bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pregnant Women's Ratings of Different Factors Influencing Psychological Stress during Pregnancy
Authors: Yamamoto Kathleen J. , Kinney Dennis K.
Published: September 2011

A group of predominantly white and low-income women answered questionnaires including (a) rating adjustment required by various life events, (b) listing events occurring during pregnancy or the preceding year, (c) personal and social resources for coping with life events, (d) the Manifest Anxiety Scale, and (e) the Lie Scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Results indicate that making life-event scales more sensitive as measures of stress will require specifying the emotional significance that life events have for a person, either by obtaining the person's own ratings, or by using mean life adjustment ratings from appropriate samples. Mean adjustment ratings given 69 different life events are listed for the present sample. Women who were more candid (as judged by the Lie Scale scores) reported significantly more stressful life events and had higher Manifest Anxiety Scale scores, indicating the need to control for subject denial in stress research. However, the amount of stressful life change and the resources for coping with such change also made significant independent contributions to the variance in anxiety scale scores, suggesting the feasibility of measuring different factors influencing psychological stress in pregnant women.
Personality Differences between Levels of Psychology Majors
Authors: Murray Ruth E. , Walsh Richard P.
Published: September 2011

The purpose was to identify personality traits of those individuals who might have the necessary psychological commitment to pursue actively an advanced degree in psychology. 35 graduate students, 39 undergraduates, and 22 applicants to a Master's program were administered the California Psychological Inventory to study personality trait differences at these levels. One-way analyses of variance indicated significantly higher scores for graduates than undergraduates on the scales of Dominance, Social Presence, Self-acceptance, Intellectual Efficiency, and Psychological-mindedness. The only differences between applicants and graduates showed the former to be higher on the Responsibility scale. One-way analyses of covariance, covarying for age of the subject, showed age less important in personality change of the college graduate students than their educational experience. These results suggest a means of identifying potentially successful graduate students in psychology early in their educational experience.
Influence of Religious Status and Religious Attire on Interviewees
Authors: Long Lynette N. , Long Thomas J.
Published: September 2011

To assess the effect of attire and religious status of interviewers on interviewees 84 subjects had interviews with a nun either in street clothes or in habit or a non-nun dressed either in street clothes or in habit. Dependent variables included length of interview, rated depth of interviewee's disclosure, number of controversial interviewee's attitudes reported, number of interviewee's personal experiences reported, and degree of favorable interviewee's response to interviewer. Using analysis of variance, attire but not religious status produced significant mean differences in interviewee's responses. Males were more open in the presence of an interviewer not in habit, females with an interviewer wearing a habit.
Attributions of Responsibility for a Chance Event as a Function of Sex and Physical Attractiveness of Target Individual
Authors: Turkat David , Dawson Joseph
Published: September 2011

To investigate how attributions of responsibility would be affected by the outcome of a chance event, and the sex and physical attractiveness of individuals to whom that event had occurred, subjects rated the responsibility of an individual described in a story in which a chance event had either non-negative or negative outcome. This person was either male or female and was either physically attractive or physically unattractive. Results supported the hypotheses that attractive individuals would be attributed greater responsibility for chance events with non-negative outcomes and unattractive individuals would be attributed greater responsibility for chance events with negative outcomes. The hypothesis, that the relationship between the outcome of the event and the attractiveness of the individual in regards to attributions of responsibility would be considerably stronger for females than for males, was not clearly supported.
Invasion of Personal Space as a Function of Age and of Race
Authors: Dick William E.
Published: September 2011

Four male confederates (black—one aged 20 yr., one aged 30 yr.; white—one aged 20 yr., one aged 30 yr.) were positioned in front of a bubble gum machine so Ss would have to invade their personal space to perform an act of turning a knob to receive free bubble gum. Significantly more black Ss invaded the personal space of black confederates. Consistent with findings in previous studies, females were more cautious about invading personal space. These findings do not support an aversive effect on Ss invading personal space but indicate that race and sex of confederates influence invasion.
A Socio-Cultural Model for Hostile Intergroup Images
Authors: Larsen Knud S. , Giles Howard
Published: September 2011

In the place of biological needs of importance, this paper suggests a theory of human motivation based on socio-economic needs. Depending on whether social relationships are functional to these needs, they are reflected either in predatory survival attitudes and behavior or in conformity to normative pressures. So-called “higher order” values or “growth” motivation is but a reflection of conformity to normative pressures in societies where social relationships are functional to social and material enhancement. These two levels correspond to the socio-economic relations in survival societies or those with scarce resources (and competitive ones). Socio-economic relations is the basis for a socio-cultural model for hostile intergroup images.
Effects of Self-Directed Behavior-Modification Training on a Measure of Locus of Control
Authors: Pawlicki Robert E.
Published: September 2011

