bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nativity and Years in the Receiving Culture as Markers of Acculturation in Ethnic Enclaves
Authors: Schwartz Seth J. , Pantin Hilda , Sullivan Summer , Prado Guillermo , Szapocznik José
Published: April 2006

The current study was conducted to ascertain the validity of two commonly used markers of acculturation (nativity and years in the receiving culture) in an enclave context. Relationships between these markers and a bidimensional measure of acculturation were examined in a convenience sample of Hispanic immigrant adolescents and their caregivers in Miami. Nativity was examined using adolescent-reported data; approximately half of the youth were U.S.-born and half foreign-born, but all of the caregivers were foreign-born. Years in the receiving culture was examined using both adolescent and caregiver data. Results indicated that nativity was significantly associated with adoption of receiving-culture practices, with a small to moderate effect size. Years in the receiving culture was significantly associated with adoption of receiving-culture practices only for adolescent girls and for female caregivers who immigrated as youth. Neither nativity nor years in the receiving culture explained even moderate amounts of variance in retention or loss of culture-of-origin practices.
The Relationship Between Racial Identity, Ethnic Identity, and Perceptions of Racial Discrimination in an Afro-Caribbean Descent Sample
Authors: Hall Schekeva P. , Carter Robert T.
Published: April 2006

Racial identity ego statuses (i.e., one’s psychological orientation to his or her racial group membership) can have an important impact on how some Blacks perceive and experience racial discrimination in the United States. The present study investigates the relationships between racial identity status attitudes, ethnic identity, and perceptions of racial discrimination among 82 Afro-Caribbeans. Results indicate that racial identity and ethnic identity are significant predictors for perceptions of racial discrimination during the course of one’s lifetime. Implications for the field of psychology are discussed.
Perceived Racism and Career Self-Efficacy in African American Adolescents
Authors: Rollins Vanessa B. , Valdez Jesse N.
Published: April 2006

African American adolescents’ perceptions of racism and career self-efficacy relationships are examined. Participants in a southwestern urban high school completed the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure, Racism and Life Experiences Scale-Personal and -Group, and career decision and career task self-efficacy scales. Results indicate that participants who perceived a higher degree of racism against their group reported significantly higher self-efficacy for career decision making but not for career task self-efficacy. An achieved ethnic identity, higher parental socioeconomic status, and being female were related to higher levels of career self-efficacy. The study’s research design supports the need for research with ethnic identity, gender, and the use of multidimensional measurements to achieve a better understanding of racism and career self-efficacy with African American adolescents. Theoretical, research, and programmatic implications are discussed.
The State of the Art in North American Urban History
Authors: Mcshane Clay
Published: April 2006

This article attempts to determine the state of the art in American urban history by looking at 1) the frequency with which books are used in syllabi, 2) the contents of the Journal of Urban History for the last five years, 3) the topics of books awarded prizes by the Urban History Association, and 4) the number of libraries that hold copies of the leading books in the field. The conclusions note a loss of influence by such writers as Mumford, Caro, and Warner, a continuation of the emphasis on narrow, modern time periods, and a general decline in the importance of the field. Comments by Timothy Gilfoyle and Carl Abbott contest the latter conclusion.
The Multigroup Common Factor Model With Minimal Uniqueness Constraints and the Power to Detect Uniform Bias
Authors: Hessen David J. , Dolan Conor V. , Wicherts Jelte M.
Published: April 2006

An alternative formulation of the multigroup common factor model with minimal uniqueness constraints is considered. This alternative formulation is based on a simple identification constraint that is related to the standard maximum likelihood constraint used in single-group common factor analysis. It is argued that the alternative formulation leads to less technical difficulties in applications than earlier formulations of this multigroup common factor model. Furthermore, associated tests for various measurement invariance constraints across groups are proposed, such as an omnibus test for the absence of uniform bias. By means of an empirical example, the fitting of several multigroup common factor models with minimal uniqueness constraints and the testing for measurement invariance over groups are demonstrated. The nesting of multigroup confirmatory factor models under the multigroup common factor model with minimal uniqueness constraints is also discussed. Finally, a small study is performed to investigate the drop in power to detect uniform bias in using the multigroup common factor model with minimal uniqueness constrains instead of a confirmatory special case. The results of the study show a small drop in power under all research conditions.
Markov Chain Monte Carlo Estimation of Item Parameters for the Generalized Graded Unfolding Model
Authors: de la Torre Jimmy , Stark Stephan , Chernyshenko Oleksandr S.
Published: April 2006

