bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethical AI for Automated Bus Lane Enforcement
Authors: Lannon Caitriona , Nelson John , Cunneen Martin
Published: October 2021

There is an explosion of camera surveillance in our cities today. As a result, the risks of privacy infringement and erosion are growing, as is the need for ethical solutions to minimise the risks. This research aims to frame the challenges and ethics of using data surveillance technologies in a qualitative social context. A use case is presented which examines the ethical data required to automatically enforce bus lanes using camera surveillance and proposes ways of minimising the risks of privacy infringement and erosion in that scenario. What we seek to illustrate is that there is a challenge in using technologies in positive, socially responsible ways. To do that, we have to better understand the use case and not just the present, but also the downstream risks, and the downstream ethical questions. There is a gap in the literature in this aspect as well as a gap in the actual thinking of researchers in terms of understanding and responding to it. A literature review and detailed risk analysis of automated bus lane enforcement is conducted. Based on this, an ethical design framework is proposed and applied to the use case. Several potential solutions are created and described. The final chosen solution may also be broadly applicable to other use cases. We show how it is possible to provide an ethical AI solution for detecting infringements that incorporates privacy-by-design principles, while being fair to potential transgressors. By introducing positive, pragmatic and adaptable methods to support and uphold privacy, we support access to innovation that can help us mitigate current emerging risks.
Of Mice, Cattle, and Men: A Review of the Eco-Epidemiology of Leptospira borgpetersenii Serovar Ballum
Authors: Moinet Marie , Wilkinson David A. , Aberdein Danielle , Russell James C. , Vallée Emilie , Collins-Emerson Julie M. , Heuer Cord , Benschop Jackie
Published: October 2021

In New Zealand (NZ), leptospirosis is a mostly occupational zoonosis, with >66% of the recently notified cases being farm or abattoir workers. Livestock species independently maintain Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo and L. interrogans serovar Pomona, and both are included in livestock vaccines. The increasing importance in human cases of Ballum, a serovar associated with wildlife, suggests that wildlife may be an overlooked source of infection. Livestock could also act as bridge hosts for humans. Drawing from disease ecology frameworks, we chose five barriers to include in this review based on the hypothesis that cattle act as bridge hosts for Ballum. Using a narrative methodology, we collated published studies pertaining to (a) the distribution and abundance of potential wild maintenance hosts of Ballum, (b) the infection dynamics (prevalence and pathogenesis) in those same hosts, (c) Ballum shedding and survival in the environment, (d) the exposure and competency of cattle as a potential bridge host, and (e) exposure for humans as a target host of Ballum. Mice (Mus musculus), rats (Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus) and hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus) were suspected as maintenance hosts of Ballum in NZ in studies conducted in the 1970s–1980s. These introduced species are distributed throughout NZ, and are present on pastures. The role of other wildlife in Ballum (and more broadly Leptospira) transmission remains poorly defined, and has not been thoroughly investigated in NZ. The experimental and natural Ballum infection of cattle suggest a low pathogenicity and the possibility of shedding. The seroprevalence in cattle appears higher in recent serosurveys (3 to 14%) compared with studies from the 1970s (0 to 3%). This review identifies gaps in the knowledge of Ballum, and highlights cattle as a potential spillover host. Further studies are required to ascertain the role that wild and domestic species may play in the eco-epidemiology of Ballum in order to understand its survival in the environment, and to inform control strategies.
The Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Pneumonia Model Presenting a Novel Insight for the SARS-CoV-2 Dissemination Route
Authors: Nefedova Ekaterina , Koptev Vyacheslav , Bobikova Anna S. , Cherepushkina Viktoria , Mironova Tatyana , Afonyushkin Vasily , Shkil Nikolai , Donchenko Nikolai , Kozlova Yulia , Sigareva Natalia , Davidova Natalia , Bogdanchikova Nina , Pestryakov Alexey , Toledano-Magaña Yanis
Published: October 2021

Infectious bronchitis (IB) of chickens is a highly contagious disease characterized by damage of the respiratory system and reproductive organs in young animals caused by a virus of the genus Gamma coronavirus. The condition of the respiratory system caused by the IB virus in chickens has many similarities with the pathology of the respiratory system caused by SARS-CoV-2 in humans. The effectiveness of virucidal drugs (Argovit, Triviron, Ecocid, and lauric acid monoglyceride) was tested on chickens inoculated with a tenfold dose of a vaccine strain based on the attenuated virus H120 against IB of chickens. On the 6th day after inoculation, inflammatory changes in the intestines, lungs, and thymus were observed in the control group. The experimental groups were characterized by less pronounced inflammatory reactions and a lower proportion of thymus and lung probes containing genomic IB virus RNA. Since the virucidal activity of four orally administrated formulations was possible only in the intestine, the experimental data indirectly confirmed the hypothesis of the possibility of the predominant accumulation of coronaviruses in the intestine and subsequent lung damage due to the hematogenous redistribution of viral particles and IBV antigens. It was suggested that other coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2 can implement a similar mechanism.
Are Anthelminthic Treatments of Captive Ruminants Necessary?
Authors: Lahat Liron , Ortiz Juana M. , Tizzani Paolo , Ibáñez Belén , Valera Francisco , Moreno Eulalia , Espeso Gerardo , Ruiz de Ybáñez Rocío
Published: October 2021

