bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wavelength conversion through soliton self-frequency shift in tellurite microstructured fiber with picosecond pump pulse
Authors: Bi Wanjun , Li Xia , Xing Zhaojun , Zhou Qinling , Fang Yongzheng , Gao Weiqing , Xiong Liangming , Hu Lili , Liao Meisong
Published: January 2016

Wavelength conversion to the wavelength range that is not covered by commercially available lasers could be accomplished through the soliton self-frequency shift (SSFS) effect. In this study, the phenomenon of SSFS pumped by a picosecond-order pulse in a tellurite microstructured fiber is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The balance between the dispersion and the nonlinearity achieved by a 1958 nm pump laser induces a distinct SSFS effect. Attributed to the large spectral distance between the pump pulse and the fiber zero-dispersion wavelength, the SSFS is not cancelled due to energy shedding from the soliton to the dispersive wave. Details about the physical mechanisms behind this phenomenon and the variations of the wavelength shift, the conversion efficiency are revealed based on numerical simulations. Owing to the large soliton number N, the pulse width of the first split fundamental soliton is approximately 40 fs, producing a pulse compression factor of ∼38, much higher than that pumped by a femtosecond pulse. Experiments were also conducted to confirm the validity of the simulation results. By varying the pump power, a continuous soliton shift from 1990 nm to 2264 nm was generated. The generation of SSFS in tellurite microstructured fibers with picosecond pump pulse can provide a new approach for wavelength conversion in the mid-infrared range and could be useful in medical and some other areas.
Superconducting phase domains for memory applications
Authors: Bakurskiy S. V. , Klenov N. V. , Soloviev I. I. , Kupriyanov M. Yu. , Golubov A. A.
Published: January 2016

In this work, we study theoretically the properties of S-F/N-sIS type Josephson junctions in the frame of the quasiclassical Usadel formalism. The structure consists of two superconducting electrodes (S), a tunnel barrier (I), a combined normal metal/ferromagnet (N/F) interlayer, and a thin superconducting film (s). We demonstrate the breakdown of a spatial uniformity of the superconducting order in the s-film and its decomposition into domains with a phase shift π. The effect is sensitive to the thickness of the s layer and the widths of the F and N films in the direction along the sIS interface. We predict the existence of a regime where the structure has two energy minima and can be switched between them by an electric current injected laterally into the structure. The state of the system can be non-destructively read by an electric current flowing across the junction.
Temperature dependent behavior of localized and delocalized electrons in nitrogen-doped 6H SiC crystals as studied by electron spin resonance
Authors: Savchenko D. , Kalabukhova E. , Shanina B. , Cichoň S. , Honolka J. , Kiselov V. , Mokhov E.
Published: January 2016

We have studied the temperature behavior of the electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra of nitrogen (N) donors in n-type 6H SiC crystals grown by Lely and sublimation sandwich methods (SSM) with donor concentration of 1017 cm−3 at T = 60–150 K. A broad signal in the ESR spectrum was observed at T ≥ 80 K with Lorentzian lineshape and g|| = 2.0043(3), g⊥ = 2.0030(3), which was previously assigned in the literature to the N donors in the 1s(E) excited state. Based on the analysis of the ESR lineshape, linewidth and g-tensor we attribute this signal to the conduction electrons (CE). The emergence of the CE ESR signal at T > 80 K was explained by the ionization of electrons from the 1s(A1) ground and 1s(E) excited states of N donors to the conduction band while the observed reduction of the hyperfine (hf) splitting for the Nk1,k2 donors with the temperature increase is attributed to the motional narrowing effect of the hf splitting. The temperature dependence of CE ESR linewidth is described by an exponential law (Orbach process) with the activation energy corresponding to the energy separation between 1s(A1) and 1s(E) energy levels for N residing at quasi-cubic sites (Nk1,k2). The theoretical analysis of the temperature dependence of microwave conductivity measured by the contact-free method shows that due to the different position of the Fermi level in two samples the ionization of free electrons occurs from the energy levels of Nk1,k2 donors in Lely grown samples and from the energy level of Nh residing at hexagonal position in 6H SiC grown by SSM.
Delay synchronization of temporal Boolean networks
Authors: Wei Qiang , Xie Cheng-jun , Liang Yi , Niu Yu-jun , Lin Da
Published: January 2016

This paper investigates the delay synchronization between two temporal Boolean networks base on semi-tensor product method, which improve complete synchronization. Necessary and sufficient conditions for delay synchronization are drawn base on algebraic expression of temporal Boolean networks. A example is presented to show the effectiveness of theoretical analysis.
Preferred strategies for workforce development: feedback from aged care workers
Authors: Choy Sarojni , Henderson Amanda
Published: January 2016

Objective
The aim of the present study was to investigate how aged care workers prefer to learn and be supported in continuing education and training activities.

