bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunologic responses of beef calves to concurrent application of modified-live viral vaccine (intranasal and systemic administration) and systemically administered Mannheimia haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid.
Authors: Stoltenow Charles , Cortese Victor S. , Seeger Jon T. , Stokka Gerald S. , Weigel Daniel
Published: March 2023

A study was conducted to assess the immunological response to a Mannheimia haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid, given separately or concurrently with a multivalent intranasally administered modified-live viral vaccine to range beef calves. Initially 202 spring-born calves were screened for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), and M. haemolytica leukotoxin antibody titers on day-30. A total of 154 calves with day 0 geometric mean IBR titers of <1:6 were accepted into the study. Fifty-one calves were assigned to treatment group T1 (M. haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid only; One Shot®, Pfizer Animal Health, New York, NY) and 51 calves were assigned to group T2 (intranasal modified-live virus (MLV) bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1) and parainfluenza-3 (PI3) vaccine; TSV-2®, Pfizer Animal Health) and M. haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid (One Shot®). Fifty-two calves were assigned to group T3 intranasal MLV BHV-1, PI3, and BRSV vaccine (INFORCETM 3, Pfizer Animal Health) and M. haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid (One Shot®). On day 0, all study calves were administered their assigned vaccine. On day 91, all calves in the study were administered a pentavalent MLV vaccine containing BHV-1, BVD types 1 and 2, BRSV, and PI3 antigens (Bovi-Shield GOLD® 5, Pfizer Animal Health) and M. haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid (One Shot®) at separate injection sites. On days 0, 14, 28, 91, and 112, blood samples were collected, serum separated, and held frozen until completion of the study, at which time samples were evaluated for IBR and BRSV serum neutralization antibody titers and M. haemolytica leukotoxin antibody concentrations. Results demonstrated concurrent administration of the intranasal vaccines and the M. haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid did not affect the bacterin-leukotoxoid serological response. Calves vaccinated with intranasal BRSV vaccine had a significant (P less than 0.05) increase in BRSV antibody response when revaccinated systemically with injectable 5-way MLV vaccine 90 days later. Vaccination with M. haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid at approximately eight weeks of age resulted in a statistically significant (P less than 0.05) anamnestic response following revaccination 90 days later.
Colostrum replacers
Authors: Thornsberry R. M. , Wood David
Published: March 2023

Veterinary practitioners must understand the differences in immunoglobulin G (IgG) content between different types of colostrum replacers, as well as the efficiency of immunoglobulin absorption from various sources. In a disease control program, to protect against Mycoplasma bovis, Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis exposure, and the potential for exposure to bovine leukemia virus, a colostrum replacer is a viable option to feeding maternal colostrum that might be contaminated with these potential pathogens. Veterinarians should also weigh the convenience, relative simplicity, and accuracy of administering a colostrum replacer versus the expense and intricate protocol necessary to properly manage maternal colostrum. Dried colostrumderived colostrum replacers supply predominately IgG1, while colostrum replacers derived from bovine plasma or serum supply 50% IgG1 and 50% IgG2 immunoglobulins. It is acceptable to utilize colostrum replacers of proven quality in place of raw, pooled or pasteurized maternal colostrum, providing the necessary amount of total IgG is administered for the birth weight of the calf. If administered properly, colostrum replacers can provide passive transfer of immunity for neonatal calves.
Immunologic, health, and growth responses of beef calves administered pentavalent modified-live virus respiratory vaccine in the presence of maternal antibody versus a traditional vaccination regimen
Authors: Powell J. G. , Richeson J. T. , Kegley E. B. , Coffey K. P. , Erf G. F. , Brown A. H. , Downum W. , Ensley D. T.
Published: March 2023

Crossbred beef calves (n=253) from three breeding herds were used to determine the effects on health, performance, and immune response of different pentavalent (bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) types 1 and 2, parainfluenza-3 virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus) modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine regimens administered initially at either 62 or 188 days of age. Calves were stratified by date of birth, gender, body weight and dam parity, then assigned randomly to one of two vaccine regimens. The early vaccination (EV) treatment group was administered a pentavalent MLV respiratory vaccine containing Mannheimia haemolytica leukotoxoid on day 0 (average calf age=62ñ17 days). The traditional vaccination treatment (TV) group received the same respiratory vaccine on day 126 (average calf age=188ñ17 days). Both treatment groups were revaccinated with the MLV respiratory vaccine on day 147 (weaning). A clostridial bacterin-toxoid was administered to all calves on days 0, 126, and 147. A subset of mixed-gender calves (n=52/treatment) and steers (n=10/treatment) were randomly selected to provide blood samples for measurement of the humoral and cell-mediated immune assays, respectively. To determine humoral immune response, blood was collected on days 0, 21, 126, 147 (weaning), 175, and 231, and serum was harvested for later determination of BVDV type la (Singer strain) serum neutralization antibody titers. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were harvested from anticoagulated blood collected on days 0, 7, 21, 42, 126, and 189 to conduct cell population analysis indicative of CD25 expression index using a multi-parameter flow cytometry assay. No calves required treatment for bovine respiratory disease during the study, which ended after an 84-day post-weaning period. Interim and overall gain performance were similar (P?0.84) between vaccine treatments throughout the study. On day 0, serum BVDV type la antibody titers were present, presumably from passive BVDV antibody transfer via colostrum, but did not differ (P=0.50) between vaccine treatments. However, BVDV antibody titers were greater for EV calves compared to TV calves on days 21, 126, and 147. There was a treatment ? day interaction (P=0.05) for the CD25 expression index of CD8+ cells; EV calves had a greater expression index than TV calves on day 126. Differences in BVDV type la titer concentrations and CD25 expression indices observed in this study suggest that calves develop both humoral and cell-mediated immunity when vaccinated at 62 days of age. Furthermore, growth performance or health was not affected by vaccine regimen, which supports early vaccination as a cost-effective alternative to traditional calfhood vaccine regimens.
Case report
Authors: Cortese Victor S. , Braun Douglas A. , Crouch Dawn , Townsend Charles , Zukowski Bob
Published: March 2023