One of the latest developments emanating from behavior modification is the application of behavioral principles to one's own behavior. While the learning of behavioral principles to modify simple habits could be of significant benefit, the gain would be of even greater importance if learning to “control” one's own behavior resulted in a generalized attitude of control over the environment. The present experiment examined the hypothesis that self-directed behavior-modification training increases one's feelings of control over the environment as measured by the Locus of Control Scale. The Solomon four-group design was utilized. The Locus of Control Scale was administered to half of the students in a class on self-directed behavior modification and to half of the students in a class on community psychology, at the beginning and the end of the semester and to the remaining half of both classes at the end of the semester. Statistical analysis provided qualified support for the hypothesis. Alternative explanations and interpretation of the results were discussed.
Comparability of Peabody and Wais Scores among Adolescents Suspected of Being Mentally Retarded
Authors: Covin Theron M. , Covin June N.
Published: September 2011

Correlations of .91, .87, and .92 were computed between the Peabody, Form B, and WAIS Verbal, Performance, and Full Scale IQs, respectively, for 30 public school students. On this basis, the Peabody, Form B seems to be more related to the WAIS Verbal and Full Scales than to the WAIS Performance Scale. Correlations for stratified samples by race were also computed.
Premedical Students' Survivability and Specialization: A Social and Psychological Study
Authors: Manaster Guy J. , Friedman S. Thomas , Larson Donald
Published: September 2011

This study attempted to perform two functions: (1) establish demographic and psychological characteristics of an incoming self-declared premedical student group at the University of Texas, Austin and (2) compare attitudinal value and belief sets of an incoming group and a group of premedicai students completing their premedicai training in an attempt to assess the impact of the collegiate experience upon the premedicai students' occupational goals. In Group I were all students attending an orientation program at the University of Texas during the Summer of 1972 prior to enrolling in the University in the Fall of 1972, N = 372, of whom 80% were male. Group II, the medical school applicants, were prerneds at the University in the academic year of 1972–73 applying for admission to medical school ( N = 182). The findings indicate the male group was more variable than its female counterpart. Premedical students, male and female, seemed to be more research oriented, more anxious and inner-directed and more concerned with traditional aspects of medical school, quality of faculty and facilities than applicants. The applicants seemed calmer, more certain, more “practice” oriented, and more open and liberal. The later in life the individual thought about and decided to study medicine, the better the chances of surviving to apply to a medical school.
Emotion as a Three-Valued Variable
Authors: Shirley Hunter B.
Published: September 2011

Historically emotions have usually been treated as bipolar dyads such as Henry Murray's acceptance-rejection, dominance-submission. The concept of emotions as three-valued variables, ranging across a central tendency between two extremes, was advanced as early as Aristotle, e.g., cowardly-courageous-rash, and identified as the Golden Mean. Recent treatments of emotions as three valued variables have demonstrated this approach as ideal for classifying a wide variety of emotions and structuring the classification into the form of a cybernetic model of the emotional system. Articulated grid models of this type are revealing as effective display devices for training and psychotherapy. This new approach to observational personality assessment and selective behavior modification is called psychovector analysis.
Sex of Respondent, Respondent's Sex-Role Self-Concept, and Responses to the Sensation-Seeking Scale
Authors: Waters Carrie Wherry , Pincus Steven
Published: September 2011

Sex of respondent and the respondent's self-concept of sex-role, as measured by the Bem (1974) scale, were correlated with scores on subscales of the Sensation-seeking Scale for a sample of 96 female and 96 male college students. Also, sex-role self-concept was correlated with aspects of sensation-seeking within each sex. For the combined sample, sex-role self-concept was significantly more related to scores on the sensation-seeking scales than sex of respondent for four of the five subscales. Within both samples, sex-role self-concept was negatively and significantly correlated with sensation-seeking. Regardless of the sex of respondent, those individuals who endorsed a greater number of feminine than masculine personality characteristics as self-descriptive indicated lower levels of sensation-seeking.
Sex Differences, Originality, and Personality Response Styles
Authors: Ibrahim Abdel-Sattar
Published: September 2011

The present study sought to investigate the significance of difference between 195 male and 210 female students at the University of Cairo, Egypt on 6 scores of originality and 30 personality trait and response styles. Additional aim was to compare the factorial structure of these variables to assess the influences of sex on the general pattern of relationships between originality and personality. The comparison of the two groups shows that it is not possible to draw a simple general conclusion about the superiority of men over women on the different aspects of originality. However, in each sex group the originality tests are loaded on one factor. In both groups the originality variables are almost independent of other personality measures. Despite this fact, men show more tendency toward linking their expression of originality consistently with variables such as rigidity, extreme desire for diversion, category width, and so on, reflecting that the differential personality patterns underlying the expression of creativity are mediated, at least in part, by sex.
Developing Independent Play in Three Severely Retarded Women
Authors: Wehman Paul , Karan Orv , Rettie Candy
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to develop increased leisure time activity in three institutionalized severely retarded women participating in a sheltered workshop. Initially, the women were withdrawn or engaged in inappropriate social behavior during break time or noon meals. Training methods included manual guidance, modeling, and verbal prompting of clients; social reinforcement was given for appropriate play. The program was evaluated in a multiple baseline across individuals design. Functional effects of the behavior-shaping techniques appeared as action on objects increased substantially over baseline levels in each client. There were slight increases in social interaction of each client and a decrease in stereotypic rocking behavior in one client.
Use of a Cross-over Design in Testing Short-Term Methylphenidate Effects on Avoidance Conditioning
Authors: Gauron Eugene F. , Rowley Vinton N.
Published: September 2011

