bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Loose Cannons and Rule Breakers, or Enterprising Leaders? Some Evidence About Innovative Public Managers
Authors: Borins Sandford
Published: March 2003

One element of the debate over New Public Management concerns public‐sector entrepreneurship. Critics see entrepreneurs as people prone to rule breaking, self‐promotion, and unwarranted risk taking, while proponents view them as exercising leadership and taking astute initiatives. This article examines two samples of the best applications to the Ford Foundation—Kennedy School of Government innovation awards, one between 1990 and 1994 and the other between 1995 and 1998, to see whether they are more consistent with the critics' or proponents' views. The second sample closely replicates the first, and the evidence from both strongly supports the proponents' views. Innovators are creatively solving public‐sector problems and are usually proactive in that they deal with problems before they escalate to crises. They use appropriate organizational channels to build support for their ideas. They take their opponents seriously and attempt to win support for their ideas through persuasion or accommodation.
Reinvention As Reform: Assessing the National Performance Review
Authors: Thompson James R.
Published: March 2003

The conclusion of the Clinton Administration presents an opportune time to investigate the outcomes of the National Performance Review (NPR). Any such evaluation, however, is complicated by the nature of the objectives sought, many of which relate to subtle and elusive elements of organizational life: empowering employees, inducing a less risk‐adverse culture, and enhancing the quality of service delivery. The strategy employed here as a means of gaining insight into such phenomena was to couple a broad review of government‐wide survey results with an in‐depth investigation into the impact of NPR on a single agency, the Social Security Administration. A conclusion is that many of the NPR's “higher‐order“ objectives have not been met on a systemic basis. While a variety of proximate explanations for this finding can be identified, a more fundamental explanation relates to a failure by the sponsors to adjust their strategy to account for basic differences between NPR and past reforms.
New Public Management and Substantive Democracy
Authors: Box Richard C. , Marshall Gary S. , Reed B.J. , Reed Christine M.
Published: March 2003

The authors are concerned that a remaining refuge of substantive democracy in America, the public sector, is in danger of abandoning it in favor of the market model of management. They argue that contemporary American democracy is confined to a shrunken procedural remnant of its earlier substantive form. The classical republican model of citizen involvement faded with the rise of liberal capitalist society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Capitalism and democracy coexist in a society emphasizing procedural protection of individual liberties rather than substantive questions of individual development. Today's market model of government in the form of New Public Management goes beyond earlier “reforms,” threatening to eliminate democracy as a guiding principle in public‐sector management. The authors discuss the usefulness of a collaborative model of administrative practice in preserving the value of democracy in public administration.
The Influence of Jurisdiction Size and Sale Type on Municipal Bond Interest Rates: An Empirical Analysis
Authors: Simonsen Bill , Robbins Mark D. , Helgerson Lee
Published: March 2003

The authors use data on municipal bond sales in Oregon from 1994 to 1997 to explore whether population (as a proxy for financial‐management capacity) and sale type (competitive or negotiated sale) influence interest rates. They find that smaller jurisdictions pay an interest cost penalty in the municipal bond market, and that competitive sales result in significantly lower interest rates compared to negotiated sales. The authors suggest that measures to enhance the financial‐management capacity of small governments are warranted and that state laws requiring justification for negotiated sales are appropriate.
From Street‐Level to System‐Level Bureaucracies: How Information and Communication Technology is Transforming Administrative Discretion and Constitutional Control
Authors: Bovens Mark , Zouridis Stavros
Published: March 2003

The use of information and communication technology (ICT) is rapidly changing the structure of a number of large, executive public agencies. They used to be machine bureaucracies in which street‐level officials exercised ample administrative discretion in dealing with individual clients. In some realms, the street‐level bureaucrats have vanished. Instead of street‐level bureaucracies, they have become system‐level bureaucracies. System analysts and software designers are the key actors in these executive agencies. This article explores the implications of this transformation from the perspective of the constitutional state. Thanks to ICT, the implementation of the law has virtually been perfected. However, some new issues rise: What about the discretionary power of the system‐level bureaucrats? How can we guarantee due process and fairness in difficult cases? The article ends with several institutional innovations that may help to embed these system‐level bureaucracies in the constitutional state.
What Are the Federal Home Loan Banks Up To? Emerging Views of Purpose among Institutional Leadership
Authors: Hoffmann Susan , Cassell Mark
Published: March 2003

The Federal Home Loan Bank System has come under sharp criticism in recent years, and the question has been raised as to whether it still has a public purpose. In this article, we ask what leaders in the Federal Home Loan Banks view their institutions' purpose to be in light of legislative changes to their mandates in 1989 and 1999. Based on interviews with FHLB executive managers and board members, we identify three clearly distinguishable views of these institutions' mission: housing finance, support for the viability of community financial institutions, and support for and community development. We go on to identify some of the implications of these distinctive views for the behavior of the FHLBs and for their governance structures.
Richard Pipe’s Lenin
Authors: Rabinowitch Alexander
Published: March 2003

