bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting Bureaucratic Control: Evidence from the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments
Authors: Drotning Lucy , Rothenberg Lawrence
Published: March 2003

The extent to which politicians control bureaucracies that are delegated authority over public policy involves fundamental positive and normative issues for the study of politics. Considerations related to such issues have stimulated a great deal of debate about whether the legislature exercises control over bureaucratic performance. However, establishing the measurable empirical conditions under which elected officials do and do not assure agency responsiveness remains unsettled.

In light of this state of affairs, we try to determine whether it is possible to develop a general means of predicting control, or at least of predicting what we term “intent to control,” based on the assumption that legislators’ preferences toward agency responsiveness reflect the nature of the policy environment. Our application to the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 finds strong empirical evidence that statutory provisions vary predictably, depending upon whether legislators possess the requisite technical ability and are likely, or wish, to be held politically accountable. Our results indicate that control varies for reasons that fit well with our understanding of how elected officials deal with complexity and their own political situations. Our findings also imply that subtle, but measurable, differences in the specific policy environment are crucial for understanding control.
Public Good, Private Protections: Competing Values in German Transplantation Law
Authors: Hogle Linda
Published: March 2003

Organ transplantation has become almost routine practice in many industrialized countries. Policy, ethical, and legal debates tend to center on fairness of allocation rules or alternatives to promote greater numbers of donations. There are also certain beliefs about the use of bodily materials that are often presumed to be homogenous across Euro–American societies. In Germany, however, the idea of using the bodies of some for the good of others, and the right to proclaim some bodies dead for large–scale medical and political purposes is highly charged. This is due to the historical context of medical experimentation, selection, and euthanasia under National Socialism, and the former East German socialist policies which intervened in the private lives and bodies of citizens. This article is based on an ethnography of organ procurement practices during the period when German policymakers struggled with writing a transplant law. Active public resistance revealed deep concern about state intervention in private matters and amplified the growing unrest over definitions of moral community in a changing, post–reunification society. The article shows how public disputes about health policy become a way through which societies deal with other social conflicts.
The Right to Physician–Assisted Suicide On Demand
Authors: Grosswald Blanche
Published: March 2003

This article argues for the right to physician–assisted suicide under any circumstance defined by the client or individual making the request. Its perspective is oriented within the field of social welfare. It examines conflicts between values of autonomy and the preservation of life and compares Dutch and United States right–to–die legislation. The article also discusses responsibilities of both the individual and society toward each other within the scope of physician–assisted suicide, socio–economic causes of suicide, suggestions for suicide prevention, and promotes physician–assisted suicide on demand based on the literature and the social work value of self–determination.
The Wedge
Authors: Goerke Laszlo
Published: March 2003

It is often argued that the quantity that is traded on the market is independent of the side of the market which is taxed. However, this assertion need not hold, especially in imperfectly competitive markets such as that for labour. Taking an efficiency wage economy as an example, it is shown that the legal incidence of social security contributions will affect the economic incidence if unemployment compensation is subject to social security contributions. Since this is the case in numerous OECD countries, the wedge between producer costs and the net wage might be an inappropriate device for measuring the impact of social security contributions on wages and employment.
Economic Development: Evidence from Directed Acyclic Graphs
Authors: Bessler David A. , Loper Nathan
Published: March 2003

We use directed acyclic graphs to study post‐1970 cross‐section data from 79 world economies and a subset of 59 less developed economies. Openness to trade, government savings and natural resource exports are direct causes of GDP growth rate. Openness to trade and government savings contribute positively and natural resource exports contributes negatively to growth rate in GDP. An institutional quality index, agricultural productivity, life expectancy, initial GDP and a tropical climate dummy are related to but are not direct causes of GDP growth rate in one or more versions of the models uncovered. Implications on modeling are explored.
Continental Drift: European Integration and the Location of U.K. Foreign Direct Investment
Authors: Pain Nigel
Published: March 2003

In this paper we seek to quantify the impact of the European internal market programme on the sectoral and geographical pattern of foreign direct investment by U.K. corporations. We use an annual panel data set covering investment within seven sectors in the European Union (EU) and the United States, and control for market size, relative costs, innovation, corporate financial constraints and sector‐specific fixed effects. Our results indicate that the programme has had a significant positive effect on the level of investment, in both industrial and service sectors. There is also some evidence of investment diversion from the United States into the EU since 1990.
Monetary Policy and Asset Prices
Authors: Vickers John
Published: March 2003

How should asset prices affect monetary policy, and how do they? It is argued that asset prices should not be included in the measure of inflation targeted by monetary policy, which should focus on the prices of goods and services for current consumption. The information yielded directly by asset prices, e.g. about inflation expectations and interest rate expectations, is examined. Finally, the question of what asset prices add to other indicators is considered, and it is concluded that asset prices matter for monetary policy because they help to inform judgements about inflation prospects.
Non‐Linear Dynamics of Inflation in High Inflation Economies
Authors: Byers J. D. , Peel D. A.
Published: March 2003

