bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Computation of upper and lower bounds to the frequencies of clamped cylindrical shells
Authors: Nau Richard W.
Published: March 2007

Methods for obtaining bounds on natural frequencies are demonstrated for the free vibration of thin, clamped cylindrical shells. The upper bounds are obtained by a Rayleigh‐Ritz procedure. The lower bound method used is an extension of one previously applied to simpler structures; the extension is needed to adjust to limit points in a spectrum. For both bounds the problems reduce to matrix eigenvalue problems. Numerical techniques are employed to keep the order of these reduced problems small.
Application of glow discharge polymerisation to the preparation of reverse osmosis membranes
Authors: Buck K. R. , Davar V. K.
Published: March 2007

Reverse osmosis membranes have been prepared by the deposition of thin films on to the surface of a porous support membrane by glow discharge polymerisation. A film prepared from vinylene carbonate with the addition of 8% acrylonitrile was found to give the best salt rejection; salt rejection increased with the number of polymer coats deposited.
Manufacturing Change: A Two-Country, Three- Industry Comparison
Authors: van den Berg Axel , Masi Anthony C. , Smucker Joseph , Smith Michael R.
Published: March 2007

There are three broad explanations for why workers adapt, or fail to adapt, to technological change in the workplace. The adversarial perspective holds that employment security produces resistant workers, and conversely that insecurity assures efficiency in adapting a workforce to technological and organizational changes. Institutionalists argue the opposite, emphasizing that secure workers have little to fear from change. Finally, a neo-corporatist variant sees managers and powerful trade-union leaders as capable of successfully negotiating industrial changes, independently of rank and file preferences. In this paper we explore these explanations via interview data collected from managers and trade unionists (or labour representatives) from Canada and Sweden. Our focus is on three industries - pulp and paper, steel and telecommunications equipment. Analyses deal with specific questions associated with the introduction of new equipment and technology, attempts to introduce organizational restructuring, and experiences with layoffs. We further examine respondents' comments on obstacles encountered during the change process, including the reactions, conflicts and grievances of the rank and file workers at their plants, mills and factories. On the whole, the results of our interviews with respondents at seventy-three plants in our three-industry two-country comparison seem to contradict the strict adversarial theory. While our data provide some evidence in favour of the institutionalist perspective, the neo-corporatist arguments found the most support. Swedish trade union leaders were viewed by managers, and viewed themselves, as more positively disposed to change than either their Canadian counterparts or workers in either country
Differential Rates of Change and Road Accidents in Western Europe and North America
Authors: Svalastoga Kaare
Published: March 2007

The tradition from Malthus, Marx, and Ogburn points to differential rates of change is an important predictor variable. Although normal industrial societies include components changing at highly unequal rates without necess arily revealing maladaptive behavior, it still seems a good strategy to pay at tention to differential rates of change in trying to explain maladaptivity arising in connection with technological innovations or diffusions. Taking annual rate of change in the number of road deaths per capita as dependent variable. and annual rate of change in the number of cars per capita, and annual rate of change in expenditure per caplta devoted to road work as independent variables, it was shown for Britain and Denmark that a considerable increase in such expenditure would be needed to achieve zero growth rate in the de pendent variable. Since data on road expenditures proved hard to provide for most countries the main problem discussed in the paper is the relationship be tween the other two variables mentioned above. This relationship is studied in 13 European and North American nations over approximately 20 years, mostly 1947 to 1966. Deadly accidents on roads were shown to grow more slowly than the number of automobiles, but at a rate rather close to 1/3 of that for automobiles for Europe in general. Data for United States suggest that this dependence between cars and accidents may well be characteristic of nations in their automotive youth and early maturity only.
Segerstedt on We-Feeling: A Refinement of Comfort-Challenge
Authors: Capps Walter H.
Published: March 2007

The article focuses on "we-feeling" — a concept which blends aesthetic and sociological elements — as an index to a prime function of religious institutions. Employing Torgny T. Segcrstedt's suggestions regarding "we- feeling," it assesses and refines the proposals of a recent study, To Comfort and to Challenge, by American authors Glock, Ringer, and Babbie. From both standpoints it contends that "we-feeling" is an indispensable charac teristic of religion. It argues that groups retain a religious identity to the measure that they sustain "we-feeling" in the other functions in which they might also be engaged.
Reactions to Inequity III
Authors: Anderson Bo , Shelly Robert K.
Published: March 2007

Two experiments were designed and performed to test an explanatory conjecture stated in an earlier paper. The conjecture says that dissonance (or cognitive imbalance) will occur among overrewarded participants in groups if, and only if, the overrewarded person is receiving or expects to receive indications of disapproval concerning how rewards are distributed in the group from an authority figure or an equitably rewarded group member.

