bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bokbunja Wine Industry Waste as Precursor Material for Carbonization and Its Utilization for the Removal of Procion Red MX‐5B from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Binupriya Arthur Raj , Sathishkumar Muthuswany , Jung Sung Hun , Song Sun Hwa , Yun Soon‐Il
Published: August 2008

Bokbunja (wild raspberry) seed waste from the Bokbunja wine industry is a serious environmental problem due to the increasing popularity of Bokbunja wines in recent years. In the present study, Bokbunja seeds were carbonized and used as an adsorbent for the removal of Procion Red MX‐5B. A batch of carbon was further treated with n‐hexane to remove excess seed oil and used separately as an adsorbent for comparison. There was a slight variation in the adsorption capacities of n‐hexane untreated (HUTC) and n‐hexane treated carbon (HTC). The adsorption capacities predicted by the Langmuir isotherm were 29.37 and 30.65 mg/g for HUTC and HTC, respectively. The adsorption was found to be dependant on initial pH, contact time and initial dye concentration. The dye removal rates were higher at pH 2, while equilibrium time was achieved at 120 min. Kinetic studies showed a pseudo‐first‐order rate of adsorption. The results show that Bokbunja carbon could be used as a potential adsorbent for dye removal from wastewaters.
Heterogeneous Cracking of an Unsaturated Fatty Acid and Reaction Intermediates on H+ZSM‐5 Catalyst
Authors: Benson Tracy J. , Hernandez Rafael , White Mark G. , French W. Todd , Alley Earl E. , Holmes William E. , Thompson Bethany
Published: August 2008

Production of transportation fuels from renewable resources has been mostly ethanol and biodiesel. To alleviate some of the by‐product generation and distribution issues associated with biodiesel, this paper describes the production of transportation fuel using catalytic cracking. Oleic acid was used as a model compound. It was reacted at 400°C on H+ZSM‐5 catalyst in an attempt to determine the reaction steps involved in the catalytic transformation of an unsaturated fatty acid into green fuels. The reaction products were identified using GC/MS and quantitated using GC thermal conductivity detector analysis. Selected products of the oleic acid cracking were reacted separately in an effort to elucidate the reaction pathway for producing green fuel related compounds. The results showed that a wide range of products, including paraffins, olefins, and aromatic compounds, were produced on the highly acidic, shape‐selective catalyst. These results contribute to the realization of using lipid feedstocks for transportation fuels.
Low Cost and Highly Reactive Biobased Polyols: A Co‐Product of the Emerging Biorefinery Economy
Authors: Benecke Herman P. , Vijayendran Bhima R. , Garbark Daniel B. , Mitchell Katherine P.
Published: August 2008

Over several billion pounds of petroleum‐derived polyols are consumed in the U.S. annually in many polyurethane applications, e. g., foams, coatings and adhesives. There is an increasing need and interest to develop alternate polyols based on renewable, resource‐based raw materials that offer reduced price volatility with a more favorable environmental footprint compared to current petroleum‐derived polyols. A novel process is developed for the economical production of high quality biobased polyols by the ozonolysis of mixtures of vegetable oils, e. g., soybean oil and primary polyols such as glycerin. High performance coatings and both rigid and flexible foams have been prepared from these polyols.
Glycerin as a Renewable Feedstock for Epichlorohydrin Production. The GTE Process
Authors: Bell Bruce M. , Briggs John R. , Campbell Robert M. , Chambers Susanne M. , Gaarenstroom Phil D. , Hippler Jeffrey G. , Hook Bruce D. , Kearns Kenneth , Kenney John M. , Kruper William J. , Schreck D. James , Theriault Curt N. , Wolfe Charles P.
Published: August 2008

A significant improvement in a process to produce epichlorohydrin through the use of glycerin as renewable feedstock is presented. The glycerin to epichlorohydrin (GTE) process proceeds in two chemical steps. In the first step, glycerin is hydrochlorinated with hydrogen chloride gas at elevated temperature and pressure to a mixture of 1,3‐DCH (1,3‐dichlorohydrin, 1,3‐dichloropropan‐2‐ol) and 2,3‐DCH (2,3‐dichlorohydrin, 2,3‐dichloropropan‐1‐ol), using a carboxylic acid catalyst. In the second step, the mixture of dichlorohydrins is converted to epichlorohydrin with a base. This solventless process represents an economically and environmentally advantageous, atom‐efficient process to an existing commodity chemical that can employ a renewable resource for its primary feedstock.
Synthetic Methods for the Preparation of 1,3‐Propanediol
Authors: Kraus George A.
Published: August 2008

The market for 1,3‐propanediol (PDO) is currently over 100 million pounds per year and is growing rapidly. PDO is a component of industrial polyesters such as Dupont's Sorona® and CDP Natureworks® or Shell Chemical's CorterraTM. Markets for the polyester include thermoplastics, textiles, carpets, and upholstery. This paper reviews the methods for the production of 1,3‐propanediol by focusing on four feedstocks: glycerol, ethylene oxide, acrolein, and glucose.
Ruthenium Olefin Metathesis Catalysts for the Ethenolysis of Renewable Feedstocks
Authors: Schrodi Yann , Ung Thay , Vargas Angel , Mkrtumyan Garik , Lee Choon Woo , Champagne Timothy M. , Pederson Richard L. , Hong Soon Hyeok
Published: August 2008

Ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts have been evaluated for the ethenolysis of methyl oleate, a natural seed oil derivative, to produce useful terminal olefins. Several N‐heterocyclic carbene‐based ruthenium catalysts demonstrate good activity and selectivity for the formation of terminal olefins. In particular, catalysts (10) and (21) achieved higher TONs (>20 000).
Feedstocks for the Future – Biorefinery Production of Chemicals from Renewable Carbon
Authors: Bozell Joseph J.
Published: August 2008

Converting renewable carbon to chemicals and fuels is experiencing a huge increase in both research and commercial interest. The biorefinery is now a recognized approach for transforming renewable raw materials into separate biobased process streams, and ultimately, marketplace chemicals and fuels. Successful biorefinery operation will fulfill two strategic goals: displacing nonrenewable raw materials (an energy goal, met by production of biofuels) and providing economic incentive to support a robust biorefining industry (an economic goal, met by the production of high value chemicals). These goals are met simultaneously by integrating chemical and fuel production within a single operation. However, a primary barrier to biorefinery development is the relative lack of technology available for the conversion of renewable carbon sources into useful marketplace chemicals and materials. Developing broad based technologies capable of producing families of high value chemicals will provide a significant opportunity for the biorefinery. This introductory paper briefly overviews the biorefinery concept and describes several features of biorefinery operation and technology needs for the production of chemicals from renewable raw materials.
Jasplakinolide, an actin stabilizing agent, alters anaphase chromosome movements in crane‐fly spermatocytes
Authors: Xie Lele , Forer Arthur
Published: August 2008

We added jasplakinolide to anaphase crane‐fly spermatocytes and determined its effects on chromosome movement. Previous work showed that the actin depolymerizing agents cytochalasin D or latrunculin B blocked or slowed chromosome movements. We studied the effects of jasplakinolide, a compound that stabilizes actin filaments. Jasplakinolide had the same effect on movements of each half‐ bivalent in a separating pair of half‐bivalents, but different half‐bivalent pairs in the same cell often responded differently, even when the concentrations of jasplakinolide varied by a factor of two. Jasplakinolide had no effect on about 20% of the pairs, but otherwise caused movements to slow, or to stop, or, rarely, to accelerate. When cells were kept in jasplakinolide, stopped pairs eventually resumed movement; slowed pairs did not change their speeds. Confocal microscopy indicated that neither the distributions of spindle actin filaments nor the distributions of spindle microtubules were altered by the jasplakinolide. It is possible that jasplakinolide binds to spindle actin and blocks critical binding sites, but we suggest that jasplakinolide affects anaphase chromosome movement by preventing actin‐filament depolymerization that is necessary for anaphase to proceed. Overall, our data indicate that actin is involved in one of the redundant mechanisms cells use to move chromosomes. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sox9 is expressed in mouse multipotent retinal progenitor cells and functions in Müller glial cell development
Authors: Poché Ross A. , Furuta Yasuhide , Chaboissier Marie‐Christine , Schedl Andreas , Behringer Richard R.
Published: August 2008

Cryosection of an embryonic day 12.5 eye labeled for Sox9 (orange), Pax6 (blue), and DAPI (purple). J. Comp. Neurol. 510:237–250, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A DC stabilized log‐domainnth‐order multifunction filter based on the decomposition ofnth‐order HP filter function to FLF topology
Authors: Shah N. A. , Khanday F. A.
Published: August 2008

The design of high‐order log‐domain filters can be easily accomplished by transposing already known linear‐domain Gm‐C filter topologies to their counterparts in the log‐domain through the employment of a set of complementary operators. To achieve the Gm‐C filter topologies, the multiple feedback approach is widely used due to its accrued advantages. In this paper a synthesis approach for the development of annth‐order multifunction log‐domain filter comprising lowpass (LP), highpass (HP) and bandpass (BP) filter functions is proposed. The approach is based on the decomposition ofnth‐order HP filter function to follow‐the‐leader‐feedback (FLF) topology. The design is simple and simultaneously achieves nearly all of the chief advantages. The design offers superior performance factors vis‐à‐vis the ones recently reported. To verify the high‐order behavior of the topology, a 5th‐order multifunction filter was designed and the achieved simulated results verify the theory. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How flow cytometry is changing the study of TB immunology and clinical diagnosis
Authors: Fuhrmann Stephan , Streitz Mathias , Kern Florian
Published: August 2008

The application of flow cytometry has hugely advanced the field of tuberculosis (TB) across all areas of research ranging from diagnostic tests to understanding the underlying immunology. As cellular responses are understood to be the mainstay of the immune response in the control of TB it is very likely that polychromatic flow will become the tool of choice for assessing the effects of vaccination. Results are particularly encouraging in this area. The development of a new type of diagnostic test, a prototype of which has been reported, may be the spin‐off of a broad and systematic approach to understanding and profiling the T‐cell response to TB. It is obvious that flow cytometry will not be able to address all research questions in the field of TB. However, its enormous flexibility as a technology will make it the tool of choice in many situations. An ever increasing availability of flow cytometers, even in resource‐poor countries, will rapidly change the face of TB research and management in the years ahead. © 2008 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
The role of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) in sequentially dependent self‐injurious behavior
Authors: Sandman Curt A. , Touchette Paul E. , Marion Sarah D. , Chicz‐DeMet Aleksandra
Published: August 2008

