bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Grazing livestock move by Lévy walks: Implications for soil structure dynamics
Authors: Romero-Ruiz Alejandro , De-Meo-Filho Paulo , Pulley Simon , Segura Carmen , Rivero-Viera Jordana , Coleman Kevin , Cardenas Laura , Milne Alice , Whitmore Andy P.
Published: February 2023

Animal behavior is a complex trait known to have strong feedbacks with environmental conditions across all ecosystems. Understanding how animals interact with their environment is therefore a key element for gaining new insights on how ecosystem landscapes develop and what is the potential environmental degradation caused by different species of animals. Within animal behavioral traits, characterizing animal movement has received attention because it is relatively easy to monitor. Despite the widely differing conditions in which different species of animals exist, it has been demonstrated that statistical models of animal movement based on random walks (e.g., Brownian and Lévy walks) often offer a consistent and accurate representation of animal movement in diverse ecosystems. Grazing livestock systems are particularly interesting to explore as they play an important role in the context of climate change and agricultural sustainability. Movement of grazing livestock has not been fully explored nor described, and knowledge on the way they impact the environment temporally and spatially is often empirical and remains largely unknown. To fill these gaps and to provide new insights on spatio-temporal impacts of grazing animals on soil structure, we characterized daily and seasonal patterns of grazing livestock using GPS (Global Positioning System) data from conventionally grazed and cell-grazed paddocks. In addition, we used a soil compaction model to predict changes in bulk density due to grazing. We found that the way grazing livestock move is consistent with a Lévy walk and that Lévy properties depend on the dimensions of the grazing cells (constraints and attractors). The combination of an animal movement model and a soil compaction model allowed us to obtain treatment-specific spatially explicit maps of soil properties affected by grazing that are consistent with observations.
Design and implementation of “rainfall snacks”: new opportunity for conveying drops of science
Authors: Gires Auguste , Dallan Eleonora
Published: February 2023

Despite being a very common experience for most people, rainfall essentially remains a mystery for them. They unfortunately remain unaware of the underlying complexity of this geophysical field which exhibits extreme variability over wide ranges of scales in both space and time. In order to overcome this lack of knowledge and push people to pay more attention to rainfall and more generally their geophysical environment, we designed and implemented “rainfall snacks”. It basically consists of a snack designed as a small drop of science, in which each item conveys a simple take home message on rainfall. In order to fulfil the overall purpose, few basic principles are followed for each item / activity: 1) They have a clear and simple take home message on a given rainfall feature. 2) The studied feature is immediately visible at first sight, for example by systematic comparison between two situations to highlight the targeted feature very easily. 3) The snack somehow mimics or enables to visualise actual data, and a more scientific display of the corresponding data is prepared for discussion (pictures, graphs). When possible, we used data tailored to the target audience, i.e. coming from a place they know. 4) The activity is designed as a whole from an initial game to actively engage the audience to the tasting / savouring and the scientific explanation.Snacks with four different items were tested:Rainfall Drop Size Distribution variability with cookies (macaron / “baci di dama”) representing drops variability in shape and in the actual size in their fall.
Rainfall monthly distribution and its variability, using glass with liquid (champagne, soda, water…) height corresponding to rainfall depth during a month
Rainfall intermittency at various time scales using small cakes decorated with two different colours
Spatial pattern of convective vs. stratiform event represented by fruits or cream coverage of tarts. 
Each item has been tested in various contexts (family / friends meetings, lab meetings), and improved step by step. Presentation will describe in detail each “rainfall snack item”, and discuss the implementations and improvements.We found that people prefer a game approach, and this increases their active involvement and curiosity: they have to think more about the topic and to use their own reasoning, and this stimulates asking questions. The tasty food is a good motivation to participate (and to win the game). Although we did not really expect this at the beginning, it also sometimes enabled us to initiate a dialogue on what we did as researchers and as such bring research closer to the general public. In general, rainfall snacks enable us to communicate some science in a rather innovative, tasty and good looking way.
Towards a comprehensive assessment of coastal resilience: research at the intersection of hazards, vulnerability and risk decision making
Authors: Shao Wanyun , Cass Evan , Dey Hemal
Published: February 2023

The coastal region is confronted with increasing risk due to multiple factors such as climate change, urbanization, and the concentration of infrastructure. Under climate change, coastal hazards such as hurricanes and floods are expected to increase in intensity and frequency. This project first presents a conceptual framework of assessing coastal resilience by linking hazards, social vulnerability, and risk decision making in the coastal setting. It then presents two studies conducted in two coastal cities from the United States to illustrate this framework. Houston in Texas is selected as the location for the first study. Houston has experienced a few devastating floods in recent history. It is thus imperative to assess flood risk in this city through a comprehensive approach by considering both flood susceptibility and social vulnerability. This study first assesses flood susceptibility by applying Random Forest (RF) algorithm on remotely sensed data. It then combines flood susceptibility with social vulnerability to generate a comprehensive assessment of flood risk in Houston. New Orleans in Louisiana is selected as the location for the second study. This study first proposes a framework to study urban disaster resilience by closing the gap between municipal hazard mitigation plans and residents’ risk perceptions. Through survey research and policy analysis, this study identifies a gap between the municipal approach to climate change mitigation and the concern and expectation of actions the residents hold regarding the future effects of climate change. The study ends with recommending municipal hazard mitigation plans to reconsider risks of climate change and providing small-scale incentives to coastal residents in order to maximize resilience toward coastal hazards in the future.
Transport and retention of fecal indicator bacteria in unsaturated porous media: effect of transient water flow
Authors: Soltani Tehrani Rozita
Published: February 2023