Methods
Fifty-one workers in aged care facilities from metropolitan and rural settings across two states of Australia participated in a survey and interviews. Survey responses were analysed for frequencies and interview data provided explanations to the survey findings.

Results
The three most common ways workers were currently learning and prefer to continue to learn are: (1) everyday learning through work individually; (2) everyday learning through work individually assisted by other workers; and (3) everyday learning plus group training courses at work from the employer. The three most common types of provisions that supported workers in their learning were: (1) working and sharing with another person on the job; (2) direct teaching in a group (e.g. a trainer in a classroom at work); and (3) direct teaching by a workplace expert.

Conclusions
A wholly practice-based continuing education and training model is best suited for aged care workers. Two variations of this model could be considered: (1) a wholly practice-based model for individual learning; and (2) a wholly practice-based model with guidance from coworkers or other experts. Although the model is preferred by workers and convenient for employers, it needs to be well resourced.

What is known about the topic?
Learning needs for aged care workers are increasing significantly because of an aging population that demands more care workers. Workforce development is largely ‘episodic’, based on organisational requirements rather than systematic life-long learning. This study is part of a larger 3-year Australian research to investigate models of continuing education training.

What does this paper add?
Based on an analysis of survey and interview data from 51 workers, the present study suggests effective models of workforce development for aged care workers.

What are the implications for practitioners?
The effectiveness of the suggested models necessitates a culture where aged care workers’ advancement in the workplace is valued and supported. Those responsible for the development of these workers need to be adequately prepared for mentoring and coaching in the workplace.
General practice trainees face practice ownership with fear
Authors: Sturgiss Elizabeth , Haesler Emily , Anderson Katrina
Published: January 2016

Objectives The aim of the present secondary analysis of data collected in a grounded theory study was to explore the perceptions of Registrars and new Fellows to practice ownership and management. Methods Focus groups and interviews with Registrars and recent Fellows were undertaken to explore the desire to become an owner, facilitators and barriers to practice ownership and delivery models for practice ownership education. A secondary thematic analysis was conducted to understand emerging concepts related to perceptions of general practice ownership. Results A surprisingly strong theme of fear was evident across focus group and interview participants. Expressed fear was specifically related to financial concerns, lack of relevant knowledge and skills and concern over balancing different roles. Moderating factors included previous life and educational experiences, as well as role modelling. Conclusions Graduation of a cohort of new general practitioners (GPs) who express fear towards practice ownership is concerning. Creating more positive learning environments and opportunity for open discussion regarding practice management and ownership is an important step in providing adequate support for new GPs to give serious consideration to career options. What is known about the topic? The traditional model of general practice ownership has been for a doctor to own and/or manage the practice. Fewer new GPs are taking on the role of owning a general practice, and disinterest has been presumed to play a significant role in this trend. It has been reported that current curricula provide insufficient focus on providing learning opportunities for general practice trainees on ownership and management models; however, recent research has shown that general practice trainees have a strong interest in receiving this knowledge during their training. What does this paper add? The present qualitative research evaluated the emotional response that general practice trainees (Registrars) expressed when they considered practice ownership. GP Registrars expressed fear when asked about the prospect of owning their own practice. This may be influenced by the role modelling they receive during their training. What are the implications for practitioners? Supervisors involved in general practice training should ensure their trainees have the opportunity to learn about practice ownership during their training. Supervisors should also be aware that their own behaviour and attitudes towards practice ownership is observed by their trainees and it can colour the emotional response the trainee has when considering owning a practice.
Toxic Trojans: can feral cat predation be mitigated by making their prey poisonous?
Authors: Read J. L. , Peacock D. , Wayne A. F. , Moseby K. E.
Published: January 2016

Predation, along with competition and disease transmission from feral domestic cats (Felis catus), poses the key threat to many in situ and reintroduced populations of threatened species globally. Feral cats are more challenging to control than pest canids because cats seldom consume poison baits or enter baited traps when live prey are readily available. Novel strategies for sustainably protecting threatened wildlife from feral cats are urgently required. Emerging evidence suggests that once they have successfully killed a challenging species, individual feral cats can systematically eradicate threatened prey populations. Here we propose to exploit this selective predation through three targeted strategies to improve the efficacy of feral cat control. Toxic collars and toxic implants, fitted or inserted during monitoring or reintroduction programs for threatened species, could poison the offending cat before it can effect multiple kills of the target species. A third strategy is informed by evidence that consumption of prey species that are relatively tolerant to natural plant toxins, can be lethal to more sensitive cats. Within key habitats of wildlife species susceptible to cat predation, we advocate increasing the accessibility of these toxins in the food chain, provided negative risks can be mediated. Deliberate poisoning using live and unaffected ‘toxic Trojan prey’ enables ethical feral cat management that takes advantage of cats’ physiological and behavioural predilection for hunting live prey while minimising risks to many non-targets, compared with conventional baiting.
Megafauna and ecosystem function from the Pleistocene to the Anthropocene
Authors: Malhi Yadvinder , Doughty Christopher E. , Galetti Mauro , Smith Felisa A. , Svenning Jens-Christian , Terborgh John W.
Published: January 2016

