bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Agent-Relative Prerogatives and Suboptimal Beneficence
Authors: Bader Ralf M.
Published: November 2019

The first part of Chapter 11 uses considerations of sequential choice to argue that suboptimal beneficence is impermissible. The second part shows how the prohibition on suboptimal beneficence follows from an agent-relative theory that understands permissible actions in terms of a dominance principle defined over both the agent-relative and the agent-neutral ordering. This theory incorporates agent-relative prerogatives that ensure that agents are not required to do what is impartially best, yet rules out suboptimal beneficence. The third part shows that the prohibition on suboptimal beneficence is in tension with dynamic consistency, since it leads to violations of expansion consistency condition BETA. If an agent makes use of myopic choice principles (which are purely forward-looking) or sophisticated choice principles (that make use of backwards induction), then there can be cases in which he can, by means of a sequence of permissible choices, bring about an outcome that is deemed to be impermissible from the outset. This problem is addressed by developing global choice principles that ensure dynamic consistency.
The Making of British Bourgeois Tragedy
Authors: Hernandez Alex Eric
Published: November 2019

This book assembles a body of print and performance concerned with the misfortunes of the middling sort, arguing that these works negotiated tragedy’s vexed relationship to ordinary life. This “bourgeois and domestic tragedy” imagined a particularly modern sort of affliction, an “ordinary suffering” divested of the sorts of meanings, rhetorics, and affective resonances once deployed to understand it. Whereas neoclassical aesthetics aligned tragedy with the heroic and the admirable, bourgeois tragedy treated the pain of common people with dignity and seriousness, meditating upon a suffering that was homely, familiar, realistic, and entangled in the nascent values of capitalism, yet no less haunted by God. Hence, where many have seen aesthetic stagnation, misfiring emotion, and the absence of an idealized tragicness in the genre, this book tracks instead a sustained engagement in the emotional processes and representational techniques through which the middle rank feels its way into modernity. Describing this shift as an episode in the histories of both tragedy and emotion, it revises the standard critical account of eighteenth-century tragedy and reads the genre’s emergence in the period as a vigorous cultural conversation over whose life—and whose way of life—is grievable, as well as how that mourning might be performed.
The Bourgeois Revaluation of Tragedy
Authors: Hernandez Alex Eric
Published: November 2019

This chapter continues the argument begun in the Introduction, proposing a revised, reparative approach to the earliest bourgeois tragedies. It focuses especially on George Lillo’s landmark drama, The London Merchant (1731), and examines its unique re-interpretation of neoclassical theories of tragedy and poetic decorum. This chapter narrates its debut alongside burlesques and satires on the middle and lower sorts by Edward Ravenscroft, John Gay, William Hogarth, Henry Fielding, and John Kelly, making a case for Lillo’s radical valorization of ordinary life and a new aesthetic of identification. Its argument thereby describes the beginnings of a new appreciation for the trials of these social ranks in the era’s art, and offers a substantive reading of the text and its paratextual apparatus in light of this shift.
Calvin and his Lutheran Opponents
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: November 2019

This chapter traces the debates between Calvin and two of his Lutheran opponents, Joachim Westphal and Tilman Hesshus, on the question of the omnipresence and life-giving character of Christ’s body. All sides in the dispute agree that that Christ’s body is life-giving, and thus that Christ’s human nature is the subject of distinctively non-natural properties. They disagree with each other on the way in which this life-giving power is exercised: either by co-location with the effect (the Lutherans), or by immediate action at a distance (Calvin). But while Westphal affirms bodily omnipresence, Hesshus denies it. Neither Westphal nor Hesshus accept the reason offered by Brenz for accepting the genus maiestaticum (namely, that it is necessary for the hypostatic union). They accept the genus maiestaticum simply on the basis of Scriptural interpretation.
Andreae and Beza at the Colloquy of Montbéliard
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: November 2019

This chapter describes the debate between Jakob Andreae and Theodore Beza at the Colloquy of Montbéliard (1586). Andreae defends a Brenzian account of the hypostatic union, and modifies his view so that it conforms more closely to Brenz’s own view that the divine powers themselves are in some sense possessed by the human nature. Beza accepts the supposital union. He outlines the ways in which Andreae’s account of the distinction between concrete and abstract nouns might lead to theological difficulties, and shows that a Brenzian view of the communicatio, coupled with a restriction on the set of divine attributes that can be communicated to the Son of Man, results in a Christology that is inconsistent with Chalcedon.
Introduction
Authors: Cross Richard
Published: November 2019

This chapter offers a comprehensive account of the relevant Patristic and Medieval background to debates surrounding the communicatio idiomatum. It focuses on the nature and grounding of the hypostatic union, and provides a taxonomy of different Christological semantics, in order to identify the precise views adopted by the protagonists in the debates. It suggests that a fundamental fault line in Reformation debates lies between those theologians who accept that the divine person is the ontological bearer of his human accidents, and those who do not. It also provides an extensive introduction to the varieties of theorizing found in relation to the communicatio idiomatum itself.
Introduction
Authors: Witkov Carey , Zengel Keith
Published: November 2019

