bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anselm’s Proslogion
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores Anselm’s ontological argument for the existence of God. The first section introduces Anselm’s life and works. The second section presents the core of Anselm’s ontological argument according to which the existence of God is supposed to follow directly from the very concept of God and the fact that existence is good. The third section presents a series of critiques of Anselm’s argument made by his contemporary, Gaunilo of Marmoutiers. It also relates Gaunilo’s most famous objection to Anselm, an argument by analogy to the effect that the same reasoning used by Anselm would, if accepted, also show that a perfect island must exist. The fourth section presents two further objections, one by Immanuel Kant and the other by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
Al-Ghazali’s The Rescuer from Error
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter briefly introduces the great Islamic philosopher al-Ghazali and draws upon his The Rescuer from Error to explore three topics in the philosophy of religion. First, the chapter discusses three views on the relationship between faith and reason. Second, it explores al-Ghazali’s skeptical doubts and his use of mysticism to resolve those doubts. Third, the chapter considers al-Ghazali’s arguments that religious belief can properly rest on neither theology, esotericism, nor philosophy. Finally, the chapter explores the implications of “divine hiddenness,” that is, the apparent fact that many people who—through no fault of their own—do not stand in a personal relationship to God.
Aquinas’s Summa Theologica
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter discusses Thomas Aquinas’s attempt to show that the first mover must have personal attributes traditionally associated with God. The first section explores Aquinas’s argument that God has knowledge, and indeed, that God has perfect self-knowledge, knowledge of things other than himself, and even knowledge of future events. The second section follows Aquinas’s argument that God has a will. The third section explores Aquinas’s argument that God loves both himself and creatures. Finally, the fourth section considers the apparent gender bias of sacred texts in the Abrahamic traditions and sketches three lines of response.
Spinoza’s Ethics
Authors: McDonough Jeffrey K.
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores the relationship between human beings and God-or-Nature in Baruch Spinoza’s philosophy. The first section sketches Spinoza’s distinction between substances, attributes, and modes. The second section discusses Spinoza’s view that human beings are modes of God-or-Nature. Spinoza maintains that tables and chairs, you and I are not independent things but rather modifications of God-or-Nature. The third section presents Spinoza’s reasons for resisting libertarian freedom while the fourth section presents his reasons for embracing a compatibilist account of human freedom. The final section considers how we might hope to moderate our passions and thus become freer. Spinoza suggests that by modifying our perspectives on external influences, we can hope to minimize their control over us.
Harvesting on Land
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

Millions of animals and plants are harvested every year, especially from tropical forests. While exploitation has resulted in massive depletion in long-exploited areas thereby reducing the harvest, in West Africa, the Amazon and parts of Southeast Asia, catch may be increasing, resulting from new technologies (such as guns) and increased access to markets. Large species, with low reproduction rates, are the first to be targeted and the first to disappear, with ramifying effects on the food web. Simple applications of the logistic growth model to West African villages imply that nearby populations are at levels below what would produce the maximum sustainable yield. Nevertheless, allowing them to recover would require a temporary loss of income and reduction in nutrition. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) came into force in 1973, which makes it illegal to export or import certain species, but this is regularly circumvented.
Extinction
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

Based on fossil mammals from North America, extinction rates since the last mass extinction, but before human influences, are estimated at 0.4 species/species/million years, which implies a species typically persisted for about 2.5 million years. The background extinction rate has been punctuated by mass extinctions, which are defined as more than 75% of species in the fossil record going extinct over a relatively short period of time, the last of which was 66 million years ago. Over the past 50,000 years humans have caused extinctions of at least 30% of large mammals, and at least 30% of Pacific island bird species. Over the past 500 years, between 1% and 5% of all remaining vertebrates on continents have been lost, which is 50 to 250 times faster than the estimated background rate of fossil mammals and implies that we will reach mass extinction levels within a few thousand years. This time will be shorter if current extinction rates are underestimated, or rates increase in the future.
The Value of Species
Authors: Price Trevor
Published: October 2022

The value of biodiversity includes not only the benefits provided by whole ecosystems, such as recreation and clean water, but also individual species. The number of species present in a location correlates with many desirable features, including plant productivity, stability of biomass from one year to the next, and efficiency of crop pollination. Loss of species results in other species becoming common, thereby increasing risk of disease and intense predation by specialists. The dangers of simplification are illustrated by the honeybee, which conducts the majority of pollination of some crops, such as almonds in the United States, but whose colonies are now difficult to maintain due to both parasites and pathogens. Loss of a single species may cause the collapse of ecosystems. Individual species are also of direct value, for example, for medicine or food. This chapter ends with a revisit to current exploitation rates and why these must be brought into balance.
Why Advocacy and Policy Matter
Authors: Early Jody , Rees Keely S.
Published: October 2022

