bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Elimination of Ethanol as a Measure of the Hepatic Blood Flow in the Cat
Authors: Larsen Jens Anker
Published: December 2008

Larsen, J. A.Elimination of ethanol as a measure of the hepatic blood flow in the cat. I. Experiments with single injection of ethanol. Acta physiol. scand. 1963.57. 201—208. — The elimination curve following a single injection of 0.25 g ethanol per kg weight was studied in 13 cats anesthetized with Nembutal. It was found that the elimination was constant down to arterial concentrations of 40—60 mg/l, the mean value being 103.1 mg/kg/h. Below these concentrations the extraction in the liver was almost complete and the amount metabolized in the liver was thus dependent on concentration and liver blood flow. After correction for the amount of ethanol eliminated outside the liver the hepatic blood flow was calculated from the elimination curve. A mean value of 34.3 ml/kg/min was found.
Elimination of Glycerol as a Measure of the Hepatic Blood Flow in the Cat
Authors: Larsen Jens Anker
Published: December 2008

The metabolism of glycerol has been studied in eleven cats anesthetized with Nembutal. The elimination rate after a single injection of glycerol was found to be constant down to arterial concentrations of 100—150 mg/l blood. The elimination rate averaged 257.5 mg/kg/h or 10.35 mg/min. Below arterial concentrations of 100—150 mg/l blood the extraction in the liver seemed to be complete. By continuous infusion of small amounts of glycerol it was demonstrated by changing the amount infused per minute at least once that the liver blood flow could be calculated without catheterization of the liver. The mean value of the flow calculated this way was 57.2 ml/kg/min. An extrahepatic elimination of glycerol was demonstrated in the eviscerated animal, averaging 2.38 mg/min. Apparently the extrahepatic elimination took place in the kidneys.
Excitatory and Inhibitory Effects of Vagus Stimulation on Gastric Motility in the Cat
Authors: Martinson J. , Muren A.
Published: December 2008

In acute experiments on cats gastric motor responses were recorded during vagal stimulation with a constant frequency but with different values of impulse duration and voltage. With very low values cardiac responses only were obtained. With higher values pure excitatory motor effects of the stomach were elicited, but when the values were increased above a certain point a gradual depression of the response was observed. After atropine, the gastric motor responses were abolished, and pure relaxation was the result of stimulations which previously had given rise to partially depressed excitatory responses. It is suggested that two groups of efferent fibres, influencing gastric motility are present in the vagus nerve. According to the strength‐duration diagram both fibre groups are of smaller caliber than the cardioinhibitory fibres, the inhibitory fibres being the thinnest ones. The excitatory fibres appear to be cholinergic, whereas the inhibitory effect seems to be mediated by some other transmitter substance.
Pharmacological Analysis of Acetylcholinesterase‐rich Ganglion Cells in the Lumbo‐sacral Sympathetic System of the Cat
Authors: Sjöqvist Folke
Published: December 2008

Recent studies have indicated that AcChE‐rich or type I‐cells in the stellate ganglion of the cat give rise to cholinergic sweat secretory fibres rather than vasodilator fibres. The purpose of the present investigation was to prove this hypothesis. Type I‐neurons were found in significant amounts exclusively in those lumbo‐sacral ganglia that innervate the eccrine sweat glands of the hind paw. The 7th lumbar ganglion always contained the highest proportion (10.8 %), whereas the other ganglia possessed lower amounts, viz. S1, 7.7 %; L6, 3.5 %; and S2 1.9 %. Occasional type I‐cells were demonstrated in L5 but practically none in other Jumbo‐sacral ganglia. The sweat secretory responses on the hind paw were always proportional to the number of type I‐cells in the stimulated ganglia. The vasodilator responses evoked from ganglia crcmded with type I‐cells and from those lacking such cells were on the other hand approximately equivalent. The results form the basis for the conclusion that the type I‐cells in the stellate ganglion and in the ganglia between L6 and S2 are identical with cholinergic sweat secretory neurons.
The Participation of Bone in the Sodium and Potassium Metabolism of the Rat. I
Authors: Norman N.
Published: December 2008

A method is described whereby total exchangeable sodium and potassium in the rat is simultaneously determined by the use of istope dilution techniques. These measurements have been combined with the determination of the total and exchangeable concentrations of sodium and potassium in bone, made possible by a new procedure employing cation exchange resin for isolation of the bone electrolytes. Series of normal 100 g rats, 200 g rats and 300 g rats were examined. The results for the total body content of sodium and potassium obtained in these animals agreed with published data from total body ashing procedures. Total bone sodium concentration increased with age, whereas the concentration of the exchangeable fraction was rather constant in the three groups. The exchangeability of the bone sodium was 71 per cent in the 100 g rats and 56 and 50 per cent in the 200 and 300 g rats. Bone potassium concentration was highest in the 100 g rats; the exchangeability of this ion in bone was 80 per cent in this group and close to 100 per cent in the two other groups. The complete set of figures is given in Table III.
The Participation of Bone in the Sodium and Potassium Metabolism of the Rat. III The effect of adrenalectomy, cortisone, desoxycorticosterone and 2‐methyl‐9‐α‐fluorohydrocortisone
Authors: Norman N.
Published: December 2008

