bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF SIMPLE LIPIDS ON THE PHAGOCYTIC PROPERTIES OF PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES
Authors: Cooper GN , Houston Barbara
Published: December 2007

Mouse peritoneal cells which have ingested large numbers of Esdierichia coli in vitro are later incapable of ingesting small numbers of a second bacterial species (Paracolobactrum). If the cell populations which have been exposed to E. coli are treated with small concentrations of triolein, ingestion and intracellular killing of the second species occur. Using microscopic techniques, evidence has been obtained to suggest that the enhancement of phagocytic activity in cell populations by triolein is related to an increase in the number of functionally active cells rather than to an increase in the ingestive capacity of phagocytic cells initially present in the population.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF FIXED RABIES VIRUS IN MOUSE BRAIN
Authors: Johnson Richard T , Mercer EH
Published: December 2007

The development of fixed rabies virus in the cerebellar Purkinje cells of mice has been studied by immunofluorescent, cytochemical and electron microscopical methods. The virus, as judged by all methods, appears to devolop in the cytoplasm without any demonstrable nuclear involvement.

The staining reaction with acridine orange suggests that rabies is an RNA virus.

The morphology of the particles of the fixed strain used in these experiments differs from the street strain described by Matsumoto (1963) in being less often elongated and unbranched.
PHAGE PATTERNS OF THE FAST‐GROWING ACID‐FAST BACTERIA
Authors: Rodda Gwenda MJ
Published: December 2007

One hundred and thirty‐six fast‐growing acid‐fast strains were tested with 14 phages.

Some species showed definite patterns, but others were phage resistant or showed a large variety of lysis patterns. Two phages, isolated from soil and chicken manure respectively, were specific for M. fortuitum, lysing 12 per cent of 73 strains. A simplified phage typing scheme is proposed.

A certain amount of variability in phage susceptibility over a period of time was found.

Inhibition of growth without phage multiplication was observed in the case of some strains and some phages.
ENHANCEMENT OF THE INFECTIVITY OF ARBOVIRUSES BY SPECIFIC ANTISERA PRODUCED IN DOMESTIC FOWLS
Authors: Hawkes RA
Published: December 2007

The apparent infectivity of certain arboviruses is increased by the action of specific antisera prepared in domestic fowls when assayed on chick embryo fibroblast (CEF) monolayers or the chorioallantoic membrane of the developing chick embryo. Of the viruses tested, Murray Valley encephalitis (MVE), West Nile (WNV) and Japanese encephalitis viruses from Casals group B, and Getah virus from group A demonstrate this enhancement, but Sindbis and SFV from group A do not. The virus plaque count is increased by up to 12 times the control plaque count, depending on the potency of the antiserum.

Enhancement could not be demonstrated with rabbit or mouse antisera to MVE on the CEF monolayer, nor with fowl antiserum on PK‐2a cells or in suckling mice.

Cross enhancing activity could be demonstrated between viruses within group B (MVE and WNV), but not between viruses from different groups (MVE and Getah).

Preliminary work indicates that 19S antibody is involved, as well as antibody not susceptible to depolymerisation with mercaptoethanol.
PULMONARY DAMAGE DUE TO HIGH PRESSURE OXYGEN BREATHING IN RATS
Authors: Jamieson Dana , ven den Brenk HAS
Published: December 2007

The surface tension of films formed from lung extracts and the changes in surface tension on compression of such films have been studied in control rats respiring air and in rats exposed to oxygen at 5 atmospheres pressure (OHP). The surface tension recorded in films from oxygen poisoned lungs was higher at all areas of the film. Pentobarbital sodium, which protects rats against OHP‐induced lung damage, also caused some protection of the lung surface‐active material.
INDUCED COAGULATION OF HEPARINISED BLOOD
Authors: Fantl P
Published: December 2007

Addition of d‐glucose, d‐fructose, mannose, galactose, 2‐desoxyglucose, saccharose, mannitol or glycine to heparinised blood or platelet containing plasma induces clot formation. Sodium chloride and thiourea are the least active compounds. The clot yield is proportional to the concentration of the clot‐inducing compound and incubation time. Clots are formed in the presence of adequate numbers of platelets, but the process is not associated with the glycolytic system of the platelets. In addition, calcium ions and the components of the prothrombin complex are necessary for clot formation. Heparinised blood decalcified, citrated blood and prothrombin‐deficient blood from patients under treatment with oral anticoagulants incubated with glucose do not clot. It is probable that the glucose‐induced clot formation in heparinised blood requires all the factors essential for thrombin production. In order to avoid clotting glucose should not be added to heparinised blood.
THE NATURE OF THE OPSONINS IN ADULT HEN SERUM AND DEVELOPING CHICK EMBRYOS TO CERTAIN GRAM‐NEGATIVE BACTERIA
Authors: Karthigasu K , Jenkin CR , Turner KJ
Published: December 2007

A study has been made of the opsonins present in the serum of developing chick embryos against certain strains of gram‐negative bacteria. Comparison has been made with opsonins in serum from adult normal hens and from specifically immunised birds against the same bacterial strains. It has been shown that only 7S globulins are transferred across the yolk sac membrane, the macroglobulin antibody being passed to the chick on hatching across the intestinal epithelium.
THE EVALUATION OF INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY IN THE SKIN OF GUINEA‐PIGS
Authors: Carr Jean , Wilhelm DL
Published: December 2007

The increases in vascular permeability induced by the intracutaneous injection of histamine, compound 48/80, polymyxin B, bradykinin, globulin permeability factor and kallikrein were compared in the skin of the dorsal trunk of guinea‐pigs with Evans blue circulating in their blood. With respect to log dose injected, the response in treated sites was evaluated in three ways: (1) diameter of the blue lesions on the upper and (2) under surfaces of the skin: (3) the amount of dye that exuded into the skin.

