle significantly more than males with long tails. In addition, another song feature, strophe duration, decreased in the control group, while it remained constant in the challenged group. Duration of the rattle has previously been found to be positively related to testosterone level, and it may hence reflect male competitive ability. Thus, male barn swallows may not have the potential to produce long rattles when their immune system is challenged. By maintaining their strophe duration after an immune challenge, males may compensate for the decrease in rattle duration. Our results suggest that different song features may convey different types of information, and that barn swallow song, in particular their rattle, may reliably reveal information about activation of the immune system.
Extended Mother–Offspring Relationships in Crayfish: The Return Behaviour of Juvenile Procambarus Clarkii
Authors: Aquiloni Laura , Gherardi Francesca
Published: September 2008

Crayfish shows a relatively complex parental behaviour compared with other invertebrates, but the literature provides only anecdotal accounts of this phenomenon. In Procambarus clarkii, we described the ‘return’ behaviour of third‐stage juveniles when offered four types of adults: biological mothers, foster mothers, non‐brooding females and males. Then, we analysed the posture and behaviour of the adults to understand the role played by the putative mother in attracting the juveniles. Contrary to non‐brooding individuals, both biological and foster mothers displayed a relatively rare locomotion, executed few cleaning and feeding acts, and never attempted to prey on juveniles. They often assumed a ‘spoon‐like telson posture’ that seemed to facilitate offspring’s approaches. Juveniles increased the frequency of tail‐flips away in the presence of non‐brooding adults; conversely, they accepted foster mothers, along with biological mothers, but not as fast as the latter. Taken together, these results suggest that mother–offspring relationships in P. clarkii are more refined than previously thought, being possibly a key factor enabling this species to thrive in harsh environmental conditions.
The importance of haplotype length and heritability using genomic selection in dairy cattle
Authors: Villumsen T.M. , Janss L. , Lund M.S.
Published: September 2008

Reliabilities for genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) were investigated by simulation for a typical dairy cattle breeding setting. Scenarios were simulated with different heritabilites (h2) and for different haplotype sizes, and seven generations with only genotypes were generated to investigate reliability of GEBV over time. A genome with 5000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) at distances of 0.1 cM and 50 quantitative trait loci (QTL) was simulated, and a Bayesian variable selection model was implemented to predict GEBV. Highest reliabilities were obtained for 10 SNP haplotypes. At optimal haplotype size, reliabilities in generation 1 without phenotypes ranged from 0.80 for h2 = 0.02 to 0.93 for h2 = 0.30, and in the seventh generation without phenotypes ranged from 0.69 for h2 = 0.02 to 0.86 for h2 = 0.30. Reliabilities of GEBV were found sufficiently high to implement dairy selection schemes without progeny testing in which case a data time‐lag of two to three generations may be present. Reliabilities were also relatively high for low heritable traits, implying that genomic selection could be especially beneficial to improve the selection on, e.g. health and fertility.
Genetic parameters for dry matter, energy and protein intake, and their relationships with performance and carcass traits in Japanese Black cattle
Authors: Hoque M.A. , Hosono M. , Suzuki K.
Published: September 2008

Genetic parameters for feed intake and performance traits of 514 bulls and carcass traits of 22 099 of their progeny, and the relationships of measures of feed intake with performance and carcass traits were estimated. Feed intake traits were dry matter intake (DMI), concentrate intake (CONI), roughage intake, ratio of roughage intake to DMI, metabolizable energy intake (MEI) and digestible crude protein intake (DCPI). Performance traits included daily gain, metabolic weight, live weight at the end of test, dry matter conversion ratio and residual feed intake. Progeny carcass traits were carcass weight, percentage of meat yield, rib eye area (REA), subcutaneous fat, marbling score, meat colour (MCS), fat colour (FCS) and meat quality grade. All the feed intake and performance traits were moderately heritable. The heritabilities for REA and MCS were moderate, and that for FCS was low, while those for the other carcass traits were high. Selection against DMI, CONI and DCPI would reduce excessive intake of feed, but would have undesirable effects on growth and most of the carcass traits. Selection against MEI would lead to improvements in feed efficiency and growth traits. Selection against DCPI would also improve feed efficiency; however, responses in growth traits would decrease. Results indicate that selection against MEI might be better than any other measures of feed intake to improve feed efficiency with simultaneous improvement in growth and most of the carcass traits.
Biological and Molecular Characterization of Taiwanese Isolates of Cucumber mosaic virus Associated with Banana Mosaic Disease
Authors: Chou Chun‐Nan , Chen Cheng‐En , Wu Meng‐Ling , Su Hong‐Ji , Yeh Hsin‐Hung
Published: September 2008