Self‐injuring behavior (SIB) is a life‐threatening behavior exhibited by many species, including humans, and has no known cause and no agreed upon treatment. The role of the stress axis in the maintenance of this mysterious behavior was examined in subjects with life‐long SIB. Over a 6‐year period, 40 hr of direct observations of behavior and the environment were recorded on palmtop computers while 36 residential subjects (28 target and 8 control subjects) conducted their daily activities. Blood samples were collected in morning and evening for all subjects and within minutes after a self‐injuring act in 28 target subjects who exhibited SIB to determine levels of ACTH and B‐endorphin (BE). Self‐injuring events in the patient group were significantly sequentially dependent (i.e., the only predictor of a self‐injuring act was an antecedent self‐injuring act). Higher morning levels of BE relative to ACTH predicted [rdf=27 = .57, p < .001] the sequentially dependent pattern of SIB. This effect was validated in a subgroup retested several months later [rdf=22 = .60, p < .001]. A subgroup of seven subjects exhibiting sequentially dependent patterns were administered an opiate blocker (naltrexone) in a double‐blind, crossover design with an additional 14 hr/week of observation for 7 weeks. Naltrexone challenge interrupted the sequential pattern (improved behavior) in subjects with elevated BE immediately following SIB (r = .85, p < .01). The pattern of results supported the conclusion that the stress axis played a significant role in the maintenance of complex episodes of self‐injury. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 680‐689, 2008.
Salivary alpha‐amylase and cortisol in toddlers: Differential relations to affective behavior
Authors: Fortunato Christine K. , Dribin Amy E. , Granger Douglas A. , Buss Kristin A.
Published: August 2008

This study applies a minimally invasive and multi‐system measurement approach (using salivary analytes) to examine associations between the psychobiology of the stress response and affective behavior in toddlers. Eighty‐seven 2‐year‐olds (48 females) participated in laboratory tasks designed to elicit emotions and behavior ranging from pleasure/approach to fear/withdrawal. Saliva samples were collected pretask and immediately posttask, and assayed for markers of sympathetic nervous system (alpha‐amylase or sAA) and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (cortisol) activity. Individual differences in sAA were positively associated with approach behavior and positive affect; whereas, cortisol was positively associated with negative affect and withdrawal behavior. The findings suggest that individual differences in sAA may covary specifically with positive affect and approach behaviors or the predominant emotional state across a series of tasks. The results are discussed with respect to advancing biosocial models of the concomitants and correlates of young children's affective behaviors. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 807–818, 2008
Relationship between eye preference and binocular rivalry, and between eye‐hand preference and reading ability in children
Authors: Fagard J. , Monzalvo‐Lopez K. , Mamassian P.
Published: August 2008

One goal of the experiment presented here was to check, in children, the relationship between eye preference when sighting at different angles and eye dominance in binocular rivalry. In addition, since it is sometimes argued that a crossed pattern of eye‐hand preference might put children at risk of difficulties in learning to read, we evaluated the relationship between this pattern and reading achievement in first and sixth graders. Results showed that a majority of children are right‐eyed for monosighting, and that intrinsic preference and spatial factor influence the choice of eye. As many children were right‐ or left‐eye dominant, and eye dominance was not related to eye preference. We found no relationship between eye‐hand preference and reading proficiency, thus not confirming that a crossed pattern of eye‐hand preference might put children at risk of difficulties in learning to read. Consistent handers were more advanced in reading than inconsistent handers. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 789–798, 2008
Comparability of developmental cognitive assessments between standard and computer testing methods
Authors: Mandell Dorothy J. , Sackett Gene P.
Published: August 2008

Substantial questions have been raised about the validity of using computer‐based testing to assess cognitive development with young children. However, little work has been done to assess the comparability of performance elicited using computerized methods with performance garnered using standard testing methods. The purpose of this study was to establish whether computerized testing resulted in performance that was different than established performance norms for infant monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) tested on four highly used cognitive tasks. Infants performed comparably on simple discrimination, reversal learning, and delayed nonmatch to sample rule learning. However, the infants tested in a computer testing‐environment appeared to have difficulty on a task that required them to form response strategies. The results of the study reveal some apparent limitations of computer‐based testing with infants, but do show that performance on several common cognitive tasks is comparable between the environments. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 51: 1–13, 2009
Neonatal handling on the first postnatal day leads to increased maternal behavior and fos levels in the brain of the newborn rat
Authors: Garoflos Efstathios , Stamatakis Antonios , Rafrogianni Androniki , Pondiki Stavroula , Stylianopoulou Fotini
Published: August 2008

