bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding science communication in human genetics using text mining
Authors: Morosoli José J. , Colodro-Conde Lucía , Barlow Fiona K. , Medland Sarah E.
Published: July 2020

We conducted the first systematic text mining review of online media coverage of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and analyzed trends in media coverage, readability, themes, and mentions of ethical, legal, and social issues (ELSI). Over 5,000 online news articles published from 2005 to 2018 all over the world were included in analyses. Our results show that while some GWAS attract a great deal of online interest many are not reported on, and that those thatarecovered are described in language too complex to be understood by the general public. Ethical issues are largely unaddressed, while suggestions for translation are increasing over time. Our review identifies areas that need to improve to increase the effectiveness and accuracy of the communication of genetic research findings in online media. We have also developed a website where all results described below can be explored interactively:https://jjmorosoli.shinyapps.io/newas/.
Genome-wide Spatial Expression Profiling in FFPE Tissues
Authors: Villacampa Eva Gracia , Larsson Ludvig , Kvastad Linda , Andersson Alma , Carlson Joseph , Lundeberg Joakim
Published: July 2020

Formalin-fixed paraffin embedding (FFPE) is the most widespread long-term tissue preservation approach. Here we present a procedure to perform genome-wide spatial analysis of mRNA in FFPE tissue sections. The procedure takes advantage of well-established, commercially available methods for imaging and spatial barcoding using slides spotted with barcoded oligo(dT) probes to capture the 3’ end of mRNA molecules in tissue sections. First, we conducted expression profiling and cell type mapping in coronal sections from the mouse brain to demonstrate the method’s capability to delineate anatomical regions from a molecular perspective. Second, we explored the spatial composition of transcriptomic signatures in ovarian carcinosarcoma samples using data driven analysis methods, exemplifying the method’s potential to elucidate molecular mechanisms in heterogeneous clinical samples.
High Affinity Nanobodies Block SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor Binding Domain Interaction with Human Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
Authors: Esparza Thomas J. , Martin Negin P. , Anderson George P. , Goldman Ellen R. , Brody David L.
Published: July 2020

There are currently no approved effective treatments for SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. Nanobodies are 12-15 kDa single-domain antibody fragments that are amenable to inexpensive large-scale production and can be delivered by inhalation. We have isolated nanobodies that bind to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor binding domain and block spike protein interaction with the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with 1-5 nM affinity. The lead nanobody candidate, NIH-CoVnb-112, blocks SARS-CoV-2 spike pseudotyped lentivirus infection of HEK293 cells expressing human ACE2 with an EC50of 0.3 micrograms/mL. NIH-CoVnb-112 retains structural integrity and potency after nebulization. Furthermore, NIH-CoVnb-112 blocks interaction between ACE2 and several high affinity variant forms of the spike protein. These nanobodies and their derivatives have therapeutic, preventative, and diagnostic potential.
The complex genomic basis of rapid convergent adaptation to pesticides across continents in a fungal plant pathogen
Authors: Hartmann Fanny E. , Vonlanthen Tiziana , Singh Nikhil Kumar , McDonald Megan , Milgate Andrew , Croll Daniel
Published: July 2020

Convergent evolution leads to identical phenotypic traits in different species or populations. Convergence can be driven by standing variation allowing selection to favor identical alleles in parallel or the same mutations can arise independently. However, the molecular basis of such convergent adaptation remains often poorly resolved. Pesticide resistance in agricultural ecosystems is a hallmark of convergence in phenotypic traits. Here, we analyze the major fungal pathogenZymoseptoria triticicausing serious losses on wheat and with parallel fungicide resistance emergence across continents. We sampled three population pairs each from a different continent spanning periods early and late in the application of fungicides. To identify causal loci for resistance, we combined knowledge from molecular genetics work and performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on a global set of isolates. We discovered yet unknown factors in azole resistance including membrane stability functions. We found strong support for the ‘hotspot’ model of resistance evolution with parallel changes in a small set of loci but additional loci showed more population-specific allele frequency changes. Genome-wide scans of selection showed that half of all known resistance loci were overlapping a selective sweep region. Hence, the application of fungicides was one of the major selective agents acting on the pathogen over the past decades. Furthermore, loci identified through GWAS showed the highest overlap with selective sweep regions underlining the importance to map phenotypic trait variation in evolving populations. Our population genomic analyses showed that bothde novomutations and gene flow likely contributed to the parallel emergence of resistance.
Near Atomic Structure of an Atadenovirus Reveals a Conserved Capsid-Binding Motif and Intergenera Variations in Cementing Proteins
Authors: Marabini Roberto , Condezo Gabriela N. , Gómez-Blanco Josué , Martín Carmen San
Published: July 2020

