bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
No effect of CYP450 and P‐glycoprotein on hydroxyurea in vitro metabolism
Authors: Sassi Hind , Bachir Dora , Habibi Anoosha , Astier Alain , Galactéros Frédéric , Hulin Anne
Published: October 2009

Our objectives were (1) to study the HU metabolism via human cytochromes and (2) to test if HU is a substrate of P‐gp. HU metabolism was investigated by determining the appearance of urea and HU decreasing upon incubation with human liver microsomes. Quantification was determined using HPLC coupled with UV‐detection at 449 nm. Our method was linear between 5 and 1000 μm, precise (coefficients of variation ranging from 1.7 to 9.9%), accurate (97.7–103.9%). The limit of quantification was 7 μm. The ATPase activity of human P‐gp membranes was determined by measuring inorganic phosphate liberation. HU and urea measurements in microsomes were not different between 0 and 60 min whatever HU concentration used from 30 to 300 μm. The presence of NADPH in the medium has no effect on HU and urea measurements. In the absence of verapamil, the ATPase activity was unaffected by HU at concentrations of 10, 30, 100 and 300 μm. HU is unlikely to cause clinically relevant drug interactions with the substrates of these enzymes/transporters. However, it will be necessary to validate these in vitro data in patients with sickle cell anemia to evaluate the impact of genetic polymorphisms of these enzymes in a black population.
The ultrastructural and biochemical evidences of the beneficial effects of chronic caffeic acid phenethyl ester and melatonin administration on brain and cerebellum of aged rats
Authors: Eşrefoğlu Mukaddes , Gül Mehmet , Ateş Burhan , Yılmaz İsmet
Published: October 2009

Nervous system is highly vulnerable to the deleterious effects of age‐related oxidative stress. A large body of researches has consistently confirmed the implication of free radicals both in normal cerebral ageing and ageing‐related pathologies. In the present study, in addition to the light and electron microscopic pictures of brain and cerebellum of young, old and antioxidant administered old Sprague–Dawley rats, pro‐oxidant status was evaluated in terms of measurements of total glutathione, lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) and activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase. Taking the results together, we suggest that supplemental administration of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and melatonin is beneficial in delaying age‐related cellular damage in nervous system.
The Cost‐Effectiveness of Postal and Telephone Methodologies in Increasing Routine Outcome Measurement Response Rates in CAMHS
Authors: Horn Rachel , Jones Steve , Warren Kate
Published: October 2009

Background:  This small evaluation compared the cost effectiveness of different methods of questionnaire administration (General system improvements, postal reminders and telephone reminders) sent as part of the CORC protocol employed by three community CAMHS teams.

Method:  Return rates and costs of these different methods were recorded and compared with a 3‐month baseline (during which questionnaires were distributed using existing systems) and following 3‐month intervention period.

Results:  Comparison of return rates between baseline and intervention periods indicated that administrative improvements and a centralised mailing process increased the return rate of questionnaires by 11%. A further limited increase of 16% was achieved when a postal reminder was added, whilst an additional telephone reminder significantly increased the return rate by 34%. Telephone administration and telephone follow‐up to initial postal administration is more expensive overall than postal methods alone; however, the cost per return is substantially less. An initial postal mailing plus telephone reminder is predicted to provide services with more representative data on service effectiveness and acceptability than postal methods alone.

Conclusions:  The findings of this small scale project are useful in informing the Routine Outcome Measurement (ROM) administration protocol and highlight the importance of resourcing ROM and increasing the quality of the data collected.
The influence of betterment discourses on Canadian Aboriginal peoples in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries
Authors: BEDNASEK C DREW , GODLEWSKA ANNE M. C.
Published: October 2009

Based on government archival sources, fieldwork and the historical perspectives, experiences and oral histories of Aboriginal peoples, this paper argues that late nineteenth and early twentieth century Indian policy, and more specifically the File Hills farm colony, was deeply influenced by betterment discourses. The presumption of this discourse was that Aboriginal peoples, who clearly were not vanishing as promised, could be transformed into something approaching white settlers by reshaping, controlling, and managing their environments, both private and public, and by altering their genetics and morals. While the betterment discourse and the File Hills colony have each been the focus of research, no one to our knowledge has focused on the importance of betterment thought in the establishment and application of Indian policy and its significance for the File Hills colony.
Legacy databases and GIS: a discussion of the issues illustrated by a case study of archaeological site data from southeast Alberta, Canada
Authors: WOYWITKA ROBIN , BEAUDOIN ALWYNNE B.
Published: October 2009