In the present work we employed Fos expression, an index of neuronal activity, to identify brain areas activated by a single exposure to “neonatal handling” on postnatal Day 1. Eight hours following “handling” there was an increase in the number of Fos positive cells in the hippocampus, the parietal and occipital cortex. We also recorded maternal behavior during the 8 hr following “handling.” “Handled” pups received increased maternal licking during the 4 hr following the end of “handling.” Furthermore, the number of Fos positive cells detected in each of the three brain areas 8 hr following “handling” was positively correlated with the amount of licking up to 8 hr following “handling.” These results indicate that the increased maternal care could underlie the handling‐induced increase in Fos. The Fos protein, acting as a transcription factor, controls the expression of downstream genes, whose products may mediate the effects of “neonatal handling” on the developing rat brain. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 50: 704‐713, 2008.
Fluorinated Derivatives of Titanocene Y: Synthesis and Cytotoxicity Studies
Authors: Claffey James , Gleeson Brendan , Hogan Megan , Müller‐Bunz Helge , Wallis Denise , Tacke Matthias
Published: August 2008

From the reaction of Super Hydride (LiBEt3H) with 6‐(2‐fluoro‐4‐methoxyphenyl)fulvene (1a), 6‐(4‐trifluoromethoxyphenyl)fulvene (1b), and 6‐(3‐fluoro‐4‐methoxyphenyl)fulvene (1c) lithiated cyclopentadienide intermediates 2a–c were synthesised. These intermediates were then transmetallated to titanium with TiCl4 to give the benzyl‐substituted titanocenes bis[(2‐fluoro‐4‐methoxybenzyl)cyclopentadienyl]titanium(IV) dichloride (3a), bis[(4‐trifluoromethoxybenzyl)cyclopentadienyl]titanium(IV) dichloride (3b) andbis[(3‐fluoro‐4‐methoxybenzyl)cyclopentadienyl]titanium(IV)dichloride (3c). The three titanocenes 3a–c were characterised by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Preliminary in vitro cell tests were performed on the titanocenes on the LLC‐PK (long‐lasting cells–pig kidney) cell line in order to determine the cytotoxicity of these compounds presented in this paper. The titanocenes 3a and 3b had their cytotoxicity inhibitory concentration (IC50) values determined to be 6.0 and 7.3 μM, respectively. The cytotoxicity value of 3c could not be determined accurately due to solubility problems of the compound under standard test conditions. All three titanocene derivatives show significant cytotoxicity improvement when compared to unsubstituted titanocene dichloride, whereas titanocenes 3a and 3b show threefold cytotoxicity improvement in comparison to previous class leader titanocene Y. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Metal‐Ion‐Mediated Base Pairs in Nucleic Acids (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 24/2008)
Authors: Müller Jens
Published: August 2008

The cover picture shows examples of nucleic acids functionalized site‐specifically with metal ions. This was achieved by incorporating artificial nucleosides with a high affinity towards metal ions, which leads to the formation of metal‐ion‐mediated base pairs. The scheme on the left is a representation of a B‐type double helix comprising both natural and artificial base pairs. Shown in the middle is a duplex containing a continuous stack of metal‐ion‐mediated base pairs, whereas the scheme on the right displays the possibility of using these artificial nucleosides for the formation of DNA‐based networks. The Microreview by Jens Müller on p. 3749 ff gives an introduction into this exciting new area of bioinorganic chemistry. We thank Dominik A. Megger for designing the cover picture.
Structure Determination of Regioisomeric Fused Heterocycles by the Combined Use of 2D NMR Experiments and GIAO DFT 13C Chemical Shifts
Authors: Latypov Shamil , Balandina Alsu , Boccalini Marco , Matteucci Alessandra , Usachev Konstantin , Chimichi Stefano
Published: August 2008

The combined use of 2D NMR correlation experiments and GIAO DFT 13C NMR chemical shift calculations has allowed a reliable and simple structural determination of regioisomeric heterocyclic systems that originate from the reactions of quinolinone or coumarin derivatives with hydroxylamine. In general, the proposed method may find application in the regioisomeric structural determination of heterocyclic compounds. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Local fracture‐induced phenomena in steel moment frames
Authors: Rodgers Janise E. , Mahin Stephen A.
Published: August 2008

Brittle fractures were observed at the welded beam‐to‐column connections of a number of steel moment frame buildings following the M6.7 1994 Northridge earthquake. Such fractures cause a rapid loss of connection strength and stiffness, as well as a sudden release of the strain energy stored by the connection at the time of fracture. Immediately following the fracture, a number of highly transient phenomena occur locally in the members adjacent to the connection, as well as globally in the structure as a whole. Four significant local phenomena were observed locally during shaking table tests of a one‐third scale, two‐story, one‐bay steel moment frame in which quasi‐brittle beam‐to‐column fractures occurred: (a) change in beam deflected shape; (b) change in moment distribution in adjacent members; (c) generation and propagation of elastic waves; and (d) initiation of dynamic modal response at the member level. Owing to the highly transient nature of these phenomena, they were observed to have second‐order effects on overall behavior of the system. In comparison, the reductions in local strength and stiffness caused by the fractures had much more significant effects on system behavior. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Binge eating disorder pharmacotherapy clinical trails—who is left out?
Authors: Guerdjikova Anna I. , McElroy Susan L.
Published: August 2008

Objective

This report examined the characteristics of subjects interested in binge eating disorder (BED) pharmacotherapy trails who were ineligible for participation.

Methods

Data on 2685 potential subjects interested in participating in five different placebo‐controlled monotherapy trails of BED were analysed.

