bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consensus development of priority outcome domains for community mental health cares by multiple stakeholders: Protocol for an online Delphi study in Japan
Authors: Shiozawa Takuma , Yamaguchi Sosei , Ogawa Makoto , Abe Makiko , Kawaguchi Takayuki , Igarashi Momoka , Yasuma Naonori , Fujii Chiyo
Published: October 2021

Background

Treatment goals for mental illness have expanded from hospital discharge and improved functioning to employment, living alone, and personal realization. These changes in treatment goals have also influenced mental health research. Recent studies have addressed the development of core outcome sets focusing on clinical aspects of mental illness such as depression and anxiety. However, a well‐developed framework of essential outcomes for people with mental illness (service users) who live in the community is lacking. In addition, recent worldwide trends suggest more patient and public involvement and the importance of considering multiple stakeholders’ views in the area of mental health research. Purpose of this study is to explore consensus on high‐priority outcome domains among multiple stakeholders in community mental healthcare fields in Japan.

Methods

A three‐step approach to developing an outcome list will be used. First, we developed a long list of outcomes for community mental health through a literature review, focus group interviews with key stakeholders, and online questionnaire surveys of service users and caregivers. Second, the long list was checked and revised in a pilot study. Third, the long list will be shortened to the outcome list through the Delphi methodology with participation from multiple stakeholders.

Discussion

Identifying important common outcome domains through collaboration with multiple stakeholders appears to contribute to the development of evidence for community mental health research in Japan. In addition, the study process itself may help promote patient and public involvement in education, practice, and research in the field of community mental health.
Porous polyamide 6/carbon black composite as an effective electromagnetic interference shield
Authors: Cai Jie , Wang Liang , Duan Hongji , Zhang Ying , Wang Xueying , Wan Gang , Zhong Zhili
Published: October 2021

Porous conductive polymer composites (CPCs) with functional additives are potential lightweight electromagnetic interference (EMI) materials. In this study, porous polyamide 6/carbon black (PA6/CB) composite was fabricated by a facile solution foaming strategy. When the content of CB was up to 20 wt%, a conductive network of CB was formed. The EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) of the prepared composites increased with CB fraction in the porous CPCs. When the content of CB reached 50 wt%, the values of SE reached 33.7–37.3 dB in the X band. This composite showed an EMI special SE of 221.97 dB cm3 g−1. The average absorptivity (A) coefficients of EMI reached 82.4% when the CB fraction was increased to 30 wt%. CPCs having a high fraction of inorganic CB showed an advantage in the reduction of non‐biodegradable plastics usage. The porous PA6/CB composite is a promising EMI material with an absorption‐dominated mechanism in the engineering field. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Identification of active deubiquitinases in the chicken tissues
Authors: Nanduri Bindu , Gresham Cathy R. , Jones Gary , Bailey Richard H. , Edelmann Mariola J.
Published: October 2021

The existing protein annotation in chicken is mostly limited to computational predictions based on orthology to other proteins, which often leads to a significant underestimation of the function of these proteins. Genome‐scale experimental annotation can provide insight into the actual enzymatic activities of chicken proteins. Amongst post‐translational modifications, ubiquitination is of interest as anomalies in ubiquitination are implicated in such diseases as inflammatory disorders, infectious diseases, or malignancies. Ubiquitination is controlled by deubiquitinases (DUBs), which remove ubiquitin from protein substrates. However, the DUBs have not been systematically annotated and quantified in chicken tissues. Here we used a chemoproteomics approach, which is based on active‐site probes specific to DUBs, and identified 26 active DUBs in the chicken spleen, cecum, and liver.
The effect of nonthermal plasma on the oxidation and removal of particulate matter under different diesel engine loads
Authors: Zhu Kan , Cai Yixi , Shi Yunxi , Lu Yirui , Zhou Yin , He Yong
Published: October 2021

Nonthermal plasma (NTP) can oxidize and decompose particulate matter (PM) of diesel engines at low temperatures (≤200°C), exhibiting good application prospects. PM samples were collected under different diesel engine loads and were oxidized using an NTP method. The volatile fraction (VF) mass fraction of the PM samples decreases under low engine loads (<70%) and increases under high engine loads (≥70%) after the NTP treatment. NTP can remove aldehyde groups in PM and weaken the volatilization of PM. A higher temperature is needed for the VF to reach its maximum volatilization rate after the NTP treatment. The relative content of the small molecules is significantly higher after the NTP treatment.
Fuzzy stress‐strength reliability for weighted exponential distribution
Authors: Yazgan Ecem , Gürler Selma , Esemen Melek , Sevinc Busra
Published: October 2021