Pipes, Richard (ed.), The Unknown Lenin: From the Secret Archives
Nicholas in Hell: Rewriting the Tsarist Narrative in the Revolutionary Skazki of 1917
Authors: Jones Hemenway Elizabeth
Published: March 2003

Once upon a time, long ago, the rotten system crashed down, and our native Rus' became free. There was no tsar or tsaritsa (that foreign bird) or police or ministers. Russians lived like people, not beasts. But let us take a look at the fate of our former tsar.

After stepping down from the throne and settling at Tsarskoe Selo to tend flowers and care for his cherished son Alexei, Nicholas has trouble feeling at ease. He digs in the garden and prunes his shrubs, but he's still restless and uncomfortable. Finally, he goes to the conservatory where Alexandra sits, very upset. He tries to comfort her, suggesting that they move far away from Russia—to Tunisia, perhaps—but his ideas for their new life together only make her angry. Nicholas trembles in fear under a table while she rants about their fate and mourns the loss of her Grisha [Rasputin], but finally her tantrum subsides, and he falls asleep, dreaming that he is flying to Heaven.

When he reaches the gates of Heaven, an angel rudely informs him that no “tsar‐tyrants” are needed there—he should proceed directly to Hell. As he enters the doors of Hell, a crowd of phantoms confronts him, accusing him of committing crimes and of inflicting unbearable suffering on them in life, while Beelzebub commands that he be thrown into a cauldron of boiling tar. In response, Nicholas protests that he was just carrying on the Romanov tradition, and asks why he alone should be found guilty when his ancestors also committed terrible crimes against the people. Then he glimpses an enormous cauldron, where his ancestors sit, boiling in the thick tar. And he gets the feeling that he too will fly into the pot.

Luckily, just at this moment Nicholas awakens from his horrifying dream.
Reexamining the Economic Costs of Marital Disruption for Women
Authors: McKeever Matthew , Wolfinger Nicholas H.
Published: March 2003

Objective. Changes in labor force participation and returns may have lessened divorce's traditionally severe economic consequences for women. Method. We use recent data from the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH) to analyze the economic well‐being of women whose marriages ended between the first and second waves of data collection. Results. Comparing pre‐ and postmarital median per capita income shows that marital disruption now has much more modest economic consequences for women than in years gone by. A multivariate analysis suggests that their higher postdivorce incomes can be primarily attributed to labor force participation and human capital. Conclusions. These findings suggest better life chances for divorcèes and their children.
Race, Class, and Gender Differences in High School Seniors' Values: Applying Intersection Theory in Empirical Analysis
Authors: Ovadia Seth
Published: March 2003

Objective. This article demonstrates how intersection theory can be applied in empirical studies by testing whether an individual's race, class, and gender have interactive effects. Methods. Data on high school students' ratings of the importance of equality, money, career, and family from the Monitoring the Future study are used. A stepwise regression model is employed to determine first whether additive effects exist in the data, and then whether interactions exist among race, class, and gender characteristics. Results. Previous findings of additive effects were generally confirmed in the first stage of the regressions, with some exceptions. For the money and family values, significant interactions exist between some pairs of characteristics, but three‐way interactions were not significant. For equality and career values, no significant interactions were found. Conclusions. Although there are times when additive models are sufficient to describe differences among groups, the omission of interaction terms can sometimes lead to misleading conclusions about the effects of race, class, and gender. Using intersection theory in empirical models will guard against this oversight and may lead to a broad theory of when significant race, class, and gender interactions should be expected.
1. Linking Life Histories and Mental Health: A Person-Centered Strategy
Authors: Singer Burton , Ryff Carol D. , Carr Deborah , Magee William J.
Published: March 2003

We present a strategy for using longitudinal survey data to identify life history pathways linked with mental health outcomes. The central aim is to begin with richly detailed descriptions of individual lives and, from them, to discern generalizable features of aggregates of multiple lives. Conceptual principles guiding the organization and interpretation of life history information are summarized. Data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS) are used to illustrate the specific steps for analyzing life histories of “resilient” women (those with a history of depression who report high levels of current well-being). The steps begin with writing narratives of individual life histories, which are then reviewed for commonalities, and subsequently thinned to more generic descriptions. The process culminates with tests of distinguishability, contrasting the “resilient” with three other mental health groups. Illustrating the constructive tensions between idiographic and nomothetic analyses, our approach documents multiple life pathways to resilience. The methodology also underscores the delicate interplay between activities of the mind and machine in facilitating scientific discovery.
8. Mover-Stayer Models for Analyzing Event Nonoccurrence and Event Timing with Time-Dependent Covariates: An Application to an Analysis of Remarriage
Authors: Yamaguchi Kazuo
Published: March 2003

