bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimal Pick-up Locations for Transport and Handling of Limp Materials
Authors: Lankalapalli Shrinivas , Eischen Jeffrey W.
Published: March 2008

Pick-up locations are obtained on two-dimensional limp parts that minimize a measure of deformation (strain energy). The parts are modeled as shells undergoing arbitrarily large deformations and rotations by a geometrically exact nonlinear shell finite element formulation. The strain energy is computed from the finite element solution for deforma tion, and the optimal locations are obtained by solving a bound constrained optimization problem. Results are given for various two-dimensional shapes.
Measuring the Short Fiber Content of Cotton
Authors: Cui Xiaoliang , Calamari Timothy A. , Robert Kearny Q. , Price John B. , Watson Michael D.
Published: March 2008

A selection of cotton samples is tested with the Suter-Webb Array, AFIS (advanced fiber information system), and HVI (high volume instrument) methods. Short fiber contents as measured by these different methods show significant differences and high variations. The calibration level is one of the major factors causing these differences. Provided all other conditions are the same, a shift of 0.01 inch in fiber length calibration can cause an approximately 0.37% absolute value change in measured short fiber content based on the average of the test data. Based on the results from AFIS tests and computer simulation, sample nonuniformity, which is a characteristic of cotton fibers, contributes a major portion of the variation of the measured short fiber content.
Determining Radiative Heat Transfer Through Heterogeneous Multilayer Nonwoven Materials
Authors: Mohammadi M. , Banks-Lee P. , Ghadimi P.
Published: March 2008

A theoretical equation of the combined thermal conductive, convective, and radiative heat flow through heterogeneous multilayer fibrous materials is presented. Samples whose properties are analyzed by this equation were constructed from glass and ceramic webs and used in an earlier work to experimentally determine their thermal conductivities. In that experimental work, overall effective thermal conductivities were determined using a guarded hot plate instrument with temperatures ranging from 430 to 480°C. In the theoretical equation presented here, thermal convective heat flow is ignored because of fabric structural conditions, and the conduction component of the overall conductivity is determined by Fricke's equation. Furthermore, the results of Fricke's equation and the overall effective thermal conductivity are used to estimate the radiative thermal conduc tivity of the samples.
Effect of Purified Trichoderma reesei Cellulases on the Supramolecular Structure of Cotton Cellulose
Authors: Rousselle Marie-Alice , Bertoniere Noelie R. , Howley Phyllis S. , Pere Jaakko , Buchert Johanna
Published: March 2008

Commercial cellulases may contain mixtures of different cellulase components, and properties of cotton fabrics treated with cellulases vary with the nature of these mixtures. This study reports the effect of treatments with cellulase monocomponents on the molecular and supramolecular structures of cotton cellulose. Desized, scoured, and bleached printcloth fabrics prepared from ring spun or rotor spun Deltapine cotton yarns are treated with monocomponent cellulases—endoglucanase I and II and cellobiohydro lase I and II from Trichoderma reesei—in an acetate buffer in stainless steel canisters in the presence of stainless steel ball bearings. The effects of the treatments are reported for fabric weight loss, reducing sugar formation, fabric breaking strength and tearing strength, copper number, water of imbibition, cellulose microstructure as revealed by hydrogen bonding patterns, and fiber pore size distribution.
Effects of Growth Environment on Cotton Fiber Properties and Motes, Neps, and White Speck Frequency
Authors: Davidonis Gayle , Landivar Juan , Fernandez Carlos
Published: March 2008

A number of preharvest and postharvest factors alter textile quality, including cotton variety, growth environment, harvest method, lint cleaning, and combing. In this work, the impact of three planting dates in 1997 and 1999 on fiber properties, mote, neps, and white specks is monitored. Cotton is hand picked, ginned on a small laboratory gin, and processed in a mini-spinning facility. The number of motes per gram of seed cotton does not correspond to changes in nep or white speck frequency. Also, a decrease in the mean micronafis values (which corresponds to micronaire) does not correlate with increases in white speck frequency. The range of 0 values is larger for 1999 cotton than for 1997 cotton. We propose th the distribution of 0 values is important in predicting white speck potential, and that the amount of very mature fibers may be just as important as the amount of immature fibers.
Meltblown Structures Formed by a Robotic and Meltblowing Integrated System: Impact of Process Parameters on Pore Size
Authors: Velu Yogeshwar K. , Ghosh Tushar K. , Seyam Abdelfattah M.
Published: March 2008

Our earlier studies have evaluated the effect of meltblowing process parameters on fiber diameter and orientation distribution. This paper deals with parametric studies evaluating the effect of polymer throughput, attenuating air pressure, take-up speed of the web, fiber stream approach angle, and die-to-collector distance (DCD) on pore sizes and their distribution in meltblown nonwoven webs. Pore sizes and their cumulative frequency are determined by an automated perm porometer. Under the conditions explored, the average pore size of meltblown fabrics decreases significantly when the attenuating air pressure increases. Pore size decreases significantly when the take-up speed of the web increases. As expected, an increase in the polymer throughput increases the average pore size. Increasing the DCD initially decreases, then increases pore size. confirming the existence of different "zones" in the space between the die and collector. An increase in the fiber stream approach angle initially decreases, then significantly increases pore size in the web.
Influence of Varying Structural Parameters on Abrasion Characteristics of 50/50 Wool/Polyester Blended Fabrics
Authors: Kalaoğlu Fatma , Önder Emel , Özipek Bülent
Published: March 2008

