bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association with Oral Microbial Alteration and Oral Disease among Patients Attending Ruhengeri Referral Hospital, Rwanda
Authors: Yadufashije Callixte , Mucumbitsi Joseph , Uwimana Marie Jeanne Umugwaneza , Muhimpundu Liliane , Mwanzia Lydia Nzisa , Ndayambaje Martin , Munyeshyaka Emmanuel , Twagirumukiza Gratien , Mala Albert Onyango
Published: July 2022

Background:

Dental disease remains a public health concern of this era. In 2020, World Health Organization reported that 3.5 billion of oral disease occurs every year. About 2.3 billion case is attributed to dental caries while gum disease affects 10% of the global population.

Methods:

This was a case control study carried out from November 2020 to February 2021. About 120 participants were recruited, of them, 60 were oral diseased, while the remaining 60 were selected as a control group. Oral swab samples were collected with the swab stick, and put into plastic sterile container to avoid external microbial contamination. Samples were transported to INES clinical microbiology laboratory for microbial identification. chi square was performed to test for association, while odd ratios and relative risk were performed to test for pathogenic microbial fraction.

Results:

The common oral diseases were tooth decay (56.6%) and gum disease (43.4%). the most affected age range was 5-19years (53.33%), while females (63.3%) were the most affected sex. The most isolated microorganism was Lactobacillus spp (15.8%) for patients, while Staphylococcus aureus (11.2%) was the most isolate in the control group. The statistical significant association with oral microbial alteration and oral disease was observed on Streptococcus mutans (x2
=8.9, P= 0.002852), Lactobacillus spp (x2
=9.84, P=0.001708), Candida spp (x2
=5.2, P=0.02258), Staphylococcus aureus (x2
= 15.6, P= 0.000078), and Providencia spp (x2
= 6, P=0.014306). The overall oral microbial alteration (x2
=53, P< 0.00001) was statistically significant. The ratio of pathogenic microorganisms (OR=4, 95%CI:2.3786-7.062 and RR=1.477, 95%CI:1.2478-1.7153) was significantly associated with oral disease.

Conclusion:

Oral microbial alteration contributes to oral disease. Early detection of oral microbial alteration, and oral diseases are recommended.
A Review on COVID-19 Vaccinations
Authors: Garg Ketan , Talwar Dipesh , Mahajan Samiksha Naresh , Karim Sana , Prajapati Kesar , Patel Savan , Garg Bhawna
Published: July 2022

The year 2019 witnessed a pandemic named COVID-19 caused by infection severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). It emerged in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 and has affected millions since then. It led to a global cry for vaccine development. Scientists arrayed the SARS-CoV-2 genome within a month of the outbreak. They used the parallels between SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 to speed up the vaccine preparation. As of now, different types of COVID-19 vaccines are prevailing.
Radiobioconjugate Targeted Therapy in Cancer, using Radiolabeled Mediated Biological Analogs
Authors: Garg Pankaj
Published: July 2022

Radiobioconjugate therapy, recommended as one of the effective modalities for the treatment of cancer cells, is based on the concept of delivering the localized radiation at the cellular level to the disease site using a biological moiety. The high tumor/nontumor ratio is the essentially a sine qua non for the successful execution of targeted therapy which is highly desired. The central problem associated to radiobioconjugate therapy is the small fraction of a radiobioconjugate localized to the tumor, while the major fraction of it is delivered to the nontarget organs (reticuloendothelial system deposition). The current article focuses on the better perceptive of the factors of understanding, which includes the selection and expansion of sophisticated molecular carriers, assortment of a suitable radionuclide based on the class of emission, linear energy transmit, and the material radiophysical half-life. In addition, a concern to the biochemical interactions taking place at the molecular level, selection of a specific targeting strategy for designing effective treatment regimes, and importantly the challenges associated to it have also been discussed.
Medicinal Uses of Agarwood
Authors: Peeraphong Lertnimitphun
Published: July 2022

Abstract

Agarwood from Aquilaria plants, also known as Chen Xiang (Symbol), is traditionally used for the treatment of abdominal pain and as a sedative. Because of the great demand and the rareness of agarwood, extensive harvesting of Aquilaria plants has nearly led to the extinction of the species. To fully utilize this resource, the use of different parts of Aquilaria needs to be investigated. This article will focus on the pharmacological properties and the mechanism of action of different parts of Aquilaria plants.
MET
Authors: Nathany Shrinidhi , Batra Ullas
Published: July 2022

The emergence of molecular medicine has led to the increased development and rapid approval of small molecule inhibitors which have caused a dramatic shift in the therapeutic landscape of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Mesenchymal epithelial transition factor (MET) exon 14 skipping is one such alteration. This mutation has been reported in 3–4% of NSCLC cases. Additionally, MET exon 14 skipping mutation occurs in 2% of patients with squamous histology NSCLC, and hence, it should be tested in the first line setting. To prepare this review, we searched for articles using the keywords “MET,” “exon 14 skipping,” “capmatinib,” “tepotinib,” and “MET TKI” in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Embase. There were no defined inclusion/exclusion criteria for our search strategy as this was not a meta-analysis or a systematic review. This narrative review of MET covers its biology, with a special emphasis on exon 14 skipping mutation, its clinical features, and therapeutic options.
A cross-sectional study on the seroprevalence of the SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody in patients with cancer from central Kerala
Authors: George Geomcy , Varghese Sangeetha Merrin , Jose Manju Rosy , Mateethra George Chandy , Sachu Arun , Saji Feba Mary
Published: July 2022

Background:

Patients with cancer are vulnerable to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Given the rising number of COVID-19 cases and relaxation of stringent COVID-19 protocols, assessment of the level of protective immunity to COVID-19 in patients with cancer has assumed importance.

