bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Failure to Form
Authors: Meadow Tey
Published: January 2019

Finally, in the conclusion, we return to one of the children we met earlier in the book, Rafe, who is now a young adult—on the other side of puberty and living in the world. Returning to the questions that animated the initial study, I draw conclusions from Rafe’s story about the significance of childhood transgenderism for understanding the ways we all gender one another in the contemporary moment. Gender is at once both a deeply personal, subjective identity and a way of anchoring social relationships. We are interpellated into gender categories, and in the moments we contest them, rather than evacuating them of their meaning, we draw them more fully into our subjectivities and intimate, relational lives.
Capitalism
Authors: Block Fred L.
Published: January 2019

Since the 1980s, a particular definition of the United States and the global economy as being “capitalist” has become hegemonic. In this view, a capitalist economy is autonomous and coherent, and it needs to be regulated by its own internal laws. This view is an illusion. The reality is that economies organized around the pursuit of private profit are contradictory, incoherent, and heavily intertwined with politics and governmental action. But the illusion remains hugely consequential, because it has been embraced by political and economic elites who are convinced that they are powerless to change this system. The reality is that the continuing vitality of the United States and the world economy requires a new period of major reforms on the scale of the New Deal and the building of new global institutions after World War II.
The Illusion That Democracy Threatens the Economy
Authors: Block Fred L.
Published: January 2019

This chapter challenges the conventional view that there is a deep tension between democracy and a profit-oriented economy. It argues, on the contrary, that democracy has been critical to the vitality of developed economies, because it provides the protection against the slide into oligarchy and economic stagnation.
Color Line and the Assembly Line
Authors: Esch Elizabeth D.
Published: January 2019

Between World Wars 1 and 2, the Ford Motor Company globalized its sales and production and, in the process, became an exporter of American race practices and what this transnational study calls “white managerialism.” In examining three societies—Brazil, South Africa, and the United States—where Ford supported white supremacist political and social policies, this study deepens our understanding of how American firms rose to prominence globally, including in parts of the world formerly dominated by the British Empire. It argues that seemingly arbitrary and irrational racist ideologies found material backing in managerial practices and policies initiated by Ford and supported by local and national governments. Its focus on the interwar years, when Ford hired unprecedented numbers of African American workers in its Rouge plant in Dearborn, Michigan, allows for a focus on those workers who were both simultaneously central to the Ford empire and treated as second-class citizens within it.
1899
Authors: Dawson Alexander S.
Published: January 2019

While research on peyote accelerated in the United States, United Kingdom, and Germany during the last decade of the nineteenth century, Mexican scientists remained largely ignorant of the properties of the cactus. This changed when Mexico’s Instituto Médico Nacional (IMN) sponsored a series of peyote studies at the turn of the century. In part, those studies relied on historical accounts and reports from government agents working in regions where indigenous peyotists lived. In part, they entailed experiments, first with a variety of animals and then with patients in the Hospital General de San Andrés in Mexico City. In contrast to their counterparts elsewhere, Mexican researchers lacked the capacity to extract mescaline from peyote, and they depended on solutions made from whole peyote buttons for their research. They were also much less inclined to experiment on themselves than researchers elsewhere, and they were more interested in the corporeal effects of peyote than its capacity to affect states of consciousness. In particular, they attempted to demonstrate peyote’s potential to be used as a heart tonic. Their work was ultimately undone by Mexico’s 1910 Revolution, which resulted in the closing of the IMN in 1915.
1918
Authors: Dawson Alexander S.
Published: January 2019

Chastened by how close a national ban of peyote came to passing in early 1918, the following October a group of Native American peyotists gathered in El Reno, Oklahoma, in order to found the Native American Church. This chapter explores this remarkable moment of political activism, along with the histories of peyotism in the United States that led to this initiative. The deep history of peyotism north of the border remains somewhat unclear, though we can be certain that the individuals who came together in 1918 to found a church that could, in turn, enjoy constitutional protections were participants in practices that had consolidated in the latter half of the nineteenth century. Their efforts to create an institutionalized church that would be legible to the U.S. government did not immediately bear fruit, as anti-peyotists dominated the Bureau of Indians Affairs (BIA) through the 1920s, though these efforts did begin to see significant success after John Collier became chief of the BIA in 1933.
1937
Authors: Dawson Alexander S.
Published: January 2019

Histories of peyotism in the United States tend to treat it as deeply rooted and universally embraced in indigenous communities. This chapter reminds us that this was not always the case. During its period of rapid growth, from around 1910 to 1940, peyotism was an evangelical religion in most Native American communities and was met with a great deal of resistance. The peyotists were often young men with ties outside of the community, and their practices challenged traditional hierarchies, traditional practices, and older power-brokers in their communities. In some cases, those who opposed peyotism in Native American communities adopted the same language as the missionaries and the Indian Agents in decrying the spread of peyotism, and in at least one case, (on the Navajo reservation in 1940), this prompted the tribal government to ban peyote on the reservation. The ban passed even with the opposition of the U.S. government, which by 1940 supported the rights of peyotists to practice their religion.
1971
Authors: Dawson Alexander S.
Published: January 2019

