bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SEQUENTIAL CHANGES IN PLASMA PROGESTERONE IN THE COW DURING THE ESTROUS CYCLE, PREGNANCY, AT PARTURITION, AND POST-PARTUM
Authors: ROBERTSON H. A.
Published: March 2010

The progesterone concentration in peripheral plasma has been measured sequentially in individual cows during the estrous cycle, gestation, at parturition, and post-partum. During the estrous cycle the concentration was lowest just before, during, and just after estrus when the level (0.1–0.4 ng/ml) was similar to that found in three ovariectomized cows. The concentration commenced to rise on the 4th–6th day (day of estrus = 1st day), reached a peak of 3–6 ng/ml on the 11th–13th day, and dropped rapidly over a 24–48-hr period to a basal value 24–72 hr before the next estrus. In early pregnancy, the plasma progesterone concentration was similar to the maximum levels found during the luteal phase of the estrous cycle. Between 90 and 150 days there was an indication of a decline to a relatively low plasma progesterone concentration followed by a variable rise. Prior to parturition, there was a gradual decline over a period of 35–70 days reaching a level of <2.0 ng/ml the day before parturition. Following parturition, the level remained at <0.5 ng/ml until the first sign of the resumption of cyclic activity. The time for this to occur was very variable (20–>60 days). Although not conclusive, the evidence favors the view that for estrous behavior to occur, estrus must be preceded by luteal activity. The discharge of mucus can occur without previous luteal activity.
ALKALI TREATMENT OF SOYBEAN PROTEIN CONCENTRATE IN MILK REPLACERS: ITS EFFECTS ON DIGESTION, NITROGEN RETENTION, AND GROWTH OF LAMBS
Authors: GORRILL A. D. L. , NICHOLSON J. W. G.
Published: March 2010

Alkali treatment to disperse a soybean protein concentrate (SPC) was studied in two milk replacer experiments, in which the SPC supplied 50% of the total nitrogen. In experiment 1, six lambs were used in a double 3 × 3 latin square digestion and nitrogen balance trial. The three treatments of the SPC in the milk replacer were: control (no alkali), alkali 1 (0.05 N NaOH at 40 C, neutralized with HCl after 15 min), and alkali 2 (same as 1, but neutralized after 18 hr at 5 C). The remainder of the diet ingredients were homogenized with a Polytron. Alkali treatment increased digestibility of dry matter (91, 93, and 95%, P < 0.01, on the three treatments, respectively), nitrogen, and energy, but tended to reduce the percent of absorbed nitrogen that was retained (63, 61, and 60%, P < 0.20). The control (complete diet prepared with the Polytron) and alkali 1 treatments were compared in a growth and metabolism trial in experiment 2. Growth of a total of 19 lambs from about 4 days to weaning from milk replacer at 26 days of age tended to be lower on the alkali-treated than the control SPC milk replacer (179 vs. 215 g/day, P < 0.20); however, growth to 10 weeks of age was similar for both groups and averaged 250 g/day.
TRYPTOPHAN SYNTHESIS FROM SERINE BY RUMEN MICROORGANISMS IN VITRO
Authors: CANDLISH ELIZABETH , DEVLIN T. J. , LaCROIX L. J.
Published: March 2010

Biosynthesis of tryptophan by rumen microorganisms was investigated using the continuous-flow artificial rumen apparatus, L-Serine-14C (U) was incubated with rumen microorganisms. Most of the serine was rapidly metabolized to volatile fatty acids. The synthesis of tryptophan was indicated by detection of label in the tryptophan area of the thin-layer chromatograms following column chromatography of saline and rumen liquor. Although labelled serine was utilized in synthesis of tryptophan, the proportion of tryptophan containing label was about 0.0001%.
EFFECTS OF PLANE OF NUTRITION, CONFINEMENT SYSTEM, AND FORAGE PRESERVATION ON SUPPLEMENTAL MINERAL INTAKE AND CONTENT OF MINERALS IN THE BLOOD OF PREGNANT BEEF COWS
Authors: FISHER L. J. , LISTER E. E. , JORDAN W. A. , WAUTHY J. M. , COMEAU J. E. , BROSSARD G. A. , PROULX J.
Published: March 2010

Jugular blood samples were taken in four periods: autumn, early winter, midwinter, and spring in each of 2 consecutive years from 108 Shorthorn cows that were assigned to one of three housing systems (In, In–Out, or Out), one of three levels of feeding (ad libitum, 75% of ad libitum, or 50% of ad libitum), and one of two forages (hay or grass silage). Blood samples for each group on each bleeding date were analyzed for Ca, P, Mg, Mn, and Cu. The planned reduction in feed intake in the first three periods resulted in a consistent increase in the voluntary consumption of the mineral supplement. Plasma inorganic P levels parallelled the intake of the mineral supplement. Plasma Ca levels appeared unrelated to either feed or supplemental mineral intake. Plasma Mg concentrations were significantly (P < 0.05) depressed at the lowest level of feeding (14.82, 13.88, and 11.96 mg/liter for ad libitum, 75% ad libitum, and 50% ad libitum, respectively). Cows kept Out had consistently higher plasma Cu levels than In cows. Feeding of silage compared to hay caused a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in plasma Cu concentrations (912 vs. 734 μg/liter). This difference in plasma Cu levels as affected by method of forage preservation increased as the experiment progressed.
DEPOSITION OF ERUCIC ACID IN SWINE TISSUE LIPIDS
Authors: WALKER B. L.
Published: March 2010

