bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DECREPITUDE OF OLD BOTTLES: AGING, WEATHERING, AND SOLARIZATION COMPARED WITH USE AND ABUSE*
Authors: Ghering L. G. , Preston F. W.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The users of bottles often saythat old bottles are stronger than new nnes. This is untrue because (1) any greater breakage on the Grst filling can be attributed to abnormally weak bottles or bottles cracked during shipment; the survivors may give less breakage on the second and third fillings, but the strength of the individual bottle has not actually increased; and (2) the statement is based on the faulty assumption that bottles are not weakened by use.

Experimental tests on fruit jars in the absence of use do not show a decrease in the thermal‐shock strength after seven years of aging plus three years of weathering by temperature changes, rain, snow, and sunshine. Neither does weathering for three years nor solarization in the direct rays of the July and August sun produce any decrease in the internal pressure strength of bottles. Mechanical strength tests, fracture diagnoses, and statistical surveys of the performance of bottles in service, however, show that the strength of glass containers deteriorates because of mechanical wear, use, and abuse.
PHYSICAL TESTING OF TALC FOR HIGH‐FREQUENCY CERAMICS*
Authors: Speil Sidney
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The preparation of test specimens is described as well as methods employed in testing approximately seventy different talcs, including materials for commercial use and‐samples from new sources. Correlations are noted between chemical analysis and the measured physical properties, if they are present to any degree.
SPHERICAL FURNACE CALORIMETER FOR DIRECT MEASUREMENT OF SPECIFIC HEAT AND THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY*
Authors: Winckler John R.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A spherical calorimeter was constructed for measuring true specific heat and thermal conductivity. It was formed of two concentric spherical platinum shells, and a spherical sample was fitted into the inner shell. Electric heat was supplied at the center of the sample, and the calorimeter was housed in a spherical electric furnace.

Thermal conductivity was measured by determining the inner and outer sample temperatures at steady heat flow using the equation of heat conduction in a sphere; specific heat was measured by noting the temperature rise of the sample with a known heat input while maintaining the calorimeter shells near the adiabatic condition; and a correction for heat leakage was made by using the conductivity determination to calculate this factor.

Specific heat and thermal conductivity measurements were made on quartz sand, chrome refractory cement, four types of insulating firebrick, and 85% magnesia insulation over a total temperature range of 100° to 2200°F. The estimated accuracy of specific heat measurement of 3 to 5% is consistent with engineering requirements. No estimate of accuracy can be given as yet for thermal conductivity results.
MOTTLED OR COLORED SILICA BRICK*
Authors: Phelps S. M. , Limes R. w.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

During the burning of silica refractories, spots or areas of dark cream to a reddish‐brown color may develop in some of the brick or shapes. This is often called mottling, and its occurrence during the manufacture of the product cannot be definitely controlled. Questions occasionally arise as to whether the colored brick are of as good quality as the uniformly cream‐colored brick. No records are available to show or indicate that color as such has been a cause of shorter life or failure in service. Data are presented that were obtained from testing the mottled and light‐colored brick, and these show that there is no practical difference between them; consequently, color alone should not be a criterion for judging quality.

The traces of iron present in the silica used are a necessary constituent in the formation of the color. The light‐colored product, however, contains the same quantity of iron. It is not entirely clear as to how the iron is present in the two types. Unknown conditions during manufacture are such that the traces of iron may be influenced to form either the light or mottled brick, but the process cannot be controlled.

A considerable amount of experimental work is presented which shows the nature of the color behavior with comments on certain conditions that cause the color formation.
GOUGE RESISTANCE OF PORCELAIN ENAMELS*
Authors: Spencer ‐Strong G. H. , Cooper W. G.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

An exploratory study was made to determine possibilities of the Porcelain Enamel Institute rolling‐ball gouge test as well as to discover some of the factors influencing the gouge resistance of enamels as shown by the test. The test results compare favorably with deep‐scratch and gouge defects encountered in actual enamel practice. The accuracy of test results, moreover, compares favorably with other such physical tests designed for use with porcelain enamel. The gouge resistance is shown to be a function of enamel thickness and of bubble structure. Factors which increase or decrease bubble structure, such as mill additions, frit compositions, and firing treatment, are shown to affect gouge resistance.
CALCULATION OF DENSITY AND OPTICAL CONSTANTS OF A GLASS FROM ITS COMPOSITION IN WEIGHT PERCENTAGE*
Authors: Huggins Maurice L. , Sun Kuan ‐Han
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Relationships previously deduced and tested by the authors for the calculation of the density, refractive index, and. dispersion of a glass from its composition, expressed in terms of the “atomic fractions” of the components, are transformed into equivalent equations for the calculation of these quantities from the weight percentages or weight fractions. The necessary constants for use with these equations are tabulated.
NEW REFRACTORY COMPOSITIONS RESISTANT TO MOLTEN ROCK PHOSPHATE*
Authors: Pole Gordon R. , Beinlich Alfred W.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The Tennessee Valley Authority has carried out small‐scale and large‐scale studies during the past five years, directed toward the development of refractories more resistant to corrosion by molten rock phosphate than the present commercial types.

