bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Genetic Epidemiology of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip: A Genome-Wide Association Study Harnessing National Clinical Audit Data
Authors: Hatzikotoulas Konstantinos , Roposch Andreas , Shah Karan M , Clark Matthew J , Bratherton Selina , Limbani Vasanti , Steinberg Julia , Zengini Eleni , Warsame Kaltuun , Ratnayake Madhushika , Tselepi Maria , Schwartzentruber Jeremy , Loughlin John , Eastwood Deborah M , Zeggini Eleftheria , Wilkinson J Mark
Published: June 2017

Background

Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is a common, heritable condition characterised by abnormal formation of the hip joint, but has a poorly understood genetic architecture due to small sample sizes. We apply a novel case-ascertainment approach using national clinical audit (NCA) data to conduct the largest DDH genome-wide association study (GWAS) to date, and replicate our findings in independent cohorts.

Methods

We used the English National Joint Registry (NJR) dataset to collect DNA and conducted a GWAS in 770 DDH cases and 3364 controls. We tested the variant most strongly associated with DDH in independent replication cohorts comprising 1129 patients and 4652 controls.

Results

The heritable component of DDH attributable to common variants was 55% and distributed similarly across autosomal and the X-chromosomes. Variation within theGDF5gene promoter was strongly and reproducibly associated with DDH (rs143384, OR 1.44 [95% CI 1.34-1.56], p=3.55x10−22). Two further replicating loci showed suggestive association with DDH nearNFIB(rs4740554, OR 1.30 [95% CI 1.16-1.45], p=4.44x10−6) andLOXL4(rs4919218, 1.19 [1.10-1.28] p=4.38x10−6). Through gene-based enrichment we identifyGDF5, UQCC1, MMP24, RETSATandPDRG1association with DDH (p<1.2x10−7). Using the UK Biobank and arcOGEN cohorts to generate polygenic risk scores we find that risk alleles for hip osteoarthritis explain <0.5% of the variance in DDH susceptibility.

Conclusion

Using the NJR as a proof-of-principle, we describe the genetic architecture of DDH and identify several candidate intervention loci and demonstrate a scalable recruitment strategy for genetic studies that is transferrable to other complex diseases.

Key Messages

We report the first genome-wide scan for DDH in a European population, and the first to use national clinical audit data for case-ascertainment in complex disease.

The heritable component of DDH attributable to common variants is 55% and is distributed similarly across autosomal and the X-chromosomes.

Variation within theGDF5gene promoter is strongly and reproducibly associated with DDH, with fine-mapping indicating rs143384 as the likely casual variant.

Enrichment analyses implicateGDF5, UQCC1, MMP24, RETSATandPDRG1as candidate targets for intervention in DDH.

DDH shares little common genetic aetiology with idiopathic osteoarthritis of the hip, despite sharing variation within theGDF5promoter as a common risk factor.
Computational approaches for discovery of mutational signatures in cancer
Authors: Baez-Ortega Adrian , Gori Kevin
Published: June 2017

The accumulation of somatic mutations in a genome is the result of the activity of one or more mutagenic processes, each of which leaves its own imprint. The study of these DNA fingerprints, termed mutational signatures, holds important potential for furthering our understanding of the causes and evolution of cancer, and can provide insights of relevance for cancer prevention and treatment. In this review, we focus our attention on the mathematical models and computational techniques that have driven recent advances in the field.
SWELL1is a glucose sensor required for β-cell excitability and insulin secretion
Authors: Kang Chen , Gunasekar Susheel K. , Mishra Anil , Xie Litao , Zhang Yanhui , Pai Saachi , Gao Yiwen , Norris Andrew W. , Stephens Samuel B. , Sah Rajan
Published: June 2017

Insulin secretion from the pancreatic β-cell initiated by activation of voltage-gated Ca2+channels (VGCC) to trigger Ca2+-mediated insulin vesicle fusion with the β-cell plasma membrane. The firing of VGCC depends on the β-cell membrane potential, which is in turn mediated by the balance of depolarizing (excitatory) and hyperpolarizing (inhibitory) ionic currents1-3. While much attention has focused on inhibitory potassium currents4-10there is little knowledge about the excitatory currents required to depolarize the β-cell, including the molecular identity of these excitatory currents3. Here we show that SWELL1 (LRRC8a) mediates a swell-activated, depolarizing chloride current (ICl,SWELL)in β-cells. Hypotonic and glucose-stimulated β-cell swelling activates SWELL1-mediated ICl,SWELLand this is required for both glucose-stimulated and hypotonic swell-mediated activation of VGCC-dependent intracellular calcium signaling in β-cells. SWELL1 KO MIN6 cells and β-cell targeted SWELL1 KO murine islets exhibit significantly impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, with preserved insulin contentin vitro. Tamoxifen-inducible β-cell targetedSWELL1KO mice have normal fasting insulin levels but display markedly impaired glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Our results reveal a physiological role for SWELL1 as a glucose sensor - linking glucose-mediated β-cell swelling to SWELL1-dependent activation of VGCC-triggered calcium signaling, and highlights SWELL1-mediated “swell-secretion” coupling as required for glucose-stimulated insulin secretion.
Whole genome sequencing-based detection of antimicrobial resistance and virulence in non-typhoidalSalmonella entericaisolated from wildlife
Authors: Thomas Milton , Fenske Gavin John , Ghimire Sudeep , Welsh Ronald , Ramachandran Akhilesh , Scaria Joy
Published: June 2017