This paper introduces a novel extension of mover-stayer models for duration data that allows time-dependent covariates to be used for both a pair of regression equations, one that identifies the determinants of event timing and one that identifies the determinants of the probability of ultimate event nonoccurrence. Existing models intended to distinguish covariate effects on event timing from those on event nonoccurrence cannot use time-dependent covariates in the equation for the probability of ultimate event nonoccurrence. This paper applies the new model to an analysis of remarriage among American women. The analysis generally demonstrates that some covariates effect remarriage timing while others affect the probability of ultimate remarriage nonoccurrence. Some differences in patterns of remarriage between black women and white women are also reported. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.
Revision of “Revisionism” or Return to Orthodoxy?
Authors: Kleinman Mark L.
Published: March 2003

John Lewis Gaddis We Now Know: Rethinking Cold War History
Finding a Usable Past: The Success of American World Federalism in the 1940s
Authors: Wooley Wesley T.
Published: March 2003

The United World Federalists were unusually successful during the l940s in gaining adherents and placing their ideas into the mainstream of American politics. In addressing recent issues that demand transnational or supranational solutions (ecological problems, migration of peoples, international crime, and economic globalization), the experience of the 1940s can be drawn upon for guidance. Success will depend on a favorable, yet fragile, ecosystem for the common sacrifice of sovereignty: pervasive fears of anarchy and hopes for a more ordered world, fluidity of diplomatic thought, realistic analysis of international politics, an expanded role for government, and the need for Americans to feel reasonably comfortable with the shape of supra‐national institutions. Future federalist accomplishments will depend on these lessons of the past.
The International Federalist Movement: Toward Global Governance
Authors: Baratta Joseph Preston
Published: March 2003

This long article surveys the historic international world federalist movement since 1947 as it has confronted the political problems of membership, powers, representation, and transition. The cold war and what is now called the “global problématique” are seen as causes for the defeat of early hopes to establish peace under the rule of world law. Current trends toward global governance are seen in the slow progress of national federations, delegations of sovereignty in national constitutions, acceptance of the non‐hierarchical UN system, common security, human rights, economic development, protection of the environment, and democracy. As national federations historically were ad hoc arrangements to create unity out of diversity, so the world order of the future will probably be as novel in comparison to the historic federations as the federations were to the confederations and monarchies that preceded them.
Interrogating Security: A Life Story in History
Authors: Smith Geoffrey S.
Published: March 2003

This essay seeks to synthesize personal memoir and history by focusing on the author's life experiences during his first thirteen years. Interrogating security suggests the ways in which big issues—war, peace, the threatof nuclear annihilation, security and secrecy, and youthful masculinity—hit home close to home as well as in the larger political arena. The essay also indicates important continuities between hot and cold war and—in microcosm—some of the costs of developments during the late 1940s and early 1950s. In sum, it proposes some reasons why a young boynurtured in a patriotic ambience became a ‘subversive’ adult.
A Trio of Books Applying the Ethic of Care: Personal, Institutional, and Global Dimensions
Authors: Duhan Kaplan Laura
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

Towards a Caring Society: Ideas into Action, by Pearl M. Oliner and Samuel P. Oliner

Caring in an Unjust World: Negotiating Borders and Barriers in Schools, edited by Deborah Eaker‐Rich and Jane Van Galen

Learning Peace: The Promise of Ecological and Cooperative Education, edited by Betty Reardon and Eva Nordland with the assistance of Peter Zuber
Righting the Sixties: The Long March of the Young Americans for Freedom
Authors: Goldberg Robert Alan
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed in this article:

John A. Andrew III, The Other Side of the Sixties: Young Americans for Freedom and the Rise of Conservative Politics

Gregory L. Schneider, Cadres for Conservatism: Young Americans for Freedom and the Rise of the Contemporary Right
Reflections on the First Century of the Nobel Peace Prize
Authors: Abrams Irwin
Published: March 2003