The authors present a Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) parameter estimation procedure for the generalized graded unfolding model (GGUM) and compare it to the marginal maximum likelihood (MML) approach implemented in the GGUM2000 computer program, using simulated and real personality data. In the simulation study, test length, number of response options, and sample size were manipulated. Results indicate that the two methods are comparable in terms of item parameter estimation accuracy. Although the MML estimates exhibit slightly smaller bias than MCMC estimates, they also show greater variability, which results in larger root mean squared errors. Of the two methods, only MCMC provides reasonable standard error estimates for all items.
Optimal Testlet Pool Assembly for Multistage Testing Designs
Authors: Ariel Adelaide , Veldkamp Bernard P. , Breithaupt Krista
Published: April 2006

Computerized multistage testing (MST) designs require sets of test questions (testlets) to be assembled to meet strict, often competing criteria. Rules that govern testlet assembly may dictate the number of questions on a particular subject or may describe desirable statistical properties for the test, such as measurement precision. In an MST design, testlets of differing difficulty levels must be created. Statistical properties for assembly of the testlets can be expressed using item response theory (IRT) parameters. The testlet test information function (TIF) value can be maximized at a specific point on the IRT ability scale. In practical MST designs, parallel versions of testlets are needed, so sets of testlets with equivalent properties are built according to equivalent specifications. In this project, the authors study the use of a mathematical programming technique to simultaneously assemble testlets to ensure equivalence and fairness to candidates who may be administered different testlets.
Where Have All the Heroes Gone?
Authors: McDorman Todd F. , Casper Kurt , Logan Aaron , McGinley Sean
Published: April 2006

This article argues that Jerry Maguire, For Love of the Game, and Any Given Sunday seek to explain the sporting life to American society. More specifically, an analysis of a transcendental, redemptive quest by central characters in these melodramatic films can be understood as offering reassuring cultural therapy for the omnipresent, materialismravaging, professional sports while reinforcing traditional visions of morality, gender, and middle-class ethics. The most ambiguous of the texts, Any Given Sunday, provides viewers with a choice between accepting such therapy or concluding that transcendence is fleeting cover for deeper material problems of sports celebrity. In drawing primarily from the field of rhetorical studies to analyze the therapeutic implications of the films, the authors explore the parameters of this perspective, apply it to the films, and finally, reflect on the value and meaning of the conclusions.
Family-Friendly Organizations? Work and Family Programs in the 1990s
Authors: Davis Amy E. , Kalleberg Arne L.
Published: April 2006

Benefits that enable employees to manage better their work and personal lives are an important form of compensation offered by some but by no means all organizations. Using data from the 1996 National Organizations Study, the authors test three theoretical perspectives (internal economic, external economic, and institutional pressures) on the existence of four family-friendly benefits in U.S. establishments. These theories are not opposing, and the authors find support for each: Different benefits are provided in response to different pressures. Furthermore, although most organizations had one familyfriendly benefit in 1996, these benefits have not been universally adopted.
Understanding the Link Between Discrimination, Mental Health Outcomes, and Life Chances Among Latinos
Authors: Araújo Beverly Y. , Borrell Luisa N.
Published: April 2006

Discriminatory experiences have been found to be related to poor mental health outcomes and negative life chances among marginalized communities in the United States. However, little is known about the impact of perceived discrimination on the Latino population. The present article reviews and critiques existing empirical evidence linking perceived discrimination to life chances and mental health outcomes among Latinos. The gaps in the literature reveal that most of the discrimination research was conducted in the 1980s and early 1990s, focused on Mexicans, and excluded other Latino/Hispanic populations, such as Dominicans and Puerto Ricans. The findings of this study will help to inform the understanding of the discriminatory experiences of Latinos in the United States.
Alcohol and Drug Use, Abuse, and Dependence in Urban Areas and Colonias of the Texas-Mexico Border
Authors: Wallisch Lynn S. , Spence Richard T.
Published: April 2006

This study describes the prevalence of alcohol and drug use, abuse, and dependence among adults on the Texas-Mexico border in 2002-2003. The findings are based on survey responses from a random sample of 1,200 adults living in households in three communities: El Paso, a densely populated city in west Texas; the less dense urbanized areas of the lower Rio Grande Valley in south Texas; and rural or semirural colonias—unregulated settlements characterized by lack of basic public services—in south Texas. The findings revealed similarity in drug use across the three sites but higher rates of binge drinking and alcohol dependence in the colonias. Border alcohol and drug use appeared similar or lower than use among residents of Texas as a whole or Hispanics nationwide; however, problems of abuse and dependence appeared somewhat higher on the border.
Metric Equivalence of the Bidimensional Acculturation Scale, the Satisfaction With Life Scale, and the Self-Construal Scale Across Spanish and English Language Versions
Authors: Singelis Theodore M. , Yamada Ann Marie , Barrio Concepcion , Laney Joshua Harrison , Her Pa , Ruiz-Anaya Alejandrina , Lennertz Sara Terwilliger
Published: April 2006