Banana mosaic disease (BMD) caused by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) has become an important threat to the banana industry. We collected and characterized 10 CMV isolates associated with BMD in Taiwan and compared their biological characteristics and coat protein sequences. The isolates fell into four pathotypes on the basis of the symptoms they induce on banana, Nicotiana glutinosa and Vigna unguiculata (cowpea). Double‐stranded RNA analysis revealed that the different pathotypes are not related to the presence of CMV satellite RNA. Phylogenetic analysis of worldwide CMV coat protein sequences revealed that among the currently known CMV subgroups IA, IB and II, subgroup IB is phylogenetically unresolved. Our CMV isolates form a new subgroup, IT, within subgroup I. In addition, we resolved another new CMV subgroup, IS, within subgroup I. The analysis also revealed that isolates within different subgroups can infect the banana.
Gene Expression During Acibenzolar‐S‐Methyl‐Induced Priming for Potentiated Responses to Venturia nashicola in Japanese Pear
Authors: Faize Mohamed , Faize Lydia , Ishii Hideo
Published: September 2008

Pretreatment of leaves of the Japanese pear plant with the synthetic SAR activator acibenzolar‐S‐methyl (ASM) significantly reduced the severity of scab caused by the fungal pathogen Venturia nashicola. In this study, we have cloned three defence‐related genes that are involved in the signalling network from Japanese pear, including a non‐expresser of pathogenesis‐related protein 1 (jpNPR1), a respiratory burst oxidase homologues (jpRBOH) and a mitogen‐activated protein kinase (jpMAPK). We studied their expression in the same conditions that allow protection afforded by ASM, using quantitative real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Transcript level of jpNPR1 was not significantly elevated in Japanese pear leaves upon treatment with ASM and during infection with V. nashicola, and was highly and transiently primed in ASM‐treated leaves after scab inoculation. Transcripts encoding jpRBOH and jpMAPK were directly responsive to ASM and were also early potentiated after pathogen inoculation. Involvement of NPR1 and reactive oxygen species in ASM‐induced priming or potentiation is discussed.
Association of Dominant and Recessive Genes Confers Anthracnose Resistance in Stem and Leaves of Common Bean
Authors: Alzate‐Marin Ana Lilia , Schuster Ivan , Moreira Maurilio Alves , Barros Everaldo Gonçalves de
Published: September 2008

Different genes might be involved in Colletotrichum lindemuthianum resistance in leaves and stem of common bean. This work aimed to study the genetic mechanisms of the resistance in the leaf and stem in segregating populations from backcrosses involving resistant cultivar AN 910408 and susceptible cultivar Rudá inoculated with spore suspensions of C. lindemuthianum race 83. Our results indicate that two genes which interact epistatically, one dominant and one recessive, are involved in the genetic control of leaf anthracnose resistance. As for stem anthracnose resistance, two genes also epistatic, one dominant and one recessive, explain the resistance to C. lindemuthianum race 83. The recessive gene is the same for leaf and stem resistance; however, the dominant genes are distinct and independent from each other. The three independent resistance genes of AN 910408 observed in this work could be derived from Guanajuato 31.
Surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization profiling: New diagnostic method of HBV‐related hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Wu Cheng , Wang Zhanfeng , Liu Lijie , Zhao Peng , Wang Wenjing , Yao Dingkang , Shi Bing , Lu Junhua , Liao Ping , Yang Yaning , Zhu Liang
Published: September 2008

Background and Aim:  To screen for serum biomarkers of HBV‐related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and HBV‐related liver cirrhosis (LC) in an attempt to seek a new method for differential diagnosis of HCC and LC using surface‐enhanced laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (SELDI‐TOF‐MS) techniques.

