bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors facilitating or hindering meaningful staff–client interactions in people with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour: A systematic mixed studies review using thematic synthesis
Authors: Simons M.A.G. , Koordeman R. , Willems A.P.A.M. , Hermsen M. , Rooijackers L.M. , Otten R.
Published: November 2020

Background

Interactions with professional caregivers affect the quality of support and life of people with intellectual disabilities and contribute to the occurrence of challenging behaviour. The present literature review provides an overview of factors facilitating or hindering meaningful staff–client interactions in people with borderline to profound intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour.

Method

Database searches, reference list and citation screening, and expert consultations were undertaken. A thematic synthesis of 28 studies was performed.

Results

Factors were identified at the client (i.e. behaviour, emotions and (dis)abilities), staff (i.e. interactive principles, knowledge, psychological resources, attributions, attitudes and (coping with) emotions) and context levels (i.e. group size, team and organization).

Conclusions

The present overview provides insights into factors that facilitate or hinder meaningful staff–client interactions with people with intellectual disabilities and challenging behaviour. The results support the need to combine client, staff and contextual factors when considering staff–client interactions in research and practice.
Escaped bait: Bull shark Carcharhinus leucas with an intentionally attached harness rig
Authors: Gardiner Jayne M. , Wiley Tonya R.
Published: November 2020

A 193 cm total length female bull shark Carcharhinus leucas was captured in Florida bearing intentionally attached materials which resembled a harness. Harness‐type live bait rigs are commonly used for small baitfish; some anglers use such devices with small sharks when targeting large sharks and bony fish. Biofouling on the apparatus and the extent of the injuries indicated the material had likely been on the shark for several years. This case highlights the dangers of using these types of devices on juveniles of long‐lived species that attain a large body size.
Recombinant viral proteins delivered orally through inactivated bacterial cells induce protection in Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) against White Tail Disease
Authors: NaveenKumar Singaiah , Rai Praveen , Karunasagar Indrani , Karunasagar Iddya
Published: November 2020

White tail disease (WTD) is a disease of Macrobrachium rosenbergii caused by Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus (MrNV) and extra small virus (XSV) with the potential to devastate the aquaculture industry. The present study aimed to explore the possible protection of M. rosenbergii against the disease by oral administration of bacterially expressed recombinant capsid proteins of MrNV and XSV. Juvenile M. rosenbergii were fed with the feed coated with inactivated bacteria encapsulated expressed recombinant viral proteins either individually or in combination for 7 days. Challenge studies using WTD causing agents were carried out after 3 (group I), 10 (group II) and 20 (group III) days post‐feeding of viral proteins. Recombinant capsid protein of MrNV showed better protection when compared to other treatments with relative per cent survival of 62.5% (group I), 57.9% (group II) and 39.5% (group III). Treatment controls of groups I, II and III showed 100%, 95% and 95% mortality, respectively. The study demonstrates that oral administration of recombinant capsid proteins of MrNV and XSV provides effective protection against WTD in freshwater prawn.
Lenvatinib is independently associated with the reduced risk of progressive disease when compared with sorafenib in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Kim Soojin , Kim Kyung Hyun , Kim Beom Kyung , Park Jun Yong , Ahn Sang Hoon , Kim Do Young , Kim Seung Up
Published: November 2020

Background and Aims

Recently, lenvatinib demonstrated non‐inferiority to sorafenib in terms of overall survival (OS) in a randomized phase III study that was conducted at 154 sites in 20 countries. Here, we investigated treatment outcomes and safety of lenvatinib compared with sorafenib and identified independent predictors of poor outcomes, including shorter progression‐free survival (PFS) and OS in Korean patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Methods

Patients with advanced HCC treated with lenvatinib or sorafenib at Yonsei Liver Center, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine between October 2018 to October 2019 were considered eligible. Response evaluation was performed according to the modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors.

Results

The lenvatinib arm had a significantly lower proportion of patients who received prior anti‐HCC treatments (47.7% vs 78.7%; P < 0.001) than those in the sorafenib arm. Univariate analysis showed that ECOG 1 (vs 0), serum albumin, alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP), previous anti‐HCC treatments, and lenvatinib (vs sorafenib) were significant predictors of progressive disease (all P < 0.05). In the subsequent multivariate analysis, ECOG 1 (vs 0) (hazard ratio [HR] = 4.721, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.371–16.259; P = 0.014), higher AFP level (HR = 1.000, 95% CI 1.000–1.000; P = 0.015), and lenvatinib treatment (vs sorafenib) (HR = 0.461, 95% CI 0.264–0.804; P = 0.006) independently predicted a higher probability of progressive disease.

Conclusions

Patients treated with lenvatinib demonstrated significantly longer PFS than those treated with sorafenib. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in mortality rates between the two groups, which indicated that lenvatinib is non‐inferior to sorafenib in terms of OS.
Assessing and Addressing Family Caregivers' Needs and Risks in Primary Care
Authors: Riffin Catherine , Wolff Jennifer L. , Pillemer Karl A.
Published: November 2020

Objectives

To characterize current practices, barriers, and facilitators to assessing and addressing family caregivers' needs and risks in primary care.

Design

Cross‐sectional, national mail‐based survey.

