bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research on the strategy of improving sports skills in colleges and universities from the perspective of virtual reality
Authors: Wang Shengqi , Nazarudin Mohamad Nizam Bin
Published: May 2022

With the rapid development of virtual reality technology, the field of physical education in colleges and universities has gradually focused on the development of the organic integration of virtual reality technology and sports skills. Aiming at the limitations of this field and the practical needs of college sports technology difficulty, this paper investigates the basic situation of the application of virtual reality technology in sports skills teaching in 7 colleges and universities in Shaanxi, China by means of questionnaire survey and statistical analysis. The actual demand of virtual reality technology in college sports skills, college sports students’ motivation to participate in virtual reality technology, use experience and demand sports items are statistically analyzed. Finally, in view of the challenges of using virtual reality technology in college sports skills, reasonable strategies are put forward, aiming to provide more effective and interesting auxiliary teaching methods for college sports technology teaching.
The research on data mining technology in the analysis of students scores
Authors: Wan Jiahua , Liu Lei
Published: May 2022

On the basis of being familiar with the traditional decision tree algorithm, some improvements are made to the C4.5 algorithm to reduce the mining time. After preliminary processing of students’ scores, the improved algorithm is used to mine the management association rules among students’ scores, and the results of association rules are analyzed and interpreted.
Design of non-contact IC card intelligent water meter
Authors: Yang Sigen
Published: May 2022

The non-contact IC card intelligence water meter is a new type of automated water meter system. It has a very good prospect of application. This thesis take the high-performance embedded microprocessor as the core, and use the technology of Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), proceeded the designs of non-contact IC card intelligence water meter system.
On digital and literacy education of European universities during the epidemic period
Authors: Zhao Shuo
Published: May 2022

The paper discusses teaching mode of European universities during the epidemic period and proposes the characteristics of digital education which has realized another ideological change from face-to-face teaching to self-learning and from systematic teaching output to individual learning input. Hence the shift can also be understood as the change from digital education to literacy education centered on flexible learning. Based on shift from digital education to literacy education in European universities the developing trend of literacy education in European universities during the epidemic period are put forward in the construction of lifelong education in Europe.
X-ray diffraction of photovoltaic perovskites: Principles and applications
Authors: Tan Wen Liang , McNeill Christopher R.
Published: May 2022

Solar cells based on organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite materials have emerged as the most efficient next-generation thin-film solar cells within just a decade of research and show great promise for commercialization. As control of the thin-film microstructure of the perovskite layer is a key factor enabling high photovoltaic efficiency, good stability, and successful up-scaling of high-quality perovskite thin films for commercialization, a reliable and accurate characterization of the thin-film microstructure is paramount. X-ray diffraction (XRD)-based techniques, including conventional laboratory-based XRD and synchrotron-based grazing-incidence wide-angle x-ray scattering, are widely used to probe the microstructure of photovoltaic perovskite thin films. Nevertheless, it is common for these XRD experiments to be poorly executed and diffraction data to be improperly interpreted. This review focuses on principles of XRD techniques and their application for the characterization of the perovskite thin-film microstructure. Fundamentals of XRD techniques are presented with a strong emphasis on best practices in data collection and analysis. Approaches for the reliable and accurate extraction of microstructural information from diffraction data are discussed, including the need for simulating diffraction patterns. Applications of XRD techniques in characterizing perovskite thin films are demonstrated for both three-dimensional and layered hybrid perovskites, covering various microstructural aspects including phase identification and quantification, texture analysis, microstrain, and macrostrain as well as in situ and operando characterization. The additional subtleties and complexities associated with the XRD characterization of layered hybrid perovskites due to a more complex thin-film microstructure are discussed. Common mistakes and pitfalls that lead to misinterpretation of diffraction data are also highlighted.
Tributyltin chloride exposure to post-ejaculatory sperm reduces motility, mitochondrial function and subsequent embryo development
Authors: Daigneault Bradford W. , de Agostini Losano João D.
Published: May 2022

Context Male exposure to environmental toxicants can disrupt spermatogenesis and sperm function. However, consequences of environmentally relevant organotin exposure to post-ejaculatory mammalian spermatozoa on fertility are poorly understood. Aims Determine the consequences of tributyltin chloride (TBT) exposure on post-ejaculatory sperm function and subsequent embryo development. Methods Frozen-thawed bovine sperm were exposed to TBT (0.1–100 nM) for 90 min (acute) and 6 h (short-term) followed by quantification of multiple sperm kinematics via computer aided sperm analysis. JC-1 dye was used to measure mitochondrial membrane potential. Sperm were then exposed to TBT for 90 min in non-capacitating conditions, washed several times by centrifugation and applied to gamete co-incubation for in vitro embryo production to the blastocyst stage. Key results 100 nM TBT decreased total motility (88 vs 79%), progressive motility (80 vs 70%) curvilinear velocity and beat-cross frequency for 90 min with similar phenotypes at 6 h (P < 0.05). Sperm mitochondrial membrane potential was lower in 10 and 100 nM groups after 6 h (P ≤ 0.05). Embryos fertilised from TBT-exposed sperm had reduced cleavage rate (80 vs 62%) and 8–16 cell morula development (55 vs 24%) compared to development from unexposed sperm. Conclusions Exposure of post-ejaculatory mammalian sperm to TBT alters sperm function through lowered motility and mitochondrial membrane potential. Fertilisation of oocytes with TBT-exposed sperm reduces embryo development through mechanisms of paternal origin. Implications Acute and short-term environmental exposure of post-ejaculatory sperm to organotins and endocrine disrupting chemicals such as TBT contribute to idiopathic subfertility and early embryo loss.
Velocity-weakening and -strengthening friction at single and multiasperity contacts with calcite single crystals
Authors: Fu Binxin , Espinosa-Marzal Rosa M.
Published: May 2022