Methods:  Using SELDI‐TOF‐MS, serum proteins/peptide profiles on the immobilized metal ion affinity capture (IMAC) protein chips were obtained from 29 HCC patients and 30 LC patients. Discriminant analysis was carried out to establish new diagnostic methods using protein/peptide peaks with or without α‐fetoprotein (AFP).

Results:  Forty‐five protein/peptide peaks changed much more in the HCC group than they did in the LC group. Discriminant analysis using the Wilcoxon rank‐sum test showed high sensitivity and specificity in distinguishing HCC from LC. The most significantly differentiating peak, 3892, offered 69.0% sensitivity, 83.3% specificity and 80% positive predictive value in distinguishing HCC and LC. Interestingly, six HCC patients with negative serum AFP were confirmed by peak 3892. The combination of multi‐protein peaks (m/z = 9297, 29 941) with AFP offered an 82.8% sensitivity, 93.3% specificity and 92.3% positive predictive value, which was much better than AFP alone (P = 0.013).

Conclusions:  Special proteins/peptides of serum may differentiate HBV‐related HCC and HBV‐related LC, indicating that SELDI‐TOF‐MS may be useful to distinguish HCC from LC with the proper discriminant analytical method. SELDI peak 3892 may be a complementary diagnostic marker to positive AFP for HCC and a potential marker for the diagnosis of AFP‐negative HCC as well.
Model to predict rebleeding following endoscopic therapy for non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage
Authors: Travis Anne C , Wasan Sharmeel K , Saltzman John R
Published: September 2008

Background and Aim:  Following endoscopic therapy, up to 20% of patients with non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage experience rebleeding. The aim of the present study was to determine risk factors for recurrent hemorrhage in these patients.

Methods:  This was a retrospective cohort study of consecutive patients admitted to a tertiary care hospital between 1 July 1999 and 30 June 2004, with non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Patients were evaluated for rebleeding within 30 days of successful therapeutic endoscopy. Using the hospital's endoscopic database, 236 patients were identified. Risk factors were identified using multivariable logistic regression with backward selection. Internal validation was carried out using bootstrapping.

Results:  Six risk factors were identified: failure to use a Proton pump inhibitor post‐procedure (P = 0.056), Endoscopically demonstrated bleeding (P = 0.053), Peptic ulcer as the bleeding source (P = 0.018), Treatment with epinephrine monotherapy (P = 0.0026), post‐procedure Intravenous or low molecular weight heparin use (P = 0.0014), and moderate or severe Cirrhosis (P = 0.032) (PEPTIC). The risk of rebleeding increased as the number of risk factors present increased. The observed rates of rebleeding were: 7.1%, 16.4%, 37.0%, 75.0% and 100% for zero, one, two, three or four risk factors, respectively (no patients had five or six risk factors present). The bias‐adjusted area under the receiver–operator characteristic curve for the number of risk factors predicting rebleeding was 0.69.

Conclusions:  We have identified six easily remembered risk factors, which, when summed, predict recurrent hemorrhage following endoscopic therapy for non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
Granulocytapheresis versus methylprednisolone in patients with acute ulcerative colitis: 12‐month follow up
Authors: Bresci Giampaolo , Parisi Giuseppe , Mazzoni Alessandro , Scatena Fabrizio , Capria Alfonso
Published: September 2008

Aim:  To evaluate granulocytapheresis (GCAP) in active ulcerative colitis (UC), with particular attention to the long‐term effects of such treatment.

