bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Critically engaging engineering in place by localizing counternarratives in engineering design
Authors: Nazar Christina Restrepo , Barton Angela Calabrese , Morris Caleb , Tan Edna
Published: February 2019

In this manuscript, we use the construct of critical epistemologies of place to frame our exploration of how to support engineering design among youth who have historically been marginalized from the domain, and its implications for educational settings. We present an in‐depth longitudinal case study of one 12‐year‐old African American boy to raise questions of what it means for this youth to engage in engineering design in collaboration with the people around in him—experts and knowledgeable others in his community space and how this engagement supports his work in science and engineering. This study suggests that engaging engineering design through a critical epistemology of place involves an iterative and generative process of layering community wisdom and knowledge onto STEM toward (a) how epistemologies of place—and their layers—challenge dominant master narratives, (b) reimagining practices in place, and (c) transforming the dangerous territory of STEM. Our study expands upon current understandings of supporting youth in engaging engineering through highlighting the vital role of sociohistorically constructed understandings of STEM and community in determining when, how, and why engineering takes place.
Conjugated Macrocycle Polymer Nanoparticles with Alternating Pillarenes and Porphyrins as Struts and Cyclic Nodes
Authors: Li Zheng , Li Xi , Yang Ying‐Wei
Published: February 2019

Conjugated macrocycle polymers (CMPs) integrated using the macrocyclic confinement effect make imposing restrictions feasible on the growth of metal nanoparticles with confined size and high dispersion. For a proof‐of‐concept exploration, a novel nanoscale CMP is reported, denoted as DMP[5]‐TPP‐CMP, comprising two representative types of macrocyclic compounds, i.e., pillararene and porphyrin, as alternating strut/node components in the skeleton. With abundant anchoring sites, CMP implanted with Pd nanoparticles (Pd@DMP[5]‐TPP‐CMP, Pd@CMP for short) is successfully obtained through a simple post‐treatment, exhibiting remarkable catalytic activity in Suzuki–Miyaura coupling (SMC) and nitrophenol reduction. The as‐prepared Pd@CMP material shows favorable performance in expediting the process of SMC with an appreciable yield even under mild conditions, as well as in facilitating the electron transfer process from borohydride to nitrophenol through metal–hydride complex to produce aminophenol with a very short transformation time of 3 min and superior apparent kinetic rate constant k
app of 1.9 × 10−2 s−1, higher than most palladium supports. Significantly, this multifunctional Pd@CMP composite material not only enriches the family of CMPs, but also sheds light on the development of green catalysts with excellent stability and easy recyclability without deactivation.
Rod‐Like Sb2MoO6: Structure Evolution and Sodium Storage for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Yang Li , Liao Hanxiao , Tian Ye , Hong Wanwan , Cai Peng , Liu Cheng , Yang Yingchang , Zou Guoqiang , Hou Hongshuai , Ji Xiaobo
Published: February 2019

Bimetallic oxides of different metal species and well‐defined nanostructure could lead to a new generation of polymetallic oxide in the energy storage field. Exceptional 1D nanostructured materials are favorable in the electronic transmission of the kinetic processes and confinement effects of electronic structures deriving from the nanoscale dimensions. In this work, an Sb2MoO6 nanorod is successfully prepared for the first time through a facile metathesis reaction process. Then, a thin polyaniline (PANI) layer is coated via the in situ oxidative polymerization of aniline. The Sb2MoO6‐based nanorods are first utilized as anode material for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). Benefiting from the synergistic effect of PANI coating and 1D nanostructure, the Sb2MoO6@PANI nanorod electrode presents enhanced sodium storage performances, and a reversible specific capacity of 370.2 mAh g−1 can be retained after 100 cycles. Ex situ electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are used to study the evolution process, demonstrating that the PANI coating can alleviate the pulverization of the rod structure and reflect better cycle stability. This work reveals the sodium storage activity of novel Sb2MoO6 nanorods and proposes an efficient strategy to promote its electrochemical properties; it is in great favor of extending the development of anode materials for SIBs.
Verification of performance criteria using shake table testing for the vulnerability assessment of reinforced concrete buildings
Authors: Mwafy Aman , Almorad Bashir
Published: February 2019

Shake table experiments are conducted to support the selection of performance criteria and to verify the inelastic modeling approach for developing the fragility functions of reinforced concrete buildings. Two frames representing the lateral force‐resisting system of a preseismic code building are tested under the effect of an earthquake record with increasing severity. Shear failure is detected in columns at a PGA of 1.28g before other failure modes, which was effectively predicted by the fiber‐based numerical model, performance criteria, and shear supply approaches adopted for vulnerability assessment. Five buildings, ranging from 2 to 40 stories, are then assessed under the effect of far‐field and near‐source earthquake records, considering the experimentally verified modeling approach and shear failure prediction models that account for flexural ductility and shear‐axial force interaction. The impact of considering shear response on the vulnerability assessment results is considerable, particularly for the lower‐height wall structures when subjected to the near‐source earthquake scenario. Higher modes dominate the behavior of wall structures, principally under the latter seismic scenario, and shift their response to shear‐controlled. Therefore, seismic scenario‐structure‐based performance criteria are adopted for developing a range of analytically derived, experimentally verified fragility functions for the earthquake loss estimation of buildings with different characteristics.
A proposal for a standardised protocol to barcode all land plants
Authors: Chase Mark W. , Cowan Robyn S. , Hollingsworth Peter M. , van den Berg Cassio , Madriñán Santiago , Petersen Gitte , Seberg Ole , Jørgsensen Tina , Cameron Kenneth M. , Carine Mark , Pedersen Niklas , Hedderson Terry A.J. , Conrad Ferozah , Salazar Gerardo A. , Richardson James E. , Hollingsworth Michelle L. , Barraclough Timothy G. , Kelly Laura , Wilkinson Mike
Published: February 2019

