bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 Vaccines and Vaccination Report: The Nigeria Perspective
Authors: Moore Ikechi Mike-Ogburia, , Nyebuchi Jonathan, , Eedee Konne, Felix , Baribefii Jacob, Ransom
Published: December 2021

COVID-19 vaccine like other vaccines is developed to produce acquired immunity against the virus which causes coronavirus disease. The spread of the virus led to quick study by various science laboratories all over the world on the preventive role and the mortality rate reduction potential of covid vaccines. Celebration has been witnessed in different part of the world for the role the vaccines played against various cases arising from coronavirus infection. This review focused on the adverse event of coronavirus vaccines with perspective to the Nigerian populace. The type of vaccines approved for use by the WHO include; viral vector vaccines which has the Oxford-Astrazenca in its class, RNA vaccines, whole virus vaccines (having the Sinopharm, and Sinovac in it class), and protein subunit vaccines (with Novavax COVID-19 vaccines and (ESI, 2021), EpiVacCorona in it class). In Nigeria, about 8,439 mild adverse reactions have been reported by the National Health Care Development Agency (NPHCDA), following the administration of the first doses of the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine. The report showed that out of over a million persons who received the vaccine, 8,439 persons showed mild adverse effects, while 52 persons suffered moderate to severe adverse events on receiving the jab. Generally, the vaccine has proven to be effective in combating and limiting infection and spread of covid-19 among the citizenry.
Prevalence of Anemia, Iron Deficiency during the Second Trimester of Gestation in Pregnant Women: A Comparative Study of Walled and New Lahore City Population
Authors: Arshad Shafia , Arif Amina , Ahmed Nessar , Wattoo Javed Iqbal
Published: December 2021

Background: Anemia during pregnancy is common worldwide, and it is also reported in Lahore, Pakistan, but it is not well documented in women residing in the Walled City of Lahore (WC). The study was designed to compare the pregnant female population of walled and new Lahore (NC) city for the prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency.

Methods: All the females were within the second trimester of pregnancy with World Health Organization (WHO) criteria of age between 18-45 years. 446 venous blood samples were drawn, out of which 180 belong to WC and 266 to NC. After informed consent, demographic information, including age, gravidity, education, and socioeconomic status, was collected. A complete blood count test was performed to get results for hemoglobin, MCV, and MCH. Total iron-binding capacity, ferritin, and hepcidin levels were checked on ELISA 96-wells plates.

Results: The prevalence of anemia in WC samples is 58.3%, and in NC samples, it is 42.4%. A decrease in hepcidin is significantly (p < 0.05) associated with age and gravidity in both populations.

Conclusion: It is concluded that anemia control programs should focus on WC women with extra efforts as anemia and iron deficiency are more prevalent. Making intelligent and focused efforts about this public health worry, Pakistan may succeed in achieving Sustainable Development Goals 2025 about eradicating anemia.
Rehabilitating Case of Tetralogy of Fallot Undergone Surgical Repair with Comprehensive Exercise Program: A Case Report
Authors: Siraj Sidra Ahmad , Yadav Vaishnavi Dilip , Jain Moli Jai , Wadhokar Om C.
Published: December 2021

Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is one of the most common cyanotic congenital heart disorders (CHDs). The children with CHD lead relatively sedentary lifestyles, on account of the restriction imposed by treating doctors, parents, and society and by themselves due to fear. The disability related to CHD results in an additional adverse impact on quality of life and physical activity level due to deconditioning. The cardiovascular effects of deconditioning are a decrease in cardiac output, increase resting heart rate with activity, decreased blood pressure in upright positions (orthostatic hypotension), and decreased exercise capacity. These effects would be more pronounced and disabling in an already compromised heart. The operative procedure for the correction of TOF is not curative rather a palliative one. After the correction of the TOF defects, the patient has reduced activity level and exercise capacity. Cardiac rehabilitation including Interval and continuous exercise training modalities were proven to be safe and efficient in improving exercise capacity and functioning of the heart.
Braided Glass Fiber Reinforced Composite Resin Bridge - An Alternative Treatment for Management of Missing Anterior Tooth: A Case Report
Authors: Soni Minal , Sajjanar Jayashree , Gade Jaykumar , Ingole Anil , Jaiswal Karan , Sajjanar Arunkumar
Published: December 2021

Missing anterior teeth is of great concern during a patient's lifetime in many communities. A variety of treatment options, from implants to traditional bridges are often used in order to replace missing anterior tooth. However, it is often accompanied by variety of barriers such as an increased number of chairside visits and better costs. Fibre-reinforced composites (FRCs) have gained increasing and great acceptance in mainstream prosthodontics as viable alternatives to alloy-based restorations recently. In compaison to other restorative systems this is often a conservative approach that carries a minimum risk of pulp exposure or sensitivity and periodontal inflammation, which maintains the health of supporting tissues. Therefore the aim of this case report was to present a clinical case of a congenitally missing mandibular central incisors bilaterally which were replaced by means of a FRC bridge wherein, we employed a semi-direct (direct and indirect) technique. This technique provides a conservative, esthetic, and noninvasive treatment, economically more acceptable, nonirritating, and noniatrogenic. FRC bridges can therefore be considered as a permanent treatment modality.
A Novel Synchronic Estimstion of Metronidazole, Ciprofloxacin and Doxycycline by RP-HPLC in Bulk and Pharmaceutical Formulation
Authors: Nadendla Rama Rao , Morla Siva Prasad , Patchala Abhinandana , Pinnamaneni Prachet
Published: December 2021

Aim: To design simple, rapid, new analytical method for estimation of Metronidazole, Ciprofloxacin Doxycycline by using RP-HPLC in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form.