Based on the upper surface readings, bradykinin had outstanding activity, followed by globulin permeability factor, histamine, compound 48/80, polymyxin B and kallikrein in that order. The relative potency was 11,090, 143, 110, 24, 6 and 1 respectively.

The upper surface readings yielded parallel response‐lines. On the under surface, the slopes of the response‐lines for bradykinin and 48/80 differed from those of the other four substances, and hence potency was calculated at an arbitrary level.

Based on the under‐surface readings, bradykinin still had outstanding activity (relative potency = 3,514), but the descending order now was histnmine (166), 48/80 (29), globulin factor (28), polymyxin B (7) and kallikrein (1).

The response‐lines recording the amounts of exuded dye were reasonably parallel, and the corresponding relative potency of the test substances closely agreed with the results from the under‐surface readings.

In general, the differences between the upper and under surface readings corresponded to the distribution of dye in the various layers of the skin.
THE EFFECTS OF OSMOTIC DIURESIS AND VASOPRESSIN UPON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SODIUM, POTASSIUM AND UREA IN THE RAT KIDNEY
Authors: Cross RB
Published: December 2007

The effect of vasopressin on the renal medullary concentration of Na, K and urea was studied in alcohol anaesthetized rats during osmotic diuresis.

When the rats were infused with 0·44 M sucrose and 6 per cent C2H5OH vasopressin caused immediate increases in the concentration of urea in the papilla but did not alter papillary Na.

When the infusion contained 0·033 M NaCl vasopressin caused immediate increases in the concentration of both urea and Na in the papilla.

When the infusion contained more than 0·15 M NaCl the concentrations of Na and urea in the papilla were initially high and were further increased by vasopressin.

The presence of 0·33 M urea in the infusion prevented the action of vasopressin in increasing papillary Na and urea. The presence of added urea did not inhibit the accumulation of Na and urea in the papilla as a result of the infusion of hypertonic NaCl solutions.
MILK IRON AND PLASMA IRON TRANSPORT IN A LACTATING MARSUPIAL DURING SHORT‐TERM INTRAVENOUS INFUSION OF IRON
Authors: Kaldor I , Ezekiel Eric
Published: December 2007

In the lactating quokka (Setonix brachyurus) parenteral iron. as ferrous ammonium sulphate solution, was administered in an attempt to raise the milk iron. Following a single large intraperitoneal dose a rise in milk iron occurred within hours. There was, however, no clear relationship between the rise and the amount of iron injected and there was reason to believe the rise had been associated with unphysiologically high plasma iron cocentrations. During continuous intravenous infusion of iron at controlled rates plasma iron was elevated to maximal levels not exceeding plasma total iron binding capacity and under these conditions no significant alteration in milk iron occurred within four hours.

A progressive and statistically significant rise in total plasma iron binding capacity which occurred during intravenous infusion of iron was probably the manifestation of a redistribution of intra‐ and extravascular transferrin in response to the need for more rapid removal of iron from the plasma.
STOP‐FLOW ANALYSIS OF PHENOLSULPHONPHTHALEIN EXCRETION AND VISUAL LOCALIZATION OF THE SITE OF MAXIMAL URINE ACIDIFICATION IN THE RAT NEPHRON
Authors: Young JA , Edwards KDG
Published: December 2007

Stop‐flow analysis of renal tubular function performed in the rat undergoing creatinine diuresis has been used to demonstrate active secretion of phenolsulphonphthalein by the proximal convoluted tubule. At the same time, by taking advantage of this indicator's colour change from yellow to red with rising pH, it has proved possible to localize the region of maximal tubular acidification of urine by simple inspection of the colour of the stop‐flow samples. This region was found to coincide with the region of maximum sodium and water reabsorption, and was thought to be in the collecting ducts.
FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DISPERSION OF INDICATOR IN DYE‐DILUTION CURVES IN NORMAL MAN
Authors: Thorburn Geoffrey D
Published: December 2007

The main factors influencing the dispersion of indicator in man have been found to be the flow through the system and the volume between the injection and sampling sites. For a given flow and volume, alteration in pathlength of a system leads to systematic differences in the dispersion of indicator and to variation in the degree of asymmetry of the resultant curves. A considerable proportion of the residual variation in the dispersion of indicator after fitting the regression function for flow and volume can be explained by differences in pathlength either in the one individual or between individuals. By using a fixed anatomical injection and sampling site it was possible to reduce the variation in pathlength within an individual. In addition, the variation in pathlength between individuals was reduced by the introduction of a measure of asymmetry as a third independent variable in the multiple regression equations. The probit ratio b1/b2, which was used for this purpose, was shown to be related to the pathlength of the system. These results are discussed in relation to the application of the Korner‐Shillingford technique to the estimation of valvular incompetence in man.
THE FATE OF Cr51 LABELLED EHRLICH ASCITES TUMOUR CELLS
Authors: Vincent PC , Nicholls Annette
Published: December 2007

Elution of Na2Cr51O4 after binding to Ehrlich ascites tumour cells is considerable, both in vitro and in vivo. The distribution and excretion of intravenously injected free Na2Cr51O4 have been determined and with these data it has been estimated that approximately 64 per cent of isotope associated with tumour cells is lost in the first 24 hours after their intravenous injection into mice. Most (but not all) of the activity in the liver and spleen, and all of the activity in the kidneys after such an injection is due to the distribution of eluted isotope.

