bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peri‐operative hemostatic management of tooth extraction in patients with hemophilia A, with and without inhibitors, receiving emicizumab prophylaxis
Authors: Yagyuu Takahiro , Furukawa Shoko , Zaizen Miki , Yata Sachiko , Imada Mitsuhiko , Nogami Keiji , Kirita Tadaaki
Published: September 2022

Introduction

Emicizumab treatment may allow patients with hemophilia A without (PwHA) and with inhibitors (PwHA‐I) to undergo some minor surgeries, such as tooth extraction, without peri‐operative factor infusions. However, criteria for determining the necessity of factor infusions before minor surgeries are unknown.

Aim

We report the peri‐operative hemostatic management and outcomes of emicizumab‐treated PwHA and PwHA‐I cases who underwent tooth extractions using our institutional protocol.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated PwHA and PwHA‐I who underwent tooth extraction with emicizumab prophylaxis at our institution. Local bleeding risk was assessed based on the method, number, and site of tooth extraction. Hemostasis was monitored peri‐operatively by rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM). Hemostatic agents and a mouth splint were used.

Results

Twenty‐nine extractions (17 interventions) were performed in eight PwHA and two PwHA‐I. Based on ROTEM, pre‐operative factor infusions were used in ten PwHA and four PwHA‐I interventions. Among nine low local bleeding risk interventions, three (33.3%) each received no infusions, one dose of factor infusion pre‐operatively, and pre‐ and post‐operative factor infusions. All eight high local bleeding risk interventions involved planned factor infusions. Absorbable hemostats were used in all extractions. A mouth splint was used in 21/25 (84.0%) PwHA and in 4/4 (100%) PwHA‐I extractions. No post‐extraction bleeding or thrombotic events occurred.

Conclusions

Use of a systemic hemostatic treatment plan according to the local bleeding risk, peri‐operative coagulation status assessment using ROTEM, filling the extraction socket with hemostats, and use of a mouth splint can achieve effective and safe hemostatic management in emicizumab‐treated PwHA and PwHA‐I.
U.S. citizenships and American identities: Examining methods of belonging in North America
Authors: Klein Hernández Kris
Published: September 2022

This historiographical essay examines methods of belonging within two adjacent intellectual fields: formations of American identity and the history of U.S. citizenship. By studying recent monographs from these subfields, this essay underlines how belonging makes visible conceptions of citizenship for minoritized populations who may not have held U.S. citizenship, but whose existence and lives help demonstrate a spectrum of American identities. When centering belonging, historians can trouble a chronicle of U.S. citizenship that is interpreted as solely a legal status to an analytic that informs and is informed by one's race, sexuality, marital status, class, and individual actions. In doing so, this paper will illuminate how everyday people practiced shaped, remodeled, and created American imagined communities and therein, citizenries, through their methods of belonging.
Optimal Nb5+doping for enhanced optical reflectivity and improved thermophysical properties of La0.9Sr0.1Ti1−xNbxO3+δ
Authors: Zhu Yameng , Zhu Jinpeng , Wang Hailong , Yang Kaijun , Li Mingliang , He Jilin
Published: September 2022

Thermal protection materials with high optical reflectivity, low thermal conductivity, and good high‐temperature stability are required for the development of laser technologies and the protection of the critical equipment components. Herein, we synthesize a novel thermal protective material, La0.9Sr0.1Ti1−xNbxO3+δ(LSTN;x = 0.1, 0.125, 0.15), with different Nb5+‐ion contents using solid‐state sintering. Phase structure analysis demonstrates that LSTN (x = 0.1, 0.125, 0.15) presents a single‐phase monoclinic structure with a uniform element distribution. In particular, the LSTN0.125ceramic exhibits ultrahigh optical reflectivity (96%, 2300 nm) and excellent thermophysical properties, such as a high thermal expansion coefficient (10.3 × 10−6 K−1, 1000°C), an ultralow thermal conductivity (0.408 W (m K)−1, 300°C), and excellent high‐temperature stability. Aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy reveals that the disordered substitution of Nb5+ions induces numerous lattice distortions and mass fluctuations, which decrease the thermal conductivity, and makes difference in the relative refractive indices of atomic layers causing the high reflectivity of the material. These remarkable properties render the LSTN0.125ceramic as an ideal alternative for near‐infrared thermal protection applications.
Athletes with intellectual disability: The effects of cognitive deficits and sports practice on bipedal standing balance
Authors: Pineda Roi Charles , Krampe Ralf Th. , Vanlandewijck Yves , Van Biesen Debbie
Published: September 2022

Background

Athletes with intellectual disability represent a unique population who experiences the contrasting effects of cognitive deficits and benefits of sports on balance. This study investigated the combined impact of intellectual disability and sport practice on balance.

Method

Center‐of‐pressure excursion in bipedal stance of 2 disability (with and without intellectual disability) × 2 sport practice (athlete and novice) participant groups was measured in several balance conditions.

Results

Sport practice exerted no significant effect on any of the center‐of‐pressure measures used. In contrast, intellectual disability's effects on balance, which were most apparent in challenging balance conditions, were significant (p < .05) and had large effect sizes (ηp2 > 0.13).