Three outbreaks of peracute to acute pneumonia in cattle of varying ages and breeds were investigated. Death losses were high, and often occurred within 12-24 hours of the onset of clinical signs of illness, in spite of aggressive antimicrobial treatment. Gross necropsy examinations consistently showed greater lung involvement (greater than 50%) than expected for the short course of the disease. In each case, the primary (or only) pathogen isolated was Bibersteinia trehalosi, a bacteria closely related to Mannheimia hemolytica, which has been commonly associated with acute disease in sheep and goats.
Megasphaera elsdenii dosed orally at processing to reduce BRD and improve gain in high-risk calves during the receiving period
Authors: Miller K. A. , Van Bibber-Krueger C. L. , Hollis L. C. , Drouillard J. S.
Published: March 2023

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of oral administration of a Megasphaera elsdenii -containing product at initial processing on health and performance of high-risk calves during the receiving period. In Exp. 1, 1294 crossbred steers (BW=262Â±1.3 lb; 119Â±0.59 kg) were assigned to a control (CON) group (no M. elsdenii [ME]) or a ME treatment group (100-mL oral dose of M. elsdenii) at arrival processing. All steers were fed a 55% concentrate receiving diet ad libitum, and observed daily for signs of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). There were no differences in dry matter intake, average daily gain, feed efficiency, morbidity, or mortality (Pâ¥0.34). There were significantly fewer first-time relapses in the ME group (P=0.02); however, second-time relapses were similar between treatment groups (Pâ¥0.14). In Exp. 2, crossbred calves (504 bulls, 141 steers; BW=443Â±10.8 lb or 201Â±4.9 kg) were allocated to treatment using the same procedures as Exp. 1. Calves in Exp. 2 were fed the same diet as in Exp. 1, and observed daily for clinical signs of BRD. Calves dosed with M. elsdenii had greater dry matter intake, average daily gain, and feed efficiency (Pâ¤0.05) than CON calves. Morbidity due to BRD was 31% less for calves administered M. elsdenii compared to the CON group (P=0.02). First- and second-relapses were not different between treatments (P>0.70), but BRD therapeutic treatment cost/calf was decreased (P<0.05) from $19.70 to $17.06 for calves in the ME treatment compared to CON steers. While there were no relevant clinical or economic differences between treatment groups in Exp. 1, dosing calves in Exp. 2 with M. elsdenii at processing improved performance and decreased the incidence of BRD.
Comparison of milk production changes in adult Holstein cows vaccinated with a 5-way modified-live virus vaccine containing a Mannheimia haemolytica toxoid versus a 5-way modified-live virus vaccine containing a 5-way Leptospira bacterin
Authors: Kleinhenz Michael D. , Miller Brian E. , Zuidhof Sjoert , Gorden Patrick J.
Published: March 2023

A total of 105 Holstein cows 21 to 31 days-in-milk were vaccinated with a 5-way modified-live virus (MLV) vaccine containing bovine herpesvirus-1, bovine viral diarrhea virus (types 1 and 2), parainfluenza-3 virus, and bovine respiratory syncytial virus combined with either a Mannheimia haemolytica toxoid or a 5-way Leptospira bacterin. Milk production was monitored for 3 days pre- and 3 days post-vaccination. There was a 0.52 lb (0.24 kg) increase in mean milk production for the group vaccinated with the 5-way MLV vaccine plus 5-way Leptospira bacterin. There was a 0.32 lb (0.15 kg) decrease in mean milk production in the group vaccinated with the 5-way MLV vaccine plus M. haemolytica toxoid. The difference in mean milk production between the 2 groups was 0.85 lb (0.38 kg) (P=0.4076). There was no statistical difference in mean daily milk production changes between treatment groups when parity was taken into account. Vaccination during lactation using a M. haemolytica toxoid in combination with a 5-way MLV vaccine resulted in a small, but insignificant, decrease in milk production.
Presence of back arch in headlocks
Authors: Gordon Carlie J. , Wenz John R. , Moore Dale A.
Published: March 2023

