bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Culturas escolares, culturas de infância e culturas familiares: as socializações e a escolarização no entretecer destas culturas
Authors: Barbosa Maria Carmen Silveira
Published: November 2007

Este artigo visa estabelecer a articulação entre os impasses na escolarização das crianças e as contribuições acerca das culturas de infâncias, das culturas familiares, das culturas escolares na atualidade. Propomos verificar as novas dimensões de ser criança e viver a infância neste momento histórico e repensar a socialização escolar a partir do entrecruzamento das culturas escolares, consideradas legítimas, e suas relações com algumas culturas familiares e infantis consideradas, até hoje, ilegítimas pela escola. Conhecer as culturas das infâncias e as culturas familiares possibilita ampliar a compreensão sobre as crianças brasileiras e possibilita a construção de um projeto de escolarização que entreteça as culturas escolares, as culturas da infância e as famílias na sociedade contemporânea. A formulação de uma "educação de qualidade" somente poderá acontecer por meio do estabelecimento de indicadores socialmente compartilhados entre estes três discursos.
Reflexões acerca da busca de uma nova qualidade da educação: relações entre juventude, educação e trabalho
Authors: Nakano Marilena , Almeida Elmir de
Published: November 2007

No Brasil, a condição juvenil contemporânea é produzida pela recente expansão das oportunidades de escolarização, pela diversidade de vivências e experiências que os jovens produzem em instâncias sociais distintas das instituições tradicionais de reprodução social. A escola que logram acessar não produziu uma qualidade efetiva, pois pauta seu trabalho a partir de representações que pouco têm a ver com os adolescentes e jovens concretos. Assim, no caso brasileiro, é preciso relativizar a máxima de que educação escolar "faz juventude" e considerar que tal ideal da modernidade só será atingido quando for possível combinar a universalização da escola básica e a qualidade que tal condição carrega com a possibilidade dos jovens viverem a integração no universo do trabalho, como experimentação e não como compulsoriedade, a partir de um outro modelo social que garanta os ideais de universalização dos direitos à escola e ao trabalho a todos os jovens.
A (nova) política de formação de professores: a prioridade postergada
Authors: Freitas Helena Costa Lopes de
Published: November 2007

O texto examina as políticas e programas no campo da formação do atual governo, identificando linhas de uma política marcada por ações de formação focalizadas, de cursos a distância, pela Universidade Aberta do Brasil. Analisa suas relações com a transformação da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) em agência reguladora da formação de professores. Tomando por referência a base comum nacional, indica as condições para uma política global de formação e profissionalização dos profissionais da educação, nos termos defendidos pela área da educação e pela Associação Nacional pela Formação dos Profissionais da Educação (ANFOPE).
Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera assemblages in litter in a mountain stream of the Atlantic Rainforest from Southeastern Brazil
Authors: Crisci-Bispo Vera L. , Bispo Pitágoras C. , Froehlich Claudio G.
Published: November 2007

The study of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera associated with litter in southeastern Brazil streams aimed to answer the following questions: 1) Does richness and composition of EPT fauna differ between riffle and pool mesohabitats despite being associated to the same substratum, litter? 2) Does the similarity of the EPT fauna between both mesohabitats change with time? 3) Does the EPT functional feeding structure differ between both mesohabitats (riffles-pools)? In order to answer these questions, monthly collections, from November 1999 to June 2000, were done in Ribeirão (Stream) Bocaina with a D-net (10 litter patches in riffles and 10 in pools). The EPT fauna at Ribeirão Bocaina was more diversified and more abundant in the litter in riffles than in the litter in pools, although, when richness was standardized for the same number of individuals it became similar in both conditions. EPT fauna was very different between both mesohabitats in terms of faunal composition as well as in terms of function. Probably it was due to differences in water speed, in the time of litter residence and in the concentration of dissolved oxygen between both mesohabitats.
Antarctic sponges (Porifera, Demospongiae) of the South Shetland Islands and vicinity: part II. Poecilosclerida
Authors: Campos Maurício , Mothes Beatriz , Veitenheimer Mendes Inga L.
Published: November 2007

In the present study 16 species are registered for the South Shetland Islands and vicinity: Acanthorhabdus fragilis Burton, 1929, Iophon unicornis Topsent, 1907, Clathria (Axosuberites) flabellata (Topsent, 1916), Clathria (Axosuberites) nidificata (Kirkpatrick, 1907), Kirkpatrickia variolosa (Kirkpatrick, 1907), Myxodoryx hanitschi (Kirkpatrick, 1907), Iotroata somovi (Koltun, 1964), Tedania (Tedaniopsis) charcoti (Topsent, 1907), Tedania (Tedaniopsis) vanhoffeni (Hentschel, 1914), Tedania (Tedaniopsis) oxeata (Topsent, 1916), Isodictya kerguelenensis (Ridley & Dendy, 1886), Isodictya lankesteri (Kirkpatrick, 1907), Isodictya toxophila Burton, 1932, Isodictya bentarti Ríos, Cristobo & Urgorri, 2004, Latrunculia (Latrunculia) brevis Ridley & Dendy, 1886 and Latrunculia (Latrunculia) biformis (Kirkpatrick, 1908). Amongst the identified species, five are new occurrences for the studied region, three have their bathymetric limit extended and the others are confirmed for the studied area.
Two new species of ant-mimicking spiders of the genus Ianduba Bonaldo (Araneae, Corinnidae) from Southern Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Bonaldo Alexandre B. , Brescovit Antonio D. , Rocha Pedro L. B. da , Costa Misonete G. C.
Published: November 2007