We return to Mexico in this chapter, exploring the particular fallout for the psychiatrist Salvador Roquet after peyote was outlawed in Mexico in 1971. This ban grew out of circumstances that mirrored those in the United States: a growing fear among conservatives that non-indigenous youths were increasingly consuming drugs, as well as a sense that this marked a civilizational crisis. Hippy sensibilities offended older, middle-class Mexicans, who often rendered their disgust by lamenting that Mexican youths were, in effect, becoming Indian through their embrace of psychedelics. Dr. Roquet, who was himself no fan of the hippies and who insisted that many of his patients were former drug abusers, became a victim of this anxiety. Continuing to work with these drugs after they were banned, he relied on the goodwill of friends in the government to keep his practice viable. This arrangement collapsed in 1974, after an article in the magazine Tiempo accused Roquet of being a drug-pedaling degenerate (Roquet insisted that the article was a hit-piece, placed by enemies in the psychiatric profession who were jealous of his success). Roquet would spend several months in jail after being arrested in November 1974, but he was ultimately released without charge.
2011
Authors: Dawson Alexander S.
Published: January 2019

This chapter turns to the white shamans. This is not a term of endearment, as it is often linked to notions of charlatanism, foolishness, and more lately, cultural appropriation. Beginning with Carlos Castaneda, several generations of white shamans have deployed images tied to Wixárika peyotism in order to authorize their special wisdom. Resisting the temptation to dismiss them in a wholesale fashion, the chapter explores these figures in the context of the long history of non-indigenous interest in peyote and endeavors to reconsider their practices in that light. If viewed as part of long-standing historical phenomena, the white shamans can represent something more than what is allowed by contemporary binaries (i.e., authentic indigenous mysticism versus an inauthentic white shamanism). While some are, indeed, quite clearly hucksters, as a whole, the white shamans can be read as figures whose attractions to indigeneity speak to a long history in which Western notions of rationality and observable reality have not always been broadly embraced, even within the West. They become fascinating figures who at once reinforce the distinction between the West and the Other (through their embrace of the romance of indigeneity) and destabilize that distinction (by seeking to transcend its categories).
Eric’s Awakening
Authors: Jones Nikki
Published: January 2019

Chapter 1 tells the story of Eric’s transformation from “weed man” to Pastor. The chapter illuminates the earliest moments in which Eric begins to imagine pulling himself out of street life. By the end of the chapter, we come to see Eric’s transformation as the accumulation of a gradual series of awakening moments that took place over a period of years. Over time, his sense of awakening becomes a commitment and then a conviction. Eric’s awakening is not marked by a total break from the street. Instead, Eric maintains his ties to his old friends and his old neighborhood even as he works to change his life. Eric’s story demonstrates how being “half-and-half” acts as a normative phase for young adults as they desist from involvement in illegal activities. The chapter ends with a discussion of how Eric’s organized efforts to make good led to his entanglement in the community and city politics that have emerged between and within the organizations that serve troubled residents in and around the Fillmore, especially young people.
The Crime-Fighting Community
Authors: Jones Nikki
Published: January 2019

Chapter 2 examines closely how battles over representation – specifically, battles over who should be chosen to save the neighborhood – have evolved in the city over time. In San Francisco, efforts to respond to violence in the city’s Black neighborhoods shifted from “peacekeeping” to crime fighting over the course of the late 20th and early 21st century. Today, the crime-fighting community relies on an intimate collaboration among law enforcement (federal, state and local) and a select group of community members, including leaders of youth-based organizations, faith leaders and street outreach workers, to manage problems associated with public safety in a particular geographic area, especially the persistent problem of violence. Yet, the crime-fighting community provides a circumscribed place for men like Eric (and, in some cases, women) with street credentials who are willing to take on the labor-intensive work (and largely subordinate position) of street outreach worker. Efforts to preserve the social organization of the crime-fighting community can lead to the alienation and exclusion of community members like Eric, a loss that can ultimately undermine its stated objectives and cede primary responsibility for youth likely to be victims or perpetrators of violence to law enforcement.
Applying Anthropology in an Alaskan National Park
Authors: Gmelch George , Gmelch Sharon Bohn
Published: January 2019

In a very different sort of applied research, one of the authors is hired by the National Park Service to study Tlingit Indian and white fishermen in a remote area of Glacier Bay National Park. Both groups are suspicious of the research and some individuals are hostile, fearing the Park Service intends to impose new regulations. Shunned at first, the anthropologist later is recruited by the Tlingit to become an “expert witness” and advocate for their rights in Alaska’s Supreme Court.
On the Move
Authors: Gmelch George , Gmelch Sharon Bohn
Published: January 2019

In a five-year interdisciplinary team research project on the migration and mobility patterns of rural Newfoundlanders, the author learns the strengths and drawbacks of collaborative research. In this case, the other researchers are sociologists and geographers whose jargon and ways of doing research the anthropologist must learn in order to collaborate successfully.
Native Anthropology
Authors: Gmelch George , Gmelch Sharon Bohn
Published: January 2019

