bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Pattern of Medicine Use in Ethiopia Using the WHO Core Drug Use Indicators
Authors: Mohammed Solomon Ahmed , Faris Abebe Getie
Published: December 2021

Introduction. Rational medicine use is an appropriate prescribing, dispensing, and patient use of medicines for the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases. It is affected by several factors. Irrational use of medicine is a widespread problem at all levels of care. This review is aimed at assessing the medicine use pattern in health facilities of Ethiopia using the medicine use pattern developed by WHO/INRUD. Methods. Relevant literature was searched from Google Scholar, PubMed, Hinari, Web of Science, and Scopus using inclusion and exclusion criteria. A systematic review was used to summarize the medicine use pattern in health facilities of Ethiopia, and that WHO core drug use indicators were employed. Result. From 188 searched studies, 30 literatures were reviewed. The average number of drugs per encounter was 2.11. The percentage of encounters with antibiotics and injection was 57.16% and 22.39%, respectively. The percentage of drugs prescribed by generic name and from an essential drug list was 91.56% and 90.19%, respectively. On average, patients spent 5.14 minutes for consultation and 106.52 seconds for dispensing. From prescribed drugs, 67.79% were dispensed, while only 32.25% were labeled adequately. The availability of key essential medicines was 64.87%. The index of rational drug use value was 7.26. Moreover, the index of rational drug prescribing, index of rational patient‐care drug use, and index of rational facility‐specific drug use were 3.74, 2.51, and 1.01, respectively. Conclusion. Ethiopian health facilities were faced with antibiotic overprescribing, short consultation, and dispensing times, poor labeling of medicines, poor availability of key drugs, and nonadherence to the essential drug list. Routine, multidisciplinary awareness creation, and regulation should be implemented to promote rational medicine use at a national level.
Denial‐of‐Service Attack Detection over IPv6 Network Based on KNN Algorithm
Authors: Alharbi Yasser , Alferaidi Ali , Yadav Kusum , Dhiman Gaurav , Kautish Sandeep
Published: December 2021

With the rapid increase and complexity of IPv6 network traffic, the traditional intrusion detection system Snort detects DoS attacks based on specific rules, which reduces the detection performance of IDS. To solve the DoS intrusion detection problem in the IPv6 network environment, the lightweight KNN optimization algorithm in machine learning is adopted. First, the double dimensionality reduction of features is achieved through the information gain rate, and discrete features with more subfeatures are selected and aggregated to further dimensionality reduction and feature dimension of the actual operation. Secondly, the information gain rate is used as the weight to optimize the sample Euclidean distance measurement. Based on the proposed measure of the reverse distance influence, the classification decision algorithm of the KNN algorithm is optimized to make the detection technology better. The effect is further improved. The experimental results show that the traditional TAD‐KNN algorithm based on average distance and the GR‐KNN algorithm that only optimizes the distance definition, the GR‐AD‐KNN algorithm can not only improve the overall detection performance in the detection of IPv6 network traffic characteristics but also for small groups of samples. As a result, classification has better detection results.
Features of Adjusting the Frozen Soil Properties Using Borehole Temperature Measurements
Authors: Semin Mikhail , Levin Lev , Bogomyagkov Aleksandr , Pugin Aleksei
Published: December 2021

The paper examines the theoretical issues of using borehole temperature survey data to control a frozen wall formed around the sinking mine shafts of the Nezhinsk mining and processing plant potash mine. We consider adjusting the parameters of the mathematical model of the frozen soil based on temperature measurements in boreholes. Adjustment of the parameters of the mathematical model (thermophysical properties of the soil) is usually carried out by minimizing the discrepancy functional between the experimentally measured and model temperatures in the temperature control boreholes. An important question about the form of this functional and the existence of minima remained after the previous studies. The study aimed at this question included analysis of heat transfer in two horizontal layers (sand and chalk) for two shafts under construction using artificial ground freezing. It was shown that the discrepancy functional minimum under certain conditions moves over time or is nonunique. This phenomenon results in ambiguity in adjusting the mathematical model parameters in the frozen soil to fit the borehole temperature survey data. At the stage of the frozen wall growth, the effective thermal conductivity in the frozen zone can be determined ambiguously from the temperature measurements in the boreholes—its value can change over time. At the stage of maintaining the frozen wall, the solution turns out to be dependent on the ratio of effective thermal conductivities in the frozen and unfrozen zones.
Study and Application of Similar Material Ratio in Collapsible Loess
Authors: Zhao Bingchao , Ma Yunxiang , Guo Yaxin , Sun Hao , Wang Jingbin , Wang Hailong
Published: December 2021