Many institutions and agencies are currently faced with the issue of geographic information systems‐enabling legacy databases. The problems can be acute for data sets that have been compiled through many years, using different standards and levels of recording. To explore these issues further, we report on a data quality assessment undertaken in 2002 for a subset of the archaeological site database of the province of Alberta, Canada. Our work shows that positional ambiguities in the data set can be highlighted and corrected by relatively straightforward procedures. This case study also provides an indication of the amount of work effort that will be involved in validating or ‘cleaning up’ data sets so model results and analyses undertaken with them are more reliable.
Capacity, scale and place: pragmatic lessons for doing community‐based research in the rural setting
Authors: MARKEY SEAN , HALSETH GREG , MANSON DON
Published: October 2009

Community‐based research (CBR) represents a particularly timely approach to rural research. Rural areas in industrialized nations are undergoing dramatic and rapid processes of economic, social and political restructuring. These forces, combined with a trend towards place‐based development and territorial policy make CBR an appropriate rural method given its flexibility and sensitivity to local context. The purpose of this paper is to reflect on the use and methods of CBR in the rural setting, drawn from our collective research experience in northern British Columbia. There has been increased attention paid to CBR, signalling a form of acceptance within the academy towards community‐based and participatory methods. However, gaps exist in addressing the various approaches to conducting CBR and in considering the relevance of CBR in different contexts. Researchers also note the need for better training in the use of community‐based methods. We reflect upon our rural CBR experience to offer insights and pragmatic lessons on effective methodological practices using a simplified framework of the key research process stages: preparing for community engagement, doing community‐based research and after the fieldwork.
A geographic assessment of ‘total’ health care supply in Ontario: complementary and alternative medicine and conventional medicine
Authors: MEYER STEPHEN P.
Published: October 2009

Shortages of family physicians, specialists and other personnel working within the realm of conventional medicine (CM) concern citizens in many regions and municipalities in Canada. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) approaches (such as chiropractic, holistic, homeopathic, naturopathic, massage and acupuncture) are increasingly used in conjunction with, or in some cases as replacements for, conventional medicine. Thus, to get an idea of ‘total’ health care supply in a jurisdiction and to draw comparisons between locations, it is useful to understand the spatial tendencies of both CM and CAM offices. With the use of a sample that contains the location, employment and sales of 4,955 CAM and 8,709 CM offices, this study details the spatial patterns of health care supply in the Canadian province of Ontario. The analysis comprises three main parts. First, the geographic tendencies of CAM and CM office activity are revealed in per capita terms and while regional differences are detectable, the main contrast is that CAM displays a much more even distribution across the urban‐rural continuum in comparison to CM. Second, through the use of location quotients and a local spatial autocorrelation analysis, it is shown that certain municipalities (especially in Ontario's southwest and south‐central regions) specialize in CAM and the most outstanding spatial feature is an ‘81 municipality CAM cluster’ that represents arguably the pinnacle of CAM activity in the province. CM specialization is rarer and is biased towards the more populated municipalities. Third, a Spearman's correlation analysis suggests that CAM and CM health care supply are associated with community well‐being indictors and urban density measures.
Informal Housing in the Heart of the New West: An Examination of State Toleration of Illegality in Calgary
Authors: Tanasescu Alina
Published: October 2009

Abstract:Despite the lack of systemic examination of the extent and manifestations of informal housing in Canadian cities, there is consistent evidence that it does occur and is tolerated by governments. This paper examines the persistence of illegal housing in Calgary to provide insights into processes that give rise to and motivate state toleration of illegal housing. It also explores the complex interactions between state agents, illegal housing operators, tenants, and communities to comment on how illegality is contested, reinforced, and even ignored by the various actors involved.
Our “Nation of Immigrants”: Conflict and Citizenship in a Refugee Relocation Program
Authors: McDonnell Bridget
Published: October 2009

Abstract: This paper explores the controversy surrounding the proposed settlement of a group of Somali Bantu refugees in Cayce, South Carolina, in 2003. Focusing primarily on letters to the editor of a local newspaper, analysis emphasizes how community members debated and constructed issues of difference, race, culture, citizenship, and belonging.
Molecular cloning and expression of pheromone‐binding protein1 from the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella
Authors: Zhang Zhi‐Chun , Wang Man‐Qun , Zhang Guoan
Published: October 2009

We report on the identification and characterization of a new cDNA encoding the pheromone‐binding protein1 (PxylPBP1) from male antennae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). The deduced amino acid sequences of PxylPBP1 revealed a mature protein of 164 amino acids, with six cysteine residues in conserved positions relative to other known PBP. The alignment of the mature PxylPBP1 with other Lepidoptera PBP showed high sequence similarity (70–80%) with other full‐length sequences from GenBank. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis revealed that the PxylPBP1 gene is only expressed in antennae. Real‐time PCR further indicated that the expression of PxylPBP1 gene is higher in male moths, and higher in mated moths regardless of gender. The transcription levels of PxylPBP1 gene of unmated male moths reduced with age, and peaked in 4‐h‐old female moths.
Crocidolomia pavonana larval foraging: behavior and feeding site preferences on cabbage, Brassica oleracea
Authors: Takeuchi Hiroaki , Zalucki Myron P. , Furlong Michael J.
Published: October 2009