The experiments reported here used a modified Berger situation. The results tend to disconfirm the conjecture as stated. Various explana tions of the negative results arc discussed.

Some further theoretical arguments concerning the nature and conse quences of inequity are presented. In spite of much experimental and other research, we do not possess much more trustworthy (replicable) information about equity processes than Homans did when he wrote Social Behavior: Its Elementary Forms. Some reasons for the empirical impasse are discussed.
Values Among American and Swedish Business Students: Suboptimization Vs. Supraoptimization
Authors: Jerdee Thomas H. , Brooks William W. , Barsk Bengt
Published: March 2007

This study compared the values of 29 American and 34 Swedish master's level students in business administration. Results supported the hypothesis that American business students arc oriented toward organizational and individual suboptimization to a greater extent than Swedish students. If current values are predictive of future managerial behavior, the Americans might be expected to be somewhat more doctrinaire and profit-oriented, while the Swedes might be expected to be more open-minded and "human- centered."
The Perspective of the Social Sciences
Authors: Jonsson Dan
Published: March 2007

A distinction between two types of concepts, N-concepts and S-concepts, is presented. It is claimed that there is a fundamental difference between these two types of concepts and that S-concepts are used only in the social sciences, not in the natural sciences; hence there is a fundamental difference between social and natural science. Also, several different kinds of S-concepts primary and derived, intra-cranial and extra-cranial, descriptions and evaluations, etc. - are discussed.
Theoretical Domains and Measurement: Part II
Authors: Stinchcombe Arthur L.
Published: March 2007

The first part of this paper discussed the ideas of a theoretical domain and a causal locus in that domain as a philosophical basis for measurement theory. This part discusses the difficulties created for measurement theory by the fact that time plays a different role in different functional forms of equations for stating causal relations in a theoretical domain. We then turn to a redefininon and critique of traditional measurement concepts in terms of our philosophical position and of our analysis of the role of time in causal theories.
A Transition Model of Language Shift in Nine Finnish Cities, 1920-1930
Authors: de Vries John
Published: March 2007

A transition matrix model was designed to estimate language shift between Finnish and Swedish in nine Finnish cities, between 1920 and 1930. Data from the Census of cities in Finland for 1920 and 1930 provided cross-tabulations of the population by sex, by age-group, by languages spoken and by place of birth. Age-sex cohorts could thus be formed and language shift could be studied for every cohort. A life table for Finland, 1921-1930, was used to estimate mortality. Several additional assumptions, similar to those traditionally made for the residual method of analyzing internal migration, allowed the fitting of the data into the transition model for more than half of the cohorts analyzed. Various relaxations of basic transition rules allowed the fitting of almost all of the remaining cohorts. Findings suggest that language shift was an important factor in the decline of the urban Swedish-speaking population of Finland between 1920 and 1930. Language shift appears to be related to a person's entry into the labour force. In addition, a change from monolingualism to bilingualism was virtually universal for urban Swedish speakers, whereas a similar change for Finnish speakers only occurred to a significant degree in the three cities with the highest proportions of Swedish speakers.
Developmental Direction and Welfare Goals. Some Comments On Functionalistic Evolutio Nary Theory About Highly Developed Socie Ties
Authors: Dahlström Edmund
Published: March 2007

Neo evolutionary theories of functional thinking presume a naturalistic conception of history while this paper takes as its domain assumption an activistic humanistic point of view. If the functionalistic evolutionary theories of social growth, of social differentiation and integration and of developmental viability arc given futuristic interpretations for advanced societies, there seems to be lacking evidence for their validity and they seem to be partly detrimental to the realization of welfare goals on a global level. Other functionalistic theories are implicitly based on evaluative criteria in an ambiguous way e.g. in terms of freedom, democracy, equality or rationality. Developmental analyses of advanced countries would profit from an integration with welfare theory and policy science where developmental direction is more clearly related to welfare goals.
Net Effects of Language Shift in Finland, 1951-1960: a Demographic Analysis
Authors: de Vries John
Published: March 2007

Backward and forward survival ratios were used to estimate the net effect of language shift upon the Swedish-speaking population of Finland between 1950 and 1960. The analysis was done for males and females separately.

