bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fear Of Crime As One Of The Varieties And Non-Material Consequences
Authors: Medytskyi I.B.
Published: February 2020

The article substantiates the importance of criminological study of the intangible consequences of crime in general, and the fear of crime in particular. The level of fear of crime is an important indicator of the state’s ability to achieve the maximum level of security of the population, directly influencing criminal policy towards enhancing its repressive potential or liberalization.

The basic approaches to the analysis of fear of crime in the modern science of criminology are considered. In the context of the victim approach, the importance of the media in the process of objective and competent informing of the population of crime and its main characteristics, which is accompanied by consequences in the form of increasing / decreasing level of concern / fear of the society against crime, is revealed. The position of «criminological control» over mass communications is supported, which will help to improve victim’s security of citizens. Based on relevant sociological data, it is concluded that the fear of crime, by the importance of the problem for the population, is inferior to the desire to resolve the military conflict in the East of Ukraine and the realization of socio-economic wishes and interests.
Bulling: Legal And Psychological Analysis And Its Prevention
Authors: Petechel O.Yu.
Published: February 2020

The article is devoted to the research of contemporary social phenomenon - bullying. The author analyzes notion and features of bullying. A universal classification of types of bullying are proposed in the article. Therefore, a special attention is paid to the ways of prevention of this negative phenomenon. As a result of  the study, the author proposes to apply changes to the current legislation in the sphere of counteraction of bullying.
Prosecutor’s Authority To Participate In Criminal Trial In The Form Of Private Prosecution: Ukrainian Legislation, Court Practice, And International Experience
Authors: Basysta I.V.
Published: February 2020

This publication is the author’s attempt to present to the academic community the objective problems related to a prosecutor’s participation in a criminal trial in the form of the private prosecution, and possible ways and means to resolve them. In particular, the author offers her own approaches towards application by the prosecutor of their function of supporting public prosecution as an activity of exclusively public nature, which allows for the prosecutor’s participation in a criminal trial in the form of the private prosecution; prosecutor’s involvement being inherent to both forms of public- private and public procedural activities.

The article provides arguments supporting the following conclusions:

-    as the prosecutor supports private prosecution as well, the functions of supporting public prosecution, as an activity of exclusively public nature, include the prosecutor’s participation in criminal trial of private prosecution;

-    in the existing legal framework, both forms of proceedings (private (or, more precisely, public-private) and public) include the prosecutor’s procedural activities, which is proving indictment in the court to secure criminal responsibility of the individual who committed a criminal offence (state prosecution);

-    prosecutor’s participation in a criminal trial of private prosecution is mandatory. At that, one should keep in mind the prosecutor’s exceptional powers described in Article 340 of the Criminal Code of Process of Ukraine.

Attorney involvement in the prosecution of private prosecution is mandatory. At the same time, it should be remembered for its exclusive powers under Article 340 of the CPC of Ukraine.

The prosecution’s performance of a procedural obligation to conduct a pretrial investigation of a criminal offense in private prosecution and to support a state prosecution in court is a guarantee of the realization of the principles of equality, competitiveness of the parties and freedom in presenting their evidence to the court and proving their conviction, Article 22 of the CPC of Ukraine.
Content Of The Concept Of Enforcement
Authors: Kokhan N.V.
Published: February 2020

That is, we can say that the implementation of legal norms is the embodiment of legal norms in the actual activity of enterprises, institutions, organizations, public authorities, officials and citizens.

Classifying the concept of «implementation of the rules of law» by the method of implementation of legal orders, distinguish such forms of their implementation as the use, implementation, observance of direct (ordinary, ordinary) forms of law, ie, those that, first, pass any the process of implementation of the rules of law, and, secondly, that do not require outside intervention, is carried out solely through the own behavior of persons to whom the relevant legal prescriptions are addressed.

The application of law has social and legal functions. Social, economic, political, socio-cultural, cultural and educational functions should be attributed to social functions. Legal and regulatory functions should be attributed to legal. Yes, the legal functions of the application of law take a specific form and are law securing or perform the function of individual legal regulation because they stem from the very nature of the application of law.

Enforcement as a special form of management consists of a set of legal requirements, permits, enforcement acts that are aimed at exercising management through individual decisions, registration of decisions and the organization of implementation of relevant decisions. Thus, the regularization of legal relations is achieved not only through the automatic effect of legal rules, but also through the adoption of acts of enforcement.

Summarizing all of the above, it should be noted that enforcement activities can take place both at the public-governmental level and at the private-legal level. That is, the subjects of the state-level government are: competent state bodies, their officials, as well as authorized by law local self-government bodies, public associations and their officials. The activities of such entities are aimed at establishing mechanisms, rights of guarantees and obligations by which citizens can exercise their rights provided by the Constitution of Ukraine.