Small‐scale tests were made on refractories containing varying proportions of zirconium silicate and oxides of aluminum, beryllium, calcium, cerium, chromium, magnesium, thorium, and zirconium. Promising compositions were then tested by fabrication into standard 13l½‐in. and 9‐in. brick and by determining their resistance to corrosion by molten rock phosphate, basic open‐hearth slag, and electric phosphate‐smelting furnace slag. The most promising of the compositions tested were (1) Cr2O3 67%, CaO 30%, and Al2O3 3% and (2) ZrO2 33.5%, Cr2O3 33.5%, CaO 30%, and Al2O3 3%. A 25‐kw. Detroit rocking furnace was lined successively with brick of these two compositions, as well as a commercial superduty firebrick and a commercial unburned magnesite brick, and each lining was tested against molten rock phosphate until failure occurred.

The tests show that the two new types of refractories are superior to the commercial refractories and that they may have promising possibilities for use where basic refractories are now extensively used.
MEASUREMENT OF WORKABILITY OF CERAMIC BODIES FOR PLASTIC MOLDING PROCESSES*
Authors: Henry E. C.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The plastic working properties of a number of clays and bodies were measured with a modified Endell body tester. The apparatus shows that various bodies may be adjusted to a similar consistency for a given molding process but differ in their tendency to crack on being deformed. It is possible to determine the extent to which plastic properties are affected by differences in raw materials, methods of body preparation, water content, aging, and deairing.
THE VITREOUS STATE*
Authors: Huggins Maurice L. , Sun K.uan‐Ran , Silverman Alexander
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The difficulty of defining the vitreous state in a rigorous manner, the existence of many borderline cases, and the theoretical requirements which must be met if a substance is to be vitreous are discussed. Silicate glasses and certain other typical classes of vitreous substances are treated in some detail with especial reference to the relation between their structures and vitreous properties.
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY OF NONMETALLIC SINGLE CRYSTALS*
Authors: Knapp W. J.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Theories of thermal conductivity in single crystals of non‐metallics are given, and the apparatus used for experimentation is described. Experimental results obtained for a number of single crystals show the variation of conductivity with temperature and crystallographic direction. A minimum thermal conductivity as the temperature is increased is indicated, which agrees with the theory of A. H. Compton.
AMBER GLASS AND THE ROLE OF CARBON*
Authors: Moore Henry , Scholes S. R.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Melting experiments, employing batch materials free from sulfur but containing pure carbon in the form of sugar, demonstrate that carbon is not retained as a colorant. The value of carbon as a reducing agent in sulfur‐bearing batches is confirmed, and the effect of iron is experimentally shown.
SALT GLAZES FOR STRUCTURAL BUILDING UNITS*
Authors: Foster H. D.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The conditions necessary for the formation of a clear, transparent salt glaze on structural building units are described. Laboratory trials, which were made under these conditions or slight modifications of them, were studied by means of enlarged photographs of the surfaces and thin sections of the glazes. These pictures illustrate the process of formation of the glaze and show that glazes more than 0.001 in. thick are susceptible to crazing.

Salt glazes usually are formed from 0.003 to 0.004 in. thick in order to obtain a smooth brilliant glaze, but such glazes craze badly. Much better glazes may be obtained with only a sufficient number of saltings to give a glaze thickness of approximately 0.001 in., followed by a maturing or smoothing treatment in which the salting temperature is held for some time, or borax is used during the latter part of the salting and (or) the early part of the cooling period.
INFLUENCE OF SODIUM SILICATE COMPOSITION ON ITS BEHAVIOR WITH SODIUM CARBONATE AS A CASTING SLIP DEFLOCCULANT*
Authors: Currier Arthur E.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A study of six brands of silicate of soda used in a typical ceramic casting slip discloses the effect of the Na2O to SiO2 ratio on hydrometer readings, pH, viscosity, casting rate, water retention, drying shrinkage, dry strength, firing shrinkage, fired strength, and fired absorption. The effect of varying the amount of electrolyte both above and below that required for complete deflocculation is also reported.
EFFECTS OF LITHIA SUBSTITUTION FOR SODA IN VITREOUS ENAMEL*
Authors: Lewis Marvin O.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Lithia, as lithium carbonate, was substituted progressively for soda in the composition of a white cover frit. Substitutions were made on both weight and mol bases.

Mol replacement of soda by lithia has resulted in improved fusibility, gloss, and opacity; higher gouge, surface abrasion, and acid resistance; and lower thermal expansion coefficient. Weight replacement has caused increased fusibility and gloss; a small decrease in surface abrasion resistance; marked decreases in opacity and in gouge and acid resistance; little change in thermal expansion coefficient, and a noticeable lowering of the transformation temperature.
SEALED GLASS BUSHINGS*
Authors: Grigoribff W. W. , Lampman C. M.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Glass bushings with sealed‐in metal inserts have been developed to fulfill the need for hermetically sealed electrical apparatus. A special lead‐borosilicate glass called GE 1075 and a 42% nickel‐iron alloy, both of which have like thermal expansion characteristics, will produce a matched seal.

The forming operation consists of melting the glass electrolytically, casting into preheated molds of graphite or iron which have the metal inserts in place, annealing from 500° to 350°C., and cutting off the stub end of the bushing.