Significance

The empirical nature of rate-and-state friction (RSF) equations remains a drawback to their application to predict earthquakes. From nanoscale friction measurements on smooth and rough calcite crystals, a set of parameters is analyzed to elucidate microscopic processes dictating RSF. We infer the influence of roughness on the velocity dependence of friction in dry environment and that atomic attrition leads to stick–slip instabilities at slow velocities. In fault dynamics, stick–slip is associated with seismic slips. The aqueous environment eliminates atomic attrition and stick–slip and dissolves calcite under pressure. This yields remarkable lubrication, even more so in rough contacts, and suggests an alternative pathway for seismic slips. This work has implications for understanding mechanisms dictating fault strength and seismicity.
The HDAC inhibitor CI-994 acts as a molecular memory aid by facilitating synaptic and intracellular communication after learning
Authors: Burns Allison M. , Farinelli-Scharly Mélissa , Hugues-Ascery Sandrine , Sanchez-Mut Jose Vicente , Santoni Giulia , Gräff Johannes
Published: May 2022

Significance

Memory formation relies on a plethora of functions, including epigenetic modifications. Over recent years, multiple studies have indicated the potential of HDAC inhibitors (HDACis) as cognitive enhancers, but their mode of action is not fully understood. Here, we tested whether HDACi treatment improves memory formation via “cognitive epigenetic priming,” stipulating that HDACis—without inherent target specificity—specifically enhance naturally occurring plasticity processes. We found that combining HDACis with fear learning, but not either treatment alone, enhances synaptic plasticity as well as memory-promoting transcriptional signaling in the hippocampus, a brain area recruited by fear learning, but not in unrelated areas. These results lend experimental support to the theory of cognitive epigenetic priming.
K
v
1.1 preserves the neural stem cell pool and facilitates neuron maturation during adult hippocampal neurogenesis
Authors: Lin King Yuan-Hung , Chen Chao , Lin King John V. , Simms Jeffrey , Glasscock Edward , Yang Shi-Bing , Jan Yuh-Nung , Jan Lily Y.
Published: May 2022

Significance

Despite decades of research on adult neurogenesis, little is known about the role of bioelectric signaling in this process. In this study, we describe how a voltage-gated potassium channel, K
v
1.1, supports adult neurogenesis by maintaining the neural stem cell niche and facilitating newborn neuron development. Additionally, we show that deletion of K
v
1.1 from adult neural stem cells contributes to modest impairments in hippocampus-dependent contextual fear learning and memory. Dysfunctional adult neurogenesis has been implicated in cognitive decline associated with aging and neurological disease. Therefore, understanding the role of K
v
1.1 in adult neurogenesis represents an opportunity to identify new therapeutic targets to promote healthy neurogenesis and cognition.
Financing conservation by valuing carbon services produced by wild animals
Authors: Berzaghi Fabio , Chami Ralph , Cosimano Thomas , Fullenkamp Connel
Published: May 2022

Significance

The involvement of financial markets is critical to deliver effective and long-lasting solutions to mitigate climate change and reverse biodiversity loss. However, financial markets have not invested in ecosystem services because these are often valued based on non-market prices, which deter investments. Based on existing carbon market prices, we value the carbon services produced by forest elephants and show that wild animals’ carbon services are valuable enough to attract investors. This framework would facilitate financing of conservation programs and local communities and broaden the portfolio of nature-based solutions to mitigate climate change.
A cell-cycle–dependent GARP-like transcriptional repressor regulates the initiation of differentiation in
Giardia lamblia
Authors: Shih Han-Wei , Alas Germain C. M. , Paredez Alexander R.
Published: May 2022

Significance

Transition between life cycle stages is a common feature among parasitic pathogens, and its regulation must be optimized to balance persistence of infection with transmission. The early transcription factors (TFs) regulating commitment to differentiate are totally unknown in
Giardia
. In this work, we identified Golden2, ARR-B, Psr-1–like protein 1 (GARP)–like protein 4 (GLP4), a previously uncharacterized GARP-like TF, as an early-acting transcriptional repressor that inhibits G1+S cells from entering the encystation pathway. GLP4 is therefore a key regulator controlling the balance between proliferative growth and terminal differentiation into infective cysts.
Commutativity degree of chains of finite groups
Authors: Darabi Hamid , Imanparast Mahdi
Published: May 2022