George returns to professional baseball after a 30-year absence to study the sport. The culture of baseball has changed much during his absence. The role of serendipity in research, along with the benefits and drawbacks of studying your own group, that is, being a “native anthropologist” are explored.
Falling into Fieldwork in Japan
Authors: Gmelch George , Gmelch Sharon Bohn
Published: January 2019

For professional anthropologists, thinking anthropologically is part of everyday life, not just something they do while engaged in field work. This is demonstrated on two occasions when the authors, as visiting faculty at a Japanese university, can’t help doing research. For Sharon it is among Japanese mothers and at the yochien or kindergarten their son Morgan attends, while George turns his anthropological lens on the college basketball team that he joins years later. For both, everyday activities reveal essential characteristics of Japanese culture.
Photography and Film in Ireland and Alaska
Authors: Gmelch George , Gmelch Sharon Bohn
Published: January 2019

This chapter discusses visual anthropology and several related research projects. One involves an analysis of historical images to explore the introduction of photography into Tlingit territory and the uses to which early photographs were put. A second uses old photographs of Irish Travellers in interviews with them to elicit their reflections on the dramatic changes (e.g., loss of nomadism) that have occurred in their lives. The chapter then discusses two forays into film: Sharon’s work as co-producer of an ethnographic film about the Tlingit, and both authors’ experiences as subjects in a documentary for Irish television.
Taking Students to the Field
Authors: Gmelch George , Gmelch Sharon Bohn
Published: January 2019

This chapter describes the experiences of the field school students the authors have taken to the island of Barbados over a 20-year period. There each student lives in a separate rural village with an Afro-Caribbean family while learning to “do” anthropology. The chapter examines what students learn about the tribulations and joys of doing research, about Bajan culture, and about themselves and American culture as a result of living among and studying others.
When the Field Is a City
Authors: Gmelch George , Gmelch Sharon Bohn
Published: January 2019

After two decades of taking students to rural Barbados, the authors move their field school to Australia, to the Tasmanian city of Hobart. This chapter explores how different urban fieldwork is from traditional village ethnography. The advantages and disadvantages of urban vs. rural research and the difference between anthropology of the city and anthropology in the city are discussed.
Persian Religion and Achaemenid Sacred Spaces
Authors: Canepa Matthew P.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 7 examines the problem of the architecture and spatial contexts of Achaemenid religion. It argues that the dynasty did not impose a tradition of fire temple architecture on their empire. It is important to assert this at the outset because throughout the last century scholars have repeatedly assumed the existence of- and often attempted to reconstruct- a trans-millennial tradition of Iranian temple architecture built to house a sacred, ever-burning fire in the manner of a late antique or medieval Zoroastrian fire temple, retrojecting them onto the ancient evidence. It explores the evidence we do have to understand the Achaemenid approach to temples and sacred spaces.
The Seleucid and Arsacid Transformations of Iranian Palatial Architecture
Authors: Canepa Matthew P.
Published: January 2019

Chapter 15 argues that the Seleucids selectively appropriated the Persian palatial traditions to subsume and supersede the Achaemenid legacy. It argues that the Seleucids also used select Achaemenid palaces as anti-monuments, particularly, Susa. The chapter establishes that contours of Seleucid palatial architecture in Iran from the available evidence. It then tracks how the Arsacids engaged the Seleucid palatial tradition before creating new architecture forms with lasting effects on the Iranian. Namely, domed and vaulted architecture.
Providence, Eros, and Constraint
Authors: Satran David
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on the author’s narrative of the path that brought him from childhood in Asia Minor, via the progression of rhetorical and legal studies (in Berytus), to the study circle of Origen in Caesarea Maritima. One of the key themes explored is that of divine providence or management (oikonomia) by which the author is unwittingly led to the meeting with his master, accompanied along the way by a guiding angelic presence. Once in the company of Origen, a series of new themes come to the fore and are examined: the role of forceful constraint in the teacher’s control over his student; the use of imagery of binding and magic to describe the teacher’s effect and influence; and, finally, a description that draws on the language of a Platonic pedagogy of eros, while employing the scriptural example of Jonathan and David as a model of spiritual friendship. These themes jointly raise the central question of free will in the master-disciple relationship.
Laying the Groundwork for NAFTA
Authors: Gálvez Alyshia
Published: January 2019

The third chapter, “Laying the Groundwork for NAFTA” explores the political and economic context preceding NAFTA, and the ways that Mexico’s elected officials and business interests paved the way for the agreement and have benefited from it. The chapter unpacks the concepts of food sovereignty and food security, and how a push toward food security has produced the possibility of a Mexico that no longer produces food.
Introduction
Authors: Konove Andrew
Published: January 2019

