bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The application of new public management doctrines in the developing world: An exploratory study of the autonomy and control of executive agencies in Tanzania
Authors: Sulle Andrew
Published: December 2010

This article examines the agencification of public service in Tanzania. This is discussed with reference to the New Public Management (NPM)‐inspired reforms of which the creation of executive agencies is one of its core features. The article attempts to understand the extent to which executive agencies in Tanzania display characteristic features of an ideal‐agency model as propagated by the NPM reform doctrines. Key features of the ideal‐agency model have been described as structural disaggregation, autonomy and contractualisation. It questions views held by many NPM‐minded reformers, such as the EU and World Bank that this model is universally applicable and can be emulated in different parts of the world. The article's assumption is that the NPM‐agency model is based on a weak empirical foundation and its universal applicability is questionable. To illustrate our arguments we confront the NPM‐agency model with the empirical data drawn from the agencification of public services in Tanzania. Findings indicate that agencies in Tanzania display hybrid characteristics in terms of their autonomy and control. Our conclusion is that the universality of NPM‐agency model is illusive. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Galactomannan–amphotericin B conjugate: synthesis and biological activity
Authors: Farber Shimon , Ickowicz Diana , Sionov Edward , Kagan Sarah , Polacheck Itzhack , Domb Abraham J.
Published: December 2010

Polysaccharide conjugated amphotericin B (AmB) was synthesized by conjugation of AmB to oxidized galactomannan (GM) by reductive amination and tested for antifungal activity. AmB conjugates were investigated for their ability to inhibitCandida albicansgrowth. Antifungal efficiency of the synthetic AmB–GM depends on both, AmB content and duration of exposure. The most potent compound was a conjugate which contains 40% AmB with minimal inhibition concentration of 0.25 mg/l.In vitrotoxicity analysis revealed that conjugates with 20, 30, and 40% w/w AmB content have no hemolytic effect and no influence on the viability of the VERO kidney cells. Furthermore, maximal tolerant dose (MTD) of the conjugate was determinedin vivoand found to be 60 mg/kg (equivalent to AmB), while commercial Fungizone® demonstrated increased toxicity of 3 mg/kg on mice model. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Point of care testing in children undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Tirosh‐Wagner Tal , Strauss Tzipi , Rubinshtein Marina , Tamarin Ilia , Mishaly David , Paret Gideon , Kenet Gili
Published: December 2010

Background

Excessive hemorrhage is a major complication after cardiac surgery requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). The aim of this study was to define the potential role of the cone and platelet analyzer (CPA) and the rotating thromboelastogram (ROTEM) point of care tests in children undergoing CPB.

Procedure

We prospectively studied 15 pediatric patients aged 1 month to 10 years. Blood count, blood coagulation tests (prothrombin time [PT], activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, thrombin time), CPA and ROTEM parameters were measured before and after CPB. Demographic and surgical data were recorded as were those on perioperative blood loss and blood product transfusion.

Results

Low body weight, longer duration on CPB and lower core body temperature were associated with an increased bleeding risk. The ROTEM test showed a significant prolongation of clotting time and decreased maximal clot firmness (MCF) postoperatively in children with increased bleeding. The coagulation parameters associated with increased bleeding were: prolonged PT, lower fibrinogen levels, prior to surgery, and lower MCF after surgery. CPA test findings were not associated with postoperative bleeding in our patients.

Conclusions

CPA did not serve as a prognostic tool for predicting bleeding risk in children undergoing CPB. The change in ROTEM's post‐CPB results associated with bleeding tendency, and they may predict for poorer clot formation and stability. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:794–798. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis with MUNC13‐4 gene mutation or reduced natural killer cell function prior to onset of childhood leukemia
Authors: Chang Tamara Y. , Jaffray Julie , Woda Bruce , Newburger Peter E. , Usmani G. Naheed
Published: December 2010

Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare histiocytic reactive process due to mutations in the perforin, MUNC13‐4 or syntaxin 11 genes, or secondary to malignancy, infection or autoimmune disorder. HLH as a preceding diagnosis to leukemia is rare. We report two cases with progression to acute leukemia, one heterozygous for MUNC13‐4 and the other with reduced natural killer (NK) cell function and perforin expression. These defects may predispose to a secondary HLH‐like presentation of pre‐clinical leukemia or confer increased susceptibility to malignancy. HLH patients with genetic mutations or NK cell function abnormalities need monitoring for future malignancy even if the HLH resolves. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:856–858. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunoglobulin abnormalities and effects of enzyme replacement therapy in children with Gaucher disease
Authors: Arıkan‐Ayyıldız Zeynep , Yuce Aysel , Uslu‐Kızılkan Nuray , Demir Hülya , Gurakan Figen
Published: December 2010