Two new species of the ant mimicking spider genus Ianduba Bonaldo (Araneae, Corinnidae), I. mugunza sp. nov. and I. abara sp. nov., are described based on males and females from Porto Seguro, in the state of Bahia, Brazil. All specimens were collected in pitfall traps, installed in two forested areas: Estação Ecológica de Vera Cruz, a well preserved Atlantic forest fragment, and a contiguous field of Eucalyptus monoculture.
Notas sobre predação em uma taxocenose de anfíbios anuros no sudeste do Brasil
Authors: Pombal Jr José P.
Published: November 2007

Anfíbios anuros são predados por todos os grupos de vertebrados e muitos invertebrados. Todavia os estudos sobre predação em anfíbios anuros ainda são esparsos e anedóticos. Neste estudo são fornecidas informações sobre predação de anuros de uma assembléia no sudeste do Brasil. Invertebrados (aranhas e barata d’agua), a rã Leptodactylus cf. ocellatus e cinco espécies serpentes (quatro Colubridae e um Viperidae) predaram espécies ou indivíduos de pequeno porte.
A imagem, o som e a fúria: a representação da violência no documentário brasileiro
Authors: Ramos Paulo Roberto
Published: November 2007

Nos últimos trinta anos, a violência urbana no Brasil atingiu níveis inéditos em sua história. O tema, que vem sendo abordado por diversos setores da sociedade, não foi ignorado pelo cinema brasileiro. O propósito deste artigo é discutir algumas questões levantadas pelo documentário brasileiro contemporâneo sobre esse dado complexo de nossa realidade. Para tanto, foram escolhidos como objetos de análise as seguintes realizações: Notícias de uma guerra particular (João Moreira Salles e Kátia Lund - 1998/1999), Ônibus 174 (José Padilha - 2002), Justiça (Maria Augusta Ramos - 2004) e Falcão: meninos do tráfico (MV Bill e Celso Athayde - 2006). Essas obras expõem o impacto da violência na sociedade brasileira de ângulos distintos: o tráfico de drogas e seu efeito na vida das pessoas envolvidas direta ou indiretamente com ele (Notícias e Falcão), a justiça criminal brasileira e seus personagens: advogados, juízes, acusados e seus familiares (Justiça) e a violência como desenraizamento (Ônibus 174).
Plantas visitadas por abelhas africanizadas em duas localidades do estado de São Paulo
Authors: Marchini Luís Carlos , Moreti Augusta Carolina de Camargo Carmello , Teixeira Erica Weinstein , Silva Etelvina Conceição Almeida da , Rodrigues Ricardo Ribeiro , Souza Vinicius Castro
Published: November 2007

O conhecimento das plantas de uma região, sua época de florescimento e as características do pólen, auxiliam na determinação das espécies vegetais que contribuem para a composição do mel. Durante o período de 1994 a 1997 foram inventariadas, semanalmente, em diferentes horários e num raio de aproximadamente 300m dos apiários da USP/ESALQ, em Piracicaba,SP (22°43'S, 47°27'W e 580 m) e do Instituto de Zootecnia, em Pindamonhangaba, SP (22°57'S, 45°27'W e 560 m), as plantas que estavam sendo visitadas por abelhas. Foram anotados o mês e o período de florescimento das plantas inventariadas. Em Piracicaba foram identificadas 94 espécies de plantas pertencentes a 41 famílias (maior número de espécies nas famílias Asteraceae e Myrtaceae) e em Pindamonhangaba, 76 espécies, pertencentes a 26 famílias (maior número de espécies nas famílias Asteraceae e Verbenaceae). Os resultados indicam que 21 famílias, 22 gêneros e 15 espécies de plantas visitadas pelas abelhas africanizadas foram comuns em ambas as localidades.
Damage caused by capybaras in a corn Field
Authors: Ferraz Katia Maria Paschoaletto Michi de Barros , Lechevalier Marrie-Anne , Couto Hilton Thadeu Zarate do , Verdade Luciano Martins
Published: November 2007

Damage caused by capybaras in agroecossystems in Brazil has been frequently observed. The objective of this study was to describe and quantify the actual damage caused by capybaras in a corn field, aiming to get basic information on how, how much, and where these damage occur. Systematic sampling indicated that 26% of the planted area were damaged by capybaras, and the highest percentage of damage occurred on the border of the corn field (t=4.5698, p=0.0001). Damage in areas adjacent to a forest fragment was significantly higher (t=13.6198, p=0.0001), suggesting that the strategy of area utilization for feeding was related to the proximity of the resources "forest" and "water". Avoiding corn plantation in areas adjacent to forest fragments used by capybaras and, when possible, controlling capybara population may lead to a reduction of damage occurrence in agroecossystems.
Sodium-affected alfisols of the agreste region, state of Paraíba, Brazil, as known by potter-farmers and agronomists
Authors: Alves Ângelo Giuseppe Chaves , Silva Ivandro de França da , Queiroz Sandra Barreto de , Ribeiro Mateus Rosas
Published: November 2007