This paper reports an analysis of the influence of polyester and yarn type on the abrasion resistance of 50/50 wool/polyester blended woven fabrics. Recently developed polyester fibers put into the blend and two-strand Sirospun yams are compared with 2.5 denier standard polyester and two-fold ring yarns. Mass losses of ten fabrics abraded in the Martindale tester are obtained for eight abrasion levels and given in three groups of graphs in a comparative form. Regression analyses help describe mass loss ratios of fabrics as a function of abrasion cycles and other structural parameters. Linear and, in some cases, quadratic and cubic models help explain the acceleration in mass loss rates, and SEM photographs show surface degradation of wool blend fabrics.
Mechanical Properties of Knitted Fabrics Under Uniaxial and Strip Biaxial Extension as Estimated by a Linearizing Method
Authors: Yamada Tomoko , Ito Noriko , Matsuo Masaru
Published: March 2008

To check the application limit of the "linearizing method" by Kawabata et al. to fabrics, four knitted fabrics are used to study the deformation mode under strip biaxial extension (corresponding to uniaxial extension with the fixed dimension in the direction perpendic ular to stretching). More detailed analysis than their treatment is proposed to check the application limit in terms of Hook's law. The treatment is done in the rectangular coordinate system rotated by an arbitrary angle 0 from the coordinate system along the principal structural axis direction. Of the four knits, two are chosen mainly to pursue a detailed analysis of the application limit. One is a typical knit with simple symmetrical deformation of threads, and the other has a more complicated deformation. For the first, the predicted results of load (stress) versus strain associated with Hook's law agree well with the experimental results, while for the latter fabric, the results are poor. The same tendency is also confirmed for the uniaxial deformation mode with the dimension free in the direction perpendicular to stretching. Good agreement for the different extension modes is due to the symmetrical mechanical properties of the former fabric, while the poor agreement is due to the strong nonlinearity and considerable mechanical anisotropy of the latter fabric.
Preparation and Properties of New Regenerated Cellulose Fibers
Authors: Wang Young-Soo , Koo Won-Mi , Kim Han-Do
Published: March 2008

New regenerated cellulose fibers are prepared from solution (chemical cellulose con tents, 3, 4.5, 6, and 9 wt%) using N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO)/water (87/13 wt%) as a solvent by dry-wet spinning at a winding speed of 20-100 m/min. The chemical cellulose (97% α-cellulose content, 918 DPw, 98% JIS whiteness) used for this study is prepared from ascidian tunicates by a modified pulping process described in our previous work. The effects of cellulose content and spinning speed on the structure and mechanical properties of fibers are investigated. As the cellulose content increases, the birefringence, crystallinity, and initial tensile modulus of the fibers increase significantly. While the tenacity of the fibers increases with increasing cellulose content up to 6 wt%, there is a great decrease in the tenacity at 9 wt%. That decrease is due to fiber defects. Mechanical properties increase with increasing winding speed. The regenerated cellulosic fibers prepared in this study have a higher ratio of wet strength to dry strength compared to regenerated cellulose fibers produced all over the world.
Matching Weave and Color with the Help of Evolution Algorithms
Authors: Grundler D. , Rolich T.
Published: March 2008

Fabric design has always been a matter of inspiration, depending mostly on human ingenuity and creativity. We suggest creation of fabric patterns using evolution algorithms, which not only help to improve designs but also make the procedure semi-automatic, meaning much less dependent on designers. Evolution algorithm software offers a wide range of fabric patterns and is also able to create new ones based on users' choices. The procedure can also be very helpful to professional designers, since it can offer patterns they would not or could not create themselves. The system is inexpensive and can be used on IBM-compatible personal computers. It is user-friendly and can be implemented with no previous preparation on the part of the user. The results of prelimin investigations suggest practical applications for the software.
Properties of Plain Knitted Fabrics from Chenille Yarns
Authors: Nergis Banu U. , Candan Cevza
Published: March 2008

In this experimental study, dimensional, physical, and visual properties of plain jersey knitted fabrics from chenille yarns are investigated as a function of component yarn count, pile length, laundering, and dry-cleaning. Based on the results, it is clear that the properties of component and pile yarns, together with laundering or dry-cleaning, affect the dimensional behavior of knits from chenille yarns. Dry-cleaned fabrics have the highest dimensional stability in general. Except for the dry relaxed fabrics, pile length has no significant effect on the abrasion resistance of dry-cleaned and laundered fabrics. The results also show that bursting strength mainly depends on the properties of the component yams, rather than the laundering and dry-cleaning processes, and that unlike knits from conventional yarns, the pilling tendency does not change in accordance with component and pile yarn properties and with laundering or dry-cleaning. Finally, it appears that surface properties such as softness, smoothness, and luster become much better as the component yarn count becomes finer and the pile length becomes longer. Tumble drying better satisfies the end-user's expectations for knitted goods from chenille yarns with fine count component yarns and long piles.
An Infrared Technique for Rapid Analysis of Ramie-Acrylic Blends
Authors: Dey S.K. , Mukherjee S.K. , Bhattacharya A.
Published: March 2008