In this chapter, advocacy is defined in the context of the public health education profession, and the reader is introduced to the importance of modern advocacy concepts, settings, and skills. This chapter provides historical framing and demonstrates how advocates are deeply engaged in policy work in today’s world. Activism and grassroots are central to improving the quality of life in local and global aspects. Many people who work in healthcare and public health serve as leaders in addressing issues that diminish or threaten lives. Being a public health advocate gives you the opportunity to influence the way the public and policymakers think and act on public health policies.
Advocacy
Authors: Allison Kathleen G. , Kerr Dianne , Hedman-Robertson Amy
Published: October 2022

This chapter provides the historical context of the advocacy skill set within the health education profession. It shows how the concepts presented in the first three chapters relate to public health education. This provides readers opportunities to make connections regarding where health professionals will best use their skills, knowledge of how to build their skill set, and ways to practice to see how they can advocate within their unique settings and health areas. The health education profession adapts and grows with the times. These changes are explored while providing the competency-based frameworks that will set leaders up for success in the field.
The Policy Process
Authors: Hampton Cicily
Published: October 2022

Health advocates engage with policy at many levels throughout their work. This chapter takes the reader through what is necessary and a crucial awareness of how to work with policy processes. Identifying policy problems kicks off the policy process. The steps in the policy process are problem identification, agenda setting, policy formulation, policy adoption, policy implementation, and policy evaluation. This chapter identifies the key concepts, terminology, and theoretical frameworks used in policy development and implementation. This policy work might be at the more local level or at a formal legislative process. Health educators active in the public health field utilize these applicable tenets while learning how to navigate tough policy changes.
Advocating for Health Equity
Authors: Mata Holly , Ortega Kristen Hernández , Bussells Aditi Srivistav
Published: October 2022

This chapter invites advocates to take a deeper look at equity in all health policies and address systemic racism and problems rooted in policy or advocacy work. It addresses how public health practitioners and community members are improving environments in which we live, learn, work, play, and pray by advocating for health equity. Cultural competency is foundational to the work in public health and is a skill grounded in cultural humility. The chapter takes a strong lead on providing the next generation of leaders with the strategies to address health inequities while keeping individuals and communities at the forefront of advocacy initiatives.
Advocacy Strategies
Authors: Blavos Alexis , Moses Holly T.
Published: October 2022

This chapter takes an exploratory approach to building on the skills introduced in previous chapters and helping health advocates find their voice while deepening their skills. It takes the reader through finding their state and federal representatives and senators and other local policymakers. This chapter focuses on strategies and examples use at all of these levels. This chapter prepares the advocate for informal and formal communications with policymakers, including congressional visits, calls, and emails. This chapter brings together the policy and advocacy considerations for moving along these issues. There are step-by-step examples for finding your legislators and legislation at all levels and how to prepare for these meetings. Common advocacy tools are also discussed.
Partnerships and Coalition Building for Advocacy
Authors: Breny Jean M. , De Leon Breanna , Schwartz Elizabeth J.
Published: October 2022

The information and skills build to Chapter 10, where the work of a grassroots organization was investigated and how that work coincides with other advocacy and policy issues. Grassroots advocacy is a specific form of advocacy that starts from the roots (i.e., from the community itself) and grows upward from there. This is where the advocate deepens their knowledge about partnership building and collaboration and how it serves the profession to further the development of changes needed. Professional organizations and associations become important to the advocacy efforts at this level, and how to work together on the issues is shared.
Media Advocacy and Social Marketing
Authors: Jones Christina , Colehour Julie
Published: October 2022

Modern advocates use a variety of tools and approaches to communicate with policymakers, leaders, community members, and other advocacy groups. In Chapter 12 identified the significance of media advocacy and social marketing strategies that best fit their advocacy initiatives. This chapter explores further media and the importance of relationship building while utilizing appropriate planning and evaluation strategies to implement the advocacy plan.
Advocacy for the Long Haul
Authors: Early Jody , Mohammed Selina A.
Published: October 2022

Health advocacy requires long-term dedication, energy, and commitment to a cause, issue, or policy change. This final chapter addresses the importance of working with longevity and sustainability in mind and how strategic planning and determining long-term objectives are necessary to achieve the desired outcomes for individuals and communities. The importance of making steadfast progress while building resilience within one’s self and the community is emphasized. This includes addressing burnout and compassion fatigue at the individual and organizational levels. Some strategies are provided for sustaining advocacy efforts as well as the self in the process. Advocacy requires deep rest and building up reserves for the long haul.
The Role of Commercial Influences in Public Understanding of Harms, Causes, and Solutions
Authors: Petticrew Mark , Maani Nason , van Schalkwyk May CI
Published: October 2022