Swine were maintained for 6 weeks on practical corn–soy diets containing 10% corn oil (Zea mays) or 10% rapeseed oil (Brassica napus). Tissue lipids were extracted and subjected to fatty acid analysis. Erucic acid deposition was greatest in plasma and adipose tissue lipids, accounting for more than 7% of the total fatty acids. In the spleen, adrenal, erythrocyte, and heart, 22:1 comprised 3–5% of the total acids, whereas in the ovary, liver, kidney, and testis, only 1–3% was found. Eicosenoic acid was present in approximately the same concentration as erucic acid in most tissues. Generally, more oleic and palmitoleic acid and less linoleic acid occurred in the tissues from pigs receiving rapeseed oil. There was no marked influence of dietary fat on tissue polyunsaturated acids.
KOCHIA SEED AS A COMPONENT OF THE DIET OF TURKEY POULTS: EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT METHODS OF SAPONIN REMOVAL OR INACTIVATION
Authors: COXWORTH E. C. M. , SALMON R. E.
Published: March 2010

Two experiments were conducted to investigate methods of improving the nutritive value of kochia seed for turkey poults by removing or inactivating saponins present in the seed. Whole seed was washed with 1% NaOH to remove saponin, or whole seed was mixed with phytosterols to inactivate saponin. The weight gain, feed consumption, feed:gain ratio, and mortality were recorded for turkey poults fed diets containing 15 or 30% kochia seed. Performance equal to the control diet was obtained with a diet containing 15% kochia seed, which had been percolated and stirred with 1% NaOH. Grinding or heat-treating washed kochia seed did not improve performance. Diets containing kochia seed percolated without stirring with 1% NaOH showed a small nonsignificant improvement in growth rate associated with supplementation with leucine, threonine, and valine. The addition of sterols to unwashed kochia seed reduced the harmful effects of the saponins, but only partially at the level tested. Unwashed kochia seed, without addition of sterols, caused heavy mortality and reduced growth performance in comparison with the control diet and diets containing 1% NaOH washed kochia seed.
LOW PROTEIN STARTING DIETS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON SUBSEQUENT PULLET PERFORMANCE
Authors: SUMMERS J. D. , PEPPER W. F. , MORAN Jr. E. T.
Published: March 2010

Leghorn-type pullets were fed 14 and 20% protein corn–soya diets to 8 weeks of age. The birds on the low protein diet were significantly smaller and consumed less feed than the higher protein-fed birds. At 20 weeks of age pullets fed the low protein starting diet were still significantly smaller than the 20% protein-fed chicks even though similar diets were fed during the growing period. A corn–feathermeal diet resulted in reduced feed intake and body weight gain when fed ad libitum from 8 to 24 weeks as compared with dietary treatments. None of the starting or growing treatments had any effect on hen house performance except for a reduced body weight of those pullets fed the feathermeal diet. The data suggest that a low protein starting diet, followed by a corn–feathermeal (amino acid imbalanced) diet can be fed ad libitum and still achieve reduced weight gain and delayed sexual maturity without any adverse effect on hen house performance.
A COMPARISON OF TWO ULTRASONIC TECHNIQUES FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF FAT THICKNESS AND RIB EYE AREA IN CATTLE
Authors: GILLIS W. A. , BURGESS T. D. , USBORNE W. R. , GREIGER H. , TALBOT S.
Published: March 2010

A comparison of two ultrasonic techniques, A-mode and B-scan, using two commercially produced ultrasonic machines, Krautkramer Model USM 2F (A-mode) and Scanogram Model 721 (B-scan), was made for the measurement of fat thickness and rib eye area in cattle. Two experiments were conducted. Experiment 1 included 107 Hereford steers of approximately 454 kg liveweight and experiment 2 included 65 heifers of mixed breeding of approximately 375 kg liveweight. The B-scan results in both experiments were analyzed by two interpreters and the A-mode results were analyzed by one interpreter in experiment 1 and by two interpreters in experiment 2. All cattle were slaughtered after measuring with ultrasonics, and corresponding carcass measurements were taken 48 h postmortem. Both ultrasonic techniques were approximately equal in accuracy (σd) and precision (r) for the measurement of fat thickness. The correlations (r) and standard deviation of differences (σd) for the rib eye area estimates were highly dependent upon operator skill, particularly for the A-mode technique. For the experienced skilled operator, the A-mode technique was shown to be comsiderably more accurate and precise. The B-scan method was faster for obtaining and interpreting measurements. Rib eye area was estimated from two rib lean depth measurements using the A-mode technique with a high degree (R2 =.72) of precision.
SEQUENTIAL CHANGES IN PLASMA PROGESTERONE LEVELS IN THE EWE DURING THE ESTROUS CYCLE, AND DURING PREGNANCY IN INTACT AND OVARIECTOMIZED SHEEP
Authors: SARDA I. R. , ROBERTSON H. A. , SMEATON T. C.
Published: March 2010

The progesterone concentration in the peripheral plasma was measured sequentially in individual ewes during the estrous cycle, and during gestation and parturition in intact and in ovariectomized ewes. Progesterone levels during anestrum and in ovariectomized ewes have been measured. During the estrous cycle the concentration was lowest (0.1–0.2 ng/ml) from 36 h before to 48 h after, the onset of estrus. A similar concentration was found during anestrum and in ovariectomized ewes, suggesting that at estrus the progesterone comes from nonovarian tissue, probably the adrenal gland. On the 4th day of the cycle (day of estrus = 1st day) the progesterone level began to rise reaching a peak of 1.9–4.0 ng/ml on the 10th day. After a decline, the level rose to a second peak on the 14th or 15th day. Three to 4 days before the next onset of estrus the concentration dropped sharply over a period of 48 h to a low basal level (0.1–0.2 ng/ml). During early pregnancy the plasma progesterone concentration remained fairly constant at a level similar to the maximum level found during the cycle. A sharp rise started around the 80th day, reaching 15–20 ng/ml around the 110th day. This was followed by a second peak, then a decline in the plasma progesterone concentration before parturition, but the time at which this began was variable (1–11 days) and even on the day of parturition the level was generally > 3 ng/ml. A basal level of < 0.5 ng/ml was reached within 24 h after parturition. Pregnancy in ewes ovariectomized soon after conceiving was maintained with implants of progesterone. When these implants were removed around the 90th day of pregnancy the plasma progesterone concentration showed a similar rise to that which occurred in intact pregnant ewes at this time. Parturition occurred normally in these ewes. Within the limited population sample, any relation between the plasma progesterone and the number, sex, or weight of the fetus (es) was masked by the individual variability in the concentration of progesterone.
FORMATION OF SILICEOUS URINARY CALCULI IN CALVES GIVEN SUPPLEMENTS CONTAINING LARGE AMOUNTS OF SODIUM CHLORIDE
Authors: BAILEY C. B.
Published: March 2010