Little is known about the basic biology of non-human adenoviruses, which could be alternative vectors free of issues posed by preexisting immunity to human adenoviruses. We present the cryo-EM structure of a lizard atadenovirus, LAdV-2, at 3.4 Å resolution. This is the first high resolution structure of an adenovirus with non-mammalian host, and of an adenovirus not belonging to the Mastadenovirus genus. Atadenovirus capsids contain genus specific proteins LH3, p32k, and LH2, and are more thermostable than the more studied human adenoviruses. We find a large conformational difference in the internal vertex protein IIIa between mast- and atadenoviruses, induced by the presence of an extended polypeptide in the region. This polypeptide, as well as α-helical clusters located beneath the icosahedral facet, likely correspond to proteins LH2 and p32k. The external genus specific protein LH3, with a trimeric β-helix fold typical of bacteriophage host attachment proteins, contacts the hexon shell surface via a triskelion structure identical to that used by protein IX in human AdV, revealing a conserved capsid-binding motif and a possible gene duplication event. Altogether, this work shows how the network of minor coat proteins differs between AdV genera and relates to virus evolution and capsid stability properties.
Protective Plant Immune Responses are Elicited by Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicles
Authors: McMillan Hannah M. , Zebell Sophia G. , Ristaino Jean B. , Dong Xinnian , Kuehn Meta J.
Published: July 2020

Bacterial outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) perform a variety of functions in bacterial survival and virulence. In mammalian systems, OMVs activate immune responses and have been exploited as vaccines. However, little work has focused on the role that OMVs play during interactions with plant hosts. Here we report that OMVs from the pathogenicPseudomonas syringaeand the beneficialPseudomonas fluorescensactivate plant immune responses that protect against bacterial and oomycete pathogens. OMVs from these two species display different sensitivity to biochemical stressors, which could indicate differences in OMV cargo packaging. Furthermore, our study shows that OMV-induced protective immune responses are T3SS- and protein-independent, while OMV-mediated seedling growth inhibition largely depends on protein cargo. Importantly, OMV-mediated plant responses are distinct from those triggered by PAMP/MAMPs or effector molecules alone. OMVs provide a unique opportunity to study virulence factors in combination and add a new layer of interaction and complexity to host-microbe interactions.
Interbacterial competition and anti-predatory behavior of environmentalVibrio choleraestrains
Authors: Dörr Natália C. Drebes , Blokesch Melanie
Published: July 2020

Vibrio choleraeisolates responsible for cholera pandemics represent only a small portion of the diverse strains belonging to this species. Indeed, mostV. choleraeare encountered in aquatic environments. To better understand the emergence of pandemic lineages, it is crucial to discern what differentiates pandemic strains from their environmental relatives. Here, we studied the interaction of environmentalV. choleraewith eukaryotic predators or competing bacteria and tested the contributions of the hemolysin and the type VI secretion system (T6SS) to those interactions. Both of these molecular weapons are constitutively active in environmental isolates but subject to tight regulation in the pandemic clade. We showed that several environmental isolates resist amoebal grazing and that this anti-grazing defense relies on the strains’ T6SS and its actin-cross-linking domain (ACD)-containing tip protein. Strains lacking the ACD were unable to defend themselves against grazing amoebae but maintained high levels of T6SS-dependent interbacterial killing. We explored the latter phenotype through whole-genome sequencing of fourteen isolates, which unveiled a wide array of novel T6SS effector and (orphan) immunity proteins. By combining thesein silicopredictions with experimental validations, we showed that highly similar but nonidentical immunity proteins were insufficient to provide cross-immunity among those wild strains.

Originality-Significance Statement

This work contributes to the understanding of phenotypic consequences that differentiate diverseVibrio choleraestrains. We focused on the type VI secretion system (T6SS) and the pore forming toxin hemolysin, which are tightly regulated in pandemic strains but remain constitutively active in non-pandemic isolates. We unveiled diverse arrays of T6SS effector/immunity modules in a set of environmental strains by long-read whole genome sequencing andde novoassembly. These modules determine whether the strains are able to evade amoebal predation and dictate their level of compatibility or competitiveness with one another.
Maternal control of early life history traits affects overwinter survival and seedling phenotypes in sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.)
Authors: Hernández Fernando , Vercellino Roman B. , Fanna Ignacio , Presotto Alejandro
Published: July 2020