Transport and retention of fecal indicator bacteria in unsaturated porous media: effect of transient water flow Rozita Soltani Tehrania*, Luc Hornstrab, Jos van Dama, Gijsbert Cirkelb a Department of Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, the Netherlandsb KWR Water research Institute, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands Email addresses: rozita.soltanitehrani@wur.nl (R. Soltani Tehrani), luc.hornstra@tno.nl (L. Hornstra), jos.vandam@wur.nl (J. van Dam) Gijsbert.Cirkel@kwrwater.nl (G. Cirkel) AbstractTo produce clean drinking water, the processes governing bacterial remobilization in the unsaturated zone at transient water flow are critical. While managed aquifer recharge is an effective way to dispose of pathogens, there are concerns about recontamination after precipitation infiltration. To better understand how bacteria that were initially retained in porous media can be released to groundwater due to transient water content, transport experiments and modeling for Escherichia coli and Enterococcus moraviensis were conducted at the soil column scale. After inoculating dune sand columns with bacteria suspension for 4 h, three rainfall events were performed at 24 h intervals. The effluent from sand columns was collected to analyze bacteria breakthrough curves (BTCs). After the rainfall experiments, the bacteria distribution in the sand column was determined. The collected BTCs and profile retentions were modeled with HYDRUS-1D, using different model concepts: one-site kinetic attachment/detachment (M1), Langmuirian (M2), Langmuirian, and blocking (M3), and two-site attachment/detachment (M4). After inoculation, almost 99 percent of the bacteria remained in the soil, according to the findings of the experiments. The M1 and M2 bacteria models had a high agreement between observed and modeled concentrations, and attachment and detachment were two significant mechanisms for regulating bacteria movement in a porous medium with fluctuations in water flow. At the end of the experiment, the majority of bacteria were still found at the column entrance. Our experiments show that E. coli is more mobile in sandy soils than E. moraviensis. The results of this study suggest that the unsaturated zone is an important barrier between microbial contamination at the soil surface and groundwater. Bacteria that accumulate in the unsaturated zone, on the other hand, can multiply to such an extent that they can be released into the saturated zone when saturation changes due to major rain events or variations in groundwater level. A Follow-up study is needed to completely understand the variables that regulate bacteria remobilization in the unsaturated zone of dune sands.  
Historical snow and ice temperature compilation documents the recent warming of the Greenland ice sheet
Authors: Vandecrux Baptiste , Fausto Robert S. , Box Jason E. , Covi Federico , Hock Regine , Rennermalm Asa , Heilig Achim , Abermann Jakob , Van As Dirk , Løkkegaard Anja , Fettweis Xavier , Smeets Paul C. J. P. , Kuipers Munneke Peter , Van Den Broeke Michiel , Brils Max , Langen Peter L. , Mottram Ruth , Ahlstrøm Andreas P.
Published: February 2023

The Greenland ice sheet mass loss is one of the main sources of contemporary sea-level rise. The mass loss is primarily caused by surface melt and the resulting runoff. During the melt season, the ice sheet’s surface receives energy from sunlight absorption and sensible heating, which subsequently heats the subsurface snow and ice. The energy from the previous melt season can also enhance melting in the following summer as less heating is required to bring the snow and ice to the melting point. Subsurface temperatures are therefore both a result and a driver of the timing and magnitude of surface melt on the ice sheet. We present a dataset of more than 3900 measurements of ice, snow and firn temperature at 10 m depth across the Greenland ice sheet spanning the years from 1912 to 2022. We construct an artificial neural network (ANN) model that takes as input the ERA5 reanalysis monthly near-surface air temperature and snowfall for the 1954-2022 period and train it on our compilation of observed 10-meter temperature. We use our dataset and the ANN to evaluate three broadly used regional climate models (RACMO, MAR and HIRHAM). Our ANN model provides an unprecedented and observation-based description of the recent warming of the ice sheet’s near-surface and our evaluation of the three climate models highlights future development for the models. Overall, these findings improve our understanding of the ice sheet’s response to recent atmospheric warming and will help reduce uncertainties of ice sheet surface mass balance estimates.
Effects over infrastructures induced by abnormally high water levels due to the change of irrigation techniques: the case of the Lliria-Casinos aquifer (Spain)
Authors: Rodrigo-Ilarri Javier , Rodrigo-Clavero María-Elena , Romero-Hernández Claudia-Patricia
Published: February 2023

