bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
СУДСКА ПРАКСА УСТАВНОГ СУДА РЕПУБЛИКЕ СРПСКЕ - ЗАКОН О УНУТРАШЊЕМ ДУГУ РЕПУБЛИКЕ СРПСКЕ
Authors: Дмичић Миле
Published: September 2018

Суд је утврдио да су оспореним чланом 14. Закона о уну-трашњем дугу нарушене гаранције из члана 1. Протокла број1. уз Европску конвенцију, чиме је истовремено дошло до повре-де члана 5. став 1. алинеја 1. Устава, као и начела владавинеправа утврђеног алинејом 4. истог члана Устава. Поред тога, уконкретном случају је нарушен и уставни принцип из члана 48.Устава, према којем се права и слободе зајемчени овим уставомне могу одузети ни ограничити.Суд је констатовао да је у току поступка, Законом о измје-нама и допунама Закона о унутрашњем дугу Републике Српске(,,Службени гласник Републике Српске“ број 28/13), оспореничлан 14. Закона о унутрашњем дугу Републике Српске у цијело-сти измијењен, због чега је уставност ове одредбе оцијенио увријеме њеног важења.С обзиром на то да је у току претходног поступка прав-но стање потпуно утвђено и прикупљене информације пружајупоуздан основ за одлучивање, Суд је, на основу члана 40. став 5.Закона о Уставном суду Републике Српске, о уставности пред-метне законске одредбе одлучио без доношења рјешења о покре-тању поступка.
ПРИНУДНА ЛИЦЕНЦА ЗА ПАТЕНТЕ КОЈИ СЕ ОДНОСЕ НА ПРОИЗВОДЊУ ФАРМАЦЕУТСКИХ ПРОИЗВОДА
Authors: Јовић Његослав
Published: September 2018

Предмет овог рада је принудна лиценца за патенте који се односе на производњу фармацеутских производа кроз упоредно истраживање међународних конвенција и спора-зума, регулативе Европске уније, законске регулативе Републике Србије и Босне и Херцеговине, те праксе држава које су издавале принудне лиценце за патенте који се односе на производњу фар-мацеутских производа.Рад је подијељен на два дијела. У првом дијелу је извршен приказ историјског развоја принудне лиценце и пракса издавања принудне лиценце за патенте који се односе на производњу фар-мацеутских производа. У другом дијелу рада се тероријски и прак-тично разматрају принудне лиценце за патенте који се односе на производњу фармацеутских производа намјењених за извоз у државе које имају проблема са јавним здрављем.Циљ истраживања је да се утврди да ли имају исти приступ и интересе за употребу принудне лиценце за патенте који се односе на производњу фармацеутских производа, развијене земље, са једне стране, и земље у развоју и неразвијене земље, са друге стране.
ХРИШЋАНСКЕ ПЕРЦЕПЦИЈЕ ПОЈМА И СВРХЕ БРАКА ПО УЧЕЊУ ПРАВОСЛАВНЕ ЦРКВЕ: ПРИЛОГ ДИСКУСИЈИ О РЕДЕФИНИСАЊУ ТРАДИЦИОНАЛНОГ БРАКА
Authors: Аничић Слободан
Published: September 2018

Циљ овог рада јесте да допринесе бољем разуми-јевању хришћанског схватања појма и сврхе брака које је незаоби-лазна тема у расправама о редефинисању традиционалног брака. С обзиром да учесници у овим расправама неријетко имају погрешне представе о хришћанском приступу овој теми, због чега га или од-бацују или погрешно интерпретирају, анализом су обухваћени хриш-ћанско уређење родних односа, као и значај плотског сједињења и ра-ђања дјеце у хришћанском браку. Дискутовано је и о томе да ли истополни партнери могу да стекну приступ црквеној форми закљу-чења брака. Закључци до којих се дошло по наведеним питањима јесу ти да хришћански концепт уређења родних односа се не заснива на негацији родних различитости већ је заснован на једнакочасности оба пола у свом позиву; плотско сједињење представља један од три кумулативна аспекта брачног општења који није могуће апсолути-зовати и уједно задржати хришћански карактер брака; рађање дјеце није сврха брака већ је то пројава љубави коју је могуће ис-пунити кроз политекнију као и кроз атекнију; истополни партнери не могу постати једно тијело у хришћанском смислу јер истополне везе немају рајски коријен те се не могу сматрати слободним, због чега даље не могу бити погодне за црквену форму закључења.
ПРЕИСПИТИВАЊЕ ОСНОВА УГОВОРНЕ ОДГОВОРНОСТИ ЗА ШТЕТУ: ПРАВНА ТЕОРИЈА И СУДСКА ПРАКСА
Authors: Пилиповић Дејан
Published: September 2018