Model testing and parameter estimation are inextricably linked but often done separately. Chi-squared analysis combines model testing with parameter estimation, improving on both and providing answers to five important questions about the results of an experiment on a system for which a model is available: 1. What are the best fit parameter values? 2. Is the best fit a good fit? 3. What are the uncertainties on the best fit parameters? 4. Even if the fit is good, should the model still be rejected? 5. Is the revised model an improvement?
Case Study 2: Modeling Air Resistance on Falling Coffee Filters
Authors: Witkov Carey , Zengel Keith
Published: November 2019

The two-parameter chi-squared methodology for parameter estimation and model testing is applied to an introductory physics lab experiment to model air resistance on falling coffee filters. Data collection details along with sample data are provided and the results of a chi-squared analysis are interpreted. Problems are included (with solutions in an appendix).
Coda
Authors: Jahner Jennifer
Published: November 2019

The conclusion to the book expands the terrain of “jurisdictional poetics” to include both contemporary and medieval poetry. It begins with the work of Carter Revard, Osage poet and medievalist, whose discovery of the scribe of Harley 2253 has fundamentally shaped contemporary scholarship on legal and literary copying in later medieval England. His poem “Starring America” provides an entry point into the tensions between epic and local histories that resonate as well in a set of cross-Channel satires that date to the time of the Second Barons’ War. The coda examines the earliest surviving Middle English sirventes, “Richard of Almaigne,” alongside two French satires on the English revolt, the Pais aus Englois and La chartre de la pais aus Englois. In both cases, language difference serves as a synecdoche for territorial dominion, parsing the boundaries between political desire and legal authority.
Fear Itself
Authors: Marsh John
Published: November 2019

The chapter begins with perhaps the most famous quotation to emerge from the Great Depression: Franklin Roosevelt’s assertion that the only thing Americans had to fear was fear itself, which sounds good in theory but may not have reflected reality. To test that reading, the chapter examines various sources of fear in the Great Depression: a serial murderer in Cleveland; the polio epidemic that broke out in New York City in the summer of 1931; and the nearly constant fear of unemployment that characterized life during the Great Depression and made its way into the fiction of the period, including Helen Hunt’s Hardy Perennial. The chapter argues that what these sources have in common is a concern for the purity and autonomy of being, the nature or essence of a person, and the dread that such being might be violated and despoiled by impersonal but malevolent forces.
Awe
Authors: Marsh John
Published: November 2019

By awe, philosophers and psychologists mean the sensation that overcomes someone in the presence of something simultaneously vast, powerful, and, when compared to humans, strangely humbling. The chapter begins with a review of amazing discoveries such as island universes, the expanding universe, and the Big Bang that altered the understanding of the universe and made the solar system “seem but a speck of dust in infinite space.” It then turns to other sources of awe, or the Depression sublime: the Empire State Building; Jesse Owens’s record-setting long jump at the 1936 Berlin Olympics; the moral heroism of the Joads in John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath; and James Agee and Walker Evans’s deification of tenant farmers in Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. Whereas most accounts of the sublime involve the vastness of nature overwhelming human beings, during the Depression human beings themselves became a source of the sublime.
Musical Changes Driven by Technology
Authors: Townsend Peter
Published: November 2019

This chapter explores how science and technology has revolutionized the sounds produced by different instruments. The main examples here are for the violin family and wind instruments. Some changes do not significantly alter the visual appearance, but allow different types of performance, more power, changes in tone, and totally new instruments (e.g. the saxophone). This has had an immense influence on composition, to exploit these new sounds, and of course an equally major swing in fashion from the audiences and players. Understanding of the science has been a key factor in the developments. Change is not always popular, and for example many players of early musical compositions believe they should be played with original sounding instruments and pitch. Unfortunately, the majority of audiences are now so accustomed to the new sounds that they find the earlier ones difficult to appreciate.
Acoustics of Concert Halls and Rooms
Authors: Townsend Peter
Published: November 2019

Performance is merely the first step in the way we hear music. Acoustics of concert halls, churches, electronics and recording, or broadcasting all modify the original sounds, often quite dramatically. Even in the best auditoria no two seats will receive identical sounds. Buildings designed for different types of music will rarely perform well across a range of musical performances. Understanding this can help in the choice of seating. For music that is broadcast or played from recordings there are considerable changes from the electronics, recording, transmission, reception, home electronics, and acoustics. This chapter examines many possible situations and the attempts at optimization. Hearing differs considerably between people, and it changes with age and our level of concentration.
Architectural Restoration and Heritage in Imperial Rome
Authors: Siwicki Christopher
Published: November 2019

