bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Phylogeographic patterning of mtDNA in the widely distributed harvest mouse (Micromys minutus) suggests dramatic cycles of range contraction and expansion during the mid- to late Pleistocene
Authors: Yasuda Shumpei P , Vogel Peter , Tsuchiya Kimiyuki , Han Sang-Hoon , Lin Liang-Kong , Suzuki Hitoshi
Published: December 2005

We examined sequence variation in the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1140 bp, n = 73) and control region (842–851 bp, n = 74) in the Eurasian harvest mouse (Micromys minutus (Pallas, 1771)), with samples drawn from across its range, from Western Europe to Japan. Phylogeographic analyses revealed region-specific haplotype groupings combined with overall low levels of inter-regional genetic divergence. Despite the enormous intervening distance, European and East Asian samples showed a net nucleotide divergence of only 0.36%. Based on an evolutionary rate for the cytochrome b gene of 2.4%·(site·lineage·million years)–1, the initial divergence time of these populations is estimated at around 80 000 years before present. Our findings are consistent with available fossil evidence that has recorded repeated cycles of extinction and recolonization of Europe by M. minutus through the Quaternary. The molecular data further suggest that recolonization occurred from refugia in the Central to East Asian region. Japanese haplotypes of M. minutus, with the exception of those from Tsushima Is., show limited nucleotide diversity (0.15%) compared with those found on the adjacent Korean Peninsula. This finding suggests recent colonization of the Japanese Archipelago, probably around the last glacial period, followed by rapid population growth.
Space use of moose in relation to food availability
Authors: Dussault Christian , Courtois Réhaume , Ouellet Jean-Pierre , Girard Irène
Published: December 2005

We assessed the influence of temporal and spatial changes in food availability on home-range size and movements of moose (Alces alces (L., 1758)). Ten adult moose were radio-collared and monitored with GPS telemetry collars during two contrasting time periods based on food quality and availability: summer (growing period) and winter (dormant and snowy period). According to the habitat productivity – home-range size hypothesis, we expected home-range size and movement rate to be negatively correlated with the proportion of food-rich habitat types in home ranges. Food availability influenced space use, but the effect was more pronounced at the small scale (i.e., movement rates) than at the large scale (i.e., home-range sizes) and during winter than summer. The negative relationship between food availability and home-range size only existed in winter, but movement rates were lower in food-rich habitat types in both time periods. Our results suggested that body size was not the primary factor governing sex-related differences in space use which were likely more related to specific needs of females with regard to the feeding and protection of calves. We suggest that the habitat productivity – home-range size hypothesis may not always be supported when forage is widely distributed and that movement rates can be a better index of forage availability than home-range sizes in such situations.
Resource allocation in fledglings of the rhinoceros auklet under different feeding conditions: an experiment manipulating meal size and frequency
Authors: Takenaka Makiko , Niizuma Yasuaki , Watanuki Yutaka
Published: December 2005

By manipulating meal size and frequency in an alcid, the rhinoceros auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata (Pallas, 1811)), we examined two hypotheses: (1) poorly fed chicks allocate resources preferentially to developing organs essential for fledging, and (2) intermittently fed chicks deposit more lipids than regularly fed ones. Chicks were fed normal (NORMAL; 40–80 g, mean meal mass in a normal year), small (LOW; 26–54 g, half of NORMAL), or large (HIGH; 80–160 g, twice as much as NORMAL) amounts of sandlance (Ammodytes personatus Girard, 1856) every day or the large meal (80–160 g) every 2 days (INTERMITTENT). Chicks fed more food grew faster. The HIGH group had the greatest fledging mass and shortest fledging period. The wingspan and brain mass of fledglings did not differ among groups. The heart, liver, and breast muscle at fledging were 15%–25% smaller in the LOW group than in the NORMAL group but did not differ between the NORMAL and HIGH groups. The total lipid was 43% greater in the HIGH group than in the NORMAL group, and that of the LOW group was 38% smaller. The INTERMITTENT group had a similar lipid mass to the NORMAL group. Chicks feeding on small meals seemed to maintain the growth of organs essential for fledging, while chicks feeding on large meals seemed to deposit a surplus as lipid rather than allocate more to the development of organs.
Lack of morphological differentiation in eastern (Rhinichthys atratulus) and western (Rhinichthys obtusus) blacknose dace in Canada
Authors: Fraser B A , Mandrak N E , McLaughlin R L
Published: December 2005

We tested whether eastern (Rhinichthys atratulus (Herman, 1804)) and western (Rhinichthys obtusus Agassiz, 1854) blacknose dace could be differentiated in Canada. Eastern, western, and southern forms of blacknose dace had been considered subspecies until recently, when separation of eastern and western species was accepted (J.S. Nelson et al. 2004. Am. Fish. Soc. Spec. Publ. No. 29). However, no study has examined morphological differences in purported diagnostic characters between the two species in Canada. Mensural, meristic, and colouration pattern characters purported to distinguish the two species were measured for blacknose dace across their Canadian range, including likely zones of sympatry. Univariate and multivariate analyses of morphological characters could not distinguish between individuals in allopatric populations from eastern and western regions. Variation among individuals within sympatric populations did not differ significantly from the variation among individuals within allopatric populations, providing no evidence of divergence of the species in sympatry. The delineation of eastern and western species using morphology is not supported by this study, given the lack of differentiation in key distinguishing characters within the Canadian range of the species.
Interaction of contractile activity and training history on mRNA abundance in skeletal muscle from trained athletes
Authors: Coffey Vernon G. , Shield Anthony , Canny Benedict J. , Carey Kate A. , Cameron-Smith David , Hawley John A.
Published: December 2005