During June and July 2022, the urban area of the city of Bétera suffered the effects of flooding caused by rises in the water table that left certain infrastructures in the center of the municipality out of operation. This work summarizes the results obtained by analyzing all the existing hydrogeological information as well as the data obtained from the recently installed municipal piezometric control network.The municipality of Bétera is located on the LLiria-Casinos aquifer, in the eastern central area of the Júcar River Basin. The analysis carried out confirms that the infiltration excess from irrigation activities may be an important factor in the general water balance. Besides, the spring upwellings are also important. In the scientific literature consulted, a reduction in the corresponding flow is reported, which should have been justified based on a decrease in the piezometric levels. However, the most recent observations available indicate precisely the opposite effect. Water levels have increased, especially in the vicinity of the center of the city center of Bétera itself.These results are an example of how changing from traditional flooding irrigation techniques to modern drip irrigation methods can unexpectedly alter hydrogeological conditions, even affecting the foundations of buildings and leaving both public and private parking lots out of service, causing the corresponding social alarm.
The role of brittle fracture in determining sea ice floe size distribution
Authors: Bateson Adam , Feltham Daniel , Schröder David , Wang Yanan , Hwang Byongjun
Published: February 2023

There have been several recent efforts to develop parameterisations of the sea ice floe size distribution (FSD) for use in sea ice models such as CICE and SI3. These models aim to capture the key processes that determine the evolution of floe sizes, including melting at the edges of floes, welding together of floes, and break-up of floes by waves. However, several fragmentation processes are not yet accounted for in these models. For example, in-plane brittle fracture events can have a direct impact on the size of larger floes and potentially also smaller floes. Plausible indirect mechanisms also exist. It has been observed that thermodynamic weakening of cracks and other linear features in the sea ice cover can in some cases drive the break-up of sea ice in the central Arctic. These observations imply that linear features in the sea ice that form in winter from in-plane brittle fracture before freezing up can then determine the fragmentation of sea ice in summer as it thins and weakens. Here we will present results from sea ice simulations including a prognostic model of sea ice FSD to show that the inclusion of brittle fracture-derived impacts on floe size improves the performance of the FSD model in simulating observed FSD shape for mid-sized floes. We will use these results to motivate the development of a more physically derived parameterisation of floe breakup via thermal weakening of floes along existing linear features. Finally, we will discuss how we can combine novel observations and recent advancements in modelling techniques such as discrete element methods applied to sea ice to aid in the development of parameterisations of these floe-scale processes for subsequent application in continuum models.  
Detecting seismo-volcanic events based on inter-channel coherency of a DAS cable
Authors: Grimm Julius , Poli Piero , Jousset Philippe
Published: February 2023

Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) has been successfully employed to monitor volcanic seismicity and to infer volcanic subsurface structures. Here, we analyse data recorded in September 2018 at Mount Etna by the 9N seismic network. The multi-instrument network includes a 1.3 km long fibre-optic cable that was buried 2-2.5 km away from the main craters. Additionally, 15 geophones were installed along the trajectory of the DAS cable, allowing for a comparison of strain-rate and ground velocity data.During the acquisition period, tiny seismic events, likely caused by fluid movement and degassing, are visible with inter-event times in the range of 1 min. Volcanic explosions and volcano-tectonic earthquakes also occur frequently. We detect events over all frequency ranges by calculating the coherence matrix for very short time windows (stacking 15 windows of 5 seconds length). An eigendecomposition of the coherence matrices allows to extract the first eigenvectors, corresponding to the dominant source in the time window. The principal eigenvectors can be clustered to find groups of events with similar source properties. We also use the principal eigenvector of already known events as a matched filter to scan the whole dataset. The results of the DAS cable are compared to the observations of the geophone array. While largely obtaining similar findings, the DAS cable seems to better capture high-frequency features of certain events. We also explore the effects of stacking and downsampling of the DAS data prior to detection, which influences both resolution and computational efficiency of the algorithm.
Blast Hole Rock Cuttings analysis: Design and Implementation of an open Architecture LIBS System
Authors: Maas Ad , Akushika Jorgina , Arboleda Federico
Published: February 2023

This paper presents the development and implementation of a LIBS (Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) system based on a robotic arm for fast chemical characterization of blast hole rock cuttings in open pit mining. The system is designed with an open architecture, allowing for the easy integration of additional sensors such as a spectrophotometer and a magnetic susceptibility meter. The use of the LIBS system significantly reduces the time required to characterize the raw material and obtain a broader characterization, including geological characterization. The preliminary results of this development demonstrate the potential of the LIBS system in improving the efficiency and accuracy of rock characterization in open pit mining operations.
Improving near real-time flood extraction pipeline from SAR data using deep learning
Authors: Turgeon-Pelchat Mathieu , McGrath Heather , Esfahani Fatemeh , Tolszczuk-Leclerc Simon , Rainville Thomas , Svacina Nicolas , Zhou Lingjun , Langari Zarrin , Houngbo Hospice
Published: February 2023