The aim of this study was to generate a reference set ofSalmonella entericagenomes isolated from wildlife from the United States and to determine the antimicrobial resistance and virulence gene profile of the isolates from the genome sequence data. We sequenced the whole genomes of 103Salmonellaisolates sampled between 1988 and 2003 from wildlife and exotic pet cases that were submitted to the Oklahoma Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Stillwater, Oklahoma. Among 103 isolates, 50.48% were from wild birds, 0.9% was from fish, 24.27% each were from reptiles and mammals. 50.48% isolates showed resistance to at least one antibiotic. Resistance against the aminoglycoside streptomycin was most common while 9 isolates were found to be multi-drug resistant having resistance against more than three antibiotics. Determination of virulence gene profile revealed that the genes belonging to csg operons, the fim genes that encode for type 1 fimbriae and the genes belonging to type III secretion system were predominant among the isolates. The universal presence of fimbrial genes and the genes encoded by pathogenicity islands 1-2 among the isolates we report here indicates that these isolates could potentially cause disease in humans. Therefore, the genomes we report here could be a valuable reference point for future traceback investigations when wildlife is considered to be the potential source of human Salmonellosis.
Synthesis and crystal structures of two structurally related kryptoracemates
Authors: Kramer Philipp , Bolte Michael
Published: June 2017

Kryptoracemates are racemic compounds (pairs of enantiomers) that crystallize in Sohnke space groups (space groups that contain neither inversion centres nor mirror or glide planes nor rotoinversion axes). Thus, the two symmetry-independent molecules cannot be transformed into one another by any symmetry element present in the crystal structure. Usually, the conformation of the two enantiomers is rather similar if not identical. Sometimes, the two enantiomers are related by a pseudosymmetry element, which is often a pseudocentre of inversion, because inversion symmetry is thought to be favourable for crystal packing. We obtained crystals of two kryptoracemates of two very similar compounds differing in just one residue, namely rac-N-[(1S,2R,3S)-2-methyl-3-(5-methylfuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-3-(pivalamido)propyl]benzamide, C27H32N2O3, (I), and rac-N-[(1S,2S,3R)-2-methyl-3-(5-methylfuran-2-yl)-1-phenyl-3-(propionamido)propyl]benzamide dichloromethane hemisolvate, C25H28N2O3·0.5CH2Cl2, (II). The crystals of both compounds contain both enantiomers of these chiral molecules. However, since the space groups [P212121 for (I) and P1 for (II)] contain neither inversion centres nor mirror or glide planes nor rotoinversion axes, there are both enantiomers in the asymmetric unit, which is a rather uncommon phenomenon. In addition, it is remarkable that (II) contains two pairs of enantiomers in the asymmetric unit. In the crystal, molecules are connected by intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds to form chains or layered structures.
Octamer formation in lysozyme solutions at the initial crystallization stage detected by small-angle neutron scattering
Authors: Boikova Anastasiia S. , Dyakova Yulia A. , Ilina Kseniia B. , Konarev Petr V. , Kryukova Alyona E. , Kuklin Alexandr I. , Marchenkova Margarita A. , Nabatov Boris V. , Blagov Alexandr E. , Pisarevsky Yurii V. , Kovalchuk Mikhail V.
Published: June 2017

Solutions of lysozyme in heavy water were studied by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) at concentrations of 40, 20 and 10 mg ml−1with and without the addition of precipitant, and at temperatures of 10, 20 and 30°C. In addition to the expected protein monomers, dimeric and octameric species were identified in solutions at the maximum concentration and close to the optimal conditions for crystallization. An optimal temperature for octamer formation was identified and both deviation from this temperature and a reduction in protein concentration led to a significant decrease in the volume fractions of octamers detected. In the absence of precipitant, only monomers and a minor fraction of dimers are present in solution.
A revision of Hofstede’s individualism-collectivism dimension
Authors: Minkov Michael , Dutt Pinaki , Schachner Michael , Morales Oswaldo , Sanchez Carlos , Jandosova Janar , Khassenbekov Yerlan , Mudd Ben
Published: June 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide an updated and authoritative measure of individualism vs collectivism (IDV-COLL) as a dimension of national culture.

Design/methodology/approach

Rather than focus solely on Hofstede’s classic work, the authors review the main nation-level studies of IDV-COLL and related constructs to identify the salient cultural differences between rich societies and developing nations. The authors conceptualize and operationalize IDV-COLL on the basis of those differences and propose a new national IDV-COLL index, using new data from large probabilistic samples: 52,974 respondents from 56 countries, adequately representing the national cultures of all inhabited continents.