Skeletal muscle displays enormous plasticity to respond to contractile activity with muscle from strength- (ST) and endurance-trained (ET) athletes representing diverse states of the adaptation continuum. Training adaptation can be viewed as the accumulation of specific proteins. Hence, the altered gene expression that allows for changes in protein concentration is of major importance for any training adaptation. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to quantify acute subcellular responses in muscle to habitual and unfamiliar exercise. After 24-h diet/exercise control, 13 male subjects (7 ST and 6 ET) performed a random order of either resistance (8 × 5 maximal leg extensions) or endurance exercise (1 h of cycling at 70% peak O2 uptake). Muscle biopsies were taken from vastus lateralis at rest and 3 h after exercise. Gene expression was analyzed using real-time PCR with changes normalized relative to preexercise values. After cycling exercise, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (ET ∼8.5-fold, ST ∼10-fold, P < 0.001), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase-4 (PDK-4; ET ∼26-fold, ST ∼39-fold), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF; ET ∼4.5-fold, ST ∼4-fold), and muscle atrophy F-box protein (MAFbx) (ET ∼2-fold, ST ∼0.4-fold) mRNA increased in both groups, whereas MyoD (∼3-fold), myogenin (∼0.9-fold), and myostatin (∼2-fold) mRNA increased in ET but not in ST ( P < 0.05). After resistance exercise PDK-4 (∼7-fold, P < 0.01) and MyoD (∼0.7-fold) increased, whereas MAFbx (∼0.7-fold) and myostatin (∼0.6-fold) decreased in ET but not in ST. We conclude that prior training history can modify the acute gene responses in skeletal muscle to subsequent exercise.
The stability of collocation methods for higher‐order Volterra integro‐differential equations
Authors: Rawashdeh Edris , McDowell Dave , Rakesh Leela
Published: December 2005

The numerical stability of the polynomial spline collocation method for general Volterra integro‐differential equation is being considered. The convergence and stability of the new method are given and the efficiency of the new method is illustrated by examples. We also proved the conjecture suggested by Danciu in 1997 on the stability of the polynomial spline collocation method for the higher‐order integro‐differential equations.
Intuitionistic fuzzy alpha‐continuity and intuitionistic fuzzy precontinuity
Authors: Jeon Joung Kon , Jun Young Bae , Park Jin Han
Published: December 2005

A characterization of intuitionistic fuzzy α‐open set is given, and conditions for an IFS to be an intuitionistic fuzzy α‐open set are provided. Characterizations of intuitionistic fuzzy precontinuous (resp., α‐continuous) mappings are given.
Implicit iteration process of nonexpansive non‐self‐mappings
Authors: Plubtieng Somyot , Punpaeng Rattanaporn
Published: December 2005

Suppose C is a nonempty closed convex subset of real Hilbert space H. Let T : C → H be a nonexpansive non‐self‐mapping and P is the nearest point projection of H onto C. In this paper, we study the convergence of the sequences {xn}, {yn}, {zn} satisfying xn = (1 − αn)u + αnT[(1 − βn)xn + βnTxn], yn = (1 − αn)u + αnPT[(1 − βn)yn + βnPTyn], and zn = P[(1 − αn)u + αnTP[(1 − βn)zn + βnTzn]], where {αn}⊆(0, 1), 0 ≤ βn ≤ β < 1 and αn → 1 as n → ∞. Our results extend and improve the recent ones announced by Xu and Yin, and many others.
On properties of fuzzy left h‐ideals in hemirings with t‐norms
Authors: Zhan Jianming
Published: December 2005

The notion of T‐fuzzy left h‐ideals in a hemiring is introduced and basic properties are investigated. Using a collection of left h‐ideals of a hemiring S, T‐fuzzy left h‐ideals of S are established. The notion of a finite‐valued T‐fuzzy left h‐ideal is introduced, and its characterization is given. T‐fuzzy relations on a hemiring S are discussed.
A note on an unsteady flow of an Oldroyd‐B fluid
Authors: Fetecau C. , Kannan K.
Published: December 2005

The velocity fields and the associated tangential tractions corresponding to the flow induced by a flat plate that applies a specified stress in an Oldroyd‐B fluid are determined by means of Fourier cosine transforms. The solutions corresponding to a Maxwell, second‐grade, and Navier‐Stokes fluid appear as limiting cases of the solutions established here.
Role of Angiotensin Type-1 and Angiotensin Type-2 Receptors in the Expression of Vascular Integrins in Angiotensin II–Infused Rats
Authors: Brassard Pascal , Amiri Farhad , Thibault Gaétan , Schiffrin Ernesto L.
Published: December 2005