Observation of an arched back while standing and walking is 1 criterion for assessing dairy cow lameness. Objectives of these projects were to evaluate back arch and its association with locomotion score (LS) and hoof lesions. On a single 200-cow farm, digital photographs were taken of cows with locomotion scores greater than 1 while stanchioned and walking, and analyzed for degree of back arch. One pen of cows was observed 5 times while stanchioned to evaluate "time in headlock" effect on presence of back arch. Angle of deviation from flat-back was not significantly associated with LS; however, there was a trend for cows with a score of greater than 2 to have back angles deviating from flat. The proportion of time a cow was observed with a back arch was greater for lame cows vs non-lame cows. In a second herd, back arch data were collected on 233 cows while stanchioned, and hoof lesion data were collected on 141 cows. Cows with a back arch were 2.1 times more likely to have a hoof lesion (P=0.04), and there were more cows with hoof lesions with increasing LS (P less than 0.0001). Back arch could be used as a screening test for lameness.
Retrospective evaluation of animal mortality in US feedlots
Authors: Vogel Gary J. , Bokenkroger Courtney D. , Rutten-Ramos Stephanie C. , Bargen Jason L.
Published: March 2023

Feedlot closeout records from January 2005 through September 2014 were summarized. A total of 484,193 lots involving 73,067,534 cattle were used to illustrate mortality. Mortality rate and average days-on-feed at death by placement weight, sex, and cause of death (respiratory, digestive, and acute interstitial pneumonia) were calculated from these records. Mortality averaged 1.56 and 1.43% in heifers and steers, respectively. Mortality trends were seasonal; respiratory mortality was highest in late fall and early winter, digestive mortality was highest in late spring, and AIP mortality was greatest during summer months. Mortality during the first 30 days of the feeding period averaged 0.40% and 0.35% for heifers and steers, respectively. Mortality in the mid-portion of the feeding period, the last 31 to 60 days, and the last 30 days of feed averaged 0.70%, 0.20%, and 0.26% for heifers and 0.70%, 0.18%, and 0.21% for steers, respectively. These data suggest animal mortality is not isolated to the receiving period and occurs at comparable rates thereafter.
Successful concepts for building beef practice
Authors: Perrett Tye
Published: March 2023

While there is not a universally accepted definition describing complete success for beef practices, the aim of this paper is to outline 10 concepts that have been important to the success of Feedlot Health Management Services Ltd. These 10 tools provide a framework for beef practice owners to specifically define success for their practice and customize a plan for accomplishing that objective.
Alteration of activity variables relative to clinical diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease in newly received feed lot cattle
Authors: Pillen Joelle L. , Pinedo Pablo J. , Ives Samuel E. , Covey Tanya L. , Naikare Hemant K. , Richeson John T.
Published: March 2023

Our objective was to explore change in activity variables relative to clinical identification of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in cattle maintained in a commercial feedlot. Four blocks (n=364) of high-risk, crossbred beef calves were affixed with an accelerometer device upon feedlot arrival that continuously logged activity variables (standing time, step count, lying bouts, motion index) for a 56-day period. Overall, 51.5% of calves were diagnosed at least once with BRD, while 15.2 and 4.5% had a second and a third BRD event, respectively. The level of activity in cases was compared with that of control cohorts relative to the time of BRD diagnosis in cases. Reductions in activity variables in cases started at least 6 days prior to BRD diagnosis, and were more pronounced the day before disease identification. All activity variables were reduced (P?0.01) at day -1 for cases vs controls. Average standing time on the day prior to diagnosis (day -1) was 559 minutes for cases compared to 613 minutes in controls. Step count on day -1 for cases and controls were 843 and 1,472 steps, respectively. The number of lying bouts for cases and controls was 11.4 and 14.5, respectively on day -1. Activity information provided by accelerometers, used as an objective method for identification of BRD in cattle, may assist in management and early detection of sick cattle.
Serological effect of two concurrent IBRV, BVDV, BRSV, PI3V, and Mannheimia haemolytica vaccination protocols and time interval between the first and second dose on the subsequent serological response to the BRSV and M. haemolytica fractions in suckling beef calves
Authors: Stokka G. L. , Neville B. , Seeger J. T. , Cortese V. S. , Gaspers J. J.
Published: March 2023

This study was conducted to compare the serologic response of suckling beef calves to the bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) and Mannheimia haemolytica fractions of 2 bovine respiratory disease (BRD) vaccination protocols when the second dose was given 153 days after the first dose. Calves in 1 group were vaccinated with intranasal (IN) modified-live virus (MLV) 3-way BRD vaccine plus separate subcutaneous (SC) injections of MLV bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) type 1 and 2 vaccine and M. haemolytica bacterin-leukotoxoid. Calves in the other group were vaccinated with SC MLV 5-way BRD vaccine combined with M. haemolytica leukotoxoid. On day 153, all calves were revaccinated with SC MLV 5-way vaccine combined with M. haemolytica leukotoxoid. Both calf vaccination protocols stimulated a humoral immune response to the BRSV and M. haemolytica vaccine fractions. Vaccination with IN MLV 3-way BRD vaccine resulted in a significantly (P=0.003) higher initial antibody response to BRSV and a significantly (P=0.006) higher anamnestic response. No differences were seen between groups in initial M. haemolytica leukotoxoid antibody levels. Vaccination with SC MLV 5-way BRD vaccine combined with M. haemolytica leukotoxoid resulted in a significantly (P=0.02) higher anamnestic response to M. haemolytica leukotoxoid.
Season-long effectiveness of stocker-calf treatment at turnout with eprinomectin extended-release injection or a combination of injectable doramectin and oral albendazole
Authors: Yazwinski Thomas , Beck Paul , Tucker Chris , Wray Eva , Weingartz Christine , Gray Hannah , Powell Jeremy , Fidler Andrew , Jones Linda , Marchiondo Alan , Vanimisetta Hima , Holzmer Susan , Vatta Adriano
Published: March 2023