Commercial efforts to influence the framing of problems and solutions in the mind of the public are both powerful and yet understudied. Often in health, researchers and policymakers seek to influence the public conversation in ways that lead to a greater understanding of health harms and their causes. “Lay epidemiology” is a term used to describe the processes through which health risks are understood and interpreted by the average person, and it is viewed as a barrier to public health when the public disbelieves or fails to act on public health messages. However, as with influence on policy, efforts to influence the public conversation do not exist in isolation but, rather, occur in an environment with at times competing messages, including disinformation, by vested interests. Developing the tools to better conceptualize, quantify, and ultimately predict the effects of commercial actors on public understanding and discourse is therefore of paramount importance.
The Role of Corporations in Influencing Culture
Authors: Tomes Nancy
Published: October 2022

From Christmas to Diwali, commercial actors seek to link the consumption of certain products to cultural events or to promote cultural shifts in ways that might protect or increase sales. Indeed, certain products and brands have seemingly permanent pride of place amid society’s most hallowed cultural institutions. However, from the co-opting of female empowerment by the tobacco industry in the early 20th century to the links between gambling and football, or Christmas and soft drinks, culture is often deliberately shaped and changed in ways that suit commercial interests. To encourage more healthful social norms and environments, it is important that the nature of culture and the role of commercial actors in shaping it be examined. This chapter describes the role of commercial actors in shaping cultural norms, including learning from examples in which such cultural norms, such as tobacco use, have evolved and been influenced over time.
Industry Influence on Science
Authors: Fabbri Alice , Gilmore Anna B.
Published: October 2022

The strategy of generating doubt regarding evidence that may prove harmful to commercial activity is long-standing. Whereas in the eyes of the public such tactics have been primarily the purview of the tobacco industry, popular books have sought to tell the story of the distortion of facts by industrial actors, from leaded paint to alcohol, asbestos and tobacco to climate change and pesticides. Despite this growing literature base, such activities are much less a focus of academic research, which in examining the links between funding and influence has focused primarily on the pharmaceutical industry. Emerging evidence points to influence of each of the main structures of science, from peer review to conferences, journals, guidelines, definitions of “sound science,” and the ways in which industry uses evidence. This chapter establishes a baseline of existing evidence and describes emerging theories applicable across a range of commercial actors and activities. It also identifies future research and translational priorities.
Role in Trade Deals and Investment
Authors: Barlow Pepita , Crosbie Eric
Published: October 2022

An important avenue by which corporate power may be exercised in ways that affect health is in the form of trade agreements, investment, and intellectual property protections. Trade deals are associated with the transnationalization of health risks and possible benefits, both of which are influenced by and influence commercial actors, particularly transnational corporations. There has been a call for “healthy” trade policies to reflect the public good, but this can come into conflict with the profit motive. In the context of global health, trade agreements have been used as the grounds for litigation against public health policies by commercial actors. Conversely, groups of activist shareholders have at times sought to influence large publicly owned companies toward more health-focused goals. This chapter describes the links between trade, investment, law, and health, contextualizing current research on the nature of commercially focused trade and investment in ways that are applicable to public health.
The Gambling Industry
Authors: van Schalkwyk May CI , Cassidy Rebecca
Published: October 2022

The gambling industry includes large, increasingly consolidated multinational companies, and although not historically considered an “unhealthy” product in the way tobacco or alcohol have been, gambling has significant health and social implications for both users and their families. A significant proportion of gambling-related public health research is industry-funded, as are most academic conferences, despite a clear conflict of interest. Operator business models have drawn criticism for relying on revenue from a small proportion of users consuming at high levels and for incentive schemes that use a variety of behavioral psychology tools to attempt to drive further use. As the online component of this industry grows, there is a need for a cohesive research agenda, informed by the evidence base in comparable industry sectors. This chapter describes the nature of the evidence base, the features of the gambling industry, and potential research and translational goals moving forward.
Corporations as Irresponsible Artificial People
Authors: Annas George J.
Published: October 2022

Corporations are the most influential life-form affecting the health of our planet and its inhabitants. They are artificial persons, created by law, and the person metaphor has become increasingly fanciful as corporate powers have radically expanded to include freedom of speech and freedom of religion, making the modern corporation almost unregulatable. This chapter describes how this empowered artificial person might be tamed in a way that permits governments to channel the activities of corporations in ways that could improve rather than degrade human and planetary health.
Industry Influence on Research
Authors: Bero Lisa
Published: October 2022