Angiotensin II plays an important role in vascular remodeling through effects that involve, in part, interactions of vascular smooth muscle cells with extracellular matrix via integrins, which belong to a family of transmembrane receptors. We hypothesized that angiotensin (Ang) II regulates expression of vascular integrins and their ligands in experimental hypertension. Rats were infused subcutaneously with Ang II and received angiotensin type-1 (AT
1
) receptor blocker losartan, the AT
1
/angiotensin type-2 (AT
2
) [Sar
1
-Ile
8
]-Ang II, or the vasodilator hydralazine for 7 days. Osteopontin and integrin subunit expression were evaluated immunohistochemically. Ang II enhanced vascular α
8
, β
1
, β
3
integrins and osteopontin expression, which were significantly reduced by losartan, [Sar
1
-Ile
8
]-Ang II, and hydralazine. Although Ang II increased vascular α
5
subunit expression, this was additionally increased by losartan. Losartan was the only treatment that induced α
1
subunit expression. These results demonstrate that AT
1
and AT
2
receptors have countervailing effects on vascular integrin subunit expression that may influence their effects on vascular remodeling and extracellular matrix composition.
Cardiac Three-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Fluoroscopy Merging
Authors: Ector Joris , De Buck Stijn , Adams Jef , Dymarkowski Steven , Bogaert Jan , Maes Frederik , Heidbüchel Hein
Published: December 2005

Background—

Modern nonfluoroscopic mapping systems construct 3D electroanatomic maps by tracking intracardiac catheters. They require specialized catheters and/or dedicated hardware. We developed a new method for electroanatomic mapping by merging detailed 3D models of the endocardial cavities with fluoroscopic images without the need for specialized hardware. This developmental work focused on the right atrium because of the difficulties in visualizing its anatomic landmarks in 3D with current approaches.

Methods and Results—

Cardiac MRI images were acquired in 39 patients referred for radiofrequency catheter ablation using balanced steady state free-precession sequences. We optimized acquisition and developed software for construction of detailed 3D models, after contouring of endocardial cavities with cross-checking of different imaging planes. 3D models were then merged with biplane fluoroscopic images by methods for image calibration and registration implemented in a custom software application. The feasibility and accuracy of this merging process were determined in heart-cast experiments and electroanatomic mapping in patients. Right atrial dimensions and relevant anatomic landmarks could be identified and measured in all 3D models. Cephalocaudal, posteroanterior, and lateroseptal diameters were, respectively, 65±11, 54±11, and 57±9 mm; posterior isthmus length was 26±6 mm; Eustachian valve height was 5±5 mm; and coronary sinus ostium height and width were 16±3 and 12±3 mm, respectively (n=39). The average alignment error was 0.2±0.3 mm in heart casts (n=40) and 1.9 to 2.5 mm in patient experiments (n=9), ie, acceptable for clinical use. In 11 patients, reliable catheter positioning and projection of activation times resulted in 3D electroanatomic maps with an unprecedented level of anatomic detail, which assisted ablation.

Conclusions—

This new approach allows activation visualization in a highly detailed 3D anatomic environment without the need for a specialized nonfluoroscopic mapping system.
The G Protein–Gated Potassium CurrentIK,AChIs Constitutively Active in Patients With Chronic Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Dobrev D. , Friedrich A. , Voigt N. , Jost N. , Wettwer E. , Christ T. , Knaut M. , Ravens U.
Published: December 2005

Background—The molecular mechanism of increased background inward rectifier current (IK1) in atrial fibrillation (AF) is not fully understood. We tested whether constitutively active acetylcholine (ACh)-activatedIK,AChcontributes to enhanced basal conductance in chronic AF (cAF).

Methods and Results—Whole-cell and single-channel currents were measured with standard voltage-clamp techniques in atrial myocytes from patients with sinus rhythm (SR) and cAF. The selectiveIK,AChblocker tertiapin was used for inhibition ofIK,ACh. Whole-cell basal current was larger in cAF than in SR, whereas carbachol (CCh)-activatedIK,AChwas lower in cAF than in SR. Tertiapin (0.1 to 100 nmol/L) reducedIK,AChin a concentration-dependent manner with greater potency in cAF than in SR (−logIC50: 9.1 versus 8.2;P<0.05). Basal current contained a tertiapin-sensitive component that was larger in cAF than in SR (tertiapin [10 nmol/L]-sensitive current at −100 mV: cAF, −6.7±1.2 pA/pF, n=16/5 [myocytes/patients] versus SR, −1.7±0.5 pA/pF, n=24/8), suggesting contribution of constitutively activeIK,AChto basal current. In single-channel recordings, constitutively activeIK,AChwas prominent in cAF but not in SR (channel open probability: cAF, 5.4±0.7%, n=19/9 versus SR, 0.1±0.05%, n=16/9;P<0.05). Moreover,IK1channel open probability was higher in cAF than in SR (13.4±0.4%, n=19/9 versus 11.4±0.7%, n=16/9;P<0.05) without changes in other channel characteristics.

