bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
El microcrédito productivo como dinamizador de la economía campesina en la región del Austro
Authors: Becerra Molina Edison , Cuadrado Sánchez Gina
Published: October 2020

Los indicadores de indigencia, desigualdad en la distribución de los ingresos, desempleo y la concentración del crédito en la república del Ecuador justifican la necesidad de focalizar el estudio de mecanismos que contribuyan al crecimiento económico y social.

La sociedad genera barreras que niegan a las personas el acceso a la empleabilidad, y por tanto acceder a una calidad de vida mejor. Los pobladores de los sectores rurales dependiendo de su ubicación geográfica y condiciones, tiene que ocuparse en actividades informales como la agricultura principalmente para su sustento diario. Por su constante informalidad en el subdesarrollo; en un mundo en donde existen barreras que impiden aprovechar las ventajas de los mercados, acumular capital y aumentar su productividad.

La creación de un banco comunitario es parte de la solución fungiendo un papel inclusivo orientado a prestar servicios financieros a este segmento de la sociedad, con la premisa principal de contribuir a mejorar las condiciones socio-económicas de las familias de escasos recursos, , de tal manera que los pequeños productores puedan impulsar iniciativas agrícolas y pecuarias, que permitan mejorar la calidad y diversidad de la dieta familiar, integrando a las familias a la población económicamente activa.

El objetivo de la investigación, fue determinar el nivel de impacto y de contribución a la economía real de los veinte y cuatro sectores beneficiarios del capital semilla colocado por la Fundación Nuevos Horizontes para el otorgamiento de microcréditos en la región del Austro.  Para el efecto se incluyó en el estudio variables como: destino del crédito, sector productivo al que atiende, formas de organización, modelo de negocio centrado en la capacitación, productividad, sistema crediticio, rentabilidad y competitividad.

El análisis realizado a las parroquias rurales de la región del Austro,  permitió identificar y medir el impacto que ha tenido el microcrédito en los sectores campesinos, a través de la comprobación empírica del modelo que se realizó mediante un panel de datos de veinte y cuatro bancos comunitarios de la zona, adicionalmente, se aplicó encuestas con el fin de identificar la oferta de microcréditos en las zonas de estudio, concluyendo que la gestión de la Fundación Nuevos Horizontes generó un alto impacto en cuanto al impulso del empleo y la dinamización de la economía, logrando la participación y el empoderamiento de las familias traducidos en la mejora de la productividad y por ende de las condiciones socioeconómicas mediante el acceso al crédito y la asistencia técnica proporcionados por los Bancos Comunales, sin duda, un factor importante en el desarrollo económico de las familias de estos sectores.
Monitoring Insecticide Resistance and Target Site Mutations of L1014 Kdr And G119 Ace Alleles in Five Mosquito Populations in Korea
Authors: Park Seo Hye , Jun Hojong , Ahn Seong Kyu , Lee Jinyoung , Yu Sung-Lim , Lee Sung Keun , Kang Jung-Mi , Kim Hyunwoo , Lee Hee-Il , Hong Sung-Jong , Na Byoung-Kuk , Bahk Young Yil , Kim Tong-Soo
Published: October 2020

Mosquitoes are globally distributed and important vectors for the transmission of many human diseases. Mosquito control is a difficult task and the cost of preventing mosquito-borne diseases is much lower than that for curing the associated diseases. Thus, chemical control remains the most effective tool for mosquito. Due to the long-term intensive use of insecticides to control mosquito vectors, resistance to most chemical insecticides has been reported. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between insecticide resistance and target site mutation of L1014 kdr and G119 ace alleles in 5 species/species group of mosquitoes (Aedes vexans, Ae. albopictus, Anopheles spp., Culex pipiens complex, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus) obtained from 6 collection sites. For Anopheles spp., the proportion of mosquitoes with mutated alleles in L1014 was 88.4%, homozygous resistant genotypes were observed in 46.7%, and heterozygous resistant genotypes were observed in 41.8%. For the Cx. pipiens complex and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus species, homozygous resistant genotypes were found in 25.9% and 9.8%, respectively. However, target site mutation of L1014 in the Ae. vexans nipponii and Ae. albopictus species was not observed. Anopheles spp., Cx. pipiens complex, and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus mosquitoes were resistant to deltamethrin and chlorpyriphos, whereas Ae. vexans nipponii and Ae. albopictus were clearly susceptible. We also found a correlation between the resistance phenotype and the presence of the L1014 kdr and G119 ace mutations only in the Anopheles spp. population. In this study, we suggest that insecticide resistance poses a growing threat and resistance management must be integrated into all mosquito control programs.
Epidemiological Characteristics of Rodents and Chiggers with Orientia Tsutsugamushi in the Republic of Korea
Authors: Park Jung Wook , Yu Dae Sung , Lee Gi Seong , Seo Jin Jong , Chung Jae Keun , Lee Jae Il
Published: October 2020