Experiments were performed on the effect of sodium loading and sodium depletion in adrenalectomized rats. These treatments were combined with injections of cortisone, desoxycorticosterone acetate and 2‐methyl‐9‐α‐fluorohydrocortisone in unoperated as well as adrenalectomized animals. In the moribund stage after adrenalectomy, when total body exchangeable sodium was reduced by more than 25 per cent, only 6 per cent of the Iost sodium was derived from bone. The effect of the cortical compounds was found to be entirely dependent on, and varying with, the particular state of the test animal, its electrolyte intake, the length of time on the diet regime, and whether it was adrenalectomized or not. Only slight contributions from the bone to the total body pool of sodium and potassium were noted in these experiments with the cortical compounds. Profound changes were, however, produced in the relationship between the exchangeable and inexchangeable fraction of the bone sodium by these compounds in combination with sodium loading of the animals. The observations are discussed in relation to present day concepts of the mechanism of sodium binding in bone, and a possible connection to the pathology of collagen disease is pointed out.
The Splanchnic Hematocrit in Man
Authors: Larsen Ole Andrée , Tygstrup Niels , Winkler Kjeld
Published: December 2008

The aim of the present work was to study to what extent the difference between the total body hematocrit and the hematocrit of the blood in the large vessels is caused by a low hematocrit in the splanchnic area. 131I‐labelled albumin and 51Cr‐labelled red cells were injected into an antecubital vein and samples were drawn simultaneously from the femoral artery and a hepatic vein. The plasma and red cell volumes of the body and the body hematocrit were determined from the activity injected and the calculated initial concentrations. The splanchnic hematocrit was calculated from the arterio‐hepatic venous activity differences. The hepatic plasma flow was determined by the bromsulfalein method for calculation of the splanchnic plasma and red cell volumes. In 10 normal subjects the splanchnic hematocrit was not significantly different from the body hematocrit. The difference between large vessel hematocrit and body or splanchnic hematocrit may be expressed as an amount of ‘extra’ plasma, which in the body on the average was 450 ml, and in the splanchnic area 105 ml. The results indicate that the ‘extra’ plasma is evenly distributed throughout the smaller vessels in the body, or that a substantial amount of ‘extra’ plasma exists in some parts of the body, not examined so far.
Der Einfluss anhaltender hoher O2‐Konzentration der Einatmungsluft (30–100%) auf die Erythropoiese der Ratte
Authors: Tribukait Bernhard
Published: December 2008

Rats were subjected to oxygen concentrations of 30—100% for 8—10 weeks. Total hemoglobin, blood volume and relative blood values were determined. The lungs were unaffected by oxygen concentrations up to 80%. The total hemoglobin and the blood values remained essentially normal although the reticulocytes occasionally decreased appreciably. Acute and chronic lung lesions developed in rats subjected to 100% oxygen concentration. If they survived the initial lesions they were left in the 100% oxygen concentration for 10 weeks and were then placed in an environment of room air for 6 weeks. Upon return to 100% oxygen concentration no further acute lesions of the lungs occurred. The erythropoiesis was markedly influenced by the lung damage.
Die Readaptation der höhenpolyzythämischen Ratte an Meereshöhe
Authors: Tribukait Bernhard
Published: December 2008

Rats were submitted to hypoxia corresponding to 6,000 m altitude for 40—50 days. The total amount of hemoglobin, blood volume and relative blood values had been studied in hypoxia and after transfer to normal oxygen pressure. Total hemoglobin increased during hypoxia by 150—200%, relative blood values by 100%, and blood volume by 25—50%, indicating the increase of oxygen capacity of the blood and the volume of the circulatory system. 30 days after transfer to normal oxygen pressure total hemoglobin, blood volume and relative blood values had returned to normal. Thereafter relative blood values showed a transient decrease, but not the total hemoglobin. Thus the blood volume increased again. Problems in connection with the homoistatic regulation of erythropoiesis have been discussed. The body weight decreased during hypoxia by about 15%. After the period of hypoxia was over the rate of increase in body weight was faster than that of animals of the same order and body weight.
Catecholamine Release and Uptake in Isolated Adrenergic Nerve Granules
Authors: von Euler U. S. , Lishajko F.
Published: December 2008

Isolated storage granules from bovine splenic nerves, incubated in neutral isotonic K‐phosphate give off noradrenaline at rates rapidly increasing with temperature. Noradrenaline in concentrations of 10—20μg/ml in the incubation fluid inhibits or prevents the release. The noradrenaline thus retained is released at the normal rate after removal of the amine in the incubation fluid. After depletion, the granules are able to take up noradrenaline and adrenaline to about the original content when exposed to catecholamines in concentrations of 10—20μg/ml, suggesting a limited storage capacity of the granules. It is suggested that the noradrenaline in the adrenergic nerve terminals is partly present in a free pool available for immediate release during nerve stimulation and that a lowering of the concentration in this pool causes the granules to give off the stored transmitter until an equilibrium is reached. The following resynthesis is assumed to continue until the free pool has reached a concentration preventing further release from the granules. This concentration is about the same as that normally found in bovine splenic nerves.
The Influence of Reserpine on 5‐Hydroxytryptamine and Histamine Content of Rat Mast Cells and of Some Rat Tissues
Authors: Moran Neil C. , Westerholm Barbro
Published: December 2008