Findings show that language shift was an important factor in the decline of the Swedish-speaking population of Finland between 1950 and 1960 Since the heaviest loss took place in cohorts aged 10-19 in 1950, it is suggested that important factors in language shift were those experiences which for most persons occur in late adolescence and early adulthood: secondary schooling, entry into labour market and the selection of a marriage partner.
Normative Order, Reification and Role Dis Tance Applied To Consumer Behaviour
Authors: Ahrne Göran
Published: March 2007

The meaning of consumption is no longer as evident as it used to be, when poverty among the proletariat and conspicuous consumption among the upper classes gave it a much stronger significance. In opposition to economic utilitarianism, structural-functional sociology has looked upon consumer behaviour as socially functional and governed by socially structured goals. Some recent Marxist writers have explained consumer behaviour in the "affluent" society as caused by manipulation and indoctrination The increasing consumption is seen as a process of reification. Despite their great differences structural functional theory and Marxism show similarities in their explanations of the internalization of the socially structured goals and in the indoctrination of a dominating ideology, respectively. A third possibility of describing an increasing part of consumer behaviour is to regard it as an expression of role-distance. The values underlying consumer behaviour may be only role-specific and therefore not an expression of the values of the personality. Concomitantly, consumer behaviour may not be the legitimation of the economic order, which it is often supposed to be.
The Women's Movement — a Theoretical Discussion
Authors: Streijffert Helena
Published: March 2007

This paper is an attempt to describe in general terms the pattern of development of women's movements. One of the main problems concerns the mobilization of women to participate in such a movement. In solving this problem I find it necessary to define women first as members of a society and then as participants in a movement. I shall discuss women as a social category, as a collectivity, and as a group. Moreover I shall identify the women's movement as a collective actor and discuss two aspects of its mobilization potential: the mobilization of women in relation to each other, i.e. by their membership of a group, and in relation to the women's movement as a reference individual.

The empirical data cited in the discussion should be regarded as illustrations and not, of course, as proofs. The model presented is the result of a theoretical exercise, and should be assessed on the basis of its potential value for a future empirical study of women's movements in Sweden.
Trends in Infant Mortality: Medical Advances or Socio-economic Changes
Authors: Rydell Lars H.
Published: March 2007

The study of the evolution of disease patterns provides evidence that during the last century doctors have effected such patterns no more pro foundly than did priests during earlier times. Epidemics came and went, imprecated by both and untouched by either. They are not modified any more decisively by rituals performed in medical clinics than by exorcisms custormary at religious shrines. Discussions of the future of health care might usefully begin with this recognition. (Illich 1975, p. 16).
Organizations, Classes and the Growth of State Interventionism in Denmark
Authors: Andersen Heine
Published: March 2007

This article deals with the question of the way in which the role of the interest organizations can be understood in a macro sociological and materialistic conceptual framework. The discussion is based on ar gumentation for a need to establish an overall framework of understanding for the interaction between economy and politics. Historical materialism tends towards this but is relatively undeveloped as to the conceptualiza tion concerning the role of interest organizations during the modern inter ventionistic form of state. An attempt will be made to develop such concepts and to apply them to empiric examples concerning relations between the propertied classes and the state during the growth of state interventionism in Denmark in the 1930's.
Review Article : Contemporary Social Movements in Advanced Industrial Societies and Sociological Intervention: An Appraisal of Alain Touraine's Pratique
Authors: Kivisto Peter
Published: March 2007

Given various difficulties contained in the corpus of Alain Touraine, his work demands a close textual analysis. This paper provides a critical exegesis of his recent work on social movements in advanced industrial societies. After a review of Touraine's understanding of the particular contours of 'post-industrial society', it focuses on his discussions of the potential role of incipient social movements in shaping social change The paper proceeds to discuss his novel articulation of an applied sociology - which he terms 'sociological intervention' - designed to assist, not social integration, but societal transformation. Since this project is a work in progress. no definitive conclusions are drawn; however, a number of central unanswered questions are posed.
In Search of the Finnish New Middle Class
Authors: Roos J.P. , Rahkonen Keijo
Published: March 2007

The way of life and essence of the Finnish new middle class are discussed. Within a theoretical framework that one might call Bourdieuan, the analysis is based on a questionnaire by Pierre Bourdieu in his book La Distinction (1979) and an interview material consisting of life stones of Finnish new middle class people As a preliminary conclusion, it is argued that taste is by no means as important a criterion for the new middle class in Finland as it is in France In the Finnish middle class emphasis is rather on subjectivity, on personal relations and their therapeutic nature, i e. on the way of life in a broader sense. Also, it is argued that the so-called ambivalent type of the new middle class is something specific with regard to both class and modernity.
Unemployment and Poverty in the Contemporary Welfare States*
Authors: Abrahamson Peter , Anderson John , Henriksen Jan , Larsen Jørgen Elm
Published: March 2007