An analysis of ramie-acrylic blends of different blend compositions is reported using an infrared technique. Blend estimations are made from a calibration plot between the absorption of the 2235 cm-1 band (C≡N) and the composition percentages of acrylic fibers.
Improving Quality and Reproducibility of the Indigo Dye Process by Measuring and Controlling Indigo and Sodium Dithionite Concentrations
Authors: Westbroek Philippe , De Clerck Karen , Kiekens Paul , Gasana Emmanuel , Temmerman Eduard
Published: March 2008

This paper describes a sensor system for continuous on-line and in-line measurement of indigo and sodium dithionite concentrations during textile dyeing with indigo. The system is based on an electrochemical method, more specifically, multistep chronoamperometry. A repetitive sequence of potentials is applied at the surface of a platinum electrode, resulting in the oxidation of indigo and dithionite. The electrons released in these reactions are measured as an electrical current, and this signal is proportional with the concentra tions of indigo and dithionite. The platinum electrode is positioned in a so-called wall-jet electrode configuration in order to obtain time-independent electrode signals and a configuration that is relatively easy to implement in industrial dyeing lines. The system has potential industrial applications because of its fast response time (continuous mea surement), good reproducibility, acceptable precision and accuracy, and promising long- term stability.
Torsional and Bending Analysis of Fibers with a Generalized Cardioid-Shaped Cross Section
Authors: Lee Kyungwoo
Published: March 2008

Closed form solutions for torsional rigidity and the torsional shape factor for fibers whose cross section is a generalized cardioid are obtained. Complex variable techniques are used to solve the torsional problem, and a conformal mapping function is derived using the method of successive approximation. Closed form solutions for bending rigidity and bending shape factor are also obtained with Green's theorem. The expression for the perimeter for a generalized cardioid is found. Expressions derived here for torsional and bending behavior should have wide applications in the optimal design of fiber cross sections.
Mechanical Behavior of Circular Hybrid Braids Under Tensile Loads
Authors: Hristov Krasimira , Armstrong-Carroll Eileen , Dunn Matt , Pastore Christopher , Gowayed Yasser
Published: March 2008

In this work, the mechanical behavior of hybrid circular braids without a core under tensile loads is studied experimentally and analytically. A predictive model of the mechanical response of the braids based on the constituent yarn characteristics and machine parameters is developed. The structural geometry of the fabric is analyzed and used to build the mechanical model. Image analysis is employed to experimentally characterize the structural parameters of the braids, their deformation, and the braid and crimp angles of the yarps. Hybrid braids with two different yarn systems are manufactured at various braid angles. The structures are tested in tension and their strain response is recorded. Experimental results are compared to theoretical values, and the model predic tions have good accuracy. In the case of high braid angles, the theoretical model underestimates the strength of the fabric.
Effect of Stainless Steel-Containing Fabrics on Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness
Authors: Su Ching-Iuan , Chern Jin-Tsair
Published: March 2008

In this paper, stainless steel is selected as the conductive filler to produce stainless steel hybrid yams to make woven fabrics. Using coaxial transmission equipment, the electro magnetic shielding effectiveness (EMSE) of these fabrics is measured. The experimental results show that a denser structure has a higher EMSE. The fabric made from the core yarns has a higher EMSE than that made from the cover yams and the plied yams. In addition, the EMSE of the fabric made from different genera of stainless steel has an optimum EMSE value at different measured frequencies. Analyses of the weave types reveal that the plain weave has a higher EMSE than other weave types.
Effects of Pretreatment Processes on Printing Viscose Fabrics with Reactive Dyestuffs
Authors: Tarakçioglu I. , Özgüney A.T. , Özerdem A. , Bilgin E.
Published: March 2008

In this project, the investigated parameters that affect the print quality of reactive dyestuffs on viscose fabrics are causticizing, bleaching, reductive treatment, padding with urea, moisturizing before printing and fixation, the amount and existence of urea in the print paste, and two fixation methods. In all these experiments, Cibacron Red P 4B and Cibacron Blue P 3R, which have the same reactivity but different molecular sizes, are used as dyestuffs. The experiments done in the laboratory are repeated in industry, and the results are examined by comparing the color efficiencies, fastness rates, and tensile strengths of the printed fabrics.
Luster Properties of Polyester Filament Yarn Woven Fabrics
Authors: Kim Jong Jun , In Shin Kyung , Ryu Hyo Seon , Kim Eun Ae , Lee Meesik , Wha Oh Kyung
Published: March 2008

Polyester filament yam fabric specimens, plain, twill, and satin with varying levels of yam twist, are prepared to measure their luster properties. Images of the fabrics under specific illumination and viewing angles are acquired for further luster characterization, since the reflectance properties of the fabrics are highly angle-dependent. Along with the image analyses, goniometric luster is analyzed at varying angles to support macrolevel luster characterization. As yam twist increases, the luster unit size diminishes accordingly, resulting in macrolevel gloss decreases. While conventional goniometric gloss measure ments represent the macrolevel luster properties of fabrics, detailed analyses of luster images provide an explanation of the "quality" of fabric luster.
Application of Some o,o'-Dihydroxyazo Dyes Containing an Acryloyloxy Group and Their Chromium Complexes on Nylon and Wool
Authors: Kocaokutgcn Hasan , Özkinali Sevil
Published: March 2008

