bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Are in-medium quark-gluon showers strongly coupled? results in the large-Nf limit
Authors: Arnold Peter , Elgedawy Omar , Iqbal Shahin
Published: January 2025

Abstract

Inside a medium, showers originating from a very high energy particle develop via medium-induced splitting processes such as bremsstrahlung and pair production. During shower development, two consecutive splittings sometimes overlap quantum mechanically, so that they cannot be treated independently. Some of these effects can be absorbed into an effective value of a medium parameter known as

$$ \hat{q} $$

q
̂

. Previous calculations (with certain simplifying assumptions) have found that, after adjusting the value of

$$ \hat{q} $$

q
̂

, the leftover effect of overlapping splittings is quite small for purely gluonic large-N
c showers but is very much larger for large-N
f QED showers, at comparable values of Nα. Here, by investigating the same problem for QCD with quarks in the large-N
f limit of many quark flavors, we make a first study of whether the small effect in purely gluonic showers (i) was merely an accident or (ii) is more broadly characteristic of such overlap effects in QCD. We also offer a qualitative explanation for the large size of the effect in QED vs. QCD.
Modular invariance and thermal effective field theory in CFT
Authors: Allameh Kuroush , Shaghoulian Edgar
Published: January 2025

Abstract

We use thermal effective field theory to derive that the coefficient of the first subleading piece of the thermal free energy, c
1, is equal to the coefficient of the subleading piece of the Casimir energy on S
1 × S

d−2 for d ≥ 4. We conjecture that this coefficient obeys a sign constraint c
1 ≥ 0 in CFT and collect some evidence for this bound. We discuss various applications of the thermal effective field theory, including placing the CFT on different spatial backgrounds and turning on chemical potentials for U(1) charge and angular momentum. Along the way, we derive the high-temperature partition function on a sphere with arbitrary angular velocities using only time dilation and length contraction.
Aktueller Wissensstand von Patient:innen über den perioperativen Einfluss einer Anämie und ihrer Ursachen
Authors: Mock Janna , Hof Lotta , Dhein Theresa , Pollok Esther , Neef Vanessa , Kaiser Jochen , Zacharowski Kai , Meybohm Patrick , Choorapoikayil Suma
Published: January 2025

Hintergrund

Trotz der guten Behandelbarkeit einer Anämie ist ihre Prävalenz mit 30 % in der Allgemeinbevölkerung und mit 35 % bei chirurgischen Patient:innen hoch. Symptome werden oftmals falsch gedeutet und die Anämie von Patient:innen nicht als Erkrankung wahrgenommen.

Ziel der Arbeit

Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es, den Wissensstand von Patient:innen hinsichtlich einer Anämie bei bevorstehenden Operationen mit erhöhtem Blutverlust zu erheben.

Material und Methoden

Hierzu wurden Patient:innen, die sich einer Operation mit einer Transfusionswahrscheinlichkeit > 10 % unterzogen, in der Prämedikationsambulanz der Klinik für Anästhesiologie, Intensivmedizin und Schmerztherapie des Universitätsklinikums Frankfurt jeweils im Mai 2023 und Oktober 2023 mithilfe eines Fragebogens befragt.

Ergebnisse

Insgesamt konnten 196 ausgefüllte Fragebogen von Patient:innen ausgewertet werden. Die meisten korrekten Antworten wurden mit 54,3 % (n = 426/784) in der Kategorie „Anämiebehandlung“ gegeben, gefolgt von 50,1 % (n = 393/784) korrekten Antworten in der Kategorie „Anämiediagnostik“ und 48,8 % (n = 478/980) in der Kategorie „Perioperativer Einfluss einer Anämie“ sowie 44,6 % (n = 350/784) korrekten Antworten in der Kategorie „Einfluss der Ernährung“. Das größte Wissensdefizit wiesen die Befragten in der Kategorie „Anämiesymptome“ mit 38,1 % (n = 598/1568) korrekten Antworten und „Anämieursachen“ mit 36,1 % (n = 354/980) auf. Ein Großteil der Befragten (71,4 %; n = 140/195) hatte Interesse, mehr über die Anämien zu erfahren.

Schlussfolgerung

Zusammenfassend konnte festgestellt werden, dass ein ausgeprägtes Wissensdefizit bei chirurgischen Patient:innen hinsichtlich einer Anämie vorliegt. Vor allem im Bereich der Ursachen und der Symptome einer Anämie wurde nur etwa ein Drittel der Aussagen korrekt beantwortet.
The psychological effects of protective isolation on haematological stem cell transplant patients: an integrative, descriptive review
Authors: Lee Rachel S. , Halliday Lesley E.
Published: January 2025

Purpose

Protective isolation is used during haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) to protect patients at increased risk of infection. However, it is suggested that the intensity of strict isolation conditions combined with intense treatments can impact patients psychologically. This review explored the psychological effect of protective isolation on HSCT patients.

Method

CINAHL, MEDLINE, and ASSIA databases were used to search for qualitative research undertaken between 2016 and 2023. Quality was appraised using the CASP tool and thematic analysis was utilised to identify themes using Thomas and Harden as a guiding framework.

Results

Five papers were included and demonstrated that being in protective isolation during HSCT hospitalisation and after discharge created a feeling of disconnection from others and society, and that long periods of contemplation and a feeling of loss of control led to negative psychological impacts. All included papers found that patients experienced a range of negative emotional states during their time in protective isolation.