Setting

American Medical Association Masterfile database.

Participants

U.S. primary care physicians (N = 106), including general internists (n = 44) and geriatricians (n = 62).

Measurements

Approaches to assessing and addressing family caregivers' needs and risks; barriers and facilitators to conducting caregiver assessments.

Results

Few respondents reported conducting a formal caregiver assessment using a standardized instrument in the past year (10.5%). Informal, unstructured discussions about caregivers' needs and risks were common and encompassed a range of issues, most frequently caregivers' management of patients' safety (41.0%), ability to provide assistance (40.0%), and need for support (40.0%). To address caregiver needs, most respondents endorsed referring patients to services (e.g., adult day care, home care) (69.8%), assessing the appropriateness of the patient's living situation (67.9%), and referring caregivers to community agencies (63.2%). Lack of time was the most frequently cited barrier to assessing caregivers' needs (81.1%). The most commonly endorsed facilitators were access to better referral options (67.0%) and easier referral mechanisms (65.1%). Practice patterns, barriers, and facilitators to caregiver assessment did not differ by physician type.

Conclusions

Primary care physicians use informal, unstructured discussions rather than standardized instruments to assess caregivers' needs and risks. There is heterogeneity in the topics discussed and types of referrals made. Findings indicate the lack of translation of caregiver assessment tools from research to practice.
Cognitively Impaired Older Persons' and Caregivers' Perspectives on Dementia‐Specific Advance Care Planning
Authors: Fried Terri R. , Cohen Andrew B. , Harris Joanna E. , Moreines Laura
Published: November 2020

Background/Objectives

Advance care planning (ACP) traditionally involves asking individuals about their treatment preferences during a brief period of incapacity near the end of life. Because dementia leads to prolonged incapacity, with many decisions arising before a terminal event, it has been suggested that dementia‐specific ACP is necessary. We sought to elicit the perspectives of older adults with early cognitive impairment and their caregivers on traditional and dementia‐specific ACP.

Design

Qualitative study with separate focus groups for patients and caregivers.

Setting

Memory disorder clinics.

Participants

Twenty eight persons aged 65+ with mild cognitive impairment or early dementia and 19 caregivers.

Measurements

Understanding of dementia trajectory and types of planning done; how medical decisions would be made in the future; thoughts about these decisions.

Results

No participants had engaged in any written form of dementia‐specific planning. Barriers to dementia‐specific ACP emerged, including lack of knowledge about the expected trajectory of dementia and potential medical decisions, the need to stay focused in the present because of fear of loss of self, disinterest in planning because the patient will not be aware of decisions, and the expectation that involved family members would take care of issues. Some patients had trouble engaging in the discussion. Patients had highly variable views on what the quality of their future life would be and on the leeway their surrogates should have in decision making.

Conclusions

Even among patients with early cognitive impairment seen in specialty clinics and their caregivers, most were unaware of the decisions they could face, and there were many barriers to planning for these decisions. These issues would likely be magnified in more representative populations, and highlight challenges to the use of dementia‐specific advance directive documents.
Optimizing and applying high‐resolution, in‐line laboratory phase‐contrast X‐ray imaging for low‐density material samples
Authors: Zboray Robert
Published: November 2020

In‐line, or propagation‐based phase‐contrast X‐ray imaging (PBI) is an attractive alternative to the attenuation‐based modality for low‐density, soft samples showing low attenuation contrast. With the growing availability of micro‐ and nano‐focus X‐ray tubes, the method is increasingly applied in the laboratory. Here, we discuss the technique and demonstrate its advantages for selected low‐density, low attenuation material samples using a lab‐based micro‐ and nano‐computed tomography systems Easytom XL Ultra, providing micron and sub‐micron range resolution PBI images. We demonstrate a multi‐step optimization of the lab‐based PBI technique on our scanner that includes choosing the optimal detector‐source hardware combination available in the setup, then optimizing the imaging geometry and finally the phase retrieval process through a parametric study. We point out and elaborate on the effect of noise correlation and texturing due to phase retrieval. We demonstrate the overall benefits of using the phase image and the phase retrieval for the selected samples such as improved image quality, increased contrast‐to‐noise ratio while only marginally influencing the spatial resolution. The improvement in image quality also enables further image processing steps for detailed structural analysis of the samples, which would be much more complicated if not impossible based on the transmission image.
Associations of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR) rs1801131 and rs1801133 polymorphisms with susceptibility to vitiligo: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhang Hua‐Zhu , Wu Jiang‐Hai , Huang Qian , Yang Qin , Sima Quan , Chen Ke‐Yan , Li Zhi‐Ran , He Gong‐Hao
Published: November 2020

Background

Vitiligo is a common pigmentary skin disorder, and genetic factors were acknowledged to be greatly associated with the pathogenesis of this disease. Recently, increasing studies investigated the associations of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) rs1801131 and rs1801133 polymorphisms with risks of vitiligo, but the results still remained controversial.

Aim

The current meta‐analysis was conducted to further evaluate the association ofMTHFRpolymorphisms with risk of vitiligo.

Methods

Eligible studies were searched in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Technology of Chongqing (VIP), and Wan Fang Database until October 2020. All analyses were carried out using the Review Manager 5.3 software.