Study Design: Estimation of Metronidazole, Ciprofloxacin Doxycycline by using RP-HPLC in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form was planned and executed.

Place and Duration of Study: Chalapathi Drug Testing Laboratory, Chalapathi Institute Of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lam, Guntur-522034, Andhra Pradesh, India during the period of November 2019 to February 2020.

Methodology: Metronidazole is an antibiotic and antiprotozoal medication. It is used either alone or with other antibiotics to treat pelvic inflammatory disease, endocarditis and bacterial vaginosis. Ciprofloxacin is an antibiotic used to treat a number of bacterial infections. Doxycycline is a tetracycline antibiotic that fights bacteria in the body. The study was carried out on SHIMADZU Prominance-i, LC-2030C system equipped with Shim-pack Gist (250 x 4.6 mm, 5μm) column and mobile phase was optimized by using mixture of methanol and 0.25mM potassium phosphate buffer in the ration of 60:40 v/v at a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min. The wavelength was set as 282nm at ambient temperature by injecting 20µl of solution and the run time was fixed for 10 min.

Results: Linearity plot was constructed for concentration range of 5-15µg/ml for Metronidazole,5-15µg/ml for Ciprofloxacin and 1-8µg/ml for Doxycycline standard solutions. It shows best regression coefficient and y/s values. The accuracy of the proposed method was determined by performing recovery studies and was found between 98-102%. The repeatability testing for both sample and standard solutions the %RSD was found as <2.0% which is within the acceptable limits showing that the method is precise as well. The LOD and LOQ were found to be 0.33 and 0.99 µg/ml for Metronidazole, 0.33 and 0.99 µg/ml for Ciprofloxacin, 0.08 and 0.25 µg/ml for Doxycycline respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the pharmaceutical dosage form of Metronidazole, Ciprofloxacin Doxycycline and it was as economic, eco-friendly with less retention time around 10.0 min.

Conclusion: The proposed method was validated in terms of linearity, range, Accuracy, precision, Specificity, Robustness. Method was successfully applied to the estimation of Metronidazole, Ciprofloxacin Doxycycline in combined marketed pharmaceutical dosage form.
The role of Ultrasound in Diagnosis of Acute Appendicitis: A Review Article
Authors: Ahmed Rania Mohammed
Published: December 2021

Acute appendicitis (AA) is a frequent abdominal infection that affects 7% of people at some time in their lives. As a result, any delay in diagnosis might lead to complications such as perforation and abscesses in the incision. Ultrasound (U/S) plays an essential role in the diagnosis and management of acute appendicitis, which improves patient outcomes. Recent technological advances have brought profound changes to diagnostic ultrasound imaging. Acute appendicitis is a frequent abdominal condition that affects many people at their lives acute appendicitis is a difficult diagnosis based on clinical and laboratory data.

Abnormal US findings during appendiceal scan indicate a greater chance of having recurrent appendicitis, US scan play an important role in the pre-surgical evaluation and planning of patients with appendicitis.

In this review, different US techniques and their applications in diagnosis of appendicitis and early and accurate diagnosis are discussed.
Role of Vitamin D in Reducing the Frequency of Asthma Attacks in Patients with Frequent Exacerbation of Asthma
Authors: Memon Mubeen Ahmed , Ansari Sheeba Faryal , Lakho Mumtaz Ali , Jaffery Mukhtiar Hussain , Shah Syed Zulfiquar Ali , Raza Samar
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Vitamin D deficiency is common among asthmatics with literature suggesting that its low levels in the body may trigger exacerbations and decrease the response to corticosteroid treatment. It has also shown to inhibit the production of cytokines, which in turn enhances the body’s response to corticosteroid treatment during an exacerbation. Therefore, maintenance of adequate levels of vitamin D in patients with asthma may reduce the risk of exacerbation and improve their general health. This study aims to explore the role of vitamin D supplementation in preventing asthma exacerbations.

Methods: This single blind parallel arm interventional study was conducted in the pulmonology ward in a tertiary care hospital from June 2018 to April 2020. Two hundred (n= 200) participants with a history of frequent acute exacerbation of asthma were enrolled in the study via consecutive convenient non-probability technique. Participants were divided into two groups; the placebo and the interventional group that received 200,000 IU of vitamin D capsule.

Results: Compared to day 0, mean episodes of exacerbation in the interventional group were significantly lower after 180 days (1.1 ± 0.4 vs. 0.61 ± 0.3; p-value <0.0001). Similarly, number of asthma attacks in past 7 days was significantly lower in intervention group after 180 days (4.4

± 2.7 vs. 3.1 ± 1.5; p-value 0.0001)

Conclusion: Vitamin D supplementation is a safe and cost-friendly approach to reducing asthma exacerbations. It may also help to improve the condition in severe asthmatics with low vitamin D levels.
Maternal Morbidity in a Context of Social Vulnerability: The Case of the Province of Essaouira, Morocco
Authors: Manoussi Abdelmounaim , Baali Abdellatif , Amor Hakima , Ouzennou Nadia
Published: December 2021

Aims: The main aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of maternal morbidity                         among childbearing women and to determine the associated factors in a context of social vulnerability.