90 albino rats, equally divided between the sexes, were divided into groups which received dosages of 4.5 mg/kg, 13.5 mg/kg of methylphenidate and equal volume of distilled water for a total of 8 days. After the initial training period a third of the subjects continued with the same administration while the remaining two-thirds of the animals received the other two dosage combinations. Short-term administration of methylphenidate (Ritalin) facilitated learning as measured by avoidance conditioning. The cross-over design presents advantages over other experimental designs in assessing a variety of possible drug effects. No relationship was obtained between dosage level and response acquisition. However, a linear dose-response relationship was obtained on activity level.
Distractibility, Intensity of Reaction, and Non-Nutritive Sucking
Authors: Lester Gene , Bierbrauer Brad , Selfridge Barbara , Gomeringer Dennis
Published: September 2011

Parents of 184 children were asked to rate their children on distractibility, intensity of reaction, feeding, teething, and non-nutritive sucking habits. Non-distractible children were significantly more likely to be long-term non-nutritive suckers. Ratings of distractibility and intensity of reactions were significantly related. No sex differences appeared on any of the variables.
Characteristics of Current Social Stressors
Authors: Ilfeld Frederic W.
Published: September 2011

A major goal of a cross-sectional survey of 2,299 Chicago adults has been to assess various current social stressors prevalent in a normal population. Herein, we review our conceptualization of stress, outline the development of nine stressor scales, and list their content and scale characteristics. We define current social stressors as “those circumstances or conditions of daily social roles which are generally considered to be problematic or undesirable.” This definition differs from the usual, in that our stressors are tied to a social role, are on-going experiences instead of unitary events, and are commonly regarded as problematic or undesirable. Relationships between these social stressors scales and major demographic variables are explored using multiple regression analysis.
Group Methods for Reducing Racial Prejudice and Discrimination
Authors: Breckheimer Steven E. , Nelson Rosemery O.
Published: September 2011

To compare the efficacy of various group methods in reducing racial prejudice, black and white high school students were assigned to a no-treatment control group and to four experimental groups ( n = 5 per group): game-playing, school-issues discussion, racial discussion, and racial role-playing. After six sessions, all experimental groups reduced their verbal prejudice on the factor Respect of the Behavioral Differential, the game-playing group increased their interracial behavioral interactions, and the racial discussion and racial role-playing groups increased their interracial choices of project partners. The implications of these results, although in need of cross-validation, for various theories of the origin and treatment of prejudice were discussed.
Perspective on the Psychology of Self
Authors: Wright Paul H.
Published: September 2011

The present perspective on the psychology of self developed out of a search for an adequate conception of the person to round out an incompleteness in a model of friendship. After a review of five major points of disagreement among self theorists, a perspective is presented which distinguishes between the self as an identifiable entity and the specific attributes the individual regards as characteristic of that entity. Processes are proposed by which the person comes to develop a conception of himself as an identifiable entity, and the way in which his self-attributions, i.e., conceptions of what that entity is like, develop and change. A key motivational variable is the individual's concern with the well-being and worth of the entity identified as self. This key variable not only has important implications for the internal organization of self-attributes but also is manifest in four behavioral tendencies that provide a motivational link between the self and dyadic and person-group relations.
Cognitive Deficits in Chronic Alcoholics
Authors: Ornstein Peter
Published: September 2011

The degree of cognitive deficit in chronic alcoholic males at onset of inpatient treatment and degree of recovery at discharge, plus a possible relationship between the latter and post-hospital drinking behaviors were assessed. 330 patients were classified as abstaining, improved, unimproved, or unclassified on the basis of their drinking behaviors during the first 3 mo. following discharge. The Hooper Visual Organization Test and the Shipley-Hartford were administered at admission and discharge as measures of cognitive impairment. All four groups showed significant improvement on the Hooper as well as on their Shipley Conceptual Quotient scores at discharge, but only the abstainers showed a significant gain in vocabulary scores. The results suggest a cognitive deficit consistent with mild organicity.
Causal Attribution to other People and Expected Performance: The Mediational Role of Interpersonal Trust
Authors: Fontaine Gary , Lubow Craig
Published: September 2011

