bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Effects of Marine Phlorotannins and Bromophenols Supportive of Their Anticancer Potential
Authors: Goya Luis , Mateos Raquel
Published: June 2024

Following the goal of optimizing nutrition, the food industry has been continuously working on food reformulation, nutritional patterns, functional foods development, and the general promotion of a healthy lifestyle. To this end, the scientific community has been increasingly investigating natural compounds that could prevent or treat chronic diseases. Phlorotannins and bromophenols are phenolic compounds particularly present in marine organisms. There is extensive evidence that shows their potential in the prevention of noncommunicable diseases, including cancer, the second cause of mortality worldwide. Numerous studies have demonstrated the anticarcinogenic activity of polyphenolic algae compounds both in cell culture and experimental animal models. Although recent reviews are also available, the present update focuses on the most recent findings related to the antioxidant/anti-inflammatory effect of seaweed phenolics, as well as their regulatory capacity for new molecular targets. Additionally, the review addresses and discusses the close link between inflammation and oxidative stress, along with their relationship with tumor onset and progression, including the most recent findings supporting this correlation. Although clinical studies are still needed to support this evidence, phlorotannins and bromophenols constitute an emerging bioactive group with high potential as chemopreventive agents and/or potential adjuvants for existing cancer therapies.
Effects of Herbal Tea (Non–Camellia sinensis) on Glucose Homeostasis and Serum Lipids in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Alasvand Zarasvand Sepideh , Ogawa Shintaro , Nestor Bailey , Bridges William , Haley-Zitlin Vivian
Published: June 2024

Context

Hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia increase the risk for diabetes and its complications, atherosclerosis, heart failure, and stroke. Identification of safe and cost-effective means to reduce risk factors is needed. Herbal teas may be a vehicle to deliver antioxidants and polyphenols for prevention of complications.

Objective

This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to evaluate and summarize the impact of herbal tea (non–Camellia sinensis) on glucose homeostasis and serum lipids in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Data Sources

PubMed, FSTA, Web of Science, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Library databases were searched from inception through February 2023 using relevant keyword proxy terms for diabetes, serum lipids, and “non–Camellia sinensis” or “tea.”

Data Extraction

Data from 14 randomized controlled trials, totaling 551 participants, were included in the meta-analysis of glycemic and serum lipid profile end points.

Results

Meta-analysis suggested a significant association between drinking herbal tea (prepared with 2-20 g d–1 plant ingredients) and reduction in fasting blood glucose (FBG) (P = .0034) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c; P = .045). In subgroup analysis based on studies using water or placebo as the control, significant reductions were found in serum total cholesterol (TC; P = .024), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C; P = .037), and triglyceride (TG; P = .043) levels with a medium effect size. Meta-regression analysis suggested that study characteristics, including the ratio of male participants, trial duration, and region, were significant sources of FBG and HbA1c effect size heterogeneity; type of control intervention was a significant source of TC and LDL-C effect size heterogeneity.

Conclusions

Herbal tea consumption significantly affected glycemic profiles in individuals with T2D, lowering FBG levels and HbA1c. Significance was seen in improved lipid profiles (TC, TG, and LDL-C levels) through herbal tea treatments when water or placebo was the control. This suggests water or placebo may be a more suitable control when examining antidiabetic properties of beverages. Additional research is needed to corroborate these findings, given the limited number of studies.
Virtue or Vice?
Authors: Potkay Adam
Published: June 2024

Hope was long a double-edged concept in the Western literary and philosophic tradition. On one hand, it was viewed as an emotion, and as such was widely criticized in classical antiquity through the Renaissance and Enlightenment as an illusion, a distraction from the present moment, the occasion for irrational and self-destructive thinking. On the other hand, within Christianity hope of a specific kind is one of three theological virtues, and its opposite, despair, is the unforgiveable sin. Having established hope as a theological virtue and potential secular vice, the chapter focuses on what happens to hope in and after the French Revolution. Hope becomes a new, semi-secularized virtue: the hope for more life, a better or perfected condition of the individual, the nation, or of the species, in time or eternity. The chapter concludes with the fate of hope in literary modernism, including Kafka’s parables of “small, almost non-existent hope.”
Hope
Authors: Gulliford Liz
Published: June 2024

This chapter considers the way in which hope and optimism are understood. In psychology, hope and optimism tend to be equated with one another, and both are cast in terms of hedonic personal resources. Psychological models such as Learned Optimism, Hope Theory, and Dispositional Optimism tend to ground hope/optimism in self-confidence, problem-solving, and beliefs about personal agency. They thus envisage hope and optimism as largely cognitive, modifiable personal traits which have instrumental benefit in enabling an individual’s goal pursuit. Philosophers make a clearer distinction between hope and optimism than most psychologists, and have distinguished between hoping-that and hoping-in. Hope can be sustained in relation to other agents. This collective, interpersonal understanding of hope can be contrasted with the intrapersonal psychological construal. The collective aspects of hope resonate with earlier psychoanalytic understandings of hope that emphasized how hope exists between agents and is grounded in the confidence of trust.
Difficult Hope
Authors: Lamb Michael
Published: June 2024