Results

A total of 6 studies that involvedMTHFRrs1801131 and/or rs1801133 polymorphism were finally included, which enrolled 3599 participants. Our results showed that no correlations were found betweenMTHFRrs1801131, rs1801133 polymorphisms and vitiligo risks in overall group. However, subgroup analysis revealed that rs1801131 polymorphism was significantly associated with increased vitiligo risk in the allelic (C vs A: OR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.02‐1.29,P = .02) and homozygous models (CC vs AA: OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.10‐2.01,P = .01) in Asian population and that the rs1801133 polymorphism was significantly associated with decreased vitiligo risk in the allelic model (T vs C: OR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.74‐0.92,P = .0005) also in Asian population.

Conclusions

This meta‐analysis confirmed the associations ofMTHFRrs1801131 and rs1801133 polymorphisms with vitiligo risks and provided comprehensive insight into the pathogenesis of vitiligo.
Estimated salt intake and risk of atrial fibrillation in a prospective community‐based cohort
Authors: Wuopio J. , Orho‐Melander M. , Ärnlöv J. , Nowak C.
Published: November 2020

Introduction

Hypertension predisposes to atrial fibrillation (AF) – a major risk factor for ischaemic stroke. Since a high dietary salt consumption is associated with hypertension, we investigated the association between urinary sodium excretion as a marker for dietary sodium intake and risk of new‐onset AF in community‐dwelling adults.

Method

The UK Biobank includes 40‐ to 69‐year‐old British residents recruited 2006–2010. Participants were divided into sex‐specific quintiles according to 24‐hour sodium excretion estimated based on spot samples with the Kawasaki equation. We excluded participants with AF at baseline. Cox regression adjusted for cardiovascular risk factors was used to assess associations with risk of AF, using the third quintile as reference.

Results

A total of 257 545 women and 215 535 men were included. During up to 10 years' follow‐up, 2221 women and 3751 men were diagnosed with AF. There was a tendency for an increased risk of AF in the lowest and highest quintiles of estimated daily salt intake in both women and men. In the fully adjusted model, significant associations were seen amongst men in the lowest and highest quintiles of sodium excretion (hazard ratio, HRQv1, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.08–1.32, P < 0.001, and HRQv5 1.15, 95% CI, 1.03–1.27, P = 0.011).

Conclusion

We found evidence for a U‐shaped association between estimated daily salt intake and AF risk amongst men. A suggestive J‐shaped association in women was not statistically confirmed, but analyses were likely underpowered. Our results suggest that above a certain physiological minimum level progressively higher salt intake is associated with increasing risk of AF.
miRNA for the assessment of lymph node metastasis in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma: Systematic review and metanalysis
Authors: Jadhav Kiran B. , Nagraj Sumanth K. , Arora Shelly
Published: November 2020

Background

miRNA is one of the advanced epigenetic molecular markers correlating with lymph node metastasis in patients with Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Numerous published papers are showing correlation of miRNA with metastasis. There is a need to analyze and validate such correlation.

Method

English language literature in major databases from the last 20 years was searched using controlled vocabulary and keywords. Strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were followed for selection of studies. The quality assessment was done as per the QUADAS tool 2 by three independent reviewers. The metanalysis was performed by using random effect model. Standardized mean difference (SMD) was considered as the effect measure. Statistical software used was STATA version 13.1.

Results

With all inclusion and exclusion criteria, eight studies could qualify for metanalysis. The pooled estimate is found to be 0.13 (−0.35, 0.62), P = .585, which is statistically not significant. This indicates that there is a no significant difference in the fold change between metastasis and no metastasis groups. P‐value of chi‐square statistic for heterogeneity is <.001 (significant), and I‐squared statistic is 87.2%, which indicates that heterogeneity is present to a considerable extent. Egger's test shows there is no publication bias involved (P = .819).

Conclusion

The metanalysis showed no significant difference in the fold change of miRNA expression between metastasis and non‐metastasis OSCC patients. Future studies can be directed to eliminate the heterogeneity among the studies noted in this analysis to confirm the role of miRNA for assessment of regional metastasis with special focus on tongue squamous cell carcinoma.
The potential role of Photodynamic therapy in oral premalignant and malignant lesions: A systematic review
Authors: Romano Antonio , Di Stasio Dario , Gentile Enrica , Petruzzi Massimo , Serpico Rosario , Lucchese Alberta
Published: November 2020

Background

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is considered as a valid treatment option in various branches of dentistry. This systematic review aims to evaluate the usefulness of PDT for treatment of oral premalignant and malignant lesions.

Methods

The MeSH terms “Photodynamic therapy” and “PDT,” in combination with other terms, have been searched by three search engines (PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library), and a systematic review has been performed. The Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Study design (PICOS) has been applied as method to outline our study eligibility criteria. Risk of Bias in Non‐randomized Studies of Intervention (ROBINS‐I) has been performed too.

Results

Initial results were 1513. Definitely, 27 studies met our selection criteria.