Decisions and practical attitudes of land use and management adopted by rural populations are, to a great extent, based on local soil knowledge. This study was performed to describe and analyze chemical, physical and morphological characteristics of sodium-affected Alfisols employed in traditional pottery; and to compare, through statistical analysis, pedogenetical horizons and soil layers, as recognized in soil profiles by professional researchers and potter-farmers, respectively. Fieldwork was performed in Chã da Pia, a rural village in the municipality of Areia, in the Agreste region of the State of Paraíba, Northeast Brazil. Ethnoscientific techniques were used to describe and analyze soil knowledge of potter-farmers who played the role of informants. A comparison of soil categories recognized by farmers and researchers was performed through discriminant-canonical analysis. Soils from which local people obtain a material named "barro de loiça" (pottery clay) were classified as Typic Natraqualf and Vertic Albaqualf, according to Soil Taxonomy. Potter-farmers were able to identify differences between the tillable topsoil and underlying layers from which they extract ceramic clay. Some soil layers, recognized by potter-farmers, were similar to pedogenetic horizons of the same soils, recognized by researchers, in terms of physical, chemical and morphological characteristics. Discriminant-canonical analysis was a useful tool to articulate and compare information related to soil knowledge held by distinct social groups.
A study of in situ degradability: heterogeneity of variances and correlated errors
Authors: Savian Taciana Villela , Muniz Joel Augusto
Published: November 2007

Degradation models exhibit a non-linear behavior and the selection of a model to describe the degradability depends on the coherence of the model with the involved biological events. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the behavior of the parameters of the degradation model proposed by Mertens & Loften, adjusted to the results of an in situ degradability trial. The experiment evaluated the potential degradable residue of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) of coastcross grass (Cynodon dactylon × Cynodon nlemfuensis) submitted to two cutting ages (30 and 90 days), with three replicates. For each cutting age, the potentially degradable residue of NDF was studied using fifteen incubation times (0; 0,5; 1; 3; 6; 9; 12; 18; 34; 35; 48; 56; 72; 96 e 120 hours). The experimental unit comprised one non-lactating cow with a permanent ruminal fistula. Mean and individual adjustments were obtained for the animals in three different configurations: inverse variance weight without autoregressive errors; unweighted with autoregressive errors, and unweighted without autoregressive errors. Variances of parameter estimators were also obtained by means of the mean parameter covariance matrix, providing expressions for the estimation of the confidence age for the parameters of the model. A weighting of the model by the inverse variance resulted in estimates statistically equal to zero for the colonization time. The use of a structure of second order autoregressive errors improved the fit of the model of Mertens & Loften, providing more precise estimates of the parameters.
Feeding site of the spittlebug Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stål) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) on sugarcane
Authors: Garcia José Francisco , Grisoto Eliane , Botelho Paulo Sérgio Machado , Parra José Roberto Postali , Appezzato-da-Glória Beatriz
Published: November 2007

The sugarcane spittlebug Mahanarva fimbriolata (Stål) (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) is a pest of mechanically-harvested sugarcane in Brazil, when trash burning is not performed. To better understand the differences in feeding behavior of adults and nymphs of this pest and the subsequent disorders that arise, stylet penetration through fixation, staining and sectioning was investigated. Nymphs cause a "physiological disorder" damaging the tracheary system of the roots, slowing or preventing water and nutrient flow, with phloem and xylem dehydration. Nymphs insert their stylets through the epidermis, crossing the cortex, endodermis and pericycle before reaching the vascular cylinder, where they feed in the sieve-tube elements of the primary phloem. In contrast, adults feed on leaves, causing "sugarcane burn", and reducing plant photosynthesis. Adults introduce the stylets into the leaf blade through the stomata, passing the chlorophyll-bearing parenchyma cells before reaching the metaxylem in the vascular bundles.
O processo de enfermagem em uma unidade de queimados: análise e reformulação fundamentadas na pedagogia da problematização
Authors: Rossi Lídia Aparecida , Trevisan Maria Auxiliadora
Published: November 2007

O presente estudo constitui na elaboração e aplicação de um plano de atividade educativa para enfermeiras de uma Unidade de Queimados, com o objetivo de analisar e reformular a prática do processo de enfermagem nesta unidade. O "Esquema do Arco" proposto por Charles MAGUEREZ8 foi empregado como guia, norteando a escolha em e a aplicação das atividades de ensino-aprendizagem implantados neste plano de atividade educativa. Concluímos que esse esquema pedagógico possibilita a ocorrência de transformações na prática do processo de enfermagem e que esta nova realidade já nos mostra a necessidade de outras transformações.
Community health nursing practices in contexts of poverty, uncertainty and unpredictability: a systematization of personal experiences
Authors: Laperrière Hélène
Published: November 2007

Several years of professional nursing practices, while living in the poorest neighbourhoods in the outlying areas of Brazil's Amazon region, have led the author to develop a better understanding of marginalized populations. Providing care to people with leprosy and sex workers in riverside communities has taken place in conditions of uncertainty, insecurity, unpredictability and institutional violence. The question raised is how we can develop community health nursing practices in this context. A systematization of personal experiences based on popular education is used and analyzed as a way of learning by obtaining scientific knowledge through critical analysis of field practices. Ties of solidarity and belonging developed in informal, mutual-help action groups are promising avenues for research and the development of knowledge in health promotion, prevention and community care and a necessary contribution to national public health programmers.
Health and self-care among garbage collectors: work experiences in a recyclable garbage cooperative
Authors: Dall'Agnol Clarice Maria , Fernandes Fernanda dos Santos
Published: November 2007