Large herbivores and carnivores (the megafauna) have been in a state of decline and extinction since the Late Pleistocene, both on land and more recently in the oceans. Much has been written on the timing and causes of these declines, but only recently has scientific attention focused on the consequences of these declines for ecosystem function. Here, we review progress in our understanding of how megafauna affect ecosystem physical and trophic structure, species composition, biogeochemistry, and climate, drawing on special features of PNAS andEcographythat have been published as a result of an international workshop on this topic held in Oxford in 2014. Insights emerging from this work have consequences for our understanding of changes in biosphere function since the Late Pleistocene and of the functioning of contemporary ecosystems, as well as offering a rationale and framework for scientifically informed restoration of megafaunal function where possible and appropriate.
Biological activities of unique isoflavones prepared from Apios americana Medik
Authors: Kaneta Haruna , Koda Mina , Saito Shun , Imoto Masaya , Kawada Manabu , Yamazaki Yoko , Momose Isao , Shindo Kazuoshi
Published: January 2016

Four unique isoflavone aglycones (barpisoflavone A (1), 2′-hydroxygenistein (2), 5-methylgenistein (3), and gerontoisoflavone A (4)) whose structures were related to genistein were prepared from the tuber of Apios americana Medik. We examined the estrogen receptor and androgen receptor binding activities, estrogen agonistic activities, antioxidant activities, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of 1–4. The results obtained showed that 2 possessed potent and 1, 3, and 4 possessed moderate estrogen partial agonistic activities, 1 and 2 possessed moderate antioxidant activities, and 2 and 3 possessed moderate α-glucosidase inhibitory activities.
Activation of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 by quercetin and its analogs
Authors: Nakamura Toshiyuki , Miyoshi Noriyuki , Ishii Takeshi , Nishikawa Miyu , Ikushiro Shinichi , Watanabe Tatsuo
Published: January 2016

The agonistic activity of quercetin and its analogs towards the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) has been experimentally investigated. The human TRPA1 was expressed in HEK293T cells using a tetracycline-inducible system. The activation of TRPA1 was evaluated by a fluo-4 fluorescence assay based on calcium sensing. The results of a structure–activity relationship study led to the selection of six flavonoids, all of which activated the TRPA1 channel in a dose-dependent manner. Notably, the activation of TRPA1 by these flavonoid aglycones was completely inhibited by the co-treatment of the HEK293T cells with the TRPA1-specific antagonist, HC-030031. Several flavonoid glycosides and metabolites were also evaluated, but did not activate the TRPA1 except for methylated quercetin. On the other hand, TRPV1 (vanilloid receptor) did not respond to any of the flavonoids evaluated in this study. Therefore, these data suggest that the flavonoids would be promising ligands for the TRPA1.
Executive Summary: Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Candidiasis: 2016 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America
Authors: Pappas Peter G. , Kauffman Carol A. , Andes David R. , Clancy Cornelius J. , Marr Kieren A. , Ostrosky-Zeichner Luis , Reboli Annette C. , Schuster Mindy G. , Vazquez Jose A. , Walsh Thomas J. , Zaoutis Theoklis E. , Sobel Jack D.
Published: January 2016

It is important to realize that guidelines cannot always account for individual variation among patients. They are not intended to supplant physician judgment with respect to particular patients or special clinical situations. IDSA considers adherence to these guidelines to be voluntary, with the ultimate determination regarding their application to be made by the physician in the light of each patient's individual circumstances.
Modelling Inflectional Structure
Authors: Brown Dunstan
Published: January 2016

The purpose of modelling inflectional structure computationally is addressed. It is a good way of checking analyses, and it provides external evidence for their validity. The development of a computational analysis can lead to the discovery of new generalizations about a language’s morphology. Finite state morphology and default inheritance methods are discussed. One question is whether morphological entities such as inflectional classes should be treated in terms of morphological features or whether they should be seen as emerging from the structure of the hierarchy or network. Both inflectional classes and stem classes can be treated as inheritance hierarchies. The issue of the different types of feature involved is raised again when deponency and syncretism are considered. Because it raises these issues, computational modelling allows for subtle distinctions in the treatment of a particular typological phenomenon, as well as providing a better understanding of the basic connections between related phenomena.
Machine Learning of Inflection
Authors: Pertsova Katya
Published: January 2016