Conclusions

Topical PDT is an easy to perform technique, well‐tolerated treatment and it appears to be an effective method with encouraging achievements in the treatment of premalignant and malignant lesions of the soft tissues of the oral cavity; nevertheless more studies are required to integrate the up‐to‐date experience of this application.
Effect of Inlays, Onlays and Endocrown Cavity Design Preparation on Fracture Resistance and Fracture Mode of Endodontically Treated Teeth: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Kassis Cynthia , Khoury Pierre , Mehanna Carina Z , Baba Nadim Z. , Bou Chebel Fadi , Daou Maha , Hardan Louis
Published: November 2020

Purpose

To evaluate the fracture resistance and failure modes of endodontically treated mandibular molars restored with different designs of inlays, onlays and endocrowns.

Materials and Methods

Extracted mandibular third molars (n = 180) were used. An access cavity was prepared on the occlusal surface of each tooth and the roots were obturated with gutta percha. All specimens were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 30/group) according to the cavity design and the restoration material used. C: control group without access cavity preparation. IE: MOD inlay preparation with EverX Posterior (GC Europe) in the pulp chamber. IG: MOD inlay preparation with G‐aenial Universal Flo (GC America) in the pulp chamber. OE: onlay preparation with EverX Posterior (GC Europe) in the pulp chamber. OG: onlay preparation with G‐aenial Universal Flo (GC America) in the pulp chamber. EC: endocrown with an empty pulp chamber. All restorations were fabricated with CAD/CAM system using CERASMART® (GC Dental products Europe, Belgium) CAD/CAM blocks. Specimens were thermal‐cycled and were subjected to a compressive load applied at 30° angle relative to the long axis of the tooth with a universal testing machine. Results were statistically analyzed by ANOVA followed by Tukey post hoc tests. Chi‐square test and Fisher Exact tests were used for the comparisons among groups.

Results

The mean fracture strength was significantly different between the groups (p < 0.001); it was significantly highest for intact teeth, followed by endocrowns (p = 0.021). The strength was significantly lower for inlays (with G‐aenial Universal Flo and EverX Posterior), intermediate for onlays with EverX Posterior followed by onlays with G‐aenial Universal Flo.

Conclusions

Endocrowns exhibited higher fracture resistance than other tested composite resin groups. Endocrowns and onlays showed a more favorable failure mode than inlay restorations.
Using ultraconserved elements to track the influence of sea‐level change on leafy seadragon populations
Authors: Stiller Josefin , da Fonseca Rute R. , Alfaro Michael E. , Faircloth Brant C. , Wilson Nerida G. , Rouse Greg W.
Published: November 2020

During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), global sea levels were 120–130 m lower than today, resulting in the emergence of most continental shelves and extirpation of subtidal organisms from these areas. During the interglacial periods, rapid inundation of shelf regions created a dynamic environment for coastal organisms, such as the charismatic leafy seadragon (Phycodurus eques, Syngnathidae), a brooder with low dispersal ability inhabiting kelp beds in temperate Australia. Reconstructions of the palaeoshoreline revealed that the increase of shallow areas since the LGM was not uniform across the species' range and we investigated the effects of these asymmetries on genetic diversity and structuring. Using targeted capture of 857 variable ultraconserved elements (UCEs, 2,845 single nucleotide polymorphisms) in 68 individuals, we found that the regionally different shelf topographies were paralleled by contrasting population genetic patterns. In the west, populations may not have persisted through sea‐level lows because shallow seabed was very limited. Shallow genetic structure, weak expansion signals and a westward cline in genetic diversity indicate a postglacial recolonization of the western part of the range from a more eastern location following sea‐level rise. In the east, shallow seabed persisted during the LGM and increased considerably after the flooding of large bays, which resulted in strong demographic expansions, deeper genetic structure and higher genetic diversity. This study suggests that postglacial flooding with rising sea levels produced locally variable signatures in colonizing populations.
Activity, delivery, and diversity of Type VI secretion effectors
Authors: Jurėnas Dukas , Journet Laure
Published: November 2020

The bacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS) system is a contractile secretion apparatus that delivers proteins to neighboring bacterial or eukaryotic cells. Antibacterial effectors are mostly toxins that inhibit the growth of other species and help to dominate the niche. A broad variety of these toxins cause cell lysis of the prey cell by disrupting the cell envelope. Other effectors are delivered into the cytoplasm where they affect DNA integrity, cell division or exhaust energy resources. The modular nature of T6SS machinery allows different means of recruitment of toxic effectors to secreted inner tube and spike components that act as carriers. Toxic effectors can be translationally fused to the secreted components or interact with them through specialized structural domains. These interactions can also be assisted by dedicated chaperone proteins. Moreover, conserved sequence motifs in effector‐associated domains are subject to genetic rearrangements and therefore engage in the diversification of the arsenal of toxic effectors. This review discusses the diversity of T6SS secreted toxins and presents current knowledge about their loading on the T6SS machinery.
Selection and validation of reference genes for qPCR in the human dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum exposed to different carbon sources which promote adhesion‐inducing conditions
Authors: Ciesielska Anita , Stączek Paweł
Published: November 2020

Objective

The present study aimed to identify reference genes for qPCR analysis of T. rubrum growth in culture media which promote adhesion‐inducing conditions to the host tissue.