The introduction outlines the argument and principal contributions of the book. It argues that the Baratillo and the larger shadow economy in Mexico City have been essential to the economic and political life of the city since the late colonial period. The introduction explains how the study contributes to existing scholarship on the informal economy, the state, urban politics, and urban public space in Mexico and Latin America. It includes a discussion of the study’s sources and methods and brief chapter descriptions.
Free Trading in the Restored Republic
Authors: Konove Andrew
Published: January 2019

This chapter focuses on an 1872 court case that divided vendors in the Baratillo and pitted them against the Mexico City Ayuntamiento. The case drew the attention of some of Mexico’s most prominent citizens, including Vicente García Torres, publisher of El Monitor Republicano, the leading newspaper of the era, and reached Mexico’s Supreme Court, sparking a constitutional crisis. The case shows the improbable range of actors in Mexico City who had stakes in the Baratillo and the degree to which the market’s vendors succeeded in turning a debate over its future into a national conversation about individual rights and the rule of law.
Out of War
Authors: Ferme Mariane C.
Published: January 2019

Out of War is an ethnographic engagement with the nature of intercommunal violence and the material returns of history during and after the 1991–2002 Sierra Leone civil war. The questions raised concern the nature and reckoning of time and reality, fact and fiction; the experience of violence and trauma; the reversibility of perpetrator and victim, friend and enemy; and past, present, and future in the colony and postcolony. The book is a reflection on West African epistemologies and ontologies that contribute to questions in counterpoint with those of international humanitarianism, struggling with the possibilities of truth and quandaries of justice. In the context of massive population displacements and humanitarian interventions, the ethnography traces strategies of psychological, political, and cultural survival and material dwelling in liminal spaces in the midst of the destruction of the social fabric engendered by war. It also examines the juridical creation of new figures of crimes against humanity at the Special Court for Sierra Leone. The Sierra Leone scene, in the aftermath of war, is visualized as a landscape of chronotopes, neologisms that summon the uncertainty of war: the sobel (“soldier by day, rebel by night”), pointing to the instability of distinctions between enemy and friend, or of opposing parties in the war (the rebels of the Revolutionary United Front [RUF] and soldiers in the national army), and the rebel cross, pointing to the possibility that the purported neutrality of the Red Cross masked partisan interests alongside the RUF. Chronotopes also testify to the difficulty of discerning between facts and rumors in war, and they freeze in time collective anxieties about wartime events. Finally, beyond the traumas of war, the book explores the returns of material traces in counterpoint to the more “monumental” presence of Chinese investments in Africa today, and it explores the forgotten sensory history of another China (Taiwan versus the People’s Republic of China) and another Africa inscribed in ordinary agrarian practices on rural landscapes, and in the fabric of domestic life, particularly since the non-aligned movement emerged from the Bandung conference in 1955.
Introduction
Authors: Ferme Mariane C.
Published: January 2019

The introduction explores the temporalities of war’s aftermath and its conceptual framework: it is the latency of a material aftereffect that eludes both agency and consciousness. Among the harms of war was the break in intergenerational transmission of farming knowledge. This chapter also explores the Freudian notion of nachträglichkeit, “afterwardness,” delayed action elaborated in material traces of violence reinscribed in the present—smells, sights, sounds—folded in bodies, landscapes, and neologisms in language.
Forced Marriage and Sexual Enslavement
Authors: Ferme Mariane C.
Published: January 2019

Forced Marriage, or sexual enslavement, was a second war crime added to the growing archive of international criminal law during the 1990s, with some of the earliest convictions obtained at the Special Court for Sierra Leone. At the SCSL, this crime was associated with the figure of the “bush wife” taken by rebel combatants. The questions of the translatability of forms of women’s consent in customary marriages in peacetime versus wartime settings and of the status of the witness are examined in the context of SCSL transcripts versus in-person interviews with former bush wives.
Inscriptions on the Wall
Authors: Ferme Mariane C.
Published: January 2019

Drawing on the image of a “Chinese Store” in the author’s photographic archive, this chapter addresses past traces of Chinese presences in remote reaches of the rural landscape of Sierra Leone—and in commodities widely circulating in the country—in contrast to the more monumental scale of present-day Chinese projects in African states. Here Cold War alliances and competing interests of two Chinas (Taiwan and the People’s Republic of China) superimpose themselves on an archaeology of Chinese presence in West Africa that reaches back to the long term.
Decor
Authors: Hölscher Tonio
Published: January 2019

The category of decor concerns a highly controversial aspect of the visual arts that has provoked much perplexity among scholars. Works of “applied art” of very different character—such as the column of Trajan, statue decoration of public architecture, Pompeian wall decoration, or Roman coin series—are designed with elaborate image programs but present themselves with a very reduced visibility. A solution to this paradox is offered in the notion of decor: not in the debased modern sense of meaningless decoration, but in the ancient meaning of adequate form. Decor serves the fundamental purpose of conveying visible value to objects of major cultural significance. As such, it has a certain autonomy as a visual order that creates distinction without close inspection.
“This Is Our Threnody”
Authors: Jelly-Schapiro Eli
Published: January 2019