The finished bushings are fastened to the apparatus by welding or soldering, which eliminates the use of gaskets.

A detailed description of the construction, forming process, and testing procedure is given.
NATURE OF GEORGIA KAOLINS: II, EVIDENCE OF MINERALOGICA ANALYSIS*
Authors: And Lane Mitchell , Henry E. C.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Samples of Georgia kaolins were investigated by thermal analysis and by X‐ray and microscopic examinations. Soft kaolins were found to have a high percentage of crystalline kaolinite, whereas hard kaolins contained substantial amounts of less crystal lized material. Variations in the degree of crystallization, grain size, nature and amount of organic matter, and admixture of different minerals are given as reasons for the differences in the clays examined.
REHYDRATION STUDY OF CLAYS*
Authors: Berkelhamert Louis H.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The rehydration characteristics of a group of twenty clays were studied by dehydrating at 300°C. and then rehydrating by exposure to a water‐saturated atmosphere at 30°C. for periods extending from approximately 28 to 80 days. A sharp differentiation was obtained between the montmorillonite and the kaolinite‐illite types of clays.

A simple, rapid rehydration‐dehydration test and the results on ninety‐five clay samples are presented as an aid in the evaluation of clays. The test can be completed within five hours and permits a limited but useful classification of clays.
DIRECT RADIANT KILN FIRING IN THE CERAMIC INDUSTRY*
Authors: Smith Harry W. , Ehlinger J. A.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The method of radiant gas firing without mufftes, fire tubes, or in some cases saggers is described.
THERMAL AND MOISTURE EXPANSION OF BALL CLAYS AND BODIES FIRED TO DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES*
Authors: Thiemecke H.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Thermal and moisture expansion determinations were made on ten ball clays of the Kentucky, Tennessee, and English types alone and on typical semivitreous and vitreous bodies in which each of these ball clays was incorporated. The clays and bodies were fired at cones 6, 9, and 11. The data indicate that the ball clays fall into five distinct groups. Although none of the clays showed a direct relation between its expansion and that of the bodies in which it was incorporated, a majority possessed characteristics sufficiently similar to permit their classification into groups in which the behavior of the clays alone is indicative of their influence on the bodies. When several ball clays were jointly incorporated into bodies, they showed additive thermal and moisture expansion values.
EXPERIMENTS WITH AN ACCELERATED WEATHERING TEST FOR PORCELAIN ENAMELS*
Authors: Spencer‐Strong G. H. , Cooper W. G.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Experiments were conducted on porcelain enamels using the accelerated weather test developed at the National Bureau of Standards. A comparison of results indicates this test to be a promising solution to the problem of the rapid determination of the weather resistance of porcelain enamel.
MODULAR SIZE OF CLAY‐PRODUCTS UNITS*
Authors: Plummer and Harry C. , Wanner E. F.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

In cooperation with the Modular Service Association, studies have been made during the past two years on present unit masonry sizes as used in conventional building construction and their adaptability to a coordinated system. It was found that a significant relationship exists between present unit sizes in height, thickness, and length and a 4‐in. modular dimension. There is little consistency, however, in the assembly of these units in similar or composite walls and far less in the coordination with component building materials and equipment.