Study performed with garbage pickers who organized a cooperative to sort recyclable garbage in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in a shed loaned by the city administration. This activity, which has attracted an increasing number of people excluded from the formal job market, presents peculiar health risks and patterns of disease. The study aimed to learn about the participants' concepts and self-care actions, proposing discussions and jointly reflection on their problems. It focuses on the working environment and on attitudes towards health risks. Through the focal group technique with ten female subjects, the expression of capacity of situational analysis of those involved was privileged, giving rise to three main themes. Each theme discussed was followed by the construction of a plan of action in order to meet compatibly the more pressing needs according to the operational feasibility of the solutions proposed.
The economic survival of long stay institutions for impoverished aged people
Authors: Creutzberg Marion , Gonçalves Lúcia Hisako Takase , Sobottka Emil Albert
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVE: Identify structural couplings of Retirement Institutions for the Aged (RIA) with the economic system, in order to maintain those institutions that shelter the poor aged in the Brazilian context. METHOD: Qualitative, exploratory-descriptive study. The data collection was carried out through interviews with seven leading people and eight aged people, analysis of communication of 52 non-profit Brazilian RIAs, both public and private. The content analysis was performed based on the Niklas Luhmann's Systems Theory. RESULTS: It was verified that in face of the aged scarce resources, a considerable share of the maintenance costs are supported by the institutions themselves, whose search for resources is done by leaders, team, the aged and communities. CONCLUSIONS: The excessive involvement of these institutions in the elaboration of programs for searching funds can harm the performance of their essential function which is to care for the poor aged.
Socioeconomic and demographic profile of leprosy carriers attended in nursing consultations
Authors: Duarte Marli Teresinha Cassamassimo , Ayres Jairo Aparecido , Simonetti Janete Pessuto
Published: November 2007

Leprosy is a contagious infectious disease that manifests due to unfavorable socioeconomic factors, endemic levels and individual conditions. This study aimed to recognize the socioeconomic and demographic profile and degree of incapacity installed in leprosy carriers attended at the School Health Center in Botucatu. Data were obtained through nursing consultation performed in 37 patients. The results showed a predominance of individuals with stable union (78%), whites (92%), age between 30 and 49 years old (51%), low level of schooling (68% with incomplete primary education) and those with per capita familial income less than one minimum salary (59 %). More than one third of the patients investigated (35%) presented some degree of physical incapacity. The association of low socioeconomic profile with the presence of physical incapacities assigns greater vulnerability to this population and can negatively influence their quality of life.
Breast cancer, poverty and mental health: emotional response to the disease in women from popular classes
Authors: Peres Rodrigo Sanches , Santos Manoel Antônio dos
Published: November 2007

This study aimed to analyze the emotional response of a low-income group of women to the breast cancer. The sample was composed by 15 patients from a mastectomized women's support entity. Data were collected through individual face-to-face semi-structured interview. The results were appraised according to a classification system that postulates the existence of four categories mutually excluding: denial, stoicism, affliction and confrontation. The results obtained indicate that stoicism was the more frequent emotional response in the evaluated group. The scientific literature shows that stoicism can contribute to the temporary reduction of stress, but it gradually leads to a uselessness feeling which tends to make difficult the psychosocial adjustment to the disease and its treatment.
Childbirth care: contributing to the debate on human development
Authors: Parada Cristina Maria Garcia de Lima , Carvalhaes Maria Antonieta de Barros Leite
Published: November 2007

This study aimed to evaluate care during childbirth and neonatal development in the interior of São Paulo in order to support managers responsible for formulating public policies on human development and allocating public resources to the women's healthcare. This epidemiological study focused on the evaluation of health services based on the observation of the assistance delivered by the Single Health System in 12 maternities and 134 delivers. The Brazilian Health Ministry or World Health Organization standards were adopted for comparison. The results revealed problems related to the structure of some maternities, where some well-proven practices in normal childbirth are still little used, whereas other prejudicial or ineffective ones are routinely used. Reversing this picture is essential in order to offer humanized quality care to women with consequent reductions in maternal and neonatal mortality rates, in such a way that the region achieves the millennium goals established for improving human development.
Adolescent pregnancy: a comparative study between mothers who use public and private health systems
Authors: Baraldi Ana Cyntia Paulin , Daud Zaira Prado , Almeida Ana Maria de , Gomes Flavia Azevedo , Nakano Ana Márcia Spanó
Published: November 2007

This is a comparative and descriptive study of adolescent mothers who were attended in three maternities of the public health system and three private maternities in a city in São Paulo, Brazil, between 2000 and 2002. This study aimed to compare the profile of mothers attended in both systems. The database of Ribeirão Preto was used and 5,286 adolescent mothers between 10 and 19 years old were selected according to type of delivery, level of instruction, number of prenatal consultations and parity. We found that the users of the public health system had less prenatal consultations, lower level of education, higher parity and the vaginal delivery was most frequent. The users of the private health system, on the contrary, had more prenatal consultations, higher level of instruction, and primiparity and cesarean sections were more frequent.
Estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência em Campina Grande, Paraíba
Authors: Henrique Francisco de A. N. , Dantas Renilson T.
Published: November 2007