This chapter aims to introduce readers not familiar with computational modelling to some approaches and issues in the formal study of learnability, and the relevance of this field to theoretical linguistics and inflectional morphology in particular. After a general overview, the chapter highlights some of the obstacles in learning inflection. Inflection, considered separately from other components of language, is relatively restricted in its expressive power, which should make it easier to learn than syntax. However, inflectional systems are full of irregularities and mismatches between different levels of structure, and such irregularities make learning difficult. Overall, it is concluded that linguistically interesting proposals for machine learning of inflection should provide explanations for the nature and extent of irregularities and for the specific patterns of language acquisition and language change.
Verbal Inflection in Iha
Authors: Donohue Mark
Published: January 2016

Many studies of ‘alignment’ have appeared in the linguistics literature, both recent and in the past. One consistent theme in many studies is the desire to categorize, or ‘typologise’, a language by reference to labels such as ‘nominative’, ‘ergative’, ‘hierarchical’, etc. Even when different parts of the language are considered separately, descriptions such as ‘nominative-accusative verb agreement and ergative case marking’ are common. In this chapter we examine Iha, a language of western Papua New Guinea, and discover that we have a language which shows four different ‘alignment patterns’ on its verbs alone, proving that the only descriptively adequate typology must be one that critically examines languages in terms of component parts, and not just gross categorization.
Inflection in Pulaar
Authors: Mc Laughlin Fiona
Published: January 2016

This chapter provides an overview of the inflectional morphology of Pulaar, a western dialect of Fula (Atlantic, Niger-Congo) spoken in Senegal. The language is characterized by one of the largest gender or noun class systems found in natural language and is distinctive for the way in which it expresses much of its inflectional morphology through consonant mutation. The chapter assumes an autosegmental approach in presenting the morphophonology of consonant mutation, and covers the main inflectional features of Pulaar, including noun class and noun class resolution, pronominal case, number, voice, aspect, polarity, and salience insofar as it relates to information structure. A number of representative paradigms are provided, as well as a brief comparison with inflection in Seereer-Siin and Wolof.
Stem-Internal and Affixal Morphology in Shilluk
Authors: Remijsen Bert , Miller-Naudé Cynthia L. , Gilley Leoma G.
Published: January 2016

This case study on Shilluk reveals a rich morphological system with a small segmental footprint. Whereas nouns and particularly verbs are characterized by extensive paradigms, many inflections are marked exclusively through stem-internal markers of vowel length, tone, ATR, and changes in the root-final coda. The chapter considers both stem-internal and affixal morphology. The conclusion summarizes the general characteristics of this system, and considers how it has developed diachronically. One important factor in the diachronic development is compensatory lengthening, which can still be observed synchronically. The extensive use of the same affixes for a wide range of morphosyntactic functions may also have played a role.
Features in Inflection
Authors: Corbett Greville G.
Published: January 2016

We frequently need to model orthogonal information; for instance, number typically cross-cuts lexical meaning. The normal way of doing this is by using features (NUMBER in this instance). Looking specifically at inflection, the key determinants are the morphosyntactic features (like NUMBER) and the morphosemantic features (like TENSE). These provide the specification which inflectional morphology realizes. In addition we find the purely morphological features which express inflectional class. Interesting situations arise when the morphological forms available do not match the morphosyntactic and morphosemantic requirements in a straightforward way. This is where we find phenomena such as syncretism, defectiveness, and deponency. In some challenging examples the mismatch appears particularly severe, which raises the possibility that we should allow for less direct mapping of morphosyntactic specifications onto morphological paradigms.
Paradigmatic Deviations
Authors: Baerman Matthew
Published: January 2016

Inflectional paradigms often deviate from an idealized one-to-one mapping between function (in terms of morphosyntactic feature values) and form. A single form may express multiple functions (syncretism). Or a form may express the ‘wrong’ function (deponency). In perhaps the most extreme case, defectiveness, there simply is no available form to express a morphosyntactically and lexically viable function. This chapter provides a concise survey of these phenomena, and discusses the implications they have for morphological models. On response is to enrich the morphosyntactic feature system and the rules that map these onto forms, the other is to develop a morphological component independent of the feature system.
Phonology
Authors: Hansson Gunnar Ólafur
Published: January 2016

This chapter gives a brief overview of current approaches within the generative tradition to modelling the morphology–phonology interface, with particular attention to the interaction of phonology with inflectional morphology. Critical questions include whether morphological and phonological derivations are interleaved, as in cyclic or stratal models, whether the phonological grammar can reference relations among output forms within the same paradigm, and whether the notion of inflectional paradigm has any status as such in phonological theory. A key issue is the extent to which patterns of morphological exponence can be sensitive to the phonological well-formedness of the eventual output form, as when allomorph selection is viewed as (phonological) output optimization. Empirical topics surveyed include construction-specific phonology, cyclicity effects, paradigm levelling, paradigm anti-homophony effects, phonologically motivated paradigm gaps, and phonologically conditioned suppletive allomorphy.
Rethinking Higher Education Diversity Studies through a Diversity Management Frame
Authors: Danowitz Mary Ann
Published: January 2016