Objectives:

Our primary objective was to evaluate the seroprevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies in patients with cancer.

Materials and Methods:

We conducted a cross-sectional study on 100 patients with solid tumors attending our Oncology Department at the Believers Church Medical College, Kerala, India, between December 2020 and June 2021. Seroprevalence was assessed using the VITROS® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG test (Ortho-Clinical Diagnostics, Rochester, NY, USA). Additionally, we assessed the factors associated with seropositivity and collected data regarding the general experience of patients with cancer during the pandemic.

Results:

The median age of the participants was 62 years (IQR, 53 - 69.8); 52 (52%) were males. The seroprevalence of the SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies was 11% (95% CI, 4.8–17.1). Age < 50 years was the only factor that was significantly associated with a higher rate of COVID-19 antibodies (77% vs 8.9% in patients ≥ 50 years; P = 0.007), and sex, smoking, and the use of alcohol did not show any association. The majority (77/100, 77%) of the patients were worried about contracting COVID-19 infection; some even deferred cancer-directed treatment because of the fear of visiting health care settings.

Conclusion:

Low seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies in unvaccinated patients with cancer is a matter of concern as it indicates that many of these patients are still vulnerable to infection. There is an urgent need to continue implementing strict safety measures in oncology centers and to encourage widespread COVID-19 vaccination to prevent the uncontrolled spread of COVID-19 among patients with cancer. (Funded by the institution, Believers Church Medical College, Kerala)
Proposed sub-compartmentalization of high infratemporal fossa involvement in gingivobuccal cancers and its impact on clinical outcome and staging
Authors: Mahajan Abhishek , Agarwal Ujjwal , Patil Vijay M. , Patil Vasundhara , Vaish Richa , Noronha Vanita , D' Cruz Anil K. , Pankaj Chaturvedi Shreya Shukla , Laskar Sarbani Ghosh , Sable Nilesh , Janu Amit , Patil Asawari , Menon Munita , Rane Swapnil , Mittal Neha , Joshi Amit , Menon Nandini , Prabhash Kumar
Published: July 2022

According to the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) eighth edition, involvement of the masticator space and infratemporal fossa (ITF) by oral cancer signifies advanced disease (T4b), which is most often deemed unresectable. The extent of ITF involvement impacts the management and outcomes. The extent of T4b disease needs to be subclassified for optimal management. T4b disease with infra-notch extension is associated with a favorable prognosis compared to supra-notch disease. Certain cases with supra-notch involvement may potentially be converted to resectable disease following neoadjuvant chemotherapy. We performed a comprehensive search of abstracts of ITF subdivisions and their impact on staging as per the AJCC eighth edition. We included studies reporting data on ITF subdivisions and their impact on clinical outcomes. The key words for Medical Subject Headings were “cross-sectional imaging,” “oral carcinoma,” “AJCC 8th edition,” “infratemporal fossa,” “masticator space,” “survival,” and “neoadjuvant chemotherapy.” We selected 30 studies that had been published in English. We propose that the T4b category needs to be classified into compartments that have predictive and prognostic implications, including Compartment 1 comprising the low ITF (medial pterygoid and masseter), Compartment 2 comprising the anterior high ITF (retroantral fat), Compartment 3 comprising the posterior high ITF, Compartment 3a comprising the paramandibular compartment (temporalis), Compartment 3b comprising the lateral pterygoid, and Compartment 3c comprising the perineural compartment (pterygopalatine fossa and pterygomaxillary fissure). Our proposed subclassification of T4b will impact the patients' management and outcomes.
Advanced modalities and surgical theories in glioma resection
Authors: Guo Jiahe , Li Yiming , Zhang Kai , Li Jiabo , Liu Ping , Ming Haolang , Guo Yi , Yu Shengping
Published: July 2022

Surgical resection is the core of the comprehensive treatment of glioma. However, with infiltrative growth features, glioma often invades the surrounding area, making surgical resection more difficult. This review introduces relevant topics presented at the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societie Foundation Asian Congress of Neurological Surgeons (ACNS) Minimally Invasive Neurosurgery Web Seminar in 2022. First, we review assistive surgical techniques' characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages. Second, we summarize some state-of-the-art surgical views in glioma resection. Advanced modalities and surgical theories in glioma resection make better “maximum safe resection” achievable.
Interactive relationship between neuronal circuitry and glioma
Authors: Liu Jie , Shi Wei , Lin Yu
Published: July 2022