Study Design: This is a quantitative analytical cross-sectional study.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in 18 health centers in the province of Essaouira, Morocco from January 2020 to January 2021.

Methodology: We conducted a structured interview survey. Simple: We included 1184 married women aged 18 to 49.

Results: The prevalence of maternal morbidity was 64.8%. The main morbidities were sexually transmitted infections (50.1%) and anemia (45.8%). Multivariate analysis showed that frequency of postnatal visits, socioeconomic level, knowledge of pregnancy risks, and couple literacy, were statistically associated with maternal morbidity.

Conclusion: The use of postnatal care, the improvement of the socio-economic level of households, health education programs, and the fight against illiteracy are factors that would reduce maternal morbidity.
Determination of a Cone-Beam Computed Tomography based Assessment of Mental Foramen Position
Authors: Ahmed Bashir , Kumar Manoj , Bushra . , Punjabi Suneel Kumar , Kumar Raj , Shams Salman
Published: December 2021

Objective: To assess the occurrence and location of the mental foramen in relation to gender and age by using cone-beam computed tomography.

Materials and Methods: A descriptive case series study was conducted at department of radiology at advance diagnostic care centre, Institute of Dentistry, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences Hyderabad. One hundred and fifty patients of either gender, having age 18-40 years with retained permanent dentition and recommended for cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) radiograph were selected by non-probability convenient sampling technique. Patients with history of bone disease, old trauma and not willing to participate were excluded. CBCT imaging of each patient will be performed and assessed for occurrence and location of the mental foramen.

Results: Out of 150 patients, male were 98 (65.3%) and female were 52 (34.7%) with mean age of 28.8 ± 6.9 (18-40) years. Position 4 was the most common right side horizontal position with 74(49.3%) patients followed by position 3 with 69(46.0%) patients, position 5 with 6(4.0%) patients and position 2 with 1(0.7%) patients. Similarly position 4 was the most common left side horizontal position with 75(50.0%) patients followed by position 3 with 70(46.7%) patients, and position 5 with 5(3.3%) patients. Position 1 was only choice either for right or left side vertical position in all patients i.e., 150 (100.0%).

Conclusion: It was concluded from the study that no significant difference was observed in occurrence and location of the mental foramen in relation to gender and age by using cone-beam computed tomography.
Organization of Dental Care for Adults with Cardiac Arrhythmia against the Background of Anticoagulant Therapy
Authors: Lomakina Maria Vitalievna
Published: December 2021

The high prevalence of cardiovascular diseases among the adult population leads to the risk of disability and mortality of people of working age. At the same time, this group of patients also needs comprehensive dental management and consideration of pharmacotherapeutic features. The growing cost of dental services leads to a decrease in the availability of dental care, especially taking into account the age criteria of patients with heart rhythm disorders. According to opinion polls, less than 5% go to the dentist for preventive purposes. However, patients taking anticoagulant therapy are at high risk of developing complications during dental interventions, which means they require increased preventive control by the dental care organization system.

Purpose: to evaluate aspects of the organization of dental care for patients with a history of cardiac arrhythmia and taking anticoagulant therapy.

Methodology: a prospective study based on the data of the copy, based on the results of an objective examination conducted by dentists (n=105), as well as an anonymous questionnaire of patients with rhythm disorders (N= 100) about the subjective assessment of the oral cavity and their awareness of methods and tools of prevention.

Results: patients with cardiac arrhythmia taking anticoagulant therapy have an increased risk of bleeding as part of dental interventions. For the studied group of patients, an objective examination revealed a characteristic clinical picture of the oral cavity. The characteristics required for drawing up a personalized treatment plan for patients with cardiac arrhythmia were also identified. As part of the study, data on the degree of awareness of patients and their subjective assessment of the state of the oral cavity were obtained.

Conclusion: patients taking anticoagulant therapy require increased attention during an appointment with a dentist. It is important to identify all predictors of the development of complications, during the collection of anamnesis, to identify and level the low awareness of the patient about the methods and tools of prevention, as well as to conduct personalized oral care training.
Assessment of Skeletal Discrepancies by Determining R Angle in Lateral Cephalograms in Navi Mumbai Population
Authors: Sonawane Sushma , Save Vaidehi , Soni Vivek , Narkhede Sameer , Shetty Karthick , Gadhiya Nitin , Singh Rakesh , Khamatkar Aparna , Sawant Veera
Published: December 2021

There is considerable interest in the area of orthodontics in malocclusions caused by vertical discrepancies because of their causes, diagnosis, treatment planning, and tendency to return after treatment. Hence, this study aimed to assess, evaluate and check reliability for vertical skeletal discrepancy by establishing a parameter ‘R angle’ in Navi Mumbai population. In this study, the lateral cephalometric radiographs of 135 orthodontic patients between the age group of 18-30 years of age were selected from the database of the Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics in D Y Patil University School of Dentistry, Navi Mumbai The study found that the R angle is clinically and statistically important when examining vertical skeletal discrepancies. So with the above results it is observed that R angle can be used to assess vertical skeletal discrepancy in Navi Mumbai population. Along with other parameters it can be important and valuable tool for orthodontist to determine skeletal discrepancies in vertical plane.
Antibacterial, Anti-inflammatory and Antioxidant Potential of Ethanol Extract of Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult
Authors: Kokila G. , Jeevan P.
Published: December 2021