The metric equivalence of translated scales is often in question but seldom examined. This study presents test-retest data that support the metric equivalence of the Spanish and English language versions of three measures: the Bidimensional Acculturation Scale, the Satisfaction with Life Scale, and the Self-Construal Scale. Participants were randomly assigned to one of four test conditions designating the language order of the presented questionnaire packets: (a) English-English, (b) English-Spanish, (c) Spanish-English, and (d) Spanish-Spanish. Internal and test-retest reliabilities were found to be adequate both within and across language versions. In addition to reliabilities, a comparison of the means across language versions supported their metric equivalence. Language effects and implications are discussed.
Challenges and Opportunities to Latino Youth Development
Authors: Borden Lynne M. , Perkins Daniel F. , Villarruel Francisco A. , Carleton-Hug Annelise , Stone Margaret R. , Keith Joanne G.
Published: April 2006

This study examines the cultural and contextual factors that influence Latino participation in youth programs. Although youth programs are increasingly recognized for their positive influences, little is known about the factors that influence a young person’s decision to participate. In this study, 67 Latino youth were asked about the reasons youth choose to and choose not to participate. Utilizing the Concept Systems method, youth participated in three phases of data collection—brainstorming, sorting, and ranking—to provide an in-depth understanding of reasons for and barriers to participation. Overall, youth ranked personal development and confidence as their top reasons for participation. Participants also ranked factors for participation higher than barriers to participation. Gender and intergenerational differences are discussed in more detail.
Market Socialism Meets the Lost Generation: Motivational Orientations of Adult Learners in Shanghai
Authors: Boshier Roger , Huang Yan , Song Qihui , Song Lei
Published: April 2006

In Western countries, women and men, young and old, enroll in adult education for different reasons. This is even more the case in China. This study helps Shanghai program planners better appreciate learners by understandinghow motivational orientations vary as a function of gender and age. The Chinese version of the Education Participation Scale was administered to 448 adults enrolled in Shanghai adult education classes. It had a factor structure loosely comparable to the English version. Women were more inclined than men to be enrolled for social stimulation, social contact and cognitive interest. However, gender differences were less pronounced than those for age. The Cultural Revolution and pressures of market socialism in postmodern Shanghai appeared to shape motivational orientations of participants who came of age between 1966 and 1976. Just the fact that learners were asked about motivational orientations may change the politics of human subjectivity in Shanghai adult education.
What’s the Rap About Ecstasy?
Authors: Diamond Sarah , Bermudez Rey , Schensul Jean
Published: April 2006

Trends in ecstasy use in America during the past decade were reflected in mainstream, American rap-music lyrics between 1996 and 2003. Drawing on communication and cultural studies theory, this article provides a content analysis of 69 rap songs mentioning the club drug ecstasy. The songs are coded according to whether they contain positive, mixed or ambiguous, or negative messages about using or dealing ecstasy. Through an interpretive lens, the authors identify specific themes, messages, and behaviors pertaining to ecstasy use in the music lyrics and explore how these lyrics relate to shifting drug trends and to issues of race, class, and gender in American society.
Gendered Dimensions of Smoking Among College Students
Authors: Nichter Mimi , Nichter Mark , Lloyd-Richardson Elizabeth E. , Flaherty Brian , Carkoglu Asli , Taylor Nicole
Published: April 2006

Ethnographic research, including interviews, focus groups, and observations were conducted to explore gendered dimensions of smoking among low level smokers, including the acceptability of smoking in different contexts; reasons for smoking; the monitoring of self and friends’ smoking; and shared smoking as a means of communicating concern and empathy. Important gendered dimensions of smoking were documented. Although males who smoked were described as looking manly, relaxed, and in control, among females, smoking was considered a behavior that made one look slutty and out of control. Young women were found to monitor their own and their friends’ smoking carefully and tended to smoke in groups to mitigate negative perceptions of smoking. Gender-specific tobacco cessation programs are warranted on college campuses.
Finding Common Ground: The Importance of Place Attachment to Community Participation and Planning
Authors: Manzo Lynne C. , Perkins Douglas D.
Published: April 2006

This article draws connections between the environmental and community psychology literature on place attachment and meaning with the theory, research, and practice of community participation and planning. Each area of inquiry has much to offer the other, yet few links have been made between them. Typically, literature on place attachment focuses on individual feelings and experiences and has not placed these bonds in the larger, sociopolitical context in which planners operate. Conversely, the community planning literature emphasizes participation and empowerment, but overlooks emotional connections to place. Yet these attachments can motivate cooperative efforts to improve one’s community. Literature across disciplines is examined and synthesized to develop a framework for understanding the psychological dimensions of people’s interactions with community. An ecological model is then proposed that integrates multiple environmental domains and analysis levels. This model can accommodate place attachments and meaning as well as social and political aspects of community participation.
When Legacies Meet Policies: NATO and the Refashioning of Polish Military Tradition
Authors: Epstein Rachel A.
Published: April 2006