Results

Of the 2685 potential subjects, 1230 (45.8%) were ineligible because they did not meet entry criteria, 586 (21.8%) were eligible for participation, 531 (19.8%) were not interested in the study and 338 (12.6%) were not contacted. Among the 1230 ineligible candidates, 525 (42.7%) were taking exclusionary psychotropic medication, 305 (24.8%) did not meet specified BED criteria, 157 (12.7%) were out of the required age (n = 83) or weight (n = 74) range, 212 (17.2%) had prohibited medical (n = 78) or psychiatric (n = 134) disorders and 31 (2.5%) were participating in weight loss programmes.

Discussion

Given the complexity of BED, future pharmacotherapy studies should examine a broader range of subjects, including subjects with subthreshold forms of BED, those with comorbid disorders and elderly subjects. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
The relationship between skinfold thickness and body mass index in North European Caucasian and East Asian women with anorexia nervosa: Implications for diagnosis and management
Authors: Soh Nerissa L , Touyz Stephen , A Dobbins Timothy , Clarke Simon , Kohn Michael R , Lee Ee Lian , Leow Vincent , Ung Ken EK , Walter Garry
Published: August 2008

Objective

To investigate the relationship between skinfold thickness and body mass index (BMI) in North European Caucasian and East Asian young women with and without anorexia nervosa (AN) in two countries.

Method

Height, weight and skinfold thicknesses were assessed in 137 young women with and without AN, in Australia and Singapore. The relationship between BMI and the sum of triceps, biceps, subscapular and iliac crest skinfolds was analysed with clinical status, ethnicity, age and country of residence as covariates.

Results

For the same BMI, women with AN had significantly smaller sums of skinfolds than women without AN. East Asian women both with and without AN had significantly greater skinfold sums than their North European Caucasian counterparts after adjusting for BMI.

Conclusion

Lower BMI goals may be appropriate when managing AN patients of East Asian ancestry and the weight for height diagnostic criterion should be reconsidered for this group. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Probabilistic online risk assessment of non‐cascading and cascading transmission outage contingencies
Authors: Lee Stephen T.
Published: August 2008

Power grids have traditionally been designed to withstand without resulting in cascading events transmission outage contingencies of the N‐1 or N‐2 kind. However, in actual operation, power grids are potentially vulnerable to cascading outages. Reliable operations therefore require a risk‐based approach to monitoring and managing the probability and impact of potential cascading outages. This paper defines and quantifies a measure that relates to the vulnerability of the power grid to cascading outages. The approach is to simulate and identify potential cascading modes (PCM) and to compute the probability and impact of each stage of the cascade and display the risk of each potential cascade stage on the two‐dimensional display of likelihood and consequences. In this display, the traditional N‐1 or N‐2 contingencies will also be plotted for comparison. This approach enables grid operators to be fully aware of not only the contingencies for which they are required to assess and mitigate but also the potential cascading modes. This places both types of potential adverse events on the same basis for comparison. When the risk level of a potential cascading mode approaches or exceeds the risk level of all the N‐1 contingencies (or N‐2, if it is the reliability standard), then the operators will be well advised to take corrective actions to manage the overall risk of blackouts. Computation examples of applying this method are illustrated in this paper. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of water waves with submerged obstacles using a vortex method with Helmholtz decomposition
Authors: Lin M. Y. , Huang L. H.
Published: August 2008

The present study develops a 2‐D numerical scheme that combines the vortex method and the boundary integral method by a Helmholtz decomposition to investigate the interaction of water waves with submerged obstacles. Viscous effects and generation of vorticity on the free surface are neglected. The second kind of Fredholm integral equations that govern the strengths of vortex sheets along boundaries are solved iteratively. Vorticity is convected and diffused in the fluid via a Lagrangian vortex (blob) method with varying cores, using the particle strength exchange method for diffusion, with particle redistribution. A grid‐convergence study of the numerical method is reported. The inviscid part of the method and the simulation of the free‐surface motion are tested using two calculations: solitary wave propagation in a uniform channel and a moving line vortex in the fluid. Finally, the full model is verified by simulating periodic waves travelling over a submerged rectangular obstacle using nonuniform vortex blobs with a mapping of the redistribution lattice. Overall, the numerical model predicts the vortices' evolution and the free‐surface motion reasonably well. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An optimal dose‐effect mode trend test for SNP genotype tables
Authors: Yamada Ryo , Okada Yukinori
Published: August 2008

The genome‐wide association studies have improved our understanding of the genetic basis of many complex traits. Two‐by‐three contingency tables are tested in these studies. The trend test for the additive mode is most often used, which is the test of 1 degree of freedom (df=1) and other tests, such as the genotype test (χ2 (df=2)) and the χ2 (df=1) tests for the dominant and recessive modes are also used to increase the power for markers in the non‐additive modes. However, any one of them or combination of them is not perfect. We describe the relations among the χ2 (df=2) test and χ2 (df=1) tests for the dominant and recessive modes and the trend test for the additive mode and propose a new statistic based on their relations that tests the hypothesis that the disease‐susceptible allele has a dose‐effect somewhere between the recessive and dominant modes, which corresponds to the optimal dose‐effect for the observed data. Genet. Epidemiol. 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiple pathways for Epstein‐Barr virus episome loss from nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Dittmer Dirk P. , Hilscher Chelsey J. , Gulley Margaret L. , Yang Eric V. , Chen Min , Glaser Ronald
Published: August 2008

Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) is the prototypical example for episomal persistence of genetic information. Yet, little is known about how this viral episome is lost. Episome loss occurs naturally in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) upon explantation into culture. Using whole‐genome profiling, we found evidence for 2 different pathways of episome loss: (i) rapid loss of the entire episome or (ii) successive mutation/deletion of the episome until at least 1 essential cis‐element is destroyed. This second phenotype was seen in a clone of HONE‐1 NPC cells that maintains the EBV episome for prolonged time in culture. The conceptual insights provided by our quantitative analysis should aid our understanding of mammalian episomes, as well as lead to designs to cure latent viral infection. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Small field radiotherapy of head and neck cancer patients is responsible for oxidatively damaged DNA/oxidative stress on the level of a whole organism
Authors: Roszkowski Krzysztof , Gackowski Daniel , Rozalski Rafal , Dziaman Tomasz , Siomek Agnieszka , Guz Jolanta , Szpila Anna , Foksinski Marek , Olinski Ryszard
Published: August 2008

It is possible that oxidatively damaged DNA which arises as a result of radiotherapy may be involved in the therapeutic effect of the ionizing radiation and in the side effects. Therefore, for the first time, the broad spectrum of oxidatively damaged DNA biomarkers: urinary excretion of 8‐oxodG (8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydro‐2′‐deoxyguanosine), 8‐oxoGua (8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydroguanine) as well as the level of oxidatively damaged DNA in leukocytes, was analyzed in head and neck cancer patients (n = 27) undergoing fractionated radiotherapy using methodologies which involve HPLC (high‐performance liquid chromatography) prepurification followed by gas chromatography with isotope dilution mass spectrometry detection and HPLC/EC. Of all the analyzed parameters in the majority of patients, only urinary excretion of the modified nucleoside significantly increased over the initial level in the samples collected 24 hr after the last fraction. However, for the distinct subpopulation of 10 patients, a significant increase in the level of 8‐oxodG in cellular DNA and a simultaneous drop in urinary 8‐oxoGua (the repair product of oxidative DNA damage) were detected after completion of the therapy. Because 8‐oxoGua is a repair product of the DNA damage, there is a possibility that, at least in the case of some patients with the lowest activity of OGG1 (8‐oxo‐7,8‐dihydroguanine glycosylase), the combination of lower OGG1 repair efficacy and irradiation was associated with increased background level of 8‐oxoGua in cellular DNA. Apparently reduced DNA repair is unable to cope with the radiation‐induced, and the extra amount of 8‐oxoGua leading to an increase of potentially mutagenic/carcinogenic lesions. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human papillomavirus‐16 and ‐18 in penile carcinomas: DNA methylation, chromosomal recombination and genomic variation
Authors: Kalantari Mina , Villa Luisa L. , Calleja‐Macias Itzel E. , Bernard Hans‐Ulrich
Published: August 2008

Penile carcinomas are frequently associated with high risk human papillomavirus (HPV) types. Because little is known about the molecular biology of this association, we investigated three properties of HPV genomes in penile carcinomas from Brazilian patients: (i) HPV DNA methylation, (ii) junctions between HPV and cellular DNA and (iii) genomic variation. In cervical carcinogenesis, recombination between HPV and chromosomal DNA is frequent and likely necessary for progression, and DNA hypermethylation—specifically of the L1 gene—is a biomarker for cancerous progression. The same mechanisms apparently occur during penile carcinogenesis, because 95 HPV‐16 molecules derived from 19 penile lesions had 58% of the CpGs in L1 and 22% in the 5′ part of the long control region methylated, more than the percentages found in cervical carcinomas. In addition, 2 out of 3 HPV‐18 infections, all present in double infections with HPV‐16, showed L1 specific methylation typical of malignant cervical lesions. In 11 out of 15 HPV‐16 lesions, we confirmed chromosomal integration by reverse ligation inverted PCR, while 4 samples had concatemeric integrations or episomes. Nine of 17 penile carcinomas contained HPV‐16 AA variants, and 8 E variants. As AA variants are relatively rare in Brazilian cohorts of asymptomatic women, the high prevalence in penile carcinomas may indicate a higher risk of progression of AA lesions, as suspected for cervical infections. Our observations of frequent viral DNA methylation, chromosomal integration and the prevalence of high risk variants suggest that HPV‐dependent carcinogenesis of the penis and cervix follows similar etiological and epidemiological parameters. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prospective study of the association of gamma‐glutamyltransferase with cancer incidence in women
Authors: Strasak Alexander M. , Pfeiffer Ruth M. , Klenk Jochen , Hilbe Wolfgang , Oberaigner Willi , Gregory Martin , Concin Hans , Diem Günter , Pfeiffer Karl P. , Ruttmann Elfriede , Ulmer Hanno ,   the VHM&PP Study Group
Published: August 2008