Anthelmintics are frequently administered to animals to limit fecal egg elimination, so that wild animals in captive breeding programs are treated to maintain a proper health condition. This is effective from a health management perspective, but on the other hand, it could prevent captive animals from developing an effective immunity against parasites that they might encounter when reintroduced into their original geographic areas. The aim of this study was to describe the dynamics of parasite infections in captive Cuvier’s gazelles (Gazella cuvieri) not treated with anthelmintics for two years and to evaluate the factors related to their fecal egg shedding. Fifteen one-year-old males were enclosed together and captured monthly to collect feces directly from the rectum. Fecal egg counts were performed, and eggs were classified as strongylid-like, Nematodirus sp., or Trichuris sp. Fecal egg shedding for the three groups of parasites did not vary significantly over the duration of the study. Only precipitation affected the egg-shedding pattern of all parasites, while inbreeding was positively associated with the number of strongylid-like parasites. These findings suggest an equilibrium between hosts and parasites in absence of treatment during the study. The anthelmintic treatment as a systematic prophylaxis method in captive animals should be avoided and replaced by systematic coprological and clinical vigilance, as well as targeted treatment in the case of a significant rise of fecal egg counts.
Socio-political problems of residents of Вishkek residential areas
Authors: Salmorbekova Rita Bobuevna , Karimova Dilshat
Published: October 2021

The article examines the problems of the population of the residential areas of the city of Bishkek based on the sociological study. An expert survey carried out in four districts of Bishkek is presented. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, more than 50 new residential areas appeared in the city. Naturally, new residential areas do not have sufficient infrastructure for the population to this day. The current situation with internal migrants in Kyrgyzstan violates the regional demographic balance and the rational distribution of the population across the country. The population is moving actively at the interdistrict and interregional levels. As a result, the main influx of internal migrants moves to Bishkek and Chui Region. The problem of researching the state of the new residential areas in Bishkek is relevant for modern Kyrgyzstan. However, the official statistical base does not cover all citizens living in new buildings, since most residents do not have a residence registration in the area. 75–80 % of the population does not have education and health services. In many residential areas, social facilities, roads, and communications have not been built yet, and the infrastructure as a whole is not developed. Ignoring the issue on the part of the state can lead to a social explosion, expressed by protest actions, exacerbation of social and interregional conflicts among residents of the given area. Based on this, it was necessary to conduct an expert survey among the representatives of the municipal territorial authorities of each district. The main problems of residents of the new residential areas were studied as much as possible.
Professional education in the context of increased demand in the labor market
Authors: Muller Olga Yurievna
Published: October 2021

The issue of the shortage of qualifi ed workers is of relevant importance in the Russian labor market. The modern labor market in the Russian Federation is in dire need of workforce. The market economy places high demands on the quality of the workforce, its professionalism, educational and qualification level. In conditions of fierce competition in the labor market for specialists, jobs at manufacturing enterprises are often unoccupied for various reasons. On the one hand, companies offering vacancies for blue-collar workers cannot find employees with sufficient qualifi cations. On the other hand, people who have received a vocational profession cannot ensure the fulfi llment of important production orders at the proper level, due to the lack of the necessary qualifications. Thirdly, young people prefer to work anywhere, but not in the field they studied. The article is devoted to the key issues of training specialists at the present stage. Research methods include a comprehensive analysis of statistical data and articles on resolving the problem of the workforce shortage, ways to solve the problem of the provision of proper qualification level in vocational specialties, increasing the prestige of vocational professions and motivating young people to work in the field of industrial production. As a result of the analysis carried out in the article, the author concludes that a positive change in this direction can be achieved only under the condition of an integrated approach to the problem and involvement of all interested parties in its solution. Meanwhile, the main emphasis should be placed on early vocational guidance, motivation and incentivization of young people and students, and increasing the prestige of vocational occupations.
Göç ile Gelen Öğrencilerin Eğitim Sorunlarına İlişkin Öğretmen Görüşleri
Authors: PALA Fatih
Published: October 2021

Bu çalışma, göç ile gelen öğrencilerin karşılaştığı eğitim sorunlara ilişkin öğretmen görüşlerini belirlemeyi amaçlamıştır. Çalışmada nitel araştırma desenlerinden durum çalışması kullanılmıştır. Araştırma İstanbul ili Sultanbeyli ilçesi sınırları içerisinde Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı’na bağlı bir ortaokulda yapılmıştır. Araştırmaya, kolay ulaşılabilir durum örneklemesi/uygun örnekleme yoluyla seçilen 35 öğretmen katılmıştır. Bu çalışmada, veri toplama aracı olarak araştırmacı tarafından hazırlanan yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde durum çalışmalarında sıkça kullanılan betimsel analiz yönteminden faydalanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda öğretmenler, göç ile öğrencilerin maddi, akademik, ailevi ve davranış olarak problemlerinin olduğunu belirtmişlerdir.
Lisansüstü Öğrencilerin Yaşam Boyu Öğrenme Yeterliklerine İlişkin Görüşleri
Authors: GÜVEN Sibel , YILDIRIM Gamze
Published: October 2021