In the present study we evaluate the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity of medicinal plant Ipomoea staphylina Roem & Schult. Many bacteria are harmful to human beings and animals. Theses bacteria make diseases the host organisms. Many antibiotics are available in the marker for the treatment of bacterial diseases. However, antibiotics cause unwanted side effect. Thus, the study focused to evaluate ethanol extract of Ipomoea staphylina against bacterial pathogens. Antibacterial activity was evaluated by the method of well diffusion method. Antiinflamatory and antioxidant activity was evaluated by in vitro study method. Ethanol extract of Ipomoea staphylina showed antibacterial activity against different bacteria isolated from chicken at dose depended manner ie., higher dose of plant extract possessed maximum inhibition zone (21.67 ± 1.45 mm) (P<0.05) against selected bacteria. Moreover, plant ethanol extract possessed anti-inflammatory activity and antioxidant activity at dose dependent manner (P<0.05). Higher dose (100 μg/ml) of ethanol extract of Ipomoea staphylina showed maximum anti-inflammatory activity (68.38 %) and antioxidant activity (72%). From this result it is concluded that the medicinal plant Ipomoea staphylina Roem. & Schult. possessed antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. Further detailed study will be conducted for the new drug candidate discovery.
A Review on Eucalyptus Globulus – An Authentic Herb
Authors: Sharma Shailja , Sushma . , Nishtha .
Published: December 2021

In the ancient time Eucalyptus globulus used for the various purpose. It is a tall and an evergreen tree that can grow up to the height of 70m and its diameter is about 4 to7ft. which was first found on the island of Tasmania in 1792 which associate to the Myrtaceae family which is commonly called as Tasmanian Blue Gum, southern blue gum or blue gum are the different names of eucalyptus globulus grow in the various parts of India. The particular species of Eucalyptus globulus have been used for various purposes. It had been found that eucalyptus is a rich source of phytochemical constituent and also possesses medicinal use. The different part of the eucalyptus is very nutritionally and highly valuable therapeutically property because of the presence of some specific chemical composition as its essential oil contain esters, carboxylic acids, aldehyde etc. phytochemical analysis of this tree has revealed that their leaf oil contain 1.8 cineole, cryptophone etc., essential oil had been extracted from its buds. The aim of this review paper is compiling all the information about eucalyptus such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-nociceptive antimicrobial, anti-fungal, anti-viral and anti-oxidant agent of the nature.
New Insight of Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase (MTHFR) C677T Gene Polymorphisms, and Serum Electrolytes in Cardiac Syndrome X Patients
Authors: Hamad Nasir Abdelrafie , Eltayeb Lienda Bashier
Published: December 2021

Background: Cardiac Syndrome X (CSX) is a condition affecting the cardiovascular system with a significant degree of morbidity. Diagnosis and treatment are challenging when the cause is unclear. Subsequently, a molecular marker for screening of people with CSX is highly recommended. The present study evaluated the association between MTHFR C677T gene polymorphism among Sudanese patients with CSX.

Materials and Methods: A total of 100 subjects were enrolled. Venous blood sample was collected from each participant in Ethylene Diamine Tetracetic Acid (EDTA) containers. DNA was extracted from blood samples using guanidine chloride method and MTHFR mutation was detected by PCR-restriction fragment polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze data.

Results: Most patients 30(60%) were females, their age ranged between 30-60 with mean age 44.98±7.34 SD. MTHFR 677CT genotype frequency was statistically significant (P≤0.014), where 10(20%) had 677CT and 1(2%) had 677TT among patients group respectively compared to control individuals who had only 2(4%) 677CT. T alleles were significantly more frequent among our participant than C alleles. There is insignificant slightly decreased (2.4 ±2.8, and 2.5±3.2) in serum magnesium levels among patients compared to control respectively, as well as random blood glucose. Elevated mean levels of total cholesterol, and HDL among patients (182 ±18.1, and 49.7±7.1) vs (180 ±20.3, and 46.6 ±11.3) among control group, all findings were statistically non-significant. Slightly decrease in magnesium level (2.2 ±2.1, vs 2.9 ±0.8) among heterozygous CT genotypes compared to homozygous genotypes.

Conclusion: MTHFR C677T is linked to CSX in the Sudanese population, and serum magnesium level was slightly decreased among heterozygous MTHFR C677T. Furthermore, the mutation could be used as a disease molecular screening technique.
Intercropping Systems in Wheat (Triticum sativum L.) for Insect Pests and Disease Management – A Review
Authors: Kaur Gurparteek , Gupta Garima , Hooda Kritika
Published: December 2021

Cereal crop wheat, Triticum sativum L., is an important food and feed crop that is grown all over the world. There is a complementary relationship between legumes and cereals for nitrogen resources, it was found that intercropped legumes acquire a higher amount of atmospheric nitrogen in comparison to legumes grown as an individual crop. Furthermore, both wheat and pulse intercropping give benefits in terms of minimizing pests and diseases. Intercropping not only restricts onset of pest species but also crop combinations conserves beneﬁcial insects that can preserve the damaging pest population below the threshold level. In the current study, numerous instances were provided that show successful control of various insect pests when wheat was intercropped with mustard, Linseed, barley, mung bean, canola, and other crops. Wheat intercropping with other crops can be used as part of an integrated pest management strategy to reduce pest incidence while also increasing the number of beneficial organisms.
Effects of Covid-19 on Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sharma Naveen , Joshi Priyanka , Gupta Pawan Kumar , Shukla Parjanya Kumar , Archna .
Published: December 2021

Aim of Object: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the entire world is experiencing a mortality situation; most people are battling against the corona virus, but some individuals have already suffered from cardiovascular problems.

