bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AMEF‐Net: Towards an attention and multi‐level enhancement fusion for medical image classification in Parkinson's aided diagnosis
Authors: Ding Qingyan , Pan Yu , Liu Jianxin , Li Lianxin , Liu Nan , Li Na , Zheng Wan , Dong Xuecheng
Published: December 2024

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting middle‐aged and elderly populations. Its insidious onset, high disability rate, long diagnostic cycle, and high diagnostic costs impose a heavy burden on patients and their families. Leveraging artificial intelligence, with its rapid diagnostic speed, high accuracy, and fatigue resistance, to achieve intelligent assisted diagnosis of PD holds significant promise for alleviating patients' financial stress, reducing diagnostic cycles, and helping patients seize the golden period for early treatment. This paper proposes an Attention and Multi‐level Enhancement Fusion Network (AMEF‐Net) based on the characteristics of three‐dimensional medical imaging and the specific manifestations of PD in medical images. The focus is on small lesion areas and structural lesion areas that are often overlooked in traditional deep learning models, achieving multi‐level attention and processing of imaging information. The model achieved a diagnostic accuracy of 98.867%, a precision of 99.830%, a sensitivity of 99.182%, and a specificity of 99.384% on Magnetic Resonance Images from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative dataset. On Diffusion Tensor Images, it achieved a diagnostic accuracy of 99.602%, a precision of 99.930%, a sensitivity of 99.463%, and a specificity of 99.877%. The relevant code has been placed in https://github.com/EdwardTj/AMEF‐NET.
Insulator defect detection under extreme weather based on synthetic weather algorithm and improved YOLOv7
Authors: Yang Yong , Yang Shuai , Li Chuan , Wang Yunxuan , Pi Xiaoqian , Lu Yuxin , Wu Ruohan
Published: December 2024

Efficient and accurate insulator defect detection is essential for maintaining the safe and stable operation of transmission lines. However, the detection effectiveness is adversely impacted by complex and changeable environmental backgrounds, particularly under extreme weather that elevates accident risks. Therefore, this research proposes a high‐precision intelligent strategy based on the synthetic weather algorithm and improved YOLOv7 for detecting insulator defects under extreme weather. The proposed methodology involves augmenting the dataset with synthetic rain, snow, and fog algorithm processing. Additionally, the original dataset undergoes augmentation through affine and colour transformations to improve model's generalisation performance under complex power inspection backgrounds. To achieve higher recognition accuracy in severe weather, an improved YOLOv7 algorithm for insulator defect detection is proposed, integrating focal loss with SIoU loss function and incorporating an optimised decoupled head structure. Experimental results indicate that the synthetic weather algorithm processing significantly improves the insulator defect detection accuracy under extreme weather, increasing the mean average precision by 2.4%. Furthermore, the authors’ improved YOLOv7 model achieves 91.8% for the mean average precision, outperforming the benchmark model by 2.3%. With a detection speed of 46.5 frames per second, the model meets the requirement of real‐time detection of insulators and their defects during power inspection.
Evaluation of Nasolabial Aesthetics and Self-Image Satisfaction among 16- to 20-Year-Old Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate in Northeast Thailand
Authors: Surakunprapha Palakorn , Pradubwong Suteera , Jenwitheesuk Kamonwan , Pisek Poonsak , Chowchuen Bowornsilp
Published: December 2024

Background Cleft lip and palate (CLP) impact nasolabial appearance, influencing the physical, psychological, and quality of life (QoL) of affected individuals. Evaluations of the nasolabial aesthetics by patients and medical professionals (both experienced and inexperienced) are critical for enhancing patient care.

Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled 32 patients aged 16 to 20 years with CLP who underwent continuous treatment at a university hospital in Thailand. Participants were asked to complete the Thaicleft QoL questionnaire for nasolabial aesthetic self-assessment and had their two-dimensional facial images captured and then evaluated by two groups of medical evaluators: four experienced and four inexperienced professionals. Data are presented as means and percentages, with analysis including standard deviations, Cronbach's α for evaluator consistency, kappa for interrater reliability, and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test to compare aesthetic judgments between the experienced and inexperienced medical evaluators.

Results Among the 32 patients, 19 (59.37%) were females, and 22 (68.75%) had unilateral CLP and 10 (31.25%) had bilateral CLP, all reporting high nasolabial aesthetic satisfaction. Inexperienced evaluators assigned higher aesthetic scores than their experienced counterparts (p = 0.01), with statistically significant agreement among inexperienced evaluators in their assessments (p < 0.05). Both group of evaluators demonstrated high reliability in terms of the lip.