We propose in this paper to use three regions of plastid DNA as a standard protocol for barcoding all land plants. We review the other markers that have been proposed and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. The low levels of variation in plastid DNA make three regions necessary; there are no plastid regions, coding or non‐coding, that evolve as rapidly as mitochondrial DNA generally does in animals. We outline two, three‐region options, (1) rpoC1, rpoB and 1matK or (2) rpoC1, matK and psbA‐trnH as viable markers for land plant barcoding.
Molecular insights into the phylogeny of the leafy liverwort family Lophoziaceae Cavers
Authors: de Roo Ryan Thomas , Hedderson Terry A. , Söderström Lars
Published: February 2019

Delimitation and classification of the large, cosmopolitan liverwort family Lophoziaceae is controversial. Many recent workers have included it in Jungermanniaceae, and even in its strictest sense, internal classification has varied widely among different treatments. We analyse variation in DNA sequences of the chloroplast rps4 gene and the trnG intron to provide resolution of phylogenetic relationships in the leafy liverworts with emphasis on the various elements usually placed in Lophoziaceae. The following conclusions are drawn. Lophoziaceae is not closely related to Jungermanniaceae. Lophoziaceae, and perhaps also Cephaloziellaceae, should be included in Scapaniaceae unless many small families are recognised. Delavayella and Blepharidophyllum are excluded from Scapaniaceae. Jamesonielloideae is a family of its own (Jamesoniellaceae) sister to Adelanthaceae (or a subfamily of Adelanthaceae). The genus Anastrophyllum should be split into Anastrophyllum and Sphenolobus. Lophozia is polyphyletic and the genera Isopaches and Schistochilopsis, and perhaps Obtusifolium, should be recognised while L. sudetica could be transferred to Barbilophozia. Barbilophozia s.str. is monophyletic while Orthocaulis is polyphyletic with the four sampled species appearing in 3 different clades; their relationships are poorly resolved. Lophozia silvicola Buch is clearly separated from L. ventricosa and Jamesoniella oenops from J. colorata at species level.
Paraphyly of Paederieae, recognition of Putorieae and expansion of Plocama (Rubiaceae‐Rubioideae)
Authors: Backlund Maria , Bremer Birgitta , Thulin Mats
Published: February 2019

Phylogenetic analyses of taxa that have been included in the tribe Paederieae are performed on the basis of a molecular dataset of plastid DNA sequences (the rbcL gene, rps16 intron, and the regions trnT‐F). The paraphyly of Paederieae as currently circumscribed is confirmed. A clade comprising Paederia, Spermadictyon, Leptodermis, and Serissa is retrieved and the circumscription of Paederieae is proposed to be restricted to this clade. Paederia is sister to a clade with Spermadictyon, Leptodermis, and Serissa. Paederia is subdivided into an Asian and an African clade, and within the African clade seven species endemic to Madagascar are sister to P. pospischilii in north‐eastern Africa. The position of Kelloggia as sister to Rubieae is confirmed and a position of Saprosma in the Spermacoceae alliance is supported. The genera Putoria, Gaillonia (with segregates), Plocama, and Aitchisonia form a clade that is sister to Theligoneae/Kelloggia/Rubieae. The name Putorieae is resurrected for the members of this clade. A synopsis of Putorieae is provided, where all species are placed in an expanded Plocama with 34 species. Thirty‐one new combinations in Plocama are proposed. Plocama pendula on the Canary Islands is strongly supported as sister to a clade with P. crocyllis (former Crocyllis) in southern Africa and P. yemenensis and P. tinctoria (former Gaillonia) in southern Arabia/Horn of Africa.
First insights in the phylogeny of Asian cheilanthoid ferns based on sequences of two chloroplast markers
Authors: Zhang Gangmin , Zhang Xianchun , Chen Zhiduan , Liu Hongmei , Yang Wenli
Published: February 2019

Nucleotide sequences of the chloroplast rbcL and trnL-F regions were determined for 33 Asian species that bear on relationships of the cheilanthoid ferns. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses were conducted on separate and combined sequence datasets to gain insights into phylogenetic relationships and generic circumscriptions of these cheilanthoids, with the following results. (1) Doryopteris ludens is always placed far from its congeners. (2) In rbcL sequence analysis, the Old World species of Paragymnopteris K.H. Shing form a strongly supported clade with Pellaea; these taxa are separated into two subclades in phylogenetic trees. (3) Except Paragymnopteris, Doryopteris, and Pellaea calomelanos, all the Asian cheilanthoid species sampled are grouped together and distantly segregated from the American taxa of Cheilanthes, indicating that Cheilanthes sensu Tryon & al. is not monophyletic. (4) The recognition of Sinopteris, Leptolepidium, Cheilosoria, and Mildella is not supported. All Asian species of these four small genera are grouped together with Aleuritopteris in the ML and BI trees.
Genetic diversity at chloroplast microsatellites (cpSSRs) and geographic structure in endangered West Mediterranean firs (Abies spp., Pinaceae)
Authors: Terrab Anass , Talavera Salvador , Arista Montserrat , Paun Ovidiu , Stuessy Tod F. , Tremetsberger Karin
Published: February 2019