The concepts of commutativity of two chains, and the commutativity degree of the chains of a finite group such as G which ends in G are introduced. Then, the relation between the commutativity degree of the chains of a finite group is examined, and eventually this measure is calculated for some finite groups and fuzzy subgroups.
Identifying Outliers in Astronomical Images with Unsupervised Machine Learning
Authors: Han Yang , Zou Zhiqiang , Li Nan , Chen Yanli
Published: May 2022

Astronomical outliers, such as unusual, rare or unknown types of astronomical objects or phenomena, constantly lead to the discovery of genuinely unforeseen knowledge in astronomy. More unpredictable outliers will be uncovered in principle with the increment of the coverage and quality of upcoming survey data. However, it is a severe challenge to mine rare and unexpected targets from enormous data with human inspection due to a significant workload. Supervised learning is also unsuitable for this purpose because designing proper training sets for unanticipated signals is unworkable. Motivated by these challenges, we adopt unsupervised machine learning approaches to identify outliers in the data of galaxy images to explore the paths for detecting astronomical outliers. For comparison, we construct three methods, which are built upon the k-nearest neighbors (KNN), Convolutional Auto-Encoder (CAE) + KNN, and CAE + KNN + Attention Mechanism (attCAE_KNN) separately. Testing sets are created based on the Galaxy Zoo image data published online to evaluate the performance of the above methods. Results show that attCAE_KNN achieves the best recall (78%), which is 53% higher than the classical KNN method and 22% higher than CAE+KNN. The efficiency of attCAE_KNN (10 minutes) is also superior to KNN (4 h) and equal to CAE+KNN (10 minutes) for accomplishing the same task. Thus, we believe that it is feasible to detect astronomical outliers in the data of galaxy images in an unsupervised manner. Next, we will apply attCAE_KNN to available survey data sets to assess its applicability and reliability.
Observation of resistive switching in a graphite/hexagonal boron nitride/graphite heterostructure memristor
Authors: Deng Yafeng , Li Yixiang , Wang Pengfei , Wang Shuang , Pan Xuan , Wang Dong
Published: May 2022

With the atomically sharp interface and stable switching channel, van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure memristors have attracted extensive interests for the application of high-density memory and neuromorphic computing. Here, we demonstrate a new type of vdW heterostructure memristor device by sandwiching a single-crystalline h-BN layer between two thin graphites. In such a device, a stable bipolar resistive switching (RS) behavior has been observed for the first time. We also characterize their switching performance, and observe an on/off ratio of >10 3 and a minimum RESET voltage variation coefficient of 3.81%. Our work underscores the potential of 2D materials and vdW heterostructures for emerging memory and neuromorphic applications.
Tin dioxide buffer layer-assisted efficiency and stability of wide-bandgap inverted perovskite solar cells
Authors: Chen Bingbing , Wang Pengyang , Ren Ningyu , Li Renjie , Zhao Ying , Zhang Xiaodan
Published: May 2022

Inverted perovskite solar cells (IPSCs) have attracted tremendous research interest in recent years due to their applications in perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. However, further performance improvements and long-term stability issues are the main obstacles that deeply hinder the development of devices. Herein, we demonstrate a facile atomic layer deposition (ALD) processed tin dioxide (SnO2) as an additional buffer layer for efficient and stable wide-bandgap IPSCs. The additional buffer layer increases the shunt resistance and reduces the reverse current saturation density, resulting in the enhancement of efficiency from 19.23% to 21.13%. The target device with a bandgap of 1.63 eV obtains open-circuit voltage of 1.19 V, short circuit current density of 21.86 mA/cm2, and fill factor of 81.07%. More importantly, the compact and stable SnO2 film invests the IPSCs with superhydrophobicity, thus significantly enhancing the moisture resistance. Eventually, the target device can maintain 90% of its initial efficiency after 600 h storage in ambient conditions with relative humidity of 20%–40% without encapsulation. The ALD-processed SnO2 provides a promising way to boost the efficiency and stability of IPSCs, and a great potential for perovskite-based tandem solar cells in the near future.
Mechanism investigation of pre-existing void-induced multi-modal electro-migration behavior
Authors: Han Zhaoxiang , Fan Weihai
Published: May 2022

A multi-modal time-to-failure distribution for an electro-migration (EM) structure has been observed and studied from long durationin-situ EM experiment, for which the failure mechanism has been investigated and discussed comprehensively. The mixed EM failure behavior strongly suggest that the fatal voids induced EM failure appear at various locations along the EM structure. This phenomenon is believed to be highly related to the existence of pre-existing voids before EM stress. Meanwhile, the number and location of the pre-existing voids can influence the EM failure mode significantly. Based on our research, a potential direction to improve the EM lifetime of Cu interconnect is presented.
A compound event-oriented framework to tropical fire risk assessment in a changing climate
Authors: Ribeiro Andreia F S , Brando Paulo M , Santos Lucas , Rattis Ludmila , Hirschi Martin , Hauser Mathias , Seneviratne Sonia I , Zscheischler Jakob
Published: May 2022