Conclusion

The negative effects of cognitive deficits on the balance of young adults with intellectual disability underscore the need for effective interventions. Although findings did not support sports' balance‐remediating potential, the value of sport participation for individuals with intellectual disability cannot be fully dismissed just yet.
Seals, whales and the Cenozoic decline of nautiloid cephalopods
Authors: Kiel Steffen , Goedert James L. , Tsai Cheng‐Hsiu
Published: September 2022

Aim

NautilusandAllonautilus, last members of the once widespread nautiloid cephalopods, are today restricted to the deep central Indo‐West Pacific Ocean, for reasons that remain unclear. Cephalopod evolution is generally considered as being driven by vertebrate predation; therefore, we investigated the role of whales and seals in the decline of nautiloids through the Cenozoic.

Location

Global.

Taxon

Nautiloids, pinnipeds, cetaceans.

Methods

Distribution data for nautiloids, pinnipeds and cetaceans through the Cenozoic were compiled and plotted on a series of paleogeographic maps. Nautiloid shell sizes were compiled and plotted against the first appearance of pinnipeds and cetaceans in key regions.

Results

From the Oligocene onward, nautiloids became extinct in areas where pinnipeds appeared. The exception is the agile nautiloidAturia, extinct globally at the end of the Miocene. A major role of odontocetes in the demise of nautiloids is not apparent, except for a few brevirostrine Oligocene taxa from the North American Atlantic and Pacific coasts, which appeared in these areas at the same time as nautilids disappeared. The Oligocene disappearance of nautiloids (exceptAturia) from the American Pacific coasts coincides with the development of oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) in this region.

Main conclusions

We hypothesize that the Cenozoic spread of pinnipeds drove nautiloids into their present‐day central Indo‐West Pacific refuge. Additional factors for the local extinction of nautiloids in the Oligocene include predation by short‐snouted whales and the development of OMZs, preventing nautiloids from retreating into deeper water.
Geographic and taxonomic biases in the vertebrate tree of life
Authors: Šmíd Jiří
Published: September 2022

Aim

Resolving the tree of life is among the greatest challenges for modern biology, yet genetic data for many species are lacking to infer their position in the tree with confidence. In fact, little is known about what the missing species are and where to look for them. I identify main hotspots that host the most unsampled vertebrate species and test the hypothesis that local diversity determines the degree of sampling effort.

Location

Global.

Taxon

Terrestrial vertebrates (amphibians, birds, mammals, reptiles).

Methods

I use published distributional data and search DNA sequence repositories to identify taxa with no genetic data available. I map spatial patterns of the unsampled diversity and sampling effort to test the effect of species richness on sampling completeness. I examine the dependence of country‐level sampling completeness on the country's socio‐economic development.

Results

About 24% of living terrestrial vertebrate species have no genetic data available. The Andes, Central Africa and the Malay Archipelago are the most unsampled. Sampling effort is highest in North America, continental South‐East Asia and Amazonia. In contrast, Central Africa, the Horn of Africa, Malay Archipelago and Andes are consistently the least sampled regions. Regions of low diversity are better sampled than biodiversity hotspots.

Main conclusions

The most unsampled species are in the tropics. I pinpoint several key regions that are least represented in the tree of life and where sampling should be prioritized. Country's wealth seems to be an informative proxy for its sampling completeness.
As Open as Possible, as Autonomous as Necessary: Understanding the Rise of Open Strategic Autonomy in EU Trade Policy
Authors: Schmitz Luuk , Seidl Timo
Published: September 2022

For decades, the EU's trade policy has been centred around open(ing) markets. Why, then, has the EU recently embraced open strategic autonomy as the conceptual cornerstone of its renewed trade policy? In this article, we argue that this move away from neoliberalism has to be understood against the background of a changing global environment. The geopoliticization of trade in particular has changed the Commission's view about how to best serve European interests (and values) but also provided an opening for neo‐mercantilist and socially oriented actors to challenge Europe's embedded neoliberal compromise. Using document analysis, interviews and discourse network analysis, we show how the Commission used open strategic autonomy as a coalition magnet to mobilize support for its new doctrine of qualified openness. Our paper contributes to understanding the ideational and coalitional politics behind the recent evolution of EU trade policy as well as broader debates around European autonomy and sovereignty.
Acquired ichthyosis, asteatotic dermatitis or xerosis? An update on pathoetiology and drug‐induced associations
Authors: Park Jason S. , Saeidian Amir H. , Youssefian Leila , Hsu Sylvia , Vahidnezhad Hassan , Uitto Jouni
Published: September 2022

Acquired ichthyosis (AI) is a relatively rare cutaneous entity characterized by transient, generalized scaling and pruritus in the absence of family history of ichthyosis or atopic disease. The hyperkeratosis in AI can range from the mild, white‐to‐brown scaling resembling that in ichthyosis vulgaris (IV) to the more prominent dark brown scaling phenotype, similar to that found in lamellar ichthyosis. The disease can wax and wane in relation to endogenous and/or exogenous factors. Histopathology of AI is similar to that found in IV. AI is usually of cosmetic concern to patients but can, in some cases, reflect the presence of more serious conditions, including malignancies, autoimmune diseases or metabolic disorders. In some cases, AI can be an adverse effect of a medication or the cutaneous symptom of a toxic exposure. Other conditions, such as severe xerosis or eczema, can present with clinical findings similar to AI, making diagnosis a challenge. Furthermore, cases of AI are sporadic throughout the literature and have been documented across a wide variety of medical settings distinct from dermatology, which often contribute to misdiagnosis of this disease. Definitive management requires prompt identification and treatment of the inciting factors combined with conservative therapies, which can include topical emollients, keratolytics, retinoids or corticosteroids, and in rare cases, oral retinoids.
Egg cell‐secreted aspartic proteases ECS1/2 promote gamete attachment to prioritize the fertilization of egg cells over central cells in Arabidopsis
Authors: Jiang Jiahao , Stührwohldt Nils , Liu Tianxu , Huang Qingpei , Li Ling , Zhang Li , Gu Hongya , Fan Liumin , Zhong Sheng , Schaller Andreas , Qu Li‐Jia
Published: September 2022