A survey of rodents and chiggers associated with Orientia tsutsugamushi was conducted in a rural region of the Republic of Korea (Korea) between 2014 and 2018. Overall Apodemus agrarius 15.2% had the highest seropisitive for O. tsutsugamushi, followed by Myodes regulus 11.4%. Monthly risk factors using logistic regression analysis were not associated with O. tsutsugamushi infections in rodents. The overall prevalence rate of O. tsutsugamushi among chiggers was 0.3%. The chigger (Leptotrombidium scutellare) and monthly (October) risk factors were associated with O. tsutsugamushi human infections (P<0.05). Orientia tsutsugamushi infections are endemic in rodents in Korea and people, for example, soldiers who are active outdoors, must employ preventive measures, especially during October (P<0.05). When there are many reports of O. tsutsugamushi infections in Korea. The Boryong strain 85.7% (2/14) was the most common strain detected in chiggers, followed by the Shimokoshi 7.1% (1/14) and Karp 7.1% strains.
Clinical Case of a Transfusion-Associated Canine Mycoplasma haemocanis Infection in the Republic of Korea: A Case Report
Authors: Kim Jihu , Lee Donghwan , Yoon Eunchae , Bae Hyeona , Chun Daseul , Kang Jun-Gu , Jung Dong-In , Yu Do-Hyeon
Published: October 2020

This report describes the first clinical case of a transfusion-associated Mycoplasma haemocanis infection in a dog in Korea. A 6-year-old male Maltese underwent a red blood cell transfusion for idiopathic immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Eighteen days after the blood transfusion, the recipient’s packed cell volume decreased and basophilic organisms were found on erythrocytes. A polymerase chain reaction and sequential analysis showed that both the donor dog and recipient dog had M. haemocanis. Six weeks after doxycycline administration, no organisms were detected and the recipient’s anemia had improved.
Effect of Epigallocatechin Gallate on Viability of Kudoa septempunctata
Authors: Shin Sang Phil , Hong Hyun Ki , Jin Chang Nam , Sohn Hanchang , Choi Kwang Sik , Lee Jehee
Published: October 2020

Kudoa septempunctata have been reported as a causative agent for acute transient gastrointestinal troubles after eating raw olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). It raised public health concerns and quarantine control in several countries. Quantitative evaluation on viability of K. septempunctata is crucial to develop effective chemotherapeutics against it. A cytometry using fluorescent stains was employed to assess effect of three compounds on viability of K. septempunctata. Epigallocatechin gallate reduced markedly viability of K. septempunctata at 0.5 mM or more, and damaged K. septempunctata spores by producing cracks.
Conhecimentos sobre ensino de Matemática e formação de professores produzidos em pesquisas no contexto do GPEFCom
Authors: Sousa Maria do Carmo de
Published: October 2020

Este artigo, decorrente de estudo qualitativo, documental e fundamentado na teoria histórico-cultural, tem como objetivo apresentar conhecimentos produzidos pelos integrantes do GPEFCom sobre ensino de Matemática e formação de professores. Os dados foram obtidos e analisados a partir de teses e dissertações elaboradas pelos participantes do Grupo. Priorizaram-se as pesquisas que contêm situações desencadeadoras de aprendizagem, fundamentadas na perspectiva da Atividade Orientadora de Ensino. Os resultados indicam que os conhecimentos dos professores da Educação Básica sobre as duas temáticas podem ser sistematizados e teorizados por eles mesmos quando estão inseridos em uma comunidade investigativa que prioriza o desenvolvimento de atividades de pesquisa. Mostram um modo particular de organização do trabalho coletivo, cujas diferentes perspectivas se voltam para a compreensão e a transformação de práticas educacionais.
Contribuições das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação à formação de professores de Matemática na modalidade a distância
Authors: Reis Frederico da Silva , Esteves Fausto Rogério
Published: October 2020

O presente artigo apresenta uma pesquisa que investigou as contribuições das Tecnologias da Informação e Comunicação para a Formação de Professores de Matemática na modalidade Educação a Distância. O referencial teórico-bibliográfico contempla trabalhos de Educação Matemática relacionados a Tecnologias, Formação de Professores e Educação a Distância. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada com alunos de Licenciatura em Matemática na modalidade a distância da Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto (UFOP), a partir de atividades exploratórias sobre diversos conteúdos de Funções Polinomiais do 1º e do 2º grau, Funções Trigonométricas e Funções Polinomiais, implementadas com utilização do software GeoGebra. As considerações finais apontam que as principais contribuições foram o desenvolvimento de competências e habilidades essenciais dos futuros professores, além de uma mudança de perspectiva em relação à sua futura prática pedagógica.
Marine leech parasitism of sea turtles varies across host species, seasons, and the tumor disease fibropapillomatosis
Authors: Rittenburg LT , Kelley JR , Mansfield KL , Savage AE
Published: October 2020

Fibropapillomatosis (FP) is a tumorous disease affecting all species of sea turtles and is associated with the pathogen chelonid alphaherpesvirus 5 (ChHV5). Hypothesized ChHV5 vectors include the marine leechesOzobranchus branchiatusandO. margoi, but data on their associations with FP and ChHV5 are minimal. To establish relationships between leech parasitism, turtle hosts, and FP, we compared green and loggerhead turtles from the Indian River Lagoon (IRL), Florida, USA, in terms of (1) the presence or absence of ChHV5 within associated leeches, (2) the association between leech parasitism and host FP status, and (3) seasonal variation in leech presence. We identified 55 leeches collected from green turtles asO. branchiatusand 22 leeches collected from loggerhead turtles asO. margoi. Of 77 sequenced leeches, 10O. branchiatusand 5O. margoiwere ChHV5 positive. ChHV5-positiveO. branchiatustrended towards coming from FP-positive hosts. Using 12 yr of turtle capture data from the IRL, we found that leech parasitism was significantly correlated with FP and capture month in green turtles but not in loggerhead turtles. These results suggest thatO. branchiatusandO. margoimay differ in their ability to transmit ChHV5 or to encounter and remain on FP-positive hosts. Alternatively, potential immunological differences between green and loggerhead turtles may explain the observed relationships. This study is the first to provide robust statistical evidence of an association between leeches and FP, as well as seasonal fluctuations in leech presence, in green turtles but not in loggerhead turtles.
Estimates of Fuegian sprat consumption by humpback whales in the Magellan Strait feeding area as predicted by a bioenergetic model
Authors: Acevedo J , Urbán J
Published: October 2020

