bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Metabolic Stress
Authors: Grumbach Isabella M. , Nguyen Emily K.
Published: April 2019

Mitochondria regulate major aspects of cell function by producing ATP, contributing to Ca
2+
signaling, influencing redox potential, and controlling levels of reactive oxygen species. In this review, we will discuss recent findings that illustrate how mitochondrial respiration, Ca
2+
handling, and production of reactive oxygen species affect vascular smooth muscle cell function during neointima formation. We will review mitochondrial fission/fusion as fundamental mechanisms for smooth muscle proliferation, migration, and metabolism and examine the role of mitochondrial mobility in cell migration. In addition, we will summarize novel aspects by which mitochondria regulate apoptosis.
Impact of Race and Ethnicity on the Clinical and Angiographic Characteristics, Social Determinants of Health, and 1-Year Outcomes After Everolimus-Eluting Coronary Stent Procedures in Women
Authors: Mehran Roxana , Chandrasekhar Jaya , Davis Scott , Nathan Sandeep , Hill Roger , Hearne Steven , Vismara Vince , Pyo Robert , Gharib Elie , Hawa Zafir , Chrysant George , Kandzari David , Underwood Paul , Allocco Dominic J. , Batchelor Wayne
Published: April 2019

Background

The impact of race/ethnicity on coronary stent outcomes in women is unknown. We compared baseline characteristics, social determinants of health, and 1-year outcomes in female African Americans (AA) and Hispanic/Latinas (HL) versus white women after coronary everolimus-eluting stent implantation in all-comer patients.

Methods and Results

We pooled 1863 women from the PLATINUM Diversity (n=1057 women) and PROMUS ELEMENT PLUS (n=806 women) postapproval studies, with some overlap in study sites. Social determinants of health data were only available for PLATINUM Diversity. The primary end point was 1-year major adverse cardiac events (death, myocardial infarction, or target vessel revascularization). Outcomes were risk adjusted using multivariate Cox regression. The study sample comprised 1417 white (76.1%, reference group), 296 AA (15.9%), and 107 HL (5.7%) women. AA were older, and both AA and HL had more diabetes mellitus and hypertension than white women. AA had larger reference vessel diameters but less lesion calcification, whereas HL had less lesion tortuosity but more calcification. Compared with white women, there was a trend toward higher unadjusted 1-year major adverse cardiac events in AA (12.0% versus 8.0%;
P
=0.06) but similar rates in HL (11.0% versus 8.0%;
P
=0.32), and after risk adjustment, there were no differences (AA women: hazard ratio, 1.47; 95% CI, 1.00–2.17; HL women: hazard ratio, 1.33; 95% CI, 0.71–2.44). AA had a 3-fold higher adjusted risk of 1-year myocardial infarction (hazard ratio, 3.45; 95% CI, 1.72–7.14;
P
=0.01) and increased risk of target vessel revascularization (hazard ratio, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.10–2.94;
P
=0.02). Independent predictors of major adverse cardiac events included renal disease, prior myocardial infarction, silent ischemia, history of stroke, and multivessel disease.

Conclusions

Race and ethnicity confer heterogeneity in women undergoing everolimus-eluting stent implantation. Despite more comorbidities and less favorable social determinants of health, AA and HL women have similar 1-year major adverse cardiac events to white women, although AA women seem to have a higher risk of 1-year myocardial infarction.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL:
https://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT02240810.
Introduction to “Common Space and Individual Space: Comments
on a Group Task from the First Half of 1993,” Academy of Fine Arts,
Warsaw
Authors: Klein Lidia
Published: April 2019

The introductory text presents “Common Space and Individual Space: Comments on a Group Task from the First Half of 1993,” a document translated into English from Polish and published here. The original document was first published in Czereja, a magazine created by the students of Kowalnia, a studio for diploma art students run by Grzegorz Kowalski in the Department of Sculpture at the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw. “Common Space” compiles the students' accounts of a performative group activity entitled Pierożek drewniany, zimnym mięsem nadziewany (translated as Wooden Dumpling, Filled with Cold Meat) from the 1992–93 academic year. The introduction analyzes “Common Space” as a part of the very creative process within the Wooden Dumpling activity and describes its meaning within the socio-political contexts of post-1989 Poland. It explains the role of Kowalnia's practices as a unique pedagogical experiment anomalous within the fairly traditional art education systems of Central and Eastern Europe of the time. The introduction argues that the document is not only relevant for our understanding of Polish art in the 1990s, but also provokes broader questions about the feasibility and efficacy of socially engaged art practices as well as the communicative strategies employed within them.
Common Space and Individual Space: Comments on a Group Task from the
First Half of 1993
Authors: Dzik Monika , Zielińska Monika , Żmijewski Artur
Published: April 2019