This study considers the reliability of the stress‐strength model in the presence of the fuzziness when the stress and strength variables have weighted exponential distribution with the common shape parameter. It obtains the mean remaining strength and fuzzy mean remaining strength for the weighted exponential distribution in order to calculate how long a component can live on average under the stress. The comparative simulation results with conventional and fuzzy approaches are presented to observe the effect of the parameter changes on the models using the maximum likelihood method for different sample sizes. In addition, the developed models are applied to two real data and estimation results were generated for two approaches.
Nanoarchitectonics of hyperbolic paraboloid 2D Graphene Oxide Membranes
Authors: Wang Qian , Trubyanov Maxim M. , Andreeva Daria V. , Novoselov Kostya S.
Published: October 2021

Hyperbolic paraboloid surfaces or saddle‐shaped materials can exist in two equilibrium shapes when the saddle shape reverses on itself and, therefore, can be used as structural elements of new stimuli‐responsive and shape‐changing materials. Here we propose a new fast and easy approach to the nanoarchitectonics of graphene oxide nanosheets to form curved interfaces. Our technology involves computer‐aid design, three dimensional (3D) printing, and casting curved templates for the assembly of two‐dimensional (2D) nanosheets. We demonstrate the feasibility of our approach for the nanoarchitectonics of graphene oxide flakes, though it can be expanded to include the whole family of 2D materials. The prepared free‐standing saddle‐shaped graphene oxide membranes show highly ordered nanostructure, typical for flat 2D multilayered materials. We optimize the preparation conditions to construct robust two‐dimensional membranes with nanostructured architecture and controllable thickness and curvature.
A large-N expansion for minimum bias
Authors: Larkoski Andrew J. , Melia Tom
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Despite being the overwhelming majority of events produced in hadron or heavy ion collisions, minimum bias events do not enjoy a robust first-principles theoretical description as their dynamics are dominated by low-energy quantum chromodynamics. In this paper, we present a novel expansion scheme of the cross section for minimum bias events that exploits an ergodic hypothesis for particles in the events and events in an ensemble of data. We identify power counting rules and symmetries of minimum bias from which the form of the squared matrix element can be expanded in symmetric polynomials of the phase space coordinates. This expansion is entirely defined in terms of observable quantities, in contrast to models of heavy ion collisions that rely on unmeasurable quantities like the number of nucleons participating in the collision, or tunes of parton shower parameters to describe the underlying event in proton collisions. The expansion parameter that we identify from our power counting is the number of detected particles N and as N → ∞ the variance of the squared matrix element about its mean, constant value on phase space vanishes. With this expansion, we show that the transverse momentum distribution of particles takes a universal form that only depends on a single parameter, has a fractional dispersion relation, and agrees with data in its realm of validity. We show that the constraint of positivity of the squared matrix element requires that all azimuthal correlations vanish in the N → ∞ limit at fixed center-of-mass energy, as observed in data. The approach we follow allows for a unified treatment of small and large system collective behavior, being equally applicable to describe, e.g., elliptic flow in PbPb collisions and the “ridge” in pp collisions. We also briefly comment on power counting and symmetries for minimum bias events in other collider environments and show that a possible ridge in e+e− collisions is highly suppressed as a consequence of its symmetries.
Animal models of chemotherapy-induced cognitive decline in preclinical drug development
Authors: John Jeena , Kinra Manas , Mudgal Jayesh , Viswanatha G. L. , Nandakumar K.
Published: October 2021

Rationale

Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (CICI), chemobrain, and chemofog are the common terms for mental dysfunction in a cancer patient/survivor under the influence of chemotherapeutics. CICI is manifested as short/long term memory problems and delayed mental processing, which interferes with a person’s day-to-day activities. Understanding CICI mechanisms help in developing therapeutic interventions that may alleviate the disease condition. Animal models facilitate critical evaluation to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and form an integral part of verifying different treatment hypotheses and strategies.

Objectives

A methodical evaluation of scientific literature is required to understand cognitive changes associated with the use of chemotherapeutic agents in different preclinical studies. This review mainly emphasizes animal models developed with various chemotherapeutic agents individually and in combination, with their proposed mechanisms contributing to the cognitive dysfunction. This review also points toward the analysis of chemobrain in healthy animals to understand the mechanism of interventions in absence of tumor and in tumor-bearing animals to mimic human cancer conditions to screen potential drug candidates against chemobrain.

Results

Substantial memory deficit as a result of commonly used chemotherapeutic agents was evidenced in healthy and tumor-bearing animals. Spatial and episodic cognitive impairments, alterations in neurotrophins, oxidative and inflammatory markers, and changes in long-term potentiation were commonly observed changes in different animal models irrespective of the chemotherapeutic agent.

