bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of electronic and atomic structure of tribofilms on the surface of cutting tools with TiAlCrSiYN and multilayer TiAlCrSiYN/TiAlCrN coatings during machining of hardened steels
Authors: Kovalev A. , Wainstein D. , Rashkovskiy A. , Fox‐Rabinovich G. , Veldhuis S. , Agguire M. , Yamamoto K.
Published: March 2010

Nanostructured single‐layer TiAlCrSiYN and multilayer TiAlCrSiYN/TiAlCrN coatings were deposited by a hybrid physical vapor deposition (PVD) coater with a plasma‐enhanced type arc source. Yttrium was added as a surfactant element to stabilize the nanostructure of the coating. The paper reports on the X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS) and analysis of the extended energy loss fine structure(EELFS) spectroscopy studies of the electronic and atomic structure of tribofilms formed on the surface of cutting tools during high‐speed machining of hardened tool steels. It was shown by electron spectroscopy investigations that two types of tribofilms form on the surface of cutting tools. The first type is sapphire‐like (AlO) and mullite‐like (AlSiO) films with high protective ability. The second type has an amorphous‐like structure and a high density of dangling bonds enhancing their lubrication properties at elevated temperatures. This unique combination of thermal‐barrier and frictional characteristics of these tribofilms allows the cutting tool to stand high‐speed cutting conditions and achieve reliable tool life. A more intensive generation of mullite‐like tribofilms was observed in the single‐layer coating in contrast to the multilayer one, where generation of the sapphire‐like component prevailed. Most probably, the nanostructuring of the coating increases the interface and grain boundary diffusion and activates the formation of a high‐temperature tribo‐oxide. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and characterization of activated carbons from poplar wood (Populus L.)
Authors: Demiral Hakan , Uzun Işıl
Published: March 2010

In this study, the residues of poplar wood were used to produce activated carbons by chemical activation. In chemical activation, K2CO3 and Na2CO3 were used as activating agents. Chemical activation was carried out by mixing the solutions of K2CO3 or Na2CO3 and poplar wood with the impregnation ratio (gram chemical agent/gram poplar wood) of 1/1, 2/1 and 3/1. The carbonization treatment was performed at 800 and 900 °C under nitrogen flow. After carbonization, the samples were washed with hot distilled water.

The pore properties of the activated carbons including the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET) surface area, pore volume, pore size distribution and average pore diameter were determined by physical adsorption of N2 at − 196 °C using the BET, t‐plot and density functional theory(DFT) methods. The highest surface areas of activated carbons are 1579 and 1596 m2/g and the total pore volumes are 0.8859 and 0.8296 cm3/g for Na2CO3 and K2CO3, respectively. The microstructure of the activated carbons prepared was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface functional groups were determined by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra.

This study showed that high surface area activated carbons can be prepared from the chemical activation of poplar with K2CO3 and Na2CO3 as activating agents. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of the carbide coarsening during the annealing of X20CrMoV12.1 steel
Authors: Skobir Danijela Anica , Godec Matjaž , Nagode Aleš , Jenko Monika
Published: March 2010

The steel X20CrMoV12.1 has been widely used for the steam pipes in power plants since 1960s. It exhibits a good combination of high‐temperature strength, toughness and creep strength. The microstructure consists of high‐tempered martensite with finely dispersed carbide precipitates along the boundaries of the ex‐austenitic grains and the ferritic sub‐boundaries. The carbides change their chemical and phase composition as well as their size with time and temperature until equilibrium is reached. However, this process lasts for thousands of hours. For this reason, we simulated these conditions in the laboratory using higher temperatures in order to accelerate the process. After different annealing times the carbide precipitates and their orientational relationships with the neighbouring grains were examined by electron‐backscatter diffraction (EBSD). After 24 h of annealing all the carbides were M23C6 and were in an orientational relationship with the matrix. The volume fraction of carbides is independent of annealing time and temperature. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wissenschaftsstädte — Wissenschaftsparks
Authors: Kühn Manfred
Published: March 2010

Basing on the indicator density of high research and development (R&D) and its spatial distribution in Germany, the article presents a typology of knowledge-based settlements. University-campi, technology parks, science parks, science cities and knowledge-based city landscapes are to be distinguished. The article questions its effects in regard to general trends of suburbanisation, desurbanisation and reurbanisation within city regions. Concluding, the author reflects to what extend it seems possible to stimulate innovative milieus by planning categories as proximity, mixed-uses and density.
Metropolregion Hamburg
Authors: Diller Christian , Knieling Jörg
Published: March 2010

There are very few regions in Germany today where the current discussion on future demographic developments is not being conducted against the backdrop of looming shrinkage or — at the very least — stagnation. With a population of over four million, the Hamburg metropolitan region is, however, one of these rare cases. All the signs here augur growth — both in the core city and in the surrounding area. The absence of any evident symptoms of a serious crisis possibly goes some way to explaining why there currently appear to be no significant impulses to embark on further steps towards consolidation of the region. Although clear progress has been recorded over recent years in respect of co-operation within the Hamburg metropolitan region, structural limits exist which cannot be overcome. This article present a critical appraisal of achievements to date and outlines perspectives for the future development of the Hamburg metropolitan region.
Pendelbereitschaft von Arbeitnehmern in Deutschland
Authors: Eckey Hans-Friedrich , Kosfeld Reinhold , Türck Matthias
Published: March 2010