Conclusion Experienced evaluators assigned lower aesthetic scores than inexperienced evaluators did. The patients themselves expressed high levels of satisfaction with their nasolabial appearance, indicating that the treatment outcomes were favorable from the patients' perspective.
Desktop 3D printers in the workplace: use, emissions, controls, and health
Authors: Hall Samantha , Sumner Jade , Hunwin Graeme , Martell Samuel , Pengelly Ian , Brown Veronica , Staff James , Forder James , Bard Delphine
Published: December 2024

Desktop three-dimensional (3D) printers are used in businesses, schools, and colleges, and are generally of an unenclosed design which may give rise to injuries or inhalation exposure to emissions of small particles (<1 µm) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The aim of this work was to explore the health risks related to the use of desktop 3D printers in workplaces in the United Kingdom. A digital survey on the use of desktop 3D printers was completed voluntarily and anonymously between February and June 2023, receiving 146 responses. The most common technology and material used for printing were “filament deposition” and “polylactic acid,” respectively. The median number of printers an organisation had in use in one room was 2. A median of 10 people could be in the room during printer operation. A range of finishing techniques were reportedly applied to the printed object including the use of hand tools and solvents. General room ventilation was the most common exposure control measure stated. Measurements of airborne particles and VOCs were taken at 2 sites: a university and an engineering workshop. Airborne particle number concentrations (<1 µm) did not significantly increase above background levels when the printers were operating at either site. At the university, where there was the largest number of printers in operation, some VOCs could be attributed to the printing process; however, concentrations remained low. Evidence of associated respiratory symptoms was gathered by asking volunteers at the 2 sites visited to complete a questionnaire. Seventeen volunteers across the 2 sites completed the survey. None stated that they had ever experienced acute symptoms from working with 3D printers. However, they did report symptoms which included tiredness, dry/cracked skin, headache, itchy/runny nose, and a cough, with some stating that these improved on their days off. Overall, limited evidence from published literature and this study suggests that exposure to desktop 3D printing emissions could be associated with short-term respiratory health symptoms. However, static measurements in 2 workplaces where multiple desktop 3D printers were in use did not show airborne particle number concentrations in the room rising above background levels and concentrations of measured VOCs were all low. These findings may be due to effective ventilation and other control measures which over half of the workplaces surveyed stated that they had in place.
Generalized granulomatous slack skin
Authors: Chen Zirui , Wang Yang , Wang Ruojun
Published: December 2024

We show a woman who developed generalized skin laxity after receiving chemotherapy for a year to treat mycosis fungoides. A diagnosis of GSS was made on the characteristic clinical and pathological features. GSS affecting the whole body is extremely rare and this condition is difficult to treat.
Microplastics inhibit the decomposition of soil organic matter by adult darkling beetles (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)
Authors: Staczek Fiona M , Mbora David N M
Published: December 2024

Microplastics (MPs) are a growing problem worldwide. Soils are long-term storage sinks of MPs because of the many pathways they enter the soil and their long degradation period. Knowing how MPs influence soil organisms, the effects of organisms on the fate of MPs, and what this means for soil additions, losses, transformations, and translocations is paramount. MPs in soil could impede the breakdown of organic matter by adult darkling beetles. We set up an experiment to test this hypothesis by adding finely ground scrap tire rubber to organic soil and a small population of adult darkling beetles (Zophobas morio, Fabricius 1776, Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). The beetles are omnivores that accelerate the breakdown of soil organic matter when feeding on soil detritus. As a control, we released beetles into organic soil with no MPs. We also surveyed published manuscripts on the effects of MPs on insects, decomposers, and decomposition in soil, providing a reference frame for our findings. Darkling beetles ate, fragmented, and humidified the soil mixture, enhancing microbial decomposition. All treatments lost weight over the experiment period, with the control losing 10%, significantly more than the other treatments (an average loss of 5%). Higher concentrations of microplastics in soils led to lower reductions in soil mass through decomposition. These findings suggest that MPs impede detritivores from breaking down soil organic matter. Even so, only a handful of studies evaluated the effects of tire particles on soils and detritivores in the literature survey. Still, these particles are among the largest sources of MPs on land.
Risk of bleeding with the concurrent use of amiodarone and DOACs: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Michael Faith , Quevilllon Travis , Maisonneuve Sabrina , Jackevicius Cynthia A , Crystal Eugene , Parkash Ratika , Andrade Jason G , Healey Jeff S , Ko Dennis T , Shurrab Mohammed
Published: December 2024

Background and Aims

Amiodarone is frequently prescribed alongside direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in atrial fibrillation (AF). There are concerns regarding drug-drug interactions (DDIs) between amiodarone and DOACs. The literature is conflicting on the clinical implications of this DDI, hence we conducted a meta-analysis to compare bleeding risk among patients receiving DOACs, with and without concurrent amiodarone.

Methods

A systematic search was conducted for studies published between January 1, 2009 and June 26, 2024 in MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase and CENTRAL. Included studies compared major bleeding in patients on concurrent amiodarone and DOACs to those on DOACs without amiodarone. Event rates were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs), which were pooled with a random-effects model.

Results

Nine studies were identified, which included 124 813 patients on amiodarone/DOACs, and 314 074 on DOACs. Average age was 77.2 years in the amiodarone/DOAC group, compared to 74.4 years in the DOAC group (p= 0.21). Among DOAC patients, there was a statistically significant increase in major bleeding with concurrent amiodarone (OR 1.22, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.44, p=0.02, I2=88%). Intracranial bleeding rate was numerically higher in the amiodarone/DOAC group (1.0% vs. 0.4%), but the difference did not reach statistical significance (OR 2.20, 95% CI 0.53-9.06, p=0.27, I2=100%). There were no significant differences in gastrointestinal bleeding (OR 1.10, 95% CI 0.98-1.23, p=0.12, I2=62%) and all-cause mortality (OR 1.38, 95% CI 0.70-2.73, p=0.35, I2=99%).