In three experiments lasting 50 wk, calves were given either prairie hay alone or prairie hay plus supplements containing salt (sodium chloride). Consumption by 50-wk-old calves of barley-based supplements containing 15–25% salt ranged from 1 to 2 kg per day providing intakes of 220–380 g of salt per day. Supplements compounded of salt and raw sugar in ratios of 1:1 and 1:3 were eaten poorly, total salt intake being no greater, on average, than in calves given salt alone. The concentration of silicic acid in the urine of calves given only prairie hay exceeded saturation and calculi were found in the urinary tracts of all of them. When the intake of salt-containing supplements provided at least 300 g of salt per day, the concentration of silicic acid in urine was well below saturation and calculus formation was largely eliminated. Formation of calculi was reduced when salt intake was about 200 g per day but was largely unaffected with intakes of 50 g per day or less. These results indicate that consumption of 300 g of salt per day by 300-kg calves given prairie hay will prevent the formation of siliceous calculi.
AN INTRAVAGINAL METHOD FOR THE RECOVERY AND TRANSFER OF BOVINE EGGS
Authors: BEDIRIAN K. N. , BAKER R. D.
Published: March 2010

not available
INFLUENCE OF SHELTER, LEVEL OF FEEDING, AND METHOD OF FORAGE CONSERVATION ON PACKED CELL VOLUME AND PLASMA METABOLITE LEVELS IN PREGNANT BEEF COWS
Authors: LISTER E. E. , FISHER L. J. , JORDAN W. A. , WAUTHY J. M. , COMEAU J. E. , PROULX J.
Published: March 2010

Pregnant beef cows confined in an insulated, forced-air ventilated barn (In) had lower (P < 0.05) packed cell volumes (PCV) during the winter than cows confined out-of-doors with only a windbreak shelter (Out), whereas cows in an open yard with access to a log barn (In–Out) had intermediate values. Out and In–Out cows had higher (P < 0.05) plasma glucose levels than In cows during winter but in early spring Out cows had higher (P < 0.05) levels than In–Out cows. Plasma creatinine levels of In cows were higher (P < 0.05) than those of Out cows in winter and early spring with In–Out cows intermediate. Restricting feed intake to 50% of ad libitum depressed (P < 0.05) PCV as compared with values in cows fed ad libitum or 75% of ad libitum feed intake but plasma glucose, lactic acid, and total fatty acids were unaffected by level of feeding. Plasma creatinine concentration was inversely related to feed intake but the differences due to feeding levels were not significant (P < 0.05). Grass silage as the only feed resulted in higher (P < 0.05) total plasma fatty acids compared with cows fed hay. Plasma creatinine concentration appears to merit further study as an indicator of metabolic activity due to its apparent relation to feed intake or the increased maintenance requirement in cold-stressed beef cows.
COMPOSITION OF WEIGHT CHANGE IN THE PREGNANT EWE
Authors: LODGE G. A. , HEANEY D. P.
Published: March 2010

Mature ewes were allotted to 10 groups of 11 each. The groups were subdivided into four pairs, each of one pregnant (P) and one nonpregnant (NP) ewe, plus three ewes to provide initial slaughter data (I). One pair from each group was slaughtered 35, 75, 105, and 140 days after the P ewe was bred. Both P and NP ewes received a submaintenance feed allowance based on body weight. Relative to the I group, NP ewes lost weight during the first 10 wk and then tended to plateau, whereas P ewes gained weight from about wk 5. Initially, the gain of P ewes equated with weight of concepta, but by day 140 weight of concepta exceeded total gain, indicating maternal loss during the final 35 days. Pregnant ewes had significantly (P < 0.05) more fat than did NP ewes at day 35, whereas at subsequent stages there were no significant differences, although there was a tendency for P ewes to have less fat than NP ewes by day 140. In energy terms, P ewes appeared to lose about 11% more from the body than did NP ewes.
RAPESEED MEAL VERSUS SOYBEAN MEAL AS THE ONLY PROTEIN SUPPLEMENT FOR LACTATING COWS FED CORN SILAGE ROUGHAGE RATIONS
Authors: WALDERN D. E.
Published: March 2010

Digestion, nitrogen balance, and a 112-day lactation trial were conducted with Holstein–Friesian cows fed corn silage as the only roughage, and concentrate rations containing either rapeseed meal (RSM) or soybean meal (SBM) as the only source of supplemental protein. The RSM and SBM consumed in the lactation trial represented 11.8 and 10.6% of the total daily dry matter intake, respectively. Digestibility of total ration crude protein was lower (P < 0.05) for RSM- than SBM-supplemented cows; nitrogen retention and efficiency of nitrogen utilization, however, was comparable for cows in the two treatment groups. Daily milk production, 4% fat-corrected milk production, percent milk fat, protein, and nonfat solids were greater (P < 0.05) for cows fed concentrate containing SBM than for those fed RSM as the source of supplemental protein. Milk production declined more for cows fed RSM compared with those fed SBM during the 112-day trial.
SELENIUM CONTENT OF FEEDSTUFFS PRODUCED IN PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND
Authors: WINTER K. A. , GUPTA U. C. , NASS H. G. , KUNELIUS H. T.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE AND DIETARY COPPER ON GROWTH AND LIPID METABOLISM IN PIGS. III. CONCENTRATION AND COMPOSITION OF PLASMA FREE FATTY ACIDS
Authors: MYRES A. W. , BOWLAND J. P.
Published: March 2010