Tropical fire activity closely follows the co-occurrence of multiple climate stressors. Yet, it remains challenging to quantify how changes in climate alter the likelihood of fire risks associated with compound events. Recent abrupt changes in fire regimes in iconic landscapes in Brazil (namely the Pantanal and Xingu) provide a key opportunity to evaluate how extremely dry and hot conditions, both together and individually, have influenced the probability of large fires. Here we quantify the relationships between climate and fire across these regions and provide evidence on the extent to which fire risk and the associated impacts could be constrained if anthropogenic global warming is limited. We investigate the burned area, differentiating between fire types according to land use (forest fires, savanna fires, farming fires and grassland and wetland fires), and derive present and future fire risks linked to multiple climate variables. We show that concurrent air dryness (high vapour-pressure deficit (VPD)) and low precipitation have driven fire occurrence in both Xingu and the Pantanal, with VPD playing a dominant role. Historical climatic change has already increased compound event-related (CE-related) fire risks of all fire types (5%–10%), and these risks are likely to increase in the future due to global warming. The likelihood of CE-related increase in fire risk may be reduced by up to 14.4% if global warming is constrained to +1.5 °C instead of +3 °C. Nevertheless, substantially increased CE-related fire risks are still expected even if restricting global mean warming to 1.5 °C, particularly in the Pantanal. We thus conclude that climate action should be coordinated with environmental protection to reduce ignition sources and promote effective conservation measures to preserve these biomes.
Possible methods of oil potential prediction for yu2 formation in the North of the Surgut Arch
Authors: Shadrin A O
Published: May 2022

This article addresses the geological structure of Yu2 formation in the north of the Surgut arch. The paleo-landscape aspects of the research area are described and the main regularities of paleogeographic conditions at the time of the bed formation are identified. The accumulation conditions of the sediments building up the Yu2 oil reservoir of the Upper-Tyumen sub-suite are defined. The target of research, Yu2 formation, was assessed for sedimentation environments. The configuration and structure of oil deposits across the study area were evaluated. Key features of deposits, which complicate geometrization and allocation of prospecting sites for reserves portfolio expansion, have been identified. A model has been developed for predicting oil potential based on geological and geophysical reservoir characteristics subject to the lithofacies structure.
Income and welfare level of cassava farmers during covid-19 pandemic era in Lampung Province
Authors: Zakaria W A , Indah L S M , Endaryanto T , Hermawan D
Published: May 2022

Indonesia is currently experiencing the Covid-19 pandemic which first started in March 2020. This outbreak continuously spreads throughout the regions including Lampung Province and has adversely affected economic activity of the society which included household income and welfare of cassava farmers. This study aims at analyzing the level of household income and welfare of cassava farmers during Covid-19 Pandemic Era in Lampung Province. This study applied survey method and conducted in the Regency of Central Lampung and East Lampung as cassava production center area in Lampung Province. A total of 120 people consisted of 60 people from each regency were selected through the method of simple random sampling. Data collection was conducted in July 2020. Data analysis was done using quantitative descriptive method. The level of household welfare of cassava farmers was analyzed according to the indicator of BPS, and Sajogyo. Result of the study showed that farmers experienced problems in accessing capital, production facility, and market of product during the Covid-19 era. Income gained from cassava farming dominated household income. However, there were only 31,67 percent of cassava farmers in Central Lampung and 5 percent in East Lampung who were classified as non-poor, while the rest were found to be near-poor and suffered from poverty. Food expenditure still dominated the total household expenditure and expenditure for personal hygiene was non-food expenditure that was considered quite high.
Farmers Perception of Climate Change on Pepper (Pipper nigrum L.) Productivity of In East Lampung District
Authors: Listiana Indah , Yanfika Helvi , Bursan Rinaldi , Jimad Habibbullah , Riantini Maya , Widyastuti R.A.D , Mutolib Abdul , Rahmat Ali
Published: May 2022

This study aims to determine farmers' perceptions of climate change on pepper productivity in East Lampung Regency and Sukadana Baru Village, Marga Tiga District, East Lampung Regency, from March to April 2020. The research method used is survey method. The research population is 433 pepper farmers. in Sukadana Baru Village. The number of samples in this study were 108 people. The data analysis method used is descriptive statistical analysis. The results show that climate change causes changes in temperature, changes in rainfall, changes in production so that it has an impact on changes in pepper productivity. Changes in temperature that occur in the study area are indicated by the percentage of respondents of 51.85%. Meanwhile, 30.56% of respondents stated that there was no change in temperature in the study area. Rainfall experienced a change with the percentage of respondents amounting to 75.00%, while the rest considered it unchanged with a percentage of 7.41% and 17.59% stating they did not know. Most of the farmers stated that their production had decreased by 75.93%. farmers answered they don't know with a percentage of 63.89%, this situation occurs because most farmers rarely calculate the amount of productivity. Only 20.37% of respondents answered that there was a change in productivity due to climate change.
Level of gender equality in salted fish agro-industrial production at Tulang Bawang
Authors: Yanfika H , Rudy  , Listiana I , Widyastuti R A D , Riantini M , Mutolib A
Published: May 2022