The similar material of collapsible loess is the basis and premise of the experimental study on the surface movement and deformation law of coal seam mining in collapsible loess‐covered areas. The orthogonal experiment is used to make up similar material with different proportions using river sand and barite powder as aggregate, clay and gypsum as cementing material, and diatomite as adjusting material. The reasonable proportion of similar material in collapsible loess is studied by using range analysis, similar simulation, and field measurement. The results show that the content of diatomite plays a leading role in the collapsibility coefficient of similar material, and the collapsibility coefficient is positively correlated with the content of diatomite; moisture content is the main control of the cohesion of the material, and cohesion is negatively correlated with the moisture content; the ratio of bone‐to‐glue has the most significant effect on the internal friction angle, and the internal friction angle is positively correlated with the ratio of bone‐to‐glue. The reasonable ratio of the similar material in collapsible loess is 8 : 2 of the ratio of bone‐to‐glue, the ratio of clay‐to‐gypsum is 9 : 1, the barite powder content is 6%, the diatomite content is 23%, and the moisture content is 13%, and the mechanical parameters of the collapsible loess are 5.3%–6.3% different from the target value of similar material through laboratory tests, which can meet the experimental requirements. It is verified by a similar simulation experiment that the maximum surface subsidence value and the surface fracture width in the simulation results are 6.9% and 7.8% different from the field measured results, indicating a high degree of agreement. The results of the study have important references and guiding significance for the preparation of similar material with similar models.
A Secure Environment Using a New Lightweight AES Encryption Algorithm for E-Commerce Websites
Authors: Abdul Hussien Farah Tawfiq , Rahma Abdul Monem S. , Abdul Wahab Hala Bahjat
Published: December 2021

Providing security for transmitted data through the e-commerce environment requires using a fast and high secure encryption algorithm. Balancing between the speed and the security degree is a problem that many of the encryption algorithms suffer from. Increasing the security degree requires increasing the level of complexity which results in increasing encryption time. On the other hand, increasing the algorithm speed may reduce the complexity degree which affects the security level. This paper aims to design an encryption algorithm that balances time and complexity (speed and security). This is done by suggesting a security environment that depends on creating and providing an agent software to be settled into each customer device that manages the purchase and security process without customer interference. The suggested encryption algorithm is applied within this environment. Several modifications are performed on the AES encryption algorithm. The AES was chosen due to its performance (security and speed), which makes it suitable for encrypting transmitted data over the Internet. These modifications involve adding preprocessing steps (padding and zigzag), eliminating Sub Byte step, and reducing the number of rounds. The experimental results showed that the suggested algorithm provides more security and speed in the encryption and decryption process. The randomness degree has increased by 29.5%. The efficiency is increased because the encryption and decryption times are reduced, as is the CPU usage. The throughput for the suggested algorithm is increased by 10% for the encryption process and is increased by 9.3% for the decryption process.
Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Trauma-Related Coagulopathy: Is There Causality? Study Protocol for a Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Jávor Péter , Rárosi Ferenc , Horváth Tamara , Török László , Hartmann Petra
Published: December 2021

Hemorrhage control often poses a great challenge for clinicians due to trauma-induced coagulopathy (TIC). The pathogenesis of TIC is not completely revealed; however, growing evidence attributes a central role to altered platelet biology. The activation of thrombocytes and subsequent clot formation are highly energetic processes being tied to mitochondrial activity, and the inhibition of the electron transport chain (ETC) impedes on thrombogenesis, suggesting the potential role of mitochondria in TIC. Our present study protocol provides a guide to quantitatively characterize the derangements of mitochondrial functions in TIC. One hundred eleven severely injured (injury severity score ≥16), bleeding trauma patients with an age of 18 or greater will be included in this prospective observational study. Patients receiving oral antiplatelet agents including cyclooxygenase-1 or adenosine diphosphate receptor inhibitors (aspirin, clopidogrel, prasugrel, and ticagrelor) will be excluded from the final analysis. Hemorrhage will be confirmed and assessed with computer tomography. Conventional laboratory markers of hemostasis such as prothrombin time and international normalized ratio will be measured and rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) will be performed directly upon patient arrival. Platelets will be isolated from venous blood samples and subjected to high-resolution fluororespirometry (Oxygraph-2k, Oroboros Instruments, Innsbruck, Austria) to evaluate the efficacy of mitochondrial respiration. Oxidative phosphorylation (OxPhos), coupling of the ETC, mitochondrial superoxide formation, mitochondrial membrane potential changes, and extramitochondrial Ca2+-movement will be recorded. The association between OxPhos capacity of platelet mitochondria and numerical parameters of ROTEM aggregometry will constitute our primary outcome. The relation between OxPhos capacity and results of viscoelastic assays and conventional markers of hemostasis will serve as secondary outcomes. The association of the OxPhos capacity of platelet mitochondria upon patient arrival to the need for massive blood transfusion and 24-h mortality will constitute our tertiary outcomes. Mitochondrial dysfunction and its importance in TIC are yet to be assessed for the deeper understanding of this common, life-threatening condition. Disclosure of mitochondria-mediated processes in thrombocytes may reveal new therapeutic targets in the management of hemorrhaging trauma patients, thereby leading to a reduction of potentially preventable mortality. The present protocol was registered to ClinicalTrials.gov on 12 August 2021, under the reference number NCT05004844.
Children’s safety and security in non formal pre-primary schools: The intervention measures
Authors: Murungi Catherine Gakii , Nyakwara Begi , Mwoma Teresa
Published: December 2021

This study sought to come up with intervention measures that could be put in place to mitigate the challenges experienced in non-formal schools to enhance safety and security of children. Purposive sampling was used to select Nairobi City County and all the pre-primary schools attached to non-formal schools in informal settlements in the county and the head teachers/managers and teachers working in these pre-primary schools. A sample size of 54 pre-primary schools was selected. A total number of 136 participants from the sampled pre-primary schools participated in the study comprising of 78 preschool teachers, 54 head teachers, and four education officers. The findings revealed various intervention measures by participants such as intervention by: county government, school management such as picking and dropping children, fencing school and having lockable gates.
An investigation of teacher experiences in learning the project-based learning approach
Authors: Yang Dazhi , Skelcher Shannon , Gao Fei
Published: December 2021