Conclusion

Psychological health management is an important part of holistic patient care. Patients who experience HSCT report considerable negative psychological effects from the need for protective isolation. Interventions and strategies to improve this are slow to be developed and have not received the necessary focus in recent years. Critically, to maximise the patient experience and provide the best care possible, interventions are urgently required to minimise the longer-term psychological impact of HSCT in this patient group to contribute to maximising quality of life post-HSCT.
Lifestyle recommendations and pelvic floor muscle training with Knack maneuver for post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Gerlegiz Ege Nur Atabey , Akbayrak Türkan , Gürşen Ceren , Yazici Mustafa Sertaç , Bolat Naşide Mangir , Akdoğan Bülent , Nakip Gülbala , Özgül Serap
Published: January 2025

Purpose

The aim of this study is to investigate the additional effects of the Knack maneuver and comprehensive lifestyle recommendations to pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) in individuals with post-prostatectomy urinary incontinence (PP-UI).

Methods

Seventy-one individuals with symptom of PP-UI were included. Individuals were randomly assigned to study groups (Group I: PFMT + Knack + Comprehensive Lifestyle Recommendations, Group II: PFMT + Knack, Group III: PFMT alone). Assessments were performed at the baseline and at the end of the 8th week. The primary outcome was the subjective severity and impact of UI. Secondary outcomes were objective severity of UI, health-related quality of life (QoL) and patient global impression of severity and improvement. Descriptive and outcome measures were compared between study groups using the Kruskal–Wallis test. The Games-Howell post hoc test was also used to indicate which groups differ.

Results

A total of 66 patients were included in the final analysis. Per protocol analysis in all three groups showed significant improvements in all primary and secondary outcomes in eight weeks. The group of patients who had the PFMT + Knack + Comprehensive Lifestyle Recommendations had the greatest improvement in all outcome measures (p < 0.001). In addition, while PFMT + Knack showed superiority in terms of subjective UI severity and effect of UI on daily life, compared to PFMT alone (p < 0.001), there was no inter-group differences for objective UI severity and other subdomains of QoL (p > 0.05).

Conclusion

Adding comprehensive lifestyle recommendations and/or Knack maneuver to traditional PFMT is more effective in the management of post-prostatectomy UI in the short term. Further long-term follow-up studies should be planned to investigate compliance and response to these combined interventions.

Clinical Trial Registration Number

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04804839. Date of registration: 03/17/2021.
Recent advances in immunotherapy for cervical cancer
Authors: Ogasawara Aiko , Hasegawa Kosei
Published: January 2025

Cervical cancer is the third most common malignant tumor in women worldwide in terms of both incidence and mortality. The field of cervical cancer treatment is rapidly evolving, and various combination therapies are being explored to enhance the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) and provide new treatment options for patients at different disease stages. Clinical trials involving immune checkpoint inhibitors are now being conducted following a phase 3 trial with cemiplimab, an ICI, which demonstrated a significant improvement in prognosis in advanced or metastatic cervical cancer patients. These trials include monotherapy and combination therapy with other immune therapies, chemotherapy, or radiation therapy. Furthermore, other approaches for controlling tumors via the immune system, such as therapeutic vaccination for specific tumor antigens or immune cell therapy including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are being investigated. Ongoing trials will continue to illuminate the optimal strategies for combining these therapies and addressing challenges associated with immune checkpoint failure in cervical cancer. Herein, we conducted a review of articles related to immunotherapy for cervical cancer and describe current treatment strategies for cervical cancer via immunotherapy.
Integrating multiple sources of ordinal information in portfolio optimization
Authors: Çela Eranda , Hafner Stephan , Mestel Roland , Pferschy Ulrich
Published: January 2025

In this contribution we consider multiple qualitative views specified as total orders of the expected asset returns and discuss two different approaches for incorporating this input in a mean–variance portfolio optimization model. In the robust optimization approach we first compute a posterior expectation of asset returns for every given total order by an extension of the Black–Litterman (BL) framework. Then these expected asset returns are considered as possible input scenarios for robust optimization variants of the mean–variance portfolio model (max–min robustness, min-max regret robustness and soft robustness). In the order aggregation approach rules from social choice theory (Borda, Footrule, Copeland, Best-of-k and MC4) are used to aggregate the individual total orders into a single “consensus total order”. Then expected asset returns are computed for this “consensus total order” by the extended BL framework mentioned above. Finally, these expectations are used as an input of the classical mean–variance optimization. Using data from EUROSTOXX 50 and S&P 100 we empirically compare the success of the two approaches in the context of portfolio performance analysis and observe that aggregating orders by social choice methods mostly outperforms robust optimization based methods for both data sets and for different combinations of confidence and quality levels of the views.
Nesidiocoris tenuis, Macrolophus pygmaeus (Hemiptera: Miridae) and (Z)-3-hexenyl propanoate induce systemic resistance against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. in tomatoes
Authors: Fullana Aïda Magdalena , Giné Ariadna , Urbaneja Alberto , Pérez-Hedo Meritxell , Sorribas Francisco Javier , Expósito Alejandro
Published: January 2025