Hyperimmunoglobulinemia is documented in patients with Gaucher disease of all ages. We investigated the frequency of hyperimmunoglobulinemia in 12 pediatric patients with type I and III Gaucher disease and the effects of enzyme replacement therapy on these abnormalities. The incidence of hyperimmunoglobulinemia was 77%, 66%, and 60% at the diagnosis, before and after ERT, respectively. Immunoglobulin G abnormalities were the most commonly seen isotype abnormality. After enzyme replacement therapy normalization of IgA and IgM levels were recorded but decline in IgG levels was less likely to occur. This study indicated the higher frequency of hyperimmunoglobulinemia in pediatric Gaucher patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:664–666. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hearing impairment after platinum‐based chemotherapy in childhood
Authors: Einar‐Jon Einarsson , Trausti Oskarsson , Asgeir Haraldsson , Christian Moëll , Thomas Wiebe , Måns Magnusson , Jon Kristinsson , Hannes Petersen
Published: December 2010

Background

Chemotherapy is used in the treatment of children and adolescents with malignant diseases. Some of the chemotherapeutic agents are highly toxic and may cause a number of side effects. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the long‐term effects on hearing in cancer survivors who had received platinum‐based chemotherapy in childhood or adolescence.

Procedure

Medical records of 297 patients, who had received treatment for cancer at the Children's Hospital, Landspitali University Hospital in Iceland between 1981 and 2006, were retrospectively reviewed. Fifteen subjects fulfilled the eligibility criteria for the study and underwent an extended audiometric evaluation.

Results

The results showed that three of the subjects had a high frequency hearing loss. In one subject, we observed a hearing recovery just after the completion of chemotherapy, but the hearing deteriorated again some years later. Nine of the 15 subjects (60%) had tinnitus after the cancer treatment. An evaluation of subjective hearing disability and handicap (The Hearing Measurements Scale) revealed that some subjects had great difficulties with hearing in certain situations. The Hearing Measurement Scale showed that the pure‐tone audiogram findings were only partly associated with the apparent hearing difficulties.

Conclusion

Regular follow‐up hearing examinations, which include both pure‐tone audiogram investigations and subjective hearing disability assessments, should be performed during and after chemotherapy to identify subjects who require particular attention. This will ensure that hearing impaired individuals are provided with the most suitable listening devices, to promote good speech and social development. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2011;56:631–637. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A multilevel Multitrait–Multimethod Analysis of Self– and Peer–Reported Daily Affective Experiences
Authors: Bleidorn Wiebke , Peters Anna–Lena
Published: December 2010

We examined the psychometric properties of an experience–sampling measure of affect (PANAS) using data from self– and peer reports. A multivariate multilevel model was used to assess the reliability of the latent PANAS scales at the within– and between–person level. Findings suggest satisfying internal consistencies for self– and peer reports of affective experiences at both levels of analysis. Convergent and discriminant validity of the two affect scales were examined by means of a multilevel multitrait–multimethod approach (MLM–MTMM) indicating distinct findings at the within– and between–person level. These findings provide further insights into the structural relations between the two PANAS scales: Whereas positive and negative affect were unrelated at the between–person level; they were negatively correlated at the within–person level. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is there nascent structure in the intrinsically disordered region of troponin I?
Authors: Julien Olivier , Mercier Pascal , Allen Claire N. , Fisette Olivier , Ramos Carlos H. I. , Lagüe Patrick , Blumenschein Tharin M. A. , Sykes Brian D.
Published: December 2010

In striated muscle, the binding of calcium to troponin C (TnC) results in the removal of the C‐terminal region of the inhibitory protein troponin I (TnI) from actin. While structural studies of the muscle system have been successful in determining the overall organization of most of the components involved in force generation at the atomic level, the structure and dynamics of the C‐terminal region of TnI remains controversial. This domain of TnI is highly flexible, and it has been proposed that this intrinsically disordered region (IDR) regulates contraction via a “fly‐casting” mechanism. Different structures have been presented for this region using different methodologies: a single α‐helix, a “mobile domain” containing a small β‐sheet, an unstructured region, and a two helix segment. To investigate whether this IDR has in fact any nascent structure, we have constructed a skeletal TnC‐TnI chimera that contains the N‐domain of TnC (1–90), a short linker (GGAGG), and the C‐terminal region of TnI (97–182) and have acquired 15N NMR relaxation data for this chimera. We compare the experimental relaxation parameters with those calculated from molecular dynamic simulations using four models based upon the structural studies. Our experimental results suggest that the C‐terminal region of TnI does not contain any defined secondary structure, supporting the “fly‐casting” mechanism. We interpret the presence of a “plateau” in the 15N NMR relaxation data as being an intrinsic property of IDRs. We also identified a more rigid adjacent region of TnI that has implications for muscle performance under ischemic conditions. Proteins 2011. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accurate Kohn–Sham DFT with the speed of tight binding: Current techniques and future directions in materials modelling
Authors: Briddon P. R. , Rayson M. J.
Published: December 2010

We present a review of methodological and implementation details of the AIMPRO Kohn–Sham density functional code. It is demonstrated that full Kohn–Sham density functional theory calculations can be performed in a time only marginally greater than tight binding implementations and a route is opened to achieve full and demonstrable convergence with respect to basis size. Topics covered will include both the kernel and functionality of the current code, a discussion of recent developments as well as future research directions and perspectives. Also, a broad discussion regarding the application of these methods is made that, it is hoped, will serve as a useful guide to application specialists.
Ultrasonic‐based protein quantitation by 18O‐labeling: optimization and comparison between different procedures
Authors: Carreira R. J. , Diniz M. S. , Capelo J. L.
Published: December 2010