This study aims to find out how the level of gender equality in the production of salted fish agro-industry in Tulang Bawang Regency. The data analysis method used in this study is descriptive with quantitative approach. This research was conducted in East Menggala Subdistrict and Menggala Subdistrict of Tulang Bawang Regency. The number of respondents in this study was 39 samples. The data used is primary and secondary data. The results of this study showed that the activities carried out by the saltfish processing community in Tulang Bawang Regency both in reproductive, productive and social activities show that women dominate in playing a leading role in their daily lives. The existence of gender in terms of access and control of farmers to resources and benefits shows the dominant role of women to be the first reference in the life of salted fish processing society. Thus, women with this role in salted fish processing can already be productive in helping support the family economy, the average receipt per producer in one month amounted to Rp10,891,025.64 and the average total cost per producer in one month amounted to Rp8,757,081.00 so that the average profit per producer in one month was Rp2,143,944.64. The profit obtained by each producer varies due to the difference in total revenue received and the total cost incurred by each producer, and the main obstacles experienced by fishermen is the weather that is difficult to predict so as to decrease the productivity of salted fish processing.
Regulatory Impact Analysis on Mangrove Forest in the Coastal Area of the Bandar Lampung
Authors: Tresiana N , Duadji N , Febryano IG , Maharani MK , Rahmat A
Published: May 2022

Kota Karang Mangrove is one of the mangrove forests located in urban areas with a limited existence in Indonesia. Mangrove forests have economic, physical, and ecological potential. Several policy designs have been issued to protect and develop the potential of mangrove forests, but they have not been optimal in protecting and managing mangrove forests. The purpose of this study was to assess the quality of the mangrove forest policy in Karang City. The research method uses a qualitative case study design, the research period is September to December 2020. The research location is in the coastal area of Karang City Village, Teluk Betung Timur, Bandar Lampung City, Lampung Province, Indonesia. The data collection technique used in-depth interviews, the determination of the informants was purposive, consisting of the Ministry of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries, the Lampung Province Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Service, the Lampung Provincial Forestry Service, the Bandar Lampung City Marine and Fisheries Service, the Bandar Lampung City Housing and Settlement Service, NGOs (Walhi, Mitra Bentala, and Hands) and the Karang City Community. Data has been collected through desk review and stock-taking using regulatory impact analysis. The results showed at the problem analysis stage; Mangrove forests have not become the main issue, the location of the authority is limited, it contradicts national policies, there are obstacles in the implementation and implementer processes. Only 3 policies are used as a basis for policy development, integration, and collaboration of 3 key stakeholders in policy development. The choice of ecotourism and green open space policy development becomes smart regulation that can improve policy quality, transparency, accountability, and costs.
The impact of transplants machine on acceleration of innovations adoption in rice cultivation in Lampung Province
Authors: Adriyani F Y , Rangga K K
Published: May 2022

The use of machinery in agriculture is mainly to solve the problem with the scarcity of labor. In fact, this innovation is not automatically accepted by farmers, especially in areas with large labor force. This study aims to determine the impact of transplants machines on rice cultivation. This paper was written as literature study and based on the author’s experience since 2014-2020 as extension worker in rice cultivation assessment in Lampung province. The result shows that the use of rice transplants machine has a particularly positive impact on increasing the application of innovation such as improved nursery techniques, use of young seedlings, and use of legowo planting systems. In addition, the use of transplants machines also causes changes in society and has a negative impact such as the emergence of competition between farm workers and transplants machine service providers.
Effect of Consumer Skepticism on Consumer Intention in Purchasing Green Product
Authors: Bursan Rinaldi , Wiryawan Driya , Jimad Habibbullah , Listiana Indah , Riantini Maya , Yanfika Helvi , Widyastuti RAD , Mutolib Abdul , Adipathy Dina Arini
Published: May 2022

The image of environmentally friendly products is often seen as bad, consumer doubt that environmentally friendly products are really made with environmentally friendly raw materials. This attitude is known as consumer skepticism (doubt) towards products with an environmentally friendly label. Consumer skepticism occurs because product advertisements contain confusing information as well as consumer insecurity about the raw material for products that the company claims are environmentally friendly. The aims of this study aims to determine the effect of consumer skepticism on green purchase intention. This study uses a theoretical approach to consumer behavior control and attitude, perceived value and environmental consciousness associated with consumer intentions to buy green products in Bandar Lampung. The study was conducted on April until June 2020. The sample in this research were consumers who had been buying green product. The research sample was calculated using the Lemeshow method, with a margin of error of 5%, the minimum number of samples was 236 samples. The analysis tool used is regression model. The results of this study are the reduction of consumer skepticism about the intention to buy due to the use of social media to promote green products. Meanwhile, the influence of consumer value perceptions and environmental awareness will increase on the purchase intention of green products. The implication of this research is that companies must pay attention to communication about green products that are produced so as to reduce consumer doubt. Another impact if consumers consume green products will lead to environmentally friendly perceptions and attitudes.
Introduction
Authors: Stackhouse John G.
Published: May 2022

‘Introduction’ provides an overview of evangelicalism, which traces its roots back to the Bible itself. Indeed, evangelicals describe themselves as Bible people. However, evangelicalism as a definite something arises out of the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century and then takes shape via the English movement of Puritanism and the middle European movement of Pietism in the seventeenth century. It blossoms into the trans-Atlantic revivals of the eighteenth century, the era of the movement’s ancestors. From this era of the “ur-evangelicals” the story goes global; today, evangelicalism is one of the largest social movements on the planet. Moreover, evangelicals increasingly wield cultural influence well beyond church life.
Original evangelicalism
Authors: Stackhouse John G.
Published: May 2022