Deste trabalho se objetivou estimar, através de uma fórmula empírica, a evapotranspiração de referência diária no município de Campina Grande, PB (EToT), utilizando-se a amplitude térmica diária. Estimou-se, também, a ETo diária usando-se os métodos de FAO-Penman-Monteith (EToPM), Hargreaves (EToH) e Linacre (EToL), sendo depois correlacionados com a EToT proposta na pesquisa, por estação do ano; para isto foram coletados valores diários das temperaturas, umidade relativa do ar, radiação solar, precipitação, pressão atmosférica e velocidade do vento a 2 m da Estação Meteorológica Automática, instalada na Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG), no período de 1 de janeiro a 31 de dezembro de 2004. Tais valores foram registrados no intervalo de 10 min. Verificou-se que as correlações da EToT com EToH, obtiveram o melhor ajuste, cujos coeficientes foram: R² = 0,7882 (no ano), R² = 0,9796 (no verão), R² = 0,8253 (no outono), R² = 0,878 (no inverno) e R² = 0,914 (na primavera). Conclui-se que os métodos de EToPM e EToL não se ajustaram bem para Campina Grande, PB, o que evidencia que a EToT poderá ser utilizada na forma proposta para estimativa da ETo desta localidade. Das equações propostas, a única restrição é o EToT para o verão caso em que se recomenda o uso da equação anual.
Análise do NDVI/NOAA em cana-de-açúcar e Mata Atlântica no litoral norte de Pernambuco, Brasil
Authors: Lucas Abdoral de A. , Schuler Carlos A. B.
Published: November 2007

Neste trabalho se realizou a análise espaço-temporal do NDVI (Índice de Vegetação da Diferença Normalizada) na cultura da cana-de-açúcar, considerando-se a idade fenológica e a influência da precipitação pluvial dos meses atual e anterior relativos à safra 2003/2004. A metodologia foi aplicada em três áreas, ou seja, duas com cana-de-açúcar e uma de Mata Atlântica; cada área representa um pixel do satélite NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration). Os pontos amostrais P1 e P2 indicam áreas com plantio de cana e o ponto P3, um fragmento de Mata Atlântica, todos localizados na Usina São José, no Litoral Norte de Pernambuco. O estádio fenológico da cana-de-açúcar foi relacionado com o NDVI e com a precipitação referente a 6 épocas do ciclo da cultura. Aplicou-se, para a análise espaço-temporal, o índice de vegetação da diferença normalizada, utilizando-se imagens do sensor AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometric)/NOAa-16. Os resultados mostraram maior influência da precipitação do mês anterior no comportamento do NDVI. Em relação ao ciclo da cultura, o estádio de desenvolvimento acompanha a evolução do NDVI, ou seja, na medida em que ocorre um ganho de biomassa, aumenta o valor do NDVI e ele começa, então, a decair quando se inicia o estádio de maturação, a partir do sétimo mês após o corte.
Aplicação de fertilizantes a taxa variável em agricultura de precisão variando a velocidade de deslocamento
Authors: Werner Valmir , Schlosser José F. , Rozin Dinorvan , Pinheiro Eder D. , Dornelles Marçal E. C.
Published: November 2007

O desempenho de um conjunto formado por um trator agrícola equipado para agricultura de precisão e um distribuidor centrífugo não adaptado para aplicações de fertilizantes em taxas variáveis, deve ser avaliado, sendo este o objetivo principal do presente estudo. As variações das taxas de aplicação de fertilizantes foram controladas variando-se a velocidade de deslocamento; para tanto, determinou-se largura de trabalho, uniformidade de distribuição transversal e longitudinal e a variação da taxa aplicada de fertilizante NPK. O trabalho foi realizado em uma lavoura comercial de soja, no município de Santa Rosa, RS. Para melhor representatividade dos testes, buscou-se uma condição de solo e relevo da lavoura que melhor representasse uma situação real de uso do conjunto mecanizado. Os resultados mostraram que, na situação de estudo e com o fertilizante aplicado, é possível utilizar o conjunto para larguras de trabalho entre 20,5 e 22,5 m, no circuito de aplicação contínuo e vai-e-vem, com coeficientes de variação (CV) abaixo de 15%. Na análise do perfil longitudinal de distribuição, obtiveram-se valores de CV entre 8,78 e 12,48%. O conjunto mecanizado permite compor diversas taxas de aplicação variando-se a velocidade de deslocamento no sistema de agricultura de precisão.
Weight gain, dyslipidemia and altered parameters for metabolic syndrome on first episode psychotic patients after six-month follow-up
Authors: Attux Cecília , Quintana Maria Inês , Chaves Ana Cristina
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVES: Obesity and metabolic abnormalities are frequent in psychotic patients, including first-episode psychosis. We evaluated weight and metabolic parameters in first-episode psychotic outpatients from the First Episode Psychosis Program, Universidade Federal de São Paulo. METHOD: Weight, height, waist and hip circumferences, glucose and lipid levels were measured at baseline and after a six-month period. RESULTS: Fifty-seven patients were included and 44 (77.2%) of them finished the study. Patients had a median age of 26.3 years, 60% were men and 43% had a diagnosis of schizophrenia at the endpoint. Weight and BMI values increased significantly during the follow-up (p < 0.01). The average weight gain at the follow-up was 10.1% of the baseline weight (SD = 11.9). Only women presented significant waist abnormalities: at the first assessment the waist mean was 79.12 cm (SD = 10.68) and 6 months later it had increased to 89.65 cm (SD = 11.19, z = -3.182, p = 0.001). After 6 months, the total cholesterol (p = 0.004), and triglyceride levels (p = 0.016) increased, while HDL-cholesterol levels decreased (p = 0.025). During the follow-up period one patient (2.3%) developed diabetes mellitus, one (2.3%) presented altered fasting glucose, 12 (27.2%) patients developed at least two altered parameters for metabolic syndrome and 3 (6.8%) patients developed metabolic syndrome (p = 0.001). DISCUSSION: The results of this study showed that in a short period of time individuals under antipsychotic treatment had their weight increased significantly and developed important metabolic abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians should be aware of these risks, choose an antipsychotic that causes less weight gain and should monitor these patients carefully, and recommend prophylactic measures as diet restriction and physical activities.
Prevalence and sociodemographic characteristics associated with benzodiazepines use among community dwelling older adults: the Bambuí Health and Aging Study (BHAS)
Authors: Alvarenga Jussara Mendonça , Loyola Filho Antônio Ignácio de , Firmo Josélia Oliveira Araújo , Lima-Costa Maria Fernanda , Uchoa Elizabeth
Published: November 2007