Reports about the accelerating and potentially catastrophic effects of climate change, along with our insufficient efforts to address it, have generated two competing temptations: (1) presumption among those who deny the crisis or assume some technological solution will avert it and (2) despair among those who worry it is already too late. Both risk undermining the urgent action needed to address the crisis. This chapter seeks to resist these temptations by gleaning insights from Wendell Berry, one of America’s most influential environmentalists. Drawing on numerous books, essays, and a rare personal interview, the chapter reconstructs Berry’s account of hope as a practical virtue that avoids presumption and despair. It explores the relationship between hope and action and highlights how living exemplars provide grounds for hope and models for emulation. Berry is one such exemplar who acknowledges the difficult realities that tempt despair while supplying legitimate grounds for hope.
“This Is All for Our Children, for Their Future”
Authors: Piller Ingrid , Butorac Donna , Farrell Emily , Lising Loy , Motaghi-Tabari Shiva , Tetteh Vera Williams
Published: June 2024

This chapter focuses on participants’ experiences with family and parenting in the post-migration context. Family considerations were fundamental to many migration decisions, and the implications of migration for the family were troubling and unsettling. A specific challenge related to questions of bilingual parenting. The chapter explores family language policies and practices. Findings challenge the commonly held assumption that migrant children acquire bilingualism easily and effortlessly. Bilingual parenting involves conflicting emotions and leads to transformations in family roles and relationships. While for many parents, migration is viewed as a sacrifice, at least in part for the sake of better life chances for their children, it can unsettle what it means to do right by one’s children. Yet, these emotions and transformations do not occur in a vacuum but are deeply shaped by the exclusions and inclusions that migrant families experience in their new society.
Birth of a Business
Authors: Hempstead Katherine
Published: June 2024

This chapter describes the emergence of the fire and life insurance industries in the United States. Commercial fire insurance had existed since the late eighteenth century, but life insurance developed more recently. Life insurance was initially viewed negatively by many who considered it speculative and potentially a threat to thrift. Yet over time it became more widely accepted, and demand for fire and life insurance grew with economic modernization and urbanization after the Civil War. The heart of the developing insurance industry was in lower Manhattan, where the many new firms clustered. The fire and life businesses evolved differently, but insurers in both sectors engaged in ruthless competition and there were multiple insolvencies. In an era of little regulation, the insurance trade press played an important role in airing issues and identifying trends but also lacked journalistic ethics and served as paid propagandists for companies.
Private Governments
Authors: Hempstead Katherine
Published: June 2024

In the beginning of the twentieth century, the federal government and the insurance industry had relatively little to do with one another, but as the century progressed, there were increasing points of intersection. The impetus for federal scrutiny arose from unresolved problems with fire insurance rate setting, which had solidified a cartel culture ruled by a small group of executives, who fended off efforts to reduce rates through increased competition and opposed calls to establish multiple lines of coverage and other business innovations. An antitrust investigation led to a momentous Supreme Court decision that overturned the precedent set by Paul and threatened the industry with federal regulation. At the same time, pressure for change came from within the insurance industry, largely catalyzed by the growing demand for auto insurance. A new kind of insurance company, the “direct writer,” largely bypassed the agency system by selling directly to customers.
A Squirrel Cage Operation
Authors: Hempstead Katherine
Published: June 2024

This chapter describes how the life insurance business model changed in the twentieth century. The collapse of industrial insurance, which is central to that story, was seeded in the Depression, though the end of race-based underwriting was a final blow to profitability. Before the Depression, life insurers had an expansive view of their place in society and spoke of their business as a public service. Those companies that sold industrial insurance described it as a social welfare program. Yet as the century progressed, this perspective changed. The creation of Social Security and the travails of the industrial business during the Depression illustrated the inadequacy of voluntary collectivism. The withdrawal from industrial insurance was replaced with the enthusiastic pursuit of group insurance sold to employers, including life insurance, pensions, and health insurance. This exponentially growing “private welfare” system became the object of whatever remained of the “social” outlook of life insurers.
Data Protection Law and Emotion
Authors: Clifford Damian
Published: June 2024