Recommendations are made for single masonry units based on whole multiples of four inches with consideration given to the various joint thicknesses. Methods are shown for relating unit sizes in fractional multiples of four inches plus mortar joints to the grid pattern. Suggestions for standardization of unit sizes are proposed to obtain maximum simplification and corresponding economy to meet postwar construction requirements.
SOME PARTICULATE CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMERCIAL FLINT AND FELDSPAR *
Authors: Russell R. , Weisz R. S.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The particle‐size variations of eleven shipments of commercial flint and of fifteen shipments of feldspar have been investigated as a possible cause of production variations in electrical porcelain. A correlation of sieve data with specific surface calculations based on sedimentation determinations was made on six grades of commercial flint. The Andreasen pipette sedimentation method was used for all tests except those in which the hydrometer method was employed for comparison purposes. Either of these sedimentation methods had adequate accuracy to control particle size. The percentage remaining on the 325‐mesh sieve, however, could not be correlated with the specific surface values. Particle‐size distribution was determined for each sample. To facilitate comparisons, specific surface values were calculated from a plot of the distribution data on log‐probability graph paper. The investigation included the effect of various liquid suspending media and electrolytes on the settling characteristics of flint and feldspar. Neither flint nor feldspar could be adequately dispersed in non‐polar liquids. Feldspar apparently has surface‐active characteristics that permit it to be flocculated or deflocculated, depending on the nature of the ions present in solution. An anomalous peptizability of some feldspar samples in the particle‐size range below 3 microns is discussed.
VOLUME CHANGE ATTENDING LOW‐TO‐HIGH INVERSION OF CRISTOBALITE *
Authors: Beals M. D. , Zerfoss Samuel
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The volume expansion of cristobalite, as it passes through the low‐temperature inversion range, was studied by means of a dilatometer in which the cristobalite expanded against a column of mercury. The volume change was measured in a capillary tube attached to the mercury column. The temperature of inversion is a function of the previous history of the cristobalite sample. A volume change of 7% was obtained upon inversion. The volume change was found to depend on the previous heat‐treatment of the sample, the presence of added catalysts, and the source and grain size of silica. All of these factors affect the amount of cristobalite present and hence the change of volume on inversion of the cristobalite. Several samples of cristobalite from used silica brick were studied. The information is applied to the problems of silica refractories.
FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF CLAY: V, NATURE OF WATER FILM IN PLASTIC CLAY*
Authors: Norton F. H. , Johnson A. L.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Using a pure monodisperse system of kaolinite particles of known diameter and thickness, it has been possible to calculate with a fair degree of precision the thickness of the water film separating the particles and the variation in thickness of this film for different pressures. It has also been possible to calculate with considerable certainty the force acting between two clay particles.
POLARISCOPIC EXAMINATION OF GLASS CONTAINER SECTIONS*
Authors:   Glass Container Association Ring Section Sub‐Committee of the Standard Testing Procedure Committees
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The ring‐section technique has been studied by the Standard Testing Procedure Committee of the Glass Container Association, and a tentative Standard Method of Examining and Grading Glass Container Ring Sections is proposed. The scope, method, and frequency of sampling, method of examination, and the methods used for ware‐quality grading and glass‐quality grading are described.
ENAMELED UTENSIL MANUFACTURERS' COUNCIL TENTATIVE STANDARD SOLUBILITY TEST FOR PORCELAIN ENAMELED COOKING UTENSILS*
Authors: Petersen F. A. , Andrews A. I.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The various methods for determining the degree of resistance of porcelain enameled cookingware to acid solubility are discussed. A method that overcomes many of the difficulties encountered in such a test and offers greater accuracy and reproducibility is described in detail.
FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF CLAY: VI, FLOW PROPERTIES OF KAOLINITE‐WATER SUSPÉNSIONS*
Authors: Norton F. H. , Johnson A. L. , Lawrence W. G.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The flow properties of six monodisperse kaolinite fractions were studied over a large range of concentration. From these results, it has been possible to set up an equation relating viscosity to concentration which holds over a very wide range. Equations relating concentration to thixotropy and to the yield point which have general application could also be established. The viscosity of a suspension is obtained from the sum of three quantities, namely, those contributed by (1) the liquid, (2) the individual particle, and (3) the collisions of the particles. Thixotropy is found to be due to the sum of two quantities, namely, the contribution of (1) the individual particle and (2) the interference of the particles. The yield point in these fractions was found to be proportional to the cube of the concentration. With these relations, it is possible to calculate the viscosity of a casting slip for any change in specific gravity.
STUDY OF FACTORS INVOLVED IN GLAZE‐SLIP CONTROL, I–IV* I, GLAZE‐SLIP SPECIFICATIONS
Authors: Harman C. G. , Schaefer C. F.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Experiments were conducted to find a simple, adequate means of specifying glaze consistency. Tests showed that the amount of slip clinging to a glass plate after it is withdrawn from a reservoir of slip (known as its coherence value) was directly influenced by such factors as amount of water, clay content, and age. These factors are commonly thought of as governing the working quality of the slip. Surface tension has little apparent relation to the working qualities of the slip. Examination of the fired glazes revealed that a distinct coherence value separated good glazes from poor types. A total of 110 pieces was fired; of these samples, fifty‐two were glazed with slips having coherence values above 0.04 gm. per sq. cm. Only three of the fifty‐two samples were satisfactory; the remaining fifty‐eight were coated with slips with a coherence value of less than 0.04 gm. per sq. cm. Only nine of these were defective in any respect and most of them were in the region of 0.04 gm. per sq. cm. coherence value.
MELTING RATE OF SODA‐LIME GLASSES AS INFLUENCED BY GRAIN SIZES OF RAW MATERIALS AND ADDITIONS OF CULLET*
Authors: Potts J. C. , Brookover George , Burch O. G.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Using the complete solution of silica grains as a criterion of melting, a comparison of the melting rate of a typical soda‐lime glass as affected by the grain size of the constituent materials has been made. This study indicates that if the grain sizes of raw materials are mismatched, separation or demixing of the batch during melting is likely to occur. The tendency of additions of cullet to minimize such separation is indicated.