Herein we report results regarding the optimization and comparison between different ultrasonic‐based procedures for protein quantitation by the direct 18O‐labeling approach. The labeling procedure was evaluated using different proteins, different ultrasonic devices and different reaction times: from 30 s to 10 min with the ultrasonic probe and from 30 s to 30 min with the sonoreactor. Variables such as the enzyme‐to‐protein ratio and protein concentration were also assessed. The results show that it is possible to accelerate the labeling reaction from 12 h to only 15 min with the sonoreactor without compromising the labeling efficiency. A larger variation in the double labeling yield was obtained among the different peptides, but the values for the smaller peptides are similar to the ones achieved with the classic methodology. These findings were further confirmed by labeling a complex protein mixture from human plasma. It was also found that the labeling reaction is affected by the sample concentration, even when performed with the classic overnight procedure. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Extending the dynamic range of proton transfer reaction time‐of‐flight mass spectrometers by a novel dead time correction
Authors: Cappellin Luca , Biasioli Franco , Schuhfried Erna , Soukoulis Christos , Märk Tilmann D. , Gasperi Flavia
Published: December 2010

Proton transfer reaction time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (PTR‐TOF‐MS) allows for very fast simultaneous monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in complex environments. In several applications, food science and food technology in particular, peaks with very different intensities are present in a single spectrum. For VOCs, the concentrations range from the sub‐ppt all the way up to the ppm level. Thus, a large dynamic range is necessary. In particular, high intensity peaks are a problem because for them the linear dependency of the detector signal on VOC concentration is distorted. In this paper we present, test with real data, and discuss a novel method which extends the linearity of PTR‐TOF‐MS for high intensity peaks far beyond the limit allowed by the usual analytical correction methods such as the so‐called Poisson correction. Usually, raw data can be used directly without corrections with an intensity of up to about 0.1 ions/pulse, and the Poisson correction allows the use of peaks with intensities of a few ions/pulse. Our method further extends the linear range by at least one order of magnitude. Although this work originated from the necessity to extend the dynamic range of PTR‐TOF‐MS instruments in agro‐industrial applications, it is by no means limited to this area, and can be implemented wherever dead time corrections are an issue. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A silanized mica substrate suitable for high‐resolution fiber FISH analysis by scanning near‐field optical/atomic force microscopy
Authors: Sugiyama Shigeru , Fukuta Megumi , Hirose Tamaki , Ohtani Toshio , Yoshino Tomoyuki
Published: December 2010

We applied a novel silanized mica substrate with an extremely flat surface constructed according to Sasou et al. (Langmuir 19, 9845–9849 (2003)) to high‐resolution detection of a specific gene on a DNA fiber by scanning near‐field optical/atomic force microscopy (SNOM/AFM). The interaction between the substrate and fluorescence‐dye conjugated peptide nucleic acid (PNA) probes, which causes fluorescence noise signal, was minimal. By using the substrate, we successfully obtained a fluorescence in situ hybridization signal from the ea47 gene on a λphage DNA labeled with an Alexa 532‐conjugated 15‐base PNA probe. As the results, no fluorescence noises were observed, indicating that the surface adsorbed almost none of the PNA probe. The combination of the substrate and SNOM/AFM is an effective tool for visualizing DNA sequences at nanometer‐scale resolution. SCANNING 32: 383–389, 2010. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An efficient and provably secure public key encryption scheme based on coding theory
Authors: Lu Rongxing , Lin Xiaodong , Liang Xiaohui , Shen Xuemin (Sherman)
Published: December 2010

Although coding‐based public key encryption schemes such as McEliece and Niederreiter cryptosystems have been well studied, it is not a trivial task to design an efficient coding‐based cryptosystem with semantic security against adaptive chosen ciphertext attacks (IND‐CCA2). To tackle this challenging issue, in this paper, we first propose an efficient IND‐CCA2‐secure public key encryption scheme based on coding theory. We then use the provable security technique to formally prove the security of the proposed scheme is tightly related to the syndrome decoding (SD) problem in the random oracle model. Compared with the previously reported schemes, the proposed scheme is merited with simple construction and fast encryption speed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast graph‐based instruction selection for multi‐output instructions
Authors: Youn Jonghee M. , Lee Jongwon , Paek Yunheung , Lee Jongeun , Scharwaechter Hanno , Leupers Rainer
Published: December 2010