Individual fatty acid concentrations were measured in the blood plasma of pigs fed diets with and without 250 ppm supplemental copper. The pigs were kept in winter either with colony houses for shelter or in a heated barn. Blood samples were taken from the anterior vena cava before feeding and after 24 h starvation during the 1st wk of the experiment and 6 wk after the start of the experiment. There were significant (P < 0.01) differences due to feeding state with fasting free fatty acid levels being higher than those in the fed state. There were also significant interactions of copper with feeding state and environment, suggesting that copper affects the metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids in a different manner from that of the saturated acids. The results are discussed in relation to possible mechanisms by which dietary copper affects fat deposition and fatty acid composition of adipose tissue lipids.
INFLUENCE OF LEVEL OF COPPER SUPPLEMENT AND REMOVAL OF SUPPLEMENTAL COPPER FROM THE DIET ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GROWING-FINISHING PIGS AND ACCUMULATION OF COPPER IN THE LIVER
Authors: ELLIOT J. I. , AMER M. A.
Published: March 2010

One hundred crossbred pigs were employed in two trials to study the effects of various periods of copper supplementation of the diet at several levels to a maximum of 250 ppm on the performance of growing-finishing pigs, and the accumulation of copper in the liver. The presence of supplemental copper in the diet for any period or at any level did not significantly improve the growth rate of pigs. When included in the diet up to 23, 46, or 69 kg liveweight there was a trend to improved growth rate; however, when included in the diet until 92 kg, growth was depressed. This depression was significant (P < 0.05) only for the 250-ppm level in experiment 2. Removal of supplemental copper from the diet at 23, 46, or 69 kg liveweight depressed growth rate to 92 kg. The presence of supplemental copper in the diet at all levels studied significantly (P < 0.01) increased liver-copper concentration. Removal of copper from the diet at 23 or 46 kg liveweight reduced liver-copper concentration measured at 92 kg liveweight to control levels; removal from the diet at 69 kg liveweight reduced liver-copper concentration at 92 kg by 50%.
EFFECTS OF LEVEL OF COPPER SUPPLEMENT AND REMOVAL OF SUPPLEMENTAL COPPER FROM THE DIET ON THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PORCINE DEPOT FAT
Authors: AMER M. A. , ELLIOT J. I.
Published: March 2010

One hundred crossbred pigs were used in two experiments to study the effects of period and level of copper supplementation of swine diets on the physical and chemical characteristics of porcine depot fat. In the first experiment the presence of 250 ppm supplemental copper in the diet significantly (P < 0.01) increased the phospholipid content, decreased the melting point, increased the weight percent of unsaturated fatty acids, and decreased the weight percent of saturated fatty acids present in the backfat of pigs at 23, 46, 69, or 92 kg. Removal of supplemental copper from the diet at 23, 46, or 69 kg resulted in a backfat at 92 kg whose physical and chemical characteristics were similar to those observed in the control animals. In the second experiment all levels of supplemental copper tested significantly (P < 0.01) decreased the melting point, increased the weight percent of unsaturated fatty acids, and decreased the weight percent of saturated fatty acids in the depot fat at market weight. These changes were consistent and unrelated to level of supplemental copper in the diet: 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, or 250 ppm. The data are discussed in relation to changes in the proportions of individual fatty acids.
EFFECTS OF OROTIC ACID ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF VITAMIN E DEFICIENCY IN RATS
Authors: CHEEKE P. R.
Published: March 2010

not available
MASS SELECTION FOR POSTWEANING GROWTH IN SWINE. III. CORRELATED RESPONSE IN WEANING WEIGHT AND FEED EFFICIENCY TO RECURRENT SELECTION FOR POSTWEANING AVERAGE DAILY GAIN IN SWINE
Authors: RAHNEFELD G. W.
Published: March 2010

Correlated response in weaning weight and feed efficiency were estimated for a genetically variable population of swine selected during nine generations for postweaning average daily gain. Total response in weaning weight to direct selection for gain was 0.03 kg per generation. This was 3.1% of the predicted response. The estimate of genetic correlation between postweaning average daily gain and weaning weight was found high and positive (> 1). Total response in feed efficiency to direct selection for gain was −0.58 kg per generation. This was 10% of the predicted response. The estimate of genetic correlation between postweaning gain and feed efficiency was −0.35.
A SIMPLE SKIN GRAFTING TECHNIQUE FOR THE LABORATORY RAT
Authors: ABANDOWITZ H. M. , BASRUR P. K.
Published: March 2010

not available
BEEF PRODUCTION POTENTIAL AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF FERTILIZED AND UNFERTILIZED SEDGE HAYS GROWN ON AN ORGANIC SOIL OF INTERIOR BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: RYSWYK A. L. VAN , HUBBARD W. A. , MILTIMORE J. E.
Published: March 2010

Beef production from fertilized and unfertilized sedge hays grown on Organic soil was estimated by feeding these hays to yearling steers in each of 2 yr with no supplements other than common salt. Alfalfa hay was used as a reference feed. Further evaluation of hay quality included analyses for nylon bag digestible dry matter (DDM), crude protein and fiber, acid detergent lignin and fiber, Ca, P, K, S, Mg, silica, Cu, Mo, Fe, Zn, and Mn. The principal effect of fertilization of the sedge stand was to increase dry matter production, which resulted in an increase in beef yield from 89 to 214 kg/ha per yr. This increase would more than offset fertilizer cost at current prices. Consumptions of the three hays were similar, about 4.7 kg dry matter/day. Yearly conversion rates for unfertilized sedge hay were much more variable than for the fertilized. Both were less efficient than that for alfalfa resulting in mean average daily gain for the 2 yr for the sedge hays of about 0.23 kg/day compared with 0.37 for alfalfa. The more efficient conversion of alfalfa may be attributed to its higher DDM and possibly to higher protein and P. Fertilization resulted in no appreciable improvement of sedge hay nutritional characteristics. Both sedge hays were deficient in protein, P, Cu, and Zn and had high Ca/P and low Cu/Mo ratios whereas the alfalfa hay was deficient in Zn and Mn and had a high Ca/P ratio. All hays were sufficient in the other analyzed inorganic constituents according to published standards.
GROWTH RATES, CARCASS GRADES, AND FAT COMPOSITION IN RAM LAMBS, WETHER LAMBS, AND INDUCED CRYPTORCHIDS
Authors: VESELY J. A.
Published: March 2010