Attempts by governments to finance a substantial proportion of expenditure by seigniorage can lead to multiple inflationary equilibria. Theoretical models suggest that, in these circumstances, inflation follows a non‐linear process with up to three steady states and that the stability characteristics of these depend on the process by which expectations are formed. In this paper we show that the exponential smooth transition autoregression (ESTAR) model is capable of exhibiting the required characteristics and so provides a suitable vehicle for analysing inflation in high inflation economies. We estimate ESTAR models for three well‐known inflationary episodes—the German hyperinflation of the early 1920s and post‐Second World War inflations in Argentina and Brazil. Our results imply that, during the periods in question, each of these economies possessed a stable low‐level equilibrium rate of inflation but that the variances of inflation shocks were large enough to drive each economy into a high inflation state. For Brazil, this high inflation state is stable around a particular value but in the cases of Argentina and Germany the high inflation state is characterized by inflation cycles.
An Anticipating Calculus Approach to the Utility Maximization of an Insider
Authors: León Jorge A. , Navarro Reyla , Nualart David
Published: March 2003

In this paper we consider a financial market with an insider that has, at time t= 0, some additional information of the whole developing of the market. We use the forward integral, which is an anticipating integral, and the techniques of the Malliavin calculus so that we can take advantage of the privileged information to maximize the expected logarithmic utility from terminal wealth.
Quantiles of the Euler Scheme for Diffusion Processes and Financial Applications
Authors: Talay Denis , Zheng Ziyu
Published: March 2003

In this paper we briefly present the results obtained in our paper (Talay and Zheng 2002a) on the convergence rate of the approximation of quantiles of the law of one component of (Xt), where (Xt) is a diffusion process, when one uses a Monte Carlo method combined with the Euler discretization scheme. We consider the case where (Xt) is uniformly hypoelliptic (in the sense of Condition (UH) below), or the inverse of the Malliavin covariance of the component under consideration satisfies the condition (M) below. We then show that Condition (M) seems widely satisfied in applied contexts. We particularly study financial applications: the computation of quantiles of models with stochastic volatility, the computation of the VaR of a portfolio, and the computation of a model risk measurement for the profit and loss of a misspecified hedging strategy.
Risk Minimization with Incomplete Information in a Model for High‐Frequency Data
Authors: Frey Rüdiger
Published: March 2003

We study risk‐minimizing hedging‐strategies for derivatives in a model where the asset price follows a marked point process with stochastic jump‐intensity, which depends on some unobservable state‐variable process. This model reflects stylized facts that are typical for high frequency data. We assume that agents in our model are restricted to observing past asset prices. This poses some problems for the computation of risk‐minimizing hedging strategies as the current value of the state variable is unobservable for our agents. We overcome this difficulty by a two‐step procedure, which is based on a projection result of Schweizer and show that in our context the computation of risk‐minimizing strategies leads to a filtering problem that has received some attention in the nonlinear filtering literature.
Multidimensional Variance‐Optimal Hedging in Discrete‐Time Model—A General Approach
Authors: Motoczyński M.
Published: March 2003

One of the well‐known approaches to the problem of option pricing is a minimization of the global risk, considered as the expected quadratic net loss. In the paper, a multidimensional variant of the problem is studied. To obtain the existence of the variance‐optimal hedging strategy in a model without transaction costs, we can apply the result of Monat and Stricker. Another possibility is a generalization of the nondegeneracy condition that appeared in a paper of Schweizer, in which a one‐dimensional problem is solved. The relationship between the two approaches is shown. A more difficult problem is the existence of an optimal solution in the model with transaction costs. A sufficient condition in a multidimensional case is formulated.
On Level Curves of Value Functions in Optimization Models of Expected Utility
Authors: Tiu Cristian‐Ioan , Zariphopoulou Thaleia
Published: March 2003

We study the level sets of value functions in expected utility stochastic optimization models. We consider optimal portfolio management models in complete markets with lognormally distributed prices as well as asset prices modeled as diffusion processes with nonlinear dynamics. Besides the complete market cases, we analyze models in markets with frictions like correlated nontraded assets and diffusion stochastic volatilities. We derive, for all the above models, equations that their level curves solve and we relate their evolution to power transformations of derivative prices. We also study models with proportional transaction costs in a finite horizon setting and we derive their level curve equation; the latter turns out to be a Variational Inequality with mixed gradient and obstacle constraints.
Pricing of New Securities in an Incomplete Market: the Catch 22 of No‐Arbitrage Pricing
Authors: Boyle Phelim , Wang Tan
Published: March 2003