У овом раду аутор се бави преиспитивањем основа уговорне одговорности за штету, односно правне природе одговорности за повреду уговорне обавезе, узимајући у обзир досадашњу доктринарну баштину и релевантну судску праксу. Зашто неко одговара за проузроковану штету? Иако се у правној литератури истиче да дужник одговара на основу претпостав-љене кривице због повреде уговора, конструкција уговорне одговорности према одредбама Закона о облигационим односима (ЗОО), нарочито имајући у виду чл. 263. ЗОО, учинила је диску-табилним питање основа уговорне одговорности, без обзира на степене кривице који се наводе у чл. 266, ст. 2. ЗОО. Заснован на расправном начелу, у раду се обрађује субјективно и објективно схватање у погледу основа уговорне одговорности, износе се аргументи за једно и друго схватање, те се критички освијетљују поједини ставови. Свако разматрање се настоји поткријепити примјерима из судске праксе. Иако у домаћој правној литератури и судској пракси превладава субјективно схватање основа уговор-не одговорности, све више се апострофира схватање о објектив-ном основу одговорности због повреде уговора, па се настоје при-казати новија схватања и с тим у вези реафирмисање и редефи-нисање неких појмова и института облигационог права, као што је кривица. Настоји се цјeловито обрадити постављени истра-живачки проблeм тако што ће се исти на нов и специфичан начинанализирати кроз дискусију, сублимирати и на научни начин прe-зeнтовати, уз давање одређених закључака и приједлога.
УСПОСТАВЉАЊЕ И ОРГАНИЗАЦИЈА ЈЕДИНСТВЕНОГ ПАТЕНТНОГ СУДА
Authors: Ћеранић Јелена
Published: September 2018

У раду се анализира успостављање и организација новогправосудног органа за решавање патентних спорова у Европи –Јединственог патентног суда.Након уводних напомена о поку -шајима увођења јединственог система заштите проналазака уЕвропској унији, у првом делу рада дат је каратак осврт наисторијат успостављања јединственог система решавања па тен-тних спорова у Европи. У другом делу представљени су правниакти на којима се заснива рад Јединственог патентног суда.Тосу Споразум о Јединственом патентном суду и Нацртпословника Јединственог патентног суда.У трећем делу радаразмотрена је организација Јединственог патентног суда. Посеб-на пажња посвећена је начину избора судија, структуриЈединственог патентног суда и језику на коме се води поступакпред Јединственим патентним судом.
ТЕОРИЈЕ О ПОРИЈЕКЛУ МАНДАТА
Authors: Богуновић Мирјана
Published: September 2018

Мандат као двострано неједнако обавезујући контрактодступа од правила синалагматичности у групи консензуалнихконтраката . Управо доводећи у везу чињенице да је мандатдвострано неједнако обавезујући уговор (contractus bilateralisinaequalis) и да припада групи консензуалних контраката,поставља се врло једноставно питање о поријеклу тогинститута. Да ли је постојао институт сличан институтумандата у цивилном праву који су римски правнициадаптирали и по угледу на карактеристике тог институтастворили институт који ће бити доступан и странцима ирегулисан начелима добре вјере, а задржати бесплатност каосуштинско одређење правне природе контракта јер водипоријекло из пријатељства и дужности? Вјеродостојан одговорна ово питање се може дати само уколико романистика дође донових извора који ће потврдити већ постојеће хипотезе које суформиране кроз бројне теорије о поријеклу мандата .
САИЗВРШИЛАШТВО И ТЕОРИЈА ВЛАСТИ НАД ДЈЕЛОМ
Authors: Васиљевић Драгана
Published: September 2018

У савременом кривичном праву се, као преовлађујућетеоријско схватање саизвршилачког учешћа у остварењу кри-вичног дјела, издвaја материјално-објективна теорија, позна-тија као „теорија власти над дјелом“. Ријеч је о промишљањукоје је позиционирано између теорије долуса и формално-објек-тивне теорије. Аутор у раду даје приказ основних поставки накојима је схватање утемељено, и укратко се осврће на његовутицај на поједина законска рјешења о саизвршилаштву.
MEЂУНАРОДНА ОРГАНИЗАЦИЈА РАДА И НОВИ ИЗАЗОВИ СОЦИЈАЛНЕ СИГУРНОСТИ
Authors: Давидовић Игор
Published: September 2018

Инструменти којим се спроводила глобална политикасоцијалне сигурности су конвенције, препоруке, споразуми изакључци сачињени од стране учесника (државних и недржав-них актера) на међународним скуповима, институција чији јерад повезан са социјалном сигурношћу. Најмаркантнија парт -нерска институција тог типа за МОР је Међународно удружењеза социјалну сигурност (МУСС). Неке од конвенција Међу-народне организације рада (Конвенција бр. 117. о главнимциљевима и стандардима у социјалној политици и Конвенцијабр. 102. о минималним нормама социјалног обезбјеђења) утица -ле су, посебно у земљама у развоју, на формирање системасоцијалне политике.Промјене у глобалној политичкој равнотежи, унутрашњим имеђудржавним конфликтима, стварање регионалних интегра -ција, нових трговинских споразума, мобилност међународногтржишта рада, експанзија у комуникацијама и промјене уекономском животу захтијевале су прилагођавање система со-цијалне сигурности околностима које се најчешће догађале ванграница националних утицаја.
ЗАШТИТА ПРАВА НЕОСНОВАНО ОСУЂЕНОГ ЛИЦА И ЛИЦА НЕОСНОВАНО ЛИШЕНОГ СЛОБОДЕ У КРИВИЧНОМ И ПРЕКРШАЈНОМ ПРАВУ РЕПУБЛИКЕ СРБИЈЕ
Authors: Симовић Миодраг , Јовашевић Драган
Published: September 2018

Као посљедица извршеног кривичног дјела или прекршаја јавља се примјена казнених (кривичних или прекршајних) санкција према његовом учиниоцу. Оне се најчешће састоје у одузимању или ограничавању права осуђеног лица - права на слободу кретања за, у судској пресуди, одређено вријеме. Међутим, могуће је да претходно изречена казнена санкција касније у поступку по ванредним правним лијековима буде опозвана. Тада се ради о неосновано осуђеном (у кривичном праву) или неосновано кажњеном (у прекршајном праву) лица. Таквом лицу припадају одређена права која имају за циљ да заштите његова људска права и слободе, а састоје се у потпуном или дјелимичном уклањању свих штетних посљедица претходне осуде или изречене казне. О појму, карактеристикама, начину и поступку остварења права лица која су неосновано осуђена и неосновано лишена слободе у кривичном поступку или неоправдано кажњена у прекршајном поступку говори се у овом раду.
УПРАВНА СТВАР
Authors: Миљић Дражен
Published: September 2018