Ülkelerin sahip olduğu nitelikli insan gücünün sürdürülebilir olmasında yaşam boyu öğrenme ile ilgili çalışmaların hız kazanması önemli bir etken olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Sürdürülebilir öğrenme yaşantılarının gerçekleşme aşamasında ise bireylerin kendi öğrenmelerini düzenleyebilmeleri adına, Avrupa Birliği yaşam boyu öğrenme kapsamında birtakım anahtar yeterlikler belirlemiştir. Bu doğrultuda araştırmada, yaşam boyu öğrenmenin gelecekteki uygulayıcıları olarak değerlendirilen lisansüstü öğrencilerinin yaşam boyu öğrenme yeterliklerine ilişkin görüşlerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Olgu bilim (fenomenoloji) deseni kullanılan bu araştırmada, ölçüt örnekleme yöntemi ile gönüllü 15 kişilik lisansüstü eğitim grubu oluşturulmuş, veriler yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu ile elde edilmiştir. Yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formunun oluşturulmasında Avrupa Birliği’nin yaşam boyu öğrenme için belirlemiş olduğu sekiz anahtar yeterlik dikkate alınmıştır. Lisansüstü öğrencilerden elde edilen veriler içerik analizi ile çözümlenerek, kategori ve kodlardan temalara ulaşılmıştır. Gerçekleştirilen analiz sonucunda elde edilen bulgulara göre; lisansüstü öğrencilerinin yaşam boyu öğrenme ve yaşam boyu öğrenme yeterliklerine ilişkin ifadelerinin, literatürde yer alan tanımlarla örtüştüğü belirlenmiştir.
Apollon, Mercure et Minerve dans les Gaules et les Germanies
Authors: Joseph Maxime
Published: October 2021

The study of religion in the roman Gauls and Germanies has long been – and is sometimes still – carried out with false bias, which leads historians to search in roman period sources clues of a previous unified religion. Yet, this assumption of the uniformity of the Gallic and Germanic religions is now abandoned by most of the scientists, who insist on the communitarian aspect of polytheistic religions. This article focuses on this aspect and is therefore dedicated to the divine networks uniting Apollo, Minerva and Mercury in the Gauls and the Germanies. A detailed study of the documents at our disposal allows us to quickly highlight the regional character of the Apollo-Mercury and Apollo-Mercury-Minerva groups. The Apollo-Mercury duo, often invoked near the roads, could have had the protection of travellers as field of action.
40 Jahre Übergang. Das Bistum Minden im Investiturstreit
Authors: Schnack Frederieke maria
Published: October 2021

Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, wie die Übergangsphasen zwischen einzelnen Bischofsherrschaften im Investiturstreit aussahen und auf welche Weise die Differenzen zwischen König-und Papsttum diese beeinflussten. Am Beispiel des Bistums Minden, das von 1080 (Tod Bischof Eilberts) bis 1120 (Beginn des Episkopats Bischof Sigewards) mehrere Sedisvakanzen samt heftigen Auseinandersetzungen und zwei Schismen erlebte, wird – soweit aufgrund der Überlieferung möglich – nachvollzogen, welche Akteure auf Reichs-, kurialer und regionaler Ebene Einfluss auf die Neubesetzung der bischöflichen Sedes zu nehmen versuchten, wie die Handlungsspielräume der jeweiligen Bischöfe aussahen und welche Auswirkungen schwere Auseinandersetzungen um die Bischofsherrschaft für die weitere Entwicklung der Diözese hatten.
Les vacances des sièges épiscopaux en Normandie ducale puis royale (XIe-XIIIe siècles)
Authors: Allen Richard
Published: October 2021

Unlike the episcopal vacancies of medieval England, those experienced by the dioceses of Normandy during the central Middle Ages have never been the subject of detailed study. This article, which is based on an initial survey of the available narrative, canonical and diplomatic sources, looks in part to fill this historiographical gap. It focuses on a handful of case studies, in particular the vacancy that took place in the diocese of Bayeux between 1163 and 1165, which saw various actors intervene (papacy, neighbouring bishops, chapter), but also aims to improve our wider understanding of the norms, procedures and individuals involved when a Norman diocese fell vacant.
Comparison of Sorption and Solubility Behavior of Four Different Types of Glass Ionomer Luting Cements in Artificial Saliva
Authors: Shishehian Arash , Amiri Fatemeh , Izadi Alireza , Abbasi Samaneh , Farhadian Maryam , Shahbazi Armaqan
Published: October 2021