We investigated patterns of genetic variation within and among the eight extant populations of the genus Abies in the western Mediterranean Basin. Using six chloroplast microsatellite (cpSSR) loci, a total of 22 alleles and 34 haplotypes was found among 225 individuals. The analyzed populations showed high levels of genetic diversity (mean He = 0.84). Two clearly separated main groups corresponding to the three Spanish and the five Moroccan populations, respectively, were distinguished. A phylogeographic signal was evident and a Mantel test revealed a strong positive correlation between geographic and genetic distances of the eight populations. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) assigned 85% of the total genetic variation to differences between continents. Within each continent, populations were remarkably little differentiated with the exception of one highly divergent Moroccan stand; the origin of this divergence requires further investigation. Our results document a strong effect of the Strait of Gibraltar on Abies differentiation in this region, whereas the high diversity within and the low differentiation among populations on each side point to a certain level of pollen‐mediated gene flow among the extant stands. On the other hand, our analysis indicates that the population formerly assigned to the species A. tazaotana is, in fact, genetically very close to most A. marocana stands. We discuss implications of the observed population structures for conservation and management of West Mediterranean Abies taxa.
Concordance trees, concordance factors, and the exploration of reticulate genealogy
Authors: Baum David A.
Published: February 2019

Reticulate evolution, whether due to lateral gene transfer, introgression, incomplete lineage sorting, or hybrid speciation, is a ubiquitous phenomenon, yet systematists have few tools for analyzing and summarizing the resulting genealogical discordance. Here I argue that a primary concordance tree, a tree built from clades that are true of a plurality of the genome, provides a useful summary of the dominant phylogenetic history for a group of organisms. Residual historical signals can also be extracted in the form of secondary, tertiary, etc. concordance trees, which are built from clades that are present in the genome but contradict clades on the primary concordance tree. Clades on concordance trees can be annotated with their concordance factor (CF), the proportion of the genome for which the clade is true. Concordance trees can potentially be estimated either from population histories or from multilocus molecular datasets. In the latter case one can use the recently developed Bayesian concordance analysis to obtain point estimates and credibility intervals on CF’s. I argue that the concepts of concordance trees and concordance factors inform the debate on how to integrate information from multiple independent datasets and help clarify the nature of the boundary between reticulate and divergent genealogy.
The correct date and place of publication of the ten new generic names employed by Acharius in the Lichenographia Universalis
Authors: Hawksworth David L. , David John C. , Ahti Teuvo , McNeill John
Published: February 2019

Clarification in the Tokyo Code of the authorship of names appearing in the work of another allowed exemplification in the Vienna Code that it is the acceptance by the author of the name and not that by the publishing author that is critical for valid publication. This permits resolution of a long‐standing uncertainty as to whether generic names published in Acharius’s Lichenographia Universalis of 1810 were or were not first introduced in Luyken’s Tentamen Historiae Lichenum of 1809. In that work, Luyken reproduced diagnoses of Acharius’s new genera while the Lichenographia was still in press, and 5–6 months before Acharius’s work was published. However, as Luyken did not accept the new genera in his final classification some workers had considered the names not validly published under Art. 34 of the Code. Now, following the Vienna Code, we conclude that these names were validly published in 1809 and must be attributed to “Ach., in Luyken”. The correct place and date of publication of the ten generic names involved is presented along with notes on their nomenclatural status; these include the well‐known genera Alectoria, Evernia, Lecanora, Nephroma, and Ramalina.
Babcock revisited: new insights into generic delimitation and character evolution inCrepisL. (Compositae: Cichorieae) from ITS andmatKsequence data
Authors: Enke Neela , Gemeinholzer Birgit
Published: February 2019

In 1947 Babcock published his widely acknowledged monograph of the genusCrepisL. including a sectional classification of the species as well as extensive hypotheses about character evolution. To reinvestigate Babcock's evolutionary hypotheses and the generic delimitation ofCrepisL. a phylogenetic analysis was conducted using ITS and chloroplastmatKsequence data. The results revealedCrepisL. to be polyphyletic. A monophyletic clade including Central Asian and North American species ofCrepissect.Ixeridopsisis clearly isolated fromCrepiss.str. and, as also supported by additional morphological evidence, needs to be transferred to the genusAskelliaWeber (1984). A second clade comprising the generaLapsanaL. andRhagadiolusJuss. as well as a statistically strongly supported clade of severalCrepisspecies is sister to a third clade: the monophyleticCrepiss.str. WithinCrepiss.str. the molecular data does not support Babcock's sectional delimitation which is mainly based on his hypotheses about karyotype evolution. Hence, morphological and karyological characters are re‐assessed with regard to the molecular phylogeny.
Phylogenetic evidence for the generic circumscription of Cineraria L. (Asteraceae‐Senecioneae)
Authors: Cron Glynis V. , Balkwill Kevin , Knox Eric B.
Published: February 2019