All over Western Europe unemployment has for a considerable number of years been at a very high level, thus presenting social policy with increasing difficulties in securing satisfactory living conditions tor the long-term unem ployed Austerity programmes have generally reduced public financial trans fers to the unemployed. while at the same time the average duration of unemployment has increased sharply Therefore. the long-term unemployed experience increasing risks of poverty. partly because income replacements have declined and partly because the individual length of the period of unemployment has grown. At the University of Copenhagen a research project is being carried out with the aim of investigating which social mechanisms of segmentation and selection determine the poverty -careers' ot the long-term unemployed

Finally, the relationship between politics and poverty within the weltare state will be discussed.
Ritual Solidarity and Sport
Authors: Goodger John
Published: March 2007

In this paper, attention is focussed on the nature of ritual as a form of expression through which the identities and values of sport groups may be revivified and sustained Ritual is, however, a condensed form of expression which is largely dependent upon a shared cultural context for its meaning and significance, and may, therefore, be weakened by the growth of special isation, diversity and individualism. Whilst it is accepted that these features of the division of labour are of general social significance, their impact on many sport groups appears to be limited to some extent by bonds of similitude generated by the sport groups themselves. In particular, it is argued that the intense and shared nature of the experience of many sport activities, the identities and values that are often associated with them, and common features of social composition, tend to generate shared cultural contexts and, therefore, condensed forms of expression, of which ritual remains a significant component.
Women and Urbanization
Authors: Thorbek Susanne
Published: March 2007

The article generalizes on the basis of two field studies conducted in slum areas (Ratmalana near Colombo in Sri Lanka and Khlong Tocy in Bangkok. Thailand) by Susanne Thorbek. who has her doctorate in Cultural Sociology. The article introduces some reflections on the most fundamental changes as a result of urbanization, the radical separation between factory and family, between the social units which are responsible for the production of things (and value) and of human life. This separation has grave consequences for women (and thus also for men) it is argued, and it becomes manifest and more extensive with urbanization This separation is the structural basis for the sharpened gender-struggle which develops in the cities, some outcomes of which are seen in terms of the changed definitions of the genders and their relationships, as well as the worldwide tendency to feminization of poverty. The impact of gender-struggle on women's work for incomes is discussed, a struggle which seems to be considerable since most women are dependent on men's networks or their relationship to individual men for access to reasonably paid work in both the registered firms and in most of the informal sector, or they are dependent on their male relatives' networks. Even in that part of the informal sector where they extend household chores into the market place (food, drinks, loans, small shops, prostitution), women are still partly dependent on such networks although the form may differ somewhat between the two areas. The forms and functions of families are likewise areas for gender-struggle and it is not only argued that city-life poses the extended and especially the women-centered family as a need for women but also that the cultural ramifications of gender-struggle have an important impact on the realization of such needs The mothers without husbands are also discussed in this context Finally, a few clues are given concerning the differences between the slum cultures and women's integration in these slum cultures It is argued that either women's problems, that is problems with the production of life, are taken up as important topics by the whole slum culture, or women's problems are seen as their's alone, which then means that women become the problem in the slum culture The study from Khlong Toey in Bangkok is published in Voices from the City, (Zed Books 1987) and the other is forthcoming.
The Ethnic Factor in Security and Development: Perceptions of United Nations Human-Rights Bodies
Authors: Barsh Russel Lawrence
Published: March 2007

The aim of this study is to assess the extent to which international bodies responsible for the protection of human rights have recognized the sig nificance of ethnic conflict as a destabilizing force in both developing and industrialized countries The data consist of annual reports and summary records of the United Nations' Commission on Human Rights, its Sub- Commission, and three of the independent committees established by the United Nations to monitor states' compliance with multilateral treaties in the field of human rights.
Problems of Multidisciplinary Research in Health Care - the Case of Birth Services
Authors: Hemminki Elina , Kojo-Austin Hellevi
Published: March 2007

Much of the medical technology currently in use needs evaluation: it has been introduced without assessment, and indications have changed in practice. However, evaluation of established technology offers methodological and administrative problems which impede it. In addition, social scientists meet with practical difficulties when trying to cooperate closely with doctors These problems are illustrated by our experiences in a project evaluating the structure ot and interventions in Finnish birth care. Our project included assessment of iron prophylaxis, long-term effects of cesarean sections, effect of human support during birth, and use of hospital antenatal clinics. The latter project in particular raised opposition from clinical experts even though increased use of hospital services had caused financial and practical problems. Attempts to prevent our project from taking place came from ethical com mittees and through expert statements; this opposition changed the original study design. These experiences are the basis of a discussion of: the import ance of the object of the research, the definition of research expertise, the myth of personal experience, and the merits of insiders and outsiders as evaluators in medical settings.
Trends in Occupational Mobility: The Gender Gap in Sweden
Authors: Portocarero Lucienne
Published: March 2007