The synthesis of acryloyloxy-o,o'-dihydroxyazo dyes and their chromium complexes is described by IR, UV-VIS, and 1 H-NMR spectroscopic techniques, magnetic susceptibility, thin-layer chromatography, and elemerttal analysis. The synthesized dyes and complexes are applied to wool and nylon fabric. Fastness to light, washing, and rubbing of the dyed fabrics is measured and discussed.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Bifid Medical Needles for Protection from Needle-Stick Injuries
Authors: Banks-Lee Pamela , Turner Ladawnya C. , Seyam Abdelfattah M.
Published: March 2008

Most blood-borne pathogen transmissions in the healthcare industry are caused by needle-stick injuries, and protection from sharp invasive instruments is of great concern. Recently, a modified design of medical needles (bifid needles) has been proposed to prevent needle-stick injuries. The bifid needle is designed to provide protection for users by entangling itself with an article of personal protective clothing. The purpose of this research is to study the effectiveness of bifid medical needles for protection against needle-stick injuries. A comparison of bifid and standard needles is conducted by evalu ating the forces experienced by the needle during penetration through Spectra 1000® woven fabric using a force measurement device. A predictive model is derived, expressing resistance to needle penetration in terms of needle and fabric parameters. Our study shows that bifid and standard needles behave differently when penetrating through a fabric. The predictive model indicates that the independent parameters of fabric orientation, needle penetration depth, and needle gap and their interactions significantly affect fabric resis tance to needle penetration.
Fine Count Yarn Spun with a High Draft Ratio
Authors: Su Ching-Iuan , Jiang Jau-Yuan
Published: March 2008

We investigate the improvement of 5.90 tex cotton yarn spun with a high total draft ratio of 100 on a modified apron drafting system. For optimum drafting conditions of 5.90 tex spun yarn spinning, the application of drafting force has to be considered during roller drafting. We examine the influence of roller gauge and break draft ratio on the drafting force to determine the drafting behavior of Pima long staple cotton roving. The 5.90 tex fine count yarn is spun on the SKF drafting system, and the experimental results show that high quality yarn can be obtained with drafting conditions of 1.4 break drafting ratio and 62 mm roller gauge in conjunction with the modified SKF drafting system. Additionally, 5.90 tex yarn is about the same quality as 5% of world levels.
Modified Rheological Model for Analysis of Compression of Nonwoven Fabrics
Authors: Krucinska I. , Jalmuzna I. , Zurek W.
Published: March 2008

A new rheological model is presented that describes the compressional behavior of non woven fabrics. In this model, a nonwoven is considered an elastic/viscoplastic material called a Bingham material. To reflect the plastic deformation, the Saint-Venant element of the specific characteristic is introduced. This element reflects the dissipation of energy due to the friction, which depends on the level of reconstruction of the structure of the nonwoven material under compression. The model is verified experimentally with nineteen different nonwovens. A comparative analysis of the compression curves determined theoretically and experimen tally indicates a high level of correlation between both data sets.
Enhancing the Durability of Linen-Like Properties of Low Temperature Mercerized Cotton
Authors: Myung Hak Lee  , Heung Su Park  , Kee Jong Yoon  , Hauser Peter J.
Published: March 2008

In order to develop durable linen-like cotton yam with low temperature mercerization, pretreatment methods ensuring efficient and uniform penetration of the low temperature alkali solution into cotton yarn are studied. Pretreatments consisting of an alkaline scouring at higher NaOH concentrations and of a cellulase treatment and subsequent alkaline scouring are evaluated for their efficiency in removing wax and enhancing absorptive properties. The cellulase treatment/alkaline scouring is more efficient at re moving wax than alkaline scouring at higher NaOH concentrations. The cellulase treat ment and subsequent alkaline scouring result in wax contents lower than 0.1%. The cellulase treatment appears to degrade the cellulose on the surface of the cotton fibers, making it more accessible to the scouring agent and making wax removal easier. Swelling and wetting times are compared to identify a pretreatment sufficient for developing linen-like cotton. In low temperature mercerization, the pretreatment consisting of cellu lase treatment and alkaline scouring yields a linen-like cotton yarn whose stiffness is durable to knitting, wet processing, and even ten laundering cycles. The durability appears to be sufficient for practical applications of the process for producing linen-like cotton.
Analyzing Fabric Buckling Based on Nonlinear Bending Properties
Authors: Tae Jin Kang  , Ki Ho Joo  , Kyung Woo Lee
Published: March 2008