‘Original evangelicalism’ discusses the precursors of evangelicalism. Evangelicals differ from Catholics and Orthodox Christians in that they champion the Bible as the supremely authoritative guide to faith and life. Indeed, the self-understanding of evangelicals tends to leap directly from the pages of the Bible to the Reformation of the sixteenth century. The topics of Puritanism and Pietism are also worthy of consideration. There are a number of notable “ur-evangelicals,” including Jonathan Edwards, George Whitefield, and John Wesley. For evangelicals, genuine Christianity is focused on the evangel, purified from ecclesiastical and social errors, and gratefully dutiful in obeying, and extending the influence of, the Word of God.
Evangelicalism defined
Authors: Stackhouse John G.
Published: May 2022

‘Evangelicalism explained’ defines evangelicalism. It was not until the Protestant Reformation that “evangelical” as a noun came into wide use to denote the genuine Christians (the Protestants) in contrast to the Roman Catholics. The chapter looks at evangelicalism as denoting the true faith, as a movement, and as a style. One might see Christianity in the modern era occurring in three main styles: a conscientious maintenance of the past (conservatism), a determined freedom toward the present and future (liberalism), and a way between those two. There are a number of key adjectives that define evangelicalism: Trinitarian, Biblicist, Conversionist, Missional, Populist, and Pragmatic.
The Spartans: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Bayliss Andrew J.
Published: May 2022

The Spartans: A Very Short Introduction separates myth from reality to reveal the best—and the worst—of the Spartans. Famous throughout history for their doomed stand at Thermopylae, and immortalized as the epitome of martial prowess, today the Spartans both fascinate and appal us. Looking beyond the popular image of musclebound soldiers with long hair and red cloaks, this VSI reveals key aspects of Spartan society. This includes their civic structure, day-to-day lifestyle, and traditions. It also indicates how the legacy of this ancient society remains present in today’s many Spartan-inspired sports teams, films, and exercise regimes.
3. The Spartan lifestyle
Authors: Bayliss Andrew J.
Published: May 2022

‘The Spartan lifestyle’ examines the Spartan lifestyle, which was distinctly masculine and to a considerable extent communal. Modern commentators also often use the term austerity to describe their lifestyle because of their reputation for shunning luxury. Nevertheless, there was a prominent equestrian culture at Sparta and Spartans were regular consumers of decorative art. Thus, Spartan austerity was probably more about uniformity and conformity than economic restraint. The characterization of Spartan society was highly militarized, and it is worth looking at Spartans’ communal messes, as well as Spartan piety, xenophobia, duplicity, and misbehaviour.
6. Helots
Authors: Bayliss Andrew J.
Published: May 2022

‘Helots’ assesses the importance of the helots to the Spartan way of life. Helots were primarily agricultural labourers for their Spartiate masters, supplying the barley, wine, olive oil, cheese, and pork that they required for membership of the common messes. Meanwhile, some helots performed domestic tasks that elsewhere would have been carried out by chattel slaves or even poor free women. The Spartans also made considerable use of helots in warfare. There is debate over the helots’ actual status, and the Spartans’ brutal treatment of them. There is evidence of instances of helot rebellion.
2. The modern subject
Authors: Bowie Andrew
Published: May 2022

‘The modern subject’ discusses how the title of Theodor Adorno's Dialectic of Enlightenment (1944) highlights themes relevant to all his work. ‘Enlightenment’ is often characterised as the movement which uses reason to illuminate what was previously obscured by myth, religion, and superstition. ‘Dialectic’ refers to understanding how things turn into their opposites. Adorno's question is why reason as a way of mastering things leads to calamity in the form of totalitarianism, extermination camps, and technology-driven warfare. He contrasts Immanuel Kant's refusal to give cognition wholesale command over how we relate to the world with aspects of the ‘philosophy of identity’ he sees in German Idealism, and in Georg Hegel in particular.
3. Nature and history
Authors: Bowie Andrew
Published: May 2022

‘Nature and history’ examines how Theodor Adorno rejects the assumption that ‘nature’ and ‘history’ have to be given definitions. Adorno contends that the fact that Auschwitz was possible means any attempt to give universal meaning to human existence has to confront humankind's capacity for the complete destruction of meaning. This is the core of Adorno's critical conception of modernity. The chapter then looks at his idea of ‘negative dialectics’ and ‘mimesis’. Adorno illustrates seeing the ‘historical as nature’ by the example of nationalism. The effects of this particular version of seeing history as nature remain, despite the experience of the Holocaust, one of the major determining factors in world politics.
4. History and freedom
Authors: Bowie Andrew
Published: May 2022

‘History and freedom’ evaluates Theodor Adorno's understanding of freedom. Adorno does not focus on the metaphysical question of free-will, precisely because it can exclude consideration of the fact that freedom and history are inseparable. In the wake of the Holocaust, individual freedom has largely become a delusion that was destroyed by the structures which dominate the modern world. This process has been part of the development of modern capitalism at least since the 19th century. It is interesting to note how Adorno uses aspects of psychoanalysis to develop a dialectical approach to freedom and nature, and how he conceives of a grounding of ethics.
6. Society
Authors: Bowie Andrew
Published: May 2022