Experiments were conducted to determine feeding site preferences of Crocidolomia pavonana (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) larvae within cabbage plants, Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata cv. Warrior (Brassicaceae), and to determine whether induced plant responses to herbivory affect the behavior of larvae. In the first experiment, intra‐plant damage and larval distribution were recorded to account for the spreading pattern of damage and larval feeding behavior on a plant; larvae initially fed on the base of leaves and moved progressively to the bud, leaf tips were avoided. In the second experiment, larval performance (the duration of the first instar, survival to the second instar, and weight of second instars) was assessed when larvae fed on the bud, the base, and the tip of the youngest fully expanded leaf on a plant. Crocidolomia pavonana larvae performed best when they fed on bud leaf tissue and most poorly when they fed on leaf tissue at the base of leaves. In the third experiment, expression of induced resistance was tested on each of the three plant parts using a first‐instar bioassay. Negative impacts on larval growth and development were not detected when larvae fed on the bud or base tissue when plants were damaged prior to the assay. However, negative effects were detected in larvae feeding on tip leaf tissue when the base of the leaf was damaged prior to the assay or if the bud tissue was damaged simultaneously with the assay. The findings indicate that resource heterogeneity for C. pavonana within‐cabbage plants is determined by both the initial quality of food at a location and by subsequent induced changes as a result of larval feeding; both contribute to the feeding pattern observed in these gregarious larvae.
Attraction of Trialeurodes vaporariorum and Bemisia argentifolii to eggplant, and its potential as a trap crop for whitefly management on greenhouse poinsettia
Authors: Lee Doo‐Hyung , Nyrop Jan P. , Sanderson John P.
Published: October 2009

Trap cropping, though promising, has had little evaluation in greenhouses. This study evaluated eggplant, Solanum melongena L. (Solanaceae), as a trap crop for two whitefly species, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) and Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (both Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), on greenhouse poinsettia, Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Koltz (Euphorbiaceae). Because the two whitefly species co‐occur in greenhouses, a common trap crop for both whiteflies is desirable. When adults were provided a choice between eggplant and poinsettia in a cage, 60% of B. argentifolii and 98% of T. vaporariorum were observed on eggplant after 3 days. However, when adults were given eggplant after first settling on poinsettia, only 38% of B. argentifolii were later found on eggplant, whereas 95% of T. vaporariorum moved to eggplant. In a greenhouse experiment, eggplant did not affect either the spatial distribution or density of adult B. argentifolii on poinsettias. In contrast, eggplant changed the spatial distribution of T. vaporariorum within 3 days by attracting and retaining the adults. However, the attractiveness of eggplant did not result in a reduced number of T. vaporariorum on poinsettias compared with poinsettias in monoculture. Adult T. vaporariorum mortality was high on poinsettias and this likely caused adult density on poinsettias in monoculture to decrease as fast as that under trap cropping. A simulation model was developed to examine how adult whitefly mortality on poinsettia influences trap cropping effectiveness. When whitefly mortality was high, simulated densities were similar to the experimental data. This reveals an unexpected factor, pest mortality on the main crop, that can influence the relative effectiveness of trap cropping. Our results indicate that eggplant will not work unilaterally as a trap crop for B. argentifolii. For T. vaporariorum, attraction to eggplant might be useful as a trap crop system when whitefly mortality on the main crop is not high.
CD30 positive anaplastic large‐cell lymphoma mimicking Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Authors: Ezra Navid , Van Dyke Gregory S. , Binder Scott W.
Published: October 2009

The presence of CD 1a+ dendritic cells (DC) has been well described in T‐cell lymphoproliferative disorders, and the presence of large numbers of DCs has rarely been reported as a mimicker of Langerhans cell histiocytsis (LCH). We present the case of a 56‐year‐old female with a solitary nodule on the chin whose case was referred to our institution for confirmation of the diagnosis of LCH. Skin biopsy showed an ulcerated nodule containing a wedge‐shaped infiltrate comprised of large atypical cells and cells with prominent grooved nuclei. The constellation of histologic and immunologic features favored a CD30 lymphoproliferative disorder of T‐cell lineage even though there were accompanying numerous dendritic histiocytes and CD1a positive Langerhans cells. The sheets of CD30 positive atypical lymphoid cells which express T‐cell markers were consistent with CD30 positive lymphoproliferative disease and favor CD30 positive anaplastic large‐cell lymphoma (ALCL) over Langerhans histiocytosis. The absence of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase (ALK) staining favored a primary cutaneous origin. This case signifies a CD 30+ ALCL of the skin which histopathologically mimics a LCH.