This reflection on Nobel Peace Prize history includes recent awards. The correspondence between Alfred Nobel and Bertha von Suttner provides a background for the challenge of assessing what constitutes peace work and the ambiguity of putting workers for peace into categories. Weighing the merits of awards to individuals and organizations respectively, institutional recognition becomes politically understandable, but seems less able to inspire emulation. Prizes for statesmen and political leaders get a very mixed evaluation in the light of historical context. Awards for human rights illustrate the most recently recognized form of peace work, and the role of organized campaigns for the prize pales against the dramatic story of personal achievement in the cause of humanity.
International Voluntary Services in Vietnam: War and the Birth of Activism, 1958–1967
Authors: Rodell Paul A.
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the evolution of the largest non‐governmental organization to serve in Vietnam, International Voluntary Services (IVS), from the perspective of three of its volunteers. All had served for substantial periods and were in positions of responsibility by September 1967, when they resigned in an open letter protesting American policy sent to President Lyndon B. Johnson. The letter was the product of their experiences and discussions, and expressed sentiments shared by an overwhelming number of their fellow volunteers, many of whom signed the letter in sympathy. Upon publication in the New York Times, the letter became a subject of controversy in Saigon and Washington, as the resignations were the first protest from within the American community in Vietnam. Perhaps as important, the resignations were the culmination of a process of reflection and growth that led the signers to a new understanding of social responsibility and activism.
The Latest Casualty of War: Catholic Relief Services, Humanitarianism, and the War in Vietnam, 1967–1968
Authors: Flipse Scott
Published: March 2003

The large humanitarian presence of Catholic Relief Services (CRS) in South Vietnam came under attack from antiwar activists after Michael Novak published a series of articles in the National Catholic Reporter. CRS could no longer claim that its work was nonpolitical, argued Novak, because the bulk of its foodstuff went to feed the Popular Forces militia, a village‐level civil defense force created by the government of South Vietnam. The implicit morality of charity was the “latest casualty” of an immoral war, he concluded. CRS defended itself by stating that its mission to the poor and homeless could only be carried out with the cooperation of the U.S. military and the South Vietnamese government. Not to help the needy was immoral, CRS argued. The resulting debate exposed a growing rift among Catholics concerning the Vietnam War, challenged the theological and pragmatic basis on which CRS operated the world’s largest international humanitarian organization, and signaled the end of a close partnership between church and state in the delivery of international humanitarian services.
Martin Luther King Jr. and the Cold War
Authors: Noer Thomas J.
Published: March 2003

Although Martin Luther King Jr. is best known for his leadership of the campaign for racial equality at home, he was also a persistent critic of U.S. policies abroad. In the decade after 1956, following his emergence as a national figure, King offered sporadic criticism of selected foreign policy issues within the general framework of cold war anticommunism. He first opposed American involvement in Vietnam in 1965 but abandoned his antiwar stance in the face of unexpectedly sharp attacks. King's failed efforts in Chicago in 1966 led to change in his critique of the cold war. Previously, he had tended to separate domestic issues from foreign affairs, but now he saw the two as intertwined. King now viewed the Vietnam War through a more radical lens, one that equated U.S. involvement with neocolonialism, economic self‐interest, and ingrained racism. King continued this more militant dissent until his assassination in April 1968.
The Use of Health Initiatives as Peace Initiatives
Authors: MacQueen Graeme , McCutcheon Richard , Santa Barbara Joanna
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the relationship between health initiatives and peace initiatives in the context of armed conflict. Our working definition of a “Health‐Peace Initiative” (HPI) is any initiative that intends to improve the health of people and that simultaneously heightens that group's level of peace, whether this peace is internal to the group or between the group and one or more other groups. We seek to identify multiple tracks to peace within a global analysis, arguing that HPIs should comprise an additional “track” in terms of their utility to the peace process. We offer examples of various kinds of HPIs already in use throughout the world.
The American Friends Service Committee, 1947–49: the Cold War's Effect
Authors: Ingle H. Larry
Published: March 2003

In a year when it received the recognition of a Nobel Peace Prize, the American Friends Service Committee entered into a period of marked transition. This study of the impact of the cold war on the organization examines the choices it faced on such issues as using professionals rather than volunteers for Service Committee work. More broadly, it shows the difficulties pacifists had in affecting American public opinion or foreign policy.
Ethnic Identity, Legitimizing Ideologies, and Social Status: A Matter of Ideological Asymmetry
Authors: Levin Shana , Sidanius Jim , Rabinowitz Joshua L. , Federico Christopher
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the ideological asymmetry hypothesis with respect tothe interface between legitimizing ideologies and psychological attachment to one's ethnic group. The ideological asymmetry hypothesis suggests that hierarchy‐enhancing legitimizing ideologies should be positively associated with ingroup attachment among high‐status groups, but that among low‐status groups these associations should be either less positive in magnitude (isotropic asymmetry) relative to high‐status groups or negative in direction (anisotropic asymmetry). The opposite pattern should be found with respect to the interface between hierarchy‐attenuating legitimizing ideologies and ingroup attachment: Among high‐status groups these associations should be negative, but among low‐status groups these associations should be either less negative in magnitude (isotropic asymmetry) relative to high‐status groups or positive in direction (anisotropic asymmetry). The presence of isotropic versus anisotropic asymmetry is hypothesized to depend on the degree of disparity in status between the groups being compared: Wider status gaps should tend toward anisotropic asymmetries. The relationships between legitimizing ideologies and ingroup attachment were compared for (1) relatively high‐status ethnic groups (European and Asian Americans) versus relatively low‐status ethnic groups (Latinos and African Americans) in the United States, (2) the higher‐status Jewish ethnic group (Ashkenazim) versus the lower‐status Jewish ethnic group (Mizrachim) in Israel, and (3) the high‐status Israeli Jews versus the low‐status Israeli Arabs. The data were largely consistent with the ideological asymmetry hypothesis. The implications of these findings are discussed within the theoretical frameworks of social dominance theory and other approaches to intergroup relations.
The Role of Candidate Sex in Voter Decision‐Making
Authors: Fox Richard L. , Smith Eric R. A. N.
Published: March 2003