Findings

The proposed index is a new, valid measure of IDV-COLL as it is strongly correlated with previous measures of closely associated constructs. As a predictor of important cultural differences that can be expected to be associated with IDV-COLL, it performs better (yields higher correlations) than any known measure of IDV-COLL or a related construct.

Research limitations/implications

An important facet of IDV-COLL – in-group favoritism vs out-group neglect or exclusionism – does not transpire convincingly from the authors’ operationalization of IDV-COLL. The study relies on self-construals. Respondents are unlikely to construe their selves in terms of such concepts.

Practical implications

The new IDV-COLL measure can be used as a reliable, up-to-date national index in studies that compare the cultures of rich and developing nations. The new IDV-COLL scale, consisting of only seven items, can be easily used in future studies.

Originality/value

This is the first IDV-COLL measure based on the communalities of previous studies in this domain and derived from large probabilistic samples that approach national representativeness. The superior predictive properties of the authors’ new measure with respect to extraneous variables are another important strength and contribution.
An evaluation of strength-based approaches to the treatment of sex offenders: a review
Authors: Marshall William L. , Marshall Liam E. , Olver Mark E.
Published: June 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to note the basis for the emergence of strength-based approaches (SBA) to the treatment of sex offenders and point to Tony Ward’s Good Lives Model (GLM) as the impetus for these developments.

Design/methodology/approach

Next, the authors outline the elements of the GLM and of other SBAs. The features of various ways to evaluate treatment programs are discussed and this is followed by an examination of the evidence bearing on the value of the GLM and other SBAs.

Findings

The authors note that the effects of the GLM are limited to within treatment indices as, to date, there are no long-term outcome evaluations of the model on reducing recidivism. Indeed, there appears to be only one such study of an alternative SBA program.

Originality/value

The authors conclude that additional outcome studies are needed to evaluate the utility of the switch away from deficit-focused approaches to strength-based models of treatment.
The social impact of Snowden’s revelations on Mexican youngsters
Authors: Adams Andrew A. , Yáñez-Luna Juan Carlos , González Ramírez Pedro I. , Arias-Oliva Mario , Murata Kiyoshi
Published: June 2017

Purpose

As part of an international study of knowledge of and attitudes to Snowden’s revelations about the activities of the National Security Agency/Government Communications Headquarters, this paper aims to deal with Mexico, taking its socio-cultural and political environment surrounding privacy and state surveillance into account.

Design/methodology/approach

A questionnaire was answered by 160 Mexican University students. The quantitative responses to the survey were statistically analysed as well as qualitative considerations of free text answers.

Findings

Snowden’s revelations have had a limited influence over Mexican youngsters’ attitudes toward privacy and state surveillance, although there is a great awareness by Mexican young people of individual rights issues.

Practical implications

The study results imply a need to build a collective awareness of the importance of the right to privacy and its responsibilities, the available technological options for individuals to exert their own privacy and security and the democratic means to agree and enforce appropriate legal restrictions on state surveillance.

Social implications

The results of this study based indicate an urgent necessity for providing Mexican youngsters with opportunities to learn more about privacy, liberty, individual autonomy and national security.

Originality/value

This study is the first attempt to investigate the social impact of Snowden’s revelations on Mexican students’ attitudes toward privacy and state surveillance as part of cross-cultural analyses between eight countries.
An enactment theory perspective of corporate social responsibility and public relations
Authors: Yudarwati Gregoria Arum , Tjiptono Fandy
Published: June 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is threefold: how companies perceive corporate social responsibility (CSR) and public relations (PR); how companies perceive the interconnection between these functions; and what factors contributing to their perceptions.

Design/methodology/approach

An interpretive qualitative study was employed, where semi-structured interviews with 34 members of PR and CSR departments and three top executives of three big mining (state-owned, private Indonesian, and multinational) companies in Indonesia were carried out. Archival data (e.g. newsletters, websites, and annual reports) were also utilized.

Findings

CSR and PR are perceived to be community relationship functions to gain and maintain organizational legitimacy from the communities and shareholders. Three factors shaping these functions: the social and political changes in Indonesia; the communities’ collective culture; and the nature of mining industry.

Research limitations/implications

The current study focused on how companies interpret and enact their interpretations of their organizational environment. This study suggests further research into how the community and other stakeholders interpret the company’s activities and environment. This study also suggests further study on another type of industry.

Originality/value

The present study provides another approach to understanding how CSR and PR are constructed and enacted in an organization as well as to understanding the company’s justification in enacting particular CSR and PR functions. This study maintains the need to consider local values while keeping the global standard.
Effect of Adoption of Irrigation on Rice Yield in the Municipality of Malanville, Benin
Authors: Nonvide Gbetondji Melaine Armel
Published: June 2017