Ezra N, Van Dyke GS, Binder SW. CD30 positive anaplastic large‐cell lymphoma (ALCL) mimicking Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH).
Proliferative nodules in a giant congenital melanocytic nevus–case report and review of the literature
Authors: Van Houten Annemarie H. , Van Dijk Marcory C. R. F. , Schuttelaar Marie‐Louise A.
Published: October 2009

Malignant transformation of giant congenital nevi (GCN) is very rare, but may already occur in childhood. Benign proliferative nodules in GCN may clinically and histologically mimic a malignant melanoma. We report a newborn infant with large proliferative nodules and multiple satellite nevi in a GCN of the bathing suit type. The diagnosis in our patient was based on the smooth transition of the pre‐existing lesion and the nodule, the absence of strong atypical nuclei, the atypical mitotic figures, the ascension of melanocytes in the epidermis and the absence of necrosis. A review of the literature showed that the clinical and the histological features of benign (proliferative) nodules are variable. The awareness and the identification of this entity by clinicians and pathologist are imperative to prevent diagnostic errors.

van Houten AH, van Dijk MCRF, Schuttelaar MLA. Proliferative nodules in a giant congenital melanocytic nevus–case report and review of the literature.
Melatonin inhibits the development of 2,4‐dinitrofluorobenzene‐induced atopic dermatitis‐like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice
Authors: Kim Tae‐Ho , Jung Jung‐A , Kim Gun‐Dong , Jang An‐Hee , Ahn Hyun‐Jong , Park Yong Seek , Park Cheung‐Seog
Published: October 2009

Abstract:  Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common disease in children, and epicutaneous treatment with a chemical hapten such as 2,4‐dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) evokes an AD‐like reaction in NC/Nga mice under specific pathogen‐free conditions. Melatonin (N‐acetyl‐5‐methoxytryptamine) is synthesized by the pineal gland, has several different physiologic functions, which include seasonal reproduction control, immune system modulation, free radical scavenging, and inflammatory suppression. In the present study, we investigated whether melatonin suppresses DNFB‐induced AD‐like skin lesions in NC/Nga mice. The topical administration of melatonin to DNFB‐treated NC/Nga mice was found to inhibit ear thickness increases and the skin lesions induced by DNFB. Furthermore, interleukin (IL)‐4 and interferon (IFN)‐γ secretion by activated CD4+ T cells from the draining lymph nodes of DNFB‐treated NC/Nga mice were significantly inhibited by melatonin, and total IgE levels in serum were reduced. Our findings suggest that melatonin suppresses the development of AD‐like dermatitis in DNFB‐treated NC/Nga mice by reducing total IgE in serum, and IL‐4 and IFN‐γ production by activated CD4+ T cells.
Three years after the publication of the German (S3) evidence based Psoriasis Guidelines – Was it worth the effort?
Authors: Nast Alexander , Rzany Berthold
Published: October 2009

The S3 (evidence‐based) psoriasis guidelines were an important milestone in German dermatology. Three years after their publication, a review and evaluation of their success is important. Since the publication of the guidelines, the quality of care of psoriasis patients has improved. The proportion of patients with a PASI above 20 in the general patient population has decreased, there are less days of work lost due to psoriasis, uncertainties in administering systemic therapies have been decreased and the proportion of patients with severe psoriasis receiving a systemic treatment has increased. The guidelines’ website as well as the original publication in the JDDG has been accessed more than 50,000 times. The guidelines’ discussion was continued even after its publication and in further publications from within the group a therapeutic algorithm, treatment goals and indicators for the quality of care have been developed.
The Travels of Naturalism and the Challenges of a World Literary History
Authors: Hill Christopher L.
Published: October 2009

The history of the naturalist novel reveals shortcomings of recent proposals for the study of world literature, such as those of Franco Moretti and Pascale Casanova. After a naturalist esthetic coalesced in France in the 1860s naturalist schools appeared around the world. Contrary to what models of diffusion predict, naturalism flourished in distant parts of the world at the same time as its triumph in Europe, while writers nearer France rejected it. The examples of naturalism in Argentina, Brazil, Japan, China, and Korea, reveal multiple, overlapping histories that make up the heterogeneous planetary history of the form. Naturalism’s movement was aided by its association with non‐fictional genres such as criminology, and flourished where other forms of realistic fiction were not well established. Even when naturalism bore the standard for realism, however, it formed unexpected alliances with other esthetics and shifted its associations with non‐fictional genres. Rather than focusing on the origination and reception of forms such as the naturalist novel, studies of world literature should focus on the conditions of travel through which such unexpected transformations occur.
Perspectives on Health of School‐age Children: Expectations for the Future
Authors: Gephart Joann , Egan Mary C. , Hutchins Vince L.
Published: October 2009