This book addresses the treatment and perception of historic buildings in imperial Rome, examining the ways in which public monuments were restored in order to develop an understanding of the Roman concept of built heritage. The study considers examples from the first century bc to second century ad, focusing primarily on the six decades between the Great Fire of ad 64 and the ad 120s, a period of dramatic urban transformation and architectural innovation in Rome. Through analysing how the design, materiality, and appearance of buildings, including the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus and hut of Romulus, developed with successive restorations, the case is made for the existence of a consistent approach to the treatment of historic buildings in this period. With the purpose of uncovering attitudes to built heritage in Roman society more widely, the book also explores how changes to particular monuments and the urban fabric as a whole was received by the people who experienced it first-hand. By examining descriptions of destruction and restoration in literature of the first and second centuries ad, including the works of Seneca the Younger, Pliny the Elder, Martial, Tacitus, and Plutarch, a picture is formed of the conflicting ways in which Rome’s inhabitants responded to the redevelopment of their city. The results provide an alternative way of explaining key interventions in Rome’s built environment and challenge ideas that heritage is a purely modern phenomenon.
The Restorations of the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus
Authors: Siwicki Christopher
Published: November 2019

This chapter focuses on the three reconstructions of the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. Examining the archaeological, textual, and visual evidence for the appearance of the Catulan, Vespasianic, and Domitianic versions of the temple, it charts how the Capitolium became physically larger and materially grander with each phase. In this way, it is possible to see how the temple retained its nominal identity and accumulated historical associations, while the architecture of the original building was not preserved. Particular attention is also given to the consistent retention of the original footprint of the building in the successive restorations. Contrary to previous interpretations that emphasize political and ideological reasons for this decision, by examining the involvement of haruspices the case is made that the continuity was singularly an act of religious veneration.
The Casa Romuli Anomaly
Authors: Siwicki Christopher
Published: November 2019

This chapter examines the Casa Romuli, the thatched hut associated with the city’s founder Romulus and held up as an exemplum of Rome’s origins. Contrary to other examples discussed in the book, this structure consistently retained its original form and the same type of materials when rebuilt. However, in this instance, too, the case is made that the architectural continuity was not motivated by an overt attempt to preserve the historic appearance of the building, but was instead a consequence of other influences. By drawing a comparison with the maintenance of the Pons Sublicius, a new interpretation of the hut is proposed and the relevance of religious agency in matters of built heritage is again brought to the fore.
Introduction
Authors: Siwicki Christopher
Published: November 2019

The cityscape of republican and imperial Rome was invested with historic significance by its inhabitants. Yet this historic built environment was not static, but subject to destruction and redevelopment. Consequently, Rome’s historic buildings could not simply exist independent of any intervention, but needed to be physically engaged with by the city’s inhabitants. It is the manner in which this was done and how this was perceived that is the subject of this book, with the aim of developing an understanding of the Roman concept of built heritage. The Introduction aims to illustrate some of the importance of, and difficulties with, examining architectural restoration and attitudes to heritage in ancient Roman society through a comparison with the Golden Pavilion Temple in Japan. The Introduction also provides a chapter outline, explaining how the arguments in the rest of the book will unfold.
Rewriting the History of the Law of Nations
Authors: Amorosa Paolo
Published: November 2019

In the interwar years, international lawyer James Brown Scott wrote a series of works on the history of his discipline. He made the case that the foundation of modern international law rested not, as most assumed, with the seventeenth-century Dutch thinker Hugo Grotius, but with sixteenth-century Spanish theologian Francisco de Vitoria. Far from being an antiquarian assertion, the Spanish origin narrative placed the inception of international law in the context of the discovery of America, rather than in the European wars of religion. The recognition of equal rights to the American natives by Vitoria was the pedigree on which Scott built a progressive international law, responsive to the rise of the United States as the leading global power and developments in international organization such as the creation of the League of Nations. The book describes the Spanish origin project in context, relying on Scott’s biography, changes in the self-understanding of the international legal profession, as well as on larger social and political trends in US and global history. Keeping in mind Vitoria’s persisting role as a key figure in the canon of international legal history, the book sheds light on the contingency of shared assumptions about the discipline and their unspoken implications. The legacy of the international law Scott developed for the American century is still with the profession today, in the shape of the normalization and de-politicization of rights language and of key concepts like equality and rule of law.
Prologue. The Education of James Brown Scott, 1866–1896
Authors: Amorosa Paolo
Published: November 2019

The book begins with a short prologue, outlining James Brown Scott’s early life and education. It first describes the religious and cultural upbringing provided by his family. Later, after brilliantly concluding high-school studies in Philadelphia, Scott attended Harvard College, fulfilling a wish of his late father. There he first encountered international law and the case method, thanks to his instructor Freeman Snow. Following doctoral studies in Germany, Scott returned to the United States in 1896, when he was thirty years old, Scott recited his first preserved public speech on international law in Los Angeles. The prologue ends with an analysis of the speech, which already contained many themes that Scott would rehearse for the rest of his career.
International Law as Faith. The Cuban Intervention and the Narrative of 1898
Authors: Amorosa Paolo
Published: November 2019