The management of Meloidogyne spp. in tomato crops presents significant challenges for sustainable agriculture. This study evaluates the potential of Nesidiocoris tenuis, Macrolophus pygmaeus, and (Z)-3-hexenyl propanoate—two zoophytophagous mirid species and one of the herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) they trigger—to induce systemic resistance against Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica in tomato plants (cv. Bodar). To this end, we assess the expression of the PIN2 and PR1 genes, related to the jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA) pathways, respectively. Exposure of tomato plants to 15 nymphs of either N. tenuis or M. pygmaeus for 24 or 48 h, and to (Z)-3-hexenyl propanoate for 24 h, before inoculation with 200 second-stage juveniles of the nematodes significantly reduced nematode infectivity and reproduction. Notably, PIN2 gene expression in leaves was upregulated nine- and 14-fold by N. tenuis and M. pygmaeus, respectively, zero days after nematode inoculation (DANI) and was repressed by the nematode seven DANI with a nine-fold decrease, but not when the plants were exposed to M. pygmaeus or N. tenuis, indicating a strong early defense response. However, PR1 expression levels showed no significant changes, suggesting a predominant role of the JA pathway over the SA pathway in the induced resistance. We conclude that induction of systemic resistance in tomato plants by N. tenuis, M. pygmaeus, and (Z)-3-hexenyl propanoate before nematode exposure is a promising strategy for nematode management, at least to suppress nematode infection by the primary inoculum and later reproduction.
ASCO highlights: neoadjuvant immunotherapy in mismatch repair deficient colorectal cancer
Authors: Piringer Gudrun
Published: January 2025

Despite recent advances in therapy, certain subtypes of colorectal cancer, such as those that are microsatellite instability (MSI-high), mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) or tumor mutation burden high (TMB-H), remain a treatment challenge. In recent years, interest in neoadjuvant therapy strategies for localized colorectal cancer has increased—especially treatment with immunotherapies. At ASCO meeting 2024, updated data on 6‑month course of dostarlimab in patients with dMMR locally advanced rectal cancer as well as several trials investigating the use of neoadjuvant immunotherapy monotherapy or immunotherapy combinations in high-risk stage II–III dMMR colon cancer were presented.
Endometrial cancer—news from ASCO 2024
Authors: Petru Edgar , Schinnerl Marina , Kolovetsiou Vassiliki
Published: January 2025

At the ASCO 2024, four clinically very important abstracts in endometrial cancer were presented. Long-term survival for primary hormonal therapy in premenopausal patients with clinical stage I disease versus primary surgery that were included in the National Cancer Database was reported. All had grade 1 or 2 endometrioid cancer and were between 18 and 49 years of age. They either received primary hysterectomy or primary hormonal therapy. In patients < 40 years, no difference in survival was found between the two groups. However, patients between 40 and 49 years of age who received primary hormonal therapy showed a significantly inferior survival compared to the hysterectomy group (10-year survival of 97% versus 79%, respectively). The SIENDO study reported the long-term follow-up of selinexor maintenance in patients with TP53 wild-type (wt) advanced or recurrent endometrial cancer who previously achieved remission following taxane–carboplatin chemotherapy. Selinexor inhibits XPO1 which is a multiclient nuclear exporter. Women received either selinexor 80 mg PO weekly or placebo. The median progression-free survival in the selinexor and the placebo group was 28 months versus 5 months, respectively (HR 0.44; p = 0.0005). Selinexor resulted in more grade ≥ 3 toxicities: 13% nausea, 3% vomiting, 4% diarrhea, 5% asthenia, 8% fatigue, 10% thrombocytopenia, 20% neutropenia, and 7% anemia. In a phase II study in mismatch repair deficient (dMMR) endometrial cancer, combined vibostolimab and pembrolizumab resulted in complete and partial remissions in 13 and 53% of patients, respectively. Grade 3 or 4 immune-mediated adverse events included severe skin reactions, adrenal insufficiency, pneumonitis, and hypophysitis. A phase II study of fulvestrant plus abemaciclib in hormone-receptor-positive advanced endometrial cancer resulted in partial remission in 44% and stable disease in 20% of the 27 patients, respectively.
Early Upper Palaeolithic marine mollusc exploitation at Riparo Bombrini (Balzi Rossi, Italy): shellfish consumption and ornament production
Authors: Gazzo Silvia , Cristiani Emanuela , Negrino Fabio , Riel-Salvatore Julien
Published: January 2025

This research explores the modes of exploitation of marine molluscs at Riparo Bombrini (Ventimiglia, north-west Italy) during the Protoaurignacian and the Early Aurignacian. Our results prove that Early Modern Humans who inhabited the rockshelter extensively exploited marine malacofauna for both dietary purposes and ornament production, offering new insights into human adaptation to coastal environments during the early phases of the Upper Palaeolithic along the Mediterranean coast. Combining taxonomy and taphonomy, we identified five main categories of shell remains within the assemblage: edible specimens, shell beads, non-worked ornamental shells, accidental introductions, and potential ornamental shells. A total of 91 perforated gastropods were recovered during the excavations of the Early Upper Palaeolithic layers. The ornament assemblage shows a certain richness in mollusc species, whose shells were collected dead from the beach. However, a preference for spherical and semi-spherical shells can be observed, highlighting the existence of trends in the selection of shell species for bead production. Use wear analysis demonstrates that some of the shell beads exhibit rounding and polishing around the rim of the perforation, implying that most of them arrived at the site as worn components, possibly forming part of more complex decorative combinations. Finally, the presence of both perforated and unperforated shells interpretable as raw material suggests that the rockshelter served as a “manufacturing site”, where shell ornaments were fabricated, discarded and replaced in new beadworks. This hypothesis is further supported by the presence of broken shell beads, interpretable as manufacturing errors or worn beads ready for replacement.
Pediatric Exposures Associated with Caffeine Energy Products Reported to United States Poison Centers, 2011–2023
Authors: Thompson Timothy R. , Hays Hannah L. , Kistamgari Sandhya , Rine Natalie I. , Zhu Motao , Xiang Henry , Smith Gary A.
Published: January 2025

Introduction

This study investigated the characteristics and trends of pediatric exposures to caffeine energy products reported to US poison centers

Methods

National Poison Data System data for caffeine energy product single-substance exposures during 2011–2023 among individuals < 20 years old were analyzed.