Recent studies investigating the role of candidate sex in voter decision‐making have not found discrimination against women candidates. Thus, voter bias is often dismissed as part of the explanation for the drastic underrepresentation of women in high elective office. In a dual sample of Wyoming and California college students, bias against women candidates was found to be a factor in the vote choice. Studies that examine only one sample of voters in one region may be prematurely dismissing the possible existence of gender discrimination in some regions or cultures within the United States.
Why Do Bowling and Singing Matter? Group Characteristics, Membership, and Generalized Trust
Authors: Stolle Dietlind
Published: March 2003

Although membership in voluntary associations has been presumed to be a central element in the building of social capital, micro‐level knowledge about whether and how voluntary associations make their members more trusting and cooperative has been lacking. The link between trust and involvement in associations in Germany and Sweden was explored by means of a questionnaire concerning traits of individuals and of the associational groups to which they belong. The analysis of the resulting data set considered the extent to which various group characteristics (such as demographic diversity, in‐group trust, and engagement level) are related to the generalized trust of the members. The results indicate that more diverse, more engaged voluntary associations, and those with weak ties, indeed accommodate more trusting people. In particular, time spent in groups with foreigners, or in groups with weaker ties, affectsthe generalized trust levels of the members.
For Shame! The Effect of Community Cooperative Context on the Probability of Voting
Authors: Knack Stephen , Kropf Martha E.
Published: March 2003

The question of why some people vote in American national elections and others do not has been the focus of a vast literature in social science. This study builds on previous work emphasizing the political relevance of civic norms prescribing social cooperation. County‐level census response rates were used to measure the strength of civic norms in counties represented in the 1992 National Election Study (NES). The analysis shows that a person's likelihood of voting increases with the census response rate in the county of residence, controlling for the usual set of factors associated with turnout. The probability of voting was also correlated with the incidence of cooperative behavior in other arenas, such as giving to charities or willingly serving on juries. These findings provide support for the importance of cooperative norms in explaining political participation. In addition, the relationship between voting and county‐level census response was significantly greater among respondents who read newspapers more often; hence, newspapers evidently are one means by which social expectations are communicated.
Unity and Diversity in American Political Culture: An Exploratory Study of the National Conversation on American Pluralism and Identity
Authors: Merelman Richard M. , Streich Greg , Martin Paul
Published: March 2003

Drawing on participant observation and quantitative analysis, this paper investigates the National Conversation on American Pluralism and Identity, a series of local conversation projects organized by the National Endowment for the Humanities in 1995 and 1996. After linking this program to debates about American political culture, the paper analyzes the observational and survey data in light of five hypotheses about the conversations. The conversations reveal fundamental, unresolved dilemmas regarding the compatibility between American identity and ethnic pluralism, although the participants sometimes cope with these dilemmas in culturally creative ways.
Does Differential Cohort Socialization Matter? The “Age Invariance” Hypothesis and Political Socialization
Authors: Van Den Broek Andries
Published: March 2003

In classical and contemporary social theory alike, the key to understanding how cultural change comes about has been thought to lie in the long‐term effect of differential cohort socialization. Cultural change is thought to proceed as differently socialized cohorts replace each other in the course of time. Moreover, distinct generations have been claimed to emerge. Thisarticle addresses the impact of cohort replacement and the presence of generations, including discussions of the theoretical framework underlying these concepts and the problem of disentangling age, period, and cohort effects. Analyses of Dutch survey data substantiate that cohort membership matters. Yet the impact of cohort replacement on cultural change turns out to be limited, and little evidence is found in support of the idea that specific generations arediscernible.
Culture and Japanese Citizen Influence on the Transboundary Air Pollution Issue in Northeast Asia
Authors: Wilkening Kenneth E.
Published: March 2003