Conclusion

Concurrent use of amiodarone and DOACs was associated with an increase in major bleeding. This should be considered when co-prescribing these medications.
Predicting type 2 diabetes and testosterone effects in high-risk Australian men: development and external validation of a 2-year risk model
Authors: Robledo Kristy P , Marschner Ian C , Grossmann Mathis , Handelsman David J , Yeap Bu B , Allan Carolyn A , Foote Celine , Inder Warrick J , Stuckey Bronwyn G A , Jesudason David , Bracken Karen , Keech Anthony C , Jenkins Alicia J , Gebski Val , Jardine Meg , Wittert Gary
Published: December 2024

Objective

We have shown that men aged 50 years+ at high risk of type 2 diabetes treated with testosterone together with a lifestyle program reduced the risk of type 2 diabetes at 2 years by 40% compared to a lifestyle program alone. To develop a personalized approach to treatment, we aimed to explore a prognostic model for incident type 2 diabetes at 2 years and investigate biomarkers predictive of the testosterone effect.

Design

Model development in 783 men with impaired glucose tolerance but not type 2 diabetes from Testosterone for Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes; a multicenter, 2-year trial of Testosterone vs placebo. External validation performed in 236 men from the Examining Outcomes in Chronic Disease in the 45 and Up Study (EXTEND-45, n = 267 357).

Methods

Type 2 diabetes at 2 years defined as 2-h fasting glucose by oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) ≥11.1 mmol/L. Risk factors, including predictive biomarkers of testosterone treatment, were assessed using penalized logistic regression.

Results

Baseline HbA1c and 2-h OGTT glucose were dominant predictors, together with testosterone, age, and an interaction between testosterone and HbA1c (P = .035, greater benefit with HbA1c ≥ 5.6%, 38 mmol/mol). The final model identified men who developed type 2 diabetes, with C-statistics 0.827 in development and 0.798 in validation. After recalibration, the model accurately predicted a participant's absolute risk of type 2 diabetes.

Conclusions

Baseline HbA1c and 2-h OGTT glucose predict incident type 2 diabetes at 2 years in high-risk men, with risk modified independently by testosterone treatment. Men with HbA1c ≥ 5.6% (38 mmol/mol) benefit most from testosterone treatment, beyond a lifestyle program.
A review on comparative analysis of marine and freshwater fish gut microbiomes: insights into environmental impact on gut microbiota
Authors: Singh Binoy Kumar , Thakur Kushal , Kumari Hishani , Mahajan Danish , Sharma Dixit , Sharma Amit Kumar , Kumar Sunil , Singh Birbal , Pankaj Pranay Punj , Kumar Rakesh
Published: December 2024

The gut microbiota, which includes prokaryotes, archaea, and eukaryotes such as yeasts, some protozoa, and fungi, significantly impacts fish by affecting digestion, metabolism, and the immune system. In this research, we combine various tasks carried out by various bacteria in the gut of fish. This study also examines the gut microbiome composition of marine and freshwater fish, identifying important bacterial species linked to different biological functions. The diversity within fish species highlights the importance of considering nutrition, habitat, and environmental factors in microbiological research on fish. The ever-changing gut microbiome of the fish indicates that microbial communities are specifically adapted to meet the needs of both the host and its environment. This indicates that the fish can adjust to a specific environment with the help of gut microbiota. This important research is crucial for comprehending the complex relationships between fish and their gut bacteria in different aquatic environments. These discoveries have implications for aquaculture practices, fisheries administration, and the broader ecological processes of both freshwater and marine environments. With further progress in this area of study, the knowledge acquired would offer a valuable standpoint to enhance our comprehension of aquatic microbiology and enhance the sustainability and nutrition of fish resources.
Dietary Carrageenan Amplifies the Inflammatory Profile, but not Permeability, of Intestinal Epithelial Cells from Patients With Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Vissers Eva , Wellens Judith , Giorio Lorenzo , Zadora Ward , Verstockt Bram , Ferrante Marc , Vermeire Séverine , Matthys Christophe , Arnauts Kaline , Sabino João
Published: December 2024

Background

The consumption of ultra-processed foods has increased significantly worldwide and is associated with the rise in inflammatory bowel diseases. However, any causative factors and their underlying mechanisms are yet to be identified. This study aimed to further elucidate whether different types of the dietary emulsifier carrageenan (CGN) can alter the permeability and inflammatory state of the intestinal epithelium.

Methods

Caco-2/HT29-MTX cocultures (n = 4) were exposed to either κ-, ι-, or λ-CGN (100 µg mL–1) for 24 hours. Organoid-derived monolayers from patients with Crohn’s Disease (CD) were exposed to κ-CGN (100 µg mL–1) for 48 hours (n = 10). In both models, an inflamed condition was established by adding a mix of inflammatory stimuli. Changes in permeability were measured by transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). In the organoid-derived monolayers, cytokines were quantified in the apical and basolateral supernatant and gene expression was analyzed with RT-qPCR.