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence and sociodemographic characteristics associated with benzodiazepine use among community-dwelling older adults. METHOD: 1606 subjects, aged > 60 years, corresponding to 92% of the residents of Bambuí city, participated in this study. The information about medication use was obtained by means of a standard interview and the review of medication packaging. Substances were classified using the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Index. RESULTS: The prevalence of benzodiazepine current use was 21.7% (26.7% among females and 14.0% among males). From these, 68.7% had been taking the medication for over one year, 31.3% for over five years and 53.2% were using long half-life benzodiazepines. The medication most frequently used was bromazepam (35.6%), followed by diazepam (22.5%), clonazepam (12.6%) and lorazepam (7.8%). After adjustment for confounders, female gender (RP = 1.93; CI95% = 1.51-2.46) was the only sociodemographic characteristic found to be independently associated with substance consumption. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of benzodiazepine use in the study population was high, but within the variation observed in developed countries. Chronic use of benzodiazepines and long half-life medications predominated.
Shoot and root responses of Trifolium vesiculosum to boron fertilization in an acidic Brazilian soil
Authors: Favaretto Nerilde , Motta Antônio Carlos Vargas , Barcik Cristina , Lustosa Sebastião Brasil Campos , Comin Jucinei José
Published: November 2007

To analyze the influence of boron fertilization on shoot and root growth of Trifolium vesiculosum (arrowleaf clover), an acid soil profile (60 cm depth with 67% Al saturation) was recreated in a column (three layers of 20 cm each). Lime and fertilizer (P and K) were incorporated into the top 20 cm. The treatments consisted of six boron rates where boric acid was mixed throughout the profile. Addition of boron to soil with low pH and high Al increased the root and shoot growth, independent of the rate applied. Boron inhibited Al toxicity, but no effect was observed in the root length when Al was not present in the soil. It was also observed that there was more root growth below the plow layer (0-20 cm,) suggesting better root distribution in the soil profile which could be important for the plant growth, especially under drought conditions.
The epiphytic Cactaceae Hylocereus setaceus (Salm-Dick ex DC.) ralf bauer seed germination is controlled by light and temperature
Authors: Simão Edson , Socolowski Fábio , Takaki Massanori
Published: November 2007

The effect of light and temperature on seed germination in Hylocereus setaceus was analyzed by isothermic incubations under continuous white light and darkness. The minimum temperature for germination was between 5 to 10°C and the maximum between 45 to 50°C. The optimum temperaturewais between 25 and 30°C. The involvement of phytochrome, by very low fluence response, in controlled seed germination was attained by incubation in a gradient of photoequilibrium of phytochrome. The results indicated that seeds of H. setaceus germinated in a wide range of temperature, under canopy and in open areas, but in complete darkness they did not germinate.
Plant uptake of organic pollutants from soil: Bioconcentration estimates based on models and experiments
Authors: McKone Thomas E. , Maddalena Randy L.
Published: November 2007

The role of terrestrial vegetation in transferring chemicals from soil and air into specific plant tissues (e.g., stems, leaves, and roots) is still not well characterized. We provide here a critical review of plant-to-soil bioconcentration ratio (BCR) estimates based on models and experimental data. This review includes the conceptual and theoretical formulations of the BCR, constructing and calibrating empirical and mathematical algorithms to describe this ratio and the experimental data used to quantify BCRs and calibrate the model performance. We first evaluate the theoretical basis for the BCR concept and BCR models and consider how lack of knowledge and data limit reliability and consistency of BCR estimates. We next consider alternate modeling strategies for BCR. A key focus of this evaluation is the relative contributions to overall uncertainty from model uncertainty versus variability in the experimental data used to develop and test the models. As a case study, we consider a single chemical, hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine, and focus on variability of bioconcentration measurements obtained from 81 experiments with different plant species, different plant tissues, different experimental conditions, and different methods for reporting concentrations in the soil and plant tissues. We use these observations to evaluate both the magnitude of experimental variability in plant bioconcentration and compare this to model uncertainty. Among these 81 measurements, the variation of the plant-to-soil BCR has a geometric standard deviation (GSD) of 3.5 and a coefficient of variation (CV; i.e., ratio of the arithmetic standard deviation to the mean) of 1.7. These variations are significant but low relative to model uncertainties, which have an estimated GSD of 10, with a corresponding CV of 14.
Experimental determination of bioconcentration, biotransformation, and elimination of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates inSolea senegalensis
Authors: Álvarez-Muñoz Diana , Sáez Mónica , Gómez-Parra Abelardo , González-Mazo Eduardo
Published: November 2007