Ram lambs, cryptorchids, and wether lambs achieved approximately the same weight at weaning. The daily gain of ram lambs and cryptorchids in the feedlot averaged 0.04 kg per day more than that of wether lambs but this difference was not significant. The greater total gain of ram lambs and cryptorchids in feedlot resulted in heavier shipping weights (45.0 and 46.1 kg vs. 43.5 kg). No differences were found in carcass grades among the sex types. Fatty acid composition of fat from ram lambs, cryptorchids, and wethers did not differ significantly. There was no significant difference in growth rate or fatty acid content of fat between animals on a ration containing barley and one containing screenings.
INTRACELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF MERCURY IN AVIAN TISSUES
Authors: BUSH R. S. , CAMPBELL L. D. , MARQUARDT R. R. , ARMSTRONG F. A. J.
Published: March 2010

Meal from mercury-contaminated fish was used to prepare diets containing from 0.1 to 3.9 ppm mercury. These diets were fed to 1-day-old chicks for a period of 4 wk. The intracellular distribution of mercury and the ability of methionine and pantothenic acid to reduce mercury uptake by tissues was studied. Addition of methionine and pantothenic acid to diets containing approximately 0.8 ppm mercury did not reduce the amount of mercury that entered liver or kidney cells. The mercury concentration in liver, kidney, and brain showed a nearly linear response to the levels of mercury in the diet. The concentrations of mercury in nuclear, mitochondrial, microsomal, and cytoplasmic preparations obtained by cellular fractionation of these tissues also showed a linear response to the dietary mercury levels. Of the mercury in the tissue, 80% was found in the cytoplasmic fraction. Of the cytoplasmic mercury, 40–60% was bound to protein.
RESPONSE FROM COPPER AND SELENIUM WITH VITAMIN E INJECTIONS TO CATTLE PASTURED ON MINERAL AND ORGANIC GROUNDWATER SOILS
Authors: MILTIMORE J. E. , MASON J. L. , McARTHUR J. M. , STRACHAN C. C. , CLAPP J. B.
Published: March 2010

An experiment, using a total of 127 cattle on one ranch over a 2-yr period and 82 cattle at two separate locations on a second ranch in 1 yr, tested injections of copper (Cu) and injections of selenium (Se) with vitamin E, separately and in combination. Injections of 100 mg Cu as copper calcium edetate resulted in an increased overall daily gain of 118 g or 22%. The injections of Se and vitamin E did not significantly increase gain and there was no synergistic effect when the two materials were given together. The crude protein, inorganic sulfate, S, P, Ca, K, Mg, Cu, Mo, Fe, Mn, Zn, and B concentrations were determined on grass from the experimental pastures and from grass growing in fields around one ranch. These latter forages were collected in seven paired locations with one member forage of each set being harvested from an organic groundwater soil and the other from an adjacent clay soil where there was good drainage. Forage growing on well-drained soils had a Cu/Mo ratio of 1.9, which was almost treble the 0.7 ratio found in forage grown on the groundwater soil. Cu levels in hair from cattle on ranch B, given only Cu injections, averaged 13.4 ppm Cu on an oven-dry weight basis, which was 54% higher in Cu than hair from the control cattle. The mean concentration of Se in hair of cattle receiving Se with vitamin E was 60 ppm, which was not significantly different from the control at 58 ppm.
YIELD AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF CORN, BARLEY, WHEAT, AND FORAGE OATS AS SILAGE FOR LACTATING DAIRY COWS
Authors: BURGESS P. L. , NICHOLSON J. W. G. , GRANT E. A.
Published: March 2010

Whole crops of corn, barley, wheat, and forage oats were ensiled and fed as the sole forage to 48 milking cows in two 12-wk feeding trials. In the first experiment corn (25.1% dry matter (DM)) harvested in the early dent stage, barley (34.2% DM), and forage oats (27.6% DM) harvested in the dough stage were compared. Holstein cows fed the three silages averaged 22.6, 19.7, and 18.7 kg of 4% fat-corrected milk per day and consumed 1.67, 1.82, and 1.85 kg of silage DM per 100 kg body weight, respectively. In the second experiment, cows fed wheat (35.7% DM), barley (29.8% DM), or forage oat (27.0% DM) silage harvested in the dough stage produced 21.2, 23.3, and 22.1 kg fat-corrected milk daily and consumed 1.75, 1.71, and 1.62 kg silage DM per 100 kg body weight, respectively. Corn silage DM intake was lower (P < 0.01) but more efficiently utilized for milk production (P < 0.01) than barley or forage oats, whereas wheat, barley, and forage oat silages were similar in feeding value. In experiment I, rumen acetate increased and butyrate decreased with corresponding increases in forage fiber content. Propionate levels were unaffected by the kind of forage, whereas blood urea nitrogen was highest for cows fed forage oats in both experiments.
NUTRITIVE VALUE OF FRESH AND DRIED MARROW-STEM KALE HARVESTED AT TWO DIFFERENT PERIODS
Authors: PELLETIER G. , DONEFER E.
Published: March 2010

Three yearling Cheviot × Suffolk ewes and three Columbia wethers were confined in metabolic cages and fed ad libitum fresh and dried marrow-stem kale (Brassica oleracea var. acephala D.C.) harvested in mid- and late October. Chemical analyses of the forages indicated no marked effects on any of the plant constituents due to drying or advancing maturity. Digestibility measurements demonstrated that marrow-stem kale (MSK) was a highly digestible material with an average dry matter digestibility of 78%. The fresh forages had higher (P < 0.05) dry matter and gross energy digestibility values than the dried form. Dry matter digestibility coefficients were higher (P < 0.05) for late October as compared with the earlier harvest. A trend toward higher (P > 0.05) voluntary intake values due to drying maturity was observed with an average relative intake of 80%. The nutritive value index averaged 65, thus indicating a digestible energy intake similar to a high-quality (legume) forage.
FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF BLOOD SERUM AND OVER IN BEEF CALVES AS INFLUENCED BY MATERNAL DIET AND INCIDENCE OF NUTRITIONAL MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
Authors: HIDIROGLOU M. , JENKINS K. J. , MACKAY R. R.
Published: March 2010