The paper employed a Heckman selectivity model to determine factors influencing the adoption of irrigation and its effect on rice yield in Benin. Results from probit estimates indicate that farmer's age, gender, extension services, access to credit, market participation, distance to irrigation scheme, use of tractor and fertilizer are factors affecting the probability of irrigation adoption. Results from Heckman second stage estimates show that the adoption of irrigation contributes significantly to rice yield improvement by 57 per cent. For robustness checks of the estimated effect of adoption of irrigation, the propensity score matching method was used. The results indicate that the percentage increase in rice yield due to irrigation adoption varies between 55 per cent and 60 per cent. This confirms the finding of the Heckman estimates. Other variables explaining rice yield are education, extension services, access to credit, market participation, off farm income, use of tractor, labour, and fertilizer. These results imply that besides the adoption of irrigation the provision of complementary services are needed to achieve the objective of productivity improvement.
Current controversies with oral emergency contraception
Authors: Cameron ST , Li HWR , Gemzell‐Danielsson K
Published: June 2017

Emergency contraception (EC) is a method to be used in the case of unprotected sexual intercourse, failure of a regular contraceptive method, or after rape to try to prevent an unintended pregnancy. Oral EC remains surrounded by controversy, much due to myths and misconceptions among the public, policy makers and healthcare providers. This has resulted in restrictions on its availability in many parts of the world and restrictions on women's access to it. The aim of this article is to provide an evidence‐based view on some of these common controversial issues surrounding oral EC in clinical practice.

Tweetable abstract

Controversy about emergency contraception restricts access for women.
A survey of the experiences of families with bereavement support services following a perinatal loss
Authors: Inati Violet , Matic Mara , Phillips Christine , Maconachie Nathalie , Vanderhook Fiona , Kent Alison L.
Published: June 2017

Background

Although there are many studies that explore complicated grief, no studies have examined the impact of bereavement support services on the progression to complicated grief. The aims of our study were to describe the types of bereavement services utilised by families who have experienced a perinatal loss, and explore the impact of these services on the families’ bereavement journey.

Methods

Women who experienced a perinatal loss were sent a survey consisting of the modified Perinatal Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) questionnaire, items addressing use of bereavement services, and the Inventory of Complicated Grief. Respondents also provided free‐text comments.

Results

Forty‐seven women were included in the study (34% response rate); 75% had a perinatal PTSD score which indicated the need for support from mental health services and 75% accessed services. Forty‐three percent met the criteria for complicated grief. Women whose PTSD scores were in the highest quartile were most likely to access services; 45% of surveyed women used SIDS and Kids of the Australian Capital Territory (SKACT) accessing counselling (90%), support groups (50%), playgroups (15%) and the helpline (10%). Fifty‐seven percent of women surveyed accessed non‐SKACT services and predominantly used psychologists (66%) and general practitioners (30%). Requests were made for grief training of hospital staff, and for referral to bereavement services to be offered after hospital discharge.

Conclusions

Following a perinatal loss, a high proportion of women had high PTSD scores and complicated grief despite utilising local bereavement services. Our findings support the continuation of current support services with modifications that may potentially improve recovery following a perinatal loss.
Endothelial colony‐forming cells and pro‐angiogenic cells: clarifying definitions and their potential role in mitigating acute kidney injury
Authors: Basile D. P. , Collett J. A. , Yoder M. C.
Published: June 2017

Acute kidney injury (AKI) represents a significant clinical concern that is associated with high mortality rates and also represents a significant risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). This article will consider alterations in renal endothelial function in the setting of AKI that may underlie impairment in renal perfusion and how inefficient vascular repair may manifest post‐AKI and contribute to the potential transition to CKD. We provide updated terminology for cells previously classified as ‘endothelial progenitor’ that may mediate vascular repair such as pro‐angiogenic cells and endothelial colony‐forming cells. We consider how endothelial repair may be mediated by these different cell types following vascular injury, particularly in models of AKI. We further summarize the potential ability of these different cells to mitigate the severity of AKI, improve perfusion and maintain vascular structure in pre‐clinical studies.
Perceptual flexibility is coupled with reduced executive inhibition in students of the visual arts
Authors: Chamberlain Rebecca , Swinnen Lena , Heeren Sarah , Wagemans Johan
Published: June 2017

Artists often report that seeing familiar stimuli in novel and interesting ways plays a role in visual art creation. However, the attentional mechanisms which underpin this ability have yet to be fully investigated. More specifically, it is unclear whether the ability to reinterpret visual stimuli in novel and interesting ways is facilitated by endogenously generated switches of attention, and whether it is linked in turn to executive functions such as inhibition and response switching. To address this issue, the current study explored ambiguous figure reversal and executive function in a sample of undergraduate students studying arts and non‐art subjects (N = 141). Art students showed more frequent perceptual reversals in an ambiguous figure task, both when viewing the stimulus passively and when eliciting perceptual reversals voluntarily, but showed no difference from non‐art students when asked to actively maintain specific percepts. In addition, art students were worse than non‐art students at inhibiting distracting flankers in an executive inhibition task. The findings suggest that art students can elicit endogenous shifts of attention more easily than non‐art students but that this faculty is not directly associated with enhanced executive function. It is proposed that the signature of artistic skill may be increased perceptual flexibility accompanied by reduced cognitive inhibition; however, future research will be necessary to determine which particular subskills in the visual arts are linked to aspects of perception and executive function.
Educational Support for Orphaned Children: What Can We Learn from the African Extended Family Structure?
Authors: Motha Kholofelo Charlotte
Published: June 2017