Results

None of the CGN subtypes altered permeability of non-inflamed or inflamed Caco-2/HT29-MTX cocultures. In organoid-derived monolayers, κ-CGN did not affect TEER, but induced alterations in the gene expression of tight junctions and mucus proteins. Expression of TNF, IL8, and IL1B increased upon κ-CGN stimulation, both in inflamed and non-inflamed monolayers. Cytokine release in the supernatant was increased by κ-CGN for IL-6, IL-13, IL-4, IL-2, and IL-10.

Conclusions

Dietary CGN caused upregulation of inflammatory markers and affected cytokine release of intestinal epithelial cells from CD patients, while permeability remained unaltered. When inflammation was already present, this pro-inflammatory effect was more pronounced, suggesting a role for dietary CGN during active CD.
Global prevalence, resistance rates, and underlying resistance mechanisms of clinical Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma species
Authors: Ramaloko Winnie Thabisa , Maningi Nontuthuko Excellent , Osei Sekyere John
Published: December 2024

Mycoplasmas are significant pathogens in human health, implicated in a range of clinical conditions from respiratory infections to urogenital disorders. Their resistance to commonly used antibiotics poses a substantial challenge to treatment and control. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the global distribution of clinical mycoplasmas, elucidate their resistance to various antibiotics, and identify the genetic and molecular mechanisms underlying their resistance. A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted, collating data from peer-reviewed publications between 2012 and 2024. The UK (100%) and Germany (98%) reported high numbers of respiratory mycoplasmas, with 7% and 2% being resistant to macrolides. For urogenital mycoplasmas, Iceland (99%) and Estonia (94%) reported a high prevalence of Mycoplasma species, whereas the UK (85%), France (82%), and the USA (82%) reported a high prevalence of Ureaplasma species. High resistance rates in Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma have been reported in Greenland (100%) and the UK (86%), respectively. The rising resistance rates in these species underscore an urgent need for updated treatment guidelines and the development of novel therapeutic options. Our findings highlight the importance of tailored antibiotic stewardship and the potential of genomic insights in guiding effective treatment strategies.
The ability of plain radiography to accurately describe the bone surface at the head–neck junction of the femur: a study using human bone models
Authors: Mimura Tomohiro , Furuya Yuki , Kumagai Kosuke , Amano Yasutaka , Miyahara Shunichi , Uemura Ryota , Horikawa Sadafumi , Saito Hideki , Umeda Kohei , Ushiyama Fumitaka , Ogata Yugen , Yayama Takafumi , Mori Kanji , Imai Shinji
Published: December 2024

In evaluations of a cam deformity on femoroacetabular impingement, the head–neck junction (HNJ) must be accurately assessed. We conducted this study to determine the ability of plain radiography to visualize the end-to-end bone surface of the HNJ. We used six human bone models. Ten examiners evaluated the degree to which attached stainless wire marker at the 1:00, 1:30, and 2:00 radial plane defined in reconstructed computed tomography can be accurately detected on the bone surface on plain radiographies. We employed 13 plain radiographies: the cross-table lateral view, frog-leg lateral view, Espié frog-leg lateral view, false-profile view, modified false-profile view, 30° Dunn view (DV), 45° DV, 60° DV, 90° DV, 30° modified Dunn view (MDV), 45° MDV, 60° MDV, and 90° MDV. Examiners scored the degree to which the radiographic images accurately detected the stainless wire marker on the bone surface of the HNJ on a scale of 1 point (0% match) to 5 points (almost 100% match). The highest score for the 1:00 plane was 4.98 points on the 45° DV. Similarly, the highest scores of the 1:30 and 2:00 planes were 4.98 points for the 45° MDV and 4.68 points for the 90° MDV, respectively. On these bone model studies, the most suitable plain radiography for describing the HNJ at the 1:00, 1:30, and 2:00 planes were both the 45° DV, the 45° MDV, and the 90° MDV, respectively.
Molecular characterization of root-lesion nematode, Pratylenchus species, and their prevalence in New Zealand maize fields
Authors: Thiruchchelvan Nagarathnam , Kularathna Manjula , Moukarzel Romy , Casonato Seona , Condron Leo M
Published: December 2024

Root-lesion nematodes (Pratylenchus spp.) are significant plant parasites, causing substantial crop damage worldwide. This study aimed to characterize Pratylenchus spp. in New Zealand maize fields using molecular techniques and map their prevalence. Soil sampling from 24 maize fields across the North and South Islands provided 381 composite samples. Root-lesion nematodes were extracted using the sieving-centrifugal-sugar flotation method and differentiated into five morphospecies. Molecular characterization involved direct partial sequencing of the D2/D3 28S rDNA, ITS rDNA, and COX1 mtDNA regions using Sanger technology from a single nematode. Five Pratylenchus species were identified: P. neglectus, P. crenatus, P. thornei, P. penetrans, and P. pratensis, confirmed by phylogenetic analysis. Prevalence mapping showed P. neglectus and P. crenatus in all sampled fields, while P. thornei, P. penetrans, and P. pratensis were more localized. This study is the first to report these Pratylenchus species on maize in New Zealand and provides the first partial sequences of the D2/D3, COX1, and ITS regions for these species on maize in New Zealand. The findings highlight the diversity of Pratylenchus populations in New Zealand maize fields and emphasize the need for region-specific management strategies to mitigate crop damage.
FRB 20230708A, a quasi-periodic FRB with unique temporal-polarimetric morphology
Authors: Dial T , Deller A T , Uttarkar P A , Lower M E , Shannon R M , Gourdji Kelly , Marnoch Lachlan , Bera A , Ryder Stuart D , Glowacki Marcin , Prochaska J Xavier
Published: December 2024