The second chapter illustrates the function of faith in James Brown Scott’s theory of international law through an account of his understanding of the role of the United States in American continental relations. Section 1 introduces James Brown Scott’s 1917 speech on the Platt Amendment. Taking the speech as a point of departure, it traces the connection between the rise of international law and US–Cuba relations at the turn of the century. Section 2 describes the rise of humanitarianism in the United States in the late nineteenth century and its religious inspiration. This development would provide the ideological foundations for the narrative of the selfless empire that supported the 1898 US intervention in Cuba. Section 3 begins with a textual analysis of Scott’s speech and connects it with the narrative of 1898. It continues by illustrating the ambivalent relationship of the narrative with concrete US policies toward Cuba and Latin America in the early twentieth century.
International Law as Science. Scott’s Historical Case for Adjudication and the Fight against Collective Security
Authors: Amorosa Paolo
Published: November 2019

The third chapter revolves around the series of books on US constitutional history Scott published at the closing of the Great War. Therein, he fleshed out his case for the creation of an international court as the best tool toward the achievement of a long-lasting global peace. The first section describes Scott’s Armistice books and their background, explaining the foundations and development of the rationalist legal theory of adjudication that inspired them. The second section goes deeper into the content of the most significant of the books, The United States: A Study in International Organization, in order to contextualize it and relate it to the political debates in which it intervened. The third and closing section is centered on Scott’s role in the debate over the League of Nations Covenant and collective security in the United States.
The Spanish Origin of International Law
Authors: Amorosa Paolo
Published: November 2019

The fourth chapter details the conditions that led to the inception of the campaign for the Salamancan origin and describes its early phase. The first section of the chapter describes the origin of the series Classics of International Law, edited by Scott, which occasioned his collaboration with Nys for the publication of Vitoria’s lectures. Section 2 tracks the most immediate conditions of possibility leading to Scott’s earliest formulation of the Spanish origin, including a renewed interested in the history of international law. Section 3 describes how Scott turned his theory of the Salamancan origin into a campaign, first by enlisting allies, such as Camilo Barcia Trelles, among Spanish international lawyers and later by spreading his ideas within his network in Latin America. The chapter ends with an account of the publication and content of Scott’s first book on the topic, The Spanish Origin of International Law, which appeared in 1928.
The Catholic Conception of International Law
Authors: Amorosa Paolo
Published: November 2019

The fifth chapter tracks Scott’s fascination with Catholicism and his attempts to persuade the Vatican to endorse the brand of international law he championed as conducive to global peace. The first section provides an account of why the Presbyterian Scott believed that the Holy See could play a crucial role in sustaining the moral foundations of global politics. It then moves on to detail Scott’s early approaches to the Curia, marred by the outbreak of the First World War. Section 2 describes how, in the postwar years, Scott was influenced by a Neo-Scholastic movement internal to US Catholicism, tracing modern democracy back to Thomist theology. Scott used these lessons to develop further his argument and enlarge the coalition, promoting Vitoria as the founder of international law. Section 3 tells of Scott’s last and best-prepared approach to the Holy See in favor of international law in the mid-1930s.
Concluding Remarks. The Legacy of James Brown Scott and the Responsibilities of International Legal History
Authors: Amorosa Paolo
Published: November 2019

In the concluding remarks, I put forward some reflections on Scott’s legacy and the significance of his work to articulate a responsible approach to the history of international law today. The Spanish origin narrative resulted from Scott’s contingent choices, proving his agency in the reshaping of international legal history. A responsible self-understanding of the profession should acknowledge the relevance of individual and collective stances. As international lawyers we are situated political actors. Awareness of this condition should be reflected in the histories we write. Narratives of timeless principles or inevitable progress downplay the concrete role of human action in shaping of the reality we live in. The engaged and responsible historical study of international legal doctrines should instead put close analysis of practice, sociological aspects of the profession, and the social and political stakes lawyers face at its center.
La Démocratie Radicale dans les Discours Légaux Contemporains au Rojava au Cœur de la ‘Crise’ Syrienne
Authors: Kıvılcım Zeynep
Published: November 2019

Narratives of the crisis in Syria seem unable to envisage a process for the construction of a space for radical democracy in Rojava (Syrian Kurdistan). The Constitution of Rojava, as well as the Women’s Law adopted in 2014, establish the legal framework for gender equality within every administrative structure. ‘Democratic confederalism’ for Rojava provides us with a novel conception of the internal legitimacy of the state which differs considerably from that adopted by public international law, the latter being rooted in liberal social contract theory. It is also difficult to adapt the international law theory of sovereignty to the radical democracy without a state in the case of Rojava. This chapter sets out a novel conception of the internal legitimacy of the state in the cantons of Rojava from a gender perspective. The aim is to provide a gendered analysis of the realization of the principle of self-determination and to interrogate the new modes of sovereignty offered by radical democracy.
Introduction
Authors: Nicholson Rowan
Published: November 2019