Polish military tradition has long revolved around the ideal of defending the country’s territorial, political, and cultural integrity. Given Poland’s history of partition, occupation, and foreign domination, however, the institutionalization of democratically accountable civilian control over the armed forces had never been an objective, let alone a reality. Thus, when the North Atlantic Treaty Organization committed to expanding its membership in the mid-1990s, there was a notable clash of Polish military legacies on one hand and NATO’s proposed policies on the other. In analyzing the interaction between domestic traditions and international pressure, the author argues that NATO greatly accelerated the consolidation of democratic civilian control in Poland. By removing key elements of Polish military tradition from both the rhetoric and practice of Polish public policy, the alliance had the practical effect of cultivating a civilian interest in far-reaching oversight while undermining the preexisting societal consensus in Poland that had long brooked high levels of military political authority.
Anti-Political or Just Anti-Communist? Varieties of Dissidence in East-Central Europe and Their Implications for the Development of Political Society
Authors: Renwick Alan
Published: April 2006

Several authors argue that the heritage of dissident ideas and activity in East-Central Europe has hindered the development of post-communist political society. But this proposition has not been subject to systematic analysis. This article focuses on one part of that proposition: whether dissident ideas corresponded to the features of “ethical civil society” that some argue harm political society. Concentrating on Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and Poland, it differentiates eight varieties of dissident thought. It then assesses the relation of the three most important varieties to ethical civil society, finding that one variety resembled ethical civil society very closely, another only marginally, and the third not at all. It finally draws out implications for the study of political society in the region.
Postimperial Democracies: Ideology and Party Formation in Third Republic France, Weimar Germany, and Post-Soviet Russia
Authors: Hanson Stephen E.
Published: April 2006

Post-Soviet Russia, the early Third Republic in France, and the Weimar Republic in Germany can be understood as cases of “postimperial democracy”—a situation in which a new democratic regime emerges in the core of a former empire that has suddenly collapsed and where democratic elections continue for at least a decade. However, the regimes consolidated in these cases—republican democracy in France, Nazi dictatorship in Germany, and weak state authoritarianism in Russia—vary dramatically. These divergent results reflect the impact of new ideologies, which generated collective action among converts by artificially elongating their time horizons in an environment of extremely high uncertainty. In France, ideological clarity allowed radical republicans to outflank more pragmatic parties; in Germany, ideological clarity allowed the Nazis to mobilize more successfully than centrist parties; and in post-Soviet Russia, the absence of any compelling new political ideology—democratic or antidemocratic—has rendered political parties too weak to challenge even a very weak state.
Alpha Clusters: Creative Innovation in Local Economies
Authors: Schoales John
Published: April 2006

This article examines a set of industries including financial investment, fashion, and culture that tend to predominate in certain cities such as New York and London. Using data on business establishments and wages for the United States and Canada, the author shows that these industries exhibit a very high level of spatial concentration and a related high level of wage variation among metropolitan areas. The author proposes that these industries are very cluster dependent because of an inherently rapid pace of product innovation. The implications of this for economic development analysis are considered in the context of cluster and innovation policy. The author suggests that fostering innovation in these industries requires a substantially different approach from that commonly being deployed for technology industries.
Where the Headquarters Are: Location Patterns of Large Public Companies, 1990-2000
Authors: Klier Thomas H.
Published: April 2006

This article examines the location of headquarters growth of large public companies during the 1990s. Headquarters continue to be attracted by large metropolitan areas. Yet among that group, they continue to disperse into medium-sized centers. This article identifies six different categories of gross flows underlying the net change of headquarters observed during the 1990s. There is strong variation among the 50 largest metropolitan areas in terms of the composition of these gross flows. On average, entry and exit represent more than two thirds of all gross flow activity. Pure relocation of headquarters is found to lead to urbanization. Mergers tend to have no impact on the distribution of headquarters across Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs). A binomial probability model of the decision to move uses company-level and MSA-level data and finds that MSA-level amenities affect a company’s choice about where to locate its headquarters.
Headquarters Research and Implications for Local Development
Authors: Testa William A.
Published: April 2006

Drawing from both the professional literature and from a conference held at the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago in 2004, the author summarizes findings and draws implications concerning the locational tendencies of stand-alone headquarters operations. In the United States, the geography of large company headquarters is becoming more dispersed toward medium-sized metropolitan areas even as the headquarters needs for urban infrastructure and amenities continue to sharpen. The location of the firm’s branch plant locations will be critical for many headquarters, so developing a strategy focused on a region’s own industry specializations should be considered. So too, as the organizational structure of firms becomes more complex and globally dispersed, many specialized establishments can be found under the same umbrella, making it imperative for local development practitioners to determine their region’s functional niche.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Visual Analog Scales
Authors: Couper Mick P. , Tourangeau Roger , Conrad Frederick G. , Singer Eleanor
Published: April 2006