Double fertilization is an innovative phenomenon in angiosperms, in which one sperm cell first fuses with the egg cell to produce the embryo, and then the other sperm fuses with the central cell to produce the endosperm. However, the molecular mechanism of the preferential fertilization of egg cells is poorly understood. In this study, we report that two egg cell‐secreted aspartic proteases, ECS1 and ECS2, play an important role in promoting preferential fertilization of egg cells in Arabidopsis. We show that simultaneous loss of ECS1 and ECS2 function resulted in an approximately 20% reduction in fertility, which can be complemented by the full‐length ECS1/2 but not by corresponding active site mutants or by secretion‐defective versions of ECS1/2. Detailed phenotypic analysis revealed that the egg cell–sperm cell attachment was compromised in ecs1 ecs2 siliques. Limited pollination assays with cyclin‐dependent kinase a1 (cdka;1) pollen showed that preferential egg cell fertilization was impaired in the ecs1 ecs2 mutant. Taken together, these results demonstrate that egg cells secret two aspartic proteases, ECS1 and ECS2, to facilitate the attachment of sperm cells to egg cells so that preferential fertilization of egg cells is achieved. This study reveals the molecular mechanism of preferential fertilization in Arabidopsis thaliana.
Serum autotaxin levels correlate with the severity of pruritus in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy
Authors: Süzen Çaypınar Sema , Oğlak Süleyman Cemil , Behram Mustafa , Gedik Özköse Zeynep , Sezer Salim , Karakaş Sema
Published: September 2022

Purpose

This study aimed to examine autotaxin (ATX) concentrations in the serum of pregnant women complicated with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) and compare them with individuals with uncomplicated healthy pregnancies.

Methods

This prospective case–control study took place with 83 pregnant women. The study group included 43 pregnant women presenting with a singleton pregnancy diagnosed with ICP in their third trimester of pregnancy. The diagnostic power of the ATX variable was examined by receiver operating characteristic analysis, and the cut‐off value calculated according to the Youden index was summarized with the related sensitivity and specificity points.

Results

The mean serum concentration of maternal ATX was significantly higher in the ICP cases (8.91 ± 2.69 pg/mL) compared to the pregnant women in the control group (3.59 ± 1.39 ng/mL, p < 0.001). According to the Youden index, a 5.80 ng/mL cut‐off value of serum ATX concentrations can be used to diagnose ICP with 97.7% sensitivity and 97.5% specificity. A significant highly positive correlation was found between maternal serum ATX levels and maternal serum total bile acid levels (r = 0.633 and p < 0.001) and itch intensity, which was objectified by the visual analog scale score (r = 0.951 and p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Maternal serum ATX levels were significantly increased in ICP patients as compared with healthy pregnant women. Also, serum ATX activity was highly correlated with the itch intensity. We consider that ATX might represent a robust, accurate, and reliable circulating biomarker to diagnose ICP.
Dosing protocols to increase the efficacy of butorphanol in dogs
Authors: Springfield Dariyan , KuKanich Butch , Gray Mackenzie , KuKanich Kate , Lai Poyu
Published: September 2022

The purpose of this study was to improve butorphanol dosing in dogs. Twelve Beagles (6 males, 6 females) were enrolled. Six were randomly allocated to each butorphanol treatment: IV (0.4 mg/kg), IV loading dose (0.2 mg/kg) with IV CRI (0.2 mg/kg/h for 8 h), SC (0.4 mg/kg), SC (0.8 mg/kg) with an equal volume sodium bicarbonate (SC‐bicarbonate), and IV after CYP inhibitors. We hypothesized that the CRI would produce longer durations than IV bolus, and SC‐bicarbonate suspension would produce longer durations than SC. Hypothermia, an opioid effect paralleling antinociception in dogs, and sedation were evaluated. Pharmacokinetics and CYP inhibitor effects on butorphanol pharmacokinetics were determined. Rectal temperatures were significantly lower than baseline from 1.5–4 h (IV), 1–5 h (CRI), and 2–7 h (SC‐bicarbonate), but not after SC. Dogs in all treatments had sedation. Butorphanol's half‐life was ~1.5 h. SC‐bicarbonate had lower bioavailability (61%) relative to SC, with no sustained release, and the CRI mean steady‐state plasma concentration was 43.1 ng/ml. CYP inhibitors had minor pharmacokinetic effects on butorphanol. Butorphanol 0.4 mg/kg IV and 0.2 mg/kg loading dose with 0.2 mg/kg/h CRI decreased rectal temperature, but 0.4 mg/kg SC did not. Further studies are required to determine clinical analgesia of butorphanol.
Effect of common genetic variants on the risk of cirrhosis in non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease during 20 years of follow‐up
Authors: Holmer Magnus , Ekstedt Mattias , Nasr Patrik , Zenlander Robin , Wester Axel , Tavaglione Federica , Romeo Stefano , Kechagias Stergios , Stål Per , Hagström Hannes
Published: September 2022

Background and Aims

Several genotypes associate with a worse histopathological profile in patients with non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Whether genotypes impact long‐term outcomes is unclear. We investigated the importance of PNPLA3, TM6SF2, MBOAT7 and GCKR genotype for the development of severe outcomes in NAFLD.