In terms of the private-law level of enforcement, it is derived from the previous one. The subject of this level is the employer or its authorized body or person empowered to issue ordinance, local level and employee.
Certain Aspects Of The Subjective Side Of Corpus Delicti, Committed By A Law Enforcement Officer Is Of Criminal Value
Authors: Bahan I.V.
Published: February 2020

Annotation. Under criminal law, a person can be held liable only when he or she commits a socially dangerous act. Liability only in the presence of guilt is one of the most important principles of criminal law that underlies it. At the present stage of the development of our society, the need for strict adherence to the principle of the presumption of innocence and, at the same time, the inevitability of criminal responsibility for the perpetration of a socially dangerous act, is growing significantly. Adherence to these principles in the activities of pre-trial investigation bodies and the court will contribute to the protection of citizens’ constitutional rights and freedoms, and the correct determination of the subjective side of the crime is crucial in this respect.

The subjective side of a crime is the inner side of a crime, that is, the mental activity of a person, which reflects the attitude of his / her consciousness and will to the socially dangerous act he / she commits and to its consequences.

The value of the subjective side lies in the fact that due to its correct definition, the proper qualification of the act and its delimitation from other crimes is carried out, the degree of public danger of the act and the person who committed it is established, and the possibility of his/her release from criminal responsibility and punishment is resolved.

The article is devoted to the investigation of the subjective side of the corpus delicti, committed by law enforcement officer is of criminal value, disclosure of its essence and content.

Characteristics of the subjective side of crimes, committed by a law enforcement officer is of criminal value, in particular, guilt, motive, purpose of this category of crimes are characterized. Conclusions are made and proposals are formulated for improving the relevant criminal law provisions; various scientific researches related to this topic are examined.
The Grounds Of European Criminal Procedure Policy In The Field Of Cyberjustice
Authors: Mykytyn Yu.I.
Published: February 2020

The grounds of the European criminal procedure policy in the field of cyberjustice are analyzed in the article. The principles, tasks, expected results of the implementation of the cyberjustice, the basic approach to its implementation have been researched.

The foundations of the European criminal procedure policy in the field of cyberjusticehave been introduced mainly in the acts of the European Council since 2011. Nowadays, the main source of European law in this field is the Guidelines on Cyberjustice of 14 June 2019, which are universal in nature, as they relate to various types of court proceedings, including criminal proceedings. Improving the quality of justice and taking an individual approach to the needs of the judiciary are key principles in building of cyberjustice. The main tasks, expected results of the implementation of cyberjustice, basic approaches to the implementation of the project have been definedat the model level.

In order to implement the identified principles and achieve the expected results, the Guidelines on Cyberjusticeidentify two possible approaches forcreation of cyber justice: 1) centralized approach. A single authority manages at the national level. Such body could be the Ministry of Justice or the State Judicial Administration in Ukraine; 2) decentralized approach. Courts, prosecutors’ offices possesstheir own data centers and use software and data on their own. At the same time, the information should be systematically transmitted to the appropriate central authority.

The article summarizes that 1) the foundations of European criminal justice policy in the field of cyber justice are enshrined, mainly, in Council of Europe acts since 2011; 2) Currently, the main source of European law in this area is the Guidelines on Cyber Justice of 14 June 2019, which are universal in nature as they relate to various types of justice, including criminal proceedings; 4) The key principles of cyber justice are to improve the quality of justice and to take an individual approach to the needs of the judiciary; 5) defines the main tasks, expected results of implementation of cyber justice, basic approaches to its implementation at the model level.
Criminological And Psychological Analysis Of Cyberbullying
Authors: Petechel O.Yu.
Published: February 2020

The article is devoted to the research of the modem social phenomenon - bulling. The author analyzes the concepts and features of bulling. Summarizing the positions of scientists, the author highlights the following signs of bulling: 1) intentional acts; 2) long-term or / and systematic (repetitive) actions; 3) collective nature; 4) the role structure; 5) aggressiveness; 6) power imbalance between the victim and the aggressor; 7) bullying is a behavior; 8) has a personal purpose; 9) has no signs of selfdefense. The article offers a universal classification of types of bulling, in particular physical bulling (acts of aggressive nature (beating, pushing, striking, striking); social bullying (creating a tense atmosphere for learning, to form a superficial attitude of the group, even teachers or school staff to the victim, boycott, isolation, persecution); verbal bulling (threats, humiliation, ridicule, hostile facial expressions and gestures, abusive nicknames); economic bulling (seizure of money and material things, damage of personal property); sexual bullying (humiliating gestures, jokes of a sexual nature, coercion to certain negative actions, shooting in dressing rooms); cyberbullying (messaging, images, photos, videos, harassing, abusive behavior, hacking into personal mailboxes or accounts, corrupting personal information, abusive behavior in chats, social networks, and mobile). In addition, special attention has been paid to preventing this negative phenomenon. As a result of the research, the author proposes changes to the current legislation in the field of counteraction to billing, in particular the need to clarify the actions as long-term and systematic, as well as to provide for the possibility of conducting of bulling by a group of people or bulling against of group of people. The author considers it necessary to further define bulling as an act having a personal purpose.
Novels Of Constitutional Production: Theoretical Aspect
Authors: Rozvadovskyi V.I.
Published: February 2020

The article is devoted to the problem of short stories in constitutional proceedings, the problems of their understanding, implementation and improvement of a number of related provisions. The Law of Ukraine “About the Constitutional Court of Ukraine” has expanded the catalogue of powers of production entities; especially the institution of a constitutional complaint has been introduced as the only effective mechanism for protecting individuals and legal entities regarding violated rights and freedoms.