The introductory text presents “Common Space and Individual Space: Comments on a Group Task from the First Half of 1993,” a document translated into English from Polish and published here. The original document was first published in Czereja, a magazine created by the students of Kowalnia, a studio for diploma art students run by Grzegorz Kowalski in the Department of Sculpture at the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw. “Common Space” compiles the students' accounts of a performative group activity entitled Pierożek drewniany, zimnym mięsem nadziewany (translated as Wooden Dumpling, Filled with Cold Meat) from the 1992–93 academic year. The introduction analyzes “Common Space” as a part of the very creative process within the Wooden Dumpling activity and describes its meaning within the socio-political contexts of post-1989 Poland. It explains the role of Kowalnia's practices as a unique pedagogical experiment anomalous within the fairly traditional art education systems of Central and Eastern Europe of the time. The introduction argues that the document is not only relevant for our understanding of Polish art in the 1990s, but also provokes broader questions about the feasibility and efficacy of socially engaged art practices as well as the communicative strategies employed within them.
Numerical taxonomy contributes to delimitation of Iranian and Turkish Hesperis L. (Brassicaceae) species
Authors: FAROUJI ATENA ESLAMI , KHODAYARI HAMED , ASSADI MOSTAFA , ÖZÜDOĞRU BARIŞ , ÇETIN ÖZLEM , MUMMENHOFF KLAUSKLAUS , BHATTACHARYA SAMIK
Published: April 2019

Taxonomic descriptions of Iranian and Turkish Hesperis (Brassicaceae) species are generally insufficient and partly incomplete, which makes the species delimitation ambiguous. In order to clarify species circumscription, we scored 57 morphological descriptors (MDs) in 121 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) of Hesperis from Iran and Turkey and performed a multivariate analysis. The dendrogram was created from Gower’s distance matrix using Unweighted Pair Group Method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) algorithm. The dendrogram clearly separates the 121 OTUs of Hesperis into five main phenons, which significantly deviate from the classical taxonomic treatment (sectional assignments) of the genus. Similar distinct delineation among the five phenons was revealed by a Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA), highlighting the resolving power of the multivariate analyses of quantitative and qualitative morphological characters. While there were significant variations among the OTUs for 57 MDs, the most distinctive morphological descriptors delimiting the phenons were estimated to be fruit, petal, stem, and leaf by a de-trended correspondence analysis (DCA). We also present a comparative discussion between the classical taxonomy and the delimitation of taxa revealed in our study.
Lyngbya regalis sp. nov. (Oscillatoriales, Cyanophyceae), a new tropical marine cyanobacterium
Authors: CURREN EMILY , LEONG SANDRIC CHEE YEW
Published: April 2019

A new species of tropical marine cyanobacterium was isolated from the coast of Singapore. Lyngbya regalis is a filamentous, non-heterocystous cyanobacterium that forms a brown-green macroscopic thallus of filaments that are straight to wavy. Filaments are enclosed in a transparent, lamellated sheath with distinct cross-wall constrictions observed and apical cells that are widely rounded. The combined phenotypic, phylogenetic (16S rRNA sequences) and ecological characteristics observed indicate that Lyngbya regalis is a novel species within the genus Lyngbya C. Agardh ex Gomont.
A reassessment of the Renealmia chrysotricha (Zingiberaceae) species complex based on morphological evidence and nomenclatural notes
Authors: LIMA HELENA REGINA PINTO , GEVÚ KATHLYN VASCONCELOS , ANDREATA REGINA HELENA POTSCH , BRAGA JOÃO MARCELO ALVARENGA
Published: April 2019

Based on field observations of several natural populations of Renealmia chrysotricha (Zingiberaceae) in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest and comparison with other specimens in different herbarium collections, the morphological circumscription of this species was broadened with the inclusions of Alpinia humilis, R. angustifolia, R. brasiliensis, R. longipes, R. petasites, and R. reticulata as synonyms. The expanded analysis of the morphological characteristics, such as the presence of sessile leaves, reticulation patterns of its leaf-sheaths, flowers with short pedicels, and membranous bracts, suggest that these species share the same characteristics used to circumscribe them.
Systaria barkudensis (Gravely, 1931) is a junior synonym of Palicanus caudatus Thorell, 1897 (Araneae: Miturgidae, Systariinae)
Authors: SANKARAN PRADEEP M. , SEBASTIAN POTHALIL A.
Published: April 2019

Thorell (1897) erected the monotypic genus Palicanus based on a single male specimen from Yangon (formerly Rangoon) in Myanmar (formerly Burma). Initially the genus was placed in Drassidae Sundevall, 1833, which later became a junior synonym of Gnaphosidae Pocock, 1898. The genus was subsequently transferred to Clubionidae Wagner, 1887 (Simon 1897) and finally to Miturgidae Simon, 1886 (Lehtinen 1967). Palicanus caudatus Thorell, 1897 is notable because of its mouse-grey appearance (Deeleman-Reinhold 2001) and is currently known to occur in China, Indonesia, Myanmar, Reunion Island and Seychelles (World Spider Catalog 2019). Gravely (1931) described Systaria barkudensis (Gravely, 1931), originally placed under Syrisca Simon, 1886, on the basis of specimens collected from the Indian state of Odisha. The species was redescribed once (Majumder & Tikader 1991) and later it was transferred to Systaria Simon, 1897 (Deeleman-Reinhold 2001). In this paper, we synonymise S. barkudensis with P. caudatus and provide supplementary information on the somatic morphology and male genitalia with detailed illustrations.
Taxonomic revision of the New World big-eyed minute litter bug genus Ommatides Uhler (Hemiptera: Schizopteridae)
Authors: HOEY-CHAMBERLAIN ROCHELLE , WEIRAUCH CHRISTIANE
Published: April 2019