For improved patient care, adequate information and comprehension of the relationship between cardiovascular disorders and COVID-19 is required. The dominant clinical manifestations of the corona virus infection are on the respiratory system. In this instance, the acute cardiac injury is the most often reported cardiac abnormality, in which the degree of cardiac output is increased, troponin levels rise, and mostly it is found in about 8% to 12% of patients. The involvement of viral cardiomyocytes and systemic inflammation is the most prevalent mechanism for cardiac damage. The corona virus attaches itself and enters through angiotensin converting enzyme-II.

Discussion and Conclusion: Recent articles on COVID-19 have revealed nothing regarding these individuals' cardiac vascular manifestations. This is a critical component of all that has a big influence on COVID-19 patients' cardiovascular systems. To fully comprehend the method and effects, more study is required.
To Compare Mean Time Taken for Tracheal Intubation with Airtraq Versus Macintosh Laryngoscope in Elective Surgeries: A Randomised Clinical Trial
Authors: Nadeem Kenza , Zahoor Naila , Tabassum Rabia , Kashmiri Ziauddin , Arshad Muneeba , Mughal Tariq Hussain
Published: December 2021

Objective: To compare mean time taken for tracheal intubation with Airtraq versus Macintosh laryngoscope in elective surgeries.

Study Design: This is a Randomized control trial (RCT) study.

Setting: Study carried out at Department of Anaesthesiology, Surgical Intensive Care Unit and Pain Management, Clinic, Dow University of Health Sciences and  Dr. Ruth Pfau  Hospital Karachi, from June 2016 to November 2016.

Materials and Methods: A total of 60 patients divided 30 in each group randomly i.e. Macintosh laryngoscope Group A and Airtraq laryngoscope Group B who scheduled for elective surgery and fulfill the inclusion criteria. All patients were received intravenous glycopyrolate 0.2 mg, tramadol 2 mg/kg, and midazolam 0.03 mg/kg 10 minutes before induction of anesthesia. Induction was done with propofol 2-2.5 mg/kg, minimum 3 minutes were given to maximum effect of muscle relaxant. Time taken to intubate the trachea were noted in seconds and entered into the predesigned proforma.

Results: The analysis included data on all the patients between 18 to 50 years of age who scheduled for elective surgery during the study period after applying the exclusion criteria. Mean ± SD of age in group A were 36.85±8.47 years and in group B were 37.49±9.32 years. In Gender distribution of group A 11 (36%) were male and 19 (64%) were female and in group B the distribution of male and female were 8 (27%) and 22 (73%) respectively. By comparing both the groups for time taken in tracheal intubation in seconds Mean ± SD of group A was 35±7.8 and in group B was 21±4.2 and P value found to be highly significant i.e. (0.0001). 

Conclusion: It is to be concluded that Airtraq laryngoscope is more effective instrument than Macintosh Laryngoscope for use in routine airway management and duration of successful tracheal intubation was shorter in the Airtraq group.
Case Report on Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lip
Authors: Shambharkar Madhuri , Udan Ragini , Swarkar Achita , Khandar Jaya , Sakharkar Sheetal , Tembhare Vaishali
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Lip cancers are the most prevalent oral-maxillary malignancy. Lip cancer can be caused by a number of things, including smoking, exposure to ultraviolet (UV) rays, and drinking alcohol [1] In this article we report a case of lower lip squamous cell carcinoma in a 59 year old male patient who smoked heavily and had a history of direct sun exposure, and uv rays. His case report is important attributable to recurrent axillary metastases occurred after subsequent treatment.

Clinical Findings: The patient chief complaint is burning sensation on consumption of hot & spicy food since 3 months, apraxia, difficulty in mastication since 2 months approximately & nerve parenthesis in lower lip.

Diagnostic Evaluation: Hemoglobin (HB) -13.2gm,mch-27.9fl,mchc-33.3%, Total red blood cell (RBC) count-4.72million/cu.mm Rdw- 12.7%, Total white blood cell (WBC) count- 16500cu.mm, Monocytes -4%, Granulocytes- 85%, Lymphocytes -10%, Esonophils-2%, Basophilis-0%, Total platelet count-2.68 cu. mm.

Histopathology report: A multiple, irregular, reddish, brownish tissue pieces aggregating 1×1cm. selection from given tissue piece shows histopathological features are suggestive of well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. Therapeutic Intervention:  post-chemo hydration, post-chemo drugs, BEP Chemotherapy (Bleomycin, Etoposide, Cisplatin).