Moran, N. C. and B. Westerholm. The influence of reserpine on 5‐hydroxytryptamine and histamine content of rat mast cells and of some rat tissues. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 20—29. — Reserpine was shown to release neither 5‐HT nor histamine from rat peritoneal mast cells in vitro. In vivo reserpine caused a moderate reduction of the number of mast cells in peritoneal fluid. A reduction of the cellular content of 5‐HT was also observed. Peritoneal mast cells obtained from reserpine‐treated rats responded normally to compound 48/80. Reserpinization of the rats caused reduction of 5‐HT in brain but not in skin, ileum, duodenum, pylorus or fundus. Histamine was reduced to 35 per cent of control value in small intestine while no decrease was observed in vitro. About 90 per cent of the rats showed ulcerations in the antral mucosa. Pretreatment of the rats with compound 48/80 caused disappearance of all mast cells and of 5‐HT and histamine from peritoneal fluid. The results indicate that reserpine has no effect on mast cells in vitro and only negligible effects in vivo. They also indicate that reserpine depletes the intestine of histamine which is of non‐mast cell origin.
Studies in Neuromuscular Transmission IV Influence of changes in blood pH and carbon dioxide tension on the effect of succinylcholine
Authors: Gamstorp Ingrid , Vinnars Erik
Published: December 2008

Gamstorp, I. and E. Vinnars. Studies in neuromuscular transmission IV. Influence of changes in blood pH and carbon dioxide tension on the effect of succinylcholine. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 48—56. — The influence of changes in the arterial blood pH and the partial pressure of carbon dioxide on the effect of succinylcholine was investigated in rabbits. The sciatic nerve was stimulated supramaximally and the electric response of the gastrocnemius muscle was recorded; the amplitude of the response was used as a measure of the severity of the block. Tachyphylaxis was noted on administration of repeated, small doses of succinylcholine but no changes referable to the shift in pH or pCO2. Changes in pH or pCO2 had no demonstrable effect on the block caused by a single, large dose of succinylcholine. The block caused by a continuous infusion of succinylcholine was enhanced by severe respiratory acidosis. It was not significantly influenced by mild respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis or alkalosis, or infusion of adrenaline. The possibility of these findings being due to a slower hydrolysis of succinylcholine and acetylcholine at a high pCO2 is discussed.
Location, Course, and Characteristics of Uncrossed and Crossed Ascending Spinal Tracts in the Cat
Authors: Holmqvist B. , Oscarsson O.
Published: December 2008

Holmqvist, B. and O. Oscarsson. Location, course, and characteristics of uncrossed and crossed ascending spinal tracts in the cat. Acta physiol. stand. 1963. 58. 57—67. — Discharges evoked in coarsefibred ascending spinal tracts on stimulation of muscle and skin nerves in the hindlimbs and on stimulation of lumbar, sacral, and caudal dorsal roots, were recorded from dissected fascicles of the cord at L1 and C3. Tracts in the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus are monosynaptically activated only from ipsilateral afferents and tracts located ventrally thereof only from contralateral afferents (exceptional findings on stimulation of the most caudal roots are related to the crossing of primary afferents in these caudal segments). It is concluded that the former tracts are uncrossed and the latter crossed at the spinal level. — There is no obvious segmental lamination of fibres within the areas of uncrossed and crossed tracts. Individual tracts occupy relatively fixed and well defined areas independent of their level of origin. There is a marked dorsal shift of the dorsal and ventral spinocerebellar tracts during their ascent in the cord.
Organization of Ascending Spinal Tracts Activated from Forelimb Afferents in the Cat
Authors: Holmqvist B. , Oscarsson O. , Uddenberg N.
Published: December 2008

Iolmqvist, B., O. Oscarsson and N. Uddenberg. Organization of ascending spinal tracts activated from forelimb afferents in the cat. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 68—76. — Discharges evoked in coarsefibred ascending spinal tracts on stimulation of muscle and skin nerves in the forelimbs were recorded from dissected fascicles of the cord at C3. The general organization of tracts activated from fore‐limb afferents is similar to that of tracts activated from hindlimb afferents: uncrossed tracts are located in the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus and crossed tracts ventrally thereof. In the cervical region the uncrossed tracts activated from forelimb afferents occupy a larger area than those activated from hindlimb afferents. — Group I muscle afferents activate only one ascending tract. It is uncrossed and ascends in the middle third of the lateral funiculus. This tract is not identical with either the dorsal or the ventral spinocerebellar tract. It is suggested that these two tracts lack“forelimb components”. — The dorsomedial tract activated from low threshold cutaneous afferents and terminating in the lateral cervical nucleus seems to originate from both hindlimb and forelimb levels of the cord.
Arterielle O2Hb‐Sattigung and alveolarer CO2‐ und O2‐Druck der Ratte bei Aufenthalt in 2 000—7 000 m Hohe
Authors: Tribukait Van Bernhard
Published: December 2008

Tribukait, B. Arterielle O2Hb‐Sättigung und alevolarer CO2 and O2 Druck der Ratte bei Aufenthalt in 2000—7000 m Höhe. Acta physiol. stand. 1963. 58. 90—98. — Rats were subjected to hypoxia corresponding to an altitude of 2,000—7,000 m. The oxygen saturation in arterial blood of anesthetized animals was determined by the van Slyke method. For determination of alveolar carbon dioxide and oxygen tensions unanesthetized animals were kept in a closed breathing system, to which a small amount of carbon monoxide was added. From the pressures of oxygen and carbon monoxide in this system, and the COHb and O2Hb saturations together with the alveolar gas equations, the alveolar carbon dioxide and oxygen pressures were calculated. The O2Hb saturation decreased from 91% at sea level to 83, 65, 56 and 39% at 2,000, 4,000, 6,000 and 7,000 m altitude respectively. The calculated carbon dioxide pressures decreased from a predicted value of 40 mm Hg at sea level to 35, 32, 17 and 14 mm Hg at 2,000, 4,000, 6,000 and 7,000 m altitude respectively. These values for CO2‐tensions are in general agreement with those observed in man.
Der Einfluss von Cobalt auf die Erythropoiese der Ratte
Authors: Tribukait Bernhard
Published: December 2008