A multi‐output instruction (MOI) is an instruction that produces multiple outputs to its destination locations. Such inherently parallel instructions are becoming more and more popular in embedded processors, due to the advances in application‐specific architectures. In order to provide high‐level programmability and thus guarantee widespread acceptance, sophisticated compiler support for these programmable cores is necessary. However, traditionaltree‐basedapproaches for instruction selection, although very fast, fail to exploit MOIs mainly because of the fundamental limitation of the tree representation. In fact, to generate optimal code with MOIs requires a more generalgraph‐basedformulation of the instruction selection problem, which is at least NP‐complete. In this paper we present a new methodology to automatically generate from simple instruction set descriptions, graph‐based code selectors that can effectively utilize all provided instructions including MOIs. Our experimental results using a set of benchmarks on a target processor with various MOIs of up to two outputs demonstrate that our generated code selectors can quickly and effectively exploit many MOIs at the application level, and therefore are highly desirable both for architecture exploration and as code generators after architecture is fixed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advantages of online spellchecking: a Croatian example
Authors: Dembitz Šandor , Randić Mirko , Gledec Gordan
Published: December 2010

Online spellchecking is commonly regarded as an auxiliary way of performing spellchecking. However, it offers a unique opportunity to constantly improve spellchecker linguistic functionality through interaction with the community of spellchecker users. Such a possibility is crucial for spellchecking in non‐central and under‐resourced languages, in order to overcome gaps in NLP tools between them and central languages. The paper describes Hascheck, a Croatian online spellchecker able to learn words from texts it receives. It started as the first Croatian spellchecker, hence as a basic NLP tool for an under‐resourced language, but due to its learning ability it demonstrates linguistic functionality comparable to that of conventional central‐language spellcheckers. Based on these experiences we also discuss the future of online spellchecking in the context of global NLP tasks. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the characteristics and design of yielding elements used in steel‐braced framed structures
Authors: Tajammolian Hamed , Mofid Massood
Published: December 2010

In this paper, the behavior of a concentric braced frame structure equipped with yielding elements (YE), based on energy concepts, has been investigated extensively. When a severe earthquake occurs, energy will get absorbed through structural elements, which causes destruction. In order to reduce structural damage, input energy should be dissipated. YE will act as a fuse and absorb a great deal of earthquake input energy. Two one‐story steel frames with different bay‐to‐height ratios (B/H < 1 and B/H > 1) are investigated. YE is located in the braces intersection. First, through studying the elastic behavior of the frame, the best location, angle and shape of YE is proposed. Subsequently, a nonlinear dynamic analysis has been implemented to obtain the frames' response in different ground motions. In addition, the ratio of ‘dissipated energy by yielding elements’ to ‘total entering energy of structure’ is further calculated. Finally, an approximate method is presented for estimating the nonlinear behavior of the braced frame equipped with YE. This approximation transfers a complex problem into a set of practical graphs and charts. The comparison of the results between suggested method and time history analysis indicates very reasonable agreement between the two techniques. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intraoperative Parathyroid Hormone Monitoring in Patients with Recognized Multiglandular Primary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Hughes David T. , Miller Barbra S. , Doherty Gerard M. , Gauger Paul G.
Published: December 2010

Background

Intraoperative parathyroid hormone (IOPTH) monitoring reliably predicts cure of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) due to single‐gland disease. However, its utility in PHPT caused by multiple‐gland disease (MGD) is still debated, for both detection and prediction of adequate resection. Our hypothesis is that once MGD is encountered during an operation, more stringent criteria for determining adequate resection can improve cure rates.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of patients with PHPT who were found to have MGD during the course of focused parathyroidectomy. IOPTH levels after completed multiple parathyroid gland excision were compared between cured patients and those with persistent hyperparathyroidism.

Results

Of 1855 patients undergoing focused parathyroidectomy, 243 were found to have MGD. Of the 207 study patients with MGD, 193 were cured and 14 had persistent hyperparathyroidism. After final gland excision, the mean ± SEM percentage decrease in IOPTH from the baseline was of significantly greater magnitude for the cured group (90.0 ± 0.5%) than for the persistent group (74.0 ± 3.8%) (p < 0.01). The mean ± SEM IOPTH after completed multigland excision was higher in the persistent group (44.0 ± 8.4 pg/ml) than in the cured group (34.0 ± 3.5 pg/ml) (p = 0.19), although both were within the normal range (12–65 pg/ml). When the groups were analyzed for an incremental fall of IOPTH from the baseline, the criteria of ≥75% drop and into the normal range improved the positive predictive value from 93.2 to 96.6% when compared to the standard criterion of a 50% decrease from the baseline.

Conclusions

When PHPT due to MGD is recognized and focused parathyroidectomy is extended, a final postexcision PTH level that is ≥75% decreased from the baseline PTH level and in the normal range should be used to predict adequate gland resection.
A landscape of shifting‐mosaic steady state in Lassen Volcanic National Park, California
Authors: Wang Po‐Ching , Finley James C.
Published: December 2010