Methods

We investigated the suitability of six candidate reference genes: β‐act, β‐tub, ef1‐α, gapdh, sdha and rpl2 in reference strain of Trichophyton rubrum in response to different environmental stimuli. The stability of these genes was determined by NormFinder, geNorm and BestKeeper software.

Results

Our data obtained from the three algorithms revealed that mRNA expression levels of two candidate reference genes, ef1‐α and β‐tub, remained the most stable in response to different carbon sources, while different sample sets had their own most stable reference genes, highlighting the importance of the choice of internal controls in qPCR experiments. We then checked the stability of ef1‐α and β‐tub reference genes expression in different T. rubrum strains, suggesting that these two genes are reliable for normalisation of qPCR. Finally, we validated the suitability of selected reference genes as internal controls for target gene (SUB3) using the 2‐ΔΔCt method. The best result indicating an increase of SUB3 transcript of T. rubrum was found when the two the most stable reference (ef1‐α and β‐tub ) genes were used, as revealed by all three algorithms.

Conclusions

We recommend the use of ef1‐α and β‐tub as reference genes for qPCR analysis of target gene expression in T. rubrum exposed to different carbon sources which promote adhesion‐inducing conditions.
Plant tropisms as a window on plant computational processes
Authors: Meroz Yasmine
Published: November 2020

Plants are living information‐processing organisms with highly adaptive behavior, allowing them to prosper in a harsh and fluctuating environment in spite of being sessile. Lacking a central nervous system, plants are distributed systems orchestrating complex computational processes performed at the tissue level. Here I consider plant tropisms as a useful input–output system boasting a robust mathematical description, naturally permitting a dialogue between mathematical modeling and biological observations. I propose tropisms as an ideal framework for the study of plant computational processes, allowing us to infer the relationship between observed tropic responses and known stimuli. I concentrate on macroscopic models, and elucidate this approach by presenting recent examples focusing on computational processes involved at different hierarchical levels of interactions: a plant's interaction with itself and its internal state, with the abiotic environment, and with neighboring plants.
The goo‐d stuff: Plantago as a myxospermous model with modern utility
Authors: Cowley James M. , Burton Rachel A.
Published: November 2020

Mucilage, a gel‐like layer formed around wetted seeds in a process called myxospermy, has importance as a proxy for studying cell wall polysaccharide biosynthesis and interactions and as a source of valuable health supplements and hydrocolloids. Arabidopsis thaliana has provided unrivalled insight into mucilage/cell wall synthesis, but its lack of commercial utility presents an opportunity to develop an alternative myxospermous model linking genetics, chemistry and functionality. Here, we discuss recent advances in the understanding of mucilage production, composition and properties of Plantago, a promising candidate as an alternative model with economic relevance. We outline how genomic/transcriptomic and chemical analysis advances could be made to strengthen Plantago's use as a model system, through challenging but achievable approaches.
Personal Contact with Refugees is Key to Welcoming Them: An Analysis of Politicians' and Citizens' Attitudes Towards Refugee Integration
Authors: Knappert Lena , van Dijk Hans , Yuan Shuai , Engel Yuval , van Prooijen Jan‐Willem , Krouwel Andre
Published: November 2020

Politicians are influential both in directing policies about refugees and in framing public discourse about them. However, unlike other host country residents, politicians' attitudes towards refugees and integration are remarkably understudied. We therefore examine similarities and differences between politicians' attitudes towards refugee integration and those held by citizens. Based on the stereotype content model, we expect that political ideology informs stereotypes about refugees, which subsequently shape attitudes towards refugee integration. Based on the Contact Hypothesis, we further argue that personal contact with refugees reduces negative stereotypes about them—in particular for those endorsing a right‐wing ideology. We draw on data collected via two surveys with 905 politicians and 8013 citizens in the Netherlands to show that (1) unlike those with a left‐wing orientation, residents (i.e., both politicians and citizens) with a right‐wing orientation hold more negative stereotypes about refugees, which in turn relate to more negative attitudes towards refugee integration; (2) personal contact with refugees is associated with less negative stereotypes among residents; and (3) politicians, compared to citizens, report less negative stereotypes and more positive attitudes towards refugee integration. The practical implication of fostering residents' contact with refugees as well as the implications for future research are discussed.
Identification of a tractable model system and oxalic acid‐dependent symptom development of the dollar spot pathogen Clarireedia jacksonii
Authors: Rioux Renée A. , Stephens Cameron M. , Koch Paul L. , Kabbage Mehdi , Kerns James P.
Published: November 2020