Conclusions—Our results demonstrate that larger basal inward rectifier K+current in cAF consists of increasedIK1activity and constitutively activeIK,ACh. Blockade ofIK,AChmay represent a new therapeutic target in AF.
The Strength-Based Counseling Model
Authors: Smith Elsie J.
Published: December 2005

This article proposes a strength-based model for counseling at-risk youth. The author presents the assumptions, basic concepts, and values of the strength perspective in counseling and offers strength categories as a conceptual model for viewing clients’ behavior. Propositions leading toward a theory of strength-based counseling and stages of this model are given, representative strength-based counseling techniques are examined, and a case study is used to illustrate risk factors, protective factors, and strength assessment. Ethical, research, and training implications of the strength-based model of counseling are discussed.
“Peace Is More Than the End of Bombing”
Authors: Baver Sherrie L.
Published: December 2005

The nature of colonialism in Puerto Rico has caused most political issues to be viewed within the framework of status politics. In the first stage of the struggle to expel the U.S. Navy from the island (1999-2003), civil society in Puerto Rico united when the issues were reframed with links not to status politics but to human rights and social justice. Viequenses symbolized for Puerto Ricans in Puerto Rico, on the mainland, and in the world at large the costs of military colonialism. In the second stage of the struggle, since the military’s departure, Viequenses have struggled to control the future development of their community as well as to clean up the toxic legacy of six decades of military maneuvers. The important question with regard to this stage is whether civil society can again rise above the institutionalized structure of colonial status politics to advocate for social and environmental justice. Viewing the Vieques case within the larger context of Puerto Rico’s dependent relationship on the United States suggests that the struggle not only strengthened Puerto Ricans’ capacity to determine their own future but also may have changed the calculus of colonialism from Washington’s vantage point.
Reinventing China
Authors: Zhao Gang
Published: December 2005

This article uses both Manchu and Han sources to interrogate the relationship between Qing and China. After toppling the Ming reign, the Qing rulers identified their state with China as their eighteenth-century campaigns in Inner Asia redefined what China was. By the early twentieth century, educational institutions had facilitated the Manchu efforts to gain the hearts and minds of the Han intellectual elite, who embraced the idea that China was a multiethnic state. Although Manchu rule ended in 1911, the Chinese people never returned to the position that “China” was the property of the Han people: China’s modern identity would be that of a unified multiethnic state. In other words, the Qing legacies to modern China include not just the country’s vast territory but also a new concept of China that laid the solid foundation for the rise of its national identity.
Choosing to Go It Alone: Irish Neutrality in Theoretical and Comparative Perspective
Authors: Jesse Neal G.
Published: December 2005

Realist and liberal paradigms of foreign policy analysis offer different views of the important policy stance of neutrality. Realism explains a neutral stance as the rational calculation of a small state’s interests in the state-centered, unfriendly, self-help environment. Liberalism argues that international norms and internal dynamics lead nations to seek and maintain neutrality. This article explores the neutral foreign policy stance of the Republic of Ireland from 1938 to the present in comparison to Austria, Finland, Sweden, and Switzerland. The Irish policy of neutrality differs from the other European neutrals in two important ways: it is unarmed neutrality and it is not impartial neutrality. I argue that domestic actors, public opinion, and governmental decision-making institutions provide an explanation for the continuing stance of neutrality. Thus, liberalism provides a better explanation for Irish neutrality than realism. The value of this study is that it illustrates in a comparative perspective the varying sources of neutrality in Europe and points to the continued usefulness of varied perspectives in understanding historical and contemporary foreign policy.
Academic Counselling
Authors: Siddiqi Ahmed F.
Published: December 2005

The study investigates the relationship between cognitive and affective outcomes of the quality of teacher–student interaction at different business schools in Pakistan. As early as 1936, Kurt Lewin recognized that the environment was a determinant of human behaviour and performance. Following Lewin's work, Murray proposed a Needs-Press model in which situational variables found in the environment account for a degree of behavioural variance. Attempts were also made to study situational variables found in the environment that affect the learning process, on the one hand, and students’ professional performance, on the other. A multistage stratified random sampling plan was used to select a sample from business schools at Lahore, Islamabad, Multan and Karachi. Stratification was done first at the ownership level, where the two strata consist of public and private sector schools. At the second stage, three strata were made according to the students’ background, where students coming from English-medium schools, semi-English-medium schools and vernacular-medium schools were placed in three strata. In the third stage, the stratification was done on a gender basis. In the final stage, students were selected using systematic sampling. Such a multi-stage stratification plan permitted us to do an in-depth analysis of the whole process of teacher–student interaction. The study identifies the types of interactions that are most likely to enhance students’ progress in business administration courses. It also identifies the important factors inhibiting or encouraging, teacher–student interaction. Further, it provides suggestions to enhance this interaction process.
Combining Distributional Weights and the Marginal Cost of Funds
Authors: Liu Liqun
Published: December 2005

