bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
What Follows: The Influence of Fire Walk With Me
Authors: Hallam Lindsay
Published: February 2021

This chapter points out how the scenes of horror in David Lynch's Twin Peaks: Fire Walk With Me are markedly different to those from what could be deemed to be more 'typical' horror films. It describes Fire Walk With Me as a shining example of how horror films also explore the emotions and experiences of trauma, grief, despair, and family dysfunction. It also explains how horror films comment on wider societal issues and examine complex relationships with own psychology, body and sexuality, and spiritual, metaphysical, and philosophical beliefs. This chapter cites horror films tha tare often marginalised as nothing more than a cheap rollercoaster ride with a scant regard for narrative and a bloodthirsty attitude. It discusses Fire Walk With Me's influence on contemporary horror cinema, which have been subject to the 'post-horror' debate.
Studying The Hurt Locker
Authors: McSweeney Terence
Published: February 2021

This book, drawing on a broad tapestry of research, offers an exploration of The Hurt Locker (2009), its stylistic and narrative devices, its cultural impact, its reception, and its relationship to the genre of the war film. The book begins with an analysis of what The Hurt Locker ultimately portrays about the Iraq War, which was officially brought to an end by President Barack Obama on the 18 December 2011, but still continues to be fought onscreen. It also explores the central contentions that are key to the affective impact of The Hurt Locker during the time of its release and after a decade later. The book places the film in a richly textured historical, political, and industrial context, arguing that The Hurt Locker is part of a long tradition of films about American wars that play a considerable role in how audiences come to understand the conflicts that they depict. Thus, films about a nation's wars are never “only a movie” but rather should be considered a cultural battleground themselves on which a war of representation is waged.
Introduction
Authors: McSweeney Terence
Published: February 2021

This chapter analyzes the film The Hurt Locker, including its stylistic and narrative devices, cultural impact, reception, and relationship to the genre. It analyzes what The Hurt Locker ultimately portrays about the Iraq War, which was officially brought to an end by President Barack Obama on the 18 December 2011, but still continues to be fought onscreen. It also explores the central contentions that are key to the affective impact of The Hurt Locker during the time of its release and after a decade later. The chapter talks about The Hurt Locker as one of the definitive American war films of the twenty-first century and as the first film from the genre to win an Academy Award for Best Picture. It describes The Hurt Locker as a vivid and dynamically realised film, which should be regarded as a powerful cultural artefact intrinsically connected to the times in which it was made.
Interpreting The Politics of The Hurt Locker
Authors: McSweeney Terence
Published: February 2021

This chapter explores how the The Hurt Locker and other American films about the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan marginalises, distorts and erases the Iraqi and Afghanistani experiences of the war. It analyzes The Hurt Locker as a film that portrays almost every Iraqi citizen, man, woman and child as a threat to the soldiers and are frequently viewed through the rifle sights of the Americans who are at the centre of the film. It also investigates the tortuous logic that The Hurt Locker embraces that is well hidden from the audience in affective acts. This chapter points out how each Iraqi in The Hurt Locker functions only as what they can reveal about the Americans who are at the core of the film. It examines the political perspectives of The Hurt Locker that are subsumed into its narrative and cinematic choices.
Censorship and Patriarchal Ideology
Authors: Murray Terri
Published: February 2021

This chapter begins by examining theoretical models for the study of narrative provided by anthropologist Claude Lévi-Strauss and Tzvetan Todorov. For a period from the early 1930s until the mid-1950s, Hollywood films were subject to regulation by censors who had the power to alter the cause–effect logic of the narrative in order to make it comply with their patriarchal moral ideology. This included the rule of ‘compensating moral values’, which assured that a character who committed an immoral action had to be either punished or redeemed within the narrative. Melodramas position the central female character as a victim, and are narrated from her perspective. The melodrama narrates a female predicament and offers female viewers a lesson in how (or how not) to behave. Meanwhile, films noir are typically narrated from the male perspective and position the male detective/hero as a victim of female manipulation or betrayal. The ‘femme fatale’ is a male construct; she represents male anxieties about women's changing roles in society, especially her sexual and economic independence. Neo-noir films deliberately subvert the rule of ‘compensating moral values’ and offer female viewers a rare opportunity to derive pleasure from narcissistic identification with the femme fatale.
Female Power Uncensored
Authors: Murray Terri
Published: February 2021

This chapter presents case studies of the work of four contemporary female directors from world cinema: Kathryn Bigelow, Jane Campion, Claire Denis, and Céline Sciamma. Bigelow's Strange Days (1995) self-consciously interrogates the contradiction by which the voyeuristic consumer of violent and misogynist ‘entertainment’ is taken out of the equation when assigning responsibility for these cultural phenomena. It offers a unique exception to stereotypical gender roles one would expect to find in a Hollywood action film. In The Piano (1993), Campion was able to make a feminist critique of an outdated and patriarchal way of seeing women. Meanwhile, Denis's Beau Travail (1999) is an example of how the female camera can deconstruct and represent the male sex in similar ways to how men have represented women in the past. Finally, Sciamma's Girlhood (2014) is an example of how a female writer-director can construct cinema that breaks gender stereotypes, uses a ‘female gaze’ in its cinematography, and represents women's problems and issues in a complex and compassionate way.
Unexpected Heroes of Feminist Cinema
Authors: Murray Terri
Published: February 2021