Changes in the fatty acid composition of blood serum and liver from 28 beef calves were studied from birth to approximately 8 and 12 wk, respectively. The calves (purebred Shorthorn) were born from 14 cows fed alfalfa hay (group 1) and from 14 cows fed oat hay (group 2). The data indicate a pronounced effect of the dietary fat, with liver and serum of group 2 calves containing a higher proportion of C18:1 and C18:2 fatty acids than those of group 1. The serum of group 1 calves had higher proportions of C12:0, C14:0, C14:1, C15:0, C17:0, C18:3, and C20:1 than group 2. The proportion of C18:2 and C18:3 in the serum of both groups increased from birth until the calves were about 21 days of age, whereas the proportion of C18:1 declined during the same period. Proportionately more C17:1 and less C12:0 were found in the serum of the nondystrophic calves than those affected with nutritional muscular dystrophy. There was also a significant interaction between the nutritional muscular dystrophy incidence and the diet of calves for the C16:0, C18:2, and C18:3 fatty acids of serum. However, no such difference was found for the liver, which contained proportionally the highest concentrations of C18:0 compared with other fatty acids. In liver, high concentrations of the C16:0 and C18:1 acids were also found and appreciable levels of the C20 series.
EFFECTS OF INCREASING THE ENERGY VALUE OF A WHOLE MILK DIET FOR CALVES. I. NUTRIENT DIGESTIBILITY AND NITROGEN RETENTION
Authors: LODGE G. A. , LISTER E. E.
Published: March 2010

In each of four metabolism trials using male Holstein calves, the biological value (BV) of whole milk protein was improved by increasing the energy:protein ratio through addition of glucose or butterfat. Cow’s milk, which provided 21.7–23.8 kcal digestible energy (DE)/g digestible crude protein (DCP) had a BV of 73–78, whereas supplementation with glucose to provide 28 kcal DE/g DCP increased the BV to 84–86. Higher levels of glucose providing 31–32 kcal DE/g DCP tended to further elevate the BV to 87–89 but some diarrhea occurred in younger calves. Attempts to provide larger quantities of energy by increasing the amount of glucose resulted in severe diarrhea and the consistent detection of glucose in the feces. Except where the diarrhea was severe, digestibilities of dry matter and gross energy were not affected by increasing quantities of glucose in the diet. Protein digestibility, however, was depressed in each metabolism trial when higher levels (8–10% glucose monohydrate) were added to whole milk.
RESPONSE OF BROILERS TO VARIATIONS IN WATERER, FEEDER, AND FLOOR SPACE UNDER CONTINUOUS AND INTERMITTENT PHOTOPERIODS
Authors: PROUDFOOT F. G.
Published: March 2010

The effects on broiler performance of different floor, waterer, and feeder spaces and light treatments were estimated. Increased bird density resulted in a reduction in body weight, poorer feed conversion, reduced carcass quality and a reduction in monetary returns per bird started. Feeder space effects were inconsistent. Waterer spaces examined had little effect on bird performance. Light treatments studied revealed that cycles of 1 h of light with 3 h of darkness resulted in slightly superior feed conversion compared with cycles of 3 h of light and 1 h of darkness.
EFFECTS OF COLOR ON CONSUMPTION OF BROILER DIETS CONTAINING RAPESEED MEAL AND RAPESEED
Authors: LESLIE A. J. , HURNIK J. F. , SUMMERS J. D.
Published: March 2010

Six hundred and seventy-two 1-day-old male broiler chicks of two strains were used to assess the effects of diet and color of diet on feed consumption. Isocaloric isonitrogenous diets that contained soybean meal (control), rapeseed meal, or ground rapeseed were fed in either colored or noncolored form. During the starter period the birds were given a choice of two diets in various combinations whereas during the grower period no choice was available. In the starter period there were no significant effects of color or diet combinations on total feed consumption. Coloring one diet of a pair, however, tended to increase the difference in consumption between the two by reducing the intake of the colored diet. The one exception to this was the diet pair containing ground rapeseed, which was not affected when one diet was colored. The control diet was preferred, followed by the diets containing rapeseed meal and ground rapeseed, respectively, when a choice was available. When no choice of diet was available in the grower period the only significant effect of color was to increase consumption of the ground rapeseed-containing diet. Weight gain in both periods was highest on the control diet followed by the diets containing rapeseed meal and ground rapeseed, respectively.
INFLUENCE OF VITAMIN E AND ANTIOXIDANT ON THE RESPONSE OF DIETARY SELENIUM BY THE CHICK AND THE BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SELENIUM IN FEED GRAIN
Authors: SEIER L. , BRAGG D. B.
Published: March 2010

Broiler chicks were used to determine the influence of dietary selenium, vitamin E, and antioxidant on the incidence of exudative diathesis, and the activity of selenium present in feed grain in two experiments. Chicks were depleted of selenium by feeding a selenium-deficient diet for 10 days. Following the depletion period, chicks were fed different levels of selenium with and without vitamin E and antioxidant in the first experiment. Results showed that the incidence of exudative diathesis decreased as selenium was increased in the diet. The addition of vitamin E, or antioxidant, or both, reduced the incidence of exudative diathesis at each level of dietary selenium. The second experiment was an evaluation of selenium supplied by feed grain compared with dietary sodium selenite supplied at various dietary levels on the response of exudative diathesis and other response measurements in the chick. Results indicated that grain samples grown in a specific locality showed a similar selenium content irrespective of variety. Samples grown in different areas showed a wide range in the selenium content. Biological activity of selenium as measured by the incidence of exudative diathesis indicates that 100% of the mineral was biologically active in six samples, two samples showed 62 and 69% activity, and two showed 144 and 178% activity values.
GROOMING AND YARDING OF SPRING-BORN CALVES PREVENT PARALYSIS CAUSED BY THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN WOOD TICK
Authors: RICH G. B.
Published: March 2010

not available
SOME RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BLOOD GROUP FACTORS AND ECONOMIC TRAITS IN SWINE
Authors: KENNEDY B. W. , MOXLEY J. E. , SAISON RUTH
Published: March 2010