The introduction poses the question that will be discussed throughout the book: which state-like entities have personality in international law? It begins with an analysis of the term ‘international law’, which on a literal reading is suggestive of law between ‘nations’ rather than merely between ‘states’; something similar is suggested by the names of such organizations as the United Nations. This leads into an explanation of the choice to analyse a wider category of ‘state-like entities’ rather than states alone, a description of the structure and method of the book, and some justifications for investigating the personality of states and other state-like entities in international law.
Conclusion
Authors: Nicholson Rowan
Published: November 2019

The conclusion ties together the threads of the book and identifies respects in which its focus on state-like entities, rather than on states alone, has proven rewarding. A summary of the theory of statehood presented in the book is provided here in point form. Its key concepts are the effectiveness and recognition norms; the premature-recognition, collective-non-recognition, and unlawful-effectuation exceptions; the right to external self-determination; the definitions of ‘state’ and ‘state-in-context’; and the idea that international law derives validity from a basic self-reproducing circle of norms that includes norms about statehood. It is suggested that the term ‘nation’ evokes the variety of state-like entities to which international law applies.
A primer on respiratory physiology
Authors: Perry Steven F. , Lambertz Markus , Schmitz Anke
Published: November 2019

According to the principle ‘before you can do what you want to do, you always have to do something else’, this chapter first delves into the basics of respiratory physiology. It begins with summarizing the physical gas laws and their physiological applications to the core process of respiration: diffusion. The chapter finally arrives at introducing the different gas exchange models that can be observed in the various lineages of animals and the basics of ventilatory mechanics. Equipped with this knowledge, it is hoped that the reader will better understand the functional and evolutionary discussions of the respiratory faculties in the following chapters.
Respiratory faculties of aquatic invertebrates
Authors: Perry Steven F. , Lambertz Markus , Schmitz Anke
Published: November 2019

This chapter introduces the ‘who has what’ in terms of respiratory organs for major water-breathing invertebrate groups. It begins with sponges and cnidarians—groups that have no recognizable respiratory faculty—and continues through the bilaterian lineage, pointing out how bits and pieces of a respiratory faculty accumulate. The most complex respiratory faculties are found in molluscs and arthropods, which consequently make up the bulk of this chapter. Aside from the ancestral aquatic respiration, this chapter furthermore explains how also within some terrestrial (air-breathing) groups such as arachnids and insects, mechanisms that allow lone—even permanent—stays under water have secondarily arisen.
Respiratory faculties of aquatic craniotes
Authors: Perry Steven F. , Lambertz Markus , Schmitz Anke
Published: November 2019

This chapter introduces the ‘who has what’ in terms of water-breathing respiratory faculties for craniotes. A branchial basket and a ventral heart or hearts that perfuse the branchial region with deoxygenated internal fluid is part of the bauplan of all chordates, including craniotes. Cilia ventilate the branchial region of extant non-craniote chordates, which are also predominantly sessile or planktonic filter feeders. In craniotes, the gills are the main gas exchange organs. They are ventilated by muscular activity and perfused with blood that contains haemoglobin in erythrocytes and flows in the opposite direction to the ventilated water (counter-current model). In spite of major differences in the structure of gills and the ventilatory apparatus among jawless craniotes, cartilaginous fish, and bony fish, the basic push–pull, constant, unidirectional flow respiratory mechanism remains unchanged (of course, with a few notable exceptions). In addition, both the blood and the structure of the gills may reflect adaptations of the respiratory faculty to habitual living conditions.
The Challenge
Authors: Benbaji Yitzhak , Statman Daniel
Published: November 2019

The chapter presents the main ideas of traditional just war theory; the separation between the principles governing the resort to war (ad bellum) and those governing its conduct (in bello); the wide permission granted to combatants of both sides to target enemy combatants (‘moral equality of soldiers’); and the almost absolute prohibition on the intentional targeting of enemy civilians. It then introduces Individualism, which is the view that underlies the critique levelled by philosophers known as ‘revisionists’ against the traditional view, on both the ad bellum and the in bello levels. According to this critique, the attempt to anchor the morality of war in the principles of individual self-defence fails. The problem with the revisionist view is that it is unable to offer an alternative to traditional just war theory and to provide a satisfactory justification for the rules that govern the ethics (and law) of war, on both the ad bellum and the in bello levels.
Foundations of a Non-Individualist Morality
Authors: Benbaji Yitzhak , Statman Daniel
Published: November 2019