Hypselosomatinae, the big-eyed minute litter bugs, are diagnosed among Schizopteridae (infraorder Dipsocoromorpha) by the large eye, 4-segmented labium, and distinct wing venation. The group was recovered as sister taxon to all remaining Schizopteridae in recent molecular phylogenetic analyses. Described species diversity of Hypselosomatinae (13 extant genera prior to this study) is greatest in the Old World and in particular the Australian region, while only five monotypic or small genera are currently described from the New World (Glyptocombus Heidemann, Ommatides Uhler, Williamsocoris Carpintero & Dellapé, Hypsohapsis Hoey-Chamberlain & Weirauch, and Hypselosomops Hoey-Chamberlain & Weirauch). Based on examination of 60 specimens of Hypselosomatinae from South America, we here synonymize Ommatides that includes one described species from the Lesser Antilles with the monotypic genus Williamsocoris Carpintero & Dellapé from Argentina, describe seven new species of Ommatides (O. duodentis sp. nov., O. nudus sp. nov., O. parvidentis sp. nov., O. pillcopata sp. nov., O. pristis sp. nov., O. tridentis sp. nov., O. yoderi sp. nov. and O. zanderij sp. nov.) from various locations in South America, and redescribe Ommatides. We provide thorough documentation of morphological features using macroimages, SEM, and line drawings for new taxa and Ommatides insignis Uhler and a distribution map for all currently known New World Hypselosomatinae.
The type specimens of Trichomycterus alternatus (Eigenmann, 1917) and Trichomycterus zonatus (Eigenmann, 1918), with elements for future revisionary work (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Trichomycteridae)
Authors: REIS VINÍCIUS J. C. , DE PINNA MÁRIO
Published: April 2019

The trichomycterid catfish species Trichomycterus alternatus (Eigenmann, 1917) and Trichomycterus zonatus (Eigenmann, 1918) are reportedly among the most pervasive species in mid- to high-elevation coastal streams of Southeastern Brazil. Despite their apparent abundance and ecological ubiquity, the applicability of their names is still uncertain. Examination of the type material of the two species reveals that part of the confusion stems from a mixing of species in the T. zonatus type series. Other issues relate to reports of character conditions in the respective species that do not actually correspond to the situation in their type specimens. Such situation triggered a long-lasting chain of taxonomic misinterpretations and erroneous identification protocols and traditions so that even the taxonomic distinctiveness of the two species is nebulous. That situation is disentangled in detail on the basis of new information on the holotypes and remaining type specimens of each species by classical and new (stereo triplet radiography) morphology analyses for data acquisition. Results show that the type specimens of T. alternatus and T. zonatus differ pronouncedly in several traits of internal and external morphology and represent markedly distinct taxa. The latter species does not correspond to most identifications in the literature and is, in fact, endemic to the region of its type locality. We also clarify and map the reported localities of the type material and offer comments on the validity of T. alternatus and T. zonatus, along with that of possibly related forms.
High-Resolution Computed Tomography of the Inner Ear: Effect of Otosclerosis on Cochlear Aqueduct Dimensions
Authors: Wichova Helena , Alvi Sameer , Boatright Christine , Ledbetter Luke , Staecker Hinrich , Lin James
Published: April 2019

Objectives:

The cochlear aqueduct is a bony duct connecting the scala tympani with the subarachnoid space. Given the pathophysiology of otosclerosis, including bone resorption and new bone deposition, we hypothesize that the cochlear aqueduct in otosclerotic ears is narrowed.

Methods:

A retrospective review of patients with otosclerosis who have undergone high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the temporal bone was completed. The control cohort included 20 patients with the diagnosis of noise-induced hearing loss, without the diagnosis of otosclerosis. Uniform measurements of cochlear aqueduct dimensions were performed using the axial plane.

Results:

The otosclerosis cohort included 25 males and 52 females with mean age of 52.2 ± 17.6 years. The control group included 10 males and 10 females with mean age of 64.0 ± 18.5 years. The mean cochlear aqueduct length, width mid canal, aperture base, aperture widest diameter, and funnel diameter in millimeters were 12.19 ± 1.66, 0.68 ± 0.28, 4.21 ± 1.67, 3.23 ± 1.47, and 2.70 ± 1.05 in the ears with otosclerotic foci and 11.57 ± 1.66, 0.69 ± 0.29, 2.56 ± 1.59, 2.77 ± 1.67, and 2.58 ± 1.03 in control group, respectively. Statistical difference was seen in length of cochlear aqueduct, aperture base, and aperture widest diameters ( P = .017, <.001, .007).

Conclusions:

The length of the cochlear aqueduct and the funnel width are statistically longer in the otosclerotic population compared to control. The width of the cochlear aqueduct is not statistically different.
The double hazard in recovery journey: The experiences of UK Chinese users of mental health services
Authors: Tang Lynn
Published: April 2019

Background:

The recent interest in recovery from mental health problems has not meaningfully addressed the perspectives of ethnic minorities.

Aim:

To contribute to the discussion of recovery-oriented service with a study on the experience of Chinese people using UK mental health services.

Methods:

In-depth life history interviews were carried out with the users. The qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis.