It is generally perceived that landscape patterns or textures in a given protected area are spatially stationary. The findings of this study suggest that this common perception is only partially correct. Over the course of 52 years, equilibrium in landscape shifting was detected using digital data for the Lassen Volcanic National Park (USA). Vertical aerial photographs taken of the park in 1941 were geo‐referenced with the digital orthophoto quarter quadrangle (DOQQ) images of the same area from 1993 to identify landscape compositions and to measure change. Spatial analysis was used to observe pattern changes over time. The results suggested that landscape development maintained equilibrium while patches were in various stages of a successional sequence. The total area of each landscape component held steady, although over time patches throughout the landscape changed—a shifting‐mosaic steady state (SMSS). These findings reflect the limitations of contemporary environmental conservation theory. They also suggest the importance of considering landscape change in policies that currently govern park planning and management.
Bole epiphytic bryophytes onLithocarpus xylocarpus(Kurz) Markgr. in the Ailao Mountains, SW China
Authors: Song Liang , Liu Wen‐yao , Ma Wen‐zhang , Tan Zheng‐hong
Published: December 2010

Epiphytic bryophytes growing onLithocarpus xylocarpus(Kurz) Markgr. trunks of different diameter classes in primary (132 plots) and secondary (84 plots)Lithocarpusforests in the Ailao Mountains, SW China, were surveyed and analyzed to determine species composition and richness, and to identify environmental variables that may affect it. Among the 65 species (belonging to 32 genera, 19 families) found, 28 occurred in both forests, withSyrrhopodon gardneri(Hook.) Schwaegr. predominanting. Species richness and total coverage in primary forest were significantly higher than in secondary forest. We suggest that a period of perhaps much more than 110 years is necessary for the recovery of epiphytic bryoflora in montane forest of SW China. Fan, turf, and smooth mat are the most important life forms, with high occurrences in both forests. The life form composition of epiphytic bryophytes is determined mainly by microhabitat and host age. Tree age, the presence of primary forest, bark pH, and plot exposure are the environmental variables that have significantly influenced the composition of epiphytic bryophytes. Tree age explained most variations in epiphytic bryoflora. Bark pH is another important parameter that significantly influenced the epiphytic bryophyte community, but seemed indirectly correlated with tree age. Primary forest is a favorable habitat for epiphytes, due mainly to its diversified canopy structure and the presence of large diameter hosts. Moisture‐laden southwest trade winds and forest structure could differentiate microclimate and impel a distinct composition of epiphytes in windward and leeward exposures.
Congenital clavicular pseudarthrosis: Comparison of two treatment methods
Authors: Chandran Prakash , George Harvey , James Leroy A.
Published: December 2010

Background

Congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle is rare and popular surgical options include excision of the non-union, iliac crest bone grafting and stabilisation with either a fully threaded pin or stabilisation with a reconstruction plate.

Methods

Between 1995 and 2009, ten patients with congenital pseudarthrosis of the clavicle were retrospectively reviewed for outcome of two different forms of surgical management. Five patients had excision of the non-union, iliac crest bone grafting and stabilisation with a fully threaded pin (group A) and the other five patients had excision of the non-union, iliac crest bone grafting and stabilisation with a reconstruction plate (group B). One patient in the second group had bilateral pseudarthrosis.

Results

In group A, three patients achieved radiological union at a median of 6 months. Two patients failed to unite at the pseudarthrosis and one of them had further surgery with a reconstruction plate in order to achieve union. In group B, all five patients (six clavicles) achieved radiological union at a median of 3 months. All patients had painless full range of shoulder movement and were engaging in unrestricted activities.

Conclusion

Excision of the pseudarthrosis, autogenous iliac bone grafting and stabilisation with plate achieves union quicker and with lower incidence of complications compared to excision of the pseudarthrosis, autogenous iliac bone grafting and stabilisation with fully threaded pins.
La réalisation de l'excellence en environnement par un mouvement multidisciplinaire sur le terrain
Authors: Herechuk Bryan , Gosse Carolyn , Woods John N.
Published: December 2010

St. Joseph's Healthcare Hamilton (SJHH) appuie une équipe verte sur le terrain, du nom d'Environmental Vision and Action (EVA). Depuis la création d'EVA, de nombreux projets environnementaux ont découlé d'un sain équilibre entre les projets de l'organisation et les initiatives sur le terrain dirigées par des leaders spontanés. Dans une période relativement courte, les réussites environnementales de SJHH ont inclus des programmes de réacheminement des déchets, des projets d'efficacité et de réduction énergétiques, de nouveaux programmes de transport, des pratiques d'achats vertes, une valorisation verte en clinique et en pharmacie et une augmentation de la participation et de la sensibilisation du personnel. La théorie des mouvements sociaux a aidé les leaders d'EVA à comprendre les processus internes d'un mouvement sur le terrain et à l'orienter. Elle peut également avoir des applications plus vastes dans le secteur de la santé, car elle peut permettre de comprendre la passion que les individus peuvent canaliser dans une cause commune et de faire évoluer des sources d'opposition en agents de changement positif. Après les premières réussites, les limites d'un mouvement sur le terrain se sont mises à émerger, et l'équipe d'EVA a ravivé le concept de programme organisationnel pour la gouvernance environnementale. Il est difficile de quantifier l'importance d'autoriser le personnel, les médecins, les bénévoles et les patients à s'engager dans des changements qui les passionnent. Cependant, au SJHH, la transformation d'un groupe de personnes insatisfaites par le rendement environnemental de l'organisation en « agents de changement » a suscité l'amélioration rapide de la gouvernance environnementale, qui est maintenant considérée comme un succès.
Spatial and temporal expression of vasodilator‐stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) in fetal and adult human cerebral cortex
Authors: Yaba Aylin , Kayisli Umit , Tanriover Gamze , Demir Necdet
Published: December 2010