An analysis of the commuter behaviour is an important question because of the high unemployment rate in many German regions. However, there are no actual investigations for the whole country. We use data of the Federal Employment Office (Bundesagentur für Arbeit), which include all national insurance contributors, to estimate gravity models. These calculations show the willingness to travel from home to work for all employed persons as well as for sociodemographic subgroups. It can be stated that men are more prepared to commute than women if the distance is increasing, that Germans are more willing to commute than foreigners and that workers have a greater commuting resistance than other employees. A local analysis shows that the influence of distance on commuting is higher in East German regions than in West Germany. One reason for that result may be the lower wages in East Germany. Employees accept longer driving times to work in economically prosperous regions in West Germany.
Vier Fallbeispiele informationsbasierter Wirtschaft
Authors: Multhaup Thomas
Published: March 2010

Mit dem Übergang zu verstärkt informations- und wissensbasierten Formen neuer Wirtschaft verändern sich auch die Ansprüche der Unternehmen an ihre direkte Umwelt, die Infrastruktur und die Charakteristika von Mitarbeitern und deren Qualifikationen. Der Beitrag zeigt, in welche Richtung die Änderungen gehen werden. Hierzu wird eine Zusammenstellung der wichtigsten Merkmale einiger typischer informationsbasierter Pionierunternehmen vorgelegt. Diese umfaßt eine Unternehmensbeschreibung, Beschreibung der Merkmale ihrer Hauptstandorte, insbesondere auch deren Umwelt- und Freizeitqualität, sowie der geforderten Merkmale ihrer besser qualifizierten Mitarbeiter. Für uns unerwartet war, welche geradezu als drastisch zu nennenden Ansprüche diese Unternehmen an ihre Umweltqualität und an das Freizeitangebot für ihre Mitarbeiter stellen. Hierdurch wird die zunehmende Bedeutung weicher Standortfaktoren für die Attrahierung neuer Wirtschaft unterstrichen.
Wissen als Faktor der Leitbildgenerierung in der Metropolregion Berlin-Brandenburg — Strategien, Optionen, Konflikte
Authors: Jähnke Petra , Mahnken Gerhard
Published: March 2010

Within the ongoing discourse on issues of spatial models and strategies for the development in urban regions knowledge becomes more and more significant. Knowledge based self-descriptions, images and positionings are relevant for relational spatial concepts and developments because knowledge is regarded in the meantime as an important locational factor. With the case studies of the European Metropolitan Region Berlin-Brandenburg and the Knowledge City Berlin-Adlershof this article looks into the strategies, options, conflicts and conditions that can be figured out during the process of the emergence of models and for the knowledge based development in urban regions.
Disurbanisierung und Reurbanisierung
Authors: Herfert Günter
Published: March 2010

Spatial development in eastern Germany in the '90s was marked to a very significant degree by processes of relatively small-scale suburbanisation; there are now clear signs of a change towards processes of large-scale disurbanisation with occasional tendencies towards reurbanisation. At the same time, new polarised development patterns are emerging. If we disregard a small number of islands of stability in a demographic landscape otherwise characterised by shrinkage, the pattern emerging is one of spatial clusters with above-average levels of population depletion, attributable both to natural wastage (more deaths than births) and to the absence of major migration streams. In the context of current developments, the losers are in particular the towns and cities. In view of the prevailing economic climate in eastern Germany, disurbanisation processes can be expected to continue unabated over large areas of the territory, with exceptions to this trend only in a few islands of reubanisation, such as the Leipzig and Dresden regions and the city-axis found in Thuringia.
Baulückenmanagement (BLM) Berlin
Authors: Flicke Dietrich , Nelius Kurt , Reinheckel Ulrich , Sandau Marie-Luise
Published: March 2010

Under the heading “Infill Management”, Berlin now details inner-city building land on the Internet. Since July 2002, information on over 800 publicly and privately owned development sites, covering a total of some 200 hectares, has been available worldwide in interactive form at one single website. A project group set up at the Senate Department of Urban Development has taken on responsibility for the organisational, legal and technical groundwork and for implementing this instrument — referred to as “BLM” (Baulückenmanagement). What has become apparent is that viable solutions are possible, even within a complex administrative structure, if the focus is placed on achieving win-win solutions. In order to ensure that BLM continues in the future to find acceptance among users, it needs to be subjected to continuous evaluation. Moreover, everyone involved in this procedure must receive the necessary training. At a time of a general falling-off in demand for apartment-block construction, the underlying intention is to increase market transparency and to raise interest in Berlin as a place to locate to. An additional purpose of this approach is to support the sale of publicly owned real estate. The cadastral register of building land — introduced in 1998 in the Federal Building Code as an instrument of planning — represents one component of the inner-city development strategy currently being pursued in Berlin. The effective management of building land can, however, only be achieved by joining up housing, business, land and financial policies.
Regionale Innovationspotentiale und innovative Netzwerke
Authors: Fritsch Michael , Koschatzky Knut , Schätzl Ludwig , Sternberg Rolf
Published: March 2010