The purpose of this chapter is to outline an alternative to Individualism and to show that moral rights can be taken seriously while acknowledging the role of organized societies in determining the actual distribution of moral rights and duties. In some cases, the rules accepted by such societies give content to what was indeterminate at the pre-contractual level. In others, they redistribute moral rights and duties among members of society. In both these ways, rights behave in a less rigid manner than that entailed by Individualism. To understand how social rules can determine rights, it is particularly helpful to look at the way social roles provide their holders with a permission to diverge from what would be required from them pre-contractually. In decent societies, holders of public roles typically have a right to fulfil their professional duty without deliberating on the merits of the case; namely, without being guided by first-order reasons that pertain to the cases with which they deal. This applies to combatants as well. In most cases, they have a right to disregard the first-order reasons pertaining to the justness of the war they are sent to fight. The responsibility for launching an unjust war lies on the shoulders of the politicians and not on those of combatants, just as the responsibility for sending an innocent person to jail rests with the court and not with the prison guards.
A Contractarian Account of the Crime of Aggression
Authors: Benbaji Yitzhak , Statman Daniel
Published: November 2019

The purpose of this chapter is to explain the moral standing of jus ad bellum as it is formulated in the UN Charter. According to the contract that the Charter embeds, any armed violation of a state’s territorial integrity by another state is an instance of prohibited aggression. As we read it, the Charter confers a moral right against aggression even on states whose borders are unjustly drawn, and even on dangerous states whose political society is irrecoverably divided. In return, states gain a right to go to wars whose aim is to defend their territorial integrity even when such wars are pre-contractually unjust.
The Aims of Just Wars and Jus Ex Bello
Authors: Benbaji Yitzhak , Statman Daniel
Published: November 2019

The chapter discusses the just aims of defensive wars, and, by implication, the duty to end wars, viz., the jus ex bello. It starts with a discussion of the idea of ‘uncompromising wars’ according to which wars may go on until one’s enemy military forces is completely destroyed. We offer a contractarian argument for a rule that categorically prohibits such wars. We then develop two asymmetries between the justice of resort to war and the justice of continuing it. In particular, we show that the conditions of proportionality and of probability of success function differently in constraining resort to war and in constraining its continuation.
Social Work in the Camps
Authors: Park Yoosun
Published: November 2019

Welfare programs took months to develop in the War Relocation Authority camps. When aid finally reach the impoverished, it proved not only inadequate, but delivered through a Kafkaesque system designed to uphold the “radically abnormal” economic structure of the camps. Many conflicting factors were at play. Public assistance was a new phenomenon for the Nikkei; the deep reluctance to accept aid was slow to ebb and never entirely jettisoned. The concentration camps were, however, costly places to live; while subsistence food, shelter, and basic medical care were provided, private funds were necessary to purchase all else required for daily living. While the Nikkei Welfare Section workers believed public assistance was necessary reparation rather than unearned charity, a deeply held censure of aid—lest it breed dependency, fund the undeserving, coddle the enemy—existed on the part of the Caucasian administrators. Even the begrudgingly doled and unequivocally insufficient aid was difficult to obtain.
Social Work in the Camps
Authors: Park Yoosun
Published: November 2019

That the “abnormal communities” of the concentration camps put great strains on family life was a conclusion universally agreed upon by all who had first-hand knowledge of the situation and had cause to comment. The “unendurable housing situation” was “a constant source of irritation and friction within these households,” said to be a factor in a host of issues, including juvenile delinquency and marital disputes. The Nikkei were trapped in a setting which not only exacerbated existing issues and propagated new ones that would probably never have arisen under normal living conditions, but they were also stripped them of any control over the care of their most vulnerable members. Social work departments, simultaneously, held a great deal of power over the lives of men and women who found themselves in these difficult circumstances and had few resources with which to effect solutions.
The Emotional Crisis of Registration
Authors: Park Yoosun
Published: November 2019

Among the sea of institutionally created troubles that befell Nikkei families in incarceration, arguably the most catastrophic was the family conflict and separation generated by the “loyalty questionnaire,” an administrative debacle which churned violently through the ten camps, splitting apart families and communities for generations to come. Like so many programs of the War Relocation Authority, registration was hastily conceived, inadequately planned, and poorly executed. The fear that they would be forced out of the camps empty-handed into resettlement in unknown and likely hostile locales was a primary reason for many choosing segregation, a choice that should be understood not so much as the Nikkei’s rejection of the United States as the Nikkei’s appraisal of their rejection by the United States. Social workers were involved in all aspects of the registration and the subsequent segregation program, responsible for interviewing all those who opted for segregation and organizing their transfer.
Sensitization of small‐diameter sensory neurons is controlled by TRPV1 and TRPA1 association
Authors: Patil Mayur J. , Salas Margaux , Bialuhin Siarhei , Boyd Jacob T. , Jeske Nathaniel A. , Akopian Armen N.
Published: November 2019