Public health policies should be built upon pillars of rigorous evidence. If the evidence base that informs these decisions is flawed or distorted, the entire foundation for systematic reviews, guidelines, health policy, clinical advice, and consumer information crumbles. For decades, tobacco, pharmaceutical, chemical, food, and other companies have used similar strategies to bias evidence to boost sales of their products, minimize regulation, and protect their profits. This chapter focuses on industry influence on the evidence base—the actual data that policy makers have available to inform their decisions. This chapter describes how bias in bodies of evidence can be detected and how companies influence research agendas and the design, conduct, and publication of research to produce a biased body of evidence.
The Global Technology Sector as a Commercial Determinant of Health
Authors: Kenworthy Nora , Storeng Katerini Tagmatarchi , Zenone Marco
Published: October 2022

The COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly accelerated the expansion of Big Tech—the dominant American technology companies—into public health policy and practice, with the pandemic contributing to a vacuum of power and services that corporations have moved aggressively to exploit. Despite these trends, the influence of the global technology sector as a commercial determinant of health has largely been overlooked. This chapter provides brief case studies from research of three companies—Meta, Google, and GoFundMe—and the diverse impacts they are having on public health systems. Although in no way a comprehensive look at the technology sector as a contributor to commercial determinants of health, these three cases provide lessons about the strategies that technology companies use to transform and disrupt health systems and help clarify the longer term implications for population health that warrant further in-depth research.
Defining the Commercial Determinants of Health
Authors: Lacy-Nichols Jennifer , de Lacy-Vawdon Cassandra , Moodie Rob
Published: October 2022

A critical component of scholarship is defining the commercial determinants of health (CDOH). This chapter develops a more nuanced approach to the CDOH by unpacking existing definitions and argues for the need to acknowledge that some commercial activity is (directly or indirectly) health promoting. It then explores the existing models that demonstrate the complex relationships that exist between upstream drivers, commercial actors, and health outcomes. It problematizes the public health understanding of the private sector by exploring the sheer diversity of commercial actors and activities that could be included within CDOH research. It concludes by theorizing what these new understandings mean for public health researchers and practitioners.
Assessing Power Structures
Authors: Lima Joana Madureira
Published: October 2022

In considering how commercial actors influence policy and discourse, a critical step is the assessment and explanation of the various power structures through which commercial actors may operate. This includes overt, invisible, and hidden power at local, state, national, and supranational levels. A multidisciplinary effort to engage intellectually with these structures has in recent years included input from anthropology, public health, epidemiology, law, ethics, and political science. However, such efforts are often focused on the policymaking structures of high-income countries and are not easily applicable to research in low- and middle-income countries. This chapter summarizes progress to date and identifies ways in which more broadly applicable frameworks for commercial power might be developed and used in a variety of contexts.
Commercial Determinants of Health in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Abdalla Salma M. , Ofei Leona , Maani Nason , Galea Sandro
Published: October 2022

Much of the conceptual and empirical scholarship regarding the commercial determinants of health has been often focused on health and policy in high-income countries. However, there is a need for scholarship that focuses on commercial determinants of health globally. There are several factors that can make low- and middle-income countries particularly vulnerable to commercial forces in ways that impact on health. Commercial actors are often multi-national, and so have health impacts and commercial strategies that extend far beyond the national context, mainly driven by global and regional trade agreements. Moreover, low- and middle-income countries may have regulatory and taxation policies that make them vulnerable to the influence of multi-national corporations. Finally, low- and middle-income countries have to address the potential trade-offs between potential economic growth from an expanding commercial base compare to the potential harms from the same commercial forces. This chapter examines some of these important differences; discusses efforts to describe some of these differences in the literature; and identifies significant data, research, and governance gaps.
A Policy Agenda for the Commercial Determinants of Health
Authors: Casswell Sally
Published: October 2022

Policy inertia as a result of commercial determinants is a long-standing problem with significant implications for health and democracy. This chapter explores a policy agenda that might maximize the benefits while minimizing the harms of the private sector on democratic processes, discourse, privacy, research, and health. Redressing the discursive power of commercial interests is a priority for a public health policy agenda. The political and institutional architectures intrinsically enmeshed at global and national levels create a system that supports and maintains the negative consequences of commercial determinants of health; a public health policy agenda must address all parts of the system.
Introduction
Authors: Rathey Markus
Published: October 2022

introduction outlines the methodology of the book and challenges the common distinction between “sacred” and “secular” music. Instead, the chapter suggests viewing Bach’s works in the context of his own world, in which the sacred and secular spheres were intrinsically intertwined. Religion provided a foundation for political structures, and political and social discourses left their mark on several of the religious and liturgical works. As part of public displays of political power, Bach’s music was embedded in a multimodal communicative framework that straddled different art forms (literature, visual arts, and music) and that transcended the simple polarity between sacred and secular.
Trumpets, Drums, and Thundering Cannons
Authors: Rathey Markus
Published: October 2022