This chapter proposes a definition of diversity management for higher education institutions (HEIs) modified from the business sector. Using the definition as an organizing and guiding framework for the analysis of selected literature, the chapter argues that higher education diversity initiatives are interrelated elements in the organizational change process. Policy makers, educators, and practitioners need to be aware of the interaction of contextual factors in HEIs. Such a perception reduces confusion and misunderstanding about diversity management, and it informs more successful practices that can increase equity and inclusivity in HEIs. The chapter also suggests that HEIs’ diversity initiatives need to be implemented with consideration of the national context, and the connection between public institutions and educational policies at the system level.
Entrepreneurship and Diversity
Authors: Tedmanson Deirdre , Essers Caroline
Published: January 2016

This chapter extends on existing critical entrepreneurship contributions to illustrate and analyse how diversity entrepreneurship stemming from diverse contexts can enhance understandings of entrepreneurship as a socially and culturally constructed phenomenon. The chapter first explores the perspectives of Indigenous entrepreneurs in Australia, and second the diverse experience of female Turkish entrepreneurial ‘others’ in both the UK and the Netherlands. Exploring the different roles played by different national contexts in shaping entrepreneurial agency and resistance, rich case study material is used to illustrate how diversity can assist minority entrepreneurs while at the same time also constraining opportunity. The chapter reveals how new takes on entrepreneurship in different locations and settings can reveal not only new forms of entrepreneurial diversity, but also the increasing diversity of how (and what) entrepreneuring can mean.
The Politics of Equality and Diversity
Authors: Healy Geraldine
Published: January 2016

This chapter argues that to explore the politics of equality and diversity demands an interrelated approach bringing together history, society, and biography. It is therefore organized around four interconnected themes with the dominant first theme of history, society, and biography which interrelates horizontally and vertically with the remaining three themes: colonial history, voluntarism and regulation, and diversity careers. By engaging critically with the politics of diversity and arguing for the interrelationship of the above themes and the importance of emancipatory principles to guide diversity research, the chapter also seeks to understand the politics that shape our own milieu as academics concerned with social justice as well as the public issues of equality and diversity. In doing so, it seeks to widen the parameters within which diversity is often written and discussed.
Theories of Difference, Diversity, and Intersectionality
Authors: Hearn Jeff , Louvrier Jonna
Published: January 2016

This chapter addresses theories of difference, diversity, and intersectionality, and what they bring to understandings of diversity management. The chapter begins by examining the broad arenas of difference, diversity, and diversity management, as they have become established in organization and management studies. It continues by considering the increasing complexity that can be engaged with through the notion of intersectionality, and how such a broad view of different kinds of intersectionalities widens further understandings of diversity/ies and diversity management in organizations and management. These various formulations include external intersectionalities (formation, location, and form of organizations), internal intersectionalities (internal structuring and processes of organizations), and diversity and diversity management seen within intersectional contexts.
Advancing Postcolonial Approaches in Critical Diversity Studies
Authors: Jack Gavin
Published: January 2016

Postcolonialism provides theoretical resources that speak well to the concerns of critical diversity scholars, notably the interest in culture, power, and the construction of (human) differences. Yet, with notable exceptions, there is a paucity of research on workplace diversity underpinned by postcolonialism. This chapter seeks to animate and advance postcolonial scholarship in critical diversity studies, and responds to calls to revitalize this scholarly sub-field. Based on a review of critical diversity studies (including the few that have used postcolonial perspectives), two recommendations are made to advance postcolonial critiques. First, critical diversity scholars might undertake a closer engagement with psychoanalytic and discursive variants of postcolonial theory to generate complex understandings of the psychological dimensions of (post)colonial subjectivities and the persistence of racism in organizations. Second, scholars might also consider the merits of ‘Southern Theory’ in order to move beyond the noted Eurocentric limits of existing gender and diversity research.
Introduction
Authors: Bendl Regine , Bleijenbergh Inge , Henttonen Elina , Mills Albert J.
Published: January 2016

In recent years diversity and its management have become popular topics of discussion in all kinds of organizations. Diversity management practices have spread around the globe focusing on the organizing and management of inclusion and exclusion of different genders, sexualities, ethnicities, ages, classes and (dis)abilities and many other identity categories. This chapter provides a general introduction to the volume, which seeks to explore what diversity is and what it has to do with organizations. The editors present description of each chapter and reflections based on the texts.
Ambiguous Diversities
Authors: Risberg Annette , Just Sine Nørholm
Published: January 2016