Twenty-four sires, 168 dams, and 653 market pigs of several breeds were typed for up to 32 blood group factors to investigate possible relationships between blood group factors and economic traits. Least squares methods were used to study the effects of blood group factors on five measures of reproductive performance (numbers born, born dead, alive at birth, alive at 21 days, and alive at 56 days), four stages of growth (weight at birth, 21 days, 56 days, and 154 days), four carcass traits (length, total backfat, loin eye area, and lean cut yield), and on susceptibility to atrophic rhinitis. A greater frequency of low F-test probabilities than expected was observed for both growth and carcass traits. F-values for 10 of 107 factor-growth trait combinations (9.3%) and 16 of 104 factor-carcass trait combinations (15.4%) were significant (P < 0.05). Of the significant F-values, five growth (4.7%) and six carcass (5.8%) were highly significant (P < 0.01). No excess of low F-test probabilities was observed with the reproductive data as only five of 100 factor-trait combinations (5.0%) had significant F-values. No significant association between any blood group factor and atrophic rhinitis score was observed.
ESTROGEN-INDUCED CHANGES IN SERUM LUTEINIZING HORMONE LEVELS IN OVARIECTOMIZED EWES
Authors: HOWLAND B. E. , PALMER V. M.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF SMALL-END-UP EGG ORIENTATION ON HAUGH UNIT SCORES AFTER STORAGE FOR 8 AND 15 DAYS
Authors: PROUDFOOT F. G.
Published: March 2010

not available
INFLUENCE OF FEED PARTICLE SIZE ONpH, CARBOHYDRATE CONTENT, AND VISCOSITY OF RUMEN FLUID
Authors: CHENG K.-J. , HIRONAKA R.
Published: March 2010

Four fistulated cows were used to compare the rumen fluid properties produced from feeding all-concentrate feeds of fine (344 μ), or coarse (519 μ) geometric mean particle size, or alfalfa hay. A severe frothy condition developed in the rumens of cows fed the fine particle size feed but not in the rumens of cows fed the coarse or hay diets. The average viscosity of rumen fluid from cows fed hay was 7.4 centipoises (cP), about 14.7 cP when fed the coarse feed, and about 30.7 cP when fed the fine feed. After the cows became accustomed to their feed, rumen fluid pH declined from 6.5 to 5.6 when fed the fine particle feed and from 6.9 to 6.0 when fed the coarse. The rumen fluid from the cows fed the fine feed exhibited two viscosity maxima, between pH 5.5 and 5.8, and between pH 7.5 and 8.5, whereas the viscosity of the rumen fluid from the cows fed the coarse feed was not influenced by pH. Soluble carbohydrate levels were 650 μg/ml in the rumen fluid of cows fed the coarse-particle diet and over 1,000 μg/ml in that from cows fed the fine-particle feed. Cows fed hay had less than 300 μg/ml of soluble carbohydrate in the rumen fluid.
FORMIC ACID OR FORMIC ACID–FORMALIN AS A SILAGE ADDITIVE
Authors: BARKER R. A. , MOWAT D. N. , STONE J. B. , FREEMAN M. G. , STEVENSON K. R.
Published: March 2010

Three methods of ensiling an alfalfa–bromegrass mixture were compared: field-wilted (W) (45% dry matter (DM)); direct-cut (F) (24% DM) with 85% formic acid added at the harvester at 0.5% w/w; and direct-cut (FF) (25% DM) with a formic acid–formalin mixture similarly added at 0.5% w/w. The formic acid–formalin mixture was a 1:1 ratio of 85% formic acid to 40% formaldehyde. Wilted silage was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in pH and soluble N (percent total N) and lower in gross energy than F or FF. Treatment FF produced significantly (P < 0.05) more total acids, butyric acid, and propionic acid, than did F or W. In a 140-day postparturition dairy trial, 30 Holstein cows were grouped by age and randomly assigned to W, F, and FF silages fed ad libitum. Differences among the mean silage DM intakes of 10.6, 10.6, and 9.8 kg/day and mean solids-corrected milk yields of 23.4, 24.9, and 25.5 kg/day for W, F, and FF, respectively, were nonsignificant (P < 0.05). Fifty-four crossbred beef bulls with an average initial weight of 239 kg were fed W, F, and FF as protein supplements (approximately 2.8 kg DM/day) with high moisture corn ad libitum for 133 days. Mean gains were 1.36, 1.35, and 1.28 kg/day and feed: gain ratios were 5.66, 5.82, and 6.04, respectively, for W, F, and FF. No significant differences (P < 0.05) were found in gains, feed: gain ratios, or carcass composition.
AN EVALUATION OF TOTAL DIGESTIBLE NUTRIENTS, METABOLIZABLE ENERGY, AND NET ENERGY FOR THE PREDICTION OF ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FOR BEEF CATTLE IN ONTARIO
Authors: DICKIE D. I. , WILTON J. W. , BURGESS T. D.
Published: March 2010