Results:

Four themes emerged as hindrances to personal recovery: (1) language difficulty creates hurdles, (2) diagnostic label is experienced as a double-edged sword, (3) treatment-related stigma and (dis)empowerment are identified, and (4) grievances are found in hospitalisation.

Discussion:

Having mental illness and being an ethnic minority in the UK experienced double hazard in their recovery journey. While the deprivation of agency and the stigma process in the health care system hinders their recovery, they are further disadvantaged by their ethnic minority status. Four pointers for service improvement, that apply to Chinese users in the United Kingdom and have general implications for users beyond this group, are proposed.
E-government as an anti-corruption tool: panel data analysis across countries
Authors: Park Chul Hyun , Kim Koomin
Published: April 2019

Over the past two decades, many governments around the world have adopted e-government as an anti-corruption tool. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence on the impacts of e-government on corruption. Thus, this article aims to empirically examine whether e-government reduces corruption across countries. For this purpose, longitudinal data from 2003 to 2016 were collected from 214 countries and then panel data analysis based on a fixed-effect model was conducted. Analysis results reveal that e-government as a whole significantly reduces corruption, while the effects of open government as one type of e-government are unclear. However, the rule of law moderates the relationship between open government and corruption. That is, in countries with more effective legal systems, open government is more likely to reduce corruption than in countries with less effective legal systems.

Points for practitioners

E-government as a whole can effectively reduce corruption. Open government, such as open data portals and online discussion forums, does not have a direct impact on the reduction of corruption. Open government can have a conditional impact on corruption, relying on the effectiveness of legal systems.
Impact of resin-rich layer on the through-thickness resistivity of carbon fiber reinforced polymers
Authors: Yu Hong , Advani Suresh , Heider Dirk
Published: April 2019

Increasing applications of carbon fiber reinforced polymers exploiting its electrical properties demand a good understanding of the electrical conduction mechanisms of carbon fiber reinforced polymer. Resin-rich interface, which is not uncommon to exist between composite laminae, not only affect the mechanical properties, but also the electrical conduction behavior. This study focuses on the impact of resin-rich layer on the through-thickness resistivity of carbon fiber reinforced polymer. Electrical characterizations are carried out on dry fiber tow systems as well as cured composites. Through-thickness resistivity changes of dry fibers with the sizing are compared against fibers without the sizing layer, and cured composites with added resin-rich layer against the composite laminates without the resin-rich layer. A localized Joule heating theory is proposed to explain the difference in the electrical responses. The theoretical and experimental investigations should prove useful for the development of quantitative models with Joule heating to describe electrical resistivity behavior of carbon fiber reinforced polymer.
Analytical and numerical assessment of the effect of highly conductive inclusions distribution on the thermal conductivity of particulate composites
Authors: Khan Kamran A , Hajeri Falah Al , Khan Muhammad A
Published: April 2019

Highly conductive composites have found applications in thermal management, and the effective thermal conductivity plays a vital role in understanding the thermo-mechanical behavior of advanced composites. Experimental studies show that when highly conductive inclusions embedded in a polymeric matrix the particle forms conductive chain that drastically increase the effective thermal conductivity of two-phase particulate composites. In this study, we introduce a random network three dimensional (3D) percolation model which closely represent the experimentally observed scenario of the formation of the conductive chain by spherical particles. The prediction of the effective thermal conductivity obtained from percolation models is compared with the conventional micromechanical models of particulate composites having the cubical arrangement, the hexagonal arrangement and the random distribution of the spheres. In addition to that, the capabilities of predicting the effective thermal conductivity of a composite by different analytical models, micromechanical models, and, numerical models are also discussed and compared with the experimental data available in the literature. The results showed that random network percolation models give reasonable estimates of the effective thermal conductivity of the highly conductive particulate composites only in some cases. It is found that the developed percolation models perfectly represent the case of conduction through a composite containing randomly suspended interacting spheres and yield effective thermal conductivity results close to Jeffery's model. It is concluded that a more refined random network percolation model with the directional conductive chain of spheres should be developed to predict the effective thermal conductivity of advanced composites containing highly conductive inclusions.
Teaching Grenfell: The Role of Emotions in Teaching and Learning for Social Change
Authors: Connelly Laura , Joseph-Salisbury Remi
Published: April 2019

Although literature on the role of emotions in teaching and learning is growing, little consideration has been given to the university context, particularly from a sociological perspective. This article draws upon the online survey responses of 24 students who attended sociological classes on the Grenfell Tower fire, to explore the role emotions play in teaching that seeks to politicise learners and agitate for social change. Contributing to understandings of pedagogies of ‘discomfort’ and ‘hope’, we argue that discomforting emotions, when channelled in directions that challenge inequality, have socially transformative potential. Introducing the concept of bounded social change, however, we demonstrate how the neoliberalisation of Higher Education threatens to limit capacity for social change. In so doing, we cast teaching as central to the discipline of sociology and suggest that the creation of positive social change should be the fundamental task of sociological teaching.
What Do Books in the Home Proxy For? A Cautionary Tale
Authors: Engzell Per
Published: April 2019