Tribukait, B. Der Einfluss von Cobalt auf die Erythropoiese der Ratte. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 101–110. — The development of polycythemia in rats, treated with cobalt, was studied. Cobalt was injected intraperitoneally 6 times a week in increasing doses of 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mg/100 g body weight during 21, 22 and 45 days respectively. The total amount of hemoglobin, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrite, reticulocytes and blood volume were determined. Hemin, tagged in vivo with C14‐2‐glycine, was isolated from 0.1–0.2 ml blood samples and the specific activity was measured. The hemoglobin concentration, hematocrite and reticulocytes increased significantly during treatment with 0.4 mg cobalt, but the total hemoglobin was unchanged. There were no signs of hemolysis as evaluated from the specific hemin activity. During treatment with 0.6 and 0.8 mg cobalt the relative blood values increased further, and also the total hemoglobin increased. The hemoglobin concentration reached values of 20 g/100 ml of blood and the total hemoglobin increased from 2 to 3 g. The blood volume was unchanged. The reticulocytes reached a maximum value after about 40 days treatment and thereafter decreased to normal concentrations despite the increasing total hemoglobin. The degree of this polycythemia was similar to that one developed at an altitude of about 4000 m.
Factors Determining the Circulatory Adjustments to Diving: II. Asphyxia
Authors: Andersen Harald T.
Published: December 2008

Andersen, H. T. Factors determining the circulatory adjustments to diving II. Asphyxia. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 186–200. — The significance of asphyxia and its two components hypoxia and hypercapnia for the development of the circulatory adjustments to diving has been studied in the domestic duck by ventilating the lungs and air‐sacs with various gas mixtures during submergence. The heart rate has been used as an index of the cardio‐vascular changes. Asphyxia produces a marked bradycardia in the duck, but only after a delay of up to 45 sec. The very conspicuous bradycardia seen during protracted dives is, however, neither due to submergence per se nor to asphyxia alone, for it has been found that the effects of the two summate. Hypercapnia appears to influence the heart rate much more than hypoxia does, although the latter is not without any effect, since it has been shown that the respiratory and circulatory adjustments are not abolished unless the asphyxia is relieved; or the hypercapnia is relieved at a point when the hypoxia is not too severe. Passive mechanical stretching of the lungs and air‐sacs have very little effect on the heart rate during diving.
Fluctuations in the Mitotic Frequency of the Glandular Stomach and Intestine of Rat under the Influence of ACTH, Glucocorticoids, Stress and Heparin
Authors: Räsänen Toimi
Published: December 2008

Räsänen, T.Fluctuations in the mitotic frequency of the glandular stomach and intestine of rat under the influence of ACTH, glucocorticoids, stress and heparin.Acta physiol. scand. 1963.58.201–210. — Adrenocorticotrophin in a large single dose, in contrast to the small doses, produced a distinct drop in the mitoses of the gastric mucosa of rat but not in those of the duodenal mucosa. The reducing effect of dexamethasone, prednisolone and cortisol on the mitotic index was biggest for dexamethasone and smallest for cortisol. The change in the mitotic index was smaller in the duodenal epithelium than in the gastric mucosa. Peritonitis produced a slight drop in mitoses in the gastric and duodenal epithelium. An acute stress produced a distinct reduction in mitoses in the gastric but not in the duodenal, jejunal and colonic epithelium. Heparin produced a distinct reduction of mitoses in the gastric epithelium but not in the duodenal epithelium. The reduction in the mitotic frequency is attributed to more rapid cellular changes in the gastric than intestinal lamina propria. A factor reducing mitotic frequency in the gastric mucosa is probably the local, rapid heparinliberation from the mucosal mast cells. The reduction in mitotic frequency following various insults was great in the epithelium of the gastric mucosa, slighter or nonexistent in the intestinal mucosa. This is attributed to more rapid changes in the lamina propria of the gastric mucosa than in the intestinal lamina propria. Another factor reducing mitotic frequency in the gastric mucosa is probably the local, true heparin liberated from the mucosal mast cells.
Functional Organization of the Cuneocerebellar Tract in the Cat
Authors: Holmqvist B. , Oscarsson O. , Rosén I.
Published: December 2008