The Te Deum, a liturgical chant that dates to the fourth century, was often performed to celebrate peace treaties and victories in battles and during celebrations in honor of secular rulers. While this practice was widely criticized during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, it still remained common, as can be seen in the Te Deum compositions by G.F. Handel and others. While Bach did not write a larger setting of the complete hymn, he quotes the chant in several of his cantatas. On the background of the common use of the Te Deum in his time, it is noteworthy that all these cantatas were written for occasions that celebrated secular authorities: the beginning of the secular New Year on January 1 and the inauguration of a new town council. After elaborating on the theological and political understanding of the hymn, the chapter analyzes the traces of these views in Bach’s own works.
Taming the Coquette
Authors: Rathey Markus
Published: October 2022

The Coffee Cantata BWV 211 presents a caricature of the fascination with coffee in the early eighteenth century. The themes of the cantata resonate with numerous treatises on the benefits and dangers of coffee consumption that were published around the same time. On a deeper level, the cantata also engages with gender stereotypes of the time by juxtaposing a dominant father and an insubordinate daughter. An analysis of the libretto by Picander shows that the text deploys the stereotype of the “coquette” that was just becoming popular in German literature. While Bach mostly follows Picander’s libretto, his musical setting as well as the addition of two new movements challenges and subverts the original message of Picander’s text. While the father had originally been the dominating character, it is now his daughter, who appears as the winner.
Creative Juxtaposition
Authors: Coogan Jeremiah
Published: October 2022

Eusebius’ creative juxtapositions transformed Gospel reading, connecting material in ways that previous Gospel configurations had not. Eusebius states in the Epistle to Carpianus that his objective is to show “the similar things” (τὰ παραπλήσια) in the Gospels. Although Eusebius engages the Gospels in the company of earlier thinkers, his overarching approach and many of his specific juxtapositions are unprecedented. By analyzing Eusebius’ creative juxtapositions, this chapter challenges a misunderstanding of the Eusebian apparatus that pervades previous scholarship. Since the nineteenth century, scholars have assumed that the apparatus centered (or should have centered) on resolving discrepancies and reconstructing a historical sequence of events behind the Gospels. Critics have dismissed Eusebius’ project because they perceive him to have failed in these twin objectives. But this is to misunderstand the Eusebian apparatus. Eusebius declined history and apologetic as objectives for the apparatus; instead, he reconfigured the Gospels to create new patterns of reading based on echo, allusion, and narrative parallel. Eusebius transformed Gospel reading by mapping creative theological patterns that remain fruitful for contemporary readers who seek fresh approaches to Gospel texts.
Conclusion
Authors: Coogan Jeremiah
Published: October 2022

The Eusebian apparatus offers a window into early Christian literary innovation and into broader questions of technology and textuality in the ancient Mediterranean and beyond. Eusebius’ apparatus offers a standpoint from which to observe how material and textual technologies participated in a late ancient transformation in knowing. Eusebius’ fourfold Gospel effervesces with new contexts and readerly trajectories. His innovative project and its robust reception invite us to narrate a new history of Gospel literature, integrating phenomena that are too often kept separate: the authorial and the editorial, the textual and the paratextual. This brief conclusion synthesizes the arguments of the monograph, focusing on histories of (Gospel) reading as histories of use.
“This Is Not a Home, It Is a Temple”
Authors: Ilkama Ina Marie Lunde
Published: October 2022

Dealing with the South Indian practice of kolu, this chapter explores how religious and ritual practices are important vehicles for maintaining cultural continuity and passing on ideas and practices, while at the same time renewing the same cultural and religious tradition. The author shows how new female performers of the high-caste domestic ritual kolu in the South Indian town Kanchipuram appropriate the ritual and in this process creatively add caste-specific practices to it, drawn from their own cultural resources. A successful yet self-appointed female religious specialist uses her position as instrument of sociopolitical critique, transforming herself into an agent of change, enacting modes of protest and resistance. While the ritual space is and remains female, it is fundamentally transformed: the house becomes the temple, and the housewife becomes the priest. Agency is here more than resistance against oppressive structures and taking over roles traditionally reserved for men. The author speaks of ritual or religious agency as the power of creativity and innovation, highly visible in the aesthetics of kolu.
Body Politics and the Gendered Politics of Hindu Militancy
Authors: Bedi Tarini
Published: October 2022

