bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Validation of the Optimality Index‐US for Use in Turkey to Assess Maternity Care
Authors: Yucel Cigdem , Low Lisa Kane , Taskin Lale
Published: October 2015

Aim

To determine the validity of a translated version of the Optimality Index‐United States (OI‐US) for use in Turkey by comparing the scores for healthy and high‐risk pregnant women.

Background

The OI‐US is a validated instrument used in perinatal outcomes research based on the principle of using the least amount of intervention to promote maximum outcomes. It includes process and outcome items in 2 parts, the perinatal background index (PBI) and optimality index (OI) which combine as the total OI‐US. There are not validated instruments for use in Turkey that measure optimality.

Methods

The study was conducted at a women's hospital in Ankara, Turkey in April and May 2012. Laboring women (N = 300) were grouped according to their pregnancy risk status into 2 groups: 150 healthy pregnant women and 150 high‐risk pregnant women. Data were collected prospectively and were analyzed with percentages and t tests for independent samples. High scores indicate greater optimality. The total OI includes both the PBI and the OI combined.

Results

There was a significant difference between the mean PBI scores in high‐risk and healthy pregnant women (t: 2.654; P < 0.05) and a significant difference between the mean OI scores in high‐risk and healthy pregnant women (t: –2.065; P < 0.05). Yet the total OI scores for high‐risk compared to healthy women was not significant (t: –0.084; P > 0.05).

Discussion

The results of this study indicate that while the risk status of women differs, the type of care they received is essentially the same as measured by the Turkish version of the OI‐US which is not optimal. The validity of the instrument appears to function appropriately.
FROM INSTITUTIONS TO FINANCIAL DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH: WHAT ARE THE LINKS?
Authors: Fernández Andrés , Tamayo César E.
Published: October 2015

This paper presents an integrated overview of the literature linking institutions, financial development, and economic growth. From the large body of research on institutional development, the paper first selects those contributions that make it possible to study the role of institutional arrangements in ameliorating/worsening the information frictions and transaction costs that characterize the development of financial markets. The paper then investigates the theoretical mechanisms by which these specific frictions affect economic growth and presents the stock of empirical evidence quantifying the impact of institutions on growth through financial development.
Procyclical Capital Regulation and Lending
Authors: BEHN MARKUS , HASELMANN RAINER , WACHTEL PAUL
Published: October 2015

We use a quasi‐experimental research design to examine the effect of model‐based capital regulation on the procyclicality of bank lending and firms' access to funds. In response to an exogenous shock to credit risk in the German economy, capital charges for loans under model‐based regulation increased by 0.5 percentage points. As a consequence, banks reduced the amount of these loans by 2.1 to 3.9 percentage points more than for loans under the traditional approach with fixed capital charges. We find an even stronger effect when we examine aggregate firm borrowing, suggesting that microprudential capital regulation can have sizeable real effects.
Magnetic resonance imaging of an endometrial stromal nodule
Authors: Ozaki Kumi , Gabata Toshifumi
Published: October 2015

Endometrial stromal nodules are rare benign tumors that appear as well‐circumscribed globular masses in the myometrium. In this report, a myometrial mass exhibited heterogeneous hyperintensity without hypointense bands on T2‐weighted images and homogeneous isointensity on T1‐weighted images. A dynamic contrast study revealed the same degree of uterine myometrial enhancement only in the marginal area. The structures were pathologically confirmed to correspond with proliferating endometrial stromal cells. Herein, we report this rare tumor and the correlation between magnetic resonance imaging and pathological findings.
Approach for Chronic Total Occlusion With Intravascular Ultrasound–Guided Reverse Controlled Antegrade and Retrograde Tracking Technique: Single Center Experience
Authors: DAI JIAN , KATOH OSAMU , KYO EISHO , TSUJI TAKAFUMI , WATANABE SATOSHI , OHYA HIDEFUMI
Published: October 2015

Background

Controlled antegrade and retrograde subintimal tracking (CART) or reverse CART techniques is the final step for percutaneous revascularization of coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO), but it still represents technical challenges and risk in interventional procedures.

Objectives

Our purpose was to utilize intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)‐guided reverse CART approach for percutaneous revascularization of CTO in our heart center, focusing on its safety, efficacy, and latest technical developments.

Methods

From November 2006 to November 2012, 49 patients with CTO failed to antegrade and/or retrograde percutaneous revascularization of CTO from true lumen to true lumen were enrolled in and underwent IVUS guided reverse CART approach.

Results

The mean J‐CTO score of cases was 2.5. IVUS guidance was successfully implemented in 95.9%; IVUS identified that 61.7% of retrograde wires were located at intimal space, and 59.5% of antegrade wires were located at subintimal space. A Corsair channel dilator was used in 77.6% of cases. The success rates of technique and procedure were 95.9% and 93.9%, respectively; the technical minor complications were observed in 10.2% of cases, without significant clinic outcomes; 2.0% of cases occurred with a major adverse cardiac event of non‐ST‐elevation myocardial infarction; and no case occurred with target vessel revascularization or death. The mean length of stent implanted in a single CTO vessel was 51.3 mm. No patient appeared with radiation dermatitis and contrast‐induced rise of creatinine.