The Canada Centre for Mapping and Earth Observation (CCMEO) uses Radarsat Constellation Mission (RCM) data for near-real time flood mapping. One of the many advantages of using SAR sensors, is that they are less affected by the cloud coverage and atmospheric conditions, compared to optical sensors. RCM has been used operationally since 2020 and employs 3 satellites, enabling lower revisit times and increased imagery coverage. The team responsible for the production of flood maps in the context of emergency response are able to produce maps within four hours from the data acquisition. Although the results from their automated system are good, there are some limitations to it, requiring manual intervention to correct the data before publication. Main limitations are located in urban and vegetated areas. Work started in 2021 to make use of deep learning algorithms, namely convolutional neural networks (CNN), to improve the performances of the automated production of flood inundation maps. The training dataset make use of the former maps created by the emergency response team and is comprised of over 80 SAR images and corresponding digital elevation model (DEM) in multiple locations in Canada. The training and test images were split in smaller tiles of 256 x 256 pixels, for a total of 22,469 training tiles and 6,821 test tiles. Current implementation uses a U-Net architecture from NRCan geo-deep-learning pipeline (https://github.com/NRCan/geo-deep-learning). To measure performance of the model, intersection over union (IoU) metric is used. The model can achieve 83% IoU for extracting water and flood from background areas over the test tiles. Next steps include increasing the number of different geographical contexts in the training set, towards the integration of the model into production.
Oceanic transform faults revisited with models and data
Authors: Ruepke Lars , Grevemeyer Ingo , Guo Zhikui , Liu Sibiao , Chen Ming , Morgan Jason , Devey Colin
Published: February 2023

Plate tectonics describes oceanic transform faults as conservative strike-slip boundaries, where lithosphere is neither created nor destroyed. Seafloor accreted close to ridge-transform intersections (RTI) has therefore been expected to follow a similar subsidence trend with age as lithosphere that forms away from RTIs. Our recent combined analysis of high-resolution bathymetric data, satellite gravity, and three-dimensional numerical models from transform faults segmenting mid-ocean ridges across the entire spectrum of spreading rates challenges this concept.  One striking observation is that transform faults are systematically deeper than their adjacent fracture zones. Gravity data suggests that the underlying reason may be changes in crustal thickness, with transform valleys having thin and fracture zones ‘normal’ crustal thicknesses. Another observation is that outside corner crust often shows symmetric abyssal hills with intact flat top volcanoes, while the inside corner regions show intense and oblique tectonic deformation. Furthermore, so-called J-shaped ridges, volcanic ridges that bend towards the active transform, show that magmatic accretion occurs predominantly along the spreading axis, ‘feeling’ the rotating stress field only in the direct vicinity of the RTI. While these observations do show some dependence on spreading rate, they can be identified across a wide range of opening rates, suggesting that they are expressions of processes inherent to transform faulting.In this contribution, we will review these observations before presenting numerical 3-D thermo-tectono-magmatic models designed to elucidate the underlying processes. These models use a dilation term to mimic magmatic accretion and resolve visco-elasto-plastic deformation. The simulations show that the tectonic deformation axis, the axis of plate separation, becomes oblique at depth resulting in extension and crustal thinning within the transform deformation zones. Complementing simulations that account for magmatic accretion and hydrothermal cooling show that a skew can develop between this oblique deformation axis and the axis of magmatic accretion, implying a possible disconnect between the main diking direction and the direction of tectonic deformation. Taken all evidence together, oceanic transform faulting appears to be much more complex than pure strike-slip motion. It shows a surprisingly complex pattern of tectonic faulting and hints at spill-over magmatism at the RTI.  Crustal accretion at ridge transform intersections may therefore be fundamentally different to accretions elsewhere along mid-ocean ridges.
Tailoring tsunami Digital-Twins for future Destination Earth integration
Authors: Løvholt Finn , Volpe Manuela , Babeyko Andrey , Romano Fabrizio , Gibbons Steven , Castro Diaz Manuel , Macias Jorge , Lorito Stefano , Behrens Jörn , Mangeney Anne , Gabriel Alice
Published: February 2023