This chapter’s empirical focus is on the women of Shiv Sena, a right-wing political party in Western India. Analyzing women’s vernacular embodied practices, called “dashing,” the author illustrates how agency in Hindu cultural nationalist movements is not simply the capacity to act, but the capacity to act with and through the body. The author shows how performing hegemonic maleness lets “dashing ladies” appropriate traditional male spaces of activity, namely public policing and politics. “Dashing,” the capacity to display public anger, is for these Shiv Sena women the capacity to act through dissenting public behavior. At the same time Bedi shows that we must also pay attention to the body politics of “intimate” Hindu religiosity, as women of Shiv Sena regularly also use intimate forms of embodied practices that are associated with women’s Hindu religious practices outside the male gaze. Overall, Bedi finds that right-wing political parties and right-wing women are rarely fixed or ideologically coherent subjects.
Buddhist “Radicalism”
Authors: McKay Melyn , Frydenlund Iselin
Published: October 2022

This chapter deals with women who are affiliated with radical Islamophobic Buddhist organizations in contemporary Myanmar and Sri Lanka. The authors ask why women sympathize with such ideologies, and why they actively and participate within such movements. Nationalist movements across time and space have shown a particular concern for controlling the female body and female reproduction. Following similar Islamophobic tropes in Europe and India, the expected worldwide increase in Muslim population is presented as an existential threat to Buddhism. The authors find that through their membership and activities within these organizations, the women are able to access broader lay and monastic networks, allowing them to operate translocally as “protectors of Buddhism,” a role and religious space traditionally reserved to men.
Right to Pray
Authors: More Shefali
Published: October 2022

This chapter deals with the actual process, the legal proceedings, and public repercussions of allowing women to enter und utilize Hindu places of worship in India that were previously out of their reach. The author compares the processes leading to the inclusion of women in the Śani temple in Shani Shingnapur (Maharashtra) and in the Sabarimala Ayyappan Temple in Kerala. Especially in the early 21st century, India has repeatedly witnessed women challenging the religious authorities regarding the restrictions put on women’s entry in temples or access to specific parts of worship sites. Only the women’s public and “loud” challenge initiated a public discussion of these bans. The chapter scrutinizes the arguments used by the authorities of the places of worship as well as the arguments used by the women who challenge the regulations, the legal complications in these matters when they are discussed in the public sphere and in court, and the role of social media, social activists, judiciary, and the state governments. The author shows how the entanglement of actors, motives, and strategies played a central role in securing access for women to the two sites of worship and engages the concept of distributed agency.
Tradition, Innovation, and Resistance?
Authors: Hüsken Ute
Published: October 2022

The chapter deals with a Veda school (Pāṇini Kanyā Mahāvidyālaya) for girls in Varanasi. While traditionalists among the local Brahmins claim that women can and may not perform Vedic rituals, this school gives access to religious and ritual knowledge to girls, who since 2014 also publicly perform Vedic rituals every morning at Assi Ghat. The author discusses the history and reception of this school and its activities in influential Brahmin circles in Varanasi, contextualizes this in light of discussions of female religious agency (adhikāra) in ancient India, and presents some views of the school’s teachers and students on these matters. While the young women learn to claim public spaces that are traditionally monopolized by men, the school associates with the ruling BJP party, and thereby implicitly teams up with a Hindu nationalist agenda, even though Hindu nationalist ideologies reinforce aggressive patriarchal structures. Paradoxically, it is this connection that allows the girls and women to occupy agentive spaces within these structures, with the support of important and powerful parts of the local communities.
Hangzhou Buddhism in Historical Perspective
Authors: Welter Albert
Published: October 2022

This chapter introduces the innovative aspects of Buddhism developed through the textual production emanating from masters associated with the Wuyue Kingdom, namely the Zongjing lu (Record of the Source-Mirror) by Yongming Yanshou (904–975), the Da Song Seng shilüe (Topical Compendium of the Buddhist Clergy) by Zanning (919–1001), and the Jingde Chuandeng lu (Record of the Transmission of the Lamp Compiled in the Jingde Era) by Daoyuan (d.u.). It proposes that the tripartite-pillar structure of the Buddhist Eightfold Path—śila (moral training), samādhi (mental training), and prajñā (training in wisdom)—as a method by which to address the issue of Buddhist transition and that the three texts produced by masters from Wuyue each suggests supplements to this structure that influenced subsequent developments in East Asian Buddhism.
James Purdy
Authors: Snyder Michael
Published: October 2022