Four studies and populations of beef animals were used to evaluate different methods of expressing energy requirements by comparing actual to predicted gains of bulls and steers fed in Ontario. Large differences between predicted and actual gains occurred. Based on a total of 503 animals, gains predicted by the net energy method (National Academy of Sciences–National Research Council. 1970. Nutrient requirements of domestic animals. 4. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. (4th rev.). Nat. Acad. Sci., Publ. ISBN 0-309-01754-8; Washington, D.C.) were approximately 20% below the actual gains but exceptions within treatment groups were evident. Three hundred and twenty-five individually fed bulls were used to compare the accuracy with which gains were predicted from equations using total digestible nutrients (National Academy of Sciences–National Research Council. 1963. Nutrient requirements of domestic animals. 4. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. Nat. Acad. Sci., Publ. 1137, Washington, D.C.) net energy (National Academy of Sciences–National Research Council. 1970. Nutrient requirements of domestic animals. 4. Nutrient requirements of beef cattle. (4th rev.). Nat. Acad. Sci., Publ. ISBN 0-309-01754-8, Washington, D.C), and metabolizable energy (Agricultural Research Council. 1965. The nutrient requirements of farm animals. No. 2. Ruminants. London, England). The metabolizable energy method predicted gains most accurately.
UTILIZATION OF ENSILED OR ACID-TREATED HIGH-MOISTURE SHELLED CORN BY CATTLE
Authors: McKNIGHT D. R. , MACLEOD G. K. , BUCHANAN-SMITH J. G. , MOWAT D. N.
Published: March 2010

Shelled corn of approximately 25% moisture was artificially dried (DC), ensiled (HMEC), or preserved either with 1.25% of a 60:40 mixture of acetic and propionic acids (HMAP) or with 1.00% propionic acid (HMP), and was examined for chemical and physical differences. Diets consisting of 66% corn (dry matter basis) were fed in a 4 × 4 latin square arrangement of treatments to four rumen and abomasal fistulated yearling heifers. High-moisture (HM) corn diets were more (P < 0.05) digestible in dry matter (77.4 vs. 74.2%) and energy (75.4 vs. 72.4%) than was the DC diet. Acid-treated corn diets had higher (P < 0.05) starch digestibility (95.6 vs. 91.7%) than DC diets. HMP diet was superior (P < 0.05) in starch digestibility to HMEC and significantly (P < 0.05) higher in nitrogen digestibility than was DC. Rumen ammonia nitrogen levels were higher (P < 0.05) on HMEC than on HMAP diet. Significantly (P < 0.05) higher total quantities of propionic and butyric acids in rumen fluid were observed on HMP diet and the quantity of total rumen volatile fatty acids tended to be higher on HMP than on other diets. Results suggest that HM corn diets move through the reticulorumen more slowly and experience greater digestion in this area than does DC diet.
EFFECTS OF UREA ON THE ACTIVITY OF GLUTAMATE DEHYDROGENASE, GLUTAMINE SYNTHETASE, CARBAMYL PHOSPHATE SYNTHETASE, AND CARBAMYL PHOSPHOKINASE IN RUMINANT TISSUES
Authors: SALEM H. A. , DEVLIN T. J. , MARQUARDT R. R.
Published: March 2010

The effect of an isonitrogenous (2.7% N) semipurified diet containing 0, 50, or 100% of the added nitrogen (N) as urea (comprising 0, 39, or 76% of the total N in the diet) on the activities of major enzymes involved in nitrogen metabolism was investigated with calves. The activities of glutamate dehydrogenase (L-glutamate:NAD(P) oxidoreductase (deaminating) enzyme code (EC) 1.4.1.3), glutamine synthetase (L-glutamate:ammonia ligase (ADP) EC 6.3.1.2), carbamyl phosphate synthetase (ATP:carbamate phosphotransferase (dephosphorylating) EC 2.7.2.5), and carbamyl phosphokinase (ATPcarbamate phosphotransferase EC 2.7.2.2) were assayed in the liver, rumen epithelial tissue, and rumen microorganisms. No significant differences among diets in the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase from liver or rumen epithelium were found. Rumen fluid (rumen microorganisms) samples from calves fed the 50% urea-N diet exhibited higher glutamate dehydrogenase activity than the 0% urea-N or 100% urea-N diets. Rumen epithelium glutamine synthetase activities were slightly higher for the 50% urea-N diet than the 0 or 100% urea-N diets. Liver glutamine synthetase activities were also slightly higher for the urea-containing diets when compared with the 0% urea-N diet. Rumen microorganisms glutamine synthetase activity was significantly (P < 0.05) higher for animals fed the 50% urea-N diet than those fed 0 or 100% urea-N diets. Liver carbamyl phosphate synthetase was significantly (P < 0.01) higher than rumen epithelium or phosphokinase of rumen microorganisms but there were no significant differences among diets. Rumen fluid from calves fed the 50 or 100% urea-N diets had higher carbamyl phosphokinase activity than animals fed the 0% urea-N diet.
INTAKE AND DIGESTIBILITY OF ORGANIC ACID-TREATED BARLEY SILAGE FED TO STEERS AND SHEEP
Authors: CANDLISH E. , CLARK K. W. , INGALLS J. R.
Published: March 2010

Chopped barley, 35–40% dry matter, was treated with 0.41% formic acid, 0.43% formic acid-formaldehyde mixture, 0.43% formic acid–acetic acid mixture, and 0.34% ChemStor (propionic acid–acetic acid) at the time of ensiling. The silages were fed to 60 growing beef calves during 154 days for intake and weight gain data and to eight sheep during 16 wk for digestibility studies. Acid treatment of barley prior to ensiling tended to reduce soluble nitrogen of the silage. Less acetic and lactic acids were present in acid-treated silages. Feed intake was not different (P > 0.05) among the treatments. Weight gain was lower (P < 0.05) for calves receiving formic–formaldehyde and formic acid-treated silage compared with those receiving nontreated silage. Feed efficiency was reduced (P < 0.05) for the three treatments containing formic acid compared with nontreated silage. Digestibility of dry matter, energy, and organic matter were not different (P > 0.05) among treatments. Treatment of silage with formic acid-formaldehyde resulted in reduced (P < 0.05) protein digestibility compared with control and ChemStor-treated silages. A better preservation of original plant carbohydrates when acids were added was indicated by a lower concentration of acetic and lactic acids in acid-treated silages.