‘Society’ assesses the role of data and theory in Theodor Adorno's understanding of modern society, beginning with an examination of ‘The Positivism Debate in German Sociology’. The question was whether social science had any kind of scientific status. Adorno adopts the Hegelian idea that the truth about things emerges from the analysis of their relationships to other things in a totality. Investigation of social phenomena therefore has to move beyond immediate data to what objectively influences the interview responses that is not apparent in the responses themselves. It is worth considering critical theory, the idea of truth as a value, and Adorno's account of how social pressure functions.
Fermentative production of 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethylamine to synthesize a novel heat-resistant biopolyurea
Authors: Minakawa Hajime , Masuo Shunsuke , Takada Kenji , Kumakura Takuya , Katsuki Nozomi , Kaneko Tatsuo , Takaya Naoki
Published: May 2022

The aromatic diamine 2-(4-aminophenyl)ethylamine (4APEA) is a potential monomer for polymers and advanced materials. Here, 4APEA was produced by fermentation with using genetically engineered Escherichia coli [Masuo et al., Sci Rep, 2016]. Optimizing fed-batch cultures of this strain produced the highest reported yield to date of 4APEA (7.2%; 3.5 g/L vs. glucose) within 72 h. Appropriate aeration was important to maximize production and avoid unfavorable 4APEA degradation. Fermented 4APEA was purified from culture medium and polymerized with methylene diphenyldiisocyanate and hexamethylene diisocyanate to produce polyureas PU-1 and PU-2, respectively. The decomposition temperatures for 10% weight loss (Td10) of PU-1 and PU-2 were 276°C and 302°C, respectively, and were comparable with that of other thermostable aromatic polyureas. This study is the first to synthesize polyureas from the microbial aromatic diamine. Their excellent thermostability will be useful for the industrial production of heat-resistant polymer materials.
Have we missed AINything? Acute interstitial nephritis in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination
Authors: Storrar Joshua , Kudose Satoru , Woywodt Alexander
Published: May 2022

Acute interstitial nephritis (AIN), defined by the presence of interstitial inflammation accompanied by tubulitis, is an often overlooked cause of acute kidney injury (AKI). It is now well established that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can cause a wide variety of kidney injuries, most commonly acute tubular injury and collapsing glomerulopathy. In comparison, AIN is rarely documented in association with SARS-CoV-2 both anecdotally and in larger series of autopsy or biopsy studies. In this issue of the Journal, León-Román describe five cases of AIN in patients with a history of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and highlight AIN as a possibly under-reported or ignored facet of renal disease associated with SARS-CoV-2. They describe three scenarios in which AIN can be seen: (i) SARS-CoV-2 infection after diagnosis of AIN, (ii) AIN followed by SARS-CoV-2 infection in the same admission and (iii) Severe SARS-CoV-2 and AIN possibly associated with SARS-CoV-2 itself. Overall, AIN remains rare in SARS-CoV-2 and causality is difficult to ascertain. Interestingly, AIN is not only seen in association with the disease itself but also with SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. This scenario is equally rare and causality is no less difficult to prove. A history of preceding SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination should be actively sought when patients present with otherwise unexplained AIN.
Frailty in kidney transplantation: a review on its evaluation, variation and long-term impact
Authors: Alfieri Carlo , Malvica Silvia , Cesari Matteo , Vettoretti Simone , Benedetti Matteo , Cicero Elisa , Miglio Roberta , Caldiroli Lara , Perna Alessandro , Cervesato Angela , Castellano Giuseppe
Published: May 2022

The problem of frailty in kidney transplantation is an increasingly discussed topic in the transplant field, partially also generated by the multiple comorbidities by which these patients are affected. The criteria currently used to establish the presence and degree of frailty can be rapidly assessed in clinical practice, even in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The main objectives of this work are: (i) to describe the method of evaluation and the impact that frailty has in patients affected by CKD, (ii) to explore how frailty should be studied in the pre-transplant evaluation, (iii) how frailty changes after a transplant and (iv) the impact frailty has over the long term on the survival of renal transplant patients.
Comprehensive myocardial characterization using cardiac magnetic resonance associates with outcomes in low gradient severe aortic stenosis
Authors: Fukui Miho , Annabi Mohamed-Salah , Rosa Vitor E E , Ribeiro Henrique B , Stanberry Larissa I , Clavel Marie-Annick , Rodés-Cabau Josep , Tarasoutchi Flavio , Schelbert Erik B , Bergler-Klein Jutta , Bartko Philipp E , Dona Carolina , Mascherbauer Julia , Dahou Abdellaziz , Rochitte Carlos E , Pibarot Philippe , Cavalcante João L
Published: May 2022

Aims

This study sought to compare cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) characteristics according to different flow/gradient patterns of aortic stenosis (AS) and to evaluate their prognostic value in patients with low-gradient AS.