This chapter challenges critics' readings of films as ‘sexist’, looking at two illustrative examples: Paul Verhoeven and Spike Lee. Paul Verhoeven's Basic Instinct (1992) was widely regarded as misogynistic and ‘lesbophobic’. Basic Instinct is a neo-noir film that scandalously refuses to conform to the patriarchal rule of ‘compensating moral values’. Moreover, its visual pleasures are deliberately constructed against the grain of male voyeuristic pleasures and offer women (especially lesbian women) a rare opportunity to dissect and ridicule male sexism, homophobia, and voyeuristic power. Verhoeven's Elle (2016) is a much more subtle and complex critique of how women's self-image is ‘mediated’ by patriarchal culture, and the film makes explicit or oblique references to tabloid journalism, the gaming industry, and religion in the construction of a total culture that presents women as ‘others’ not only to men but also to themselves. Meanwhile, Spike Lee has been a frequent target for the ‘sexist’ label. The chapter argues that this is unfair, given Lee's relatively frequent attempts to make films about female sexual empowerment (or the causes of female sexual disempowerment). The three examples of She's Gotta Have It (1986), She Hate Me (2004), and BlacKkKlansman (2018) suggest that Lee has in various ways attempted to represent females as empowered sexual agents, and to address social double standards erected by men to possess women through the possession of their bodies.
Introduction
Authors: McCrea Christian
Published: February 2021

This chapter focuses on David Lynch's 1984 film version of Dune. It analyses Dune's narrative structure, characterisations, its approach to science fiction, and audiovisual language that are all highly idiosyncratic. It also illustrates Dune as an audacious science-fiction film that refuses to be futuristic, as a political narrative that is undone by the power of prophecy and dream, and as an adventure story structured like a poem. The chapter talks about the feeling of watching Dune, which is described as being unmoored from cinema itself and free-floating in the form's infinite, unexplored possibilities. It explores the core elements of Frank Herbert's novel version of Dune, which is heavily reliant on its own internal logic.
In the Realm of the Fantastic
Authors: Turnock Bryan
Published: February 2021

This chapter investigates 'the realm of the fantastic'. According to philosopher Tzvetan Todorov, such a state exists only as long as there is indecision over whether the event is indeed a supernatural occurrence or a product of the imagination; once this is determined, one leaves the realm of the fantastic for that of either the 'marvellous' or the 'uncanny'. The chapter considers Jacques Tourneur's Cat People (1942), the first in a series of 'fantastic' horror films produced by Val Lewton for RKO Pictures in the 1940s. Famous for their use of suggestion and ambiguity, they are widely regarded as classics of the genre. Like Universal Studios before it, RKO used the horror film to transform itself into a major Hollywood force, injecting new life into a genre that had by then become staid and predictable. Their success came at a time of mounting problems for the majors, and when independent studios and film-makers began to play an increasingly important role in the industry.
New Hollywood Horror
Authors: Turnock Bryan
Published: February 2021

This chapter discusses New Hollywood horror, addressing how the counterculture movement in the United States championed alternative spiritual experiences while rejecting mainstream organised religion. As such the so-called Church of Satan, established in San Francisco in 1966, quickly gained tens of thousands of followers while membership of the Catholic Church fell precipitously. It was against this backdrop that Ira Levin's novel Rosemary's Baby (published 1967) managed to capture the mood and resonate with a society in a state of transition. Whilst the story also plays on the distrust of the older generational establishment, so much a feature of the youth counterculture of the 1960s, its themes of alienation and loss of personal control go back to the dawn of horror cinema. Its arrival also came at a time when Hollywood found itself facing some of its greatest challenges in terms of market forces and changing demographics. The chapter looks at how the major studios reacted to this, assimilating new approaches to film-making while retaining much of their influence and power, albeit under new ownership. It also considers Roman Polanski's film adaptation of Levin's novel in 1968.
Postmodern Horror
Authors: Turnock Bryan
Published: February 2021

This chapter explores how, in postmodern horror cinema, the very formulaic nature of the genre becomes part of an in-joke. Wes Craven's Scream (1996) featured teen characters so familiar with slasher films that they were able to list the generic conventions with ease. The film is often credited with sparking a new wave of so-called 'postmodern' horror cinema, resulting in three direct sequels, a television series, and a slew of imitators, reboots, and re-imaginings. The chapter looks at a film that Craven made two years prior to the first Scream, and which in many respects is closer to the concept of postmodernism as it is more broadly defined. Wes Craven's New Nightmare (1994) allowed the director to revisit his most famous creation with a postmodern twist, using reflexivity and circularity to adapt what had gone before and present audiences with something new. Given Craven's fascination with dreams and the overlap between the real and the imaginary, the chapter also discusses surrealism in cinema. Finally, it evaluates the cultural popularity of horror cinema, and how it affects both audiences and film-makers.
Creepshow
Authors: Brown Simon
Published: February 2021