There has been a rapid increase in the known fast radio burst (FRB) population, yet the progenitor(s) of these events have remained an enigma. A small number of FRBs have displayed some level of quasi-periodicity in their burst profile, which can be used to constrain their plausible progenitors. However, these studies suffer from the lack of polarization data which can greatly assist in constraining possible FRB progenitors and environments. Here, we report on the detection and characterisation of FRB 20230708A by the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP), a burst which displays a rich temporal and polarimetric morphology. We model the burst time series to test for the presence of periodicity, scattering and scintillation. We find a potential period of T = 7.267 ms within the burst, but with a low statistical significance of 1.77$\sigma$. Additionally, we model the burst’s time- and frequency-dependent polarization to search for the presence of (relativistic and non-relativistic) propagation effects. We find no evidence to suggest that the high circular polarization seen in FRB 20230708A is generated by Faraday conversion. The majority of the properties of FRB 20230708A are broadly consistent with a (non-millisecond) magnetar model in which the quasi-periodic morphology results from microstructure in the beamed emission, but other explanations are not excluded.
A superior colliculus-originating circuit prevents cocaine reinstatement via VR-based eye movement desensitization treatment
Authors: Liu Yang , Zhou Zi-Xiang , Lv Qiu , Huang Guan , Zhang Han , Wang Ye-Qin , Chen Jian-Guo , Wang Fang
Published: December 2024

While Virtual Reality (VR) technology shows promise in the management of substance use disorders, the development of an effective VR-based extinction procedure remains lacking. In this study, we developed a VR-based eye movement desensitization and reprocessing extinction training program tailored for mice. We found that this VR treatment during cocaine extinction prevents reinstatement by suppressing the hyperactivation of glutamatergic excitatory neurons in the intermediate layers of the superior colliculus (SCiCaMKIIα) during exposure to environmental cues. Additionally, SCiCaMKIIα neurons innervate tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons in the locus coeruleus (LCTH). Environmental cues trigger stronger phasic activation of LCTH neurons through this SCiCaMKIIα→LCTH projection, leading to increased dopamine release onto the dorsal CA3 (dCA3) region, thereby facilitating reinstatement. Furthermore, we demonstrate that VR treatment effectively inhibits the neural circuitry involving SCiCaMKIIα→LCTH→dCA3 in response to environmental cues, thus preventing cocaine reinstatement. Our findings suggest that VR treatment may represent a promising strategy for achieving drug abstinence.
Brainwide mesoscale functional networks revealed by focal infrared neural stimulation of the amygdala
Authors: Ping An , Wang Jianbao , Ángel García-Cabezas Miguel , Li Lihui , Zhang Jianmin , Gothard Katalin M , Zhu Junming , Roe Anna Wang
Published: December 2024

The primate amygdala serves to evaluate emotional content of sensory inputs and modulate emotional and social behaviors; it modulates cognitive, multisensory and autonomic circuits predominantly via the basal, lateral, and central nuclei, respectively. Recent evidence has suggested the mesoscale (millimeter-scale) nature of intra-amygdala functional organization. However, the connectivity patterns by which these mesoscale regions interact with brainwide networks remain unclear. Using Infrared Neural Stimulation of single mesoscale sites coupled with mapping in ultrahigh field 7T functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (INS-fMRI), we have discovered that these mesoscale sites exert influence over a surprisingly extensive scope of the brain. Our findings strongly indicate that mesoscale sites within the amygdala modulate brainwide networks through a ‘one-to-many’ (integral) way. Meanwhile, these connections exhibit a point-to-point (focal) topography. Our work provides new insights into the functional architecture underlying emotional and social behavioral networks, thereby opening up possibilities for individualized modulation of psychological disorders.
Perspective on the deconstruction of science and how to rebuild our cathedrals of knowledge
Authors: Sabbadini Roger A
Published: December 2024

Of the critical institutions that deconstructionists wish to dismantle is science. In this perspective, we document recent assaults on this venerable institution. From Galileo’s Renaissance through the twentieth century and the Scopes trial, superstition and religious dogma won over reason in battles between religion and science. Even though Galileo’s inquisition occurred 400 years ago, science is still under attack today in the twenty-first century. While one may dismiss or excuse the older examples of science’s devaluation on the basis that science was not an accepted source of knowledge at the time, present-day challenges are more problematic and disturbing.
Swiss science diplomacy: exploring strategies, instruments, current priorities, and the role of international development cooperation
Authors: Saric Jasmina , Bretzler Anja , Breu Thomas , Utzinger Jürg , Käser Fabian
Published: December 2024