Unique features of sensory neuron subtypes are manifest by their distinct physiological and pathophysiological functions. Using patch‐clamp electrophysiology, Ca2+ imaging, calcitonin gene‐related peptide release assay from tissues, protein biochemistry approaches, and behavioral physiology on pain models, this study demonstrates the diversity of sensory neuron pathophysiology is due in part to subtype‐dependent sensitization of TRPV1 and TRPA1. Differential sensitization is influenced by distinct expression of inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), bradykinin (BK), and nerve growth factor (NGF) as well as multiple kinases, including protein kinase A (PKA) and C (PKC). However, the co‐expression and interaction of TRPA1 with TRPV1 proved to be the most critical for differential sensitization of sensory neurons. We identified N‐ and C‐terminal domains on TRPV1 responsible for TRPA1‐TRPV1 (A1‐V1) complex formation. Ablation of A1‐V1 complex with dominant‐negative peptides against these domains substantially reduced the sensitization of TRPA1, as well as BK‐ and CFA‐induced hypersensitivity. These data indicate that often occurring TRP channel complexes regulate diversity in neuronal sensitization and may provide a therapeutic target for many neuroinflammatory pain conditions.
Mycosarcoma aegyptiacum sp. nov., an antagonistic polymorphic basidiomycetous yeast related to smut fungi
Authors: Sipiczki Matthias
Published: November 2019

Six polymorphic yeast strains with strong antifungal activities isolated from dicot plants in an alkaline-lake desert region were subjected to taxonomic examination. The phylogenetic trees reconstructed by using neighbour-joining, maximum-likelihood and Bayesian methods from concatenated D1/D2 and ITS-5.8S-ITS2 sequences revealed phylogenetic affinity to Ustilaginaceae, but the large phylogenetic distance separating the isolates from the most closely related groups of species indicates that they represent a separate species. The sequences of the genes coding for the LSU rDNA, act1, rpb2 and a protein of unknown function corroborate this position. The isolates can easily be distinguished from their closest relatives by physiological tests (utilisation of carbon and nitrogen sources). Based on these results, a new species, Mycosarcoma aegyptiacum sp. nov., is proposed to accommodate the isolates. All isolates are polymorphic. Transitions between budding-yeast and pseudohyphal morphologies which take place during colony formation result in morphologically different colony sectors and invasive growth into the medium. Neither sexual mating nor sporulation was observed in cultures growing on laboratory media.
Disrupted serial dependence suggests deficits in synaptic potentiation in anti-NMDAR encephalitis and schizophrenia
Authors: Stein H. , Barbosa J. , Rosa-Justicia M. , Prades L. , Morató A. , Galan A. , Ariño H. , Martinez-Hernandez E. , Castro-Fornieles J. , Dalmau J. , Compte A.
Published: November 2019

We report markedly reduced working memory-related serial dependence with preserved memory accuracy in anti-NMDAR encephalitis and schizophrenia. We argue that NMDAR-related changes in cortical excitation, while quickly destabilizing persistent neural activity, cannot fully account for a reduction of memory-dependent biases. Rather, our modeling results support a disruption of a memory mechanism operating on a longer timescale, such as short-term potentiation.
Network analysis reveals a distinct axis of macrophage activation in response to conflicting inflammatory cues
Authors: Liu Xiaji , Zhang Jingyuan , Zeigler Angela C. , Nelson Anders R. , Lindsey Merry L. , Saucerman Jeffrey J.
Published: November 2019

Macrophages are subject to a wide range of cytokine and pathogen signals in vivo, which contribute to differential activation and modulation of inflammation. Understanding the response to multiple, often conflicting, cues that macrophages experience requires a network perspective. Here, we integrate data from literature curation and mRNA expression profiles to develop a large-scale computational model of the macrophage signaling network. In response to stimulation across all pairs of 9 cytokine inputs, the model predicted activation along the classic M1-M2 polarization axis but also a second axis of macrophage activation that distinguishes unstimulated macrophages from a mixed phenotype induced by conflicting cues. Along this second axis, combinations of conflicting stimuli, interleukin 4 (IL4) with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interferon-γ (IFNγ), IFNβ, or tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), produced mutual inhibition of several signaling pathways, e.g. nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6), but also mutual activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) signaling module. In response to combined IFNγ and IL4, the model predicted genes whose expression was mutually inhibited, e.g. inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and arginase 1 (Arg1), or mutually enhanced, e.g. IL4 receptor-α (IL4Rα) and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1), which was validated by independent experimental data. Knockdown simulations further predicted network mechanisms underlying functional crosstalk, such as mutual STAT3/STAT6-mediated enhancement of IL4Rα expression. In summary, the computational model predicts that network crosstalk mediates a broadened spectrum of macrophage activation in response to mixed pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine cues, making it useful for modeling in vivo scenarios.