У позитивном праву Републике Српске управна ствар није нормативно дефинисана. Теорија управног права није сагласна по питању конститутивних обиљежја овог појма. Судску праксу у питању управне ствари одликује неконзистентност, склоност да се управна ствар одређује од случаја до случаја, без довољне и ваљане аргументације. Због тога, овај рад има за циљ да укаже на потребу адекватног законског дефинисања овог појма како би се олакшао рад органа јавне управе и судских инстанци приликом свакодневног дјеловања.
КОНТРОЛНЕ МЕРЕ ТОКОМ МАНИПУЛАЦИЈЕ И ПРОЦЕСА ОБРАДЕ МЕСА РИБЕ У ЦИЉУ ПРЕВЕНЦИЈЕ ЗООНОТСКИХ ПАРАЗИТОЗА
Authors: Балтић Милан , Бошковић Марија , Павличевић Наташа , Ђорђевић Весна , Грбић Славен , Марковић Радмила , Тодоровић Милица
Published: September 2018

Последњих година, као последица глобализације и промена културолошкихи кулинарских навика становништва, забеле
ORAL VACCINATION OF FOXES: PRINCIPLE AND FIELD APPLICATION
Authors: Tošić K. , Mehmedbašić Z. , Nemet A. , Aubert M.
Published: September 2018

Oral vaccination of the red fox against rabies using baits revealed very efficientfor eliminating rabies in many European countries. The “Program for control anderadication of rabies via oral vaccination of foxes” elaborated by the VeterinaryOffice plans to perform aerial vaccine bait distribution in Spring and Autumn until2015 at least. Campaigns have already been carried out in autumn 2011, spring &autumn 2012 over all the territory of BIH, including Public Awareness Campaigns.The role of Doctors of Veterinary Medicine is of paramount importance foreducating the public regarding rabies and re-enforcing the epidemio-surveillanceof the disease.
КОНТРОЛА БРУЦЕЛОЗЕ У БОСНИ И ХЕРЦЕГОВИНИ У ПЕРИОДУ ЈАНУАР 2009. – ДЕЦЕМБАР 2012. ГОДИНЕ
Authors: Хаџовић Џено , Мехмедбашић Девеџић Зорана , Немет Александар , Батинић Свјетлана
Published: September 2018

Бруцелоза малих и великих пре
Compatibility between object size and response side in grasping: The left hand prefers smaller objects, the right hand prefers larger objects
Authors: Seegelke Christian , Wühr Peter
Published: September 2018

It has been proposed that the brain processes quantities such as space, size, number, and other magnitudes using a common neural metric, and that this common representation system reflects a direct link to motor control, because the integration of spatial, temporal, and other quantity-related information is fundamental for sensorimotor transformation processes. In the present study, we examined compatibility effects between physical stimulus size and spatial (response) location during a sensorimotor task. Participants reached and grasped for a small or large object with either their non-dominant left or their dominant right hand. Our results revealed that participants initiated left hand movements faster when grasping the small cube compared to the large cube, whereas they initiated right hand movements faster when grasping the large cube compared to the small cube. Moreover, the compatibility effect influenced the timing of grip aperture kinematics. These findings indicate that the interaction between object size and response hand affects the planning of grasping movements and supports the notion of a strong link between the cognitive representation of (object) size, spatial (response) parameters, and sensorimotor control.
Six domesticated PiggyBac transposases together carry out programmed DNA elimination in Paramecium
Authors: Bischerour Julien , Bhullar Simran , Denby Wilkes Cyril , Régnier Vinciane , Mathy Nathalie , Dubois Emeline , Singh Aditi , Swart Estienne , Arnaiz Olivier , Sperling Linda , Nowacki Mariusz , Bétermier Mireille
Published: September 2018

The domestication of transposable elements has repeatedly occurred during evolution and domesticated transposases have often been implicated in programmed genome rearrangements, as remarkably illustrated in ciliates. In Paramecium, PiggyMac (Pgm), a domesticated PiggyBac transposase, carries out developmentally programmed DNA elimination, including the precise excision of tens of thousands of gene-interrupting germline Internal Eliminated Sequences (IESs). Here, we report the discovery of five groups of distant Pgm-like proteins (PgmLs), all able to interact with Pgm and essential for its nuclear localization and IES excision genome-wide. Unlike Pgm, PgmLs lack a conserved catalytic site, suggesting that they rather have an architectural function within a multi-component excision complex embedding Pgm. PgmL depletion can increase erroneous targeting of residual Pgm-mediated DNA cleavage, indicating that PgmLs contribute to accurately position the complex on IES ends. DNA rearrangements in Paramecium constitute a rare example of a biological process jointly managed by six distinct domesticated transposases.
Remodeling of lumbar motor circuitry remote to a thoracic spinal cord injury promotes locomotor recovery
Authors: Wang Ying , Wu Wei , Wu Xiangbing , Sun Yan , Zhang Yi P , Deng Ling-Xiao , Walker Melissa Jane , Qu Wenrui , Chen Chen , Liu Nai-Kui , Han Qi , Dai Heqiao , Shields Lisa BE , Shields Christopher B , Sengelaub Dale R , Jones Kathryn J , Smith George M , Xu Xiao-Ming
Published: September 2018