Using moments of putative rupture as a lens onto the past and the world, the fiction of Roberto Bolaño articulates two genealogies—the hemispheric (and global) history of neoliberal counterrevolution and the planetary history of capitalist, colonial modernity. Revealing the histories cast in shadow by the global reach of capital and empire, Bolaño’s work, this chapter demonstrates, simultaneously meditates on literature’s ambivalent relationship to cultures of historical erasure. Literature, Bolaño’s fiction insists, is both one mechanism through which the blank spots in our vision are formed and normalized, and one urgent site of resistance to the apparatuses of fetishism and reification.
Crime and Victimization in Miami
Authors: Portes Alejandro , Armony Ariel C.
Published: January 2019

This chapter considers the flipside of globalization and economic progress in Miami—urban crime. Crime is not homogeneous; there are several distinct types, each with its own etiology and consequences. Homicide, for example, is related to but emerges from causal configurations different from those leading to property theft or money laundering. The chapter reviews leading theories of urban crime in order to develop a framework to fit empirical findings. It highlights the fact that not all urban crime occurs at street level or involves personal victims. It indicates the physical association between different forms of crime and locations in urban space. It shows that wealthier areas of town are not crime-free. They are sites for different forms of crime—more complex, apparently “victimless,” but at times more insidious than the street varieties.
A Bifurcated Enclave
Authors: Portes Alejandro , Armony Ariel C.
Published: January 2019

Of all the major ethnic groups making up metropolitan Miami's population, Cubans have pride of place, not only because of their demographic dominance, but also because they played a pivotal role in the area's economic and social transformation. However, beginning in the 1980s, things took a rather different turn for the Cuban population of the United States. By 2010, its average income had descended below that of other Latin American groups and its poverty rate exceeded by a significant margin the national average. This chapter discusses how the Cuban population of Miami became divided into two distinct blocs: older Cubans, the creators of the business enclave and their American-born children, on the one hand, and Mariel and post-Mariel arrivals and their offspring, on the other. Like all urban phenomena, this bifurcation had a spatial dimension. This bifurcation also took place silently and without major confrontations between the two Cuban communities.
The Shunzhi Emperor and His Eunuchs
Authors: Kutcher Norman A.
Published: January 2019

This chapter explores the reign of the Shunzhi emperor, the first Qing ruler to inhabit the Forbidden City (Zijincheng). Historians have long debated whether Shunzhi fell into the same trap as had emperors of the preceding Ming dynasty, placing trust in eunuchs and eventually allowing them into government. Debate has centered on his creation of a series of inner-court eunuch agencies known as the Thirteen Yamen, and on whether he ceded power to the eunuch Wu Liangfu. This chapter settles the debate by examining: Shunzhi’s reconstruction of Qianqing Gong, a major palace building;
the draft of an edict of 1653; the role of eunuch Wang Jinshan. These unequivocally demonstrate that Shunzhi was indeed headed toward a government with eunuchs at the center.
The Influence of Eunuchs in Kangxi’s Inner Circle
Authors: Kutcher Norman A.
Published: January 2019

While the Kangxi emperor is traditionally considered to have sternly cracked down on the sprouts of eunuch power in the Qing, his own proximity to the Ming dynasty meant he would draw on Ming models more than he himself realized. Thus it was that he allowed a small number of eunuchs to become among his chief advisors. These included Gu Wenxing, Li Yu, Liang Jiugong, Chen Fu and Wei Zhu. They played key roles in diplomatic exchanges, and even in the process of succession.
Yoko Ono
Authors: Stevens Carolyn S.
Published: January 2019

Yoko Ono is one of the most recognized Japanese persons overseas. Her 1969 marriage to John Lennon catapulted this bilingual and bicultural avant-garde artist onto a world stage, and Ono both benefited from and suffered greatly under the global media gaze. This chapter looks at how Ono represented transgressive aspects of Japanese womanhood to the world, which loved and hated her in equal turns. This chapter also includes a discussion of a number of Ono's iconic works of performance art, film, and music as feminist statements that still have impact today.
Introduction
Authors: Hansen Helena
Published: January 2019

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's main themes. This book examines the ways ex-addicted Pentecostals work toward rupture. One strategy for rupture is the performance of alternative masculinities. Having lost credibility with their families in the course of their addiction, converted men present themselves to their parents and spouses as spiritual heads of home. They draw on images of Christ to convert mainstream masculinity into an evangelical manhood that is based on domesticity, emotional responsiveness, self-sacrifice, and spiritual knowledge. This contrasts with the rise and fall of one of the only street ministries in Puerto Rico to cater to women. In their bid to cultivate the respectability and upward mobility of its male recruits, the ministries adopted a middle-class, patriarchal model of the family, over the working-class, female-headed extended families from which most of its membership comes, ultimately limiting the possibilities for women in the ministries.
Bringing It Home
Authors: Hansen Helena
Published: January 2019