This paper challenges the view that, in the context of the HIV/AIDS pandemic, the African extended family is no longer able to care for and support orphaned children. The paper is based on a qualitative case study conducted in a South African urban area on the lived experiences of orphaned children aged 9–14. Data were collected from the children, their teachers as well as their main caregivers. The study found that, despite the poverty facing the extended family, emotional support, family cohesion and support for learning can serve to meet the educational needs of orphaned children.
Development of a coupled wavelet transform and evolutionary Levenberg‐Marquardt neural networks for hydrological process modeling
Authors: Abbaszadeh Peyman , Alipour Atieh , Asadi Shahrokh
Published: June 2017

This research aims to present a general framework by which the most appropriate wavelet parameters including mother wavelet, vanishing moment, and decomposition level can be chosen for a joint wavelet transform and machine learning model. This study is organized in 2 parts: the first part presents an evolutionary Levenberg‐Marquardt neural network (ELMNN) model as the most effective machine learning configuration, and the second part describes how the wavelet transform can be effectively embedded with the developed ELMNN model. In this research, the rainfall and runoff time series data of 2 distinct watersheds at 2 different time scales (daily and monthly) were used to build the proposed hybrid wavelet transform and ELMNN model. The conclusions of this study showed that the Daubechies wavelet more than other wavelet families is capable to extract the informative features of hydrologic series. The vanishing moment and decomposition level of this mother wavelet should be selected based on the watershed behavior and the time resolution of rainfall and runoff time series, respectively. The verification results for both watersheds at daily and monthly time scales indicated root mean square error, peak value criterion, low value criterion, and Kling‐Gupta efficiency as about 0.017, 0.021, 0.023, and 0.91, respectively.
Changing Me, Changing Us: Relationship Quality and Collective Efficacy as Major Outcomes in Systemic Couple Therapy
Authors: Aguilar‐Raab Corina , Grevenstein Dennis , Gotthardt Linda , Jarczok Marc N. , Hunger Christina , Ditzen Beate , Schweitzer Jochen
Published: June 2017

We examine the sensitivity to change in the Evaluation of Social Systems (EVOS) scale, which assesses relationship quality and collective efficacy. In Study 1 we conducted a waitlist‐control, short‐term couple therapy RCT study (N = 43 couples) with five systemic therapy sessions treating communication and partnership problems; our intent was to provide high external validity. Construct validity of EVOS was assessed by comparison with additionally applied scales (Family Scales; Outcome Questionnaire, OQ‐45.2). In Study 2, N = 332 individuals completed an experiment with high internal validity in order to verify sensitivity to change in three different social contexts. Results from Study 1 revealed a significant increase in relationship quality in the treatment group directly after treatment, as compared to the control group. Sensitivity to change was slightly better for EVOS than for other measures. While this positive change could not be fully sustained between posttreatment and a 4‐week follow‐up, EVOS score did not fall below baseline and pretreatment levels, supporting moderate‐to‐large sensitivity to change. Study 2 supported high sensitivity to change in EVOS for couple relations, family relations, and work‐team relationships. Therefore, EVOS can be used as an outcome measure to monitor the process of systemic interventions focusing on relationship quality and collective efficacy. Due to its sensitivity to change, EVOS can provide evidence for treatment success with regard to relationship aspects.
Analysis of falls that caused serious events in hospitalized patients
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuyoshi , Imagama Shiro , Ando Kei , Inagaki Yuko , Suzuki Yusuke , Nishida Yoshihiro , Nagao Yoshimasa , Ishiguro Naoki
Published: June 2017

Aim

Falls are common adverse events for hospitalized elderly patients that can cause fracture, which decreases activities of daily living, and other injuries that can be fatal. The purpose of the present study was to investigate serious events due to fall, and to consider measures for fall prevention.

Methods

Incidents of fall were obtained from a database of 163 558 inpatients at Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan, from April 2012 to March 2016. The risk of fall was evaluated using a fall assessment score sheet at admission and during hospitalization, based on which patients were divided into risk grades 1, 2 and 3. A fall that led to fracture or a life‐threatening injury was defined as a serious event.

Results

Fall occurred in 3099 patients for 4 years (1.89%). Most patients that fell (45%) were in the highest (grade 3) risk category. Serious events associated with fall occurred in 36 of the 3099 patients (1.2%), and the overall incidence of serious events was 0.22%. These events included fracture in 24 patients, intracranial injury in 10 patients and others in two patients. Finally, one patient died. Serious events occurred significantly more frequently after falls in patients wearing slippers compared with other footwear (P < 0.01). The incidences of serious events and fall were significantly higher in patients with a higher risk of fall (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The present results support the validity of our risk assessment scale for fall, but it should be recognized that fall can also occur in a patient with a low predicted risk of fall. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 2403–2406.
Assessment of efficacy of two chlorhexidine mouthrinses on oral hygiene and gingival health in adolescents wearing two types of orthodontic brackets
Authors: Jurišić S , Verzak Ž , Jurišić G , Jurić H
Published: June 2017

Objective

To investigate the efficacy of two formulations of chlorhexidine 0.2% (CHX) mouthrinses in terms of oral hygiene and gingival health status in adolescents with fixed orthodontic appliances wearing two different types of brackets during 18 weeks.