When cultivated and wild plants hybridize, hybrids often show intermediate phenotypic traits relative to their parents, which make them unfit in natural environments. However, maternal genetic effects may affect the outcome of hybridization by controlling the expression of the earliest life history traits. Here, using wild, cultivated, and reciprocal crop-wild sunflower (Helianthus annuusL.) hybrids, we evaluated the maternal effects on emergence timing and seedling establishment in the field, and on seedling traits under controlled conditions. In the field, we evaluated reciprocal crop-wild hybrids between two wild populations with contrasting dormancy (the high dormant BAR and the low dormant DIA) and one cultivar (CROP) with low dormancy. Under controlled conditions, we evaluated reciprocal crop-wild hybrids between two wild populations (BAR and RCU) and one CROP under three contrasting temperature treatments. In the field, BAR overwintered as dormant seeds whereas DIA and CROP showed high autumn emergence (∼50% of planted seeds), resulting in differential overwinter survival and seedling establishment in the spring. Reciprocal crop-wild hybrids resembled their female parents in emergence timing and success of seedling establishment. Under controlled conditions, we observed large maternal effects on most seedling traits across temperatures. Cotyledon size explained most of the variation in seedling traits, suggesting that the maternal effects on seed size have cascading effects on seedling traits. Maternal effects on early life history traits affect early plant survival and phenotypic variation of crop-wild hybrids, thus, they should be addressed in hybridization studies, especially those involving highly divergent parents like cultivated species and their wild ancestors.
Social environmental injustices against indigenous peoples: the Belo Monte dam
Authors: Ribeiro Heidi Michalski , Morato Jose Rubens
Published: July 2020

Purpose

This proposal is a case study of the Belo Monte dam. The article deals with human rights and environmental violations arising from the construction of the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Power Plant in the northern region of Brazil. This paper aims to evidence human rights violations brought by the construction Belo Monte dam, a glimpse of the COVID-19 scenario and how Brazilian regulation allowed those violations.

Design/methodology/approach

To achieve the objective of this article, the Brazilian norms, public policies and the current situation of the affected communities were analyzed, focusing on the human rights violations and the historical timeline of this mega-project. The analysis was directed to the hardcore social sciences, considering analytical and qualitative research.

Findings

The data gathered and the references consulted proved that many human rights violations occurred and that the vulnerability of indigenous and local people increased with the construction of the Belo Monte Hydroelectric Power Plant in the northern region of Brazil. The COVID-19 pandemic exacerbated this adverse scenario since indigenous and local people already had their vulnerabilities increased with the construction of Belo Monte.

Research limitations/implications

The Belo Monte Dam has had severe and irreversible impacts on the lives of local communities, especially indigenous peoples, as it had destroyed their culture and the environment. The authors were not able to do fieldwork, due to the great distance of the dam. In this sense, the research does not cover all the social–environmental issues, as an ethnographic approach is necessary.

Originality/value

The authors intend to bring attention to harms caused to indigenous people and the local communities, expecting to create an alert of what this kind of project can do to vulnerable peoples' life, especially now with the pandemic scenario, which makes indigenous and traditional communities more vulnerable to diseases due to the loss of their territories.
Exploring the drivers of ethnic and religious exclusion from public services in Nigeria: implications for sustainable development goal 10
Authors: Uzochukwu Benjamin Sunday , Okeke Chinyere Cecilia , Ogwezi Joyce , Emunemu Benedict , Onibon Felicia , Ebenso Bassey , Mirzoev Tolib , Mir Ghazala
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The importance of social exclusion and the disadvantage experienced by many minority ethnic and religious populations are rooted in SDG 10. To address this exclusion effectively it is important to understand their key drivers. This paper aimed to establish the key drivers of exclusion and their outcomes in Nigeria.

Design/methodology/approach

The methods involved a scoping review of literature and stakeholder workshops that focused on drivers of social exclusion of religious and ethnic minorities in public institutions.

Findings

At the macro level, the drivers include ineffective centralized federal State, competition for resources and power among groups, geographic developmental divide and socio-cultural/religious issues. At the meso-level are institutional rules and competition for resources, stereotypes and misconceptions, barriers to access and service provision. At the micro-level are socio-economic status and health-seeking behaviour. The perceived impact of social exclusion included increasing illiteracy, lack of employment, deteriorating health care services, increased social vices, communal clashes and insurgencies and vulnerability to exploitation and humiliation. These drivers must be taken into consideration in the development of interventions for preventing or reducing social exclusion of ethnic and religious minorities from public services.

Originality/value

This is a case of co-production by all the stakeholders and a novel way for the identification of drivers of social exclusion in public services in Nigeria. It is the first step towards solving the problem of exclusion and has implications for the achievement of SDG 10 in Nigeria.
The internationalization of Polish civil society elites and their impact on development cooperation policy and practice
Authors: Chimiak Galia
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to discuss the rise of internationalized civil society elites in Poland engaged in the fields of development cooperation, democratization assistance, humanitarian relief and global education in the framework of private international governance theory.

Design/methodology/approach

Qualitative sociological approach and the methodology of cross-case analysis are employed in this study of Polish internationalized civil society elites.

Findings

Evidence would be provided that whereas in some donor countries the gap between civil society elites engaged abroad and their locally active colleagues obstructs the travel of ideas, in Poland aid professionals freely move between sectors, which has allowed for better exchange of know-how and also enhanced their influence on policy-making. At the same time, the existing divides within internationalized civil society elites in Poland – between “democratizing” or “developmental”, between secular and religious and between progressive and conservative as of late – are indicative of the ongoing formation of these elites and of the heterogeneity of the community of aid professionals.