Knowing the biomass of prey consumed by a marine predator is a prerequisite for assessing the potential of the predator for competition with fisheries. Here, we estimated the biomass of Fuegian spratSprattus fueguensisconsumed annually by a small subpopulation of humpback whalesMegaptera novaeangliaein the Magellan Strait feeding area. We used a velocity-dependent bioenergetic model that integrates annual energy requirements by sex, age class, and reproductive status, proportion of Fuegian sprat in the diet, and annual population size of whales. The annual energy required in kcal per individual whale was estimated to be 18.88 × 107for calves, 27.92 × 107for adults, 30.71 × 107for pregnant females, and 42.59 × 107for lactating females. These estimates result in an energy requirement of 19.32 × 109and 23.41 × 109for a seasonal abundance of 78 and 96 whales, respectively. Bayesian dietary mixing models predict that Fuegian sprat represented between 27 and 33% of the diet of the whales. This implies that humpback whales remove between 2965 and 3896 t of Fuegian sprat per year during a feeding period of 120 d. However, if estimates are extended to an abundance of 204 humpback whales during the period 2004-2017, the consumption is elevated to 8167-8383 t yr-1. The estimates provided here are useful to apply as input data for consumption by humpback whales in the Fuegian sprat fishery management as well as for conservation plans of this small and vulnerable feeding subpopulation of humpback whales.
Low spatial overlap between foraging shearwaters during the breeding season and industrial fisheries off the west coast of Portugal
Authors: Pereira JM , Ramos JA , Marques AM , Ceia FR , Krüger L , Votier SC , Paiva VH
Published: October 2020

Fisheries have impacted seabird populations worldwide, either via bycatch mortality or resource depletion. Understanding the overlap between seabird distributions and fisheries is an important element for bycatch risk assessment, though the drivers of variation in seabird-fishery overlap are not well understood for some seabird populations. Here, we quantified the spatial overlap between foraging Cory’s shearwaters Calonectris borealis during the breeding season and commercial fisheries operating within the Portuguese Exclusive Economic Zone. In addition, we evaluated whether overlap varied as a function of an individual’s boldness, sex or breeding stage. For this, we GPS tracked 361 foraging trips by 72 Cory's shearwaters nesting at Berlenga Island, Portugal, over 5 consecutive breeding seasons (2012-2016). Simultaneously, we used fishing effort data from Global Fishing Watch detailing the distribution of industrial fisheries within the temporal and spatial range of Cory's shearwater tracks. Although fishing vessels were present during 88.1% of foraging trips, Cory's shearwaters spent only on average 13.3% of the time foraging in the same areas as fisheries. Such low spatial overlap is likely driven by high prey availability near the colony and suggests low direct competition for resources. We also found variation in overlap with fisheries across the breeding period, with Cory's shearwaters spending approximately 11% more time foraging in the same areas as fixed gear and purse seine vessels during pre-laying than during chick-rearing. Surprisingly, no sex or boldness-related differences were found in the overlap with any fishing gear. Our findings have implications for understanding within population variation in the overlap between fisheries and seabirds and, in turn, bycatch risk.
PENINGKATAN KEAKTIFAN BELAJAR PESERTA DIDIK PADA MATA PELAJARAN SKI MELALUI MODEL PEMBELAJARAN CTL (Penelitian di MTs. Kafa El-Madani Kabupaten Majalengka)
Authors: Sudirja Andri Marta , Basri Hasan
Published: October 2020

The purpose of this research is to identify of the activiness of students in taking lessons in the history of islamic culture. The applicationof CTL models to increase the learning activiness of students and helf them to associate the material have been taught with their real world situation. To identify the factors that influence the students learning activiness. To know the results of applying the CTL model in the history of isamic culture. The research uses a qualitative approuch to assess the sources of data obtain in this research is information from the principal, the history of islamic culture teacher, students and researchers’ notes through observations in the field. The data collection techniques are carried out by interviews, observation and study of documentation of data sources at the research site.  The data that has been obtained and analyzed and then to be concluded with a clear description. The result of this research indicates that : 1)the increasing student activity start from giving motivation by educator. 2)The effectiveness and the efficient learning through contextual teaching and learning (CTL) is important to be implemented so that studenats are more independent and responsible in the learning proccess. 3)Supporting factors in learning must be well prepared prepared and inhibiting factors must be evaluated carefully. 4)The result of the applicationof a positive indicated contextual learning model to increase the activiness and learning achievement of students.
ANALISIS MANAJEMEN RISIKO PEMBIAYAAN MURABAHAH DI PT BPRS ARTHA MADANI KANTOR PUSAT BEKASI
Authors: Fawziyah Zahrina Wardatul , - Isfandayani
Published: October 2020