However, a significant excess of radioactivity in the lungs of female mice when compared with male mice within one minute of injection of labelled cells is consistent with previous reports of greater metastatic tumour growth in female mice. Evidence is presented to show that clution of isotope is not responsible for this difference.
PHAGOCYTOSIS AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN LEPTOSPIRAL INFECTION
Authors: Faine S , Shahar A , Aronson M
Published: December 2007

Macrophages and polymorphonuclear leucocytes phagocytosed Leptospita icterohaemorrhagiae in tissue culture. No differences were observed between the activities of phagocytes from guinea‐pigs (highly susceptible to infection with the strain of leptospira used), mice (moderately susceptible) or rabbits (resistant), nor between phagocytes from mimmunized and unimminized animals. Preliminary opsonization increased the initial rate of phagocytosis. Similar results were obtained in mouse peritoneal cavities. There was no evidence of cytotoxicity or of intracullular survival of leptospirae. It is unlikely that virulence or non‐specific resistance to infection is determined by phagocytosis; specific resistance is mediated by antibody insofar as it enhances phagocytosis by opsonization and agglutination.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THYMIC FUNCTION IN NZB MICE AND THE F1 HYBRIDS WITH C3H
Authors: Holmes Margaret C , Burnet FM
Published: December 2007

(1) Complete thymectomy in NZB mice in the first few days of life results in death of about 60 per cent over the period 45–250 days.

(2) Surviving mice show only a moderato 2–3 months′ delay in developing n positive Coombs test. This is also seen when thymectotny is done at 4–8 weeks of age.

(3) Isologous thymic grafts to neonatally thymectomized NZB mice develop germinal centres in normal fashion.

(4) Isologous thymus grafts to intact 4–8 week NZB mice show excessive development of lesions in a high proportion of females, and, in grafts to older mice already Coombs positive, the appearance of lesions in the grafts is accelerated.

(5) Grafting of NZB spleen or thymus to F1 (NZB × C3H) hybrids produced no acceleration of Coombs conversion. There was a positive correlation of the intensity of lesions in host thymus and graft.

(6) The findings are discussed in terms of the hypothesis that the cells responsible for autoimmune manifestations arise by somatic mutation.
THE EFFECT OF A RADIO‐PROTECTIVE DRUG (S‐(2‐AMINO ETHYL) THIURONIUM BROMIDE HYDRO‐ BROMIDE), UPON THE GENERAL AND CORONARY HAEMODYNAMICS AND METABOLISM OF THE INTACT DOG
Authors: Maxwell GM , Kneebone GM
Published: December 2007

The cardiovascular effects of a radioprotective drug (S‐(2‐amino‐ethyl) thiuronium bromide hydrobromide) were investigated in intact dogs. This substance decreases cardiac output and increases systemic pressure and resistances. Coronary flow is decreased, cardiac oxygen extraction is increased, and cardiac efficiency maintained.
INSULIN AND MYELOSCHISIS IN THE CHICK EMBRYO
Authors: van Dongen Robert
Published: December 2007

Injections of various insulin doses were made in two series of eggs—at the 24‐ and 48‐hour stage of development respectively. The insulin was introduced directly into or very near to the subgenninal cavity.

In the 24‐hour series, the main abnormalities encountered were rumplessness, microphthalmia and myeloschisis. All but myeloschisis occur just as frequently in control eggs injected with distilled water. Raising the dose from 1/100 to 1/20 units had no obvious effect on the incidence of abnormalities. Doses of 1/10 units are on the borderline between teratogenesis and death.

At 48 hours, only a low incidence of myeloschisis was found. This is probably associated with the fact that closure of the neural tube is nearing completion at this time.

The aetiology of the increased neural bulk observed in myeloschisis is at present unknown.
THE ABILITY OF AMOEBA PROTEUS TO KILL SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS INTRODUCED BY MICRO‐INJECTION, AND THE INFLUENCE OF OPSONINS ON INTRACELLULAR KILLING
Authors: Savanat T , Pavillard ERJ
Published: December 2007

A micro‐injection technique is described which allowed S. enteritidis Se795 to be injected directly into the cytoplasm of Amoeba proteus. The decrease in the number of bacteria recovered after increasing intervals of time allowed that the half‐life of S. enteridis within amoebae was approximately five hours. Opsonisation of the salmonellae with serum did not shorten their intracellular half‐life.
EFFECT OF OPSONINS ON PHAGOCYTOSIS AND KILLING OF SALMONELLAE BY AMOEBA PROTEUS, AND THE USE OF PHAGE P22 TO ELIMINATE SURPLUS EXTRACELLULAR BACTERIA
Authors: Savanat T , Pavillard ERJ
Published: December 2007

Mammalian serum opsonins have been shown to possess moderate power to promote phagocytosis of Salmonella enteritidis by Amoeba proteus, but serum opsonins had no measurable effect on the rate of intracellular killing of these bacteria or of Salmonella typhimurium. The survival time of opsonised salmonellae after phagocytosis by amoebae was considerably longer than would be expected if similar bacteria were to be ingested by mammalian phagocytes. The possible effect of temperature on intracellular bactericidal mechanisms is discussed.