Holmqvist, B., O. Oscarsson and I. Rosén. Functional organization of the cuneocerebellar tract in the cat. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 216–235. — The experiments were performed on unanesthetized, decerebrated, and decerebellated cats with the cord transected at C3 except for the dorsal funiculi. Mass discharges were recorded from the dissected restiform body and unit recording was made from axons. It is shown that the cuneocerebellar tract contains two subdivisions: one consists of neurones monosynaptically activated by group I muscle afferents from one or a few muscles, the other of neurones disynaptically activated from cutaneous afferents. The latter subdivision contains three subgroups: a) Units activated both on movement of hairs and pressure on skin. These units receive disynaptic excitation from high threshold muscle afferents in addition to the excitation from cutaneous afferents. b) Units activated exclusively from pressure receptors in pads. c) Units activated exclusively from hair receptors. It is concluded that the cuneocerebellar tract and the dorsal spinocerebellar tract have a similar organization and are largely equivalent as channels for information from forelimbs and hindlimbs respectively. A notable difference is that the synaptic linkage to the exteroceptive subdivision is disynaptic in the cuneocerebellar tract and monosynaptic in the dorsal spinocerebellar tract. — The demonstration of a gracilocerebellar tract by Gordon and Seed (1961) has been supported.
The Reflex Nature of the Physiological Adjustments to Diving and Their Afferent Pathway
Authors: Andersen Harald T.
Published: December 2008

Andersen, H. T. The reflex nature of the physiological adjustments to diving and their afferent pathway. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 263–273. — The elicitation of the submersion apnoea and bradycardia has been investigated in intact and decerebrated ducks, with and without various trigeminal lesions, in order to study the reflex nature of the diving characteristics, and to explore their afferent pathway. It has been found that the circulatory as well as the respiratory adjustments to water immersion of the head are medullary reflexes entirely independent of higher levels of the central nervous system, although the basic reflex, of course, may be influenced by activity in higher centers when the latters are intact. The trigeminal nerve is the afferent pathway of the reflex arc by which the reactions to diving are induced upon submersion. The ophthalmic division appears to be the most important branch of the V. nerve in this respect, but also the mandibular portion seems to be an element in the afferent limb of the reflex arc. The maxillary nerve, however, could not be shown to serve such a function.
The Heparin Co‐Factor Activity in Plasma and its Relation to the Anticoagulant Effect of Intravenously Injected Heparin
Authors: Blombäck Birger , Blombäck Margareta , Lagergren Hans , Olsson Per
Published: December 2008

Blombäck, B., M. Blombäck, H. Lagergren and P. Olsson. The heparin co‐factor activity in plasma and its relation to the anticoagulant effect of intravenously injected heparin. Acta physiol. stand. 1963. 58. 306—318. — The heparin co‐factor activity in plasma, defined as the antithrombin activity at high heparin concentrations, was measured with two thrombin‐titration methods in dogs and human subjects following single or repeated intravenous injections of heparin. The co‐factor activity was found to decrease continuously during the period of elimination of heparin from the plasma, after which it rose slowly to the initial level. In dogs, the anticoagulant effect of intravenous heparin was studied at different levels of co‐factor activity in the plasma. The co‐factor activity was increased by infusion of bovine plasma fraction IV—1, prepared according to Cohn. The rise in co‐factor activity was always accompanied by an increase in heparin effect (prolongation of the coagulation time). The co‐factor alone exerted no effect on the coagulation time.
Intramyocardial Temperature Gradients in Dogs During Hypothermia by Surface Cooling
Authors: Johansson Bengt W.
Published: December 2008

Johansson, B. W. Intramyocardial temperature gradients in dogs during hypothermia by surface cooling. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 58. 355—358. — In five dogs the temperature in different parts and at different depths in the myocardium were recorded during cooling till asystole or ventricular fibrillation appeared. It was found that the temperature gradients were small and that there was no increase in the gradients with decreasing temperature. It is concluded that the ST‐T changes observed during hypothermia in homeothermic animals are not caused by intramyocardial temperature gradients.
Solubility of Acetylene in Lung Tissue as an Error in Cardiac Output Determination with the Acetylene Method
Authors: Jernérus R. , Lundin G. , Pugh L. G. C. F.
Published: December 2008

The solubility of acetylene in lung tissue is measured by a rebreathing technique. Enough acetylene is dissolved in the lung tissue to simulate an extra gaseous lung volume between 0.274–0.48 liters. This should give an error of 7–12 % in cardiac output determination with the acetylene rebreathing method.
The Influence of the Dietary Fat on the Lethal Temperature in the Hypothermic Rat
Authors: Huttunen Matti , Johansson Bengt W.
Published: December 2008

Rats were given a semisynthetic diet containing 50 percent fat. One series received unsaturated fats (corn oil) and another saturated fats (coconut oil). A small series was used as control. After about 3 months the animals were cooled and the oesophageal temperature at the last heart beat was registered. The hearts from the coconut oil series stopped beating at a significantly higher temperature (12.9° C) than the hearts from the corn oil series (7.2° C). The exact explanation for the difference between the two series is not known but it is suggested that the physical properties of the myocardial cells, especially the cell membranes, are of importance for the tolerance to hypothermia.
The Effect of Prostaglandin from Human Seminal Fluid on the Motility of the Non‐Pregnant Human Uterus in Vitro
Authors: Bygdeman M. , Eliasson R.
Published: December 2008