This paper is an attempt to develop earlier work on the intergenerational occupational mobility of men and women in order to bring gender variation into focus. Against the background of the changing structure of occupations, various measures, often used in mobility studies to estimate class inequality, are applied to estimate gender inequality in the Swedish labour market over a thirteen-year period in which one of the major features of social change may well be the extension of dependence on gainful employment to women of all social strata Results show a narrowing, but by no means eliminated, gender gap in certain broad aspects of occupational opportunities in the younger cohort of the adult labour force. However, they also show that age is a crucial variable when the actual occupational attainment and thus potential for self-sufficiency of women are compared to that of men with similar social background.
Social Structure, Interests and Consciousness . The Crisis and Transformation of the System of 'Real Socialism' in Poland
Authors: Ztolkoti-ski Marek
Published: March 2007

The paper starts with an analysis of the three mam principles of the social order of 'real socialism' etatmnc homogemzatlon. basic dichotomy between the ruling group and all the direct producers as a whole, and politically- defined-from-above income differences among different sectors of employees The structural crisis of this order i, described as gradual under - mining of these principles brought about especially by the growth of the second economy In the last secnon the dilemmas of the recent)\ started system transformation are described in terms of symbohc support hut lack of short-term mterests of the most numerous social groups m the market . reform.
The Restructuring of Gender Relations in an Aging Society
Authors: Sørensen Annemette
Published: March 2007

In this paper I discuss ways in which gender relations - that is relations of mequality between women and men - may change in aging societies where life expectations are high, fertility low, and where old people constitute a high proportion of the population. The central argument is that the aging society will provide opportunities to develop more egalitarian relations between women and men both in the public and private sphere. Such opportunities will only be realized if the link between gender and the care of children is severed. This is most likely to occur if women's position in the labor market is improved. It is argued that the aging society may indeed have a high demand for women's labor which makes such a development likely.
Migration and Status Attainment Among Norwegian Men
Authors: Ringdal Kristen
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to our understanding of the relationship between geographical and social mobility by examming the marginal contnbutions of migration to occupational status and income. The analysis is based on a sample of more than 22,000 Norwegian men aged 30 to 36 years in 1980 taken from the Norwegian Census Sample, a public-use sample from the 1960, 1970, and the 1980 censuses. Variables representing distance of migration and a taxonomy of migration paths are added to baseline human capital regression models for occupational prestige and income. The findings indicate that the type of labour market of destination as well as the distance of migration make a difference in terms of status attainment. Urban destinations, and/ or long-distance migration , give gains of two to three points in occupational prestige and 10-16 per cent in income compared to remaming in rural areas. The most rewarding path is long-distance, urban to urban migration.
Organizational Structures and Job Rewards in Sweden
Authors: Grand Carlle , Szulkin Ryszard , Tåhlin Michael
Published: March 2007

In this article, we examine how the organizational structure affects workers' job autonomy and earnings in Sweden. The analysis is based on survey data from a probability sample of Swedish employees and their work organizations. Four aspects of the organizational structure are studied: establishment size, hierarchical structure, firm internal labour market arrangements, and formalization of work routines. Our results indicate that the structural features of the organization have a considerable impact on job autonomy and earnings. Some of the findings are in line with conventional hypotheses Other results, however, are not as might be expected from the mainstream theoretical literature For example, one central result is that tall and lean hierarchies seem to enhance, rather than restrict, job autonomy Another finding is that while structural features of the organization seem to affect job autonomy in the same way for both men and women, the organizational structure has an impact on male, but not female, earnings
Making Sense of Chaos: Socio-technical Networks, Careers and Entrepreneurs
Authors: Sverrisson Arni
Published: March 2007

A number of problems are explored which arise when social network theory, and particularly the concept of structural equivalence, is used to analyze technological change Field studies in two Afncan towns provide empincal illustrations. First, production processes and mechanization are discussed. Network flexibility and mobility within networks are considered next. The article then moves on to strategies available to proprietors of enterprises. Lastly, conceptual problems arising in the discussion are summanzed and related to an analysis of entrepreneurship. The article argues throughout for a network concept based on interrelations between positions and analysis in terms of the structural equivalence of such positions in a number of intersecting 'one-dimensional' networks.
Attitudes on Means-Tested Social Benefits in Finland
Authors: Kangas Olli E.
Published: March 2007