Probabilistic Tsunami Forecasting (PTF) combines early estimates of earthquake parameters with large ensembles of urgent shallow water tsunami propagation simulations using the GPU based Tsunami-HySEA model (Selva et al. 2021, Nature Commun.). The present version of the PTF is initialised by the earthquake information, but not updated further with new data. In the recently started Horizon Europe project DT-GEO, this PTF is presently being upgraded to a Digital Twin. The first and essential upgrade to realise the Digital Twin is continuous data assimilation enabling a close to real time synthesis of data products and a set of numerical models that allow an updating of the model forecast as new data are continuously assimilated into the model. In DT-GEO, an extended set of data sources, including improved earthquake solutions, sea level tsunami data, and GNSS, will be integrated. A second objective of the PTF is to implement a modularised Digital Twin Component that allows for the inclusion of improved wave and source physics through dispersion, non-hydrostatic tsunami generation, inundation, improved earthquake physics, and cascading earthquake triggered landslide tsunamis. The model will be tested at site demonstrators, in the Mediterranean Sea for eastern Sicily and Samos, and in the Pacific Ocean for Chile and eastern Japan. The presentation will explain how the PTF as it works today, followed by an outline of the design of the components in the Digital Twin, as well as briefly describing initial improvements and plans for further development, including potential integration into Destination Earth. This work is supported by the European Union’s Horizon Europe Research and Innovation Program under grant agreement No 101058129 (DT-GEO, https://dtgeo.eu/).
Co-creating circular futures – developing scenarios with school children's imagination and scientists' biophysical perspectives
Authors: Desing Harald , Ivanova Maya , Zingg Michael-Marcel , Hischier Roland , Rogalla Marion
Published: February 2023

Unfolding climate crisis, loss of biodiversity, mounting trash heaps, dwindling resources: our common home is in a deep crisis. Research tells us what we need to do for building a sustainable society: limit the consumption of resources to the carrying capacity of the planet, circulate materials in the technosphere and power sustainable material cycles with renewable energy. However, conditions, pathways and constraints are not very tangible, intuitive or aspirational. Envisioning how we may live, interact, collaborate, move around and work within a sustainable circular economy is important to drive change towards a desirable future. This presentation showcases a co-creation process for such visions, bringing together the imaginative power of school children with the bio-physical perspectives of scientists. The process builds on design thinking approach, divergent-convergent ideation and allows different parts of the future scenarios come together over time. The visions will be created over the course of one term in a gifted program at public schools, preserved in an illustrated children's book and further developed into a curriculum unit for schools. As such it aims at science communication, integration in formal education and may lead to new research directions for investigating and enabling the co-created visions.
CaCO3 formation at -15 °C and non-freezing conditions
Authors: Wedenig Michael , Dietzel Martin
Published: February 2023

The formation of CaCO3 under ambient and low temperature environmental conditions has been extensively studied during the last decades. However, available data on the formation kinetics and mechanisms of CaCO3 at temperatures far below 0 °C are sparse. Here, we present CaCO3 formation pathways at -15 °C using a hypersaline sodium chloride solution at distinct molar Mg:Ca ratios of 0, 0.5, and 1. The (trans)formation process is monitored by pH and in-situ Raman spectroscopy. The freeze-dried precipitates are characterized by X-ray diffraction and the morphology is studied by scanning electron microscopy. These preliminary results help to understand the formation mechanisms of CaCO3 at temperatures below zero degree centigrade from homogeneous media and to refine experimental setups for mimicking extreme environmental carbonate formation conditions, e.g., in Antarctica or extraterrestrial environments.
Understanding Ionospheric Conditions using the e-POP on Swarm-E
Authors: Kalafatoglu Eyiguler E. Ceren , Danskin Donald W. , Pandey Kuldeep , Hussey Glenn C. , Gillies Robert G. , Yau Andrew W.
Published: February 2023

Swarm-E carries the e-POP payload, which consists of eight scientific instruments. The Radio Receiver Instrument (RRI) on e-POP may be used to detect density structures that modify the characteristics of transionospheric HF radio waves from ground-based transmitters. RRI has a cross-dipole antenna designed to determine the polarisation characteristics of the incident radio waves. Joint experiments with other instruments, IRM (Imaging and Rapid-scanning ion Mass spectrometer) and MGF (Fluxgate Magnetometer), complement RRI for better understanding of the local ionosphere conditions and integrated conditions along the path between a ground-based transmitter and Swarm-E. Under optimum conditions, the RRI determines the full polarisation characteristics. This presentation discusses past and future contributions to ionospheric science of the Swarm constellation.
Magma-mush interaction at the base of a post-collisional batholith: field evidence from Capo Vaticano Promontory granitoids (Calabria, southern Italy)
Authors: Fiannacca Patrizia , Russo Damiano , Fazio Eugenio , Fiducia Davide , Merlo Rossana , Cirrincione Rosolino
Published: February 2023