Contemporary science diplomacy holds promise not only to strengthen diplomatic and science realms but also to advance sustainable development transformations. In Switzerland, formal adoption of the concept around 2019 led to the support of several science diplomacy instruments. This article systematically assesses the Swiss science diplomacy ecosystem, examines its components and alignment with common frameworks, and determines the potential impact of the current polycrisis. Additionally, the article explores the overlaps with international development cooperation. This first systematic portrayal of national-level science diplomacy reveals a multifaceted ecosystem, recognized as increasingly relevant by its principal actors and the government. Activities pivot towards engagement with global research and innovation leaders who can drive and deploy leading technologies to define global policy and address societal challenges. In tandem, Swiss development cooperation endeavours promote sustainable development globally and bridge technology and knowledge gaps with low-income nations. Important gaps remain at the levels of communication and coordination internally and externally that should be addressed without delay.
A Scoping Review of Preceptor Training Programs for Physician Assistants: Curriculum and Design
Authors: Schoenfuss Erin S.
Published: December 2024

Introduction

Preceptors are crucial in the education of physician assistant (PA) students, yet many lack formal preceptor training. The aim of this scoping review was to describe the curriculum and design of existing preceptor training programs for physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and physicians.

Methods

This scoping review was developed following the methodologic framework provided by the Joanna Briggs Institute. The literature search included a review of the electronic databases CINAHL and MEDLINE, a Web search, and an examination of article references. The search encompassed empirical, peer-reviewed studies written in English and published between January 1, 2019, and May 1, 2024.

Results

Out of 1106 sources identified, 32 met the eligibility criteria, representing 31 preceptor training programs. Eighty-four percent of these programs were based in the United States. Fifty curricular topics were identified and organized into 10 domains. Feedback and teaching were addressed in 97% of the programs. Sixteen programs used an online format, which increased each year compared with other formats. Lectures were the most common teaching method. Program length varied. The majority of participants and article authors were physicians, with only 5 programs including PA participants.

Discussion

The curricula and design of preceptor training programs varied but were generally well received by participants. There was limited involvement of PAs in both participation and authorship of preceptor training research. This review underscores the benefits of preceptor training while highlighting the need for increased PA engagement in both training and program development.
What If…The Impact of Institutional Accreditation on PA Programs Transitioning to an Entry-Level Professional Doctorate Degree
Authors: Snyder Jennifer A. , Miller Anthony
Published: December 2024

Introduction

There are several ramifications of a potential degree transition to an entry-level doctoral degree for Physician Assistant (PA) programs. The purpose of this article is to investigate the impact on institutional accreditation and transitioning to an entry level doctoral degree. To understand the potential impact on racial diversity, a subset of programs was further reviewed.

Methods

The Standards from the Accreditation Review Commission for PA Education (ARC-PA) and the six Institutional Accreditation commissions that recognize institutions were reviewed. The accreditation outcomes from all ARC-PA accredited programs' institutions were reviewed.

Results

The majority of PA programs, including those that graduate the highest diverse populations of PAs, are already recognized as comprehensive or doctoral degree granting institutions. This means they would likely not encounter significant accreditation challenges in an application to transition. Most PA programs meet the requirements for credit hour, length of program, and expectations of ‘substantial mastery' of the content in the curriculum to satisfy institutional accreditation requirements at the professional doctoral degree level. The faculty qualifications and level of scholarship required would need to be in compliance with the institutional accreditor's expectations.

Discussion

This paper highlighted the general institutional accreditation requirements that would need to be met in order to establish a PA doctoral program. Fortunately, the standards tend to be broad and if the PA program can meet ARC-PA Standards, it is likely the institutional accreditor standards would be satisfied.
Combiningin vivo2-photon imaging with photoactivatable fluorescent labeling reveals strikingly low rates of mitochondrial dynamics in skeletal muscle
Authors: O’Reilly Colleen L. , Davidyan Arik , Cizio Katarzyna , Doidge Stephen M. , Bubak Matthew P. , Borowik Agnieszka K. , Lewis Tommy L. , Miller Benjamin F.
Published: December 2024

Mitochondrial dynamics involve two distinct and opposing processes, fusion and fission. Traditionally we assess fusion and fission by snapshots of protein markers at distinct time points orin vitromodels to infer outcomesin vivo. Recent technological advancements enable visualization of mitochondrial dynamicsin vivousing fluorescent microscopy. Our study modified this technique to evaluate mitochondrial dynamics in skeletal muscle, comparing young (6mo) and old (24mo) micein vivoand contrasting this toex vivoandin vitromodels. We hypothesized thatin vitroandex vivomodels would have higher rates of dynamics thanin vivomodels and that young animals would have higher rates than old animals. We electroporated mitochondrial matrix-targeted photo-activatable GFP into the tibialis anterior (TA) of young and old C57Bl6 mice and imaged using multiphoton microscopy. We also measured rates of mitochondrial dynamics using single fibers isolated from the TA of the electroporated mice, as well as C2C12 myotubes transfected with the same plasmids. We found that the rates of dynamic eventsin vivoare slower than previously indicated, with the C2C12 myoblasts having the fastest rates of dynamic events across all models. We also observed that dynamic rates are slower in old animals compared to young animals. Finally, we found that rates of dynamic events were higher in old animals after an acute bout of exercise. Our data demonstrate it is possible to directly measure rates of mitochondrial dynamicsin vivo. This technique provides a powerful tool to answer experimental questions about mitochondrial dynamics of skeletal muscle.
A generative deep learning approach for global species distribution prediction
Authors: Yan Yujing , Shao Bin , Davis Charles C.
Published: December 2024