Method

DNA samples were collected from 546 patients with NAFLD. Advanced fibrosis was diagnosed by liver biopsy or elastography. Non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) was histologically defined. Additionally, 5396 controls matched for age, sex and municipality were identified from population‐based registers. Events of severe liver disease and all‐cause mortality were collected from national registries. Hazard ratios (HRs) adjusted for age, sex, body mass index and type 2 diabetes were estimated with Cox regression.

Results

In NAFLD, the G/G genotype of PNPLA3 was associated with a higher prevalence of NASH at baseline (odds ratio [OR] 3.67, 95% CI = 1.66–8.08), but not with advanced fibrosis (OR 1.81, 95% CI = 0.79–4.14). After up to 40 years of follow‐up, the PNPLA3 G/G genotype was associated with a higher rate of severe liver disease (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 2.27, 95% CI = 1.15–4.47) compared with the C/C variant. NAFLD patients developed cirrhosis at a higher rate than controls (aHR 9.00, 95% CI = 6.85–11.83). The PNPLA3 G/G genotype accentuated this rate (aHR 23.32, 95% = CI 9.14–59.47). Overall mortality was not affected by any genetic variant.

Conclusion

The PNPLA3 G/G genotype is associated with an increased rate of cirrhosis in NAFLD. Our results suggest that assessment of the PNPLA3 genotype is of clinical relevance in patients with NAFLD to individualize monitoring and therapeutic strategies.
Regulation of the macrophage‐hepatic stellate cell interaction by targeting macrophage peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma to prevent non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis progression in mice
Authors: Ni Xi Xi , Ji Pei Xuan , Chen Yu Xin , Li Xiao Yun , Sheng Li , Lian Min , Guo Can Jie , Hua Jing
Published: September 2022

Background & Aims

Macrophages display remarkable plasticity and can interact with surrounding cells to affect hepatic immunity and tissue remodelling during the progression of liver diseases. Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) plays a critical role in macrophage maturation, polarization and metabolism. In this study, we investigated the role of PPARγ in macrophage–hepatic stellate cell (HSC) interaction during non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) development.

Methods

Wild‐type, Ppargfl/fl and PpargΔLyz2 mice were fed a methionine‐ and choline‐deficient (MCD) diet to induce NASH. Depletion of macrophages was performed using an injection of gadolinium chloride intraperitoneally. PPARγ‐overexpressing or PPARγ‐knockout macrophages were stimulated with saturated fatty acid (SFA) and cocultured with HSCs in a conditioned medium or the transwell coculture system.

Results

Depletion of macrophages inhibited HSC activation and ameliorated NASH progression in MCD diet‐fed mice. Coculturing HSCs with macrophages or culturing HSCs in a macrophage‐conditioned medium‐facilitated HSC activation, and this effect was magnified when macrophages were metabolically activated by SFA. Moreover, the absence of PPARγ in macrophages enhanced metabolic activation, promoting the migration and activation of HSCs through IL‐1β and CCL2. In contrast, overexpression of PPARγ in macrophages obtained the opposite effects. In vivo, macrophage‐specific PPARγ knockout affected the phenotype of hepatic macrophages and HSCs, involving the MAPK and NLRP3/caspase‐1/IL‐1β signalling pathways. Infiltrating hepatic monocyte‐derived macrophages became the predominant macrophages in NASH liver, especially in PpargΔLyz2 mice, paralleling with aggravated inflammation and fibrosis.

Conclusions

Regulating macrophage PPARγ affected the metabolic activation of macrophages and their interaction with HSCs. Macrophage‐specific PPARγ may be an attractive therapeutic target for protecting against NASH‐associated inflammation and fibrosis.
European Ukrainians and their fight against Russian invasion
Authors: Onuch Olga
Published: September 2022

Is there evidence of significant ethno‐linguistic/ethno‐national rallying around the nation in Ukraine—as social science would have us expect in times of conflict? And, if so, might we expect this ethno‐linguistic/ethno‐national identity to rise with the prolongation of war? Or instead, is Ukrainian “civic‐ness” the primary rally call that shaped and shapes collective identity in Ukraine? And if this collective identity is not ethno‐linguistic in orientation then what values and political dispositions are bringing Ukrainians together in a time of crisis and war? Whilst political science might suggest that violence and extended periods of war can produce rallying to ethno‐linguistic/ethno‐national identity—original panel survey data collected among the Ukrainian population in March/April 2019, January/February 2021, and 2 December 2021/16 February 2022 coupled with a cross‐sectional nationally representative survey collected 19–24 May 2022 provide evidence that ongoing regional war, crises, and now all‐out invasion by Russia have shored up civic and not ethno‐linguistic/ethno‐national identities. Moreover, this civic identity is bounded to pro‐European pro‐democratic orientations.
Response of internal carotid artery blood flow velocity to fluid challenge under general anesthesia in pediatric patients with moyamoya disease: A prospective observational study
Authors: Kim Eun‐Hee , Park Jung‐Bin , Kang Pyoyoon , Ji Sang‐Hwan , Jang Young‐Eun , Lee Ji‐Hyun , Kim Jin‐Tae , Kim Hee‐Soo
Published: September 2022

Background

Maintaining cerebral blood flow is important in intraoperative management of moyamoya disease patients.