Summary and Conclusions: The patient who was a 59 years old male was admitted to the oral surgery ward.  The patient was diagnosed as having  squamous cell carcinoma of the lip and he had complained of having burning sensation on consumption of hot & spicy food over the preceding 3 months,  apraxia and difficulty in mastication, over a period of about 2 months, and nerve paresthesia within his lower lip. He underwent mandibulectomy with excision of the tumour. Following radical mandibulectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the patient has remained well with no evidence of metastasis at his 4 months follow-up based upon clinical assessment and radiology imaging which does illustrate that radical surgery, plus chemo-radiation for locally advanced squamous cell carcinoma has been shown to be associated with a good short-term outcome and after further follow-up assessments, the long-term outcome of radical surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy would be known.
Microbiological Quality of High Quality Cassava Flour Produced from Selected Varieties of Low Postharvest Physiological Deterioration Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)
Authors: Alimi J. P. , Ahemen S. A. , Zaka K. O. , Yepshak N. B. , Alimi J. O. , Balogun D. A.
Published: December 2021

The microbial properties of food are important quality characteristics of food materials as it relates directly with the health of the consumer. This study examined the microbiological properties of high quality cassava flours produced from low postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) cassava. Wholesome four varieties of yellow-fleshed Low PPD cassava and one variety of high PPD cassava were, peeled, washed, grated, pressed, pulverized, flash dried at 120 °C for 8 minutes, milled with cyclone hammer mill fitted with a screen of 250 µm aperture size, cooled and packed into high density polyethylene bag. The high quality cassava flours produced were analyzed for total viable fungal and bacteria count, fungi isolated were further characterized and identified using molecular methods. Data obtained were subjected to one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SPSS 25.0 and significant means were separated applying Duncan multiple range test. The mold count ranged from 1.50±0.71 - 2.50±0.71 cfu/ml, with flour produced from IITA-TMS-IBA-011371 and TMEB 419 having the lowest count while the highest was recorded in IITA-TMS-IBA-011368, respectively. The yeast count ranged from 1.00±0.00 - 2.0±0.00 cfu/ml, with flours produced from IITA-TMS-IBA-070593 and IITA-TMS-IBA-011371 having the lowest count while the highest was recorded in flour from IITA-TMS-IBA-011368, respectively. The total viable bacterial and fungal count (microbiological quality) of the flours prepared from IITA-TMS-IBA-011368, IITA-TMS-IBA-070593, IITA-TMS-IBA-011412, IITA-TMS-IBA-011371 and TMEB 419 cassava varieties were within the permissible limit of the microbial load of food allowed for human consumption according to the Standard Organization of Nigeria and CODEX alimentraius.
Strain‐Insensitive Self‐Powered Tactile Sensor Arrays Based on Intrinsically Stretchable and Patternable Ultrathin Conformal Wrinkled Graphene‐Elastomer Composite
Authors: He Jiang , Zhou Runhui , Zhang Yufei , Gao Wenchao , Chen Tao , Mai Wenjie , Pan Caofeng
Published: December 2021

Tissue‐like intrinsically stretchable electronics have attracted ever‐increasing study attention in recent years as they can form intimate interfaces with skin, endowing devices monitoring tactile and physiological signals with the negligibly constraining movement of the human body. However, harsh mechanical deformation inevitably leads to degradation of or even destroys the electronic properties of the devices. Strain‐insensitive self‐powered triboelectric tactile sensor arrays based on wafer‐scale patterned and intrinsically stretchable nanoscale thin conformal wrinkled graphene‐elastomer composite material are demonstrated here. By regulating the wrinkle structure of the composite, the stretchability performance of the material can be optimized. The fabrication process of the composite can be readily incorporated into photolithography and shadow mask techniques without high temperature, annealing, etching, or organic solvents operating. An intrinsically stretchable semitransparent pressure sensor array is created, which can be stretched to 100% strain without visible signals output degradation. The theoretical modeling points out that the unique conformal wrinkle structure is the key element that attributes to the strain‐insensitive property of the device. This work offers an alternative approach for the design of novel graphene‐based strain‐insensitive stretchable soft electronic devices.
Dynamic Metal–Ligand Interaction of Synergistic Polymers for Bistable See‐Through Electrochromic Devices
Authors: Wang Yuyang , Shen Ruipeng , Wang Shuo , Zhang Yu‐Mo , Zhang Sean Xiao‐An
Published: December 2021

Bistable electrochromic materials are a promising alternative solution to reduce energy consumption in displays. Limited by the mechanism and lack of a design strategy, only a few electrochromic materials have truly been able achieve bistability. Herein, a novel strategy is proposed to design bistable electrochromic materials based on polymer‐assisted dynamic metal–ligand coordination. The mechanism and materials of such unconventional electrochromic systems are proved by sufficient characterization. Synergistic stabilization of polymerized switchable dyes and the ionic ligand polymer are attracted to each other by supramolecular forces. The color states of the dye molecules are controlled and stabilized by valence changes of the metal ions. Meanwhile, through the polymerization of the electrochromic material and the nearby metal–ligand material, the metal ions of the electroinduced valence change are tightly fixed, and the related diffusion problem of the active EC component is also almost completely suppressed. This strategy successfully enables preparation of the corresponding transparent electrochromic displays with good performances, such as, the display information is clearly visible for more than 1.5 h without consuming energy. Furthermore, the new way of dynamic coordination or dissociation bistable displays could likely prosper the development of the electrochromic area and inspire other fields.
Additive‐Free, Low‐Temperature Crystallization of Stable α‐FAPbI3 Perovskite
Authors: Du Tian , Macdonald Thomas J. , Yang Ruo Xi , Li Meng , Jiang Zhongyao , Mohan Lokeshwari , Xu Weidong , Su Zhenhuang , Gao Xingyu , Whiteley Richard , Lin Chieh‐Ting , Min Ganghong , Haque Saif A. , Durrant James R. , Persson Kristin A. , McLachlan Martyn A. , Briscoe Joe
Published: December 2021