Background: Luting cement provides the connection between crowns and tooth structure. The sensitivity, solubility, and decomposition stages of the cement after the hardening stage are still subjects of relative controversy. These characteristics could lead to a poor connection between the braces and the teeth, increased probability of decay, and decalcification. The present study aimed to evaluate the adsorption and solubility of 4 types of glass ionomer cement. Methods: Four luting cements were examined. A total of 10 specimens were prepared for each material following the manufacturer’s instructions, and the sorption and solubility were measured in accordance with the ISO 4049’s. Specimens were immersed in artificial saliva for 30 days, and were evaluated for sorption and solubility by first weighting them before incubation (W1), then immersing them in artificial saliva, dehydrating them in an oven for 24 hours, and weighing them again (W2 and W3, respectively). The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey post hoc test was used to examine the differences among groups (α = 0.05). Results: As for the both sorption and solubility, there was a significant interaction between the sorption and solubility of all materials (P<0.001). The sorption values in artificial saliva were highest for glass ionomer cement Riva Luting followed by GC Fuji 1 and Cavex, whereas the least value was observed for Meron (P<0.000). As for solubility, it was significantly higher in Cavex followed by GC Fuji1 and Meron, but it was significantly lower in Riva Luting. Conclusions: It was determined that the weight changes of glass ionomer cements significantly varied among all the materials. Riva Luting followed by GC Fuji 1 had the highest water sorption, and the solubility was significantly higher in Cavex followed by GC Fuji1. Meron improved both water sorption and solubility properties among all glass ionomer cements.
Comparing the Incidence of Disruption in Daily Activities and Quality of Life Score Associated With Oral Health in Patients With Implant Candidates Before and After Treatment
Authors: Amiri Nasab Omid , Bahaodini Mohammad , Mohammadbeigi Abolfazl , Naderifar Homa
Published: October 2021

Background: Changes in oral health like tooth loss can have a profound effect on the patients’ quality of life. The condition of relative or complete toothlessness exerts negative effects on chewing, speech, and appearance of the individual. The high capability of dental implants in restoring the beauty and oral function of the patients has led to their widespread usage. This study aimed to compare the quality of life of the toothless patients before and after treatment with implant. Methods: In the present study, 50 patients afflicted with complete or relative toothlessness were examined. Before completing the questionnaires, all participants were asked to complete and sign the consent form of the questionnaire from Oral Impacts on Daily Performance) OIDP). The questionnaires were completed before receiving the implant coating, and a month after the delivery of the patients’ prosthesis. Finally, the data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney, and McNemar. Results: In this study, 50 patients with the mean age of 46.84±11.87 years were investigated. As for the gender and marital status of the participants, 50% (25 patients) were male and 84% (42 ones) were married. According to the data obtained from the OIDP questionnaire, the most significant changes were detected in eating, smiling, laughing and showing teeth without discomfort and speaking clearly, respectively. Moreover, a significant difference was found between the total score of oral effect on daily activities and some levels included in disruption questionnaire on daily activities such as eating, speaking clearly, going out, sleeping, relaxation, smiling, enjoying communication with others, job-related activities, as well as emotional conditions (Irritability); however, no significant difference was found between cases of cleaning teeth and light physical activity. Conclusions: According to the data from OIDP questionnaire and the study results, implant had favorable effects on the quality of life of the patients. However, long-term studies and follow-ups are necessary to determine other possible favorable effects of implant treatment.
Drug-Induced Gingival Overgrowth in an 8-Year-Old Girl: A Case Report
Authors: Torkzaban Parviz , Talaie Amir
Published: October 2021

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a systemic autoimmune disease that involves multi organs. Genetic, endocrine, immunological, and environmental factors influence the loss of immunological tolerance against self-antigens leading to the formation of pathogenic autoantibodies that cause tissue damage through multiple mechanisms. The gingival overgrowth can be caused by three factors: noninflammatory, hyperplastic reaction to the medication; chronic inflammatory hyperplasia; or a combined enlargement due to chronic inflammation and drug-induced hyperplasia. Drug-Induced Gingival Overgrowth is associated with the use of three major classes of drugs, namely anticonvulsants, calcium channel blockers, and immunosuppressants. Due to recent indications for these drugs, their use continues to grow.
Recent Update of COVID-19 Vaccines
Authors: Jadaan Sameer A. , Khan Abdul Waheed
Published: October 2021

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been recently identified as a novel member of beta coronaviruses (CoVs) and the cause of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19). It has been first discovered in China and soon has spread across continents with an escalating number of mortalities. There is an urgent need for developing a COVID-19 vaccine to control the rapid transmission and the deleterious impact of the virus. The potent vaccine should have a good tolerable and efficacious profile to induce target-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. It should also exhibit no or minimal detrimental effects in children, young adults, and elderly people with or without co-morbidities from different racial backgrounds. Previously published findings of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome associated Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) played vital role in the characterization of surface spike proteins as the tool of entry of the SARS-CoV-2 into host cells. It has become evident that SARS-CoVs have high genetic similarity and this implies antecedent vaccination strategies could be implicated in the production of COVID-19 vaccines. Although several vaccines have been approved and rolled out, only a handful of them have passed the three phases of clinical studies. This review highlights the completed, and ongoing clinical trials of COVID-19 vaccines and efforts are being made globally to avert the pandemic.
Multiplex NanoSPR Molecular Biosensor for Blood Cytokine Monitoring
Authors: Mirza Agha Zeeshan
Published: October 2021

Cytokines, as protein biomarkers, have essential functions in the diagnosis, identification, and healing of a broad range of syndromes. For the specific and accurate monitoring of immune conditions, which change rapidly throughout the duration of disease, sophisticated sensors for detecting cytokines are essential and will assist in clinical testing and studies of various diseases. The present manuscript briefly discusses fundamental principles applied to the development of tools for cytokine detection and new biomarker development. The latest developments in the technologies for highly sensitive and multiplexed cytokine quantification, with current detection capabilities across a broad, vibrant array, are also discussed. Finally, nanomaterial-based cytokine sensors, currently considered new approaches, are presented from the perspective of optimizing the sensitivity and multiplexity of cytokine detection.
The Effect of Spironolactone on β-amyloid-Induced Memory Impairment in Male Rats: The Role of Microglial Inhibition
Authors: Mehdipour Mohammad , Emamghoreishi Masoumeh , Farrokhi Majid Reza , Amirinezhadfard Elahe , Keshavarz Mojtaba
Published: October 2021