Aims

To access changes in the carotid artery blood flow velocity in response to fluid challenge, blood pressure, and cardiac output under general anesthesia in pediatric patients with moyamoya disease.

Methods

This observational study included pediatric patients with moyamoya disease undergoing general anesthesia for encephaloduroarteriosynangiosis. Each patient underwent an ultrasound assessment thrice as follows: after anesthetic induction (T1), after fluid challenge (10 ml/kg, T2), and at the end of surgery (T3). The primary outcome was the change in the internal carotid artery blood flow velocity after fluid challenge and was assessed using a paired t‐test. The secondary outcomes comprised changes in the internal, external, and common carotid artery blood flow peak velocities after fluid challenge and the factors influencing these changes.

Results

We enrolled and analyzed 30 patients with a mean age of 7.2 years. After fluid challenge, the systolic (p = .003) and mean blood pressure (p = .017), stroke volume index (p = .008), and cardiac index (p = .140) were higher than those at T1. However, both internal carotid artery blood flow velocities did not change after fluid challenge (p = .798, mean difference and 95% confidence interval [CI], −1.1 and −10.3 to 8.0 for right, p = .164, mean difference and 95% CI, −5.2 and −12.7 to 2.2 for left). The internal carotid artery blood flow velocity was correlated with the cardiac index, stroke volume index, and mean and diastolic blood pressure, with low significance.

Conclusions

The internal carotid artery blood flow velocity did not increase in pediatric patients with moyamoya disease under general anesthesia, despite fluid challenge and corresponding changes in the blood pressure and cardiac output. Intraoperative hemodynamic management to improve the cerebral blood flow in these patients requires further investigation.
Role of glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase in rice leaf blades in elevated CO2 environments
Authors: Kim Y. , Takahashi S. , Obayashi H. , Miyao M.
Published: September 2022

Glycerophosphodiester phosphodiesterase (GDPD; EC 3.1.4.46) is involved in plant phosphate (Pi) utilization and its expression is upregulated under phosphorus (P)‐deficient conditions. Although rice was grown under P‐sufficient conditions, the transcript levels of specific OsGDPD were upregulated in mature rice leaf blades (LB) in elevated CO2 (eCO2) environments.

Expression and subcellular localization of GDPD, and contents of Pi, sugar phosphates and carbohydrates were analysed to clarify the physiological function of GDPD in rice under eCO2.

Under eCO2, expression of specific OsGDPD increased only in mature rice LB in which low Pi concentrations were observed. Moreover, eCO2‐induced OsGDPD2 and OsGDPD3 were localized in the plastid, indicating that GDPD2 and GDPD3 may be related to plastidic functions, such as carbon assimilation. Although rice LB contained more carbohydrates under eCO2 than under ambient CO2, the phosphoglucose content decreased under eCO2, suggesting that the need for excess phosphoglucose to synthesize carbohydrates under eCO2 causes a local Pi deficiency. Furthermore, we confirmed that glycerol‐3‐phosphate produced by the catalysis of GDPD from glycerophosphodiester contributes to carbohydrate accumulation in rice LB.

Our findings suggest that local Pi deficiency due to excess carbohydrate accumulation under eCO2 influences GDPD to enhance glycerophosphodiester hydrolysis.
Foreign Direct Investment and the Environment: A Cross‐National Analysis of Carbon Dioxide Emissions Per Capita, 1980–20181
Authors: Mejia Steven A.
Published: September 2022

Social scientists have long debated the environmental impacts of foreign direct investment (FDI). This research empirically evaluates the competing theoretical expectations of neoclassical economic theory and FDI dependency theory regarding the FDI and carbon dioxide emissions per capita relationship. Results from fixed effects panel regression models indicate that inward FDI stocks in all economic sectors exert a beneficial effect on carbon dioxide emissions per capita in analyses of developed countries, developing countries, and in a global sample of countries. I thus consistently find empirical support for neoclassical economic theory. This research contributes to an emerging body of scholarship finding that foreign capital penetration—in some cases—produces beneficial effects.
Evaluation of aural masses submitted as inflammatory polyps in 20 dogs (2000–2020)
Authors: Schuldenfrei Marvin D. , Lam Andrea T. H. , Outerbridge Catherine A. , White Stephen D. , Affolter Verena K.
Published: September 2022

Background

Canine non‐neoplastic aural polypoid masses (APMs) are uncommon, with few published studies.

Objectives

The aim of this retrospective study was to characterise the clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging and histopathological results for APMs submitted as aural inflammatory polyps (AIPs).

Animals

Twenty dogs with APMs evaluated at a veterinary teaching hospital.

Materials and Methods

Cases were selected by searching computerised medical records from 2000 to 2020, using keywords ‘canine’, ‘aural/otic polyp’ and ‘aural/otic inflammatory mass’. Histological samples and medical records were reviewed.