Clarireedia jacksonii causes dollar spot disease of cool‐season turfgrasses in the United States and produces the phytotoxin oxalic acid. The role of oxalic acid in host–pathogen interactions of C. jacksonii is unknown and there are multiple challenges to studying these interactions in natural turfgrass hosts. Consequently, identification of model plants to study C. jacksonii–host interactions and the role of oxalic acid in pathogenesis is necessary. Controlled environment inoculation assays were used to evaluate pathogenesis of C. jacksonii in various model plants and investigate the role of oxalic acid in symptom development. Observations at microscopic and macroscopic levels demonstrated that infection progressed similarly in all monocots tested (creeping bentgrass, wheat, barley, rice, Brachypodium distachyon) but not in the dicot Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant oxalic acid content increased from near zero to around 0.2–0.4 mM following inoculation with C. jacksonii in creeping bentgrass, barley, and wheat. Conversely, oxalic acid content remained near zero in A. thaliana and was not well correlated with inoculation in rice and B. distachyon, both of which had higher endogenous oxalic acid levels than other monocots. Time‐course oxalic acid quantification experiments with creeping bentgrass and B. distachyon further supported a link between symptom development and in planta oxalic acid content and identified 48 hr postinoculation as a critical time‐point for investigating the role of oxalic acid in C. jacksonii pathogenesis. These studies demonstrate that various monocots can serve as tractable model systems for studying C. jacksonii–host interactions and that increases in oxalic acid content are associated with C. jacksonii symptom development.
Susceptibility of native New Zealand Myrtaceae to the South African strain of Austropuccinia psidii: A biosecurity threat
Authors: Soewarto Julia , Somchit Chanatda , du Plessis Esna , Barnes Irene , Granados Ginna M. , Wingfield Michael J. , Shuey Louise , Bartlett Michael , Fraser Stuart , Scott Peter , Miller Elizabeth , Waipara Nick , Sutherland Roanne , Ganley Beccy
Published: November 2020

Austropuccinia psidii, cause of myrtle rust, has spread globally where Myrtaceae occur. Multiple strains of A. psidii have been identified, including a unique strain found only in South Africa. The South African strain is a biosecurity concern for species of Myrtaceae worldwide. This is because preliminary testing of South African Myrtaceae suggests it could have a wide host range, and thus has the potential to be invasive. In this study, we assessed the ability of the South African strain to infect other species of Myrtaceae by testing the susceptibility of New Zealand provenance Myrtaceae. Seedlings of four native New Zealand Myrtaceae species (Metrosideros excelsa, Leptospermum scoparium, Kunzea robusta, and Kunzea linearis) were artificially inoculated in South Africa with a single‐uredinium isolate of the South African strain. Fourteen days after inoculation, uredinia, and in many cases telia, had developed on the young leaves and stems of all four host species, which led to shoot tip dieback in the more severe cases. When comparisons were made between the species, K. robusta was the least susceptible to the South African strain of A. psidii, while L. scoparium and M. excelsa were the most susceptible. While only a limited number of seed families were tested, only a small proportion of the seedlings showed resistance to infection by the South African strain. This preliminary testing highlights the potential invasive risk the South African strain poses to global Myrtaceae communities, including New Zealand Myrtaceae.
Supplemental carbon sources applied in biofloc technology aquaculture systems: types, effects and future research
Authors: Abakari Godwin , Luo Guozhi , Kombat Emmanuel O. , Alhassan Elliot H.
Published: November 2020

Biofloc technology (BFT) systems have been driven towards increased sustainability in the last decade. BFT depends on maintenance of the optimal carbon‐to‐nitrogen (C/N) ratio through supplementation with organic carbon sources. The types of carbon sources and addition strategies are critical considerations in BFT systems. Thus for the purpose of this review, a thorough search of the literature was conducted to gather relevant information from reliable sources, ranging from reputable journals to books and useful reports in the field of BFT. Keywords used for the literature search include: ‘biofloc technology systems’, ‘carbon sources’, ‘solid carbon sources’, ‘effects of carbons sources’, ‘carbon source addition strategies’, ‘nutritional quality of bioflocs’, ‘carbon sources and water quality’, ‘C/N ratio in BFT’, and ‘carbon sources and bacterial community’. Among the several peer‐reviewed articles, books and technical reports consulted, 147 (dated from 1987 to 2020) were relevant for the preparation of this review. The current review thus examines the subject of supplemental carbon sources in BFT systems and discusses the various effects of their application with respect to the culture organism, microorganisms, water quality and the nutritional quality of flocs. The benefits and challenges associated with the types of carbon sources used in BFTs are also presented. Suggested organic carbon sources and their addition strategies are provided, and further research directions are proposed.
MECO and Alpine orogenesis: Constraints for facies evolution of the Bartonian nummulitic and Solenomeris limestone in the Argentina Valley (Ligurian Alps)
Authors: Brandano Marco , Tomassetti Laura
Published: November 2020

The Eocene represents the last greenhouse interval before Present. The maximum warming during the early Eocene was followed by a long‐term cooling trend culminating in the Antarctica glaciation at the base of the Oligocene. Superimposed on this long‐term cooling trend there is a prominent transient warming event known as the middle Eocene climatic optimum (MECO) occurring during the early Bartonian. The carbonate ramp succession cropping out in the Argentina Valley (Maritime Alps) offers new insights on the evolution of shallow water realms during this time interval. This ramp displays two main facies belts, middle and outer ramp. The middle ramp is recorded by larger benthic foraminifer floatstone to rudstone, passing to Solenomeris branches and nodule floatstone to rudstone evolving to branching coralline algal floatstone. The outer ramp is dominated by bioturbated marly wackestone to packstone alternating with larger benthic foraminifer floatstone with a silty matrix. The investigated ramp was affected by continuous dispersion and reworking of the skeletal components as other Tethyan Eocene ramps. During the Eocene, the Alpine foreland was influenced by fine terrigenous input controlling the trophic conditions and promoting seawater stratification and the development of a strong pycnocline, for which many perturbations could propagate as internal waves. The reworking of skeletal components of the ramp has been ascribed to the action of internal waves. The switch of carbonate production from a carbonate factory dominated by larger benthic foraminifera to a factory in which the encrusting foraminifer Solenomeris was the main carbonate producer biota, is indicative of a radical change in palaeoenvironmental conditions affecting the early Bartonian. The acme of Solenomeris often coincided with the crisis of carbonate producers during intervals of an evident deterioration of environmental conditions. In this case the acme is probably related to the adverse conditions linked to the (MECO) warming event. Finally, the drowning of the nummulitic ramp has been caused by light reduction for the photo‐dependent biota due to progressively increasing depth linked to flexural subsidence of the foreland plate, and minor efficiency of the aphotic carbonate factory.
(Dys‐)Functions and Potentials of Norms as a Guidance System for Peace Mediators
Authors: Holper Anne , Kirchhoff Lars
Published: November 2020