Infolge der globalen und zwischenbetrieblichen Arbeitsteilung gewinnen Innovationskooperationen zwischen Produktions- und Dienstleistungsunternehmen sowie öffentlichen Forschungseinrichtungen immer stärker an Bedeutung. Innerhalb einer Region beeinflußt die Intensität innovativer Verflechtungen maßgeblich die Auslastung der Innovationsressourcen und damit die regionale und betriebliche Innovationsleistung. Der Beitrag versteht sich als Einführung in dieses Themenheft, das die Ergebnisse eines von den Verfassern geleiteten Forschungsvorhabens zu innovativen Netzwerken in drei deutschen Regionen präsentiert. Er verfolgt zwei Ziele. Erstens wird der aktuelle Forschungsstand zur Beziehung zwischen regionalem Innovationspotential und innovativen Netzwerken unter Berücksichtigung der theoretischen Basis und der empirischen Evidenz dargestellt. Zweitens beschreibt der Beitrag die Datengrundlagen und das methodische Vorgehen des Gemeinschaftsprojektes.
Öffentliche Forschungseinrichtungen im regionalen Innovationssystem
Authors: Fritsch Michael , Schwirten Christian
Published: March 2010

Die Autoren dieses Beitrags analysieren die Einbindung von öffentlichen Forschungseinrichtungen in das regionale Innovationssystem anhand ihrer Kooperationsbeziehungen mit privaten Unternehmen sowie mit anderen Forschungseinrichtungen. Derartige Kooperationsbeziehungen sind stark auf die Wirtschaft in der betreffenden Region konzentriert, was auf eine wesentliche Bedeutung von räumlicher Nähe hindeutet. Offensichtlich leisten öffentliche Forschungseinrichtungen im Rahmen von Kooperationsbeziehungen einen wesentlichen Beitrag zu den Innovationsaktivitäten der jeweiligen Regionalwirtschaft. Betrachtet man die Kooperationsbeziehungen, die öffentliche Forschungseinrichtungen zu anderen Forschungseinrichtungen unterhalten, so zeigt sich, daß dieses Netzwerk weniger stark auf die jeweilige Region konzentriert, sondern räumlich deutlich weiter gespannt ist. Unsere Ergebnisse weisen darauf hin, daß öffentliche Forschungseinrichtungen eine Art „Antennenfunktion” wahrnehmen, indem sie regionsextern vorhandenes akademisches und unternehmerisches Wissen absorbieren und für die regionale Wirtschaft nutzbar machen.
Planen mit der Landschaft — Landschaft als Dienstleistung?
Authors: Clemens Corinna
Published: March 2010

What will the landscape and the countryside of the future look like? Who will use it and who will value it? From where we are today it is impossible to foresee the answers to these questions. Nonetheless, spatial planning, which in its very essence and function is anticipatory, is duty bound to seek approaches which will allow it successfully to act within, and to interact with, the future landscape. The following text explores one of these potential approaches as it reflects on the possibilities for spatial planning which may be inherent in an approach which interprets the landscape as a “service for service-providers”.
Patentgeographie
Authors: Greif Siegfried
Published: March 2010

The patents system provides a suitable instrument for monitoring and analysing developments both of a technological/scientific and of an economic nature. It also lends itself for application in connection with the analysis of the spatial distribution of inventiveness. The common aim of the studies reported on in this article is to gain a greater understanding of the spatial structure of patenting activity, of the R&D activities associated with this, and of the innovative potential which it lays bear. An even greater insight can be gleaned if the patent data is considered in a more discriminatory fashion, distinguishing for example between spatial units, patent-claimant registration categories, technical categories and periods of observation, and if this data is linked to further data on such matters as population, type of employment, and research and development activity. The findings of these studies reveal the spatial distribution and the substantive structure of inventiveness — and the fruits it bears — to be quite specific in character and to be patterned by a variety of determining factors.
Reale Orte in digitalen Netzen
Authors: Adam Holger
Published: March 2010

The spatial consequences of the new information and communication technologies are manifest through their integration in social processes. Empirically found spatial qualities of the production of internet content point towards a current reconfiguration of the spatial-functional structures of cities. This means that urban planning needs to adapt its aims and instruments. It is of surmount importance, though, that not a technical but a social vision is guiding this process.
Kann Regionalplanung durch kooperative Ansätze eine Aufwertung erlangen?
Authors: Knieling Jörg , Fürst Dietrich , Danielzyk Rainer
Published: March 2010

Co-operation has become a buzzword of our times, but it is both costly and conditioned. Based on empirical studies in Baden-Württemberg, Brandenburg, North Rhine-Westphalia and Saxony, it can be shown that regional planners run into difficulties with co-operative approaches: frequently they have to stage-manage co-operation, they are restricted in their selection to those topics which hold the prospect of win-win solutions, can muster only very few co-operands, are ill-equipped to take on the role of initiator, and more often than not are confronted with competing regional actors harnessing the regional willingness to co-operate. From the findings presented, conclusions are drawn as to how planners should improve the situation they find themselves in.
Verkehrsmobilität und Siedlungsstrukturen im Kontext einer nachhaltigen Raumentwicklung von Metropolregionen
Authors: H. Motzkus Arnd
Published: March 2010