Except in migmatite complexes, well-displayed field evidence of the possible physical behaviour of magma-crystal mush-solid rock systems is quite uncommon. Tonalites from Capo Vaticano Promontory, making up the oldest and deepest granitoid unit of the c. 13 km-thick late Variscan Serre Batholith, show outstanding examples of magma-mush interaction, at the transition with both underlying migmatite host rocks and overlying porphyritic granodiorites. Basal tonalites exhibit varying stages of interaction with garnet-bearing or garnet-free granitic magma produced by melting of the metapelitic migmatites after tonalite intrusion. Initial stages are characterized by infiltration of the granitic magma through the mushy tonalite along irregular channels, then forming an interconnected network of cm- to dm-wide channels. In some outcrops with high volumetric proportions of granitic magmas, peculiar hybrid rocks, characterized by pervasive intermingling of granite and tonalite, occur as the result of cm-scale disaggregation of the mushy tonalites.  In other outcrops, evidence of interaction between a crystal-poor tonalitic mush and the granitic magma is only provided by the occurrence of large peritectic garnet in apparently homogeneous tonalite. At the roof of the tonalitic unit, emplacement of the overlying porphyritic granodioritic magma involved displacement of the mushy tonalite, with local disaggregation in rounded blocks up to 1.5 meter in size. Compared to the basal tonalites, such evidence indicates a more rigid state of the roof tonalites at the time of granodiorite emplacement, even though rare occurrence of hybrid rocks testifies for possible mixing processes also between the granodioritic magma and mushy tonalite. Finally, an outstanding field evidence of the physical behaviour of mush systems, with significant implications for the mechanisms of magma differentiation, is given by mechanical accumulation of K-feldspar megacrysts at a place where the granodioritic magma was intruding the mushy tonalite, but only the liquid part of the magma was able to pass through, depicting a clear filter-press mechanism. This preliminary work aims to contribute to the general understanding of the evolution of mushy regions by presenting some outstanding examples of magma-mush interactions taking place during the construction of the deep-intermediate levels of the Serre Batholith (depth of c. 20-17 km depth), as a base for further in-depth multidisciplinary investigations.
Tectonic and volcano-tectonic seismicity below Tungurahua volcano (Ecuador) between 2013 and 2018
Authors: Battaglia Jean , Segovia Monica , Hidalgo Silvana , Villareal Edwin
Published: February 2023

Tungurahua (5023 m a.s.l.) is an andesitic stratovolcano located in Central Ecuador. The more recent eruptive cycle started in September 1999 and lasted until March 2016 with repeated phases of enhanced activity. Its activity included the occurrence of distinct eruptive phases separated by periods of quiescence, both lasting from few weeks to months. From October 2013 until March 2018, we operated at Tungurahua a temporary seismic network including up to 13 broadband stations. It complemented the permanent monitoring network operated by the Instituto Geofísico de la Escuela Politécnica Nacional (IG-EPN) and included stations up to 4275 m a.s.l. as well as stations on the remote Eastern flank. Using IG-EPN catalogs and cross-correlation techniques, we identified several clusters of shallow and deep (volcano-)tectonic earthquakes. For these clusters, we manually picked a selection of larger events and used them to pick automatically other similar events. A visual inspection of the pickings was performed to confirm the absence of major biases. The comparison of P-phase times shows differences less than 0.1 s. Regarding S-phases, the cross correlation technique detected by far more S-phases per event, providing a general improvement in the location of events. Additionally we used seismic amplitudes and their decay as a function of distance to locate tremor and explosion quake sources during eruptive phases.The seismicity below sea level defines 4 main clusters spread around the volcano between 2 and 10 km b.s.l.. The temporal evolution of these clusters displays a rather steady behavior for 3 of them and a swarm-type behavior for the fourth. Their relation with the eruptive phases is, however, unclear. Above sea level a single cluster of small volcano-tectonic events is observed about 2-3 km below the summit. This cluster displays a rather clear relationship with the eruptive phases and often preceded phases with strong explosive onsets. Most of tremor and explosion quake sources are found just above this cluster.This study emphasizes the importance of dense, geographically well distributed networks, to identify seismic precursors and decipher volcanic plumbing systems.
Multi-year precipitation characteristics based on in-situ and remote sensing observations at the Arctic research site Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard
Authors: Ebell Kerstin , Buhren Christian , Gierens Rosa , Lauer Melanie , Chellini Giovanni , Dahlke Sandro , Krobot Pavel
Published: February 2023