Although several epidemiologic studies have shown that gamma‐glutamyltransferase (GGT) is associated with cardiovascular disease and all‐cause mortality, its relationship with cancer incidence remains widely unexplored. In experimental models the ability of cellular GGT to modulate crucial redox‐sensitive functions has been established, and it may thus play a role in tumor progression. In the present study, we investigated the association of GGT with overall and site‐specific cancer incidence in a population‐based cohort of 92,843 Austrian women with 349,674 serial GGT measurements, prospectively followed‐up for a median of 13.5 years. The relationship between GGT and cancer incidence was analyzed using adjusted Cox regression models with age as underlying time metric with age as underlying time metric including GGT concentrations at baseline and incorporating repeated GGT measurements as a time‐dependent variable. During follow‐up, 4,884 incidence cancers were observed. Compared to normal low GGT (<17.99 U/L), cancer risk was elevated for all other GGT categories (p for trend < 0.0001), with adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) of 1.06 (0.99–1.13) for GGT levels between 18.00 and 35.99 U/L (normal high), 1.12 (1.02–1.22) for GGT levels between 36.00 and 71.99 U/L (elevated) and 1.43 (1.28–1.61) for highly elevated GGT (>72.00 U/L). Very similar results were seen when GGT was analyzed as a time‐dependent variable. In cancer‐site specific models, elevated GGT statistically significantly increased the risk for malignant neoplasms of digestive organs, the respiratory system/intrathoracic organs, breast and female genital organs and lymphoid and haematopoietic cancers (all, p < 0.006). Our study is the first to demonstrate in a large population‐based cohort that high GGT levels significantly increased cancer risk in women. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acquired cisplatin resistance in the head–neck cancer cell line Cal27 is associated with decreased DKK1 expression and can partially be reversed by overexpression of DKK1
Authors: Gosepath Eva M. , Eckstein Niels , Hamacher Alexandra , Servan Kati , von Jonquieres Georg , Lage Hermann , Györffy Balazs , Royer Hans D. , Kassack Matthias U.
Published: August 2008

Head and neck cancers are treated by a combination of surgery, radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy. The clinical success of cisplatin‐based chemotherapy, mostly in combination with 5‐FU or a taxane, is however limited by multifactorial intrinsic or acquired resistance. So far, known genes involved in cisplatin resistance do not sufficiently allow the prediction of cancer chemosensitivity. Thus, the purpose of this study was to search for further genes involved in cisplatin resistance by differential gene expression analysis of the parental tongue cancer cell line Cal27 and its 10‐fold more resistant sub‐cell line Cal27cis, which was obtained by treating Cal27 with increasing concentrations of cisplatin. As found by the suppression subtractive hybridization, expression of DKK1, an inhibitor of canonical WNT signaling, was decreased in Cal27cis. Microarray analysis, qPCR and ELISA confirmed the ∼2‐fold difference in expression. Cisplatin treatment and serum starvation increased by 2‐fold the secretion of DKK1 in Cal27 and Cal27cis, thus rendering DKK1‐levels significantly different in both cell lines under basal and stress conditions. Recombinant overexpression of DKK1 in Cal27 and Cal27cis resulted in clonal cell lines, which were both 2.2‐ to 3‐fold more sensitive toward cisplatin in cell viability (MTT) and in proliferation (BrdU) assays. In conclusion, acquired (10‐fold) resistance of Cal27 against cisplatin is associated with decreased DKK1 expression and could partially be reversed by DKK1 overexpression, thus suggesting DKK1 and the WNT signaling pathway as a marker and target for cisplatin chemosensitivity. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential presentation of tumor antigen‐derived epitopes by MHC‐class I and antigen‐positive tumor cells
Authors: Held Gerhard , Neumann Frank , Sturm Christine , Kaestner Lars , Dauth Nina , de Bruijn Diederik, R. , Renner Christoph , Lipp Peter , Pfreundschuh Michael
Published: August 2008

SSX2 is a member of the family of cancer/testis antigens. The SSX2 derived peptide SSX2103–111 has been shown to be presented to cytotoxic T‐lymphocytes (CTL) by Major‐Histocompatibility (MHC) Class‐I complexes after endogenous processing, more precisely by the allele HLA‐A*0201. The HLA‐A*0201‐ and SSX2‐positive melanoma cell line SK‐Mel‐37 but not Me275 had been shown to elicit reactivity in SSX2103–111 specific cytotoxic T‐lymphocytes. To analyze the correlation between SSX2103–111 presentation and T‐cell stimulation, we intended to visualize presentation of SSX2103–111 in these melanoma cell lines. Fab‐antibodies were established from a human phage library with specificity for SSX2103–111/HLA‐A*0201 complexes (but non‐reactive with HLA‐A*0201 or SSX2103–111 alone) and used to visualize the presentation of SSX2103–111 in the context of HLA‐A*0201 by fluorescence microscopy. Presentation of SSX2103–111 the context of HLA‐A*0201 was demonstrated for the majority of SK‐Mel‐37, but for only a small fraction (<1%) of Me275 as indicated by a clear membrane‐staining pattern in fluorescence microscopy. The presentation of SSX2103–111 on SK‐Mel37 and Me275, but not the expression of the SSX2 protein correlated with the capability of these cells to stimulate cells of an SSX2103–111‐specific T‐cell clone. MHC‐peptide specific antibodies are a valuable tool for the analysis of antigenic peptides in the context of MHC‐I molecules and for the structural definition of immunodominant epitopes. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of different types of smoking and synergism with hepatitis C virus on risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in American men and women: Case‐control study
Authors: Hassan Manal M. , Spitz Margaret R. , Thomas Melanie B. , El‐Deeb Adel S. , Glover Katrina Y. , Nguyen Nga T. , Chan Wenyaw , Kaseb Ahmed , Curley Steven A. , Vauthey Jean‐Nicolas , Ellis Lee M. , Abdalla Eddie , Lozano Richard D. , Patt Yehuda Z. , Brown Thomas D. , Abbruzzese James L. , Li Donghui
Published: August 2008