In the context of the striving to achieve sustainable transport and settlement development, a heated debate is currently taking place both within spatial planning circles and in spatial research on the manner and extent to which such models for settlement structure as the currently preferred paradigm of polycentric concentration might be capable of suppressing future traffic growth, without however unduly restricting the freedom of people to participate in the life of society or the exchange of goods and services. Taking as its point of departure current trends in settlement structure in the areas around metropolitan centres, and focusing on their significance for the structure and efficiency of functional linkages, this article looks in quite concrete terms into ways of fleshing out the settlement-structure strategy which envisages a region of “short distances”, and characterised by unusually low levels of private car use, in order to render it capable of contributing towards achieving a sustainable pattern of mobility in metropolitan regions.
Ausweis von Vorranggebieten für Industrieansiedlungen in Thüringen
Authors: Bergfeld Annedore , Groß Ina-Beate
Published: March 2010

In 1998 a study was conducted on behalf of the Free State of Thuringia with the aim of determining priority areas to provide sites for major commercial and industrial enterprises planning to locate in the state. Unlike the so-called “commercial space potential model” in use in the Saarland, which in order to safeguard the supply of land for business premises constantly scans all sites becoming available with regard to their suitability for commercial use, the key feature of this study, which is based on a number of clearly defined areas, lay in the account it took of specific requirements placed on sites, and specifically of the abundance of sites available at the time of the study (over-supply of already serviced or designated commercial sites and of previously used commercial sites).
Correlation between angiogenesis and islet graft function in diabetic mice: magnetic resonance imaging assessment
Authors: Sakata Naoaki , Obenaus Andre , Chan Nathaniel K. , Hayes Pete , Chrisler John , Hathout Eba
Published: March 2010

Background/purpose

Dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) was used to evaluate neovascularization after intravenous injection of gadolinium, where contrast leaks out of new vessels and remains within the tissues. We examined the relationship between DCE‐MRI and metabolic parameters such as blood glucose, serum insulin and glucose tolerance test (GTT) after intraportal islet transplantation.

Methods

Streptozotocin‐induced diabetic BALB/c mice (n = 15) received syngeneic intraportal islet transplantation (500 islet equivalent). Blood glucose, serum insulin and GTT were evaluated till postoperative day (POD) 14. Liver DCE‐MRI was performed at POD 3, 7 and 14. Correlations between DCE‐MRI and metabolic parameters were examined using regression analysis.

Results

Eight mice achieved normoglycemia after intraportal transplantation. At POD 3 a significant but moderate correlation between DCE‐MRI and blood glucose was found. No DCE‐MRI or metabolic parameters correlated at POD 7. However, at POD 14 strong or moderate correlations between DCE‐MRIs were found: negative correlations with blood glucose (R
2 = 0.86) and GTT (R
2 = 0.48) but a positive correlation with serum insulin (R
2 = 0.32).

Conclusion

We report that DCE‐MRI can reflect the metabolic and functional condition of the transplanted islets.
Favorable clinical outcome using a covered stent following transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in patients with portal hypertension
Authors: Wu Xingjiang , Ding Weiwei , Cao Jianmin , Han Jianmin , Huang Qian , Li Ning , Li Jieshou
Published: March 2010

Aims

To compare retrospectively the clinical outcomes in patients treated with transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) using the novel polytetrafluoroethylene‐covered stents (Fluency) and bare stents.

Materials and methods

Sixty consecutive patients with portal hypertension treated with TIPS from April 2007 to April 2009 were included. TIPS creation was performed with Fluency stent grafts in 30 patients (group A) and with bare stents in 30 patients (group B). Liver function, TIPS patency and clinical outcomes were evaluated every 3 months after procedures.

Results

During hospitalization, there were no cases of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and recurrence of variceal bleedings. Acute shunt occlusion was found in one patient in each group. Follow‐ups were performed in group A with average time of 6.16 ± 3.89 months and in group B with 8.34 ± 4.42 months. The rates of recurrent bleeding, shunt occlusion, HE and mortality were 0.03, 0.0, 16.7 and 0% in group A, and 20.0, 30.0, 20.0 and 13.3% in group B, respectively. There was no difference of HE between group A and group B. The decrease of portal pressure and portosystemic pressure gradient, and the increase of portal flow were 34.1 and 23.3%, 60.0 and 52.8%, and 189.5 and 111.1% in group A and B, respectively. There were no differences of liver function between group A and B.

Conclusion

The Fluency stent graft is relatively safe and effective in TIPS creation, with a high patency rate compared with bare stents.
Sense of Community, Neighboring, and Social Capital as Predictors of Local Political Participation in China
Authors: Xu Qingwen , Perkins Douglas D. , Chow Julian Chun-Chung
Published: March 2010

This study examines the state of sense of community, neighboring behavior, and social capital in the People’s Republic of China, and explores their ability to predict local political participation, in the form of voting in elections for Urban Resident/Rural Villager Committees. Using a nationally representative survey, rural, older and married residents and those with a primary or high school education and higher perceived socio‐economic status are more likely to participate. In rural areas, men are more likely than women to vote. For urban residents, knowing one’s neighbors is more important whereas in rural areas, neighboring behavior is more important, but both predict voting. Social capital does not generally predict Chinese people’s local political participation. Western definitions of social capital derived from theories about networking, bonding and bridging ties may be too culturally individualistic for China, whose collectivist society and agrarian kinship networks predate Communism. Simply knowing and helping one’s neighbors, rather than more abstract notions of trust, reciprocity or membership, may lead to the development of local democracy.
The Influence of n‐3 PUFA Supplements and n‐3 PUFA Enriched Foods on the n‐3 LC PUFA Intake of Flemish Women
Authors: Sioen Isabelle , Devroe Jolien , Inghels David , Terwecoren Ruth , De Henauw Stefaan
Published: March 2010