Released in cinemas in 1982, Creepshow is typically regarded as a minor entry in both the film output of George A. Romero and the history of adaptations of the works of Stephen King. Yet this lack of critical attention hides the fact that Creepshow is the only full collaboration between America's bestselling author of horror tales and one of the masters of modern American horror cinema. Long considered too mainstream for the director of Dawn of the Dead (1978), too comic for the author that gave audiences the film versions of Carrie (1976) and The Shining (1980), and too violent for a cinemagoing public turning away from gore cinema in the autumn of 1982, Creepshow is here reassessed. The book examines the making and release of the film and its legacy through a comic-book adaptation and two sequels. The book's analysis focuses on the key influences on the film, not just Romero and King, but also the anthology horrors of Amicus Productions, body horror cinema, and the special make-up effects of Tom Savini, the relationship between horror and humour, and most notably the tradition of EC horror comics of the 1950s, from which the film draws both its thematic preoccupations and its visual style. Ultimately the book argues that not only is Creepshow a major work in the canons of Romero and King, but also that it represents a significant example of the portmanteau horror film, of the blending of horror and comedy, and finally, decades before the career of Zack Snyder (Watchmen, Man of Steel), of attempting to recreate a comic book aesthetic on the big screen.
Introduction
Authors: Sutherland Doris V.
Published: February 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of The Mummy (1932). While the setting and concepts of The Mummy were relatively new to horror cinema as it existed in 1932, the film's creative team nonetheless had plenty of sources from which to take inspiration. Universal Pictures' previous horror films had generally taken place against a European backdrop informed by English Gothic and German Expressionism. The Mummy, on the other hand, turned to Egypt and its ancient history for inspiration. In doing so, the film hit upon what was, as far as cinema was concerned, a fresh variety of monster: a living mummy. Thanks to The Mummy, the cloth-wrapped Egyptian revenant would join the vampire, the werewolf, and Frankenstein's Monster as a horror icon, one that would appear in innumerable sequels, imitations, and parodies. The chapter then details the plot of The Mummy.
Literary Precursors
Authors: Sutherland Doris V.
Published: February 2021

This chapter discusses the portrayal of mummies and ancient Egypt in fantastic literature. While not necessarily the basis of a coherent subgenre, mummies were a recurring theme in the supernatural literature of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as authors of the fantastic found their imaginations fired by the latest developments in Egyptology. Stories from this period often differ significantly from the mummy films that would later develop in Hollywood, but certain aspects of them are nonetheless echoed by Universal Pictures' subgenre-defining 1932 film The Mummy. The chapter then describes haunted mummies and walking mummies. There are three writers in particular who stand out as the most likely influences upon Universal's The Mummy: Bram Stoker, Arthur Conan Doyle, and H. Rider Haggard.
From Cagliostro to Imhotep: The Writing Process
Authors: Sutherland Doris V.
Published: February 2021

This chapter examines how The Mummy (1932) took shape at Universal Pictures, and the significant transformations that it underwent along the way. When Howard Carter discovered Tutankhamun's tomb in November of 1922, he started a wave of cultural enthusiasm for all things ancient Egyptian. ‘Tutmania’ had peaked by the start of the 1930s, but it was sufficiently fresh in the public mind for Universal's head of production, Carl Laemmle Jr., to sense a commercial opportunity. And so, in early 1932, Laemmle decided that Universal's next horror film would have an Egyptian theme. The first requirement was to produce a plot, and Laemmle handed this assignment to a pair of writers: Universal scenario department head Richard Schayer, and established novelist Nina Wilcox Putnam. They responded with a nine-page synopsis entitled Cagliostro. Despite its glaring differences from the finished product, the synopsis planted the seed for what would become The Mummy.
Shivers
Authors: Aspell Luke
Published: February 2021

Shivers (1975) was David Cronenberg's first commercial feature and his first horror film. In a modern apartment block, a scientific project to unleash the id results in the equation of passion with contagion and predation. Because the writer-director's imaginative landscape arrived in the genre fully formed, the unique forms of this début have often been overlooked or mistaken for shortcomings. Cronenberg's most comedic film until Map to the Stars, Shivers is also his most spectacularly unnerving, throwing more images of extreme behavior at us than any of his subsequent films; it remains, with Crash, his most disquieting and transgressive film to date. This book's analysis addresses all channels of communication available to the 35mm sync-sound narrative feature, including shot composition, lighting, cinematographic texture, sound, the use of stock music, editing, costume, makeup, optical work, the screenplay, the casting, and the direction of the actors. This tour of Shivers as “cognitive territory” takes in architecture, cultural context, critical reception, and artistic legacy.
12 Monkeys
Authors: Kord Susanne
Published: February 2021

Terry Gilliam's 12 Monkeys (1995) was a commercial and critical success, but it is Gilliam's least understood film, even on the basic plot level. Aside from recognizable debts to specific films such as La Jetée (1962) and Dr. Strangelove (1964), 12 Monkeys plays with a number of genres: apocalypse and post-apocalypse movies, sci-fi, nuclear noir, and what is becoming known as “geek dystopia.” This book examines Gilliam's film — and briefly the TV series based on it — in the context of post-apocalypse movies and with an eye to the film's major themes, including mental illness, conspiracy theories, the impossibility of human closeness, and the nature of reality. It is the first to read 12 Monkeys' portrayal of time travel in light of Einstein's ideas about time and to ask what answers these ideas suggest to the film's most basic philosophical predicament: the problem of free will versus determinism.
A Search for Companions via Direct Imaging in the DSHARP Planet-forming Disks
Authors: Jorquera Sebastian , Pérez Laura M. , Chauvin Gaël , Benisty Myriam , Zhu Zhaohuan , Isella Andrea , Huang Jane , Ricci Luca , Andrews Sean M. , Zhang Shangjia , Carpenter John M. , Kurtovic Nicolás T. , Birnstiel Tilman
Published: February 2021