The use of visual analog scales (VAS) in survey research has been relatively rare, in part because of operational difficulties. However web surveys permit the use of continuous input devices such as slider bars, making VAS more feasible. The authors conducted an experiment to explore the utility of a VAS in a web survey, comparing it to radio button input and numeric entry in a text box on a series of bipolar questions eliciting views on genetic versus environmental causes of various behaviors. The experiment included a variety of additional comparisons including the presence or absence of numeric feedback in theVAS, the use of a midpoint or no midpoint for the other two versions, and numbered versus unnumbered radio button scales. The response distributions for theVAS did not differ from those using the other scale types, and theVAS had higher rates of missing data and longer completion times.
Citasa
Authors: Anderson Ronald E.
Published: April 2006

The article highlights the history of the section on Communication and Information Technologies of the American Sociological Association (CITASA), focusing on the early years. In that early period in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the emphasiswas on helping sociologists adjust to the new potential of microcomputers for research and teaching. A tension emerged because new users of computing held different priorities than did those who were developers, specialists, or cyberspace researchers.
Citasa
Authors: Elesh David , Dowdall George W.
Published: April 2006

This article describes the revitalization of the section on Communication and Information Technologies since 2002. At the beginning of the period, the section underwent a name and mission change that focused the discipline's attention on the section as an important locus for those engaged in research on the social consequences of developments in communication and information technologies. The expanded mission broadened the section's concerns from computing to encompass all computing-related technologies and new media. The section's leadership also initiated an aggressive and broad program of marketing the section's activities both within and outside the discipline. By the fall of 2005, membership had rebounded from a low of 99 to more than 300, and section activities had grown to support a mini conference before the regular annual meeting of the American Sociological Association.
Student Voice and School Choice in the Boston Pilot High Schools
Authors: Doyle Mary C. , Feldman Jay
Published: April 2006

School choice has become a widespread policy for improving education. Because the goal of choice is to provide high-quality education to all students, we examined student perceptions in applying to and attending four high schools that are successful in educating low-income students and students of color. Students chose schools based on perceived fits of specific academics, support, and school culture characteristics. Students found these schools provided college and career preparation, teachers who pay attention to academic and personal needs, and positive student relationships. Although students at two schools applied with one feature in mind, they found their schools provided features that met unanticipated needs. We conclude by describing school structures that create the conditions that students value.
Assessing the Connection Between Higher Education Policy and Performance
Authors: Martinez Mario C. , Nilson Michelle
Published: April 2006

In 1997, the state of South Dakota instituted an incentive program to reward institutions for performance related to state policy priorities. The program had a specified starting and ending point, running its course in 2002. This program provides a unique opportunity to study the connection between higher education policy and performance, an issue of central concern in most states as they try to maximize their use of existing state resources. The analysis uses literature and concepts from existing higher education studies as a guide to conduct the case study. The article outlines those areas where policy was most strongly connected to performance and speculates on why other areas may not have yielded such a link.
Conducting Fieldwork in China
Authors: Liang Bin , Lu Hong
Published: April 2006

Comparative research has rapidly grown to become one of the most viable perspectives and methodologies in contemporary criminology, particularly in studies with primary data collected through ethnographic fieldwork. This study examines major issues (e.g., access, informed consent, conceptual and cultural equivalence) confronted by comparative scholars conducting fieldwork in China. Data used in this study involve the authors' own research experience in collecting primary data regarding law and the legal system in several cities in China through methods such as courtroom observations, interviews, and surveys. Systematic documentary analysis serves as a main analytical strategy to enhance interpretive validity.
Cross-National Survey Designs
Authors: Jaquier Véronique , Fisher Bonnie S. , Killias Martin
Published: April 2006

Valid and reliable cross-national estimates of rape are needed to more fully understand the extent and nature of these victimizations. Methodological issues that compromise the integrity of cross-national comparisons of self-report survey data have been identified. These issues have neither been systematically addressed, nor is there a consensus as to how to correct them. This article examines the effects that the definition and operationalization of rape have on completed and attempted rape estimates from the National Violence Against Women Survey in the United States and the Swiss component of the International Violence Against Women Survey. Survey design issues related to operationalizing the victim-offender relationship and its effect on rape estimates are discussed. Cross-national rape estimates with and without addressing the comparability issues are presented. The implications for engaging in comparative rape research are also discussed.
The Impact of Sexual Abuse in the Lives of Young Women Involved or At Risk of Involvement With the Juvenile Justice System
Authors: Goodkind Sara , Ng Irene , Sarri Rosemary C.
Published: April 2006