Project-based learning (PBL) has a positive impact on student motivation, students’ perceived learning, and performance. However, many teachers are reluctant to adopt PBL. This mixed-methods study examined in-service teachers’ learning experiences of planning and implementing PBL situated in a graduate level PBL course and sought insight into the challenges and ways to overcome the challenges in implementing PBL in practice. Results indicate that teachers’ confidence about their ability to plan and implement a PBL project improved upon completion of the course. Nevertheless, teachers cited various obstacles, such as a lack of mentoring, planning time and implementation experiences, which had prevented them from complete implementation of PBL in teaching. Possible ways to overcome the challenges in adopting PBL include school support, opportunities for experience and practice with PBL, and peer collaboration. The study also showed that a semester-long course focused on designing and developing a PBL project of teachers’ choice was effective in helping increase their confidence and experience in potential implementation of PBL in classroom practice. This study contributes to the implementation of PBL in classrooms and teacher education as well as teacher professional development on the PBL approach.
Factors affecting teacher educators adoption of formative assessment strategies in the mathematics classroom
Authors: Enu Justice
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this study was to look into the factors that influence mathematics teacher educators' formative assessment practices. This paper took a qualitative case study research design approach with six educators teaching mathematics in three teacher Colleges of Education in Ghana. The exploration focused on factors that hinders teacher educators use of formative assessment practices. Data were generated through the administration of semi – structured interviews and lesson observations. The qualitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings revealed that major factors which limit teacher educators formative assessment practices were: large class size, time, lack of transparency in assessment, and internal and external summative assessment issues. The factors limiting teacher educators' use of formative assessment (FA) discussed in this study are beneficial for teacher college administration in addressing the issues and educators in assisting pre-service teachers in eliminating these factors during their training and after passing out from the college of education to the teaching field. Based on the findings, it is recommended that a large scale study is conducted on factors that affect teachers formative assessment practices and the effect on students mathematics learning.
A comprehensive study on energy meters and power tampering attempts
Authors: Khan Shagufta , Saini Manoj
Published: December 2021

Electricity is the basic need of today’s scenario. In the 21st generation, growth and development is totally dependent on electricity. Thus, measurement of consumption of electricity becomes much more important. Energy meter used to measure consumed electricity by building or electrical equipment of various end users. This paper focuses on review of energy meters and power tampering attempts. It will highlight the development of meters from electromechanical meters to smart meters. The need of an era is to develop a more reliable and intelligent smart energy meters. This paper also discussed type of power tampering efforts in energy meters for power theft. The concept of smart meters for removing the power tampering efforts is also discussed.
Techno-economic study of a hybrid power generation system at the Lebanese coastal highways
Authors: Hammoud Mohammad , Hallal Jaafar , Moussa Tala , Kassem Hussein
Published: December 2021

Despite its great importance in daily life, electricity remains one of the most critical issues in Lebanon where the power supply has been erratic for years and the government faces numerous problems in buying foreign currency for fuel import from petroleum countries. Therefore, there is an urgent need for efficient solutions to produce local energy in a more sustainable way, leading to an environmentally friendly energy consumption, far away from conventional energy sources. In this work, unconventional technologies are used for the generation of clean energy from a system of photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines. The novelty lies in the fact that the cost of the land required for the installation is almost zero. The middle of the highways is usually left unoccupied and therefore suitable for the project. Another innovative feature of the proposed system is its ability to be connected to the public utility without the need for battery storage, which reduces the total cost of the system. The proposed design consists of 87,750 PVs arranged in pairs on a steel frame for a coastal distance of 117,000 meters (highway distance between Tyre and Tripoli) with a width of 2 meters and 29,250 vertical wind turbines placed under the chassis. Using RETScreen software, the capacity of the resulting system is estimated at 39.9 GW/year. The system would lead to a reduction in CO2 and GHG emissions of approximately 28,211 tCO2/year. The payback period of this project is estimated at 9 years with a lifetime of 25 years.
Evaluation of non-formal education management in Maluku Province, Indonesia
Authors: Rahabav Patrisius , Souisa Threesje Roza
Published: December 2021

The study was aimed at evaluating the management of non-formal education institution in Maluku Province. Mixed methods were applied to conduct the study with the population included all 24 accredited non-formal education institutions in Maluku Province in 2017-2018. The non-formal institutions namely Central Maluku Regency 2 Learning Centre Community Activities (PKBM), Southeast Maluku Regency 2 Course and Training Institute (LKP), and 1 PKBM, Buru Regency 2 LKP, and 1 PKBM, Tanimbar Islands Regency 6 PKBM and Ambon City 3 LKP, 6 PKBM and 1 Learning Activity Center. The sample of this study was 24 non-formal education institutions (population sample) with census techniques, and two educators and two learning residents were also involved be interviewed. In collecting the data, several instruments were implemented such as non-test techniques in the form of assessment rubrics, observation, interviews, and documentation studies. In analyzing the data, the context, input, process and product (CIPP) was used as the bases theory and it was analyzed through quantitative and qualitative descriptive analysis ways. The results of this study reported that non-formal education institutions in Maluku Province did not optimally in applying the principles of good governance in the institution management and it was categorized in low level based on the CIPP model of evaluation.
Predictive ability of problem-solving efficacy sources on mathematics achievement
Authors: Dagdag Januard D. , Palapuz Noel A. , Calimag Nikka A.
Published: December 2021