Methods and results

This international prospective multicentric study included 147 patients with low-gradient moderate to severe AS who underwent comprehensive CMR evaluation of left ventricular global longitudinal strain (LVGLS), extracellular volume fraction (ECV), and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE). All patients were classified as followings: classical low-flow low-gradient (LFLG) [mean gradient (MG) < 40 mmHg and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) < 50%]; paradoxical LFLG [MG < 40 mmHg, LVEF ≥ 50%, and stroke volume index (SVi) < 35 ml/m2]; and normal-flow low-gradient (MG < 40 mmHg, LVEF ≥ 50%, and SVi ≥ 35 ml/m2). Patients with classical LFLG (n = 90) had more LV adverse remodelling including higher ECV, and higher LGE and volume, and worst LVGLS. Over a median follow-up of 2 years, 43 deaths and 48 composite outcomes of death or heart failure hospitalizations occurred. Risks of adverse events increased per tertile of LVGLS: hazard ratio (HR) = 1.50 [95% CI, 1.02–2.20]; P = 0.04 for mortality; HR = 1.45 [1.01–2.09]; P < 0.05 for composite outcome; per tertile of ECV, HR = 1.63 [1.07–2.49]; P = 0.02 for mortality; HR = 1.54 [1.02–2.33]; P = 0.04 for composite outcome. LGE presence also associated with higher mortality, HR = 2.27 [1.01–5.11]; P < 0.05 and composite outcome, HR = 3.00 [1.16–7.73]; P = 0.02. The risk of mortality and the composite outcome increased in proportion to the number of impaired components (i.e. LVGLS, ECV, and LGE) with multivariate adjustment.

Conclusions

In this international prospective multicentric study of low-gradient AS, comprehensive CMR assessment provides independent prognostic value that is cumulative and incremental to clinical and echocardiographic characteristics.
Economic evaluation of restrictive vs. liberal transfusion strategy following acute myocardial infarction (REALITY): trial-based cost–effectiveness and cost–utility analyses
Authors: Durand-Zaleski Isabelle , Ducrocq Gregory , Mimouni Maroua , Frenkiel Jerome , Avendano-Solá Cristina , Gonzalez-Juanatey Jose R , Ferrari Emile , Lemesle Gilles , Puymirat Etienne , Berard Laurence , Cachanado Marine , Arnaiz Joan Albert , Martínez-Sellés Manuel , Silvain Johanne , Ariza-Solé Albert , Calvo Gonzalo , Danchin Nicolas , Paco Sandra , Drouet Elodie , Abergel Helene , Rousseau Alexandra , Simon Tabassome , Steg Philippe Gabriel
Published: May 2022

Aims

To estimate the cost–effectiveness and cost–utility ratios of a restrictive vs. liberal transfusion strategy in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients with anaemia.

Methods and results

Patients (n = 666) with AMI and haemoglobin between 7–8 and 10 g/dL recruited in 35 hospitals in France and Spain were randomly assigned to a restrictive (n = 342) or a liberal (n = 324) transfusion strategy with 1-year prospective collection of resource utilization and quality of life using the EQ5D3L questionnaire. The economic evaluation was based on 648 patients from the per-protocol population. The outcomes were 30-day and 1-year cost-effectiveness, with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) averted as the effectiveness outcome. and a 1-year cost–utility ratio.

The 30-day incremental cost–effectiveness ratio was €33 065 saved per additional MACE averted with the restrictive vs. liberal strategy, with an 84% probability for the restrictive strategy to be cost-saving and MACE-reducing (i.e. dominant). At 1 year, the point estimate of the cost–utility ratio was €191 500 saved per quality-adjusted life year gained; however, the cumulated MACE was outside the pre-specified non-inferiority margin, resulting in a decremental cost–effectiveness ratio with a point estimate of €72 000 saved per additional MACE with the restrictive strategy.

Conclusion

In patients with AMI and anaemia, the restrictive transfusion strategy was dominant (cost-saving and outcome-improving) at 30 days. At 1 year, the restrictive strategy remained cost-saving, but clinical non-inferiority on MACE was no longer maintained.

Trial Registration

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02648113.

One sentence summary

The use of a restrictive transfusion strategy in patients with acute myocardial infarction is associated with lower healthcare costs, but more evidence is needed to ascertain its long-term clinical impact.
Modelling elastic properties of partially saturated porous rocks with aligned fractures
Authors: Kong Liyun , Ma Yanyan , Gurevich Boris
Published: May 2022

A simple but rigorous extension to anisotropy of the isotropic theory for partially saturated rocks is developed to model the variations of the P-wave velocities with angle of incidence and water saturation in partially saturated fractured rocks. The theory is developed to match ultrasonic measurements on a synthetic sandstone samples with a regular distribution of aligned, penny-shaped fractures. The velocity anisotropy in the dry fractured sample is well described with a set of standard anisotropic effective medium theory for penny-shaped cracks. The saturation dependence of the velocities is modelled by a combination of four mechanisms (squirt flow, uniform saturation, patchy saturation and full water saturation) and described by four corresponding theoretical models (squirt-flow relaxation model, anisotropic Gassmann–Wood equations, Backus average and anisotropic Gassmann equations). At ultrasonic frequencies, this simple but rigorous combination of poroelastic models can describe angle and saturation dependency of velocities and moduli in a partially saturated fractured and porous rock reasonably well.