Conclusion

Dyscognition exists as one of the serious side effects of cancer chemotherapy. Due to differing mechanisms of chemotherapeutic agents with differing tendencies to alter behavioral and biochemical parameters, chemotherapy may present a significant risk in resulting memory impairments in healthy as well as tumor-bearing animals.
Yeast-based reference materials for quantitative metabolomics
Authors: Wasito Hendri , Hermann Gerrit , Fitz Veronika , Troyer Christina , Hann Stephan , Koellensperger Gunda
Published: October 2021

We introduce a new concept of yeast-derived biological matrix reference material for metabolomics research relying on in vivo synthesis of a defined biomass, standardized extraction followed by absolute quantification with isotope dilution. The yeast Pichia pastoris was grown using full control- and online monitoring fed-batch fermentations followed by fast cold methanol quenching and boiling ethanol extraction. Dried extracts served for the quantification campaign. A metabolite panel of the evolutionarily conserved primary metabolome (amino acids, nucleotides, organic acids, and metabolites of the central carbon metabolism) was absolutely quantified by isotope dilution utilizing uniformly labeled 13C-yeast-based internal standards. The study involved two independent laboratories employing complementary mass spectrometry platforms, namely hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (HILIC-HRMS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS). Homogeneity, stability tests (on a panel of >70 metabolites over a period of 6 months), and excellent biological repeatability of independent fermentations over a period of 2 years showed the feasibility of producing biological reference materials on demand. The obtained control ranges proved to be fit for purpose as they were either superior or comparable to the established reference materials in the field.
Non-invasive brain stimulation as therapy: systematic review and recommendations with a focus on the treatment of Tourette syndrome
Authors: Dyke Katherine , Jackson Georgina , Jackson Stephen
Published: October 2021

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterised by tics, which are stereotyped movements and/or vocalisations. Tics often cause difficulties in daily life and many with TS express a desire to reduce and/or gain control over them. No singular effective treatment exists for TS, and while pharmacological and behavioural interventions can be effective, the results are variable, and issues relating to access, availability and side effects can be barriers to treatment. Consequently, over the past decade, there has been increasing interest into the potential benefits of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) approaches. This systematic review highlights work exploring NIBS as a potential treatment for TS. On balance, the results tentatively suggest that multiple sessions of stimulation applied over the supplementary motor area (SMA) may help to reduce tics. However, a number of methodological and theoretical issues limit the strength of this conclusion, with the most problematic being the lack of large-scale sham-controlled studies. In this review, methodological and theoretical issues are discussed, unanswered questions highlighted and suggestions for future work put forward.
Comparison of avascular lymph node fragment transplantation techniques to optimize lymphangiogenesis in the minipig model
Authors: Hadamitzky Catarina , Bruns Frank , Gratz Klaus-Friedrich , Schindewolffs Lia , Roth Katrin S. , Werner Martin , Gordon Kristiana , Vogt Peter M. , Pabst Reinhard
Published: October 2021

Background

Secondary lymphoedema is a challenging pandemic. This condition may arise after oncologic resection of tumor-draining lymph nodes and/or radiation. Plastic-surgical procedures for lymphoedema comprise transplantation of vascularized lymph node flaps, which are, however, technically challenging and difficult to implement on a global level due to the scarcity of microsurgery facilities in some countries. To improve this situation, comparative research in valid animal models is needed.

Methods

A total of 33 minipigs were subjected to lymphatic resection in the hind limbs. This large animal model was used in a first phase to compare different lymph node fragmentation methods and assess lymphatic regeneration after avascular transplantation. In a second phase, several stimulants were tested for their effect on lymphatic regeneration after fragment transplantation. In a third phase, animals additionally received irradiation of the groin. In this novel animal model, autologous avascular lymph node fragment transplantation was complemented by peripheral injections of vascular endothelial growth factor-C (VEGF-C). Finally, regeneration rates were quantified in relative numbers (percentage) in the irradiated tissue.

Results

In the first phase, transversal lymph node fragmentation under preservation of the nodal capsule showed the best percentage of regeneration (62.5%). Peripheral intradermal administration of VEGF-C enhanced lymph node fragment regeneration (70.8%) better than injections of tetanus toxoid (41.6%) or Streptococcus suis (62.5%). Lymph node fragment regeneration also occurred in an irradiated porcine model of lymphadenectomy under VEGF-C administration (66.6%).

Conclusions

The present findings provide a pre-clinical proof-of-concept for a possible simplification strategy for current operative procedures of autologous lymph node transplantation.

Level of evidence : Not gradable
Risk of post-operative cardiovascular event in elderly patients with pre-existing cardiovascular disease who are undergoing hip fracture surgery
Authors: Luo Yan , Jiang Yu , Xu Hongli , Lyu Houchen , Zhang Licheng , Yin Pengbin , Tang Peifu
Published: October 2021

Purpose

To evaluate the association between pre-existing cardiovascular disease (CVD) and the risk of developing post-operative cardiovascular event among elderly patients who underwent hip fracture surgery.

Methods

We performed an observational study among patients with acute hip fracture aged at least 65 years and who received surgical intervention. Hip fracture patients with pre-existing CVD were matched for age, gender, fracture type, and year of admission with patients without pre-existing CVD. The primary endpoint was post-operative cardiovascular events, and patients were followed until discharge from hospital. Conditional logistic regression was used to determine the association between pre-existing CVD and post-operative cardiovascular event after adjusting for potential confounders including age, body mass index, time from fracture to surgery, pre-existing comorbidities, and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI).