Immediately following surgical removal of the uterus, four myometrial strips of equal size were cut out from the corpus and used simultaneously, each suspended in a 40 ml cuvette. Temperature, pH, etc. were continuously controlled. The motility was recorded isometric ally on a smoked drum. Histo‐logical determination of the phase in the menstrual cycle was made on each uterus. Prostaglandin from pooled human semen (HSF‐PG) inhibited the myometrium in most cases in a concentration of 0.005 U/ml bath fluid; the highest sensitivity occurring at the time of ovulation. Some uterus strips reacted by stimulation to prostaglandin. Among these some (mid‐cycle preparations) were inhibited by larger doses of prostaglandin, while the remainder, equally distributed within the menstrual cycle, were consistently stimulated. Factors regulating the reactivity pattern are briefly discussed.
Studies on the Elimination of Exogenous Lipids from the Blood Stream. The Kinetics of the Elimination of a Fat Emulsion and of Chylomicrones in the Dog after Single Injection
Authors: Carlson Lars A. , Hallberg Dag
Published: December 2008

The kinetics of the elimination from the blood stream of intravenously injected fat emulsion (Intralipid®) and of chylo‐micrones have been studied in the fasting dog. The elimination was estimated by determination of the arterial whole blood glyceride concentration and subtraction of the basal glyceride concentration. The same type of elimination was found in all dogs studied. The elimination consisted of two phases operating above and below a glyceride concentration of around 1.1 mM (increase above basal level) respectively. Above the concentration 1.1 mM the elimination was linear, i.e. a constant amount of glycerides was eliminated per unit time. The mean value for the elimination in this phase was 0.05 mmole/l blood per minute. Below this concentration the elimination was single exponential, i.e. a constant fraction was removed per unit time. The mean value found for this elimination was 5 per cent per minute. No greater difference was observed between the synthetic emulsion and chylomicrones. The physiological significance of the maximal elimination rate above 1.1 mM and the concentration dependent elimination below is briefly discussed.
Biologically Active Principles Occurring on Histamine Release from Cat Paw, Guinea Pig Lung and Isolated Rat Mast Cells
Authors: ÄNggård Erik , Bergqvist Ulla , Högberg Bertil , Johansson Kerstin , Thon Inga Lisa , Uvnäs Börje
Published: December 2008

Histamine release was induced from perfused cat paws and isolated rat mast cells with compound 48/80, and from sensitized guinea pig lungs with antigen. Concomitantly occurring biologically active substances were separated by various chromatographic procedures (silicic acid column, silicic acid impregnated paper, etc.). From all the species several spasmogenic principles were obtained. Chemical and biological properties in dicated the presence of unsaturated fatty acids, phosphatidyl and phosphatidal choline and an“SRS” principle. The“SRS” principles from the three species seemed to be identical or very closely related. Phosphatidase A‐like and chymotrypsin‐like enzymes are present in mast cells. Such enzymes are the only enzymes shown to be able to degranulate mast cells. The possible connection between these enzymes and the formation of spasmogenic principles during histamine release is discussed.
Primary Afferent Depolarization Evoked from the Sensorimotor Cortex
Authors: Carpenter D. , Lundberg A. , Norrsell U.
Published: December 2008

Stimulation of the sensorimotor cortex evokes dorsal root potentials (DRP) in the lumbo‐sacral cord. Primary afferent depolarization is evoked in group Ib and group II muscle af‐ferents and cutaneous afferents but not in Ia afferents. The effects are mediated by the pyramidal tract. There is spatial facilitation between the paths from primary afferents and cortex. It is concluded that the pyramidal tract acts on primary afferents by giving excitatory action to interneurones of spinal reflex arcs to primary afferents.
Organization of Ascending Tracts in the Spinal Cord of the Duck
Authors: Oscarsson O. , Rosén I. , Uddenberg N.
Published: December 2008

Discharges evoked in ascending spinal tracts on stimulation of muscle, skin, and mixed, leg and wing nerves were recorded from dissected fascicles of the cord. The results show that ascending tracts in the bird are organized as in the mammal: (i) dorsal tracts are mono‐ and polysynaptically activated only from ipsilateral nerves; (ii) ventral tracts are monosynaptically activated only from contralateral nerves and polysynaptically activated from both ipsilateral and contralateral nerves. It is concluded that the former tracts are uncrossed and the latter tracts crossed at the spinal level. — Low threshold muscle afferents activate two ascending spinal tracts: one crossed tract related to leg nerves and one uncrossed tract related to wing nerves. There is evidence that the former but not the latter tract is strongly inhibited from skin and high threshold muscle afferents. It is suggested that the crossed tract is homologous to the ventral spino‐cerebellar tract in mammals. The dorsal spinocerebellar tract either does not exist in the duck or has an organization different from that in the mammal.
Organization of Ascending Tracts in the Spinal Cord of the Frog
Authors: Oscarsson O. , Rosén I.
Published: December 2008

Discharges evoked in ascending spinal tracts on stimulation of the sciatic nerve were recorded from dissected fascicles of the cord. As in mammals and birds dorsally located tracts are activated monosynaptically only from ipsilateral afferents, whereas ventromedially located tracts are activated monosynaptically only from contralateral afferents. It is concluded that the former tracts are uncrossed and the latter tracts crossed at the spinal level. The overlapping of the areas containing uncrossed and crossed tracts is much larger in the amphibian than in the mammalian and avian cords. The fastest fibres of the ascending tracts have a conduction velocity of about 10 m/sec.
Effect of Glucose and Sodium Succinate on Oxygen Uptake and Histamine Release in Rat and Guinea‐pig Lung Tissue in Vitro
Authors: Diamant Bertil , Fredholm Bo
Published: December 2008