This study examined the relationship between mathematics achievement and mathematics problem-solving efficacy sources. A cluster sample of 123 first year prospective teachers of a Philippine higher education institution responded to a 30-item problem-solving efficacy scales and took the teacher-made tests in Mathematics in the Modern World course; namely, Non-Routine Problem Solving and Natures and Numbers Pattern Tracing (NRPS-NNPT), Math Language and Symbols (MLS), and Data Management (DM). The research data was analyzed using Descriptive statistics, Pearson-r and Standard Multiple Regression. On the average, the respondents had satisfactory mathematics achievement. They reported a high level of social persuasion and somatic response and a low level of vicarious experience and mastery experience in mathematics problem-solving. Vicarious experience was directly associated with mastery experience while social persuasion and mastery experience were both inversely related to somatic responses. Among the four problem-solving efficacy sources, only social persuasion significantly predicted mathematics achievement specifically in the areas of NRPS-NNPT, MLS, and DM. Thus, becoming a trusted voice of encouragement and designing a persuasive and optimistic learning environment are highly recommended roles of schools to facilitate students’ mathematics achievement.
Integration of Ignatian values in the development of algebraic thinking via utilization of quasi-variables: A lesson study
Authors: Veloso Marian Grace , Landanganon Lucio , Lamanilao Raquel , Elipane Levi
Published: December 2021

This paper reflects on the outcome of lesson study in teaching the concept of algebraic equations utilizing quasi-variables. It also concurrently examines the integration of Ignatian values and social issues in learning the said concept. This study aimed to establish a culture of planning, collaboration, and reflection in developing the understanding and relevance of mathematical concepts in grade school through lesson study. The study showed how the process of lesson study was done given the following phases: planning phase, implementation phase, and post-lesson reflection and discussion phase. Emphasis on the planning phase was given on the details of the lesson design which aimed to integrate Ignatian values in the discussion while developing algebraic thinking from quasi-variable thinking delivered in the implementation phase. Findings highlighted on three statements: i) Collaborative lesson planning nurtures a deeper sense of scholarship and collegiality; ii) Building algebraic thinking from quasi-variable (arithmetic) thinking is a viable strategy for understanding the concept of algebraic equation; and iii) Looking into the “big picture” and responding to relevant social issues could strengthen meaning - integration of Ignatian values. Strong collaboration and communication among teachers in creating detailed lesson design enabled more meaningful learning among pupils. Research revealed the significant role of lesson study in creating meaningful strategies and activities which provided efficient structure in developing a chosen lesson topic. It does not only focus on the nature of the topic but also include making meaningful connections to the real world and integrate values.
Social acceptance levels of normal developed students towards disable students
Authors: Özlü Buse , Serin Nergüz Bulut
Published: December 2021

The study aimed to examine whether there is a significant difference between the social acceptance levels of the students with disabilities in the middle school students with normal development according to the variables of gender, grade level, number of siblings, and income level. This study was carried out in general screening model with appropriate sampling model. The universe of this research consists of 6th and 7th grade students. The sample of the study consists of 220 students. Social acceptance scale was used to collect data. One-way analysis of variance (t-test) were calculated using test techniques. As a result of the research, it was observed that the average score of peer attitude of female students was higher than male students. No significant difference was found between the social acceptance scale subscales, social skills, and student behavior subscales and social acceptance scale total scores of students with normal development according to their grade level. According to the number of participants’ siblings, a significant difference was found between the student behavior subscale of the social acceptance scale and the total score averages of the social acceptance scale.
Prognostic Value of a Polygenic Risk Score for Coronary Heart Disease in Individuals Aged 70 Years and Older
Authors: Neumann Johannes T. , Riaz Moeen , Bakshi Andrew , Polekhina Galina , Thao Le T.P. , Nelson Mark R. , Woods Robyn L. , Abraham Gad , Inouye Michael , Reid Christopher M. , Tonkin Andrew M. , McNeil John , Lacaze Paul
Published: December 2021

Background:

The use of a polygenic risk score (PRS) to improve risk prediction of coronary heart disease (CHD) events has been demonstrated to have clinical utility in the general adult population. However, the prognostic value of a PRS for CHD has not been examined specifically in older populations of individuals aged ≥70 years, who comprise a distinct high-risk subgroup. The objective of this study was to evaluate the predictive value of a PRS for incident CHD events in a prospective cohort of older individuals without a history of cardiovascular events.

Methods:

We used data from 12 792 genotyped, healthy older individuals enrolled into the ASPREE trial (Aspirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly), a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial investigating the effect of daily 100 mg aspirin on disability-free survival. Participants had no previous history of diagnosed atherothrombotic cardiovascular events, dementia, or persistent physical disability at enrollment. We calculated a PRS (meta-genomic risk score) consisting of 1.7 million genetic variants. The primary outcome was a composite of incident myocardial infarction or CHD death over 5 years.

Results:

At baseline, the median population age was 73.9 years, and 54.9% were female. In total, 254 incident CHD events occurred. When the PRS was added to conventional risk factors, it was independently associated with CHD (hazard ratio, 1.24 [95% CI, 1.08–1.42],
P
=0.002). The area under the curve of the conventional model was 70.53 (95% CI, 67.00–74.06), and after inclusion of the PRS increased to 71.78 (95% CI, 68.32–75.24,
P
=0.019), demonstrating improved prediction. Reclassification was also improved, as the continuous net reclassification index after adding PRS to the conventional model was 0.25 (95% CI, 0.15–0.28).