There are two distinctly different approaches to the valuation of a new security in an incomplete market. The first approach takes the prices of the existing securities as fixed and uses no‐arbitrage arguments to derive the set of equivalent martingale measures that are consistent with the initial prices of the traded securities. The price of the new security is then obtained by appealing to certain criteria or on the basis of some preference assumption. The second method prices the new security within a general equilibrium framework. This paper clarifies the distinction between the two approaches and provides a simple proof that the introduction of the new security will typically change the prices of all the existing securities. We are left with the paradox that a genuinely new derivative security is not redundant, but the dominant pricing paradigm in derivative security pricing is the no‐arbitrage approach, which requires the redundancy of the security. Given the widespread practice of using the no‐arbitrage approach to price (or bound the price of) a new security, we also comment on some justifications for this approach.
Interpretation and Intention: The Debate between Hypothetical and Actual Intentionalism
Authors: Carroll Noël
Published: March 2003

Regarded for decades as a fallacy, intentionalist interpretation is beginning to attract a following among philosophers of art. Intentionalism is the doctrine that the actual intentions of artists are relevant to the interpretation of the artworks they create – just as actual intentions are relevant to the interpretation of the everyday words and deeds of other people. Although there are several forms of actual intentionalism, I defend the form known as modest actual intentionalism, which holds that the correct interpretation of an artwork is compatible with the author's actual intention, which itself must be supported by the artwork. Looking at literary works specifically, I consider criticisms of actual intentionalism – for example, the contention that such a stance substitutes paraphrase for a reading of the text. In particular, I argue against hypothetical intentionalism, which maintains that the correct interpretation of an artwork is constrained by the best hypotheses of the artist's intentions. As I show, the methodology of this position is in fact designed to track the author's actual intentions, and furthermore, hypothetical intentionalism does not accurately depict existing interpretive practices.
Physicalism and Ontological Holism
Authors: Esfeld Michael
Published: March 2003

The claim of this paper is that we should envisage physicalism as an ontological holism. Our current basic physics, quantum theory, suggests that, ontologically speaking, we have to assume one global quantum state of the world; many of the properties that are often taken to be intrinsic properties of physical systems are in fact relations, which are determined by that global quantum state. The paper elaborates on this conception of physicalism as an ontological holism and considers issues such as supervenience, realization of higher‐order properties by basic physical properties, and reduction.
Lilliputian Computer Ethics
Authors: Weckert John
Published: March 2003

This essay considers some ethical issues of nanotechnology and quantum computing, particularly the issue of privacy, and questions related to artificial intelligence, implants, and virtual reality. It then examines the claim that research in this field should be halted.
Why Does Employment Differ in the Course of Time and Across Nations? An Institutional Answer In The Light of the ‘Regulation’ Theory
Authors: Boyer Robert
Published: March 2003

The paper argues that contemporary unemployment is related not so much to the short run malfunctioning of the labor market as to the erosion of the growth regime in the post‐war period. What most theories attribute to increasing labor market rigidities is in fact closely related to the mismatch between the national institutional forms and the trends associated with a new production paradigm and the transformation of the international regime. Some long run historical analyses inspired by the “regulation” theory are then used in order to interpret the unprecedented pattern of French unemployment. Similarly contemporary international comparisons help to explain why employment performances differ so much in North America, Japan, Continental Europe and Scandinavian countries. Some general objectives for economic policy are then suggested but the general conclusion stresses the obstacles to the transition from one growth regime to another which arise from institutional inertia and complementarity.
A Leibenstein–Hobbes–Walras Model of Sharecropping
Authors: Rao J. Mohan
Published: March 2003

Circumstances under which share tenancy may emerge as a socially viable and incentive‐compatible system of land‐labor exchange are explored in a model incorporating Leibenstein’s nutrition‐effort hypothesis, limited substitution possibilities and endogenous distribution. The model provides a Walrasian resolution of the traditional conundrum of production control under sharecropping. It is shown that a pure sharecropp ing equilibrium with tenant control exists when land is relatively abundant though land rent is zero under either a fixed‐rent or wage system. With land relatively scarce, a nearly‐symmetric equilibrium with landlord control also exists provided workers share income in the presence of unemployment.
Do Welfare‐Maximizing Governments Cause Political Business Cycles in Growth and Inequality?
Authors: Parker Simon C.
Published: March 2003

In this paper we study how an elected government maximizes social welfare over its period in office, subject to a growth–equality trade‐off. Optimal output and equality paths are derived and their implications are discussed. A central finding is the prediction of political business cycles in both growth and equality. It is also demonstrated that any tightening of the growth–equality trade‐off should encourage government to favour growth relative to equality.
Bond Rate, Loan Rate and Tobin's q in a Temporary Equilibrium Model of the Financial Sector
Authors: Franke Reiner , Semmler Willi
Published: March 2003