An experiment investigated the proposal that, when causal attribution over a performance is to the voluntary help of other people that person's expected performance is mediated by his interpersonal trust. For trusting persons causal attribution to other people implies consistency between past performance and future expectancies, whereas for those low in trust such consistency is not implied. 36 students in introductory psychology participated in the study which manipulated interpersonal trust (high/low) and importance of performance (high/low) in a 2 × 2 between-subjects factorial design. Subjects were led to believe that their performance would be largely affected by another person. The subjects' expected performance was the dependent variable. Results supported the proposed mediating effect of interpersonal trust on expected performance following attribution of causality to other people.
Facilitative Effects of Media Violence on Helping
Authors: Mueller Charles , Nelson Robin , Donnerstein Edward
Published: September 2011

The present experiment was undertaken to test the generality of Tannenbaum and Zillmann's arousal-excitation transfer model. 83 female subjects were insulted, praised, or treated in a neutral manner by the experimenter and then watched a neutral, arousing, or aggressive film clip. After viewing the film the subjects were given the opportunity both to aggress against and later to help the experimenter. Insulted subjects were more aggressive but no less helpful. Subjects helped significantly more following the aggressive film than either the arousing or neutral film.
Effect of Chlordiazepoxide Administered Early in Extinction on Subsequent Extinction of a Conditioned Emotional Response in Rats: Implications for Human Clinical Use
Authors: Goldman Mark S.
Published: September 2011

Two groups of albino rats ( n = 32), in which a conditioned emotional response (CER) to a tone had previously been established, were given two extinction trials: one group received chlordiazepoxide on the first extinction trial and the other group received saline. No drug was administered to either group on the second extinction trial. A standard extinction decrement was shown by the saline animals. The chlordiazepoxide animals not only failed to extinguish but showed a slight increment that was interpreted as being due to a “dissociation” of learning effect. These results suggest caution in the use of chlordiazepoxide in human clinical situations when the fear stimuli are delineated and the hope is for anxiety reduction that continues after withdrawal of the drug.
Birth Order and Creativity: Some Further Evidence
Authors: Albaum Gerald
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between creativity as measured by a creativity scale for the Adjective Check List and birth order of 96 male independent inventors and 58 male noninventors. The results indicate that there is no significant relationship at least for the measure of creativity used.
Personal and Common Components of Cognitive Dictionaries
Authors: Moran Louis J.
Published: September 2011

Cognitive dictionaries were described as having two separable semantic organizations. One component, structured initially by principles intrinsic to the child's own level of intellect, was defined as the individualistic, or personal, semantic organization involved in verbal thought. The other component was characterized as common to all adults in the same linguistic community. This hypothetical dual-component structure of cognitive dictionaries was supported by successful idiographic predictions of free word-association performances and by empirical verification of the underlying transformational structure proposed to generate the predicted performances. The dual-component structure was compatible with the views of Nelson, Vygotsky, and Piaget, and also with the work of Luria, Razran, Cofer, and others on semantic conditioning.
Variations in Death Anxiety Related to College Students' Sex, Major Field of Study, and Certain Personality Traits
Authors: Thorson James A.
Published: September 2011

208 undergraduate and graduate students completed the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule and a scale designed to measure death anxiety. Females and persons high in the trait of succorance had higher death anxiety, while males and persons high in endurance, aggression, and exhibition indicated less death anxiety. Students majoring in social work tended to have higher death anxiety, and students in the College of Business had significantly lower fear of death.
Instructional Artifacts on Personality Inventories
Authors: Yonge George D.
Published: September 2011

38 subjects were administered the Omnibus Personality Inventory and 91 subjects the Personal Orientation Inventory under instructions to respond to each item with one, both, or neither response alternative. Under these instructions the keyed and nonkeyed scores for some scales are not highly correlated. This finding is contrary to the forced high negative correlations resulting from the typical instructions to answer all items with only one alternative. Implications were drawn for interpreting scores and for the assessment of change.
Self-Guided Imagery vs Systematic Desensitization: A Preliminary Test
Authors: Kirsch Irving , Frankel A. Steven , Valone Keith
Published: September 2011

Under self-guided imagery 8 of 10 subjects and 10 of 12 subjects given systematic desensitization improved, 8 being able to lift the snake. Differences were nonsignificant for behavioral and self-report data for these small groups, but 3 subjects given self-guided imagery reached criterion in 4 sessions.
Subjective Powerlessness, Sex, and Suicide Potential
Authors: Wenz Friedrich V.
Published: September 2011

This study assessed the relationship for 25 suicide attempters, 30 threateners, and 30 controls of their scores on the Seeman-Rotter powerlessness scale. The scale did discriminate between male attempters and male threateners, and separated the suicidal samples from the nonsuicidal.
Reliability and Stability of WAIS IQs for Institutionalized Adult Retardates
Authors: Dinning W. David , Andert Jeffrey N. , Hustak Thomas L.
Published: September 2011