Formamidinium lead triiodide (FAPbI3) is attractive for photovoltaic devices due to its optimal bandgap at around 1.45 eV and improved thermal stability compared with methylammonium‐based perovskites. Crystallization of phase‐pure α‐FAPbI3 conventionally requires high‐temperature thermal annealing at 150 °C whilst the obtained α‐FAPbI3 is metastable at room temperature. Here, aerosol‐assisted crystallization (AAC) is reported, which converts yellow δ‐FAPbI3 into black α‐FAPbI3 at only 100 °C using precursor solutions containing only lead iodide and formamidinium iodide with no chemical additives. The obtained α‐FAPbI3 exhibits remarkably enhanced stability compared to the 150 °C annealed counterparts, in combination with improvements in film crystallinity and photoluminescence yield. Using X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray scattering, and density functional theory simulation, it is identified that relaxation of residual tensile strains, achieved through the lower annealing temperature and post‐crystallization crystal growth during AAC, is the key factor that facilitates the formation of phase‐stable α‐FAPbI3. This overcomes the strain‐induced lattice expansion that is known to cause the metastability of α‐FAPbI3. Accordingly, pure FAPbI3 p–i–n solar cells are reported, facilitated by the low‐temperature (≤100 °C) AAC processing, which demonstrates increases of both power conversion efficiency and operational stability compared to devices fabricated using 150 °C annealed films.
Collagen Fiber‐Based Advanced Separation Materials: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives
Authors: Xiao Hanzhong , Wang Yujia , Hao Baicun , Cao Yiran , Cui Yiwen , Huang Xin , Shi Bi
Published: December 2021

Separation plays a critical role in a broad range of industrial applications. Developing advanced separation materials is of great significance for the future development of separation technology. Collagen fibers (CFs), the typical structural proteins, exhibit unique structural hierarchy, amphiphilic wettability, and versatile chemical reactivity. These distinctive properties provide infinite possibilities for the rational design of advanced separation materials. During the past 2 decades, many progressive achievements in the development of CFs‐derived advanced separation materials have been witnessed already. Herein, the CFs‐based separation materials are focused on and the recent progresses in this topic are reviewed. CFs widely existing in animal skins display unique hierarchically fibrous structure, amphiphilicity‐enabled surface wetting behaviors, multi‐functionality guaranteed covalent/non‐covalent reaction versatility. These outstanding merits of CFs bring great opportunities for realizing rational design of a variety of advanced separation materials that were capable of achieving high‐performance separations to diverse specific targets, including oily pollutants, natural products, metal ions, anionic contaminants and proteins, etc. Besides, the important issues for the further development of CFs‐based advanced separation materials are also discussed.
Surface Functionalization for Magnetic Property Tuning of Nonmagnetic 2D Materials
Authors: Reed‐Lingenfelter Serrae N. , Wang Mengjing , Williams Natalie L. , Cha Judy J.
Published: December 2021

Surface functionalization with organic molecules has proven effective to modulate the electronic properties of 2D materials. More recently, surface functionalization has been shown to induce magnetic behaviors in nonmagnetic 2D materials. If magnetism can be imparted to 2D materials via surface functionalization by molecules with tailored magnetic properties, it would make available the whole spectrum of 2D materials as magnetic systems, which are currently limited to a small subset of 2D materials that are intrinsically magnetic. This perspective will present experimental results and theoretical predictions of surface functionalization of 2D materials to induce magnetism. Key experimental studies on graphene, layered topological insulators, and transition metal dichalcogenides functionalized with single‐molecule magnets, adatoms, and nonmagnetic molecules will be discussed to advocate for utilizing surface functionalization to induce magnetism in 2D materials. The modulation of magnetic properties of 2D materials via surface functionalization is still in its infancy, presenting exciting opportunities for new ideas and discoveries. The perspective will conclude with the future outlook and challenges for this topic.
Review on Low‐Cost Counter Electrode Materials for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells: Effective Strategy to Improve Photovoltaic Performance
Authors: Wang Xiuwen , Zhao Bing , Kan Wei , Xie Ying , Pan Kai
Published: December 2021

The photoelectric conversion efficiency (PCE) of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) can be remarkably improved by optimizing the catalytic activity and charge transfer ability of the counter electrode (CE) materials. The attentive hotspots of CE catalysts for DSSCs are to design multifunctional materials that balance the fabrication cost, environmental friendliness, PCE, and electrochemical stability, then to achieve the substitution of the benchmark Pt. In this review, the four effective strategies are highlighted for further improving the photovoltaic performance of the DSSCs based on low‐cost CE materials, such as heteroatom‐doped materials, development of noble metal‐free chalcogenides with well‐controlled facets, construction of heterostructure, and synthesis of composites with a synergistic effect. In some typical examples, the influence of these strategies on catalytic activity, charge transfer ability, and reaction mechanism are elucidated by the theoretical calculation. Then the research opportunities and the challenges for the high‐efficiency DSSCs based on low‐cost CE materials are presented.
Architecting Nb‐TiO2−x/(Ti0.9Nb0.1)3C2Tx MXene Nanohybrid Anode for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Dai Zhiqiang , Cao Jin , Song Feng , Zhang Dongdong , Qin Jiaqian , Zhang Xinyu
Published: December 2021