The paper sets up a portfolio model of the financial sector with markets for equity, government bonds, money and debt. The comparative statics of the temporary equilibrium are studied analytically and numerically. Subsequent simulations explore the reactions of financial markets in response to stylized oscillations of some of the exogenous variables. These include economic activity, income distribution, inflation, investors' sentiment, and banks' perceived bankruptcy risk of firms. Special emphasis is put on the resulting cyclical pattern of Tobin's q and the interest spread between loan rate and bond rate.
Lagrange Multipliers as Marginal Rates of Substitution in Multi‐Constraint Optimization Problems
Authors: Weber Christian E.
Published: March 2003

This paper shows that, when a function is optimized subject to several binding constraints, some of the Lagrange multipliers in the dual problems can be interpreted as marginal rates of substitution among certain arguments in the generalized indirect objective function for the primal problem. It also shows how to calculate these Lagrange multipliers from observable price–quantity data. Three particular examples are discussed: a firm that minimizes costs subject to both fixed output and rationing constraints, a household that maximizes utility subject to both income and time constraints, and portfolio choice under uncertainty treated as a multiple constraint optimization problem.
Is Kaldor's Theory of Money Supply Endogeneity Still Relevant?
Authors: Bertocco Giancarlo
Published: March 2003

Contemporary monetary theory is characterized by the predominance of the monetarist thesis. Paradoxically, the widespread acceptance of the monetarists' conclusions has coincided with the disappearance of the stable relation between money stock and nominal income from the 1980s onwards. These results did not call the monetarist theory into question, but instead stimulated the elaboration of various proposals for the modification of the monetary authorities' operative schemes. Each of these proposals gives rise to some perplexity. These anomalies provide the justification for this paper, which sets out to analyse the characteristics of the money supply endogeneity theory, a theoretical approach initiated in the 1970s thanks to Kaldor's seminal contribution, with the objective of demonstrating the inconsistencies in the monetarists' conclusions. It is intended to show that the debate on the endogeneity theory developed by the post‐Keynesians has overlooked an essential aspect of Kaldor's theory, the examination of which permits: (a) the elaboration of an important criticism of monetarism; and (b) the development of a theory of credit and of financial intermediaries that highlights elements of Keynes's theory that have been neglected by the traditional interpretation.
Further Reflections on the Corn–Guano Model
Authors: Bidard Christian , Erreygers Guido
Published: March 2003

The corn–guano model is the simplest model with exhaustible resources. On the constant rate of profit hypothesis, a change of the numeraire from corn to corn‐and‐labour affects the price trajectories. In particular, the corn price at the exhaustion date is no longer equal to its long‐term level. The system of intertemporal prices admits one degree of freedom. Only one path, called the natural path, admits a positive price, wage and royalty for any number of periods before exhaustion. But, for a given exhaustion date, the non‐natural paths close to it are also associated with positive prices, wages and royalties. In this paper we study the characteristics of the natural path and the properties of the non‐natural paths. The results are partly extended to multisector models.
Classical Economics and the Problem of Exhaustible Resources
Authors: Kurz Heinz D. , Salvadori Neri
Published: March 2003

In this paper we discuss in terms of the simple model of exhaustible resources proposed by Bidard and Erreygers some of their propositions. The concept of ‘real rate of profit’ introduced by them is shown to be of no analytical use. It is stressed that the mathematical properties of the economic system under consideration are independent of the numeraire adopted. The classical treatment of exhaustible resources in terms of differential rent is shown to be correct under well‐defined conditions. It is argued that it is complementary to, rather than incompatible with, the approach which emphasizes that in conditions of free competition the rate of profit obtained by conserving the resource equals that in production processes.
The Price of Exhaustible Resources
Authors: Parrinello Sergio
Published: March 2003

The method of given quantities, which Sraffa applies to the theory of intensive land cultivation, is adapted to deal with the case of an exhaustible natural resource of uniform quality. Such an extension requires the assumption of a structural change, consistent with the appreciation of the resource according to the Hotelling rule. It is argued that this approach possesses a limited theoretical scope, but no novel limitation arises in addition to those related to the problem of ‘square techniques’ which have already been investigated in the discussion of Sraffa'rs price equations.
Who Benefits from Workers with General Skills? Countervailing Incentives in Labour Contracts
Authors: Kubler Dorothea
Published: March 2003

In a principal–agent model with adverse selection and moral hazard the impact of the agent's transferable human capital on incentives is analysed. It is shown that under asymmetric information the employer (principal) prefers a worker (agent) with general skills to a similarly productive worker with firm‐specific skills although the reservation utility of a worker with general (i.e. marketable) skills is higher. The principal's information costs are lower when workers have general skills than in the case where workers possess only firm‐specific human capital because of countervailing incentives. The optimal contract for workers with general skills differs from the standard screening contract in that it involves pooling.
Class, Health, and Justice
Authors: Marchand Sarah , Wikler Daniel , Landesman Bruce
Published: March 2003