Both distributional weights and the marginal cost of funds (MCF) play important roles in cost-benefit analysis, and both are based on the premise that individual lump sum taxes are unavailable. Yet the existing literature has largely treated them separately. This article proposes to combine these two concepts to form a set of person-specific MCFs. The person-specific MCFs play both the role of distributional weights and the role of the efficiency multiplier (i.e., the MCF). When using person-specific MCFs, the simple Samuelson rule needs two adjustments when it comes to a distortionary tax system. First, each individual's benefit from a public project's outputs should be divided by his or her person-specific MCF to become a cost-comparable measure. Second, an indirect revenue effect from the project's output, due to the output's impact on individuals' behaviors and, hence, on tax revenues collected, should be deducted from the project's cost to arrive at the project's net revenue requirement.
Voting for a Lottery
Authors: Giacopassi David , Nichols Mark W. , Stitt B. Grant
Published: December 2005

State lotteries have been adopted by thirty-eight states, primarily as a means of funding “good causes” or closing budgetary gaps. While several studies have identified the regressive nature of lotteries and factors responsible for their expansion, less is known about the underlying voting patterns that have driven this expansion. This article examines county-level voting patterns from the 2002 Tennessee lottery referendum and county-level lottery expenditures to determine whether voting reflects a latent demand for lottery or is a deliberate attempt to shift the tax burden. The results indicate that the percentage voting for lottery approval and lottery expenditure is not correlated with income and negatively correlated with education. Voting patterns are therefore similar to lottery participation, suggesting that voting reflects a latent demand for lottery. Lottery expenditure patterns for border counties exhibit familiar cross-border shopping patterns. Casino gambling is a substitute for instant but not online games.
Survey Data Sets Pertinent to the Study of Intimate Partner Violence and Health
Authors: Campbell Jacquelyn C. , Martin Sandra L. , Moracco Kathryn E. , Manganello Jennifer A. , Macy Rebecca J.
Published: December 2005

Knowledge regarding intimate partner violence has evolved from a somewhat fragmentary and incomplete understanding of the topic to a more cohesive, multifaceted body of research. Despite these accomplishments, there are still many critical knowledge gaps about this important problem. In this age of fiscal restraint, using existing information to address research questions is extremely appealing. This article describes some currently available survey data sets that contain information regarding women's experiences of intimate partner violence and health, identifies a number of the strengths and limitations of these data sets, and makes recommendations concerning the types of survey data that should be gathered in the future to help move the field forward.
Mechanism of the salutary effects of flutamide on intestinal myeloperoxidase activity following trauma-hemorrhage: up-regulation of estrogen receptor-β-dependent HO-1
Authors: Yu Huang-Ping , Choudhry Mashkoor A , Shimizu Tomoharu , Hsieh Ya-Ching , Schwacha Martin G , Yang Shaolong , Chaudry Irshad H
Published: December 2005

Hemeoxygenase (HO)-1 induction following adverse circulatory conditions is known to be protective, and precastrated males have less intestinal damage than sham-operated males following trauma-hemorrhage (T-H). Previous studies have also shown that administration of flutamide up-regulated estrogen receptor (ER) expression in males following T-H. We hypothesized that flutamide administration in males following T-H up-regulates HO-1 via an ER-dependent pathway and protects against intestinal injury. Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent T-H [mean blood pressure (MBP) 40 mmHg for 90 min and then resuscitation]. A single dose of flutamide (25 mg/kg body weight), with or without an ER antagonist (ICI 182,780), a HO enzyme inhibitor [chromium-mesoporphyrin (CrMP)], or vehicle, was administered subcutaneously during resuscitation. At 2 h after T-H or sham operation, intestinal myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC)-1, and CINC-3 levels were measured. Intestinal ER-α, ER-β, androgen receptor, and HO-1 mRNA/protein levels were also determined. Results showed that T-H increased intestinal MPO activity, ICAM-1, CINC-1, and CINC-3 levels. These parameters were improved significantly in the flutamide-treated rats subjected to T-H. Flutamide treatment increased intestinal HO-1 and ER-β mRNA/protein levels as compared with vehicle-treated T-H rats. Administration of the ER antagonist ICI 182,780 or the HO inhibitor CrMP prevented the flutamide-induced attenuation of shock-induced intestinal damage. Thus, the salutary effects of flutamide administration on attenuation of intestinal injury following T-H are mediated via up-regulation of ER-β-dependent HO-1 expression.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: EBLE CONNIE C.
Published: December 2005

connie c. eble, professor of English at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, is editor of American Speech. Her interest in the journal is inherited. Her dissertation director was Norman E. Eliason. He did his first graduate training in philology at Nebraska under Louise Pound, who sent him to Johns Hopkins to complete his doctorate with Kemp Malone.
DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE AND AMERICAN DIALECTOLOGY IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY
Authors: TILLERY JAN , BAILEY GUY , WIKLE TOM
Published: December 2005

Dramatic demographic changes are rapidly reshaping the population of the United States in ways that make the research questions that motivated twentieth-century dialectology outmoded. This paper outlines some of the most important demographic changes currently affecting the United States and suggests some research questions that are implicit in those developments. While twentieth-century dialectology was driven by questions regarding the sociospatial structure of the Founder Dialects and their relationships to settlement history and British regional varieties, twenty-first-century dialectology must examine the linguistic consequences of newly emerging demographic divisions, the consequences of widespread urbanization, and the relationships between Anglo dialects and a rapidly growing non-Anglo population. These questions require some fundamental changes in how we do dialectology, but they also position the discipline in a way that will enable it to address fundamental social and educational issues that stand at the center of the intellectual life of the twenty-first century.
DUDE
Authors: KIESLING SCOTT F.
Published: December 2005