The “Disk Substructures at High Angular Resolution Project” (DSHARP) has revealed an abundance and ubiquity of rings and gaps over a large sample of young planet-forming disks, which are hypothesized to be induced by the presence of forming planets. In this context, we present the first attempt to directly image these young companions for 10 of the DSHARP disks, by using the NaCo/VLT high-contrast observations in L′ band instrument and angular differential imaging techniques. We report the detection of a point-like source candidate at 11 (174.9 au) for RU Lup and at 042 (55 au) for Elias 24. In the case of RU Lup, the proper motion of the candidate is consistent with a stationary background contaminant, based on the astrometry derived from our observations and available archival data. For Elias 24 the point-like source candidate is located in one of the disk gaps at 55 au. Assuming that it is a planetary companion, our analysis suggests a mass ranging from 0.5M
J up to 5M
J, depending on the presence of a circumplanetary disk and its contribution to the luminosity of the system. However, no clear confirmation is obtained at this stage, and follow-up observations are mandatory to verify that the proposed source is physical, comoving with the stellar host, and associated with a young massive planet sculpting the gap observed at 55 au. For all the remaining systems, the lack of detections suggests the presence of planetary companions with masses lower than 5M
J, based on our derived mass detection limits. This is consistent with predictions of both hydrodynamical simulations and kinematical signatures on the disk and allows us to set upper limits on the presence of massive planets in these young disks.
Estimating Distances from Parallaxes. V. Geometric and Photogeometric Distances to 1.47 Billion Stars in Gaia Early Data Release 3
Authors: Bailer-Jones C. A. L. , Rybizki J. , Fouesneau M. , Demleitner M. , Andrae R.
Published: February 2021

Stellar distances constitute a foundational pillar of astrophysics. The publication of 1.47 billion stellar parallaxes from Gaia is a major contribution to this. Despite Gaia’s precision, the majority of these stars are so distant or faint that their fractional parallax uncertainties are large, thereby precluding a simple inversion of parallax to provide a distance. Here we take a probabilistic approach to estimating stellar distances that uses a prior constructed from a three-dimensional model of our Galaxy. This model includes interstellar extinction and Gaia’s variable magnitude limit. We infer two types of distance. The first, geometric, uses the parallax with a direction-dependent prior on distance. The second, photogeometric, additionally uses the color and apparent magnitude of a star, by exploiting the fact that stars of a given color have a restricted range of probable absolute magnitudes (plus extinction). Tests on simulated data and external validations show that the photogeometric estimates generally have higher accuracy and precision for stars with poor parallaxes. We provide a catalog of 1.47 billion geometric and 1.35 billion photogeometric distances together with asymmetric uncertainty measures. Our estimates are quantiles of a posterior probability distribution, so they transform invariably and can therefore also be used directly in the distance modulus (

). The catalog may be downloaded or queried using ADQL at various sites (see http://www.mpia.de/~calj/gedr3_distances.html), where it can also be cross-matched with the Gaia catalog.
Probing the Capability of Future Direct-imaging Missions to Spectrally Constrain the Frequency of Earth-like Planets
Authors: Checlair Jade H. , Villanueva Geronimo L. , Hayworth Benjamin P. C. , Olson Stephanie L. , Komacek Thaddeus D. , Robinson Tyler D. , Popović Predrag , Yang Huanzhou , Abbot Dorian S.
Published: February 2021

A critical question in astrobiology is whether exo-Earth candidates (EECs) are Earth-like, in that they originate life that progressively oxygenates their atmospheres similarly to Earth. We propose answering this question statistically by searching for O2 and O3 on EECs with missions such as HabEx or LUVOIR. We explore the ability of these missions to constrain the fraction, f
E, of EECs that are Earth-like in the event of a null detection of O2 or O3 on all observed EECs. We use the Planetary Spectrum Generator to simulate observations of EECs with O2 and O3 levels based on Earth’s history. We consider four instrument designs—LUVOIR-A (15 m), LUVOIR-B (8 m), HabEx with a starshade (4 m, “HabEx/SS”), and HabEx without a starshade (4 m, “HabEx/no-SS”)—as well as three estimates of the occurrence rate of EECs (η
earth): 24%, 5%, and 0.5%. In the case of a null detection, we find that for η
earth = 24%, LUVOIR-A, LUVOIR-B, and HabEx/SS would constrain f
E to ≤0.094, ≤0.18, and ≤0.56, respectively. This also indicates that if f
E is greater than these upper limits, we are likely to detect O3 on at least one EEC. Conversely, we find that HabEx/no-SS cannot constrain f
E, due to the lack of a coronagraph ultraviolet channel. For η
earth = 5%, only LUVOIR-A and LUVOIR-B would be able to constrain f
E, to ≤0.45 and ≤0.85, respectively. For η
earth = 0.5%, none of the missions would allow us to constrain f
E, due to the low number of detectable EECs. We conclude that the ability to constrain f
E is more robust to uncertainties in η
earth for missions with larger aperture mirrors. However, all missions are susceptible to an inconclusive null detection if η
earth is sufficiently low.
Time-resolved Rotational Velocities in the Upper Atmosphere of WASP-33 b*
Authors: Cauley P. Wilson , Wang Ji , Shkolnik Evgenya L. , Ilyin Ilya , Strassmeier Klaus G. , Redfield Seth , Jensen Adam G.
Published: February 2021