Study population and methodology

Eighty subjects were randomly divided into two equal groups according to brackets type: (i) metal‐stainless steel, (ii) ceramic. Four weeks after the placement of the fixed orthodontic appliances the subjects from each group were randomly allocated into two equal subgroups and were provided with two different mouthrinses for 14 days: (i) alcohol‐free CHX, (ii) CHX with antidiscoloration system (CHX‐ADS). Assessment was carried out according to gingival index (GI) and oral hygiene index‐simplified (OHI‐S) performed prior to the placement of the appliance (t1), 6 weeks (t2), and 18 weeks (t3) after the placement. To analyse the data, two‐way mixed model MANOVA. Pearson correlations, one‐way ANOVA and Independent Samples t test were conducted.

Results

Statistically significant decrease in GI and OHI‐S indices after 6 weeks and then increase after 18 weeks for all groups was found. Both GI and OHI‐S values were lower in subjects wearing ceramic brackets, with statistically significant difference for GI after the usage of the mouthrinse for 14 days, at t2 (P<.05).

Conclusion

The results revealed that the ceramic brackets as well as usage of CHX‐ADS resulted in improved gingival status.
Microstructure, friction, and wear properties of Ni‐Al2O3‐MoS2 composite coatings
Authors: Wang Yuan , Sun Wan‐Chang , Wang Chang‐An , Huang Yong , Xu Jia‐Min
Published: June 2017

Ni‐Al2O3‐MoS2 composite coatings were prepared on the surface of aluminum alloy substrates by an integrative method of electrophoresis and electrodeposition from the electrolytic solution with different MoS2 concentrations. The surface morphology and compositions of the coatings were studied by scanning electron microscopy equipped with an energy dispersive spectroscope. The microindentation hardness and tribological properties of the coatings were tested using a Vickers hardness tester and friction performance tester in dry sliding condition, respectively. Results showed that the cross‐sections of the coatings exhibited smooth morphology and uniform distribution of the compositions. Al2O3 and MoS2 particles were uniformly dispersed in the Ni matrix. The coatings were sufficiently adhered on the aluminum alloy substrates. The addition of MoS2 particles can significantly improve the wear resistance of the coatings. When the MoS2 concentration is 1.0 g/L, the Ni‐Al2O3‐MoS2 coatings exhibit superior mechanical properties.
Water sorption and cooking time of red kidney beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): part I – Effect of freezing and drying conditions on water sorption and cooking time
Authors: Jian Fuji , Jayas Digvir S. , Fields Paul G. , White Noel D.G.
Published: June 2017

Water sorption and cooking time of kidney beans were determined. The beans were manually harvested at 19.2 ± 0.1% moisture content and stored at −20 and −10 °C for about half a year. The beans were further dried at 30, 40 and 50 °C inside a thin‐layer drier for 7.5 h or under room conditions for 4 week. The freezing storage temperature before the beans were dried did not influence their cooking time and water sorption. The saturated kernel volumes decreased approximately 7% after drying. The beans decreased their sphericity during water sorption and had a larger swelling ratio in the thickness direction than in other directions. Lower initial moisture content, especially with a higher drying temperature, decreased water sorptivity and resulted in higher percentage of uncooked kernels if the beans were not soaked before cooking. However, there was no relationship between initial moisture content and uncooked percentage if the beans were soaked before cooking. High drying temperature resulted in hard‐to‐cook (HTC) phenomenon.
Pathogenic T cell subsets in allergic and chronic inflammatory bowel disorders
Authors: Zundler Sebastian , Neurath Markus F.
Published: June 2017

Homeostasis in the gastrointestinal tract relies on a sensitive equilibrium between permissive and protective functions. This is closely reflected in the regulation of the intestinal immune system and especially T cells in the gut. This balance, however, is susceptible to disturbances as demonstrated by pathological conditions like food allergy, celiac disease, or inflammatory bowel disease. In these allergic and chronic inflammatory bowel disorders, luminal antigens get access to the lamina propria where they trigger a dysregulated immune response with crucial involvement of different T cell subsets. We will begin this review with some comprehensive remarks on current concepts on the pathogenesis of these diseases before taking a closer look at the life cycle of intestinal T cells consisting of priming, homing, differentiation and proliferation and apoptosis respectively. Subsequently we will discuss the specific implication of distinct T cell subsets in allergic and chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract in detail and comment on current and future approaches to targeted therapy in this context.
The effects of group memberships of victims and perpetrators in humanly caused disasters on charitable donations to victims
Authors: James Trevor Keith , Zagefka Hanna
Published: June 2017