The patterns of use for the address term dude are outlined, as are its functions and meanings in interaction. Explanations are provided for its rise in use, particularly among young men, in the early 1980s, and for its continued popularity since then. Dude is used mostly by young men to address other young men; however, its use has expanded so that it is now used as a general address term for a group (same or mixed gender), and by and to women. Dude is developing into a discourse marker that need not identify an addressee, and more generally encodes the speaker's stance to his or her current addressee(s). Dude indexes a stance of cool solidarity, a stance which is especially valuable for young men as they navigate cultural Discourses of young masculinity, which simultaneously demand masculine solidarity, strict heterosexuality, and nonconformity.
SURVEY SAYS... GAMEDAY
Authors: SABINO ROBIN
Published: December 2005

[gemde], a compound popular among football fans, is infiltrating the general lexicon. Despite [gemde]'s absence from standard dictionaries and lists of neologisms, more than a thousand respondents to an online survey available August 2002-July 2003 had views of its meaning, pronunciation, and how it should be written. The survey responses also document semantic extension of [gemde] to events unrelated to sports. To the survey results were added evidence from naturally occurring citations, such as can be found by searches on the World Wide Web. The evidence suggests combined [gemde] is a semantic unit. Because it was created relatively recently, [gemde] is further used to evaluate two recent proposals (Kjellmer 2000; Metcalf 2002) regarding characteristics that favor the adoption of a neologism, with both models predicting over a 70% probability of its adoption.
THE INVISIBLE COMMUNITY OF THE LOST COLONY: AFRICAN AMERICAN ENGLISH ON ROANOKE ISLAND
Authors: CARPENTER JEANNINE
Published: December 2005

The regional accommodation of earlier and contemporary African American speech remains a major issue in the development of African American English(AAE). This article analyzes a unique regional situation with respect to African American speech—Roanoke Island on the Outer Banks of North Carolina, where the first settlement of British colonists disappeared in 1587 and where a stable community of African Americans has lived since the Civil War. Quantitative analysis of the speech of four generations of African Americans from Roanoke Island for Outer Banks regional features and core diagnostic structures of AAE shows patterns of dialect alignment over time. The generational patterns reveal changes in alignment in the AAE spoken on Roanoke Island over apparent time. However, significant levels of individual variation in each generation are also attested, challenging generalizations about consistent changes over time. The mixed dialect alignment among Roanoke Island African Americans supports the conclusion that regional speech patterns can serve an important role in the development of different varieties of AAE. Furthermore, the unique configuration of dialect features on Roanoke Island indicates alternative trajectories of change in different regional settings,influenced by such factors as population size and local and extended interethnic contact situations.
SO WEIRD; SO COOL; SO INNOVATIVE: THE USE OF INTENSIFIERS IN THE TELEVISION SERIESFRIENDS
Authors: TAGLIAMONTE SALI , ROBERTS CHRIS
Published: December 2005

The use of intensifiers in the television series Friends between 1994 and 2002 provides a unique opportunity to (1) study linguistic innovation in real time and (2) test the viability of media-based data as a surrogate to“real-world” data in sociolinguistic research. TheFriends data exhibit almost the same overall rate of intensification as similar studies of contemporary English, and the same intensifiers occur most frequently: really, very, and so. Frequency of intensifier correlates with its time origin, reflecting the typical layering of forms in language. Moreover, in Friends the once primary intensifier in North America, really, is being usurped byso, which is used more often by the female characters than by the males. Taken together, these findings support the claim that media language does reflect what is going on in language and may even pave the way for innovation. Television data can provide interesting and informative sociolinguistic data for study.
Afek's Last Son: Integrating Change in a Papua New Guinean Cosmology
Authors: Brutti Lorenzo
Published: December 2005

This article explains millenarism as a cultural response to a range of social, economic, and ecological changes that occurred during the past few centuries in Oksapmin society. The assumption is that Oksapmin cosmology has always been dynamic and self-innovating toward both endogenous and exogenous factors of change, tending to integrate emergent elements by modifying its inner structure and outer practice. The following analysis focuses on four main examples of radical transformations due to exogenous causes. All the changes discussed herein were originated, directly or indirectly, from contact with the European world (here defined as white-skinned individuals who came from the “Western” world in a broader sense) under the form of physical persons or material and ideological items. This does not mean that Oksapmin society has found vectors of change only in its confrontation with the Western world. The choice to analyze the interaction between this indigenous culture and different manifestations of European culture has been made according to the anthropologist's ethnographic focus.
The Montagnards and the State in Northern Vietnam from 1802 to 1975: A Historical Overview
Authors: Michaud Jean
Published: December 2005

This article provides an overview of the recent interactions between the highlanders of northern Vietnamand the successive powers that controlled the state between 1802 and 1975: Imperial Vietnam until 1883, the French colonial state until 1954, and the Democratic Republic of Vietnam after that date. Ignored for a long time, courted during wartime, subject to strong acculturation policy since the independence of the North, these highland societies are facing a constant challenge to their cultural survival.
Behind the Palisades: Sociopolitical Recomposition of Native Societies in the Unare Depression, the Eastern Venezuelan Llanos (Sixteenth to Eighteenth Centuries)
Authors: Navarrete Rodrigo
Published: December 2005