Glioma is the most common primary central nervous system tumor. Despite extensive basic research on the tumor, the overall therapeutic effect of glioma remains unsatisfactory. Glioma grows within the framework of complex neural circuitry, which influences both neural network and tumor biology. On the one hand, the growth of gliomas continuously invades and destroys normal neural structures, which stimulate the dynamic remodeling of neural networks to maintain neural function. On the other hand, glioma can also induce neurons to form synaptic connections with it to promote tumor growth. Interventions targeting the interaction between gliomas and the neuronal circuitry provide opportunities for both tumor therapy and neuroplasticity at the same time. Noninvasive brain stimulation (NiBS) technology can actively regulate the excitability of targeted brain regions which can actively induce the remodeling of neural function and may perturb the interference of neuronglioma synapses. This article will review the interaction between gliomas and neural networks, including tumor-induced neuroplasticity, neuron-glioma synaptic connections, and the application and prospect of NiBS techniques.
Postoperative radiotherapy with concomitant temozolomide plus anlotinib for newly diagnosed glioblastoma
Authors: Chen Yuanyuan , Dong Baiqiang , Liu Guihong , Sun Pengfei , Li Meihua , Yang Xuejun , Feng Shiyu , Wang Liang , Hua Yonghong , Zhao Ming , Liu Yanhui , Ran Juntao , Qiao Li , Lu Xueguan , Jiang Hao , Mao Deqiang , Wu Junxin , Li Xianming , Zheng Wei , Liu Zhigang , Lin Song , Deng Meiling , Yang Qunying , Guo Chengcheng , Li Jing , Chen Zhong-ping
Published: July 2022

Background and Aim:

Postoperative radiotherapy with concomitant temozolomide (TMZ) followed by ≤ six cycles of adjuvant TMZ chemotherapy (Stupp regimen) is the standard treatment for newly diagnosed glioblastoma (GBM); however, its effectiveness is limited. Anlotinib inhibits both tumor angiogenesis and tumor cell proliferation by targeting multiple kinases, and showing promising results in preclinical GBM models. We designed a Phase II trial to assess the efficacy and safety of the Stupp regimen plus anlotinib.

Methods

/

Design:

This is a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial with an expected 150 patients randomly assigned 1:1 ratio to receive TMZ-based radiochemotherapy with anlotinib (Stupp regimen + anlotinib) or placebo (Stupp regimen + placebo). Postoperative patient recruitment will begin in July 2021, the analysis of primary outcome measures will be completed in July 2023, and the study will finish in July 2024. Major eligibility criteria include histologically confirmed newly diagnosed GBM and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance score ≤2. Other criteria for inclusion include age ≥18 years and lack of significant comorbidity. In this study, the primary endpoint will be the median progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary endpoints include 1-year overall survival rate, PFS at 6 months, overall response rate, duration of response, disease control rate, quality of life, and toxicity. The protocol has received approval from Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center Ethics Committee (Approval No. B2021-073-01; approved on April 19, 2021).

Discussion:

Updated treatment modalities are required for newly diagnosed GBM. Our proposed treatment modality of the Stupp regimen combined with anlotinib therapy are waiting conclusion.

Trial Registration:

This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT04959500 on July 13, 2021.
Cerebral CD1a Positive Rosai–Dorfman Disease with Coexistent Granulomatous Angiitis
Authors: Shinde Sweety Vijay , Shenoy Asha Sharad
Published: July 2022

Rosai–Dorfman disease (RDD) is a nonneoplastic histiocytic proliferation. RDD is CD1a negative as opposed to Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). The lesion was positive for CD1a immunohistochemistry in our RDD patient, suggesting an overlap with LCH. In addition, our case exhibited granulomatous angiitis (GA) on microscopy. We report the first triad of coexistent intracranial RDD-LCH-GA. A 30-year-old man presented with seizures, limb weakness, and violent behavior for 3 months. There was no fever, lymphadenopathy, or hepatosplenomegaly. Laboratory test results were normal. Radioimaging revealed an 8.6 cm × 7.4 cm × 3.2 cm mass in the parietotemporal lobe. It was hypointense on T1W1 and hypointense on T2W1, suggestive of glioma or tumefactive demyelination. A subtotal resection was performed. Histopathology exhibited mature lymphocytes, plasma cells, and histiocytes with emperipolesis. Vessels showed transmural granulomatous inflammation. Fungal and mycobacterial stains were negative. Immunohistochemistry revealed positivity for CD68, S100, and CD1a. The patient refused to undergo postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy. He remained asymptomatic for 6 months but was lost to follow-up thereafter. RDD-LCH concurrence may represent a clonal transformation in a common precursor histiocyte. Coexistent GA requires resection followed by steroid or cyclophosphamide therapy to prevent disease progression.
Prevalence of Nomophobia and use of Social Networking Sites and Applications – A Cross-Sectional Study Among Undergraduate Students in a Medical College of Eastern India
Authors: Kundu Arijit , Patnaik Lipilekha , Pattanaik Sumitra , Sahu Trilochan
Published: July 2022

Background:

Nomophobia (NMP) refers to the discomfort or anxiety caused by the nonavailability of a mobile phone, computer, or any other virtual communication device. It is considered as a modern age phobia due to interaction between people and communication technologies, especially smartphones.