Girls in the juvenile justice system have high rates of past sexual abuse. To better understand the relationship between sexual abuse and justice system involvement, we analyzed survey interviews with 169 young women involved or at risk of involvement with juvenile justice, comparing girls who experienced sexual abuse with those who did not. Girls experiencing sexual abuse had more negative mental health, school, substance use, risky sexual behavior, and delinquency outcomes. These findings highlight a need for interventions to assist girls who have experienced abuse and efforts to prevent abuse and improve child welfare and social service systems.
The Phenomenology of Meditation for Female Survivors of Intimate Partner Violence
Authors: Kane Kathleen E.
Published: April 2006

An existential-phenomenological methodology was utilized to investigate the experience of meditation for female survivors of intimate partner violence. Six coresearchers were taught a form of concentrative meditation and were asked to meditate daily and to attend a weekly group meditation for 6 weeks. Semistructured interviews were utilized to gather the data. The essence of the experience that was revealed was the emergence of a centered awareness that is distinctly different from the usual mode of being in the world. Findings suggest the value of meditation as an intervention strategy with survivors and demonstrate the need for further research in this area.
Critical Industrial Practice
Authors: Caldwell John T.
Published: April 2006

This article examines the integral, reflexive, and critical functions that industrial texts play in contemporary corporate repurposing, cross-collateralization, and branding. More than simply practitioner discourses, the article takes as its object what it terms the “low theoretical” tendencies found in “deep” industrial texts to better understand the critical-theoretical competencies and marketing imperatives behind the textual practices of the new media conglomerates. The article reconsiders the tripartite model offered by Fiske and Gripsrud, by showing how secondary and tertiary television texts persistently migrate toward primary textual status in the current American multichannel flow. A close examination of industrial textual practice (programming events, network branding [the NBC-2000 campaign], station IDs, making-ofs, video press kits, promo tapes, TV-web synergies, and ancillary marketing) shows how the industry theorizes its presence in moving image form, even as it teaches the audience at home by publicly circulating (sanctioned) “insider” knowledge about the televisual apparatus.
Global Vistas and Local Reflections
Authors: Tinic Serra
Published: April 2006

This article examines the relationship between cultural identity and televisual representations of global and local community formations through a case study of television production in Vancouver, Canada. As part of a larger economic and political project to establish Vancouver as a global city, the provincial government sought to attract runaway Hollywood production and establish Vancouver as a global media center. This integration into the American production system has, according to some scholars, led to the development of a local television industry that erases the sociocultural specificity of the lived place of Vancouver in a manner contrary to the nation-building goals of Canadian broadcasting policies. Drawing on archival research and interviews with television producers, this case study illustrates the contradictions in global media practices and finds that often the most local, and overlooked, community media outlets are best able to reflect the sociocultural specificities of life in the globalizing metropolis.
Tribal Sovereignty, the White Problem, and Reservation Planning
Authors: Hibbard Michael
Published: April 2006

This article explores the role of planning in the shaping of Indian reservations in the United States. Planning has played a key role in tribes’ ability to exercise their legal sovereignty rights and the associated claims for control of land and resources, for the preservation of culture, and for the right as well as the means to exercise effective self-government. It begins with a history of federal-tribal relations to the 1930s, to provide some necessary context. Next, it examines the period from the New Deal to the present, the era of “Indian self-rule.” Then, to illuminate and probe the role of planning in the struggle for sovereignty, it relates (some of) the story of one reservation, the Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs, Oregon.
The Paradox of Progress: Three Decades of the Mount Laurel Doctrine
Authors: Payne John M.
Published: April 2006

Judicial implementation of New Jersey’s “fair share” housing doctrine in the Mount Laurel cases has been controversial because of the perception that the courts were intruding on policy and planning matters better left to the political branches. A paradox resulted. Strong judicial remedies were needed to break the political stalemate on issues of affordable housing, but voluntary compliance that could have avoided these stringent remedies became politically impossible for many municipalities because of the controversy over the courts’ role. A new approach to fair-share compliance, called “growth share,” has now been proposed, which seeks to break out of the paradox by giving deference to local governments on land use development issues so long as affordable housing opportunities are created simultaneously and in fair proportion to the actual growth experienced by each municipality. Potential strengths and weaknesses of this new approach are explored.
Planning After Mount Laurel: To Gild “the Ghetto” or Disperse It?
Authors: Gillette Howard
Published: April 2006