Class inequalities in health are intuitively unjust. Although the link between social class and health status has been fully documented, the precise nature of the injustice has not been made clear. Four alternative views are presented, corresponding to four goals: (1) maximizing the sum total of health; (2) equalizing the health status of higher and lower social classes; (3) maximizing the health status of the lowest social class; and (4) maximizing the health status of the sickest individuals in society. The nature of the injustice is further obscured by several theoretical and empirical questions, like the degree and significance of personal responsibility for illness and the relation of the degree of economic inequality to sum total of health.
Observations from the Field
Authors: Mattingly Patrick H.
Published: March 2003

A senior vice president of a leading not‐for‐profit health maintenance organization calls for more focused research on the financial incentives that affect the quality of care.
Theological and Secular Meta‐Narratives of Politics: Anabaptist Origins Revisited (Again)
Authors: Heilke Thomas
Published: March 2003

Until recently, scholars both friendly and hostile to Anabaptism have agreed that its origins and development to the present time could be rendered in a coherent, continuous narrative, making Anabaptist identity relatively unproblematic. This consensus has broken down. The present essay seeks to show how newer, ostensibly “objective” social‐science accounts of Anabaptism in fact offer a secular counter‐narrative to the Anabaptists’ accounts of their own activity. This seemingly confined dispute over Anabaptist origins and identity leads to a wider consideration of the significance of both Christian and social‐scientific uses of meta‐narratives or “narrative bases” in political and ethical reflection.
“Why Do You Stand Looking Up Toward Heaven?” New Testament Eschatology at the Turn of the Millennium
Authors: Hays Richard B.
Published: March 2003

Apocalyptic narrative and apocalyptic expectation are integral to the logic of the gospel. This essay surveys and critiques three unsatisfactory strategies for reinterpreting the gospel in non‐apocalyptic terms: the Johannine “vertical” eschatology of union with Christ, the Jesus Seminar's construction on a non‐apocalyptic Jesus, and N. T. Wright's reading of synoptic apocalyptic passages as a symbolic references to events that occurred already in the first century. Christian theology cannot dispense with a future‐oriented apocalyptic eschatology. Seven reasons for this claim are set forth and explained. The concluding part of the essay suggests that the difficulty of accepting apocalyptic eschatology has often been overstated and observes that “intratextual” Christian theology will necessarily interpret the story of Jesus in apocalyptic categories.
Christian Ethics In Jewish Terms: A Response to David Novak
Authors: Hauerwas Stanley
Published: March 2003

While appreciating the illuminating qualities of Novak's account of natural law, Hauerwas also regards it as problematic precisely because of the unhealthy tension that remains between Novak's claim regarding the inseparability of theology and ethics, on the one hand, and his contention that the Noachian laws may ‘be taken to be a universal requirement’of human reason, on the other. Hauerwas' central reservation is that Novak's account is the danger of abstracting from the law's sanctifying intent; i.e., its purpose to form a holy people. A consequence for Jewish‐Christian dialogue, then, is a misplaced concentration on the role of the law in these respective traditions rather than different understandings of sanctification between (and within) these respective traditions.
The Form of Reason: Participation in the Work of Richard Hooker, Benjamin Whichcote, Ralph Cudworth and Jeremy Taylor
Authors: Newey Edmund
Published: March 2003

The article traces the centrality of the patristic doctrine of theosis in the work of four significant figures in seventeenth century Anglican theology. Particular attention is paid to their understanding of reason as a participation in the incarnate Logos. Attention is drawn to their pedagogical method, which sees theology as ‘rather a divine life than a divine knowledge’ (Taylor), and to their reticence in defining too precisely the content of doctrine. Finally the Anglican via media is seen not as a political compromise, but as one way of fruitfully expressing the mediating grace between Creator and creation.
Saying and Showing: Art, Literature and Religious Understanding
Authors: Sherry Patrick J.
Published: March 2003

I argue that works of art and literature can be primary expressions of religious ideas, i.e., ones not dependent on other modes of communication like preaching or theology. This does not mean, however, that such works are independent of criticism, for an artist or writer can show something that is untrue, immoral, crude, and so on. I maintain that art and literature may criticize theology, or vice versa; or, thirdly, the relationship between them may be reciprocal, and I illustrate these three possibilities via Ibsen’s Brand, Goethe’s Faust, and the film Dead Man Walking.
Technology, culture and craft: job tasks and quality realities
Authors: Conti Robert F. , Warner Malcolm
Published: March 2003

Labour process writers tend to view the use of non‐discretionary job tasks in Japanese style manufacturing as a form of de‐skilling. The authors argue that the limits of human accuracy and the statistical realities of sequential production make non‐discretionary job tasks a necessary condition for high quality engineered products. Cultural and scale barriers to achieving this condition are identified and analysed.
A critique of knowledge management: using a social constructionist model
Authors: McAdam Rodney , McCreedy Sandra
Published: March 2003

There is a increasing interest in the area of knowledge management. Few studies exist which are holistic and seek to cover knowledge management as an emerging paradigm which embraces both theory and practice.