Also described is a technique in which a lytic mutant of phage P22 was used to eliminate residual extracellular salmonellae from washed amoebae after a standard period of phagocytosis.
OPSONIC POWER OF HUMAN ANTI‐B SERUM FOR BLOOD GROUP B‐ACTIVE BACTERIA
Authors: Pavillard ERJ , Stegemann Hannerose , Rowley D
Published: December 2007

The ability of E. coli 086 to absorb anti‐B globulins from human sera has been confirmed, and the opsonic effectiveness of these adsorbed globulins has been studied in vitro, using mouse peritoneal macrophages as test phagocytes. Fresh anti‐B sera were highly opsonic for E. coli 086, whereas control sera lacking, these globulins were only weakly active. Absorption of pooled anti‐B serum with group B red fells greatly reduced opsonic power, and heating at 56° for 30 minutes caused a similar loss, although the titre of anti‐B saline agglutinins and the ability of E. coli 086 to absorb them remained the same. It was concluded that the opsonising power of anti‐B sera was not due to 19S type saline agglutinins acting alone, but needed complement for it to be effective. The possible contribution of ABO blood group isoagglatinins to immunity is discussed.
THE PERIPHERAL EFFECT OF RESERPINE ON THE BLOOD VESSELS OF CONSCIOUS RABBITS
Authors: Hopcroft SG
Published: December 2007

Using rabbits in which an in‐dwelling catheter had been inserted into the artery supplying one ear, and which were fully conscious, it was shown that the intra‐arterial infusion of reserpine had a vasodilator effect on the infused ear. It is concluded that at least part of the peripheral vasodilator effect of reserpine is due to local action.
A MICRO‐METHOD FOR THE STUDY OF ALRUMIN SYNTHESIS IN VIVO
Authors: Thorpe MEC
Published: December 2007

A micro‐method is described which permits the study of the rate of albumin synthesis in experimental animals. Very small quantities of serum were required for the determinations and this allowed multiple blood sampling from the same animal. The technique is described under a normal and a pathological state to show its application.
STUDIES ON HAPTOGLOBIN AND HAEMOPEXIN IN THE PLASMA OF CATTLE
Authors: Bremner KC
Published: December 2007

Haem‐binding proteins with properties similar to human haptoglobin and haemopexin have been demonstrated in the plasma of healthy calves electrophoresis on filter paper. Boviue haptoglobin had an electrophoretic mobility similar to that of fibrinogen, and the haemopexin migrated as a β1‐globulin. The haemoglobin binding capacity of normal calf plasma ranged from 0–50 mg./100 ml. Subcutaneous injections of turpentine produced marked increases in the plasma concentrations of both these proteins. Plasma concentrations of haemopexin were elevated transiently in three calves infected experimentally with the nematode Oesophagostomum radiatum, but the concentration, of plasma haptoglobin rose markedly in only one of these animals.

Complexes of haemoglobin‐haptoglobin and haematin‐haemopexin were formed in vivo after the intravenous injection of lysates ol erythrocytes, and the clearance of the complexes from the plasma resulted in a depletion of the plasma concentrations of the haem‐binding proteins. Both haemopexin and haptoglobin disappeared from the plasma of calves during the haemolytic crisis of babesiosis. It was concluded that the simultaneous absence of both these proteins from bovine plasma was indicative of pathological haemolytic processes.
ENHANCEMENT OF THE VIRULENCE OF ATTENUATD ECTROMELIA VIRUS IN MICE MAINTAINED IN A COLD ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Roberts John A
Published: December 2007

An attenuated strain of ectromelia virus was at least 100 times more lethal for mice kept in a 2° environment, than it was for mice kept at 20°.

Studio of the rates of virus growth in different organs indicated that a virus‐induced host factor, which retarded growth of virus in mice kept in a 20° environment, was deficient in mice kept in the 2° environment.

Comparisons of the time of initiation of antibody production, the persistence of antibodies, and the ability of reticulo‐endothelial cells to dispose of virus‐antibody complexes, revealed no differences between groups of mice kept in each environment.

The dependence of mice in a low temperature environment upon an increased metabolic rate rendered them more susceptible to liver damage.
STOP‐FLOW ANALYSIS OF RENAL TUBULAR FUNCTION IN THE RAT UNDERGOING OSMOTIC DIURESIS DUE TO CREATININE LOADING
Authors: Young JA , Edwards KDG
Published: December 2007

1. A brisk osmotic diuresis was produced in rats by the intravenous infusion of 8 per cent creatinine in Ringer's solution at 0·39 ml./minute. Steady‐state conditions were attained after 25 minutes of infusion. During the period of infusion between 25–43 minutes, six urine and three plasma samples were collected in each of a series of seven animals, and the creatinine clearance and urinary excretion of water, creatinine, sodium and potassium were found to be constant. Mean values and standard deviations between animals were: 0·58 ± 0·09 ml./minute (water); 17·7 ± 2·4 mg./minute (creatinine); 59·6 ± 16·7 μEq./minute (sodium); 12·9 ± 3·1 μEq./minute (potassium); 2·69 ± 0·68 ml./minute (creatinine clearance). Standard deviations within animals were: 0·05 ml./minute (water); 0·83 mg./minute (creatinine); 9·08 μEq./min. (sodium); 0·91 μEq. /minute (potassium); 0·16 ml./minute (ereatinine clearance). Sodium and potassium excretion both showed highly significant positive correlations with urine flow during creatinine and mannitol diuresis, but, at comparable urine flow rates, creatinine produced significantly greater rates of excretion of sodium than did mannitol.

2. The stop‐flow technique for the localization of renal tubular function was found to be practicable in rats undergoing creatinine diuresis. During stop‐flow the intraureteric pressure rose within two minutes to a plateau between 41 and 50 mm. Hg. The stop‐flow patterns obtained for creatinine, para‐aminohippurate, sodium and potassium, resembled those reported previously in other animals.