Precipitation is a key variable in the hydrological cycle. However, observations of precipitation are quite challenging and even more so in remote locations such as the Arctic. The Arctic is experiencing a rapidly changing climate with a strong increase in near-surface air temperature, known as Arctic Amplification. In particular, the Svalbard archipelago is located in the warmest region of the Arctic and reveals the highest temperature increase (Dahlke and Maturilli, 2017). Such changes also affect the hydrological cycle. For example, climate models reveal a strong increase in precipitation in the Arctic (McCrystall et al., 2021) with rain becoming the most dominant precipitation type (Bitanja and Andry, 2017). Continuous detailed observations, which can also be set in context to satellite products and reanalyses data, are necessary to better understand precipitation and precipitation related processes in the Arctic.In this study, we make use of the complementary precipitation observations performed as part of the Transregional Collaborative Research Centre on Arctic Amplification TR172 (http://www.ac3-tr.de; Wendisch et al., 2017) at the Arctic research station AWIPEV at Ny-Ålesund, Svalbard, to analyze precipitation characteristics in detail. The observations include an OTT Pluvio2 weighing gauge, an OTT Parsivel2 distrometer and a METEK MRR-2 micro rain radar (MRR). While the Pluvio and the Parsivel provide information on surface precipitation amount and type, the MRR provides information on the vertical structure of precipitation up to a height of 1 km. Measurements are available since spring/summer 2017 allowing for an analysis of more than 4 years of data.First results show that the yearly precipitation amount based on Pluvio ranges from 306 mm to 552 mm (values are uncorrected for undercatch). Using the one-minute resolved data of Parsivel, precipitation frequency is highly variable within the different months ranging from 0.4 % to 18.8 % with solid precipitation being the most dominant type typically from September to March and liquid precipitation in the months May to August. In addition to monthly and yearly statistics, we will also characterize and analyze in detail the individual precipitation events. One question to be addressed is how much of the precipitation is related to atmospheric rivers (ARs). ARs are long, narrow, and transient corridors of strong horizontal water vapor transport which account for 80-90 % of the poleward moisture transport. Although their occurrence in the Arctic is limited, they are a significant source of rain and snow in the Arctic. Understanding linkages between precipitation and weather events and using observational data to evaluate models and reanalysis in the current climate will aid developing more accurate future predictions.
Predictability of Dansgaard-Oeschger events in the Greenland ice core ensemble
Authors: Hummel Clara
Published: February 2023

It is an ongoing debate whether the abrupt climate changes during the last glacial interval, the so-called Dansgaard-Oeschger (DO) events, are solely due to stochastic fluctuations or a result of bifurcations in the structural stability of the climate. This raises the question whether they are predictable, and thus whether early warning signals for the abrupt transitions from Greenland stadial to interstadial periods could be observed.Here, we propose a new method to analyze the DO events between 60 ka before present and the Holocene, where we look at the ensemble of oxygen isotope ratio (δ¹⁸O) measurements from three different Greenland ice cores. For each rapid transition from a Greenland stadial to interstadial period, the three time series are normalized and scaled individually. The goal is to determine whether early warning signals in the further detrended ensemble are observable and thus to contribute to the ongoing debate whether past abrupt climate change has been purely noise-induced or a result of changed stability in the climate system. 
Effects of climate change on microbial taxonomy and metabolic processes in Alaskan permafrost-affected soils
Authors: Barbato Robyn , Doherty Stacey , Jones Robert , Baker Chris , Messan Komi , Barker Amanda , Douglas Thomas
Published: February 2023

Permafrost is thawing at unprecedented rates, significantly altering landscapes and ecosystem trajectories by changing subsurface conditions and vegetation characteristics. The combination of in situ and laboratory analysis is important to understand microbial heterogeneity and to simulate the effects of thaw.  Dormant microbes become active as temperatures rise and permafrost soils warm and thaw, suggesting that sub-surface ecosystem processes will be altered. The extent of microbial change throughout seasons and thaw periods remain poorly understood.  We collected permafrost-affected soils at two Alaskan sites to determine the effects of sample location and warming on the permafrost microbiome.  In situ analysis of northern Alaskan soils revealed that surface communities were highly variable throughout the growing season.  In two laboratory thaw studies, we assessed permafrost microbiome taxonomy and metabolic function during thaw.  Under frozen conditions, microbial respiration rates from different PT locations were similar, ranging from 2 to 12 mg C–CO2 per kg soil per day and permafrost microorganisms were heterogeneously distributed in space.  Following thaw, metabolomes from different locations were highly similar.  However, the trajectory of dominant taxa and potential function in a given PT sample was more strongly influenced by sample location than by incubation temperature. This indicates a differential response of permafrost microbes based on their origin. These findings have important implications for developing accurate forecasts of microbial community assemblages during thaw in that location should be considered as a strong influencing factor.  
Bank Height Estimates and Flood Models - Challenges, current practices and recent developments
Authors: Hawker Laurence , Neal Jeffrey , Boothroyd Richard
Published: February 2023

Estimating river bank heights is crucial for the accuracy of global flood models. Bank heights determine river-floodplain connectivity, and are used to parametrise channel capacity. Poor bank height estimates can lead to incorrect timings and locations of flood overtopping and erroneous channel capacity, resulting in unsatisfactory flood predictions.In the current implementation of global flood models, bank heights are estimated by extracting elevations from global Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) at river edges. These elevations, even with the latest DEMs, are often noisy and thus need to be heavily filtered and smoothed. Additionally, the surface water masks used to define river edges often do not match the time of acquisition on the DEMs, leading to inconsistencies. These simple methods for estimating bank heights were introduced during the early stages of global flood model development and have not been revisited in depth. With the emergence of new global DEMs (ALOS AW3D, Coperncius, FABDEM), improved surface water masks from multi-temporal, multi-sensor satellite data and novel image processing techniques, we revisit this problem. We present a new method to estimate bank height across scales, comparing estimates derived from global DEMs with high-quality LiDAR. We map the bank height estimates onto a new FABDEM based river network. Using examples from the UK and USA, we demonstrate the impact of bank height estimates on flood inundation.
Atlantic Multidecadal Variability and the Implications for North European climate
Authors: Börgel Florian , Meier H. E. Markus , Gröger Matthias , Dutheil Cyril , Rhein Monika , Borchert Leonard , Radtke Hagen
Published: February 2023