When the New Jersey State Supreme Court ruled that every community had an obligation to actively include affordable units in its housing stock, it was taking up the challenge, laid down by the Kerner Commission in 1968, to disperse levels of concentrated poverty that had contributed to the wave of civil disorders plaguing the country. A generation later, despite open housing laws, metropolitan communities remain highly segregated, not the least in New Jersey. A revitalization plan for Camden, where the Mount Laurel affordable housing cases were instigated, has given lip service to regionalizing the recovery effort, a challenge the Ford Foundation has picked up by supporting a number of related efforts aimed at achieving “regional equity.” Such efforts address the state court’s support for “sound planning,” but resistance to integration remains, leaving the outcome of concerted investments in social justice still very much in doubt.
Molecular strategies for detection and quantitation of clonal cytotoxic T-cell responses in aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndrome
Authors: Wlodarski Marcin W. , Gondek Lukasz P. , Nearman Zachary P. , Plasilova Magdalena , Kalaycio Matt , Hsi Eric D. , Maciejewski Jaroslaw P.
Published: April 2006

Immune mechanisms are involved in the pathophysiology of aplastic anemia (AA) and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Immune inhibition can result from cytotoxic T cell (CTL) attack against normal hematopoiesis or reflect immune surveillance. We used clonally unique T-cell receptor (TCR) variable β-chain (VB) CDR3 regions as markers of pathogenic CTL responses and show that while marrow failure syndromes are characterized by polyclonal expansions, overexpanded clones exist in these diseases and can serve as investigative tools. To test the applicability of clonotypic assays, we developed rational molecular methods for the detection of immunodominant clonotypes in blood and in historic marrow biopsies of 35 AA, 37 MDS, and 21 paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) patients, in whom specific CDR3 sequences and clonal sizes were determined. CTL expansions were detected in 81% and 97% of AA and MDS patients, respectively. In total, 81 immunodominant signature clonotypes were identified. Based on the sequence of immunodominant CDR3 clonotypes, we designed quantitative assays for monitoring corresponding clones, including clonotypic Taqman polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and clonotype-specific sequencing. No correlation was found between clonality and disease severity but in patients treated with immunosuppression, truly pathogenic clones were identified based on the decline that paralleled hematologic response. We conclude that immunodominant clonotypes associated with marrow failure may be used to monitor immunosuppressive therapy.
Bcr-Abl resistance screening predicts a limited spectrum of point mutations to be associated with clinical resistance to the Abl kinase inhibitor nilotinib (AMN107)
Authors: von Bubnoff Nikolas , Manley Paul W. , Mestan Jurgen , Sanger Jana , Peschel Christian , Duyster Justus
Published: April 2006

In advanced-phase chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), resistance to imatinib mesylate is associated with point mutations in the BCR-ABL kinase domain. A new generation of potent ABL kinase inhibitors is undergoing clinical evaluation. It is important to generate specific resistance profiles for each of these compounds, which could translate into combinatorial and sequential treatment strategies. Having characterized nilotinib (AMN107) against a large panel of imatinib mesylate–resistant Bcr-Abl mutants, we investigated which mutants might arise under nilotinib therapy using a cell-based resistance screen. In contrast to imatinib mesylate, resistance to nilotinib was associated with a limited spectrum of Bcr-Abl kinase mutations. Among these were mutations affecting the P-loop and T315I. Rarely emerging resistant colonies at a concentration of 400 nM nilotinib exclusively expressed the T315I mutation. With the exception of T315I, all of the mutations that were identified were effectively suppressed when the nilotinib concentration was increased to 2000 nM, which falls within the peak-trough range in plasma levels (3.6-1.7 μM) measured in patients treated with 400 mg twice daily. Our findings suggest that nilotinib might be superior to imatinib mesylate in terms of the development of resistance. However, our study indicates that clinical resistance to nilotinib may be associated with the predominant emergence of T315I.
Evidence that phospholipase C-dependent, calcium-independent mechanisms are required for directional migration of T lymphocytes in response to the CCR4 ligands CCL17 and CCL22
Authors: Cronshaw Darran G , Kouroumalis Andreas , Parry Richard , Webb Adam , Brown Zarin , Ward Stephen G
Published: April 2006