Anthropogenic pressures on biodiversity necessitate efficient and highly scalable methods to predict global species distributions. Current species distribution models (SDMs) face limitations with large-scale datasets, complex interspecies interactions, and data quality. Here, we introduce EcoVAE, a framework of autoencoder-based generative models trained separately on nearly 124 million georeferenced occurrences from taxa including plants, butterflies and mammals, to predict their global distributions at both genus and species levels. EcoVAE achieves high precision and speed, captures underlying distribution patterns through unsupervised learning, and reveals interspecies interactions viain silicoperturbation analyses. Additionally, it evaluates global sampling efforts and interpolates distributions without relying on environmental variables, offering new applications for biodiversity exploration and monitoring.
Coral reef habitat complexity decreases and diversifies local availability of light
Authors: Brambilla Viviana , Madin Joshua S. , Boutros Nader , Fontoura Luisa , Hoogenboom Mia , Pizarro Oscar , Torres-Pulliza Damaris , Williams Stefan , Woods Rachael Maree , Zawada Kyle J. A. , Dornelas Maria
Published: December 2024

The spatial distribution of environmental conditions can determine where organisms can and cannot live. When the distribution of microhabitats within a landscape is mediated by the shape of its surface, structural complexity can indirectly affect environmental niche distributions. This study investigates how light availability patterns change along a gradient of landscape complexity measured as surface rugosity and height range in tropical shallow reefs. We used 260,000 high frequency and high spatial resolution light measurements across 903 locations to determine the proportion of light that is available at the reef surface. We find that light available on the reef surface is highly variable, with close locations within reef sites experiencing up to 25.7 mol/m2d of daily photon input difference. After accounting for light attenuation due depth, light availability decreases with increasing surface rugosity: a unit increase in local surface rugosity corresponds to an 11-29% decrease in light availability. Local surface complexity can affect the distributions of light availability at local scales, while broader extent site metrics do not capture this variability. Our results suggest that structural complexity enhances local environmental variability, and its indirect effects on other environmental variables and their interactions are essential for understanding ecosystem processes.
Prohibitin 2 is a Key Regulator of T Cell Proliferation and Effector Functions
Authors: Vogt Johannes F. , Merkwirth Carsten , Adams-Quack Petra , Zurkowski Elena , Michna Thomas , Nurbekova Assel , Distler Ute , Yurugi Hajime , Reißig Sonja , Wunderlich F. Thomas , Rajalingam Krishnaraj , Tenzer Stefan , Methner Axel , Langer Thomas , Waisman Ari , Hövelmeyer Nadine
Published: December 2024

Prohibitin 2 (PHB2) is a highly conserved protein with essential roles in cell homeostasis and survival across different cell types. Previous studies have shown that the deletion of PHB2 results in an arrest in proliferation due to impaired mitochondrial function regulated by the dynamin-like GTPase OPA1. The function of PHB2 in immune cells remains unclear, however, some studies suggest that PHB2 plays a role in the cell membranes of B and T cells. In order to elucidate the role of PHB2 in immune cells, we generated PHB2-deficient T cells. Our findings reveal a pivotal role for PHB2 in the proliferation and differentiation of T cells. PHB2 deficiency inhibits T cell proliferation by inducing a cell cycle arrest at the G1 to S phase, thereby preventing the differentiation into effector T cells. Furthermore, in contrast to previous reports, T cells lacking PHB2 are more resistant to apoptosis. Metabolic analysis reveals that PHB2-deficient T cells fail to upregulate their glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation upon activation, thus rendering them incapable to proliferate.
Construction of a ceRNA network specific for granulosa cells in PCOS
Authors: Derevyanchuk E.G. , Butenko E.V. , Shkurat T.P. , Lipovich L.
Published: December 2024

Background

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disease with a polygenic genetic model that occurs in 8 – 13% of women of reproductive age. In this study we constructed the granulose cell-specific competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network in polycystic ovary syndrome. The ceRNA network analysis may provide novel insights into PCOS pathophysiology and identify potential therapeutic targets.

Materials and methods

The study included 6 women aged 26 to 34 years old: 3 women with PCOS and 3 women of the control group who underwent IVF procedure. Before RNA extraction GCs from three follicle samples of each group were collected and randomly pooled together as one mixed sample. Using RNA-sequencing we defined the microRNAs, lncRNAs and mRNAs expression profiles of GCs. The analysis of differential gene expression was performed using the DESeq v.1.39.0. The analysis of the interaction of microRNAs and lncRNAs was performed using RNAhybrid; of microRNAs and mRNAs - using the miRWalk database. Cytoscape 3.10.0 software was used to construct the ceRNA network.

Results

As a result of the differential gene expression analysis using the DESeq package we identified 3 differentially expressed microRNAs in PCOS, 132 - lncRNAs and 564 - mRNAs. The final ceRNA network included 3 microRNAs, 105 lncRNAs and 252 mRNAs.