The effects of group memberships of disaster victims and perpetrators on charitable donations were measured. In Study 1 (N = 92), victim group membership was experimentally varied to demonstrate an ingroup bias. In Study 2 (N = 84), a similar bias was demonstrated by varying perpetrator group membership. In Study 3 (N = 182), both victim and perpetrator group memberships were assessed. Perpetrator group membership interacted with victim group membership. Moreover, donations were highest when both victims and perpetrators shared a group membership. These effects were mediated by empathy with the victims, and perceived responsibility of the donor to intervene and aid the victim. Findings show that a salient perpetrator group can be harnessed to encourage helping of disaster victims.
How Does Driver Turnover Affect Motor Carrier Safety Performance and What Can Managers Do About It?
Authors: Miller Jason W. , Saldanha John P. , Rungtusanatham Manus , Knemeyer Michael
Published: June 2017

The trucking industry is the lifeblood of supply chains. Truck driver turnover and motor carrier safety are two salient issues affecting this industry. While turnover by itself presents a challenge due to the cost of replacing drivers, it takes on additional urgency because turnover may affect motor carrier safety. However, driver turnover research has focused predominantly on identifying factors affecting turnover, thus resulting in limited understanding of how turnover affects motor carrier performance, particularly with regard to safety. This reduces our ability to provide guidance to managers who have to address driver turnover. In this article, we extend prior research by drawing from several theoretical lenses to develop and test theory of the turnover–safety relationship. Furthermore, we investigate whether carrier managers can mitigate the effect of turnover on safety by embedding knowledge in carriers’ routines using activity control, a formal management control mechanism. We employ a longitudinal data set composed of primary and secondary data sources to test our hypotheses. We find the turnover–safety relationship is best characterized by a monotonic negative attenuated pattern and that high levels of activity control mitigate the negative effect of driver turnover on motor carrier safety in domains more under drivers’ control.
Mechanisms of PTHrP‐induced inhibition of smooth muscle contractility in the guinea pig gastric antrum
Authors: Ohguchi H. , Mitsui R. , Imaeda K. , Joh T. , Hashitani H.
Published: June 2017

Background

Parathyroid hormone‐related protein (PTHrP) that causes hypercalcemia of malignancy appears to function as an endogenous smooth muscle relaxant. For example, PTHrP released upon bladder wall distension relaxes detrusor smooth muscle to accommodate urine. Here, we explored mechanisms underlying PTHrP‐induced suppression of the smooth muscle contractility in the gastric antrum that also undergoes a passive distension.

Methods

Effects of PTHrP on phasic contractions and electrical slow waves in the antral smooth muscle of the guinea pig stomach were studied using isometric tension and intracellular microelectrode recordings, respectively. Fluorescent immunohistochemistry was also carried out to identify the distribution of PTH/PTHrP receptors.

Key Results

Parathyroid hormone‐related protein (1‐100 nM) reduced the amplitude of phasic contractions and the basal tension. Nω‐nitro‐l‐arginine (L‐NA, 100 μM), a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, or 1H‐[1,2,4]oxadiazolo‐[4, 3‐a]quinoxalin‐1‐one (ODQ, 10 µM), a guanylate cyclase inhibitor, diminished the PTHrP (10 nM)‐induced reduction in the amplitude of phasic contractions. SQ22536 (300 μM), an adenylate cyclase inhibitor, attenuated the PTHrP‐induced reduction in basal tension. The combination of ODQ (10 μM) and SQ22536 (300 μM) inhibited the PTHrP‐induced reductions in both phasic contractions and basal tension. PTHrP (100 nM) had no inhibitory effect on the electrical slow waves in the antral smooth muscle. PTH/PTHrP receptors were expressed in cell bodies of PGP9.5‐positive neurons in the myenteric plexus.

Conclusions & Inferences

Parathyroid hormone‐related protein exerts its inhibitory actions on the antral smooth muscle via both nitric oxide‐cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO‐cGMP) and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) pathways. Thus, PTHrP may act as an endogenous relaxant of the gastric antrum employing the two complementary signaling pathways to ensure the adaptive relaxation of stomach.
Yellow sigatoka epidemics caused by a panmictic population of Mycosphaerella musicola in Brazil
Authors: Gomes L. I. S. , Douhan G. W. , Lehner M. S. , Bibiano L. B. J. , Mizubuti E. S. G.
Published: June 2017

The genetic structure of Mycosphaerella musicola has never been investigated in Brazil to address epidemiologically related questions associated with yellow sigatoka. A total of 223 single‐conidium isolates from four regions (North, South, Zona da Mata and Triângulo Mineiro) of Minas Gerais State, Brazil, were used to assess the population genetic structure of M. musicola. Isolates were characterized regarding the frequency of the MAT1‐1‐1 or MAT1‐2‐1 idiomorphs and polymorphism at nine microsatellite loci. The mating‐type ratio in three of the four subpopulations was c. 1:1. A total of 87 alleles and 216 multilocus genotypes were identified. The overall population was in linkage equilibrium. Most (93.9%) genetic variation was detected within the subpopulations and there was weak differentiation between them. In total, eight genetic groups were detected and isolates of seven groups were present in all regions. The population of M. musicola in Minas Gerais seems to have high evolutionary potential: it is panmictic and both sexual reproduction and gene flow affect genetic variability. Strategies to avoid fungicide resistance should be enforced and breeding programmes need to consider quantitative resistance in the banana cultivars.
Satellite Data and Machine Learning for Weather Risk Management and Food Security
Authors: Biffis Enrico , Chavez Erik
Published: June 2017