Results

There were 32,482 caffeine energy product exposures reported to US poison centers with a 17.3% exposure rate increase during 2011–2023. Most exposures were among < 6-year-olds (69.6%), males (56.7%), or involved liquid formulations (57.5%). Most (80.7%) were not treated in a healthcare facility; however, 1.6% were medically admitted. Teenagers 13–19 years old were more likely to be medically admitted (OR = 12.74, 95% CI: 10.40–15.60) or have a serious medical outcome (OR = 18.83, 95% CI: 16.88–21.01) than children < 13 years old. Solid energy product formulations were more likely to be associated with a serious medical outcome (OR = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.81–2.17) or medical admission (OR = 5.23, 95% CI: 4.31–6.36) than other types of formulations. During the study period, exposure rates increased for liquid (34.5%) and powder/granules (632.9%) product formulations but decreased for solids (-51.5%). Among liquid formulation subcategories, the exposure rate for beverages increased (46.5%) and that for shots decreased (-86.1%).

Conclusions

Although most pediatric exposures to caffeine energy products reported to US poison centers were associated with no or minimal clinical effects, serious medical outcomes and medical admissions occurred. The product formulations that drove the 17% increase in the exposure rate changed during the study period. Opportunities exist to reduce the adverse effects of caffeine energy products among the pediatric population.
Renormalized field theory for non-equilibrium systems
Authors: Antonov Nikolay V. , Hnatič Michal , Honkonen Juha , Kakin Polina I. , Lučivjanský Tomáš , Mižišin Lukáš
Published: January 2025

Renormalized field theory is a most effective framework to carry out asymptotic analysis of non-equilibrium nearly critical systems, especially in high orders of perturbation theory. Here, we review some subtle, slippery and non-conventional aspects of this approach. We present construction of the field-theoretic representation of certain Langevin-type stochastic equations with additive and multiplicative random sources as well as master equations of various birth–death processes. Application of the field-theoretic renormalization group combined with the short-distance operator-product expansion to the analysis of asymptotic scaling behavior is reviewed for passive scalar fields advected by various velocity ensembles, including Kraichnan’s rapid-change model and the stochastic Navier–Stokes equation. Infinite sets of anomalous exponents were calculated within regular expansions up to third order. Effects of anisotropy, finite correlation time and compressibility are discussed. The representation of the Kolmogorov constant and the skewness factor suitable for perturbative renormalization-group calculation and the second-order results are presented in a reasonable agreement with experiments in fully developed hydrodynamic turbulence. The recent third-order results for the critical exponents for the directed percolation process are presented; paradigmatic models for irreversible reaction–diffusion processes are discussed with the account of advection in various random velocity fields.
The Critical Role of Sea Ice Products for Accurate Wind‐Wave Simulations in the Arctic
Authors: Miesse Tyler W. , Henke Martin , de Souza de Lima Andre , Ferreira Celso M. , Ravens Thomas
Published: January 2025

The Arctic region is experiencing significant changes due to climate change, and the resulting decline in sea ice concentration and extent is already impacting ocean dynamics and exacerbating coastal hazards in the region. In this context, numerical models play a crucial role in simulating the interactions between the ocean, land, sea ice, and atmosphere, thus supporting scientific studies in the region. This research aims to evaluate how different sea ice products with spatial resolutions varying from 2 to 25 km influence a phase averaged spectral wave model results in the Alaskan Arctic under storm conditions. Four events throughout the Fall to Winter seasons in 2019 were utilized to assess the accuracy of wave simulations generated under the dynamic sea ice conditions found in the Arctic. The selected sea ice products used to parameterize the numerical wave model include the National Snow and Ice Data Center (NSIDC) sea ice concentration, the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re‐Analysis (ERA5), the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model‐Community Ice CodE (HYCOM‐CICE) system assimilated with Navy Coupled Ocean Data Assimilation (NCODA), and the High‐resolution Ice‐Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (HIOMAS). The Simulating WAves Nearshore (SWAN) model's accuracy in simulating waves using these sea ice products was evaluated against Sea State Daily Multisensor L3 satellite observations. Results show wave simulations using ERA5 consistently exhibited high correlation with observations, maintaining an accuracy above 0.83 to the observations across all events. Conversely, HIOMAS demonstrated the weakest performance, particularly during the Winter, with the lowest correlation of 0.40 to the observations. Remarkably, ERA5 surpassed all other products by up to 30% in accuracy during the selected storm events, and even when an ensemble was assessed by combining the selected sea ice products, ERA5's individual performance remained unmatched. Our study provides insights for selecting sea ice products under different sea ice conditions for accurately simulating waves and coastal hazards in high latitudes.
Sandy Subterranean Estuaries Minimize Groundwater Nitrogen Pollution Impacts on Coastal Waters
Authors: Chen Xiaogang , Santos Isaac R. , Du Jinzhou , Xu Bochao , Tamborski Joseph J. , He Ding , Cukrov Neven , Sanders Christian J. , Liu Jianan , Zhu Peiyuan , Zhang Yan , Li Ling
Published: January 2025