Conclusion

This research underscores the importance of understanding ceRNA networks as a pathway for discovering biomarkers and developing treatments tailored to the unique challenges faced by individuals with PCOS. Further research is warranted to validate the identified interactions and explore their potential as diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
Data-Independent Acquisition (DIA)-Based Label-Free Redox Proteomics (DIALRP) Reveals Novel Oxidative Stress Responsive Translation Factors
Authors: Kobayashi Daiki , Takami Tomoyo , Matsumoto Masaki
Published: December 2024

Oxidative stress is a key factor in numerous physiological and pathological processes, including aging, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. Protein cysteine residues are particularly susceptible to oxidative stress-induced modifications that can alter their structure and function, thereby affecting intracellular signaling pathways. In this study, we developed a data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS)-based label-free redox proteomics method, termed DIALRP, to comprehensively analyse cysteine oxidative modifications in the prostate cancer cell line DU145 under oxidative stress induced by menadione (MND). Through these analyses, we identified translation-related factors with significantly elevated cysteine oxidation upon MND treatment and evaluated their functional relevance. Notably, our data demonstrated that the inhibition of EIF2, EIF6, and EEF2 complex formation due to oxidative stress occurs during the cellular response to translational inhibition. These insights reveal a previously unrecognized mechanism of translation regulation under oxidative stress and provide a valuable framework for future studies on redox-mediated cellular processes.
White Spot Syndrome Virus Immediate-Early Protein (wsv100) Antagonizes the NF-κB Pathway to Inhibit Innate Immune Response in shrimp
Authors: Xiao Bang , Kang Fang , Li Qianqian , Pan Junming , Wang Yue , He Jianguo , Li Chaozheng
Published: December 2024

Viruses have evolved sophisticated strategies to evade host immune defenses, often targeting conserved signaling pathways. In shrimp, the NF-κB signaling pathway is crucial for antiviral immunity, yet its regulation during White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) infection remains poorly understood. Here, we identify and characterize wsv100, an immediate-early (IE) protein of WSSV, as a key antagonist of the NF-κB pathway. wsv100 interacts directly with the transcription factor Dorsal and the adaptor protein IMD, preventing Dorsal phosphorylation by Pelle kinase. This inhibition suppresses Dorsal’s nuclear translocation and downstream expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), essential for antiviral defense. Knockdown of wsv100 reduced WSSV replication, increased Dorsal phosphorylation, and enhanced AMP expression, leading to higher survival rates in infected shrimp. Conversely, wsv100 overexpression promoted WSSV replication and AMPs suppression. These findings reveal a novel immune evasion mechanism by which WSSV subverts the NF-κB pathway and highlight the evolutionary arms race between hosts and viruses. This study enhances our understanding of host-virus interactions and offers potential targets for antiviral strategies in shrimp aquaculture.

Author Summary

The innate immune system is the first line of defense against viral infections in invertebrates, with the NF-κB signaling pathway playing a central role in orchestrating antiviral responses. In this study, we uncover a novel immune evasion mechanism employed by White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV), a devastating pathogen in shrimp aquaculture. The WSSV immediate-early protein wsv100 directly targets the transcription factor Dorsal and prevents its phosphorylation by Pelle kinase, a critical step in NF-κB activation. This interaction suppresses Dorsal’s nuclear translocation and downstream expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), thereby impairing the shrimp’s ability to mount an effective immune response. Knockdown of wsv100 significantly reduced WSSV replication and enhanced shrimp survival, while wsv100 overexpression had the opposite effect. These findings not only elucidate how WSSV exploits the NF-κB pathway but also underscore its central role in shrimp antiviral immunity. This work advances our understanding of host-virus co-evolution and provides a foundation for developing novel antiviral strategies to mitigate the economic losses caused by WSSV in shrimp aquaculture.
Identification of a minimalAludomain required for retrotransposition
Authors: Moldovan John B. , Yin John , Moran John V.
Published: December 2024

Aluelements are primate-specific retrotransposon sequences that comprise ∼11% of human genomic DNA.Alusequences contain an internal RNA polymerase III promoter and the resultantAluRNA transcripts mobilize by a replicative process termed retrotransposition.Aluretrotransposition requires the Long INterspersed Element-1 (LINE-1) open reading frame 2-encoded protein (ORF2p). Current models propose thatAluRNA binds to signal recognition particle proteins 9 and 14 (SRP9/14) and localizes to ribosomes, which allowsAluto ‘hijack’ L1 ORF2p. Here, we used HeLa cell-based retrotransposition assays to define a minimalAludomain necessary for retrotransposition. We demonstrate thatAlutranscripts expressed from a cytomegalovirus (CMV) RNA polymerase II promoter can efficiently undergo retrotransposition. The use of an external CMV promoter to expressAluRNA allowed us to construct separation-of-function mutations to examine the effects of large deletions within theAlusequence on retrotransposition. Deletion mutagenesis demonstrated that a 46 nucleotide (nt) domain located at the 5′ end of theAluRNA transcript is necessary forAluretrotransposition. Consistent with current models, the 46 nt 5′Aludomain associates with SRP9/14 in HeLa-HA cell extracts and can promote a single round of retrotransposition in HeLa-HA cells. We propose that the 46 nt 5′Aludomain forms a discrete structure that allows for SRP 9/14 binding and ribosomal association, thereby allowing theAlupoly(A) tract to compete with the L1 poly(A) tail for ORF2p RNA binding to mediate its retrotransposition.