Diamant, B. and B. Fredholm. Effect of glucose and sodium succinate on oxygen uptake and histamine release in rat and guinea‐pig lung tissue in vitro. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 59. 193–198.—Previous reports on the effect of sodium succinate and glucose on histamine release and oxygen uptake in guinea‐pig and rat lung tissue have been somewhat conflicting, and difficult to interpret. The present study was undertaken to determine whether the effect of the aforementioned substrates on histamine release could be correlated to their effect on the oxygen uptake. The results have shown that such a correlation exists in some but not all of the reactions investigated. The hazards of interpreting correlations between oxygen uptake and histamine release in lung tissue are pointed out.
The Presence of 3–0‐Methylated Noradrenaline (Normetanephrine) in Normal Brain Tissue
Authors: Haggendal Jan
Published: December 2008

Haggendal, J. The presence of 3‐0‐methylated noradrenaline (normetanephrine) in normal brain tissue. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 59. 261–268. — In the brain of normal pigs and rabbits normetanephrine was found in amounts corresponding to about 15 per cent of the noradrenaline values. After reserpine and after a catechol‐0‐methyl transferase inhibitor the levels of normetanephrine and of methoxytyramine were strongly reduced while initially the levels of noradrenaline and dopamine were normal. In extracts from the hypothalamus of man normetanephrine was also found. O‐methy‐lation seems to be an important pathway in the normal metabolism of noradrenaline in brain.
Non‐Essential Role of Prolactin in the Hormonal Restoration of Lactation in Goats with Radio Frequency Hypothalamic Lesions
Authors: Gale Charles C.
Published: December 2008

Gale, C. C. Non‐essential role of prolactin in the hormonal restoration of lactation in goats with radio frequency hypothalamic lesions. Acta physiol. scand. 1963. 59. 269–283.–Coagulation of the median eminence by radio frequency heating in three of four lactating goats caused an abrupt onset of diabetes insipidus and a decline in milk production to 15 to 30 per cent of pre‐lesion levels. One goat with unilateral injury in the median eminence developed diabetes insipidus briefly but showed little block of lactation. In goats with depressed lactation, the administration of ACTH, STH, T3, and insulin restored milk production to, or above, pre‐lesion levels. Since no deficiency in secretion of prolactin could be demonstrated in goats with hypothalamic regulation interrupted by median eminence lesions, these data are in accord with the hypothesis that prolactin secretion is controlled by a central inhibitory mechanism. Diabetes insipidus developing after RF lesions was characterized by an abrupt onset of polyuria and polydipsia, followed by a well‐demarcated normal interphase, and, then, by a permanent phase of elevated water turnover. An amelioration of diabetes insipidus usually paralleled the decline in milk production after lesions, whereas hormonal replacement, particularly with ACTH and T3, restored levels of water turnover above the maximum attained acutely after lesions. Thus, the participation of adenohypophysial hormones is required for the full manifestation of diabetes insipidus in the goat.
Method for Non‐destructive Determination of the Sodium Transport Pool in Frog Skin with Radiosodium
Authors: Andersen B. , Zerahn K.
Published: December 2008

A method is described for measuring the amount of sodium confined between an outer membrane, which is passively but specifically permeable to sodium, and an inner membrane where the active transport mechanism is located. The method allows correction for sodium outside the transport pool. Several determinations can be performed on the same skin. Repetitive determinations gave a standard deviation of ± 7 per cent. A single determination can ordinarily be made in less than an hour. Good agreement is found under suitable conditions between the potential difference calculated from the pool and the measured potential difference across the skin. Furthermore, from the disappearance rate of sodium from the pool and the size of the pool the active sodium transport can be calculated under conditions where other methods cannot distinguish between active and passive movements of sodium.
Localization of Radioactivity in the Superior Cervical Ganglion of Cats Following Injection of C14‐labelled Nicotine
Authors: Appelgren L.‐E. , Hansson E. , Schmiterlöjvv C. G.
Published: December 2008

The distribution of (‐)‐nicotine‐methyl‐C14 in the superior cervical ganglion of the cat was studied by using autoradiographic and microauto‐radiographic techniques. Five minutes after the intracarotid injection of labelled nicotine the ganglion was removed, frozen instantaneously and then prepared for autoradiography. From the microautoradio‐grams presented it becomes evident that almost all of the radioactivity is localized to the ganglion cells whereas the satellite cells and the connective tissue contain were little radioactivity. It is noteworthy that some of the ganglion cells contain much more radioactivity than others. The possible explanation for this discrimination is discussed.
A Method for Continuous Monitoring of the Rapid Uptake of Ions by Biological Tissues
Authors: Danielson B. , Sjöstrand U.
Published: December 2008

A method is described with which the uptake of ions by biological tissues can be studied continuously. The method makes possible studies during short time intervals (0.1 sec). The preparation is mounted in a chamber which is inserted in a gamma‐ray analyzer. Through the chamber is flushed Ringer's solution interrupted by periods of silicone oil. The silicone oil is inert to the system. The preparation used in this paper was the sinus venoms of the frog's heart. Influx curves for K42 and Na24 are presented.
The Influence of Oxytocin upon Some Seminal Characteristics in the Rabbit
Authors: Kihlström J. E. , Melin P.
Published: December 2008

Seminal volume, sperm count and sperm density were studied in ejaculates collected from rabbits immediately after intravenous injections of oxytocin. The hormone was shown to increase the volume of the first ejaculate obtained and incite a more rapid emission of sperm cells in the ejaculates immediately following. Some observations may indicate that the oxytocic effect varies with the androgenic status of the animal. Results have been presented suggesting a release of gonadotropins caused by oxytocin.
Cyclic Phenomena in the Sexual Functions of the Bull
Authors: Kihlströn J. E.
Published: December 2008