Risk management is an important effort that must be made by Islamic Banking to minimize risk. This research is a qualitative research and the methods used are interviews, documentation, and observation. The research objective was to determine the types of risks in murabahah financing and the strategy of PT. BPRS Artha Madani in overcoming these risks and to find out the analysis of the implementation of risk management strategies carried out by PT. BPRS Artha Madani Head Office Bekasi.Based on the results of the study it is known that the risk management strategy analysis of PT. BPRS Artha Madani using Bank Indonesia Regulation No. 13/23/PBI/2011 and 5 C principles consist of Character, Capacity, Capital, Collateral and Condition of Economy. However, despite implementing the risk management strategy, banks continue to experience risks, namely in the form of: credit risk (in Islamic banks called as financing risk), operational risk and legal risk due to bank internal factors in analyzing and external factors from customers.PT. BPRS Artha Madani in resolving troubled financing with intensive billing, reprimand to customers if they do not fulfill their obligations, make a restructuring by rescheduling, reconditioning and restructuring if the financing can still be normalized. However, if there is no hope and the Customer is not able to, then the solution is guaranteed that can be auctioned through litigation or non-litigation channels.
PENINGKATAN HASIL PEMBELAJARAN GERAK DASAR CHEST PASS DALAM PERMAINAN BOLABASKET MELALUI MEDIA BOLA KARET (PENTUL)
Authors: Kameswara Denny Afrizal , Basri Hasan
Published: October 2020

The research was conducted at SDN Tugu Utara 13 Pagi, which determined that the subjects of all students were 32 people, from class V Odd Semester of the 2018/2019 Academic Year. The research time was carried out for three months. With the frequency of learning two (2) times a week by means of face to face meeting in a structured manner. The meeting was held from July to September 2018. The research method used was action research, with the design model of Kemmis and Taggart. Overall data in the form of quantitative data were analyzed descriptively, there was an increase in student learning outcomes from pre-cycle to cycle 1 then cycle 2 in the form of learning outcome test scores, among others: 1) Data in Pre-cycle, the average score of the test of the chest basic motion technique ability test. The pass in the pre-cycle is 67.2, the percentage of students who have completed = 7/32 = 0.22 x 100% = 21.87%, the percentage of students who have not completed = 25/32 = 0.78 x 100% = 78.13 %. 2) Data in Cycle I, the average score of the basic chest pass technique test in cycle I was 72.25, the percentage of students who completed = 14/32 = 0.43 x 100% = 43.75%, 3) Data in Cycle II, the average score of the chest pass basic motion technical test test in cycle 2 through modified rubber balls, namely 77.77, the percentage of students who completed = 27/32 = 0.84 x 100% = 84.37 %.
PROTEKSI PRIVASI BIG DATA DALAM MEDIA SOSIAL
Authors: Winarsih Winarsih , Irwansyah Irwansyah
Published: October 2020

AbstrakPerkembangan media sosial di Indonesia begitu pesat dengan jumlah pengguna yang  terus  meningkat.   Akan   tetapi  hal  tersebut   kurang  diimbangi   dengan kesadaran tentang privasi dalam kaitannya dengan big data yang dihasilkan oleh penyedia  layanan.  Penyedia  layanan  memberikan  kebijakan  berupa  syarat dan ketentuan  akan tetapi masyarakat  umumnya masih rendah dalam hal memiliki kesadaran  tentang privasi  data pribadi  mereka.  Penelitian  ini bertujuan  untuk mengetahui  solusi dari permasalahan  privasi  big data  dalam  media  sosial  dan dianalisis   dengan   teori  privasi   komunikasi.   Metode  yang  digunakan   dalam penelitian ini adalah metode meta-analisis yang mengolah hasil temuan dari penelitian sebelumnya. Hasil dari penelitian ini berupa solusi bagi perlindungan privasi data individu saat pembuatan, penyimpanan, dan pemrosesan data. Kata Kunci: data besar, Indonesia, kebijakan, media sosial, privasi AbstractThe development of social media in Indonesia is high increasing. However, this is not  accompanied   by  awareness   of  privacy  in  its  commitment   to  big  data generated  by service providers.  The service provider provides an agreed policy, will provide the public about their data privacy issues. This article used Communication Privacy Management to finding solution about big data privacy problems.   The  method  used  in  this  study  is  a  meta-analysis   method   that processes  the findings  from previous  studies.  The results  of this study contain solutions for privacy protection when creating data, data storage, and processing data. Keywords: big data, Indonesia, policy, social media, privacy
Weaponised Aesthetics and Dystopian Modernism: Cut-ups, Playbacks, Pick-ups and the ‘Limits of Control’ from Burroughs to Deleuze
Authors: Gontarski S. E.
Published: October 2020

American outlier writer William S. Burroughs was a creative force – an homme de lettres in his own right, yes, but as a cultural theorist as well, particularly his anticipation of what we now regularly call ‘a society of control’ or ‘a surveillance culture’, and, moreover, as a textual embodiment as well. That is, Burroughs was as much a media theorist and performance artist as he was a traditional literary figure, what we generally call a writer, or novelist, although he lauded those latter categories. Through such multimodality he offered critiques of a ‘control society’ and of ‘thought control’ by a media that strips us of volition. In his lectures on Michel Foucault delivered at the Université de Paris VIII in the 1980s, Gilles Deleuze detailed Burroughs's influence on both philosophers with his critique of our ‘control societies’, a term they adopted from him.