Conclusions

IVUS guided reverse CART approach is effective and safe for percutaneous revascularization of complex CTO, with a high success and a low complication rate. It is feasible to develop this approach for percutaneous revascularization of complex CTO. However, suitable case selection and lately device handling by experienced operators are the crucial points of success. (J Interven Cardiol 2013;26:434‐443)
In Search of the Impactful and the Interesting: Swings of the Pendulum?
Authors: Clark Timothy , Floyd Steven W. , Wright Mike
Published: October 2015

In this article we reflect on our time as editors of JMS during the period 2003–09. First we describe the context as we saw it on assuming editorship of the Journal and the actions that we took to improve the quality of scholarship published in the journal in order to set JMS on the trajectory to become a world‐leading Journal. We articulate our view of what quality means in this context and observe that we eschewed the USA–Europe divide. Rather, to be publishable, all papers had to meet the highest standards relative to their epistemological assumptions. Finally, we address two important challenges facing the Journal, and indeed management research in general, and consider what they mean for the future of JMS, notably in relation to open access publishing and to provide greater practical relevance. We conclude that the latter represents a swing of the pendulum towards the kinds of papers published in the early years of JMS but that recent developments in JMS provide new conceptual frameworks and empirical methods that contribute to enhanced insights for practice.
Gadolinium‐Enhancing Lesions Lead to Decreases in White Matter Tract Fractional Anisotropy in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Chiang Gloria C. , Pinto Soniya , Comunale Joseph P. , Gauthier Susan A.
Published: October 2015

PURPOSE

Although MRI identification of new lesions forms the basis for monitoring disease progression in multiple sclerosis patients, how lesion activity relates to longitudinal white matter changes in the brain is unknown. We hypothesized that patients with gadolinium‐enhancing lesions would show greater longitudinal decline in fractional anisotropy in major tracts compared to those with stable disease.

METHODS

Thirty patients with relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis were included in this study—13 had enhancing lesions at baseline and 17 did not. Each patient underwent at least two 3 Tesla contrast‐enhanced MRI scans with a DTI sequence with a median interval of 2.1 years between scans. The forceps major and minor of the corpus callosum and the bilateral corticospinal tracts were selected as the major white matter tracts of interest. These tracts were reconstructed using region‐of‐interest placement on standard anatomical landmarks and a fiber assignment by continuous tracking algorithm using TrackVis (version 0.5.2.2) software. Mixed‐effects regression models were used to determine the association between enhancing lesions and subsequent longitudinal change in fractional anisotropy.

RESULTS

In patients with enhancing lesions, there was greater decline in fractional anisotropy compared to those with stable disease in the forceps major (P = .026), right corticospinal tract (P = .032), and marginally in the left corticospinal tract (P = .050), but not the forceps minor (P = .11).

CONCLUSION

Fractional anisotropy of major white matter tracts declined more rapidly in patients with enhancing lesions, suggesting greater diffuse white matter injury with active inflammatory disease. DTI may provide a means of monitoring white matter injury following relapses.
The Rhetoric of Homosexual Practice
Authors: Anderson John J.
Published: October 2015

Many Protestant denominations have or recently had policies that prohibit “self‐avowed practicing homosexuals” from being ordained. By only prohibiting “practicing” homosexuals, proponents of these policies claim that they do not discriminate against homosexuals as a group since, technically, a homosexual can still be ordained as long as she is “non‐practicing.” In other words, a condemnation of homosexual practice is not the same as a condemnation of homosexual persons. I argue that this is not the case; the rhetoric of homosexual practice does, in fact, amount to a condemnation of gays and lesbians. It does so by conflating the two things it claims to keep separate—homosexual conduct and homosexual identity. I demonstrate this conflation by analyzing the history of this rhetoric and how it has been adjudicated in church court decisions from the United Methodist Church and the Presbyterian Church (USA).
Double Agents
Authors: Weaver Darlene Fozard
Published: October 2015

Jennifer Herdt's Putting On Virtue argues for the theological and normative superiority of noncompetitive accounts of divine and human agency. Although such accounts affirm the indispensability and sovereignty of divine grace they also acknowledge human agents as active participants in their own moral change. Indeed, Herdt contends we cannot coherently describe the human telos as entailing a transformation of character without affirming that human agents meaningfully contribute to that change. Nevertheless, a recurrent worry in Putting On Virtue is that persons may view their growth in virtue as a personal achievement and that the pleasure of positive self‐regard will displace disinterested—and hence truly virtuous—moral aspiration. This discussion of Herdt's volume sympathetically canvasses her argument. It then looks briefly at the reflexive structure of human agency to consider the relationship between the human telos and the transformation of character, and to encourage a more generous attitude toward positive self‐regard.
Metabolizable energy intake of client‐owned adult cats
Authors: Thes M. , Koeber N. , Fritz J. , Wendel F. , Dobenecker B. , Kienzle E.
Published: October 2015