Taking as a starting point the assumption that ambiguity is a constitutive condition of organizational practices in general, and, more specifically, practices of diversity, this chapter offers a framework for exploring the practices and perceptions of three forms of ambiguous diversity: strategic ambiguity, contradiction, and ambivalence. Through an illustration of the framework’s empirical applicability, we find that while ambiguity as such is neither inherently good nor bad, the various forms of ambiguity have different potentials for promoting diversity in organizational settings. In particular, expressions of ambivalence seem to be well suited for fostering new and more inclusive practices of diversity.
Individuals, Teams, and Organizational Benefits of Managing Diversity
Authors: Ng Eddy , Stephenson Jacqueline
Published: January 2016

Although the benefits of diversity are promising, research findings on its direct effect at various levels of the organization have been mixed. This chapter reviews existing research and documents how, when, and under what conditions diversity enhances performance at the individual, team, and organizational levels. We suggest that the positive effects of diversity on performance at all levels are present, but they are established only under the appropriate conditions. We identify several policies and practices which are effective at promoting a more diverse workforce as well as enhance the benefit of diversity. We conclude with suggestions for future research to extend our knowledge on the benefits that can be derived from a diverse workforce.
Cognitive Enhancers for the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Curtiss Joshua , Carpenter Joseph , Kind Shelley , Hofmann Stefan G.
Published: January 2016

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a generally effective treatment for anxiety disorders. However, there is still considerable room for further improvements. Traditional combination strategies with anxiolytic agents have typically yielded disappointing results. More recent studies point to promising novel combination strategies using cognitive enhancers, which are agents that augment the neural circuitry involved in learning during CBT. These agents include D-cycloserine, cortisol, catecholamines, yohimbine, oxytocin, modafinil, and nutrients and botanicals. D-cycloserine (DCS), a partial agonist at the glycine recognition site of the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, has shown the most empirical support. Studies have shown that DCS can accelerate effective CBT when administered at the right dose and at the right time. There is also evidence to suggest that DCS can augment fear memory reconsolidation if fear levels remain high after the exposures. The essay concludes with recommendations for future research.
Crime Specialization
Authors: Deslauriers-Varin Nadine , Lussier Patrick , Tzoumakis Stacy
Published: January 2016

Crime specialization is one of the most researched and often-debated criminal career parameters. To date, the concept of specialization has been approached mainly from a static viewpoint whereby crime specialization and criminal versatility have been conceptualized as two opposite end of a continuum. Emerging research based on longitudinal data, however, has led to the emergence of a dynamic-oriented perspective where specialization and versatility can occur during one’s career. In this essay, the evolution of the concept of crime specialization is highlighted along with associated theoretical, conceptual, methodological, and empirical issues stemming from this gradual change. Policy implications and directions for future research on the development of criminal careers are highlighted.
Images of Martyrdom among Tamils
Authors: Schalk Peter
Published: January 2016

This article focuses on two main subjects: the contemporary Christian imagery of martyrdom among Tamil speakers and the nonreligious imagery of martyrdom within the Tiger Movement (TM), which together with the People’s Movement (PM) is also known as Liberation Tigers of Tamil Ealam (LTTE), under the leadership of Vēluppiḷḷai Pirapākaraṉ (1954–2009). His task was to dismantle Tamil concepts of martyrdom from their Caiva and Christian content and to create new concepts that altogether were nonreligious. The military section of the Tiger Movement was defeated in May 2009, but the political section continues and its nonreligious concepts of martyrdom are cultivated annually at Great Heroes’ Day on November 27. The Tamil Resistance Movement became a purely political movement and is now active in the diaspora, especially in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom. In Īlam all reverence of martyrs of the Tiger Movement is strictly forbidden.
A Method for Combining Isolates of Phytophthora sojae to Screen for Novel Sources of Resistance to Phytophthora Stem and Root Rot in Soybean
Authors: Matthiesen R. L. , Abeysekara N. S. , Ruiz-Rojas J. J. , Biyashev R. M. , Maroof M. A. Saghai , Robertson A. E.
Published: January 2016