Methods:  We included 80 patients with UC. Activity of the disease was evaluated by clinical activity index and endoscopic index. Patients were randomly divided in two groups: Group A received a five‐session (1 session/week) treatment with GCAP, Group B were treated with i.v. or i.m. methylprednisolone (MP). Concomitant therapy with oral 5‐aminosalicylic acid (5‐ASA) 2.4 g/day was maintained in both groups. Subjects who achieved a remission were clinically and endoscopically followed for 12 months after the end of GCAP or MP.

Results:  Remission was observed in 72.5% of those treated with GCAP versus 50% of those treated with MP. After a 12‐month follow up, a sustained remission was recorded in 40% of those treated with GCAP and in 25% of those treated with MP. During the GCAP only a transient mild headache was recorded in 10% of patients, whereas side‐effects were observed in 50% of those treated with MP (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:  GCAP results were superior to MP for the treatment of UC, even though no statistically significant difference was observed. Side‐effects in the GCAP group were significantly lower than in the MP group. This new therapeutic approach seems able to maintain the condition of remission for a longer time after a flare. In fact, the patients who had obtained a remission after a course of CGAP showed fewer relapses during the follow up compared to the patients treated with MP.
Marked elevation of serum mitochondrion‐derived markers in mild models of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats
Authors: Murayama Hiroshi , Ikemoto Masaki , Nagata Atsuo
Published: September 2008

Background and Aim:  In order to find sensitive serum markers in non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis, liver‐specific injury markers were thoroughly examined in mild models of NASH in rats.

Methods:  Wistar and Sprague–Dawley rats were fed a choline‐deficient diet for 4 weeks, and serum activities of liver‐specific enzyme markers were examined. In the drug‐induced steatohepatitis model, tetracycline (0.4 mmol/kg) was given i.p. to rats and the course of hepatotoxicity was evaluated with serum markers, together with the accumulation of total lipid and thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances in the liver.

Results:  In Wistar rats, serum activities of most enzymes tested were significantly increased. In Sprague–Dawley rats, in contrast, the serum level of ornithine carbamyltransferase and glutamate dehydrogenase were markedly elevated in the choline‐deficient diet group compared with the control diet groups, whereas other markers were not significantly increased. In the tetracycline‐induced steatohepatitis model, the extent of the increase was much higher in mitochondrial markers and the peak of the increase in these markers corresponded with the increase of hepatic total lipid and thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substance.

Conclusions:  These observations show that serum mitochondrial enzyme markers are potent markers for non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats and are possibly applicable to humans.
Clinical, biochemical, immunological and virological profiles of, and differential diagnosis between, patients with acute hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis B with acute flare
Authors: Han Yongnian , Tang Qun , Zhu Wei , Zhang Xiaoqing , You Longying
Published: September 2008

Background and Aim:  In areas with high or intermediate endemicity for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, it is difficult to distinguish acute hepatitis B (AHB) from chronic hepatitis B with an acute flare (CHB‐AF) in patients whose prior history of HBV infection has been unknown. The present study aimed to screen laboratory parameters other than immunoglobulin M antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (IgM anti‐HBc) to discriminate between the two conditions.

Methods:  A retrospective and prospective study was conducted in patients first presenting clinically as HBV‐related acute hepatitis to sort out acute self‐limited hepatitis B (ASL‐HB). Then, clinical and laboratory profiles were compared between patients with ASL‐HB and CHB‐AF. Parameters closely associated with ASL‐HB were chosen to evaluate sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive values and negative predictive values for diagnosing AHB.

Results:  There were significant differences between patients with ASL‐HB and CHB‐AF in relation to clinical and laboratory aspects, with many outstanding differences in levels of serum HBV‐DNA, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) as well as IgM anti‐HBc. In particular, there was a greater difference between the two groups in low levels of HBeAg (ratio of the optical density of the sample to the cut‐off value [S/CO] <20) than in negativity for HBeAg (42.7% and 13.5% vs 49.3% and 45.9%). 1:10 000 IgM anti‐HBc had a sensitivity and specificity of 96.2% and 93.1%, respectively, for predicting ASL‐HB. Combining it with AFP, HBeAg or HBV‐DNA could improve diagnostic power. A combination of IgM anti‐HBc, HBV‐DNA and HBeAg had a predictive value of 98.9% and a negative predictive value of 100.0%, similar to that of a combination of IgM anti‐HBc and HBV‐DNA. Adding AFP to the combinations of IgM anti‐HBc and HBV‐DNA or HBeAg could further heighten the positive predictive value. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the combination of IgM anti‐HBc, HBV‐DNA and AFP were both 100.0%.