Widespread anthropogenic activities pollute groundwater that eventually seeps out to the coastal ocean. Here, we resolve nutrient transformations and fluxes in 11 sandy subterranean estuaries (STEs) with contrasting nutrient sources and development trajectories. Coastal groundwater nitrogen pollution stems from sewage discharge and land use change. Anthropogenically derived groundwater nutrient fluxes with high N/P ratios (∼170) accounted for 22%–61% of riverine inputs into China's coastal waters, providing an additional source of nutrients that can fuel coastal eutrophication and algal blooms. Sandy STEs remarkably attenuated ∼84% of nitrogen pollution, minimizing the impact of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) on coastal water quality. Hence, STEs deliver an overlooked ecosystem service that is particularly important in highly polluted coastal aquifers. Protecting STEs and recognizing the integrated nature of groundwater and seawater is thus important in coastal water quality management initiatives.
Comparing Estimates of Whitecap Coverage From a Spectral Wave Model With Oceanic Observations
Authors: Callaghan A. H. , Bidlot J.‐R. , de Leeuw G. , O’Dowd C. D.
Published: January 2025

The fractional or percentage whitecap coverage of the ocean surface is often parameterized in terms of wind speed. Data sets of typically show order of magnitude scatter at a given wind speed value due to sea state variability. Here we compare modeled values of to measured values from the North Atlantic Ocean. The modeled is forced by the spectrally integrated whitecap dissipation source function in the European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts spectral wave model, ecWAM. Without tuning, best agreement is found for mature sea states, with an average modeled to measured ratio of 0.87. This ratio approaches unity with the introduction of a dissipation rate threshold value and an explicit wave‐age dependence. The study suggests that accurate estimates of can be routinely produced by ecWAM and opens new opportunities to model bubble‐mediated fluxes of and sea spray aerosol with ecWAM.
Particle‐Trapping Injection Flux Tubes in Saturn's Magnetosphere and High‐Band Electron Cyclotron Harmonic Waves Therein
Authors: Yin Ze‐Fan , Ren Zi‐Shuo , Zhou Xu‐Zhi , Sun Yi‐Xin , Ye Sheng‐Yi , Duanmu Xin‐Ya , Hu Ze‐Jun , Blanc Michel , Hao Yi‐Xin , Roussos Elias , Yue Chao , Zong Qiu‐Gang
Published: January 2025

Injection flux tubes, characterized by localized equatorial magnetic field enhancements and concomitant hot plasma populations, contribute to Saturn's magnetospheric convection cycle by transporting magnetic flux radially inward. The sharp magnetic gradients at the flux‐tube edges have been demonstrated to enable the trapping of equatorially mirroring particles, leading to their energy‐dispersionless signatures in spacecraft observations. Here, we present a statistical distinction between flux tubes with and without particle‐trapping features in the electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) wave properties. The particle‐trapping flux tubes carry stronger ECH waves in the high‐harmonic bands, whereas the other category is usually accompanied only by fundamental‐mode waves. This distinction is largely attributed to the higher content of energetic electrons within the particle‐trapping flux tubes. These results improve our understanding of the association between injection flux tubes and the high‐band ECH waves therein, suggesting a unique role of particle‐trapping flux tubes in Saturnian magnetospheric dynamics.
Passive Remote Sensing of Marine Liquid Cloud Geometric Thickness Using the O2–O2 Band: First Results From TROPOMI
Authors: Wang Wenwu , Shi Chong , Xu Jian , Yin Shuai , Shang Huazhe , Wang Yutong , Tang Chenqian , Yao Ruijie , Shi Guangyu , Letu Husi
Published: January 2025

Observations on cloud geometric thickness are crucial for understanding the radiative balance and aerosol indirect radiative effects, and currently, cloud geometric thickness retrieval studies for passive instruments remain constrained due to the lack of the understanding of the incident radiation penetrability. In this work, we firstly analyze the relationship between the cloud droplets distribution and the incident radiation penetrability based on physical model, and then fully utilize the advantages of hyperspectral O4 measurements to build a physically based machine learning model to retrieve the cloud geometric thickness. The algorithm retrieves cloud geometric thickness from TROPOMI observations for the first time, and the retrievals are compared with the cloud geometric thickness from active observations. It is found that the mean absolute error of the retrievals using 2B‐CLDPROF‐LIDAR cloud‐top height as input is 0.49 km, which shows the potential of O4 band to retrieve cloud geometric thickness.
Machine Guided Derivation of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) Strength
Authors: Wu Qi‐Fan , Jochum Markus , Avery James E. , Vettoretti Guido , Nuterman Roman
Published: January 2025

A machine learning based methodology is developed to determine the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) in the Community Earth System Model (CESM). Neural networks capture relationships between various climate variables and AMOC. We then identify which of the various are the most important to control the AMOC, and then perform symbolic regression to transform complex interactions into a simple closed‐form approximation. A sensitivity analysis for this equation reveals that surface freshwater flux and potential density at 200 m depth are the main controls of the AMOC.
The Influence of Natural, Anthropogenic, and Wildfire Sources on Iron and Zinc Aerosols Delivered to the North Pacific Ocean
Authors: Bunnell Z. B. , Sieber M. , Hamilton D. S. , Marsay C. M. , Buck C. S. , Landing W. M. , John S. G. , Conway T. M.
Published: January 2025