Results

The study matched 858 pairs of patients with and without pre-existing CVD. Post-operative cardiovascular events developed in 40 and 14 patients with and without pre-existing CVD (44.6 versus 16.3 per 1000 persons), respectively. Compared to patients without pre-existing CVD, patients with any pre-existing CVD were more likely to develop post-operative cardiovascular events, with a crude odds ratio (OR) of 2.857 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.554 to 5.251] and multivariable adjusted OR of 2.850 (95% CI, 1.318 to 7.139), respectively.

Conclusion

In elderly patients who received hip fracture surgery, patients with pre-existing CVD are at a higher risk of developing post-operative cardiovascular events. Appropriate screening for this vulnerable population is recommended to prevent the risk of post-operative complications.
Vibration as a pitfall in pyrosequencing analyses
Authors: Konrad Helen , Schäfer Laura , Sturm Hannah , Hördt Lena , Bajanowski Thomas , Poetsch Micaela
Published: October 2021

Since methylation analysis has become an important tool in forensic genetics, the reliability and credibility of the method must be ensured. After a successful validation and establishment of several pyrosequencing assays using a PyroMark® Q48 Autoprep instrument (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany), we decided to expand the method further purchasing a second instrument. But after initializing this second instrument side by side with the first, the majority of analyses failed (97 samples of 133 samples (73%)). The number of error messages increased rapidly and the average RFU values decreased. After purchasing two anti-vibration weighing tables for the PyroMark® instruments and repeating the analyses under the same conditions and with identical samples the results improved considerably, 115 samples of 130 samples (88%) showed successful and reproducible results. These findings demonstrate the impact of vibrations and percussions on PyroMark® Q48 Autoprep performance and the reliability of methylation analyses.
Pro-inflammatory activation changes intracellular transport of bevacizumab in the retinal pigment epithelium in vitro
Authors: Hildebrandt Julia , Käckenmeister Tom , Winkelmann Katrin , Dörschmann Philipp , Roider Johann , Klettner Alexa
Published: October 2021

Purpose

Bevacizumab is taken up and transported through the retinal pigment epithelium. Inflammatory signaling may influence this interaction. In the present study, we have investigated the effect of pro-inflammatory stimuli on the uptake, intracellular localization, and transepithelial transport of bevacizumab.

Methods

ARPE-19 cell line or primary porcine RPE cells were treated with clinical relevant concentrations of bevacizumab (250 µg/ml). Pro-inflammatory signaling was induced by TLR-3 agonist polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (Poly I:C). Viability was investigated with MTT and trypan-blue exclusion assay, and cell number, uptake, and intracellular localization were investigated with immunofluorescence, investigating also actin filaments, the motor protein myosin 7a and lysosomes. Immunofluorescence signals were quantified. Intracellular bevacizumab was additionally detected in Western blot. Barrier function was investigated with transepithelial resistant measurements (TER). The transepithelial transport of bevacizumab and its influence on cytokine (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, TNFα) secretion was investigated with ELISA.

Results

Poly I:C in combination with bevacizumab reduced the viability of the cells. Treatment with Poly I:C reduced the uptake of bevacizumab, changed the intensity of the actin filaments, and reduced the colocalization with myosin 7a. In addition, Poly I:C reduced the capacity of RPE cells to transport bevacizumab over the barrier. In addition, bevacizumab reduced the secretion of IL-8 and TNFα after Poly I:C stimulation at selected time points.

Conclusions

Pro-inflammatory activation of RPE cells with TLR-3 agonist Poly I:C changes the interaction of RPE cells with the anti-VEGF compound bevacizumab, reducing its uptake and transport. On the other hand, bevacizumab might influence pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Our data indicate that inflammation may influence the pharmacokinetic of bevacizumab in the retina.
Effects of low-level light therapy on dentin hypersensitivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Shan Zhiyi , Ji Juanjuan , McGrath Colman , Gu Min , Yang Yanqi
Published: October 2021

Objective

To investigate the treatment efficacy of low-level light therapy on dentin hypersensitivity.

Materials and methods

Following the PRISMA guideline, six electronic databases supplemented with bibliographies were searched till December 2020. Two reviewers performed the screenings independently with a reliability assessment. Studies fulfilling the pre-registered eligibility criteria were included for risk-of-bias assessment and data synthesis.

Results

Thirty-five articles ultimately informed this systematic review based on the eligibility criteria and underwent risk-of-bias assessment (ĸ = 0.86). Quantitative results were deduced by meta-analysis of 20 randomised controlled trials: LLLT showed favourable outcomes compared to placebos for immediate (SMD: 1.09, 95% CI: 0.47 to 1.70), interim (SMD: 1.32, 95% CI: 0.41 to 2.23), and persistent efficacies (SMD: 2.86, 95% CI: 1.98 to 3.74). However, substantial heterogeneity existed among included studies (I2: 64–95%). Regarding comparisons with other desensitising strategies, LLLT showed no significant benefits in DH alleviation over others except fluorides for interim efficacy (SMD: 0.31, 95% CI: 0.10 to 0.52) and persistent efficacy (SMD: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.86).