Conclusions:  (i) There are significant differences with respect to clinical, biochemical, immunological and virological aspects between ASL‐HB and CHB‐AF. (ii) Of several diagnostic combinations, IgM anti‐HBc jointing HBV‐DNA is most effective and most practicable in distinguishing ASL‐HB from CHB‐AF. (iii) A low HBeAg level is more useful than negative HBeAg in differential diagnosis between ASL‐HB and CHB‐AF. (iv) In those patients with a high level of IgM anti‐HBc, serum AFP level >10× upper reference limit could rule out a probability of ASL‐HB.
Biliary phenotype of hepatocellular carcinoma after preoperative transcatheter arterial chemoembolization
Authors: Nishihara Yunosuke , Aishima Shinichi , Kuroda Yousuke , Iguchi Tomohiro , Taguchi Kenichi , Asayama Yoshiki , Taketomi Akinobu , Kinukawa Naoko , Honda Hiroshi , Tsuneyoshi Masazumi
Published: September 2008

Background and Aim:  Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) is now the mainstay of treatment for non‐curative hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and hoped to have chemotherapeutic and ischemic effects; however, the histopathological changes of HCC caused by TACE have not been sufficiently discussed so far. We aimed to assess the morphological and immunohistochemical features of HCC treated with TACE by immunostaining cytokeratin (CK) 7, CK14, CK19 and vimentin, and to correlate these data with observed clinicopathological characteristics.

Methods:  Eighty cases of surgically resected HCC with preoperative TACE and 146 cases of HCC resected without TACE as a control were analyzed.

Results:  The incidences of intrahepatic metastasis, poorly differentiated histology, multinucleated giant cells, mitotic figures and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the TACE group were significantly higher than those in the non‐TACE group. The TACE group showed reactivity for CK7 in 56.3% (45/80) of patients, CK14 in 12.5% (10/80), CK19 in 23.8% (19/80) and vimentin in 6.3% (5/80) of patients. CK19 expression in the TACE group was significantly higher than in the non‐TACE group (P = 0.0423). There was no correlation between immunoreactivity and the number of times TACE was carried out, but the expression of CK19 and vimentin in the massive necrotic group was higher than that in the mild necrotic group (P = 0.0197, P = 0.0229, respectively). Only TACE was an independent determinant of CK19 expression in all cases by multivariate analysis.

Conclusions:  These results suggest that preoperative TACE may have an impact on the biliary phenotype of HCC. Some post‐therapeutic HCC patients might develop HCC with a biliary phenotype indicating more aggressive malignancies.
Cutaneous gastric electrical stimulation alters gastric motility in dogs: New option for gastric electrical stimulation?
Authors: Yin Jieyun , Ouyang Hui , Wang Zhishun , Chen Jiande DZ
Published: September 2008

Background and Aim:  We investigated the effects of cutaneous gastric electrical stimulation (CGES) on gastric myoelectrical activity, postprandial antral contractions and gastric tone in dogs.

Methods:  CGES was carried out via abdominal surface electrodes over the stomach. After an overnight fast, gastric slow waves were recorded from the serosal electrodes in six dogs at a frequency of 4.4 cycles/min (c.p.m.) or 10 c.p.m. Nine dogs were used for the measurement of postprandial antral contractions. Gastric tone at baseline and during CGES was measured in six of the dogs.