Further tests have been made on five commercial container‐glass compositions, which have raw materials of the same grain‐size distribution as those in commercial use. These experiments indicate a varying effect of the addition of cullet in decreasing melting time. This variation cannot be explained by differences in the degree to which the various raw‐material grain sizes are matched.
TIME PROBLEM IN ANNEALING*
Authors: Winter Aniuta
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A discussion of the homogeneity and stability that can be obtained by submitting a sample of glass to a given cooling schedule leads to a new method of annealing called the “freezing process.” The problems (a) how to obtain a given degree of annealing in a minimum amount of time and (b) how to obtain the best possible annealing in a given time are discussed theoretically in conjunction with the general principles of glass annealing. Numerical values of different quantities involved are given, and the application of the freezing process to a light flint glass is described in detail.
LEAD REPLACEMENTS IN DINNERWARE GLAZES*
Authors: Orlowski H. J. , Marquis John
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Data are presented on leadless glazes in which barium, fluorine, lithium, and strontium have been employed as fluxes. Molecular and batch formulas are given for the best glazes with the test results from plant trials conducted in seven vitreous and semivitreous dinnerware plants. The glazes were developed for practical plant production as to cost of preparation, ease of application, and length of firing range. Tests include autoclave, thermal shock, impact, chipping, modulus of rupture, glazed‐ring compression, and scratch hardness.
FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF RAW CLAYS INFLUENCING THEIR USE*
Authors: Harman C. G. , Parmelee C. W.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Several properties of single‐base clays were measured to test the general correlation of these properties. This correlation is possible providing the water content and the soluble constituents are controlled, in which case the properties can be denned as functions of sorption capacity, the nature of the adsorbed ions, and the pore structure.
PROPERTIES OF WOLLASTONITE AND DIOPSIDE WITH ADMIXTURES OF TiO2/ ZrO2, AND SiO2*
Authors: Amberg C. R.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Diopside and wollastonite from natural sources were mixed with TiO2, ZrO2, and SiO2. The firing and fired properties were studied. Certain admixtures were found to improve the color of the fired materials and at the same time produced exceptionally hard bodies of high density.

All of the mixtures of wollastonite or diopside with TiO2, ZrO2, and SiO2 showed the short firing range typical of the alkaline earth silicates.

Exceptionally high hardness and density were obtained with many of the compositions.

The color of wollastonite showed the greatest improvement with 15% of TiO2 and that of diopside with 10 to 25% of ZrO2.
SOME FIRING AND FIRED PROPERTIES OF NEW YORK STATE DIOPSIDE, WOLLASTONITE, AND A TREMOLITIC MATERIAL *
Authors: Amberg C. R.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

New York State diopside and wollastonite as well as a high tremolite material obtained as a by‐product of the electrostatic separation of talc were fired at a series of temperatures. Petrographic examination of the fired materials, absorptions, shrinkages, and P.C.E. values are reported, and observations on color and hardness are also given.

Diopside and wollastonite resemble talc in having short firing ranges, but they develop a dark color at higher temperatures due to a brown, glassy phase that separates from solid solution at temperatures of 1200°C. and higher.

The tremolite‐talc‐quartz mixture is highly refractory; its color at 1435°C. is still white and complete reaction of the constituents has taken place to produce cristobalite and a solid solution of diopside in enstatite. Low absorption was not obtained even with the complete reaction and no glassy phase was evident.
SOME INTERESTING PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM STEELS *
Authors: Comstock George F.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Steel containing sufficient titanium to combine with all of the carbon does not react with vitreous enamels like ordinary low‐carbon steel or ingot iron so that white cover‐coat enamels, without a ground coat, can be fused on it without blistering or black specking. The titanium content must be more than 4.5 times the carbon content. This steel has been made commercially by the basic open‐hearth process, and the requirements for successful manufacture are explained. It is of excellent quality for deep‐drawing and does not have a definite yield point even when normalized or annealed so that stretcher strains cannot occur in it. It is not subject to strain aging of any kind, even when strained as much as 17% and aged at 450°F. It is resistant to caustic embrittlement, and to attack by hydrogen at high temperatures and pressures, and it also resists sagging at enameling temperatures better than regular enameling steel or iron. The yield strength of this steel at room temperature as now manufactured commercially is low, but titanium steels of higher strength containing manganese, nickel, and copper are described, which have the same favorable enameling quality. These stronger steels have excellent ductility and toughness, fair weldability, good resistance to strain‐aging embrittlement, and better resistance to grain growth at high temperature than the regular titanium enameling steel. Their properties, however, still remain to be checked on commercial heats.
STUDY OF SEVERAL GROUPS OF ORGANIC BINDERS UNDER LOW‐PRESSURE EXTRUSION*
Authors: Treischel C. C. , Emrich E. W.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A number of organic binders were added to a talc‐water system and the mixtures were extruded at low pressures through a deairing extruder. These binders were (1) flours, starches (both short and long chain), (2) gums, (3) alcohols and cellulose derivatives, (4) wood extracts, and (5) alginates. Data are presented on wet strength, water retention during extrusion, extrusion characteristics, drying shrinkage, water of plasticity, days required to air dry, warpage, dry modulus of rupture, hardness, and migration.
NOTE ON REACTIONS OF ALKALI WITH KAOLIN AND METAKAOLIN*
Authors: Zerfoss S. , Utter B. A.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Samples of electrodialyzed kaolin, to which a known small quantity of alkali was added, were heated to temperatures in the range of room temperature to 1000°C. The state of combination of the alkali was studied by means of a microchemical reagent developed by Feigl. This reagent, a neutral saturated solution of nickel dimethylglyoxime, is color sensitive to OH ions. Results on various samples suggest the existence of at least one alkali‐kaolin compound and one alkali‐metakaolin compound.
CHANGES OF DENSITY OF SILICATE GLASSES RESULTING FROM CHANGES OF COMPOSITION*
Authors: Sun Kuan‐Han , Huccins Maurice L.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Approximate equations, published by Ghering and Knight and by Elliott, for the calculation of the change in density of a glass resulting from small changes in composition are discussed. The corresponding more exact equations, deduced from fundamental relationships previously published and tested by the authors, are presented. They are but slightly more complicated than the approximate equations.
RELATION BETWEEN INELASTIC DEFORMABILITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF GLASS IN ITS ANNEALING RANGE*
Authors: Tool Arthur Q.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