Conclusions

This systematic review shows that LLLT has positive immediate, interim, and persistent DH-treatment efficacies compared with placebo. No superior treatment effects of LLLT were observed except fluoride agent use. Further studies are warranted—RCTs with low risk of bias, consistent technical settings, comprehensive assessments, and long follow-up periods.

Clinical relevance

This systematic review bridges a critical research gap by analysing clinical evidence in the DH-alleviating efficacy of LLLT in comparison with placebo and other in-office desensitising strategies.
Analysis of Tensor Approximation Schemes for Continuous Functions
Authors: Griebel Michael , Harbrecht Helmut
Published: October 2021

In this article, we analyze tensor approximation schemes for continuous functions. We assume that the function to be approximated lies in an isotropic Sobolev space and discuss the cost when approximating this function in the continuous analogue of the Tucker tensor format or of the tensor train format. We especially show that the cost of both approximations are dimension-robust when the Sobolev space under consideration provides appropriate dimension weights.
Holistic data-driven requirements elicitation in the big data era
Authors: Henriksson Aron , Zdravkovic Jelena
Published: October 2021

Digital transformation stimulates continuous generation of large amounts of digital data, both in organizations and in society at large. As a consequence, there have been growing efforts in the Requirements Engineering community to consider digital data as sources for requirements acquisition, in addition to human stakeholders. The volume, velocity and variety of the data make requirements discovery increasingly dynamic, but also unstructured and complex, which current elicitation methods are unable to consider and manage in a systematic and efficient manner. We propose a framework, in the form of a conceptual metamodel and a method, for continuous and automated acquisition, analysis and aggregation of heterogeneous digital sources that aims to support data-driven requirements elicitation and management. The usability of the framework is partially validated by an in-depth case study from the business sector of video game development.
DISCO PAL: Diachronic Spanish sonnet corpus with psychological and affective labels
Authors: Barbado Alberto , Fresno Víctor , Riesco Ángeles Manjarrés , Ros Salvador
Published: October 2021

Nowadays, there are many applications of text mining over corpora from different languages. However, most of them are based on texts in prose, lacking applications that work with poetry texts. An example of an application of text mining in poetry is the usage of features derived from their individual words in order to capture the lexical, sublexical and interlexical meaning, and infer the General Affective Meaning (GAM) of the text. However, even though this proposal has been proved as useful for poetry in some languages, there is a lack of studies for both Spanish poetry and for highly-structured poetic compositions such as sonnets. This article presents a study over an annotated corpus of Spanish sonnets, in order to analyse if it is possible to build features from their individual words for predicting their GAM. The purpose of this is to model sonnets at an affective level. The article also analyses the relationship between the GAM of the sonnets and the content itself. For this, we consider the content from a psychological perspective, identifying with tags when a sonnet is related to a specific term. Then, we study how GAM changes according to each of those psychological terms. The corpus used contains 274 Spanish sonnets from authors of different centuries, from fifteenth to nineteenth. This corpus was annotated by different domain experts. The experts annotated the poems with affective and lexico-semantic features, as well as with domain concepts that belong to psychology. Thanks to this, the corpus of sonnets can be used in different applications, such as poetry recommender systems, personality text mining studies of the authors, or the usage of poetry for therapeutic purposes.
A Biographical Perspective on Processes of Radicalisation
Authors: Meier Jana , Bögelein Nicole , Neubacher Frank
Published: October 2021

This article reconstructs four ideal types of biographical self-descriptions outlining radicalisation processes that are based on longitudinal biographical interviews conducted with male (former) right-wing extremists. In the first self-description, the biographers explain how they were born into radicalised families whose ideological norms and values they adopted without question. The second self-description outlines how the biographers’ actions were guided by a longing for stability and community. Initially, ideology plays a tangential role, with involvement inKameradschaftenand violence providing key momentum. In the third self-description, biographers refer to their German heritage and glorify National Socialism. They see themselves as guardians of the German Volk, and partly resort to violence to defend this idea. The fourth self-description outlines engagement with right-wing extremism as an outlet for frustrations with social discrimination. During our analysis, we examine whether any of these ideal types also correspond to self-descriptions given by Islamists, concluding that the latter do indeed describe their pathways into radicalisation in a similar manner.
Measuring pre-service teachers’ noticing competencies within a mathematical modeling context – an analysis of an instrument
Authors: Alwast Alina , Vorhölter Katrin
Published: October 2021