Macrophage-derived chemokine [CC chemokine ligand 22 (CCL22)] and thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (CCL17) mediate cellular effects, principally by binding to their receptor CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) and together, constitute a multifunctional chemokine/receptor system with homeostatic and inflammatory roles within the body. This study demonstrates that CCL22 and CCL17 stimulate pertussis toxin-sensitive elevation of intracellular calcium in the CEM leukemic T cell line and human peripheral blood-derived T helper type 2 (Th2) cells. Inhibition of phospholipase C (PLC) resulted in the abrogation of chemokine-mediated calcium mobilization. Chemokine-stimulated calcium responses were also abrogated completely by the inhibition of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3] receptor-mediated calcium release. Chemotactic responses of CEM and human Th2 cells to CCL17 and CCL22 were similarly abrogated by inhibition of PLC and inhibition of novel, Ca2+-independent/diacylglycerol-dependent protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms. Inhibition of Ins(1,4,5)P3 receptor-mediated calcium release from intracellular stores had no effect on chemotactic responses to CCR4 ligands. Taken together, this study provides compelling evidence of an important role for PLC and diacylglycerol-dependent effector mechanisms (most likely involving novel PKC isoforms) in CCL17- and CCL22-stimulated, directional cell migration. In this regard, CCL22 stimulates phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase-independent phosphorylation of the novel δ isoform of PKC at threonine 505, situated within its activation loop—an event closely associated with increased catalytic activity.
HIV regulation of the IL-7R: a viral mechanism for enhancing HIV-1 replication in human macrophages in vitro
Authors: Zhang Mingjie , Drenkow Jorg , Lankford Carla S R , Frucht David M , Rabin Ronald L , Gingeras Thomas R , Venkateshan Chettemegre , Schwartzkopff Franziska , Clouse Kathleen A , Dayton Andrew I
Published: April 2006

We report a novel mechanism, involving up-regulation of the interleukin (IL)-7 cytokine receptor, by which human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enhances its own production in monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM) in vitro. HIV-1 infection or treatment of MDM cultures with exogenous HIV-1 Tat(86) protein up-regulates the IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) α-chain at the levels of steady-state RNA, protein, and functional IL-7R on the cell surface (as measured by ligand-induced receptor signaling). This IL-7R up-regulation is associated with increased amounts of HIV-1 virions in the supernatants of infected MDM cultures treated with exogenous IL-7 cytokine. The overall effect of IL-7 stimulation on HIV replication in MDM culture supernatants is typically in the range of one log and greater. The results are consistent with a model in which HIV infection produces the Tat protein, which in turn up-regulates IL-7R in a paracrine manner. This results in increased IL-7R signaling in response to the IL-7 cytokine, which ultimately promotes early events in HIV replication, including binding/entry and possibly other steps prior to reverse transcription. The results suggest that the effects of IL-7 on HIV replication in MDM should be considered when analyzing and designing clinical trials involving treatment of patients with IL-7 or Tat vaccines.
CPR Training and CPR Performance: Do CPR‐trained Bystanders Perform CPR?
Authors: Swor Robert , Khan Iftikhar , Domeier Robert , Honeycutt Linda , Chu Kevin , Compton Scott
Published: April 2006

Objectives:
To determine factors associated with cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) provision by CPR‐trained bystanders and to determine factors associated with CPR performance by trained bystanders.

Methods:
The authors performed a prospective, observational study (January 1997 to May 2003) of individuals who called 911 (bystanders) at the time of an out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest. A structured telephone interview of adult cardiac‐arrest bystanders was performed beginning two weeks after the incident. Elements gathered during interviews included bystander and patient demographics, identifying whether the bystander was CPR trained, when and by whom the CPR was performed, and describing the circumstances of the event. If CPR was not performed, we asked the bystanders why CPR was not performed. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for factors associated with CPR performance.

Results:
Of 868 cardiac arrests, 684 (78.1%) bystander interviews were completed. Of all bystanders interviewed, 69.6% were family members of the victims, 36.8% of the bystanders had more than a high‐school education, and 54.1% had been taught CPR at some time. In 21.2% of patients, the bystander immediately started CPR, and in 33.6% of cases, someone started CPR before the arrival of emergency medical services (EMS). Important overall predictors of CPR performance were the following: witnessed arrest (OR = 2.3; 95% CI = 1.4 to 3.8); bystander was CPR trained (OR = 6.6; 95% CI = 3.5 to 12.5); bystander had more than a high‐school education (OR = 2.0; 95% CI = 1.2 to 3.1), or arrest occurred in a public location (OR = 3.1; 95% CI = 1.7 to 5.8). These variables were significant predictors of CPR performance among CPR‐trained bystanders, as was CPR training within five years (OR = 4.5; 95% CI = 2.8 to 7.3). Common reasons that the CPR‐trained bystanders cited for not performing CPR were the following: 37.5% stated that they panicked, 9.1% perceived that they would not be able to do CPR correctly, and 1.1% thought that they would hurt the patient. Surprisingly, only 1.1% objected to performing mouth‐to‐mouth resuscitation.

Conclusions:
A minority of CPR‐trained bystanders performed CPR. CPR provision was more common in CPR‐trained bystanders with more than a high‐school education and when CPR training had been within five years. Previously espoused reasons for not doing CPR (mouth‐to‐mouth, infectious‐disease risk) were not the reasons that bystanders cited for not doing CPR. Further work is needed to maximize CPR provision after CPR training.