The following special report was developed by the staff of the Division of Maternal and Child Health, Bureau of Health Care Delivery and Assistance, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services as background material for a conference on “Health of School‐age Children” conducted in March 1982 by the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, School of Nursing in conjunction with the Division of Maternal and Child Health. The American School Health Association believes there is an urgent need to communicate the issues and concerns expressed in the special report to those members who have responsibility in the field for providing leadership in the planning and implementation of programs for school‐age children and youth. The Journal of School Health is pleased to have the opportunity to present this special report to its readership.
Implementation of the School Nurse Practitioner Role: Barriers and Facilitators
Authors: McKaig Charlene , Hindi‐Alexander Michele , Myers Theresa R. , Castiglia Patricia
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this descriptive pilot study was to begin an exploration of the role determinants that facilitate or cause barriers to the implementation of the school nurse practitioner (SNP) role. Utilizing a two‐step design, 16 SNPs from different school districts were surveyed to determine if their assignment included doing school physical exams. Thirteen indicated that they were functioning as SNPs. The three “no” districts were matched with three of the “yes” districts. An SNP, a school health administrator and a school physician from each district were interviewed individually using a structured questionnaire. The focus of the questions was on organizational structure of the school health services, indicators of administrative support for SNPs and the assigned function of the SNP. Responses were matched for the “yes” and “no” districts and for the three types of professionals. The major facilitator of SNP role implementation was if the idea had originated with the administrator or physician decision maker. Role change and boundary encroachment were the main barriers identified.
Children's Literature in the School Health Education Program
Authors: Manna Anthony L.
Published: October 2009

Children's literature covers a wide range of topics, themes and issues that can help children in the elementary school health education program develop an awareness of personal and public health. A model for selecting and evaluating fictional stories and informational books that deal with topics included in the health education curriculum, giving particular attention to book selections that treat nutrition and environmental issues, is presented in this paper.
Maximizing School Health Services in a time of Fiscal Restraint
Authors: Gottlieb Nell H. , Kotch Jamie B.
Published: October 2009

This case study reports a communitywide effort to reduce the fragmentation and duplication of child health services in Boston. Consensus was first reached on what basic health services should be offered and where — school or community — they would be most efficiently and effectively delivered. The planning group then developed strategies to coordinate a network for the delivery of these services. Implementation has begun. The Boston experience offers a mechanism to maximize school health services as available funding for them declines.
Theoretical Perspectives of Holistic Health
Authors: Cmich Dianne E.
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this investigation was to identify the fundamental theories of holism and holistic health. Two objectives of this study were: 1) to review selected Western 20th Century writings during the time period of 1925–1979 which reflected the concepts of holistic thought; and 2) to synthesize the basic principles of holistic thought from the literature.

Four principles of holism and 12 components of holistic health were identified from a variety of fields of study. These 16 concepts represent the key ideas of holistic thought.

An overview of holism and holistic health was presented followed by a discussion of each concept of holistic thought. The relationship of these concepts to health education was also briefly explored.
Catheterization — A Health Procedure Schools Must Be Prepared to Provide
Authors: Stauffer Donald T.
Published: October 2009

Clean, intermittent catheterization is a simple procedure to allow people with spina bifida, paraplegia and quadriplegia to empty their bladder. The courts have ruled that it must be provided to students who require it as a related service under Public Law 94–142.
STD Content in School Health Textbooks: An Evaluation Using the Worth Assessment Procedure
Authors: Kroger Fred , Yarber William L.
Published: October 2009

Classroom education is a key strategy to controlling sexually transmitted diseases in young persons. Textbooks are the major or sole source of STD information for many students. Thirteen secondary level health science textbooks and five sex education textbooks were reviewed to assess their potential contribution to STD control objectives. Worth assessment, a decision analysis tool for helping decision makers choose among complex or maltiattributed alternatives, was used to evaluate the STD content. The review indicated that sex education textbooks are more likely to contribute to STD control objectives than are health science textbooks. Health science textbooks failed to incorporate information on preventive health behaviors. Both types of textbooks present biomedical information primarily, which is generally free of significant errors. The worth assessment method proved to be a useful tool for evaluating the quality of textbook treatment in a specific content area.
Comprehensive Health Screening in Elementary Schools: An Outcome Evaluation
Authors: Brink Susan G. , Nader Philip R.
Published: October 2009

A health screening program, piloted in 14 school districts in Texas from 1977 to 1979, was evaluated to determine the outcome of the screenings. Outcome measures used were the number of completed referrals, the number of conditions judged by health care providers not to exist and the number of problems of potential educational significance identified. While several problems were detected, the high rate of false positives and low referral completion reported from community health care providers leads to questions concerning the effectiveness of comprehensive health screening in the schools. However, the emphasis placed on identification during the screening of children with educationally significant problems may enable the schools to better serve these children. Referral follow‐up in the community and schools to address identified problems would assure that the expenditure of funds for screening would not be futile.
Resolving Nonmedical Obstacles to Successful School Reentry for Children with Cancer
Authors: Ross Judith W.
Published: October 2009