Teaching mathematical modeling is a demanding task. Thus, fostering teachers’ competencies in this regard is an essential component of teacher education. Recent conceptualizations of teachers’ competencies include situation-specific skills based on the concept of noticing, which is of particular interest for the spontaneous reactions needed when teaching mathematical modeling. The study described in this paper aims to analyze the development of a video-based instrument for measuring teachers’ noticing competencies within a mathematical modeling context and obtain evidence for the validity of the instrument. Three kinds of validity are examined in three different studies: content validity, elemental validity and construct validity. Indicators for content validity could be found through different expert ratings and implementation with the target group, where participants were able to perceive all relevant aspects. The qualitative analysis of participants’ reasoning, which is consistent with the coded level, indicates elemental validity. Moreover, the results of the confirmatory factor analysis suggest construct validity with one overall factor of noticing competence within a mathematical modeling context. Taken together, these studies imply a satisfactory validity of the video-based instrument.
Neurodiversity and Autism Intervention: Reconciling Perspectives Through a Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Intervention Framework
Authors: Schuck Rachel K. , Tagavi Daina M. , Baiden Kaitlynn M. P. , Dwyer Patrick , Williams Zachary J. , Osuna Anthony , Ferguson Emily F. , Jimenez Muñoz Maria , Poyser Samantha K. , Johnson Joy F. , Vernon Ty W.
Published: October 2021

Proponents of autism intervention and those of the neurodiversity movement often appear at odds, the former advocating for intensive treatments and the latter arguing that autism must be accepted as a form of diversity. The history of behavioral intervention has understandably outraged many in the Autistic community, though many still value supports focused on quality of life. This commentary argues that Naturalistic Developmental Behavioral Interventions (NDBIs) hold promise for bridging the gap between early intervention and the neurodiversity movement. However, we recognize NDBIs have much room to grow and suggest multiple strategies for improvement. We believe these updates are not only feasible for clinicians and researchers to implement but will ultimately lead to improved quality of life for Autistic individuals.
Scale Norming Undermines the Use of Life Satisfaction Scale Data for Welfare Analysis
Authors: Fabian Mark
Published: October 2021

Scale norming is where respondents use qualitatively different scales to answer the same question across survey waves. It makes responses challenging to compare intertemporally or interpersonally. This paper develops a formal model of the cognitive process that could give rise to scale norming in year on year responses to life satisfaction scale questions. It then uses this model to conceptually differentiate scale norming from adaptation and changes in reference points. Scale norming could make life satisfaction responses misleading with regards to the changing welfare of individuals. In particular, individuals who would say that their life is "improving" or "going well" might nonetheless give the same scale response year after year. This has negative implications for the use of scales in cost–benefit analysis and other welfarist applications. While there is already substantial empirical evidence for the existence of scale norming, its implications for welfare analysis are sometimes understated on the grounds that this evidence might simply be the product of errors of memory. The paper presents new empirical evidence for scale norming from two surveys (N1 = 278; N2 = 1050) designed such that errors of memory are an unconvincing explanation for the results.
Evidence on the Bidirectional Relationship Between Health and Life Satisfaction in Older Adults
Authors: Moreno-Agostino Darío , Abad Francisco José , Caballero Francisco Félix
Published: October 2021

Previous research on health and life satisfaction in older adults has suggested a bidirectional relationship. However, most evidence either is based on cross-sectional data, being unsuitable for inferring any directionality on the results, or disregards the within-person stability of both variables over time, thus providing potentially biased results. We analysed data from 11,667 older adults interviewed between 2008 and 2016 within the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. A health measure including self-reported and measured tests on cognitive and physical performance was computed using a Bayesian multilevel item-response theory approach. Life satisfaction was assessed with the Satisfaction with Life Scale. Cross-lagged models using a Structural Equation Modelling approach were used to analyse the longitudinal interrelation between health and life satisfaction. Models accounting and not accounting for the within-person stability in the measures were computed. Additional sensitivity models were ran using an exclusively self-reported measure of health. Health and life satisfaction were significant longitudinal predictors of one another only when the within-person stability was not considered. The effect of life satisfaction on health became negligible once that stability was modelled. The impact of not accounting for within-person stability was larger when health was measured exclusively with self-reported information. Our study suggests that health and life satisfaction are not bidirectionally related in older adults, but only health predicts a better life satisfaction over time. Thus, policies aimed at fostering older adults’ life satisfaction by focusing on health enhancement and maintenance may be fruitful, whereas the opposite may not.
Multivariate Reversed Hazard Rates and Inactivity Times of Systems
Authors: Buono Francesco , De Santis Emilio , Longobardi Maria , Spizzichino Fabio
Published: October 2021