A retrospective analysis of the metabolizable energy (ME) intake of privately owned pet cats from the authors’ nutrition consultation practice (years 2007–2011) was carried out to test whether current recommendations are suitable for pet cats. Data of 80 adult cats (median age: 9.0 years, median deviation from ideal weight: +22.5%, majority neutered) at maintenance were available. Six percentage of the cats were healthy and the others were affected by various chronic diseases. A standardized questionnaire was used, cat owners weighed cat and food. For ration calculation, the software Diet Check Munich™ was used (ME prediction according to National Research Council, 2006: Nutrient Requirements of Dogs and Cats. National Academy Press, Washington, DC). Data were analysed for the factors deviation from ideal weight, breed, age, gender, disease and type of feeding [prepared food (dry, wet) vs. home‐made]. Over‐ or underweight were defined as ≥15% deviation from ideal body weight (BW) according to Kienzle and Moik (British Journal of Nutrition 2011, 106, Suppl 1: S113). Cat owner's estimation of ideal BW was higher than literature data from Kienzle and Moik (2011). Based on literature data, 26.3% of the pet cats were normal weight, 63.7% overweight and 10% underweight. The mean ME intake of all adult cats amounted to 0.40 ± 0.14 MJ/kg actual BW0.67 (n = 80). When the data were analysed according to normal, over‐ and underweight, there was a significant effect with normal weight cats eating 0.46 MJ/kg BW0.67. Underweight cats ate even more (0.49 MJ/kg BW0.67), whereas overweight cats ate considerably less (0.36 MJ/kg BW0.67). The other factors had no influence on ME intake of adult cats.
Bilingualism and Students (Learners) With Intellectual Disability: A Review
Authors: Ware Jean , Lye Catrin Bethan , Kyffin Fliss
Published: October 2015

The authors explored the interface between bilingualism and the education of students with intellectual disability (ID) through a review of the English language literature. Little substantive research endeavor was found connecting the two areas. We interpreted the term “bilingual” as including both children from bilingual homes (simultaneous bilinguals) and children being educated through a language other than the language of their home (sequential or late bilinguals). Six main themes were identified in the literature: (1) assessment, (2) staff preparation and training, (3) academic progress and supporting bilingual students with ID, (4) advice to families on bilingual upbringing and education, (5) communication development, and (6) policy. Considerable progress in assessing bilingual students for ID has been made in the last decade, and good practice guidelines have been developed; however, there is still a paucity of appropriate assessment tools. Disproportionality remains a problem, but research shows that it is a more complex problem than simply overcoming the problem of differentiating between language difficulties and ID. There is strong evidence that children who are in the process of becoming bilingual make better progress when initially supported through their L1; this is likely to be equally applicable to students with ID. Professionals continue to advise parents against bilingualism for children with ID, although there is little evidence either for or against bilingualism for students with ID. Research should concentrate on how bilingual children with ID can be supported to develop skills in both their languages, and on ensuring that children with ID who are becoming bilingual are supported academically.
The Benefits of a Frailty Index for People With Intellectual Disability: A Commentary
Authors: Schoufour Josje D. , Evenhuis Heleen M. , Mitnitski Arnold , Rockwood Kenneth , Echteld Michael A.
Published: October 2015

A frailty index is a quantitative measure of frailty, based on the nonspecific accumulation of deficits. In the general population the frailty index strongly predicts death and deterioration of independence and health. Few studies focus on frailty in people with intellectual disabilities (ID). However, because of the increasing longevity of people with ID, frailty will become a major healthcare challenge in this population. Here we argue the benefits of using a frailty index to measure frailty in people with ID, as it was suggested that this tool would lead to flawed results in this specific population. Most important, as the exact content of the frailty index is relatively free, the frailty index can include problems that are often present in the ID population, as well as use diagnostic questionnaires that have been validated in people with ID. In addition, as the frailty index is designed using a well‐evaluated standardized procedure, results can be compared to the general population. The frailty index is applicable to the ID population and predicts negative health outcomes, making it a useful instrument for policy and research. However, further research on its clinical applicability is required.
Variables That Can Enhance and Complicate Sibling Caregiving of Individuals With Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Saxena Mamta
Published: October 2015

The increasing longevity of adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD) has raised new issues for families. Individuals with I/DD who face difficulties in achieving full independence might remain dependent on family members such as aging parents, who may be unable to provide continued support. Therefore, reliance on siblings for the future care can be an adaptive action for many families. Sibling caregiving is a universal phenomenon and requires rigorous examination and exploration. Like other carers, siblings require support and services to fulfill their role's expectations. Nonetheless, the degree and kind of support and services needed by them remains undetermined owing to the lack of research. The author reviewed variables that can enhance and complicate sibling caregiving of individuals with I/DD through the application of the Push‐Pull model. The Push‐Pull model can help in understanding that the role and interaction of multiple influences can have methodological and pedagogical implications for sibling caregiving research, support programs, social law, and policy change. The author notes that the review can provide a foundation for future studies, and she recommends inclusion of siblings in family policies.
Which Is First? The Controversial Issue of Precedence in the Treatment of Male Sexual Dysfunctions
Authors: Jannini Emmanuele A. , Isidori Andrea M. , Aversa Antonio , Lenzi Andrea , Althof Stanley E.
Published: October 2015

Introduction

In male sexual dysfunction (MSD), the presence of sexual comorbidities is relatively frequent. However, what is still a matter of controversy is what the first-line therapy in these patients should be.