The paper examines the attitudes of different socio-economic groups toward means- testing. By using data from an opinion survey of 1,117 Finns, the study seeks to answer the following questions: Are universal social benefits more popular than selective ones? Who are the most vigorous opponents of means-testing, the middle classes or blue-collar workers? Results give some support to the hypothesis that selective benefits are the most unpopular. The study also shows that opinions on selectivity do not cluster in one dimension, but that there are several aspects of selectivity and that the attitudes of socio- economic groups vary depending on which aspect of selectivity is at stake. The working class and Social Democrats have more reservations toward selectivity which targets the needy, whereas they are more eager to introduce selectivity into universal welfare programs by discriminating against high-income earners. Salaried employees and voters of the Conservative Party are more reluctant to exclude well-to-do people from universal benefits, whereas they accept tighter means-testing in currently means- or income-tested schemes.
Social Integration, Heterogeneity, and Divorce: The Case of the Swedish-speaking Population in Finland
Authors: Finnäs Fjalar
Published: March 2007

The study compared marital stability in Finland with focus on the two language groups. The divorce rate was remarkably lower among the Swedish-speaking minority than among the Finnish-speaking majority. An explanation for this may be differences in social integration. The assumption about the effect of social integration was also supported by covariates measuring urbanization and individual migration. A hypothesis that marital homogamy reduces the divorce rate found support only with respect to the language of the spouses but not with respect to level of education or age.
Class Inequality and Egalitarian Reform
Authors: Hellevik Ottar
Published: March 2007

Major studies of recruitment to higher education find the association with class to be stable over time, and on this basis conclude that egalitarian reforms have been ineffective. In contrast, measures of inequality for the same data show the distribution of attractive positions to have evened out considerably. The difference in results is explained by how the two sets of measures are affected by changes in the marginals of the class-education table, in particular the increased provision of higher education. It is argued that measures of inequality are more relevant for the question of the effectiveness of reform than measures of association, whether linear or loglinear.
Transitions to Post-Communism in East Germany: Worklife Mobility of Women and Men between 1989 and 1993
Authors: Mayer Karl Ulrich , Diewald Martin , Solga Heike
Published: March 2007

This article deals with one major aspect of the transformation of former socialist societies: the reallocation of persons in the occupational and class structure via individual mobility processes. In East Germany, this transformation occurred within the unique context of the legal, political and economic incorporation of the former German Democratic Republic into the Federal Republic of Germany. Theoretically, we develop hypotheses on the society of origin, the society of destination, and the transformation process itself as well as hypotheses on the determinants of success and failure in the transition process. Empirically, we rely on the East German part of the German Life History Study (GLHS), a representative study of the East German women and men born in 1929-31, 1939-41, 1951-53 and 1959-61. Our analyses focus especially on the transition process between 1989 and 1993. Among the unexpected results are the high degree of occupational stability among those able to remain in the labour market and the high rate of downward mobility combined with a low rate of unemployment among former managers and affiliates of the Communist regime.
Why?
Authors: Melby John F.
Published: March 2007

Probably no part of the over-all American foreign aid program is as little known as is the international exchange of persons program. Appropriations for this program are only a pittance as compared with those for military and economic aid. Opposition to the program arises from apathy or the wistful hope that military and economic measures alone will solve the problems of the world. There is, however, an increasing awareness that all the tools and instruments will accomplish little without the skills and knowledge to use them. The underdeveloped countries of the world recognize this in their insistent demands for education at any price. There is more to the need for education than skills. Only through the elimination of ignorance can the mind of man be freed. The free mind and the dignity of human personality must be the ultimate objectives of all our efforts.
The Two-Week Orientation Center Program
Authors: Moore Forrest G. , Chambers Clarke A.
Published: March 2007

Orientation programs for foreign students vary in duration and coverage from one-day programs on the cam pus of the university attended, with emphasis on local institu tional practices, to six-week programs for students destined for many different universities and with major emphasis on learn ing English. In the summer of 1960 for the first time, two universities—Minnesota and Indiana—were asked to experi ment with two-week orientation sessions for groups of advanced graduate students carefully selected for English language pro ficiency and academic competence. Major emphasis was placed on orientation to the American university system and to practices in the specific fields of study of the participants. The results would seem to indicate that this type of short- term orientation, while fast moving and, thus, wearing on the participants and the instructors alike, produced among the overseas students some notable insights into graduate educa tion in America.
The Peculiarities of Geography: Asia
Authors: Blum Robert
Published: March 2007