While steady empirical progress has been made in understanding the structure and composition of hot-planet atmospheres, direct measurements of velocity signatures, including winds, rotation, and jets, have lagged behind. Quantifying atmospheric dynamics of hot planets is critical for a complete understanding of their atmospheres, and such measurements may even illuminate other planetary properties, such as magnetic field strengths. In this manuscript we present the first detection of the Balmer lines Hα and Hβ in the atmosphere of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-33 b. Using atmospheric models that include the effects of atmospheric dynamics, we show that the shape of the average Balmer line transmission spectrum is consistent with rotational velocities in the planet’s thermosphere of

km s−1. We also measure a low-significance day- to nightside velocity shift of

km s−1 in the transmission spectrum, which is naturally explained by a global wind across the planet’s terminator. In a separate analysis the time-resolved velocity centroids of individual transmission spectra show unambiguous evidence of rotation, with a best-fit velocity of

km s−1, consistent with the value of v
rot derived from the shape of the average Balmer line transmission spectrum. Our observations and analysis confirm the power of time-resolved transmission spectra with a high signal-to-noise ratio to measure the velocity structures in exoplanet atmospheres. The high rotational and wind velocities we measure highlight the need for more detailed 3D global climate simulations of the rarefied upper atmospheres of ultra-hot gas giants.
Determining the Variations of Ca–K Index and Features Using Century-long Equal-contrast Images from Kodaikanal Observatory
Authors: Singh Jagdev , Priyal Muthu , Ravindra B.
Published: February 2021

In an earlier analysis of Ca–K spectroheliograms obtained at the Kodaikanal Observatory, the “Good” images were used to investigate variations in the chromosphere. However, the contrast of the images varied on a day-to-day basis. We have developed a new methodology to generate images to form a uniform time series. We adjusted each image’s contrast until the FWHM of the normalized intensity distribution attained a value between 0.10 and 0.11. This “equal-contrast technique” is expected to compensate for the change of emulsion, development, and contrast of the images due to centering of the Ca–K line on the exit slit and sky transparency. In addition, this procedure will correct variations in density-to-intensity conversion for different images. We find that the correlation between sunspot and Ca–K line data improves to a large extent. For example, the correlation coefficient (CC) between monthly averaged sunspots and Ca–K plage areas for the equal-contrast data reaches 0.9 compared to 0.75 for the “Good” data with unequal contrast. The CC for equal-contrast images improves to ∼0.78 from ∼0.46 for the “Okay” data with unequal contrast. Even the CC between the plage area and the daily sunspot number is 0.85 for 100 years of data. This methodology also permits us, for the first time, to study the variations in enhanced, active, and quiet networks with time with high accuracy over about a century. Further, this procedure can be used to combine data from different observatories to make a long time series.
Identification of Cosmic Voids as Massive Cluster Counterparts
Authors: Shim Junsup , Park Changbom , Kim Juhan , Hwang Ho Seong
Published: February 2021

We develop a method to identify cosmic voids from the matter density field by adopting a physically motivated concept that voids are the counterpart of massive clusters. To prove the concept we use a pair of ΛCDM simulations, a reference and its initial density-inverted mirror simulation, and study the relation between the effective size of voids and the mass of corresponding clusters. Galaxy cluster-scale dark matter halos are identified in the Mirror simulation at z = 0 by linking dark matter particles. The void corresponding to each cluster is defined in the Reference simulation as the region occupied by the member particles of the cluster. We study the voids corresponding to the halos more massive than 1013
h
−1
M
⊙. We find a power-law scaling relation between the void size and the corresponding cluster mass. Voids with a corresponding cluster mass above 1015
h
−1
M
⊙ occupy ∼1% of the total simulated volume, whereas this fraction increases to ∼54% for voids with a corresponding cluster mass above 1013
h
−1
M
⊙. It is also found that the density profile of the identified voids follows a universal functional form. Based on these findings, we propose a method to identify cluster-counterpart voids directly from the matter density field without their mirror information by utilizing three parameters such as the smoothing scale, density threshold, and minimum core fraction. We recover voids corresponding to clusters more massive than 3 × 1014
h
−1
M
⊙ at a 70%–74% level of completeness and reliability. Our results suggest that we are able to identify voids in a way to associate them with clusters of a particular mass scale.
Variations of Peak He/H Ratios in Solar Energetic (E > 4 MeV) Particle Events and Comparisons with Solar Wind He/H Ratios
Authors: Kahler S. W. , Brown D.
Published: February 2021