In accordance with experience concerning the behavior of glass at temperatures within its annealing range, an equation is proposed which relates the various extraordinary heat effects to the inelastic deformability and to the degree of superheating or undercooling. By using this equation in connection with the thermal‐expansion curves of a glass within its annealing range, certain constants that are related to the coefficient of viscosity and its changes with temperature and the degree of superheating or undercooling have been determined with reasonable results. Such results make it possible to estimate the inelastic deformability of a glass in its various conditions at all annealing temperatures and are therefore valuable in connection with problems that are encountered in the process of annealing glass. The apparent success achieved in applying the proposed equation to experimental data suggests that the concepts underlying this equation are fundamental and must be considered in any theory concerning the constitution of glass or that of any other extremely viscous liquid.
ILLITE, MONTMORILLONITE, HALLOYSITE, AND VOLCANIC ASH AS WHITEWARE BODY INGREDIENTS*
Authors: Mattyasovszky‐Zsolnay L.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Plasticity of whiteware bodies can be increased by additions of montmorillonitic, illitic, or halloysitic clays. Montmorillonite gives the highest plasticity, illite slightly less, and halloysite the least.

The use of montmorillonite may cause poor casting properties owing to its thixotropic quality. Both montmorillonite and halloysite increase the shrinkage of cast or jollied ware. The former, however, may be used successfully in dry‐pressed bodies to increase the plasticity.

Illite increases the plasticity without increasing the shrinkage or damaging the casting properties of slips, and small additions of illite to kaolins give a workability similar to that of ball clays. Illite, a flux with a wide vitrification range, also yields a true translucent porcelain at maturing temperatures as low as cone 8 and vitreous floor tile at cone la.

Although the rhyolite ashes are not plastic, they increase the shrinkage of vitrified ware without increasing the plasticity. They are, however, good raw material for porous ware, especially wall tile, permitting a rapid firing schedule.
EFFECT OF COMPOSITION ON PROPERTIES OF CONE 11 ZIRCONIUM SILICATE‐OPACIFIED GLAZES *
Authors: Danielson R. R.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Studies were made of the effects of magnesium, calcium, barium, strontium, and zinc oxides on the gloss, texture, and opacity of one‐fire, zirconium silicate‐opacified glazes at cone 11. The opacity was determined with a Hunter multipurpose reflectometer and the gloss was observed visually. Limits for the various fluxes were determined and a practical base glaze formula was developed.
EFFECT OF ADDING ALUNITE TO REFRACTORY CLAYS
Authors: Knížek Jan O. , Fetter Hans
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Four grades of alunite ore were mixed with four grades of fire clays, and the mixtures were formed into modulus of rupture test bars. These were fired to cone 13–14. Specimens were tested for bulk density and modulus of rupture after the initial firing and after reheating to 1400°C. and 1600°C. Softening temperatures of the mixtures were also determined. In general, small quantities (not exceeding 20%) of alunites improved fired characteristics, including decreasing the reheat shrinkage and increasing the P.C.E. The purity of both raw materials was the determining factor. Excessive additions of alunite, particularly to the low‐grade clays, caused bloating as a result of the evolution of sulfur gases from the alunite.
MEASUREMENT OF MEAN SPECIFIC HEAT OF PLATE GLASS AT HIGH TEMPERATURES
Authors: Anderson Scott
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The mean specific heat of a typical plate glass and Solex “S” were determined in the range 500° to 100°C. The values at 1000°C. are 0.301 and 0.309, respectively, and vary as a straight‐line function with temperature.
PROPERTIES OF SODA‐STRONTIUM OXIDE‐ALUMINA‐SILICA GLASSES*
Authors:   Contribution of the Owens‐Illinois Glass Company General Research Laboratory
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Data are presented on the properties of twenty‐seven Na2OSrO. Al2O3.SiO2 glasses covering the following percentage composition ranges: SiO2 66 to 78; SrO 4 to 16; Al2O3 0,2, and 4; and Na2O 14, 15.5, and 17. The effects of the systematic substitution of SrO for SiO2, A12O3, and Na2O are shown for liquidus temperature, viscosity, coefficient of expansion, deformation temperature, density, and resistance to dilute acid and distilled water.

Comparisons are shown between these SrO glasses and corresponding CaO glasses for those properties previously described.
EFFECT OF BORIC OXIDE ON PROPERTIES OF SODA‐DOLOMITIC LIME‐SILICA GLASS*
Authors:   Contribution of the Owens‐Illinois Glass Company General Research Laboratory
Published: June 2006