These critiques of what Burroughs calls ‘thought control’ were and currently remain inseparable from his emergence as a performance artist, such embodiment of his art readily available amid our own image-obsessed electronic revolution. That is, the products of this period are currently being recirculated through commercial media outlets and through multiple open access formats to suggest – to confirm – that the artist whom many another ‘outsider’ has called ‘the Priest’ and who saw himself as a ‘cosmonaut of inner space’ and ‘a technician of consciousness’, this dystopic modernist author, visionary science fiction writer, and aesthetic weapons maker was one of the major media artists, social critics, cultural theorists and literary figures not only of his but of our ‘postpersonal’ time. Michel Foucault closes The Order of Things by imagining a time when ‘man will be erased, like a face drawn in sand at the edge of the sea’. The closing image was crafted some fifteen years before Foucault met Burroughs in New York in 1975, but in the 1960s Burroughs, too, was already imagining and theorising the disappearing author and a post-human, media-dominated world. Such lines of thought suggest parallel (but independent) trajectories that Deleuze will see as bridging philosopher and artist if not philosophy and art.
Keragaan Agronomi dan Potensi Hasil Beberapa Galur Padi (Oryza sativa L.) Dihaploid Hasil Kultur Antera di Kabupaten Karawang
Authors: Azka P.P Arrizky , Sugiono Darso , Syafi’I Muhammad , Saraswati Dewi Iswari
Published: October 2020

Padi merupakan sumber makanan pokok hampir 40% dari populasi penduduk dunia dan makanan utama dari penduduk Asia Tenggara. Salah satu upaya untuk meningkatkan produksi varietas padi unggul yaitu melalui kultur antera. Penelitian dilaksanakan di UPTD Pengelolaan Pertanian Rengasdengklok, pada bulan Maret sampai Juni 2020. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mendapatkan galur-galur padi sawah dihaploid hasil kultur antera yang mempunyai penampilan agronomi baik dan daya hasil tinggi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode eksperimen dengan menggunakan RAK Faktor tunggal dengan jumlah perlakuan 9 yaitu: A (DR1-33-1-2), B (DR2-46-1-1), C (DR2-113-1-1), D (DR4-2-1-2), E (DR4-51-1-1), F (DR4-51-1-3), G (DR5-68-1-1), H (INPARI 18), I (INPARI 40) dengan 3 kali ulangan, kemudian jika terdapat perlakuan yang berpengaruh nyata dilakukan analisis lanjut menggunakan DMRT 5%. Hasil uji DMRT menunjukan bahwa terdapat pengaruh nyata beberapa galur padi sawah (Oryza sativa L.) di haploid hasil kultur antera terhadap keragaan agronomi dan hasil di Kabupaten Karawang pada parameter tinggi tanaman, jumlah anakan vegetatif, jumlah anakan produktif, umur panen, umur berbunga, panjang malai, jumlah gabah isi, jumlah gabah hampa, persentase gabah isi, persentase gabah hampa dan bobot 1000 butir gabah isi. Galur padi sawah (Oryza sativa L.) di haploid hasil kultur antera D9 (DR4-51-1-1) berpengaruh nyata terhadap umur panen, panjang malai dan jumlah gabah isi. Hasil gabah kering giling (Ton/ha) tertinggi dicapai oleh galur D7 (DR4-2-1-2) yaitu 12.69 Ton/ha.
Clinical use of pulse oximetry in adults
Authors: Grishin O. V. , Grishin V. G.
Published: October 2020

The article is devoted to the practical aspects of pulse oximetry. Pulse oximetry is a photoplethysmographic method for determining heart rate and the percentage of oxyhemoglobin in arterial blood. The method allows you to objectively evaluate arterial hypoxemia, therefore, it can be used in functional diagnostics and in the daily practice of interns of any specialization. The article briefly presents the history of pulse oximetry and a description of the technique. Particular attention is paid to the accuracy of measurements and reference values of pulse oximetry. The functional significance ofpulse oximetry is also considered here. Several sections are devoted to practical issues: interpretation of the results of pulse oximetry in the diagnosis of arterial hypoxia, in the differential diagnosis of shortness of breath, the diagnostic value of the phenomenon of desaturation. A large section is devoted to the importance of pulse oximetry in viral pneumonia COVID-19
“No Babies in Prison?” - Norway’s Exception Explained
Authors: Crewe Helen
Published: October 2020

There are no babies in prison in Norway. Allowing babies to stay with their mothers in prison appears to support both women and their children. This article explains the value of the Norwegian exception thesis, despite its shortcomings in its lack of explanation about details. Legislation has been introduced in a country known for its maintenance of religious values, intrusive moral practice and control of populations who don’t conform. It is concerning that women in Norway could be subject to coercive medical practices which mean they are forced to make a decision whether to have an abortion or be detained involuntarily and with no recourse to a judicial review. The human rights framework is complex. The Bangkok Rules means there is clarity for the detention of pregnant women and babies. Within this framework there is scope for it to help detained pregnant women within healthcare ‘clinics’ in Norway.
Contribuciones de un nuevo Proceso de Evaluación Psicológica a las Psicoterapias
Authors: Moreno Rosset Carmen , Antequera Jurado Rosario
Published: October 2020