Conclusion:

A PRS for CHD performs well in older people and improves prediction over conventional cardiovascular risk factors. Our study provides evidence that genomic risk prediction for CHD has clinical utility in individuals aged 70 years and older.

Registration:

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
; Unique identifier: NCT01038583
Arrhythmic Phenotypes Are a Defining Feature of Dilated Cardiomyopathy-Associated
SCN5A
Variants: A Systematic Review
Authors: Peters Stacey , Thompson Bryony A. , Perrin Mark , James Paul , Zentner Dominica , Kalman Jonathan M. , Vandenberg Jamie I. , Fatkin Diane
Published: December 2021

Background:

Variants in the
SCN5A
gene, that encodes the cardiac sodium channel, Nav1.5, are associated with a highly arrhythmogenic form of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Our aim was to review the phenotypes, natural history, functional effects, and treatment outcomes of DCM-associated rare
SCN5A
variants.

Methods:

A systematic review of reported DCM-associated rare
SCN5A
variants was undertaken using PubMed and Embase.

Results:

Eighteen
SCN5A
rare variants in 29 families with DCM (173 affected individuals) were identified. Eleven variants had undergone experimental evaluation, with 7 of these resulting in increased sustained current flow during the action potential (eg, increased window current) and at resting membrane potentials (eg, creation of a new gating pore current). These variants were located in transmembrane voltage-sensing domains and had a consistent phenotype characterized by frequent multifocal narrow and broad complex ventricular premature beats (VPB; 72% of affected relatives), ventricular arrhythmias (33%), atrial arrhythmias (32%), sudden cardiac death (13%), and DCM (56%). This VPB-predominant phenotype was not seen with 1 variant that increased late sodium current, or with variants that reduced peak current density or had mixed effects. In the latter groups, affected individuals mainly showed sinus node dysfunction, conduction defects, and atrial arrhythmias, with infrequent VPB and ventricular arrhythmias. DCM did not occur in the absence of arrhythmias for any variant. Twelve studies (23 total patients) reported treatment success in the VPB-predominant cardiomyopathy using sodium channel-blocking drug therapy.

Conclusions:

SCN5A
variants can present with a diverse spectrum of primary arrhythmic features. A majority of DCM-associated variants cause a multifocal VPB-predominant cardiomyopathy that is reversible with sodium channel blocking drug therapy. Early recognition of the distinctive phenotype and prompt genetic testing to identify variant carriers are needed. Our findings have implications for interpretation and management of
SCN5A
variants found in DCM patients with and without arrhythmias.
İŞGAL VE GÖÇ: İZMİR ÖRNEĞİ
Authors: ŞAHİN Cemile , ŞAHİN İsmail
Published: December 2021

Bu çalışmanın amacı İzmir işgalinin yol açtığı göç hareketliliğini irdelemektir. Yunanistan 15 Mayıs 1919 tarihinde İzmir’i işgal etmiş ve hemen ardından işgal sahasını Batı Anadolu boyunca yaymıştır. İşgal kısa sürede bölgede kapsamlı bir göç hareketliliğine yol açmıştır. Zira işgal kuvvetleri ile Rum çeteleri sivil halka yönelik şiddetli katliamlara girişmekten geri durmamıştır. Bu zorbalığın bir nedeni işgal bölgelerinin demografik yapısını Yunanlılar lehine değiştirmektir. Dolayısıyla işgal altındaki yerli Müslüman ahalinin bölgeyi terk etmesine işgal kuvvetleri sıcak yaklaşmıştır. Bu nedenle çok sayıda Müslüman Türk malını mülkünü terk ederek Yunan zulmünden kaçmış ve Anadolu’nun daha güvenli olarak gördükleri iç kesimlerine doğru göç etmek zorunda kalmıştır. Araştırmanın odak noktasını bu göç hareketi oluşturmaktadır. Göç sürecinde Müslüman ahalinin karşılaştığı güçlükler, maruz kaldığı zulüm, göç yollarında ve yerleştikleri bölgelerde yaşadıkları zorluklar dönemin koşulları bağlamında ele alınmıştır. Son olarak işgalin sona ermesiyle göçmenlerin geri dönüş sürecine değinilmiştir. Araştırmada birincil kaynaklar gazeteler ve doğrudan konuya temas eden bilimsel eserler kullanılmıştır.
ULUSLARARASI ÖĞRENCİLERİN ÇALIŞMA DENEYİMLERİ: BANDIRMA ONYEDİ EYLÜL ÜNİVERSİTESİ ÖĞRENCİLERİ ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Authors: KAVURMACI Aslı
Published: December 2021