Retrogradely-transported neurotrophin signaling plays an important role in regulating neural circuit specificity. Here we investigated whether targeted delivery of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) to lumbar motoneurons (MNs) caudal to a thoracic (T10) contusive spinal cord injury (SCI) could modulate dendritic patterning and synapse formation of the lumbar MNs. In vitro, Adeno-associated virus serotype two overexpressing NT-3 (AAV-NT-3) induced NT-3 expression and neurite outgrowth in cultured spinal cord neurons. In vivo, targeted delivery of AAV-NT-3 into transiently demyelinated adult mouse sciatic nerves led to the retrograde transportation of NT-3 to the lumbar MNs, significantly attenuating SCI-induced lumbar MN dendritic atrophy. NT-3 enhanced sprouting and synaptic formation of descending serotonergic, dopaminergic, and propriospinal axons on lumbar MNs, parallel to improved behavioral recovery. Thus, retrogradely transported NT-3 stimulated remodeling of lumbar neural circuitry and synaptic connectivity remote to a thoracic SCI, supporting a role for retrograde transport of NT-3 as a potential therapeutic strategy for SCI.
Shedding light on stellate cells
Authors: Alexander Andrew S , Hasselmo Michael E
Published: September 2018

The relationship between grid cells and two types of neurons found in the medial entorhinal cortex has been clarified.
The impact of chemerin or chemokine-like receptor 1 loss on the mouse gut microbiome
Authors: Dranse Helen J. , Zheng Ashlee , Comeau André M. , Langille Morgan G.I. , Zabel Brian A. , Sinal Christopher J.
Published: September 2018

Chemerin is an adipocyte derived signalling molecule (adipokine) that serves as a ligand activator of Chemokine-like receptor 1(CMKLR1). Chemerin/CMKLR1 signalling is well established to regulate fundamental processes in metabolism and inflammation. The composition and function of gut microbiota has also been shown to impact the development of metabolic and inflammatory diseases such as obesity, diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease. In this study, we assessed the microbiome composition of fecal samples isolated from wildtype, chemerin, or CMKLR1 knockout mice using Illumina-based sequencing. Moreover, the knockout mice and respective wildtype mice used in this study were housed at different universities allowing us to compare facility-dependent effects on microbiome composition. While there was no difference in alpha diversity within samples when compared by either facility or genotype, we observed a dramatic difference in the presence and abundance of numerous taxa between facilities. There were minor differences in bacterial abundance between wildtype and chemerin knockout mice, but significantly more differences in taxa abundance between wildtype and CMKLR1 knockout mice. Specifically, CMKLR1 knockout mice exhibited decreased abundance of Akkermansia and Prevotella, which correlated with body weight in CMKLR1 knockout, but not wildtype mice. This is the first study to investigate a linkage between chemerin/CMKLR1 signaling and microbiome composition. The results of our study suggest that chemerin/CMKLR1 signaling influences metabolic processes through effects on the gut microbiome. Furthermore, the dramatic difference in microbiome composition between facilities might contribute to discrepancies in the metabolic phenotype of CMKLR1 knockout mice reported by independent groups. Considered altogether, these findings establish a foundation for future studies to investigate the relationship between chemerin signaling and the gut microbiome on the development and progression of metabolic and inflammatory disease.
Children are not like other loads: a cross-cultural perspective on the influence of burdens and companionship on human walking
Authors: Bouterse Leah , Wall-Scheffler Cara
Published: September 2018

A major portion of humans’ activity-based energy expenditure is taken up by locomotion, particularly walking. Walking behaviors have energetic outcomes and as such can be important windows into how populations and groups adjust to different environmental and task constraints. While sex differences in the speed of paired walkers have been established by others, the dynamics of how walkers adjust their speed in more varied groups and in groups containing children remains unexplored. Furthermore, little ecological data exists to illustrate the relationships between walking speed and child-carrying. Here, we aim to determine how culture impacts the effects of group composition and infant-carrying on walking speed. Because the determinants of group dynamics and parental investment are partially cultural, we examine walking behavior in the Northwestern United States and in Central Uganda. Using an observational method, we recorded the speed, load carriage, and group composition of pedestrians in a single naturalistic urban environment within each country. Our data suggest that children are treated fundamentally differently than other loads or the presence of walking partners, and that major speed adjustments are child-dependent. Our data furthermore indicate that Ugandans walk more slowly in groups than when alone, while Americans walk more quickly in groups. Clear distinctions between the groups make large generalizations about walking behavior difficult, and highlight the importance of culturally specific contexts.
Electrically Tunable Liquid Photonic Crystals with Large Dielectric Contrast and Highly Saturated Structural Colors
Authors: Fu Qianqian , Zhu Huimin , Ge Jianping
Published: September 2018