El Proceso de Evaluación Psicológica puede realizarse con distintos objetivos: diagnóstico, selección, orientación y tratamiento. En este trabajo se describe en cinco fases cómo llevar a cabo el Proceso de Evaluación Psicológica cuando el objetivo es la intervención. La evaluación y el tratamiento psicológicos están íntimamente interconectados entre sí, aunque las distintas psicoterapias que se apliquen utilicen distintos procedimientos para evaluar e intervenir. La nueva estructura del Proceso de Evaluación Psicológica que aquí se presenta se compone de dos bloques. El primero (fases 1 a 3) corresponde al proceso evaluativo en el que se evalúa el problema, se establecen hipótesis de evaluación, se realiza la formulación de caso, y la propuesta de intervención. El segundo bloque (fases 4 y 5) corresponde al proceso valorativo, dirigido a la evaluación del tratamiento, en el que las hipótesis que se establecen son de intervención psicológica. Se trata de una propuesta dinámica que, a pesar de que se describe correlativamente para que resulte didáctico, se debe entender como un continuo flexible, que a veces puede realizarse en bucle, cuando en el Proceso de Evaluación Psicológica se requiera retroceder para avanzar y conseguir los objetivos de cada fase. Consideramos necesario que los estudiantes y profesionales nóveles aprendan las tareas imprescindibles para realizar una correcta evaluación psicológica, lo que permitirá junto con la práctica, experiencia y supervisión profesional, conseguir eficacia, eficiencia y efectividad en la aplicación de las psicoterapias, al garantizar la adecuada evaluación del problema y la valoración de su tratamiento.
Relevancia de las sesiones individuales en un caso de terapia de pareja
Authors: Martínez Sánchez Juan Ignacio
Published: October 2020

En este artículo se trata de valorar la importancia de las entrevistas y las sesiones individuales, dentro de una transferencia correctamente implantada. Su utilización como recurso terapéutico puede resultar muy beneficioso en la realización de las terapias de pareja. Para ello se expone una viñeta de un caso clínico y un tratamiento de terapia de pareja, utilizando esta técnica, que pueden ejemplificar esta forma de praxis.
Insight en esquizofrenia desde el modelo de asimilación: un estudio cualitativo de caso a través de narraciones
Authors: Vañó Monllor Restituto , Caro Gabalda Isabel , Pérez Ruiz Sergio
Published: October 2020

El Insight es un elemento clave del proceso de asimilación, reflejando un nivel elevado y un progreso en la asimilación. En la esquizofrenia es, además, un elemento crucial relacionado con diferentes déficits metacognitivos. Por ello, la meta de este trabajo está en analizar, cualitativamente, los Insights alcanzados por un sujeto con esquizofrenia a lo largo de una serie de narraciones. Estos Insights, en un sujeto que no muestra un progreso en la asimilación de sus experiencias problemáticas, permiten reflexionar sobre el modelo de asimilación. Así, se plantea en la Discusión la necesidad de considerar a algunos de estos Insights, como “pseudo-insights”, que no reflejarían, a diferencia de la formulación inicial del modelo, un progreso en la asimilación.
EDITORIAL: Psicoterapias Transpersonales
Authors: Gimeno-Bayón Cobos Ana
Published: October 2020

Editorial del monográfico Psicoterapias transpersonales
Desarrollo Personal y Práctica Espiritual: Análisis Narrativo de Vivencias
Authors: Puche Echegaray Asun , Botella García del Cid Luis
Published: October 2020

El objetivo de este trabajo es adentrase en la vivencia espiritual y contribuir a la comprensión de los efectos que aporta la práctica espiritual. El estudio se abordó desde el estudio de dos prácticas espirituales de la tradición cristiana: los Ejercicios Espirituales de San Ignacio de Loyola –una práctica intensiva de un mes de duración– y los Ejercicios de Contemplación del jesuita Franz Jalics, de 8 días. El método desarrollado fue un análisis narrativo exhaustivo de las experiencias en primera persona de diez participantes en dichos ejercicios espirituales. Los resultados hallados se presentan en forma de mapa conceptual y en macro-categorías de significado de la experiencia. El análisis dio lugar a la emergencia de un concepto nuclear al que denominamos Sensibilidad Espiritual, y para el que propusimos una definición a partir de las categorías halladas. Como conclusión se apunta hacia una psicología contemplativa, enfocada hacia la dimensión espiritual y contemplativa del ser humano y de los procesos que facilitan dicha dimensión.
Polyatomic Ion-Induced Electron Emission (IIEE) in Electrospray Thrusters
Authors: Magnusson Jared M. , Collins Adam L. , Wirz Richard E.
Published: October 2020

To better characterize the lifetime and performance of electrospray thrusters, electron emission due to electrode impingement by the propellant cation 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMI+) has been evaluated with semi-empirical modeling techniques. Results demonstrate that electron emission due to grid impingement by EMI+ cations becomes significant once EMI+ attains a threshold velocity of ∼9×105 cm s−1. The mean secondary electron yield, γ¯, exhibits strong linearity with respect to EMI+ velocity for typical electrospray operating regimes, and we present a simple linear fit equation corresponding to thruster potentials greater than 1 kV. The model chosen for our analysis was shown to be the most appropriate for molecular ion bombardments and is a useful tool in estimating IIEE yields in electrospray devices for molecular ion masses less than ∼1000 u and velocities greater than ∼106 cm s−1. Droplet-induced electron emission (DIEE) in electrospray thrusters was considered by treating a droplet as a macro-ion, with low charge-to-mass ratio, impacting a solid surface. This approach appears to oversimplify back-spray phenomena, meaning a more complex analysis is required. While semi-empirical models of IIEE, and the decades of solid state theory they are based upon, represent an invaluable advance in understanding secondary electron emission in electrospray devices, further progress would be gained by investigating the complex surfaces the electrodes acquire over their lifetimes and considering other possible emission processes.
Field Robots for Intelligent Farms—Inhering Features from Industry
Authors: Gonzalez-de-Santos Pablo , Fernández Roemi , Sepúlveda Delia , Navas Eduardo , Emmi Luis , Armada Manuel
Published: October 2020