Vasodilator‐stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) is a member of the Ena/VASP protein family and was for the first time identified in human platelets. VASP plays a role for cell adhesion and cell migration because of E/DFPPPPXD/E amino acid sequence in its structure which gives reaction with focal adhesion proteins. In this study we suggest that VASP expression may have important role for neural cell migration, differentiation, axonal growth and angiogenesis during prenatal cerebral cortical development. Our aim is to detect VASP expression by means of immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis in developing human neocortex and adult brain cortex (n = 12 samples from first, second, and third trimesters and n = 3 adult normal cerebral cortex). Our results suggest that VASP showed different immunostaining patterns between cerebral cortical plates in prenatal and adult human brain samples. We observed that the expression patterns of the VASP protein are clearly identified in fibers, cytoplasm of neural cells and endothelial cells of vessels. We detected that VASP indicates progressive expression from the adult brain to second trimester neocortexes. Therefore, we suggest that VASP may play a crucial role in the regulation of human neonatal cerebral cortical development.
Cohomological obstruction theory for Brauer classes and the period-index problem
Authors: Antieau Benjamin
Published: December 2010

Let U be a connected noetherian scheme of finite étale cohomological dimension in which every finite set of points is contained in an affine open subscheme. Suppose that α is a class in H2(Uét,ℂm)tors. For each positive integer m, the K-theory of α-twisted sheaves is used to identify obstructions to α being representable by an Azumaya algebra of rank m2. The étale index of α, denoted eti(α), is the least positive integer such that all the obstructions vanish. Let per(α) be the order of α in H2(Uét,ℂm)tors. Methods from stable homotopy theory give an upper bound on the étale index that depends on the period of α and the étale cohomological dimension of U; this bound is expressed in terms of the exponents of the stable homotopy groups of spheres and the exponents of the stable homotopy groups of B(ℤ/(per(α))). As a corollary, if U is the spectrum of a field of finite cohomological dimension d, then , where [] is the integer part of , whenever per(α) is divided neither by the characteristic of k nor by any primes that are small relative to d.
GENERALIZED D. H. LEHMER PROBLEM OVER SHORT INTERVALS
Authors: XI PING , YI YUAN
Published: December 2010

Let n ≥ 2 be a fixed positive integer, q ≥ 3 and c, ℓ be integers with (nc, q)=1 and ℓ|n. Suppose and consist of consecutive integers which are coprime to q. We define the cardinality of a set:

The main purpose of this paper is to use the estimates of Gauss sums and Kloosterman sums to study the asymptotic properties of N(, , c, n, ℓ; q), and to give an interesting asymptotic formula for it.
MAXIMUM PRINCIPLES FOR SOME HIGHER-ORDER SEMILINEAR ELLIPTIC EQUATIONS
Authors: MARENO A.
Published: December 2010

We deduce maximum principles for fourth-, sixth- and eighth-order elliptic equations by modifying an auxiliary function introduced by Payne (J. Analyse Math. 30 (1976), 421–433). Integral bounds on various gradients of the solutions of these equations are obtained.
IV Landscape: Time and Motion
Authors: Spencer Diana
Published: December 2010

We have already thought about how Golden Age imagery influences understanding of what landscape should be about, and we will return later to issues of chronology and temporality. Here, we start with some strategies for reading landscape as a sequence of places that can be combined to tell a story. One definition of space makes it what we experience by moving through a series of places, which we connect up into patterns by picking particular routes to follow. Using this model, landscape stories invite us to move into and around them, offering different ‘ways of going out and coming back in’, depending on how we map our route. Following the narrative flow through a landscape takes time. Time, however, is relative – and culturally constructed; depending on context and terminology, time can move at different speeds and follow different logics. Bakhtin's chronotope is helpful here. Using the natural environment to create a structure for understanding how time passes gives meaning and order to the passage of the year. For agricultural communities, it was a matter of life and death: studding the calendar with legends and myths closely linked to places, seasons, and appropriate activities was one way to ensure that good and bad ways of doing things were remembered over time. Calendars therefore engage in a complex dialogue with religious and cultural assumptions, and they also respond to scientific advances in measuring the passage of time.
VI Spaces and Places
Authors: Spencer Diana
Published: December 2010

Pictures and spaces, like literary texts, tell a story. This chapter, together with the Survey's envoi, tackles a range of these stories. At our first two sites we focus on painted landscapes in suburban villas (the Villa ‘Farnesina’, and the Villa of Livia at Prima Porta, near Rome). The next two, the famous but now mostly lost Horti Sallustiani and Porticus of Pompey, open a window onto the political and civic role of peri-urban Roman landscape gardens. Rounding off the survey, a stroll around the parkland of the emperor Hadrian's villa near Tibur (modern Tivoli) uses the contemporary site to reflect on villa visits then and now.
Identification of chickpea cultivars by microsatellite markers
Authors: CASTRO P. , MILLÁN T. , GIL J. , MÉRIDA J. , GARCÍA M. L. , RUBIO J. , FERNÁDEZ-ROMERO M. D.
Published: December 2010