Atmospheric deposition is an important source of iron (Fe) and perhaps zinc (Zn) to the oceans. We present total and water‐soluble aerosol Fe and Zn isotopic compositions, size‐fractionated aerosol Fe isotopic compositions, and aerosol enrichment factors from the North Pacific GEOTRACES GP15 section (Alaska‐Tahiti) during the low dust season. We found distinct bulk aerosol provinces along this latitudinal transect: Asian aerosols (especially crustal dust) dominate at higher latitudes (52–32°N) while North American heavier‐than‐crustal wildfire aerosols dominate in Equatorial Pacific deployments (20°N to 20°S). Soluble aerosol Fe was isotopically lighter‐than‐crustal along the full transect, strongly indicative of a pervasive anthropogenic Fe contribution to the Pacific. Comparison to a global aerosol deposition model corroborates that an isotopically heavy endmember is required for wildfire Fe, attributed to pyroconvective entrainment of soil particles. For Zn, the entire GP15 section is dominated by non‐crustal anthropogenic sources, reflected by light isotopic compositions (bulk: −0.12 ± 0.08‰ and soluble: −0.17 ± 0.14‰).
Topological linking determines elasticity in limited valence networks
Authors: Palombo Giorgia , Weir Simon , Michieletto Davide , Gutiérrez Fosado Yair Augusto
Published: January 2025

Understanding the relationship between the microscopic structure and topology of a material and its macroscopic properties is a fundamental challenge across a wide range of systems. Here we investigate the viscoelasticity of DNA nanostar hydrogels—a model system for physical networks with limited valence—by coupling rheology measurements, confocal imaging and molecular dynamics simulations. We discover that these networks display a large degree of interpenetration and that loops within the network are topologically linked, forming a percolating network-within-network structure. Below the overlapping concentration, the fraction of branching points and the pore size determine the high-frequency elasticity of these physical gels. At higher concentrations, we discover that this elastic response is dictated by the abundance of topological links between looped motifs in the gel. Our findings highlight the emergence of ‘topological elasticity’ as a previously overlooked mechanism in generic network-forming liquids and gels and inform the design of topologically controllable material behaviours.
Long-term maintenance of patient-specific characteristics in tumoroids from six cancer indications
Authors: Paul Colin D. , Yankaskas Chris , Shahi Thakuri Pradip , Balhouse Brittany , Salen Shyanne , Bullock Amber , Beam Sylvia , Chatman Anthony , Djikeng Sybelle , Yang Xiaoyu Jenny , Wong Garrett , Dey Isha , Holmes Spencer , Dockey Abigail , Bailey-Steinitz Lindsay , Zheng Lina , Li Weizhong , Chandra Vivek , Nguyen Jakhan , Sharp Jason , Willems Erik , Kennedy Mark , Dallas Matthew R. , Kuninger David
Published: January 2025

Tumoroids, sometimes referred to as cancer organoids, are patient-derived cancer cells grown as 3D, self-organized multicellular structures that maintain key characteristics (e.g., genotype, gene expression levels) of the tumor from which they originated. These models have emerged as valuable tools for studying tumor biology, cytotoxicity, and response of patient-derived cells to cancer therapies. However, the establishment and maintenance of tumoroids has historically been challenging, labor intensive, and highly variable from lab to lab, hindering their widespread use. Here, we characterize the establishment and/or expansion of colorectal, lung, head and neck, breast, pancreas, and endometrial tumoroids using the standardized, serum-free Gibco OncoPro Tumoroid Culture Medium. Newly derived tumoroid lines (n = 20) were analyzed by targeted genomic profiling and RNA sequencing and were representative of tumor tissue samples. Tumoroid lines were stable for over 250 days in culture and freeze-thaw competent. Previously established tumoroid lines were also transitioned to OncoPro medium and exhibited, on average, similar growth rates and conserved donor-specific characteristics when compared to original media systems. Additionally, OncoPro medium was compatible with both embedded culture in extracellular matrix and growth in a suspension format for facile culture and scale up. An example application of these models for assessing the cytotoxicity of a natural killer cell line and primary natural killer cells over time and at various doses demonstrated the compatibility of these models with assays used in compound and cell therapy development. We anticipate that the standardization and versatility of this approach will have important benefits for basic cancer research, drug discovery, and personalized medicine and help make tumoroid models more accessible to the cancer research community.
A perylene-based fluorescent probe for highly efficient SDS detection
Authors: Kaur Amrit , Bagherifard Mina , Anderson Alissa Brooke , Tariq Neelam , Syrgiannis Zois , Spanopoulos Ioannis
Published: January 2025

A new perylene bisimide compound was designed and utilized for the highly selective and sensitive fluorescence-based detection of SBS in home-care items and tap water samples.
Development of selective nanomolar cyclic peptide ligands as GBA1 enzyme stabilisers
Authors: Katzy Rebecca E. , van Neer Renier H. P. , Ferraz Maria J. , Nicolai Kim , Passioura Toby , Suga Hiroaki , Jongkees Seino A. K. , Artola Marta
Published: January 2025

Macrocyclic peptide ligands developed via RaPID technology selectively bind and stabilize rhGBA1 in plasma at nanomolar concentrations without inhibiting endogenous GBA1, offering potential for combinatorial ERT-pharmacological chaperone for Gaucher disease.
Photothermal imaging of cellular responses to glucose deprivation
Authors: Miyazaki Jun , Wagatsuma Ryotaro , Okamoto Koji
Published: January 2025

Cellular responses to glucose deprivation in live cancer cells were visualised using multi-wavelength photothermal microscopy without the use of labelling molecules.
Carbon nanofiber-supported Cu nanoparticles for efficient nitrate reduction to ammonia
Authors: Wang Tan , Niu Liyan , Zhang Kaijie , Wang Yasen , guo Haoran , He Xuesong , Xian Haohong , Li Tingshuai
Published: January 2025