Purpose: Neuroinflammation was indicated in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease(AD). Previous reports have also signified that spironolactone has anti-inflammatory effects.Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the modulatory effects of spironolactone onneuroinflammation and memory loss in a rat model of AD.Methods: The β-amyloid protein fragment 25-35 (Aβ) was injected in the dorsal hippocampus (5μg/2.5 μL each side) of male Sprague-Dawley rats for four consecutive days to induce memoryimpairment. Animals have intraperitoneally received spironolactone (10, 25, or 50 mg/kg, N = 6/group) or vehicle for 14 days. The passive inhibitory avoidance and the novel recognition testswere used for memory evaluation. Neuroinflammation was assessed by measuring the level ofIba1 protein, a marker of microglial activation, using western immunoblotting.Results: Different doses of spironolactone showed no significant changes in latency times anddiscriminations ratios in passive inhibitory avoidance and novel recognition tests, respectively,as compared to vehicle. However, spironolactone-treated groups showed significantly lowerIba1 protein levels in comparison to the vehicle-treated group (P < 0.01).Conclusion: Spironolactone had a modulatory effect on neuroinflammation through a repressiveeffect on microglial activation with no valuable effect on memory improvement in a rat modelof AD. The findings of this study suggest that Aβ-induced memory loss may not be directly linkedto microglial activation. Spironolactone may be a potential candidate to be examined in otherneuroinflammatory disorders.
Microfluidics- The State-of-the-Art Technology for Pharmaceutical Application
Authors: Verma Anisha , Bhattacharya Sayani
Published: October 2021

Microfluidics (MF) is the science dealing with the behavior, precise control, and manipulation of fluids as well as particles on the scale of tens to hundreds of micrometers. It is also utilized for chemical and biological applications, usually called micro–Total Analysis Systems (mTAS) or Lab-on-a-chip (LOC). MF is a fascinating and capable technology with various superior benefits compared to conventional macro-scale platforms, such as the lesser requirement of sample and reagent volumes, higher sensitivity, low cost, portability, faster processing of samples and potential to be automated and highly integrated to reduce human errors. The concept of transformation of meso to nanoliters using MF technology has shown its potential in the healthcare system for early diagnosis, and personalized medicine. The integrated multifunctional system with parallelization provides a better and faster process control. Minimization of the consumption of fluid makes the technology safer in every aspect of the development process, analysis, and storage. The impressive improvement in patient care and monitoring has led to the commercial motivation of the pharmaceutical industry to develop new drugs and modify existing products with better efficacy and safety in a cost-effective manner using MF technologies. Hence, the present review briefs on the applications of MF technology in the key issues of the drug discovery process, overcoming the limitations of development of analytical procedures and prosperous pharmaceutical manufacturing for novel controlled and targeted release dosage forms to fabricate quality products.
Immunotherapy in Cancer Management: A Literature Review of Clinical Efficacy of Pembrolizumab in the Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Treatment
Authors: Miquelotti Luísa Biscaglia , Sari Marcel Henrique Marcondes , Ferreira Luana Mota
Published: October 2021

Purpose: Cancer is a global public health problem that affects millions of people every year and the immunotherapy has been a promising alternative for its treatment. The aim of this study was to gather data concerning the efficacy and safety of immunotherapy in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), emphasizing pembrolizumb, a humanized antibody. This study also reports the role of immunotherapy in cancer treatments, contemplating the anti-CTLA4, anti-PD-L1 and anti PD-1 action in lymphocyte T cells. Methods: A bibliographic review was performed using Pubmed, SCIELO and SCOPUS databases, screening the scientific studies published within the last 5 years. Results: Seven clinical trials were selected to discuss the benefits of pembrolizumab as NSCLC therapy in untreated and previously treated patients, considering or not the tumor proportion score (TPS). It was found that NSCLC occurs with great frequency in Brazil and worldwide, presenting a poor prognosis due to its late diagnosis in most cases. Immunotherapy is a promising treatment strategy for NSCLC because its benefits overcome its risks compared to other therapies. Besides, the studies evidenced the efficiency of pembrolizumab as monotherapy or in association whit chemotherapy, in the first or second line of treatment and, additionally, patient’s whit TPS ≥ 50% seem to have a greater benefit from the treatment. Conclusion: The data collected herein showed that pembrolizumab is a very promising, effective, and safe treatment option against NSCLC. Lastly, it is important to highlight the relevance of review’s studies, since they are easy-to-read materials, collecting relevant information on a subject.
“The Star of Venusˮ in Russian poetry of the 20th century: mythopoetic symbolism
Authors: Abramova Veronika Igorevna , Arkhangelskaya Yulia Vladimirovna
Published: October 2021