Food consumption data of Flemish women of reproductive age collected in 2002 showed a large deficit for ALA and n‐3 LC PUFA compared to the recommendations (mean ALA and EPA + DHA intake 1.4 g/day and 209 mg/day, respectively) and indicated a need to tackle the problem of low n‐3 PUFA intake. Another recent Belgian study demonstrated that enrichment of commonly eaten food items with n‐3 PUFA provides the opportunity to increase the n‐3 PUFA intake up to 6.5 g/day and decrease the n‐6/n‐3 ratio. Since a large supply of n‐3 PUFA supplements and n‐3 PUFA enriched foods exists on the Belgian market, this study aimed at assessing the influence of these products on the n‐3 LC PUFA intake for Flemish women of reproductive age. It was found that n‐3 supplements are consumed by 5% of the Flemish women. Of all the n‐3 PUFA enriched foods on the Flemish market, margarines and cooking fat are most frequently consumed by young women. The results indicated that a big gap remains between the EPA&DHA intake (mean = 276 mg/day) and the recommendation. Seafood remains the most important source of EPA&DHA. Only 11.6% of the population sample reached an intake level of 500 mg EPA&DHA per day. The study showed that other strategies will be needed to increase the EPA&DHA intake in the long term.
Cerebrospinal fluid biomarker results in relation to neuropathological dementia diagnoses
Authors: Brunnström Hans , Rawshani Nina , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Minthon Lennart , Passant Ulla , Englund Elisabet
Published: March 2010

Background

Clinical dementia diagnoses are not always consistent with neuropathological findings. As correct diagnosis is important for treatment and care, new diagnostic possibilities for dementia are in demand. Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers should ideally be able to identify ongoing processes in the brain, but need to be further compared with neuropathological findings for evaluation of their diagnostic validity.

Methods

This study included 43 patients with a clinical dementia disorder. All patients were neuropathologically examined at the University Hospital in Lund, Sweden, during the years 2001‐2008, and all had a lumbar puncture carried out as part of the clinical investigation during the time of cognitive impairment.

Results

Of eight patients, five with Alzheimer's disease had elevated total tau protein (T‐tau) and decreased amyloid beta 1‐42 protein (Aβ42), while both values for the other three patients were normal. Slightly elevated T‐tau and/or decreased Aβ42 were also seen in several patients with other dementia diagnoses such as Lewy body disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration and vascular dementia. Furthermore, T‐tau levels did not differ markedly between patients with morphologically tau‐positive and tau‐negative frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Also, seven of nine patients with Creutzfeldt‐Jacob disease exhibited pronounced elevation in T‐tau concentration.

Conclusion

From this rather limited study, being the first of its kind in Sweden, we may conclude that there is no perfect concordance between cerebrospinal fluid biomarker levels and pathological findings, which should be taken into account in the clinical diagnostic setting.
Commentary on “Developing a national strategy to prevent dementia: Leon Thal Symposium 2009.” The rationale for a National Institutional Review Board for neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Snyder Peter J.
Published: March 2010

The published proceedings of the second Annual Leon Thal Symposium (Alzheimers Dement 2009;5:85–92) have added to the open discussion among leaders in this field, with respect to the development of a national strategy for accelerating the discovery of preventative interventions for Alzheimer's disease. One of the recommended “action steps” detailed in that report centers on the establishment of a National Institutional Review Board for neurodegenerative diseases. The purpose of this new ethical oversight panel would be to increase the efficiency with which large‐scale multi‐site trials are conducted. This essay expands on this recommendation, and two potential organizational models are briefly considered. A well‐designed, highly‐qualified, and responsive National Institutional Review Board for neurodegenerative diseases would serve the direct interest of protecting the rights, welfare, and safety of our older citizens, who so generously contribute their time, energy, and comfort to advance research to discover new treatments for this devastating disease.
The worldwide societal costs of dementia: Estimates for 2009
Authors: Wimo Anders , Winblad Bengt , Jönsson Linus
Published: March 2010

Background

The purpose of this study was to update the previous estimate of the worldwide cost of dementia in 2005 to 2009.

Methods

The cost model is based on prevalence estimates, country and region‐specific data on Gross Domestic Product per person and average wage, with results from previously published cost‐of‐illness studies in different countries. Prevalence figures are updated to 2009 and costs were adjusted to 2009 constant US dollars ($).

Results

The total worldwide societal cost of dementia, based on a dementia population of 34.4 million demented persons, was estimated to $422 billion in 2009, including $142 billion for informal care (34%).