Bu araştırma ile yükseköğretiminde Türkiye’yi tercih eden ve işgücü piyasasında yer alan uluslararası öğrencilerin çalışma koşullarına dair deneyim ve sorunlarının ortaya koyulması amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma desenlerinden durum çalışması, veri toplama aracı olarak ise yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Derinlemesine mülakat tekniğinin kullanıldığı bu çalışmada farklı bölüm ve eğitim seviyelerinde olan 12 uluslararası öğrenciye ulaşılmıştır. Çalışma grubu belirlenirken amaçlı örnekleme yöntemlerinden ölçüt örnekleme kullanılmıştır. Ölçüt örneklemede Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesinde okuyan, farklı ülkelerden gelmiş ve çalışan ya da Türkiye’ye geldiğinden beri en az bir işte çalışmış uluslararası öğrenciler seçilmiştir. Araştırma verileri ATLAS.ti 9 nitel veri analizi programında içerik analizi yapılarak incelenmiştir. Araştırmaya göre öğrencilerin ekonomik yetersizlik, dil becerilerini arttırmak ya da tecrübe kazanmak gibi nedenlerle ağırlıklı olarak hizmet sektöründe yarı zamanlı işlerde çalıştıkları gözlenmiştir. Ancak öğrencilerin vasıf gerektirmeyen düşük ücretli, uzun çalışma saatlerini içeren işlerde çalıştığı, işverenler tarafından kimi zaman ücretlerinin tam ödenmediği de araştırma neticesinde tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda ise, öğrencilerin eğitim için Türkiye’yi ve okuduğu üniversiteyi tercih etmeleri, çalışma hayatına katılmaları, çalışma koşulları ve Türkiye’ye uyumları ile ilgili en büyük belirleyicinin ekonomik etkenler olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır.
TÜRKİYE HANEHALKI YÜKSEKÖĞRETİM HARCAMALARININ BELİRLEYİCİLERİ
Authors: ERCAN Uğur , KASALAK Gamze
Published: December 2021

Gerçekleştirilen çalışmanın amacı Türkiye hanehalkı yükseköğretim harcamalarının belirleyicilerini tespit etmektir. Çalışmada TÜİK 2019 Hanehalkı Bütçe Anketi verileri kullanılmıştır. 11521 haneye ait verilerin kullanıldığı çalışmada verilerin analizinde tanımlayıcı istatistikler ve Probit Regresyon modeli kullanılmıştır. Analizde kullanılan veriler 2019 Aralık ayına göre enflasyondan arındırılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonuçlarına göre gelir, hanehalkı reisinin yaşı, eğimi düzeyi, cinsiyeti (kadın), hanehalkı büyüklüğü, evde internet bağlantısının varlığı, hanede 0-5 yaş ve 6-18 yaş arası bireyin varlığı karakteristiklerinin yükseköğretim harcaması üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olduğu görülmüştür. Buna karşın hanehalkı reisinin medeni durumu, çalışma durumu ve sigorta durumu karakteristiklerinin hanehalkı yükseköğretim harcamalarına herhangi bir etkisi görülmemiştir.
COVİD-19 PANDEMİSİNİN SEÇİLİ BİST SEKTÖR ENDEKSLERİ ÜZERİNDEKİ ETKİSİ
Authors: İMRE Süreyya
Published: December 2021

Bu çalışmada Borsa İstanbul Pay Piyasası’nda işlem gören XBANK, XBLSM, XGIDA, XILTM, XSGRT, XTEKS, XTRZM, XULAS toplam 8 sektör endeksinde Covid-19 salgınının etkisini ölçmek amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla 05.01.2015 – 02.07.2021 tarihlerini kapsayan ilgili BİST sektör endekslerinin günlük kapanış fiyatları kullanılmıştır. BİST sektör endekslerinde hem pandeminin etkilerini tespit etmek hem de asimetri ve kaldıraç etkisinin varlığını tespit etmek amacıyla Üstel Genelleştirilmiş Otoregresif Koşullu Heterokedastisite (EGARCH) modeli kullanılmıştır. Pandemi etkisini tespit etmek amacıyla Covid-19 adıyla kukla değişken tanımlanarak hem ortalama modeline hem varyans modeline eklenmiştir. Böylece sektör getirileri ve volatilitedeki artış azalışlar tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre Covid-19’un XBLSM, XGIDA, XSGRT, XTEKS, XTRZM getirileri üzerinde etkili olduğu, XBLSM, XGIDA, XSGRT sektör getirileri üzerinde pozitif, XTEKS, XTRZM sektör getirileri üzerinde ise negatif bir etkisi olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Pandemi sürecinde XBLSM, XSGRT ve XGIDA getirileri artarken, XTEKS ve XTRZM getirileri azalmıştır. Aynı şekilde oynaklık üzerinde Covid-19’un etkisine bakıldığında XBLSM, XGIDA ve XSGRT sektörlerinin volatilitesi pozitif yönlü etkilenirken, XTEKS, XTRZM, XULAS sektörlerinin volatilitesi negatif yönlü etkilenmiştir.
ÜNİVERSİTE ÖĞRENCİLERİ İÇİN ÇOK BOYUTLU YOKSULLUK TESPİT ÖLÇEĞİ ÖNERİSİ
Authors: ÖZDEMİR Mustafa Çağlar , ÖZKAN Yılmaz , ERDOĞAN Ekrem , KİŞİOĞLU Hilal , AKIN Ferdağ
Published: December 2021