On May 22, 2013, 128 stocker calves enrolled in an internal parasite control study were treated according to structured allocations and placed directly onto treatment-specific, randomly allocated, similar pastures (4 animals/2 acres (0.8 hectare) pasture). Treatment groups were saline injection (8 pastures); 0.09 mg/lb (0.2 mg/kg) BW doramectin injection concomitantly with 4.54 mg/lb (10 mg/kg) BW albendazole oral suspension (12 pastures); and 0.45 mg/lb (1 mg/kg) BW eprinomectin extended-release injection (12 pastures). Over the 119-day grazing period, average daily gains ñ SE were 1.21ñ0.07, 1.46ñ0.04, and 1.52ñ0.04 lb (0.55ñ0.03, 0.66ñ0.02, and 0.69ñ0.02 kg)/day for the saline, combination, and extended-release groups, respectively; calves in the combination and extended-release groups outgained the control group (P<0.05). In comparison to the saline-treated group, there were statistically significant (P<0.05) reductions of strongyle fecal egg counts at 14, 30, and 58 days post-treatment (combination group) and at 14 and 30 days post-treatment (extended-release group). No significant differences in adult Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia punctata, and Oesophagostomum radiatum populations between treatment groups were seen at necropsy. The combination treatment group had fewer O. ostertagi early fourth-stage larvae than did controls (P<0.05). Based on results of this study, a single treatment of heavily infected and challenged stocker calves in the spring in Arkansas with either extended-release eprinomectin or doramectin+albendazole was not sufficient for adequate parasitic nematode control.
Effects of delayed respiratory viral vaccine and/or inclusion of an immunostimulant on feedlot health, performance, and carcass merits of auction-market derived feeder heifers
Authors: Rogers K. C. , Miles D. G. , Renter D. G. , Sears J. E. , Woodruff J. L.
Published: March 2023

A total of 5,179 high-risk heifer calves were used to define the potential benefits of delaying the on-arrival respiratory viral vaccine (Pyramid® 5, Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica, Inc., St. Joseph, M0] for 30 d with and without the addition of a DNA immunostimulant (Zelnate® DNA Immunostimulant, Bayer Animal Health, Shawnee Mission, KS) at feedlot entry on health, performance, and carcass characteristics. The products were evaluated in a 2 x 2 factorial, randomized complete-block design comparing the following: delayed vaccine (DP), on-arrival vaccine (AP), delayed vaccine plus immunostimulant (DPZ), and on-arrival vaccine plus immunostimulant (APZ) amongst 60 total pens of heifers (15 pens/treatment). Pen-level linear mixed models, including a random effect for allocation block (source), were used for all statistical analyses. There was no P x Z interaction (P > 0.35) for any outcome. At 60 DOF, reimplant (116 d), and close-out, delaying the viral vaccine decreased (P < 0.05) the percent of calves treated twice for bovine respiratory disease (BRD). The inclusion of immunostimulant reduced (P <0.05) BRD mortality and overall mortality at both 60 and 116 DOF. Additionally, the reduction (P = 0.04) in overall mortality and the tendency to lessen BRD mortality (P = 0.06) was maintained through close-out for cattle administered the immunostimulant. No differences in final gain performance, dry matter intake or feed conversion were observed among treatments. There was a tendency for heifers to have heavier finished body weights (P = 0.08) and HCW (P = 0.07) when vaccinated on arrival. No differences in carcass quality or yield grade categories were evident. In conclusion, delaying the viral vaccine and including the immunostimulant both appeared to improve cattle health by significantly reducing BRD retreatment risk and overall mortality, respectively.
Comparison of tulathromycin, tilmicosin, and gamithromycin for metaphylactic treatment of high-risk calves for control of bovine respiratory disease
Authors: Miller Tanner J. , Hubbert Michael E. , Reinhardt Christopher D. , Löest Clint A. , Schwandt Erin F. , Thomson Daniel U.
Published: March 2023