Conclusions

The worldwide cost of dementia has increased by 34% (18% in fixed prices) between 2005 and 2009.
Interpersonal influences on adolescent materialism: A new look at the role of parents and peers
Authors: Chaplin Lan Nguyen , John Deborah Roedder
Published: March 2010

What causes adolescents to be materialistic? Prior research shows parents and peers are an important influence. Researchers have viewed parents and peers as socialization agents that transmit consumption attitudes, goals, and motives to adolescents. We take a different approach, viewing parents and peers as important sources of emotional support and psychological well‐being, which increase self‐esteem in adolescents. Supportive parents and peers boost adolescents' self‐esteem, which decreases their need to turn to material goods to develop positive self‐perceptions. In a study with 12–18 year‐olds, we find support for our view that self‐esteem mediates the relationship between parent/peer influence and adolescent materialism.
DISCRETENESS CRITERIA FOR ISOMETRIC GROUPS ACTING ON COMPLEX HYPERBOLIC SPACES
Authors: FU XI
Published: March 2010

In this paper, four new discreteness criteria for isometric groups on complex hyperbolic spaces are proved, one of which shows that the Condition C hypothesis in Cao [‘Discrete and dense subgroups acting on complex hyperbolic space’,Bull. Aust. Math. Soc.78(2008), 211–224, Theorem 1.4] is removable; another shows that the parabolic condition hypothesis in Li and Wang [‘Discreteness criteria for Möbius groups acting on$\overline {\mathbb {R}}^n$II’,Bull. Aust. Math. Soc.80(2009), 275–290, Theorem 3.1] is not necessary.
Observation, working images and procedure: the ‘Great Spiral’ in Lord Rosse's astronomical record books and beyond
Authors: NASIM OMAR W.
Published: March 2010

This paper examines the interrelations between astronomical images of nebulae and their observation. In particular, using the case of the ‘Great Spiral’ (M51), we follow this nebula beginning with its discovery and first sketch made by the third Earl of Rosse in 1845, to giving an account, using archival sources, of exactly how other images of the same object were produced over the years and stabilized within the record books of the Rosse project. It will be found that a particular ‘procedure’ was employed using ‘working images’ that interacted with descriptions, other images and the telescopic object itself. This stabilized not only some set of standard images of the object, but also a very potent conception of spirality as well, i.e. as a ‘normal form’. Finally, two cases will be contrasted, one being George Bond's application of this spiral conception to the nebula in Orion, and the other Wilhelm Tempel's rejection of the spiral form in M51.
Genetic variation among lambs in peripheral IgE activity against the larval stages ofTeladorsagia circumcincta
Authors: MURPHY L. , ECKERSALL P. D. , BISHOP S. C. , PETTIT J. J. , HUNTLEY J. F. , BURCHMORE R. , STEAR M. J.
Published: March 2010

IgA and IgE activity againstTeladorsagia circumcinctawas investigated in a flock of Texel lambs following natural, mixed nematode infection among lambs. The distribution of IgA activity was similar to a gamma distribution whereas IgE activity was different. Box-Cox analysis demonstrated that X0·25was a suitable transformation to normalise IgE responses. The transformed IgE activity was under moderate to strong genetic control. Nine different allergens were identified by proteomic analysis. Tropomyosin was selected for further analysis. IgE activity against tropomyosin was moderately heritable and associated with decreased egg counts and with reduced body weight at the time of sampling.
Maternal effects and early-life performance are associated with parasite resistance across life in free-living Soay sheep
Authors: HAYWARD A. D. , PILKINGTON J. G. , PEMBERTON J. M. , KRUUK L. E. B.
Published: March 2010

Maternal effects occur when the maternal phenotype influences that of the offspring in addition to the effects of maternal genes, and may have a considerable influence on offspring parasite resistance. These effects, and the effects of early levels of reproduction and parasite resistance, may persist into later life and even influence ageing rates. Here we analyse a 20-year longitudinal data set collected on a free-living population of Soay sheep, to investigate the associations between a suite of maternal phenotypic traits and early-life performance on measures of parasite resistance across life. Our results show that maternal effects are important in determining offspring parasite resistance, since lambs born as twins and those born to the youngest and oldest mothers show higher parasite burdens. We show that the association between parasite resistance and natal litter size persists into adulthood. We also show that age-specific changes in parasite resistance in males are associated with natal litter size, and that age-specific changes in females are influenced by early-life levels of reproduction and parasite infection. These results add to the growing evidence that conditions experienced by individuals during development can have a profound influence on immediate and late-life performance and may even influence ageing.
INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLE ESTIMATION IN A DATA RICH ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Bai Jushan , Ng Serena
Published: March 2010

We consider estimation of parameters in a regression model with endogenous regressors. The endogenous regressors along with a large number of other endogenous variables are driven by a small number of unobservable exogenous common factors. We show that the estimated common factors can be used as instrumental variables and they are more efficient than the observed variables in our framework. Whereas standard optimal generalized method of moments estimator using a large number of instruments is biased and can be inconsistent, the factor instrumental variable estimator (FIV) is shown to be consistent and asymptotically normal, even if the number of instruments exceeds the sample size. Furthermore, FIV remains consistent even if the observed variables are invalid instruments as long as the unobserved common components are valid instruments. We also consider estimating panel data models in which all regressors are endogenous but share exogenous common factors. We show that valid instruments can be constructed from the endogenous regressors. Although single equation FIV requires no bias correction, the faster convergence rate of the panel estimator is such that a bias correction is necessary to obtain a zero-centered normal distribution.
LOCAL IDENTIFICATION IN EMPIRICAL GAMES OF INCOMPLETE INFORMATION
Authors: Florens Jean-Pierre , Sbaï Erwann
Published: March 2010