This article describes such a study, throughout the article a critical perspective is adopted and applied to Knowledge Management.
On Labour Market Policies and Aggregate Unemployment Outflows
Authors: Dor Eric , Van der Linden Bruno , Lopez‐Novella Maritza
Published: March 2003

This paper is interested in the modelling of the relationship between active and passive labour market policies and the aggregate unemployment outflow rate. Our model is based on a matching function and includes a simple representation of the competition between various groups of job searchers. The empirical analysis uses Belgian data. Faced with variables that are often integrated of order 1 according to the usual tests but which cannot strictly speaking be integrated, we contribute to an important methodological debate by comparing the conclusions of a classical econometric analysis and a cointegration approach.
Cities, Borders, Distances, Non‐Traded Goods and Purchasing Power Parity
Authors: Jenkins Michael A.
Published: March 2003

Most empirical studies for the post Bretton‐Woods period fail to find evidence of a long‐run Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) relationship. An investigation into the failure of PPP is made in this study by using disaggregated price data. This disaggregation is on two levels: location (prices from US and Canadian cities rather than national aggregates) and type of goods (e.g., fuel oil, a tradable commodity and local public transportation, a non‐tradable). This disaggregation allows for the testing of the importance of borders (implying an exchange rate), distances, and types of goods in the failure of PPP. The analysis conducted suggests that both country borders and distances play a significant role. However, there is mixed evidence concerning type of goods as an important determinant of the failure of PPP.
Union Coverage Differentials. Some Estimates for Britain Using the New Earnings Survey Panel Dataset
Authors: Andrews Martyn J. , Bell David N. F. , Upward Richard
Published: March 2003

This paper reports individual‐level estimates of union/non‐union wage differentials, using coverage information from the New Earnings Survey Panel Dataset. There are no existing panel estimates for the United Kingdom. Of a number of findings, the more important are (i) fixed‐effects estimates are about one‐half the equivalent cross‐section estimates; (ii) the biggest differentials are for ‘company/district/local only’ agreements; and (iii) the differential is counter‐cyclical. Also the effect of the 1979/82 recession was probably dampened by anti‐union legislation, and the upward trend between 1975 and 1995 is due to the decentralization of collective pay bargaining.
The Components of Output Growth: A Stochastic Frontier Analysis
Authors: Koop Gary , Osiewalski Jacek , Steel Mark F. J.
Published: March 2003

This paper uses Bayesian stochastic frontier methods to decompose output change into technical, efficiency and input changes. In the context of macroeconomic growth exercises, which typically involve small and noisy data sets, we argue that stochastic frontier methods are useful since they incorporate measurement error and assume a (flexible) parametric form for the production relationship. These properties enable us to calculate measures of uncertainty associated with the decomposition and minimize the risk of overfitting the noise in the data. Tools for Bayesian inference in such models are developed. An empirical investigation using data from 17 OECD countries for 10 years illustrates the practicality and usefulness of our approach.
‘READING’ GREEK VASES?
Authors: BOARDMAN JOHN
Published: March 2003

Summary.The suggestion that the inscriptions on Attic decorated vases were intended especially for symposia, to be read aloud and as a commentary on the scenes, is examined and found wanting in the face of the primary evidence about the vases, their inscriptions, and their possible purposes. Intentions and practices seem far more varied and often arbitrary.
Islets through Time: The Definition, Dating and Distribution of Scottish Crannogs
Authors: Henderson Jon C.
Published: March 2003

Scottish crannogs or lake dwellings are considered to be structurally varied sites with an extremely wide distribution, used from the neolithic up until at least the 17th century AD. As a result assumptions about the dating and form of individual sites are considered impossible without excavation. This paper demonstrates that the current classifications lack utility and that the long chronology view is misleading. It is suggested that there is a far more subtle spectrum of identifiably distinct monuments which can be arranged into types, and that these types have, on the basis of the current radiocarbon evidence, a chronological significance.
The Fortified Site of Leceia (Oeiras) in the Context of the Chalcolithic in Portuguese Estramadura
Authors: Cardoso JoÃo Luís
Published: March 2003

Research into the Chalcolithic period in the region of Lower Estremadura, south of Torres Vedras, western Portugal, has generated much new data from fortified sites and cemeteries. The lack, so far, of a thorough overview of this diverse body of information has hindered the definition of the Chalcolithic culture of the region. The economic, social and cultural transformation observed at sites with a long sequence beginning with the Late Neolithic, has never been analysed.