Abstract

In two base glasses, the first containing 16% of sodium oxide, 10% of dolomitic lime, and 74% of silica, and the second with 14% of sodium oxide, 12% of dolomitic lime, and 74% of silica, boric oxide was systematically substituted for (a) Na2O, (b) CaO MgO, and (c) SiO2 in amounts of 1, 3, and 5%. The effects of these substitutions on such properties as liquidus temperature, viscosity, deformation temperature, fiber softening point, coefficient of expansion, and the resistance of the glasses to dilute acid and distilled water, are presented.
PRECISION METHOD OF THERMAL ANALYSIS*
Authors: Gruvbr R. M.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A continuously recording potentiometer, measuring accurately heat effects of from 0.1° to 500°C., is used to determine the differential temperature between a sample and a reference material. The temperature rise of sample and reference material is controlled to within 5° of a uniform rate (generally 400° per hour) by a continuous voltage adjustment‐type program controller. The sample holder differs from the usual holder described in the literature in that it has low heat capacity, high conductivity, and small mass. These properties necessitate a uniform temperature area in the furnace.
TRANSMITTANCE OF NEAR‐INRARED ENERGY BY BINARY GLASSES*
Authors: Florence J. M. , Glaze F. W. , Hahner C. H. , Stair Ralph
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A study has been made of the transmittance of near‐infrared energy by a number of binary glasses. Of the systems studied, the lithia‐silica and lead oxide‐silica glasses were found to have the highest transmittance of energy in the range of wave lengths from 3.0 to 5.0 microns. The transmittance of lithia‐silica glass is compared with that of the other alkali‐silica glasses. Values of transmittance are given for lead silicate glasses of higher lead content than previously reported in the literature.
DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSES OF SOME MISSOURI FIRE CLAYS*
Authors: Keller W. D. , Westcott Jambs F.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Differential thermal analyses were made of a large number of fire clays representative of Missouri production. Flint clays gave typical kaolinite curves. The curves of plastic and semiplastic clays were similar to that of kaolinite. Staining with aniline dyes, petrographic determination, and ceramic behavior indicate that clay minerals other than kaolinite are present in Missouri semiplastic clays but these (other clay minerals) were not revealed by the differential thermal method.

High‐alumina hurley clays showed variously endothermic peaks of diaspore, boehmite, and kaolinite, but no exothermic peak which is characteristic of kaolinite.
STABILITY OF LEAD GLASSES AND POLARIZATION OF IONS*
Authors: Fajans Kasimir , Kreidl Norbert J.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

The current theories of glass formation deal mainly with inorganic substances containing oxygen as the negatively charged component. A distinction has been made between those positively charged components which are considered as essential for the formation of the continuous network and those which fit into the interstices of the network and have only a secondary modifying effect on the properties of the glass. While the small and highly charged ions B3+, Si4+, and P5+, which exert a strong electrical attraction on oxygen, have been classified as typical network‐formers, the larger, only singly and doubly charged alkali and alkaline earth cations were considered as typical network‐modifiers. However, the behavior of Be2+ and Al3+ is intermediate between these extremes and shows that the classification is not precise. Furthermore, the following facts prove that the strength of the forces between the positive and negative components is not the decisive factor for glass formation: S6+ is not a glassformer, whereas PbO favors glass formation even though Pb2+ resembles Sr2+ in many other respects.

It is suggested in the present paper that in the case of inorganic substances, the mutual polarization of ions is the common factor responsible for the stability of glasses. In those silicates which contain only cations of noble gas type, the decisive factor is the polarization of O2‐ by the strong field of the central cation Si4+. The high polarizability of the non‐noble gas type cation Pb2+ is considered responsible for the stability of lead glasses. Strong polarization effects diminish the symmetry of the constituent parts which have to move against each other in the process of crystallization. The lack of symmetry of the field of forces around the ions of inorganic substances as well as around the molecules of organic compounds like glycerol appears to be responsible for the high viscosity of the liquid at the solidification temperature and thus for the stability of the vitreous state.

The tightness of the electronic shell of oxygen ions in silicates containing only cations of noble gas type is compared on the basis of the apparent Lorentz‐Lorenz molar refraction per one O2‐. These values are derived from the molar refraction of the silicate by subtracting those of Si4+ and of the other cations in the free gaseous state. It is shown that the electronic shell of the oxygen ions becomes less tight in the series 2Be2+, Si4+, 4/3Al3+, 2Mg2+, 4Li+, etc., which is that of decreasing field strength of the cation. Increase of the ratio of the numbers of O to Si atoms also leads to decreased tightness.
SUPEROPAQUE ENAMELS OF LOW SiO2 CONTENT*
Authors: Baldwin W. J.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

A series of enamel compositions are described which differ radically from the present antimony‐ or zirconium‐opacified types of superopaque enamels. The method for deriving formulations is shown. Basically the compositions are an alumina phosphate type of glass. The ratio of SiO: A12O3: P2O6 is of extreme importance not only in obtaining maximum reflectance values, but also in determining the color of the fired enamel. Titanium oxide is desirable for developing opacity in this type of composition and the amount required is, to a large extent, dependent upon the SiO2: Al2Os: P2O3 ratio. Compositions are given, containing only 5% melted weight of TiO2. These enamels give reflectance values of 80 to 85% at application weights of 40 gm. per sq. ft.
PROPERTIES OF BARIUM‐MAGNESIUM TITANATE DIELECTRICS*
Authors: Shelton Gborge R. , Creamer Ansel S. , Bunting Elmer N.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Dielectrics having compositions in the system BaTiO3‐‐4MgO:TiO2‐TiO2 were matured (<0.1% of absorption) at temperatures from 1275° to 1425°C. Data are given for dielectric constant, K, and the reciprocal of the power factor, Q, at 25°C. and frequencies of 50, 1000, 20,000 kc. per sec. and 3000 me. per sec.; also K at a frequency of 1 mc. per sec. and at various temperatures from —60° to 85°C. Values of K (1 mc. per sec. and 25°C.) ranged from 12 to 1550 and those of Q from 9 to 10,000. Values of K decreased and those of Q increased for several weeks after specimens were matured, when the content of BaO was greater than 30% and that of TiO2 less than 50%. Partial restoration of the original values of K and Q resulted from Beating these specimens at various temperatures for brief periods. Linear thermal expansion (25° to 700°C.) ranged from 0.46 to 0.71%. A few specimens of barium‐strontium titan ate were tested for the effects of thermal history on the properties.
FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF CLAY: VIII, A NEW THEORY FOR THE PLASTICITY OF CLAY‐WATER MASSES*
Authors: Norton F. H.
Published: June 2006