Despite substantial efforts to translate normative frameworks for peace mediation into practice, so far even well‐respected norms do not seem to function properly as practical guidance for mediators. The authors argue that there are three basic reasons for this failure: first, a lack of sufficient normative knowledge, making it difficult to determine ground rules that any mediator would be wise to consider; second, a lack of a minimal explicit normative consensus regarding the reference frame of a given mediation, acknowledging all differences; and third, a lack of hands‐on methodology for decision‐making when mediators feel deadlocked in contradictory normative pulls. Working towards the authors’ key aim – to close these three gaps or at least narrow them –, this article compiles exemplary building blocks of generic normative knowledge relevant in peace processes, presents a tool for mapping the normative structure and dynamics in a given conflict, and finally introduces a practical dilemma methodology to deal with colliding normative expectations.
Effect of face mask on skin characteristics changes during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Park Sae‐ra , Han Jiyeon , Yeon Yeong Min , Kang Na Young , Kim Eunjoo
Published: November 2020

Background

Previous studies have demonstrated the possibility of adverse effects of prolonged wearing of personal protective equipment in healthcare workers. However, there are a few studies about the effects on skin characteristics after wearing a mask for non‐healthcare workers. In this study, we evaluated the dermatologic effects of wearing a mask on the skin over time.

Materials and Method

Twenty‐one healthy men and women participated in the study. All participants wore masks for 6 hours consecutively. Three measurements were taken (a) before wearing the mask, (b) after wearing the mask for 1 hour, and (c) after wearing the mask for 6 hours. Skin temperature, skin redness, sebum secretion, skin hydration, trans‐epidermal water loss, and skin elasticity were measured.

Results

The skin temperature, redness, hydration, and sebum secretion were changed significantly after 1 and 6 hours of wearing a mask. Skin temperature, redness, and hydration showed significant differences between the mask‐wearing area and the non–mask‐wearing area.

Conclusion

Mask‐wearing conditions and time can change several skin characteristics. In particular, it is revealed that the perioral area could be most affected.
Carbon dioxide flux and soil carbon stock as affected by crop residue management and soil texture in semi‐arid maize croplands in Tanzania
Authors: Nishigaki Tomohiro , Sugihara Soh , Kilasara Method , Funakawa Shinya
Published: November 2020

Crop residue management strategies must be adapted for improving carbon (C) balance and soil C stock in agroecosystems in sub‐Saharan Africa with consideration of the crop residue availability and site‐specific soil characteristics. We conducted field experiments to determine the effects of crop residue application method (incorporation/mulching) and quality (maize/cowpea) and N fertilizer application on the soil respiration rate and soil C stock in the surface soil layer (0–15 cm) in maize croplands with contrasting soil textures (clay/sandy) over 2 years from 2012 to 2014 in Tanzania. At the clay site, the incorporation of maize residues showed a 38% increase in CO2 flux compared to mulching, whereas, at the sandy site, mulching showed a 16% increase compared to the incorporation. At the sandy site, mulching practice retained soil moisture content and apparently enhanced the decomposition of the original soil organic C in the surface layer. It is, therefore, suggested that mulching practice may accelerate a long‐term depletion of soil C stock at the sandy site. The cowpea residue incorporation led to rapid decomposition because of its high biodegradability at both sites. The N fertilizer application stimulated the decomposition of labile soil organic matter. The soil C stock in the surface layer did not significantly change after the 2‐year experiment, irrespective of crop residue treatment and soil type. In conclusion, adequate crop residue management in terms of suppressing CO2 flux during a cropping season depends on soil type, but the long‐term effect on soil C stock is unclear.
Characterization of the novel HLA‐DQB1*05:272 allele in a South African patient by next‐generation sequencing
Authors: Valley‐Omar Ziyaad , Maart Shireen , Seele Karen , Gray Clive M.
Published: November 2020

HLA‐DQB1*05:272 has a single transversion compared to the most similar variant, HLA‐DQB1*05:01:01 in IPD‐IMGT/HLA database.
Improved ability to achieve target trough levels with liquid versus capsule tacrolimus in kidney transplant patients with HIV on protease inhibitor‐ or cobicistat‐based regimens
Authors: Akanit Uraiwan , Bozorgmehri Shahab , Alquadan Kawther , Nelson Joelle , Kaplan Bruce , Ozrazgat‐Baslanti Tezcan , Womer Karl L.
Published: November 2020