In studies of educational achievement, students’ self-reported number of books in the family home is a frequently used proxy for social, cultural, and economic background. Absent hard evidence about what this variable captures or how well, its use has been motivated by strong associations with student outcomes. I show that these associations rest on two types of endogeneity: Low achievers accrue fewer books and are also prone to underestimate their number. The conclusion is substantiated both by comparing reports by students and their parents and by the fact that girls report on average higher numbers despite being similar to boys on other measures of social background. The endogenous bias is large enough to overturn classical attenuation bias; it distorts cross-country patterns and invalidates many common study designs. These findings serve as a caution against overreliance on standard regression assumptions and contribute to ongoing debates about the empirical robustness of social science.
Expression and Clinical Significance of Plunc Protein in Nasal Polyp and Chronic Sinusitis Tissue
Authors: Wu Min-man , Sun Hong , Nan Qiong
Published: April 2019

We conducted a study to validate the expression of PLUNC (palate, lung, and nasal epithelial clone) protein in nasal polyp and chronic sinusitis tissue by immunohistochemistry. We also explored the relationship between the intensity of positive immunohistochemical staining for PLUNC protein and postoperative therapeutic efficacy. Our study population consisted of 34 patients with nasal polyps and 30 with chronic sinusitis who had undergone surgical treatment, along with 18 healthy controls who did not undergo surgery. All samples were stained according to the streptavidin-peroxidase immunohistochemical method to examine PLUNC protein expression. The surgical patients were evaluated for clinical therapeutic efficacy 6 months postoperatively. The association between efficacy and the intensity of PLUNC protein positivity was examined by the Spearman rank correlation analysis. Intensity was rated as either +++ (>50% positive cells), ++ (26 to 50% positive cells), + (≤25% positive cells), or - (no positive cells). We found that the most common levels of PLUNC positivity were + in the patients with nasalpolyps, +++ in the patients with chronic sinusitis, and ++ in the controls (p < 0.01). Analysis of the Spearman rank correlation indicated that the intensity of PLUNC protein expression was significantly correlated with postoperative therapeutic efficacy (p < 0.001). We conclude that PLUNC protein is an essential factor in the innate defense mechanism of the nasal mucosa. The immunohistochemical staining of PLUNC protein could have clinical benefit in terms of predicting therapeutic efficacy and outcomes in patients with nasalpolyps or chronic sinusitis.
Juvenile Xanthogranuloma of the Tympanic Membrane: A Case Report
Authors: Chu Michael W. , Werner Alice , Moody-Antonio Stephanie A.
Published: April 2019

Juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG) is a benign, non-Langerhans cell histiocytic lesion that generally affects infants and children. These lesions characteristically appear as a solitary, yellow, cutaneous nodule of the head, neck, or trunk. Subcutaneous and extracutaneous forms can involve the gastrointestinal tract, kidney, lung, gonads, pericardium, central nervous system, temporal bone, larynx, and eye. We describe the clinical presentation, imaging, histochemical findings, and management of a solitary JXG of the tympanic membrane in a 17-month-old girl. The patient underwent surgical resection and was without disease several months following surgery and reconstruction of the defect. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of a JXG of the tympanic membrane.
The Effect of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease on Laryngopharyngeal Sensitivity
Authors: Clayton Nicola A. , Carnaby-Mann Giselle D. , Peters Matthew J. , Ing Alvin J.
Published: April 2019

Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may be at increased risk of aspiration secondary to impaired swallow function. One possible cause of this impairment is a reduction in laryngopharyngeal sensitivity. The relationship between COPD and laryngopharyngeal sensitivity has not been previously determined. We conducted a study to investigate the effect of COPD on laryngopharyngeal sensitivity by using laryngopharyngeal sensory discrimination testing (LPSDT). Our study population was made up of 20 adults (mean age: 71.7 yr) with clinically proven COPD and 11 healthy, age-matched controls. All 31 subjects underwent LPSDT with the use of an air-pulse stimulator via a nasendoscope. The threshold of laryngopharyngeal sensation was evaluated by measuring the amount of air pressure required to elicit the laryngeal adductor reflex (LAR). We found that the patients with COPD had a significantly higher LAR threshold than did the controls (p < 0.001). We conclude that patients with COPD have significantly less mechanosensitivity in the laryngopharynx. This sensory change may place patients with COPD at increased risk for aspiration.
Chronic Facial Pain and Meckel Cave Masses as the Initial Presentation of Neurosarcoidosis: A Case Report
Authors: Strub Graham M. , Moore Jaime E. , Huang Andrew T. , Stevenson Aaron W. , Reiter Evan R.
Published: April 2019

Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disease that can affect virtually every organ system, leading to a wide variety of clinical manifestations. Central nervous system involvement producing neurologic symptoms can occur in patients with sarcoidosis, yet rarely are these symptoms the initial manifestations of the disease. Here we present the case of a 38-year-old man who presented with a history of chronic facial pain, blurred vision, increased lacrimation, and periodontal abscesses. Physical examination revealed no evidence of infection or neoplasm. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed space-occupying lesions in Meckel cave bilaterally, with soft-tissue density extending into the left sphenoid and posterior ethmoid sinuses. Endoscopic biopsy of sinus mucosa demonstrated the presence of noncaseating granulomas and the absence of organisms, findings suggestive of neurosarcoidosis. The diagnosis was further supported by chest radiography, which demonstrated bilateral hilar adenopathy. The patient was treated with corticosteroids, and his facial pain improved markedly. In this article we discuss neurosarcoidosis and its manifestations, diagnosis, and clinical course.
Pseudo Third Cranial Nerve Palsy Secondary to Orbital Ectopic Lacrimal Gland Cyst: Management with Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Braich Puneet S. , Silbert Jonathan E. , Levada Andrew J. , Schiff Neil R.
Published: April 2019