A fabric is a flexible material that it is highly affected by its own weight, which causes large deflections. The relationship between the bending moment and the curvature is nonlinear. This study presents a model for fabric buckling by considering the flexibility of the fabric as well as its nonlinearity in bending. The bending rigidity of the fabric is considered to be a function of its curvature to take into account the fabric's nonlinear bending properties. Based on Timoshenko's elastica theory and the Bernoulli-Euler theorem, geometric nonlinearity is also taken into account. Kawabata pure bending test results are applied to the governing equation. The values from the model. are compared with the experimental data. The results show a clear distinction from the linear model, where the nonlinear method coincides well with the experimental values. From data evaluated by the numerical analysis method, the critical buckling load is calculated.
Real-Time Monitoring of Indigo Concentrations in the Dyebath with a Laser Diode Spectrometer
Authors: Şahin Uğur , Ülgen Ahmet , Kekeç Ahmet , Gökmen Ali
Published: March 2008

A laser diode absorption spectrometer is coupled with a continuous dilution system for real-time monitoring of indigo dyeing of denim yarn. The reduced form of indigo in the dyebath is continuously pumped by a peristaltic pump into a mixing cuvette, where it is diluted by a factor of 80 with aerated water and oxidized into its stable form. This solution is then pumped into the sampling cell of the laser diode spectrometer for absorption measurements. Monochromatic radiation emitted from the laser diode at 635 nm is used to measure indigo absorption at the shoulder of a broad absorption peak. A linear calibration curve is obtained in a concentration range between 10 and 150 mg/L with a linear regression coefficient of r2 = 0.9993, which corresponds to indigo concentrations in the dyebath covering the range between 0.8-12 g/L. This range exceeds indigo concentrations typically used in industry, which range between 1-3 g/L. The reproduc ibility of measurements is 0.5%. In this technique, there is no interference due to sulfur compounds present in the dyebath, which is a problem with electrochemical titration methods commonly used for indigo determinations.
Estimating Blend Ratios from the Tensile Behavior of Wool/Polyester Fiber Bundles
Authors: YU WEIDONG , Yan Haojing , Postle Ron
Published: March 2008

Wool/polyester blended tops with different blend ratios are collected and made into fiber-bundle specimens for tensile testing. From the specific stress-extension curves of the blended bundles measured by the Sirolan-Tensor, the characteristics of the tensile curves are analyzed and the relationships between these characteristics and the blend ratios are discussed. Typical tensile curves, particularly the tail part of the curves, are used to evaluate the blend ratios of the fiber bundles. Three new approaches, the stress, work, and modulus methods, are developed for estimating fiber bundle blend ratios. The various parameters and algorithms of each method are defined in detail. The blend ratios calcu lated from the three methods are compared with the experimental values and with each other. There is a high coincidence between the experimental and theoretical results. The tensile behavior of WOOI/PET blended fiber bundles depends directly on their blend ratios.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Phase Change Materials on Clothing During Periodic Ventilation
Authors: Ghali K. , Ghaddar N. , Harathani J. , Jones B.
Published: March 2008

A numerical and experimental investigation is conducted of periodic ventilation pro cesses in fabric containing microcapsules of phase change materials (PCM). When PCMS are added to textiles, they release heat as the liquid changes to a solid state and absorb heat as the solid returns to a liquid state. In this work, PCMS are incorporated in a numerical three-node fabric ventilation model to study their transient effect on body heat loss during exercise when subjected to sudden changes in environmental conditions from warm indoor air to cold outdoor air. The results indicate that the heating effect lasts approxi mately 12.5 minutes depending on PCM percentage and cold outdoor conditions. Heat released by PCMS decreases the clothed-body heat loss by an average of 40-55 W/m2 for a one-layer suit depending on the frequency of oscillation and crystallization temperature of the PCM. The experimental results reveal that under steady-state environmental condi tions, the oscillating PCM fabric has no effect on dry resistance, even though the measured sensible heat loss increases with decreasing air temperature of the chamber. When a sudden change in ambient conditions occurs, the PCM fabric delays the transient response and decreases body heat loss.
Using Fuzzy Theory to Predict the Properties of a Melt Spinning System
Authors: Kuo Chung-Feng Jeffrey , Hsiao Kun-Iuan , Wu Yi-Shiuan
Published: March 2008

Though the extruder screw speed of melt spinning, the gear pump's gear speed, and the winder's winding speed are the major factors affecting the tensile strength of as-spun fibers and yarn count (denier), no mathematical model has been proposed to describe the cause and effect of these phenomena. In general, chemical fiber manufacturers often adjust such speeds according to their experience, which is both time consuming and uneconom ical. Moreover, once the input parameters are set, manufacturers rarely readjust them. Thus, it is difficult to satisfy the demand for product diversity in small quantities. In this paper, a mathematical model for calculating extruder screw speed, gear pump speed, and winder speed is proposed according to fuzzy theory to improve the quality of as-spun fibers and to make the process economically efficient.
Thermal Storage/Release and Mechanical Properties of Phase Change Materials on Polyester Fabrics
Authors: Choi Kyeyoun , Cho Gilsoo , Kim Pilsoo , Cho Changgi
Published: March 2008