The bioconcentration, biotransformation, and elimination of anionic surfactants, linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), specifically 2ØC10 and 2ØC12 LAS, which are pure isomers from two different homologues, have been characterized in Solea senegalensis using an experimental flow-through system with environmental exposure levels. The LAS and their carboxylated metabolites, sulfophenylcarboxylic acids (SPCs), were analyzed by pressurized liquid extraction, followed by solid-phase extraction, liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection, and mass spectrometry. The bioconcentration factors obtained in the steady state were 17.2 ±1.2 L/kg for 2ØC10 LAS and 386.5 ± 31.5 L/kg for 2ØC12 LAS. A kinetic study also was performed with 2ØC12 LAS, and the rate constants of uptake and elimination were K1 = 177.04 L/kg d and K2 = 0.92/d, respectively. The formation of the intermediate degradation products was monitored during the 2ØC10 LAS experiment, thus allowing, to our knowledge for the first time, the identification and quantification of SPCs from 5ØC6 to 9ØC10 in marine organisms and in the depuration water as a result of biotransformation by the organisms, diffusive elimination, and excretion. The elimination percentage of the surfactants is both time- and concentration-dependent, and this suggests the existence of a concentration limit for the surfactant in the fish below which the elimination processes are slow. Overall, LAS are not persistent bioaccumulative compounds at environmental exposure levels.
Biochemical ripening of dredged sediments. Part 2. Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and total petroleum hydrocarbons in slurried and consolidated sediments
Authors: Vermeulen Johan , van Gool Martine P. M. , Mentink Geert H. , Joziasse Jan , Bruning Harry , Rulkens Wim H. , Grotenhuis J. T. C. (Tim)
Published: November 2007

Ripening of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) polluted dredged sediment can be considered as a bioremediation technique. Aerobic biodegradation of PAH and TPH was studied in five previously anaerobicslurried sediments during a 350-d laboratory incubation experiment. In addition, oxygen penetration and degradation of PAH and TPH were studied in three consolidated (physically ripened) sediments. All experiments were conducted in the laboratory at 30°C. A double exponential decay model could adequately describe PAH and TPH degradation kinetics in the slurried sediments. First-order degradation rate constants for the rapidly degradable fractions (12–58%) were approximately 0.13 and 0.058 d−1 for PAH and TPH, respectively, whereas the rate constants for the slowly degradable fractions were approximately 0.36 × 10−3 (PAH) and 0.66 × 10−3 d−1 (TPH). Rate constants for the rapidly and slowly degrading fractions have the same order of magnitude as the mineralization rate constants of the rapidly and slowly mineralizing organic matter (OM) fractions in the sediments. Oxygen uptake by degradation of PAH and TPH was negligible compared to the oxygen uptake by sulfur oxidation and OM mineralization. In consolidated sediments, PAH and TPH degradation was limited to the oxygenated part. Amounts of PAH and TPH that degraded in the oxygenated parts of the consolidated sediments during 21 d of incubation were similar to the amounts that degraded during 21 d in the slurried sediments.
A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction method for the analysis of vitellogenin transcripts in model and nonmodel fish species
Authors: Biales Adam D. , Bencic David C. , Lazorchak Jim L. , Lattier David L.
Published: November 2007

The measurement of vitellogenin (vtg) gene transcription has been shown to be a reliable indicator of exposure to estrogenic compounds. Unfortunately, the relatively poor molecular characterization of North American fish species has hindered its application to a larger number of ecologically important species. The current research aimed to demonstrate specific amplification of vtg gene transcripts in three model (zebrafish, rainbow trout, and medaka) and six nonmodel (emerald shiner, pearl dace, smallmouth bass, creek chub, white sucker, and golden redhorse) fish species. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (QPCR) primers for model species were designed from publicly available vtg sequences. Successful amplification of vtg was demonstrated in fish exposed to 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) for all model species. Vitellogenin primers for selected nonmodel species were designed from published sequences of closely related species. Multiple primers were developed targeting different regions of the vtg gene. The successful amplification of vtg was confirmed through size and sequence analysis for all nonmodel species with the exception of the white sucker, in which amplifications failed. Furthermore, QPCR primers and conditions were quantitative over five orders of magnitude in at least one species (pearl dace) exposed to 5 ng/L of EE2 for 24 h. The selected species are found in a wide array of ecological habitats that span the United States. Inclusion of vtg transcriptional analysis for wild, ecologically relevant fish in monitoring studies may aid in understanding the extent of estrogenic exposure in aquatic ecosystems across the United States.
Hepatic biomarker responses to organic contaminants in feral chub (Leuciscus cephalus)—laboratory characterization and field study in the Sava River, Croatia
Authors: Krča Sanja , Žaja Roko , Čalić Violeta , Terzić Senka , Grubešić Miloš Saša , Ahel Marijan , Smital Tvrtko
Published: November 2007