Social implications

In view of the worldwide fueling of populism by anti-elitist strategists, it is important to highlight the contribution of civil society elites to mainstreaming progressive humanitarian principles.

Originality/value

Whereas existing studies on elite formation in postsocialist countries like Poland examine political elites or the role of the intelligentsia for the fledgling middle class and local civil society, this paper focuses on the emergence of a stratum of Polish elites, which are both internationalized and engaged in the nonprofit sector.
Teaching international business development using current business metrics
Authors: Lundstrum Leonard L.
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to set forth a less-costly, more flexible approach to teaching the analysis of international business development opportunities.

Design/methodology/approach

The approach capitalizes upon the high-quality business condition metrics, which are necessary to inform the development decision, that have recently become freely-available through a set of institutions that gather and distribute these metrics.

Findings

Critical thinking skills in this area are developed here not just by understanding the tools of analysis but also by having participated in a series of active classroom activities focused upon private investment decisions in a set of disparate countries.

Practical implications

This approach develops rising business professionals with refined critical thinking skills who will be able to immediately contribute to international business development decision-making.

Social implications

Opportunities for students to learn these critical thinking skills can be far more available because the traditional method by which these skills have been taught has been by finding a partner business with the resources to pay for such data. In exchange for allowing students to use the data experientially the partner firm benefits from the work product of the students who study the international business development project at the firm’s offices.

Originality/value

The approach set forth provides an accessible alternate for those on-campus students and distance-learning students who do not need to have the flexibility to travel to the site of a business partner – where most of this learning has heretofore been arranged.
UNGC principles and SDGs: perception and business implementation
Authors: Mattera Marina , Alba Ruiz-Morales Carmen
Published: July 2020

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to analyze the perception of CSR policies and the implementation of UNGC management model in firms operating at a national and an international level. Specifically, in the framework of stakeholder theory, this work explores the relation between internationalization and the usage of UNGC management model in the design and implementation of successful CSR strategies. By doing so, new insights on CSR management to gain competitive advantage are provided.

Design/methodology/approach

The present study analyzes impact of internationalization in their sustainability performance, as well as the relationship between the usage of the UNGC management model and the firm's sustainability performance. To achieve this goal, the Spanish firms subscribing to the UNGC were evaluated following the tenth anniversary of the Spanish UNGC Chapter's inauguration. Both internationalized companies and companies only operating at a national level were evaluated, first through a survey, followed by a focus group and lastly a qualitative analysis of their CSR performance reports.

Findings

Findings show that perception of CSR performance and relevance allocated to CSR matters is consistent with the firms' practices. However, internationalization does not hold a relation with the companies' performance in sustainability matters as expected due to a series of factors. Similarly, the implementation of the UNGC management model does not correlate to the firm's perception and performance. The virtuous cycle can be created by honoring the social contract, yet the tools and management models shall be further tailored to ensure an effective win-win situation.

Originality/value

This study evaluates a company's perception and strategic involvement in sustainability, considering the UNGC 10 principles and SDG. Specifically, the role of internationalization and usage of the UNGC management model are evaluated. Consequently, researchers studying business strategy can incorporate the findings in strategic planning. Practitioners can learn the implications of CSR strategic planning using the UNGC management model and the limitations of this tool, to ensure sustainable growth of their firms. Moreover, work illustrates corporate results in sustainability matters after the first decade of the UNGC management model implementation in a specific UNGC Chapter.
Mobilising SDG 12: co-creating sustainability through brands
Authors: Palakshappa Nitha , Dodds Sarah
Published: July 2020

Purpose

This research extends understanding of the role brand co-creation plays in encouraging ethical consumption. The paper addresses sustainable development goal 12 (SDG 12): ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns, exploring how brand co-creation can be employed to advance this development goal.

Design/methodology/approach

The Customer Brand Co-creation Model is used within an embedded case design to understand the role of the brand and the consumer in promoting sustainable consumption within the fashion industry.

Findings

Initial insights suggest marketing has much to offer sustainability through the use of the brand. An extended brand co-creation framework highlights the importance of embedding sustainability and viewing the consumer as central to mobilising SDG12.

Practical implications

An important concern is to ensure sustainability is embedded within the activities and strategy of the organisation and viewed as integral rather than peripheral.