Estimations of world population growth urgently require improving the efficiency of agricultural processes, as well as improving safety for people and environmental sustainability, which can be opposing characteristics. Industry is pursuing these objectives by developing the concept of the “intelligent factory” (also referred to as the “smart factory”) and, by studying the similarities between industry and agriculture, we can exploit the achievements attained in industry for agriculture. This article focuses on studying those similarities regarding robotics to advance agriculture toward the concept of “intelligent farms” (smart farms). Thus, this article presents some characteristics that agricultural robots should gain from industrial robots to attain the intelligent farm concept regarding robot morphologies and features as well as communication, computing, and data management techniques. The study, restricted to robotics for outdoor farms due to the fact that robotics for greenhouse farms deserves a specific study, reviews different structures for robot manipulators and mobile robots along with the latest techniques used in intelligent factories to advance the characteristics of robotics for future intelligent farms. This article determines similarities, contrasts, and differences between industrial and field robots and identifies some techniques proven in the industry with an extraordinary potential to be used in outdoor farms such as those derived from methods based on artificial intelligence, cyber-physical systems, Internet of Things, Big Data techniques, and cloud computing procedures. Moreover, different types of robots already in use in industry and services are analyzed and their advantages in agriculture reported (parallel, soft, redundant, and dual manipulators) as well as ground and aerial unmanned robots and multi-robot systems.
Management of Soil-Borne Fungi and Root-Knot Nematodes in Cucurbits through Breeding for Resistance and Grafting
Authors: Ayala-Doñas Alejandro , Cara-García Miguel de , Talavera-Rubia Miguel , Verdejo-Lucas Soledad
Published: October 2020

Soil-borne pathogenic fungi (SBPF) and root-knot nematodes (RKN) co-exist in the rhizosphere and are major pathogens causing root diseases in cucurbits. Current knowledge on soil-borne pathogens of cucurbit crops grown under protected cultivation, their host-pathogen interactions, and mechanisms of resistance has been reviewed. Plant resistance is an effective and sustainable method to control soil-borne diseases and the available resistant cultivars and rootstocks to key soil-borne pathogens are reported. The importance of proper pathogen diagnosis in the right choice of cultivar or rootstock is highlighted because of the specificity in the response of the cucurbit crops to fungal and nematode species and races. Plants protect themselves through common mechanisms of resistance against SBPF and RKN including hardening of their cell walls, pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins, and production of antimicrobial molecules. The activity of some enzymes, such as peroxidases and phenylalanine lyase, is increased after pathogen infection and is higher on SBPF and RKN resistant than susceptible cucurbits. Plant hormones such as salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, and ethylene are involved in the response of cucurbits to SBPF. Most mechanisms of resistance to RKN affect post-infection development of the nematode, which results in a delay or disruption of the life cycle. Traditional and biotechnological tools used for breeding for resistance in cucurbits are described. Grafting is an effective non-host resistance method to control primarily Fusarium wilt but not to control RKN. However, new rootstocks with resistance to both pathogens have been developed recently and their effects on fruit quality and yield stability need additional studies. The impact of grafting on yield in pathogen-infested soils is discussed.
The Level of Luvisols Biochemical Activity in Midfield Shelterbelt and Winter Triticale (xTriticosecale Wittm. ex A. Camus) Cultivation
Authors: Jaskulska Renata
Published: October 2020

This study aimed to evaluate the usage of Luvisols under the midfield shelterbelt and in the cultivation of winter triticale, together with the influence of physicochemical properties on enzymatic activity. Soil samples were collected in spring, summer, and autumn from the depth of 0–15 cm along the following measurement transect: midfield shelterbelt (S), the border between the shelterbelt and the triticale field (B), cultivated field at a distance of 50 m from point B (F50), and cultivated field at a distance of 100 m from point B (F100). The activities of dehydrogenase (DHA), acid phosphatase (PAC), and alkaline phosphatase (PAL) were determined, and a water retention curve (pF) was established. The pH, soil organic carbon (SOC) content, and total nitrogen (Ntotal) were also measured. The analysis of the activity results for DHA, PAC, and PAL showed that the triticale soil had a higher level of enzyme activity than the midfield shelterbelt soil during the entire growing season. The soil under the triticale cultivation was slightly acidic, and the shelterbelt soil was very acidic. It was observed that the timing of soil sampling had an impact on the activity of the studied enzymes. The highest levels of DHA, PAC, and PAL activity were found in summer. The midfield shelterbelt demonstrated greater water retention than the winter triticale. The SOC content and Ntotal were higher in the shelterbelt than in the winter triticale field.
Factors Affecting Embryo Recovery Rate, Quality, and Diameter in Andalusian Donkey Jennies
Authors: Dorado J. , Bottrel M. , Ortiz I. , Díaz-Jiménez M. , Pereira B. , Consuegra C. , Carrasco J. J. , Gómez-Arrones V. , Domingo A. , Hidalgo M.
Published: October 2020