This paper outlines a general approach for analyzing the role of culture in international environmental policymaking. It draws on work in anthropology and foreign policy analysis. The first step is to view culture as a “toolkit of environmental ideas.” The second step, relative to a given research topic, is to delimit broad definitions of culture to more workable forms. Three forms are offered (following Hudson, 1997a): culture as organization of environmental meaning, as shared value preferences in environmental matters, and as templates for environmental action. The third step is to answer three basic questions relative to the specific definition of culture used: (a) Who draws what environmentally related ideas from the ideas toolkit? (b) How are these ideas used in the political arena? (c) How do these ideas, originally drawn upon for political purposes, change and in turn lead to changes in the set of environmentally related ideas in the culture? Ideas, once they have entered the political arena, are assumed to be embodied in a “discourse.” The terminology of discourse (and the body of theory built up around it) is used as a vehicle for examining the role of culture in international environmental policymaking. A practical application of this approach is presented in relation to the role of culture in the Japanese public's influence in Japan on policymaking on the northeast Asian transboundary air pollution issue.
On the Prospects for Democratic Deliberation: Values Analysis Applied to AustralianPolitics
Authors: Dryzek John S. , Braithwaite Valerie
Published: March 2003

Democratic theorists increasingly stress that democratic legitimacy rests primarily on authentic deliberation. Critics of deliberative democracy believe that this hope is unrealistic—that deliberation either will prove intractable across political differences or will exacerbate instability. This paper deploys some tools of political psychology, notably Q methodology and values analysis, to investigate the conditions under which effective deliberation is likely to occur. These tools are applied to contemporary political debates in Australia, concerned with how the Australian polity should be constituted in light of a reform agenda underpinned by a discourse we term “Inclusive Republicanism.” An investigation of the character of the basic value commitments associated with discursive positions in these debates shows that some differences will yield to deliberation, but others will not. When two discourses subscribe to different value bases, deliberation will induce reflection and facilitate positive‐sum outcomes. When a discourse has a value base but finds its specific goals opposed by a competitor that otherwise has no value base of its own, deliberation will be ineffective. When one discourse subscribes to a value base that another questions, but without providing an alternative, deliberation can help to bridge idealism and cynicism.
Transition of Adolescent Political Action Orientations to Voting Behavior in Early Adulthood in View of a Social‐Cognitive Action Theory Model of Personality
Authors: Krampen Günter
Published: March 2003

The political activity and voting behavior of 136 young German adults in 1994 were predicted by their political action orientations measured 7 years before. Respondents belonging to cohorts born in 1971, 1972, and 1973 were surveyed in 1987, 1988, and 1994. The questionnaires measured variables relevant to the social‐cognitive action theory model of personality: self‐concept of political competence, beliefs about political locus of control, political knowledge, trust in politics, satisfaction with politics, and political activity in everyday life. The results are interpreted with respect to the correlative and absolute stability versus plasticity of the variables from 1987 to 1994, as well as the predictive value of the action theory personality variables for political activities and for voting behavior measured 7 years later. Longitudinal results indicate a high predictive value of self‐concept of political competence and political knowledge for political activity and voting in early adulthood. Because only these two personality variables showed relatively high positional stability coefficients from adolescence to early adulthood, the discussion refers to the necessity of early developmental interventions to prevent extreme types of politically uninterested and passive adults. Therefore, the social‐cognitive action theory personality model of political participation is extended to a social‐cognitive action theory personality model of political socialization in the life span.
From Intractable Conflict Through Conflict Resolution To Reconciliation: Psychological Analysis
Authors: Bar‐Tal Daniel
Published: March 2003

Intractable intergroup conflicts require the formation of a conflictive ethos that enables a society to adapt to the conflict situation, survive the stressful period, and struggle successfully with the adversary. The formal termination of such a conflict begins with the elimination of the perceived incompatibility between the opposing parties through negotiation by their representatives—that is, a conflict resolution process. But this is only part of the long‐term reconciliation process, which requires the formation of peaceful relations based on mutual trust and acceptance, cooperation, and consideration of mutual needs. The psychological aspect of reconciliation requires a change in the conflictive ethos, especially with respect to societal beliefs about group goals, about the adversary group, about the ingroup, about intergroup relations, and about the nature of peace. In essence, psychological reconciliation requires the formation of an ethos of peace, but this is extremely difficult in cases of intractable conflict. Political psychologists can and should work to improve the state of knowledge about reconciliation,which until now has received much less attention than conflict resolution.
The Effects of Stakes and Threat on Foreign Policy Decision‐Making
Authors: Astorino‐Courtois Allison
Published: March 2003