The results obtained by the author in one of the most notable sites of the region, the fortified site of Leceia, near the town of Oeiras, are of particular interest. Seventeen excavation campaigns carried out since 1983 have provided a remarkable body of information. The characterization of other previously identified Chalcolithic groups in Portugal allow us to see how the Chalcolithic of Estremadura relates, at a regional level, with the cultural development to the north, the south, the hinterland and the coast.

Of major importance to this discussion are the chronometric results obtained in Leceia. For the first time, the 36 radiocarbon dates and their subsequent statistical treatment have allowed us to establish absolute boundaries for the existing successive cultural phases of the Late Neolithic and the Early, Middle and Late Chalcolithic.
A little souvenir: the Marquess and the Mycenaean columns
Authors: Finn Christine
Published: March 2003

This is a study of change over time, both in attitudes to objects, and in the manner of their collection. The example of a pair of columns from a Mycenaean tholos tomb, the so‐called ‘Treasury of Atreus’ at Mycenae, serves as a point of departure for discussion of the value of material culture in the context of archaeology’s emergence as a discipline.
Managing Foreign Direct Investment: Commitment, Deterrence, And Diversion
Authors: Conway Patrick , Wang Daxin
Published: March 2003

The paper models the multinational choice between foreign direct investment in and exporting to a domestic market as an equilibrium outcome of strategic play between domestic and foreign firms. Two cases are considered, one in which the domestic firm can precommit to output levels (as, for example, through investment in a distribution network), and one in which such precommitment is not possible. The domestic firm's strategy in the case of precommitment includes aggressive efforts to deter or divert foreign investment and results in fewer observed equilibria with foreign investment than would otherwise occur. Tariffs designed to switch the foreign decision from exporting to direct investment may lead instead to monopolization of the market by the domestic firm.
Manufacturing and the Trade Balance
Authors: Batra Ravi , Beladi Hamid
Published: March 2003

When the world shifted to the regime of flexible exchange rates after 1970, economists expected that large trade imbalances would soon disappear. Instead, such imbalances not only persisted but soared in the 1980s and 1990s, in spite of significant changes in important currencies such as the yen, the mark and the dollar. This paper reports that manufacturing importers tend to suffer trade deficits whereas exporters of manufacturing products tend to enjoy trade surpluses. The reason lies in the higher rates of productivity growth experienced by exporters of manufactures.
Pricing of New Assets in an Infinite‐Horizon Frictional Economy
Authors: Yu Dahai
Published: March 2003

This paper studies the pricing of new assets in an infinite‐horizon frictional economy. It uses results on state prices to establish conditions under which the valuation structure of the economy (defined as the collection of all state price processes) is unaffected by the introduction of new assets and conditions under which the new assets do not give rise to arbitrage.
Gratitude As A Virtue
Authors: Wellman Christopher Heath
Published: March 2003

In my view, gratitude is better understood as a virtue than as a source of duties. In addition to showing how virtue theory provides a better match for our moral phenomenology of gratitude, I argue that recent work in the area of the suberogatory, our considered judgments concerning the role of third parties, our reluctance to posit claim‐rights to gratitude, and the observations of preceding studies of the subject all lend support to my contention that the language of duties is ill‐suited to describe the moral dynamics of gratitude.
Direct Realism, Intentionality, and the Objective Being of Ideas
Authors: Hoffman Paul
Published: March 2003

My aim is to arrive at a better understanding of the distinction between direct realism and representationalism by offering a critical analysis of Steven Nadler’s account in Arnauld and the Cartesian Philosophy of Ideas. I argue contrary to Nadler that Descartes and Arnauld are representationalists, and I also argue that Aquinas is a representationalist.
Three Varieties of Causal Overdetermination
Authors: Funkhouser Eric
Published: March 2003

Causal overdetermination worries arise in a number of domains, but most notably in the philosophy of mind. In discussions of such worries, alleged examples of causal overdetermination are uniformly viewed as prima facie problematic. While all alleged cases of overdetermination might (or might not) be problematic, I aim to show that they are so for different reasons. Examples of causal overdetermination neatly divide into three varieties, corresponding to the connections between the mechanisms and the properties of the causes. Future debates over overdetermination, and mental causation in particular, should pay heed to this distinction.
The Personal Effectiveness Programme Initiative
Authors: Bell Gordon
Published: March 2003

In the June 1997 issue of this journal Lorna Unwin and Jerry Wellington published a paper which described a piece of research which sought to evaluate a pack of materials designed to increase the personal effectiveness of students. In this paper the author of these materials, which were the focus of the research, explains their origin, nature, aims and outcomes. At their centre is the Personal Effectiveness Programme Initiative (PEPI) model. This model involves the identification and systematic development of five core skills, seen as most relevant for the particular pupil target group.
Circle Time: A Much‐neglected Resource in Secondary Schools?
Authors: Tew Marilyn
Published: March 2003