The International Agency for Research on Cancer has declared smoking to be a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, passive exposure to cigarette smoke and use of noncigarette tobacco products on the risk of HCC has not been examined. Therefore, we evaluated the independent effects of different types of smoking exposure along with multiple risk factors for HCC and determined whether the magnitude of smoking was modified by other risk factors in men and women. We conducted a case‐control study at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center where 319 HCC patients and 1,061 healthy control subjects were personally interviewed for several HCC risk factors. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to estimate the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for each potential risk factor. Use of smokeless tobacco (chewing tobacco and snuff), cigars, pipes and passive smoking exposure were not related to HCC among noncigarette smokers. However, regular cigarette smoking was associated with HCC in men: AOR, 1.9 (95% CI, 1.1–3.1). Heavy alcohol consumption was associated with HCC in women: AOR, 7.7 (95% CI, 2.3–25.1). Cigarette smoking interacted synergistically with chronic infection of hepatitis C virus in men: AOR, 136.3 (95% CI, 43.2–429.6) and with heavy alcohol consumption in women: AOR, 13.7 (95% CI, 3.2–57.9). We conclude that sex differences were observed in HCC relationship with cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. Controlling for smoking exposure might be a prudent approach to the prevention of HCC, especially in patients with chronic viral hepatitis infections. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Betel quid not containing tobacco and oral leukoplakia: A report on a cross‐sectional study in Papua New Guinea and a meta‐analysis of current evidence
Authors: Thomas Steven J. , Harris Ross , Ness Andrew R. , Taulo Joachim , Maclennan Robert , Howes Noah , Bain Christopher J.
Published: August 2008

Leukoplakia is an asymptomatic, potentially malignant change in the oral mucosa. Previous studies have reported that smoking and betel quid chewing are associated with increased risk of leukoplakia; few studies have reported on these associations in populations where betel quid does not contain tobacco. We conducted a case–control study nested in a cross‐sectional study in Papua New Guinea and a systematic review of studies that included chewers of betel quid without tobacco. Our study recruited 1,670 adults. We recorded betel quid chewing and smoking. The prevalence of leukoplakia was 11.7%. In the nested case–control study of 197 cases and 1,282 controls, current betel chewing was associated with increased risk of leukoplakia with an adjusted odds ratio for current chewers of 3.8 (95% CI 1.7, 8.4) and in the heaviest chewers of 4.1 (95% CI 1.8, 9.1) compared to non‐chewers. Current smoking was associated with an increased risk of leukoplakia with an adjusted odds ratio for current smokers of 6.4 (95% CI 4.1, 9.9) and amongst heaviest smokers of 9.8 (95% CI 5.9, 16.4) compared to non‐smokers. The systematic review identified 5 studies examining risk of leukoplakia associated with betel quid chewing in populations where betel quid did not contain tobacco and that controlled for smoking. In studies that adjusted for smoking, the combined random effect odds ratio was 7.9 (95% CI 4.3, 14.6) in betel quid chewers. The results of this study and systematic review of similar studies provide evidence of the role of betel quid not containing tobacco and leukoplakia. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fruit and vegetable consumption and squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus in Japan: The JPHC study
Authors: Yamaji Taiki , Inoue Manami , Sasazuki Shizuka , Iwasaki Motoki , Kurahashi Norie , Shimazu Taichi , Tsugane Shoichiro ,   for the Japan Public Health Center‐based Prospective Study Group
Published: August 2008

Epidemiological studies have consistently demonstrated a decrease in the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) associated with higher fruit and vegetable intake, although the association has been examined predominantly in case–control studies. Here, we conducted a population‐based prospective cohort study among middle‐aged Japanese men. Lifestyle characteristics were investigated using a self‐administered questionnaire, which included a validated food frequency questionnaire with 138 food and beverage items. We followed a total of 38,790 men aged 45–74 years. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for esophageal SCC, with adjustment for potential confounders. During 297,651 person–years of follow‐up, a total of 116 men were newly diagnosed with esophageal SCC. An increase in consumption of total fruit and vegetables by 100 grams per day (g/day) was associated with an 11% decrease in the incidence of esophageal SCC (95% CI: 1–21%). In particular, a higher intake of cruciferous vegetables was associated with a significant decrease in risk (HR per 100 g/day: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.23–0.82). Stratified analyses revealed that the beneficial effect of fruits and vegetables was not able to completely offset the harmful effect of tobacco and alcohol. Our findings provide further evidence for the protective role of fruits and vegetables in the development of esophageal SCC. To effectively reduce the burden of this disease, however, priority should be placed on smoking and drinking cessation. Finally, cruciferous vegetables deserve further investigation as foods possibly effective in the prevention of esophageal SCC. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.