Cross-bred heifer calves (n = 579; initial bodyweight 404 ± 27.4 lb; 183.3 ± 12.4 kg) were utilized in a randomized, complete block design to compare 3 different antibiotics for control of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in light-weight feeder heifers. Cattle originated from southeast Texas and were shipped approximately 700miles(1125 km) to the Clayton (New Mexico) Livestock Research Center. Heifers were randomly allocated off the truck into 30 pens, and administered 1 of 3 metaphylactic treatments at initial processing: 1) tulathromycin (TUL; 1.13 mg/lb (2.5 mg/kg)); 2) tilmicosin (TIL; 6 mg/lb (13.3 mg/kg)); or 3) gamithromycin (GAM; 2.72 mg/lb (6.0 mg/kg)). Heifers administered TUL had 0.29 lb (0.13 kg) greater (95% Cl = 2.27 to 2.46) average daily gain than cattle administered GAM. Cattle administered TUL had a lower (5.2%; 95% Cl = 1.2 to 9.1) morbidity rate than calves in the TIL (14.6%; 95% Cl = 6.7 to 22.5) and GAM (12.79%; 95% Cl = 7.7 to 17.9) groups. There were no differences in DM I or mortality in cattle between treatments.
Effect of water restriction on performance, hematology and antibody responses in parenteral or intranasal modified-live viral vaccinated beef calves
Authors: Kaufman Emily L. , Davidson John M. , Beck Paul A. , Roberts Shelby L. , Hughes Heather D. , Richeson John T.
Published: March 2023

Crossbred beef steer (n=28) and heifer (n=32) calves were randomly assigned within sex to 1 of 6 treatments to evaluate the effects of water restriction and vaccination. Water restriction was applied at the ranch of origin prior to feedlot shipment and consisted of no water restriction except during transport to the feedlot (CON), 48 h water restriction prior to transport to the feedlot (ACU), or alternating 24 h periods of water restriction, over a 7 d period prior to transport to the feedlot (CHR). Upon feedlot arrival (d 0), 2 different respiratory vaccines were administered; parenteral administration of a pentavalent (infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus-IBRV; bovine viral diarrhea virus-BVDV, bovine respiratory syncytial virus-BRSV, and parainfluenza-3 virus-PI3V) modified-live virus (MLV) respiratory vaccine (2 mL subcutaneous in the neck; SUB) or intranasal administration of a trivalent (IBRV, BRSV, PI3V) MLV respiratory vaccine (1 mL/naris; INT). Cattle subjected to each of the water restriction regimens were equally allocated among vaccine treatments applied on d 0. Blood and nasal swabs were collected periodically to determine complete blood count, antigen-specific antibody titer, and BRSV-specific secretory IgA. Rectal temperature and body weight (BW) were recorded concurrent to blood sampling. Total neutrophils tended to increase overall for CONINT and ACUINT (P s 0.09). Rectal temperature was decreased after transport, but increased beginning on d 5 (P s 0.01). The CON treatment groups lost an average of 8.2% BW during relocation (d -1 to 0) while the ACU and CHR treatments had a 2.5% increase in BW (P < 0.01). Haptoglobin increased numerically following transportation and relocation (P = 0.22). The BRSV (Ps 0.01) antibody titers were greatest for CON INT and CHRINT compared to CON SUB, ACUSUB, and CHRSUB (P s 0.03), and IBRV (P s 0.01) antibody titers were greater for ACUSUB, ACUINT, and CHRINT compared to CON SUB (P s 0.03). Water restriction prior to transport altered some hematological variables, and briefly reduced performance but did not clearly alter antibody responses to either vaccine type.
Evidence in support of veterinary involvement in antimicrobial stewardship training programs in the dairy industry
Authors: Ramirez Chelsey R. , Dumas Sarah E. , Schlist Katharine L. , French Dennis D. , Bichi Elena G. , Correa-Rivero Beatriz Riet , Aldridge Brian M. , Lowe James F.
Published: March 2023

The recent emergence of antimicrobial resistance has triggered initiatives aimed at conveying antimicrobial stewardship in human and veterinary medicine. The importance of effective education and training programs has been highlighted as a key area of expansion for championing judicious use of antimicrobial agents. In order to provide data that would aid in design of interventions encouraging prudent antimicrobial use, Illinois dairy farmers (n=Z0) were surveyed using a probability cluster sampling technique. Survey responses were analyzed and examined for significant trends based upon potential knowledge, attitudinal, and behavioral indices of antimicrobial stewardship. The key areas of training needs that were identified from the survey responses include appropriate antimicrobial selection, the use of protocols, improved on-farm record keeping, and understanding of the factors that constitute extra-label drug use. The results from this preliminary study highlight the need for additional antimicrobial stewardship training in this sector of the livestock industry, and may be used to guide veterinarians in developing producer-focused education and training programs aimed at encouraging best practices surrounding the practical antimicrobial stewardship necessary to foster high-health animal care systems.
Systematic review and meta-analysis comparing arrival versus delayed vaccination of high-risk beef cattle with 5-way modified-live viral vaccines against BHV-1, BRSV, PI3, and BVD types 1 and 2
Authors: Snyder Emily R. , Credille Brent C. , Heins Brad D.
Published: March 2023

Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is a major economic and welfare concern of the beef cattle industry. Various approaches to vaccination against the major viral pathogens have been investigated, including timing. It is thought that beef cattle entering feedlots may not be able to adequately respond to vaccination due to the stresses of shipping and processing. A meta-analysis was performed to compare the effectiveness of on-arrival vaccination to vaccination delayed 7 or more days following arrival, using a modified-live viral (MLV) vaccine against bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1 ), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), parainfluenza-3 (PI3), and bovine viral diarrhea types 1 and 2 (BVD 1 and 2), on outcomes of BRO morbidity, retreatment risk, and mortality. Eight studies were identified comparing vaccination timing in feedlot cattle via literature search. Mantel-Haenzsel risk ratios were calculated for each outcome, and Forest plots were constructed. In the studies identified, there was no difference in BRD morbidity risk, retreatment risk, or BRD mortality between calves vaccinated at arrival or delayed. Based on the data from the studies analyzed, it would not appear that there is an advantage or disadvantage in terms or morbidity, retreatment risk, or mortality in delaying vaccination.
Retrospective study
Authors: Poulton P. J. , Fisher A. D. , Mansell P. D. , Pyman M. F.
Published: March 2023

Downer cows, defined as a bright and alert cow recumbent for more than 1 day, are often challenging cases for veterinarians and farmers. This article reviews findings for 37 downer dairy cows that originally become recumbent from hypocalcemia ( milk fever) on commercial dairy farms in Australia. Clinical examination determined that they had apparently recovered from primary hypocalcemia, and remained recumbent from secondary damage. There was a wide range of secondary damage, which mainly affected the musculoskeletal system, but other parts of the body were also affected. It was concluded that downer cow syndrome is due to clinically important secondary damage, defined as "secondary damage that can cause recumbency in its own right, or delay or prevent recovery from the primary cause of the recumbency". Clinically important secondary damage in downer cows can present in a wide range of types, and is not necessarily confined to the musculoskeletal system. This study demonstrated a wider range of secondary damage than considered in the literature. When managing recumbent dairy cows, in addition to the primary etiology of the recumbency, veterinarians must consider secondary damage.
Single-use hypodermic needles and obstetric sleeves failed to reduce bovine leukemia virus transmission in three dairy herds
Authors: Ruggiero Vickie J. , Bartlett Paul C.
Published: March 2023

The objective of this study was to determine the utility of single-use hypodermic needles and reproductive examination sleeves in reducing the transmission of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) in dairy herds. Numerous epidemiological studies have identified re-use of needles and exam sleeves as significant risk factors for BLV, therefore adopting a practice of single-use needles and sleeves is a commonly suggested management change for reducing BLV transmission. We conducted a field trial on 3 midwestern commercial dairy herds that had not been employing single use of needles or sleeves as part of their herd health protocol. Additionally, each of the herds had a BLV prevalence among adult cows of at least 20%. BLV milk-ELISA negative cows were randomly assigned to always receive a new single-use needle and new exam sleeve (intervention group). We also monitored and tested BLV milk-ELISA negative cows that received the standard management practice of needles and sleeves that were shared with ELISA-positive herd mates (controls). Cumulative incidence of new infections was determined by semiannual BLV milk-ELISA testing. The cumulative incidence of new BLV infections was not statistically different between the 2 groups. Medical hygiene to prevent bloodborne transmission is still recommended, but in these 3 herds, re-use of needles and sleeves did not appear to be a major route of BLV transmission.
Effect of distal splitting the scrotum when banding feedlot bulls on performance outcomes and healing time
Authors: Theurer Miles E. , Fox J. Trent , McCarty Travis M. , McCollum Ryan M. , Cranwell Clyde D.
Published: March 2023

Castration of bulls using high tension banding techniques is a common practice in commercial feedlots. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether splitting the scrotum at time of banding would impact performance and healing times in feedlot bulls. A total of 32 bulls from a single breeding operation were blocked by initial body weight and then randomly assigned to intact (n = 16) or split (n = 16) treatment groups. A Newberry knife was used to make a 3-inch (7.6 cm) side-to-side incision through the distal scrotum immediately after banding bulls in the split treatment group. Bulls in the intact group were banded, but no incision was made in the scrotum. Individual weights were collected on days 14, 28, and 56, and the scrotum was visually assessed at each weigh point. More (37.5%) scrotums were absent on day 28 (P=0.03), and ADG was improved at day 56 (P=0.06) in the split treatment group compared to intact treatment group. Follow up studies evaluating the inflammatory response, health, and performance outcomes are warranted to further evaluate the process of splitting the scrotum at the time of band castration.
Case report: Bovine ethylene glycol toxicosis
Authors: Fritz Scott A. , Ensley Steve M. , Njaa Bradley L.
Published: March 2023

Acute death of 1-month-old calves on pasture that were accidentally exposed to an oil/antifreeze mix were investigated. Clinical signs were not observed and necropsy findings were non-specific. Histological diagnosis of calcium oxalate nephrosis with concurrent tubulointerstitial suppurative nephritis was supported by culture. Ethylene glycol exposure was confirmed via analytical methods.
Retrospective evaluation of excess death loss in feedlot cattle associated with in-feed tylosin application programs
Authors: Rutten-Ramos Stephanie C. , Simjee Shabbir , Bargen Jason L. , Vogel Gary J.
Published: March 2023