The innovations of the current Law of Ukraine “On the Constitutional Court of Ukraine” included the following powers of this institution: providing, at the request of the President of Ukraine or at least forty-five people’s deputies of Ukraine, conclusions on the compliance of the Constitution of Ukraine with questions that are proposed for submission to an all-Ukrainian referendum on a popular initiative; resolving issues of compliance with the Constitution of Ukraine and the laws of Ukraine of regulatory legal acts of the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea at the request of the President of Ukraine; resolving issues of compliance of the laws of Ukraine (their individual provisions) with the norms of the Constitution of Ukraine on the constitutional complaint of a person who believes that the law of Ukraine applied in the final judicial decision in his case is contrary to the Constitution of Ukraine.

The above law also provides for the official interpretation of only the norms of the Constitution of Ukraine. At the same time, under the Law “On the Constitutional Court of Ukraine”, as amended in 1996, powers were provided for the interpretation of laws. Moreover, according to the author, the function of interpreting the norms of the Constitution and laws of Ukraine should belong to a single body of constitutional justice of Ukraine as an independent and abstracted subject of political and legal processes.

According to the author’s opinion, certain provisions can be attributed to the novels of the law “On the Constitutional Court of Ukraine”, according to which the legislator combined not only the European model of constitutional justice, but also the Anglo-Saxon one in terms of the organizational structure of the Court. This is evidenced by the introduction of the Chamber as an analogue of the European Court of Human Rights, the structure of which includes all judges, two senates of 9 judges and six boards of 3 judges each. The listed subjects of constitutional proceedings have the status of court bodies

According to the author, this law also requires additions in terms of specifying the procedure for the competition of candidates for the post ofjudge of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine, in matters of probation in court before deciding on their appointment. In addition, it is advisable to provide for amendments to the law of the procedure for dismissing judges of the court, as well as competitive selection for the position of category “A” employees in the Secretariat of the Constitutional Court of Ukraine.
ЕКОНОМІКА НОВОГО ПРАГМАТИЗМУ: ТОТОЖНІСТЬ, МЕТА, МЕТОДИ
Authors: КОЛОДКО Гжегож
Published: February 2020

Сучасна економічна думка не повною мірою пропонує те, на що чекають від неї: вона незадовільно пояснює явища та процеси, не надає ефективних методів боротьби з виниклими проблемами, особливо на макроекономічному рівні –– стосовно національної економіки й на мегаекономічному рівні –– стосовно світової економіка в умовах невідворотної глобалізації.Новий прагматизм –– це нарис гетеродоксальної теоретичної концепції в межах постулативної економічної тенденції, що базується на прагненні до хорошої економіки, яка має відповідати викликам сучасності. Новий прагматизм –– це чесна економіка, яка шукає правди у сфері постановки завдань, а також ефективності та справедливості у сфері активного управління. Він адресований як передовим країнам, так і державам з економікою, що розвивається.Боротьба з епохальними викликами вимагає зміни способу життя, який повинен бути, з одного боку, відмінним, а з іншого –– співвіднесеним з тим способом функціонування економіки, що був у минулому. Ключовими елементами зміни економічної парадигми є відхід від диктату максимізації прибутку та кількісного зростання виробництва як мети економіки та її нове формулювання з урахуванням імперативу підпорядкування короткострокових інтересів приватного капіталу довгостроковим суспільним інтересам.
ГЛОБАЛЬНІ ТЕНДЕНЦІЇ ТА ПОТЕНЦІАЛ РОЗВИТКУ РИНКУ КРАУДФАНДИНГУ В УКРАЇНІ
Authors: ДИБА Михайло , ГЕРНЕГО Юлія
Published: February 2020

Посилення глобалізаційних тенденцій у сучасному суспільстві зумовили появу нових вимог до конкурентоспроможності суб’єктів бізнесу. Зокрема, особливого значення набуває пошук додаткових фінансових ресурсів для реалізації соціальних та бізнес-проектів. Отже, затребуваними стають дослідження проявів краудфандингу, специфіки функціонування глобального, регіональних та національних ринків. Актуалізація прикладних аспектів краудфандингу спричинила появу низки досліджень заданої тематики у працях зарубіжних та вітчизняних авторів. Проте не вирішеними залишаються питання систематизації досліджень специфіки функціонування та видових характеристик краудфандингового ринку в сучасних умовах, що і зумовило мету статті. Обґрунтовано порівняльні характеристики сутності та ключових видових характеристик краудфандингу. Уточнення понятійного апарату зроблено в контексті виокремлення структурних складових і функціональних проявів краудфандингу. Проаналізовано тенденції розвитку глобального ринку краудфандингу. Обґрунтовано прояви та характеристики його регіональних ринків, зокрема, проаналізовано специфіку європейського ринку краудфандингу. Наведено приклади краудфандингових платформ, які формують основу для пришвидшення розвитку національного ринку краудфандингу Німеччини. Обґрунтовано прояви краудфандингу в Україні: наведено приклади, розглянуто специфіку функціонування найбільших вітчизняних краудфандингових платформ («Велика Ідея» та Na Starte) та в цілому ринку краудфандингу. Зроблено висновки щодо потенціалу розвитку глобального та вітчизняного ринків краудфандингу.
GORODNYA – KIEV DEFENSIVE WALLS IN IX-XIII CENTURIES. PART TWO. THALLUS
Authors: Lukyanchenko Vadym
Published: February 2020

The article is a continuation of the author's research, which raises the question of the structural and functional features of the defence structures of the city of Kyiv in the IX-XIII centuries.