Monodisperse CeO2 and CeO2@SiO2 particles with controllable size and surface charge are synthesized on large scale by polyol and sol–gel reactions. These particles and the traditional SiO2 particles are dispersed in propylene carbonate to form three kinds of electrically tunable liquid photonic crystals (PCs). Due to the intrinsic relationship between the applied field strength and lattice constant, these liquid PCs show various structural colors across the visible spectrum under different electric fields. It is found that the large dielectric contrast between CeO2 or CeO2@SiO2 particles and propylene carbonate will render the liquid PC a wide photonic bandgap and highly saturated colors with little fading of reflection intensities in electric field, which address the problem of color fading for previous PCs with small dielectric contrast. Among them, only the CeO2@SiO2 based liquid PC simultaneously possesses broad tuning range and highly saturated colors in electric and angular tuning. Meanwhile, the highly dielectric particles also bring this liquid PC faster electrical response, more reproducible signals in on–off switching, and better stability for long‐time working. Based on this liquid PC, an electric cell array is fabricated to show dynamic pixel patterns under programmed electric field, which reveals its potentials for reflective‐mode display unit.
Genetic Tolerance to Rose Bengal Photodynamic Therapy and Antifungal Clinical Application for Onychomycosis
Authors: Houang Jessica , Perrone Gabriel G. , Pedrinazzi Christian , Longo Leonardo , Mawad Damia , Boughton Philip C. , Ruys Andrew J. , Lauto Antonio
Published: September 2018

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with rose bengal has seen increasing use in clinical applications and has shown effective antifungal capacity in vitro. However, there is limited understanding of the effects of this emerging therapy at a genetic level. A rose bengal PDT screen using a green laser (λ = 532 nm) on the entire non‐essential gene library of the model organism, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and a subsequent pilot patient study (n = 6 patients) in the treatment of onychomycosis caused by Trichophyton rubrum is reported. Of the 4800 yeast strains screened, 482 sensitive and 175 resistant strains are identified. The key biochemical pathways found to be affected included ergosterol biosynthesis, vacuolar acidification, and purine/S‐adenosyl‐l‐methionine biosynthesis. The implications of these findings inform the clinical application of an optimized rose bengal PDT protocol involving nail treatment with a rose bengal solution (140 µm) and green light irradiation (fluence ≈763 J cm−2). All patients achieved complete cure within three to five treatment sessions in the absence of pain or other side effects. The outcome of the genetic screen may thus inform the development of more efficient clinical treatments using rose bengal PDT, as demonstrated in the successful treatment of onychomycosis.
Modeling hydrodynamic cavitation in venturi: influence of venturi configuration on inception and extent of cavitation
Authors: Simpson Alister , Ranade Vivek V.
Published: September 2018

Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) is useful for intensifying a wide variety of industrial applications including biofuel production, emulsion preparation, and wastewater treatment. Venturi is one of the most widely used devices for HC. Despite the wide spread use, the role and interactions among various design and operating parameters on generated cavitation is not yet adequately understood. This article presents results of computational investigation into the cavitation characteristics of different venturi designs over a range of operating conditions. Influence of the key geometric parameters such as the length of venturi throat and diffuser angle on the inception and extent of cavitation is discussed quantitatively. Formulation and solution of multiphase computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models are presented. Appropriate turbulence and cavitation models are selected and solved using a commercial CFD code. Care was taken to eliminate the influence of numerical parameters like mesh density, discretization scheme, and convergence criteria. The computational model was validated by comparing simulated results with three published data sets. The simulated results in terms of velocity and pressure gradients, vapor volume fractions and turbulence quantities, and so on, are critically analyzed and discussed. Diffuser angle was found to have a significant influence on cavitation inception and evolution. The length of the venturi throat has relatively less impact on cavitation inception and evolution compared to the diffuser angle. The models and simulated flow field were used to simulate detailed time–pressure histories for individual vapor cavities, including turbulent fluctuations. This in turn can be used to simulate cavity collapse and overall performance of HC device as a reactor. The presented results offer useful guidance to the designer of HC devices, identifying key operating and design parameters that can be manipulated to achieve the desired level of cavitational activity. The presented approach and results also offer a useful means to compare and to evaluate different designs of cavitation devices and operating parameters. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 65: 421–433, 2019
Neonatologist performed point‐of‐care bowel ultrasound: Is the time right?
Authors: Priyadarshi Archana , Rogerson Sheryle , Hinder Murray , Tracy Mark
Published: September 2018

Introduction

This review acquaints neonatal clinicians using point‐of‐care ultrasound with a range of pathological bowel ultrasound findings, with the aim to promote utility of this skill as a diagnostic assessment tool in diseased neonatal intestinal states.

Overview

A range of normal and pathological bowel ultrasound findings are illustrated with case examples from our neonatal intensive care unit. The technical challenges of lack of familiarity with sonographic appearance of bowel (healthy and diseased), occurrence of gas artefacts and requirements of high‐resolution linear transducer probes are described to allow the development of skills amongst neonatologists trained in point‐of‐care ultrasound. Plain abdominal radiography continues to remain the standard investigation to differentiate benign bowel states such as continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) belly syndrome in preterm infants from life‐threatening pathological intestinal states such as necrotising enterocolitis. Although plain radiography is the gold standard modality in the evaluation of neonatal diseased bowel states, real‐time point‐of‐care bowel ultrasound performed in conjunction can provide valuable information on bowel peristalsis, bowel wall thickness and bowel vascularity. Abnormal configuration of superior mesenteric vessels on colour Doppler can alert the clinician to the diagnosis of neonatal intestinal malrotation‐a time critical emergency.