Melamine formaldehyde microcapsules containing octadecane are synthesized by the interfacial polymerization method, and the size, shape, and thermal storage/release prop erties of the synthesized microcapsules are analyzed by FTIR, SEM, and DSC. Polyester fabrics are then coated with the microcapsules under various conditions of concentration and time/temperature by the knife-over-roll (KOR) and screen printing (SP) methods. The thermal, mechanical, and physical properties of the untreated and treated fabrics are evaluated to identify the best adhesive method. The mean diameter of the microcapsules ranges from 1 to 1.5 μm, and their shapes are almost spherical. Under the optimum treatment concentration, temperature, and time, thermal properties after five launderings decrease rapidly, and the bending and shear rigidities of the KOR fabrics are higher than those of the sp fabrics. This means that fabrics coated by sp become less stiff and hard than those by KOR. sp fabrics exhibit higher air permeability and lower hygroscopic properties than KOR fabrics.
Yarn Tension Variation on the Needle During the Knitting Process
Authors: Koo Young-Seok
Published: March 2008

Yarn tension variation on the knitting needle is investigated using simulated knitting conditions with a newly developed test rig. Among the several conditions observed in the testing situation are needle gauge and yarn feeding angle to the knitting points affected by yarn tension variation. However, yarn feeding speed does not show any significant influence on yarn tension variation. From the analysis, we conclude that yarn tension should be controlled in the best knitting conditions to reduce processing faults and to manufacture good quality knitted fabrics.
Influence of Edge Radius on the Sharpness of Chemical Fiber Cutter Blades
Authors: Yigao Yuan  , Shigen Zhu
Published: March 2008

Through a mathematical model and experimental verification, we investigate the relation ship between the sharpness of a chemical fiber blade cutter and the radius of the cutter's edge. The results show that cutter blade sharpness will decrease with an increased edge radius.
Shearing Time of Mediterranean Wools and Fabric Skin Comfort
Authors: Naylor G.R.S. , Oldham C.M. , Stanton J.
Published: March 2008

The effect of the time of shearing on the skin comfort of fabrics produced from Mediterranean wool is measured. These studies confirm that shearing time can affect fabric skin comfort. The observed changes in fabric skin comfort are in line with the observed differences in the percentage of coarse fiber ends in the processed tops. Note that . processing modifies the diameter distribution of the fiber ends by, for example, fiber breakage during carding and the removal of fibers during combing. For wools grown in Western Australia, this observed seasonal change in fabric skin comfort is equivalent to approximately a 2-μm change in the mean diameter of a conventionally produced commercial top. Also, wool from the Sydney auction room (generally a non-Mediterra nean climate) displays a similar but smaller seasonal variation in both the coarse edges of the processed fiber ends and fabric skin comfort.
An Experimental Study of the Needled Nonwoven Process
Authors: Miao Menghe , Glassey Heather E.
Published: March 2008

This series of papers reports three experimental methods that have been used in a recent study of the wool needle-punched nonwoven process. Although the measurement results are specific to wool fibers, the experimental techniques can be applied generally to study the needle-punching process. The first paper presents a method of quantifying the two-dimen sional geometric characteristics of wool fibers in the card web for feeding to the needle- punching machine. The overall characteristics of the fiber curve are important to the fiber geometry change during the transformation of a card web to a consolidated nonwoven fabric. We use a minimum-width rectangle technique to characterize the overall fiber shape in the card web. Fiber characteristics, such as extent, shape factor, orientation, and area density of the fibers, are measured from the minimum-width rectangle. The fiber geometry is further classified into hooks (trailing and leading), straight fibers, U-bends, and loops and entangle ments. The fiber geometric features are analyzed statistically based on over 400 fibers. Hook fibers account for 56% of the card web, straight fibers for 21%, U-bends for 15%, and loops and entanglements for the remaining 8%. Longer fibers are more likely to form hooks, while shorter fibers are more likely to form U-bends and straight fibers.
Antibiotic Treatment of Silk to Produce Novel Infection-Resistant Biomaterials
Authors: Choi Hyung-Min , Bide Martin , Phaneuf Matthew , Quist William , Logerfo Frank
Published: March 2008

Dye-like applications of antibiotics to silk produce infection-resistant materials for potential use in biomedical applications. Two antibiotics, doxycycline (doxy) and cipro floxacin (cipro), are applied under a variety of conditions to silk and to silk that has previously been hydrolyzed at 40°C for 20, 40, and 60 minutes. FTIR spectroscopic analyses indicate that the drastically increased sorption of antibiotics by hydrolyzed silk is attributable to both chemical and conformational changes that occur with the hydrolysis. The high sorption of doxy by hydrolyzed silk does not necessarily yield a more infection- resistant material, as determined by a zone of inhibition test. Conversely, the same hydrolysis considerably increases both the sorption of cipro and the zone of inhibition of cipro-treated silk dyed at 65 and 85°C.
The Mechanism of Crimp Removal in Synthetic Staple Fibers Part II: Correlating Single Fiber Crimp and Carding Parameters
Authors: Bauer-Kurz Ina , Oxenham William , Shiffler Donald A.
Published: March 2008

Fiber crimp behavior is an important parameter for processing performance and product quality. In Part I, we quantified the mechanical behavior of a fiber during crimp removal based on load-extension data. A logarithmic function can be used to characterize the shape of the load-extension curve during crimp removal. Characteristic parameters for three different kinds of PET fibers are interpreted in terms of crimp processing settings and correlated with processing performance during carding.
A Model of Heat and Moisture Transfer in Porous Textiles with Phase Change Materials
Authors: YI LI  , Qingyong Zhu
Published: March 2008