Objectives:

The objective was to know the prevalence of NMP and to study the pattern and dependence on most popular social networking sites and applications among medical undergraduates.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional study was conducted among undergraduate students of a medical college. Data regarding sociodemographic characteristics, use and addiction to smartphones, Internet, social networking sites, and messaging applications were collected and analyzed by SPSS software.

Results:

Among 338 students, 87.6% were using their smartphones most of the time in a day. About 56.6% of the students liked to come back to get their smartphone if they had forgotten while going out. All had access to Wi-Fi and 96.2% had their own Internet connection. About 47.6% used Internet immediately after waking up in the morning. Common symptoms seen with loss of contact with their smartphone were loneliness (40.6%), panic attacks (10.4%), depression (5.7%), etc., All students had NMP and among them, 22.1% had mild, 61.5% had moderate, and 16.4% had severe NMP.

Conclusion:

The concept of NMP is doubtful to be considered as a disorder, but it has become a serious modern-day problem and should be intervened at the earliest.
Robotics in Orthodontics
Authors: Rukshana Rashmi , Gandhi Geetanjali
Published: July 2022

The successful application of robotics in the medical field has paved way to explore their scope in dentistry. Their goal was to increase precision of the present appliances in use. A literature review was performed using electronic searching methods for the applications of robots in dentistry. From the gathered data, this review article was compiled. This article summarizes some of the promising researches done and developed in dentistry with regard to robotics. A brief about what the future research can focus has been put into account.
A Research Protocol of Foot Posture in Traffic Policeman
Authors: Nurai Tamanna , Naqvi Waqar
Published: July 2022

Background:

Traffic police officers have a high-risk job as said by Driscoll. They also have many health-related issues due to their occupation. Mostly, their physical health is affected because of their long hours of standing duty on the road, exposure to sun and cold, constant travelling on bike throughout the day. In this research, we used foot posture index (FPI)-6 a novel method of rating foot posture using the set criteria and a simple scale. It is a clinical tool used to quantify the degree to which a foot is pronated, neutral, or supinated.

Materials and Methods:

The study has been structured as a cross-sectional survey. The total of 132 participants will be taken from traffic department policemen of Wardha city unit excluding policemen who were on leave or suffering from foot injuries. The study procedure will involve permission to conduct medial arch assessment for traffic policemen through DCP, Wardha. Demographic details such as gender and age will recorded and also weight and height will be taken to calculate body mass index for each individual. Weight will be taken with and without gadgets.

Discussion:

This study protocol aims to evaluate the foot posture evaluation of policeman of Wardha City. The study's expected outcome will concert on the evaluation of foot posture using FPI in traffic police officers of Wardha City.
Evaluation of Effectiveness of Management of Excessive Gingival Display (Gummy Smile) with Lip Reposition Procedure
Authors: Puri Sneha S. , Jaiswal Priyanka G. , Shewale Akhilesh
Published: July 2022

Background and Aim:

Excessive gingival display can be managed by a variety of treatment modalities, depending on the specific diagnosis. Lip repositioning surgery is a largely unknown and underutilized treatment modality for excessive gingival display. The aim of the present study was to minimize gingival display with a lip reposition procedure.

Materials and Methods:

A total of three patients with a gummy smile were selected for the study. This case report demonstrates the successful management of excessive gingival display with a lip-repositioning procedure. This is accomplished by removing a strip of mucosa from the maxillary buccal vestibule, then suturing the lip mucosa to the mucogingival line.

Results:

The procedure resulted in a narrower vestibule and restricted muscle pull, thereby reducing gingival display during smiling.

Conclusion:

The lip repositioning technique to decrease the amount of gingival display proved to be more conservative and provided a good esthetic outcome.
Study of Gram-Positive Isolates from Cases of Septicemia and Their Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern with Special Reference to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Mahajan Shital Moreshwarrao
Published: July 2022

Background:

Infections of the bloodstream are a leading source of illness and mortality in all types of communities. Bacteremia is the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream for long or short periods.

Aim and Objectives:

Dissemination of the bacteria throughout the body with evidence of systemic responses toward microorganisms is septicemia. Many organisms including Gram positive such as Coagulase negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae, and Enterococcus faecium can cause septicemia. Many precipitating factors such as presence of intravenous catheters, immunocompromised state, and use of cytotoxic drugs may lead to increase in cases of septicemia. Isolation of the offending pathogens and knowledge about sensitivity and resistance pattern of the isolates remain the mainstay of the diagnosis. This study was conducted to cite the bacteriological etiology of septicemia in adults as well as in neonates and to decide the strategy for the cure of septicemia cases along with their antibiotic susceptibility profile.

Materials and Methods:

Duration of this study was 3 months. In this duration, 100 blood samples from suspected cases of septicemia were processed.

Results:

Gram positive organisms isolated from the specimens were collected and identified by standard protocols. Antibiotic sensitivity and detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus were done by using Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method.