Summary sentence

Network modeling of macrophage activation predicts responses to combinations of cytokines along both the M1-M2 polarization axis and a second axis associated with a mixed macrophage activation phenotype.
Relative genomic impacts of translocation history, hatchery practices, and farm selection in Pacific oysterCrassostrea gigasthroughout the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Sutherland Ben J. G. , Rycroft Claire , Ferchaud Anne-Laure , Saunders Rob , Li Li , Liu Sheng , Chan Amy M. , Otto Sarah P. , Suttle Curtis A. , Miller Kristina M.
Published: November 2019

Pacific oysterCrassostrea gigas, endemic to coastal Asia, has been translocated globally throughout the past century, resulting in self-sustaining introduced populations (naturalized). Oyster aquaculture industries in many parts of the world depend on commercially available seed (hatchery-farmed) or naturalized/wild oysters to move onto a farm (naturalized-farmed). It is therefore important to understand genetic variation among populations and farm types. Here we genotype naturalized/wild populations from France, Japan, China, and most extensively in coastal British Columbia, Canada. We also genotype cultured populations from throughout the Northern Hemisphere to compare with naturalized populations. In total, 16,942 markers were identified using double-digest RAD-sequencing in 182 naturalized, 112 hatchery-farmed, and 72 naturalized-farmed oysters (n = 366). Consistent with previous studies, very low genetic differentiation was observed around Vancouver Island (mean FST= 0.0019), and low differentiation between countries in the Japan-Canada-France historical translocation lineage (France-Canada FST= 0.0024; Japan-Canada FST= 0.0060). Chinese populations were more differentiated (China-Japan FST= 0.0241). Hatchery-propagated populations had higher inter-individual relatedness suggesting family structure. Within-population inbreeding was not detected on farms, but nucleotide diversity and polymorphism rate was lower in one farm population. Moving oysters from nature onto farms did not result in strong within-generation selection. Private alleles at substantial frequency were identified in several hatchery populations grown in BC, suggesting non-local origins. Tests of selection identified outlier loci consistent with selective differences associated with domestication, in some cases consistently identified in multiple farms. Top outlier candidates were nearby genes involved in calcium signaling and calmodulin activity. Implications of potential introgression from hatchery-farmed oysters depends on whether naturalized populations are valued as a locally-adapted resource or as an introduced, invasive species. Given the value of the industry in BC and the challenges the industry faces (e.g., climate change, crop losses, biotic stressors), this remains an important question.
The origin and spread of locally adaptive seasonal camouflage in snowshoe hares
Authors: Jones Matthew R. , Mills L. Scott , Jensen Jeffrey D. , Good Jeffrey M.
Published: November 2019

Adaptation is central to population persistence in the face of environmental change, yet we rarely precisely understand the origin and spread of adaptive variation in natural populations. Snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) along the Pacific Northwest (PNW) coast have evolved brown winter camouflage through positive selection on recessive variation at theAgoutipigmentation gene introgressed from black-tailed jackrabbits (L. californicus). Here we combine new and published whole genome and exome sequences with targeted genotyping ofAgoutiin order to investigate the evolutionary history of local seasonal camouflage adaptation in the PNW. We find evidence of significantly elevated inbreeding and mutational load in coastal winter-brown hares, consistent with a recent range expansion into temperate coastal environments that incurred indirect fitness costs. The genome-wide distribution of introgression tract lengths supports a pulse of hybridization near the end of the last glacial maximum, which may have facilitated range expansion via introgression of winter-brown camouflage variation. However, signatures of a selective sweep atAgoutiindicate a much more recent spread of winter-brown camouflage. Through simulations we show that the temporal lag between the hybrid origin and subsequent selective sweep of the recessive winter-brown allele can be largely attributed to the limits of natural selection imposed by simple allelic dominance. We argue that while hybridization during periods of environmental change may provide a critical reservoir of adaptive variation at range edges, the probability and pace of local adaptation will strongly depend on population demography and the genetic architecture of introgressed variation.
CellWalker integrates single-cell and bulk data to resolve regulatory elements across cell types in complex tissues
Authors: Przytycki Pawel F. , Pollard Katherine S.
Published: November 2019

Single-cell and bulk genomics assays have complementary strengths and weaknesses, and alone neither strategy can fully capture regulatory elements across the diversity of cells in complex tissues. We present CellWalker, a method that integrates single-cell open chromatin (scATAC-seq) data with gene expression (RNA-seq) and other data types using a network model that simultaneously improves cell labeling in noisy scATAC-seq and annotates cell-type specific regulatory elements in bulk data. We demonstrate CellWalker’s robustness to sparse annotations and noise using simulations and combined RNA-seq and ATAC-seq in individual cells. We then apply CellWalker to the developing brain. We identify cells transitioning between transcriptional states, resolve enhancers to specific cell types, and observe that autism and other neurological traits can be mapped to specific cell types through their enhancers.