Soybean cultivars with specific single resistance genes (Rps) are grown to reduce yield loss due to Phytophthora stem and root rot caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora sojae. To identify novel Rps loci, soybean lines are often screened several times, each time with an isolate of P. sojae that differs in virulence on various Rps genes. The goal of this study was to determine whether several isolates of P. sojae that differ in virulence on Rps genes could be combined into a single source of inoculum and used to screen soybean lines for novel Rps genes. A set of 14 soybean differential lines, each carrying a specific Rps gene, was inoculated with three isolates of P. sojae, which differed in virulence on 6 to 10 Rps genes, individually or in a 1:1:1 mixture. Inoculum containing the 1:1:1 mixture of isolates was virulent on 13 Rps genes. The mixed-inoculum method was used to screen 1,019 soybean accessions in a blind assay for novel sources of resistance. In all, 17% of Glycine max accessions and 11% of G. soja accessions were resistant (≤30% dead plants), suggesting that these accessions may carry a novel Rps gene or genes. Advantages of combining isolates into a single source of inoculum include reduced cost, ability to screen soybean germplasm with inoculum virulent on all known Rps genes, and ease of identifying novel sources of resistance. This study is a precursor to identifying novel sources of resistance to P. sojae in soybean using RXLR effectors.
The role of mass transport in protein crystallization
Authors: García-Ruiz Juan Manuel , Otálora Fermín , García-Caballero Alfonso
Published: January 2016

Mass transport takes place within the mesoscopic to macroscopic scale range and plays a key role in crystal growth that may affect the result of the crystallization experiment. The influence of mass transport is different depending on the crystallization technique employed, essentially because each technique reaches supersaturation in its own unique way. In the case of batch experiments, there are some complex phenomena that take place at the interface between solutions upon mixing. These transport instabilities may drastically affect the reproducibility of crystallization experiments, and different outcomes may be obtained depending on whether or not the drop is homogenized. In diffusion experiments with aqueous solutions, evaporation leads to fascinating transport phenomena. When a drop starts to evaporate, there is an increase in concentration near the interface between the drop and the air until a nucleation event eventually takes place. Upon growth, the weight of the floating crystal overcomes the surface tension and the crystal falls to the bottom of the drop. The very growth of the crystal then triggers convective flow and inhomogeneities in supersaturation values in the drop owing to buoyancy of the lighter concentration-depleted solution surrounding the crystal. Finally, the counter-diffusion technique works if, and only if, diffusive mass transport is assured. The technique relies on the propagation of a supersaturation wave that moves across the elongated protein chamber and is the result of the coupling of reaction (crystallization) and diffusion. The goal of this review is to convince protein crystal growers that in spite of the small volume of the typical protein crystallization setup, transport plays a key role in the crystal quality, size and phase in both screening and optimization experiments.
Spa market segmentation according to customer preference
Authors: Denizci Guillet Basak , Kucukusta Deniz
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– This paper aims to segment spa customers based on their preferences for a set of spa attributes. With the considerable growth rate of the spa market, it is vital for spa professionals to understand spa-goers’ preferences. However, academics and industry professionals have not devised a structured method by which to manage spa customers.

Design/methodology/approach

– A survey was conducted using a face-to-face survey with visitors to Hong Kong who had visited a spa. By applying conjoint and cluster analysis, customers could be categorized into distinct segments.

Findings

– Four customer segments were identified: spa enthusiasts, high spenders, value seekers and price-sensitive spa-goers. Spa enthusiasts were the largest segment among the four, followed by value seekers, price-sensitive spa-goers and high spenders.

Research limitations/implications

– Given the limited academic interest in the area, this study contributes to the literature by providing insights into spa-goers’ preferences and how those preferences can be used to segment spa-goers.

Practical implications

– Based on the different needs, preferences and socio-demographic characteristics of the four segments – spa enthusiasts, high spenders, value seekers and price-sensitive spa-goers – spa industry managers could customize their strategies and design different spa services and packages to meet the needs of the four segments.

Originality/value

– The combined use of conjoint and cluster analysis provides a new method of market segmentation in the spa industry. This study could help spa professionals to design customized spa products for the distinct segments, and thus retain and attract more spa visitors.
Application of the materials-by-design approach to armor-grade polymer-matrix composites for enhancement of ballistic-penetration resistance
Authors: Grujicic Mica , Ramaswami S , Snipes Jennifer , Avuthu Vasudeva , Yen Chian-Fong , Cheeseman Bryan
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– Fiber-reinforced armor-grade polymer-matrix composite materials with a superior penetration resistance are traditionally developed using legacy knowledge and trial-and-error empiricism. This approach is generally quite costly and time-consuming and, hence, new (faster and more economical) approaches are needed for the development of high-performance armor-grade composite materials. One of these new approaches is the so-called materials-by-design approach. Within this approach, extensive use is made of the computer-aided engineering (CAE) analyses and of the empirically/theoretically established functional relationships between an armor-grade composite-protected structure, the properties of the composite materials, material microstructure (as characterized at different length-scales) and the material/structure synthesis and fabrication processes. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

– In the present work, a first step is made toward applying the materials-by-design approach to the development of the armor-grade composite materials and protective structures with superior ballistic-penetration resistance. Specifically, CAE analyses are utilized to establish functional relationships between the attributes/properties of the composite material and the penetration resistance of the associated protective structure, and to identify the combination of these properties which maximize the penetration resistance. In a follow-up paper, the materials-by-design approach will be extended to answer the questions such as what microstructural features the material must possess in order for the penetration resistance to be maximized and how such materials should be synthesized/processed.