Methods

Three scientists and the editor of the Controversies section, all experts in the medical treatment of MSD, present different perspectives on the use of phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5), testosterone and dapoxetine in erectile dysfunction (ED), hypogonadism, and premature ejaculation (PE). The psychological aspects are discussed by an outstanding expert in psychosexology.

Main Outcome Measure

Expert opinion supported by the critical review of the currently available literature.

Results

Testosterone should be used before PDE5s in hypogonadal men with comorbid ED; PDE5s should be used before dapoxetine in PE patients with comorbid ED, and counseling should be offered to all subjects with MSD.

Conclusions

Although the answer to the question “which should be first?” is controversial in almost all MSDs, intuition, experience, and evidence should guide the choice of which treatment should be used first. This decision is highly critical in influencing the therapeutic outcome as well the patient's and couple's adherence to treatment.
Inquisitive Semantics: A New Notion of Meaning
Authors: Ciardelli Ivano , Groenendijk Jeroen , Roelofsen Floris
Published: October 2015

This paper presents a notion of meaning that captures both informative and inquisitive content, which forms the cornerstone of inquisitive semantics. The new notion of meaning is explained and motivated in detail, and compared to previous inquisitive notions of meaning.
New Dimensions of Linguistic Inequality: An Overview
Authors: Bonnin Juan Eduardo
Published: October 2015

Relationships between language and inequality are a constitutive part of contemporary sociolinguistic theory which, despite certain specialized discussions and controversies, has developed a well‐established set of theoretical assumptions. Our aim in this paper is to introduce an overview of these as well as to point out some emerging new perspectives on the issue of linguistic inequality.

After a short introduction to critical sociolinguistics, I will analyze the shift from ‘diversity discourse’, which can be traced back to the mid‐1980s in the USA, towards a new global focus on inequality, which emerged around the end of the 1990s. In the second place, we will describe some theoretical aspects of the concept of ‘linguistic inequality’ following current sociolinguistic bibliography on the matter, with special interest in globalization processes and the relationships of individuals with the state. In the third place, we review recent literature on new dimensions of linguistic inequality, with a special focus on (a) relationships between local and global language varieties; (b) multilingual practices and civil rights; and (c) multilingualism in educational settings.

In the final section of this paper, we encourage the continuity of the research on new dimensions of linguistic inequality as a way of empowering linguistic minorities whose access to basic civil rights is impeded by asymmetrical language relationships.
Oral Histories in Meteoritics and Planetary Science—XXI: Donald Burnett
Authors: Sears Derek W. G.
Published: October 2015

In this interview, Donald Burnett (Fig. 1) describes how he applied to the University of Chicago, with considerable support from his father, where he took classes from Harold Urey and was inspired by Ed Anders to pursue a career in nuclear chemistry and, later, cosmochemistry. As a graduate student at the University of California at Berkeley, Don learned to use charged‐particle tracks as a detector for radioactive nuclei, a technique that he applied to a wide variety of problems over the next 20 years, including the neutron profile probe that was deployed on the Moon. After a one‐year postdoc with William Fowler at the California Institute of Technology, he became involved with Jerry Wasserburg, who ultimately obtained a faculty position for him in the Geology Division. Since then, Don has worked on a number of fundamental problems in cosmochemistry, chronology of the solar system, the initial Pu/U abundance, fractionation of U and Pu in igneous processes, and elemental abundances. This last interest led him to advocate, propose, and lead the Genesis space mission to collect and return samples of the solar wind. The crash of the return capsule caused alarm, but some aspects of the mission were unaffected and others have been successfully handled, so that several major new results have been published: the lack of an SEP component in lunar samples, the Ne and Ar composition of the solar wind, and, most importantly, the oxygen and nitrogen isotopic composition of the Sun. Don received the Leonard Medal in 2012.
Contextualising complementary feeding in a broader framework for stunting prevention
Authors: Stewart Christine P. , Iannotti Lora , Dewey Kathryn G. , Michaelsen Kim F. , Onyango Adelheid W.
Published: October 2015