One of the most iconoclastic twentieth-century American novelists, James Purdy penned original and sometimes shocking works about those on the margins of American society, exploring small towns, urban life, alienation, sexuality, and familial relations. Purdy was a compelling if eccentric figure, declared an “authentic American genius” by Gore Vidal. James Purdy: Life of a Contrarian Writer is the first biography of the gay American novelist, story writer, playwright, and poet. From his roots in Ohio, Purdy moved to a world of bohemian artists and jazz musicians in Chicago in the late 1930s and 1940s, traveled in Spain, studied in Mexico, enlisted in the Army Air Corps, worked for the Federal Security Agency, and taught in Cuba and at a Wisconsin college for nearly a decade. All the while, he aspired to become a writer, but struggled to publish. Only when friends financed the private publication of his work did he find a champion in poet Edith Sitwell, who helped get him published in England, which led to publication in the United States. After moving to New York in 1957, he spent nearly fifty years writing in Brooklyn Heights. Although Purdy’s reputation peaked in the 1960s and he never enjoyed a bestseller, his often queer and edgy content found a diverse following that included Tennessee Williams, Langston Hughes, William Carlos Williams, Dorothy Parker, Jonathan Franzen, and many LGBTQ readers. Difficult and often contrarian, Purdy sometimes hampered his own career as he sought recognition from a conservative, cliquey New York publishing world.
James Purdy Begins
Authors: Snyder Michael
Published: October 2022

Resigning from Lawrence College, Purdy moved in with Jorma Sjoblom in Allentown, Pennsylvania, where he had taken a position with Air Products. Now James could throw himself into his writing undisturbed. In late 1956 and 1957, Purdy reaped a harvest of responses from recipients of his short story collection that was privately published by Osborn Andreas, and a novella by Sjoblom. This bounty vindicated his talent and decision to leave his teaching position. Offering praise were Edith Sitwell, Carl Van Vechten, Thornton Wilder, Tennessee Williams, Noël Coward, Elizabeth Bishop, and more. Purdy visited Van Vechten in Manhattan and was photographed, and met Sitwell in person. Sitwell got him published in Britain, which led to being accepted for US publication with New Directions. Purdy wrote Malcolm for Jorma, who relished reading new installments after work. They lived on the woodsy edge of town before moving to a diverse neighborhood downtown.
The Mourner Below
Authors: Snyder Michael
Published: October 2022

In the 1960s, working with editor Robert Giroux, Purdy grew as a writer. His novels were widely reviewed and he drew attention from an increasing number of major writers and critics. But privately, it was a time of sorrow; in 1962 and 1964 he lost his mother and father. As some consolation, he met two gay composers who became close friends, Richard Hundley and Robert Helps. Hundley encouraged Purdy to write poems and set them to music. Another stage adaptation, Color of Darkness, appeared with Edward Albee attending. Cabot Wright Begins (1964), a satirical novel about people trying to write and publish a book about a serial rapist, split and scandalized critics, some of whom found themselves sent up. Susan Sontag declared Purdy one of six US writers worth taking seriously, while Joyce Carol Oates found it tiresome and badly written. He drafted his stunner, Eustace Chisholm and the Works.
Solitary Confinement
Authors: Snyder Michael
Published: October 2022

Purdy in the early 1970s often felt lonely and trapped. He wrote a novel called The House of the Solitary Maggot, the second novel in the Sleepers in Moon-Crowned Valleys series. His editor, Sandy Richardson, was inattentive, however. Purdy missed the editorial relationship he had with Robert Giroux, who had edited his first four novels. Sam Steward offered a long endorsement and the Los Angeles Times gave a glowing review, but the New York Times did not even review Solitary Maggot, which was not issued in paperback in the United States until 2005. Purdy was livid and blamed editor John Leonard and writer Edmund White, who declined to review it, as did novelist Guy Davenport, who had praised Jeremy’s Version in the New York Times. Purdy and some aficionados consider it perhaps his greatest work, while others see it as a lesser novel. Purdy felt overlooked and unappreciated.
An Empire Made Portable
Authors: Snyder Saskia Coenen
Published: October 2022

Chapter 2 follows diamonds from South Africa to London, the global trading hub for rough stones. Jewish merchants successful in South Africa established new firms in London to facilitate international trade, expanding and consolidating transhemispheric commercial networks. Hatton Garden, to this day London’s primary diamond district, developed during this time. This chapter discusses the founding in London of the Diamond Syndicate, made up of ten Jewish firms, whose company directors had first made careers on the South African diamond fields and became leading merchants. The Syndicate distributed over ninety percent of global diamond production by the turn of the century. The chapter also zooms in on international colonial exhibitions and world’s fairs—spaces where diamond mining and production were displayed to the public, popularizing African stones and whetting the appetite of consumers.
“As Long as It Sparkles!”
Authors: Snyder Saskia Coenen
Published: October 2022