Data protection law is often positioned as a regulatory solution to the risks posed by computational systems. This is logical given the pervasive data processing that underpins much of the technology we rely on daily. Despite the widespread adoption of data protection laws, however, there are those who remain very sceptical about their capacity to regulate these risks. Much of this criticism focuses on the role of us, the ‘data subjects’. For instance, it has been demonstrated repeatedly that we lack the capacity to act in our own best interests and, what is more, that our decisions have negative impacts on others. It is hard to dispute these points. Our decision-making limitations seem to be the inevitable by-product of the technological, social, and economic reality. The problems with data protection law also seem baked in through notions such as consent and the subjective control rights provided for in these frameworks and also the reliance on those processing our data to do so fairly. Despite these valid concerns, this book argues that the critiques of the instrumental role of control fail to recognize that its effectiveness is often more difficult to discern than the more critical literature would suggest, but it also emphasizes the importance of the conceptual value of subjective control. These points are analysed (and, indeed, exposed) by exploring data protection law through the lens of the insights provided by law and emotion scholarship.
The Fundamentals of Data Protection Law
Authors: Clifford Damian
Published: June 2024

Data protection law has developed in an era of socio-economic change. The adoption of these regulatory frameworks can be understood as a response to the various public fears regarding the processing of personal data by both public and private sectors. These same fears are mirrored in the adoption of the more modern data protection laws. This chapter introduces data protection law as a response. The analysis also highlights how the adoption of these frameworks has resulted in considerable anxiety amongst those tasked with compliance, and how the impact of these regulatory frameworks (or lack thereof) has led to frustrations. In doing so, the analysis presents the core features of these laws and introduces the scholarship that is very critical of data protection law’s capacity to engender change.
Personalism in Turkey under Erdoğan
Authors: Saglam Koray
Published: June 2024

Under current president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the Republic of Turkey has undergone transformative processes of democratic backsliding and autocratization. Even more striking, however, is the distinct resurgence of personalism as one of the defining regime traits and ruling tactics. Yet, while classical personalist regimes normally feature an elaborate cult of personality, are defined by discretionary exercises of power, and display dynastic trends, the personalist situation experienced by Turkey under Erdoğan is somewhat different. As such, it is primarily characterized by the personalization of the Justice and Development Party as main tool of power, and by the emergence of a clientelist and patronage-based political economy.
Man versus Machine
Authors: Jiang Junyan
Published: June 2024

This chapter offers an overview of the patterns of power politics within the Chinese party state (CCP) over its seven-decade rule. I argue that a useful framework for understanding power dynamics within the CCP is the proverbial struggle between the ‘man’ and the ‘machine’: the personal will and ambition of the political leader and the established interests, networks, and procedures within the party-state bureaucracy. The chapter examines how this struggle unfolded under different paramount leaders—Mao Zedong, Deng Xiaoping, Jiang Zemin, Hu Jintao, and Xi Jinping. The analysis reveals a complicated and dialectic relationship between the personal power of individual leaders and the organizational dominance of the party.
Cuba after Charisma
Authors: Hoffmann Bert
Published: June 2024

After the 1959 Cuban Revolution, the regime led by Fidel Castro became a poster case of personalist rule. When Castro had to step down due to failing health in 2006, Cuba underwent an exit from personalism while maintaining regime continuity: first, in a transition from charismatic socialism under Fidel Castro to a specific brand of bureaucratic socialism under his brother Raúl; and, a decade later, through the accession to power of a new generation of post-Castro leaders. This has brought a bureaucratic cadre to the country’s presidency, who is as un-charismatic as can be. As a result, Havana’s political leadership now faces the challenges of coping with eroding social support without the legitimizing resources that normally underpin personalist rule. In a comparative perspective, the Cuban case highlights the variety of possible outcomes as regards post-personalist transition, suggesting that, even in non-democratic settings, exit from personalism is feasible without necessarily producing elite splits or other ruptures in the regime.
Private International Law as ‘Ligature’: Elements for a Post-Monist Jurisprudence
Authors: Muir Watt Horatia
Published: June 2024

The interweaving of a dominant (monist) and alternative (pluralist) methodology throughout the history of private international law suggests that this discipline might serve as a heuristic through which to approach, more broadly, the difficulties encountered by legality in late modernity. The project draws on the peculiar boundary work carried out by the conflict of laws as a metaphor for the wider operation of law within a contested, pluralistic environment. In this respect, an inquiry into the specific mode of existence of private international law is designed to make visible the latent, alternative scheme provided by statutism within the conceptual economy of the discipline. The guiding thread is the (more or less) shadowy alternative project of global governance that has always haunted—with a singular insistence—monism’s apparent certainties. This thread leads to an inscription of legality in the ‘in-between’. It provides a model for law as a constant crossing of frontiers, an interstitial device that allows for infinite alliances and blendings between outside and inside, the foreign and familiar, the global and the local.
Party Autonomy and the Challenge of Choice of Law
Authors: Dane Perry
Published: June 2024