This chapter presents a synthesis of the key themes discussed in the preceding chapters. It argues that addiction is biocultural: the social imaginary determines biological outcomes, because what addicted people think of themselves and see as possible drives their risk of overdose, infection, violence, and incarceration. The question is how to cultivate social imaginaries and lattices of relationships that foster therapeutic ways of living. Pentecostalism can, at times, open spaces for marginal people to create a new order based on narratives of ascetic redemption, domesticity, and universal access to knowledge and gifts. At other times, it draws on elements of the old order—such as patriarchy—empowering some members at the expense of others.
Commentary
Authors: Babb Florence E.
Published: January 2019

This commentary examines the pioneering research on Andean women that emerged in the 1970s and 1980s. This researchtended toward two divergent poles. The first consists ofanalyses, like the author’s on the community of Vicos, that emphasized the “complementarity” of gender roles in the rural sector and suggested that a gender hierarchy was the result of externallyimposed ideas and practices, whether from colonialism or contemporary urban culture. The second pole consists of analyses that, in contrast, held that patriarchal relations were rooted in “traditional” rural communities and would be altered only with “modernization.”In many ways, the initial debates on the lives and prospects of Andean women set an agenda whose traces may be seen to extend through the present, even if the pace of scholarly research in Peru’s rural sector slowed during the 1980s as a consequence of the conflict and violence in the country that cost nearly seventy thousand lives. Babb was among a very small number of researchers who continued work on the Peruvian Andes (and migration to the coast) in that turbulent decade.
Women and Men in Vicos, Peru
Authors: Babb Florence E.
Published: January 2019

The Peru-Cornell Project inthe community of Vicos (1952–1962) was the cooperative effort of Cornell University and the Peruvian Indian Institute. The late professor Allan R. Holmberg took the opportunity to lease the Hacienda Vicos in 1952 in order to direct and study social change, and many social scientists and technical personnel worked with the project over the next ten years. This chapter draws heavily on unpublished field data of members of the Peru-Cornell Project, as well as the published literature on Vicos, to document the changing conditions in women’s and men’s lives. Vicos is not unique in Peru, for much of the country underwent similar land reform a few years later, but it is unique in the conscious way that many changes were introduced and reported by researchers. This makes Vicos particularly appropriate for a study that traces the effect of capitalist development on the fabric of human relations.
Women’s Work
Authors: Babb Florence E.
Published: January 2019

Economic anthropologists have been slow to take advantage of the scholarship on gender relations in society. Although there have been some positive developments in the direction of incorporating gender analysis in research in economic anthropology, the mainstream of the subdiscipline has rarely appreciated the significance of gender as a primary category of analysis. Following a general discussion, this chapter draws on research on the informal economic sector in the Peruvian Andes to argue that studies are incomplete and often distorted when they disregard gender and that they are enriched to the degree that they examine the differential experiences of women and men in the society and the economy.
Qiaopi, Qiaoxiang, and Charity
Authors: Benton Gregor , Liu Hong
Published: January 2019

This chapter examines a dimension of the qiaopi trade often overlooked in existing studies (and, more broadly, in diasporic Chinese studies), its role in charity and in developing the qiaoxiang. It looks at the operational mechanisms, impact, and theoretical implications of qiaopi charity. It argues that qiaopi and the associated remittance networks were a main underpinning of diasporic Chinese philanthropy, which further cemented the relationship between Chinese overseas and China. The chapter examines education (which was the main focus of qiaopi giving after everyday family survival) and charity directed at improving transport and communications and aiding national causes (especially during wars and crises). It concludes that the qiaopi trade and early Chinese diasporic philanthropy foreshadowed contemporary forms of diasporic charity undertaken by migrants from other countries.
Aging and Twentieth-Century Britain
Authors: Greenhalgh Charlotte
Published: January 2019

Existing scholarship on the history of old age displays several puzzling contradictions. Its chronological definitions of old age, which usually begin at around sixty, encompass people of enormous diversity in health, wealth, and even age. Meanwhile, older people themselves reject such definitions. Instead, elderly Britons have typically looked to their own lives in order to understand what it has meant to grow old. In the twentieth century, experiences of old age were shaped by the increasingly humane treatment of older Britons. Yet the British state simultaneously tolerated persistent poverty among the aged. This book addresses these tensions by uniting the public and private histories of aging and by putting the particular challenges of researching old age at the heart of its account.
The White Working-Class and the Foreclosure Crisis: Tracing the Roots of a Failed Movement in Southern California
Authors: Robinson J. Gregg
Published: January 2019

This article investigates why no major social movement has developed around the foreclosure crisis. Initially, the answer to this question was thought to lie in the individualistic ideological beliefs held by those going through foreclosure. That is, it was hypothesized that self-blame and guilt would account for the lack of activism in the streets. To test this hypothesis, a survey of over 400 residents and over twenty in-depth follow-up interviews were conducted in a working-class suburb of San Diego, California, that had been hard hit by the foreclosure crisis. These data failed to support the hypothesis and, instead, pointed to community individualistic ideology and lack of participation in civic organizations as the determining factors suppressing movement formation.
The Rewards of Authority in the Workplace: Do Gender and Age Matter?
Authors: Schieman Scott , Schafer Markus H. , McIvor Mitchell
Published: January 2019