An otherwise healthy 13-month-old girl was noted by her pediatrician to have developed a left head turn. The patient was referred to a pediatric ophthalmologist, who noticed signs of incomplete third cranial nerve palsy, Magnetic resonance imaging revealed the presence of an abnormal lesion in the inferonasal orbit that was abutting the ethmoid sinus. After consultation with an ENT specialist, the decision was made to remove the lesion via functional endoscopic sinus surgery because this approach was deemed to provide adequate access while limiting morbidity. Histology of the excised lesion identified it as true ectopic lacrimal gland tissue with cysts. We recognize and comment on the fact that in many reported cases of ectopic lacrimal gland cyst, the tissue was not ectopic at all but instead represented an extension of normal lacrimal gland tissue.
Trendy or topical? Sexual politics and panopticism in the 2016 BBC Midsummer Night’s Dream
Authors: Földváry Kinga
Published: April 2019

The 2016 BBC television production of A Midsummer Night’s Dream (directed by David Kerr) illustrates that the provocative representation of gender issues, commented on by most reviewers, effectively overshadowed the film’s real topicality: its depiction of a tightly controlling post-panoptic regime, relying on technological surveillance systems, in which observed and observer are equally implicated. However, the film’s spectacular visuality and the liberal gender politics of the adaptation, which are all but compulsory in contemporary theatrical adaptations, have allowed viewers to focus on the carnivalesque comedy of the finale, rather than the darker undertones of its social criticism.
Diffuse biliary peritonitis secondary to rupture of metastatic liver adenocarcinomas after drug-eluting bead transcatheter arterial chemoembolization: a case report
Authors: Zhu Lin-Bo , Li Tie-Feng , Li Jun-Qiang , Li Peng-Fei , Zhang Peng-Bin , Wu Hua-Bin , Xv Rong
Published: April 2019

Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) has become one of the first-line standard treatments for intermediate-advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as an effective treatment for metastatic hepatic carcinoma. The majority of TACE-related complications are mild and acceptable to patients. Compared with conventional (C)-TACE, drug-eluting bead (DEB)-TACE allows permanent embolization of blood vessels, a slow continuous release of anti-tumour drugs in a locally targeted manner, and reduction of the systemic release of anti-tumour drugs, so that their adverse effects are significantly reduced. The general consensus is that DEB-TACE is safer and better tolerated by patients than C-TACE because serious complications after DEB-TACE are rarely reported. This current case report describes a rare case of diffuse biliary peritonitis secondary to rupture of a hepatic tumour after DEB-TACE. After the procedure, the patient presented with progressively worsening upper abdominal pain. As conventional management methods for the suspected tumour rupture failed, an emergency laparotomy was performed to remove the metastatic mass of differentiated hepatic adenocarcinoma. The patient remains under surveillance with no further complications. In our opinion, although DEB-TACE is safe and rarely has serious complications, caution should be exercised when this method is used to treat tumours that are located close to the liver surface.
The Urge to Purge: Forecasting Erdogan’s Political Survival Following the Failed Coup
Authors: Easton Malcolm R. , Siverson Randolph M.
Published: April 2019

Drawing upon earlier research on the post failed coup survival of political leaders, we offer an ex ante in sample estimate of the likely political survival of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan following the fail coup of 2016. Depending on the assumption made about when he entered office, we conclude that his tenure is likely to endure until 2026, a result that was reached before his recent call for a snap election and its implications. We conclude with a brief discussion of the policy implications of President Erdogan’s likely length of tenure.
Prediction of the tensile strength of polymer composites filled with aligned short fibers
Authors: Yang Yang , Pang Jian , Dai Hong-Liang , Xu Xiao-Min , Li Xing-Quan , Mei Chao
Published: April 2019

In this paper, two formulae that can predict the tensile strength of composites are derived. One of the formulae is suitable for predicting the tensile strength of composites in which there is no fiber cluster, and the other is suitable for predicting the tensile strength of composites in which fiber clusters exist. These two formulae reflect that the tensile strength of composites is a function of fiber volume fraction. Comparisons between our prediction and experimental data from other papers have been made, and good agreement between them has been found, which validates the theory in this paper. There are two vital points in this paper. One is that the influence of fiber end on the tensile strength has been quantitatively studied, while most predictions of the tensile strength of composites from other authors have been neglected. The other is that the influence of fiber aggregation on the tensile strength of composites has been quantitatively studied, which shows the diminishing degree of fiber aggregation on the tensile strength of composites.
Acetylation used for natural fiber/polymer composites
Authors: Zaman Haydar U , Khan Ruhul A
Published: April 2019