Conclusion

Further research is needed to explore true‐negative and true‐positive predictive values of bowel ultrasound. However, with expansion of knowledge, appropriate training of techniques, neonatologists will be able to enhance their diagnostic acumen by performing point‐of‐care bowel ultrasound in conjunction with plain radiography in the evaluation of broad array of neonatal intestinal states.
Multilayered epoxy/glass fiber felt composites with excellently acoustical and thermal insulation properties
Authors: Xue Bai , Xie Lan , Bao Yue , Zhang Junhua
Published: September 2018

In this article, a series of epoxy composites consisting of multilayered ultra‐fine glass fiber felts (GFFs) were produced by a hand lay‐up process. The incorporation of GFFs greatly enhances the sound‐absorption and sound‐insulation properties of epoxy composites. It can be mainly attributed to great numbers of voids introduced into the matrix and the increasing interfacial area between glass fiber and epoxy resin, which is confirmed by scanning electron microscopy results. Furthermore, the thermal insulation performance of epoxy/glass fiber felt (EP/GFF) composites is continuously improved with the growing GFF layer, and meanwhile EP/GFF composites exhibit the satisfactory mechanical property. Such novel EP/GFF composites can serve as promising structural, heat‐insulated, and soundproof materials in many multifunctional systems including buildings, aircrafts, constructions, vehicles, etc. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2019,136, 46935.
Influence of Halloysite Nanotube on Properties of Tire Tread Compounds Filled with Silica and Carbon Black Hybrid Filler
Authors: Thepsuwan Uthai , Sae‐oui Pongdhorn , Sirisinha Chakrit , Thaptong Puchong
Published: September 2018

Properties of solution styrene butadiene rubber (SSBR), based on passenger car tire tread formulation, filled with silica/carbon black/halloysite nanotube (SiO2/CB/HNT) hybrid filler were investigated. Effect of HNT was studied by partially replacing CB in the reference compound with 0–16 phr of HNT. With increasing HNT content, mechanical properties such as modulus, hardness, tensile strength, tear strength and abrasion resistance are impaired, due to the combination of low specific surface area of HNT (compared with CB), poor rubber‐HNT interaction and poor HNT dispersion. However, the partial replacement of CB with HNT leads to the improvement of wet grip and rolling resistance. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 46987.
Magnetic arms of NGC 6946 traced in Faraday cubes at low radio frequencies
Authors: Chupin A. , Beck R. , Frick P. , Heald G. , Sokoloff D. , Stepanov R.
Published: September 2018

Magnetic fields in galaxies exist on various spatial scales. Large‐scale magnetic fields are thought to be generated by the α − Ω dynamo. Small‐scale galactic magnetic fields (1 kpc and below) can be generated by tangling the large‐scale field. The analysis of field structures with the help of polarized radio continuum emission is hampered by the effect of Faraday dispersion (due to fluctuations in magnetic field and/or thermal electron density), which shifts the signals from large to small scales. At long observation wavelengths, large‐scale magnetic fields may become invisible, as in the case of the spectro‐polarimetric data cube of the spiral galaxy NGC 6946 observed with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope in the wavelength range 17–23 cm. The application of rotation measure (RM) synthesis alone does not overcome this problem. We propose to decompose the Faraday data cube into data cubes at different spatial scales by a wavelet transform. Signatures of the “magnetic arms” observed in NGC 6946 at shorter wavelengths then become visible. Our method allows the use of small‐scale structures as tracers of large‐scale magnetic field patterns in data cubes at long wavelengths, as provided by new‐generation radio telescopes.
An Anthraquinone/Carbon Fiber Composite as Cathode Material for Rechargeable Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Werner Daniel , Apaydin Dogukan H. , Portenkirchner Engelbert
Published: September 2018

The Front Cover illustrates the concept of an all‐organic sodium‐ion battery, with n‐type organics as both the cathode and anode. The two‐electron redox reaction of anthraquinone in a sodium electrolyte system is depicted in the background. This reaction is exploited to fabricate an anthraquinone/carbon fiber composite cathode material for rechargeable sodium‐ion batteries. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/batt.201800057.
Structural safety referring to ultrasound on concrete bridges
Authors: Küttenbaum Stefan , Maack Stefan , Taffe Alexander
Published: September 2018

Measuring means knowing. The structural engineer's knowledge about structures is vitally important for the assessment of their structural safety. This contribution shows, how non‐destructive testing methods can be used to collect valuable information about existing structures. This value is expressed in this paper by the usability in probabilistic assessments and thus by the reliability of the information. The development of non‐destructive testing methods in civil‐engineering allows the realistic measurement and visualization of inner constructions of concrete components with a minimum of destructive interventions. The evaluation of the quality of measurement data is of fundamental importance for quantitative measurements in order to ensure the objectivity of testing and evaluation and to assess the reliability of the knowledge acquired. Both systematic and random deviations must be identified, quantified and taken into account to obtain statistically sound data. The focus of this contribution is on the methodical path, how displayed measurement data can be processed into reliable knowledge. It is not about developing assessment methods but about providing necessary knowledge to increase their operational usability.
The possibility of a statistical determination of characteristic shear parameters from triaxial tests
Authors: Schneider‐Muntau Barbara , Schranz Fabian , Fellin Wolfgang
Published: September 2018

The shear strength of soils, commonly represented in terms of friction angle and cohesion, is an important input parameter for all geotechnical calculations. It can be assessed in the laboratory for example by triaxial tests. From the laboratory test results, the characteristic values for friction angle and cohesion have to be determined – according to the standards – as conservative estimation of the mean value. Usually the shear strength is calculated as linear regression in the s‐t‐representation. This leads to slightly higher values than the evaluation in the more appropriate σ1‐σ2‐representation. Friction angle and cohesion are usually assumed to be statistically independent variables, resulting in unrealistically low characteristic shear strengths. Friction angle and cohesion are obviously correlated, since they are parameters of one linear regression. Confidence hyperbolas can be determined by taking into account the statistical dependency of friction angle and cohesion. A linearization of the confidence hyperbolas provides an upper and lower limit of the shear parameters. Typical examples are used to demonstrate the determination of the characteristic shear strength from the laboratory test results with the above mentioned approaches. Moreover we show, that the characteristic shear strength can be determined more precisely if more lateral stress levels (e.g. six) are performed instead of the conventional three levels.
Uncertainty of measurement and its influence on essential characteristics of post‐installed fasteners
Authors: Schwenn Michael , Zeman Oliver , Bergmeister Konrad
Published: September 2018