Phylogenetic analyses of separate and combined plastid trnL‐trnF and nuclear ITS DNA sequences were used to investigate the delimitation of Cineraria with respect to five species previously included in Cineraria, its infrageneric structure, and to contribute to knowledge regarding its relationships in the tribe Senecioneae (Asteraceae). The molecular phylogenetic study (corroborated by morphological evidence) has resulted in a revised generic concept/circumscription for Cineraria with the removal of anomalous species from the genus and the recognition of two new genera: Bolandia and Oresbia. Bolandia comprises two South African species (B. argillacea, B. pedunculosa) previously included in Cineraria. The monotypic Oresbia heterocarpa (syn.: C. tomentosa) has unique morphological features and exhibits strongly incongruent placement with Kleinia galpinii versus Dendrosenecio kilimanjari in the trnL‐trnF and ITS datasets, respectively. Two other species previously placed in Cineraria are reinstated as Senecio cordifolius (syn.: C. mitellifolia) or reassigned as S. hederiformis (syn.: C. hederifolia) because of their close relationships to species currently placed in Senecio s.l. in a clade that also includes Pericallis. Cineraria now has a coherent morphological concept as plants with palmately veined leaves, radiate, calyculate capitula, obtuse/penicillate style apices and obovate, compressed cypselae with two distinct margins or wings and a substantial carpopodium. The species‐level comparisons within Cineraria show surprisingly limited amounts of DNA variation that nonetheless have striking points of incongruence between the trnL‐trnF and ITS datasets. Cineraria evidently experienced a rapid biogeographic and morphological diversification periodically punctuated by bouts of reticulate evolution. Investigations into relationships within the Senecioneae concur with previous reports that Cineraria is related to Pericallis and Dendrosenecio, and our increased taxonomic sampling identifies Bolandia as a putative sister‐genus to Cineraria.
Phylogeographic implications of an AFLP phylogeny of the American diploid Hordeum species (Poaceae: Triticeae)
Authors: Pleines Thekla , Blattner Frank R.
Published: February 2019

The American species of Hordeum form a monophyletic group of closely related species, in which a rapid radiation took place in South America during the last two million years. Species relationships within this group could up to now not be clarified because of the small sequence differences among the species or incomplete sorting of ancient alleles. To overcome these problems we analyzed 65 samples covering all 13 diploid New World species with amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis (AFLP). Six primer combinations yielded 858 fragments, 765 of which were potentially parsimony informative. Two samples of diploid Asian Hordeum species were included as outgroup taxa. AFLP analysis was able to resolve species relationships, showing Californian H. brachyantherum as sister to four major phylogenetic groups from South America. These are a central Argentine and northern Andean group (H. cordobense, H. muticum), a mainly central to northern Argentine group including two North American species (H. erectifolium, H. euclaston, H. intercedens, H. pusillum, H. stenostachys), a group occurring mainly in southern Patagonia (H. comosum, H. patagonicum, H. pubiflorum), and a group of two species, whose close relationship has not been inferred before (H. chilense, H. flexuosum). Within these groups, sister species can be resolved with high bootstrap support, while statistical support for the branches defining the relationships among these groups is relatively low. The AFLP results support the monophyly of the three annual New World species, as well as earlier findings regarding intercontinental long‐distance dispersals from South to North America.
On the phylogenetic position and taxonomic value of Gagea trinervia (Viv.) Greuter and Gagea sect. Anthericoides A. Terracc. (Liliaceae)
Authors: Peruzzi Lorenzo , Tison Jean-Marc , Peterson Angela , Peterson Jens
Published: February 2019

Gagea trinervia and G. graeca, both diploid (2n = 24), share several features that appear unusual in the genus: white flowers, relatively late flowering, and red bulb tunics. They are genetically rather close but can be distinguished with karyology and molecular markers (nrITS‐region). They were indeed thought to be conspecific by many authors, however, exhibit major ontogenetic, morphological and anatomical differences which indicates a strongly divergent evolution. Gagea trinervia differs from G. graeca in having bulbils with stolon‐like hypopodium, a regular sister bulbil at the immature stage, an unifacial, juvenile‐like basal leaf to adult stage, few cauline leaves, few flowers and a low level of sexual reproduction. These two species make up Gagea sect. Anthericoides, the most early‐branching clade of the genus, endemic to the Mediterranean. The closest species phylogenetically is Gagea serotina, that is referred to the separate section Lloydia (Salisb.) Peruzzi & al. comb. & stat. nov.
Putative parentage of six Old World polyploids in Tragopogon L. (Asteraceae: Scorzonerinae) based on ITS, ETS, and plastid sequence data
Authors: Mavrodiev Evgeny V. , Soltis Pamela S. , Soltis Douglas E.
Published: February 2019