Results

In 14 of 20 dogs, external ear canal masses were characterised by keratinised squamous epithelium with or without adnexa. Tympanic bulla origin was confirmed in four of 20 dogs by the presence of cuboidal to ciliated columnar epithelium, with or without squamous epithelium. The site of origin could not be determined in two dogs. Diagnostic imaging (MRI or CT) confirmed APM presence in 14 of 20 dogs. Otitis media was diagnosed in four of four tympanic bulla APMs and seven of 13 ear canal APMs. In 18 of 20 dogs, debulking, traction avulsion, and total ear canal ablation and bulla osteotomy led to APM resolution in two of eight, four of six and four of four dogs, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Type of epithelium was a key feature in determining the APM origin, and interpretation in conjunction with video otoscopy and diagnostic imaging was crucial. Canine APMs more commonly arose from the ear canal. Tympanic bulla APMs and APMs of undetermined origin were comparable to feline AIPs. Regardless of APM origin site, debulking had the greatest likelihood of recurrence.
Specialization for the pro-étale fundamental group
Authors: Achinger Piotr , Lara Marcin , Youcis Alex
Published: September 2022

For a formal scheme$\mathfrak {X}$of finite type over a complete rank-one valuation ring, we construct a specialization morphism\[ \pi^{\mathrm{dJ}}_1(\mathfrak{X}_\eta) \to \pi^{{\textrm{pro}}\unicode{x00E9}{\textrm{t}}}_1(\mathfrak{X}_k) \]from the de Jong fundamental group of the rigid generic fiber to the Bhatt–Scholze pro-étale fundamental group of the special fiber. The construction relies on an interplay between admissible blowups of$\mathfrak {X}$and normalizations of the irreducible components of$\mathfrak {X}_k$, and employs the Berthelot tubes of these irreducible components in an essential way. Using related techniques, we show that under certain smoothness and semistability assumptions, covering spaces in the sense of de Jong of a smooth rigid space which are tame satisfy étale descent.
Bökstedt periodicity and quotients of DVRs
Authors: Krause Achim , Nikolaus Thomas
Published: September 2022

In this paper we compute the topological Hochschild homology of quotients of discrete valuation rings (DVRs). Along the way we give a short argument for Bökstedt periodicity and generalizations over various other bases. Our strategy also gives a very efficient way to redo the computations of $\operatorname {THH}$ (respectively, logarithmic $\operatorname {THH}$) of complete DVRs originally due to Lindenstrauss and Madsen (respectively, Hesselholt and Madsen).
Simple and Effective Fault Diagnosis Method of Power Lithium-Ion Battery Based on GWA-DBN
Authors: Bin Pan , Wen Gao , Yuhang Peng , Zhili Hu , Lujun Wang , Jiuchun Jiang
Published: September 2022

In order to improve the accuracy of battery pack inconsistency fault detection, an optimal deep belief network (DBN) single battery inconsistency fault detection model based on the gray wolf algorithm (GWA) was proposed. The performance of the DBN model is affected by the weights and bias parameters, and the gray wolf algorithm has a good ability to seek optimization, so the gray wolf algorithm is used to optimize the connection weights of the DBN model. Therefore, the accuracy rate of battery inconsistency diagnosis is improved. The battery voltage characteristic data is used as the input signal of the DBN model. The health and faults of the single cells are used as the output signals of the DBN model. The battery inconsistency fault detection model of GWA-DBN is established. Through the comparison and simulation with other algorithms, it is proved that the designed model has higher diagnostic accuracy, better fitting effect, and good application prospect.
Wave Propagation in Timoshenko–Ehrenfest Nanobeam: A Mixture Unified Gradient Theory
Authors: Faghidian S. Ali , Elishakoff Isaac
Published: September 2022

A size-dependent elasticity theory, founded on variationally consistent formulations, is developed to analyze the wave propagation in nanosized beams. The mixture unified gradient theory of elasticity, integrating the stress gradient theory, the strain gradient model, and the traditional elasticity theory, is invoked to realize the size effects at the ultra-small scale. Compatible with the kinematics of the Timoshenko–Ehrenfest beam, a stationary variational framework is established. The boundary-value problem of dynamic equilibrium along with the constitutive model is appropriately integrated into a single function. Various generalized elasticity theories of gradient type are restored as particular cases of the developed mixture unified gradient theory. The flexural wave propagation is formulated within the context of the introduced size-dependent elasticity theory and the propagation characteristics of flexural waves are analytically addressed. The phase velocity of propagating waves in carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is inversely reconstructed and compared with the numerical simulation results. A viable approach to inversely determine the characteristic length-scale parameters associated with the generalized continuum theory is proposed. A comprehensive numerical study is performed to demonstrate the wave dispersion features in a Timoshenko–Ehrenfest nanobeam. Based on the presented wave propagation response and ensuing numerical illustrations, the original benchmark for numerical analysis is detected.
Extracellular vesicles as central regulators of blood vessel function in cancer
Authors: Kugeratski Fernanda G. , Santi Alice , Zanivan Sara
Published: September 2022