Based on the analysis of scientific literature, comprising of written and archaeological sources, and reconstructions of urban fortifications of a certain time, the author has proposed his scheme of construction evolution of derelict fortified structures of Ancient Rus. He states that: firstly, at the beginning of erection of earth shafts, their reinforcement was never performed, and secondly, the construction of shafts of complex type (reinforced) arose as a result of repeated repairs and restructuring of initially low timber fortifications, and thirdly, the complexity of fortifications. Only the duration of their active functioning was affected. Particular attention is paid to the construction of the defensive walls of the "city of Yaroslav" in Kyiv, the remains of which were found during archaeological excavations in 1952, 1971-1973, 1981 and 2001. The author argues that in the timber walls of the "city of Yaroslavl" in the areas near the Golden and Liadsky gates and on the Maydan Nezalezhnosti, where vertical auxiliary lattice frames from the cages, which did not connect with the cages of the main structure of the fortification, were fixed - initially there was a thallus. The gap between the main and the auxiliary structures should have prevented the transmission to the main array of dynamic loading walls from falling projectiles. The latter partly rebounded at the enemy, partially destroyed the hack itself, making it an additional obstacle for the attacking side.

Taking into account the presence in the defensive fortifications of the thallus, the author concludes that the defenders of the city used not only bows but also metal tools. The article hypothesizes that the material used in the IX-XIII centuries in Kyiv for the production of metal shells, there was unbaked moist clay from which balls of various sizes were made.
CITIES AND THEIR RESIDENTS AFTER A RADIATION ACCIDENT (KYIV AND FUKUSHIMA CASES)
Authors: Baranovska Nataliya , Yukiko Mihoyashi
Published: February 2020

The article is an attempt to summarize the experience of coping with urban problems caused by major human-made disasters. Based on the analysis of archival materials and other sources, the authors reproduce the situation in particular in Kyiv after the accident at the 4th Unit of the Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant in 1986. It is proved that the official claim that radioactive emissions from the destroyed reactor bypassed the city was false. Data on the actual situation of radioactive contamination of the territory of Kyiv was published in Kyiv newspapers only in the beginning of 1991. However, both the central and local authorities have made some efforts to overcome the harmful effects of the accident. Among its main activities are work on the study of pollution of the hydrosphere, elaboration of methods of water purification and practical steps to ensure its population in the contaminated territories; organization of active radiation control of food, agricultural products, markets, dairies, meat-packing plants, as well as the territory of the city, motor transport, etc .; improvement and improvement of the sanitary condition of the urban space, resolving the issue of bio-waste disposal, decontamination of wildlife objects, residential, public and technical premises. The city authorities have taken many steps to protect the population of Kyiv from the possible effects of radiation contamination - for example, trying to regulate outdoor recreation. However, the authors claim, when the radiation background in Kyiv began to rise, no special measures for the protection of children were taken, and only in the second half of May, some children were sent away from the city. Already during independent development of Ukraine, work was being done to streamline the status of children affected by the Chernobyl disaster and, accordingly, to provide them with certain privileges defined by the legislation. It is noted that similar processes took place in 2011 and the Japanese city of Fukushima. Authors conclude, that the incompleteness of the process of dealing with the consequences of accidents at nuclear power plants in Ukraine and Japan, the likelihood of recurrence of such events, make the long experience of Kyiv significant for the residents of Fukushima and the human community as a whole.
ГЕЙМІФІКАЦІЯ МУЗЕЙНОГО ПРОСТОРУ В АСПЕКТІ ТИПОЛОГІЇ ПОВЕДІНКИ МУЗЕЙНОГО ВІДВІДУВАЧА
Authors: Zajchenko Olena
Published: February 2020