Findings

– The results obtained show that proper adjustment of the material properties results in significant improvements in the protective structure penetration resistance.

Originality/value

– To the authors’ knowledge, the present work is the first reported attempt to apply the materials-by-design approach to armor-grade composite materials in order to help improve their ballistic-penetration resistance.
Corrosion damage evolution of the aircraft aluminum alloy 2024 T3
Authors: Pantelakis Spiros , Setsika Dorothea , Chamos Apostolos , Zervaki Anna
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to quantify the corrosion damage evolution that has occurred on the aircraft aluminum alloy 2024 after the exposure to Exfoliation Corrosion Test (EXCO) solution. Moreover, the effect of the evolving corrosion damage on the materials mechanical properties has been assessed. The relevance of the corrosion damage induced by the exposure to the laboratory EXCO for linking it to the damage developed after the exposure of the material on several outdoor corrosive environments or in service is discussed.

Design/methodology/approach

– To induce corrosion damage the EXCO has been used. For the quantification of corrosion damage the metallographic features considered have been pit depth, diameter, pitting density and pit shape. The effect of the evolving corrosion damage on the materials mechanical properties has been assessed by means of tensile tests on pre corroded specimens.

Findings

– The results have shown that corrosion damage starts from pitting and evolves to exfoliation, after the development of intergranular corrosion. This evolution is expressed by the increase of the depth of attack, as well as through the significant growth of the diameter of the damaged areas. The results of the tensile tests performed on pre corroded material made an appreciable decrease of the materials tensile properties evident. The decrease of the tensile ductility may become dramatic and increases on severity with increasing corrosion exposure time. SEM fractography revealed a quasi-cleavage zone beneath the depth of corrosion attack.

Originality/value

– The results underline the impact of corrosion damage on the mechanical behavior of the aluminum alloy 2024 T3 and demonstrate the need for further investigation of the corrosion effect on the structural integrity of the material. This work provides an experimental database concerning the quantification of corrosion damage evolution and the loss of material properties due to corrosion.
A combined finite-element/discrete-particle analysis of a side-vent-channel-based concept for improved blast-survivability of light tactical vehicles
Authors: Grujicic Mica , Yavari Ramin , Snipes Jennifer , Ramaswami S
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– The recently proposed concept solution for improving blast-survivability of the light tactical military vehicles is critically assessed using combined finite-element/discrete-particle computational methods and tools. The purpose of this paper is to propose a concept that involves the use of side-vent-channels attached to the V-shaped vehicle underbody. Since the solution does not connect the bottom and the roof or pass through the cabin of a light tactical vehicle, this solution is not expected to: first, reduce the available cabin space; second, interfere with the vehicle occupants’ ability to scout the surroundings; and third, compromise the vehicle’s off-road structural durability/reliability. Furthermore, the concept solution attempts to exploit ideas and principles of operation of the so-called “pulse detonation” rocket engines in order to create a downward thrust on the targeted vehicle.

Design/methodology/approach

– To maximize the downward thrust effects and minimize the extent of vehicle upward movement, standard engineering-optimization methods and tools are employed for the design of side-vent-channels.

Findings

– The results obtained confirmed the beneficial effects of the side-vent-channels in reducing the blast momentum, although the extent of these effects is relatively small (3-4 percent).

Originality/value

– To the authors’ knowledge, the present work is the first public-domain report of the side-vent-channel blast-mitigation concept.
Developing ethical competence in healthcare management
Authors: Falkenström Erica , Ohlsson Jon , Höglund Anna T
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper was to explore what kind of ethical competence healthcare managers need in handling conflicts of interest (COI). The aim is also to highlight essential learning processes to develop healthcare managers’ ethical competence.

Design/methodology/approach

– A qualitative study was performed. Semi-structured interviews with ten Swedish healthcare managers from different care providers were carried out twice and analysed through step-wise categorisation.

Findings

– Four categories of COI were revealed and two ways (passive and active) in which COI were handled. Ethical guidelines did not help the healthcare managers to handle the COI, and none of the managers made use of any sort of systematic ethical analysis. However, certain ethical competence was of great importance to identify and handle COI, consisting of contextual understanding, rational emotions, some theoretical knowledge and a suitable language. Organising work so that ethical analysis can be carried out is of great importance, and top management needs to clearly express the importance of ethical competence and allocate resources to allow adequate learning processes.

Originality/value

– This paper highlights the management level and focuses on how work-integrated learning-processes can enable ethical competence. Ethical competence at the management level is essential both to comply with the constitution and legal requirements regarding healthcare, and so that managers are able to analyse COI and justify their decisions.