This paper reports the development of a mathematical model of moisture and heat transfer coupled with phase change materials (PCM) in porous textiles. On the basis of a finite volume difference scheme, the thermal buffering effect of PCM is simulated. The distributions of temperature and moisture concentration in porous textiles with PCM are numerically computed by this technique. For comparison, the distributions of temperature and moisture concentration in porous textiles without PCM are also numerically computed. A series of experiments measuring a fabric's surface temperature with PCM is conducted to validate the model, and there is reasonable agreement between the predictions and the measurements. The results indicate that this model is satisfactory.
An Experimental Study of the Needled Nonwoven Process
Authors: Miao Menghe , Glassey Heather E. , Rastogi Manu
Published: March 2008

This part of the series deals with the measurement of fiber damage caused by needle punching. A critical step in the experimental determination of fiber damage is to unravel fibers from needled nonwoven fabrics. This is achieved by using a feed web containing water-soluble fibers and a small percentage of wool. After needling, the fabric is put in hot water to dissolve the water-soluble fibers, leaving unconnected loose wool fibers. Damage due to needling may be in two forms, complete fiber breakage and fiber weakening. Fiber breakage is measured in terms of fiber length reduction, while fiber weakening is measured in terms of the reduction of fiber bundle strength. Needle-loom and feed web conditions, such as needling density, depth of needle penetration, needle design, web thickness, and methods of feeding the web to the needle loom, are investigated for their influence on fiber damage.
New Approaches to Establishing Translation Equations for the Total Hand Value of Fabric
Authors: Shyr Tien-Wei , Lai Shin-Song , Lin Jer-Yan
Published: March 2008

The aim of this study is to take new approaches using a one-step transformation process to establish translation equations for total hand evaluations of fabrics by employing a stepwise regression method and an artificial neural network. The key mechanical prop erties selected from sixteen fabric mechanical properties based on a KES system, using the stepwise regression selection method, are the parameters. The translation equations are developed directly with parameters without a primary hand value transformation process. In this study, 114 polyester/cotton blended woven fabrics are selected for investigation. From the results, four mechanical properties LC, 2HG, B, and WT are the parameters for developing the translation equations. The correlation coefficients of the translation equa tions developed from the stepwise regression and artificial neural network methods are 0.925 and 0.955, respectively. Both translation equations have high correlation coeffi cients between the calculated and practical values. The approaches are identified effec tively to develop translation equations for new fabrics in the textile industry.
Kinetics of the Cellulase Catalyzed Hydrolysis of Cellulose Fibers
Authors: Shen Y. , Wang L.M. , Sun K.
Published: March 2008

The explicit form of the kinetic equation for the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose fibers with SF enzyme is derived. This equation is effective for estimating and controlling hydrolysis reactions of cellulose with cellulase. With this equation, it is possible to calculate the maximum digestibility and the half maximum digestion constant. Under the same experimental conditions, the maximum digestibility of fibers treated with SF cellu lase decreases in the order viscose rayon > cotton > flax, whereas the concentration of cellulase needed to digest the same fraction of hydrolyzed cellulose decreases in the order flax > cotton > viscose rayon. The enzymatic hydrolysis rate of fibers is greatly affected by cellulase concentration. The results show that the rate is proportional to cellulase concentration at a lower level, while at too high a concentration, the rate increases very little with increased concentration. Thus, it is not rational to select too high a cellulase concentration for the process.
DCCA Shrinkproofing of Wool
Authors: Cardamone Jeanette M. , Yao J. , Nuñez Alberto
Published: March 2008

Dichlorodicyanuric acid (DCCA) is one of the oldest chlorination reagents for imparting shrinkage resistance to wool. It is commonly used in the Hercosett® shrink-proof process in which certain reactive and cationic polymeric resins are applied to wool. We further investigate the use of DCCA and the importance of the subsequent antichlorination step to document the ensuing changes in fiber morphology and fabric properties. We use DCCA alone in a range of concentrations from 5 to 40% owf. Treatments with 5% applied at 30°C for 60 minutes from a citric acid buffered system, pH 4, followed by antichlorination with hydrogen peroxide or hydrogen bisulfite show small increases in alkali solubility and in bursting strength. Less than 2% chlorine is detected in 5 and 20% DCCA/antichlorinated spent baths. The 5% DCCA/hydrogen peroxide treatment improves shrinkage resistance by 54% and whiteness by 63% when compared to untreated fabrics. Structural changes in the exocuticle increase with increasing DCCA concentrations to the point of complete scale smoothing. Following the extent of oxidation with a broad range of DCCA concentrations and the effect of antichorination on 5 and 20% DCCA treatments provides useful informa tion for designing alternative systems to control shrinkage.
Effects of Air and Yarn Characteristics in Air-Jet Filling Insertion
Authors: Adanur Sabit , Turel Tacibaht
Published: March 2008