У статті досліджується проблема типології музейних відвідувачів в аспекті гейміфікації (ігрофікації) музейного простору, а також аналізуються їхні реакції на музейні атрактивні заходи. Автор вважає, що розвиток гейміфікації музею і тимчасового злиття реального простору із ігровим як методом LARP (Ігри Живої Дії), так і через популярні цифрові додатки, є однією з конструктивних та перспективних можливостей розвитку музейної драматургії та подолання “музейної нудьги”. Проте зазначається, що при активному вирішенні означених питань необхідно враховувати типи поведінки музейних відвідувачів (а саме: “Дослідник”, “Фланер” та “Бігун”). Запропонована типологія описує як співіснування глядачів ортодоксально-наукового зразку із тими, хто відчуває потребу в атрактивних музейних діях, так і надає перспективи подальшого розроблення концепцій ігрової взаємодії із музейним простором. Автор доводить, що переконання, що самозаглиблені відвідувачі (“Дослідники”) не потребують атрактивної мотивації, є помилковим через недооцінення психологічної потреби людини у психологічному заохоченні як «винагороді». Це є одним з варіантів утримання відданих музею відвідувачів, які втомлюються від «надмірної гейміфікації». Проте значна частина гейміфікаційних засобів проектується із орієнтацією на пріоритети “Фланерів” та “Бігунів”. Зазначено, що при розширенні меж наведеної типології музейного відвідувача за допомогою типології ігрової поведінки Р. Бартла та методики опитування Д. ді Томмазо, стає очевидною перспектива практичного використання отриманих результатів у гейміфікації українських музеїв та проектуванні сучасних музейних атракцій. Окремо зауважується на ступенях прихильності того чи іншого типу музейних відвідувачів до спеціалізованих електронних додатків та гаджетів. Вони так само проектуються задля додаткової атрактивної мотивації “Фланерів” та “Бігунів”. Автор робить висновок, що у гейміфікації музейного простору слід брати до уваги потреби кожного з типів відвідувачів відповідно до притаманних йому елементів ігрової поведінки.
A Case of a 15-Month-Old With Periorbital Edema and Severe Anemia
Authors: Kamzan Audrey D. , Newcomer Charles A. , Wozniak Laura J. , Federman Noah C. , Kim Lydia S.
Published: February 2020

This is the case of a previously healthy 15-month-old girl who initially presented to her primary pediatrician with a 2-week history of intermittent periorbital edema. The edema had improved by the time of the visit, and a urine specimen was unable to be obtained in the clinic. A routine fingerstick demonstrated anemia to 8.8 mg/dL, so the patient was started on ferrous sulfate. She then returned to the emergency department 1 month later with severe periorbital edema and pallor but no other significant symptoms. On physical examination, she was tachycardic with striking periorbital edema and an otherwise normal physical examination. She was noted to have a severe microcytic anemia (hemoglobin of 3.9 mg/dL and mean corpuscular volume of 53.1 fL) and hypoalbuminemia (albumin of 1.9 g/dL and total protein of 3.3 g/dL). The remainder of her electrolytes and liver function test results were within normal limits. A urinalysis was sent, which was negative for protein. Our panel of experts reviews her case to determine a unifying diagnosis for both her severe anemia and her hypoalbuminemia.
Impact on Quality of Life of Oral Diseases Related to Stress
Authors: Rivera-Reza DDS Diana I. , Villanueva-Vilchis DDS, MSc, PhD María C. , Gaitán-Cepeda DDS, MSc, PhD Luis A.
Published: February 2020

It has been suggested that oral mucosa diseases related to stress have a negative impact on the quality of life. However, the information regarding which aspects are the most affected is inconclusive. The objective was to compare the quality of life associated with oral health in two groups: Cases formed by 21 patients coming from a teaching clinic, suffering oral lichen planus, recurrent aphthous stomatitis, and burning mouth syndrome; Control formed by 42 healthy subjects matched for age and gender. Oral Health Impact Profile questionnaire was applied. Statistical analysis showed that group Cases has worse quality of life (p 0.03) than the one of controls, specifically on psychological discomfort (p 0.027), physical disability (p 0.004); and handicap dimensions (p 0.002; RM 5.63 IC1.58-20.80). It was concluded that patients suffering oral mucosa disease related to stress showed poor quality of life.
Efectos de la especie invasora (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) sobre Pseudopoecilia fria en ríos costeros de la región del Chocó, Ecuador
Authors: Jiménez Prado Pedro Jorge , Vásquez Fernando , Rodríguez-Olarte Douglas , Taphorn Donald
Published: February 2020

Una de las causas que aportan a la disminución de la biodiversidad es la introducción de especies exóticas que muchas veces terminan siendo invasoras, y por lo tanto terminan compitiendo con especies locales. Esta competencia no siempre es equitativa ya que las especies invasoras comúnmente cuentan con ventajas adaptativas que le otorgan beneficios ante las especies locales. Este estudio realizado en microcuencas del noroccidente del Ecuador identifica los efectos de la reciente presencia de Poecilia gillii sobre la especie nativa Pseudopoecilia fria; mediante un análisis poblacional (distribución longitudinal, parámetros de crecimiento y morfometría). Los resultados muestran un desplazamiento de P. fria hacia la parte alta del río, un aceleramiento en su crecimiento y por lo tanto una madurez anticipada con la consecuente disminución del tamaño corporal y finalmente un cambio en el alto del cuerpo con deslizamiento posterior de la aleta pectoral.
Emisiones de dióxido de carbono en estratos de mangle en la Amazonia Oriental Brasileña
Authors: Castellón Rodríguez Nelson , Vitorino Maria I. , Berrêdo José F. , Gonçalves Jardim Mário A. , Oliveira de Miranda Artur G.
Published: February 2020