HIV + patients are commonly accepted for kidney transplantation. However, patients on protease inhibitor (PI)‐ or cobicistat (cobi)‐based regimens have trouble achieving optimal tacrolimus (Tac) levels. Our study compared the ability to achieve target levels using liquid versus immediate‐release capsule Tac in kidney transplant patients with HIV on PI‐ or cobi‐based regimens. The study included four kidney transplant patients who were converted to liquid Tac due to inability to achieve acceptable drug levels on the capsule formulation. Tac trough levels were analyzed retrospectively to compare target levels before and after conversion. The individual patient time in the therapeutic range (TTR) was calculated using Rosendaal's linear interpolation method, and the difference between before and after conversion TTR was determined. In combined data, 44.63% of all Tac trough levels were within the target range after conversion to liquid Tac compared to 22.07% prior to conversion (P < .001). Furthermore, 3.31% and 7.44% of Tac trough levels were lower than 3 ng/mL or higher than 12 ng/mL, respectively, after conversion compared to 11.72% (P = .0564) and 24.14% (P < .0001) prior to conversion. The overall mean TTR was 45.1% after conversion to liquid Tac compared to 16.2% prior to conversion (P = .097). Finally, the coefficient of variation for Tac trough levels was 42.6 after conversion compared to 56.4 prior to conversion. A significantly improved ability to achieve target trough Tac levels was achieved with liquid Tac extemporaneous versus capsule formulation in kidney transplant patients with HIV taking a PI‐ or cobi‐based regimen.
Outcomes of transplant recipients treated with cidofovir for resistant or refractory cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: Mehta Steinke Seema A. , Alfares Mona , Valsamakis Alexandra , Shoham Shmuel , Arav‐Boger Ravit , Lees Laura , Ostrander Darin , Forman Michael S. , Shedeck Audra , Ambinder Richard F. , Jones Richard John , Avery Robin K.
Published: November 2020

Background

Treatment of ganciclovir‐resistant (GCV‐R)/refractory cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections in blood/marrow transplant (BMT) and solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients remains suboptimal. Cidofovir (CDV), a nucleotide analogue with anti‐CMV activity, is nephrotoxic and oculotoxic.

Methods

We retrospectively evaluated the outcomes of SOT and BMT patients with GCV‐R/refractory CMV treated with CDV between 1/1/2008 and 12/31/2017. Data collected: baseline demographics, CMV serostatus, clinical and virologic presentations and outcomes, UL97 and UL54 genotype mutations, drug toxicities, and cause of death. Descriptive statistics were used.

Results

16 patients received CDV for treatment of CMV: six BMT and 10 SOT. Seven (47%) of the patients had high‐risk donor/recipient serostatus: six (60%) SOT were D+/R‐; one (16.7%) BMT was D−/R+. Median time to CMV DNAemia was 131 days post‐transplant (IQR, 37.5‐230.3). Proven tissue invasive disease was present in three patients (18.8%). Twelve (75%) had genotype testing; 10 (83.3%) of those had antiviral resistance mutations. While on CDV, six (37.5%) developed nephrotoxicity, and four (25%) developed uveitis (two had both uveitis and nephrotoxicity). Eight (50%) had failure to clear CMV DNAemia despite CDV treatment. Eight (50%) of the patients died; median time to death, after initiation of CDV, was 33.5 days [IQR22‐988].

Conclusions

In the absence of good therapeutic alternatives, CDV is used in GCV‐R/refractory CMV infection. However, it is associated with a substantial risk of toxicity and failure to clear CMV DNAemia, highlighting the need for development of newer and less toxic therapies. The high mortality in this group of patients underscores the severity of illness in this population.
Safety and efficacy of tenofovir alafenamide in liver transplant recipients: A single center experience
Authors: Rashidi‐Alavijeh Jassin , Straub Katja , Achterfeld Anne , Wedemeyer Heiner , Willuweit Katharina , Herzer Kerstin
Published: November 2020

Background

Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) is frequently used for treatment of and prophylaxis against reactivation of hepatitis B virus (HBV) after liver transplant (LT). Because TDF can lead to renal impairment and a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD), the prodrug tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) may be considered a viable alternative with fewer adverse effects. Only limited information is available about the use of TAF for LT recipients. We report a European single‐center experience with TAF as treatment for LT patients.

Methods

This retrospective analysis involved 29 LT recipients receiving standard immunosuppressants (mainly calcineurin inhibitors). Demographic and clinical data were documented at baseline upon switch to TAF and at various time points thereafter.

Results

None of the patients experienced HBV reactivation after the switch to TAF. Liver and renal function remained stable. Drug levels of immunosuppressive agents did not change significantly after the switch. After 1 year, 22 patients were still taking TAF; two patients had been lost to follow‐up; one patient had died; and four patients had discontinued therapy because of TAF‐related adverse effects. No serious adverse effects were reported.

Conclusions

Tenofovir alafenamide exhibits high antiviral efficacy and a good safety profile for LT recipients. Still, the safety and tolerability of TAF for organ transplant patients should be evaluated in larger cohorts.