The WAIS was administered twice to 204 institutionalized adult retardates, with a mean retest interval of 32 mo. Full Scale IQs on retest were within 8 points of initial Full Scale IQs for over 90% of the retardates and a test-retest reliability coefficient of .90 was obtained. These results demonstrate the high reliability and stability of WAIS Full Scale IQs for adult retardates.
Conceptual Differentiation among Body Parts as a Measure of Body Image
Authors: Armstrong Hubert E. , Williams C. Donald
Published: September 2011

The utility of measures of conceptual differentiation is explored within the context of one's description of his body. The “Body Concept Differentiation Test” is described as a measure of conceptual differentiation of the body image. Data are presented regarding the relation of this measure to a standard measure of body-image perception (Barrier scores) and a standard measure of conceptual differentiation (Cart's Interpersonal Differentiation Test). Findings regarding the relationship of scores on the new test to physical and emotional “complaints” are summarized.
Empathy, Locus of Control and Anxiety in College Students
Authors: Deardorff P. A. , Kendall Philip C. , Finch A. J. , Sitarz A. M.
Published: September 2011

To investigate the correlations between empathy, locus of control, and anxiety 59 college students were administered Hogan's (6) empathy scale, Spielberger's (12) State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Rotter's (10) locus of control scale. Empathy correlated significantly with both state (—.36) and trait (—.36) anxiety while locus of control correlated with trait anxiety only (.36). There was no significant correlation between empathy and locus of control. Correlations were discussed with respect to previous research and theoretical implications.
A Short Form of the Category Test
Authors: Barker Maurice
Published: September 2011

Halstead's Category test was administered to 84 brain-damaged patients; an item analysis of these protocols showed that 40% of the items could be omitted. The reconstruction of the test and its administration through a booklet of photographic prints calling for verbal responses and feedback produced a modified test of 125 items, with a significant cut-off point of 45 errors.
Goodenough-Harris Drawings of Jewish Children of Orthodox Background
Authors: Levinson Boris M. , Block Zelick
Published: September 2011

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale, Form L and the Goodenough-Harris Drawing Test were administered in a counterbalanced order to a random sample of 401 native born Jewish children (CA = 5.22 yr.) who were attending the kindergartens and primary grades of suburban day (Yeshiva) schools. These children were of high average intelligence. There were no statistically significant differences between their performance on the Man, Woman, and Self scales for either the boys or the girls. For a selected sample ( N = 201) of preschool children, the performance on the Goodenough-Harris Man scale was significantly below the CA norms for both the boys and the girls.
Relationship between Ego Development and Attitudes toward Women
Authors: Rozsnafszky Jane , Hendel Darwin D.
Published: September 2011

This study examined the relationship between liberal attitudes toward the role of women (as measured by the Attitudes Toward Women Scale) and mature ego level (as measured by the Washington University Sentence Completion Test) in 56 freshman women volunteers (28 enrolled in Women's Studies and 28 in freshman English). Liberal attitudes were positively correlated (.21 to .39) with both global measures of ego development for each group of subjects. These findings suggest that an important dimension of the Women's Movement may be the espousal of principles of self-realization and identity associated with higher ego level.
Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Intent in Attempted Suicides
Authors: Pallis D. J. , Jenkins J. S.
Published: September 2011

124 subjects completed the Eysenck Personality Inventory soon after a suicide attempt. For males there was an association between low intent to die and impulsivity while for both sexes there was an association between recurrent suicide attempts and neuroticism.
Validity of a Non-Projective Anxiety Scale for Preschool Children
Authors: Hollembeak Niki , Johnsen E. Peter , Tracy D. B.
Published: September 2011

This study attempted to validate the Anxiety Scale, an individual test of anxiety for preschool children, by relating test performance to adults' ratings and maternal anxiety. 45 preschool boys and girls were administered the Anxiety Scale while ratings of anxiety were collected by the teaching staff; maternal anxiety was assessed by administering the A-Trait section of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Correlation coefficients between Anxiety Scale scores, ratings of anxiety, and A-Trait scores were nonsignificant. Findings were discussed in terms of situational factors and parent-child roles.
Relation of Four Components of Creativity to Risk-Taking Preferences
Authors: Glover John A. , Sautter Fred
Published: September 2011

The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and the Kogan and Wallach Choice Dilemma Questionnaire were administered to a total population of 66 graduate students at a predominantly black university. Risk-taking scores were used to assign students to group with preference for high risk or low risk. This grouping was the independent variable while the four measures of creativity on the Torrance test, Fluency, Flexibility, Elaboration, and Originality, were the dependent variables. Individuals high and low in risk were compared on each measure via T tests. High risk-takers had significantly higher scores on Flexibility and Originality while the low risk-takers had significantly higher Elaboration scores. No significant differences were observed between the two groups on Fluency.
Effects of Frustration and Cathartic Opportunity on Aggression
Authors: Foss Linda , Fouts Gregory
Published: September 2011