The family of the multivariate conditional hazard rate functions often reveals to be a convenient tool to describe the joint probability distribution of a vector of non-negative random variables (lifetimes) in the absolutely continuous case. Such a tool can have in particular an important role in the study of the behavior of the minima among inter-dependent lifetimes. In this paper we introduce the concept of reversed multivariate conditional hazard rate functions, which extends the one-dimensional notion of reversed hazard rate of a single non-negative random variable. Several basic properties of this concept are proven. In particular, we point out a related role in the study of the behavior of the maximum value among inter-dependent lifetimes. In different applied fields, and in particular in the reliability literature, a remarkable class of dependence models for vectors of lifetimes is related with the load-sharing condition, which can be defined in terms of the multivariate conditional hazard rate functions. In the paper we define the class of reversedload-sharing models, which can be seen as natural extensions to the multivariate case of the univariate inverse exponential distributions. We analyze basic properties of such a class of dependence models. In particular we show a result related to the study of the inactivity time of a coherent system when the joint distribution of the components’ lifetimes is a reversed load-sharing model.
Analysis on Trees with Nondoubling Flow Measures
Authors: Levi Matteo , Santagati Federico , Tabacco Anita , Vallarino Maria
Published: October 2021

We consider trees with root at infinity endowed with flow measures, which are nondoubling measures of at least exponential growth and which do not satisfy the isoperimetric inequality. In this setting, we develop a Calderón–Zygmund theory and we define BMO and Hardy spaces, proving a number of desired results extending the corresponding theory as known in more classical settings.
Reclaiming a future that has not yet been: The Faure report, UNESCO’s humanism and the need for the emancipation of education
Authors: Biesta Gert
Published: October 2021

Fifty years after UNESCO’s publication ofLearning to be: The world of education today and tomorrow, the author of this article provides an assessment of this seminal report, commonly known as “the Faure report”. He characterises the educational vision of the report as humanistic and democratic and highlights its emphasis on the need for educational provision throughout the life-course. He demonstrates how the right to education has, over time, been transformed into a duty to learn, Moreover, this duty has been strongly tied to economic purposes, particularly the individual’s duty to remain employable in a fast-changing labour market. Rather than suggesting that Edgar Faure and his International Commission on the Development of Education set a particular agenda for education that has, over time, been replaced by an altogether different agenda, the author suggests a reading of the report which understands it as making a case for a particular relationship between education and society, namely one in which the integrity of education itself is acknowledged and education is not reduced to a mere instrument for delivering particular agendas. Looking back at the report five decades later, he argues that it provides a strong argument for the emancipation of education itself, and that this argument is still needed in the world of today.
The Demographic Window of Opportunity and Economic Growth at Sub-National Level in 91 Developing Countries
Authors: Crombach Lamar , Smits Jeroen
Published: October 2021

Data for low- and middle- income countries (LMICs) are used to investigate the effect of the demographic transition on economic growth at sub-national level. We introduce a detailed classification of demographic window phases, determine how these phases are distributed among and within LMICs, and analyze the relationship between the demographic window of opportunity (DWO) and economic growth for 1921 urban and rural areas of sub-national regions within 91 LMICs. Many areas in Asia, Latin America and the Middle East have entered the window, but most of Sub-Saharan Africa is still in the traditional or pre-window phase. Our analyses reveal higher growth rates in areas passing through the DWO. Positive growth effects are particularly strong in rural and more educated regions and in countries with lower levels of corruption. Policy measures aimed at effectively using the DW for achieving growth should combine investments in education and rural development with better governance.
When Explanations for Poverty Help Explain Social Policy Preferences: The Case of European Public Opinion Amidst the Economic Recession (2009–2014)
Authors: Marquis Lionel , Rosset Jan
Published: October 2021

Individuals hold beliefs about what causes poverty, and those beliefs have been theorized to explain policy preferences and ultimately cross-country variations in welfare states. However, there has been little empirical work on the effects of poverty attributions on welfare state attitudes. We seek to fill this gap by making use of Eurobarometer data from 27 European countries in the years 2009, 2010 and 2014 to explore the effects of poverty attributions on judgments about economic inequality as well as preferences regarding the welfare state. Relying on a four-type typology of poverty attribution which includes individual fate, individual blame, social fate and social blame as potential explanations for poverty, our analyses show that these poverty attributions are associated with judgments about inequality and broadly defined support for the welfare state, but have little or no effect on more concrete policy proposals such as unemployment benefits or increase of social welfare at the expense of higher taxes.
Clinical Translation of Neutrophil Imaging and Its Role in Cancer
Authors: Lau Doreen , Lechermann Laura M. , Gallagher Ferdia A.
Published: October 2021

Neutrophils are the first line of defense against pathogens and abnormal cells. They regulate many biological processes such as infections and inflammation. Increasing evidence demonstrated a role for neutrophils in cancer, where different subpopulations have been found to possess both pro- or anti-tumorigenic functions in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the phenotypic and functional diversity of neutrophils in cancer, their prognostic significance, and therapeutic relevance in human and preclinical models. Molecular imaging methods are increasingly used to probe neutrophil biology in vivo, as well as the cellular changes that occur during tumor progression and over the course of treatment. This review will discuss the role of neutrophil imaging in oncology and the lessons that can be drawn from imaging in infectious diseases and inflammatory disorders. The major factors to be considered when developing imaging techniques and biomarkers for neutrophils in cancer are reviewed. Finally, the potential clinical applications and the limitations of each method are discussed, as well as the challenges for future clinical translation.
Knowledge from Falsehood, Ignorance of Necessary Truths, and Safety
Authors: Zhao Bin
Published: October 2021