Originality/value

The paper examines aspects crucial to co-creation of “sustainability” through a focus on both the consumer and the brand. Case narratives provide a strong foundation to consider the Customer Brand Co-creation Model and implications of this framework for managerial practice. This study extends the model to encompass the umbrella of “sustainability” and the firm's perspective.
Ethical leadership in times of change: the role of change commitment and change information for employees’ dysfunctional resistance
Authors: Rahaman H.M. Saidur , Camps Jeroen , Decoster Stijn , Stouten Jeroen
Published: July 2020

Purpose

In the present study, the authors draw on social exchange theory to argue that ethical leaders offer positive exchanges in times of change and thereby encourage employees’ change commitment, which subsequently reduces their dysfunctional resistance. Drawing on uncertainty management theory, the authors further hypothesize that employees’ perception of change information (i.e. a change-specific context) not only moderates the negative relationship between employees’ change commitment and dysfunctional resistance but also the indirect relationship between ethical leadership and dysfunctional resistance via change commitment.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors conducted a two-source cross-sectional survey involving 144 matched pairs of employees and coworkers from a range of organizations.

Findings

Employees’ change commitment mediates the relationship between ethical leadership and their dysfunctional resistance. Furthermore, employees’ perception of change information not only moderates the relationship between change commitment and dysfunctional resistance but, more importantly, also the indirect effect between ethical leadership and dysfunctional resistance via change commitment. More specifically, the effect of change commitment on employees’ dysfunctional resistance as well as the indirect effect of ethical leadership on employees’ dysfunctional resistance through change commitment are stronger when there is little change information.

Research limitations/implications

Ethical leadership is able to reduce employees’ dysfunctional resistance, particularly when employees have limited information regarding the change.

Originality/value

This study demonstrates how change commitment acts as a mediator and change information serves as a moderator in the ethical leadership–dysfunctional resistance relationship in the time of organizational change.
Performance assessment of governance in Indian smart city development
Authors: Maurya Kranti Kumar , Biswas Arindam
Published: July 2020

Purpose

India is set to develop a hundred smart cities under Smart Cities Mission (SCM). New Special Purpose Vehicles (SPV) established at the city level are developing these cities. Cities around the globe do not use this system for city development yet. SCM was launched in 2015, and these companies are working in some of these cities since 2016. This paper is an attempt to investigate the traditional system and SPV system with global best practices.

Design/methodology/approach

The method for investigation includes developing a framework with the governance principles (defined by the United Nations Development Programme) and measurement parameters. By this framework, the performance of these governance systems can be measured/ranked; analysing these results give the nodal points where one system is better than the other and highlighting features; those can be incorporated to develop an alternative comprehensive system.

Findings

The new service delivery mechanism (SPV) is still adapting and competing with the traditional system. There have been some positives as well as some criticism for SPVs in comparison to the traditional system.

Research limitations/implications

The data for analysis is mostly from secondary sources and structured official interviews. The cases selected for the analysis are cities from different states of India and some leading global cities.

Practical implications

Smart cities development is still going on. As the analysis findings suggest, it needs a more efficient and converged implementation mechanism.

Originality/value

The analysis framework is solely developed for this paper. The paper compares five of the Indian traditional city development process, SCM implementation strategy and leading city development processes around the world.
Inversion‐based deblending using migration operators
Authors: Ibrahim Amr , Trad Daniel
Published: July 2020

In this paper, we compare the denoising‐ and inversion‐based deblending methods using Stolt migration operators. We use Stolt operator as a kernel to efficiently compute apex‐shifted hyperbolic Radon transform. Sparsity promoting transforms, such as Radon transform, can focus seismic data into a sparse model to separate signals, remove noise or interpolate missing traces. Therefore, Radon transforms are a suitable tool for either the denoising‐ or the inversion‐based deblending methods. The denoising‐based deblending treats blending interferences as random noise by sorting the data into new gathers, such as common receiver gather. In these gathers, blending interferences exhibit random structures due to the randomization of the source firing times. Alternatively, the inversion‐based deblending treats blending interferences as a signal, and the transform models this signal by incorporating the blending operator to formulate an inversion problem. We compare both methods using a robust inversion algorithm with sparse regularization. Results of synthetic and field data examples show that the inversion‐based deblending can produce more accurate signal separation for highly blended data.
How should a government finance pension benefits?
Authors: Yasuoka Masaya
Published: July 2020

Based on an earlier report by Ono (2010), this paper presents consideration of a consumption tax and examines how tax reform to maintain the neutrality of pension benefits affects the income growth rate and the employment rate. A decrease in the rate of worker contribution (labour income tax rate) with an increase in a consumption tax raises employment, but the effect on income growth is ambiguous. A decrease in the rate of firm contribution with an increase in the consumption tax decreases employment and facilitates income growth. Therefore, if the unemployment rate must be decreased, then pension reform with a decrease in the rate of worker contribution should be selected. The results derived through the study described in this paper are consistent with the empirical facts. Moreover, for these analyses, we assume the other production function and confirm the robustness of the obtained results.
The Transparency Paradox: Why Transparency Alone will not Improve Campaign Regulations
Authors: Power Sam
Published: July 2020