An estimated 165 million children are stunted due to the combined effects of poor nutrition, repeated infection and inadequate psychosocial stimulation. The complementary feeding period, generally corresponding to age 6–24 months, represents an important period of sensitivity to stunting with lifelong, possibly irrevocable consequences. Interventions to improve complementary feeding practices or the nutritional quality of complementary foods must take into consideration the contextual as well as proximal determinants of stunting. This review presents a conceptual framework that highlights the role of complementary feeding within the layers of contextual and causal factors that lead to stunted growth and development and the resulting short‐ and long‐term consequences. Contextual factors are organized into the following groups: political economy; health and health care systems; education; society and culture; agriculture and food systems; and water, sanitation and environment. We argue that these community and societal conditions underlie infant and young child feeding practices, which are a central pillar to healthy growth and development, and can serve to either impede or enable progress. Effectiveness studies with a strong process evaluation component are needed to identify transdisciplinary solutions. Programme and policy interventions aimed at preventing stunting should be informed by careful assessment of these factors at all levels.
Genetic mapping shows intraspecific variation and transgressive segregation for caterpillar‐induced aphid resistance in maize
Authors: Tzin Vered , Lindsay Penelope L. , Christensen Shawn A. , Meihls Lisa N. , Blue Levi B. , Jander Georg
Published: October 2015

Plants in nature have inducible defences that sometimes lead to targeted resistance against particular herbivores, but susceptibility to others. The metabolic diversity and genetic resources available for maize (Zea mays) make this a suitable system for a mechanistic study of within‐species variation in such plant‐mediated interactions between herbivores. Beet armyworms (Spodoptera exigua) and corn leaf aphids (Rhopalosiphum maidis) are two naturally occurring maize herbivores with different feeding habits. Whereas chewing herbivore‐induced methylation of 2,4‐dihydroxy‐7‐methoxy‐1,4‐benzoxazin‐3‐one glucoside (DIMBOA‐Glc) to form 2‐hydroxy‐4,7‐dimethoxy‐1,4‐benzoxazin‐3‐one glucoside (HDMBOA‐Glc) promotes caterpillar resistance, lower DIMBOA‐Glc levels favour aphid reproduction. Thus, caterpillar‐induced DIMBOA‐Glc methyltransferase activity in maize is predicted to promote aphid growth. To test this hypothesis, the impact of S. exigua feeding on R. maidis progeny production was assessed using seventeen genetically diverse maize inbred lines. Whereas aphid progeny production was increased by prior caterpillar feeding on lines B73, Ki11, Ki3 and Tx303, it decreased on lines Ky21, CML103, Mo18W and W22. Genetic mapping of this trait in a population of B73 × Ky21 recombinant inbred lines identified significant quantitative trait loci on maize chromosomes 1, 7 and 10. There is a transgressive segregation for aphid resistance, with the Ky21 alleles on chromosomes 1 and 7 and the B73 allele on chromosome 10 increasing aphid progeny production. The chromosome 1 QTL coincides with a cluster of three maize genes encoding benzoxazinoid O‐methyltransferases that convert DIMBOA‐Glc to HDMBOA‐Glc. Gene expression studies and benzoxazinoid measurements indicate that S. exigua ‐induced responses in this pathway differentially affect R. maidis resistance in B73 and Ky21.
Philosophy Upside Down?
Authors: Baumann Peter
Published: October 2015

Philip Kitcher recently argued for a reconstruction in philosophy. According to him, the contemporary mainstream of philosophy (in the English‐speaking world, at least) has deteriorated into something that is of relevance only to a few specialists who communicate with each other in a language nobody else understands. Kitcher proposes to reconstruct philosophy along two axes: a knowledge axis (with a focus on the sciences) and a value axis. The present article discusses Kitcher's diagnosis as well as his proposal of a therapy. It argues that there are problems with both, and it ends with an alternative view of what some core problems of the profession currently are.
Zone Morality
Authors: Weissman David
Published: October 2015

Traditional moral theory usually has either of two emphases: virtuous moral character or principles for distributing duties or goods. “Zone morality” introduces a third: families and businesses are systems created by the causal reciprocities of their members. These relations embody the duties and permissions of a system's moral code. Core systems satisfy basic interests and needs; we move easily among them, hardly noticing that moral demands vary from system to system. Moral conflicts arise because of discord within or among systems but also because morality has three competing sites: personal attitudes and practices (benevolence or hostility), the moral codes of systems, and regulative principles that enhance social cohesion. A strong church or central government reduces conflict by imposing its rules. A democracy responds by encouraging persons and systems to participate in forums where claims are made; it promises fairness by requiring that all satisfy its legal procedures.
Primitivism and the Analogy between Colors and Values
Authors: Benbaji Hagit
Published: October 2015

The analogy between colors and values is strongly interlinked with the idea that these properties are by nature dispositions or response‐dependent properties. Indeed, that colors are essentially visible, and values are inherently motivational, cries out for a dispositional or a response‐dependent account. Recently,Primitivism has challenged the viability of the dispositional account of colors, taking the apple, for instance, to be “gloriously, perfectly, and primitivelyred.” Unsurprisingly, the attack on the dispositional account of colors has found a moral analogue in the view that values are sui generis irreducibly primitive properties. The question this article addresses is whether givenPrimitivism the analogy between colors and values is preserved; or in other words, whetherPrimitivism breaks the bond between the dispositional account and the analogy between colors and values.
revisiting the origins of northwest coast packstraps
Authors: Johnson Leslie Main
Published: October 2015