Using plastid, ITS, and ETS sequences, we investigated the parentage of polyploids Tragopogon buphthalmoides, T. castellanus, T. coloratus, T. gracilis, T. latifolius, and T. tuberosus. One of the parents of T. tuberosus is a member of the Collini clade (likely T. marginatus) and the second parent is part of the Angustissimi clade, most likely T. pusillus. Tragopogon bornmuelleri and T. rechingeri are not likely parents of T. buphthalmoides. Tragopogon crocifolius and T. lamottei are parents of T. castellanus. Tragopogon latifolius var. latifolius is an allotetroploid, with one parent from the Angustissimi clade (T. graminifolius or T. pusillus) and the other parent is a diploid or tetraploid from the Profundisulcati clade (likely T. buphthalmoides); one likely parent of tetraploid T. coloratus is a tetraploid T. buphthalmoides and the other one is a diploid T. australis (T. porrifolius ssp. australis). Molecular data clearly argue against the inclusion of this tetraploid within T. coloratus (2n = 12). Tragopogon tomentosulus is not closely related to T. gracilis. Tragopogon acanthocarpus is nonmonophyletic based on rDNA and plastid sequence data. Homogenization of rDNA repeats has occurred to varying degrees in the Eurasian polyploids.
Ulva umbilicalis L. and Porphyra umbilicalis Kütz. (Rhodophyta, Bangiaceae): a molecular and morphological redescription of the species, with a typification update
Authors: Brodie Juliet , Irvine Linda , Neefus Christopher D. , Russell Stephen
Published: February 2019

Problems with the name and concept of the entity known as “Porphyra umbilicalis” that have led to confusion over its identity for more than 250 years are addressed. The name was first used by Kützing (1843), who provided a diagnosis based entirely on material collected from Scotland by Scheele, but he later subsumed it under another species. Jacob Agardh (1883) transferred Ulva umbilicalis L. (1753) to Porphyra. We show that this nomenclatural problem can be resolved by typifying the names Ulva umbilicalis L. and Porphyra umbilicalis Kütz. Although we have located a Scheele specimen of Porphyra, there is no evidence that Kützing based his description of P. umbilicalis on this material. We have therefore selected a specimen of P. umbilicalis from Scotland as neotype of P. umbilicalis Kütz. which fits both his diagnosis and the current concept of P. umbilicalis and for which we have molecular data. We also provide a revised diagnosis and designate the specimen chosen as the neotype of P. umbilicalis Kütz. as the epitype of Ulva umbilicalis L.
History of the typification of conserved and rejected names, including an account of the typification of Bangia Lyngb. (Bangiaceae, Rhodophyta)
Authors: Silva Paul C. , Nelson Wendy A.
Published: February 2019

The provision for conserved and rejected generic names entered the botanical code of nomenclature 25 years before the type method was adopted. All conserved and rejected generic names approved by an international botanical congress prior to 1954 were applied in accordance with circumscriptions. Bringing the lists of names into accordance with the type method resulted in the finding that many names had been unnecessarily conserved, Bangia Lyngb. among them. Silva's choice of Conferva fuscopurpurea Dillwyn as generitype must be rejected in favor of Pfeiffer's previous choice of C. atropurpurea Mert. ex Roth. Bangiadulcis W.A. Nelson, based on C. atropurpurea, is thus rendered a superfluous name for Bangia Lyngb. The latter name when properly typified applies to a genus that currently comprises a single freshwater species. Generic limits remain to be established among the phylogenetically diverse marine populations currently assigned to Bangia.
Patrocladistics, nothing new
Authors: Wiley E.O.
Published: February 2019

Patrocladograms that are logically inconsistent with phylogenetic tree hypotheses cannot be used to circumscribe monophyletic ("holophyletic") groups. Patrocladograms are graphs that assert hypotheses of similarity. Phylogenetic trees are graphs that assert hypotheses of common (or unique) ancestry. Monophyly is a concept derived from ancestry, not similarity. Further, patrocladograms that are logically inconsistent with phylogenetic trees also distort interpretations of character evolution, rendering characters homoplastic on patrocladograms that appear homologous on phylogenetic trees. "Patrocladistics" is simply another variety of evolutionary taxonomy that generates paraphyletic groups, resulting in classifications that are logically inconsistent with the phylogenies on which they are supposedly based. Contrary to the conclusions of Stuessy & König (2008), if one wishes to maintain a logically consistent system relevant to the evolutionary paradigm, there is every reason to constrain classification by branching structure of well‐corroborated phylogenetic trees in a cladistic context.
Taxonomy was the foundation of Darwin's evolution
Authors: Winsor Mary P.
Published: February 2019

Darwin's belief in branching evolution was based upon his familiarity with the taxonomy of his day. Facts from biogeography, embryology, and paleontology acquired deep significance because biologists had come to believe that natural classification expressed real relationships. Although Charles Darwin's presentation of his theory in theOrigin of Species, as well as descriptions of Darwinism after the Modern Synthesis of the 1940s, imply that establishing the causal role of natural selection was essential to proving that evolution has occurred, this is contradicted by Darwin's personal experience and by his own words. It is helpful to compare the history and logical structure of Darwin's revolutionary theory to the Copernican Revolution, for the moving Earth was recognized long before Newton identified causes to explain its motion. Copernicus saw that fixing the Sun as the center of planetary motion explained the appearance of the heavens better than the Ptolemaic system did, and Darwin saw that branching evolution explains the "truly wonderful fact" that a hierarchy of nested groups appears natural.
Phylogeny, origin, and biogeographic history of Aesculus L. (Sapindales) – an update from combined analysis of DNA sequences, morphology, and fossils
Authors: Harris AJ , Xiang Qiu-Yun(jenny) , Thomas David T.
Published: February 2019