Being a part of the astronomical, temporal, anthropomorphic linguocultural codes, Venus as a celestial body has a significant place in the Russian verbal culture. This statement can be proved not only when analysing linguistic units, but also when referring to literary works, in particular to Russian lyric poetry. Twenty four poetic contexts, which include the image of Venus, have been analysed in the article (the works by Alexander Pushkin, Georgy Adamovich, Pavel Antokolsky, Leonid Martynov, Mikhail Zenkevich, Alexander Blok, Vyacheslav Ivanov, Nikolay Gumilyov, Marina Tsvetaeva, Fyodor Sologub, Mikhail Kuzmin, Georgy Shengeli, Ilya Selvinsky, Konstantin Simonov, Anatoliy Demyanov). The authors focus on the Russian 20th century lyric poetry because it is there that Venus appears as a star rather than a planet, and this corresponds to the archaic notions of this celestial body. Mercury and Mars are also called 'stars' in the 20th century poetry, but in a much smaller number of contexts than Venus. The authors come to the conclusion that Venus in Russian poets’ works can symbolise the onset of morning / evening, love, paradise, loneliness, fate, youth, old age, life journey. Moreover, Venus is included into poetic conceptions (it corresponds to the image of the Beautiful Lady in Alexander Blok’s poetry). The set of the above-mentioned symbolic meanings correlates with the archaic notions of Venus, widens them and makes the image of this celestial body mythopoetic.
An alienated person in the novels “Do not Feed or Touch the Pelicans” by Andrey Astvatsaturov and “A Brief Life” by Juan Carlos Onetti Borges
Authors: Kovalev Boris V. , Zhukov Andrey P.
Published: October 2021

The article compares the methods of describing the “alienated person”, landscape and interpersonal relationships in the novel “Do not Feed or Touch the Pelicans” by the contemporary Russian writer Andrey Astvatsaturov and in the novel “A Brief Lifeˮ by the Uruguayan prose writer Juan Carlos Onetti Borges. The aim of the work is to identify the points of contact between the texts of the Uruguayan and the Russian authors within the framework of the hermeneutic approach. The research reveals a number of similarities in the authors' poetics at the narratological, compositional, philosophical and socio-psychological levels. Particular attention is paid to the analysis and commenting of dialogues in Andrey Astvatsaturov and J.C. Onetti. The communication of the characters in the texts is unproductive, the characters are alienated from each other and from the “soilˮ, and the spiritual in them is in irreconcilable conflict with the bodily. Montevideo and Santa Maria with J.C. Onetti as loci are Latin American analogues of St. Petersburg with Andrey Astvatsaturov. The “carnivalˮ finals of the novels are compared. The conclusion is made about the typological similarity of Andrey Astvatsaturov and J.C. Onetti as authors who hold pessimistic views of the real world and model fictional worlds in an attempt to overcome the oppressive longing of reality. The authors borrow techniques and strategies for text arrangement from authors such as William Cuthbert Faulkner, Jerome David Salinger, and Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre while working on his novels. The question is raised about the further observation of the evolution of the poetics of Andrey Astvatsaturov and the subsequent comparison of his new texts with the novels of J.C. Onetti.
Historians and opposition in Leningrad (1920s – 1930s)
Authors: Barinov Dmitriy A.
Published: October 2021

In the 1920s-1930s, the political struggle in the USSR at the Politburo was closely linked with historical science. The search for “crimes” against the Communist Party that Bolshevik leaders had committed in the past became an important lever for obtaining political dividends in the contemporaneity. In this regard, the history of the Revolution was given special attention, and specialists in this field took on a great responsibility, often without even realising it. In the historiography of Soviet science, considerable attention is paid to the formation of the canon of the history of the Bolshevik Party, crowned by the Short Course of 1938. The author continues to study this topic from a different angle. The article aims to answer the question of how, under the conditions of the gradual establishment of the Stalinist vision of history, Stalin’s recent opponents existed – historians participating in Grigory Zinoviev’s opposition and the so-called United Opposition in 1925-1928. At the same time, it describes how they themselves used historical publications in the political struggle, as well as their direct participation in campaigning against Joseph Stalin’s and Nikolai Bukharin’s course. An important milestone was the publication of Stalin's letter to «Proletarian Revolution» newspaper, which, in addition to changing trends in historiography, also led to repression against former Trotskyists working in the humanities.
Custom and mentality of production societas in the realities of everyday life in the 1960s-80s (An interpretation of archive materials from the Russian State Archive of Contemporary History)
Authors: Stoletova Anna S.
Published: October 2021

Based on the sources of the Russian State Archive of Modern History, the article describes the establishment and operation of customs in the socio-economic life of the second half of the 20th century, which influence the everyday life, attitude and worldview of the production (industrial) part of Russian societas. The question is raised about the consolidation of new features in consciousness, individualistic tendencies as the basis of the worldview. Attention is focused on the fact that the dissonance in the levels of social differentiation, material wealth and social status formed the basis of the mental separation of the production elite, representatives of management and the working class. The author draws attention to the fact that the phenomena of nepotism, clannishness, favours and thuggery that penetrate into everyday life and the labour sphere of life were especially negatively perceived by the workers. The negative reactions of the workers were reinforced by the realities of life – the deficit, the housing issue as a problem of social arrangement, the outdated wage system. It is noted that the public niches in which customs and traditions were firmly rooted, were to a greater extent connected with topical and acute social processes, including the institutions of power, property and trade. The researcher comes to the conclusion that by the 1980s, due to the passage of the stages of further ideological, social and economic differentiation, the separation of the individual from the working collective, the isolation of the elite and a certain isolation of its ordinary members in the production environment, bourgeois aspirations and ideals of hoarding were growing stronger.
Glow and Lovely: ‘Old Wine in a New Bottle’
Authors: Uddin Farhad
Published: October 2021