Long woolen burden straps are a distinctive carrying device used by Gitksan, Witsuwit'en, and other peoples of the northwestern part of British Columbia, Canada. They were used for many purposes, including carrying cargo, securing dog packs, supporting cradles, and carrying infants and small children, thus enabling the effective movement of people and goods over land and up and down the steep mountain slopes of the region. With 20th‐century changes in economy and transportation, strap weaving has become a heritage craft. The origins of this technology are obscure: Was it wholly indigenous, a European introduction, or a hybrid technology based on an undocumented 18th‐ or 19th‐century European introduction of rigid heddle weaving to the region? Early ethnologists, working in a “salvage ethnography” paradigm, dismissed this technology as a recent European introduction. However, re‐examination of historic and contemporary straps, spindles, and looms suggests a more complex analysis. [tumpline, Gitksan, Witsuwit'en, weaving, carrying, British Columbia, heddle]
Taqiyya as Polemic, Law and Knowledge: Following an Islamic Legal Term through the Worlds of Islamic Scholars, Ethnographers, Polemicists and Military Men
Authors: Mariuma Yarden
Published: October 2015

Taqiyya is an Islamic juridical term whose shifting meaning relates to when a Muslim is allowed, under Sharia law, to lie. A concept whose meaning has varied significantly among Islamic sects, scholars, countries, and political regimes, it nevertheless is one of the key terms used by recent anti‐Muslim polemicists such as Robert Spencer or Daniel Pipes, and has been used by US Prosecutors to explain terrorist behavior. This paper seeks to summarize the complex uses of the term and show how a specific concept in a legal system can be used and interpreted by both adherents of that system and enemies in a wide variety of ways, taking on different meanings while referring to effectively the same set of practices. The term is debated in a scholarly way in the scholarly literature, as an ethnographic term, and finally, as an operational concept used as a tactic in a war and demanding countertactics tailored to it. The paper will discuss the social purpose of having such ambiguous concepts available within one's society, and the idea that making the ambiguous specific can be a valuable weapon in polemical attack.
Their pain, our pleasure: stereotype content and schadenfreude
Authors: Cikara Mina , Fiske Susan T.
Published: October 2015

People often fail to empathize with others, and sometimes even experience schadenfreude—pleasure at others’ misfortunes. One potent predictor of schadenfreude is envy, which, according to the stereotype content model, is elicited by high‐status, competitive targets. Here we review our recent research program investigating the relationships among stereotypes, envy, schadenfreude, and harm. Experiment 1 demonstrates that stereotypes are sufficient to influence affective responses to targets’ misfortunes; participants not only report feeling less negative when misfortunes befall high‐status, competitive targets as compared to other targets, they also smile more (assessed with facial EMG). Experiment 2 replicates the self‐report findings from Experiment 1 and assesses behavioral tendencies toward envied targets; participants are more willing to endorse harming high‐status, competitive targets as compared to other targets. Experiment 3 turns off the schadenfreude response by manipulating status and competition‐relevant information regarding envied targets. Finally, Experiment 4 investigates affective and neural markers of intergroup envy and schadenfreude in the context of a long‐standing sports rivalry and the extent to which neurophysiological correlates of schadenfreude are related to self‐reported likelihood of harming rival team fans. We conclude with implications and future directions.
Recent and future changes in extreme rainfall in the Catskills region of New York
Authors: DeGaetano Arthur T. , Castellano Christopher M.
Published: October 2015

Recent flooding events in the Catskills such as Tropical Storm Irene have raised concerns regarding changes in the frequency of heavy rainfall. The extreme precipitation records of four long‐term observing sites are analyzed based on two measures of heavy rainfall. The number of events that produce ≥50.8 mm of precipitation per year show little evidence of an increasing trend. Rather, the climatology of Catskills stations is marked by considerable year‐to‐year and decade‐to‐decade variability. Because of this variability, a different measure of extreme precipitation, the 100‐year storm, attained its highest value in the early 1960s. This was an artifact of the reliance of the analysis procedure on a relatively short record that coincided with high precipitation. Current engineering design for infrastructure affected by extreme rainfall is based on this metric. After 1960, the 100‐year storm declined, until rising again after 1990. This rise is consistent with a regional trend toward higher precipitation extremes. Climate‐model projections show this trend continuing at a rate of 2–3% per decade through 2069. The serendipitously high 100‐year‐storm value computed in 1960 may provide some buffer to the expected effects of this change in extreme rainfall in the Catskills.
Hereditary Progressive Mucinous Histiocytosis: New Insights Into a Rare Disease
Authors: Nguyen Nicholas V. , Prok Lori , Burgos Arelis , Bruckner Anna L.
Published: October 2015

Hereditary progressive mucinous histiocytosis is a rare, benign, skin‐limited form of non‐Langerhans cell histiocytosis. We report on a 5‐year‐old boy who presented in infancy with self‐resolving dermal nodules but later developed persistent and progressive erythematous papules on the face and scalp. Histologic evaluation revealed dermal aggregates of S‐100/CD1a‐negative histiocytes with abundant mucin. We present this case to highlight the evolution of the lesional morphology in infancy and early childhood and to stress the importance of histology in confirming this rare disorder.
Quality of Life in Families with Children with Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Pustišek Nives , Vurnek Živković Maja , Šitum Mirna
Published: October 2015

Background

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common childhood disease of increasing prevalence that not only changes the life of the affected children, but also affects the social and emotional functioning of their families.