An annual seminar for school personnel of elementary school‐aged pediatric center patients is described. Facilitating understanding of the educational and social needs of such patients, providing updated information about childhood malignancy and addressing the concerns of teachers, nurses and others is warranted because of the many patients who will be cured and who must be prepared to enter adulthood.
Defining Health: A Multidimensional Model*
Authors: Eberst Richard M.
Published: October 2009

The purpose of this article is to describe a new conceptual model of holistic health. The model employs an extremely popular toy that makes it very accessible to both young children and adults. Factors that affect health status and the role of personal behavior are also discussed. Specific recommendations for members of the school health team are presented.
The Views of School Principals and Teachers on the Role of the School Nurse with Handicapped Students
Authors: Goodwin Laura D. , Keefe Maureen R.
Published: October 2009

As part of recent program evaluation activities for the University of Colorado School Nurse Achievement Program, a questionnaire was distributed to a sample of school principals and teachers to obtain their views on the role of the school nurse with handicapped students. Generally, the respondents perceived this aspect of the school nurse's role as encompassing a variety of valuable activities; they tended to feel that certain activities (eg, writing the health component of the IEPs) should be carried out by school nurses more than they actually are; and they reported a myriad of unsolved problems and needs of handicapped students, many that could be dealt with by school nursing services if resources were available. Although the data were obtained from only a small and select group of principals and teachers, they help reveal how other school personnel view this increasingly important component of the school nurse's role and may provide some direction for future continuing education programs for school nurses as well as information‐dissemination efforts for other school personnel.
Students' Knowledge of Child Health and Development: Effects on Approaches to Discipline
Authors: Showers Jacy , Johnson Charles Felzen
Published: October 2009

Unrealistic developmental and behavioral expectations of children, which are associated with child abuse, are related to a lack of knowledge about child development and child rearing. The Iowa Child Development Test (ICDT) was administered to college students to determine their knowledge of child health and development and effects on disciplinary approaches. The results indicated that college students had inadequate knowledge and those who most frequently chose harsh disciplinary methods in simulated child management situations were least knowledgeable. This finding is similar to that reported in an earlier study of high school seniors. College men knew less than college women about child development and health, and more frequently selected harsh punishment. Although noneducation and education majors did not differ with regard to level of knowledge on the ICDT, noneducation majors more frequently chose punish and abuse responses. The findings suggest a need to provide broad‐based programs in child rearing education prior to parenthood to reduce the potentiating effects of inadequate knowledge of child health and development on the incidence of child abuse.
The Nursing Role in the Special Olympic Program
Authors: Maxwell Betty McCloud
Published: October 2009

Special Olympics is an international program of physical fitness, recreation and sports for the handicapped of all ages and provides competition at all ability levels by grouping participants into divisions according to age, sex and performance ability. Special Olympics, a year‐round program of physical training for mentally handicapped children and adults, contributes positively to the physical, social and psychological development of these individuals. Special Olympic participants must have a physical examination prior to the training activities or athletic competition to determine limitations and to prescribe special precautions to follow while participating. School nurse practitioners play an important role in seeing that physical examinations are completed prior to scheduled events in addition to identifying immediate health needs, counseling students, teachers and parents about specific problems, updating medical information and seeking appropriate referrals for the participants. School nurse practitioners' attendance at Special Olympics competition is vital to the success of the program.
Capturing the Energy of Peer Pressure: Insights from a Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Cigarette Smoking
Authors: Newman Ian M.
Published: October 2009

The effects of peer pressure on smoking behavior were described by subjects in a longitudinal study in the ninth grade, the 11th grade and 10 years later. Peer pressure was reported in terms of meeting certain desirable image characteristics and not in terms of direct pressure to smoke. Smoking was just one of many ways to create this image. It is suggested that education can incorporate peer pressure in a positive way by considering ways to change the “images” that energize certain behaviors, by introducing the learner to alternative ways to achieve the image and by alerting (immunizing) young people to the manipulative functions of image and peer pressure.
Assessing Student Emotional Behavior After Parental Separation or Divorce
Authors: Patten‐Seward Patricia
Published: October 2009

Becky is sobbing quietly as she listens to the social studies assignment for the day. When the teacher notices Becky, she is sent to the School Nurse's Office. Upon questioning, Becky bursts into tears and wails, “My father moved out last week, my mom can't find a job, we may have to move and I am so scared.”
A Comfortability Level Scale for Performance of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Authors: Otten Robert Drew
Published: October 2009

The major purpose of this study was to develop an instrument to appraise the comfortability level of college students toward cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) performance.