In Part I of this series, air pressure and air velocity are measured on an air-jet filling insertion simulator with tube and profiled reed. In this second part, the filling yarn insertion time is measured on the air-jet filling insertion simulator with the profiled reed, and yarn velocity is calculated. The effects of supply pressure and running speed bn filling insertion are analyzed, as are the effects of yarn hairiness, twist, ply, yarn count, and yarn manufacturing system on insertion time. The results show that most of the yarn properties have an effect on yarn insertion behavior.
Combination Effects of Open-End Rotor Spun Hybrid Yarns
Authors: Matsumoto Yo-Ichi , Saito Hideki , Sakaouchi Akio , Toriumi Koichiro , Nishimatsu Toyonori , Shimizu Yoshio , Shirai Hirofusa , Morooka Hideo , Gong Hugh
Published: March 2008

We have developed a mechanical hybrid yarn spinning system that produces different yam types on a modified open-end rotor spinning frame. In order to improve yam properties and produce novel yams, we investigate the effects of combinations with typical hybrid yams by inserting two filament yarns with varying filament over-feeds. The results are a new rotor spun loop (RSL) yam made by combining two aspects of typical hybrid yarn production into one process, and an RSL yam where a filament yam, fed with a core filament over-feed (CFOF), is located in the center of one yarn and the other filament yam, fed with the effect filament over-feed (EFOF), makes a loop on the yarn surface. The stable conditions of RSL yam production are within a range of EFOF ≧ 4 (m/min) and -6.0 << CFOF << -4.0 (m/min).
Neutron Radiography Measurements of Moisture Distribution in Multilayer Clothing Systems
Authors: Weder Markus , Brühwiler Paul A. , Herzig Urs , Huber Roman , Frei Gabriel , Lehmann Eberhard
Published: March 2008

Neutron radiography is used to study moisture transport in textiles for the first time. A selection of clothing systems composed of layers with differing water transport properties is studied to demonstrate the feasibility of using the technique. The results are compared to the weights of the individual layers obtained during separate sets of measurements in the same horizontal configuration, as well as in a vertical configuration on a heated cylinder. The results of the three measurement approaches agree with respect to layerwise moisture distribution in the different textile combinations, and the radiography data provide a lateral visualization of the distributions. A decisive role in fluid water transport is revealed for the innermost two textile layers.
Effects of Laccase-Mediator Combinations on Wool
Authors: Lantto Raija , Schönberg Christa , Buchert Johanna , Heine Elisabeth
Published: March 2008

The effects of Myceliophthora thermophila laccase are studied alone and in combina tion with the mediators violuric acid (VA) or l-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) on wool fibers, cystine, and tyrosine. Without a mediator, laccase is unable to oxidize wool or the amino acids. In the presence of either VA or HBT, oxygen consumption is observed, indicating oxidation of the secondary substrates of the laccase, i.e., wool, cystine, or tyrosine. The oxidation levels are low. Laccase/HBT reacts more efficiently with wool and tyrosine and laccase/VA with cystine. With the chosen enzyme dosage and mediator concentration, about 2-4% of cystine and about 1 % of tyrosine are oxidized. The slight oxidation of wool fibers is not sufficient to affect the surface chemistry or alkaline solubility of the fibers, although staining of the fibers by the oxidized mediators is significant.
Effect of Low Temperature Plasma Treatment on the Scouring and Dyeing of Natural Fabrics
Authors: Sun D. , Stylios G.K.
Published: March 2008

The contact angles, wicking properties, scourability, and dyeability of wool and cotton fabrics are affected by low-temperature plasma treatments. After treatment, wool and cotton fabric specimens show increased hydrophilicity and improved scouring and dyeing processing by nearly 50%.
Relationship Between Hairiness and the Twisting Principles of Solospun and Ring Spun Yarns
Authors: Cheng Longdi , Fu Peihua , Yu Xiuye
Published: March 2008

In this paper, the twisting principles of Solospun and ring spinning are compared and analyzed. A geometric model is used to analyze the structure of Solospun yarns in order to determine why they are less hairy than ring spun yarns. Finally, a series of tests proves the conclusions.
An Integrated Approach to Analyzing the Nature of Multicomponent Fiber Blending
Authors: El Mogahzy Yehia , Farag Ramsis , Abdelhady Faissal , Mohamed Asaad
Published: March 2008

In this part of our study, we report the results of an experimental analysis of the structural and attributive blending modes discussed in Part I. This analysis results in a number of interesting findings relevant to the nature of multiple-component fiber blends. In the case of cotton/cotton blends, cotton fibers of substantially different length and fineness values can be blended together, provided that an adjustment is made to yield a proportionally balanced structural blending. The results also indicate that blending cotton fibers with substantially different levels of maturity and elongation may result in an attributive bias toward the fiber component exhibiting poor maturity and low elongation. When cotton and polyester fibers are blended together, there is severe bi-modality in the blended fiber length distribution. This bi-modality can occur even if the blend profile exhibits a linear pattern. When low-strength/high-elongation polyester is blended with high-strength/low-elongation cotton, nonlinear blend profiles of fiber strength and elon gation are produced. In this case, yarn strength and elongation are determined by the low values of fiber strength and elongation. When high-strength/high-elongation polyester fibers are blended with low-strength/low-elongation cotton fibers, linear and additive blend profiles of fiber strength and elongation are produced. In this case, the strength of the blended yarn is biased toward the high-strength component, and the elongation of the blended yarn is biased toward the low-elongation component.