Conflicting phylogenies and biogeographic hypotheses for Aesculus L. were reevaluated using data integrating morphology, fossils, and DNA sequences. A more robust phylogeny of Aesculus was constructed by increasing taxon and character sampling to include 42 morphological characters and five DNA regions including rps16, trnHK, matK, ITS, and part of the LEAFY gene. Our analyses revealed three well‐supported major lineages in Aesculus. These are sect. Calothyrsus excluding A. californica, sect. Macrothyrsus + A. californica, and sect. Aesculus + sect. Pavia + sect. Parryana. The relationship of sect. Aesculus to sect. Parryana + sect. Pavia is strongly supported and previously unreported. Relationships among the three major clades remained incompletely resolved. Biogeographic and divergence time analyses using DIVA and Multidivtime support a Paleocene origin of Aesculus in eastern Asia and western North America, and showed that the genus subsequently dispersed into eastern North America, Central America, and Europe. Our results support that Aesculus originated as an element of the Paleogene mesophilic flora in the Beringian region with multiple eastward migrations characterizing the early spatial history of this genus. This biogeographic history supports Trans‐Beringian migration of plants in the very early Paleogene.
Phylogeny and evolution of the Arctium‐Cousinia complex (Compositae, Cardueae‐Carduinae)
Authors: López-Vinyallonga Sara , Mehregan Iraj , Garcia-Jacas Núria , Tscherneva Olga , Susanna Alfonso , Kadereit Joachim W.
Published: February 2019

The phylogeny and evolution of the Arctium‐Cousinia complex, including Arctium, Cousinia as one of the largest genera of Asteraceae, Hypacanthium and Schmalhausenia, is investigated. This group of genera has its highest diversity in the Irano‐Turanian region and the mountains of Central Asia. We generated ITS and rpS4‐trnT‐trnL sequences for altogether 138 species, including 129 (of ca. 600) species of Cousinia. As found in previous analyses, Cousinia is not monophyletic. Instead, Cousinia subgg. Cynaroides and Hypacanthodes with together ca. 30 species are more closely related to Arctium, Hypacanthium and Schmalhausenia (Arctioid clade) than to subg. Cousinia (Cousinioid clade). The Arctioid and Cousiniod clades are also supported by pollen morphology and chromosome number as reported earlier. In the Arctioid clade, the distribution of morphological characters important for generic delimitation, mainly leaf shape and armature and morphology of involucral bracts, are highly incongruent with phylogenetic relationships as implied by the molecular data. No taxonomic solution for this conflict can be offered, and the characters named are interpreted as homoplasious. Although phylogenetic resolution in the Cousinioid clade is poor, our ITS and rpS4‐trnT‐trnL sequences contain some phylogenetic information. For example, the six annual species of the Cousinioid clade fall into two groups. Poor phylogenetic resolution probably results from lack of characters and the high number of taxa in this species‐rich and comparatively young (ca. 8.7 mya) lineage. We hypothesize that speciation in the Cousinioid clade was mainly allopatric.
The common chamomile and the scentless mayweed revisited
Authors: Hansen Hans V. , Christensen Knud Ib
Published: February 2019

The nomenclature of common chamomile, sea mayweed and scentless mayweed is discussed with reference to nomenclatural history, typifications, and the provisions of the ICBN. During the period 1753–1763, Linnaeus managed to mess up the naming of common chamomile, sea mayweed, and scentless mayweed, although he must have been very familiar with these species. Originally, Linnaeus intended to name the scentless mayweed as Matricaria chamomilla, the common chamomile as M. recutita, and the sea mayweed as M. maritima, but later he referred the common chamomile to M. suaveolens, the scentless mayweed to M. inodora, and the sea mayweed to M. inodora var. maritima. The major problem in Linnaeus's classification of the European Matricaria is his treatment of the common chamomile and the scentless mayweed. Matricaria chamomilla fits the scentless mayweed according to the original description, while the lectotype, Herb. Clifford 415, although uncharacteristic, is referable to common chamomile.
Phylogenetic relationships of Piptochaetium Presl (Poaceae: Stipeae) and related genera reconstructed from nuclear and chloroplast sequence datasets
Authors: Barber Janet C. , Hames Kasey A. , Cialdella Ana Maria , Giussani Liliana M. , Morrone Osvaldo
Published: February 2019

Piptochaetium (Poaceae, Pooideae, Stipeae) is a New World genus of grasses distributed primarily in temperate South America, with several species extending into Central and southern North America. The genus comprises 36 species and 2 varieties. Morphological synapomorphies for the genus include involute lemma margins that fit into the palea groove, a bi‐keeled palea longer than the lemma and protruding from the lemma apex, and fundamental cell sidewalls that are regularly dentate. The closely related genera Nassella (116 species) and Jarava (59 species) are also primarily South American, with a few species found in Central and North America. Published molecular studies to date have focused upon generic‐level relationships within the tribe Stipeae, but none have included more than a few representatives of each genus. We present here results of phylogenetic analyses of these genera based upon combined DNA sequences of both nuclear (ITS) and cpDNA (rpl16, trnL‐F) markers. Piptochaetium is supported as monophyletic in all studies, whereas Nassella is recovered as monophyletic only if Jarava plumosa is included. Infrageneric relationships of Piptochaetium are also compared to a recent morphological phylogeny of the genus.
Phylogenetic structure of the grass subfamily Pooideae based on comparison of plastid matK gene–3′trnK exon and nuclear ITS sequences
Authors: Schneider Julia , Döring Elke , Hilu Khidir W. , Röser Martin
Published: February 2019