Cosmetic companies like Unilever sell the perception of general people about beauty through their advertisements and reinforce it to promote their business. Even they do it in disguise form using a positive name and without changing any content in advertisements. By using qualitative semiotic analysis, this research shows how fair-skinned models, white color, and white light are used in the advertisements of Unilever’s recently name changed product “Glow and Lovely” on Bangladeshi TV channels. In the ads of it, any darkness on the skin is shown as unexpected and a hindrance to beauty, success, empowerment, and equality. All of these contents promote fairness as beauty and sustain discrimination based on skin color in society. The research also reveals a close relationship between the perceptions of general people about beauty and the meanings of the ‘signs’ used in the sampled advertisements.
Dişli Pompaların Mekanik Veriminin Artırılması
Authors: YALÇIN Erdem , ORAL Orçun , DEVECİLİ Ahmet Oktay
Published: October 2021

Endüstride hidrolik ve hidrolik pompalar sürekli bir gelişme göstermektedir. Özellikle sanayileşen ve multi-disipliner teknolojilerin kullanıldığı günümüzde hidrolik dişli pompaların konfor beklentisi de her geçen gün artmaktadır. Günümüzde pompaların en önemli değerlendirme kıstaslarından biri de verimliliktir. Pompanın verimliliğinin arttırılması daha düşük bir enerji maliyetine neden olacaktır. Bu çalışmada, pompa kalkış ve dönüş torklarının burç keçelerinin malzemesinde yapılan değişiklikler sayesinde düştüğü dolayısı ile mekanik verimin ve nihayetinde toplam verimliliğin yükseldiği deneysel çalışmalar ile gösterilmiştir.
Perancangan Prototype Buka Tutup Portal Menggunakan Arduino
Authors: Junaidi Junaidi , Harto Dedy
Published: October 2021

Perancangan prototype buka tutup portal parkir menggunakan arduino. Perancangan ini terdiri dari dua bagian yaitu perangkat keras dan perangkat lunak. Perangkat keras terdiri dari laser, modul sensor LDR, mikrokontroler Arduino Uno, motor servo, Dan LCD 16x2. Perangkat lunak digunakan software Arduino IDE. Dari hasil penelitian, data modul sensor LDR akan diproses dengan menggunakan mikrokontroler, Arduino Uno. Mikrokontroler akan menerima masukan dari sensor. Pada pintu masuk ketika penembakan cahaya laser terhalang oleh kendaraan, maka motor servo akan bekerja kesudut 180° (kondisi terbuka) dengan tegangan 4,82 V pada kondisi HIGH dan LCD akan menghitung total kendaraan yang masuk. Ketika penembakan cahaya laser tidak terhalang oleh kendaraan/telah melewati portal, maka motor servo akan bekerja kesudut 90° (kondisi tertutup) dengan tegangan 161,8 mV pada kondisi LOW dan LCD akan mengurangi sisa tempat parkir yang tersisa. Begitupun ketika kondisi pada pintu keluar ketika penembakan cahaya laser terhalang oleh kendaraan, maka motor servo akan bekerja kesudut 180° (kondisi terbuka) dengan tegangan 4,82 V pada kondisi HIGH dan LCD akan mengurangi total kendaraan yang masuk. Ketika penembakan cahaya laser tidak terhalang oleh kendaraan/telah melewati portal, maka servo akan bekerja kesudut 90° (kondisi tertutup) dengan tegangan 161,8 mV pada kondisi LOW dan LCD akan menambah sisa tempat parkir yang tersisa.
Analisis Injeksi Daya Reaktif Untuk Memperbaiki Faktor Daya Pada Line Instalasi Listrik Gedung Workshop AK-Manufaktur Bantaeng
Authors: Hermansyah Hermansyah
Published: October 2021

This research is a case study, namely the electrical installation system for AK-Manufacturing Bantaeng fabrication workshops. This study aims to improve the value of cos φ (power factor) from 0.75 to 0.97 and to determine the capacity of the capacitor bank that will be installed on the electrical installation line of the AK-Manufacturing Bantaeng Fabrication Machine workshop building. The problem that occurs is the low value of cos φ (power factor) in the installed electrical system which causes the installed active power to be not maximal. For this reason, a capacitor bank with an adjusted capacity value is needed to provide reactive power injection so that the value of cos φ can be increased from 0.75 to 0.97. This study uses an analysis method to determine the value of reactive power to be injected into the electrical installation system. The results of this study indicate that the required reactive power injection capacity is 12 KVar or 12,000 Var. This value is sufficient to improve the power factor from 0.75 to 0.97. This means that the electrical installation system is more optimal.
Perancangan Teknologi Sederhana Untuk Membangkitkan Microwave Plasma Dalam Cairan
Authors: Nurdin Muhammad Firdan
Published: October 2021