A perennial question in choice of law is whether parties to a contract can select the jurisdiction whose law will govern their contract. This so-called ‘party autonomy’ problem is more consequential than most issues in choice of law but is also important as a singular window into the intellectual fabric of choice of law and as a leading edge for new and potentially subversive insights. This chapter argues that party autonomy does not have one comprehensive justification, but that it might be justified by a set of distinct if overlapping arguments that point to vital ideas often overlooked in the contemporary conversation. If choice of law doctrine embraces party autonomy, it might be in part because its shapers instinctively and inchoately recognize those considerations. The most speculative and problematic argument is based on a version of natural law. Another relies on an important distinction between second-order and first-order choice of law. Yet another works at a more sophisticated understanding of what it means for persons to be attached (or to attach themselves) to the legitimate governance of a legal system. The last argument is grounded in legal pluralism, though not of the usual sort. These distinct bases for party autonomy are not only of theoretical interest. They also generate different answers to some of the material subsidiary questions that arise in any doctrinal consideration of party autonomy, which suggests that the doctrine of party autonomy might require more nuance and fine-grained distinctions than most current treatments have given it.
Internal Investigations
Authors: Cochrane Vivien , Hayes Will
Published: June 2024

This chapter provides a comprehensive examination of the application of legal professional privilege to internal investigations. It is principally concerned with corporate investigations into issues potentially giving rise to criminal liability and which may, therefore, take place in the shadow of a possible criminal investigation or prosecution. The chapter analyses how legal advice privilege and litigation privilege can apply in the context of an internal investigation and the potential danger areas where a privilege claim might fail. The issues discussed include the application of legal advice privilege to witness interviews, interview notes, and lawyers’ working papers, whether communications and documents that contain factual findings only can be privileged, the relevance of indications from law enforcement agencies as to the likelihood of a prosecution, the extent to which uncertainty over what will be uncovered prevents litigation privilege from arising, and investigations with more than one purpose. There is a detailed discussion of relevant case law throughout, including SFO v ENRC Ltd and Three Rivers (No 5). The chapter also provides practical guidance on issues affecting privilege in internal investigations, including appointing a client group, dealing with pre-existing material, sharing privileged information outside the client group, and publicizing the findings of an investigation.
Learning climate
Authors: Visser Max
Published: June 2024

The purpose of this chapter is to bring conceptual clarity to the concept of learning climate, an important enabler of learning and cooperative intelligence in organizations. This occurs in three steps. First, a linguistic analysis is carried out of learning as a premodifier, alone and in conjunction with climate. The second step involves a conceptual analysis of different meanings and approximations of learning and climate in the management and organization literature, leading to a more encompassing concept of learning climate as the shared social psychological space within an organization in which learning, as error detection and correction, takes place. Third, the chapter extends this concept, intertwined with inquiry, in novel and critical directions that make it more amenable to the learning challenges of the twenty-first century.
“Fortune favors the prepared mind”
Authors: Cooke Philip
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores the variety of learning modifiers proposed for confronting societal change with stability in the face of a rising “knowledge economy.” The knowledge economy was envisioned by administrations anxious about system disruptions and the need for system control. Systems thinkers emphasized continuous learning, active citizenship, and social well-being, but in the postcollectivist era a different kind of learning society emerged. Learning evolved to express self-realization and even narcissism and worse in the deployment by online users of ubiquitous information technology. The “learning self” became more prominent as “celebrity,” “branding,” trolling, and hate mail became widespread in what was termed the “attention economy.” Learning by machines or “machine learning” by artificial intelligence (AI) rose in importance as system control mechanisms allied with robotics where human-centered tasks were displaced from the world of work. Accordingly, reference to the “learning” modifier disappeared from the “management by expertise” social agenda.
Learning city, knowledge city, smart city
Authors: Örtenblad Anders
Published: June 2024

This chapter explores the relations between three multiword terms that all have “city” as the second term but are combined with different premodifiers: “learning city,” “knowledge city,” and “smart city.” It asks if the terms can best be made sense of through the analogy “old wine in new bottles” (containing the same meaning although the label is new), in terms of three completely isolated islands with no connecting points, or as a cumulative process—a staircase—where each later term is based on and develops the former term. On the basis of careful studies of around ten texts on each term, the chapter concludes that while each of the terms has a separable core definition, they also overlap to some extent, and so it is suggested that they could be understood as three summits within the same mountain range.
Should People Who Are Moral Equals Relate as Social Equals? Should People Who Are Not Moral Equals Relate as Social Unequals?
Authors: Lippert-Rasmussen Kasper
Published: June 2024