The grass subfamily Pooideae was studied using DNA sequence information from the chloroplast (cp) matK gene–3′trnK exon and the nuclear ribosomal (nr) ITS1–5.8S gene–ITS2 in a sample of 67 taxa covering all of its tribes. Branches with strong bootstrap support are consistently resolved in both datasets, whereas discrepancy is confined to low‐support or unsupported nodes in one of the datasets. The results do not reveal a significant role of past hybridisation, plastid lineage sorting or reticulation in the evolutionary diversification of the major lineages of the subfamily. The combined analysis of the plastid and nuclear datasets results in a largely well‐supported pattern of divergence for the major lineages of the subfamily. Some re‐alignments of tribes and subtribes are proposed and discussed with reference to relevant morphological and structural characters. We propose the recognition of broader tribes Nardeae with subtribes Nardinae and Lygeinae, Meliceae with subtribes Brylkiniinae and Melicinae, Stipeae with subtribes Ampelodesminae and Stipinae, and Triticeae with subtribes Littledaleinae, Brominae and Hordeinae. For the tribe complex of Aveneae and Poeae, the clear‐cut split into two major clades and further resolution into some high‐support lineages depicted by cpDNA is not contradicted by nuclear ITS and their taxonomic treatment as separate tribes or a single tribe remains an unanswered question.
Morphology, phylogeny and biogeography of Turnera L. (Turneraceae)
Authors: Mercedes Arbo Maria , Espert Shirley M.
Published: February 2019

Cladistic analyses are made based on morphological characters and chromosome basic numbers in order to test the monophyly of the nine series of genus Turnera (Turneraceae). Series Annulares and Turnera are monophyletic, and also series Anomalae with the exception of two species with unknown fruit and seed morphology. Series Microphyllae and Papilliferae should be merged, and also series Salicifoliae and Stenodictyae together with some species of series Capitatae. The Capitatae split in several groups and series Leiocarpae is unresolved. The Turnera sidoides complex should be separated into a new series. Biogeographic analyses show that the major diversification of the genus took place in the Chaquean subregion, with vicariance and dispersal events to other Neotropical subregions and Africa.
Effects of Pleistocene glaciations on the genetic structure of Saxifraga florulenta (Saxifragaceae), a rare endemic of the Maritime Alps
Authors: Szövényi Péter , Arroyo Karina , Guggisberg Alessia , Conti Elena
Published: February 2019

The high species diversity and endemism of the Maritime Alps suggest that this region may have held several refugia during the Pleistocene glaciations. Nevertheless, this assumption has rarely been examined. Here we investigate the genetic diversity of Saxifraga florulenta, a rare endemic restricted to siliceous substrates in the Maritime Alps. Overlaying the maximum extension of the ice sheet during the Pleistocene, the current distributions of S. florulenta and siliceous substrates suggest the existence of two putative refugial areas in the Maritime Alps. By using evidence from amplified fragment length polymorphisms we aim at elucidating whether genetic structure of the species corresponds to this two‐refugia hypothesis and how this genetic information can be used to ensure its long‐term conservation. Low levels of species‐wide and within‐population genetic diversity were detected, suggesting strong historical bottlenecks. Bayesian and principal coordinate analyses identified two population groups in agreement with the two refugia hypothesis. However, weak genetic divergence between these groups suggests that their separation happened more recently, and that S. florulenta survived the Pleistocene glaciations in one main refugium. The lack of a significant correlation among genetic and geographic distances implies that populations are not at migration‐drift equilibrium and current levels of gene flow among them do not appear to be sufficient to balance the effect of genetic drift. Hence, in future conservation strategies, special care should be taken to preserve both gene pools and prevent further fragmentation of populations.
Capacity building in taxonomy and systematics
Authors: Smith Gideon F. , Figueiredo Estrela
Published: February 2019

Needs‐driven capacity building is required as a matter of urgency to overcome the present lack of taxonomists and systematists who are skilled in natural history and collections. This must necessarily include the training of the next generation of taxonomists, appropriate leadership for natural history collections and the involvement of practicing taxonomists to change the perception of taxonomy by decision‐makers.
Taxonomic and biogeographic implications of a phylogenetic analysis of the Campanulaceae based on three chloroplast genes
Authors: Haberle Rosemarie C. , Dang Ashley , Lee Tammy , Peñaflor Cynthia , Cortes-Burns Helen , Oestreich Andrea , Raubeson Linda , Cellinese Nicoletta , Edwards Erika J. , Kim Sang-Tae , Eddie William M.M. , Jansen Robert K.
Published: February 2019