Authority in the workplace has its benefits. It is well-established that job authority generally yields higher earnings. In this study, the authors ask: Does that observation extend to other nonpecuniary rewards in the workplace? Using data from a 2011 representative sample of Canadian workers, results suggest it does—but there are some social status contingencies. In particular, the benefits of higher levels of job authority for job autonomy, challenging work, and income are stronger among men compared to women. By contrast, no age-based contingencies are observed. Collectively, observations about job authority's bundling with other rewards elaborate on the claim that job authority is a “highly coveted workplace resource”—but the degree of these payoffs differs for men and women.
PENGARUH MOTIVASI KERJA, PRAKTIK KERJA INDUSTRI, PENGUASAAN SOFT SKILL, DAN INFORMASI DUNIA KERJA TERHADAP KESIAPAN KERJA SISWA SMK
Authors: Khoiroh Murtaziqotul , Prajanti Sucihatiningsih Dian Wisika
Published: January 2019

SMK merupakan pendidikan menengah kejuruan yang bertujuan memepersiapkan peserta didik menjadi tenaga kerja yang profesional untuk bekerja dalam bidang tertentu. Hasil observasi awal menunjukkan bahwa kesiapan kerja siswa kelas XII jurusan pemasaran SMK Swadaya Teamanggung tahun pelajaran 2017/2018 masih belum maksimal. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis pengaruh positif dan signifikan motivasi kerja, praktik kerja industri, penguasaan soft skill, dan informasi dunia kerja terhadap kesiapan kerja siswa kelas XII jurusan pemasaran SMK Swadaya Temanggung tahun pelajaran 2017/2018 secara parsial maupun simultan. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas XII jurusan pemasaran yang berjumlah 83 siswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan sampel jenuh atau disebut dengan penelitian populasi. Metode pengumpuulan data dengan menggunakan kuesioner. Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif persentase dan analisis regresi linier berganda. Hasil penelitian ini adalah terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan motivasi kerja, praktik kerja industri, penguasaan soft skill, dan informasi dunia kerja terhadap kesiapan kerja secara parsial masing-masing sebesar 8%, 22,2%, 6,2%, 5,9%, dan secara simultan sebesar 59,3%.

 

Vocational High School is a vocational secondary education which aims to prepare students to become professional workers to work in a particular field. The results of preliminary observation indicated that the student’s work readiness of grade XII marketing major in Vocational High School Swadaya Temanggung academic year 2017/2018 was not maximum. The purpose of this study was to analize the positive and significant effect of work motivation, practical work, soft skill mastery, and work information on the students’ work readiness of grade XII marketing major in Vocational High School Swadaya Temanggung year 2017/2018 partially or simultaneously. The population of this study were all students of grade XII marketing major in Vocational High School Swadaya Temanggung, which were 83 students. This study used a saturated sample or called population research. The method of data collection was by using questionnaire. The techniques of data analysis used descriptive percentage analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The results of this study are that there is a positive and significant impact from work motivation, practical work, soft skill mastery, and work information to the work readiness partially respectively is8%, 22.2%,6.2%, 5.9%, and simultaneously is59.3%.
PENGARUH EFIKASI DIRI, KOMUNIKASI INTERPERSONAL GURU DAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN TERHADAP PERILAKU BELAJAR
Authors: Rahmania Yulita , Ismiyati Ismiyati
Published: January 2019

Tujuan dalam penelitian ini adalah mengetahui adakah pengaruh secara langsung antara efikasi diri, komunikasi interpersonal, dan media pembelajaran terhadap perilaku belajar peserta didik Jurusan Administrasi Perkantoran Kelas X, XI di SMK Negeri 1 Kendal. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah 143 peserta didik yang merupakan peserta didik kelas X, XI Jurusan Administrasi Perkantoran di SMK Negeri 1 Kendal dengan seluruh populasi dijadikan sebagai sampel dengan teknik sampling menggunakan sampel jenuh. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah kuesioner. Metode analisis data yaitu uji instrumen (uji validitas dan uji reliabilitas), uji asumsi klasik menggunkan SPSS versi 21 dan analisis regresi berganda menggunakan Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) dengan program aplikasi Lisrel versi 8.51. Hasil perhitungan data diperoleh Equation Modelling sebagai berikut:  PB = 0.31*ED + 0.17*KI + 0.37*MP, Errorvar.= 0.62 , R²= 0.40. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa  efikasi diri, komunikasi interpersonal dan media pembelajaran berpengaruh positif secara langsung terhadap perilaku belajar peserta didik kelas X, XI Jurusan Administrasi Perkantoran di SMK Negeri 1 Kendal.