Decision research demonstrates that individuals adapt decision processing strategies according to the characteristics of the decision task. Unfortunately, the literature has neglected task factors specific to foreign policy decisions. This paper presents experimental analyses of the effects of the decisional stakes (i.e., salience of the values at issue) and threat (risk of loss on those issues) on decision‐makers' information acquisition patterns and choice rules with respect to one of four hypothetical foreign policy scenarios. Contrary to the notion that normative (rational) decision‐making is more likely in less dramatic settings, the results indicate that elevated threat encourages rational decision processing, whereas heuristic processing was more prevalent in less threatening situations. Interestingly, the added presence of high stakes magnified both threat effects. These results, although preliminary, suggest that stakes‐threat effects are not direct reflections of stress and/or complexity effects, but should be considered independently in foreign policy analyses.
In Between States: NationalIdentity Practices Among German Jewish Immigrants
Authors: Gerson Judith M.
Published: March 2003

Recent critiques of the identity literature have bemoaned the lack of clarity in conceptualizations of identity. R. W. Connell's (1987) theory of practice and Dorothy Smith's (1987, pp. 88–97) notion of “the everyday as problematic” provide the foundation for articulating the construct of identity practices. Identity practices refer to the routine actions and ways of thinking, as well as the representations of those acts and thoughts, that enable people to claim collective identities. Although identity practices mark group membership, they also signal marginality to or exclusion from other groups. This paper explores the importance of understanding identity practices at micro levels of interaction as well as macro‐level structures and dominant culture narratives. The specific empirical focus—on German Jewish immigrants who fled Nazi Germany and arrived in the United States by 1945—enables an interrogation of the meanings associated with national identity practices.
Political Psychology as Discipline and Resource
Authors: Garzón Pérez Adela
Published: March 2003

Around the 1960s, political psychology was developed as a field of knowledge that attempted to interrelate scientific psychology and political phenomena. However, social and academic conditions are very different today. More and more, political psychology is becoming a protagonist, as much in the internal context of psychology as in the external context of its relations with the social world. Thus, political psychology can now be seen as a resource relating psychological knowledge to social practice, and relating psychological processes to social action. Political psychology is the interface that puts psychology and society in contact. The development of political psychology in Spain provides an example of this alternative view of the field.
Right‐Wing Authoritarianism, Party Identification, and Attitudes Toward Feminism in Student Evaluations of the Clinton‐Lewinsky Story
Authors: Smith Allison G. , Winter David G.
Published: March 2003

This study explored the relationship among undergraduates' right‐wing authoritarianism (as measured by the RWA scale), attitudes toward feminism, party identification, gender, and attitudes about the Clinton‐Lewinsky relationship. Factor analysis yielded three subscales, reflecting participants' evaluations of Clinton's morality, the affair, and Kenneth Starr (the independent counsel). Republican identification was related to each subscale and also mediated the relationship between RWA and two subscales, which illustrates how party identification channels the expression of personality variables in partisan contexts. In addition, RWA—especially those items tapping aggression—was directly related to negative evaluations of Clinton, which suggests a punitiveness going beyond the mere channeling of opinions by party identification. Attitudes toward feminism were unrelated to the subscales, possibly because feminism supporters viewed Clinton's policies positively but his behavior negatively. However, females did give significantly lower evaluations of Clinton and the affair.
Salient Value Similarity, Social Trust, and Risk/Benefit Perception
Authors: Siegrist Michael , Cvetkovich George , Roth Claudia
Published: March 2003

It was postulated that shared values determine social trust in institutions and persons related to a technology: One has trust in people holding similar salient values. Furthermore, it was hypothesized that social trust has a positive influence on perceived benefits and a negative impact on perceived risks. Results of a survey of University of Zürich students indicated that the proposed causal model explained perception of pesticides, nuclear power, and artificial sweetener very well. When social trust was controlled, the relation between risks and benefits perceived diminished. Results indicate that social trust is a key predictive factor of the perceived risks and benefits of a technology, and provide support for the salient values similarity theory of social trust.
Efficient Sensitivity/Uncertainty Analysis Using the Combined Stochastic Response Surface Method and Automated Differentiation: Application to Environmental and Biological Systems
Authors: Isukapalli S. S. , Roy A. , Georgopoulos P. G.
Published: March 2003