Nonwoven unidirectional matted banana empty fruit bunch fiber (BBF)-reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites were successfully fabricated by compression molding method. The effect of fiber composition, mercerization of fiber as well as incorporation of acetylation as coupling agent on the properties of PP/BBF composites was studied. The results indicated that the BBFs acted as reinforcing fillers, increasing the mechanical properties (e.g. tensile strength, tensile modulus, and Charpy impact strength) of the composites. PP/BBF composites with acetylation after the alkali pretreatment showed better interfacial shear strength and mechanical properties compared to the alkali-treated and untreated fiber composites. Scanning electron microscopy studies carried out on fractured specimens indicated poor dispersion in the untreated fiber composites and improved adhesion and uniform dispersion in the treated composites. Thermogravimetric analysis/derivative thermogravimetric thermograms revealed an increase in the stability of acetylation-incorporated systems and differential scanning calorimetry results exhibited improved thermal stability as compared with neat PP. The heat deflection temperature and flammability also displayed improved thermal stability as compared with neat PP. The moisture absorption test showed that acetylation-treated banana matted composites exhibited less water absorption than both alkali-treated and untreated composites.
A Theory of Gender’s Role on Presidential Approval Ratings in Corrupt Times
Authors: Reyes-Housholder Catherine
Published: April 2019

The rise of female chief executives appears to signal gender progress, but this may not be unequivocally so. This article advances a contextual theory for the role of gender on leaders’ approval ratings, a key measure of “success” and source of executive power. I argue that because of gendered expectations and discourse, female presidents will receive lower approval ratings in contexts of corruption. The study focuses on Latin America, known for its powerful, masculinist presidential regimes and its democratically elected female leaders. I first trace the gendered construction of President Michelle Bachelet’s image as an honest mother. Upon a presidential scandal, higher standards and gendered discourse resulted in deeply disappointed citizens, significantly undermining her popularity. Models of eighteen Latin American countries next reveal a negative impact of being a female—rather than a male—president on approval ratings. Marginal effects plots show that female presidents score worse than their male counterparts in contexts of at least one presidential scandal and higher executive corruption. This article contributes to the growing literature on gender and corruption. It also challenges some conventional wisdom on the pro-women consequences of female leadership in providing a more nuanced account of the role of gender in the executive branch.
The Effects of Legislation Mandating DNA Testing in Sexual Assault Cases: Results in Texas
Authors: Davis Robert C. , Auchter Bernard , Wells William , Camp Torie , Howley Susan
Published: April 2019

Many cities and states have taken steps to identify and process all untested sexual assault kits (SAKs). Texas was one of the first states to enact such legislation—SB 1636—which created a time line for a statewide audit and mandatory testing of SAKs. A mixed-methods approach was used to assess the effects of SB 1636 at both state and local levels. The study did not detect any effect of SB 1636 on reporting, arrests, or convictions. The legislation did have a significant effect on criminal justice workloads, particularly crime laboratories.
Trauma and cultural values in the health of recently immigrated families
Authors: Mercado Alfonso , Venta Amanda , Henderson Craig , Pimentel Norma
Published: April 2019

This study examined Ruiz et al.’s sociocultural model of Hispanic health resilience by assessing trauma exposure and symptoms and Hispanic cultural values in relation to the physical health of 97 Central American immigrant families, within 24 hours of arrival to the United States. Increased posttraumatic stress symptoms, but not exposure, were associated with increased physical health concerns for parents and children. Hispanic cultural values moderated trauma-health relations for adult health only. Identifying posttraumatic stress symptoms as a significant correlate of physical health in Latino immigrant parents and children is critical to identifying vulnerabilities in need of future research and interventions.
Interaction between XRCC 1 gene polymorphisms and diabetes on susceptibility to primary open-angle glaucoma
Authors: Wang Yanyan , Wang Chenguang , Qi Shounan , Liu Zaoxia , Su Guanfang , Zheng Yajuan
Published: April 2019

Our study was designed to investigate the relationship of the POAG (primary open angle glaucoma) risk with the XRCC1 SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) and other gene–diabetes interactions and haplotype combinations. HWE (Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium) test and GMDR for the best haplotype interaction of four SNPs in XRCC1 gene and diabetes were assessed. Logistic regression analysis revealed that rs25487-A and rs861539-C allele, with adjusted ORs (95% CI) of 1.60 (1.19–2.02) and 1.62 (1.20–2.08), respectively, were the associated risk factors with increased POAG. GMDR test indicated that testing accuracy of two-locus model (including rs25487 and T2DM) was 62.11% ( P < 0.01). Therefore, regardless of how the data are partitioned, the highest cross-validation consistency across the multidimensional model is showed by this best model. The analysis indicated that T2DM inﬂuenced the POAG risk depending on the genotypes at rs25487. Pairwise LD analysis suggested that the haplotype G-G was the most common in the POAG patients (49.45%) and in the controls (55.78%), respectively. The results showed that haplotype A-A significantly correlated with a higher POAG risk. The re25487-A and rs861539-c and the interaction of between rs25487 and T2DM and the haplotype A-A were all associated with higher POAG risk.

Impact statement

Some studies have suggested that diabetes and XRCC gene may be risk factors for glaucoma; however, no studies have focused on the interaction between the XRCC gene and T2DM with respect to POAG risk. Therefore, the present study evaluated the initiative gene–environment interactions in POAG.
Evaluation of a clinical score for predicting atrial fibrillation in cryptogenic stroke patients with insertable cardiac monitors: results from the CRYSTAL AF study
Authors: Zhao Susan X. , Ziegler Paul D. , Crawford Michael H. , Kwong Calvin , Koehler Jodi L. , Passman Rod S.
Published: April 2019

Background:

The HAVOC score was previously developed to predict the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF) after cryptogenic stroke (CS) or transient ischemic attack (TIA). The purpose of this study was to apply the HAVOC score to patients who received insertable cardiac monitors (ICMs) in the CRYSTAL AF study.