Blood vessels deliver oxygen and nutrients that sustain tumor growth and enable the dissemination of cancer cells to distant sites and the recruitment of intratumoral immune cells. In addition, the structural and functional abnormalities of the tumor vasculature foster the development of an aggressive tumor microenvironment and impair the efficacy of existing cancer therapies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as major players of tumor progression, and a growing body of evidence has demonstrated that EVs derived from cancer cells trigger multiple responses in endothelial cells that alter blood vessel function in tumors. EV-mediated signaling in endothelial cells can occur through the transfer of functional cargos such as miRNAs, lncRNAs, cirRNAs, and proteins. Moreover, membrane-bound proteins in EVs can elicit receptor-mediated signaling in endothelial cells. Together, these mechanisms reprogram endothelial cells and contribute to the sustained exacerbated angiogenic signaling typical of tumors, which, in turn, influences cancer progression. Targeting these angiogenesis-promoting EV-dependent mechanisms may offer additional strategies to normalize tumor vasculature. Here, we discuss the current knowledge pertaining to the contribution of cancer cell–derived EVs in mechanisms regulating blood vessel functions in tumors. Moreover, we discuss the translational opportunities in targeting the dysfunctional tumor vasculature using EVs and highlight the open questions in the field of EV biology that can be addressed using mass spectrometry–based proteomics analysis.
Reduced Ceftaroline Susceptibility among Invasive MRSA Infections in Children: a Clinical and Genomic Investigation
Authors: McNeil J. Chase , Sommer Lauren M. , Vallejo Jesus G. , Hulten Kristina G. , Kaplan Sheldon L. , Flores Anthony R.
Published: September 2022

Ceftaroline represents an attractive therapy option for methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA). Little data is available, however, regarding the frequency of reduced susceptibility (RS) to ceftaroline among pediatric MRSA infections.
Development of a Bacteriophage Cocktail against Pectobacterium carotovorum Subsp.
carotovorum
and Its Effects on
Pectobacterium
Virulence
Authors: Kim Hyeongsoon , Kim Minsik , Jee Sam-Nyu , Heu Sunggi , Ryu Sangryeol
Published: September 2022

Pectobacterium carotovorum
subsp.
carotovorum
is a phytopathogen that causes soft rot disease in various crops by producing plant cell wall-degrading enzymes (PCWDEs). Although antibiotics and copper-based pesticides have been extensively applied to inhibit
P. carotovorum
subsp.
carotovorum
, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and demand for harmless antimicrobial products have emphasized the necessity of finding alternative therapeutic strategies.
The Involvement of Atlastin in Dengue Virus and
Wolbachia
Infection in Aedes aegypti and Its Regulation by aae-miR-989
Authors: Hussain Mazhar , Bradshaw Twyla , Lee Morris , Asgari Sassan
Published: September 2022

Atlastin is a protein associated with the endoplasmic reticulum and has been shown to play a role in replication of flaviviruses in mammalian cells. This study aimed to investigate the role of mosquito
Aedes aegypti
atlastin (AaATL) in dengue virus replication and maintenance of
Wolbachia
, an endosymbiotic bacterium, in the mosquito.
Fitness Trade-Offs in Phage Cocktail-Resistant Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Results in Increased Antibiotic Susceptibility and Reduced Virulence
Authors: Gao Dongyang , Ji Hongyue , Wang Linkang , Li Xinxin , Hu Dayue , Zhao Junna , Wang Shuang , Tao Pan , Li Xiangmin , Qian Ping
Published: September 2022

The selection pressure of phage promotes bacterial mutation, which results in a fitness cost. Such fitness trade-offs are related to the host receptor of the phage; therefore, we can utilize knowledge of bacterial receptors used by phages as a criterion for designing phage cocktails.
Primary adrenal insufficiency masking as an adrenal B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Kuhn Eric , Sanchez John R , Shakir Mohamed KM , Hoang Thanh Duc
Published: September 2022

We report here a woman in her 70s presenting with adrenal insufficiency secondary to a primary adrenal lymphoma. The patient had a previous history of aphthous ulcers on dexamethasone and was referred to endocrinology with symptoms of fatigue and orthostasis. Subsequent Cosyntropin stimulation showed primary adrenal insufficiency and adrenal CT demonstrated large infiltrative masses. Adrenal biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of primary adrenal lymphoma of the B-cell type. This case demonstrates the importance of including lymphoma in the differential diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency, particularly in the elderly population and in the setting of negative 21-hydroxlyase antibody results.
Barriers and facilitators to the adoption and implementation of evidence-based injury prevention training programmes: a narrative review
Authors: Minnig Mary Catherine , Hawkinson Lauren , Root Hayley J , Driban Jeffrey , DiStefano Lindsay J , Callahan Leigh , Ambrose Kirsten R , Spang Jeffrey T , Golightly Yvonne M
Published: September 2022

While there is a multitude of evidence supporting the efficacy of injury prevention training programmes, the literature investigating the implementation of these programmes is, in contrast, rather limited. This narrative review sought to describe the commonly reported barriers and facilitators of the implementation of injury prevention training programmes among athletes in organised sport. We also aimed to identify necessary steps to promote the uptake and sustainable use of these programmes in non-elite athletic communities. We identified 24 publications that discussed implementing evidence-based injury prevention training programmes. Frequently reported barriers to implementation include the perceived time and financial cost of the programme, coaches lacking confidence in their ability to implement it, and the programme including exercises that were difficult or confusing to follow. Frequently reported facilitators to implementation include the coach being aware of programme efficacy, shared motivation to complete the programme from both coaches and athletes, and the ability to easily integrate the programme into practice schedules. The current literature is focused on high-income, high-resource settings. We recommend that future studies focus on understanding the best practices of programme dissemination in culturally and economically diverse regions. Programmes ought to be of no financial burden to the user, be simply adaptable to different sports and individual athletes and be available for use in easily accessible forms, such as in a mobile smartphone application.
Development of GPC2-directed chimeric antigen receptors using mRNA for pediatric brain tumors
Authors: Foster Jessica B , Griffin Crystal , Rokita Jo Lynne , Stern Allison , Brimley Cameron , Rathi Komal , Lane Maria V , Buongervino Samantha N , Smith Tiffany , Madsen Peter J , Martinez Daniel , Delaidelli Alberto , Sorensen Poul H , Wechsler-Reya Robert J , Karikó Katalin , Storm Phillip B , Barrett David M , Resnick Adam C , Maris John M , Bosse Kristopher R
Published: September 2022