This paper studies identification for a broad class of empirical games in a general functional setting. Global identification results are known for some specific models, e.g., in some standard auction models. We use functional formulations to obtain general criteria for local identification. These criteria can be applied to both parametric and nonparametric models, and also to models with asymmetry among players and affiliated private information. A benchmark model is developed where the structural parameters of interest are the distribution of private information and an additional dissociated parameter, such as a parameter of risk aversion. Criteria are derived for some standard auction models, games with exogenous variables, games with randomized strategies, such as mixed strategies, and games with strategic functions that cannot be derived analytically.
BIAS CORRECTIONS IN TESTING AND ESTIMATING SEMIPARAMETRIC, SINGLE INDEX MODELS
Authors: Klein Roger , Shen Chan
Published: March 2010

Semiparametric methods are widely employed in applied work where the ability to conduct inferences is important. To establish asymptotic normality for making inferences, bias control mechanisms are often used in implementing semiparametric estimators. The first contribution of this paper is to propose a mechanism that enables us to establish asymptotic normality with regular kernels. In so doing, we argue that the resulting estimator performs very well in finite samples.

Semiparametric models are commonly estimated under a single index assumption. Because the consistency of the estimator critically depends on this assumption being correct, our second objective is to develop a test for it. To ensure that the test statistic has good size and power properties in finite samples, we employ a bias control mechanism similar to that underlying the estimator. Furthermore, we structure the test so that its form adapts to the model under the alternative hypothesis. Monte Carlo results confirm that the bias control and the adaptive feature significantly improve the performance of the test statistic in finite samples.
HISTORICISM AND NEOCLASSICISM IN THE KIEV SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS: THE CASE OF ALEKSANDER BILIMOVICH
Authors: SUŠJAN ANDREJ
Published: March 2010

Aleksander Bilimovich (1876–1963) is often considered to have been one of the last representatives of the Kiev School of economics, which was influenced by the German Historical School as well as by the emerging neoclassical theory. After the Soviet revolution, Bilimovich continued his work in exile and was developing his theoretical and methodological views along two lines of the Kiev tradition. On the one side he maintained the historical approach, and on the other side he was inclined towards the deductivist and mathematical approach. The paper thus questions the established view among the historians of Russian economic thought of Bilimovich as a consistent adherent of marginalism. His work bears also several features of historicism.
Focused Ion Beam Characterization of Bicomponent Polymer Fibers
Authors: Wong K.C. , Haslauer C.M. , Anantharamaiah N. , Pourdeyhimi B. , Batchelor A.D. , Griffis D.P.
Published: March 2010

Previous work has shown that focused ion beam (FIB) nanomachining can be effectively utilized for the cross-sectional analysis of polymers such as core-shell solid microspheres and hollow latex nanospheres. While these studies have clearly demonstrated the precise location selection and nanomachining control provided by the FIB technique, the samples studied consisted of only a single polymer. In this work, FIB is used to investigate bicomponent polymeric fiber systems by taking advantage of the component's differing sputter rates that result from their differing physical properties. An approach for cross sectioning and thus revealing the cross-sectional morphology of the polymeric components in a bicomponent polymeric fiber with the island-in-the-sea (I/S) structure is presented. The two I/S fibers investigated were fabricated using the melt spinning process and are composed of bicomponent combinations of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and nylon 6 (PA6) or polylactic acid (PLA) and an EastONETMproprietary polymer. Topographical contrast as a result of differential sputtering and the high surface specificity and high signal-to-noise obtained using FIB-induced secondary electron imaging is shown to provide a useful approach for the rapid characterization of the cross-sectional morphology of bicomponent polymeric fibers without the necessity of staining or other sample preparation.
Empfehlungen zur Sexualtität nach Hüfttotalprothesen-Implantation (Ein Kamasutra für Patienten nach Hüfttotalendoprothese?)
Authors: Schmid Rahel B. , Kröll Artur , Friederich Niklaus F.
Published: March 2010

Bei immer älter werdender Bevölkerung steigt die Zahl der Hüfttotalendoprothesenimplantationen an. Zudem erlaubt die fortschreitende Implantatentwicklung, dass auch jüngere Patienten bereits eine endoprothetische Versorgung erhalten. Dies bringt das Thema der Sexualität häufiger in den Vordergrund. Die Literatur zeigt einen mehrheitlich positiven Effekt der Hüftendoprothetik auf die sexuelle Aktivität. Trotz der Euphorie, welche die neue Schmerzfreiheit auslösen kann, darf man jedoch das Risiko einer Luxation nicht unterschätzen. Insbesondere innerhalb der ersten drei Monate nach Implantation ist die Luxationsgefahr verhältnismäßig groß. Dies macht auch den Geschlechtsverkehr zu einem potentiellen Risiko. Wir empfehlen die Einführung von Richtlinien, die im Rahmen einer präoperativen, teils anonymisierten, Aufklärung an Patienten abgegeben werden können.
Kardiologische Erkrankungen und Sexualität
Authors: Pfister Otmar
Published: March 2010