We determine solar energetic particle (SEP) event He/H peak intensity ratios A
He observed in the four energy channels of the SOHO EPHIN detector covering 4–53 MeV nuc−1. Those SEP A
He values range over two orders of magnitude for 43 large western hemisphere SEP events through the period 1997–2017. A
He of each SEP event are compared with average solar wind (SW) A
He values measured for 8 hr after the SEP event onsets with the solar wind experiment Faraday Cup instrument on Wind. A
He in the 4–8 and 8–21 MeV nuc−1 range are significantly correlated with SW A
He (CC = 0.45 and 0.41), but less so in the 21–41 and 41–53 MeV nuc−1 range, where uncertainties of the A
He values are higher. Median SEP A
He values decline slightly with increasing energy and are ≤0.5 their associated SW values. Both median SEP and SW A
He decline by a factor of ∼2 from the 27 events of cycle 23 to the 16 of cycle 24. Those results suggest a connection between the SW and the seed population of SEP events. An unexpected result is that SEP A
He increases with event peak intensities in our 43 events as He peak intensities increase faster than those of H in larger events.
Two-dimensional Radiation-hydrodynamic Simulations of Supernova Ejecta with a Central Power Source
Authors: Suzuki Akihiro , Maeda Keiichi
Published: February 2021

We present the results of two-dimensional radiation-hydrodynamic simulations of expanding supernova ejecta with a central energy source. As suggested in previous multidimensional hydrodynamic simulations, a sufficiently powerful central energy source can blow away the expanding supernova ejecta, leading to efficient mixing of stratified layers in the ejecta. We assume that the energy injection is realized in the form of nonthermal radiation from the wind nebula embedded at the center of the ejecta. We found that the multidimensional mixing in the ejecta assists the injected nonthermal radiation escaping from the ejecta. When the nonthermal radiation is absorbed by the ejecta, it is converted into bright thermal radiation or is consumed as the kinetic energy of the supernova ejecta. We found that central energy sources with injection timescale similar to the photon diffusion timescale realize an efficient conversion of the injected energy into thermal radiation. On the other hand, rapid energy injection ends up accelerating the ejecta rather than giving rise to bright thermal emission. This remarkable difference potentially explains the diversity of energetic supernovae including broad-lined Ic and superluminous supernovae.
Unraveling the Complex Structure of AGN-driven Outflows. V. Integral-field Spectroscopy of 40 Moderate-luminosity Type-2 AGNs
Authors: Luo Rongxin , Woo Jong-Hak , Karouzos Marios , Bae Hyun-Jin , Shin Jaejin , McConnell Nicholas , Shih Hsin-Yi , Kim Yoo Jung , Park Songyoun
Published: February 2021

There is an ongoing debate on whether feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGNs) can effectively regulate the star formation activities in their host galaxies. To investigate the feedback effect of AGN-driven outflows, we perform integral-field spectroscopic observations of 40 moderate-luminosity (

erg s−1 ) Type-2 AGNs at z < 0.1, which present strong outflow signatures in the integrated [O iii] kinematics. Based on the radial profile of the normalized [O iii] velocity dispersion by stellar velocity dispersion, we measure the kinematic outflow size and extend the kinematic outflow size–luminosity relation reported in Kang & Woo into a wider luminosity range (over four orders of magnitude in [O iii] luminosity). The shallow slope of the kinematic outflow size–luminosity relation indicates that while ionizing photons can reach out further, kinetic energy transfer is much less efficient due to various effects, demonstrating the importance of kinematical analysis in quantifying the outflow size and energetics. By comparing the outflow kinematics with the host galaxy properties, we find that AGNs with strong outflows have higher star formation rate and higher H i gas fraction than those AGNs with weak outflows. These results suggest that the current feedback from AGN-driven outflows do not instantaneously suppress or quench the star formation in the host galaxies while its effect is delayed.
Candidate z ∼ 2.5 Lyman Continuum Sources in the GOODS Fields
Authors: Jones L. H. , Barger A. J. , Cowie L. L.
Published: February 2021

We use the wealth of deep archival optical spectroscopy on the GOODS-South field from Keck, the VLT, and other facilities to select candidate high-redshift Lyman continuum (LyC) leakers in the Hubble Deep UV Legacy Survey (HDUV) data set. We select sources at

, where the HST/WFC3 F275W filter probes only the redshifted LyC. We find five moderately F275W-bright sources (four detected at

significance) in this redshift range. However, two of these show evidence in their optical spectra of contamination by foreground galaxies along the line of sight. We then perform an F275W error-weighted sum of the fluxes of all 129 galaxies at

in both the GOODS-N and GOODS-S HDUV areas to estimate the total ionizing flux. The result is dominated by just five candidate F275W-bright LyC sources. Lastly, we examine the contributions to the metagalactic ionizing background, finding that, at the sensitivity of the HDUV F275W data and allowing for the effects of LyC transmission in the intergalactic medium (IGM), star-forming galaxies can match the UV flux required to maintain an ionized IGM at

.
First Cospatial Comparison of Stellar, Neutral-gas, and Ionized-gas Metallicities in a Metal-rich Galaxy: M83*
Authors: Hernandez Svea , Aloisi Alessandra , James Bethan L. , Kumari Nimisha , Berg Danielle , Adamo Angela , Blair William P. , Faucher-Giguère Claude-André , Fox Andrew J. , Gurvich Alexander B. , Hafen Zachary , Heckman Timothy M. , Lebouteiller Vianney , Long Knox S. , Skillman Evan D. , Tumlinson Jason , Whitmore Bradley C.
Published: February 2021