It is often argued by relational egalitarians and others that we should relate as social equals—that is, that we should avoid relating to one another in socially in racist or sexist ways—because we are moral equals. In this chapter, I first analyse what it is for us to be morally and (rather differently) socially equal. Drawing on the analyses, I then ask whether our being moral equals entails that, invariably, we should relate as social equals. Then I argue that there are ways of our not being moral equals such that the requirement that we relate as social equals can be justified even if, in one of these ways, we are not moral equals. If my arguments for the last claim are successful, then, contrary to what many theorists have assumed, our commitment to social equality is robust across a variety of different claims about moral status, including denials of the equal moral status of all persons. This is to be welcomed, because despite the popularity of the view that all persons are moral equals, the philosophical literature on whether all humans have equal moral status is inconclusive.
When Equality Needs no Justification
Authors: Phillips Anne
Published: June 2024

Proclamations about our natural equality have commonly coexisted with multiple exclusions by gender, class, and race. This seeming paradox reflects the influence of what I describe as property-based justifications for equality, for when supposed facts about our shared human nature become the basis for equality claims, this simultaneously creates alibis for deeming many people natural inferiors. Contemporary accounts of equality remain too much within that original mould, pursuing a logic of justification that is still bound to the exclusionary practices of the past. When pursued, more specifically, in the language of moral equality, they offer an account of the progress of equality that overstates the current acceptance of basic or ‘moral’ equality while understating the extent to which the status of equal depends on reducing material inequalities. The language of moral equality further encourages a slippage into precisely the kind of moral differentiation and judgement that it is intended to avoid.
The International in the English Enlightenment Press
Authors: Gout Juliette
Published: June 2024

From the embryonic beginnings of the English Enlightenment through to the close of the eighteenth century, the pamphlet and periodical press laid bare conceptions of the international. Through the publicity of naval disputes during the Battle of Leghorn and in the pamphlet wars regarding the operation of the English East India Company, the reading public debated war, peace, diplomacy, and sovereignty. Pamphleteers and newsbook editors are not the typical sources from which to construct a history of the international. It is a departure from the traditional philosophical and juridical sources which dominate the discipline of international relations. However, the pamphlet and periodical press show how the international was constructed discursively, as public mediations on military and naval disputes, competing state and commercial interests, and the validity of diplomatic rules and norms. These perspectives show the plurality of voices and the contestation of ideas through which we can understand the history of the international during the period of the English Enlightenment.
Jurists and the International
Authors: Malaspina Elisabetta Fiocchi
Published: June 2024

The aim of this chapter is to demonstrate how Italian legal scholars in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries contributed to discourses of the international. It reconstructs the complexity and the meaning of international law in the Italian peninsula during this period, showing how jurists such as Pasquale Stanislao Mancini and Augusto Pierantoni made decisive contributions to the legal construction of the international by their political and scholarly works and by their involvement in the Institut de droit international. The chapter begins by providing an overview of the general context in which nineteenth-century international law emerged as a discipline. The next section elaborates the principle of nationality as conceived by Mancini and its implications for both private and public international law. The chapter then turns to the historical and comparative work done by Italian jurists to construct a field of international law and to conceptualize the international. The final section of the chapter discusses Italian jurists’ involvement in shaping colonial education, training, and administration through the creation of the Scuola Diplomatico-Coloniale (Colonial and Diplomatic School).
The Society of Nations, Imperialism, and the Colour Line
Authors: Pitts Jennifer
Published: June 2024

The First World War and its aftermath in the Peace Conference of 1919, long an archetypal year for the discipline of international relations, saw contending conceptions of the international: the dominant picture of a community of free and equal nation-states articulated by Woodrow Wilson; liberal-socialist critiques of imperialism, epitomized by J.A. Hobson; and W.E.B. Du Bois’s radically novel account of the international order as an imperial, capitalist, and racial hierarchy. Du Bois argued that the modern democratic nation—and not simply European elites—had become the agent of imperial exploitation; that international law facilitated capitalist exploitation of the extra-European world; and that white supremacy had come to be so thoroughly part of the fabric of Western culture that it vitiated the understanding and the reform efforts of even many progressive segments of white society. He was one of the first thinkers to understand, and remains among the most valuable for helping us to recognize, that any adequate picture of the global order must place at its centre both the legacies of imperialism and the ongoing reproduction of an asymmetrical and racialized global structure.
Internationalism and Globalism in Mid-Twentieth-Century Political Thought
Authors: Rosenboim Or
Published: June 2024

The concept of space is central to thinking about the international as a sphere of political interactions between and across a wide variety of political units, such as states, empires, federations, and unions. The chapter explores the concrete notions of space and their imagined representations in mid-twentieth-century international thought, focusing especially on US and British public intellectuals who, in the context of growing attention to the world’s technological interconnectedness and under the threat of atomic war, promulgated globalism and the globe as counter-concepts to the international. The globalism articulated by these public intellectuals was predicated on both descriptive and normative dimensions of space that were intended to address the problem of war.
The Inventor of the Practical Imperative
Authors: Schwaiger Clemens
Published: June 2024