3. By means of the stop‐flow technique, the proximal tubule of the rat nephron was shown to secrete the organic acids phenolsulphonphthalein, trifluoromethyldisulphamylaniline, and para‐aminohippurate. In the same region of the nephron the amino acids phenylalanine, valine, alanine, glutamic acid.
INHIBITION OF A HUMAN ANTI‐A SERUM BY SALIVAS FROM A1 AND A2 PERSONS
Authors: Boettcher B
Published: December 2007

The distribution of the ability of saliva from 55 blood group A secretors to inhibit a human B antiserum was found to be bimodal. Subsequent determination of the subgroups of these people showed that the class with the smaller mode was associated with A substance in the salivas of A2 secretors, the other with A substance in the salivas of A1 secretors. In this study the two classes had non‐overlapping distributions, though not in a larger subsequent one. Statistical evaluation of these results and of confirmatory tests on salivas from persons whose A subgroups had been previously determined have established that, on the average, salivas from group A1 secretors have a greater capacity to inhibit a human anti‐A serum than those from A2 secretors.
MACROPHAGE PROLIFERATION IN RELATION TO ACQUIRED CELLULAR RESISTANCE
Authors: Khoo KK , Mackaness GB
Published: December 2007

The proliferative activity of peritoneal macrophages has been studied in mice systemically infected with L. monocytogenes and Br. abortus. A gross difference was found in the time‐course of infections caused by these organisms, but in each of them the percentage of DNA synthesising cells rose progressively to a peak on the 3rd day after the bacterial population in the spleen had reached a maximum. During a secondary Listeria infection the cellular response occurred sooner and was more intense. The findings are consistent with the view that the intense proliferation of macrophages associated with these infections is due to the action of bacterial antigens on immunologically sensitised cells.
A MODIFICATION OF SANDYS′ MEDIUM FOR INHIBITING THE SWARMING OF PROTEUS STRAINS
Authors: Annear DI
Published: December 2007

A small proportion of Proteus strains was found to swarm on Sandys' salt‐deficient media. When modified by increasing the agar‐content to 3 percent, the medium inhibited the swarming of all of the 200 strains of Proteus tested. The modified medium was found to be suitable for performing colony counts on urines.
EFFECT OF SIMPLE LIPIDS ON THE PHAGOCYTIC PROPERTIES OF PERITONEAL MACROPHAGES
Authors: Lee A , Cooper GN
Published: December 2007

The electrophoretic mobility of mouse peritoneal cells declines rapidly during in vitro incubation. The decline is prevented when the cells are incubated in the presence of phagocytosis‐enhancing substances, such as triolein and bacterial lipopolysaccharide. In contrast to the latter substance, triolein does not enhace the acid phosphatase activity of peritoneal cells nor does it affect the respiratory activity of these cells. The implications of these findings in relation to the mechanisms of stimulation of phahocytic activity in peritoneal cell populations are discussed.
IONTOPHORESIS OF GUANETHIDINE IN MAN
Authors: de la Lande IE , Hodge RL , Reilly PL , Thomas DW
Published: December 2007

In a search for more efficient methods of treatment of peripheral vascular disease, the technique of iontophoresis of guanethidine into fingers of healthy male volunteers has been investigated. The effects of this drug on heat output in 10 subjects and on sympathetic vasoconstrictor reflexes in five subjects were measured by calorimetry. Although an increase in heat output and partial sympathetic blockade occurred, the degree of these changes was much less than after intra‐arterial guanethidine, and the doses of drug required per unit volume of tissue were greater. Furthermore, the occurrence of ulcers after iontophoresis precludes this form of administration from clinical practice.
PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES FOLLOWING EXPERIMENTAL OBSTRUCTION OF THE COMMON BILE DUCT, HEPATIC BILE DUCT AND HEPATIC ARTERY IN THE SHEEP AND THEIR RELATION TO FACIAL ECZEMA
Authors: Leaver DD , Christie GS
Published: December 2007

Pathological changes in the sheep following ligation of the hepatic bile duct, combined ligation of both the hepatic bile duct and the branch of the hepatic artery to the ventral lobe, ligation of the common bile duct and ligation of the hepatic artery to the ventral lobe, are described and discussed. It was demonstrated that a combination of obstruction of the biliary drainage and a considerable decrease of the blood How was required to produce the maximum degree of bile ductule proliferation and parenchymal atrophy seen in the chronic stage of facial eczema in the sheep. Obstruction of the common bile duct did not reproduce the liver changes of facial eczema. Although evidence is cited in the sheep, which suggests that some degree of interference with blood supply followed ligalion of the hepatic duct only, the lesion produced was not comparable in degree to that of facial eczema.
VIRUSES OF THE MYXOMA‐FIBROMA SUBGROUP OF THE POXVIRUSES.
Authors: Woodroofe Gwendolyn M , Fenner Frank
Published: December 2007

Results reported in this and the succeeding paper indicate that Brazilian and Californian myoxma viruses, Shope's rabbit fibroma virus, hare fibroma virus, and squirrel fibroma virus form a distinctive subgroup of the poxviruses, which we have designated the myxoma‐fibroma subgroup. Strains of all of these viruses, including three isolates of rabbit fibroma virus from eastern U.S.A. and a large number of isolates of myxoma viruses from California and South America, have been examined for their capacity to produce plaques in monolayers of four types of cell.

The myxoma viruses produce plaques in rabbit embryo fibroblasts and in primary and continuous line rabbit kidney cells. Isolates from California produce smaller plaques than those produced by most strains from South America. A plaque type mutant of a virulent Brazilian strain was found to have altered virulence and pathogenicity for laboratory rabbits. All myxoma viruses also produce small clear plaques on chick embryo fibroblasts, if DEAE dextran is included in the overlay medium. Because of the ease of production of the cells this technique is recommended for routine plaque assay of myxoma viruses.

Rabbit and squirrel fibroma viruses produce small clear plaques on rabbit embryo fibroblasts and small proliferative foci on rabbit kidney cells, but no plaques on chick embryo fibroblasts. Hare fibroma virus produces a very few, very small plaques on rabbit cells only. All the viruses reactivate heat‐inactivated rabbitpox virus on all types of cells, but with varying efficiencies.