 

The objectives in this study are whether there is direct influence between self efficiacy, interpersonal communication and media learning on behavior learn. The population in this study is 143 student who are students of Class X, XI Majoring in Office Administration at SMK N 1 Kendal with all population be used as sample with sampling technique using saturated samples. Methods of data collection of questionnaires. Methods of data analysis are instrument test (valdity test and reliability test), classical assumption test using SPSS version 21 and analysis multiple linear regressionStructural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis using Lisrel application version 8.51. The result of data calculation obtained by Equation Modeling as follows: :  PB = 0.31*ED + 0.17*KI + 0.37*MP, Errorvar.= 0.62 , R²= 0.40. The results showed that efficiaacy self, interpersonal communication and media learning had a direct positive effect on the behavior learnstudents of Class X, XI Majoring in Office Administration at SMK N 1 Kendal.
PERAN KOMITMEN ORGANISASI DALAM MEMEDIASI PENGARUH VARIABEL KETELADANAN PEMIMPIN, KOMPETENSI PERANGKAT DESA, DAN BUDAYA ORGANISASI TERHADAP KINERJA
Authors: Saputri Eka Dewi , Muhsin Muhsin
Published: January 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh langsung dan tidak langsung antara keteladanan pemimpin, kompetensi perangkat desa, dan budaya organisasi terhadap kinerja perangkat desa melalui komitmen organisasi. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah 157 perangkat desa di Kecamatan Pangkah dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 113 orang  dari 23 desa yang dihitung dengan rumus slovin. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan dokumentasi, kuesioner, observasi, dan wawancara. Metode analisis data penelitian ini menggunakan path analysis dengan signifikansi sebesar 5%. Hasil perhitungan data diperoleh persamaan mediator yang selanjutnya disingkat dengan M = 11,542 - 0,005X1 + 0,164X2 + 0,200X3+ 0,734e1 dan kinerja perangkat desa yang selanjutnya disingkat dengan Y = 11,573 + 0,233X1 + 0,246X2 + 0,084X3 +0,270M + 0,720e2. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa keteladanan pemimpin dan kompetensi perangkat desa berpengaruh positif secara langsung terhadap kinerja perangkat desa. Namun, variabel budaya organisasi dan komitmen organisasi tidak berpengaruh secara langsung terhadap kinerja perangkat desa. Sedangkan variabel kompetensi perangkat desa dan budaya organisasi memiliki pengaruh positif secara tidak langsung melalui komitmen organisasi terhadap kinerja perangkat desa.

 

This research aimed to determine the direct and indirect influence of leaders’ exemplary, village apparatus’ competence, and organizational culture to the village apparatus’ performance through organizational commitment.The population in this research was 157 village apparatus in Pangkah with 113 samples from 23 villages calculated by Slovin Formula. Data collecting methods were documentation, questionnaire, observation, and interview. The methods of the data analysis of this researchused path analysis with 5 % significance.The result of the data calculation obtained the equation of mediation then shortened as M = 11,542 - 0,005X1 + 0,164X2 + 0,200X3 + 0,734e1 and village apparatus’ performance then shortened as Y = 11,573 + 0,233X1 + 0,246X2 + 0,084X3 + 0,270M + 0,720e2. The results showed that leaders’ exemplary and village apparatus’ competence have a direct positive effect to the village apparatus’ performance. However, the organizational culture and organizational commitment variables did not direct affect the village apparatus’ performance. While the competence variables of village apparatus and organizational culture have a indirect positive influence through organizational commitment to the village apparatus’ performance.
Coverage-Versus-Length Plots, a Simple Quality Control Step for de Novo Yeast Genome Sequence Assemblies
Authors: Douglass Alexander P , O’Brien Caoimhe E , Offei Benjamin , Coughlan Aisling Y , Ortiz-Merino Raúl A , Butler Geraldine , Byrne Kevin P , Wolfe Kenneth H
Published: January 2019

Illumina sequencing has revolutionized yeast genomics, with prices for commercial draft genome sequencing now below $200. The popular SPAdes assembler makes it simple to generate a de novo genome assembly for any yeast species. However, whereas making genome assemblies has become routine, understanding what they contain is still challenging. Here, we show how graphing the information that SPAdes provides about the length and coverage of each scaffold can be used to investigate the nature of an assembly, and to diagnose possible problems. Scaffolds derived from mitochondrial DNA, ribosomal DNA, and yeast plasmids can be identified by their high coverage. Contaminating data, such as cross-contamination from other samples in a multiplex sequencing run, can be identified by its low coverage. Scaffolds derived from the bacteriophage PhiX174 and Lambda DNAs that are frequently used as molecular standards in Illumina protocols can also be detected. Assemblies of yeast genomes with high heterozygosity, such as interspecies hybrids, often contain two types of scaffold: regions of the genome where the two alleles assembled into two separate scaffolds and each has a coverage level C, and regions where the two alleles co-assembled (collapsed) into a single scaffold that has a coverage level 2C. Visualizing the data with Coverage-vs.-Length (CVL) plots, which can be done using Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets, provides a simple method to understand the structure of a genome assembly and detect aberrant scaffolds or contigs. We provide a Python script that allows assemblies to be filtered to remove contaminants identified in CVL plots.