This chapter demonstrates the importance of Baumgarten’s Elements of First Practical Philosophy for understanding eighteenth-century German moral philosophy. Baumgarten is often regarded as a mere follower of Wolff, a which view fails to properly recognize that Baumgarten formed his moral philosophy before Wolff published his main works in the field. Instead, Heinrich Köhler and Pietism were the main influences on Baumgarten’s ethics and his Elements. Like Köhler and unlike Wolff, Baumgarten constructs his Elements around the concept of obligation and writes mainly in juridical terms. Pietism influenced Baumgarten to develop his theory of the “living” character of practical knowledge, going beyond Wolff. Second, the chapter examines Baumgarten’s influence, positive and negative, on Kant, who formulated many of his key doctrines by lecturing from Baumgarten’s textbooks. Here we examine several original aspects of Baumgarten’s Elements: his conception of obligation, the imperative of self-perfection, moral egoism, and of the relationship between morality and religion.
Necessitation, Constraint, and Reluctant Action
Authors: Schierbaum Sonja , Walschots Michael
Published: June 2024

The chapter explores the perspectives of Wolff, Baumgarten, and Kant on obligation. In the first section, Wolff’s theory emphasizes connecting motive to action, where constraint aligns with divine or human obligation. Section II discusses Baumgarten’s terminological and conceptual modifications to Wolff’s theory, asserting that reluctant action involves conflicting impulses. Baumgarten views natural obligation only occasionally as constraint. In the final section, we see that Kant preserves much of Baumgarten’s vocabulary but stresses that obligation must involve constraint, owing to human nature’s rational and natural inclinations. This responds to Schiller’s objection, highlighting the constant threat of contrary inclinations. The analysis highlights the nuanced variations in their notions of obligation, providing a more comprehensive understanding of their individual approaches.
Imputation
Authors: Aichele Alexander
Published: June 2024

This chapter underscores the importance of being able to the norms of practical philosophy in concrete circumstances, particularly as relevant to Kant’s moral theory as expounded in the Groundwork and second Critique. Notably absent in these works is a comprehensive theory or even reflection on the application of moral laws, posing a challenge for interpreters. While Kant briefly introduces the concept of imputation in the Metaphysics of Morals, this move resembles Baumgarten’s earlier work, emphasizing duty and certitude rather than empirical reasoning. Kant’s apparent neglect of physical imputation suggests a reluctance to confront the complexities of moral judgments in everyday situations, while Baumgarten embraces the practicality of moral philosophy, acknowledging the subjective nature of human judgments. Baumgarten’s approach allows for the establishment of a provisional yet functional moral philosophy, emphasizing the importance of practical application. The chapter suggests the possibility of reconciling Kant’s theoretical purity with Baumgarten’s practical approach, leaving room for further discussion.
Baumgarten, Kant, and the Subdivisions of Practical Philosophy
Authors: Rauscher Frederick
Published: June 2024

This chapter analyzes a specific passage from Kant’s note to §88 of Baumgarten’s Elements of First Practical Philosophy, where Kant offers a triadic classification of (i) inner freedom under inner laws; and outer freedom under (ii) inner and (iii) outer laws, a classification which appears perplexing in light of his later division of practical philosophy into right and virtue. While virtue seems to map onto the first distinction, and right the third, there is no obvious match for the second. This chapter investigates whether this second category implies the same actions viewed from the perspective of inner laws or if it indicates two distinct forms of outer freedom subject to different laws. Emphasizing Kant’s priority of freedom over perfectionism, the study explores how Kant adopted and adapted Baumgarten’s distinctions, highlighting the tension between inner and outer distinctions that persists in Kant’s final division between right and virtue in the Metaphysics of Morals.
Capitalism and Entrepreneurship in the Meiji Period (1868–1912)
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves , Yongue Julia S.
Published: June 2024

Chapter 2 examines Japan’s official entry into the global economy and the role of the state in founding modern businesses in the early Meiji period. Bureaucrats oversaw the introduction of Western ideas and technologies and provided financial support for the establishment of industries. Technology transfer in many forms was the main vector for Japan’s early industrialization. One prominent means was through foreign experts (oyatoi gaikokujin) who were invited to Japan to select the most appropriate technologies for the nation’s circumstances and to oversee the industrialization process. Chapter 2 provides two case studies of light industries, beer brewing and silk production, to illustrate the changes in the institutional environment. These cases shed light on the motivations of the political elite for selecting certain sectors for investment over others, and allow the reader to assess the successes and failures of the state as an entrepreneur. The chapter ends with an overview of early government–business relations and the building of a transportation and communications infrastructure.
Industrial Capitalism in a Changing Social and Geopolitical Environment (1895–1930)
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves , Yongue Julia S.
Published: June 2024