Testing laboratories according to IS0 17025 have to define their uncertainty of measurement in conducting tests. This can be done either by exact calculation or by means of an accurate estimation. All relevant contributions to the measurement uncertainty may be considered in this estimation. For the testing of post‐installed mechanical fasteners in concrete the European Assessment Document EAD 33232 resp. Technical Report TR 048 also demands the fulfilment of the specifications according to ISO 17025 considering the uncertainty of measurement.

In this contribution a specific model for testing laboratories in the field of fastenings is provided. Based on the concrete‐cone‐capacity model the contributions of measurement uncertainty for the determination of the failure tension load in concrete are defined. The mathematical derivation of the sensitivity factors for the influence on the measurement uncertainty is shown. By means of a simplified method a proposal for the determination of the measurement uncertainty of tension loads, depending on the uncertainty of the concrete basement and embedment depth, is given.
A novel probabilistic methodology for the local assessment of future trends of climatic actions
Authors: Croce Pietro , Formichi Paolo , Landi Filippo , Marsili Francesca
Published: September 2018

Climate change could significantly affect climatic actions, so influencing not only existing structures, designed in accordance to the provisions of past Codes, but also updating of structural Codes. In the paper a new probabilistic technique for bias correction and downscaling of climate projections is presented to assess uncertainties in the future trends of climate extremes at the local scale. Referring to the relevant historical period, climate model outputs at relevant weather stations are compared with recorded daily series of maximum and minimum temperatures and water precipitations to derive appropriate monthly error probability density functions. Subsequently, new climate data series are generated by adding to the climate models output a random error term sampled from the monthly error PDFs. An extreme value analysis is finally carried out for each generated series according different time windows to assess how characteristic values (50 years return period) vary over time. The results for snow loads at the investigated weather stations confirm that the proposed methodology is suitable to reproduce recorded past climate extremes, so suggesting that it could be a useful tool to improve the climate change forecasts derived from climate models.
Polynomial chaos expansion for surrogate modelling: Theory and software
Authors: Novak Lukas , Novak Drahomir
Published: September 2018

The paper is focused on the application of a surrogate model to reliability analysis. Despite recent advances in this field, the reliability analysis of complex non‐linear finite element models is still highly time‐consuming. Thus, the approximation of the non‐linear finite element model by a surrogate meta‐model is often the only choice if one wishes to perform a sufficient amount of simulations to enable reliability analysis. First, the basic theory of polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) is described, including the transformation of correlated random variables. The usage of the PCE for the estimation of statistical moments and sensitivity analysis is then presented. It can be done efficiently via the post‐processing of the employed surrogate model in explicit form without any additional computational demands. The possibility of utilizing the adaptive algorithm Least Angle Regression is also discussed. The implementation of the discussed theory into a software tool, and its application, are presented in the last part of the paper.
Analysis of Codman microcerebrospinal fluid shunt
Authors: Sandvig Axel , Arnell Kai , Malm Jan , Eklund Anders , Koskinen Lars‐Owe D.
Published: September 2018

Introduction

Ventriculo‐peritoneal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt is the most common method of treating pediatric hydrocephalus. The Codman microadjustable valve (CMAV) is aCSFshunt constructed for children. The objective of the study was (a) to analyze complications after insertion of aCMAVshunt in hydrocephalic children, (b) to analyze complications after replacing aCMAVby an adult‐type Codman Hakim adjustable valve shunt (CHAV), and to (c) analyze the in vitro characteristics of theCMAVshunt and correlate the findings with the clinical performance of the shunt.

Methods

A retrospective study analyzed a cohort of hydrocephalic children who had received aCMAVshunt and later replaced by aCHAVshunt. We report on the complications that resulted from replacing theCMAVwith theCHAV. We tested sixCMAVshunts with or without an antisiphon device (ASD) in which opening pressure, resistance, sensitivity to abdominal pressure,ASDposition dependency, and function were determined. The test results were correlated with the clinical performance of the shunt in the retrospective study.

Results

Thirty‐seven children (19 boys, 18 girls) were identified. Within the first month after shunt placement, a total of 10 patients (27%) developed complications including infections, hygromas, and shunt dysfunction. Shunt survival varied from 1 week to 145 months. Over the 10‐year follow‐up period, 13 children had their shunts replaced, six of them with aCHAVwithout any further complications. A bench test of theCMAVwas done to test whether the opening pressure was in agreement with the manufacturer's specifications. Our results were generally in agreement with specifications stated by the manufacturer.

Conclusion

Replacing aCMAVwith aCHAVwas well tolerated by the patients. Bench test results were generally in agreement with manufacturers specifications. Replacing aCMAVwith aCHAVin pediatric hydrocephalus patients can be accomplished safely.
Prognostic impact of baseline and residual SYNTAX scores in cardiogenic shock
Authors: Javanainen Tuija , Sans‐Roselló Jordi , Harjola Veli‐Pekka , Nieminen Markku S. , Lassus Johan , Sionis Alessandro , Varpula Marjut , Jurkko Raija
Published: September 2018

Objectives

The aim was to assess the extent of coronary artery disease and revascularization using baseline SYNTAX Score (bSS) and residual SYNTAX Score (rSS) in patients with cardiogenic shock (CS) secondary to ST‐segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The prognostic impact of SYNTAX Score (SS) was evaluated and assessed for additive value over clinical risk scores.