Porous carbon nanofiber-supported copper nanoparticles achieve a large NH3 yield of 24.22 mg h−1 mgcat.−1, with a high faradaic efficiency of 86.38% at −1.2 V vs. RHE in 0.1 M PBS with 0.1 M NO3−.
Tailoring nanostructured NiFe-LDH catalysts via ammonium fluoride-mediated hydrothermal synthesis: enhanced electrocatalytic performance in oxygen evolution reactions
Authors: Feng Xinyi , Hao Xiaodong , Zhao Xuan , Guo Yangchun , Ma Shufang , Xu Bingshe , Liu Hui , Gao Bo
Published: January 2025

Optimizing the NH4F content in NiFe-layered double hydroxides (LDHs) significantly enhances their OER performance by tuning the microstructure and electronic properties, with a higher proportion of high-valent cations improving catalytic efficiency.
Aromatic–aromatic interactions and hydrogen bonding in amino acid based ionic liquids
Authors: Dong Wenbo , Batista Patrick R. , Blasius Jan , Kirchner Barbara
Published: January 2025

A series of six amino-acid-based imidazolium ionic liquids is computationally investigated using ab initio molecular dynamics.
Archerfish: a retrofitted 3D printer for high-throughput combinatorial experimentation via continuous printing
Authors: Siemenn Alexander E. , Das Basita , Aissi Eunice , Sheng Fang , Elliott Lleyton , Hudspeth Blake , Meyers Marilyn , Serdy James , Buonassisi Tonio
Published: January 2025

Archerfish is a low-cost, high-throughput tool for combinatorial materials research. Retrofitted with in situ mixing, Archerfish prints 250 unique compositions per min—a 100× acceleration factor—for aqueous, nanoparticle, and crystalline materials.
Multi-scale carbon@Sb mesoporous composites activated by in situ localized electrochemical pulverization as high-rate and long-life anode materials for potassium-ion batteries
Authors: Ren Jie , Wang Xiang , Li Jihao , Sun Qianzi , Li Shaozhou , Bai Ling , Liu Xianming , Liu Guilong , Li Ziquan , Zhang Haijiao , Huang Zhen-Dong
Published: January 2025

A multi-scale carbon@Sb mesoporous composite with in situ localized electrochemical pulverization activation of Sb embedded inside N-doped 2D hard carbon nanosheets exhibits an exceptional stable potassium-ion storage performance.
Liquid crystalline self-assembly of mixtures of rod- and wedge-shaped MIDA boronates
Authors: Schilling Christopher , Bauch Soeren M. , Wuckert Eugen , Zens Anna , Bruckner Johanna R. , Laschat Sabine
Published: January 2025

Tailoring of mesophase types and temperature ranges by mixing rod- and wedge-shaped dodecyloxy-substituted MIDA boronates.
Effect of π-bridge lengths in oligomerized fused-ring electron acceptors on the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells
Authors: Sun Mingxin , Wang Jianxiao , Sun Cheng , Tang Bin , Qu Xiaofei , Wen Shuguang , Bao Xichang
Published: January 2025

Two oligomer acceptors with a specific A–DA′D–A structure and different π-bridge lengths were constructed for organic solar cells, and the PM6:CH-TRZ binary solar cell achieves an impressive efficiency of 17.07% along with excellent device stability.
Modulation of the photo-response of SrTiO3: influence of surface defects on solid oxide photoelectrochemical cells
Authors: Wang Luyao , Zhang Jifang , Zhang Xinyu , Ma Guijun , Yang Nan
Published: January 2025

A novel light-assisted fuel cell, termed a solid oxide photoelectrochemical cell (SOPEC), is proposed to enhance energy conversion efficiency at low temperatures.
Polycaprolactone/α-cyclodextrin polyrotaxanes with cellular uptake enhancing properties
Authors: Kali Gergely , Mayer Alexander H. , To Dennis , Truszkowska Martyna , Seybold Anna , Braun Doris Elfriede , Plangger Raphael , Gallei Markus , Bernkop-Schnürch Andreas
Published: January 2025

Biodegradable, disulfide stoppered poly(ε-caprolactone)polyrotaxanes threaded with α-CD and an α-CD/2-hydroxypropyl-α-CD mixture showed an almost 50-fold higher cellular uptake than free CDs and decomposition in the cytosol triggered by glutathione.
Correction: Synthesis and photophysical properties of a new push–pull pyrene dye with green-to-far-red emission and its application to human cellular and skin tissue imaging
Authors: Inoue Kazuki , Kawakami Ryosuke , Murakami Masamoto , Nakayama Taku , Yamamoto Shinkuro , Inoue Keiji , Tsuda Teruko , Sayama Koji , Imamura Takeshi , Kaneno Daisuke , Hadano Shingo , Watanabe Shigeru , Niko Yosuke
Published: January 2025

Correction for ‘Synthesis and photophysical properties of a new push–pull pyrene dye with green-to-far-red emission and its application to human cellular and skin tissue imaging’ by Kazuki Inoue et al., J. Mater. Chem. B, 2022, 10, 1641–1649, https://doi.org/10.1039/D1TB02728J.
An ISAR target motion estimation algorithm based on a differential semblance criterion
Authors: Huxley D. P. , Watson F. M. , Lionheart W. R. B.
Published: January 2025