Introduction: Carbon dioxide emissions from mangrove soils have a potential impact on the global carbon balance. They are related to anthropic actions and natural processes with interspecific interactions involving physical-chemical and environmental variables. Objective: In this research, the seasonality of carbon dioxide emissions related to different strata of mangrove vegetation, soil physical-chemical makeup and physical environmental factors were evaluated. Methods: Nine plots of 20 x 20 m were demarcated (three for each of the three vegetation strata) in the Experimental Site of the Federal Rural University of the Amazon and the Federal University of Pará in Cuiarana, Salinópolis, Pará, Brazil.  Duplicate soil samples were taken from each plot during three consecutive seasonal periods and analyzed in the laboratory. Carbon dioxide emissions were monitored for 88 days through the basal breathing of the soil methodology; other variables evaluated were soil moisture and temperature, hydrogenic potential, redox potential, carbon and nitrogen of the microbial biomass, organic matter and composition of sand, silt and clay. Precipitation data was obtained from the CMORPH technique of the Climate Forecast Center - NOAA. Information on tides was obtained from the Brazilian Navy’s Fundeadouro de Salinópolis. Results: The results showed that the highest carbon dioxide emissions occurred in the rainy season 2017 on average 7.5 (14.5 TCO2 ha/year) mg/100 cm3. With 10.5 mg/100 cm3 (21 TCO2 ha/year), the adult stratum was the largest source of emissions. The highest seasonal correlations of the emissions in relation to the incubation intervals occurred in the rainy season, in the adult stratum the days 1,2,3,4,3,3 and 5. Using principal component analysis (PCA) it was found that the highest correlations of carbon dioxide emissions and physical-chemical variables occurred in the adult stratum with 56 % variance. The highest correlations were found with the variables soil moisture, Ph, organic matter, carbon and microbial nitrogen. The Kruskal-Wallis test corroborated these results, indicating significant differences between vegetation strata and CO2 emissions (P= 0.0170); and the Tukey test confirmed greater statistical importance of the adult mangrove in relation to the other strata (P= 0.0140). Conclusions: In the three analyzed stations, the highest emissions occurred in the rainy period with an average of 14.5 TCO2 ha/year and the adult stratum was responsible for the highest emissions registering 21 TCO2 ha/year difference that was statistically significant with the other strata (P = 0.0140).
Morfo-anatomía del ciclo de vida del helecho Pteridium aquilinum (Dennstaedtiaceae) en cultivo in vitro
Authors: Eslava-Silva Felipe De Jesús , Durán Karina Jiménez , Estrada Manuel Jiménez , Muñiz Díaz de León María Eugenia
Published: February 2020

Introducción: Pteridium aquilinum es un helecho heliófilo ampliamente distribuido en México. Es una especie pionera que usualmente se encuentra en hábitats alterados y tiene gran relevancia ecológica por sus propiedades alelopáticas, su resistencia al fuego y a condiciones de sequía. Objetivo: realizar una descripción integral de la forma y ornamentación de las esporas de P. aquilinum, así como de la morfogénesis del gametofito, incluyendo el tipo de germinación y el desarrollo protálico (resaltando su morfología). Además, describir la anatomía del esporofito joven desarrollado en condiciones in vitro. Metodología: se utilizó microscopía electrónica de barrido y técnica histológica de parafina para la descripción de las fases del gametofito y esporofito. Resultados: Las esporas son globulares y el trilete tiene ornamentación granulada, mientras que su germinación fue de tipo Vittaria y el desarrollo protálico correspondió al tipo Adiantum. Los anteridios se observaron 13 días después de la siembra, mientras que los arquegonios surgieron al día 17. La primera hoja del esporofito apareció entre los días 60 y 70. Al cuarto mes, la fase esporofítica desarrollada in vitro mostró la anatomía típica de la especie a esta edad, dado que no presentó vitrificación. El análisis histológico del rizoma, la base del peciolo, el raquis de primer orden y la lámina mostraron los sistemas de tres tejidos bien diferenciados. Las modificaciones anatómicas observadas in vitro, como una dictiostela monocíclica y sólo una banda de esclerénquima en el rizoma, podrían atribuirse a la edad de los individuos. Por otra parte, los estomas están presentes en la superficie adaxial de la lámina, que corresponde al tipo anomocítico. Aunque estos estomas se formaron en condiciones in vitro, es importante resaltar que son completamente funcionales. Conclusiones: Nuestro trabajo describe por primera vez la morfo-anatomía de las fases gametofítica y esporofítica del ciclo de vida de P. aquilinum en condiciones in vitro. Nuestros resultados posiblemente permitan la exploración con mayor profundidad de las propiedades biológicas, fisiológicas y ecológicas de la especie.
Floral anatomy of Tristerix longebracteatus (Loranthaceae)
Authors: Lamilla Laura-Alejandra , Robayo Camila-Andrea , Castaño Felipe , Marquínez-Casas Xavier , Raz Lauren
Published: February 2020