Embryo transfer and the vitrification of embryos could be used for the conservation and recovery of endangered donkey breeds. It is important to develop techniques that optimize recovery rates and the cryotolerance of donkey embryos. This study evaluates factors affecting the recovery rate, quality, and diameter of embryos obtained from donor jennies as a starting point for the use of vitrification and embryo transfer in the conservation of the Andalusian donkey. A total of 100 embryos were recovered out of 124 estrous cycles (80.6%). The donor jenny affected the rates of positive flushings (PFR; p = 0.040) and embryo recovery (ERR; p < 0.05) as well as embryo quality (p = 0.004). ERR was also affected by the number of flushings (p < 0.001), donor age (p < 0.05), successive cycle within donor (p < 0.001), and jacks (p < 0.05). Number of flushings (p < 0.001) and jack (p < 0.05) had a significant effect on PFR, whereas the day of flushing influenced the developmental stage (p < 0.001), embryo quality (p < 0.05), and diameter of embryos (p < 0.001). The number of flushings significantly influenced the diameter (p = 0.038) and embryo developmental stage (p = 0.001), whereas the developmental stage was statistically different between herds (p = 0.020). The factors influencing the success of this assisted reproductive technique were donor jenny, donor age, successive cycle within donor, day of flushing, number of flushings, and jack. The identification of these key points is crucial to achieve a higher efficiency of embryo transfer and vitrification processes, before considering their application in the conservation of endangered donkey breeds.
Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Essential Oils against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Authors: Gómez-Sequeda Nicolás , Cáceres Marlon , Stashenko Elena E. , Hidalgo William , Ortiz Claudia
Published: October 2020

The emergence of multidrug resistant microorganisms represents a global challenge due to the lack of new effective antimicrobial agents. In this sense, essential oils (EOs) are an alternative to be considered because of their anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, and antibiofilm biological activities. Therefore, multiple efforts have been made to consider the potential use of EOs in the treatment of infections which are caused by resistant microorganisms. In this study, 15 EOs of both Colombian and introduced aromatic plants were evaluated against pathogenic strains of E. coli O157:H7 and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in planktonic and sessile states in order to identify relevant and promising alternatives for the treatment of microbial infections. Forty different compounds were identified in the 15 EO with nine of them constituted mainly by oxygenated monoterpenes (OM). EOs from Lippia origanoides, chemotypes thymol, and carvacrol, displayed the highest antibacterial activity against E. coli O157:H7 (MIC50 = 0.9 and 0.3 mg/mL, respectively) and MRSA (MIC50 = 1.2 and 0.6 mg/mL, respectively). These compounds from EOs had also the highest antibiofilm activity (inhibition percentage > 70.3%). Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), changes in the size and morphology of both bacteria were observed when they were exposed to sub-inhibitory concentrations of L. origanoides EO carvacrol chemotype. EOs from L. origanoides, thymol, and carvacrol chemotypes represented a viable alternative for the treatment of microbial infections; however, the Selectivity Index (SI ≤ 3) indicated that it was necessary to study alternatives to reduce its in vitro cytotoxicity.
Pathogenic Escherichia coli Possess Elevated Growth Rates under Exposure to Sub-Inhibitory Concentrations of Azithromycin
Authors: Tuan-Anh Tran , Tuyen Ha Thanh , Minh Chau Nguyen Ngoc , Toan Nguyen Duc , Triet Tran Hanh , Triet Le Minh , Trang Nguyen Hoang Thu , To Nguyen Thi Nguyen , Bartholdson Scott Josefin , The Hao Chung , Thanh Duy Pham , Clapham Hannah , Baker Stephen
Published: October 2020

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the ten major threats to global health. Advances in technology, including whole-genome sequencing, have provided new insights into the origin and mechanisms of AMR. However, our understanding of the short-term impact of antimicrobial pressure and resistance on the physiology of bacterial populations is limited. We aimed to investigate morphological and physiological responses of clinical isolates of E. coli under short-term exposure to key antimicrobials. We performed whole-genome sequencing on twenty-seven E. coli isolates isolated from children with sepsis to evaluate their AMR gene content. We assessed their antimicrobial susceptibility profile and measured their growth dynamics and morphological characteristics under exposure to varying concentrations of ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, tetracycline, gentamicin, and azithromycin. AMR was common, with all organisms resistant to at least one antimicrobial; a total of 81.5% were multi-drug-resistant (MDR). We observed an association between resistance profile and morphological characteristics of the E. coli over a three-hour exposure to antimicrobials. Growth dynamics experiments demonstrated that resistance to tetracycline promoted the growth of E. coli under antimicrobial-free conditions, while resistance to the other antimicrobials incurred a fitness cost. Notably, antimicrobial exposure heterogeneously suppressed bacterial growth, but sub-MIC concentrations of azithromycin increased the maximum growth rate of the clinical isolates. Our results outline complex interactions between organism and antimicrobials and raise clinical concerns regarding exposure of sub-MIC concentrations of specific antimicrobials.
Role of Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Corona Juan Carlos
Published: October 2020

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder of childhood. Although abnormalities in several brain regions and disturbances of the catecholaminergic pathway have been demonstrated, the pathophysiology of ADHD is not completely understood, but as a multifactorial disorder, has been associated with an increase in oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. This review presents an overview of factors that increase oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. The imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants and also the treatment with medications are two factors that can increase oxidative damage, whereas the comorbidity between ADHD and inflammatory disorders, altered immune response, genetic and environmental associations, and polymorphisms in inflammatory-related genes can increase neuroinflammation. Evidence of an association with these factors has become valuable for research on ADHD. Such evidence opens up new intervention routes for the use of natural products as antioxidants that could have potential as a treatment against oxidative stress and neuroinflammation in ADHD.