Conclusion:

Various causative agents were isolated from blood samples. Some of them are resistant to the drugs that are commonly used for the treatment of septicemia. Hence, isolation of the etiological agent along with the detection of its antibiogram pattern is important for early diagnosis and treatment of cases of septicemia.
Acquired Melanocytic Nevus in Head-and-Neck Region – A Case Series
Authors: Pathak Jigna , Sarkate Priyadarshani , Gandevivala Adil , Hosalkar Rashmi , Swain Niharika
Published: July 2022

Acquired melanocytic nevus (AMN) is the most common benign proliferative lesion of melanocytes occurring on the skin after birth. Nevi can occur under the genetic influence or certain environmental factors. Histopathologically, they are categorized as an intradermal, compound, and junctional nevus. The significance of nevi lies in their relation to melanoma with malignant transformation rate being 4%–9%. We, hereby present an institutional case series of AMN in the head-and-neck region.
Role of Ultrasonography and Strain Elastography Findings in Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor
Authors: Gowda K. B. Harshith , Mishra Gaurav V. , Phatak Suresh Vasant , Pavanan Asish , Dhande Rajasbala Pradeep
Published: July 2022

Peripheral nerve imaging science is rapidly advancing, for early and robust diagnosis of many ill-health conditions, especially in detection of tumors. Radiological imaging techniques provide dynamic, real-time assessment of anatomy which either can help in diagnosis or prognosis in peripheral nerve disorders. Peripheral nerve tumors are often evaluated with magnetic resonance imaging, although there are many advantages offered with ultrasonography (USG). Strain elastography (SE), another technique, is well known for the diagnosis of soft-tissue tumors and is used to evaluate tissue stiffness. Hard lesions are more resistant to extrinsic compression and show smaller strain, whereas soft lesions show larger strain. The narrative review provides insight in functioning and utility of USG and SE techniques in peripheral nerve sheath tumor diagnosis.
Hearing Loss with Pneumolabyrinth Posttransverse Temporal Bone Fracture
Authors: Singh Rohan Kumar , Mishra Gaurav Vedprakash , Dhande Rajasbala Pradeep , Phatak Suresh Vasant , Patwa Prerna Anup
Published: July 2022

Head injury caused by high force can lead to severe complications if fracture of the temporal bone is present. It is rare that temporal bone fracture causes pneumolabyrinth; there is an entry of air into the vestibulocochlear system due to the fracture line communicating inner ear to the middle ear. Vestibular pneumolabyrinth is more common than cochlear pneumolabyrinth. For initial evaluation of polytrauma patients with fracture of the temporal bone, multidetector computed tomography (CT) with high resolution and multiplanar reformation play an important role in the identification of important structures lying in close relation to the temporal bone that may lead to severe complications if fracture line is traversing through them. We herein present an interesting case of a 39-year-old man who underwent a road traffic accident leading to transverse temporal bone fracture and cerebral contusion. After discharge from the hospital, the patient complained of decreased hearing in the ipsilateral ear and difficulty in maintaining balance. On CT, otic capsule violating fracture was noted with pneumolabyrinth. First, the patient was treated conservatively, following no improvement in his condition, he was surgically treated and gained full recovery. Early detection of otic capsule involvement in cases of temporal bone fracture can provide effective treatment which will further lead to decrease in complications which if left untreated could have resulted in drastic consequences contributing to irrecoverable hearing loss. One should always pay attention while reporting for CT scans and always look for the location of air bubbles in the otic capsule as the line of fracture is not visualized properly in the presence of mastoid collection.
Bacteriological Profile of Gram-Negative Organisms from Cases of Septicemia and Their Antibiotic Sensitivity Pattern with Special Reference to Beta-Lactamase and Carbapenemase Production
Authors: Mahajan Shital Moreshwarrao , Khushwah Sonaakshi
Published: July 2022

Background:

Blood stream infections are amongst the most important causes of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Septicemia is a serious bloodstream infection and a biggest challenge for the clinicians in selection of appropriate antimicrobial agents. Presence of intravascular catheters, immunosuppression and use of cytotoxic drugs are some precipitating factors for antibiotic resistance which is a global problem. Reports of multi-resistant bacteria causing septicemia in developing countries are increasing. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) and Carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) has caused a major public health concern.

Aim and Objectives:

To determine the bacteriological profile of septicemia and their antibiotic susceptibility profile with special references to β-lactamase and carbapemase productionin gram negative bacilli.

Material and Method:

During the 3 month period of study total 100 blood samples from suspected cases of septicaemia are collected. Isolates were processed and identified by standard protocols. Detection of extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), inducible AmpC and MBL (Metallo β-lactamases) was done by using screening test and then confirmatory tests.

Results:

Out of 100 samples 68 gram negative organisms were isolated. Maximum growth was of Pseudomonas aeruginosa i.e. 34, followed by Klebsiella pnemoniae i.e. 19 and Acinetobacter sps and E.coli. From all isolates 4.4% were ESBL, Metallo –beta-lactamases (MBL) production were seen in 5.9 %. 40% and 10.5% were MBL-E.coli and MBL-Klebseilla pnuemoniae respectively.