Plaque reduction tests and cross‐protection tests in rabbits establish the relationship between the five viruses, but squirrel and hare fibroma viruses produce a relatively low degree of resistance to myxoma virus.
IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL LOCALIZATION OF A 19S γ1 MACROGLOBULIN COLD HAEMAGGLUTININ
Authors: Curtain CC , Baumgarten A
Published: December 2007

A γ1 macroglobulin with cold haemagglutinating activity of the anti‐I type was localised by the fluorescent antibody technique in the bone marrow plasma cells and their precursors in a patient suffering from lymphoma. No localization occurred in the “naked” lymphocytes whose presence in the marrow gave rise to a diagnosis of lymphoma. The plasma cells containing the macroglobulin appeared to be morphologically identical to those containing normal 7S γ2‐globulin, and in no case was the presence of both proteins observed in the same cell.
A PLAQUE TECHNIQUE FOR COUNTING CELLS WHICH PRODUCE ANTIBACTERIAL ANTIBODY
Authors: Halliday WJ , Webb Mary
Published: December 2007

A technique is described for the detection and enumeration of cells producing antibacterial (“O”) antibody. Erythrocytes sensitised with specific bacterial polysaccharide are used in a modification of Jerne's plaque technique.
THE OCCURRENCE IN THE RAT OF AN ACCESSORY PANCREATIC DUCT OPENING DIRECTLY INTO THE DUODENUM
Authors: Herriott BA , Sinnett PF , Palmer AA
Published: December 2007

The occurrence, in about 17 per cent of rats, of an accessory pancreatic duct opening directly into the duodenum is described and the practical implications of this finding are discussed. The presence of anastomoses between pancreatic ducts is noted.
HISTIDINE METABOLITE EXCRETION AND SERUM FOLATE LEVELS
Authors: Davis RE , Leake Eleanor , Bresland RJ
Published: December 2007

A histidine loading test was performed on 31 patients before and after saturation with folic acid. These results were compared with pre‐treatment serum folate levels. Thirteen patients had normal serum folate levels and urinary histidine metabolite excretion; six patients with low serum folate showed high urinary histidine metabolite excretion which returned to normal after folic acid therapy. Five patients had low serum folate but did not excrete abnormal concentrations of histidine metabolites. Seven patients had normal serum folate but excreted high concentrations of histidine metabolites which were reduced to normal after folic acid therapy.
THE ADSORPTION AND KINETICS OF KILLING BY COLICIN CA42‐E2
Authors: Reeves P
Published: December 2007

The kinetics of the initial step of killing of sensitive bacteria by colicin CA42‐E2 suggest that only one lethal unit or molecule is required to kill. Using a new sensitive assay it is shown that 30‐90 such lethal units can be adsorbed on one cell. Each lethal unit corresponds to 105 Dalton in the purified colicin which is similar to the probable molecular weight. The significance of these findings is discussed.
RELEASE OF BRADYKININ‐LIKE SUBSTANCE (BKLS) IN SHEEP BY VENOM OF CROTALUS ATROX
Authors: Margolis J , Bruce Sally , Starzecki B , Horner GJ , Halmagyi DFJ
Published: December 2007

The venom of Crotalus atrox liberates a substance resembling bradykinin (BKLS) from sheep and human plasma. Up to 2.5 μg, bradykinin‐equivalents per ml, of sheep plasma could be recovered in vitro. Antivenin inhibits this reaction. The effect of injected venom in sheep was assessed by estimating the residual BKLS precursor, converting it into BKLS with excess of venom or trypsin. It was found that the precursor is completely exhausted by a continuous infusion of 1.5‐2 μg./min./kg. of venom for 30‐60 minutes, and does not regenerate for a number of hours. There is a rough quantitative agreement between the BKLS‐releasing potency of venom in vitro and the consumption of the precursor in vivo. It is also apparent that sufficient BKLS is released to contribute to the acute hypotension produced by crotalin.
THE EFFECT OF STREPTOKINASE ON THE PLATELET AGGREGATES IN ARTIFICIAL IN VITRO THROMBOSIS
Authors: Rozenberg MC
Published: December 2007

A cone‐in‐cone rotational viscometer is used to produce artificial in vitro thrombosis and lysis is stimulated with streptokinase. It is shown that the coagula lyse, but platelet masses in these remain unaffected. The implications of this finding are discussed with regard to the knowledge of platelet aggregation, the theories of vessel wall repair and atherosclerosis and its importance in thrombolytic therapy.
THE LOCALIZATION OF CYTOCHROMES AND CAROTENOIDS IN ISOLATED BACTERIAL MEMBRANES AND ENVELOPES
Authors: Salton MRJ , Ehtisham‐ud‐Din AFM
Published: December 2007

Examination of oxidized and reduced spectra of isolated membranes (plasma and mesosome membranes) and protoplasmic fractions of the lysozymesensitive Gram‐positive bacteria Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Sarcina lutea, has shown that virtually all of the cytochrome and in addition the carotenoids in the latter two organisms are localized in the membranes. Although the membranes isolated from cells of Micrococcus lysodeikticus and Sarcina lutea grown in the presence of diphenylamine still possessed the normal complement of cytochromes bound to the membranes, the structures were devoid of the unsaturated caroteuoids. “Walls” or “envelopes” of Escherichia coli contained a higher proportion of the cytochromes and NADH oxidase activity than that found in the protoplasm. NADH oxidase activity was also localized in isolated membrane structures of the other bacteria investigated.
INHIBITION OF INTESTINAL SMOOTH MUSCLE
Authors: Holman Mollie E , Hughes Janice R
Published: December 2007