Chapter 4 examines the rise of industrial capitalism between 1895 and 1930 in a context of significant changes in business and society. Entrepreneurship combined with the channelling of resources into specific areas led to the creation of new businesses at an unprecedented rate. Many left the countryside for cities in search of factory employment. Women were a significant source of labour, though working conditions and wages relative to men were poor. They also played an important role as consumers, as shown in the case study of Shiseido. Rapid industrial growth had significant social consequences, including labour unrest and the formation of a labour movement. Booms and busts in the Japanese economy, caused by the changing geopolitical context, also had a marked impact on business. Shocks—ranging from wars and changes in monetary policy to the Great Kanto Earthquake and the disastrous effects of the fall of Suzuki Shōten on the nascent banking system—created an increasingly volatile business climate, especially for SMEs. For the major zaibatsu, however, the situation provided opportunities. Indeed, by 1930 they had succeeded in taking control of most of the domestic economy. The buds of the Japanese Business System emerged for white collar workers at large enterprises, which came in the wake of severe labour shortages during boom periods, export growth, and preparations for war.
Empire, War, and Business
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves , Yongue Julia S.
Published: June 2024

Chapter 6 discusses the relationship between enterprises, nationalism, military development, empire, and war. After 1930, imperialism and military expansion were the dominant forces in the evolution of Japanese business, which directly received state and military support. Private firms, notably zaibatsu, benefited from imperialism, but also took part in its expansion. Building on research on the Japanese ‘national innovation system’ and trade and production networks in East Asia, this chapter argues that there was continuity between the prewar and wartime relationships between private companies, research centres and universities, government, and the military. Their interactions deepened over time but their nature did not change, which helps to explain the shift towards zaibatsu capitalism. Investments by large enterprises in Korea, Taiwan, and Manchuria are examined to show how they augmented over time. The case study of the South Manchuria Railway Company illustrates how firms that were controlled by the army profited from the industrial development of Manchuria. Military and technological development activities shed light on how joint research involving universities, the army, and private firms mainly brought benefits to big business. The chapter examines Nissan’s operations in Manchuria to illustrate the formation of the ‘new industrial zaibatsu’ and demonstrates how the build-up for war led to a new policy towards foreign firms of pressuring them to withdraw from Japan. Such policies allowed large Japanese firms to expropriate foreign assets and pursue development with the acquiescence of the state.
The ‘Japanese Miracle’
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves , Yongue Julia S.
Published: June 2024

Chapter 8 examines how the ‘Japanese Business System’, characterized by keiretsu, a main bank, cross-shareholding, long-term inter-firm relationships, and control of the labour market, was created to suit the changing social context of the high-growth period. The chapter’s focus on this system is essential since it embodies the variety of capitalism most often associated with Japan and offered firms a stable environment for development without eliminating the need for foreign technology and government support. The chemical, electronics, and automobile industries provide examples of both the successes and failures of industrial policy, while the gradual liberalization of capital and trade illustrates the limitations of state interventionism. Economic growth during this period occurred not only at large firms; start-ups such as Sony quickly became large, global enterprises. After Bretton Woods, the rising yen led industries such as electronics and automobiles to open assembly plants in low-wage countries to strengthen their global competitiveness. This shift is important as it shows the dual dimensions of Japanese capitalism. On the one hand, communitarian capitalism offered stable conditions for business development in the domestic market, while on the other, the rise of global competition revealed its limitations as a model. Though vital to the understanding of the transformations in Japanese capitalism, the global dimension of Japanese business development is often overlooked in research on the high-growth years.
The Bubble Economy and its Aftermath
Authors: Donzé Pierre-Yves , Yongue Julia S.
Published: June 2024

Chapter 10 covers the bubble economy (1985–1991) period. Though relatively short, it had a dramatic impact on Japanese society and the economy. From an institutional perspective, the impact of the bubble’s collapse led to a gradual weakening of the ‘Japanese Business System’ and the transition towards financial capitalism. The chapter’s first objective is to explain the mechanism of the formation of the financial bubble and its most important consequences, namely the increase in asset prices, fast expansion of outward FDI, and the expansion of luxury consumption in Japan. The second objective is to assess the consequences of the collapse of the bubble, specifically the negative impact on the financial system and the rise in the number of bankruptcies. Special attention is paid to the effects of the liberalization of the financial system in the 1990s, known as the Japanese ‘financial big bang’ and the ‘main bank’ mergers under Prime Minister Nakasone Yasuhirō. By examining these measures and the behaviour of firms during this period and its aftermath, the chapter demonstrates how the bursting of the bubble contributed to the gradual waning of communitarian capitalism.
The Genre of Blindness
Authors: Prizel Natalie
Published: June 2024