We carry out a comparative analysis of the metallicities from the stellar, neutral-gas, and ionized-gas components in the metal-rich spiral galaxy M83. We analyze spectroscopic observations taken with the Hubble Space Telescope, the Large Binocular Telescope, and the Very Large Telescope. We detect a clear depletion of the H i gas, as observed from the H i column densities in the nuclear region of this spiral galaxy. We find column densities of log[N(H i) cm−2] < 20.0 at galactocentric distances of <0.18 kpc, in contrast to column densities of log[N(H i) cm−2] ∼ 21.0 in the galactic disk, a trend observed in other nearby spiral galaxies. We measure a metallicity gradient of −0.03 ± 0.01 dex kpc−1 for the ionized gas, comparable to the metallicity gradient of a local benchmark of 49 nearby star-forming galaxies of −0.026 ± 0.002 dex kpc−1. Our cospatial metallicity comparison of the multiphase gas and stellar populations shows excellent agreement outside of the nucleus of the galaxy, hinting at a scenario where the mixing of newly synthesized metals from the most massive stars in the star clusters takes longer than their lifetimes (∼10 Myr). Finally, our work shows that caution must be taken when studying the metallicity gradient of the neutral-gas component in star-forming galaxies, since this can be strongly biased, as these environments can be dominated by molecular gas. In these regions the typical metallicity tracers can provide inaccurate abundances, as they may trace both the neutral- and molecular-gas components.
Damping of Slow Surface Kink Modes in Solar Photospheric Waveguides Modeled by One-dimensional Inhomogeneities
Authors: Chen Shao-Xia , Li Bo , Doorsselaere Tom Van , Goossens Marcel , Yu Hui , Geeraerts Michaël
Published: February 2021

Given the recent interest in magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) waves in pores and sunspot umbrae, we examine the damping of slow surface kink modes (SSKMs) by modeling solar photospheric waveguides with a cylindrical inhomogeneity comprising a uniform interior, a uniform exterior, and a continuous transition layer (TL) in between. Performing an eigenmode analysis in linear, resistive, gravity-free MHD, our approach is idealized in that, among other things, our equilibrium is structured only in the radial direction. We can nonetheless address two damping mechanisms simultaneously, one being the ohmic resistivity and the other being the resonant absorption of SSKMs in the cusp and Alfvén continua. We find that the relative importance of the two mechanisms depends sensitively on the magnetic Reynolds number (R
m). Resonant absorption is the sole damping mechanism for realistically large values of R
m, and the cusp resonance in general dominates the Alfvén one unless the axial wavenumbers are at the lower end of the observationally relevant range. We also find that the thin-boundary approximation holds only when the TL-width-to-radius ratios are much smaller than nominally expected. The ohmic resistivity is far more important for realistically small R
m. Even in this case, SSKMs are only marginally damped, with damping-time-to-period ratios reaching ∼10 in the parameter range we examine.
Compact Molecular Gas Distribution in Quasar Host Galaxies
Authors: Molina Juan , Wang Ran , Shangguan Jinyi , Ho Luis C. , Bauer Franz E. , Treister Ezequiel , Shao Yali
Published: February 2021

We use Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array CO (2–1) observations of six low-redshift Palomar-Green quasars to study the distribution and kinematics of the molecular gas of their host galaxies at kiloparsec-scale resolution. While the molecular gas content, molecular gas fraction, and star formation rates are similar to those of nearby massive, star-forming galaxies, the quasar host galaxies possess exceptionally compact, disky molecular gas distributions with a median half-light radius of 1.8 kpc and molecular gas mass surface densities ≳22 M
⊙ pc−2. While the overall velocity field of the molecular gas is dominated by regular rotation out to large radii, with ratio of rotation velocity to velocity dispersion ≳9, the nuclear region displays substantial kinematic complexity associated with small-scale substructure in the gas distribution. A tilted-ring analysis reveals that the kinematic and photometric position angles are misaligned on average by ∼ 34° ± 26° and provides evidence of kinematic twisting. These observations provide tantalizing clues to the detailed physical conditions of the circumnuclear environments of actively accreting supermassive black holes.
PSR J1810+1744: Companion Darkening and a Precise High Neutron Star Mass
Authors: Romani Roger W. , Kandel D. , Filippenko Alexei V. , Brink Thomas G. , Zheng WeiKang
Published: February 2021

Keck-telescope spectrophotometry of the companion of PSR J1810+1744 shows a flat, but asymmetric light-curve maximum and a deep, narrow minimum. The maximum indicates strong gravity darkening (GD) near the L
1 point, along with a heated pole and surface winds. The minimum indicates a low underlying temperature and substantial limb darkening. The GD is a consequence of extreme pulsar heating and the near-filling of the Roche lobe. Light-curve modeling gives a binary inclination i = 65.°7 ± 0.°4. With the Keck-measured radial-velocity amplitude K
c = 462.3 ± 2.2 km s−1, this gives an accurate neutron star mass M
NS = 2.13 ± 0.04 M
⊙, with important implications for the dense-matter equation of state. A classic direct-heating model, ignoring the L
1 gravitational darkening, would predict an unphysical M
NS > 3 M
⊙. A few other “spider” pulsar binaries have similar large heating and fill factor; thus, they should be checked for such effects.
Hemispheric Tectonics on Super-Earth LHS 3844b
Authors: Meier Tobias G. , Bower Dan J. , Lichtenberg Tim , Tackley Paul J. , Demory Brice-Olivier
Published: February 2021