The role of new sources of data has become of increasing interest to those involved in political campaigning and a legislative focus of policy makers and regulators. Utilising Karl‐Heinz Nassmacher’s ‘magic quadrangle’ of ‘accounting, practicality, sanctions and transparency’ and a case study of the Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000 this article unpicks how successful the ‘guiding philosophy’ of transparency was in delivering increased citizen confidence in the democratic process. I ultimately argue that at the heart of all discussions about what regulation in this area should look like, an uncomfortable paradox has to be accepted: that transparency may well help to quell actual instances of malfeasance and the misuse of data, but may at the same time increase citizen distrust in democratic processes. Any regulation should consider the ways in which transparency might be implemented such that it better supports the stated legislative aims.
Has inclusion become a barrier to inclusion?
Authors: O’Brien Tim
Published: July 2020

In this reflective piece the author focuses on the meaning that he made of inclusion in a book that was published almost twenty years ago. He then reflects on the meaning he makes of the current situation. He explores the problematic nature of the concept of inclusion, whether labels actually enable inclusion, research‐informed implications of inclusion for those who do not experience SEND and the damaging impact of hyperaccountability and marketisation. He proposes that we may find future solutions by embracing complexities and educating for diversities.
Routes Towards The Irrealis
Authors: Sansò Andrea
Published: July 2020

Irrealis markers are characterized by the rampant heterogeneity of their distributional patterns and by the tendency to appear as portmanteau morphemes encoding other grammatical categories (e.g. person). These and other characteristics may find an explanation in diachronic terms, by taking into account the sources from which irrealis markers derive. In this paper, the most frequent sources of irrealis markers are identified by means of a diachronic‐typological survey based on a 100–language sample: these include lexical verbs such as ‘go’, ‘want’ or ‘be’, former subordinate clauses that come to be used as main clauses through insubordination and deictic expressions that refer to distant elements. Considering the diachrony of irrealis markers allows us to explain some of their properties such as, among others (i) their distribution across the domain of non‐actualized situation types, (ii) the primacy of certain non‐actualized situation types that happen to work as bridgeheads in the diachronic development from the source to the target irrealis marker, (iii) the frequent co‐encoding of person and reality status by means of the same markers, and (iv) the existence of ergativity splits involving irrealis clauses. The diachronic‐typological survey conducted in this paper has some implications on the debate on the validity of reality status as a grammatical category with two opposite values of realis and irrealis: it will be argued that the diachronic scenarios leading to the emergence of irrealis markers are not substantially different from those known from the literature on the emergence of modal markers, which makes reality status superfluous as an independent grammatical category.
Units for vigilance of emerging diseases based on wastewater treatment plants (WWTP‐UVED)
Authors: Barros‐Rodríguez Adoración , Manzanera Maximino
Published: July 2020

Pandemics deeply affect the health and economy of the world population. A precise determination of affected communities is of great importance to establish containment measures and reduce the economic impact. Here, we propose the development of Units for Vigilance of Emerging Diseases based on the screening of pathogens released to wastewater treatment plants to follow the spread of the infectious agent to determine the location of infected people.
Clinical and laboratory clues of maturity‐onset diabetes of the young and determination of association with molecular diagnosis
Authors: Karaoglan Murat , Nacarkahya Gulper
Published: July 2020

Background/Aim

Maturity‐onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is often misdiagnosed as other types of diabetes because it is overlooked due to atypical clinical presentations. This study aims to reveal the clinical and laboratory clues and examine their compatibility with MODY genotypes.

Methods

Participants consisted of 230 children with atypical presentations for type1(T1DM) and type2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). MODY‐causing mutations were screened in the following genes:GCK‐HNF1A‐HNF4A‐HNF1B‐PDX1‐NEUROD1‐KLF11‐CEL‐PAX4‐INS‐BLK. Clinical and laboratory features were compared between children with MODY and children without MODY.

Results

The most common reasons for MODY screening were as follows (n/%):low daily dose of insulin (DDI) requirement (122/53%), absence of beta‐cell antibodies(58/25.3%), coincidental hyperglycemia(26/11.3%), family history of diabetes (12/5.2%), hypoglycemia/hyperglycemia episodes(7/3%), hyperglycemia related to steroids(3/1.4%) and renal glycosuria(2/0.8%). The markers with the most likelihood to distinguish MODY from T1DM were determined as follows: measurable C‐peptide in follow‐up, family history of early‐onset diabetes and low DDI requirement (odds ratio:12.55, 5.53 and 3.43, respectively). The distribution of the most common causative genes in children with MODY(n = 24) is as follows (n/%):GCK(15/62.5%), HNF4A(7/29.1%), HNF1A(1/9.2%) and PDX1(1/9.2%).All children(n = 12) with GCK‐MODY(MODY2) were screened for low DDI requirement, while beta‐cell negativity was more common in HNF4A‐MODY(MODY1).