Objectives

The aim of our study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) of parents with children with AD and its predictors.

Methods

One hundred seventy‐one parents of children with AD attending the outpatient Pediatric Dermatology Unit, Children's Hospital Zagreb, participated in the study. The severity of AD was estimated using the Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD) index. Parents were asked to complete the Croatian version of the Family Dermatology Life Quality Index (FDLQI), the Patient‐Oriented (PO) SCORAD, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), and a general questionnaire during a regular follow‐up visit.

Results

Family QOL is significantly correlated with the SCORAD score (correlation coefficient [r] = 0.578), PO SCORAD (r = 0.447), itching (r = 0.528), sleeplessness (r = 0.583), and PSS (r = 0.464). When these factors were entered into a regression analysis, they predicted as much as 67% of the variance of QOL (FDLQI), with significant predictors being PO SCORAD, PO sleeplessness, and PSS, and they remained significant even after controlling for a number of general and medical factors.

Conclusions

The severity of illness as perceived by dermatologists and parents is similar, and itching, sleeplessness, and perceived stress are strong QOL predictors of parents caring for children with AD.
Tipping the Scale of Justice: The Fallout Suit of 1958 and the Environmental Legal Dimension of Nuclear Pacifism
Authors: Higuchi Toshihiro
Published: October 2015

This paper explains both opportunities and challenges that court disputes over the alleged danger of radioactive fallout from nuclear weapons tests brought to nuclear pacifism. After reviewing the background in which the danger of radioactive fallout came into focus among peace activists, the paper discusses how the litigation in the United States unfolded. It also explores the judicial structures and legal cultures of the Soviet Union and Great Britain to explain why the planned lawsuits in these countries, unlike that in the United States, failed to even take off. In conclusion, the paper reflects on the implications of the first environmental legal challenges to nuclear weapons during and beyond the Cold War.
How Matters: Women's International League for Peace and Freedom's Trips to the Middle East, 1931–1975
Authors: Confortini Catia Cecilia
Published: October 2015

This paper follows a 1975 WILPF's “fact‐finding trip” to the Middle East and compares it to previous WILPF's official and unofficial trips to the area. My purpose is to analyze and to assess the extent to which these trips can be called “feminist” and the extent to which feminism makes a difference in the kind of “fact‐finding trip” that is undertaken and its results. Though there arguably exist several “feminisms,” I argue that certain common elements exist that make political actions feminist. Historians of WILPF (such as Gertrude Bussey, Margaret Tims, Harriet Alonso, Leila Rupp) have primarily focused on the ideological and political aspects of WILPF's feminist peace politics. Instead, I am interested in how feminism can inform the methodology of peace politics. I take the example of WILPF's trips to the Middle East to specifically illustrate how a peace politics, sustained by feminist methodological principles, is more fully “peaceful.” Without those principles any political action risks replicating structures of oppression, which are both the bases for violent conflict and the foundations for unjust systems, which then cannot be called “peace.”
Internal and External Networking Differentially Predict Turnover Through Job Embeddedness and Job Offers
Authors: Porter Caitlin M. , Woo Sang Eun , Campion Michael A.
Published: October 2015

Although the career benefits associated with professional networking are relatively well established, the repercussions of this highly regarded career management activity for voluntary turnover have rarely been examined. Given the potential costs associated with voluntary turnover, this study sought to clarify the roles of networking behaviors in relation to voluntary turnover by focusing on the distinction between internal and external networking. Based on survey responses of industrial and organizational psychology professionals, we found that internal and external networking behaviors differentially predicted decisions to voluntarily leave employers 2 years later: The likelihood of voluntary turnover was negatively predicted by internal networking and positively predicted by external networking. Furthermore, to shed light on the reasons why employee networking behaviors differentially predicted turnover decisions, this study also examined 4 turnover antecedents (job satisfaction, job embeddedness, perceived employment opportunities, and job offers) as potential mediating mechanisms. Results revealed that the relationships of internal and external networking with voluntary turnover were mediated by job embeddedness and job offers, respectively. We discuss the implications of these findings for understanding and managing employee networking and retention.
Regulation of immunity by Taeniids: lessons from animal models and in vitro studies
Authors: Peón A. N. , Ledesma‐Soto Y. , Terrazas L. I.
Published: October 2015