Background

bSS and rSS have been proven to be useful in risk stratification in stable coronary artery disease as well as in acute coronary syndromes, but they have not been studied in STEMI related CS.

Methods

Patients from a multinational prospective study of CS were analyzed. The study population was divided into tertiles according to bSS. The Cox regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to assess the predictive power of SS.

Results

Of the 61 studied patients, 85% were male and the mean age was 67 years. Median bSS was 22 (15–32) and rSS 7 (0–13). Ninety‐day mortality was 43%. bSS had negative prognostic value in multivariable analysis (HR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01–1.10). However, additive value over clinical risk scores was limited. rSS was not associated with mortality, whereas post‐percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) TIMI flow 3 of infarct‐related artery (IRA) predicted better survival.

Conclusions

In STEMI related CS, the added value of bSS and rSS over clinical assessment and risk scores is limited. Our results suggest that while immediate PCI in order to restore blood flow to the IRA is essential, deferring the treatment of residual lesions does not seem to be associated with worse prognosis.
Application of Waveform Relaxation in Distributed Process Co‐Simulation
Authors: Wack Thorsten , Schlüter Stefan , Hennig Torsten , Wagner Henning , Diekmann Andreas , Zheng Qinghua , Grundler Jonas
Published: September 2018

In the Carbon2Chem® joint research project, mathematical models are involved to simulate operation scenarios of cross‐industrial networks, especially chemical plants implemented in a steel mill environment. In order to achieve an optimal model‐based system integration approach, a distributed co‐simulation environment is introduced. In particular this enables model suppliers and integrators to exchange co‐simulation units without having to disclose sensitive information and intellectual property. Here, the architecture and preliminary results of such an environment which is based on a classical waveform relaxation algorithm are described.
Oxygen Vacancy Engineering in Tin(IV) Oxide Based Anode Materials toward Advanced Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Ma Dingtao , Li Yongliang , Zhang Peixin , Lin Zhiqun
Published: September 2018

A high theoretical capacity of approximately 1400 mA h g−1 makes SnO2 a promising anode material for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). However, large volume expansion, poor intrinsic conductivity, and sluggish reaction kinetics have greatly hindered its practical application. The controlled creation of oxygen vacancy (OV) defects allows the intrinsic properties of SnO2 to be effectively modulated, but related work concerning SIBs is still lacking. In this Minireview, the mechanism of failure of SnO2 electrodes is discussed and an overview of recent progress in the general synthesis of OV‐containing SnO2 materials and the feasible detection of OVs in SnO2 is presented. The use of OV‐containing SnO2‐based anode materials in SIBs is also reviewed. Finally, challenges and future opportunities to engineer OVs for semiconductor oxides are examined.
Help students make informed choices about treatments
Authors: Hamblet Elizabeth C.
Published: September 2018

For students with learning disabilities, college can be very challenging. It's understandable that they might look for a “cure” or quick fix for their difficulties. While it's not your duty to advise them about the “remedies” they're considering, you might find it helpful to know about some of these treatments and share the information with students.
Prokineticin‐2 promotes chemotaxis and alternative A2 reactivity of astrocytes
Authors: Neal Matthew , Luo Jie , Harischandra Dilshan S. , Gordon Richard , Sarkar Souvarish , Jin Huajun , Anantharam Vellareddy , Désaubry Laurent , Kanthasamy Anumantha , Kanthasamy Arthi
Published: September 2018

Astrocyte reactivity is disease‐ and stimulus‐dependent, adopting either a proinflammatory A1 phenotype or a protective, anti‐inflammatory A2 phenotype. Recently, we demonstrated, using cell culture, animal models and human brain samples, that dopaminergic neurons produce and secrete higher levels of the chemokine‐like signaling protein Prokineticin‐2 (PK2) as a compensatory protective response against neurotoxic stress. As astrocytes express a high level of PK2 receptors, herein, we systematically characterize the role of PK2 in astrocyte structural and functional properties. PK2 treatment greatly induced astrocyte migration, which was accompanied by a shift in mitochondrial energy metabolism, a reduction in proinflammatory factors, and an increase in the antioxidant genes Arginase‐1 and Nrf2. Overexpression of PK2 in primary astrocytes or in the in vivo mouse brain induced the A2 astrocytic phenotype with upregulation of key protective genes and A2 reactivity markers including Arginase‐1 and Nrf2, PTX3, SPHK1, and TM4SF1. A small‐molecule PK2 agonist, IS20, not only mimicked the protective effect of PK2 in primary cultures, but also increased glutamate uptake by upregulating GLAST. Notably, IS20 blocked not only MPTP‐induced reductions in the A2 phenotypic markers SPHK1 and SCL10a6 but also elevation of the of A1 marker GBP2. Collectively, our results reveal that PK2 regulates a novel neuron‐astrocyte signaling mechanism by promoting an alternative A2 protective phenotype in astrocytes, which could be exploited for development of novel therapeutic strategies for PD and other related chronic neurodegenerative diseases. PK2 signals through its receptors on astrocytes and promotes directed chemotaxis. PK2‐induced astrocyte reactivity leads to an increase in antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory proteins while increasing glutamate uptake, along with decreased inflammatory factors. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.