Conclusion:

Many of the isolates from cases of septicaemia were resistant to most of the recently used antibiotics. So, Detection of the etiological agents and their antibiotic sensitivity will definitely help in effective prophylactic measures, prompt and accurate diagnosis of septicaemia. Simple methods like disc potentiation test for ESBL, disk antagonism test for inducible AmpC producers and Combined disk potentiation test for MBL production are relatively inexpensive and less cumbersome, so it can also be performed as a part of routine sensitivity testing. High degree of antibiotic resistance is an alarming sign for development of antibiotic policies and protocols for treatment of septicaemia.
Prediction of Preeclampsia and Adverse Pregnancy Outcome on the Basis of Uterine Artery Doppler
Authors: Patwa Prerna Anup , Mishra Gaurav Vedprakash , Singh Rohan Kumar , Manoj Megha , Dhande Rajasbala Pradeep , Singh Sonal , Goyal Aditi V. , Yewale Bhagyashree
Published: July 2022

Background:

Hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy are common. Preeclampsia and eclampsia are major causes of maternal morbidity and mortality, particularly in developing countries. With prompt recognition of symptoms and early diagnosis of preeclampsia can lead to improved maternal and neonatal outcome. Numerous tests have been proposed for the prediction of preeclampsia, their results have been inconsistent. We focused to investigate the uterine artery by conducting Doppler ultrasound study in predicting the preeclampsia in women with a high-risk pregnancy.

Methods:

This prospective cross-sectional observational study was conducted on 195 pregnant women referred to Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital, Wardha (India). Uterine artery Doppler was conducted on all women with raised blood pressure referred to the radiology department. The patients were followed up and outcomes such as eclampsia, chronic hypertension, death, neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) admission, low birth weight, and preterm labor association with preeclampsia were measured.

Results:

The mean age of pregnant women was 26.47 ± 4.96 years old. Preeclampsia was seen in 68 (34.9%) of the women. In the study, maternal outcome such as eclampsia and maternal high blood pressure (HTN) was significantly associated with preeclampsia. Similarly, neonatal outcomes such as low birth weight, NICU admission, and intrauterine growth restriction were significantly associated with preeclampsia. Pulsatility Index (PI) at >1.2 had the highest sensitivity of 64.71%, specificity of 71.65%, positive predictive value of 55%, and negative predictive value of 79.1% to predict preeclampsia than any other Doppler indices.

Conclusion:

The findings of this study suggest that PI at >1.2 had better validity in predicting preeclampsia compared to resistive index (RI) and Standard deviation.
Comparison Between Biomarkers High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein and N-Terminal Probrain Natriuretic Peptide in Patients with Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Sharma Dharmveer , Jain Vivek Kumar , Pandit Vidyanand , Verma Manish Kumar
Published: July 2022

Background:

Elevated inflammatory markers have been associated with an increased risk of future cardiovascular events, acute myocardial infarction (MI), and illness in patients with stable or unstable coronary artery disease.

Aim:

The present study was comparison between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), NTproBNP, TnT, and creatine kinase MB (CK-MB) in patient groups and control group.

Materials and Methods:

The diagnostic test blood glucose and lipid profile biochemical parameter were assessed using endpoint method. hsCRP kits for human were assessed using turbidimetric immunoassay method. Serum N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels were measured by automated immunoassay. Both cardiac TnT and CK-MB mass were measured with highly specific monoclonal antibodies in a sensitive chemiluminescence assay.

Results:

Comparing marker levels of the two groups, Mann–Whitney U test and independent sample t-test were used. The mean NT-proBNP (pg/ml) and hsCRP (mg/L) were found significantly different and almost 24- and 8-fold higher in cases as compared to controls (610.69 ± 25.28 vs. 25.28 ± 11.76, and 4.47 ± 1.62 vs 0.52 ± 0.23; all P < 0.01). Further, the CK-MB (IU/L) and TnT (pg/ml) (mean ± standard deviation) were also high in the case group than control (166.83 ± 27.8 vs. 98.03 ± 3.05; P < 0.01 and 135.44 ± 8.79 vs 96.46 ± 2.91; P < 0.01).

Conclusion:

Elevated level of NT-proBNP is a strong independent prognostic predictor in patients with myocardial infarction and positive correlation between NTproBNP with TnT and CK-MB with TnT and consumption of alcohol, smoking, and tobacco may be also a risk factor for myocardial infarction.
Dumbbell Type Large Prostatic Urethral Calculus
Authors: Unadkat Bhavik , Phatak Suresh Vasant , Raj Nishant , Bhansali Pratik
Published: July 2022

Massive calculi in the prostatic urethra are even more unusual than calculi in the urethra. The size, form, and location of the calculus, as well as the state of the urethra, all impact the therapeutic method. If the stone is big and obstinate, it can be removed using perineal or suprapubic methods. A case report of a patient who had difficulty in passing urine and burning during micturition is presented. Two calculi were found in the urinary bladder: One was vesical calculus, and the other was vesicourethral (prostatic) dumbbell-shaped calculus, as observed on ultrasonography.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Related to Alcohol use among Undergraduate Students
Authors: Poojitha Kudupudi Punyavathi , Addepalli Syam Kumar
Published: July 2022

Background:

The increasing production, distribution, and promotion of alcohol have seen drink-related problems emerging as a major public health concern in India, especially in college-going young adults. The percentage of the population drinking alcohol aged less than 21 years has increased from 2% to more than 14% in the past 15 years as revealed by Alcohol and Drugs Information Centre India.