Zaman ve mekân açısından yaşamın gerektirdiği imkânlardan yoksun kalma hali olarak tanımladığınızda yoksulluk, beşeri sermayenin önemli bir kısmını temsil eden üniversite öğrencileri için çok daha fazla önem arz eder. Öğrenci yoksulluğu kendine has dinamiklere sahiptir. Mücadele araçları kullanılmadan önce yoksulluğun hangi boyutlarda yoğunlaştığının tespit edilmesi gerekir. Bu çalışma öğrenci yoksulluğunu çok boyutlu ve doğru şekilde ölçebilecek orijinal bir ölçeğin geliştirilmesi ve doğrulanması hakkında bilgi vermektedir. Ölçek geliştirilmesi 4 aşamadan oluşmaktadır. Birinci aşamada; literatür taraması, merkezi yoksulluk ölçüm yöntemleri, öğrenci mülakatları ve uzman geri bildirimlerinden hareketle dokuz yoksunluk boyutu belirlenerek bir madde havuzu geliştirilmiştir. İkinci aşamada, geliştirilen ifadeler üniversite öğrencisi örneklemine uygulanarak pilot çalışmalar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Birinci pilot çalışmada örneklem sayısının (95 öğrenci) yetersiz olması nedeniyle rotasyona imkan sağlamadığı için analizler yapılamamıştır. İkinci pilot çalışmada 221 öğrenciye ulaşılmış, açıklayıcı faktör analizi ile maddeler yeniden gözden geçirilerek uygun olmayan faktörler elenmiş ya da birleştirilmiştir. Üçüncü aşamada üretilen ölçek Türkiye genelinde 27 üniversiteden 1910 öğrenciye uygulanıp açıklayıcı faktör analizine tabi tutulmuştur. Dördüncü aşamada ölçeğin çalışıp çalışmadığını test etmek için Sakarya Üniversitesi’nde 781 öğrenciye uygulanarak doğrulayıcı faktör analizi yapılmış ve son hali verilmiştir. Analizler SPSS V24 ve Amos programları kullanılarak yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak 51 madde 9 boyutta etkili bir ölçek geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen ölçek potansiyel olarak (a) öğrenci yoksulluğu ile ilgili araştırmalara katkı sağlamaktadır (b) öğrenci yoksunluğuna farklı bileşenlerle çapraz değerlendirme imkânı sağlamaktadır (c) üniversite yönetimlerine öğrenci yoksulluğu ile etkin mücadele haritası sunmaktadır.
Experts, Errors, and Context: A Large-Scale Study of Human Evaluation for Machine Translation
Authors: Freitag Markus , Foster George , Grangier David , Ratnakar Viresh , Tan Qijun , Macherey Wolfgang
Published: December 2021

Human evaluation of modern high-quality machine translation systems is a difficult problem, and there is increasing evidence that inadequate evaluation procedures can lead to erroneous conclusions. While there has been considerable research on human evaluation, the field still lacks a commonly accepted standard procedure. As a step toward this goal, we propose an evaluation methodology grounded in explicit error analysis, based on the Multidimensional Quality Metrics (MQM) framework. We carry out the largest MQM research study to date, scoring the outputs of top systems from the WMT 2020 shared task in two language pairs using annotations provided by professional translators with access to full document context. We analyze the resulting data extensively, finding among other results a substantially different ranking of evaluated systems from the one established by the WMT crowd workers, exhibiting a clear preference for human over machine output. Surprisingly, we also find that automatic metrics based on pre-trained embeddings can outperform human crowd workers. We make our corpus publicly available for further research.
Covid-19 and the Social Construction of Reality in Jordan
Authors: Al Hourani Mohammed Abdel Karim
Published: December 2021

Almost all nations are struggling to slow down the transmission of Covid-19 by restricting large gatherings and close social interactions. However, it is not expected that people will stop all social gatherings and interactions voluntarily. This situation requires the construction of a new social reality that compels people to abandon their traditional practices, particularly in countries such as Jordan that have a traditional social order and strong bonding social capital. Nevertheless, Jordan had the lowest rates of Covid-19 in the Middle East during the first four months of the pandemic, because its government used its power to impose restrictions and new regulations. However, the situation has become one of the worst cases in the entire world after the government eased its restrictions. The example of Jordan provides strong evidence that the social construction of reality sometimes requires coercive intervention. Thus, this article reconsiders and extends Berger and Luckmann’s theory of social construction by examining it in the realm of social power. The theory includes three significant processes of social construction: externalization, objectivation, and internalization that should consider the concept of social power to extend the range of its powerful explanation.
Bees in the Medieval Maghreb: Wax, Honey and Cross-Cultural Trade in the Western Mediterranean
Authors: Sapoznik Alexandra
Published: December 2021

Believed to originate in Paradise and set apart in their chastity, bees were potent religious symbols in medieval Christianity and Islam. This article explores how these beliefs drove an extensive trade in wax and honey, and examines the role of Jews, conversos, Christians, and Muslims in this trade. Further, it considers the environmental context and the extent to which religious prohibitions against trade between Christians and Muslims may have provided economic opportunities for Jewish merchants, while examining the economic and cultural relationships between members of the three Abrahamic religions.
Towards an Integrated (and Possibly Pan-European?) Prima Facie Legitimacy Test: Merging the Rechtsgut Theory, the Offensività Principle, and the Harm Principle
Authors: Micheletto Lucille
Published: December 2021