Introduction: Most of the New World members of the Loranthaceae comprise a clade that corresponds to the tribe Psittacantheae. Previous studies on floral anatomy and development in this tribe have concentrated on the highly diversified subtribe Psittacanthinae, while the smaller subtribe Ligarineae has received less attention. A detailed anatomical description of Tristerix longebracteatus helps to fill this information gap. Objetive: The present research analyzes the anatomy of Tristerix longebracteatus flowers, detailing the structure of androecium and gynoecium, including megasporogenesis and microsporogenesis. Methodology: Anatomical serial sections of flowers at different stages of development were prepared, following processing with fixation techniques, incorporation in paraffin, microtome sectioning and staining with Astra-blue and basic fuchsin. Results: The large-sized flowers of Tristerix longebracteatus present a complex pattern of vascularization with 18-20 vascular bundles at the base of the inferior ovary. A group of three vascular bundles irrigate the 4-5 petals and associated stamens, and ten bundles continue through the gynoecium. The androecium is composed of four or five anthers with simultaneous microsporogenesis. The gynoecium as a single ovarian cavity with a central mamelon in which the archesporial tissue is oriented towards the style. The base of the style forms a nectary similar to that found in the sister genus Ligaria. Conclusions: The gynoecium with a single ovarian cavity and central mamelon is a condition shared by Tristerix (subtribe Ligarinae) and all the genera of the subtribe Psittacanthinae, except Tripodanthus. The base of the style forms a nectary similar to that found in the sister genus Ligaria. This type of stylar nectary is of taxonomic value for grouping species of the subtribe Ligarinae and difers from the annular nectary of subtribe Psittacanthinae.
Requerimiento proteico del pez juvenil Metinnys orinocencis (Characiformes: Characidae)
Authors: Velasco Garzon Juan Sebastian , Gutiérrez-Espinosa Mariana Catalina
Published: February 2020

Introducción: La moneda o pez dólar, Metynnis orinocensis, es una de las especies ornamentales nativas de Colombia, con gran participación en el mercado internacional. Habitan principalmente en lagunas permanentes y áreas de inundación de las cuencas de los ríos Amazonas y Orinoco. Es una especie que ha sido reproducida en cautiverio. Sin embargo, la información es muy escasa o nula referente a los efectos de la alimentación sobre el desempeño productivo de la especie en condiciones de cultivo. Objetivo: Determinar el requerimiento de proteína en jovenes de Metynnis orinocencis. Métodos: Se emplearon 425 alevinos de M. orinocencis con peso promedio de 0.5 ± 0.1 g y longitud total promedio de 2.7 ± 0.3 cm. Fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en siete tratamientos con tres réplicas para cada uno, en un sistema de recirculación cerrado con aireación constante y alimentados hasta aparente saciedad dos veces al día durante 60 días. Se formularon siete dietas variando el nivel de proteína (20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40 y 44 % PB). Los siguientes parámetros fueron evaluados: ganancia de peso, consumo de alimento, incremento de longitud, conversión alimenticia aparente, tasa específica de crecimiento, tasa de eficiencia proteica y sobrevivencia. El requerimiento de proteína fue estimado, empleando la ganancia de peso, por análisis de regresión polinomial de segundo orden. Resultados: Los datos de crecimiento muestran que se presentó un incremento gradual en la ganancia de peso en relación con el nivel de proteína en la dieta hasta un máximo de ganancia de 2.56 g en los peces alimentados con 32 % PB. La conversión alimenticia aparente mostró una disminución progresiva a medida que se incrementó el nivel de proteína, siendo para el 20 % de 2.9 y para el 40 % de 1.9. Conclusión: Teniendo en cuenta los resultados de ganancia de peso el requerimiento óptimo de proteína bruta para M. orinocencis es de 34.3 %.
Anatomy and shell shape variability in a land snail Bostryx torallyi (Stylommatophora: Bulimulidae)
Authors: Miranda María José
Published: February 2020

Introduction: The gastropod Bostryx torallyi shows high variability in shell shape and coloration. Subspecies of this organism have been described based on shell characters but, since they were slightly different, they were synonymized afterwards. Until now, shell variability has been analyzed only descriptively and its anatomy is still unknown. Objective: In this study, I provide anatomical information of B. torallyi and apply a geometric morphometric analysis to evaluate the shell shape variation among specimens. Methods: To accomplish this, type material and numerous lots were examined and dissected out. Additionally, relative warp analysis, based on 9 landmarks in ventral view of the shell, was performed using 80 specimens of 9 localities from Bolivia and Argentina. Results: According to our results, geometric morphometrics is a suitable method to evaluate differences in shell shape among localities; for instance, distinctions in the shell were noticeable between gastropods of low and high altitudes. On the other hand, it was established that the coloration of this species is independent of large-scale factors since the examined specimens came from environments with similar conditions. Furthermore, the sculpture of the protoconch and anatomy of B. torallyi coincided with the other Argentinian species of the genus. Conclusions: Therefore, I concluded that a geometric morphometric analysis of shell shape is a good complement to traditional qualitative description of the characteristics of the shell in this species.
Floral anatomy of the plant Psittacanthus schiedeanus (Loranthaceae)
Authors: Robayo Camila Andrea , Marquínez-Casas Xavier , Raz Lauren , Nickrent Daniel Lee
Published: February 2020