Abstract

In spite of the large amount of work which has been done in the field of plasticity, none of the explanations are entirely fitted to the facts when dealing with clay‐water systems of pasty consistency. As there is now a considerable amount of data on carefully fractionated and cleaned kaolinite, it has been possible to substantiate a new mechanism of plasticity which is termed the “stretched‐membrane theory.” This theory accounts for the plasticity of the clay masses by the compression of the whole due to the surface envelope of water which tends to push the particles together by capillary forces. This theory is shown to be reasonable by both direct and indirect proof; however, it in no way changes the general picture of the forces acting between the particles in a suspension as portrayed by the colloid chemists.1,2
Differential Thermal‐Analysis Studies of Ceramic Materials: I, Characteristic Heat Effects of Some Carbonates
Authors: GRUVER R. M.
Published: June 2006

Because of the importance of carbonates to the ceramic industry, the dissociation of these materials has been studied by differential thermal analysis. Thermal‐analysis curves were obtained for forty‐three samples of limestone, magnesite, dolomite, cerussite, witherite, strontianite, lithium carbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, and ammonium carbonate in this survey.
Polymorphism of Calcium Orthosilicate
Authors: BREDIG M. A.
Published: June 2006

Therecentobservation of orthorhombic α'‐Ca2Si04 (bredigite) at all temperatures between about 850° and 1450°C. leads to a rational interpretation of the polymorphism of this substance, which is very satisfactory from the crystal‐chemical point of view. The so‐called β phase, of as yet unknown, complex structure, exists only meta‐stably, and not above but below about 675°C, where γ is the stable phase. The monotropic β phase forms on cooling from α’near 675°C. as the result of the inhibition of the α’→γ inversion, at 850°C. The inhibition is caused by the need for a considerable atomic rearrangement and a 12% volume increase which accompanies the change of the coordinations CaO2 and CaOlo, in α', to CaO6, in γ. Among the solid phase equilibria with, Mg2SiO4 and Ca3(PO4)2, unlimited solid solubility between γ‐Ca2SiO4 and Mg2SiO4 is predicted, whereas the solubility of Mg2SiO4 is a limited one in α’and still more so in a‐Ca2SiO4, as a result of the substitution, for calcium, of the smaller magnesium.
Thermochemical Changes in Alunite and Alunitic Clays
Authors: GAD GAMAL M.
Published: June 2006

One of the important sources of refractory material in Egypt is alunite, a hydrated potassium aluminum sulfate. The reaction occurring on heating this material is studied by X‐ray and thermal‐analysis methods. If the potash is leveled out after a preliminary calcination, corundum or mullite brick may be produced from the resultant material.
Chemical Analysis of Soda‐Lime‐Silica Glasses for Trace Quantities of Several Colorants
Authors: CLOSE PAUL , RAGGON F. C. , SMITH W. E.
Published: June 2006

Methods for the analysis of soda‐lime‐silica glasses for trace amounts of CrzO3, COO, NiO, CuO, and selenium are described; the determination of sulfide sulfur in amber glass bottles is also described. The applicable range of these methods is as follows: for Cr2O3, 2 to 600 pgm.; for COO, 2 to 20 pgm.; for NiO, 5 to 100 pgm.; for CuO, 5 to 80 pgrn.; for selenium, 5 pgm. (approximate minimum); for sulfide sulfur, 0.005 to 0.10%.
Wetting Properties of Some Enamel Glasses and Relation to Impact Resistance
Authors: KNAPP W. J. , SHAH C. C. , PLANJE T. J.
Published: June 2006

The wetting properties of some enamel glasses on commercially pure enameling iron were determined and compared with correlated impact resistance test results. The rate of change of wetting characteristics with temperature seemed to influence the impact resistance of the enameled metal.
Fundamental Study of Clay: X, Water Films in Monodisperse Kaolinite Fractions
Authors: EAST WALTER H.
Published: June 2006

Water‐film thicknesses in monodisperse kaolinite fractions were determined by direct measurements and compared with those in the gibbsite and quartz systems. The influence of Ca, Na, and H exchangeable ions on kaolinite films was investigated and the solid‐liquid interface energy was computed by means of heat of wetting. A mechanism of base exchange and a new concept of the plastic structure are offered.