Methods:

All patients from the CRYSTAL AF study who received an ICM were included. HAVOC score (one point each for peripheral vascular disease and obesity with body mass index >30, two points each for hypertension, age ⩾ 75, valvular heart disease, and coronary artery disease, 4 points for congestive heart failure) was computed for all patients. The primary endpoint was AF detection by 12 months of ICM monitoring.

Results:

A total of 214 patients who received ICM were included. AF was detected in 40 patients while the remaining 174 patients were AF negative. The HAVOC score was significantly higher among patients with AF [median 3.0 with interquartile range (IQR) 2–4] than those without AF [median 2.0 (IQR 0–3)], p = 0.01. AF increased significantly across the three HAVOC score groups: 11% in Group A (score 0–1), 18% in Group B (score 2–3), and 32 % in Group C (score ⩾ 4) with p = 0.02.

Conclusions:

The HAVOC score was shown in this post hoc analysis of CRYSTAL AF to successfully stratify AF risk post CS or TIA. The 11% AF rate in the lowest HAVOC score group highlights the significance of nontraditional contributors to AF and ischemic stroke.
Cell Cycle Synchronization of Primary Articular Chondrocytes Enhances Chondrogenesis
Authors: Subedar Omar D. , Chiu Loraine L. Y. , Waldman Stephen D.
Published: April 2019

Objective

Although tissue engineering is a promising option for articular cartilage repair, it has been challenging to generate functional cartilaginous tissue. While the synthetic response of chondrocytes can be influenced by various means, most approaches treat chondrocytes as a homogeneous population that would respond similarly. However, isolated cells heterogeneously progress through the cell cycle, which can affect macromolecular biosynthesis. As it is possible to synchronize cells within discrete cell cycle phases, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cell cycle synchronization on the chondrogenic potential of primary articular chondrocytes.

Design

Different methods of cell synchronization (serum starvation, thymidine, nocodazole, aphidicolin, and RO-3306) were tested for their ability to synchronize primary articular chondrocytes during the process of cell isolation. Cells (unsynchronized and synchronized) were then encapsulated in alginate gels, cultured for 4 weeks, and analyzed for their structural and biochemical properties.

Results

The double-thymidine method yielded the highest level of cell purity, with cells synchronized in S phase. While the cells started to lose synchronization after 24 hours, tissue constructs developed from initially S phase synchronized cells had significantly higher glycosaminoglycan and collagen II amounts than those developed using unsynchronized cells.

Conclusions

Initial synchronization led to long-term changes in cartilaginous tissue formation. This effect was postulated to be due to the rapid auto-induction of TGF-βs by actively dividing S phase cells, thereby stimulating chondrogenesis. Cell synchronization methods may also be applied in conjunction with redifferentiation methods to improve the chondrogenic potential of dedifferentiated or diseased chondrocytes.
Injectable Scaffold for Bone Marrow Stem Cells and Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 to Repair Cartilage
Authors: Vayas Raquel , Reyes Ricardo , Arnau María Rosa , Évora Carmen , Delgado Araceli
Published: April 2019

Objective

The limits of the microfracture (MFX) treatment in terms of lesion size and long-term tissue functionality makes it necessary to investigate different alternatives to repair focal cartilage lesions. The present study aims at evaluating the efficacy of a minimally invasive approach against the conventional MFX to repair a chondral defect in rabbits. An injectable scaffold of BMP-2 pre-encapsulated in PLGA microspheres dispersed in a Pluronic F-127 solution is proposed as support of cells and controlled delivery system for the growth factor.

Design

MFX was compared versus the injectable system seeded with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), both without BMP-2 and under controlled release of BMP-2 at 2 different doses (3 and 12 µg/scaffold). The different treatments were evaluated on a 4-mm diameter chondral defect model using 9 experimental groups of 4 rabbits (8 knees) each, throughout 24 weeks.

Results

Histologically, all the treated groups, except MFX treated, responded significantly better than the control group (nontreated defect). Although no significant differences were found between the treated groups, only BMP(12), MSC-BMP(12), and MFX-BMP(3) groups showed nonsignificant differences when compared with the normal cartilage.

Conclusions

The hydrogel system proposed to control the release rate of the BMP-2 was safe, easily injectable, and also provided good support for cells. Treatments with MSCs or BMP-2 repaired efficiently the chondral lesion created in rabbits, being less invasive than MFX treatment.
Breaking the Rules: Lectio Brevior Potior and New Testament Textual Criticism
Authors: Miller Jeff
Published: April 2019

Though the principle regarding a preference for the shorter reading is often still included in descriptions of text-critical method, it has fallen out of use. The maxim lectio brevior potior (“prefer the shorter reading”) should not be, and in fact is not, a factor in the modern practice of New Testament textual criticism. This article briefly states reasons for the maxim’s inapplicability and then surveys a large amount of contemporary text-critical and exegetical literature to demonstrate the maxim’s demise.