Sexuelle Aktivität entspricht einer leichten bis mittleren körperlichen Anstrengung und stellt für die meisten Patienten mit kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen kein relevantes Risiko dar. Bei Patienten mit schwerer Angina pectoris oder symptomatischer Herzinsuffizienz kann es allerdings im Zusammenhang mit sexueller Aktivität zu behandlungsbedürftigen Ischämien (koitale Angina) oder Dekompensationen kommen. Das absolute Risiko für einen Myokardinfarkt oder plötzlichen Herztod während oder unmittelbar nach sexueller Aktivität bleibt aber auch bei Hochrisiko-Patienten extrem gering. Hingegen leiden Patienten mit kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen überdurchschnittlich oft an sexueller Dysfunktion. Dies ist durch die allgemeine Schädigung des Gefäßsystems und der damit verbundenen endothelialen Dysfunktion bedingt. PDE-5 Inhibitoren haben in den letzten Jahren breite Anwendung in der Therapie der erektilen Dysfunktion gefunden. Die Sicherheit dieser Medikamente ist auch für Patienten mit koronarer Herzkrankheit oder Herzinsuffizienz gut belegt, sofern keine Begleitmedikation mit Nitraten besteht. Die gleichzeitige Einnahme von PDE-5 Inhibitoren und Nitraten jeglicher Art ist absolut kontraindiziert, da dies zu lebensbedrohlichen Hypotonien führen kann. Es ist daher entscheidend, insbesondere bei Patienten mit koitaler Angina, eine PDE-5 Inhibitor Einnahme zu erfragen bevor eine Nitrat-basierte antiischämische Therapie eingeleitet wird. Die von der Princeton Consensus Conference erarbeiteten Richtlinien bilden eine nützliche Basis zur Risikostratifizierung kardialer Patienten in Bezug auf sexuelle Aktivität und die Verwendung von PDE-5 Inhibitoren.
Sexualfunktionsstörungen und benigne Prostatahyperplasie – ursächlicher Zusammenhang oder Koinzidenz?
Authors: Gasser Thomas
Published: March 2010

Neben der bekannten altersbedingten Zunahme von benigner Prostatahyperplasie (BPH) und erektiler Dysfunktion (ED) gibt es vermehrt Hinweise auf einen ursächlichen Zusammenhang zwischen den beiden Erkrankungen. Eine BPH kann sich ungünstig auf die Sexualfunktion auswirken. Medikamente zur Behandlung der BPH (Alphablocker, 5-Alphareduktaseinhibitoren) beeinflussen die Sexualfunktion oft negativ. Ärzte sollten sich dieser Tatsache bewusst sein und die Patienten entsprechend informieren. Umgekehrt gibt es Indizien, dass ED Medikamente (Phosphodiesterase-5-Hemmer) auch einen günstigen Effekt auf die Symptome bei BPH haben.
Punktueller Schulterschmerz – Osteoidosteom?
Authors: Kossmann  , Gallachi
Published: March 2010

Ein atypischer Verlauf von Schulterschmerzen ergab sich bei einem 21-jährigen Patienten, welcher nach Montieren von Möbeln zunächst einen Schulter-Armschmerz verspürte und Monate später nur noch einen punktuellen Schmerz über dem Korakoid, wobei die Ursache schliesslich in der CT als Osteoidosteom identifiziert werden konnte. Dabei handelt es sich um einen gutartigen Knochentumor mit stark vaskularisiertem Kern («Nidus») und einer umgebenden Sklerosezone, welcher meist vor dem 30. Lebensjahr auftritt. Durch NSAR konnten die Schmerzen frappant reduziert werden, später erfolgte die minimal­invasive Tumorentfernung mittels CT-gesteuerter Bohrexzision, woraufhin die Beschwerden regredient waren.
Lamotrigin und die Haut
Authors: Bravo Rätz , Zimmermann  , Haschke
Published: March 2010

Wir berichten über einen Patienten, der unter Lamotrigin (LTG) zur Behandlung einer depressiven Symptomatik mit Stimmungsschwankungen und aggressiven Durchbrüchen 10 Tage nach Therapiebeginn eine exanthematöse Hautreaktion entwickelte, welche nach Absetzen von LTG reversibel war. Wir diskutieren unerwünschte Arzneimittelwirkungen unter LTG, insbesondere Hautreaktionen und deren Risikofaktoren, die Massnahmen zur Reduktion der Häufigkeit dieser Hautreaktionen sowie eine Studie, in der Patienten, welche unter LTG ein Exanthem entwickelt hatten, mit sehr tiefen Anfangsdosen kontrolliert reexponiert wurden.
Radical‐initiated formation of organosulfates and surfactants in atmospheric aerosols
Authors: Nozière Barbara , Ekström Sanna , Alsberg Tomas , Holmström Sara
Published: March 2010

Many atmospheric aerosols contain both organic compounds and inorganic material, such as sulfate salts. In this work, we show that these sulfates could trigger some chemical transformations of the organic compounds by producing sulfate radicals, SO4−, when exposed to UV light (280–320 nm). In particular, we show by mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MSMS) that isoprene, methyl vinyl ketone, methacrolein, and α‐pinene in irradiated sulfate solutions (ammonium and sodium sulfate) produce the same organosulfates as previously identified in aerosols, and even some that had remained unidentified until now. With a typical time constant of 9 h instead of 4600 days for esterifications, these radical reactions would be a plausible origin for the atmospheric organosulfates. These reactions also produced efficient surfactants, possibly resembling the long‐chain organosulfates found in the experiments. Thus, photochemistry in mixed sulfate/organic aerosols could increase cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) numbers, which would be supported by previous atmospheric observations.