Throughout this article, unless otherwise stated, the use of the term ‘circle time’ refers to a whole‐class meeting where everyone sits in a circle. It is a forum that is bound by strict groundrules to ensure emotional ‘safety’ and respectful listening. Different approaches to circle‐time are used at all levels of education. In this article ‘Circle Time’ (with initial capitals) refers to the Quality Circle Time Model and the strategies used within the circle as devised by Jenny Mosley (1989, 1993, 1996) as opposed to the many other circle‐time methods to be found in educational practice.
Secondary Pupils’ Experiences of Name‐calling Behaviour
Authors: Lines Dennis
Published: March 2003

Studies carried out in Scandinavia and the UK have identified name‐calling as highly problematic for young people. The research described in this paper, conducted by Peer and School Counsellors, examines name‐calling behaviour through the personal accounts of first‐year pupils in a secondary school. Moving on from anonymous questionnaires, discourse analysis of individual interviews is shown to reveal the dilemma for those most vulnerable. Parental advice and primary school experience affect the repertoire of pupils’ responses adopted, with varying degrees of success, in secondary school.
Ethical and Supervision Issues in the Use of Counselling and Other Helping Skills with Children and Young People in School
Authors: Lloyd Gwynedd
Published: March 2003

This paper explores the use of counselling and other helping skills with young people in schools, focusing on how teachers, who may not be formally trained, work in this area. The author argues that counselling in schools may not be common but that teachers’ use of counselling skills and the involvement in intensive case work is much more so. The ethical issues in this work are identified. It is argued that schools should draw up their own ethical position statements and that staff who are involved in intensive support work with pupils should receive supervision.
Peer Mediation, School Culture and Sustainability
Authors: Sellman Edward
Published: March 2003

This paper outlines the characteristics of peer mediation in schools and its potential, evident in the literature, for reducing pupil–pupil conflicts referred to teachers. Then, drawing on personal experience, research and a review of literature, the author argues that for peer mediation projects to be effective they need to be in synergy with the culture of the school, including its approach and vision to the management of conflict. Making this argument requires a means of modelling school culture, which will be outlined. Finally, the author argues that attention also needs to be given to how the service will be sustained.
Teachers’ Responses to the Ecosystemic Approach to Changing Chronic Problem Behaviour in Schools
Authors: Tyler Ken , Jones Brynley David
Published: March 2003

This paper discusses the responses of a group of thirty‐three primary and two secondary teachers to a series of sessions in which the ecosystemic approach to changing chronic problem behaviour in schools was explained and then tried out in practice. Three case examples are presented, as well as related discussions, which illustrate the approach. This study follows on from the work reported in Pastoral Care, December 1998.
Tutors Talking
Authors: Lodge Caroline
Published: March 2003

What do form tutors say about tutoring? For this special edition of the journal, focusing on tutors, I contacted some experienced tutors for some insights into the role. I asked them to respond to four questions. What do you enjoy about being a form tutor? What, in your experience, are the most significant problems you face in your role as form tutor? What do you think your students get from you as a form tutor? What advice would you give to a new teacher who is taking on the role of form tutor?Their positive and engaging responses reinforce how the care they give to the young people is a significant part of their work as teachers.
Is War A Hayekian Spontaneous Institution?
Authors: Moseley Alex
Published: March 2003

In his later works, the economist and philosopher, Friedrich Hayek, presented an attractive theory of social evolution that emphasized tacitly accepted expectations and rules of conduct. Hayek’s main interest was in exploring the weaknesses of rationalist policies, especially how they affected the market economy, which in his mind presented the greatest potential for both the exploitation of knowledge and the advancement of peace. Yet Hayek did not explicitly apply his theory to the problem of war. This paper provides an outline of his theory and argues that it relates well to understanding war’s nature and origins as well as the limitations faced by attempts to control or abolish war.
Taking Nazi Law Seriously
Authors: Lustgarten Laurence
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Michael Stolleis, The Law Under the Swastika: Studies on Legal History inNazi Germany
Safeguarding Children's Welfare in Non‐Contentious Divorce: Towards a New Conception of the Legal Process?
Authors: Douglas Gillian , Murch Mervyn , Scanlan Lesley , Perry Alison
Published: March 2003

This article considers the working of the current procedure intended to ensure the welfare of children when their parents divorce but are not seeking any orders relating to them. It shows that the process is ineffective in safeguarding children's welfare and is not geared to ensuring that their wishes and feelings are taken into account. It argues that the focus of policy should shift away from assuming that the legal system can handle the problems of divorce, towards using the legal process as a point of contact through which families can be offered the full range of services they may need during relationship breakdown.