Campanulaceae are a large, nearly cosmopolitan angiosperm family that are well‐accepted as monophyletic but whose intrafamilial and intrageneric relationships are controversial. We used DNA sequences of the chloroplast genes atpB, matK, and rbcL to infer the phylogeny of 102 taxa in 41 genera plus four outgroup taxa. Our sampling represents a wide taxonomic and geographic diversity from within the family. Results from maximum parsimony and Bayesian analyses provide strong evidence for two major clades in the family, with the platycodonoids sister to the remaining members of the family, the wahlenbergioids and campanuloids. There are two clear divisions within the campanuloids that correspond well with the historical Campanula s.str. and Rapunculus groups of Boissier and Fedorov. The phylogenetic positions of the Northern European species Wahlenbergia hederacea and the genus Jasione remain unresolved. Our results also provide evidence that the large, inclusive genera Wahlenbergia and Campanula are polyphyletic, and the smaller, segregate genera Symphyandra, Prismatocarpus, and Legousia are not monophyletic. Insights are provided into the different biogeographic origins of several oceanic island endemics. Heterochaenia, Nesocodon, and Berenice occur in a single clade, which suggests a single colonization of the Indian Ocean Mascarene Islands. Conversely, Wahlenbergia linifolia and W. angustifolia of St. Helena Island in the mid‐Atlantic are not sister taxa. The Macaronesian taxa, Canarina canariensis, and Musschia aurea, which display convergent bird‐pollination adaptations and with Azorina vidalii of the Azores, woody growth form, fall into separate major lineages. The North American Campanulaceae also do not form a monophyletic group, providing evidence that these taxa are the descendents of multiple introductions onto the North American continent.
Generic delimitations within the Sium alliance (Apiaceae tribe Oenantheae) inferred from cpDNA rps16‐5′trnK(UUU) and nrDNA ITS sequences
Authors: Spalik Krzysztof , Downie Stephen R. , Watson Mark F.
Published: February 2019

Previous studies of the Sium alliance within Apiaceae tribe Oenantheae, based only on nrDNA ITS sequences, revealed that the genera Sium and Berula may not be monophyletic. To confirm issues of relationships and implement nomenclatural changes, we obtained additional ITS sequences as well as independent data from the cpDNA rps16‐5′trnK(UUU) region which includes the rps16 intron and the spacer region between genes rps16 and 5′trnK. We examined 78 accessions of tribe Oenantheae including representatives of all 23 species of the Sium alliance (Afrocarum, 1 sp.; Apium pro parte/Helosciadium, 5 spp.; Berula, 1 sp.; Cryptotaenia, 4 spp.; Sium, 12 spp.). Results of Bayesian analysis and maximum parsimony analyses of partitioned and combined data revealed that the Sium alliance is strongly supported as monophyletic. Within this clade, four major subclades are resolved. Three of these subclades comprise species that were traditionally placed in Cryptotaenia, Helosciadium/Apium pro parte, and Sium s.str. (9 spp.). A restitution of the genus Helosciadium, including all Eurasian species of Apium with the exception of A. graveolens, the generitype, is supported by both molecular data and morphology. The fourth subclade, Berula sensu lato, encompasses all representatives of a widely distributed B. erecta, a monotypic African Afrocarum, and three members of Sium from Africa (S. repandum) and Saint Helena (S. bracteatum, S. burchellii). The Sium species from Saint Helena form a sister group to African representatives of B. erecta. The Berula sensu lato clade is recognized at the generic level and these four African/Saint Helena species are transferred into Berula. African and North American populations of B. erecta are distinct from their Eurasian relatives and are therefore proposed to be treated as separate species (B. thunbergii and B. incisa, respectively).
Phylogenetic relationships of Afrobrunnichia Hutch. & Dalziel (Polygonaceae) based on three chloroplast genes and ITS
Authors: Sanchez Adriana , Kron Kathleen A.
Published: February 2019

The subfamily Eriogonoideae (Polygonaceae) comprises 31 genera of which 20 are part of the radiation of Eriogonum and allied genera in North America. The eleven remaining genera are all woody, and include species that are vines, trees and shrubs. They are distributed in North, Central and South America, the Antilles and West Africa, and in most cases the number of species is not known, even less their relationships. Brunnichia is a woody vine native to the southeastern United States. In the past some authors have recognized species of Brunnichia as occurring in West Africa. Alternately, others recognized two genera, Brunnichia corresponding only to the American species and Afrobrunnichia to the African species. In this study two accessions of Afrobrunnichia erecta from Gabon and Ghana, representatives of Podopterus, Brunnichia ovata, and several other species of Polygonaceae are analyzed using three chloroplast genes (rbcL, matK, ndhF) and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS). Maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses strongly support Afrobrunnichia as sister to the remaining genera of Eriogonoideae; Brunnichia and Antigonon are strongly supported as sister genera. Based on these results, Afrobrunnichia is supported as a separate genus from Brunnichia. Podopterus is placed sister to Coccoloba.
No polymorphism of melatonin receptor 1A (MTNR1A) gene was found in Markhoz goat
Authors: Abdolahi Sargol , Shokrollahi Borhan , Saadati Nazila , Morammazi Salim
Published: February 2019

Melatonin is the main hormone of seasonal breeding in sheep and goat which has an effect on reproductive organs via its receptors. Studies have shown that mutations in melatonin receptor 1A (MTNR1A) gene are related to litter size as well as the ovulation rate in sheep and goats. In this study, polymorphism of two loci in MTNR1A melatonin receptor gene was studied in order to survey their relationship with litter size in Markhoz goats. PCR primers were employed to mask polymorphisms of MTNR1A in 150 does by PCR‐RFLP method. After DNA extraction, the PCR‐RFLP was performed using Ecol31I and HpaI restriction enzymes. Results showed that these loci were not polymorphic. These results show that the fecundity of Markhoz goats is not linked to MTNR1A. No polymorphism in MTNR1A was found in Markhoz goats, therefore, it is essential to test polymorphism of other genes or loci to facilitate marker‐assisted selection techniques to improve reproduction traits in Markhoz goats.