The Purdue CPR Comfortability Scale was designed to measure five major areas of possible discomfort that are experienced while performing CPR on a human victim in an actual emergency situation. A table of specifications was constructed to establish content validity. This table presented the appropriate balance of emphasis on attitudinal topics in accord with the areas to be measured. Three subconcepts were developed for each of the five major areas specified. Therefore, the summated scale included a total of 15 items. A higher score indicated a higher level of comfortability toward CPR performance.

An analysis of the mental processes required by the scale items in expressing affective reactions to the selected circumstances, and a comparison of student comfortability levels before and after CPR training indicated construct validity of the instrument.

The scale was administered as a pretest to gather data on 317 first aid students at Purdue University. After five weeks of CPR training, the scale was readministered as a posttest.

Split‐half reliability methods were used to determine the internal consistency of the scale. High internal consistency (.84 Spearman‐Brown) and a high level of scale administrability were demonstrated and it was concluded that the Purdue CPR Comfortability Scale is a valid self‐report instrument for appraising the comfortability level of college students toward CPR performance.
Health Department Services for Preschools and Day Care Centers
Authors: Mennie Joan , Klinger Mary Jane
Published: October 2009

The DuPage County Health Department developed a program for preschool and day care centers that would assist in the early identification of health problems and provide educational resources and programs for children, parents and staff. The program is based on the premise that the earlier the recognition and treatment of health problems, the greater the child's wellness and ability to learn. The program is carried out by public health nurses who provide services to the preschools and day care centers in accordance with a written agreement. The agreement defines services offered and provisions for delivering them.
Student Knowledge and Opinions on Key Environmental Issues
Authors: Toohey Jack V.
Published: October 2009

A questionnaire, the Student Environmental Knowledge and Opinion Inventory (SEKO), was administered to 200 randomly selected university and 200 randomly selected high school students. The findings indicate that students are naive and uninformed about numerous key environmental issues. Furthermore, their environmental‐political opinions reflect a marked thrust of pessimism and apprehension relative to their ability to shape and control the environmental present and the political‐environmental future.
A Comparison of Smoking Related Attitudes and Behaviors Among Kentucky Public School Children Whose Families Are and Are Not Involved in Tobacco Production
Authors: Higgins C. Wayne , Whitley Kenneth N. , Dunn J. David
Published: October 2009

School health education has an important role to play in discouraging teenage smoking. However, it is likely that government, the general public and students themselves will be less favorable toward smoking education in major tobacco‐producing states. To determine whether students whose families are involved in tobacco production hold more favorable attitudes toward smoking and smoke more than children whose families are not involved, 1,322 Kentucky public school students in grades five‐12 were surveyed regarding smoking attitudes and behavior. Twenty‐one percent (276) of the students reported that their families were involved in tobacco producion.

Tobacco family students held more favorable attitudes toward smoking and a larger percentage of these children smoked and smoked more than their nontobacco family peers. These differences were statistically significant at the 0.05 level.

Tobacco family children appear to be at high risk for smoking‐related disease and may prove resistant to some antismoking messages. Developing effective smoking education programs in major tobacco states is an important challenge for school health education.
Ingredients in Nutrition Education: Family Involvement, Reading and Race
Authors: Sunseri Albert J. , Alberti Jean M. , Kent Nancie D. , Schoenberger James A. , Dolecek Therese A.
Published: October 2009

The Chicago Heart Health Curriculum Program (CHHCP) is a comprehensive cardiovascular disease risk‐reduction program specially designed for a multiracial population of sixth‐grade students and their families. It was implemented in a large urban school system with Asian, black, Hispanic and white students. Pretest, posttest and follow‐up data were collected. The purposes of this study were to compare the differential involvement of the four race/ethnic groups in the family intervention and to evaluate the program's immediate and long‐term impact on students' nutrition knowledge, attitude and behaviors. Results indicated it was possible to conduct a family intervention with an educationally and racially diverse urban population. The patterns of family involvement and student outcomes varied for the different groups. Reading was significantly related to nutrition knowledge and attitude but not to behavior. Reinforcement appears to be necessary for students to maintain changes over time.
A Three Component Alcohol Attitude Scale
Authors: Veenker C. H. , Torabi Mohammad R.
Published: October 2009

A summated rating scale of the Likert‐type was constructed to measure college students' attitudes toward alcohol use and abuse. Using a three‐component approach, a table of specifications for the instrument was developed to include three subscales to measure feeling, belief and intention to act. Comparable emphasis in each subscale was given to drinking behavior, results of drinking and social perspectives. After extensive item development, two experimental forms were administered to a sample of undergraduate college students to gather evidence of item function and validity. Statistical analysis produced a pool of items meeting criteria for internal consistency and discrimination power. According to the table of specifications, 54 items were selected to provide 18 conceptually comparable items for each subscale in the final instrument. The scale was then administered to a sample of 880 undergraduate students at three large, midwestern universities. The data were analyzed statistically to test nine hypotheses concerning validity and performance of the scale. Results demonstrated highly significant levels of internal consistency and discriminating power of items, the subscales and the total scale. The three‐component approach was found to be an appropriate, effective technique for measuring attitudes toward health‐related behavior.
A Nutrition Curriculum for Health Education: Its Effect on Students' Knowledge, Attitude, and Behavior
Authors: Byrd‐Bredbenner Carol , O'Connell Lily Hsu , Shannon Barbara , Eddy James M.
Published: October 2009