The North Atlantic exhibits temperature variations on multidecadal time scales, summarized as the Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV). The AMV plays an essential role in regional climate and is a crucial driver of the low-frequency variability in Northern Europe.In this talk, I will first discuss the characteristic ocean-atmosphere interaction preceding an AMV maximum event. In the following, I will disentangle the seasonal impact of the AMV and show that a significant fraction of the variability in Baltic Sea winter temperatures is related to the AMV. The strong winter response can be linked to the interaction between the North Atlantic Oscillation, the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), and the AMV. In contrast, the AMVs' impact on other seasons remains small.
Potential effect of agricultural terraces on landslide occurrence: the tropical mountains of Rwanda
Authors: Sibomana Pascal , Vanmaercke Matthias , Nahayo Deogratias , Depicker Arthur , Tychon Bernard , Hubert Aurélia , Rukundo Emmanuel , Dewitte Olivier
Published: February 2023

The tropical mountainous environments of the Northern-western provinces of Rwanda in Africa are often referred to as the breadbasket of the country and are also densely populated. This high demographic pressure is associated with significant land management practices. In particular, agricultural practice of terracing has been promoted as soil and water conservation measure on the steep hillslopes of the region. However, the region is also landslide prone and the  potential effect of terracing on landslides occurrence has never been considered in the land management strategy. In this work, we assess this  potential effect through the analysis of more than 4000 recent landslides that were triggered by intense rainfall events. Exploring the role of slope, lithology, regional landslide susceptibility patterns and the types of terraces (typology, age), we show that, overall, terracing increases the odds of landsliding when compared to non-terraced hillslopes. Although the terraces are implemented as soil and water conservation measures in the region, we find that they result into higher hillslope hazard.
Ionospheres of Ganymede and Europa Observed by Radio Occultation with Juno
Authors: Buccino Dustin , Parisi Marzi , Gramigna Edoardo , Gomez Casajus Luis , Tortora Paolo , Zannoni Marco , Caruso Andrea , Withers Paul , Park Ryan , Steffes Paul , Levin Steve , Bolton Scott
Published: February 2023

NASA’s Juno spacecraft performed close flybys of the Galilean moons Ganymede in June 2021 and Europa in September 2022. During each of these encounters, the Juno spacecraft passed behind the moons as observed from Earth, providing the geometry for a radio occultation experiment to measure the electron densities of the ionospheres of these moons – the first opportunity to do so since the Galileo mission in the 1990s. Electrons encountered along the radio propagation path advance the signal’s phase. These small changes are detectable in the sensitive receivers of the Deep Space Network antennas. Ganymede’s tenuous ionosphere was detected on occultation ingress but no ionosphere was detected on egress. The interaction of the ionosphere with Ganymede’s intrinsic magnetosphere is believed to be the reason for the variability of the ionosphere, since ingress occurred on an open-field line region where electron impact ionization could be higher. At Europa, the occultation probed the Southern mid-latitudes on ingress and near the equatorial region on egress, with results consistent when compared with the six radio occultations of Europa from Galileo. Future occultation science with Juno will occur in 2023 and 2024 with radio occultations of Jupiter’s atmosphere and ionosphere.
The ONFIRE project - on the response of fires to climate variability and change
Authors: Turco Marco , Gincheva-Norcheva Andrina , Torres-Vázquez Miguel Ángel , Jerez Sonia
Published: February 2023

As societal exposure to large fires increases, there is a growing concern about possible shifts in the fire regimes due to climate change. Understanding the response of fires to climatic variations is essential to adapt fire management systems and to design future prevention strategies. However, many aspects on this topic remain to be revealed.ONFIRE, a Spanish national research project supported by the State Investigation Agency and by Ministry of Ministry of Science and Innovation, aims to push the state-of-the-art knowledge of climate impacts on fires beyond its current limitations and applications. Moreover, this project is open to any contributions. Specifically, we encourage any researcher/fire agency to joint this initiative.In this contribution we show some preliminary results related to the main objectives of the ONFIRE project:The creation of a first-of-its-kind unified, open-access and user-friendly database comprised of all available burned area records from national inventories.
A better understanding of past trends in fire series and their attribution to the anthropogenic component of climate change.
An assessment of the spatio-temporal synchronicity of fire danger.
The design and implementation of a public operational prototype system to perform global seasonal predictions of climate-driven fire risk for decision-making applications.
AcknowledgmentsWe acknowledge funding through the project ONFIRE, grant PID2021-123193OB-I00, funded by MCIN/AEI/ 10.13039/501100011033. A.G. thanks the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades of Spain for PhD contract FPU19/06536.