Taeniidae is the largest family of the Cyclophyllidea order of parasites despite being composed of just two genera: Taenia spp and Echinococcus spp. These parasites are flatworms with a terrestrial life cycle, having an immature or larval stage called metacestode, which develops into the mature form within the intestine of the primary host after being consumed in raw or poorly cooked meat. Consumed eggs hatch into oncospheres, penetrate the intestinal walls and are transported via the bloodstream to later develop into metacestodes within the muscles and internal organs of secondary and sometimes primary hosts, thereby initiating the cycle again. Larval stages of both Taenia spp and Echinococcus spp are well known to produce tissue‐dwelling, long‐lasting infections; in this stage, these parasites can reach centimetres (macroparasites) and both genera may cause life‐threatening diseases in humans. Establishing such long‐term infections requires an exceptional ability to modulate host immunity for long periods of time. In this review, we analyse the immunoregulatory mechanisms induced by these tapeworms and their products, mainly discussing the importance of taeniid strategies to successfully colonize their hosts, such as antigen‐presenting cell phenotype manipulation and the consequent induction of T‐cell anergy, among others.
Intraperitoneal administration of tangled multiwalled carbon nanotubes of 15 nm in diameter does not induce mesothelial carcinogenesis in rats
Authors: Nagai Hirotaka , Okazaki Yasumasa , Chew Shan Hwu , Misawa Nobuaki , Miyata Yasumitsu , Shinohara Hisanori , Toyokuni Shinya
Published: October 2015

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) have attracted public attention not only for their potential applications in engineering and materials science but also for possible environmental risks. MWCNTs share similar properties with asbestos, a definite human carcinogen causing malignant mesothelioma (MM), in that they are both biopersistent thin fibers with a high aspect ratio. Certain types of MWCNTs do induce MM in animal experiments. Though there are many different types of MWCNTs awaiting use in industry, there is little evidence about what types of MWCNTs present a high risk for MM in vivo. We have previously shown that the diameter of MWCNTs is one of the critical factors for mesothelial injury, which eventually leads to MM. Because of the extensive commercial use of MWCNTs, the properties of MWCNTs that determine carcinogenic activity should be clarified. Here we report that a high dose (10 mg) of a tangled form of pristine MWCNT (with a diameter of 15 nm) did not induce MM after intraperitoneal administration in rats, which were followed for up to 3 years after injection. This observation strengthens our previous finding that the rigidity, diameter, length and surface properties of MWCNTs are important factors in MM induction in vivo.
A Tale of Two Courts: How Organizational Ethnography Can Shed New Light on Legal Pluralism
Authors: Shahar Ido
Published: October 2015

This article argues that organizational ethnography, and an organizational perspective more generally, can help to shed new light on the phenomenon of legal pluralism. While the literature on legal pluralism has tended to focus on the interrelations between normative orders in situations of legal pluralism, this article directs attention to the organizational level, to the day‐to‐day routines in courts that operate under conditions of legal pluralism, and to the interorganizational relations between such courts. To demonstrate the utility of that approach to legal pluralism, the article presents an ethnographic case study from present‐day Jerusalem. Focusing on two sharī‘a courts, one Israeli and one Jordanian, that operate in the city and serve the same population, the article describes how legal pluralism unfolds in daily organizational life. It portrays the complex fabric of the interrelations between these courts and tracks the evolution of these interrelations that transformed over the years from mutual antagonism to mutual dependence. These processes are examined within the turbulent political context in Jerusalem.
Being Part of the Parade – “Going Native” in the United Nations Security Council
Authors: Schia Niels Nagelhus
Published: October 2015

How do small states behave once they have a seat at the table? In this article, I describe how one small state—Norway—operated when it was a member of the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) in 2001–02. From my anthropological fieldwork in this period, I present a number of arguments. The first one is that, substantively, Norwegian diplomats at the Council were caught in a bind between representing national interests, on the one hand, and being “team players” vis‐à‐vis the permanent members, on the other. I also argue that institutionally organizational designs shape political decisions in significant and often unexpected ways. Finally, in terms of theory and method, even in highly formalized diplomatic settings, such as the UNSC, informal processes are central to understanding how states operate, as well as how the Council functions.
Performing the Court: Public Hearings and the Politics of Judicial Transparency in Argentina
Authors: Barrera Leticia
Published: October 2015

This article presents an understanding of transparency that draws on the instrumentality and performativity of a series of public encounters between the Argentine Supreme Court of Justice and subjects affected by river pollution. An ethnographic examination of those encounters illustrates how judicial adjudication articulates with a larger discourse of change and transparency that mushroomed after the 2001–2002 economic crisis giving the Court a public face. This crisis had a negative impact on the credibility of political and legal institutions. A focus on the performative character of public hearings implies an appreciation of transparency that is more comprehensive than the one enabled by visibility. As I argue in this article, this is because public hearings entail displays of the self that unfold through a complex sensorial experience that has effects on audiences. In the context of the Argentine Supreme Court's practices that this article examines, such audiences may extend far beyond the courtroom. Ultimately, the study demonstrates how transparency can be perceived as the performance of social positions that provide means and ends for a multitude of intended and unintended actors.