Chapter 3 focuses on Amsterdam, the diamond manufacturing capital of the world by the 1870s. The majority of South African rough stones were cut and polished in the Dutch capital for the international retail market. Amsterdam Jews proved indispensable to the success of the international commodity chain. By the end of the century, over fifty percent of entire Jewish population in the city relied on the stone—as master cutters, polishers, setters, apprentices, tradesmen, factory supervisors, diamantairs, or dependents. This diamond proletariat formed the basis of Holland’s first organized diamond workers’ labor union. This chapter illuminates the significance of diamonds in unionization efforts in Europe, arguing that we cannot fully understand the origins of the international Jewish labor movement, or Dutch-Jewish history, without peering closely at the diamond.
Jews and Diamonds in the Popular Imagination
Authors: Snyder Saskia Coenen
Published: October 2022

Chapter 5 considers the cultural ramification of Jewish involvement in the diamond business. It analyzes late nineteenth-century representations that associated Jews with diamonds, particularly in the English-language press, political cartoons, and popular fictions. Victorian fiction, for example, appropriated long-held stereotypes about the Jews’ alleged innate business acumen, untrustworthiness, and thirst for power. Jewish prominence strengthened already-existing stereotypes, feeding popular views of Jewish obsessions with profit and economic control. In an era when racial anti-Semitism was gaining ground and when East-European Jewish immigration to England, the United States, and South Africa peaked, Jewish success in the international diamond trade stirred up nativist anxieties that found expression in the literary press. While diamonds in the long run empowered many Jews, their prominence in the industry worked against them as well. The potency of the diamond exposed the limits to full Jewish integration and acceptance in the modern period.
Sleeping Beauty and the Afterlife (2005)
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus
Published: October 2022

This paper tells a fairy tale aimed at making sense of the idea of a resurrected body identical to the one that died. We have inherited two strands of thought about human persons that are in tension with each other and which force us to make some hard choices. One is the motive to think of human beings as organisms, part of the natural world. The other is the motive to think that an individual person is the sort of thing that is necessarily distinct from everything else in the world, including every other person. A person has determinate persistence conditions and is not replicable. In the story told in this paper, nature cooperates with the strong distinctness of persons. It is possible that there is a substantial form that is a non-duplicable particular, but which cannot exist without informing matter. A certain person exists when and only when that person’s substantial form informs some matter. This interpretation makes the resurrection of that person possible.
The Incarnation and Virtue Ethics (2002)
Authors: Zagzebski Linda Trinkaus
Published: October 2022

This paper shows how Divine Motivation theory can make the Incarnation central and the imitation of Christ the basic normative idea. Narrative ethics has a lot of defenders, but its defect is the lack of a structure that would make it a viable competitor to leading moral theories. This paper argues for the advantage of this kind of theory for the distinctive goals of Christian ethics. It is a theoretical structure in which the motive to be moral is a component of the theory itself. It therefore connects the practical aim of morality with the theoretical aim of philosophical ethics. The paper concludes with the contrast between the modern idea that the will is the creator of value and the idea that value attracts us in the form of the perfect exemplar.
Militia
Authors: Steinglass Steven H. , Scarselli Gino J.
Published: October 2022

Article IX addresses the militia, which existed in Ohio before statehood. The Northwest Ordinance provided for the appointment of the governor as the commander-in-chief of the militia with the power to appoint all officers below the rank of general. The present constitution retains the governor’s position as commander-in-chief of the militia and the strict subordination of the militia to civilian power. This article gives the governor the power to call forth the militia and describes who is subject to service in the militia. And it subjects all residents of this state, who are seventeen years of age but under the age of sixty-seven years, to enrollment in the militia.
Miscellaneous
Authors: Steinglass Steven H. , Scarselli Gino J.
Published: October 2022

Article XV includes miscellaneous provisions that address such matters as the location of the seat of government in Columbus, the 1851 prohibition of lotteries, the subsequent authorization of the state lottery, the controversy concerning charitable bingo, the 2009 initiated amendment authorizing casino gambling, the subsequent expansions of non-casino gambling, the legal question of whether the constitution bars gambling or only lotteries. It also provides that persons elected or appointed to offices in the state shall have the qualifications of electors as well as the special case of public service for women who were denied the right to vote until the ratification of the Nineteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution in 1920. And it addresses oaths of office and civil service.
Elections
Authors: Steinglass Steven H. , Scarselli Gino J.
Published: October 2022

Article XVII governs the time for holding elections and contains general provisions covering terms of office and the filling of vacancies in offices. Adopted in 1905, the voters proposed a reorganization of this article in 1976 based on a recommendation of the Ohio Constitutional Revision Commission. Provisions concerning terms of office and vacancies for specific offices are in Articles II, III, IV, and V. Provisions concerning the elective franchise, election requirements, and term limits are also in Article V. Elections for state and county officers shall be held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in even numbered years; and all elections for all other elective officers shall be held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in the odd numbered years.