In the presence of atropine, isolated segments of small and large intestine from rat, mouse, rabbit and guinea‐pig responded to stimulation of intramural nerve fibres with a transient relaxation. On cessation of stimulation all preparations showed rebound contractions. In contrast to the relaxation mediated by perivascular sympathetic nerves, the relaxation in response to stimulation of intramural nerves was not blocked by guanethidine. The intramural inhibitory mechanism was the more resistant to the effects of prolonged cooling. Relaxation was also observed in response to brief applications of DMPP. It is suggested that this was due to the stimulant action of DMPP on intrinsic inhibitory neurones.
THE EFFECT OF SALICYLATE AND RELATED DRUGS ON THYROXINE BINDING IN MAN
Authors: Good BF , Potter Helen A , Hetzel BS
Published: December 2007

Previous studies have demonstrated a fall in circulating thyroid hormone, measured as plasma protein bound iodine (PBI), as well as evidence of a suppression of thyrotrophin (TSH) from the pituitary following the administration of salicylate to normal human subjects. This association is contrary to the classical concept of the negative feedback regulation of the thyroid‐pituitary axis.

Using the dialysis procedure of Christensen for the determination of free thyroxine, it has been demonstrated in acute experiments that the administration to normal subjects of sodium salicylate (5 g.) and sodium γ‐resorcylate (8 g.) produced an increase in circulating free thyroxine within two hours, in spite of the depression in plasma PBI. The administration of sodium p‐hydroxy‐benzoate (5 g.) was without effect. Displacement of thyroxine from the thyroxine‐binding prealbumin site of the serum proteins separated by paper electrophoresis in ammonium carbonate buffer (0.12 M at pH 8.4), was demonstrated following salicylate and γ‐resorcylate in vivo, whereas p‐hydroxybenzoate was inactive. Thus, in vivo, salicylate and γ‐resorcylate compete for binding sites on prealbumin displacing bound thyroxine into the free state.

The hypermetabolism induced by salicylate as the cause of the depression in thyroid function may now be excluded since γ‐resorcylate is without metabolic activity. The depression in TSH release produced by these drugs appears to be correlated with an increase in free thyroxine.

It is concluded that the level of circulating free thyroxine serves as the regulator of the negative feedback system controlling thyroid‐pituitary interrelations.
THE HOST RANGE AND PLAQUE MORPHOLOGY OF RABBITPOX VIRUS (RPu+) AND ITS u MUTANTS ON CHICK FIBROBLAST, PK‐2a, AND L929 CELLS
Authors: McClain Mary E
Published: December 2007

Rabbitpox virus (RPu+), 18 white pock (u) mutants derived from it and several strains of vaccinia virus were examined in respect to their cytopathology in chick embryo fibroblast cultures, and several continuous lines of mammalian cells; PK‐2a (pig kidney), L929 (mouse fibroblast), FAF (Chinese hamster fibroblast), AT (Chinese hamster, epithelial), KB (human epithelial), FL (human amnion) and Chang liver (human epithelial). The plaquing characteristics of the viruses, and the capacity to multiply exhibited by those which did not produce plaques, were investigated in chick fibroblast, PK‐2a, and L929 cells.

Cytopathic changes were characterized by early toxic effects, cellular fusion, and progressive destruction of monolayers, the pattern of changes being a function of specific virus‐cell combinations. With input inocula of 1‐5 PFU per cell, most of the virus strains and mutants produced toxic changes in most of the epithelial type cells (PK‐2a, FL, Chang liver) but not in the fibroblastic cells, and to a very slight degree in KB cells. Three mutants which failed to multiply in PK‐2a cells nevertheless produced moderate toxic changes in them.

Pronounced fusion of cells was produced in the epithelial type cells, but not in fibroblastic cells, by most of the viruses which multiplied in them, but not by mutants which failed to multiply.

All the mutants produced plaques on chick embryo fibroblasts, and these could be distinguished as turbid or clear, and differed in size and in cultural requirements for maximal plating efficiency. A standard plaque assay method is described which gives good plaques with the majority of mutants.

Conditions for optimal plaque assays on PK‐2a and L929 cells are also described, and several distinctive plaque types were recognized. Some mutants failed to produce plaques on PK‐2a or L929 cells, and in all cases except one this was shown to be due to their failure to multiply in the cells concerned.
PITUITARY GONADOTROPHINS IN URINE
Authors: Martin FIR
Published: December 2007

The mean recovery of biological activity of urinary pituitary gonadotrophin added to normal urine was 40.5 per cent as determined by the mouse uterus response.

Investigation of some methodological variables, including the mode of storage and pH of urine, did not incriminate these as additional sources of error above those directly determined from the method of extraction and assay used.
THE EFFECT OF ANGIOTENSIN II ON THE SENSITIVITY OF THE PAROTID GLAND OF THE SHEEP TO ALDOSTERONE
Authors: Blair‐West JR , Coghlan JP , Denton DA , Goding JR , Wright RD
Published: December 2007

Aldosterone was infused intravenously into sodium‐replete or sodium‐deplete adrenalectomized sheep until the fall of salivary Na/K ratio had stabilized. Then valine‐5‐angiotensin II was infused simultaneously into the carotid artery supplying the isolated parotid gland. Angiotensin did not cause a further full in the salivary Na/K ratio. The results suggest that the factor which sensitizes the parotid gland to the action of aldosterone in sodium depletion is not angiotemin II.
VIRAL AGENTS FROM PATIENTS WITH INFECTIVE HEPATITIS
Authors: Cole Ruth A , Keltsch Ruth A
Published: December 2007

Using the cloned Detroit 6 cell system and published techniques, viral agents were readily obtainable from patients with acute hepatitis in Melbourne.