Plasma technology has interested, especially plasma in liquid which can be applied in the process of gas productions, water treatment, and nanomaterial productions. The purpose of this study is to make a simple technology 2.45 GHz microwave plasma and generate in the variation of liquids such as distilled water, seawater, and X-Ray liquid waste by utilizing a microwave oven, as well as to observe the effect of vacuum pressure variations. A microwave oven was modified by integrating a waveguide and a plasma reactor for plasma observation. The results, plasma was generated in distilled water at a vacuum pressure of about 7 kPa, X-Ray liquid waste at a vacuum pressure of about 13 kPa, and seawater at a vacuum pressure of about 34 kPa.
PEMANFAATAN DAUN PINUS JARUM UNTUK DIJADIKAN BRIKET BIOCOAL SEBAGAI ENERGI LISTRIK ALTERNATIF
Authors: Said Fitriani , Herawati Herawati
Published: October 2021

Biomass is organic material produced through the photosynthetic process in the form of products or waste. Examples of biomass include plants, trees, grass, agricultural waste, forest waste, feces and livestock manure. This biomass can be used as an alternative fuel to replace petroleum which is suitable for development in Tarakan. One of the abundant sources of biomass is needle pine leaves which are found on the UBT campus, Pesisir Charity Beach and Tarakan City Nursery. The selection of fallen needle pine leaves as biomass in this study was based on the absence of utilization of pine leaf waste. Thus, in this study, dry needle pine leaf waste will be utilized to make briquettes mixed with coal with a variant of adhesive composition. There are 3 types of adhesives used, sago, starch starch and clay. Of the 3 types of adhesives, each sample was tested to obtain the value of moisture content, ash content, heat and electrical energy. Briquettes can be said to be good if they have a water content value below 8% according to SNI. Where the water content in the sago adhesive is in the range of more than 6%, while for starch adhesive it is in the range of 5%-6% and for clay adhesive the value is in the range of 5%-7%. The ash content in this study has met the SNI standard, which is below 8%, but the clay adhesive has an ash content close to 8%, which is 7.95%. The value of voltage and current is influenced by the composition of the sample, where the smaller the percentage of the pine leaf content, the smaller it is, and vice versa. The calorific value is obtained from the analysis of existing data to obtain a large enough heating value, which is in the range of 4500 J.
THE EFFECTS OF VIRTUAL WORLD CAPTIVITY DURING THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Authors: Darie Cristina , Terpan Mihai , Vlad Ciprian
Published: October 2021

In recent decades, access to digital technology has increased, and labor productivity has required the acquisition of digital knowledge, so that the same skills used to meet hedonic tendencies, have led to the initiation and amplification of harmful behaviors. The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted normal activities globally, generating multiple challenges for people's physical and mental health. The adaptation to the new lifestyle, imposed by this pandemic, has increased the use of digital technology, which has led to the development of addictive behavior in some users. The purpose of this work is to bring to the attention of specialists, how the effects of virtual addictions, during the pandemic, act on mental health and unexpectedly change the normal rhythm of life. This work is a synthesis of possible addictive behaviors and mental disorders triggered by the use of digital devices, classified according to: the field in which the addictive behavior is installed, predisposed age groups and the association with pre-existing mental disorders. Changing people's behavior, associated with other stressors, can lead to a multitude of ailments, ranging from mental disorders to changes in compliance in organic diseases. Consequently, addictive behaviors have different intensities, occupy variable durations, have a fluctuating mental consumption. They generate a gradual social dysfunction, to which pre-existing mental suffering is added, and people involved develop disorders requiring the intervention of a specialist in the field of mental health.
OPTIMIZATION OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION AND FARM FINANCIAL CREDIT
Authors: Sharshembieva F.K. , Zhusupbaeva G.А.
Published: October 2021

In the work, an economic and mathematical model is formed for the problem of determining the optimal size of the sown area for each type of crop and the amount of financial credit received per year for the production of agricultural products, which provides the economy with a net predicted maximum income. A method for solving the problem has been developed. A numerical example is constructed and solved, which clearly demonstrates the performance of the model and the proposed method.
AVALANCHES IN THE KYRGYZSTAN
Authors: Stasenko L.N. , Radgapova N.A. , Risbekov A.Sh. , Albanov А.А.
Published: October 2021

To develop the most effective measures in the field of prevention of avalanches, prevention of avalanches and reduction of damage from them, as well as to improve the level of safety of the population, it is necessary to study the nature and analysis of avalanches. The presented article presents the results of the analysis of statistical data on emergency situations associated with avalanches that took place in the KR.
ROLE OF CHINESE HIEROGLYPHICS IN THE WORLD SOCIOCULTURAL SPACE
Authors: Apaeva S.H.
Published: October 2021

The article analyzes the history of the Chinese translation development from Ancient China to the present. Translation is the key to communication between two or more peoples, the key to connect the cultural, historical, political and social aspects of two or more countries. The interpreters recognized in China as an ancient profession, and later a translation science arose, which spread in many areas of the social sphere. The texts of the Buddhist sutras were the very first large-scale translations into Chinese, while Chinese interpreters, in the process, developed criteria and principles for translation from different points of view.