The increase in frequency and severity of extreme weather events poses challenges for the agricultural sector in developing economies and for food security globally. In this article, we demonstrate how machine learning can be used to mine satellite data and identify pixel‐level optimal weather indices that can be used to inform the design of risk transfers and the quantification of the benefits of resilient production technology adoption. We implement the model to study maize production in Mozambique, and show how the approach can be used to produce countrywide risk profiles resulting from the aggregation of local, heterogeneous exposures to rainfall precipitation and excess temperature. We then develop a framework to quantify the economic gains from technology adoption by using insurance costs as the relevant metric, where insurance is broadly understood as the transfer of weather‐driven crop losses to a dedicated facility. We consider the case of irrigation in detail, estimating a reduction in insurance costs of at least 30%, which is robust to different configurations of the model. The approach offers a robust framework to understand the costs versus benefits of investment in irrigation infrastructure, but could clearly be used to explore in detail the benefits of more advanced input packages, allowing, for example, for different crop varieties, sowing dates, or fertilizers.
Effects of Aerobic, Strength or Combined Exercise on Perceived Appetite and Appetite-Related Hormones in Inactive Middle-Aged Men
Authors: Larsen Penelope S. , Donges Cheyne E. , Guelfi Kym J. , Smith Greg C. , Adams David R. , Duffield Rob
Published: June 2017

Aerobic exercise (AE) and strength exercise (SE) are reported to induce discrete and specific appetite-related responses; however, the effect of combining AE and SE (i.e., combined exercise; CE) remains relatively unknown. Twelve inactive overweight men (age: 48 ± 5 y; BMI: 29.9 ± 1.9 kg∙m2) completed four conditions in a random order: 1) nonexercise control (CON) (50 min seated rest); 2) AE (50 min cycling; 75% VO2peak); 3) SE (10 × 8 leg extensions; 75% 1RM); and 4) CE (50% SE + 50% AE). Perceived appetite, and appetiterelated peptides and metabolites were assessed before and up to 2 h postcondition (0P, 30P, 60P, 90P, 120P). Perceived appetite did not differ between trials (p < .05). Acylated ghrelin was lower at 0P in AE compared with CON (p = .039), while pancreatic polypeptide (PP) was elevated following AE compared with CON and CE. Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIPtotal) was greater following all exercise conditions compared with CON, as was glucagon, although concentrations were generally highest in AE (p < .05). Glucose was acutely increased with SE and AE (p < .05), while insulin and C-peptide were higher after SE compared with all other conditions (p < .05). In inactive, middle-aged men AE, SE and CE each have their own distinct effects on circulating appetite-related peptides and metabolites. Despite these differential exercise-induced hormone responses, exercise mode appears to have little effect on perceived appetite compared with a resting control in this population.
Experimental Manipulation of Psychological Momentum in Baseball Pitching: No Evidence for Short-Term Psychological Momentum in Baseball Throw Speeds
Authors: Golding Jordan , Johnson Aaron , Sensenig Andrew T.
Published: June 2017

Psychological momentum in sports is a series of high or low human performances that seem to defy statistical randomness, and instead is often attributed to a positive feedback system in the athlete’s physiology and psyche. Quantitative approaches have found some evidence of psychological momentum. We measured the throw speeds and accuracy of adult males throwing baseballs while subjecting them to verbal criticism (positive or negative). Our study of short-term momentum suggested evidence of psychological momentum only in top-performing university baseball players, and not in the lower-performing players or in nonathletes.
Ultra-low-dose intravitreal bevacizumab for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity: a case series
Authors: Hillier Roxane J , Connor Alan J , Shafiq Ayad E
Published: June 2017

Background

Intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) has emerged as an effective treatment modality for the management of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) where the disease is severe and posterior. Despite evidence of systemic vascular endothelial growth factor suppression and concerns about how this might affect the developing neonate, the optimal dose is unknown to date. We report our experience of using ultra-low-dose (0.16 mg) IVB, one-quarter of the ‘standard’ dose that has widely been reported in the treatment of ROP.

Methods

A retrospective observational case series of consecutive infants who underwent ultra-low-dose IVB injection for the management of ROP at a regional neonatal intensive care unit in the North East of England, between November 2013 and August 2016.

Results

29 eyes of 15 infants underwent IVB injection. We defined ‘treatment success’ as complete regression of retinopathy and vascularisation into (or laser ablation of) zone 3. Primary success (in response to IVB 0.16 mg alone) was observed in 23/29 eyes (79.3%). Secondary success (where additional treatment was required) was observed in 27/29 eyes (93.1%). One infant died of respiratory disease during follow-up. Retreatment occurred in 6/29 eyes (20.6%). Retreatments occurred at a mean of 9.8 weeks after initial IVB (range 6–15) and at a mean of 44 weeks postmenstrual age (range 40–50).

Conclusion

0.16 mg IVB is effective in the treatment of severe and posterior ROP, with no adverse ocular outcomes occurring in our series.