This article concerns the sociopolitical recompositions of Carib native societies, especially the Palenque, who inhabited the Unare Depression in the eastern Venezuela llanos during colonial times. Through a comparative exploration of the different scenarios presented by the early(sixteenth-century) and late (eighteenth-century) chronicles, the article develops a critical analysis of the current anthropological knowledge of the area, especially in relation to the process of “retribalization”of Carib groups. The essay offers an alternative approach that focuses on this sociopolitical reconfiguration and migration as a strategic alternative of negotiation developed by native societies as social actors in the colonial political contexts.
Change and Persistence in Aboriginal Settlement Patterns in the Quíbor Valley, Northwestern Venezuela (Sixteenth to Nineteenth Centuries)
Authors: Arvelo Lilliam
Published: December 2005

Traditional history in Venezuela held that during the sixteenth century all traces of the aboriginal societies were erased, particularly in regions where no indigenous societies have survived. In this article I explore the changes observed in the use of the space by the population that has settled, since the fifth century B.C. until the present, in the Quíbor Valley in northwestern Venezuela. I provide an analysis of sociocultural change over a long time period, with special emphasis on the cultural transformations that were set in motion after the colonial encounter of the sixteenth century. Also explored are the responses of the indigenous societies in their process of change into what are now known as criollo peasant communities. The article's conclusion is that this cultural transformation has not yet ended.
Constructing Mikea Identity: Past or Present Links to Forest and Foraging
Authors: Yount James W. , Tsiazonera  , Tucker Bram T.
Published: December 2005

Cultural identity is flexible, rich, and often debated, shaped by local and larger contexts. In this article we explore some of the complexity and diversity of how Mikea identity is constructed, particularly by those who identify themselves as such. The Mikea of southwestern Madagascar are associated with the forest and foraging and contrasted with Vezo fishers and Masikoro agropastoralists, yet these groups and their economic strategies both intermingle. Mystique, pride, stigma, and resource claims together provide diverse, often conflicting motivations in the use and manipulation of Mikea identity. Those who claim the label for themselves generally construct a relationship with the forest, either through present behavior and context or through oral histories linking the living with the ancestors. Nevertheless,behavior and descent may be diversely interpreted in identity claims and neither is sufficient alone to explain self-assertions of Mikea identity in every case. As with any identity, that of the Mikea is continuously recreated and transformed.
Ravenala MadagascariensisSonnerat: The Historical Ecology of a“ Flagship Species” in Madagascar
Authors: Feeley-Harnik Gillian
Published: December 2005

Conservationists in Madagascar emphasize the need to educate local farmers about proper land use, while often ignoring the ideas and practices of expatriate residents in past and present debates about Malagasy ecology. The premise of this article is that we need to study both within the same analytical framework to understand the complexities of social-ecological change in Madagascar. The ravinala or “Traveler's Tree” (Ravenala madagascariensis), a longtime symbol of Madagascar, serves here as a kind of cultural common ground. Focusing on changing accounts of the tree over time, I argue that the contradictory images of a living, bleeding Eden—found in many popular and scholarly accounts of Madagascar—are rooted in religious and political conflicts that are relevant to the country's ecological history. This case study furthers our general understanding of“the social life of trees” by showing how people use trees to orient themselves in place and time, to articulate their relations with other living beings in their immediate and more distant surroundings, and to establish and legitimate claims to land.
The Codex Porfirio Díaz and the Map of Tutepetongo: The Curious Relationship between Pictography and Glosses in Oaxacan Screenfolds
Authors: van Doesburg Bas
Published: December 2005

This article analyzes the complex and sometimes deceiving relationship that might exist between the pictographic text and toponymic glosses in Oaxacan screenfolds from the sixteenth century. The case of the Codex Porfirio Díaz shows that these glosses represent not only boundaries of the cacicazgo of Tutepetongo but also lands and subject settlements within the cacicazgo. Despite their apparent relationship to the glyphs, the glosses do not translate the pictographic text. On the contrary, they reflect important changes in the indigenous conception of the cacicazgo.
“But Now Things Have Changed”: Marius Barbeau and the Politics of Amerindian Identity
Authors: Nurse Andrew
Published: December 2005

This essay examines Marius Barbeau's early-twentieth-century Huron-Wyandot ethnography as a case study in the history of Canadian anthropology and in Canadian cultural history. It examines how Barbeau's ethnographic research became part of a broader, inherently political process, through which an Amerindian identity was remade as part of the ethnographic project. Barbeau, a noted Canadian anthropologist, studied and collected Huron-Wyandot culture from 1911 until 1914. Working within the salvage paradigm, he rejected the idea that historic-era cultural adaptions could constitute part of an“authentic” Huron-Wyandot culture. For Barbeau cultural adaptations or developments signified only cultural decay. By representing Huron-Wyandot culture in this fashion, Barbeau not only challenged Huron and Wyandot conceptions of their culture but created a standard of cultural authenticity to which the existing Huron and Wyandot cultures could not conform. This led Barbeau to conclude that the Huron had been assimilated into white society: the Huron nation, in effect, no longer existed. The Canadian state readily agreed with this conclusion, using Barbeau's research to bolster its own plan to disestablish a Huron reserve and forcibly enfranchise its population, thereby unilaterally abolishing their Amerindian status. Barbeau's Huron-Wyandot ethnography illustrates, this essay concludes, how anthropology became a point of intercultural contact and conflict and a component of aboriginal-white relations in Canada in the first decades of the twentieth century.
Bad News: The Predicament of Native American Mythology
Authors: Bahr Donald
Published: December 2005