As a widely spread cyprinid fish species, the European chub (Leuciscus cephalus) has been used extensively in bio-monitoring programs. However, no laboratory dose-response and/or time course studies related to applied biomarkers have been reported on chub yet. In order to address this issue, specimens of juvenile chub caught in September 2005 in the Sava River, Croatia, were laboratory exposed to various (0.25–50 mg/kg) doses of either model polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) premutagen benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), or β-naphthoflavone (β-NF), a well-known model cytochrome 1A (CYP1A) inducer, for 3 (BaP) or 5 d (β-NF). The responses of several hepatic biomarkers were determined in the exposed fish: The hepatic 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, CYP1A content, glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity, liver bioactivation potential, and the amount of hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon bile metabolites determined by the fixed wavelength fluorescence and the high-performance liquid chromatography technique. The relevance of determined biomarker responses has been analyzed further and crosscorrelated with the same set of biomarkers, as well as with tissue concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and polychlorinated biphenyls, determined in chub specimens collected in September 2005 at five different polluted locations along the Sava River. The species-specific upper and lower limits in responses of studied biomarkers were determined and the obtained ranges successfully evaluated in real field situation. With the exception of the GST activity, all other biomarkers determined in chub proved to be valuable indicators of environmental pollution. Finally, the results of the present study demonstrated that the same strategy of laboratory characterization in combination with field evaluation should be used regularly in the selection of optimal biomarkers and indicator species.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure in Steller's eiders (Polysticta stelleri) and Harlequin ducks (Histronicus histronicus) in the eastern Aleutian Islands, Alaska, USA
Authors: Miles A. Keith , Flint Paul L. , Trust Kimberley A. , Ricca Mark A. , Spring Sarah E. , Arrieta Daniel E. , Hollmen Tuula , Wilson Barry W.
Published: November 2007

Seaducks may be affected by harmful levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at seaports near the Arctic. As an indicator of exposure to PAHs, we measured hepatic enzyme 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity (EROD) to determine cytochrome P4501A induction in Steller's eiders (Polysticta stelleri) and Harlequin ducks (Histronicus histronicus) from Unalaska, Popof, and Unga Islands (AK, USA) in 2002 and 2003. We measured PAHs and organic contaminants in seaduck prey samples and polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in seaduck blood plasma to determine any relationship to EROD. Using Akaike's information criterion, species and site differences best explained EROD patterns: Activity was higher in Harlequin ducks than in Steller's eiders and higher at industrial than at nonindustrial sites. Site-specific concentrations of PAHs in blue mussels ([Mytilus trossilus] seaduck prey; PAH concentrations higher at Dutch Harbor, Unalaska, than at other sites) also was important in defining EROD patterns. Organochlorine compounds rarely were detected in prey samples. No relationship was found between polychlorinated biphenyl congeners in avian blood and EROD, which further supported inferences derived from Akaike's information criterion. Congeners were highest in seaducks from a nonindustrial or reference site, contrary to PAH patterns. To assist in interpreting the field study, 15 captive Steller's eiders were dosed with a PAH known to induce cytochrome P4501A. Dosed, captive Steller's eiders had definitive induction, but results indicated that wild Steller's eiders were exposed to PAHs or other inducing compounds at levels greater than those used in laboratory studies. Concentrations of PAHs in blue mussels at or near Dutch Harbor (∼1,180–5,980 ng/g) approached those found at highly contaminated sites (∼4,100–7,500 ng/g).
Influence of in-stream diel concentration cycles of dissolved trace metals on acute toxicity to one-year-old cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi)
Authors: Nimick David A. , Harper David D. , Farag Aïda M. , Cleasby Thomas E. , MacConnell Elizabeth , Skaar Don
Published: November 2007

Extrapolating results of laboratory bioassays to streams is difficult, because conditions such as temperature and dissolved metal concentrations can change substantially on diel time scales. Field bioassays conducted for 96 h in two mining-affected streams compared the survival of hatchery-raised, metal-näive westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi) exposed to dissolved (0.1-μm filtration) metal concentrations that either exhibited the diel variation observed in streams or were controlled at a constant value. Cadmium and Zn concentrations in these streams increased each night by as much as 61 and 125%, respectively, and decreased a corresponding amount the next day, whereas Cu did not display a diel concentration cycle. In High Ore Creek (40 km south of Helena, MT, USA), survival (33%) after exposure to natural diel-fluctuating Zn concentrations (range, 214–634 μg/L; mean, 428 μg/L) was significantly (p = 0.008) higher than survival (14%) after exposure to a controlled, constant Zn concentration (422 μg/L). Similarly, in Dry Fork Belt Creek (70 km southeast of Great Falls, MT, USA), survival (75%) after exposure to diel-fluctuating Zn concentrations (range, 266–522 μg/L; mean, 399 μg/L) was significantly (p = 0.022) higher than survival (50%) in the constant-concentration treatment (392 μg/L). Survival likely was greater in these diel treatments, both because the periods of lower metal concentrations provided some relief for the fish and because toxicity during periods of higher metal concentrations was lessened by the simultaneous occurrence each night of lower water temperatures, which reduce the rate of metal uptake. Based on the present study, current water-quality criteria appear to be protective for streams with diel concentration cycles of Zn (and, perhaps, Cd) for the hydrologic conditions tested.