Results:  We found that: (i) CGES at 4.4 c.p.m. decreased slow wave frequency (5.1 vs 4.6 c.p.m., P < 0.05) and increased slow wave power (−6.2 vs 2.7 c.p.m., P < 0.05); CGES at 10 c.p.m. increased slow wave frequency (5.1 vs 9.2 dB, P < 0.05) and decreased normal slow waves (85.4% vs 60.0%, P < 0.05); (ii) CGES at 10 c.p.m. significantly suppressed postprandial antral contractions (P < 0.01); (iii) CGES had no effects on gastric tone.

Conclusions:  CGES is capable of altering gastric slow waves and inhibiting gastric motility. It may have therapeutic potential for treating eating disorders, such as obesity. However, clinical studies are needed to explore the potential of CGES.
Multi‐center survey regarding the management of anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy for endoscopic procedures in Japan
Authors: Fujishiro Mitsuhiro , Oda Ichiro , Yamamoto Yorimasa , Akiyama Junichi , Ishii Naoki , Kakushima Naomi , Fujiwara Junko , Morishita Shinji , Kawachi Hiroshi , Taniguchi Hirokazu , Gotoda Takuji
Published: September 2008

Background:  A guideline on the management of anticoagulation and antiplatelet therapy for endoscopic procedures has been established from Japan Gastroenterological Endoscopy Society in 2005. However, it is unknown whether consensus on the management of these conditions is obtained among endoscopists in daily practice owing to the guideline.

Methods:  To study the current practice on the management, survey questionnaires were sent to 13 representative endoscopists of 13 middle or high‐volume hospitals in the Tokyo area.

Results:  Responses were obtained from all 13 endoscopists. The results showed that only five (38%) and six (46%) hospitals had their own standard protocols regarding the management for endoscopic biopsy and endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), respectively. There was a wide variation among endoscopists in terms of discontinuation of each agent. When the patients had a major risk of thromboembolism due to discontinuation of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents, seven (54%) and five (38%) endoscopists, respectively, never took a biopsy. Similar numbers of endoscopists never carried out EMR. During discontinuation of anticoagulants or antiplatelet agents for biopsy and EMR, three (23%) and three (23%) endoscopists, respectively, experienced patients with thromboembolic events.

Conclusions:  There is still a wide variation and confusion among endoscopists after establishment of our national guideline. A robust national guideline with clearer description based on the scientific evidence is needed.
Helicobacter pylori eradication may induce de novo, but transient and mild, reflux esophagitis: Prospective endoscopic evaluation
Authors: Take Susumu , Mizuno Motowo , Ishiki Kuniharu , Nagahara Yasuhiro , Yoshida Tomowo , Yokota Kenji , Oguma Keij , Okada Hiroyuki , Yamamoto Kazuhide
Published: September 2008

Backgrounds and Aim:  The effect on reflux esophagitis of eradicating Helicobacter pylori is variable and not fully defined. We previously reported that in patients who have reflux esophagitis associated with duodenal ulcer, a significant improvement in the pre‐existing reflux esophagitis occurred after H. pylori was eradicated. In the present study, we asked whether H. pylori eradication leads to de novo development of reflux esophagitis in peptic ulcer patients.

Methods:  Prospective post‐eradication evaluations were conducted in 1195 H. pylori‐positive patients with peptic ulcer diseases who were confirmed not to have reflux esophagitis by endoscopic examination before eradication therapy. After eradication therapy, endoscopy and a urea breath test were performed yearly.

Results:  A total of 1187 patients were followed for up to 10.0 years (a mean of 3.6 years). Reflux esophagitis developed in 279 of 1000 patients cured of infection and in 26 of 187 patients who had persistent infection (P < 0.0001, Fisher's exact test). The esophagitis was mild (Los Angeles grade A) in most patients, transient in approximately one‐half, and rarely necessitated long‐term medication for the condition. Cure of infection, alcohol consumption, younger age, and high body mass index were identified as significant factors for the risk of developing non‐transient reflux esophagitis.

Conclusions:  Cure of H. pylori infection may increase the risk of developing reflux esophagitis in patients with peptic ulcer, but the esophagitis is mostly mild and transient, and long‐term medication is rarely required. Thus, H. pylori eradication therapy need not be withheld for fear of provoking reflux esophagitis.