A 2 (Frustration, No Frustration) × 2 (Catharsis, No Catharsis) factorial design was used to demonstrate catharsis. The Frustration condition involved interrupting a counting task; catharsis involved breaking cardboard boxes. After being exposed to one combination of these conditions, each of 44 children was tested for aggression in a setting which allowed for the assessment and control of arousal, inhibition/disinhibition, and demand characteristics. There were three dependent variables, nonaggression, and displaced human and nonhuman aggression. The Frustration-No Catharsis condition produced significantly more displaced aggression than either the Frustration-Catharsis or No Frustration-No Catharsis condition; these findings and others supported a cathartic interpretation.
Personalities of Female Alcoholics Who Became Counselors
Authors: Hoffmann Helmut , Bonynge Eugene R.
Published: September 2011

Edwards Personal Preference Schedule scores of 16 female alcoholics ( Mage, = 42 yr., Meduc. = 12 yr., MIQ = 116) accepted into a 9-mo. full-time counselor-training program were compared with those of 15 rejected applicants ( Mage = 39 yr., Meduc. = 13 yr., and MIQ = 114). Scores did not discriminate between the groups; however, after 9 mo. of training, subjects scored significantly higher on the Achievement and Succorance subtests and significantly lower on Deference, Abasement, and Endurance. It was assumed, therefore, that a 9-mo. training program with heavy emphasis on personal confrontation and self-awareness did help the female alcoholic counselors to become more task-oriented and more accepting of sympathy from others. Perhaps counselor-training has a different effect on female alcoholics' personality than on the male alcoholic counselors' personality.
Imitation and Prior Classroom Contact as Determinants of Reciprocal Self-Disclosure
Authors: Ebersole Peter , McFall Miles , Brandt Cindi
Published: September 2011

The reciprocity effect in self-disclosure research was tested by controlling for the effects of content imitation and prior degree of contact with the experimenter. Written self-disclosures and objective checklist responses were obtained from 165 subjects on a questionnaire soliciting their reasons for reading non-assigned books. The experimenter disclosed in writing to half the subjects his reasons for reading non-assigned books (these reasons matched two of the checklist reasons); the remaining subjects did not receive the experimenter's disclosure. No content imitation of the experimenter's self-disclosure was found in either checklist or essay responses. No reciprocity effect was found: the experimenter's disclosure and no-disclosure groups did not differ significantly in the length or intimacy of their written disclosures. However, subjects having prior contact with the experimenter as professor wrote longer and more personal essays than subjects unfamiliar with the experimenter, suggesting that the experimenter-subject relationship may be a potent variable in self-disclosure research.
On Time-Limited Writing Therapy
Authors: Phillips E. Lakin , Gershenson Judith , Lyons Geraldine
Published: September 2011

A study was made of 6 undergraduate men and 11 women who volunteered to writing therapy on a time-limited basis, instead of oral, face-to-face therapy, for which they were paid. Pre- and posttest evaluations included the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule, self-ratings, and ratings of the writing therapy protocols by judges. Results showed reliable gains on the former inventory in terms of less “serious” pathology and more social assertiveness, on the latter test results showed more posttesting interest in achievement, change, heterosexual relationships and more assertive tendencies. Protocol evaluations by the judges indicated client gains in confidence and in problem-solving efforts; clients' self-ratings showed favorable reactions to therapy. The economy of writing as a therapeutic method was demonstrated in terms of words written each session by clients and therapists.
Romantic Attraction and Happiness
Authors: Critelli Joseph W.
Published: September 2011

The hypothesis, suggested by both E. Fromm and T. Reik, that level of unhappiness prior to meeting a love partner should be related to current intensity of love experienced was tested for 61 college dating couples. The results showed that current happiness but not retrospective report of prior unhappiness was related to romantic love.
Concept of Character Revisited: An Ego-Psychological View with Some Thoughts on the “Depressive” Character
Authors: Dye Neal , Fine Harold J.
Published: September 2011

The concept of character in the psychoanalytic literature is reviewed with reference to differentiation of character and its theoretical derivatives from the concept of neurotic adaptation. Developments in psychoanalytic ego psychology and cognitive psychology are incorporated into a proposed framework for viewing character structure in light of socialization processes and the role of ego functions. This formulation of character more consonant with generalized life-styles is applied to an apparent “type” of character structure and organization at post-genital levels, labeled “depressive character.” Some preliminary implications for tactical issues in the therapy process are noted.
Differences between Males and Females on Rosenburg Scale of Self-Esteem
Authors: Hensley Wayne E.
Published: September 2011