Characterization of plant varieties is traditionally based on phenotypic observation. However, some varieties have very similar morphological characteristics, which make it difficult to distinguish between them. The present study employed 15 microsatellite markers distributed across all linkage groups (LG) of the chickpea genetic map to characterize 32 commercial chickpea cultivars and determine the usefulness of these markers for cultivar identification. These markers showed a high level of polymorphism; a total of 154 different alleles were detected, with a mean of 10·3 alleles per locus. The polymorphic information content (PIC) value ranged from 0·455 to 0·897. All the markers, with the exception of TA130, TA135 and TA144, were considered to be informative (PIC>0·7), indicating their potential usefulness for cultivar identification. A subset of markers (TA186, TA200, TA106, TA113, TA117 and TA30) was sufficient to identify all the cultivars studied. In order to confirm their discriminatory power, 16 unreleased chickpea cultivars (V1–V16) were screened and all of them presented different patterns. Therefore, these microsatellites can be regarded as a reference set for chickpea cultivar identification and their profiles can be used as a DNA fingerprint for each registered cultivar, avoiding redundancy of identical cultivars as well as to protect breeders' rights.
Relationship between bacteriology of the adenoid core and middle meatus in children with sinusitis
Authors: Elwany S , El-Dine A N , El-Medany A , Omran A , Mandour Z , El-Salam A Abd
Published: December 2010

Objective:

To assess the correlation between bacterial pathogens in the adenoid core and the middle meatus, in children with hypertrophied adenoids and chronic or recurrent sinusitis.

Design:

The study was conducted at Alexandria University Hospitals. We included 103 children aged four to 12 years who were scheduled for adenoidectomy and who had clinical and/or radiological evidence of chronic or recurrent sinusitis. Adenoid core specimens and middle meatal swabs were obtained from every patient and were sent for bacteriological evaluation using standard qualitative and quantitative microbiological techniques. The results were statistically analysed.

Results:

The bacterial species isolated most frequently from the adenoid core were coagulase-negative staphylococci (40.8 per cent),Staphylococcus aureus(22.3 per cent),Streptococcus pneumoniae(18.4 per cent),Haemophilus influenzae(16.5 per cent) and group A streptococci (15.5 per cent). The bacterial species isolated most frequently from the middle meatus were coagulase-negative staphylococci (41.7 per cent),S aureus(32 per cent),S pneumoniae(28.1 per cent),H influenzae(21.6 per cent) and group A streptococci (19.4 per cent). The adenoid core and middle meatal cultures were both positive for at least one bacterial species in 63 cases, and were both negative in 25 cases. In six cases, a positive adenoid core culture was associated with a negative middle meatal culture. In five cases, a negative adenoid core culture was associated with a positive middle meatal culture (for one or more pathogenic species). Thus, adenoid core culture had a positive predictive value of 91.5 in forecasting the middle meatal culture result, and a negative predictive value of 84.3.

Conclusion:

Apart from its effect on nasal airway patency, adenoidal tissue may function as a bacterial reservoir initiating and maintaining sinus infection in children. These study findings support a potential role for adenoidectomy in the treatment of chronic or recurrent paediatric sinusitis.
Reconstructing last week's weather: Syntactic reconstruction and Brythonic free relatives
Authors: WILLIS DAVID
Published: December 2010

Lightfoot (2002) argues that syntactic reconstruction is rendered impossible by the lack of any analogue in syntax to the traditional notion of the phonological ‘correspondence set’ of the Comparative Method and by the radical discontinuity caused by reanalysis between successive grammars. Alice Harris and Lyle Campbell, in various works, have defended the notion of ‘syntactic pattern’ as the analogue of the correspondence set, arguing that patterns can be compared across languages, with innovations being stripped away to reveal aspects of the protolanguage. In this article, I argue that syntactic reconstruction can be carried out while maintaining and indeed utilizing core notions in generative approaches to syntactic change such as the central role of reanalysis and child language acquisition and the distinction between the abstract grammatical system and the surface output of that system. Reanalysis itself is constrained by the fact that both pre- and post-reanalysis grammars must be acquirable on the basis of the same primary linguistic data. This imposes limits on the possible hypotheses that can be entertained (‘local directionality’) even in the absence of any crosslinguistic generalizations about patterns of change (‘universal directionality’). This approach is then applied to aspects of the syntax of free relative clauses and negation in the early Brythonic Celtic languages (Welsh, Breton and Cornish), showing that non-trivial reconstructions can be achieved even where the daughter languages manifest significant differences.
Discriminating bluemouth, Helicolenus dactylopterus (Pisces: Sebastidae), stocks in Portuguese waters by means of otolith shape analysis
Authors: Neves Ana , Sequeira Vera , Farias Inês , Vieira Ana Rita , Paiva Rafaela , Gordo Leonel Serrano
Published: December 2010