According to the safety account of knowledge, one knows thatponly if one’s belief could not easily have been false. An important issue for the account is whether we should only examine the target belief when evaluating whether a belief is safe or not. In this paper, it is argued that, if we should only examine the target belief, then the account fails to account for ignorance of necessary truths. But, if we should also examine beliefs in other relevant propositions, then the account fails to account for knowledge from falsehood. Therefore, the safety account of knowledge is undermined by knowledge from falsehood and ignorance of necessary truths.
Wer fühlt sich exkludiert? Zur zeitdiagnostischen Verwendung des Konzepts der sozialen Exklusion
Authors: Djouadi Audrey , Rössel Jörg , Seifert Alexander
Published: October 2021

Der Begriff der sozialen Exklusion hat in den Sozialwissenschaften eine erstaunliche Karriere erfahren. Im Mittelpunkt des Beitrags steht die empirische Untersuchung der zeitdiagnostischen Verwendung des Konzepts. Aus dieser leiten wir vier Thesen ab, die in diesem Beitrag mit dem Fokus auf das Exklusionsempfinden empirisch geprüft werden: Erstens, dass aufgrund der Prozesse des ökonomischen Strukturwandels größere Bevölkerungsgruppen von sozialer Exklusion in mehreren Dimensionen (Arbeitslosigkeit, Armut, soziale Isolation) betroffen sind, die bei diesen in einem subjektiven Exklusionsempfinden kulminieren. Damit wird unterstellt, dass soziale Exklusion zur Hauptspannungslinie der gegenwärtigen Gesellschaft geworden ist. Zweitens wird angenommen, dass soziale Exklusion nicht eindeutig in klassischen sozialstrukturellen Kategorien zu verorten ist, sondern in breite Teile der Gesellschaft diffundiert ist. Drittens wird sozioökonomischer Prekarisierung und sozialer Isolation eine zentrale Rolle für die Entstehung eines subjektiven Exklusionsempfindens zugesprochen. Hier wird allerdings, viertens, vermutet, dass dieses vermittelt über die subjektive Wahrnehmung der objektiven Lage auf das Exklusionsempfinden wirkt. Wir prüfen diese Thesen des Konzepts auf der Basis von Umfragedaten, wobei wir das Exklusionsempfinden als abhängige Variable verwenden. Dabei wird deutlich, dass erstens soziale Exklusion nicht in weite Teile der Gesellschaft diffundiert ist und damit keineswegs als Hauptspannungslinie der Gesellschaft betrachtet werden kann, zweitens sich ein erhöhtes Exklusionsempfinden in unterschiedlichen, aber klar benennbaren sozialen Gruppen feststellen lässt. Darüber hinaus zeigen unsere Analysen, dass das subjektive Exklusionsempfinden sowohl in sozialer Isolation als auch in sozioökonomischer Prekarisierung begründet ist, allerdings deutlich vermittelt über deren subjektive Wahrnehmung.
GC–MS Analysis, Molecular Docking and Pharmacokinetic Properties of Phytocompounds from Solanum torvum Unripe Fruits and Its Effect on Breast Cancer Target Protein
Authors: Saravanan R. , Raja K. , Shanthi D.
Published: October 2021

This study was designed to identify phytocompounds from the aqueous extract ofSolanum torvumunripe fruits using GC–MS analysis against breast cancer. For this, the identified phytocompounds were subjected to perform molecular docking studies to find the effects on breast cancer target protein. Pharmacokinetic properties were also tested for the identified phytocompounds to evaluate the ADMET properties. Molecular docking studies were done using docking software PyRx, and pharmacokinetic properties of phytocompounds were evaluated using SwissADME. From the results, ten best compounds were identified from GC–MS analysis against breast cancer target protein. Of which, three compounds showed very good binding affinity with breast cancer target protein. They are ergost-25-ene-3,6-dione,5,12-dihydroxy-,(5.alpha.,12.beta.) (− 7.3 kcal/mol), aspidospermidin-17-ol,1-acetyl-16-methoxy (− 6.7 kcal/mol) and 2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-[[2-[1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl]ethyl amino]-6-[trichloromethyl]-s-triazine (− 6.7 kcal/mol). Further, docking study was performed for the synthetic drug doxorubicin to compare the efficiency of phytocompounds. The binding affinity of ergost-25-ene-3,6-dione,5,12-dihydroxy-,(5.alpha.,12.beta.) is higher than the synthetic drug doxorubicin (− 7.2 kcal/mol), and the binding affinity of other compounds is also very near to the drug. Hence, the present study concludes that the phytocompounds from the aqueous extract ofSolanum torvumunripe fruits have the potential ability to treat breast cancer.