Background

Pediatric brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer death in children with an urgent need for innovative therapies. Glypican 2 (GPC2) is a cell surface oncoprotein expressed in neuroblastoma for which targeted immunotherapies have been developed. This work aimed to characterize GPC2 expression in pediatric brain tumors and develop an mRNA CAR T cell approach against this target.

Methods

We investigated GPC2 expression across a cohort of primary pediatric brain tumor samples and cell lines using RNA sequencing, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry. To target GPC2 in the brain with adoptive cellular therapies and mitigate potential inflammatory neurotoxicity, we used optimized mRNA to create transient chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. We developed four mRNA CAR T cell constructs using the highly GPC2-specific fully human D3 single chain variable fragment for preclinical testing.

Results

We identified high GPC2 expression across multiple pediatric brain tumor types including medulloblastomas, embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes, other central nervous system embryonal tumors, as well as definable subsets of highly malignant gliomas. We next validated and prioritized CAR configurations using in vitro cytotoxicity assays with GPC2-expressing neuroblastoma cells, where the light-to-heavy single chain variable fragment configurations proved to be superior. We expanded the testing of the two most potent GPC2-directed CAR constructs to GPC2-expressing medulloblastoma and high-grade glioma cell lines, showing significant GPC2-specific cell death in multiple models. Finally, biweekly locoregional delivery of 2–4 million GPC2-directed mRNA CAR T cells induced significant tumor regression in an orthotopic medulloblastoma model and significantly prolonged survival in an aggressive orthotopic thalamic diffuse midline glioma xenograft model. No GPC2-directed CAR T cell related neurologic or systemic toxicity was observed.

Conclusion

Taken together, these data show that GPC2 is a highly differentially expressed cell surface protein on multiple malignant pediatric brain tumors that can be targeted safely with local delivery of mRNA CAR T cells, laying the framework for the clinical translation of GPC2-directed immunotherapies for pediatric brain tumors.
Diversity among rare and common congeneric plant species from the Garry oak and Okanagan shrub-steppe ecosystems in British Columbia: implications for conservation
Authors: Hersh Evan W. , Wheeler Erica J. , Costanzo Brenda , Ramakrishnan Alisa P. , Miscampbell Allyson E. , Ritland Carol , Whitton Jeannette , Gorrell Jamieson C. , Harrower William
Published: September 2022

It is often assumed that the northern peripheral populations of species’ ranges are genetically depauperate due in part to founder effects from postglacial colonization. The majority of federally protected plant species are peripheral in Canada, yet we have little information about their patterns of genetic diversity and structure. In British Columbia, the majority of these protected plant species occur in two threatened habitats: the Garry oak and Okanagan shrub-steppe ecosystems. Using universal noncoding chloroplast DNA markers, we investigated genetic diversity and genetic structure in four rare and common plant species pairs inhabiting these two ecosystems. We found that rare species had lower genetic diversity than their common congeners, and detected contrasting patterns of regional diversity and structure based on ecosystem. Species from the Garry oak ecosystem showed lower genetic diversity in the northern deglaciated region and significant differentiation between regions, likely due to limited dispersal between Vancouver Island and the mainland. Species from the Okanagan shrub-steppe, however, tended to have uniform diversity across their range and lack regional structure. This study provides an important first look at the phylogeographic patterns of four rare plant species in British Columbia.
Thyroid hormones regulate reelin expression in neuropsychiatric disorders
Authors: Su Yadi , Yang Xiaoyu , Yang Lu , Liu Xinjing , She Zhenghang , Zhang Youwen , Dong Zhifang
Published: September 2022

The incidence and prevalence of hypothyroidism in pregnancy have increased over the past two decades, leading to the occurrence of neuropsychiatric disorders. However, the underlying mechanisms of thyroid hormone (TH)-regulated gene expression and neuropsychiatric development during the postnatal period remain unknown. Recent achievements have shown that reelin, a large extracellular glycoprotein, plays a crucial role in neuronal migration and localization during the development of neocortex and cerebellar cortex, thereby participating in the development of neuropsychiatric diseases. Reelin-induced neuronal migration requires triiodothyronine (T3) from the deiodination of thyroxine (T4) by fetal brain deiodinases. Previous studies have reported decreased reelin levels and abnormal gene expression, which are the same as the pathological alternations in reelin-induced neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and autism. Low T3 in the fetal brain due to hypothyroxinemia during pregnancy may be detrimental to neuronal migration, leading to neuropsychiatric disorders. In this review, we focus on the reelin expression between hypothyroidism and neuropsychiatric disorders.