Conclusion

The study shows that measurable C‐peptide in follow‐up, family history of early‐onset diabetes, and low DDI are still remarkable clues to predict MODY in children with misdiagnosed T1DM. In addition, the most common mutations were found in the GCK and HNF4A genes. Among children misdiagnosed with T1DM, a low DDI requirement was found more frequently in MODY2, whereas beta‐cell antibody negativity was more common in MODY1.
Cytoskeleton stiffness regulates cellular senescence and innate immune response in Hutchinson–Gilford Progeria Syndrome
Authors: Mu Xiaodong , Tseng Chieh , Hambright William S. , Matre Polina , Lin Chih‐Yi , Chanda Palas , Chen Wanqun , Gu Jianhua , Ravuri Sudheer , Cui Yan , Zhong Ling , Cooke John P. , Niedernhofer Laura J. , Robbins Paul D. , Huard Johnny
Published: July 2020

Hutchinson–Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS) is caused by the accumulation of mutant prelamin A (progerin) in the nuclear lamina, resulting in increased nuclear stiffness and abnormal nuclear architecture. Nuclear mechanics are tightly coupled to cytoskeletal mechanics via lamin A/C. However, the role of cytoskeletal/nuclear mechanical properties in mediating cellular senescence and the relationship between cytoskeletal stiffness, nuclear abnormalities, and senescent phenotypes remain largely unknown. Here, using muscle‐derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) from the Zmpste24−/− (Z24−/−) mouse (a model for HGPS) and human HGPS fibroblasts, we investigated the mechanical mechanism of progerin‐induced cellular senescence, involving the role and interaction of mechanical sensors RhoA and Sun1/2 in regulating F‐actin cytoskeleton stiffness, nuclear blebbing, micronuclei formation, and the innate immune response. We observed that increased cytoskeletal stiffness and RhoA activation in progeria cells were directly coupled with increased nuclear blebbing, Sun2 expression, and micronuclei‐induced cGAS‐Sting activation, part of the innate immune response. Expression of constitutively active RhoA promoted, while the inhibition of RhoA/ROCK reduced cytoskeletal stiffness, Sun2 expression, the innate immune response, and cellular senescence. Silencing of Sun2 expression by siRNA also repressed RhoA activation, cytoskeletal stiffness and cellular senescence. Treatment of Zmpste24−/− mice with a RhoA inhibitor repressed cellular senescence and improved muscle regeneration. These results reveal novel mechanical roles and correlation of cytoskeletal/nuclear stiffness, RhoA, Sun2, and the innate immune response in promoting aging and cellular senescence in HGPS progeria.
Alcohol policy in Chile: a systematic review of policy developments and evaluations
Authors: Peña Sebastián , Sierralta Paula , Norambuena Pablo , Leyton Felipe , Pemjean Alfredo , Román Francisca
Published: July 2020

Aims

To comprehensively review enacted and proposed alcohol laws and existing impact evaluations of national alcohol policies in Chile.

Methods

We searched enacted laws in the Chilean National Library of Congress, proposed laws in the websites of the House of Deputies and Senate and impact evaluations in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Scielo, JSTOR, Epistemonikos and OpenGrey from inception to February 2019. Eligibility criteria included enacted laws and proposed laws on national alcohol policies and research studies evaluating the impact of national alcohol policies. One author screened enacted laws and proposed laws; two authors independently screened research records. We included any national alcohol policy intervention and classified policies according to 10 World Health Organization (WHO) alcohol policy domains. We used the Cochrane EPOC Review Group criteria to assess risk of bias of research records. We registered the review protocol in PROSPERO, registration record CRD42016050156.

Results

We identified and screened 229 enacted laws, 138 proposed laws and 1538 research records. Of these, 72 enacted laws, 118 proposed laws and three research articles were eligible for synthesis. We found enacted policies in all WHO alcohol policy domains. Regarding the most cost‐effective policies, Chile has made limited use of taxation, has not regulated alcohol marketing and has weakened alcohol availability regulation. We found a large number of proposed laws, 79% of which would strengthen alcohol control. The few impact evaluation studies examined drink‐driving policies and found a short‐term reduction of alcohol‐related injuries and deaths.

Conclusions

Chile has enacted alcohol policies in all World Health Organization policy domains, but has not adopted policies with highest likely cost‐effectiveness. Only the impact of drink‐driving policies has been evaluated.
Young adult predictors of alcohol dependence to age 53: a 44‐year prospective cohort study of Danish men
Authors: Sørensen Holger J. , Manzardo Ann , Just‐Østergaard Emilie , Penick Elizabeth C. , Becker Ulrik M. D. , Mortensen Erik Lykke , Knop Joachim
Published: July 2020

Aims

To examine if (1) there is a positive association between drinking volume in young men and life‐time risk of alcohol dependence (AD) and (2) there are other associations between young adulthood factors and life‐time risk of AD.