Daily feedlot records from steer and heifer lots slaughtered between January 2015 and December 2020 were evaluated for timing of tylosin programs and death events. Tylosin applications were described as Any/None (1/0) in the first 30 days-on-feed, Any in the middle feeding period, and Any/None (1/0) in the last 30 days-on-feed. The final analysis included 125,520 lots of cattle with 18,814,224 head placed. By year, week of the year, week on feed, sex type, hundred-weight at placement and tylosin program, weekly deaths were summarized as deaths per thousand head fed (Deaths_K). Using continuously fed tylosin lots as baseline for each summarized category, excess Deaths_K were calculated for each program. For each hundredweight group, mixed analysis of variance models were developed to assess differences in excess Deaths_K across tylosin programs. Overall, cattle not fed tylosin in the first 30 d in the feedlot experienced higher Deaths_K than cattle that were. Differences in excess death loss across tylosin programs were greater among cattle placed under 800 lb (363 kg) compared to heavier cattle.
Perceptions of gender bias among members of the American Association of Bovine Practitioners in bovine practice in the United States in 2018
Authors: Gilliam Gabryelle , Fajt Virginia , Wagner Sarah , White Brad , Apley Michael
Published: March 2023

The objective of this study was to gather perceptions of gender bias and the factors that influence gender bias in bovine veterinary practice. A web-based survey regarding perceptions related to gender bias encountered in clinical practice settings was made available electronically to the members of the American Association of Bovine Practitio-ners. There were 207 survey respondents (99 women and 108 men), and the population was closely split between those graduating in 2000 or before (48.8%) and those graduating in 2001 or after (51.2%). Survey responses about those experiencing client or employer-generated gender bias in their current practice, and in the first year of practice, were categorized to binary (yes/no) from ordinal responses (0-10 scales). Logistic models were utilized to analyze potential associations between perceptions of client or employer-generated gender bias with relevant respondent factors including gender, year of graduation (categorized as <1990, 1990-2000, 2001-2010, 2011-2017), pre-college community size (categorized as <1,000-5,000, 5,001-50,000, >50,000), post-college community size (cat-egorized as <1,000-5,000, 5,001-50,000, >50,000), food animal background (yes/no), practice activities (categorized as Exclusively Beef/Dairy; Mixed Practice, mostly beef/dairy, Mixed Practice, no beef/dairy), and if the respondent was the first of their gender in the practice (yes/no). Women graduating before 1990 were less likely to observe current client gender bias than those graduating in 2011-2017. Men were more similar throughout with those graduating before 1990 seeing slightly less current client gender bias than those graduating in 2011-2017. Graduation year was associated with increased risk of client gender bias over time, with those graduating before 1990 experiencing less client gender bias in the first year of practice than those graduating in 2011-2017. Women observed more client gender bias in the first year of practice compared to men. There were no significant associations with employer gender bias in their current practice, but employer gender bias in the first year of practice was found to be significantly associated with respondent gender. Men were roughly half as likely to observe employer gender bias in the first year of practice compared to women. Gender and graduation year were significantly associated with client and employer gender bias encountered in the current practice and in the first year of practice. The results support the conclusion that gender bias is encountered by our veterinary colleagues, with more bias perceived by more recently graduated women.
Associations between pen management characteristics and bovine respiratory disease incidence in the first 45 days post-arrival in feedlot cattle
Authors: Rojas Hector A. , White Brad J. , Amrine David E. , Larson Robert L. , Capik Sarah F.
Published: March 2023

The purpose of this study was to utilize retrospective commer­cial feedlot data to evaluate the potential associations between pen housing management factors and first treatment BRD inci­dence during the first 45 days on feed (DOF). Our study popula­tion included 1,733 cohorts of feedlot cattle representing 188,188 total animals from 2018 to 2020. Our explanatory variables of interest in this study were pen area per animal and bunk space per animal. These variables were categorized as either having below, adequate, or above recommended pen area/bunk space per animal-based guidelines from the central United States. Our data were analyzed with a generalized linear mixed model utilizing a binomial link function. Results demonstrated that pen housing management factors were significantly (P < 0.05) associated with BRD incidence in the first 45 DOF, but their ef­fects were modified by relevant cattle demographic factors (co­hort size at arrival, average arrival weight, sex, and quarter of arrival). For example, cohorts with an average arrival weight between 900 to 1,000 lb. (409 to 453 kg) had a higher probability of BRD incidence in the first 45 DOF when provided below rec­ommended pen area per head compared to similar weighted co­horts that had adequate, or above, recommended pen area per head. Our results from this study identify potential situations where pen housing management factors, combined with cattle demographics, may impact the risk of BRD in feedlot cattle. Further defining these situations may allow feedlot managers to utilize these estimates to manage feedlot cattle health more effectively.
Using Virtual Exchange to Foster Global Competence and Collaborative Leadership in Teacher Education
Authors: Lin Ching-Ching
Published: March 2023

Virtual exchange is a technology enhanced educational platform that makes it possible to connect classrooms and educators across geographic borders. Often also referred to as ‘telecollaboration’ and other variation, virtual exchange offers educators opportunities to collaborate with other teacher educators cross culturally in their efforts to engage a classroom of diverse leaners. Around the globe, educators seek to combine virtual exchange and innovative pedagogy to transform classrooms into dynamic places to teach and learn. Despite the positive comments that have been reaped on the pedagogical potential of virtual exchange programs, virtual exchange has not been successfully mainstreamed into formal curriculum and made into a staple of educational practices in p-12 schools. Consequently, few studies exist to explore the implications of incorporating virtual exchange into formal learning settings where the curriculum is in dire need for instructional innovation in order to move education into the 21st century.