These data seem to suggest that the structure of self-esteem is similar for 487 college-age males and 707 females, the self-esteem scores of males and females do not differ, and the unidimensionality of the Rosenburg scale, found earlier, is consistent across samples.
Locus of Control Beliefs and Female Activism
Authors: Riger Stephanie
Published: September 2011

This study examined whether the locus of control profile typical of political activists characterizes members of women's consciousness-raising groups, and if so, whether it precedes or results from group participation. Locus of control scores of participants for at least 6 mo. in groups are compared with scores of new recruits and women never involved in groups. Analysis of variance yielded a significant difference between scores of female activists and non-involved women, yet the similarity of scores of new recruits and veterans indicated that the ideology of the feminist exists upon joining and is not altered by group participation.
An Investigation of Collateral Wood-Chewing as a Time-Mediational Device
Authors: McGown W. P. , Spencer W. Boyd , Neetz Richard
Published: September 2011

10 albino rats were divided into 2 groups and were exposed to a DRL-18-sec. schedule. For one group a block of wood was present for the first 40 days while for the second group no wood was present. Subjects with wood available initially showed more reinforced barpresses primarily due to long interresponse time responses (27+ sec.) and large amounts of collateral wood chewing. After 28 days the two groups were receiving essentially the same number of reinforcements. After 40 days the conditions of wood availability were reversed. The animals with wood now available did not engage in collateral wood chewing, and there was no apparent difference in the performance of the two groups. The results question the hypothesis that collateral activities serve as time-mediational devices.
Training Needs of Paraprofessionals and Professionals in the Treatment of Alcoholism
Authors: Wehler Randall , Hoffmann Helmut
Published: September 2011

A 45-item survey questionnaire on alcoholism training topics was completed by 29 paraprofessionals and 21 professionals working in an alcoholism and drug treatment program at a state hospital to determine staff training needs. The expression of training needs between paraprofessionals and professionals yielded a rank correlation coefficient ( rho) of .66 ( df = 44, p < .005). The results indicated that in-service training sessions could be planned in accordance with common needs.
Peer, Family, and Personality Domains as Related to Adolescents' Drug Behavior
Authors: Brook Judith S. , Lukoff Irving F. , Whiteman Martin
Published: September 2011

Three models (interdependent, mediational, and independent) for examining the interrelations of personality and interpersonal (peer and family) factors and their effect on adolescents' drug behavior are identified. 403 adolescents participated in the study. Results show support for the independent model; each of the three domains (personality, peer, and family) had an impact on adolescents' drug behavior independent of the latter's relation with the remaining two domains. Some theoretical, methodological, and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Personal Space Variations as a Function of Criminal Behavior
Authors: Booraem Curtis D. , Bodner Gary E. , Flowers John V. , Satterfield Deborah A.
Published: September 2011

Employing 90 delinquent male youths as subjects, the current investigation explores the relationship between the amount of personal space requested, ethnic background, and type of criminal offense. As predicted, the amount of personal space requested increases as a function of ethnic dissimilarity between the subject and the approachet. Of particular interest is the finding that the amount of personal space requested is directly related to the type of criminal offense committed by the subject. Subjects who commit crimes against other people uniformly request more personal space than subjects who commit crimes against property, who, in turn, request more personal space than subjects who commit victimless crimes. This was found across all ethnic groups and within each ethnic group analyzed separately.
Prediction of Academic Performance for College Students by Sex and Race
Authors: Zimmermann Marc L. , Goldston John T. , Gadzella Bernadette M.
Published: September 2011

Discriminant function analyses were computed from scores compiled in a comprehensive, 32-variable, data bank using grade-point average groups as criteria. Separate constellations of variables predicted academic performance for each group (divided by race and sex). Black males' ( n = 12) and females' ( n = 25) academic performance could not be predicted by standardized tests but was predicted by a study habits inventory. The study habits inventory and the California Short-form Test of Mental Maturity predicted academic success for white males and females ( ns = 62 and 113, respectively). However, for the females it was concluded that the relationship of the student with the teacher was the important determinant of academic success.
WISC-R Full Scale Mean IQs for Both Black and White Children, Aged 6 through 15 and Having Difficulty in School
Authors: Covin Theron M. , Hatch Gary L.
Published: September 2011

Differences in WISC-R Full Scale mean IQs by age for 931 lower-class English-speaking Southern children were reported. Black children and white children tended to have similar mean IQs at Age 6 ( t = —0.55). By Age 9 the differences in mean IQ became distinct and increased with age. The mean IQ of the black children declined after Age 8 while the mean IQ of the white children remained about the same or increased after Age 8.
Sex Differences among Drivers in Yielding Right-of-Way
Authors: Jamieson Bruce D.
Published: September 2011