This article holds that native American communities generally did not produce and maintain stories of white and Indian relations, in other words,the sort of stories that loom large in the writings of ethnohistorians. What the communities traditionally produced instead were myths and mythologies about an ancient Edenic time before normal human procreation and marriage. The article also holds that the main influence on the content of mythologies was neighboring mythologies, such that each people's telling of ancientness was a parody, but a compassionate one, of its neighbors' tellings. The commitments to parody and to Edenic content hamper these mythologies in today's cultural world. The tellings were wonderful, but now they are past.
A Network Analysis of Inka Roads, Administrative Centers, and Storage Facilities
Authors: Jenkins David
Published: December 2005

The purpose of this article is to show how three centrality measures—degree centrality, closeness centrality, and betweenness centrality—can advance the analysis of the Inka road network. It proposes that the Inka built storage facilities and/or administrative centers at regions of high centrality and at regions of low centrality, based on the structural properties of two different exchange networks. These networks were themselves based on staple finance and on wealth finance. The article concludes with a discussion of how network models may prove useful for the analysis of the global properties of exchange relations in the Inka empire.
Naming Patterns in Black Seminole Ethnogenesis
Authors: Bateman Rebecca B.
Published: December 2005

This article examines naming patterns in relation to the origins of the Black Seminoles, or Seminole Maroons. It argues that the data on Black Seminole naming represent substantial evidence for the existence of African-derived naming practices with features similar to those of a Kongo-Angolan system. The discussion contributes to the growing body of literature on African-American naming patterns among slave, maroon, and free communities, and it sheds light on the cultural backgrounds of the former slaves who came together in Florida to become the Black Seminoles.
Indian Claims Commission: Political Complexity and Contrasting Concepts of Identity
Authors: Wallace Pamela S.
Published: December 2005

Complexity in cross-cultural interaction is apparent within the Indian Claims Commission (icc) proceedings of the 1950s. The U.S. federal government and Creek Indians both in Oklahoma and east of the Mississippi joined forces to suppress the icc petition of the Yuchi, a small Native American community whose identity had been systematically denied for nearly two hundred years. Multiple perceptions of identity and history collided with the inevitable defeat of the Yuchi's petition. The more subtle concerns of political resistance and the reinforcement of Yuchi identity were not defeated but were strengthened in the process.
Simulating Culture: Being Indian for Tourists in Lac du Flambeau's Wa-Swa-Gon Indian Bowl
Authors: Nesper Larry
Published: December 2005

After the Second World War, increasing numbers of tourists traveled to the Northwoods of Wisconsin to recreate. Lac du Flambeau Chippewa Indians encouraged this process by availing themselves as fishing guides and by building in 1951 the Indian Bowl, within which they staged Indian dances and related cultural performances. This article examines the historical and intercultural sensibility of consuming and producing a simulacrum of Indian culture in the Northwoods of Wisconsin in the 1950s. It seeks to attend to the spectacle's significance and implications for local Indian identity over the course of the second half of the twentieth century.
New and Old Social Movements Measuring Pisté, from the“ Mouth of the Well” to the 107th Municipio of Yucatán
Authors: Castañeda Quetzil E.
Published: December 2005

This essay explores the history of the political structure of town and municipal authority in a specific case study of a Yucatec Maya community. The town is Pisté, a community that has become a significant tourist center that provides services for the nearby archaeological and tourist site of Chichén Itzá. A descriptive history of the town, mostly based in secondary literature and key primary sources from archives, is presented with two goals in mind. The first objective is to address ethnographically specific questions regarding the politics of this community, including the 1989 attempt to redefine itself as a “new” county according to Mexico's 1917 Revolutionary Constitution. The second objective is to raise questions and broader issues regarding new social movements, state formation analyzed from the “bottom-up,” the importance of the authority structure of the town/county as a governmental strategy of the Mexican state, and the ethnographic and historical study of the 1980s' crises in Yucatán. The case study contributes to Yucatec studies by pointing attention away from the political-economic core of Mérida, the usual institutions (church,hacienda, and highly capitalized economic sectors), and typical topics (e.g.,party politics, elite factionalism) that have been the focus of Yucatec historiography. By directing attention to areas (communities in the milpa zone) and topics (the political and cultural forms of rural communities) that have been marginalized by Yucatec historians but that have been a favored topic of U.S.-based cultural anthropologists seeking idealized Maya culture,this essay raises new research questions for which yet another rapprochement is necessary in Yucatec studies between the fields of history and cultural ethnography.