The Anglo-American harm principle, and its European counterparts – the legal goods theory and the offensività principle – attempt to provide an answer to the question of which conducts can be prima facie legitimately criminalised. Despite the historical, conceptual, and practical differences between these criminalisation approaches, they share important elements, particularly from a functional and operational perspective. By merging the key aspects of these theories, this work elaborates an instrument to assess the prima facie legitimacy of criminalisation – the Integrated Legitimacy Test – that embeds their essential elements and further conceptualises them. The Test strives to overcome some of the criticisms directed against the Anglo-American and European theories by narrowly defining their core elements and linking them to empirical evidence. Moreover, its transnational nature makes it suitable to feed the criminalisation debate at the European Union level.
“Is Restorative Justice Greek to Me?”: Exploring Its Applicability in Greek Youth Detention Centres
Authors: Stamatakis Nikolaos
Published: December 2021

Justice systems around the world are constantly working to balance reform/rehabilitation/re-entry and punishment in response to juvenile delinquency. In recent years, there has been a strong emphasis on the notion of restorative justice as an alternative approach to criminal justice, yet there continues to be a dearth of information on the interrelation between restorative justice, religion and imprisonment, especially among youth. The present research seeks to explore the applicability and possible future implementation of restorative justice programmes for late adolescent and young adult male offenders (18–21 years old) held in the Special Detention Institutions of Greece. It also aims to identify any links between restorative justice and religion in youth custodial settings among the large migrant population hosted in these institutions. A self-administered quantitative study was distributed to achieve this aim. The data analysis provided no statistically significant relationships between the inmates’ willingness to meet with their actual/surrogate victims and ask for forgiveness/restore relationships with them. Equally insignificant was found the inmates’ eagerness to get involved in restorative mediation with their capacity to acknowledge the harm that their illegal actions inflicted on others, and to make amends.
Missions in Contested Places/Spaces: The SPG, Slavery, and Codrington College, Barbados
Authors: McLean-Farrell Janice , Clarke Michael Anderson
Published: December 2021

Mentioning the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, a seminary, and slavery in the same breath seems incongruous. Nonetheless, within the account of Codrington College, Barbados, the Anglican Communion’s first theological college, we find these three inextricably linked. Using a historical-analytical approach, this paper reveals the troubling missionizing principles which advanced oppressive colonial structures, while failing to fully develop the personhood, agency, and full emancipation of the oppressed. We reassess the ways that particular top-down framings of Christianity and missions were used to enslave/oppress Afro-Barbadians, even under the guise of emancipation. Advocating instead for a framework centering emancipation from below, we outline the ways in which this historical account provides insight for contemporary missional hermeneutics/praxis that seeks to uproot racial and economic inequalities, thus pursuing liberation for all.
The Prophetic Lens: A Missiological Function of Film for Black Social Movement from Martin Luther King, Jr. to the Camera Phone
Authors: Allen Phillip
Published: December 2021

Through technological advances and its democratization, the camera is found to have dual functionality. It is both a prophetic and a missiological tool used to awaken the collective conscience of a nation apathetic towards the Black experience and to offer a counter-narrative reorienting the US to becoming a more racially just society. This paper considers definitions of gospel, missions, and the prophetic, outlining a framework for how the camera functions in all three. It briefly explores the use of the camera from Martin Luther King, Jr., during the Civil Rights Movement, to the contemporary citizen with a camera phone, all capturing anti-Black violence. As we will see, like the parables of Jesus were to his kingdom message, the content of the camera has proven vital to acquiring justice by exposing the realities of racial injustice, confronting the status quo, and energising viewers to take positive action.
Why is The Hague Sitting on the Fence in Prosecuting Boko Haram Terrorism in Nigeria?
Authors: Ekumaoko Chijioke Egwu , Nwokike Kenneth Igbo , Uchime Ozioma Victoria , Unya Ikenna Ukpabi , Agha Emmanuel Obiahu
Published: December 2021

On 18 November, 2010 a preliminary examination of the situation in Nigeria was announced and for almost a decade, investigation has not yet begun. Ten potential cases have been identified, seven for Boko Haram and three for Nigerian Security Forces (NSF). This article investigates whether issues of complementarity and admissibility provide any legal barriers capable of withholding investigation; and whether granting national amnesty to Boko Haram can hinder investigation and prosecution by the International Criminal Court. It employs a qualitative methodological approach for investigation and evaluation regarding the issues discussed. It argues that the situation in Nigeria has met the entire legal framework for investigation and prosecution to proceed and that the arrest of Abubakar Shekau, Abu Musab AlBarnawi, and Abu Abdullahi Ibn Umar al-Barnawi, the Boko Haram leaders will weaken the group, and provide the needed external help and intervention desired to end the terrorism.
Taxing the Digital Economy: Nigeria’s Financial Act 2019 and Significant Economic Presence Order 2020
Authors: Odiase Philip Osarobo
Published: December 2021

This note outlines the salient provisions of the Significant Economic Presence Order 2020 and its implications for non-resident companies with business interests in Nigeria’s digital economy. It also identifies some impediments to the implementation of the new digital tax regime.
Perspective, the Visible and the Invisible in Chinese Paintings: A Response to Jean-Luc Marion
Authors: Tang Man-to
Published: December 2021

In the Chinese translation of The Crossing of the Visible, French phenomenologist Jean-Luc Marion, raised a question about the nature of Chinese paintings: does the relationship between the visible and the invisible commonly found in the Western painting play the same role in Chinese paintings? This essay aims to answer this question. Chinese paintings maintain the acceptance that the sense of perspective is the implementation of the invisible by the varieties of perspective, the invisible vanishing point and the poem. My response to Marion’s call opens a fresh dialogue between the French thought and the Chinese thought.