238 drivers were observed at intersections where yielding right-of-way was specified by new traffic regulations introduced 5 wk. prior to the study. 62% of the sample failed to comply with the new regulations. Female drivers were significantly more compliant than were male drivers. The most compliant group were female drivers when the other driver was male. There were no differences among other driver-sex combinations. Driver's age and the type of vehicle having right-of-way did not affect yielding rates.
Impact of Sex-Role Values on Cognitive Performance
Authors: Goebel Barbara , Harris Elizabeth
Published: September 2011

In a sample of 240 high school students cognitive performance differences related to sex, sex-role stereotype, and dissonance between perceived and ideal levels of masculinity/femininity were investigated. Three-way analysis of variance (Scheffé follow-up tests) showed significant interactions on three cognitive variables when stereotype was combined with dissonance. Students scoring higher on cognitive variables expressed dissonance in the direction of valuing more masculine personality traits. Results suggest that a catalyst with regard to individual differences in cognitive performance is the value placed on sex-related personality characteristics rather than sex or sex-role stereotype.
Differences in Attitudes toward Alcoholism in Graduates of Two Schools of Nursing
Authors: Gurel M. , Spain M. D.
Published: September 2011

This study compared attitudes toward alcoholism of 24 nurses from a 4-yr. nursing program in a Roman Catholic college and of 29 nurses who graduated from a 4-yr. state supported university affiliated nursing program. 17 of the 24 subjects from the religious-affiliated nursing program indicated they felt “comfortable” in providing nursing care to patients with alcohol problems. Yet 17 of the 29 subjects from the non-sectarian university program indicated they did not feel “comfortable” in providing care to such patients. Subjects from the religious-affiliated program who indicated that they did not feel “comfortable” in providing care to patients with alcohol problems scored lower in the attitude scale than subjects from the university program who indicated they also did not feel “comfortable” in providing such care.
After the Dance is over: Some Issues and Suggestions for Follow-up Assessment in Behavior Therapy
Authors: Mash Eric J. , Terdal Leif G.
Published: September 2011

Behavioral intervention programs have thus far failed to provide sufficient follow-up information for the evaluation of long-term effects. This omission is believed to be related to an inadequate conceptualization of follow-up assessment, as well as to the methodological and practical difficulties inherent in assessing behavior over long time periods. A framework for follow-up assessment that is consistent with current behavioral efforts to program generalization is described and is contrasted with traditional views of follow-up that look for effects following the termination of treatment. Several methodological features of follow-up assessment are discussed, along with research recommendations, including the determination of length of appropriate follow-up intervals, the frequency of follow-up assessments, the need for standardization of measures both within and between studies, reactivity of follow-up assessment, the selection of follow-up measures and attrition of subjects.
Hierarchical Grouping of MMPI Group Profiles
Authors: Reilley Robert R. , Little Dolores K.
Published: September 2011

The value of hierarchical grouping in comparing group MMPI profiles was explored and discussed. Hierarchical grouping is a computer-assisted statistical procedure which compares profiles of scores simultaneously over a series of variables, forming groups of the profiles that are most similar. Two sets of MMPI profiles were examined: 35 criterion profiles from the literature and the criterion profile types identified by Gilberstadt and Duker. Results indicated the program's success in grouping logically similar profiles. In both the first set of 35 profiles and in the combined group of 54 profiles the majority of groupings appeared logically consistent with the populations represented by the group profiles. Agreements and differences with expected results were discussed. Implications of the findings for further development of the procedure were presented.
Rank Consensus and Experimentally Induced Changes in Interpersonal Evaluations
Authors: Pierce W. David
Published: September 2011

Changes in participation and mediated outcomes of top and bottom members were used to alter interpersonal evaluations in discussion groups varying in rank consensus. Bottom members consistently improve in evaluation with increased participation. Top members do not decline in evaluations with decreased participation once rank consensus is established. Consensus appears to operate more through status credits than equity processes. Finally results of evaluation changes due to changes in mediated outcomes are supportive of exchange theory and the giving of status for valued contributions.
The Only Child as a Separate Entity: Differences between Only Females and other Firstborn Females
Authors: Feldman Gail
Published: September 2011

To distinguish personality characteristics of only-born women, 25 only-born women were compared with 25 firstborn women with one younger brother and 25 firstborn women with one younger sister. The mean age was 22 yr. Gough's Adjective Check List, the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, and the Parent Perception Index were used to measure self-image, sexual identity, preferences as to perception and judgment, and perceptions attributed to parents. A factor analysis resulted in 16 factors, which accounted for 80% of the variance of the data set. The 16 factors were used as variables in the discriminant analysis. The only-born women were confident, resourceful, and assertive. They were the most independent, the least anxious and conventional. The women with brothers were the most responsible. They were more dependent than the only women and also more interested in the opposite sex. The women with sisters were the most conventional and also the most dependent.