Anatomía floral de la planta Psittacanthus schiedeanus (Loranthaceae). Loranthaceae hemiparasitic family comprises 76 genera and about 1 050 species distributed in temperate and tropical regions. The subtribe Psittacanthinae contains 14 genera of neotropical mistletoe including Psittacanthus with over 120 species, characterized by large, brightly colored (red, orange, yellow) flowers that are mostly pollinated by hummingbirds. During the 20th century, a number of morphological and embryological studies were conducted mainly on Old World Loranthaceae genera. More recently, attention has been focused on neotropical Psittacanthinae where among the 14 genera, floral anatomy has been examined in only seven. The aim of this study is to describe the floral anatomy of Psittacanthus schiedeanus and compares the results with those derived from related mistletoe, interpreting the variation of the floral characters of the calyculus, nectary, gynoecium and from floral dissections and serial histological sections, detailing the structure of androecium and gynoecium and anthers in the context of the new phylogenetic information. Flowers of P. schiedeanus at different developmental stages were examined using stained serial sections visualized with light microscopy. These flowers have a vascularized, cupular pedicel fused to a bracteole, a non-vascularized calyculus, an annular nectary, a unilocular gynoecium with a single central mamelon and an androecium formed by epipetalous septate stamens. The morphological comparison of pedicel, bracteole and calyculus provides support for the interpretation of the calyculus as a reduced calyx. The annular nectary seems to be a character shared by the entire subtribe Psittacanthinae, which distinguishes it from Ligarinae which has stylar nectary. The unilocular gynoecium formed by a single central structure is a character shared with other genera in Psittacanthinae except Tripodanthus. The androecium is composed of dithecal, tetrasporangiate stamens with septate locules that are here considered an adaptation for pollen releasing over an extended time period rather than previous suggestions that they result from evolutionary pressure to reduce anther size or to facilitate the nutrition of microspores in large anthers.
Symbiotic interactions between ciliates (Ciliophora) and diatoms (Bacillariophyceae)
Authors: Gomez Fernando
Published: February 2020

Introduction: Diatoms and ciliates are important components of the marine plankton community, and some species are able to develop symbiotic associations in the tropical seas. Objective: To describe the nature of the symbioses, the morphological adaptations of the members, and the possible ecological advantages of the symbiotic life versus the free-living forms. Methods: Plankton samples were collected from Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas, and the South Atlantic Ocean. Consortia were examined during laboratory incubations, including studies of the motility and the feeding currents by high-speed video recordings, and culture tests of the species as symbiotic or free-living forms. Results: The consortia of the diatoms Chaetoceros dadayi and C. tetrastichon with the tintinnid Eutintinnus spp., and C. coarctatus with the peritrich ciliate Vorticella oceanica are examples of an obligate mutualism. The cultures of the host diatoms as free-living organism were unsuccessful. The consortia between Eutintinnus lususundae and the diatoms Chaetoceros peruvianus, Hemiaulus hauckii, H. membranaceus, and Thalassionema sp. are facultative symbioses. These are examples of three or four partner consortia because Hemiaulus spp. is the host of the diazotrophic cyanobacteria Richelia intracellularis. Other example of facultative three partner consortium is the peritrich ciliate Zoothamnium pelagicum with an ectobiont bacteria, and the diatom Licmophora sp. The barrel-shaped chains of the diatom Fragilariopsis dolious encircled the lorica of Salpingella spp., while these chains were almost flat in the free-living stage. The peritrich ciliate Pseudovorticella coscinodisci lives on large pelagic diatoms such as Coscinodiscus and Palmerina. These symbioses are facultative for the diatoms, but they extended their survival under unfavorable conditions. High-speed video recordings of the consortium of Vorticella oceanica and Chaetoceros coarctatus revealed that during the stalk contraction the zooid of reached 5 400 body length s-1, being the fastest organism with respect to its size. The consortia of Chaetoceros densus and an undescribed species of Vorticella is re-discovered. Conclusions: These symbioses have allowed that the sessile peritric ciliates colonize the pelagic environment and the proliferation of diatoms with a polar origin in the tropical sea.
Anatomy of the visceral cavity of Eugerres mexicanus (Teleostei: Gerreidae)
Authors: Kobelkowsky Abraham , Terán-Martínez Jazmín
Published: February 2020

Introduction. The visceral cavity of teleostean fishes contains the kidneys, digestive tube and annexed glands, gas bladder, gonads, and spleen. Objective: To analyze and describe the anatomic relationships of the organs of the visceral cavity of the Mexican mojarra, Eugerres mexicanus. Methods: By means of dissections, we analyzed, described and illustrated the splanchnology of the visceral cavity of 10 adult specimens from the State of Chiapas, Mexico. Results: The visceral cavity is delimited by the precaudal vertebrae, the scapular and pelvic girdles, the pleural ribs, the first anal pterygiophore and several myotomes. Both kidneys, with extraperitoneal character are partially fused each other, and contact the neurocranium, the precaudal vertebrae, and the gas bladder. The digestive tube does not present a stomach nor pyloric caeca, and it is 1.3 the standard length of the fish. The liver has two short right lobes. Both ovaries and testes are wide and reach the liver. The spleen is ovoid and is located on the left side of the duodenum. The gas bladder has two anterior lobes, its posterior end is in direct contact with the floor of the visceral cavity, and contain the urinary bladder. Discussion: The organization of the organs in the visceral cavity is in the anatomical pattern of the teleostean fishes, however, the organ that shows the highest number of special characters is the gas bladder, which as in other species of Eugerres is large and shows two notable anterior lobes, reinforced by epipleural ribs. Compared with other species of Eugerres, the Mexican mojarra shows, as exclusive characters: a) the union of the posterior end of the gas bladder with the floor of the visceral cavity, and, b) the location of the urinary bladder within the gas bladder.