This chapter looks at genre painting and domestic fiction to show how aberrance is nearly normalized in the period through representations of blindness. Blindness becomes a signifier of the generic, domestic, or quotidian itself. The chapter includes discussions of genre paintings and historical genre paintings and drawings by Michael Halliday, Lawrence Alma-Tadema, David Wilkie, William Holman Hunt, and John Everett Millais. In these works, blindness becomes a site through which to articulate the boundaries of genre itself. The chapter then turns to Wilkie Collins’s 1872 novel, Poor Miss Finch, featuring a blind protagonist. Collins explicitly labels this novel “A Domestic Story,” and the chapter traces the ways in which the blind Lucilla Finch resists but also conforms to the conventions of domestic fiction, even in the context of a wildly sensational narrative. The novel demonstrates the ways in which the extranormativity of blindness is—almost—made normative.
Proclisis and enclisis in early Gallo-Romance
Authors: Rainsford Thomas
Published: June 2024

This chapter investigates the prosodic grouping of function words in the earliest northern Gallo-Romance (GR) texts and the consequences of this grouping for the morphophonology of clitic pronouns. The chapter looks first at active sandhi processes such as unstressed vowel elision and linking [ð], arguing that they support a free-clitic analysis of function words. The second half of the chapter re-examines the status of enclitic asyllabic pronouns, arguing that since they do not show the same prosodic properties as other function words, they are not actively generated by the phonological component of the grammar but are instead lexicalized allomorphs of the corresponding syllabic forms.
Inside the Rainbow
Authors: Frisch Walter
Published: June 2024

In this chapter, “Over the Rainbow,” Arlen’s most familiar and beloved song, is analyzed in detail. The chapter introduces the approach, concepts, and terminology to be featured in later chapters. These include the elements of a song’s formal structure (verse, chorus in AABA form, coda), melody, harmonic structure, texture, and voice-leading. The chapter shows how Yip Harburg fashioned his lyrics to reflect many details of Arlen’s music and to convey the complex feelings of Dorothy as she sings the song near the beginning of The Wizard of Oz. She wants to escape Kansas but she is uncertain of what lies beyond it.
Becoming an Entrenched Bureaucracy
Authors: Flores Nelson
Published: June 2024

This chapter examines the bureaucratization of bilingual education in the post–Civil Rights era. It situates original calls for bilingual education within community-control struggles that depicted urban school districts as entrenched bureaucracies dominated by white professionals whose primary purpose was maintaining the racial status quo, and the ways that these efforts were characterized by predominantly white critics as the work of out-of-touch militants from communities of color. As bilingual education became institutionalized through federal, state, and local policies alongside court decrees, bilingual education critics continued to frame its proponents as out-of-touch militants and used this in efforts to discredit the educational bureaucracies that had emerged to implement these programs. This culminated in the banning of bilingual education in California in 1998, followed by Massachusetts and Arizona. This points to the limits of bureaucratization in promoting racial equity when the underlying racialization of Latinxs remains intact.
A Raciolinguistic Genealogy of the Self
Authors: Flores Nelson
Published: June 2024

This chapter engages in a raciolinguistic genealogy of the self where I situate my life in relation to the processes that I have examined in this book. The author first situates his family’s history within the discursive emergence of Latinidad and its erasure of Blackness and Indigeneity, as well as US colonialism and imperialism, that led to the displacement of his mother and father from Puerto Rico and Ecuador, respectively. He then examines his raciolinguistic socialization, pointing to the ways that he was framed as an illegitimate user of both English and Spanish. He then shifts to the ways that funding mechanisms associated with the Bilingual Education Act professionally funneled him into bilingual education as a college student interested in advocating for the Latinx community then examines his journey into eventually resisting this professional funneling and how this led to the raciolinguistic perspective adopted in this book.
Black Authorship at the Movies: Oscar Micheaux, Paul Laurence Dunbar, Wallace Thurman
Authors: Gleeson-White Sarah
Published: June 2024

Chapter 2 considers the encounters of race film—all-Black-cast films largely produced and consumed by African Americans—and early twentieth-century Black literature, two fields only very rarely brought into conversation, although, as this chapter finds, there were significant exchanges between the two media and industries. It discovers it was motion pictures that provided Black authors as diverse as Oscar Micheaux, Paul Laurence Dunbar, and Wallace Thurman a means to navigate the gnarly terrain of Black authorship across the early decades of the twentieth century, caught as it seemed to be between the demands and expectations of literary and vernacular forms.