Objective:

The objective is to evaluate knowledge about alcohol intake, attitude and practice methods toward alcohol consumption in undergraduates.

Materials and Methods:

A total of 500 undergraduates from engineering and medical streams were included in the study. Undergraduates were given a validated Student Alcohol Questionnaire. Information given by the students was analyzed.

Results:

93% of students believe that many people drink to escape from problems, loneliness, and depression. 54% of students think that responsible drinking can result in relaxation, enhanced social interactions, and feeling of well-being. 74% of students' opinion is that many people drink because of peer group pressures and to gain adult status. About 76% of students agreed to the statement that approximately 10% of fatal highway accidents are alcohol related. Only 22% of students are aware of the fact that blood alcohol content of 0.1% is the legal definition of alcohol intoxication in driving. Alcohol was consumed by 31% of males and 17% of females at least once in their lifetime. 70% of boys and 64% of girls of those who consumed alcohol had experienced vomiting and hangover. Twenty (4%) students reported that they drove car after having several drinks or involved in a fight at least once in their lifetime.

Conclusion:

There is a necessity for more studies to evaluate the reason for increasing inclination of students toward the consumption of alcohol.
WASH Practices in Childhood Stunting – A Narrative Review Article
Authors: Gurbani Neha , Dhyani Abhilasha , Ammarah Sana , Baghel Prerna
Published: July 2022

Childhood stunting, malnutrition, and WASH practices censure millions of people around the globe to a life of drawbacks and physical impairment. Diarrhea and weak development which have interminable effects on well-being of a child are mostly due to malnourishment, dietary deficiency, and exposure to contamination. Stunting is a composite challenge with reactions of those who got affected because of it and the community as a whole. To fasten the process in removing stunting, the efforts required should be broad to reach the level of the sector in nutrition to gear the underlying reasons of malnutrition. To make faster progress in eradicating stunting, more initiatives are required that go beyond dietetics to label the fundamental sources of malnourishment. According to the research reviewed, inadequate WASH situations have a significant detrimental influence on child development and growth, owing to long-term exposure to intestinal pathogens as well as larger social and economic causes. To fully realize the promise of WASH to reduce stunting, attempts to attain a universal approach to these facilities, as envisioned by the Sustainable Development Goals, must be redoubled. It can also necessitate new or converted WASH techniques that can go past typical treatments to target exposure routes in the first 24 months of life when the stunting process is mostly absorbed. The interest is increasing in whether water, sanitary practice, and hygiene (WASH) interference can help plans in reducing stunting and it may also need new and upgraded WASH techniques and plans that should work above the traditional plans in reducing the divulgence of child's early 24 months of life when the procedure of stunting is evaporated.
Machine-Assisted Irrigation Systems for Smear Layer Removal in Root Canal Treatment
Authors: Relan Kajol , Chandak Manoj , Chandak Pooja , Jaiswal Akshay
Published: July 2022

Objectives:

The objective was to evaluate the efficacy of three machine-assisted irrigation systems in smear layer removal from apical one-third of the root canal system.

Data Source:

A comprehensive search of last 10 years was performed in the following systematic electronic database: PubMed/Medline and Scopus.

Data Selection:

We included in-vitro studies that compared Endoactivator, Endovac, and Passive ultrasonic irrigation system's clinical success of smear layer removal in apical one-third of the root canal systems.

Data Synthesis:

A total of 72 nonduplicated studies were retrieved in the systematic search. Seven studies included in the study assessed the success rate of smear layer removal in the apical third of the root canal system of three irrigation systems through scanning electron microscopic evaluation. These studies were classified as low risk of bias. The studies evaluating the scanning electronic microscopy of smear layer removal in the apical one-third of the root canal comparing the Endoactivator and Passive ultrasonic irrigation showed no statistical difference (P < 0.05). The studies evaluating the scanning electronic microscopy of smear layer removal in the apical one-third of the root canal comparing the Endoactivator and Endovac showed statistical difference (P > 0.05).

Conclusion:

Based on the findings, Endovac irrigation system was found to be effective in smear layer removal from apical one-third of the root canal system. Further in-vivo studies and clinical trials are required for more conclusive results.
Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts and FAP-Alpha
Authors: Tamgadge Sandhya , Pereira Treville
Published: July 2022

Cancer has always been a mystery for researchers, health-care providers and even patients. The entire journey of a cell from physiological to pathological form has been incompletely explored. Everyday new research articles have been updated on various platforms where researchers have been making an attempt to find out the various causes of carcinogenesis. Cancer-associated fibroblasts and its one of the prime proteins FAP (FIBROBLAST ACTIVATION PROTEIN ALPHA) alpha found in the normal-appearing tumor microenvironments have been investigated by many researchers and showed a positive correlation with advanced tumor grade. It has been found highly expressive in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Odontogenic lesions too are highly destructive and show recurrence. There is a need to evaluate FAP-alpha expression in these lesions too.
Awareness of Dental Health in Competitive and Recreational Swimmers
Authors: Engineer Sachet , Tamgadge Sandhya , Rijhwani Nikita , Choudhary Nidhi , Shukla Geet
Published: July 2022

Background:

Swimming is an exercise globally popular due to its beneficial effects. It is a well-known fact that chlorine is added to pool water for disinfection, although the repercussion of the same is not prominently described in the literature.