This paper presents a study in which virtual exchange is used as an authentic context to expand TESOL teacher candidates’ teaching and collaborative repertoire. TESOL teacher candidates worked in pair, taking turns between facilitating students in cross interaction and chronicling fieldnotes on student engagement. Candidates’ reflective journals and student interviews are used to collect data for this study. Practices and challenges in incorporating virtual exchange into the standards aligned classroom were explored and discussed.
Percepções da mulher surda acerca do cuidado no sistema de saúde da gestação ao puerpério
Authors: Rodrigues Isadora Araujo , De Freitas Alisson Salatiek Ferreira , Mororó Isabele  Taumaturgo , Ferreira Júnior Antônio Rodrigues , Moreira Deborah Pedrosa , Franco Rosana Gomes de Freitas Menezes
Published: March 2023

Objetivo: Compreender a percepção da mulher surda acerca do atendimento no sistema de saúde durante o processo de pré-natal, parto e puerpério. Metodologia: Estudo de campo descritivo de abordagem qualitativa, realizado com nove mulheres surdas que foram acompanhadas nos serviços de saúde durante os períodos citados. A coleta de dados aconteceu por meio de plataforma on-line, gravada em áudio e vídeo. Para organização das informações utilizou-se a análise temática. Resultados: Os resultados mostram que em todo o ciclo gravídico-puerperal há presença da barreira de comunicação, resultando na falha da promoção do cuidado, quando estas mulheres necessitam de uma terceira pessoa como interlocutor devido à falta de profissionais intérpretes nas instituições de saúde. Conclusão: A falha na acessibilidade para as mulheres surdas durante o atendimento nos serviços de saúde coloca-as numa posição de fragilidade, na qual estas tornam-se ainda mais vulneráveis por não receberem cuidado integral dos profissionais de saúde.
Palavras-chave: pessoas com deficiência auditiva; saúde da mulher; assistência integral à saúde; gravidez; obstetrícia; período pós-parto.
Limping relationships in international family law
Authors:   Siberian Institute of Management — Branch of the Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration, Voytovich Elena P.
Published: March 2023

The article examines a legal phenomenon that has not received a generalized legal characteristic, its research in international family law is fragmentary. The reasons for the “lame” relationships are analyzed: differences in conflict of laws regulation, incorrect application of conflict of laws rules, discrepancy between substantive regulations, conflict of jurisdictions; it is concluded that “lame” relationships are the result of the interaction of conflict of laws, substantive and procedural norms, leading to an undesirable legal effect. The author expresses doubts about the effectiveness of such a method of eliminating “lame” relationships as the convergence of legal systems, suggesting to pay attention to the competing traditional conflict tools and the opposite methodological approach — recognition, the potential of which is underestimated and insufficiently studied. Recognition is seen not as an alternative to conflict method, but as an additional way to overcome “lame” relationships. Replacement of national conflict of laws rules in cross-border family disputes is illustrated by the practice of the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union. Attention is drawn to the existing models of recognition in common law countries and continental legal tradition, the legal nature and place of the norms of Russian family legislation on recognition are analyzed. иThe mechanism of recognition of foreign administrative procedures and decisions, foreign documents in the Russian Federation is assessed. The author comes to the conclusion that implementation in domestic law of various approaches to the recognition of foreign court decisions, administrative procedures and documents issued by the competent authorities of foreign states, proposing to unify them within the framework of a uniform recognition procedure that excludes uncertainty and internal contradictions.
Features of the constitutional and legal status of the governments of the member states of the Eurasian Economic Union
Authors:   Ural State Law University named after V. F. Yakovlev, Kozhevnikov Оleg A. ,   Ural State University of Economics, Nechkin Andrey V. ,   Ural State Law University named after V. F. Yakovlev
Published: March 2023

The consideration of the peculiarities of the constitutional and legal statuses of the governments of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) states (Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Armenia and Kyrgyzstan), in the context of the economic integration in the Eurasian post-Soviet space that is increasingly deepening today, is of considerable practical interest. The authors note that the differences in the constitutional and legal statuses of the governments of the EAEU states are primarily due to the peculiarities of the forms of government enshrined in the constitutions of these states, which, for the most part, cannot be classified according to the traditionally distinguished sub-forms of the republican form of government. Despite the debatable nature of the structure of the constitutional and legal status of the government, the authors, taking into account the peculiarities of the forms of government enshrined in the EAEU states, focus on such elements as: constitutional and legal characteristics; composition, procedure for the formation and early termination of powers; competence. Summing up the overall results of the study, the authors come to the conclusion that, despite the presence of common views on economic integration, the EAEU states do not seek unification in terms of the organization of state power on their territory. However, despite this, the general trends towards the possible improvement of the constitutional and legal status of the governments of the majority of the EAEU states can still be identified. These include, first of all, a gradual increase in the degree of independence of governments from the head of state, which, in turn, can be achieved by strengthening the direct interaction of the government with the parliament, as well as by taking into account the opinion of the parliament or its lower house when forming or early termination of the government’s powers.