Inverse Synthetic Aperture Radar (ISAR) is a vital radar imaging technique that leverages the relative motion between the radar and the target to generate high‐resolution images. Traditional ISAR methods; however, are highly sensitive to inaccuracies in estimating rotational parameters, roll, pitch, and yaw, leading to image degradation. This article proposes a novel Differential Semblance Optimization (DSO) criterion for imaging dynamically rotating targets in a multistatic ISAR configuration. Unlike the Intensity Criterion (IC), which requires a precise initial parameter range, DSO enables broader exploration of value ranges, offering greater flexibility. Although the experiments focus on yaw rotation, the method is versatile and extendable to other rotational parameters. Tests with varying transmitter and receiver configurations demonstrate that DSO maintains robust performance even with fewer receivers. Comparisons with IC show that DSO produces sharper, more focused images and performs robustly in noisy environments, underscoring its potential for enhancing ISAR imaging in complex and dynamic scenarios.
Multi‐semantic contrast enhancement for robust insulator defect detection
Authors: Zhang Yue , Lin Zhiqiang , Wei Kunfeng , Xu Yonghui , Cui Lizhen
Published: January 2025

The effectiveness of deep learning‐based methods for insulator defect detection has been proven. However, in practical applications of power transmission lines, the complex and variable backgrounds in insulator images, coupled with the difficulty in labeling insulator defects, pose challenges to improving the robustness of such methods. Existing studies often utilize generative adversarial networks or forcefully combine foreground and background to augment training samples, but they overlook the rich semantic information in complex scenes, leading to distorted generated adversarial samples. To address this challenge, an innovative multi‐semantic contrast enhancement method that significantly enhances the robustness of defect detection by deeply integrating high‐level semantic knowledge and low‐level signal priors is proposed. Moreover, through adversarial training using generated samples with diverse semantics and real samples, the robustness of the method is further improved. Experimental results demonstrate that this method surpasses state‐of‐the‐art models, achieving significant performance on three independent cross‐scene datasets.
Closed‐loop input current control strategy based on waveform similarity index for the emerging matrix converters with harmonic injection technique
Authors: Yang Zhichao , Lei Jiaxing , Gao Bingtuan , Chen Wu
Published: January 2025

Harmonic injection matrix converter (HIMC) achieves direct AC‐AC power conversion with maximum voltage transfer and reduced transistor capacity. However, the existing open‐loop current control method for HIMC may bring in low‐order harmonics if the injected harmonic current deviates from its desired value. To address this issue, this paper proposes a closed‐loop input current control strategy based on the waveform similarity index (WSI) for these emerging MC topologies. The WSIs are defined as the ratios of the corresponding input currents against the maximum and minimum input voltages. Multi resonant controllers are adopted to regulate the WSI difference so that its low‐order harmonics are eliminated, which generate an additional signal to correct the injected harmonic current. By adopting the proposed current control strategy, the 5th and 7th harmonics are suppressed to lower than 1.0% under the sinusoidal input voltages and nominal load scenario. Even with inaccuracies in the reference harmonic current generation, the proposed strategy enables the input currents to approach sinusoidal waveforms with significantly reduced WSIs difference, thus enhancing the input power factor over the conventional open‐loop method. Besides, the proposed method is effective under unbalanced and distorted conditions through the experimental verification.
Comprehensive analysis of admittance matrix estimation considering different noise models
Authors: de Albuquerque Felipe Proença , Lemes Francisco Rodrigues , Nascimento Rafael , Costa Eduardo C. Marques , Caballero Pablo Torrez
Published: January 2025

The previous knowledge of the admittance matrix represents an important issue in power system analysis, specifically regarding load flow, voltage stability, and protection setting. Some parameter estimation techniques in technical literature determine the admittance matrix of electric power grids, leading to notable advances in measurement and monitoring. This paper proposes a robust approach to determine the admittance matrix using deep learning techniques. Throughout the paper, results demonstrate that the proposed approach handles Gaussian and non‐Gaussian noise reliably, outperforming other works in the technical literature. This paper also evaluates the proposed method in several scenarios, including different numbers of samples and varying noise level, as well as loads with non‐linear variations. The proposed method has low computational complexity because it considers only a few features while estimating admittance parameters. Results demonstrate that the proposed approach sustains accuracy and robustness, even when subjected to high noise levels in the measurements. This paper evaluates the proposed approach by estimating the parameters of the IEEE 14‐bus and 57‐bus systems and presents the performance of all parameters for the 14‐bus system.
Reliability and validity of computer vision‐based markerless human pose estimation for measuring hip and knee range of motion
Authors: Hellstén Thomas , Arokoski Jari , Karlsson Jonny , Ristolainen Leena , Kettunen Jyrki
Published: January 2025

Telerehabilitation requires accurate joint range of motion (ROM) measurement methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of a computer vision (CV)‐based markerless human pose estimation (HPE) application measuring active hip and knee ROMs. For this study, the joint ROM of 30 healthy young adults (10 females, 20 males) aged 20–33 years (mean: 22.9 years) was measured, and test–retests were assessed for reliability. For validity evaluation, the CV‐based markerless HPE application used in this study was compared with an identical reference picture frame. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for the CV‐based markerless HPE application was 0.93 for active hip inner rotation, 0.83 for outer rotation, 0.82 for flexion, 0.82 for extension, and 0.74 for knee flexion. Correlations (r) of the two measurement methods were 0.99 for hip‐active inner rotation, 0.98 for outer rotation, 0.87 for flexion, 0.85 for extension, and 0.90 for knee flexion. This study highlights the potential of a CV‐based markerless HPE application as a reliable and valid tool for measuring hip and knee joint ROM. It could offer an accessible solution for telerehabilitation, enabling ROM monitoring.