In the educational exchange program, as in other matters, change has overtaken both sides before they have pre pared for it. Many Asians still are reluctant to study in the United States because they fear an American education will not be relevant, beneficial, and accepted at home. Asian stu dents who come to the United States tend to pursue vocational courses and to seek their social, political, and philosophical en lightenment elsewhere. More must be done in the United States to understand the Asian culture and heritage and to help Asian students in the United States to adjust to the nor mal university pattern and mix on an equal basis with Ameri can students. American goals in admitting exchange students should be clarified, whether we seek goodwill, allies against communism, or the training of individuals who can serve their countries' needs upon their return home. If the student in creases his respect for the principles of a free society, confi dence in his own integrity as a human being, and the under standing of his field of study so that he may serve his country well, he will at the same time be fulfilling the highest purpose that the United States can have in extending hospitality to him.—Ed.
The American Goes Abroad
Authors: Shank Donald J.
Published: March 2007

Of the objectives for which persons go abroad, five can be clearly identified: to see other countries, to learn about other peoples and cultures, to learn a foreign language, to pursue some specific field, and to teach or to help abroad. Abroad, the individual passes through three phases of adjust ment. He first is a spectator, a stage many do not pass; next, he becomes personally involved; finally, he masters the situa tion. Little real learning occurs before the last stage is reached. Many of the programs for travel abroad advertise educational opportunities. Many summer programs are avail able, but little critical analysis has been made of them, al though such analysis is needed. Study abroad during the regular academic year has traditionally been on the graduate level. Programs are expanding to send undergraduates abroad while working toward their bachelor degrees. American un dergraduates frequently do not take the same courses or meet the same standards as their foreign counterparts, owing to basic differences in the undergraduate programs. United States teachers and professors tend to go abroad to advance their scholarly interests on sabbatical or research projects. Increas ing numbers are used in educational development projects of the United States Government, international organizations, or foundations. Travel and study abroad offer rich educational possibilities and opportunities for promoting international goodwill. It is required that the Americans who represent their country abroad, in whatever capacity, be competent and sincere.—Ed.
9. "Comparative Studies in Society and History"
Authors: Thrupp Sylvia L.
Published: March 2007

The creator and editor of a new journal of probable interest to PROD's readers describes its mission and, in so doing, sets forth criteria for comparative social theory.
Notes on the Making of a World Encyclopedia
Authors: Barzun Jacques
Published: March 2007

The Provost of Columbia University writes of the communicating problems inherent in encyclopedism, of the place of current issues, and of the balance be tween arts and sciences. He goes sharply into some of the most praclical, yet highly important, aspects of the writing of encyclopedias.
Growth Through Fiscal Policy
Authors: Heller Walter W.
Published: March 2007

The following exerpts are from a lecture delivered by Walter W. Heller at the Pick-Congress Hotel, Chicago, Illinois, on October 18, 1965. This lecture was the first of a series of lectures given by Roosevelt University through a grant of the Edward A. Filene Fund, under the general title "The Monetary and Fiscal Revolution." Because of the extreme timeliness of Dr. Heller's remarks, the Editor felt that these remarks, even in this rough form, consti tute a significant contribution to our understanding of current economic problems.
China and Southeast Asia
Authors: Schwarz Henry G.
Published: March 2007

This article is based on the remarks he made by way of initiating discussion at a Seminar on "The Impact of China in Southeast Asia with particular emphasis on the Philippines" which was held in Manila on February 17 and 18 under the joint auspices of the Institute of Asian Studies of the University of the Philippines and the Congress for Cultural Freedom.

We publish Prof. Schwarz's article not because we necessarily agree with the views expressed in it but because the issues raised by him need to be discussed by a wider Asian audience than was possible to have at the Seminar. We shall be glad to publish contributions on the subject not exceed ing 2000 words. — Ed.]
China's Economic Self-Destruction
Authors: Klatt W.
Published: March 2007

Dr. W. Klatt is an economic expert on Communist Affairs who contributes frequently to China Quarterly.
India-China Relations
Authors: Chintamani C.
Published: March 2007

For previous documentation on the subject, see the following issues of China Report; March-April, July-August, September-October, November-December (1969), January-February, March-April, July-August, November-December (1970); May- June, July-August, November-December (1971); January-April and November- December (1972)
India-China Relations
Authors: Chintamani C.
Published: March 2007

For previous documentation on this subject, see following issues of China Report: March-April, July-August, September-October, November-December (1969), January-February, March-April, July-August, November-December (I970); May-June, July-August, November-December (1971); January-April, November- December (I972); March-April and November-December (I973).
Reminiscences of My Visit to Gandhi
Authors: Tan Yunshan
Published: March 2007