With few exceptions, such agents were absent from appropriate control sera.
THE EFFECT OF VASOPRESSIN ON WATER DISTRIBUTION IN THE RAT KIDNEY
Authors: Cross RB , Sherrington LA
Published: December 2007

The effect of vasopressin on the distribution of water in the kidney was studied in alcohol anaesthetized rats during osmotic diuresis.

Under all the circumstances investigated there was an increasing gradient of H2O content from cortex to papilla.

In rats infused with 0·033 M NaCl, 0·11 M glucose in 6 per cent C2H5OH vasopressin caused a significant decrease in papillary H2O content. Increasing the osmotic load in the infusion inhibited this effect.

The data suggest that the previously reported increase in Na content of wet papillary mass seen after vasopressin is due to a primary accumulation of Na in tlie papilla and is not merely secondary to a shift of H2O out of the tissue.
CORTISONE ACETATE TREATMENT OF HAEMOLYTIC ANAEMIA IN NZB MICE
Authors: Giltinan Pamela J , Holmes Margaret C , Burnet FM
Published: December 2007

The effects of treatment of haemolytic anaemia in NZB mice with cortisone acetate were examined. A dosage of 2 mg./mtmsc/week, caused a reversal of the Coombs test in Coombs positive mice ami prevented the Coombs conversion in younger mice for as long as treatment was continued. The reticulocyte levels, which in control mice are grossly elevated, Were reduced to normal limits, but the haemoglobin and haematocrit levels were no different in treated mice from those in controls. This was ascribed to a probable iron deficiency anaemia associated with repeated experimental bleeding.

There was a high incidence of infections in treated mice, and the mortality was higher than in the controls. For this reason, it was not possible to decide whether cortisone therapy decreased the incidence of renal lisions in the NZB mice.
SPLEEN GRAFT MAST CELL POPULATION CHANGES FOLLOWING SPLENECTOMY OF THE HOST
Authors: Metcalf Donald
Published: December 2007

One‐day‐old C57B1 spleens grafted to splenectomised C57B1 and (AKR × C57B1)F1 recipients grew to a three times larger size, but contained fifteen to twenty times fewer mast cells than comparable grafts in sham operated recipients. Splenectomy of mice bearing established Spleen grafts led to a similar increase in graft size and fall in mast cell content. These effects of splnectomy were observed with both subcutaneous und kidney sub‐capsular spleen grafs. Confirmatory results were obtained with AKR and C3H spleen grafts in isologous and F1 hybrid splenectomised and sham operated recipients. Treatment of splenectomised mice with spleen extracts or spleen tissue in dif fusion chambers did not change the number of spleen graft mast cells. Splenec‐tomy had no effect on the mast cell content of other host tissues, or on the mast cell content of thymus grafts. Splenectomy before pregnancy had no effect on mast cell development in the fix‐till spleen.
CLOTTING IN HEPARINISED PLASMA
Authors: Fantl P
Published: December 2007

One volume of plasma with 6–8 units heparin per ml. incubated with two volumes of 0·3M d‐glucose formed clots after 30 to 100 minutes at 37°. Incubation with thiourea or sodium chloride produced smaller quantities of plasma clots. Heparinised plasma from a haemophilia A patient (factor VIII deficiency) and plasma from patients, under treatment with oral anticoagulants, deficient in factor II (prothrombin), factor VII (proconvertin), and factor X (Prower‐Stuart factor) did not clot after incubation with d‐glucose. Platelets are essential in this process but can be replaced by erythrocyte ghosts or by brain phospholipids but lecithins are inactive. Calcium ions must also be present. No appreciable loss of heparin occurred, but clotting was associated with reduction of heparin co‐factor (antithrombin II). The thrombin clotting time of heparinised plasma which contained d‐glucosc, mannitol, saccharose, glycine and also thiourea was shorter than that in the presence of sodium chloride. In contrast, thrombin clotting time of citrated plasma is not shortened by any of the above compounds except glycine. Incubation of plasma containing between 1 and 1·6 heparin units/ml. without further additions produced high yield of plasma clots. The addition of thromhin to heparinised plasma gave shorter clotting times in platelet‐containing plasma than in platelet poor plasma. The yield of plasma clot was dependent upon the thrombin concentration, but a low concentration of thrombin added to heparinised platelet‐containing plasma caused more fibrin formation than in platelet‐poor plasma. A low concentration of thrombin added to platelet‐containing plasma deficient in factor II (prothrombin), factor VII (proconvertin), factor X (Prower‐Stuart factor) gave a low yield of fibrin. The difference of fibrin yield between platelet‐containing and platelet‐poor plasma was seen with both commercial and purified bovine thrombin preparations. Very dilute human brain extracts added to heparinised platelet‐poor plasma gave, despite a very long clotting time, high yields of fibrin. Heparin co‐factor activity (antithrombin II) is greater in plasma than in serum.
THE EFFECTS OF DECREASED MUSCLE BLOOD FLOW ON POST‐EXERCISE HYPERAEMIA IN THE HUMAN FOREARM
Authors: Fewings JD , Roberts ML , Stepanas AV , Whelan RF
Published: December 2007

Post‐exercise hyperaemia following one, two or three minute periods of forearm exercise was studied in man, before and after tilting recumbent subjects to 45° in the feet down position. Tilting reduces forearm muscle blood flow, due to a sympathetic vaso‐constrictor reflex.

The magnitude and the duration of post‐exercise hyperaemia were significantly reduced by tilting. Peak blood flows were also decreased, but this trend was significant only for the one minute period of exercise.

It is concluded that if two functional circulations exist in skeletal muscle, they do not have independent regulation.