The tectonic regime of rocky planets fundamentally influences their long-term evolution and cycling of volatiles between interior and atmosphere. Earth is the only known planet with active plate tectonics, but observations of exoplanets may deliver insights into the diversity of tectonic regimes beyond the solar system. Observations of the thermal phase curve of super-Earth LHS 3844b reveal a solid surface and lack of a substantial atmosphere, with a temperature contrast between the substellar and antistellar point of around 1000 K. Here, we use these constraints on the planet’s surface to constrain the interior dynamics and tectonic regimes of LHS 3844b using numerical models of interior flow. We investigate the style of interior convection by assessing how upwellings and downwellings are organized and how tectonic regimes manifest. We discover three viable convective regimes with a mobile surface: (1) spatially uniform distribution of upwellings and downwellings, (2) prominent downwelling on the dayside and upwellings on the nightside, and (3) prominent downwelling on the nightside and upwellings on the dayside. Hemispheric tectonics is observed for regimes (2) and (3) as a direct consequence of the day-to-night temperature contrast. Such a tectonic mode is absent in the present-day solar system and has never been inferred from astrophysical observations of exoplanets. Our models offer distinct predictions for volcanism and outgassing linked to the tectonic regime, which may explain secondary features in phase curves and allow future observations to constrain the diversity of super-Earth interiors.
Evolution of Subsurface Zonal and Meridional Flows in Solar Cycle 24 from Helioseismological Data
Authors: Getling Alexander V. , Kosovichev Alexander G. , Zhao Junwei
Published: February 2021

The results of determinations of the azimuthal and meridional velocities by time–distance helioseismology from Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on board Solar Dynamics Observatory from 2010 May to 2020 September at latitudes and Stonyhurst longitudes from − 60° to + 60° and depths to about 19 Mm below the photosphere are used to analyze spatiotemporal variations of the solar differential rotation and meridional circulation. The pattern of torsional oscillations, or latitudinal belts of alternating “fast” and “slow” zonal flows migrating from high latitudes toward the equator, is found to extend in the time–latitude diagrams over the whole time interval. The oscillation period is comparable with a doubled solar-activity-cycle and can be described as an extended solar cycle. The zonal-velocity variations are related to the solar-activity level, the local-velocity increases corresponding to the sunspot-number increases and being localized at latitudes where the strongest magnetic fields are recorded. The dramatic growth of the zonal velocities in 2018 appears to be a precursor of the beginning of Solar Cycle 25. The strong symmetrization of the zonal-velocity field by 2020 can be considered another precursor. The general pattern of poleward meridional flows is modulated by latitudinal variations similar to the extended-solar-cycle behavior of the zonal flows. During the activity maximum, these variations are superposed with a higher harmonic corresponding to meridional flows converging to the spot-formation latitudes. Our results indicate that variations of both the zonal and meridional flows exhibit the extended-solar-cycle behavior, which is an intrinsic feature of the solar dynamo.
Constraints on Sub-Neptune Planet Candidate KOI-972.01 via Joint Variability/Gravity-darkening Analysis
Authors: Myers Samuel A. , Barnes Jason W. , Ahlers John P.
Published: February 2021

We analyze Kepler photometry of transiting planet candidate KOI-972.01, accounting for both stellar variability and gravity darkening. KOI-972.01 stands out because of its small radius, less than that of Neptune, and because of its intermediate orbit period at 13.12 days, long enough to avoid significant tidal evolution, and thus it represents an underexplored exoplanet class. The parent star of KOI-972.01 is a rapidly rotating δ-Scuti variable, complicating transit lightcurve interpretation but also offering a potential independent source of stellar parameters. We measure the stellar rotation period (16.2 hr) by identifying the stellar rotation frequency and subsequently place a constraint on the stellar obliquity of no greater than 10, but have difficulty isolating individual oscillation modes in the periodogram owing to time variation of the δ-Scuti oscillations. After subtracting the stellar oscillations, lightcurve fits place the transiting object radius at 3.07 ± 0.09 R
⊕, but the shallow transit prevents useful constraints on the system’s spin–orbit alignment.
New record of the lace bug species Acalypta marginata (Wolff) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae) from Japan
Authors: Souma Jun
Published: February 2021

The lace bug species Acalypta marginata (Wolff, 1804) has, to date, been widely known to occur in the Palaearctic Region, but has not been recorded from Japan.

Acalypta marginata is recorded from Japan for the first time. Its habitat in Japan is the grassland of Hokkaido. A key to the species of Acalypta occurring in Japan is provided.
Corrigenda: An updated checklist of the bees (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Anthophila) of Pennsylvania, United States of America. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 77: 1–86. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.77.49622
Authors: Kilpatrick Shelby Kerrin , Gibbs Jason , Mikulas Martin M. , Spichiger Sven-Erik , Ostiguy Nancy , Biddinger David J. , López-Uribe Margarita M.
Published: February 2021

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