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of nutrition instruction, using the curriculum guides,Nutrition In A Changing World, A Curriculum for Junior High Health, andA Curriculum for Senior High Health, on improving the nutrition knowledge, selected food/nutrition attitudes, and dietary behavior of students enrolled in secondary level health courses. Three groups of students were utilized including one experimental and two control groups at each level (junior high and senior high). The experimental group was pretested, taught the nutrition curriculum, and posttested. One control group was posttested only to measure the effect of the pretest on posttest performance. A second control group was pretested and posttested. Neither control group received nutrition instruction until after the study was completed. The three instruments used to collect data were a nutrition knowledge test, a food/nutrition attitude instrument, and a food frequency form. The results indicate that, at all grade levels, the experimental group had significantly improved knowledge scores. Little change in attitude scale scores was noted in grades seven and eight, while ninth grade experimental students scored significantly higher on the posttest for all attitude scales. Little improvement was seen in the posttest food frequency scores.
Facilitating a Self‐Care Practicum Experience in Consumer Health Education
Authors: Ozias Janice M. , Peterson Fred L.
Published: October 2009

There has been an increasing public interest in health care issues such as wellness, self‐care, and the importance of taking personal responsibility for one's health. In addition to learning preventive health lifestyle measures, this growing consumer interest involves decisions regarding the purchase and use of health products and health services. There is a significant need for effective consumer health education in the schools that focuses not only on transmission of information, but on the development of decision‐making skills and on opportunities for practical application. This paper describes an approach to facilitate the development of a self‐care practicum experience in consumer health instruction, making use of the resources and expertise of both the school health educator and the school nurse. The approach describes how a planned practicum can move consumer instruction from an information‐receiving experience to a participatory experience that facilitates the development of consumer decision‐making skills.
Microcomputers in Health Education: Characteristics of Quality Instructional Software
Authors: Petosa Richard , Gillespie Tim
Published: October 2009

The potential effectiveness of microcomputer‐assisted instruction is based on the availability of quality instructional programs. The following article outlines important characteristics of high quality instructional software. If health educators are discriminating consumers of instructional software they will serve as a significant market force promoting the development of high quality educational programs.
Sexuality Education for the Visually and Hearing Impaired Child in the Regular Classroom
Authors: Baugh Robert J.
Published: October 2009

With more than two million handicapped children being “mainslreamed” into the regular classroom, teachers are confronted for the first time with assisting visual‐ and hearing‐impaired children. Sensory‐impaired children usually will demonstrate a deficiency in psychosocial‐sexual adjustment, and teachers may doubt their ability to help in this area. These children have the same emotional and social needs as others, and their maladjustment is due usually to a lack of sufficient information concerning their sexuality. With a better understanding and an early recognition of the impediments these individuals experience in acquiring sexuality information, teachers can modify their methods of presentation and provide opportunities and assistance in the child's psychosocial‐sexual adjustment.
Normative Beliefs of School Children Concerning Regular Exercise
Authors: Godin Gaston , Shephard Roy J.
Published: October 2009

The main purpose of the study was to examine societal norms toward exercise as perceived by school children. To this end, the normative beliefs of specific referents (parents, teachers, and friends) and the motivation to comply with the beliefs of these specific referents were measured in 698 students of both sexes attending grades seven‐nine. Results indicated major changes in both normative beliefs and motivation to comply with “significant others” as the children move from grade seven to nine. There also were substantial differences between the results for active and sedentary children. Teachers seem to provide a stable norm, less influenced by the age, sex, and level of physical activity of the student.
School Health Education for the Chronically Impaired Individual
Authors: Levenson Phyllis M. , Cooper Marilyn A.
Published: October 2009

Educators often find themselves confronted with the need to address health‐related problems of chronically impaired students. Specific needs often are demonstrated by chronically impaired individuals. The roles and responsibilities of the classroom teacher with respect to meeting these needs are discussed. In addition, suggestions about how these concerns can be addressed through existing classroom health instruction are offered. Teachers can use the health curriculum to compliment the efforts of parents and health‐care providers in informing, supplementing, and reinforcing disabled students' knowledge, attitudes, and skills. In this way, chronically impaired children can be assisted to meet present and future health needs in a manner conducive to optimal growth and development.