MXene‐based materials with excellent conductivity and stability features have attracted worldwide attention as anode of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs), while the serious stacking issue and low capacity still hinder its further development in the field of energy storage. In this work, a nanohybrid architecture (Nb‐TiO2−x/MXene) is prepared with Nb‐TiO2−x particles conformally coated on the (Ti0.9Nb0.1)3C2Tx MXene via a facile annealing method, which delivers a high specific capacity of 279.2 mAh g−1 at the current density of 0.1 A g−1 and a superior capacity retention of 91.5% after 2000 cycle at 1 A g−1 as the anode material of LIBs. Importantly, the (Ti0.9Nb0.1)3C2Tx MXene layers provide sufficient active sites and open pathways as well as structural support for the reversible Li+ insertion/extraction, and the Nb‐TiO2−x particles enable reversible and fast Li+ diffusion and storage, thus leading to high‐performance and durable anode materials. This work offers a guidance for the elaborate design of MXene‐based nanostructured electrodes toward advanced energy storage devices.
Tunable Wide Range and High Sensitivity Flexible Pressure Sensors with Ordered Multilevel Microstructures
Authors: Geng Da , Chen Songyue , Chen Rui , You Yuru , Xiao Chiqian , Bai Chen , Luo Tao , Zhou Wei
Published: December 2021

With the rapid development of healthcare and human‐machine interactions, there is a growing demand for flexible electronic skin to have a high sensitivity over a wide range. While current multilevel and hierarchical structures inspired by nature broadened the sensing range, the structural design still lacks systematic study. Hereby, an ordered multilevel microstructure is proposed, and the design strategy for performance regulation of piezoresistive pressure sensors is studied. Both microstructure height and spatial distribution are investigated systematically through simulation and experiments. The flexible piezoresistive pressure sensor is fabricated by combining a fast, cost‐effective laser marking technology, molding, and pneumatic spray. The fabricated sensors show high sensitivity (1.5 – 8.3 kPa−1) over a wide range (0.01 – 200 kPa), and have a detection limit of 10 Pa, a response time of below 70 ms, and a mechanical stability over 10 000 cycles. This design and fabrication strategy can be further optimized by combining advanced materials and fabrication systems, and is expected to be applicable for a wide range of flexible materials.
Dynamically Reconfigurable Bipolar Optical Gradient Force Induced by Mid‐Infrared Graphene Plasmonic Tweezers for Sorting Dispersive Nanoscale Objects
Authors: Paul Puspita , Liu Peter Q.
Published: December 2021

Existing techniques for optical trapping and manipulation of microscopic objects, such as optical tweezers and plasmonic tweezers, are mostly based on visible and near‐infrared light sources. As it is in general more difficult to confine light to a specific length scale at a longer wavelength, these optical trapping and manipulation techniques have not been extended to the mid‐infrared spectral region or beyond. Here, it is shown that by taking advantage of the fact that many materials have large permittivity dispersions in the mid‐infrared region, optical trapping and manipulation using mid‐infrared excitation can achieve additional functionalities and benefits compared to the existing techniques in the visible and near‐infrared regions. In particular, it is demonstrated that by exploiting the exceedingly high field confinement and large frequency tunability of mid‐infrared graphene plasmonics, high‐performance and versatile mid‐infrared plasmonic tweezers can be realized to selectively trap or repel nanoscale objects of different materials in a dynamically reconfigurable way. This new technique can be utilized for sorting, filtering, and fractionating nanoscale objects in a mixture.
In Situ RheoNMR Correlation of Polymer Segmental Mobility with Mechanical Properties during Hydrogel Synthesis
Authors: Fengler Christian , Keller Jonas , Ratzsch Karl‐Friedrich , Wilhelm Manfred
Published: December 2021

Understanding polymer gelation over multiple length‐scales is crucial to develop advanced materials. An experimental setup is developed that combines rheological measurements with simultaneous time‐domain 1H NMR relaxometry (TD‐NMR) techniques, which are used to study molecular motion (<10 nm) in soft matter. This so‐called low‐field RheoNMR setup is used to study the impact of varying degrees of crosslinking (DC) on the gelation kinetics of acrylic acid (AAc) and N,N′‐methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) free radical crosslinking copolymerization. A stretched exponential function describes the T2 relaxation curves throughout the gelation process. The stretching exponent β decreases from 0.90 to 0.67 as a function of increasing DC, suggesting an increase in network heterogeneity with a broad T2 distribution at higher DC. The inverse correlation of the elastic modulus G′ with T2 relaxation times reveals a pronounced molecular rigidity for higher DC at early gelation times, indicating the formation of inelastic, rigid domains such as crosslinking clusters. The authors further correlate G′ with the polymer concentration during gelation using a T1 filter for solvent suppression. A characteristic scaling exponent of 2.3 is found, which is in agreement with theoretical predictions of G′ based on the confining tube model in semi‐dilute entangled polymer solutions.