The understanding of the stock structure of a species is essential to effectively manage fisheries. Otolith shape analysis has been successfully applied in stock identification using the elliptic Fourier analysis. This method was used to assess possible differences in the otolith shape of Helicolenus dactylopterus caught around the Azores, Madeira and mainland Portugal. A total of 294 individuals ranging from 23 to 29 cm in total length, equally distributed by sex and area, were analysed. The multivariate analysis of variance performed on the otolith normalized elliptic Fourier descriptors (NEFDs) revealed significant differences for both area and sex, but no interaction was found between the two factors. In the canonical discriminant analysis an overall classification success of 69.4% and 66.7% was achieved for females and males respectively. These results suggest the usefulness of otolith shape analysis for stock differentiation of bluemouth from Portuguese waters.
Reality distortion is related to the structure of the salience network in schizophrenia
Authors: Palaniyappan L. , Mallikarjun P. , Joseph V. , White T. P. , Liddle P. F.
Published: December 2010

Background

An intrinsic cerebral network comprising the anterior cingulate and anterior insula (the salience network) is considered to play an important role in salience detection in healthy volunteers. Aberrant salience has been proposed as an important mechanism in the production of psychotic symptoms such as delusions and hallucinations (reality distortion). We investigated whether structural deficits in the salience network are associated with the reality distortion seen in schizophrenia.

Method

A sample of 57 patients in a clinically stable state of schizophrenia and 41 controls were studied with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging.

Results

Bilateral volume reduction was seen in the anterior cingulate and anterior insula in patients with schizophrenia. Reduced volume in the two left-sided regions of the salience network was significantly correlated with the severity of reality distortion.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that a deficit of grey matter in the salience network leads to an impaired attribution of salience to stimuli that is associated with delusions and hallucinations in schizophrenia.
Catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met association with parahippocampal physiology during memory encoding in schizophrenia
Authors: Di Giorgio A. , Caforio G. , Blasi G. , Taurisano P. , Fazio L. , Romano R. , Ursini G. , Gelao B. , Bianco L. Lo , Papazacharias A. , Sinibaldi L. , Popolizio T. , Bellomo A. , Bertolino A.
Published: December 2010

Background

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) Val158Met has been associated with activity of the mesial temporal lobe during episodic memory and it may weakly increase risk for schizophrenia. However, how this variant affects parahippocampal and hippocampal physiology when dopamine transmission is perturbed is unclear. The aim of the present study was to compare the effects of theCOMTVal158Met genotype on parahippocampal and hippocampal physiology during encoding of recognition memory in patients with schizophrenia and in healthy subjects.

Method

Using blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we studied 28 patients with schizophrenia and 33 healthy subjects matched for a series of sociodemographic and genetic variables while they performed a recognition memory task.

Results

We found that healthy subjects had greater parahippocampal and hippocampal activity during memory encoding compared to patients with schizophrenia. We also found different activity of the parahippocampal region between healthy subjects and patients with schizophrenia as a function of theCOMTgenotype, in that the predictedCOMTMet allele dose effect had an opposite direction in controls and patients.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate aCOMTVal158Met genotype by diagnosis interaction in parahippocampal activity during memory encoding and may suggest that modulation of dopamine signaling interacts with other disease-related processes in determining the phenotype of parahippocampal physiology in schizophrenia.
The narcissistic self and its psychological and neural correlates: an exploratory fMRI study
Authors: Fan Y. , Wonneberger C. , Enzi B. , de Greck M. , Ulrich C. , Tempelmann C. , Bogerts B. , Doering S. , Northoff G.
Published: December 2010

Background

The concept of narcissism has been much researched in psychoanalysis and especially in self psychology. One of the hallmarks of narcissism is altered emotion, including decreased affective resonance (e.g. empathy) with others, the neural underpinnings of which remain unclear. The aim of our exploratory study was to investigate the psychological and neural correlates of empathy in two groups of healthy subjects with high and low narcissistic personality trait. We hypothesized that high narcissistic subjects would show a differential activity pattern in regions such as the anterior insula that are typically associated with empathy.

Method

A sample of 34 non-clinical subjects was divided into high (n=11) and low (n=11) narcissistic groups according to the 66th and 33rd percentiles of their scores on the Narcissism Inventory (NI). Combining the psychological, behavioral and neuronal [i.e. functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)] measurements of empathy, we compared the high and low narcissistic groups of subjects.

Results

High narcissistic subjects showed higher scores on the Symptom Checklist-90 – Revised (SCL-90-R) and the 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) when compared to low narcissistic subjects. High narcissistic subjects also showed significantly decreased deactivation during empathy, especially in the right anterior insula.

Conclusions

Psychological and neuroimaging data indicate respectively higher degrees of alexithymia and lower deactivation during empathy in the insula in high narcissistic subjects. Taken together, our preliminary findings demonstrate, for the first time, psychological and neuronal correlates of narcissism in non-clinical subjects. This might stipulate both novel psychodynamic conceptualization and future psychological–neuronal investigation of narcissism.