Aims:

(1) This study aims to establish the presence of symptoms of dental erosion in swimmers who swim competitively as well as recreationally and (2) to compare the gradient of symptoms experienced by the two groups.

Materials and Methods:

This cross-sectional prospective study was carried out to establish the correlation between dental erosion in swimmers who swim competitively (n = 250) – 6 or more than 6 h a week and recreationally (n = 250) – lesser than 6 h a week. A questionnaire was distributed both online and manually across India and feedback was received. All the findings were correlated and statistically analyzed.

Observation and Results:

The results showed the distinct presence of the phenomenon among a majority of swimmers who experienced an array of symptoms of dental erosion such as chalkiness of teeth in 58.2% of subjects, roughness of teeth in 54.4%, generalized sensitivity in 38.2%, sensitivity to hot and cold foods/drinks in 52%, discoloration in 37.6%, and staining in 36.6% subjects. A remarkable finding of this study was the lack of generalized awareness with respect to the phenomenon among competitive and recreational swimmers

Conclusion:

This study highlights the prevalence of the phenomenon and the general lack of awareness among swimmers with respect to dental erosion associated with exposure to the chlorinated pool water.
Role of Transrectal Ultrasound and Elastography in the Diagnosis of Prostate Lesions
Authors: Gupta Rishabh , Phatak Suresh Vasant
Published: July 2022

Background:

The incidence of malignancy of prostate gland has displayed a rapid rise over recent times. Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) has brought revolution to radiologist's human prostate imaging methods. Information regarding elasticity of suspicious or abnormal lesions provided by strain elastography can enhance the detection rate of prostate malignancies as well as serve as a reliable visual guide for biopsy from these sites. In this prospective study, we aim to appraise the use of TRUS for diagnosing prostatic lesions, both benign and malignant, and compare it to the utility of strain elastography to precisely locate and guide biopsies of lesions while referring to the pathological diagnosis as the reference standard, wherever possible/needed.

Materials and Methods:

This was a prospective, cross-sectional study involving 82 male patients who were clinically suspected to have prostate malignancy. The patients were referred to the Department of Radiodiagnosis, AVBRH, where they underwent transrectal ultrasonography and elastography with Hitachi Aloka ultrasound (USG) Machine Arietta S70 with biplane high-frequency transrectal probe (6–10 MHz) with elastography.

Results:

TRUS had high sensitivity (92.45%) and specificity (78.38%) for cancer detection. Strain elastography had a sensitivity of 96.23%, specificity of 81.08%, positive predictive value (PPV) of 70.83%, and negative predictive value (NPV) of 97.83%. Based on our findings, real-time elastography had more sensitivity and higher NPV than TRUS for the identification of prostatic cancer. Hence, it can be concluded that elastography is an effective assessment tool for ruling out the possibility of malignant tumors, helping to reduce redundant biopsies.

Conclusions:

Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) is an effective tool for the assessment of prostatic lesions. TRUS has high specificity, sensitivity, NPV, and PPV when assessing lesions for prostatic cancer. Elastography has high sensitivity, high specificity, high PPV, and reliable NPV when detecting for prostatic cancer. The combination of TRUS and elastography can help more efficiently assess lesions and guide biopsies to increase the identification rate of prostatic cancer.
Patient Education Strategies for Coronary Heart Disease in a Cardiac Rehabilitation Setting
Authors: Jaiswal Varoon Chandramohan , Parmar Lata , Ghodey Snehal
Published: July 2022

Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death and disability globally. Comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation has been proved to be beneficial in reducing death and disability for patients with coronary artery disease. Patient education is an integral part of comprehensive cardiac rehabilitation and its benefits are well documented. The objective of the scoping review is to map the strategies of patient education in a cardiac rehabilitation setting. A total of 31 published scientific articles (24 research studies and 7 reviews) were included in the review based on the inclusion criteria. 23 varied patient education strategies for coronary heart disease patients were identified from the included studies and 20 different delivery formats of education have been reported in the literature. This scoping review provides a brief insight to various patient education strategies and delivery format used in a cardiac rehabilitation setting.
Nigeria in the COVID Era
Authors: Odusanya Olumuyiwa O
Published: July 2022

The coronavirus disease-19 pandemic has spread to all parts of the world. As of 20 May 2022, over 500 million confirmed cases have occurred with over 6 million deaths. In Nigeria, over 255,000 cases have occurred with more than 3000 deaths. The pandemic has adversely affected virtually all aspects of human endeavour, with a severe impact on the health system. The Nigerian health system was ill prepared for the pandemic, and this further weakened it. The impacts of the pandemic on the health system include disruption of health services, low motivation of the health workforce, unresponsive leadership and poor funding. The national response, though initially weak, was ramped up to expand capacity building, testing, public enlightenment, creation of isolation and treatment centres and research. The funding for the national response was from the government, private sector and multilateral donors. Nigeria must comprehensively strengthen its health system through motivating and building the capacity of its human resources for health, improved service delivery and provision of adequate funding, to be better prepared against future pandemics.