This article is taken from DONGFANG ZAZHI ( Eastern Magazine), Beijing, vol. xxiv, no. 5, Novem ber 1932, pp. 39-46. The author is Professor Emeritus of Vishwa-Bharati. The translation has been made by MRS. SHEELA MURTHY who, after completing her M.A. in Chinese Language. and Literature from Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, has recently joined its teaching staff in Chinese Language and Literature Department.— EDITOR
Norwegian Policy in the Middle East Crisis of I967
Authors: Heradstveit Daniel
Published: March 2007

The article discusses motives behind the Norwegian refusal to sign the British proposal for a declaration claiming that Nasser's closing of the Gulf of Aqaba on 22 May 1967 was illegal. A signing of the declaration would have implied a non-neutral stand in the conflict. It is concluded that the case selected indicates a general Norwegian neutralist attitude when armed conflicts between Israel and the Arab countries occur, and that this policy is based partly on security considerations as well as on economic interests. It also appears that the Norwegian stake in the efforts of the United Nations in the area has contributed to the arguments and considerations for maintaining a neutralist attitude.

This neutral line has been pursued while the Norwegian people at large have been in sympathy with the Israeli position and at times have articulated demands for a more pro-Israel policy. This has not, however, persuaded the Government and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to change their policy.
Arab Demands and Desires in the Conflict with the State of Israel
Authors: Heradstveit Daniel
Published: March 2007

This study, which is based on a series of interviews conducted in Egypt, Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon in March-April 1970, focuses on Arab attitudes towards a negotiated settlement with the state of Israel.

The Arab world, it appears, is divided into those who want to liberate Palestine while rejecting negotiations, and those whose main concern is to liberate the territories occu pied in the 1967 war, viewing negotiations as useful to this end.

With many factors difficult to assess in terms of their relative importance and weight, the outcome of the struggle for the upper hand between the adherents of the two strategies becomes even more uncertain. Both strategies, however, are deeply rooted in the Arab world. Because of this, it is also concluded that a negotiated settlement, along the lines of the UN resolution of November 1967, would not be a basis for lasting stability in the area, notwithstanding its reducing the likelihood of new local wars.
Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between the Soviet Union and Finland: Some Aspects of International Politics
Authors: Korhonen Keijo
Published: March 2007

The 25th anniversary of the Finnish-Soviet FCA-Treaty was celebrated with solemn ceremonies in April, 1973. Referring to the fact that this treaty has been misunderstood frequently in international discussions and, more recently, also in Finnish domestic debate, the author makes an effort to analyze the role the treaty plays in International politics. He notes that the first two articles of the treaty, 'the military articles', are precise and detailed, while the rest of the operative articles, referring to friendship and cooperation between the parties, are general in nature. This is natural since the treaty was designed specifically to provide military security in the situation of 1948. The author maintains that the military role of the FCA-Treaty has not lost its signi ficance even now but that due to the tremendous changes in the European situation during the last 25 years the latter part of the treaty has assumed increasing importance in practice. Thus, while the text of the treaty remains unchanged and the whole treaty is revered by both parties, the operational center of gravity has moved, compared with the situation of 1948, more and more to the articles on friendship and cooperation.
New Problems — Old Solutions
Authors: Skagestad Gunnar , Traavik Kim
Published: March 2007

The verdict in 1933 by the Permanent International Court of Justice in the so-called 'Eastern Greenland Case' brought to the fore the dilemma of adapting the traditional sovereignty concept to the novel political/legal problems characterizing the 'new ter ritories'. With the opening up of other 'new territories' for exploration and subsequent exploitation, this dilemma has grown ever more acute in recent years.

This chapter highlights some general regulation problems in 'new territories', gives a description of attempts made to solve such problems in the past, and identifies the key elements in the various 'solution models' (notably the Svalbard Treaty, the Antarctic Treaty and the Continental Shelf Convention). These elements are described and analysed comparatively, with a certain emphasis on the somewhat divergent precon ditions prevalent in the three separate examples. In the final section, the authors pro ceed to discuss the applicability of the old solution models to the present and emerging regulation problems in the new territories.
Premises, Promises, and Problems of Comparative Foreign Policy
Authors: Faurby IB
Published: March 2007

What is comparative foreign policy? This article outlines the background for the advent of comparative foreign policy as a subfield within the field of international relations. It describes the main approaches represented. In particular, the problems relating to the development of frameworks for empirical research and the application of comparative method to the study of foreign policy are discussed. It is claimed that of the three levels: theory, method, and research technique, theory is weak and methods not sufficiently considered. It is further argued that there is a need for closer inter action between theoretical and empirical work and for the development of an explicit comparative methodology to serve as the link between theory and the application of research techniques to empirical data.