Estimation of uncertainties associated with model predictions is an important component of the application of environmental and biological models. “Traditional” methods for propagating uncertainty, such as standard Monte Carlo and Latin Hypercube Sampling, however, often require performing a prohibitive number of model simulations, especially for complex, computationally intensive models. Here, a computationally efficient method for uncertainty propagation, the Stochastic Response Surface Method (SRSM) is coupled with another method, the Automatic Differentiation of FORTRAN (ADIFOR). The SRSM is based on series expansions of model inputs and outputs in terms of a set of “well‐behaved” standard random variables. The ADIFOR method is used to transform the model code into one that calculates the derivatives of the model outputs with respect to inputs or transformed inputs. The calculated model outputs and the derivatives at a set of sample points are used to approximate the unknown coefficients in the series expansions of outputs. A framework for the coupling of the SRSM and ADIFOR is developed and presented here. Two case studies are presented, involving (1) a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for perchloroethylene for humans, and (2) an atmospheric photochemical model, the Reactive Plume Model. The results obtained agree closely with those of traditional Monte Carlo and Latin hypercube sampling methods, while reducing the required number of model simulations by about two orders of magnitude.
Duties to Future Generations, Proxy Consent, Intra‐ and Intergenerational Equity: The Case of Nuclear Waste
Authors: Shrader‐Frechette Kristin
Published: March 2003

How does one deal with problems of risk transfer if it is the case that increasing risks to future generations decreases the risks to present generations, and increasing the risks to present generations decreases the risks to future generations? In the case of high‐level nuclear waste and spent fuel, for example, should billions of dollars be spent to secure the wastes and protect future generations, or should the same monies be spent on present‐day needs, under the assumption that future generations will be better able to deal with the waste than we are at present? Although these questions may appear insoluble, they become less so when one recognizes several common ethical and logical errors that beset many discussions of technological risk and duties to future generations. After briefly explaining the grounds for inter‐ and intragenerational equity, this analysis argues for three propositions about many treatments of inter‐ and intragenerational ethics: (1) these discussions often err because they frame policy arguments in terms that ignore rights and focus on maximizing welfare or utility, (2) they err because they frequently frame policy arguments in ways that set inter‐ and intragenerational welfare at odds, when they are not, because they ignore ameliorating practices and the conditions for proxy consent, and (3) they also err because they engage in risk practices that do not match their risk rhetoric.
Correlates of Hazard Education Programs for Youth
Authors: Ronan Kevin R. , Johnston David M.
Published: March 2003

Virtually no research has examined the hypothesized benefits of hazard education programs for youth in helping to increase community resilience. This exploratory study examined the role of these programs in helping to increase child and family resilience to a range of future hazards. Various aspects of hazards programs were examined in relation to a wide range of child‐ and parent‐reported hazard adjustments in a sample of 560 schoolchildren. Additional factors assessed included childrens’ risk perceptions, knowledge of response‐related protective activities, and hazard‐related emotional factors. Overall, the results supported the role of hazards education programs in increasing hazard adjustments in the home. The findings also supported various aspects of education program involvement as being related to more realistic risk perceptions, increased knowledge, and increased interaction with caregivers. Analyses identified the following features of these programs as being particularly important: provision of specific knowledge (e.g., an emergency management perspective); multiple program involvement over time; and, importantly, promotion of increased interaction between children and parents. Overall, findings supported the idea that hazards education programs for youth provide one gateway through which communities can increase their resilience to the effects of a major hazardous event. Findings also provided an initial foundation for further research in this emerging area.
Elicitation of Quantitative Data from a Heterogeneous Expert Panel: Formal Process and Application in Animal Health
Authors: Van Der Fels‐Klerx Ine H. J. , Goossens Louis H. J. , Saatkamp Helmut W. , Horst Suzan H. S.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents a protocol for a formal expert judgment process using a heterogeneous expert panel aimed at the quantification of continuous variables. The emphasis is on the process's requirements related to the nature of expertise within the panel, in particular the heterogeneity of both substantive and normative expertise. The process provides the opportunity for interaction among the experts so that they fully understand and agree upon the problem at hand, including qualitative aspects relevant to the variables of interest, prior to the actual quantification task. Individual experts' assessments on the variables of interest, cast in the form of subjective probability density functions, are elicited with a minimal demand for normative expertise. The individual experts' assessments are aggregated into a single probability density function per variable, thereby weighting the experts according to their expertise. Elicitation techniques proposed include the Delphi technique for the qualitative assessment task and the ELI method for the actual quantitative assessment task. Appropriately, the Classical model was used to weight the experts' assessments in order to construct a single distribution per variable. Applying this model, the experts' quality typically was based on their performance on seed variables. An application of the proposed protocol in the broad and multidisciplinary field of animal health is presented. Results of this expert judgment process showed that the proposed protocol in combination with the proposed elicitation and analysis techniques resulted in valid data on the (continuous) variables of interest. In conclusion, the proposed protocol for a formal expert judgment process aimed at the elicitation of quantitative data from a heterogeneous expert panel provided satisfactory results. Hence, this protocol might be useful for expert judgment studies in other broad and/or multidisciplinary fields of interest.