By means of statistical methods cyclic variations in some sexual functions often bulls used for artificial insrminations have been demonstrated. The cycles found have a length of a few weeks and indicate cyclic processes in the epididymis as well as in the accessory glands. The cyclic variations in fertility were more regular in young bulls than in older ones.
Ezymatic and Molecular Properties of Chokesterases in Human Liver
Authors: Svensmark Ole
Published: December 2008

Three fractions of human liver acylcholine acyl‐hydrolasc (cholinesterase, EC 3.1.1.8.) were separated by chromatography on DEAE cellulose and by gel filtration on Sephadex G‐200. One fraction (II) was identical with human serum cholinesterase with respect to enzymatic properties (substrate and inhibitor specificity, pH dependence, activation by ammonium ions), to solubility in the presence of zinc ions, and to electrophoretic mobility beforc and after removal of sialic acid. Since as much blood as possible was removed from the liver before extraction, it seems unlikely that the fraction originates from plasma. The other fractions (Id and Ie) wcre also identical Jvith serum cholinesterase with respect to enzymatic properties, but differed with respect to molecular properties. They were not sialo‐proteins, and their electrophoretic mobilities differed from that of native and of neuraminidase‐treated serum cholinesterase. Separation on Sephadex G‐200 indicates a lower molecular weight of fraction Ic than of fraction Id and II. The findings are consistent uith the assumption that serum cholinesterase is produced in the liver with fraction Id and Ie as precursors and fraction II as the final product.
Effects on Psychomotor Functions of Different Nitrogen‐Oxygen Gas Mixtures at Increased Ambient Pressures
Authors: Frankenhaeuser Marianne , Graff‐Lonnevig V. , Hesser C. M.
Published: December 2008

In order to differentiate and evaluate possible factors responsible for compressed air narcosis, changrs in psychomotor performance (simple and four‐choice visual reaction times and mirror drawing) induced through exposure to different nitrogcn‐oxygrn gas mixtures at raised barometric pressures were studied in 12 subjects. By comparing data from five different experimental conditions evidence was obtained that, at rest, (1) nitrogen pressures up to 3.9 atmospheres absolute have but slight effects on objective performance, and (2) oxygen excess has a potentiating effect on the narcotic action of nitrogen at high pressure. It was concluded that oxygen excess acts indirectly by interfering with elimination of carbon dioxide from the tissues, and that compressed air narcosis is not due to interference with oxidation in the tissues by nitrogen excess.
Phasic and Static Excitability of Touch Receptors in Toad Skin
Authors: Lindblom U.
Published: December 2008

The excitability of the toad's touch receptors was studied during slowly increasing and static deformation. Graded mechanical stimuli of a linearly rising and a platcau phase were applied to single receptors in situ together with bricf suprrimposrd test pulses. Action potentials were recorded from the afferent fiber in the dorsal root.

In the moving stimulus phase, the excitability rose rapidly and then displayed either a peak or a smooth flattening (Fig. 4). As the plateau phase of the stimulation set in, the excitability suddenly fell but a residue of raised excitability persisted statically (Fig. 5, 6).The less rapidly adapting receptors even presented a discharge in the plateau phase. The impulse frequency of this discharge rose linearly with the deformation amplitude (Fig. 9) but the maximum frequency was low as compared with that in the dynamic discharge. While the static excitability change and the plateau discharge were related to the amplitude of deformation, the dynamic excitability change, like the dynamic discharge (Lindblom 19621, depended on the rate of deformation.

An hypothesis that there may be two mechanisms — one phasic and one static —in one and the same receptor is discussed. the course of the dynamic excitability explains the latency variations of the dischargr following stimulation at varying deformation rates, and may also account for the regular firing at constant deformation rate (Lindelom 1962). The characteristic rapid adaption is best explained as due to lack of excitation during static stimulation.
Decerebrate Control of Reflexes to Primary Afferents
Authors: Carpenter D. , Engberg I. , Funkenstein H. , Lundberg A.
Published: December 2008

Dorsal root potentials (DRP) have been compared in decerebrate cats before and after transection of the spinal cord. The DRPs evoked from group I muscle afferents of flexor and extensor muscle are either unchanged or slightly decreased after transection of the cord. In the spinal state the DRP evoked from cutaneous afferents has two components: 1) Component I, representing primary afferent depolarization (PAD) in cutaneous afferents, has brief latency and is of equal size in the decerebrate and spinal states. 2) Component II and the DRPs evoked from high threshold muscle and joint afferents are ascribed to the flexor reflex afferents (FRA) and represent PAD in the FRA. This action cannot be evoked in the decerebrate state. The FRA act on the same primary cutaneous afferents in which component I is evoked. It is concluded that there is a tonic inhibition in the decerebrate state of transmission from the FRA to the FRA but there is neither inhibition of the short latency path from cutaneous afferents to cutaneous afferents nor of the paths from group I muscle afferents to Ia, Ib and cutaneous afferents. The cord dorsum potentials (CDP) have also been compared before and after transection of the cord. The release after brain stem lesions of the CDPs and DRPs evoked from the FRA is compared with the release of actions from the FRA to motoneurones.