Design

Prospective cohort study of sons of fathers with alcohol use disorder (AUD) and matched low‐risk controls without paternal AUD.

Setting and participants

A total of 204 men, who were assessed at baseline in 1979 at age 19–20 years, were followed through record linkage with Danish registers and consecutive psychiatric interviews at the ages of 33, 43 and 53 years.

Measurements

AD diagnoses were interview‐based according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edition, or made by treating clinicians according to the International Classification of Diseases (ICD) revision 8 (ICD‐8) until 1993 and revision 10 (ICD‐10) from 1994.We estimated odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the development of AD after adjustment for confounders including smoking, social status and paternal AUD.

Findings

The following variables from the examination at age 19–20 independently predicted life‐time AD: alcohol consumption > 21 beverages/week versus 0–21 [odds ratio (OR) = 2.46, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.22–4.97], police contact (OR = 2.60, 95% CI = 1.28–5.28) and institutionalization related to the individual (OR = 2.90, 95% CI = 1.39–6.02). Compared with < 1 beverages/week, the risk for AD did not increase significantly for drinking volume categories: 1–7, 8–14 or 15–21 beverages/week.

Conclusion

Independently of other risk factors in young adulthood, young Danish men's risk for life‐time alcohol dependence appears to be predicted by a drinking volume at age 19–20 years exceeding 21 beverages per week.
Greening Asia's Economic Development
Authors: Burke Paul J. , Do Thang N.
Published: July 2020

Asia is facing serious environmental challenges including urban air pollution and the effects of global climate change. As a major source of greenhouse gases, what happens in Asia will play a crucial role in determining the extent to which the world warms over coming decades. This paper reviews key environmental challenges faced by the region and the growing opportunities for a transition to a cleaner economy powered by zero‐emission energy sources. Economic mechanisms – including emissions pricing, reverse auctions, and renewable portfolio standards with green certificate schemes – have the potential to underpin a much greener development model for the Asian Century.
4Gender, Masculinity, and Professional–Avocational Heritage Collaborations
Authors: Hart Siobhan M.
Published: July 2020

Professionals and avocationals often work side by side on archaeological sites, collaborate on research, and engage in mutual knowledge sharing. However, little attention has been paid to the way gender and social identities inflect these relationships. In this article I consider the gendered dimensions of avocational–professional relationships, drawing from experiences with a multi‐stakeholder collaborative project in New England. I examine how gender and masculinity are intertwined with social class and whiteness to reinforce and reproduce hierarchies and privilege in archaeological practice. I conclude that to realize democratizing goals, archaeologists must critically examine the assumptions, norms, and expectations of avocationals and recognize how gender, class, ethnicity, and race intersect and interact in collaborative contexts.
9Memory and Masculinity at Stanford's Arboretum Chinese Quarters
Authors: Lowman Christopher B.
Published: July 2020

Using archival, archaeological, and oral historical evidence, I explore how Chinese men living at Stanford University's Arboretum Chinese Quarters navigated changing attitudes toward gender and race at the end of the nineteenth century. Artifacts helped prompt an intersubjective process of oral history and stories shared by descendants of Chinese employees at Stanford and other members of the local Chinese American community in California's San Francisco Bay Area. Based on these interviews and further research into documents and objects, I highlight two intertwined social spheres for the Chinese population at Stanford, including networks based on business, family, or fraternal organizations, and competitive games and athletics. I show how these men may have forged new ways to perform an emergent Chinese American masculinity by combining practices from both sides of the Pacific. Research conducted between 2016 and 2019 helped produce new senses of heritage for the Chinese American communities at Stanford and elsewhere in the Bay Area.
Does it pay to cooperate? The case of cooperatives in the Mexican manufacturing sector
Authors: Cotler Pablo
Published: July 2020

Various economic theories suggest cooperatives are an inefficient organizational form, but empirical evidence remains elusive. In Europe, the data does not necessarily support this view. There, a cooperative‐friendly environment and policy infrastructure may explain this outcome. So what happens to cooperatives’ performance in a country where this type of organization is little known and public policies do not support them? To answer this question I used the Economic Censuses of Mexico to compare cooperatives and private firms in the country's manufacturing sector. Using a propensity score matching and the Oaxaca‐Blinder decomposition, several findings emerge. First, joint‐stock and individually owned firms do have a higher sales performance relative to cooperatives in Mexico. Second, as productive units mature and gain more experience, however, that sales gap declines. Within the different endowments that may explain these results, the population size of districts where productive units are located is a variable that appears on a recurring basis. Relative to private firms, cooperatives are located in smaller municipalities. Even though this may affect their sales, such location is the result of a strategy to safeguard the cooperative spirit.